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THE  CENTURY 
CYCLOPEDIA   OF  NAMES 


THE  CENTURY 
CYCLOPEDIA  OF  NAMES 


A   PRONOUNCING  AND   ETYMOLOGICAL  DICTIONARY 
OF    NAMES    IN    GEOGRAPHY,     BIOGRAPHY 
MYTHOLOGY,   HISTORY.   ETHNOLOGY,   ART 
ARCH/EOLOGY,    FICTION,   ETC.,    ETC..   ETC. 


EDITED    BY 


BEN|AMIN   E.   SMITH,  A.  M.,  L.  H.  D. 

MANAGING  EDITOR  OF   THE   CENTURY  DICTIONARY 
ASSISTED    BY    A    NUMBER   OK  EMINENT    SPECIALISTS 


PUBLISHED    BY 
LONDON 

%\)t  Crntmi)  Co. 

NhW  YORK 


Copyright,  1894,  1895,  1896,  1897,  1898,  1899,  iQoo,  1901,  1902,  1903,  by  The  Century  Co. 

All  Rights  Reserved, 


rRINTED  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES 
"^  BY  THE  DB  VINNB  PRESS. 


PEErACE. 


HIS  Cyclopedia  of  Names  is  an  outgi-owth  of  The  Century  Dictionary.  It  was  part  of  the 
plan  of  that  wtn-k  to  include  in  its  final  volume  a  somewhat  fuller  appendix  of  names 
of  persons  and  places  than  had  before  been  given  in  general  dictionaries ;  but  as  the  size 
of  the  book  increased,  it  became  ob^dous  that  this  could  not  be  done  in  the  available  space, 
and  it  was  decided  to  place  the  appendix  in  a  separate  volume.  The  result,  with  many 
moditications  of  the  original  scheme,  is  the  present  work.  It  is  entirely  independent  in  subject  and  use, 
yet  serves  as  a  supplement  to  the  dictionary  by  extending  the  name-list  into  regions  which  the  dictionary 
could  not  occupy,  and  by  enlarging  its  encyclopedic  field.  In  character  it  is  primarily  a  dictionary  of 
proper  names,  giving  their  orthography  and  pronunciation  and  such  explanation  of  them  as  is  necessary 
for  their  identification;  and,  secondarily,  a  condensed  encyclopedia  in  its  somewhat  fuUer  treatment  of 
several  thousands  of  the  more  important  articles. 

The  range  of  names  to  be  included  was  practically  unrestricted,  since  the  object  sought  was  not  the 
presentation  of  any  special  class,  as  in  a  gazetteer  or  biographical  dictionary,  but  a  general  account  of  aU  the 
names  excluded,  by  their  nature,  from  the  larger  work,  so  far  as  this  was  possible  within  the  prescribed  lim- 
its. The  entries  thus  comprise  not  only  names  in  biography  and  geogi-aphy,  but  also  names  of  races  and 
tribes,  mythological  and  legendaiy  persons  and  places,  charactei's  and  objects  in  fiction,  stars  and  constella- 
tions, notable  buildings  and  archjBologieal  moni^ments,  wox-ks  of  art,  institutions  (academies,  universities, 
societies,  legislative  bodies,  orders,  clubs,  etc.),  historical  events  (wars,  battles,  treaties,  conventions,  etc.), 
sects,  parties,  noted  streets  and  squares,  books,  plays,  operas,  and  even  celebrated  gems,  vessels  (war-ships, 
yachts,  etc.),  and  horses.  Pseudonyms,  also,  which  have  literary  importance  are  included.  The  only  condi- 
tion of  insertion  has  been  that  the  name  should  be  one  about  which  information  would  be  likely  to  be  sought. 
AU  these  various  gi-oups  could  not,  of  com'se,  be  presented  with  equal  fullness.  The  space  given  to 
persons  and  places  is  relatively  much  gi-eater  than  that  devoted  to  any  other  class,  and  the  others  foUow  in 
what  appeared  to  be  the  order  of  their  usefulness  to  the  general  reader,  whose  needs  have  everywhere  been 
considered  in  the  selection  of  the  names  to  be  defined.  Thus,  both  ancient  geography  and  modern  are  repre- 
sented, and  the  information  given  in  the  brief  space  allowed  to  the  separate  articles  is  historical  ratlier  than 
statistical.  The  list  of  geogi-aphical  names,  also,  includes,  besides  towns  which  are  notable  from  their  size, 
smaller  i)laces  and  localities  which  are  important  historically,  or  as  visited  by  tourists,  or  for  other  reasons ; 
the  various  physical  and  political  divisions  of  the  earth;  rivers,  lakes,  seas,  etc.;  natural  curiosities;  and 
various  imaginary  places  of  legend  and  fiction.  The  list  of  personal  names,  for  the  same  rea.son,  is  t^elected 
from  all  times,  and  not  only  from  actual  biogi-aphy,  biit  also  from  mythology,  legend,  and  fiction  (the  last 
chiefly  English).  In  the  matter  of  dates  the  usual  difficulties,  duo  to  different  styles  of  reckoning  and  to 
the  actual  diff(>rences  (which  are  very  numerous)  among  the  best  authorities,  have  been  met  and,  it  is  hoped, 
to  a  considerable  degree  overcome.  In  English  biography  the  dates  given  in  the  "Dictionary  of  National 
Biography"  have,  as  a  rule,  been  adopted  so  far  as  its  volumes  were  available  (A  to  N);  and  ftdl  acknow- 
ledgmt^nt  is  here  given  of  the  aid  i-eceived  in  this  and  in  other  ways  fi-om  Ihat  great  work.  In  the  brief 
bibliographies,  with  few  exceptions,  only  the  most  important  works  are  given,  and  these  often,  for  economy 
of  space,  with  abbreviated  titles. 

2C6SG10 


vi  PEEFACE. 

The  orthograpliy  has,  in  general,  been  determined  by  the  established  usage  in  the  language  from  which 
the  name  is  taken.  The  correct  and,  as  a  rule,  the  only  current  spelling  of  a  place-name  is  the  local  one, 
and,  -n-ithin  certain  limits,  of  a  personal  name  that  which  its  bearer  gives  it.  There  are,  however,  large 
groups  to  which  these  considerations  do  not  apply.  English  usage,  in  many  cases  of  foreign  names  which 
were  introduced  before  the  present  period  of  gi-eater  exactness,  has  estabUshed  forms  which  differ  more  or 
less  from  the  present  or  original  native  form.  Familiar  instances  of  this,  in  place-names,  are  Munich  for  the 
German  Miiticheu,  Flush'mg  for  the  Dutch  VHssingen,  Hanover  for  the  Grerman  Hannover,  and  in  personal  names 
Horace,  Livy,  Pliny,  Augustine,  for  the  'L^iX.va.  Horatim,  Livius,  PUnius,  Augustinus,  and  the  commonly  accepted 
Latinized  forms  of  Greek  names,  as  Hercules  for  Heracles,  Plato  for  Platan,  etc.  In  these  eases  the  desire 
has  been  to  return  to  the  native  form  when  its  difference  from  the  Anglicized  spelling  is  comparatively  slight 
(as  in  Hannover) ;  Inxt  in  other  cases  the  conventional  English  spelling  has,  as  a  rule,  been  accepted.  In  the 
case  of  Greek  names,  in  particular,  both  geogi-aphical  and  personal,  it  has  seemed  best  to  retain  the  famil- 
iar forms  which  have  come  to  us  through  the  Latin,  and  to  transliterate  other  Greek  names,  not  recorded 
in  classical  Latin,  according  to  the  same  system.  No  transliteration  of  the  Greek  can  be  acceptable  which 
is  not  complete  and  consistent :  such  consistency,  however,  would  produce  many  forms  which  are  not  only 
without  support  in  English  usage,  but  are  also  open  to  the  charge  of  pedantry.  There  are  also  many  names 
in  regard  to  which  usage  differs  (there  being  in  fact,  as  a  rule,  no  proper  local  usage),  or  where  accepted  use 
may  properly  be  corrected  in  accordance  with  a  general  rule :  as,  for  example,  Hudson  Bay  for  Hudson^s 
Bay.  Here  choice  has  been  made  of  the  simpler  or  the  corrected  spelling.  Lastlj',  there  is  the  large  group 
of  names  taken  from  languages  which  do  not  employ  the  Roman  alphabet,  or  are  without  any,  and  whose 
soimds  have  to  be  represented  by  some  method  of  transliteration.  Here  established  and  familiar  translit- 
erations have,  as  a  rule,  been  adopted ;  and  in  other  cases  the  simplest  available  fonns,  according  to  the 
system,  for  the  languages  concerned,  used  in  TJie  Century  Dictionary.  So  far  as  was  possible  the  use  of 
"accented"  letters  in  transliteration  has  been  avoided,  the  employment  of  such  marks,  in  the  absence  of 
a  generally  accepted  scientific  system,  appearing  to  be  distinctly  undesirable,  especially  from  a  practical 
point  of  view. 

In  the  pronunciation  the  system  of  notation  employed  by  Professor  Whitney  in  The  Century  Dictionary 
has,  with  slight  modifications,  been  adopted.  The  marking  of  the  sounds  of  foreign  names  might  in  some 
cases  have  been  simplified  by  the  use  of  a  notation  based  upon  a  different  principle ;  but,  since  this  work 
was  designed  to  be  a  companion  to  the  dictionary,  it  was  desirable  to  avoid,  especially  in  this  particular,  dif- 
ference of  method.  Moreover,  the  "English"  notation  is  that  to  which  most  are  accustomed,  and  which  best 
enables  the  English  consulter  of  a  dictionary  to  reproduce  wdth  a  fair  degree,  of  accuracy  the  sounds  indi- 
cated. In  any  case,  only  by  the  ear  can  one  know  the  exact  sounds  of  a  foreign  speech,  and  only  the  trained 
tongue  can  utter  them  with  precision.  This  is  particularly  true  of  personal  and  place  names,  which  often 
have  a  special  character  that  can  not  exactly  be  inferred  from  the  general  rules  or  usages  of  the  languages 
concerned.  The  values  of  the  signs  used  are  given  in  the  key:  it  is  necessary  only  to  remark  that  the  natural 
tendency  of  an  English-speaker  to  shorten  or  slur  the  long  vowels  of  many  foreign  names  has  led  to  the  use 
of  the  long-vowel  signs,  to  insui-e  the  right  vowel  quality,  even  in  cases  where  the  actual  sound  is  shorter 
than  that  indicated  by  the  notation. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  systematically  to  etymologize  all  the  names  in  the  list :  but  etymological 
notes  have  been  inserted  under  many  of  the  historical  names  of  prime  interest,  especially  those  of  ancient 
Enghsh  origin,  and  in  many  other  cases  where  they  seemed  to  be  useful.  These  have  been  contributed  by 
Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  with  additions  by  some  of  the  other  specialists  in  their  several  departments  — 
Sanskrit,  Semitic,  American  Indian,  etc.  Dr.  Scott  has  also  aided  in  the  work  on  the  pronunciation,  and  has 
criticized  the  proofs. 

The  geogi-aphical  articles  have  been  prepared  by  Professor  Edmund  K.  Alden,  whose  work  has  been 
supplemented  in  Mexican  and  Central  and  South  American  geography  by  Mr.  Herbert  H.  Smith,  in  African 
geography  by  Mr.  Heli  Chatelain,  and  in  ancient  Oriental  geography  by  Dr.  Cyrus  Adler.  Professor  W.  R. 
Martin  has  contributed  the  articles  on  Indian  and  Persian  biography,  mjiihologj^,  and  literature ;  Colonel 
Garrick  Mallery,  those  on  North  American  Indian  tribes ;  Professor  Charles  A.  Young,  those  on  the  stars ; 


PREFACE. 


Vll 


Pi'ofessor  William  TT.  rarpenter,  those  on  Teutoiiii-  iuytlu>lo<>:y,  ethiiolo,s:y,  aud  lef^eml ;  and  Miss  Kathariue 
B.  Wood,  tliose  on  English  literature  and  characters  in  liction.  Professor  ("arpenter  has  also  written  bio- 
gi'aphical  articles  on  the  best-known  names  in  German  and  Scandinavian  literature.  The  accounts  of  works 
of  art,  noted  buildings  (generally  under  place-names),  and  the  articles  on  classical  archaeology  were  written 
by  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow.  Biographical  notices  of  the  more  important  Fi"ench  writers  have  been 
contributed  by  Dr.  B.  D.  Woodward.  Dr.  AtUer  has  also  written  numerous  articles  on  Semitic  history  and 
antiquities;  Mr.  11.  H.  Smith  has  had  charge  of  the  IMexican  and  South  American  biography  and  etlmology; 
and  Mr.  Chatelain  has  written  on  African  ethnology,  and  has  read  the  proofs  especially  for  the  correction 
of  the  pronunciation.  Many  valuable  notes  on  the  ethnology  and  geogi-aphy  of  the  southwestern  States 
and  northern  Mexico  were  received  from  Mr.  Adolphe  Bandelier.  General  assistance  in  the  Inogi-aphical 
and  historical  work  has  been  given  b}^  Dr.  M.  A.  Mikkelsen,  and  valuable  aid  in  the  criticism  of  manuscript 
and  proofs  by  Rev.  George  M'Arthur.  Whatever  degree  of  typographical  accui-acy  and  consistency  has 
been  attained  is  largely  due  to  the  proof-readers  of  The  De  Vinne  Press. 


BENJMIIN  E.  SMITH. 


September  1st,  1894. 


Advantage  was  taken  of  the  opportunity  offered  in  the  second  (1895)  edition  of  the  Cyclopedia  of 
Names  to  revise  with  care  all  its  more  important  details,  including  pronunciation,  dates,  historical  and 
geographical  statements,  etc.,  and  to  bring  its  statistical  material  down  to  date.  Assistance  in  this  labor 
was  received  from  most  of  the  contributors  mentioned  in  the  preface  to  the  first  edition,  and  from 
Mr.  Louis  Heilprin,  Professor  Augelo  Heilprin  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia,  Dr. 
Samuel  A.  Binion,  Mr.  F.  W.  Hodge  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  and  many  others.  In  its 
plan  and  the  selection  of  its  material  this  edition  was  practically  identical  with  the  first,  no  good  reason 
having  been  found  for  modifying  either  in  any  essential  particular:  room  was,  however,  made  for  the 
addition  of  ii  number  of  contciuiporary  names,  the  peculiar  utility  of  this  part  of  the  woi'k  having  been 
amply  demonstrated.  This  second  edition  has  been  followed  by  many  others,  each  of  which  has  embodied 
the  results  of  repeated  careful  revision. 

BENJAMIN  E.   SMITH. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


ft  Bfl  in 

a  as  In 

ik  as  in 

A  as  in 

&  aa  In 

&  R8  in 

ti  as  in 

L-  as  in 

6  as  In 

1  OS  in 

i  H8  in 

()  na  in 

u  OH  in 

a  at)  in 

0  as  in 

u  as  (n 

u  as  In 

b  as  in 


fat,  man,  pang. 

fntf*,  nianc„dale. 

far,  fattiLT,  guard. 

fiUl,  talk. 

uslc,  fast,  ant. 

fare, 

met,  pen,  bless. 

mete,  meet. 

her,  fern. 

pfn,  it. 

pint!,  flglit.  tile. 

not,  i»n.  frog. 

noil",  jtokc,  tloor. 

move,  H|i<ion. 

nor.  nnuK,  ntf. 

tul). 

niute,  Huute. 

I>uU. 


U    German  ii,  French  u. 
oi  as  In  oil,  joint,  boy. 
oil  as  in  {Kjund,  proud. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  In  an  un* 
accented  syllable  IndlcateH  its  abbre- 
viation and  lighti^ning.  witbnut  alisu- 
lutu  loftH  of  its  distinctivL-  quulity. 
Thus : 
j>    as  in  prelate,  courage. 

V  as  In  ublt'gatv,  eplHcojial. 

V  as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  denioi-rat. 
0    aa  in  Hingular,  etlucatton. 

A  doublf  dot  under  a  vnwcl  In  an 
unaccented  syllable  Indicates  tlnit, 
even  in  the  nioutlm  of  the  bent  speak- 
em,  Its  84)und  in  variable  to,  and  in  or- 
dinar)'    utterance    actually    becomes, 


the  short  u-aound  (uf  but,  pun,  etc.). 

Thus : 

A    as  In  errant,  republican. 

^    as  In  prudent,  dllTerence. 

i     as  In  i-barity.  denHity. 

ff    as  in  valor,  actor,  Idlut. 

H    as  In  Persia,  peninsula. 

g    as  In  the  book. 

0  as  In  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  (^)  under  the  consonants 
(,  d.  n,  :  indlcatcH  that  tbey  In  like 
maimer  are  var-lable  to  ch,  j,  m/i,  zh. 
Thus : 

t     as  In  nature,  adventure. 
<j     as  In  anlnoUH.  education. 
1}     an  In  jireBSure. 

1  as  in  Hcizure. 


y     as  In  yet. 

K    Spanish  b  (medial). 

i^h  as  in  (lerman  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

a    as  in  Uenuan   Abensberg,  11am- 

Inirg. 
II    Spatdsh  g  before  o  and  1 ;  Spaniih 

J;  etc.  <a  guttural  b). 
fi     Fi'ench  nasalising  n.  as  In  ton,  en. 
H     tinal  a  in  IVrtuguese  (soft), 
th   as  In  thin. 
Til  as  In  then. 
i>  -  Til. 

•  denotes  a  primary.  "  a  secondary 
accent.  (A  secundar)'  accent  Is  nut 
nuuked  If  at  Its  regular  interval  nf 
two  Hyllables  from  the  primary,  or 
fnuu  another  secondary.) 


THE  century: 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  NAMES 


Fj^^I 


n 


m 


a  (a).     [Lit.  '(the)  water,' 
i.  0.   'the  river';  one  of 
the   forms,  surviving   in 
river-uames,   of   a    com- 
mon   Teut.  word,   Goth. 
iiliica,  OIIG.  alia,  AS.  <■«, 
etc.,  =  L.   atjiia,  water: 
see  aqua  and  cice^,  C.  D.] 
A     river     in     northern 
France  which  flows  into 
the  North  Sea  between  Calais  and  Dunkirk. 
Aa.     A  river  in  the  province  of  North  Braljant, 
Netherlands,  which  unites  with  the  Dommel 
near  Herzogenbusch. 

A  a.      A  river  in   the   province   of  Groningen, 
Netherlands,  whicli  flows  into  the  DoUart. 
Aa      A  river  in  the   cantons  of  Lucerne   and 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  a  tributary  of  the  Aare. 
Aa      A  river   in   the   canton  of    Unterwaldeu, 
Switzerland,  which  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Sameu  into  the  Lake  of  Lucerne. 
Aa.     A  river  in  the   canton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  which  flows  into  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne near  Buochs. 
Aa,.     A  river  in   Courlaud.  emptying   by  one 
mouth  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  and  by  another 
into  the  Diina. 
Aa.     A  river  in  Livonia,  about  175  miles  long, 

which  flows  into  the  ( lulf  of  Riga. 
Aa  (a),  Peter  van  der.      A  Dutch  publisher 
and  engraver  who,  with  his  brothers,  formed  a 
publishing-house  at  Leyden  about  lGrt2.     They 
editeij  several  collections  of  travels  in  Dutch  and  KreiielL 
Aach  (iich).     A  small  town  in  Baden,  about  20 
miles  northwest  of  Constance,  the  scene  of  an 
engagement  between  the  French  and  the  Aus- 
trians,  March  25,  1799. 
Aachen  Cii'chen).     The  German  name  of  Mx- 
la-Chapelle. 
Aageson  (a'ge-son),  or  Aagesen  (-son  >,  Svend. 

A  Scandinavian  writer  of  the  I'Jth  century. 
His  "Coiupeiidiosa  historia  regum  Daniie."  from  King 
Skjold  to  Ivmid  VI.,  is  the  tlrst  connected  liistory  of  L»en- 
mark.  Little  is  known  ot  his  life. 
Aah-hotep  (il-ho'tep).  [Egypt.,  '  delight  of 
the  mouu'  (Briigsch).]  An  Egyptian  ([ueen, 
wife  of  Kaines,  last  king  of  the  17th  dynasty, 
and  mother  of  Aahmes,  first  king  of  the  isth 
dynasty.  Ilcr  coffin  w.is  fonml  at  Tlielics  iu  18«n,  in 
the  ancient  necropolis  r)f  N'<i,  and  was  placed  in  the  llnlak 
Museum  (now  at  Oizeh). 

Aahmes   (ii'mes)  I.,  L.   Amasis  (ii-ma'sis). 

[Egypt.,  'chilli  of  the  moon'  (Brugsch).]  An 
Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the  IHlh  dynasty 
an^  the  conqueror  of  the  Hyksos.  lie  lived  about 
1700  B.  c.  An  inscription  on  two  rock-tatdeU  at  Trtrah 
and  yiiissaarah.  coinmcinorating  the  2'id  year  of  his  reign, 
has  heen  deciphered. 
Aahmes  II.,  L.  Amasis.  An  Egyptian  king 
(572-528  B.  c.  (Brugs.-lil,  .■i70-i-)20  [Sayce]),  the 
fifth  of  the  2()th  dynasty.  He  miiintained  friendly 
relations  with  the  tireek  state.H,  sending  gifts  {.'>4S  ii.  o.) 
for  the  rehuihUng  of  the  hurnt  temple  at  Delphi,  and  es* 
tabltshing  at  Naucratis  (Jreek  commerce  and  settlement. 

Mr.  Petrie's  excavations  show  them  fdreeksl  to  have 
been  in  possession  of  the  city  [Naucratlsl  from  a  much 
earlier  period  —  earlier,  pcrhnps,  than  the  dvnasly  to 
which  Amasia  lielonged.  Whnt  Amasis  actually  did  for 
thedreeksof  \aucratls  mn«l,  therefore,  have  lieon  to  con- 
firm them  in  their  occupation  of  that  site,  and  to  grant 
them  an  exclusive  charter  whereby  they  should  ho  en- 
titled to  hold  It  in  perpi-tuity. 

A.  B.  Edwardu,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  ISO. 

Aahmes.  An  Egyptian  cai>tain  wlio  fought 
against  the  Hyksos  about  17(10  n.  c.  An  impor- 
tant inscription  in  his  tomb  at  El-Kab,  near 
ancient  Thebes,  has  been  deciphered. 


Aahmes -Nefertari.    See  Scfcrtari. 

Aalborg  (iirijoru).  A  seaport  in  the  amt  of 
Aalborg,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Lijmfjord 
about  lat.  57"^  3'  N.,  long.  9°  55'  E.  It  has  an 
important  foreign  commerce  and  fisheries. 
Population  (1890),  19,503. 

Aalborg.   A  stift  and  amt  of  Jutland,  Denmark. 

Aalen  (il'len).  A  town  in  the  Jagst  circle, 
Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Koeher  about 
42  miles  east  of  Stuttgart :  an  ancient  free  im- 
perial city.     Population  (1890),  7,1,5.5. 

Aalestmd  (a'le-sijnd).  A  seaport  iu  the  prov- 
ince of  Romsdal,  Norway,  on  islands  of  the 
western  coast,  about  lat.  62°  28'  N.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  8,383. 

Aali.    See  AH. 

Aalst.    See  Alost. 

Aalten  (iil'ten).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  about  30  miles 
east  of  Arnhcm. 

Aar.     See  .l«r<;. 

Aarau  (iir'ou).  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Aargau,  Sttitzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  24 
miles  southeast  of  Basel.  It  has  manufactures 
of  silk,  cotton,  instruments,  etc.  Population 
fI8H8),  6,809. 

Aarburg  (ilr'bora).  A  small  manufacturing 
town  in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Aare  about  22  miles  southeast 
of  Basel. 

Aare  (a're),  or  Aar  (iir).  A  river  in  Switzer- 
land, rising  in  the  Bernese  Oberlaud  near  the 
Grimscl  Pass.  It  traverses  the  Hasli  Thai  and  forms 
the  llandeck  Fall,  traverses  the  Iidtes  of  Brienz  and  Thun, 
flows  through  Hern,  .Solothurn,  and  Aargau,  and  joins  the 
Rhine  opposite  WaMshut.  I'pcm  it  are  Bern,  Solothurn, 
Aaran,  and  Brugt;.  Its  length  is  alwut  170  miles,  and  it 
is  navigable  from  Untciseen  for  small  craft 

Aared  (ii'red).  A  group  of  mountains  in  Nejd, 
central  Arabia.     Also  jrcrf.  Arid,  Animlh. 

Aarestrup  (a' re -strop),  Carl  Ludwig  Emil. 

Born  at  Cojienhagon,  Dec.  4,  1800:  died  1856. 
A  Danish  Ivric  poet,  author  of  "Digte"  (1838) 
and  "Elteriadte  Digte"  (18G3). 

Aargau  (iir'gou),  F.  Argovie  (iir-go-ve').    A 

canton  ot  Swntzerland,  cajiital  Aarau,  bounded 
by  Hadeii  on  the  north  (sejiaratcd  by  the  Rhine), 
Ziirieh  and  Zug  on  the  east,  Lucerne  on  the 
south,  and  Basel,  Solothurn,  and  Bern  on  the 
west.  The  language  is  Ocimau,  and  about  half  the 
jiopidation  is  Koman  <'atholic.  It  is  one  of  the  UMSt  fer- 
tile of  the  cantons,  has  an  important  trade  and  large 
manufactures,  especially  of  cotton,  and  sends  ten  mem- 
bers to  the  National  Council.  Its  area  is  (A**  st(uare  miles, 
anil  its  po|>nlation  (IKSs)  licj.f.sii.  In  the  l:jth  century  it 
came  uiiiler  the  inlliierice  of  the  Hapsburgs,  was  ainiexed 
in  part  by  the  Swiss  coiiff<leratcH  in  Ml.'',  became  a  canton 
In  17'.is,  and  assiinied  its  present  form  In  1803. 

Aarhus,  or  Aarhuus  (lir'hiis).  The  capital  of 
the  amt  of  Aarhus,  .Tutland,  Denmark,  on  the 
Cattegat.  It  Is  the  largest  town  In  .tutland.  and  has 
important  conunerce,  mannfaeturcs,  and  a  cathedral. 
The  bisboprii'  was  founded  by  Otto  I.  hi  the  Kith  centurj'. 
ropnlation  (IMK)),  .^'I.IHIfl. 

Aarhus.  An  amt  and  stift  in  Jutland,  Den- 
mark. 

Aar5  (ar'i^).  A  small  island  of  ScLleswig, 
Prussia,  in  the  I^ittle  Belt. 

Aaron  (Sr'on  or  ar'on).  [Or.  'Aapuv,  Ilcb, 
iiharon.'i  tlie  first  high  priest  of  the  Israel- 
ites, eldest  son  of  Ainrain  and  Jnehebed,  of  the 
tribe  of  Levi,  and  brother  of  Moses  and  Mir- 
iam. He  died  on  Mount  Hor  at  the  age  of  123 
years. 

Aaron,  Saint.  .\  British  martyr  who  was  put 
to  death  at  Newport,  Wales,  in  the  reign  of 
Diocletian. 


Aaron.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  (?)  '■  Titus 
Aiidri)nicus,"a  Moor  of  unnatural  wickedness. 
Aaron's  confessions  of  his  villanies  (in  "Titus  Androni- 
cus,"v.  I)  will  recall  to  every  reader  the  conversation  be- 
tween Barabas  and  Ithamore  in  the  third  scene  of  the 
second  act  of  the  "Jew  of  Malta"  [of  Marlowe].  The 
character  ol  Aaron  was  cither  drawn  by  ilarlowe  or  In 
close  imitation  of  him  ;  and  it  seems  to  me  more  reasona- 
ble to  suppose  that  "  Titus  .\ndronicus  "  is  in  the  main  a 
crude  early  work  of  Marlowe's  than  that  any  imitator 
could  have  written  with  such  marked  power. 

liuUen.  Introd.  to  Marlowe's  Works,  p.  IxxTiL 

Aaron  ben  Asher  (ar'on  ben  ash'i-r).  Lived 
at  Tiberias  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury. A  Je'n'ish  scholar,  probably  belonging 
to  the  Karaite  sect.  He  completed  the  Massorah,  1. 1. 
the  vowels  and  accents  which  make  up  the  traditional 
text  of  the  Hebrew  Bible.  His  contemporary-  and  oppo- 
nent was  a  certjiin  Ben  N'aftali.  When  these  authorities 
differ,  both  readings  are  given  in  the  rabbiuical  Bibles. 

Aarssens  (ar'sens),  Frans  van.  Born  1572  : 
died  1641.  A  Dutch  diplomatist,  one  of  the 
foremost  politicians  of  his  age,  guilty  of  pro- 
moting the  condemnation  of  Barneveldt  iu 
1619.     His  memoirs  are  important. 

Aasen  i  a'sen ),  Ivar  Andreas.  Born  at  Oi-sten, 
in  Norway,  Aug.  5, 1813 :  died  Sept.  23,  1896.  A 
Norwegian  philologist,  botanist,  and  poet:  au- 
thor of  "Del  noi'ske  Folkesprogs  Grammatik" 
(1848),  "Ordbog  over  det  uorske  Folkesprog" 
(1850),  later  enlarged  and  issued  under  the  title 
••  Norsk  Ordbog"  (1873).  and  other  works. 

Aas'Vaer  (as'var).  A  group  of  small  islands  on 
the  coast  of  Norway,  nearly  on  the  arctic  cir- 
cle, the  seat  of  important  herring-fisheries. 

Ab  (lib).  The  fifth  mouth  of  the  Hebrew  eccle- 
siastical and  the  eleventh  of  the  civil  year ;  July- 
August.  It  was  a  Babjloiuan  name,  adopted  by  the 
.Jews  with  the  lialnes  of  the  rest  of  the  mouths  after  the 
HabyUmian  exile.     It-s  etymology  is  uncertain. 

Ababdeh,  or  Ababde  {ii-bi'ib'del.  An  African 
tribe,  of  Hamitie  (Beja)  race,  living  in  I'pper 
Egj-jit  !iud  norlliern  Nubia,  east  of  the  Nile, 
about  lat.  20°-22°  N.  Their  number  is  estimated 
to  be  about  100,000. 

Ababde  (ii-biib'de).  A  village  in  Egypt,  on  the 
Nile,  about  lat.  27°  50'  N.  It  is  near  the  site 
of  the  Ronuiii  city  Antinoe. 

Abaco  (ii'bii-ko).  Great,  or  Lucaya  dii-kii'ya). 

One  of  the  iirincipal  islands  ot  the  Bahama 
group.  West  Indies,  east  of  Great  Bahama. 
It  is  about  80  miles  long  and  '20  wide. 

Abaco,  Little.  .\n  island  of  the  Bahamas, 
iiiirtliwest  iif  tJreat  Abaco. 

Abaddon  (a-lmd'on).  [Heb.,  'destruction': 
synonym  of  Sliml  in  the  Old  Testament  (Job 
xxvi.  6  and  x.\viii.22,  Ps.  Ixwi-iii.  12).]  1.  The 
destroyer  or  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit  ;  Apol- 
Ivon.  l{ev.  ix.  11. —  2.  The  jdace  of  deslnulion; 
tlie  depth  of  hell.  Talmud;  Milton.  P.  \i.,  iv. 
6'24. 

Abadites.     See  Ahbndide.i. 

Abad  y  Queypeo  (ii'bii'tii  e  ka-ixi'o), Manuel. 

Born  in  the  Aslurias  about  177():  dieii  in  ]8'24. 
A  Spanish  ecclesiastic.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  Klexico,  and  In  isot)  he  was  made  bishop  of  Miclioacan. 
Driven  out  soon  after  b.v  tlic  rcvolnttonisls.  he  returned 
in  Isiri.  In  IS'JO  he  was  deposed  ami  sent  a  jtrii^oncr  to 
Spain  for  op])osltlon  to  the  Intinisilion.  Keleased  mhiu 
after,  he  became  a  member  of  the  government  Junta  and 
bishop  of  Tortosa.  In  IH-i't  he  was  ngnln  imprisoned  by 
the  Ini|ulsilion,  and  died  in  conflnement. 

Abse  (li'be),  or  Abai  <ii'bD.  [Gr.  tV/Jo'.l  In 
ancient  geograjihy,  a  city  of  Phocis,  Greece, 
noted  for  its  tem]>le  and  oracle  of  Apollo. 

Abafl  (o'bo-fe),  iir  Apafi,  Michael.  Born 
Se|il.  2.'i.  10;)2:  died  .\pril  l'^.  li:'.io.  .\  prince 
of  Ti'ansylvania,  under  the  protection  of  the 


AbaSy 

Porte  until  1686  when  he  made  a  treaty  with 
the  emperor.  He  was  succeeded  bv  his  sou 
Michael  (born  Aug.  14,  1682:  died  Feb.  11. 
1713). 

Abailard.    See  Abelard. 

Abakansk  (ab-a-kansk').  A  small  town  in 
the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  near 
the  Yenisei,  north  of  Minusinsk,  noted  for  the 
tumuli  and  hieroglyphic  statues  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. 

Abaliget  (ob'o-le-get).  A  village  near  Fiinf- 
kirchen,  county  of  Baranya,  Hungary,  noted 
for  its  large  stalactite  cave  (about  3,000  feet  in 
length). 

Abalus  (ab'a-lus).  An  island  abounding  with 
amber,  said  (by  Pytheas)  to  be  in  the  Northern 
Ocean,  and  variously  identified :  probably  a 
part  of  the  Prussian  Baltic  coast. 

Abamoiiti  (S-bs-mon'te),  or  Albamonte  (iil- 
ba-mon'te),  Giuseppe.  Bom  about  lio9:  died 
Aug.  8,  1818.  A  Neapolitan  statesman,  sec- 
retary-general under  the  Cisalpine  Republic, 
1798,"and  member  of  the  executive  committee 
at  Naples.  On  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  in 
1799  he  was  arrested  and  condemned  to  be  hun^,  but 
was  amnestied  and  returned  to  Milan,  where  he  again 
acted  as  secretary-general  until  1S05  when  he  returned  to 
Naples. 

Abana  (ab'a-nii).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river,  the  modem  Barada,  which  flows 
through  the  plain  and  city  of  Damascus  and  is 
lost  in  the  desert.     Also  Amana. 

Abancay  (a-Bau-ki').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Apurimae.  Peru,  about  110  miles  south- 
west of  Cuzco.  noted  for  its  sugar-refineries. 
Population,  3,000. 

Abancay  River.  A  small  river  of  Peru,  an 
afllueut  of  the  Apurimae,  west  of  Cuzco,  and 
crossed  by  the  road  to  Lima,  it  was  a  mUitary 
point  of  great  importance  in  the  civil  wars  of  the  16th 
century.  Here  Alonso  de  Alvarado  was  defeated  by  the 
elder  Almagro,  and  with  his  whole  army  captured.  July 
12,  1537.  Near  the  same  place  Giron  defeat^  Alonso  de 
Alvarado,  May  21,  15&4. 

Abano  (ii'ba-no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Padua,  Italy,  about  6  miles  southwest  of  Padua, 
noted  for  its  hot  springs  (the  ancient  Aqiise 
Patavinie  or  Aponus  {Aponi)  fons).  It  is  the  re- 
puted birthplace  of  the  historian  Livv.  Popu- 
lation, about  3,000. 

Abano,  Pietro  d'  (Petms  Aponus  or  de  Apo- 
no  1.  Bom  at  Abauo,  Italy.  1250  (1246  ?) :  died 
at  Padua.  1316  (1320?).  An  Italian  physician 
and  philosopher,  denounced  by  the  Inquisition 
as  a  magician.  He  wrote  "ConcUiatordifferentiamm 
quae  inter  philosophos  et  medicos  vereantur"  (printed 
1472), ''  tie  venenis  eorumque  remediis"  (printed  1472),  etc 

Abarbanel.     See  Abrabanel. 

Abarim  (ab'a-rim).  A  mountainous  region  or 
lofty  table-land  in  Palestine,  east  of  the  Dead 
Sea.  containing  Pisgah  and  Nebo. 

Abaris  (ab'a-ris).  [Gr.  "XSapic.l  A  mythical 
Greek  sage,  surnamed  "'  The  Hyperborean,"  as- 
signed to  the  6th  or  7th  century  B.  c. 

[Abaris]  was  said  to  have  received  from  ApoUo,  whose 
priest  he  had  been  in  his  own  country,  a  magic  arrow, 
upon  which  he  could  cross  streams,  lakes,  swamps,  and 
mountains.  This  arrow  he  gave  to  Pythagoras,  who  in 
return  taught  him  his  philosophy.  Oracles  and  charms 
onder  his  name  appear  to  have  passed  current  among  the 
Greeks.  According  to  Pindar  he  came  into  Greece  in  the 
reign  of  Crtesos.  Eusebius  places  him  a  little  earlier. 
Probably  he  was,  like  Anacharsis,  a  Scythian  who  wished 
to  make  himself  acquainted  with  Greek  customs,  lit  has 
been  conjectured  that  the  arrow  of  Abaris  is  a  mythical 
tradition  of  the  magnet,  but  it  is  hardly  possiblethat  if 
the  polarity  of  the  needle  had  been  known  it  should  not 
have  been  more  distinctly  noticed. — H.  C.  R.] 

Raiclinson,  Herod.,  III.  29,  note. 

Abasalo  (a-ba-sa'lo),  Mariano.  Born  in  Do- 
lores. Mexico,  1783:  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1819. 
A  soldier  in  the  Spanish  army  who  joined  the 
revolutionary  movement  of  Hidalgo  in  1810. 
and  was  named  lieutenant-general  of  the  in- 
surgents. He  was  captured  and  sent  a  pris- 
oner to  Spain,  where  he  died  in  confinement. 

Abascal  y  Sonsa  (a-sas-kar  e  so'sa),  Jos6 
Fernando.  Bom  in  Oviedo,  Asturias.  June 
3.  1743 :  died  in  Madrid,  June  30. 1821.  A  Span- 
ish general  and  statesman,  viceroy  of  Peru 
1806—16.  He  was  created  Marquis  de  la  Concordia 
Espanola  del  Peru  i  decree  of  May  20, 1812),  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  .Spain  was  made  captain-general. 

Abasgi  (a-bas'j5),  or  Abasci  (a-bas'i).  or 
Abasges  (a-bas'jez).  [Gr.  'xSaayoi,  l\3acKoi.] 
A  Scythian  people  anciently  inhabiting  a  small 
region  in  the  Caucasus,  on  the  shore  of  the 
Black  Sea,  north  of  Colchis. 

Abasgla  (a-bas'ji-a).  The  region  occupied  by 
the  .\basgi ;  the  modern  Abkhasia. 

Abassides.    See  Abbassides. 

Abate.     See  Abbate. 


Abauzit  (a-bo-ze'),  Finnin.  Born  at  Uzes, 
Gard,  France,  Nov.  11,  1679:  died  at  Geneva, 
March  20,  1767.  A  French  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  a  friend  of  Newton,  Rousseau, 
and  Voltaire.  His  name  was  used  as  a  pseudo- 
nvm  bv  Voltaire. 

Abayi"(a-ba-ye').  [Heb.,  'my  father.']  Bom 
about  280  a",  d.  :  died  338.  A  distinguished 
Hebrew  scholar,  surnamed ' '  Nachmani. "  He  was 
director  of  a  celebrated  Jewish  academy  at  Pnmbeditba 
in  Babylonia,  333-338,  and  was  held  in  high  esteem  for 
his  learning  and  upright  character. 

Abb  (ah).     A  town  80  miles  east  of  Mocha. 

Abbadides(ab'a-didz),orAbadites(ab'a-dits). 
A  Moorish  dynasty  of  Seville.  It  was  founded 
in  1023  by  Abul-Kasim,  cadi  of  Seville,  and 
lasted  till  the  capture  of  the  city  by  the  Almo- 
raviiles  in  1091. 

Abbadie  (a-ba-de'),  Antoine  Thomson  d". 
Born  at  Dublin.  Ireland,  Jan.  3,  1810 :  died  at 
Paris,  March  20,  1897.  A  French  traveler  (in 
company  with  his  brother)  in  Abyssinia  and 
the  GaUa  country  (1837-48).  He  published  'Geo- 
diJsie  d'une  partie  dela  Haute-Ethiopie  "  (1860-73),  "Dic- 
tionnaire  de  la  langue  amarinna  "  (18S1),  etc. 

Abbadie,  Amaud  Michel  d'.  Bom  at  Dub- 
lin, July  24.  1815:  died  1893.  A  French  traveler 
in  Abyssinia  and  the  Galla  country,  brother  and 
companion  of  A.  T.  Abbadie ;  author  of  "  Douze 
ans  dans  la  Haute-Ethiopie'"  (1868),  etc. 

Abba(lie,  James  (Jacques).  Born  at  Nay, 
Basses-Pyrenees,  probably  in  16.54  (1657  and 
1658  are  also  given) :  died  at  London,  Sept.  25. 
1727.  A  noted  Fi-eneh  Protestant  theologian. 
He  went  to  Berlin  about  1680  as  minister  of  the  French 
church  there,  and  thence  to  England  and  Ireland ;  was 
for  a  time  minister  of  the  ITrench  church  in  the  Savoy ; 
and  settled  in  Ireland  as  dean  of  Killaloe  in  1699.  His 
chief  work  is  the  "Traits  de  la  v^rit^  de  la  religion 
chr^tienne  "  (1684)^  with  its  continuation, ''  Traits  de  la  di- 
vinite  de  notre  Seigneur  Jesus-Christ "  (16S9). 

Abba  Jared  (ab'ba  ya'red).  A  mountain  in 
northern  Abyssinia,  northeast  of  Gondar,  14,714 
feet  in  height. 

Abbas  (ab'bas).  Bom  about  566:  died  652. 
Abul  Fadl  al  Hasimi.  uncle  of  Mohammed, 
and  founder  of  the  family  of  the  Abbassides. 

Abbas  I.,  '"The  Great."  Bom  1557:  died  at 
Kaswin,  Persia,  Jan.  27,  1628.  A  famous  shah 
of  Persia,  who  reigned  1586-1628.  He  defeated 
the  Turks  at  Basra  in  l(i05,  conquered  Khorasan,  Kan- 
dahar, etc.,  and  consolidated  the  Persian  monarchy. 

Abbas  n.  Hilmi.  Born  July  14.  1874.  Khe- 
dive of  Egypt,  eldest  son  of  Tewfik  Pasha.  He 
succeeded  his  father  Jan.  7,  1892. 

Abbas  Pasha.  Bom  at  Jiddah,  Arabia,  1813: 
died  July  13.  1854.  A  grandson  of  Mehemet 
Ali,  viceroy  of  Egypt  1848-54. 

Abbas  Mirza  (ab'bas  mer'za).  Bom  about 
17S3 :  died  at  Mashhad,  Persia.  Dec,  1833. 
A  prince  of  Persia,  younger  son  of  the  shah 
Feth-AU  (Fath-'Ali).  noted  as  a  commander 
in  the  wars  against  Russia.  1811-13  and  1826-28. 
By  the  first  war  Pei-sia  lost  its  remaining  possessions 
in  the  Caucasus,  and  was  compelled  to  acknowledge  the 
flag  of  Russia  on  the  Caspian,  and  by  the  second  it  lost 
Armenia.  The  succession  of  Abbas  to  the  throne  was 
guaranteed  in  the  treaty  of  1S2S. 

Abbassides  (a-bas'idz  or  ab'a-sidz).  The  califs 
of  Bagdad,  750-1258.  They  claimed  descent  from 
Abbas,  the  uncle  of  Mohammed,  and  succeeded  the  Om- 
miad  califs  of  Damascus  upon  the  defeat  of  the  calif  Mar- 
wan  by  Abul  Abbas  near  the  Zab  in  7oO.  Almansur  suc- 
ceeded Abul  Abbas  and  made  Bagdad  the  capital  of  the 
calif  ate.  The  most  famous  calif  of  this  family  was  Hanm- 
al-Rashid,  756-809.  From  1238  to  1517  the'  Abbassides 
were  nominal  califs  of  Egj-pt  The  last  .\bbasside,  Muta- 
wakkal  III.,  died  in  Cairo  in  1538.    Also  Abba^^ds, 

Abbate,  or  Abate  (a-ba'te),  Niccolo  dell'. 
Born  at  Modena,  Italy,  1512:  died  in  France, 
1571.  An  Italian  painter.  He  assisted  in  dec- 
orating the  palace  at  Fontainebleau.  His  best 
works  are  at  Modena  and  Bologna. 

Abbatucci  (a-ba-tii'se  ;  It.  a-ba-to'che), 
Charles.  Bom  1771:  killed  in  battle,  Dec.  2. 
1796.  A  French  general,  son  of  J.  P.  Abbatucci. 
distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  the  Armv  of 
the  Rhine.  1794-90. 

Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre.  Bora  1726:  died 
1812.  A  Corsiean  partizan  commander,  an  an- 
tagonist of  Paoli  and  later  a  division  general 
in  the  French  service  in  Italy. 

Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre"  Charles.  Bom 
1791 :  died  1857.  A  French  jurist  and  politi- 
cian, grandson  of  J.  P.  Abbatucci,  and  minis- 
ter of  justice  under  Napoleon  III. 

Abbaye  (a-ba'),  1".  A  French  military  prison 
at  St.-Germain-des-Pr^s.  Paris,  built  in  1522 
and  destroyed  in  1854.  it  was  the  scene  of  the  mur- 
der of  1&4  prisoners  by  the  revolutionists  under  Maillard 
in  September,  1792.    See  September  massacre. 

Abbe  (ab'i).  Cleveland.  Born  at  New  York. 
Dec.  3,  1838.    An  American  astronomer  and 


Abbot,  Robert 

meteorologist,  appointed  director  of  the  Cincin- 
nati Observatory  ia  1868,  and  meteorologist  of 
the  Weather  Bureau  in  1871. 

Abbeokuta.     See  Abeokuta. 

Abberville  (ab'er-vU),  Lord.  The  principal 
character  in  Cumberland's  play  "The  Fash 
ionable  Lover." 

Abbeville  (ab-vel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  25  miles  northwest  of  Amiens:  the 
ancient  capital  of  Ponthieu.  and  a  place  of 
gathering  in  the  first  and  second  Crusades,  it 
has  important  mannfacttires  of  cloth,  etc.,  and  a  consid- 
erable trade.  Its  most  interesting  building  is  the  church 
of  St.  Wnlfram,  begun  in  14^  one  of  the  richest  existing 
examples  of  the  flamboyant  style.  The  gravels  of  .Abbe- 
ville have  yielded  fossil  remains  of  the  mammoth  and 
rhinoceros  associated  with  implements  of  prehistoric  man 
dating  from  a  time  when  the  Somme  flowed  300  feet  above 
its  present  level.     Population  (1891),  19,Sol. 

Abbeville,  Claude  d".    See  Claude  d'Abberille. 

Abbeville,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
in  1259  by  which  Henry  IH.  of  England  re- 
nounced his  claims  to  Anjou,  Poitou,  Nor- 
mandy, Touraine,  and  Maine,  in  favor  of 
Louis  IX.  of  France,  and  held  Guienne  as  a 
fief  of  France. 

Abbey  fab'i).  Edwin  Austin.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  1.  I>.'i2.  An  American  painter 
ancl  illustrator.  He  executed  a  series  of  mural  paint- 
ings (the  Holy  Grail)  for  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

Abbiategrasso  (ab-be-a-te-gras's6).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Milan.  15  miles  southwest 
of  Milan.     Population  (1881).  5,258. 

Abbitibbe  (ab-i-tib'e).  Lake.  -A.  lake  in  Can- 
ada, south  of  James  Bav,  about  lat.  49°  N. 
Also  Abhitihhi. 

Abbitibbe  River.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Abbi- 
tibbe. flowing  into  James  Bay.  in  Hudson  Bay. 

Abbon  (a-bon'),  L.  Abbo  (ab'6).  surnamed 
CemUUSC  The  Crooked').  Died  923.  A  monk 
of  St.-Germain-des-Pr^s,  author  of  a  Latin 
poem  upon  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the  Normans. 

Abbon  of  Fleury,  L.  Abbo"  Floriacensis. 
Born  near  Orleans.  France.  945:  died  Nov.  13, 
1004.  A  French  theologian  and  diplomatist, 
author  of  an  "Epitome  de  vitis  Romanonim 
Pontificum,  desinens  in  Gregorio  I."  (printed 
1602).  and  other  works. 

Abbot  (ab'ot),  Charles.  Bom  at  Abingdon, 
Berkshire,  Oct.  14.  1757  :  died  May  7.  1829.  An 
English  politician,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  1802-16.  created  Baron  Colchester 
in  1816.  He  was  chief  secretary  and  privy  seal 
for  Ii'eland  in  the  AddLngton  ministry  (1801). 

Abbot,  Ezra.  Bom  at  Jackson,  Maine,  April 
2>.  1S19:  died  at  Cambridge.  Mass.,  March  21, 
1S.<4.  An  American  biblical  scholar.  He  was 
professor  of  Xew  Testament  criticism  and  interpretation 
at  Harvard  University.  1872-84,  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
-American  edition  of  Smith's  "Bible  Dictionary,"  and  a 
member  of  the  American  committee  for  >"ew  Testament 
revision-  He  published  "  Literature  of  the  Doctrine  of  a 
Future  Life "  (1864),  "  The  Authorship  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel "  (1880).  and  other  works. 

Abbot,  Francis  Ellingwood.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  1836.  An  American  phil osophical  writer, 
editor  of  '"The  Index"  (a  journal  of  free 
thought)  1870-80.  and  author  of  "Scientific 
Theism"  (1886).  "The  Wav  out  of  Agnosti- 
cism" (1890),  etc. 

Abbot,  George.  Bom  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
Oct.  29,  1.562:  died  at  Croydon.  Aug.  4.  1633. 
An  English  prelate,  appointed  archbishop  of 
Canterburv  in  Feb.,  1611.  He  was  graduated  at 
Oxford  (BalHol  College),  where  he  was  tutor  until  1593, 
and  became  master  of  University  College  in  1597,  dean  of 
Winchester  in  1600.  rice-chancellor  of  Oxford  University 
in  1600  (and  again  in  1603  and  160oX  bishop  of  Coventry 
and  Lichfield  in  May,  1609,  and  bishop  of  London  in  Feb., 
1610.  He  was  a  firm  Protestant,  and  was  influential  in 
state  affairs  during  the  reign  of  James  I.  He  was  one  of 
the  translators  of  the  Xew  Testament  in  the  King  Jame» 
version. 

Abbot,  George.  Born  at  Easingrton.  York- 
shire. England.  1604-  died  Feb.  2.  1648.  An 
English  religious  writer  and  member  of  the 
Long  Parliament,  surnamed  "The  Puritan": 
author  of  the  ""Whole  Book  of  Job  Para- 
phrased" (1640),  and  "  Vindicia;  Sabbathi " 
(1641). 

Abbot,  Sir  Maurice  or  Morris.  Bom  at 
Guildford,  Surrey,  1565:  died  at  London.  Jan. 
10,  1642.  A  merchant  and  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, knighted  on  the  accession  of  Charles  I., 
1625.  He  was  one  of  the  original  directors  of  the  East 
India  Companv  and  its  governor  (1624\  rendering  it  most 
important  services.  He  was  elected  to  Parliament  in  1621, 
and  in  1624  became  a  member  of  the  council  for  establish- 
ing the  oolonv  of  Virginia. 

Abbot,  Robert.  Bom  at  Guildford.  Surrey, 
about  1.560;  died  March  2.  1618.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  Salisburv  (1615)-  elder 


Abbot,  Robert 

brother  of  George  Abbot,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbiiry:  author  of  '■Min-or  of  Popish  Subtle- 
ties" (ir)94),  and  other  works. 

Abbot,  Robert.  Born  about  1588 :  died  about 
1660.  An  English  Puritan  divine,  author  of 
"Triall  of  our  Church-Forsakcrs"  (1639),  and 
other  works. 

Abbot,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Audover,  Mass., 
Feb.  2o,  173:;:  died  April  12,  1811!.  A  Boston 
merchant  and  philanthropist;  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  Andovcr  Theological  Seminary. 

Abbot,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  18l!0,  founded  upon  incidents  in 
the  history  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  from  her 
imprisonment  in  Loehleven  to  her  flight  into 
England  after  the  battle  of  Langside:  sequel 
to  •'  The  Monastery." 

Abbotsford  (ab'ots-ford).  The  residence  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  on  the  Tweed  about  3  miles 
above  Melrose.  The  pluce  was  acquired  by  him  in 
1811,  and  he  removed  tlicre  in  1S12.  It  was  urigiimlly  ti 
farm  in  frt»nt  i>f  which  was  a  pond  from  which  the  place 
had  received  tlie  name  of  clarty  (' filthy")  Uole.  Scott 
renamed  it  from  tlie  adjoining  ford.  Tlie  land  had  be- 
longed to  the  Abbey  of  Melrose.  Upon  it  Scott  built  a 
am^l  villa,  to  which  in  1817  he  began  to  add,  producing 
in  the  end  a  large  castellated  and  gabled  mansion  of 
which  the  interior  is  finished  in  late  medieval  style. 

Abbott  (ab'ot),  Austin.  Born  at  Boston,  Dec. 
18,  1831:  died  April  19,  1896.  An  American 
lawyer  and  legal  writer,  son  of  Jacob  Abbott. 
He  was  appointed  dean  of  the  faculty  of  law  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1891,  ami  is  the  author 
of  "New  Cases,  Mainly  New  York  Deci8i<ins"  (1877-86), 
"L<!gal  Reujemltrancer"  (1887),  a  series  of  digests  of  New 
Yori\  statutes  anil  reports  "f  I  iiited  States  courts,  etc. 

Abbott,  Beujamiii  Vaughan.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, June  4,  1830 :  died  in  Brooklyn,  Feb.  17, 
1890.  An  American  lawyer  and  legal  writer, 
eldest  son  of  Jacob  Abbott.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  digest  of  New  York  statutes  and  reports  (18(>{),  a  digest 
of  IJuited  States  court  reports  and  acts  of  Congress  (1807- 
1875),  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Courts  of  the  I'nited  States  and 
their  Piactice"  (1877),  "A  Dictionary  of  Terms  in  Amer- 
ican and  English  Jurisprudence  "  (1879),  etc. 

Abbott,  Charles.  Born  at  Canterburv,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7,  1762:  died  Nov.  4,  1832.  A  noted 
English  jurist,  the  son  of  a  Canterbury  barl)er, 
appointed  chief  justice  Nov.  4, 1818,  and  created 
Baron  Tenterdeu  of  Hendon.  April,  1827.  Ue 
was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  ''Law  Relative  to 
Merchant  Ships  and  Seamen  "  (1802),  still  an  authority  on 
mercantile  law. 

Abbott,  Edwin  Abbott.  Born  at  London, 
1838.     An  Englisli  clergyman  and  educator,  a 

fraduate  and  fallow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
ridge,  appointed  head-master  of  the  City  of 
London  School  in  186.5.  Heistheauthorof "  AShake- 
spearean  Grammar  "  (1809),  "  Francis  Bacon  "  (188.'j),  and 
various  educational  and  religious  works. 

Abbott,  Emma.  Born  at  ('hicago  about  1850 : 
died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  .Jan.  5,  1891.  An 
American  soprano,  successful  both  in  Europe 
and  America  as  au  operatic  singer.  She  mar- 
ried Eugene  Wetherell. 

Abbott,  Evelyn.  Bom  1843:  died  1901.  An 
English  scholar,  a  giacluatc  and  fellow  of  Bal- 
liol  College,  U.xforil,  and  classical  tutor  and 
librarian,  the  aulhor  of  various  works  on  clas- 
sical philology  and  of  a  history  of  (ireece. 

Abbott,  Jacob.  Born  at  Hallowell,  Maine, 
Nov.  14,1803:  died  at  Farmington,  Maine,  Oct. 
31,1879.  All  .\merican  Congivgatioiuil  clergy- 
man, and  a  voluminous  writer  of  juvenile 
works.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  CHllegc  In  1830, 
studied  at  Andovi:i-  Theological  Seminary,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  ai]d  natural  philosophy  at  .\mherst 
College  i825-21f.  His  best-known  works  are  ''The  RoIIo 
Books,"  "Young  Christian"  series,  "Lucy  nooks,"  "Sci- 
ence for  the  Young,"  etc. 

Abbott,  John  Stevens  Cabot.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  Sept.  18, 1H05:  died  at  Fair  Haven, 
Conn.,  June  17.  1877.  An  .Vmerican  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  (pastor  successively  at  Wor- 
cester, Ro.xbury,  and  Nantucket,  .Mass.)  and 
historical  writer,  brother  of  Jacob  Abbott,  lie 
was  the  author  of  a  "History  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte," a 
"IIlMtory  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,"  a  "History  of 
Frederick  the  Second,"  "  The  Mother  at  Home,"  "  The 
Child  at  Home,"  etc. 

Abbott,  Josiah  Gardner.  Born  at  Chelmsford, 
Mass.,  Nov.  1,  18].-,:  died  at  Welb'sley  Hills. 
Mass.,  Juno  2,  1891.  A  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  MaHsachusetts  for 
Sulfolk  County  18.^>,''»-ftft,  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  that  State  187(i-77,  and  mcmberof  the  I-'.lectoral  Com- 
mission In  1877.  He  was  twice  (I87.'i.  1877)  the  unHUcce.is. 
fnl  Democratic  candidate  lor  I".  S,  senator,  and  oiice(187H) 
for  governor. 

Abbott,  L3nnan.  Born  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Dec. 
18,  1835.  A  Congregational  chTgyman,  author, 
and  journalist,  a  son  of  .lacob  Abbott.  He  has 
been  the  editor-ln-chlofof  the  "Christian  Cnlon"  (changed 
to  "The  Outlook'  in  18fl;i)  since  1881.  ami  was  pastor  of 
Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn,  from  1888  to  1809.     He  ori- 


ginally studied  law,  but  abandoned  that  profession  for 
the  ministry  in  I860. 

A.  B.  C,  Ajx.  a  poem  by  Chaucer,  a  prayer 
to  till'  Virgin  Mary.  It  is  a  loose  translation  from  a 
work  of  Guillaume  de  Deguileville,  a  Cistercian  monk  who 
died  about  i;MK).  Each  stanza  begins  with  a  dilfereiit  let- 
ter of  the  alphabet,  arranged  in  order  from  A  to  Z. 

Abda  (iib'dii),  or  Abdas  (iib-diis').  Said  by 
Tlieopliaues  (Chronogr.  sub  an.  4115)  to  have 
been  bishop  of  Susa,  and  calleil  by  Socrates 
bishop  of  Persia.  He  is  said  to  have  aided  Maruthas 
in  driving  a  demon  out  of  Vezdigerd,  king  of  Persia. 
Theodoret  relates  that  his  zeal  led  him  to  ilestroy  a  llre- 
temple,  which  roused  a  pei-secution  against  the  Chris- 
tians to  which  he  fell  a  victim. 

Abdalla  (ab-dal'a).  The  Mufti,  a  character  in 
liiydcii's  tragedy  "Dun  Si-liastian.'' 

Abdallah  (abd-iil'iih),  or  Abdullah  (ab-dol'- 
liih).  [Ar.,  'servant  of  God.']  Born  at  Mecca 
about  545:  died  at  Medina,  570.  The  father  of 
Mohammed. 

Abdallah  ben  tor  ibn)  Yasim  (ab-dal'ah  ben 

(or 'b'n)  yii-.scra';.  Died  1058.  Alearned  Ai'a- 
bian  Mussulman,  appointed  by  a  sheik  of  Lam- 
touna  to  instruct  a  tribe  of  Berbers  in  the  Atlas 
motintains  in  the  faith  of  Islam,  nia  enthusiasm 
gave  rise  to  the  sect  of  Al-Morahethun  ("dedicated  to  the 
service  of  God")  or  Almoravides.  which  under  his  leader- 
ship contiuered  the  country  lying  h,-twecn  the  Sahara 
and  the  ancient  tiajtulia  for  the  new  religion.  He  died  in 
battle;  but  his  conquests  were  continued  in  Africa  by  his 
successors,  and  in  10S6  Vussuf  ibn  Tashfyn  extended  liis 
victories  to  Spain. 

Abdallatif  (itbd-iil-la-tef),  or  Abd-ul-Lateef 

(Ubd-ol-la-tef).  Born  at  Bagdad,  1162:  died 
at  Bagdad,  Nov.  8, 1231.  An  Arabian  physician, 
philosopher,  and  traveler.  He  w.as  the  author  of  a 
historical  work  on  Egypt  published  in  Latin  by  Professor 
Joseph  White  of  Oxford  as  "  Abdallatiphi  hifltori.-e  -Egj-pti 
compendium, "in  1800.  A  manu.script  of  it,  brought  from 
the  East  by  Pococke,  is  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

Abdalmalek,  or  Abd-el-Malek,  or  -Malik 

(ilbd-al-(or-el-)  mii'lek, -lik).     The  fifth  calif 

■  if  the  Ominiads,  685-705. 
Abdalmalek.     Born  at  Basra   about  740.     A 

Mohammedan  doctor,  instructor  of  Harun-al- 

Kashid,  noted  for  his  extraordinary  memory. 

He  is  the  reputed  author  of  the  romance  of 

An  tar. 
Abdalmalek.   Bom  at  Cordova,  801 :  died  853. 

A  Moluimmi'daii  historian  and  theologian. 

Abd-al-Rahman,  or  Abdalrahman.  See  Abd- 

iT-l!ii)niian. 

Abdara.     See  Alulcra. 

Abdelazar  (ab-del-ii'zar).  A  tragedy  made  by 
-Mrs.  Ajihra  Behu  from  the  play  "  Lust's  Do- 
minion," acted  in  1676  and  published  the  next 
year.  It  contains  the  song  "  Love  in  fantastic 
triumph  sat." 

Abd-el-Kader,  or-Kadir  (abd-el-kil'dfer).  Born 
near  Mascara,  Algeria,  1807:  died  at  Damas- 
cus, May  26,  1883.  A  celebrated  Arab  chief, 
the  heroic  leader  of  the  Arabs  in  the  wars  in 
Algiers  against  the  French  1832-47,  and  pris- 
oner of  the  French  1K47-.52.  He  lived  in  later 
years  principally  at  Damascus  as  a  pensioner 
of  the  French  government. 

Abd-el-Malek,  or  -Malik.    See  AlxUdmakk. 

Abd-el-Mottalib.     See  Jhdul-MittlaUh. 

Abdemon  (ab'de-mon).     See  (he  extract. 

The  "  wisdom  "  of  Solomon  is  said  to  have  i)rovoked  the 
Tyrians  to  match  their  wits  against  his.  Soloimui  had 
sent  lliiam  certain  riddles  to  test  his  sagacity,  and  had 
asked  for  a  return  in  kind,  wagering  a  good  round  sum 
upon  the  result.  The  contest  terminated  In  SoUunon's 
favour,  and  Hiram  had  to  make  a  heavy  payment  in  coii- 
seiiuencc.  Hereupon,  a  Tyrian  named  Abtlemon  (Abdcs- 
mun'.')  came  to  the  rescue,  ami  vindicated  the  honour  of 
his  counti-y  by  correctly  solving  all  King  Solomon's  rid- 
dles, ami  proposing  to  him  others,  of  which  the  Israelillsh 
monarch,  ^\lth  all  his  intcllig<-iu'e,  was  <|nlte  unable  to 
discover  the  solution.  He  was  thus  compelled  to  refund 
all  the  moni-y  that  Hiram  had  paid  him,  and  to  forfeit  a 
consitlerable  amount  in  addition. 

JiawtiiiHon,  Phoonicia,  p.  Ui;t. 

Abdera  (ab-do'rjl).  [Gr.  rd  "AjiihuM,  or  "XjUiipnv.  ] 
Inancientgeogriiphy,  a  maritime  city  of  Thrace, 
foiindi'd  by  the  Teiaiis.  belonging  to  the  Athe- 
nian Confederation.  Its  inhaliitants  were  no- 
torious among  the  Greeks  for  dullness.  The 
exact  ancient  site  has  not  been  identilied. 

Abdera  (ab-do'rii).  [Gr.  TO  "AjWi/pti,  Av<h/i>n, 
';\  <tl«^io,  "Ailih/imv.^  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town,  the  modern  Adra  (or  Almeriaf),  on  the 
southern  const  of  S)iiiiii,  about  45  miles  soulli- 
east  lit  (ir.'iiiachi.      .Xlso  .Ihihini. 

Abd-er-Rahraan  (iibd-er-riih'miin)  I.  [Ar., 
■sorvnilt  of  llic  merciful  one,'i.  0.  God.l  Horn  at 
DaiiiascuH,  7i!l  :  died  788.  The  founder  (756)  of 
the  independent  ( )miiiiad  jiower  in  Spain,  with 
Cordova  as  cajiital.  He  survived  the  massacre  of  the 
Onnnlads  by  the  Abbassides,  to,ik  refuge  In  Mauretania, 
and  was  invited  by  a  parly  of  the  Anibs  in  Spain  I4)  come 
to  them  as  their  Hoverelgn.  He  iiulckly  cslabllshed  his 
power,  overcame  his  chief  antagonist  in  battle  (7f>/)),  sup- 


A  Becket,  Gilbert  Abbott 

pressed  formidable  rebellions  (7S8-7C3),  and  repelled  the 
invasion  of  Charlemagne  (778).  The  famous  mosque  at  Cor- 
dova was  coiisi]ucic<l  by  him.  Also  Abd-al-liahuian,  Ab- 
{titrralitnaii.  Ah'tartahtnan. 

Abd-er-Rahman  III.  Bom  891:  died  961. 
Calif  of  Cordova  from  912  to  961.  During  his 
reign  the  .Saracen  power  in  Spain  rose  to  its 
greatest  height. 

Abd-er-Rahman.  Died  732.  A  Saracen  cliief- 
taiii,  governor  of  Narbonne.  He  invaded 
France  with  ,a  large  army,  and  was  defeated 
by  Charles  Martel.  and  slain,  near  Tours  in  732. 

Atld-er-Rahman.  Born  Nov.  28,  1778 :  died 
Aug.,  is.^iil.  Sultan  of  Fez  and  Morocco  1823- 
1859  The  piratical  habits  of  his  subjects  involved  him 
in  several  eonlliets  with  Eur()i)ean  powers,  and  in  1844  he 
supported  Abd-el-Kader  against  France. 

Abdiel  (ab'di-el).  [Heb.,  '  servant  of  God.'] 
A  s<rai)h  in  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost "  (v.  896), 
the  (Uily  seraph  who  remained  loyal  when 
Satan  stirred  up  the  angels  to  revolt.  He  is 
mentioned  by  the  Jewish  cabalists. 

Abdi-Milkut  (iib'de-mil-kot').  A  king  of 
•Sidon,  a  contemporary  of  Esarhaddon,  king  of 
Assyria  (680-668  B.  C).  He  made  an  alliance  with 
King  SanduaiTi,  and  revolted  from  his  allegiance  to  As- 
syria: was  attacked,  and,  after  a  prolonged  resistance,  fled, 
probably  to  ryjjrus;  and  was  caught  and  decapitated  in  G76. 

Abdol-Motalleb.     See  Ahdul-Muttulih. 

AbdOOl-.     See  Abdul-. 

Abdul- Aziz  (ab'dol-a-zez')-  Born  Feb.  9, 1S30: 
assassinated  (?)  June  4, 1876.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1861-76,  second  .son  of  Mahmud  II.  and  brother 
of  Abdul-Medjid  whom  he  succeeded.  Aided  by 
his  grand  vizirs,  .\li  Pasha  and  Fuad  i'asha,  he  atU'mpt«d 
to  introduce  Western  civilization  into  Turkey.  In  lMi7  he 
visited  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  journeyed  through  Eng- 
land. Austria,  and  tiermany.  Dissatisfaction  with  his  re- 
form policy  and  the  depletion  of  his  treasury  brought  about 
his  deposition.  May  30,  1870. 

Abdul-Hamid  (iib'diil-hU-med')  I.  Born  May 
30,  1725  :  died  April  7,  1789.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
from  Jan.  21,  1774.  till  April  7, 1789.  He  inherited 
a  disastrous  war  with  Russia,  which  was  ended  in  July, 
1774,  by  the  treaty  of  Kajnardji,  and  which  resulted  in  the 
loss  of  Crimea  and  adjacent  regions.  He  was  also  engaged 
in  war  with  Russia  and  Austria  from  17&7. 

Abdul-Hamid  II.  Born  Sept.  22,  1842.  Sultan 
of  Turkey  since  Aug.  31,  1876,  second  son  of 
Abdul-Medjid  and  brother  of  the  insane  Murad 
V.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  carried  on  a  war  with 
Russia  from  April  24, 1877,  t.,  1878.  Hy  the  treaty  of  San 
Stefano.  which  followed  (March  :i,  1878),  modilled  by  the 
Berlin  Treaty  of  July  l;l,  1878,  Turkey  lost  large  posses- 
sions in  Europe  and  Asia,  See  San  Stf/aiut,  Treaty  0/,  and 
Herlin,  Cintirrt'ttn  *»/. 

Abdul-Kerim  (iib'dol-ke-rem')  Pasha.  Bom 
1811:  died  1885.  A  Turkish  general,  distin- 
guished by  his  services  in  the  Crimean  war, 
and  against  the  Servians  in  1876,  but  banished 
for  f.'iihirc  in  the  Kussian  war  of  1877, 

Abdul-Latif.     Sie  Ahdatlatif. 

Abdul-Medjid,  or  Mejid  (iib'd6I-me-jed'). 

Born  April  23,  1823:  died  June  25,  1861.  The 
eldest  son  of  Mahmud  II.  whom  he  succeeded, 
July  1,  1839.  He  was  coiiqueri'd  by  Mehemet  All,  the 
rebellious  viceroy  of  Egypt,  at  Nisib.  .lune  24,  1839,  but 
was  protected  by  the  Intervention  of  the  tJreat  Powers  in 
1840.  November  ;i,  1839,  he  promulgated  the  iialti-sherif 
of  (fiiltmne  (the  Imperial  palace  where  it  was  tli>t  pro- 
claimed), an  organic  statute  for  the  government  of  the 
empire,  guaranteeing  the  security  of  life  and  property  to 
subjects  anti  introducing  fiscal  and  ndlitary  reforms.  He 
was  engaged  in  Ihe  Crimean  war  from  IsMI  to  18r,tS.  In 
t8.''0  was  promulgated  the  llatti-y-hnmayiin,  which  pro- 
fessed to  secure  the  rights  of  Hie  Ilatti-shcrif  of  4fUlhan6 
to  all  classch.  without  dlslincticui  of  rank  or  religion. 
Abdul-Mumen  (iib'diil-mo'men).  Bcu-n  in 
nurtlnvi'stern  Africa,  1101:  died  1163.  Tbo 
lounder  nf  tin'  dvniisly  of  the  Almohades, 
calif  from  1130  tiiril63. 

Abdul-Muttalib  (iib'dol-mat-fit'lib).  Died  .578. 
The  graniU'iitlier  of  Mohammed  and  his  guar- 
dian fur  two  viiirs. 

Abdurrahman.     See  Abil-rr-Jinhmng. 

Abdurrahman  Khan  (iib-diir-riili'miin  khiin). 

Burn  about  IS30  :  died  ( >ct.  3,  1901.  Th<'  .imecr 
of  Afghanistan,  proclaiiiicil  such  in  1880. 
Abecedarians  di  lie-siMla'ri-anz).  A  (ierman 
.'Vnabaptist  sect  of  the  16th  eentury,  led  by 
Nicholas  .''itork,  a  weaver  of  Zwicknii,  which 
rejected  nil  learning  (even  the  learning  of 
''A-B-C")  as  a  hindrance  to  religion,  professed 
n  special  inspiration  superseding  the  Bible,  and 
predicted  (and  was  disposed  to  jiroinote)  the 
overthrow  of  existing  goveriinienls. 

A  Becket  (il-bek'et^  Gilbert  Arthur.    Bom 

at  London.'  IS37:  did  at  London.  Oof.  15. 
1891.  An  Kiiglish  jouriialisl,  dramatist,  and 
niiscelliineoiis  writer,  soli  of  (5.  .\.  .\  Meckel. 

A  Becket,  Gilbert  Abbott.    Bom  at  I^ondon, 

Jan.  9.  isil:  died  at  Boulogne,  France.  Aug. 
30.  18,56.  An  Knglish  lawyer,  journalist,  and 
writer,  noted  chiefly  for  his  contributions  to 


A  Becket,  GUbert  Abbott 

"Punch":  author  of  the   "Comic  History  of 


Vni.  of  England,  unjustly  condemned  on  the 

charge  of  concealing  the  treasonable  practices 

of  Elizabeth  Barton,  the  "Nun  of  Kent."    He 

was  an  active  supporter  of  the  queen  in  her  endeavor  to 

o.l'..o  „ri1       rPrnTiiiblv  an  en'or     P'event  the  divorce  sought  hy  Henry. 

Ihpri'xJhn   sm-vant  of  the  2od  Abencerrages(a-beu'se-raj-ez;  Sp.pron.a-Ben- 

xr  »,    -,     ^         f  /i.     tf  '    T^  rL     ,.!t^^!    tha-rii'Hes).    A  Moorisj  family  in  Granada,  fa- 

Nebo.]     One  of  the  three  Hebrews   east  by  ~  ' 


England."  the  "  Comic  History  of  Rome,"  the 

"Comic  Blaekstone,"  etc. 
A  Becket,  Thomas.     See  Thomas  of  London 
Abed-nego  (abed' 

in  the  text  for 


Nebuchadnezzar  into  the  fiery  furnace.  His 
Hebrew  name  was  Azariah,  Abed-nej;o  being  substituted 
for  it  by  tlie  prince  of  the  eunuchs  of  the  king  of  Baby- 
lon.   Dan.  i.  7. 

Abegg  (ii'beg),  Julius  Friedrich  Heinrich. 

Born  ;it  Erlaiigen,  Bavaria,  March  27,  179(5: 
died  at  Breslau,  Prussia.  May  29,  1868.  A  Ger- 
man jurist,author  of  "  Versuch  einer  Geschichte 
der  preussiseheu  Civilprozessgesetzgebung " 
(1848),  etc. 

Abel  (il'bel).  [Heb.  Hebel,  formerly  derived 
from  Helj'.  Iicbel,  transitoriness;  more  prob- 
ably to  be  connected  -n-ith  AssjTO-Babylonian 
abl'ii,  son.]  The  second  son  of  Adam,  slain 
by  his  brother  Cain,  according  to  the  account 
in  Genesis. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Carl.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov.  25, 
1837.  A  German  comparative  philologist,  au- 
thor of  "Linguistic  Essays"  (1880),  etc.  He 
has  acted  as  Ilchester  lecturer  on  comparative  le.iticog- 
raphy  at  Oxford,  and  as  Berlin  correspondent  of  the 
"Times"  and  "Standard." 

Abel  ( ii'  bel ),  Sir  Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at 

Loudon,  July  17,  1827  :  died  there,  ^iept.  6,  1902. 
An  English  chemist,  president  of  tlie  Institute 
of  Chemistry  and  other  learned  societies,  and 
author  of  "Guncotton,"  "Modern  History  of 
Ounpowder,"  "On  Explosive  Agents,"  etc.,  and 
with  Bloxam  of  a  "Handbook  of  Chemistry." 

Abel  (a'bel),  Heinrich  Friedrich  Otto.  Born 
at  Reichenbach,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  22,  1824: 
died  at  Leonberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  28,  1854. 
A  German  historian,collaborator  on  the  "  Monu- 
menta  Germanise  historica,"  and  author  of 
"Konig  Philipp  der  Hohenstaufe"  (1852),  etc. 

Abel   (a'bel),   Joseph.      Born  at  Aschach,  in 


mous  in  Spanish  romance.    Tlieir  struggle  with  the 


Abersychan 

guished  British  general,  commander-in-cliief  Lj 
the  West  Indies  1795-97  (where  he  cook  Grena- 
da, Demerara,  and  Trinidad,  and  relieved  St. 
Vincent),  in  Ireland  in  179S,  and  in  the  Nether- 
lands in  1799.  He  was  mortally  wounded  near  Alex- 
andria, Egypt,  March  21, 1801.  He  *'  shares  with  -Sir  John 
Moore  the  credit  of  renewing  the  ancient  discipline  and 
niilitaiy  reputation  of  the  British  soldier"  {H.  M.  Ste- 
phens, in  Diet.  >'at.  liiog.). 


family  of  the  Zegris  and  tragical  destruction  in  the  Al-      P'-efis,  m  uici.  .>ai.  inogj.  .  m   „.,      , 

hambrabyKing  Abu  Hassan,  near  the  end  of  the  Moorish  Abercromby,  Sir  KObert.     Born  at  iulhbody, 
dominion  in  Granada,  are  told  in  Perez  de  Hita's  (unhis-     Clackmannan,    Scotland,    1740:    died    at   Air- 


torical) "  Historia  de  las  guerras  civiles  de  Granada  "  (1595), 
the  groundwork  of  a  romance  by  Chateaubriand  (1S26), 
and  of  an  opera  by  Cherubini  (181."!). 

Abenezra  (a-ben-ez'rii),  or  Ibn  Ezra  ('b'n-ez'- 
rii).     See  Abraham  hen  ilcir  ibn  Jil^ra. 

Abensberg  (a'bens-bero).  A  small  town  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Abens  18  miles  south- 
west of  Ratisbon,  the  scene  of  a  victory  by  Xa- 
poleon  over  the  Austrian  army  of  Archduke 
Charles.  April  20,  1809.  The  attack  was  on  the 
center  of  the  Austrian  line,  which  was  cut  in  halves :  the 
left  was  driven  across  the  Isar  at  Landshut,  which  was 
captured,  and  the  right  was  overcome  at  Eckmiihl  on 
April  22.  In  this  series  of  operations  the  Austrians  lost 
00,000  men. 

Abeokuta  (ab-e-o-ko'til).  The  principal  town  of 
Yoruba  or  Yari'ba,  a  British  protectorate  in 
western  Afi-ica.  It  was  founded  in  1830  by  fugitive 
slaves,  who  were  subsequently  joined  by  numerous  free- 
men, mostly  of  the  Egba  tribe.  Excepting  a  few  native 
Christian  churches,  the  raassof  the  people  is  still  heathen. 
Population  (estimated),  150,000.     Also  Abbeolmla. 

Aber  (ab'ev).  [Gael,  abar  =  W.  aber,  a  con- 
fluence of  -waters,  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Cf. 
Gael,  inbhir,  with  same  senses,  =  W.  ynfer,  in- 
flux, =  Sc.  inrcr-.}  An  element  appearing  in 
many  place-names  in  Great  Britain,  and  sig- 
nifying 'a  confluence  of  waters,'  either  of 
two  rivers  or  of  a  river  with  the  sea:  as.  Abcr- 
ilecn.  Aberdour,  Abergavenny,  Abcriistwitli. 

Aberavon  (ab-er-a'von).  A  seaport  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, South  Wales,  situated  on  Bristol 
Channel  7  miles  east  of  Swansea.  It  has  large 
manufacturing  works,  and  there  are  mines  of  coal  and 
iron  in  its  vicinity.    Population  (1891),  6,281. 


Austria,  1768:  died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  4,  1818.  An  Aberbrothock.     See  Arbroath 


Austrian  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
Abel  (a'lJfl),  Karl  Friedrich.  BornatKothen, 

Germany,  1725:  died  at  London,  June  20,  1787. 
A  Gennan  composer,  and  noted  performer  on 
the  viol  da  gamba. 
Abel  (a'bel),  Niels  Henrik.  Born  at  Findoe. 
Norway,  August  5,  1802:  died  near  Arendal, 
Norway,  April  6,  1829.  A  distinguished  Nor- 
wegian mathematician,  noted  especially  for 
his  researches  on  elliptic  functions.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  in  1839. 


Aberconway.    See  Conway. 

Abercorn  (ab'er-k6rn).  A  hamlet  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, Scotland,  about  10  mUes  west  of 
Edinburgh    "  "  '  -<!-i--^i        .--j! 

681  to  685. 

Abercrombie  (ab'er-krum-bi),  James.  Born  at 
Glasshaugh,  in  Scotland,  1706:  died  at  Stirling, 
Scotland,  April  28,  1781.  A  British  general, 
commander  of  an  expedition  against  Canada 
in  1758.  He  was  defeated  by  Montcalm  at 
Ticcnderoga,  July  8,  1758. 


threy,  near  Stirling,  Scotland,  Nov.,  1827.  A 
British  general,  younger  brother  of  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby.  He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  and 
Revolutionary  wars  (at  the  battles  of  Brooklyn,  Brandy- 
wine,  and  Germantown,  and  at  Charleston  and  Yorktown), 
and  later  commanded  in  India. 

Aberdare  (ab-er-dar').  A  mining  and  manufac- 
turing town  in  Glamorganshire,  South  Wales, 
about  5  miles  southwest  of  Merthyr-Tydvil. 
There  are  coal-  and  iron-mines  in  its  vicinity. 
Population  (1891),  38,513. 

Aberdare,  Baron.  See  Bruce  Pryce,  Senry 
Aiisti)!. 

Aberdeen  (ab-ir-deu'),  or  New  Aberdeen.  A 

sejiport,  capital  of  the  coimty  of  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  on  the  North  Sea  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Don  and  Dee,  in  lat.  57°  8'  33"  N. ,  long.  2° 
4'  6"  W.  (lighthouse),  it  is  the  principal  city  of 
northern  Scotland,  and  has  an  important  foreign  and 
coasting  connnerce  and  a  variety  of  manufactures.  It 
received  a  charter  from  William  the  Lion  in  1178.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  143,722. 

Aberdeen,  Old,  A  town  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Don,  one  mile  north  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 
It  contains  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Machar,  and  King's  Col- 
lege in  the  University  of  Aberdeen.  The  old  cathedral  is 
now  a  parish  church,  consisting  of  the  spacious  nave  onlj" 
of  the  original  building.  It  was  begun  in  13C6.  There 
are  two  cjistle-like  towers  at  the  west  end,  surmounted  by 
heavy  pyramidal  spires,  and  a  fine  projecting  porch  on  the 
south  side.  The  material  is  granite  throughout.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  1.951. 

Aberdeen.  A  city  in  Brown  County,  South 
Dakota,  about  120  miles  northeast  of  Pierre  :  a 
railroad  and  trading  center.  Population  (1900), 
4,0S7. 

Aberdeen.  A  city,  capital  of  Monroe  County, 
the  Tombigbee,  in  lat.  33°  51' 


Abelard    (ab'e-lard),    Peter,    E.    Ab^lard  Abercrombie,  John.   Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 


(a-ba-lilr'),  ML.  Abelardus  (ab-e-liir'dus). 
Born  at  Pallet  (Palais),  near  Nantes,  France, 
in  1079:  died  April  21, 1142.  A  French  scholar, 
one  of  the  most  notable  of  the  founders  of 
scholastic  theology,  a  pupil  of  Roscellin  of 
Compiegne  and  of  William  of  Champeaux. 
He  tauzht  with  great  success  at  Melun,  at  Corbeil,  and  at 
Paris.    In  1121  he  was  cited  before  the  .Synod  of  Soissons, 


on  the  charge  of  disseminating  Sabellianism,  and  was    /^l''°°^ £,,-„'  j'^„  T/>c.<.t.>,      -Ravt,  ir 

compelled  to  burn  his  "introductio  ad  Theoiogiam."   He  Abercrombio,  John  Joseph,    l^oinir 

soon  after  retured  to  a  solitary  place  near  Nogent-sur-     see  m   1802:    died  at   Roslyn,    JN.    1. 


Seine,  but  was  sought  out  by  students,  who  built  for  him 
the  Oratory  of  the  Paraclete.  From  1125  till  about  1134 
he  was  abbot  of  St.  Gildas  in  Bretagne.  In  1140,  at  the 
Council  of  Sens,  he  was  accused  of  heresy  by  Bernard  of 
Clairvaux  and  was  condemned  by  the  council  and  the 
Pope,  hut  wasafterwardreconcjledtoBen,aM_Ue^^^^^^^       AberCrOmby   (ab'6r-krum-bi),  David. 


Mississippi,  on 
_  N.,  long.  88°  35'  W.     Population  (1900),  3,434. 

it  WMThe"se"aT  Ota  birho"pric  from  Aberdeen,  Earl  of.     See  Gordon. 

Aberdeen,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Aberdeen,  incorporated  1860,  by 
the  union  of  King's  College  and  university 
(founded  by  Bishop  Elphinstone,  1494)  at  Old 
Aberdeen  and  the  Marischal  College  and  uni- 
versity (founded  by  tlie  Earl  Marischal,  1593) 
at  New  Aberdeen.  It  has  about  70  teachers  aud 
800  students.  It  sends  with  Glasgow  University  one 
member  to  Parliament. 

Aberdeenshire  (ab-^r-den'shir).  A  county  of 
Scotland,  capital  Aberdeen,  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  north  and  east,  by  Kincar- 
dine, Forfar,  and  Perth  on  the  south,  and  by 
Inverness  and  Banff  on  the  west.  Its  ancient  di- 
visions were  liar,  Formartin,  Buchan,  Garioch,  and  Strath- 
bogie.  Its  leading  industries  are  agriculture,  stock-rais- 
ing, granite-cutting,  and  tlshing.  Area,  1,955  square  miles. 
Populatioii  (1S91),  281,332. 

Aberdour  (ab-tr-diir').  A  small  place'in  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  on  the  Fii-th  of  Forth  about  8 
miles  north  of  Edinburgh,  resorted  to  for  sea- 
bathing. 


land,  Oct.  10,'  1780:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov. 
14,  1844.  A  Scottish  physician  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  wrote  "Pathological  and  Prac- 
tical Researches  on  Diseases  of  the  Brain  and  Spin.al 
Cord  "  (1828),  "  Pathological  and  Pi'actical  Kesearches  on 
Diseases  of  the  Stomach,  the  Intestinal  Canal,  etc."  (1828), 
"  Enquiries  Concerning  the  Intellectual  Powers  and  the 
Investigation  of  l-ruth  "  (1830),  "  Philosophy  of  the  Jloral 
Feelings  "  (1833),  etc.  _ 

in  Tennes- 

Jan.  3, 

1877.     An  American  soldier.    He  was  graduated  at 

West  Point  in  1822,  and  served  in  the  Florida  war  (bre- 

vetted  major),  in  the  Mexican  war  (Ijrevetted  lieutenant 


colonel),  and  in  the  Union  ai-my  in  the  Civil  \Var(brevetted  AberfoylO    (ab-^r-foil').       A    small   village    in 


sented  the  spirit  of  free  inquiry  in  theology,  and  contrib' 
uted  largely  to  fix  the  scholastic  manner  of  philosophizing. 
For  his  relation  toHt^loise,  see  H'^loise. 

Abel  de  Pujol  (ii-ber  de  pii-zhol' ),  Alexandre 
Denis  Born  at  Valenciennes,  France,  Jan. 
30, 1785:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  28,  1861.  A  French 
historical  painter. 

Abelin  ( ii' be-len ) ,  Johann Philipp :  pseudonym 

Johann  Ludwig  Gottfried  (Gothofredus). 

Died  about  1035.  A  German  historian,  founder 
of  the  ""Theatrum  Eui'opa;um,"  a  serial  work 
on  contemporaneous  history,  carried  forward 
by  Schieder,  Oraus,  and  others  into  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  author  of  a  history  of  the  West  Indies, 
"Hi.storia  Antipodum,"  and  other  works. 
Abelites  (a'bel-its),  or  Abelonites  (ab'e-lon- 
its),  or  Abelonians  (a-bel-6'ni-anz).  An  Afri- 
can sect,  mentioned  by  Augustine  ("  De  Hisre- 
sibus")  as  coming  to  an  end  in  his  day,  which 
obsei-vod  the  custom  of  marrying  without  pro- 


brigadier -general). 

"      Died 

about  1702.'  A  Scottish  physician  and  philo 
sophical  writer.  His  chief  work  is  entitled  "A  Discourse 
of  Wit"  (London,  1686).  "It  antedates  the  (so-called) 
'.Scottish  .School  of  Philosophy '  a  century  nearly  :  for  in 
it  Dr.  Thomas  Eeid's  philosophy  of  common  sense  .  .  . 
is  distinctlv  taught."    A.  11.  GrosnrI,  in  Diet.  Nat  Biog. 

Abercromby,  James.  Burn  Nov.  7, 1776:  died 
at  Colinton  House,  Midlothian,  April  17,  1858. 
An  English  politician,  third  son  of  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby,  created  Baron  Dunfermline  in 
1839.  He  became  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1807, 
judge-advocate-genenil  in  1827,  chief  baron  of  tlie  ex- 
chequer of  Scotland  in  1830,  master  of  the  mint  in  1834, 
and  speaker  in  1835. 

Abercromby,  Sir  John.  Bom  1772:  died  at 
Marseilles,  Feb.  14,  1817.  An  EngUsh  soldier, 
second  son  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby.  He 
served  in  Flanders  1793-94,  was  arrested  by  Napoleon  and 
imprisoned  at  Verdun  in  180;!,  was  exchanged  in  1808, 
and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  at  Bombay  in 
1809.     He  captured  Mauritius  in  1810. 


creatine  in  order  not  to  perpetuate  inherited  Abercromby,  Patrick.     Born  at  Forfar,  Scot- 


sin  and  in  imitation  of  the  traditional  example 
of  Abel,  the  son  of  Adam.  They  adopted  the 
children  of  others. 
Abell  (a'bel),  Thomas.  Executed  at  Smith- 
field,  London,  July  30,  1.540.  A  Roman  Catho- 
lic clergyman,  rector  of  Bradwell  in  Essex,  and 
chaplain  to  Q,\ieea  Catherine,  wife  of  Henry 


land,  1G56:   died  1716  (various  dates  are  as 
signed).     A  Scottish  physician,  antiquary,  and 
historian,  author  of  "Martial  Achievements  of 
the  Scots  Nation"  (1711-16). 
Abercromby,   Sir  Ralph.     Bora   at  Menstry, 


Perthsliire,  Scotland,  near  Loch  Katrine.  It 
figures  in  Scott's  novel  "  Rob  Roy." 

Abergavenny  (ab-^r-ga'ni  or  ab"6r-ga-ven'i). 
A  town  in  Monmouthshire,  England,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Gavenny  and  Usk,  built  on 
the  site  of  the  Roman  Gobannio.  There  are 
coal-mines  and  iron-works  in  its  vicinity.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  7,640. 

Abernethy  (ab'er-ne-thi).  A  small  town  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  7  miles  southeast 
of  Perth.  It  was  anciently  a  seat  of  Culdee 
worship  and  a  Pietish  royal  residence. 

Abernethy,  John.  Born  at  Coleraine,  Ireland, 
Oct.  19,  1680 :  died  Dec. ,  1740.  A  clergyman  of 
the  Irish  Presbyterian  Church,  appointed  by  the 
synod  to  the  church  in  Dublin,  1717.  His  re- 
fusal to  obey  caused  a  schism  in  the  Irish 
Church. 

Abernethy,  John.  Born  at  London  April  3, 
1704:  died  at  Enfield,  near  London,  April  28, 
1831.  An  English  surgeon,  lecturer  on  anat- 
omy and  physiology  in  the  College  of  Surgeons 
1814-17,  and  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital 1815-27.  His  medical  works  were  collected  in 
five  volumes  in  1830.  He  possessed  great  influence  in  his 
prdfessiuTi,  due  less  to  his  learning  than  to  hie  powerful, 
attractive,  and  somewhat  eccentric  peiBonality. 


Clackmannan,  SeoUaiid.  Oct.,  1734:  died  near  Abersychan  (ab-cr-suk'an).     A  mining  town 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  March  28,  1801.     A  distin-    in  Monmouthshire,  England,  about  16  miles 


Abersychan 

southwest  of  Moumoutli.  Population  (1891), 
15,296. 
Abert  (a'bert),  John  James.  Born  at  Shej)- 
herdstown,  Va.,  Sept.  17,  ITtiS:  djeJ  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  Jan.  27,  186.'i.  An  American 
military  (topographical)  engineer,  brevetted 
major  in  1814,  and  made  colonel  of  engineers  in 
1838.  He  wa.s  given  the  charge  of  the  topo- 
graphical bureau  in  1829. 

Abert  (ii'bert),  Johann  Joseph.  Bom  Sept. 
21,  1832,  at  Koehowit/.  in  Boliemiu.  A  German 
musician,  author  of  the  operas  "Anna  von 
Landskron"   (1859),   "  Konig   Enzio"   (1862), 

.   "Astorga"  (1866),  "Ekkehard"  (1878),  etc. 

Aberystwith  (ab-er-ist'with).  A  seaport  and 
watering-place  in  Cardiganshire,  Wales,  at  tlie 
junction  of  the  Ystwith  and  Kheidol,  in  lat.  52° 
25'  N..  long.  4°  5'  W.  it  contains  the  Cniversity  Col- 
lege  of  Wales,  which  was  opened  in  1672.  Population 
(18tfl),  6,C1<«. 

Abeshr  (ii-besh'r).  The  capital  of  Wadai,  in 
Sudan,  about  lat.  14°  5'  N.,  long.  21°  5'  E. 

Abessa  (a-bes'a).  A  female  character  in  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  i^ueene,"  representing  the  cor- 
ruption of  the  abbeys  and  convents. 

Abgar  (ab'giir),  L.  Abgams  (ab'ga-rus).  An 
appellation  of  the  kings  of  Edessa.  used  as 
was  'Cissar'  among  the  Romans,   'Pharaoh' 


that  dynasty  which  woald  have  realised  its  unity.  These 
-Abiezritts  were  very'  fine  men,  heroes,  like  unto  the  sons 
of  a  king. 

Uenan,  Hist  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  I.  200. 

2.  t)ne  of  David's  chief  warriors,  an  inhabitant 
of  Anathoth,  in  the  tribe  of  Benjamin. 

Abigail  (ab'i-gal).  [Hcb.,  'father  (i^ouree)  of 
joy,'  or  'my  father  is  joy.']  1.  The  mother 
of  Amasa  and  sister  of  David. —  2.  Tlie  wife  of 
N'aljal  and,  after  his  death,  of  David.  By  has- 
tening to  meet  David  with  a  supply  of  provisions  nlicn 
he  was  marching  to  take  vengeance  upon  Nalial  she  suc- 
ceeded in  arresting  his  aTiger. 

3.  A  character  in  Marlowe's  tragedy  "The 
Jew  of  Malta,"  the  daughter  of  Barabas  the 
.Tew.  1  he  pas.sages  between  her  and  her  father  strongly 
resemble  those  between  Shylock  and  Jessica  in  the  '■  Mer- 
chant of  Venice." 

4.  A  lady's-maid  or  waiting  gentlewoman  in 
Beaumont  ami  Fletcher's  "Scornful  Lady.'' 
and  in  other  plays:  presumably  from  Abigail 
who  called  herself  the  handmaid  of  David  in 
1  Sam.  XXV.  3.  The  name  is  now  a  popular 
synonym  for  a  lady's-maid. 

Abigor  (ab'i-gor).  In  medieval  denionology, 
a  demon  of  high  degree,  grand  duke  in  the 
infernal  realms.  He  has  sixty  legions  at  his  com- 
mand, and  is  an  authority  on  all  subjects  pertaining  t<i 
war.  He  is  represented  as  a  kniglit  canning  a  lance, 
standard,  or  scepter. 


and   'Ptolemy' in  Egyiit,  and   -Antioehus'  in  ^bihu  (a-bi'hu).'     [Heb.,  'father  (worshiper) 


Syria.  The  dynasty  lasted  from  99  b.  c,  to  217  a.  d. 
According  to  Eusebius,  Abgar  XV,  (I'como,  'the  black," 
18  to  ,"10)  wrote  to  t'hrist  asking  him, to  take  up  his  atujde 
with  him  and  relieve  him  of  an  incuraljle  disease.  Christ 
promised  to  send  him  one  of  his  disciples  after  his  ascen- 
sion, and  accordingly  Thomas  sent  Thaddeus,  In  cedrc- 
nus  is  the  following  story.  Ananias,  who  canied  Altgar's 
letter  to  Christ,  was  also  a  painter  and  tried  to  take  his 
portrait,  but  was  dazzled  by  the  splendor  of  his  counte- 
nance. Washing  his  face.  Christ  dried  it  on  a  linen  cloth. 
on  which  his  features  were  miraculously  impressed.  This 
cloth  was  taken  to  Edessa  by  Ananias. 

Abhidhanachintamani  (a -bhi - dhii ' nii - ehin- 
ta'ma-ni).  [Skt.,  'the  jewel  that  gives  every 
word  wished.']  Asynonymic  lexicon  in  Sanskrit 
by  Hemachandra  who  lived  in  the  12th  century. 

Abhidhanaratnamala  (a-bhi-dhii'na-rat-nk- 
mii'lii).  [Skt.,  '  the  pearl  necklace  of  words.'] 
A  Sanskrit  vocabulary  by  Halayndha,  belong- 
ing to  about  the  end  of  the  11th  century. 

Abhidharmapitaka  (a-bhi-dhar'mii-i)ii'a-ka). 
[Skt.,  'basket  of  metaphy.sics.']  That  sec- 
tion of  the  Buddhist  scriptures  which  treats  of 
Abhidharma  or  the  supreme  truth,  philosophy 
or  metaphysics.  It  includes  the  Dhammasangant.  on 
coiulitiotis  of  life  in  diiferent  worlds;  the  \'ibbaiiga,  eigh- 
teen treatises  of  various  contents;  the  Katliavattliu,  (m 
one  thousand  controverted  points ;  the  Puggalapannatti, 
explanations  of  common  personal  quidities;  the  Dhatu 


Alomey 

County,  Massachusetts,  about  20  miles  south 
of  Boston.     I'ojiulation  (10(in).  4.4^9. 

Abington,  Mrs.  i Frances  or  Fanny  Barton). 

Born  at  London,  1737:  died  at  London.  March 
4.  1815.  An  English  actress,  daughter  of  a 
private  soldier  in  the  King's  Guards.  From  the 
position  of  a  Hower  girl,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Nosegay 
Kan,'  in  St.  James's  Park,  ami  street-singer,  she  rose  to 
eminence  on  the  stage,  and  enjoyed  a  successful  career 
of  forty-three  years.  "  She  was  the  original  representa- 
tive of  thirty  characters,  among  which  we  And,— Lady 
Bab,  in  'High  Life  Below  stairs;'  Betty,  in  the  'Clan- 
destine Marriage;'  Charlotte,  in  the  'Hypocrite;'  char- 
lotte Rusport,  in  the  'West  Indian  ;'  Itoxalaua,  in  the 
'Sultan;'  Miss  Hoyden,  in  the  'Trip  to  Scarborough;' 
and  her  crowning  triumph,  Lady  Teazle.  iDoran,  Annals 
of  the  Eng.  Stage,  II.  211.)  She  married  her  muBic-mas- 
ter,  <me  of  the  royal  trumpeters,  from  whom  she  soon 
separated. 

Abipones  (ab-i-po'nez).  A  tribe  of  Indians  who 
ill  tlie  16th  century  occupied  both  sides  of  the 
river  Paraguay  about  600  miles  above  the 
Parana.  Later  they  removed  to  the  Chaco  region,  and 
were  destroyed  by  wars  with  other  tribes  about  Isoo. 
They  were  savage  and  intractable,  wandering  in  their 
habits,  and  lived  by  bunting  and  Hshing.  After  the  in- 
troduction of  luirses  by  the  .Spaniards,  this  tribe  actinired 
large  numbers  of  them  by  theft  or  by  taming  those  which 
had  run  wibl,  and  became  skilful  equestrians. 

Abisbal,  Count.     See  O'lfoimell,  Ileunj. 

Abishag  la-blsh'ag).  [Heb.,  'father  (author) 
of  error.']  A  Shunammite  woman  taken  by 
David  to  comfort  him  in  his  old  age.    1  Ki.  i.  1-4. 


of  Him'  (God).]     The  second  of  the  sons  of  Abkhasia  (ab-khii'si-ii).     A 


Aaron  by  Elisheba.  For  neglecting  to  bum  incense 
with  fire  taken  from  the  great  altar  and  using  strange  or 
common  fire,  he  was  slain  with  his  elder  brother  Nadab 
by  fire  from  heaven. 
Abijah  (a-bi'ja).  [Heb.,  'father  (worshiper) 
of  Jehovah,'  or  'my  father  is  Jehovah.']  1. 
The  name  of  various  persons  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament:  a  son  of  Beeher,  one  of  the 
sons  of  Benjamin  (1  Chrou.  ^^i.  8) ;  the  wife  of 
Hezron  and  mother  of  Ashur  (1  Chron.  ii.  24); 
the  second  son  of  Samuel,  one  of  the  judges 
whose  injustice  led  to  the  establishment  of  the 
kingdom  (1  Sam.  \'iii.  2,  1  Chron.  vi.  28);  a 
priest,  a  descendant  of  Eleazar,  thq  chief  of 
the   eighth   of  the    twenty-four  courses  into 

which  the  priesthood  was  "divided  bv  David  (1    »! ,  t  r   ■■ ,    rn  1      < 

Chron.  x.xiv.  10) ;  a  son  of  Jeroboam'tho  son  of  ^^^f^  '?'' "'T^'  ^^''}'- 
Nebat  (1  Ki.  .xiv.  1);  the  mother  of  Hezekiah  ;;,?'''!„.l,^''?!:„!'ll,*.!'''.  ' 
(2  Chron.  xxix.  1);  a  priest  mentioned  in  Xe- 
hemiah  (x.  7). — 2.  The  second  king  of  Judah, 
son  of  Rehoboam  and  grandson  of  Solomon. 
He  reigned  932-929  I),  c.  (Duncker).  A  victory  over  Jero- 
boam in  which  400,000  men  are  said  to  have  fought  for 


region,  not  an  ad- 
ministrative division,  on  the  southern  slope  of 
the  Caucasus,  having  an  area  of  about  3,000 
square  miles.  It  was  permanently  subjugated 
by  Russia  in  1864.  Population,  about  80.000. 
Abnaki  (ab-niik'e).  ['The  whitening  sky  at 
daybreak.'  i.  e.  eastern  people.]  A  confed- 
eracy of  North  American  Indums.  formerly  oc- 
cupying all  Maine  and  the  valley  of  the  St. 
John's  River,  and  ranging  northwe"st  to  the  St. 
Lawrence.  They  were  called  Tarrateens  by  the  New 
England  tribes  and  colonial  writers.  Tlie  component 
tribes  were  the  Penobscot,  the  Passamaquoddy,  and  the 
Amalicite  — all  allies  of  the  French.  After  the  f.all  of  the 
French  in  North  America,  many  of  the  Abnaki  wijhdrew 
to  Canada.  Tlicy  number  now  about  1,1'rUO.  Also  Aben- 
aki.    See  Al^onquian. 

father  of  light.']  The 
commander-in-chief  of 
his  army.  After  Sauls  death  he  niaintaine.!  the  In- 
terests of  the  royal  house,  sujiporting  Ishbosheth  against 
David.  In  his  Itight,  after  the  defeat  at  Gibeon,  he  slew 
Joab  s  brother,  .-Vsahel,  who  was  pursuing  him.  Later, 
when  he  was  about  to  elfect  a  cumiiromise  with  I>avid 
l»rcjiMiicial  to  Joab's  interest,  .loab  treacherously  slew  him. 


Also  Abijam,  Ahiah,  Abia. 
katha,  on  the  elements;  the  Yamaka,  on  pau-s.  or  apparent  Abika.     See  Creel:. 

contradictions  or  contrasts;  and  the  Patthana,  or  "Book  of  Abila  (ab'i-lsi).      In  ancient  geoeranhv.  a  citv 

of  Syria,  capital  of  the  tetrarchy  of  Abilene, 


Abijah  and  800,000  for  Jeroboam,  leaving  500,000  dead   AbnCV   (ab'ni).  Sir  ThomaS.      Born  at  Willes^ 
(obviously  erroneous  numbers),  was  the  notable  event  of     ]„„  iwuvshiri 
his  reign.      ■■■■■■  


Origins,"  on  tlie  causes  of  existenc 
AbhimanyU  (a-bhi-man'yii). 


In  Hindu  legend. 


the  son   of  Arjuna.      He  killed  Lakshmana,  son  of  Ahi'ldVanrH    ^^i  bil'fiird^ 
Duryodhana,  on  the  second  day  of  the  great  battle  of  the  ■iij"i"6<;"iru    (<i-i)ii  t,aril ) 
Mallatiharata,  but  on  the  thirteenth  himself  fell  fighting 
heroically. 

Abhirainamani  (a-bhi-rii'iua-man'i).     [Skt.. 

'the  jewel  (book  or  drama)  I'elating  to  Rama.'] 

A  Sanskrit  drama  of  which  the  hero  is  ^{ama, 

■written  by  Sundara  Mishra  in  1599  a.  d. 
Abhiras  (ab-he'riiz).    A  people  inhabiting  the 

coast  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  (Lassen 


northwest  of  Damascus. 

Nikolai  Abraham. 

Born  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  Sept.  4,  1744: 
died  at  Fredericksdal,  June  4,  1809.  A  Danish 
jiainter  of  Norwegian  parentage,  professor 
(1780)  at  the  academy  of  Copenhagen,  and  later 
its  director. 
Abilene  (ab-i-le'ne).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
district  and  tetrarchy  of  Syria,  lying  cast  of 
Antilib;inus. 


the  region  identified  by  Lassen  and  Ritter  with  Abilene  (ab'i-len).     The  capital  of  Dickinson 
•u-  /-,„,-_  /._,,_,  „  ^,  -  ^,  ,  m  _._         1  County,  Kansas,  situated  on  Smoky  Hill  River 

Population 


the  Ophir  (ophir)  of  the  Old  Testament 

Abhorson  (ab-hor'son).  An  executioner  in 
Sliaksperc's  "  Measure  for  Measure." 

Abia  (a-bi'ii).     See  Abijah. 

Abiad  (ii'be-ad).  The  White  Nile,  ^ee  Buhr- 
el-.Miiiiil. 

Abiah  (ii-bi'jt).     See  Abijah. 

Abiathar  ta-bi'a-thiir).  [Heb.,  'father  of  ex- 
cellences' or  'abundance'  (Gesenius),  or  'my 
father  excels'  (Olshausen).]  A  high  priest  of 
Israel  in  t\u;  11th  century  B.  c,  a  partizan  and 
companion  of  David  during  his  exile,  ajipointeil 
for  his  services  high  priest  conjointly  with 
Zadok,  the  apjiointce  of  Saul. 

Abich  (ii'bich ),  Wilhelm  Hermann.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  11,  ISOO:  died  at  Gratz,  July  1. 
18H6.  A  (iermiin  mineralogist  and  geologist, 
and  traveler  in  Russia  and  elsewhere,  appointed 
jirot'essor  of  mineralogy  in  Dorpat  in  1842. 

A.bidharma.     See  AbldtUiarmajiHaka. 

Abiezer  (a-bi-6'z6r).  [Heb..  '  father  of  help.'] 
1.  A  grandson  of  Manasseli  and  nephew  of 
Gileail,  founder  of  an  important  family  to 
which  also,  collectively,  the  name  was  aiiplled. 
Also  Abic::ar. 


about  85  miles  west  of  Topeka. 
(19(11)),  3,;)07. 

Abilene.  The  capital  of  Taylor  County,  Texas. 
about  200  miles  northwest  of  Austin."  Popula- 
tion (liioo),  :i.4ii. 

Abimelech  (a-bim'e-lek).  [Heb.;  Assyrian 
Alii-mil/ii.  father  of  counsel.]  1.  A  name 
used  in  the  Old  Testament  apjiarently  as  a 
general  title  (like  the  Egyptian  'Pharaoh')  of 


ley,  Derbyshire,  Jan.,  1G40:  died  at  Theobalds, 
Hertfordshire,  Feb.  6. 1722.  A  London  merchant 
(originally  a  lishmonger),  sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex  1693-94.  one  of  the  original  diiectors 
of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  Lord  Mayor  of 
London.  1700-01.  He  was  a  friend  and  patron  of  Dr. 
Watts,  who  for  the  last  30  years  of  his  life  made  his  home 
with  file  Abiieys. 
Abnoba  (ab'no-bii).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountainous  region  in  Germany,  contaiiiing 
the  sources  of  the  Danube :  the  modern  Black 
Forest.  Also  called  Silia  Marciaiia  and  Moiitcs 
Kdiiraci. 

,bo  (ii'bo;  Sw.  ft'bo).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
bo-Bjiimeborg,  Finland,  in  lat.  60°  26'  57'  N., 
long.  22°  17'  3'  E.:  the  capital  of  Finland  be- 
fore 1819.  It  was  founded  by  Eric  the  Saint  In  the  12th 
century,  is  the  gee  of  an  archbishop,  and  was  the  seat  of 
a  university  which  wim  renuived  to  Helsingfoi-s  in  IS'i". 
Popiila(l..n  (IslHi),  ;n,li71. 

Abo,  Peace  (Treaty)  of.  A  treaty  between 
Russia  and  Sweden,  signed  Aug.  18.  1743,  by 
whii'h  Russia  acfjuired  the  southern  part  of 
Finland  as  far  as  the  river  Kymen  and  secured 
the  election  of  an  ally  as  Prince  Royal  of 
Sweden.  "  • 


the  Philistine   kings,     .specilbally— (n)  A  king  of  Aboab  (ii-bo'iib),  Isaac.    A  Hebrew  scholar  who 


(ienu-in  the  time  of  Abraham  (<ieii.  xx.).  Supposing  .Sarah 
to  be  Abraham's  sister,  as  Abraham  asserted,  he  took  her 
into  his  harem,  but  disniisseil  her  when  he  fniind  she 
was  Abraham's  wife.  (/*)  A  second  king  of  fJeiar,  in  the 
time  of  Isaac  ((icn.  xxvi.),  with  wliimi  Iwiac  found  refuge 
dm  Ing  a  famine,  and  to  whom  lie  made  the  same  slatenient 
about  Kebekah  that  Abraham  had  iiiaile  about  Saral). 
2.  A  son  of  Gideon  by  a  concubine,  a  native 
of  Shechem,  made  king  of  Israel  bv  the  She- 
chemites  (Judges  ix.).  His  reign,  wliicli  lasted 
three  years,  is  assigned  by  Duncker  to  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  ]2tTi  century  B.  c. 
Abingdon  (ab'ing-don).  A  town  in  Berkshire. 
Knghiiiil.  7  miles  south  of  Oxford.  It  conlniiis 
the  ruins  of  ;i  noted  abbey.  Population  (1891), 
(i.557. 


nourished  at  Toledoabout  1300.  lie  was  the  author 
of  '' shulclian  hapanim  "  (table  of  showbread),  which  is 
lost,  and  of  "  .Mcnoi-ath  haniaor"((he  light),  a  colleclion 
of  legends  made  from  an  ethical  and  religions  |M>int  of 
view,  coinposeil  in  seven  parts  to  corresiMtnd  with  tlic 
seven  bninch<-s  of  the  (einpte  camllestick  (nienorah). 
This  wiirk  becume  very  poiinlar  among  the  .lews  ever)'- 
where,  and  was  (ranslaled  into  Spanish  and  (Jcrinan. 
Aboan  (a-bo'an).  A  slave  in  Southern's  play 
"droiiooko":  a  fine  though  secondary  clin 
nclir. 


Iiar- 


Abo-Bj6rneborg  (ft'b6-by<^r'ne-b6rg). 

iMiinieiit  of  Finland. 


*.!*™">'.?'..M»","f»-;'V'.'="."".-i"-."">"'  •"'"'^^i'-"'„;;,';;J,;;'  Abingdon  Earl  of.    See  Bertir,  WiUo„ghb,j 


Ablezar,  which  resided  at  Ophra,  to  the  west  of    ._ , 

near  the  lower  slopes  of  Ephraiin.  assumed  In  this  sail  _ 

state  of  affairs  a  great  importance,  and  nearly  gave  Israel  Abington  (ab'ing-ton).     A  town  in  Plvmouth 


Abinger,  Baron.    See  Scarlett.  James. 


A  gov- 
Russia,  bordering  on  the 
(iiilf  of  Bothnin.  Capital.  Abo.  Areii,  9,335 
si|iiare  miles.  Pojiulation  (189(M,  395.474. 
Abomey  (ab- 6' nil :  native  S-bo-mu').  Tho 
foiiiicr  cniiilal  of  Dahomey,  in  lat.  7°  5'  N., 
loiiif.  i;°4'  E.  It  was  cH|itiiri'd  bvthe  French  in 
November.  1892.     I'opulnlion.  about  '20.000. 


Abominations 

Abominations,  Tariff  of.    See  Tarif. 

Abongo.     See  Obotigo. 

Abony  (ob'ony).  A  town  iu  the  county  of 
Pest,  Hungary".  50  miles  southeast  of  Budapest. 
Population  (1890),  12,012.    Also  Xagy-Aboiiy. 

Aboo.     See  Abu. 

Aboo-Bekr.    See  Abu-Bekr. 

Abookeer.     See  Abukir. 

Abou.     See  Ahu. 

Abou-Bekr.     See  Abu-BeVr. 

Abou  ben  Adhem  (a'bo  ben  a'dem).  The  title 
of  a  short  poem  by  Leigh  Hunt. 

Abou-Hassan.     See  Abu-Hassan. 

Abou-Klea.    See  Abu-Eha. 

About  (a-bo'),  Edmond  Francois  Valentin. 
Born  at  Dieuze.  France,  Feb.  14,  1828 :  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  17.  1885.  A  French  novelist, 
journalist,  and  dramatist.  He  studied  archseology 
at  the  French  school  in  Athens,  and  after  returning  to 
France  in  1S53  wrote  for  the  •' Moniteur,"  "Soir,"  etc. 
Kapoleon  III.  made  use  of  his  pen  in  political  work  for 
many  years.  In  1S72  he  was  arrested  by  the  Germans  for 
shooting  a  German  sentry,  but  was  released.  With  Sarcey 
he  founded  the  "  XIX'"";"Siecle."  In  18&4  he  was  elected 
an  academician.  Among  his  works  are  "La  Grece  con- 
temporaine,"  a  satire  on  the  manners  and  morals  of  tlie 
Greeks  (1855).  "La  question  romaine,"an  attack  on  the 
papacy  (1860),  "Alsace  "  (1872),  "Lesmariages  de  Paris" 
(1^56),  "Le  roi  des  montagnes"(lS56),  "  Germaine  "(1857), 
"Trente  et  quarante  "  (18581, "  L  homme  k  I'oreille  cassee  " 
("The  Man  with  the  broken  Ear":  1861),  "Le  nez  dun 
notaire  "  ("  The  Nose  of  a  Notary  " :  1862),  "  Le  cas  de  M. 
Guerin"  (1863),  "Madelon"  (1863),  "  Le  roman  d'un  brave 
hojnme  "  (ISSOV  etc 

Abra  (ab'ra).  1.  A  character  in  the  romance 
of  "Amadis  of  Greece,"  the  sister  of  Zario,  the 
sultan  of  Babylon.  She  succeeds  to  the  throne  of 
Babylon,  after  her  brother  has  been  killed  by  Lisuarte 
whom  she  loves  and  finally  marries. 
2.  The  favorite  concubine  of  Solomon,  a  char- 
acter (of  remarkable  docility)  in  Prior's  poem 
' '  Solomon  on  the  Vanity  of  the  World." 

Abta  was  ready  ere  I  called  her  name ; 
And,  though  I  called  another,  Abra  came. 

ii.  364. 

Abrabanel  (a-bra-ba-nel'),  Isaac.     Born  at 

Lisbon,  1437:  died  at  Venice,  15()8.  A  Jewish 
scholar  and  statesman.  His  family  claimed  descent 
from  the  royal  house  of  David.  He  was  treasurer  of  Al- 
fonso v.,  king  of  Portugal.  On  the  death  of  this  king  he 
was  deprived  of  his  fortune,  and  beini;  obliged  to  quit 
Portugal  (1481),  went  to  Madrid,  where  he  remained  eight 
years  in  the  service  of  Queen  Isabella.  Forced  to  quit 
Spain  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  (1492),  he  proceeded 
to  Naples  and  entered  the  service  of  King  Ferdinand,  and 
thence  to  Sicily  and  Corfu.  He  was  a  writer  of  distinction 
in  the  fiells  of  philosophy  and  biblical  exegesis.  Also 
Abarband,  Abravenel,  Barbanella. 

Abradatas  (ab-ra-da'tas).  A  king  of  Susa, 
first  an  enemy,  tBen  an  ally,  of  the  Persians 
under  Cyrus.  In  the  "  <?yropsedia  "  of  Xenophon  is 
told  as  an 'episode  (our  earliest  sentimental  romance)  the 
story  of  the  loves  of  Abradatas  and  his  wife  Pantheia, 
which  ends  with  the  death  of  Abradatas  in  battle  and  the 
suicide  of  Pantheia  and  lier  eunuchs. 

Abraham  (a'bra-ham).  [Biblical  etjTnologj' 
'father  of  multitudes '(Gen.  xvii.  5):  also  called 
Abram.  exalted  father;  possibly  abu-rdni,  my 
father  is  the  Exalted  One.  According  to  some 
Abraham  is  an  ancient  Aramaic  dialectic  form 
for  Abram.']  Flourished  2000  B.  c.  The  first 
of  the  patriarchs  and  the  founder  of  the  Hebrew 
race.  Many  critical  scholars  do  not  consider  .\braham 
a  historical  figure.  The  narrative  in  the  14th  chapter  of 
Genesis  is  especially  considered  historical  and  ancient. 
Tile  date  of  the  events  there  narrated  is  fixed  by  Hommel 
at  2150  B.  c;  according  to  the  usual  chronology,  1918  B.  c. 
Abraham  is  equally  revered  by  Jews.  Christians,  and  Mo- 
hammedans. He  was  buried  in  the  cave  of  Machpelah 
(the  double  cave)  at  Hebron,  now  said  to  be  inclosed  by 
the  Great  Mosque  (Haram)  of  that  place. 

Abu-ramu  or  Abram,  Abraliani's  original  name,  occurs 
on  early  Babylonian  contract-tablets. 

Sayce,  .4nc,  Monimients,  p.  53. 

Abraham,  Plains  of,  or  Heights  of.  An  ele- 
vated plain  just  beyond  Quebec  to  the  south- 
west, along  the  river,  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Quebec.     See  under  Quebec. 

Abraham  a  Sancta-Clara  (ii'bra-ham  a  sank'- 
tii  kla'rii).  Born  at  Krahenheimstetten,  near 
Itiesskireh,  Baden,  July  2,  1(544:  died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  1,  1709.  Hans  Ulrich  Megerle  (or  Meger- 
lin),  an  Augustinian  monk,  court  preacher  at 
Vienna  and  satirical  writer.  He  wrote  "  Judas  the 
Arch-rascal"  ("Judas  der  Erzschelm"),  a  satirico-reli- 
gious  romance  (1686);  "Gack,  Gack,  Gack  a  Ga  of  a  mar- 
vellous  hen  in  the  duchy  of  Bavaria,  or  a  detailed  account 
of  the  famous  pilgrimage  of  Maria  Stern  in  Taxa"  (1(587), 
etc.     His  collected  works  fill  21  volumes. 

Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra  (a'bra-ham 
ben  ma-er'  'h'n  ez'rii).  Bom  at  Toledo,  1092: 
died  1167.  A  celebrated  scholar  of  the  Jewish- 
Arabic  period  in  Spain,  a  philologist,  poet, 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  Bible  com- 
mentator. He  had  a  good  knowledge  of  Hei)rew  and 
Arabic  grammar,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  Hebrew  gram- 
mar. "Sefer  moznaim  "  (book  of  weights) ;  also  150  poems, 


6 

which  are  largely  used  in  the  Jewish  liturgy.  He  com- 
mented on  the  entire  Bible  except  the  earlier  prophets  ; 
drew  the  distinction  between  faith  and  reason,  tradition 
and  criticism  ;  was  the  first  biblical  critic  ;  wrote  a  work 
on  Jewish  philosophy  and  a  metrical  treatise  on  the  game 
of  chess  ;  and  traveled  extensively  in  France,  Italy,  Spain, 
Greece,  .\frica,  and  England.  He  was  known  to  medieval 
scholars  as  Avenare,  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  Abraham 
Jud<rux. 

Abraham  Cupid.    See  Adam  Cupid. 

Abrahamites  (a'bra-ham-its).  1.  A  branch 
of  the  Paulicians.  named  from  Abraham  (Ibra- 
him) of  Antioch,  its  founder. —  2.  A  small 
sect  of  Bohemian  deists  living  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Pardubitz.  They  rejected  nearly  all  the 
doctrines  of  the  church,  and  professed  to  adopt  the  reli- 
gion of  Abraham  before  his  circumcision. 

Abraham^man  (a'bra-ham-man).  Originally, 
a  mencUeant  lunatic  from  Bethlehem  Hospital, 
London.  The  wards  in  the  ancient  Bedlam  (Bethlehem) 
bore  distinctive  names,  as  of  some  saint  or  patriarch. 
That  named  after  Abraham  was  devoted  to  a  class  of 
lunatics  who  on  certain  days  were  permitted  to  go  out 
begging.  They  bore  a  badge,  aud  were  known  as  Abra- 
ham-men.  Many,  however,  assumed  the  badge  with- 
out right,  and  begged,  feigning  lunacy.  Hence  the  more 
common  meaning  came  to  be  an  impostor  who  wandered 
about  the  country  seeking  alms,  under  pretense  of  lunacy. 
From  tills  came  the  plirase  to  sham  Abraham,  to  feign 
sickness. 

Abraham  Newland.    See  Xewland. 

Abraham's  Oak.  An  ancient  oak  or  terebinth 
which  long  stoo(i  on  the  plain  of  Mamre,  near 
Hebron  in  Syria,  and  was  believed  to  be  that 
under  which  the  patriarch  pitched  his  tent. 
Wheeler,  Familiar  Allusions. 

Abraham  the  Jew  and  the  Merchant  Theo- 
dore. A  medieval  story,  invented  in  support 
of  the  worship  of  images.  "Theodore,  ruined  by  a 
shipwreck  and  repulsed  by  his  friends,  borrows  money 
from  Abraham,  invoking,  as  his  only  security,  the  great 
Christ  set  up  by  Constantine  in  the  copper-market  before 
the  palace  at  Byzantium.  Again  Theodore  loses  all,  and 
again  the  Jew  trusts  him.  Theodore  sails  westward,  and 
this  time  prospers.  "Wishing  to  repay  Abratiam,  but  find- 
ing no  messenger,  he  puts  the  money  in  a  box,  and  com- 
mits it,  in  the  name  of  Christ,  to  the  waves.  It  is  washed 
to  the  feet  of  the  Jew  on  the  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora. 
But,  when  Theodore  returns,  Abraham,  to  try  him,  feigns 
that  he  has  not  received  it.  Theodore  requires  him  to 
make  oath  b'efore  the  Christ.  And  as  Theodore,  standing 
before  the  image,  passionately  prays,  the  heart  of  his 
benefactor  is  turned  to  faith  in  the  surety  of  the  friend- 
less."   Jebb.  Greek  Lit.,  p.  155. 

Abrahen  (ab'ra-hen).  A  character  in  Chap- 
man's tragedy  "Kevenge  for  Honour":  the 
second  son  of  the  calif. 

Abram  (a'bram).  1.  See  Abraham. — 2.  In 
Shakspere's  ''Komeo  and  Juliet,"  a  servant  to 
Jlontague. 

Abrantes  (a-bran'tes).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Santarem.  province  of  Estreiuadura,  Portu- 
gal, situated  on  the  Tag;us  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation, about  75  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon.  It 
was  the  starting-point  of  Junot  in  his  march  on 
Lisbon.     Population,  about  6.000. 

Abrantes  (a-bron-tas').  Due  d'.  See  Junot, 
Andin'kc. 

Abrantfes,  Duchesse  d'.     See  Junot.  Madame. 

Abrantes,  Viscount  and  Marquis  of.    See 

Culmoii  du  Pin  e  Almeida,  Miguel. 
Abravanel.     See  Abrabanel. 
Abreu  (a-bra'o),  Joao  Capistrano  de.  Born  in 

Ceara.  Brazil.  1852.  A  Brazilian  liistorian.  For 
many  years  he  has  resided  at  Rio  de  Juneiio.  where  he  has 
been  assistant  in  the  National  Library,  and  professor  in 
the  Pedro  Segundo  College,  and  has  been  comiected  with 
various  journals. 
Abreu,  Jose  de.  Born  at  Porto  Novo,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  about  1775:  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Ituzaing6,  Feb.  20. 1827.  A  Brazilian  general. 
He  was  of  obscure  parentage  and  enlisted  as  a  common 
soldier,  but  rapidly  rose  in  rank  and  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Braiilian  leaders  in  the  campaigns  agaiust 
.\rtigas,  1816  to  1820.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  field- 
marshal,  and  in  1S26  was  created  Baron  of  Serro  Largo, 
taking  part  in  the  Uruguayan  campaign  under  the  Mar- 
quis of  Barbacena. 

Abrocomas,    or  Habrocomas,  and  Anthia 

(a-  (or  ha-)  brok'o-mas  and  an'thi-ii).  An  old 
Greek  romance  by  Xenophon  of  Ephesus.  it 
recounts  the  adventures  of  the  two  lovers  so  named  before 
and  subsequent  to  their  marriage. 

Abrolhos  (ii-brdl'yos).  A  group  of  islets  off 
tlie  coast  of  West  Australia,  about  lat.  28°-29°  S. 

Abrolhos  Rocks.  A  group  of  islets  and  reefs  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  about  lat.  18°  S. 

Abrudbanya  (ob'riid-biin'yo).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Unterweissenburg,  Transylva- 
nia, Austria-Hungary,  about  28  miles  north- 
west of  Karlsburg:"  the  chief  point  Ln  the 
Transylvaniau  gold  region.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Abrutum.    Ahricium  in  Moesia.     See  Decius. 

Abruzzi  and  Molise  (a-brot'se  and  mo-le'ze). 
A  compartimento  in  the  modern  kingdom  of 
Italy,  containing  the  provinces  Chieti,  Teramo, 


Abt 

Aouila,  and  Campobasso.  Area,  6,380  square 
miles.    Population  (1891).  1,365,171. 

Abruzzo  (a-brot'so).  A  former  division  of  Italy, 
comprising  the  pro\'inces  of  Chieti,  Teramo, 
and  Aquila :  a  part  of  the  former  kingdom  o£ 
Naples.  Within  it  are  the  highest  and  wildest 
portions  of  the  Apennines. 

Abruzzo  Citeriore  (ii-brot'so  che-ta-ri-6're). 
The  old  name  of  the  province  of  Chieti,  Italy. 

Abruzzo  TJlteriore  (ii-brbt's6  61-ta-ri-6're)  I. 
An  old  name  of  the  province  of  Teramo,  Italy. 

Abruzzo  TJlteriore  II.  -Aji  old  name  of  the 
province  of  Aquila,  Italy. 

Absalom  (ab'sa-lom).  [Heb.,  'father  of 
peace."]  1.  The  tliird  son  of  David,  king  of 
Israel.  He  rebelled  against  his  father,  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  the  forest  of  Ephraim. 
2.  A  character  in  Dryden's  satire  "Absalom 
and  Achitophel":  an  undutiful  son,  intended 
to  represent  the  Duke  of  Monmouth. 

Absalom,  Tomb  of.  A  tomb  so  named,  in  Je- 
rusalem. It  consists  of  a  rock-cut  basement  19  feet 
square  and  2U  high,  surmounted  by  a  Phenician  concave 
cornice  of  Egj-ptian  type,  above  wliich  is  an  attic  of  ma- 
sonry supporting  a  cylinder  capped  by  a  tall  concave  cone. 
At  tile  corners  of  the'  basement  are  cut  pilasters  with  Ionic 
columns  as  ant«,  and  there  are  two  Ionic  semi-columns  on 
every  face.  Above  the  architrave  is  a  Doric  triglyph- 
frieze  of  late  type. 

Absalom  and  Achitophel  (ab'sa-lom  and  a- 
kit'o-fel).  A  poetical  satire  by  Johii  Dryden 
(published  1681),  directed  against  the  political 
faction  led  by  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury.  The  sec- 
ond part  was  written  by  Tate  and  revised  by  Dryden,  and 
was  intended  to  show  up  the  minor  characters  of  the  con- 
tending factions.  The  success  of  this  attack  upon  Shaftes- 
bury was  unprecedented,  and  the  satire  has  been  said  to 
be  "the  first  in  the  language  for  masculine  insight  and  for 
vigour  of  expression." 

Absalon  (ab'sa-lon).  Bom  1128 :  died  at  So- 
roe,  Zealand,  Denmark,  1201.  A  Danish  prelate^ 
statesman,  and  warrior,  archbishop  of  Lund 
and  primate.     Also  Axel. 

Absaroka  (ab-sa'ro-kii).  [Named  from  a  spe- 
cies of  hawk,  but  commonly  styled  'the  Crow.'] 
A  tribe  of  the  Hidatsa  division  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  number  2,287,  and  are  on  the 
Crow  reservation  in  Montana.     See  Uidatsa. 

Abschatz  (ap'shats),  Hans  Assmann,  Baron 
von.  Born  at  Wiii-bitz.  Silesia,  Feb.  4,  1(346 : 
died  April  22,  1699.  A  German  poet,  transla- 
tor of  "Pastor  Fido"  from  the  Italian  of  Gua- 
rini,  and  author  of  sacred  hymns  still  in  use  in 
Protestant  churches.  A  selection  of  his  poems  was 
given  by  W.  Miiller  iu  "  Bibliothek  deutscher  Dichter  des 
17.  Jahrh."  (1824). 

Absecon  (ab-se'kon).  The  name  of  a  bay  and 
an  inlet  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  northeast 
of  Atlantic  City.     Also  written  Absecum. 

Absentee  (ab-sen-te').  The.  One  of  the  tales 
in  the  series  "Tales  from  Fashionable  Life," 
liy  Miss  Edgeworth,  published  in  1812. 

Absolon  (ab'so-lou).  In  Chaucer's  "Miller's 
Tale,"  an  amorous  parish  clerk  who  comes  to 
giief  in  his  wooing  of  the  carpenter's  wife. 

Absolon,  John.  Born  at  London.  May  6,  1815: 
died  there,  June  26. 1895.  An  English  painter, 
best  known  from  bis  water-colors. 

Absolute  (ab'so-liit).  Sir  Anthony.  A  famous 

character  in  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  Rivals," 
an  obstinate,  passionate,  self-willed,  but  gen- 
erous old  man.  The  following  passage  exhibits  his 
temper:  "Sir^Tif/i.  Soyouwill  Hy  out !  Can't  you  be  cool 
like  me?  What  the  devil  good  can  jmi^sio?*  do  ?  Passion  ia 
of  no  service,  you  impudent,  insolent,  over-bearing  repro- 
bate !  There  you  sneer  again  !  don't  provoke  me !  but  you 
rely  upon  the  mildness  of  my  temper — you  do,  you  dog! 
you  play  upon  the  meekness  of  my  disposition  1  Yet  take 
care,  the  patience  of  a  saint  may  be  overcome  at  last  I  but 
mark !  I  give  you  six  hours  and  a  half  to  consider  of  this ; 
if  you  then  agree,  without  any  condition,  to  do  everything 
on  earth  that  I  choose,  why,  confound  you  I  I  may  in  time 
forgive  you."    Sheridan,  Kivals,  ii.  1. 

Absolute,  Captain.  In  Sheridan's  "Rivals," 
the  son  of  Sir  Anthony,  a  spirited  soldier  and 
persistent  lover  who  appears  as  the  impecuni- 
ous Ensign  Beverley  (and  is  thus  his  own  rival) 
to  win  the  affections  of  the  romantic  Lydia 
Languish  who  scorns  a  match  with  one  so  suit- 
able as  the  son  of  Sir  Anthony  Absolute. 

Absyrtus  (ab-ser'tus).  [Gr. '!\i/Tprof .]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  brother  of  Medea,  who  cut  him  in 
pieces  and  threw  the  fragments  one  by  one  into 
the  sea  to  delay  her  father  (who  stopped  to  pick 
them  up)  in  his  pursuit  of  her  and  Jason.  Ac- 
cording to  another  legend  he  was  slain  by 
Jason.     See  Jason.' 

Abt  (apt),  Franz.  Bom  at  Eilenburg,  Prussian 
Saxony,  Dee.  22, 1819 :  died  at  Wiesbaden.  March 
31. 1885.  A  German  composer,  noted  chiefly  for 
his  popular  songs  ("When  the  Swallows  home- 
ward fly,"  etc.). 


Abu  7 

A  mountain,  5,600  feet  high,  in  Abul  KasimMansvir  (a'biil  ka-sem'man-sor'). 


Abu  (ii'bo) 
Kajputana,  India,  about  lat.  24°  45'  X.,  long. 
72°  40'  E.,  the  chief  seat  of  the  Jain  worship. 
Its  slopes  are  covered  with  temples  and  tombs. 
Also  Ahuo. 

Abu-Arish  (a'bo-a'rish  or-a'resh).  A  town  in 
southwestern  Arabia,  24  miles  from  the  Red 
Soa,  about  lat.  16°  55'  N.,  long.  42°  40'  E.  Popu- 
lation, about  8,000. 

Abu-Bekr  (a'bo-bek'r).      [Ar. :   said  to  mean 


Born  at  Shadab,  uear  Tus,  in  Khorasau,  about 
940:  died  1020  at  Tus.  The  great  epic  poet 
of  Persia,  called  Firdusi  (more  correctly  Fir- 
tluuxi  the  Parailisiae,  from  Firdam,  Paradise). 
He  \v:is  the  author  of  the  "Shalinamall,  '  nn  epic  of  about 
60,000  aistichs,  that  siiiv-s  the  deeds  of  Irankui  and  Per- 
sian sovereigns  and  heroes  from  the  oldest  time  to  the 
tall  of  the  Saiisanida-(tMl  A.  I>.),  and  contains  many  of  the 
ancient  epic  traditions  of  the  Iranians.  He  lived  long 
at  the  court  of  llalunud  of  Ghazni. 

An 


•lather  of  the  virgiu,'  i.  e.  Avesha,  Moham-  Abu-Nuvas  (ii'br.-nii' vas).  Died  815. 
mod's  wife.]  Born  at  Mecca,  5"73:  died  at  Me-  Arabic  lyric  poet  who  lived  at  the  court  of  the 
.Una  \rabia  Aug.  22  (?),  634.  The  father-in-  califs  of  Ba^ilad.  His  songs  of  love  and  wine  are 
law  'and  oue  of  the  first  followers  and  chief  aniong  the  most  notable  in  Arabwn  poetry, 
supporter-  of  Mohammed,  and  the  first  calif  or  Aburi  (ii-bo're).  A  town  lo  miles  back  ot  Akra, 
successor  of  the  prophet  (632-634).  His  original  West  Atrica.  Owing  to  its  altitude  it  is  useil  .is  a 
uLLtsaui  ui  °,vJ,,t.  ^xun  4hnn  IRpLr  Abnii-  saniitorium  by  British  officials  and  residents,  as  also  by 
WAmevrasAbfUI-Kaaba.  AlaoAhoo-Jiekr,AOOU-  ^^^^  ^^^^  Mission,  which  has  there  an  excellent  industrial 
fiekr,  Abii-Bdhr.  school.    Population,  !>,0M. 

Abu-Habba   (a'bo-hiiVa).      An    Arab  Tillage  ^Iju  Sliahrein.     See />«/«. 
about  ICi  miU-s  southeast  of  Bagdad.  Excavations  Abushehr.     See  Bushirc. 

were  made  there  in  1881.  and  the  Bite  ot  an  ancient  ilaby.    Abu-Slmbel  (a'bo-sim'bel),   or  Ipsambul  (ip- 
lonian  city  discovered,  probably  Sippar,  the  blMical  8e-  -^V"  ,Trt*,"     n.N :.  ..»     .i :..    „_    m,„„„;„ 


pharvaim  (which  see). 

Abudah  (ii-bo'da).  A  character  in  the  Rev. 
James  Ridley's  ''Tales  of  the  Genii":  a  rich 
merchant  who  in  seeking,  in  a  dream,  the  talis- 
man of  Oromanes,  which  insures  perfect  hap- 
piness, finds  it  in  love  of  God  and  submission 
to  his  will. 

Abu-Hanifah  (ii'bo-hii-ne'fa).  Bom  at  Al- 
Kufah,  700:  died  at  Bagdad,  770.  A  noted  Mo- 
hammedan imam  and  jurisconsult,  the  founder 
of  the  Haniti  sect. 

Abu-Hassan  (ii'bo-has'an).  In  the  story  of 
••Tlie  Sleeper  Awakened"  in  "The  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,"  a  citizen  of  Bagdad 
who  while  entertaiuiug  the  disguised  calif  ex- 
presses a  wish  to  "be  calif  for  one  day."  The 
wish  is  granted  in  such  a  way  that  Abu-Hassan  is  entirely 
deceived,  to  the  great  amusement  of  the  calif,  who  in  the 
cud  makes  him  his  companion  and  favorite.  Slijikapere 
has  adopted  this  idea,  from  an  older  play,  in  the  decep- 
tion practised  on  Sly  the  tinker,  in  the  induction  to  the 
"  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 

Abukir  (ii-bo-ker').  A  small  village  in  north- 
ern Egypt,  on  the  bay  of  Abukir  13  miles  north- 
east of  Alexandria.  It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Canopus,  probably  a  little  to  tlie  west.  Here,  July  2.'>, 
1799,  Napoleon  with  .^.000  French  defeated  l.l.OOO  Turks. 
March  8,  1301,  the  English  under  .Sir  Ralph  Abercrouihy 
captured  the  town  from  the  French.  Also  Abookeer, 
Aboukir. 

Abukir,  Bay  of.     A  bay  north  of  EgJTit,  be- 


sam'biJl).  The  ancient  Abimc-is  or  Aboceis, 
a  place  in  Upper  Egypt  situated  on  the  Nile 
about  lat.  22°  25'  N.,  famous  for  its  two  rock- 
temples,  one  large  and  the  other  smaller,  bull  t  in 
the  steep  face  of  a  cliff  by  Rameses  II.  For  the 
great  temple  the  rock  has  been  cut  away  to  form  a  smooth 
facade  al)out  100  feet  wide  and  high,  with  a  cornice  of 
seated  cynocephalL  Before  the  facade  are  tour  enthroned 
colossi  of  Rameses,  about  IX  feet  liigh,  and  comparativ  cly 
perfect  except  for  the  splitting  away  of  the  head  and  arms 
of  one.  Over  the  central  portal,  in  a  rectangular  niche, 
is  a  llgure  of  Ra  the  sun-god.  The  first  chamber  of  the 
interior  is  a  large  hall  with  8  Osiride  piers,  and  mural 
sculptures  portraying  the  miUtary  deeds  of  Rameses. 
Beyond  is  a  snniller  pillared  h:Ul,  then  a  vestibule  before 
the  sanctuary,  which  contains  seated  figures  ot  Amen, 
Ptah.  Horns,  and  Rameses  himself.  From  the  outer  hall 
8  later,al  cliambers,  irregularly  placed,  are  reached.  The 
total  depth  in  the  rock  of  this  tenii>le  is  over  200  feet. 
The  facade  of  the  smaller  temple  displays  six  rectangular 
niches  containing  colossal  llgures  in  high  relief.  Between 
the  two  central  niches  is  tlie  portal,  which  leads  to  a  hall 
supported  by  6  square  piers  with  Hathor  capitals.  From 
the  hall  extends  a  corridor  with  two  small  chambers  and 
a  sanctuary.  The  whole  interior  is  sculptured.  On  the 
left  leg  of  the  injured  colossus  of  the  great  temple  is  a 
Greek  inscription,  one  of  the  most  ancient  specimens  of 
Oreek  writing,  recording  that  when  Psammetichus  came 
to  r.lcphantine,  the  writers,  whose  names  are  given,  came 
to  the  spot  by  way  of  Kerkis.   It  dates  from  692  B.  0. 


Academy  of  France  at  Borne 

'mixed':  referring  to  the  character  of  the  popu- 
lation.] A  country  of  Atrica,  part  of  the  an- 
cient Ethiopia,  bounded  by  Nubia  and  Sudan 
on  the  west  and  north,  by  the  Italian  posses- 
sions, Danakil  country,  and  Adal  on  the  east, 
and  by  the  Galla  country  on  the  south :  area 
(estimated),  462,000  squa're  miles;  population 
(estimated),  5,000.000.  its  inhabiUnts  are  Ethio- 
pians, Falaaha  (the  Abyssinian  .lewsX  Gallas.  etc. ;  the  pre- 
vailing language  is  Amharie  ;  the  prevailing  religion  that 
of  the  Ethiopian  (Coptic)  church  (founded  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury by  Frumentms,  bishop  of  .Vxum):  aJ»d  the  govern- 
ment a  feudal  monarchy  under  a  Negus  or  emperor(NegU8 
Negust,'klng  of  kings  ).  The  present  (l'.«)2)  sovereign  ia 
Menelek  II.,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  In  1*89.  The 
surface  of  the  country  consists  mainly  of  table-lands  with 
mountain-ranges  reaching  an  elevation  of  about  15,000 
feet.  The  climate  is  temi)erate  and  salubrious.  The  prin- 
cipal eiports(throngh  Massowah)  are  skins,  ivory,  butter, 
gums,  and  mules.  The  eniiiire  is  divided  into  the  king- 
doms of  Tigre  in  the  north,  Anihara,  Gojam  in  the  west 
and  center,  and  Shoa  in  the  south;  and  there  are  many 
outlying  territories  and  dependencies.  The  chief  cities  are 
Ankol>er,  Oondar,  and  Adowa.  Abyssinia  was  visited  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  l.Mh  and  Kith  centuries  in  the 
search  for  the  kingdom  of  Prester  John.  It  was  broken 
up  into  small  monarchies  down  to  the  time  of  the  adven- 
turer Theodore  who  consolidated  the  kingdom,  but  was 
overtlirown  bj  the  British  expedition  under  Napier  in  1S68. 
DifHculties  with  Italy  in  1*K7  and  lSS«i  were  followed  bya 
treaty  of  "mutual  protection  "  in  1S89.  This  protectorate 
was  abrogated  by  Menelek  in  1893.  Among  the  explorers 
of  Abyssinia  are  Bruce,  Gobat,  Beke.  Parkyus,  .Stern,  and 
Markham. 
Acacians  (a-ka'shiauz).  A  branch  of  the 
Ariuus,  nanied  from  Acacius,  sumamed  "Mo- 
nophthalmus" ('the  one-eyed'),  bishop  of  Cie- 
sarea  (died  363),  which  occupied  a  position 
between  that  of  the  Semi-Arians  and  the  ex- 
treme Ariaus  (Anoma>ans). 
Academic  Legion.  An  armed  corps  of  students, 
especially  iu  the  revolutionary  troubles  of  1848 ; 
specifically,  au  insurrectionary  corps  of  the 
kind  which  was  conspicuous  at  Vienna  in  1848. 
Academy  (a-kad'e-mi).  The.  [Gr.  iV».a(%((0.] 
A  public  pleasure-ground  on  the  Cephissus, 
about  one  mile  northwest  of  ancient  Athens,  on 
land  said  to  have  belonged,  in  the  time  of  the 
Trojan  war,  to  the  hero  Acadcmus.  it  was  sur- 
rounded with  a  wall  by  Hipparchus  and  further  adorned 
by  Cinion,  the  son  of  Miltiades,  who  betiueathed  it  to  the 
citizens  of  Athens.  It  was  the  resort  of  Plato,  who  taught 
in  its  groves  for  nearly  fifty  years,  till  his  death  in  3J8  B.  C. 


Abusir  (a-bo-ser' ).    A  small  town  in  the  Delta  Academy,  The.     The  Plutonic  school  of  philoa- 


of  Egypt,  south-southwest  of  Cairo,  the  ancient 
Busiris,  containing  pyramids  erected  by  kings 
of  the  5th  dynasty. 


tween  Abukir  and  the  Rosetta  mouThof  the  Abu-Teman   (a'bo-te-miin').      Born   in   Syria 
Nile,  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  Aug.     about  HO, :  died  about  S45.     An  Arabian  court 
1  and  2,  1798, 
Freni'h  fleet  und 


of  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  Aug.  aooui,  oo, .  .uc-u  auuuo  <>»•..  ^u  ^i.v.^,<.ii  ^,....u 
in  which  Nelson  defeated  the  poet  at  Bag(la<l,andcollectorotOrieutal  poetry 
der  Bruevs,  who  lost  13  out  of  Abydos  (a-bi'dos).     [Gr.  y  'M"o«f-]    In  ancient 


17  vessels  and  9,000  men. 

Abu-Klea  (ii'bo-kla'ii).  Wells  ill  the  Nubian 
desert  in  the  bend  of  the  Nile  on  tho  route  be- 
tween Korti  and  Shendy,  where,  Jan.  17,  1885, 
tho  Mahdists  attacked  the  British  under  Stew- 
art, and  were  repulsed  with  severe  loss  on  both 
sides.     Also  Ahon-Klen. 

Abul  Casim.     See  Abul  Kasim. 

Abulfaraj  (ii'bol-fa-riij'),  or  Abulfaragius 
(ab'ul-ia-ra',ji-us),  sumamed  Bar-Hebraeus 
('Son  of  the  Hebrew').  Born  at  Malatia  (Ma- 
latiya),  .\rmenia,1226:  died  at  Maragha,  Persia, 
1286.  Gregory  Abulfaraj  ibn  al  llarun,  a  Syriac 
anil  Arabic  author,  tho  son  of  a  baptized  Jew. 
At  twenty  he  was  made  bishop  of  Gula  and  afterward  of 
Aleppo,  and  became  maphrian,  the  ilignily  among  the 
Jacobite  christians  next  to  thatof  patriarch.  Of  his  many 
Syriac  and  Arabic  writings  the  t)e«t-kno\vn  are  an  auto- 
biography and  a  chronicle  in  Syriac,  a  universal  history 
from  Atlain  down  to  his  own  time. 

Abulfazl  (ii'bdl-fii'zl).  Assas.sinated  1002. 
Vizir  and  historiograplier  of  the  Mogul  em- 
peror Akbar,  author  of  the  "Akbar  Nameh," 
or  "Book  of  Akbar,"  comprising  a  history 
Akbar's  reign,  and  an  account  of  tho  religious 
and  ])olitical  constitution  and  tho  administra- 
tion of  thi'  cmipiro. 

Abulfeda  lii-bi.l-i'a'da  or  ii-bol'fa-diii,  Ismael 

ben-Ali  Emad-eddin.  Born  at  Damascus, 
1273:  died  in  Syria,  Oct.  26, 1331.  A  noted  Ara- 
bian geographer  and  historian,  prince  of  Ilamnh 
in  Syria :  author  of  a  geography  and  an"Al)ridg- 
meiit  of  the  History  of  the  Human  Race." 
Abulghazi  Bahadur  (ii-biil-ghii'/o  bii-hii-dOr'). 

Born  llio.'):  died  about  l(i(>.'i.    A  khan  of  Kliiva, 
author  Caftcr  Ins  nlidicalinu)  of  a  history  ot  tho 
Mongols  anil  Tatars,  translated  into  various 
European  languages. 
Abul-Hassan  Ali  ebn  Bekar  (il'bol-has'an 

a'lo  eb'n  bi'kiiri.  \  i-haiaetor  in  "Tho  Ara- 
bian Nights'  Kiitortainments,"  tho  lover  of  tho 
calirs  favoriti'.  Sclicmsi'Inihar.  Hcclng  from 
Bagdad  for  fear  of  the  calif  s  anger,  ho  dies  at  tho  same 
hour  as  Scbemselnihar. 


gcograjihy,  a  town  in  Upper  Egj-pt  on  tho  west 
bank  of  the  Nile,  near  tho  modern  Arabat-el- 
Madfilueh,  about  lat.  20°  13'  N.,  long.  31° 
52'  E.,  famous  for  a  temple  of  Osiris  built  by 
Seti  I.,  and  also  for  a  temple  builtby  KamesesiL 
The  former  is  described  by  .strat)o  as  the  '*.Memnonion." 
The  plan  is  a  sipiare  facing  the  northeast,  with  a  large 
rei-taiigiilar  pi-ojection  from  the  back  of  the  southeiLst 
side.  From  the  outer  court  is  entered  the  long  first  hjiU, 
with  two  ranges  of  columns,  and  from  it  the  second  hall, 
witli  three  ranges.  Both  these  great  halls  are  ormmiented 
with  reliefs.  From  the  second  hall  there  is  access  to  an 
extensive  series  of  chambers,  corridors,  and  smaller  halls, 
ail  decorated  with  colored  reliefs.  In  one  of  the  corridors 
is  the  chronologically  iiniioi-tant  Tablet  of  At'vdos.  (See 
below.)  A  number  of  the  chambers  are  covered  with  false 
vaults,  cut  to  shape  from  Hat  lintels.  The  temiile  of 
Raini'ses  is  also  dediciited  lo  Osiris.  It  was  a  iccljinglc, 
preceded  by  a  great  iiicloseil  court  surrounded  by  Osiride 
llgures.  From  the  court  two  S|iacious  central  hypostyle 
halls  arc  entcreii  in  Buccession,  and  fn>m  these  open  a 
number  of  chambers.     The  gatewavs  were  of  red   and 


ojjhy  (iow'n  to  the  time  ot  Cicero:  so  called  from 
the  pleasure-ground  above  described.  It  is  com- 
monly divided  into  the  Old.  the  Middle,  and  the  New 
Academy.  The  chief  representatives  of  the  first  were 
Spcusippus,  Xenocrates  of  Chalcedon,  Polemo,  l^rates, 
and  Crantor.  The  Middle  Academy  was  founded  by  Ar- 
cesilaus  about  244  B.  0.,  and  the  New  Academy  by  Car- 
neades  about  160  ii.  c.  Sometimes  the  academies  of  Philo 
and  Antiochus  are  spoken  of  as  the  fourth  Academy  and 
the  fifth  Academy,  respectively. 
Academy,  French.  [F.  Acadhnie  fran^aine.l 
An  associatidti  originating  about  1629  m  the 
informal  weekly  meetings  of  a  few  (8)  men  of 
letters  in  Paris,  and  forioally  established  Jan. 
2,  1635,  by  Cardinal  Richelieu,  for  the  purpose 
of  controlling  the  French  language  and  regu- 
lating literary  taste.  It  consisted  of  forty  mem- 
bers, the  "forty  Immortals,"  the  offlcers  being  a  director 
and  a  chancellor,  both  chosen  by  lot,  and  a  permanent 
secretary,  chosen  by  votes.  Among  the  objects  provided 
for  in  the  Ci>nstitution  was  the  prepiunition  of  a  ^iictioI^ 
:u-y,  a  grammar,  a  treatise  on  rhetoric  and  one  on  ))oetry. 
In  ItBM  tho  first  edition  of  the  celelinUed  "  Dielionnaire 
de  I'Academie  "  appeared,  while  the  seventh  appearetl  in 
1878.  The  Academy  was  suppressed  by  the  Convention 
in  1793,  but  was  reconstructed  in  ITlifi,  under  the  name 
of  tho  "Class  of  French  Ijinguage  and  Literature."  as 
part  of  tho  National  Institute.  Its  original  organiiation 
was  restored  by  Li'Uis  .Will,  in  1816. 


numoer  oi   cnanincrs.      l  ne  gniewavs  were  oi    ie,i    itii,i  w -     « .   .  po„       r»,.„i      i..,, 

black  granite,  and  one  chamber  was  wholly  lined  with  Academy,    Royal    Spanish.      [Sp.    /wdf    .t(<I- 


alabiwter.  This  temple,  which  was  considerably  smaller 
than  that  of  Seti,  is  in  a  very  ruinous  state.  See  Abt/ttoii, 
Tilblrt  ../. 

'Af  Abydos,  or  Abydus.  In  ancient  geography,  a, 
town  in  JIvsia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Hellespont 
about  lat."40°  11'  N.,  long.  26°  '25'  E.,  noted 
in  the  legenil  of  Hero  and  Leander,  and  as  the 
loealinn  of  the  Bi'idge  of  Xerxes. 

Abydos,  Bride  of.  A  poem  by  Lord  Byron, 
)Miblishoil  in  IHn. 

Abydos,  Tablet  of.  An  inscription  in  a  coitI- 
dor  of  the  temple  of  Seti  I.  at  Abydos.  giving 
a  succession  of  65  kings  beginning  with  Menes, 
covering  a  period  of  atxmt  2,200  years.  A  simi- 
lar tablet  containing  IS  names,  found  in  the  temple  of 
Rann'BOS  in  IKl,'*,  was  removid  liy  the  French  couBUl-gcn- 
eral,  sent  to  Paris,  and  finally  purchiuied  for  the  British 
.Museinn. 

Abyla  (ab'i-lii).  [Or.  'A3l>.ri  or  'Alii?.!).]  In  an- 
cient geography,  n  promontory  in  Africa,  the 
modern  Jelxd  Musa  or  Apes  Hill,  opposite 
(^alpo  (Gibraltar):  the  two  constitute  the  fa- 
mous "I'illars  of  Hercules."  Also  .l/<i//<i  Mi»is 
('mountain')  and  .l/ii//(i  Cnliimmi  ('piilnr'). 

Abyssinia  (ab-i-sin'i-it).      [Arabic  Ildbash, 


Iniiiii  FsiKiiiiilii.]  -An  academy  founded  at 
Madriil  in  1713  by  the  Diiko  of  Escalona,  and 
established  by  royal  contirniatinn  in  1714.  Its 
object  is  to  cultivate  and  improve  the  national 

liinguage. 

Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  American. 

A  society  for  Ihi'  encouiagfinent  of  art  and 
science,  t'oumied  in  Boston  in  1780.  It  has  pub- 
lished "Memoirs"  from  1785,  and  "Proceed- 
ings" from  l>>-46. 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  The.    [F.  I'AcadMte 

di:i  iKUiix  arl.i.]  An  institution  originating  in 
a  jirivatc  association  of  (lainters  in  the  1-1  Ih  cen- 
tury, recognized  by  royal  aul  Invrity  in  1648 under 
t  111' 11  ame  of  .Vcademv  of  I'ai  lit  ingand  Sculpture, 
and  ditinilively  const  riK-leil  in  1('>.55  by  Cardinal 
Mazariii.  Al  the  creatl.oi  of  llie  National  Institute  In 
ITIir.  it  was  united  with  llie  Academy  ••!  Archileclure. 
founded  liy  Collicrl  in  IiiTl.  to  form  the  fourth  class  of  tho 
iMfllllule;  anil  since  l.slu  this  class  has  liorne  the  name  of 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  It  coubIsIs  ot  41  members,  in  hon- 
orary acailcmicianB,  10  foreign  a«8<>cinte».  and  40  correspon- 
deniB  II  piildishcB  its  memoirs  and  IranBactlonB  a»  well 
aB  Ihi!  "  Oictlonnalre  general  des  beaux  arts." 

Academy  of  France  at  Rome.    [F  Academic 


8 

the  Gulf  and  River  of  St.  LaTvrenoe.  and  west- 
ward by  a  line  running  north  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Penobscot.  It  was  colonized  by  France  in 
1604,  on  the  Bay  ol  Fundy,  and  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713  (except  Cape  Breton).  The 
ftench  settlers  in  Nova  Scotia  were  deported  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1755. 


Academy  of  France  at  Rome 

(le  France  n  Rome.l  A  school  of  fine  arts 
fotiuded  at  Rome  by  Louis  XIV'..  where  those 
artists  are  sent,  at  the  public  expense,  who  ob- 
tain the  great  annual  prizes  of  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  at  Paris.  See  /'(//((  Medici. 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres. 
[F.  I'Academie  des  inscriptions  et  belles- 
lettres.']  An  association  composed  originally  of 
four  members,  chosen  by  Colbert  from  among 
the  members  of  the  French  Academy  to  draw 
up  inscriptions  for  the  monuments  erected  by 
Louis  XIV.  and  the  medals  struck  in  liis  honor. 

It  received  a  separate  organization  in  1701,  which  was  con-  Acajutla    (ii-ka-Hot  la).     A 
firmed  by  the  letters  patent  of  Lonis  XIV.  in  1712,  and  was     Salvador,  Central  America. 


Accorso,  Francesco 

Acciajuoli,  or  Acciajoli,  Donate.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, ]4l;8:  died  at  Jlilan.  Aug.  28,  1478.  Aa 
Italian  scholar  and  statesman,  gonfalonier  of, 
Florence  in  1473.  He  was  the  author  of  lives  of  Han-i 
nibal.  Scipio.  and  Charlemagne,  of  a  translation  of  some 
of  Plutarch's  "  Lives,"  and  of  commentaries  on  Aristotle' 
Ethics"  and  "Politics. 


Acadian  Mountains  (a-ka'di-an  moun^tauz).  AcciolideCerqueiraeSilva(ak-se-6'leda  ser- 


An  occasional  name  of  the  elevated  region  in- 
cluded between  the  Hudson,  the  lower  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  Atlantic,  and  comprising  the 
mountains  of  Canada,  Maine,  and  the  White  and 
Green  Mountains. 

A  small   seaport   in 

about  40  miles  west 

of  San  Salvador 


»  ■■ 


suppressed  by  the  Convention  in  17i)3 ;  but  at  the  creation 

nf  the  Nationallnstitute  in  17115  itsmemberswereincorpo-      -~ .T.^v  .  -     .,.     ..  ,  .-  -  v/4.i-\ 

atedin  that  bod  •:   In  1816  the  title  was  restored  by  Louis  Acampichtll,  or  AcampiXtll  va-kam-pesh'tle) 


XVIIl.  for  the  second  class  of  the  Institute.  The  pres 
ent  Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres  consists  of 
40  members.  10  honorary  academicians,  and  8  foreign  as- 
sociates, with  50  corresponding  members  at  home  and 
abroad. 

Academy  of   Medicine,     [F.  I'Academie  de 
medeciiie.']    A  French  aeaaemy  founded  in  1820 


[Azte^,  'handful  of  reeds.']  A  chief,  or  so- 
called  king,  of  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico,  who,  ac- 
cording to  the  most  probable  chronology,  was 
elected  in  1375  and  died  in  1403.  He  Hd  the  In- 
dians of  Tenochtitlan  in  theur  wars  with  Tecpan,  and  ca- 
lals  and  stone  houses  were  first  made  in  Ms  time.    His 


-,       ,  ,  power  was  very  limited, 

to  preserve  vaccine  matter  and  act  as  a  bureau  ^gapulco  .a-ka-pol'ko).  A  seaport  in  Guer- 
oi  information  to  the  govenment  mi  sanitation  ^.^^.^^  Mexico,  on  the  Pacific  in  lat.  16°  51'  N., 
and  the  public  tiealth.  It  is  divided ^nto  three  sec-  ]^,  ,_  990  56'  ^X.  it  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the 
tions :  medicine,  surgery,  and  pharmacy.  It  pubhshes  pf,„„try,  and  had  a  large  commerce  during  the  17th  and 
memoirs,  and  carries  on  an  e.\tenmve  correspomience.  jgj,j  centuries.     Population,  6,000. 

Vcademy  of  Moral  and  Political  Science,  Acarnania,  or  Akarnania  (ak-ar-na'ni-a). 
The.  [P.  VAcademie  des  sciences  morales  etpo-  |-f.j._  -xi^apvaria.-]  In  ancient  geographv,  a  divi- 
htiqucs.]     The  fourth  class  of  _the  French  IS  a-     gj^^  ^^  Greece,  bounded  bv  the  Ambraeian  Gulf  Accoltl"(ak-k6rt§)  Benedetto" 


tional  Institute,  founded  in  1795,  suppressed  by 
Napoleon  in  1803,  and  reestablished  by  Louis 
Philippe  in  1832.  It  has  40  members,  6  hon- 
orary academicians,  6  foreign  associates,  and 
48  corresponding  members. 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, The,  A  scientific  institution  organized 
ui  1812,  and  incorporated  in  1817,  possessing 
a  valuable  library  relating  chiefly  to  natural 
history,  and  an  extensive  collection  of  speci- 
mens in  natural  history.     Its  publications  consist 


ka'rii  e  sel'vii),  Ignacio.  Born  in  Coimbra, 
Portugal,  in  1808:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Aug. 
1,  1865.  A  Brazilian  geogi-apher.  when  verj- 
young  he  emigrated  with  his  father  to  Brazil.  In  ip;;:^  lie 
began  the  publication  of  a  series  of  geographical  works 
on  the  empire,  of  which  he  was  made  official  chronicler. 

Accius  (ak'shi-us),  LuclUS.  Born  about  170 
B.  c. :  died  at  an  advanced  age.  A  Roman 
tragic  poet  and  prose  writer,  especially  notable 
for  his  imitations  from  the  Greek,  though  he 
dealt  also  with  Roman  subjects.  Fragments  of 
his  tragedies  have  been  preserved.  Also  .^tfi^w;.  ["The 
forms  Accius  and  Attius  proliably  differ  dialectically.  In 
the  MSS.  that  with  cc greatly  preponderates;  on  the  other 
hand,  in  inscriptions  the  spelling  of  this  name  with  tt  is- 
far  the  more  frequent. '  Teuffel  and  Schicahe^  Hist,  of 
Kom.  Lit.  (trans.),  I.  191.] 

Acco.     See  Acre. 

Accolon  (ak'o-lon).  A  character  in  the  "  Morte 
d'Arthur,"  a  knight  of  Gaul,  celebrated  for  his. 
combat  with  King  Arthur,  in  which  the  latter 
sought  to  regain  his  enchanted  sword  and  scab- 
bard of  which  Accolon  had  gained  possession 
through  the  aid  of  Morgan  le  Fay. 

Bom  at  Are  z- 


Italy,  1415 :  died  at  Florence,  1466.  An 
Italian  jurist  and  writer,  chancellor  of  the  re- 
public of  Florence  1459-<)6.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  history  of  the  first  crusade,  "De  Bello  a  Christianis 
contra  Barbaros,"  etc.  (1532),  which  served  as  the  foun- 
dation of  Tasso's  "Gerusalemme  liberata. 


on  the  north,  by  AmphUochia  on  the  northeast, 
byiEtolia  on  the  east  (partly  separated  by  the 
Achelous),  and  by  the  Ionian  sea  on  the  west. 
Its  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Leleges  and  Curetes. 
They  were  rude  mountaineers,  but  were  regarded  as 
Greeks,  and  as  such  were  allowed  to  participate  in  the 

Pan-Hellenic  games  ,_^.„.  ..^     .  ,      Accolti,  Benedetto.     Born  at  Florence,  1497: 

Acarnaniaand.a:tolia(e-to  h-a)    Anomarchy    ^j^j  j^^g      ^^  UaM&n  cardinal  (and  legate  in 
ot  modern  Greece  liavinganareaof  2X136  square     Ravenna)  and  poet,  author  of  Latin  poems  col- 
miles.    Its  capital  IS  Missolonghi.    Population    leeted  in  "Carmina  illustrium  Poetarum  Ital- 
__     (isyoi.  126,S9S.  _  oj.u„,-, 

otaseriesof '•  Journals  "from  1817  to  date,  and  of  "Pro-  Acaste  (a-kasf).  A  character  m  Moliere  s  ^P^^jj^j^  Bemardo.  Born  about  1465:  died 
ceeding3"froml84l,besideswhichitalsopul)lished"The  play  "Le  Misanthrope,"  a  gay  and  brilliant  about  1535.  An  Italian  poet,  son  of  Benedetto 
American  Journal  of  ConcholoB)'."  marquis,  a  lover  of  Celimene.  '        '  - 

Academy  of  Sciences,  The,  [F.  ' -l"'rte'";e  ^pg^g^g^a-kas'to).  A  character  in  Otway's  play 
des  sciences.']  An  institution  founded  at  Pans  ..r^j^g  Orphan,"  a  nobleman,  the  father  of  Polv- 
in  1666  by  Colbert,  approved  by  Loms  XTV.  in'  ^q^c  and  Castalio,  retired  from  the  court  and 
1699,  suppressed  by  the  Convention  m  1/93,  and     ]  j^j^o-  on  his  estates. 

reconstituted  in  1795  as  a  class  of  the  National  ^castus  (a-kas'tus),  or  Akastos  (-tos).     [Gr. 
Institute.    It  numbers  68  members,  10  honor-    v^^Q^-of.]      In   Greek  legend,  a   son  of  King 

Pelias  or  loleos,  an  Argonaut,  and  one  of  the 
hunters  of  the  Calydoniau  boar.     He  was  the 
father  of  Laodameia. 
Acawais.    See  Accawais. 

Acaxees  (a-kaks'ez).  A  native  tribe  (now  ex- 
tinct as  such)  in  the  state  of  Durango  in  north- 
ern   Mexico.     Traces  of  their  language  may  yet  be 

detected.     They  were  described,  in  the  last  years  of  the  ^gQOlti     FraUCeSCO.      Bom    at    Arezzo,    1418: 

Kith  century  and  in  the  17th,  when  first  met  with,  as  rather     ,i;p,i  qf  «:„„„    14,S'^       in   Ttnlian  iurist   nrofes- 

peaceably  inclined,  of  sedentary  habits,  and  as  sorely     'U<?1  /t  bieua,  i4»d.     An  Italian  JUTIST,  proies 

pressed  by  their  ferocious  neighbors  the  Tepehuanes.  sor  of  law  at  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  and  secretary 

See  Jof.  to  the  Duke  of  Milan:  brother  of  Benedetto 

Accad      See  Akkud.  Accolti  the  elder.     He  was  one  of  the  most 

natsberichte."  Accadcmia  dclla  Crusca(ak-ka-da'me-adel'la    notable  .jurists  of  his  age. 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Copenhagen,  The    kros'kii).  [It.,  'academy  of  the  bran,'  a  fanci-  Accolti,  Pietro.    Born  at  Flore/nce,  1455:  died 

Royal      VDan.  Det  KoHfjelioe  dimskr  fUlcnska-    ful  name  alluding  to  its  professed  object  of  sift-     at  Florence,  1532  (lo49?).     An  ItaliaYi  cardinal 

berues'Schkab.]     An  academy  established  as  a    ing  or  purifying  the  Italian  language,]      An     and  legate  in  Ancona  (commonly  called  "  Car- 


ary  academicians,  8  foreign  associates,  and  100 
coiTesponding  members. 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin,  The  Royal. 

[(.i.  Ute  konigliche  Akademie  dcr  Wissenscliaf- 
ten.]  An  institution  founded  in  1700  by  Frcii- 
eric  I.  after  plans  submitted  by  Leibnitz,  and 
opened  in  1711.  Its  present  constitution  dates  from 
181"2.  It  is  divided  into  four  sections:  physical,  mathe- 
matical, philosophical,  and  historical.  The  reguLar  mem- 
bers are  paid,  and  hold  general  meetings  every  Thursday 

and  sectional  meetings  every  Monday.    Besides,  there  are  

foreign  members,  not  to  exceed  24,  and  honorary  members    A  „«, 
and  correspondents.    It  publishes  "Abhandlungen"  (till  •f«.i-^'*-_ 
1803  "M^moires"  and  "Nouveaux  M^moires  ')  and  "Mo- 


Accolti  the  elder.     See  the  extract. 

The  same  age  gave  the  name  of  I'nico  to  Bernardo  Ac- 
colti, of  Arezzo,  born  before  1466.  and  who  died  after  th© 
year  1534.  Whenever  this  celebi-ated  poet  announced  his 
intention  of  reciting  his  verses,  the  shops  were  shut  up, 
and  the  people  flocked  in  crowds  to  hear  him.  He  was 
surrounded  by  prelates  of  the  first  eminence:  a  body  of 
Swiss  troops  accompanied  him  ;  and  the  court  was  lighted 
by  torches.  But,  as  llr.  Roscoe  has  justly  remarked,  there 
w'anted  one  circumstance  to  crown  his  glorj— that  his 
works  had  perished  with  himself.  Tlieir  style  is  hard  and 
poor:  his  images  are  forced,  and  his  taste  is  perverted  by 
affectation.  He  has  left  us  a  comedy.  La  Virginia ;  some 
octaves  and  terza  rima ;  some  lyric  poetry ;  and  some 
strambotti,  or  epigrams. 

Sismoiuli,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe.  I.  428. 


and  since  1823  each  of  its  two  classes  has  also  published 
independent  memoirs  under  the  name  of  "Afhandlinger." 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg,  The    Italian  language^ 
Imperial.     An  academy  projected  by  Peter  Accadians.     See  under  Akkad. 
the  Great  with  the  assistance  of  Wolf  and  Leib-  Acca  Larentia  (ak'ii  la-ren'shi-ii) 


1612  the  flrst'edition  of  the  "Vocabolario  degli  Accade-      1520. 

mici  della  Crusca,"  long  the  standard  dictionary  of  the  Accomplished   FoolS,  The. 

Husband. 


See   The   Tender 


nitz,  and  established  by  Catherine  I.,  Dec.  21, 
1725.  It  is  composed  of  15  professors,  a  president,  and 
a  director,  with  four  adjuncts,  who  attend  the  meetings 
of  the  society,  and  succeed  to  vacancies.  It  has  published 
••  Commenlarii  Academite  Scientiarura  Imperialis  Petro- 
politansc"  (14  volumes  from  172S  to  1747);  "Novi  Com- 
mentarii  Academise,"  etc.  (20  volumes  down  to  1777); 
"Acta  Acadenii;e."  etc.,  of  which  two  volumes  appear  an- 
nually. 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Stockholm,  The,  or 
The  Royal  Swedish  Academy.    A  society, 

originally  private,  fnundcd  Jime  2,  1739,  and 
incorporated  March  31. 1741,  as  the  Royal  Swe- 
dish Academy.     Its  quarterly  publications  are 


female  personage  in  the  early  history  of  Rome, 
sometimes  represented  as  a  public  woman  who 
bequeathed  her  wealth  to  the  citizens  of  Rome, 
sometimes  as  the  wife  of  Faustidus  and  the  nurse 
of  Romulus  and  Remus,  She  seems  to  be  of  Etruscan 
origin  and  connected  with  the  worship  of  the  Lares.  Also, 
improperly,  ^-Icca  Laitrcutia. 
Accawais  (a-ka-wa-ez').  An  Lidian  tribe  of 
British  Guiana,  the  small  remnants  of  which  in- 
habit the  river-banks  near  the  coast.  They  are 
allied  in  language  to  the  Caribs,  but  are  more  saVage  and 
wandering  in  their  habits,  and  are  very  treacherous.  They 
often  attack  villages  of  the  more  civilized  Indians.  Also 
written  Accaicai/s,  Accowaios,  Akavai^. 


A  „i,-ti,4noi  Accoramboni  (iik-ko-ram-bo'ne),  Virginia 
Am\tliical     ^^  Vittoria.     Died  at  Padua,  Dec.  22,  1585. 


The  Duchess  of  Braeciano.  an  Italian  lady  of 
great  beauty  and  wit.  Her  first  husband,  Francesco 
Peretti,  whom  she  married  in  1573,  was  murdered  in  15^1 
at  the  instigation,  it  was  said,  of  Paolo  Giordano  Orsini, 
Duke  of  Braeciano.  whom  she  married.  On  his  death,  Nov. 
13,  15So.  she  became  involved  in  litig.ation  with  Lodovic 
Orsini  concerning  the  inherit^^nce,  and  was  murdered  by 
him.  These  events  were  altered  ami  adapted  by  Webster 
in  his  tragedy  "  The  White  Devil,  or  Vittoria  Corombona  " 
(1612).  Her  history  has  been  written  by  Onoli  (1870),  and 
she  was  made  the  subject  of  a  novel  by  L.  Tieck,  "  Vit- 
toria .Accoramboni"  (1840). 
Accorso  (ak-kor'so).  Latinized  Accursius 
(a-ker'si-us),  Buono.  Born  at  Pisa  about  the 
A  classical  scholar 


issued  in  annual  volumes,  of  which  the  first  40  Accho  (ak'6)."  '  An  old  name  of  Acre.  middle  of  the  loth  century. 

(to  1779)  form  a  series  known  as  the   "Old  tpp?  ;,  nli  (S  ch=i  vo  6'le1  or  Acciaioli  (a-cha-    ^'^^  rhetorician   commentator  on   Ca;sar  and 

Transictions  "  ACC^iajUOll  (a-cna-\o-o  le),  01  ACCiajOU  (a  ena      ^^^^^  -^^^^^  authors.     Also  Bnonaecorso. 

AcadlmvoTsocietv  of  Arcadians   A  society  T '?,'"  ?®i?°;    ^  '"^"^T  ,?r.iff''Tt°b        Accorso,  Latinized    Accursius,    Francesco. 

foSl\  lolohflnfyT^fSfMari^^^^^  ^"""^^l"^  ^^""^  "''™''  created  Duke  of  Athens  ^^,.^^  atFlorence  about  IISO:  died  about  1260. 

lounaeu  m  lojo  in  naiy  iij  (.U)%a]i  .uaiio  ».^ies  ^^  jgg^                               retained  by  his  successors  till      ,      t,„,;.,,,  .:„,,;„t    *„,,  „  time  teacher  of  law  at 

cimbeni  and  (xian  \  mcenzo  Gra^^na.    Its  chief  ,455  ,vhen  the  Turks  put  an  end  to  the  domination  of     An  Italian  juiist,  toi  a  time  leacnei  01  lan  ar 

aim  was  to  establish  in  literature  the  simplicity  of  the  the  Latins  in  Attica                                                                   Bologna,     His  most  celebrated  work  was  a  body  oi  ex- 

A:;^'i:^^^)rA^^^^h.      [0^  Acciaiuoli.orAcciai0li.NiCC0l0.  Diedl365.  A     planatoo' glosses  on  the  Poman  law,  called -The  Great 

ginally  Larc.adia :    Acadie    is    said    to   hav 
been  first  used  in   1603.]     A  former  French 
colony  in  America,  bounded  by  the  Atlant 


pori-  Acciajuoli,  or  Acciajoli,  Niccolo.  Died  1365.  A    ^f^^^ 


Accorso,  Francesco 

sor  of  law  at  liologna.  He  eutercl  the  semce 
of  EawL'd  I.  .1  England  and  lectured  on  law  at 

Oxford  about  12(5.  .  :„„„oi„ 

Accorso   Latiuized  Accursius,  Manangelo. 

Uved  iutho  first  half  of  the  lUth  century  An 
Italian  literary  critic,  author  of  -Duitnbro  .n 
Ausonium,  Jul.  Solin  Polyhistora,  et  in  Ovidu 
Metaiuorphoses"  (1524),  etc.  v^ttor 

Accra,  or  Acra  (ak-rii').  See  Akra,  the  better 
siirlliiii' of  the  name.  . 

ASrton  (ak'ring-ton).  A  to^vn  '"  T.anca- 
.Mn^Kugland.  about  34  miles  northeast  of 
L  vei'pool  Its  industries  include  cal.co-vnnt- 
W  dveinsr.  iron-founding,  coal-ni.nmg,  etc. 
Population  (IfiOl),  38,603. 

Accum  (a'ki.m).  Friedrich.  Christian.    Born 

at  Mekeburs,  Crermany,  ITtfJ:  died  at, Berlin, 
June  28,  1838.  A  German  chemist,  long  resi- 
dent in  London,  known  chiefly  by  his  -  Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Gas-Ught"  {lbl5),  and  his 
efforts  to  promote  the  use  of  gas  for  purposes 
of  illumination. 

Accursius.    See  Accorso.  .      , .  , ,     „ 

Aceldama  (a-sel'da-ma).     [Aramaic,     Held  ot 
blood  ']     A  field  said  to  have  been  situated 
south  of  Jerusalem,  the  potter's  field,  purchased 
with  the  bribe  which  Judas  took  for  betraying 
his  Master  (whence  the  name).     It  was  appro- 
priated to  the  interment  of  strangers. 
AcephaU  (a-sef 'a-li).     [Gr.  a«oa/oc,  without 
a  head.]     A  namb  given  to  various  parties  ot 
Christians,  in  the  5th  and  Gth  centuries,  who 
rebelled  against  their  bishops  or  other  heads  ot 
the  church.     The  most  not.ible  among  them  were  cer- 
tain Monophysites  who  rejected  (on  doctrinal  grounds) 
the  authority  of  Peter  ilongus,  bishop  of  Alexandna(4b2). 
Acerbas  (a-ser'bas),  or  Akerbas  (a-ker'bas), 
or  Sicharbas  (si-kUr'bas).     [Said  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  Sicliar-B<iat.^     In  classical  legend, 
the  uncle   and   husband  of  Elissa,  a  wealthy 
and  powerful  Tyrian  noble,  high  priest  of  the 
Tyrian  god  Melkarth:  the  "Sicha^us'  of  Ver- 
gi'l.     See  Etissit.  ^r<     i.  ^ 

Acerbi  (ii-cher'be),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Castel- 
Goffredo,  near  Mantua,  Italy,  May  3,  1((3: 
died  Aug.  26,  1846.  An  Italian  traveler  and 
naturalist,  author  of  "  Travels  through  Sweden, 

Finland,  and  Lapland"  (1802). 

Acemus,  Sebastian.    See  Klmoicic; 


9 


Acerra7i'~'iiei~r^)-  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  the  Roman  Ace^rra)  (Gr.  'A.l-V/'«')- 
10  miles  northeast  of  Naples.  Population,14,000. 

Acestes  (a-ses'tez).  [Gr.  'Ak/o-w.]  In  Greek 
le'-end,  a  son  of  the  Sicilian  nver-god  Cnmisus 
ami  Egesta  (Segesta),  a  Trojan  woman  He 
ligurcJin  the  Trojan  war,  and  was  introduced 
by  Vergil  in  the  ".^Ineid." 

Ach&'(^-chii'),  Jos6  Maria.  Bom  about  1805: 
died  at  Cochabamba,  1S08.  A  Bolivian  revolu- 
tionist. He  served  under  Santa  Cruz,  I8-2»-3!),  and  under 
Bn  livlan  in  the  war  agairist  Peru,  1841.  I..  ISSS  he  was 
S.'le  by  President  Lh.ares  minister  of  war,  but  re%-,,Ue,l, 
an.l  i..  May,  1S61,  was  proclai.ned  president  o'  Bol.vm 
He  held  his  post  during  a  period  of  great  disorder  until 
IMJ-.  when  he  w;i8  deposed  by  another  revolution. 


Achsea     See  Ac]i<ii<i.  , 

Achaan  League  (a-ke'an  leg).     1 .  A  rehgious 
confederation  in  Achaia,  consisting  at  the  time 
of  Herodotus  of  twelve  cities:  Pellene,  Ageira, 
.Egas,  Bura,   Hclike,  .Egioii,  Khypcs,  Patra-, 
Phanp  Olcnos.  Dvnic,  and  Trita'u.    Later  Rhypes 
and  ^iD  tell  intodeciy.and  tlieirphicesin  thecoiifederacy 
were  taken  by  Lcontion  and  kei-yneia.     lii  3,  J  B.  c.  the 
nnmber  ot  cities  was  reduced  to  ten  by  the  destruction  of 
Helilce  and  llura  by  an  eartli(|uake.     A  common  sacrillce 
to  I'oscid.m  was  held  at  Helike  until  that  town  was  de- 
.troyed,  when  .t;Kion  became  the  center  of  the  eonfedera- 
tlon    and  the  c.mmon  s.acriflcc8  were  held  In  lionor  nf 
Zeus  I ingyrlos  and  Demetcr  Panachica  the  chief  divini- 
ties ot  /Kginn      The  confederacy  was  dissolved  by  the 
policy  of  Philip  of  Maoedon  and  Alexander. 
2    A  political  confederation  of  Achiuan   and 
other  Greek  cities  extending  over  the  period 
from  281  B.  C.  to  146  B.  C.    After  the  death  of  f.y- 
slmachus  in  -iSO  B.  P..  the  Ach.can  cities  Pynie.  Palrra  Tn- 
tma.  and    Phara!  formed   a  confederation   to  resist  the 
Macedonian  domination,  and  were  afterward  joined  by 
the  other  Achffian  cities,  except  Olenos  and  llellke.     In 
•>-,l  V  0  the  ccmtedcnitlon  acquired  new  strenglh  by  the 
accession  of  Slkyon.  un.ler  the  leadership  of  Aratus.     In 
o4',  H    c    Aratua  was  elected   slrategus  of  Ihe  leak'Ue, 
wiiicli  under  his  guidmiee  rapidly  rose  to  national  iln- 
nortance.     In  a  short  time  it  embraced  Athens,  Aglna, 
Salamis.  and  the  wh.ile  ot  Pilo|)onneRU».  with  the  excep- 
tion i>f  Sparta,  T'l-gea,  Orchomenos,  Manllneia.  and  Wis. 
It  was  destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  1411  B.  c,  and  with  It 
fell  the  last  stronghold  of  freeilom  in  ( Ireece.   The  Aeliican 
League  is  remarkable  as  the  most  perfect  type  of  fed- 
eral government  which  has  been  handed  down  from  an- 
tlauitv     The  confederation  was  inseparable,  every  cJty 
having  equal  rights  with  the  others  ;  in  t..reignalfairslhe 
federal  government  was  supreme.     I'ommon  allalrs  were 
regulated  at  general  meetings  held  twice  a  year  by  the 


citizens  of  all  the  towns.    The  principal  officers  were . 

Jwo™rategi  after  255  B.  c.  only  one),  who,  in  conjunction 

,  i  h    h    iMpi"  lul'  or  commander  of  the  cavidry,  and  an 

,  er-s  .     'k  s,  >om,nande.l  the  federal  army,  and  were 

tasted    vitli  the  conduct  of  war;  a  state  secretai-j- ; 

and  an  apparently  permanent  council  of  ten  denuurgl. 

who  appe^  to  hav'e 'presided  at  'he  great  assemblies^ 

AchSBi  (a-ke'i).     [Gr.  :\;i:a'o,.]     The  Aclueans, 

one  of  the  four  principal  races  ot  the  (,reeks 

Their  chef  places  of  abode  were  southern  Thess.ily  and 

extern  Peloponnesus.     The  name  is  sometimes  exten  ed 

Xtirallv  to  all  the  Greeks.     In  Homeric  t""'* '  >ey  had 

rcTtaiii  preponderance  of  influence  over  the  other  Ucl- 

Achsmenes  (a-kem'e-nez).  [Gi-.  ■yx''f±,'K. 
OPcrs.  Uot.lidmaiii,  the  friendly  (Sayee).]  The 
eponvraous  founder  of  the  ancient  Persian 
royal  family  of  the  Aehtemeuidro :  the  name  was 
later  used  as  a  family  name,  as  by  one  of  tlie 
sons  of  Darius  Hystaspis.     See  Achiem(>,„l!e. 

Achsmenidae  (ak-e-men'i-de)  An  ancient 
roval  familv  of  Persia,  tounded  about  600  B.  C. 
Th'e  following  are  the  names  ot  "«  leading  members 
Aeh.-emenes,  Cyrus  the  lireat,  '  »'"h>scs  (t.om  tea  the 
Magian  usurper),  Darius  Hystaspis,  .\er.\es  I.,  Aitaxeixts 
I  Xei"  es  II  ,  Sogdianos,  Darius  Oelius,  Artaxerxes  -Mne- 
nVon,  Oehus.  Arses,  Darius  codomannus.  Also  Achjevim- 
idrx,  Achemeiihles,  Acluiiicinds.     _        ,     ,  -,      s       rn 

Achaeus  (a-ke'us),  or  Achaios  (a-ki  os).    [Gi. 

■Kxaok--]  A  Greek  poet  of  Eretria  in  Eul.oea, 
who  flourished  from  about  484  B.  c  to  448. 
He  was  the  author  of  forty-four  dramas,  only  fragments 
of  which  remain.  The  titles  of  seventeen  are  known. 
He  contended  with  Sophocles  and  Euripides.  , 

Achaia  (a-ka'ya).  [Gr. 'A,v«.a.]  1  In  ancient 
geography:  (</)  A  small  region  m  southern 
Thessaly.  containing  Phthia,  hence  called 
Achaia  Phthiotis.  It  was  probably  the  original  home 
of  the  Aeh.'ean  race,  and  it  retained  its  name  as  late  as 
the  time  ot  Herodotus.    See  the  extract. 

Vchica  Phtniotis  was  the  tract  about  Mount  Othrys.  its 
sea.board  reached  from  the  middle  of  the  Pagasa^an  gulf 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Spercheius.  Inland  it  once  extended 
beyond  Pharsalus,  called  anciently  Phthia  (Leake,  iv.  pp. 
"It,  185) ;  but  at  this  time  its  northern  boundary  s_eenis  o 
have  been  the  line  ot  hills  stretching  from  Lake  \>n- 
iii  (Trt»W<)  across  to  the  gulf  of  Pagasa!,  and  terminating 
iifthe  promontory  of  PjTrha  {Cs.pe  Angkifln).  Westward 
it  was  bounded  by  the  Dolopians  and  Enianians 

Rauiinson,  Herod.,  IV.  108,  note. 

(b)  A  mountainous  district  in  the  Peloponne- 
sus bordering  on  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  north  of 
Elis  and  Arcadia :  originally  named  ^Egialus  or 
^gialeia,  that  is,  "The  Coast."  (c)  The  states 
forming  the  restored  Achtean  League,  about 
280-146  B.C.  iie('Achsean,2.  (rf)  A  Roman  prov- 
ince, of  uncertain  limits,  but  neariy  correspond- 
ing to  modern  Greece,  formed  probably  m  the 
1st  century  B.  C.  its  northern  boundary  was  proba- 
bly drawn  south  of  Thessaly  and  Epirus.  ^fh^  province 
was  abolished  bv  Nero,  but  was  reestablished  by  %  espasian. 
2  A  medieval  Frankish  principality  m  tuvc-o. 
corresponding  generally  to  the  Peloponnesus. 
Achaia.  A  nomarchy  of  modern  Greece. 
.\iru.  1,252  s<iuare  iiiiles.     Population  (1896), 

Achato  (iich'iilm).  A  summit  of  the  Rauhe 
Alb,  near  Reutlingen,  in  Wurtemberg,  2,300 
feet  high.  ... 

Achamoth  (ak'a-moth).  The  name  given  by 
tlie  (iiiostic  Valentine  to  a  lower  or  iini.crfect 
Wisdom,  the  weakest  n>on,  the  form  under 
which  spirit  surrenders  itself  conijiletely  to 
matter  and  becomes  the  foundation  of  the  real 

Achan  (a'kan).     An  Israelite  of  the  tribe  of 
Judah.  stoned   to  death,  with   his  family,  for 
plundering  during  the  sack  of  Jericho.     Josh, 
vii.     Also  called  .(f/("r.     1  t'liron.  u.  «. 
Achard  (iich'iirt),  Franz  Karl.    B.'rn  at  Ber- 
lin April  28. 17.53 :  di<'d  at  ( ■uncrn,  SiUSia.  .\pn 
:0.   1.S21.     A  Gerniaii  cljciiiisl.  the  loiinder  ot 
tiir< 


tlie  beet-root  sugar  nianuf...  ■■•■    •  x-^^A^o 

Achard  tiish-iir'),  Louis  Ani6d6e  Eugene 

li  "•„  at  Marseilles,  Ai.ril  23. 1814:  died  at  Pans, 
March  25,  1875.  A  Kren.di  novelist  and  dram- 
atist, author  of  "La  B.lle  Rose"  (184<),  "l-n 
Chass.-  Rnvale"  (lK4!l-r^),  etc. 
AchariUS  (ii-kil'ri-os),  Erik.  Born  at  Gefle. 
Sw.m"V.  Oct.  10,  1757:  .lied  at  Wadslena.Swe- 
,|(.n  Aug.  14,  1819.  A  Swedish  physician  and 
botanist,  a  pupil  of  Linmeus:  author  of  "  LicU- 
onogriiphia  universalis,"  et(^ 

Acharnians (a-kiir'ni-uM.),  The      "y; / vj-/-'-'. 

Acl,;,rn.e,  the  pnnciiml  deme  <it  Atlica  (.0  sla- 
,lia  nortli  of  Athens,  near  the  foot  of  Mount 
Parnes.]  .\  comedy  of  .\ristophanes,  brought 
out  under  the  name  of  Callistratus,  at  the  Le- 
nit>a,  or  country  Pimiysia,  425  B.  r.  it  was  an 
attempt  to  support  the  arlstocratl,-  peace  party  aga  n» 
thelntrlguesa;idir,llmidati..ns,.tthe.Vmocrnlc«ariai  > 
ropresente.!  by  the.  hurus  ..(  Acbarnians.  In  form  It  is  an 
nxlravauanl  farce  rather  than  a  comedy. 

Achasta.     See  Hum>:rn. 

Achastlian.    See  liumsen. 


Achillini 
Achates  (a-ka'tez).    The  faithful  companion, 

•■  lidus  Achates,"  of  .Slneas. 
Acheen.    Se.-  Achiii.         .   .    ,  _    ..    rp,. 
Achelous  iak-e-16'us),  or  Acheloos  (-os).  [Gi. 

■\V«/i.«"'.]      In' ancient   geography,  a  river   lu 
Greece'(the  modern  Aspropotamo),  which  nses 
in  Epirus,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
ancient  Jitolia  and  Acarnania,  and  flows  into 
the  Ionian  sea.     Its  length  is  about  130  miles. 
Achenbach  (ach'eu-biich).  Andreas.    Born  at 
Cassel.  Germany,  Sept.  29,  1815.     A  noted  Ger- 
man landscape  and  marine  painter. 
Achenbach,    Oswald.    Bom    at   Dusseldorf. 
l>rnssia    Feb.  2,  1827.     A  German  landscape- 
painter,'  brother  of  Andreas.     The  subjects  of 
his  works  are  chiefly  Italian.     .  .    ,      „ 
Achenwall  (ach'en-vUl),  Gottfried.    Bom  at 
Elbin.-!^  Prussia,  Oct.  20,  1719:  died  at  Giittin- 
een   May  1 ,  1772.     A  Gei-man  scholar,  professor 
of  philosophy  (1748)  and  of  law  (1761)  at  the 
University  of  Gottingen.    He  is  regarded  as 
the  fouiid'er  of  the  science  of  statistics. 
Achern  liich'ern).     A  town  in  Baden,  situated 
on   the   Acher  about  31   miles  southwest   of 
Carisruhe.     Population,  3,0^0. 
Achernar  (a-ker'nar).      [Ar.  Al-her-nahr,  the 
latter  part.]     The  first-magnitude  star  a  En- 
dani,  situated  in  the  southern  hemisphere  at 
the  southern  extremity  ot  the  constellation, 
about  32*  degrees  from  the  south  pole. 
Acheron   (ak'c-ron^.      [Gr.  'A,Tfp"v:   probably 
derived    from'Heb.   airrm,    the   west     i.  e. 
the  direction   of  the   setting  sun     darkness; 
hence  its  connection  with  Hades.]     1.  lu  an- 
cient geographv,  the  name  of  several  small 
rivers,  of  which  the  chief,  the  modern  Gurla. 
was  in  Thesprotia  in  Epirus.    It  flo»-ed  through 
the  lake  Acherusia,  received  the  waters  of  the  toeytut 
(the  modern  Vuvos),  and  emptied  into  the  Ionian  sea^ 
2    In  classical  mythology,  a  nver  in  Hades, 
and  later  the  Lower  Worid  in  general. 

Acherusia  Palus  (ak-e-ro'gi-a  pa  iH?'-,  .l-,!" 

•Acheriisiaii  bog,'  Gr.  'AjteP'""""  ^i""/-3  -|"  f"" 
cient  geography,  the  name  of  several  stnall  lakes 

supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  lower 
world.  The  most  important  were  the  lake  through 
which  the  Acheron  flowed,  and  one  11  """","'"'  ^fl 
pies  the  modern  Lago  del  Fusar...  Like  Achcruu .  the  name 
'vas'transferred  to  the  lower  world. 

Achill,  <>!•  Achil  (ak'il),  or  Eagle  Island.  An 
island  in  the  county  of  Mayo,  Ireland,  off  the 
western  coast  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  10°  W.  Area, 
SO  siiuare  miles. ,  ,   ■  ,--■  n 

Achilleis  (ak-i-le'is),  ^^AchlUeid  (ak-i-le  dK 
1  An  unfinished  epic  poem  by  P.  Papinius 
Statins— 2  A  part  of  the  Iliad,  comprising 
Books^i,  VIII,  XI-XXII,  regarded  by  some  crit- 
ics as  constituting  a  poem  of  which  the  theine 
is  the  "wrath  ot  Achilles,"  and  which  is  dis- 
tinct from,  and  older  than,  the  res  ot  the  Iliad. 
See  Iliad.  The  name  "Achilleis"  was  iirst  ap- 
plie.l  to  these  books  by  Grote.-3.  A  poem  by 

AchUles  (a-kil'e^).  [Gr.  'Ax^-h.]  A  Greek 
legendary  warrior,  son  of  Peleus  and  Thetis 
and  grandson  of  -Ea.-us.  and  chief  of  the  M\T- 
midons  a  Thessalian  tribe.  He  is  the  centnJ  her» 
of  the  Iliad,  which  is  largely  occupied  with  Ins  qawrel 
witi  Agam  ninon,  leader  of  the  Oreek  host,  and  liis 
mart iiil  exploits.  He  w.ui  the  Blayer  of  Hector,  and  waa 
himself  slain  by  Paris. 

in  Vebilles.  Homer  summed  up  and  fixed  forever  the 
ideal  of  the  Greek  character.  He  presented  an  '"'P^ "h^ 
able  picture  of  their  national  youthfulness  and  of  th>lr 
ar'ient  genius,  to  the  Greeks.  The  "  b™»<'  "1  ''",•:'■;," '',^^': 
Ism  'of  Achilles,  his  strong  P««".'»l"yl"""r^,''  ^,X 
controlled  and  tempered  by  divine  wisdom,  his  inleuM 

ie ndsliip  and  love  that  passe.l  llic  love  of  ,v,.men.  above 
all.  the  Bdendor  of  his  youthful  life  n  death  made  per- 
feet  hovired  like  a  dream  above  the  imagination  of  the 
Greiks,  and  insensibly  determined  their  s''''^;''  .  >'  « 
velopnient.  At  a  later  age,  this  l.leal  was  destined  to  be 
realized  In  Alex-Kle.;^  ^,^,j,^.^  „,  ,„.,  ^,^..,,  p.^.^,.  ,.  .,, 

Achilles.  An  opera  by  liay  produced  at  Covent 
Gimlen  in  1733.  Coliiian  the  elder  brought  out 
"Achilles  in  Petticoats,"  altered  from  tiay.  in 
the  same  year.  ah,.,-* 

Achilles  of  Germany.    A  surname  of  Albert, 

F.leeliir  of  Hr.uideiiburg. 
Achilles   Tatius   (a-kil'e/   ta'shi-us).      Lived 
,,n,bMlilv  ab..iit  .500  A.  l>.    An  Alexandrine  rhet- 
,,riei!ni.aiithorof  aGreek  romance,  "Leucippe 

niiil  Cleitopholi."  ,  ,, 

Achilleum  (ak-i-le'um).  Aplnee  on  the  promon- 
tory rfS^gcum.  in  the  Troad.  containing,  ac- 
cording to  tratlition.  the  lemb  of  Aehilh.s. 

Achillini  (ii  Uil-l."''ne).  Alessandro.    B'.rti  at 

IWognntltaly,  <)ct.  29.  1463:  died  Aug.  2,  1..12 
An  Italian  physician  and  iihilosopher,  sumameil 
"the  second  Aristotle." 


Achin 

Achiii,  or  Acheen,  or  Atcheen  (a-chen'),  or 
Atjeh.  A  former  Malay  sultauate,  now  a  Dutch 
dependency,  in  northeiii  Sumatra.  A  war  with 
the  Dutch,  which  began  in  1873,  resulted  in  the  virtual 
subjugation  of  the  country.  Population,  about  290,000  (!). 
Achin.  The  capital  of  Achin,  on  the  river  Aohin 

about  lat.  5°  40'  X.,  long.  95°  20'  E. 
Achines,  Bicardo.    The  name  commonly  given 
by  old  Spanish-American  historians  to  Richard 
Hawkins. 
Achish  (a'kish).     1.  A  Philistine  king  of  Gath 
with  whom  David  sought  refuge  when  fleeing 
from  Saul.     1  Sam.  x.\i.  10-13;  xxix. —  2.  An- 
other king  of  Gath  who  reigned  in  the  time  of 
Solomon.     1  Ki.  ii.  39-40. 
Achitophel.     See  Jhithophel. 
Achmed.     See  Achmet. 

Aclunet   (ach'met)  I.,   or  Ahmed   (ah'med) 
Born  1589:  died  Nov.  2-',   1017.     A  sultan  of 
Turkey,  son  of  Mohammed  III.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded  in   1603.     He  concluded,  Nov.  11,  1606   the 
peace  of  Sitvatorok  with  Austria,  when  for  the  first  time 
the  Turks  observed  the  principles  of  an  international  law 
in  their  diplomatic  relations  with  Christian  nations.     In 
1612  he  concluded  an  unsuccessful  war  with  Persia. 
Achmet  II.,  or  Ahmed.    Born  1642:  died  Feb. 
6,  1695.     A  sultan  of  Turkey,  brother  of  Soly- 
man  II.  whom  he  succeeded  Julv  13,  1691.    His 
forces  were  expelled  from  Hungary  hy  the  battle  of  Salan- 
keman,  Aug.  19,  1691,  in  which  the  grand  vizir  Kiuprili 
the  Virtuous  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Austrians 
under  Louis  of  Baden. 
Achmet  III.,  or  Ahmed.    Bom  1673:  assassi- 
nated 1736.  A  sultan  of  Turkey  1703-30,  brother 
of  Mustapha  II.  whom  he  succeeded.    He  was  in- 
volved by  Charl'-s  XII.  (who.  after  the  battle  of  Pultowa 
in  1709,  took  refuge  first  in  Otchakotf.  then  in  Bender)  in  a 
war  with  Kussia.  which  was  ended  by  the  Peace  of  the 
Pruth  1711  (see  Pruth):  took  Morea  and  the  Ionian  Islands 
Irom  Venice,  171.". ;  was  defeated  at  Peterwardein  in  1716 
and  at  Belgrad  in  1717  by  the  Austrians  under  Prince 
Eugene;  and  signed  the  treaty  of  Passarowitz  in  171S(see 
Passaromtz).     He  was  compelled  by  the  janizaries  to  re- 
sign, and  died  of  poison  in  prison. 
Achmet,  or  Ahmed,  Bey.     Died  July  16,  1822. 
A  Turkish  commander  in  the  Greek  war  of  in- 
dependence.    He  was  repulsed  by  the  Greeks,  May  27, 
lb-21,  in  an  attack  on  the  fortified  post  at  V.altetzi. 
Achmet,  or  Ahmed,  Kiuprili.   Born  1635 :  died 
16(6.    Grand  vizir  of  the  Ottoman  empire  from 
1661  to  1676.     He  added  Candia.  Xeuhausel  in 
Hungary,   and  Kamieniee   in   Poland  to  the 
empire. 
Achmetha.     See  Echatana. 
Achomawi  (ii-cho-ma'wi).     An  almost  extinct 
tribe   of  Xorth  American  Indians.     See  Pa- 
laiknihaii. 
Achray  (ak'rS),  Loch.    A  lake  about  2  miles 
long,  m  western  Perthshire,  Scotland,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Stirling. 
Acidalius  (at-si-da'li-6s),  Valens.     Born  at 
VVittstock,   Prussia,   May  25,  1567:    died    at 
Aeisse,  Prussia,  May  25,  1595.     A  German  phi- 
lologist and  man  of  letters,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  Latin  classics. 
Acilia  gens  (a-sil'i-a  jenz).     In  ancient  Rome, 
a  clan  or  house  whose  family  names  were  A^■i- 
ola,  Balbus,  and  Glabrio.     Members  of  the  last 
two  families  were  frequently  tribunes  of  the 
plebs. 
Acireale,  or  Aci  Reale  (a'che-re-ii'le).   A  city 
in  the  province  of  Catania,  .Sicilv,  situated  on 
the  eastern  coast  9  miles  north-northeast  of 
Catania.    Near  it  are  the  grotto  of  Galatea,  the  cuve  of 
Polyphemus,  and  the  Rocks  of  the  Cyclops.     Population, 

Acis(a'sis).  [Gr. 'iUif.]  In  classical  mythology, 
a  beautiful  Sicilian,  son  of  Faunus  and  Symae- 
this,  beloved  by  Galatea,  and  slain  by  Polyphe- 
mus the  Cyclops,  his  unsuccessful  rival.  He  was 
crushed  under  a  r.H-k.  and  his  blood  as  it  flowed  forth  was 
changed  into  the  linr  Acis. 

Acis  and  Galatea.     A  pastoral  opera  by  Han- 

ofi  ^2^,^"^,^  '"  V~^  °^  ^'■-1-  The  words  are  by 
Uay,  with  additions  from  Pope,  Hughes,  and  Drvdcn 
•Aci,  Galatea  e  Polifemo"  is  another  work  by  Handel 
composed  in  Italy  in  1708-09.  Grove. 
-Acis  et  Galatee  (ii-sez'  a  gii-lU-ta').  An  opera  by 
Lulh  (words  by  Campistron)  produced  in  1080 

Ackermann  (ak'er-miin),  Johann  Christian 
Gottlieb.  Bom  Feb.  17,  1756:  tUed  at  \ltorf 
Bavaria,  March  9,  1801.  A  Genuan  mediral 
writer,  author  of  "  Institutione.*  historite  raedi- 
cinse''  (1792).  and  lives  of  Hippocrates,  Theo- 
phrastus,  Dioscorides,  Aretsus,  Rufus  Ephe- 
sius,  and  Galen. 

Ackermann.  Konrad  Ernst.  Born  in  Schwe- 
nn,  Gem.T,,iy,  Feb.  1,  1712 :  died  at  Hamburg, 
J  '  '"'•  A  noted  German  actor.  He  ap- 
^1^  -.v"  "'•''  ^''*'=  ^*'  '"  Wneburg  (Jan.,  1740).  trav- 
eiea  with  various  companies  for  several  years,  and  erected 
and  conducted  a  theater  in  Hamburg  (1764-67).  He  isre- 
garded  as  the  founder  of  the  German  school  of  acting 


10 


Ackermann,  Rudolph.  Born  at  Schneeberg, 
Saxony,  April  20,  1704:  died  March30.  1834.  A 
German  art-puUisher  and  bookseller  in  Lon- 
don, son  of  a  coach-builder  and  harness-ma- 
ker, whose  trade  he,  for  a  time,  followed.  The 
establishment  of  lithography  as  a  fine  art  in 
England  is  credited  to  him. 

Acklin  Island  (ak'liu  i'laud).  A  long  island 
III  the  group  of  the  southern  Bahamas. 

Ada  (a'klii).  A  town  on  the  Caribbean  side 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  probably  near  the 
bay  of  San  Bias,  it  was  founded  by  "pedrarias  in 
l.ilD,  and  was  the  place  where  Balboa  built" his  ships  to  be 
transported  across  the  isthmus  in  1517,  and  where  he  was 
executed.  The  settlement,  for  a  time  important,  was 
abandoned  before  1580. 

Acland  (ak'land).  Lady  Christian  Henrietta 
Caroline  (commonly  known  as  Lady  Har- 
riet). Born  Jan.  3,  1750  :  died  at  Tetton,  near 
Taunton,  England,  July  21,  1815.  A  daughter 
of  the  first  earl  of  Ilchester,  and  wife  of  .Major 
John  Dyke  Acland  whom  she  accompanied 
through  Burgoyne's  campaign  in  1777.  Her  ad- 
ventures formed  a  noteworthy  incident  of  the 
Revolutionarv  War. 

Acland,  Sir  Henry  Wentworth.  Born  Aug.  23, 

181,.:  died  Oct.   10,  1900.     An  English  phvsi- 
cian,  regius  professor  of  medicine  in  Oxford 
185/-94.    He  accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales 
to  America  in  1860. 
Acland,  John  Dyke.    Died  at  Piston  Park, 
near  Dulverton,  England,  Oct.  31,  1778.     An 
English  soldier  and  politician.    As  member  of  Par- 
liament he  was  a  vigorous  opponent  of  the  demands  of 
the  American  colonies,  and.  as  major  of  the  -.'Oth  Foot 
joined  Burgoyne's  expedition  during  the  Revolutionary 
^^  ar.     He  was  wounded  in  the  second  battle  of  Saratoga 
and  taken  prisoner.    During  the  campaign  he  was  accom- 
panied by  his  wife.     See  Acland.  Lady. 
Aclla-huasi  (ak-lyii-wa'se).     In  the  Inca  em- 
pire of  Peru,  a  geueral  name  given  to  any  con- 
vent of  virgins  dedicateil  to  the  sun ;  in  particu- 
lar, the  great  convent  at  Cuzco  where  virgins 
of  royal  lineage  were  kept  in  rigid  seclusion. 
Its  site  is  now  covered  by  the  Roman  Catholic  convent  of 
Santa  Catalina,  but  remains  of  the  old  wall  are  discernible. 
Acoemitae  (as-e-mi'te).     [L.;  Gr.  aKoif/ij-ai,  '  the 
sleepless  ones '  or  watchers.]     A  monastic  or- 
der founded  by  Alexander,   a   Syrian  monk, 
about  430.    The  day  was  divided  into  three  parts  during 
each  of  which  one  third  of  the  monks  carried  on  their  devtS 
tions  so  that  the  worship  in  the  monastery  was  unceasinc 
Acolastus  (ak-0-las'tus).  A  Latin  comedy  coni- 
posed  by  Gulielmus  Fullonius  (Willem  de  Voi- 
der), a  schoolmaster  of  The  Hague,  and  trans- 
lated into  English  prose  and  published  in  1540 
by  John  Palsgrave  with  the  Latin  version :  first 
acted  in  1529.    it  was  designed  for  use  in  schools,  and 
(here  were  forty  different  issues  of  it  during  the  lifetime 
of  the  author. 

Acolhnas  (a-ko-lo'az).  A  branch  of  the  Na- 
huatl  tribe  of  central  Mexico,  reported  by  tra- 
dition to  have  preceded  the  Aztecas  in  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  valley  of  Mexico,  and  to  have 
been  the  founders  of  the  Indian  settlement  at 
Tezeueo.     Also  Aci>HiHan.s. 

Acoma  (a'ko-ma).  [Properly  Ako.  but,  with 
the  affix  -nm,  indicative  of  tribe  or  people,  cor- 
rupted into  Acoma  or  JAomn.]  An  Indian  vil- 
lage of  western  New  Mexico,  situated  about 
14  miles  south  of  the  station  of  Cubero  on  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad  in  Valencia  Coun- 
t.V.  Acoma  was  first  visited  by  the  Spaniards  under  Coro- 
nado  in  .sept,  1540,  and  appears  in  the  chronicles  of  that 
time  as  dcuco  (a  corruption  of  Ba-hi^kia). 

Acoma.  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
about  5q0  in  number,  inhabiting  the  pueblo  of 
the  same  name  in  western  New  Mexico.  This 
and  Isleta  are  the  only  pueblos  occupying  the  same  site 
since  the  Spanish  invasion  in  the  loth  centun-.  It  in. 
eludes  the  siunmer  vUlages  of  Acomita  and  Pueblito  See 
h'rresan. 

Acomat(a-k6-mii').  InRaeine'stragedy "Baja- 
zet,"  an  ambitious  vizir. 

Aconcagua  (ii-kon-kii'gwii).  A  province  in 
central  Chile,  bounded  by  Coquimbo  on  the 
north,  and  by  Santiago  and  Valparaiso  on  the 
south.  Capital,  San  Felipe.  Area,  5,840  square 
miles.     Population  (1891).  1.53,049. 

Aconcagua,  Mount.  One  of  the  highest  peaks  of 
the  Andes,  situated  in  the  provinces  of  San  Juan 
and  Mendoza,  Argentina,  about  lat.  32°  31'  S 
long.  (j9° 50'  W.  Height, 22.860feet  (Giissfeldt)'. 

Aconcio  (a-kon'cho),  Giacomo.  Bom  at 
Irent,  Tyrol,  about  1.500:  died  at  London,  about 
1566.  An  Italian  theologian  and  engineer,  a 
refugee  in  England  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, to  whom  he  dedicated  his  "  Stratagemata 
Satana!"  (1565).  Also  Acomio,  Concio,  and 
Latinized  Acontim  (Jacobus). 

Acontius  (a-kon'shi-us).    The  principal  char- 


Acre 
aoter  in  the  tale  of  Acontius  and  Cydippe,  told 
by  Arista?netus  and  by  Ovid.  "Acontius  gathered 
an  orange  in  the  garden  of  Venus,  and  having  written  on 
the  rind  the  words,  ■  By  Artemis,  I  will  marry  Acontius  ' 
thfew  It  m  Cydippes  way.  She  took  it  in  her  hand  read 
out  the  inscription,  and  threw  it  from  her.  But  Artemis 
heaid  the  \„vr,  and  brought  about  the  marriage  •  WU- 
liam  Morns  has  taken  the  legend  for  the  subject  of  one 
of  his  poems  in  "The  Earthly  Paradise." 

Acontius,  Jacobus.  See  Aomcio. 
Acordad  Ui-k6r-THaTH').  A  court  established 
at  Queretaro,  New  Spain  (Mexico),  for  the  sum- 
mary trial  of  brigands  and  other  criminals 
It  originated  m  an  old  Spanish  institution,  the  SanU 
Hermandad.  which  was  originally  a  kind  of  vigUance 
committee,  was  subsequently  inverted  into  a  reguLar 
police  force  and  tribunal,  and  after  1631  had  court*  in 
Spanish  America.  In  1719  the  (Juer^taro  court,  or  acor- 
dad, was  given  independent  powers,  and  it  was  ordered 
that  there  should  be  no  appeal  from  it;  its  officers  had 
jurisdiction  throughout  New  .Spain.  The  court  was  sup- 
pressed  in  1SI3,  but  its  methods  are  still  in  vogue  m 
-Mexico. 

Agores.     Same  as  Aj:ores. 

Acosta  (a-kos'ta),  Christovaode.     Died  1580. 
A  Portuguese  traveler  and  naturalist,  author 
of  "  Tratado  de  las  drogas  y  medeeinas  de  las 
ludias  orientates''  (1578). 
Acosta,  Gabriel  (later  Uriel)  de.    Born  at 
Oporto.  Portugal,  about  1591:  committed  sui- 
cide, 1647  (1640  ?).     A  Portuguese  philosopher 
and  Jewish  proseMe  from  Catholicism.    He  was 
excommunicated  by  the  synagogue  at  Amsterdam  on  ac- 
cotint  of  rationalism.     His  autobiography  was  published 
under  the  title  'Exemplar  vita;  humanfe  "  (16s7). 
Acosta,  Joaquin.    Born  in  Guaduas,  Colombia, 
about  1/95:  died  at  Bogotd,  1852.     A  Colom- 
bian soldier  and  historian.     He  entered  Bolivar-s 
army  in  1819,  and  before  his  death  had  attained  the  rank 
of  general.     He  was  also  a  member  of  congress  and  held 
important  diplomatic  posts.     Besides  traveling  and  con- 
ducting extensive  investigations  in  Colombia,  he  visited 
Spam  in  1845  to  search  the  archives  there,  and  spent 
several  years  in  Paris  where  he  published  bis  "Compendio 
histSrico  del  descubrimiento  y  colonizacion  de  la  Nueva 
Granada     (1S4S). 
Acosta,  Jos6  de.     Bom  at  Medina  del  Campo, 
Old  Castile,  1.540:  died  at  Salamanca,  Feb.  15, 
1600.   A  Spanish  Jesuit  historian  and  archffiolo- 
gist.     He  went  to  Peru  in  1571,  was  historiographer  of 
the  council  of  bishops  at  Lima  1582-83,  in  1586  resided 
for  some  time  in  iJexico,  returned  to  Spain  in  1587  vis- 
ited Rome  in  1690,  was  subsequently  at  the  head  of  the 
Jesuits  College  at  Valladolid,  was  visitor  in  Aragon  and 
Andalusia^ and  finally  had  charge  of  the  College  at  Sala- 
manca.    The  first  two  books  of  his  "Natural  and  Moral 
History  of  the  Indies."  in  Latin,  appeared  at  Salamanca 
m  1588  and  1589 ;  the  entire  work  in  Spanish  at  Serille  in 
lo90.    There  are  many  editions  in  Spanish,  Latin.  Italian. 
French,  Dutch,  Gennan,  ami  English.     He  also  published 
the    'Conclhum  Limense  "  (Hume,  1589),  "De  proniulga- 
tione  evangelii  apud  barbaros  "  (15&9),  and  various  theo- 
logical treatises  in  Latin. 
Acqua  (a'kwS).  Cesare  dell'.     Born  at  Pirano, 
Istria,  July  22,  1821.     A  painter  of  portraits 
and  historical  subjects. 
Acquapendente  (a'kwii-pen-den'te).    A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  67  miles 
northwest  of  Rome. 
Acquaviva  (ii-kwa-ve'va).   A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari.  Italy,  18  miles  south  by  west  of 
Bari._    Population,  about  8,000. 
Acqui  (a'kwe).   A  town  in  the  province  of  Ales- 
sandria, Italy,  the  ancient  Aquae  Statiellfe,  sit- 
uated on  the  Bormida  29  miles  northwest  of 
Genoa,  noted  for  hot  sulphur  baths.     It  has  a 
cathedral  and  silkworm  industry.    Population, 
about  10,000. 
Acrae  (a'kre).     [Gr.  "AKpau']     In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Sicily,  a  colony  of  Svracuse, 
on  the  site  of  the  modern  Palazzolo  "Acreide 
(which  see). 
Acragas,  or  Akragas  (ak'ra-gas).     [Gr.  'Axpa- 

;(»;.]  _  The  Greek  name  of  Agrigentum. 
Acrasia  (a-kra'zi-a).  [Gr.  iiKpaaia,  intemper- 
ance, immoderateness.]  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  a  beautiful  woman  .the  personification 
of  intemperance  in  all  things,  living  in  the 
"Bower  of  Bliss,"  in  which  is  evervthing  to  de- 
light the  senses.  She  was  suggested  bv  Circe 
and,  more  directly,  by  the  Alcina  of  Ariosto. 
Aerates  (ak-ra'tez).  [Gr.  oKparyc.  intemperate.] 
A  male  character  in  the  "Faerie  Queene,"  by 
Spenser,  personifying  the  intemperate  love  of 
pleasure. 

Acre  (a'keror  a'ker).  or  Saint-Jean  d'Acre. 
A  seaport  in  Palestine,  Asiatic  Turkev.  on  the 
bay  of  Acre  about  lat.  32°  56'  N.,  long.  35°  4' 
E. :  the  ancient  Acca.  Aceo  ("Ak?;,  "Akx^).  the 
scriptural  Aecho.  and  the  later  Ptolemais.  it  is 
one  of  the  chief  ports  for  the  Palestine  coast.  It  was  in 
the  territory  assigned  to  the  tribe  of  Asher  (Judges  i.  31). 
but  was  never  conquered  bv  the  Israelites.  Its  kinis 
were  reckoned  next  to  those  of  Tjre  and  Sidon.  It  was 
conquered  by  the  Assyrian  king  Sennacherib  and  captured 
and  ruined  hy  his  grandson  -Assiirbanipal.  It  was  captured 
by  the  Arabs  in  638,  by  the  Crusaders  in  1104.  by  Saladin 


Acre 

In  1187  aiKl  by  the  Crusaders  in  1191:  and  was  Md  by 
tSe  Ki  Ib  s  of  St.  John  until  Vl'Jl,  being  the  last  strong- 
Wd  "a'esline  tu  hold  out  for  the  Christians.  Sir 
SWney  Smith  defended  it  suecessfuUy  against  >apoleo.. 
in  Si  1  1S32  it  was  taken  l>y  Ibrahim  Pasha,  and  in 
iwibv'the  Anglo- Austrian-Turkish  forces.  It  was  named 
S^M^eandA„e  by  the  Knights  of  Si.  John.  Population, 
8,00a 

A«  Ptolemais,  Akko  played  a  most  important  p;u-t  inthe 
OrafciRoman  »ge:  as  .\cre.  it  has  been  famous  in  his- 
i^>^f%mThe  period  of  the  Crusades  to  times  withm  our 
owX  menun.  It  occupied  the  north-western  extremity 
°r?h°CTeat  bay  which  indents  the  Syrian  coast  north  of 
cLSeL  a  bay  eight  miles  aci-..ss  and  about  four  miles 
dS^  Its  own  haven  w.is  ..mall  and  exposed  ;  but  on  he 
oS^siti  side  of  the  liay,  under  Carmel,  was  the  shelteied 
Stead  of  Uiiifa ;  and  either  at  Akko  or  at  Haifa  vessels 
J^uld  rWe  securel  ■  in  almost  all  sorts  of  wea  her.  U  e 
S?Mt  Im Dortance  of  Akko  was  t hat  it  commanded  the  en 
trance  Ke  broad  plain  of  Esdraelon,  conducing  to  the 
SvalK-y  of  the  .Uudan,  and  so  was.  in  a  certain  sei.se, 
lLu,?as  often  called,  "the  key  of  Palestiiie."  Its  kings 
were  r^koned  next  in  rank  to  those  of  Tyre  and  Mdon 
dir7ng  the  Assyrian  period ;  and  we  And  them  taking  pM;t 
In  the  wars  which  were  carried  on  by  Shalmaneser  I\ . 
iiid  Sennacherib.  na,oli,u<on.  Phujuicia,  p.  oi. 

Acre  Bay  of.  An  indentation  on  the  western 
coast  of  Palestine,  north  of  Mount  Carmel. 

AcreUuS  (U-kra'li-os),  Israel.  Born  at  Oster- 
aker  Sweden,  Dec.  25.  ITU:  died  at  Fellings- 
bro,  Sweden,  April  2.5,  1800.  A  Swedish  clergy- 
man, author  of  a  history  of  the  Swedish  colonies 
in  America  (17.J9.  Eng.  trans.  1874). 

Acres  (a'kerz).  Bob.  A  character  in  Sheridan's 
comedy  "  The  Rivals,"  an  awkward  and  simple 
country  gentleman  changed  into  a  boasting 
coward  by  the  sudden  excitement  of  the  gaie- 
ties of  Ba"th  society.  His  brag  and  his  ludicrous  van- 
ity and  assurance  are  combined  with  a  comic  trepidation 
lid  an  uneasy  gaiety.    The  part  has  been  modified  by  the 

Acrl  (a'kre).  A  small  town  m  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  southern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mu- 
cone   about   13  miles  north-northeast  of  Co- 

AcrisTus  (a-kris'i-us).    [Gr.  'Aicplaio^.^  U  Greek 

mrthologv.  a  king  of  Argos,  father  of  Danae. 
Acroceraunia  (akro-se-ra'ni-a).  or  Akrofee- 
raunia  (ak-ro-ke-ni'ni-ii).    [Ur.  ra  oKpa  Kepatvia, 
the  thmKl'-T-suiitten  peaks.]     In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  proiuuiitorv  which  projects  troni  the 
northwestern  part  of  Epirus  into  the  Ionian 
sea,  about  lat.  40°  27'  N.,  long.  19°  20'  E. :  the 
modem  Greek  (ilossa  and  Italian  Lmguetta. 
The  name  is  sometimes  incorrectly  extended  to  the  whole 
range  of  Ceraunian  Mountains  (which  see). 
Acro-Corinthus  (ak'ro-ko-rin'thus).    A  height 
(over  1,8(10  feet)  covered  with  ruins,  under  the 
northern  slope  of  which  lies  the  city  of  Connth, 
Greece:  celebrated  for  its  extensive  view.    The 
medieval  fortiflcatinns  form  a  triple  line,  n  miles  in  cir- 
cuiU  beh.w  the  siinimit.     Of  the  ancient  fortitlcations, 
the  celetuated  temple  of  Aphrodite,  and  other  religious 
loundations,  the  re.nainsare  very  scanty.    Ihe  most  mter- 
estiiiK  rel.c  of  antiquity  is  the  vaulted  subteiranean  well- 
house  of  tlie  fameil  fountain  Pirene.     The  view  from  the 
summit  is  of  reinarkalde  grandeur,  and  embraces  many 
of  the  storied  sites  and  mountains  of  tireece. 
Acropolis  (a-krop'6-lis).    [Gr.  iKp^TToh^,  the  up- 
per city,  from  (k^r,  highest,  upper,  and  ndAir, 
city  ]     A  general  name  for  the  citadel  ot  an 
ancient  Greek  city,  but  especially  appropriated 
to  that  of  Athens,  famous  for  the  placing  on 
its  suraniit  in  the  Sth  century  B.  c.  of  the  high- 
est  achievements   of   Greek  art.   the    Parthe- 
non and  the  Erechtheum,  with  the  sculptures 
which  adorned  them  without  and  witluii.  ami 
the  Propyhva,  or  monumental  gate,  inside  of 
the  walls  at  the  west  end.    The  Acropolis  is  a  pre- 
cipitous rock  which  rises  about  iOO  feet  above  the  cit.v, 
and  extends  l,i«J<i  feet  from  east  to  west,  and  4ikj  in  its 
greatest  widtli.    It  was  the  site  of  the  earliest  Athens 
known  to  historv,  was  stp.ngly  fortified,  and  eonlained 
the  palace  of  the  king  until  the  expulsion  of  the  I  isistra- 
tids      From  this  time  it  ceased  t«  be  inhabited,  anil  was 
reserved  as  sacred  ground  and  as  a  last  refuge  in  time  ol 
danger      It  was  taken  and  sacked  by  the  Persians  in  4ni 
1)  f  ■  shortiv  afterward  Ita  fortifications  were  strength- 
ened'and  complel.-d  and  its  area  increased  by  retaining- 

m    .nil.      .  .._....:. .11..    t..r    (Si»i>li       wlllt     llllll      llllll'h      It} 


11 


waUs  aiiii  tniln'g.  especially  by  Cimon,  who  had  imi.-h  t 

do  with  devising  the  plans  for 
>  •  <   ...  .... 1...1  ....t 


<..,  »i.„  UI-..-...K  "-  I-—-  •■••■  monumental  embelli 
ment  which  were  carrleil  out  under  Pericles.  The  ancient 
cntnmce  to  the  Acropolis  was  on  the  southwest,  by  a 
narrow,  winding  path  commanded  by  the  batlleinenls 
above.  Among  the  other  monuments  ol  the  Acroiiolis 
are  the  prc-Persian  temple  of  Athena,  correclly  Ideiilltkcl 
and  studied  by  Doi  pfild  in  ISM.',,  the  colossal  bronze  statue 
by  Phidias  of  Athena  Promachos,  and  the  temple  ot 
^VIngles»  Victory.  The  sloiies  of  the  Acropolis  were  occu- 
pied by  Important  f.nmdall.ms,  particularly  on  the  south, 
where  lie  the  Odeum  of  llerodes.  the  sanctuary  of  ['•"'■u- 
lapiuB,  and  Ihe  liionysiac  theater.  Under  the  ineil  eval 
Franks  and  Turks  the  Acropolis  was  the  citadel  and  al«>de 
of  the  duke»  ami  pashas.  The  Parthenon  was  In  turn 
cathedral  and  mowiue ;  the  Propyla^a  became  Ihe  palace 
and  government  ..tllres;  ami  the  I'.recbthenm.  after  being 
a  church,  was  lltted  as  the  pasha's  harem.  These  great 
momimenU  remained  cmiparullvely  unbarme.l  until  a 
lato  date  In  the  Turkish  domination.  The  Propyhea  were 
shattered  by   au   explosion  ot    gunpowder  Induced  by 


lightning,  the  Erechtheum  was  destroyed  by  the  over, 
wci  -h  i  ,.'  of  the  roofs  in  the  elfort  t«  make  them  bomb, 
pim,  ana  the  Parthenon  was  cut  in  two  in  n«7,  duung 
he  Venetian  siege  of  Athens  under  Komgsmark,  by  a 
bomb  purposely  shot  into  the  powder  stored  m  It. 

Acropolita  (akro-po-li'tij)  George.    Born  at 
fon^iantinople  in  12^0:  died  Ucc,  I2b2.    A  By- 
zantine historian  and  diplomat,  employed  by 
the  emperor  Michael  Palceologiis in  the  nego- 
tiations with  Popes  Clement  IV.,  Gregory  X., 
John  XXI.,  Nicholas  III.,  and  Martin  I\  .,  to  re- 
unite the  Greek  and  Latin  churches.   He  wrote 
a  historv  of  the  Byzantine  empire  from  1204 
to  1261." 
Acs  (iich).   A  village  in  the  county  of  Komorn, 
Hungary,   siUiated    on    the  Danube  west  ot 
Komorn :  the  scene  ot  several  contests  between 
t lie  Austrians  and  Hungarians  in  1849.    ^ 
Acta   Apostolorum    (ak'ta    a-pos-to-lo  rum). 
See  Ads  of  ihe  JjiosUes. 
Acta  Diurna(ak-tii  di-er'nil).  [L.,-eyentsofthe 
dav  ']  A  Komau  "  official dailychronicle, which, 
iiraddition  to  official  reports  of  events  in  the 
imperial  family,  and  state  and  city  atiairs,  con- 
tained regulations  by  the  magistrates,  transac- 
tions and  decrees  of  the  senate,  accidents,  and 
family  news  communicated  to  the  editors.    The 
\cta  were  publicly  exhibited  on  a  whitened  board  (album) 
which  any  one  might  read  and  copy  ;  and  there  were  men 
who  made  a  business  of  multiplying  and  transmitting 
such  news  to  the  provinces.     After  a  time   he  originals 
were  placed  among  the  state  archives  for  the  benefit  o 
those  who  wished  to  consu  t  them'    (^i'f^-^.^ic  •   of 
Class.  Antia.    Ed.  by  Nettleship  and  Sandys).    The  pnliU- 
cation  of  such  news  w:>s  made  official  by  Csesar  ■., -t  ce»se'l, 
apoiirently,  on  the  transfer  ol  the  capital  to  lonstanti- 
nople     I'he  eleven  fragments  of  "Acta  (diurna)  popull., 
first  published  in  1615  (called  "fragmenta  DodwcUiana, 
from  Uodwell  the  chief  defender  of  their  genuineness) 
are  now  regarded  as  spurious.  .       ,     t      r.       i 

Actaeon  (ak-te'on).  [Gr.  'Aktwuv.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  hunter,  son  of  Aristwus  and  Au- 
to'noe,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  who,  having  seen 
Artemis  (Diana)  bathing,  was  changed  by  her 
into  a  stag  and  torn  in  pieces  by  his  own  dogs. 
Other  accounts  of  his  death  are  given.  • 
Acta  Eniditonun  (ak'tii  e-ro-di-to'rum).  [U, 
•acts  of  the  leai-ned':  with  reference  to  the 
Roman  'acta,'  or  official  records.  See  Acta 
I)iunia.'\  The  first  German  literary  periodical, 
founded  by  Otto  Mencke  at  Leipsic,  1082,  and 
discontinued  1782.  After  his  death  his  son  J.  B. 
Mencke  became  editor.  In  173'2  the  ."'K' "»^,<;^*"S^i'" 
■'  Nova  Acta  Eniditorum"-anew  series  edited  by  another 

son,  F.  <).  Mencke.  , 

Acta  Martyrum  (ak'ta  mar'ti-rum).    bee  Acta 

s<i/ictiiriiiii.  . 

Acta  Pilati  (ak'ta  pi-la'ti).  A  spurious  report 
said  to  have  been  sent  by  Pilate  to  Tibenuson 
the  trial  and  death  of  Christ. 
Acta  Sanctorum  (ak'ta  sangk-to  rum).  [U, 
•the  deeds  of  the  saints':  with  reference  to 
the  Roman  '  acta,'  or  official  records.]  A  name 
applied  generally  to  all  collections  of  accounts 
of  saints  aii.l  martyrs,  both  of  the  Roman  and 
Greek  churches;  specifically,  the  name  ot  a 
work  begun  by  tlie  Bollandists,  a  society  of 
.Jesuits,  in  U>43.  It  now  consists  of  over  sixty 
folio  volumes,  including  an  index  published  in 

Actiuni(ak'shi-um).     [Gr.-i^Krm..]    In  ancient 

graphy,  a  promontory  on  the  northwestern 

coast  of  Acarnania,  Greece,  about  hit.  38°  ,''.(. 
N  lonir  20°  46'  E.  The  ancient  peribidos  or  sacred 
hulosure,  rectangular  in  plan  and  built  '"  »l;»»  ""^;^, f^' 
turn,  the  seat  of  the  famous  Acti.m  games  of  Augustus 
stil  remains.  Recent  excavations  have  laid  ''''r^^^,  ™?' V 
niins  ot  several  successive  temples,  the  la  est  of  which  s 
that  dedicated  by  Augustus  after  the  vieU.o  ot  •>:•»• 
A  famous  naval  l.attle  was  fought  ncnj  Actium  between 
nctavluB  and  .Mark  Antony  and  Clcpatra  '••^P  ■■;.•'.>  ",  : 
II  wasdeci.led  by  the  lligbt  of  Ch;"patn..  j^.'-''^ ','','  J 
f„rce,  surrendered  to  Oetavins.  rhe  victory  sec  red  for 
Ihe  latter  supreme  rule  over  the  Roman  dominion. 
Actius   SynceniS.     The  academical   name  ot 

Sana/.zaro.  ,  ^       ,        ■      ,, 

Acton  (ak'ton).  A  suburb  of  T-ondon  in  the 
couiitv  of  Middlesex.  8  miles  west  of  St.  I  aul  s. 
I'opulatioi,  (ISiin.  •_'4.^207. 

Acton,  Charles  Januarius  Edward.     ?""-""» 

Xapl.'s,  March  0,  lS0;i :  .lied  Uicic. .) ili.e  ..I  184i 
The  second  son  of  Sir  John  Francis  Edward 
A.-ton.  He  entered  the  service  of  the  Pope,  was  inado 
cardinal  In  l.sr'  and  playe.l  ""  .""r"'""  . ''S  '  "  '""  "' 
I.,ditle»,  especially  In  matters  relal  ng  to  England. 
Acton  Eliza.  Bon,  at  Pattle  England  .^pnl 
17  IT'.tO:  ilied  at  llampstead,  teb.  1.),  18.)9. 
An  English  poet  and  prose  wTJter,  best  known 
„s  the  aulhiu-  of  '•  Modrn,  ';;'''kory     (1H4.,). 

Acton,  Sir  John  Francis  Edward.    Horn  at 

Hesancon,  Knince,  ITItll:  di.dat  Palermo.  Aug 
]•>  IHll  An  ollicer  in  the  naval  service  ot 
France  and  afterward  (1799)  of  'rus.-any,  gen- 
eralissimo and  prime  minister  at  Naples  during 


Adalbert 

the  French  revolutionary  epoch.  In  Deceinbef. 
1798,  after  the  snceesses  of  the  French  in  northern  Italy 
Actin  tied  (with  the  king  and  queen)  'o^.P"^™"'  V"' 
wlUsooi,  restored  t.,  Naples  where  he  established  a  reign 
of  terror,  committing  to  prison  and  executing  many  citi- 
z'ns  ™  the  authority  of  the  Junta.  In  1804  he  wa»  re. 
moved  on  the  d.niaud  of  France. 

Acton.  Thomas  C.    Bom  1823:   died  May  1, 

1898.    An  American  banker  and  public  official, 

president  of  the  board  of  New  \ork  pobce 

during  the  draft  riots  in  1863. 

Actors'  Vindication,  The.    See  Apology  Jor 

Acttirs.  ,      ,      ,  ^.      „ 

Acts  of  the  Apostles.  A  book  of  the  New 
Testament,  a  continuation  of  the  third  gospel 
(Luke),  and,  according  to  a  uniform  tradition, 
bv  the  same  author.  It  is  a  history  of  the  early 
pmgress  of  Christianity  after  (and  including)  the  ascen- 
sion of  l.'hrist. 
Acuco      See  AcoiiHi. 

Acufia  (a-kon'yii),  Cristoval  de.  Born  at  Bur. 
..OS  Spain,  1397:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  probably 
before  165.i.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and  aiithor. 
Ue  was  rector  of  the  College  of  Cuenca,  near  Quito.  In 
16:!9  he  accompanied  Pedro  I'eixeira  on  l''s.>'oy.»«f.?<>*° 
the  Amazon,  and  in  IWl  published  at  Madrid  t»9  "  -Nuevo 
descubrimiento  .lei  gran  rio  de  las  Amazonas.  which  is  the 
first  clear  account  of  that  river.  Tlie  original  edition  of 
this  wirk  is  very  rare,  but  there  are  later  ones  in  various 
languages.  U^ppears  that  Acufta  visited  Rome  as  procu- 
rator of  his  province  before  returning  to  Peru. 
Acuna  y  Bejarano  (a-kon'ya  e  ba-na-ra  no), 
Juan  ae,  Jla.'q."'^  of  (Tasa  Fuerte.  Born  at 
Lima.  Peru,  lO'iT:  died  at  Mexico,  1(34.  A 
Spanish-American  soldier  and  administrator. 
He  was  governor  of  Messina,  viceroy  of  Aragon  and  Mai- 
lorca,  member  of  the  supreme  council  of  war,  and  vice, 
roy  of  New  Spain  from  Vi-2  until  his  death. 

Acufia.  Hernando  de.   Died  1380.   A  Spanish 

poet  and  soldier.  He  served  in  the  expedition  of 
Charles  V.  against  Tunis.  At  the  request  of  the  emperor 
he  translated  Olivier  de  la  Marchess  -Le  chevalier  deli- 
Mr^'llis  poems  were  published  after  his  death,  under 
the  title  "  Varias  Poeslas  "  (lo91). 
Acusilaus(a-ku-si-la'us).  [Gr. 'AKOtm^aoc]  An 
ancient  Greek  commentator  on,  or  prose  para- 
nhrast  of.  the  Theogony  of  Hesiod.  He  wis  bom 
at  ^rgos  prohablv  about  the  middle  of  the  6th  century 
B  c  ,  and  w^  liy  Lme  regarded  as  one  of  the  seven  wise 

Ada  la'dii).     [The  Greek  form  of  the  Hebrew 

naiiH'.]     See  Adah. 
Adad.     See  Iliuhul.  ^..,  ,■  ..>     .  .  ™, 

Adafudia,  or  Adafoodia  (a-da-fo  di-a).  A  town 
in  the  western  part  of  Sudan,  Africa,  in  lat. 
13°  6'  N.,  long.  1°   3'  E.     Population,  about 

Adah  (a'dil).  [Heb.,  'ornament,'  'beauty'; 
Or  'AiwtAila.]  1.  In  the  Old  Testament:  («) 
The  first  of  the  two  wives  of  Lamech.  Gen.  iv. 
19-"3  (h)  One  of  the  wives  of  Esau  and  the 
mother  of  Eliphaz.  Gen.  x-xxvi.-  2.  The  wife 
of  Cain,  a  character  in  "Cain,  'by  Lord  Byron. 

Adair  (a-dar'),  James.  An  English  trader  resi- 
dent among  the  North  Amencau  (Chic_kasaw 
and  Cherokee)  Indians  from  1,3a  to  1/ .o.    He 

"'■o.e  a  •  •  11  istory  of  the  American  V"'""'i:.  I '.fAj"  Jew^ 
he  mahitains  that  the  Indians  are  descendanU of  the  Jew 8. 

Adair,  John.     Born  in  Cliester  County    ^.  C  , 
17,-19:  die.i  in  Uarrodsbuig,  Ky.,  May  19,  1840 
An  American  politician  and  soldier.    He  served 
In   he  Kevoluti,.naV>  War,  was  an  olHcer  in  the  Kentucky 
"ate  militia  (nllimately  b,  i«adier.geiura  ),  served  In      o 

,  diail  wars.,n,d  command.nl  .be  V^-'^f'L'.Z'':  "  „',  r 
battle  of  New  Oriealis.  He  was  I  Mlted  ^t^''^'"  ,''X  I 
frlmi  Kentucky  lsnt.-Oi!,  g..vernor  of  Kentucky  Kv2o-J4, 
and  member  of  Congress  18;tl-;».  _ 

Adair,  Sir  Rohert.  Born  at  London,  May  .4, 
17(;:i:  died  there,  Oct.  3, 1855.  An  English  dip- 
lomat and  writer  of  historical  memoirs.     Hewa. 

,.nt  on  diplomatic  missions  to  Vienna  laW-UT,  '<;<^;''»  ;'"• 
t  nople  IS  ns-irl,  where  he  concluded  the  treaty  of  the  liar 

I  iiielt^  and  to  the  U.w  Countries  18:11-3.-..    He  published 

"  istorl"  M  inoirs  of  a  Mission  to  the  Court  o  V  lelina 
in  ""nrdsnx  and  -The  N.-.'otlath.ns  for  the  Peace  of 

the  liardanellisin  IslW-lsiW  (ISl'O- 

Adair,  Robin.     See  Uohin  Adair. 
Adaize.     Sec  lladai. 

Adal(i-.hil'i.  or  Adel  (ii-lsn.    A/ffe'-^  '" 

eastern   Africa,  boui d  by  Danakil  Ln.id  on 

Ihe  north,  Ihe  Gulf  of  Aden  on  the  east  Nmuili 
Land  on  Ihe  south,  and  Abyssinia  on  the  west. 
Its  Inhabitants  are  Mohammedan  "r"'"^"- JJ.'^'SaW 
lirltish  and  French  iKissesslonson  the  coast.    Mm  aaam, 

Adai'beron  (a-laPbe-ron).  or  Adalbero  (a-daP- 

1..  1.0  lTied-)8H.  Bisliopof  U'heiins  and  .'lian- 
celliu^of  France  uii.lcr  Lotliaire  ami  '-""if;; 
In  (t  he  was  made  a.cbbNhop,  and  In  lks7  he  ol  Ida  cd 
!;,\i,^c'ro,,rion  of  llngb  Capet,  by  whom  liewas.  levated 
I,.  Ihe  ponlllonol  lord  high  chancellor.  ,      ,    ,        . 

Adalbert  (ad'al-berl).  Saint.  Flourished  about 
7011  ..\ii  earlv  English  saint,  perhaj.s  a  grand- 
son of  Oswald,  king  ot  Deirft.  He  devoted  liini. 
self  to  missionary  work  among  the  Frimlans,  and  ..  wild  to 
have  liceii  the  tlrst  archdeacon  of  t  trecliu 


Adam  (ii'dam),  Franz.    Boi-n  May  4,  X815:  died 


military  scenes,  son  of  Albrecht  Adam 

("a-don'),  Louis.  Born  at  Miettershelz, 
Alsaee,  1758:  died  at  Paris,  1848.  A  noted 
French  pianist,  father  of  Adolphe  Charles 
Adam. 

Adam  (a'dam).  MelcMor.  Bom  at  Grottkau, 
Silesia,  1551 :  died  1G22.  A  Gei-man  Pi-otestant 
divine  and  biographer,  author  of  "Vits  Ger- 
manoriim  Philosophorum,"  etc. 

Adam  (a-dou').  Quirin  Frangois  Lucien. 
Born  at  Naney,  Jlay  31,  1833.  A  French  magis- 
trate and  philologist,  noted  for  researches  on 
American  and  other  languages, 


Adalbert 

Adalbert,  Saint  (originally  Czech  Vojtech(voi'- 
tech).    Born  near  Prague,  Bohemia,  about  9.')5: 
martjTed  in  West  Prussia,  April  23,  997.     A 
Bohemian  prolate,  bishop  of  Prague,  called  the 
"  Apostle  of  the  Pi-ussians."     in  988  he  aban.ioned      „,  ,.r-, 
his  diocese  and  retired  to  the  monastery  of  Saut'  Alessio    a  j 
in  Rome,  but  was  constrained  in  993  to  return.     He  tiien  AClam 
devoted  himself  to  missionary  work  among  the  Prussians. 

Adalbert.  Died  981.  A  German  missionary, 
archbishop  of  Magdeburg,  called  the  "Apostle 
of  the  Slavs." 

Adalbert.  Died  at  Goslar,  Prussia,  March  16. 
1072.  A  German  prelate,  archbishop  of  Bre- 
men and  Hamburg.  He  attempted  the  forma- 
tion of  a  northern  patriarchate. 

Adalbert  (ii'dal-bert).  Heinrich  Willielm. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Oct.  29, 1811:  died  at  Karlsbad, 
June   6,  1873.     A  prince   of  Prussia,  son   of 

Prince  Wilhelm,  the  youngest  brother  of  King  Adam  (ad'am),  Robert^  Born  at  Kirkcaldy, 
Frederick  William  III.  He  entered  the  army  as  an  Scotland,  1728:  died  at  London.  March  3,  1792. 
artillery  officer  in  1832.  In  1842  lie  visited  southern  Br;i2il  A  noted  Scottish  architect  and  landscane-Tiain- 
anrt  the  Amazon  anil  Xingii.  A  description  of  this  vovace     ter      See   -l/lphiljl 

was  published  for  private  cirrulation,  and  repuWished  in    AJo«,   Willjltl      "d  j.  if        v        ,.    t-- 

English  (2  vols.,  London.  is4>0.  After  the  levolutioii  of  Aoam,  William.  Horn  at  Marybiirgh,  Kinross, 
1848  he  was  employed  in  tin-  ..ijianization  of  the  German     Scotland,  Aug.  2. 1751 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 

aXiTo/-   i-'i- ■ -^        A    ..  T     -u,-.        „  17,1839.     A  British  lawyer  and  politician,  one 

Adalia  (a-da  le-a),  or  i^taliyeh  (an-ta,'le-ye),  of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment  of  Warren 
or  Satah  (sa-ta  le)  or  Sataliah  (sa-ta'le-a).  A  Hastings,  1788,  and  chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of 
town  m  the  vilayet  ot  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey,     Cornwall   1800 

situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adalia  about  lat  36°  Adam,  William  Patrick.  Born  Sept.  14,  1823: 
5..  N.,long.  30°4o  E.,  built  by  Attalus  II.  of  died  at  Ootacamund,  India,  May  24,  1881.  A 
Pergamuin,  and  a  leading  city  of  ancient  Pam-  British  politician,  whip  of  the  Liberal  party 
phylia :  the^a-ncient  Attaleia.  Population  (es-  from  1874  to  1880,  and  governor  of  Madras  froin 
tima ted)   13.000  1880  till  his  death. 

Adaha,  Gulf  of,  or  Pamphylian  Gulf.    An  Adam  Bede  (ad'am  bed).    A  novel  by  George 

"J"!  •  ,V.  ^*''^'',''""'^°'''*°'''^*'^*^'^°"''''"™'^°^^*  Eliot  (Mary  Ann  Evans)  published  "in  1859 
ot  Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Pamphvlicus  Sinus.     See/>((?e    idditi 

Adam  (ad'aia).  [Heb.  ilrf7«f»j.]  'i.  The  first  Adam  Bell,  Clyin  of  the  Cloughe,  and  Wyl- 
man ;  the  lather  ot  the  human  race,  according    lyam  of  Cloudeslee.    An  old  ballad  printed  by 


12  Adams,  Henry 

the  Franco-German  war,  and  later  life  senator,  died  in  Adampi  (ii-dam'pe)       See  Jlrd 

1877.     .She  has  written  under  the  names  of  J.  La  Messine,    AHnmS  rnd'ain?!      A  town  in  RerkshiTB  CniiTitv 

Juliette  Lamber,  and  Comte  Paul  Vasili.  ,7  i.       ^        Af      }?^"  "'  iserKSmre  UOlmty, 


Massachusetts,  47  miles  northwest  of  Spring- 
Sei.t.  30.  188G.     A  German  painter,  chiefly  of     "?'•'•     Pop'ilation  ,1900)    11.134. 

son  rif  AlbrPflTt  A.lnm  Adams.     A   town  in   Jofferson   County,   New 

York,  40  miles  northeast  of  Oswego.     Popula- 
tion (1900),  town,  3,081. 
Adams,  Abraham  ("Parson").    In  Fielding's 
novel  "Joseph  Andrews,"  a  poor  curate  whose 


to  the  account  of  the  creation  in  Genesis. 

Like  cherub,  Adam  also  was  a  Babylonian  word.  It  has 
the  general  sense  of  "man,"  and  is  used  in  this  sense  both 
in  Hebrew  and  in  Assyrian.  Butasin  Hebrew  ithascome 
to  be  the  proper  name  of  the  flrst  man,  so,  too,  in  the  old 
Babylonian  legends,  the  "Adamites"  were  "the  white 
race  "  of  Semitic  descent,  who  stood  in  marked  contrast 
to  "the  black  heads  "or  Accadiansof  primitive  Babylonia. 
Sayce,  Anc.  Jlonuments,  p.  31. 

2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like 
it,"  an  old  and  faithful  sei-vant  of  Oliver,  but 
following  the  fortunes  of  Orlando.  There  is  a 
tradition  that  Sliakspere  himself  acted  this 
part. 

Adam,  Master  or  Maitre.     See  Billaut,  Adam. 

Adam.  A  city  of  Palestine  mentioned  in  the 
3d  chapter  ot  Josliua. 

Adam  of  Bremen.  Died  at  Bremen  about 
1076.     A  German  ecclesiastical  historian,  au- 


WiUiam  Copland  about  1550,  and  in  the  collec 
tions  of  Percy  and  Ritson.  Child  repeats  it  from' 
Kitson  with  some  variations  from  an  edition  older  than 
Copland's  recovered  by  Payne  Collier.  See  Bell,  Adam. 
Adam  Gupid.  A  nickname  of  Cupid  in  Shak- 
spere's "Romeo  and  Juliet"  (ii.  1).  Some  com- 
mentators contend  that  the  name  should  be  "  Abram  "  (the 
quartos  (2-5)  and  folios  have  "Abraham"),  a  corruption 
"f  "  auburn,"  as  Cupid  is  frequently  represented  with  au- 
.,  ,,.....-_,.  v_.-..     ot|ie,.s  agree  with  Upton  in  the 


of 

burn  or  yellowish  liair. 

following  extract. 

Shakespere  wrote  "Young  Adam  Cupid,"  Ac. 
printer  or  transcriber  gave  us  this  "Abram,"  mistaking 
the  d  for  br,  and  thus  made  a  passage  direct  nonsense 
which  was  understood  in  Sh.'s  time  by  all  his  audieiice  ; 
for  this  Adam  was  a  most  notable  archer,  named  Adam 
Bell,  who  for  his  skill  became  a  proverl).  In  Much  Ado, 
I,  i:  "And  he  that  hits  me,  let  him  be  clapped  on  the 
shoulder,  and  called  Adam." 

Upton,  quoted  in  Furness,  Var. 

Adam  de  la  Halle.    See  La  HaUe. 

'amkad'mon).    [Heb.. 'the 


adventures  (chiefly  ludicrous)  in  the  company 
of  Joseph  Andrews  and  his  betrothed,  Fanny, 
constitute  a  large  part  of  the  book.  He  is  a  por- 
trait  of  Fielding's  friend  Young.  His  characteristics  are 
given  in  the  following  p;is3age. 

Mr.  Abraham  Adams  was  aii  excellent  scholar.  He  was 
a  perfect  master  of  the  CJreek  and  Latin  languages :  to 
which  he  added  a  great  share  of  knowledge  in  the  Oriental 
tongues  and  could  read  and  translate  B'rench,  lt.ilian,  and 
Spanish.  He  had  applied  many  years  to  the  most  severe 
study,  and  had  treasured  up  a  fund  of  leai-ning  rarely  to 
be  met  with  in  a  university :  he  was,  besides,  a  man  of 
good  sense,  good  parts,  and  good  nature ;  but  was,  at  the 
same  time,  as  entirely  ignorant  of  the  ways  of  this  world 
as  an  infant  just  entered  into  it  could  possibly  be.  As  he 
had  never  any  intention  to  deceive,  so  he  never  suspected 
such  a  design  in  others.  He  was  generous,  friendly,  and 
brave,  to  an  excess  ;  but  simplicity  was  his  characteristic  : 
he  did,  no  more  than  Mr.  Colley  Cibber,  apprehend  any 
such  passions  as  malice  and  envy  to  exist  in  mankind ; 
which  was  indeed  less  remarkable  in  a  country  parson,  than 
in  a  gentleman  who  has  passed  his  life  behind  the  scenes ; — 
a  place  which  has  been  seldom  thought  the  school  of  in- 
nocence ;  and  where  a  very  little  observation  would  have 
convinced  the  great  apologist  that  those  passions  have  a 
real  existence  in  the  human  mind. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews,  p.  4. 

Adams,  Charles  Baker.  Bom  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1814:  died  at  St.  Thomas,  West 
Indies,  Jan.  19,  1853.  An  American  naturalist 
and  geologist.  He  became  professi.r  of  chemistrv  and 
natural  history  at  Middlebury  College,  Vermont,  in  1838: 
was  State  geologist  of  Vermont  from  1845  to  1848;  and 
became  professor  of  astronomy  and  zoology  in  Amherst 
College,  1847.  He  was  associated  with  Professor  Edward 
Hitchcock  in  a  geological  survey  of  New  York.  Between 
1844  and  1S51  he  made  scientific  journeys  to  Panama  and 
the  West  Indies. 

Adams,  Charles  FoUen.  Bom  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  April  21,  1842.  An  American  writer  of 
German  dialect  poems,  etc.  He  served  in  the  isth 
Massachusetts  regiment  of  infantry  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  Gettysburg.  In  1877 
he  published  "Leedle  Yawcoob  Strauss  and  other  Poems." 

The  Adams,  Charles  Francis.    Born  at  Boston, 


thor  of  a  history  of  the  diocese  of  Hamburg  Adam  Kadmon  (ad' 

and  Bremen  for  the  period  788-1072  (Copen-    first  man.']     In   cabalistic  doctrine",  the  first 


hagen,  1579) :  the  chie'f  authority  for  Scandi 
na-i-ian  church  history  during  this  period. 

Adam  of  Murimuth.  Born  about  1286:  died 
1370.  An  .English  chronicler,  ambassador  to 
Rome  1323,  canon  of  Hereford,  and  vice-gen- 
eral to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1325. 
"His  chronicle  extends  as  an  original  record  over  the 
forty  ye.ars  from  130(5  to  1346.  The  continuation  extends 
to  the  year  1380."    Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  IV.  251. 

Adam  of  Orlton.  Born  at  Hereford,  England : 
died  at  Farnham,  England,  July  18,  1345.  An 
English  prelate,  made  bishop  of  Hereford  in 
1317,  of  Worcester  in  1327,  and  of  Winchester  in 
1333.  He  took  the  part  of  the  barons  against  Edward 
n.,  was  tried  by  Parliament  for  treason  as  an  adherent  of 
Mortimer  (the  flrst  English  bishop,  it  is  said,  ever  tried 
before  a  lay  court),  and  was  influential  in  political  affairs 
during  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 

Adam  (a-don'),  Adolphe  Charles.  Born  at 
Paris,  July  24, 1803  :  died  at  Paris,  May  3, 1856, 


Aug.  18,  1807:  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  21,  1886. 
An  American  statesman  and  diplomatist,  son 
of  J.  Q.  Adams.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1S25,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828,  became  a-Whig 
member  of  the  .Massachusetts  legislature  in  1831.  and  was 
made  candidate  of  tlie  Free-soil  pai-ty  for  Vice-President 
in  1848.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts 
1859-61,  I'nited  States  minister  to  England  1861-68.  and 
United  States  arbitrator  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  1871-7'i 
He  published  "Life  and  Works  of  John  Adams  "  (10  vols., 
18511-66).  and  edited  "  Diary  of  John  Quincy  Adams  "  (12 
vols.,  "  "'  """ 


man,  emanating  from  the  infinite  and  repre-  A^jf'~'*"*"oi!'     n       -n         •        -r,  .  t.     ^ 

sentiug  the  ten  Sephiroth  (which  see).  4P"i%  H,%F^®?  Franqs.     Bora  at  Boston, 

Adamastor  (ad-fim-as'tor).     The  phantom  of    }^^7  -''  ^^•^^;    ^n  Amer-ican  lawyer  ancipoli- 


phant 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  the  "Lusiad":  a 
terrible  spirit  described  by  Camoens  as  appear- 
ing to  Vasco  da  Gama  and  prophesying  the  mis- 
fortunes which  should  fall  upon  other  e.xpedi- 
tions  to  India. 
Adama'Wa  (a-da-mii'wii).  A  region  in  Sudan, 
.Africa,  intersected  by  lat.  8°  N.,  long.  13°  E., 
having  ,an  area  of  about  70,000  square  miles : 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Fumbina.  The  ruling 
class  is  Fulah ;  but  the  population  consists  of  several  negro 
tribes  with  Bantu  admixtures.  Such  are  the  Batta,  Dama, 
Mbana,  .Mbuma,  Kotofo,  Zani,  and  Fall.  To  denote  the  re- 
spective tribal  dialects,  the  suffix  nchi  is  appended,  c.  g., 
Batta-nchi,  Dama-nchi,  Mbana-nchi.  All  these  dialects 
seem  to  form  one  linguistic  cluster.  Islam  is  the  domi- 
nant religion  ;  the  masses  are  pagan.  There  is  no  Chris- 
tian mission 


A  French  composer  of  comic  opera.    His'  best-  Adamello  Alps  (a-da-mel'o  alps).     A  group  of 
kno-wn  work  is  "Le  Postilion  de  Longiumeau"     *' "  "  ti...  v--j.-i--i.  t...i        j  m___   , 

(1836). 

Adam  (a'dam),  Albrecht.  Born  at  Nordlingen, 
April  16,  1786 :  died  at  Munich,  Aug.  28,  1862. 
A  German  painter  noted  especially  for  his  bat- 
tle-pieces and  paintings  of  horses! 

Adam  (ad'am),  Alexander.  Born  near  Forres, 
Scotland,  .June  24^1741:  died  at  Edinburgh, 


the  Alps  on  the  border  between  Italy  and  Tyi-ol, 
south  of  the  Ortler  gi'oup.  The  highest  point 
is  about  11,500  feet. 
Adamites  (ad'am-its).  A  sect  which  originated 
in  the  north  of  Africa  in  the  2d  century,  and 
pretended  to  have  attained  to  the  primitive  in- 
nocence of  Adam,  rejecting  marriage  and  (in 
their  assemblies  or  "  paradises  ")  clothing.  This 


tician,  second  son  of  C.  F.  Adams  (1807-86).  He 
served  in  the  Union  army  throughout  the  Civil  War  (mus- 
tered out  as  brevet  brigadier-general  of  volunteers),  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  board  of  Massachusetts  rail- 
road commissioners  in  1869,  and  was  president  ot  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  from  1884  to  1890. 

Adams,  Charles  Kendall.  Bom  at  Derby,  Vt., 

Jan.  24.  1835:  died  July  26,  1902.  An  Ameri- 
i-aii  educator  and  historical  writer.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  tile  t^niversity  of  Michigan  186;(-85, 
president  of  Cornell  University  1885-92,  and  iiresident  of 
the  University  of  Wisct)nsin  18!I2-1'.I01.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France"  (1874),  "  Man- 
ii:il  of  Historical  Literature  '  (18M2),  etc. 

Adams,  Clement.  Born  at  Buekington,  War- 
wickshire, about  1519:  died  Jan.  9,  1587.  An 
English  teacher  and  author,  schoolmaster  to 
the  royal  "henchmen"  (pages)  at  Greenwich. 
He  ^vrote  down  Chancellor's  oral  narrative  of  bis  journey 
to  Moscow  in  1553,  the  first  written  account  of  the  earliest 
English  intercourse  with  Russia  (published  by  Hakluyt 
in  his  "  Collections  "  of  1589). 

Adams,  Ed'win.  Born  at  Jledford,  Mass.,  Feb. 
3,  1834:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  25,  1877. 
An  American  actor,  particularly  successful  in 
the  romantic  drama,  though  much  admired  in 
pure  comedy  and  tragedy.  He  made  his  d^but 
in  1853  at  Boston. 


Jll^b^'v^l^?.-    ^P?.°i.*-e  '=l"^^*"/-,j;-t°C«^    !n^tbriltrctn?u^"S^irB'^hi"e,faZ'iilTJ^^  Adams, "Hannah.    Bom  at  Medfield,  Mass 


the  High  School  of  Edinburgh  1768-1809.  He 
published  "Roman  Antiquities"  (1791),  and 
other  works. 

Adam  (ii-dofi'),  Mme.  Edmond.     Born  at  Ver- 
berie,  Oise,  Oct.  4,  1836.     A  French  journalist, 


fury  among 
the  Free  Bpirit,  in  Germany,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  It 
was  suppressed  in  1421  on  account  of  the  crimes  and  im- 
moralities of.its  votaries.  When  toleration  was  proclaimed 
by  Joseph  II.,  in  1781,  the  sect  revived,  but  was  promptly 
proscribed.    Its  latest  appearance  was  during  the  insur- 

.  ,  --„ ,      rection  of  1848-49. 

founder  (in  1879)  and  editor  of  the  "  Nouvelle  Adamnan  (ad'am-nan),  or  Adomnan,  Saint.       .^. 

Revue,"  and  misceUaneous  writer.  Amqngher  Bom  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  .about  625:  died  at  Adams,  Henry.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb, 
nsfioi  "v.',v!^f„'^?,\'''„"  !i'.*^'"'  "¥*^"^.  ?,'I!™  wsanne"  lona,  Scotland,  704.  A  Celtic  ecclesiastic,  ab-  16.  1838.  An  American  historian,  third  son  of 
ilp^"  (Trr-S''  a8?8),""La"  pit?S?''Hon^?oise'  ^«t  "^  1"?^  ?  =^"thor  of  "  Vita  Columbffi"  and  C.  F.  Adams  (1807-86) ;  author  of  "  Essays  in 
Souvenirs  personnels, "  etc.  .She  has  been  twice  mamed  "1^6  Locis  Sanctis,"  an  account  of  Palestine  Anglo-Saxon  Law"  (1876),  a  life  of  Gallatin 
flrst  to  .\I.  La  Messine.    M.  Adam,  prefect  of  police  in     and  other  countries.  (1879),  a    life   of  John  Randolph   (1882),   etc. 


1755:  died  at  Brookline.  Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1832. 
An  American  writer,  author  of  "  View  of  Re- 
ligious Opinions"  (1784:  later  entitled  "Dic- 
tionary of  Religions"),  a  "Historvof  NewEng- 
land""(1799),  a  "History  of  the  JTews"  (1812), 
etc. 


Adams,  Heary 


13 


His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of  the  United  States  under 
the  aaiiiinistratious  of  Jerterson  and  Madison  (9  vols.). 
Adams  John.  Boru  at  Braintree  (in  present 
(Jiiiu.v'i.  Mass.,  Oct.  30.  173.1:  died  at  Qiiincy. 
Mass.,'  -July  4,  WX.  The  .second  President  of 
the  United  States,  1797-1801.  He  was  graduated 
■it  Uarvard  in  1755,  studied  law,  took  a  leading  part  m 
;,m>..-ii.i;  the  Stamp  Act,  was  counsel  for  the  sohlicrs 
■  I'lr^id  with  murder  in  connection  with  the  "Boston 
nas-'a<.re  ■  of  1770,  and  became  a  leader  of  the  patriot 
nirtv  In  1771  he  was  chosen  o  member  of  the  Revolu- 
tioniiv  contrress  of  ila.ssacliU3etts.  He  Wiis  a  delegate 
to  the  Ilrel  and  second  Continental  Congresses,  proposed 
Wasliington  as  coraiuandel-inchief,  signed  the  Ueclara- 
tion  of  Independence,  was  app.dnted  commissioner  to 
Krance  in  1777  (arriving  at  Paris  in  1778).  negotiated  a 
tre'ilv  with  the  Netherlands  in  ITSi  was  one  of  the  nego- 
tiators of  the  treaiies  with  (;reat  Britain,  17&2-8;i,  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  Prussia,  was  appointed  minister  to 
lx)iidon  in  17s.->.  and  was  reclled  in  17S.S.  He  was  hed- 
t-ral  Vice-I'reaident  KsiMff,  and  was  elected  as  federal 
rnididate  for  President  in  17UH.  In  iww  he  was  the  un- 
aiicce^ful  Federal  candidate  for  President,  and  reined  to 
Dunicv  in  isill.  •'  Lite  and  Works,"  edited  by  C.  F.  Adams 
(10  vols.,  l».V)-oG);  life  by  J.  Q.  and  C.  V.  Adams  (1S71),  by 
.1.  T.  Morse  (ISSJ).  „       ,         ,     ,         ,.,-fln/(>N 

Adams,  John.  Born  m  EnKland  about  1/60  (?) : 
,lied  at  Pitcairn  Island,  1829.  A  leading  mu- 
tineer of  tlie  Bounty  (under  the  name  of  Alex- 
ander Smith)  and  governor  of  Pitcairn  Island. 
See  Houiitii.  . 

Adams,  John.  Born  in  Tennessee  in  182o: 
Jied  Nov.  30,  IS&t.  A  Confederate  general  m 
t  he  Civil  War.  Ue  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1*46, 
hrevetted  first  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Santa  Cruz  de 
Kosalcs,  and  promoted  captain  of  dragoons  Nov.  30.  It6«  . 
be  resigned  May  31, 1861,  to  become  a  Confederate  major- 
L'.iKial      He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Kianklin,  lenn. 

Adams,  John  Couch.  Born  at  Lidcot.  Corn- 
wall, Knfjlaiul,  June'),  1819:  died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  Jan.  21,  1892.  An  English  astrono- 
mer, professor  of  astronomy  at  Cambridge  and 
director  of  the  obser%-atory.  He  shares  with 
Leverrier  the  honor  of  the  discovery  of  the 
planet  Neptune  (1846).     See  Xcpluiie. 

Adams,  John  Quincy.  Born  at  Bramtree, 
.Mass. ,. July  U,  17G7:  die<l  at  Washington,  D.C., 
Feb.  23, 1848.  The  sixth  President  of  tlie  United 
States,  1825-29,  son  of  President  John  Adams. 
He  was  graduated  at  Hai-vard  in  17s7.  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1791.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  the 
Netlieilaiids  1794-1797,  and  U>  Prussia  1797-18U1 ;  United 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1803-08;  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  benes-lettres  at  Harvard  1806-uy;  I  nited 
States  minister  to  Russia  1809-14  ;  one  of  the  negotiators 
of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  1814;  United  States  minister  to 
England  lSl.i-17 :  secretaiy  of  state  1817-2.i;  candidate 
for  President,  1824,  and,  there  being  no  choice  by  electors, 
chosen  by  the  House  of  Representatives.  In  1828  Jackson 
defeated  him  tor  the  Presidency.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress  fnini  Massachusetts  (.\nti- .Masonic  and  Whig)  1831- 
:81-.aod  niisiirrrs, fill  I'.iiididiitefor  governor  of  .Massachu- 
sett-  l-^;i.   Ili-<li;in  u.is  ,-.lit.(l  by  c.  F.  Adams  (1874-77). 

Adams,  John  Quincy.  Born  Sept.  22, 1S33:  died 
Aug.  14,  1894.     An  American  politician,  eldest 
Bon  of  C.  V    Adams  (1807-80).     He  was  the  un- 
successful Iiemocratic  candidate  for  governor  of  ilassa- 
chusctts  in  1S67  and  1871. 
Adams,  Mount.    1.  Tlie  second  highest  (.5,819 
feet)   summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  near 
Mount  Washington.— 2.  A  peak  of   the  Cas- 
cade Mountains.  9..')70  feet  higli. 
Adams,  Nehemiah.     Born   at   Salem,    Mass., 
Feb.  19,  18UG:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  G. 
1878.      An   American   Congregational  clergy- 
man, pastor  in  Boston,  and  author  of  devotional 
and  other  works. 
Adams,  Parson.     See  Adamx,  Ahraham. 
Adams,  Point.     The  northwestemmost  head- 
land ct  Oresion,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
river. 
Adams,  Samuel.    Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept. 
27,    1722:   died   at  Boston,    Oct.   2,   1803.     An 
American  patriot  ami   statesman,  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Kevoliition.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
flmt  Continental  Congress,  an  Inlluential  member  of  the- 
gecondConlirientalCongress,  asignerof  the  Declaration  of 
Indepenibnii-,  a  member  of  the  MassacbusettB  ratifying 
convention   17,s8,  lieutenant-governor  of   Massaclmsctts 
1789-91,  and  governor  itf  Massachnsetts  1794-97. 

Adams,  Mrs.  Sarah  Flower.    Born  mt  Great 

Harlow.  Essex,  Feb.  22,  18(1.-):  died  Aug.,  184K. 
An  English  jioet.  wife  of  William  IJridges  Ad- 
ams, inventor  and  pamphleteer,  and  the  ihiugh- 
ter  of  Benjamin  Flower.  She  was  the  author  of 
"  Vlvla  Verpelua"  (1*11),  a  dramatic  p<iem.  and  of  other 
poems  and  hvmns.  of  which  the  best-known  Is  "Nearer, 
my  (iod,  lol'lue.' 
Adams,  Thomas.  Flourished  in  the  first  linlf 
of  the  17th  century.  An  Englisli  Puritan  divine 
and  writer,  one  "of  the  greatest  of  English 
preachers.  He  was  preacher  at  Wllllngton  In  Bedford- 
shire. 1612;  vicar  of  Wingrave,  lin.k><.  IHU-.'iC:  preacher 
of  St.  I'lregorv's  under  .St,  Pant's  Cathedral,  161H-2.S;  and 
chaplain  to  Sir  Henry  Montague,  lord  chief  justice  of 
England.  He  publisbed  ■■  The  Happiness  of  the  church  " 
(1618:  a  collection  of  sermons),  a  collection  ot  occasional 
sermons  (16J9).  and  a  coiuuientary  on  the  second  epistle 
of  St.  Peter  (1633). 


Adams,  William.  Born  at  Gillingham,  near 
Chatham,  England:  died  in  Japan,  1020.  .An 
English  navigator.  He  joined,  as  pilot  major,  in  l.'.9s. 
a  Dutch  fleet  of  five  ships  fitted  out  by  Rotterdam  mer- 
chants for  the  India  trade,  and  after  an  unfortunate  )oy- 
age,  in  which  all  the  ships  except  the  Charity,  in  which 
he  sailed,  returned  to  Holland  or  were  lost,  he  arrived  at 
the  island  of  Kinshiu,  Japan,  April  19,  1000.  1  here  he 
remained,  under  compulsion,  rose  into  favor  at  court,  ana 
received  from  the  shogun  lyeyasu  a  considerable  estate 
at  Hcmi  near  Yokosuka.  In  1613  he  obtamed  lor  the 
English  the  privilege  of  establishing  a  trading-station  at 
Kirando,  and  was  employed  in  the  service  of  the  factory 
at  Firando  from  Nov  24,  1613,  to  Dec.  24,  1616. 
Adams,  William.  Born  at  Colchester,  Conn., 
Jan.  2--),  lsi)7:  died  at  Orange  Mountain,  N.  J.. 
Aug.  31,  1880.  An  American  Presbyterian 
clergyman,  pastor  in  New  York  city,  and  presi- 
dent of  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New- 
York,  1S73-.S0.  „  , 
Adams,  William.  Born  1814:  died  1848.  An 
English  clergvman  and  writer,  vicar  of  St. 
Peter's,  Oxford  (1840) :  author  of  '-The  Sliadow 
of  the  Cross"  (1&42),  "  Dist&nt  Hills"  (1844), 
and  other  sacred  allegories. 
Adams, William  Taylor:  pseudonym  "Oliver 

Optic.  Born  at  Medway,  .Mass.,  July  30, 
1822 :  died  at  Boston,  March  27. 1897.  An  Amer- 
ican teacher  (in  the  public  schools  of  Boston) 
and  writer  of  tiction,  chiefly  juvenile,  including 
the  series  entitled  the  "Boat  Club,"  '-Young 
America  Abroad,"  "Starry  Flag."  "Riverdale 
Series,"  '-Onward  and  Upward."  etc.  He  also 
founded  and  edited  --Oliver  Optic's  Magazine. 

Adam's  Bridge,  or  Rama's  Bridge.  A  dan- 
gerous shoal,  about  30  miles  long,  northwest  ot 
Cevlon.  about  lat.  9°  15'  N..  long.  79°  30'  E. 

Adams  Island.  A  name  of  Koa-Poua,  one  of 
the  Marquesas  Islands. 

Adam's  Peak.  A  conical  mountain,  7,379  feet 
high,  in  Cevlon,  about  lat.  6°  50'  N.,  long.  80° 
30'  y..,  the  seat  of  Singhalese  worship.  There 
is  a  Buddhist  temjde  on  the  summit. 

Adam's  Run.  A  township  in  Colleton  County, 
South  Carolina,  about  -25  miles  west-southwest 
of  Charleston.     Population  (1900),  4,966. 

Adamson,  John.  Bom  at  Gateshead,  England, 
Sept.  13,  1787:  died  at  Newcastle,  Sept.  2(, 
1855.  An  English  archa-ologist  and  Portu- 
guese scholar. 

Adamson  (ad 'am -son),  Patrick  (originally 
Conston,  Constant,  Consteane,  or  Constan- 

tinej.  Burn  at  Perth.  S.-.itlaiid,  March  15,  l.>3( : 
died  at  St.  Andrew's,  Scotland,  Feb.  19,  1.592. 
A  Scottish  iirelate,  made  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew's,  157().  and  excommunicated  on  vari- 
ous charges  in  1588.  _  ,,„„.,  , 
Adamson,  Robert.  Born  1S.)2:  died  1902.  A 
Scottish  philosophical  writer,  professor  ot  phi- 
losophv  at  (Jwens  College,  Manchester,  and  of 
logic  and  rhetoric  at  Glasgow  University  1895- 
1902.  He  was  the  author. if  "Roger  Bac.in:  the  Philosophy 
of  S.-i.ii.u  in  the  .Middle  Ages  ■•(18761,  "On  the  Philosophy 
of  Kaiil'<lH79),  "Fiehte"(18Sl),  etc. 

Adamsthal  (ii'dtims-tiil).  A  village  9  miles 
north  of  Briiiin,  Moravia.  There  aro  noted 
caves  in  the  vicinitv. 

Aliana  (ii-dii'nii).  A  vilayet  in  Asia  Minor. 
Tuikey.  corresponding  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Cilicia  Cauijiostris.  It  was  ceded  by  the  sultan  to 
Ibrahim  Pasha  In  ISC'.  (I'eace  of  Kutaya,  May  of  that  year) 
Population  (ISSii),  40-2,439. 

Adana.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Adana, 
situaled  on  the  Siliun  about  lat.  37°  I'N.,  long. 
35°  18'  E.  It  was  colonized  by  I'ompey  with  nlrates 
about  63  II.  c,,  and  was  refonnded  in  the  time  of  llaruii- 
al-Rashld.  It  formed  the  northwestern  outpost  of  Ibra- 
him Pashiu     Population  (estimated),  4.'.,000. 

Adangbe  ai-diing'bc).  A  town  of  German  To- 
"(j-laiid,  western  Africa.  Uhas  iib.mt  7,fioo  inhnbl. 
Tants  whose  ancestors  were  driven  from  Elmlna  by  llie 
Ashantl,  In  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century. 

AdansleRoi.    See  .i'/r»w. 

Adanson  la-doii-soii'),  Michel.    Born  at  Aix, 

France,  .\pril  7,  1727:  tlied  at  Pans,  Aug.  3. 
180(1.  A  French  naturalist  and  traveler  in  Sene- 
gainbia:  author  of  -'Ilistoire  naturelle  du  Se- 
iifgal"  (1757),  -'Families  des  plantes"  (1/63), 

etc 

Adar  (A'diir).  [AsRvro-Babyloiiian  nfW(in(,'thp 
dark.')  The  name  of  the  l'2lh  month  (I'ebrii- 
ary-March)  of  the  Babylonian  calendar  from 
wliich  it  was  adopted  by  the  Jews,  along  with 
the  rest  of  the  names  of  the  months,  afti'r  tlie 
Exile.  The  Intircalated  month  necessary  In  n  lunar 
calendar  was  added  both  by  the  Uabyhmiims  and  Jews 
after  Adnr,  ami  was  called  by  Ihc  latter  the  sccoiul  Adar. 
In  the  Jewish  calendar  It  occurs  7  limes  In  n  cycle  of  19 
years.  -    ., 

Adar  (A'diir).  The  probable  reading  of  tlie 
name  of  an  Assyrian  deity,  the  warrior  god. 


Adela 

usually  called  the  warrior  of  Bel.  His  consort 
was  Gula.     See  Adramnielcch. 

Adara  (,a-dii'ra).  [At.,  '  the  \-irgin8,'  a  name 
lor  four  stars,  of  which  Adara  is  the  brightest, 
in  the  southern  part  of  Canis  Major.]  The  bright 
second-magnitude  star  c  Canis  Majoris,  in  the 
animal's  thigh.  . 

Adbeel  (ad'be-el).  The  name  of  the  third  son 
of  Ishmael.  Gen.  xxv.  13,  1  Chrou.  i.  29.  An 
Arabian  tribe,  Jdiba'  U,  is  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions. It  was  probably  located  on  the  Egjptian  bor- 
der. The  name  has  also  been  found  in  a  Mimean  in- 
scription. 

Adda  (ii'da).  A  river  in  Italy,  the  ancient 
Addua.  It  rises  in  the  Alps  west  of  the  Ortler  Spitxe, 
traverses  the  Valtelline  and  the  Lake  of  Como,  and  Joins 
the  Po  8  miles  west  of  Cremona.  Its  hngth  is  about  150 
miles,  and  it  is  navigable  about  75  miles. 

Addington   (ad'ing-ton),  Henry.     Born  at 
Keadinj;,  England,  May  30,  1757:  died  Feb.  la, 
1844.     An  English  politician,  created  first  Vis- 
count Sidmouth  in  1805.    He  entered  I'arliamenf  in 
1783-  became  speaker  1789-lsOl,  and  premier  and  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  l(>01-04  ;  negotiateil  the  treaty  of 
Amiens  in  1802 ;  and  was  president  of  the  council  Iso.,,  lord 
nrivy  seal  ISIKI.  and  again  presi.lent  of  the  council  ItMjO-O? 
and  1S12.    As  home  secretary,  1H1-2--22,  he  was  noted  for 
his  repressive  measures.    He  left  the  cabinet  in  1S24. 
Addiscombe  (ad'is-kum).     A  place  about   10 
miles  s<.iith  of  London,  formerly  the  seat  of  a 
college  for  the  cadets  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. ,      ... 
Addison   (ad'i-son).     A  town  and  village  in 
Steuben  County.'  New  York,  on  the  Canisteo 
river  22  miles  west    of  Elinira.-     Population 
a890),  town,  2.908;  village.  2,166. 
Addison,  Joseph*  Born  at  Milston,  "Wilts,  May 
1,  1G72:  died  at  Holland  House,  Loudon,  June 
17,  1719.     A  famous  English  essayist,  poet,  and 
statesman,  son  of  Lancelot  Addison.    He  was 
educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford  where  he  took  his  M.  A.  degree  in  W9X.  and  in  1698 
obtained  a  fellowship  which  he  held  until  1711.     A  Latin 
poem  which  he  published  in  1697  on  the  -'Peace  of  Rys- 
wick"  brought  him  a  pension  of  £:!00,  and  he  proceeded  to 
qualify  himself  for  the  diplomatic  service  ot  the  govern- 
ment by  travel  and  study  on  the  Continent  1699-1703,  visit- 
iii"  France,  Italy,  Austria,  liermany,  and  Holland,  "e  was 
under-secretary  of  state  1706-Os;   secretary  to  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  (Wharton)  1709-10  :  secretary  to  the 
lords  justices  on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne  in  1714  ;  secre- 
tary for  Ireland  under  the  Earl  of  Sunderland  in  l.l.i;  a 
commissioner  for  trade  and  the  colonies  1716 :  and  secre- 
tary of  state,  April,  1717,  to  March,  171S.     On  Aug.  3, 1 ,  16, 
he  married  the  Countess  of  Warwick.    His  principal  works 
arc  his  "Letter  from  Italy."  a  i>oem  written  as  he  was  cross- 
ing the  Alps  in  1701,  printed  in  1703;  "  The  Campaign,    a 
poem  published  in  1701 ;  "  Remarks  on  Several  1  arts  of 
Italv,-'publishedinl705;  "Fair  Rosamond,    an  opera,  pub- 
lished an.mvmously  in  1707  ;  ■•  Cato,  -  a  tragedy,  jiroduced 
at  Drury  Laiie  April  14. 1713  ;  "The  Drummer,    a  pla.>,  pub- 
lished  anonymously  in  1710  (acted  in  171,'.)  ;  contributions 
to  the  "Whig  Examiner"  in  1710  (five  pajiers) ;  contribu- 
tions to  the  •■  Tatler"  from  1709  till  1711  (41  papers  were  by 
\ddison  alone,  M  by  Addison  and  Steeletogcther) :  and  ->74 
•  Si)ectat..r8  "  1711-12:  the.se  last  were  all  signed  by  one 
of  the  lettere  of  the  word  C.  L.  I.  O.  (Clio).    His  most  fa- 
mous  character  is  that  of  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley,  originalljr 
sketched  by  Steele.     He  contributed  to  the  -'(.nardian 
,'.1  papers  in  171:1,  and  also  others  to  a  new  "  spectator    In 
1714.  From  Dec,  ni.'i,  to  .lune,  1716,  he  contributed  ;.:.  pa- 
pers to  "The  Freeholder."    The  principal  e<lltlonB  of  his 
works  are  Tlckells  edition  (1721),  the  liaskerville  (l,t.l), 
an  editiim  by  liishop  Hiird  (Ibll),  and  one  by  G.  W. 
(Jreene,  New  York  (is:*). 

Addison,  Lancelot.     Born  in  the  parish  of 

Crosby  Kaveiisworth. Westmoreland.  1032:  (lied 
at  Lic'hfiel.l.  Ajiril  -JO,  1703.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer,  father  ot  Joseph  Addison,  Ho 
was  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  he  was 
graduated  (A.  li.)  in  16:.5.  He  was  a  jealous  loyalist  and 
Episcopalian,  and  at  the  Restoration  was  api>..inted  Eng 
lish  chaplain  at  Dunkirk.  On  the  sale  of  Dunkirk  to  the 
Fren.h  in  1662  he  was  transferred  to  Tangier.  About 
1670  he  became  a  royal  cha|daln,  in  lUSt  dean  of  lleblleld, 
and  In  16»4  archdeacon  of  c.ventry.  His  prim-lpul  works 
are  "West  Barbarv.  or  a  Short  Narrative  of  the  Kevolu. 
tions  of  the  Klngdiunsof  Fez.  and  Morocco  (In,  I),  and 
"The  Present  State  of  the  .lews  (more  particularly  relating 
to  those  of  I!arbar>),"  167.'i. 

Addison  of  the  North.    An  epithet  applied  to 

lliniv  Mackenzie. 

Addison's  Walk.  A  walk  in  the  grounds  of 
Ma^'daleii  College,  Oxford,  said  to  have  been  a 
favorite  promenade  of  the  essayist,  w)io  in  1089 
held  a  demvship  in  that  college. 

Addled  Parliament.  A  ni.kname  of  the  sec- 
oinl  Parliament  of  .lames  I.  (April-.lune,  1614), 
which  was  .lissolved  withoul  having  passed 
any  ads,  on  its  refusal  to  grant  supplies  until 
the  king's  imposition  of  customs  and  the  res- 
toration ot  llie  noncoiiforniiiig  clergy  ejected 
in  1604  had  been  considered. 

Addna(ad'u-ii).  Theancient  name  of  the  Adda. 

Adel      See  .lyini. 

Adela  (ad'elii).  Born  about  1062  (T):  died  1137. 
Thefourlirdaughterof  William  the  Contpieror, 
wife  of  Ste])lien,  earl  of  Blois  and  Chartres, 
and  mother  of  Stephen,  king  of  England. 


Adelaar 


14 


Admetus 


Adelaar  (a'de-lar)  iCort  Sivertsen).    Bom  at 

Brevig.  Norway,  Dee.  IG,  1622:  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, Nov.  5,  1675.     A  naval  commander,  in 

the  service  of  the  Netherlands  (1637),  of  Venice 

(1642),  and  of  Denmark  (1663).     He  defeated  Aden  (a'den  or  a'den) 

the  Turks  at  the  Dardanelles,  May  13,  1654. 
Adelaide   (ad'e-lad).      The   capital   of  South 

Australia,  foimded  in  1836  on  the  Tori'ens  7 

miles  southeast  of  Port  Adelaide.   The  TJniTersity 

of  Adilaiile  \v;is  founded  in  IS72.    Population  (1S91),  in- 

i-liulii.L.'  suljuiliS,  133,2S2. 

Adelaide  (Amelia  Adelaide  Louise  Theresa 
Caroline).  Born  Aug.  13,  1792:  died  Dec.  2, 
1849.  A  princess  of  Saxe-Cohurg-Meiningen, 
and  queen  of  England,  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Clar 


flows  past  Rovigo  into  the  Adriatic  north  of 
the  Po. 


kritisches    Wbrterbuch    der   hochdeutschen  Mundart " 

(1774-86),   "  X'nistandliches  Lehrgebaude  der  deutschen 

Spraclie "  (1781-82).  "  iTber  den  deutschen  Stil,"  "Mith-    aj;_i,-    /:;    ,i=<„i,„\         a     «nl1nnt:»n    •,oj„„    f.,_ 

ridates,".ind  other  works,  especially  on  German  language  AdlghC    (a-de  ghe).      A    collective    name    for 

and  literature. 

A  seaport  in  Arabia. 


various  disconnected  and  hostile  tribes  in  the 
Caucasus.     Some  are  Christian  and  some  Mo- 

the  ancient  Adana,  Attana>,  or  Arabia  Felix,     liammedan. 

on  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  lat.  12°  47'  N.,  long.  44°  Adi-Granth (a'de-granth).   ['The fundamental 


59'  E.,  situated  on  a  rocky  peninsula  connected 
with  the  mainland  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  It  is 
an  important  coaling-station,  and  a  port  of  call  of  the 
Peninsular  and  Oriental  steamships.  It  was  captured 
by  the  British  in  1S39  and  annexed.  .\den  and  the  settle- 
ments adjoining,  with  the  island  of  Perira,  in  all  80  square 
miles,  are  administered  by  a  political  resident,  subject  to 
the  Bombay  goveniment.  Population  (1891),  41,910.  See 
Arabia. 


euee  (later  William  IV.),  whom  she  married  Aden,  Gulf  of.     An  ai-m  of  the  Arabian  sea 


July  18,  1818 
Adelaide  (ii-da-la-ed'),  Eugene  Louisa.   Born 

at  Paris,  Aug.  25.  1777:  died  Dee.  31,  1847.     A 

princess  of  Orleans,  sister  of  Louis  PhUippe. 

king  of  the  French.    Returning  in  1792  from  a  jour- 
ney to  England,  she  found  herself  inscribed  among  the 

6migr^s,  but  succeeded  in  making  her  escape,  and  re- 
mained in  exile  till  1814.    She  is  said  to  have  persuaded 

her  brother  to  accept  the  crown  in  1830. 
Adelaide  (ad'e-lad),  or  Adelheid,  Saint.    Bora 

about  931 :  died  at  Selz  in  Alsace,  Dec.  16,  999. 

A  daughter  of  Eudolf  II.  of  Burgundy,  and  wife 

of  Lothar  of  Italy  and  afterward  of  Otho  I. 

She  founded   a  Benedictine  cloister  in  Selz, 

Alsace. 
Adelaide,  Port.     See  Port  Adelaide. 
Adelard  (ad'e-lard\  or  .Sthelhard  (ath'el- 

hiird),  of  Bath.  An  English  philosophical  writer 

who  flourished  in  the  early  p^rt  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury.    He  studied  at  Tours  and  Laon,  also  teaching  at 

the  latter  place,  and  traveled  in  Greece,  ,\sia  Minor,  and 

Arabia,  returning  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.     He 

wrote  '■  De  eodem  et  diverse  "  (before  1116),  an  allegory,  in 

which  philosophy  and  love  of  worldly  enjoyment  (Philo- 

cosmia)  are  represented  as  contending  for  his  affections  ;    aj.„„„       o.„   4/le„et 

"PerdifficilesQua!stionesNaturales"(printed  toward  the  ■"■"euei._    oee  ^((c«ei. 

end  of  the  15th  century);  a  translation  of  Euclid  (printed  Aderbaijan.      oee  Azerbaijan. 

i4>-ji  which  long  remained  a  text-book;  etc.  Aderer i  ii-de-rar'),  or  Aderar  (-rar'),  or  Adrar 

Adelheid  (ii'del-hid).  \.  Hef^  AdeUide,  Saint. —  (a-driir').  A  mountainous  region  in  the  Sahara, 
2.  A  character  in  Goethe's  "  Goetz  von  Ber-  within  the  Spanish  protectorate  and  new 
liehingen  "  (which  see).  French  "sphere  of  influence,"  about  lat.  20° N. 

Adeliza  (ad-e-li'za),  (^ueen.     Died  March  23,     The  chief  place  in  it  is  Wadan. 
1151  (?).      The  second  queen  of  Henry  1.  of  Ademo  (ii-dar-no').   A  town  in  the  province  of 
England,  daughter^  of  Godfrey  (Barbatus)  of    Catania,  Sicily,  the  ancient  Hadranum,  about 


lying  between  Arabia  on  the  north  and  the 
Somali  Land  on  the  south,  and  connected  with 
the  Red  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 

Aden^S.     See  Adenet. 

Adenet  (;id-na').  A  French  trouvdre  of  the 
13th  century,  surnamed  "leRoi."  Also  Adene:, 
Adenm,  Adans.   ^ee  the  extract. 

Adenfes  or  Adans  le  Roi  derived  his  imposing  surname 
from  the  function  of  king  of  the  minstrels,  which  he  per- 
formed at  the  court  of  Henry  III.,  duke  of  Brabant.  He 
must  have  been  born  about  the  miiUlle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  the  last  probable  allusion  to  him  which  we 
have  occurs  in  the  year  1297.  The  e\ents  of  his  life  are  only 
known  from  his  own  poems,  and  consist  ehietly  of  travels 
in  company  with  different  princesses  an<l  princes  of  Flan- 
ders and  Brabant.  His  literary  work  is  however  of  great 
importance.  It  consists  partly  of  refashionings  of  three 
ChansonsdeGestes,  "LesenfancesOgier,"  "Berteausgrans 
l*ies,"and  "BuevesdeComm.archis."  In  these  three  poems 
Aden^s  works  up  the  old  epics  into  the  form  fashionable 
in  his  time,  and  as  we  possess  the  older  versions  of  the 
first  and  last,  the  comparison  of  the  two  forms  affords  a 
literary  study  of  the  highest  interest.     His  last,  longest, 


book. 'J  The  Bible  of  the  Sikhs,  compiled  by 
the  fifth  successor  of  Nanak,  Giu'u  Arjun  (1584— 
1006).  He  collected  in  it  the  poetical  pieces  of  the 
founder  and  the  three  following  gurus,  and  added  his  own 
compositions  as  well  as  sentences  and  fragments  by  Ra- 
mananda,  Kabir,  Namdev,  and  others.  Additions  were 
made  by  Govind  (1675-170S),  the  tenth  and  last  guru,  who 
composed,  besides  a  second  Granth,  "The  Granth  of  the 
Tenth  Reign."  'lliese  books  are  written  in  an  antiquated 
Panjabi,  called  Gnrmukhi,  'that  which  comes  from  the 
mouth  of  the  guru.'  These,  with  biographies  of  the  gu- 
rus and  the  saints,  and  a  number  of  directions  as  to  ritual 
and  discipline,  make  up  the  sacred  literatiu-e  of  the  sect, 

Adin  (a'din).  [Heb.,  'delicate.']  The  head 
of  a  Hebrew  family  which  returned  from 
Babvlon  with  Zerubbabel.  Ezra  ii.  15,  Neh. 
vii.  20. 

Adirondack  Mountains  (ad-i-ron'dak  moun'- 
tanz).  A  range  of  mountains  in  northeastern 
New  York,  the  highest  in  the  State.  The  main 
group  is*  in  Hamilton,  Essex,  Franklin,  and  Clinton 
counties,  but  the  name  is  extended  to  the  whole  north- 
eastern region  of  New  York.  The  highest  peak  is  Mount 
llarcy  (.^,344  feet).  Other  prominent  summits  are  Mount 
Dix,  Mount  Mclntyre,  Mount  Seward,  Mount 'WTilteface, 
Haystack,  etc. 

Adirondack  Park.  A  park  establishea  by  act 
of  the  New  York  legislature  in  1892  within  the 
counties  of  Hamilton,  Essex,  Franklin,  War- 
ren, St.  Lawrence,  and  Herkimer,  for  the  use 
Further  provision  for  the  park 


Louvain,  duke  of  Brabant  or  Lower  Lotharin- 
gia,  and  a  descendant  in  the  male  line  from 
Charlemagne.  She  was  married  to  Henry  I.,  Jan.  24, 
1120-21,  and  after  his  death  married  William  de  Albini. 
Adelnau  (a'del-nou).  A  small  town  in  the 
pro\ince  of  Posen,  Prussia,  about  44  miles 
northeast  of  Breslau:  the  scene  of  a  battle  be 


of  the  public 
^     -   ,  .  -  .,..,_  J,  -     »    was  made  by  act  of  1893. 

and  most  important  work  is  the  roman  daventures  of  A Hitpt!  (■■id'itsl  Earlv Arabian (Cushite") rulers 
CkiomadJ-s,  a  poem  extending  to  '20,000  verses,  and  not  less  ■?'?frr°  ^'i ,.  \ ./'  i^any  Araoian  ("-usuiie;  ruier&. 
valuable  for  its  intrinsic  merit  than  as  a  type  of  its  class.  Adltl  (ad  1-tl).  [Skt..  appar.  from  a-  pnv.  ana 
Sainttbury,  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  93.  *diti,  bond  (•/  da,  bind).]  Used  in  the  Vedas 
as  an  adjective  to  mean  'unbound,'  'free,'  'lim- 
itless,' 'infinite,'  'exhaustiess,'  and,  as  a  noun, 
to  mean  '  freedom,'  '  security,'  and  then  '  infin- 
ity,' in  particular  that  of  the  heaven  in  contrast 
with  the  finitude  of  the  earth  and  its  spaces. 
The  last  conception  personified  is  the  goddess  Aditi,  the 
mother  of  the  Adityas.  In  the  post-Vedic  literature 
Aditi  is  the  mother  of  the  gods,  daughter  of  Daksha  and 
wife  of  Kasyapa,  mother  of  the  thirty-three  gods,  mother 
of  the  Tushitas  or  of  the  twelve  Adifyas  and  the  sun,  and 
sister  of  Agastya.  In  Aditi  the  confused  and  imposing 
notion  of  a  substratum  of  all  existence  seems  to  have 
found  one  of  its  earliest  expressions. 


17  miles  northwest  of  Catania.     It  contains 
Sikelian    antiquities   and  a    Norman    castle. 

opu  a  iqn.      , _  Adityas  (a'dit-yaz).    [' Sons  of  Aditi.']    In  the 

Vedic  literature,  seven  gods  of  the  heavenly 


Adersbach  (a'derz-bach).     A  village  in  east 
ern  Bohemia,  near  the  Riesengebirge  and  the 
Silesian  frontier,  about  12  miles  northwest  of 
Braunau. 


light,  at  whose  head  stands  Vartma,  who  is  the 
Aditya  par  excellence.  They  are  Varuna,  Mitra, '  the 
friend,'  Aryaman,  'the  bosom  friend,'  Bhaga.  'the  lib- 
eral,'Daksha,  'the  capable,' Ansa,  'the  apportioner,'  and 
an  uncertain  seventh.  Mitra  and  the  rest  are  only  asplit- 
ting  up  and  reflection  of  Varuna,  the  god  of  the  vast 
luminous  heavens,  viewed  as  embracmg  all  things  and  as 
the  primary  source  of  all  life  and  every  blessing.  In  the 
Brahmanas  and  later  the  Adityas  iire  twelve  in  number; 
with  manifest  reference  to  the  number  of  the  months. 
The  term  Aditya  is  also  used  from  the  earliest  times  as  a 
designation  for  the  sun.    See  Amesha  Spcatas. 

in  117.  He  was  again  ousted  by  jugurtlia  and  slain  by  Adler  (ad'ler),  Nathan  Marcus.  BornatHan- 
...  a...vu.  .''i™'""'''\  j„.  , -,  -,  rr.  „s  0  '-,  A  over,  Germany.  1803:  died  at  Brighton,  Eng- 
buUtabcut  Adiabene  (ad'i-a-be  ne).      [Gr.  ^Ao/3?/vi7.]     A    land,  Jan.  21,  1890.     Chief  rabbi  of  the  United 

small  Assyrian  district  on  the  Tigris  not  far    Congregations  of  Jews  of  the  British  Empire, 

from   Nisibis.    It  was  a  vassal  of  Parthia,  and  snc-     .„„!  author  of  various  theological  works. 

-^  ,       cumbed  to  Rome  under  Trajan.     Its  queen,  Helen,  and    *  ji i ^««     /-^I'l.-.,.    \,^.^^\      r-^.i^t     Trioi^ivniy. 

A  theater  on  the  Strand,     her  sons  Izates  and  Monabai.  embraced  Judaism  about  Adlcrberg    (ad   ler-bero)     Count    Vladumr 

theyeari8A.D.  (Woldcmar).     Born  at  St.  Petersburg.  Ncv. 


tween   the  Prussians  and  Polish  insurgents,  Adersbach  Rocks.     A  labyrinth  of  fantastic 

April  22,  1848.  rocks,  about  5  miles  long,  near  the  \'illage  of 

Adelon  (iid-16h'),  Nicolas  Philibert.    Born    Adersbach. 

at  Dijon,  Aug.  20, 1782 :  died  July  19.  1862.     A  Adherbal  (ad-her'bal).    Died  112  B.  c.     A  son 

French  medical  writer.  of  Micipsa  and  king  of  Numidia,  in  conjunction 

Adelphi.     See  Adelphw.  with  his  brothers  Hiempsal  and  Jugmtha,  in 

Adelphi  (a-del'fi).  The.     A  region  of  London     ng  b.  C.     Hiempsal  was  slain  by  Jugurtha  and  Adher- 

comprising  several  streets  on  the  south  side  of     b.al  fled  to^the  protection  of  the  Romans  who  restored  him 


the  Strand  and  the  Adelphi  Terrace,  facing  the 
river.  The  name  was  given  from  the  Greek  a?>ih<i)Oi 
('brothers')  from  tiie  fact  that  the  terraLc  w;is' 
1768  by  four  brothers  named  Adam,  whose  names  were 
given  to  the  streets  John  street,  Robert  street,  James 
street,  and  William  street.     Dickeiis's  Dictionary. 

Adelphi  Theater. 

London,  first  built  in  1806,  and  rebuilt  and  en- 


larged in  1858.     "The  old  Adelphi  was  the  home  of  Adi-Bud(iha  (a'de-biid'ha).   [SM./the  primor 
melodrama  and  screaming  farce,  and  these  traditions  are 
to  a  degree  kept  up  in  the  plays  at  the  modern  house." 
Dickens's  Dictionary. 


Adelphians  (a-del'fi-anz).  A  branch  of  the 
Euchites,  nanied  from  a  certain  Adelphius,  a 
Galatiau.     See  luichites. 

Adelphoe  (a-del'fe),  or  Adelphi  (a-del'll). 
[Gr.  aSe'/.'poi,  brothers.]  A  comedy  by  Ter- 
ence, adapted  from  Menandei''s  Greek  'A6e?jpoi, 
with  the  addition  of  a  scene  from  a  play  of 


Diphilos.     It^ suggested  Mohere's''Ecole  des  Adicia(a-dis'i-ii).  [Gr.  <i(i«(a,  wrong,  injustice 
Mans  "  and  Baron's  "  L'Eeole  des  Peres."  j^  Spenser'5  "  Faerie  Queene,"  the  wife  of  tl 


Adelsberg  (ii'dels-bero).  A  town  in  Carniola, 
Austria-Hungary,  about  22  miles  east-north- 
east of  Trieste.  The  Adelsberg  grotto,  over  five  miles 
long,  is  one  of  the  most  noted  stalactite  caverns  in  the 
world.    Population  (1890),  3,597. 

Adelung  (ii'de-long),  Friedrich  von.    Bora  at 

Stettin,  Prussia,  Feb.  25, 1768:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Jan.  30,  1843.  A  German  philologist, 
nephew  of  J.  C.  Adelung.  He  wrote  "  Rapport  entre 
la  langue  sanscrite  et  la  langue  russe"  (1811),  "Versuche 
eiiier  Literatur  der  Sanskritsprache "  (1830),  "Ijbersicht 
der  Reisenden  in  Russland  bis  1700,*  etc. 

Adelung,  Johann  Christoph.  Born  at  Spante- 
kow,  Prussia,  Aug.  8,  1732:  died  at  Dresden, 


10, 1790 :  died  there,  March  20.  1884.   A  Russian 

dial  Buddha.']     A  creation  of  Buddhism  as-     general  and  minister  in  the  service  of  Nicholas 

cribedto  the  10th  century  A.  D.    He  is  represented     and  Alexander  II. 

as  a  being  infinite,  self-existent,  and    omniscient,  who  Adlerbeth    (ad '  ler-bet),    Gudmund    Goran. 

evolved  out  of  himself  by  the  exercise  of  the  five  medita-  g^^  jjgj  .  ^yp^  ^g^g  A  Swedish  poet,  dram- 
atist, translator  (of  old  Norse  poetry,  Vergil, 
Horace.  Ovid,  etc.),  and  historical  writer. 
Adlercreutz  (ad'ler-kroits),  Count  Karl  Jo- 
han.  Born  nearBorgS.  Finland,  April  27, 1757: 
died  Aug.  21, 1815.  A  Swedish  general,  defeated 
in  Finland  bv  the  Russians  in  1808.  He  took  part 
in  deposing  Giiitavus  IV.  in  March,  1809,  and  served  in 
3  HiiB  ui  uie     Germany  in  1813,  and  in  Norway  in  1814. 

soldan.   an  unrighteous  woman,  transformed  ^f^f^^^^^la^^^I^^^^T^^^ 


tions  the  five  Dhyanibuddhas,  while  each  of  these  evolved 
out  of  himself  by  wisdom  and  contemplation  the  corre- 
sponding Bodhisattvas,  and  each  of  them  again  evolved  out 
of  his  immaterial  essence  a  material  world.  These  ema- 
nations bear  a  resemblance  to  the  Eons  or  Emanations  of 
the  Gnostics.  It  is  hence  believed  possible  that  they  owe 
their  existence  to  the  influence  of  Persian  Christianity. 
See  Dkyani'Buddfia,  Bodhisattva, 

the 


into  a  raging  tiger. 
Adige  (a'de-je).  G.  Etsch  (ech).  A  river  of 
Tyrol  and  northern  Italy,  the  Roman  Athesis. 
It* rises  in  the  Col  de  Resca  in  western  Tyrol  near  the  fron- 
tier of  Grisons,  traverses  the  Vintschgau,  flows  south 
through  'TjTol  into  Italy,  sends  arms  to  the  Po,  and  flows 


in  Wermland,  Sweden,  Sept  23,  1835.  A  Swe- 
dish author,  editor,  statesman,  and  general. 
He  contributed  to  the  overthrow  of  Gustavus 
IV.  in  1809.  Later  he  was  appointed  major- 
general  and  was  ennobled. 


into  the  Adriatic  north  of  the  mouths  of  the  latter.    Its    *  jioronnTTP  TTarl  Aiiem<?t    Born  June  7, 1810: 

length  is  about  2'20  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  for  about  ■^'?^?^?P^'^®S^p^7^  ■^"IS!^^.!,  r^Lt  stT^  W 

180  miles.    On  it  are  Trent  and  Verona.    It  has  formed     died  May  5.  1862.     A  Swedish  poet  and  histo- 

an  important  strategic  line  in  the  Italian  campaigns,     rian,  son  of  Count  Georg  Adlerspari'e. 

Near  the  Adige  and  Lago  di  Garda  victories  were  gained    AH-ma.Ti  (ad'ma).     One  of  the  cities  destroyed 

by  the  Austrians  over  the  French  under  Scherer  in  the     _jii,  Q„fi„r>i     'Gpti    tiv    2 

spring  of  1799.    The  most  notable  battle  was  that  of  Ma-    ."7^" '?°''°,    ;      -ff'   w',.  A /?«.<>+,,=  ,  ^■Ac^      TGr 

gnano,  .\pril  5.  AdmetUS  (ad-me  tus),  or  AdmetOS  ( -j;os).    IGr. 


Sept.  10,  1806.   A  German  philologist,  librarian  AdigettO  (a-de-jet'to).     A  canal  or  arm  of  the     ■'Aihi,;roc.'i     In  Greek  mythologv.  a  Thessalian 
at  Dresden  (1787-1806).    He  wrote  "  Grammatisch-     Adige,  which  separates  from  it  near  Badia.  and    king,  sou  of  Pheres,  king  ot  Pherae,  deliverea 


15 


Admetos 
from  death  by  the  voluntary  sacrifice  of  his 
n-ife  Aleestis.     See  Alo  ■ftis.     He  took  part  in  the 
expedition  of  the  Argonauts  and  in  the  chase  of  the  Caly- 

ilu[iian  boar. 

Admirable  Crichton.    ^eo  chMm. 
Admirable  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Mirabilis.    A 

Miriiuim- Kiv.-n  to  Roger  BiU'on.  __ 

Admiralty  Inlet  (ad-mi-ral-ti  in'let).    An  arm  Adonnah  ad-9-ni  ja). 

ofthe  "I,  on  the  western  coast  of  the  State     hovah';  Gr.  'A<S<..-«r.] 

of  Wasliiugton.  connecting  Puget  Sound  with 

the  Strait  of  Jtian  de  Fuca. 
Admiralty  Island.    Au  island  west  of  Alaska, 

Ix-lougiiig  to  the  United  States,  lat.  0(°  JO  .N., 

long.  IU°  30'  W. 
Admiralty  Islands.    An  archipelago  m  the 

Paeitic,  northeast  of  I'apua,  about  lat.  J°  b., 

lung.  147°  E.,  discovered  by  the  Dutch  in  1616, 

.iud  anne.xed  bv  Gennany  in  1885. 
Admiralty  Sound.     An  arm  of  the  Strait  of 

Magellan,    on    the    western    coast    ot     King 

Chirrles's  South  Land,  Tierra  del  Fuego. 
Admonitionists  (ad-mo-nish'on-ists).   A  name 

.riven  to  the  followers  of  Thomas  Cartwnght. 

Two  of  whom  in  1572  published  "An  Admoni- 
tion to  Parliament,"  followed  by  a  second  one 

by  himself,  strongly  advocating  church  govern- 
ment by  presbyters  as  opposed  to  bishops,  and 

the  supremacy  of  the  church  over  the  state. 
Admont  (iid'mont).     A  small  town  in  Styria. 

Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Enns  about     ^^  ^ 

.nO  miles  south  of  Linz:  noted  for  its  scenerj'  Adony  (od'ouy).     A  small  town  in  the  county 

and  Benedictine  abbey.  of  stnhlweissenburg,  Hungary,  on  the  Danube 

Ado  (a'do).  Saint.     Born  about  800  :  died  8/0      jj,^^,,^  og  mii,.s  south  of  Budapest. 

An  archbishop  of  Vienne  (appointed  860),  noted  /[^^{jptive  Emperors,  The.     The  Roman  em- 

for  his  zeal  in  reforming  the  morals  of  the  peo-    ^^y-ors    Nerva,    Trajan,   Hadrian,    Antoninus 


tion  attached  to  it,  found  its  way  into  the  English  trans- 
lations of  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

Saycf,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  i4. 

Adonais  (ad-6-na'is).  An  elegiac  poem  by 
Shelley,  commemorating  the  death  of  Keats, 
published  in  1821. 

Adonbec.     See  Saladin.  ,      ,  •    t 

[Heb.,  'my  Lord  is  Je- 
1.  The  fourth  son  of 
David.  He  plotted  to  obtain  the  throne  in  place  of  Solo- 
mon near  the  close  of  David's  reign. 
2.  A  Levite  mentioned  in  2  Chron.  xvii.  8. 

Adonis  (a-do'nis).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  in  Syria,  the  modern  Nahr-Ibrahim, 
rising  in  the  Lebanon,  and  flowing  into  the 
Mediterranean  about  13  miles  north  of  Beirut. 

Adonis  (a-dO'nis).  [Gr.'!\(Suwf ;  Heb.  and  Phen. 
'«(/(/»,  lord.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  youth,  a 
model  of  beauty,  beloved  of  Aphrodite.  He  died 
from  the  wound  of  a  boar's  tusk,  received  while  huntinjr. 
Acceding  to  the  entreaties  of  Aphrodite,  Zeus  decreed  that 
he  should  pass  half  the  year  in  the  upper  and  half  in  the 
lower  world.  Adonis  is  an  oriciiMl  ileity  of  nature,  typi- 
fying the  withering  of  nature  in  \nnter,  and  its  resuscita- 
tion in  summer.  By  way  of  Asia  llinor  his  cult  came  to 
Creece,  then  under  the  Ptolemies  to  Egypt,  and,  at  the 
time  of  the  Empire,  to  Rome.  The  yearly  festival  of 
Adonis  in  the  spring  was  a  special  favorite  with  women. 
In  the  Old  Testament  reference  is  made  to  the  weeping  of 


the  women  over  Tammuz,  the  Babylonian  equivalent  of  A  dram'vttium  Gulf  Of.  -Au  arm  of 
Adonis  (E?,ek.  viii.  14).  In  the  Babyloiuan  Nimrod  epic  -^t^  '"''tbilcpsteni  coast  of  Asia  M 
he  is  mentioned  :is  the  beloved  of  Islitar  (Astarte,  the  Se-     Sea.  on  the  western  coasi  OI  ASia  JU 


mitic  goddess,  corresponding  to  Aphrodite),  being  repre- 
sented tliereas  slain  by  the  goddess  herself.  See  Tammnz. 


Adrian  VI. 

gus,  Ireland,  Sept.  30, 1775:  died  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, New  Jersey,  Aug.  10,  1843.  An  Irish- 
American  mathematician,  a  participant  in  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  1798.  He  escaped  to  America, 
taught  school  in  New  .lersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
professor  of  matluniatics  at  Rutgers  College  from  1810  to 
l»i:i  at  folnmliia  t'olUgc  from  1813  to  18'2i,  and  at  the 
University  of  pennsjlvania  from  1827  to  18S4.  He  edited 
llutton's  ".Mathematics,"  and  was  editor  of  the  "Mathe- 
matical Diary  "  from  18"25  to  1829. 

Adrammelecli,  or  Adramelech  (a-dram'e-lek). 
[Habyloniaii  Adar-nuilil:,  Adar  is  councilor 
(ruler,  prince).]  1.  An  idol  worshiped,  with 
the  sacrifice  of  children,  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Sepharvaim  with  whom  Sargou.  king  of  As- 
syria, colonized  Samaria.  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31.)  See 
2(lur. —  2.  A  son  of  Sennacherib,  king  of  As- 
syria. \Vith  the  help  of  his  brother  Shareier  he  slew 
his  father  in  the  8o-c:dlcd  temple  of  Nisrtich.  on  his  return 
from  his  expedition  against  Hezekiah.  ('2  Ki  xi.v.  37,  Isa. 
xxxvii.  .'is.)  This  event  is  mentioned  in  the  Babylonian 
clironicle  (cuneiform). 

3.  In  angilology.  one  of  the  fallen  angels. 
Adramyttium  (ad-ra-mit'i-um).  [Gr.  'A<fpa//iT- 
Tuin;  l\(ipa//iT7ioi'.]  '  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Gulf  of  Adra- 
myttium about  lat.  39°  35'  N.,  long.  26°  55'  E. 
The  modern  town  Adramyti  or  Edremid  lies 
about  3  miles  inland  (population,  8,000). 

~   " '    "     ■  )f  the  ,^gean 

Minor,  north 

of  M\'tilene. 

Adrar.     See  Aderer.  .     .     ,    ,         ^       - 

Adraste  (ii-di-iist').     The  principal  character  of 

Molieie's  play  "  Le  Sicilieu,"  a  young  French 

gentleman  who  succeeds  in  carrying  off  Isidore, 

the  beautiful  Greek  slave  of  Don  Pfedre,  by 


per -    -     , 

Pius,  and  Marcus  Aurelius :  so  called  because 


pie  and  in  enforcing  church  discipline.  His 
memory  is  celebrated  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church"  on  Dec.  16. 

Adod.     See  Hadad. 

Adolph.     See  Atawulf. 

Adolplie(a-dolf').  Aromance ("Adolphe: anec- 
dote trouvee  dans  les  papiers  d'un  inconnu")  by 
Benjamin  Constant  (first  published  1S16),  which 
ranks  as  a  masterpiece  of  French  literature. 

Adolphus  (a-dol'fus),  William  -A-ugiistus,  G.    j,,g,,^j^,j  gpi^^oi, 

Wilfielm  August  Karl  Friednch  Adolf  Adoration  of  the  Magi.  Of  the  paintings  wit 
Born  at  Weilburg,  July  24, 181. .  Ihe  lastdulce  ^^^.^  subject  the  following  are  among  the  mos 
of  Nassau.    He  succeeded  to  the  duchy  in  1830.    In  ■'  _      . 

i860  he  sided  with  Austria,  and  Nassau  was  annexed  to 
He  became  grand  duke  of 


disguising  himself  as  a  portrait-painter :  hence 
tlie  second  title  of  the  play , "  L'Amoiir  peintre." 


Prussia  in  the  same  year. 
Luxemburg  in  Nov.,  ls90. 
Adolphus  John.  Born  at  Londou,  Aug.  7, 
1768:  died  at  London,  July  16,  1845.  An  Eng- 
lish liarrister  and  historian,  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  England  from  the  Accession  of  (Jeorge 
III!  to  the  Conclusion  of  Peace  in  1783"  (1802), 

Adolphus,  John  Leycester.  Bom  May  11, 
1795:  died  Dec.  24,  1862.  Au  English  hamster 
and  man  of  letters,  a  son  of  John  Adolphus: 
author  of  "  Letters  to  Richard  Heber,  Es(|.,"on 
the  authorship  of  the  Waverley  novels  (1821). 

Adolphus,  Frederick,  G.  Friedrich  Adolf. 

Born  .Mav  14,  1710:  died  Feb.  12,  1771.  Duke 
of  Holsteiii-Eutin,  ehosen  as  crown-follower  of 
SweiU-Ti  174;!.     He  reigned  1751-71. 

Adolphus  of  Nassau.  Born  about  1252  :  killed 
at  (iolUieim,  Rhine  Palatinate,  Jtily  2,  1298.  A 
king  ot  Germany,  elected  1292  and  deposed 
1'298.  He  was  defeated  by  his  successor  Al- 
bert I.  at  GSUheim,  r298. 

Adonai  (ad-6-na'i  or  a-do-ni').  [Heb.  'Adonai, 
plural  of  'ailoit,  lord.]  The  name  used  by  the 
Hebrews  in  place  of  the  ineffable  name  Yah- 
veh  (Jehovah)  wherever  it  occurs  in  the  Scrip- 
tures.    See  the  extract. 


after  Nerva,  who  was  elected  by  the  senate  on  /[^drasteia  (ad-ras-ti'ii).     [Gr.  'Mpi'inreia.']     1. 
"  "      '"  '^  ''         '— '-'     ^  „amp  of  Xejuesis  and  of  Rhea-Cybele.— 2. 

A  Cretan  nymph,  daughter  of  Melisseus,  to 

whom  Rhea'  intrusted  the  infant  Zeus  to  be 

reared  in  the  Dicttean  grotto.    Smith,  Diet.  Gr. 

uauxu     ^.- ^c»."..-.F,  ■.,-..-.     and  Rom.  Biog.  ^ 

Evck,   in  the   cathedral   of  Adrastus  (a-dras'tus),  or  Adrastos  (a-dras  - 

It'is  the  capital  work  of  the     tos).     [Gr.  "Adpanroc.}    In  Greek  legend,  a  king 

of  Argos,  leader  in  the  expedition  of  the 
"Seven  against  Thebes."  He  was  worshiped 
as  a  hero  in  several  places,  among  them  Megara. 
Adria  (ii'dri-ii).  In  ancient  geography  (about 
the  1st  centtiVy  A.  D.),  that  part  of  the  Medi- 
terranean which  lies  between  Crete  and  Sicily. 
Adria  (in  ancient  Picenura\     See  Atri. 


the  death  of  Domitian,  each  was  the  adopted 
son  of  his  predecessor.  They  constitute  the  greatest 
and  noblest  group  of  Roman  emperors,  and  the  period  of 
their  reigns  is  the  happiest  in  Roman  history  — according 
to  Gibbon  the  happiest  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

Adoration  of  the  Lamb.    A  painting  by  Jan 

and    Hubert   van 
Ghent,  Belgium. 

Flemish  school. 

--  -  ■     •  ith 

bject  the  following  are  among  the  most 

notable  :    (l)  An  altarpiece  (1528)  by  Sodoma  (Bazzi),  in 

San  Agostino  at  Siena,  Italy.     It  is  the  painter's  niaster- 

"    ■     drawing  and  color.     (2)_A  paintini^  in 


piece,  admirabU  ...  — „ .  ,       - 

tempera  by  Sandro  Botticelli,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.    The 

three  kings  are  portraits  of  Cosimo,  Oiuliano,  and  Oio-  --  •   .    .     ,t        x     /■■'  1   -  ■•     s 

vannidei  Medici.  The  Virgin  occupies  a  hut  among  rocks  Adria  (ii  dre-ii),  or  Attna  Veneta  (a  ilre-a  va 
and  old  ruins.  (3)  A  painting  by  Tintoret,  in  the  Scm.la  ,ia'tii).  A  town  in  tlie  province  of  Rovigo, 
di  San  Roeco  at  Venice.    The  entire  scenejs  light_ed  by     j^_^,^,^    ^j^^    ancieut    Adria,    Atria,  Hadria,    or 


the  radiance  emanating  from  the  body  of  the  Child.    (4) 
-     -  •■    "     "    ;kini.'hain  Palace 


school  inttrmediate  between  purely  medieval  and  ReniU! 
same  painting.     The  side  panels  bear  St.  Ocreon  and  SI, 
l'rBuh^  and  on  the  outside  is  painted  an  Annunciation. 
Adorf  (ii'doi-f).     .V  small  town  in  the  district 
,    , ,   ,.         ..         ,     ,  of  Zwickau,   Saxony,  on   the  Elster   about  30 

It  IB  in  accordance  with  this  Masoretic  modeof  pronun-       "    '•■    ^„„,  .•.„,,,  „f  ■7,wi,.k.iii 
elation  that  Hebrew  Is  now  taught.    But  there  was  one     miles  soul    « est  ol/.wn  Kau.  „.„„„,;,,„„„„ 

word  which  the  Masoretes  of  Tiberias  either  c.nld  not  or  AdOUr  (ad-or').  A  river  111  southwestern  1-  rance, 
would  not  pronounce.  This  was  the  national  name  of  the  {jjg  ancient  Aturus,  which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees 
God  of  Israel     Though  used  m  freely  in  the  (lid  'Xesta-  ,  y  ■    ^     jj      jj         f  Biscay  about  5  miles 

ment,  It  had  come  to  be  regarded  with  superstitious  rev.     '""\"  "'„„',"  '        Tt/len,ril,  is  ilbout  180  miles 
erenco  before  the  time  when  the  Greek  translation  of  the     west  of  Bayonne.     Its  lenglli  >s  ano  't  i"^*'  """  «• 
Septuaglnt  was  made,  and  in  thiatranslatiDn.  accordingly,     imd  it  is  navigable  for  aliout  /(I  miles, 
the  word  Kyrios,  "Ixjrd, "  Is  substituted  for  it  wherever  it    A.do'Wa  (il'do-wit),  or  Adua  (ii'do-a)-     The  capl- 
occiirs.    The  New  Testament  writers  naturally  followed     ^^^j  ^^j,  ^^^(,^   Abyssinia,  about  lat.  14°  8'  N., 


IlatVia,  situated  near  the  sea  about  16  miles 

southwest  of  Venice.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  many 

antiquities,  and  has  been  successively  an   Etruscan,  a 

Greek,  and  a  lUmian  town.  Population,  7,000. 

Adrian  (ii'dri-an),  or  Hadrian  ^ha'dri-an),  I. 

Pope  fvoiii  772  to  795.  lie  summoned  Charles  the 
Great  to  resist  the  encroachments  of  the  Lombard  king 
Dcsiilerius,  who  had  occupied  lenlapolis  and  was  llirciit- 
ening  Rome  ;  and  Charles,  after  the  destrnctum  of  the 
Lombard  kingdom,  granted  anew  to  him  Ihe  terrllorii* 
originally  bestowed  by  Pepin,  with  the  addition  ot  Ancona 
and  Benev ento.  Adrian  adopteil  the  view  of  the  Eastern 
Church  with  regard  lo  the  worship  of  Images,  analhema- 
tizing  idl  who  refused  lo  worship  the  images  of  (  hrist, 
the  Virgin,  or  the  saints.     He  was  the  son  of  8  Roman 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  II.    Pope  from  867  to  872. 

He  passed  a  sentence  of  deposition  on  Photius,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  which  was  conllrmed  at  a  council  of 

„.  .........  ...,,., _ ,         .  the  Eastern  church  In  S0'.>-K70, 

sidered  the  Hnest  work  of  the  early  German    Adrian  or  Hadrian,  III.  Po)"' from  884  to  8.V>. 

■ " '   Adrian;  or  Hadrian,  IV.  (Nicholas  Break 


A  noted  painting  by  Rembrandt,  in  Biickini;hain  Palace, 
Ixmdon  The  Virgin  and  Child  are  seated  at  the  right : 
before  them  kneel  the  Magi.  Behind  are  kings  and  old 
men,  and  in  the  distance  a  caravan  of  camels.  0>)  A  pic 
ture  by  AUiert  Dmer,  in  the  fllizi,  Klorence.  There  is  a 
very  delicate  landscape  background.  (0)  A  painting  liy 
Rilbein  in  the  Mus^e  de  Pcinturc  at  Brussels,  Belgium 
The  Virgin  stands  in  tlie  middle  holding  the  Child  er«  t, 
with  St.  ,l.)scpll  behind  her  ;  before  them  the  kings  sland 
and  kneel,  while  their  guards  and  attendants  observe  the 
scene  from  a  staircase  behind.  (7)  A  painting  liy  Rub,  ris 
(1624)  in  the  Museum  at  Antwerp.  Belgium.  The  V  irgiri 
appears  at  the  left,  hoUling  the  Child  on  a  pillow  ;  behind 
her  stands  St  Joseph,  and  in  front  the  kings  and  their 
train.  The  flKUres  arc  over  life-size,  (s)  A  splendid 
painting  by  Paolo  \eronese,  a  companion  piece  to  the 
Marriage  at  Cana,  in  the  Museum  at  Dn  sden.  fhe  Mr- 
gin  is  seated,  with  the  Child  on  her  knee :  the  kings,  at- 
tended by  a  numerous  train  with  camels  and  horses,  oiler 
their  gifts.  (!i)  Tlie  noted  "Dombild"  of  the  Cathe.lral 
of  Cobignc.  a  large  triptych  by  Melster  Stephan  (died 
14I>1),  com '     ■  -■-  -'  " '•■  " 


the  custom  of  the  .Seplnagint  and  <it  their  age,  and  so  also 
dill  the  Masoretes  of  TilKiias.  Wherever  the  holy  name 
was  met  with,  they  read  In  place  of  it  Ad/nmi,  "I.ord," 
aiul  lieiu:e,  when  supplying  vowel-symbols  t<i  the  text  of 
the  Old  Testament,  they  wrote  the  vowels  of  .tdrtnaiunder 
the  four  consimants,  v'  11  V  II.  which  coinnosed  It.  This 
simply  meant  that  Ad'imii  was  lo  be  read  wherever  Ihe 
sacred  name  was  foiinil.     In  ignoranie  of  this  fact,  how. 


long.  ;!8°  54'  E.     Populati 3.000. 

Ad  Pimm  (ad  pi'mm).  [L., '  at  the  pear-tree.'] 
An  ancient  Rimian  station  in  the  Birnbaumer 
Wald  (northeast  of  Trieste),  on  the  road  across 
the  Alps  into  Italy,  celebrated  in  connection 
with  Theodosius's  victory  of  the  Frigidus,  394. 
\  8ea)iort,  the  nncioiit  Abilera, 


ever,  the  scholars  who  tlrsl  revived  the  study  of  Hebrew    aj-q   (ji'ilni) 

in  modem  Europe  Imagined  that  the  vowels  of  .4rfliini  (A  ■'r~?' ,.:,,'„„  ^f   \  l,U,.rin    Sniiin    nn  tlie  Meili 

or  C,  o,  and  u)  were  iiltended  to  be  rea.l  along  with  the     m  the  province  of  Almerin.  ^Pl'"'  ""  ""  "' 
consonants  below  which  they  stood.    The  result  was  the     terranean  about  50  miles  southeast  Of  Graniula 
hybriil  monster  VohovAh  (.lehovah).  In  passing  Into  Eng-     There  are  numerous  lend-inines  In  its  vicinity 


In  Gemiaii 


land  the  word  became  even  more  deformed, 
the  sound  of  y  is  denote<l  bv  tlu-symbol  j.  and 
symbol,  but  with  the  utterly  dlllerent  English  pronuncia- 


the  sound  of  y  is  denoted  by  thesymbolj.  ,u,,.  the  German   _^;i^^;^'J;jS4i!lo!  RoS. 


Bom  at  Carrii'kfcr- 


(J 
spear).  Born  before  1 100  at  Laiigley.  neni'  M. 
Albans,  in  Hertfordshire:  died  at  Anagni.  Italy, 
11.59.  Pope  from  Dec.  4,  1154,  to  Sept.  1.  lb>9: 
the  only  Englishman  wlio  has  occu)iied  the 
pniial  chair.  He  was  successively  a  clerk  and  ablKit  of 
the  monasterv  of  St.  Rnfns.  In  Provence,  and  in  lH'''»,a» 
created  eardlnal-blsbop  of  Albano  by  Pope  Lugcnins  III. 
Tw.i  years  later  he  was  senf  as  lepite  to  llenniark  and 
Norway.  As  I'ope  he  beslow.-d  the  sovereignly  of  Irelaiid 
mi  Henry  II  ot  England.  He  quelled  Ihe  democratic 
rising  of  the  Roman  people  under  Arnold  of  iircscia,  and 
procured  the  evecutlon  of  the  latter  in  ll.V..  Ho  com- 
pelled William,  king  ot  the  Tw,.  slellies.  to  ackiio«1e.  go 
Ihe  feudal  suzerainty  of  Ihe  lope.  W  lib  Adrian  I\  I..- 
gan  Ihe  great  conlllct  between  Ihe  paiial  jx.wcr  and  tllo 
Vlonse  of  llnbenstaufen.  He  died  while  nrcparlng  to 
place  himself  at  the  bend  of  Ihe  forces  ol  the  Italian 
party  against  the  empen^r  Kn-derick  I. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian.  V.  lOttoboni  Fiesco^. 

Pope  in  127(i.  lb'  lived  only  live  weeks  alter 
his  accession  lo  the  ehiiir.  „.        ,  ,    . 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian.  VI.    Bom  at  Utrecht  in 

1459:  (lied  Sept.  14,  I5'j:i.  Pope  from  1.522  to 
1.523.  lie  studied  at  Ihe  t'niverslly  of  lAUlvaln,  of  which 
he  became  vlceehancellor,  and  was  chosen  by  the  em- 
peror Maximilian  (o  be  the  tutor  of  his  grandson.  Archc 


Adrian  VI. 


16 


4uke  Charley  the  later  emperor  Charles  V.  In  1516  he  as  a  hiding-place.  It  has  been  identifled  with  the  modern 
became  bishop  of  Tortosa  and  grand  inquisitor  of  Aragon  ;  Aid-el-ma,  10  miles  northeast  of  Hebron  :  falsely  identi- 
in  1517  he  was  created  a  caidinal  by  Leo  X.;  and  after  fled  liy  tradition  with  Khareitiln  near  Bethlehem. 
the  death  of  Ferdinand  he  acted  for  a  Ume  as  regent  of  Adullam,  CaVC  Of.  The  cave  to  which  Uavid 
Spain.  On  his  accession  to  the  papal  ch.air  Jan.  9,  1522.  ,\-ithdrfw  from  Giith.  1  Sam.  xxii.  It  was  capable 
he  corrected  various  external  abuses  in  the  church,  but     ^j  atfoiding  shelter  to  four  hundred  men.    See  above. 


failed  ill  his  elforts  to  check  the  Reformation. 
Adrian.  A  lord  in  Bhakspere's  •'  Tempest." 
Adrian  de  Castello,  or  de  Corneto.  Born  at 
Corneto,  Tuscany,  Italy,  1460  (?):  died  1521  (?). 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  scholar,  nuncio  of 
Innocent  VIII.  in  Scotland  in  1488,  agent  at 
Rome  of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  collector  of 
Peter's  pence  in  England,  and  papal  prothon- 
otarv.  He  obtained  in  14rt2  the  prebend  of  Ealdland  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  the  rectory  of  St.  Dunstanin.the- 


Adullamites.  In  English  history,  the  group 
of  Liberals  who  seceded  from  the  Whig  party 
and  voted  with  the  Conservatives  when  Earl 
Russell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  a  measure 
for  the  extension  of  the  elective  franchise  in 
1866.  They  received  the  name  of  AduUamites  from  their 
being  likened  by  Mr.  Bright  to  the  discontented  persons 
who  took  refuge  with  David  in  the  Cave  of  Adullam. 
The  party  was  also  known  collectively  as  "  The  Cave" 
and  •'  The  Cave  of  Adullam." 


East,  but  returned  to  Eome  on  the  death  of  Innocent  Advance  (ad-vans').  The.  The  vessel  in  which 
^^II.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1302  bishop  E^j^ija  Kane  explored  the  arctic  regions  in 
of  Bath  and  \Vells  in  1504,  and  cardinal  m  1503     In  151,  „  ,      f  o;     t  ij,   -p--,,!,!;,.       See  Kane 

he  was  implicated  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cardinals  Petrucei,     scare  not  Sir  Jouu  J^  ranKim.     oee  ^ane.   _ 
De  Sauli,  and  Riai-io  to  poison  Leo  X.,  and  was  deprived  of  AdVenture  (ad-ven  tur),  Tie.      1 .    1  he  ship  ot 
his  cardinalate(151S)and  of  his  dignities  in  England.  He    ■\\iq  pirate  Captain  Kidd.  —  2.  The  ship  in  which 
was  probably  assassi^iiated     HeOTote -Venatio,"  a  poem     CaptainKina(assoc-iated  withFitzrov)e.\plored 
(1505),  -De  \  era  Phdosophia    (1507),  "DeSermone  Latino     '^■'l^'^"  ->  a,„„,.:.-„    mi.-,r_6(\ 

et  modo  Latine  Loquendi" (1513),  etc.  the  coasts  ot  bouth  America,  l»^<5-30. 

Adrian   (a'dri-an).    The   capital  of  Lenawee  Adventures  of  Iwe  Hours,  The.     A  play  by 
Countv,  Michigan,  a  manufacturing  city  situ-    Sir  Samuel  Tuke,  anadai^ation  of  Calderon's 


ated  on  the  river  Raisin  about  S.'i  miles  south- 
west of  Detroit :  sometimes  called  the  "  Maple 
City.''     Population  (1900),  9,054. 

Adriana  (a-dri-a'nS).  A  cliaracter  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Comedy  of  EiTors":  the  wife  of  An- 
tipholus  of  Ephesus. 

Adriana,  Villa.     See  Sadrian's  Villa. 

Adrianople  (ad"ri-an-6'pl).  [Tiu-k.  Edinieh,  or 
Edrench.'\  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Adri- 
anople,  on    the   Maritza  in   lat.   41°  41'   N., 


Los  Empeiios  de  Seis  Horas,"  made  by  the 
advice  of  Charles  II.,  and  printed  in  1662. 
A(iventures  of  an  Atom,  The.    A  political 

satire  by  Smollett,  published  in  17G9. 
Adversity  Hume.      A  nickname   of    Joseph 

Hume  (1777-1855),  given  to  him  about  1825  on 

account  of  his  predictions  of  national  disaster. 

See  Prosperity  liohinson. 
Adventures  of  Philip.  A  novel  by  Thackeray, 

published  in  1862. 

~ "    John  Miller.     Born  Nov.  1. 


long.  26°  35'  E.,  a  place  of  great  strategic  and  Adye  (a'di).  Sir  Jc 

coinmereial  importance,  founded  by  the  em-    1819:  died  Aug.  26,  1900.     An  English  general 

peror  Hadrian  about  125  A.  D.,  on  the  site  ot    and  military  writer:  author  of  "Defence  of 

the  ancient  Uscudama:  the  residence  of  the    Cawnpore,"  etc. 

sultans  1361-1453.     it  was  besieged  by  the  Avai-s  in  .ffiacides  (e-as'i-dez).    A  descendant  of  .^acus, 

586,  stormed  by  the  Bulgarians  in  «22,  entered  by  the     especiallj"  Achilles. 

Crusaders  in  1189    ak^nby  the  Turks  in  1361,  taken  by  the  Jg^CUS    (e'a-kus).       [Gr.    Afa/cof.]       In    Greek 

RussiansunderD,eo,Ud.in^l^29,ii,u^occnpied  mythology,"  the   son    of   Zeus  and  .^gina,  re- 


sians  Jan.,  1S78.  The  emperor  Baldwin  I.  was  taken  pr 
oner  in  Adrianople  by  the  Bulgars  in  V205.  Its  most 
notable  building  is  the  mosque  of  Sultan  Selim  II.,  a  very 
impressive  building  of  the  16th  centu-ry.  It  is  preceded 
by  a  fine  portico  of  monolithic  columns,  and  flanked  by 
four  slender  fluted  minarets  about  200  feet  high.  The 
span  of  the  dome  (106  feet)  is  greater  than  that  of  Santa 
Sophia :  it  rests  on  four  colossal  porphyry  columns. 

Adrianople.     A  vilayet  in  European  Turkey. 

Population,  836,044. 

Adrianople,  Battle  of.    1.  A  victory  of  the 

Goths  over  the  emperor  Valens,  378  A.  D. — 2. 
A  \-ietorv  of  the  Slavs  over  the  Byzantines, 
551. 

Adrianople,  Peace  or  Treaty  of.  A  treaty 
betsveen  Russia  and  Turkey,  signed  at  Adrian- 
ople. Sept.  14,  1829.  Turkey  ceded  to  Russia  im- 
portant fortresses  and  districts  on  the  northeastern  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea;  granted  to  Russian  subjects  freedom  of 
trade  in  Turkey,  and  freedom  of  navigation  in  the  Black 
Sea,  Danube,  and  Dai'danelles ;  confirmed' and  extended 
the  protectorate  exercised  by  the  czar  over  the  Danubian 
principalities;  gave  Russia  control  of  a  part  of  the  left 
bank  of  the  lower  Danube,  and  of  the  Sulina  mouth  of 
that  river;  and  recognized  the  independence  of  Greece. 

Adriani  (a-dve-a'ne),  Giovanni  Battista. 

Born  at  Florence  1513  •  died  1579.    A  Florentine 


nowned  for  his  justice,  and  made  a  judge  in 
the  lower  world.  He  was  the  grandfather  of 
Achilles. 

^dhan.     See  Aidan. 

Aedon  (a-e'don).  [Gr.  !\?7(5wv.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  daughter  of  Pandareus  of  Ephesus. 
According  to  Homer  she  was  the  wife  of  Zethus,  king  of 
Thebes,  and  the  mother  of  Itylus.  Inspired  by  envy 
of  Niobe,  the  wife  of  her  brother  Aniphion,  who  had  six 
sons  and  six  daughters,  she  formed  the  design  of  killing 
Niobe's  eldest  son,  but  by  mistake  destroyed  her  own  son 
Itylus.  To  relieve  her  grief  she  was  changed  by  Zeus 
into  a  nightingale. 

.^dui  (ed'u-i).  A  Celtic  people- living  in  cen- 
tral Gaul,  west  of  the  Sequani  between  the 
Saone  and  the  Loire.  Their  capital  was  Bibracte 
(Augustodunum,  Autuu).  They  were  allies  of  the  Romans, 
but  joined  in  the  revolt  of  52  B.  c.     Also  Hcdui. 

The  -Edui,  friends  and  brothers,  a3  they  delighted  to  be 
called,  of  the  Roman  people,  held  the  highest  place  among 
the  nations  of  central  Gaul.  Their  friendship  and  brother- 
hood was  acknowledged  by  the  Romans  themselves.  It 
was  a  special  badge  of  distinction.  Rome  had  many  al- 
lii.13 ;  the  ^Edui  were  her  only  brothers.  The  brothers  of 
Rome  were  naturally  the  first  among  the  nations  of  Gaul 
to  find  their  way  into  the  Roman  Senate. 

Frt^emnn,  Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  98. 


Statesman  and  historian,  author  of  a  history  of  JEgadian  Islands   (e-ga'di-an  x'landz).     See 

his  time,  for  the  period  1536-74.  ^F(/ates, 

Atoanus,  Publius   ^lius.     See  Badriau.  JEgaeon(e-je'ou).    [Gr.  Aoa/wi-.]    SeeBriareus. 

AdriaticSea(a-dri-at'ik,orad-ri-at'ik,se).  [Gr.  ^galeos  (e-ga'le-os).      [Gr.  Aqaltug.']     In  an- 

6  'AAij.'or,  J^.  Mare  Ath'iiiiictim,  or  Mare  S'q)enimf  eieut  geography,  a  mountain-range  iii  Attica 


It.  M(ire  Adriatico,  F.  Mer  Adriatique^G.Adria 
tisches 2Iier.']  That  part  of  the  Mediterranean 
which  lies  between  Italy  on  the  west  and  north 


separating  the  Athenian  and  Eieusinianphiins, 
It  ended  in  a  promontory  (Amphiale)  opposite  Salamis. 
From  it  Xerxes  witnesseii  the  battle  of  Sjilamis. 


west,  and  Austria,  Montenegro,  and  Albania  on  JEgates  (e-p'tez).  [L.]  In  ancient  geoRraphy, 


the  east,  and  is  connected  with  the  Ionian  Sea 
by  the  Strait  of  Otrant  o.  Its  chief  arms  are  the  Gulfs 
of  Manfredonia,  Venice,  Trieste,  and  Quamero,  and  its  Lar- 
gest tributaries  are  the  Po  and  Adige.  Its  length  is  about 
4.^0  miles,  and  its  average  width  about  100  miles. 

Adrienne  Lecouvreur  (a-dri-en'  le-ko-vrer'). 
A  prose  drama  in  5  acts,  by  Scribe  and  Le- 
gouv6,  first  presented  April  14,  1849.  See  Le- 
couvreur, Adrienne. 

Aduatici  (ad-u-at'i-sl),  or  Aduatuci  (ad-ti- 
at'ii-si).  A  German  tribe  of  Belgie  Gaul,  de- 
scendants of  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  living 
■west  of  the  Mouse,  dispersed  by  Ciesar  57  B.  c. 

Adula  (a-do'la),  or  EJieinwaldgebirge  (rin- 
vald-ge-ber'ge).  A  group  of  the  Alps  in  the 
■western  part  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, the  source  of  the  Hinter-Rhein.  The 
highest  point  is  the  Rheinwaldhom,  11, 150  feet. 

Adule,  Adulis.    See  Zulla. 

Adulis  Bay.    See  Aniitsley  Bay. 

Adullam (a-dul'am).  [Heb.,  possibly  '  retreat ' ; 
Arabic  adala,  turn  aside.]  A  city  and  cave  in 
the  territory  of  Judah  in  the  low  country :  origi- 
nally a  Canaanite  city.    The  cave  was  used  by  David 


a  group  of  small  islands  west  of  Sicily:  the 
modern  .^gadian  Islands.  Tliey  comprise  Favi- 
gnana.  Maritime,  Levanzo,  and  Formica,  and  belong  to  the 
province  of  Trapani,  .Sicily.  >'ear  them  was  gained  the 
Roman  naval  victoiy  over  the  Carthaginians,  241  B.  c. 

.Sgean  Sea  (e-je'an  se).  [L.  Mare  JEgseum, 
Gr.6  A()'a(of  ircJiTofjOr  to  AqaioviTt'/xiyoQ,  so  called, 
according  to  Strabo,  from  Alyai,  ^gse,  a  town 
in  Euboea;  according  toothers  (erroneously) 
from  Aiyfi'f,  .^geus.]  That  part  of  the  Medi- 
terranean which  lies  between  Greece  on  the 
west,  European  Turkey  on  the  north,  and 
Asia  Minor  on  the  east,  and  communicates 
with  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  thence  with  the 
Black  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles.  It  con- 
tains many  islands,  as  Enbcca,  the  Cyclades,  the  Sporades, 
Samos,  Chios,  Mytilene,  Samothrace,  Tliasos,  etc.  Its 
chief  arms  are  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  the  Saronic  Gulf,  the 
t'hannels  of  Egripo  and  Talanta,  and  the  Gulfs  of  Lamia, 
Volo,  Saloniki,  Cassandra,  Monte  Santo,  Contessa,  Saros, 
Adramyti,  .Smyrna,  Scala  Nova,  Mendelia,  and  Kos.  Its 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Salembria,  Vardar,  Struma,  Ma- 
ritza, Sarabat,  and  Mendere,  Its  length  is  about  400  miles, 
anti  its  greatest  width  over  200  miles.    See  ..Hgeujs. 

.£geoil  (e-je'on).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"  Comedy  of  Errors":  a  merchant  of  Syracuse. 


iEglamour 

.Sgens  (e'jiis).    [Gr.  Aijei'f .]    In  Greek  legend, 
the  father  of  Theseus,  and  king  of  Athens. 
He  threw  himself  into  the  Jigean  Sea  (whence,  according 
to  tradition,  the  name)  through  grief  at  the  supposed 
loss  of  his  son. 
.ffigidi  U-ge'de),  Ludwig  Karl.  Bom  at  Tilsit, 
.\piil   10,  1825  :  died  at  P.eilin,  Nov.  19,  1901. 
A  German  .iurist,  publicist,  and  politician,  pro- 
fessor of   jurisprudence  in  the  University  of 
Bonn  (1868),  and  professor  of  jm-isprudence  in 
the  University  of  Berlin  (1877). 
.Sgidius  (e-,iid'i-us).    1.  A  Roman  commander 
in  Gaul  under  Majorianus  (457^61).    After  the 
death  of  the  emperor  he  maintained  an  independent  sov- 
ereignty, possibly  with  the  title  of  king,  at  Soissons.    He 
was  voluntarily  chosen  kin-_'  of  the  Franks  during  the 
temporary  exile  of  the  unpopular  Childeric. 
2.  See  G //('.«,  Saint. 
.SgidiUS  a  Columnis  (e-jid'i-us  a  ko-lum'nis). 
Born  at  Kome  about  1247:  died  1316.     A  scho- 
lastic philosopher,  general  of  the  Augustine 
order,  surnamed  "Doctor  Fundatissimus." 
.ffigina   (e-ji'nji),   or  Aiglna   (i'gi-na).      [Gr. 
Aijvi'o.]     In  Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of 
Asopus,  the  river-god,  beloved  by  Zeus,  and 
carried  by  him  to  the  island  of  JSgina  (whence, 
according  to  tradition,  its  name). 
.Sgina,  or  Aigina.    An  island  of  Greece,  in  the 
Saronic  Gulf  of  the  JEgean,  lat.  37^^  45'  N. ,  long. 
23°  26'  E.    It  was  colonized  by  Dorians,  and  was  an  im- 
portant commercial  state  and  center  of  art  in  the  6th  and 
5th  centuries  B.  c.   In  456  B.  c.  it  was  subjugated  byAthens, 
and  now  belongs  to  the  nomarchy  of  Attica  and  Boeotia. 
Its  length  is  9  miles.     Population,  about  6,000. 
.Sgina,  or  Aigina.    The  capital  of  the  island  of 
^gina,  situated  on  the  western  coast:  popula- 
tion, about  3,000.    The  temple  of  Athena  at  ^Egina  was 
a  monument  famous  for  both  architecture  and  sculpture. 
It  was  a  Doric  ptripteros  of  6  by  12  columns,  the  cella 
having  pronaos  and  opistliodomos  with  2  columns  in  autis. 
Twenty-two  culumns.  with  their  entablature,  are  standing. 
Each  pediment  was  filled  with  a  group  of  sculpture  rep- 
resenting a  combat  between  Greeks  and  Ti-ojans  under 
the  presidency  of  .\thena,  who  is  the  central  figure.    The 
major  part  of  these  sculptures  has  been  recovered,  and 
is  included  in  the  collection  of  the  .^iginetan  Marbles 
(which  see)  at  JIunich.     Though  appearing  older,  the 
temple  is  ascribed  to  the  early  part  of  the  5th  century  B.  c. 
Of  the  temple  of  Aphrodite  but  one  of  the  great  Doric 
columns,  very  similar  to  those  of  the  temple  of  Athena, 
but  larger,  is  standiiiT.  but  the  plan  has  been  in  part  re- 
covered.    The  temple  was  hexastyle. 
.^gina,  Gulf  of.     See  Saronic  Gulf. 
.Sgineta,  Paulus.     See  Puvlus  JEgineta. 
iEginetan  Marbles  (ej-i-ne'tan  mar'blz).    An 
important  collection  of  sculpture  from  the  tem- 
ple of  Athena  in  ^gina,  now  in  the  Glj^ptothek 
at  Munich.    These  sculptures  were  discovered  in  1811, 
and  consist  for  the  most  part  of  the  remains  of  the  series  of 
statues  from  both  pediments  ot  the  temple.    Five  figures 
survive  from  the  eastern  pediment,  and  10  from  the  west- 
ern, which  is  probably  complete.    Both  groups  represent 
the  exploits  of  Greek  heroes  in  the  Trojan  war,  with 
Athena  as  the  central  figure.    They  belong  to  an  artistic 
period  immediately  before  the  time  of  full  mastery,  and 
thus,  while  in  many  particulars  admirable,  preserve  some 
archaic  features,  as  the  rigid  smile  on  the  expressionless 
faces,  and  the  stiffness  of  attitude  of  some  of  the  figures. 
The  date  generally  accepted  is  about  475  B.  C;  but  this 
is  not  definitely  established.  These  sculptures  were  re- 
stored by  Thorwaldsen. 
-Sgipan  (e'ji-pan).  [Gr.  Ar/t-rav,  the  goat  Pan.J 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  goat  Pan, 'in  some 
forms  of  the  myth  identical  with  Pan,  and  in 
others  difl'erent  from  him.     He  is  called  the 
son  of  Zeus  and  Mga.,  Pan's  wife,  and  also  the 
father  of  Pan. 
JBgir  (ii'jir).    [ON.  ^gir,  AS.  edgor,  the  sea.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  god  of  the  ocean. 
He  was  the  principal  water-demon  and  by  race  a  giant, 
butpersonities  the  more  jm-pitious  characteristics  of  the 
sex    He  is  also  called  lller  (ON.  Btir)  and  Gymir.    His 
wife  is  Ran. 
.£gis  (e'jis).    [L.  segis,  <  Gr.  aiy/c,  the  segis,  also 
a  rushing  storm,  hurricane.]    In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, originally  the  storm-cloud  enveloping  the 
thunderbolt,  the  especial  weapon  of  Zeus.    It 
afterward  came  to  be  regai-ded  as:  (a)  The  skin  of  the 
goat  Anialtliea,  the  foster-mother  of  Zeus,  which  the  latter 
took  for  defensive  armor  in  his  war  with  the  Titans.    (6) 
A  terrible  weapon  wrought  by  Uephajstus  after  the  fash- 
ion of  a  thunder-cloud  fringed  witli  li^dltniiig,  intrusted 
by  Zens  to  Apollo  and  to  Athena,  and  a  characteristic  at- 
tribute of  the  latter.    In  art  the  -Sgis  is  represented  as 
a  sort  of  mantle  fringed  with  serpents,  generally  worn 
over  the  breast,  but  sometimes  held  extended  over  the 
left  arm,  or  thrown  over  the  arm  to  serve  as  a  shield.  The 
JEgis  of  Athena,  except  in  the  most  primitive  representa- 
tions, bears  in  the  midst  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa, 
and  is  usually  covered  with  scales  like  those  of  a  serpent. 
iEgisthus(e-jis'thus).    [Gr.  Afy/ofer.]   In  Greek 
legend,  a  son  of  Thyestes  and  cousin  of  Aga- 
memnon: he  seduced  Clytemnestra,  and  pro- 
cured the  murder  of  Agamemnon.    In  the  "Aga- 
memnon "  of  -Eschylus  Clytemnestra,  incited  to  the  act 
by  .Egisthus,  commits  the  murder. 
.^glamour  (e'gla-mor).     The  Sad  Shepherd  in 
Jonson's  play  ot  that  name.    He  grieves  at  the 
rejjorted  drowning  of  the  shepherdess  Earine. 


w 


17  ^stii 

iFmilins    Paulus  (Paolo  Emilio).     Bom  at     dam  about  1520  :  died  1573.     A  Dutch  histori- 

\Vonritriv:  died  uf  P.^^^^^^  An     c-al  paint.r.    Among  his  works  is  a  Crucitix.on, 

Italian  liistorian,  summoued  to  France  in  the     m  Antweiii.  ^       .     ou  u 

rciRnofCliarles  VIII.  to  write  a  French  history,  iEscanes  (es'ka-nez).     A   character  in  bUalt- 

"  ])l-  rebus  gestis  Francorum."  sp.-ro's  "  Pericles" :  a  lord  of  Tyre. 

iEmilius  Paulus.     See  Paulus.  .ffischines  (es'ki-nez).  [Gr.  Aiff;);'!"??.]  An  Athe- 

ibou't  lat   40°  20' N.,  lone.  26°  33' E.,  jEnpa.'i  (e-ne'as)      FOr.  Aimaf.]     In  classical     nian  pliUosopher,  a  eoutemporary  and  disciple 

„  the  place  of  a  na^^l  viftorv  of  the  fe^oud.  a  Troln  pr'nce,  son  of  Anchises,  king    of  Socrates.     The  three  extant  dialogues  as- 

i.irrans  under  Lvsander  over  the  Athenians,     oftaidanus,  and  Aphrodite.    The  traditions  about    cnbed  to  him  are  spurious. 

i_  ,.   ,   ,    ?  ._  .^1 1 «  »!,„  r)„i^^.^T,-     him  vary.    Acoordintt  t4i  Uoiii>-r,  beiiiK  robbed  of  his  cat-  ^Schines.     Born  389  B.  C:  died  m  oamos  J14 

tie  by  Achilles,  he  luol<  sides,  with  his  Dardanians,  uEainst 


.£gle 
^gle  (eg'le).     [Gr.  Alyh/.]    In  Greek  mythol 

OKV:  («)  A  naiad,  mother  of  the  Graces. 

( )rie  of  the  Ilcsperides. 
jEgOSpotami  (e-sos-pot'a-mi).     [Gr.  Aiy<if  no- 

ram':,  •  goat's  rivers.']    In  ancient  geography,  a 

MiLilI  river  and  a  town  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 


411.5  B.  c,  which  led  to  the  close  of  the  Pelopon- 

Tii  sian  war.  ,    t    ^       i 

JEgyptUS  (e-jip'tus).  JGr.  AiK^of.J^  In  Greek 


liivthology,  a  son  of  Belus  and  twin  brother  of 
Dauaus.  HereceivedfromBelusthesovereiKuty 
ot  Arabia  and  conquered  Kt-'j-pt.     See  EtiilP'- 
JElfheah  (alf'heaii  1,  or  Saint  Alphege  (al'fej). 
Horn  9.54 :  died  April  19, 1012.   An  Anglo-Sa.xou 
i.ri'late,  made  bishop  of  Winchester  m  984  and 
vhbishop  of  Cauterburv  in  1 006.  He  was  captured 
the  Danes  in  1011,  and  held  for  ransom.    This  he  at    ji.^^,^  q_.1    •„„       u,.n  ;>;„^-  // 
,  1  ,t  aereed  to  pay,  but  afterward  refused,  and  m  conse-  AiUeaS  bymUS.     ht-e  I  ni"  U. 
'-IICC  was  alaiu. 


iilfred.    SeeAlfml  „-,•,,,     f 

jElfriC  (alf'rik).  Born  about  9oo:  died  about 
in  ■(!  A.  D.  An  English  (Anglo-Saxon)  abbot, 
suruamed  •'Grammaticus,"  author  of  homilies 
(edited  by  Thorpe  1844-46),  a  Latin  grammar 
and  glossary,  a  treatise  on  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments!  "  Heptateuehus,"  etc.  There  has 
been  much  discussion  with  regard  to  his  identity,  and  it 
is  still  in  dispute.  _,  „.,      ,   ,^  -,,.., 

aHfthryth  lalf'thrith),  L.  Elfnda  (el-£n  da). 
Born  about  945:  died  about  1000.  An  Anglo- 
Sa.Kon  queen,  daughter  of  Ordgar,  ealdorman  of 
Devon,  wife  first  of  ^thelwald,  ealdorman  of 
tlie  East  Anglians,  and,  after  his  death,  of  King 
Eadgar  by  whom  she  was  the  mother  of  ^thel- 
red  U.  She  is  said  to  have  caused  the  murder  ol  her 
stepson  Eadward  at  Corfe,  in  order  to  secure  the  election 
r.f.Ktliflred.  _  ,  ^       ^      ., 

^lia  Capitolina  (e'U-a  kap"i-to-h  na).    In  an- 


B.  c.  A  famous  Athenian  orator,  the  political 
antagonist  of  Demosthenes,  son  of  Atrometua 
(Tromes),  of  the  deme  of  the  Cothocida3,  and 
Glaucothea.  He  served  in  the  campaigns  at  Nemea  in 
368,  at  Mantlneia  in  3(i2,  and  at  Tanijnic  in  319 ;  was  s 
tr.iKic  actor  and  a  clerk  to  the  assembly  before  he  ap- 
pe.ired  about  348  as  a  public  speaker ;  was  twice  an  envoy 
to  I'hilip  of  .Maccdon,  346;  was  twice  accused  (once  (343) 
l)y  L)cmoslhenes)  of  having  accepted  bribes  from  tlic  king, 
but  saved  himself ;  and  was  defeated  (330)  in  a  trial  which 
he  brought  against  Ctesiphon  lor  having  proposed  that 
Demosthenes  should  be  rewarded  for  his  public  services 
witii  a  golden  crown,  and,  as  a  consequence,  went  into 
e.xile.  He  finally  settled  in  Rhodes,  where  he  is  said  to 
have  established  a  school  of  eloquence.  His  citant  ora- 
tions are  "  .Against  Tiinarchus  "  C34r>),  "  On  the  Embassy 
(:;43),  and  "  Against  Ctesiphon  "  (330). 
Latiuiu  and  became  the  ancestral  hero  of  the  ^gchines  the  Orator.  A  Greek  statue  from 
Roman  people.    The  hero,  driven  liy  a  storm  on  the     Hcrculaneum,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 


the  (ireeks.  played  an  iiiiiwrUut  part  in  the  war,  and  alter, 
the  sackof  Troy,  and  the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Priam, 
reigned  (as  did  also  his  descendants)  in  the  Troad.  In 
post-Uonuric  traditions  ho  is  sometimes  represented  as 
absent  from  the  sack  of  Troy,  sometimes  as  seeking  refuge, 
on  the  admonition  of  Aphrodite,  in  Mount  Ida,  and  carry- 
ing his  father  thither  on  his  shonldei^s  (with  other  varia- 
tions), and  as  settling  in  tlie  peninsula  ol  P.-iUene.  or  in 
the  Arcadian  Orchunienos.  .Most  of  the  traditions,  how- 
represent  him  as  landing  in  Italy,  and  becoming  the 


stral  111 


,  of  the  Romans.     8ee  JBneid. 


.ffineid  (e-ne'id),  or.fflneiS  (-is).  An  epic  poem, 
in  twelve  books,  by  Vergil,  ^counting  the  ad- 
ventures of  /Eneas  after  the  fall  of  Troy,  founded 
on  the  Koman  tradition  that  .lineas  settled  in 


coast  of  Africa,  is  hospitaldy  received  by  Dido,  queen  of 
Carthage,  to  whom  he  relates  the  fall  of  Troy  and  his  wan- 
derings. An  attacliment  between  them  is  broken  by  the 
departure  of  .Eneas,  in  obedience  to  the  will  of  the  gods, 
and  the  suicide  of  Dido  follows.  After  a  visit  to  .Sicily, 
Eneas  lands  at  Cumai  in  Italy.  In  a  descent  to  the  in- 
fernal regions  he  sees  his  father,  Anchises.  and  has  a  pro- 
phetic vision  of  the  glorious  destiny  of  his  race  as  well  as 
of  the  future  heroes  of  Rome.  He  marries  Lavinia,  daugh- 
ter of  L.atinus,  king  of  the  Latini,  and  a  contest  with  Tur- 
nus  king  of  the  Rutuli,  the  rejected  suitor,  follows,  in 
which  Tifnms  is  slain.  The  poem  is  a  glorifleation  ol  Rome 
and  of  the  emperor  Augustus,  who,  as  a  member  of  the 
.lulian  gens,  traced  his  descent  from  Julus  (sometimes 
identified  with  Ascanius),  the  grandson  ol  ^ncas.  The 
poem  was  completed,  but  not  Anally  corrected,  at  the  death 
of  the  author  in  10  B.  0. 


cieiit  geography,  a  Roman  colony  establisuea    i-nesidemus  (en-e-si-de'mus).     [Gr.  AirvrruS;/- 
"     •■•■       -'    - '>- '■^*— -^  T„„.„.„1„..,    ^i^c»   ^  celebrated   Greek  skeptical  philoso- 
pher of  Cnossus  (or  ^gie)  in  Crete,  a  younger 
contemporary  of  Cicero. 
iEolia  (e-o'li-il).     See  .Tiolis. 


bv  Hadrian,  134  A.  D.,  on  the  site  of  Jerusalem 
.I'lia  was  the  family  name  ol  Hadrian:  a  temple  was 
dedicated  to  Jupiter  Capitolinus  in  the  place  (hence  the 
naiiie).  ^  .      ^  T-» 

.£lia  eens  (e'li-ii  jenz).     In  ancient  Rome,  a  ^„„„„  ,. 

nlebeian  clan  or  House  whose  familynames  and  ^olian  Islands  (e-6'li-an  i'landz).     The  an 

surnames  were  Bala,  Catus,  Gallus,  Gracilis,     ■■^^-^ -  -*•  *>-  T,;^„ri  Tsln.nds. 

Lamia,  Ligur,  Pictus,  Scjanus,  Staienus,  Stilo, 


and  Tnbero.     To  this  gens  belonged  the  em- 
lieror  Hadrian  and  the  Antonines,  whom  he 
adopted. 
iElian  (e'li-an).     See  JEtUivuf:,  Clanihus. 


cient  name  of  the  Lipari"Islands. 
jEolians  (e-6'li-an/.).  The  ^oles  or  ^olii,  one 
of  the  four  great  divisions  of  the  Greek  race. 
They  occupied  from  an  early  period  a  large  part  of  north- 
ern Greece  and  the  western  part  of  Peloponnesus,  and 
also  migrated  to  Asia  Minor,  settling  in  the  region  named 
lor  them  jEolis,  and  in  Lesbos, 


f  high  rank  among  works  of  its  class.  The  orator 
stands  (luietly,  his  arm  wrapped  in  his  mantle;  the  ex- 
pression is  preoccupied,  but  lull  ol  dignity. 
iEschylus  (es'ki-lus).      [Gr.  AiffA-'Poc.]     Born 
at  Eleusis,  Attica,  in  525  B.  c. :  died  at  Gela, 
Sicily,  in  4.56  B.  c.     The  greatest  of  the  Greek 
tragic  poets.     He  was  the  son  ol  a  certain  Euphorion, 
and  lought  in  the  great  battles  ol  the  Pereian  war,  being 
woiiniied.  it  is  said,  at  Marathon  in  490  B.  c.    In  4(i.1  B.  c. 
he  gained  his  lirst  tragic  victory  :  in  all  he  gained  thirteen. 
In  4i;s  he  was  defeated  by  Sophocles.    In  the  same  year 
he  quitted  Athens,  according  to  Plutarch,  in  mortitlcatiou 
at  his  defeat,  and  went  to  the  court  of  Hiero  at  .Syracuse, 
at  whoiie  invitation  he  had  already  once  before  vi.-,ited 
Sicily  and  written  a  local  piece  called  the  ".Etnieans. 
A:schylu8  was  the  father  of  the  Greek  tragic  dratna.    Df 
his  plays  there  remain  72  titles,  over  80  of  which  seem 
genuine,  but  only  7  are  extant:  the  "Suppliees, '    the 
"Persa;,"  the  "Seven  against  Thebes,"  the  'PromctheuB 
Vinctus,"  and  the  Orestean  trilogy,  consisting^  ol  the 
"  Agamemnon,"  "  Chocphori,"  and  "  Eumenides." 
iEsculapius  (es-ku-la'pi-us),  or  Asklepios  (as- 
kle'pi-os).  [CJr.  ^OK?.7/m()C.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  god  of  medicine,  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis. 
He  was  killed  with  a  thunderbolt  by  Zeus,  because  Pluto 
complained  that  Hades  was  being  depopulated.    At  the 
request  ol  Apollo,  he  was,  alter  death,  placed  among  the 
stars.     He  is  commonly  represented  as  an  old  man  with 
a  beard,  his  usual  attribute  being  a  staff  with  a  serpent 
coiled  around  it.    The  common  offering  to  him  was  a 
cock. 

The  de- 


.ffilianus  (e'-li-a'nus),  Claudius.     A  Roman  ^^jg  (g<-.lig)     ,._3;olia(e-6'li-a).    [Gr.  A!o?./c,    .     ^         _  ,..      ,,    ..  .„  5,  „x      The  do 

rhetoricianof  the  2d  century  A.  D.,  said  to  have  ^\o;ia-\  In  ancient  geographv,  originally  the  Aeshma  Daeva  (a-esh  ma  da-a  \a).  ine  ae- 
been  bom  at  Pneneste,  Italy.  His  extant  works  .(yes'tern  coast  of  Asia  Minor  between  the  river  in.in  of  anger  111  Avestan  ni>-thology.  uleutitiea 
are  no.«.A.|-l<7Top.a,  commonly  called  '•  Varia  Histona,  ■     ti  „    (i  Lectum.     Later  it  extended  along     with  tlie  Asmodeus  ot  the  Book  ot  ioUit. 

"a  cUeelion   of  'ana'   containing  anecdotes  of  every     "'^™'''"'"'' """^  JEsir  (ii'sir).      The  collective  name  for  the  gods 

^:J^:^:^i^:S^'^^iX::!Z^:^^  i;ius(e'r,-lus).  [Gr.A^o/oc]    l.m  Greek  my-  f  f'!!;(^andinavian  mythology      There  were  12 

tended  for  publication"  (K.  0.  MiUlfr)-^  and  lUpl  Zoiiui/     {[jology,  the  god  of  the  winds,  which  he  con-     ^r,„|s  and  20  goddesses,  dwellers  in  Asgarrt. 

fined  in  a  cavern.— 2.   The  son  of  Hellen,  and  jjjgoQ  (t/son).     [Gr.  Aitrur.]     In  Greek  legend, 
the  eponymic  founder  of  the  /Eolian  race.  tjio  father  of  Jason,  and  stepbrother  of  Pelias, 

jEpinus(a-pe'nos)  (Franz  Maria UlricllTheo-     who  excluded  him  from  his  share  of  the  king- 
dor  Hoch).     [G.  //"(■/(,  higli;  Gr.  anriu  high, 
steeii,  whence  .7';/)(«".<.l     Born  at  Rostock,  I  ier- 
many,  1724:  died  at  Dorpat,  1H02.     A  German- 
Russian  physicist,  author  of  "Tentameii  tlieo- 

riffi  electricitatis  et  inagnetismi"  (1759),  etc. 

....  ,  .      ,.         i^j^ 


io.oT^Tos  (De  AnimaUum  Natura),  "On  the  Peculiarities  ol 
Animals,"  a  work  similar  in  form  to  the  preceding, 

iElianus  Tacticus  (e-li-a'nus  tak'ti-kus). 
Lived  about  UK)  A,  D.  A  writer,  probably  a 
Greek  residing  at  Rome,  author  of  a  work  in 
Greek  on  the  military  tactics  of  the  Greeks  and 
the  constitution  of  ,a  Roman  army. 

^lla  (al'il),  or  Ella  (el'il).  Died  588.  King 
of  the  De'i'rans  from  .5.59  to  588,  the  son  of  Iffa 


ealdorman  of  the  Deira.,8.    H^  cast  off  the  sul  ^pin^^Jo^^^nn  (originally  Hoch).!^ 

,t  the  death  of  Ida.     Zicsar,  yrussia,   1499:  ibed  at  Hamouif,.  Ma\ 


preniaev  ot  the  Bernicians  at 

Aello  (a-el'o).  [Gr. 'At//.u.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogv,  one  of  the  Harpies. 

Aelst.    See  .l/o.vf. 

Aelst  (alst),  Willem  van.  Bom  at  Delft,  Neth- 
erlands. KVJO:  died  at  Amsterdam,  1679.  A 
Dut<di  painter  of  Howers  and  fruit. 

.Emilia  (e-mil'i-ii).    [Fera.  of  yEffliViu-s.]    1.  In 


the  fourth  book  of  Spenser's  '-Faerie  (^ueene,"   A6rianr(a:e'H^^^^^^^         A  reforming.  Arian,  s 
a  lovely  lady  "rapt  by  greedie  l"st "  into  the  ^f  ,',^°|/,,^'^.;,  , -"Yso  ,,^ii,,i  f,.„n.  their  lea 


also  captive.    She  was  saved  by  Belphiebe. —  2. 

In  Shakspere's  "Comedy  of  Errors,"  the  wife 

ol  /Tigeon,  acting  as  tho  abbess  of  Ephesus. 
JEmilia  gens  (e-mil'i-a  jenz).    One  of  the  most  ASriuS   (ii-e'ri-us) 

ancient  patrician  houses  at  Rome,  probably  of 

Sabine  origin,  which  regarded  as  its  ancestor 

Mamercus,  called  yEmilius  on  account  of  his 

persuasive  language,  who  was  variously  repre- 

senteil  as  the  son  of  Pythagoras,  or  of  Numa, 

or  as    the    desccnilaiit'  iif    Ascanius.     The  first 

inomVirt  of  the  Kens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  L. 

.Enillins  Mamercus  (in  4.14  B.  c).     Its  family  names  are 

Itai  linla,  lluea,  I.epldus,  Mamercus  or  Mamerclnus,  Papns, 

I'aulus,  RegiUus,  and  Scaurus. 
.fflmilius  (e-miri-us).     [A  Roman  name  said  to 

be  from   Gr.   nifii'Mor,  flattering.     See    JCmilid 

//(>«.?.]     In  Shakspere's  (f )  "  Titus  Andronicus," 

a  noble  Roman. 
c—  ■-' 


13,  1.553.  A  German  Protestant  theologian,  an 
opiionent  ot  Mehuichthon,  and  author  of  a  work 
"  De  Purgatorio."  . 

JEaui  (e'kwi).  In  ancient  geograjihy,  a  tn bo 
living  iiiLatium.eastof  Romeand  north  of  the 
Hernici,  often  allied  with  the  Volsciaiis  aii<l  at 
war  with  the  Romans.     They  were  finally  sub- 

liied  about  300  B.  ( . 

sect 

ler 

does 

not  differ  friiTn  a  bishop  In  aulbority,  repudiated  prayers 

for  the  dead,  and  rejected  ehurell  fasts.     Ibis  sect  was 

the  forerunner  of  modern  Presliyterlaiilsm. 

i.ciiua   !■ '•    A,  presbyter  ot  Sebftstia, 

in  Pontus,  Asia  Minor,  who  lived  in  the  middle 
of  tho  4tli  century  A.  n.,  and  was  the  founder 
(if  tlie  Aerians. 

JE16  (a're),  or  AjTOe  (iir're-e).     An  island  of 
Denmark,    in    the    Little    Belt,    south   of   !•  ii- 
nen.    Length,  15  miles.    Area,  33  8i|uare  miles 
Po))ulation,   about    11,000. 
.Ei'fiesk.iiiliiiig,  ,  ,     .,       ,  ,,  .     ,, 

Aerschot,  or  Arschot  (iir'skot).  A  town  in  the 
i.rovince  of  liialiant,  Belgium,  on  the  Demer 
about  23  miles  northeast  of  Bmssels.  Popula- 
tion (1H90),  6,2:14. 

Aertszen  (art'sen),  Pieter.     Bom   n(   Amster- 


dom  of  Thessalv.  When  Pelias,  on  the  rejiorteil  re- 
turn ol  the  Argonauts,  attempted  to  kill  him.  he  com- 
niitted  suicide.  According  to  Ovid,  he  was  rejuvenated 
by  Medea  after  the  return  of  the  Argonauts. 
.Ssop.orEsop  (e'sop).  [Gr.AiCT<jTocL.,K,w^>«.'>.] 
1.  .\ccoriling  to  tradition,  a  Greek  fabulist  of 
the  6th  century  B.  C,  represented  as  a  dwarf 
and  originally  a  slave.  Samos  and  other  places 
claimed  the  honoV  of  being  his  birthplace.  Alter  obtaining 
his  freedom  he  visited  Lvdla  and  Oreeee,  Df  the  so-enlled 
fables  of  ,V:8op  there  have  been  several  editions  ;  but  they 
arc  all  spurious.  Indeed,  he  is  probably  not  a  historical  per- 
sonage. ".Soniool  the  fablesattrlbuted  to  him  are  drawn 
ll-oin  Egyptian  sources  older  by  eight  hundred  years  than 
the  famous  dwarf  who  Is  supiHised  to  have  invented 
them.  The  table  of  'The  Lion  and  the  Mouse  was  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Urugsch  In  an  Egyptian  papyTi.s  a  'ew 
years  ago.  'The  Dispute  of  the  Stomach  and  the  Mem 
bers'  has  yet  more  recently  been  Identllled  by  Pro- 
fessor Maspero  with  an  ancient  Egyptian  irlglnal. 
(Edirarilf,  I-liaraohs,  Kelbihs,  etc.,  p.  ■-'iS.)  He  was  repro- 
senUd  In  later  art  as  deformed,  "perhaps  to  Indlente 
his  nearer  approach  to  the  lower  animals  and  Ills  pecu- 
liar sympathy  lor  their  habits.  Such  is  the  concepllou 
of  the  famous  statue  now  in  the  Villa  Albanl  at  Rome. 
2  A  Greek  historian  of  the  7lh  or  Sih  century 
A.  11.,  millior  of  a  life  of  Alexander  tho  Great. 
JEsop,  OlodiUS.  A  Roman  tragic  actor,  a  eon- 
teniporarv  and  intimate  friend  of  Cicero,  re- 
garded by  Horace  and  others  as  the  equal  ot 
(lie  great  actor  Roscius. 
its  chief  town  is  .ffistii  (es'li-i).     See  the  extract. 

North  of  the  Slavs,  and  Intimately  connected  with  them, 
the  Prusso-U'ttlsh  branch  of  languBges  was  sltiiati-d; 
these  tribes  are  llrst  mentioned  as  the  .t.«li  of  Taci- 
tus (c.  4r.)  on  the  amber  roast,  then  m  the  (lalindio  and 
Sudlnl  of  Ptoleniv,  the  neluhliours  of  tho  \  enedip.  Mlll- 
lenhoH  makes  It  pnihable  that  "the  stork  collectively 
spread  from  the  south  or  south-east,  so  that  the  swampx 


district  of  the  Pripet  was  once  its  natural  boundary  to 
the  south,  and  the  original  basis  of  its  diffusion." 

SchraJer.  Arj-an  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons).  p.  42S. 

^thelbald(ath'el-bald),  oiEthelbald (eth'el- 
bald).  Diet!  757.  King  of  the  Mercians  from 
716  (718  f )  to  757,  son  of  Alweo,  grandnephew  of 
Penda,  and  successor  of  Ceolred.  He  was  acknow- 
ledged overlord  of  the  English  as  far  as  the  Huniber,  731 ; 
took  the  West-Saxon  town  of  Sonierton,  73;^  ;  ravaged 
Northnnibiia,  74'l :  was  defeated  by  his  West-Saxon  under- 
king,  <  'nllii-id.  lit  the  battle  of  Burford,  764  ;  and  was  killed 

JEthelbaid"''''  iitiielbald.    King  of  tlie  West 

Saxons  SyS-SGO,  son  of  ^Ethelwulf.  He  married 
his  father's  widow,  Judith  of  France,  who  on  his  death  re- 
turned to  France  and  married  Baldwin,  afterward  count 
of  Flanders.  From  this  last  union  was  descended  Matilda, 
wife  of  William  the  Conqueror. 

.ffithelberht(ath'el-berHt),oiEtlielbert(eth'- 

el-bert),  Saint.  Born  552  (?):  died  Feb.  24, 
616.  King  of  Kent  from  560  to  616,  son  of 
Eormenric,  and  great-grandson  of  Hengist.  He 
was  defeated  by  the  West  Saxons  under  Ceawlin  and  Cu- 
tha  at  the  battle  of  Wimbledo  i,  568  ;  married  Bertha  or 
Bercia,  a  Christian  princess,  daughter  of  Charibert,  king 
of  the  Franks;  gradually  established  his  overlordship 
over  the  English  south  of  the  Huniber  after  the  death  of 
Ceawlin,  593  ;  received  St.  Augustine  at  the  Isle  of  Thanet, 
597;  and  was  converted  and  vigorously  supported  Augus- 
tine.    He  issued  the  first  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  codes,  600. 

^thelberht,  or  Ethelbert.  King  of  the  West 
Saxons  860-SG6,  sou  of  ^thelwulf. 

.ffithelburh  (ath'el-born),  L.  Ethelburga  (eth- 
el-ber'ga).  Saint.  Died  676  (?).  Abbess  of  Bark- 
ing, Essex.     She  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  11. 

.ffithelflasd  (ath'el-flad),  or  Ethelfleda  (eth'el- 
fle-da).  Died  in  918  (?).  The  eldest  daughter 
of  King  Alfred.  She  married  Ethelred,  ealdorman  of 
the  Mercians.  During  his  life  they  had  equal  rule,  and 
after  his  death,  in  911  or  91'2,  she  was  sole  ruler.  She  is 
known  as  "the  Laily  of  the  -Vlercians. " 

^thelfrith  (ath'el-frith),  or  Etbelfrid  (eth'- 

el-frid),  or  iEdilfrid.  Died  617.  King  of  the 
Northumbrians  from  593  to  617,  son  of  ^thel- 
ric,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  defeated  Aidan  (.Ed- 
han)  at  the  battle  of  Dregsastan  (probably  Oawstone),  603 ; 
defeated  the  Welsh  at  the  battle  of  <'hester,  613,  massa- 
cring about  twelve  hundred  of  the  two  thousand  monks 
from  Bangor  Yscoed,  who  were  praying  for  the  success  of 
the  Welsh ;  and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Rjedwald  at 
the  battle  of  the  Idle,  617. 

.ethelred  (ath'el-rad),  or  Ethei/'ed  (eth'el- 
red),  or  Ethered  (eth'e-red),  I.  King  of  the 
West  Saxons  from  866  to  871,  son  of  iEthel- 
wuH. 

.ffithelred,  or  Ethelred,  II.  Born  968:  died  at 
London,  .\pril  23,  1016.  King  of  England,  sur- 
named  '•TheUnready"  ('laekingeounser),  son 
of  Edgar  and  ELfrida.  He  succeeded  to  the  tlirone 
979,  instituted  the  payment  .of  "danegeld"  991,  ordered 
a  general  massacre  of  the  Danes  1002,  was  deposed  1013, 
and  was  restored  1014. 

.^thelstan.     See  AiJielstan. 

^thelwulf  (ath'el-wulf ),  or  Ethelwulf  (eth'- 
cl-wulf),  or  Athulf.  Died  Jan.  13  (June  13?), 
858.  An  Anglo-Saxon  king,  son  of  Eegberht 
(king  of  Wessex,  ruler  of  Sussex,  Kent,  and 
Essex,  and  overlord  of  Mereia,  East  Anglia. 
Northumbria,  Wales,  and  Stratholyde),  whom 
he  succeeded  in  839.  In  842  he  was  defeated  by  the 
Danes  at  Charmouth,  but  in  851  repulsed  them  with  great 
slaughter  at  Ockley  in  Surrey.  In  856  he  married  a  sec- 
ond wife,  Judith,  the  daughter  of  Chai-les  the  Bald.  The 
West  Saxons  revolted  under  his  son  .Ethelbald  to  whom 
he  surrendered  the  government  of  Wessex,  retaining  only 
his  overlordship. 

Mther  (e'ther).  [Gr.  AWi/p.']  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  son  of  Chaos  and  Darkness,  and  the 
brother  of  Night,  Day,  and  Erebus;  or,  accord- 
ing to  Hesiod,  the  son  of  Erebus  and  Night, 
iind  the  brother  of  Day.  By  Day  he  was  the  father 
of  Land.  Heaven,  and  Sea;  by  Earth,  of  the  Giants  and 
Titans  and  the  vices  which  destroy  the  human  race.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Orphic  hymiis,  he  is  the  soul  of  the 
world  from  which  all  life  springs.  In  later  times  he  was 
regarded  as  the  broad  expanse  of  heaven,  the  abode  of 
the  gods, 

.Ethiopia.     See  Ethiopia. 

.ffithiopica.     See  Tlwagenes  and  Clniriclea. 

.ffitMopis  (e-thi'o-pis),  or  Lay  of -Sthiopia.  A 

Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Trojan  cycle,  by  Aretinus 
of  Miletus,  the  oldest  certainly  known  epic  poet 
(about  776  B.  c. ) :  so  named  from  one  of  its  heroes, 
Memnon  the  .(Ethiopian,  it  was  a  continuation  of 
the  Iliad,  reaching  "from  the  death  of  Hector  to  that  of 
Achilles,  and  telling  of  the  arrival  of  the  Amazons  and 
the  -Ethiopians  to  aid  Troy." 

Aetians,     See  Aetins  and  Anomwans. 

Aetion  (a-e'shi-on).  [Gt.  'Aerlur.']  A  noteil 
Greek  painter,  probably  a  contemporary  of 
Apelles.  His  picture  of  the  "Marriage  of 
Alexander  and  Eoxana"  was  famous  in  an- 
tiquity. 

Aetius  (a-e'shi-us),or  Aetios  (-os).  [6r.  'Ahioc.'] 
Bom  at  Antioeh,  in  Coele-Syria  :  died  at  Con- 
stantinople, 367  A.  D.   A  Syrian  theologian,  sur- 


18 

named  "The  Atheist,"  the  founder  of  a  sect  of 
extreme  Arians,  called  Aetians  from  him,  Euno- 
mians  from  his  disciple  Eimomius,  and  Auo- 
moeans.  The  Aeiians  "were  the  first  to  carry  out  the 
doctrines  of  Arius  to  their  legitimate  issue,  and  in  oppo- 
sition both  to  Homoousians  and  Hotuolousians  maintained 
that  tlie  Son  was  unlike,  acofiotos,  the  Father"  (whence 
the  name  Anomteans). 

Aetius.  Born  at  Durostorus  (Silistria)  about 
396 :  killed  at  Rome,  454.  A  Roman  general, 
commander-in-chief  under  Valentinian  III. 
He  gained  many  victories  over  the  West  Goths,  Franks, 

'Bnrgundians,  and  other  northern  invaders,  aiul  is  famous 
for  his  victory  over  Attila,  near  Ch^ons-sur-Marne,  451. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  the  emperor. 

Aetius.  Born  at  Amida,  Mesopotamia:  flour- 
ished about  500  A.  D.  A  Greek  writer,  author 
of  a  medical  work  in  sixteen  books  (Latin 
translation  1542).  Though  essentially  a  compilation, 
it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  books  of  antiquity  on 
medicine. 

JEtas,  (et'na).  A  Latin  didactic  poem  errone- 
ously attributed  to  Vergil.  It  combats  the 
popular  mythiealgtheory  of  the  causes  of  vol- 
canic action. 

.aitna.  Mount.     See  Etna. 

.SItolia  (e-to'li-a),  or  Aitolia  (i-to'li-il).  [Gr. 
AiTu'/.ia.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  district  of 
Greece,  bounded  by  Epirus  and  Thessaly  on  the 
north,  Doris  on  the  northeast,  Locris  on  the 
east  and  southeast,  the  Corinthian  Gulf  on 
the  south,  and  Acarnania  on  the  west.  It  now 
forms  part  of  the  nomarchy  of  Acarnania  and 
.Etolia. 

iEtolian  League  (e-to'li-an  leg).  A  confeder- 
acy of  Greek  tribes  whose  constitution  was 
copied  from  that  of  the  Aehtean  League.  It  waged 
war  against  Macedon  323  B.  c,  against  the  Gauls  279,  and 
against  the  Achiean  League  220.  and  was  allied  with  Rome 
211-192.     It  was  dissolved  in  167  B.  c. 

Afanasieff  (a-fa-na'si-ef),  Aleksandr.  Born 
1826:  died  1871.  A  Russian  archa;ologist, 
autlior  of  "'Russian  Popular  Stories,"  "Poeti- 
cal Views  of  the  Old  Slavonians  about  Na- 
ture," etc. 

Afar  and  Afar  country.  See  Danalcil  and 
Danukil  coinitri/. 

Afer  (a'fer),  Domltius.  Born  at  Nimes,  France : 
died  60  A.  D.  A  Roman  orator,  a  teacher  of 
Quintilian.  In  a.  d.  26  he  conducted  the  accusation 
for  the  government  against  Claudia  Pulchra,  the  cousin 
of  Agrippina.  and  in  A.  D.  27  appeared  against  Varus 
Quintilius,  her  son. 

Affenthal  (af'feu-tal).  A  village  near  Baden, 
in  Baden,  noted  for  its  red  wine. 

Affre  (af'r),  Denis  Auguste.  Bom  at  St. 
Rome,  Tarn,  France,  Sept.  27,  1793:  died  at 
Paris,  June  27,  1848.  A  French  ecclesiastic, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Paris  in  1840.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  insurrection  of  1848,  at  the  barri- 
cades, June  25,  whUe  attempting  to  admonish  the  in- 
surgents. 

Afghanistan  (af-gan-is-tan').  A  country  of 
Asia,  bounded  liy  Asiatic  Russia  and  Bokhara 
nortli,  India  and  Kafiristan  east,  Baluchistan 
south,  and  Persia  west,  and  extending  from 
about  lat.  29°  to  37°  80'  N.,  and  long.  61°  to 
72°  E.  The  limits  of  the  ameer's  rule  are  ill  defined. 
The  chief  divisions  are  Kabul,  Herat,  Kandahar,  Afghan 
Turkestan,  and  Jelalabad.  The  Ameer  of  Kabul  is  its 
absolute  sovereign.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Moham- 
medanism. Afghanistan  became  independent  of  Persia 
under  the  Durani  dynasty  in  1747.  Under  its  ruler.  Dost 
Mohammed,  war  broke  out  with  the  British  in  1838. 
The  latter  captured  Kandahar,  Ghazni,  and  Kftbul  (1839), 
establishing  a  new  ameer;  but  in  1841  the  British  auent 
was  massacred,  and  the  llritish  army  was  annihilated 
in  1842  in  retreating  in  the  Kurd-Kabul  Pass,  Gen- 
ei-al  Pollock  ended  the  w.ir  in  1842.  In  1878,  under  the 
ameer  Shere  All,  w.ar  au'ain  broke  out  with  the  British, 
who  captured  Jelalabad  and  Kandahar.  Shere  All  fled, 
and  Yakub  Khan  was  proclaimed  in  1879.  A  massacre  of 
the  British  resident  at  Kabul  was  followed  by  an  invasion 
under  General  Roberts,  and  Yakub  Khan  abdicated.  The 
latter's  brother  Ayub  Khan  in  ISSO  defeated  the  British 
forces,  but  under  General  Roberts  they  relieved  Kandahar 
in  1880,  defeated  Ayub  Khan,  and  recognized  Abdurrah- 
man Khan  as  ameer.  Various  disputes  arose  regarding 
the  boundary  between  Afghanistan  and  the  Russi.an  pos- 
sessions. The  Russians  seized  Penjdeh  in  188.^  and  war 
was  narrowly  averted.  An  Anslo-Russian  conmiission 
arranged  the  delimitation  of  the  northern  frontier  in 
1886-S7.  Recent  occurrences  have  been  revolts  of  the 
Ghilzais  and  other  tribes.  Area  (estimated),  215,400  square 
miles.  Population  (estimated).  4,000,000,  including  the 
Afghans  proper,  Pathans,  Hindkis,  Hazaras,  Kataghans, 
etc. 

Afghan  Turkestan.  A  region  between  the 
Oxus  and  the  Hindu-Kush  Mountains,  subject 
to  the  Ameer  of  Kabul :  a  vague  term. 

Afghan  wars.  British  wars  with  Afglianistan 
in  1838-42  and  1878-80.     See  AfghiniisUm. 

Afghan  (af'g.an).  1.  One  of  an  Iranian  race 
forming  a  large  part  (about  3,000,000)  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Afghanistan.  The  native  name 
is  Pushtanah  (pi.).  —  2.  One  of  the  languages 
of  the  Aryan  family,  spoken  by  the  Afghans  or 


Africa 


natives  of  Afghanistan, 
Pushtu  or  I'ukhtii. 


and  called  by  them 


Aflnger  (af'ing-er),  Bernhard.  Born  at  Nu- 
remberg, Bavaria,  May  6, 1813 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Dec.  20,  1882.     A  noted  German  sculptor. 

Afium-Karahissar  (ii-fe-om'kii-ra'his-sar'),  or 
Karahissar.  [Turk.,  'black  castle  of  opium.'] 
A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Kliodowentiikyar,  Asi- 
atic Tiu'key,  about  lat.  38°  38'. N.,  long.  30°  28' 
E. :  the  native  city  of  Othman,  founder  of  the 
Turkish  empire.  Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Syimada.     Population,  20,000  (?). 

Afranius  (a-fra'ni-us),  Lucius.  A  Roman 
comic  poet,  an  imitator  of  ilenander,  living 
about  100  B.  c.  Fragments  of  his  works  are 
extant.  • 

Afranius  Nepos,  Lucius.  A  Roman  general, 
an  adherent  of  Poinpey.  He  was  consul  60  b.  c, 
was  opposed  to  Ceesar  in  Spain  49  B.  c,  and  died  in  Africa, 
46  B.  e. 

Afrasiab  (a-fra-si-ab').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
son  of  the  Turamaa  king  Pesheng  and  a  de- 
scendant of  Tur,  the  son  of  Feridun.  The  obliga- 
tion to  blood-revenge  for  the  death  of  Eraj,  who  had  been 
killed  by  Tur  and  his  brother  Salm,  was  the  ground  of  the 
long  struggle  between  Iran  and  Turan.  A  great  part  of 
the  Shahnamah  is  taken  up  with  the  account  of  the  wars 
waged  by  .Afrasiab  with  Iranian  sovereigns  until  he  at  last 
escapes  from  llom,  who  had  bound  him,  into  the  lake  of 
Urumiali.  As  Afrasiab  is  induced  to  raise  his  head  above 
the  watei's,  he  is  caught  with  a  lasso  by  Horn,  who  gives 
him  over  to  Kaikhosrav,  who  beheads  him.  Afrasiab  is 
the  Franrasyan  of  the  Avesta. 

Africa  (af'ri-ka).  [P.  Afrique,  G.  Africa,  Sp. 
It.  Pg.  Africa,  L.  Africa  (whence  Gr.  'A^pmi/, 
the  prop.  Gr.  term  being  Aijih/,  Libya),  prop.  adj. 
(sc.  terra),  from  Afcr  (pi.  Afri),  an  inhabitant 
of  Ati'ica,  orig.  with  reference  to  the  country 
of  the  Carthaginians,  from  whom  the  term  was 
received.]  1.  A  continent  of  the  eastern 
hemisphere,  next  to  Asia  the  largest  grand 
division  of  the  world,  bounded  by  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  north  (which  separates  it 
from  Europe),  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  (which  con- 
nects it  with  Asia),  the  Red  Sea  (which  sepa- 
rates it-  from  Asia),  and  the  Indian  Ocean  on 
the  east,  the  Southern  Ocean  on  the  south,  and 
the  Atlantic  on  the  west,  it  extends  from  lat.  37° 
20'  N.  to  lat.  34°  50'  S.,  and  from  long.  17°  31'  W.  to  long. 
51°  22'  E.  Its  principal  political  divisions  are  Morocco, 
Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Barca,  Fezzan,  Egypt,  the  Mahdi's 
dominions  (in  the  eastern  Sudan),  -\byssinia,  the  Italian 
possessions,  British  East  Africa,  German  East  Africa,  Brit- 
ish protectorates  in  the  interior,  the  Portuguese  posses- 
sions on  the  east  and  west  coasts,  British  South  Africa 
(Cape  Colony,  Natal,  the  tirange  Kiver  Colony,  the  Trans- 
vaal Colony,  etc.),  tlie  German  possessions  in  west  Africa 
(Kameruu,  'I'ogo-land,  Damaraland,  etc.),  the  Kongo  P'ree 
State,  the  Fi'ench  Kongo,  the  British  possessions  iii 
west  Africa  (Sierra  Leone,  Gold  Coast,  etc.),  the  French 
sphere  of  influence  in  western  Africa  (including  the  west- 
ern Sahara),  Senegal,  Liberia,  the  Spanish  coast,  and 
various  native  states  in  the  Sudan  (Bambarra,  Gando, 
Sokoto,  Borim,  Adamawa,  Wadai,  etc.).  The  more  dis- 
tinctive physiographic  features  of  the  continent  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Atlas  .Mountains,  the  Sahara,  the  great  equa- 
torial forests,  the  lake  region  (Albert  Nyanza,  Victoria 
Nyanza,  Tanganyika,  etc.),  and  in  the  south-central  pla- 
teau. Principal  rivers:  Nile,  Kongo,  Niger,  and  Zambesi 
(with  the  Victoria  Falls,  the  "African  Niagara").  Africa 
has  few  high  mountains ;  the  highest  are  the  glacier-cov- 
ered Kilimanjaro  (19,780)  in  German  East  Africa  and  Ke- 
nia  (18,620)  in  British  East  Africa.  Its  inhabitants  :\Te 
chiefly  of  the  negro  race,  with  Kafirs,  Hottentots,  Copts, 
Ai'abs,  Moors,  Berbers,  and  some  Europeans.  Tiie  prevail- 
ing religions  are  Moiiammedanism,  val'it.us  forms  of  pa- 
ganism, the  Coptic  Chnrih,  and  the  Abyssinian  Church. 
The  name  "Dark  Continent  "  has  been  gi\en  to  it  as  the 
least-known  of  the  earth's  grand  divisions.  Its  northern 
portions  were  early  seats  of  civilization,  and  part  of  the  Ro- 
num  Empire;  but  much  of  its  interior  is  still  unexplored. 
It  Wiis  circumnavigated  )iy  the  Pheiiicians  as  early  as  the 
7th century  B.C.  Coast-line  exploration  was  imdertaken  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  midtile  of  the  15th  century,  and  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  doubled  by  Da  Gaina  tl497).  Explo- 
rations (interior)  have  lieen  made  since  the  last  part  of  the 
18tii  century  by  Bruce,  Muurio  Park,  Hornemann,  Burck- 
liarilt,  Denliam,  Clapperton,  Lander,  Oiulney,  Rebmann, 
Barth,  Richardson,  Overweg,  Vogel,  Livingstone,  Burton, 
Speke,  Grant,  Baker,  Statiley,  Schweinlurth,  Jlauch,  Nach- 
tigal,  DeBrazza,  Holub,  Wissmaini,  Seiii;i  i'into,  Cameron, 
Rohlfs,  Lenz,  Du  Cllaillu,  Emin  Paslia,  and  utlieis.  Recent 
events  :u'e  the  foundin.2  of  the  Kongo  Free  State,  and  the 
partitioning  among  various  powers  (Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany,  Portugal,  Italy,  Spain,  etc.)of  immensedistricts 
especially  in  the  interior  and  along  the  eastern  and  western 
coasts:  this  so-called  "scramljle  f^ir  Africa "  began  about 
1884.  (See  Spheres  of  Injluence.)  The  length  of  Africa  is 
4,970  miles,  its  lireadth  about  4,700  miles,  its  area  (esti- 
mated, Peterniaim),  11,508,793  square  miles,  and  its  popu- 
lation (1897),  about  170,000,000. 

[African  names.  In  most  purely  African  languages 
the  names  of  tribes,  languages,  and  countries,  as  first 
heard  and  written  by  travelers,  colonists,  authors,  and 
cartographers,  appear  not  in  their  naked  form,  but  adorned 
with  prefixes  or  suffixes,  which  distinguish  the  name  of 
one  member  of  the  tribe  from  many,  the  tribe  from  the 
language,  and  the  country  from  lioth  tribe  and  language. 
Strictly  speaking,  the  only  correct  way  would  be  to  use 
the  prefixes  and  suffixes  as  the  natives  do.  This,  however, 
is  impossible,  because  the  languages  are  not  yet  sufB 


Africa 

ciently  known,  and  because  a  specialist  alone  could  mas- 
ter the  great  variety  of  prefixes  and  suttues.     Therefore 
l>r.  Lepsius  and  i>r.  R.  X.  Cust,  ajid  many  after  them, 
prefer  to  use  the  stem  of  the  word,  as  it  may  be  ascer- 
tained, and  add  to  it,  respectively,  •man,"  ■'■men," ''tribe,'" 
•'liinguui^e,"  "countrj'."    Thus.  Ganda  man  (instead  of 
,V  ;/a;i(/fiX  Ganda  tribe  or  people  (instead  of  Ba-ganda), 
(janda  laivjiia<je  (instead  of  Lu-ganda),  and  Ganda-land 
(Icistead  of  Bu-ganda).     Cganda,  as  generally  written,  is 
tlie  Suahili  form  of  Bu-ganda.     In  this  dictionaiy  the 
tribe  and  the  dialect  will  generally  be  found  under  one 
name,  the  word  stem.     In  the  case  of  suffixes,  which  are 
used  in  a  f^w  Nigritic  and  in  the  ilottentut  and  Haniitic 
liuiguages,  there  is  no  difficulty;  fur  the  initial  syllables 
in-  not  atfected,  and  can  be  readily  found  in  the  diction- 
I  y.    Thus  in  Mandi-wjo.  of  the  ^'igritic  branch,  the  stem 
Mandi  or  Maiide,  and  -n»jo\%  a  suffix.     In  the  Hott*;ntut 
line  Nama-qua,  the  suffix -ywa  signitles  people  or  tribe; 
■  .1  it  is  better  to  say  Noma  tribe  or  people.     Thegreat- 
-t  difticiilty  is  met  with  in  the  Bantu  languages,'where 
t  very  noun  has  a  prefix  for  the  singular  and  another  for 
th»  plunil.     The  following  rules  will  be  found  useful :  In 
:i  eeneral  way,  and  in  cases  of  doul)t,  the  prefix  Mu-  may 
•  considered  to  signify  'person  '  (man,  woman,  or  child). 
I-  or  H'a-  to  signify  people,  U'  to  signify  country,  and 
1-  to  signify  language.     Thus,  Mu-gogo,  a  Gogo  man; 
M  a  gogo,  Crogo  people;  IT-gogo,  Uogo-land  ;  Ki-gogo,  <_«ogo 
language.     Generally   speaking,   too,   the    xdural    prefix 
.4  iita-  (for  tribe)  is  used  among  the  Kafirs  in  South  Africa, 
rvi-  in  West  Africa,  between  Benguella  and  Walfisch  Kay, 
!    or  Akua-  from  Loanda  to  the  Lunda  country',  Eithi- 
I'ri'),  Bashi;  and  Bena-  from  the  Kongo  district  of  An- 
■\\  due  east  to  Nyangwe,  Ba-  in  the  Kongo  basin  and 
iitral  Africa  generally,  Wa-  in  East  Africa.     The  pre- 
.\<:'8  of  most  frequent  occurrence,  in  proper  names,  are: 
Man  :  Mu-^  Uin-t  Mo-,  M- ;  seldom  Ki-,  Tshi-,  Ka-,  Mushi-, 
}t\dcva:    People:  Ba-,  \ra-,Ova',A-,Ma-,Aina-;  seldom 
/,   Tu;  Eshi-  or  Ba^hi-,  Ahua-.     Language:  Ki-,  Tshi-, 
•'<{',  Si;  Se-;  seldom  t\  Lu-,  Di-.     Land:  Bu-,  IT- ;  sel- 
■  in  Le-. 
Examples: 

Man.  People.  Langii&ge.  Land, 

r  .iida :  M-gamla,  Ba-ffaiida,  Ln-eaniia,         Bii-ganila. 

i)>a;  Mu-luha,  Ba-luba.  Ki-luba.  U-Uiba. 

*:  i:  Mu-gogo,  Wa-gog.>.  Ki-gogo.  0-goga 

V  iimba :  Mo-gwamba,  Ma-gwaiuba,  Sbi'gwamba. 

lit:  Mo-8»to,  Ba-siito,  Se-siito.  Le-suto. 

'  langala:  El-mbangala.  l-mbaiigola.  U-nibangala. 

'  jn3u:  0-t«tii-mbundu,  Uvi-iiibniuiu,  U-nibmulu. 

L  ijc:  MuBbi'lange,  Ba^bi-hiiig<-,  Kislii-lange. 

.  Ta:  Mukua-ngola,  Akua-iigoItL.  Di-ngola. 

Urican  langruages.    Our  knowledge  of   African  lan- 

ijj:es  is  not  yet  sufficient  to  warrant  a  final,  or  even 

.'■iierally  acceptable,  classification.     Specialists  contia- 

■  ii'.l  each  other  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  classify.     The 

l.iiglish-speaking  pnldic  still  holds  to  the  temporary  clas- 

-iiicatiun  of  Dr.  R.  N.  Cust  in  his  "  Modem  Languages  ol 

iiica,"  which  is  sinijply  that  of  Ft.  M  tiller  in  his  ""Grund- 

•;  der  Sprachwisseiisi'haft."    German  Africanists  show, 

1  late,  a  preference  for  that  of  Dr.  Lepsius  in  the  intro- 

. -tion  to  his  "Grammar  of  Nuba."    Somewhat  modi- 

t,  this  will  probably  be  that  of  the  future.     Our  classi- 

iiion  tries  to  combine  the  nomenclature  of  Dr.  fust, 

lerally  followed  in  English  books,  with  the  facts,  which 

•■  more  support  to  the  system  of  Lepsius.     The  main 

'  stion  is  about  the  relation  of  Bantu  and  Xegro. 

I.  Purely  African  languages. 
.  I  N'egro  languages : 

^a)  Bantu  languages  (pure). 
(6)  Nigritic  or  Sudan-negro  languages  (mixed). 
(c)  Nuba-Fulah  or  Pul  languages  (mixed). 
(2)  Hottentot,  Bushmen,  or  Batua  languages : 
(a)  Hottentot  langunges,  i  ,-     c   .  .i    **  :„- 

(c)  I'ygniy  languages,  in  central  Africa, 
(S)  Haniitic  languages ; 
(a)  Kgyptian. 

(h)  Libyan  or  BeHier  languages. 
(c)  Ethiopian  ur  Kushitic  languages. 

II.  Extra- African  languages. 

(1)  Semitic  languages ; 

(o)  Pure  Arabic  (Egyptian,  Maghreb,  Sudani,  and  Mus- 
cat dialects). 
(6)  Mixed  (Araharic,  Tigrd,  etc.). 

(2)  Malay  languages  (.Madagascar^ 
(S)  Aryan  languages. 

(o)  English,  in  .South  Africa  and  Liberia.  )  „.,„ 

Frcncli,  in  Algeria.  j  '  '"'^ 

(6)  Creole  dialects. 

Mediterranean  Lingua  Franca. 

English  Creole  (In  West  Africa,  Kru-English). 

Portuguese  Creole  (Cape  Verde  Islands;  S.  Thomd 
and  Principe  Islands). 

Dutch  Creole  (Uoers  and  llottentota). 
In  the  English,  Portuguese,  and  Dutch  Creoles,  the  word- 
store  is  European  :  niucti  of  the  plionology,  niorpliohigy, 
and  syntax  Is  African.  For  the  Semitic  nnii  Malay  lan- 
guages, see  Arnbic,  Malnti-I'idinirinan.  For  the  purely 
African  languages,  see  linntu,  yi;/ritif,  Ihjitiitic.  Nuba- 
Fulah,  //'iMfn(o(.- African etlmography.  owing  tothe 
scantiness  of  ethnographic  data,  the  linguintic  division  of 
Africi  Is  also  generally  applied  to  the  ethnographic  elassl- 
flcatlon.  It  should,  however,  lie  rcnieniliered  that  the  two 
do  not  cover  each  other  exactly  cither  within  a  family  or 
group,  or  from  cla.ss  to  class.  Thus  the  Hottentots  of  Cape 
Colony  have  lost  their  original  dialect,  and  adopted  Dutch. 
The  I)a-Kotse  on  the  /.ambenl,  have  lost  Ihelr  language 
and  adopted  the  .Se-chinuiadlalectof  the  Ma-Kololo.  The 
Nuba  of  Egypt,  while  retaining  many  eharacteristles  of 
their  language,  have  lost  neaily  all  their  racial  traits, 
while,  on  the  contrary,  the  Ilausa  have  given  up  almost 
every  trace  of  their  tlrst  molhertongue,  but  are  still,  ra- 
cially, pure  negrocH.  As  a  rule,  the  names  of  African 
tribes  and  languages  or  dialects.  If  stripped  of  prefixes 
and  aiilHxes,  coincide,  and  will  be  found  under  one  lille 
in  this  dlitioiiary.  ,'iee  nantii,  Xi;rrilic,  llnllrntat,  Ilnmilic. 
Nuba-Ftdah  ;  also  African  nami^H  and  .1/riVfin  tnjvfua'ji'H.] 
2.  In  aiipiontKcn(jra)iliy,  a  part  nf  iinrllicni  Af- 
rica wliieli  onrii'Spiiiiilcii  nearly  to  (lie  tiiodorn 
Ttinis.  It  (•onijirisocl  the  iinincdialc  dominiona 
of  Carthage,     Later  it  was  a  Roman  province. 


19 

North  Africa— the  only  Africa  known  to  the  ancients  — 
had  seen  many  rulers  come  and  go  since  the  Arabs  under 
Oiiba  lirst  overran  its  plains  and  valleys.  I>ynasty  had 
succeeded  dynasty ;  the  Aral'  governors  under  the  Klia- 
lifs  of  Damascus  and  l^hdad  had  made  room  for  ttie 
Houses  of  Idris  (A.  n.  7S»)  and  Aghlab  (Sixi);  these  in 
turn  liad  given  way  to  the  Fatimi  Khalifs  (IKiill;  and  when 
tliese  schismatics  removed  their  seat  of  power  from  their 
newly  founded  capital  of  Mahdiya  to  their  lliial  metrtipo- 
lis  of  Cairo  (:»tW),  their  western  empire  speedily  split  up 
into  the  several  princedoms  of  the  Zeyris  of  Tunis,  the 
Beni  Hammad  of  Tilimsan.  and  other  minor  governments. 
At  the  close  of  tile  eleventh  century,  the  .Murabits  or  Al- 
moravides,  a  Berber  dynasty,  imposed  tlieir  authority  over 
the  greater  part  of  North  Africa  and  Spain,  but  gave  place 
in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  to  the  Muvvahhids  or  .Almo- 
liades.  whose  rule  extended  from  the  Atlantic  to  Tunis, 
and  endured  for  over  aliundred  years.  On  the  ruins  of 
their  vast  empire  three  sep:irate  and  long-lived  dynasties 
sprang  up  :  the  Beni-Hafs  in  Tunis  (12'2s-1534).  the  Beni 
Ziyan  in  Central  .M.aghrib  (1'235-1400),  and  the  Beni  Merin 
in  Jlorocco  (12uO-l.ViO).  To  complete  the  chronology  it 
may  be  added  that  these  were  succeeded  in  the  sixteenth 
century  by  the  Corsair  Pashas  (afterwards  Deys)  of  Algiers, 
the  Turkish  Pashas  or  Beys  of  Tunis,  and  the  Sherifs  or 
Emperors  of  Morocco.  The  last  still  continue  to  reign  ; 
but  the  Deys  of  Algiers  have  given  place  to  the  French, 
and  the  Bey  of  Tunis  is  under  Frenfth  tutelage. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barliary  Corsairs,  p.  21. 

3.  A  diocese  of  tbe  later  Roman  iirefectiire  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  the  Roman  provinces  of  Africa.  Nu- 
midia,  and  a  part  of  Mauritania,  and  corresponded  to 
modern  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 

4.  See  tbe  extract. 

Africa  meant  to  the  Arabs  the  province  of  rarthage 
or  Tunis  and  its  capital,  which  was  not  at  first  Tunis  but 
successively  Kayrawan  and  Mahdiya.  Throughout  the 
later  middle  ages  the  name  Africa  is  applied  by  cliris- 
tian  writers  to  the  latter  city.  Here  it  was  that  "in  laim 
a  ■'  grand  and  nolde enterprise"  came  to  an  untimely  end. 
"The  Genoese,'*  s.ays  Froissart.  *'  bore  great  enmity  to  this 
town  ;  for  its  Corsairs  frequently  watched  tbeni  at  sea.  and 
when  strongest  fell  on  and  plundered  their  ships,  carrying 
tlieiv  spoils  to  this  town  of  Africa. ' 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  13L 

Africaine  (af-ri-kan'),  L'.  An  opera  by  Mey- 
erbci.T,  jiroduced  at  the  Acadfniie  in  Paris, 
April  28,  1865,  after  his  death. 

African    International    Association.     See 

yio«r/()   I'rce  Stafi. 

African  War,  The.  The  war  between  Julius 
CiBsar  and  the  followers  of  Pompey,  who  liad 
collected  in  the  province  of  Africa  after  the 
defeat  of  Pliarsalia  48  B.  c.  and  were  over- 
thrown at  Thapsiis  46  B.  c. 

Africans,  The.  A  pastoral  by  Colman  the 
youMf^'or,  produced  in  1.S08. 

Africanus  (af-ri-kii'nus).  Sextus  Julius.    A 

Christian  historian  of  the  first  half  of  the  :id 
century  A.  D.,  author  of  a  treatise  on  chni- 
nolo^.v,  fragtuonts  of  which  are  extant  (chiefly 
ill  Knseliius), 

Afridis  (ii-fre'diz).  A  warlike  tribe  of  Afghans 
dwi-lling  south  of  Peshawar. 

Afrikander  (iif-re-kiin'der).     The  Dutch  word 

•  for  "  African'':  a  name  given  to  whites  born  in 
South  Africa,  particularly  to  those  of  Dutch 
descent. 

Afrikander  Bund  Caf-re-kan'der  bont),  or 
Bond  (Ijond).  A  South  African  association 
founded  in  1H79  (and  under  the  present  name 
in  1880),  which  aims  not  qnly  at  the  furtherance 
of  Afrikander  influence,  but  at  t  lie  ultimate  com- 
plete independence  of  Snutli  Africa  in  the  form 
of  a  United  States  of  South  Africa. 

Afzelius  (af-ze'li-us;  Sw.  pron.  iif-tsa'li-8s). 
Adam.  Bom  at  Larf,  Sweden,  Oct.  7,  IToO  : 
died  Jan.  ^0, 18:!".  A  Swedish  naturalist, demon- 
strator of  botany  at  Upsala  (178S),  scientKic 
explorer  in  Sierra  Leone  (1792).  secretary  (>r 
h'gation  in  Lcmdon  (17!)(i),  and  professor  of 
materia  niedica  at  Upsala  (1812). 

Afzelius,  Arvid  August.    Born  May  6,  nnri: 

died  al  Knkuiiiiig,  Sejil.  2.'),  1871.  A'  Swedish 
writer  iiiid  scholar,  noted  as  a  cnlleclor  of 
Swedish  folk-songs.  He  was  ])astor  at  Knkii- 
ping  after  1821. 
Agabus  (ag'a-bus).  [fir.  '!\>a,%f.]  A  )>ropliet 
and  martyr  of  the  early  ("hristian  church,  sui>- 
posed  to  have  been  one  of  llie  seventy  disciples 
of  Christ.  In  -13  A.  P.,  while  Paul  and  Ilarnabaa  were 
in  Antloeh,  he  canio  from  .luilea  to  Antloch,  where  ho 
Jiredleteil  tile  approach  of  a  famine.  (Acts  xl.  '17,  is.)  He 
is  said  to  have  sulfered  martyrdom  at  Anlloch,  and  Is 
eomniemorated  as  a  saint  in  the  Byzantine  Chureli  on 
March  ». 

Agada  (ag'n-dij).  [Aramean  form  of  Hebrew 
liiK/dilti,  nari'ativo.]  The  name  given  to  one 
of  the  two  great  diNnsions  of  post-biblieal 
Uelirew  literature.  II  denotes  that  imrllon  of  Ihc 
Talniudt'  literature  not  devoted  to  n  ll'.:lonK  law:  tbUH 
the  exegetieal  and  honiltct4cal  p'Otions.  fables,  proverlis. 
the  ethics,  as  well  as  overythlng  relating  to  nalural 
science  and  history,  are  fneliided  under  the  term  A'jada, 
which  is  opposed  to  Uaiacha,  the  legal  portions. 

Agade  (a-g&'de).    See  Akkad. 


Agassiz,  J.  L.  R. 

Agades  (a'ga-dez).  The  capital  of  the  sultan- 
ate of  Asben  (or  Air),  in  Africa,  about  lat.  17° 
N..  long.  7°  45'  E.     Population,  about  7,000. 

Agag  (a'gae).  [Heb. ;  of  uncertain  meaning.] 
1.  An  Amalekiteking,  spared  by  Saul,  contrary 
to  his  vow,  and  slain  by  order  of  Samuel.  1 
Sam.  XV. —  2.  A  character  in  Dryden's  ''Absa- 
lom and  Aehitophel,"  a  satire  of  Sir  Edmund 
Berry  Goilfrey,  a  magistrate  who  received  the 
declaration  of  Titus  Oates.  He  was  afterward 
found  in  a  ditch  dead  and  mutilated,  hence  the 

■  allusion  (see  def.  1). 

Agamemnon  (ag-a-mem'non).  [Gr.  'A'/O/ie/ivuv.'] 

1.  lu  Greek  legendary  history,  the  son  of 
Atreus,  king  of  Slycenie,  and  the  most  power- 
ful ruler  in  (Jreece.  He  led  the  Creek  expedition 
against  Troy,  and  on  his  return  was  slain,  accortling  to 
Homer,  liy  .Kgistbus,  according  to  .Eschylus,  by  his  wife 
Clytemnestra,  who  was  inciteil  to  the  deed  partly  by 
jealousy  of  Cassandra,  and  partly  through  fear  on  account 
of  her  adultery  with  -Isgisthus. 

2.  The  greatest  of  the  tragedies  of  JEsehylus. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  Argos,  in  the  palace  of  Agamemnon, 
at  the  time  of  the  king's  return  from  the  capture  of  Troy  ; 
the  catastrophe  is  the  murder  (behind  the  scenes)  of 
Agamemnon  and  Cassandra  (whom  he  has  brought  captive 
with  him)  by  the  queen  Clytemnestra  urged  on  by  her 
paramour  .-Egisthud.  Tragedies  with  this  subject  have 
been  written  also  by  Seneca,  AlHeri,  and  Lemercier. 

Agamenticus  (ag-a-men'ti-kus),  Mount.  A 
hill,  673  feet  high,  in  York  County,  near  the 
southwestern  extremity  of  the  State  of  Maine. 
The  locality  was  the  site  of  one  of  the  earliest  English 
colonies  in  Elaine,  led  by  Gorges  and  others,  in  Itiai. 

Agana  (ii-g;i'nyii).  The  principal  place  in  tho 
Latlrones,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  on  the  island 
of  Guahan. 

Aganippe  (ag-a-nip'e).  [GT.'AyaviTTTTTi.'i  In  an- 
cient geogiapliy,  a  fountain  near  Mount  Heli- 
con, in  Boi'dtia,  Cireeee,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 
It  was  believed  to  inspire  those  who  drank  of  it,  and  it 
gave  the  name  "  Agimippides"  to  the  Muses.  See  Uelicon. 

Agape  (ag'a-pe).  [Gr.  ('i}u-r/,  love.]  In  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  (^ueene,"  a  fay,  tlie  mother  of 
three  knights  born  at  a  birth,  for  whom  she 
obtained  the  gift  that  if  one  were  killed  his 
strength  should  pass  into  the  remaining  bro- 
thers or  brother. 

AgapetuS  (ag-a-pe'tus)  I.  [Gr.  'A}a-rrr6c,  be- 
loved.] Pope  from  June,  535,  to  April,  536, 
son  of  Gordiauus.  a  Roman  priest.  He  went  to 
Constantinople  in  Kid,  and  there  deposed  Anthimus  the 
Eutychian.  patri:irch  of  Constantinople.  The  Roman 
Chuieh  celeliiates  his  festival  Sept.  20. 

Agapetus  II.     Pope  from  946  to  9,55,  a  Koman 

by  l.irth. 

Agapida  (a-gii-pe'THii),  Fray  Antonio.    The 

lii'litious  writer  to' whom  Washington  Irving 
originally  attributed   the   authorship   of    the 
"Conquest  of  Granada." 
Agard,  or  Agarde  (a-giird'),  Arthur.    Bom 

at  Foston.  Derbyshire,  1:540:  died  at  London, 
Aug.  22,  1615.  An  English  antiquary,  clerk  in 
the  Exchequer,  and  (16(13)  deputy  chamberlain. 
He  prepared  catahigues  of  state  papers,*  compiled  a  list  of 
all  (he  leagues,  treaties  of  peace,  "intercourses,"  and  mar- 
riages arranged  between  England  and  other  countries 
down  to  the  end  of  the  Kith  century,  and  wrote  a  Latin 
treatise  on  the  Doomsday  Book.  lie  beijueathed  his  nu- 
merous MSS.  partly  to  the  Exchequer  and  partly  to  his 
friend  Kobert  Cotton.  Most  of  them  are  now  in  the 
British  Miiseiini. 

Agardh  (ii'giird),  Jakob  Georg.  Born  at  Lund, 

Sweden,  1813:  died  tin  re  UM»1.  A  Swedish 
naturalist,  son  of  K.  A.  Agardh,  jirofessor  of 
botany  al  Lund:  autli<ir<if  "  Species.  (Jenern, 
et  Ordiues  .Mgariim."  "  Theoria  Syslematis 
N»tiii':i[is  I'lantariiin  "  (IS58),  etc. 

Agardh,  Karl  Adolf.  Bom  al  Bastad,  Sweden, 
Jan.  'Jo,  I7.Vi:  dinl  at  Carlstail,  Sweden,  Jan. 
28,  18.59.  A  noted  Swedish  naturalist  and 
political  economist,  |iriifessor  of  botany  and 
economics  at  the  Univei'sity  of  Lund  18rj,  and 
bishop  of  Carlstail  \Ki4.  ills  niost  Important 
sclentillc  works  are  "  Systema  Algarum  "  (lt'J4>,  "  Icoiies 
Algariim  I'.uropiciu'um"  (lt>'.i8-'i.'>),  "  Larobok  1  Bolanik" 
(i.sio  ;i'.'). 

Agasias(a-gas'i-as).  [Gr. 'A)n<T/ar.]  A  sculptor 
of  Epliesus.  According  to  the  Inscription  on  the  stalue 
he  was  the  sculptor  of  the  so-called  Boi-glie.se  liladlator 
(which  see)  In  tlie  Ixiuvre.  This  Inscrlpllon  Is  In  late 
Greek  characters  which  place  the  work  at  aliout  Ule  last 
century  of  the  Koinaii  reiiulilic. 

Aga8siz(ag'ii-si:F.  prim,  ii-gii-^e' I.Alexander. 

Burn  at  Xeiiehatel,  Swilzerlaml.  Dee.  17,  '.SXk 
An  American  zoiilogisl  and  geolngisl,  son  of 
J.  L.  K.  Agassiz.  director  ami  curator  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  ZoBlogv  of  llarxard 
I  iiivi'isilv,  C!iiiiliridi;o,  Mass..  1871-98. 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe.  Born  nt  Mo- 
tier,  canton  of  Friliourg,  Switzerland.  May  28, 
1.S07  :  died  al  Cambridge.  .Mass..  Dee.  14, 
1873.  A  celebrated  Swiss-American  nat  iiralist, 
especially  noted  as  a  geologist  (researches  on 


Agassiz,  J.  L.  R.  20  Agnes 

glaciers)  and  iclithvologist.  He  was  made  pro-  mvthologv:  1.  A  son  of  Heracles,  and  ances-  the  third  son  of  the  Turanian  king- Pesheng.  He 
fessor  of  natural  history  at  Xeuchatel  in  IsSi:  studied  tor  of  Croesus.  — 2.  A  servant  of  Priam,  who  fruitlessly  tried  to  dissuade  Pesheng  from  attackinj:  Iran, 
the  Aar  glacier  ISllMl;  cauie'to  the  United  States  in  eXDOSed  Paris  on  Mount  Ida.— 3  The  bravest  =""'  -^frasiab  from  executinE  >audar  He  freed  .Naudar's 
1S46-  became  orofessor  of  zoology  and  geology-  at  Cam-     *^-^t', '"^"  r.*"'"  "rJ^",  Vr  %  tl        captive  nobles,  who  had  been  spared  on  his  entreaty  and 

Se  inlSJs  travXd  In  the  L-nited  SUtS;  in  BrazU  of  the  suitors  ot  Penelope.  He  was  one  of  the  were  imprisoned  at  Sari.  For  this  he  was  kiUed  by 
{lS(i,v*6X  and  around  Cape  Horn  (1S71-72),  and  became  .  last  to  be  slam  bv  Ulysses.  Alrasiab. 

curator  ot  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cam-  Agen  (a-zhon').  The  capital  of  the  department  Aghrim,  or  Aughrim  (ag'rim).  A  village  in 
bridge  in  is-W  He  published  "  Kecherclies  sur  les  pois-  ^^  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  the  ancient  Agin-  Count v  Galwav.  Ireland,  about  31  miles  east  of 
Rons.  fosLiiles     HSS^i— 13)     Natural  Uiston' oi  tne  rre&n-  ,,       ,-.  i       *.  i    »     i  <n  lo^  x-        ^    ,      *  • 

water   Shes  of    Europe"  (1S39-10),  -Etudes    sur    les     nu™-   on    the  Garonne   about  lat.  +4='  13     N.,     Galwav.    Here,  July  12, 1691,  the  English  under  Ginkel 
glaciers  "  (ISJO),  '  Systeme  glaciaire  "  (1S47),  "Contribu-     long.  0°  39'  E.     It  has  a  cathedral.    It  was  the  capi-     defeated  the  Irish  and  French  under  Saint-Ruth, 
tions  to  the  Natural' History  of  the  Inited  States"  (1857),     tal  of  the  Nitiobriges,  and  later  of  the  Agenois,  and  was  AgiaS  (a'ii-as).     [Gr.  'A>/af.]     All  ancient  Greek 
etc.  the  scene  of  executions  in  the  Albigensian  and  Huguenot     .r„„i:„j'   „„„<■    „f    Trivyen   Cabout  7-10    B    C  1 

Aga^ti  (a-gas'ti),  or  Agastya  (a-gast'ya),     A     j^ar.    It  is  also  notable  a^.he^ghplace of  S^^^  auTht  of  ^^e   -'Lsto^' or  "  Home'vSrd  V^- 

Kishi,  reputed  author  ot  a  number  otjed.c  ^^^P^^cu^^^^.p^tfai^.  the  ancient  name  ages"  of  the  Achaan  heroes  from  the  siege  Sf 
hvmns.     He  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  both  llitra  ^  J^^^Ft„\,„„  Trov 

and  Varuna  by  I' rvasi.  to  have  been  born  in  a  water-jar,    .^"^  ;-'^".*^  5.     ■  -         ..,,  .     -       •     ,..     i.-     -/%      \^<'/^'^u\       i      Ti,„    +i,;-.i   r^„^^■r,A.,,   i,.    n,^ 

to  have  been  of  short  stature,  to  have  swaUowed  the  AgenoiS  (a-zha-nwa'),  or  AgcnaiS  (a-zha-na').  Aglb  (a  gib).  1.  The  third  Calendar  in  the 
oceanand  compelled  the  vindhya  mountains  to  prostrate  \  former  district  of  France,  comprised  in  the  story  of  "The  Three  Calendars"  m  the  "Ara- 
themselves  before  him  (whence  they  lost  their  primeval     ,jjo(]em  denartment  of  Lot-et-Garonne.  hian  Nights' Entertainments." — 2.  In  the  story 

height),  to  have  conquered  and  civilized  the  south,  and         _^^  ^^t^^  PGr  'W^iup.l     1   In  Greek     of  Noureddin   Ali  and  Bedredden  Hassan  in 

to  have  been  made  regent  ot  the  strirtanopus.   Heismost  xigcuur  v^i  je  iiui  j.      l\ji. --\;/y»w^,j      a.  xuv^itr^ra      ^^n^i_       ,      ,.        -v--    i.*    >,  c    t>    a      i  i 

prominent  in  the  Rimayana,  where  he  dweUs  in  a  her-     lesend:  (n)  A  king  of  Phffinieia,  son  of  Posei-        The  Arabian  Rights,"  a  son  of   Bedredden 
mitage  on  Mount  Kunjara  and  is  chief  of  the  hermits  of     ^^n  and  Libva.  and  father  of  Cadmus  and  Eu-     Hassan  and  the  Queen  of  Beauty, 
the  south.    In  Tamil  literature  he  is  venerated  asthe  first  (J)  A  son  of  Phegeus,  king  of  Psophis  Agllolfillger  (a-gi-lol'fing-er).      The  family  of 

teacher  of  science  and  hterature  to  the  pruuitiveDravidian     i„'^,.,akia,  one  of  the  slayers  of  Alcma?on,slain,     the  earliest  dukes  of  Bavaria.     The  line  began 

Aga*liarcllides(ag-a-thar'kl-dez).  [Gr.iLjaeop-    iutum,byAlem»on'sson.    (c)  A  brave  Trojan     about_o90  (p30f)  and  ended  in  ,b8. 
vTd«.]    Born  at  Cnidos.  Asia  Minor:  flourished    wan-ior,  son  of  Antenor,  who  appears  in  the  II-  Agllulf  (a'gi-lult\     Died  616.    AdukeofTurm 
durin"  the  latter  half  of  the  2d  century  B.  c.     iad  as  a  leader  in  the  attack  on  the  fortifications     and  king  of  Lombardy. 

A  Greek  <Tammarian.  author  of  several  geo-  of  the  Greeks.  He  fought  with  and  wounded  Achilles,  AgincOUrt  (aj  m-kort ;  1 .  pron.  azh-an-kor  ). 
oT.o,iV>i,.!.l  1itopV«      Of  n   Tiai-r  of  rmp    "On  the     and  Apollo  assumed  his  form  in  order  to  lead  Achilles     A  rtllage  m  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 

¥^^B.zi^'^  ^  -^'" ^'  "^°-  ri^e Gr^ern-i"'f::;fBi-iSmTr-      i^^iz^^s:^!^^'-:^^^^^^. 

^CJ^^^-O^'^^.  [Gr.  .,...p.oc.]  ^.:,f.&Zfint-^e?rron^afGfe%oT-  ^^e^tle^Sh^S^So^.^jtrer^th^^ol 
A„ftihi'r!.>,,  =  An'  Athenian  nainter  of  the  oth  •^°"-  ^^  represents  a  little  girl  seated  on  the  stable  d'AIbret.  The  loss  of  the  English  was 
•^nf^,^  «  ?^^ati  bVvitravius  to  W  ^°™d  *"  »  ^""•i*''*  landscape.  a,,out  1,6(X1 ;  that  of  the  French  over  10,000.     . 

centui-\  B.  c,  »aid  by  \  itruvms  to  have  pamted  ^      (a'geri.  Captain.  A  character  in  :^^ddle-  a  „-_„„,Vf      -^ee  «f.-o»j-  rf'  4ninrourt 
a  scene  for  a  tragedy  of  ^schylus,  and  thus  ^j^\\,,fRowlev^  plav   -'A  Fair  QuaiTel."   a  i|^^°^-  Ballad  of   A  Poem  bV  Dravton 
to  have  been  the  mventor  of  scene-paintuig.  ^j       j  ^  ^j    •     andnoble  nature  who  makes,  "l^feh^^'eared  in  "Poems  LvrTck  andPa^to 

Agatha  (ag'a-tha)    Saint.     A   bicilian  virgin     j^  ^is  consideration  of  a  point  of  familv  honor,     T'iv  aboiU    1605  V!^t  trL^rfutd"^^^^ 
hL"^  rgo^^rntTflrciUrr'tl'^ne:    '^  «-  ^^'^'^^  '^^^^^  --•  -'I  P*^---^    Sltl/Xp,-  S^V^  ^^otllicl^'t  p?b' 

^nTA^gl'i^a^l^'cliHtS^^^^^^^  ABmallAiL'^:';SeeJ,e„.  ,,^     .  ,      , 

?he  is  sai.l  to  have  been  scourged,  burnt  with  hot  irons,  valley  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Agira  (a-je'ra).  or  San  FllippO  d  ArglTO.  A 
torn  with  hooki,  and  then  placed  on  a  bed  of  live  coals   ._Zug,  Switzerland.  town,  the    ancient   Agyrium.  in  the  province 

and  glass.  a      -,     -r,         Ageii,  or  Egeil,  Lake  of.     A  lake,  about  3?.4     of  Catania,  Sicilv.  about  31  miles  northwest  of 

Agathias  (a-ga'thi-as).     [Gr.  Ajatfiaf.]     Bom     miles  long,  in  the  canton  of  Zug,  Switzerland.     Catania.     Population,  about  13,000, 
at  Myriua.  Asia  Minor,  about  o36 :  died  about    Its  outlet  is  bv  the  Lorze  into  the  Lake  of  Zug.  Agis   (a'jis)  I.     [Gr.   "A;;?.]     King  of  Sparte 
583.     A  Byzantine  poet  and  historian,  author  ^gg^jj^gj    (aj-e-san'der),    or    Agesandros    about  1032  (?)  B.  c. 

of  a  history  of  the  period  oo2-oo8  (ed.  by  ^le-  (.Jj-osk  [Gt. 'A-,-^aai'SfMc.)  A  Greek  sculptor.  Agis  11.  King  of  Sparta  from  about  426  to  399 
buhr.  1828).  ,  mv  a  native  of  Ehodes.     With  Athenodorus  aud    b.  c.     He  was  victorious  at  Mantineia  418. 

Agatho  (ag'a-tho),  Saint,  sumamed  Thauma-     Polvdorus  of  Ehodes  he  carved  the  Laocoon  Agis  III,    King  of  Sparta  338-330  b.  c.    He  was 
turgUS.     Pope  from  June  2(,  6<8,  to  Jan.  10,     (^Meh  gge).  allied  with  Persia  against  Macedon,  and  was 

682:  a  native  of  Palermo,   bieilv     He  brought  Agesilan  of  Colchos.     The  principal  character    defeated  and  killed  in  330. 
fn^o  l!;Viifh\heToZ'femrh^^4ywSS^^^^^       -  the  romanee  of  that  name  in  the  eleventh  Agis  IV.     Died  B.C.  240      King  of  Sparta  from 
>       .,      ,        ,      „.!,-- i-iA,\     „/  A,To+T,r,irlQc      and  twelfth  books  Ot  "Amadis  of  Gaul.'  b.  c.  244:sonof  Eudamidas  H.of  theEurvpontid 

^ffvaJo'^Morn-a^ThermL^cU^S^^^^^^  Ag^silas  (a-zha-se-las').      A  tragedy  by  Cor-    line.     He  proposed  to  recruit  the  ranks  of  the-Spar.-s 
[tji.  -^/aPoyjr.J  Born  at  t  nermffi,  bieuy,  dOii .;       &  produced  iu  1666.  from  among  the  Perioeci,  and  advocated  a  redistribution 

B.  C. :  died  289  B,  C.  A  Sicilian  despot,  tp-aut  «„' J,"  ',,„..  4„„i  iS'iis^TT  or  A?pqilaosf-os)  of  the  landed  property.  In  these  measures  of  reform  he 
Of  Svracuse  317-289  B.  C.     He  invaded  Africa  "^p^^f '^^  ''"f  i^' TO2^f'*;i^-i.?,f;^^f\h°^^  was  opposed  by  his  ciUeague.  Leonidas  11..  of  the  Agid 

;,,  oio  [Gr.  A-^t7i/aof.J     Died  m  bg%pt  m  tne -nuiter     ij„e_and  was,  after  some  transient  successes,  captured  and 

«    „.\;'„  , ,„  ti,„„x    rr-  i.-^H,„.  1  Ti„rT>QV,niit     of  361-360  B.  C.     Kmg  of  Sparta  from  399  to     sentenced  to  death  by  the  ephors.    Alfleri  produced  a 

Agathon(ag  a-thon)    [Gr.  A;att.r.]  Bornabout  ^^  Archidanlus  II.  of  the  Eu-     remarkable  tragedy  on  this  subject. 

fil^ire-'^n    thr'  S^noTu^'    of  P^lato    the  rypontid'line,  by  his  second  wife  Eupolia.  and  AglabitesCag'la-bits),or  AgMabites.or Agla- 

figure»    in    the      SjTnposium     of  Plato,   the  j^^.^^^ther  of  Agis  H.  whom  he  succeeded,     bides  (ag'la-bidz).     An  Arab  dvnastv  which 

scene  of  whicU  -s  laid  in  his  house.  ^^^  j^^  ^^^^  j„  j^^  ^^li^f  „£  ^^e  Asiatic  Greeks  against     j.^i^ued  in  northern  Africa  (caprtal  at  Kairwan) 

Agathon.     A  philosophical  romance  by  Wie-  p^reia,  and  in  the  following  year  defeated  the  satraps     „    ^     ,     besrinnin.'  of  the  9th  centurr  to  909. 

land,  published  in  1766 :  so  named  from  its  chief  Tissapheroes  and  Pharnabazus.    In  3W,  as  he  was  prepar-     Irom  l^^^^^S^^^'^^J'X^''^^^ 

nh--iptPi- in  whiph  the  author  denietedhimseU  ing  to  enter  the  heart  of  the  empire,  he  was  called  home     It  was  succeeaeu.  Dy  tne  r  anmites. 

eh».aetermii\nicn  the  author  aeplcteamm^eu.  «      ^^„^  ,„  j^j-^jt  i„  , be  Corinthian  war,  stirred  Aglaia  (ag-la'va  .     [Gr. 'A; /.<ua.}     1.  In  Greek 

Agathon.    An  unknown  author  referred  to  b\  ^^  ^^j  gp^^  by  Persian  gold.    In  3W  he  defeated    mvtholotrl,  one"  of  the  three  Graces.— 2.  An 

Chaucer   in   the   prologue  to  the  '  Degend  ot  the  troops  of  the  allies  at  the  battle  of  Coronea  in  Boeotia.     „„VpT-mfl7xn  471  discovered  bv  Luther  at  Bilk. 

Good  Women."  In  393  he  ravaged  Argolis,  in  392  the  Corinthian  territory,     asteroiu  u>i_^ii;  iur,w 

Aaotrod,  irS'vel     TGr  'Avnini  1  Tn  Greek  Icend  a°d  in  391  reduced  the  Acamanians.    In  369  he  mam-     oept.  10,  i<»'-      ..^         .    ^          a      t.      o-      t  u 
Agave  ta-ga  ve).   L^ur.  Ayat^j  inureeKieoenu,  ^         ^^^  unwalled  Sparta  against  the  attacks  of  four  Aglanra  (ag-la'ra).      A  tragedy  by  Sir  John 
the  daughter  of  Cadinus,  wife  of  the  Spartan  „„,i^^     g^  ^^  present,  at  the  battle  of  Mantineia  in     ffuekling   acted  ii  1637-38  and  printed  in  1646. 
Echion.andmotherofPentheus.kingot  ihebes,  36-2,  and  in  361  he  crossed  with  a  Lacedaemonian  army  of                   ^                                               -        ,.       «,.,. 
whom  she  destroved  in  a  frenzv.  mercenaries  into  EgM)t.                                                               Aglanra  enjoys  the  eccentric  possession  of  two  Mth 
Agawam   (ag'a-w\,m).     A   town   in   Hampden  Agger  of  ServiUS  TuUius.     [L.  afloer.  mound      -t.^^^at  .t  can  be  made  a  tragedy  or  a  trag^^ed, 
Countv,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Con-  rampart.]     An  especially  important  stretch  of        ^                   ,.,      .          .           1               ■  n     \ 
neeticut  nearlv  opposite  Springfield.     Popula-  the  Servian  Wall  of  Rome,  extending  from  the  AglaUTOS  (ag-la  ros)   or  AgraulOS  ^ag-ra  los), 
tion  (1900),  2,536.  Colline  Gate,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Ministry    or  Agraule  (-le).    [Gr.  li-./aivMc,  Ajpaivoc. -V,- 
Agawam.     See  Pexnacoof:.  of  Finance,  across  the  low  ground  to  the  Es-    p«t>',.]     In  Greek  mvtholog>\  the  wife  of  Ce- 
Agbatana.     Same  as  Ecbatana.  quiline  Gate,  adjoining  the  existing  Arch  of    crops;  also,  the  daughter  of  tecrops,  noted  in 
Agde  (agd).     A  town  in   the   department   of  Gallienus,  at  the  foot  of  the  Esquiline.     In  the    legends  of  Attica. 
Herau't    France,  the  ancient  Agatha,  on  the  middle  of  the  Agger  there  was  a  third  gate,  the  Porta  Aglemut  (ag  le-mot).     [Smgular  Agtemu.]     A 
Heraulttieqr  the  Mediterranean  29  miles  south-  Viminalis.    The  Agger  consisted  of  a  great  mound  of     tribe  of  Alaskan  Eskimo  inhabiting  the  shores  of 
uerauuneartne.ueuuerrdiieau.-amiiessuu  u  ,j^  j    j      ,  ^j  ^.^j  ^  there  was  a  ditch  30  feet  deep     -d  •„.„,  Ravand  the  northern  shore  of  the  Alas- 
west  of  Montpelber.     it  was  a  co  ony  of  Massiha.  ^nd  lOci  wide.    The  mound  had  a  very  massive  retaining-     Bristol  ISaj  antt  the  nortnem  snoi^e  or  Tne^ias 
A  council  was  called  here  by  Alaric  IL  in  506,  and  it  has  ^.„i]  jnfront  rising  30  feet  above  the  topof  the  ditch,  and     kan  peninsula.     Also  Jgtemiiit  Aglegnmt. 
often  been  sacked  in  the  religious  wars.    It  was  held  for  ^  lighter  wall  at  the  back.    An  impressive  length  of  the  AgnadellO  (a-nya-dello).  A  ^nllage  in  the  prov- 
soine  years  by  the  HuguenoU.    Population  (1S91X  7,389.  f^,,,,,  ,vaii  is  standing,  close  to  the  r.iilway-station.                jjjpp  ^f  Cremona,   northern    Italy,   near  Lodi. 
•  Aged  P.     See  Jfemmicl:  Aggershus  (act'gers-hos),  or  Akershus(a'kers-     Here,  May  14,  1509,  the  French,  under  Louis  XII.,  de- 
Ageladas  (a-jel'a-das).    [Gr.  l\;f/.d(5af.]    Flour-  bos).     An   amt   or   province   of   southeastern     feated  the  Venetians.    For  the  battle  of  1706,  see  Cawano. 
ished  520-460  b.  C.    A  Greek  sculptor,  a  native  Norwav.   Area,  2,055  square  miles.   Population  Agnano,  LagO  d' (l«'god  a-nya  no),   loi-meriy 
of  Argos,  known  chiefly  as  the  instructor  of  (l'-!91\" 99.111.                                                              a  small  lake,  now  an  open  crater,  5  miles  west 
the  three  great  sculptors  of  the  5th  centurv  B.C.,  Aggtelek.     See  Agtflek:                                            of  Naples,  noted  for  the  Grotta  del  Cane  (whicH 
Mvron,  Phidias,  and  Polycleitus.     He  probably  Aghasura  (a-gha's6-ra).     [' The  Asura  or  de-     see).     It  was  drained  in  18 lO. 
represented  more  especially  the  severe  formula  of  the  ^qq  Agha  ']     In  Hindu  mvthologv,  an  asura  AgneS  (ag'nes  or  ag  nez),   baint.     liormerly 
Doric.Peloponnesian,ar.\rglyeschoolwhichdevoteditself  ^^        |    general  of  Kansa",  king  of  Mathura,     A)»ws,  AiDiis,  Annice,  etc.,  F.  Agnes.  L.  Agnes; 
to  the  structure  and  proportions  of  the  perfected  athlete,  " ""  ""=  gcu<ri»i  ui  i^ii.^..,  ».i   s           ,  .,     ,           <v„„  r,    A^-nr  lamh  1      A   Roman  virein   and 
in  distinction  from  the  more  graceful  and  sympathetic  and  second  cousin  of  Krishna.     He  took  the  form     from  (-^J^;  °5^°/' ^»™^-l^,-^  "''™^°    \^r?  .^^^ 
Ionic  schoolalreadv  far  advanced  in  Asia  Minor  and  north-  of  a  huge  serpent,  and  Krishna's  companions  the  cowherds     martyr.  12  or  13  years  Ol  age,  beheaaeU  auring 
em  Greece.    Nothing  now  remains  which  can  be  traced  entered  into  its  mouth.mistaking  it  for  a  cavern,  Krishna     the  reign  of  Diocletian.    She  is  said  to  have  been 
to  his  hand      An  inscription  with  his  name  has  been  dis-  rescuing  them.                                                                           slain  after  having  been  exposed  to  the  vilest  outrage 
covered  at  Olj-mpia.  AgUabideS.     See  AQlabiteS.                                           in  a  brothel.    Her  iestival  is  celebrated  on  Jan.  21  by  the 
AgelaUS  (aj-e-la'us).     [Gr.  A>f?.aoc.]     In  Greek  AgHrerath  (iigh're-rath).     In  the  Shahnamah.     Greek,  Roman,  and  AngUcau  churches. 


Agnes 

Agnes.  1.  A  character  in  Moli&re's  "L'ficole 
(It'S  Femmes,''  an  ingenue,  she  contrives  to  make 
citicmcly  suggestive  allusions  while  speaking  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  iif  mind.  Wygherley  t<jok  liis  "roun- 
try  Wife  ■■  from  tliis  character.  Tlie  name  has  become 
proverbial  for  a  person  of  this  kind. 
2.  In  "Fatal  Curiosity,"  a  tragedy  by  George 
liillo,  the  wife  of  Wilmot  and  mother  of  Yoiuig 
Wilmot.   She  kills  her  son. —  3.  Bee  fVicUjkld. 

A^gnes'S  Eve,  Saint.  Celebrated  on  the  night 
of  Jan.  20.  It  was  especially  a  holiday  for  women. 
It  was  supposed  possible  by  various  forms  of  divination  for 
a  girl  on  this  night  to  see  the  form  of  her  future  husband. 

Agnes'  Eve,  Saint.  A  poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 

lishi-d  in  lK4li. 

Agnes,  The  Eve  of  Saint.    A  poem.by  Keats, 

written  in  1818. 
Agnes  Grey.     A  novel  by  Anne  Bronte,  pub- 
lishcd  under  the  signature  of  "Acton  Bell"  in 

1847. 

Agnes  of  Austria.     Bom  12S1:   died  1364. 

Daughter  of  the  Uerman  king  Albert  I.,  and 
wife  of  Andrew  III.  of  Hungary,  notorious  for 
her  vengeance  on  all  connected  with  the  mur- 
derers of  her  father. 

Agnes  of  Meran.  A  German  countess  of  Orla- 
rniiude,  said  to  liave.  lived  about  1300  and  to 
nave  put  to  death  her  two  children.  Afterward 
LIS  the  **  White  Lady "  she  was  popularly  supposed  to 
haunt  the  castles  of  the  HohenzoUerns.    See  l)7il'(«  Lady. 

Agnes  of  Poitou.  Died  Dec.  14, 1077.  Second 
.Miiisort  of  the  emperor  Henry  lU.,  and 
daughter  of  William  v.,  duke  of  Aquitaine. 
At  the  death  of  Henry  III.,  Oct.  5,  10.56,  she 
became  guardian  of  her  son,  HenrvIV.  A  con- 
spiracy of  the  nobility  deprived  her  of  Ihe  regency  in 
May,  1IMJ2,  when  the  young  king  was  abducted  from. 
Kaiserswerth  to  t'ologne  by  Anno,  archbishop  of  Cologne. 

Agnes  Sorel.     See  Sm-cl,  Aiinca. 

Agnesi  (ii-nya'ze),  Maria  Gaetana.  Bom  at 
Milan,  May  10,  1718:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  4, 
17y;».  An  Italian  lady,  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Bologna  in  17r)0,  noted  for  her 
iicquirements  in  languages  and  science :  author 
of  "Instituzioni  Analitiche"  (1745),  etc. 

Agnesi,  Maria  Theresa.  Born  at  Milan,  1724: 
dieii  about  1780.  An  Italian  composer  and 
pianist,  sister  of  M.  G.  Agnesi:  author  of  the 
operas  "Sofonisbe,"  "  Giro  in  Armenia,"  "Ni- 
tocri,"  and  "  Insubria  Consolato." 

Agnethlen  (iig'net-len),  A  town  in  Transyl- 
vania, about  25  miles  northeast  of  Hennanu- 
stadt.     Population,  about  3,000. 

Agnew  (ag'nu),  Cornelius  Eea.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Aug.  8,  1830 :  died  there,  April  18,  1888. 
A  noted  American  physician  and  surgeon, 
clinical  professor  of  diseases  of  the  ear  and  eye 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  city  (180!l). 

Agnew,  David  Hayes.  Born  in  Lancaster 
CVunty,  Pennsylvania,  Nov.  24,  1818:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  March  22, 1892.  An  eminent  Am- 
erican surgeon,  appointed  in  1870  professor  of 
operative  sufgery,  and  in  1871  of  the  principles 
and  practice  of  surgery,  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Agnew,  Patrick.  Born  1822:  died  at  Multfi,n, 
India,  April  21,  1848.  An  English  Indian  civil 
servant,  murdered  with  his  companion.  Lieu- 
tenant W.  A.  .Vnderson,  by  the  retainers  of 
Mulr&j,  dewan  or  governor  of  Multdn.  This 
incident  led  to  the  second  Sikh  war. 

Agni(ag'ni).  [Skt.,=  L.  iV/Hfo,  lire.]  In  Hindu 
mytliology,  the  god  of  fire.  In  the  Veda  ho  Is  the 
conveyer  of  the  sacrifice,  messenger  and  priest  of  me?i, 
their  nrotectipr  against  the  horrors  of  the  darkness,  tlie 
defender  of  the  home.  As  one  of  the  chief  divinities  of 
the  Vedas  great  numbers  of  liymns  are  addressed  to  him, 
more  than  to  any  other  god.  He  is  one  of  the  three  great 
deities  Agni,  Vayu  (or  indra),  and  Surya,  who  preside  ro- 
■pcctlvely  over  earth,  air,  and  sky. 

Agni  Purana  (ag'ni  pii-rirnii),  APurana  (so 
named  as  sui>|)osed  to  have  been  coinmunicatcd 
by  Agni  to  Vasishtha)  devoted  to  the  glorifica- 
tion of.Siva,  but  of  very  various  contents,  ritual, 
cosraical,  ethical,  military,  legal,  medical,  rhe- 
torical, grammatical,  taken  largely  from  earlier 
works.  It  is  quite  modem,  and  inis  no  legiti- 
ninte  claim  to  b(^  regarded  as  a  Purana, 

Agni6,     See  Miiliiui'l;. 

Agniehronnon.    See  ildhaiel;. 

Agnoetse  (ag-no-o'te).  [Gr.  \\)-vor/Tai ,  the  igno- 
rniit  ones.]  1.  .\  Christian  sect  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury, which  denied  tlie  omniscloneo  of  the  Su- 
preme Heiiig,  maintaining  that  Ood  knows  the 
J)ast  only  by  memorv,  and  the  future  only  by 
inference  from  the  present.  —  2.  A  sect  of  tlie 
6th  century,  followers  of  Themistius,  deacon 
of  Alexandria,  who,  on  the  authority  of  Mark 
xiii,  32  ("But  of  that  day  and  that  liotir  know- 
eth  no   man,  .  .  .  neither  the   Son,   but    the 


21 

Father"),  held  that  Christ,  as  man,  was  igno- 
rant of  many  things,  and  specifically  of  the 
time  of  the  day  of  judgment.  Also  AgnoiUe, 
Aijnoitts. 

Agnolo  (ii'nyo-lo),  Baccio  d'.  Bom  at  Florence 
about  1401 :  died  1543.    A  Florentine  architect. 

Agobard  (F.  prou.  iig-6-bar').  Born  779:  died 
June  0,  ,S40.  A Fraukish  theologian,  archbishop 
of  Lyons  816. 

Agora  (ag'o-rii),  The.  [Gr.  ayopa,  assembly, 
market-place.]  A  large  iiTegular  area  in  Athens, 
entered  beneatli  the  northeast  angle  of  the  Colo- 

■  nus  Agora'us  hill,  on  which  stands  the  so-called 
Theseum,  by  the  broad  portico-borderedDromos 
street  ruuning  to  the  Dipylon  Gate,  thence  pass- 
ing along  the  base  of  the  "Theseum" hill,  and 
extending  one  branch  north  of  the  Areopagus, 
and  another  around  the  western  end  of  the  Areo- 
pagus, and  between  the  Pnyx  andthe  Acropolis. 
This  last  portion  was  especially  the  political  agora,  while 
the  portion  north  of  the  Areopagus  was  more  particularly 
the  original  commercial  agora  or  market-place,  embra- 
cing as  well  a  number  of  religious  foundations,  the  famous 
porticos,  the  Jiasileios,  F.leutherios,  ami  I'oikile,  and  the 
Boiileuterion  or  senate-house.  The  position  of  the  new 
agora  or  oil-market  is  fixed  by  its  existing  Cate  of  Athena 
Archegetis :  much  of  its  inclosure  also  remains,  south  of 
the  St^ia  of  Hadrian,  and  further  east  than  the  old  agora. 
The  great  Stoa  of  Attains  II.  undoubtedly  faced  on  part 
of  the  commercial  agora,  and  tlie  so-called  St/ia  of  the 
giants  is  within  the  area  of  the  agora. 

Agoracritus  (ag-o-rak'ri-ttis),  or  Agorakritos 

(-tos),  [dr.  'A)oiH'ii<piriic.~\  A  Greek  sculptor, 
a  native  of  Paros,  the  favorite  pupil  of  I'hi- 
dias  and  the  rival  of  Alcamenes.  His  most 
famous  statue  was  a  Nemesis,  probably  repre- 
sented by  a  little  statue  in  the  Lateran. 

AgOrdo  (ii-gor'do).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Belluno,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Cordovole  14  miles  northwest  of  Belluno. 
There  are  important  mines  of  copper  and  other 
minerals  in  the  vicinity. 

Agosta  (a-gos'til).  L.  Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  A 
seaport  in  the  proviui'e  of  SjTaeuse,  Sicily, 
about  13  miles  north  of  S>Tacns«i.  it  was  over- 
thrown by  an  earthijuake  in  lG9;i.  Near  here,  April  '2"Z, 
1070,  the  French  fleet  defeated  the  Spanish  and  Dutch. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

Agostini  (ii-gos-te'ne),  Leonardo.    Bom  at 

Siena,  Italy :  lived  in  the  17tli  century.  An 
Italian  antiquary,  apjiointed  inspector  of  an- 
tiquities by  Pope  Alexander  VII. :  editor  of 
a  now  edition  of  Paruta's  "  Sicilian  Medals," 
etc. 

Agostini,  Paolo.  Born  at  Vallerano,  Campagua 
Homaua,  Italy,  1.593 :  died  at  Kome,  1629.  A 
noted  Italiati  eom))oser,  chiefly  of  sacred  music, 
maestro  at  the  Vatican  Cliapel  (1629). 

Agostino  de  Duccio  (ii-gos-te'no  de  do'chio). 
Born  at  Floreiu'e,  1418:  died  at  Perugia,  1498. 
An  Italian  sculptor,  noted  for  liis  reliefs  iu 
glazed  terra-cotta.  In  H42  he  made  the  reliefs  on 
the  facade  of  the  Uiiomo  at  Modena.  From  1440  to  1454 
he  lived  in  Rimini.  From  Kiniini  he  went  to  rerut;ia, 
where  his  beautiful  facade  of  the  church  of  San  Ileriiar- 
dino,  with  itsterra-cottasand  jiarty-colored  marbles,  forms 
one  of  the  m<jst  charming  examples  of  polychromatic 
architecture  in  Italy. 

Agoult  (ii-gii' ),  Oomtessed'  (Marie Catherine 
Sophie  de  Flavigny):    ps(^uilonym  Daniel 

Stern.  Born  at  Fraiikforl-on-t he-Main,  Dec. 
31, 1805 :  died  at  i'ai'is,  Mareh  5, 1876,  A  Fi-eiieh 
writer.  Her  works  include  "  Es<iul88es  morales  et  poli 
tiques"  (18411),  "Hisloire  delariivolution  do  1S48"  (IS-'iI), 
"NiJlida,"  etc.  She  lived  lor  a  time  with  Liszt,  and  of  her 
thre  ■  ilanghtcrB  by  him  one  married  Von  Billow  and  after- 
ward Wagner. 

AgOW(il-gou').  Abranchof  theEthiopian  family 
constituting  a  largo  jiart  of  the  populalioii  of 
.Vbyssinia.  They  inhabit  parts  ot  Amhara  and 
Tigr<!'. 

Agra  (ii'grji).  1.  A  division  of  the  Northwest- 
ern Proviri'ces  of  British  In<Iia.  Area,  10,151 
s(iuare  miles.  Population  (1881),  4,834,064.-2. 
A  district  of  the  divisiou  of  Agra,  intersected 
bv  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  7.S"  K.  Area,  1,846  sipiare 
niiles.  Population  (1891),  1,003, 79(5.— 3.  The 
capital  of  the  division  and  district  of  Agra, 
situaleil  on  the  Jumna  about  lat.  27°  10'  N., 
long,  78°  E.  It  is  a  military  and  coninierclal  center, 
and  eximrts  raw  silk  sugiir,  and  indigo.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  tlio  iMogul  empire  during  the  last  part  of  the  loth 
and  the  llrst  part  of  the  ITIh  century,  and  wiui  caiitured 
by  the  liritlsh  in  IKO:).  The  I'.ngllsh  In  Agm  were beslegeil 
In  the  fort  by  the  mullneers,  Aug. -Oct.,  Is.'.".  I'opu- 
latlon,  Ineliidlng  cantonment  (ISDl),  lOs.iKl-J.  Among  (he 
noted  buildings  of  Agra  are;  (1)  The  palace  ..f  Akbar, 
massively  built  of  red  sanilslonc.  richly  sculptured,  and 
exhibiting  in  lis  llnlcl-conslrucllon  the  marks  <if  Hindu 
Influence  on  the  Iiidlan-Saracenic  style,  (2)  Ad)oliiing 
lies  the  palace  of  Shah  Jehan,  half  n  century  later  imlate. 
and  forming  a  strong  contriuit  In  Ita  white  marble  nrelil- 
tectilre.  Its  dcntelhiled  arcailes,  and  lis  Inlaid  work  of 
arabestiues  and  flowers  In  colored  stone.  (;i)  The  IVnrl 
Uotquc,  another  notable  (oundation  of  Sbsh  Jehan.    The 


Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich 

entire  size,  including  the  cloistered  court,  is  only  187  by 
234  feet,  but  ttie  building  is  a  gem  of  Mogul  artistic  de- 
sign and  execution.  (4)  Tlie  tomb  of  Itimad  ud-Daulah, 
built  under  ,)eliangir.  In  the  early  17th  century.  By  it4 
inlaid  work  in  stone,  possibly  of  Italian  derivation,  it 
marks  an  epoch  in  the  ludian-Saracenic  style.  The  ex- 
terior forms  a  single  story  with  octagonal  towers  at  the 
angles,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  square  central  pavilion 
with  three  arcades  tti  a  side,  widely  projecting  bracketed 
cornice,  and  a  domical  roof.  All  the  openings  of  the 
monument  except  the  ccnti-al  portal  are  closed  by  marble 
slabs  pierced  in  geometrical  patterna  of  marvelous  deli- 
cacy,   (.'i)  The  Taj-Mahal  (which  see). 

Agrae  (a'gre),  [(ir.  ai  X;/"//.]  A  suburb  of  an- 
cient Athens  extending  enst  ward  from  opposite 
the  temple  of  Oljnnjiiaii  Zeus  over  the  hills  on 
the  soutli  bank  of  the  Ilissus.  In  it  lies  the 
Pauathenaic  Stadium. 

Agram  (ii'gram),  Slav.  Z&grib  (ziig'rab).  1. 
A  county  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Croa- 
tia and  Slavonia.  Population,  483,259. —  2.  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  crownland  of 
Croatia  and  Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated near  the  Save  about  lat,  45°  49'  N.,  long. 
15°  58'  E.  It  has  a  trade  in  wine  and  grain,  and  some 
manufactures,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Koman  Catholic  areh- 
bisliopric  and  eathednd,  and  of  a  university.  The  latter 
was  opened  iu  1874,  and  has  about  70  instructors  and  600 
.students.  It  was  devastated  by  earthquakes  in  ISSO-Sl. 
Population  (1890),  37,1)29. 

Agramant  (ii'grii-niiint).  In  Boiardo's  "Or- 
lando Innamorato"  and  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  the  young  king  of  Africa. 

Agramonte  y  Loinaz   (ii-grii-mon'te  e  lo-e- 

iiii/.'),  IgnaciO.  Born  at  Puerto  Principe,  1841 : 
killed  at  the  encounter  of  Jimaguayii,  July  1, 
1873.  A  Cuban  revolutionist,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  revolts  of  1867  and  1868,  commissioned 
ina.)or-gcueral  by  Cespedes.  He  commanded  the 
insurgents  in  Camagiiey,  and  subsequently  their  entire 
force. 

Agraulos.     See  Ayhniros. 

Agravaine  (ag'ra-van).  Sir.  In  the  romances 
of  ehivaliy,  a  knight  of  the  Kound  Table,  sur- 
nained  L'Orgueilleux  ('The  Proud'). 

Agraviados  (a-grii-ve-a'Tii6s).  [Sp.,  'the  dis- 
contented.'] In  Spanish  history,  the  adherents 
of  the  Hap.sburgs  in  Spain  in  the  18tli  century, 
who  opposed  recognition  of  the  Bourbons ;  also, 
the  partizans  of  an  unsuccessful  absolutist  out- 
break in  1826-28. 

Agreda  (il-gra'Tiiij).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Soria,  Spain,  about  60  miles  northwest 
of  Saragossa. 

Agreda,  Maria  de.  Bom  at  Agreda,  Spain, 
1602:  tiled  at  Agreda,  May  24,  1665.  A  Spanish 
mystic,  abbess  of  the  convent  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  at  Agreda.  .she  wrote  a  life  of  the 
Vii-gin  Miuy,  the  contents  of  which  she  asserted  had 
been  revealed  to  her.  It  was  cliaracterized  by  Bossuet 
as  indecent,  and  was  censured  by  the  Sorbonne. 

Agreeable  Surprise,  The.  A  farce  by  O'Keefe, 

])ioduced  in  17S1.     It  contains  some  peculiarly 
felicitous  blunders  in  situation  and  character. 
A-Green.     See  (Uiinie-u-Cncn. 

Agrib  (ii'greb),  or  Jebel  Ghareb  (.ieb'el  ghii'- 
reli).  A  mountain  in  middle  Egypt,  lat,  28° 
12'  N,,  long.  32°  42'  E.,  about  5,300  feet  high. 
Also  Aiiicih,  Atjdtrih,  Jihrl  Khurctb,  etc. 

Agricane  (ii-grg-kii'ne).  In  Boiardo's  "Orlando 
Innamorato,"  a  king  of  Tatary  who  is  in  com- 
mand of  an  enormous  army,  but  is  killed  by 
Orlando  in  single  combat. 


Agricola  (a-grik'o-lii),  Christoph  Ludwlg. 

liornnt  Katisboti, Nov.  5. 1667:  died  there.  1719. 
A  loriiinn  huidscnpe-  and  portrait-painter. 

Agricola,  Cnaeus  Julius.    Born  at  Forum  Julii 

(Frcjus).  June  13,  A.  11.37:  died  at  Koine, -\ug. 
23,  A.  1>.  93.  ,\  Koman  soldier  and  statesman,  son 
of  the  senator  Julius  Griecinas,  and  the  father- 
in-law  of  Tacitus,  lie  served  first  under  .suctonlne 
Paillinus  In  Britain  ;  In  08  was  appointed  qiiKStor  in  A«l« 
under  the  proconsul  Salvtus  Tlllaniis;  In  70  was  niised  by 
Vespasian  to  the  c.unmand  of  the  20th  legion  In  Itrltaln ; 
and  from  74  to  70  was  governor  of  the  province  of  A<iul- 
tanla.  <ni  Ills  recall  be  was  elected  consul  and  assigned 
the  province  of  .Siputhern  Britnin.  In  seven  camp.ilgn« 
from  7.S  to  M  he  i>acll\<d  Ibe  rest  ot  llrllain  as  far  a»  the 
norlliern  boundarj  of  leith  and  Argyll  He  was  rueallcd 
to  Home  ill  S4. 

Agricola  (original) V  Bauer),  Georg.    Bom  at. 

( nauchau.Saxonv.M  arch  24, 1490 :  died  at  Chem- 
nitz, Saxony,  Ni"iv,  21,  15.55.  A  (ierman  min- 
eralogisl,  niitlior  of  a  Irealise  on  metallurgy, 
"l)eremetnlli.a"  (1530),  etc. 

Agricola  (originallv  Sneider),  Johann.    Bom 

nl  Eislebeii,  (Jeriiianv,  April  20.  1492:  died  at 
Berlin,  Sept,  22,  l,5(i6.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  reformer,  preaiher  in  Eisleben, 
professorinWittinbi'rg.  and  htter  court  preach- 
er ill  Herlin.  lie  w.as  a  leader  of  the  Antlnomlans.  lie 
published  various  theological  works,  and  a  collection  of 
(ierman  pmverb.i  (l.v.'li  !■*). 

Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich.    Bom  at  Dobit- 


Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich 

sohen,  Saxe-AJtenburg,  Jan.  4,  1720:  died  at 
BerliD,  Nov.  12,  1774.  A  German  organist  and 
composer,  director  of  the  Royal  Cliajjel  at  Ber- 
lin 1759-74. 

Agricola  (originally  Solir  or  Sore),  Martin. 
Born  at  Sorau,  Brandenburg,  about  1486: 
died  at  Magdeburg,  June  10,  1556.  A  German 
musician  and  writer  on  music,  musical  director 
at  Magdebui-g,  notable  for  his  attempt  to  im- 
prove musical  notation  :  author  of  "'Eiu  Kurtz 
deutsche  Musica"  (1528),  " Musica  iastrumen- 
talis  deudsch  "  (1529),  etc. 

Agricola,  Rodolphus  (Roelof  Huysmann). 
Born  at  Laflo,  near  Grouingen,  in  1443 :  died 
at  Heidelberg  in  1485.  A  Dutch  scholar, 
painter,  and  musician,  lecturer  on  Greek  and 
Koman  literature  at  Worms  and  Heidelberg 
after  1482.  He  was  an  influential  proraotor  of  classi- 
cal studies-  His  principal  work  is  a  treatise  "  Be  Inven- 
tioiie  Dialectica." 

Agri  Decumates.     See  DccKwatcs  Agri. 

Agrigentum  (ag-ri-jen'tum).  The  ancieut 
name  of  Girgenti :  the  Greek  Akragas  ('Aspdjar). 
It  was  founded  by  colonists  from  Gela  about  5S2  B.  c.  In 
the  middleof  the  6th  century  b.  c.  it  was  ruled  by  the  tyrant 
Phalaris;  afterward  its  government  was  in  turn  oligarchic 
and  republican.  It  was  most  tiourishing  in  the  .5th  cen- 
tury B-  c,  when  it  was  a  great  commercial  center,  with 
nearly  1,000,000  (?)  inhabitants.  In  400  B.  c.  it  was  plun- 
dered by  Carthage,  and  was  rebuilt  and  received  a  Syra- 
cusan  colony.  In  the  Punic  wars  it  sided  witli  Cai-thage, 
and  was  eventually  annexed  by  Rome,  and  became  of  little 
importance.     For  its  later  history  and  ruins,  see  (jirrtenti. 

Agrippa  (a-grip'a), Cornelius  Heinrich  (called 
Agrippa  of  Nettesheim).  Born  at  Cologne, 
Prussia,  Sept.  14,  1480:  died  at  Grenoble, 
France,  Feb.  18,  1535.  A  German  philosopher 
and  student  of  alchemy  and  magic,  author  of 
"  De  incertitudine  et  vanitate  seientiarum'' 
(1527),  "De  occulta  philosophia"  (1510),  etc. 

Agrippa  I.,  Herod.  Born  about  ll  b.  c:  died 
at  Ca^sarea,  Palestine,  44  A.  D.  A  grandson 
of  Herod  the  Great,  appointed  king  over  the 
tetrarchies  of  northeastern  Palestine,  37  a.d., 
and  in  41  A.  D.  over  Judea  also.  He  persecuted 
the  Christians,  44  A.  D.  (Acts  xii.),  and  is  said  to  have 
died  ih  a  horrible  manner.    Acts  xii.  23. 

Agrippa  II.,  Herod.  Born  about  27  A.  D. : 
died  at  Rome,  91-93.  Son  of  Herod  Agrippa  I., 
made  prince  of  Chalcis  48  A.  D.,  and  king  over 
northern  Palestine  in  52.  He  sided  with  the  Romans 
in  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  before  him  that 
Paul  w.as  brought. 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius.  Born  at  Rome, 
63  B.  c. :  died  in  Campania,  12  B.  c.  A  Roman 
commander,  of  obscure  origin,  the  leading 
statesman  of  the  reign  of  Augustus.  He  served 
under  Octavius  in  the  Perusinian  war,  and  in  Gaul  and 
Germany  ;  defeated  Sextus  Pompey  at  Mylse  andNaulochus 
36  B.  c. :  was  consul  37,  and  fedile  33  ;  served  at  Actium 
31 ;  dedicated  the  Pantheon  27  ;  was  governor  of  SjTia  17 ; 
and  was  tribune  w:th  Augustus  lS-13  B.  c.  He  was  the 
father  of  Vi;isania.  first  wife  of  Tiberius  and  mother  of 
Drusus.  His  third  v.ife  was  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Au- 
gustus iUKi  widow  of  Marcellus. 

Agrippa,  MeneniUS.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  "  Coriolanus." 

Agrippa  Postumus.  Bora  12  b.  c.  :  died  14 
A.  D.  A  posthumous  son  of  Marcus  Vipsanius 
Agrippa  by  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus, 
adopted  by  Augustus  in  4  B.  c,  and  murdered  iu 
prison  on  the  accession  of  Tiberius,  probablj'by 
the  order  of  Livia. 

Agrippina  (ag-ri-pi'na).  Born  about  13  B.  c: 
died  at  Pandataria,  near  Naples,  33  a.  r>.  The 
youngest  daughter  of  Marcus  Vipsanius  Agrippa 
and  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus:  wife  of 
Germanicus  and  mother  of  Caligula,  she  in- 
curred the  hatred  of  Tiberius  and  Sejanus,  and  by  them 
was  banished  to  Pandataria,  where  she  died  of  voluntary 
starvation.     She  was  a  woman  of  lofty  character. 

Agrippina,  Julia.  Born  at  Oppidum  Ubioriim 
(named  for  her  Colouia  Agrippina,  the  modern 
Colognel,  about  15  A.  D. :  put  to  death  at  the 
Lucrine  Lake,  near  Baiffi,  60  or  59.  A  daughter 
of  Germanicus  and  Agi-ippina,  and  wife  of 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus  by  whom  she  was 
mother  of  Nero.  Later  she  married  CrispusPassienus, 
and,  40  A.  D.,  Claudius  whom  she  poisoned  f,4  A.  I>.  She 
w.as  a  woman  of  scandalous  life  and  unbounded  ambitiou 
and  had  great  influence  in  the  early  part  of  Nero's  reign  : 
but  she  was  murdered  by  his  order.  There  is  a  fine  sit- 
ting portrait-statue  of  her  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 

Agtelek  (og'te-lek).  A  village  in  the  county 
of  Giimor,  Hungary,  noted  foT  its  cavern  (or 
Baradla),  which  is,  after  the  Adelsberg,  the 
largest  stalactite  grotto  in  Europe. 

Agll  (a-go'),  or  Aku  (a-ko').  An  old  Chaldean 
name  of  the  moon-god;  in  later  Babylonian  and 
Assyrian,  Sin  (which  see). 

Agua  (ii'gwa),  or  Volcan  de  Agna.  [Sp.,'  vol- 
cano of  water.']  A  conical  mountain  25  miles 
southwest  of  Guatemala,  12,197  feet  high.     It 


discharges  water,  and  destroyed  old  Guatemala 
by  jloods,  Sept.  8,  1541. 

Aguadilla  (a-gwa-THel'ya).  A  seaport  at  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  Porto  Rico.  Popu- 
lation (1899).  6,425. 

Aguadota-gwa'THo),  Juande.  A  Spaniard  who 
accompanied  Columbus  on  his  secoiui  voyage 
to  America  (1493),  returned  to  Spain  ne.xtyear 
and  was  made  royal  commissioner  to  investi- 
gate the  affairs  of  Hispaniola.  He  arrived  there 
in  Oct.,  1495,  and  returned  to  Spain  1496.  Nothing  is 
known  of  his  previous  or  subsequent  history. 

Agua  Fria  (ii'gwa  fre'ii)  Creek.  A  tributary 
of  the  Gila  River  in  Arizona. 

Aguas  CaUentes  (ii'gwas  kii-le-en'tes).  [Sp., 
'  hot  springs.']  A  state  of  Mexico,  bounded  by 
Zacatecas  on  the  west,  north,  and  east,  and  by 
Jalisco  on  the  south.  Area,  2,895  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  103,645. 

Aguas  Calientes.  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
the  same  name,  about  lat.  21°  .55'  N.,  long. 
101°  50'  W.  There  are  hot  springs  in  tiie  vicinity 
(wlK'iice  the  name).     Population  (1895),  ;31, 610. 

A^gue-Cheek  (a'gti-chek).  Sir  Andrew.      A 

character  in  Shakspere's  comedy  "Twelfth 
Night,"  a  timid,  silly  but  amusing  country 
squire. 

Agiiero  (a-go-a'ro),  Cristobal.  Born  in  San 
Luis  de  la  Paz,  Michoacan,  1600 :  date  of  death 
not  recorded.  A  Mexican  Dominican  mission- 
ary, who  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  labor- 
ing among  the  Zapoteean  Indians.  He  left 
several  works  on  their  language. 

Agiiero,  Joaquin  de.  Born  at  Puerto  Principe. 
Nov.  15,  1816:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1851.  A 
Cuban  revolutionist.  He  was  a  planter  of  moderate 
fortune  and  exalted  ideas.  In  1S43  he  freed  his  slaves  and 
took  measures  to  have  them  educated.  Later  he  endea- 
vored to  bring  white  immigrants  to  Cuba.  After  engaging 
in  the  insurrection  of  ISol,  he  was  captured  and  shot. 

Agiiero,  Jose  Eiva.    See  Biva  Aniiero,  Jose. 

Aguesseau  (ii-ge-so'),  Henri  FranQois  d', 
or  Daguesseau.  Born  at  Limoges,  France, 
Nov.  27,  1668:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1751.  A 
French  jurist,  chancellor  of  France  1717-22  and 
1737-50.  His  complete  works  were  published 
1759-89. 

Aguilar  (a-ge-lar'),  Grace,  Born  at  London, 
June,  1816:  died  at  Frankfoi-t-on-the-Main, 
Sept.  16, 1847.  An  English  novelist  and  writer 
on  Jewish  history.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Jewish  parents. 

Aguilar,  Manuel.  Born  in  Costa  Eiea  about 
1800 :  died  at  Guatemala,  June  6,  1846.  A  Cen- 
tral American  statesman.  He  occupied  various 
public  posts  in  Costa  Rica,  represented  that  state  in  the 
Asseml^ly  of  1828,  and  was  elected  president  April  7, 1837. 
He  was  deposed  by  Carrillo,  May,  1838. 

Aguilar  de  la  Frontera  (a-ge-lar'  da  la  fron- 
ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cordova, 
Spain,  26  miles  southeast  of  Cordova.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  12.451. 

Aguilas  (ii-ge'las),  or  San  Juan  de  las  Agui- 
las  (siin  Hwiin  da  las  ii-ge'liis).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Murcia,  Spain,  48  miles  south- 
west of  Murcia.  It  exports  lead,  esparto-grass, 
and  soda.     Population  (1887),  10.042. 

Aguilera  (ii-ge-la'ra),  Francisco Xavier,  Bom 
at  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  about  1775 :  died  at 
Valle  Grande,  Nov.  23,  1828.  A  royalist  guer- 
i-illa  chief  of  Charcas  (Bolivia),  notorious  for 
his  cruelty.     He  received  a  commission  as  brigadier- 

general,  and  for  a  time  was  military  conunandant  of  Santa 
ruz.  In  1828,  with  a  small  force  he  captured  a  Spanish 
post,  and  proclaimed  Ferdinand  VII.  as  king.  He  was 
soon  captured  and  shot. 
Aguinaldo  (a-ge-nal'do),  Emilio.  Born  about 
1868.  A  Filipino  leader  of  mixed  European 
and  native  descent.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
rebellion  against  Spain  1896-98.  In  January  of  the  latter 
year  he  left  the  Philippines,  agreeing  not  to  return.  After 
the  battle  of  Manili,  May  1,  1898,  he  returned  with  the 
consent  of  the  American  authorities  and  established  a 
native  government,  of  which  he  became  the  head,  and 
collected  au  army.  On  Fel).  4,  1899,  he  began  hostilities 
against  the  American  forces  occupying  Manila.  He  was 
captured  in  March,  1901. 

Aguirre  (a-ger'ra).  Josef  Saenz  de.    Born  at 

Logroiio,  Spain,  March  24, 1630:  died  at  Rome, 
Aug.  19,  1699.  A  Spanish  cardinal  and  theo- 
logian, author  of  "Defensio  cathedra?  S.  Pe- 
triV  etc.  (1682),  "Collectio  maxima  Concilio- 
rum"  (1693),  "Theologia  S.  Anselmi,"  etc. 
Aguirre,  Lope  de.  Born  at  OSate,  Asturias, 
about  1508:  shot  Oct.  27,  1561.  A  Spanish  ad- 
venturer who  early  in  life  drifted  to  America, 
and  for  twenty  years  led  such  a  scandalous  life 
in  Peru  that  he  was  known  as  "  Agtiiri'e  the 
madman."  He  was  engaged  in  several  rebellions,  was 
outlawed,  and  joitied  the  expedition  of  Pedro  de  Lrsua  in 
search  of  El  Dorado  and  the  kingdom  of  the  (}maguas  on 
the  upper  Amazon  (1559).    Ursua  and  his  lieutenant  Var- 


Ahava 

gas  were  murdered  by  Aguirre  and  others  at  Machiparc, 
near  the  present  site  of  Tabatinga  on  the  upper  Amazon, 
Jan.  1,  1561,  and  Fernando  de  Guzman  (whom  Aguirre 
afterward  murdered)  was  made  general  with  Aguirre  as 
his  lieutenant.  From  this  time  the  expedition  became  a 
piratical  cruise  so  wild  tlxat  it  bordered  on  insanity.  The 
band  declared  themselves  rebels,  or  maraiiones,  and  pro- 
ceeded down  the  .Amazon,  plundering  Indian  villages, 
fighting  with  one  another,  and  committing  every  horrible 
crime,  reaching  the  island  of  ilargarita  July  20,  1561. 
There  Aguirre  murdered  the  governor  and  others,  robbed 
the  royal  treasury,  and  then  made  a  descent  on  the  main- 
land of  Venezuela.  He  was  captured  at  Barquisimeto, 
and  shot  by  his  own  maraiiones. 

Agulhas  (ii-go'lyiis),  Cape.  The  southern- 
most point  of  Africa,  in  lat.  34°  50'  S.,  long.  20° 
1'  E.,  100  miles  southeast  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

Agustin  (a-gos-ten')  I.  The  title  of  Iturbide, 
emperor  of  Mexico.     See  Iturbide. 

AgUStina  (a-gos-te'nii).  Died  at  Cueta,  Spain, 
June,  1857.  The  "  Maid  of  Saragossa,"  noted 
for  her  braverv  iu  the  defense  of  that  citv, 
1808-09. 

Ag3ria  (a-ji'yij).  A  town  in  Thessaly,  Greece, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ossa.  Population  (1889), 
2,050. 

Ahab  (a'hab).  [Heb.  Aclinb  (Gr.  'Axaaji),  fa- 
ther's larother.]  King  of  Israel,  according  to 
the  traditional  reckoning,  918-896  B.  c,  but 
according  to  some  scholars  876-854  B.  c. :  the 
son  and  successor  of  Omri.  He  m.irried  Jezebel, 
daughter  of  Ethbaal,  king  of  Tyre,  and  permitted  the  wor- 
ship of  Baal  and  Astarte  in  Samaria,  alongside  of  that  of 
Yahveh.  By  this,  as  well  as  by  his  luxury  and  wicked- 
ness in  the  matter  of  Naboth's  vineyard,  he  provoked 
the  anger  of  the  prophets,  more  especially  of  Elijah.  He 
engaged  in  a  war  with  Benhadad  v{  Damascus,  whom  he 
defeated  in  his  second  campaign,  but  whose  life  he  spared. 
■  No  reason  for  this  is  given  iu  the  Old  Testament,  and  the 
act  was  denounced  by  the  prophets.  The  reason  of  this 
act  is  fotmd  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  where  we  find 
that  Shalmanezer  II.  in  854  B.  c.  fought  with  the  kings  of 
Damascus,  Hamath,  and  with  Ahabbu  Sirla'a  who  is 
identified  by  most  scholars  with  "Ahab  of  Israel.  The 
presence  of  the  common  enemy  Assyria  no  doubt  induced 
Ahab  to  make  peace  witii  Benhadad  of  Damascus.  After 
the  disappearance  of  danger  from  Assyria  he  made  an 
alliance  with  Jehosaphat,  king  of  Judah,  and  carried  on 
another  campaign  against  Damascus,  but  was  killed  in  a 
battle  at  Ramoth  Gilead.  The  Old  Testament  contains 
considerable  information  concerning  this  period,  wliieh 
is  supplemented  by  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  and  the 
Moabite  stone.  Ahab  continued  Samaria  as  the  capital  of 
Israel,  but  dwelt  in  Jezreel,  which  he  greatly  beautified. 

Ahaggar  (ii-hag'gar).  A  large  plateau  and 
mountainous  region  in  Sahara,  intersected  by 
lat.  23°-24°  N.,  long.  5°-6°  E.  The  chief  place 
in  it  is  Ideles. 

Ahala  (a-ha'la).  Cneius  Servilius  Structus. 
A  Roman  patrician,  master  of  the  hqrse  439 
B.  C.  (according  to  the  common  chronology), 
and  slayer  of  the  popular  leader  Spurius  Mtelius. 

Ahalya  (a-hal'yii).  In  Hindu  legend,  the  wife 
of  the  Eishi  Gautama,  and  very  beautiful:  ac- 
cording to  the  Ramayana  the  first  woman 
made  by  Brahma  and  given  by  him  to  Gautama. 
She  was  seduced  by  Indra.  Gautama  expelled  .Ahalya 
from  his  hermitage  and  deprived  her  of  her  preeminent 
beauty  or,  as  others  state,  made  her  invisible.  Rama  re- 
stored her  to  her  natural  state  and  reconciled  her  to  her 
husband.  Kumarila  Bhatta  explains  this  seduction  as  In- 
dra's  (the  sun's)  carrying  away  the  shade  of  night. 

Ahanta  (a-han'tii).  A  district  on  the  Gold 
Coast  of  Africa,  about  long.  2°-3°  W. 

Ahantchuyuk  (S-hant'cho-yok).  A  division 
of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  on  and  about  Pudding  River, 
Oregon.  The  name  was  applied  to  them  by  the  Cala- 
pooya.  See  Kalapooian.  Also  called  French  Prairie  In- 
fliatiff,  and  Pudding  River  Indians. 

Ahasuerus  (a-haz-u-e'rus).  [Heb.  Alia.<ilire- 
nkli,  Pers.  Kliscjijdrslia  ('mighty'  and  'eye'?).] 
Xerxes,  who  ruled  486^65  B.  C,  mentioned  in 
Ezra  iv.  6  and  throughout  the  book  of  Esther. 
The  Ahasuerus  of  the  book  of  Daniel  (ix.  1),  who  is  called 
the  father  of  Dar-ius  the  Mede,  cannot  have  been  Xerxes; 
he  has  been  variously  identified  with  Astyages  and  Cy- 
axeres.    See  Xerxes. 

Ahasuerus.  1 .  A  name  given  to  the  legendary 
'•Wandering  Jew"  (which  see). —  2.  A  prose 
drama  by  Edgar  Quinot.  published  in  1833, 
founded  on  the  legend  of  the  'Wandering  Jew. 

Abaus  (a'hous).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  about  28  miles  north- 
west of  Jliinster. 

Ahausen  (ii'hou-zeH),  or  Auhausen  (ou'hou- 
zen).  A  \-illage  in  Bavaria,  12  miles  northeast 
of  Nordlingen.  Here  the  Protestant  Union  was 
formed  under  the  lead  of  the  elector  Frederick 
IV.  of  the  Palatinate  in  1608. 

Ahausabt  (ii'hou-siit),  or  Ahowsaht.  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  on  Clayoquaht 
■Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia, 
numbering  296  (1884).     See  Aht. 

Abava  (a'ha-va).  The  name  of  a  place  and 
river  or  canal  in  Babylon  at  which  the  Jews 


Alia7a                                                              23  Aidln 

who  formed  the  second  expodition  which  re-    fessorof  oriental laiiguages.and librarian (1861-  Ahuizotl,  or  Ahuitzotl  (ii-ho'i-tsotl).     The 

turned  to  Jerusalem  with  Ezra  assembled.    Its    1865)  at  the  University  of  Greifswald.    He  haa  chief  or  kinK  of  Tenochtitlau  (Mexico)  from 

exact  location  is  unknown.     Kzra  viii.  15.             published  "i'ber  I'oesie  und  Poetik  dcr  Araber"  (1856),  14>^G  until  Ijis  death  in  loOi;.    Ee  mfide  war  on  the 

Ahaz  fa'haz)        THeb     'possessor.'!      King  of     editicms  of  various  Arabic  works,  etc.  Zapotecas.  sululucd  rebels  in  Tlacoiian.  and  Kicriflced  an 

1^11     „„„„^.'i;„,7f^  cA'r^i  T-ii^Ti -,  ij  f.     onn7>«l     Ahmed.     See  .Iclimet.  Immense  number  ot  captives  to  celebrate  his  eompletloii 
.ludah,  accord  ng  to  some  /3J--.1.J  B.C.,  accord-   Ahjnedabad  (ii-med-a-bUd')     or   Ahmadabad     "'  "'>■  frcal  Aztec  ten.ple.     He  also  built  an  aqueduct 

ing  t„  others  734-7-J8  or  742-727  B.  C.    TI,e  last  dale  7^  „,?^YbH.!'         A  district  in  Boi^^IiriHsh  '■■"■"  '■h>'P"ltel.ec  t..  the  lake  of  Tezcneo,  with  the  object 

see°ns  most  probable.    He  was  a  contemporary  of  the     ('i"  uad-a-bad  ).     A  mstrict  in  Jiomba\  ,  i^ntisli  of  raisiuK  the  waters,  but  the  result  was  a  disastrous  Hood 

proi.het  Isaiah.    On  his  accession  to  the  throne,  which     India,  intersected  by  lut.  JJ"  rs.,  long.  (J"  I.,.  He  was  succeeded  bv  -Montezuma  II. 

took  place  in  his  youth,  Rezin,  kin- of  Syria,  aud  I'ekab,     Its   area    is   3,949   square   miles.      Population  Ahumada  (ii-0-mii'THii)   Duke  of  (Pedro  Qi- 

kiniiof  Israel,  formed  a  conspnacya^-amst  him.   Contrary     nSyH    9"1  712  rnn    Mmvmi^s  <1r  I-.<  i,>,..,-n!.,s:\       It..,,,  -if  '<,.n 

to  the  advice  of  Isaiah  he  sought  the  assistance  of  the    ,^t       'l    C  '1       rru             •*!      t   .i  «     l-f-„f^*  f"?'    .•'  ,4?     ,",,.,  ^^-    ,.-,?? 

^.Syrian  king,  to  whom  he  paid  homage  and  tribute.  Ahmcdabad.     The  capital  of  the   district  of  s,.l),-.stian,  1788:  died  at  Madrid.  May  17,  1842. 

This  laitcr  fact  is  mentioned  both  ni  the  Bible  and  the     Alimt'dabad,  situated  on  the  Sabarniati  in  lat.  A  Spanish  politician  and  general,  chief  of  the 

cmuiform  inscriptions.  In  the  latter  he  is  called  i««Aazi:,     030  jj     i^^g,  720  30'  j;.,  formerly  one  of  the  general  staff  of  tlie  Spanish  army  in  the  war  of 

rl^AL'/^His  ;r/ini'c^o  AJri-t'h^l'  the'Sed  resnu     l^^-gpst  and  most  ituporta.it  cities  of  India.    It  independence,  minister  of  war  for  a  short  time 

Ti;it"bPi"4    aUekn.K^z^andl^^^^^^^^^^^                           was  captured  by  the  British  in  17S0  and  was  ceded  to  i„   i^oQ,   member   of    the    regency  during    the 

SS^^ij^Jt^l^rl:;'^^^'^^^^  -'    aISS  i^^'i^^Z^T^!:^^^^^'^  -i-Uy  of  IsabeUa,  and  ag4  mLister  !t  war 

l-rail.    Anazwaisucce.acUD)  niBSonuezeKiaii.                 beautiful  of  mosques.   The  Kross  dimensions  are  3S-2  by  Sf.S  in  I8J0. 

Abazian  (a-ha-zi    li).       [Ueb.,    'sustained  by     feet,  three  sides  of  the  court  being  surrounded  by  a  colon-  Ahumada   y  Villalon   (ii-0-nia'THii   6  vel-va- 

V;ihvili.']     ,Son    of   Ahab    and   king  of  Israel     naded  gallery,  .and  the  sanctuary,  05  feet  deep,  occupying  Ion'),  AgUStln  do   Marques  dc  las  Amarillas. 

'<i:;-s."n  B.  C.  (896-894?).                                                  """  ""'•    '■''"'  s^u'ctnary  contains  2(M  columns,  which  t>          .,h7,iit    1701)-  died  in  Mexico  Citv   Feb    6 

I,,      ,1  u.  ^.  vo.ji^<Y-».;.                   Afi,,i;„u    „„A      support  three  rows  each  of  five  domes,  the  central  one  of  ,.,'"  '' ;   V,'   ''.  V  ^""^  '"/''^exico  \^u\ .  rei>.  v, 

Ahazian.     son  of  .Jehoram  and  Athahah,  and     which  is  the  largest  and  highest,  and  is  flanked  bv  two  l(bO.     A  Spanish  general   and  administrator. 

King  of  Judah  844-843  B.  C.  (88o-884l).                     which  are  higher  than  the  other  twelve.    Thefronttoward  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Italian  and  Peninsular 

AhenobarbUS   <  a-he-no-biir'bus).      A    plebeian      the  court  is  formeii  by  a  line  screen,  with  three  noble  wars,  and  from  Nov.  10,  ITSa,  was  viceroy  of  ilixico. 

fiiuilv  (if   Kome    cens   Domitia    to   which  the     pointed  arches,  flanked  on  each  side  by  a  lower  arcade.  AhUTa  Mazda  (a-hii'ra  niiiz'da).      ['The  Wise 

.•'inii,.i<ir  Xero  be'lmi.red                                                 Population,  including  cantoniiient  (isui),  HS,412.  Lord':    the    modern  Persian    On«ncrf.]     The 

Ah    ah   (a-hi'ia)    or'Ahiah  fi-hi'^i)      THeb     Ahmednagar,  or  AbmednuggUT  (a-med-m.p  -  Gooj  Spirit  in  the  dual  system  of  Zoroaster. 

M     ^bo)nf  Y.hvMf'l      Tifoi.l  TeJ^^^^^                     ''''•   -^  district  in  Boinl>ay,  Untish  India,  about  AngraJliinyu, -the  Spiritual  Enemy  •(Persian  Ahrinmn). 

•biother  of  \ah\eh.  ]      In  Old  lestament  h  s-     ,.^j_  j,,o  j^t_  also  called  Druj,  'decit,'  is  in  eternal  conflict  with  him. 

tory,  the  name  of  several  persons,  ot  whom  the  Ahmednaffar  or  Ahmednueenr     The  eanit-il  Bothhavecxistedfromthebeginningof  thewoild.  Ahura 

good 


AMmaaz   (a-him'a-az)       FHeb     'brother  of  Ahmedpur  (ii-med-por').     A  town  in  the  state  Ahwaz  (iih-waz').    A  village  in  the  province  of 

AJUmaaz  |a   uim    a   az;.      L"co.,     uioiucioi     ot  Bahawalpur,  India.     Population,  30,000.  Khii/istan   Persia   sifunted  on  the  Kanin  about 

anger.]     1.  The  father  of  Ah.noam    wife  of  ^             See  .l«/,»»...  Hr  31°  P  N    lon^^^ 

Saul.   1  Sam.  XIV.  oC— 2.  A  high  priest,  the  son    ai,_    ,■,.,.■.     Tn>,n-T,    -prnTiy      Rorn    it   Ai^  la-  ,"• '"    ;-.,  ^■^,"^"^- *>  .        *-•,  an  ancient  ri  m- 

.n.lKiiecessornr  /fldok     hp  Hi?tim.,.uh..,i  himself  "^^  (.'"1,   JOnanil  i ranz.     Bori   at  Aix-ia-  ,ie,u'e  of  the  Persian  kings,  and  a  tlonrishing 

Ifhils'ervieesV?  Kf;g\"avidtu.lif  tr'^tlt'Jif     ghapelle,  Prussia  Dec.  lo     796:  died  at  Neuss  town  under  the  Arabs  in  tl.e'early  middle  ages'! 

-.dom.    2  Sam.  XV.  xviiL                                                    Prussia,  Aug  21,  18bo.     A  C^erman  teacher  (at  ^  (a-j).     [Heb.,  'ruin.']     In  bildical  geogi-a- 

AMmelech  (a-him'e-lek).     [Heb.,  'brother  of    Aix-la-Chapelle  and  later  (1843-63)  at  Neuss)  pi,y,  a  eity  of  the  Cahaanites,  in  the  territorv 

tlie  king.'    Compare  Assyrian  J/(;-;«(7/.(,  'bro-     and  graminanan     noted   for  his  methods   of  of  Benjamin,  about  10  miles  north  of  Jerusalem", 

ther  of  counsel.']     1.   Priest  of  Nob,  father  of     teiu-hmg  the  iiiodern  languages.     He  published  conquered  by  Joshua 

.M.iathar,  tlie  friend  ot;^Dayid      He  gave  to  David      ce™^,!,tn^h  andTt'al'iL,  ^SS^  '="'"^''-  "'""'''  Aias  (i'as)     "The  Greek  name  of  A jax. 

vhow;»afleeingfroni.SauI,  the  sacred  bread  and  the  sword    A  i.j,p_  /;:/,    t%;.       r,;    '  the  ancestors '1     A  Alblinger  (ib'liug-er),  Joseph  Kaspar.     Born 

of  Goliath  from  the  tabernacle.    For  this  Saul  slew  him.     '^^'J^f^^i'  lis     ri^.lroin-  m-es  b    ot^t^y  ^  »t  Watserbnrg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  23, 1779 :  died  at 

2.  Son  of  Abhithar  a  priest  in  DavUrs  time :     '^^)SU^:g'''(^ZZ^^^t^>n^la  M-ifl'.  May  1  1867.  .  A'c.erman  composer,.the 

irrandson  of  the  priest  of  Nob.     Called  Joiw-   .-.a-ri  Qn\     ,.            •       ...             ■■        ■      ,  founder,  with  Greo'orio  Trentinn   of  a  musical 

,     ,     ,,,.        ^.,.;;i     If:                                                               iB/U-sO).     It  Comprises  "Ingo  Und  Iiigiaban,     "U.a8  i""""ci,  «iiu  vrii^uiiu  j  ii  iiiiiiu,  ui   u  Lunr-ie.ii 

':".',■      ,,•■?■,/■„  ,,        rTT  ,      ,,      .1,           „     Nest   der   Zaunkonige.'     "Die   Briider  voni    deutschen  conservatory    (Odeon)  in    Venice,  and   kapell- 

Ahltnopnel  (a-hith  0-fel).     [Heb.  'brother  of    Hanse,"  "  Jlarkus  Konig,'    'Die  cesdnvister,"  and  "Aus  meister  (1826)  to  the   king  of  Bavaria.     His 

lolly,'  that   is, 'foolish.']    1.  A  Hebrew  poll-    eiiierkhjiien  stadt."            .^,„,,           „,,  works  comprise  masses,  requiems,  etc.,  and  an 

tician,  counselor  of  King  David  and,  later,  of  Annield  (an  telt),  Arvia  Wollgang  Uatnan-  opera  "Kodri"0  e  Ximene." 

Absalom  in  his  revolt  against  his  father.    He     ael.    Born  Aug.  16, 1845:  died  Fel>.  17,  18'J0.    A  jgjgard  (a-kiir^),  Jean.      liorn  at  Toulon.  Feb. 

was  famous  for  his  political  wisdom,  and  his  defection     .Swedish   iournalist,  author  of  a  "History  of  4    1S48        A    French   poet    and    prose-writer 

caused  David  great  apprehension.    His  advice,  however,     the  Literature  ot  the  World"  (1874-76),  and  4mon"hi.s  works  are  "  Les  ieunes  crovances'"' 

was  re  ected  by  Absalom,  and  be  thereupon  retired  to     ...i.p,.  f,,,,.vr-loTie,lic  works  fior-^'  .   i             1    ii-       ''t^  J  JK""^*  \ro\  am  es 

bis  nonie,  set  his  alfaiis  in  order,  and  hanged  himself.     ."'"^'./ "' >  V°P*^'  'S^ 'i^'^J';^- ...       .„,      ,,      ,      ,  (186( ),"  Les   rebellions   et   les   apaisements  " 

Thought  to  be  the  grandfather  of  Balhsheba.                      Anollbaman  (a-hol-i-ba  ma).     [Heb., 'tent  Ot  (1871),   "  I'oemes  de   Provence"    (1874),    "La 

2    A  character  in  Drvden's  poem  "Ab.salom     "'^   liigh  place.']      1.    One    of  the   wives  of  chanson  de  I'enfant"  (1876^  "Miette  et  Nor^" 

and   Achitophel,"  intended  to   represent  the     Esau;  also,  the  name  of  an  Edomite  tribe.— 2.  (1880),  "Emilio,"  a  prose  drama  (1884).  "Lo 

Earl  of  Shaftesbury  who  was  called  by  this     A  character  in  Byron  s  "Heaven  and  Earth,"  p^,.e   Lebonnard,"  a  drama  in  verse   (1889), 

name  by  his  contemporaries:   a  treacherous     the  proud   anibitions  gr.anililanghter  ot  ('iiiii.  etc. 

tiieiid  and  adviser.     A\»<,  Arhit,>j,hcl.                   Allonie(a-ho  ma).  An  Indian  trilic of  the  Piman  ^chach  (ieh'ach).     A   small  town  in   Upper 

Ahlden  (iil'den)      A  small  town  27  miles  north    ^t''*'k  •"  Sinaloa.    They  have  been  almost  completely  Bavaria,  on  the  Paar  about  13  miles  northeast 

of  Hanover.     Princess  Sophia  Dorothea,  wife    ?if±"i,'i'Ci'  ""«„'.  'i';;f,?v,Y,''"  "  "^""''"'"^'^  "^•'^'*-  of  Augsburg.     A  French  xictory  was  gained 

of  George   I.   of  England;  was  kept  here  as  4-?°T^,*>'^*-a  Hvovitbo/hiue  Province  Pms  bere  over  the  Austrians,  1805. 

prisoner,  lti94-17'26.  ''         '                l*                    Ahr  (ar).     A  river  in  the  Khiuo  Province,  Pius-  ^^     (ii-e'dii).     An  opera  bv  Verdi,  first  given 

|iiiM>ii.i,  1.  jT-ii-u                                                         sia,  about  55  mi  es  long,  which  loms  the  Khine  „,,"„;,.  ^    v"',^,    n    .0-    iJ-i 

iUllefeld   (a/l.-le|  ),    I'rau   von   (Charlotte     ,,t  Sinzig  (above  Bonn)":     On  its  banks  are  pro-  AiH  "   (  ^bn  >    u   ij^^H^                               Akin.r 

Sophie  Lmse  Wilhelmine  von  Seebach):    ,i„,.,„i  ,1,,.  „,,,.. ,1  vbrwinea  Aidan  (i  dun),  m  AdHan.    Died  oou.    A  King 

pseudonym  Elisa  Selbig.     Born  at  Stedten,    av!.11^J   M^. 'V\     TlJJ,r^^^        Rnm  it    ICnio  "^  Scollish  Dahiada.  son  of  Gabran,  a  former 

near  Erfurt,  (iennanv,   Dec.  6.   1781:   died  aJ   ^^fJ'^SVZt' r-^Tlfh\»    1808      li^    at  >''"«  "^  l>"lHada,  and  successor,  according  to 

Teplitz.  Bohemia,  Jiib-   27,    1849.     A   (ierman     :^^'^;'*••H ':'^'?"''.T'V^-i          Cp^i  m  n  the  law  of  tanistry.  to  his  relative  Conall.    He 

wr  tor  of  sentiment-il  novels                                          Salzgitter,  Aug.  2,  l.Si4.    A  German  pliilosoph-  „.„,  „„„„„,  |,y  st.  Colnmba  in  the  island  of  lona  in  .',74. 

Av^ilrLiJt^  "'I     .-  i.\   r!        V        Tiii—  r»„™Ji„      '<■»'  writer    and   jurist,  jirofessor    at    Brussels  in  .'o.i.  at  the  council  at  Driimceat,  he  declared  the  indc- 

AnieieiaMa  le-telt),  (,ountess  tliza  JJaVlOia      ]k:!4-50,  at  Gratz  1850-59,  and  at  Leipsic  1859.  pendencc  of  Ids  kingdom,  which  had  been  fornie.1  in  the 

Margaretna  von.     Born  m  Langeland,  Den-      ji^.  „roti;  "Cours  de  psychologic  "  (l».'!7-38).  "('ours  de  fdh  i»entury  by  emigrants  from  Irish  Dalriada,  and  which 

mark,  .Nov.  17,  1791):  died  at  Berlin,  March  20,      ,ir„it  natnrei"  (1«:'8),    "Die  Kechtsphilosophio"  (is.'il),  had  hitherto  been  treated  asan  Irish  dependeucj-.     Iiimw 

1  S')5.  A  German  woman,  wife  of  Major  von  Liit-      "  Die  orguiiische  staatslehre  •'  (lsr.oi,  "  .Naturreeht"  (1870-  I"'  'cd  a  force  of  Britons  and  .Scots  against  .Ithelfrith. 

■.ow(1810),froniwhom»hewasseparat,Ml(1824),      '--"■    '  •'u.i»>i-l.e  Ki.c,klop„die"  ;is:..'.-f.7,,  etc.  kmgof  Bern  lela,  but  was  deleal.d. 

living  thou,  for  a  time,  with  the  liuthor  Inimei'l  Ahrens,  Heinrich  Ludolph.     Born  at   Helm-  Aldan  ^        ;  /   f    ")' f,;1  Z,   o  \he  NmI,   .? 

mann.     she  was  noted  for  her  patriotism  (she  aecom-     stedt,  .An.e  0,  1809  :  died  at  Hanover.  Sept    24,  .:,;".,^,    ."•'""'  '"'"'',  ''^    '',„"'"" 

panled  her  husband  to  the  Held  and  ciu-ed  for  the  wounded,      1881.   A  German  philologist,  noted  as  a  student  "'""*  '"",'•    "•'''','• '•^^^* 'l\"^^  "'"''>  V,MV..!r.  1,?; 

Hl.l-ll)  and  her  love  of  literature.                                           „f  Hie  Greek  dialects  "  I','"""  \",  ","'  ■"';'!"',",'  "',  ',"",'■  Vn       1 1  i\  1'   ,  i».L  ' 

'                                                                                                      '"    ' '"    ' "  1 1  I  IV  uiiin  ,  in.  beatbeli  Biibjects.     Uii  the  defeat  of  Oswald  by  lendatH-, 

Ahlheide   (iil  lu-de).      A   sterile    plain    in    the  Ahriman  ( ii'ri-iiian).     See  jH.^crt  J/kihi/k.  Aldan  joined  Oivmi,  king  <it  the  liilrans. 

•enlral  iiarl  . if  Jutland,  Denmark.                          Ahrweiler  (iir'vi-ler).     A  small   to\vn   in  the  Aid6    (ii-6-da'),    Hamilton.     Honi  in   Paris. 

Ahlquist  (iil'l<vist),  August  Engelbert.  Born      Kliine  I'rovince,  Prussia,  situated   on  the  Ahr  France,  in  1829.     A  nov.list  and  poet,  son  of 

:il  Kiiopio,  Finland,  Aug.  7,  lsj(i:  died  Nov.  211.     211   miles   south  by  east  of  Cologne.     Its  chief  an  Armenian  and  an  English  lady,  edticated  at 

1889,    A  Fiiinisli  philologist,  iioet,  and  traveler     industry  is  the  making  of  wine.  the  University  of  Bonn,  und  for  a  time  an  ofli- 

in  Russia  and  Siberia,  appointed  in  1K62  ])ro-  Aht(i»t).     A  division  of  the  Wakashan  stock  of  cer  in  the  British  army.    Among  hlsworksare'llca- 

fessor  of  the  Finnish  language  and  literature  at     North  Ainerieun  Indians,  comjirising  '22  tribes,  noro and  other  Poems "(ISWH  -  lilla:  an  .lulobiograiihjr' 

Ahlwardt(al'vart),  Christian  Wilhelm.  Born  ver  Island,  British  (  olumbia,  one  tribe  being  Mnsic '(IKSJ). '■  Passagea  In  thellfeot  a  Ij>dy"(lss7\etc. 
at  Greil'swald,  Prussia,  Nov.  23,  17611:  dieil  near  Cape  Flattery,  Washington.  The  principal  /Qjenn  (li'devl.  [Ar  .Itlii,  Eden.]  Para- 
there,  April  12,  1K30.  A  (uTiiian  iiiiilologist,  tribes  of  this  division  are  NItiuaht,  Tlaasaht  or  .Makah,  ,|j^,,,  |,„  ''..Vniilieized ''  form  of  the  Arabic  for 
rector  successively  of  several  public  schools,  „^Xe"t\\\T.h:;lriif '■^ll^Tu"^^  /■;,/,■„,  used  foj  the  rime's  sake,  by  Edgar  Alhu. 
and  later  professor  of  ancie;it  literature  at  the     ttnxhan.  Poo  in  "  The  Haven." 

University  of  Greifswald.    His  work  wascliieily  Ahtena  (ii'le-nii),  or  Atna  (iit'nii).    A  tribe  of  Aidin  (i-deii').     A  city  in  Asiatie  Turkey,  sitti- 

upoii  the  Gi'ek  jiocls  (edited  I'indar,  18-20).          , lie  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  slock  ated  mar  the  Mendere.  about  .55  miles  soulli- 

Ahlwardt,  Theodor  Wilhelm.   Bornat  Greif.s-     of  North  American  Indians,  sometimes  calleil  east    of   Smyrna,    near   the   ruins   of   ancient 

wald,  Prussia.  .July  4,  1.S2S.     ,\  (iiriiian  luien-     Co)>per  Indians,  from  their  habitat  on  the  Atna  Tralles.    It  hastraib' in  figs,  cotton,etC.    Popu- 

talist,  son  of  Christian  Wilhelm  Ahlwardt,  pro-     or  Copper  Hiver,  Alaska.     See  Alhajxiscaii.  latiou,  about  35,000. 


Aienai                                                               24  Aisne 
Aienai  (i-a-ni'),  or  loni  (i-6-ni').     A  tribe  of    England,   Jan.  29,  1864.     An  Eriglisli  writer,    Manchester,  England,  Sept.,  1660:  died  at  Lon- 
the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In-    daughter  of  John  Aikin.    She  wrote  "Lorimei,  a    don,  April  4.  1743.     An  English   teacher   and 
dians.     See  CaMo.                                                            Tale  "(1814),  "Memoirs  of  tlie  Court  of  Queen  Elizabeth"    le.xieoeranher    author  of  a.  Latin-Encli-ili  Hin 
Aigai  fi'gi).     [Gr.  Alj-a/.]     A  town  in  .^olia,     <l«8).  "  }1<>T"\''',  '^l<=  '^""'^  "'  ■'""""'  ^■"  <'«"'■  "  ^^''-  ■  tionarf- (1736)  ii-Bglisli  dic- 
A?ia  Minor   thp  modern  Ximrnd  Knlp«<ii       On      '""'ra  »' ^e  Courtof  Charlesl."  (1833),  "Lifeot  Addison "    "°"^'>  <,I,'-*I^.,, .         ^           .         ^ 
Asia  Minor,  tue  moaern  xMrnruu-Kalessi.     Un     ,1843),  etc.                                                                     Ainsworth,  William  Francis.     Born  at  Exe- 
its  site  are  the  ruins  of  various  ancient  struc-  Aikman  (ak'man),  William.  Born  atCaernev,    ter,  England,  Xov.  9,  1807:  died  at  Hammer- 
tures.                                                                            Forfarshire,  Oct.  24,   1682:    died  at  London,    smith,  London,  Nov.  27, 1896.    An  English  geol- 
Algina.     bee_di(7»Hrt.                                                     June  7,  1731.     A  Scottish  portrait-painter.            ogist  and  traveler.     He  has  published  "Researches 
Algle  (a  gl).  G.  Aelen  (a  len).     A  small  town  Aillon,  Lucas  Vasauez  de.     See  Ayllon.               i"  Assyria,   Babylonia,  etc."   (183S),   "Travels   and  Re- 
in the    canton    of    vaud,   Switzerland,    on   the    A,-n„    ,;.-',            a -it    -d- j'      -d          10-n       searches  m  Asia  Minor,  Mesopotamia,  etc."  (1S42),  "Tray- 
Grande  Eau,  near  the  Rhone,  about  22  miles  A^.^Y    I   a  ^^     °'  -^"l-  -^^^T^^n^.^   ^orn  13o0 :     els  i„  the  Track  of  the  10  000  Greeks"  (ls44)"  A  Personal 
southeast  of  Lausanne                                                  died  at  Avignon,  France,  1420  (?).     A  French    Narrative  uf  the  Eujihiates  Expedition"  (ls8s),  etc. 
Ai<r1<»      A  town   in   tlifi  dPTiMvtmpnt   nf  Orno      Cardinal  and  thcologiau,  sumamed  the  "  Ham- AillSWOrth, William  Hamsoil.    BornatMan- 
sfeiaitle                         depaitment  ot  Orne.     mer  of  Heretics "  and  the  "Eagle  of  the  Doc-    Chester,  England,  Feb.  4,  1805:  died  at Reigate, 
A^ffTiadpl    '  Sfifi  Annnrielln                                            '^°'''*-"                                                                                  England,  Jan.  3.  1882.     An  EngUsh  novelist. 
Ail na^    See  .W  ZZ«                                           Ailred  of  Rievaulx.     See  Ethdreii.                          His  works  include  "Rookwood"(18.W),  •■Crichton"(18.S7), 
Algnan.     aee  ^auil-Aiffnan.                                         Ailosj    r<r-!ii-<r  ta\'as   l-v.3,v-v       a    «„.-.i-„   ;oi„r..i  ^t       Jack  Shepp.-ird"(ls39).  "Tower  of  London  "(1S40),  "The 
Aiguebelle  (ag-bel').    A  small  town  in  the  de-  ^^^^.  V^aig  (al  sa  kiag)      A  rocky  island  of    Flitch  ot  Baron,  or  the  Custom  of  Dunmow" (1854),  "Tower 
partment  of  Savoy,  France,  about  17  miles  east     '^J'J^^"''^'  Scotland,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Firth    Hill"  (1871),  "P.eau  Nash"  (18.^0),  etc. 
ofChamb^ry.     Here,  in  1742,  the  French  and     o^*-lyfie.     It^is  conical  in  shape,  and  rises  to  a  Aintal)   (in-tab').     A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Spaniards  defeated  the  Sardinians.                         Iieigtit  01  1,139  teet.                                                   Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the   Sajur  about 
Aiguebelle,    Paul   Alexandre   Neveue   d'.  "^^Fl  (^JVc""  ]'•  ?'J?*^"'®-t  ^°Z.  ^^cu?**"^,'    '»^-  =^^°  ^'  ^-  ^°"S-  ^'°  -^'  E-   it  has  some  trade 

Born  Jan  7  1831-  died  at  Paris   Feb  "1   1875  '^^P'-  -'•'i   l»l»:  Qiea  tnere,  .June  -0,  le»3.     A  and  manufactures,  and  is  a  missionary  center.    Popula- 

A  French  naval  officer,  in  the  Chinese" service  French   novelist^  and  traveler  in   the  United  tion  (estimated),  a;^^^^ 

during  the  Taipiuo-  rebellion   186'''-G4  states,  Mexico,  Spain,  lurkey,  and  the  Cauca-  Air  (a-er  ),  or  AsDCn  (as-ben  ).    A  mountain- 

Aigueperse  (ag-pe?s').     A  to'wn  in  the  depart-  f"|J/,'^t^?^  "^  "  1^*^^  Trappeurs  de  I'Arkansas"  ous  oasis  ip  the  Sahara,  Africa,  lat.  16°-20°  N., 

ment  of  Puy-de-D6me  France  19  miles  north-  (lo^o)  and  numerous  other  works  m  the  style  of  long.  6°-10°  E.,  having  au  area  of  about  20,000 

east  of  Clermont-Fen-and.     Population  (1891),  hooper.     He  died  insane.  square  miles,  and  a  population  estimated  at 

2  341                                                               \        'J  Aimon.     See  Aymon.  60,000.     Its  capital  is  Agades,  and  chief  town 

Aigues-Mortes,  or  Aiguesmortes  (ag-mortO.  4-^™°°!''",?'*='l?®^-,,'^lT"'^°°^x"''*'X°"'''^^      .'^''''<^1^]^«*%- 4',**" -!''('"•   t    „•  . 
A  town  iu  the  department  of  Gard,  France,  Aimores(i-mo-res  ),  or  Aymor6s,  or  Aimures.  Airavata   (i-ra  va-ta)      In  Hindu  mythology, 
near  the  Mediterranean   '^'^  miles  southwest  of  Intlian  tribe  of  eastern  Brazil,  now  known    the  prototype  of  the  elephant,  produced  at  the 

Nlmes,  founded  bv  St.'Louis  1246.    From^here    .^'^  ^°*?™^°»-     ^  ,.       ,         .,       ,.        .         fliurning  of  the  ocean:  the  world-elephant  of 

he  embarked  on  the " Crusades,  1248  and  1270.    It  has  Aimores,  berra  QOS.     See  kerra  dog  Aimores.       the  East,  and  Indra  s  beast  of  burden, 
salt-works  and  fisheries.    Its  fortifications  (constructed  Aimwell  (am'wel).     1.  In  Farquhar's  comedy  Airay    (ar'al,    Henry.     Born    at    Kentmere, 
by  Philip  III.  1270-8,1)  are  from  an  archffiological  point  of     "  The  Beaux'  Stratagem, "a  young  gentleman    Westmoreland,  about  1560:  died  Oct.  6,  1616. 
OsTl)''"' 9sf.        ™""  remarkable  in  France.    Population     of  ^  romantic  temperament,  who  has  dissipated    An  English  Ptu'itan  divine,  vice-chancellor  of 

Aiguille  d'Argentifere  (a-giiey'  dar-zhon'te-  ^'*  fortune  and  who,  with  his  cooler-headed  Oxford,  1600,  and  author  of  a  "Commentary  on 
ar').    [F.  niguiUe.  needle:  in  this  special  use,     ^''}^'^^  Archer  disguised  as  his  servant,  person-    Philippians^'  (1618). 

'needle-like  peak.']     An  Alpine  peak    12  832     ^t^s  a  rich  lord,  with  a  view  to  retrieving  their  Aircastle  (ar  kas"l).    A  character  in  Foote's 
feet  hich,  northeast  of  Mont  Blanc        '     "'     ""    losses  by  a  rich  man-iage  for  either  or  both,    comedy  "The  Cozeners,"  played  in  an  amus- 

Aiguillede  la  Grande-Sassiere  (a'-gUey' de lii  making. a  jom-ney  from  one  town  to  another,  ingly  prolix  and  digressive  mamier  by  Foots 
gi-ohd'sas-se-ar')  One  of  the  chief  peaks  of  ^  taking  turns  in  being  master  and  man  —  a  himself,  burlesquing  Gahagan.  a  hisrhlv  edu- 
the  Tarentaise  Alps,  France,  on  the  Italian  stratagemwhich  is  successful.— 2.  In  Shirley's  cated  young  Wsh  gentleman  who  was  hung  in 
border      Height   1'^  3'^5  feet  P'^^^     ■'■"^  Witty  Fair  One,"  a  gentleman,  the    li49  for  "tiling or  diminishing  thecuiTent  coin 

Aiguille  dulSidi(i-giiey'diime-de').     1.  An     '9^79*;  Violetta.  oftherealm/'  „      ,        „ 

,  1802:  d'ied  at 


^o^.u,  i.<,i.,.,c  au^^ui.  ix  owe  icci  high.  o_t  Lyons.  It  is  narrow  in  its  lower  course.  Dumfries,  April  25,  1876.  A  Scottish  poet  and 
Aiguille  Vert° 'a-giiey'' vert)  An  Alpine  peak  Ain.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by  .ioui-nalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Edinburgh  Weekly 
13  540  feet  hip^li'  northenRt  of  ATnnt  Rlinc  '  Saone-et-Loire  and  Jura  on  the  north.  Haute-  Journal"  (1833),  and  tl>e  "Dumfriesshire  and  t;.iIloway 
la.OiU  reet  nigu^  nortneast  ot  Mont  lilanc.  Savoie  and  Savnip  ffrom  bntb  nf  wlnVb  ;t  i<.  Herald"  (1835-63),  and  author  of  "The  Old  Bachelor  in 
AlgUlllon  (a-gue-y6n').  A  town  in  the  depart-  »avoie  and  bavoie  (from  both  ot  ^^hIeh  it  is  the  Scottish  VillaRe"  (1846),  "Poetical  Works"  (I848),etc. 
ment  of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  on  the  Lot  separated  by  the  Rhone),  with  Svvitzerland,  on  ^^drie  (ar'dre)  A  town  in  Lanarkshire  Scot- 
near  its  junction  with  the  Garonne,  16  miles  the  east,  Isere  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the  i^^dfo  miles  east  of  (3^sgow 
northwest  of  Agen.  Population  (1891),  com-  f  "t'>'/nd  Rhone  and  Saone-et-Loire  (from  pJiiiameXrrb.m.h  (18^^^^^^ 
mune,  3,119.       ^               ^  ?°*'' '''^  ^'^^'''^ " '^  ^^P'^'"^*"' '^^"  tl^e  Saone)  on  _^"/g"^.'|^^^^^^  Eheland 

^lS°iic^fueuV'^Brn°^7^^-^dief  ^8^^^  p^ ^^ ^:'^^^^'^<^^^^^^    Z^'t  \f  f  t^J  0„se  JS  mil^s  southelst^  of 

piessiS  liicneiieu).      Uom   Ii.O.    died   l/8-.  building  and  lithographic  stones.    Its  capital  is  liourg,     ^ork.     Its  length  is  about  75  miles,  and  it  IS 

A  I'l-eneh  poiifician,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  its  area  2,239  square  miles,  and  its   population  (1891)     na\igable  fi-om  Leeds. 

under  Louis  XV.  1771-74.  3ii6,907.    It  was  formed  lioni  the  ancient  Biesse,  Bugey,    Airp       A  snnll  rivpr  in  pnstpm  Frnncp    wlii'.li 

Aieuillon    Due  d'  (Armanfl  Ac  Vicmprnt  nii  Dombes,  Valromey,  and  the  "Pays  de  Gex."  •^?®-  ./^  ^.™""  ?'\Y  '?  eastern  i  ranee,  WtiKh 

.ajguiuon,  ijuc  Q  (Axmana  ae  V Ignerot  i/U-  AiTiaH /i  naH'*      a  t,.ofi;,i„ ?.,„•„  i^,  w„.i,.„„,„„t      loms  the  Aisne  m  the  department  of  Ardennes. 

plessiS  Richelieu).     Born  1750 :  died  at  Ham-  X^ ^  tw  laf  16^  N  ^  m^^^^  Aire-Sur-l'Adour  (ar'silr'la-dor').     A  town 

burg  May  4,  1800.     A  son  of  the  preceding,  41^''^^;=^^^  ,  W,hM)'      ^vi^aJ  in  ^v^a      i"  ^'^^-  *iepartment  of  Landes,  France,  on  the 

noted  during  the  early  davs   of  the   French  ■'Vj^„¥^'^^'l^  <"'  T'^  T   '■    ,'    ^'"f:?'?,,'"  ^^^a.     ^^         ^^  j  ,  ^    ^30  ^4,  j^    'j  qo'  14-  w 

^?o,.,^l„t:,^.^  f>„.  1,:.  ..™,i,r,"„     .-„    1        •  It  contains  a  Roman  temple  raniito,  practically  complete     fi'^o"»   <iuuni    i^i..  to     ai    i\.,  lung.  v     l^±     vy  . 

Revolution  for  his^  republican  tendencies.    He  except  the  roof.    The  cella  is  surroimded  on  the  interior    It  is  an   old   town,   the   seat    of   a   bishopric. 

"t\.°"?    ,70*7  h  r^^Vr^i      P''""?^''^''^'''^  I'y  >>  co.Tiice,  and  has  tour  engaged  Ionic  columns  at  the     Population   (1891),   commune,   4.551. 

J^=^„;i  tip     1' ^  '"'''"' ™^P'"°°  """^ ''^"  west  end.    The  exterior  west  wall  bears  in  relief  a  tem.ile   A  irp  <!iir  la  T.v<!    (ar'siir'la  les'1        A    fortified 

caped  to  England.  ,,ust  with  small  horns,  and  the  door  is  richly  sculptured.  Aire-SUr-ia-ljyS    (ar  sui  la-les  ).      A  lOTtllied 

Algun  (i'gon).     A  town  in  Manchuria,  Chinese  The  plan  measures  26  by  39  feet.  town    m    the    department   ot    Fas-de-Calais, 

Empire,  on   the  Amur  about   lat.  50°  5'  N  Ainmiller  (in'mil-er).  Max  Emanuel.     Born    France,  situated  on  the  Lys  30  miles  southeast 

long.  127°  28'  E.     It  is  a  naval  station.     Pop-  at  Munich,  Feb.  14,  1807:  died  at  Munich.  Dec.     of  Calais.     Population  (1891),  commune,  8,409. 

ulation,  about  15,000.  8,  1870.     A  German  painter  of  architectural  Airlie  Castle  (ar'li  kas'l).     A  residence  of  the 

Aiken  (a'ken).     The  capital  of  Aiken  County,  subjects  and  on  glass.  Earl  of  Airlie,  near  Meigle,  vScotland.    it  was 

South  Carolina,  about  lat.  33°  34'  N.,  lone  81°  AinOS  (i'noz),  or  Aino  'i'no),  or  Ainu  (i'no).     plundered  and  destroyed  by  the  eighth  Earl  of  Argyle 

^?\^-'  ^.tf.  ^l  ^,r°*'^'"  ^^^^i^-'^^ort.     Pop-  A  small  tribe  (about  50,000  in  number)  of  non-     SlS^  " -™»  °^  ^^  l^fs^^lTof'i^tmZm 

ulation  (1900),  3,414.  Japanese   (perhaps  Montiolian)  race  and  Ian-     of  "The  Bonnie  House  of  Airlie."    Allan  Cunningham 

Aiken,  William.     Born  at  Charleston,  South  guage,  representing  the  primitive  population  of    has  transferred  it  to  the  I8th  centurj'. 

Carolina,  1806:  died  at  Flat  Rock,  North  Caro-  Japan,  living  in  Yesso^  parts  of  SaghaUn,  tlie  Airola  (i-ro'la).  Asmall  town  in  the  province  of 

lina,  Sept.  7,  1887.     An  American  politician,  Kuriles,  and  on  the  ailjacent  coast.    The  type  is    Benevento,  Italy,  23  miles  northeast  of  Naples, 

member    of    the    South    Carolina   legislature  E,'!™''^'''''.  I^"™Pean  as  compared  with  other  Asiatics.  Airolo   (i-ro'lo),  G.  Eriels  (er'i-elz).     A  small 

1838-43,  governor  1844,  and  representative  in  i^^/alX'tdlav^'tiriUos  th%"V;i..?nf^e%7"liaS;  Jr'"  'M^'  "''"l"'^  °'  VT^P^''^'^'''  "i' 
Congress  1851-5/.  He  opposed  nullification  and  se-  Kuriles."  the  southern  entrance  of  the  St.  (iotthard  rail- 
cession.  In  ]8(i(!  he  was  reelected  to  Congress,  but  was  Ajuslie  (anz'li),  Hew  Born  in  the  narish  of  '"'ay  tunnel,  on  the  Ticino  about  38  miles  south- 
not  admitted  to  a  seat              R„^^     ,™      .     ^  DaiUy,  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  April  5,  1792:  died    east  of  Lucerne. 

Lancashire    Eit^andMav  19    17^9     ."p^H   al  ""^  Louisville,  Ky'.,  March  11, 1878.     A  Scottish-  Airy  (ar'i).  Sir  George.     The  successful  lover 

I  ondnn    AnrTl  f5  ^854      In  li-n  J-i     ,       'l  American  poet,  author  of  a  "Pilgrimage  to  the    of  Miranda  iu  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  "The 

Ijondon,  April  15,  18o4.     An  English   chemist  T.and    of   TSuttio"    nRon>     otr.      %,         ■      *  j  .      Busvbodv  " 

^L"'l''^'^t±'lf^L^^'-^'^%--    "'=,'""".-  CialSrandrMforlVhorfLTrXi?  Ail^    S°^^^^^  Biddell.     Bom  at  Alnwick, 

3^i;L  a^&^|fIS^^,i^,.^t--'-  SiH^^S^^^i^rSS^^in^"^  '-'     ^^Z^^t^  '^i:^^,t^^;^ 

Af  \'747°^^;d'lrStl?'N:w^n^t^nn^  F"'','''^t  AinSWOrtll(ans'werth), Henry.  Born  at  Pleas-     k^^is^tppoTnl'^Lulri  pLl'^sg^tt^'cJmrd'e^? 

if'     -  ,0.^      .**-,?*°f^*',     ,^'°«'°°'  ^"^''■^"^''  ington,    Lancashire,    England,    1571:    died   at     ls26,  Pluniian  professor  and  director  of  the  Cambridge 

jpec.  (,1822.     An  Engbsh  physician.    He  was  the  Amsterdam   about    1622.     An  English  separa-     Observatory  in  lb2s,  director  of  the  Greenwich  ( ibserva- 

authorof  a  translation  of  the"  Germania"  and  "Agricola"  list  clprpv-man    pnntrnvpT«ialict   anrl  Tal^l-iinir-al     tor>'  and  astronomer  royal  in  1836,  and  president  of  the 

otTacitus,  "Piographical  Memoirs  of  Medicine  in  Great  «;il„i'   '      n         '-onno-ieisiaiisr,  aim  laODinicai     Boyal  Society  1871-73.    Heresignedhispositiouas  astron- 

Britain,"  "  Biographical  Dictionary  "  (1799-181.1),  "  Even-  7.     °  5 3j    ^'^  '"^^  driven  from  England  by  the  persecu-     omer  royal  in  1881. 

ings  at  Home  •  (1792-95,  written  in  conjunction  with  his  ''"i  o'thf  Brownists  (Independents),  with  whom  he  was  Aisne  (an)       A  department  of  France    cauital 

sister  Mrs  Barbauld)  etc  connected,  became  porter  to  a  bookseller  in  Amsterdam  ■^'>"*'  ^""^     -^  uepaiimeui  ot  riante,   tapitai 

Aiti„   T^,„^     B  iw       •   .^       T  1  •  "''°'"  '"93,  teacher  of  Frimcis  Johnson's  church  there,     Laon,  bounded  by  Nord  and  Belgium  on  the 

,^Km,  liUCy.   Born  at  Warrington,  Lancashire,  I091;.  and  I610-22  pastor  of  a  new  congregati,.n.  north,  bv  Ardennes  and  Marne  on  the  east,  by 

biUgland,  Nov.  b,   1/81:   died  at  Hampstead,  Ainsworth,  Robert.     Born  at  Woodyale,  near    Seine-et-Marne  on  the  south,  and  by  Oise  and 


Alsne 

Somme  on  the  west :  formotl  from  parts  of  an- 
cient Picardy,  Brie,  and  Ili-de-Fraufe.  Its 
area  is  2,839  square  miles,  and  its  population 
(l>in),  545,493. 

Aisne.  A  river  in  northern  France,  about  150 
miles  long  and  navigable  for  75  miles.  It  rises  in 
thed'partment  of  Meuse,  flows  tlirough  the  departments 
of  Manie,  Ardennes,  Alsne,  and  Oise,  and  joins  the  Oise 
near  Cotiipic-gne.  On  it  are  Rethel  an<l  .Soissons.  Its 
chief  altluenta  are  the  Aire  and  Vesle,  and  it  communicates 
by  canals  witll  the  Meuse  and  Marne, 

Aiss^  (a-e-sa'),  Mlli".  Born  1094:  died  at  Paris, 
l7'S.i.  Adaugliter  of  a  Circassian  chief,  carried 
off  when  a  child  by  Turkish  rovers  and  sold  at 
Constantinople  to  the  French  ambassador,  M. 
de  Ferriol,  who  took  her  to  Paris  and  educated 
her.  She  pained  celebrity  at  court  for  her  beauty  and 
accomplishments.  Her  letters  to  her  lover  Chevalier 
d'Avdie  have  been  published. 

Aistulf  (is'tiilf  ^  or  Astolf  (as'tolf).  King  of 
tlie  J.,ombards,  749-756.  His  conquest  of  the 
e-xarchate  of  Kaveniia  (752)  was  wrested  from 
him  by  Pepin  the  Short  in  755. 

Aitareva  (i-ta-ra'yii).  [Skt.,  'descendant  of 
Itara.'J  To  iiim  a  Brahmaua,  an  Aranyaka, 
iinil  an  Upanisha<l,  which  bear  his  name, 
were  supposed  to  have  been  revealed. 

Aitken  (at'ken),  Robert.  Born  at  Crailing. 
near  Jedburgh,  Jan.  22,  1800:-  died  suddenly 
ill  the  railway-station  at  Paddineton,  July  11, 
1873.  A  clergyman  of  the  Cliureh  of  England 
from  which  he  temporarily  mthdrew  1824- 
1840),  leader  of  the  Aitkenites. 

Aitkenites  (at'ken-its).  A  party  in  the  Chui-oh 
(if  England,  led  by  Kobert  Aitken,  a  Wesleyan 
minister  who  became  a  High-ehurchman  (vicar 
of  Pendeen  1849-73).  Its  object  was  to  in- 
uTaft  certain  Methodist  practices  and  views 
upon  the  Anglican  Church. 

Aitolia.     See  .Et'ilin. 

Alton  (a'ton),  William.  Born  near  Hamilton, 
Scotland,  1731:  died  at  Kew,  near  London,  Feb. 
2.  1793.  A  Scottish  botanist  and  gardener,  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  Royal  Botanical  Garden 
at  Kew  1759.  He  published  "Hortus  Kewen- 
sis"  (1789). 

Aitntaki  (i-to-ta'ke),or  Aitutake  (i-to-tii'ke). 
iJne  of  the  chief  islands  of  the  group  called 
■■  Cook's  Islands,"  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Aivalik  (i'va-lek),  or  Aivali  (i'va-le).  A 
seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Khodovendikyar,  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium  06  miles  northwest  of  SmjTna. 

Aivazovski  (i-va-zof'ske),  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Femlosia,  Crimea,  Russia,  May  22,  1812.  An 
Ariiii'uian  historian. 

Aivazovski,  Ivan.  Born  at  Feodosia  in  the 
Crimea,  July  7,  1817:  died  there.  May  2,  1900. 
An  Armenian  painter.  In-other  of 'tlie  preceding, 
professor  in  thelmjierial  Academy  of  tlie  Pine 
.\rts  at  St.  Petersburg. 

Aix  (a).  A  small  island  off  the  western  coast 
of  France,  11  miles  south  of  La  Koclielle,  the 
scene  of  several  encounters  between  the  French 
and  British. 

Aix  (as).  [L.  Af^uee  Scxtiie,  Sjirings  of  Sextius 
(C.  Se.\tius  Calvmus,  a  Roman  proconsul,  its 
founder).]  A  city  in  the  department  of  Bou- 
ches-du-Rhono,  France,  about  lat.  43°  33'  N., 
long.  .5°  25'  E.  It  Is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric, 
andhasacathc'dral,  a  innseum,  an  academy,  and  baths.  It 
was  colonizeil  by  the  proconsul  C,  Sextius  Calviiius  I'i'i 
H.  ('..  and  became  renowned  for  lis  batlis.  In  its  vicinity 
Marius  defeated  the  Teutones  and  their  allien  with  ureal 
BliiUKhter  1IJ2  H.  c.  It  became  the  capitjU  of  I'rovence, 
;uid  :i  famous  literary  center,  and  was  the  temporary  resi- 
'l'  '  '  -  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  l.'i3ti.  I'rlor  to  the 
I-  ■  i  lit  ion  it  had  one  of  the  chief  provincial  parliaments. 
II  111-  Ml  extensive  trade  in  olivcMjil  and  fruits,  and  manu- 
factures of  silks,  etc.  Aix  contains  a  catlieijral,  of  very 
citrly  foundation,  with  Komanes(|Ue  nave  and  later  aisles 
and  choir,  'the  curious  iMirch  has  antique  columns,  and 
cedar-wood  diMira  of  \bn\,  very  delicately  sculpturecl.  A 
baptistery  r»f  the  lith  century  opens  on  the  south  aisle  :  it 
has  eight  Roman  columns.     Population  (180U  i:l,ifH. 

Aix,  or  Aix-les-Bains  (as-la-bau').  A  town 
ill  the  depart Miiiit  of  Savoie,  France,  the  an- 
cient Aquu)  Gratianre  or  Aquic  Allolirogum, 
situated  near  Lake  Bourget,  8  miles  north  of 
('liamb(5ry,  renowned  since  Roman  times  for 

•  its  liot  sulphur  springs.  It  has  an  arch  of 
Campaniis.  Population  (1891),  commune,  0,290. 

Aix-la-Chapelie  diks-iii-shii-pid').  li.  Aachen 

(ii'ilien).  [.Nanicd  from  its  mineral  springs 
(L.  aqua:),  known  from  the  time  of  Hiarhv 
magne,  and  the  chapel  (F.  chapcllr)  of  the 
wilace.]  A  citv  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  about  lat.  50°  46'  X.,  long.  0°  5'  E., 
an  important  commercial  and  railway  center. 
It  has  larKc  manufactures  of  cloth,  needles,  clears,  ma- 
chinery, etc.,  and  a  noted  cathedral,  a  Rathhaus.  famous 
not  sulphur  springs,  and   a  museum  (the  SuerraonUt). 


25 

It  waa  founded  by  the  Romans  as  a  waterlng-plaee,  was 
a  favorite  residence  and  the  northern  capital  of  Charles 
the  CJreat  (who  died  here),  and  became  a  free  imperial 
city.  From  Louis  the  Pious  to  Ferdinand  I.  it  wa.s  the 
crowning-place  of  the  German  emperors  (hence  called 
the  "seat  of  royalty,"  etc.),  and  it  was  also  the  seat 
of  numerous  diets  and  councils.  It  was  captured  by 
the  French  in  the  revolutionary  period,  and  was  gnmted 
to  I'russia  in  1S15.  The  Cathedral  of  Aixla-Chapelle  con- 
sists of  the  famous  polygonal  monument  founded  by 
Charlemagne  in  "yfi.  and  a  beautiful  Pointed  choir  of  the 
14th  century.  Charlemagne's  structure  was  inspired  by 
San  Vitale  at  Ravenna  and  similar  Italian  buildings.  It 
is  l(i-sided,  about  105  feet  in  exterior  diameter,  with 
a  d(uue  104  feet  higll  and  4S  in  diameter  over  the  central 
portion.  The  eight  gables  around  the  dome  are  Kith- 
century  additions.  Tlie  dome  is  supported  by  eight  mas- 
sive piers,  and  the  surrounding  ambulatory  is  two-storied. 
The  marble  throne  of  Charlemagne,  in  which  his  body 
sat  for  over  .'I.^O  years,  is  now  in  the  upper  gallery.  The 
mosaic  on  gold  ground  in  the  dome  is  modern.  The  choir 
is  of  light  and  elegant  i)roportion8;  it  is  ornamented  with 
niediev:U  statues  of  Cliarlemagnc,  the  Virgin,  and  the 
apostles,  and  with  good  modern  glass.  The  chapels  are 
interesting,  and  there  is  a  fine  late-Pointed  cloister.  The 
bronze  doors  of  the  west  portal,  which  opens  between  two 
low  cylindrical  towers,  date  from  S04.  The  Rathhaus,  or 
town  hall,  is  a  structure  of  the  14th  century,  interesting 
as  incorporating  what  remains  of  the  palace  of  Charle- 
magne, including  the  lower  part  of  the  west  tower.  The 
Kaisersiuil,  a  great  vaulted  hall  extending  the  entire 
length  of  the  upper  story,  contains  eiglit  historiciU  fres- 
cos designed  by  Rethel,  which  rank  among  the  flnest 
examples  of  their  class.  The  council-chamber  is  adorned 
with  impci-ial  portraits.  Pojjulation  (litOO),  commune, 
136,2.'f6. 

Aix-la-Chapelle.  A  governmental  district  of 
tlie Rliiiie Province, Prussia.  Population  (1890), 
504,577. 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  Congress  of.    A  congress  of 

the  sovereigns  of  Russia,  Au.stria,  and  Prussia, 
assisted  by  the  ministers  Castlereagh  and  Wel- 
lington from  Great  Britain,  Richelieu  from 
France,  Metteruich  from  Austria,  Nesselrode 
and  Kapodistrias  from  Russia,  and  Harden- 
berg  and  Bernstorff  from  Prussia.  The  conven- 
tion signeil  Oct.  9, 181S,  provided  for  the  immediate  with, 
drawal  of  the  army  of  occupation  from  France.  The  ccui. 
gress  expressed  the  reactionary  purposes  of  the  Holy 
Alliance,  and  received  F'rance  into  the  European  conceit. 

AJx-la-Chapelle,  Peace  of.  1.  A  treaty  (May 
2, 1608),  between  the  Triple  Alliance  (England, 
the  Netherlands,  and  Sweden)  on  one  side,  and' 
France  on  the  other,  acceded  to  by  Spain,  by 
which  France  returned  Franche-Comte  to  Spain 
and  received  twelve  fortified  towns  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  among  them 
Lille,  Toiirnay,  and  Oudenarde. —  2.  A  treaty 
(Oct.,  1748)  which  ended  the  war  of  the  Austrian 
succession.  The  basis  of  peace  was  the  mutual  restitu- 
tion of  conquests,  except  in  the  case  of  Austria,  which 
ceded  Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  to  the  Spanish  in- 
fant Don  Philip  and  confirmed  Prussia  in  the  possession  of 
Silesia.  The  pragmatic  sanction  was  conhrmed  in  Austria. 

Aizani.    Sec  A-<iiii. 

Aja  (aj'ii).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  prince  of 
tlie  solar  race,  the  son  of  Raghu  or  of  Dilipa, 
son  of  Ragliu. 

Ajaccio  (ii-yii'cho).  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
the  department  of  Corsica,  France,  situated  on 
the  western  coast  of  Corsica  on  the  Gulf  of 
Ajaccio,  lat.  41°  .55'  N.,  long.  8°  44'  E.,  cele- 
brated as  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte. It  has  a  considerable  trade,  and  a  ca- 
thedral.    Population  (1891),  commune,  20,197. 

Ajalon  (aj'a-lon),  or  Aijalon  (aj'a-lon).  In 
biblical  geography,  a  town  of  Palestine,  the 
modern  Yalo,  14  miles  nortliwest  of  Jerusalem. 

Ajan  (ii'.ian),  or  Ajam  (ii'.iam).  A  district  in 
Somali  Land,  eastern  Africa,  on  the  coast  south 
of  Cape  (iiiardatui. 

Ajatasatru  (a-jii-tii-sat'rij).  A  king  of  Kasi 
(Benares),  mentioned  in  tlie  U)ianishads.  who 
was  very  learned  and,  tliougli  a  Kshatriya, 
taught  the  Braliman  GargyabahiUi. 

AjaX  (a'jilks).  [Gr.  Aliir.'\  In  Greek  legend: 
(»)  The  son  of  Telamon  and  liiilf-brolher  ol' 
Teucer,  and  one  of  the  leading  Greek  heroes  in 
the  Trojan  war,  famous  for  his  size  and  pliysi- 
cal  strengtli  and  beiinty.  According  to  Homer  he 
was,  next  to  Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the  Grecian  host. 
He  several  times  engaged  in  single  combat  with  Hector 
and  gained  the  advantage  over  him,  and  was  always  a  tor. 
ror  to  (he  Trojans.  'I'ln-re  are  various  accounts  of  his  ex- 
ploits after  the  war  and  of  his  death.  According  to  the 
common  poetical  tradition,  he  died  by  his  own  hand. 
The  decision  of  Agamemnon  (on  the  advice  of  Athena)  to 
award  the  arms  of  Achilles  to  tlilysscus  drove  Ajax  mad, 
and  in  his  Insanity  he  furiously  attiicked  and  slew  the 
sheep  of  the  Greeks.  Imitgining  them  to  be  his  enemies. 
Shame  for  this  coniluct  drove  htm  to/iuieiile.  According 
to  other  acciuints  ho  was  murilered.  Froni  his  blood  was 
said  to  have  sprung  up  a  purple  (lower  bearing  on  its 
leaves  the  letters  a,,  the  flrst  letters  of  his  name  and  also 
an  exclamation  of  woe.  Ills  story  was  dranuitlzed  by 
Sophocles.  (J,)  A  Locrian  legendary  king,  son 
of  Giloiis,  and  oni'  of  tlie  lieroes  in  the  Trojan 
war:  often  called  llie  l.rssi  r  Ajax. 

Ajax,  Sir.     See  the  extract. 


Akbar 

Sir  AJai  seems  to  have  been  a  title  imposed  on  Sir  John 
Harrington,  for  a  verj-  meritorious  attempt  to  introduce 
cleanliness  into  our  dwellings.  ...  In  151*ti.  he  pub- 
lished, under  the  name  of  Misacmos,  a  little  treatise 
called,  "A  new  discourse  of  a  stale  subject,  or  the  Meta- 
morphosis of  Ajax."  of  wliich  the  object  was  to  point  out 
the  propriety  of  adopting  something  like  the  water-closets 
of  the  present  day.  As  the  nature  of  his  subject  led  him 
to  lay  open  the  interior  of  our  palaces  and  great  houses, 
ollence  was  taken  at  his  freedom  :  he  lost,  at  least  for  a 
time,  the  favour  of  Elizabeth  (his  godmother),  and  was 
banished  from  court.  His  gains,  from  his  well-timed  la- 
bours, were  apparently  confined  to  the  honour  of  contrib- 
uting to  the  merriment  of  the  wits.  Shakspeare,  Jonson, 
Xabbes,  and  many  others,  who  took  advantage  of  his  own 
pun  (a-jakes),  and  dubbeil  him  a  knight  of  the  stool; 
under  which  title  he  freijuently  appears  in  their  pages. 
Gifurd,  Note  to  .Tonson's  "The  .silent  Woman,    I.  447. 

Ajigarta  (a-je-giir'ta).  The  poor  Brahman 
Rishi  who  sold  his  son  Sunahsepa  to  Rohita 
to  be  a  substitute  for  Rohita,  King  Harischan- 
dra  ha^nng  vowed  that  if  he  obtained  a  son 
he  would  sacrifice  him  to  Varuna,  and  Rohita 
liaviug  been  tlie  son  given. 

Ajmir,  or  Ajmere  (iij-mer').  A  pro'vince  in 
Rajputana.  British  India,  intersected  bv  lat. 
26°  20'  N..  and  long.  74°  30'  E.  It  Is  und"er  the 
supervision  of  the  governor-general  of  India,  and  was 
ceded  to  the  British  in  1M8.  Area,  2,711  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  54-2,35.S.     Alio  A/nu-er. 

Ajmir,  or  Ajmere.  The  cajiital  of  thepro\nn<!e 
of  Ajniir,  about  lat,  26°  29'  N..  long.  74°  40'  E. 
The  Mosque  of  .-Vjmir  was  founded  in  the  early  lath  century, 
and  is  one  of  the  flrst  established  in  India.  It  occupies  the 
spacious  square  court  of  a  Jain  temple,  whose  old  colon- 
mides  of  graceful  and  well-carved  columns  remain  in  place 
around  the  walls  and  support  a  series  of  low  domes.  1  he 
great  beauty  of  the  monument  lies  in  the  screen  of  seven 
keel-shaped  Mohammedan  arches  carried  across  the  west 
side  of  the  court  in  front  of  the  colonnade-  This  screen 
is  covered  with  bands  of  Cuftc  and  Togra  inscriptions  sepa- 
rated by  diaper-work,  admirable  in  decorative  motive,  and 
cut  with  great  delicacy-  Population  (1891),  88,843.  Also 
Ajmecr. 

Ajodhya  (a-jodh'ya).  A  suburb  of  Faizabad, 
Oudh,  British  India,  on  the  site  of  an  impor- 
tant ancient  city. 

Ajunta  (a-jun'tii),  orAdjunta.  A  small  place 
in  the  Nizam's  dominions,  India,  about  55  miles 
northeast  of  Atiraiigabad,  celebrated  for  its 
cave-temples.  The  Buddhist  vihara.  or  monastery,  is 
known  as  Cave  No.  16.  It  is  rock-cut.  in  plan  a  rectan* 
gular  hall  about  GC>  feet  square,  with  a  hexastyle  por- 
tico preceding  the  portal.  At  the  back  is  a  rectangu- 
l:ir  pillared  shrine,  in  which  is  an  enthroned  figure  of 
Buddha.  The  sides  are  bordered  by  1(1  small  cells  for  the 
recluses.  The  hall  has  an  interior  peristyle  of  2o  fine  col- 
umns, with  cubical  corbeled  cnpitals.  The  columns  and 
flat  ceiling  are  carved  with  rich  lu-abesques.  and  the  walls 
are  covered  with  interesting  paintings  of  Buddhist  scenes. 
The  monument  dates  from  the  .'ith  century  A.  p.,  and  is 
typical  of  a  large  class  of  similar  viharas.  Sometimes,  as 
in  the  Great  Vihara  at  Bagh,  a  shala  or  school,  in  form  a 
pillared  hall  separate  from  the  main  foundation,  is  at- 
tached to  the  vihara. 

Akabah  (ii-kii-bii').  A  haven  in  Arabia  Petnea, 
at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah,  about  lat. 
29°  33'  N.,  long.  35°  24'  E.  Near  it  were  the 
ancient  Elatli  (.Elana  i  and  Ezion  Geber. 

Akabah,  Gulf  of.  The  northeastern  arm  of 
the  Red  Sea,  llie  ancient  Sinus -Han ites,  about 
10(1  miles  long. 

Akakia  (ii-kii-ke-ii')  (Martin  Sans-Malice). 

{Al,<dia  (oKnh/n)  is  a  (ireek  translation  of  the 
French  name  smis-nialirc.]  Born  at  t'haloiis-sur- 
Marne :  died  1.551.  A  French  physician,  lec- 
turer at  the  College  de  France,  founded  by 
Francis  I.  He  published  several  medical  works. 
Akakia,  Le  docteur.    A  pseudonym  of  Vol- 

liiire,  Iporiowed  from  the  preceding.  It  was  used 
by  Voltaire  in  his  "  Diatribe  du  Docteur  Akakia."  a  lam- 
poon on  .Mauncrtuis,  published  about  17.'''.!.  A  supple- 
ment  aiipeared  later.  I'he  book  was  bunicil  by  the  i>ub- 
llc  executioner  on  the  Place  Gendarmes.  Pec.  '^4.  1768, 
lint  a  copy  was  saved  by  Voltaire,  who  republished  it. 

Akansa.     See  Kuajm. 

Akarnauia.     See  Aranioiiia. 

Akassa  (ii-kiis'sii).    The  seaport  of  the  Niger, 

\Ve>,t  Afrieii.     See  hhn. 
Akbar,  or  Akber   (iik'ber;   Hindu   inoii.  iik'- 

iier),or  Akhbar,  originally  Jel-al-eddin  Mo- 
hammed ( je-liireil-den'  mo-liam'ed).  [Ar., 
'  verv  great. 'J  Born  at  Amarkote.  Sind.  India, 
Oct. "14,  l.'>42:  died  at  Agra,  India,  Get.  1,1,  1(!0,5. 
A  great  Mogul  emperor  in  linlin.  I."i.'i0-1()05. 
He  was  born  during  the  exile  of  his  father  Itumnyun. 
After  twelve  years  Humayun  recovcrcii  the  thrtuie  of 
Pclhl,  but  died  within  a  >  ear,  when  in  l.'i.'iii  Akiutrsucceeilcd 
lilm,  ruling  at  first  under  the  regency  of  llalrnm  Khnn. 
In  his  eighteenth  year  he  threw  oil  this  yoke.  By  war 
and  policy  he  consollilntcd  his  power  t>ver  the  greater 
part  of  India,  lie  put  an  end  to  the  conflict  between 
Afghan  and  Mogul,  and  sought  to  reconcile  Hindu  ami 
Mohanimeilan.  lie  interested  binisclf  In  various  religions. 
Brahmanlsm,  Itudilbism.  MazdaJsm,  and  Christianity,  anu 
even  sought  to  establish  a  religion  of  his  own.  He 
sought  to  better  his  subjects  by  measures  of  tolera- 
tion and  Improved  social  laws.  He  permitted  the  use 
of  wine,  but  puolsbeil  intoxication  ;  tried  to  stop  widow. 
burning,  permitted  the  marriage  of  Hindu  widows;  for- 
bade the  marriage  of  boys  before  sixteen  and  of  girlp 


T 


Akbar 

before  fourteen  ;  to  gratify  his  Hindu  subjects  prohibited 
the  slaughter  of  cows ;  had  his  lands  accurately  surveyed 
and  statistics  taken  ;  constructed  roads  ;  established  a  uni- 
form system  of  weights  and  measures  ;  and  introduced  a 
vigorous  police.  He  was  sometimes  harsh  and  cruel,  ;uid 
is  charged  with  poisoning  his  enemies.  The  rebellion  of 
his  son  Selim,  later  known  as  Jaliangir,  was  a  ilohamme- 
dan  uprising  against  Akbar's  apostasy.  The  rebellion  was 
suppressed,  and  Akbar  returned  to  the  faith.  He  was 
probably  poisoned  at  the  instigation  of  Jahangir. 

Akbar,  Tomb  of.    See  Secuudra. 

Ake  (il'ke).  1.  SeeJcre. — 2.  Oue  of  the  princi- 
pal ruined  cities  of  Yucatan,  situated  about  30 
miles  east  of  Merida,  noted  for  its  pyramid. 

Akeman  Street  (ak'man  stret ).  [So  called  from 
AS.  Acemiinnes  biirh,  sick  man's  town,  a  name 
of  Bath:  AS.  xce.  ece,  ake  (now  spelled  ache), 
pain.]  An  ancient  Roman  road  in  England 
connecting  Bath,  througli  Speen  and  Walling- 
ford.  with  London. 

Aken,  or  Acken  (a'ken).  A  town  in  Prussian 
Saxonv,  on  the  Elbe  25  miles  southeast  of 
Magdeburg.     Populatiou  (ISUO),  6,109. 

Akenside  (a'ken-suli,  Mark.  Born  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne"  Nov.  9,  1721 :  died  at  London, 
June  23,  1770.  An  English  poet  and  physician, 
author  of  ■  •  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination"  (1744). 
He  was  the  son  of  a  butcher.  He  studied  theology  and 
then  medicine  at  Edinburgh;  went  to  London  in  1743 
and  to  Leyden  in  1744,  where  he  completed  his  medical 
studies ;  and  returned  to  England  in  1744,  beginning  the 
practice  of  Ids  profession  in  Northampton,  and  removing 
in  1745  to  London.  In  1761  he  became  physician  to  the 
queen.  The  best  edition  of  his  poetical  works  (with  a 
biography)  is  that  published  by  Dyce  in  1S34. 

Akerbas.    See  Acei-bas. 

Akerblad  (ii'ker-bliid),  Johan  David.    Bom 

in  Sweden,  1760:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  8,  1819. 
A  Swedisli  Orientalist  and  diplomatist,  author 
of  works  on  oriental  inscriptions. 

'Akerman  (ii'ker-man),  or  Akyerman,  or  Ak- 
kerman.  A  seaport  in  the  government  of  Bes- 
sarabia, Russia,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Dniester  about  lat.  46°  15'  N.,  long.  30°  15'  E. 
It  is  probably  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Milesian  colony 
T>Tas,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Venetians  and  Genoese  in 
the  later  middle  ages.     Population,  43,94;?. 

Akerman,  Convention  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  Oct.  6,  1826,  by 
which  Russia  secured  the  navigation  of  the 
Black  Sea,  and  various  agreements  were  en- 
tered into  concerning  MoldaWa,Wallachia,  and 
Servia.  The  non-fulfilment  of  the  treaty  by 
Turkey  led  to  the  war  of  1828-29. 

Akerman  (ak'er-man),  Amos  Tappan.  Born  in 
New  Hampshire,  1823:  died  at  Cartersville,  Ga., 
Dec.  21, 1880.  An  American  lawyer,  a  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  College,  1842.  He  settled  in  Elberton, 
Georgia,  IS.^0,  followed  his  adopted  State  in  secession, 
1801,  became  a  Republican  and  reconstructionist  after  the 
war,  and  was  attorncy-L'eiR-ral  under  Grant,  1S70-72. 

Akerman,  John  Yonge.  Born  at  London, 
June  12,  1806:  died  at  Abingdon,  England, 
Nov.  18, 1873.   An  English  numismatist. 

Akers  (a'kerz),  Benjamin  Paul.  Bom  at  Sac- 
carappa,  Maine.  July  10,  1825:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  21,  1861.  An  American  sculptor. 
Among  his  best  works  are  "  Una  and  the  Lion,"  *'  St. 
Elizabeth  of  Hungary,"  "The  Dead  Pearl-Diver," etc.  See 
Allen,  Kh'zaheth  Ch'ise. 

Akershem,  Miss  Sophronia.     See  Lammic, 

Mrs.  Alfred. 

Akershus.     See  Ageiersluis. 

Akhal  Tekke  (a'khal  tek'ke).  An  oasis  in 
central  Asia,  north  of  Persia,  inhabited  by 
Turkomans,  annexed  by  Russia  in  1881.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Transeaspian  railway. 

Akhalzikh(a-khal-zekh').  Atown  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Titlis,  Caucasus,  Russia,  about  lat.  41° 
40'  N.,  long.  43°  1'  E.  it  is  the  ancient  capital  of  Turk- 
ish Georgia,  and  was  captured  by  the  Russians  under  Pas- 
kevitch,  Aug.  27,  1828.  A  Turkish  attack  upon  it  was  re- 
pulsed in  March,  1829,  and  near  it  a  Russian  victory  was 
gained  >ov.  26, 1853.    Population  (1891),  16,116. 

Akhissar  (a-khis-sar').  A  town  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, the  ancient  Thyatira,  about  58  miles  north- 
east of  Smyrna.  Population  (estimated),10,000. 

Akhissar  (in  Albania).     See  Kroia. 

Akhlat  (iikh-liit').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Erzrum,  Asiatic  Turkey,  oti  Lake  Van  about 
lat.  38°  45'  N..  long.  42°  "13'  E.  Near  it  are  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Khelat. 

Akhmim  (iikh-mem'),  or  Ekhmim  (ekh-mem'). 
A  town  in  Egypt,  the  ancient  Kliemmis  or  Pan- 
opolis,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile  between 
Assiut  and  Thebes,  it  was  the  seat  of  the  cult  of 
Amnion  Kheni,  and  it«  ancient  necropolis  was  discovered 
by  Maspcro  in  1884.    Population  (1897),  27,963. 

Akhtuba  (iikh'to-ba).  An  arm  of  the  Volga, 
which  branches  from  the  main  stream  near 
Tsaritsyn,  and  flows  parallel  with  it  to  the 
Caspian  Sea. 

Akhtyrka  (Skh-ter'ka).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kharkoff,  Russia,  about  lat.  50°  18' 


26 

N.,  long.  34°  59' E.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 25,870. 

Akib,  Le  rabbin.  A  pseudonym  used  by  Vol- 
taire in  1761. 

Akiba  (ii-ke'bii)  ben  Joseph  ('Akiba  son  of 
Joseph'),  or  simply  Rabbi  Akiba.  E.xecuted 
132  (')  A.  D.  The  most  distinguished  Jewish 
personage  in  the  2d  century.  There  ore  many 
legends  about  him.  He  introduced  a  new  method  of  in- 
terpreting the  oral  law  (Halacha)  and  reduced  it  tu  a 
system  (ilishnii).  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  rebellion 
which  liroke  out  against  Hadrian  under  the  leadership  of 
Bar-Cochba  (132  A.  D.)  and  suffered  death  by  torture  for 
his  share  in  this  unsuccessful  uprising. 

Akita  Ken  (a-ke'til  ken).  A  ken  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  main  island  (Hondo)  of 
Japan.  Its  chief  town  is  Akita.  The  population 
of  the  town  is  about  30,000. 

Akka  (ak'ka).  A  tribe  of  pygmies  discovered 
by  Miani  and  Schweinfurth  in  central  Africa, 
between  the  Nepoko  and  Aruwimi  rivers.  Their 
average  height  is  1. 33  nietera,  complexion  light  brown,  hair 
scanty  and  wooUy,  head  large,  nose  flat,  ai-ms  long,  legs 
short,  and  hands  well  formed,  but  not  the  feet.  They  are 
e.tpert  hunters,  live  in  temporary  grass  huts  of  beehive 
shape,  and  keep  no  domestic  animals,  save  chickens.  Also 
called  Tikke-Tihke,  or,  in  Bantu  speech,  Wmnbuti. 

It  seems  possible,  therefore,  that  at  an  epoch  when  the 
Sahara  was  still  a  fertile  land,  and  the  Delt^  of  Egypt  an 
arai  of  the  sea,  a  race  of  men  allied  to  the  Bushmen 
ranged  along  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Atlas  mountains, 
and  extended  from  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  on  the  one 
side  to  the  banks  of  the  Nile  on  the  other.  Of  this  race 
the  brachycephalic  Akkas  and  other  dwarf  tribes  of  Cen- 
tral Africa  would  be  surviving  relics.  They  were  driven 
from  their  primitive  haimts  by  the  negro  invasion,  and 
finally  forced  into  the  extreme  south  of  the  continent  by 
the  pressure  of  the  Bau-tu  or  Kafiir  tribes. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  148. 

Akkad,  or  Accad  (ak'kad  or  ak'ad).  One  of 
the  four  cities  of  Nimrod's  empire  (Gen.  x.  10) 
in  Shinar  or  Babylonia:  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions it  is  usually  the  name  of  a  region. 
The  kings  of  Babylonia  and  those  of  Assyria  who  conquered 
Babylonia  call  themselves  *'  king  of  Sumer  and  Akkad," 
whence  it  is  usually  assumed  that  Sumer  denominated 
southern  Babylonia  and  Akkad  northern  Babylonia.  Tiie 
boundaries  of  this  district  are  not  certain,  but  it  seems 
to  have  lain  between  the  Tigris  and  the  Elamitic  and  Me- 
dian mountains,  its  northern  limit  being  the  upper  Zal>. 
Tlie  name  of  a  city,  Af/adf,  w.as  discovered  in  an  inscrip- 
tion of  Nebuchadnezzar,  which  is  held  by  some  to  be 
identical  with  the  city  of  Akkad.  Agade  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  earliest-known  Babylonian  king,  Sargon  I. 
(about  3800  B.  C).  C.\  rus  mentions  this  city  as  still  e.vist- 
ing  in  his  time.  Eiiedrich  Delitzsch  considers  it  part  of 
the  city  of  Sepharvaim ;  other  scholars,  however,  doubt 
the  identification.-  Akkadian  is  the  name  given  to  the 
people  and  dialect  of  Akkad.  The  people  were  supposed 
to  be  a  non-Semitic  tribe  and  their  language  agglutina- 
tive ;  the  literatiu'e  in  this  dialect  consisted  cliietly  of 
magical  incantations.  This  theory  has  been  strongly  de- 
fended by  Oppert  and  Haupt.  Joseph  Halevy  and  others 
hold  that  this  non-Semitic  people  and  language  never  ex- 
isted and  that  the  writing  is  simply  a  cryptography  or 
secret  writing  invented  by  the  priests  to  lend  a  greater 
mystery  to  their  sacred  writings.  The  most  recent  theoiy 
is  that  the  so-called  Akkadian  dialect  is  simply  an  older 
form  of  Sumerian  and  should  be  called  Old  Smnerian. 
(See  Sumeria.)  Akkadut  is  the  name  given  to  a  person 
who  believes  in  the  real  existence  of  the  Akkadian  dialect 
and  people  :  the  opponents  of  this  school  are  called  anti- 
Akkadists. 

Akko.    See  Acre. 

Akmolinsk,  or Akmollinsk  (ak-mo-linsk' ).  A 
Russian  province  in  the  government  of  the 
Steppes,  Russian  central  Asia,  organized  in 
18(58.  It  is  level  in  the  north,  hilly  in  the  center,  and  a 
desert  steppe  in  the  south.  Area,  229,609  square  miles. 
Population  (1S97).  683,721. 

Akmolinsk.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Akmolinsk.  situated  on  the  Ishim  about  lat. 
51°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  30'  E.  It  is  a  caravan  cen- 
ter.    Population  (18S9),  5,447. 

Akoklak.     See  Kitunahan. 

Akola  (a-ko'la).  A  district  in  West  Berar, 
Hyderabad  Assigned  Districts,  British  India, 
intersected  bv  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  77°  E.  Area, 
2.660  square  roiles.    Population  (1891),  574,782. 

Akola.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Akola, 
British  India,  about  lat.  20°  40'  N.,  long.  77''E. 
Population  (1891),  21,470. 

Akpotto  (ak-pot'to).     See  IgMra. 

Akra  (iik-ra' ),  formerly  Accra.  A  Nigritic  tribe 
of  the  Gold  Coast, West  Africa,  subiect  to  Eng- 
land. It  occupies  the  triangular  area  between  the  sea- 
coast,  the  Volta  River,  and  the  Ashanti  Mountains,  The 
Akra  language  has  monosyllabic  roots  and  makes  a  great 
use  of  musical  tones,  Ga  (Gau)  and  Adampi  are  its  two 
principal  dialects. 

Akra,  formerly  Accra.  A  town  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  West  Africa,  about  80  miles  west  of  the 
Volta  river,  it  had,  in  1890,  2n,ooo  inhabitants,  a  few 
only  being  white.  It  became  English  in  1850,  and  is  the 
largest  town  of  the  Gold  Coast.  Since  1S75  the  governor 
has  resided  in  the  neighboring  Christiansborg. 

Akrabbim  (a-krab'im).  [Heb..  'scorpions.'] 
In  biblical  geography,  a  group  of  hills  south  of 
the  Dead  Sea,  variously  identified. 


Alabama,  The 

Akragas.     See  Aiiriijentmn. 

Akron  (ak'ron).  the  capital  of  Summit  County, 
Ohio.  36  miles  south  of  Cleveland,  it  has  consid- 
eralde  manufactures  of  flour,  woolen  goods,  matches,  agri- 
cultui-al  implemeuts,  etc,     Population  (1900).  42,728. 

Akrura  (a-kro'ra).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
Yadava  ami  imcle  of  Krishna,  chiefly  noted  as 
the  holder  of  the  Syamantaka  gem."  See  Si/a- 
maiitaka. 

Aksakoff  (iik-sa'kof),  or  Aksakov  (ak-sa'kofj, 
Constantine.  Bom  at  Moscow,  April  10, 1817: 
died  in  the  island  of  Zaute,  Greece,  Dec.  1860. 
A  Russian  poet  and  prose-writer,  son  of  Sergei 
Aksakoff. 

AksakofT,  or  Aksakov,  Ivan.  Bom  Oct.  8, 
1823  :  died  Feb.  8, 1886.  A  Russian  Panslavist, 
son  of  Sergei  Aksakoff. 

Aksakoff,  or  Aksakov,  Sergei.  Bom  at  Ufa, 
Russia,  Oct.  1,  1791:  died  at  Moscow,  May  12, 
1859.  A  Russian  -wTiter,  author  of  "Family 
Chronicles"  (1856),  etc. 

Akserai  (iik-se-ri').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey:  the  ancient  Arehelais. 
Population  (estimated),  10,000. 

Aksha  (ak'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
eldest  son  of  Kavana,  slain  by  Hanuman. 

Akshehr  (ak'sheHr).  A  smalltown  in  the  vila- 
yet of  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  lat.  38° 
22'  N.,  long.  31°  17'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Thymbriumor,  more  probalil.v,  of  Philomelion, 
the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  over  the  Seljuks,  May  18, 1190.  Bajazet 
I.  died  here  1403.     Also  Ai-Sheher. 

Aksu  (ak-so'),  or  Ak-sai  (iik-si').  A  northern 
tributary  of  the  Tarim  in  eastern  Turkestan, 
about  300  miles  long.  It  rises  in  the  Tian-Shan. 

Aksu  (iik-so').  A  city  in  eastern  Tm'ke.stan, 
about  lat.  41°  7'  N.,  long.  80°  30'  E.,  important 
as  a  commercial  center  and  strategical  point. 
It  has  manvLfactures  of  cotton  goods.  Popula- 
tion (estimated"*,  40.000. 

Akupara  (ak-o-pa'rS).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  tortoise  which  upholds  the  world. 

Aknrakura  (ii-ko-rii'ko-ra).  A  small  African 
tribe,  settled  on  the  bend  of  Cross  River,  West 
Africa,  in  the  region  where  the  Bantu  and  Ni- 
gritic languages  meet  and  blend. 

Akurejrri  (a-ko-ra'ri).  A  small  seaport  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Iceland,  the  second  largest 
place  on  the  island. 

Akwapim  (ak-wa-pem').     See  Ashanti. 

Akyab  (iik-yab').  A  district  in  the  division  of 
Arakan,  British  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  %V 
N.  and  long.  93°  E.  Area,  5,535  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  416,305. 

Akyab.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Alivab,  and  chief  port  of  the  Arakan  division 
of  British  Burma,  lat.  (old  temple)  20°  8'  53  N., 
long.  92°  52'  40    E.     Population  (1891).  37,938. 

Ala  (a'la).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, on  the  Adige  23  miles  southwest  of 
Trent.     Popuhation  (1890),  3,161. 

Ala.     See  Igara. 

Alabama  (al-a-ba'ma).  [Ind.,  'here  we  rest,' 
or  'place  of  rest '(?).]  A  river  in  the  State 
of  Alabama,  which  is  formed  by  the  Coosa  and 
Tallapoosa,  above  Montgomery,  and  unites 
with  the  Tombigbee  to  form  the  Mobile,  about 
32  miles  north  of  Mobile,  its  chief  tributary  is  the 
Cahawba.  Its  total  length  is  312  miles,  and  it  is  navigable 
to  -Montgomery. 

Alabama.  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States,  capital  Montgomery,  bounded 
by  Tennessee  on  the  north.  Georgia  (partly 
separated  by  the  Chattahoochee)  and  Florida 
(separated  by  the  Perdido)  on  the  east.  Florida 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Missis- 
sippi on  the  west,  and  extending  from  lat.  30° 
13'  to  lat.  35°  N.,  and  from  long.  84°  53'  to  long. 
88°  35'  W. :  one  of  the  Gulf  States.  It  is  moun- 
tainous in  the  north,  hilly  and  rolling  in  the  center,  and 
low  in  the  south;  and  is  tr,aversed  by  the  Tennessee 
river  in  the  north,  and  by  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee 
systems  from  north  to  south.  It  is  rich  in  coal  and  iron 
in  the  mountainous  region,  and  w,ns  the  fourth  State  in  the 
pr.'dnction  of  pig-irou  in  1900.  It  h;is  67  counties,  9 
representatives  in  Congress,  and  11  electoral  votes.  It 
was  settled  by  the  French  in  1702.  The  territorj-  north 
of  lat.  31 '  N.  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  aud  to 
the  United  States  in  1783 :  and  the  remaining  territorj' 
was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  I'nited  States  in  1819.  It  was 
.admitted  to  "the  Union  in  1819,  seceded  Jan.  11,  1861,  and 
was  readmitted  July,  1868,  .\rea,  .^2,250  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  1,828,697, 

Alabama,  The.  A  wooden  steam-sloop  of  1,040' 
tons  built  for  the  Confederate  States  at  Birken- 
head, England.  Her  commander  was  Captain  Semmes 
of  the  Confederate  navy  (See  Seiiimes.)  Her  crew  aud 
equipments  were  English.  She  cruised  1862-64,  destroy- 
ing American  shipping,  and  was  sunk  by  the  Kearsarge, 
off  Cherbourg,  June  19,  1864. 


Alabama  claims 

A.labama  claims.  Claims  for  damages  pre- 
ferred by  the-  L'nited  States  against  Great 
iJritain  for  losses  caused  during  the  Civil  War 
liy  the  depredations  on  American  commeroe  of 
vi.ssels — the  chief  of  which  was  the  Ala- 
liama  — fitted  out  or  supplied  iu  British  ports 
under  the  direction  of  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment. The  ailjustraeiit  of  these  claims  was  proviiied 
till-  by  the  treaty  of  Washington,  concluded  Hay  8,  1871 


27 
Ala-ed-Din  (ii-la'ed-deu'),  or  Ala-eddin,  or 

Aladdin.  An  Ottoman  statesman,  sou  of 
Uthman  tlio  founder  of  the  Ottoman  empire. 
On  the  death  of  Othnian,  Orchan,  Ala-edDin's  elder 
brother,  otfere<l  to  share  the  empire  with  liiin,  hut  ho 
would  accept  only  the  revenues  from  a  single  village  and 
the  post  of  vizir.  He  organized  the  corps  of  jani/aries, 
at  the  liead  of  which  he  gained  a  victory  over  the  em- 
peror .\ndronicus  in  l.t.'t",  ami  took  NicaM,  the  chief  de- 
fense of  the  Greek  empire  in  Asia. 


h  referred  them  to  a  tribunal  of  arbitration  to  be  AlagheZ    (ii-la-gez').     An    e.xtinet   volcano    30 

"  ' '"'  "■"  "-     miles    northwest    of    Erivan,   Transcaucasia, 

Russia,  13,436  feet  high.     Also  AH-Ghe:. 


iijposcd  of  five  members,  named  respectively  by  the 
'■ruments  of  the  Initcd  Stiites,  Great  Hiitain.  Italy, 
iizeiland.  and  Brazil.  The  tribunal  assembled  in  (ie- 
v.i,  Switzerland,  Dec.  15,  1S71,  and  was  composed  of  the 
icwiiig  arbitrators :  Count  Kederigo  SclopLs,  of  Italy  ; 
iMU  Itajuba,  of  Brazil;  .lacques  Stjiemplli,  of  Switzer- 
,1;  (-■harles  Francis  Adams,  of  the  Inited  States;  and 
id  Chief  Justice  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn.  of  C.reat 
irain.  The  agent  for  Great  Britain  was  Lord  Tenter- 
1  the  counsel  .Sir  Koundell  Falnu-r  ;  the  agent  for  the 
ii'ed  .States,  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  the  counsel  William 
i;v 

!  'pis  . 

,  itzerland,  secretary.    After  having  receiveii  the  ca.si's 

.    the  contending   parties,  the  trilninal   ailjourned   till 

.hiue  15,  1S72.     The  rnited  Slates  claiiiieil.  in  addition  to 

.lirectdaraagesconscqueEitial'ir  indirect  daiiia'.'cs  ;  while 

•  -.at  Britain  contended  against  any  liability  whatever, 

I  especially  against  any  liability  for  indirect  damages. 

I't.  14, 1S72,  the  decision  of  tlie  tribinialwas  annonticcd, 

-TOSS  sum   of  .*15,.'>(Xi,000  in  gold  being  awarded  the 

"led  States  in  satisfaction  for  all  claims.     The  Geneva 

i'lunal  is  of  importance  in  the  history  of  international 

i.i.v  on  account  of  the  rules  relating  to  neutrals  which  it 

■    ad.ipted  to  guide  its  actit)n. 

'  Alabama  Claims  Commission.  A  commission 
of  representatives  of  Great   Britain  and  the 


AlAraf 

German  tribes,  chiefly  Suevi  (JIamanni  =  all 
men,  i.  e.,  men  of  all  nations),  which  appeared 
on  the  Main  the  3d  century  after  Christ .  Caracalla 
engaged  in  war  with  them  in  214.  Under  Aurelian  thej 
invaded  the  empire,  but  were  defeated  in  three  battles  in 
271.  In  356  and  357  they  were  defeated  by  .Tulian  ;  in  366 
by  Jovinus;  and  iu  49(1  tliey  were  completely  subjugated 
by  Ciovis. 

Alamans.    See  Alamnnni. 
AlambaghCa-lam'baoi.  «.r  Alumbagh  (a-lum'- 

Ijaij).     A   fortilication    ne;ir   Lucknow,  India. 

It  was  held  by  Outram  against  the  Sepoys  from 

Nov.,  1837.  until  March,  18.38. 


Alag6as   (il-la-go'iis).      A   .state   of   eastern  ^jameda  (a-la-ma'da).     [Sp..  '  a  grove  or  row 


Brazil,  capital  Maceit),  bounded  by  Pernam- 
buco  on  the  north  and  northwest,  the  Atlantic 
on  the  southeast,  and  Sergipe  on  the  southwest. 
Its  chief  products  are  cotton,  sugar,  and  to- 
bacco.   Area,  22,583  square  miles.   Population 

-•         ,  ,  ,,  „w    ,      ,.      ,     (1«90),  648.009. 

'^'^^:^J^::t:^::&^rX^  a   town  in  the  state   of  Alag6as, 

....  situated  near  the  coast  in  lat.  9°  4;)    b.,  long. 

35°  50'  W. :  forinerlv  the  capital  of  the  province. 
Population,  about  15,000. 

Alai,  or  Alay,  Mountains.    See  Trans-AUd. 

Alain  de  Lille  (ii-laii'  do  lei).  Latinized  Ala- 
nus  ab  Insulis  (a-la'nus  ab  in'su-lis).  Born 
1114:  died  at  Citeau.K,  France,  ii;03  (?).  A 
monk  and  celebrated  scholar,  surnameil  "Doc- 
tor Universalis."  author  of  an  encyclopedic 
poem,  treating  of  morals,  the  sciences,  ami  the 
arts,  entitled  "  Anticlaudianus'"  (published  iu 
1536); 


etc. 


una  claims.      Its  members  were  Eaj-1  de  Grey  ami 
l>on.   Sir    Stafford   Northcote.   Sir  Edward   Thornton 


ited  States,  for  the  ^settlement  of  the  Ala-  ^^^is   (a-la').    A  town  in  the  department  of 

'  ' ~ Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Gardon  25  miles 

northwest  of  Nimes.  It  has  a  fort  built  by  Louis 
XIV.  to  intimidate  the  Huguenots.  I'opulation  (ISUI), 
'24,35t;. 

Alais,  Peace  of.     A  peace  (1629)  which  termi- 
nated the  last  of  the  religious  wars  in  France 


. -        --  .,        .  Ill     c     to  isai.     lie  aiscovereu  me  uansima  cuanneiin  I02U. 

in  which  (lb2.s)  La  Rochelle,  the  .stronghold  ot  ^^^.^^  (ii'lii-mo).    Amission  building,  founded 


.John  .\Iacdon:dd,  and  i'lofessor  Montague  Bernard,  for 

■  at  Britain;  and  Hamilton  Fish,  Robert  C.  .Schenck, 
nmel  Nelson,  Ebeuezer  K.  Hoar,  and  George  U.  W  il- 
nits,  for  the  t'nited  States.     They  concluded  the  treaty 

I  Washington.  Slays,  1S71.    Sxa  treaty  qJ  Wanliiwjtiin,  awl 
AhihiiiiHt  (7nim*  (above). 
Alabanda  (al-a-ban'dii).    An  ancient  city  of 
I   iria,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  site  of  the  modern 
llissar. 
Alabaster   (al'a-bas-ter).  William.     Born   at 
lladleigh,  SuffMlk.  Knghmd,  1.567:  diediii  Aiiril. 
lii(0.     An  English   ])oet  and  divine,  a  gradu- 
^' and  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  ,   ,,    ,  ..^        t     n-    i  .1    1  ti 

■  thor  of  a  Latin  tragedy,  "Koxana"  (acted  Alaka  (a  la-ka).      1"   H|"<1"  mythology,   the    a;;""-      ;v:;;V,  ,,„, 
:  Cambridge  University  about  1592,  printed     '•aP't'-'l  "f  I^"vera  and  the  abode  of  the  gan-  Alamos  (a  la-n>o 

;:12),  and  of  various  learned  works,    iic  began     'Hi'irvas  on  Mount  Mem.  _ 

epic  iwem,  in  Latin,  in  praise  of  Elizabeth,  the  tlrst  Ala-kul  (il-lii-kiil' j.      A  lake  in  Asiatic  Russia, 
.k  of  which  remains  in  manuscript  in  the  library  of     nbout  lat.  46°  N.,    near  the  Clhinese  frontier, 
onanuel  College,  Cambridge.    In  1;j««  he  went  to  Cadiz     ,,.:.  h„ut  out  let 
..^  chaplain  to  the  Karl  of  Essex 

Alacoque 

at  " 


of  po])lar-trees.'  The  name  is  now  applied  very 
generally  in  Siiaiiish  America  to  any  large 
pleasure-grounil  or  park.]  A  town  in  Spain, 
about  .50  miles  northwest  of  Malaga.  Popu- 
hition.  about  4,.50O. 

Alameda.  A  city  in  Alameda  County,  Califor- 
nia, situated  on  San  Francisco  bay  9  miles 
east  of  San  Francisco.  Population  (1900), 
16,4li4. 

Alameda.  Up  to  1681,  a  pueblo  of  the  Tigua 
Indians,  9  miles  north  of  Albuquerque  on  the 
Rio  Grande  in  central  New  Mexico.  In  1681 
the  Indian  jiueblo  was  burnt  by  Governor  Oter- 
niin  on  his  expedition  into  New  Jlexico. 

Alamillo(ii-lii-inery6).  [Sp.]  A  small  settle- 
ment on  the  Atchison.  Topeka  and  Santa  F6 
Railroad,  in  Is'ew  Mexico,  south  of  Albiiquer- 
qiie  and  on  the  Rio  Grande.  Up  to  icsoit  was  the 
site  of  a  considerable  village  of  the  I'iros  Indians.  The 
ruins  of  the  village  are  still  visible. 

Alaminos  (ii-la-me'nosj,  Anton  or  Antonio. 

A  Spanish  navigator  whose  name  is  associated 
with  many  early  expeditions  iu  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  It  appears  that  he  was  with  Columbus  in 
1499  and  1.50J,  and  he  waschief  pilot  of  the  successive  ex- 
peditions of  Cordova,  Grijalva,  and  Cort<?8  to  Mexico,  J517 
to  15-JO.     He  discovered  the  Bahama  chaimel  in  1520. 


the  Huguenots,  was  taken  by  Richelieu,  and 
the  Huguenots  were  compelled  to  disband  as  a 
political  party. 
Alajuela  (il-lii-nw.a'lii).  A  town  of  Costa  Rica, 
about  lat.  9°  .55'  X.,  long.  84°  20'  W.  Popula- 
tion (estimated,  1893),  12,000. 


^hip  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus 
Alacranes  (ii-lii-krii'nes).     A   group  of  coral 
i.-.lets  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  iu  lat.  22°  30'  N., 
long.  89°  40'  W. 

Ala-Dagh  (ii'lii-diiG').     A  range  of  the  Taunis 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  Asia  Minor,  north 
iif  Adana,  a  continuation  of  the  Bulgar-Dagh. 
Ala-Dagh,  or  Allah  Dagh.    A  mountain-range 
111  the  northern  part  of  Asia  Minor,  intersected 
l,y  long.  32°  K. 
Ala-Dagh.     A  mountain-range  in  Turkish  Ar- 
menia, north  of  Lake  Van,   about  11,1)00  feet 
high,  the  source  of  the  eastern  Euphrates. 
Aladdin  (a-lad'in).     In  the  story  of  "Aladdin 
r  the   Wonderful   Lamp,"   in    the    "Arabian 
.  ights'  Entertainments,"  the  son  of  a  poor  wid- 
v  in  China,  who  liecomes  possessed  of  a  magic 
imp  and   ring  which  command   the   services 
I  two  terrific  iinns.     Learning  the  magic  power  of 
the  lamp,  by  accidentally  rubbing  it,  Aladdin   becomes 
rich  and   marries  the   I'riTicess  of  Cathay  through   the 
agency  of  the  ".tlave  of  the  lamp"  who  also  builds  in  a 
li-'llt  a  palace  for  her  reception,     ttne  window  of  this 
ilace  was  left  uullnished,  and  no  one  could  complete  it 
.  match  lhej)thers.     Aladdin  therefore  directs  the  jiuns 
to  llnish  it,  wiiich  Is  done  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye  (hence 
the  phrase  *■  to  tlui^h  Aladdin's  window  ";  that  is,  to  at- 
tempt to  tlnish  something  begun  by  a  greater  man).     After 
many  years  the  original  owner  of  the  lamp,  a  magician. 
!i  order  to  recover  it,  goes  through  the  city  olfering  new 
..ops  for  old.     The  wife  of  Aladdin,  teiopt.-.l  by  this 
i.lea,  exchanges  the  old  rusty  magic  lump  for  abrand-m-w 
useless  one  (hence  the  phrase  "  to  exchange  old  lamps  for 
Tiew  "),  and  the  magician  transports  both  palace  and  prin- 
•  ■*sto  Africa,  but  the  ring  helps  Alaildin  to  lltid  tliem.  He 
Ills  the  magician,  and,  possessing  himself  of  the  latup. 
ii  itisiMirts  the  palace  to  Cathay,  and  at  the  stiltan's  death 
succeeds  to  the  tlinme. 
Aladfar  (al-ad-fiir').   [Ar.]   A  name,  not  much 

used,  for  the  star  //  Lyra;. 
Aladja-Dagh(ii-lii'jii-ilao').    A  mountain  near 
Kars,  Russian  Armenia,  the  scene  of  a  vic- 
tory of  the  Russians  uinler  Uraiid  Duke  Michai-l 


turning  to  Mexico,  he  hehl  various  important  offices,  being 
secretary  of  the  interior  for  the  provisiomil  government 
lS2;i-25,  foreign  minister  under  Bustamente,  and  again 
under  .Santa  .Vnna  until  his  death.  Many  im|K)rtant|iublic 
works  are  due  to  him,  iuelmling  the  Mexican  museum. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  '■  Historia  de  .\K  jico  "  and  "  Dis- 
ertaciones  sobri^  la  liistoiia  de  la  Hepijblira  Mejicaiui," 
works  published  during  the  ten  years  before  his  death 
Alamanni  (al-a-man'i),  less  correctly  Ale- 
manni  (al-e-nian'i).  ['All  men,'  that  is, 
'  men  of  all  nations.']  'A  German  race  of  Sue- 
vie  origin,  which  occupied  the  region  from  the 
Main  to  the  Danube  in  the  lirst  part  of  the  3d 
centurv  A.  D.  Their  ten-ltory  extended  later  across 
the  Khiiie,  including  Alsace  and  part  of  eastern  Swilzer- 
laml.  They  were  defeated  by  Ciovis  4!K5.  (See  SirnWa.) 
The  Alamannic  is  the  tJernum  dialect  in  old  Alannimdc 
territory  in  the  region  of  the  upper  Rhine,  approximately 
coincident  with    nn)deni   Alsace,  the  southern   half  of   AlanS. 


liaden  ami  of  Wurtemberg.  Swabiti,  and  Switzerland 
With  Bavarian  itfoniis  the  group  specillcally  called  High 
German.  It  is  the  typical  form  of  Did  High  German, 
which  exists  in  literature  from  the  8th  to  the  eiul  of  tin 
mil  century 


in  1744  at  San  Aittonio.  Texas.  Until  I7m  it  was 
used  as  a  palish  church,  and  subsequently  as  a  fort; being 
surrounded  with  strong  walls.  In  Feb.,  IMll,  it  was  oc- 
cupied by  Colonel  «'.  IS.  Travis  with  about  160  men  in  re- 
volt a;;ai'iist  the  government  of  .Mexico.  After  w  ithstand- 
ing  a  terrible  siege,  it  was  taken  by  assault  on  March  0,  and 
the  garrison  (including  David  Crockett  and  Colonel  Bowie) 
.killed.     t.Uie  man  had  previously  made  his  escape. 

' ^  s),  Los.     A  town  iu  the  state 

f  Sonoi'a,  Mexico,  about  lat.  27°  25'  N.,  loug. 
109°  W.     Population  (1894).  5,808. 

Alamos  de  Barrientos  l  ii ' lii -mos  de  bii r- re-en'- 
los).  Balthazar.  Born  at  Medina  del  Campo, 
Sjiain,  l.'i.'ill:  died  about  1635.  A  Spauish  phi- 
lologist. 

Alan,  William.    See  AUen. 

Aland  Islands  (a'land  i'landz).  An  archi- 
pelago at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
inthe  government  of  Abo-Bjonieborg,  Finlaml, 
conquered  bv  Russi,^  from  Sweden  in  1809. 
The  chief  island  is  Aland  (population.  9,000). 
It  was  occupied  by  the  AUies  in  1854. 

Alani  (a-la'ni).  A  people  of  Scythian  origin, 
dwelling  originally  in  the  Caucasus,  with  the 
Iluiis  they  defeated  the  East  Goths  about  375  A.  I>..  and 
they  invaded  Gaul  with  the  .sucvi  and  Vandals  in  40«1,  and 
Spain  in  Iciil.  They  were  defeated  by  the  West  Goths  about 
41s,  anil  disappeai-ed  as  a  nation  iu  the  5th  century. 

The  Alani  are  a  puzzWng  race,  our  accounts  of  whom 
are  somewhat  contradictory,  but  xvho  nmy  |ierhap8  be 
most  safely  set  down  as  a  non. Aryan,  or,  at  any  mte.  a 
non-Teulonic  people,  who  had  been  largely  brought  under 
Gothic  intlninces.  Hut  early  in  the  lltth  centurv  they 
possessed  a  dominion  in  central  Spain  which  stretched 
tiiun  sea  to  sea.  t'Tceman,  Hist.  Oeog.,  p.  89. 

See  Aid  III. 


Alantika  (ii-liin'ti-kii).     A  mountain-range  of 
.Vdaniawa.  central  Africa,  from  7,000  to  9,000 

tret    high. 

Alanus  ab  Insulis.    See  Alain  dr  l.Hlc 


Alamanni  (ii-lii-miin'ne),  or  Alemanni  (ii-h-  Alaotra(ii-in-o'trai.Lake.   The  largest  lake  of 

.Madagascar,  north  of  Tamafave,  30  miles  long 
and  .5  wide. 


miin'ne).  Luigl.     Born  at  Florence,  1495:  di 
at  Amboise,  Fiance,  1.5;')6.     An  Italian  poet,  an 


thor  of  eclogues,  hvmns,  satires,  ilegies,  a  di-  Alapalli,  or  AllapalU  ('i-l!>-l'i>l'le),or  Alleppl 
(lactic  poem  "La  Coltivazione"  (1546), an  epic     (a-lcp'i).      .\  seaporl   in  Travancorc,  Imha,  iii 

I m  "Girone  il  cortese"  (1.548),  etc.    Ilecon-     lat.  9°  30'  N..  long.  76°  20'  E. 

spired  against  Glulio  de' McdIcI  and  escaped  to  Venice:  Alapayevsk  (ii-lii-pii-.vevsk' ).     A  town  in  the 
theme  he  went  to  Genoa,  and  in  l.'>it  to  the  court  of     ,r,,veriimenl    of   Perm.  Russia,  situated  on  the 

\^^^:^  ^;^;^'rt''!;;^:^;  =.'''^h;s  ^eiva  a..out  ;!^^z!'^:^-j^^:^::^:^±: 


'\V>'.it"t;  who  imitated  him,  he  exerted  considerable  In-     biii-g.    It  has  large  iron-foundries.    Population, 
llnence  upon  English  poetry.  8.3S-1. 

Alamannia     (al-a-man'i-ji),     or     Alemannia  AlAraf  (ill  ii'n'if).    [Ar.,  fromVird/ci  (f),  to  dis- 
(al-(''-man'i-ii).      A    division    of    ancient    (ier- 
maiiy,  whidi  first  appears  about  the  end  of  (he 
3(1  century.      It  lay  m  the  sonlhwcslcrn  part  of  Ger- 
many and  adjidning  parts  of  .Switzerland  and  TyroL  the 
region  sottleii  largi'ly  by  the 
Swahlans,.  German  Swiss, 
maiinia.  see  Simbia. 


Alamanni  (ancestors  of  the 
etc.).     For  tho  duchy  of  Ala- 


ove'r  the  Turks  under  Mukhtar  Pasha,  Oct.  13-  Alamannic  (al-a-man'ik),  or  Alemannic  (al-e- 
15,1877.  man'ik).  Federation.    A  federation  of  several 


liiiguish.]  In  Mohnmiuedan  theology,  a  par- 
tition between  heaven  iiiid  hell  (describeii  in 
the  Koran,  Surah  vii.  44)  on  which  are  those 
who  have  not  yet  enlereil  into  heaven  but 
desire  to  ilo  S(^.  It  U  regaiile*!  tty  some  as  a  limlai  for 
tho  patriarchs  and  prophets,  or  other  holy  persons,  and 
by  others  as  a  place  of  abode  for  those  whose  gixid  ami 
evil  works  are  about  equally  balanced.  Ilu-jhti,  llict.  ol 
Islam. 


Alarbos 

Alarbus  (a-liir'bus).  In  Shakspere's  (?)  "Titus 
Andronicus,'"  a  son  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the 
Goths. 

Alarcon  (a-lar-kon')-  A  small  to\Tn  in  the 
province  of  Cuenea,  Spain,  situated  on  a  rock 
in  the  Jucar.  43  miles  south  of  Cuenea.  it  was 
an  import.int  medieval  fortress,  and  was  the  scene  of  a 
Moorish  victor>-  over  the  Castilians  in  1195. 

Alarcon  (ii-iiir'kon).  In  Tasso's  "Jerusalem 
Delivered,"  the  King  of  Barca  who  fought 
against  the  Crusaders  with  the  Egyptians. 

Alarcon  (a-lar-kon'),  Hernando  de.  Lived 
about  1540.  A  Spanish  navigator,  sent  by  the 
viceroy  of  New  Spain  to  support  by  sea  the 
expedition  of  Francisco  Vastiuez  de  Coronado 
to  the  mythical  Seven  Cities  in  the  interior  of 
Mexico.  He  set  sail  May  9, 1540,  and  by  penetrating  the 
Gulf  of  California  prtivcd  that  California  n  as  not  an  island. 
He  made  two  attempts  to  ascend  the  Colorado  in  boats, 
and  planted  a  cross  at  the  highest  point  he  reached,  bury- 
ing a  writing  at  its  foot,  which  was  subsequently  found 
by  Melchor  Diaz.  His  report  of  this  expedition  is  printed 
in  Hakluyt's  "  Voyages.*' 

Alarcon,  Pedro  Antonio  de.    Born  at  Guadix, 

Spain,  March  10,  ls33:  died  at  Madrid,  July 
20,  1891.  A  Spanish  poet,  novelist,  journalist, 
and  politician.  He  accompanied  the  Spanish  army  to 
Morocco  as  a  newspaper  correspondent  in  lSo9.  and  in 
18*>1  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Cortes  from  Cadiz.  In 
186S  he  fougbt  on  the  side  of  the  revolutionists  in  the 
battleof  .\lcolea.  He  published  "  Diario  de  un  testipo  de  la 
guerra  de  Africa"  (lSo9;,  "  Poesias  serias  y  humonsticas" 
(18701,  "El  sombrero  de  tres  picos"  (1S74),  "El  Hijo 
Prddigo  "  (18.57),  etc. 

Alarcon  y  Mendoza  (a-lar-kon'  e  man-do'tha), 
Juan  Ruiz  de.  Born  in  Tasco,  Mexico,  about 
15SS :  died  in  Cordova,  Spain,  Aug.  4, 1639.  A 
Spanish  dramatic  poet.  He  was  graduated  doctor  of 
laws  in  Mexico  in  160<i.  Afterward  he  went  to  Spain,  had 
a  subordinate  position  under  the  Council  of  the  Indies, 
and  began  to  publish  his  comedies  in  162S.  They  are  re- 
garded by  some  judges  as  the  finest  in  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage. Perhaps  the  best-known  is  "  La  Verdad  sospe- 
chosa,"'  which  was  imitated  by  Corneille  in  "  Le  Menteiu-," 

Alarcos.     Sf*  Alarcon. 

Alardo  (a-lar'do).  The  younger  brother  of 
Bradamaat  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Fiuioso." 

Alaric  (al'a-rik),  [Goth,  "Alareiks,  from  al, 
all,  and  reihs:  ruler.  Cf.  Genseric,  Theodoric, 
etc.]  Born  on  the  island  of  Pence,  in  the 
Danube,  376  (?)  a.  d.:  died  at  Cosentia,  Italy, 
410.  A  celebrated  king  of  the  West  Goths, 
395(?)-410,  a  member  of  the  princely  family 
of  Baltha.  He  served  under  Theodosius  as  commander 
of  the  Gothic  auxiliaries  in  the  war  against  Eugenius 
and  Arbogastes  in  SJH ;  left  the  Roman  service  on  the 
death  of  Theodosius,  being  elected  king  of  the  West 
Goths  about  the  same  time ;  invaded  Greece  in  396,  and 
was  compelled  by  Stilicho  to  retire  to  Epirus  in  397 ; 
was  appointed  prefect  of  eastern  lUj-ricum  by  Arcadius ; 
invaded  Italy  in  400,  and  fought  a  drawn  battle  at  Pol- 
lentia  in  402  or  403  with  Stilicho,  who  allowed  him  to 
escape  to  niyricum ;  was  made  prefect  of  western  Illyri- 
cam  by  Honorius ;  invaded  ItaJy  a  second  time  in  408 ; 
and  after  twice  besieging  Rome  captured  and  sacked  it 
Aug.  24,  410.  He  died  while  preparing  to  invade  Sicily 
and  Africa,  and  was  biuied,  with  a  vast  treasure,  in  the 
bed  of  the  river  Busento. 

Alaric  H.  Died  near  Poitiers.  France.  507a. d. 
A  king  of  the  West  Goths,  484-507,  defeated 
and  slain  by  CUovis.  He  ordered  the  compilation  of 
the  code  "Breviarum  Alaricianum  "  or  "Corpus  Theodo- 
8ii "  (so  named  from  the  six  books  of  the  Theodosian  code 
which  it  contains). 

Alaric  Cottin.    See  Cotiin. 

Alarodians  lal-a-ro'di-anz).     See  the  extract. 

In  Tubal  and  Meshech  we  must  see  representatives  of 
the  siKcalled  Alarodian  race,  to  which  the  modern  Geor- 
gians belong.  This  race  was  once  in  exclusive  possession 
of  the  highlands  of  Armenia,  and  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions found  there  were  the  work  of  .-Uarodian  princes  who 
established  a  kingdom  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Van.  .\bout 
B.  c.  600  .\ryans  from  Phrygia  entered  Armenia,  overthrew 
the  old  monarchy,  and  imposed  their  rule  upon  the  in- 
digenous population.  The  bulk  of  the  -Armenians,  how- 
ever, still  belong  to  the  older  race,  though  the  language 
they  have  adopted  was  that  of  'heir  invaders.  The  Ala- 
rodian IS  a  family  of  inflectional  languages,  of  which  the 
Georgian  in  theCaucasus  is  the  chief  living  representative. 
Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  50. 

Alarum  for  London,  or  The  Siege  of  Ant- 
werp, -^n  anonymous  play  acted  about  1599 
(published  in  160(5),  attributed  to  Lodge. 

Alascans  (a-las'kanz).  A  name  given  to  the 
foreign  Protestants  in  London  during  the  reign 
of  Edward  "\^.,  from  the  superintendent  of  the 
foreign  (German,  French,  etc,)  churches  in 
London,  John  Laski,  a  Polish  refugee  and  fol- 
lower of  Zwingli,     See  Lasl'i. 

Alasco  (a-las'ko).  An  old  astrologer  in  Scott's 
novel  "  IKenilworth,"  secretly  in  the  employ  of 
Eichard  Vamey.  Also  called  />r.  Demetrius 
Dohoohic. 

Alasco,  Join.    See  Lasl-i. 

.Alashehr  (a-la-sheHr').  A  town  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, the  Philadelphia  of  Scripture,  situated  on 
the  slope  of  Tmolus  about  80  miles  east  of 


28 

Smyrna,  on  the  railway  from  Smyrna,  it  has 
considerable  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek  archbishopric. 
Population  (estimated),  8,000. 

Alaska  (a-las'ka),  formerly  Russian  America. 
A  territory  of  xke  United  States,  capital  Sitka, 
bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north, 
British  America  on  the  east,  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  oceans, 
Bering  Strait,  and  Bering  Sea  on  the  west.  It 
'Includes  many  islands.  The  liigtiest  point  is  Mount  .St. 
EUas,  which  lies  near  the  boundary.  Chief  river,  the  Yu- 
kon. It  has  valuable  fisheries,  fur-trade,  and  extensive  for- 
ests, and  is  supposed  to  have  large  mineral  deposits.  By 
act  of  Congress,  1SS4.  it  constitutes  a  civil  and  judicial  dis- 
trict, with  a  governor,  clerk,  judge,  attorney,  and  marshal. 
It  was  discovered  by  the  Russians  in  1741,  and  was  settled 
by  them  in  1801.  It  was  purchased  by  the  Tnited  States 
from  Russia  for  87,200, 000.  by  treaty  of  March  30, 1867,  rat- 
ified by  the  United  States  Senate  June  20,  1867.  Area, 
■190,884  square  miles.     Population  (190(ii,  g3,592. 

Alaska  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Alaska,  extending  into  the  Pacific,  and 
partly  inclosing  Bering  Sea,  traversed  by  a  vol- 
canic range. 

Alaska  Strait.  A  sea  passage  between  the 
mainland  of  Alaska  and  Kodiak  Island. 

Alasnam  (a-las'nam).  In  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments.'"  a  man  who  became 
possessed  of  eight  magnificent  golden  statues, 
and  on  searching  for  the  ninth,  which  was  more 
singular  and  precious  still,  discovered  it  in  the 
person  of  a  beautiful  woman,  whom  he  married, 

Alassio  (a-las'se-6).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa  about  48  miles  southwest  of  Genoa. 
It  is  a  bathing-place  and  winter  health-resort. 

Alastor  (a-las'tor).  1.  In  Greek  mvthology, 
a  surname  of  Zeus  as  the  avenger:  also  applied 
to  any  avenging  deity  or  demon. —  2.  In  medi- 
eval demonology,  a  spirit  of  evil,  the  executor 
of  the  sentences  of  the  king  of  hell. — 3.  A 
poem  by  SheUey,  published  in  1816,  named 
from  its  chief  character,  "Alastor  or  the  Spirit 
of  Solitude." 

The  poet's  self-centred  seclusion  was  avenged  by  the 
Furies  of  an  irresistible  passion  pursuing  him  to  speedy 
ruin.  Pre/ace  to  the  Poem,  Dec.  14,  1815. 

Alatau  (a-la-tou'),  or  Sungarian  (sung-gar'- 
i-au)  Alatau.  A  moimtaiu-range  in  Semi- 
ryetehensk,  Asiatic  Eussia,  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween that  government  and  the  Chinese  prov- 
ince of  Hi,  about  lat.  44°  46'  N.  It  reaches 
a  height  of  about  13,000  feet. 

Alatau,  or  Kusnetzky  (koz-net'ske)  Alatau. 
A  range  of  mountains  in  the  govei-nments  of 
Tomsk  and  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  extending  about 
northeast  and  southwest. 

Alatau,  or  Trans-Ili  (tranz-e'le)  Alatau.  A 
mountain  system  in  Semiryetchensk,  Asiatic 
Russia,  south  of  the  river  Ili.  It  reaches  a 
height  of  over  15,000  feet. 

Alatheus  (a-la'the-us),  or  Odotheus  (o-do'thf- 
us).  Died  386  a.  d.  An  Ostrogothic  general. 
On  the  death  of  Vithimir,  S76,  he  became  with  Saphrax 
the  guardian  of  A'ithericns.  king  of  the  Greuthungi,  the 
chief  tribe  of  the  Ostrogoths.  Alatheus  and  Saphr.ix 
fought  under  the  Visigoth  FritUgern  at  the  battle  of 
Adrianople  in  378. 

Alatri  (a-la'tre).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Eome,  Italy,  about  45  miles  east  by  south  of 
Eome:  the  ancient  Alatrium.  There  is  an  ancient 
temple  beyond  the  Porta  San  Pietro,  prostyle,  with  two 
Tuscan  columns  before  the  antje,  in  plan  26  by  47  feet.  At 
some  time  subsequent  to  its  construction,  a  posticum  was 
added,  of  similar  disposition  to  the  pronaos.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Alatyr  (ii-la-ter').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Simbirsk,  Eussia,  on  the  Sura  about  lat.  54° 
53'  X.,  long.  46°  30'  E.  Population,  10,092. 
Also  Alateer.  , 

Alava  (a'la-va).  One  of  the  Basque  provinces 
in  Spain,  capital  Vitoria,  bounded  by  Biscay 
and  Guipuzcoa  on  the  north,  XavaiTe  on  the 
east,  Logroiio  on  the  south,  and  Burgos  on  the 
west,  jirea,  1,205  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  92,893, 

Alava,  Miguel  Ricardo  de.  Bom  at  Vitoria, 
Spain,  1(71:  died  at  Bareges,  France.  1843.  A 
Spanish  politician  and  general.  He  fought  under 
Wellington  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  at  the  close  of 
which  he  had  obtained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general ;  was 
president  of  the  Cortes  May,  1822 :  fought  in  the  same  year 
under  Ballasteros  and  Murillo  in  support  of  the  Cortes 
against  the  rebels :  went  into  exile  1323,  on  the  restoration 
of  Ferdinand  by  French  intervention  ;  espoused  the  cause 
of  ilaria  Christina  against  Don  Carloson  the  death  of  Ferdi- 
nand ;  was  ambassador  to  London  1S34,  and  to  Paris  1835  ; 
and  retired  to  Fiance  after  the  insurrection  of  La  Granja. 

Alava  y  Navarete(a'laTva  e  na-va-ra't.i),  Ig- 
nacio  Maria  de.  Bom  at  Vitoria,  Spain,  about 
1750 :  died  at  Chielana.  near  Cadiz,  May  26. 1817. 
A  Spanish  admiral  and  explorer.  He  is  best  known 
for  his  voyage  of  circumnavigation  of  the  globe,  com- 
menced in  1794,  in  which  he  explored  the  coasts  of  South 


Albanian 

America  and  the  East  Indies,  and  added  largely  to  geo« 
graphical  knowledge.  He  commanded  a  squadron  at  Tra. 
falgar,  and  in  1816  was  made  grand  admiral  and  chief  of 
marine. 

Alazan  (a-la'zau).  A  river  in  Transcaucasia, 
about  150  miles  long,  a  northern  tributary  of 
the  Kur. 

Alb,  or  Alp.     See  Swabian  Jura. 

Alba  (al'ba).  Ancient  Scotland  north  of  the 
Forth  and  Clyde. 

Alba  (al'ba).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cuneo, 
Italy,  on  the  Tanaro  about  31  mUes  southeast 
of  Turin :  the  ancient  Alba  Pompeja.  It  has  a 
cathedral.     Population,  about  9,000. 

Alba,  Duke  of.    See  Aha. 

Alba  de  Liste,  Count  of.  See  Henrique:  de 
GicmoH.  Z«(.*. 

Albacete  (al-bii-tha'ta).  A  province  in  the  tit- 
ular kingdom  of  Miucia.  Spain,  boimded  by 
Cuenea  on  the  north.  Valencia  and  Alicante  on 
the  east.  Murcia  and  Granada  on  the  south, 
and  Jaen  and  Ciudad  Beal  on  the  west,  it  is 
mountainous  in  the  west,  and  elsewhere  a  table-land. 
Area,  5,972  square  mUes.     Population  (1SS7X  229,492. 

Albacete.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Al- 
bacete. about  lat.  38°  58'  N.,  long.  1°  55'  W. 
It  manufactures  and  exports  cutlerv.  Popula- 
tion (1887).  20,794. 

Alba  de  Tormes  (itl'bii  da  tor'mas).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Salamanca,  Spain,  sit- 
uated on  the  Tormes  17  miles  south  of  Sala- 
manca. Here,  1809.  the  French  defeated  the 
Spaniards. 

Alba  Longa  (al'ba  long'ga).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  tatium,  Italy,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Eome.  the  ancient  center  of  the  Latin 
League.  Its  foundation  is  traditionally  ascribed  to 
Ascanius  and  its  destruction  to  Tnllus  fiostilius. 

Alban  (al'ban,  or  al'ban)  Saint.  Fh'otomartyr 
of  Britain.  303.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a  native  of 
Verulamium  where  he  was  put  to  death  with  the  sword. 
The  famous  monastery  of  St.  Alban  was  founded  in  his 
honor  by  King  Oifa  about  795.  His  festival  is  celebrated 
in  the  Roman  Church  June  22,  and  in  the  Anglican  Church 
on  June  17. 

Alban  Lake.    See  AJbaiw. 

Alban  Mountains  (al'ban  moun'tanz).  It, 
Monti  Laziali.  A  movmtain  gi'oup  southeast 
of  Rome,  near  Albano.  Its  highest  point  is 
Monte  Cavo. 

Albacenses  (al-ba-nen'sez).  A  small  medieval 
sect,  named  from  the  city  of  Alba  in  Piedmont, 
which  professed  Manichajan  doctrines.  They 
were  closely  allied  to  the  Albigenses. 

Albani  (iil-bii'ne),  or  Albano  (-no),  Francesco. 
Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  March  17,  1578 :  died 
there,  Oct.  4.  1060.     A  noted  Italian  painter. 

Albani  (iil-bii'ne).  Mme.  (Marie  Louise  Ce- 
cilia Emma  Lajeunesse).  Born  at  Charpbly, 
near  Montreal.  1850.  A  distinguished  soprano 
singer,  of  French-Canatlian  parentage.  Her  fam- 
ily removed  to  .Albany,  New  York  (from  which  she  took 
her  assumed  name),  in  18*>4.  She  studied  in  Paris  under 
Duprez,  and  in  Milan  under  Lamperti,  and  made  her  d6- 
but  as  an  opera-singer  in  Messina  in  1870,  She  married 
Ernest  Gye  in  1878. 

Albani,  Villa.  A  palace  in  the  northern  part 
of  Rome,  celebrated  for  its  art  collections. 

Albania  (al-ba'ni-S).  [Gr.  l\Aiavia.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  country  of  Asia,  h'ing  west 
of  the  Caspian,  north  of  Armenia,  and  east  of 
Iberia,  and  corresponding  nearly  to  the  modern 
Baku  and  southern  Daghestan  in  Eussia.  It  was 
part  of  the  Assyiian  empire,  and  the  theater  of  some  of 
the  wars  of  Sargon  and  Sennacherib. 

Albania.  [XL,  Albania,  Alb,  Shhyperi,  Turk. 
Arnautlih;  F.  Albanic.  G.Albanien.'\  A  region  in 
the  western  part  of  European  Turkey,  bounded 
by  Montenegro  and  Xovi-Bazar  on  the  north, 
Macedonia  (with  a  vague  frontier)  and  Thessaly 
on  the  east,  Greece  and  the  Gulf  of  Arta  on  the 
south,  and  the  Ionian  Sea,  the  Strait  of  Otranto, 
and  the  Adriatic  on  the  west,  corresponding  in 
general  to  the  vilayets  Skutari.  "Janina,  and 
part  of  Monastir,  and  largely  to  the  ancient 
HhTia  and  Epirus.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Turks  in 
the"  first  part  of  the  15th  century,  revolted  under  Scan- 
derbeg  1443-«7,  and  was  subdued  by  the  Turks  in  1478. 
Several  rebellions  against  the  Turks  occurred  about  the 
beginning  of  the  i9th  century.  Albania  resisted  the 
treaty  of  Berlin  (1878)  and  the  cession  of  territory  to 
Montenegro  in  18S0.  Population  (estimated),  1,500,000  (T), 
2,000,000  C\  principally  Amauts. 

Albania,  or  Albany.  An  ancient  name  of  the 
Scottish  Highlands,  fancifully  derived  from  the 
mvthieal  Albanact,  son  of  Bi-ute. 

Albanian  (al-ba'ni-an).  The  language  of  the 
Albanians.  It  is  now  commonly  regarded  as  a  member 
of  the  Aryan  family.  It  exists  only  in  modern  diiUects, 
but  is  supposed  to  be  the  descendant  of  the  ancient  Illy- 
rian  of  which  no  records  are  extant.  Also  called  Skiprlar, 
from  the  native  name  of  the  people  (SUcypetdr,  high- 
landers  '). 


Albanian  Gates 
Albanian  Gates.    Tlie  defile  of  Derbend  be- 


29 


tweca  the  Caucasus  and  the  Caspian  bea. 

Albano  (iil-ba'uo).  A  towu  in  the  province  of 
Kome  Italy,  situated  on  the  sh)pe  ot  the  Albaii 
Mountains,  14  miles  southeast  of  Home,  on  the 
site  of  fomiiev's  Villa:  the  Uoiuan  Albaimni. 

I  It  ,m»9.-d  to  the  Pipal  States  ill  Kl'JT.  It  cuntains  the  runis 
of  a  pietoria,.  camp  I'Ui"  '>}•  !">'■''«". '','»';8^  "T  '"" 
liclo'ure.  niiadiihiteral  in  plan.  Tlie  walls  aie  huilt  of 
huK.  i'ut  r'lther  thin  Mocks  of  stone.  One  of  the  gates 
remains.      IVpulation,  abcjilt  i;.oO(i. 

i  Albano,  Lake  of,  "v  Lago  di  Castello,  o  •  Al- 

ban  Lake.  A  small  lake  near  Albauo,  Italy, 
noted  for  its  pieturesque  scenery,  oceupyint; 
the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

Albano,  Mount.    See  Monte  cm-o 

Albany  (al'ba-ni).     Sameas /inrtrfa^fcaiic. 

Albany      The  capital  of  the  State  of  New  York 

•,nl  <,r  Albanv  County,  situated  on  the  west 

„k  of  the  Hudson  in  lat.  4L>°  39'  50"  N.,  long. 

44'  ,56'  W.  (Dudley  Observatory),  near  the 

1  ,1(1  of  iuivi<;ation.     It  is  an  important  commercial 

,',ty   the  terminus  of  lines  of  steamers  to  New  York  ami 

olIuTiiver-poits.  and  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals, 

„„1  a  cenUT  ..t  extensive  systems  of  railroads.     Besides 

ill.-  Slate  Capitol,  it  contains  the  law  and  medical  depart- 

nitnts  and  the(Dudley)  Observatory  "' VT/l-    Vn^'^'i^'s 

It  was  settled  by  tlie  1  mtch  in  1014,  fortified  (tort  Orange) 

to  W24,  obtained  a  city  cliarter  in  HSO,  was  the  seat  of  a 

convention  (under  the  lead  of  Franklin)  to  form  a  colonial 

union  ill  17.H,  and  became  the  permanent  capital  of  the 

Slate  in  1797.     Population  (1900),  94,151. 

Albany.  The  capital  of  Dougherty  Coiinty, 
'..orgia,  situated  on  Flint  Kiver,  at  the  head 
.1  navigation,  90  miles  southwest  of  Macon. 
l'oMulation{1900).  4,6U6. 

Albany  The  capital  of  Linn  County,  Oregon, 
■  ■mated  on  the  Willamette  63  miles  southwest 
..:  Portland.     Population  (1900),  3,149. 

Albany.   A  small  seaport  in  western  Australia, 
-;  mated  on  King  George  Sound  about  lat.  3:) 
.^.   It  is  a  station  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
M.-anishiii  Company.  . 

Albany,  Countess  of  (Louise  Marie  Karo- 
line  von  Stolberg-Gedern).  Born  1 ,  u3 :  did 
•It  Florence,  Jan.  129,  1824.  A  (Jenuan  princess, 
.laughter  of  Gusta\Tis  Adolphus,  prmee  of  Stol- 
licrg-Gedern,  and  wife  (married  March  28,  17i2) 
of  the  "Young  Pretender"  (Diike  of  Albany), 
and  later  the  mistress  of  Altieri. 

Albany,  Duke  of.     See  Leopold  George  Duii- 

III n  Albert.  .     „,     ,  , 

Albany,  Duke  of.  A  character  in  Shakspore  s 
■King  Lear,"  the  husband  of  Gonenl,  Lear's 
eldest  daughter.  . 

Albany  Regency.  A  name  given  to  a  clique 
of  New  York  politicians  who  controlled  the 
machinery  of  the  Democratic  party  in  the  State 
of  New  York  from  about  1820  to  about  18;)4. 
Among  its  members  were  Van  Buren,  Marcy, 
Wright,  and  Di.x.  ,       ^  rnn 

Albany  River.  A  river  in  Canada,  about  .)0U 
miles  in  length,  llowing  into  James  Bay. 

Albasin  (iil'ba-sen),  or  Yaksa  (.vak  sa)  A 
lonuer  fortified  town  in  the  Amur  lemtory, 
Silieria,  on  the  northern  bend  of  the  Amur:  a 
icnter  of  Russian  colonization  in  the  17th  een- 

Albategnius  (al-ba-teg'ni-us),  Mohammed 
ben  Jaoir.  Bom  in  Mesopotamia  about  h.>0: 
died  929.  A  noted  Arabian  astronomer.  He 
discovered  the  motion  of  the  sun,  and  introduced  into 
iiiath.inatical  calculation  the  use  ot  the  sine,  in  place  ot 
111,,  entire  chord  of  the  arc  which  had  previously  been  eni- 
pli.yed.  Among  his  works  are  commentiinia  on  I  tolemy  8 
''Almagest,"  a  treatise  on  astronomy  and  geuK'i-ipby,  etc. 
One  ot  his  astronomical  works  was  translated  into  Latin 
under  the  title  ■' De  Scienlla  Stellarum  "  (Nuremberg,  ir,37). 

Albay  (iil-bi').  A  town  of  Luzon,  one  of  the 
Philippine  Islands.     Population  (1887),  11,980. 

Albe  (iil'lie).  The  ancient  Alba  Fucciitia.  now 
a  small  village  near  Ave/./.iino,  in  cenlral  Italy. 
It  contains  an  ancient  amphitheater  of  the  usual  Uomaii 
elllntieul  plan,  114  by  mi  feet,  estimated  to  have  siuleil 
•ji.iiiiii  people.     The  arena  nieiisilres  us  by  l.i'.l  feet. 

Al-Beladori  (al-bel  "ii-d6'ri),Abul  Hassan  Ah- 
med. Died  at  Bagdad  about  89.'i.  An  Arabian 
hisloVian,  author  of  a  history  of  the  coni|iiest 
..r  Syria,  the  island  of  Cyprus,  Mesopotamia, 
Arm'cnia,  Eg\-pt,  Africa.  Spain,  Niibia,  and  the 
ishuids  ot  the  Mediterranean  by  the  Arabs. 
He  describes  the  condition  of  tlie  conquered 
lountries  and  various  towns  founded  by  the 
Moslrnis, among thciii Bagdad.  AUo. ilbeliidor!/. 
Albemarle  (iil-be-milrl').  Sec  Aumule. 
Albemarle.     Sit  JlhniKU-lr  Inland. 

Albemarle,  Duke  of.    See  Monk. 
Albemarle,  Earl  of.    See /w/i/iW. 

Albemarle  Club.  A  London  dub,  estnblislied 
ill  1874,  composed  of  ladies  and  genllenicn. 
Headquarters,  13  Albemarle  street.  Member- 
ship, 750.  , 


Albemarle  Island.    The  largest  of  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands,  in  the  Pacilic.  Area,  1,650  square 

Albemarle  Point.    The  early  name  of  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina. 

Albemarle  Sound.  A  shallow  body  of  water 
about  iw  miles  long,  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  North  Carolina,  separated  from  the  Atlantic 
by  sand  beaches,  andcominunicating  with  Pam- 
lico Sound  on  the  south  through  Croatan  and 
Roanoke  Sounds.  It  receives  the  Koanoke  River,  and 
is  ennneeted  with  Chesapeake  Bay  hy  the  Chesapeake 
and  Albemarle  I'aiuil  and  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal. 
Albemarle,  The.  A  Confederate  iron-dad  ram, 
built  on  the  Koanoke  Kiver  about  30  miles 
below  Weldon,  North  Carolina,  during  1803. 
She  did  much  damage  to  fnion  steamers  during  the 
spring  of  18M,  but  was  destroyed  by  Lieutenant  « .  B. 
('ushing  during  the  night  of  Oct.  27  of  that  year.  He 
attacked  her  in  a  small  laiineli  carrying  a  torpedo,  for- 
cing his  way  within  the  chain  of  logs  which  formed  part 
ot  her  defense,  he  exploded  the  torpedo  under  the  rain  a 
overhang.  She  was  afterward  raised,  towed  to  Norfolk, 
and  in  1S67  stripped  and  sold. 

Albendorf  (iifben-dorf).  A  \'illage  and  fre- 
quented place  of  pilgrimage  (to  the  sanctuary 
of  the  New  Jerusalem),  in  the  province  ot 
Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Glatzer  Neisse,  north- 
west of  Glatz. 

Albenga  (iil-beng'gii).     A  seaport  m  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  the  Koman  Albmgaunum, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  44  miles  south- 
west  of  Genoa.    It  contains  a  cathedral,   an  early 
Pointed  church  with  sculpture  of  Runic  type  about  the 
doorways.     The  baptistei-y  Is  octangular,  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury, with  Corinthian  columns,  some  early  mosaics^  anil 
a  curious  tomb.    The  bridge  over  the  Centa,  the  Ponte 
Lungo   between  the  railway-station  and  the  town,  Is  Ko- 
man. All  the  piers  of  its  ten  arches,  and  much  of  the  upper 
work,  are  antiiiuc.     There  are  also  medieval  walls.     Ihe 
town  contains  a  gymnasium  and  an  episcopal  seminary. 
Albferes  (al-liar').     The  eastern  ramification  of 
the  Pyrenees,  between  Spain  and  the  depart- 
ment of  PyriJn^es-Orientales,  France. 
Alberic  (al'ber-ik)  I.      Slain  by  the  Romans 
about  925  at  Orta,  Italy.     A  Lombard  noble- 
man,  patrician    (also  called  senator,  consul, 
and  prince)  ot  the  Koraiins  and  duke  of  Spoleto, 
e.\pelled  from   Kome  by  Pope  John   X.     He 
■  married  Marozia,  daughter  of  TheodoVa. 
Alberic  II.    Died  954.   A  jiatrician  and  senator 
of  the  Komans,  son  of  Alberic  I.  and  Marozia. 
Alberoni    (al-ba-ro'no),    Giulio.      Bo™    near 
Piacenza,   Italy,  May  31,  10(i4:  died  June  10 
1752.     A  statesman  and  cardinal,  resident  ot 
the  Duke  ot  Parma  at  the  Spanish  court,  nego- 
tiator of  the  marriage  ot  Philip  V.  and  Eliza- 
beth Farnese,  and    iirinie  minister  ot   Spam, 
1714  (or  1715)  to  1719.     His  foreign  policy  led 
to  the  Quadruple  Alliance  and  a  war  disastrous 
to  Spain.  _  .    ,    .  ,  „ 

Alters  (al'berz),  JohannFriedrich  Hermann. 

Born  at   Dorsten,  Westphalia,   Nov.  14,  180:): 
died  at  Bonn,  May  12,  1867.     A  (Jerman  physi- 
cian and  professoV  at  Bonn,  author  ot  "Atlas 
der  pathologischen  Anatomie"  (1832-62),  etc. 
Albert  (al'bert),  G.  Albrecht  (iil'biecht),  sur- 
named  "The  Bear."  from  his  heraldic  embh^ni 
Born    at    BallenstiidI,   Germany,    about   1100 
( 1 100  ?) :  died  at  Ballenstiidt,  Nov.  18, 11/0.  Mar- 
grave of  Brandi'iiburg,  son  of  Otto  the  Kicli, 
count  of  BallensI  iidt.    lie  received  agrantof  Lusatia 
U-wi  iretaining  it.  however,  but  a  few-years),  and  of  the 
Nol    mark  1  34  ;  obtained  tin.  duchy  of  Saxony  1  i:i8,  which 
he        n  lost ;  attacked  the  Wends  li:i«-37  and  later,  am 
conquered  a  large  part  of  their  territory  :  and  assumed  the 
title  of  margrave  of  llrandenburg  llBe. 
Albert.  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "The  Proud. 
Born  1158:  died  June  25,  1195.     Margrave  of 
Meissen  from  1190  to  1195.  in  attempting  to  oppress 
his  younger  brother  Dietrich,  who  had  inberltid  "  elss.n. 
fels   he  nicurred  the  enmity  i.(  the  emperor  Henry  \  I., 
and  died  by  poison,  administered.  It  is  said,  by  an  agent 
of  the  emperor.  ,   „,.       „,   n  •» 

Albert,  «i.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "The  Tall. 
Hon,  l'':!(i:  di.d  ,\.ig.  15.  1279.  Duke  ol  HrniiH- 
wick-Liincburg,  son  of  Ihe  first  duke,  Otto  the 
Child.  Howa8capturedbythesonsofthemai-gri.vellenry'. 
Oct  "V  1-'(1.S  Inthewarof  the  Tliiiringian  succession  and 
was'rel'eaS  in  ViW,  on  the  payment  of  s.lKJ)  marks  In 
^Iver  and  the  cession  of  the  Ouelpli  cities  and  castle,  on 
the  Werra.  i    ,,m        n..  1  •' 

Albert,  <^.  Albrecht.  «->n,';>'»V'l  '^f,  ,.^  Ir, 

Died  I'iM  Landgrave  of 'lliuringia  after  12(1.), 
and  margrave  of  Meissen  ffoi.i  12881.)  1293.  By 
h  «  second  wife  Cunegonde  of  llsenbcrg,  he  was  per- 
s'mded  t?  exc  mi,,  h  »  sous  by  his  first  marriage  (rom  the 
Secession  In  Thurlngia  in  favor  of  Apit/,  his  son  by  Cum- 
gn  idt"  A  wlir  followed,  in  which  he  was  taken  captive  by 
his  son  Krederlck.  and  forced  to  sign  a  disadvantageous 
treaty  at  Koelilltz.  ,Iim.  1,  li<'>. 

Albert  I.,  ti.  Albrecht.     Bom    nbout    12..0: 

slain  by  a  conspiracv  al  W  iiidisch  on  the  Kcuss, 
Switzerland,  May  1,  1308.    The  eldest  sou  ot 


Albert 

Rudolf  I.  of  Hapsburg,  duke  of  Austria  1282, 
and  German  king  1298-1308.  ile  overthrew  and 
killed  his  rival,  Adolf  of  Nassau,  at  the  battle  of  Ooll- 

Aibert"lfl^;  G.' Albrecht.  Born  1298:  died  1358. 
Duke  of  Austria  and  son  of  Albert  I.  of  Ger- 
many.   He  ruled  the  Austrian  lands  in  common  with 

■  his  brother  Otto  from  VM\  and  alter  1339  alone. 

Albert  III..  G.  Albrecht.  Died  1395.  Son  of 
AUiert  II.  of  Austria.  He  ruled  alone  as  duke 
of  Austria  from  1379. 

Albert  I.,  <'■  Albrecht.  Bom  about  131<: 
died  Feb.  18,  1379.  The  founder  of  the  reign- 
ing house  of  Mecklenburg,  created  duke  of 
MecklenVnirg  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in 
1348.  He  came  into  possession  of  the  duchy  of  Schwe- 
rin  in  1358  by  the  extinction  of  the  ducal  house,  and  se- 
cured the  election  of  his  second  son  Albert,  by  Ins  flrst 
wife  Euphemia  of  Sweden,  as  king  of  Sweden  in  13ti3. 

Albert  II.,  G.  Albrecht.  Died  1412.  Son 
of  Albert  I.  of  Mecklenburg,  elected  king  of 
Sweden  in  1363.  He  was  defeated  by  Queen  Mamare' 
of  Denmark  and  Norway  (widow  of  Hakon)  at  the  battle 
of  Kalkoping  Sept.  21,  138»,  and  taken  prisoner.  In  1395 
he  was  released  and  renounced  the  throne  of  Sweden. 


Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  Achilles,  and 

■ilsoUlysses,  from  his  valorand  sagacity.  Bora 
at  Tangermunde,  Prussia,  Nov.  9,  1414:  died  at 
Frankfort-ou-the-Main,  March  11-1480.  An 
elector  of  Brandenburg,  third  son  of  Frederick 
I.  on  whose  death  (1440)  he  succeeded  to  the 
nrincipality  of  Ansbadi.  He  inherited  the  princi. 
iality  of  Baireilth  in  14(14  from  his  brother  John,  and  re- 
ceiv/d  the  electorate  of  Brandenburg  in  14,0  from  his  bro- 
ther  Frederick  II.,  whose  hearing  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  discharge  of  a  cannon.  He  carried  on  successful  ware 
with  llecklenburg  and  I'omerania,  and  resisted  the  at- 
tempt of  the  Teutonic  Knights  to  repossess  theniselves  of 
Neumaik.  He  was  the  author  of  the  "Dispositio  Achil- 
lea," a  family  ordinance  providing  for  the  separation  ol 
Brandenburg  and  Ansbach-Baireuth  and  e^t^lj  '» ""8 
primogeniture  in  each,  according  to  Hallain  the  llrst  in- 
stance of  the  legal  establishment  of  the  custom  of  priiuo- 

Albert?  G.  Albrecht.  Bom  at^nsbach.  May 
10  1490:  died  March  20,  1568.  Margrave  of 
Br'andenburg-.Aiisbach,  last  grand  master  of 
the  Teutonic  Knights,  and  first  duke  of  Prussia : 
younger  son  of  Frederick  of  Ansbach,  who  was 
the  second  son  of  Albert  Achilles,  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  was  elected  grand  master  Feb.  13, 
l!ill;made  his  entry  into  Konigsberg  •)"*•,";  ■'!-'• 
carried  on  war  with  his  suzerain,  the  king  of  1  oland,  5  9- 
IST.  ina  futile  attempt  to  regain  the  independence  of  1  rus- 
sia,  the  Ordensland  of  the  Teutonic  Knights  ;  sec-ured  by 
the  treatyof  Cracow,  April  8,  IsS.''..  the  conversion  of  1  rnssia 
into  a  secular  duchy,  hereditary  in  his  f|iniily;  »'|d  '"■■• 
mallv  introduced  the  Reformation  July  i;.  Kl^.  He  was 
aided  in  his  political  and  ecclesiastical  reforms  by  the  aU- 
V  ce  of  I.utlKr.  He  was  Ihe  founder  of  the  I  nlverslty  of 
Koiiigsbei"  (1M4),  the  third  Protestant  university. 

Albert,  t;.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "The  Bold." 
Born  .Tulv  17,  1443:  died  at  Lmden,  I  nissia. 
Sept  i2,'l500.  Duke  of  Saxony,  younger  son 
of  Frederick  the  (ientle,  and  founder  of  the 
Albertine  Saxon  line.  In.  the  division  of  the 
Saxon  dominions  in  1485  ho  received  Meissen. 

Albert  IV.,  G.  Albrecht  surnan.ed"  The 
Wise."  Born  Dec.  15, 144i :  died  March  18,  l.iOS. 
Dukeof  Itevaria,  third  son  of  Albert  III,  After 
the  death  of  his  oldest  brother  John  he  becainc  (H""-'')  ™- 
regent  with  the  second  brother  SIglsinund,  and  lator(He7) 

Albert'ci .  Albrecht.  Born  June  28, 1490  :  died 
at  AscfialTciiburg,  Sept.  24,  1545.  The  youngest 
son  of  the  elector  Johannes  Cicero  of  Bran- 
denburg, archbishoii  of  Magilebiirg  1513.  arcli- 

'}>ishop  and  elector  of  Mainz  1514,  and  cardinal 
1518.  To  him  was  intrusted  the  sale  of  indulgences  hi 
one  district  of  Cerniany.  and  TeUel  acted  as  his  conimlB.. 
sioner.     See  Tel2i-I.  l.nllii-r. 

Albert.  (L  Albrecht,  sumamed  Alcibiades. 

IJorn  at  Ansbach.  .March  28, 1.522:  died  at  1  lorz- 
heim,  Jan.  8,  1577.  A  margriive  of  Brandon- 
burg,  iiartizan  and  later  opponent  of  the  era- 
poror  Charies  V.  He  was  defeated  by  Miiurioe 
of  Saxony  at  Sievershauscn,  in  Liincburg.  July 

Albert  G  Albrecht  or  Albert.   Born  Nov.  13, 

]559Vdied  Ji.lv,  l<i21.  An  archduke  of  Ausfna, 
sixth  s.m  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  H.  He 
was  educated  for  the  church,  and  ''■;'"""•  "™"",",1,^,''Ja 

:^^;:^!:itt:;(ui^r;^:.r..p,J=d'^vr^p'. 

,   sl'e  of  l-J  years  with  Mie  Net  he,  lands  in  1.101.. 
Albert    Count  of  (icierstein.     A  character    ii 
Si"\V,ilterSeott.'s  tiovel  "  Anne  of  Geierstein.  a 
rcsllcss  intriguer  and  head  of  theyehniBeruht. 
Vurs'ied  by  Charles  of  Burgundy,   »• '"VVJj;^;^';,  V 

ys:'^'^^w"!,r:i;.i'^;dXv>.:i;ger.J!!rt\;,i\:"chari^ 

Albert ''1.!'00dho's  "Sorrows  of  Werther."  a 
y.m,"'  farmer    who    marries    Charlotte,  witb 


Albert 

whom  VTerther  is  in  love.  He  represents  Kest- 
ner,  one  of  Goethe's  friends.     See  Werther. 

Albert  (ill-bar')  (original  name,  Alexandxe 
Martin).  Born  April  27,  1815:  died  May.  ISil.i. 
A  Frenoh  meehauio,  Tioted  as  a  revolutionis-t 
and  follower  of  Louis  Blanc.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  provisional  government  Feb.,  1S4S.  and  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  i  convened  Slay  4):  was  sentenced  to 
deportation  fir  complicity  in  the  riot  of  May  15,  IMS: 
and  recovered  his  liberty  by  the  amnesty  of  1859.  In  1S70 
he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  defense  of  Paris. 

Albert  (al'bert).  In  Sheridan  Knowles's  play 
"  The  BUnd  Beggar  of  Bethual  Green,"  the  real 
Lord  Wilfrid,  appearing  as  the  Blind  Beggar. 

Albert  (il-bar'),  formerly  Ancre  (iiukr).  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Somme.  France,  on 
the  Ancre  28  miles  northeast  of  Amiens.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  oommnne.  6.169. 

Albert  (al'bert).  G.  Albrecht  (al'breelit), 
Friedrich  Heinrich.  Born  Oct.  4. 1S09:  died 
Oct.  14,  1872.  Pi-ince  of  Prussia,  fourth  son  of 
Frederick  William  m.  He  commanded  in  the  fourth 
cavalry  division  in  tlie  Franco- Pi  ussian  war,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  hurtles  of  Sedan,  Arteiiay,  and  t  irleans. 

Albert,  O.  Albrecht,  Friedrich  Rudolf.  Born 
at  Vienna,  Aug.  3, 1817 :  diedat  Arco,  T.^toI,  Feb. 
18,  1895.  Archduke  of  Austria,  eldest  son  of 
Archduke  Charles,  noted  as  a  soldier  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  served  in  Italy  18*8-49,  and  as  com 
mander  of  the  army  of  the  south  gained  the  victory  of  Cns- 
tozza  June  24,  1S<)6.  (See  Cuitozzn.)  The  same  year  lie 
was  made  conimaiider-in-chief  of  the  .Austrian  army. 

Albert  Francis  Augustas  Charles  Emman- 
uel. Born  at  the  Rosenau,  near  Coburg.  Ger- 
manv.  Aug.  26.  1819:  died  at  Windsor  Castle. 
England,  Dec.  14.  1861.  Prince  Consort  of  Eng- 
land, second  son  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  He  married  Queen  Victoria  Feb.  10,  1S40,  and 
was  made  prince  consort  June  25,  1857. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Kasimir.  Bom  at  Mor- 
itzburg.  near  Dresden,  Julv  11.  1738:  died  at 
Vienna.  Feb^l,  1822.  Duke  of  Saxe-Teschen. 
an  Austrian  general,  son  of  Augustus  HI.  of 
Poland.     He  was  defeated  by  Dumouriez  1792. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Friedrich  August. 
Born  at  Dresden,  April  23.  1828 :  died  at  the 
Castle  of  Sibyllenort,  Silesia.  June  19.  1902. 

.  King  of  Saxony,  son  of  King  John  of  Saxony, 
whom  he  succeeded  Oct.  29, 1S73.  As  crown  prince 
he  commanded  in  the  Franco-German  war  an  aimy  corps, 
and  later  the  .Army  of  the  Meuse. 

Albert  Edward  (al'bert  ed'ward).  Bom  at 
London,  Xov.  9,  1841.  Prince  of  Wales,  eldest 
sou  of  Queen  Victoria.  He  married  Princess  Alex- 
andra of  Denmark  March  10, 1S63.  In  1860  he  made  a  tour 
of  the  I  nited  States  and  Canada,  in  1862  of  Egypt  and 
Palestine,  and  in  1875-76  of  Bfitish  India.  Ue  ascended 
the  throne  as  Edward  VII.  Jan.  2l',  I'.XIl. 

Albert  Victor  Christian  Edward.  Bom  Jan. 
8. 1864:  died  Jan.  14,  1892.  Eldest  son  of  Albert 
Edward,  prince  of  Wales. 

Albert  the  Great.     See  Albertiis  Magnus. 

Albert  Savarus  (al-bar'  sa-va-riis').  A  tale 
by  Balzac,  published  1844.  one  of  the  ''Scenes 
from  Private  Life."  Savarus  is  said  to  be  a 
portrait  of  the  author.  The  book  contains  many 
details  of  his  life  and  work. 

Albert  (al'bert),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Munich. 
March  5, 1825:  died  there.  May  5, 1886.  A  Ger- 
man photographer,  inventor  of  the  Albertype. 

Albert  (al-bar'),  Paul.  Born  at  Thionville, 
Dec.  14,  1827:  died  at  Paris,  June  21,  1880.  A 
French  literary  historian,  professor  at  Poitiers, 
and  later  (1878)  at  the  College  de  France:  au- 
thor of  "La  litterature  frani;aise"  (1872-75). 
"Histoire  de  la  litterature  romame"  (1871), 
■  etc. 

Albert  Edward  Nyanza  (nyan'za).  A  lake  in 
central  Afi-ica.  south  of  Lake  Albert  Xyanza, 
and  connected  with  the  latter  by  the  Semliki, 
discovered  by  Stanley  in  1877  "and  revisited 
by  him  1888-89.  Its"  native  name  is  Muta 
Nzige. 

Albert  Chapel.     See  Windsor. 

Albert  Embankment.    See  Tliames  Embaiil-- 

iii-llts. 

Albert  Hall.  A  covered  amphitheater  in  Lon- 
dim.  finished  in  1871.  its  axes  are  270  and  240  feet, 
those  of  the  arena  lOO  and  70,  and  it  can  seat  8.000  persons. 
The  exterior  is  of  brick,  with  ornament  of  colored  tiles 
and  terra-cotta  including  a  frieze  representing  the  various 
peoples  of  the  earth. 

Albert  Lea  (al'bert  le).  The  capital  of  Free- 
born Countv.  Minnesota,  92  miles  south  of  St. 
Paul.     Population  (1900),  4,500. 

Albert  Memorial.  A  monument,  in  London, 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  Prince  Consort, 
Albert  of  Saxe-Gotha.  on  the  south  side  of 
Kensington  Gardens,  built  from  the  designs  of 
Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  it  consists  of  a  colossal  "bronze 
statue  of  the  prince,  seated,  beneath  an  ornate  spired 
canopy  in  the  Pointed  style,  which  rises  to  a  height  of  175 


30 

feet.  Statue  and  canopy  rest  on  a  basement  bearing  re- 
liefs  of  artists  of  all  countries  and  times.  .At  the  angles 
four  pedestals  project  with  groups  of  statuary  represent- 
ing Agriculture,  Commerce,  Engineering,  and  ilanufac- 
ture.  Steps  descend  on  all  sides  in  pyTamidal  fonu.  and 
at  the  lower  angles  are  placed  sculptures  personifying  the 
four  chief  regions  of  the  earth  —  Etu-ope,  America,  Asia, 
and  -Africa. 

Albert  Kyanza  (al'bert  nyan'zii).  A  lake  iu 
central  Africa,  intersected  by  lat.  2°  X.,  long. 
31°  E.,  one  of  the  main  sources  of  the  Xile.  dis- 
covered by  Sir  Samuel  Baker.  March  14.  1864. 
Its  length  is  97  miles,  and  its  area  about  2,000 
square  miles. 

Alberta  (al-ber'ta).  A  provisional  district 
formed  in  1882  in  the  Xorthwest  Territories, 
Canada,  bounded  by  Athabasca  on  the  north, 
Saskatchewan  and  Assiniboia  on  the  east,  the 
United  States  on  the  south,  and  British  Co- 
lumbia on  the  west,  it  sends  one  represenLitive  to 
the  Dominion  Parliament.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific  Railr<-«ad.  Chief  town,  Calgary.  Area,  about 
100,000  square  miles.    Population  (19011,65  876. 

Alberti  (iil-bar'te).  Leone  Battista.  Bom  at 
Florence.  Feb.  18.  1404:  died  at  Rome.  1472. 
A  noted  Italian  poet,  musician,  painter,  sculp- 
tor, and  architect,  author  of  "De  re  .^idifi- 
eatoria ""  (1485),  etc. 

Albertine  Line  (al'ber-tin  lin).  The  younger 
and  royal  branch  of  the  Saxon  house  which  de- 
scended from  Albert  (G.  Albrecht).  duke  of 
Saxony  (1443-1500).  He  ruled  jointly  with  his  bro- 
ther Ernst  (see  Erne^iiie)  from  1464  to  1485,  when  they 
came  into  possession  of  Thiuingia  by  inheritance,  and 
agreed  upon  a  division,  Albrecht  taking  an  eastern  and 
a  western  portion,  with  the  Ernestine  lands  intervening 
between  them. 

Albertinelli(al-bar-ti-nerie).  Mariotto.  Bom 
at  Florence,  Oct.  13.  1474:  died  at  Florence, 
Xov.  5,  1515.  A  Florentine  painter,  an  asso- 
ciate and  imitator  of  Fra  Bartolommeo. 

Albertrandy(al-ber-tran'di).  John  (Jan)  Bap- 
tist. Born  at  Warsaw,  Dec.  7.  1731:  died  at 
Warsaw.  Aug.  10.  1808.  A  Polish  Jesuit  and 
historian,  of  Italian  parentage,  librarian  to 
Bishop  ZalusM  in  Warsaw,  and  later  to  Stanis- 
laus Augustus,  and  a  notable  collector  of  manu- 
scripts relating  to  Polish  history.  He  was 
appointed  by  Stanislaus  bishop  of  Zenopolis. 

Albertus  Magnus  (al-ber'tus  mag'nus).  p^., 
'  Albert  the  Great.'  ]  Bom  atLauingen.Swabia. 
1193  (according  to  some  authorities  1205) :  died 
at  Cologne.  Xov.  15, 1280.  A  famous  scholastic 
philosopher  and  member  of  the  Dominican 
order.  He  studied  in  Padua  and  Bologna,  taught  philoso- 
phy and  theology  at  Cologne  tl229X  taught  at  Paris  (1245). 
and  finally  returned  to  Cologne.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Ratisbon  in  1260,  but  soon  resigned  and  retireii  to  a  con. 
vent  where  he  died.  .Among  his  numerous  pupils  was 
Thomas  .Aquinas.  He  was  famotis  for  his  extensive  learn- 
ing which  gained  for  him  his  surnames  "The  Great"and 
"IXictor  Universalis,"  and  was  even  reputed  to  be  a  magi- 
cian ;  but  his  modern  critics  differ  greatly  in  their  esti- 
mates of  his  attainments  and  ability.  "He  was  the  first 
scholastic  who  reproduced  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle 
systematically,  with  thoroughgoing  consideration  of  the 
Arabian  commentators,  and  transformed  it  in  accordance 
with  the  dogmas  of  the  church  "  —  to  the  practical  exclu- 
sion of  Platonic  influences.  His  works  fill  twenty-one 
volumes,  and  relate  chiefly  to  physical  science:  they  in- 
clude a  sort  of  encyclopedia  of  the  learning  of  his  times. 

Albertville  (iSl-bar-vel').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie.  France,  near  the  Arly. 
23  miles  northeast  of  Chamb^rv.  Population 
(1891),  5.854. 

Albi,  or  Alby  (al-be').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  France,  situated  on  the 
Tarn:  the  ancient  Albiga.  it  has  a  cathedral  (of 
St.  Cecilia)  and  an  archiepiscopal  palace,  and  is  the  seat 
of  a  bishopric  It  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Albigenses,  to 
whom  it  gave  their  name.  The  cathedral  is  a  unique 
monument,  massively  buDt  of  brick,  with  the  base  of  its 
waUs  sloped  outward,  the  openiugs  all  high  above  the 
ground,  and  otherwise  fitted  to  serve  not  only  as  a  church 
but  as  a  citadel.  It  is  chiefly  of  the  14th  century.  It  has 
a  massive  and  lofty  western  tower,  and  a  beautiful  florid 
triple  porch  on  tlie  south  side,  lavishly  carved  in  stone. 
The  interior,  without  aisles  or  transepts,  is  262  feet  long, 
62  wide,  and  98  high,  surrounded  between  the  buttresses 
by  2  tiers  of  chapels.  The  celebrated  l.'^th-century  rood- 
loft  and  choir-screen  are  rich  with  delicate  tracery  and 
excellent  figtlre  and  foliage  sculpture.  The  roof  and  walls 
are  covered  with  Italian  frescos  dating  from  about  15Ci5. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  20.903. 

Albigenses  (al-bi-jen'sez).  A  collective  name 
for  the  members  of  several  anti-sacerdotal  sects 
in  the  south  of  France  in  the  12th  and  13th 
centuries:  so  called  from  Albi,  in  Languedoc, 
where  they  were  dominant.  They  revolted  from 
the  Churchof  Rome,  were  charged  with  Manichjcan  errors, 
and  were  so  vigorously  persecuted  that,  as  sects,  they  had 
in  great  part  disappeared  by  the  end  of  the  13th  century. 
.A  crusade  against  them  was  preached  liy  Pope  Innocent 
III.  in  1208,  and  was  led  by  Arnold  of  Citeaux  and  Simon 
de  Montfort.  The  war  of  extermination,  which  lasted  for 
several  years,  was  one  of  the  bloodiest  in  history.  Their 
doctrines  are  known  chiefly  from  the  writings  of  their 
orthodox  enemies.  Also  called  Cathari,  and  by  many 
other  names. 


Albitte,  Antoine  Louis 

Albigeois  (iil-be-zhwa').  A  fonner  district  of 
Languedoc.  France,  comprised  in  the  modem 
department  of  Tam, 

Albip,  or  Albyn  (al'bin).  Another  foi-m  of 
Albion. 

Albina  (al-bi'nS).  A  former  city  in  Multno- 
mah County.  Oregon,  on  the  Willamette,  now 
a  part  of  Portland. 

Albinglans  (al-bin'ji-anz).  [Properly  Xortk 
Alhini/Kins :  LL.  Xordalbingi  (cf.  L.  Albis.  the 
Elbe).  G.  Xordolbi)igisch.~\  A  Saxon  tribe  liv- 
ing north  of  the  Elbe  (whence  the  name)  in 
the  present  Holstein.  They  were  first  made  known 
to  Europe  by  the  campaigns  of  Charlemagne  in  the  8th 
centtlry.  Their  language  was  the  Low  German  dialect  of 
Holstein.  With  the  other  closely  related  dialects,  West- 
phalian.  Middle  Saxon,  and  East  Saxon,  it  forms  the  group 
specifically  called  Saxon. 

Albini  (al-be'ne>.  Franz  Joseph,  Baron  von. 
Bora  at  St.  Goar,  May  14,  1748 :  died  at  Die- 
burg,  Jan.  8. 1816.  A  German  statesman,  head 
of  the  government  of  the  electorate  of  Mainz 
during  the  Freiuh  revolutionary  period. 

Albinovanus  Pedo.    See  Pedo. 

Albinus  (al-ln'nus:  G.  pron.  al-be'nos),  or 
Weiss  (visi.  Bemhard  Siegfried.    Bom  at 

Frankfort-on-the-(_)der,  Feb.  24,  1697:  died  at 
Leyden,  Sept,  9,  1770.  A  German  anatomist, 
professor  of  medicine  and  anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden:  author  of  "Tabula?  Seeleti 
et  Musculorum  Corporis  Humani"  (1747),  etc. 

Albinus  (al-bi'nus).Clodius  I  DecimusClodius 
Ceionius  Septimius  A.).  Died  after  the  battle 
of  Lyons.  197  a.  d.  A  Roman  commander,  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  armies  in  Gaul  and  Brit- 
ain in  193  A.  D.,  and  probably  recognized  as 
Ca?sar  by  Se  verus  in  194 :  said  to  ha  ve  been  called 
"Albinus"  from  the  fairness  of  his  body.  He 
was  defeated  by  Severus  in  197. 

Albinus,  Spurius  Postumius.  Korhan  Consul 
334  and  321  B.  c.  and  commander  at  the  defeat 
of  the  Caudine  Forks. 

Albion  (al'bi-on), or  Alebion  (a-le'bi-on).  [Gr. 
'A'/.f}i(ji'  or  'A/-c3iui:'\  In  classical  mythology,  a 
son  of  Poseidon  and  brother  of  Dercynus  or 
Bergion,  He  and  his  brother  lost  their  lives  in  an  attack 
■  on  Heracles  as  the  latter  passed  through  their  country 
(Liguria)  with  the  oxen  of  Cieryon. 

Albion  (al'bi-on).  [L.  Albion,  Gr.  iV/./i/ur. 
'A.'/oviLiv.  from  Old  Celtic  *  Albion.  Ir.  Alba.  Alpa, 
Elbii  (gen.  AJban.  dat.  ace.  Albain).  W.  Albaii 
(see  Albin),  lit.  'white  land,'  with  reference 
to  the  chalk  cliffs  of  the  southern  coast.  Cf. 
Alps."]  The  ancient  name  of  Britain :  restricted 
in  later  poetic  use  to  England.  Alban  and  Albin 
were  ancient  names  for  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

Albion.  The  capital  of  Oleans  Cotuity.  X'ew 
York.  43  mUes  northeast  of  Buffalo.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  village,  4.477. 

Albion,  -\  city  in  Calhoun  County,  southern 
Michigan.  38  miles  south-southwest  of  Lansing. 
Population  (1900).  4.519. 

Albion  and  Albanius  (al-ba'ni-us).  An  op- 
eratic entertainment  by  Dryden,  produced  in 
1(585,  allegoric  ally  representing  the  chief  events 
of  Kling  C'harles  H.'s  reign.  Albion  wag  Charles 
himself  and  Albanius  was  James,  duke  of  York. 
It  was  not  printed  till  1691. 

Albion's  England.  A  rimed  chronicle  of  Eng- 
lish history,  by  William  Warner,  published  in 
1.586.  It  was  seized  as  contraband  by  the  order  of  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  for  no  reason  that  is  now  as- 
siirnable. 

Albion  Knight,  A  comedy  morality  published 
in  1565.  It  turns  on  the  want  of  concord  be- 
tween the  lords  temporal  and  the  lords  spiritual. 

Albireo  ( al-bir'e-6).  [Origin  doubtful,  but  con- 
jectured to  be  a  corruption  of  ab  ireo  in  the 
Latin  version  of  the  "Almagest."]  The  usual 
name  for  the  yellow  third-magnitude  star  3 
Cygni.  in  the  beak  of  the  swan.  It  is  coarsely 
double  with  a  fine  contrast  of  color  between 
the  two  components. 

Albis  (al'bis).     The  Latin  name  of  the  Elbe. 

Albis  (al'bes).  A  low  mountain-range  in  the 
canton  of  Ziirieb,  Switzerland,  west  of  Lake 
Ziirich.    Its  best-known  summit  is  the  t'tliVierg. 

Albistan(al-bi-stan'),orElbistan(el-bi-stan'). 
A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo.  Asiatic  Tur- 
kev,  on  the  Jihun  40  miles  northeast  of  Marash. 
The  sultan  Bibars  defeated  here  the  Turks 
and  Mongols  in  1277.     Population.  8.000  (f). 

Albitte  (al-bef).  Antoine  Louis.  Died  1812. 
A  French  radical  revolutionist,  member  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly.  1791.  He  was  con- 
demned to  death  for  participation  in  the  revolt  of  May  20, 
17(>.'-',  against  the  Convention,  but  succeeded  in  avoiding 
capture.  I'nder  the  Directory  he  was  appointed  mayor  of 
Dieppe,  after  the  18th  Bmmaire  was  engaged  in  militaij 
aSaits,  and  finally  pfcished  in  the  retreat  from  Moscow. 


Albizzi 


31 


Albizzi  (al-bet'se).  A  noted  Italian  family, 
origiu^tlly  of  Arezzo,  whic-h  played  a  eonspie- 
uous  part  in  Florentine  affairs  during  the  Wtli 
and  lutU  centuries.  They  belonged  to  the 
dcuioeratio  Guclpli  party.  .„     ,,    , ,„„ 

Albizzi.   Bartolommeo,    L.    Bartholomaus 

AlbiciUsPisanUSfof  Pisa').    Born  at  1  nano 
iu   Tuseanv:   died  at  Pisa,  Deo.  10,  1401.     A 
noted  Franeiseau  monk  and  religious  writer :  au- 
thor of  "Liber  conformitatum  sancti  Iraneisei 
cum  Christo  "  (first  ed.  folio,  Venice,  undated). 
AlbO,  Joseph  (al'bo).    Born  at  Soria  in  Spain : 
\li..d  there,  1-H4.     A  Jewish  physician,  thcolo- 
iM    and  philosopher.     He  wrote  a  work  entitled 
;  ,karirn"  ("  fuiiiiaiiients"!  which  comprises  a  complete 
„i  -tein  111  the  Jewish  religion. 
Alboin  (al'boin).  Died  at  Verona  in  573.   King 
c.f  the  Lombards  from  about  553  (5(30?)  to  oiS, 
■1  of  Alduin,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  destroyed 
kingdom  of  tlie  liepidw  (.iwi).  and  married   K.«a- 
iiida,  dauKhter  of  the  slain  king  (■unimund      Jn  •'!*  he 
,.iuered  Italy  as  far  south  as  the  Tiber,  and  established 
kingdom  of  the  Lombards  with  Pavia  as  it*  capital, 
was  murdered  at  the  instigation  of  Kos;miunda,  whom, 
,  carousal,  lie  had  ordered  to  drink  from  her  ftithers 
un      She  is  said  to  have  employed  for  tins  purpose  a 
union  8oldier(Helmiehis,  Alboin's  shield-bearer) whom 
tirst  allowed  to  become  her  paramour,  and  to  whom 
then  ottered  the  choice  of  perishing  through  the  je:d- 
,  ,i-y  of  Alboin  or  of  becoming  his  murderer.    This  story 
1-  probably  unhistorical.  _       .       ,    • 

Albona  (iil-bd'na).    A  town  in  Istna,  Austna- 
llimgarv,  42  miles  southeast  of  Trieste.  Popu- 
biiiou  (1890),  commune,  10,379. 
Alboni  (iil-bo'ne),  Marietta.     Born  at  Cesena, 
I    Italv,   March   10,   1823:    died   at  Paris,   June 
I    "3    1894      A  celebrated  contralto  singer.     She 
riu'dled'  under  Madame  Bei^toletti  and  later  under  Ros- 
sini (Grove),  and  made  her  d6butat  the  Communal  Thea- 
t.r  in  Bologna  wilh  great  success,  appearing  immediately 
•itterward  at  I.a  Scala  in  Milan.     She  sang  in  all  the  (  on- 
tiuental  and  Knglish  cities  and  in  Amenta  untd  IsOi, 
ulienherlinsband,  Count  Pepoli,  a  Bolognese  died      In 
'  she  reappeared  in  "U  Matrimonio  Segreto    at  the 
^(•-•us.    In  1*77  she  married  again  an  officer  of  the  Garde 
i:  iiuldicainc,  M.  Zieger.  ,.    ,  ,    .       ,-,      » 

Al  Borak  (al  bo'rak).  [Ar.,  'lightning.']  A 
|,-'iMidary  animal,  white  in  color,  m  size  be- 
\^"  .  u  a  mule  and  an  ass.  with  two  wings,  and 
,.i  ).  at,  swiftness,  on  wliich  Mohammed  is  said 
i..  h.i  VI!  made  auocturual  journey  to  the  seventh 
heaven,  conducted  by  the  angel  (Jabriel. 

Albornoz  (iil-bor'noth),  Gil  Alvarez  Carillo 
de  Born  at  Cuenca,  Spain,  about  1300  :  died 
:,t  Viterbo,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1367.  A  Spanish 
I.relate  (archbishop  of  Toledo)  and  soldier,  a 
supporter  of  the  papal  authority  in  Italy. 

Albovine  (al'bo- vin).  King  of  the  Lombards. 

\  tr;ii'edv  l)y  liavenant,  printed  in  1629.  Ihe 
sr' •ne''and  the  names  of  characters  are  the  same 
as  in  his  later  poem  "Gondibert." 

Albracca  (iil-brak'ka).  In Boiardo's  "Orlando 
Innamorato,"  a  castle  of  Catliay  in  which  An- 
gelica was  besieged  by  Agricane. 

Albrecht.    Hco  AWcrt. 

Albrecht  (rd'brecht).  Lived  about  12(0  A 
(M-rmau  poet,  author  of  the  later  "^Titurel,  a 
continuation  of  the  "Titurcl"  of  Wolfram  von 
Eschenbach  :  generally,  but  probably  wrongly, 
named  Albrecht  von  Scharfeiiberg. 

Albrecht,  Wilhelm  Eduard.   Horn  at  Klbmg, 

Prussia,  March  4, 1800 :  died  at  Leipsic,  May  -2, 
1870.  A  (lerman  jurist,  one  of  the  seven  Oot- 
tiiigen  ]irofessor8  removed  on  account  of  liber- 
alism in  ]K;i7. 

Albrechtsberger  (al-brechts-ber'ger),  Johann 

Qeorg      Born  at  Klostcr-Neuburg,  near  V  leii- 

na,  Feb.  3, 1730:  dieil  at  Vienna,  March  7, 1809. 

An  Austrian  musician,  distinguished  especially 

I       asacontrapmitist:  author  of  "GrUndlicho  An- 

1       weisung  zur  Koniposition"  (1790),  etc. 

Albrecht8burg(iirbrechts-biiro).  Ane.\tensive 
castle  at  Meissen,  Saxony,  foundeil  in  14(1  by 
tlie  i)rinces  Knist  and  Albert.    It  is  aplcturcstine 
pile  ilomliiated  by  towers  and  lofty  roofs,  and  by  Ihe  open- 
work spire  of  Us.lohannlskapelle.    The  large  banciuetnig- 
hall  is  an  ImpoHiiig  room,  wilh  wooden  figures  of  Saxon 
princes.   There  is  nnicli  excellent  vaulting.    Since  l-i'.;!  Ihe 
whole  haa  been  renlorcd  anil  decorated  with  hlstornal 
fresciis.     For  ini)  years  fiom  1710  the  famous  royal  jiorce- 
lain  manufactory  was  conducted  here. 
Albreda  (iil-bniMii).  A  seaport  in  Senegambia, 
situated  on  tlie  Gamliia  Kiver  20  miles  above 
I'.atlnirst.     Population,  7,000  (f). 
Albret  (iil-bra').  House  of.     A  (Sascon  family 
which  arose  in  the  11th   century.  nn<l  derived 
its  name  from  tlie  (jhatoau    d'Albret.    Its  best- 
known  mombers  are  Charles  d'Allirct,  count  of  Dreux, 
who  was  killed  In  the  battle  of  Agincourt  in  Hl.'i;  Ixmis 
dVlbrit  (died   lllir.i,  cardinal   bishop  of  Cahors;  .lean 
d'Albret,  who  became  king  of  Navarre  by  his  marriaKc 
Willi  lathnrine  of  Kolx  In  HUl ;  Jeanne  dAlliret  (see  he- 
low)-  and  Oe8iu--l'li<'bns  d'Albrel,  marshal  of  France  and 
tbo  last  descendant  of  the  house  i^he  male  line. 


Albret,  Jeanne  d".  Born  at  Pau.  France,  Jan. 
7,  1528 :  died  at  I'aris,  June  9,  1572.  A  queen 
of  Navarre,  daughter  of  Henry,  king  of  Na- 
varre, and  Margaret  of  Valois,  wife  of  Antony 
of  Bourbon,  and  mother  of  Henry  IV.  of  France, 

notfd  as  a  sujiporter  of  the  Huguenots. 

Albright  (ul'luit),  Jacob.  Bom  near  Potts- 
tiiwn  Pa.,  May  1, 1759 :  died  1808.  An  Ameri- 
can Jlethodist  clergyman,  founder  of  the  de- 
nomination named  the  "Evangelical  Associa- 
tion." ,  .  ^, 

Albrizzi  (iil-brct'se),  Isabella  Teotochi.  Coun- 
tess d'.  Born  in  Corfu,  1763:  died  at  Venice, 
Sept.  27,  1836.  A  Venetian  patroness  of  liter- 
ature and  art,  called  bv  Byron  "the  Madame 
de  Stael  of  Venice":  author  of  "Descrizione 
delle  opere  di  Canova"  (1809-25),  etc. 

AJbuca8is(aI-bii-k;l'sis),orAbul-Casim(a-bol- 

kii-sem' ),  or  Abul-Kasim  el  Zahrawi.  Born  at 

Zahra  al  Tasrif,  near  Cordova,  Spam:  dieil  at 
Cordova  about  1106.  An  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  "Al-Tasrif,"  a  famous  r^sum6  of 
Arabian  medical  science.  According  to  some  he 
lived  a  century  earlier.  His  work  was  partially  translated 
into  Latin  and  twice  into  Hebrew. 

Albuera  (iil-bo-a'rii).  A  village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Badajoz,  Spain,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Bada  ioz.  Here,  May  16,  1811.  the  Anglo-Spanlsli-Portu- 
cnese  army  (:in,ii(Ki)  under  Beresford  defeated  the  French 
(1(1  (Kio)  under  .Soult.    The  losses  were  nearly  even, 

Albufeira  (iil-bo-fa'e-rii).  A  small  lishing  port 
iu  the  province  of  Algarve,  Portugal,  21  miles 
west  of  Faro.  , 

Albufera  de  Valencia  (iil-bo-fa'ra  da  va-lan  - 

tlie-il).  A  lagoon,  aliout  10  miles  long,  7  miles 
south  of  Valencia,  in  Spain,  Its  revenues  belonged 
to  Oodoy,  later  to  Suchet  (Duke  of  Albufera),  and  after 
him  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
Albula  (iil'bo-lii).  A  pass  m  the  canton  of 
(irisons,  Switzerland,  about  25  miles  southeast 
of  Coire,  connecting  the  valleys  of  the  Albnla 
and  Hinter-Rliein  with  that  of  the  Inn.  Its 
height  is  7,.595  feet.  .  -r,  ,i  i 

Albumazar  (iil-bo-ma'ziir).  Bom  at  Balkh, 
Turkestan,  805  (f):  died  at  Wasid,  central 
Asia,  885.  A  celebrated  Arabian  astronomer, 
author  of  numerous  works,  including  an  intro- 
duction to  astronomy,  a  "  Book  of  Conjunction, 
and  a  treatise  on  astrology.  Latin  translations  of 
the  llrst  two  appeared  at  Augslmrg  in  14S!I,  and  again 
at  Venice,  the  former  iu  IfiOti  and  the  latter  in  151.;,  1  be 
work  on  astrologv  was  printed  at  Venice  under  the  title 
•■Flores  Astrologiffi"  (date  unknown),  and  reprinted  at 
Augsburg  in  l;'.s,s.  His  name  is  given  to  the  leading 
character,  a  knavish  astrologer,  in  a  university  play  (in 
English),  named  for  him,  by  John  Tomkis  (or  lomkins), 
acted  bv  the  gentlemen  ol  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  be- 
fore  Kllig  James  I.  in  1(U4.  It  is  founded  on  L  Astrologo 
of  Gian  Battista  del  Porta,  liwii,  Dryden  revived  it  in 
171.9  In  17:i4  a  comedy  called  "The  Astrologer  (pro- 
duced in  1741)  was  founded  on  it  by  Ralph. 

Albuquerque  (iil-bii-kar'ke).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  24  miles  north  of 
Badajoz.     Populatitm  (1897),  about  10,000 

Albuquerque.  The  capital  of  B.'rnalillo 
County,  New  Mexico,  situated  on  the  liio 
Grande'  5s  niiles  southwest  of  Santa  F6:  an 
important  railroad  center.  It  consists  of  two  set- 
tlements, the  old  town  and  the  new  town  The  latter 
was  fiiiinili-.l  ill  issl.  Tbr  old  town  dates  from  the  17lh 
centurv,     l'..|Milaliiiii  ll'.ilKi),  luw  city,  n.atlS. 

Albuquerque,  Affonso  de,  sumamed   "  The 

Great"  and  "TIh^  Portuguese  Mars."  Born  a 
Alhaudra,  near  Lisbon.  14.52  (14.53  f):  died  at 
sea  near  (ioa.  India,  Dec.  16,  151.5.  A  cele- 
brated PortugiK'se  navigator  and  coiuiueror, 
t)ie  founder  of  the  Portuguese  empire  in  Ihe 
Fast.  Appointed  viceroy  of  India,  he  landed  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar  In  IWKi,  conquered  Goa  and  afterward 
the  whole  of  Malabar,  Ceylon,  the  Snuda  Islands  he 
peninsula  of  Malacca,  and  the  Island  •■''""!',?„,„''',*: 
l:mnianuel  appointed  a  nersonal  <^">:'">-V' /''"''  "'!,";, 
to  supersede  him.  On  Ills  return,  he  died  al  «•'■-"" 
was  an  extra.inlluary  man,  and  made  the  Portuguese  name 
profoundly  rei-pectcd  In  the  rast.  /-.     ii ., 

Albuquerque,  Duarte  Coelho  de.    See  (n,lhn 
Albuquerque,  Francisco   Fernandez  de  la 

Cueva,   I  >nl-e  lit.      See   IVrnn,,,!,-  <lrl,l   (  »-  r„ 

Albuquerque,  Francisco   Fernandez  ae  la 
Cueva  Henriquez,  Duke  of.   See  I'enmmlc-  ,1. 

Uiliiiidlliiinijiii.r.  4,rii 

Albuquerque,  Jeronymo  de.  Born  about  1.;14 : 

iliril  lit,  Oliiida,  near  i'eniiiiiiliiico,  about  !■  el). 
"5  l."i!M.  A  I'ortiigiiese  solilier,leaderin  various 
wars  against  Ihe  Indians  in  Brazil,  whither  he 
went  ill  1535.  lu  ir.is  be  wax  captured  by  (he  Calietes 
tribe,  but  gained  tlieir  g.md  will  and  married  the  daughter 

Albuquerque  Maranhao,  Jeronymo  de.  Bo"" 

at  I'eriianiliui-o,  15IS:  died  al  Maranhao,  i'eli. 
11,  U)18.  A  Brazilian  soldier,  son  of  Jeronymo 
do' Albuquenpii'  and  an  Indian  mother,    ne  con. 


Alcantara 

nuereil  Rio  Grande  do  JJorte  from  the  Indians  1598-99  and 
(I'ean'i  in  l«l:i.  In  -Nov.,  1616,  he  took  Maranhao  from  the 
French,  and  was  made  captain-general  of  that  colony. 

Albuquerque,  Mathias  de.  Said  to  have  been 
born  ill  Brazil:  liied  at  Lisbon,  June  9,  IMi. 
A  Portuguese  general,  governor  of  Peraambuco 
in  1624,  and,  after  the  Dutch  had  taken  Bahia 
(May.  1624),  acting  governor-general  of  north- 
em  Brazil.  He  recovered  Bahia  in  162.'..  After  vis- 
iting Madrid  he  returned  to  Pemambuco,  in  Oct.,  1829,  as 
governor  and  in  Feb.,  KBO,  abandoned  Olinda  and  Kecife 
(Pernambuco)  to  the  Dutch.  In  Dec,  1635,  he  was  ordered 
back  to  Madrid,  whence  he  was  sent  to  Portugal  in  dis- 
grace. In  KHO  Portugal  threw  otf  the  Spaiush  yoke,  and 
Albuquerque  took  a  principal  part  in  the  war  which  lol- 
lowed.  His  derisive  victory  of  ilontijo  or  Camp.' Mayor 
(May,  ir.4l)  won  for  him  the  titles  of  Count  of  AUegrete 
and  g'raiiilee  of  I'ortuiral.     ,.      ^  ,  .„  , 

Albuquerque,  Pedro  d'.  Bom  at  Pernambuco 
about  1575:  died  at  Pard,  Feb.  6,  1644.  A  son 
of  Jeronymo  de  Albuquerque  Maranhao,  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Maranhao  and  Para  in  1642. 

Albuquerque  Coelho,  Jorge  d'.    See  CoeUw, 

Jan/c  tl'.llhi((iii(rqi(i. 

Alby.     See-IHH. 

Albyn.    See.  i;woh. 

Alcacer-do-Sal  (iil-kil'ser-dij-sal').  A  trading 
town  ill  the  ]irovince  of  Estremadm-a,  Portugal, 
situated  on  the  Sado  50  miles  southeast  of  Lis- 
bon •  the  Roman  Salacia.  It  has  been  the  scene 
of  various  battles,  particuliu-ly  between  Moors  and  Chris- 
tians.    Population,  about  2,(X)0. 

AlC8eus(al-se'us).  [Gr  'A?.«i7oc.]  1.  A  famous 
poet  of  Mytilene  m  Lesbos  (about  611-.>8IJ 
B.  C),  by  some  regai-ded  as  the  first  in  rank  of 
the  Ivric  poets  of  Greece.  He  supported  the  nobles 
in  their  struggles  with  the  tyrants  of  his  native  town, 
was  bauishe.l,  and  led  an  eventful  and  wandering  life, 
lie  was  "the  perfect  picture  of  an  unprincipled,  violent, 
lawless  Greek  aristocrat,  who  sacrificed  all  and  everything 
to  the  demands  of  pleasure  and  power"  (J/aAo/j/).  l*rag- 
meiits  of  his  works  remain.  • 

2.  In  (ireek  legend,  a  son  of  Perseus  and  An- 
dromeda.    He  was  an  ancestor  of  Hercules. 
Alcaforado  (iil-kii-l6-rji'd6).  Francisco.    A 

Portuguese  navigator  who  took  part  in  the  ex- 
pedition (of  which  he  wrote  an  account)  ol  Joao 
Gonzales  Zaivo  to  the  island  of  Madeira  in  1420. 

Alcala  de  Chisbert  (iil-kii-lii'  da  ches-bart'). 
[Alcald  :  Ar.  '  castle.']  A  town  m  the  province 
of  Castelloil,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean 65  miles  northeast  of  Valencia.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  5,751.  ,    ,  ,-        „        -,  «^ 

Alcali  de  Guadaira  (iil-kii-la'  da  gwa-THi  rh). 
A  town  in  the  iiroviuce  of  SevuUe,  Spain,  situ- 
ated near  the  (iuadaira  7  miles  east  of  Seville. 
It  contains  a  Moorish  castle,  an  unusually  fine  exaniple, 
older  than  1210,  wlieii  the  town  was  taken  by  the  t  hrls- 
tiaiis.     Population  (1S87),  9.n.y>.  .. ,    -    .        . 

Alcali  de  Henares  (iil-ka-la'  da  a-na  ras).  A 
town  ill  the  province  of  Madrid,  Spain,  near 
the  site  of  the  Uoman  Complutum,  situated  on 
the  Ilenares  17  miles  east  by  north  of  Madrid: 
the  birthplace  of  Cervantes.  It  was  formerly  fanioii* 
for  its  university,  founded  by  Cardinal  Xiincnes  which 
was  removed  to  Madrid  in  ls;in.    Populall-n  (Iss.),  U-'fS. 

Alcali  de  los  Gazules  (iil-ku-lii  da  los  ga-tho  - 

las).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  i^pain, 
3(1  miles  east  of  Cailiz.   Population  (1887), 9,802. 

Alcali  la  Real  (iil-kii-lii'  lii  ni-iil').  A  town  in 

the  iirovinee  of  Jaen.  Spain,  2i  miles  north- 
west  of  Granada.     Papulation  (18,87),  15.802. 

AlcaU  y  Herrera,  Alonso  de.    -)  V'";"*-'";:^^ 

writer  of  Spanish  origin,  who  published  in  Hi41 
live  Spanish  tales  in  eacli  of  which  one  of  the 
live  vowels  is  omitted.     Tirhiior. 

Alcamenes,   or  Alkamenes    (al-kam  e-nez). 

|(lr.'A/MV'(r;/r.l      Born  at  l.emnos,  ot  -\ttic  de- 
scent, or  at  Athens:    nourished  about  448-41M 
H.C.    A  Greek  sculptor,  aceonlinglo  Pausanins 
the'most  skilful  pupil  of  Phidias.     The  same  au- 
thor ascribes  to  blni  the  centaur  conflict  on  Ihe  wesleni 
pediment,  of  the  teml.le  of  Zeus  recently  •""'!'■■■«'  »J 
(ilvniiila     This  must  have  been  a  very  cail>  »..rk  "f  tho 
niaater      Ills  reeoi-de.l  works  were  statues  of  gmls  and 
heroes  mainly.     His  Aphrodite  "of  the  ganlens    was  one 
of  the  great  statues  of  Imtiqulty.     His  statue  of  >"ry  »nd 
glilVl  of    Vsculapins  niav  be  represented  in  the  beautiful 
hea.l  In  the  lirltlsh  .Museum,  found  at  Mrlos. 
AlcamO  (iil'kii-mo).     A  town  in  the  iirovince  of 
Traiiaiii   Sicilv.  24  miles  west  sontlnv.'st  of  1  B- 
lermo,     Near'it    nre  the  ruins  of   (he  ancient 
Segesta.     Populal ion.  about  37,000. 
Alcandre  (iil-koii'dr).    A  character  in  Mnde- 
moisdle   do   Scudi'Ty's   romance   "CUdie    :   a 
ilaltering  portrait  of  Louis  \IV.,  then   only 
about  eigliteen  venrs  of  age.      _ 
AlcaniZ  (iil-l<iin-velli').    A  town  in  tlie  proviiico 
of   Teriiel,   Spain,  on   tho  (iimdnlope  M   nnlcR 
s,.iitlieastofSaragoss».  Populationi(1887), 7.781. 
Alcantara  (iil-kiin'lii-rii)..   A  western  quarlcr, 
forinerlv   a  suburb,  of  Lisbon,  noted   for  the 
vi.dorv'gaiiied  there  in  1.580  by  tho  Duke  of 
Alva  over  the  Portuguese. 


Alcantara 


32 


Alcantara.    [Ar.,  -the  bridge.']   A  small  tovni  Alceste  (al-sest')-     The  principal  character  in 


in  the  province  of  Caeeres.  Spain,  the  ancient 
Norba  Ca)sarea,  situated  on  the  Tagus  31  miles 
northwest  of  Caeeres.  The  famous  bridge  of  Trajan, 
over  the  Tagus,  built  jo  105  A.  D.,  eiists  to-day  practically 
as  the  Rjjmans  left  it^  It  is  built  without  cement,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  imposing  of  masonry  bridges-  It  is  about 
670  feet  long,  and  210  ftet  high  from  the  river-bed,  with 
six  arches.  The  two  central  arches  each  have  a  span  of 
110  feet  A  plain  triumphal  arch  rises  over  the  middle 
pier.  Another  notable  structure  is  the  monastery  of  the 
Knights  of  Alcantai-a,  begun  in  lo(.i6,  and  now  in  ruins. 
The  florid  Pointed  church  is  divided  by  slender  piers  into 
lofty,  gracefully  vaulted  aisles.    The  cloisters  are  line,  and 


Moliere's  comedy  "The  Misanthrope":  a  dis- 
agreeable but  upi-ight  man  who  scorns  the 
civilities  of  life  and  the  shams  of  society. 
Wyeherley  has  taken  him  as  the  model  of  hjs 
rude  and  brutal' Manly  in  "The  Plain  Dealer." 
Alceste.  A  pseudonym  of  several  modern 
Fi-ench  writers,  among  them  Alfred  Assolant. 


Alcock 

Greek  rhetorician,  a  native  of  Elsa  in  Asia 
Minor.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gorgias,  and  between  432 
and  411  B.  c.  resided  at  Athens  where  he  gave  instruc- 
tion in  eloquence,  being  the  last  of  the  purely  sophistical 
school  of  rhetoricians.  Two  extant  declamations  are 
ascribed  to  him. 

Alcide  (al-sed').  Baron  de  M  .  .  .  A  pseudo- 
nvm  used  1833-3.5  and  in  lt<64  by  Alfred  de 
Mnsset. 


Hippolyte   de  Castillo,  Louis  Belmontet,  and  Alcides  (al'si-dez).    A  patronymic  of  Heracles, 


fidouard  Laboulaye. 
Alceste.     A  tragic  opera  by  Gluck,  first  pre 
sented  at  Vienna,  Dee.  16,  176" 


the  buildings,  both  tor  resMence  and  for  defens^  of  great  Alcester  (al'ster).     A  town  iji  Warwickshire, 

extent  and  massiveness.     Population,  about  4.000.  Tr„„i,„5    in  «  -i  tv,      c  tj-       •      i  ..u 

Alcantara.    A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Ma-  E'^land,  19  miles  south  of  Bu-mmgham:  the 

ranhao,  Brazil,  in  lat.  :;=  L'.5'  S..  long.  U°  2.5'  W.  f'!  ""^  f^JTTorf"'^^''  encampment.    Popu- 

Alcantara,  Francisco  Martin.    Born  in  the  .  ?     1  ■    -ii'-  '*-'^'^-       „  o-    i.    j      , 

province  of  Estremadurr|robablv  about  14S0:  f}^!^*?'^'  ^^''°%  f'^  Se!,mo,.r  S.rFredencJ:. 

killed  at  Lima,  Peru.  June  26,  1541.     A  Span-  "A^pestis   (al-ses  t.s),   or   Alceste    (al-ses'te). 

ish  soldier,  half-brother  of  Francisco  Pizarro  on  ["■'■  .-^-"^f/'f.  «/  A/«<t7,.]     In   Greek    egend, 

tbo  mr,tV,oi-«  cirlo     n   ,  <.  a     •      -.k  tm         •    -.-no  the  uaughtcr  of  Pcbas  and  Wife  of  Admctus, 

tUe  motner  s  side.    He  left  Spain  with  Pizarro m  1529,  !-;„„„«  pi,„_.„  ;,,  ti,oo=o1,.     tt-i,      v     u     ,,     j 

and  was  with  him  during  part  of  the  conquest  of  Peru.  ^^^  °^  fberx  m  1  liessalj  .    When  her  husband  was 


He  received  a  large  inheritance  which  was  unjustly  taken 
from  the  younger  Almagro.  Alcantara  was  killed  with 
Pizarro. 

Alcantara,  Doctor  of.  An  operetta  by  Julius 
Eichberg  produced  in  Boston  in  1862,  ''the 
most  successful  work  of  any  pretensions  with 
an  exclusively  American  reputation"  (Grace). 

Alcantara,  Knights  of.  A  religious  and  mUi- 
tary  order  in  Spain,  created  about  1156  by  the 
brothers  Don  Suarez  and  Don  Gomez  de  Bar- 
rientos  to  combat  the  Moors.  In  1177  it  was  con- 
firmed by  Pope  Alexander  III.  as  a  religious  order  of 
knighthood  under  Benedictine  rule.  It  took  its  name 
from  the  fortified  town  of  Alcantara,  with  whose  defense 
it  was  intrusted  about  1213,  ha\  ing  liitherto  been  known 
as  the  order  of  the  Knights  of  San  Julian  del  PerejTO.  In 
1494-95  the  erand  mastership  was  vested  in  the  crown, 
and  in  1540  the  knights  received  permission  to  marry.  In 
1835  th«  order  ceased  to  exist  as  a  spiritual  body,  though 
it  still  remains  in  its  civil  capacity. 

Alcantara,  Pedro  de.  See  Pedro  I.  and  //.  of 
Brazil. 


stricken  with  a  mortal  sickness  she  sacrificed  her  life  for     .,„,„„  , ,  ,„„         .     ,  ..„ 
him,  in  accordance  with  the  promise  of  ApoUo  that  by    »  i"    i  '°^  "«';'».»!  ""S;^ 
this  means  he  should  be  saved.    According  to  one  form  .^JCipliron  (al  Sl-tronj 
of  the  legend  she  was  allowed  to  retiun  to  the  upper  world 
by  Persephone  :  according  to  another  she  was  rescued  by 
Hercules.    She  is  the  subject  of  a  play  by  Euripides. 

The  Alcestis  is  a  curious  and  almost  unique  example  of 
a  great  novelty  attempted  by  Euripides  —  a  novelty  which 
Shakspeare  has  sanctioned  by  his  genius  —  I  mean  the 
mixture  of  comic  and  vulgar  elements  with  real  tragic 
pathos,  by  way  of  contrjst.  The  play  is  not  strictly  a 
tragedy,  but  a  melodrama,  with  a  happy  conclusion,  and 
was  noted  as  such  by  the  old  critics,  who  called  the  play 
rather  comic,  that  is  to  say,  like  the  new  comedies  in  this 
The  intention  of  the  fioet  seems  to  have  been  to 


who  was  a  descendant  of  Alcseus. 

Alcina  (al-che'na).  A  fairy,  the  embodiment 
of  carnal  delights,  in  Boiardo's  "Orlando  In- 
namorato"  and  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso": 
the  sister  of  Logistilla  (reason)  and  Morgana 
(lasciviousness).  When  tired  of  her  lovers  she  changed 
them  into  trees,  beasts,  etc.,  and  was  finally,  by  means  of 
a  magic  ring,  displayed  in  her  real  senility  and  ugliness. 
Compare  Acragia,  Armida,  and  Circe. 

Alcinous  (al-sin'o-us).  [Gr.  'Afjiivoo^.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  the  Phaeaeians,  in  the 
island  of  Scheria.  mentioned  in  the  Odyssev. 
A  considerable  part  of  the  poem  (Books  TI.-XIIl")  is  de- 
voted to  the  events  of  Odysseus's  stay  in  his  dominions. 
yciphron  (al'si-fron).  [Gr.  'A'/Mippun.']  Lived 
probably  in  the  last  part  of  the  2d  century  a.  d. 
A  Greek  epistolographer  whose  identity  is  un- 
certain, Alciphron  being,  perhaps,  an  assumed 
name.  The  letters  attributed  to  him  "are  about  100  in 
ntmiber,  and  are  divided  into  three  books.  They  repre- 
sent classes  of  the  older  Greek  community,  and  are  val- 
uable from  the  gUmpses  which  they  give  of  social  life, 
the  materials  being  mostly  derived  from  the  remains  of 
the  middle  and  new  comedy.  The  most  lively  are  those 
supposed  to  he  ^vritten  by  celebrated  hetjerw,  especially 
those  from  Glycera  to  Menander.  ITie  style  is  a  careftU 
imitation  of  the  best  .\ttic"  (E.  0.  Mutter,  Hist,  of  the 
Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  HlX     {Donaldson.) 

A  character  in  Thomas  Moore's 


respect. 

calm  the  minds  of  the  audience  agitated  by  great  sorrows,     ^^,,  „^  __,,,^,  , 
and  to  tone  them  by  an  afterpiece  of  a  higher  and  more    A  IpiTihrnn 

refined  character  than  the  satyric  dramas,  which  were  ■'»-'^ii""""  .  .,       -ut  ^    ,   ■      ,o.^- 

coarse  and  generally  obscene.  romance  "  1  he  Lpicurean,' published  in  182/ 

Mahafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  325.     Moore  also  wrote  a  poem  ■with  this  title,  pub- 

Alchemb   (al-kemb').      [At.]     A  rarelv  used    •H*''^^^"' l'^^^-    ,      ,,.      ^     .„^., 
name  for  the  second-magnitude  star  a  Persei,  Alcipliron,  or  the  Minute  Philosopher.     A 


usually  called  ilirfiil-,  and  sometimes  Algeiiib. 


Alcatraz  (al-ka-traz').     A  small  island  north  Alchemist,  The.     A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson 


of  San  Francisco,  the  seat  of  a  military  prison 
Alcaudete  (al-kou-THa'ta).   A  to^vn  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Jaen.  Spain,  situated  on  a  tributary  of 
the  Guadalqui\ir  23  miles  southwest  of  Jaen. 
Population  (1887).  9,188. 
Alcazar  (al-ka'thar).     [Ar.  a?  qaer.  the  castle.] 

1 .  The  palace  of  the  Moorish  kings  and  later 
of  Spanish  royalty  at  SeilUe.  A  large  part  is  of 
the  original  Alhambresque  architecture,  and  extremely 
beautiful,  though  restored  and  too  highly  colored.  Other 
portions  have  been  added  by  successive  Spanish  sover- 
eigas,  from  Pedro  the  (^ruel.  The  gardens  were  laid  out 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V. 

2.  A  palace  in  Segovia,  Spain,  originally  Moor- 
ish, occupied  by  the  sovereigns  of  Castile  from 
the  1-lth  century,  it  was  a  large  and  strong  medieval 
castle,  with  picturesque  towers  and  turrets,  and  con- 
tained rooms  of  much  historical  interest.  It  was  burned 
in  1S02,  and  has  been  restored. 

Alcazar,  Battle  of.     See  Battle  of  Alcazar. 

Alcazar  de  San  Juan  (al-ka'thar  da  san  hwan). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Ciudad  Keal,  Spain, 
a  railway  and  manufactui'ing  center.  Popula- 
tion (1SS7).  9,557. 

Alcazar-Quivir.     See  Ka.nr-el-Kehlr. 

Alcazava  Sotomayor,  Simao  de.  Bom  about 
1490 :  died  on  the  east  coast  of  Patagonia  early 
in  1536.  A  Portuguese  explorer,  from  1522  in 
the  serrice  of  Spain  as  a  naval  officer,  in  1534 
he  fitted  out,  at  his  own  expense,  two  vessels  and  240  men, 
with  the  object  of  reachiiig  Peru  by  the  Straits  of  Magel- 
lan. Leaving  .San  Lucar  Sept.  21,  he  touched  at  the  Abrol- 
hos  Islands,  Brazil,  and  arrived  at  the  Sti-aits  in  Jan.,  1.".35  ; 
attempting  to  pass,  he  was  driven  back  by  a  storm,  and 
wintered  at  Puerto  de  I03  Lobos  (probably  St.  Joseph's  or 
St.  Matthews  Bay).  Thence  he  led  a  land  e.vpedition 
which  crossed  the  country  to  the  Andes  and  was  the  first 
to  explore  the  Patagonian  plateau.  Alcazava  himself  was 
obliged  by  sickness  to  return  to  the  ship,  where  he  was 
shortly  after  murdered  in  a  mutiny.  Also  Alcazaba,  Al- 
cazora.  Alca^oba. 

Alcedo(al-tha  'tho),  Antonio  de.  Bom  at  Quito, 
1735:  date  of  death  not  recorded.     A  Spanish 


acted  by  the  King's  Servants  in  1610:  a  satire 
on  the  reigning  foUy  of  the  time,  the  search 
for  the  philosopher's  stone,  it  observes  strictly 
the  unities  of  time  and  place,  and,  in  point  of  intellec. 
tual  power,  is  regarded  as  the  first  of  Jonson's  plays. 
"The  Empiric,"  a  droll,  was  founded  on  it  in  lt>7f;,  ami 
"The  Tobacconist,"  a  farce,  in  1771.  It  was  entered  in 
the  Stationers'  Eeeister  in  1610,  but  was  not  published 
till  1612. 

Alchfrith  (alch'frith).  or  Alchfrld  (-frid). 
.\  son  of  Oswiu,  king  of  the  Xorthumbrians, 
and  Eanflaed,  daughter  of  Eadwine.  He  was  cre- 
ated under-king  of  the  Deirans  by  his  father;  married 
Cyneburh,  daughter  of  Penda.  king  of  the  Mercians  ;  and 
joined  his  father  in  the  defeat  of  Penda,  655,  near  the 
river  WinwEed.  He  made  unsuccessful  war  against  his  fa- 
ther, and  probably  fled  to  Mercia. 


philosophical  dialogue  by  Bishop  Berkeley, 
written  to  expose  the  weakness  of  infidelity. 
It  was  composed  while  Berkeley  was  at  Xew- 
port,  E.  I.,  and  was  published  in  1732. 

Alcira  (al-the'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  on  an  island  of  the  Jucar  20 
miles  south  of  Valencia.  Population  (1887), 
18,448. 

AJcmaeon  (alk-me'on).  [Gr.  'A/.Kfialov.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Amphiaraus  and 
Eriphyle  and  the  leader  of  the  Epigoni  in  the 
expedition  against  Thebes.  In  accordance  with  the 
command  of  his  father,  given  when  he  joined  the  first 
expedition  against  Thebes,  and  the  advice  of  the  oracle, 
he  slew  his  mother,  and  was  driven  mad  and  piu-sued  by 
the  Fiu-ies  in  consequence.  Having,  under  false  pretenses, 
obtained  from  Phegeus  the  Arcadian  the  necklace  aod 
robe  of  Harmonia  (see  Harmonia)  for  his  wife  Callirrhoe, 
he  was  waylaid  and  slain  by  Phegeus's  order. 


with  picturesque  towers  and   turrets,  and  con-  Alchlba,  or  Alkhiba  (al-ke-ba').      [Ar..    'the  Alcmffion      A  Greek  natural  nhilosonher   boi-n 
rooms  of  much  historical  interest.    It  was  burned     tent.'  a 'name  given  bv  some  of  the  Arabians     at  Ci^to^a,  ItaUrin  the  6A  centoy  B  c    e™ 

to  the   constellation   torvus.]       The   seldom     peeiallv  noted  for  his  discoveries  in  anatomv. 

used   name   of   the   fourth-magnitude   star  a  Alcmaebnidae(alk-me-on'i-de).    Anoblefanuly 

ton-i,  which,  however,  is  not  the  brightest  in     (Jf  Athens,  a  branch  of  thefamilvof  the  KeleidB. 

the  constellation. 


Alchymist  (iil-ehe-mest'),  Der.  An  opera  by 
Spohr,  composed  about  the  end  of  1829,  and 
first  performed  at  Cassel  July  28,  1830.  The 
libretto  by  Pfeiffer  is  based  on  a  story  by 
Washington  Irving. 

Alcibiades  (al-si-bi'a-dez).  [Gr.  l^//c/;?fa%.] 
Born  at  Athens,  about  450  B.  c.  :  killed  at  Me- 
lissa, Phrygia.  404  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian 
poUtieian  and  general,  the  son  of  Cleinias  and 
Deinomache,  and  a  pupil  and  friend  of  Socrates. 
-After  his  father's  death  at  the  battle  of  Coronea  he  was 
brought  up  in  the  house  of  Pericles,  who  was  his  kinsman 


(Jf  Athens,  a  branch  of  the  family  of  the  Neleidte 
which  caine  from  Pylos  in  Messenia  to  Athens 
about  110(JB.  C.  Among  the  more  notable  members 
of  the  family  are  Alomaeon,  an  -Athenian  general  in  the 
Cirrhsean  war ;  Megacles,  a  son  of  .Alcmseon,  and  a  rival 
of  Pisistratus ;  Clisthenes,  the  legislator,  son  of  Megacles ; 
Pericles,  the  celebrated  .Athenian  statesman,  great-grand- 
son of  ilegacles ;  and  the  scarcely  less  famous  Alcibiades, 
cousin  of  Pericles.  The  family  was  banished  for  sacri- 
lege al)Out  596  B.  c,  on  account  of  the  action  of  the  Alc- 
maeonid  archon  Megacles  who  612  B.  C.  put  to  death  the 
participants  in  the  insurrection  of  (?ylon  while  they  clung 
for  protection  to  the  altars.  They  returned  through  an 
alliance  with  I.ycurgus,  carried  on  with  varying  fortunes 
a  struggle  with  Pisistratus  and  the  Pisistratidse,  and  were 
finally  restored  in  510  B.  c. 


brigadier-general  (1792)  and  geographer,  son  of     manded  the  Athenians  in  the  victory  over  the'Pelopon- 
Don  Dionisio  de  Alcedo  v  Herrera,  best  known    ?TI*"4t''°''  ^!"*'?"?  "'  ^^'"^'^^  "">  ^"^ '"  "'^er  success 


.jivu^ui  u^,  in  Liic  liuuacoi  rciicies,  «ao  MUMiis  lunsmau.      *1«     "-_      ^„    All /    11   /  \  Al 

He  became  leader  of  the  radical  party  about  421 ;  com-  Alcman,  or  AlKTnan  (alk  man),  or  Alcmaeon. 
manded  the  Athenian  League  420-418;  was  appointed  a  r, ...,.../  ..^  ..  -  ■  -i  , 
commander  of  the  e.vpedition  against  Sicily  in  415 ;  and 
was  accused  of  profanation  in  Athens,  and  fled  to  Sparta, 
in  the  same  year,  becoming  an  open  enemy  of  .Athens. 
In  412,  having  become  an  object  of  suspicion  at  Sparta  (his 
death  had  been  resolved  uponX  he  went  over  to  the  Per- 
sians. He  was  soon  recalled  by  the  .Athenian  army,  and  com- 


for  his  "Diccionario  geografico-hist6rico  de 
las  Indias  occidentales  6  America"  (Madrid, 
1786-89,  5  vols. ).  There  is  an  Enclish  translation  by 
Thomson.  London,  1812-15.  He  served  during  part  of  his 
life  in  America. 

Alcedo  y  Herrera  (al-tha'THo  e  er-rS'ra),  Dio- 
msio  de.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1690:  died  there, 
1777.  A  Spanish  administrator.  From  1706  to 
1752  he  was  almost  constantly  in  Spanish  America  in  va- 
rious civil  capacities.  .As  president  and  captain-greneral 
of  Quito  (172j-;i7)  he  received  the  French  commission  Alcida 
sent  to  measure  an  arc  of  the  meridian.    From  1743  to 


ful  battles.    His  faQure  at  Andros  and  the  defeat  of  his 

general  at  Notion  in  407  caused  him  to  be  deposed  from 

his  command.    .After  the  battle  of  .Egospotami  he  sought 

refuge  %vith  Phamabazus  in  Phrygia  where  he  was  treach- 

erouslyput  to  death.     He  was  celebrated  for  his  great      ui.,  1.1,0.)    rragmenisoi  nis  wTitings  are  < 

beauty  and  talents,  and  also  for  his  self-will  and  unbri-    A  IrmPTiP  Calk  ttip'tip'!    or  AllrTnoTia 

died  insolence  and  capriciousness.  .aJCmene  (aih-me  nej.  or  fllKTIiene. 

Alcibiades.     -^  tragedy  by  Thomas  Otway  pro 
duced  in  1675. 

Alcibiades.     .\ 

Tennyson  in  "  Pu'uc 

Greene's  Metamorphoses.   A  pam 


1749  he  w.as  captaingeneral  of  Tierra  Firme  and  president 
of  Panama.     Republished  some  works  of  considerable  im- 


[Gr.  'A/.Kuav,  or  A/Ki/a/ur.]  The  greatest  lyric 
poet  of  Sparta.  He  flourished  about  the  middle  of  the 
7th  century  B.  c.,  and  was  probably  brought  to  Greece  as 
a  slave,  in  youth,  from  Sardis.  "liis  six  books  coutained 
all  kinds  of  melos,  hymns,  paeans,  prosodia,  parthenia,  and 
erotic  songs.  His  metres  are  easy  and  various,  and  not 
like  the  complicated  systems  of  later  lyrists.  On  the 
other  hand,  his  proverbial  wisdom,  and  the  form  of  his 
personal  allusions,  sometimes  remind  one  of  Pindar.  But 
the  general  character  of  the  poet  is  that  of  an  easy, 
simple,  pleasure-loving  man.  He  boasts  to  have  imitated 
the  song  of  birds  (fr.  17, 67) — in  other  words,  to  have  been 
a  self-taught  and  original  poet."  i}Iahafy,  Hist.  Greek 
Lit.,  1. 170.)    Fragments  of  his  writings  are  extant. 

[Gr.  JV/K- 
u'/ni.'i  In  Greek  mythology,  the  wife  of  Am- 
phitryon and  mother,  by  Zeus,  of  Heracles. 

"  "     " ""  town  in  the 

50  miles 
north  of  Lisbon,  it  contains  a  Cistercian  monastery, 
founded  in  1148,  and  believed  to  have  been  the  largest  of 
the  order.    The  bufldings  now  serve  as  barracks. 


-  ^ini»*vjii  .iiii.i  iiiuiutri,   !.»*    £jt:ii^,  ui    i  ir-i 

pseudonym   used  bv  Alfred  Alcoba?a  (Sl-ko-bii'sa).'    A  small  tov 
.,,,^1  „     -^        "^        •'    -^i"^"    province  of  Estremadura,  PortugaL 

liurii.  ,         ,  y  .    , 


phlet  by  Robert  Greene,  licensed  in  15SS,  prob- 
ably published  in  1.189.     It  con.sists  of  stories  Alcock,  or  Alcocke  (al'kok),  John.     Bom  at 
portanceon  the  geographyandhUtory  of  South  America,     exposing  the  evils  of  women's  pride  and  vanitv.     Beverlev,   Yorkshire.   England.   1430:   died  at 
Alceste.     bee  Alcestis.  Alcidamas  (al-sid'a-mas).    [Gr.  'A'/Mdaua^.']    A     Wisbeach,  Engla^,  Oct.  1,  1500.     An  English 


Alcock 


33 


A  small  island 
Great  Britain, 


prelate  and  scholar,  successively  bishop  of  Ro-  Aldabra  Island  (al-da'bra).  A 
Chester,  Worcester,  and  Ely,  and  founder  of  in  t  lie  ludiau  Uceau,  belonging  to 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1496.  In  lat.  9°  23'  S.,  long.  46°  15'  E. 

Alcofribas  Nasier  (iil-ko-fre-ba'nii-sya').  An  Aldan  (iil-diiu').  A  river  in  the  government  of 
aiiugrauimaticpseudouyniof Fran<,'oisRabelais,  Yakutsk,  Siberia,  which  rises  near  the  Yablo- 
i.Mce  or  twice  shortened  to  the  first  word  only,     noi  Mountains,  and  joins  the  Lena  about  lat. 

Alcolea  (iil-ko-la'ii).  Alocality  in  the  province  6.'!°  N.,  long.  130°  E.  Its  length  is  about  1,300 
i.f  Cordova,  Spain,  ou  the  GuadaUiuivir  8  miles     miles. 

northeast  of  Cordova,  where,  Sept.  Ii8, 1868,  the  Aldan   Mountains.     A  spur  of  the  Stanovoi 
panish  revolutionists,  under  SeiTano,  defeated     Jluuntains,  in  eastern  Siberia,  near  the  river 


tlie  royalists.  The  battle  resulted  in  the  over- 
tlirowof  Queen  Isabella. 

Alcor  (al'kor).  [Ai-.,  but  uncertain;  said  to  sig- 
nify 'the  rider.']  A  small  fifth-magnitude  star 
.  iry  near  to  Mizar  (C  Urste  Slajoris).  It  is  easily 
■en  with  thf  naked  eye  if  the  eye  is  nurmal,  but  not 
..llierwise:  hence  sometimes  used  as  a  test  of  vision.  It 
!>.  culled  Alwre  in  tile  Latin  version  of  the  *' Almagest." 

Alcoran.     See  Koran. 

Alcorn  (al'korn),  James  Lusk.  Born  Nov.  4, 
isui:  died  Dee.  20,  1894.     An  American  poll 


\l(lan. 
Aldana  (al-dti'na),  Lorenzo  de.    Bom  in  Es- 

tremadura  about  1500 :  died  at  Arequipa,  Pei-u. 
probably  in  1556.  A  Spanish  soldier  who  served 
with  Alvarado  in  (luateniala  and  Peru,  and  in 
1536  went  with  Juau  de  Kada  to  reinforce  Al- 
niiugro  in  Chile,  in  IS.'VI  lie  was  with  Alonzo  de  Alva- 
rado in  the  campaign  against  tiiron,  and  shared  in  the 
defeat  at  the  Ahancay  (Jlay  1!1,  l.'iM).  Authorities  are  not 
in  accord  as  to  the  date  of  liis  death,  Calancha  placing  it 
in  1571. 


ciaii,  founder  of  the  levee  system  of  the  State  Aldborough  (ald'bur'o,  locally  a'bro).   A  small 


nf  Mississippi,  Kepubliean  governor  of  Missis 
sipjii  1870-71, United  States  senator  1871-77.  and 
msuccessful  caniliilate  l'<jr  governor  in  1873. 
Alcott  (al'kot),  Amos  Bronson.    Born  at  Wol 


town  in  Yorkshire,  England,  the  ancient  Isu 
rium,  16  miles  northwest  of  Y'ork,  noted  for  its 
Koman   antiquities   (the    pavements,   founda- 
tions, etc..  of  the  ancient  city) 


itt.  Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1799 :  died  at  Boston,  March  Aldborough,  or  Aldeburgh.    A  watering-place 

1,  1888.  An  American  i5hilosophical'svriter  and  in  SutTolk,  England,  21  miles  northeast  of 
ducator,one  of  the  foumlers  of  the  school  of  Ipswicli.  Population  (1891),  7,467. 
I  auscendeutalists  in  New  England.  Hewassonof  Aldea  Gallega  dO  Ribatejo  (iil-da'ii  giil-la'gii 
isepli  chattlcld  Alcox,  a  small  farmer  and  mechanic,  and  dii  re-bii-ta'zho).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
\:,na  Brouson:  the  family  name  was  originally  spelled  ],isi,on,  Portugal,  near  the  Tagus  8  miles  east 
lic'icke.     Ills  youth  was  .■ipciit  in    pLjahng  liooks  and        ,.  j  :  i  °  " 

I  her  wares,  interrupted  by  school-teaching,  cliiclly  in  Vir-     oiuisuou. 

una  and  North  and  .South  Carolina.     He  returned  to  New  Aldebaran  (ill -de -ba -riiu     or  al- deb  a -ran), 
gland  in  1823,  and  soon  after  opened  an  infant  school     [Ar.  (tl-dub(ir<in,  the  follower  or  the  hindmost, 


11  Boston  where  he  later  (183i-;i7)  conducted  a  well-known 
liool  in  which  the  instruction  was  based  upon  the  prin- 
i|ilcs  of  sclf-analysisand  self-education,  theelTorts  of  the 
■,..:icher  being  directed  to  the  development  of  the  indi- 
Mdu:dity  of  the  pupil.  He  retired  to  t:oncord  18-in,  where 
be  was  intimately  a-ssociated  with  Emerson,  Hawthorne, 


because  in  rising  it  follows  the  Pleiades.] 
The  standard  first-magnitude  red  star  a  Tauri. 
It  is  in  tlie  eye  of  the  animal,  and  is  the  most  conspicuous 
member  of  the  group  known  as  the  Uyades.  Also  often 
called  Palilieiuvi  (which  see). 


Alcott.  Louisa  May.     Born  at  Germantown,     engraver  and  painter, 
l'a.,Nov.29,  ls:j:i:dieilatBostou, Mass., March  Alden   (al'den),.  James.     Born   at  Portland 


i.  1888.  An  American  author,  daughter  of  A 
i ;.  Alcott.  She  was  a  teacher  in  early  life  and  an  army 
nurse  in  the  Civil  War.  Among  her  works  are  '*  Little 
Women"  (IStis),  "Old-Fashioned  Uirl "  (ISKI),  "Little 
-Men"  (1S71),  "Aunt  Jo's  Scrap-Bag"  (lS7t;-82),  "Kose  in 
I'.loom,"  etc. 
Alcoy  (iil-koi').  A  eitv  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
raute,  Spain,  lat.  38°  42'  N.,  long.  0°  27'  W. : 


Maine,  Marcli  31,  1810:  died  at  San  Francisco, 
Gal.,  Feb.  6,  1877.  An  American  naval  officer, 
appointed  captain  Jan.  2, 1863,  commodore  July 
25,  1866,  and  rear-admiral  June  19,  1871.  ami  re- 
tired March  31, 1872.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  commanded  the  Richmond  in  the  New  Orleans  cam- 
paign of  ISIW,  and  the  Brooklyn  in  Mobile  Bay,  1804, 
._      -  ,       .  ft-  4         /  and  in  the  attacks  on  i'ort  Fisher, 

in    imiiortant    manutactunng    center   (paper,    ,,,         -  ,  ,,  ,,      ,       .,    ,__„      ..   j     ^ 

,..  \      „         .u  .    I,     V  ■  .-       i...    Alden,  Jonn.     Born  m  England,  1599:  died  at 

■tc.).     It  was  tbe  scene  of  a  bloody  insurrection  of  the    tt,'     ^,  c.      ,      i,.,.f?      ^'        „  .,      ,,  r>., 

-    -     -  -  -  n,.>i. ,,..,.  .Mass.,  Sept.,  1086.     One  of  the  "  Pil 


Iniumationale  in  July,  1873.  Population  (1887),  30,373. 
Alcudia  (iil-ko'THe-ii).  A  seaport  on  the  north- 
c-ni  ccjast  of  Majorca,  Balearic  Islands,  for- 
merly the  chief  fortress  of  the  island.  Popula- 
ti(m,  about  2,000. 

Alcudia,  Duke  of.    See  Godoij,  ilnnui;}  lie. 

Alcuin(al'kwin),  AS.  Ealhwine  (eiilch'wi-ue). 

i'.iiin   at  York,   England,   735:  died  at   Tours, 

.M.i\   19,  804.     An  English  prelate  and  scholar, 

a  1)1  ml  of  Tours:  also  known  as  Albinus,  Flaccus, 

and  Albinus  Flaccus.     Uc  was  educated  at  York, 

anil  settled  on  the  Continent  in  782,  on  the  invitation 

incl  under  the  protection  of  Charlemagne.     He  was  mas- 

■  r  of  the  Bchotil  of  the  palace  and  served  as  general  8U- 

;■  rintendent  of  ('harlemagne's  schemes  of  ecclesiastical 

ud  eilncational  reform.     At  the  council  of  Frankfort  in 

n  he  led  tbe  opposition  toadoptioiilsm,  which  the  eouu- 

il  cotidcmiMil  ;   and  at  the  synod  of  Aachen  (ALx-la- 

•  liapille)  in  7H!I  he  persuaded  Felix,  the  leailei  of  the 

adoptionists,  t«  recant  (bis  second  recantation).     Alcnin 

wrote  on  a  great  variety  of  subjects  including  theology, 

blHloiy,  grammar,  rhetoric,  oitlaigrapby,  dialectics,  etc. 

About  802  he  revised  the  Vulgate.     He  was  also  a  poet. 

Alcyone  (al-si'o-ne).     fGr.   'V>.M'(iw/.]     1.    In 

classical  mythology:  («)  The  daughter  of  .Ivilus 

and  wife  of  Cey.v.    After  the  loss  of  her  husband 

ho  cast  herself  into  the  si^a  and  was  changed 

ilo  a  kingfisher.     {!>)  A  Pleiad,  cluughter 

\llas   and    Pleione. — 2.     A   greenish    star 

,'nitn(le  3.0,  the  brightest  ofllie  Plei.ailes 


l.)u.\bury.  Mass.,  Sept.,  1686.  One  of  the 
grim  Fathers,"  a  cooper  of  Southampton,  who 
was  engaged  in  repairing  the  Mayfiower  and 
became  one  of  the  party  which  sailed  in  her. 
Ue  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  step  on  I'lyniontli  Rock, 
though  this  honor  is  also  assigned  to  Mary  Chilton.  He 
settled  at  Iiuxbnry  and  in  Hi21  married  Priscilla  Mullens. 
'Mie  incidents  of  their  courtship  fonn  the  theme  of  Long- 
fellow's ''Courtahij)  of  Miles  Standish."  He  was  a  magis- 
trate in  the  colony  for  more  than  50  years,  and  outlived 
all  the  other  signers  of  the  Mayflower  comj)act. 

Alden,  Joseph.     Born  at  Cairo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  4. 

1807:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  30,  1885.  An 
American  educator.  lie  was  professor  of  LatlnOater 
of  rhetoric  and  political  economy)  in  Williams  Cidlege 
1835-5;j,  iirofessor  of  mental  and  'moral  philosophy  at  La- 
fayette (Jollege  1853-57,  president  of  Jelferson   College, 


Cannonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  1857-62,  and  principal  of  the 
Albany,  New  York,  Norma]  .School  1807-72.  He  was  also 
for  a  time  editor  of  "The  New  ^'ork  Observer,"  and  was  a 
proliilc!  writer,  ehielly  of  juvenile  literature. 
Aldenho'ven  (iil'den-ljo-fen).  A  town  in  the 
Khine  Province,  Prussia,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Aix-la-Chaiielle.  Here,  March  1,  17IW,  the  Auslrlans 
under  the  lYIncc  of  Cobiirg  and  Archduke  Charles  de- 
feated the  French,  and  Oct.  2,  17fM.  the  French  (about 
s.t.lHio) n ruler  Jourilan  defeated  the  Austrlans  (aliout  7ll,UU0) 
under  Clairfajl.    I'opulalion,  about2,n(in. 

'f  Alderamin  (nl-der-anrin).      [Ar.  itl-dnrd'  l-j/a- 

of     iitiii,  the  right  arm.]     The  usual  name  of  the 

magnitude  star  n  Cepliei. 

) 


^l^,^  "S*?^  ^    T;"  '"'"''\:i':  Alciomus,  Pe-  Alderney  (al',lrr-ni).  F.  Aurigny  (o-ren-ve') 

trus.  Born  at  Venice,  148/:  died  at  Ifome,  ,  ,„„  „,•  flie  Channel  Islands,  tlie  ancient  An 
I;-/.  An  Italian  scholar,  corrector  of  the  press  ,.iiiia  or  Kiduna,  situated  northeast  of  Guerii 
-I  Aldus  Maniitius   and  professor  of  Greek  at     ^ev,  and  7  miles  west  of  Caiie  La  Hague,  in  lat 


of  I'aiie  l>a  Ilngui 
49°  43'  N.,  long.  2°  12'  \V.  (Braye  Harbor): 
length,  3'.j  mih's;  area.  4  siiuare  miles:  noteil 
for  its  bri'cd  of  cattle,  it  eontains  the  town  of  .st, 
Anne.  The  government  Is  vesteti  in  a  jildgi-,(l  junits,  and 
12  reiireseiitatlveH.      I'opulalion  (l.slll),  I.s4:!. 


I'loreiico:  author  of  "Me'dicis  legatus,  sivo  de 
l-:\ilio"  (1522),  etc. 
Aldabella  ull-dii-bel'lii).     l.  The  wHfo  of  Or- 
laiiili)  in  .Xrlosto's  poonis,  the  sister  of  Oliviero 
and  Hrandimarteand  daiiL'hter  of  Monodantes: 

in  the  oidFreiich  anil  Spanish  |>oemscalleii.//j(i  Aldemey,  Race  of,  I''.  Ras  d'Aurigny.    A 

and  .iu<l(i. — 2.  A  character  in  Milmaii's  |)lay  channel  hitwecii  Alderney  ami  the  l''ronch 
"Fazio":  a  handsome  shameless  woman  who  cnast,  d.mgiroiis  from  its  cuiToiits. 
beguiles  Fazio  when  he  becomes  rich,  and  after  Aldersgate  (al'dcrs-gat ).  A  gale  in  old  Lon- 
his  e.xecution  is  coinlemned  to  imprisonment  in  don  wall  which  stooil  in  the  reentering  angle 
a  nunnery  for  life  through  the  interposition  of  of  the  old  cilv  between  Newgate  and  Cripple- 
ca.  the  wife  of  Fazio.  ^  gate  and  at  the  junction  of  Aldersgate  street 


Biaiici 


Aldred 

and  St.  Martin's  lane.  It  is  called  Ealdred's 
gate  {Ealdrcdcsgate)  in  the  (Latin)  laws  of 
Ethelred. 

Aldershot  (al'der-shot).  A  town  on  the  border 
of  Surrey  and  Hampshire,  England,  34  miles 
southwest  of  London,  noted  for  its  military 
camp  (established  1855).  Population  (1^91), 
25,.")95. 

Aldfrith  (iild'frith'),  Ealdfrith  (eald'frith),  or 
Eahfrith  (eiih'frith).  1  lied  705.  King  of  the 
Nortlnimbrians,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Oswiu, 
ami  brother  of  Ecgfrith,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  (>85. 

Aldgate  (ald'gat).  \On^ua\\y  Alegate :  mean- 
ing probably  'agate  open  to  all,' or 'free  gate.'] 
The  eastern  gate  of  old  London  wall,  situated 
near  the  junction  of  Leadenhall  street.  Hounds- 
ditch,  Wliitehall,  and  the  Miuories.  it  must  have 
been  one  of  the  7  d(uible  gates  mentioned  by  Fitz  Stejihens 
(who  died  llDl),  not  one  of  the  Koman  gates.  The  great 
road  to  Essex  by  which  provisions  were  brought  to  the 
Roman  city  crossed  the  Lea  at  Old-ford  and  entered  the 
city  with  the  Eorniine  (Ermine)  street,  not  at  Ahigate  but 
at  Bisliopsgate.  Aldgate  may  have  been  opened  in  the 
reign  of  King  F.adgar.  or  that  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
but  probably  elates  from  the  first  years  of  Henry  I  .  at 
which  time  I;«av  Bridge  across  the  Lea  at  Stratford  is 
8ui>pn,sed  to  liuve  been  built  by  his  queen  Matilda. 

Aldhelm  (iild'helm).  Saint.  Born  (>40  (f) :  died 
at  Uuulting,  near  Wells,  England,  May,  709. 
.Aji  English  scholar  and  prelate,  made  bishop  of 
Sherbfirne  in  705.  His  best-known  works  are  "  De 
laude  virginitatis,"  in  prost*,  and  a  poem  "De  laudibus 
vircinuni," 

Aldiborontephoscophornio  (al''di-bo-ron''te- 
fos'ko-for 'ni-o).  A  character  in  Henry 
Carey's  burlesque  "  Chrououhotontliologos."  it 
was  given  as  a  nickname  to  James  Ballantyne  the  printer, 
on  account  of  the  solemn  pomposity  of  his  manner,  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott.     See  Uvjdinn^funnidos. 

Aldiger  (al'di-ger).  In  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  a  Christian  knight  and  the  brother 
of  the  enchanter  Malagigi. 

Aldine  (al'din)  Press.  The  press  established  at 
Venice  by  -Mdiis  Manutius.     See  Manutiiis. 

Aldingar  (al'ding-giir).  Sir.  A  ballad  concern- 
ing a  false  steward  who  sought  lo  take  away 
the  honor  of  his  queen.  In  the  ballad  with  this  title 
from  the  Percy  MS.  the  queen's  name  is  Llinore,  the  wife 
of  Henry  II.,  but  the  story  occurs  repeatedly  in  connec- 
tion with  historical  personages  of  ueai-ly  all  the  European 
nations. 

Our  conclusion  would  therefore  be,  with  Grundtvlg, 
that  the  ballads  of  Sij-  Aldingar,  Ravengaard,  and  Mem- 
ering,  and  the  rest,  are  of  conimou  derivation  with  the 
legends  of  St.  Cunigund,  Oumleberg,  *c. ,  and  that  all  these 
are  ottshoots  of  a  stoi^  which,  "beginning  far  back  in  the 
infancy  of  the  Gothic  race  ami  their  poetry,  is  continnally 
turning  up,  now  here  and  now  there,  without  having  a 
proper  home  in  any  definite  time  or  assignable  place." 

Child,  Eng.  and  Scottish  Ballads,  III.  241. 

Aldingar.  The  prior  of  St.  Cuthbert's  Abbey 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem  "Harold  the 
Dauntless.'' 

Aldini  (iil-de'ne).  Count  Antonlo.  Born  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  17.56:  died  al  Pavia,  Italy,  (^ct. 
5,  1826.  An  Italian  statesman,  minister  of  the 
Italian  republic  and  kingdom  under  the  Na- 
iioleonic  regime. 

Aldini,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italv, 
April  10,  1,()2:  died  at  Milan,  Jan.  17, 1834.  .An 
Italian  jihysicist,  professor  of  physics  at  Bo- 
logna, brother  of  Antonio  Aldini  "and  nephew 
of  ( lah'ani. 

Aldo  Manuzio.    See  M<niuiiu.i. 

Aldo  (al'do),  Father.  In  Dryden's  play  '•  Lim- 
lierliam,  or  the  Kind  Keeper,"  an  abandoned 
but  kind-hearted  oUI  ilebauchee. 

Aldobrandini(iil-d6-briin-de'n6).  A  celebrated 
I'lorenline  family,  originally  from  the  village  of 
Lasciiiiio,  near  I'isloja,  established  in  Florence 
since  the  12th  century.  Among  Its  more  impiTtant 
meiubers  are  (iiovanni  A.  (152.'':  died  at  Home.  15731,  an 
Italian  canlinal,  son  of  Silvestro  A.;  Ciovan^l  Francesco  A. 
(I54<v-ln(ll),a  papal  general,  nephew  of  Pope  Clement  Nil  I.; 
Pletro  A.  (I.'i71-l(l21),  an  Italian  cardinal,  grandson  id  Sll- 
vcBlio  A.; Silveslro  A,  (iKirn  at  Floreme.  Nov. il, n:iil : illed 
at  Koine,  Jan.  tt,  l.'',.',^),  an  Italian  Jnrisl :  ami  TiunmaBo 
A.  (I540'^-72),  an  Italian  man  of  letters,  son  of  SUvesIro 
.\.,  atilll'ir  of  .'I  Latin  tiarislatloll  of  Diogenes  UiertlllB. 

Aldobrandini,  Ippolito.    See  tlinimt  I'll  I., 

I'olir. 

Aldred(iil'ilred).  or  Ealdred(<'-iil'<lred),  or  Ai- 
red (nl'red).  Died  at  York,  Kngland.  Sept. 
11,  1069.  An  English  ecclesiastic,  made  bislion 
of  Worcester  in  1044  and  archbishop  of  York 
in  1060.  About  ni.'.ii  be  was  sent  on  a  miiNion  to  Htuno 
by  I'dwartl  tlie  ConfesSMr.  and  In  1054  to  the  court  of  the 
eliil)eror  Henry  III.  to  negotiate  for  the  return  of 
Edward  the  .I'ltheling  from  Hungary.  He  was  the  first 
English  bishop  to  make  the  pllgriinagoto  Jerusalem  (in;  s), 
Aeeoriliiig  lo  one  account  (Florence  of  Worcester)  ho 
cntwned  Ilaroltl  in  Hk'ji,  but  the  ceremony  was  prtibahly 

fierformed  byStigaiid  He  snhmltteil  !(•  William  I.,  whom 
le  crowned  iiMWi  and  over  wieuu  he  is  said  to  have  exer- 
cised considerable  liiUuonce. 


Aldrich,  Henry 

Aldrich  (al'drich  or  al'drij),  Henry.  Bom  at 
Westminster,  England.  Hii7 :  died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Dec.  14,  1710.  -^i  English  divine, 
writer,  musician,  and  architect,  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  from  1689:  author  of  a  logical 
compendium  (1691)  which  long  remained  a  pop- 
ular te.xt-book  (ed.  by  Mansel). 

Aldrich,  Nelson  Wilmarth.  Bom  at  Foster, 
K.  I. .  Xov.  6, 1S41.  An  American  politician.mem- 
ber  of  Congress  from  Rhode  Island  1S79-S1,  and 
Republican  senator  from  Rhode  Island  1881-. 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey.  Bom  at  Ports- 
mouth, X.  H.,  Nov.  11,  1836.  An  American 
poet,  novelist,  and  joui-nalist,  editor  of  "Every 
Saturday"  (Boston,  1870-74),  and  of  the  '"At- 
lantic Monthly ''1881-90.  Hisworksinclnde  "Bells" 
(isnoi,  "Ballad  of  Babie  Bell"  (ls56),  'Pampinea,  and 
other  Poems"  (1S61X  "Poems"  (1S63,  lS6o),  "Cloth  of 
Gold,  and  other  Poems  "  (1S74),  "  Flower  and  Thorn  "  (1S76X 
"Story  of  a  Bad  Boy"  (ISTO).  "Marjorie  Daw,  and  other 
People"  (1S73),  "Prudence  Palfrey"  (1874).  "Flower  and 
Thorn:  Later  Poems  ■(1»70),  "The  Qneenof  Sheba"(1877X 
" Kivermouth Romance  '  (1S77),  'The.StlllwaterTragedy" 
(ISSO),  "Fr«m  Ponkapoj  to  Pesth"  (ItSi),  "Mercedes,  and 
Later  Lyrics"  (1SS3X  "  Wyndham  Towers"  (1S89X  "The 
Sisters  Tragedy,  and  other  Poems  "  (1891). 

Aldridge  {al'drij  >.  Ira.  Said  to  have  been  born 
at  Bellair,  near  Baltimore,  about  1810 :  died  at 
Lodz,  Poland.  Aug.  7, 1866.  A  negi-o  tragedian, 
sumamed  the  "African  Roscius,"  in  early  life 
valet  of  Edmund  Kean.  Among  his  chief  parts 
was  Othello. 

Aldringer  (alt'ring-er).  or  Aldringen  (alf- 

riii-eni.  or  Altringer  (iilt'ring-er).  Count 
Johann.  Bom  at  Thionrille  (Diedenhofen), 
Lorraine,  Dec.  10.  1588:  killed  at  Landshut, 
Bavaria,  July,  1634.  An  Imperialist  general  in 
the  Thirtv  Tears'  War.  He  succeeded  Tilly  as  com- 
mander of  "the  army  of  the  Leajue  in  1632.  and  distin- 
Buished^iimself  under  Wallenstein  at  >uremberg. 

Aldrovand  (al'dro-vand).  Father.  A  Domini- 
can, the  warlike  chaplain  of  Lady  Eveline  Be- 
renger  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "The  Be- 
trothed." 

Aldrovandi  (al-dro-vSn'de),  L.  Aldrovandus 
(al-dro-van'dus).  Ulisse.  Born  at  Bologna. 
Italv.  Sept.  11.  15-1-2:  died  at  Bologna,  May  10, 
1606.  A  celebrated  Italian  naturalist,  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  at  Bologna  in  1560. 
At  his  instance  the  senate  of  Bologna  established  in  1568 
a  botanical  garden,  of  which  he  was  appointed  director. 
He  also  served  as  inspector  of  drugs,  in  which  capacity  he 
published  "  Antidotarii  Bononiensis  Epitome  "  (1574).  His 
chief  work  is  a  "Natural  Hlstorj  "  in  13  volumes,  espe- 
cially notable  on  account  of  the  profusion  and  excellence 
of  it's  illustrations.  The  last  7  volumes  were  published 
after  his  death. 

Aldstone  (ald'stun).  or  Aldstone  Moor,  or 
Alston  Moor.  A  tovm  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, 20  miles  southeast  of  Carlisle.  Popula- 
tion (1891'.  3.384. 

Aldus  Manutius.    See  Mannthis. 

Aleandro  (al-a-an'dro).  Girolamo,  L.  Alean- 
der,  Hieronymus.  Born  at  Motta,  near  Ven- 
ice. Feb.  13,  14S0  :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31,  1542. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  (cardinal)  and  scholar, 
author  of  a  "Lexicon  grseco-latinum "  (1512), 
etc.  He  was  several  times  papal  legate  or  nuncio  to 
Germany,  and  was  an  ardent  opponent  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. 

Aleardi  (a-la-ar'de).  Aleardo  (originally  Gae- 
tano).  Bom  at  Verona.  Italy,  Nov.  4,  1812: 
died  there,  July  17,  1878.  An  Italian  poet  and 
patriot,  an  active  partizan  of  the  insurrection 
in  Venetia  1848^9,  imprisoned  by  the  Austri- 
ans  in  1852  and  1859.  Best  edition  of  his 
poems,  Florence,  1862  (5th  ed.  1878). 
Alecsandri  (al-ek-san'dre),  or  Alexandri, 
Basil,  or  Vassili.  Born  in  Moldavia,  July. 
lt>21:  died  at  Mireesti,  Moldavia,  Sept.  4,  1890. 
A  Rumanian  poet,  politician,  and  jovirnalist, 
active  in  politics  after  1848,  and  for  a  short 
time  (1859)'*foreign  minister:  author  of  lyric 
and  dramatic  poems  in  Rumanian,  and  of 
translations  of  Rumanian  songs  into  French. 
AlectO  (a-lek'to).  [Gr.  IO-iktu,  she  who  rests 
not.]  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  three 
Erinyes.  See  Erinyes. 
Aleksin,  or  Alexin  (a-lek'sen).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Tula,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Oka  85  miles  south  by  west  of  Moscow. 
Population,  5,713. 

Aleman  (a-la-man').  Mateo.  Bora  near  Se- 
ville in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century:  died  in 
Mexico  about  1610  (?).  A  Spanish  novelist,  for 
many  years  controller  of  the  finances  to  Philip 
n. :  "author  of  the  famous  "  La  vida  y  hechos 
del  picaro  Guzman  de  Alfarache"  (1599),  etc. 
See  Gu-mati  de  Alfarnrhe. 
Alemanni,  Alemannic.    See  Alamanni,  Ala- 


Si 

Alemanni,  Luigi.     See  Alamanni,  Luigi. 

Alemannia.     See  Ala  ma  mini. 

Alembert  i^a-loii-bar'),  JeanBaptiste  le  Rond 
d'.  Born  at  Paris,  Xov.  16, 1717  :  died  at  Paris, 
Uct.  29,  1783.    A  noted  French  mathematician. 


Alexander 

Melanchthon  and  declajed  his  adherence  to  the  Augs- 
burg Confession.  In  August,  1535.  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  intimately  associated  with  Cranmer  and  other 
English  reformers.  He  returned  to  Germany  in  154U,  was 
appointed  in  the  same  year  professor  of  theology  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder,  and  'played  an  important  part  in  the 
German  Reformation.    A^  Atesse. 


emy,  and  in  that  capacity  was  the  spokesman  of  the  parti     "„ip„«  n5-T>'>    etc 

des»/n7t)«>pAc*of  which  Voltaire  w.as  the  head.    His  prin-    ,,  ^    ,~~   -d      -i       o         ij«,„„    j...- 

cip£  works  are  "Traite  de  d}-namique"  (1743),  "Iraite  Alessandri,  Basil,     hee  AlecsaiKln. 


de  Tequilibre  et  du  mouvement  des  tluides"  (1744),  "Re 
Gherches  sur  la  precession  des  equinoxes  et  sur  la  nuta 
tion  de  I'axe  de  la  terre '  (1749),"  Recherches  sur  differents 
points  importants  du  systeme  du  monde"  (1754),  "Me- 
langes de  philosophic  et  de  litterature,"  "Elements  de 
philosophie,"  "Opuscules  mathematiques"  (1761-80),  etc. 

Alemquer,  or  Alenquer  (ii-lah-kar').  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Estremadura.  Portugal, 
29  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon. 

AlemoLuer,  or  Alenquer.  A  town  in  Brazil,  on 
the  Amazon  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Tapajos. 
Population.  3.000. 

Alemtejo  (a-lan-ta'zho).  A  province  of  Portu- 
gal, boimded  by  Beira  on  the  north,  by  Spain 
on  the  east,  by  Algarve  on  the  south,  and  by 
Estremadura  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  It 
comprises  3  districts,  Evol a.  Portakgre,  and  Beja.  Area, 
9,431  square  miles.     Populatiim  (lS;Ki)^  393.054; 

Alenc^r 


^ienc^r  (a-lan-kar').  Jose  Martiniano  de.  Afocoa-ndTHa  A~«r 
Bom  in  Ceard.  May  1,  1829:  died  at  Rio  de  Ja-  oh^enti  Sicilv  "^•^i 
neiro.  Dec.  12,  1877.     A  Brazilian  jurist  and     ^    =•       '  •  ' 


Alessandria  (al-es-san'dre-a).  [Named  for 
Pope  Ale.xander  III.]  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Alessandria,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Bormida  with  the  Tanaro,  lat.  44°  55'  N., 
long.  S°  38'  E.  It  is  an  important  lailway  center  and 
a  strong  fortress,  and  has  flourishing  trade  and  manufac- 
tures of  w-oolen  goods.Unen,silk,etc.  The  townwasbuiltby 
the  Lombard  League  against  Frederick  Barbarossa  in  1168  ; 
was  conquered  by  Sforza  in  1522;  was  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged by  the  French  in  1657  ;  was  taken  by  the  Imperial- 
ists in  1707  ;  was  ceded  to  Savoy  in  1713 ;  was  the  capital 
of  the  French  department  of  Marengo  in  the  revolutionary 
period  ;  was  taken  by  Suvaroff  in  1799  ;  was  occupied  by  the 
Austrians  in  1821 ;  became  a  Piedmontese  military  center 
l:<48-49 ;  and  was  occupied  by  the  Austrians  in  1849. 
Population,  30,000 ;  commune  (1691),  75,000. 

Alessandria.  A  province  in  Piedmont,  Italy. 
Area.  1.950  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
estimated.  775.729. 

small  town  in  the  province  of 

'0  miles  northwest  of  Gir- 

genti. 


Ale'n?on  (a-lon-s6n').     A  former  eountship  and  battle'of  Marengo.     The  Austrians  retired  behind 

duchy  of  France,  whose  cotmts  and  dukes  were  f^^^.  Mlncio,  abandoning  to  the  French  every  fortress  in 

prominent  in  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  centuries,  northern  Italv  west  of  that  river.    "It  was  an  armistice 

The  duchv  was  an  appanage  of  the  house  of  Va-  more  fatal  (to  the  Austrians)  than  an  unconditional  sur- 

lois      See  below  render."    /-j/Jf,  Hist,  of  Mod.  Europe. 

Alencon.     The  capital  of  the  department   of  Alessi  (a-les'_se).  Galeazzo      Born  at  Pemgia, 

<irne.  France,  sitiTated  at  the  junction  of  the  Italy,  Io00(lol2?):  died  lo,  2.  An  I  ahan  archa- 

Briante  and  Sarthe  in  lat.  48°  25'  N.,  long.  0°  tect,  bmlder  of  the  church  of  Sta   Mana  di 

5'E.    ithasanimportanttradeandmanufacturesoflace  Carignano    (in   Genoa),    and   of    palaces   and 

(the  celebrated  "point  d' Alencon  '),  linen,  and  woolen  chtirehes  m  Genoa,  -Milan,  etc. 

goods.  The  town  was  often  taken  and  retaken  in  the  Eng-  Alossio  (a-les'se-6).     A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 

lish  and  League  wars.    Captured  by  the  Germans  Jan.  16,  Skutari,  European  Turkev,  situated  on  the  Drin 

1S71.    Population  (1891).  1>.319.  20  miles  southeast  of  Sktltan  :  the  ancient  Lis- 

Alen?On,  Due  d    (Charles  de  ValoiS).     Died  ^^^^  founded  bv  Dionvsius.     Scanderbeg  died 

1346.    A  brother  of  Philip  ^  I.  ot  France,  killed  ^^^^      Population,  about  3,000. 

m  the  battle  of  (Trecv.            .,_,._         ,,^„  Alet  (a-la').     A    town  in  the  department   of 

Alen?on,  Due  d    (Charles  IV.).     Bom  14S9:  .^^^^^  France,  on  the  Aude  15  mUes  southwest 

died  April  11,  1525.     A  pnnce  of  the  blood  and  ^^  Carcassonne.     It  contains  a  ruined  cathe- 

eonstable  of  France,  husband  of  Margaret  ot  jpai_ 

Valois,  sister  of  Francis  I.    His  cowardice  caused  Ajetsch  (a'lech)  Glacier.      The  largest  glacier 

'^an?SL  """"""'                   """               """""  In  Svritzeriand.  13  miles  in  lensth.'situfted  in 


Alengon,  Due  d'  (Jean  II.'>.  Died  1476.  He  sup- 
ported the  Dauphin  against  his  father  Charles  %"II.,  and 
was  condemned  to  death  in  14.=i6,  the  sentence  being,  how- 
ever, commuted  to  life  imprisonment,  followed  by  a  par- 
don. 

Alenio  (a-la'ne-o).  Giulio.     Bom  at  Brescia. 
Italy,  about  1582:  died  1649 
uit.  a  missionary  m  China. 

Aleppo  (a-lep'6)".  IAt.  Hakh  OT  Halel>-es-SlHih  ^.  „_  „  .i^^„„.„ 
;«;.]  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo,  sit-  f^ "  ^?hicipaliv"to 
uatedon  the  Nahr-el-Haleb  in  lat.  36°  11'  32'  N.,     j^o",  ^^e  peninsula  of 


the  canton  of  Valais,  north  of  Brieg  and  south 
of  the  -Jungfrau. 

Aletschhom  (a'lech-bom).  A  peak  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  13,773  feet  high,  near  the  Aletsch 
Glacier. 

Aleut  (al'e-6t\     See  Vniingun. 


long.  37°  9'E.:  the  ancient  Bercea.  It  has  anes- 
tensive  commerce,  and  manufactures  of  silk.  etc.  In 
638  it  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens;  was  the  seat  of  a 
Stljuk  sultanate  lltn  and  12th centuries;  was  captured  l>y 
the  Crusaders  mider  B:»ldwiu  in  1170 ;  was  plundered  by 


An  ItaUanJes-  Aleutian  Islands    (al-e-o'shi-an  i'landz).   or 

Catharine  Archipelago  (kath'a-rin  ar-ki- 

pel'a-go).   A  chain  of  about  150  islands  belong- 

Alaska.    It  extends  westward 

from 'the  peninsula  of  Alaska,  and  sepai-ates  Bering  Sea 


from  the  Pacific  Ocean.     'The  islands  were  discovered  by 
the  Russians  in  the  middle  of  the  Isth  century.    Popu- 
lation (Aleuts),  about  2,000. 
Alexander  (al-eg-zan'der).     [Gr.   'Ayi^avipoc.'i 
See  Paris. 


the  Mongols  and  bv  Timur ;  was  conquered  and  annexed  •!.,— o„,5X- ttt  ,,,r.r,nTr,aA  "ThaCraat  "  Wr,m 
by  the  Tilrks  in  1517  ;  suffered  severely  from  plagues,  and  Alexander  Ul.,  bumamed  1  he  Great.  Bom 
in  1170  and  1822  from  earthquakes ;  and  was  the  scene 


of  an  outbreak  against  the  Christians  in  1850.  Popula- 
tion (estimated).  120.000. 

Aleppo.  A  vilayet  in  Asiatic  Turkey.  Popu- 
lation. 994.604. 

Aleppy.     See  Alapalli. 

Aler  (ii'ler),  Paul.  Bom  at  Saint-Guy  in  Lux- 
emburg, Nov.  9, 1656:  died  at  Diiren.  (jermany. 
May  2,  1727.  A  German  Jesuit,  author  of  the 
school  treatise  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum"  (1702), 
etc. 

AleshM  (a-lesh'ke).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Taurida.  Russia,  near  the  Dnieper, 
opposite  E3ierson.     Pcjpulatiou,  9,925 


at  Pella,  Macedonia,  in  the  summer  or  autumn 
ot  356  B.  c. :  died  at  Babylon,  May  or  June,  323 
B.  c.  A  famous  king  of  Macedon  and  con- 
queror, son  of  Philip  and  a  pupU  of  Aristotle. 
He  fought  at  the  battle  of  Chteronea  in  338 ;  succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  336  ;  subjugated  Thrace  and  Illyria  in  335 ; 
and  conquered  and"  destroyed  Thebes  and  subdued  oppo- 
sition in  Greece  in  335.  In  334  he  started  on  his  eastern 
expedition ;  gained  the  victory  of  Granicus  in  334  and  of 
Issus  in  333  ;  captured  Tj*re  and  Gaza,  occupied  Egypt, 
and  founded  Alexandria  in  332 ;  overthrew  the  Persian 
Empire  at  Arbela  in  331 ;  conquered  the  eastern  provinces 
of  Persia  330-327  ;  and  invaded  India  in  326.  He  returned 
from  India  to  Persia  325-324.  He  became  a  hero  of 
various  cycles  of  romance,  especially  in  the  middle  ages. 
See  Alexnjider,  Romance  of. 


Alesia  (a-le'shi-a).     [Gr.  'A'/ccia.']     In  ancient  Alexander.    A  Greek,  or  native  of  Lyncestis 


geography,  the  capital  of  the  Mandubii  in  cen- 
tral Graul,"  usually  identified  with  Alise.  famous 
for  its  defense  by  Verclngetorix  (of  whom  Na- 
poleon ni.  erected  a  colossal  statue  here)  and 
capture  by  Julius  Ciesar  52  B.  C.  See  Alise. 
Alesius  (a-le'shi-us)  (properly  Aless),  Alex- 
ander. Bom  at  Edinburgh,  April  23.  1500: 
died  at  Leipsic,  March  17,  1565.  A  Scottish 
Lutheran  controversialist  and  exegete,  early 
made  a  canon  of  St.  Andrew's  where  he  was 
educated.  Hew-as  imprisoned  several  times  as  a  result 
of  his  reforming  tendencies,  and  finally  escaped  to  Ger- 
many in  1532,  where  he  became  the  friend  of  Luther  and 


in  Macedonia  (whence  his  surname  "Lynces- 
tes"),  implicated  with  his  brothers  in  the  mur- 
der of  Philip,  336  B.  C.  Because  he  was  the  first  to 
do  homage  to  .Alexander  the  Great,  the  latter  pardoned 
him  and  raised  him  to  a  high  positivm  in  the  army,  but 
afterward  put  him  to  death  for  a  treasonable  correspon- 
dence with  Daritls. 
Alexander.  A*  celebrated  commentator  on  Aris- 
totle of  the  end  of  the  2d  and  beginning  of  the 
3d  century  A.  D.,  a  native  of  Aphrodisias  In 
Caria.  whence  his  siimame  ''Aphrodisiensis.'' 
He  was  also  called  "the  Exegete."  More  than  half  of 
his  numerous  works  are  extant.  The  most  notable  is  a 
treatise  on  .Aristotle's  views  concerning  fate  and  freewill 


Alexander 

Alexander,  surnamed  Balas  (the  Semitic 
baal  pi'i-haps  siguities  •lord';.  Killed  iu 
Arabia,  140  B.  C.  A  person  of  low  origin  who 
usurped  the  Syrian  throne  in  150  B.  c.  He  wim 
overtlucwn  in  battle  by  Ptolemy  I'hilonietor  and  was 
raiirdeici)  by  an  Arabian  emir  with  whom  he  had  taken 
refuge. 


35 

1599 :  died  Mav  22,  1667. 


Alexander,  Romance  of 


Pope  Alexander  Bey.    See  saimltrbiy. 

Alexander,  Archibald.  Born  in  Virginia, 
April  li,  1(72:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct. 
22,  1851.  An  American  Presbyterian  divine, 
president  of  Hampden  Sydney  College  (Ya.) 
17y(>-18U6,  and  professor  at  Princeton  Theolog- 
ical Hemiuarv  1812-51.  He  wrote  "Evidences  of 
Alexander  I.  Died  326  B.  C.  King  of  Epirns,  Alexander  VIII.  (Pietro  OttOboni).  Born  at  Christianity"  (1823),  "Treatise  on  the  canon  ol  the  Old 
*"  -■  ■  ,  ,  .  ^1    ..  _■!  /M :.,  .       , ,  .,   ,      ,,....       I,         from  16S9     and  Sew  Testament "  (ls-2(l),  " Outlines  of  Moral  Science " 

US't'^BXuot'i'ii'of.fS'ii  Akxknder  Barton  Stone,  Born  in  Kentucky, 

and  emiclied  the  Vatican  11-      ISlIt:    died   nl    hull    !•  niiieisco,    Cal.,   Dec.    la. 


ena,  Feb.  13, 

from  April  7,  1655,  to  May  22,  1667.  He  was  a 
patron  of  learning  and  art,  and  a  poet.  He  pronmlstated 
a  bull  against  the  Janscnists,  and,  in  l(i«2,  in  a  conllict 
with  Louis  XIV.,  was  deprived  of  Aviunon.  UurinB  his 
pontitlcate  occuncd  tlic  conversion  to  the  Catliolic  faith 
of  I'lnistiua,  queen  of  .Sweden,  after  her  abdication  (ltia4) 
of  tlic  Swedisll  crown. 


son  of  N'eoptolemus  and  brother  of  OljTnpias, 
the  mother  of  Alexamler  the  lireat.  His  youth 
w  1^  spent  at  the  court  of  Philip  of  .Macedonia,  who  made 
him  king  of  Epirus,  On  her  rei)Udiation  by  Philip,  Olyin- 
plw  sought  refuge  with  Alexander,  and  it  was  at  his 
m.irriage  wltll  I'hillp's  daughter  Cleopatni  in  336  B.  c. 
Ill  It  Philip  was  asiajisinatcd  liy  Pausanias.  In  332  B.  0. 
Alexander  crossed  over  into  Italy  to  aid  the  Tarentinea 
Bgainst  the  Lucaniaiisand  Bruttii.     lie  was  treacherously 


Venire,  KilH:  died  Feb.,  16'Jl.      I'OJ 
till  1691.     He  condemned  the  doctrine  (if 
cal  sin,"  as  taught  by  the. I 
Venice  against  the 


I'urks;  and  enrii 


of  tjiieen  Christina's  collection  of 


killed  by  some  Lucanian  exiles  at  the  battle  of  Palidosiiu 
Alexander  II.  King  of  Kpirus,  son  of  Pyrrhus 
and  Ijimassa,  the  daughter  of  Agathoeles,  ty- 
nuit  of  Syracuse.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  272 
B  c.  He  was  dispossessed  of  Kpirils  and  .Macedonia  by 
Demetrius,  whose  father,  Antigonus  (Jonatas,  he  had  de- 
prived of  .Macedonia:  but  Epirus  was  recovered  by  the 
aid  chiclly  of  the  Acarnanians. 

Alexander,  surnamed  Jannaeus  (Hob.  Ydiuidi, 

an  abbreviation  of  Jonathan).  Born  128  or  129 
B.  c. :  died  78  B.  c.  King  of  the  Jews  from  104 
till  78  B.  C  a  younger  son  of  John  Hyreanus. 

Alexander,  surnamed  "The  Pa)ililag<iiiiaii." 
.\ii  impostor,  a  native  of  Abonoteichos  (lonop- 
olis  in  Oappadocia),  who  flourished  about  the 
beginning  of  the  2d  century.  He  posed  as  an 
oracle  and  wonder-worker,  and  attained  great  influence. 
His  tricks  were  exposed  by  Lncian. 

Alexander,  Saint.     Died  at  Alexandria,  April 
17,  326.    The  patriarch  of  Alexandria  from  312.  Alexander  II 
He  condemned  the  heresy  of  Alius  in  his  dispute  with      ■  ■'    '•■"■ 

Alexander  Ilaucalis,  and  attended  the  Council  of  Micica 
ill  .■«.'.  with  his  deacon  St.  Atlianasius. 

Alexander.  A  Greek  medical  writer  born  at 
Tralles  in  Lydia.  in  the  6th  century. 

Alexander  i.  Bishop  of  Rome,  successor  of 
Evaristus.  Ensebius  in  his  history  gives  as  the  date  of 
his  accession  the  year  1U9  a.  i>.\  in  his  chronicle,  the  year 
III  A.  11.    In  both  works  he  is  assigned  a  reign  of  ten  yeans. 

Alexander  II.  (Anselmo  Baggio,  ML.  Ansel- 

mus  BadajUS).  Born  at  Milan  :  tlied  Aiiril  20, 
1073.  Pope  from  iniil  to  1073,  successor  of  Nich- 
olas II.  He  strove  to  eiifurce  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy 
and  the  extravagant  pretcnsimis  uf  tlic  papacy.  His  elec. 
tion  did  not  receive  the  imperial  sanction,  and  an  anlipope, 
Ilonorius  II.  (I'adulaus,  bishcjp  of  Panna),  was  chosen  by 
a  council  at  Basel,  but  was  later  deposed  by  a  cimiicil 
laid  at  Mantua.  Alexander  was  succeeiled  by  Uilde- 
brand  under  the  name  of  Gregory  VII. 

Alexander  III.  ( Rolando  Ranuci  of  the  house 
of  Bandinelli).  Born  at  Siena,  Italy:  died 
Aug.  311,  1181,  Pope  from  11.59  to  1181.  He 
carried  out  successfully  the  policy  of  Hildebrand  in  oppo- 
sition to  Krederick  Harbarossa  and  Henry  II.  ot  England. 
Three  antipopcs,  Victor  IV.,  Pascal  III.,  and  Calixtus 
IIP,  elected  in  llfi9,  IKM,  and  1108,  respectively,  were 
conftrmed  by  the  emperor  and  disputed  the  authority  ot 
Alexander,  who  was  compelled  to  seek  refuge  ill  France 
from  11(12  to  IKl.'i.  The  contest  between  tlic  pope  and  the 
emperor  ended  In  the  decisive  defeat  ot  the  Latter  at  the 
battle  ol  I.egnanc),  May  29,  1178.  In  1177  a  reconciliation 
took  place  at  Venice,  and  in  1178  the  antipope  Calixtus 


18(8,  An  American  military  engineer  and  offi- 
cer ill  the  Civil  War,  lirevetted  colonel  and 
lirigadii'r-general  March  13, 1865, 
Alexander,  Edmund  B.  Born  at  Haj-market, 
Va.,  Del.  6,  1802:  died  at  Washington,  1),  C. 
.Ian,  3.  1.888,  An  American  ollicer.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  commanded  the  VUih  expedition 
l.s.',7-.'>s,  ami  was  brevetled  brigatlier-general  Oct.  1>,  1*05. 
ired  a  place  in  the  roll  of  medteval  ^j         ^  Sir    JameS    Edward.       Born    in 

e  accidents  of  his  historic  position,     t:      ,i       i    loivi     ,i:    i     \...;i  -i    iv.c-,        vT>„;i;t.i. 
nrst  to  approach  the  labour  of  ex-     Scotland,  1803:  died  April        ISh.j.     A  British 

soldier  (general)  and  e.\plorer,  author  of 
•'Travels  through  Russia  and  the  Crimea" 
(1830),  "E.xpeditiou  of  Discovery  into  the  In- 
ferior of  Africa"  (1838),  etc.  He  served  in  India 
and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  in  the  Burmese,  Kallr, 
(Tiniean.  and  other  wars.  In  ls;ilj-37  he  conducted  an  el- 
ploiing  expedition  into  central  Africa. 

Alexander,  James  Waddel.    Bom  in  Louisa 
(.'ounty,  Va.,  March  13,  1804 :  died  at  Red  Sweet 


brary  by  the  jmicl 
books  and  iiKuiuscript 
Alexander  of  Hales.  Born  at  Hales,  Glouces- 
tershire, England :  died  1245.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish theologian  and  philosopher,  surnamed 
"Doctor  Irrefragabilis."  He  lectured  at  Paris  and 
was  a  member  uf  Iheorder  of  Franciscans.  His  chief  work 
is  "Summa  Tlu-ologiie"  (printed  147.^t). 

Alexander  has  acquired 
writers  mainly  by  the  aci 
He  was  among  the  llrst  t^»  appr 

pounding  the  Christian  system  with  the  knowledge  not 
only  of  the  whole  Aristotelian  corpus,  but  also  of  the  Arab 
commentators.  He  thus  initiated  the  long  and  thorny  de. 
bates  which  grew  out  of  the  attempt  to  amalgamate  the 
Christian  faith  with  a  radically  divergent  metaphysical 
view.  Leslie  Slei>hen.  Ilict.  Nat.  Biog. 

Alexander  I.  Born  1078  (?) :  died  at  Stirling. 
Scotland,  April  27, 1124.  A  king  of  Scotland,  the 
fourth  son  of  Malcolm  Canmore  and  Margaret 


sister  of  Eadgar  the  JFAhelmf;,  and  brother  of 
Edgar  whom  he  succeeded  in  1107.  He  raar- 
rieil  Sibvlla,  a  natural  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 
England. 

Born  at  Haddington,  Scotland, 


Springs,  Va.,  July  31,  1859.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman,  son  of  Archibald  Alex- 
ander. He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  and  bellc8.1ettre8 
at  Pi-inceton  College  1833-41,  and  of  ecclesiastical  history 
and  church  government  in  lYincetoii  Theological  Semi- 
nary 1S44-.''>1,  and  pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyte- 
rian Church,  New  York,  1851-69. 

Alexander,  John.     A  pseudonym  of  Jeremy 

Taylor,  used  in  1642.  , 

Alexander  John  (Alexander  John  Cuza  or 

Cusa).  Boni  at  Hush.  Mol.lavia.  March  20, 
1820:  ilied  at  Heidelli.-rg.  F.aden,  May  15,  1.873. 
Prince  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  1859,  and  of 
Kumaiiia  l>i61 :  dethroned  1S66. 


tVug.  24,  119S:  died  in  Kerrera,  Scotland,  July 
8,  1249.  A  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  William 
the  Lion  whom  he  succeeded  in  1214:  sur- 
named "The  Peaceful,"  He  joined  the  Eng- 
lish barons  against  John, 
Alexander  III.  Born  at  Roxbtirgh,  Scotland, 
Sept.  4,  1241:  died  near  Kinghorn,  Fife,  Scot- 
land, March  16, 1285.    A  king  of  Scotland,  son  of 

•Mexander  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1249.     His    , ,  ,        _  ,      .,_,      ,  ^,.      ,  „ 

;rmv  d.feat.1   the  Noi^egia..  in  1263,   and  Aj^^'^/^^^,.,^— i^::^:^: 

Ai^xLd^r  I.     List's     lU'rs-btg,  Dec.  23,    He  studied  a,  Mi.nudi.  at  Parijand  in  Italy,  and 
17nt°Ued  at  Taganrog,  Russia.  De?.'  1,  1825'.   ^I'^^S^^ JosevhAA^SOn^ 
Emperor  of  Russia,  son  of  Paul  whom  he  sue-  '^,f,^^??,'*^5;,:!:?f^?4^  t?,^'°td   a"   l-iincvloi; 
cecded  iu  1801.    He  encouraged  education  and  science, 
and  the  introduction  of  Western  civilization  ;  carried  out 
many  reforms,  including  tlic  abolition  of  serfdom  in  the 
Baltic  provinces  ;  and  jiromoted  trade  and  manufactures. 
In  1806  he  joined  the  coalition  against  Napoleon  ;  was 

S resent  at  the  battle  of  Austerlitz  ;  joined  Prussia  against 
apoleon  in  180(1;  signed  the  Peace  of  TiWt  in  1807:  and 


con'qncred  Finland  ill  1808.  A  successful  war  was  waged 
with  Turkey  1806-12.  In  1812  Napoleon  invaded  lluBSia 
(see  Sapnlmn).  Alexander  was  a  leader  in  the  coalition 
against  Fiance  1813-14  ;  waspresentat  the  battles  of  Dres- 
den and  l.eipsic  ill  1813:  entered  I'aris  in  1814  ;  took  part 
in  the  Congress  of  Vienna;  became  king  of  Poland  in  1816; 
again  entered  Paris  in  1816;  formed  the  Holy  Alliance  in 
Ihlfi,  and  took  part  in  the  contereiicesof  Aix-la(  'hapelle  in 
1818,  Troppau  in  1820,  Laibaeh  in  1821,  and  Verona  in  1822. 
lie  married  a  princess  of  Baden. 


u>0K   place  ai.  veiuce,  ano   in   mo  yiiv   41111, |,.^i.v.  ,,..,....,..,        ,,..  ,,,........  ..  ,-.. .         .,  ,-,,.     .010       1-      1  ..*  il^ 

III.  abdicated.    The  contest  with  Henry  II.  of  England  Alexander  II.     Born  Aliril  29,  1818:  (lied  at  fet 


_.idcd  in  thehumiliatiouof  the  kingaiid  the  cauonizntioii 
of  Thomas  il  Becket,  who  represented  tiie  jiapal  claims  of 
supremacy. 

Alexander  IV.  (Count  Rinaldo  di  Segni). 

Died  at  Viterbo,  Italy,  May  25,  1261,  Pope 
from  12.54  to  1 261.  He  attempted  to  unite  the  Greek 
and  Latin  chuiclies,  established  the  Imiuisitii.n  in  France 
in  12.0,  and  enccmraged  tin:  onUrs  of  mendicant  friars. 
The  last  years  ot  his  ponlillcate  were  spent  at  Viterbo, 
whither  he  had  been  driven  by  the  factional  struggles  in 
Koni 


Petersburg,  March  13,  1881.  Emjieror  of  Rus- 
sia, son  of  Nicholas  I.  whom  he  succeeded  iu 
1855.  Heconcluded  thetreatyof  Paris  18.1(1;  proclaimed 
the  einancipalinn  of  the  serfs  1801 ;  reorganized  the  army 
and  the  dcparlniints  uf  administration  and  justice 


Iphia,  Api 
X.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1,S60.  An  American  biblical 
scholar,  son  of  Arcliibald  Alexander,  and  pro- 
fessor in  Princeton  Theological  Seininai'y.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  Isaiah  (1840-47),  on  the  Psalms 
(ls50),  and  on  several  books  of  the  Nev  Xeslanient. 

Alexander  (ii-lek-siin'der),  Ludwig  Georg 

Friedrich  Emil.  Born  July  15, 1S'J3:  died'Dec, 
15,  IsSiS.  I'liiice  of  Hesse,  younger  sou  of  the 
grand  duke  Ludwig  II.  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Kussiaii  military  service, 
and  later  in  the  Austrian,  ci'ininanding  a  Sonth-Oermaii 
contingent  against  Prussia  in  IHOO. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'd(T),  Sir  William.  Bom 
l:'i07  (f):  died  at  London,  Sept,  12,  1640,  A 
Scottish  poet  and  statesman,  created  earl  of 
Stirling  in  1633,  Author  of  "Monarehickc  Tragedies" 
(l(i(i;i-07);  "Paricnesis  to  the  Prince"  (I(K)4);  "Doomes- 
day,  etc. "(Orst  pint  1014).  etc.  He  received  Sept  21, 1021, 
the  grant  of  New  Scotland  (f.  e..  Nova  Scotia  and  .New 
iriinswick),  which  he  transfeiTeil  to  Dc  la  Tour  in  10:10. 
In  1020  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  stale  for  Scotland. 


and  the  dcparlniints  of  administration  and  justice;  and  i,,  j,.,.j(i  \,^  «-:is  appointed  secretary  of  stale  for  Scotland, 

developed  c.mnnrce  and  nianufacturcs.     He  suppressed  ...         William.       Born    at    New    York, 

the  l^di.4l  insurieeti.mlsia-(-4,  and  carried  on  war  with  Aiexaniier.w^^^ 

Turkey  1877-TS.     Imrii.g  the  latter  part  ot  his  reign  he  liJO:  died  at  AlbaiiN ,  A.  K.  Jan.  1.^  l(^).     An 

*        .^     ....    ,      ...    ,.   _ 1  4. ....-I..      .Ti...  »»,».. L'.,       * ..: .*...,..,.„)   u,   fill.   Kovoliitinioirv 


Born 
1410. 


at 


Alexander  V.  (Pietro  Philarghi). 

Caiidia:  died  at  Bologna,  May  3 

from  June  26,   1409,   to  May  3,   1410 

.  licOcI  by  the  (Council  of   I'isa,  after  the  deposition  of 

CriH.liit  .XIII.  and  (iregory  .XII.,  with  theundeintanding 

tiKil  he  should  reform  the  abuses  of  the  church.     He  was, 

according  to  the  general  belief,  pnis^nied  by  Balthasar 

Cdssa,  Ills  successor  uniler  the  name  of  ,l»,liii  X.VIII. 

Alexander  VI.  (Rodrigo  Borgia).    Born  at 

.\ativa  ill  Valencia,  Jan,  I,  1431:  died  Aug.  18, 
l.'i03.  Pope  from  Aug.  11,  1492.  to  Aug.  18,  1.503. 
lit:  was  maile  cardinal  and  viee-rhaneellor  in  14.'>(J  by  his 
uncle  Calixtus  III.,  whom  he  also  succeeded  asarchbishcip 
"t  Valencia.  Hiselectiou  to  the  ponlillcate  is  ascribeil  I41 
bribery.  Ills  etiorts  were  directed  Uiward  the  aggran- 
di/.rnient  *,t  the  temporal  power  of  the  papacy  at  the  ex- 
pense  ot  the  feudal  vassals  of  the  church,  and  toward  the 
foundation  for  his  family  of  a  great  hereilitary  diimlnion 
in  Italy.  In  the  furtherance  of  these  plans  two  of  his  live 
illegitimate  chililrcn  by  Rosa  Vano7.za(('iosar  and  Lueretia 
llorgia)  played  important  parts.  May  I,  141i;i,  Alexander 
Issued  his  bull  dlvi.lingthi'  New  Wmld  between  .Spain  and 
Portugid.  In  1 1:14  111- nnsnccessfnlly  opposed  thcentmnce 
of  Charles  VIII.  into  Naples,  bill  in  1496  he  joined  the 
I.iigur  between  the  emperor,  Milan,  Venice,  and  Spnin. 
which  drove  Charles  from  Italy.  May  23.  1498,  the  exe- 
cution of  .Savonariila  took  place  by  his  order,  and  in  1601 
he  instituted  the  censorship  of  books.  He  was  poisoned, 
it  is  said,  by  a  Clip  id  wine  intended  for  Cardinal  Corneto, 

Alexander  VII.  (Fabio  Chigi).    Born  at  Si- 


wasclosely  allied  with  (icrmany  and  Austria,  The  attacks 
of  the  Nihilists  led  him  lo  enter  upon  a  reactionary  pol- 
icy in  1879,  and  he  was  linally  assassinated  by  them,  lie 
married  a  princess  of  Hesse. 

Pope  Alexander  III.  Bom  Mar(di  10 

Ho  was 


1845:  died  at 
Livadia,  Crimea,  Xov,  1,1894,  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia,.son  of  Alexander  II.  whom  ho  succeeded 
March  13,  1881.  He  .■ontinued  the  reactionary  policy 
of  his  father's  reign.  A  nieeliug  of  Ihe  emperors  of  Hub 
Bill,  (icrmany,  and  Austria,  at  Skieriiiewice  in  Pidaiid, 
Sept,,  1884,  cemented  the  personal  union  of  these  rulers  fm 
the  time,  hut  since  the  formation  of  Ihe  Triple  Alliance 
(which  see)  in  1883,  Itnssia  has  become  a  virtual  ally  ot 
France.  Alexander  opposed  Prince  Alexanderof  Bulgaria 
at  the  time  of  his  overthrow  In  188(1,  and  refused  to  rec- 
ognize his  successor  Prince  Ferdinand.  (For  the  chief 
events  In  his  reign,  sec  Ihuasia.)  lie  married  ITIncess 
Iiagmar  of  Ilolimark  In  1800. 
Alexander  I.  Bom  April  5,  IS.57:  died  Nov. 
17,  1.S93.  Titular  iirince  of  Batteiiberg,  the 
second  son  of  Prince  Alexanderof  Hesse.  He 
served  In  the  Hessian  army,  and  In  the  Riisso-Tinklsh 
warof  1877-78  in  the  Russian  army.  He  was  elected  prince 
ot  Bulgaria  April  29,  1879;  BUsjiended  lonslltullonal  gov- 
eminent  there  1881-8,3;  became  by  the  revolution  at  Philip, 
pcipidis.  Sept.,  188.6.  prince  of  F.a8lerii  Rumella  also  ;  cmn 
mandeil  In  the  repulse  of  the  .Servliin  Invasion.  Nov.,  ls>.6. 
at  Ihe  battles  of  .sllvnltza,  Dragoman  Pass,  Tsarlhrod.  and 
Plrot ;  became govenior-general  of  Kastern  Rumella  April, 
188(1:  anil  was  overthrow  n  by  a  conspiracy  at  Solla  Aug. 
21,  1H8(1,  and  abducted  to  Reni  on  the  Danube.  He  was 
restored  at  the  end  of  August  by  a  coiintor-rcvolution,  but 
nbdieatcd  In  tho  buRlnnlng  of  .SepU,  1886. 


Ann  rieaii  ma.jor-genei-al  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  known  as  Lord  Sliding,  though  his  claim 
to  the  Slirling  title  and  estate  was  pronounced 
invalid  by  the  lords'  commitlee  on  privileges 
in  Mulch.  1762.  He  entered  (he  service  as  colonel  of  a 
militia  regiment  in  1776,  conimanded  n  brigade  at  the 
battle  of  Long  Island  In  1770,  where  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner, and  also  served  at  Trenton,  Brandywlne,  (lernian- 
town,  and  Mmimoiith. 

Alexander,  William  Lindsay.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Aug,  24,  18IIS:  died  at  I'iiikielinrn,  near 
Edinbnrgli,  Dec,  21,  18.S4,  A  Scot  I  isli  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  religions  writer,  a 
member  of  thi>  Old  Testament  revision  com- 
Iilillee  in  1S70. 

Alexander,  Mrs.     See  Ihrtor,  Annie. 

Alexander,  Oampaspe,  and   Diogenes.     A 

e,,medv  by  .lohii  Lyly,  priiit.d  in  b'Sl.  and  re- 
printed as  "Camiiaspe"  in  that  year  and  in 
1,591.     It  is  usuallv  known  by  the  latter  title. 

Alexander,  Romance  of.  <">ne  of  the  most  fa- 
mous riuuanci's  of  Ihe  iiiiihlle  ages,  milistheneii, 
a  oinpaiiion  of  AliMoi.li  r,  wrote  an  aeeoiinf  of  the  A»l- 
alle  expedition  of  Abvamb  r,  but  II  Is  lost.  His  name, 
however  Is  atlacln  d  to  a  fahiilnus  account  which  is  sup 
iKiseil  lo  have  heeii  writlen  in  Alexandria  In  the  early 
part  of  Ihe  :td  eenturv.  Theroare  three  Ijitin  trnnslallons 
of  this  pseudo.CalllBthenes:  one  by  .InliUB  Valerius,  he. 
fore  3411;  Ihe  "  Itlnemrlnni  Alcxandri";  and  Ihe  "II1«- 
toria  de  prcllis,'  by  Arehpresbyler  Loo;  and  on  thcso 


Alexander,  Romance  of 

the  later  ones  are  based.  It  was  ti-anslated  into  Syriac 
and  Armenian  in  the  5th  cenlllr\'.  The  Persians  and 
Arabs  made  use  of  the  myth,  and  in  the  11th  century 
Simeon  tieih.  keeper  of  the'  imperial  wardrobe  at  the  By- 
zantine court,  translated  it  back  from  the  Persian  into 
the  Greek. 

[This]  was  translated  into  Latin,  and  from  Latin  even  into 
Hebrew,  by  one  who  wrote  under  the  adopted  name  ul 
Jos.  Gorionides,  had  very  wide  popularity,  and  became 
the  groundwork  of  many  French  and  English  poems.  Ger- 
ald de  Barn  mentions  the  Latin  version  which  professed 
to  be  by  an  jl^sopus  or  a  Julius  Valerius,  and  had  a  licti- 
tious  dedication  to  Constantine  the  Great.  In  the  year 
1200  Gaultier  de  Chatillon  turned  it  into  an  Alexandreis, 
which  was  one  of  the  best  Latin  poems  of  the  ijiddle 
Ages ;  anil,  again,  in  1236  Aretinus  gualichinus  turned  it 
into  Latin  elegiac  verse.  ...  A  score  of  French  poets 
worked  upon  the  subject,  and  by  triinslation  and  expan- 
sion produced  that  romance-oE  .-Uesander  of  which  the 
great  French  exemplar  was  composed  in  or  near  the  year 
11*4  by  the  trouvere  Lambert  li  Coit,  or  le  Court,  of  Chji- 
teaudun,  and  Alexandre  de  Paris,  named  usually  from 
Palis  where  he  dwelt,  and  sometimes  from  Bernay  where 
he  was  born.  There  ai-e  only  fragments  of  the  eai-liest 
French  poem  upon  this  subject,  written  in  the  eleventh 
centurj'  in  octosyllabic  verse  by  .\lberic  [Aubryj  of  Eesan- 
<;on.  The  larger  and  later  romance  or  Chanson  d'Alixandre 
is  of  22,606  lines  in  nine  books,  and  the  twelve-syllabled 
lines  are  of  the  sort  now  called,  as  is  generally  supposed 
from  their  use  in  this  poem.  Alexandrines.  .  .  .  There  is 
a  German  .-Vlexandreis,  written  in  six  iKxtks,  by  Kudolph 
of  Hohenems,  a  Suabian,  between  the  years  1220  and  1254. 
I'lrich  von  Esi-henbachtranslatedthe  Alexandreis  of  Gaul- 
tier de  Chatillon.  The  .Alexander  romance  was  adopted  in 
Spain,  Italy,  and  even  in  Scandinavia.  An  admirable  free 
translation  into  English  metre  was  made  in  the  thii'teenth 
century  by  an  unknown  author,  who  has  been  called 
Adam  Davie.  .  .  .  But  few  mistakes  can  be  more  obvious. 
Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  2^ 

(Lamprecht,  a  priest,  translated  the  French  of  Aubiy,  or 
Alberic,  of  Besan^on.  into  German,  and  called  it  the  Alex- 
anderlied.  in  the  12th  centuiy  ^abou:  1130;.  The  Alexan- 
dreis of  the  .\ustriau  .^iegfried  was  writleu  about  looO.  In 
the  15th  century  he  again  appeareii  as  the  hero  of  prose 
romances  in  Germany,  .\lexander  myths  are  to  be  found 
in  many  othei'  of  the  old  French  poems,  and  he  becomes  a 
knight^  conqueror  surrounded  by  twelve  paladins.  The 
poems  do  not  properly  form  a  cycle,  as  they  are  quite  in- 
dependent of  one  another.] 

Alexander  Column.  A  column  erected  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1832  in  honor  of  Alexander  I. 
The  polished  shaft  of  red  granite,  S4  feet  high  and  14  in 
diameter,  is  remarkable  as  the  greatest  modern  monolith. 
It  supports  a  Roman- Doric  capital  of  bronze,  on  which  is 
a  die  bearing  a  figure  of  an  angel  with  the  cross.  The 
pedestal  is  adorned  with  reliefs  in  bi-onze.  The  total 
height  is  154j'  feet. 

Alexander  Cornelius  (kor-ne'lius).  A  Greek 
wi-iter  of  the  1st  century  B.  c,  a  native  either 
of  Ephesus  or  of  Cotiseum  in  Lesser  Phrygia : 
surnamed  ■  •  Pol yhistor"  from  his  great  learning. 
During  the  war  of  Sulla  in  Greece  he  was  made  prisoner 
and  sold  as  a  slave  to  Cornelius  Lentulus,  who  brought 
him  to  Rome  to  become  pedagogue  of  his  children.  He 
received  the  Roman  franchise  and  his  gentile  name  either 
from  Cornelius  Lentulus  or  from  L.  Cornelius  Sulla.  He 
died  «t  Laurentum  in  a  hre  which  destroyed  his  house. 
He  wrote  a  geographico-historical  account  in  42  books  of 
nearly  all  the  countries  of  the  ancient  world,  and  many 
other  works,  of  which  only  the  titles  and  fragments  have 
been  presi-rved. 

Alexander  Jagellon  (ja -gel 'Ion).  Bom  in 
1461 :  died  in  1506.  King  of  Poland  and  grand 
duke  of  Lithuania,  second  son  of  Casimir  IV. 
of  Poland.  He  succeeded  to  the  grand  duchy  at  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1492,  and  was  elected  king  of  Poland 
at  the  death  of  his  brother  John  Albert  in  1501.  He  mar- 
ried Helena,  daughter  of  Ivan  III.  of  Russia,  but  was  al- 
most incessantly  at  war  with  his  father-in-law.  In  his 
reign  the  laws  of  Poland  were  coditied  by  John  Laskt 

Alexander  Karageorgevitch  (ka-ra-ga-or'ge- 
vich).  \_Kara<je<jrtjevitcli,  son  of  Black-George. 
See  C^ennj.]  Born  at  Topola.  Servia.  Oct.  11, 
1S06:  died  at  Temesvar,  Hungary.  May  2, 
1885.  A  son  of  Czerny  George,  elected  prince 
of  Servia  in  1842  and  deposed  in  1858.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Prince  Milosch  Obrenovitch,  who  was  in 
turn  succeeded  h\  his  son  Michael  in  IStiO.  Alexander 
made  repeated  attempts  to  regain  the  throne,  and  was 
accused  of  complicity  in  the  murder  of  Prince  Michael  in 
1868  and  iinpi  i^iiied,  but  was  soon  pardoned. 

Alexander  Nevski  (uef'ski).  Saint.  Bom  at 
Vladimir,  Kussia,  1219:  died  Nov.  14.  1263.  A 
Russian  national  hero  and  patron  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, prince  of  Novgorod  and  grand  duke  of 
Vlad  i  mir.  He  defeated  the  Swedes  hi  1240  on  the  Izhora, 
a  Southern  affluent  of  the  Neva  (whence  his  surname 
Nevski).  and  the  Livonian  Knights  on  the  ice  of  Lake 
Peipus,  1242,  He  is  coraraera  orated  in  the  Russian  Church 
Nov.  :3. 

Alexander  Nevski,  Cloister  or  Monastery 
of.  A  famous  foundation  of  Peter  the  Great 
at  St.  Petersburg.  The  Large  church,  though  by  a 
Russian  architect,  is  ba^ilican  in  plan,  with  transepts  and 
an  Italian  dome  at  the  crossing.  The  exterior  is  sober 
in  design  and  ornament :  the  interior  is  of  lavish  richness 
in  marbles,  jewels,  and  paintings.  The  shrine  of  the 
saint,  in  massive  silver,  is  15  feet  high  without  the  angel- 
supported  canopy. 

Alexander  of  the  North.  An  epithet  of  Charles 
XIL  of  SweiUn. 

Alexander  Se  verus  ( sf -ve  'rus ) ,  Marcus  Aure- 
lius.  Born  at  Area  Cfesarea  in  Phoenicia  about 
205  A.  D. :  died  in  235  A.  D.     Roman  emperor 


36 

from  222  to  235,  son  of  Gessius  Slarcianus  and 
Julia  Mamsea,  and  a  cousin  of  Elagabalus  by 
whom  he  was  adopted  in  221.  He  was  killed  by 
his  mutinous  soldiers  in  a  campaign  against  the  Germaus 
on  the  Rhine.     See  ilamxa. 

Alexander  the  Corrector.    A  pseudonym  of 

Alt-.\ander  Cruden. 

Alexander  and  the  Family  of  Darius.    An 

important  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the 
National  Gallery,  Loudon. 

Alexander's  Feast.  -Aji  ode  by  Dryden  writ- 
ten in  109  (.  in  honor  of  St.  Cecilia's  day. 

Alexanderbad  (al-ek-san'der-bad),  or  Alex- 
andersbad  lal-ek-san'ders-bad).  A  watering- 
jilace  in  Upper  Franeonia,  Bavaria,  in  the 
Fichtelgebirge  21  miles  northeast  of  Baireuth. 

Alexander  Archipelago.  A  group  of  islands 
on  the  coast  of  Alaska  which  includes  Sitka 
and  Prince  of  Wales  islands. 

Alexander  I.  Land.  A  region  in  the  South 
Polar  lauds,  about  lat.  70°  S.,  long.  75°  W. 

Alexandra  (al-eg-zan'dra).  Died  in  69  B.  c. 
Queen  of  Judea  from  78  B.  c.  to  69  B.  c.  con- 
sort of  Alexander  Jannjeus  whom  she  suc- 
ceeded. 

Alexandra  (Caroline  Marie  Charlotte  Louise 

Julie).  Born  at  Copenhagen.  Dec.  1.  1S44. 
Daughter  of  Christian  IX.  of  Denmark  and 
wife  of  Edward  VII.,  king  of  England,  whom 
she  married  March  10,  1863. 

Alexandra.  The  queen  of  the  Amazons  iu 
-Vriosto's   'Orlando  Furioso." 

Alexandra.  The  54th  asteroid,  discovered  bv 
Goldschmidt  at  Paris,  Sept.  10.  1858. 

Alexandra  Land.  A  vast  region  of  Australia 
under  the  administration  of  South  Australia, 
regarded  as  the  same  as  the  Northern  Territory, 
or  as  that  pai-t  of  it  which  is  included  between 
lat.  16°-26°  S.  and  long.  129°-138°  E. 

Alexandre  (al-ek-son'ilr).  Aaron.  Bom  at 
Hohenfeld,  Bavaria,  about  1766:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  16.  1850.  A  German  chess-player, 
author  of  " Encyclopedic  des  echecs"  (1837). 

Alexandre  le  Grand  (al-ek-son'dr  le  gron). 
-V  tragedy  by  Racine,  produced  in  1665.  it  was 
the  cause  of  a  serious  quarrel  between  Moliereand  Racine, 
who  both  loved  the  same  woman,  an  actress  who  played 
the  part  of  Axiane. 

Alexandretta  (al-eg-zan-dret'ii),  Tm-k.  Skan- 
derun,  or  Iskanderun  (from  Arab,  Islan- 
der, Alexander  (the  Great)).  A  seaport  in 
the  vilavet  of  Adana,  Asiatic  Turkev,  on  the 
Gulf  of  "Iskanderun  in  lat.  36°  35'  N..  long. 
36°  10'  E.,  founded  by  Alexander  thfe  Great  in 
333  B.  0. 

Alexandria  (al-eg-zan'dri-a),  Arab.  Iskan- 
deriyeh.  A  famous  seaport  of  Eg\-pt,  founded 
by  Alexander  the  Great  in  332  B.  c.  (whence  its 
name),  it  is  situated  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of 
the  Delta  on  the  strip  of  land  which  lies  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  Lake  Mareotis.  The  modem  city  oc- 
cupies what  was  anciently  the  island  of  Pharos,  together 
with  the  isthmus  now  connecting  it  with  the  mainland 
where  the  ancient  city  stood.  Alexandria  was  the  capital 
of  Egypt  during  the  Ptolemaic  period,  and  became  an  im- 
portant seat  of  Greek  culture  and  learning.  In  30  B.  c. 
it  was  annexed  by  Rome.  It  ranked  as  the  second  city  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  and  continued  to  be  the  chief  com- 
mercial city  under  the  Byzantine  empire.  It  was  an 
impoi-tant  center  of  Christianity,  and  the  seat  of  a  patri- 
archate. In  (>41  it  was  taken  by  the  Saracens  under  .\mru, 
and  was  entered  by  the  French  in  179S.  who  were  defeated 
near  here  by  the  British  in  ISid.  (^^eAbitkir.)  The  pres- 
ent city  was  largely  rebuilt  under  Meheraet  .AIL  It  was 
bombarded  by  a  British  fleet  of  eight  ironclads  under  Sir 
Frederick  Seymour,  July  11, 1SS2,  and  defended  by  the  in- 
surgents, and  was  taken  by  the  British  July  12.  Popu- 
lation (1S97),  319,766. 

After  the  time  of  .Alexander,  Grecian  literature  flour- 
ished nowhere  so  conspicuously  as  at  Alexandria  in 
Egj'pt,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ptolemies.  Here  all  the 
sects  of  philosophy  had  established  themselves ;  numer- 
ous schools  were  opened :  and,  for  the  advancement  of 
learning,  a  library  was  collected,  which  was  supposed,  at 
one  time,  to  have  contained  700,ti00  volumes,  in  all  lan- 
guages. Connected  with  the  librarj- there  were  extensive 
offices,  in  which  the  business  of  transcribing  books  was 
carried  on  very  largely,  and  with  every  possible  advan- 
tage which  royal  munihcence  on  .the  one  hand,  and 
learned  assiduity  on  the  other,  could  insure.  Nor  did 
the  literary  fame  of  -Alexandria  decline  under  the  Roman 
emperors.  Domltiau,  as  Suetonius  reports,  sent  scribes 
to  Alexandria  to  copy  books  for  the  restoration  of  those 
libraries  that  had  been  destro.ved  by  fire.  And  it  seems 
to  have  been  for  some  centuries  aftenvards  a  common 
practice  for  those  who  wished  to  form  a  library,  to  main- 
tain copyists  at  Alexandria.  The  conquest  of  Egypt  by 
the  Saracens,  A.  D.  *jii),  who  burned  the  -Alexandrian 
Library,  banished  learning  for  a  time  from  that,  as  from 
other  countries,  which  they  occupied. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  69. 
[This  library  (according  to  many  writers  who  discredit 
its  sacking  bv  the  .Arabs)  was  entirely  destroyed  under 
Theophilus.  a.  b.  391.] 
Alexandria.  -^  small  town  on  the  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  near  the  island  of  Tenedos.  it  con- 
tains important  ruins  of  Roman  thermse.    The  structure 


Alexis 

measured  270  by  404  feet  in  plan,  and  had  on  three  sidea 
long  halls,  with  columns,  inside  of  which  were  smaller  sub. 
divisions.  The  walls  of  the  interior  were  incrusted  with 
ornamental  marbles,  and  the  vaults  ornamented  with 
glass  mosaics.  It  is  believed  to  dale  from  the  reign  of 
Hadrian. 

Alexandria.  A  town  in  southern  Rumania, 
50  miles  southwest  of  Bukharest.  Population 
(18*9-90).  12,308. 

Alexandria.  A  small  manufacturing  town  in 
Dumliartimshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Leven  15  mUes  northwest  of  Glasgow. 

Alexandria.  The  capital  of  Rapides  parish, 
Louisiana,  situated  on  Red  River  100  miles 
northwest  of  Baton  Rouge.  A  Federal  squadron  in 
Banks's  expedition  passed  the  rapids  here.  May,  1*64.  by 
means  of  a  dam  built  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Bailey.  Pop. 
ulatlon  (190OX  5,648. 

Alexandria.  A  town  in  Jefferson  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  32 
miles  southwest  of  Ogdensburgh.  Population 
(1900),  3,894. 

Alexandria.  The  capital  of  Douglas  County, 
Minnesota,  125  miles  northwest  of  St.  Paid. 
Population  (1900),  2.681. 

Alexandria.  A  city,  port  of  entry,  and  the 
capital  of  Alexandria  County,  Virginia,  situated 
on  the  Potomac  7  miles  south  of  Washington. 
It  was  euterid  bv  Federal  tro>>iis  May  24. 1S61.  Population 
(1900),  I4,5iS. 

Alexandrian  Codex,  L.  Codex  Alexandrinus. 

An  important  manuscript  of  the  Scriptures 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  sent  to  Charles  I. 
of  England  by  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople. 
It  is  written  in  Greek  uncials  on  parchment,  and  con 
tains  the  Septuagint  version  of  the  Old  Testament  com 
I-Iete,  except  parts  of  the  Psalms,  and  almost  all  the  New 
Testament.    It  is  assigned  to  the  oth  century. 

Alexandrian  Saga.  See  Alexander.  Romance  of. 

Alexandrina  (al-eg-zan-dri'na),  Lake.  See 
1  H'tinia.  Luke. 

Alexandrine  War.  -^  war  (48-47  b.  c.)  be- 
tween Julius  Caesar  and  the  guardians  of  Ptol- 
emy (elder  brother  of  Cleopatra),  in  Egypt. 
It  resulted  in  favor  of  Caesar,  who  placed  Cleopatra'  and 
her  younger  brother  (the  elder  having  died)  on  the  Egyp- 
tian throne. 

Alexandroff.    See  Alexandrov. 

Alexandropol  (al-ek-san-dro'pol),  or  Alexan- 
drapol  (al-ek-san-dra'pol),  formerly  Gumri. 
A  town  in  the  government  of  Erivau.  Trans- 
caucasia, Russia,  situated  on  the  Arpa  35  miles 
northeast  of  Kars.  it  is  an  important  military  post. 
Here,  1S53,  the  Russians  defeated  the  Turks.  Popidation 
(l^yl),  24,230. 

Alexandrov,  or  Alexandroff  (a-lek-san'drof). 
A  town  in  the  government  of  ^^adimir.  Russia, 
60  miles  northeast  of  Moscow.  Population, 
5.692. 

Alexandrovsk  (ai-ek-san'drofsk).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  sit- 
uated near  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  47°  47'  N.,  long. 
35°  20'  E.     Population,  15.079. 

Alexandrovsky  (iil-ek-san-drof'ske)  Moun- 
tains. A  mountain-range  running  east  and 
west  in  the  governments  of  Semiryetcheusk 
and  Svr-Daria,  Asiatic  Russia.  Its  greatest 
height" is  about  12,000  to  13.000  feet. 

Alexas  (a-lek'sas).  A  minor  character  in 
Shakspere's  ''Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  an  at- 
tendant of  Cleopatra. 

Alexei.     See  Alexis. 

Alexiad  (a-lek'si-ad),  The.  See  the  extract. 
By  the  command  of  the  Empress  Irene.  Nicephorua 
Byrennius.  who  had  married  her  daughter  the  celebrated 
Anna  Comnena,  undertook  a  history  of  the  house  of 
Comneni,  which  has  come  down  to  us  with  the  title 
"Materials  of  Historj\"  -Anna  herself  continued  her 
husband's  work  when  she  retired  after  his  death  to  the 
leisure  of  a  convent.  The  imperial  authoress  entitled  her 
book  *'The  Alexiad."  .As  its  epic  name  denotes,  it  is 
mainly  a  prolix  biography  of  her  father  Alexis  I.  It  is  in 
fifteen  books,  and  includes  the  period  from  1069  to  1118. 
The  work  is  interesting  in  itself  to  the  student  of  history, 
but  it  is  most  generally  known  as  having  supplied  Sir 
Walter  Scott  with  the  subject  and  some  of  the  materials 
for  the  last  and  feeblest  of  his  romances. 

K.  0.  iluller.  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece.  III.  399. 

[{Ponaldson.y 

Alexin.     See  Alelsin. 

Alexinatz  (a-lek'si-uats).  A  town  in  Servia, 
situated  near  the  Morava  in  lat.  43°  31'  N., 
long.  21°  41'  E.,  the  scene  of  several  contests 
between  the  Turks  and  Servians  in  1876. 
Population  (1890),  5,762. 

Alexios.     See  Alexius. 

Alexis  ( a -lek' sis).  [6r.  "k/ffif.]  BomatThurii, 
Magna  Grwcia,  Italy,  about  390  B.  c. :  died  about 
288  B.  c.  A  Greek  dramatist,  a  master  of  the 
"  middle  comedy."  He  was  a  prolific  writer,  the 
author  of  245  plays.'  Fragments  of  these,  amounting  to 
1,1  OCi  lines,  are  extant.  He  was  brought  as  a  youth  tc 
.Athens,  and  was  a  citizen  of  that  city. 

Alexis,  or  Alexei.  Bcu-n  in  1()29:  died  in  1676. 
Czar  of  Russia,  son  of  Michael  Feodoroviteh,' 


Alexis 

the  founder  of  the  house  of  Romanoff,  whom  lie 
succeeded  in  1645.  lie  waged  a  war  with  Poland  from 
\6-'>^  to  1007,  acquiring  possession  of  Smolcusli  and  eastern 
t'lcraine.  In  a  war  with  Sweden  from  10;'jr>  to  10;>S  he  eoii- 
(luered  a  part  of  Livonia  and  Ingernianland,  Imt  was  forced 
liy  domestic  troubles  to  relini|ui8h  this  ten-itory  at  the 
treatyof  Cardis,  June  21,lt)(il.  He  extended  liis  conquests 
to  eastern  Siheria,  codified  the  laws  of  the  various  prov- 
inces of  Kussiih  and,  l)y  beginnini;  to  introduce  European 
civlliz:ition,  prepiu-ed  the  way  for  his  son  Peter  the  Great. 

Alexis,  or  Alexei.  Born  at  Moscow,  Feb.  18, 
KiiW:  died  iu  prison  at  St.  Petei'sburK.  July  7, 
1718.  The  elilest  son  of  Peter  the  Great  and 
father  of  Peter  IT.  lie  was  eondemnetl  for 
liigh  treason  and  imprisoued. 

Alexis.  An  amorous  sliepherd  in  Fletcher's 
pastoral  "The  Faithful  Sliephenless." 

Alexis  I.-V.     See  Alexius. 

Alexisbad  (ii-lek'ses-liiid).  A  health-resort  in 
tlie  Harz,  Auhalt.  Germany,  18  miles  south  of 
Ilalberstadt,  noted  for  mineral  sprint^s. 

Alexius  (a-lek'si-us),  Saint.  A  saint  (probabl.v 
iiivthical)  said  to  have  been  born  at  K'ome  about 
iilO  A.  D.  According  to  the  legend,  he  tied  from  his  bride, 
.,  lady  of  high  rank,  on  the  wedding  evening  to  the  porch 
.,(  the  Church  of  Uur  Lady  of  Edessa,  where  he  lived  in 
.hastily  for  si^venteeu  years.  He  afterward  returned  to 
Ki.me  and  lived  unrecognized  in  his  father's  house.  He  is 
1  onimemorated  in  the  lloman  Church  on  July  17,  and  in 
the  tireek  on  March  17. 

Alexius,  Saint.  A  Roman saintoftheStheenturj', 
said  to  have  boon  a  senator.  He  was  the  founder 
uf  the  Ale.\ians  or  Cellites. 

Alexius  I.  Comnenus  (kom-ne'nus),  Gr.  Alex- 
ios  Komnenos.  Born  at  Constantinople  in 
1048:  died  in  1118.  Byzantine  emperor  from 
1081  to  1118,  nephew  of  Isaac  Comnenus.  lie 
supplanted,  by  the  aid  of  the  soldiery,  the  emperor  Ni- 
Ci|ihoJU8,  who  retired  to  a  monastery,  and  defended  the 
,rnpire  against  the  Pt-tchenegs,  the  Turks,  and  the  Nor- 
mans. In  his  reign  occuried  thefli'st  r'rns.uie.  His  life  has 
1,. -en  written  by  hisdaughter  .^nna* 'onmena.   Scr  ,l/*'j-(V«/. 

Alexius  II.  Comnenus,  Or.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos.    Born  in   lHi8(?):  'Htd  iu  118.3.     By- 
nitino   emperor  from    1180   to  1183,   son  of 
Mafifiel  whom  lie  succeeded.    He  was  deposed 
and  stran^.'led  by  Andronicus. 

Alexius  III.  An'gelus  (an'je-lus),  6r.  Alexios 
Angelos.  Died  in  1210.  Byzantine  emperor 
Ifotu  119')  to  1203.  He  usurped  the  throne  of  his 
licifher  Isiiac  II,,  but  was  deposed  by  ati  army  of  Crusaders 
«  lio  besieged  Cotistantinople  and  reinstated  Isaac  II,  with 
his  son  Alexins  IV.  as  colleague,  Alexius  III.  died  in  exile. 

Alexius  IV.  Angelus,  (ir.  Alexios  Angelos. 

Died  in  1204.  Byzantine  emperor  in  1203  and 
1204,  son  of  Isafic  II.  Angelus.  Ho  wiis  put  to 
death  after  a  reiijn  of  si.x  months  by  Alexius  V. 

Alexius  v., or  Alexios.surnamed  Diikas  Murt- 

ZUphlos.  Died  in  1204.  A  Byzatitino  efnpi'for. 
He  usurped  the  throne  cjf  Alexius  IV.  in  IJit,  but  was 
driven  from  Constantinoide  by  the  Crusailers  who  had  re- 
aolveil  on  the  partition  of  the  empire.  He  was  :u-rested 
in  .M<irea,  tried  for  the  muider  of  AlexiuslV.,  and  executed. 

Alexius  I.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Komnenos. 

Died  in  1222.  Kmperorof  TrelMzoiid  from  1204 
to  1222,  grandson  of  the  Byzantine  emperor 
,\ndroniciis  I.  At  the  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
•  Ijc  f'rusailersin  1204  ho  made  himself  nnister  of  Trebizoncf, 
svhleh  lie  raiseil  from  tlie  position  of  a  province  of  the 
llyzaiitine  emi)ire  to  that  of  an  independent  eTuiiire. 

Alexius  II.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Died  in  133(1.  Emperor  of  Trebizontl 
from  12'J7  to  1330,  son  of  Joannes  U.  whom  he 

sui'eeefled, 

Alexius  III.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Died  in  Ki'Jd,  Ki]ii)eii>r  of  Trobizoiid 
from  134!)  to  1390,  sou  of  Basilius  by  Irene  of 
Trebizoiid. 

Alexius  IV.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. liiod  in  1 1  to.  l';mpci(]r  of  Trebizimd 
fivoii  1417  to  144(j,  sou  of  Manuel  III.  and  Eu- 
doeia  of  (ieort;ia. 

Aleyn,  or  Alain.  [ME. :  themod.  J/toi.]  See 
the  extract. 

The  good-llvcrs  go  to  service  and  are  fed  by  the  Holy 
Oraal,  The  sinners,  on  the  contrary,  not  being  thus  feci, 
beg  Josephes,  .loseph's  son,  to  pray  for  them  :  and  he  or- 
ders Ilron's  twelfth  son,  Aleyn  or  .Alain  le  Oros,  to  take 
the  net  from  the  (Iraal  table,  an<I  ilsh  with  It.  He  catches 
our  Ilsh,  wliich  the  sinners  say  will  not  sufllce.  Hut  Ah-yil 
ha\n>g  prayed  satisfies  them  all  with  it,  atul  Is  theiure* 
forward  cidleil  the  Rich  Kisher.  .toseph  <lli;s  and  his 
body  is  burled  at"Glay,"  while  his  son  fransfnits  flio 
(iraal  to  Aleyn.  lly  .\leyn'a  instrumentality  the  leper  king 
(Jalafres,  of  the  land  of  I-'oreygne,  is  converted  and  chris- 
teiu^<l  Alphasan.  lie  is  healetl  by  looking  upon  the  Graal, 
atul  builds  Casfle  Corbetdc,  which  is  to  l»e  the  repository 
and  shrine  of  the  Holy  Cup,  a-s  Vespasian  was  healed  by 
looking  on  the  Veronica. 

Duitlnp,  nist.  of  I>ro90  Fiction,  1.  1(.7. 

Aleyn.  Gnoof  the  ('iimliriilfie  stiidefitsorclrTks 
of  CantebroKge  iti  Cliaueer's  "  Roeve's  Tale." 

Alfadir  (iil-fii'dir).  [led.  Alfddhir.  All-father.] 
Ill  Old  Norse  niytliolooy.  one  of  llie  many 
appellations  of  Oilin  as  the  supi'eiae  god  of  ail 
miiukind. 


37 

Alfana  (al-fii'iia).    The  horse  of  Gradasso  in 

■•Orlando  Ftirioso." 

Al-Farabi  (fil-fii-rii'bi).  Abu  Nasr  Mohammed 

ibn  Tarkhan.  Born  at  Farali,  Turkest;in, 
aliout  870:  ilied  at  Daifiaseus  about  9o0.  .-Xn 
Arabian  philosopher  of  tlie  school  of  Bagdad, 
famous  for  his  great  learning.  Uc  wrote  an  encyclo- 
pedia of  the  sciences  and  numerous  treatises  on  the  works 
of  Plato  and  .Aristotle, 

Alfarache,  Guzman  de.    See  Gucmnn. 

Alfaro  (iil-fii'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Logrouo,  Spjiin,  situated  near  the  Kbro  CO 
miles  northwest  of  Saragossa.  Population 
(1887),  5,938. 

Alfaro,  Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Seville  about 
l,"iii,'>;  dii'd  at  Madrid  iibotit  IfioO.  A  Spanish 
lawyer.  He  was  successively  fiscal  of  the  Audience  of 
Panama  (irflll,  mciuber  of  the  Audience  of  Lima  (about 
1(K>1).  presiilent  of  the  Aiulience  of  Charcas  (I(>3-*),  ami 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies  for  some  years  before 
ills  death.  Tlie  viceroy  .Montesclaros  commissioned  him  to 
ini|Uireiiito  the  condition  of  the  Indians  of  Peru,  and  the  re- 
sult was  a  set  of  laws  called  the  tlrdinances  of  Alfaro,  pro- 
mulgated in  lC12and  inteiuled  to  prevent  Indian  slaverj*. 

Alfasi  (iil-fil'si),  Isaac  ben  Jacob.  [Ar.  Al- 
fiixi,  Fez.]  Born  in  Kala  Hamad,  near  Fez, 
1013:  died  at  Tucena,  1103.  A  celebrated 
Jewish  scholar  and  authority  on  the  Talmud. 
He  composed  a  sort  of  abbreviated  Talmud  which  was 
ninth  used  by  the  Spanish  Jews  in  place  of  the  Talmud 
itsi-lf.     Also  called,  after  the  initials  of  his  name,  10/. 

Alfeld  (iil'felt).  A  small  town  in  tlie  proyince 
of  Hanover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leiuo  28 
miles  south  of  Hanover. 

Alfeta  (al'fe-tii).  The  name  given  iu  the  "Al- 
magest "  and  Alphonsine  tables  to  the  second- 
magnitude  star  a  Coronal  Borealis.  The  star  is 
more  generallv  known  ■.is_.ilpli<cca  or  Oeiiiiiui. 

Alfheim(alf'  him).  [O'S.AIflicimr:  «//V,elf,an(l 
/(Ci/Hr,  world.]  InOld  Norse  mythology, the  abode 
of  the  light  Elves.  It  was  conceived  to  be  near  the 
sacred  well  of  the  Norns,  at  the  foot  of  the  ash  Vggdrasil, 

Alfieri  (iii-fO-a're),  Cesare,  Marquis  di  Sos- 

tegno.  Born  at  Turin,  Aug.  13,  1796:  died 
at  Florence,  April  17,  1809.  A  Piedmontose 
statesman  and  political  reformer,  for  a  short 
time  premier  in  1S48. 
Alfieri,  Count  Vittorio.  Born,  of  noble  pa- 
rents, at  Asti  in  Pieiliuont,  Jan.  17,  1749:  died 
at  Florence,  Oct.  8,  1803.  A  celebrated  Italian 
dramatist.  At  nineyears  of  agehe  was placedin  the  Acad- 
emy at  Turin,  at  thirteen  began  the  study  of  civil  and  ca- 
noiiical  law,  which  he  soon  abandoned,  and  at  fourteen 
came  into  possession  of  large  wealth.  From  17(j7  to  177a  he 
roamed  adventurously  over  Europe,  returning  to  Turin  in 
the  latter  year.  In  177ri  his  play  *' Cleopatra"  was  success- 
fully ju-oduced.  He  then  went  to  Tuscany  to  complete 
"Piiilip  II."  and  "Polynices,"  two  tragedies  originally 
written  in  iVench  prose,  which  he  now  versified.  \\'Iiiic 
in  Florence  he  formed  a  connection  with  the  Counti-ss  of 
Albany,  which  endured  for  twenty  years.  He  resided  for 
a  time  in  Uome,  leaving  it  In  1783  for  a  period  of  travel : 
on  his  return  he  joined  the  countess  in  Alsace,  living  with 
her  there  and  in  Paris,  where  he  went  in  1787  to  oversee  a 
complete  edition  of  his  works.  Ill  1792,  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  Revolution,  they  returned  to  i'lorence  where  he 
passed  the  last  eleven  years  of  his  life.  He  left  21  tragedies 
and  ti  comedies,  besides  5  oiles  on  American  Independence, 
various  sonnets,  and  a  number  of  prose  works,  among 
which  are  a  "Panegyric  on  Trajan,  '  "Kssays  on  Litera- 
ture and  (lovernment,"  and  a  "Defense  of  Louis  XVI, ," 
which  Includes  a  satirical  account  of  the  JYench  Revolu- 
tion. His  tragedies  are  "  Philip  II."  "  Polynices,"  "  An- 
tigone"(the  seijnel  of  "Polynices"),  "Virginia,  *  "Aga- 
memnon," "Orestes,"  "The  Conspiracy  of  the  Pazzi," 
"Don  Oarciii,"  "Rosamunda,"  "Mary  Stuart."  "  TInio- 
Icon,"  "Octavia,"  "Meropc,"  "Saul,"  "  Agis,"  "Soplio- 
nisba,"  "  Jlyrrha,"  two  tragedies  on  the  elder  and  younger 
brntus,  anci  two  on  the  subject  of  Alcestes.  "  Abel," 
which  ho  called  a  "tranulogedla,"  is  a  sort  of  mixture  of 
lyiic  and  tragic  poetry.  He  wrote  six  comedies  which  he 
attempted  to  make  a  vehicle  for  his  political  senllmcnts. 
They  are  satirical,  not  ilramallc.  They  are  "line,"  "  Kew," 

"Too    Many, Ihe  Antidote."  "La    Finestrlna,"  and 

"The  Divorce."  They  were  never  played.  Ho  alsti  wrote 
an  autobiography,  lie  was  a  strict  observer  of  dramatic 
unities,  ami  left  (nit  all  secondary  characters.  His  bold, 
vigorous,  lofty,  and  almost  naked  style  founded  a  new 
school  In  Italian  drama.  Ills  works  were  first  ollected 
and  piiblisheil  after  bis  death  by  the  Countess  of  Albany. 
The  edition  is  In  X>  voliiiio's,  pnbllslud  at  Pisa  IWIO-l:., 
Thirteen  volumes  contain  his  postliuinoiis  works, 

Alfinger  (iil'iiii«-ir),  Ambrosio  de.   I>ie«l  l.')32. 

A  German  soldier,  ii|ipointe<l  in  l."i28  agent  of 
tire  mercantile  hoiisi^  of  the  Wolsers  (of  Augs- 
burg), whieli  held  Venezuela  as  a  horedilaiy 

lief  on  eoiidilioii  of  eom]iletiiig  III inquest  nf 

the  country  forCastile  and  colonizing  it.  After 
ravaging  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Maracaybo,  he  marched 
ink)  the  highlands  of  New  (Iranada,  and  had  nearly 
reached  the  rich  country  of  the  Chlbclias  when  he  died 
from  a  wound  by  an  Indian  arrow,  ills  inroads  were 
marked  by  hiu'rible  cruelties, 
Alfold  (ol'feld).  [Hung.,  'lowland.']  Tli,. 
great  eenlral  ]ilaiti  of  llium'nry. 

Alfonso  f al-fon'so)  I.,  or  Alphonso,  or  Alonzo 

(nliiirzo).  Boni  (i93:  dii'd  at  (  aiiinis,  7."i7. 
King  of  Astiirins  739-707,  surnumeil  "TheCalli- 
olic  "  on  account  of  his  zeal  in  erecting  and  en- 


Alfonso  XIII. 

dowing  monasteries  and  churches.  He  was  a  son 
of  Pedro,  duke  of  Biscay,  a  descendant  of  the  Visigothic 
kings,  and  son-in-law  of  Pelayo,  king  of  Asturias,  whose 
son  Kavila  he  succeeded.  He  is  said  to  have  wrested 
Leon,  Oalicia,  and  C;istile  from  the  floors. 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Alphonso.  Died  in  OWedo,  842. 
Iving  of  .\stiirias  791-842,  surnamed  ''The 
Chaste."  He  defeated  Mohammed,  the  Moorish 
governor  of  Merida,  in  830. 

Alfonso  III.,  or  AJpllonso.  Bom  848:  died 
912.  King  of  Asturias  and  Leon  866-910,  sui- 
named  ''The  Great,"  eldest  son  of  Ordoiio  I. 
His  reign  was  filled  with  internal  struggles  and  extenial 
conflicts,  especially  with  the  Moors,  over  whom  he  was 
alnuist  uniformly  victorious.  His  successes  extended 
his  dominions  from  the  Iniero  to  the  Uuadiana.  In  910 
he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Garcia  on  account  of  civil 
wai'S  raised  by  his  sons. 

Alfonso  IV.,  or  Alphonso.  Died  933  (?).  King 
of  Iji'on  924-927  (  ^^  siiniaiiied  "'J'he  Monk," 
eldest  sou  of  Ordono  II.  He  abdicated, on  the  death 
of  his  wife,  in  favor  of  his  brother  Ramiro.  and  retired  to 
a  cloister,  was  takeu  prisoner  at  Leon  in  an  attempt  to 
regain  the  throne,  was  blinded,  and  was  confined  till  his 
death  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Julian, 

Alfonso  v.,  or  Alphonso.   Born  994 :  died  1027 
King  of  Leon   and  Castile   999-1027,  son   of 
Bermudo  H.whom  he  sueeeeiled.    He  recaptured 
Lion,  which  had  been  lost  during  his  minority,  and  wa» 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Viseo. 

Alfonso  VI.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1030:  died 
1109.  King  of  Leon  and,  as  Alfonso  I.,  of  Cas- 
tile, surnamed  "  The  Valiant,"  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand the  Great  whom  lie  succeeded  in  Leon  in 
1005.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Sancho  in  Castile  In 
1072.  From  lOiiS  until  1072,  when  .Sancho  died,  the 
brothers  were  at  war,  and  in  1071  Alfonso  was  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  at  Valpellage  (tJoljieliera),  In  10s5  he 
captured  Toledo  from  the  .Moors  and  was  himself  de- 
feated near  Zalaca  by  Yussnf  ibn  Tashfyn  in  1088.  Hia 
icigii  witnessed  the  exploits  of  the  Cid. 

Alfonso  VII.,  King  of  Leon  and  Castile.  See 
Alfiiiiso  I.  (of  Aragon). 

Alfonso  VIII.,  or  Alphonso  (Alfonso  Ray- 
mond). Born  llOti:  died  at  Tremada,  Aug., 
1L57.  King  of  Leon  and,  as  Alfonso  H'.  (or 
HI.),  king  of  Castile,  ]12(>-r)7,  son  of  Urraca, 
daughter  of  Alfonso  VI.  (and  vrife  of  Alfonso 
VII.),  and  Raymond  of  Burgundy,  her  first 
husband.  He  extendeil  the  frontiers  of  Castile  from 
the  Tagus  to  the  Sierra  .Morena  Mountains,  and  proclaimed 
himself  emperor  of  Spain  in  1135. 

Alfonso  IX.,  or  Alphonso.  King  of  Leon 
n.SS-lL'30,  son  of  Ferdinand  II.  He  gained  a  brU- 
liant  victory  over  Mohammed  ibn  Hud  at  Merida  12S0. 
He  was  married  first  t*)  Theresa,  daughter  of  Sancho  1. 
of  Portugal,  and  later  to  Berengaria,  ilaiighter  of  the  king 
of  Castile;  both  marriages  were  dissolved  by  the  Pope 
as  being  within  the  degree  of  afflnity  prescribed  by  the 
canon  law. 

Alfonso  IX.,  or  Alphonso  (also  reckoned  as 
VIII.  and  as  III.).  B^rii  lloo:  died  1214. 
King  of  Castile  ll."i8-]2]4,  surnamed  "The 
Noble"  or  "The  Good,"  son  of  Sauclio  HI. 
lie  was  defeated  by  the  Moors  at  Alarcos  in  llli.\  and  In 
alliance  with  Aragon  and  Navarre  defeated  the  Mooi-a  at 
Las  .Navas  de  Tolo^a  in  1212. 

Alfonso  X.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1221 :  died  at 
Seville,  April  4,  1284.  A  celebrated  king  of 
Leon  and  Castile,  12.')2-82,  surnamed  "The 
Wise  "and  "Tiie  .Astronomer,"  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand HI.  He  laid  claim  to  the  duchy  of  .Swabia,  and 
twice  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  secure  the  imperial 
crown  :  the  first  time  he  was  defeated  by  Ricliiu'd  of 
Cornwall,  and  the  second  by  Rudolf  of  llapsburg.  From 
1261  to  12Ct»  he  waged  war  with  the  iloors  with  varj-ing 
fortune.  He  was  detlironwl  by  his  son  Sancho  in  1282. 
Alfonso  is  celebrateil  as  Ihe  author  of  the  code  •'  LasSIelc 
Partidas,"  tlie  basis  of  Spanish  jilrisprildeiice,  and  for 
the  Alphonsine  tables,  a  set  of  asti-onomieal  observations 
compiled  at  his  command, 

(Alfonsol  first  made  thecastillail  aiiatiinial  language  by 
causing  the  Bible  to  be  translated  Info  It,  and  by  requir- 
ing it  to  be  used  In  all  legal  iiroceedings  ,  and  he  llrsl.  by 
Ills  great  Code  anil  other  works,  gave  B|ieclineiis  of  prose 
composlllon  which  left  a  free  and  disencumbered  coiireo 
for  all  that  liius  been  done  since,  a  service,  |>erllap9, 
greater  Ihaii  it  has  been  jiermitted  any  other  Spaniiutl  to 
render  Ihe  prose  literature  of  his  counlry, 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  41. 

Alfonso  XI.,  or  Alphonso.  Died  Mtirch  20, 
lo.'iO.  King  of  Leon  mid  Castile  l.U2-i"ifl,  sur- 
named "The  Avi'iiger"  from  liis  severity  iu 
repressing  internal  ilisordi'r:  son  of  Ferdinand 
IV.  He  dif.  ated  the  Moors  of  Morocco  and  Uranada  at 
Rio  Salad...  11,1,  211,  l:;lo, 

Alfonso  XII.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  nt  Madrid. 
Nov.  28,  IKfw:  died  at  Fl  I'linhi,  near  Madrid, 
Nov.  'i"),  188').  The  son  of  Isabella  II..  pro- 
claimed king  of  Spain  Dee.,  1874.  He  landed  In 
Spain  Jan..  I.sT,'>,  ami  Hiippns.'id  Iho  Carllst  nl.i  lllon  in 
1S711-  In  lSH:i  he  visile. I  liennany,  anil  was  Insnltiil  by 
a  in..b  In  Pails  on  Ills  l.toiii. 

Alfonso  XIII.,  "1  Alphonso.  Born  at  Mailrid, 
.May  17.  iNSii.  Tlie  son  of  Alfonso  XII.,  pro- 
claiiiieil  king  under  the  regency  of  his  mother 
(Maria  Clirisliiia  of  Austria)  mi  the  day  of  his 
birlli.     'I'lie  legeney  ended  .May  17.  19(12. 


Alfonso  I. 

Alfonso  I.,  King  of  Naples.    See  Alfonso  V. 

of  Aragon. 
Alfonso  n.,  or  Alpbonso,  Bom  1448:  died  Nov. 
19, 1495.  King  of  Naples  14W-9.5,  eldest  son  of 
Ferdinand  I.  and  Isabella.  He  defeated  the  Flor- 
entines at  Poggio  1479.  aiid  the  Turks  at  Otranto  1481. 
Having  rendered  himself  obno.vious  to  his  subjects,  he 
abdicated  (.Tan.  23, 149.^0  in  favor  of  his  son  Ferdinand  II., 
when  Charles  vni.  of  France  threatened  his  capitaL 

Alfonso  I.,or  Affonso(af-fon's6),  or  Alphonso. 
Born  about  1110 :  died  Dec.  6,  118.5.  The  tirst 
king  of  Portugal,  son  of  Henry  of  Burgundy, 
count  of  Portugal,  and  Teresa  of  Castile.  On 
his  father's  death  in  1112  he  became,  under  his  mother's 
tutelai:e.  count  of  Portugal,  and  was  declared  sole  ruler 
in  112-S.  In  that  year  he  made  successful  war  upon  his 
mother,  who  refused  to  yield  up  the  government,  and 
upon  her  ally,  Alfonso  VIII,,  from  whom  he  wrested 
the  independence  of  Portugal.  He  was  proclaimed  king 
by  his  soldiers,  probably  after  the  victory  over  the  Mt:>ors 
at  Ourique,  July  26,  1139  ;  took  Santarem"  from  the  Moors 
in  1144) ;  captured  Lisbon  in  1147  ;  and  was  taken  captive 
near  Badajoz  in  1107  by  the  Leonese  and  niade  to  pay  a 
hea^-y  ransom  (the  surrender  of  all  his  conquests  in  Galicia). 

Alfonso  n.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.    Bom 

.\pril  iZ.  1185 :  died  March  25,  1223.  King  of 
Portugal  1211-23,  sumamed  "The  Fat."  He 
defeated  the  Jloors  at  Alcaeer  do  Sal  in  1217, 

Alfonso  III.,  or  Aflfonso,  or  Alphonso.  Born 
May  5.  1210 :  died  Feb.  16,  1279.  King  of  Por- 
tugal 124S-79.  During  his  reign  Algarve  was 
incorporated  in  Portugal. 

Alfonso  rV.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso,  Bom  at 
Coimbi-a,  Feb,  8,  1290:  died  May  28.  1357.  King 
of  Portugal  1325-57,  sumamed  "The  Brave" 
and  "  The  Fierce."  He  consented  to  the  murder  of 
Ines  de  Castro,  secretly  mai-ried  to  his  son  Pedro,  who, 
in  consequence,  headed  a  revolt  against  his  father.  See 
Castro,  Inex  de. 

Alfonso  v..  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.    Bom 

1432:  died  at  Cintra,  Aug.  28.  1481.  King  of 
Portugal  1438-81,  sumamed  "The  African" 
from  his  conquests  in  Africa:  son  of  King 
Duarte  (EdwardV  He  defeated  the  Mooi-s  in 
Africa  in  1458  and  1471.  and  was  defeated  at 
Toro  in  1476  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic. 
Alfonso  VI.,  oi-  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.    Bom 

1643 :  died  Sept.  12.  1683.  King  of  Portugal, 
second  son  of  John  IV.  He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1656  and  was  deposed  in  1667. 
Alfonso  I.,  or  Alphonso.  King  of  Aragon  and 
Navarre  1104-34,  and,  as  Alfonso  VII.,  king  of 
Leon  and  Castile.  He  married  Trraca,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  .\lfonso  Vl.  of  Leon  and  Castile,  in  1109.  In 
1116  he  conijuered  Saragossa  from  the  Moors. 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  1152:  died 
1196.  King  of  Aragon  1163-96,  son  of  Ray- 
mondo  V.,  count  of  Barcelona,  and  Petronilla. 
dauL'hter  of  Eamiro  II.  of  Aragon:  especially 
noted  as  a  patron  of  Proven9al  poetry. 

Alfonso  m.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1265:  died 
June  18,  1291.  King  of  Aragon  1285-91,  sur- 
named  "  The  Magnificent."  son  of  Pedro  III. 
He  granted  in  1'2»7  the  "Privilege  of  Union  "  by  which  his 
subjects  were  permitted  to  bear  arms  and  the  right  was 
given  of  citing  the  king  himself  before  the  Cortes, 

Alfonso  IV.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1299:  died 
1336.  King  of  Avagou  1327-36,  surnamed  •'  The 
Good,"  His  entire  reign  was  occupied  by  a  war  with 
the  Genoese  about  the  possession  of  Corsica  and  .Sardinia. 

Alfonso  v.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1385 :  died  at 
Naples,  June  27, 1458.  King  of  Aragon  and.  as 
Alfonso  I.,  king  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia  and  of 
Naples : surnamed  ''The Magnanimous."  Hewas 
the  son  of  Ferdinand  the  Just,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1416 
as  king  of  Aragon  and  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia.  In  142»J  he 
was  adopted  as  heir  and  prospective  successor  by  Joanna 
I,  of  Naples,  but  was  disinherited  in  142,3  in  favor  of  Louis 
of  Anjou.  He  captured  Naples  in  1442.  seven  years  after 
the  death  of  Joanna,  and  enforced  his  claim  to  the  succes- 
sion. He  was  a  patron  of  learning  and  a  model  of  chivalric 
virtues. 

Alfonso  I.,  or  Alphonso,  of  Este.  Bom  1476 : 
died  Oct.  31,  1534.  Duke  of  Ferrara  1505-34. 
He  commanded  the  papal  troops  in  the  war  of 
the  League  of  Cambrai  in  1509,  and  fought 
against  Pope  Julius  II.  at  Ravenna  in  1512. 
He  married  Lucretia  Borgia  in  1501. 

Alfonso,  Count  of  Poitou.  Died  1271.  Brother 
of  Louis  IX.  of  France,  and  ruler  of  Poitou  and 
Toulouse. 

Alfonso  de  Cartagena.  See  Alphonsm  a  Saneta 

Alford  (al'ford),  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Oct. 
10._1810 :  died  at  Canterbury.  England,  Jan.  12. 
1871.  An  English  divine,  biblical  scholar,  poet, 
and  general  writer,  a  graduate  and  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  dean  of  Can- 
terbury 1857-71.  He  was  the  authorof  a  noted  edition 
of  the  Greek  Testament  (1S49-61),  "Xew  Testament  for 
English  Readers"  (1SC7),  "Poems,"  "The  Queen's  English" 
(IseO),  etc. 

Alford  (originally  Griffiths),  Michael.  Born 
at  London.  1.587:   lUed  at  St,  Omer,  Aug.  11, 


38 

1652.  An  English  Jesuit,  author  of  various 
works  on  ecclesiastical  history. 

Alfort'Ville  (al-fort-vel').  A"town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine,  France,  on  the  Mame  south- 
east of  Paris,  the  seat  of  a  national  veterinar> 
school  established  1766. 

Alfred  (al'fred),  or .ffilfred  (alf' rad),  sumamed 
•'The  Great."  Born  at  Wantage.  Berkshire, 
849 :  died  Oct.  28,  901.  King  of  the  West  Saxons 
871-901.  fifth  and  youngest  son  of  ^thelwulf, 
king  of  the  West  Saxons,  and  his  wife  Osburh 
(daughter  of  Oslae  his  cup-bearer),  and  brother 
of  .^Ethelred  whom  he  succeeded.  He  fought 
against  the  Danes  in  the  defensive  camp:ugn  of  871,  sei-v- 
ing  under  his  brother  .£thelred  at  Ashdown,  Basing,  and 
Merton,  and  commanded  asking  at  Wilton.  InS7S  here, 
ceded  before  the  Danes  to  Athelney,  but  later  obtained  a 
decisive  victory  over  them  at  Ethandun.  By  the  treaty  of 
"Wedniore,  which  followed,  Guthrura  consented  to  receive 
baptism  and  to  retire  north  t.f  Watling  Street,  Alfredforti- 
hed  London  in  sS'j,  andcaiTiedon  a  defensive  war  with  the 
Danes  894-S97,  which  ended  in  the  withdrawal  of  the  in- 
vaders, and  in  which,  by  the  aid  of  ships  of  improved 
model,  the  English  for  the  first  time  gained  a  decided 
naval  advantage  over  the  vikings.  His  success  agiunst 
the  Danes  was  due  largely  to  his  reform  of  the  national 
f>Td  or  militia,  by  which  half  the  force  of  each  shire 
was  always  ready  for  militarj-  service.  His  adminis- 
tration was  also  marked  by  judicial  and  educational  re. 
forms.  He  compiled  a  code  of  laws,  rebuilt  the  schools 
and  monasteries,  and  invited  scholars  to  his  court.  He 
was  himself  a  man  of  learning,  and  translated  into 
Saxon  the  "Ecclesiastical  History  "  of  the  Venerable  Bede, 
the  "Epitome  of  Universal  History"of  Paulus  Oujsius, 
and  the  "  Consolations  of  Philosophy  "  by  BoethiiM.  and 
corrected  a  translation  of  the  "  Dialogues  "  of  Gregorj-  the 
Great.  The  popular  accounts  of  his  life  abound  in  legends 
which  are  devoid  of  historical  foundation. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  the  great  services  of  Alfred 
to  his  people  in  peace  and  in  war  should  have  led  poster- 
ity to  ascribe  every  institution,  of  which  the  beginning 
was  obscure  [such  as  the  law  of  frank-pledge,  the  distri- 
bution of  hundreds  and  tythings,  and  trial  by  jurj-],  to  his 
contrivance,  till  his  fame  has  become  almost  as  ifabulous 
in  legislation  as  that  of  Arthur  in  arms.  Uallam. 

Alfred  the  Great.  A  historical  play  by  J. 
Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1831. 

Alfred,  or  Alredus  (al-re'dus),  or  Aluredus 
(al-o-re'dus).  of  Beverley.  Lived  about  1143. 
An  English  chronicler,  author  of  "  Annales  sive 
Historia  de  gestis  regum  Britannise  libris  is.  ad 
annum  1129,"  a  work  occupied  chiefly  with  the 
fabulous  history  of  the  country. 

Alfred,  Prince  "(Duke  of  Ediiiburgh).    Bora 

-■Vug.  6.  1844  :  died  July  30.  1900,  The  second 
sou  of  Queen  Victoria :  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  Gotha  (1893).  He  was  elected  king  of 
Greece  in  1862,  but  declined  the  offer. 

Alfred  Club.  A  club  instituted  in  1808  in  Al- 
bemarle street,  London. 

Alfreton  (al'fer-ton).  A  town  in  Derbyshire, 
England.  13  miles  northeast  of  Derby.  '  Popu- 
lation (1891),  15.355. 

Alfric.     See  J^lfric. 

Alfures  (al-fo'res),  or  Alfuros  (al-fo'ros),  or 
Alfura  (al-fo'ra).  A  descriptive  name,  signi- 
fWng  'wild,'  'uncivilized,'  given  to  certain 
native  tribes  of  the  north  of  Celebes,  the  Mo- 
luccas, Mindanao,  and  adjacent  islands.  They 
are  generally  classed  with  the  Malays.  Also 
Haruforas. 

Algardi  (al-gar'de).  Alessandro.  Born  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  1602  (1598  f):  died  at  Rome,  June 
10.  1654.  A  noted  Italian  sculptor.  His  chief 
works  are  the  monument  of  Leo  SI.  and  a  marble  relief 
of  Leo  I.  and  -ittUa,  both  in  St  Peter's,  Home. 

Algarotti  (al-ga-rot'te).  Count  Francesco. 
Born  at  Venice.  Dec.  11,  1712 :  died  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  May  23.  1764.  A  noted  Italian  littera- 
teur and  art  connoisseur. 

Algarve  (al-gar'va).  The  southernmost  prov- 
ince of  Portugal,  bounded  by  Alemtejo  on  the 
north,  by  Spain  i  from  whicli  it  is  separated  by 
the  Guadiana)  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
on  the  south  and  west,  it  forms  the  district  Faro, 
with  the  town  of  Faro  as  capitaL  It  was  partly  conquered 
from  the  Moors  by  Sancho  I.,  and  was  united  with  Portu- 
gal as  a  kingdom  by  Alfonso  III.  about  1250.  Area,  1,873 
square  miles.     Population  (1890X  228,551. 

AlgEu,  or  Allgau  (al'gou).  A  popular  name 
for  the  southwestern  part  of  Bavaria  with  the 
neighboring  portions  of  WiirtembergandTyrol: 
in  an  extended  sense,  the  region  between  the 
Danube  on  the  north,  the  Lech  on  the  east, 
the  lun  on  the  south,  and  the  HI  and  Lake 
Constance  on  the  west. 

Algauer  Alps.  A  mountain  group  in  Algiiu 
(northern  Tyrol  and  southwestern  Bavaria). 
Its  highest  point  is  the  Parseyer  Spitz,  which 
is  about  9,960  feet  high.  Among  other  points  is 
the  Griinten. 

Al-Gazali  iil-sii-zii'le),  or  Algazel  (iil-ga'zel), 
Abu  Hamid  Mohammed.  Bom  at  Tiis.  Per- 
sia. 1058  (1059  ',) :  died  1111.     An  Arabian  phi- 


Algiers 

losopher  and  theologian,  for  a  time  professor 
of  theology  and  director  of  the  school  at  Bag- 
dad. He  wrote  "The  Destruction  of  the  Philosophers" 
and  other  works  in  delense  of  Moslem  orthodoxy  against 
the  followers  of  Aristotle  and  other  Greek  philosophers 

Algebar  (al'je-biir).  [Saidtobe  from  Ar.  aJ,  the, 
and7nfcWr(S\T.(7fl6oro),  giant.]  1.  An  Arabic 
and  poetical  name  of  the  constellation  Orion. — 
2.  Occasionally  used  to  designate  Rigel  (,1 
Orionis),  the  brightest  star  in  the  constellation. 

Algeciras,  or  Algeziras  (;il  -  na  -  the '  riis). 
[Ar.  al-jadro,  the  island  or  peninsula.]  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Cadiz.  Spain,  6  miles 
west  of  Gibraltar:  the  ancient  Portns  Albus. 
It  has  a  considerable  coasting-trade.  It  was  the  landing, 
place  of  the  Arabs  under  Tarik  in  711 ;  was  retaken  from 
the  Moors  by  Alfonso  XI.  of  Castile  in  1344  C):  and  waa 
the  scene  of  engagements,  July,  ISOl,  between  the  British 
and  Franco-Spanish  fleets.  It  contains  a  notable  aqueduct 
built  by  the  Moors.  The  arches  are  pointed,  elegant  in 
profile,  and  of  considerable  height  and  span.  The  highest 
piers,  in  the  middle,  have  on  each  side  carious  ogival 
flying  buttresses.    Population  (1S87),  12,381. 

Algeiba,  or  Algleba  (al-je'ba).  [Ar.,  said  to 
represent  nl  jeh-bah,  the  forehead;  but  if  so  a 
misnomer,  as  it  is  in  the  shoulder  of  the  con- 
stellation.] The  second-magnitude  double  star 
>  Leonis.  By  Ulugh  Beigh  the  name  Alyeiha 
was  applied  to  three  stars,  >i,  y,  and  f  Leonis. 

Algenib  (al'je-nib).  [Ar.  al-jdnib  al-faras,  the 
flank  of  the  horse.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  ;  Pegasi,  at  the  extremity  of  the  ning. 
The  same  name  is  also  often  given  to  aPersei, 
better  known  as  Mirfal:     See  also  Alchemb. 

Algenubi  (al-,ie-uo'bi).  [Ar.  ra's  al-'asad  'al- 
janubbi,  the  head  of  the  lion,  the  southern :  op- 
posed to  al-'samdli,  the  northern.]  A  name 
used,  though  rather  rarely,  for  the  third-mag- 
nitude star  £  Leonis. 

Alger  (al'jer),  Russell  Alexander.  BominLa- 
fayettetownship,MedinaCo..Ohio,Feb.27,1836. 
An  American  politician  and  general.  He  served 
in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  War  and  was  brevetted 
major-general  of  volunteers  in  June,  1865;  was  governor 
of  Michigan  1885-S7  ;  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidential 
numinatiun  at  the  Republican  National  Convention  of 
1SS8  ;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  (5rand  Army  of  the 
Republic  1SS9-90;  and  secretary  of  war  1897-Aue.,  1899. 

Alger,  William  RounseviUe.  Bom  at  Free- 
town, Mass.,  Dec.  30.  1>>22.  AL'nitarian  clergy- 
man and  author.  Among  his  works  are  "Introduction 
to  the  Poetry  of  the  Orient,"  "Metrical  Specimens  of 
the  Thought,  Sentiment  and  Fancy  of  the  East"  (1S56X 
"  Friendships  of  Women  "  (1S67),  etc. 

Algeria  (al-je'ri-ii).  [Ar.  al-jazira,  the  island 
or  peninsula;  F.  Algerie,  G.  Algerien.'^  A 
country  in  northern  Africa,  the  ancient  Xu- 
midia  and  eastern  Mauritania,  organized  as 
a  colonial  possession  of  France  in  1834  (con- 
quest begun  in  1830).  It  is  bounded  by  the  llediter. 
ranean  on  the  north,  by  Tunis  on  the  east,  by  Sahara  on 
the  south,  and  by  Morocco  on  the  west,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  .Atlas  range.  It  comprises  three  distinct  regions ; 
the  Tell,  or  mountainous  and  cultivated  region,  in  the 
north  ;  the  steppe  region,  with  various  shotts,  or  brackish 
lakes,  in  the  center ;  and  the  Sahara,  which  extends  in- 
definitely  southward.  The  leading  industry  is  a,2Ticulture, 
but  the  country  also  contains  considerable  mineral  wealth 
(especially  iron  and  copper),  and  exports  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  wine,  olive-oil,  esparto  grass,  wool,  fruits,  and  live 
stock.  It  is  divided  into  three  departments :  Algiers,  c^ran, 
and  Constantine.  each  with  a  civil  territory  and  a  mili- 
tary territory.  The  capital  is  Algiers.  The  government  is- 
vested  in  a  governor-general  appointed  from  France,  in  the 
French  Corps  Legislatif,  and  in  a  Superior  Council.  Each' 
province  sends  1  senator  and  2  deputies  to  the  French  .As- 
sembly. The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism,  and 
the  inhabitants  ar«  chiefly  Berbers,  .Arabs,  Europeans 
(largely  French  and  Spaniards),  Jews,  Moors,  and  de- 
scendants of  Turks.  The  country  was  annexed  by  Borne 
in  large  part  in  the  1st  centuiy  B,  c, ;  was  conquered  by 
the  Vandals  in  the  5th  century,  and  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  7th ;  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Turks  in 
1519 ;  and  was  a  piratical  power  from  the  ICth  to  the  19th 
centur>',  becoming  independent  of  Turkey  in  1710,  The 
oflBce  of  dey  was  established  in  1600,  Defeated  by  the 
United  States  in  1815.  Conquest  by  France,  begun  in  1830 
with  the  taking  of  Algiers,  was  continued  by  the  taking  of 
Constantine  in  1837,  the  subdual  of  the  Ka'byles,  and  the 
capture  of  Abd-el-Kader  in  1847,  Various  insurrections 
occurred  in  later  years.  Area  (excluding  the  .Algerian 
S.ahara),  184,474  square  miles.  Population  (189b},4,429k42I. 
See  Corsairs, 

Algeslras.     See  Algeciras. 

Alghero  (al-ga'ro),  or  Algheri  (-re).  A  sea- 
poil:  in,  the  province  of  Sassari,  Sardinia,  in  lat. 
40°  34'  X..  long.  8°  19'  E.  It  has  a  cathedral. 
Population,  about  9.000. 

Algiers  (al-jerz').  [F.  Alger,  Sp.  Pg.  Argcl,  It. 
Algkri,G.  Algier.  Qee  Algeria.']  A  seaport,  the 
capital  of  Algeria,  situated  on  the  Ba  v  of  Algiers 
in  lat.  36°  47'  X.,  long.  3°  3'  E.,  founded  by  the 
Arabs  about  935.  it  consists  of  a  lower  or  European 
and  an  upper  or  Moorish  quarter,  and  contains  theKasbah, 
or  ancient  fortress  of  the  deys,  situated  about  500  feet 
above  the  sea,  numerous  mosques,  a  Catholic  cathedral, 
and  several  Protestant  churches.  The  harbor  is  spacious, 
safe,  and  weU  fortified,  Algiers  is  a  favorite  winter 
health-resort    It  was  nnsuccessfully  attacked  by  Charlea 


Algiers 

•V  in  1^1  ■  bombarded  by  the  British  in  1810  :  and  occu- 
pied brtheKmich  in  1S3U.  Population  (1891),  82.iS5. 
gee  Cormin.  ,     j  ,.,      • , 

'AlKiere  isin  Arabic  •  Al-Oezair' ("the  islands  ).  said 
to  be  so  called  from  that  in  its  bay ;  or,  more  piobabl>, 
JAl-Oe^ir'  Is  a  Kramniarian's  explanation  of  the  .lan.e 
•TieVi'  or  "l-nier,'  by  which  the  AlRerians  ooniin.i.ily 
called  their  city,  and  which  is,  I  suspect,  a  cormpiion  of 
?he  luamc  of  tlel  Koman  city  CajsareacAnsusta),  whi.l 
occupied  almost  the  same  site  It  should  be  reraarke.l 
?hat  the  AlKCiians  pronounce  the  ?"» ,^'';'^,-,  ""'  .,^J: 
Jeaiir  "  Europeans  spelt  the  name  in  all  sots  of  w.ijs. 
iSIr;  ArKel,  Ai-geir,  Algel,  Ac,  down  to  the  Irencll  Alger 
.nS  our  Algiers.  ^^^^  ^^^_  ^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^.„^^^i^,  p  ,3. 

Aliriers      The  middlo  province  or  tlepartment 

of  .Ufieria.     Populntion  (IHiU).  l.-tOS  12/. 

AlKiers      A  manufaL'turiug  .suburb  of  .New  Ur- 

leaiis,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  opposite  New 

Orleans.  ,  ., 

Algoa  Bay  (al-so'ii  ba).    A  bay  on  the  southern 

i-oast  of  Capo  Colony,  Africa. 
Aleol  (al'uol).     [Ar.  al-ghul,  the  ghoul  or  de- 
mon 1     The  remarkable  secoud-maKnitude  va- 
riable star  d  Persei,  in  the  head  of  Medusa, 
who  is  tlie  monster  referred  to  m  the  name. 
AlgOnQUian(al-gon'ki-an).    [»-/o«(/«(<")and 
T!ia„  1     A  linguistic  stock  of  Isorth  American 
Indians,  which  formerlv  occupied  an  area  larger 
than  that  of  any  other  stock  in  North  America, 
reaching  from  Labrador  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  from  Churchill  Kiver  of  Hudson  Bay  at  least 
asfarsonthas  Pamlico Soundm  North  Caioliiuu 
There  were  breaks  in  the  continuity  of  its  territory  in  and 
near  the  .State  of  New  York  where  an  area  was  occupied 
by  Iioquoian  tiibes.  and  one  in  .Newfoundland  where  the 
BLthukan  family  dwelt.     An  advance  to  the  south  be- 
yond the  contigiDUS  tribal  territories  was  made  by  the 
Shawano  or  Shawnee  tribe  which  had  early  separated 
from  the  main  body.    The  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  two 
allied  tribes  of  this  stock,  also  separated  from  then  kin- 
dred ..n  the  nurth  and  forced  their  way  west  through 
hostile  (ribes  across  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Hlack  Hills 
country  of  South  IJakota,  and  more  recently  into  W  yoming 
and  Colorado,  Ihusf.irming  the  advance  of  the  .Ugonquian 
.Uiek  in  that  dir.clion.  leaving  the  Simian  tribes  in  their 
rear  anrl  condunthiK  those  of  the  Shoshonean  st<jck.     In 
the  immense  area  occupied  by  this  stock  the  number  o 
trilies  which  sometimes  have  been  called  v.llaRes    .ma 
sometimes  were  composed  of  several  nelKhl)oniig  vil  ages, 
was  very  large.     Hundreds  of  names  of  these  sul.ordniate 
divisi.ins  with  their  situations  are  known,  and  als..  several 
confederacies  which  are  mme  frequently  mentioned  by  a 
collective  name  than  by  the  names  of  the  liibe.s  coinpos- 
ing  them.     Among  these  confederacies  are  the  Abnaki, 
lllinuis  I'ennacook,  Powhatan,  and  Siksika.  Ihetheyenne 
and   Arapaho  and  the  Sac  and  Fox,  though  essentially 
confederacies,  are  not  designated  as  such  under  a  special 
title      Kxeluding  the  live  confederacies  just  mentioned, 
the  princip:d  tribes  are  Alg.mquin,  Arapaho,  Cheyenne, 
Coiii'v  Cr.e  Delaware,   t'ox.   Kickapoo,  Mahican,  Massa- 
chuBct,  .\1,  nominee,  Miami,  Micmac,  Misisag^i,  Mohcgan, 
MoutaKuais,  Montauk,  Munsee,  Nanticoke,  N  arrag.anset, 
Nauaet,  Mpmuc,  Djibwa,  Ottawa,  Pamlico,  Pcquot.  Pian- 
klahaw    Pottawotomi,   .Sac,   Siiawano,  Wanipanoag.    and 
Wappinger.     The  Algonquian  stock  numbers  now  about 
85.60U,  of  whom  about  60,000  are  in  Canada  and  the  rest 
In  the  United  States.     As  its  tribes  were  met  by  the  lirst 
French.  English,  and  Uut.h  inmiigr.ints  and  for  genera, 
tlons  were  rloselymmiected  Willi  tlie  colonial  and  rcvo- 
Intionarvhist.iryof  Ncirlh  Am.rira,  the  literature  relating 
to  them  nils  many  volumes,     lirief  allusions  to  prominent 
historic  events  appear  under  some  of  the  tribal  nanicB. 

Algonquin,  or  Algonkin  (al-gon  km).  [A 
Fp-iic1i  contraction  of  Alqomcquin,  a  word  ot 
the  Algonkin  language  signifying  'those  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river,'  i.  e.  the  ht.  Law- 


rence  Kiver.]  A  collective  term  for  a  group  ot 
tribesof  North  American  Iiniians  of  the  vnlleys 
of  the  Ottawa  liivcr  and  of  the  nortliern  tribu- 
taries of  the  Ht.  Lawrence,  to  near  Quebec. 
They  were  early  allies  of  the  Irench  in  fighting  the  Iro- 
quois by  whom  many  wer.-  driven  west  where  tliey  became 
known  as  Ottawa.  Some  returned  to  Three  Rivers  Due- 
hoc.  There  arc  about  4,700  in  the  provinces  ot  tjuebec 
and  Ontario.  ,,.__. 

Algorab  (al-go-rilb'),  or  Algores  (al  go-res). 
[Ar.  til-<il,imib,  the  raven.]  The  third-magni- 
tiido  star  (5  Corvi.  See  .-l/<7iii«.  In  this  constel- 
lation the  lettering  of  the  stars  does  not  at  all  correspond 
to  their  present  brightness. 

Algrind  (nr^'rind).  An  anagi'am  of  Cnmlal,  m 
Spoils,  r's  "Shcplicrd's  Calendar.'' 

Al-Hakim  ibn  Otta    (iil-hii'kem  ib'n  ot'til). 

Died  about  1X0.      An  impostor  who  appeared 

as  a  prophet  in  Mero,  the  capital  of  Khorusan, 

in  774,  surnaiued   Al-Mokeniia  (Mocanna,   or 

Mukanna),   "Tho   Veiled    One.''      Uo  (destroyed 

himself  about  780  to  avoid  capture  by  an  anny  « Inch  had 

been  sent  against  lilui  by  the  calif  Mahdl.     He  has  been 

moile  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  .Moore,  "Mokanna,  or  the 

Veiled  I'roi.hetot  KborasBun." 

Al-Hakim  (iil-hii'kem)  II.     Born  about  t he bi- 

giiiiiiugoC  the  lOtli  century:  died  Sept.  :ill,  !t-l>. 

Calif  of  Cordova  !)lil-!)7(l,  famous  as  a  patron 

of  literature  and   Icnruiug.      Hi-  collected  a  large 

librarv  (said  to  have  contained  lani.iHHi  volumes),  which 

fnnmd  Ihe  nucleus  of  the  c.lebrated  academy  of  Cordova, 

and  founded  colleges,  mosques,  and  hospitals  _    _ 

Alhamadelos  Bancs  (ii-lii'mUdalosban  yos). 
A   town   and   watering-place,   containing  hot 


39 

sulphur  springs,  in  the  province  of  Granada, 
Smiiii,  '2fj  miles  southwest  of  Granada.  It  ^yaa 
taken  from  the  Moors  in  1482.  Population 
(1887),  7,81(9.  ..         . 

Alhamade  Murcia  (ii-lil'ma  da  mor  the-_a).  A 
t.iwii  111  tlie  province  of  Murcia,  Spam.l-  miles 
soutliwest  of  Murcia,  noted  for  its  sulpliur 
springs.     Population  (1887),  7,203. 

Alhamarides  (ii-Ui-miir'idz).  The  last  Moor- 
ish dvnastv  in  Spain.  It  ruled  in  Granada 
from  the  m'iddle  of  the  13th  century  un  il  14!  -. 

Alhambra  (al-ham'bra).  [Ar.  „l-l,m,;rai',  red.] 
A  •n-eat  citadel  and  palace  founded  in  the  IJtIi 
century  above  the  city  of  Granada.  Spam,  by 
the  Moorish  kings.  The  hill  inclosed  by  this  once 
formidable  fortress  is  2,««iO  feet  long  and  700  wide ;  Ihe 
high  and  thick  walls  are  strengthened  by  great  s,,uaie 
towers,  and  there  is  a  strong  inner  citadel.  The  palace 
large  part  of  which  was  destroyed  by  Charles  V.  to  make 
room  for  a  Renaissance  structure,  is  the  finest  example 
of  Moorish  art,  and  gives  its  name  to  the  Alliambiaic 
style.  It  ccmsists  of  galleries  and  rather  small  rooius  sui  - 
rounding  Mcade.l  courts  beautiful  with  fount.ains,  ll<>wers 
and  subtropical  vegetation.  The  key-note  of  the  style  is 
the  dcliCiicy  and  elaboration  of  detail  of  its  interior  dec- 
oration, which  is  formed  especially  of  endlessly  varied 
arabesque  patterns  and  Moslem  inscriptions  impressed 
on  plaster  or  executed  in  wood,  and  delicately  yet  bril- 
liantly colored.  All  is  on  a  rather  small  sea  e ;  but  the 
little  marble  columns  are  very  finely  cut,  tlie  coupled 
Aiimez  windows  are  lovely  in  proportions  and  ornament, 
and  the  research  of  artistic  effects  of  perspective  is  note- 

Alha'zen  (iil-hii'zen).  Born  at  Bassora:  died 
at  Cairo,  1038.  An  Arabian  mathematician, 
author  of  commentaries  on  the  ■'.\lriiagest  ot 
Ptolemy,  a  treatise  "On  Twilight,"  a  -  Thesau- 
rus Opiicip,"  etc. 
Alhena  (al-hen'a).  [Ar.  al-licn'ah,  a  ring  or 
circlet.]  The  third-magnitude  star  )  Gemi- 
norum,  in  the  foot  or  ankle  of  Pollux.  It  is 
sometimes  called  Almcisiim.  ,  .,,    ,     . 

Ali  (ii'le).     Born  at  Mecca  about  fiOO:  killed  at 
Kufa,  (iiil.    A  cousin  german  and  adopted  son  of 
Mohammed,  and  the  fourth  calif,  656-G(il:  snr- 
iiamed  "Tlie  Lion  of  God."    He  was  the  son  of  Abu 
Tallb,  uncle  of  Mohammed,  and  he  mai-ried  Fatima,  daugh- 
ter ..f  the  Prophet.     He  was  defeated  by  Moavya,    he 
founder  ..f  the  Ommiad  dynasty,  and  assassiuati-d.     liis 
sons  Hassan  and  Hussein,  who  tried  to  regain  the  ea  - 
itate,  were  kill.'d  in  Will  and  liso  respectively.     Iheir  lot- 
lowers  brought  about  the  great  schism  which  divides     !.■ 
Moslem   world   into   two  sects,   the    Sunnltes    ami    the 
.Shiites.    The  latter,  which  inelnde  Persians  and  most  of 
the  Mohammedans  of  India,  regard  All  as  the  first  right- 
ful calif,  and  venerate  his  sons  as  martyrs.     He  wrote 
lyric  poems  ("Diwan  "),  and  a  collection  of  proverbs  is  at- 
tributed to  him. 
Ali       Brother  of  the  prince   in   the   story  of 
'•Prince  Ahmeil   and   the  Kairy  Pari-Bauou, 
in    "The   Arabian    Nights'    Eutertainments. 
He  marries  the  Princess  Nouronniiihar. 
Ali  Bev.     Born  in  Abkliasin   about  172S:  died 
1773.    'A  Mameluke   liey,  ruler  of  Egyid,  who 
declared  himsidf  iiidc|ieiideiit  of  the  Porte  in 
17(18.     H,.  made  many  conquests  in  _Arabia,  Syria,  etc., 
and  was  taken  prisoner  in  battle  in  1773. 
Ali  Bev.      ^Ci)  liMlid  1/  Lrhlk-h. 
All  Pasha.     Born  at  Tei)eleni,  Albania,  1(41: 
beheaded  at  Jauina,   Feb.  .-i,  1822.     A"   A'^''" 
nian  who  became  pasha  of  .laniiia  in  1/HK.    He 
subdued  the  Sullotes  in  lxo:i  and  was  made  governor  ot 
Kumella.     He  intrigued  with  Frwice,  Russia,  and  l.ieat 
liritahi  wai.ist  Turkey,  and  was  cunpelled  by  the  Turks 
to  surrender  at  .laiiina,  and  assassinated. 
Ali  Pasha.     Born  at  Constantinople,  1815:  died 
Sept   I)   1S71.     A  Turkisli  statesman  and  diplo- 
matist,' several   times   grand  vi/.ir  since  W.-i;). 
He  was  especially  diBtlnguished  as  the  promoter  of  varl- 
oUB  nforius  111  the  Turkish  goveinment. 

Aliaska.    See  .i/».>/,". 

Aliata.      See  C.)W»»i/lc.  . 

Ali  Baba  (ii'le  hii'l'").  A  character  m  Ibe 
Arnbiaii  Night's'  Kntertainments, '  in  the  story 
•'Ali  Baba   and  tlie   Forty  Thieves'  :    a   poor 


wood-cutter  who,  concealed  in  a  tree,  sees  n 
band  of  robbers  enter  a  s.-cret  cavern,  and 
overhears  the  magic  wonls  "open  sesame 
which  open  its  door.  After  their  departure  he  reimils 
the  spell  an.l  the  door  oiiens.  disclosing  a  naun  full  ol 
easu  x"  with  which  he  load-  his  as»e;«  and  returns  home 
His  brother  Casslm,  who  discovers  his  secret,  enters  the 
cave  alone,  forgets  the  word  "sesame,  ami  is  found  and 
cut  In  I  eces  by  Ihe  robbers.  The  thieves,  disc.vering 
Uiat  Airllalm  know,  their  secret,  resolve  to  kill  him,  but 
me  outwitted  by  Morglaua,  a  slavo. 

Ali  Baba.     An  opera  by  Clierubini,  fo>"';l'"l  -'" 

his  •■Ko.ikourgi."  produced  nl  Pans  18.1.1. 

Alibamah,  "<■  Alibami,  or  Alibamo.     See 

Alibamu  (il-le-bii'mO).  [In  the  form  Alohamn. 
as  the  naiiK'  of  one  of  the  United  States,  eoni- 
monlvbut  incorrectly  translated  "here  we  rest  : 
the  name  is  first  meiitioni'd  us  that  of  a  duet 
met  by  Do  Soto.]     A  tribe  of  the  Creek  tou- 


Alinda 

federaey  of  North  American  Indians.  The  French 
came  into  conflict  with  them  in  lTo2.  Ihere  is  now  an 
Alibamu  town  on  Deei.  Creek,  Indian  Territory,  and  some 
of  the  tribe  livr  near  Alexandria.  Louisiana  ;  over  Ini)  are 
in  Polk  Coiintv,  Texas.  (See  Creek  and  iluskhtujean.) 
Also  AWiaiiin,  AUbiimah,  Alibami. 

Alibaud  (U-lC-br.').  Louis.  Born  at  Nmies 
Fraiiif,  May  2,  1810;  guillotined  at  Pans,  July 
11,  l.s3li.  A  Frcniliinan  who  attempted  to  as- 
sassinate Louis  Philippe.  .Tune  2-5, 183G. 

Alibert  (ii-le-bar'),  Jean  Louis,  Baron.  Born 
at  Villefranche.  Avevron,  France,  May  1'-. 
nud:  died  at  Paris.  Nov.  6.  1837.  A  French 
medical  writer,  author  of  "Traits  complet  de;' 
mala.lies  de  la  peau''  (180G-27).  etc. 

Alibunar  Marsh.  A  large  morass  in  the  neigb 
iM.rliio"!  of  Alibunar  in  Croatia. 

Alicante  (ii-le-kiin'IS).  A  province  in  the  titu- 
lar kingdom  of  Valencia,  Spam,  bounded  by 
Valencia  on  the  nor.th.  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Murcia  on  the  south,  and  Albacete 
and  Murcia  on  the  west.  Area,  "2,098  square 
miles.    Population  (1887),  432,355. 

Alicante.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Alicante,  situated  on  the  Jlediter- 
ranean  in  lat.  3,S°  21'  N.,  long.  0°  29'  W. :  the 
ancient  Lucentum.  It  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
the  Meditei-ranean,  and  has  an  important  export  trade 
in  wine  and  other  products  of  eastern  Spain  It  was  re- 
covered  from  the  Moors  by  Ferdinand  111.  of  Castile 
ceded  to  Aragon  in  1:!04,  besieged  and  taken  by  the  i  rench 
1700  besieged  by  the  French  181-2,  and  bombarded  by  the 
insurgents  of  Cartagena  1873.     Population  (ls87),  3t),838. 

Alicata.     See  Licata.  ^  .r>  ..   ■    r.u 

Alice  (al'is).  1.  The  wife  of  Bath  in  Chaucer  8 
tale  of  that  name.  Her  "gossib,"  to  whom  she 
alludes,  has  the  same  name. — 2.  A  lady  in  at- 
tendance on  the  Princess  Katharine,  daughter 
of  the  King  of  France,  in  Shakspere's  "Henry 

V" 3.    The    principal  female   character  in 

"Ardeii  of  Fevershara."— 4.  A  little  girl 
through  whose  dream  pass  the  scenes  of  ••  Alice  s 
Adventures  in  \Vond.Tland"and  "Through  the 
Looking-glass,"  two  popular  stories  forchildren 
bv  I;ewis  Carroll  (Charles  Dodgson). 

Alice,  or  The  Mysteries.    A  novel  by  Bulwer, 

pulilislicd  ill  IMW:  a  sequel  to   •' Ernest  Mal- 

Alicia^-lish'iii).  1.  One  of  the  principal 
Iciimle  characters  in  Rowe's  tragedy  "Jane 
Shore,"  a  woman  of  strong  passions  who  by  her 
iealousy  ruins  her  former  friend  Jane  Shore.—  • 
2  The  name  given  by  Lillo  in  his  "^Vrden  of 
Feversham"  to  the  Alice  of  the  earlier  version. 

Alicudi  (ii-le-kii'de),  or  Alicuri  (a-le-kd're). 
'IMic  westernmost  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  north  of 
Sicily,  in  lat.  38°  35'  N.,  long.  14°  15'  E.  It  is 
4  miies  long.  ,.,.», 

Alides  (al'idz).  The  descendants  of  All  the 
Ic.urtli  calif.  ,^    „  ,. 

Aliena  ( a-li-r-'nii).  The  name  assumed  by  Celia 
in  Sliaksjiere's'^As  vou  Like  it"  when  she 
followed  Rosalind  disguised  as  a  shepherdess. 
See  Alilllld.  „, 

Alifanfaron  (ii-le-fiin'fii-ron).  The  emperor 
(if  the  Island  of  Trapobaii,  mentiimed  by  Hon 
tJui.xote.  When  he  sees  two  lloeks  of  sheep  coming 
towanl  him  he  savs:  •■Know,  friend  Sancho,  thai  yonder 
army  before  us  Is  commanded  b>  Ihe  Knipenir  Alifanfaron, 
Kovereign  of  the  Island  of  Trapoban,  and  the  other  .  .  . 
by  .  .  .  PentaiwUn."    .See  feulapulin. 

Aligarh  (ii-b-giir').  A  district  in  the  Meerut 
division.  Nurtliwestcrn  Provinces,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  "28°  N.,  long.  i^°  E. 
Area.  l.O.TJ  siiuare  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1.043,172.  ,  .,.       , 

Aligarh.  Fort.  A  fort  in  the  district  of  -(VbKarb. 
dclViidrd  liy  tlie  Mahrattasand  stormed  bythe 
Hiilisli  under  Lake  18113. 

Alighieri.    See  lht,,u: 

AlijOS  (ii-le'iKis).  A  group  of  small  islands  in 
tbi^  Pacitic,  west  of  Lower  California. 

Alikhanoff  (ii-le-chii'nof^  originally  All 
Khan  (ii'le  chiim.  Born  in  the  (  nucasus. 
184(i.  A  Uii'ssian  ollicer,  governor  .vt  the  Jlerv 
oasis,  noted  for  his  sliaie  in  gaining  Merv  lor 
the  Russians  in  1884.  .       <,    ,i 

Alima  (ii-le'mii).  A  right  affluent  of  tlio 
Kongo  River,  lla^^ng  its  head  waters  near  those 
of  the  Ogowe.  in  French  K-uigo.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Brazza  in  1878,  and  is  iiavigablo  as 
far  as  Lekeli.  .     ,     ,     > 

Alinda  (a-lin'.lii).  1-  A  character  m  Lodges 
romance  "  Rosalynde,"  tlie  story  transforniod 
bv  Shakspereinto^^AsyouLikeit."  Ahn.iais 
the  Celia  of  Shiik.spere's  play.- 2.  -P  ic  daugh- 
ter of  Alphonso  in  Fletchers  '•Pilgrim.  — 
3  The  nani.^  assnined  by  young  Archas  when 
disguised  as  a  woman,  in  Fletcher's  "Loyal 
Subject." 


Alioth 

Alioth  (al'i-oth).  [At.,  but  of  disputed  deriva- 
tion.] The  name  iu  the  Alphousine  tables, 
aud  still  in  ordinary  use,  of  the  bright  second- 
magnitude  star  f  UrsiB  Majoris.  The  name  is  also 
sometimes  (rarely)  given  to  a  Serpentis,  and  even  to  d  Ser- 
pcntis. 

Aliris.    See  Feramorz. 

Aliscans  (a-les-kon')-  [Also  Aleschans;  fromL. 
Eltjsii  Vanqyi,  Elysian  Fields,  referring  to  an 
ancient  cemetery  near  Aries.]  A  chanson  of 
the  12th  century,  dealing  with  the  contest  be- 
tween William  of  Orange,  the  great  Christian 
hero  of  the  south  of  France,  and  the  Saracens. 
It  forms,  according  to  custom,  the  center  of  a  whole  group 
of  cliausons  dealing  with  the  earlier  and  later  adventures 
of  the  hero,  his  ancestors  and  descendants.  Such  are 
**Le  couronnement  Leys,"  "La  prise  d'Orange,"  "  Le 
charroi  de  Simes,"  "Le  muniage  Guillaume."  The  series 
formed  by  these  and  others  is  among  the  most  interesting 
of  these  groups.     Saintsbury.  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  19. 

Allse  (a-lez' ).  A  small  tftwn  in  the  department 
of  Cote-d'Or,  France,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Dijon.     It  is  usually  identified  with  Alesia. 

Aliso  (al'i-so).  A  fortress  nearthe  river  Lippe, 
built  by  the  Romans  under  Drusus,  11  B.  c,  as 
a  military  center  against  the  German  tribes : 
variously  identified  with  Elsen  (near  Pader- 
lioriO.  Idealities  near  Hamm,  Dortmund,  etc. 

Alison,  Alisoun.    Old  forms  of  Alice. 

Alison  (at'i-son),  Archibald.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  13,  1757:  died  at  Colinton,  near 
Edinburgh,  May  17,  1839.  A  Scottish  clergy- 
man, author  of  "Essays,"  of  which  the  most 
noted  is  that  on  '•  The  Nature  and  Principles 
of  Taste"  (1790). 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  Bom  at  Kenlev,  Shrop- 
shire, Dec.  -'9,  179L' :  died  at  Glasgow."  May  23, 
1867.  A  British  lawyer  and  historian,  son  of 
Archibald  Alison  (1757-1839).  He  settled  near 
Glasgow  as  sheriff  of  Lanarkshire  in  lS;i5,  and  was  made 
a  baronet  in  1S42.  His  principal  works  are  a  "  History  of 
Europe"  (10  vols.  1833-12),  "Criminal  Law  of  Scotland," 
a  life  of  Gastlereagh.  etc. 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  Bom  at  Edinbm-gh, 
Jan.  21,  1826.  A  British  general,  son  of  Sir 
Archibald  Alison  (1792-1867).  He  served  in  the 
Crimea  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  in  India  during  the 
mutiny,  on  the  Gold  Coast  in  the  Ashanti  expedition 
1873-74,  and  in  the  militai'j'  expedition  to  Egypt  in  1SS2. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  treatise  "On  Ai-my  Organization  " 
(ls«i9). 

Alisos  (a-le'sos),  Los,  A  dry  torrent  in  north- 
western Chihuahua,  where,  in  1881,  in  a  blood}- 
encounter  between  the  Mexican  forces  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Garcia,  and  the  Apaches 
led  liy  Geronimo,  the  latter  were  defeated. 

Alithea  (al-i-the'a).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  ^yyeherley's  comedy  ''The 
Country  Wife,"  a  woman  of  the  world,  bril- 
liant and  cool.  She  also  appears  in  Garriek's 
"Country  Girl." 

Aliwal  (al-e-wal').  A  village  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  near  the  Sutlej.  in  lat.  30°  55' 
N.,  long.  75^  30'  E.  Here,  Jan.  28.  1846,  the 
British  under  Smith  defeated  the  Sikhs. 

Aljubarrota  (al-zho-ba-ro'tii).  A  small  place 
in  Portugal,  about  63  miles  north  of  Lisbon. 
Here,  Aug.  14, 1385,  John  I.  of  Castile  was  defeated  by 
John  I.  of  Portugal.  The  battle  established  the  inde- 
pendence of  Portugal 

Alkaid  (al-kad').  [Ar.  al-qddt  al-bandi  al-na'sh. 
the  governor  of  the  mourners :  by  the  Arabians 
the  four  stars  which  form  the  bowl  of  the 
"dipper"  were  called  "the  bier."]  The  bright 
second-magnitude  star  ?/  Urste  ilajoris,  at  the 
extremity  of  the  bear's  tail,  or  "dipper-handle." 
It  is  more  usually  called  Bciiitnosrli. 

Alkalurops  (al-ka-Wrops).  [Ar.  al-kalitrops,  a 
transliteration  of  the  Gr.  Ka/.oipot/j,  a  herds- 
man's staff.]  A  seldom  used  name  of  the 
fourth-magnitude  star  fi  Bootis,  situated  in  the 
staff  which  Bootes  carries  in  his  right  hand.  It 
is  a  chrome  star. 

Alkes(arkes).  [Ar.  «?-Ms,  the  cup.]  Th6  4!^- 
magiiitude  star  a  Crateris. 

Alkmaar  (alk-mSr').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
North  Holland  Canal  18  miles  north  of  Am- 
sterdam: noted  as  a  cheese-market,  it  was  un- 
successfully besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1573,  and  was 
the  scene  of  several  indecisiveactinnsbetween  the  Frencli 
under  Brune  and  the  Anglo-Russian  army  under  the  Duke 
of  Vurk  in  the  autumn  of  1799.    Population  (1.S89),  l.'i.SOS. 

Alkmaar,  Convention  of.  A  convention  con- 
eluded  at  Alkmaar,  Oct.,  1799,  by  which  the 
Anglo-Russian  army  under  the  Duke  of  York 
evacuated  the  Netherlands. 

The  result  of  a  series  of  mischances,  everyone  of  which 
would  have  been  foreseen  by  an  average  midshipman  in 
Nelson's  fleet,  or  an  average  sergeant  in  Massena's  arm.v, 
was  that  York  had  to  purchase  a  retreat  for  the  allied 
forces  at  a  price  equivalent  to  an  unconditional  surrender. 
He  was  allowed  to  re-embark  on  consideration  tliat  Great 


40 

Britain  restored  to  the  French  8,000  French  and  Ihitch 
prisoners,  and  handed  over  in  perfect  repair  all  the  mili- 
tary works  which  our  own  soldiers  had  erected  at  the 
Helder.  Fiiffe,  HisL  Mod.  Europe,  I.  196. 

Alkmaar,  Heinrik  von.  Lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  loth  century.  A  German  translator 
of  the  poem  "Reineke  de  Vos,"  published  iu 
Low  German  at  Bremen  1498. 

Alkoran.     See  Koran. 

Alkoremmi  (al-kd-rem'me).  The  palace  of 
Vathek,  in  the  story  of  that  name  by  Beckford. 

He  [Vathek]  surpassed  in  magnificence  all  his  prede- 
cessors. The  palace  of  Alkoremmi.  which  his  father  SIo- 
tassem  had  erected  on  the  hill  of  Pied  Horses,  and  which 
commanded  the  whole  city  of  Samarah,  was  in  his  idea 
far  too  scanty  :  he  added,  therefore,  five  wings,  or  rather 
other  palaces,  which  he  destined  for  the  particular  grati- 
fication of  each  of  his  senses.         BecJ^ford,  Vathek,  p.  20. 

Alia  (al'lii),  or  Ella  (el'lii).  The  king  in  "The 
Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  one  of  Chaucer's  "  Canter- 
burj'  Tales."  He  marries  the  unjustly  accused 
Constance. 

Allah  (al'a).  [Ar.  'alMh,  for  'al-'ildh,  the  God.] 
God. 

Allahabad  (iil-a-ha-bad').  [Hind.,  'city  of 
God.']  The  capital  of  the  Northwestern  Prov- 
inces of  British  India  and  of  the  district  and 
di^-ision  of  Allahabad,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Jumna  with  the  Ganges,  in  lat.  25°  26' 
N.,  long.  81°  52'  E.  it  is  the  emporium  for  central 
Hindustan,  a  celebrated  place  of  Hindu  pilgrimage,  the 
seat  of  an  annual  fair,  and  an  important  railway  center. 
.\mong  the  chief  buildings  are  the  citadel  built  by  Akbar 
and  one  of  the  chief  British  strongholds  in  India,  the  Juma 
Masjid  (mosque),  and  the  serai  of  Khosru.  Allahabad 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  176o  and  by  them  granted  to 
the  Emperor  of  Delhi  and  later  to  the  Nawab  of  Oudh  ;  it 
was  ceded  to  the  British  in  ISOl.  Population,  including 
cantonment  (1891),  175,246. 

Allahabad.  -A  district  of  the  Allahabad  divi- 
sion, intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  82°  E. 
Area.  2.852  square  miles.  Pop.  (1891),  1,548,737. 

Allahabad.  A  division  of  the  Northwestern 
Provinces,  British  India.  Area,  13,746  square 
miles.     Population  (1881),  5,754.855. 

Allain-Targe(a-lan'tar-zha'),Frangois  Henri 

Rene.  Bom  at  Angers.  May  7,  1832:  died  at 
the  Chateau  de  Targ^  (Maine-et-Loire),  July  16, 
1902.  A  French  advocate,  politician,  and  joiu-- 
nalist.  a  friend  of  Gambetta  and  minister  under 
him  1881-82.  He  was  also  minister  of  the  in- 
terior in  the  Brisson  ministry  1885. 

Allamand  (ii-la-mon'),  Jean  Nicolas  S^bas- 
tien.  Bom  at  Lausanne.  Switzerland.  1713: 
died  at  Leyden,  March  2, 1787.  A  Swiss  scholar, 
professor  of  philosophy  (1749)  and  later  of 
natural  history  in  the  Universitj-  of  Leyden. 
He  was  the  iiret  to  explain  the  phenomena  of 
the  Leyden  jar. 

Allan  (al'an).  David.  Bom  at  Alloa.  Scotland, 
Feb.  13,  1744:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  6, 1796. 
A  Scottish  historical  and  porti-ait  painter. 

Allan,  Sir  Hugh.  Born  at  Saltcoats,  Ayrshire, 
Scotland.  Sept.  29,  1810:  died  at  Edinburgh. 
Dec.  9,  1882.  A  Scottish  merchant,  identified 
with  Canadian  mercantile  interests,  and  foun- 
der of  the  Allan  Line  of  steamships  in  1856. 

Allan,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  1782 : 
died  there,  Feb.  23,  1850.  A  Scottish  painter, 
best  known  from  his  pictures  of  Russian  life  and 
Scottish  historv.  He  was  elected  president  of 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1838. 

Allancee  (a-lan-sa'),  Le  Seigneurd'.    Apseu- 

douym  of  Alain  Chartier. 

AUapaha  (a-lap'a-ha).  A  river  in  southern 
Georgia  and  nortliern  Florida,  a  tributary  of  the 
Suwannee. 

AUardice  (al'ar-dis).  Robert  Barclay.  Bom 
1779:  died  1854.  A  British  officer  and  pedes- 
trian, known  as  "Captain  Barclay." 

His  fCaptain  Barclay's]  most  noted  feat  was  walking  one 
mile  in  each  of  1,000  successive  hours.  This  feat  was  per- 
formed at  N'ewmaj-ket  from  1  June  to  12  July,  18<li>.  His 
average  time  of  walking  the  mile  varied  from  14  m.  54  sec. 
in  the  first  week  to  21  min.  4  sec.  in  the  last,  and  his 
weight  was  reduced  from  13  st  4  lb.  to  11  stone. 

Diet.  Sat.  Bxoff. 

Allatius  (a-la'shius)  (Leo  Allacci).  Born  at 
Scio,  Greece,  1586:  died  Jan.  19,  1669.  A  Ro- 
man Catholic  writer,  author  of  ''De  Ecclesia? 
occidentalis  atque  orientalis  perpetua  consen- 
sione.  etc."  (1648),  etc. 

Allatoona  (al-a-to'na).  A  place  in  northern 
Georgia,  about  35  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta, 
Here,  Oct.  5,  1864,  the  Federals  under  Corse  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  French.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  700; 
of  the  Confederates,  1,142. 

Alle  (iil'le).  A  river  about  130  miles  long,  in 
the  pro^^nce  of  East  Prussia,  which  joins  the 
Pregel  at  Wehlau, 

Alleber  (al-bar'),  Henri  d'.  A  pseudonym  of 
Henri  de  Lapommeraye. 


Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand 

AllectUS  (a-lek'tus).  The  prime  minister  ot 
Carausius,  "emperor"  of  Britain,  and  his  mur- 
derer (293  A.  D.).  Allectus  usurped  the  throne  of 
Carausius  and  retained  it  for  three  years,  but  was  de- 
feated and  slain  by  the  Komans  under  a  lieutenant  of  Con- 
stantius  near  London. 

Allee  Blanche  (ill -la'  blonsh).  [P.,  'White 
Walk.']   An  Alpine  vallev  south  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Allee  Verte  (al-la'  vert)."  [F.,  '  Green  Walk.'] 
A  double  avenue  of  limes  beginning  at  the 
western  end  of  the  Boulevard  d'Anvers  in  Brus- 
sels and  extending  along  the  bank  of  the  Wille- 
broeck  Canal.  It  was  formerly  a  fashionable 
promenade. 

Alleghany  (al'f-ga-ni)  Mountains.  A  name 
given  sometimes  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
(see  Appalachian),  and  sometimes  to  that  part 
of  this  system  which  lies  west  and  south  of  the 
Hudson ;  but  usually  applied,  in  a  restricted 
sense,  to  the  chain  which  in  Pennsylvania  lies 
east  of  the  Laui-el  HUl  range.  This  chain  crosses 
the  western  extremity  of  Maryland,  traverses  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  forms  part  of  the  boundar)-  between  Virginia 
and  \N'est  Virginia.    Also  the  Alleghanies. 

Alleghany  River.    See  AUcghemj. 
Allegheny  (al'e-gen-i),  or  Allegheny  City. 

A  city  in  Allegheny  Coimty,  Pennsylvania,  situ- 
ated on  the  Allegheny  River  opposite  Pittsburg. 
It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  has  extensive  manu- 
factures, and  is  the  seat  of  a  Presbyterian  and  other  theo- 
loLTical  seminaries.     Population  (1900),  129,89(i. 

Allegheny,  or  Alleghany,  River.    The  chief 

head  stream  of  the  Ohio  River.  It  rises  in  Potter 
County,  Pennsjivania,  flows  through  Cattaraugus  County, 
New  York,  reenters  Pennsylvania,  flows  southwest,  and 
unites  with  the  Mononjrahela  at  Pittsburg  to  form  the 
Ohio.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  French  Creek,  the  Clarion, 
and  the  Conemaugh.  Its  length  is  about  350  miles,  and  it 
is  navigable  about  2ti0  miles. 

Allegheny  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Meadville,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated 
in  1817.  It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church. 

Allegri,  Antonio.     See  Cnrreggio. 

Allegri  (al-la'gre).  Gregorio.  Born  at  Rome 
about  1580:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18,  1652.  An 
Italian  composer. 

His  name  is  most  commonly  associated  with  a  "  Mise 
rere  "  for  nine  voices  in  two  choirs,  which  is,  or  was  till 
lately,  sung  annually  in  the  Pontifical  Chapel  during  the 
Holy  Week,  and  is  held  to  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
compositions  which  have  ever  been  dedicated  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Koman  Chiu-ch,  There  was  a  time  when  it 
was  so  much  treasured  that  to  copy  it  was  a  crime  visited 
with  excommunication.  Not  that  its  possession  was  even 
thus  confined  to  the  .Sistine  Chapel.  Dr.  Bumey  got  a 
copy  of  it.  Mozart  took  down  the  notes  while  the  choir 
were  singing  it,  and  Choron.  the  Frenchman,  managed  to 
insert  it  in  his  "Collection"  of  pieces  used  in  Rome  dur- 
ing the  Holy  Week.  Leopold  I.,  a  great  lover  of  nmsic, 
sent  his  ambassador  to  the  Pope  with  a  formal  request  for 
a  copy  of  it,  which  was  granted  to  him. 

Grove,  Diet,  of  Music. 

Alleguash  (al'e-gwosh').  or  Allegash.  A  river 
in  iiortbern  Maine,  a  branch  of  the  St.  John. 

Alleine,  Edward.    See  AUeyne. 

Alleine  (al'eu),  Joseph.  Born  at  Devizes, 
England,  1634:  died  Nov.  17,  1668.  An  Eng- 
lish F*uritan  clergyman,  ejected  under  the  Uni- 
formity Act  of  1662:  author  of  "-An  Alarm  to 
the  Unconverted"  (1672),  etc. 

Alleine,  Richard.  Bom  at  Ditcheat.  Somer- 
set, England,  1611:  died  Dee.  22,  1681.  An 
English  Puritan  clergyman,  ejected  under  the 
Uniforniitv  Act  of  1662:  author  of  "Vindicia 
Pietatis"  (1663  >.  etc. 

Alleine,  William.  Born  at  Ditcheat,  Somerset- 
shire, in  1614:  died  at  Yeovil,  Somersetshire, 
Oct.,  1677.  An  English  Puritan  clergyman, 
Virother  of  Richard  Alleine.  He  was  ejected  under 
the  Act  of  Uniformity  of  1662 ;  author  of  two  books  on 
the  millennium,  etc. 

Allemaine  (al-man').  An  obsolete  name  of 
Germany. 

Allemarid  (iil-mon').  Comte  Zacharie  Jacques 
Theodore.  Bom  at  Port  Louis.  Mauritius. 
1702 :  died  at  Toulon,  March  2. 1826.  A  French 
naval  commander.  ^ 

Allen (al'en  i.  Atownshipin  Michigan. 60  miles 
southwest  of  Lansing.  Population  (1900),  1,328. 

Allen,  Arabella,  iu  Charles  Dickens's  "  Pick- 
wick Papers."  a  young  lady,  afterward  Mrs. 
Nathaniel  Winkle. 

Allen,  Barbara.     See  Barbara  Allen's  Crueltij. 

Allen,  Benjamin.  In  Charles  Dickens's  •'  Pick- 
wick Papers.''  "a  coarse,  stout,  thick-set "' 
young  surgeon,  "with  black  hair  cut  rather 
short  and  a  white  face  cut  rather  long." 

Allen,  Bog  of.  A  group  of  peat  morasses,  372 
square  miles  iu  extent,  iu  Kildare  and  Queen's 
counties,  Ireland. 

Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Copenhagen, 
April  23,  1811:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  27. 
1871.     A  Danish  historian,   author  of  hand- 


Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand 

books  of  Danish  history,  of  a  "History  of  the 

Three  Ncirtheni  KiiiK'ilums  "  (lS()4-72),  etc. 

Allen,  Charles  Grant  Blairfindie :  pseiulo- 
nytas  Cecil  Power,  J.  Arbuthnot  Wilson. 
Born  at  Kingston.  Canada,  Feb.  24,  184M :  died 
at  Hasleraere,  Surrey,  Oct.  25,  1899.  A  British 
naturalist  and  novelist. 

Allen,  Eiisha  Hunt.  Born  at  New  Salem, 
Mass.,  Jan.  28, 1804  :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,' 
Jan.  1.  18s;!.  A  politician  and  diplomatist.  Ue 
was  a  Wilis  member  of  Congress  from  Maine  1841-43,  and 
fur  many  years  Hawaiian  chief  justice  and  minister  to 
the  Lnited  states. 

Allen,  ilrs.  (Elizabeth  Chase):  pseudonym 
Florence  Percy.    Born  at  Strong,  Maine,  Oct. 

9,  1832.  An  American  poet  and  general  writer. 
Slie  is  also  iinown  as  Mrs.  .\kers  Allen  (from  Paul  Akers, 
the  sculptor,  her  llrst  husband). 

Allen,  Ethan.     Born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Jan. 

10,  1737:  died  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  Feb.  13, 
1789.  A  noted  American  Revolutionary  com- 
mander, colonel  of  the  "Green Mountain  Boys." 
He  captured  Fort  TiconderoKa  from  the  British  ilay  10. 
1775  ;  was  a  prisoner  1775-7S  ;  and  was  later  commander 
of  Vermont  militia.  Ue  wrote  "  Reason  the  only  Oracle 
of  .\Ian''(17S4). 

Allen,  Harrison.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
April  17,  1841:  died  there,  Nov.  14.  1897.  An 
American  an.atomist  and  naturalist.  He  was 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army  18r,'J-65,  and 
professor  (of  comparative  anatomy  and  later  of  jihysiology) 
ii>  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  from  1805. 

Allen,  Henry.  Born  .at  Northampton,  N.  H., 
Fob.  2,  1748:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  June  14, 
17K4.  Tlie  founder  of  a  short-lived  religious  sect 
in  Nova  Scotia,  name<l  from  liim  "Allenitos." 
His  peculiar  doctrine  related  chieliy  to  the  fall,  and  to  the 
creation  of  the  material  world,  which  he  regarded  as  a 
consequence  of  the  fall. 

Allen,  Ira.  Born  at  Cornwall,  Conn.,  April  21. 
1751:  died  at  Philadelphia.  Pa..  Jan.  7.  1814. 
An  American  Revolutionary  soldier  and  poli- 
tician, brother  of  Ethan  Allen.  He  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Bennington  in  1777,  was  a  meini>er  of  the 
Vennont  legislature  177ti-77,  secretary  of  state,  trea- 
surer, and  surveyor-general ;  and  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to 
the  convention  which  ratitled  the  Federal  Constitution  in 
171)2.  Having  been  appointed  major-general,  he  went  in 
1795  to  Europe  to  purchase  arms.  On  the  return  voyage 
he  was  captured  by  the  Cngli.sh,  and  brought  to  England 
on  a  charge  of  supplying  the  Irish  rebels  with  arms,  and 
was  aciiuitted  only  after  a  suit  of  eight  years  in  the  Court 
of  Admiralty.  He  wrote  "The  Natural  and  Political  His- 
tory of  Vennont'  (170S),  etc. 

Allen,  Joel  Asaph.  Bom  at  Springfield,  Mass. , 
July  19,  1838.  An  American  naturalist,  noted 
as  a  raaiiimaiogist.  He  was  appointed  assistant  in 
ornithology  at  the  .Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at 
Cambridge  in  1S70,  and  curator  of  the  department  of 
Mawiiialia  an<l  birds  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York,  in  18k.^i.  Ue  accompanied  Agassiz  in 
bis  expedition  to  Brazil  in  1865. 

Allen,  John.  Born  at  Colinton,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  3,  1771 :  died  at  Dulwicli,  lOngland, 
April  10,  1843.  A  British  political  and  histori- 
cal writer,  secretary  to  Lord  Holland:  author 
of  ■'  Growth  of  the  Royal  Prerogative  in  Eng- 
land" (1830),  etc. 

Allen,  Philip.  Born  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept. 
1,  1785:  died  at  Providence,  Dec.  16, 18()5.  An 
American  politician.  Democratic  governor  of 
Rhode  Island  1851-.53,  and  United  States  sena- 
tor 1853-,-)9. 

Allen,  Ralph.  Bom  1694 :  died  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, June  29, 1764.  An  Engli.sh  philanthro])ist, 
known  chiefly  as  the  friend  of  Fielding,  Pope, 
and  Pitt.  Ue  was  of  obscure  birth,  but  acciuired  a  for- 
tune by  devising  (17*J0)  a  system  of  cro88-p<»sts  for  Erig- 
taiid  and  Wales,  and  made  a  liberal  use  of  his  wealtli. 
He  was  the  original  of  AUworthy  In  Kidding s  "Tom 
Jones,"  and  is  well  known  from  Pope's  lines  in  the  "Epi- 
logue to  the  Satires  of  Horace"; 

"Let  humldc  Alli-n  with  an  awkward  slianie 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  tfl  tlnd  It  fame." 

Allen,  Robert.  Horn  in  Ohio  about  1815  :  died 
at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Aug.  6,  1886.  An 
Anu'ricaii  soldier.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  United 
Stales  Mililai7  Acaileniy  (Isati),  and  was  brevetled  major 
April  IS,  1S47,  for  gallant  ccmdnct  In  the  lialtle  of  Cerro 
(lordo.and  major-general  March  l:i,  1H(J5.  He  became  assls- 
tant  <iuartermaster-general  with  the  rank  of  cidonel,  July 
2H,  \-,m,  and  retir<-d  .March  '.II,  Im7H. 

Allen,  Samuel.  Born  in  Enghmd,  about  1636: 
dieil  at  Newcastle,  N.  H.,  May  5,  1705.  An 
English  merchant,  proprietor  and  governor  in 
New  llainpshiro. 

Allen,  Thomas.  Born  at  Uttoxeter,  StatTord- 
shire,  England,  Dec.  21,  1.542:  died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Sept.  30,  1632.  An  English  niallie- 
matieian  and  antiquary,  of  great  eminence  in 
llis  day.  He  is  best  known  from  his  collection  of  M.SS. 
of  astronomy,  astrology,  e;c.,  copies  of  some  of  which  lire 
preserved. 

Allen,  or  Alan,  William.  Bom  at  RossuU, 
Lancashire.  Knghind,  1532:  died  at  Korao,  Oct. 
16   1594.     An  English  cardinal  and  controver- 


41 

sialist,  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  appointed  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary's  Hall  in  1556.  Ue  aed  to  Lou- 
vain  in  1561,  and  founded  the  Catholic  seminary  at  Douay, 
Sept.  •_*fl,  1568.  In  l.'.»7  he  was  created  cardinal  by  SIxtus 
v.,  and  commlssloncil  to  reorganize  ecclesiastical  attairs 
in  Englatid  after  the  kingdom  should  have  been  comiuered 
by  Philip  H.  He  was  implicated  in  various  consjiiraeies 
against  Elizabeth,  and  became  the  leader  of  the  .Spanish 
party  among  English  Catholics. 

Allen,  William.  Born  at  Pittsfield,  Ma.ss., 
Jan.  2,  1784:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  July 
16,  18(>8.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man and  author,  president  of  Bowdoin  College 
lS2U-:i9. 

Allen,  William.  Bom  at  Edenton,  N.  C,  1806 : 
died  July  11,  1879.  A  lawyer  and  politician. 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio 
1833-35,  United  States  senator  1837-49,  gover- 
nor of  Ohio  1874-76.  He  was  the  leading  ex- 
pounder of  the  "Ohio  Idea"  (which  see). 

Allen,  William  Francis.    Bom  at  Northbor- 

ough,  Mass.,  Sept.  5,  l.>^3ll:  died  Dec,  1889.  An 
American  classical  scholar.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  (1S.'>1X  and  was  appointed  professor  of  Uitin  in 
tlie  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1867.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  series  of  Latin  textbooks,  etc. 

Allen,  William  Henry.    Bom  at  Providence, 

R.  I.,  Oct.  21. 1784 :  died  at  Plymouth,  England, 
Aug.  15,  1S13.  .\n  American  naval  comman- 
der. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  war  of  1312,  and 
was  mortally  wounded  wtiile  iti  command  of  the  Argus. 
Allen,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Manchester, 
Maine,  March  27,  1808:  died  at  Philailelphia, 
Aug.  29, 1882.  An  American  educator.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Bowdoin  College  (1h:i;1),  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  and  aftenvard  of  philosophy  and  English  lit- 
erature at  Dickinson  College,  president  of  the  Pemisylva- 
nia  College  at  (Gettysburg  1&65-66,  and  president  of  tiirard 
College  ls.5(Mi2  and  18(i7-^i2. 

Allen-a-Dale  (al'en-a-dal').  In  the  Robin 
Hood  ballads,  a  brave,  gaily  dressed,  and  musi- 
cal youth  whom  Robin  Hood  assisted  to  elope 
with  his  bride  who  was  to  be  married  against 
her  will  to  an  old  knight.  He  Is  usually  introduced 
as  "chaunting  a  round-delay  ": 

The  youngster  was  cloathed  in  scarlet  red. 

In  scarlet  tine  and  gay  ; 
And  he  did  frisk  it  over  the  plain 
And  chanted  a  rouml-de-lay. 

Child's  Ewj.  aiid  Scotch  Battadi,  V.  278. 

[Uo  appears  as  Robin  Hood's  minBtrcl  in  .Scott's  "Ivan- 
hoe."] 

Allenburg  (Jirien-boro).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle 
30  miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg. 

Allendale  (al'en-dal).  A  town  in  Northum- 
herlaml.  Englanil,  27  miles  west  of  Newciistle. 

Allendale.  A  township  and  town  in  Barnwell 
Countv,  South  Carolina,  67  miles  southwest  of 
Columbia.     Population  (1900  i,  town,  1,030. 

Allende  (iil-yan'da),  Ignacio.  Bom  in  San 
Miguel  el  Grande  (since  named  San  Miguel  de 
jVllende,  in  his  honor),  Jan.  27,  1779:  exe- 
cuted in  Chihuahua,  June  26,  1811.  A  Mexi- 
can patriot,  son  of  a  Spaniard,  Narciso  Alli'ude, 
and  a  captain  in  the  Spanish  army,  witli  hia 
regiment  he  declared  for  Mexican  independence  Sept,, 
1810,  aiul  joined  the  insurrection  of  Hidalgo.  He  was 
betrayed  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  Slay  21,  1811, 
and  shot. 

Allende.  A  hamlet  and  hacienda  in  southern 
Cliiliuahua,  formerly  called  San  Bartolomi'',  and 
the  first  Spanisli  establishment  in  Chihuahua 
(1570). 

Allende,  or  Allende  San  Miguel.    See  San 

Mil/iirl  lie  AlUntk. 

AUendorf  (iil'len-dorf).  A  small  town  in  the 
jiroviiK  eof  Hesse-Nassau.  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  WeiTa  17  miles  east  of  Cnssel. 

Allenstein  (iil'len-stiu).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ini'o  of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  tlie  Alio  63 
mill's  south  of  Konigsberg.  Near  here,  Feb.,  IS07. 
the  I'lench  under  Suult  defeated  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
sians      I'cipulallon  (IMIo).  ls,^■-^!. 

AUentCWn  (al'en-toun).  A  borough  in  Mon- 
itioiilh  County,  New  Jersey,  11  miles  southeast 
of  Trenton.    "Population  (1900),  (i95. 

AUentOWn.  A  city,  the  capital  of  Eehigh 
CoiiMly,  I'l'iiiisylvaiiia,  situaleil  on  tlie  Lehigh 
■'ill  miles  imrlliwest  of  Philailelphia.  It  hns  i<. 
tensive  iron  iiiaiinfactiirt'S  and  a  large  traile  in  e.ial  and 
Iron,  and  is  Ihe  seat  of  Alli'lito»il  Female  Collegu  and 
Muhlenberg  College.     Populnllon  lI'.KNi),  -MMn. 

Aller  (iil'ler).  A  Tiver  in  northern  (iiTiiiany 
which  joins  the  Wuser  18  miles  soulheiist  of 
Bremen.  Its  length  is  about  100  miles  and  it  is 
imvigablo  from  Cello. 

Allerheiligen  (iil-ler-hi 'li-gen).  [Q.,  'All 
Saints.')  \  ruined  Premonstnint  abbey  in  the 
Mlai'k  Forest,  Baden,  iiiiir  i  Itierkirch. 

Allerheim  (iil'ler-him)  on  the  Riea,  or  Allers- 

heim  (iil'lerH-him).  A  village  6  iiiiles  sonlh- 
east  of  Niirdlingon,  Bavaria.     Here,  Aug.  :i,  iat6. 


All  is  True 

the  French  under  Cond6  defeated  the  Imperialists  under 
Mercy  (who  fell).  It  is  sometimes  called  the  second  battlu 
of  Nordlingen. 
Allerton  (al'er-ton),  Isaac.  Bom  about  1583: 
died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1659.  One  of  the 
"Pilgrim  Fathers."  a  colonist  at  Plj-mouth, 
Mas.sachusetts,  1620,  and  agent  of  the  PljTDOuth 
Colony  in  Europe. 

Allestree  (uls'tre).  or  Allestry,  Richard. 
BoruatUppington,Shropshire,England,  March, 
1619  (1621 1):  died  at  London,  Jan.  28,  1681. 
An  Englisli  royalist  divine  and  scholar.  He 
was  appointed  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king  and  regius 
professor  of  divinity  at  oxford  in  \iV<^,  and  provost  of 
Eton  College  in  16<'s^,  Author  of  "Privileges  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  ■  etc.  (1647),  and  of  several  coUecllons 
of  sermons. 

Alle'^ard  (Sl-var').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Isere.  France,  situated  on  the  Breda  23 
miles  northeast  of  Grenoble.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,850. 

Alley,  The.    See  Change  AUcy. 

Alleyne  (al'enj,  Ed'Ward.  Born  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Botolph,  London.  Sept.  1.  15(56:  died 
Nov.  25,  1026.  A  celebrated  actor,  and  the 
founder  of  Dulwich  College  (incorporated  1619). 
He  8e^^'ed  with  the  Earl  of  Worcester's  players,  the  Earl 
of  Nottingham's,  or  the  Lord  Admiral's,  eonipaiiy,  and 
Lord  Strange's  players,  and  also  engaged  in  various  enter- 
prises with  Philip  Henslowe.  He  is  frequently  mentioned 
with  praise  by  contemporary  writers,  llis  name  first 
appe:u^  as  an  actor  in  a  list  of  the  Earl  of  Worcester's 

filayers  in  l.'i86,  and  he  wag  said  by  .Nash  in  "  Pierce  Peni- 
esse"  in  15II2  to  be  one  of  the  four  greatest  English 
actors.  His  last  known  appearance  was  in  161X1-04  when 
he  delivered  a  reception  address  to  James  I.  He  is  said 
to  have  excelled  in  tragedy.  He  bnilt,  with  Henslowe, 
the  "Fortune"  TheattT  in  1600,  in  which  he  played  at  the 
head  of  the  Ixird  Admind's  comiiany.  He  began  to  build 
Diitwieh  College  in  1013,  and  personally  managed  Its 
affairs  after  its  completion. 

All  Fools,  or  All  Fools  but  the  Fool.    A 

tragi-comedy  bv  Chapman,  printed  in  l()tl5.  it 
was  first  called  "i'lie  World  on  Wheels"  and  registered 

in  laHO.     It  is  ecinsidered  the  best  of  his  conu-dies. 

All  for  Love,  or  The  World  Well  Lost.    A 

tragedy  by  Drydeii  proiliieeil  in  lii?,**.  It  is  based 
on  Shakspere's  "Antony  and  Cleopatra."  In  this  play  he 
atiandoned  rime. 

Allia  (al'i-ii),  or  Alia  (a'li-ii).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  small  river  in  Latium,  Italy,  the 
modem  Aga,  which  joins  the  Tiber  about  10 
miles  north  of  Home,  on  its  lianks  in .■fflo  (3»8 ?  ,SS7  r) 
B.  c,  the  tJanls  under  Brennus  defeated  the  Komans.  Tlie 
battle  was  followed  by  the  capture  and  sack  of  Rome. 

Alliance,  The.     See  Fanmrs'  .tllinuce. 

Alliance  (a-li'ans).  A  city  in  Stark  County. 
<  )hio,  situated  on  the  Mahoning  River  48  miles 
southeast  of  Cleveland.  Population  (1900), 
8.974. 

AUibone  (ari-bon).  Samuel  Austin.    Bom  at 

Philadelphia,  Ajiril  17,  I.'^IO:  died  at  Lucerne, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  2, 1889.  An  American  bibli- 
ographer, at  one  time  librarian  of  the  Lenox 
Library  in  New  York  city.  He  was  the  aulhorof  a 
"  Dictionary  of  English  Literature  and  llrilish  ami  Ameri- 
can Authors  "  (.1  vols.  1n'.4-71  ;  Supplemeiil,  by  llr  John 
Foster  Kirk,  'J  vols.  IKiil).  and  of  various  other  works,  In- 
cluding "Poetical  t^uolalions"  and  "l*ro»e  tjuotntiont.  ' 
Allier  (iil-yu').  A  department  of  France,  capi- 
tal Moulins,  bounded  by  CIht  on  the  north- 
west, Nifivro  on  the  north,  Saone-et-Loire  on 
the  east,  Loire  on  the  southeast,  Puy-de-I)6me 
on  the  south,  and  Creiise  on  the  west.  It  wm 
formed  chiefly  from  part  of  lln-  ancient  Ikmrbonnals. 
Area,  i^b'i'i  wiuare  miles.     Population  tlMllI,  4'.*l,:jsi. 

Allier.  A  river  in  central  France,  the  ancient 
Elaver,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Lor^n', 
Hows  north,  and  joins  the  Loire  5  miles  west 
of  Nevers.  Its  length  is  nliout  220  miles,  and 
il  is  navigable  from  Fontiines. 

Alligator  S'WamiXari-ga-lor  swomp).  A  largo 
swamp  in  .Norlh  Carolina,  between  Pamlico 
anil  .Mliemarle  Soiimls. 

Allingham  (al'ing-ham).  William.  Born  at 
Hillyshiimion,  Ireland,  182.^:  ili.  d  1889.  An 
Irish  poet.  Ho  published  "Poems"  (ls.'.<i>,  "Day  and 
Night  (ISM),  "Uwrencu  Uloomfield  In  Ireland  "  (18S4), 
etc. 

Allison  (al'i-sou),  William  B.  Burn  at  Perry, 
Wayne  Couni'y,  Hhin,  .M:ir.h  21.  1829.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  lt<piibliean  member 
of  Congress  from  Iowa  lS6;t-71.  llilli':  Slalis  kenat.ir 
1S7.S-,  and  candidate  (or  the  ItepuMicnn  nomination  for 

President  in  I.siM*. 

All  is  True.  A  piny,  probably  by  Shakspen', 
an  I'lirliir  form  of""Heniy  VIIL,"  which  is 
chieliy  by  Fletcher  niid  Mnshiiiger.  Shakspere's 
share  in  tin-  latter  not  being  large.  It  isfoundrd 
on  lloliiished  ■  "I  hpiiili'le'iinil  Ko\»  "Marlyis  "  Wol. 
ton  ilescrilien  II  «»  "Ihe  plav  of  llinry  Vlll  ,"  but  l-oikln 
says  "U  was  a  new  play  cailtHl  All  Is  True,  rrpresenling 
Mme  priiH-lpril  ple,i*  of  Henry  \  III.'  IVrlinns  of  It  are 
now  einlieddrd  In  'Henry  vlll  ,"  as  «c  have  II  The 
(llobe  Thiaii  r  caiighl  fire  ilnrinii  Its  performance,  March 
80,  li'>i:t,  and  the  manuscript  prxl<he<L 


AUix 

Allix  (a-leks'),  Jacques  Alexandre  Fran- 
cois. Born  Sept.  21,  177G:  died  Jau.  2G,  isati. 
A  French  general  and  military  writer.  He  served 
as  a  colonel  at  Marengo  in  IsoO,  and  later  in  the  service  of 
Jerome  Bonaparte,  kins  of  Westphalia ;  was  exiled  from 
France  July  24,  1815,  and  recalled  in  1819.  Author  of 
".Systeme  d'artilleiie  de  canipagne  "  (1827). 

Allix,  Pierre.  Born  at  Alen<;on,  France,  1641: 
died  at  London,  March  3, 1717.  A  French  Prot- 
estant divine  and  controversialist,  an  e.xile  iu 
Loudon  after  16S5. 

Allmau  (al'man),  George  James.  Bom  at 
Cork,  1812:  died  Nov.  24.  1898.  A  British 
zoologist,  regius  professor  of  natural  history 
and  regius  keeper  of  the  Natural  History  Mu- 
seum in  tbe  L'niversity  of  Edinburgh,  1855-70. 

Alloa  (al'o-a).  A  seaport  in  Clackmannanshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  6  miles 
east  of  Stirling.     Population  (1891),  10,711. 

Allobroges  (a-lob'ro-jez).  In  ancient  history, 
a  Celtic  people  of  southeastern  Gaul,  dwelling 
between  the  Ehone  and  the  Isere,  northward 
to  Lake  Geneva.  They  occupied  also  a  tract  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  RhOne.  The  chief  town  of  the  tribe 
was  Vienne.    They  were  subjected  to  Rome  121  B.  c. 

The  Allobroges  were  Celts,  though  their  name  means 
'those  of  another  march  or  district' :  they  were  so  called 
doubtless  by  some  of  their  Celtic  neighbours,  but  the 
name  which  they  gave  themselves  is  unknown. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  .'i. 

Allon  (al'on),  Henry.  Born  at  Welton,  York- 
shire, England,  Oct.  13,  1818 :  died  at  London, 
April  16,  1892.  An  English  Congregational 
clerg>'nian  and  author,  editor  after  1865  of  the 
"  British  Quarterly  Review." 

Allouez  (a-lo-a'),  Claude  Jean.      Bom  in 

France,  1620:  died  in  Indiana,  1690.  A  French 
Jesuit  in  America.  He  explored  the  regions  of  Lake 
Superior  and  parts  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  established  a 
mission  at  Cheraorniegon  on  Lake  superior  in  letj.'i,  and 
rebuilt  Marquette's  abandoned  mission  at  Kaskaskia,  Il- 
linois, in  1076. 

Allo'Way  Kirk  (al'o-wa  kerk).  A  ruined  church 
in  the  parish  of  Ayr,  Scotland,  near  the  Doon, 
rendered  famous  by  Bui'us  in  "  Tamo'  Sbanter." 

All  Saints'  Bay.  A  harbor  on  the  coast  of 
the  state  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  in  lat.  13°  S.,  long. 
;!S°  30'  W. 

Allsop  (al'sop),  Thomas.  Born  near  Wirks- 
worth,  Derbyshire,  April  10,  1795:  died  at  E.x- 
mouth  in  1880.  An  English  stock-broker  and 
author.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Coleridge,  and  was 
known  as  his  "  favorite  disciple."  He  shared  tlie  theories 
and  was  also  the  friend  of  such  men  asCobbett,  M:i/zitii,  etc. 

All  Souls  College.  A  college  of  <  ixford  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1437,  by  Archbishop  Chi- 
chele,  to  proWde  masses  for  the  souls  of  the  de- 
parted, especially  those  killed  in  the  Hundred 
Years'  War.  The  first  quadrangle,  with  its  fine  gate,- 
remains  as  when  first  built ;  the  chapel  possesses  beautiful 
fan-tracery  and  reredos.  The  second  quadrangle,  with  its 
two  towers,  was  built  1720.  The  statutes  of  the  college 
were  formally  issued  April  2,  1443. 

Allstedt  (iil'stet).  A  town  in  Saxe-Weimar, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Rhone  32  miles  north 
of  Weimar.  It  is,  with  its  territory,  an  enclave  sur- 
rounded by  Prussia,  and  is  situated  in  the  Goldene  Aue. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Allston  (al'ston),  Washington.  Born  at  Wac- 
camaw,  S.  C,  Nov.  5, 1779:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  July  9, 1843.  An  American  painter.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  (1800),  studied  at  tlie 
Royal  Academy  and  at  Rome,  and  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1809.  His  work  covers  a  wide  range,  including 
portraits,  genre,  landscapes,  marines,  historical  paintings, 
etc. 

All's  Well  that  ends  Well.    A  comedy  by 

Shaksjiere,  played  in  1601.  Portions  of  this  play 
were  written  not  later  than  1593.  but  tiie  play  as  we  have 
it  was  written  after  IGOD,  probably  just  before  its  produc- 
tion. It  was  first  printe<l  in  the  folio  of  1623.  The  plot 
is  from  ''Giletta  of  Narbonne"  in  Painter's  "Palace  of 
Pleasure,"  who  took  it  in  15*}t5  from  the  Decameron  of 
Boccaccio.  The  story  is  followed  closely,  but  the  coun- 
tess, the  clown,  Lafeu,  and  PflroUes  are  shakspere's  own. 

All-the-Talents  Administration.     A  name 

given  ironically  to  the  English  ministry  of 
1806-07.  Among  the  leading  members  were  Grenville 
(premier),  Fox  (foreign  secretary),  Erskine,  and  Lords 
l^itzwilliam,  Sidmouth.  and  EUenborough. 

All'Wit  (al'wit).  A  character  in  Middleton's 
"Chaste  Maid  in  Cheapside,"  contented  to  be 
made  a  fool  of, 

All'Worth  (al'werth).  Lady.  A  rich  widow  in 
Massiugcr's  play  "A  New  Way  to  pay  Old 
Debts." 

All'Worth,  Tom.  In  Massinger's  play  "A New 
Way  to  pay  Old  Debts,"  a  young  gentleman, 
page  to  Lord  Lovell. 

Allworthy  (al'wer'THi),  Thomas.  In  Field- 
ing's novel  "Tom  Jones,"  a  squire  of  large 
fortune,  the  foster-father  of  the  foundling  Tom 
Jones. .  He  is  depicted  as  a  man  of  the  most  upright  and 
attractive  character — a  sharp  contrast  to  Squire  Western. 
He  is  a  portrait  of  Fielding's  friend  Ral])h  Allen. 


42 

Allyn  (al'in),  Ellen.  A  pseudonym  of  Chris- 
tina Georgina  Rossetti. 

Alma  (al'ma).  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene," 
the  (Jueen  of  Body  Castle :  the  soul  dwelling  in 
the  body  (the  House  of  Temperance). 

Alma.  A  pseudonjTn  used  by  Miss  C.  M.  Yonge 
in  some  of  her  novels. 

Alma,  or  the  Progress  of  the  Mind.    A  poem 

by  Prior. 

Alma  (iil'ma).  A  river  in  the  Crimea,  Russia, 
which  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  about  20  miles 
north  of  Sebastopol.  Near  its  mouth,  Sept.  20,  1854, 
the  Allies  (about  27,000  British  under  Lord  Raglan,  about 
22,000  French  under  St,  Arnaud,  and  5,000-7,000  Turks) 
defeated  the  Russians  (35,000-45,000)  under  Menshikotf. 
The  loss  of  the  Allies  was  about  3,400;  that  of  the  Rus- 
sians about  5.000. 

Almaach,  or  Almak  (al'mak).  [Ar.,  probably 
'  the  boot.']  The  fine  second-magnitude  triple 
star  }  AndjomediB,  in  the  foot  of  the  eoustel- 
lation. 

Almack's  (al'maks).  1.  A  gaming-elub  estab- 
lished by  'William  Almack  in  Pall  Mall,  London, 
before  1763,  afterward  the  Whig  club  known 
as  "Brook's."  "Among  the  twenty-seven  original 
members  of  Almack's  Club  were  the  Duke  of  Portland  and 
Charles  James  Fox,  and  it  was  subsequently  joined  liy 
Gibbon,  William  Pitt,  and  very  many  noblemen."  ,S'.  L. 
Lee,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

2.  Famous  assembly-rooms  built  by  Almack  in 
1764,  and  opened  Feb.  20,  1765,  in  King  street, 
St.  James.  "At  the  beginning  of  this  century  admis- 
sion to  Almack's  was  described  as  'the  seventh  heaven 
of  the  fashionable  world,'  and  its  high  reputation  did  not 
decline  before  1840."  (5.  L.  Lee,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.)  These 
rooms  are  commonly  called  "  Willis's,"  after  the  next 
proprietor. 

Alma  Dagh.     See  Amnnns. 

Alma  Island  (al'ma  i'l.and).  An  island  in  the 
Saguenay  River,  Canada,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
St.  John. 

Almada  (al-ma'da).  A  port  in  the  province  of 
Estremadiu-a,  Portugal,  on  the  Tagus  opposite 
Lisbon. 

Almaden  (iil-ma-THen'),  or  Almaden  de 
Azogue  (al-ma-THen'  da  a-tho'ga).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  in  lat. 
38°  44'  N.,  long.  4°  52'  W. :  the  ancient  Sisa- 
pon.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  quicksilver-mines,  which 
were  worked  by  the  Romans  and  Moors  aud  are  now 
crown  property.     Population  (1887),  8,165. 

Almagest  (al'ma-jest).  The.  See  the  extract. 
The  best  known  of  the  works  of  Ptolemy  is  his  "  Great 
Construction  of  Astronomy  "  (jxtyaATj  o-iiiTa^i?  t^s  ao-rpot'o- 
Mtas)  in  thirteen  books.  To  distinguish  this  from  the  work 
on  astrology  in  foiu*  books  only,  or  the  "four-book  con- 
struction" (TeTpa^i/3Ao5  CTuvTafts),  the  lengthened  trea- 
tise on  spherical  astronomy  was  called  i)  neyiaTr^  o-iirTaf  i? 
("the  greatest  construction")  or  simply  the  ^cytaTn, 
from  which  the  Arabs,  by  prefixing  their  article,  framed 
the  title  Tabrir  al  Magisthi,  under  which  the  book  was 
published  in  A.  D.  827,  and  from  this  is  derived  the  name 
Almagest  by  which  Ptolemy's  great  work  is  familiarly 
known.  .  .  .  The  first  book  lays  down  the  mathematical 
principles  of  his  system.  .  .  .  The  second  book  deals  with 
the  problems  connected  with  the  determination  of  the 
obliquity  of  the  sphere.  In  the  third  book  he  fixes  the 
length  of  the  year  at  3655  days  and  explains  his  cele- 
brated theory  of  excentrics  and  epicycles.  The  /mirth 
book  treats  of  the  moon,  criticising  the  results  obtained 
by  Hipparchus.  In  the  Ji/th  he  describes  the  astrolabe  of 
Hipparchus  with  which  that  astronomer  discovered  the 
moon's  second  inequality,  called  by  Builialdus  the  cvec- 
tion.  The  sixth  book  treats  of  eclipses.  The  seventh  treats 
of  the  stars,  with  reference  to  their  movement  from  west 
to  east,  which  Hipparchus  had  estaltlished  :  but  by  redu- 
cing this  motion  from  48"  to  36"  in  a  year  Ptnlcniy  increases 
the  error  of  his  predecessor.  In  the  ei^rhth  iimik  he  gives, 
with  slight  viiriations,  the  celebrated  catalo;_au'  of  the  stars 
drawn  up.  as  we  have  seen,  by  [Tijiparchus,  ami  introduces 
also  a  description  of  the  Milky  Wa> .  The  ninth  book  treats 
of  the  planetsin  general;  fhe^-y/^/j  *)f  Venus;  thceletentk 
of  .lupiter  and  .Saturn.  In  the ('/ 'Iflh  he  gives  us  the  pro- 
gressions and  retrogradations  of  the  planets,  aud  in  the 
thirteenth  he  discusses  their  movements  in  latitude,  and 
the  inclinations  of  their  orbits. 

K.  0.  MuUer,  Hist,  of  tlie  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  264. 

[{Donaldson.) 

Almagro  (al-ma'gro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  14  miles  southeast 
of  Ciudad  Real,  it  has  noted  lace  manufactines  and 
is  the  center  of  a  district  producing  the  wine  of  Valde- 
peilas.     Population  (18S7),  8,712. 

Almagro,  Diego  de.  Born  probably  at  Aldea 
del  Rey,  about  1475.  but  according  to  some  ac- 
counts a  fotuidling  iu  Almagro,  1404:  executed 
July  10  (12?),  1.538.  A  Spanish  soldier,  one  of  the 
conquerors  of  Peru.  He  went  to  Panama  with  Pedrarias 
in  1514,  and  in  1525  joined  Pizarro  and  Luque  in  an  enter- 
prise for  conquest  toward  the  south.  He  was  in  i'anania 
when  Pizarro  discovered  the  coast  of  Peru  in  1528;  but  wlien, 
after  his  return  from  Spain,  Pizarro  sailed  for  Peru  (Jan., 
1531),  Almagro  followed,  late  in  the  same  ye;U',  with  three 
vessels  and  150  men,  and  joined  him  at  Caianiarca  about 
the  middle  of  February,  1533,  after  the  death  of  Atahual- 
pa.  Here  a  violent  quarrel  (the  second)  between  them 
took  place;  but  a  reconciliation  was  etfected  and  Almagro 
took  an  active  part  in  the  march  on  Cuzco.  In  1535  he 
was  sent  to  conquer  Chile,  of  which  he  was  made  governor. 
He  went  as  Lar  south  as  Coquimbo.  but  finding  nothing  of 
the  coveted  riches,  turned  back,  laid  claim  to  Cuzco  as 


Almeida 

the  territory  assigned  to  him.  and  seized  the  city  by  sur- 
prise (April  8,  i.'.37),  capturing  Hernando  aiul  Gonzalo 
Pizarro.  He  was  attacked  by  Alonzo  Alvarado.  who  was 
captured  with  his  whole  army  July  12,  1637.  Almagro  was 
finally  defeated  by  Hernando  Pizarro  at  Las  Salinas, near 
Cuzco,  April  26,  1538,  aud  he  was  soon  after  captured, 
tried,  and  beheaded. 

Almagro,  Diego  de,  sumamed  "  The  Youth  "  or 

"Lad."  Born  at  Panama,  1520:  executed  at 
.  Cuzco  about  Sept.  25, 1542.  Son  of  Diego  de 
Almagro  and  of  an  Indian  mother.  He  accom- 
panied his  father  to  Chile  (1635-36)  and  after  his  death 
lived  in  poverty  at  Lima.  The  conspirators  who  killed 
Francisco  Pizarro  (June  26,  1541)  had  met  at  his  house, 
but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  was  actively  engaged  with 
them.  They,  however,  proclaimed  him  governor  of  Peru, 
and  part  of  the  country  submitted  to  him  ;  but  the  royal- 
ists under  Vaca  de  Castro  defeated  him  at  Chupas,  Sept. 
16,  1542.  He  was  arrested  next  day  and  soon  after  be- 
headed. 

Almahide  (iil-mii-ed').  A  romance  by  Made- 
leine de  Scud^ry,  founded  on  the  dissensions 
of  the  Zegris  and  Abeneerrages. 

Almahyde  (al'ma-hid).  The  Queen  of  Granada 
in  Dryden's  "Almanzor  and  Almahyde,  or  The 
Conquest  of  Granada."  The  name  was  taken  from 
Madeleine  de  Scudery's  novel  "  Almahide." 

Almain  (al-man').  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Al- 
iiKti/ii,  Almaigne,  etc.,  OF.  Alemnn,  F.  Allemaiid, 
German,  Ij.  Alamanni,  AJcmanni:  see  Alaman- 
««.]     An  old  name  for  Germany. 

Almali.     See  Elmahi. 

Al-Mamun  (al-m;i-mon').  Born  786:  died  833. 
The  seventh  Abbasside  calif  of  Bagdad,  813-833, 
a  younger  son  of  Hariiu-al-Rashid :  "the  father 
of  letters  and  the  Augustus  of  Bagdad"  (Sis- 
mondi).     Also  Al-31<iiiiui(ii,  Al-Mumon,  ilamiin. 

Almansa  (al-man'sii),  or  Almanza  (iil-miin'- 

tha).  A  town  iu  the  province  of  Albacete, 
Spain,  59  miles  southwest  of  Valencia.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  9.686. 

Almansa,  or  Almanza,  Battle  of.  A  -victory 
gained  by  the  French  and  Spanish  under  the 
Duke  of  Berwick  over  the  allied  British,  Dutch, 
and  Portuguese  under  Galway,  April  25,  1707. 
It  established  Philip  V.  on  tlie  Spanish  throne. 

Al-Mansur  (al-miin-siir'),  or  Almansor  (al- 
man'sor)  (Abu  Jaflfar  Abdallah).  [Ar.  Al- 
jl/ff«s«r,  the  Victorious.]  Born  about  712 :  died 
near  Mecca,  Oct.  18,  775.  The  second  Abbasside 
calif,  successor  of  his  brother  Abul-Abbas  Al- 
Satfah  in  754.  His  reign  was  marked  by  numerous 
revolts  which  were  suppressed  with  great  cruelty.  He 
transferred  the  seat  of  government  to  Bagdad,  which  he 
built  with  great  splendor.  He  was  a  patron  of  learning, 
and  under  his  inspiration  many  Greek  and  Latin  works, 
including  Plato,  Herodotus,  Homer,  and  Xenophon,  were 
translated  into  Arabic  and  other  Oriental  tongues, 

Almansur,  or  Almansor.  Born  near  Alge- 
ciras,  Andalusia,  93.9 :  died  1002.  The  regent 
of  Cordova  under  the  sultan  Hisham  II.  He 
reconquered  from  the  Christians  the  territory  south  of 
the  Douro  and.  Ebro,  extended  his  sway  over  a  consider- 
able portion  of  western  Africa,  and  restored  the  waning 
power  of  the  califate  of  Cordova.  He  is  said  to  Iiave 
starved  himself  to  death,  broken-hearted  over  the  defeat, 
after  fifty  actions,  of  Calatauazar  by  the  kings  of  Leon  and 
Navarre  and  the  Count  of  Castile. 

Almanzor  (al-mau'zor).  The  calif  of  Arabia 
in  Chapman's  "  Revenge  for  Honor." 

Almanzor  and  Almahyde,  or  The  Conquest 
of  Granada  by  the  Spaniards.  A  heroic  tra- 
gedy in  two  parts,  by  I  )rydrn,  i)roduced  in  1670. 
It  was  partly  taken  froni  Mad'enioiselle  de  Scud^ry's  "Al- 
mahide." It  is  usually  known  as  "Tlie  CoiKjuest  of  Gra- 
nada." The  character  of  Almanzor,  a  knight  errant  of  ex- 
travagant egotism,  is  caricatured  as  Drawcansir  in  "The 
Kehearsal." 

Almaraz  (al-ma-rath').  A  small  town  in  west- 
ern Spain,  on  the  Tagus  40  miles  northeast  of 
Caceres.  The  bridge  over  the  Tagus  w.as  built  in  1.552. 
It  is  680  feet  long  and  25  feet  wide,  and  rises  134  feet 
above  the  water.  •  It  has  only  two  arches,  and  resembles 
the  great  Roman  works. 

Almaric.     See  Anuib-ic  of  Bine. 

Alma-'Tadema  (al'mii-tii'de-ma).  Sir  Lau- 
rence. Born  at  Dron'ryp,  Friesland,  Nether- 
lands, Jan.  8,  1836.  A  Friesian  painter  in  Eng- 
land, noted  especially  for  his  representations  of 
Egyptian,  Greek,  and  Roman  life.  Knighted  in 
1899.  He  settled  in  London  in  1870  and  was  naturalized 
1873.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Vintage,"  "Catullus," 
"The  Siesta,"  "Entrance  to  a  Roman  Theatre,"  "Tarqui- 
nius  Superbns,"  "Phidias,"  "An  Audience  at  Agrippa's." 

Alma'Tlva  (al-mil-ve'va).  Count.  A  brilliant 
;ind  too  attractive  nobleman  in  Beaumarchais's 
comedy  "Le  Barbier  de  St^ville."  He  is  the  lover 
of  Eosine,  and  succeeds,  with  the  aid  of  Figaro  the  barber, 
his  former  valet,  in  rescuing  her  from  old  B.artholo  and 
marrying  her  himself.  He  appears  in  the"Mariage  de 
Figaro,"  already  tired  of  Rosine  hiswife.  and  in  "LaMere 
Coupable  "  as  an  old  and  faded  beau.  He  also  appears  in 
the  operas  by  Paisiello  and  Rossini  founded  on  "  Le  Bar- 
bier." 

Al-Megnum.     See  Bahalul. 

Almeida  (al-mii'e-dii).   A  town  in  the  pro-vince 


Almeida 

of  Beira,  Portugal,  in  lat.  40°  46'  N.,  long.  6° 
50'  W.    It  was  captured  by  tho  French  in  1810, 

anil  n-takcn  by  Wellington  in  1811. 

Almeida,  Francisco  d'.    Born  at  Lisbon  about 

the  niiiliUe  of  the  15th  eenturv:  killed  at  Sal- 
danha  Bay.  South  Africa,  March  1.  l.")10.  A 
Portntruese  commander,  fii-st  Wcoroy  of  Portu- 
guese India  1.505-OS).  He  con(iuered  Kihva, 
Cannauore,  Cochin.  Kalikut.  Malacca,  etc.,  and 
rlcfeafod  the  ERyptiaii  fleet  iu  1509. 

Almeida,  Nicolao  Tolentino.  Born  at  Lisbon, 
1745 :  died  at  Lisbou,  ISll.  A  Portuguese 
poet  and  satirist.  He  pubUsfaed  a  collection 
of  poems  in  1802. 

Almeida-Garrett  (iil-ma'da-gar-ref  or  -gar'- 
ret).  Joao  Baptista  d'.  Born  at  Oporto,  Por- 
tuiial,  Feb.  4.  1709:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  10, 
1854.  A  Portuguese  poet,  dramatist,  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  the  author  of  tlie  poetical  works  "  Ca- 
moes  "  (182.'>),  "  Dona  Branca  "  (18-J6),  "  .\dozinila  "  (1S28X 
"Romanceiro"  (18.'.l-.'':i).  and  of  "Auto  de  Gil-Vicente" 
(ISiS),  and  other  dramas. 

Almeisam  (al-me-i-siim').  [Ar.  n?  meisdn,  the 
proud  marcher.]  A  seldom  used  name  for 
y  Geminorum.     See  AHieiia. 

Almelo  (iil-ma-16').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Overvssel,  Netherlands.  Population  (1889), 
8.:i.>4. 

Almenara  (iil-ma-nii'rii).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Tjcrida.  Spain,  15  miles  northeast 
of  Lerida.  Here,  July  27.  1710,  the  Allies  un- 
der Starhemberg  and  Stanhope  defeated  the 
Spanish. 

Aunerla  (iil-ma-re'a).  A  mountainous  prov- 
ince in  Andalusia,  Spain,  bounded  by  Miinia 
on  the  northeast,  the  Mediteri'anoan  on  I  lie 
southeast,  east,  and  south,  and  Granada  on  the 
west  and  northwest.  It  contains  important 
lead-mines.  Area.  3,302  square  mites.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  339,383. 

Almeria,  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Almeria.  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Almeria  in  lat.  .36°  30'  N.,  long.  2°  32'  W.:  the 
Roman  Portus  Magnus,  it  exports  lead,  esparto, 
etc..  has  a  catliedral,  and  is  well  fortified.  It  was  an  im- 
portant emporium  under  the  Moors.  Population  (1887), 
36,21  JO. 

Almeria  (al-me'ri-a).  In  Congreve's  play  "The 
Mourning  Bride.'' ttc  (supposed)  widowed  briile 
of  Alphonso.  prince  of  Valentia.  it  is  she  who 
utters  the  familiar  words: 

"  Music  hath  charms  to  soothe  a  savage  breast. 
To  soften  rock;*,  or  bend  a  knotted  oak." 

Couf/rfii-fi,  Mourning  Uridc.  i.  1  (rd.  1710). 

Almodovar,  or  Almodovar  del  Campo  (;il- 

mo-do'viir  del  kiim'po).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Ciudad  Keal,  Spain,  21  miles  southwest  of 
Ciudad  Keal.     Po))ulation  (1SS7).  12.0(m. 

Almodovar  (iil-mo-do'var),  Count  of  (Ilde- 

fonso  Diaz  de  Ribera).  Buni  at  Granada, 
1777:  died  at  Valencia,  184(1.  A  Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  in  the  reign  of 
Ferdinand  VII.,  was  aftei-ward  minister  of  war  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Cortes,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  atTairs 
1842-4:i. 

Almod6var  del  Rio  (iil-mo-do'viir  del  ro'o).  A 
small  town  in  tlir  jirovince  of  Cordova,  Spain, 
situated  on  llie  Guadalquivir  13  miles  south- 
west of  <'(irdova. 

Almogla  (:il-nio-ne'ii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Malaga,  Spain,  12  miles  northwest  of  Malaga. 
Population  (1887),  8.346. 

Almohades  (al'mo-hadz).  A  Mohammedan 
dynasty  in  northern  Africa  and  Spain,  which 
supersedeil  the  Almoravides  about  the  middle 
of  tho  12th  century:  so  calli'd  from  the  sect 
of  the  Almoaliedun  (worshipers  of  one  god), 
founded  by  Mohammed  ibn  .Mxlallah.  The  family 
established  itflelf  in  the  pritvinces  of  Fez,  Morocco, 'I'leni- 
ccn.  Oran,  and  Tuids,  and  cxtendeil  itscfuuiufsts  to  .Xnda- 
lusla.  Valencia,  and  a  jtart  of  Aragon  and  Portugal.  It 
sustained  a  decisive  repulse  at  Las  Navas  de  Tolosui.  July 
Ifi.  1212,  at  the  hands  of  Alfonso  of  Castile,  aided  by  tho 
kings  of  Aragon  and  Navarre,  and  became  extinct  in 
Spain  in  V'Si  and  in  Africa  In  1211ft. 

Almon  (.il'inon),  John.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  Dec. 
17,  1737:  .lied  at  lioxmoor.  Dec.  12,  1805.  An 
Hiiijlish  ))Mblisher  ami  political  pamphleteer, 
a  friiiid  (it  .John  Wilkes. 

Almonacid  (iil-mo-nii-theTll').  A  small  town 
situateil  on  the  Guazelato  13  miles  southeast 
of  Toledo,  Spain.  Here,  Aug.  11,  1809,  the 
French  under  Scbastiani  defeated  the  Spanish 
under  Vcnegas. 

Almondbury(ii'mond-ber'i.  locally  iim'bri).  A 
town  in  I  he  Wcsl  Hiding  of  Yorkshire.  Kngland, 
on  the  Giildei'.  adjoining  Huddcrsliidd.  Popu- 
lation (1S91),  5.117. 

Almonde  (iil-mon'dfi),  Philippus  van.    Bom 

at  Hriel,  Netherlands.  KUCi:  ilied  near  Leyden, 


43 

Jan.  6,  1711.  A  Dutch  naral  officer,  made 
commander  of  the  fleet  on  the  death  of  De 
Ruyter  in  1676.  He  accompanied  William  of  Orange 
to  Kngland  iu  1U88 ;  comniauuetl  the  Dutch  fleet  at  l.a 
Hiigue  in  lt;!*2 :  and  comnianiled,  with  Sir  George  Rooke. 
the  allies  at  the  dtietruction  of  the  Spanlbh  Ileet  in  the 
Hay  of  Vigo  1702. 

Almonte  (al-mon'ta),  Juan  Nepomuceno. 
Born  in  Guerrero,  1812:  died  at  Mexico,  1869. 
A  Mexican  general,  of  mixed  Indian  blood, 
said  to  have  been  an  illegitimate  son  of  the 
revolutionist  Morelos.  Hesenedunder.sanlaAuna 
iu  Texas,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  tile  battle  of  San 
Jacinto.  After  his  release  he  became  secretary  of  state, 
and  in  1841  was  appointed  ndnisl'-r  to  Washington.  He 
entered  a  formal  protest  (18ti>)  against  the  anuexatlt>n  of 
Texas,  and  tieiuanded  his  passitort.  In  IM't  he  was  a  ca!i- 
didate  for  the  presidency,  and  claimed  to  have  tieen  electeil ; 
he  afterward  contritiuted  to  the  elevation  of  Paredes,  and 
was  his  nunistcr  of  war.  In  the  war  with  tlie  I'uited 
States  he  fought  at  Ituenavista.  Cerro  Gordo,  and  Chnrn- 
busco.  Under  Santa  Anna  -Almonte  was  a  second  time 
made  mirdster  to  Washington,  a  position  which  he  re- 
tained until  18tS0.  Later  he  was  minister  to  France,  ac- 
companied the  French  expedition  to  Mexico  in  18i;2,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  regency  apIKiinletl  after  the  city  of 
-Mexico  was  taken.  Maximilian  made  him  grand  marshal. 
Ife  was  the  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  the  geog- 
r.ipliy  of  Mexico. 

Almora  (iil-mo'rii).  A  district  in  Kumaun  di- 
vision. Northwestern  ProWnces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  29°  35'  N.,  long.  79°  40'  E. 

Almora.  The  capital  of  Almora  district  and 
Kumaun  division.  British  India,  in  lat.  29°  35' 
X.,  long.  79°  42'  E. 

Almoravides  (al-m6'ra-\idz).  A  Mohammedan 
dynasty  in  northwestern  Africa  and  .Spain, 
founded  by  Abdallah  ben  Yasim  (died  10.58). 
Hissuoeessorfonnded  Morocco  in  1(X,2.  The  Almoravides 
under  Vussuf  defeated  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile  at  Zala.-a  in 
lost!  and  the  dynasty  was  established  iu  Spain.  It  was 
overthrown  by  the  Almuhades  114G-47. 

A  new  Berber  revolution  had  taken  place  in  North 
Africa,  and  a  sect  of  fanatics,  called  the  marabouts  or 
saints  (.Almoravides,  as  the  Spaniards  named  them),  had 
conquered  tlie  whole  country  from  Algiers  to  Senegal, 

Ponlc,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  178. 

Almqvlst  (iilm'kvist),  Karl  Jonas  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Stockholm,  Nov.  28,  1793:  ilii-d  at 
Bremen,  Sept.  26.  1866.  A  Swedish  novelist 
and  general  writer.  He  was  the  author  of  "Tornro- 
sens  Bok"  ("Book  of  the  Thorn-R^«e"),  "tJabriele  .Mi- 
manso,"  "Anialie  ilillner,"  "Araminta  May,"  "Koluni- 
bine,"  '•  .Marjam,"  etc. 

Almufiecar  (iil-mon-ya-ktir').  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Granada.  Spain,  38  miles  east  of 
Malaga.     Population  (1887),  8,842. 

Almy  (al'mi),  John  J.  Born  April  25,  1815: 
died  May  16,  1S95.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  was  appointed  commodore  Dec.  21,  18(!9,  and  rear-ad- 
miral Aug.  24,  |s7.i,  retired  April  24, 1877.  He  had  charge 
successively  of  the  Union  gunlwiats  .South  Carolina,  Con- 
necticut, and  Juiuata  iluriug  the  Civil  War. 

Alnaschar  (al-nash'ar  or-nas'kiir).  The  "Bar- 
ber's Fifth  Brother'*'in  "The  Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments."  He  invests  his  Inherilanec  in  glass- 
ware. While  awaiting  customers  he  fancies  himselt  already 
a  millionaire,  and  an  incautious  movement  upsets  his 
basket,  breaking  its  contents  and  destroying  all  his  pros- 
pects (hence  the  phrase  "visions of  Alnaschar,'*!. I*. .count- 
ing one's  chickens  before  they  are  hatched  ;  day-dreamst. 

AInilam  (al-ni-liim').  [Ar.  al-nhdiii,  the  string 
id"  |H  arls.]  The  bright  second-magnitude  star 
f  Oriiinis,  in  the  miildle  of  the  giant's  belt. 

Alnitak(al-iii-tak').  [Ar.  nl-iiiliil:.  thp  girdle.] 
The  line  trijile  second-magnitude  star  COrionis, 
at  the  soutiieastern  end  of  the  l)elt. 

Alnwick  (an'ik).  The  capital  of  Northum- 
berland, Englnnil,  situated  on  tho  Aliie  in  lat. 
.55°  -25'  N.,  long.  1°  43'  W.  Here.  1174,  the 
English  under  (JIanville  defeated  the  Scots. 
Population  (1891),  0.746. 

A.  L.  0.  E.  A  pseudonym  (standing  for  'A 
Lady  of  England')  of  Ch'arlnlti-  Maria  Tucker. 

Alogians  (a-lo'ji-anz),  or  Alogl  (al'o-jil.  A 
lieri-tic'al  sect  which  existed  lu  Asia  Minor 
toward  the  ei'id  of  the  '2d  century  A.  l>.  Lit- 
tie  is  iiiiown  of  thiMn.  They  were  callid  Alogi  by  I'.plpha- 
nlus  because  they  rejected  Iheiloctrlne  of  the  Uigos  and 
tile  tJospel  of  John  (wllteli  they  ascribed  to  the  (luostlc 
CerlidhUB).     They  also  rejected  the  Apocalypse. 

Aloidae  (a-lo-i'de),  or  Aloiadse  (a-lo-i'a-de), 
or  Aloadse  (H-16'a-d('>).  I'ir.  '\>w(/il(i/,  'A>(jiii- 
(In/.  ;\/ij<irtn(,Hoiis  of  .Morns.]  In  (ireek  myllud- 
ogy,  two  giants,  Otus  and  Ephiiiltcs,  hiuih  of 
Poseidon  bv  Ij)hiiiicdeii.  wife  of  Alocus.  Pnch 
of  the  bnithirn  measureil  0  cubits  in  lirendlll  and  "7  In 
height  at  lheageofldIn•yea^^»hen.aeeordlnglolhl■lldy» 
Bt-y.  they  Ihreate 1  the  nlyniplan  giHlswIlh  wnt,  and  at- 
tempt eil  to  plb-  Mount  Ossaoiidlyniptlsand  I'ellon  on  Osnn. 
but  were  deslroyi-d  by  the  arrows  of  Ai>ollo.  Aceonllng 
to  Homer  they  kept  Ares  Impii'^oiieil  fi>r  thlrti'cn  niontliN. 
until  he  was  secretly  lllienite,!  Iiy  lliTtnrs.  Ily  somi'  «  rlter» 
they  are  represenleil  nw  having  survived  the  nttpnipt  on 
Olympus,  and  n»  having  falb  n  victims  to  their  pri»uml>- 
linn  In  sidng  Upblnlles  (or  the  hand  of  Heni,  and  oiu« 
for  tttat  of  Arlends.  In  the  Island  of  Naxos,  \rtends.  In 
the  ftuTU  of  a  stag,  nui  between  the  brothem,  who,  alining 


Alpheratz 

simultaneously  at  the  animal,  slew  each  other.  In  Hades, 
as  a  further  punishment,  they  were  tied  to  a  pillar  with 
serpents,  and  perpetually  tormented  by  the  screeching  of 
an  owl. 

Alompra,  or  Aloung  P'houra.  Born  1711 :  died 
1760.  'ihe  fiiiimler  of  the  last  dyna.sty  of 
Bnnna  (named  from  him).    He  reigned  17.54-60. 

Alonzo  (a-lon'zo).  1.  The  King  of  Naples  in 
Shaksper'e's  "  Tempest."  He  appears  as  Duke  of 
Savoy  and  Usurper  of  the  Kingdom  of  Mantua  in  the  ver- 
sion of  Dryden  and  Davenant, 

2.  In  Beaunuint  and  Fletcher's  "Custom  of  the 
Cotuitry."  a  young  Portuguese  gentleman,  the 
enemy  of  Dtiarte. — 3.  In  Sheridan's  transla- 
tion of  Kotzebue's  "Pizarro.'' the  commander 
of  the  army  of  Ataliba,  king  of  (^uito. 

Alonzo.     sVc  Uiinis. 

Alonzo  of  Aguilar.  A  brave  Spanish  knight 
who  lost  his  life  in  trying  to  jilant  King  Ferdi- 
nand's banner  on  the  heights  of  liranaila.  in 
1501.  There  are  several  Spanish  ballads  on  the 
subject. 

Alonzo  the  Brave  and  the  Fair  Imogene.  A 

ballad  by  •■  Monk"  l,cwis  (M.  (i.  L.  wis). 

Alopeus  (a-l6']ie-us).  Maximilian.  Born  at 
Viborg,  Finland,  .Ian.  21.  1748:  died  at  Frank- 
fort-ou-the-Main,  May  10.  1sl'2.  \  Russian 
diplomatist,  accreilited  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  court  of  Prussia  in  1790  by  Cathe- 
rine II. 

Alora  (ii-16'rii)  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalhorce  9 
miles  northwest  of  Malaga.  Population  (1887), 
10.543. 

Aloros  (a-16'ros).  The  first  of  the  ten  mythical 
kings  who  reigned  over  Babylonia  before  the 
deluge. 

Al0St(U'16st),  or  Aelst,  orAalst(iilst).  A  city 
in  the  province  of  East  Flandei-s,  Belgium, 
situated  on  the  Dender  16  miles  northwest  of 
Bnissels.  It  has  a  trade  in  grain  and  hops,  and  niano. 
facturea  lace,  cotton,  etc.  It  w*as  taken  by  Turenne  10«7. 
Population  (ISIPO),  2-S.M4. 

Aloysius  (ai-6-is'i-us),  Saint  (Louis  Gonzaga). 

Died  1591.     He  is  commemorated  in  the  Roman 

Church  June  21. 
Alp  (alp)     The  principal  character  in  BjTon's 

poem  "The  Siege  of  Corinth,"a  renegade  shot 

in  the  siege. 
Alp.    The  local  name  of  the  elevated  and  little 

inhabited  meailow  and  jiasture  tracts  of  Swit- 

zerlanil  and  Tyrol.     Also  Ahii. 
Alp,  or  Alb,  Rauhe.     See  Knuhe  Alp  and  Stca- 

hidll  .hint. 

Alp  Arslan  (iilp  iirs-liin').  Bom  1029:  died 
1(172.  A  surname  of  Mohammed  ben  Daud, 
sultan  of  the  Seljiik  Turks,  who  reigned  in  Kho- 
rasan  from  10.59  to  1072.  He  succeedd  his  uncle 
Toghrul  Beg  as  chief  ruler  of  tlie  empire  in  Iota,  sulidued 
(Jeorgia  and  .Armenia  alwut  lotu,  and  coniiuenil  Aleppo 
and  defeateil  and  t(H,k  nri84>ner  the  Byzantine  emiH'ror 
itomanlis  Diogenes  uearllle  Araxes  in  lo7l.  a  victory  which 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Seljtik  empire  of  Knni. 

Alpena  (al-ne'iiii).  The  (•npitnl  of  .Mpena 
Couiitv.  Miciiigan,  situated  on  Thunder  Biiv, 
Lake  tlnroii.  in  lat.  4.5°  4'  N..  long.  83°  26'  .\V. 
It  is  a  center  of  the  lumber  tra<le.  Population 
(1900),  11.802. 

Alpes,  Basses.     See  Jiasnen-Alpes. 

Alpes,  H.IUtes.     See  llmitis-Alltes. 

Alpes-Maritimes  (iilp  miir-e-tem').  A  denart- 
nieiit  of  France,  cajiital  Nice,  bounded  by  Italy 
on  the  north  and  east,  by  Ihe  Mediterriineiiii  on 
the  south,  and  by  Var  ami  Hasses-.Mpes  on  the 
west :  noted  for  its  milil  cliiiiate  and  the  health- 
resorts  on  its  coast.  It  »a«  fornu'd  from  Ihe  terri- 
tory i»f  Nice  (cedtHl  by  Italy  in  IsmOantl  fnuu  parttd  V«r. 
Area,  1.482  s<|Uare  miles.     Population  (18iM).  2.',l<,:.;i. 

Alph  (alf).  A  sacred  undergroiiml  river  in 
Xanailil,  in  Coleriilge's  iioeni  "Kubia  Khan." 

Alphard  (al-fiird').  lAr.  (il-fitrd.  the  sidilary, 
because  there  is  no  other  conspicuous  star  very 
near  it.]  The  second-magnilude  staro  Hydra', 
or  for  Hy<lni'. 

Alphecca  (al-fek'kji).  or  Alphacca  lal-fak'kH). 
l.\r.  Ill  itHiili,  the  (bnikcni  cup  or  platter  oif  a 
dervish  :  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  eoiisti-l- 
lation.]  A  usual  name  of  theseconil-niagnitndc 
star  n  (Joroiue  Horealis,  more  commonly  known 
as  (Irnimii,  but  also  as  Al/ilti. 

Alphege,  Saim.    See  .I'l/iimli. 

Alphen  (iirfen).  Hieronymus  van.  Born  at 
Goiiila.  Nillierhimls.  .Aug.  s.  1740:  <lipd  at  Tlio 
IlnL'iie.  ,\pril '2.  1.103.    A  Ibileli  poet  and  jurist. 

Alpheratz  (nl-fe-n'ils').  [.\r.  Siirriil-iil-tiiilis, 
the  navel  of  Ihe  horse:  Ihe  star  having  been 
rei'koned  as  belonging  to  Ppgnsiis.]  The  usual 
name  of  Ihe  second-magnitude  star  o  Andro- 
nudn-.  in  the  bend  of  the  constellation.  It  is  also 
often  .Mil..!  \i,,„l,. 


Alpheus 

Alpheus  (al-fe'us),  Alpheius  (al-fi'us).  [Gr. 
iiA^Sfiof.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  river-god, 
son  of  Oceanus  and  Tetliys.  He  is  represented  as 
originally  a  hunter  wlio  fell  in  love  with  the  nyiuph  Are- 
thusa.  She  tied  from  him  and  trausforiued  herself  into  a 
well,  and  upon  this  he  became  the  river  Alpheus.  The 
details  of  the  myth  vary. 

Alpheus.  The  principal  river  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, Greece,  the  modern  Rnfia,  Ruphia,  or 
Rouphia,  emptying  into  the  Ionian  Sea.  It  flows 
in  part  of  its  course  underground,  and  was  for  this  reason 
fabled  to  flow  under  the  sea  to  SicUy.  Olyuipia  was  on 
its  banks  Its  northern  and  southern  head  streams,  both 
known  as  Ruphia  (the  northern  also  as  Ladon\  unite  on 
the  borders  of  the  nomarchies  of  Messeuia,  Arcadia, 
Achaia,  and  Elis. 

Alphirk  (al-ferk').  [Ar.  iMwdhih-al-firq,  stars 
of  the  flock.]  The  third-magnitude  double  star 
/}  Cephei, 

Alphonso.     See  Alfonso. 

Alphonsus  a  Sancta  Maria  (al-fon'sos  a 
sitngk'ta  ma-re'ii),  or  Alfonso  de  Cartagena 
(al-t'on's6  da  kar-tii-Hii'na).  Born  at  Carta- 
gena, Spain,  1396:  died  July  12,  1456.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  historian.  He  succeeded 
his  father,  ^aulus,  as  bishop  of  Burgos ;  was  deputed  in 
1431  by  John  II.  of  Castile  to  attend  the  Council  of  Basel ; 
and  succeeded  in  reconciling  Albert  V.  of  Austria  with 
Ladistaus,  king  of  Poland.  His  principal  work  is  a  history 
of  Spain  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  1496  (printed 
1545). 

Alphonsus  of  Lincoln  (al-fon'sus  ovling'kon). 
A  story  resembling  that  of  Hugh  of  Lincoln  and 
Chaucer's  "  Tale  of  the  Prioress,"  purporting  to 
be  composed  in  1459,  reprinted  by  the  Chaucer 
Society  in  1875.  It  is  attributed  by  Hain  and 
others'to  Alphonsus  a  Spina. 

Alphonsus  (al-fon'sus),  Emperor  of  Germany. 
A  tragedy  attributed  to  Chapman,  printed  in 
1654,  after  his  death.  It  was  played  at  Black- 
friars  in  1636.  and  was  then  a  revival. 

Alphonsus,  King  of  Arragon,  The  Comical 
History  of.  A  play  by  Robert  Greene,  written 
as  early  as  1592,  and  printed  in  1599.  It  was 
called  "comical"  only  because  its  end  is  not 
tragical. 

Alpiew  (al'pu).  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy 
"  The  Basset-Table,"  Lady  Reveller's  waiting- 
woman,  a  pert,  adroit  soubrette.  The  name  is 
taken  from  alpieu,  a  term  in  the  game  of  basset  imply- 
ing the  continuance  of  the  bet  on  a  card  that  lias  already 
won. 

Alpine  Club.  A  club  established  in  London  in 
1857  for  those  who  are  interested  in  the  subject 
of  mountains,  as  explorers,  or  artists,  or  for 
seientifie  purposes. 

Alpmi  (al-pe'ne),L.  AlpinUS,  Prospero.  Born 
at  JIarostica,  Venetia,  Nov.  23,  1553 :  died  at 
Padua,  Italy,  Feb.  6,  1617.  An  Italian  bota- 
nist and  physician,  author  of  works  on  the 
natural  history  of  Egypt,  etc. 

Alpnach  (alp'niich),  or  Alpnacht  (alp'naoht). 
A  commune  in  the  canton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  8  miles  southwest  of  Lucerne. 

Alpnach,  Lake.  The  southwestern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne. 

Alps  (alps).  [F.  AljKS,  It.  Alpi,  G.  Alpen,  etc., 
L.  Alpes,  Gr.  "Alnag,  'JVAjrfm,  'a.Xy3c(a,  a  Celtic 
name,  'the  white  (moirntains).'  Cf.  Albion.'\ 
The  most  extensive  mountain  system  in  Eu- 
rope, comprising  a  part  of  southeastern  France, 
most  of  Switzerland,  a  part  of  northern  Italy, 
a  part  of  southern  Germany,  and  the  W(\stern 
part  of  Austria-Htingary.  it  was  anciently  di- 
vided into  the  Maritime,  Cottiau,  Graian.  Pennine,  Rhie. 
tian,  Noric,  Carnic.  Venetian,  and  Julian  Alps.  The  modern 
division  is  into  the  Western.  Central,  and  Eastern  Alps. 
The  Western  Alps  include  the  Ligurian  Alps,  Maritime 
Alps,  Cottian  Alps,  Graian  Alps,  Siontagnes  des  Maures  and 
Esterel  Mountains,  Mountains  of  Provence  {or  of  Vaucluse, 
Ventoux  group),  Alps  of  Dauphin^,  Limestone  Alps  of 
Savoy,  and  the  Mountains  of  Chablais  and  Faucigny.  The 
Central  Alps  include  the  Pennine  Alps,  Lepontine  Alps, 
Klitetian  Alp.';,  Otzthaler  Alps,  Bernese  Alps,  Fribourg 
Alps.  Emnienthal  Alps,  Urner  and  Engelberg  Alps,  T<jdi 
range,  Schwyzer  Alps,  St.  Gall  and  Appenzell  Alps,  Vo- 
rarlberg  and  Allgau  Alps,  North  TjTolese  and  Bavarian 
Alps,  Luganer  Alps,  Bergamasker  Alps,  Ortler  Alps,  Nons- 
berg  Alps,  Adamello  Mountains,  and  Tridentine  Alps. 
The  Eastern  Alps  include  the  Zillerthal  Alps,  Hohe  Tau- 
ern,  Niedere  Tauem,  Carinthian  and  Styrian  Alps,  Styrian 
Nieder  Alps,  Kitzbiihler  Alps,  Salzburg  Alps,  Upper  Aus- 
trian .\lps,  North  Styrian  Alps,  Lower  Austrian  Alps, 
Lessinian  Alps,  Cadoric  Alps  (Dolomite  Alps),  Venetian 
Alps,  Carnic  Alps.  Karawanken,  Bacher,  and  Santhaler 
Alps,  and  Julian  Alps.  There  are  also  various  outliers  of 
the  system  in  Hungary  and  Croatia,  etc.  (Bakony  Forest, 
Mountains  of  Cilli,  etc.).  The  length  of  the  range  from 
the  Pass  of  Giovi  (north  of  Genoa)  to  Semmering  Pass  is 
over  600  miles ;  and  its  width  is  from  HO  tt)  ISO  miles.  Its 
highest  peak  is  Mont  Blanc,  15,781  feet  (on  the  borders 
of  France  and  Italy ;  highest  in  Switzerland,  the  Monte 
Rosa);  and  its  average  height  about  7,700  feet.  Its 
largest  glacier  is  the  Aletsch,  about  13  miles  long.  See, 
further,  the  special  articles  Pennine,  Maritime,  Lppontiiie 
Alps,  etc. 
Alps,  Eastern.     A  division  of  the  Alps  which 


44 

extends  from  the  Brenner  Pass  eastward  to 
the  Semmering  Pass.  Oftentimes  made  to  include 
all  the  Alps  lying  east  of  a  line  connecting  Lake  Constance 
with  Lago  Magglore.  See  Alps. 
Alps,  Western.  A  division  of  the  Alps  which 
is  separated  from  the  Apennines  by  the  Pass 
of  Giovi  (nortli  of  Genoa)  and  extends  to  the 
Pass  of  Great  St.  Bernard.  Oftentimes  made  to  in- 
clude all  the  Alps  lying  west  of  a  line  connecting  Lake 
Constance  with  Lago  Maggiore.     See  Alps. 

Alpujarras  (al-po-Hiir'ras),  or  Alpuxaras.   A 

mountainous  region  in  the  provinces  of  Grana- 
da and  Almeria,  Spain,  it  contains  many  romantic 
valleys.  After  the  fall  of  the  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada 
in  1492  it  was  the  refuge  of  the  Moriscos  in  Spain. 
Al  Bakim  (al  ra-kem' ).  A  fabulous  dog  that 
accompanied  and  guarded  the  Seven  Sleepers. 
The  nameoccursin  the  Koran  (in  reference  to  the  Sleepers) 
and  has  been  variously  interpreted  as  a  brass  plate,  a  stone 
table,  the  name  of  the  dog,  and  the  name  of  the  valley  in 
which  the  Sleepers'  cave  was  situated. 

Alredus,  or  Aluredus.     See  Alfred  of  Bercrley. 

Alright  Island  (;il-rit'  i'land).  One  of  the 
Magdalen  Islands,  in  the  Giilf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Alroy.     See  Tfondrous  Tide  of  Alroy. 

Alsace  (al-aas'),  L.  Alsatia,  G.  Elsass.  A  for- 
mer government  of  eastern  France.  It  formed 
after  the  Revolution  the  departments  of  Haut-Rhin  and  Bas- 
Rhin,  and  is  now  part  (see  Alsace-Lorraine)  of  the  German 
Empire,  comprising  the  districts  (Bezirke)  of  I'pper  Alsace 
and  Low-er  Alsace.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Rhine  Palatinate 
on  the  north,  by  Baden  (from  which  it  is  sepai'ated  by  the 
Rhine)  on  the  east,  by  Switzerland  on  the  south,  and  by 
France  and  German  Lorraine  on  the  west.  The  Vosges  are 
on  its  western  frontier.  Its  soil  is  fertile,  and  it  has  impor- 
tant iron-  and  coal-mines,  and  considerable  manufactures. 
Its  chief  city  is  Strasburg.  German  is  the  language  of  the 
largest  numberof  the  inhabitants.  It  was  a  part  of  ancient 
Gaul  and  afterward  of  the  Krankish  kingilom.  In  the  9th 
and  10th  centuries  it  was  a  part  of  Lotharingia,  and  later  of 
the  duchy  of  Swabia,  and  gradually  came  to  be  divided  be- 
tween imperial  cities,  bishops,  and  other  spiritual  rulers, 
etc.  Part  of  it  was  conquered  by  France  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  \A'ar,  and  ceded  to  her  in  1(548.  Strasburg  was  seized 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1(581,  and  the  remaindL-r  of  Alsace  was 
annexed  to  France  in  1791.  It  was  ceded  to  Germany  in 
1671  as  a  result  of  the  Franco-German  war. 

Alsace,  Lower,  G.  Unter-Elsass.  A  district 
of  Alsace-LoiTaine,  occupying  the  northern 
portion  of  Alsace.  The  chief  city  is  Strasburg. 
Area,  1,866  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
621,505. 

Alsace,  Upper,  G.  Ober-Elsass.  A  district  of 
Alsace-Lorraine,  occupying  the  southern  por- 
tion of  Alsace.  Its  chief  town  is  Miilhausen. 
Area,  1,370  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
471,609. 

Alsace-Lorraine  (al-zas'lor-ran'),  G,  Elsass- 
Lothringen.  An  imperial  territory  (Reichs- 
land)  of  the  German  Empire,  capital  Strasburg, 
boimded  by  Luxemburg,  Prussia,  and  the  Rhine 
Palatinate  on  the  north,  by  Baden  (from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Rhine)  on  the  east,  by 
Switzerland  and  France  on  the  south,  and  by 
France  on  the  west,  it  is  traversed  by  the  Vosges; 
soil  generally  fertile,  producing  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  etc., 
and  it  has  important  iron-  and  coal-mines,  and  large  manu- 
factures of  iron,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  divided  into  S  districts. 
Upper  Alsace.  Lower  Alsace,  and  Lorraine.  Its  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  the  imperial  government  and  in  a  pro- 
vincial committee  of  58  members.  It  sends  15  deputies 
to  the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing  religion  (78  per  cent, 
of  the  population)is  Roman  Catholic.  The  prevailing  lan- 
guage is  German,  except  in  Lorraine,  where  French  is 
chiefly  spoken.  It  was  ceded  by  France  to  Germany  in 
1871,  as  a  result  of  the  Franco-German  war.  Area,  5,603 
square  miles.     Population  (1896),  1,640,986. 

Alsatia.     The  Latin  name  of  Alsace. 

Alsatia  (al-sa'sMil).  Formerly  a  cant  name 
(Alsace  being  a  debatable  ground  or  scene  of 
frequent  contests)  for  Whitefriars,  a  district  in 
London  between  the  Thames  and  Fleet  street, 
and  adjoining  the  Temple,  which  possessed  cer- 
tain privileges  of  sanctuary  derived  from  the 
convent  of  the  Carmelites,  or  White  Friars, 
founded  there  in  1241.  The  locality  became  the 
resort  of  libertines  and  rascals  of  every  description,  whose 
abuses  and  outrages,  and  especially  the  riot  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  led  in  1697  to  the  abolition  of  the  privilege 
and  the  dispersion  of  the  Alsatians.  The  term  Alsatia  has 
in  recent  times  been  applied  offensively  to  the  English 
stock-exchange,  because  of  the  supposed  questionable 
character  of  some  of  its  proceedings.  The  name  first  oc- 
curs in  Stiadwell's  plays  "  The  Woman  Captain  "  (1680)  and 
"The  Squire  of  Alsatia  "  (1688).     See  Whitffriars. 

Alsatia,  The  Squire  of.    See  inquire. 

Alsea  (al-se').  [From  Alsi,  their  name  for 
themselves.]  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, which  formerly  occupied  20  villages  on 
both  sides  of  Alsea  River,  Oregon,  and  is  now 
on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  One  of  these 
villages  was  Yahats.     See  Tahonan. 

Alsen  (iil'sen),  Dan.  Als.  An  island  20  miles 
long,  in  the  Little  Belt,  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  9° 
50'  E.,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Schlcswig- 
Holstein,  Prussia.  Its  chief  town  is  Sonderburg.  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  Danish.  It  was  a  strategic  point 
for  the  iJanes  in  1848-49,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Prus- 


Altamura 

sians  under  Herwarth  von  Bittenfeld,  June  29,  1864. 
Area,  130  square  miles.     Population,  about  24,000. 

Alsfeld  (als'felt).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Upper  Hesse,  gi^nd  duchy  of  Hesse, 
situated  on  the  Schwalm  41  miles  southwest 
of  Cassel. 

Alshain  (al-shan').  A  seldom  used  name  for 
the  fourth-magnitude  star  [i  Aquila;. 

AlshemaU  (al-she-mii'li).  [Ar.  al-setndii,  the 
northern.  See  Aigenubi,^  The  fourth-magni- 
tude star  fi  Leonis,  in  the  head  of  the  animal. 

Alsi.     See  Ah-ea. 

Al  Sirat  (al  si-rat').  [Ar.,  'the  road  or  way'; 
probably  borrowed  in  Arabic  from  Latin  strata 
c/o.]  The  bridge  over  which  all  must  pass  who 
enter  the  Mohammedan  paradise,  it  is  of  incon- 
ceivable narrowness,  finer  than  the  edge  of  a  razor ;  hence 
those  burdened  by  sins  are  sure  to  fall  off  and  are  dashed 
into  hell,  which  it  crosses.  The  same  idea  appears  in 
Zoroastrianism  and  among  the  Jews. 

Alsleben  (als'la-ben).  A  small  town  in  the 
}jroviuee  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Saale  30  miles  south  of  Magdeburg. 

-Alsop  (al'spp),  Richard.  Bom  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Jan.  23,  1761;  died  at  Flatbush,  L.  I., 
Aug.  20,  1815.  An  American  author,  one  of 
the  "Hartford  Wits"  and  chief  wi-iter  on  the 
"Echo."  He  published  "Monody  on  the  Death 
of  Washington,"  and  other  poems. 

Alsop,  Vincent.  Died  May  8,  1703.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine  and  controversialist. 
He  wrote  "Antisozzo"  (1675),  "Mischief  of  Impositions  " 
(1680),  "Melius  Inquirendum  "  (1679),  etc. 

Alsted  (iil'stet),  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Ballersbach,  near  Herborn,  Prussia.  1588:  died 
at  Weissenburg,  Transylvania,  Nov.  S,  1638.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian  and  voluminous 
writer,  professor  of  philosophy  (1615)  and  ( 1619) 
of  theology  at  Herborn. 

Alster  (af'ster).  A  small  tributary  of  the  Elbe 
which  traverses  Hamburg,  forming  two  basins, 
one  (the  larger)  outside  the  town  (Aussen 
Alster),  and  one  within  it  (Binnen  Alster).  The 
latter  is  surroimded  with  fine  buildings  and  is 
a  favorite  pleasiu'e-resort. 

Alston,  or  Alston  Moor.    See  Aldstone. 

Alstroemer  (iil'stre-mer),  Jonas.  Born  at 
AlingsEBS,  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  Jan.  7, 
1685 :  died  Jmie  2, 1761.  A  Swedish  merchant, 
distinguished  as  a  promoter  of  industrial  re- 
form in  Sweden. 

Alt.     See  Aluta. 

Altahmo  (iil-ta'mo).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  San  Fran- 
cisco bay,  California.     See  Costanoan. 

Altai  (al-ti').  A  mountain  system  which  lies 
partly  in  the  government  of  Tomsk,  Siberia, 
and  is  continued  eastward  into  Mongolia.  The 
highest  elevation,  the  Bjelucha  (Wliite  Moun- 
tain), is  about  11,000  feet.  The  main  range  is 
also  known  as  the  Ektag  Altai. 

Altaic  (al-ta'ik).  A  term  applied  to  various 
"Turanian  "  or  unclassified  languages  in  north- 
ern Asia :  usually  in  the  compound  Ural-Altaic. 
See  Turanian. 

Altai  Mining  District.  A  territory  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  government  of  Tomsk,  Si- 
beria, noted  for  mineral  wealth.  Its  capital  is 
Barnaul. 

Altair  (al-tar'),  or  Atair  (a-tar').  [Ar.  al-nasr 
al-tair,  the  flying  eagle,]  The  standard  first- 
magnitude  star  a  Aquilffi. 

Altamaha  (al"ta-ma-ha').  A  river  in  Georgia 
which  is  formed' by  the  junction  of  the  Oconee 
and  Ocmulgee,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  55 
miles  southwest  of  Savannah.  Its  length  is 
about  130  miles. 

AJtamirano  (iil-ta-me-ra'no),  Ignacio  Manuel. 

Born  in  Guerrero  about  1835 ;  died  Feb.  14, 
1893.  A  Mexican  poet,  orator,  and  joui'ualist, 
of  pure  Indian  blood,  said  to  have  been  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Aztec  monarehs.  lie  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Constituent  Congress  of  1861,  anil  joined  the 
army  during  the  French  invasion,  attaining  the  rank  of 
colonel.  He  published  ' Clemencia,"  "Julia,"  etc.  He 
died  in  Italy. 

Altamont  (al'ta-mont).  1.  In  Rowe's  play 
"The  Fair  Penitent,"  the  much-wronged  but 
forgiving  husband  of  Calista  (the  Fair  Peni- 
tent). He  kills  "that  haughty  gallant,  gay 
Lothario"whohas-nTonged  him.— 2.  In  Thack- 
eray's novel  "Pendennis,"  the  name  assumed 
by  the  returned  con%'ict  Amory.  He  is  the  fii-st 
husband  of  Lady  Clavering  and  father  of  the 
emotional  Blanche  Amory. 

Altamont,  Frederick.    See  Bmee,  John. 

Altamura  (al-tii-mo'ra).  A  city  m  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari.  Italv,  28  miles  southwest  of  Bari. 
It  contains  a  cathedral,  founded  by  the  emperor  Freder- 


Altamura  45  Alva 

Ickn.    It  is  a  3-ai8led  church  ufbasilicaii  plan,  with  cy-     miles  south  of  Eisenach,  noted  in  the  history     German   naturalist   and   engraver,   author  of 

llndncal  piUai-8  and  nunia  arches  in  the  nave  ana  pointed      ^f  R^«;f,w.^  «,.  I    -.*■  I  ..♦!.««/ i^oi  \  *       ».  x'... ..«— «^   i.;    »  •-.    i ne i^    'j/ioTn\    i.  T-. . 

vaulting  ill  the  aisles.    The  west  front  is  KumaueLu>;  i"    .,.'^''°'\'}*'*l. *"''"' '""5,    ,    *H^^-       „■  .       ■  N"  "rgesehu-hte  des  Pferdos  '  (1810),  '•  \ er- 

character,  with  a  great  rose  and  imposing  lion-porch  and  AltenZCUe  (al-ten-tserle)-   A  former  Cistercian     gleichmde  Osteologie"  (1821-31). 

much  sculpture,  especially  scenes  from  the  life  of  Christ,     iiioiiastery  near  Nosseu,  iu  Saxouy,  secularized  Alton  (al'tou).     A  town   in   Hampshire,  Eng- 
■  Altar  (al-tiir'),  or  Altar  de  CoUanes  (iil-tUi'     i"  l^-W.  land,   25  miles  north  by  east  of  Portsmouth, 

da  kol-yii'nes),  or  Capac-Urcu  (kji'piik  iir'ko).  Alterati  (It.  proii.  iil-te-rii'te),  The.     A  private     I'opulatjon  i  Isill ).  4,(J7l! 

A  volcano  in  the  eastern  range  of  the  Andes     musical  academy,  founded  in  1568  at  Florence  Alton.     A  city  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  situ- 
of  Ecuador,  east  of  Eiobamba,  17,730  feet  high     by  seven  Florentine  noblemen.     It  devoted  it-     ated  on  the  Mississippi  21  miles  north  of  St. 
(Reiss  and  Stubel).                                                             ?e"  <«  "i"  cultivallon  of  the  musical  drama,  and  under     Louis.    It  has  important  nmnufa^turesan.l  trade,  and  ta 
Altar    The       See  Arn.                                                      Its  auspices  the  flrst  Italian  opera  was  produced,     see     th- seat  of  ShuriKlf  College.     Population  (linxi),  14,210. 

Altaroche  (iil-ta-rosh'),  Marie  Michel.  Born  Alterf  Ol-tfrf)  FAr  1  The  seldom  used  name  ^}°^?;  <"''.*^"'''\  A  •"J""!'"''!  in  the  province 
al   Issoire,    Puy-de-D6me,    Fian.e,    April   18,     „t-l"/ \  urth-mainitudo^  8^^^^  of  Scl.lesw.g-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 

1811 :  died  at  Va.i.x.  Mav  14,  1SK4.     A  French     .ifouth  of  the  ani.^al  ""'S'"  '"*"''  "*  ^^^  ^"'*'  •''''""^  Hamburg  and  ad- 

journalist,  poet,  and  dramatist:    early  editor  Alt.pr  TVit?  liirter  ii'itst       rO     'OldFrity'l    A     J"i"">K  ,'*•  'u  '•''•,  ^^.°  .13'  X..   lone.  0°  5<'E. 
if 'nh-irivr.;  ■'  Alier  ITIIZ  (at  tci  luts;.      LU.,    UiajjniZ.J    a     It  is  the  largest  cil>  in  the  province,  and  has  cxtensire 

•  I...       Si  ;-,/i"    i     /       ^      ro        <i-i    .  111. knanio  ot  Frederick  t  ho  tircat.  forclsn  and  domestic  trade  and  iinix.rtant  mnnufacture*. 

Altas  Torres  (al  tas  tor  res),    [bp.,    high  tow-  Althaea  (al-tlie'ii).  or  Althea.    liir.'A?£a!a.'\    In     It  was  tormeilj  the  seat  of  an  ohservators  «hich  was  re- 
els.']    .See  Madri'jal.  ^jreeli  legend,  a  daughter  of  Thestius,  wife  of     "'""^  ,'.^'^'''j'"  ^"l*-    "i  .'■'"''■'i  "'V  1";Y">«"  "'  » 
Alt-Breisach,     See  Bre.sach.  CEneus,  king  of  Caly3on,aud  motherof  Ty.leus,     ffion'n^.'.'^oi^iil^    ^'       ^  ''''•    '^"''"' 

Altdorf  (Switzerland).     See  Altorf.  Melea-'er  and  Deianeiia  aiV      "  t      vl     , m-.       i   i  v    m   •,  j  t.     x 

Altdorf'  alt'dorf).  oriltorf  (al'torf).    Asmall  A^iLa      '^e  name  umler  ,vhich  RichardLove-  ^*f,°n^hv  CMiari  ViSn.^^1  V^ti^^^^^^^ 

town  in   Middle  Franconja,  Bavaria,  situated     la,c.  poetically  addressed  a  woman,  supposed  Aoona  '  aV  5',  k^      Ti  t^'-'^n^ 

on  the  Schwarzach  13  miles  southeast  of  Nu-    to  beLucy  Sacheverell  who  was  also  celebrated  ^*°0°a;   <'".-'°  "V.-   ^  <">,'"   l^'i^^^.f  <"'»'>• 
.emberg.    it  was  the  seat  of  a  univei^ity  from  ie2.s  to     „uder  the  name  of  Lu casta  onnsylvania  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at 

IMW,  which  was  united  in  the  latter  year  with  that  of   Althen  (F  nron  Ul  tofi'     Tphan  or  Tpai,      Born     ',',iS   off^'x?^     '""  ^^Sf''?-"/,?/"""''"".''-  '"  '^'• 
Erlansen.  iUtuen  (r  .  pion.  al-tmi  ),  Jenan  or  Jean.    Born     400  31-   jj.,  long.   78°  25'   W.,   noted   for  the 

iUWorfer(alt'dor-fer;,orAltorfer(iil'tor.fer),  2o:^':;t  a  govortu'of  a  Pe^ian  p r.rw'ce;  r"l'.ion''n90o'r'3'"'o"'  "'"'  ^'*''""''>"""'- 
Albrecht.  Born  at  Altdorf  Bavaria,  1488:  who  introduced  the  cultivation  of  madder  into  a^i^P^''  a^^.ir  iV  AuLw-  .HUMnrf^  TI,„ 
died  at   Kat.sbon,  Bavaria,   lo38      A  German     p,.„„,,..    "«  was  sold  as  a  slave  at  Smyn,a.  hut  made  -^A^y^/"'  '^'^j'  7„,,^*4o^^^^  J,'^f 

painter  and  engraver.     His  chief  work,  "  The     his  escape  to  France,  bringing  with  hi,n  sonW  seeds  of     capital  of  the  canton  ot  I  n.  Switzeriand,  situ- 
Battlo  of  Arbola,"  is  at  Munich.  madder,  the  exportation  of  which  waa  forbidden  under     tted  near  the  Heuss  and  near  the  southeastern 

Altea  (iil-ta'a).     A  seaport  in  the  province  of     Penalty  of  death.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  on  the  St. 

Alicante.  Spiiin,  25  miles  northeast  of  Alicante.  Althing.     Sie  Tiling.  Gotthard  route,  20  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne. 

Popul-itiou  (1887)    5  790  Althorp,  Viscount.     See /Spenoer,  third  Earl.        It  is  celebrated  in  the  legends  of  William  Tell.  t«  whom  a 

Altemira  (al-te-uiVrii).  '  A  tragedy  bv  Lord  Altilia,<"l-'«'''-")-  ^  ^'""'l  Cla""  '°  ""^ral  ''j'J",?,;'^.^:;;^!,^'' '''^" '" '^Ol.  Population (isss), 2,5.'.L 
Orrery,  produced  ill  1702,  after  his  death.  taly  abmit  20  miles  north  of  Benevento.    The    «,+„,*■,:„,..,  ',„.:„ x      c<.„   Ji,.,„,f 

■''  '  Konian  walls  of  the  ancient  town  (the  Samniteiteplnuiui.  Altori  (m  Bavaria),     bee  J^Wor/. 

It  is  a  roar  of  passion,  love  (or  what  passed  for  it),  jeal-     about  two  miles  from  the  modern  site,  remain  praclicallv  Altorfer.     See  Altdorfcr. 
ousy,  despair,  and  murder.     In  the  concluding  scene  the     perfect.    The  plan  is  a  squaie  with  rounded  angles  and  a  Altottine  (iilt-et'tinir)    or  Alten-Ottinff  (iil'- 
slaughter  is  terriflc.     It  all  takes  place  in  presence  of  an      gate  strengthened  by  massive  s<|Uare  towers  in  the  middle      ,o.,  .-f'tin.A        A  omnn  f^ii-iTr,.  l",  X.V  uf.-nrio 
unobtrusive  individual,  who  carries  the  doctrine  of  non-     of  each  side,  oriented  toward  the  cardinal  points.    The     ilii-h  iiiij,;.    ^  siiiaii  lowu  in  l  ppir  uavana. 
Intervention  to  its  extreme  limit.     When  the  persons  of     masonry  is  reticulated,  except  that  of  the  gate-arches.    An     Bavaria,  Oil  the  Morn    51    miles  northeast  of 
the  drama  have  made  an  end  of  one  another,  the  quietly     inscription  ascribes  (he  construction  to  Nero.  Munich.    It  is  a  famous  pilgrim  resort  on  account  of  a 

delighted  gentleman  steps  forward,  and  blandly  remarks,   Altin  (iil-tiu'),  or  Tcletskoi   (ta-let-skoi'),      A      miraculous  image  of  the  Virgin,  which,  it  is  said,  waa 
that  there  was  so  much  virtue,  love,  and  honor  in  it  ;dl,      ,    ,       -,-      •■       ,  ,  .,,,„„f  ,10  u.„„,i    :„  '     „.       brought  from  the  Kaat  in  the  Ttb  centur>-. 

that  he  could  not  And  t  in  hs  heart  to  interfere  though     l'il^t,<.j  miles  long  ami  .iliout  _U  Uroad,  in  west-    ..J 4.KJ4.  ,-i,'.-       ,-»■,        .       11  «■  t>_ 

his  own  son  was  one  of  the  victims.  em  Siberia,  in  lat.  51°  30' N.,  long.  87°  30' E.,  Altranstadt  (alt  ran-stat).     A  village  of  Prus- 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  133.     which  empties  into  a  tributary  of  the  Obi,  »'""  Saxony  9  miles  southeast  of  Merseburg, 

Alten(al'ten),  Count  Karl  August  von.  Bo™  Alting  (iil'tiug),  Johann  Heinrich.  Bom  at  «l"''e  a  treaty  w;as  concluded  17(H-.  between 
at  Burgwedel,  near  Hanover  Ot.  211  17C>4:  l^'"'!'-",  l'™ssia,  Feb.  17,  15s:i:  died  at  Gron-  Charles  Ml.  of  Sweden  and  Augusttis  II.  of 
died  at  Bozen  T\Tol  AnriP'O  1840  A  H'uio-  "'gpn.  Aug.  2.5,  1044.  A  German  Protestant  Saxony.  l>y  wlii.di  the  latter  lost  Poland.  A 
aieuat  oozlu,  ijtoi,  AJir  1  -u,  lt>io.     a  nano-     ^.  ^  ,  '    ■      "         .  .  ,i„„„,„h,.>!   «t  Hoirlol       treaty  was  also  made  herein  17u7.  between  Charles  .XIl. 

venan  general,   commander  ot  the   '-(Jerman     J''"^^"'"*-''^"' P™**^^^''f  "'/ "gUja'^s  a*  Heidel-     ^^  ,,;.^.j^.„  ,,„j  „,^.  ,,„,,„.,„,  j^^..,,,,  ,    ,,,  „,,i^,,  ^ 
Legion  "in  British  serWce.   He  served  in  the  Penin-     '"^''S   (^"13),  and   later  (ItjJi)   ot  theology   at     iigious  toleration   was  secured   (o  the  lYotcsunu   in 
sular  and  Waterloo  campiugns,  and  was  Hanoverian  min-     Groningen.      He  opposed  the  Remonstrants  in      Silesia. 
later  of  war  and  foreign  affairs.  the  synod  of  Dordreclit.  Altrincham,  or  Altringham  (al'tring-am).    A 

Alten  Fiord  (al'ten  fyord).  A  fiord  on  the  Alting,  Jakob.  Born  at  Heidelberg,  Sept.  27,  town  in  Cliesliire,  Eiifjland,  8  miles  southwest 
northern  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  70°  N.  liilS:  .lied  at  (ironiugeii,  Aug.  20,  U)7G.     A  son     of  Manchester.     Population  (1891),  12,424. 

Altena  (iil'te-nii).     A  town  in  the  province  of    of  J.  11.  Alting,  professor  of  Oriental  languages  Altringer.     See  JWnii;/(r. 
West|)lialia,   Prussia,  situated   on   the   Lenne     (1643)  and  of  theology  (16C7)  at   Groningen.  Altstadten  (iilt'stad-teii),  or  Altstetten  (alf- 
40  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.     It  is  noted  for    His  works  on  Hebrew  are  notable.  stet-len).     .\  town  in  the  canton  of  St.  Gall, 

iron  and  steel  manufactures,  and  for  its  castle.  Altis  (al'tis).     [Gr.  n/.r/f.]     The  sacred  pre-     Switzerland,  in  lat.  47°  23' X.,  long.  9^  32'  E. 
Population  (1890),  10,488,  cinct  and  nucleus  of  the  ancient  Olympia,  in     It  hascottoninanul'actures,    PoptUat ion  (1888), 

Altenahr  (al'ten-ar).     A  village  in  the  Rhine     (ircece.  8,430. 

Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr  30  miles  Altisidora  (al'tis-i-do'rii).     A  character  in  Ihe  AltstreUtz   (iilt'stra-lits).     The   former   capi- 
south  of  Cologne.     Near  it  is  the  ruined  castlo     ••Ciuious   Iiupertinent,"  an   episode  in  "Don     tal  of  .Micklenbiirg-Slrelilz,  situated  south  of 
of  Altenahr  or  Are,  destroyed  early  in  the  18th     (Quixote":  an  attendant  of  tlio  duchess.     She     Neusirelitz. 
century.  torments  Don  Qui.xoto  by  pretending  to  be  in  Altvater  Mountains  (iilt'fli-ter  moun'tanz), 

Altenherg  (al'ten-bero).    A  town  in  the  king-    li>ve  with  him.  or  Moravian  Snow  Mountains.    A  grouii  of 

dom  of  Saxony,  situated  in  the  Erzgebirge  21  Altkirch  (iilt'kerch),     A  small  town  in  Upper  nioniitains  in  the  Sndelic  sysli'in,  situaled  in 

miles  south  of  Dresden:  noted  for  its  tin-milies.  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  tlie  111  18  iiortlierii  iloravia  on  the  frontier  of  Austrian 

AJtenburg  (duchy).     Hec  Saj-c-Alli  iihnn/.  miles  northwest  of  Basel:  capital  of  the  Sund-  Silesia.    The  liigliest  point.  Gross  Altvater,  is 

Altenhurg   (itl'ten-boro).     The   capital"  (since  gaii,  about  4,8.50  feel  high. 

1826)  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Gei-many,  near   the  Altmark  (iilt'miirk).     Tlie  nucleus  of  Hranden-  Altwasser  (iilt'viis-ser).     A  tow^l  in  tlie  prov- 

Pleis.se  25  miles  south  of  Leipsic.    It  contains  a  iMirt;  and  the  Prussian  monarchy :  known  first  ini'e    of    Silesia,    Prussia,  on    the    Polsiiitz  41 

castle  (founiled  In  the  llth  century),  famous  from  the  ■  as  the  Nordmark,  now  ill  llie   province  of  Sax-  miles  southwest  of  Breslaii.     It  has  mine*  of  brown 

"Robbery  of  (he  Princess"  in  14.'',5.    Ancient  Saxon  resi-  ,^,,,r    pj-ussia      Sei'  \orttiiHtrk  iiini  Jtnni<trnlntri/  cnnl,  and  waa  formerly  a  watering-place.      IVtpulatlon 

deuce.     Population  (ISiiO),  :tl,439.  AUmowor  rMl't'iiii  erl    Tnan  TarniiBB      Horn  at  (ls:«i).'.',Mlt. 

Altend(jrf  (iil'ten-dorf),     A  town  near  Essen,  ^lS!,V;.''.Iau.' 24^   ISO?:  .U^^^^^^  Al«dra  («l-«'dra).  .  [Ar.  nj.-.ulrn.  .he  singular 

Rhine   I'lovince,  Prussia.     Population  (1890),  .Sept.  15,  1H77.    A  Bel^inn  hisl.u-ian.    Among  hi  -'f/'^ '/''''';'^  <li'>  virgins,  f.mr  stars  near  .nch 

1T,81).  wofksare-lllst.drede,  reialionsc.mmerclale.  .t  |H.||.  ""'"T  '"  <  aiiis   Major.]     Ihe  thml-mngniliide 

Altenesch  (iil'ten-esh).     A   village  in    Olden-  (iqnes  dcs  Pays  Bus,"  etc.,  "  K.sninc  du  Ihisiolre  in.-  sinr'/f  niiis  .Miijiins. 

bui-K,  (iennany,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ochtum  derne  ■(isij),  and  vaih.us  works  on  Uutchnnd  iviglan  hl»-  Alula  (al'ii-lii  I  Borealis  ami  AustrallS.      [I.., 

9  miles  northwest  of  Bremen.    Here  in  1234  the  J';?!,';'.'" ,   ,„,.-,„.        .    -i„„,  ;.,   n„„..,!„    .i,„  'northern'  and  •southern    wing.']      The   two 

Stedinger   were   neariy   exterminated  by   the  Altmuhl  (hit  mUl).      A  river  in   Bavaria,    he  f„„r,|,.magiiitiide  stars  r  un.l  i  Frsir  Majoris. 

Crnsaders           "'    "    ^                                  •  ancient  Alcimona  or  Aleinona,  which  joins  tho  which  mark  Ihe  southern  hiinl  fo,.t  ..f  the  beast. 

Altenessen    (iil-ten-es'sen).      A    coal-mining  J.>",""'""'  '"  >^"""'">  [^  ""'^  "'""InY'st  of  R»-  xi,  which  l«  a  line  hlnar,  .tar  with  «  pcri.M  of  only  01 

l,.ve.>     „,  .I,.    Ti-Qcn,,     Wl.inn    Prn»7i.,nn     Pruaaiii  tisooil.    It  crosses  Ihe  I- 1 anc.nlnii  ,Ium.     It*  length  Is  years.  I»  al»o  known  B»  W  .<<v.*n. 

.          ,    .!        ,ilfo,?    ',.!.«-       "°^"""^'    iri'SS"'-      about  li.  miles,  and  It  Is  < ected  with  the  Main  sy.len,  Alumbagh.      See  .l/</m/i«.;A. 

I  opulatn.n  (1890),  12,29:..  by  (be  l.udwIgM'anal  at  Ulelfurt.  AluredUS.     See  Alfr,,!  ,.f  llrnrhi,. 

Alteilkirchen(iil-ten-ker'chen).     A  small  town  Alto-Douro  (iil''',>-<h>'i<.')..       A    ri.gi.m    in    Hie  ^u^^  ,j,.|,i'til).  of  Alt  (iilD.  or  Olt  (61f).     A 

in  llie  lihine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  southern  ]iart  of  Traz-os-.Moiiles  and  Ihe  north-  river  wliiidi  rises  in  i>asternTi:insylvania,  flows 

Wie.l  ;u  miles  southeast  of  Cologne.  rrii   part    of   Heira.  Portugal,  near  the  Douro,  „oulh  and  west,  and  breaks  llinMigh  the  Cnr- 

Altenkirchen.      An  anciont  countship  m  the  ,|,,t,.,l  for  its  (iiort)  wine.  patliiaiiH  at   the  liolherlhiirm  Pass,  and  then 

iHi-lil.orlioo,l  of  Altenkirchen.  Altofronto,  Giovanni.     See  Malrrolr.  })„„.,(  ^,,,,,1,   (|,r,.i|,.h  Wnlhiehin,  iind  joins  Ihe 

Alten-Otting.    Heo  Aiiniiinn.  Alton  (iil'ion).  Johann  Samuel  Ednard  d'.    Danube  opj.ositeMc.ipoiis.    Its  chief  tributary 

Altenstein    lal'ten-stin),    Karl    (Baron    von  I'.orn  at  si.  lioar,  Prus-.i!i,,Iiily   17,  1mi:1:  dud  is  the  Ollelz.     I^'iiglh,  about  300  miles.     Also 

Stein  ZUmAltenstein).    Bornal  Anspach,  P.a-  at  Halle,  .Tilly  2.'i,  1H,VI.     .\  (lermiiii  anulomist ,  .|/„„^,. 

varia,  Oct.  7,  177(1:  ilie<l  at  Berlin,  May  14.  1840.  .son  of  .1.  W.  K.  d'Alton,  uuthm- of  ■■Hanilbiii'li  Alvalal'vii ;  Sp.iir\ii>,or  Alba(:il'bii\Dukeof 

A  Prussia II  statesman,  minister  of  finance  1808-  der  meiischlichen  .\nnliitiiie"  (lS48-.5fl).  etc.  (Fomando  AlvareZ  de  Toledo),     llorn  l,")OS: 

18111,  and  minister  of  piiblii'  worship  1817-38.  Alton  (iil'ton),  Johann  Wilhelm  Eduard  d".  dioil  III  Tliomiir,  Portugal,  Jan.  J'j,  1,582.    A  fa- 

Altenstein.     .V  summer  castle  of  the  dukes  of  Horn   at    A(|iiileia,    .Aiislria-lliiiik'ary,  Antr.  11,  moiis  SpnniKh  general.     lie  foughl  In  ihe  varlou* 

Saxe-Miiningen,  in   the  Thuringiau   forest    10  1772:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  May  11,  1X4(1.     A  cainpalgnsof  the  vmpcrurCliarlea  V.andof  rhillpll.:  de. 


Alva 

cided  the  victory  of  Miililberg,  1547 ;  was  commander 

against  Metz  in  1552  and  later  in  Italy ;  was  sent  as  gov- 
ernur  to  the  Netherlands  iu  iri(J7,  and  there  beciune  uuto- 
rious  for  his  cruelty  ;  established  the  "Council  of  Blood" 
(which  see):  put  to  death  Egniont,  Hoorn,  and  many 
others ;  and  was  generally  successful  against  William  of 
Orange  down  to  1572.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1573  and 
conquered  Portugal  in  15S0. 

Alva  de  Liste,  or  Alva  de  Aliste,  Count  of. 

Same  as  Alba  de  Liste.  See  Uenriqut:  ih  Gu:- 
iiKDi,  Luis. 
Alvarado  (iil-va-ra's'Ho).  Alonso de.  Bom  at 
Burgos  about  1490 :  died  iu  Peru,  lJ5ti.  A  Span- 
ish ■  cavalier  who  in  151S  joined  Cortes  and 
served  iu  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  of  his  early 
life  nothing  is  known.  In  1534  he  went  to  Peru  witli  Pedro 
de  Alvarado  (who  was  not  related  to  him),  remained  with 
Pizarro.  and  was  sent  to  conquer  Chachapoyas,  a  region 
on  the  upper  Marauon.  Called  back  by  the  revolt  of  Inca 
Manco,  he  was  detached  with  4w  men  to  relieve  Cuzco. 
Ahnajrro,  meanwhile,  had  seized  that  city,  and  Alvarado's 
refusal  to  acknowledge  him  led  to  a  battle  at  the  river 
Abancay,  .Tuly  12,  1537,  where  Alvarado  was  defeated  and 
captured  with  his  whole  force.  He  escaped  from  Cuzco 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  joined  Pizarro,  and  commanded  his 
cavall-y  at  the  battle  of  Las  Salinas,  April  ie,  153S,  captur- 
ing .\lmagro  next  day.  He  then  returned  to  Chachapoyas 
and  carried  his  conquests  eastward  to  the  Huallaga.  He 
joined  Vaca  de  Castro  in  1541,  took  part  in  the  campaign 
against  the  younger  Almagro,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Chupas,  Sept.  Iti.  1542.  .Soon  after  he  went  to  Spain,  re- 
ceived the  title  of  marshal,  and  returned  mth  Oasca  in 
1546.  He  was  a  judge  in  the  military  court  which  con- 
demned Gouzalo  Pizarro  and  Carbajal  to  death.  Gasca 
made  him  governor  of  Cuzco,  and  in  1553  he  was  sent  to 
govern  Chai'cas,  where  he  put  down  a  rebellion,  (-)n  the 
rebellion  of  Giron,  Alvarado  marched  against  him  with 
1,000  men  (Nov.,  1553),  but  was  defeated  at  Chuquingua, 
near  the  river  Abancay,  May  21, 1.554.  It  is  said  that  the 
murtilication  of  this  defeat  caused  his  death. 

Alvarado,  Diego  de.  Died  in  Spain,  1540.  A 
Spanish  soldier,  either  brother  or  uncle  of 
Pedro  de  Alvarado,  who  went  with  him  to  Peru 
in  1534. 

Alvarado,  Pedro  de.  Born  in  Badajoz,  1485: 
died  at  Guadalajara,  Mexico,  June  4,  1541.  A 
Spanish  cavalier,  famous  as  a  companion  of 
Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico.  He  went  to 
the  West  Indies  in  1610,  and  in  1511  joined  the  expedition 
of  Velasquez  to  Cuba,  where  he  received  a  grant  of  laud. 
In  151S  he  commanded  a  vessel  in  the  e-vpeditiun  of  Gri- 
j.alva  to  Yucatan,  and  in  the  following  year  followed 
Cortes  in  the  Mexican  conquest.  He  was  Ipresent  at  the 
seizure  of  Montezuma,  and  when  Corti^'S  went  to  meet 
Narvaez,  Alvarado  was  left  in  command  of  the  force  at 
Mexico.  During  Cortes's  absence  the  Mexicans  rose  and 
besieged  the  Spaniards.  In  the  .disastrous  nocturnal  re- 
treat (the  noche  trisle,  July  1, 1B20),  Alvarado  commanded 
the  rear-guard  and  escaped  with  difficulty,  saving  his  life, 
according  to  the  tradition,  by  leaping  a  great  gap  in  the 
causeway,  at  a  spot  still  called  "Alvarado's  Leap."  In 
the  subsequent  operations  and  the  siege  of  Mexico  he  took 
a  prominent  part.  In  Dec,  1523,  lie  was  sent  with  420 
Spaniards  and  a  large  force  of  Indians  to  conquer  Guate- 
mala; after  a  desperate  battle  witli  the  t^uiche  Indians 
near  Quezaltenango.  he  marched  to  Utitlan,  burned  that 
town  after  conquering  the  inhabitants  (.\pril.  1524),  de- 
feated another  army  near  Lake  Atitlan,  and  founded  the 
old  city  of  Guatemala,  July  25,  1524.  «He  returned  to 
Spain  to  meet  charges  of  defrauding  the  royal  treasury 
and  was  acquitted,  and  returned  to  Guatemala  in  1530 
as  governor,  with  a  large  number  of  colonists.  In  1534 
he  lieaded  an  expedition  of  400  men  against  (Juito.  claim- 
ing that  that  region  was  not  included  in  the  grant  made 
to  Pizarro,  and  was  thus  open  to  conquest.  Landing 
on  the  coast,  he  led  his  men  over  the  mountains  in  a 
teiTible  march,  during  which  large  numbers  perished. 
Near  Kiobamba  he  met  the  forces  of  Almagro  and  Benal- 
cazar,  and  was  induced  to  retire,  receiving,  it  is  said,  a 
large  sum  of  gold  from  Pizarro:  most  of  his  men  re- 
mained. Returning  to  Guatemala,  he  took  part  in  the 
conquest  of  Honduras,  whicli  was  added  to  his  govern- 
ment. In  1540  he  went  to  ilexico,  was  engaged  in  sub- 
duing a  revolt  in  Jalisco,  and  died  there  from  wouuds  re- 
ceived by  a  fall  with  his  horse. 

Alvarenga  (ai-va-reng'ga),  Manuel  Ignacio 
da  Silva.  Bom  in  Sao  Joao,  ilVl  Kei,  Minas 
Geraes,  17.58:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  1, 
1812.  A  Brazilian  poet.  His  songs  and  odes 
are  among  the  finest  in  the  Portuguese  language. 

Alvarenga  Peixoto,  Ignacio  Jose  de.    Born 

in  Rio  de  Janeiro  about  the  end  of  1748 :  died 
in  Angola  early  in  1793.  A  Brazilian  poet  and 
revolutionist.  For  taking  part  in  the  revolutionary 
conspiracy  of  1789  he  was  condemned  to  death  (1702),  but 
the  sentence  was  commuted  to  dep<.>rl:ititin  to  Angola. 

Alvares  (al'va-res),  or  Alvares  Correa  (ko- 
ra'yii),  Diogo.  Died  near  Bahia,  Oct.  5,  1557. 
A  Poiluguese  (generally  known  by  his  Indian 
name  Caramurii)  who  in  1510  was  shipwrecked 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil  near  Bahia.  He  succeeded 
in  '.gaining  the  friendship  of  the  Tupinambi^  Indians,  and 
subsequently  brought  about  friendly  relations  between 
them  and  the  first  Portuguese  colonists. 

Alvarez  (iil'vii-res),  Francisco.  Born  at 
Coiiulira,  Portugal:  died  after  1:')40.  A  Portu- 
guese traveler  in  Abyssinia,  author  of  "Verda- 
deira  Informacam  do  Preste  Joao  das  Indias" 
(1540,  "True  Information  about  Prester  John 
of  the  Indies''). 

Alvarez  ( iil' va-reth),  Juan.  Born  at  Concepcion 
de  Atoyac  (now  Ciudad  Alvarez),  Jan.  27,  1780: 


46 

died  Aug.  21,  1867.  A  Mexican  general.  He 
joined  the  revolt  of  Morelos  in  Nov.,  1810,  and  was  prom- 
inent in  the  civil  wars  and  in  the  war  with  the  United 
States.  In  Feb.,  1S54,  he  began  the  revolt  at  Acapulco 
which  spread  until  Santa  Anna  fled  from  the  country  in 
-\ug.,  1855.  Alvarez  was  made  acting  president  at  Cuer- 
aavaca,  Oct.  4,  1855  ;  but  unable  to  reconcile  the  conflict- 
ing cabals,  he  transferred  the  oifice  to  Comonfort.  Dec.  8, 
1855,  and  returned  to  his  home  at  Acapulco.  He  aided 
Juarez  against  the  French,  and  was  commander  of  the 
5th  army  division  when  he  died. 

Alvarez,  Don.  In  Dryden's  tragedy  "Don  Se- 
bastian," a  former  counselor  to  Don  Sebastian, 
at  the  period  of  the  play  a  slave. 

Alvary  (al-vii'ri)  ( Achenbach),  Max.  A  tenor 
singer,  son  of  the  painter  Andreas  Achenbach, 
born  at  Diisseldorf  iu  1858 :  died  1898.  He  first 
appeared  in  Weimar,  removing  to  New  York  in  1884.  After 
several  successful  seasons,  he  returned  to  Hamliurgin  1889. 

Alvear  (al-ve-ar'),  Carlos  Maria.  Born  in 
Buenos  Ayres  about  1785  r  died  iu  Montevideo 
about  1850.  He  received  a  military  education 
in  Spain,  and  iu  1812  became  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  assembly  of  the  Platine  states. 
He  joined  the  party  of  Posadas ;  was  sent  to  command  the 
besieging  army  at  Montevideo,  which  capitulated  in  June. 
1814 ;  was  worsted  in  a  struggle  with  Artigas,  and  in  Jan., 
1815,  succeeded  Posadas  as  supreme  director,  but  was  soon 
deposed  by  a  mutiny  of  the  troops.  He  commanded  the 
Argentine  forces  against  the  Brazilians  in  Uruguay,  182t>, 
and  won  the  indecisive  victorj'  of  Ituzaingd,  Feb.  20, 1827. 
He  was  minister  to  the  United  States  in  1823.  Dlrring  the 
dictatorship  of  Rosas  he  was  banished. 

Alvensleben(al'vens-la-ben),Albrecht,  Count 
von.  Born  at  Halberstadt,  Prussian  Saxonv, 
March  23,  1794:  died  at  Berlin,  May  2, 1858.  A 
Prussian  politician  and  diplomatist.  As  min- 
ister of  finance.  1836-42,  he  developed  the 
Zollverein  (which  seel. 

Alvensleben,  Gustav  von.  Born  in  Eichen- 
barleben,  Prussian  Saxony,  Sept.  30.  1803 : 
died  at  Gernrode  in  the  Harz,  June  30,  1881. 
A  Prussian  general  of  infantry,  cliief  of  staff 
in  the  military  department  of  the  Rhine  prov- 
inces and  Westphalia.  He  served  in  the  staff  1860, 
and  commanded  an  army  corps  1870-71,  distinguishing 
himself  at  Sedan  and  elsewhere. 

Alvensleben,  Gustav  Hermann  von.  Born 
at  Rathenow.  Brandenburg,  Jan.  17,  1827.  A 
Prussian  lieutenant-general.  He  participated  in 
the  wars  against  Denmark  and  Austria,  and  commanded 
an  ITilan  regiment  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war,  distinguish- 
ing himself  in  the  battles  of  Colombey-Nouilly,  Vionville, 
and  Gravelotte. 

Alvensleben,  Konstantin  von.  Born  at  Eieh- 
enbarleben,  Prussian  Saxonv.  Aug.  26,  1809: 
died  at  Berlin,  March  27,  1892.  A  Prassian 
general,  brother  of  Gustav  von  Alvensleben. 
commander  of  the  3d  army  corps  in  the  war  of 
1870-71,  at  Vionville,  Mars-la-Tour,  Gravelotte, 
the  investment  of  Metz,  on  the  Loire,  and 
elsewhere. 

Alves  Branco  (al'ves  brang'ko),  Manoel. 
Born  at  Bahia,  June  7,  1797  :  died  at  Nictheroy, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Jidy  13,  1855.  A  Brazilian  law- 
yer and  statesman.  He  entered  political  life  as  dep- 
uty in  1830,  and  soon  became  a  leader  of  the  liberal  party. 
He  was  chosen  senator  in  1837,  was  five  times  minister 
(183.5,  1837,  1840,  1844,  and  1846),  and  was  premier  May, 
1847,  to  Jan.,  1849.  In  Dec,  1854,  he  was  created  Visconde 
de  (.'aravellas. 

Alvlnczy  (al'vin-tse),  or  Alvinzi,  Joseph, 
Baron  von  Barberek.  Bom  at  Ahincz,  Tran- 
sj'lvania,  Feb.  1,  1735:  died  at  Budapest,  Nov. 
25, 1810.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  5er>-ed 
in  the  Seven  Y'ears'  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel; 
unsuccessfully  attempted  to  storm  Belgrad  in  1789;  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Neerwinden  in  1793 ;  was  defeated  at 
Hondschooten  1793 ;  commanded  on  the  upper  Rhine ;  be- 
came commander  in  Italy  in  1790;  and  was  defeated  by 
Bonaparte  at  Arcole  1796,  and  at  Rivoli  1797. 

Alvord  (al'vord).  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Rutland, 
Vt.,  Aug.  18, 1813:  died  Oct.  16. 1884.  An  Amer- 
ican general  and  military  writer.  He  served  in 
the  Mexican  war,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  major  (Aug. 
15,  1847),  and  in  the  Civil  War.  He  became  brevet  briga- 
dier-general April  9,  1865,  and  brigadier-general  and  pay- 
master-general Aug.  4,  1S76. 

Alwaid  (al-wid').  [Ar.  al  'airdid,  the  sucking 
eamel-eolts  (this  star,  w^th  three  others  near 
it,  being  so  called  by  the  Arabs).]  The  second- 
magnitude  star  ^  Draconis,  in  the  monster's  eye. 
It  is  called  Eastaban  on  some  star-maps. 

Alwar  (al'war).  orUlwar  (iil'war).  A  state  of 
Rajputana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  30'  N., 
long.  76°  30'  E.  It  is  under  British  control. 
Area,  3,051  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
767,786. 

Alwar.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Alwar,  in 
lat.  27°  34'  N.,  long.  76°  35'  E.  Population 
(1891),  52,398. 

Alxinger  (alk'sing-er),  Johann  Baptist  von. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Jan.  24,  1755:  died  at  Vienna, 
May  1,  1797.  An  Austrian  poet,  secretary  of 
the  imperial  court  theater  (1794).  He  published 
" Gedichte ■■  (1780, 1784),  "Doolin  von  Mainz"  (1787),  "Bli- 


Amadis  of  Oaul 

omberis  "  (1791).  His  writings  were  collected  in  ten  vol- 
umes iu  1812. 
Alyattes  (a-U-at'ez).  [Gr.  'A'/.vaTrr/i;.']  A  king 
of  Lydia  who  reigned  about  617-560  B.  c,  the 
father  of  Croesus.  He  made  various  conquests  in  Asia  • 
Minor,  and  carried  on  war  against  Cyaxares  of  Media.  His 
tomb  north  of  Sardis,  near  Lake  Gyga-a,  was  one  of  the 
most  notable  monuments  of  antiquity. 

If  the  measurements  of  Herodotus  are  accurate,  and 
modern  travellers  appear  to  think  that  they  do  not  greatly 
overstep  the  truth,  the  tomb  of  Alyattes  cannot  have  fallen 
far  short  of  the  grandest  of  the  Egyptian  monuments.  Its 
deficiency  as  respects  size  must  have  been  in  height,  for 
the  area  of  the  base,  which  alone  our  author's  statements 
determine,  is  above  one-thiid  greater  than  that  of  the 
Pyramid  of  Cheops.  -\s,  however,  the  construction  waa 
of  earth  and  not  of  stone,  a  baiTow  and  not  a  pyramid,  it 
would  undoubtedly  have  required  a  less  amount  of  servile 
labour  than  the  great  works  of  Egypt,  and  would  indicate 
a  less  degraded  condition  of  the  people  who  raised  it  than 
that  of  the  Egyptians  in  the  time  of  the  pyramid-builders. 
Ra'wUnsoii^  Herod.,  I.  3153. 

Alypius  (a-lip'i-us).  The  (unidentified)  author 
of  a  Greek  treatise  on  the  elements  of  music. 
"  The  work  consists  wholly,  with  the  exception  of  a  short 
introduction,  of  lists  of  the  symbols  usetl  0>oth  for  voice 
and  instrument)  to  denote  all  the  sounds  in  the  forty-fife 
scales  produced  by  taking  each  of  the  fifteen  modes  in  the 
three  genera  (diatonic,  chromatic,  enharmonic)."  Smith, 
Diet.  Gr.  and  Rom.  Biog. 

Alz  (iilts).  A  tributary  of  the  Inn,  in  Upper 
Bavaria,' the  outlet  of  the  Chiemsee. 

Alzei,  or  Alzey  (alt'si).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rhine  Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
Selz  19  miles  southwest  of  Mainz,  it  is  an  old 
Roman  town,  and  is  noted  in  the  Nibelungen  cycle.  It 
was  sacked  by  Spinola  in  1620,  and  by  the  French  1688-89. 
Population  (IS90X  5,801. 

Alzirdo  (alt-ser'do).  In  "Orlando  Purioso," 
tlie  king  of  Tremizen,  defeated  by  Orlando. 

Alzire  (al-zer').  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced Jan.  27,  1736,  in  which  he  contrasted  the 
virtues  of  the  noble  natural  man  and  those  of 
Christianized  and  civilized  man.  The  heroine, 
Alzire,  is  a  noble  Peruvian  captive. 

Alzog  (alt'soG),  Johannes.  Born  at  Ohlau, 
Silesia,  June  29,  1808 :  died  at  Freiburg,  Baden, 
Feb.  28,  1878.  A  German  Roman  Catholic 
ehm-eh  historian,  professor  at  Posen,  Hildes- 
heim.  and  Freiburg.  He  was  the  author  of  "Lehr- 
buch  der  I'niversalkirchengeschichte "  (1840,  "Manual  of 
General  Church  History  "),  "Grundriss  der  Patrologie,"  etc 

Alzubra  (al'zii-bra).  [Ar.  ]  The  rarely  used 
name  of  a  little  star  of  the  fifth  magnitude,  72 
Leonis,  in  the  animal^  hind  quarters. 

Amadah  (a-ma'da).  A  place  in  Nubia  on  the 
bend  of  the  Nile  near  Derr,  noted  for  the  tem- 
ple of  Thothmes  IH. 

Amadeo  (a-ma-da'o),  Giovanni  Antonio. 
Born  near  Pavia  about  1447:  died  Aug.  27, 1522. 
The  most  remarkable  of  the  Lombard  sculptors. 
He  was  associated  early  with  the  Mantegazzein  the  works 
of  the  fa4;ade  of  the  Certosa.  With  his  brother  Protasius 
he  also  made  the  tomb  of  San  Lanfranco  in  the  church  of 
that  saint  near  Pavia.  He  made  the  monument  to  Medea 
Colleone  (or  Coleoni)  at  Basella  near  Bergamo,  and  the 
chapel  and  tomb  of  Colleone  himself  at  Bergamo,  1509. 
In  1490  he  was  appointed  chief  architect  of  the  Certosa  at 
Pavia,  and  made  a  new  design  for  the  favade  which  was 
subsequently  carried  out  by  his  successors.  Heconstructed 
the  cupola  of  the  cathedral  at  Milan,  and  two  important 
monuments  of  the  chapel  of  the  Borromei  at  Isola  Bella. 

Amadeus  (am-a-de'us).  It.  Amadeo  (fi-ma- 
da'd).  Bom  Mav  30,  1845  :  died  at  Turin,  Jan. 
18,  1890.  Duke" of  Aosta,  the  second  son  of 
Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  elected  king  of  Spain 
Nov.,  1870.  He  entered  Madrid  Jan.  2,  1871, 
and  abdicated  Feb.  11,  1873. 

Amadeus  V.  Born  at  Bourget,  Savoy,  1249: 
died  1323.  A  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed  "  The 
Great,"  who  reigned  from  1285  to  1323,  and 
was  the  ancestor  of  the  house  of  Savoy  (later 
Italian  dynasty).  He  increased  the  possessions 
of  Savoy  by  maiTiage  and  conquest,  and  was 
made  prince  of  the  empire  1313. 

Amadeus  VI.  Born  1334  :  died  1383.  A  count 
of  Savoy,  surnamed  "The  Green  Count."  a 
grandson  of  Amadeus  V.  He  reigned  1343-83, 
and  acquired  various  territories  in  Piedmont 
and  elsewhere. 

Amadeus  VII.  A  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed 
"The  Red,"  a  son  of  Amadeus  A'l.  He  reigned 
1383-91,  and  acquired  Nice. 

Amadeus  VIII.  Born  at  Chamb^ry,  Savoy, 
Sept.  4,  1383 :  died  at  Geneva,  Jan.  7,  1451.  A 
count  (later  duke)  of  Savoy,  son  of  Amadeus 
Vn.  He  succeeded  as  count  in  1391,  was  created  duke 
in  1416,  and  abdicated  in  1434.  He  was  elected  pope  in 
1439,  and  reigned  as  Felix  V.  1440-^9. 

Amadeus,  Lake.  A  salt  lake,  about  150  miles 
long,  on  the  boundary  of  South  Australia  and 
western  Australia,  about  lat.  24°  S. 

Ama(iis  of  Gaul  (am'a-dis  ov  gal).  The  legen- 
dary hero  of  a  famous  medieval  romance  of  chiv- 
alry, the  center  of  a  cycle  of  romances :  the 


Amadis  of  Gaul  47                                                                 Amathus 

oldest  of  the  heroes  of  ehivalry.  He  is  represented  fitana.']     The  oldest  existinR  code  of  maritime     Fletcher's  "  Spanish  Curate,"  the  wife  of  Bar- 

hn  the  illegitimate  son  of  I'eriou,  king  o(  (Jaul,  and  Eli-  law,  compiled  about  the  time  of  tbe  first  Cru-     tolus,  "as  cuiiiiiiiK  as  she  's  sweet." 

sena,  princess  of  Brittany.     He  was  exiwsed  soon  after  ggj,^,  jj..  ,Jj    authorities  of  Auialti,  which  then  Amarante  (ii-mii-rau'ta).      A   small    town    in 

^ri'iStulVTnfghtrw!!! '^^^^^^^^^^^  possessed  considerable  commerce  and  .naritiu,c     n.M-.lu-rn  l'.,r,u,^al.  north  of  Oporto 

king  ol  Scotland  ;  and  fiU  iH  love  with  Oriana,  daughter  power.                                                                                    Amarantn   (am  a-ranth),  LaUy.     A  Character 

of  Lisuartc,  king  of  England,  whom  he  eventually  married.  Amalia   (ii-mii'le-ii).  Anna      Bom  at  Wolfeu-     in  (  I'Kii-fc's  farce  •' Wild  Oats." 

Aftei  being  knighted  he  returned  to (iaul,  and  during  the  i^uttj,!     Germany,  Oct.  14,  1739:    died  at  Wei-  Amarapura  (am'a-ni-po'rii).     A  decayed  town 

^wo.iderfuJexl'Llr'         ■''"""■'""'       ■  mar,  ApriUO,  1807.     Duchess  of  Saxe-Weimar-     of  Burma,  on   the  Irawadi  6  miles  northeast 

It  is  to  Herberuy  that  the  famous  romance  of  Amadia  Kisenach,  wife  of  Duke  Eruest.  and  mother  of     "f  Ava,     It  contains  the  fonuer  royal  palace     It  wai 

of  tiaul  owes  most  of  Its  fame.     Aecoi.ling  to  the  most  Duke  Karl  Atigust,    she  was  regent  175!>-7.\  and  is     '"'"'  '"  l'^' ■  ""d  ""^  '<"  ™'"'>  >•=»"  <^P^^  "'  B"'™*- 

[irobaWe  story,  the  Amadis  was  originally  translated  by  celebrated  as  a  patroness  of  literature  and  art,  especially  Aniara3inha(am'a-ra-sin'liiiUThe  authorof  the 

the  Spaniard  .Montalvo  from  a  lo>t  I'ortuguese  original  of  as  the  friend  of  Wieland,  Herder,  and  Uoethe.                           .\lriiirako-iha      His  date  is  nncertaici  but  it  is  l)elieved 

the  '"»r'™».'h  century.    Tla-re  is  absolutely  no  trace  o^^^^  Amalie  (ii-mii'le-e).  or  Amalia,  Marie  Fried-     b,  W.  b.r  n„t  to  be  earlier  than  the  11th  centuo'  a.  p. 

Jy"?^!Jnch^'ruhs'"l"'lornrti;^  Amadist'^'i.^^^prse  frike.     Born  Dec.  21.  1«1.  :  di-d  Mas  .'n,  ls7o.  Amaravati  (a-ma-ni'va-te^.   In  Hindu  mythpl- 

roman  daventures,  distinguished  only  from  iu  French  Princess     of    Oldcnbtirf;,   eldest    daiigllter     ot     ogy,  the  capital  of  Indra  s  heaven,  in  the  vicin- 

companions and  predecessors  by  a  somewhat  higher  strain  Grand  Duke  Augustus,  and  wife  of  Otho,  King     itv  of  Meru. 

ol  romantic  sentiment,  and  by  a  greater  abundance  of  of  Greece  (married  X.iv.  lilj,  IKW).                            AmareOZa    (ii-mur-KO '  zii)    Elver.       A    small 

?:ri;.Hr^o^t;;,^SHantd;'y,?l\e'^:ir;e;S\^^^^^^  AmaUe    (a-ma-le-e),    Marie   Friederike    Au-     nv,.r\,  eastern   CaTifomia,  which  flows  into 

liemic  French  taste  had  known  how  to  do  without.     It  gtiste.    Duchess  lu  !#a-\un.v  :  pseuddiiyiii  Aina-     Deatli  \  alley. 

had  been  continued  in  the  .Spanish  by  more  than  one  au-  Jje  Hcitcr.    Born  Aug.  10,  1794  :  died  Sej)!.  lb.    Amari  (ii-mii're),  EmericO.     Born  at  Palermo, 

thor,  and  was  a  very  voluminous  wwk  when,  in  154U  Her.  js;,,.       a    German  dramatist,  sister   of   King     .\Iav  9,  1810:  died  there,   Sept.  20.   1870.     An 

beray  undertook  to  give  a  trench  version  of  it.     He,  my.  ..     ^■,                          .,             i    ,.t\        /-\i     ■      ^      t.    :•               i  i-    ■   .        ..                       .        . 

his  turn    had  continuators,  but  none  who  equalled  his  J"''"    "'     ^axouy:    author   of    '-Der    Oheim.        Italian    iniblieist.     He  was  appointed    pr-destor  of 

p..pnlaiity  or  power.  .  .  .  The  book  became  hinnenselv  "Die  Fiirstcnliraut,"  "  Vetter  Heinrieh,"  etc.      criminal  law  in  the  I  niversityof  Palennoin  1S41.    Author 

popular.    It  is  said  that  it  was  the  usual  reading  ho,)k  for  AmallngS  (am'a-lingz).     A  royal  Gothic  family     "'  ."."-Tltica  di  una  scienza  dellc  Ugishizionl  comparate 

foreign  students  of  ftench  for  a  considerable  period,  and  «„i,l  to  Ti-ive  ruled  over  the  (,oths  till  the  di\-l-     P'^^''- .     -,.    ,     ,           „              x    r.   i                 i    i      - 

it  was  highly  thought  of  by  the  best  critics  (such  as  Pas-  ^H''i  t<> 'i'^  e  ru  eu  o\  er  lue  liOlus  till  ine  cmT    ^^an,   Michele.      Born   at    Paliiino.  July   (, 

,iuier)  of  its  own  and  the  next  generation.    It  had  more-  sio"  of  the  nation  mto  Ostrogoths  and   \  isi-     jgoC:  died  at  Florence.  July  16, 1889.  An  Italian 

over  a  great  inBuence  on  what  came  after  it.    To  no  single  goths,  when  they  ruled  over  the  Ostrogoths  till     historian,  Statesman. and  Orientalist,memt>erof 

book  can  be  so  clearly  traced  the  heroic  romaiiccs  of  the  the  extinction  of  t he  male  hne  in  Theodonc  the     >,,-  t,„u '„  <,„„„♦„     „,.  „„!«»  „,.,i,.  .,.„.■  i.  „„,.,«. 

eMly  seventeeuth  ceutuiT.        SaiuMury,  Vr.  Lit.,  p. -^6.  GrentVY.       Also     lmo/«                                                       V  ,  ,.              .■^>-        .:  „'^',>  ..c^    *  ?"' iT     i      "^f^ 

,.         ,    -,                    .             ..         ,.           „    .,  (Jieai,  .i_o.     Also -imat*.                                                  del  Vespm  Suiliano    (istl),  "Stonadei  Musulmanni  di 

Amadis    of    Greece.     A    contmuatioil   of   the  The  kings  lof  the  Gothsl  were  chosen  by  the  voice  of     si.ilia  ■  ll^.^:l  T.i). 
seventh  book  of  "  Amadis  of  Gaul,"  though  it  ^1,^  assembled  people  from  certain  great  families,  two  of  AmarfllaS  (a-mil-reryiis).     See  Aliumada. 
is  the  ninth,  not  the  eighth  book  of  the  series,  which,  the  Amalings  and  the  Balthings,  are  known  to  ns  Amarinna  (ii-mii-rin'na).     See  Amliuric. 
It  was  in  .Spanish,  andsaid  tbbe  by  Feliciano  de  Silva.  It  byname.    The  Amalings  were  said  to  be  descended  from    Atnar-Sin  iii-miir'sin)       f  Sin  (i    e    the  moon- 
relates  the  exploits  of  the  son  of  Lisuarte  of  Greece  who  a  hero  [the  fourth  in  descent  from  liaut,  the  cponymou.s            ,      „„„,,,       .     iJui,,."i„,,:„„    L.i,,'„   l,r   ti,,,    ,,1,1 
was  thesonof  Esplandian,  the  son  of  AmadisCof  Uaul).  ancestor  of  the  Goths)  whose  deeds  had  earned  for  him     K"tU   sees.  J     i\iiau\  Ionian   Kiu;,   oi    iiii    uiu- 
...     „     ..      ,.              ,.        ..,,.■      .     „,-.„,f.„„„„  the  title  of  Amala,  "the  mighty";  the  name  of  the  Balth-      Babvlonian   period,    residing  in    I  r.     His  name 
[Mr.  Southeyj  has  mentioned  that  in  Amadis  of  Greece  j^      j^  derived  from  the  same  root  as  our  English  word     is  found  on  several  archaic  cuneiform  inscriptions  which, 
may  be  found  the  original  of  the  Zeliuane  of  J"dnej  s  ..bold."  .  .  .  The  Amalings  became  the  roval  line  of  the     however,  do  not  give  much  information  concemiug  hU 
-Arcadia,  the  Horizel  of  shakespeiire  s     WntersTale,  Ostrogoths,  whUe  the  Visigoths  chose  their  kings  from  the     person  or  reign. 

«d  Masque  of  C"I..d  m  U^  Hi^^r^fZ'se" Fiction,  I.  3TS,  «^'">-'^'-                       «™'«-"-  ^'^^  <"  "^  ^^""-'  >'  '■'■  AmaHl,  TupaC.     See  Tupac  Amnn.. 

*_,ji„ -!„  r-^A^,.      \„«,.<.,.o«».i- 7  ,mr,tto   T.rn  Amalric  of  B^He  (ii-mal-iek'ov  ban). or  Ajuau-  Amarushatakata-ma-ro-sha'ta-ka).    Anerotic 

AmacilS  de  Gr^ce.    Anopeial^j  Lamotte,  pro-  j-y  ^f  Qhaiiires  (a-mo-re'ov  shart'r;.     Born  at     poem  in   Sanskrit,  my.stically  interpreted,  in 

auced  "y jJ^-         Q  o  R^     i„  ,.„  Bene,  near  Chartres,  France:  died  about  1206.     a  hundred  stanzas,  written  by  a  king  named 

AmadU,  bUltan.     &ee  aamoina.  ^  French  theologian  and  mvstical  philosopher,     Amaru,  but  by  some  attributed  to  the  philoso- 

Amager  (a  ma-ge  ),  .t  Amak    -^  maU)       An  , ,     ^^   ecclesiastical  authorities  of  pan-     pher  Sankara.  who  assumed  the  dead  form  ot 

island  of  Denmark   m  tl,     s oimd    oppos    e  fx^-  „,^i,,„      j.^^  ,i„,aMciam.                                           that  king  iu  order  to  eoinvrse  with  his  widow. 

?f«"m^'io'-n^       '          *                       Population  ^^a,lricians(am-al-rish'ianz).     The  followers  Amar  yBorbon  (ii-miir'e  boi-bon').  Antonio. 

(I8Ju;,  iJ,/uu.                              „„„„    1^^-,'  of  Aiiialiic  (Amaurv)  of  Bene  (in  the  diocese     A  Spanish  general  wlio,  from   1803  to  1810.  was 

Amaunon  (a-uu  mon),   or  Amayinon   (a-mi  -  ^^  ci.artres  ,  a  pantheist  who  was  condemned     vieerov  of  New  Granada.    He  was  imprisoned  at 

mon;,  or  Amoymon  (a-moi  uiui,).  In  med  ev  al  ^    University  of  Paris  (in  whi<di  he  was  a     Bogota." .inly  -m.  im.^  and  in  August  w«  wat  out  of  the 

demonology,  one  ot  the  four  kings  of  hel,  of  ;.  ^             ^^  ,      >    ^„j  ,^^'^^^^)^  ^v  the  Pope,     country  by  the  revolutionary  junta, 

which  he  governed  the  eastern  portion.    As^o-  ^                       ^                      Ten  of"  them  wen'  Amaryllis,  AmanlllS    am-a-nl'is).    [L.  Ama- 

deua  is  his  lieutenant  and  first  prince  of  hisreahu.    .^hak-  ana   oj    a  syiiou  oi   rarib.     itu  oi  tiiem  «eii       .,,■',..•..,;,;,      -i       ,      A   sliet)herdess   or 

Bpere  alludes  to  him  in  the  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  burned  as  heretics.                                                              "■I"'"'    '"■    .\"'",';' V-J     ..  iS.fu-.  '7TI,V,!,:Htn» 

ii"^  2,  and  •  1  Hen.  IV.,    ii.  4.  Amals.     iiec  Amalings.                                                  country  maiden  in  the      Idyls     of  Iheocntus 

Amalarius(am-a-la'ri-us).  Died  837.  A  deacon  Amalthaea  (am-al-the'il),  or  Amalthea.     [Gr.     »'"•,."  ^',';'"^'^f,    of  A  ergil -2.   In  ispeiisert 

and  priest  in  Metz,  who  became  abbot  of  Horn-  -MtaMm.]     In  Greek  mvthologv.  the  nurse  of     ••Colin  t  out  stomeHome  Again,   apersoiiage 

bach,  and  was  head  of  the  church  at  Lvous  Zeus,  probably  a  goat.     In  Roman  legend,  the    described  with  adulation,  intended  for  Alice 

during  the  deposition  of  Agobard,  833-837.    His  Sibvl  w!io  sold  t o  Tar.|uin  the  Sibylline  books.     Spenser,  t  ount ess  of  Derby,  » it h  whose  family 

work  •■De  ecclesiasticis  offlciis"  describes  the  order  of  Amambara  (ii-miim-bii'ra).     Atributaryof  the     Siienser  claimed  an  alliaiice.    It  was  tor  liertliat 

•enrice  observed  in  the  Roman  church  in  the  nth  century,  Xj,rpi-    soutli  of  the  Binu(5                                                Milton  wroteiis  ••Arcades,  — 3.    In  t  letcliers 

Amalasontha    (am'a-la-son'thii),   or   Amala-  Amana(a-niii'na),orAbaiia  (ab'a-nii).  [Heb.,     pastoral' ••Tli7  Faithful  Sliepherdess,"  a  shep- 

BUentha,  or  Amalasiintha,  or  Amalaswin-  Maitliful,  steady.']     A  river  which  rises  in  the     herdess  wlio  is  in  love  witli  Perigol,  and  uses 

tha.    Born  498:  killed  535  (534?)-     i>anghterof  Anti-Lel.anon  and  flows  through  Damascus  (2     foul  means  to  i.art  him  from  Amoret.-4.  In 

Theodoric,  king  of  the  East  Goths,  and  regent  Ki.  v.  12):  the  modern  NahrBarada.    The  name     Buckingham's  "  Kehearsal.    a  female  character 

Of  the  East-Gothic  kingdom  526-535  (534?).  js  also  ai.plied  to  the  district  of  the  Anti-Eel.-     intende.l  to  cast  ridicule  on  Drydeii.     1  he  part 

Amalecite   (a-mare-sit).     A  tribe  of  North  a„o„  (Cant.  iv.  81).                                                         ""■•<  '«''''"  'J.^'  '^""  B<eve.  whose  intrigue  with 

American  Indians,  chiefly  of  New  Brunswick,  j^anda    (a-man'dii).       In    Gibber's    comedy     I >iyden  was  noticed  in  the  play. 

See  .l/<«»/,i.  ■■Eove's  Last   Shift,"  and  in  its  continuation  Amasa  (am'a-.sii).     [Heb      -burden.]     A  son 

Amalek  (am'a-lek).     A  grandson  of  Esau  and  jjy  Vanbriigli  "The  Helapse,"  a  virtuous  and    of  Abigail,  sister  of  David,  and  .letlier,  an  Isli- 

priuco  of  an  Arab  tribe;  also,  the  people  de-  eharming   woman,    deserted    by   Loveless,    to     maelite.     He  j.dncd  Absalom  In  his  rebellion,  and  »»• 

scended  from  him.    m  biblical  history  the  Anialekltes  whotn  she  was  married  very  young,  but  whose     S:;;t:,n\";'7,;;;id*'lnd\'ti:JnM  th?V:m.nan\V;7,\n^ 

are  represented  as  a  nomadic  tribe     In    he  time  of  Abra-  ,^,y,.  j,,,,,  regains.                                                                 hTplace  of  Jo.b.     Ijiter  Joiil.  treacherously  .lew  him. 

we"  or,^.rS'slr(ln.:il".1;-"fi  tt;lCk.p^^^^^^^  Amandola  (ii-miin'do-lii).     Atown  inthoprov.  Anlasia  (ii-mii'se-ii).     A  city  iu  the  vilayet  of 

they  are  spread  out  over  the  eiitu'e  desert  of  et-Tih  a.-,  far  iiiic  id  .\.^«oli,  Italy,  4.1  miles  south  of  Aiicoua.     .sivas,  Asiatic  Turki'y.  ill  Int.  40°  40'  N.,  long, 

as  the  Egyptian  boundary  ami  the  Sinalilc  peninsula  (Ex.  AmantS    magniflques    (ii-moli'    iniin-ve-fek'),     35°  ,'iO'  E,,  on  the  Yeshil-Iriiiak  :  the  later  resi- 

xvli.  8-10;    Num.   xiii.  3.));    later  they  evtended   their  ^          A  sort  of  .iramutic  pidpourri  by  Moli6re,     .lonee  of  the  kings. .f  Poiitus,  and  the  birthplace 

settlements  into  the  terr  tory  of  the  tribe  of  F.phiaim  ■"   ..,           .  ,,            ,          ,  ,,'    ,,'■,  ,  ■  ,   ,/;-,^                        •  o.      i           i.         i    .■             i        .  •),!  .>rvi> 

(Judges  xii.  16).    They  attacked  the  IsracliUs  whtMi  wan-  written  ill  the  order  of  the  king  III  1(<0.                   of  Strabo.      Poi.nlntion,  about  ,10,000. 

derliig  through  the  desert,  were  driviii  olf  by  Joshua,  anil  AmauUS  (a-imi'iins).     [lir.  Akiii"".]     In  ancient    Amasls,  Amosis.     See  Aahiiiis. 

were  doomed  to  exieiniination  (Ex.  xvll.  S-l«  ;  lieut.  xxv.  (;,.|,jrra|iliv,  a  nionnlaiii  group,  themo.lcrn  Alniii   Amat  (ii-iiint'),  FellX.      Horn  at  Sabailell.  near 

17-19).    .Saul  deteatc^d  them  but  did  not  imniliilate  them  ,,     ,     ,,  i,-p,„„,i,„r  M„„„i  Taurus,  on  the  borders     U„rc.loim.  Spain.  Aug.  10.  I7.-.0:  dieil  near  Sa- 

(l   Sam.    XXX.),  and  the  last  of  them  were  kUleil  by  5un  ^,.       .  ,  . .      .  ,.,.,.      ,....     i....»i         \    <;.   ...;  ,i l,..,;,..,*;^ 

SimeouitesonlhemounUanofselrdChron.  iv.  4.S).  o|  (  iliria  nii.l  Syria.      .     ,                  .                             lent,    Sept.    28,    18J4,     A  Spanish   ecclesii.^tlC 

Amalekites  (im'a-lek-its)      See    iiiKiUk.  Amanvillers  (ii-moiive-var  ).    A  village  north-     „,„i  writer,  arehbisliop  of  Palmyra  iii  parlihiiji 

Ariialfi  (:;  lo^Vfoi"     Asonnortin  the  iirovince  "est  of  .Metz  of  which  the  name  is  sometimes     infidcUum.     llehecnmecon(ei>«..rto  charleslV.  InlMie, 

"T^S  ,1  M,      It.il'v    on   the  fi^il^of  SaW.  "  K'ven  lo  what  is  cominoiily  called  the  battle  of     .,id  i.  the  author  of  an  eecle,la..lcal  history,   -rratado 

ot  Sakino,  Italy,  on  tlie  Unit  or   miriiio  _.  p,          ,                                      •                                            do  la  Igl.sia  de  .i.«i  <'rliio"(i7ii,H-isiw). 

miles  southeast  of  Naples.     It  has  mamifaclurea  of  '"'*""""•           ,       ,    .          .     „„„,,„_,    _„    ,i,„  Amat   Manuel  de.     Bom  in  Galaloiiia  aUuit 

paper,  macaroni,  etc,,  ami  contains  a  cathedral  (see  be  Amapala    (a-mil  pii-hl),       A    seaport    on      he  Amai,  manuei  uo                                      A  Spanish 

iow)aiidaCapn.hin  monastery  (now  a  hotel).     It  was  island  of  Tigre,  in  the  Gulf  of  FoiiBCca,  on  the      1  <<l.> .  <li<  <l  a    liai< .  lolia  iinoni  K.i.     .v.  1  »"'»" 

founded,  acconling  to  tia.lilion,  in  the  Ith  century,  had  Pai-i(ic  eoast  of  Honduras.     It  cxports  Central     general    ami   adniinistrulor      lie  ..rv.-.!  with  dl^ 

at  llrat  a  repuhli.an  conslimlion  under  elective  princes  '"^u';      ""»'      '    '                                     '                                 tlnillon  In  Africa,  Italy,  an.l  ihe  lvnln«uln  :  wa.  raptalli- 

and  became  an  importanl iinciclal  center  In  the  inlddle  Alliel  inili  pioilll.  ts,                                                                 genenil  nt  ihlU- IT.V.-iU,  and  vl,  .loy  of  IVru  I.Bl   ,ii.     In 

ages.     Itcontainnl  the  ..blest  .M.S.  of  the  Pandects  (which  AjUarakantaka    (am'a-ra-knn  fa-kll).        [Skt.,      ,7,17  heinrrl.-.!  .Hit  th.'  d.eree  (.ir  the  eipuUltin  of  the 

see),  and  was  the  blrtli]il.ice..l  iiioja.  inventor  of  th.c.m-      •  n.-aU  ..t  I  In- iniiiiorlals.' )    .\  pla fpilgriiiiage     Jesuits.  t         v  iv 

pass.     The  cathc.lial  is  a  |.(.tures<ple  church  In  the  N..r  i^^  ||„||,,  j,,  1 1,,,  ||il,|,..|,iiiil  east  of  the  Villdhviis.   AmatOUr  OaSUal,  The,  or  Amateur  bamDetll 
nian-.saracenic  style,  in  inasiMiry  ..falleniate  dark  and    Amara.koBha     (am  a-rn-ko'shii).       (Ski.,   •'llie     Casual.       The    ps.'U.l..iiyni    of    .lauu's    Green- 

'if:^Z:r:(S'^S^^'^i^^^rii:Z.^'^Z  "^^or^M    vocXlhin'    ..r    Ihe^ocLbulary    of     w I,  an  EngliJl,  rep.rrter  on  the  •■Pall  ^I.tll 

mosaics,  antbiiie  columns,  and  a  richly  carved  and  glMi-.l     Amara,']     A  celebrated  vocabuliiry  of  the  clas-     (iBzette,     who.  uiiiler  this  name,  recounliMl  Ins 

roof.    The  crypt  coiiiains  the  relics  of  St,  Andrew.    The       ■,  j  ismi^i^rji    ascribed  to  Amnrasinha.  adventures  in   the  casual   ward  in   a   London 
hroiijc   doors  .)f    the   ihlef   portal,  which  bear  several     •„„,„_•.',.,,.,■,„  _,„,i         \    „i,,„i    killnd   In   tin.      w.irkli.iuse 

reliefs,  were  cast  at  Constantinople  In  lOtki.     Population,  Amarant     am  a-rant).      A  giant  killed  in  lli<      "J'^';'''""  '       ,       ,       ,       ,..      ,.,,„,),,,  t     !„  .„ 

about  sntifi  lliilv  hand  bv  Guv  of  \\iirwiek.                                AmatDUS  (nm  n-tlius).     L*'^-    V',"!;""^-!    ."?  an- 
'    Amalfi'tan  Code  or  Tables.    fML.f.;/i"/./.i;H"'-  Amaranta    (am-n-ran'tii).     In   Bpaumont  and     cieut  geography,  a  city  of  Phemcian  ongin  on 


Amathus 

the  southern  coast  of  Cyprus,  near  the  site  of 
the  moilern  Limasol.  It  contained  a  sanctuary 
of  Aphrodite. 

Amati  (ii-mii'te).  A  celebrated  Italian  family 
of  violin-makers  which  flourished  at  Cremona 
in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries.  Its  most  noted 
members  were  Andrea,  his  sons  ADtonio  and  Geronimo, 
and  Nicolo,  son  of  Geronimo. 

Amatitlan  (il-mii-te-tlan').  A  town  in  Guate- 
mal;i.  Central  America,  south  of  Guatemala. 
Population  (1889),  7,500. 

Amatitlan  Lake.  A  lake,  9  miles  long,  in 
southern  Guatemala,  near  Amatitlan. 

Amatongaland.    See  TongaUimh 

Amatus  Lusitanus  (a-ma'tus  lu-si-ta'nus). 
Born  1511 :  died  1568.  A  Portuguese  physician, 
of  Hebrew  descent.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
second  author  to  describe  the  valves  in  the  veins.  He 
wrote  an  account  of  seven  hundred  remarliable  cases  in 
medicine  and  surgery  (1551-66). 

Amaiiry  of  Chartres.    See  Amalric  of  Bine. 

Arnaury  (a-ma'ri  or  a-mo-re')  I.,  or  Amalric 
^am-al'rik).  Born  1135:  died  1173.  King  of 
Jerusalem  (Count  of  Joppa),  a  younger  son 
of  Baldwin  II.,  and  the  successor  of  his  brother 
Baldwin  III.,  1162.  He  invaded  Egypt  in  1168,  march- 
ing as  far  as  Cairo,  but  was  driven  out  by  Saladin,  by  whom 
he  was  put  upon  the  defensive  in  1170. 

Amaury  II.,  or  Amalric  (of  Lusignan).  Died 
1205.  King  of  Cyprus  1194,  and  titular  king  of 
Jerusalem  1198  (through  his  marriage  with  Isa- 
bella, widow  of  Henry,  count  of  Champagne). 
He  was  unable  to  maintain  himself  against  the  Moslems, 
ar.il  'lied  at  Ptolemais. 

Amaury,  Giles.  The  grand  master  of  the 
Templars  in  Scott's  tale  •'  The  Talisman."  He 
conspired  against  King  Richard  and  was  killed 
bv  Saladin. 

Amaxiki,  Amaxichi.    See  LevT;as. 

Amaziahiaiu-a-zi'ii).  [Heb.]  Thesonbf  Joash, 
kin.-  of  Judah797-792  B.  c.  (840?  811?  B.  c). 

Amazirghs  (ii'ma-zergz).  The  Berbers  of 
northern  Morocco. 

Amazon  (am'a-zon).  [Pg.  Rio  Amazonas,  Sp. 
Eio  de  las  Ama:oiias,  F.  Fleiwe  des  Amazones, 
G.  Amazoiwiistrom  ;  formerly  Orelhiiia ;  in  its 
upper  course  Maranon  or  Tunguragua.  in  its 
middle  course  Solimoes.']  The  principal  river 
of  South  America,  and  the  largest  in  the  world. 
It  has  two  chief  head  streams.  One  is  the  Maraiion 
(Tunguragua)  which  rises  in  Peru  about  lat.  10'  30'  S. ; 
the  other  is  the  Ucayale  (which  has  for  its  southern- 
most head  stream  the  Apurimac).  The  Ucayale  rises  in 
Peru  about  lat.  15°  .S.  The  llaraflon  (Amazon)  flows 
northwest  between  ranges  of  the  Andes,  turns  east  near 
lat.  5°  S.,  enters  Brazil  about  long.  70°  \\.,  and  after  dis- 
charging water  through  several  narrow  channels  into  the 
Lower  Tocantins  or  ParA  River,  thus  cutting  off  the  island 
of  ilai-ajti,  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  the  equator.  It  is 
connected  on  the  north  with  the  Orinoco  by  the  Cassi- 
qui;ire  and  Xegro.  The  basin  of  the  Amazon  comprises 
about  2,500,000  square  miles.  Its  leading  tributaries  are, 
on  the  north,  the  Napo,  Ipa,  JapurA,  av  >"egro ;  on  the 
south  the  Huallaga,  Javary,  Jutahy,  Jurua.  Puriis,  Ma- 
deira, Tapajus,  and  Xingii.  Its  length,  to  the  source  of 
the  Apurimac,  is  probably  about  3,300  mii^  though  often 
given  as  4,000.  It  is  navigable  about  2.300,  for  steamships 
at»ut  2,200  miles.  The  width  of  the  main  mouth  is  .50 
miles;  and  at  the  Peruvian  frontier  the  river  is  1  mile 
wide.  The  month  was  discovered  by  Pinzon  in  1500,  and 
Orellana  descended  it  in  1511.  Steamers  flrst  pUed  on  it 
in  185.3.  In  1867  it  was  made  a  free  highway  to  all  na- 
tions. 

Amazonas  (a-ma-z6'nas).  The  largest  state  of 
Brazil,  capital  Manaos,  occupying  the  north- 
western part  of  the  country  andbordering  on  Ve- 
nezuela, Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  and  Bolivia. 
It  is  largelv  occupied  bv  forests.  Area  (claimed), 
■    7.53, 439'square miles.  Population  (1890).207,610. 

Amazonas.  A  department  of  northern  Peru, 
west  of  Loreto.  Area,  14,129  square  miles. 
Population,  about  34,000. 

Amazonas.  A  teiTitory  in  southern  Venezuela, 
bordering  on  Brazil.  Area  (claimed,  including 
avast  area  of  disputed  territory).  90,928  square 
miles.  Population,  with  Alto  Orinoco  (1891), 
45,197  (amere  estimate,  as  there  are  hardly  any 
civilized  inhabitants). 

Amazonia  (am-a-z6'ni-a).  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  valley  of  the  Amazon. 

Amazons  (am'a-zonz).  [L.  Jma:on,  Gr.  'Aua- 
;iji,  a  foreign  name  of  unknown  meaning;  ac- 
cording to  Greek  ^Titers,  from  a-  priv.,  without, 
and  "aCof,  abreast :  a  popular  etymologj',  accom- 
panied by,  and  doubtless  originating,  the  state- 
ment that  the  right  breast  was  removed  in  order 
that  it  might  not  interfere  with  the  use  of  the 
bow  and  javeUn.]  1.  In  Greek  legend,  a  race  of 
women  supposed  to  have  dwelt  on  the  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea  and  in  the  Caucasus  llovmtains. 
The  .\mazons  and  their  contests  were  a  favorite  theme  in 
Grecian  art  and  story.  They  were  represented  as  forming 
a  state  from  which  men  were  excluded,  as  devoting  them- 
selves to  war  and  bunting,  and  as  being  often  in  conflict 
with  the  Greeks  in  the  heroic  age. 


4S 

But  it  is  in  the  famous  legend  of  the  Amazons  that  we 
must  look  for  the  chief  evidence  preserved  to  us  by  classi- 
cal antiquity  of  the  influence  exercised  by  the  Hittites  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  Amazons  were  imagined  to  be  a  nation 
of  female  warriors,  whose  primitive  home  lay  in  Kappa- 
dokia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Thermodon,  not  far  from  the 
rnius  of  Boghaz  Keui.  From  hence  they  had  issued  forth 
to  conquer  the  people  of  Asia  Minor  and  to  found  au  em- 
pire which  reached  to  the  JCgean  Sea.  The  building  of 
many  of  the  most  famous  cities  on  the  J£gean  coast 
was  ascribed  to  them, —  Myrina  and  KjTue,  Smyrna  and 
Ephesos,  where  the  worship  of  the  great  Asiatic  goddess 
was  earned  on  with  barbaric  ceremonies  into  the  later  age 
of  civilised  Greece.  Now  these  Amazons  are  nothing 
more  than  the  priestesses  of  the  .\siatic  goddess,  whose 
cult  spread  from  Carchemish  along  with  the  advance  of 
the  Hittite  armies.  She  was  served  by  a  multitude  of 
armed  priestesses  and  eunuch  priests ;  under  her  name 
of  Ma,  for  instance,  no  less  than  sL\  thousand  of  them 
waited  on  her  at  Komaua  in  Kappadokia.  Certain  cities, 
in  fact,  like  Koniana  and  Ephesos,  were  dedicated  to  her 
serrice,  and  a  large  part  of  the  population  accordingly 
became  the  armed  ministereof  the  mighty  goddess.  Gen- 
erally these  were  women,  as  at  Ephesos  in  early  days, 
where  they  obeyed  a  high-priestess,  who  called  herself 
the  queen-bee.  \^■hen  Ephesos  passed  into  Greek  hands, 
the  goddess  worshipped  there  was  identified  with  the 
Greek  .\rtemis,  and  a  high-priest  took  the  place  of  the 
high-priestess.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  7S. 

2.  A  fabled  tribe  of  female  warriors  said  to 
have  existed  in  South  America.  The  report  origi- 
nated in  an  Indian  mj-th  which  was  found  from  the  West 
Indies  to  Paraguay,  and  still  exists  among  the  Caribs  and 
others;  it  is  interesting  from  its  relation  to  the  Old  World 
myth. 

Amazons,  The.  An  earlier  English  form  of  the 
Portuguese  name  of  the  Amazon  Kiver,  stiU  in 
occasional  use. 

Amazons,  Battle  of.     See  Battle  of  Amasons. 

Aml9ala  (am-bii'ia),  or  Umballa  (um-bal'a). 
A  dirision  of  the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area, 
4,014  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  1,729.- 
043. 

Ambala.  A  district  in  the  division  of  Ambala, 
intersected  by  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  E. 
Ai'ea,  2.754  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,033.427. 

Ambala.  The  capital  of  the  division  and  dis- 
trict of  .Vmbala,  situated  in  lat.  30°  24'  N., 
long.  76°  49'  E.,  an  important  station  on  the 
Sind,  Panjab,  and  Delhi  Eailway.  Population, 
including  cantonment  (1891),  79,294. 

Ambalema  (am-ba-la'ma).  A  town  in  the 
state  of  Tolima,  Colombia,  situated  on  the 
Magdalena  55  miles  west  of  Bogota.  It  is 
the  center  of  an  extensive  tobacco  district. 
Population  (1886).  est..  9.731. 

Ambassadors,  The.  A  painting  by  Holbein 
the  younger,  in  the  National  Gallery.  London. 
It  is  believed  to  represent  Pinteville,  French  ambassador 
at  St.  James's  in  1533,  and  Nicolas  Bourbon,  a  poet.  It 
was  foraierly  thought  to  portray  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  with 
Leland. 

Ambassi,  or  Ambasse.     See  Sao  Salvador. 

Ambato  (am-ba'to).  A  town  of  Ecuador.  65 
miles  south  of  Quito.  Population  (1889),  about 
14.000. 

Ambelakia  (am-be-la'ke-a).  A  small  town  in 
the  vale  of  Tempe,  Thessaly,  18  miles  north- 
east of  Larissa. 

Amber  (am'ber).  A  decayed  town  near  Jey- 
pore,  India,  the  former  capital  of  the  state  of 
Jeypore. 

Amberg  (am'bero).  A  town  in  the  Upper  Pa- 
latinate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Vils  32  miles 
northwest  of  Ratisbou:  the  former  capital  of 
the  Upper  Palatinate.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron, 
arms,  beer,  etc.  A  victor>'  was  gained  here  by  the  Aus- 
trians  under  the  archduke  Charles  over  the  French  under 
Jourdan,  -Aug.  24,  1706.     Population  (1890),  lS,9s3. 

Amber  Islands,  or  Electrides  (e-lek'tri-dez). 
[Gr.  Ill  'll'/.sKTpidii;.']  A  name  given  by  the  Greeks 
in  later  times  to  the  islands  in  the  North  Sea 
off  Denmark,  Germany,  and  Holland.  Elton, 
Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  41. 

Amber  Witch,  The.  -^n  opera  by  W.  V.  Wal- 
lace, words  by  Chorley,  lirst  produced  in  Lon- 
don Feb.  28,  1861.  It  was  founded  on  a  popular  Ger- 
man romance  of  the  same  name  by  Meinhold,  published 
in  l!y43. 

Ambert  (oh-bar').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Puy-de-D6me,  France,  situated  near  the 
Dore  37  miles  southeast  of  Clermont-Ferrand. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cheese  and  paper. 
Population  (1891),  commime,  7,907. 

Ambiorix  (am-bi'o-riks).  A  chief  of  the  Ebu- 
roues  in  (^Jaul.  famous  in  the  campaigns  against 
tlic  Komaiis  •54-.53  B.  r. 

Ambitious  Statesman,  The,  or  The  Loyal 

Favorite.  --V  tracedy  1  ly  Crowne,  acted  in  16i  9. 
Ambitious  Stepmother,  The.    A  tragedy  by 

Nicholas  Rowe,  priiiti'il  in  1700. 
Ambleside  (am'bl-.sid).     A  town  in  the  Lake 

District,  Westmoreland.  England,  1  mile  north 

of  Lake  Windermere,  noted  for  its  picturesque 


Ambrones 

scenery.  Near  it  are  Eydal  Mount,  Fox  How,  Grasmerei 
etc.  It  contains  Roman  antiquities.  Population  (1891), 
2,360. 

Ambleteuse  (oh-bl-tez').  A  decayed  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  Fi-anee, 
7  miles  north  of  Boulogne. 

Amboella  (am-bwa'la).  A  Bantu  people  li\-ing 
in  the  interior  of  -Africa,  near  the  head  streams 
of  the  Zambesi,  about  lat.  15°  S.,  long.  19°  E. 

Amboim  (am-bwing').     See  Mb  id  yi. 

Ambois  (oft-bwa'),"  Bussy  d'.  The  principal 
character  in  Chapman's  play  of  that  name :  a 
self-confident  and  arrogant  adventurer,  with 
some  real  loftiness  of  character. 

Ambois,  Clermont  d'.  The  brother  of  Bussy 
d"Ambois.  a  scholar  and  philosopher.  He  is  the 
central  figure  in  Chapman's  play  '*'rhe  Revenge  of  Bussy 
d'Ambois."  He  commits  suicide  after  the  death  of  his 
patron  Guise. 

Amboise  (oil-bwaz').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  indi-e-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  14  miles  east  of  Tours,  it  is  famous 
for  its  castle,  a  favorite  residence  of  the  Valois  kings,  oc- 
cupying a  high  rock-platform  from  which  rise  its  3  cylin- 
drical, cone-roofed  towers.  Two  towers  built  at  the  "base 
of  the  lock.  42  feet  in  diameter  and  over  100  feet  high,  con- 
tain spiral  passages  by  w  hich  horses  and  vehicles  can  mount 
to  the  platform  ab'  'Ve.  In  the  gardens  is  the  Chapel  of  St. 
Hubert,  one  of  the  richest  existing  examples  of  the  Ilorid 
Pointed.  Here  Leonardo  da  Vinci  is  buried.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Amboise  in  1560.  Later  it  be- 
came a  political  prison.  Abd-el-Kader  was  confined  in  it 
1847-52.  It  is  now  the  property  of  the  Corate  de  Paris. 
Population  (1S91),  commune,  4,480. 

Amboise,  Conspiracy  of.  An  unsuccessful 
conspiracy  of  Huguenots  under  La  Renaudie 
to  seize  the  king  (Francis  II.).  first  at  Blois 
and  afterward  at  Amboise  in  1560,  and  remove 
him  from  the  influence  of  the  Guises.  Conde 
was  the  real  chief  of  the  conspirators. 

Amboise,  Edict  of.  .An  edict  of  pacification 
between  the  French  Catholics  and  Huguenots, 
authorizing  (1563')  the  Reformed  worship  in  the 
houses  of  the  nobility,  throughout  all  the  do- 
mains of  the  justiciary  nobles,  and  in  one  city 
of  each  bailiwick.  It  ended  the  first  war  be- 
tween the  two  parties. 

Amboise,  Georges  d'.  Born  at  Chaumont-sur- 
Loire.  France,  1460:  died  at  Lyons,  1510.  A 
French  statesman  and  cardinal,  minister  of 
Louis  XII.  1498,  and  director  of  his  foreign 
policy. 

Amboise,  League  of.    See  Amboise,  Congpir- 

lU'lJ  llf. 

Amboyna  (am-boi'nii).  [Malay  ^m&MH.]  One 
of  the  chief  islands  of  the  Moluccas,  situated  in 
lat.  3°  41'  S.,  .long.  128°  10'  E..  consisting  of 
two  parts  connected  by  a  narrow  isthmus,  its 
chief  product  is  cloves.  It  was  settled  by  the  Portuguese 
in  the  16th  centur>',  and  was  taken  by  the  Dutch,  to  whom 
itnowbelongs,  in  1605.  Length,  32  miles.  Area,  264  square 
miles.    Population,  31,510. 

Amboyna.  A  residency  of  the  Dutch  East  In- 
dies, comprising  Amboj-na,  Coram,  Banda  Isl- 
ands, Timor-Laut,  etc. 

Amboyna.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  island 
and  residency  of  AjubojTia.  Population,  about 
9,000. 

Amboyna,  or  The  Cruelties  of  the  Dutch  to 

the  English  Merchants.  A  tragedy  by  Dry  den, 
produced  in  1673.  Part  of  the  plot  was  taken  from 
one  of  the  Italian  novels  of  Cinthio,  the  10th  of  the  fifth 
decade,  and  part  has  reference  to  occurrences  of  the  time. 

Ambracia  (am-bra'shi-a).  [Gr.  l\//^pa«'a,  ear- 
lier Wii-paKca.}  The  ancient  name  of  Arta 
(which  see). 

Ambracian  Gulf  (am-bra'shi-an  gulf).  See 
Arta,  (iulfof 

Ambree  (am'bre),  Mary.  -A  woman  who  is 
said  to  have  fought  at  the  siege  of  Ghent  iu 
1584  to  revenge  her  lover's  death.  She  is  fre- 
quently mentioned  in  old  ballads,  and  is  the  subject  of 
one  preser^'ed  by  Percy.  Ben  .lonson  refers  to  her  in  the 
'■  Epiccene"  and  "Tale  of  a  Tub"  and  in  "The  Fortunate 
Isles,"  where  he  quotes  the  words  of  this  ballad,  Fletcher 
also  mentions  her  in  "  The  Scornful  I.ady."  The  ballad  in 
Percy's  "  Reli<jues  "  is  often  quoted  by  the  writers  of  Jon- 
son's"  time,  and,  like  him,  they  frequently  gave  the  name 
of  Mar>'  Ambree  to  any  remarkable  virago  who  adopted 
man's  attire. 

Ambriz  (am-brez').  A  coast  town  of  Portu- 
guese Angola,  West  Africa,  and  capital  of  the 
"concelho"  (county)  of  the  same  name.  Its 
chief  export  is  coffee,  which  is  brought  down  from  the 
Mutemu  and  Encoge  moimt.ains.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1»55.  Population,  about  2,500.  of  mixed 
-African  origin,  mostly  from  Loanda. 

Ambrones  (am-bro'nez).  [L.  jH/6roHc*(Livy), 
(ir.  ''\ii3pt^ntc  (Strabo).]  AGerman  tribe  men- 
tioned by  Livy  and  Strabo  in  connection  with 
the  Teutones,  whose  near  neighboi's  they  seem 
to  have  been  on  the  North  Sea.  and  mth  whom 
they  were  allied  in  the  Cimbrian  wars.  They 
suffered  a  crushing  defeat  by  Marius  at  .Aqua?  Sextiae,  102 
B.  c.    There  is  no  certain  record  of  their  subsequent  fate. 


Ambros 

Ambros  (ilm'bros),  August  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Mauth,  Bohemia,  Nov.  17,  isltj:  died  at 
Vienna,  Juno  28,  1876.  An  Austrian  compcser 
and  writer  on  music.  His  chief  literary  work 
is  a  "Gcschichte  der  Musik"  (1862-78),"a  very 
high  authority  in  its  department. 

Ambrose  (am'broz),  L.  Ambrosius  (am-bro'zi- 
us),  of  Alexandria.  Died  about  250.  A  Ro- 
man nobleman,  a  friend  of  Origen. 

Ambrose,    l^-   Ambrosius,  Saint.      Born  at 

Treves,  (iaul,  probably  340 :  died  at  Milan. 
April,  397.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Latin 
Church.  He  was  educated  at  Rome,  appointed  consular 
prefect  in  Ipper  Italy  about  3(i9,  and  elected  (while  a  ci- 
vilian and  unbaptized)  bishop  of  .Milan  in  :i74.  lie  was 
the  champion  of  the  Catholics  against  the  Arians  and 
pagans.  For  his  cruelty  in  tlio  massacre  of  Tliessalonica 
the  eraperor  Theodosius  was  excommunicated  by  Am- 
brose and  forced  to  do  penance.  Anions  his  works  are 
'*De  ofllciis  ntlnistrorum,"  "llexaemei'on,"  hymns,  etc. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  the  .\mbrosian  ritual. 

He  was  elected,  while  still  an  unbaptized  catechumen 
and  governor  of  ttie  province,  to  the  post  of  iiishop  of 
Milan,  having  entered  the  church  with  liis  troops  to  ((uell 
the  fury  of  the  partisans  of  the  two  rival  eandidates. 
While  he  soothed  the  people  with  his  wise  words,  a  little 
child,  so  the  story  nnis.  suddenly  called  out  •'  Ambrose  is 
Bishop  " ;  the  words  were  caught  up  and  carried  round  the 
church  by  the  rapturous  acclamation  of  the  whole  multi- 
tude. Hod'jkiii,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  187. 

Ambrose,  Isaac.  Born  at  Ormskirk,  Lanca- 
shire, England,  1004 :  died  1664.  An  English 
nonconformist  divine  and  devotional  writer, 
author  of  "Looking  unto  Jesus"  (10.58). 

Ambrose  and  the  Emperor  Theodosius.    A 

painting  by  Kubens,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  archbishop,  in  full  canonicals,  stands  with 
his  attentlants  before  the  door  of  the  cathedral,  and  for- 
bids the  emperor  to  enter. 
Ambrose's  Tavern.  An  old  tavern  in  Edin- 
burgh, now  destroyed,  the  scene  of  Wilson's 
"  Noctes  Ambrosianie." 

Its  location  was  the  site  of  the  new  Register  House,  in 
the  rear  of  the  old  Register  House  ;  and  it  is  approached 
from  West  Register  .Street  by  tile  narrow  alley  running 
now  between  the  new  Register  House  and  the  new  raft- 
Royal.    Uutton,  Literary  Landmarl{s  of  Edinburgh,  p.  65. 

Ambrosian  Library  (am-brO'zian  li'bra-ri). 
[Named  for  .St.  Ambrose.]  A  library  at  Mi- 
lan, founded  by  Cardinal  Borromeo  in  lOOSt. 
It  contains  164.000  printed  volumes  and  8,10(1 
MSS. 

Ambrosiaster  (am-br6'zl-as-t6r),  or  Pseudo- 
Ambrosius  (sti''d6-am-bro'zius).  ['The  spu- 
rious Ambrosius.']  The  name  usually  given  to 
the  unknown  author  of  "Commentariain  XIII. 
Epistolas  B.  Patili,"  which  has  found  its  wtiy 
into  the  Benedictine  edition  of  the  works  of 
Ambrose.  The  author  is  sometimes  identified 
with  the  Roman  deacon  Hilary. 

Ambrosio,  or  the  Monk.  A  romance  by  Mat- 
tliow  ( irof^ory  Lewis,  published  in  1705.  A  sec- 
ond edition  was  issued  in  which  many  ohjectional)le  pas- 
sages were  omitted.  He  gained  the  soliriiiuet  of  "The 
Monk  "  and  "  .Monk  I>ewis  "  from  this  book. 

Ambrosius.     See  Amhroaf. 

Ambrosius  (am-bro'zius),  or  Ambrose,  Father. 
The  last  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  Edward  Glen- 
dinning,  in  Scott's  novel  "The  Abliot." 

Ambrosius  Aurelianus  (am-bro'zius  a-re- 
li-a'nus),  Welsh  Emrys.  Lived  about  440. 
A  leader  of  the  Romans  and  Romanized  Brit- 
ons, said  to  have  been  a  descendant  of  Con- 
stantine,  elected  emperor  in  Britain,  Gaul, 
and  Spain  under  Honorius.  He  drove  Imck  the 
Saxim  invaders  and  confined  Uenglst  for  stjme  years  to 
the  Isle  of  Thani't. 

Ambundu  (iim-bonMii).     See  liimhtiiiilii. 

Ameland  (ii'me-liint).  An  island  in  the  North 
Sea,  north  of  the  province  of  Friosland,  Neth- 
erlands, to  which  it  belongs.     Length,  13  miles. 

Amelia  (ii-ma'lo-ii).  A  town  in  the  ]in>vinco 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  4.5  miles  north  of  Rome:  the 
ancient  Aineria.     It  has  a  cathedral. 

Amelia  (a-me'llil).  Born  Aug.  7,  1783:  died 
Nov.  2,  IHJO.  An  Knglish  princess,  tlie  fifteenth 
and  youngest  child  of  George  HI. 

Amelia.  The  heiDino  of  l''ielding's  njvel  of 
tliat  name  (published  Hoi ),  a  virtuous  ami  do- 
voted  wife,  said  to  be  the  portrait  of  Eicldiiig's 
own  wife,  .she  is  represented  as  Having  suffered  an  In- 
Jury  to  her  nose  (like  Mrs.  Fielding),  which  Impaired  In-r 

popularity  among  Fielding's  readers.     Thackeray mid- 

ered  her  "  the  most  charming  chnnieter  in  F.ngllsh  llcl  Ion." 

Amelia.     Sce  Srdlfi/,  AnuUn. 

Amelia  Island  (a-me'liil  i'land).  A  small 
island  olT  llo-  iiortheasterii'consi  of  Florida. 

Am61ie-les-Bains  (ii-ma-16 'la-ban').  [Eor- 
mevly  .'I rIcK-hs-lliii  11.^:  the  mime  was(dianged  in 
1840  in  honorof  the  wifeof  Louis  Philippe. ]  A 
health-resort  in  the  dejiartmenl  of  Pyr('<n^es- 
Orientales,  France,  20  miles  southwest  of  Per- 
pignan.     It  has  sulphur  springs. 


49 

Amelot  de  la  Houssaye  (iim-lo  d6  hi  6-sa'), 
Abraham  Nicolas.  Born  at  Orleans,  France, 
Feb.,  1634:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1706.  A 
French  publicist,  author  of  "Histoire  du  gou- 
vernement  de  Venise"  (1070),  etc. 

Amelotte  (iim-lof),  Denis.  Bom  at  Saintes, 
France,  .March  15.  1600:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  7, 
1678.  A  French  theologian,  author  of  a  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament  (1666-68). 

Amen.     See  .Imim. 

Amends  for  Ladies.  A  play  by  Nathaniel 
Field,  published  in  1618. 

Amenemhat  (ii-men-em'hfit)  I.,  Se-hotep-ab- 

Ra.  An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the  12th 
dynasty,  who  reigned  about '2466  li.c.(Bnigscli). 
He  was  a  successful  ruler  anil  general,  and  foundeil  the 
temple  of  Amnn  In  Thebes.  There  Is  considerable  docu- 
mentary evidence  coneerning  his  reign.    Also  A  mentmha. 

Amenemhat  II.,  Nub-kau-Ea.    An  Egyi)tian 

king,  the  third  of  the  12th  dynasty,  wlio  reigned 
about  2400  B.  c,  and  of  whom  little  is  known. 

.\ls()  Antrnt  nihit. 

Amenemhat  III.,  Maa-en-Ra.    An  Egyptian 

king,  the  sixth  of  llie  12th  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  2300  B.  c.  (Brugsch);  He  constructed  Ijiki 
Jlo'ris  and  the  Lal>yrinth  (See  Maris,  Labiirinth.)  In- 
scriptions of  his  time  have  been  found  on  tlie  rocks  in 
the  peninsula  of  Sinai.  There  Is  also  a  mark  (with  an  in. 
scrlption)  on  the  rocks  of  .Semneh  showing  the  height  cd 
the  iinnidation  of  the  Nile  in  the  14th  year  of  his  reign. 
(See  -VtVe.)    Als(»  Amfiu'tnhn. 

Amenemhat  IV„  Maat-kheru-Ra.   An  Egy])- 

tian  king,  the  seventh  of  the  12th  dynasty, 
who  reigned  about  2260  B.  c.  (Brugsidi)".  Also 
Amnitniha. 

Amenhotep  (ii-men-ho'tep)  I.,  or  Amenophis 

(am-e-no'hs),  Ser-ka-Ra.  An  Egyptian  king. 
the  second  of  the  IKlh  dynasty,  who  reigneil 
about  1060  B.  c.  (Brugsch).  Hewas  successful 
in  campaigns  in  Ethiopia  (Kush)  and  Libya. 
Also  Amoihctn. 
Amenhotep  II.,  or  Amenophis,  Aa-kheperu- 

Ra.  -Vn  Egyptian  king.  1  lie  sevc'ntli  of  the 
l.Sth  dynasty,  who  reigned  about  l.'iOC  B.  c. 
(Bmgsch).  He  made  a  successful  campaign  In  Asia, 
which  is  commemorated  in  an  insci'i])tion  in  a  temple  at 
.\miulah  in  Nniiia.  There  arc  id.so  inscriptiotisbearuic  his 
nanieln  the  tcnijile  of  .Vniun  at  Karnak,     Also  Aiiirnhftif. 

Amenhotep  III.,  or  Amenophis,  Maat-neb- 

Ra.  An  Egyptian  king,  the  ninth  of  the 
18th  dynasty,  who  reigned  about  1500  b.  c. 
(Brugsch).  He  was  a  successful  warrior  and  a  great 
builder.  The  twocolossal  statuesof  Memnon  near  Thebes 
are  portrait-statues  of  him.     See  ilemnuiu 

Amenophis  III.  was  as  great  in  peace  as  In  war.  In 
his  reign  i'.gypt  lost  none  of  lier  military  prestige,  and 
from  some  large  scarabiei  — one  of  which  is  in  the  Cizeh 
Palace  —  wo  learn  that  under  his  rule  Kgypt  stretched 
from  .Mesopotamia  to  the  country  of  Karo  In  Abyssinia. 
At  the  same  time  that  he  consolitiated  the  empire  left  him 
by  preceding  monarchs,  Amenophis  raisetl  along  the  banks 
of  the  Nile  mommients  which  for  their  grandeur  and  the 
perfection  of  their  workmanship  are  unsurpassed.  Ttie 
temple  at  (Jebel-Iiarkal,  i[i  the  Sudan,  Wiis  erected  Ity  this 
king;  so  also  was  that  at  s,deb.  near  the  third  cataract — 
and  souvenirs  4)f  him  may  be  found  at  Assitan,  F.lephan- 
tltli,  «;el)el-Silsileh,  Kl-Kab,  Trtnih.  theSerapeumat  Slem- 
phis,  and  Serbilt-el-IIadim.  He  adiled  considerably  (o 
Karnak,  ami  built  that  iHution  of  the  temple  at  l.uxor 
that  bears  his  name.  He  also  erected  on  tlie  left  hank  of 
the  Nile  —opposite  to  Luxtn-  —  a  sacred  edillee  which  once 
must  have  been  one  of  the  most  Important  In  I'.gypt.  I'l^ 
stroyed  completely  by  causes  unknown  to  us,  all  that  Is 
now  left  of  It  are  the  two  enormous  colossi  —  called  by  the 

Anbs  SAnamat — which  originally  st 1  at  tlie  entrance. 

itarieltf,  Oulllnes,  p.  3». 

Amenhotep  IV.,  or  Amenophis,  Khu-n-Aten 

('splc-iidur  of  the  sun's  disk').  An  Egyiilinii 
king,  the  tenth  of  the  IHlli  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  1406  n.  c.  tBrngseli).  He  was  an  Innovator 
III  religion,  subsdtlltitig  the  new  wornlilp  of  Ateii  nlle 
sun's  disk)  for  that  of  Anitln  and  the  other  Kgyptlan 
deities.  III!  also  niove<l  the  capital  from  Thebes  to  n  place 
In  middle  Fgypt,  (he  modern  rel-el-Amania. 

Ameni  (it-ma'ne),  or  Amenemhat.    An  Egyp- 

linii  (illicial  under  I'serlesen  I.  An  Inscription 
recording  the  events  of  his  life  \mn  Ih<i  ti  found  In  a  nn\- 
Um\h  at  Itenl-llassiin.  It  cunlalns  a  reference  to  a  famine 
which  has,  by  some,  been  supiNiNed  (o  be  that  which  oc- 
curred iluring  .loHetdi's  sojourn  In  Hgypl. 

Amenities  of  Literature.    A  work  by  Isaac 

D'Israeli,  eonipli-ted  in  1S4I, 
Amenophis.      See  Amitllnitrp. 

Ainentnes.    See  Amiiiii. 

Amenti  (amen'te).  In  Egyptian  niTthology, 
llie  underworld;  the  world  of  the  dead. 

Ameria  (n-me'ri-U).  The  ani'iont  name  of 
Aiiielia  in  Italy. 

America  (n-iner'i-kll).  [It.  8p.  Pg,  Amrr- 
icii,  !•'.  Amt'ritiiir,  O.  Amrrikn;  from  NL. 
America  (l.'iO"),  after  AmtriruK  Vrnimliuti  (It. 
Amiriijn  f'csjnirci),  an  Italian  ex|>lorer.  See 
JVsiiHcri.  ]  Xho  western  conlinent  or  grand 
division  of  the  world,  incliiiling  North  Auier- 
ioa,  South  America,  aud  adjacent  islands,    tieo 


Ames 

Xorth  Amerifit  and  South  America,  it  was  visited 
by  the  .Northmen  about  1000  (?)  and  was  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  uw.  The  mainland  was  probably  reacbsd 
by  Cabot  In  14!»7.  (Sce  Columbwi,  Cabol.)  The  name  Aiiur- 
ica  was  proposed  by  WaldsccmUUer  (a  teacher  of  geog- 
raphy in  the  college  of  Saint- Dili  among  the  Vcegres)  In  a 
treatise  called  "CosmugraphUi,"  publUbedin  1607.  Length, 
about  lo,.'.<«)  miles;  greatest  breadth,  over  3,000  miles. 
Area  (estimated),  about  16,700,000  square  milea.  Fopols- 
tion  (estimateU  Isyi),  121,713,000. 

America.  A  wooden  keel  schooner-yacht  de- 
signed and  builtby  George  Steers  of  New  York, 
for  Commodore  J.'C.  Stevens  of  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club,  in  I»)l.  Her  original  dimensions  were : 
length  over  all,  IcK)  feet  6  Inches;  length  on  wat«r-llne, 
90  feet  t  Inches  ;  beam,  22  feet  «  Inches  ;  draught,  11  feet 
6  inches.  In  1S51,  at  the  time  of  the  World's  Fair  in 
London,  Commodore  Stevens,  having  cni-'.sed  the  Atlantic 
111  the  America,  entered  her  In  tho  race  of  Aug.  22  open 
to  yachts  of  all  nations  for  a  tlO-S  cup.  The  course  was 
around  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  the  America  l>eat  the  whole 
fleet  of  15  yachts  by  aliout  7  miles  .\ug.  is  she  sailed  a 
race  with  the  English  schooner  TItania  over  a  40-mlle 
course,  beating  her  out  of  sight.  The  cup  (jtios)  which 
she  won  In  ls.'il  was  given  (18;,7)  to  the  New  York  Yacht 
Club  and  made  a  prize  open  to  challenge  by  yachts  of 
all  nations.  There  have  been  (1902)  eleven  unsuccessful 
attenipts  to  recover  it. 

America,  British.    See  British  America. 
America,  Central.     See  Central  America. 
America,  North.     See  Xorth  America. 
America,  Russian.    An  old  name  for  Alaska. 
America,  South.     See  .S'oHf/i  America. 
America,  Spanish.     See  Spimish  Amiriea. 

American  Colonization  Society,  The.  A  so- 
ciety organized  at  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, Jan.  1,  1817,  fertile  purpose  of  coloniz- 
ing free  Aineriean  nigroes.  It  purchased  In  1821 » 
tract  of  land  near  Cape  Mesurado,  .Africa,  where  It  founded 
the  colony  of  Liberia,  which  became  an  Independent  re- 
Itnblic  in  1M7. 

American  Cousin,  Our.     A  drama  by  Tom 

Tavliii-,  ]ii<)dueed  in  bS.'W.  in  this  playF,.  A.  Rothem 
made  a  name  by  his  clever  development  of  the  originally 
small  part  of  l.,ird  Dundrearv. 

American  Party,  or  Know-nothing  Party. 

In  L'uiled  States  politics,  a  jiarty  which  advo- 
cated the  control  of  the  government  by  native 
citizens.  As  It « iis  at  the  outset  a  secret  fraternity  and 
Its  members  refused  to  give  informalion  concerning  it, 
they  received  the  name  of  "Know-nothings."  In  lb66  It 
discarded  Its  secret  machinery.  The  party  nominated 
Fillmore  for  President  in  1850,  and  w;w  powerful  for  sev- 
eral years.     (See  under  AntiimiM-nic  I'artil.) 

American  Philosophical  Society.  -\  scientific 

society  foumleil  at  Philadelphia  by  Fruuklin  in 
1744,  reorganized  in  1768,  and  united  with  the 
Jesuits  or  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Useful 
Knowledge  in  17(!0,  the  date  of  its  definite  es- 
tablishment.    Franklin  was  its  first  president. 

American  Volunteers,  The  (oflicial  title,  The 
Volunteers  of  America).  -V  religious  organ- 
ization louudcd  ill  .\l:iich,  l.'>96.  by  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Ballington  Booth,  who  separated  from  the  Sal- 
vation .^xmf.  It  was  designed  to  be  essentially 
Aiiiericiin  in  constitution  and  method. 

Amerigo  Vespucci.    See  t'cifpueci. 

Amersfoort  (ii' mors -fort).  A  town  in  the 
piovinee  of  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  on  the  Eem 
26  miles  soulliensi  of  Amsteniain.  it  was  an  Ini- 
jHtrtant  seat  of  the  Jansenlsts,  and  has  a  note<l  Church 
<if  St.  Mary.  It  baa  IhiUrlshing  manufactures  and  trade. 
Population  (l.ssO).  commune,  l.',.44it. 

Ames  (limz).  Adelbert.  Born  at  Rockland, 
.Miiiiii',  (bt.  :il,  l.'';).'i.  An  .\iiieriean  general  in 
the  Civil  War.  lit-  was  gnulualed  from  West  IVdnt  In 
Isill,  anil  t<iok  iiart  In  the  bailies  of  Hull  Itun.  Calnes's 
Mill,  Malvern  llill,  Fred.ricksburg,  rimncelloniville,  Au- 
tletain,  ci,  tlysburg.  and  othem.  lie  was  bn-velted  major- 
general  i't  volunteeis  March  1:1.  Ksil.',,  and  malor-gineral 
of  the  regular  army  IstVl,  and  itronioteil  to  Ibe  full  rank  of 
llcutenant-citlonel  .luly  2^.  IKOil.  He  was  prtivlslonal  g^ir- 
ernorol  Mississippi  ls<i-<  70,  Kepublb  an  lulled  Slates  soD- 
olor  fmni  that  .stale  1870  74,and  Itsgoternor  1S74-76.  lie 
was  app<-hite,l  Itrigiolb-r-gi'lleral  of  volunl«i-rm,  IflUtf. 

Ames,  Fisher.  Born  at  Iledham,  Mass.,  April 
0,  MM:  died  at  Deilhain,  July  4, 1.'<IW.  A  noted 
.\nierican  orator,  slatesnian,  and  polilieal 
writer,  lie  was  gi-adualed  from  llarvnnl  cdlege  In 
1T74,  began  Ibe  pnidlee  of  law  al  Heilbnni  In  ITSl  was 
a  memlHT  M  tin'  Massin  busetis  nillfying  oniniltlee  In 
17as,  an.l  was  a  Federal  member  of  Congrenn  from  KlnMa- 
cbnsetla  I7N11-'.I7,  He  deellmil  Ibe  presl.l.  ncy  .,|  Harvard 
•  '■•llegein  IMM  llewn.lethe  "  I. aixc",!!  '  anil  other  ruays 
to  rouse  the  opliosKlon  against  Franco. 

Ames,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Vannouth,  Rngland, 
Jan._23,  llWl;  died  at  London,  (»ct.  7,  17,''>9. 
An  English  aiitiipiiiry  ami  liililiognipber,  pub- 
lisher of  "Typograilhical  ,\n(i<piilieH"  ( 1 741», 
od.  Iiy  Herbert  I7.<i-!I0).  This  work  is  the 
"  fouiidalioii  of  English  bibliogriiiihy," 

Ames,  Joseph.  Horn  IhKI:  ilied  IS, 2."  .\I1  Ainer- 
iean paiiilir.  eliiilly  ihded  for  his  portriiils. 

Ames,  Mrs.  (MaryClemmer,  later  .Mrs.  Hud- 
son). Born  at  Uticn,  N.  \.,  IKIO:  died  at 
Wa.shington,  1).  C,  Aug.  18,  1884.  An  Ameri- 
can writer,  aud  the  Washington  correspondent 


Ames 

of  the  New  York  "Independent."  She  pub- 
lished novels,  poems,  sketches,  etc. 
Ames,  Oakes.  Born  at  Easton,  Mass.,  Jan.  10, 
1804:  died  May  8,  1873.  An  Ameriean  manu- 
factiu'er,  capitalist,  and  politician.  He  was  inter- 
ested in  tlie  building  of  tlie  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  was 
Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  IstiS- 
1873.  and  was  ceusurod  liy  the  House  for  his  connection 
with  tlie  Credit  Mobilier  (which  see). 

Ames  (Latinized  Amesius),  William.  Bom 
at  Ipswich,  England,  1576:  died  at  Kotterdam, 
Nov.,  1033.  An  English  Puritan  theologian 
and  casuist  residing  in  the  Netherlands.  He 
wrote  "  Medulla  Theologiffi,"  ' '  De  Conscientia  " 
(1632).  ■'Coronis,"  etc. 

Amesbury  (amz'beri).  A  town  in  Essex 
Couiitv,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Merri- 
mack 34  miles  north  of  Boston.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Whittier.  Population  (1900).  9,473. 

Amesha  Spentas,  mod.  Pers.  Amshaspands. 
[Pers.,  'Immortal  Holy  Ones.']  The  seven  su- 
preme spirits  of  Avestan  theology.  Attlieirhead, 
as  their  creator,  stands  .Ahuram.azda.  The  others  are 
moral  or  physical  abstractions.  Tliey  are  Vohu  Manah, 
•good  mind,'  Asha  Vahislitx  •  best  rigliteousness,'  Khsha- 
thra  Vairya,  'the  wished-for  kingdom,'  Spent.a  Armaiti, 
'holy  harmony,'  Haurvatat,  'wholeness,  saving  health,' 
Ameretiit,  'iminortality.'  In  the  later  religion  they  be- 
came guardian  geniuses  respectively  of  the  flocks,  fire, 
metals,  the  earth,  waters,  and  trees.  They  are  related  to 
Ahuraniazda  as  are  the  Adityas  la  Vedic  theology  to 
Varuna.    See  Adityas. 

Amestris  (a-mes'tris).     See  the  extract. 

Araestris,  the  daughtft*  of  Otanes  according  to  Herodo- 
tus, of  Onophas  according  to  Ctesias,  was  the  favourite 
wife  of  Xerxes,  and  bore  him  at  least  five  children.  Her 
crimes  and  cruelties  are  related  by  Ctesias  at  some  length, 
and  are  glanced  at  by  Herodotus.  She  may  be  the  Vashti 
of  Esther,  whose  disgrace  was  perhaps  only  temporary. 
She  lived  to  a  great  age,  dying,  as  it  would  seem,  only  a 
little  before  her  son  Artaxerxes. 

Bawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  258. 

Ameto  (ii-ma'to).  A  prose  idyl  of  Boccaccio, 
with  poetical  interludes.  Seven  nymphs  over  whom 
Ameto,  a  young  hunter,  presides  recount  the  story  of  their 
loves,  and  each  story  concludes  with  eclogues,  which  were 
the  first  in  the  Italian  language. 

Amga  (iim'gii).  A  river  of  eastern  Siberia, 
.about  500  miles  in  length,  which  joins  the  Al- 
dan in  about  lat.  63°  N.,  long.  134°  E. 

Amhara  (am-hii'rii).  The  central  province 
of  Abyssinia,  including  Dembea,  Begemeder, 
Lasta,  Medja,  Gojam.     The  capital  is  Gondar. 

Amharic  (am-har'ik),  or  Amarinna  (a-ma- 
rin'ii).  The  language  of  the  Abyssinian  prov- 
ince Amhara,  and  of  Shoa:  since  the  14th 
century  the  court  and  oflBcial  language  of  Ab}"S- 
sinia.  .\s  long  as  the  ancient  Geez  flourished,  Amharic 
was  only  a  provincial  dialect  of  southern  Abyssinia. 
N\  ithin  the  last  three  centuries  it  has  been  sometimes 
used  in  writing,  with  adapted  Ethiopian  characters.  It 
is  a  Semitic  language  with  an  intermixture  of  African 
words. 

Amherst  (am'erst).  A  district  iniTenasserim 
division,  British  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  16° 
N.,  long.  98°  E.  Area,  15,203  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  417,312. 

Amherst.  A  seaport  in  the  Amherst  district, 
founded  by  the  British  in  1826.  It  has  been 
superseded  in  importance  by  Maulmain. 

Amherst.  A  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 20  miles  north  of  Springtield,  the  seat 
of  Amherst  College  and  of  the  Massachusetts 
A-.,'ricultural  College.     Population (1900),  5,028. 

Amherst,  Jeffrey  (Baron  Amherst).    Bom  at 

Kivcrhead,  England,  Jan.  29,  1717 :  died  at 
Montreal,  in  Kent,  Aug.  4,  1797.  An  English 
field-marshal.  As  major-general  he  served  in  the 
attack  on  Louisburg  in  July,  1758,  at  Ticonderoga  in 
July.  1759,  and  at  .Montreal  in  Sept.,  1760.  He  was  ap- 
pointed governor-general  of  British  North  America  in 
1761.  governor  of  Virginia  in  1763,  governor  of  Guernsey 
in  1770,  and  lieutenant-general  and  acting  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army  in  1772  (commander-in-chief  in  1793). 
Ho  was  created  Baron  Amherst  in  1776  (recreated  in  1787). 
general  in  1778,  and  field  marshal  in  1796. 

Amherst,  William  Pitt  (Earl  Amherst).  Born 
Jan.,  1773:  died  1857.  An  English  statesman 
and  diplomatist,  nephew  of  Jeffrey  Amherst. 
He  was  ambassador  to  Cllina  1816-17,  governor-general 
of  India  1823-28,  aad  carried  ou  the  first  Burmese  war 
1824-26. 

Amherst  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situatcil  at  Amherst,  Massachu.setts.  it  was 
opened  in  1821  and  incorporated  in  182.%  and  is  controlled 
chiefly  by  Congrezationalists.    It  has  about  400  stujdonts. 

Amherstburg  (am'erst-berg).  A  town  in  Es- 
sex County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Detroit  River  into  Lake  Erie, 
20  miles  south  of  Detroit.  Population  (1901). 
2  22'^ 

Amhurst  (am'erst).  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Mar- 
deu,  in  Kent,  Oct.  16,  1697:  died  at  Twicken- 
ham, AprU  12,  1742.  An  English  poet  and 
pamphleteer,  editor  of  the   political  journal 


50 

"  The  Craftsman."  He  was  expelled  from  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  for  irregular  conduct,  or  according  to  his 
own  account  for  the  liberality  of  his  opinions,  and  re- 
venged himself  by  satirizing  the  university  in  "Terrae 
Filius,"  a  prose  work,  and  "Oculus  iiritannia',"  a  poem. 

Amias  (am'i-as),  or  Amyas.  In  Book  IV  of 
Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene,"  the  captive  lover 
of  .iEmilia,  a  squire  of  low  degree. 

Amici  (a-me'che).  Giovaimi  Battista.  Born 
at  Modena,  Italy,  March  25,  1784  ( 1786  f ) :  died 
at  Florence,  April  10, 1863.  An  Italian  optician 
and  astronomer.  He  produced  a  dioptric  or 
acliromatic  microscope  which  bears  his  name. 

Amicis,  De.    See  De  Amicis. 

Ajuida  (a-mi'da).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Koman  city  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Diarbekr. 

Amidas  (am'i-das)  and  Bracidas  (bras'i-das). 
Twin  brothers  whom  Artegal  reconciles  in  the 
fifth  book  of  Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene."' 

Amidas,  Philip.  Born  at  Hull,  England,  1550: 
died  about  1618.  An  English  na\igator.  He 
explored,  with  Barlow,  the  North  Carolina  coast 
in  1584.     See  Barlow. 

Amie  (a'mi).  In  Ben  Jonson's  "Sad  Shep- 
herd," a  gentle  shepherdess  in  whose  mouth 
are  put  the  words : 

I  grant  the  linnet,  lark,  and  bullfinch  sing. 
But  best  the  dear  good  angel  of  the  Spring, 
The  nightingale.  ii.  2. 

Amiel  (a'mi-el).  In  Dryden's  "Absalom  and 
Aehitophel,"  a  character  intended  for  Edward 
SejTnour,  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
who  was  an  adherent  of  the  Prince  of  Orange 
and  the  head  of  the  house  of  Seymour. 

Amiel  (a-me-el').  Henri  Frederic.  Born  at 
Geneva,  1821 :  died  1881.  A  Swiss  scholar  and 
poet,  appointed  professor  of  esthetics  and  of 
French  literature  at  the  Academj'of  Geneva  in 
1849,  and  of  moral  philosophy  in  1853.  Parts 
of  his  "  Journal  intime"  werepublishedafterhis 
death  (2  vols.  188'2-84).  He  studied  at  Berlin 
1844^8. 

Amiens  (ii-me-an').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Selle  with  the  Somme  in  lat.  49° 
55'  N.,  long.  2°  18'  E.:  the  ancient  Samarobri- 
va.  It  was  the  capital  of  ancient  Picardie  and  is  now 
one  of  the  leading  manufacturing  and  commercial  cen- 
ters of  France.  The  cathedral  of  Amiens,  l)egun  in  1220, 
is  in  purity  and  majesty  of  design  perhaps  the  finest  ex- 
isting medieval  structure.  It  is  469  feet  long,  213  across 
the  transepts,  and  about  l.',0  in  height  of  nave-vaulting. 
The  incomparable  facade  has  3  huge  porches  covered 
with  the  richest  sculpture,  2  galleries,  the  lower  arcaded, 
the  upper  filled  with  statues  of  kings,  and  a  great  rose 
and  gable  between  two  low  square  towers.  The  transepts 
have  superb  roses  40  feet  in  diameter  above  traceried  ar- 
cades filled  with  colored  glass.  The  great  portal  of  the 
south  transept  is  famous  for  its  sculpture.  The  interior 
is  simple  and  most  impressive.  The  110  late-Pointed 
choir-stalls  are  probably  unexcelled,  and  the  radiating 
apsid.al  chapels  are  of  exceptional  beauty.  The  slender 
wooden  lenlral  spire  is 361  feet  hiirh.  Population  (1901), 
'.i(i,(i:)S. 

Amiens,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  Nov.  27, 
1870.  by  the  Germans  under  Manteuffel  over 
the  French.  It  was  followed  by  the  taking  of 
Amiens  Nov.  28,  and  the  surrender  of  its  cita- 
del Nov.  30. 

Amiens,  Council  at.    See  Amiens,  Mise  of. 

Amiens,  Mise  of.  The  award  pronounced  Jan. 
23,  1264.  by  Louis  IX.  of  France,  to  whom  the 
question  as  to  the  obligation  of  Henry  III.  to 
observe  the  Provisions  of  Oxford  had  been  re- 
ferred at  the  Council  of  Amiens,  Dec.  16,  1263. 

By  this  award  the  King  of  France  entirely  annulled  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford,  and  all  engagements  which  had 
been  made  respecting  them.  Not  content  with  doing  this 
in  generid  teniis,  he  forbade  the  making  of  new  statutes, 
as  proposed  and  carried  out  in  the  Provisions  of  West- 
minster, ordered  the  restoration  of  the  royal  castles  to  the 
king,  restored  to  him  the  power  of  nominating  the  officers 
of  state  and  the  sheriifs,  the  nomination  of  whom  had 
been  withdrawn  from  him  by  the  Provisions  of  Oxford ; 
heannuUed  the  order  that  natives  of  England  alone  should 
govern  the  realm  of  England,  and  added  that  the  king 
should  have  full  and  free  power  in  this  kingdom  as  he 
had  had  in  time  past.  All  this  was  in  the  king's  favor.  The 
arbitrator,  however,  added  that  all  charters  issued  before 
the  time  of  the  Provisions  should  bold  good,  and  that  all 
parties  should  condone  enmities  and  injuries  arising  from 
the  late  troubles.  StuObx,  Early  Plantagenets,  p.  202. 

Amiens,  Treaty  of.  A  peace  concluded  at 
Amiens,  March  27,  1802,  between  Great  Britain 
on  one  side,  and  France,  Spain,  and  the  Ba- 
tavian  Kepublic  on  the  other.  England  restored 
all  comiuests  except  Ceylon  and  Trinidad,  the  Ionian  Re- 
public was  acknowledged,  the  French  were  to  abandon 
Rome  atid  Naples,  and  .Malta  was  to  be  restored  to  the 
Knights  of  St.  John. 

Amiens  (ii'mi-enz).  In  Shakspere's  "As  you 
Like  it,"  a  gentleman  in  attendance  on  the 
duke. 

Amin  (ii-men').  The  eldest  son  of  Hainin-al- 
Rashid  in  "The  Three  Ladies  of  Bagdad"  in 


Amman,  Jost 

"  The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."  He 
marries  Amine. 

Amina  (a-me'uii).  The  principal  character  in 
Bellini's  opera  "La  Sonnambula." 

Aminadab  (a-min'a-dab).  A  name  often  used 
by  tlie  older  dramatists  to  designate  a  Quaker. 

Aminadab  Sleek.     See  Sleek,  Jminadab. 

Amine  (a-men'  1.  1.  In  the  story  of  "  Sidi  Nou- 
mau"  in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments," the  wife  of  Sidi  Noumau.  Her  habit  of 
eating  only  a  few  grains  of  rice,  at  table,  arouses  his  sus- 
picions, and  he  discovers  her  feasting  at  night  with  a 
ghoul. 

2.  In  the  story  of  "  The  Three  Ladies  of  Bag- 
dad" in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments," Zobeide's  sister.  Without  knowing 
his  rank,  she  mames  Amin,  eldest  son  of  Ha- 
run-al-Rashid. 

Aminta  (;i-min'tii).  Apastoral  drama  by  Tasso, 
produced  in  1573. 

But  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  pastoral  drama  is 
marked  by  the  Aminta  of  Torquato  Tasso,  acted  at  Fer- 
rara  in  1573.  This  celebrated  poem  is  simple  in  plot :  but 
its  design  is  allegorical,  and  the  Arcadia  presented  is  a 
reflexion  of  the  Ferrara  court,  the  poet  himself  appearing 
as  one  of  the  shepherds  (Tirsi).  Ward. 

Aminte  (a-manf).  1.  See  Cathos. —  2.  The 
neighbor  of  Sganarelle  in  Moliere's  "  L'Amour 
Medecin." 

Amintor  (a-min'tor).  One  of  the  principal 
male  characters  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  "The  Maid's  Tragedy."  His  weakness  and  ir- 
reso'lution  in  love  are  explained,  but  not  compensated  for. 
by  his  fantastic  loyalty  to  his  king. 

Amiot,  or  Amyot  (ii-me-6'),  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Toulon,  France,  1718:  died  at  Peking,  1794.  A 
French  Jesuit  missionary  (in  China)  and  Ori- 
entalist. He  wrote  "  M^moires  concernant  I'histoire, 
les  sciences,  et  les  arts  des  Chinois  "  (1776-91),  "Diction- 
naire  tatar-mantchou-fran^ais  "  (1789),  etc. 

Amirante  Islands  (am 'i- rant  i'landz).  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
longing to  the  British,  situated  southwest  of 
the  Seychelles  about  lat.  5°-7°  S. 

Amirkbt,  Amerkote  (iim-er-kot').  A  town  in 
Sinil,  British  Inilia,  94  miles  east  of  Haidarabad. 

Amis  et  Amiles  (a-mes'  at  a-me'les).  A  chan- 
sonde  geste,in3,5001ines,  dating  probably  from 
the  12th  century,  its  theme  is  the  adventures  of  two 
noble  friends  Amis  and  Amiles.  They  escape  the  treacheiy 
of  the  felon  knight  Hardre  ;  the  niece  of  Charles,  Lubias, 
is  bestowed  on  Amis,  and  his  daughter,  Bellicent,  falls  in 
love  with  -Amiles;  the  latter  is  accused  of  treason  by 
Hardr^,  and  is  saved  by  Amis  who  tights  in  his  stead  and 
slays  his  accuser ;  and  Amiles  and  Bellicent  are  married- 
-Amis,  having  forsworn  himself  in  aiding  Amiles,  is  pun- 
ished by  an  attack  of  leprosy,  of  which  he  is  cured  by  the 
blood  o"f  the  children  of  Amiles  who  are  slain  by  their 
father  for  this  purpose :  the  children,  however,  are  mirac- 
ulously restored  to  life.  .Also  known  as  Amyg  and  Amy* 
louii. 

Amis  et  Amiles  is  the  earliest  vernacular  form  of  a  story 
which  attained  extraordinary  popularity  in  the  middle 
ages,  being  found  in  every  language  and  in  most  literary 
forms,  prose  and  verse,  narrative  and  dramatic.  This  pop- 
ularity may  partly  be  assigned  to  the  religious  and  mar- 
vellous elements  which  it  contains,  but  is  due  also  to  the 
intrinsic  merits  of  the  story.  The  chanson  ...  is  writ- 
ten, like  Roland,  in  decasyllabic  verse,  but,  unlike  Roland, 
has  a  shorter  line  of  six  syllables  and  not  assonanced  at 
the  end  of  each  stanza.  Saintsbury,  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  16. 

Amis  (a'mis)  the  Parson.  A  eomic  poem  in 
Middle  High  German,  composed  bj-an  Austrian 
(Der  Strieker),  probably  about  1230. 

Amistad  (a-mes-tiiTii')  Case.  The  ease  of  the 
United  States  against  the  Spanish  vessel  Ami- 
stad. This  vessel,  while  coming  from  .\frica  in  1S39 
with  a  cargo  of  kidnapped  negroes,  was  seized  by  the  ne- 
groes near  Cuba  and  taken  to  the  coast  of  Connecticut, 
and  there  captured  by  a  Inited  States  vessel.  On  a  libel 
for  salvage  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  held  on  ap- 
peal that  the  negroes  were  free  and  not  pirates. 

Amisus  (a-mi'sus).  The  ancient  name  of  Sam- 
sun. 

Amlet  (am'let),  Dick  or  Richard.  In  Van- 
brugh's  comedy  "The  Confederacy,"  a  game- 
ster, the  son  of  a  garrulous  old  woman  who 
combines  the  trade  of  selling  paint,  powder, 
and  toilet  luxuries  to  ladies  with  a  less  re- 
spectable one.  He  attempts  with  her  assistance  to 
pass  himself  off  as  a  fine  gentleman,  but  onli  produces  the 
impression  of  a  footman  raised  from  the  ranks. 

Amlet,  Amleth.     Same  as  Hamlet. 

Amle't,  Mrs.    See  Amlet,  Dick. 

Aml'WCh  (am'lok).  A  seaport  in  .Anglesey, 
Wales,  56  miles  west  of  Liverpool,  noted  for 
its  (Parj-s)  copper-mines.  Population  (1891), 
.").5G7. 

Amman  (iira'miin),  Jost.  Born  at  Ziirich, 
Switzerland,  about  1539:  died  at  Nuremberg. 
March,  1591.  A  Swiss  wood-engraver  and 
painter.  He  came  to  Nuremberg  in  1560,  where  he  prob- 
ably worked  until  his  death.  He  is  chiefly  known  tor  his  en- 
gravings, especially  his  wood-engranngs,  and  left  no  less 
than  5.10  prints,  of  which  the  most  noted  are  a  set  of  115 
wood-prints  of  arts  and  trades,  printed  at  Frankfort  in  1586, 


Amman,  Johatm  Eonrad 
Amman,  Johann  Eonrad.     Born  at  Schaff- 

LauseB,  .Switzerland,  ltJ69:  ilifd  at  Warmond, 
near  Leyden,  about  1725.  A  Swiss  physician 
and  writer  on  instruction  for  deaf-mutes.  His 
ihiff  works  are  "'Surdus  loqueus"  (1672\ 
"Disscrtatio  de  lof|ucla"  (1700),  etc. 

Amman,  or  Anunann,  Paul.  Bom  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Aug.  30,  lGo4:  died  Feb.  4,  1091.  A 
Cierman  pliysieiau  and  botanist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed  professor  of  botany  at  Lcipsic  in  1674,  aini  of 
pliysiology  in  l&s2,  and  was  the  author  of  "Praxis  Vul- 
neriuiileiholium "(1690), ''Character  naturalisPluntarum" 
(ICTO),  etc. 

Amman  liim-miin').  A  ruined  town  northeast 
of  the  Dead  Sea,  tlie  ancient  Kabboth  Amnion 
or  Philadelphia.  It  contains  a  Roman  theater  alwut 
360  feet  in  diameter,  in  part  excavated  from  a  iiiUside. 

Ammanati  (am-mii-ua'te).  Bartolommeo. 
Burn  at  Settignano,  near  Florence,  .Tune  l.H, 
l.Tll:  died  at  Settignano.  April  22,  ir)92.  An 
Italian  architect  and  sculptor.  His  most  noted 
work  is  the  "Ponte  della  Trinitil"  at  Florence. 

Ammen  (am'en),  Daniel.  Bom  May  13,  1H20: 
died  July  11,  1898.  An  American  admiral.  He  en- 
tered tiie  navyasiuidsliipinan  July?,  1836,  was  made  exec- 
utive offlecr  of  the  North  Atlantic  hlocliaiiinn  sipiadron  at 
:iie  out  break  of  thet^'ivil  War.  andcr>nnnanded  the  Seneca 
in  the  attack  on  Port  Royal  Nov.  7,  IsGl,  ami  the  Patapsco 
in  that  on  Fort  McAllister  March  3,  1863.  He  w:is  ]>ro- 
moted  captiiin  July  25,  ItiWi,  and  was  retired  with  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral  June  4,  1878.  He  wrote  "The  Atlantic 
Coast"  ("The  Navy  in  the  Civil  War"  .series,  1883). 

Ammen,  Jacob.  Bom  Feb.  7,  IsOs:  died  Feb. 
<).  1894.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in  1831.  re- 
signed from  the  army  iti  1837,  became  captain  of  volun- 
teers .\i)ril  1^  Ibfil.  look  part  iti  ttic  Wi--t  Virginia  cam- 
paign under  McClellan,  waspromotiil  liriu'udier-geneialof 
voliuiteers  July  16,  1M>2,  and  was  in  command  of  the  dis- 
trict of  East  Tennessee  April  10, 1864,- Jan.  H,  IStib,  when 
lie  resigned. 

Ammer  (iirn'mer).  or  Amper  (lita'per).  A  river 
in  Upper  Bavaria,  wliich  rises  in  the  Al|>s, 
traverses  tlie  Amiuersee,  and  joins  the  Isar  30 
miles  northeast  of  Munich.  It  receives  the 
outlet  of  the  Starnbergersee.  Length,  about 
12.5  miles. 

Ammergau.    See  Obcr-Amnicrgau. 

Ammerland  (am'mer-land).  A  small  district  in 
the  western  part  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Olden- 
btirg.  (ierraauy. 

Ammersee  (am'er-za).  A  lake  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, 10  miles  long,  traversed  by  the  Ammer. 
It  lies  west  of  the  Starnbergersee. 

AmmianusCam-i-a'nus)  Marcellinus.  Bom  at 
Antioch,  Syria,  aliout  330  A.  i). :  died  about  ',i9n. 
AGreek  historian,  author  of  a  history  of  Rome 
(in  Latin),  covering  the  period  9()  A.  D.-378. 
Tlie  part  for  90-352  is  lost.  He  wrote  probably 
between  380-390. 

Ammon,     See  Amu». 

Ammon  (am'on).  The  eponymic  ancestor  of 
a  people,  the  children  of  Ammon,  or  .Vmmoii- 
ites,  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment: according  to  the  account  in  (Jeuesis, 
the  son  of  I^ot  by  his  younger  daughter  was 
Ben-Ami  (Gen.  .\i.\.  38). 

Ammon,  or  Amon,  or  Amim,  Saint.  Bom 
about  285,  in  lower  Egypt:  dieil  348.  The 
founder  of  the  settlement  of  lierinits  in  Xitria. 
See  Sitria. 

Ammon  (iim'mon),  Christoph  Friedrich  von. 

Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  .Ian.  10,  1700:  died 
at  Dresden,  May  21,  1850.  .V  Gemiiin  Protes- 
tant preacher  and  rationalistic  tlieologian.  Ho 
was  appointed  professor  (17811)  at  KrlanKcn,  later  (171)4) 
at  OottinKeii,  and  again  (ls(t4)  at  Krlanficn. 

Ammon,  Friedrich  August  von.     Born  at 

Giittingen,  Sept.  111.  1799:  died  May  18.  1801. 
A  fierman  opnthalmologist,  son  of  ('.  F.  von 
Ammon.  He  became  pr()fessorin  thesurKlcal  and  medi- 
cal academy  at  Dresden  in  1S'J9,  and  royal  privy  medical 
eounaeloi-  in  1844. 

Ammonias  (a-mo'ni-as).  [Or.  'A/;//<Ji7nr.]  An 
architect  who,  according  to  an  epigram  of 
tlie  Anthology,  restored  tho  Pharos  of  .Mcx- 
nnilria  in  the  time  of  the  emperor  Aiiastasius. 
iiliout  the  end  of  the  5th  century  A.  I).  He  is 
also  credited  with  the  construction  of  an  aipie- 

(lllc't. 

Ammonius  (a-rao'ni-us).  Born  about  170  a.  i>.: 
died  iifler  243.  An  .\le.\andrian  philoso])li(T, 
the  founder  of  tho  Neoplatonic  schord.  sui- 
nniTied  "  Saccas"  or  "  Sacco|ilionis"('(  he  sack- 
be  arer').  from  his  occupation,  in  early  life,  as  ii 
porter.  Plotinus,  Ix>nKlnU8.  and  OriKcn  wire  his  pupils. 
AceordiuK  t4>  Porphyry  he  was  born  a  I'hrislian,  but  this 
Is  denied  by  Eusebius  and  Jeritinc. 

Ammonius.  An  Alexandrian  philosopher,  of 
the  second  half  of  tlio  5th  century  A.  D.,  a  com- 
mentator on  Aristode. 

AmmonooBuc  (am-o-nO'suk),  Lower,    a  river 


51 

in  Xew  Hampshire,  about  100  miles  long,  which 
rises  near  Mount  Washington  and  joins  the 
Connecticut  7  miles  north  of  Haverhill. 

Amol  (ii-mol'),  or  Amul  (ii-miil').  A  city  in 
the  proWnce  of  Jlazanderan,  Persia,  situated 
on  the  Heraz  in  lat.  36°  20'  X.,  long.  .52°  23' 
E.  It  was  verv  important  in  the  middle  ages. 
Population,  10,"000. 

Amometus  (am-<")-me'tuB).  A  Greek  writer  of 
uncertain  date,  author  of  a  poetical  descrip- 
tion of  a  nation  of  "Attacori,"  dwelling  be- 
yond the  Himalayan  range,  resembling  the 
ancient  account  of  the  Hyperboreans. 

Amon  (a'mon).  In  Old  Testament  history :  (a) 
A  governor  of  Samaria  in  the  time  of  Ahab 
(Amosvii.).  (fc)  The  son  of  Manasseh  and  king 
of  Jiidah  G42-G40  B.  c.  He  was  assassinated 
through  a  court  conspiracy,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  snti  .Tositili. 

Amon.     See  ,tntun. 

Amon,  f>i'  Aimon,  or  Haymon.    See  Aymon. 

Amoneburg  (ii-men'e-borc).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  tlie  Ohm  7  miles  east  of  Jlarburg.  It  was 
formerly  a  strong  fortress. 

Amontons  (ii-raon-ton'),  Guillaume.    Bom  at 

Paris,  Aug.  31,  1CG3 :  died  Oct.  11.  1705.  A 
French  physicist.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a  system 
of  telegraphy  by  means  of  signals  from  one  station  to  an- 
other throuj^h  a  series. 

Amoo.     See  Amii-Daria. 

Amoor.     Sec  Amur. 

Amor  (ii'mor).     [L..  'love.']     Same  as  K'ro.s-. 

Amoraim(ii-m6'r!i-em).  [Aram.,'expounilers.'] 
The  rabbis  who  commented  upon  the  Mishna, 
tinil  thus  evolved  the  Gemara,  which  with  the 
Mishna  constitutes  the  Talmuii.  The  period  of 
the  Anioraim  begins  .after  the  death  of  the  patriarch  rabbi 
Judah  I.  and  extends  to  the  close  of  the  Talmud,  i.  e., 
about  200-;'i00  A,  1). 

Amoret  (am'o-ret).  1.  In  Spenser's  "  Faerie 
C^ueene,"  the  twin  sister  of  BelphcBbe,  the  im- 
personation of  the  grace  and  charm  of  female 
beauty.  Brought  up  by  Venus  in  the  Courts  of  Love, 
she  becomes  the  wife  of  Sir  Seudaniore,  but  is  not  in- 
sensible to  the  passion  of  Cortlambo  (sensual  loveX  (See 
Busiranf.)    .\ls«>  Amoretta. 

2.  In  Fletcher's  "Faitliful  Shepherdess,"  a 
shepherdess  in  love  with  ami  loved  by  Perigot. 
and  enduring  many  trials  with  sweetness  and 
constancy. 

Amoretta  (am-o-ret'ii).     See  Amoret,  1. 

AmorgOS  (a-mor'gos).  [Gr.  ;\uop;(if.]  An  isl- 
and, 21  miles  long,  in  the  .,rEgean  Sea,  ono  of 
the  Cydades.  16  miles  southeast  of  Naxos.  It 
is  mountainous  and  fruitful.  Population,  about 
2.000. 

Amorites  (am'o-rits).  [Prolmbly  from  Heb. 
iiiiiir,  niouutain-top,  the  mountaineers  (Num. 
.\iii.  29).]  A  name  used  in  thcOld  Testament  in 
general  for  theCanaanites  as  well  as  for  a  sub- 
division of  the  Canaanites.  Biblical  critics  assert 
that  in  the  set  of  documents  known  as  J  (Jabvist)  all  the 
pre-Israelitish  inhabitants  of  Palestine  are  called  Canaan- 
ites, while  in  the  ilocuinents  known  as  E  (Elidiist)  (Ijy 
others  K  =  Redact<ir)  they  are  called  Amorites.  This  gen 
eral  use  of  the  term  AmuHle  finds  furtliereontlrmallon  in 
the  recently  8uggc^<ted  rciuling  of  a  geographical  lerai  in 
the  cuneiform  iiiKcriptions,  tnat  Amurri,  country  t>f  the 
Amorites. which  ilenominate.i  in  the  iuhcriptlons  Phienleia 
and  flyria  in  general,  particularly  Palestine  :  it  was  jirevi- 
ously  read  mat  Ahnrri.  Even  in  the  restricted  sense  it  is 
obvious  that  Ihey'were  one  of  the  chief  races  of  Caiuian. 
As  early  as  the  l:tth  century  ll.  c.  they  seem  to  have  been 
antagoidsts  of  the  ifittites.  Theyappearon  the  («yptlan 
monuments  as  A)iHiru;  they  lived  eaht  of  the  .Itirdan 
where  Sihon  and  tig,  their  kings,  were  ilefealed  by  Moses. 
The  land  thus  conquered  became  the  properly  of  the  Irlbea 
of  Reuben.  Clad,  and  half  of  Mamisseb.  Those  west  of  the 
.lordan  were  conijucrci  by  Joshua,  and  their  territory  was 
givi-n  t..  the  tribe  ..t  Judiih. 

Amorous  Bigot,  The.  A  comedy  by  T.  Shad- 
wcll,  produ I  ill  KiOO. 

Amorous  Complaint  Made  at  Windsor,  An. 

,\  {iiM'iii  nllriliiilcil  Ici  I  'hiiiiccr. 

Amorous  La  Foole,  Sir.    See  /,«  Fimle. 
Amorous  Prince,  The.    A  play  by  Mrs.  Ajdira 

Behii,  adiijited  Iroiu  llaveiipon's  ^' City  Nighl- 
Cap,'"  proiiiiced  and  piiiitcd  in  1671. 

Amorpnus  (a-mor'fns).  In  Ben  .lonson's  com- 
iMJy  ''I'yiil  Ilia's  Kevi  ls."a  traveler  and  affected 
liilker. '  He  is  a  liar  iiinl  braggart,  and  an  arbi- 
trator of  nuaiTcls,  but  no  lighter. 

Amory  di'mo-ri),  Blanche.  In  Thackeray's 
novel  "  Pemleiinis,"  a  worldly,  frivoloim,  and 
.sidlish  girl,  whose  real  name  is  Betsy,  .she  en- 
courages any  man,  even  the  French  cook,  and,  while  |Misliig 
ns  a  teinler.  delicate  llowrr,  mnkct  cTorjr  one  ■Iwut  licr  a> 
iineomfortnble  iis  possible. 

For  this  yoniig  lady  llllanrlio  Amor>'|  kr»  not  able  lo 
carry  <Hit  any  eiio<llon  lo  the  full  ;  but  liait  n  shnni  eiitbu- 
sinsm,  a  sham  hatri-d,  a  sham  love,  a  Hinilii  tnstr,  a  sham 
grief,  each  of  which  llared  and  ahono  vorr  Tchcmrntly  for 


Amphiaraus 

an  Instant,  but  subsided  and  gave  place  to  the  next  f 
emotion.  Thackeray,  Pendennis,  IL  xxzr. 

Amory,  Thomas.  Bom  1(391  (f ) :  died  Nov.  25, 
1788.  All  English  writer,  author  of  "Memoirs 
ctintaining  the  Lives  of  several  Ladies  of  Great 
Britain,  etc."  (1755),  "Life  of  John  Buncle, 
Es(i."  (175(i-66),  etc.  He  has  been  called  the 
"  English  Kabelais." 

"John  Buncle"  is  virtually  a  continuation  of  the  me- 
moirs. The  book  is  a  litenin,  curiosity,  containing  an  ex- 
tniordinary  meiilcy  of  religions  and  sentimental  rhapso- 
dies, descriptions  of  scener>,  and  occasional  fragments  of 
apparently  genuine  auti^biograpby.  "The  soul  of  Rabe- 
lais," ^a)  8  Hazlitt  [who  never  pets  names  right},  "  paased 
into  .lohn  tThomas)  Ainorv. " 

Lrtlir  Ittrphen,  Diet.  Nat.  Blog. 

Am0S(a'm08).  [Heb.]  1.  AHelirew  prophet,  a 
contemporary  of  Isaiah  and  Hosea,  and  a  native 
of  Tekoah,  near  Bethlehem. —  2.  <  >ne  of  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament,  the  third  of  the 
minor  prophets. 

The  humble  condition  of  a  shepherd  following  his  flock 
on  the  bare  mountains  of  Tekoa  has  tempted  many  com* 
mentators,  from  Jerome  downwards,  to  think  of  Amos  aa 
an  unlettered  clown,  and  to  trace  his  "rusticity"  in  tho 
language  of  his  biKjk.  To  the  unprejudiced  Judgment, 
liowever,  the  prophecy  of  Amos  appears  one  of  the  best 
examples  of  pure  Hebrew  style.  The  language,  the  im- 
ages, the  grouping  are  alike  admirable  :  and  the  simplicity 
of  the  dictiipii,  obscured  only  in  one  or  two  passages  by 
the  fault  t>f  transeritK'rs  (iv.  3;  ix.  1),  is  a  token,  not  of 
rusticity,  but  of  perfect  master)'  over  a  language  wliich, 
though  unfit  for  the  expression  of  abstract  ideas,  is  unsur- 
passed as  a  vehicle  for  iinpassionail  speech. 

ir.  li.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  12S. 

Amos,  Sheldon.  Bom  about  1835:  died  near 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  Jan.  2,  1886.  An  English 
jurist  and  )iublicist.  He  was  professor  of  jurispru 
dence  at  I'niversity  College,  I/indon,  H)67-7!i,  and  author 
of  "I'apital  Punishment  in  England"  (18041,  "I'odiflca- 
tion  in  Englaiul  ami  the  Stale  of  New  York  "  (1807).  "  Dif- 
ference of  Sex  as  a  Topic  of  Jurisdiction  and  Legislation  " 
(1870),  "  Policy  of  the  Contagious  DiM>»ses  Acts  Tested  " 
(1»70),  "  A  Systematic  View  of  the  Science  of  Jurispru- 
dence "  (1872X  etc 

Amosis.     See  Anilines. 

Amoskeag  (am-os-keg').     See  Pennneook. 

Amour  M^decin  (ii-mSr'  mad-san'),  L'.  A 
comedy  by  Moliere,  produced  in  1(J65  at  Ver- 
sailles. Ill  this  iilay  he  ridicules  pedantr>' and  charla- 
tanism in  the  medical  profession,  against  which  he  bad 
a  spite. 

Amoy  (ii-moi').  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
I'uhkien,  China,  situated  on  the  island  of  Amoy 
opposite  Formosa,  in  lat.  24°  27'  N.,  long.  118° 
4'  E.  It  is  a  free  haven,  and  has  one  of  the  best  harlHirs  In 
the  country.  It  exports  lea,  sugar,  opium,  etc.  It  was 
captured  by  the  British  in  1841,  and  became  open  to  Brit- 
ish commerce  in  1842.     Population  (1885).  lHi,(ieii. 

Amoymon.     See  Anmim'ni. 
Amper.     Sie  Ammer. 

Ampere  (on-par').  Andr^  Marie.     Born  at 

Lyons.  .Tan.  22.  1775:  died  at  ilarseilles,  ,Iuno 
Iti,  l.'^36.  A  French  physicist  and  mathemati- 
cian, famous  for  his  investigations  in  electro- 
dynamics. He  was  professor  at  the  Polytechnic  School 
ill  Paris  and  later  in  the  rollege  de  France,  and  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  .Sciences.  His  chief  works  are  "  Kecuell 
d'observations  electro-ilynamluues  "  (1822X  and  "Thi^rie 
lies  phenoinenes  Oleetro-ilynamiiiues." 

Ampdre,  Jean  Jacques  Antoine.    Bom  at 

Lyons,  .\iig.  12,  IsoO:  died  at  Pan,  France, 
March  27,  1864.  A  French  literary  hist<irian, 
son  of  A.  .M.  Alnp^re,  jirofessor  in  the  Coll^go 
de  France,  and  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy. He  «iui  the  author  of  "  HIstoire  llttcralre  de  la 
Fraiice  avaiit  le  V.'""-  slide  "  (ls;il»-4ll),  "  Histidre  niniallie 
ll  Uonie  "  ( 18,'rfWt>4).  "  Hlfttoire  de  la  formation  de  la  laiigue 
francaise."  "  L'enipire  romalii  h  Home,"  "  l.a  IJrvce,  Konir, 
et  llante." 

Ampersand  (nin'pi'r-sand).  A  peak  of  the 
Ailii'oiidacks  situated  south  of  the  Saranac 
Lakes.      II  is  .3.430  feet  in  height. 

Ampezzaner  (iim-pct-sii'ner)  Alps.     A  group 

(d'  I  he- Dolomite  Alps  on  the  boiiTcrs  of  south- 
ern Tyrol  niiil  Italy. 

Ampezzo  (iim-pet'so).  The  uiiper  valley  of  the 
Hoiln,  silualed  in  Tyrol  and  llie  Italian  bonier 
26  miles  southeast  of  Brixen.  Its  chief  town  is 
Cortina  di  Ain)M'Z7;i>  (or  Amperzo  di  Caloro). 
Popnhilioii  (commune),  about  3.000. 

Ampezzo,  A  town  in  the  jirovince  of  I'dine, 
llalv.  32  miles  northwest  of  ('dine.  Population, 
iiboiit  2.000. 

Ampflns  (ilmp'flng).  A  village  in  U]>per  Ba- 
varia. .1  mills  we-'t  of  Millildorf. 

Ampflng,  Battle  of.     1.  See  MiihUlorf.—Z. 

.\  victory  gniiicd  liv  the  Auslrians  under  Arch- 
duke .lol'iii  <ivir  the  Freiicli.  Dec.  1.  I.SIMI. 

Ampbialus  (am-n'a-lus).  (From  a  Gr.  name 
'Ai(Oio/oi-.]  In  Sidney's  "AreadiB."  the  valiant 
and  virtuous  son  of  tho  wicked  CeoropeB,  and 
the  lover  of  his  cousin  Philoclea. 

Amphiaraus  (am'ii-n-ru'ua).    [Or.  'A//^<ipoor.] 


Amphiarans 

In  Greek  mythology,  a  seer  and  hero  of  Argos, 
who  took  part  in  the  Argonautic  expedition, 
the  hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar,  and  the  ex- 
pedition of  the  Seven  against  Thebes. 
Amplliareion  (am 'ft- a- ri' on).  A  sanctuary 
and  oracle  of  Amphiaraus.  near  Oropus,  in 
Ba?otia.  Greece.  Amphiaraus  was  one  of  the  Seven 
who  marched  against  Thebes,  and  was  here  swallowed  up 
by  the  earth  at  the  will  of  Zeus,  to  save  him  in  his  flight. 
The  sanctuary  occupies  a  narrow  area  on  the  liank  of  a 
torrent;  it  includes  a  temple  and  altar,  a  large  portico,  a 
long  range  of  bases  for  votive  statues,  and  a  theater  whose 
plan  and  stage- structure  are  interesting.  All  the  existing 
ruins  are  of  Hellenistic  date.  The  oracle  enjoyed  great 
renown,  and  the  deified  seer  had  a  high  reputation  for 
healing  sickness.  Excavations  have  been  made  here  since 
1S^4  tiy  the  Archaeological  Society  of  Athens. 

Amphictyony  (am-tik'ti-on-i).  or  Amphicty- 
onic  League  (am-tik-ti-on'ik  leg).  [From  Gr. 
auOinrinvec,  dwellers  around,  neighbors.]  In 
Greek  history,  a  league  of  peoples  inhabiting 
neighboring  territories  or  drawn  together  by 
commtuiity  of  origin  or  interests,  for  mutual 
protection  and  the  guardianship  in  common  of  a 
central  sancttiary  and  its  rites.  There  were  several 
such  confetlen\tions,  but  the  name  is  specially  appropri- 
ated to  the  most  famous  of  them,  that  of  Delphi.  This 
was  composed  of  twelve  tribes,  and  its  deputies  met  twice 
each  year,  alternately  at  Delphi  and  at  Thermopylie.  Its 
origin  dates  back  to  the  beginnings  of  Grecian  history, 
and  it  sunived  the  independence  of  Greece.  It  exercised 
pai-amount  authority  over  the  famous  oracular  sanctuary 
of  the  Pythian  .\pollo  and  over  the  surrounding  region, 
and  conducted  tlie  Pythian  games;  and  it  constituted, 
though  in  un  imperfect  way,  a  national  congress  of  the 
many  comparatively  small  and  often  opposed  states  into 
which  Greece  was  divided. 

Amphilochus  (am-fil'o-kus).  [Gr.  l\uipi?.oxoc.'} 
In  Greek  legend,  a  seer,  son  of  Amphiaraus 
and  brother  of  Alcmaeon:  one  of  the  Epigoui. 

Amphion  (am-fi'on).  [Gr.  'AfKpiuv.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  skilful  musician,  son  of  Zeus  and 
Antiope,  twin  brother  of  Zethus.  and  husband 
of  Niobe.  The  brothers  slew  Dirce,  who  had  ill-treated 
their  mother,  by  causing  her  to  be  dragged  to  death  by 
a  bull.  Th'.y  took  possession  of  Thebes,  and  when  the 
walls  were  building,  the  stones  moved  of  their  own  accord 
to  their  places  under  the  influence  of  Amphion's  lyre. 

AmpMpolis  (am-tip'o-lis).  [Gr.  lA,up(Vo>.(f.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Macedonia,  on 
the  Strymon,  3  miles  from  the  .^geau,  in  lat. 
40°  48'  X..  long.  23°  51'  E.  OriginaUy  a  Thracian 
town,  it  was  colonized  by  Athens  about  436  B.  c,  and  was 
captured  by  .-^parta  in  424  B.  c,  Near  it  the  Spartans 
under  Brasidas  defeated  the  Athenians  under  Cleon  4-22 
B.  c.  It  later  became  a  Macedonian  and  then  a  Roman 
possession. 

Amphissa  (am-fis'a).  [Gt.  "Auiptaaa.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  town  of  the  Ozolian  Lo- 
crians,  Greece,  10  miles  northwest  of  Delphi. 

Amphitrite  (am-fi-tri'te).  [GT.'A/i'iiiTpirii.'i  l.In 
Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  the  sea.daugh- 
ter  of  Nereus  and  Doris,  and  wife  of  Poseii  ">n. 
—  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  29)  discovered  by  Marth, 
at  London,  March  1,  1854. 

AmpllitTUO.     See  Amphitryon. 

Amphitryon  (am-iit'ri-on),  or  Amphitruo  (am- 
fit'ru-o).  [Gr.  'Auoirpiuv.']  In  Greek  legend,  a 
son  of  -Alcseus,  king  of  'Troezen,  and  husband 
of  Alemene.  To  secure  Alcmene  (who  would  not  wed 
him  until  the  death  of  her  brothers,  who  were  slain  by 
the  Taphians,  was  avenged)  he  undertook,  for  his  uncle 
Creon,  to  catch  the  Taumessian  fox,  which  by  a  decree  of 
fate  could  not  be  captured,  by  the  help  of  an  Athenian 
dog  which  fate  had  decreed  should  catch  every  animal 
it  might  pursue.  Fate  extricated  itself  from  its  perplex- 
ity by  turning  both  animals  into  stone.  He  attacked  the 
Taphians,  but  could  not  overcome  them  so  lont:  as  the 
chief  Pterelaus,  wlio  was  rendered  immortal  by  one  golden 
hair,  lived.  Comieth'  •,  daughter  of  Pterelaus,  cut  ofli  this 
hair  for  love  of  .\mphitryon,  and  he  perished.  "The  appli- 
cation of  the  name  Amphitryon  to  a  host  is  from  that 
part  of  the  stoij  where  Jupiter  assumes  the  former's  shape 
in  order  to  visit  Alcmene.  He  gives  a  feast  and  is  inter- 
rupted by  the  real  Amphitryon.  This  gives  rise  (in  Mo- 
licres  comedy)  to  a  dispute  which  is  settled  by  the  phrase 
"Le  veritable  -\mphitr>on  estl  .^mphiti-yon  ou  I'on  dine" 
(he  who  gives  the  feast  is  the  host). 

Amphitryon,  or  Amphitnio.  1.  A  play  of 
Plautus  ••  with  a  mrthological  (comic-marvel- 
ous) plot,  treated  with  complete  mastery  over 
the  language  and  with  sparkling  humor.  Its 
original  and  the  time  of  its  composition  are 
unknown"  (Tciiffel  and  Schirabc). 

It  is  more  of  a  burlesque  than  a  comedy,  and  is  full  of 
humour.  It  is  founded  on  the  well-worn  fable  of  .Tupiter 
and  Alcmena,  and  has  been  imitated  by  Molifere  and  Dry- 
den.  Its  source  is  uncertain  ;  but  it  is  probably  from 
Archippus,  a  ^vriter  of  the  old  comedy  (415  B.  c.X  Its 
form  suggests  rather  a  development  of  the  Satyric  drama. 
Crutticell,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit,  p.  44. 

2.  A  comedy  by  Molidre,  produced  in  1668:  a 
version  of  Plautus's  play. — 3.  An  opera  by 
Sedaine,  produced  in  1781. — 4.  A  comedy  by 
Andrieux,  produced  in  1782. 
Amphitryon,  or  The  Two  Socias.  A  comedy 
by  Dryilen,  performed  in  1690 :  an  altered  ver- 
sion of  Moli4re's  play. 


B2 

Amplepnis  (on-ple-pwe').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone,  France,  29  miles  northwest 
of  Lyons.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
muslin.     Population  (1891),  commune.  7.113. 

Ampsivarii  (amp-si-va'ri-i),  or  Amsivaiii. 
[L.  Ampsivarii  (Tacitus);  cf.  L.  Amisia,  the 
Ems.]  A  German  tribe  described  by  Tacitus 
as  originally  neighbors,  iu  the  region  of  the 
Ems.  of  the  Chauci  who  had  driven  them  out. 
In  the  year  5S  A.  I',  they  appeared  on  the  Rhine  whence 
they  were  dislodged  by  the  Romans,  and  were  thought  to 
have  been  annihilated.  They  reappeared,  however,  in  the 
4th  eenturv-  in  incursions  into  Roman  territory.  They  were 
ultimately  merged  in  the  Franks. 

Ampthill  (ampt'hil).  A  small  town  in  Bed- 
fordshire, England,  40  miles  northwest  of  Lon- 
don. 

Ampthill,  Baron.     See  liiissell.  Odo  William. 

Ampudia  (am-p6'de-a),  Pedro  de.  A  Mexican 
general,  in  command  of  the  Mexican  army  on 
the  Bio  Grande  at  the  beginning  of  the  Mexi- 
can war,  1846.  As  commander  at  Monterey  he 
sm-rendered  to  General  Taylor  Sept.  24,  1846. 

Ampurdan  (am-por-dijn').  A  valley-plain  in 
the  province  of  Gerona,  Spain,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Figueras. 

Amraoti  (am-ra-6'te),  or  Amrawati  (Sm-ra- 
wii'te).  A  district  in  East  Berar,  Haidarabad 
Assigned  Districts,  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
21°  X..  long.  78°  E.  Area,  2,759  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  655,645. 

Amraoti.  A  town  in  Amraoti  district,  lat.  20° 
50'  X.,long.77°44'E.   Population (1891),33.655. 

Amraphel  (am'ra-fel).  A  king  of  Shinar 
(southern  Babylonia)  who.  allied  with  Chedor- 
laomer.  king  of  Elam,  and  two  other  kings, 
marched,  in  the  time  of  Abraham,  against  the 
five  kings  of  the  Vale  of  Siddim  (Geu.  xiv.). 
He  is  identified  by  some  with  Hammurabi  who  reigned 
about  2200  B.  c,  by  others  mth  his  father  Sin-muballit, 
whose  name  is  sometimes  read  Amarpal ;  all  this  is,  how- 
ever, very  uncertain. 

Amri  (am'ri).  In  the  second  part  of  Dryden 
and  Taifs  "Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  a  char- 
acter intended  to  represent  Heneage  Finch. 

Amrit  (am'ret)  A  ruined  to^vn  on  the  coast  of 
Phoenicia,  30  miles  north  of  Tripolis :  the  an- 
cient Marathus.  It  contains  important  antiquities. 
The  Burdj  el-Bezz-ik  is  an  ancient  Phenician  tomb  built 
of  huge  blocks  of  stone.  It  is  Sijuare,  with  a  plain  mas- 
sive cornice,  and  terminated  in  a  pjTamid.  now  ruined. 
The  original  height  was  o2  feet.  It  contains  two  chambers, 
one  over  the  other,  with  niches  for  corpses.  Another 
tomb  at  Amrit  is  one  of  the  most  elaborate  of  surviving 
Phenician  works.  The  base  is  square  and  on  it  rest  three 
superposed  circular  drums,  each  smaller  than  that  below. 
The  top  drum  terminates  in  domical  form,  and  the  two 
upper  drums  have  a  cornice  of  combined  dentils  and 
serrations.  A  molding  of  concave  curve  connects  the 
lowest  and  middle  drums.  On  the  corners  of  the  base 
stand  four  rude  lions,  issuing  from  the  lowest  drum.  The 
height  is  about  32  feet  The  so-called  "monolithic" 
house  is  a  structure  with  walls  for  the  most  part  hewn 
from  the  solid  rock.  It  is  isolated  by  the  cutting  away  of 
the  rock  behirid.  The  chief  front  is  about  97  feet  long 
and  20  high.  The  interior  shows  holes  for  wooden  ceiling- 
beams.  The  Maabed  is  an  old  Phenician  temple  consist- 
ing of  a  small  cella,  open  on  one  side  to  exhibit  the  sacred 
image,  and  raised  on  a  square  base  or  die.  The  roof  is  a 
great  slab  hewn  to  the  form  of  a  flat  arch  on  the  under 
side,  the  whole  forming  a  miniature  and  simplified  Egyp- 
tian temple.  The  total  height  is  23  feet.  The  cella  was 
originally  surrounded  by  a  colonnaded  court  There  are 
also  ruins  of  a  stadium  with  ten  tiers  of  seats,  on  one 
side  all  rock-hewn,  on  the  other  partly  built  up  of  ma- 
sonry. It  now  measures  99  by  411  feet,  but  has  probably 
lost  some  of  its  length, 

Amxita  (am-re'tal.  [Sometimes  J mref to ;  Skt. 
amrifa,  prop,  adj.,  immortal,  =  Gr.  au3poTo^, 
whence  ult.  E.  ambrosia.^  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a  god  (masc);  the  water  of  life  (neu- 
ter) ;  ambrosia,  in  the  latter  sense  the  term  is  vari- 
ously applied  in  the  Vedas,  but  especially  to  the  soma 
juice.  In  later  legend  it  was  the  water  of  life  produced 
at  the  churning  of  the  ocean  by  the  gods  and  demons. 
The  Ramayan,!,  the  Mahabharata,  and  the  Puranas  give 
the  story  with  variations.  The  gods,  worsted  by  the  de- 
mons, repaired  to  Vishnu,  asking  new  strength  and  im- 
mortality. He  bade  them  churn  the  ocean  for  the  .Amrita 
and  other  lost  treasures.  Collecting  all  plants  and  herbs, 
they  cast  them  into  the  sea  of  milk,  which  theychurned, 
using  Mount  .Mandara  as  a  chuming-stick  and  the  serpent 
Vasuki  as  a  rope,  while  Vishnu  himself  was  the  pivot. 
From  the  sea  came  the  sacred  cow,  Surabhi.  Varuni,  god- 
dess of  wine,  Parijata,  the  tree  of  paradise,  the  Apsarases, 
the  moon,  poison,  Sri,  the  goddess  of  beauty,  and  Dhan- 
vantara,  physician  of  the  gods. 

Aniritsar(am-rit'siii).orUmritsir(um-rit'ser). 
A  division  in  the  Pan.iab,  British  India.  Area, 
5.354  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  2,729,109. 

Amritsar.  .\  district  in  the  division  of  Amrit- 
sar,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  30'  N..  long.  7.5°  E. 
Area.  1,601  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
992.697. 

Amritsar,  or  Umritsir  (um-rit'ser).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  Amritsar  district  and  division,  in 
lat.  31°  40'  N.,  lon.g.  74°  45'  E.:  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  and  manufacturing 


Amtin 

cities  in  northern  India.  It  is  the  religious  center 
of  the  Sikhs,  and  contains  a  Sikh  temple  attended  by  500 
to  t;;oo  priests.  Population,  including  cantonment  (1$91) 
13t;.7t)6. 

Amru  ben-el-Ass  f  am'ro  ben-el-as'),  or  Amer. 
Died  about  663  a.  d.  An  Arab  general  and 
statesman.  He  conquered  Syria  during  the  reign  of 
the  calif  Abu-Bekr,  and  Egypt  639-641,  in  that  of  Omar. 
By  his  statesmanlike  reorganization  of  the  conquered 
provinces,  and  by  the  excellence  of  his  administration,  he 
did  much  to  reconcile  the  inhabitants  to  Islam.  The 
story  that,  at  the  taking  of  Alexandria,  he  gave  the 
order  to  destroy  the  celebrated  Alexandrine  library,  is 
probably  unhistoricaL 

Amni-el-Kais  (am'ro-el-kis').  Lived  at  the 
beginning  of  the  7th  century.  An  Arabian  poet, 
hostile  to  Mohammed.  His  "Moallalsat"  was 
translated  by  Sir  W.  Jones,  1782. 

Amrum  (am'rOm),  or  Amrom  (am'rom).  One 
of  the  Xorth  Friesian  Islands  in  the  Xorth  Sea, 
west  of  Schleswig.     Its  length  is  6  miles. 

Amsancti,  or  Ampsancti,  Vallis  (am-sank'te 
varies).  A  valley  in  the  province  of  Avellino, 
Italy,  near  Frigento,  in  lat.  41°  X.,  long.  15°  7' 
E.,  noted  for  its  sulphurous  lake  and  cave. 

Amsdorf  (ams'dorf  k  Nikolaus  von.  Born  at 
Torgau.  Germany,  Dee.  3.  1483;  died  May  14, 
1565.  A  German  Protestant  reformer.  He  was 
the  intimate  friend  of  Luther,  whom  he  accompanied  to 
Leipsic  in  1519  and  to  Worms  in  1521.  and  whom  he  aided 
in  the  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  was  instrumental  in 
introducing  the  Reformation  into  Magdeburg  in  1524.  into 
Goslar  in  lri2S.  and  elsewhere;  was  consecrated  bishop  of 
Naumburg  by  Luther  in  1542,  but  was  driven  from  his  see 
in  1546  in  the  Smalkaldic  war,  and  was  a  prominent  op- 
ponent of  Melanchthon  in  the  adiapboristic  controversy. 

Amsler  (ams'ler).  Samuel.  Bom  at  Sehinz- 
naeh,  Aargau.  Switzerland,  Dec.  17,  1791:  died 
at  Mimich.  May  IS.  1849,  A  German  engraver. 
Among  his  noted' works  are  the  "Triumphal  March  of 
Alexander  the  Great  "  (after  Thorwaldsen),  the  "Triumph 
of  Religion  in  the  Arts  "  (after  Overbeck),  etc. 

Amsteg,  or  Amstag  (am'stag).  A  village  in  the 
canton  cf  Uri,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  route  27  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne. 

Amstel  (am'stel).  A  small  river  in  the  Xeth- 
evlands,  which  flows  through  Amsterdam  and 
empties  into  the  Y. 

Amstelland  (am'stel-lant).  Formerly,  the 
name  given  to  the  region  which  lies  near  the 
Amstel. 

Amsterdam  (am'ster-dam).  [Orig.  Awstelle- 
damme,  dam  of  the  Amstel.]  A  city  in  the 
prorince  of  Xorth  Holland,  Xetherlands,  built 
on  marshy  gi'ound  (traversed  by  canals  con- 
nected bv  numerous  bridges)  at  the  junction 
of  the  Amstel  and  Y,  in  lat.  52°  22'  X.,  long. 
4°  5'  E. :  the  chief  commercial  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Xetherlands,  and  one  of  the  leading 
seaports  of  Europe,  it  has  communication  by  the 
Xorth  Sea  Canal  and  North  Holland  Canal  with  the  North 
Sea.  It  is  a  market  for  colonial  products,  including  sugar, 
cotfee,  spices,  rice,  tobacco,  etc.,  has  ship-building  indus- 
tries and  important  manufactures  of  sugar,  sails,  tobacco, 
beer,  etc.,  and  is  especially  famous  for  diamond-cutting 
and  -polishing.  It  was  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the 
13th  century,  became  of  great  importance  on  the  decline 
of  Antwerp  about  15S.^95.  and  was  the  first  commercial 
city  of  Europe  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  entered  by  the 
French  in  1795,  and  belonged  to  the  French  Empire  1810-13. 
It  contains  various  Important  buildings,  museums,  etc 
Population  (1900).  520.602. 

Amsterdam.  A  city  in  Montgomery  County.  Xe  w 
York,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  30  mUes  north- 
west of  Albanv.  It  has  important  manufac- 
tures of  knit  goods.    Population  (1900  >,  20.929. 

Amsterdam.  A  small  uninhabited  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  in  lat.  37°  51'  S.,  long.  77°  32'  E. 

Amsterdam,  New.  -An  old  name  for  X^ew  York 
I  city). 

Amstetten  (am'stet-ten).  A  small  town  in 
Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Ips  28  miles 
east  by  south  of  Linz. 

Amucd  (a-mo-ko').  Lake.  A  small  lake  in 
British  (Guiana,  about  lat.  3°  40'  X.,  connected 
with  the  Essequibo  and,  through  the  Branco, 
with  the  Amazon.  According  to  Schoniburgk  this 
was  the  so-called  Lake  Parima  coimected  with  the  myth 
of  El  Dorado. 

Amu  Daria  fa-mo'  dar'yS),  At.  Jihun  (je'hon), 
I'rGihon.  The  principal  river  of  Central  Asia: 
the  ancient  O.xus.  It  rises  as  the  Ak-Su  in  the  east- 
ern Pamir  near  the  frontier  of  easteni  Turkestan  ;  flows 
generally  west  to  near  long.  66°  E..  separating  in  part  of 
its  course  Bokhara  from  Afghanistan ;  flows  then  north- 
west, and  empties  by  a  delta  into  the  southern  part  of 
the  Sea  of  .\raL  It  is  generally  thought  to  have  emptied 
into  the  Caspian  Sea  in  ancient  and  even  in  metUeva] 
times.  Among  its  tributaries  are,  among  those  on  the 
right,  the  Wakash  (or  .'<urghab)  and  Kaflmagan ;  and  on 
the  left,  the  Pandja,  Koksha,  and  Kunduz.  At  Tchardjui 
it  is  crossed  by  the  Transcaspian  Railway.  Its  length  is 
about  1,400  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  by  vessels  about  300 
miles. 

A-mnTi  (a'mijn).  [Egypt.,  'the  hidden  or  veiled 
one.']  An  Egyptian  deity.  He  is  variously  repre- 
sented as  a  ram  with  large  curving  horns,  as  a  being 


Amun 

with  a  rams  head  and  a  human  body,  and  as  a  man  en- 
Jhroned  or  staudinB  erect.  In  art  his  lit'Ure  18  culorcd 
Mue  On  his  head  he  wears  the  royal  symbol  and  two 
lonK  feathers,  and  in  one  hand  he  eaiTies  a  scepter  and  in 
tie  other  the  sign  of  life.  Uis  chief  temple  and  oracle 
were  on  an  oasis  in  the  Libyan  desert  near  MeinphliAlso 
Amen.  Ammon,  Amon,  and  Howmon.    See  the  extract. 

But  after  the  rise  of  the  Thelian  dynasty  the  supreme 
form  under  which  Ka  was  worsliipped  was  .\mun,  the 
Wddcn  one."  In  course  of  time  he  absorbed  into  lumself 
Snost  all  the  other  deities  of  Ettypt,  more  espeeially  Ka 
„,d  Khnum.  Ue  reigi.s  over  this  earth,  as  his  represen- 
totives,  the  Pharaohs,  over  EKypt.  and  inspires  n.ankii  d 
with  the  sense  of  right.  Ue  is  called  Kheni  as  the  self- 
bcuettinB  deity,  "  the  living  Osiris  as  the  animating  prm- 
clple  of  The  universe.  On  his  head  he  weais  a  lofty  ciwn 
of  feathers,  sometimes  replaced  by  the  crowns  of  I  pper 
Snd  Lower  Egypt  or  the  rams  head  of  Khnura.  and  Mut 
and  Khunsn  form  with  him  the  trinity  of  Thebes. 

Sayce,  Anc.  F.niimes,  p.  W. 

Amunategui  (a-mo-na'ta-gwe),  Miguel  Luis. 

Born  .Ian.  11, 1«28:  (lied  Jan.  -I'l,  18«h.  At  hil.-an 
historian,  associated,  in  tlic  production  of  most 
of  liis  works,  with  liis  brother,  Gregorio  Victor 
Amunategui.  Among  these  are  "Memoria  sobre  la  re- 
conquista  espaftobi  "  (1S,W),  "Compendio  de  la  histona  po- 
litica  y  eclesiAstiea  de  ChUe  "  (1866),  ••Dcseubriiniento  y 
con<iui8ta  de  Chile"  (1862),  "Los  precarsores  de  la  m.li-, 
pendoncia  de  t'liile"  (1872-V3).  , 

Amur  or  Amoor  (ii-mor').  A  river  in  Siberia 
formed  by  the  juuctiou  of  the  Shilka  and  Argtm, 
about  lat.  5a°  N. ,  long.  121°  E.  It  flows  generally 
southeast,  then  northeast,  and  then  east,  and  it  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Saghalin.  In  part  of  its  course  it  forms  tlie 
boundary  between  Siberia  and  Mantchuria  Its  chief 
tributaries  are,  on  the  right,  the  Sungari  and  I  sun :  on 
the  left,  the  Zeva,  Bureya,  Kur,  Gorin,  andlm.  Its  length. 
Including  the  .Jirgun,  is  about  3,700  miles,  and  it  is  nanga- 
ble  for  about  2,400  miles.  .        . 

Amur  A  province  In  eastern  Siberia,  situated 
nortli'  of  the  river  Amur,  ceded  by  China  to 
Russia  in  1858.  Its  capital  is  Khabarovka. 
Area,  17-J,848  square  miles.  PopiUation  (IbSK ). 
11<)  396. 

Amurath  (a-mO-riit')  I.,  or  Murad  Born 
1319:  killed  .Tune  15,  1389.  Sultan  ot  Turkey 
1359-89  son  of  Orkhan.  He  completed  the  organi- 
zation of  "the  janizaries,  begun  by  his  father,  and  »^9  the 
^8t  of  the  Ottoman  sumins  who  made  conquests  in  Eu- 
rope In  l:«il  ho  occupied  Adrianople,  whuh  he  made 
the  capital  of  his  European  dominions,  took  holla  in 
1382  and  defeated  the  princes  oi  Servia  and  Bosnia  in  the 
battle  of  Kosovo  1389.'^  Ue  was  killed  aft<|r  the  engage- 
nient  by  a  wounded  .Servian  who,  it  is  said,  started  fr.  m 
among  the  dead,  and  plunged  a  dagger  into  his  breast  as  la- 
surveyed  the  Held  ot  battle.  T,      .    iin-4. 

Amurath  II.,  "i'  Murad.    Born  about  140.S 

died  14.->1.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1421-51,  son  ot 
Mohainined  I.  lie  unsuccessfully  besieged  Constan- 
tlnop  e  in  li2.\  carried  on  war  against  the  IIung,u-ian8 
under  lliinyad;  and  the  Albanians  under  Scanderbeg,  de- 
?eated  thriluiigarians  at  Xarna  in  1444  and  Kossova  in 
1448  and  Buliilued  the  Morea  in  1440. 
Amurath  in.,  or  Murad.  Bom  1.546:  died 
1.595.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1574-9.>,  sou  ot  Selim 
II.  He  continued  the  war  against  Austria  with  varying 
success,  and  took  Lnristan,  Oeorgia,  Shirvan,  iabnz,  and 
part  of  Azerbaijan  from  I'ersia  in  1!.90.  ^   i rn  . 

Amurath  IV„  or  Murad.    Born  aboiit  1611. 

died  1640.    Sultan  of  Turkey  1623-40.    He  cap- 
tured Bagdad  from  the  Persians  in  1638. 
Amurath  V.,  or  Murad.    Born  ]K4n.    Sultan 
of  Turkey  May  to  Aug.,  1876,  nephew  of  Ab- 
dul-Aziz."   He  was  dethroned  Aug.  31,  18(6. 

Amussat  (ii-mii-sil'),  Jean  Zul6ma.    Born  at 

St.  Mai.Kent,  l)eu.\-Sevrcs,  1  ranee,  ^ov,  _1, 
179G :  died  May  14,  1856.  A  French  surgeon 
and  surgical  writer,  author  of  '-Torsion  dcs 
art^res''  (1829),  etc.  He  invented  a  probe 
used  in  litliotrity. 

Amyas  Leigh,  sir.    See  LHgh. 
Amyclae  (a-mi'kle).    [Gr.  V""'-'"-]    1°  a"Cient 
geo.'rapliy,  a  town  in  Laconia,  Greece^,  3  mi  es 
south  of  Sparta,  the  legendary  seat  of   iynda- 
reus.     It  long  retained  its  Aehnian  population.     Accord- 
ing to  a  tradition  the  Irdlatiitanta  of  Amyehe  had  been  so 
ofto.  alarmed  by  false   reports  of    tlie  hostile  approach 
of  the  Spartans  that  all  mention  of  the  subject  wa*  for- 
bidden :  hence  when  they  .lid  c.me  no  one  JafeJ  <«;'"'„ 
nounco  the  fact,  and  the  town  was  captured.     Amyclman 
silence"  thus  passed  into  a  proverb. 
Amymone   (am-i-mo'ne).      [Gr.  'A//i'/'w>i?.J     In 
Gr.'ek  legend,  a  daughter  of  Daiiaus. 
Amynta  (a-min'lii).     A  character  in  Dlrfts 
romance  "Aslrea,"  ,  -,     t.-    i 

Amyntas  (a-min'tas)  I  FGr.  A,HnT«f,]  I)ied 
about  498  li,  o.  King  of  Macedonia,  son  of  Al- 
cetas,  and  lifth  in  descent  from  Perdiccas,  the 
founder  of  the  dynasty.  He  presented  earth  and 
water  in  »ulunl»sion  to  Megabazus,  ^^''T', ',',"';  ;7i,'''i',!„,'i 
return  from  liis  Scythian  expedition,  liad  left  at  the  lioa.l 
ot  H(l,il(>(l  men  In  Knrope. 

Amyntas  II.  King  of  Macedonia  394-.l(0  ii.  c, 
neoliew  of  I'erdiccas  IT.  He  succeeded  his  father 
i„  ppcr  Macedonia;  obtained  tlie  crown  ot  Macedon  a 
nromr  in  :m  by  the  muriler  ot  I'ausanias,  son  of  the 
Ss  r  ,  r  Abn  pus  ■  was  driven  from  Macedonia  by  Arg»  l". 
too  son  of  Piusanlas,  supported  by  Kardylls,  an  lUyrlan 


53 


chief .  and  was  restored  by  the  Thessallans,  with  whom 
he  had  taken  refuge.  ,  -, 

Amyntas  III.  Died  336  b.  c.  King  of  Mace- 
douia  3f.0-:!,-.!l,  grandson  of  the  preceding.  He 
was  an  infant  at  the  death  of  his  father  3«.|B.  c  ,  and  was 
excluded  369  B.  c.  trom  the  throne  liy  he  r<l-'«"''  '  '» 
uncle  Pliilip,  at  whose  court  he  waa  brought  "I'. '"'•»''  ^^ 
daughter  lie  niarrie.1.  He  was  executed  b>  Alexander  the 
Great  fur  a  conspinuy  against  the  king  s  li'e. 

Amyntas,  or  The  Impossible  Dowry.  A  pas- 
toral drama  of  tile  Italian  tyi^e  by  Ihomas 
Randolph,  first  printed  in  1638.  It  lias  no  con- 
nection in  plot  with  Tasso's  "  Aminta. 

Amyntor.  Gerhard  von.     A  pseudon>Tn   of 

Da-'obert  von  Gerhardt.  a  German  novelist. 
Amyot  (ii-mc-6'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Melun, 
France,  Oct,  30.  1513:  .lied  at  AuxeiTc,  Irance, 
Feb  6  1593.  A  French  writer.  He  was  tutor  to 
Charies  IX.  and  Henri  of  Anjou.  grand  almoner,  bi8h.>p 
ot  Auxerre.  and  c.immander  in  the  Order  of  the  H,,ij 
Ohost.  Ue  is  known  chiefly  by  his  translations  of  The- 
agenes  an.l  Chaiiclea  "  (l.MT),  of  the  works  "f"  «';;■» 
Siculus  (l.V^.4),  of  "Daphnis  and  ihloe  and  Plutarih  s 
"  Lives  "  (l,x-.9),  and  of  Plutarch's  -  Morals    (l.^.  2). 

Amyot,  Joseph,    s,...  Ammi. 
Amyraut  (a-me-r.V),  or  Amyrault  (l-  -Ajn.y- 
raldus),Moise.     Born  S,.pt.,  b.96:  .lied  liAA 
A  Kivn.'li  Protestant  tlieol.igian.  professor  at 
Saumur  lt)33-(>4.     He  wa.s  charged  with  Arminianlsm, 
and  although  he  was  aei|uitte.l  at  the  synods  of  Alen?on 
(uSt     and  Chaienton  (U44),   the   -Kornmla   lonsensus 
lUlvLtioa  ■  (Ul.'o)  was  .lliecte.l  chiefly  against  him. 
An  or  On.     See  Udiopulis.  . 

Anabaptists  (an-a-bap'tists).     fFrom  Gr.  ava- 
,ia-7i:u>:  rebaptize.]      Those   Christians   who 
hold  baptism  in   infancy  to  be  invalid,  and 
require  adults  who  have  received  it  to  be  bap- 
tized on  ioining  their  communion.    The  name  la 
best  known  historically  as  applied  to  the  followers  of 
Thomas  Munzer,  aleaderof  the  peasants  war  in  (.erman>  , 
who  was  killed  in  battle  in  1525,  an.    to  those  of  John 
Slatthias  and  .John  Bockold,  or  John  of  Leyden,  wlio  com- 
mitted great  excesses  while  attempting  t<;  establish  a  so- 
cialistic  kingdom  of  -New  Zion  or  Mount  /,lon  at  »»«»<" 
in  Westphalim  and  were  defeated  in  U.35,  their  leaders 
being  killed  and  hung  up  in  iron  cages    which  are  s  ll 
preserved  in  that  city.    The  name  has  also  been  applied 
to  bodies  of  very  ililferent  character  in  other  respects, 
probably  always  in  an  opprohrii>us  sense,  since  believers 
in  the  sole  valiility  of  adult  baptism  refuse  to  regard  it  as 
rebaptism  in  the  case  of  pel-sons  who  ha.l  receive.l     i.^ 
rite  in  infancy.    It  is  now  most  frequently  used  of  the 
Mennonites.    See  .J/e»n<iiitc«.     .         .     „.,      .       ,  -   , 
Anabara(a-nii-bil-ril')-  Anverin  Siberia  which 
Hows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  west  of  the  Lena. 
Anabasis  (a-nab'a-sis).     [Gr.  <iw,lna/c,  a  going 
up  an. xiMdition  inland,!  A  celebrated  account 
by  Xenophon,  in  seven  books,  of  the  campaigii 
of  C\TU8  the  Younger  against  Arta.xerxes  11. 
of  Persia,  and  the  retreat  of  the  10,000  Greeks, 
401-399  B.C.,  after  the  death  of  C>tus  at  Cunaxa. 
See  Ci/nix. 

The  title  means  "  a  march  up  (/rmn  th<-  cmkO "  Into  the 
interi.>r,  an.l  properly  applies  only  to  the  t^rst  part  as  ar 
as  the  battle  at  cunaxa.  .  .  .  Cyrus  was  kflknl  (s.it.4i)lX 
The  remaining  and  lai-ger  part  of  the  w.,rk  ought  rather 
to  be  ealle.l  calabarit.  the  march  <U<vrn  t.i  the  sea.  fxK.n 
after  the  death  ot  Cyrus,  the  Persian  satnip  lisaphenies 
treaclieioUBly  seize.l  Ave  of  the  Oreek  genera  s.  The 
Greel^s  were  now  in  tenible  danger.  That  night  Xeno- 
plion-wh..  had  not  hitherto  been  either  an  ..ttlcer  or  a 
priuitc  soldier,  but  simply  an  ••unattaehe.l '  T"  "'"«;^,^' 
'  awoke  the  surviving  leaders,  an.l  in  a  ml.  night  coun- 
;  ii  of  war  gave  them  heart,  by  his  plain  earnest  ed>«iuence. 
U)  take  measures  t..r  the  common  safety  >ext  .lay 
flJrmed  in  a  ludlow  s.,uare  with  the  baggage  1",  "'^"•■"^^ 
thev  began  the  retreat.  M.iving  abmg  the  Pigiis,  pMt 
7sit..  of  the  ancient  Nineveh  ami  tin;  m.alern  lo»«ul, 
ey  came  int.,  the  country  ..f  the  Car.luchi,  or  K  »rd«.  w  • 
Iikem.j.iern  Kur.ls,  rolle.l  .h.wn  stones  on  thein  fr  ■'      ■■ 


Anakim 

forces  but  in  the  midst  of  a  festival  in  their  honor  they 

St^cke  In  r  vi,  ,.„"  massacred  a  great  number  of  Indians, 

Jnd  carri"  1  her  to  Santo  IWraiugo.  where  she  was  hanged 

A^acapri(ii-nii-kii'pre).     1.  The  western  part 

^  the  island  ot  Capri,  Italy.-2.  A  small  town 

..II  the  island  of  Cajiri.  ,^     ,     ,  -,     . 

Anacharsisian-a-kar'sis).    [Gr. 'Aiawoff-]    A 

Scvthian  prince,  brother  of  Saulms,   king   ot 

Tlirace,   a  contemporarv   ot  Solon.    He  visited 

Athens  where  he  obtained  a  great  reputation  for  wisdom^ 

On  returning  to  Thrace  he  was  slain  by  hU  brother.     By 

s..me  he  »a»  r.ekoned  among  the  seven  sages. 

Anacharsis  Clootz.    See  (7,>o(r. 
AnacletUS(an-a-kle'tu8),.)rCletns(t),I.,Saint. 

Die.l  91  (f)  a.'d.     Bishop   of   Rome,  said   by 
s.ime  to  liave  been  elected  83  A.  D. 
Anacletus  II.    ^\Jitipope  in  opposition  to  In 

n.H-eiit  II.,  113tV38. 
Anaconda  (an-a-kon'dii).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Deerlodge  County,  Montana.  Population 
(19001,9,453. 
Anacreon  (a-uak're-on).  [Gr.  'kiwipluv.']  Born 
in  Teos  about  .56:1  B.  c:  died  about  4i8  B.  c.  A 
famous  Greek  h-ric  poet  who  sang  chiefly  the 
praises  of  love  and  wine.  He  was  driven  with  his 
iownspeople,  by  Harpagus,  from  Teos  to  Abdera:  thence 
he  went  to  the  curl  of  P,.lycrate8  in  Samos.  and  later  to 
Athens  -He  was  the  courtier  and  laureate  of  tyrants. 
Ilew..n  his  hrst  hime  with  Polycrates,  at  whose  death 
Hipparchus  fetched  him  to  Athens  in  a  trireme  of  fltty 
oarsl  Between  Bacchus  and  Venus  he  spent  his  days  in 
palaces:  an.l  died  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-llTe  at  leos. 
choked,  it  is  reported,  by  a  grape-stone  -a  hoary-headed 
roud."  Smnutult,  Studies  of  the  (ireek  P.>et6,  1.  318. 

The  great  tH>dy  of  his  fragments,  and  the  numerous  cop- 
ies of  his  poems,  speak  of  love  as  an  engrossing  amuse- 
ment, of  feasting  as  spoilt  by  earnest  conversation,  nay 
evcnof  oldagewithasortof  jovialregret.  .  .  .  Uisnoetry 
is  no  h.nger  the  outburst  of  pent-up  p:isslon,  but  the  ex- 
i-icise  of  a  graeefnl  talent,  the  ornament  of  a  luxurious 
leisure.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  ot  Classical  Greek  LIU.  I.  197. 

Anacreon.  An  opera  in  two  acts  by  Cheru- 
bini,  words  by  Mendouze,  produced  in  Pans 
Oct.  4,  1803.  _      .  ,  , 

Anacreon  of  the  Ouillotine.    A  nickname  of 

Purer.'  .h-  N'i.uziic. 

Anacreon  Moore.     A  nickname  of  Thomas 

Anacreon  of  Persia.  A  surname  given  to  Hafiz. 
Anadarco,  Anadarko.    See  Sadaaku. 
Anadoli.    s..-  .i,iai„ii,i. 

Anadyomene  .an  a-.li-ora  e-ne).  [Gr.  Avadio- 
,„ni.  rising  (from  the  sea).]  A  surname  of 
Aiihro.lite.  in  allusion  toher  origin  from  the  sea, 

Anadyr,  or  Anadir  (iin-ii-der').    A  "ver  in 

east. Til   Siberia,  which  Hows  into  the  Gulf  of 

Ana.iyr  ab..ut  lat.  65°  N.     Its  length  is  about 

450  miles.  . 

Anadyr,  Gulf  of.    An  arm  of  Bering  bea,  east 

of  Siberia.  .  . 

Anagni  (ii-niin'ye).     A  town  in  the  province  of 

Konie,  Italy,  36  miles  southeast  of  Kome:  the 


like  m.>.l'-'rn  tvur.  »,  ."iie.i  .1"""  "."■■^"  ■■-- ,  --  , 

top  .  f  heir  uiountAln  na„e*  ;  then  through  Ar.n.n  a  and 
oJorgia  At  last  ..lie  .lay  -  In  tlieflflh  in..nth  --  l-eb.,  400 
B  ?-Xen..phon,  who  win.  with  the  rear  gmjrd  hear.1  a 
great  «h,.uting  among  the  nun  who  hud  reache.l  10  Ij.p 
of  a  hill  in  fr..nt.  He  th..nght  they  saw  an  enemy.  He 
m.,u  I  .'1  his  Horse,  an.l  gallop.-.l  f..r-..nl  with  «....»■  cay- 
,,1,-y  As  Ihev  came  nearer,  tb.-j-  e..uld  ■»"''"  <^'^ 
8  ..ut-  It  was"  ?•/..• -u-a.'  (Af  «•«.'•*  Th.re.  tar  ..It,  was  the 
«  ver  Kk'ain  ..f  the  Kilxlne.  After  the  |..ng.  Inlen.e  strain 
of  toil  a.  .1  .langer,  the  men  bund  int..  te..n. .  like  true 
Orcek.hil.lren  ..t  the  sea  Ih.y  knew  n..w  that  they  werf 

1  sight        i......'.     Tw ly.'  mar.h  bronilht  them  to  the 

cUtatl'r  P.'"«.  a  lirck  city,  the  m-l^'n.  Tr.-blB..J.l ; 
frre  tb.y  -aerlHe,.,!  to  the  g.Hl..  '=-Pee  »l  IV  "/-j-'J  "'"  'j-^- 
server  ami  Hera,  les  the  Oul.le.       JM.  ".reek  Lit.,  p.  110 


Anabasis  of  Alexander  the  Great.    An  im 

^.rt.inl  hislori.ul  wvk  by  .\.rian.  l"  s.'Ven 
Loks,  all  of  whi.Mi,  with  the  ex.-.'pH""  "f  «  f""' 
imges,  has  siirviv.Ml  ll  b.gms  with  \\n-  a.-ces- 
si.,11  ..f  Ali'xander.aii.l  describ.'s  his  canipaignN 
an. I  virtories,  . 

Anac4ona  (li-nil-kll'o-nil).  [A  1  aitiai.  nan,., 
meaning  'g.dden  llow.r.'  ]     An  In.liaii  princess, 

sist.'r  of    Bel liio  an.l  wife  of   (  noniib...  ca- 

ei.iiii'S  of  Haiti  wli.'ii  it  was  discovered  by  <  o- 
lunibiis  (M92i.  Atl.rthe.n|ituroiind.lr«lh..tCa..nal». 
.1..,  ,„.in...|..l  »nbii.i»»l"n  t.>  llie  Simnlar.ls.  an.l  hors.n 

lliiw)      S   .    ..  .  .e.-.l ler  br..tlMrlU.he.l,l..n.  ruler  .. 

ilsirib,.  and  frien.lly  relalb.n.  with  the  white... .ntlnu-.l 
until    W3     In  that  ye«  she  ontertiJncd  Ov.mlo  and  hi. 


uiicieiit  Aiiagnia,  capital  of  the  I  ernici.  it 
has  a  cathedral  and  has  often  been  the  residence  of  the 
11..IUS.     r..pulatlon,  alwut  8,000.  .... 

Anahuac   (ii-nii'wiik).     [Nahuatl.    signifying 
'  within  the  water.']     A  name  originally  used  to 
dwigiiate  the  low  water-bor.lere.1  coastal  lan.ls 
^li.-rrns  cilirulcs)  of  Mexico,   and  now   gener- 
allv  applie.l  t.>  Iho  greater  part  of  the  ceiitml 
tabli-lan.l,  or  t.)  that  portion  of  it,  in  the  region 
of  the  Citv  of  Mexico,  which  holds  the  valley 
lak.'s  (Texcoco,('halco,etc.i,aiid  extends easl- 
war.l  to  the  m.mnlaiii  wall  of  P..pocatepell  and 
I\tii..illllllll.     Anabnae  hasluen  »tate.l  to  l.e  the  naiiio 
for  the  supiK.«ed  Indian  ■empire"  ..(  the  Mexican,  at  the 
lime  .,f  .h':isp,u,l.h.-..n.,u...t.     This  '^  ";'»-';;:';,"':;nj;; 
i»  lli.Tc  was  no  empire.   Hit  ..nlv  a  .■..nt.-.lerac)  ..I  warlike 
Zu'l     Tl"  r.anie  l,«m  theret,.re, ,...  p.>litle.l.1.«nlly  even 
a  delliiile  g.-ographlcal,  sigiilllcalicc. 
Anaides  (a-na'dez),      [Gr.  .iifl-^,  shnmolefw.] 
Ill  Hen  .lonson's  "Cynlliia's  Hevels.    a  fMshi.«ii- 
ubli"  riiflleraiid  impu.lent  riiflian.  Tlnuna.  Ivkker 
iin.M!ln>'<l  that  In  till,  charaeterhewas.-arlcnturcl.  Olhe™, 
h..«ever,  think  .Man«t..ii  »iuilntenile<l. 
AnaitiS  (a-ni'lis),   Anait  (a-nit  ).      A  Syrian 
god.less  whose  worship  was    inlr.ulnce.l    into 
Greek  mvth..l..gy.    she  .a.  v..rl..«.ly  l.lenim.-d  with 
ArteniK  AphnKllte.  .ybeU,  etc      1"  V/VP't""  "'.vlli.'h-gy 
.ho  nl.l>ear.-.l  un.ler  the  name  Aoln.  Aniha. 
Anak     (a'nak).       IMeb.,   Mong-neoked.'   I,  e, 
^hint.M     IntheOhl  T.sl.im.iit.tho  propemlor 
of  a  tribe  or  race  of  giants,  th.^  Aiiakim  (which 
seel,  ..r  a  colle.live  name  for  this  tribe  Itself 
Anakim  (an'a-kim).     In   the  t»M   'I  eslmnenl, 
Th," sons  ..f  Aiiak.  a  race  of  giants  dwelling  in 
southern  Palestine. 

r..ople  .aw  .nrvlvrs  ..f  the  anrlent  Indlgen.m.  i«.pu  a- 
tl. ,  .  anl.-ri..r  t..  Ih.-  canaanlle.  (F.mlm.  /-omiommln, 
A  kin;"  In  l„.llvl.luaK  ..f  l..f.V  -'""'-;,»";'",';->  ,  ^J^ 
ll,.v.-d  ».r.'  I.,  be  t.oili.l  In  certain  pnrlleillBr  plar.  ..     im» 

K,  .ulnr  inmghm rvv,.|.  In  glanl.    It  » "    "^1> ;,'7'»  " 

them  Th.  «.•  Anakim  w.re  ..irr..uii.l.-d  by  .g.n.l.  .  they 
,  ,  .'time.  call.-.l  them  r,/«,m  (th.' .had,  the  giant,  tho 
ph«ntom^  the  heroc.) ;  :.  I.b.ln  I.,  the  Kiulhwcst  .)f  J«r»- 


Anakiin 

salera  bore  their  name,  and  they  were  confounded  with 
the  Titanic  races  btiried  under  the  sea. 

lienait,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  I.  191. 

Anam.     See  Annam. 

Anambas  Islands  (a-nara'biis  i'iaudz).  A 
group  of  small  islands  east  of  the  Malay  Penin- 
sula and  west  of  Borneo. 

Anammelech  ( a-uam'e-lek).  [Babylonian  Anu- 
innlik,  Ann  the  counselor.]  A  divinity  of  the 
Babylonian  Sepharvites,  whose  worship  they 
continued  to  practise  in  Samaria  ( 2  Ki.xvii.  31). 
Ann  was  the  pod  of  heaven,  and  stood  at  the  head  of  the 
Babylonian  pantheon. 

Anandagiri  ( a-nan-da-ge  're ) .  A  follower  of  San- 
kara.  ITe  lived  about  the  inth  century  and  wrote  a 
Sankara  vijaya  ('  triumph  of  Sankara '),  in  which  are  related 
at  length  the  polemics  of  the  master  atjainst  forty-eight 
different  sects.  It  is  an  apocrj-phal  romance  of  no  historic 
worth. 

Anandalahari  (a-nan-da-la'ha-re).  [Skt.,'the 
wave  of  joy.']  A  poem  ascribed  to  Sankara.  It 
is  a  hjTnnof  praise  to  Parvati,  wife  of  Siva,  min- 
gled with  mystical  doctrine. 

Ananias  (an-a-ni'as).  [Gr. 'AwWaf,  Heb.  Hana- 
nidh.']  A  Jewish" Christian  of  Jerusalem  who 
with  his  wife  Sapphira  was  struck  dead  for  fraud 
and  lying.     Acts  v. 

Ananias.  A  Jewish  Christian  of  Damascus,  a 
friend  of  Paul. 

Ananias.  A  Jewish  high  priest  48-59  A.  D., 
before  whom  St.  Paul  was  tried. 

Ananias.  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  ''  The  Al- 
chemist," a  hypocritical  puritan  deacon  of 
Amsterdam. 

Ananieff  (a-uSn'yef).  A  to%vn  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  Russia,  in  lat.  47°  47'  N., 
long.  29°  57'  E.     Population,  13,312. 

AnanUS  (an'a-nus).  High  priest  of  the  Jews, 
tlie  sou  of  Seth.  He  was  appointed  by  Cyrenius  and 
removed  by  Valerian,  and  is  apparently  the  Annas  meu- 
tioued  in  the  gospels. 

Ananus,  High  priest  of  the  Jews,  son  of  the 
preceding.  He  held  office  for  three  months  in  62 
A.  I>. ,  and  was  removed  by  King  Agrippa  at  the.  demand  of 
the  Pharisees  because  of  his  attempt  to  revive  .Sadducee- 
isin,  and  was  put  to  death  67  A.  i>.  by  the  Zealots. 

Anapa  (ii-na'pa).  A  seaport  and  naval  station 
in  the  Black  Sea  district,  Caucasus,  Russia,  on 
tlie  Black  Sea  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,  long.  37°  20' 
E.     Population  (1889),  10,614. 

Anaphi  (ii-na'fe).  An  island  of  the  Cyclades, 
Greece,  lat.  36°  21'  N.,  long.  25°  48'  E.,  east 
of  Santorin :  the  ancient  Anaphe.  Length,  7 
miles. 

Anaquito  (ii-na-ke'to).  A  plain  about  a  mile 
from  Quito,  Ecuador,  where  the  army  of  Gon- 
zalo  Pizarro  defeated  that  of  the  viceroy  Vas- 
co  Nuilez  Vela  aided  by  Benalcazar,  Jan.  18, 
1546.  Vela  was  killed,  and  Benalcazar  severely 
wounded. 

Anargha  Baghava  (a-nar'gha  ra'gha-va).  A 
drama  of  the  13th  or  14th  century  by  Murari 
Misra,  of  which  Raghava  or  Rama  is  the  hero. 

Anarkali  (iin-iir'kii-li).  An  important  suburb 
of  Lahore,  British  India. 

Anasco  (an-yas'ko),  Pedro  de.  Born  at  Lima, 
1550 :  died  at  Tucuman,  April  12,  1605.  A  Pe- 
ruvian Jesuit.  He  left  several  works  on  the 
language  of  the  Indians  among  whom  he  had 
labored. 

Anasitch  (a-na-sich').  A  tribe  of  the  Kusan 
stock  of  North  American  ludians.  It  formerly 
had  a  village  on  the  south  side  of  Coos  Bay,  Oregon.  The 
survivors  are  on  the  Siletz  reservation.  Oregon.  See 
Eusan. 

Anastasia  (an-as-ta'shi-a),  Saint.  1 .  A  Chris- 
tian martyr  slain  during  the  reign  of  Nero  (54- 
68  a.  d.).  She  is  said  to  have  been  a  pupil  of  .'!t.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul.  Her  martyrdom  is  commemorated  on  April  l.'i. 
2.  A  Christian  martyr  who  perished  in  the 
persecution  by  Diocletian  303(?)  A.  D.  Thedate 
of  her  commemoration  in  the  Latin  Church  is 
Dec.  25,  in  the  Greek  Dec.  22.-3.  Died  597. 
AGreek  saint  who  lived  in  Alexandria  disguised 
as  a  monk  for  28  years. 

Anastasian  Law.  A  law  of  the  emperor  Anas- 
tasius  I.  (506),  directed  against  usurers. 

Anastasius  (an-as-ta'shi-us)  I.,  Saint.  [Gr. 
'Aiacrudior,']  Bishop  of  Rome  398-402.  He  con- 
demned the  writings  of  Origen,  and  excuminnnicatcd  Ru- 
flnus,  the  antagonist  of  Jerome  and  advurale  of  Origen, 
although  he  is  said  to  have  acknowledged  that  he  did  not 
understand  the  controversy. 

Anastasius  II.  Pope  496-498.  He  endeavored  to 
put  an  end  to  the  schism  between  the  sees  of  Constanti- 
nople and  Itome  arising  from  the  dispute  concerning 
precedence,  and  wrote  a  letter  of  congratulation  to  Clovis, 
king  of  the  Franks,  en  his  conversion  to  Christianity. 

Anastasius  III.    Pope  911-913. 

Anastasius  IV.  (Conrad).  Pope  1153-54.  His 


54 

administration  was  disturbed  by  the  movements 
of  Arnold  of  Brescia  and  his  followers. 
Anastasius  I.,  sumamed  Dicorus.  Born  at 
Dyrraciiium  about  430:  died  518.  Byzantine 
emperor  491-518.  He  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  an  in- 
trigue with  the  empress  Ariadne  whom  he  married  after 
the  death  of  tlie  emperor  Zeno,  her  husband,  without 
male  issue.  As  a  Eutychian  he  opposed  the  orthodox 
who  rose  in  arms  under  Vitalianus  but  were  bought  off  by 
the  faithless  promise  of  a  general  council. 

Anastasius  II.  (Artemius).  Byzantine  em- 
peror 713-716.  He  was  deposed  by  the  fleet  which  he 
liad  sent  to  the  coast  of  .Syria  to  destroy  the  naval  stores 
of  the  Arabs,  but  which  was  repulsed,  mutinied  under  its 
commander  John,  and  proclaimed  Theodosius  III.  em- 
peror. He  was  put  to  death  in  721  (719  T)  by  Leo  III.  for 
conspiring  against  the  throne. 

Anastasius.  Died  753.  Patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople 703(728  ?)-753.  He  was  elected  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  emperor  Leo  Isaurus,  and  favored  the 
Iconoclasts,  for  which  he  was  excomnmnicated  by  Pope 
Gregoi-y  III. 

Anastasius,  smnamed  Bibliothecarius  (The 
Librarian').  Died  886.  Librarian  of  the  Vati- 
can and  abbot  of  Sta.  Maria  Trans-Tibcrim  at 
Rome.  He  was  sent  to  Constantinople  to  arrange  a 
marriage  between  the  daughter  of  Louis  II.  and  a  son  of. 
Basil  of  Macedonia  in  S6i>,  and  while  there  assisted  the 
papal  ambassador  in  attendance  at  the  eighth  ecumenical 
council  by  his  knowledge  of  Greek.  His  fame  rests  upon 
his  numerous  translations  from  the  Greek  and  his  sup- 
posed connection  with  the  "Liber  Pontifical  is"  (which  see). 

Anastasius  Griin.    See  Auemperg. 

Anasuya  (a-na-s6'yii).  [Skt.,  'charity.']  In 
Hindu  mj'thologj-  anddrama :  («)  The  wife  of  the 
Rishi  Atri,  very  pious  and  austere,  and  pos- 
sessed of  miraculous  powers.  When  Sita  visited 
Atri  and  herself  at  their  hermitage  in  the  forest  south  of 
Chitrakuta,  she  gave  Sita  an  ointment  with  which  to  keep 
herself beautifulforever.   (6) A friendof Shakuntala. 

Anathoth  (an'a-thoth).  In  biblical  geography, 
a  city  of  Benjamin  in  Palestine,  the  birthplace 
of  Jeremiah.  The  traditional  site  is  Kenyet  el-'Eiiat, 
about  10  miles  northwest  of  Jerusalem  ;  but  the  true  site 
is  probably  'Anata,  about  3  miles  northeast  of  that  city. 

Anatolia  (an-a-to'li-S).  [Tm-k.  Anadoli,  KGr. 
'Avaro'A)/.  eastern  land.]  A  large  region  of  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  nearly  identical  with  Asia  Minor. 
There  was  a  theme  (province)  of  Anatolia  in  the  Byzan- 
tine empire  situated  in  the  interior  of  Asia  Minor. 

Anatomy  of  Abuses,  The.  A  work  by  Phili)) 
Stubbes,  published  in  1583  in  two  parts.  It  is 
a  curious  account  of  the  social  customs  of  the 
time. 

Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  The.  A  famous 
work  by  Robert  Burton  (1577-1640),  published 
in  1621,  under  the  pseudonj'm  "Democritus 
Junior,"  and  frequently  republished  and 
abridged.  The  sixth  edition  is  the  last  which  contains 
changes  by  the  author ;  it  was  published  shoi-tly  after  his 
death  from  an  annotated  copy.  The  work  is  the  result 
of  many  years  of  humorous  study  of  men  and  of  books, 
and  abounds  in  quotations  from  authors  of  all  ages  and 
countries.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts  which  treat  (1) 
of  the  causes  and  symptoms  of  melancholy,  (2)  of  its  cure, 
and  (3)  of  erotic  and  religious  melancholy. 

Its  literary  history  is  rather  curious.  Eight  editions  of 
it  appeared  in  half  a  centiu-y  from  the  date  of  the  first, 
and  then,  with  other  books  of  its  time,  it  dropped  out  of 
notice  except  by  the  learned.  Early  in  the  present  cen- 
tui-y  it  was  revived  and  reprinted  with  certain  modern- 
isations, and  four  or  five  editions  succeeded  each  other 
at  no  long  interval.  The  copies  thus  circulated  seem  to 
have  satisfied  the  demand  for  many  years,  and  have  been 
followed  without  alteration  in  a  finely-printed  issue  of  re- 
cent date.      Sainlshury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  429. 

Anaxagoras  (an-aks-ag'o-ras).  [Gr.  'Xva^afo- 
liar.'\  Born  at  Clazomena>,  Ionia,  about  500 
B.  c. :  died  at  Lampsacus,  Mysia,  about  428 
B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  for  a  long  time  resi- 
dent in  Athens  where  he  became  the  friend  and 
teacher  of  Pericles,  Thucydides,  and  Euripides, 
and  whence  he  was  banished  on  a  charge  of 
impiety.  He  is  reckoned  as  a  disciple  of  Anaximander 
and  is  famous  as  the  firstof  the  old  Greek  natural  philoso- 
phers to  introduce  intelligence  or  reason  (loOq)  as  a  met- 
aphysical principle  in  the  explanation  of  the  world.  He 
regarded  it  not  as  creative  but  as  regulative,  as  that  which 
brought  order  out  of  the  original  chaos.  Fragments  of 
his  writings  have  been  preserved. 

Anaxarchus  (an-aks-ar'kus).  [Gr.  Wva^apxoq.'] 
A  Greek  philosopher  of  Abdera,  a  disciple  of 
Democritus,  who  flourished  about  350  B.  c.  He 
attended  Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  campaigns,  and  is  said 
to  have  consoled  the  king  after  the  murder  of  Cleitus  by 
maintaining  that  a  king  can  do  no  wrong. 

Anaxarete  (an-aks-ar'e-te).  [Gr.  HmfoptV//.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a  maiden  of  Cyjirus  whose 
lover  Iphis  in  despair  liung  himself  at  her  door. 
For  her  indifference  "N'enus  changed  her  into  a  stone 
statue.     The  story  is  also  told  with  changed  names. 

Anaxilaus  (an-aks-i-la'us).  [Gr.  'Xvaii'/.aor.'] 
A  Pythagorean  philosopher  and  physician  of 
the  1st  century  B.  c,  banished  as  a  magician 
from  Italy  by  Augustus  28  B.  C. 

Anaxilaus,  or  Anaxilas  (an-aks'i-las).  Died 
476  B.  c.     Tyi'ant  of  Rhegium  about  494  B.  c. 


Ancillon,  David 

Anaximander  (an-aks-i-man'der).  [Gr.  'Ava^i. 
fwvApoc.}  Born  at  Miletus  about  611  B.  c. : 
died  about  547  B.  c.  A  Greek  physical  philoso- 
pher (the  second  of  the  Ionian  school)  and 
mathematician,  a  friend  and  pupil  of  Thales. 
He  taught  that  the  principle  (apxrj,  a  word  which  he  first 
used  in  this  sense)  of  things  is  a  substance  of  indetermi- 
nate quality  and  limitless  quantity  (dirttpoi-),  "immortal 
and  imperishable,"  out  of  which  all  things  arise  and  to 
which  all  return.  This  substance,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, he  regarded  as  having  a  nature  intermediate  be- 
tween that  of  water  and  air.  He  was  probably  the  author 
of  the  first  philosophical  treatise  in  Greek  prose. 

Anaximenes  (au-aks-im'e-nez).  [Gr.  'Avafi/ti- 
17/r.]  Born  at  Miletus :  lived  in  the  6th  century 
B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  the  third  of  the 
Ionian  school,  a  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Thales  and  Anaximander,  and  usually  reckoned 
as  a  disciple  of  the  latter.  He  regarded  air  as 
the  principle  {'ipX'/)  of  things. 

Anaximenes.  Born  at  Lampsacus :  lived  in  the 
4th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  rlietorician,  histo- 
rian, and  companion  of  Alexander  the  Great : 
the  probable  author  of  an  extant  treatise  on 
rhetoric  ('P^ro/wAv/Tpof  'A/.i^avdpoi'),  the  only  ex- 
isting work  on  the  suljject  prior  to  Aristotle. 

Anaya  (a-na'yii),  Pedro  Maria.  Born  at  Hui- 
chapan,  1795 :  died  at  Mexico,  March  21, 1854.  A 
Mexican  general.  He  joined  the  Spanish  army  as  a 
cadet  in  1811,  followed  the  defection  of  Xturbide  in  1S21,  and 
was  a  captain  under  Filisola  in  Nicaragua,  1823.  In  1S33  he 
becamebrigadier-gencral.  Adheringtothe  federalist  party, 
he  was  forced  to  leave  the  country.  He  invaded  Tabasco  in 
Nov.,  1840,  with  federalist  forces  from  Texas  and  Yucatan, 
but  was  defeated  at  Cometan,  May  15,  1S41,  and  fled  to 
Yucatan.  Under  Herrera  (1845)  he  was  minister  of  war.  He 
adhered  to  Santa  Anna,  and  while  the  latter  was  resisting 
the  advance  of  Scott,  was  acting  president  -\pril  "2  to  May 
20, 1847.  He  commanded  the  Mexican  force  of  800  men 
which  defended  the  convent  of  Churubusco,  and  only  sur- 
rendered after  his  ammunition  was  exhausted  (.Aug.  20, 
1847).  In  1852  he  was  secretary  of  war  under  Arista,  served 
three  days  in  the  administration  of  Ceballos,  and  on  Santa 
Anna's  restoration  (1853)  was  made  postmaster-general,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Ancachs  (an-kaclis').  A  maritime  department 
of  Peru,  north  of  Lima,  corresponding  to  the 
colonial  inlendencia  of  Huaylas. 

Ancaeus  (au-se'us).  [Gr.  ii;/.oiof.]  In  Greek 
classical  legend  :  (n)  A  sou  of  Poseidon.  Hewas 
told  by  a  seer  that  he  would  not  live  to  enjoy  the  wine 
from  a  vineyard  which  he  had  planted.  He,  however, 
lived  to  have  wine  of  his  own  growth  and,  in  scorn  of  the 
prophet,  raised  a  cup  of  it  to  his  mouth.  The  seer  re- 
plied, "There  is  many  a  slip  between  the  cup  and  the  lip," 
and  at  the  same  instant  a  tumult  arose  over  a  wild  boar 
in  the  vineyard.  Ancieus  put  down  the  cup,  and  was 
killed  in  an  attempt  to  destroy  the  animaL     (M  A  SOU 

of  the  Arcadian  Lycurgus,  and  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts. He  was  killed  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 
Ancelot  (ons-16').  Jacques  Arslne  Francois 
Polycarpe.  Born  at  Ha\Te,  France,  Feb.  9, 
1794:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1854.  A  French 
dramatist,  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy 
in  1841.  He  was  the  author  of  "Louis  IX."  (1819),  "Le 
maire  du  palais  "  (1823).  "  Fiesque  "  (1824),  "  Olga  "  (1828), 
"  Elizabeth  d'Angleterre  "  (1829),  '*  Jlarie  de  Brabant " 
(1825),  "Epitres  familieres,"  etc. 

Ancelot,  Mme.  (Marguerite  Louise  Virginie 
Chardon).  Born  at  Dijon,  France,  March  15, 
1792:  died  at  Paris,  March  21,  1875.  A  French 
dramatist  and  novelist,  wife  of  J.  A.  Ancelot. 
Her  "Theatre  complet "  (1848)  contains  twenty  plays,  of 
which  "  Marie  ou  trois  ^poques "  is  her  chief  work. 
Among  her  novels  the  most  popular  were  "  Ren6e  de  Var- 
ville"  (1853)  and  "  La  ni^ce  du  banquier  "  (185:^). 

Ancenis  (on-se-ne').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inffrieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  17  miles  northeast  of  Nantes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  5,141. 

Anchieta  (an-shya'ta),  or  Anchietta,  Jos6  de. 
Born  in  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands,  1533 :  died 
atBeritigba,  EspiritoSanto,  Juue9, 1597.  A. Jes- 
uit missionary,  called  the  "'Apostle  of  Brazil." 
He  became  a  Jesuit  in  1551,  and  in  1558  was  sent  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  Brazil,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  arduous  labors  and  travels,  often  among  savage  tribes 
of  Indians.  From  1578  to  1.585  he  was  provincial  of  his 
order  in  Brazil.  Anchieta  wrote  an  Indian  grammar,  and 
various  letters  on  Brazil  which  have  been  published  in 
modern  times. 

Anchises  (an-ki'sez).  [Gr.  ;\j  x'TW-]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  prince  of  the  royal  house  of  Troy,  son 
of  Capys  and  father  (by  Aphrodite)  of  .^neas. 

Ancienne-Com6die,  Rue  de  1'.  See  Eve  de 
I'  Ancicnne-Comedic . 

Ancient  Mariner,  The.  A  poem  by  Coleridge, 
published  in  the  "LjTical  Ballads"  in  1798  as 
his  principal  contribution  to  the  book)  Words- 
worth writing  most  of  the  other  poems. 

Ancillon  (on-sel-von'),  Charles.  Bom  at 
Metz,  July  28.  1659:  died  at  Beriin,  July  5, 
1715.  A  French  historian  and  litterateur,  a 
Protestant  refugee  in  Berlin :  son  of  Da^ad  An- 
cillon. 

Ancillon,  David.  Bom  at  Metz,  March  17, 1617: 


Ancillon,  David 

died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  3,  1692.  A  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  a  refugee  in  Germany  after  the 
revocation  of  the  Kdict  of  Nantes. 
Ancillon,  Jean  Pierre  Fr6d6ric.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  April  30,  17G7:  died  April  19,  1837.  A 
Prussian  statesman  and  historfen,  a  descen- 
dant of  Charles  Ancillon,  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1S32. 

Anckarstrom  (iiug'kiir-strem),  Johan  Jakob. 
Born  May  U.  1762:  executedat  Stockholm, April 
27,  1792.  A  Swede  who  assassinated  Gustavus 
III.,  March  16,1792.  He  was  llrst  a  court  paKc,  and  then 
a  soMier,  leaving  the  army  in  1783  with  the  rank  of  captain. 
In  1790  lie  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  for  seditions 
speech,  but  was  fltnilly  set  free.  He  moved  to  St^)ckholm 
in  that  ye.ir,  and  formed  a  conspiracy  for  the  murder  of 
the  king,  which  was  etfected  two  years  later.  See  Gus- 
tavus. 

Anckarsward  (ang'kiir-svard),  Karl  Hen- 
rik.  Count.  Born  at  Sweaborg,  April  22, 17.S2 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  25,  1865.  A  Sweilish 
soldier  and  statesman.    He  joined  the  revolutionary 

Sarty  in  1809,  but,  being  opposed  to  the  policy  of  B^-rna- 
otte,  was  retired  from  the  army  (181;i),  in  which  he  held 
the  post  of  colonel.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Riksilng 
1S17,  where  as  leader  of  the  opposition  he  distinguished 
himself  by  the  bitterness  of  his  attacks  on  the  government. 

Anclam.     See  Anklam. 

Ancona  (iin-ko'nii).  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimeuto  of  the  Marches,  eastern  Italy.  Area, 
762  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  272,417. 

Ancona.  [L.  Ancona,  Gr.  '.\.)kuv,  from  a)Kui\  a 
bend,  angle :  in  allusion  to  its  situation  in  a  bend 
of  the  coast.]  Aseaport,  capital  of  the  province 
•of  Ancona,  It alv,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  Sea  in 
lat.  43°  37'  N.,"long.  13°  31'  E.  it  is  the  chief  sea- 
port between  Venice  and  Brindisi,  a  railway  center,  a  na- 
val station,  and  the  terminus  or  port  of  coll  of  sevei-al 
steamship  lines,  and  exports  grain,  hemp,  lamb-  and  gout- 
skins,  silk,  etc.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  Koman  an- 
tiquities (mole  and  arch  of  Trajan).  It  was  colonized  by 
Syracusans  about  390  B.  c,  became  a  Roman  naval  station, 
was  destroyed  by  the  Goths  and  restored  by  Narses,  and 
was  again  destroyed  by  the  Saracens.  In  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a  republic.  It  was  annexed  to  the  I'apal  .states  in 
1532 ;  taken  from  the  French  by  the  Allies  in  ll'jt.) ;  taken  by 
the  French  in  1H05,  but  restored  to  the  Pa])al  States  on  the 
fall  of  >'apoleon;  held  by  the  Fi-ench  1832  3m,  and  taken  by 
the  Austrians  from  the  revolutionists  in  1849.  The  I'apu'l 
army  under  I-amoriciere  surrendered  at  Ancona  to  the 
Sardinians  in  I860.  Thecalhedi-al  is  of  the  loth  century  ex- 
cept the  fai.ade,  which  is  of  the  lath,  and  has  a  ningnilicent 
Pointed  recessed  doorway  covered  by  a  pttrch  wliose  col- 
nnins  rest  on  couched  lions.  The  interior  has  lo  colunms 
from  the  ancient  temple  of  Venus,  and  several  tttie  tombs. 
The  ancient  dome  at  the  crossing  is  dodec.igonal.  I'opu- 
lation  (1891),  estimated,  commune,  5.%001J. 

Ancona.  A  medieval  march  (mark)  of  Italy, 
extending  from  Tronto  on  the  Adriatic  north- 
west to  San  Marino,  and  west  to  the  Apennines. 
It  was  afterward  part  of  the  Papal  States,  and 
passed  with  thcin  to  the  kiiifrdom  of  Italy. 

Ancre  (on'kr),  Marquis  d',  Baron  de  Lus- 
Signy  'Concino  Concini).  Assassinated  at 
Paris,  April  14,  ll>17.  A  Florentine  adventurer, 
marshal  and  chief  mi]iister  of  France  at  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII. 

Ancren Riwle  (angk'ren  rol ;  ME.  pron.  angk'- 
ren  rii'le).  The  "  Kule  of  Anchoresses,''  a  work 
on  the  rules  and  duties  of  monastic  life,  it  was 
written,  first  in  English  and  afterward  in  Ijitin,  for  a  soci- 
ety of  anchoresses  (three  in  nnniber)  at  Tarente,  or  Tar- 
rant-Kaines{Kaine8tonorKiiigst'in),  nearCrayford  Bridge 
In  Dorsetshire;  and  is  ascriberl  to  .sjmori  of  i^ihent  (died 
1315X  bishop  of  Salisliury  in  1297.  Five  nuuniseripts  are 
extant.  It  was  edited  for  the  Camden  Suciety  by  the  Rev. 
James  Morton  in  1853. 

Ancnun  Moor  (an'krum  mJir),  Battle  of.    A 

victory  gained  1.544,  about  5  miles  northwest 
of  Jedburgli,  Scotland,  liy  the  Scots  under  the 
Earl  of  Angus  and  Scott  of  Buecleugh  o.ver  the 
English  under  Evers. 

.Ancud  (iln-koTii'),  (jr  SanCarlos  (siin  kar'los). 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Chiloi'', 
Chile,  situated  on  the  island  of  Chiloe  in  hit. 
41°  52'  S.,  long.  73°  49'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
bisho]iri<'.     Population  (1885),  3,605. 

-Ancus  Marcius  (ang'kus  miir'shius).  The 
fourth  king  of  Koine  (()40-()16  K.  c),  a  grand- 
son of  Nnina  and  the  re])uted  founder  of  Oslia, 
fortifier  of  the  ■lanicnlum,  and  buihler  of  a 
bridge  over  the  Tilier. 

Ancy-le-Franc  (oh-sO'le-fi'oii').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Yonne,  Franco,  29  miles  east  of 
Auxerro.     It  has  a  noted  chateau. 

Ancyra  (an-si'ril).  [Gr.  "AyKvpa,  associated  by 
legend  with  iykvpa,  anclior.]  An  ancient  town 
of  Galatia  (originally  of  Phrygia)in  Asia  Minor, 
founded,  accordinglo  the  legends,  by  Midas,  son 
of  Gordius  :  the  modern  .\ngora,  orEngareh,  or 
Engiiri.  it  became  the  chief  town  of  the  Tcctosogcs,  a 
Oallic  tribe  which  settled  In  (iaialia  about  277  B.  C,  and 
passed  into  the  possession  of  Rome  2r»  B.  0.,  when  It  re- 
ceived (lie  name  of  Sebaste  Tectosaguni.  It  had  an  Im- 
portant trade.  (See  Aufjirra.)  The  temple  of  AngUHluK 
in  Ancyra  contained  a  ^bidoub  Inacriptlon  In  Latin  and 


55 

Greek (Monumentam,  or  Marmor,  Ancyranum  :  discovered 
in  1;''.M),  a  transcrijit  of  the  record  of  his  deeds  w  lii-.h  Au- 
gustus ordered  in  his  will  to  be  cut  on  bn)nze  tablets  for 
his  mausoleum.  An  eccle.<<ia6tieal  conned  was  held  here 
about  314,  which  passed  Iwenty-flve  canons  rehiting  chielly 
to  the  treatment  of  those  who  had  betrayed  their  faith  or 
delivered  up  the  sacred  books  during  the  Diocletian  per- 
secution. 

Ancyrean  (an-si-re'an)  inscription.    See  Jn- 

riirti. 

Andagoya  (Un-dU-go'yii),  Pascual  de.  Born  in 

the  province  of  Alava  about  1495:  died  at 
Mauta,  Peru,  June  18, 1548.  A  Spanish  soldier. 
He  went  with  Pedrarias  to  Darien  (lil4X  and  was  engaged 
in  many  explorations.  In  1522  he  was  appointed  inspec. 
tor-general  of  the  Indians,  and  about  the  same  time  made 
an  expedition  southward  into  a  province  called  Birn,  be- 
tween the  river  Atrato  and  the  I'aciflc.  Here  he  had  the 
first  tidings  of  the  Inca  empire.  In  1540  he  went  as  gov- 
ernor to  a  province  called  Sew  Castile,  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  New  Grenada,  but  became  invcdved  in  a  boundary  quar- 
rel with  ."Sebastian  de  Benalcazar,  was  imprisoned,  and  lost 
his  goveniment.  Andagoya  wrote  an  account  of  his  trav- 
els, which  is  one  of  the  most  important  historical  authori- 
ties for  that  period. 

Andalucfa,  Nueva.     See  Suera  AntlnUicin. 

Andalusia  (an-dn-lo'zi-ii),  Sp.  Andalucfa  (iin- 

dii-lo-the'ii).  [The  naiiie  is  derived  from  that 
of  the  Vandals  (=  y'amlaUiaia).']  A  captaincy- 
general  in  southern  Spain,  comprising  the 
modem  provinces  Alraeria,  Jacu,  Granada, 
Cordova,  Malaga,  Seville,  Cadiz,  and  Iluelva. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  .Sierra  Nevada  and  other  mountain- 
ranges,  and  belongs  in  large  part  to  the  basin  of  the  Una- 
dalquivir.  From  the  fertility  of  its  soil  it  has  been  called 
the  "garden"  and  "granary"  of  Spain:  it  is  also  ricli  in 
minerals.  It  was  a  part  of  the  Roman  Ba-tica,  was  over- 
run by  the  Vandals  in  the  f.th  century,  and  became  the  nu- 
cleus of  the  .Moorish  power  and  their  last  stronghold 
against  the  Christians. 
Andanianlslands(an'da-mani'land7.),  or  An- 
damans  (an'da-manz).  A  group  of  islands 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  and  a  penal  colony 
since  1858,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  in  lat.  10°  30'-14°  N.,  long.  93° 
E.  It  comprises  the  Great  Andaman  grotip  and  the  Lit- 
tle .\ndainan  group.  Thechief  islands  are  North,  .Middle, 
and  tyiuth  Andaman,  and  Kutlaml.  The  natives  number 
3,000  to  5,000.  Area,  \,'&i  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
of  convicts,  11,738. 

Andaste.    See  Conestoga. 

Andechs  (an'deks).  A  village  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Ammersee  southwest  of 
Munich,  noted  for  its  castle,  later  a  monastery 
and  place  of  pilgrimage. 

Andeer  (iin'dar).  A  village  near  the  southern 
end  of  the  Via  Jlalq,  canton  of  Orisons,  Switzer- 
land. 

Andelys  (oii-dle'),  Les.  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  19  miles  southeast  of  Rouen,  consisting 
of  Grand-Andelys  and  Petit-Andelys.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  etc.,  and  contains  the  Chftteau 
Gaillard  (which  see),  built  by  Richard  the  Liou-llearted. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,040. 

Andenne  (oii-den').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Namur,  Belgitmi,  situated  on 
the  Mouse  10  miles  east  of  iS'atunr.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  7,075. 

Anderab(iin-<ler-iib'),  or  Inderab  (in-dor-iih'). 
A  town  in  Afghan  Turkestan,  situated  on  the 
river  Anderab  on  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Hindu-Kush,  85  miles  northeast  of  Kabul. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Anderida  (an-der'i-dii).  A  Roman  encampment 
in  lOngland,  generally  identified  with  Pevensey. 
In  491  it  was  destroyed  by  the  South  .Sixons. 

Anderiuatt  (iin'der-miil),  or  Ursem  (iir'sern). 
[It.  Orstra.}  A  village  in  the  canton  of  I'ri, 
.Switzerland,  32  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne, 
situated  near  the  junction  of  the  St.  Gotlliard 
route  with  the  Furka  Pass  route  (hy  the  I'r- 
sern  valley)  and  the  Oberalp  route,  ll  is  an  iin- 
]ior(aiit  tourist  center.    Population,  about  700. 

Andemach  (iin'der-niich).  A  town  in  the 
Rhino  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine  12  miles  northwest  of  Co- 
blentz:  the  Roman  Antunnacum,  or  Antoni- 
aciim.    It  has  a  traite  In  ndllnfoncH  nnil  tufa.    Charles 

the  Bald  wjts  defeat4-d  here  tn  8'('>  by  the  lUMi  of  1.ouIr  llle 
Gcnuan,  and  here  (itto  1.  ilefenled  (he  dukeft  of  Fmncotda 
and  Lorraine  In  9.31*.  It  piisHed  to  the  arehblnhopric  of  Co- 
logne, anti  iH-'came  an  Iminirtaiit  coninierclid  city.  Popu- 
lation (mm).  5,21111. 

Andersen  (iin'der-sen),  Hans  Christian.  Born 

at  thlense,  Dennuirk.  .\pnl  2,  iMl.'i:  dioil  at  Co- 
penhiigen,  Aug.  4,  187.'i.  A  Iiaiiish  novelist  and 
poet,  best  known  us  a  writer  of  fairy  tab's  and 
of  travels.  He  went  t/*  Coperdiogen  apoorlxiy,  was  (Imt 
an  actor,  niul  then  by  the  geioTo«Hy  of  frlendnwn*  enabled 
to  attend  the  unlvemlly.  Thi-  i«nn>r  yearflSTfi  npprnrr«l 
his  first  lmi>ortanl  work,  "  Fo<lreUe  fni  Moltneiin  Kimid  III 
ORlpynten  af  .AlntigiT"  (V  FtKtt  Tonrfnmithe  llnhnCnnnl  lo 
the  I'lslern  Polnl  of  Anmger ').  In  lH2»npp"'areil  n  culler, 
tlon  of  pocniN.  Htid  the  Kante  year  bin  tlrvt  dramatic  work, 
"KJrierllgheil  |mn  Mk^dnl  Tanrn  "('Ixive  on  the  Mkulal 
Tower"),  a  vaudeville,  was  performed.    The  nuvclt  "Ini- 


AndersonvUle 

provisatoren  '('The  Improvisator  ")  and  "Eun  en  SpiUe- 
mand  '  ("Only  a  Fiddler")  followed.  In  1836  appeared 
the  first  of  the  "  Tales  "  ("  Eventyr  ")  which,  « ith  the  "  Bil- 
led bog  uflcn  liilleder "("Picture-book v^'ithout Pictures"), 
has  jirincipally  establislied  his  fame  abroad.  His  auto- 
biogmphy,  "  .Mit  Livs  Eveutyr  "  appeared  after  his  death. 
Ills  collected  works,  "  SamledeSkrifter,"  were  published 
1854-76. 

Anderson  (an'dtr-son).  The  capital  of  Madi- 
son County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  West 
Fork  of  White  River  34  miles  northeast  of  In- 
dianapolis.    Population  ( IStOO),  20,178. 

Anderson.  The  capital  of  Anderson  County, 
S.mtliCarolina.  97  miles  northwest  of  Columbia. 
Pojiulation  (1900),  5,498. 

Anderson,  sir  Edmund.    Born  at  FUxborough 

or  Broughton,  Lincolnshire,  1530:  died  Aug. 
1,  1005.  An  English  jurist,  lord  chief  justice 
of  the  Common  Pleas  1582-1605.  Ho  was  a 
bitter  opponent  of  the  Puritans. 
Anderson.  James.  Born  at  Hcmiiston,  near 
Edinburgh,  1739:  died  Oct.  15,  1808.  A  Scot- 
tish economist  and  agriciUtural  writer.  "Uc  Is 
specially  noticeable  as  having  published  in  1777  a  pam- 
phlet called  'An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Com 
Laws,  » ith  a  view  to  the  Com  Bill  proposed  for  .Scothuid," 
which  contains  a  complete  statement  of  the  theory  of 
rent  generally  called  after  Ricardo."  LeMit  Stephen,  Id 
Diet,  of  Nat.  Biog. 

Anderson,  John.  Bom  at  Roseneath.  Dum- 
bartonshire, Scotland,  1726:  died  Jan.  13, 1796. 
A  S<'oltish  pliysicist.  He  was  professor  (1766)  of 
"rienlal  languages  and  lat«r  (1760)  of  natural  philosophy 
at  GLasgow.  and  the  f"nnder  of  Anderson  s  Iniversity  at 
(il.isgow  (now  comprising  also  a  medical  school). 

Anderson,  John.  Horn  Oct.  4.  1833:  died  Aug. 
Hi,  1900.  .-V  Scottish  zoiilogist.  He  was  apiwinted 
superintendent  of  the  Indian  Museuniat  Calcutta  in  1S6.5, 
and  scientitic  othcer  on  exjieditions  to  western  Cliiiia  in 
1808  and  J874.  In  I8H1  he  was  sent  by  the  trustees  of  the 
Irulian  Museum  to  irivestigate  tlie  marine  Zoology  of  tile 
Mtrgiii  .\rcbipelago.  anil  retired  from  the  service  of  the 
Indian  girvi  rnnient  in  1HK7.  His  writings  cnrfist  ebietly 
"t  sLicnlillc  papers  ami  rep.irt-s  to  the  government. 

Anderson,  Joseph.  Bom  near  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  5, 1757:  died  at  Washington,  April  17, 1837. 
An  American  lawyer,  politician,  and  officer  in 
the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  I'nited  states  sena- 
tor from  Tennessee  ni)7-181.5,  and  first  comptroller  of  the 
treasurj-  181.'>-:M). 

Anderson,  Martin  Brewer.    Born  at  Bmns- 

wick,  -Maine,  Fob.  12,  IM.") :  diid  at  Lake  Helen. 
Fla.,  Feb.  26,  1890.  An  American  educator,  a 
graduate  of  Waterville  College,  and  president 
of  the  University  of  Rochester  1K')3-K8. 

Anderson,  Mary  Antoinette  (Mrs.  Navarro). 

Born  at  Sacriiinenlo.  Cal..  .luly  2>,  l.s'ili.  An 
American  actress,  she  made  her  first  appearance  on 
the  American  stage  as  Julh-t,  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
Nov.  -25,  187.''i,  and  played  with  success  In  Gn-at  Britain 
and  America  until  the  eaily  part  of  lS8t>,  when  she  retired 
frtun  the  stage. 

Anderson,  Rasmus  Bjom.    Born  at  Albion, 

Wis.,  .Ian.  12,  1S46.  A  Scandinavian  scholar, 
professor  of  Scandinavian  languages  in  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  and  (1885-89)  United 
States  minister  to  Denmark.  He  has  written 
"Ameri<'a  not  Discovered  by  Columbus," 
"Norse  Mythology, "  etc. 

Anderson,  llichard  Henry.  Bom  iu  South  Car- 
olina. ( )i't.  7,  1821 :  died  at  Pcaufort,  S.  C.,  Juno 
2(i,  1879.  An  AiiH'rican  general  in  the  Con- 
federate service.  He  w:ui  gmdualetl  fnun  West  Point 
In  1842,  t'Hikpartin  the  siege  of  \'era  Crutand  the  capture 
tif  the  city  of  .Mexico,  was  ptoinitted  captain  In  l!i''6,  re- 
signed in  I8«>1  t4>  accept  a  brigadier's  commii>sion  in  Ihc 
Confi-flerate  service,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant  gin> 
end  In  18114.  He  tm.k  part  In  the  battles  of  Antletaiu, 
(Jettysbnrg,  SiMittsylvanIa,  etc. 

Anderson,  Robert.  Born  nt  Carnwath,  in  Lan- 
arkshire, .lulv  7.  17.50:  diod  nt  Edinburgh.  Feb. 
20,  1830.  AScoltish  critic,  editor  of  "A  Com- 
jdele  Edition  of  the  Poets  of  Great  Britain" 
(14  vol.s.  1792-I.S07). 

Anderson,  Robert.  Born  near  Louisville,  Ky., 
June  14,  1.S(I5:  died  at  Nice,  Oct.  27,  18*1. 
An  American  general  famous  for  his  defense  of 
Fort  Suinter.  Ile»nsgraduatetlat  West  Point  In  182.'.; 
served  in  (he  lllack  IlaMK,  Seminole,  and  ^lexlcan  wars; 
was  ajtiHdnled  niiijor  In  18.''7;  became  commander  of  the 
trtMipn  ill  charloilon  Harl>or  In  .Nov.,  ]84^>;  removed  lilt 
for\-e  (n.m  Ft.rt  Moultrie  to  Fort  Sumter.  iK-c.  '-.'(l ;  was  In- 
Vesled  there  bv  the  Confetlenites  «b.'  I'..|nbardetl  the  fort 
April  12-11,  nil  ;  and  eiacualnl  the  fort  April  14  He 
wasapiHilnleil  brigailler-geni  ml  In  IS"  1.  and  rr'tlreil  in  Iwa 
Willi  the  rank  of  brevel  iniij.'r-gi  lieral.  He  lranftlat«-d 
works  on  artllb-ry  fr»»ni  the  Frrin  h. 

Anderson,  Rtifus.  Porn  nt  North  Yarmouth, 
Maine,  Aug.  17,  1796:  died  nt  Boston,  May  30, 
1H80.  An  American  ('oiigregnlionnlclergymaii, 
secretary  of  the  American  Honrd  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  18;i2-(56,  and  the 
author  of  several  works  on  missions. 

Andersonvllle  (iin'dor-son-vil).  A  village  in 
Sumter  County,  Georgia,  t!2  miles  southwest  of 
Macon.    During  the  ClTll  War  II  contained  a  Confederate 


Andersonville 

military  prison,  opened  in  1864.  It  was  under  the  super- 
iiitendency  of  Wirz,  wlio  was  tried  by  a  United  States  com- 
mission in  1865,  and  ciecutcd  for  cruelty  and  mismanage- 
ment.   Over  12,i.x;w  prisoners  died  (18t>4-65)  in  tlie  prison. 

Anderssen  (an'ilei-s-sen),  Adolf.  Bom  at 
Breslau,  July  6,  ISIS:  died  at  Breslau,  March 
13,  1879.     A  uoted  German  ohess-player. 

Andersson  (an'ders-son),  Karl  Johan.  Bom 
in  Wermland,  Sweden,  1827:  died  iu  the  Ora- 
kuambi  region,  southern  Africa,  July  5, 1S67.  A 
Swedish  explorer  in  South  Africa.  He  accompa- 
nied F.  Walton  in  1850  from  Walfisch  Bay  througli  Damara- 
land  to  Orambo-land.  In  1853  and  1854  he  continued 
alone  and  reached  Lake  Xgami.  On  his  return  to  Europe 
he  published  "Lake  >"gami,  or  Four  Years'  Wanderings 
in  Southwest  .\frica"  (1855).  In  1856  he  worked  in  the 
Swakop  mines  as  inspector ;  then  went  on  a  new  explora. 
tion  .as  far  as  the  Okavaniro  River  in  1859.  This  is  described 
in  his  "  Okavango  River  "  (1861).  For  some  time  he  settled 
in  Otyimbingue  as  an  ivory-trader.  In  1866  he  undertook 
his  last  journey  to  the  Kunene  Kiver,  but  was  obliged  by 
sickness  to  retr^ice  his  steps. 

Andersson,  Lars.     See  Andrea.  Lnm-entius. 

Andersson,  Nils  Johan.  Bom  in  SmSland. 
Feb.  20,  1821:  died  at  Stockholm,  March  27, 
1880.  A  Swedish  botanist,  author  of  works  on 
the  botanv  of  Scandinavia  and  Lapland. 

Andes  (au'dez),  Sp.  Los  Andes,  or  Cordilleras 
de  los  Andes  (kor-del-ya'ras  da  los  an'das). 
[Sp.,  "the  chains  of  the  Andes':  said  to  be  so 
named  from  Peruv.  anii,  copper.]  The  principal 
mountain  system  of  South  America.  It  extends 
from  Cape  Horn  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
and  comprises  the  Patagonian  Andes,  the  Chilean  Andes 
(which  lie  partly  in  the  Al'gentine  Republic),  the  Bolivian 
and  Peruvian  Andes  (each  with  two  ranges  nearly  parallel), 
the  Ecuadorian  Andes,  and  the  Colombian  Andes  (with 
three  main  ranges)  branching  eastward  into  the  Vene- 
zuelan .Andes  The  range  rises  abruptly  from  the  Pacific 
coast  and  contains  many  celebrated  volcanoes.  Among 
the  chief  summits  are  Aconcagua,  Sorata,  Illimani,  Chim- 
borazo,  Cotopa.xi.  Antisana,  Tolima,  etc.  (see  these  names*. 
Its  length  is  about  4,500  miles,  its  average  width  about 
lOO  miles,  and  its  average  height  about  1'2,5<J0  feet.  On 
its  eastern  slope  rise  the  head  waters  of  the  Amazon.  It 
is  rich  in  gold,  silver,  and  other  metals. 

Andes,  in  ancient  geography,  a  village  near 
Mantua.  Italy,  famous  as  the  birthplace  of 
Vergil. 

Andesians  (an-de'zi-anz),  or  Antesians  (an- 
te'zi-anz).  .\  general  name  for  a  number  of  na- 
tive tribes  in  the  Andes  region.  Its  significance 
is  geographical  rather  than  ethnographical. 

Andhaka  (an'dha-kii).  In  Hindu  mj-thology, 
a  demon,  sou  of  Kasyapa  and  Diti.  haring  a 
thousand  arms  and  heads,  two  thousand  eyes 
and  feet,  and  called  Andliaka  because  he 
walked  like  a  blind  man,  though  he  saw  well. 
Siva  slew  him  when  he  tried  to  carry  off  the 
tree  of  paradise  from  heaven. 

Andijan  (an-di-jUn').  A  town  in  Ferghana, 
Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  near  the  Syr- 
Daria  75  miles  northeast  of  Khokand.  Popu- 
lation, about  30.000. 

Andkhui  (and-ko'e),  or  Andkho  (and-ko'). 
A  town  in  Afghan  Turkestan,  90  miles  north- 
west of  Balkh.  the  seat  of  a  small  khanate  de- 
pendent on  Afghanistan.  Population  (esti- 
mated). 1.5.000. 

Andlaw-Birseck  (ant'lav-bers'ek),  Franz 
Xaver  von.  Born  at  Freiburg,  Baden,  Oct. 
6,  1799:  died  Sept.  4.  1876.  A  German  diplo- 
matist .  He  was  the  author  of  "  Erinnerungsblatter  aus 
den  Papieren  eines  Diplomaten  "  (1857),  '•  Mein  Tagebuch 
1811-61  '■  (1862),  etc. 

Ando  (an'de).  The  northernmost  of  the  Lofoten 
Islands.  35  miles  long,  northwest  of  Norway. 

Andocides  (an-dos'i-dez).  [Gr.  'AvdoKiSric.'] 
Bom  at  Athens.  467  (?)  B.  c:  died  about  391 
B.  c.  An  Athenian  politician  and  orator.  See 
the  extract. 

Andocides  .  .  .  was  banished  from  Athens  in  415,  on 
suspicion  of  having  been  concerned  in  a  wholesale  sacri- 
lege,—the  mutilation,  in  one  night,  of  the  images  of  the 
god  Hermes,  which  stood  before  the  doors  of  houses  and 
public  buildings.  He  made  unsuccessful  application  for 
a  p.ardon,  first  in  411  B.  c,  during  the  reign  of  the  Four 
Hundred,  then,  after  their  fall,  in  410,  when  he  addressed 
the  Assembly  in  the  extant  speech  On  his  Return.  From 
410  to  403  he  lived  a  roving  merchant's  life  in  Sicily,  Italy, 
Greece,  Ionia,  and  Cyprus.  In  402  the  general  amnesty 
allowed  him  to  return  to  .-\thens.  But  in  399  the  old 
charges  against  him  were  revived.  He  defended  himself 
in  his  extant  speech  On  the  ilysteries  (so  called,  because 
it  deals  partly  with  a  charge  that  he  had  violated  the 
ifysteries  of  Eletisis)  and  was  acquitted.  During  the 
Corinthian  war  he  was  one  of  an  embassy  sent  to  treat  for 
peace  at  r^parta,  and  on  his  return  made  his  extant  speech 
On  the  Peace  irilh  Lacfdiemon  (390  B.  C.X  sensibly  advis- 
ing Athens  to  accept  the  terms  offered  l)y  Sparta-  The 
speech  Against  Alcibiades  which  bears  his  name  is  spu- 
rious. Jehb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  117. 

Andorra  (an-dor'ra),  F.  Andorre  (on-dor'). 
A  state  in  the  Pyrenees  surrounded  by  the  de- 
partment of  Ariege  (France)  and  the  province 
of  Lerida  (Spain),  it  is  a  semi-independent  republic 
under  the  suzerainty  of  France  and  the  Bishop  of  Urgel  in 
Spain,  governed  by  a  council  of  24  members  and  a  syndic. 


56 

The  language  is  Catalan :  the  religion  Roman  Catholic. 
Area,  175  square  miles.     Population  (estimated),  t^oOO. 

Ando'ver  (an'do-ver).  A  town  in  Hampshire, 
England,  13  miles  north'west  of  Winchester. 
Population  (1891).  5,852. 

Andover.  -^  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, 22  miles  northwest  of  Boston,  the  seat  of 
Andover  Theological  Seminary  (a  Congrega- 
tional seminary  founded  in  1807),  Phillips  Acad- 
emv,  and  the  Abbot  Female  Academy.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  6,813. 

Andrada  (an-dra'da ).  Antonio  de.  Bom  about 
1580:  died  at  Goai' -March  19.  1634.  A  Portu- 
guese missionary  in  the  East  Indies  and  Tibet, 
author  of  "Novo  descobrimento  do  Grao  Ca- 
tayo,  oil  dos  Reynos  de  Tibet "  (1626). 

Andrada^iogo  Payva  de.  Bom  1528:  died 
1575.  A  Portuguese  theologian,  sent  as  a  dele- 
gate by  Dom  Sebastian  to  the  Council  of  Trent. 
He  wrote  ''Orthodoxarum  (Juiestionum  libri  X,  etc.,  con- 
tra Kemnitii  petulantem  audaciara  "  (15G4).  etc. 

Andrada,  Gomes  Freire  de.  Born  in  Portu- 
gal, 1G84;  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Jan.  1.  1763. 
A  Portuguese  administrator.  From  1733  until  his 
death  he  was  governor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  then  compris- 
ing most  of  southern  Brazil,  and  the  period  of  his  admin- 
istration was  the  most  prosperous  in  the  colonial  history  of 
that  country.     In  1758  he  was  made  count  of  B4:>badeUa. 

Andrada  e  Sil'va  (an-dra'da  e  sel'vU).  Jose 
Bonifacio  de  (generally  knowTi  as  Jose  Boni- 
facio\  Bom  in  Santos.  SaoPaulo,  June  13, 1765 : 
died  near  Rio,  April  6. 1838.  A  Brazilian  states- 
man and  a  noted  mineralogist.  He  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Brazil,  and  on 
Jan.  16. 1822,  was  made  minister  of  the  interior  and  of  for- 
eign atfairs.  It  was  by  his  advice  that  Pedro  I.  decided  to 
throw  oif  allegiance  to  Portugal.  He  was  exiled  to  Europe 
Nov.  12.  1S23,  and  returned  in  1829. 

Andrada  Machado  e  Silva,  AntonloCarlos 

Ribeirode.  Born  in  Santos,  Nov.  1.  17i3;  died 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Dec.  5.  1845.  A  Brazilian 
statesman,  brother  of  Jose  Bonifacio  de  An- 
drada e  Silva.  He  was  involved  in  the  rebellion  of  1817 
at  Pernambuco,  and  was  imprisoned  until  1821.  In  the 
Braziliari  constituent  assembly  of  1823  he  led  the  radicals, 
and  in  Xov,,  IS'23,  was  banished  (with  his  two  brothers) 
to  France.  He  returned  in  1828,  was  elected  deputy  1835 
and  during  succeeding  years,  and  was  one  of  the  liberal 
leaders.  He  was  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  Pedro  11., 
and  in  1&45  entered  the  senate.  He  was  a  brilliant  orator, 
and  has  been  called  "the  Mirabeau  of  Brazil." 

Andrade  Neves  (iin-dra'da  na'ves),  Jos6  Joa- 
quim  de.  Bom  at  Rio  Pardo,  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul,  Jan.  22. 1S07 :  died  at  Asuncion,  Paraguay. 
Jan.  6, 1869.  A  Brazilian  general,  distinguished 
in  the  war  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  (1835-45).  and 
especially  as  a  cavalry  commander  in  the  Para- 
guayan war  (1867-69).  In  Oct..  1867,  he  was 
created  baron  of  Triumpho. 

Andrassy  (on'dra-she),  Gynla  (Julius),  Count. 
Bom  at  Zemplin,  Hungarv.  March  8, 1823 :  died 
at  Volosca,  Istria,  Feb.  18,"  1890.  A  noted  Hun- 
garian statesman.     He  entered  the  Hungarian  diet  in 

1847,  was  appointed  governor  of  the  county  of  Zemplin  in 

1848,  took  pai-t  in  the  Hungarian  insurrection  of  1848-19,  re- 
mained in  exifb  till  1857,  reentered  the  Hungarian  diet  in 
1861,  was  premier  of  the  Hungarian  ministry  1867-71.  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  of  Austria-Hungary  1871-79, 
framed  the  Andrassy  Note  to  the  Porte  in  lS7t>,  was  a  lead- 
ing member  of  the  Congress  of  Berlin  in  1878,  and  nego- 

.tiated  with  Bismarck  the  German- Austrian  alliance  in  1879. 
Andrassy  Note,  The.  -A.  declaration  relating 
to  the  disturbed  state  of  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina, drawn  up  by  the  governments  of 
Austria,  Russia,  and  Gei-many  with  the  ap- 
proval of  England  and  France,  and  presented 
to  the  Porte,  Jan.  31.  1876.  It  demanded  the  es- 
tablishment of  religious  liberty,  the  abolition  of  the  farm- 
ing of  taxes,  the  application  of  the  revenue  derived  from 
direct  taxation  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  to  the  needs  of 
these  provinces,  the  institution  of  a  commission  composed 
equally  of  Christians  and  Mohammedans  to  control  the 
execution  of  these  reforms,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
agrarian  population  by  the  sale  of  waste  lands  belonging 
to  the  state. 

Andr6  (F.pron.  on-dra').or  Andreas.Bemard, 
of  Toulouse.  A  French  poet  and  historian, 
poet  laureate  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  of 
England  (the  first  laureate  appointed  by  an 
English  king),  tutor  of  -\rthur.  prince  of  Wales, 
and  royal  historiographer.  He  was  blind,  but  in 
spite  of  this  misfortune  attained  a  high  degree  of  scholar- 
ship.    He  wrote  a  life  of  Henry  VTI. 

Andre,  Johann.  Born  at  Offenbach.  Hesse. 
March  28.  1741 :  died  June  18, 1799.  A  German 
composer,  musical  director,  and  publisher,  au- 
thor of  operas,  instrumental  pieces,  etc. 

Andre,  Johann  Anton.  Bom  at  Offenbach, 
Hesse,  Oct.  6, 1775 :  died  April  8.  1842.  A  noted 
German  composer,  musical  director,  and  pub- 
lisher, son  of  Johann  Andr^. 

Andre  (an'dra  or  an'dri),  John.  Born  at  Lon- 
don. 1751:  executed  at  Tappan.  N.  Y..  Oct.  2. 
1780.  A  British  officer  (adjutant-general  with 
rank  of  major)  in  the  Revolutionary  War.    He 


Andreossi 

made  the  arrangements  near  stony  Point,  as  the  represen. 
tative  of  Sir  Henrj"  Clinton,  with  Benedict  Arnold  for  the 
surrender  of  West  Point  (Sept.  21, 1780),  but  was  arrested 
on  his  return  at  Tarrytown,  6ept.  '22,  and  condemned  as 
a  spy. 

Andre  (on-di-a').  A  novel  by  George  Sand,  pub- 
lished in  1.839,  named  from  its  chief  character. 

Andrea  (iin-dra'yii).  Francisco  Jose  Soares 
de.  Born  at  Lisbon.  Jan.  29.  1781:  died  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro. Oct.  2, 1858.  A  Portuguese-Brazilian 
general,  a  supporter  of  Brazilian  independence. 
He  went  to  Brazil  in  18(i8 ;  was  adjutant-general  in  the  Cis- 
platine  campaign  of  IS'27;  commandant  of  Pari  1831;  pres- 
ident and  commandant  of  Pari  1835;  and  president  of 
Santa  Catharina  1839,  of  Kio  Grande  do  Sul  1841,  of  Minas 
Geraes  1843,  of  Bahia  1845,  and  again  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul 
1848.  He  attained  the  rank  of  marshal  in  the  army,  and 
was  created  baron  of  Cat^apava. 

Andrea,  Girolamo.  Born  at  Naples.  April  12, 
1812 :  died  at  Rome.  May  14, 1868.  An  Italian 
cardinal  and  diplomatist.  His  liberalism  in  religion 
and  politics  (especially  his  leaning  toward  Italian  utiity) 
led  to  his  suspension  (lS66)from  his  dignities  by  the  papal 
Curia ;  but  he  was  reinstated  after  a  humble  submission  in 
1867. 

Andrea  Doria.    See  Doria. 

Andrea  Pisano.    See  Pisano. 

Andrea  del  Sarto.    See  Sarto. 

Andrea    lanMra).   Jakob.      Bom    at  Wai- 

tilingeii.  Wiirtemberg.  March  25,  1528:  died 
at  Tiibingen,  Jan.  7,  1590.  One  of  the  chief 
Protestant  theologians  of  the  16th  century,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  theology  and  chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Tiibingen  in  1562.  He  was 
the  principal  autho'r  of  the  "Formula  Concordia,"  and 
wrote  over  t-'Ue  hundred  and  fifty  works,  chiefly  polemical 

Andrea,  Johann  Valentin.  Bom  at  Herren- 
berg.  Wiirtemberg.  Aug.  17, 1586:  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, June  24,  1654.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  satirical  ■writer,  gi'andson  of 
Jakob  Andrea.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Menippus," 
a  satire  (1648),  and  works  on  the  so-called  Rosicrucians. 

Andrea,  Laurentius,  or  Andersson,  Lars. 

Born  1480:  died  1552.  A  Swedish  reformer, 
chancellor  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  Together  with 
Glaus  Petri  he  translated  the  Bible  into  Swedish  (1526), 
and  was  the  principal  agent  in  introducing  the  Lutheran 
Reformation  at  the  diet  of  Westeras.  15-27.  In  1540  he  was 
charged  with  having  failed  to  disclose  a  conspiracy  against 
the  king,  and  was  sentenced  to  death,  but  bought  a  pardon. 

Andreanov  Islands  (an-dra-a'nov  i'landz).  A 
gi'oup  of  the  Aleutian  Archipelago. 

Andreasberg  (an-dra'as-bere),  or  Sankt  An- 
dreasberg.  -^^  town  and  summer  resort  in  the 
province  of  Hanover,  Prussia,  in  the  Harz  28 
miles  northeast  of  Gottingen.  It  has  important 
silver-mines. 

Andred's  'weald  (an'dredz  weld),  or  Andred's 
■wold  (an'dredz  wold),  modernized  forms  of 
-4lS.  Andredes  'weald  (an'dra-des  weald).  A 
forest  in  England  which  formerly  extended 
through  a  large  part  of  Kent.  Surrey,  Svissex, 
and  Hampshire,  and  is  now  represented  by  the 
Weald.     See  the  e.xtract. 

The  Andred's- Wold  comprised  the  Wealds  of  Kent,  Sur- 
rey, and  Sussex,  taking  in  at  least  a  foiuth  part  of  Kent, 
"the  Seven  Hundreds  of  the  Weald,"  and  all  the  interior 
of  ."Sussex  as  far  as  the  edge  of  the  South  Downs,  and  a 
belt  of  about  twelve  miles  in  breadth  between  the  hills 
and  the  sea.  Lambalde  describes  the  Weald  of  Kent  as 
being  "stuffed  with  heardes  of  deere  and  droves  of 
hogges,"  and  adds  that  "it  is  manifest,  by  the  Saxon 
Chronicles  and  others,  that  beginning  at  Winchelsea  it 
reached  at  length  an  hundred  and  twenty  miles  towards 
the  west,  and  stretched  thirty  miles  in  braidth  towards 
the  north."  Ellon.  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  104,  note. 

Andree  (iin'dra).  Karl  Theodor.  Bom  at 
Bruns-wick.  Oct.  20,  1808 :  died  at  Wildungen, 
Aug.  10,  1875.  A  German  geographer  and 
journalist.  He  wrote  "Nord-America"(1850-51),  "Bue- 
nos .^jTes  und  die  \rgentinische  Republik"  (18561^ 
"Ceographische  Wanderungen"(1859X  "Geographic  des 
Welthandels"  (1867-72),  etc. 

Andree,  Richard.  Bom  at  Brunswick.  Ger- 
many, Fell.  26.  1835.  A  German  geographer 
and  ethnographer,  son  of  Karl  Theodor  Andree 
(1808-75).  His  writings  embrace  a  wide  range 
of  subjects. 

Andrelni  (an-dra-e'ne),  Francesco.  Lived 
about  1616.  An  Italian  comedian  and  author, 
the  leader  of  a  troupe  of  actors  which  for  some 
years  enjoyed  considerable  reputation  in  Italy 
and  France.  He  wrote  "Le  Bravure  del  Capi- 
tano  Spavento''  (1607i.  etc. 

Ajidreini,  Giovanni  Battista.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, 1578:  died  at  Paris  about  1650.  An 
Italian  comedian  and  poet,  son  of  Francesco 
Andreini.  He  was  the  author  of  "L'Adamo,"  a  sacred 
drama,  from  which  Milton  was  said  to  have  borrowed 
several  scenes  in  his  "  Paradise  Lost.' 

Andreini,  Isabella.  Bom  at  Padua.  1562:  died 
at  Lyons.  1604.  An  Italian  actress  and -writer, 
wife  of  Francesco  Andreini:  author  of  "Mir- 
tilla."  a  pastoral  fable  (1588). 

Andreossi,  or  Andreossy  (on-dra-6-se').  An- 


Andreossi 


57 


Anelida  and  Arcite 


May  21,   1886. 


toine  FranQOis,  Comte  d'.     Bom  at  Castel 

naudary,  Frauee,  March  G,  1761:  died  at  Mon-    writer,  author  of  works  on  language,  law,  pho- 

tauban,  Sept.  10,  1828.     A  French  general  and     nofrruphy.  and  philosophy. 

diplomatist,   author  of  various   military   and  Andria  (iin'drO-ii).     A  city  in  the  province  of 

scientific  works.      He  served  in  the  ware  of  the  Rev-     Bari.  Italy,  in  lut.  41°  13' N.,  long.  16°  18' E.    It 


olution  and  under  Bonaparte,  took  part  in  the  event  of 
the  18th  Brumairc,  and  waa  ambassador  in  London,  Vi- 
enna, and  Constantinople. 

Andres  (iin-dres'),  Juan.  Bom  at  Planes. 
Spain,  Feb.  l'>,  1740:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  17. 
1817.  A  Spanish  Jesuit  and  selii liar.  He  wrote 
"Dell'  Origine.  dei  Propressi  e  dello  sl.-ito  attuale  d'opni 
Letteratura"  (1782-99,  "  On  the  Origin,  I*riigre8S,  and  Pres- 
ent Condition  of  all  Literature"),  etc. 

Andrew  (an'tUo),  Saint.  [Formerly  also  Ait- 
druw,  Andro ;  ME.   Andrew,  OF.    Andreu,   F. 

Andriett,  Andre,  LL.  Andreas,  Gr.  'AvSpiac,  lit.    ...  ,        ,  .  „      ^ 

'manly,'  from   hvlip   (hvip-),  a   man.]      Lived  AndnsCUS  (an-djis  kiis). 


in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  A.  D.  One 
of  tlie  twelve  disciples  of  Jesus,  a  brother  of 
Simon  Peter  and  an  apostle  to  the  Gentiles. 
He  is  honored  by  the  Scotch  as  their  patron  saint,  and  by 
the  Russians  as  the  founder  of  their  church.  He  snifered 
martyrdom  by  crucirtxion.  His  symbol  is  the  so-called 
.St.  .Andrew's  cross  (X*.  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Ro- 
man, tJreek,  and  .Anglican  churches  on  Nov.  30. 

Andrew  I.  King  of  Hungary  1046-4J0.  Ue  car- 
ric<i  on  wars  with  the  tJernians  l(U6-.'>'2,  and  with  his 
brother  Bela.     In  the  latter  war  he  was  killed. 

Andrew  n.  King  of  Hungary  12or>-a5  (1236  ?). 
He  took  part  in  the  fifth  Crusade  in  1217,  and  "pave 
his  people  a  constitution  which  organized  a  state  of 
anarchy  by  decreeing  in  his  fitddcn  Bull  (1222)  that  if 
the  king  should  violate  the  privileges  of  the  noliility  they 
should  be  permitted  to  resist  him  by  force,  aiul  such  re- 
Bi8Uuu:e  should  not  be  treated  as  rebeUiou "  {Dunm, 
iliddle  .\Ke8,  p.  491). 

Andrew  III.  King  of  Hungary  1290-1301, 
{^audson  of  Andrew  II.,  and  the  last  of  the 
Arpaddynasty.  Onthemurderof  LailislauslII.(lv.), 
the  Pope  claimed  Hungary  as  a  llcf  of  the  church,  and 
invested  Charles  Maitel,  son  of  the  King  of  Naples,  with 
it,  who  was,  however,  defeated  by  Andrew  at  Agnun,  1291. 

Andrew,  James  Osgood.  Born  in  Wilkes 
County,  Ga.,  May  3,  1794:  clied  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
March"  1,   1871.     An  AtiM-ricau  bishop  of  the 


An  American  miscellaneous  Andronicus,  Livius.   Bora  at  Tarentum  about 

2>4  II.  1.:  died  about  204.  An  early  Komam 
dramatic  poet  (Greek  by  birth)  and  actor,  the 
first  writer  who  '•  clothed  Greek  poetry  in  a 
Latin  dress."  He  was  brought  as  a  prisoner  of  war  to 
Rome  272  B.  c,  and  sold  as  a  slave  to  >l.  Livius  Salinator. 
He  was  manumitted  and  earned  his  living  as  a  teacher  of 
Ijttin  and  lireek.  For  his  pupils'  use  he  translated  the 
Odyssey  into  Latin  Saturnian  verae.  liis  plays,  also,  were 
translated  from  the  t.reek. 

Andronicus,  Marcus.    In  Shakspere's  ''Titus 
Anilroiiiius."  the  brother  of  Titus  and  tribune 

of  tlle  Jieople. 

Andronicus,  Titus.     Sie  Titnx  Andronicus. 
Andronicus,  surnamed  Cyrrhestes  (from  his 
birthplace).      A   Greek    astronomer,    bom   at 
CvTThus,  l:iyria,  in  the  1st  century  B.    C,  the 
biiiliier  of  "the  "Tower  of  the  Winds''  (which 
see)  at  .\tlieiis. 
the  throne,  defeated  and  sent  captive  to  Rome  Andjonicus  of  Rhodes.   A  peripatetic  philoso- 
14S  B.  r.  pherand  commentator  on  Aristotle,  who  flour- 

Androclus  (an'dro-klus).  Lived  in  the  Ist  cen-  {shed  during  the  Ist  century  B.  c.  He  was  head 
tury  A.  I).  .\  Roman  slave  noted  for  his  friend-  of  the  peripatetic  school  at  Rome  about  58  B.  c. 
sliip  with  a  lion.  According  to  the  story,  Androclus  AndTOS  (an'dros).  [Gr.  lAidpor.]  The  north- 
was  condemned  to  be  slain  by  wUd  beasts,  but  the  liori     p„,m„sf    island  of  the  0»-clades,  Greece,  situ- 


was  a  residence  of  the  emperor  Frederick  II. 
PoTiulaiion,  about  36,000. 
Anaria  (au'dri-ii).    A  comedy  by  Terence  (166 
11.  (.1.  an  adaptation  of  a  play  of  the  same 
name  by  Menander. 

Andrietix    (oii-dre-e'),  Frangois  Guillaume 

Jean  Stanislas.  Born  at  SUasburg,  May  6. 
1759:  died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1833.  A  noted 
French  dramatist.  Ue  was  the  author  of  "  Lee  ^tour- 
dis"  (1787),  •  Molierc  avec  8e»  amis"  (18MX  "La  come- 
dienne" (ISlil),  '•  Brutus"  (1830X  etc. 

A  pretended  son  of 


Perseus,  king  of  Macedon,  and  a  claimant  to 


which  was  let  out  against  him  refused  to  touch  him,  and 
it  was  found  that  the  aiiunal  was  one  which  the  slave, 
whHe  e.'icaping  from  his  master  in  Africa,  had  found  suf- 
fering from  a  thorn  in  his  foot,  and  cured. 

Andromache  (amlrom'a-ke).  [GT.'Kvdpofi&xi.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Hector  and,  after 
his  death,  of  Nenj)tolemus.  son  of  Aeliilles,  an<i 
later  of  Helenns.  brother  of  Hector.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Eetiori,  king  of  ThehreinCilicia,  who.  with  his 
seven  sons,  was  slain  by  Achilles  when  he  captured  Theba-. 

Andromache.  A  play  of  Euripides.  See  the 
extra. -I. 

The  .\ndiomache  ...  is  one  of  the  worst  constructed, 
and  least  Interesting,  plays  of  Kuripides.  The  date  is  un- 
certain, as  it  was  not  brought  out  at  Athens,  perhaps  not 
till  after  the  poet's  death,  and  is  only  to  be  IIxcmI  doubt- 
fully by  the  bitter  allusions  to  Sparta,  with  which  it  teems. 
It  has  indeed  quite  the  air  of  a  political  pamphlet  under 
the  guise  of  a  tragedy.  It  must,  therefore,  have  been 
composed  during  the  Peloponnesian  war,  possibly  about 
419  B.  c.  Mahaffu,  Hist,  of  Classical  Oreek  Lit.,  I.  337. 


Methodist  Episcopal  ("Inireli.    The  fact  that  he  was  Andromachus  (an -drom'a-kns).      [(!r.  Ai'tVw- 


a  slave-owner  led  to  a  dispute  in  the  church  which  re^ 
suited  in  the  formation  of  the  Methodist  Episcojial 
Church  .South,  1840. 

Andrew,  John  Albion.  Bom  at  Windham. 
Maine,  May  31,  ISIS:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  30, 
1807.  An  American  statesman.  Republican  g 


iKi  \iir.\  .\  physician  of  the  em]ieror  Nero  (called 
"the  elder,"  to  distinguish  him  from  his  son), 
the  first  to  bear  the  title  of  "' Archiater,''  or 
chief  physician .  He  was  the  inventor  of  a  celebrated 
medicine  and  antidote  (called  from  him  "  theriaca  Andro- 
machi  "). 


ernor  of  Massachusetts  1861-(i6,  and  one  of  the  Ajldromaque  (oii-dro-niiik').    1.  A  tragedy  by 


most  active  of  the  "  war  governors."  He  was  grad 
aated  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1S37,  practised  law  in  Boston, 
was  a  prominent  antislavery  advocate,  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature,  and  was  ap- 
pointed delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Conventiua 
in  1800. 

Andrew  of  Crete  (Andreas  Cretensis).  Born 

at  Damascus,  (i(iO:  died  732.  An  arehbislKip  of 
Crete,  and  a  writer  of  religious  poeti-y.  He  took 
part  in  the  Monothclite  synod  nf  712,  but  afterward  re- 
turned to  orthodoxy.  He  is  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the 
mu^iial  canon. 

Andrew  of  Wjnitoun.  Born  about  the  middle 
of  the  14th  century:  date  of  dcatli  unknown. 
A  Scottish  chronicler,  canon  regular  of  the  pri- 
ory of  St.  Andrew's  and  prior  of  St.  Serf's  ( 1395). 
His  "Oryginalc  Cronykil  of  Scotland,"  in  rimed  eight-syl- 
labled verse,  was  flnished  between  1420  and  1424.  See 
(iri'jitiat  Chronicle  o/  Scotlantl. 

Andrewes  (an'driiz),  Lancelot.  Bom  at  Bark- 
ing, England,  l.')55 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  25. 
1626.  An  English  pri  late  and  author,  dean  of 
Westminster,  bishop  of  Chichester,  Ely,  anil 
Winchester,  and  one  of  the  translators  of  the 
Bible  (1607-11).  He  wrote  "Tortura  Torti" 
(1609),  manuals  of  devotion,  etc. 

Andrews  (an'driiz).  Edward  Gayer.    Bom  at 

Kow  Hartford,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  7,  1S25.  An  Ameri- 
e«n  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcojial  Church. 
He  was  graduated  from  VVesleyan  linlversity,  Middletown, 
Connecticut,  in  1847,  entered  the  Methodist  ministry  in 
1848,  and  was  elected  liishop  In  1872. 

Andrews,  Ethan  Allen.  Bom  at  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  April  7, 17H7 :  died  at  New  Britain,  March 
24, 18.58.  An  American  edueator.editor  of  Latin 
text-books  and  id'  a  "Latin-English  Lexicon" 
(1850). 

Andrews,  James  Pettit.  Born  near  Newbury, 
Berkshire,  ETiglaiid,  about  1737:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  li,  1797.  An  Knglisli  anti(|uary  and 
historian.  Ho  wrote  a  "  Historv  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, etc."  (1794-95),  "Henry's  History  of  Brit- 
ain, Continued"  (1796),  etc." 

Andrews,  Joseph.  Born  ut  Hingham,  Ma.ss., 
Aug.  17,  1806:  died  at  Hingham,  May  9,  1873. 
An  Amorican  engraver. 

Andrews,  Joseph.     See  Joseph  Andreira. 

Andrews,  Lancelot.    See  Amirewes. 

Andrews,  Stephen  Pearl.  Born  at  Temple- 
ton,  Mass.,  March  22,  1.S12:  died  at  New  York, 


Racine,  produced  in  1(>07. —  2.  An  opera  by 
Gretry,  jiroduced  at  Paris  1780. 
Andromeda  (an-ilrom'e-da).  [Gr.  'Ai'ipo/ieiii.'] 
lii  {Irick  ligend,  the  daughter  of  Cepheus  and 
Cassiopeia,  she  was  exposed  to  a  sea-monster,  was 
rescued  by  I'crseus,  and  waa  changed,  after  her  death,  to  a 
constellation. 

Another  myth,  seemingly  so  diverse  — the  story  of  the 
slaying  of  the  dragon  by  I'crseus  and  the  rescue  of  An- 
dromeda—  was  localised  by  the  tJreeks  on  the  rhienielan 
coast.  It  proves  to  be  a  lunar  eclipse  myth,  ultimately 
Babylonian,  a  tJreek  translation  of  the  I'hcenidan  version 
of  the  combat  of  Bel  .Merodach  with  the  dragon  'llannit 


ernmost  island  of  the  Cydades,  Greece, 
ated  in  the  .Sgean  Sea  6  miles  southeast  of 
Eubcea,  anciently  a  possession  successively  of 
Athens,  Macedon,  Pergamus.  and  Rome,  ita 
length  is  25  miles,  and  ita  greatest  « idth  10  miles,  and 
its  surface  is  mountainous.  Its  chief  product  is  silk. 
I'opulatlon,  about  22,UOU. 

Andros.  A  small  seaport,  capital  of  the  island 
of  Andros,  on  its  eastern  coast. 

Andros.  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Bahamas, 
named  from  the  chief  island  of  the  group,  about 
lat.  24°  45'  N.,  long.  7.S'=  W. 

Andros  (an'dros).  Sir  Edmund.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  6.  1637:  died  at  Loudon.  Feb.  '27, 
1714.  An  English  colonial  governor  of  New 
York  1674-Kl.  and  of  New  England  (including 
New  York)  1686-89.  When  the  charters  of  the  colo- 
nies were  revoked  he  was  conspicunus  in  an  attempt  to 
seize  the  charter  of  Connecticut  (UW71,  which  probably 
succeeded.  (.See  CAartcr  OaJt.)  He  ollended  the  colotdsta 
of  New  Kngland  by  bis  tyranny  and  was  seizi-d  April  Is, 
1(W>,  in  Boston  and  sent  to  Fngland  for  trial ;  but  the  cid- 
oiiists'  complaints  were  dismissed.  He  was  govenuir  of 
Virginia  (where  he  founded  William  and  Mary  College) 
109J-HS,  and  govenior  of  the  island  of  Jersey  1704-00. 

Androscoggin  (an-<iros-kog'iu).  A  river  whose 
head  streams  rise  in  northern  New  Hampshire 
and  northern  Maine,  and  which  drains  Lake 
Umbagog  and  the  Rangeley  Lakes,  and  joins 
the  KenneV)ec  5  miles  north  of  Bath.  Its  total 
length  is  about  175  miles. 

Androtion  (an-dro'ti-on).  [Gr-'Aifporiui'.']  An 
.Mill  liiaii  orator,  a  coiitemiiorary  of  Demosthe- 
nes and  a  )mpil  of  Isocrates.  All  of  his  work  haa 
perlsheil  with  the  excei>tion  of  a  fragment  preserved  by 
Aristotle.  He  was  attacked  by  IK-mosthenes  In  one  of  hia 
early  onitions. 

Andrugio  (iin-<lri>'j6).  In  Marston's  "Antonio 
and  Mellida,"  the  noble  but  turbulent  Duke  of 
Genoa.  He  lilt  erst  he  famous  speech  beginning, 
■Why,  man,  I  never  was  a  iiriuce  till  now." 


and  the  rescue  of  the  miKin  goddess  Istar  from  the  black   AndrUSSOfF  (iln'driis-sof ),  or  AndrUSSOVO.     A 

dragon  who  threatened  to  devour  her.  

TayluT,  Aryans,  p.  :«B. 

Andromeda.  A  northern  constellation  sur- 
rounded by  Pegasus.  Cassiopeia,  Perseus,  Pis- 
ces, Aries,  etc..  siij)posed  to  represent  the  figure 
ofa  woman  chained.  The  const  el  lat  ion  coiitaiiis 
three  stars  of  the  second  magnitude,  of  which 
the  brisililesl  is  .\lpheratz. 

Androm^de  (oii-ilro-miid').  A  play  by  Cor- 
neille,  first  acted  in  16.50. 

Andronica  (iin-dro-ne'kil).  One  of  the  hand- 
maids of  Logistilla  (Reason)  in  Ariosto's  "(Ir- 
lando  I'lnjoso."     She  rejiresents  fort i1  tide. 

Andronicus  (an-dro-ni'kus)  I.  ComnenuB. 

|M(ir.  ■.\i'iV><ii'"<"f  K""'''/''''f.]  Born  about  1110: 
dieil  at  Constantinople,  Se])t.  1'2.  11H5.  Bv/.an- 
tino  emiieror  1183-85.  grandson  of  Alexius  1. 
Coinnenus.  Having  contrived  to  get  himself  apiKilnted 
regent  during  the  minority  of  Alelius  11..  he  put  the 
Iirlnee  ami  bis  mother,  the  empri  >s  Mllrll^  to  dialli,  ami 
ascended  the  throne;  but  his  cruelty  and  debauchery 
broufht  iiliout  a  |K>piilar  Insuirectlon  under  laaac  Angelua, 
who  put  him  to  death  after  suliJectliiK  him  to  ever)'  ape- 
cles  of  indignity  and  torture. 

Andronicus II.  Palseologus.  Born  about  l'J.59: 

died    133'J.      iiyzniili -inperor   12H2-13'J8  (f), 

son  of  .Michael  I'alii-i'logiis.  luirlng  his  ndgn  the 
empire  was  ravaged  (i:t<»ni8)  by  th.  revolt  of  the  lata 
Ian  (irand  Company,  a  l«.dy  of  Spanish  mercenaries  em- 
ployed against  the  Ottoman  Tllrk^  and  (l.f.:!  '28)  by  a  civil 
war  with  bis  graiidson  Andninlctis  III.,  by  whom  ho  waa 
dethroned  and  e.Mnpelliil  t.i  retire  to  a  cinlater. 

Andronicus  III.  Palseologus.     Bom  about 

I'J'.H'i:  died  June  15,  i:ill.  ByzMnliin'  em|)iror 
13i;.S~41,  grniiilHon  of  Aiidroiucus  II.  whoso 
throne  ho  usurped.  Ho  carrbtl  on  war  with  the  Otio. 
man  Turks,  who  !l:t2rt-;ts)  detached  nearly  the  whole  of 
Asia  .Minor  from  llio  empire. 


village  in  the  government  of  SiiioleTi>k.  Ii.'ii>sin, 
noted  for  the  treaty  of  AndrussolT  in  lt!67  be- 
tween Russia  and  I'oland,  liy  which  the  latter 
ceded  Kieff,  Smolensk,  and  eastern  rkniine. 

Andujar  (an-<lo-Hiir').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Jaeii.  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalquivir  44 
miles  norllieast  of  Cordova.  It  was  the  scene  of  an 
engagement  between  the  1-Yench  and  Spanl'.h.  July  18  20, 
IsdS.  rhe  Convention  of  llallvii  was  ^lgl1e,l  hen-  in  IWW, 
and  here  in  Isi'i,  by  decree,  the  French  assunu-il  superi- 
ority over  the  Spanish  authiirllles  Near  It  was  the  Celtl- 
berlan  Ulltnrgls  C')-     I'opulatlon  (1SS7),  15,214 

And'7ari  (iind'vii-re).  [Old  Norse.]  In  Old 
Norse  mythology,  a  dwarf  who  lived  in  the 
water  in  tin'  form  of  a  pike,  lie  was  caught  bj 
Uikl  and  fiir<'ed  to  give  up  his  treasure,  ultimately  called 
from  Its  p,»sseiuuira  the  NlU-lung  Hoard  on  the  List 
ring,  the  Andvaranaut,  later  the  King  of  the  MlK-lung^ 
be  laid  the  cnme  of  ili  slrnetion  to  all  who  should  own  It 

Anegada  (ii-ne-ga'dii).  The  norllnTiiiiiost  of 
the  Virgin  Islands,  British  West  Inilies.  in  hil. 
18°  45'  N.,  long.  64°  20'  W.  Us  length  is  10 
miles. 

Anel  (a-nel'),  Dominique.  liorn  1679:  died 
about  1730.  ,\  French  surgeon.  Ho  introduced 
improvements  in  tin-  operolionn  for  aneurism 
and  fistula  lacrynialiH. 

Anelidaand Arcite(»-ncl'i-diiand  lir'sio.  An 

iiiitiiii^hed  pofiM  by  <'liauci»r.  It  was  among  those 
printed  bv  1  niton,  anil  Is  mentioned  In  Uilli  l.yilgale's 
and  I'hyniies  llslsof  Chaucer's  »ork^  In  the  latter  as  'Of 
gueen  Am  lldn  and  Kalse  Arrlle.  '  There  al-e  passages  In  II 
fnun  lloccacclo's  "resilile."  and  the  •Thebald  of  .stiitlus 
was  also  drawn  U|>oii  Clinui-er  tells  us  that  he  took  It 
from  the  IjitIn,  and  says  at  the  close  of  the  prologue 

"First  follow  1  stace  and  after  him  Corlnne." 
To  Corlnne  or  i'orlneui.  whoever  he  or  she  was,  he  owed 
the  Inipiralloii  of  this  poem.     Mlaa  Barrett  (Ura.  Brown- 


Anellda  and  Arcite 

Ing)  modernized  the  poem  about  the  middle  of  the  19th 
centuT}-.  Anellda  was  the  Queen  of  Armenia.  In  the 
poem  is  included  "The  Complaint  of  Fair  Anelida  upon 
yaUe  Arcite,"  occasioned  by  the  fact  that  the  Theban 
knight  (who  Is  not  the  true  Arcite  of  the  "Knight  s  Tale  ") 
deserted  her  for  another.  The  poem  breaks  oU  at  the 
end  of  her  complaint. 

Anerio  (a-na're-6),  Felice.  Bom  at  Rome 
about  1560:  died  about  1630.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  sacred  music  who  succeeded  Palos- 
trina,  on  tlie  latter's  death,  as  composer  for  the 
papal  cbap.l. 

Anerio,  Giovanni  Francesco.  Born  at  Home 
about  1567 :  died  after  1613.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, brother  of  Felice  Anerio.  maestro  at 
the  Lateran  1600-13.  He  inTote  sacred  music 
chiefly. 

Anethan  (iin-ton').  Julius  (Jules)  Joseph, 
Baron  d'.  Born  at  Brussels,  April  24,  1803: 
died  there,  Oct.  8,  1888.  A  Belgian  Conserva- 
tive politician,  premier  1870-71. 

Anethou,  Pic  d'.    See  yethou. 

AnflTirin  (an'i-rin).  Flourished  about  600 
A.  D,  (t).  A  Welsh  bard,  son  of  a  chief  of  the 
Otadini  or  Gododin  (a  sea-coast  tribe  dwelling 
south  of  the  Firth  of  Forth),  and  author  of  the 
epic  "Gododin"  ^  which  see),  the  chief  source 
of  the  very  scanty  information  about  him.  He 
has  been  tho'ught  to  be  identical  with  Gildas  the  histo- 
rian, or  to  be  the  son  of  Gildas  (who  was  sometimes  called 
£uryn  y  Coed  A\tr). 

.-Vneurin's  great  epic  itself  is  wanting  in  all  precision  of 
detail.  It  is  the  history  of  a  long  war  of  races,  compressed 
under  the  similitude  of  a  battle  into  a  few  days  of  ruin, 
like  the  last  tight  in  the  Voluspa. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  346. 

AnfoSSi(an-fos'se),Pasqiiale.  BomatXaples, 
1736  :  died  at  Rome,  1797  (1795  ?%  An  Italian 
operatic  composer,  author  of  "L'Incognita  per- 
seguitata"  (1773),  etc. 

Angami-Naga  (an-ga'me-na'ga).  A  savage 
and  warlike  tribe  in  northern  Assam.       i 

Angara  (an-gii-ra').  (Upper  Angara  and 
Upper  TungUSta.O  The  chief  tributary  of  the 
Yenisei,  in  southern  Siberia.  It  rises  northeast  of 
Lake  Baik^U.  traverses  Lake  Baikal,  flows  northwest  and 
west,  and  joins  the  Yenisei  above  Yeniseisk.  Its  length 
is  about  1,300  miles,  it  is  navigable  throughout  almost 
its  entire  coarse. 

Angel  (an'jel),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  at 
BurUngton,  Otsego  Count  v,  X.  Y.,  Nov.  28, 1815: 
died  at  Geneseo,  X.  T.,  Sept.  11, 1894.  A  lawyer 
and  diplomatist,  commissioner  to  China  (1855) 
under  President  Pierce,  and  minister  to  Sweden 
and  Norway  under  President  Buchanan. 

Angelica  (an-jeri-lia).  1.  In  Boiardo's  ''Or- 
lando Innamorato"  and  Ariosto's  '"Orlando 
Furioso,"  a  beautiful  but  coquettish  and  faith- 
less princess,  daughter  of  Galaphron,  king  of 
Cathay.  His  unrequited  love  for  her  was  the 
<?auseof  Orlando's  madness. — 2.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Congreve's  play  "Love 
for  Love,"  a  witty  and  piquant  woman,  and  the 
author's  favorite  character. —  3.  A  character 
in  Farquhars  comedy  "The  Constant  Couple," 
and  also  in  its  sequel,  "Sir  Harry  Wildair." 

AjQgelic  Brothers.  A  community  of  Dutch 
i*ietists,  in  the  .16th  century,  who  believed  that 
they  had  attained  that  state  of  angelic  purity 
in  which  there  is  '-neither  marrying  nor  giving 
in  marriage  ' :  founded  bv  George  Gichtel, 

Angelic  Doctor,  ilL.  Doctor  Angelicus.  A 
surname  of  Thomas  Aquinas. 

Angelico  (an-jel'e-ko),  Fra.  See  Fiesole. 
Angelina  (an-je-li'na).  1.  In  Dryden's  tragi- 
comedy "The  Rival  Ladies,"  a  sister  of  Don 
Rhodorigo,  in  love  with  Gonsalvo.  She  dis- 
gtiises  herself  as  a  man  and  goes  by  the  name 
of  Amideo. —  2.  The  heroine  of  Goldsmith's  bal- 
lad "Edwin  and  Angelina,"  sometimes  called 
"The  Hermit,"  in  "The  Vicar  of  Wakefield." 

Angelina.   A  pseudonym  of  Harriet  Martineau. 

Angelique  (oii-zha-lek').  1.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Moli&re's  "  Le  Malade  Ima- 
ginaire."  She  is  the  daughter  of  Argan,  the  imaginary 
invalid,  who  wishes  to  marry  her  to  the  son  of  his  physi- 
cian, M.  Diafoirus,  but  is  finally  induced  to  give  her  to 
C16ante  the  man  she  loves. 

2.  The  wife  of  George  Dandin,  in  Moliere's 
comedy  of  that  name.     See  George  Dandin. 

Angell  (an'jel),  James  Bnrrill.  Bom  at  Scitu- 
ate,  R.  I..  Jan  7, 1829.  An  American  educator. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Bro"n  Vniversity  and  was  pr<«fes3or 
of  modem  laucruages  there  1853-«(i. editor  of  the  Providince 
'  Journal "  ISfiO-ss,  president  of  the  Iniversity  of  Ver- 
mont 1S6&-71,  and  president  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
after  1871.  He  w.as  I'nited  States  minister  to  China  1880- 
1881,  and  conmiissioner  in  necotiating  ti-eatics  with  that 
country ;  and  was  minister  to  Turkey  1897-98. 

AngeU,  Joseph  Kinnicut.  Bora  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.  April  30,  1794:  died  at  Boston, 
ilay  1,  1857.     An  American  legal  writer.    He 


58 

was  a  graduate  of  Brown  Fnlversity  1813,  editor  of  the 
"Law  Intelligencer  and  Review  '  lS"29-al,  and  reporter 
of  the  Rhode  Island  Supreme  Court ;  author  of  "Treatise 
of  the  Right  of  Property  in  Tide  Waters"  (1826),  "In- 
quiry Relative  to  an  Incorporeal  Hereditament "  (18'27X 
"  A  Practical  Summary  of  the  Law  of  .Assignment"  (1S35), 
"On  Adverse  Enjoyment"  (1S37),  *■  Treatise  on  the  Com- 
mon Law  in  Relation  to  Water  Courses"  (ISiu),  "Treatise 
on  the  Limitations  of  .Actions  at  Law  and  Suits  in  Equity 
and  .Admiralty  "  (2d  ed.  1^6),  and  with  Samuel  Ames 
of  "Treatise  on  Corporations"  (3d  ed.  1846). 

Angeln  (ang'eln).  A  small  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  l.ving  be- 
tween the  Flensburg  Fiord  on  the  north,  the 
Baltic  on  the  east,  and  the  Schlei  on  the  south. 
It  is  noted  for  its  fertility,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  original  home  of  the  Angles. 

Angelo,  Michel.    See  ilichcUnyeio. 

Angelo  (an'je-16).  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Mea- 
sure for  Measure,"  the  duke's  deputy. 

The  actor  is  here  required  to  represent  a  man  who  is 
too  little  for  the  great,  bold,  and  dangerous  projects  of  an 
ambitious  selfishness ;  too  noble  for  the  weak  errors  of  a 
vain  self-love,  who  wavers  negatively  between  the  two. 
who  aspires  after  honour,  who  would  be  a  master  in  his 
political  vocation,  a  saint  in  his  moral  life,  but  who,  in 
the  hour  of  temptation,  is  found  as  false  and  tjTannical 
in  the  one  as  he  is  hypocritical  and  base  in  the  other. 
Gtrvinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries(tr.  by  F.  E.  Runnett, 

led,  ISSO),  p,  500. 

2.  In  Shakspere's  "  Comedy  of  Errors,"  a  gold- 
smith. 
Angelo.  A  prose  drama  by  Victor  Hugo,  first 
represented  at  the  Theatre  Frau^ais,  Paris, 
April  28,  1835.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Padua  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  16th  century.  It  was  translated  into  English 
by  G.  H.  Davidson,  and  produced  in  London  as  "Angelo 
and  the  Actress  of  Padua. " 

Angelo,  Sant',  Castle  of.  The  remodeled 
mausoleum  of  Hadrian  in  Rome.  It  is  a  huge 
circular  tower  about  230  feet  in  diameter  on  a  basement 
about  300  feet  square,  with  medieval  chambers  and  case- 
ments excavated  in  its  solid  concrete,  and  three  Renais- 
sance stories  added  on  its  summit  to  serve  the  purposes 
of  a  citadel.  Originally  the  mausoleum  possessed  a  super- 
structiu-e  surrounded  with  columns  and  statues,  and 
crowned  with  a  cone  of  masonry.  It  is  connected  with 
the  Vatican  quarter  by  the  Pont  Sanf  Angelo,  built  by 
Hadrian  in  l->6.  which  originally  had  seven  arches :  two 
are  now  built  up.     Also  Hadrian's  Mole. 

Angelus  Silesius  (an'je-lus  si-le'shi-us)  (Jo 
hannes  Scheffler).  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
1624 :  died  at  Breslau,  July  9,  1677.  A  German 
philosophical  poet,  author  of  "  Cherubinischer 
Wandersmann"  (1657),  etc, 

Angelus,  The.  A  celebrated  painting  by  J.  F. 
Millet  (1859).  The  time  is  evening:  two  peasants,  a 
man  and  a  woman,  at  the  sound  of  the  Angelus  bell  from 
a  distant  church,  stop  their  work  and  stand  in  the  field 
praying  with  bowed  heads.  In  1SS9  it  was  bought  at 
auction  by  the  -American  Art  .Association  for  5S0,6o<) 
francs,  which  included  tax,  auctioneer's  fees,  etc.  It  was 
sold  in  1S90  to  the  agents  of  M.  Chauchard  for  8130,000. 
He  has  signified  his  intention  of  presenting  it  to  the 
Lcuvre  at  his  death. 

Angely  (onzh-le')-  Louis,  Bom  at  Berlin  about 
1780  (1788  ?):  died  at  Berlin,  Xov.  16,  1835.  A 
German  actor  and  dramatist.  His  works, 
mainly  adaptations  of  French  plays,  have  been 
collected  in  four  volumes  (Berlin'.  1842), 

Angerapp  (an'ge-rap),  A  head  stream  of  the 
Pregel,  in  East  Prussia,  which  drains  the 
Mauersee, 

Angerburg  (itng'er-boro).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  the  An. 
gerapp  60  miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg. 

Angermanelf  (ang'er-man-elf),  A  river  in 
Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia 
near  Hernosand,  it  drains  several  lakes  and  forms 
many  waterfalls.  Its  length  is  over  200  miles,  and  it  is 
navigable  in  its  lower  course. 

Angermanland  (ang'er-mUn-land).  A  district 
in  northern  Sweden,  mainly  included  in  the 
modem  Hernosand  Ian. 

Angermaim  (ang'er-miin).     See  Angermanelf. 

Angermiinde  (ang-er-miin'de),  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  42  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin,  on  the  Miindesee. 

Angerona  (an-je-ro'na),  or  Angeronia  (-ni-a>. 
In  Roman  mythology,  a  goddess  whose  attri- 
butes and  powers  are  not  definitely  known. 
She  was,  perhaps,  the  goddess  who  releases  from  (or 
causes)  anguish  and  secret  grief.  Her  statue  stood  in 
the  temple  of  Volupia  (sensual  pleasureX  and  she  was  rep- 
resented with  her  finger  upon  ber  bound  and  sealed  lips. 

Angers  (on-zha').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on 
the  Maine  5  miles  from  the  Loire,  in  lat.  47° 
28'  N.,  long.  0°  33'  W, :  the  Roman  Juliomagus 
or  Andecavia  (Andegavia  or  Andegavum),  a 
town  of  the  Andecavi  or  Andes,  a  Gallic  tribe. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  and  varied  manufactures.  It 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  Anjou,  and  the  seat  of  a  uni- 
versity and  a  military  college.  It  suffered  severely  in  the 
Huguenot  and  Vendean  wars.  The  cathedral  of  Angers 
is  an  interesting  monument  of  the  Angevin  Pointed  style, 


Anglo-Saxon 

characterized  particularly  by  the  vaulting,  which  rises  go 
much  in  every  bay  as  to  approach  a  domical  form.  There 
is  a  line  early  sculptured  west  portal ;  the  nave  is  .54  feet 
wide  and  80  feet  high;  and  there  are  long  transepts, 
but  no  aisles.  It  contains  splendid  13th-centun  glassj 
a  beautiful  wall-arcade  beneath  the  windows,  and  very 
extensive  and  notable  14th-century  tapestries  bequeathed 
by  King  Rene.  The  castle,  completed  by  St.  Louis,  is  a 
huge  trapezoid  about  half  a  mile  in  circuit,  with  seven- 
teen massive  cylindrical  towers  bossing  its  walls.  Within 
the  inclosure  remain  portions  of  the  Renaissance  palace 
of  the  counts  of  Anjou  as  well  as  the  dungeons  and  many 
other  interesting  memorials  of  the  medieval  fortress. 
Population  (isoii,  82,966. 

Angerstein  (ang'er-stin),  John  Julius.  Bom 
at  St.  Petei'sburg,  1735:  died  at  Blaekheath, 
Jan,  22.  1823.  An  English  merchant,  philan- 
thropist, and  art  amatenr.  The  greater  part  of  his 
very  valuable  collection  of  pictures  was  acquired  by  the 
British  government  in  1S24,  at  an  expense  of  £60,U00. 

Angerville,  Richard.     See  Bury,  Michard  de. 

Angevin  Line  or  Dynasty.  The  early  Plan- 
fagenet  kings  of  England,  from  Henry  H,  to 
John:  so  called  from  their  origin  in  Anjou. 

Anghiera  (an-ge-a'ra),  Pietro  Martired',  or 
Peter  Martyr.     See  JlarUir.  Peter. 

Angilbert  (ang'gil-bert).  Saint.  Bom  about 
740  A.  D.:  died  Feb,  18,  814.  A  Prankish  poet, 
historian.anddiplomatist.  a  couneUorof  Charles 
the  Great,  and  abbot  of  Centula,  or  Saint-Ri- 
quier  in  Picardie  (794).  He  was  sumamed  ''the 
Homer  of  his  age." 

Angiras  (an'gi-ras).  In  Vedic  mythology,  the 
alleged  ancestor  of  the  Angirases,  represented 
as  the  author  of  the  ninth  Mandala  of  Rigveda, 
of  a  law-book,  and  of  an  astronomical  manual. 

Angirases,  The.  [Deriv,  uncertain.]  In  Hindu 
m>-thology,  a  class  of  beings  standing  between 
gods  and  men.  They  are  called  the  sons  of  heaven, 
sons  of  the  gods.  They  appear  in  company  with  the  gods, 
with  the  Asvins,  Y'ama,  the  gods  of  the  sun  and  the  light. 
-Agni  is  called  the  first  and  highest  Angiras.  At  the  same 
time  the  .Angirases  ,ire  called  the  fathers  of  men,  and 
many  families  trace  their  descent  from  them.  The  hymns 
of  the  Atharvaveda  are  called  .Angii-asas.  and  the  Angi- 
rases were  especially  charged  with  the  protection  of  sac- 
rifices performed  in  accordance  with  the  Atharvaveda. 

Angkor  (ang-kor').  A  ruined  city  near  the  fron- 
tiers of  Cambodia  and  Siam,  near  Lake  Bienho. 

Anglante's  knight.  The  name  given  to  Or- 
lando, lord  of  Auglante,  in  Ariosto's  '•  Orlando 
Fmioso." 

Angles  (ang'glz),  [In  mod,  use  only  as  a  his- 
torical term:  L.  Anglus,  usually  in  pi,  Jngli 
(first  in  Tacitus),  repr.  the  OTeiit.  form  found 
in  AS.  Angle,  Ongle,  JEngle,  reg.  Engle,  pi.  (in 
comp.  Jngcl-.  Ongel-).  the  people  of  Angel. 
Angol,  Angiil,  Ongul  (=  Icel.  OngiiU),  a  district 
of  what  is  now  Schleswig-Holstein,  said  to  be 
so  named  from  angel,  angul.  ongtd.  a  hook,  iu 
ref.  to  its  shape.]  A  Teutonic  tribe  which 
in  the  earliest  period  of  its  recorded  history 
dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  district 
now  called  Angeln,  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  and 
which  in  the  5th  century  and  later,  accom- 
panied by  kindred  tribes,  the  Saxons.  Jutes, 
and  Friesians,  crossed  over  to  Britain,  and  col- 
onized the  greater  part  of  it.  The  .Angles  were  the 
most  numerous  of  these  settlers,  and  founded  the  three 
kingdoms  of  East  Anglia,  Mercia,  and  >orthimibria. 
From  them  the  entire  country  derived  its  n^me  En(;land, 
in  Anglo-Saxon  Enjld  land,  'land  of  the  Angles." 

Anglesey  (ang'gl-se),  or  Anglesea  (ang'gl-se). 
[-\S.  Angles  eg.  'Angle's  island.']  An  island 
and  county  of  North  Wales,  which  lies  north- 
west of  the  mainland  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  Menai  Strait,  Its  surface  is  generally  flat  It  was 
an  ancient  seat  of  the  Druids,  was  conquered  by  the 
Romans  under  Suetonius  Paulinus  in  61  a.  v.,  aiid  by 
-Auricula  in  78,  and  later  became  a  Welsh  stronghold. 
Its  length  is  22  miles  and  its  area  302  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1S91),  50.079.    Seeitona. 

Anglesea,  Earl  of.     See  Annesley. 

Anglesey,  Marquis  of.    See  Paget. 

Angleterre  (on-gle-tar').  The  French  name  of 
England. 

Anglia  (ang'gli-a).     A  Latin  name  of  England ; 

.specifically,  that  part  of  England  which  was 
settled  by  the  Angles.     See  East  Anglia. 

Anglian  (ang'gli-an),  A  name  sometimes  used 
for  the  old  English  (Englisc)  or  Anglo-Saxon 
of  Anglia,  the  district  of  Britain  first  occupied 
by  the  Angles, 

Anglo-Latin  (ang-glo-lat'in).  Middle  or  medi- 
eval Latin  as  ■mitten  in  England  in  the  middle 
ages:  the  ordinary  language  of  the  church  and 
the  courts  until  the  modem  period.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  the  liberal  inclusion  and  free  Latin- 
izing of  technical  and  vernacular  English  and 
Xorman  or  Anglo-French  terms. 

Anglo-Saxon  (ang-glo-sak'son).  [<  ML.  Art' 
glo-Saxones,  more  correctly  written  Anglosax- 


Anglo-Saxon 

ones,  pi.,  also  A»oti  Saxoms  or  Aog'i  e*  Saxonts, 
^TXsaxones  AyU.  TIr-  tern  requeutly  oc- 
c^s  in  the  charters  of  Allre.l  and  his  successors 
/Jhicfly  in  the  pen.  pi.  with  rex)  as  the  general 
lame  of  their  people,  all  the  Teutonic  tribes  in 
Enelana-,  but  it  is  sometimes  eonhned  to  the 
people  south  of  the  Hmuber.  The  satiie  term 
Is  used  bv  foreign  chroniclers  ami  writers  in 
ladn  frl  the  Sth  to  the  12tli  centnrj-.  with 
the  general  meaning.]  1 .  («)  Literally,  one  of 
the  Anelc  or  'English'  Saxons.  The  name  is 
somethnS  reBtricted  (o  ti.e  Saxons  who  -iwelt  cue  ly 
?n  the  southern  districts  (Wcssex,  Ksscx,  Sussex,  Middle- 
Ipi  names  which  contain  the  form  of  .S'a«>.-and 
KenO  of  tlte  country  which  came  to  be  known  from  a 
Sred  trme  as  tlYe  land  of  the  Angles,  Ku,,la  land, 
!Sw  £W""',  hut  usually  extended  to  the  "l'""-;  P-^'>-= 
now  ^"-'''"'  I  ,     ,u    agCTeKation  of  the  AiiKles,  .sax- 

^ns'adomr'a'iTeutric 'settlers  i„  Britai,,  or  the 
whole  people  of  England  before  the  Conquest.     ((,)  j,l. 
The  English  race ;  all  persons  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  their 
dependencies,  who  belong,  actiuilly  or  noini- 
na?lv,  nearly  or  remotely,  to  the  Teutonic  s  ock 
of  fi^glaiid;   in  the  widest  use,  all  English- 
speaking    or    English-appearing    people.- 2 
The  language  of  the  Anglo-Saxons;   Saxon; 
the  earliest  form  of  the  English  anguage,  con- 
stUuting,  with  Old  Saxon,  Old  Friesic,   and 
other  Jileets,  the  Ohl  Low  (iormaii   group, 
belonging  to  the  so-called  West  Germanic  di- 
vision of  the  Teutonic  speech. 
^Ol  f  iin-gol' ).     The  capital  of  Malleco,  Chile, 
"^^If  ^Tol'i'N    lone  73°  W.    It  was  the  capi- 
^olth^form^rSoiyofAngol.  Population 

iiS'can-So'la).  [Pg.  .=!«.'/'>!«,  rep-,  the  na- 
tive name  hiolo.-]  1.  The  >.gola  tribe  -2. 
The  native  Angola  nation,  of  -  |;f  »- ^ «»,''. 
tribe  was  the  principal.— 3.  Ihe  oia  loiiu 
™  colonv  of  Angola,  founded  in  the  bomi- 
a»ries  of  thJ  ancient  native  kmgdomot  Ango  a. 
and  called  '-Keino  e  Conquistas  de  Ango  a.  - 
4  The  modern  Portuguese  pro^^ncc  ol  An- 
gola, comprising  the  old  kingdoms  ot  Kongo 
fj  gola,  and  Benguella,  the  new  district  ot 
Mofsamedes.andthe  latest  accessions  between 
the  Kuangu  and  Kassai  rivers.     This  l'™v>nce 

init"^™   s  in  the  hands  of  a  g^ven.or-general  re.  ln>«  . 
1  A»mln   with  district  novernors  of  Kongo,  Benun  n.i,  .ino 
\^Zimct.     Every  5ist.ict  is.-^jljvW^;^-^'     -;-:;: 

the  san  e  l^ws  as  rortugal,  and  the  natives  have  exac 

?„  "  hi'-l,  "iiiiculturl  is  llourishine;  on  a  large  scale,    bee 

Angolalla   (iin-go-lal'.la).      One   of  the  chief 

towns  in  Shoa.  Abyssinia,  about  la*.  9°  38    N. 

•    Angora  (aii-g<Vra).     A  vilayet  in  Asia  Minor, 

T^irkev.     Population  (1H87),7U7,36U. 

Al^gora,  Turk.  Enguri.     [Gr  -iViKiv-a:  seejH- 

"!»,•,,  1     The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Angora 

sUua  ed  on  a  hiad  stream  of  the  Sakana,  abont 

lat  3')°.'50'  N.,  long.  32°  iiO'  E.:  the  ancient  An- 

<JrdJ,'e^Sr  AS  a  rc:rt'A\ia  N£,or'fc.l  into  the  han.is 
of  Tlmur.     i'opulation.  uljout  JU.ooo. 

li«ve».l  himself,  with  one  of  his  sons,  was  ««1<™  P';  »• 
one?'an' 1  thJ  unfoVtunate  'l""-",^----, >;",■■.  V^,  'Jw V> U 
tor's  naueant,  and  was  condemned  in  ''•"*^".'  '  ,  ' .,  ,.,„, 
X^.r^"""t  In  his  pomps  -"'^.^"^^^j^^^J  ^e  ielt 
hi-  was  carried  in  a  lianed  litter  gajc  rise 
HSoZ  legend  that  he  wa.  kept  in  -  ,iron  c.«e.  ^  ,^,^^^^^ 

Aneornu  (iin-gor'no).  or  Angorno  (iin-K"'-' 

^f  or  Ngornu  (n'gor'no)  A  town  in  lorn,;. 
Sudan,  situated  near  Lake  (''•"'.■•'.'';.,;. 
4.V  N.,  long.  13°  E..  an  inn'orlant  ".bnt:  '  <  n 
trr.     Poiiulation  (..slimated),  J>0.00() 

Angostura  (an-gos-tii'rii).  or  Oiudad  Bohvar 
( J.ii-,lild'  l,n-UVviir).  A  »';"'■'  "'Vv'-,"' 
.siluate.l  on  the  Orinoco  m  hit.  8°  U)  N.,  n^. 
C3°r,0'  W..  near  th,.  narrow  ,. ass  of  1"  'V  ' 
at  Ihe  head  of  ocean  navigation.  It  is  an  in 
,,;„.,a,it  commercial  town.    Population,  about 

AieouiSme  (on-go-lam').     The  capital  of  the 
^f.aHn  "ft  of  Charente.l;ran..e.si;.iatedon   h 
Charente  in  lat.  4^°  40'  N..  long.  0°  ^   ';••  '' 
ancient  Inculisma.    It  wa.  the  snclent  ouplUl  of  An 


59 


goumols  and  frequently  an  "PP*"'"'"' '*'',, r°?,*'^™'l 
IMiriiic  the  UuKuenol  wars  It  was  several  tlnus  saLkea 

The    alhedr,!  ol  Angoulen.e  U  a  h'K''V„i;''S  i'lica''!- 

lure  built  in  1120,  with  wide  nave  and  ran,>epls  dumicanj 

aulted  an.l  no  aisles.     The  crossing  is  »»rn,oun  ed  ha 

beaulifiil  ovoid  dome  on  an  octagonal  drum.     Ihe  wisl 

5  j^^i,i';^,;^.s'ei::^ui';^~ 

campanile.     Population  tltSll),  3«,<a«.  „   ,    ■    . 

Angouleme.  Due   d'   (Charles  de  Valois)^ 

limn  April  2^.  l.><3:  dud  ^'pl.  -■»,  lt>->0.  -^ 
French  politician  and  general,  an  illegitimate 
son  of  A.arles  IX.  and  Marie  Touchet,  made 
Due  d' Angouleme  in  1(>19.  Hewaslmprlsoned  inthe 
Bastille  l(!otl.!.for  hisintrlgue8withtheMar.iulsede\  er- 
neui  As  a  scddier  he  serve.l  with  distinction  at  Ar.,ue  »^. 
Ivry,  and  he  directed  the  sieges  "', -^''r  ir  L  'Ti  1-t 
ch,  lie      lie  is  the  repuUd  author  ,,f    •  Meu.o.res     ( 1«  - ). 

Angouleme,  Due  d'  (Loms  Antome  de  Bour- 

bon).  Born  at  Versailles,  Aug.  C  L.o:  die 
at  Goritz.  June  3,  1844.  The  eldest  son  o 
Charles  X.  of  France  (Comte  dArto.s)  and 
Maria  Theresa  of  Savoy,  princess  ol  Sardinia. 
He  opposed  Napoleon  in  the  south  of  France  oi,  his  return 
fr„n.  Klba  was  a  commander  in  the  French  l.,vasi,>n  ol 
Spain  in  ISit,  and  was  exiled  in  IHSO.  fm,A,i=« 

Angouleme,  Duehesse   d'    Marie   -ni^rfese 

Charlotte  >.  B-.m  at  \  ersa.lles,  Dec  19.  1 ,  -  n  . 
,li,.d  Oct.  l'.»,  lf<.'>l.  Daughter  of  Louis  \\  I. 
and  wife  of  the  Due  d' Angouleme,  an  active 
adherent  of  the  ultra-royalists.  .  . 

Aneoumois  (oh-gii-mwiiM.  A  former  division 
^^°^te.n  France,  which,  with  Saintonge, 
formed  a  government  previous  to  the  Kevo- 
lutiou.  (Compare  Sitintomje.)  It  correspon<lh 
nearlv  to  the  department  of  Charente. 
Angra  (ang'grii).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
ATores,  situated  on  the  southern  coast^f  Ter- 
ceira,  in  lat.  38°  38'  N.,  long.  2i°  l-i' W.  It  i» 
th,  seLt  of  a  bishopric.     It  was  surnamed  "  do  herolsmo 

loHts  patriotic  opposi'i""  '«  'h^'  P'''^'*^"'''^'-  ^'•^  =^"^'"^'' 
I8;i0-;ci     Population,  about  U.mit).      , 
Angra  Mainyu  (iln'gra  min'yo).    See  Ahtna 
M(i:iUi.  ..      .,.,..,      YT)_ 

Angra  Pequena  (iing'gra  pa-ka  "»)•    L/^^-;. 

^.ittle  Bav.']  A  region  m  the  protectorate  ot 
German  smithwcsteru  Africa,  extending  from 
Orange  Hivcr  northward  to  the  Port»g'J^''!'fi  "h 
gola  north  of  Cape  Frio  (but  excluding  Walfisch 
Bav).  It  was  acpiired  by  the  German  UiJeritz  in  1883, 
and'passedunderllennan  protection  In  1R84. 

Angra  Pequena.     A  harbor  on  the  eonst  of  the 
^otectoratc  of  .\ngra  Pecpiena,  in  lat.  26    -'8 

Aii'eri"fiin'gr6).      A  town  in  the  pr"vir'',  °' 
'T^ifJino    Ital.v!  19  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
Population,  ahout  lO.OlMI. 

Inestrom  (ang'strcm).  Anders  Jonas.  Boni 

a?l6dg"in  Westernorrland,  Sweden.  Aug,  . . 
JsH:  died  June  21,  1874,  A  noted  Swedish 
Tihvsicist      He  wiis  appointed  in  l&W  professor  of  phys- 

surle  spectre  solairc"(18ia<),  etc.  ti»„j      r-.;,, 

Aneuiila  (ang-gwil'lii).  or  Snake  Island    {>•]■■ 

jS  ]  A^i  islamV  of  the  Lesser  Ant  dies.  „, 
the  British  West  Indies  ^vll.ch  !»■«  ■k'HI.  •;' 
St.  Martin  in  hit  18°  13'  ^••. '"■'f;,;-  !  f,  ,;^,- 
Area  :i.^.s(iuarc miles.  I'opiilalion  (18.11  )..!.IkK>. 
aJct,,  sriola  (iin-g«c'sh,.-lii),  or  Angussola 
^,l^^f" o'lii).  Sofonisba.  l^-'"'!;^! '■•;■■■"■'"',; 
Italy,  about  l.-i3it:  died  at  Genoa  1620  (t).     An 

i;i^(i:g^gn:)'''"Cancientna..eofForfar- 

isSl:'^"'sLS^i^'^^eboth.-atha„e 

iC^hali'oln'halt).     A  duchy  of  ,,ortlu.ni  Ger- 
^,fuy  and  state  of  the  |^rm,';;„^;':,i;;:.|-,„  ^,  .' 

,urrounde,l  by  IT""""' »  •'  V; '    .'^^f ''    „  1  .'hi.  level,  and 
ane,u,tern(   K.»».m.h.tb«-    .    .b"^.^^"^^^^^ 

a  western  (»""'","'"''•"'"    i,,  n  nital  1.  P.  .«»,,  «n.l  It* 
It  ha.  also  "'•V'^^";  ™    ^;'^-,,,,.\\"  ;^^^:^^^^^^^^  «n,hT 

government  a  hereilliar>  '-on»iii  .       ,     ,|      |,,„, 

ITduke  and  landtag.      It  se,  d       '  '  '  '""^,    ,,,,„,„„  ,.„ 

lury  and  wa«  oft.  n    1  M  <      "'  tl,c  dnehle.  ,.1 

Alihalt'^'ernburg,  Ohristian.Prinee of.   See 
Anhalt-Dessau,  Leopold.  Prinee  of.  See  /.o- 

A^Violt  (iin'holt).     Anislan.l  belonging  to  llen- 
-^,nk%  nialed  in  the  Ca.tegu.  47  miles  north 

if  /,.. nland.     It  is  seven  niiles  long, 
A  !>;«  t      A  small  town  in  the  province  of  \\  est  - 
^K"l'ru."i».-tua.e.l  on  the   V->  'I-  '>- 

\)utch  frontier)  10  miles  northwest  ..f  \N  csel. 


Anjou 

Anhwei  (iin-hwa'e),  or  Ngan-hui  (n'gan- 
l^v^O  A  province  of  China,  bounded  by 
K  aiiL-su  on  the  northeast,  by  Kiaiig-su  and 
^h:'k^angonthee..st.by-Kiang-sion  h  ,outh, 
bv  llu-peh  and  Ho-nan  on  the  vfest,  ana  oy 
Ho-nau  on  the  northwest  I«*,f»P|'f' «  ^.^""o-ifi 
It  contains  part  ot  Ihe  gricntea  dUtrlct.  Area,  48,4fll 
square  miles.     Populatlou,  20,59«,28S. 

Ani,      S.'C  Jlllli.  .  .    ,1  -/ 

Aniagmut  (ii'ne-ag-mSt),  or  Kaviagmut  (ka  - 
^.Ug-miit).     [Sing.   Ama,,»»,,   or  A<ni<i./n.«.] 


An 


ve-ag-moi;.     i.^hik.   ..■■•■;/ ,   " .-f.i,; 

A  tribe  of  Eskimo  which  oecui.ies  a  partol  the 

Alaskan  Peninsula  and  Kadial;  Island. 
Anian  ( ii-ni-iin' ).    An  early  name  of  Bering  Sea 

and  Strait.  ..,,..      ,      ..,,      a- 

Anicet-Bourgeois   (ii-ne-sa     Vior-zhwa  ),   AU- 

Pan  .Ian.  12,  1871,  A  French  dramatist,  author 
of  vaudevilles,  melodrama.s,  etc.         .    ..   ^    „ 

AnicetUS  (an-i-se'tns).  Lived  about  60  A,  D. 
A  fr. cdman  and  tutor  of  Nero. 

AnicetUS      Bishop  of  Home  about  154-1(^  A.  D. 

AS^chesror  Anicte  (a-nesh; ).  A  ">'';>»  a^t"^- 
ingand  mining  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
Fnii.ce,  14  miles  west  of  Valenciennes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  0,765. 

Aniello,  Tonunaso.    See  J/<;.«(.»iW/o.       

Animueeia  (a-ne-mi-.'chii),  Giovanni.    Born  at 

l",r,nce  about  1490(f):  died  l.i.l.  An  Ital- 
ian composer  of  sacred  music.  ■•  He  comp(>sed 
the  faniour'lludi,'  which  were  sung  at  the  Oratorio  o 
S^Fllp^aftr?  thi  conclusion  of  'he  reg"  -  othce,  ami 
not  of  the  dramatic  tone  and  tendency  of  which  IK  "n- 
Zlo-  is  saw  to  have  been  develo,H.d.  ,  Hencehe  hjts  been 
called  the  -Father  of  the  Oratorio.'      trrurx,   Diet,  of 

Music.  iii._- 

AniO  (ii'ne-6),  or  Aniene  (U-ne-a'ne),  or  Teve- 
Tone  (tA-vi-ro'ne).  [L.  -/".„  (A,„en-  ovA»,e». 
Gr.  '.Wr  or  '.M-W.]  A  nver  in  .nMitral  Ita  >, 
the  ancient  Anio,  which  joins  the  Tiber  .t  miles 
north  of  Home.  It  forms  a  waterfall  ssri  feet  high 
r"  Tivoli.and  it«  valley  is  noted  for  its  bc.auty  and  an- 

A^iruddha  (an-i-rod'dha).  [Skt..'m, con- 
trolled •]  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  sou  of  I^- 
dvunina  and  grandson  of  Krishna,  l  «ha,  a  Daitya 
oJime's,  daughter  of  Bana,  falling  In  love  with  him,  had 
Si  bi'mght  by  magic  to  her  apartments  at  Sonitapunu 
11  a  sent  guanlsL,  seize  thcm.l^ut  Aniruddha  slew  them 
wi  h  >n  iron  club.  liana  then  securwl  him  by  magic. 
Krlshn  !■  lamina,  and  Pradynnn.a  went  to  rescue  hm. 
n,Hl  f.iiiht  a  great  battle,  io  which  Bana  was  aided  bv 
vi,l.  ,  .1  "k.nda  the  god  iif  w:u-.  Bana  was  .Uteated. 
£L\%"td^iV\hel!;;er?e^l,,no.  sivaand  An^^^ 
taken  home  to  Uv.ir.Uja  with  I  sha  as  his  wife. 
Anjala.  In  Swedish  history,  an  unsueeeM- 
ful  league  ot  noblemen  against  Gustavus  lU., 

Sr  (iin-jiir' ).     A  small  town  i'"  0"tj-li,  Indm, 
hit.  23° G'  N.,  long.  70°  5'  E.    Pop-  ( 1891),  14,433. 
Anieles     See /.«.<  .Ih';i'/<'.- (I'hili')-  . 

^engo  (anjei.g'go).  or  Anjutenga  ( m-jb- 

TTTi-'gii).  A  seaport  in  Travancore,  ndia. 
sulrated  01,  H,e  western  coast  in  lat.  8°  40'  N., 
long.  70°  45'  E.  .  .     i„»   co 

Anier  (iin'veri.  A  seaport  in  Java,  in  lat.  6° 
r  S  loiig.  10,^°  :,r  K.  it  was  overwhelmed 
by   a    tidal   wave   following    the    eruption   of 

U,dn,.,vi.  a  Gallic  tribe;  «rl.s  or  r.r.(<.*-  -Im''- 
an„  or  AmUrmonw,.  their  city.]  An  ancient 
■rovernment  of  France,  canital  Aiig.rs.  it  »a. 
b.?u,  .l.d  bv  Maine  on  the  north,  \i>  T..uralne  on  the  east 
bvP      .,.1  on    he  ...nth,  an.l  b>  Brittany  on  the  west.     It 

*  u.l  lb,  denartmeiil  ol  Maine  etU.Ire  and  smsll 
;:;  :  r,  of  all  i.  "g'ei'artn,.nt,  Aniou  wa.  united 
w  'm  '.i    •  I  '  l'i<.  an.l  »ilb  Main.' in  111".     H>  '!»' 

mlrrlag    ..f      -  trey  nantagonet  with  >•>"'-''••»",■,-;.'::;; 

S  en^;!:ry'ir^::^;;:'.i::-T::;!;.:p' i-i; 
S;?^i'ir:,7::ru^.;^.'r;rAS::^;j 

vTph-H  and   IT.vence.      It    was  annex^l  t..  the  fr.n.h 

,  T,,wn  in  US',  l.y  U'Ui*  .\1  ■    ■        e 

Anion  Counts  and  Dukes  of.    The  origin  of 

^."l^ltMdsld,.  is  referr,  .1  lo  Ingelger.  «•"-"';•''':> 
of  Chtii.ais,  who  in  870  received  from  (liarles 
the  Bal.l  that  porti.m  of  the  Hubse.inent  i.r.)\- 
II;;...' ;;;  Anjou'  winch  Hes  belwcii  the  Maine 

„„d  Ihe Mi.yei.ne,  *"■■'"« '•'v'':«;:;"|»;;';r,rjm>»^^ 

;r•l;^.:^:ld^u;;:r■::!m^;:::l;:^"v^::p;^i».:5 

,«m.-.i Mat.i.ia, the .lauuiK-r "';•,";,;',;',;„,*  \. V, ! 

a  h,,.n.h    ■'  >'  •  \^'     '.  '.'  '    J,,   „.,,,  ,.,  pblllp  AuBu.tu. 

''"»'!''r.J   „,,,1  All  ..  1.'.     -.1    n    .the  hands  of  .harle.. 

It' br,  t  nr  ?,      *         \'     '  I'-rle.  eslahllslu-l  the  ho,..c  .3 
the  bp.th.  I  ol  r-  »  ,    ,.  „,,  ^,„  ,  harle* 

AnH' ""'•''■  "'''''';\  „,,,,,  ',,1  vgine  U.  Ills  K.n  In  law, 
'.V  "  ^lt:.I^V  and  .1  IWIhccom.l.of  Valoi.took 
»"V,\l:lf  k  "  . |.."  "U.1  count  ..f  M.I"' .,  The  ,«n 
Ibe  inii  "'  """  ,.,,,„.:,,,„  klliB..f  France.  a«  Philip  M., 
\t;s!'nnltlnK  Abi-u  w".J::  c~in.'    King  John  be.to-.^ 


Anjon 

It  on  his  son  Loais  in  1356.  The  second  lionse  of  Anjon 
became  extinct  in  tiie  direct  line  on  tlie  deatli  of  Charles, 
brother  of  Ren^,  148L  The  title  of  duke  oi  Anjou  has 
also  been  borne  without  implying  territorial  sovereignly, 
by  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  by  the  four  sons  of  Henry  11., 
by  tile  second  son  of  Henry  IV.,  by  the  two  sons  of  Louis 
XIV  .  by  Louis  XV.,  and  by  Philip  V.  of  Spain. 

Ankarstrdm.     See  AncKarstrom. 

Anklam,  or  Anclam  ( an'klam).  A  tovm  in  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Peene  45  miles  northwest  of  Stettin,  it 
contains  a  military  school.  It  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic 
town,  and  was  several  times  besiej;ed  in  the  17th  and  18th 
centuries.    Population  (1890),  12,917. 

Ankober  (an-ko'ber),  or  Ankobar  (-bar).  The 
capital  of  Shoa,  Abvssiuia,  in  lat.  9°  34'  N., 
long.  39°  53'  E.     Population,  about  10.000. 

Ankogel  (an'ko-gel).  A  peak  of  the  Hohe 
Tauern,  about  10,700  feet  high,  on  the  borders  of 
Salzburg  and  Carinthia,  southeast  of  Gastein. 

Ankori  (an-ko'ri).  An  African  highland,  6,000 
to  7,000  feet  high,  between  Albert  and  Victoria 
lakes.  The  population  is  dense,  and  the  chiefs 
belong  to  the  Huma  tribe  of  Galla  stock. 

Ankt  (angkt).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a  god- 
dess analogous  to  the  Greek  Hestia  (Vesta). 

Ann,  Mother.     See  Lee,  Ann. 

Anna  (.a"'a),  or  Anne  (an).  Saint.  [Of  Heb. 
origin:  same  as  Mamiah.l  According  to  tradi- 
tion, the  mother  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Her  life 
and  the  birth  of  the  Virgin  are  recorded  in  several  of  the 
apocryph;U  gospels.  Her  festival  is  iiept  in  the  Greek 
Church  July  25,  and  in  the  Koman  Church  July  26. 

Anna.  In  Xew  Testament  history,  a  prophetess 
of  Jerusalem, noted  for  her  piety.  Luke  ii.  36, 37. 

Anna.  One  of  the  principal  female  characters 
in  Home's  play  "Douglas." 

Anna  Bolena.  An  opera  bv  Donizetti,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1830. 

Anna  Carlovna  (an'na  kar'lov-na).  See  Anna 
Leopoldmna. 

Anna  Comnena  (an'a  kom-ne'na).  Bom  at 
Constantinople,  Dee.  "l,  1083:  died  1148.  A 
Byzantine  princess  and  historian,  daughter  of 
Alexius  I.  Comnenus.  She  wrote  the  "Alex- 
iad"  (which  see). 

Anna,  Donna.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Mozart's  opera  "Don  Giovanni.'' 

Anna  Ivanovna  (an'na  e-va'nov-na).  Born 
Jan.  25,  1693:  died  Oct.  28,  1740.  Empress  of 
Russia  1730-40,  daughter  of  Ivan  V.,  brother 
of  Peter  the  Great,  she  was  elected  by  the  Secret 
High  Council,  consisting  of  eight  of  the  chief  nobles,  in 
preference  to  other  claimants,  after  having  promised  im- 
portant concessions  to  the  nobility.  She,  however,  foiled 
the  attempt  of  the  council  to  limit  her  power,  exiled  or 
executed  its  members,  and  surrounded  herself  with  Ger- 
man favorites,  of  whom  Biren  or  Biron,  a  Courlander  of 
low  extraction,  was  the  leader. 

Anna  Kar^nina  (an'na  ka-ra'ne-na).  A  novel 
by  Tolstoi,  perhaps  the  most  representative  of 
his  works.  It  first  appeared  serially,  but  with 
long  intervals,  in  a  Moscow  review,  and  was 
published  in  1878. 

Anna  Leopoldovna  (an'na  la-o-pol'dov-na).  or 
Carlovna  (kar'lov-na),  Elizabeth  Catherine 
Christine.  Born  Dee.  18. 171S:  died  March  18. 
1740.  Grand  duchess,  and  regent  of  Russia 
1740-11,  daughter  of  Charles  Leopold,  duke  of 
Mecklenburg,  and  wife  of  Anton  LTi'ie,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  On  the  death  of  the  czarina  Anna  Iva- 
novna, Oct.  28, 1740,  she  became  regent  for  her  son  Ivan, 
who  had  been  appointed  her  successor  by  Anna,  but  was 
deprived  of  this  post  Dec.  6, 1741.  by  a  conspiracy  which 
deposed  Ivan  and  placed  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the 
Great,  on  the  throne. 

Anna  Matilda  (an'a  ma-til'da).  The  name 
adopted  by  Mrs.  Hannah  Cowley,  dramatist 
and  poet,  in  a  poetical  correspondence  with 
Robert  Merry  (who  called  himself  "Delia  Crus- 
ca  " )  in  the  ' '  'VVorld."  With  two  others  of  her  school 
(the  "  Delia  Cmscans")  she  was  held  up  to  scorn  by  Gif- 
ford  in  his  "Baviad  and  ilBcviad,"  and  the  name  "Anna 
Matilda"  has  passed  into  a  synonym  of  namby-pamby 
verse  and  sentimental  flctioo.     See  Laura  Matilda. 

AnnaPetrovna(5n'nape-trov'na)  Born  1708: 
died  1728.  Eldest  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great 
and  Catherine  I.,  wife  of  Charles  Frederic  k.didie 
of  Holstein-Gottorp,  and  mother  of  Peter  III. 

Annabel  (an'a-bel).  lAiiiia  bella,  fair  Anna.] 
A  character  iii  Dryden's  "  Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel"  intended  for  the  Duchess  of  Monmouth. 

Annabella,  Queen.  In  Scott's  novel  "The 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth,"'  the  wife  of  King  Robert 
in.  and  mother  of  Rothsay. 

Annaberg  ( an'na-bero).  A  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  in  the  Erzgebirge  18 
miles  southeast  of  Chemnitz.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
manufacturing  places  in  the  kingdom,  noted  for  its  laces, 
ribbons,  etc..  and  is  the  center  of  a  formerly  important 
mining  district.     I'opulati.in  (1>90\  14.900. 

Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood.  A  novel 
by  George  Macdonald,  published  in  1866. 


60 

Annals  of  the  Parish.    A  novel  by  John  (Jalt, 

published  in  1821. 
Annam,  or  Anam  (,a-nam'  or  an-nam').  A 
French  protectorate,  capital  Hue,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  it  lies  be- 
tween Tongking  on  the  north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  east, 
and  French  Cochin-China  on  the  south.  Its  boundaries 
toward  the  west  are  undefined.  It  is  rich  in  agricultural 
resources.  The  government  is  a  monarchy,  with  a  French 
resident.  TheinhabitantsareAnnamites(iu thetownsand 
along  the  coasts)  and  Mois  (in  the  hill  districts),  and  the 
prevailing  religions  are  Buddhism,  Confticianism,  spirit- 
worship,  and  Christianity,  It  was  formerly  a  Chinese  pos- 
session, and  became  independent  in  1428.  French  Cochin- 
China  was  ceded  to  France  1862  and  1867.  It  became  a 
French  protectorate  by  a  treaty  signed  in  1884.  Tongking 
was  ceded  to  France  1884.  Area  of  Annam  proper,  al>out 
•-'7,0-20  siiuare  miles.    Population  (estimated),  .%000,000. 

Annamaboe,  or  Anamabo  (a-na-ma-bo'). 
A  seaport  and  British  station  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
West  Africa,  10  miles  east  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 
Population,  about  5.000. 

Annamitic,  or  Anamitic  (an-am-it'ik).  One 
of  the  languages  of  Cochin-China,  originating 
from  a  native  dialect  mixed  with  C!hinese,  the 
compound  dialect  being  most  nearly  related 
to  the  dialect  of  Canton. 

Annan  (an'an).  A  seaport  and  parliamentary 
and  royal  burgh  in  Dumfriesshire.  Scotland,  sit- 
uated at  the  entrance  of  the  Annan  into  Sol- 
way  Firth,  in  lat.  54°  59'  X.,  long.  3°  15'  W. 
It  is  the  birthplace  of  Edward  Irving.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  3.476. 

Annan.  A  river,  about  40  miles  long,  in  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  which  flows  into  the  Sol- 
way  Firth  at  Annan. 

Annandale  (an'an-dal).  The  valley  of  the 
Annan,  in  Dumfriesshire.  Scotland. 

Annapolis  (a-nap'o-Us).  ['City  of  Anna,' 
C|ltieeu  Anne.]  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
Maryland  (and  of  Anne  Arundel  County),  sit- 
uated on  the  Severn.  2  miles  from  Chesapeake 
Bay,  in  lat.  38°  59'  N.,  long.  76°  29'  W.,  the 
seat  of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy, 
and  of  the  non-sectarian  St.  John's  College. 
The  town  was  founded  in  1649,  and  it  became  a  city  in  1696. 
It  was  at  first  called  Providence  and  Anne  Arundel  Town, 
and  it  was  one  of  the  seats  of  the  Continental  Congress 
(>'ov.,  1783,  to  June,  1784X  Washington  here  resigned  his 
cumniission  as  commander-in-chief,  Dec,  1783.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  8,402. 

Annapolis.  A  seaport  in  Xova  Scotia,  near 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  lat.  44°  43'  X.,  long.  65° 
30'  W.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1604.  and  was 
ceded  to  the  British  in  1713.  It  was  originally  named 
Port  Koyal. 

Annapolis  Convention,  -^convention  of  twelve 
delegates  from  the  States  of  Xew  York.  Xew 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Virginia, 
which  met  at  AnnapoUs,  Sept.  11.  1786,  to  pro- 
mote commercial  interests.  It  recommended 
the  calling  of  another  convention  (the  Consti- 
tutional Convention)  in  1787. 

Ann  Arbor  (an  iir'bgr).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  \Yashtenaw  County,  Michigan,  situated  on 
Hmon  River  38  miles  west  of  Detroit:  the 
seat  of  the  Universitv  of  Michigan.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  14,.509. 

Annas  (an'as).  [Heb.,  'merciful.']  A  high 
priest  of  the  Jews,  called  J»a«H«  (which  see) 
by  Josephus,  according  to  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed high  priest  by  Quirinus,  proconsul  of 
Syria,  about  7  A.  D.,  and  deposed  by  Valerius 
Gratus,  procurator  of  Judea.  in  14  A.  D.  He  was 
followed  by  Ishmael,  the  son  of  Phabaeus ;  Eleazar,  the  son 
of  Annas ;  and  Simon,  the  son  of  Camithus,  when  Joseph, 
sumamed  Caiaphas,  the  son-in-law  of  .\nnas.  was  elevated 
to  the  office  about  27  A.  D.  In  the  New  Testament  (Luke 
iii.  2,  John  xviiL  13,  Acts  iv.  6»  Annas  is  mentioned  as 
high  priest  conjointly  with  Caiaphas.  The  tirst  hearing  of 
Jesus  was  before  Annas,  who  sent  him  botmd  to  Caiaphas. 

Anne  (an).  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  6,  1665 :  died 
at  Kensington,  England,  Aug.  1.  1714.  Queen 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  1702-14.  daugh- 
ter of  James  II.  of  England  and  Anne  Hyde, 
and  wife  of  Prince  George  of  Denmark  (mar- 
ried 1683).  She  was  largely  under  the  influence  of  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  and  later  of  Mrs. 
Masham.  She  sided  with  the  Prince  of  Oi-ange  at  theRevo- 
lution.  Among  tlie  events  in  her  rei'.in  were  the  Warof  the 
Spanish  Succession  and  the  union  of  England  and  Scotland. 

Anne  of  Austria.  Bom  at  Madrid,  Sept.  22. 
1601 :  died  Jan.  20,  1666.  A  queen  of  France, 
daughter  of  Philip  HI.  of  Spain,  and  wife  of 
Louis  XIII.  of  France.    She  was  regent  lf>43-61. 

Anne  of  Bohemia.  Bom  at  Prague,  Bohemia. 
May  11,  1366:  died  June  7.  1394.  A  queen  of 
England,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  IV'., 
and  wife  of  Richard  H.  of  England. 

Anne  de  Beanjeu  ('an  de  bo-zhe' ).  Bom  about 
1462:  died  1522.  Daughter  of  Louis  XL,  and 
regent  of  France  1483-90. 

Anne  of  Brittany  (Bretagne ).  Bom  at  Nantes, 


Annunciation,  The 

1476:  died  at  Blois,  1514.  The  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Francis  II.,  duke  of  Brittany,  wife 
of  Charles  VIH.  of  France  (1492)  and,  after 
his  death,  of  his  successor,  Louis  XII.  (1499). 
Through  her  the  last  of  the  great  fiefs  of  France 
was  permanently  united  to  the  crown. 

Anne  of  Cleves.  Bom  at  Cleves,  Germany, 
1515 :  died  in  England,  1557.  A  queen  of  Eng- 
land, daughterof  the  Duke  of  Cleves.  and  fovirm 
wife  of  Heurv  VIH.  She  was  married  in  Jan- 
luiry.  1540,  and  divorced  in  Jidy  of  the  same  year. 

Anne  of  Denmark.  Bom  at  Skanderborg, 
Denmark,  Dec.  12,  1574:  died  March  2.  1619. 
A  queen  of  England  and  Scotland,  daughter  of 
Frederick  H.  of  Denmark,  and  wife  of  James 
Vl.  of  Scotland  (James  I.  of  England). 

Anne  of  Geierstein.  A  romance  by  Sir  'Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1829.  The  scene  is  laid 
mainly  in  Switzerland  in  the  15th  century. 

Anne  Boleyn.  A  tragedy  by  Dean  Milman, 
produced  in  1821.     See  also  Anna  Bolena. 

Anne  of  Savoy,  Bom  1320 :  died  1359.  Em- 
press-regent of  the  Eastern  Empire,  daughter 
of  Amadeus  V..  duke  of  Savoy.  She  was  married 
to  the  emperor  Andronicns  III.  in  1337,  and,  after  his 
death  (1341),  became  regent  during  the  minority  of  her 
son  John  V.  Palseologus. 

Anne,  Sister.  The  sister  of  Bluebeard's  last 
wife,  Fatima.  she  watched  for  the  cloud  of  dust 
which  was  to  indicate  the  arrival  of  their  brothers  to  res- 
cue tliem.     See  Bluebeard. 

Anne  Ivanovna.    See  Anna  Iianonta. 

Anne  Page.    See  Page. 

Anne  Petrovna.    See  Anna  Petrovna. 

Annecy  (an-se').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Savoie.  France,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Annecy  in  lat.  45°  53'  X.,  long.  6°  8' 
E.,  the  former  seat  of  the  counts  of  Genevois. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  steel,  etc.  It 
contains  an  old  castle,  a  cathedral,  and  a  bishop's  palace. 
Population  (1891X  11,947. 

Annecy,  Lake  of.  A  lake.  9  miles  long,  in  the 
department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  near  An- 
necy.    Its  outlet  is  bv  the  Fier  to  the  Rhone. 

AnnenkofF  (an'en-kof),  Michael.  Bom  AprU 
30.  1835 :  died  1899.  A  Russian  general  and  en- 
gineer who  projected  and  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  the  Russian  Transcaspian  Railway. 

Aimen'WTlllen(iin'nen-vul-len).  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  'Westphalia,  Prus- 
sia, near  Dortmund.     Population,  about  7.000. 

Annesley  (anz'li).  Arthtir.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
July  10.  1614:  died  April  26, 1686.  An  English 
statesman,  son  of  Sir  Francis  Annesley  (Lord 
Mountnorris  and  Viscount  Valentia  in  Ire- 
land), created  Earl  of  Anglesea  in  1661.  He  sat 
in  Richard  Cromwell's  parliament  of  1658 ;  was  president 
of  the  council  of  state  in  1660,  aiding  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.;  succeeded  to  his  father's  titles  in  1660; 
and  was  lord  privy  seal  1672-82-  He  supported  the  par- 
liamentary attack  on  James  in  a  paper  addressed  to  Charles 
II.,  entitled  "The  Account  of  Arthur.  Earl  of  -Anglesea, 
to  your  Most  Excellent  ilajesty  on  the  true  state  of  your 
Majesty's  government  and  kingdom  "  (1682). 

Annesley  (anz'li)  Bay,  or  Adulis  (a-do'lis) 
Bay,  or  Zulla  vzol'la)  Bay.  --^n  arm  of  the 
Red  Sea  on  its  western  coast,  southeast  of 
Massowah.  extending  30  miles  inland,  -  about 
lat.  15°  X. 

Anni  (an'ne),  or  Ani  (a'ne).  A  ruined  medie- 
val city  in  the  government  of  Erivan,  Caucasus, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Arpachai  about  28 
miles  southeast  of  Kars :  the  ancient  capital  of 
Armenia. 

Annie  Laurie.  A  song  written  by  'William 
Douglas  of  Kirkcudbright. 

Anniston  (an'is-ton).  A  manufacturing  city 
in  Calhoun  Couuty.  Alabama,  60  miles  east  of 
Birmingham :  tlie  center  of  a  great  iron-mining 
region.     Population  (1900),  9,695. 

Annius  of  'Viterbo  (an'i-us  ov  ve-ter'b6).  Bom 
at  Viterbo.  Italy,  about  1432:  died  Nov.  13, 
1502.  An  Italian  Dominican  monk  and  scholar. 
He  published  a  spurious  collection  of  lost 
classics. 

Anni'viers  (a-ne-ve-a'),  'Val  d",  G.  Einfisch- 
thal  (in'fish-tal).  -An  Alpine  valley  20  miles 
lone,  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland, 
which  unites  with  the  Rhone  valley  opposite 
SieiTC.     It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

Anno,  Saint.     See  Hanno. 

Annonay  (an-no-na').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ai'deehe,  France,  37  miles  southwest 
of  Lvons,  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  paper 
and  "glove-leather.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mime.  17.6'26. 

Annunciation,  The.  1.  A  very  beautiful  pic- 
ture bv  Andrea  del  Sarto,  in  the  Galleria  Pitti, 
Florence. —  2.  -\  painting  by  Luca  SignoreUi 
(1491),  in  the  San  Carlo  Chapel  of  the  Duomo 


Annunciation,  The 


61 


Anthology,  The 


at  Volterra,   Italy:  one  of   the  master's  best  Anselm   (an'selm).   Saint.      Born   at   or  near  Anstnither   (an'struTH-<>r)    East  an.l  West 
works.-3.  A  pic  ure  by  T.tian,  m  tlie  Seuo  a     Aosta,  Italy,  1033:  died  at  Canterbury.  April     Two  r.."Ti;ur(:irs  in  Fifeshh^f  S  "    a.ul    ob 

lastK  theology.     He  Bludied  under  Lanfranc  at  Bee  Anta,  or  Antha  (an'tii).     The  Ecyptiau  name 
where  he  nMumed  the  monastic  habit  in  Kxiu;  wan  prii.r     of  the  trojdess  Aniiitis 

o^Beel.«i)-7^andil8ablH,tlM7»-U3;  andwasarLhldU..,    a'*",,':",        A,  ,.        .      ,      ^     „        . 

of  CanterliunKuc-iioD.     He  stuliljomly  supiiorted.  in  a  AUtaBUS  (an-te    lis).      [Gr.  AKraioj-.J     In  Greek 


Preraphaelite  painting  by  Dante  Gabriel  Ros- 
Betti,  in  the  National  Gallery,  Lon<lou.  The 
Virgin  was  painted  from  Christina  Kossetti. — 
5.  A  painting  by  Fra  Angelico,  with  a  prcikUa 
beneath  it  of  tivo  subjeets  from  tlie  life  of  the 
Virgin.  It  was  painted  for  San  Domenico  at  Fiesole, 
and  18  now  in  tlie  Royal  Museum  at  Matlrid. 

Annunzio  (an-non'tzi-6),  Gabriele  d".  Bom  at 

Pescara,  Italy,  in  18(i4.  An  Italian  poet  and 
novelist.  He  lias  written  "  Pi  imo  Vere  "  (1-T!i).  "  Canto 
Nuovo"  (1SS2),  "Teria  VerKlne"  (1882),  '•Ilileraiezz..  di 
rime"  (18Si:i),  "II  libro  delli  Veruini"  (1884), 
La  Chimera"  (1885-88),  ".San  Pantaleom 
romane"  (1887-91),  "Giovanni  Episeopi 
as  "  EpiseoiK)  antl  Companv,"  1890),  "  Poenia  ] 
Odi  naviili  '  |lisi)l-S)3),  "II  Piacere  '  (1889),  "L'Innr.cinte" 
(1891),  •  lYionfo  della  Morte"  (1S»4:  translated  as  "The 
Triunipb  of  Death,"  189«).  The  last  three  the  author  has 
named  the  "Romances  of  the  Rose."  He  is  writing  a  com- 
panion series,  the  "  Romances  of  the  Lily,"  of  which  "Le 
Vergini  <ielle  Rocce"  appeared  in  1896. 

Annus  Mirabili8(an'iismi-rab'i-lis).  [L.,'The 
Year  of  Woiulers'  (16ii6).]  A  poem  by  Dryden, 
descriptive  of  the  Dutcli  war  and  the  London 
fire  of  1066  (published  1667). 

Annweiler  or  Anweiler  (iin'ri-ler).  A  small 
manufacturing  town  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate, 
Bavaria,  on  the  mueich  22  miles  southwest  of 
Speyer.  Near  it  is  the  Annweiler  Thai  (Pala- 
tine Switzerland ). 

Anomoeans  (au-o-me'anz).  [Gr.  avd/ioioc,  un- 
like, dissimilar.]  A  sect  of  extreme  Arians  in 
the  4th  century.  They  held  that  the  Son  is  of  an 
essence  not  even  similar  to  tliat  of  the  Father  (wlience 
their  name),  while  the  more  moderate  Arians  held  that 
the  essence  of  the  .Son  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Kather, 
though  not  identical  with  it.  It  was  founded  at  Antii.ch. 
and  was  led  by  Aetius,  and  after  him  by  Eunoniius,  w  hence 
its  niemlters  were  also  called  Aetians  and  Eunoniians.  Its 
tenets  were  finally  condemned  at  the  Council  of  Constan- 
tinople (Ltbl).   See  Fl/>foria7ig. 

Anonymus  Cuspiniani  (a-non'i-mus  kus-pin-i- 
ii'ni).  [NL.,  'the  anuujnnous  (manuscript)  of 
Cuspinian.']     See  the  extract. 

Anonymus  Cnspinlani  is  the  uncouth  designation  of  the 
mysterious  MS.  (also  edited  by  Koncalli)  wliicli  is  our 
most  valuable  autliority  for  tile  last  quarter-century  of  the 
Western  Empire.  The  MS.  of  this  chronicle  is  in  tlie  Impe- 
rial Library  at  Vienna.  It  was  first  publislied  by  a  certain 
Joseph  Cuspinianus,  a  scliolar  of  the  Renaissance  (who 
died  in  1.V29),  and  hence  the  name  by  which  it  is  techni- 
cally known.        Hotttfkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  211. 

Anoobis.     See  .tmihis. 

Anoukis,  or  Anouk6,  or  Anaka.    See  Jnkt. 

Antiuetil  (onU-tel'),  Louis  Pierre.    Bom  at 

Paris,  .fan.  21,  1723:  died  at  Paris,  Sejit.  C, 
1808.  A  French  historian.  He  wrote  "Histoire 
de  France"  (ISO".),  "Esprit  de  la  ligue"  (1707),  "IWcisde 
I'histoire  uiiiv.T.-iellc"  (1797),  etc. 

Anquetil-Duperron  (oiik-tel'dii-per-rou'), 
Abraham  Hyacinthe.  Horn  at  Paris,  Dec.  7, 
1731:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1805.  A  French 
Orientalist,  brother  of  L.  P.  Anquetil.  His 
chief  work  is  "Zend-Avesta.'" 

Ang  (oil   or  ilns). 
Li6ge,  Belgium. 

Ansarii  (an-sa'ri-I),  or  Nossaril  (no-sa'ri-i). 
An  Arabian  people  in  Syria,  dwelling  in  the 
mountains    between   the    Orontes    north    and 


mythology,  a  Libyan  giant  and  wrestler,  son 
of  Poseidon  and  (Je.  He  was  Invincible  so  long  as 
he  remained  in  contact  with  his  mother  the  eartlu  He 
compelled  atniiiKers  in  his  country  to  wrestle  witli  him, 
and  built  a  house  to  Poseidon  of  their  skulls  Heracles 
disc4,vered  the  source  of  his  strength,  and  lifting  him  into 
the  air  crushed  him. 


,  -  -     bonily  supported 

dispute  with  William  1 1,  and  Uenry  I.  ciuicerning  the  riuht 
of  investiture,  the  p<dicy  inauguratitd  by  (iregory  MI. 
Chief  works:  "Monologion,"  '■  i^roslogion."  "Cur  Deus 
Iloinor  ■  His  day  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  Church 
April  ■_'!. 

Anselm  of  Laon.  Bom  at  Laon,  France,  about 
1030:  died  July  1").  1117.  A  French  theologian, 
author  of  an  interlinear  gloss  on  the  Vulgate.     Antalcidas  (au-tal'si-das).    ASpartau  admiral 

l„c<»i™«  (,.,.  =„!.„'>    T T> J    «»_      J  politician  who  tloiirished  in  the  first  half 

the  4th  century  B.  c.     He  concluded  with 

_  ,.. „.  rsia  the  Peace  of  Antalcidas,  387  B.C. 

the  Var  in  1792.  He  was  suspended  from  hie  command  Antananarivo.     See  Tdiiaiiariio. 

and  imprisoned  Kg,'!,  on  the  charge  of  having  permitted  Autar  (au'tiiri  or  Antara  (iin'ta-ra).    An  Arab 

tirement  tiU  his  death.  oelore  the  time  ot   Moliaiiiiucd.     He  is  supposed 


itHs::),  •  iiuermezzo  tu     "'"o.-i  wi  an  iiiifriiiiear  gioss  on  ine  \  uigate.     .ixiiLa 

i"  (1884),  "Lisottto:  Anselme  (on-selm'),  Jacones  Bernard  Mo-    "'"' 

^^".""(l^ri'ra'nsi'XI     l«ste  d'    Bom  at  Apt.  July  22,  1740 :  die.l  1812.     of  th 
"  Poenia  paradisiaco :     A  1  riiich  general,  commander  ot  the  army  of     I  ersi 


Anselme  (oii-selm').  A  character  in  the  drama 
'•  l/.\vare,"  by  Moli^re. 

Ansgar  (ans'giir),  or  Anscharius  (ans-kii'ri- 
us).  Born  near  Amiens,  France,  Sept.  9  (f). 
801  A.  D. :  died  at  Bremen,  Feb.  3,  8ft5.  A 
Prankish  missionary  to  Denmark  (827),  Swe- 
den (828-831),  and  northern  Germany:  called 
"The  Apostle  of  the  North."  He  wis  the  first 
bishop  of  Hanibiug  (8:il).  This  bishopric  was  afterward 
(84<i)  united  with  that  of  Bremen. 

Anshumant.  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  son  of 
Asaiii.iiijas  and  grandson  of  Sagara.  He  brought 
back  the  horse  can ied  off  from  Sagara's  Asvamedha  sacii- 
lice,  and  discovered  the  remains  of  .Sagara's  siity  tliousaml 
sons  who  had  been  killed  by  the  tire  of  KapUa's  wrath. 

Ansibarii.     See  .Imjisiiarii. 

Anslo  iiins'16),  Reinier.     Born  at  Amsterdam. 
llJ2tJ :  died  at  Perugia,  ilay  10,  1669.     A  Dutch 
poet.      He  wrote  "  The  .Martyr  Crown  of  St.  Stephen," 
"The  Plague  at  Naples,"  and  "The  Paris  Wedding    (i.  e 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew). 

Anson  (an'son),  George  (Lord  Anson).    Born 

at  Shugborough,  Staffordshire,  Ai>ril  2:1,  1697: 
died  at  Moor  Park,  Hertfordshire,  June  6,  1762. 
A  celebrated  English  admiral.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1712,  became  a  captain  in  1721,  and  from  1724  to 
17.')5  was  generally  cruising  on  the  coast  of  Carolina.  In 
1740  he  comniandi 
Pac; 


to  have  been  the  authorof  .me  of  the  piHrms  hung  up  in  the 
Kaaba  at  .Mecca,  and  the  hero  of  a  celebrated  romance 
named  from  him,  the  author  of  wliich  is  unknown.  (.See 
Annai.) 

Antarctic  Ocean.  That  part  of  the  ocean  whick 
is  included  between  the  south  pole  and  the  .\nt- 
arctic  ('ircle.  Among  the  lands,  or  supposed  lands  dis- 
covered In  this  region,  arc  Victoria  Land.  Wilkes  Land, 
King  Oscar  IL  Land,  and  Alexander  I.  Lami.  Graham 
Land  has  recently  laen  shown  (o  be  archipelagic.  Tnicts 
of  land  and  sea  norlh  of  the  Antarctic  Cirelf,  as  the  .South 
Shitlands,  are  sometimes  incluiied.  .No  trace  of  animal 
life  belonging  to  the  land  surface  has  yet  been  discovered 
In  the  Antarctic  tract.  .Mount  Erebus,  ai  live  volcano, 
12..'!67  feet ;  Mount  Melb.iurne,  about  l.'),0uifeet.  Visited 
by  c,«,k  1772-73,  Weddell  (to  7.'/|.  Dlnillc  1839,  Wilkes 
I8:i'.i.  Ross  1841-42  (to  lat.  78'  10  1,  the  Challenger  ex- 
IM-dituiu  1874.  Larsen  isya,  the  Bclgica  ex|>editioii  1897- 
18911,  B.rcligrevink  1898-1901,  an.l  the  British  AnUrctic 
exi.c.lition  1901-  (to  lat.  82'  \T,  the  farthest  point 
r.-acheili.  "^ 

Antares  (an-ta'rez).  [Gr.  'AirapiK  (Ptolemy), 
from  uit/,  against, torresponding to, similar, and 
"Vp'/C,  Ares,  Mars:  so  called  because  this  star 
resembles  in  color  the  planet  Mars.]  A  red 
star  of  the  first  inaguituile.  the  middle  one  of 
three  in  111.-  li.i.lv  of  tli.'  Si-.iriii.iii  ;  ii  Scorpii. 

Antelope  Island,  oi  Church  Island.  The  lar- 
gest i.sland  in  tireat  Salt  Lake,  Utah.  Length, 
about  18  miles. 


vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  »  ith  the  command  .if  the  Chan- 
nel fleet.  On  May  :i,  1747,  he  intercepted  a  bVench  convoy 
olf  Cape  FInisterre,  ami  gained  a  brilliant  victory.  In  re- 
ward he  was  ireateil  llaron  Anson.  Thereafter  he  was 
engaged  in  organizing  the  nai-y,  and  was  llrst  lord  of  the 
admiralty  from  .lune,  17fil,  until  Nov.,  17:',«,  and  again 
from  .lune,  17.'i7,  until  his  death.  In  .lune,  17tiJ,  he  at- 
lained  the  highest  naval  rank  as  admiral  of  the  fleet. 
.  ,1         t  u     1       <•  Ansonia  (an-s6'ni-ii).     A  city  of  New    Haven 

A  northwestern   suburb   of    ,.„,„„,.,  Connectici.t,  situated  on  the  Naugii- 

tuck  kiver  10  miles  west  by  north  of  New 
Haven.  It  has  manufactures  of  copper,  brass, 
ami  .■ii'ctrical  goods,  clocks,  oti-.     Population 

A^'TJlVr"^\  AT^7  (.•stimated).  7.5.000      Ai8pach''S's'pilol>'.  Margravine   of. 

Ansbach  (ans'baeh).     An  ancient  principality     it,H;,t,ii    FU-iitittli         •"•'"■'6»'*v»"° 
of  (iermany    ruled   by  margraves  of  the   H.;.  ^gted"  (an's'te.l),  David  Thomas.     Bom   at 
henzoUern    house.    It  was  united  with  Hayreulh  in     ]^,,|iJon    Feb  v"""-"- 


0  he  commanded  a  sipladron  of  six  ships  sent  to  the  ATit.oTinT-  fan  fS'nor^  TGr  'Xi-nntm  ^  Tn  firPBk 
2iflc.  Two  ships  were  driven  back  by  stonns,  one  was  Antenor  C«n-te  nOr).  IC^r.  ATTyiu^.J  In  L.reeK 
lostatCapeU.irn.ai.dtwo.ithers  wercdesiniyedasunsea-  hgeuil.  a  I  rojan, according  tO  Homer  the  Wisest 
worthy.  In  the  remaining  vessel,  the  Centuri.in,  of  tio  guns,  of  the  elders.  H.' was  the  host  of  Menelaus  and  Odys- 
he  nearly  destroyed  the  commerce  of  the  .Spanish  c.donies  sens  when  they  visited  Trov,  and  strongly  advised  the 
on  the  Pacillc  coast, blockaded  ports,  ami  even  sacked  and  'Irojans  t<i  surrender  Helen.  His  friendliness  toward  the 
burned  t.iwns.  He  then  crossed  the  PaciHc.  captured  Oreeks  in  the  end  amounted  to  tivasou. 
the  Spanish  treasureship  on  its  way  from  Manilla  to  AnteUOr.  Lived  about  .")09  B.  C.  An  Athenian 
Acapuico  (June  20,  174  0.  obtained  b.jotv  to  the  value  of     *-"*'J'"^**     ,      .<  i     .i      j.     »  i.  .    *  t 

£M\m,.  and  reached  England  by  the  (ape.if  Uoo.l  liope    sc"lplor  who  "made  the  lirst  brouze  s  atues  of 
in  June,  1744.     He  was  m.ide  rear-admiral,  an.l  in  174ii     Hamiodlus  and  Aristogeiton,  which  the  Atne- 


See 


1709,  acquired  by  Prussia  in  1791-92,  cede.l  to  itavaria  by 
Prussia  in  ISO.'.,  occupied  by  France  In  ISIWJ,  and  cede.l  to 
Bav.aria  in  1810. 

Ansbach  (ilns' bitch),  or  Anspach  (iins'piich). 
The  capital  of  Middle  Franconia.  Bavaria,  situ- 


1814:  die.l  at  .Mellon,  May  20. 
1880.  An  Kiiglisli  geol.igisi,  professor  of  geol- 
ogy in  King's  College,  London,  1840-,'i3.  He 
was  the  nullior  of  "  Geolngv"  (1844),  "Great 
Stone  Book  of  Nature"  (18(U),  etc. 


Couiily  Cork,  Ireland,  1793:  died  at  Dublin, 
June  9,  1.867.  An  Irish  s.-holar  anil  iioet.  regins 
professor  of  civil  law  in  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, l837-(i7.  He  IrniislaliMl  Giiolhi's  "  Faiisl  " 
(183.''i.  1864), 


atod  on  the  Franeonian  Kezat  2.5  miles  south-  Anster  (an'ster),  John.     Bm-n  at  Charlevill.'. 
west  of  Nuri'mberg:   formerly  the   capital  of 
the  ancient  princi|ialitv  of  An.sbach.     Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune, "14,2.58. 

Anscharius.    See  .luKi/dr. 

Ansdell(  an/.'. 111).  Richard.  Born  at  Liverpool, 

181.5:  .lie.i  April  20,  18S.5.    An  Kiiglish  artist,  Anstett  (Un'siet),  Johann   Protasius  von. 

noted  chielly  for  (laintings  of  animal  life.  "  '  '^' ' ' 

Anse  (oiis).     A  small  town  in  the  department  of 

Rh()ne,  France,  situated  on  the  Azergiie  near 

the  Saoiie,  14  miles  north-northwest  of  Lyons. 

It  was  an  important  pla.'e  in  the  middle  ages. 
Ansedonia  (iin-sa-do'ne-ii).     A  small  town  in 

Tuscany,   Italy,  on  the  coast    near  Orbelello; 

the  ancient  ( 'osa.     It  contains  Elrusian  fortincati.ina 

the  most  perfect  in  Italy,  in  plan  appr.iximatcly  a  s.|Uar.- 

of  about  a  mile  tn  circuit.     The  lower  part  .if  the  walls  Is 

of  huge  polygonal  bhicks  so  exactly  Hll.-.l  that  a  knife- 


Born  at  SIraslmrg,  1766:  .lie. I  at  Fraiikfort-on- 
the-Maiii,  May  14,  183.5,  .\  Kiissian  diplonialiHt. 
Ho  conclu.lcl  with  Prussia  111.'  c.>nvenll.>n  of  Knllsh, 
Feb.  28,  18l;i:  asslstc.l  Ness.-lr.i.le  in  arranging  tlic  sub. 
silly  treaty  ..f  r.nglan.l  with  Hiissla  an.l  Prussia  at  Kclcb. 
enbach,  June  !.'>,  ISlit;  r.-lir.-M'ii(e.l  IClls^la  willt  pl.-nar)' 
]i..wers  at  the  congr.-fts.if  Pnigii.-.  .Iiil,\  K.-Aug.  |o,  i,si:i; 
and  from  Isl.'.  tohls.l.'alb  wan  iinibassj..).irextni.inllimry 
an.l  minister  pientiNiti-ndury  to  the  tiennnn  Confedera- 
tion. 
-Anstey  (an'stil,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Brink- 
ley,  t ainbridgesliire,   I'.iiglaiid,  Oct.  31,   1724: 


iladc  cannot  be  inserted  In  the  joints ;  the  upper  partis     died   at  Ohippeiihuni.    Knglnnd,    AuK-  3,  18(C>. 
of  approximately  squared  Idocks  an.l  horlnintnl  courses,     ^y,,  l.;„^,lisli  satirical  poet,  authorof  "Now  Bath 
:{0  feet,  the  thickness  is  about  0  feet  .-    ^     —  • 


The  height  reach  

There  are  a  number  of  large  towers  an< 
eatea. 


8  alioiil  0  feet-      .,    .,    M  /,-,...,       , 
three  double     <•""'"     Q'''"  ■  ••'"•   , 

Anstey,  F.    A  pseud 


onvm  of  T.  A.  Guthrie. 


nians  set  uj)  in  the  Cerameicus.  (B.C.  509.) 
These  statues  w-ere  carritil  olf  to  Susa  by  Xerxes.  and 
their  place  was  supplied  l.y  others  ma.le  either  by  Callias 
or  by  I'raxitelcs.  .-Vfter  the  coni|uest  of  Persia.  Alexander 
the  Gn-at  sent  the  statues  back  to  Athens,  where  they 
were  again  sel  up  in  the  Cerameicus."  Smiiht  Diet-  of 
(jr.  and  Rom.  Hii»g. 

Antequera  (iin-ta-kii'ra).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the  iitiadal- 
horce  2.5  miles  north  of  Malaga:  the  Koinaii 
Antiipiaria.  it  has  manufactures  of  wiKilen  goiMls  and 
silks,  tanneries,  etc.  11  was  captured  from  the  Moors  la 
111.1.     Population  (18S7I,  27,070. 

Anteros  (an'te-ros).  [Gr.  'AitZ/kjc,  from  avrl, 
against,  and  i/kji;,  love.j  In  Greek  raytholopj',  a 
son  of  A|>hrodile  and  Ares  and  brother  of  Kros. 
He  was  the  god  of  unhappy  love,  the  avenger 
of  nun  i|uiled  alTeclion:  tlie  opposite  of  Kros. 

Anteros.  Bisho]!  of  Home  2:t5-2.36,  sncccvsor  of 
Si.  riinlianus.  He  was  a  (inek  by  birth.  AcconliiiK 
to  Kusi-bius,  he  was  elected  In  2S-s,  dying  one  month  later, 
but  must  miHlern  liislorlnns  follow  linrtinlus,  an  alHive. 

Antesians.     See  AiKli.iinn.i. 

Anthemius  (an-the'ini-ns).  [Gr.  'AiW/'/Of.] 
Burn  al  Tralles.  Lydia:  died  about  .534.  A 
(■reek  inatheiiiatician  and  nri'hitect.  He  was 
one  of  the  architects  einiiloytsl  by  the  emperor  Justinian 
III  building  Ibe  chiir.  b  of  .St.  .S.pfila  nl  ('.instantinople. 

Anthemius.  Lmperor  of  the  West  4(i7-473 
(172  J),  sun  of  I'rocopius  and  son-in-law  of  the 
eastern  emiieror  Marcian.  Ilewns  n..niinat<-d  em- 
jMTor  .if  tlic  West  by  the  ensleni  eliipenir  I.111,  .in  the  ap- 
plication of  Ittcinier  for  a  successor  to  MnJ.irlnn.  slid 
wim  conflrmc.!  iil  Itouie.  He  lii-i'iiinc  (he  fn(h.  (.inlaw 
of  Itlclni.  r  In  4<.7,  an.l  Ha»  kille.l  In  a  civil  war  which 
broke  out  between  them. 

Anthia  (an-lhi'il).  [dr. '.KMiaY  Theheroinc 
in  I  he  riiniiinee  "  EphesiacB,"  by  Xenophon  of 

KplllsMS. 

Anthology,  The.  [Hr.  /it^}oyla,  LGr.  also  aii- 
(h>u)ioi;  a  llower-galhering,  hence  a  oollec- 
lion  of  small  ])orins.  from  lii/Wiijoc  (tathering 
flowers,  friiiii  .b<'.«-.  a  flower,  and  >/)f(i  =  L. 
Iriirrr,  gather,  rend.]  A  culleotiiin  of  several 
tliuuiiaud  short  (Jreek  poems  by  many  authors, 


Anthology,  The 


62 

and  authorized  bv  the  laws  thereof." 


The  Greek  Antholo?}-  brings  together  epigrams  and 
short  pieces  ranging  over  about  1,000  years,— from  Simon- 
ides  of  Ceos  (490  B.  c.)  to  the  siith  century  of  our  era. 
Alaxinius  Planudes,  a  monk  of  Constantinople  (1330  a.  d), 


written  for  the  most  part  in  the  elegiac  meter.  ,ju   .i  •  ,    .i 

In  it  every  period  of  Greek  literature  is  represented,  from  b.irghere  denied  that  this  oath  could  be  taken  consistentlj 

the  pSn  war  to  the  decadence  of  Byzantium.    The  first  with  the  principles  of  the  clmrcli,  while  the  Burghers  af- 

Anthol^w  "compiled  bv  .Meleager  of  Gadara  in  the  1st  lin.ied  its  compatibility.  The  parties  were  reunited  in  1820. 

centurf  B.  c. :  tothisad.litionsweie  madebyPhilippusof  ^^ygajjt     J),-.    Pessimist.     A    pseudonym  of 

Thes-saionica  about  100. ».U.   In  the  collection  by  Agathias  rp,  Parlvle 

^^^^^^^r'i^S^^^"''''  ^"""'^*  Anti-Com-Law-    League.      An    association 
arraii^tu   }       ,  formed inl839,withheadquartersat Manchester, 

to  further  the  repeal  of  the  British  corn-laws. 

Among  the  leaders  were  Cobden,  Bright,  Vil- 

. .  liers,  Joseph  Hume,  and  Roebuck. 

put  together  a  coUection,  founded  on  that  of  Agathias  ^^jjj^j    (an-ti-kos'ti).      A    thinly   inhabited 

'^i^^^^^:^^:^::^^'^^^^^.  inland  of  Bi-itish  America   situated  i,i  the  Gulf 

found  a  manuscript  in  the  library  of  the  Elector  Palatine  of  St.  Laivrence  lu  lat.  49°-o0°  >.,  long,   bl" 

at  Heidelbcr;:,  containing  another  Greek  .\ntllology.  put  4Q'_<}^o  30'  'W'.      It  is  swampv,  rocky,  and  un- 

together  by  Constantinus  Cephalasabout  920  i.D     This  15  f     jjf   j      Hg  jg      th  is  13.5  nules  and  its  great- 
non-known  as  the  Palatine  Antholog>- :  and  it  is  now  seen  .jti,  „!,„  ,t  ok  ^:i„„ 

that  Planudes  had,  in  Large  measure,  merely  rearranged  or  est  wifltn  aooui  do  miles.  _  ,     ., 

abridged  it.    Love,  art,  mourning  for  the  dead,  the  whole  Anticyra  (an-tis'l-ra).    [Gr.  'AiTtKvpa,  AvrtKVppa, 

range  of  human  interests  and  sympathies,  lend  leaves  to  earlier  '\i'W«ppa.1      1.    In  ancient  geographv, 
this  garland  of  Greek  song.             Jetft,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  100.  ^.'•j^  ,  .„ 

Anthon(an'thoD).  Charles.  Born  atNewYork, 
Nov.  19,  1797 :  \licd  at  New  York,  July  29,  1867. 
An  American  classical  teacher,  professor  of 
Greek  in  Columbia  College.  He  edited  Lemprifere's 
" Classical  Dictionary  "(It^ll).  and  compiled  a  " Dictionary 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  "  (1S43),  and  various  clas- 
sical text-books. 

Anthony  (an'to-ni).  or  Antony  (an'to-m). 

Saint,  "The  Great-':  L.  Antonius.     Born  at  ,  >-,-„•        ■  ,u 

Coma,  Upper  Eg\-pt,  about  251  a.d.  :  died  about  Antietam  (an-te  tarn).     A  small  river  in  south 

356     \n  E<Typtian  abbot,called  (bv  Athanasius)  ern  Pennsylvania  andwestern  Maryland,  which 

the  founder  of  asceticism.    He  earl'y  adopted  an  as-  joins  the  Potomac  6  miles  north  of  Hai-per's 

cetic  mode  of  life,  and  in  285  retired  altogether  from  the  so-  Ferrv.     On  its  banks  near  Sh.arpsburg,  Sept  17,  1862.  a 

ciety  of  men,  living  first  in  a  sepulcher,  then  for  twenty  battle  (called  bv  the  Confederates  the  battle  of  Sharps- 

yearsintheruinsofacastle,and  finally  on  Mount  Colzim.  burg)  was  fought  between  the  Federals  (57,164,  of  whom 

His  sanctity  attracted  numerous  disciples,  whom  he  gath-  about  60,000  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle)  under  McClellan, 

ered  into  a  fraternity  near  fayiim,  which  at  his  death  and  the  Confederates  (40,Oi:iO  according  to  Lee.  4,^,000  to 


a  citv  in  Phocis.  Greece,  situated  on  the  Co- 
rinthian Gulf  in  lat.  38°  23'  N..  long.  22°  38' 
E.     It  is  noted  for  the  hellebore  (the  ancient 


Antin,  Due  d' 

The  Anti-  AntigOUUS  Caiystius  (ka-ris'ti-us).  Born  in 
Carystos.  Eubcea  (whence  his  surname):  lived 
about  250  B.  C.  a  Greek  writer,  author  of  a  work  re- 
lating to  natural  history,  portions  of  which  are  extant, 
valuable  as  containing  quotations  from  lost  v^Titings. 

Antigonus  Doson  ( do' son ).  [Gr.  Auauv, '  Going- 
to-Givf':  a  surname  said  to  have  been  applied 
to  Antigonus  "because  he  was  always  about  to 
give,  and  never  did."]  Died  220  B.  c.  King  of 
Macedon  229-220  B.  c,  nephew  of  Antigonus 
Gonatas,  and  son  of  Demetrius  of  Cyrene,  the 
grandson  of  Antigonus,  Alexander's  general. 
He  was  appointed  guardian  of  Philip,  son  of  Demetrius  II.,. 
and  on  the  death  of  Demetrius  (22H  B.  c.)  he  married  hia 
widow,  and  ascended  the  thl-one.  He  supported  success- 
fully .Aratus  and  the  Achaean  League  against  Cleomenes, 
king  of  .Sparta,  and  the  .Etolians,  and  defeated  the  former 
at  Sellasia  221. 

Antigonus  Gonatas  (gon'a-tas).  Born  about 
319  B.  c. :  died  239  B.  c^  Son  of  Demetrius  Po- 
liorcetes,  and  king  of  Macedon  277-239.  He 
suppressed  the  Celtic  invasion  and  was  tempo- 
rarily driven  from  his  land  by  Pyrrhus  273. 


remedy  for  madness)  obtained  in  its  neighbor-  Antigua  (an-te;;gwa^.  ^  1.  An  island  in ^the  col 

hood. —  2.  A  citv  in  Thessalv.  Greece,  situated 

on  the  Sperchius  in  lat.  38°  51'  X..  long.  22° 

22'  E.     It.  also,  was  noted  for  its  hellebore.— 

3.  A  city  in  Locris,  Greece,  situated  near  Nau- 

pactus  m  lat.  38°  24'  N.,  long.  22°  E. 


numbered  l.i.OOO  members.  He  was  a  friend  and  sup- 
porter of  .Xthanasius.  He  was  often  (according  to  his  own 
belief)  sorely  tempted  in  Ids  solitude  by  the  devd,  who  ap- 
peared in  a  great  variety  of  forms,  now  as  a  friend,  now 
as  a  fascinating  woman,  now  as  a  dragon,  and  once  broke 
through  the  wall  of  his  cave,  filling  the  room  with  roaring 


70,000  sccordingto  Pollaid,  97,01X1  according  to  McClellan) 
under  Lee.    The  total  loss  of  the  Union  army  was  12,4ti9 


onv  of  the  Leeward  Islands.  Lesser  Antilles, 
British  West  Indies,  in  lat.  (St.  John)  17°  6' 
N.,  long.  61°  50'  W.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
in  1493,  and  settled  in  1632.  It  exports  sugar,  rum,  mo- 
lasses, etc.  Thechief  town  isSt.  John.  Length,  28  miles. 
Area,  108  square  miles.  Population,  with  Barliuda  and  Ee- 
donda  (1891),  36,819. 
2.   See  (liiatcmald.  Old. 

Anti-Jacobin,  or  Weekly  Examiner,  The.   A 

paper  originated  Nov.  20.  1797.  by  George  Can- 
ning and  contributed  to  by  his  friends,  princi- 
pally John  Hookham  Frere  and  George  Ellis. 
It  was  edited  by  William  Gilford,  and  the  last  number  ap- 
peared July  9,  i7?8.  Its  avowed  purpose  was  to  ridicule 
the  doctrines  of  the  French  Revolution  and  their  advocates 
in  England. 


(2,010  killed);  of  the  Confederates,  2.i,899.    Other  esti-   Anti-Jaoobin  Review  The      A  monthlv  tieri- 
mates  of  the  Confederate  loss  are  9,0(M  to  12,000.     Lee  re-  -antl-J  aCODm  Jieview    X  ae.     a  mommj  piri 

The  battle  is  va-     odical   started   in   1(9*    by   John   tjiHord:     it 
came  to  an  end  in  1821.    it  had  no  connection  with 


mates  c 

treated  across  the  Potomac  on  the  18th. 

5.--..- „  -      riously  described  as  a  Federal  victory  and  as  indecisive. 

lions,  howiing  wolves,  growling  bears,  fierce  hyenas,  and    a -x;  'PpHeral  Partv     lu  United  States  historv.     Cannings  paper,  and  the  names  of  the  distinguished  au- 
crawling  serpents  and  scorpions-scenes  frequently  de-  ■^^\*.^,.'t.''_,,;„,,  „,,i;,.„,  h,o  a.l,^,.tinr,  a„fl  rati,     thors  of  the  latter  do  not  appear  in  it. 
picted  in  Christian  art.    (.See  Temptation  of  St.  Anthony^ 


His  bones,  discovered  in  561  and  brought  first  to  Alexan- 
dria, then  to  Constantinople,  and  finally  to  Vienne  in 
southern  France,  are  said  to  have  performed  great  won- 
ders in  the  11th  century,  during  an  epidemic  of  "St.  An- 
thonys  fire,"  an  erysipelatous  distemper,  also  called  the 
"  sacred  fire."    His  day  is  Jan.  17  in  the  Roman  Church. 

Anthony  (an'to-ni),  Henry  Bowen.    Bom  at 

Coventrv,  R.  I.',  April  1,  1815:  died  at  Provi- 
dence, E.  I.,  Sept.  2,  1884.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  statesman.     He  was  a  graduate  of  Brown 


7^ 17      -I  ■   1  1  *i  „  ^^i^.^*-;....,  oT..q  ,.«+;       tnors  01  tne  latter  ao  not  appear  ui  11. 

the  partv  which  opposed  the  adoption  and  lati.  ^^^j^  5(g„.te.,^^a-n6'),orAntigiienu(an-te 
tication  of  the  Constitution  of  the  L  "iied  States  "^^.^"^-^^^^^  Araucanian  Indian  of  Chile  who 
and  which,  failing  m  this,  strongly  favored  the    p   '  .  .  ..   . 


strict  construction  of  the  Constitution,  its  fun- 
damental principle  was  opposition  to  the  strengthening  of 
the  national  government  at  the  expense  of  the  States. 
Soon  after  the  close  of  Washington's  first  administration 

(1793)  the  name  Anti- Federal  went  out  of  use.  Republican,    a  „+;  HV>aTino  Can'ti.lib'a-Tiiis)  "or  Atlt.i-T.pha.- 
and  afterward  Democratic-Republicantnow  usually  Demo-  Antl-ijlbanUS  (an  tl-UD  a-nus),  or  AnU  Ijeoa 

■■   -Anti-Federalist     nou  (an  ti-leb'a-non).      [Gr.  AiT(/(,Jaiof.]     .\ 


in  15.59,  was  made  toqui  or  war-chief  of  the  tribe. 
In  1563  he  defeated  and  killed  a  son  of  the  governor  Villa- 
gra  at  Mariguenu,  attempted  totakeConcepcionbut  failed, 
and  drove  the  Spaniards  from  Canete  and  Arauco,  but  was 
defeated  and  killed  in  an  attack  on  Angol  in  1564. 


cratic  alone),  taking  its  place. 
Parti 


Also  called  .4*1 


University  1333,  many  years  editor  of  the-proVrdmce  Anti-FcderalistS.     See  Anti-Federal  Party. 

"Journal,"  Whig  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1849-51,  Ee-  Antigone  (an-tig'o-ne).      [Gr.   IKv-iyovri.^     In 

'   ' "' "  Greek  legend,  a  daughter  of  CEdipus  by  his 

mother  Jocaste.  she  accompanied  (Edipus,  as  a  faith- 
ful daughter,  in  his  wanderings  until  his  death  at  Colonus ; 
she  then  returned  to  Thebes.  According  to  Sophocles, 
Hiemon,  the  son  of  Creon  (who  in  other  accounts  was 
then  dead),  fell  in  love  with  her.  Contrary  to  the  edict 
of  Creon,  she  buried  the  body  of  her  brother  Polynices, 
who  had  been  slain  in  single  combat  with  his  brother 
Eteocles,  and  (according  to  Sophocles)  was  shut  up  in  a 
subterraneous  cave  where  she  perished  by  her  own  hand. 
Hiemon  also  slew  himself.  Other  accounts  of  her  life  and 
death  are  given. 


publican  United  States  senator  18.i9-84,  and  several  times 
president  pro  tern-pore  of  the  Senate. 

Anthony,  Susan  Brownell.  Born  at  South 
Adams,  Mass.,  Feb.  15, 1820.  A  social  reformer, 
and  agitator  in  behalf  of  female  suffrage,  tem- 
perance, and  the  ciyW  lights  of  women. 

Anthony  of  Padua,  Saint.  Born  at  Lisbon.  Aug. 
15,  1195 :  died  near  Padua,  June  13.  1231.  A 
Franciscan  monk,  theologian,  and  preacher  in 
France  and  Italy.  He  taught  at  Montpellier,  Tou- 
louse, and  Padua.    According  to  the  legend,  he  one  day 


preached  to  a  school  of  fishes  and  was  heard  with  atten-  AntigOUe.     1.  A  celebrated  tragedy  by  Sopho- 
tion.     In  the  Roman  calendar  bis  day  is  June  13.     There     jjgg^  gf  uncertain  date. —  2.   A  tragedv  bv  Al- 
is  a  noted  painting  of  him  by  ilurillo  in  the  cathedral  of     „     .         geauel   to  "  Polvnices."  published  in 
Seville.    The  figure  of  the  saint  was  cut  from  the  picture     °5"'   -^    sequci    lu       xji,  m^.^.,      y 
by  a  thief  in  1S7 4,  but  was  recovered  in  New  \ oik,  and     liM.  ,.    ,.,       ro     ,.  '.t     -t 

replaced  very  skUfuUy.    There  is  also  a  painting  of  An-  Antlgonidse  (an-ti-gon  i-de).     [Gr.  AvTiyovi«ai.\ 
thony  by  Murillo  in  the  museum  at  Seville.    The^aiiit     -jj^g  descendants  of  Antigonus,  king  of  Asia 


kneels,  with  one  arm  about  the  infant  Saviour,  who  is 
seated  before  him  on  an  open  book. 

Anthony  Absolute,  Sir.    See  Absolute. 

Anthony's  Nose.  Apromontorynearthe  south- 
ern entrance  of  the  Highlands,  New  York,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Hudson  between  West  Point 
and  Peekskill. 

Anti  (an'te).  A  pro\-ince  of  the  Inca  empire 
of  Peru,  at  the  base  of  the  eastern  mountains, 
borderingthe  Ucayale  valley :  so  called  from  the 


of  Alexander  the  Great. 


mountain-range  of  Syria,  parallel  to  and  east 
of  the  Lebanon  range,  and  separated  from  it 
by  the  valleys  of  the  Orontes  and  Litany.  Its 
highest  peak  is  Mount  Hermon. 

Antilles  (an-til'lez  or  iin-tel').  [Sp.  Antillas, 
F.  A)itilles,  G.  Antilleii.']  A  general  name  for 
the  West  Indies,  excluding  the  Bahamas.  The 
Greater  Antilles  comprise  Cuba.  Jamaica,  Haiti  and 
Porto  Rico ;  the  Lesser  Antilles  comprise  the  remainder, 
to  which  the  name  was  formerly  restricted.  See  West 
Indies. 

Antilochus  (an-til'o-kus).  [Gr.  lKvri?oxoc.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Nestor  conspicuous  in 
the  Trojan  war.  He  was  a  close  friend  of  .\chiUes  and 
was  chosen  to  break  to  him  the  news  of  Patroclus's  death. 
Memnon  (or.  in  another  account,  Hector)  slew  him  and 
Achilles  avenged  his  death,  as  he  did  that  of  Patroclus. 
The  three  friends  were  buried  in  the  same  mound,  and 
were  seen  bj' Odysseus  walking  together  over  the  aspho- 
del meadows  of  the  under  world. 

Anti-Macchiavel  (an'ti-mak'i-a-vel).  An  es- 
say by  Frederick  the  Great,  respecting  the 
duties"  of  sovereigns,  intended  to  confute  the 
"  Principe  "  of  Macchiavelli.  It  was  written  before 
he  became  king,  and  was  issued  by  Voltaire  at  The  Hague 
in  1740. 


Indians  who  inhabited  it.    By  some  it  has  been   a-^.:-..^;™!,  ,•„_  f:„  ^  nesh')    A  seanort  capital 
supposed  that  the  Andes  took  their  name  from  ^^^'^°^^^^^"c^iJ,!^foyhio^^ 

this  province. ^^ _._..,.     George  Bav  38  miles  east  of  Pictou. 

(an-tig'o-nus).      [Gr.   'AtTi;.aiof.] 

Born  about  80  B.  c. :  executed  at  Antioeh  37  B.C. 


Antibes  (on-teb').     A  fortified  seaport  in  the    .^.^. 
department  of  Alpes-Maritimes.  France,  s.tu-  Anxigonus 
ated  on  the  Mediterranean  13  mUes  southwest 
of  Nice :  the  ancient  Antipolis.     it  was  a  Greek 
colony  from  Marseilles.    In  1746  it  was  bombarded  by  the 
Allies  under  Browne.    Population  (Isnl),  commune,  7,401. 

Antibes  Legion.  A  foreign  battalion  at  Rome 
during  the  French  occupation  of  the  city,  sup- 
ported by  Pope  Pius  IX.  It  was  formed  at  An- 
tibes and  composed  chiefly  of  Frenchmen. 

Antiburghers  (an'ti-ber-gerz).  The  members 
of  one  of  two  sections  into  which  the  Scotch 
Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747,  by  a  con- 
troversy on  the  lawfulness  of  accepting  a  clause 


one  of  the  generals 

The  principal  members  of  the  family  were  Demetrius  I. 
(Poliorcetes),  king  of  Macedonia  (died  283  B.  c),  son  of 
Antigonus.  king  of  Asia:   Antigonus  Gonatas,  king  of 
Macedonia  (died  239  B.  c.)   son  of  Demetrius  I. ;  Deme- 
trius of  cyrene  (died  250  B.  C),  son  of  Demetrius  I.;    ,-■-•.-  -      ,  /       .t:     /     1       \       rr-..    >i.-'  «-«,  i 
Demetrius  n.  king  of  Macedonia  (died  229  B.  c).  son  of  AntimachUS  (an-tim  a-kus).     [Gr.  l\ir(,i/a^oc.] 
AntigonusGonata.«;  Antigonus  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia     In  Greek  legend,  a  Trojan  warrior  mentioned 
(died  220  B.  c),  son  of  Demetrius  of  CjTene ;  Philip  V.,      j^^  jj^p  Ilia^l 

kingof  Macedonia  (died  179  B.C.),  son  of  Demetrius  II.;    A_t,-_,„~i.us      A  Greek  epic  and  elegiac  poet 
aiKl  Perseus,  kmgof  Macedonia,  conquered  by  the  Romans  AntimachUS^^  A  ^t^reeK  ^epK  ^anO  ^^-^^^^V^^^ 

(whence  he  was  called  "The  Colophonian"), 
who  flourished  about  410  B.  C.  His  chief  work 
was  the  "Thebais."  a  voluminous  epic  poem.  His  elegy 
on  Lyde,  his  wife  or  mistress,  w  as  highly  praised  in  an- 
tiquity. He  also  published  a  special  edition  of  Homer. 
The  -\Iexandrian    critics    constantly  quote   him,  and 


A  king  of  Judea  who  reigned  40-37  B.  c. :  the 
last  Maccabean  king.  He  was  defeated  by  Herod, 
the  son  of  .\ntipater,  and  put  to  death  by  Antony  as  a 
common  malefactor. 
Antigonus.  Bom  about  382  B.  C. :  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Ipsus,  301  B.  c.  One  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  sumamed  "The  One- 
Eved."  After  the  death  of  Alexander  he  received  the 
provinces  of  Greater  Plirygia.  Lycia.  and  Pamphylia. 
He  carried  on  war  against  Perdiccas  and  Eumenes.  made 
extensive  conquests  in  .Asia,  assumed  the  title  of  king  in 
306,  and  was  overthrown  at  Ipsus  by  a  coalition 


in  the  bath  required  to  be  taken  bv  burgesses  Antigonus.    1.  In  Shakspere's"' Winter's  Tale, 
declaratory  of  "  their  profession  and  allowance     a  lord  of  Sicilia.— 2.  In  Fletcher's  "  Humorous 
of  the  true"  religion  professed  within  the  realm    Lieutenant,"  an  old  and  licentious  king. 


greatly  admired  him.  and  he  may  fairly  be  regarded  the 
model  or  master  of  the  Alexandrian  epic  poets. '  Mahafy, 
Hist  of  Classical  Greek  Lit..  I.  146. 
Anti-Masonic  Party  (an'ti-ma-son'ik  piir'ti). 
In  American  politics,  a  political  party  which 
opposed  the  alleged  influence  of  freemasonry 
in  civil  affairs.  It  originated  in  western  New  York 
after  the  kidnapping  of  William  Morgan  in  1826,  who  had 
threatened,  it  was  said,  to  disclose  the  secrets  of  the 
order.  A  national  convention  nominated  Wirt  for  the 
presidency  in  1831 ;  but  the  oi-ganization  was  soon  after 
absorbed  bythe  Whigs.  Anti-Masonic  inttuence continued 
for  some  time  powerful  in  local  matters.  -*n  American 
Party,  organized  in  1S7.S  revived  the  principles  of  the 
Anti-Uasons,  but  has  had  very  few  adherents. 

Antin    (on-tan').   Due    d'    f Louis- Antoine 


Antin,  Due  d' 

de  Pardaillan  de  Gondrin).  Bom  1665 :  died 
at  Paris,  Dee.  2.  173(i.  A  French  courtier,  le- 
gitimate son  of  lladHme  ilc  Montespau.  Ho 
gainetl  the  favor  of  Louis  XIV'.  and  the  dauphin,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  regency  under  tlie  Duke  of  Orleans. 

Antinori  (iin-te-no're),  Manhose  Orazio.  Born 
at  Perugia,  Oct.  28,  1811 :  died  at  Marelia,  Aug. 
26,  1882.  An  iVfricau  traveler  and  zoologist. 
After  a  successful  ciireer  iis  scientist  and  patriot,  ami  a 
journey  through  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  he  went  to  Ej.'ypt 
In  1859.  He  exjilored,  with  I'oggia,  tlie  I'ppcr  Nile  regimis 
(18fiO-61)  and  returneil  to  Italy  « ilh  ririi  collections.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Italian  (;eographieal  s..- 
ciety.  In  1^C9  he  explored  Bogolanil,  nortli  of  Aliyssinia. 
In  IsTtl  he  led  an  impnrtant  scientillc  expedition  into 
Shoa  and  establislied  the  station  ilarella  wliere  he  died. 
The  thori'ugh  zoologic  exploration  of  Shoa  is  due  to  hint. 

AntinOUS  (an-tin'o-us).  [Gr.  'AiTiioof.]  Bom 
in  Bitbyiiia,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Ha<lrian  117-138  A.  i>.  A  page,  attendant,  and 
favorite  of  tlie  emperor  Hadrian,  lie  drowned 
himself  in  the  Nile,  probably  from  melanchtdy.  Of  the 
many  representations  of  Antinous  in  ancient  art.  the  statue 
from  the  villa  of  Hadrian,  in  the  CaiJitoline  Museum, 
Borne,  is  considered  the  Unest.  It  represents  a  well- 
formed  nude  youth  wliose  bowed  head  and  melanciioly 
look  seem  to  portend  his  untimely  fate.  There  !>*  a  coins- 
sal  statue  of  Hadrian's  favorite  in  the  Vatican,  Rome,  in 
the  character  of  Bacchus,  ivy-crowned  and  holding  a  staff 
or  scepter.  The  head,  somewhat  stern  in  expression,  is 
among  the  finest  of  the  type.  The  full  paludamentum  is 
modern,  the  ancient  drapery  having  been  in  bronze. 

Antiocll  (an'ti-ok).  [L.  Atitinchia,  Turk.  An- 
takia  ;  Gr.  -AvTiuxtia,  named  from  '.Vi'7/o;fof,  An- 
tioehus,  father  of  Seleucus.]  A  city  in  the 
vilayet  of  Aleppo,  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  sit- 
uated on  the  Oroutes  about  If)  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  in  hit.  m°  11'  N.,  long.  3t>°  10'  K. 
It  was  founded  by  Seleucus  about  ;WM)  u.  c.  was  the  capital 
of  Syria  until  65  B.  c,  and  rose  to  great  splendor.  It  was 
called  "the  Oowiiof  the  East,"  and  "Antiochthe  lieauli- 
lul."  Under  the  early  Roman  Empire  it  was  a  famous 
emporium,  the  most  important  after  Rome  and  Alexan- 
dria, and  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  influential  seats  of 
Christianity,  the  center  of  a  patriarchate.  It  was  the 
Bcene  of  a  serious  riot  in  A.  D.  ;i87,  suppressed  by  Tlioo- 
dosius.  It  was  often  ravaged  by  eartluiuakes  (especially 
in  A.  D.  ILI,  341,  iaS,  .')07-60S,  ;.25-.i'20),  was  destroyed  by 
Chosroes  in  .MO  ami  by  the  Sanicens  in  G;i8,  and  was  be- 
sieged ami  taken  l)y  theCrusaders  in  10!»S.  l'"rom  WM  until 
its  capture  by  the  Egyptian  sultan  in  1-268  it  was  the  seat 
of  a  Chri-stian  i»rliicipality.  It  passed  to  the  T'urks  in 
1516.  It  is  now  an  unimportant  town  (Antakia)  with  few 
relics  of  antiquity.  In  1»72  it  was  devastated  by  an 
cartluiuake.     Population,  about  17,.'iOO. 

Antioch.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Asia 
Minor,  situ.ated  on  the  borders  of  Pisidia  and 
Pamphylia  in  lat.  38°  16'  N.,  long.  31°  17'  E., 
founded  by  Seleucus.  It  received  a  Roman 
colony  and  was  called  Caisarea.  It  is  noted 
in  St.  Paul's  history. 

Antioch  College.  An  institution  of  learning, 
at  Yellow  Springs,  Greene  County,  Ohio  (incor- 
porated in  18")2).  It  is  controlled  by  the  Disci- 
ples of  Ctirist. 

Antioche.  A  chanson  do  geste  of  the  groii]> 
entitled  "Le  Chevalierau  Cygne."  It  narrates 
the  exploits  of  the  Christian  host  in  attacking 
and  then  defending  Antiocli. 

Antioche  (on-te-6sh'),  Pertuis  d'.    An  ami  of 

the  Bay  of  Biscay,  west  of  the  department  of 
Charente-InfOrieure.  France,  between  the  isl- 
ands of  R6  and  OKtou. 

Antiochus  (an-ti'o-kus)  I.  [6r.*irmi-oc.] 
Died  about  30  B.  c.  King  of  Commagene,  a 
petty  ])rineipality  between  the  Euphrates  and 
Mount  Taurus,  capital  Saiuosata,  at  one  time 
a  part  of  the  Syrian  kingdom  of  the  Seh'ucidie. 
He  concluded  a  ileaee  with  Pompey  64  n.  c,  and  later 
(40  II.  c.)  supported  him  in  the  civil  war  with  C'ajsar. 

AntiochuS  II.  King  of  Commagene,  succes.sor 
of  Mitliiidatcs  I.  He  was  summoned  to  Rome  and 
executed,  "ili  n.  c. ,  for  having  caused  the  mui'derof  an  am- 
bassador sent  to  Ilome  by  his  lir"tlier. 

AntiochusIV.,  suniamedEpiphanes.    A  king 

of  (!omiiuigeiu',  appariMitly  a  son  of  Antio- 
chuH  III.  Ho  was  a  friend  of  Caligula,  who  in  A  P.  38 
restiirod  to  him  the  kingiiom  of  t'ommagene,  which  had 
been  made  a  Roman  province  at  the  death  of  Ills  father 
A.  P.  17.  Subsciinently.  however,  he  was  deposed  by  t'ali- 
giila,  but  was  ri^stored  on  the  accession  of  Claudius,  A.  P. 
11.     lie  was  lliially  deprived  of  his  kingdom  A.  P.  li. 

AntiOChuS  I.,  siirniiiiicd  Soter.  [Gr.  nur;}/),  de- 
liverer. ]  Born  alioMt  323  li.  c. :  killed  2fil  H.  o. 
King  of  Syria  280  (2Hn)-261,  son  of  Sideiicus 
.N'icator.  it  is  said  that  when  he  fell  sick,  through  lovo 
of  strat<mice,  tiio  young  wife  of  his  father,  the  latter,  on 
the  advice  of  the  "physician  Erai-lstraluB.  resigned  Stnil- 
<inlce  to  his  son,  and  invested  him  with  the  government 
of  Ipper  Asia,  allowing  him  the  lllle  of  king,  "n  Ihe 
death  of  his  father,  Aniiochus  succeeded  to  Ihe  whole  of 
his  dominions,  but  relln<piishcj  his  claims  to  Macedonia 

on  Ihe  marriage  of  Aniig is  Coiiatasto  I'liila,  the  daugh 

tur  of  SeleuiMis  and  Stratoniei'. 

AntiOChUS  II.,  surnamed  TheOS.  [Gi\  ftor,  ili- 
vine.rrL.  (tirii.i.  as  an  imperial  lille.]  Killed  2t6 
(247  f )  B.  c.  King  of  Syria,  son  of  Antiochiis  I. 
whom  ho  succeeded  in  261  U.  C.     Ho  became  in. 


63 

Tolved  In  a  ruinous  war  with  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  king 
of  Egypt,  during  which  Syria  was  further  weakent-ti  by  the 
revolt  of  the  provinces  of  I'arttlia  and  llactria,  Arsaees  es- 
tablishing the  I'artiiian  empire  about  'JM  li.  c,  and  Tlu-ii- 
dotus  the  independent  kingdom  of  liaetria  about  the  same 
time.  Peace  wa£  conclude^l  with  Egypt  25<l  II.  c,  Anlivt- 
chus  being  i>bliged  to  reject  his  wife  LiUMlice,  and  to  marry 
Berenice,  the  ilaughter  of  Ptolemy.  On  thedeath  of  Ptol- 
emy ("247  It.  c).  he  recalieil  Ljiodice.  who  shortly  caused 
him  to  be  murvlered,  and  also  Berenice  and  her  son.  The 
connection  between  Syria  and  Egypt  is  referred  to  in  l>an- 
iel  xi.  ti. 
Antiochus  III.  Bom  aliout  238  B.  C. :  died  187 
B.C.  K  ingot  Syria  2"2:!-l  87  B.C.,  surnamed  "The 
Great,"  the  most  famous  of  the  Seleucidte.  He 
was  the  son  of  Seleucus  II.,  and  grandson  of  Antiftchus  II., 
and  succeede<l  his  brother  Seleucus  Ceruinus  at  the  age 
of  fifteen.  Ills  suniame  "Tile  Great"  was  earned  by  the 
magnitude  of  his  enterprises  rather  than  by  what  he  ac- 
complished.  He  subdued  his  rebellious  brothers  Molo  and 
Alexander,  8;iti-aps  of  Media  and  I'ersis,  '2-2U  B.  C,  and  was 
forced  (after  having  uixlertaken  an  aggressive  war  against 
rtolemy  Philopator)  by  the  battle  of  Rapliia,  near  (Jaza.  to 
reliiujuish  his  claims  to  Coele-.Syria  and  Palestine  217  B.C. 
He  defeated  and  kiiled  Achajns,  the  rebellious  governor  of 
Asia  -Minor,  '211  B.C.;  attempted  to  regain  the  former  prov- 
inces Parthiaand  Baclrla  212-205  B.  c.  ;  and  was  compelled 
to  recognize  the  independence  of  Parthia  '205  B.  c.  The 
victory  of  Paneas,  IftS  B.  r.,  gave  him  the  Egyptian  prov- 
inces "of  C<cle  Syria  anil  Palestine.  He.  however,  made 
peace  with  Ptolemy  Eptphaiies,  to  whom  he  betrothed  his 
daughter  Cleopatra,  jiromising  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine 
as  a  dowry.  Ho  conquered  the  Thraclan  Chersonese 
from  Macedonia  106  B.  c.  ;  received  Hannibal  at  his  court 
195  B.C.  ;  carried  on  a  war  with  the  Romans  l'J2-18W  n.  c., 
who  demanded  the  restoration  of  the  Egyptian  provinces 
and  the  Thracian  Chersonese;  was  defeateilat  Thennopy- 
la;  101,  and  at  Magnesia  190 ;  and  sustained  naval  losses 
at  Chios  191,  and  at  Myonnesus  1'.hi.  He  purchased  peace 
by  consenting  to  the  surrender  of  alt  his  European  pos-ses. 
sioiis,  and  his  Asiatic  possessions  as  far  as  the  Taurus,  the 
payment  of  l.'),000  Eulxean  talents  within  twelve  years, 
and  the  surrender  of  llannilial,  who  escaped,  anil  by  giv- 
ing up  his  elephants  and  ships  of  war.  Antiochus  was 
killed  by  his  subjects  in  an  attempt  to  plunder  the  rich 
temple  of  Elymais  to  pay  the  Romans,  an  event  which,  as 
als»»  his  defeat  by  the  Romans,  is  supptised  by  some  to  be 
referred  to  in  Daniel  xi.  18,  10. 

Antiochus  I'V.,  surnamed  Epiphanes.  Died 
164  B.  c.  King  of  Syria  175-llU  B.  c. :  son  of 
Antiochus  III.  He  reconquered  Annenia,  which  had 
been  lost  by  his  father,  and  made  war  on  l^gypt  171-ltJS 
B.  C,  recovering  Coele-Syrla  and  Palestine.  The  policy  of 
Antiochus  of  rootingout  the.Tewish  religion,  in  pui-suanee 
of  which  he  took  .lerusalem  by  stonn  170  B.  c.  (when  he 
desecrated  the  temple)  and  again  in  ItW  B.  C.  led  to  the 
successful  revolt  under  Mattathias,  the  father  of  Hie  .Mac- 
cabees, 167  B.C. 

Antiochus  "V.,  surnamed  Eupator.  [Gr.  (1- 
-drtj(>,  of  a  noble  sire.]  Died  lli2  B.  C.  King 
of  Syria  164-162  B.  c,  son  of  Antiochus  IV. 
■whom  he  succeeded  at  the  age  of  nine  years, 
under  the  guardianship  of  Lysias.  He  conclucbd 
a  peace  with  the  Jews,  who  had  revolteil  uinler  his  father, 
and  was  defeated  antl  kilted  by  Delnetrins  Setter  (the  Sou 
of  Selenens  Philopator)  who  laid  claim  to  the  throne. 

Antiochus  "VII.,  snrnameil  Sidetes.  Died  121 
B.  c.  King  of  Syria  137-128  B.C.,  second  son  of 
Demetrius  Sotcr.  He  carried  on  war  with  Ihe  .lews, 
taking  .Jerusalem  in  l;i;i  B.C..  after  which  he  concluded 
peace  with  them  on  favorable  tenns  and  was  killed  in  a 
war  with  the  i'arthians. 

Antiochus  VIII.,  surnamed  Grypus.  [Gr. 
yftvirtfi;  hook-nosed.]  Died  96  B.  c.  King  of 
Syria  12.")-96  B.  c.,  second  son  of  Demetrius 
Nicatiir. 

Antiochus  XIII.,  surnamed  AslatlcUS.  King 
of  Syria,  the  son  of  Antiochus  X.:  the  last 
of  the  Scdeuiiilu'.  He  took  refuge  in  Rome  during 
the  mastery  of  rignines  in  Syria  ai-UO  b.  c.  ;  was  given  pos- 
session of  the  kingiiom  by  Lucullus  ea  u.  c. ;  hut  was  de- 
prived of  It  by  Pompey  (I'l  1).  C. 

Antiochus.  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Pericles,"  the 
king  'd'  Anlioch. — 2.  In  Massingcr's  "Believe 
as  \ioi  l.ivt,''llie  kingof  Lower  Asia, a  fugitive, 
(lie  son  id'  a  daiighlir  of  Charles  V.  of  Portugal. 

Antiochus  of  Ascalon.  Bom  at  AhcuIoh,  Pal- 
estine: lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  ceiiliiiy 
B.  o.  An  eclectic  iihiliisoiilier,  founder  of  the 
so-called  tiftli  Aciidcmy.  He  sludlid  uinler  the 
stole  Mnesarchus  and  under  I'hilo.  and  while  lleeni  was 
studying  at  Athens  (711  B  c.)  acted  as  hli  Inslructor.  He 
allemplcil  to  revive  the  doctrines  of  the  old  Academy. 

Antiope  (aii-ti'o-pe).  [(ir. 'Aito.t;/. )  In  (ircck 
legiiid:  («()  A  daughter  of  the  Bu'ol  inn  river- 
god  Asopiis,  and  mother  by  Zens  of  Ampliloii 
and  Zelhiis.  In  oilier  account"  she  l«  llio  daughler  of 
Nyclensof  llyrla.  She  was  lni|irl»oli>  d  and  III  treated  by 
IMrce  upon  whom  she  linik  leiigeain  e  In  a  frightful  way. 
See  Dim:  (/,)  A  sister  or  iliiiightiT  of  llippolyte, 
i|iiei  11  (d'  the  Ama/.oiiH,  iiiul  wife  of  Theseus. 

Antioquia  (iiii-te-o'ke-ilK  1.  A  di-partniciit, 
cupiliil  .Medclliii.  in  llii' western  part  of  the  Ko- 
pntilic  of  Colombia.  The  siirfaee  is  genenilly 
mountainous;  the  chief  oceiipiilinn  is  mining. 
Area,  '22,316  s<|Uiii'e  miles.  Population  (18i»2), 
,'i(iO,000. —  2.  .\  town  in  this  depiirlinent,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ciuieii  about  Int.  6'  Xt'  N.,  long. 
76°  7'  \V.     Population  (ISili;).  1(1,000. 

AntiparOB(an-tili'a-roH),iir01iar08(o-li'«-ros). 


Antis 

An  island  of  the  Cj-clades,  7  miles  long,  south- 
west of  Paros,  celebrated  for  a  stalactite  grotto. 

Antipas,  Herod.     See  Herod  Aniipas. 

Antipater  (an-tip'a-ter).  [Gr.  AiTiTarpof.] 
Dicif  3111  B.  c.  .\  Macedonian  general.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Aristotle,  served  as  minister  and  general  under 
Philip  of  Macedon.  and  was  appointed  hy  Alexander  regent 
of  Siacedonia  'XH  u.  C-  He  suppressed  the  Thracian  rebel- 
lion under  Meninon  XU ;  gained  a  victorv"  over  the  Spai- 
tans  near  Me-galoiMilis  331 ;  wa-s  superseiied  as  regent  by 
Craterus.  and  ordered  to  conduct  an  army  of  recruits  to 
Babylon  in  ;r2;i ;  received  the  regency  of  Macedonia  at  the 
death  of  .\lexaiiiler  in  322  ;  defeated  the  revolted  Athenians 
and  their  idlies  at  Craiion  in  3'2:l ;  invaded  .titolia  In  Itiit ; 
and  was  apjMiinted  regent  of  the  empire  on  the  death  of 
Perdiccas  in  321. 

Antipater,  surnamed  "  The  Idumean."  Died  43 
IS.  c.  I'locuralorofJudea,  governor  of  Idumea, 
and  the  father  of  Herod  the  Great.  He  secured, 
by  his  participation  in  the  Alexandrine  w:ir  U8  B.  c.) 
the  confirmation  by  Cssar  of  his  political  tt>ol  Hyrcanus 
as  hinli  priest  47  B-  c,  and  was  himself  apjiointed  proc- 
urator of  -liidea  about  46  B.  c. 

Antipater.  Died  4  b.  c.  Son  of  Herod  the 
(ireat  by  his  first  wife  Doris.  He  is  descrihed  by 
.Tosephus  as  a  "mystery  of  wickedness."  and  was  put  to 
deatti  for  conspiiing  against  the  life  of  his  father,  after 
having  iirevionsly  succeeded,  by  arousing  his  father's  sus- 
idcions,  in  bringing  about  the  death  of  -\lexander  and 
Aristobulos,  Herod's  sons  by  Mariamne,  his  second  wife. 

Antipater,  L.  Coelius.  Lived  about  123  b.  c. 
A  Kiimaii  jurist  and  historian,  a  contemporary 
of  C.  Gracchus,  and  the  teacher  of  L.  Crassus 
the  orator.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  second  ininic 
war,  "  loaded  with  rhetorical  ornament  hut  important  In 
substance,"  fragments  of  which  are  extant. 

Antiphanes  (an-tif'a-nez).  [Gr.  '.\i'ri<J<ivi?r.]  A 
Greek  comic  poet  who  lived  between  404  and 
330  B.  C.  He  was  the  most  distingiiishetl  writer  of  the 
so-called  middle  comedy,  a  period  in  the  development  of 
(Jreek  comedy  extending  from  about  390  to  itSS  B.  C. 

Antiphellos(an-ti-fel'os).  [Gr.  !\i'ri'^/./oc.]  In 
ancient  geogiaphy,  a  town  on  the  southwest- 
ern coast  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor.  It  contains  a 
l.ycian  necrtifKilis  of  rock-cut  tombs,  which  are  architec- 
turally important  because  the  facades  are  in  exact  repro- 
duction of  a  fniined  construcllon  of  stpiare  wiMiden  beams, 
with  doors  and  windows  of  paneled  work,  and  ceilings  of 
round  poles  laid  closely  together.  The8<'  tombs  evidently 
represent  ancient  dwellings,  and  the  imitation  is  carried 
out  in  some  of  the  interiors.  There  is  also  an  ancient 
theater,  the  cavea  of  which  Is  well  preserveil,  with  2d 
tiers  of  seats. 

Antiphilus  (an-tif 'i-lus).  [Gr.  '.\i'ri^/>.oc-] 
Lived  in  Ihe  second  half  o£  the  4th  century 
B.  C.     An  K^'Viitian  painter. 

Antipholus  or  Ephesus  (an-tifo-lus  ov  ef'e- 
sus).  and  Antipholus  of  Syracuse  (sir'a-ku8). 

In  shakspere's  '•Comedy  of  Errors,"  twin  bro- 
thers, the  first  of  a  N-iolent  and  the  latter  of  a 
mild  nature, 
Antiphon  (an'ti-fon).  [tir.  'Ai-rioCiv.l  Bom  at 
lihamiius,  .Mtica,  about  480  B,  c. :  executed  at 
Athens,  41 1  B.  c.  An  Athenian  orator  and  poli- 
tician, the  oldest  of  the  "ten  Attic  orators." 
He  was  a  member  of  the  aristocratic  party,  and  was  con- 
dcmned  for  his  share  In  eslaldishing  Ihe  governmeni  by 
the  400.     Fifteen  of  his  onitiens  are  extant. 

Antiphon  was  the  ablest  debater  and  jileader  of  his  day, 
and  in  his  person  the  new  Rhetoric  llrst  iipiMtirfi  as  a  jio- 
lllical  isiwer  at  Athens.  He  tiKik  a  chief  part  in  orvaiils- 
llig  the  Revolnlliin  uf  the  hour  Hundreil.  and  when  they 
fell  was  put  to  death  by  the  piiiple  (411  B.  C.\  alter  de- 
fending himself  in  a  masterpiece  of  eliMHience.  t»f  bis  15 
extant  speeches,  all  relating  to  trials  for  homicide,  12  an> 
mere  skelchei  or  studieN  forniliig  three  gnnipB  of  four 
each,  in  which  the  case  for  the  nroaecutioii  is  argued  al- 
ternately with  the  ciuc  for  the  acfence. 

JM,  Urcek  Lit,  p.  111. 

Antipodes  Islands  (an-tip'o-tlez  i'lamlz).    A 

dust  end' small  iiii  in  habited  islands  in  the  South 
Paeilic,  in  hit.  411"  42'  S.,  long.  178°  43'  E, :  so 
called  from  their  nearly  antipodal  position  to 
Greenwich  (near  I.ondon), 
Antipodes  lun-tip'o-dezi.  The.    A  comedy  by 

liii'liard  Hrmiie,  ]iriiiled  in  ll'i40, 
Antipolis  (un-tip'ii-lis).     (Gr.  "AiriToPic.]     Tho 

iiiii'ieiil  name  of  .\iililies,  ill  l-'raiiee. 
Antipsara  (an-tip'sa-rjl),     A  small  island  near 

1  p^llT'M. 

Antiquary  (an'ti-kwij-ri).  The.  1.  A  comedy 
by  Sfiakerley  Mnriiiioii.  printed  in  Il'>41.  p.trl  of 
o'Keefe's  play"  Mislein  Anlli|Ui«  '  was  laki  n  (rom  lhl«. 
iitso  I)  TrfJ'B  "Madam  Fickle,'  In  which  Sir  Arthur  old- 
love  Is  a  copy  of  Velenino  the  Anllqunr)'. 
2.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in 
1816:  so  named  from  its  principal  character, 
.Iiiiiallinn  (»lilt)iick  the  ,\iilic|uary. 

Anti-RentParty(an-ti-reiit'  iiiir'ti).  InTnited 
States  iiolilies,  a  party  in  the  State  of  New 
Yiirk  wliieh  had  its  origin  in  dissatisfaction 
among  the  teminlM  uinler  Ihe  pnlrooii  system 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  The  tenants  re- 
fused to  pay  rent  111  IS'io.  re»lst4Hl  force,  and  a  few  year* 
later  carried  their  ipiHiMlleii  Into  |Hdllic>.  The  matter 
was  luttleil  by  compromlRe  in  IsTiii. 

Antis   (iin'tez),   or  OampaS  (kiim'paz),      Tho 


Antis 


64 


ancient  Indian  inhabitants  of  Anti.   They  were  Antonello   da   MeSSina. 


conquered  by  the  Inca  Yahuar-huaccac  in  the  nth  cen- 
tury. Their  few  descendants  wander  in  the  forests  about 
the  head  waters  of  the  Ucayale,  and  are  closely  related  to 
the  Chunchos  (which  see).  They  live  in  huts  and  wear  a 
long  cotton  robe. 
Antisana(an-te-sa'na).  A  volcano  of  the  Ecua- 
dorian Andes,  35  miles  southeast  of  Quito. 
Ascended  by  Whvmper  in  1880.  Height  ( Whym- 
per),  19,335  (Keiss  and  Stubel,  18,885)  feet. 

It  t  Antisana]  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  only  great 
mountain,  anywhere  in  the  world,  immediately  upon  the 
Equator,  and'it  has  become  improbable  that  a  loftier  one 
will  ever  be  discovered  exactly  upon  the  Line. 


Sicily,  about  1414:  died  at  Venice  about  1493. 

An   Italian  painter,   said  to  have   introduced 

painting  in  oils  from  the  Low  Countries  into 

Italy. 
Antonina    (an-to-ni'na). 

Belisarius. 
Antonine.    See  AntoniiuiK. 
Antonines  (an'to-ninz).  Age  of  the.  In  Roman 

history,  the  period  of  the  reigiis  of  Antoninus 


Antwerp 

Bom  at  Messina,  Antonio  and  Mellida.    A  tragedy  in  two  parts 


by  Marstnn,  printed  in  1602.     it  had  been  played 
in  1(301  and  ridiculed  by  Ben  Jonson  in  ''The  Poetaster" 
and  "  Cynthia's  Revels."    The  second  part  is  also  known 
as  "  Antonio's  Revenge." 
rr  -1     FT.!,         -e        c  AntoniUS,  Saint.     See  Anthony. 
[Li.J     the   wile   ot  Antonius,  Marcus.     See  AnUmii,  Marl: 

Antonius   (an-to'ni-us),  MarcUS.     Bom   143 

B.  c. :  killed  at  Rome,  87  B.  c.  A  Roman  orator, 

consul  99  B.  c,  and  censor  97.     He  was  put  to 

.  .  ,.       -  r  death  by  the  Marian  party. 

Pius  and  Marcus  Aurelius.     It  was  generally  Antony  (an'to-ni).     A  tragedy  by  Alexandre 

characterized  by  domestic   tranquillity.     See     p„,i],,s,  produced  in  1831. 


Ajltony,  Saint.     See  Anthotuj. 

Antony,  Mark,  L.  Marcus  Antonius.  Born 
about  83  B.  c. :  died  at  Alexandria  in  Aug.,  30 
B.  c.  A  Roman  triumvh-  and  general,  grand- 
son of  Marcus  Antonius  the  orator.  He  served 
in  Palestine  and  Egypt ;  was  qutestor  in  5*2  and  tribune  iu 
50  ;  became  a  prominent  adherent  of  Cajsar  ;  and  was  ex- 


.. -,  Adoptive  Emperot:. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  AntOninUS  (an-to-ni'nus),  Itineraries  of.    Two 

qua  or,  p.  —  .        accounts  of  routes  in  the  Romau  Empire,  said 

Antisana.    A  village  on  the  slope  of  Mount     ^^  ^^^^  i^gg^  edited  in  the  time  of  (Antoninus) 

Antisana,  one  of  the  highest  inhabited  spots  m     CaracaUa.     One  related  to  routes  in  Europe, 

the  world.     Height  (Whj-mper),  13,306  (Reiss    ^gj^^  ^nd  Africa ;  the  other  to  maritime  routes. 

and  Stubel,  13,370)  feet.  gee  Itineraries.  ..  .  -  „  r-- 

Anti-Semitic  Party.     A  political  party  whose    Antoninus.    Marcus   Aurelius.      See    Marcus     P^Hed  from  Rome  and  fled  to  Cssar.  who  thereupon  com- 
chief  aim, is  to  Mnder  the  spread  of  H^^^^^^  Z^'^^l^^f^,,^^'^^^  S!^  l^s:'^^^ 

(Semitic)  luilueuee  m  pTibhe  aftairs.    buoh  par-  Antoninus,  Pillar  of.     See  Column  of  Marcus 
ties    have    representatives    m    the    Austrian       lun  litis. 

Reichsrath  and  the  German  Reichstag.     ^  Antoninus.  Wall   of.      See    Trail  of  Antoni- 

Antistates  (an-tis'ta-tez).     [Gr.  'AvrioTaTT/c.^     ^^^^^, 
A  Greek  architect,  associated  with  Callieschrus,  AntoninusLiberalis(an-t6-m'nuslib-e-ra'lis). 
Antimaehides,  and  Ponnusm  planning  and  be-     Lived  about  150  A.  D.   A  Greek  grammarian,  au- 
thor of  a  collection  of  tales  of  metamorphoses 
(ed.  by  Koch  18312). 


and  became  consul  in  44.  He  engaged  in  intrigues  after 
Ctesar's  death,  and  was  denounced  by  (.'icero ;  fled  from 
Rome  ;  formed  with  Octavian  and  Lepidus  the  2d  trium- 
virate in  43 ;  defeated  Brutus  and  Cassius  at  Philippi  in 
42;  summoned  Cleopatra  to  Asia,  and  later  followed  her 
to  Alexandria;  and  renewed  the  triumvirate  in 40  and  37. 
From  about  40  he  lived  chiefly  in  Alexandria  with  Cleo- 
patra; conducted  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against 
Parthia;  was  defeated  by  Octavian  at  Actium  31;  and 
.   .  *.  J    1      tx:     A  .^  f  11    ^e  n;^:^*-«*..c       v---.  -,•  — /-  _  fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  conimitted suicidc. 

7eslrrbylrR?™an4hitect'co™u«Ltjhe«^^^^^^  Aiitoninus^Pius  Ja^i^-k^^nrnus  pj/us)  (Titus  AntonyTnd  Cleopatra,    A_  tragedy  by  Shak- 


ginning  the  great  temple  of  Zeus  at  Athens  in 
the  time  of  Pisistratus  (about  560  B.  c.).     This 


Antiochus  Epiphanes  (173-164  B.  C),  and  finished  by  the 
emperor  Hadrian.  The  unfinished  building  was  compi^-ed 
by  Aristotle  with  the  pyramids  of  Egypt. 

Antisthenes  (au-tis'the-nez).  [Gv.'AvTiaOevr/^.'] 
Born  at  Athens  about  444  B.  c. :  died  at  Athens 
after  371  B.C.  An  Athenian  philosopher,  founder 
of  the  school  of  the  Cynics.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
.Socrates  and  taught  in  a  gymnasium  at  Athens. 

Anti-suyu(an'te-s6'y6).  [Quichua,  'country  of 
the  Antis.']     A  name  given  by  the  Incas  to 


Aurelius  Fulvus  Boionius  Arrius).  Born 
near  Lanuvium,  Italy,  Sept.  19,  86  a,  d.  :  died 
at  Lorium,  Italy,  March  7, 161  A.  D.  Emperor  of 
Kome  138-161  A.  D.  He  was  consul  and  proconsul  in 
Asia  under  Hadrian,  and  was  adopted  by  Hadrian  in  138. 
His  reign  was  marked  by  general  internal  peace  and  pros- 
perity. (See  Adoptice  Emperors.)  It  "was  one  of  those 
periods  which  have  been  pronounced  happy  because  they 
are  barren  of  events,  and  the  placid  temper  of  the  prince 
gave  him  the  fuU  enjoyment  of  the  felicity  of  his  people  " 
(Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World). 


spere,  written  and  produced  iu  1607,  entered 
on  the  Stationers'  Register  in  1608,  and  printed 
in  1023.  It  was  founded  on  North's  "  Plutarch,"  and  in 
it  Shakspere  has  followed  history  more  minutely  than  in 
any  other  of  his  plays.  The  subject  has  been  used  by 
Dryden  in  "  All  for  Love,"  and  by  Fletcher  andiMassinger 
iu  "The  False  One."  The  character  of  Slark' Antony  is 
incomparably  stronger  in  Sliakspere's  play  than  in  the 
others,  Drj-den  makes  him  a  weak  voluptuary  entirely 
given  up  to  his  passion  for  Cleopatra. 


,...  „ .J    „>,  B... ^  ..  c      >    rtx.      X.     e      A  Antony  Love,  Sir,  or  The  Rambling  Lady. 

that  portion  of  their  empire  which  lay  east  of  Antonio  (an-to'ne-o),  Sant ,  Churcn   Of.      A    A  comedv  bv  Southenie,  printed  in  1684.     sir 

'    •      ■     ' ■'  _-i--i-i_    „i .1,    ;„    t>„,]„„     Tt„i„    i,„;if   i^^     Antony  is  the  Rambling  Lady  herself,  who  in  male  attire 

swaggers,  fights  duels,  hobnobs  with  the  men,  and  fol- 
lows one  whom  she  loves  to  France. 

Antony  of  Padua.    Hee  Antliomj. 

The  aisles  and  eh.apels  have  groined  vaults,  andVolnted  AntraigUOS  (oh-trag').  A  small  picturesque 
and  round  arches  are  used  together.  The  church  con-  town  in  the  department  ot  Ardeehe,  H  rance, 
tains  line  paintings  and  tombs,  and  several  magnificent     west  of  Privas. 

chapels,  among  hem  the  Cappella  del  b^anto  whose  mar-  Antraigues  (oii-trag'),  Comte  d'  (Emmanuel 
ble  reliefs  are  among  he  most  notable  of  the  Renaissance,     Lo^js  ^Heuri    dO    Launay).      Born    atViUe- 


Cuzco.    It  included  Anti,  and  many  other  prov 
iuces  inhabited  by  various  tribes. 

Antitacts  (an-ti-tak'te),  [Gr.  avriraK-:/;  (pi. 
avTiTciKTai),  a  heretic]  A  name  given  to  the 
Antinomian  Gnostics. 

Anti-Taurus  (an"ti-ta'rus).  [Gr.  'Avriravpog.'] 
A  range  of  mountains  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  which 
lies  northeast  of  and  parallel  to  the  Taurus,  lat. 
38-39°  N.,  long.  36°  E.,  regarded  as  a  contin- 
uation of  the  Ala-Dagh. 

Antium  (an'shi-um).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean 32  miles  south  of  Rome:  the  modern 
Porto  d'Anzio.  It  was  a  Volscian  stronghold,  and  be- 
came a  Roman  colony  in  338  B.  c.  Later  it  was  a  favorite 
Roman  residence. 

Antivari  (an-te'va-re),  or  Bar  (bar).  A  town 
in  Montenegro,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  iu 
lat.  42°  4'  N.,  long.  19°  7'  E.    it  was  Venetian  in  AntoniO  (an-to'ni-o). 


remarkable  cliureh  iu  Padua,  Italy,  built  by 
NiccolaPisanointhe  13th  century,  and  combin- 
ing Pointed  forms  with  seven  Byzantine  domes 
modeled  after  those  of  St.  Mark's  at  Venice. 


the  middle  ages,  and  later  Albanian.  In  1878  it  was  con- 
quered by  ilontenegro,  and  was  ceded  by  Turkey  in  the 
same  year. 

Antofagasta  (an-to-fa-gas'ta).  A  province  of 
northern  Chile,  conquered  from  Bolivia  in  1879. 
Population  (1895),  44,085. 

Antofagasta.  A  seaport  situated  on  Morena 
Bay  in  lat.  23°  41'  S.,  long.  70°  25'  W.  In  the 
vicinity  are  rich  saltpeter  deposits.  In  1879  it  was  oc- 
cupied by  Chile,  and  was  ceded  by  Bolivia  in  1883.  A 
railroad  crosses  the  Andes  from  this  point  to  the  plateau 
of  Bolivia.   Population,  about  8,000. 

Antogast  (an'to-gast).  A  small  watering-place 
in  Baden,  on  the  slope  of  the  Kniebis  near 
Obr-rkiroh. 

Ajitoine  de  Bourbon  (oii-twan'  de  bor-bou'). 
Burn  April  22.  1518:  cUed  Nov.  17,  1562.  A 
son  of  Charles  de  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome, 
husband  of  Jeanne  d'Albret  (1548),  and  king  of 
Navarre  15.55. 

Antommarchi   (an-tom-mar'ke),    Francesco. 

Born  in  Corsica  about  1780  :  died  April  3,  1S3S. 
An  Italian  surgeon,  phj-sician  to  Napoleon  at 
St.  Helena.  He  wrote  ' '  Les  derniers  moments 
de  Napoleon''  (1823). 

Antongil  Bay  (au-ton-zhel'  ba).  A  bay  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  northern  part  of  Mada- 
gascar. 

Anton  Ulrich  (an'ton  ol'rich).  Bom  at  Hit- 
zacker  in  Liineburg,  Oct.  4, 1633  :  died  March  27, 
1714.  Duke  of  Brunswick-Wolfeubiittel,  and 
a  novelist  and  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  the  ro- 
mances "Die  durchlauchtige  Syrerinn  Aramena"  (1069- 
1673),  and  "  Octavia"  (1677). 

Antonelli  {an-to-nel'le),  Giacomo.  Born  at 
Sonnino,  Latium,  Italy,  April  2.  1S06:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  6,  1876.  A  noted  Roman  prelate 
and  statesman.  He  became  cardinal  in  1847,  and  was 
president  of  the  ministry  1847-18,  and  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs  for  the  Papal  States  after  1850. 


and  the  Cappella  San  Felice,  in  the  Venetian  Pointed 
style,  with  adraii-able  llth-centiuy  frescos. 
Antonio,  Nicol^O.  [NL.  ]\lcolaus  Antomus.] 
Born  at  Seville  1617 :  died  1684.  A  Spanish  bib- 
liographer and  critic.  He  was  appointed  by  Philip  IV. 
his  general  agent  at  Rome  in  1659,  and  was  made  fiscal  of 
the  royal  council  at  Madrid  about  1677.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  "Bibliotheca  Hispanica,"  an  index  of  Spanish  au- 
thors from  the  time  of  Augustus.  It  is  in  two  p.irts,  each 
of  two  folio  volumes.  He  also  published  "  Biblintheca 
Hispanica  Nova  '  (1672),  and  "  Bibliotheca  Vetus  "  (1096). 

1.  InShakspere's  "Mer- 


hant  of  Venice,"  the  princely  merchant  who 


Neuve,  Ai-deehe,  France,  about  1755:  assas- 
sinated near  London,  July  22,  1812.  A  French 
politician,  author  of  "  M^moires  sur  les  fitats- 
Geu^raux,  etc."  (1788).  He  was  a  deputy  1789, 
emigrated  in  1790,  and  was  later  employed  in 
various  diplomatic  missions. 
Antrim  (an'trim).  A  county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  by  the 
North  Channel  on  the  east,  by  Down  on  the 
south,  and  by  Londonderry  and  Lough  Neagh 
on  the  west,  it  is  hilly  on  the  coast.  The  chief  city 
is  Belfast.  Antrim  was  largely  colonized  from  ScotlandL 
Area,  1,191  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  427,968. 


gives  tothe  play  its  name.    He  is  of  a  sensitive,  sus- 
ceptible, melancho'ly  nature,  with  a  presentiment  of  evil     ...  At„-r.         I-      A     <■   ■        TJ       •!„„ 
and  danger.    Being  obliged  to  borrow  money  of  Shylock  Antrim.     A  town  m  County  Antrim,  13  miles 


to  meet  the  needs  of  Bassanio,his  friend,  he  is  induced  to 
sign  a  bond  agreeing  to  forfeit  a  pound  of  fiesh  if  he  does 
not  repay  the  money  within  a  specified  time.  Not  being 
able  to  pay,  he  nearly  loses  his  life  to  satisfy  the  demands 
of  the  Jew.     See  Shylock. 

2.  In  Shakspere's  "Tempest,"  the  usurping 
duke  of  Milan. —  3.  InShakspere's  "Two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Verona,"  the  father  of  Proteus. —  4. 
The  brother  ot  Leonato,  governor  of  Messina, 


northwest  of  Belfast.  Near  it  are  Antrim  Castle, 
Shane's  Castle,  and  an  ancient  round  tower,  an.  unusual 
example  of  this  characteristic  type  of  medieval  Irish  struc- 
ture. It  i^S5  feet  high  and  18  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and 
tapers  to  the  top,  which  is  covered  with  a  conical  block 
replacing  the  original  one,  which  was  destroyed  by  light- 
ning.  The  small,  low  door  is  raised  about  II)  feet  above 
the  ground,  and  has  mo'nolithic  jambs  and  lintel.  Antrim 
was  the  scene  of  a  royalist  victory  over  the  Irish  insur- 
gents, June  7,  1798.    Population,  about  2,000. 


in  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing." —  Antuco  (an-to'ko).  A  small  place  in  Biobio, 
5.  A  sea-captain  devoted  to  Sebastian,  in  Shak-  Chile,  about  lat.  37°  30'  S.  From  it  one  of  the 
spere's  "Twelfth  Night." — 6.  In  Middleton's  chief  passes  (6,890  feet  high)  over  the  Andes 
play  "  The  Changeling,"  a  secondary  character  leads  to  the  Argentine  Republic, 
who  pretends  for  his  own  purposes  to  be  an  idiot  Antwerp  (ant'werp).  [Flem.  Antwerpcn,  G. 
or  a  changeling:  from  him  the  play  takes  its     Anticcrjieu.  F.  Anrcrs,  Sp.  AniMres.l     A  prov- 


name. — 7.  In  Webster's  tragedy  "The  Duchess 
of  Malfi,"  the  steward  of  the  household  of  the 
Duchess  of  Malfi.  He  is  secretly  married  to  her, 
an  offense  for  which  he  is  miu'dered  by  her 
brothers. —  8.  In  Otway's  play  "  Venice  Pre- 
served," a  foolish  speechmaker  and  senator 


ince  of  Belgium,  bounded  by  the  Netherlands 
on  the  north,  by  Limbiu'g  on  the  east,  by 
Brabant  on  the  south,  and  by  East  Flanders  on 
the  west.  The  chief  cities  are  Antwerp  and  Mechlin. 
Area.  1,093  square  miles.  Population  (1893),  739,889,  prin- 
cipally Flemish. 


whose  buffooneries  were  i.ifended  to  ridicule  ^t^p^^^f^-f  °o^XS"\?utt^^  -  thi 


the  fii-st  Earl  of  Shaftesbury.  The  part  is  omit- 
ted from  the  acting  play  on  account  of  its  in- 
decency.—  9.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
inMarston's  "Antonio  and  Mellida"  and  "An- 
tonio's Revenge,"  the  son  of  Andrugio,  in  love 
with  Mellida. — 10.  In  Tomkis's  comedy  "Al- 
bumazar,"  an  old  gentleman,  supposed  to  be 
di'owned,  who  returns  in  time  to  frustrate  the 
schemes  of  the  thievish  Albumazar. — 11.  In 
Dryden's  tragedy  "Don  Sebastian,"  a  young 
Portuguese  nobleman,  a  slave  at  the  time  the 
play  begins.  Dorax  calls  him  "The  amorous 
airy  spark,  Antonio." 


Schelde  60  miles  from  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  51° 
13'  N.,  long.  4°  24' E.  Itisthechief  commercialcityof 
Belgium  and  one  of  the  principal  seaports  of  Europe,  and 
also  a  strong  fortress.  It  has  extensive  quays  and  docks, 
and  is  the  terminns  of  the  Red  St.ir  Steamship  Line  to  New- 
York,  and  of  other  steamship  lines.  The  city  was  founded 
by  the  7th  century,  and  its  most  flourishing  period  waa 
from  the  Uth  to  the  16th  century.  It  suffered  severely 
from  the  Inquisition,  the  "Spanish  Furs  "  of  1576,  and 
the'Trench  Fury"of  1583.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Duke 
of  Parma  in  l.'^84  and  taken  in  1686.  The  town  was  occu- 
pied by  the  French  in  1794,  and  was  recovered  from  France 
in  1814.  The  citadel  was  taken,  after  a  siege,  by  the  French 
under  Gerard  from  the  Dutch  under  Chass^  in  1832.  The 
cathedral  of  Antwerp  is  the  most  important  church  in  the 


Antwerp 


65 


low  Countrlea.    It  was  begun  in  1352.  and  flnished  early 
in  the  lUth  cciitury.     The  exteriur  is  niaiked  by  the  grace- 
ful north  tuwer  and  srire  of  the  west  front,  -lu.;  feet  hish. 
The  Bouth  tower  is  incomplete.    Over  the  crossiJig  is  a 
curious  pyramidal  stepped  erection  with  a  pointed  bulbous 
too-  to  evpose  this  to  view  the  roofs  of  nave,  choir,  and 
tran'seDts  terminate  at  the  quadrangle  of  the  crossing, 
which  produces  a  strange  effect.    The  windows  are  very 
larue  ami  richly  tniceried,  but  the  general  impression  is 
bare     Tlie  simple  interior  is  highly  impressive,  with  ad- 
mirable perspectives.     It  contains  kubens's  famous  paint- 
iniis.  the  "  Uescent  from  the  Cross,"  the  "  Elevation  of  the 
Cross"   and   the   -Assumption."     The   dimensions    are 
384bv'4Tl  feet,  lengtli  uf  transepts  222,  height  of  vaulting 
ISO     The  Musee  Plantin-ilorctus  is  a  unique  colleelionof 
even'thing  pertaining  to  the  early  days  of  pnnling  and  to 
its  later  development  in  the  house  of  the  noted  printer 
Planlin,  who  opened  his  office  in  i;.55.    The  house  itself  is  a 
highly  interesting  example  of  a  Renaissance  dwelling  of 
the  better  burgher  class,  with  its  old  furniture,  tapestries 
kud  ornaments,  combined  with  business  offices.    It  is  buUt 
around  a  quaint  court.    The  old  printing-office,  the  pro- 
Drietor's  olflce,  and  the  salesroom  are  preserved  complete. 
Among  the  ninety  portraits  in  the  house  are  fourteen  by 
Bubens  and  two  by  Van  Dyck.    Population  (190<i).  M.i.ooO 
yfnn  (a'no).      In  Hindu  mythology,  a  son  of 
King  Yavati  and  Sarmishtha.    When  the  curse  of 
old  «e  anii  inflrmity  was  pronounced  upon  Yayati  by  Su- 
kr«.  «ie  father  of  his  wife  Devayani,  .Sukra  consented  to 
transfer  it  to  any  one  of  Yayati's  Ave  sons  who  would  con- 
■ent  to  bear  it.    Anu  was  one  of  the  four  who  refused,  and 
In  consequence  was  cursed  by  his  father,  the  curse  being 
that  his  posterity  should  not  possess  dominion— a  curse 
apparently  not  fulfilled.  ,     „  ^,        . 

Anu  (a'uo).  The  supreme  god  of  the  Assyro- 
Babvlonian  pantheon.  He  was  especi.-dly  the  god  of 
heaven,  and  his  consort  Antu  the  ■■mother  of  the  gods. 
HU  ancient  seat  of  worship  was  in  Uruk  and  later  in  Ur. 
In  the  time  of  the  Assyrian  ascendancy  his  cult  fell  into 
the  background,  though  theoretically  he  ni;iintained  the 
first  place  in  the  hierarchy  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian  di- 

AjluWs  (a-nu'bis).  [Gr.  "Avov;it^.]  In  Egyptian 
mythology,  the  son  of  Osiris:  often  identihed  by 
the  (Jreeks  with  Hermes.  He  is  represented  with 
a  Jackals  head,  and  was  the  ruler  of  graves  and  super- 
visor of  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

Anukis  (a-nO'kis).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a 
goddess  personifying  the  lower  hemisphere: 
the  same  as  Aii/d.  -r,  -^   i     • 

Anvmaki  (ii-no-na'ki).  In  Assyro-Babylonian 
mythology,  the  spirits  of  the  earth.  With  the 
Igigi,  fliiirits  of  heaven,  they  constitute  the  "host  of  hea- 
vcrranii  eartli,"  subordinate  to  the  higher  gods,  especially 
to  Anu,  the  supreme  god  of  heaven. 

Anupshuhar  (ii-nop-sho'liar).  A  town  in  the 
Northwestern  Provinces,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Ganges  70  miles  southeast  of  Delhi.  • 

Anuradhpura  (U-no-radh-po'rii).  A  sacred 
city  of  tiorlhern  Ceylon,  60  miles  west  of  Trin- 
comaloe. 

Anville  (on-vel'),  Jean  Baptiste  Bourgui- 

gnon  d'.  Born  at  Paris,  July  11,  Wi'J- :  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  28,  17H2.  A  Frcueh  geographer  and 
ehartographer.  He  was  the  author  of  ''Atlas 
eduh-al"  (1737-80),  -'fitats  formes  en  Europe 

Anwar-i-Suhail  ( iin  -  wilr '  e  -  su  -  hil  ) .  [Pers. , 
'  Lights  of  Canopus.']  The  Persian  version  ot 
the  so-called  "  Fables  ot  Bidpai  or  Pilpay,;  made 
about  1494  A.  D.  by  Husain  Waiz  al-Kashih. 
It  is  a  simplified  rcca-st  of  that  by  Nasr  AUali  ..(  l.hazni 
made  about  1130  from  the  Arabic  Kalilah  and  Dimnah  of 
Abdallah  ibn  al-Mogatla,  which  in  turn  was  nia.l.-  fr..m  the 
Pahlavi  v.Tsi.in  by  Darzoi  of  the  1  ndian  original,  from  wliioli 
the  Sanskrit  Panchatantra  and  Uitopadesha  were  deriveo. 
The  stiir  I'anopus  is  taken  as  representing  wieiloin. 

Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life.    A  play  by  Thomas 

Middleton,  printed  in  l(i(i2. 
Anzasca  (an-tsiis'kU),Val  d".     A  picturesque 
Alpine  valley  in  the  province  of  Novara,  Italy, 
east  of  Monte  liosa. 
Anzin  (oii-zan' ).    A  town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  3  miles  west  ot  Valenciennes,  the 
center  of  a  coal-mining  region.      Population 
(1801),  commune,  11,538. 
Anzio,  Porto  d'.     See  .Ih^imh). 
Aogemadaeca.  A  Parsi  tract  inculcating  resig- 
nation to  deatli :  so  calletl  from  its  initial  Avcsta 
word  iiixicmaitle, '  we  come.'    It  has  the  appear- 
ance of  an  Avesta  text  with  Pahlavi  translation 
and  commentary. 
Aomori  Bay  (il-6-m6'ri  ba').  Alarge  bay  at  the 
iiort  hern  extremity  of  the  main  islaud  of  Japan. 
Aonia(a-6'ni-il).    [Gr. 'Aoi'ia.]    In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, li  district  in  Boeotia,  Greece.     The  name 
is  ofirn  used  as  synonymous  with  Breotia. 
AornUS  (a-or'nus).     [Gr.  'Aopiof.]     In  ancient 
gi'iigrapliy,  a  rock  stronghold,  situated  near  tlut 
Indus  (near  tlio  river  Kabul f),  taken  by  Alex- 
ander t  he  Great  from  native  defenders  327  B.  o. 
Aosta  (ii-os'tii).     [F.  ./osf*-.]     A  town  in  the 
provime  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora 
Haltea   in    lat.    45°   4.')'    N.,    long.   7°    20     K., 
at  the  terminus  of  the  Great  St.  Beniard  and 
Little  St.  Beniaril  routes:  the  Koman  Augusta 
PrsBtoria.     It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  .SalassI, 

C— 5 


and  became  a  Roman  colony  under  Augustus  It  has  a 
ca'beilral  and  Important  Itoman  antiquities.  The  ca  he- 
dr.il  Is  ..t  the  1 1th  eentuo .  with  later  medieval  and  ni.K  cm 
restorations.  There  are  two  imposing  towers  at  the  si.  es 
of  the  apse,  and  several  interesting  tombs  in  the  plain  In- 
tenor.  The  ITetorlan  Uato  (iKjrta  della  Irinlta)  "I  "le 
ancient  Roman  walls  survives  in  fair  cumlltlon.  Ihei-e 
are  three  arched  passages :  that  in  the  middle  is  27  feet 
wide,  those  on  the  sides  "J.  The  space  between  the  two 
faces  is  nearly  4U  feet.  The  aiches  are  surmounted  by  a 
frieze  and  a  range  of  corbils.  There  is  also  a  Roman  tri- 
umphal arch,  an  interesting  and  well-lires.  rved  nionu. 
iiielit.  It  is S4  feet  wide  and  ii.>  liigh.  with  a  single  arch  .J* 
feet  high  between  coupled  unlluted  lorintblan  columns. 
The  arch  has  a  Doric  entablature,  with  triglyphs  at  the 
angles.     Th.' attic  is  destroyed.     Population,  about  5,(KI0. 

Aosta,  Duke  of.    A  title  of  Amadeus,  kuig  of 

Aosta,'  Valley  of.  The  upper  valley  of  the 
Doralialtoa  in  northwestern  Italy. 

Apaches  (a-pii'chazl.  [From  the  Cuchan  and 
Maricopa  e'palcli,  man,  here  applied  in  the 
sense  of  'enemy.']  A  people  of  the  southern 
division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  in  l5i)S  they  occupied  northwest- 
ern New  .Mexico,  and  between  that  date  and  lliS'.i  roamed 
over  the  upper  Gila  draiiragearea  in  southwestern  New 
Mexico.  In  nwitheir  range  was  from  central  lexasncarly 
Ui  Colorado  Elver,  Arizona,  and  they  have  subsequently  ex- 
tended their  raids  as  far  south  as  Durango,  Mexico  Ule 
names  by  which  the  principal  Apache  tribes  and  subtrlbes 
have  been  known  to  history  are  Arlvaipa,  Chlricahnl,  t  o- 
yotero,  Karaone,  (illefto.  Jicarilh.,  Lipan,  l.lanero,  Mesca- 
lero  .MImbreilo.  MogoUon,  Naisha,  Pinal  Coyotero,  Ichl- 
kun,  and  TchishI  The  Apaches  are  now  on  reservations 
in  Arizona.  New  .Mexico,  and  Oklahoma,  and  number  about 
(5,200.     •■See  AthniMxan. 

Apafl.     See  Abaft. 

Apalacha.     See  Apalachi. 

Apalache.    See  Apalachi.  ,.,-., 

Apalachi  (iip-a-lii'che),  or  Apalache  (-che). 


Aphthartodocetae 

Apelt  (a'pclt),  Ernst  Friedrich.  Born  at 
licichenaii,  Sa.xonv,  March  3.18Li :  died  at  Jena, 
Oit.  27,  18.)9.  A  German  philosophical  writer, 
professor  of  philosophv  at  Jena.  He  was  the 
author  of  -Kpochen  der  Geschiehtc  der  Mcnschheit 
{l»4.'s  2d  ed  itvVJx  •■  Theorie  der  Induktlon  '  (IsMi,  Ke- 
ligi..nspbllos.5phle"(l!*o),  etc      ,       ,        „,     ,  , 

ApemantUS  (ap-e-mau'tus).  In  bhaksperes 
••Timoii  of  Athens,"  a  cynical  and  churlish 
philosopher. 

Iiiogcnes,  in  Lily's  "Alexander  and  CampaapV"  Mt  to 
the  iK«t  lor  Timon  s  contmst,  the  cynic  Apemanttu:  tne 
quick  striking  epigrammatic  answers  to  questions  which 
seem  to  be  Inserted  here  and  there  too  much  for  the  eiuu 
of  eliciting  witty  replies,  are  quite  on  this  model.  The 
description  of  this  antique  fool  is  so  perfect  in  it*  w»y 
that  it  is  supposed  Shakespeare  must  have  seen  the  short 
sketch  of  a  cynic  which  In  Lncian's  "  Public  Sale  of  Phi- 
losophers" Is  put  into  the  mc.ulh  of  Diogenes. 
Gfrtinut,  Shakespeare  Conimentanes  (tr.  by  F.  t.  Bun- 
Inett,  cd.  IIjSOX  p.  78L 


or  Apalacha  (-chii).  Atnbeof  North  Americai 
Indians,  known  since  1526,  formerly  dwelliiif 
in  and  around  St.  Mark's  Kiver,  Florida,  and 
northward  to  the  Appalachian  range.    In  I0s8 
the  towns  of  the  tribe  or  division  were  mentioned  in  a  pe- 
titi..n  to  Charles  II.  of  .Spain.     About  1702  they  were 
br.iken  up  and  scattered,  and  are  now  extinct  or  absortied. 
Also  Appalaclirr.     See  Mtuklinrjean. 
Apamea(ap-a-ine'!i).  [Gr.  :\-<i^f«'.  J   In  ancient 
ceogi-aphy,  acity'in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  in 
(about)   lat.  38°  3'    N.,  long.   29°  55'  E. :  the 
modern  Dinair  or  Dcuair. 
Apamea.    In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Syria, 
situated  on  the  Orontes  50  miles  southeast  of 
Antioch :  the  medieval  Famieh.  and  the  mod- 
ern Qalat  el  Mudiq,  originally  called  Phamake. 
Apappus  (a-pap'pus).     See  the  extract. 

At  Assuan,  at  El-Kab,  at  Kasr-es-Syed,  at  Sheik  Said,  at 
Zauwit-cl-Meitin,  at  Sakkaiah,  and  at  San  the  name  of 
.\pappns  frequently  appears;  and  It  may  also  be  aen 
sculitur.d  on  the  rocks  at  Wady  Maghaiah,  and  at  Ham- 
manial  a  .statinn  <in  the  road  between  Keneb  and  Kosst-lr. 
The  name  Ajiappus  signifies,  ill  Kgyptian.  a  giant,  and  this 
may  be  the  basis  of  a  tradition  which  describes  him  as 
being  nine  cubits  high,  and  also  says  that  he  reigned  a 
hundred  years.  MarietU,  Outlines,  p.  11. 

Apastamba(a-pas-tam'bhii).  The  author  of  Su- 
tras couiicited  with  the  Black  Yajurvedn  and  of 
a  Dliarniashaslra.  To  him  or  his  sidiool  are  as- 
cribed two  reeensionsof  the  Taittiriyasamhita. 
Apaturia  (ap-a-tii'ri-a).  [Gr.  •A-arol(,(a.-\  In 
(ireck  :uiti<iulty,  the  solemn  annual  meeting 
of  the  ]>hratries  for  the  purpose  of  registering 
tlie  children  of  the  preceding  year  whose  birth 
entitled  them  to  citizenship.  It  t.>,.k  place  In  the 
month  ryanepsion  (November),  and  hmled  three  days. 
The  registralion  took  place  on  the  third  day. 
Apava  (ii'pa-vii).  In  the  Hralimapurana  and 
the  Harivansni  .\pava  performed  the  office  of 
the  creator  Brahma,  and  divided  liiinself  into 
two  iiarls,  male  and  female.  These  iiroiluced 
Vishnu,  who  cn-atcd  Viraj,  who  brought  into 
tln>  world  the  first  man. 
Apeldoorn  (it'pel-<16rn).     A  small  town  in  the 

j„-,,viii f  Gelderiaiid,  Netherlands,  situated 

on  the  (irift  and  Dieren  Canal  17  miles  north 
of  Aniheni.     Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Loo. 
Apellas   (a-pel'as).       (Gr.   'Art/>.<ic.]      Lived 

abniil  400  u.  c.  A  Greek  sculptor. 
Apelles  (a-pel'ez).  [(!r. 'Ati/Zw.]  A  famoud 
(inek  painter  of  the  time  of  Philip  and  Alex- 
aniler.  Thr.e  clllos  claimed  to  bo  his  birthplace,  fido- 
nhon.  Kphesus.  ami  Cos.  lie  was  n  pupil  first  ..f  an  "'her- 
wise  unknown  F.pbiiros,  ami  later  .d  the  fanimn  Pnmnbllos 
of  SIkyone.  In  him  there  was  llml  blending  of  lltirle  and 
Ionic  elements  ti.  which  lb.-  best  r.sult.  ot  tireek  civil  - 
zatl.Mi  may  generally  be  Inieid.  Ill"  greatest  work.  and. 
perhaps,  the  most  perfect  pbture  ..t  anlloulty  w'a.  lb.' 
Aphrodite  Ana.ly.unene,  ..rlglnally  palTiledf.ir  I  lie  temple 
of  Rsculaplns  In  Cos.  It  was  afterward  bought  by  Angus 
tns  for  KSI  talenis  and  placed  In  the  lenqde  of  Ciesar  In 
l^.me  In  Nepis  time  the  nearly  rulRe.l  plelure  was 
cooled  by  Dorotheus.  Alielles's  nnidel  wn»  .upiK..ed  to 
have  been  Pancaste,  the  mlslrr.s  of  Abxanibr,  nr  Phryno. 
Knini  »oTneexpres.-l"n"ln  an  ..lu-eure  lexl  II  1ms  been  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  half  bnglh  figure  ami  the  subject  was 
painted  by  Titian  In  this  way  In  llio  llrldgewator  picture. 


Apennines  (ap'c-ninz).    [F.  Apenmm,  It.  Jpen- 
)iiiii,  I  i. .()"  Hiiincn,  etc. ;  L.  Jy>pn»iiHM.sor  Avpen- 
ininis.]     The  central  mountain  system  of  Italy. 
It  forms  the  baeklione  of  the  peninsula  and  extends  from 
the  l.igurian  Alps  in  the  neighborly  «1  "f  Savona  south- 
eastward to  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula.     Its  length  IB 
about  sou  miles  and  its  average  height  about  •1.000  feet. 
The  highest  point  is  Monte  Corno(9,5i>5  feetX  In  the  Oran 
Sasso  d'ltalia. 
Apenrade  (ii'pen-rii-de)-      A  seaport  in  the 
pr.iviiice  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the 
Apenrade  Fjord  35  miles  north  of  Sehleswig. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,361. 
Apepa  (a-pa'pa).     A  shepherd  king  of  Egypt 
who  ruled  at  Avaris  (Zoau)  about  1(00  B.  c. : 
jirobably  the  Aphobis  of  Manetho,  and  perhaps 
a  contemporary  of  Joseph. 
Apepi  (ii-pa'pe).     In  Egyptian  mythologj-,  the 
great  serpent,  the  embodiment  of  enl  (Typhon). 
Aper  (ii'per).  Aperiu  (a-per-e'6),  Apuirai 
(ii-pij-e'ri).      A  name  of  an  ancient  people 
mentioned  in  the  Egyptian  records,  and  sup- 
posed bv  some  to  be  the  Hebrews,  but  probably 
an  "  Erythncan  people  in  the  east  of  the  nome 
of  Heliopolis,  in  what  is  known  as  the  'red 
eountry'  or  the  'red  mountain'"  (Brugsch). 
Apfelstedt  (iip'fel-stet  >.    A  small  river  in  Thu- 

iiiii;ia  which  joins  the  Gera  south  of  Erfurt. 
Aphobis.     See  Apcpa.  ,_      ,  •     j   •     .v 

Aphraates  (af-rii'tez),  Jacob.  Lived  in  the 
4th  century.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Syrian 
Church,  surnamed  "The  Persian  Sage."  After 
his  conversion  he  lived  In  F.dessa  and  later  in  .Antioch. 
He  was  an  opponent  of  Arlanlsm,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
collection  of  homilies. 
Aphrodisias  (af-ro-dis'i-as).  [Gr.  'Atppoiiom.'i 
An  ancient  town  of  Caria,  situated  on  the 
.\lcnander:  the  modern  Gliera.  It  contains  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  hipixHlroine  which  coincide  cui  one 
side  with  the  city  walls.  Both  ends  are  semicircular. 
The  length  is  illll  feet,  the  breadth  270;  the  arena  Is  .47 
by  OS  feet.  There  are  20  tiers  of  seats,  divided  into  sec- 
tions by  nights  of  steps  and  Iwrdered  alwve  by  an  arcaaeJ 
gallery  There  is  also  a  Roman  temple  of  Venus,  which 
Is  comparatively  well  preserved.  It  Is  loillc.  'xtMtyle; 
pseudoiliptenil.  w  Ith  l.'i  columns  on  the  Banks,  In  plan  80 
by  ll'.t  feet.  The  peristyle  columns  are  S.'>}  feet  high. 
Aphrodite  (af-r.")-di'te).  [Gr.  'A<fpuiiTri,  ASSO- 
.lated  bv  popular  etym.  with  a<fpAi,  foam,  as 
if  'foam'-born'  (cf.  Anadyomene).]  In  tireek 
mythology,  the  goddess  of  love  and  wedlock, 
according  to  one  legeiul  datighterof  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Dioue,  according  to  another  risen  from 
the  foam  of  tlie  sea  at  Cyprus,  whence  she  is 
called  Ki-pris.     Many  scholars  give  her  an  Asiatic  orl- 


.•Jllieii   i-vj  |ji  in.      iiiiiiiT  B1.111.1111D  HI...  "V.   — ..  ..-. — - 

Kin  anil  lonnect  her  with  the  Plienlclan  Astartc  (Assyro- 
Tlab) Ionian  Ishlar)  who  corresiKUidt  to  her.  ?he  was 
originally  conceived  as  a  jHiwer  of  nature,  and  later  b|mv 
clUcallv  as  the  dellv  of  reproduction  and  love.  She  some- 
limes  appears  as  the  wile  of  Hephicstus  (VulranX  and  in 
her  train  are  her  «<in  Kros  (Amor)  and  the  (iraces.  The 
chief  seats  of  her  worship  were  |••pho^  Amathui,  and  Ida- 
l|ononlhel«landolCypru^CIddn»ln  Asia  Minor. Corinth 
and  Kryx  In  Slelly.  Among  plants  the  myrtle.  n>»e.  anil 
apple  were  especially  «acr«-d  to  her.  anioti»  aniinili  the 
ram  he-goal,  dove,  and  swan.  "1  brr  represenlalloni  In 
art  the  most  (anions  are  the  replica  of  her  ststucof  Cnldui 
bv  Praiileles  In  the  Glyjitothek  of  Mnidch.  Oie  original 
statues  ot  Meh«i  In  the  I...u»re.  of  c«iiu«  at  Naplea.  Uio 
lledicean  In  Klorence  and  the  Capllollne  In  Home  The 
Romans  Idenllfiid  Aphnxllte  with  Venus,  who  was  origi- 
nally a  Ijitin  god'li  h^  of  Hprlllg. 

Aphrodite,  Temple  of.     See  -Jw7"H(I  (Greoee). 
Aphroditopolis  (af'io-di-top'<i-lis).    [Or.  A^po- 

.l,ro::o><r,' oily  of  Aphrodite."  1  The  n*me  Ol Bev- 
criil  cities  ill' aiieieiil  Fgypl. 
AphthartodOCet8B(af-lliiir't6-<io-se  to).  [Mnr. 
\\^ji,i,<T:>iWiiTiii,  from  (ir.  o<x'<i/iriK.  ineornnitible, 
and  Anfir,  tiqicli.]  A  MouoiihyHite  sect  which 
cNisled  from  the  (ith  to  llie  0th  century  or 
later.  They  held  IhnI  the  tmdy  I'f  Christ  was  Incomip- 
llble  even  before  the  resurrirtl.m.  and  thai  he  »nllei.sl 
death  only  In  a  pban(a«nial  splieanince.  rnmi  Ibis  they 
are  sometimes  call<<l  ;'*a>i/Mio»U,  a  name  more  properly 
belonging  to  the  Uocetsc,  who  denied  OTen  the  reality  at 
Christ  •  body. 


Aphthonius 

Aphthonius  (af-tho'ui-us),  ^lius  Festus. 
Lived  about  300  A.  D.  A  Greek  rhetorician. 
He  was  the  author  of  four  books  "de  metris,"  which 
Muriua  Victoriiius,  about  the  middle  of  the  4th  ceutury, 
iucurporated  in  his  system  of  grammar. 
Apia  (a'pi-a).  Au  old  name  of  the  Pelopon- 
iiesus. 

Apia  (a'pe-a).  A  municipality  and  seaport, 
chief  town  of  Upolu,  Samoan  Islands,  sitiiated 
in  lat.  13°  49'  S..  long.  171°  48'  W.  it  is  the  center 
of  German  commerce  in  the  western  Pacific,  and  is  under 
the  supervision  of  the  Gennan,  British,  and  American 
consuls.  On  ^Vlarch  15,  1889.  a  hurricane  visited  the  harbor 
of  Apia,  destroying  the  American  men-of-war  Vandalia 
and  Trenton,  and  the  German  men-of-war  Adler  and 
Eber,  with  several  merchant  vessels.  The  American  Nipsic 
and  the  German  Olga  were  beached.  Many  lives  were  lost. 

Apiacas  (ap-e-a-kas'J.  The  name  of  two  Indian 
tribes  of  Brazil,  (ii  A  horde  of  the  Tupi  race  which, 
in  historical  times,  has  lived  on  the  Upper  Tapajbs  and 
Arinos  ;  they  are  an  agricultural  people,  and  skilful  canoe- 
luen  ;  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousand.  (-2)  A  small  tribe 
on  the  Tocantins,  which,  l)y  its  language,  appears  to  be 
allied  to  the  Caribs. 

Apianus  (a-pe-a'no.s),  Petrus:  Latinized  from 
his  German  name,  Peter  Bienewitz  {G.  bieiie, 
L.  apis,  a  bee).  Born  at  Leysuick.  1495:  died 
there,  April  21, 1552.  A  German  mathematician 
and  eosmogi'apher.  lie  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Ingolstadt,  and  was  created  by  Charles  V.  a  knight  of  the 
German  Empire.  He  wrote  an  astronomical  work,  but  is 
best  known  for  his  volumes  on  cosmography,  which  con- 
tain some  of  the  eai-liest  maps  of  America. 

Apicata  (ap-i-ka'ta).  In  Ben  Jon.son's  play 
"Tlie  Fall  of  Sejanus,"  the  wife  of  Sejauus, 
wlin  put  her  away  for  Livia. 

Apicius  V  a-pish '  i  us ) .  Marcus  Gabius.  Af arhous 
liuman  epicure  who  lived  during  the  reigns  of 
Augustus  and  Tiberius.  Having,  it  was  said,  spent 
one  hundred  million  sesterces  (about  .S3,t)0fl,(X)0)  in  procur- 
ing and  inventing  rare  dishes,  he  balanced  his  accounts 
and  found  that  he  had  only  ten  million  sesterces  ($360,000) 
left.  I'nwilling  Uj  starve  on  such  a  pittance,  he  destroyed 
liiiuself. 

Apinji  (a-pen'je).  A  small  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
I'reiich  Kongo,  between  the  Ba-Kele  and  the 
Ashaiigo. 

Apion  (a'pi-on)  [Gr.  JV^/un.]  A  Greek  gram- 
marian and  commentator  on  Homer,  who  flour- 
ished about  the  middle  of  the  1st  century  a.  d. 

Apis  (a 'pis).  [Gr.  'Atij,  Egypt.  Hapi,  the 
liidden  one.]  The  Bull  of  Memphis,  worshiped 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  the  image  of  the  soul  of  Osiris,  and  was  the  sacred  em- 
blem of  that  god.  Sometimes  he  is  figured  as  a  man  with 
a  bull's  head.  "  There  were  many  signs  necessary  for  an 
Apis;  .  .  .  for  instance,  spots  in  the  shape  of  a  triangle  on 
the  forehead,  aud  a  half-moon  on  the  breast.  If  such  an 
Apis  was  discovered,  it  was  led  with  rejoicings  into  Mem- 
phis, it  was  carefully  tended,  and  after  its  death  was  buried 
with  great  costliness.  He  was  zealously  worshipped  and 
gave  oracles.  He  was  looked  on  as  the  second  life,  orthe 
son  of  Ptah,  the  soul  or  image  of  Osiris,  born  of  a  virgin 
cow.  After  his  death  he  became  Osiris- .\pis  or  Serapis." 
La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion  (trans.),  p.  405. 

Apo  (a'po).  A  volcano  in  the  central  part  of 
Mindanao,  Philippines,  over  10,000  feet  high. 

Apocalypse,  The.    See  BeveluUon. 

Apocrypna  (a-pok'ri-ta),  The.  [LL.  apocrn- 
pliii,  neut.  pi.  (sc.  scripta)  of  apocri/phus,  from 
Gr.  a7r6Kpv(po(;  (neut.  pi.  a-jroKpvipa,  sc.  }pafifiaTa  or 
piji'/.ia),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite, 
hard  to  understand;  in  eceles.  use,  of  writ- 
ings, anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unca- 
nonieal,  spurious,  pseudo-;  from  a-oKpvwretv, 
hide  away,  conceal,  obscure,  from  awu,  away, 
and  KphvTiiv,  hide,  conceal.]  A  collection  of 
fourteenbooks  subjoined  to  the  canonical  books 
of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  authorized  version 
of  the  Bible,  as  originally  issued,  but  now  gep- 
erally  omitted.  They  do  not  exist  in  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
but  are  found  with  others  of  the  same  character  scattered 
through  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  versions  of  the  Old 
Testament.  They  are  :  First  and  Second  Esdras  (otherwise 
Third  and  Fourth  Esdras  or  Ezra,  reckoning  Nehemiah  as 
Second  Ezra  or  Esdras),  Tobit  or  Tobias,  .Tudith,  the  Rest 
of  Esther,  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  Ecclesiasticus.  Baruch  (as 
joined  to  Jeremiah),  parts  of  Daniel  (namely.  Song  of  the 
Three  Children,  the  History  of  Susanna,  the  Destruction  of 
Bel  and  the  Dragon),  the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  First  and 
Second  Maccabees.  Most  of  these  are  recognized  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  as  fully  canonical,  though  theo- 
logians of  that  church  often  distinguish  them  as  deutero- 
canonical,  on  the  ground  that  their  place  in  the  canon  was 
decided  later  than  that  of  the  other  books,  limiting  the 
name  Apocrypha  to  the  two  (last)  books  of  Esdras  and 
the  Prayer  of  .Manasses,  and  other  books  not  in  the  above 
collection,  namely.  Third  and  Foiu-th  .Maccabees,  a  book 
of  Enoch,  an  additional  or  151st  Psalm  of  David,  and  eigh- 
teen Psalms  of  Solomon.  With  these  sometimes  are  in- 
cluded certain  pseudepigraphic  books,  such  as  the  Apoc- 
idypse  of  Baruch  and  the  Asstmiption  of  Moses.  The 
name  .■\pocr>T>ha  is  also  occasionally  made  to  embrace 
the  Antilegoinena  of  the  Hew  Testament.  The  Greek 
Church  makes  no  distinction  among  the  books  contained 
in  the  Septuagint. 

Apodaca (a-po-dit'kii),  Juan  Ruiz  de.   Bom  at 

Guliz,  Feb.  3,  17.54:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  11, 
1835.    A  Spanish  naval  officer  and  adminis- 


66 

trator,  ambassador  to  England  1808,  captain- 
general  of  Cuba  1812-16,  and  viceroy  of  New 
Spain  (Mexico),  Aug.,  1816,  to  Aug.,  1822.  By 
energy  combined  with  a  spirit  of  conciliation,  he  in  a  great 
measure  repressed  the  revolutionists,  defeating  Mina,  who 
was  captured  and  executed  (Nov.,  1817),  and  driving  Vi- 
cente Guerrero  to  the  mountains.  When  Iturbide  re- 
belled (1S21)  the  viceroy  was  obliged  to  temporize,  and  the 
insurgents  had  gained  important  successes  before  he  left. 
For  this  reason  he  is  surnamed  '"the  Unfortunate." 
Apolda  (a-pol'da).  A  town  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  9  miles  northeast 
of  Weimar.  It  has  manufactures  of  hosiery,  woolen 
goods,  machinery,  dyes,  bells,  etc.  Population  (1890), 
20,.S80. 

Apollinare  inClasse(a-pol-le-na're  in  clas'se), 
San.  [See  Ctassis.}  A  ehmx-h  at  Ravenna, 
Italy,  begim  in  534,  the  most  important  existing 
early-Christian  basilica  in  Italy,  in  plan  it  is  93 
feet  by  173.  measuring  inside,  with  nave  and  aisles  sepa- 
rated by  24  gray  mat  ble  columns  with  round  arches,  and  a 
raised  semicircular  tribune.  There  is  a  clearstory  of 
double  round-arched  windows,  and  the  wooden  roofs  are 
open.  The  narthex,  now  walled  up,  originally  had  open 
arcades.  Nave  and  aisles  have  painted  medallion-friezes 
of  busts  of  the  bishops  and  archbishops  of  Ravenna.  The 
vatilt  and  walls  of  the  tribune  are  covered  with  splendid 
mosaics  of  the  t'.th  and  7th  centuries.  The  picturesque 
circular  campanile  is  of  brick,  120  feet  high,  with  many 
round-arched  windows. 

Apollinare  Nuovo  (a-pol-le-na're  n6-6'v6), 
San.  Achurch  at  Ravenna,  Italy,  built  by  Theo- 
doric  in  the  6th  century.  In  plan  it  is  115  by  315  feet, 
with  a  single  raised  apse  (bema),  and  a  liandsmne  narthex 
with  a  portico.  The  nave,  51  feet  wide,  witli  line  coffered 
ceiling,  has  24  columns  brought  from  Constantinople, 
the  Corinthian  capitals  are  surmounted  by  heavy  Byzan- 
tine ahaci.  Above  the  arcades  of  the  nave  the  w.aUs  are 
covered  with  very  beautiful  Oth-century  mosaics. 

Apollinarians(a-pol-i-na'ri-anz).  A  religious 
sect  deriving  their  name  from  Apollinaris  the 
Younger,  bishop  of  Laodicea  in  tlie  4th  centurj'. 
Apollinaris  denied  the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  at- 
tributing to  him  a  human  body  and  a  human  soul,  or 
vital  principle,  but  teaching  that  the  Divine  Reason,  or 
Logos,  took  in  him  the  place  which  in  man  is  occupied  by 
the  rational  principle. 

Apollinaris  (a-pol-i-na'ris).  Saint.  See  the 
extract. 

The  mythical  founder-bishop  of  the  Church  of  Ravenna 
was  .Saint  Apollinaris,  a  citizen  of  Antioch,  well  versed  in 
Greek  and  Latin  literature,  who,  we  are  told,  followed 
Peter  to  Rome,  was  ordained  there  by  that  Apostle,  and 
eventually  was  commissioned  by  him  to  preach  the  Gos- 
pel at  Ravenna.  Before  his  dep:u-ture,  however,  he  had 
once  passed  a  night  in  St.  Peter's  company  at  the  monas- 
tery known  by  the  name  of  the  Elm  ("ad  Ulmum  "). 
They  had  slept  upon  the  bare  rock,  and  the  indentations 
made  by  their  heads,  their  backs,  and  their  legs  were  still 
shown  in  the  9th  century. 

Uodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  444. 

Apflllinaris,  surnamed  "The  Younger."  Died 
alrout  390.  Bishop  of  Laodicea,  and  founder  of 
the  sect  of  the  AiioUiiiarians. 

Apollinaris  Fountain  (a-pol-i-na'ris  foun'- 
tan).  A  mineral  spring  near  Neuenahr,  25 
miles  northwest  of  Coblentz,  Prussia,  discov- 
ered in  1853.     Its  waters  are  largely  exported. 

Apollinaris  Sidonius.    See  Sidonius,  ApoUi- 

mtris. 

Apollino  (a-pol-le'no).  A  statue  in  the  tribune 
of  the  Uffizi,  Florence,  it  is  an  antique  copy  from 
a  Greek  original,  probably  of  the  4th  century  B.  c,  repre- 
senting an  effeminate  type  of  the  youthful  Apollo  stand- 
ing easily  and  gracefully. 

Apollinopolis  Magna  (a-pol-i-nop'o-lis  mag'- 
iiii).  An  ancient  city  of  Egvpt,  near  Edfu.  See 
lidfii. 

Apollo  (a-pol'o).  [Gr.  'A-uX/.av,  Doric  'AjtD^^uv \ 
associated  in  popular  etym.  with  aTroA/.vvai,  de- 
stroy, to  which  notion  some  of  his  attributes 
are  due;  prob.  of  Eastern  origin.  See  quota- 
tions.] In  Greek  and  later  in  Koman  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  great  Olj-mpian  gods,  the  son 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  represent- 
ing the  light-  and  life-giving  influence,  as  well 
as  the  deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often 
identified  with  the  sun-god  Helios.  He  was  the 
leader  of  the  Muses,  god  of  music,  poetry,  and  healing,  and 
patron  of  these  arts ;  a  nnghty  protector  from  evil,  all- 
seeing,  and  hence  the  master  of  prophecy;  also  the  de- 
stroyer of  the  unjust  and  insolent,  and  ruler  of  pestilence. 
In  art  he  was  represented  in  the  full  majesty  of  youthful 
manhood,  in  most  of  his  attributions  unclothed  or  but 
lightly  draped,  and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and 
arrows,  the  laurel,  the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  ser- 
pent, or  the  dolphin.  He  was  the  father  of  ^sculapius, 
to  whom  he  granted  his  art  of  healing.  Apollo  was  hon- 
ored, both  locally  and  generally,  under  many  special  titles, 
of  which  each  had  its  particular  type  in  art  and  literature : 
as,  Apollo  Citharixfh/?  ( Apollo,  wlio  sings  to  the  accompa- 
niment of  the  lyre),  equivalent  to  Apollo  Musat/eten,  the 
conductor  of  the  Muses;  Apollo  Sauroktonos  (the  lizard- 
killer),  etc. 

The  oldest  epigraphic  form  of  the  name  of  Apollo  is 
Aplu,  which  corresponds  to  the  Semitic  At)lu.  the  "  son  " 
of  heaven, which  was  one  of  the  titles  of  Tamniuz  the  Syrian 
sun-god.  Taylor,  Aryans  f.  304. 

Beyond  the  boundai-ies  of  the  AUobroges,  the  Gaulish 
Apollo  appears  to  have  been  known  all  over  the  Celtic 


Apollonia 

world,  and  he  bore  several  names,  of  which  the  most  im 
portant  were  Maponos.  (jrannos.  and  Toutiorix.  Three 
inscriptions  in  honour  of  Apollo  Maponos  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  north  of  England,  and  in  one  of  them, 
found  near  Ainstable,  in  Cumberland,  he  is  called  Dens 
Mapoims,  without  any  allusion  to  Apollo.  Fortunately 
the  name  Maponos  ofl'ers  no  ditticulty :  it  is  the  same 
word  as  the  old  Welsh  mapon,  now  malion,  'boy  or  male 
child,'  which  occurs,  for  example,  in  a  Welsh  poem  in  the 
Book  of  Taliessin,  a  manuscript  of  the  13th  century  :  it  is 
there  applied  to  the  infant  Jesus,  in  a  passage  describing 
the  coming  of  the  Magi  to  him  at  Bethlehem.  Thus  it 
seems  certjiin  that  some  of  the  Celts  worshipped  an  Apollo 
whom  they  described  as  an  infant,  and  this  is  borne  out 
by  a  group  of  inscriptions  at  the  other  extremity  of  the 
Celtic  world  of  antiquity  :  I  allude  to  the  ancient  province 
of  Dacia,  and  especially  f^arlsburg  and  its  neighbouihood. 
in  Transylvania,  where  we  find  him  styled  Deus  Bonus 
Puer  Posphorus,  Apollo  Pythius,  Bonus  Puer  Posphoius, 
or  Bonus  Deus  Puer  Posphorus.  Our  Maponos  is  in  all 
probability  the  Bonus  Puer  attested  by  these  inscriptions. 
Jihys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  22. 
Apollo  Belvedere  (a-pol'o  bel-va-dii're).  A  fa- 
mous statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  It  is  a  fine 
antique  copy  of  a  Greek  original  in  bronze  — possibly  an 
offering  set  up  at  Delphi  (it  may  be  in  connection  with 
the  Diana  of  Versailles,  in  the  Louvre),  in  commemoration 
of  the  divine  aid  which  (by  a  natural  conviUsion)  repelled 
the  Gallic  hordes  from  the  Delphic  sanctuary  in  279  B,  c. 
The  god  stands  as  a  vigorous  youth,  undraped  except  for 
a  chlamys  clasped  round  the  neck  and  thrown  over  the 
extended  left  arm.  apparently  having  just  dischaiged  an 
arrow  whose  flight  he  watches.  The  theory  that  the  left 
hand  held  an  a?gis  is  not  supported. 

Apollo  Chresterios  (a-pol'o   kres-te'ri-os). 

[Gf.  l\~i'i/'/.uv  xp'/'^Ti/jiioc,]     Apollo  of  oracles. 

Apollo  Citharcedus  (a-pol'6  sith-a-re'dus). 
[Gr.  KidupuiUc,  one  who  plays  on  the  cithara, 
a  harper.]  1.  A  statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 
The  god,  strongly  feminine  in  type,  advances  laurel- 
crowned  and  draped  in  long  tunic  and  himation,  as  he 
touches  the  strings  of  his  lyre.  An  attempt  has  been 
made  to  connect  this  stutue  with  Nero's  musical  successes 
in  Greece. 

2.  A  notable  antique  marble  statue  in  the  Glyp- 
tothek,  Munich.  The  figure  is  shrouded  in  full  dra- 
peries of  feminine  type,  including  the  long  tunic  with 
diplois  The  lyre  is  held  high  against  the  left  shoulder. 
The  head  is  of  late  character. 

Apollo  Club.  A  famous  club  held  in  the  17th 
ceutury  ;it  the  DevU  Tavern  near  Temple  Bar. 
It  was  frequented  by  Ben  Jouson,  Randolph, 
Herrick,  and  others. 

Apollo  of  Tenea.  An  archaic  Greek  statue  in 
tlie  tilyptothek  at  Munich,  probably  represent- 
ing not  Apollo  but  an  athlete.  It  is  important  in 
sculpture  as  representing  a  type  in  a  class,  unknown  until 
late  years,  of  early  Greek  undraped  statues  characterized 
by  the  awkwardness  id  artistic  infancy. 

Apollo  of  Thera  (the'rii).  A  statue  of  Apollo 
ill  tlic  National  JIuseum,  Athens,  a  typical  ex- 
ample of  youthful  manhood  in  Greek  archaic 
sculpture.     The  figure  is  undraped. 

Apollo  Sauroktonos  (a-pol'o  sa-rok'to-nos). 
[Gr.  '^avpoKTovoc,  tlie  lizard-slayer.]  A  statue 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  god  is  represented  as  a 
beautiful  youth,  undraped,  graceful,  and  feminine,  about 
to  transfix  with  a  dai-t  a  lizard  (a  method  of  divination) 
which  ascends  a  tree-trunk  on  which  he  leans.  It  is  a 
reproduction  of  a  work  in  bronze  by  Praxiteles. 

Apollo  Slaying  the  Python.  A  noted  painting 
liy  Turner,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Apollodorus  (a-pol-o-do'rus).  [Gr.  \tto'A/.66u- 
pof.]  Born  at  Athens  :  flom'ished  about404  B.C. 
The  first  of  the  great  school  of  Greek  painters, 
an  elder  contemporary  of  Zeuxis  and  Parrha- 
sius.  Pliny  mentions  a  priest  in  adoration  and  an  Ajax 
struck  by  lightning  by  this  master.  He  seems  to  have 
been  tlie  first  impnrtant  painter  to  abandon  the  old  sche- 
matic arraiii:enuiits  fur  the  actual  relations  of  nature. 
This  was  undntititedly  due  to  the  discovery  of  perspec- 
tive associated  with  the  scene-painter  Agatharcus  and 
the  philosophers  Democritus  and  Anaxagoras. 

In  a  word,  they  [the  Egyptians]  discovered  the  laws  of 
chiaroscuro,  and  with  them  the  art  of  foreshortening, 
which  is,  in  fact,  perspective  applied  to  the  human  figure. 
Greek  tradition  ascrit)es  these  great  discoveries  to  an  Athe- 
nian named  Apollodorus,  who  flourished  about  four  hun- 
dred and  thirty  years  before  our  era. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  94. 

Apollodorus.  Born  at  Carystos,  Euboea :  lived 
about  300-260  B.  c.  A  Greek  comic  poet  of  the 
new  Attic  comedy.  "lie  is  remarkable  as  having 
afforded  Terence  the  models  of  two  plays,  the  *Hecyra* 
and  '  I'hormio.'" 

Apollodorus.  Lived  about  140  B.  C.  An  Athe- 
nian grammarian,  author  of  an  (extant)  "Bib- 
liotheea,"  an  important  work  on  Greek  mythol- 
og.V- 

Apollodorus.  Bom  at  Damascus :  died  in  the 
reign  of  Hadrian  (117-138).  An  architect,  the 
designer  of  the  Forum  and  Column  of  Tra- 
.jan  at  Rome,  and  of  the  stone  bridge  over  the 
Danube  about  105  a.  d.  He  was  banished  and 
put  to  death  by  Hadrian. 

Apollonia  (ap-o-16'ni-a).  [Gr.  'AiroXkuvia,  from 
Wnt'j'/'Auf,  Apollo.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
citv  of  Illvria,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Aous  in  lat.  40°  40'  N.,  long   19°  25'  E. 


ApoUonia 

Apollonia.  In  ancient  geography,  the  port  of 
Cfyreue,  Africa,  in  lat.  32°  56'  N.jong.  22°  E. : 
tlie  moiieru  Marsa  Susa. 

Apollonia.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Halestine,  situated  on  the  Meiliterranean  be- 
tween Joppa  and  Ca>sarea:  the  modern  Arsuf. 

Apollonia.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
Thrace,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  42° 
26'  N.,  long.  27°  44'  E. :  the  modern  SizeboU. 

Apollonia.  A  station  on  the  British  Gold  Coast, 
West  Africa. 

Apollonius  (ap-o-lo'ni-us).  [Gr.  lA^o/Jluwof.] 
Lived  in  the  time  of  Augustus.  A  noted  Alex- 
andrian grammarian,  author  of  a  "Homeric 
Le.\ici>u"  (i-d.  by  Bekker  1833). 

Apollonius,  suruiimed  DySCOlus.  [Gr.  SioKOfoi. 
ill-tempered.]  Born  at  Alexandria  :  flourished 
during  the  reigns  of  Hadrian  and  Antoninus 
Pius.  A  celebrated  Alexandrian  grammarian. 
Only  a  few  of  his  numerous  works  are  extant;  that  *"()n 
Syntax  "(eil  liy  Bekker  1S17)  is  tlie  most  famous.  Ue  anil 
hi.s  son,  .iCIius  Herodiau,  are  called  by  l*riscian  the  great- 
est of  Ki'aramarians.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  extreme 
poverty. 

Apollonius,  surnamed  Molon.  Bom  at  Ala- 
banda,  Caria:  lived  about  80  B.  c.  A  Greek 
rhetorician,  an  instructor  of  Cicero  and  Cffisar. 

Apollonius,  surnamed  Pergaeus  (from  his  birth- 
place). Born  at  Per^a,  Pamphylia.  Asia  Minor: 
lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
A  Greek  geometrician  educated  at  Alexandria, 
surnamed  "The  Groat  Geometer."  His  chief  work 
is  a  treatise  on  "Conic  Sections  "  (ed.  by  Halley  1710)  in 
eight  books,  of  which  the  first  four  are"  extant"  in  Greek 
and  all  but  the  eighth  in  Arabic. 

Apollonius,  surnamed  Rhodius  ('of  Rhodes'). 
Born  at  Alexandria  or  at  Naucratis,  about  23.5 
B.  c.  A  Greek  epic  poet,  author  of  the  "Ar- 
gonautica."  Being  unsuccessful  in  Alexandria,  lie  went 
to  Rhodes  (whence  his  surname)  where  be  lectured  on 
rhetoric,  but  later  returned  t"  the  former  city. 

Apollonius.  Born  at  Tralles,  Caria:  flour- 
ished, probably,  at  the  beginning  of  the  1st 
century  A.  D.  A  Greek  sculptor  who,  with  his 
brother,  carved  the  so-called  Farnese  Bull 
(which  see). 

Apollonius.sumamed  Tyanseus  (from  his  liirth- 
placo).  BornatTyana.Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor, 
about  4  B.  c. :  died  about  97  (f )  A.  D.  A  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher  and  reputed  magician  and 
wonder-worker,  whose  life  and  suiipo.^eii  mir:i- 
cles  have  often  been  compared  with  those  of 
Christ.  "He  studied  first  in  the  Greek  schools  at  Tarsus, 
and  was  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Pythagorean  philoso- 
phy. This  he  cumbine'l  with  the  legerdemain  practiseil 
In  some  of  the  A.^clepeia,  and  a  journey  to  the  old  seats 
of  magic  in  i'ubytonia  and  Persia,  atid  to  the  contines  of 
India,  initiated  hjin  into  the  theurgic  practices  of  the 
East."  His  life  by  Pliilostratus,  which  is  largely,  if  not 
wholly,  fabulous  (and  which  was  doubtless  written  for  a 
controversial  purpose),  presents  striking  similarities  with 
that  of  Jesus.  Divine  honors  were  jiaid  to  him  in  the  itd 
century,  and  his  hu=t  was  placed  by  .\Ie.\an<ler  Scverus  in 
his  lararium  witli  those  of  Abraham,  Orpheus,  and  Christ. 

Apollonius  of  Tyre.  1.  A  Stoic  jihilosophcr 
living  in  the  n-ign  of  Ptolemy  Auletcs,  men- 
tioned by  Diogenes  Laertius  as  the  author  of 
a  work  on  Zeno,  ami  by  Strabo  as  the  autlior 
of  another  work  which  seems  to  have  been  a  re- 
8um6  of  the  philosophers  and  their  writings 
from  the  time  of  Zeno,— 2.  The  king  of  Tyre, 
in  the  romanec  natiied  for  him  (which  see). 

Apollonius   ot   Tyre,  History  of.    An   old 

Greek  romance  of  uncertain  ihtte  and  iiuthor- 
ship.  Antiorlius,  king  of  Syria,  to  prevent  his  ilangh* 
ter's  marriage,  demands  of  her  suitors,  as  tlie  price  of  Iter 
hand,  the  solution  ot  a  riddle  containing  an  allusion  to 
his  incestuous  passion  for  her.  This  is  accomplished  by 
Apollonius  of  Tyre,  whom  Antloclnis  then  seeks  to  slay, 
Apollonius  escapes,  marries  the  daughter  of  another  king, 
and  returns  to  take  the  sovereignty  of  Syria.  Tlie  rest  of 
the  tale  is  occupied  with  the  adventures  of  his  daughter 
and  xvife. 

Besides  the  Latin  prose  version  already  mentioned,  the 
romance,  ot  history,  of  Apollonius  (of  'I'yrel  was  tnmslaled 
Into  Latin  verse  about  the  end  of  the  twelfth  centiir)-,  hy 
Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  who  intrYaluced  it  in  his  I'antheon.or 
Tnlversal  Chronicle,  as  part  of  the  history  of  Aiitiochus 
the  Third  of  Syria.  It  was  also  inserted  in  the  Gesta  Ro- 
manoruni  which  was  written  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  became  soon  after  the  sutiject  of  a  French  prose 
romance,  whicli  was  the  origin  of  the  ICngllsli  Kynge 
Apolync  of  Tyre,  jirinted  by  \\ynkln  do  Worde  in  IMo, 
It  was  from  the  metrical  version,  however,  of  Godfrey  of 
Viterbo  that  the  story  came  to  Gower,  who  has  U*V\  It 
with  little  varjatitm  in  his  Confesslo  Amalitls.  Gower  is 
Introduced  as  speaking  the  prologue  to  each  rif  the  live 
acts  of  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre;  whence  It  may  he  pre- 
aiimeil  that  the  author  of  that  play  derived  his  plot  from 
the  Kngtish  poet,  Tlie  drama  of  Pericles,  a-s  Is  well  kn>iwii, 
has  been  the  subject  of  niudi  discussion  ;  tlie  eompnsition 
of  the  whole,  or  greater  part,  of  it  having  been  atlrlliute<l 
to  Shakspeare  by  some  of  his  conimentatora,  chlelly  on 
the  authority  of  Dryden. 

Dutdop.  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  1.  84, 

Apollos  (a-pol'os),  [(!r.  'i\rrn?.'/ijr,  a  shortened 
form  of  'Atto/^uvioc.}    Flourished  about  the  mid- 


dle of  the  Ist  century  a.  d.  An  Alexandrian 
Jew  who  came  to  Ephesus  about  49  a,  D,,  where 
he  was  converted  by  Aqiiila  and  Priscilla.  He 
went  to  meet  Paul  at  (  orinlli,  and  was  with  Paul  at  Ephe- 
sus when  the  Kinjl  Kpislle  to  the  t'oiinthlans  was  writ- 
ten, lie  was  a  man  of  great  ability  and  attainments,  and 
the  attachment  of  his  iinmediale  disciples  t4i  hilu  was 
such  as  almost  to  create  a  schism  in  the  church. 

ApoUyon  ia-jjol'ion).  [Gr.  'Airu'/y.vuv,  render- 
ing tlie  Hei).  Abaiidon ;  prop.  adj.  d^ro/.^.i'wr,  de- 
stroying.] The  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit 
mentioned  in  Rev.  ix.  11.  He  Is  Introduced  by  Bun- 
yaii  ill  the-* Pilgrim's  Progress,"  and  has  a  terrible  com- 
bat with  the  pilgiiin  Christian. 

Apologia  Socratis.     See  Apology  of  Socrates. 

Apologie  for  Poetrie.    A  work  by  sir  Philip 

Sidney,  written  in  iri,><0  or  l.Wl,  published  in 
I.V.I.")  after  his  death.  It  is  a  plea  for  the  poet's 
art,      .Also  lirfiiiri'  nf  I'nctrie. 

Apology  for  Actors,  An.    A  work  in  three 

books  by  Thomas  Heywood,  published  in  1612, 
and  reprinted  in  IfwH  by  William  Cartwright, 
with  some  alterations,  under  the  title  of  "The 
Actors'  Vindication," 

Apology  of  Socrates.  Plato's  version  of  the 
defense  of  Soerates  before  his  judges.  (See 
Siicraltf:.)  A  similar  work  attributed  to  Xeno- 
phon  is  spurious. 

Apopi.     See  Ajjijii^ 

Apostate  (a-pos'tat),  The.  A  surname  of  the 
Roman  emperor  .Julian, 

Apostate,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Richard  Lalor 
Slieil,  produced  in  1S17.  Junius  Brutus  Booth 
was  celebrated  as  Pescara  in  this  play. 

Apostle  Islands  (a-pos'l  i'landz).  "a  group 
of  isl;iiids  ill  the  southwestern  part  of  Lake 
Superior,  belonging  to  Wisconsin. 

Apostle  of  Andalusia,  The.    Juan  de  Avila. 
Apostle  of  Ardennes,  The.    St.  Hubext. 
Apostle  of  Brazil,  The.    The  Jesuit  Jos6  de 

Ainhieta. 

Apostle  of  Free  Trade,  The.  Richard  Cob- 
den. 

Apostle  of  Germany,  The.    st,  Boniface. 
Apostle  of  Infidelity,  The.    Voltaire. 
Apostle  of  Ireland,  "The.    St.  Patrick, 
Apostle  of  Peru,  The.    The  Jesuit  Alonso  de 

Barieiia, 

Apostle  of  Temperance,  The.    Theobald  Ma- 

tlicw. 

Apostle  of  the  English,  The.    Augustine  the 

missimiiiry  tn  Eiighiiid, 

Apostle  of  the  French,  The.    St.  Denis. 
Apostle  to  the  Friesians,  The.   St.  WiUibrod, 

missionary  In  Ffi.'sinnd.  • 

Apostle  of  the  Gauls,  The.    st,  In'titeus. 
Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  The.    St.  Paul. 
Apostle  of  the  Highlanders,  The.     St.  Co- 

lillll)i;i. 

Apostle  of  the  Indians,  The.    John  Eliot. 
Apostle  of  the  Indies,  The.    St.  Francis  Xa- 

VI  er. 

Apostle  of  the  Iroquois,  The.  F.  Piipiet. 
Apostle  of  the  North,  "The.    1.  Ansgar.— 2. 

I'.oiiiaid  (iiliiiu.  an  iv;iiigrlist  on  the  English 
border. 

Apostle  of  the  Peak,  The.    William  Bagshaw, 

a  preaelicr  of  1  brbysliin-. 

Apostle  of  the  Picts,  The.    St.  Ninian. 

Apostle  of  the  Scots,  The.    John  Knox. 

Apostle  of  the  Slavs,  The.    St.  Cyril. 

Apostles'  Creed,  The.  -V  primitive  creed  of 
tfie  Christian  cliurch.  iiol  of  apostolic  origin, 
but  a  iiroiliict  of  the  Western  Cliiirch  during  the 
first  four  ceiitiirieB,  not  now  a.ssigiiable  lo  any 
individual  aiillior.  It  was  originally  abapllsmal  con- 
fessloii.  and  was  intended  to  he  aiHipularsilmmiiry  of  api>s- 
t"lic  teaeliiiig. 

Apostolic  Canons.  Certain  ordiminceB  and  reg- 
iilal  ions,  usually  reckoned  aseighty-tive  in  num- 
ber, belonging  to  the  first  cenlurieB  of  the 
Christian  church,  and  incorrectly  ascribed  to 
the  apostles. 

Apostolic  Constitutions.  A  collection  of  dif- 
fuse insi ructions,  relating  to  the  duticH  of 
clergy  ami  laily.lo  eeclisiiistical  iliHeipliiie.nnd 
to  ceremoiiiis,  divided  into  eight  bonks.  They 
profess  to  be  tin-  words  of  the  ii|Mtiillii».  written  down  l>y 
Clemelitof  Koine,  but  are  considerably  Interllian  a{H)Mlollc 
times. 

The  Ural  six  l>ook^  which  have  a  •Imng  Jewlth-I 'hrl<lliiii 
tone,  are  the  original  bnHls,  and.  nccorillng  to  recent  ItMis- 
tlgatlons.  were  coiniKi»e«l,  uilli  the  exeeittloti  of  some 
later  liiler]>(dallonft,  at  the  eml  of  llio  third  century,  In 
Syria  (or  ..Vsia  Minor),  The  seventh  and  eighth  iMwiks, 
eacli  of  which,  however,  f.irms  an  lieh'pendcnl  iilere.  are 
later  addltlons,and  datefrom  the  l>eglnnlng  of  tlie  foiirlb 
century,  at  all  events  from  n  perhtl  beforo  the  Coiinetl  of 
Nlciea  (::2.'0.  The  eollecllon  of  the  three  parts  Into  iiiie 
whole  may  be  the  work  of  the  aillhor  "f  the  eighth  iMw.k, 
Hcha/r,  Ulitory  of  (he  LTirlsllaii  Church,  II.  UK: 


Appenzell  Inner  Khodes 

Apostolic  Council,  The.  The  first  conference 
or  synod  of  tin-  Christian  church.  It  was  held  ai 
Jerusalem  JO  (.".1 'i  \.  v.  by  the  churches  of  .lenisaleni  and 
-Antioch  to  settle  the  personal  relation  between  the  Jewish 
and  gentile  ajM.stles.  to  divide  the  field  of  labor  between 
them,  to  deciile  the  ((Uestion  of  circumcision,  and  to  de- 
fine the  relation  between  the  Jewish  and  gentile  Christlaiu. 
Acts  XV. 

Apostolic  Fathers,  The.  Those  Christian 
writers  who  \vi  ro  eoiiiiiiiporary  with  any  of 
the  apostles.  They  are  Barnabas,  Clement 
of  Rome,  Ignatius,  Polyearp,  Hennas,  and 
Pajiias. 

Apostolics  (ap-ps-tol'iks ),  or  Apostolicals  l  ap- 

os-tol'i-kalz).  tn  Spanish  history,  a  political 
party  which  sup|)orted  the  Catholie  Church  and 
absolute  government.  It  dated  fmm  the  restoration 
of  the  l'.our)Riiis,  and  lasted  till  about  ]H;c{.  when  it  was 
Bb-..rli.d  by  the  Carllsls, 

ApostoUus  (ap-os-to'li-usi.  Michael.    [MtJr. 

'.V Tooro/jof . ]  Died  in  Crete  about  14SI).  AGreek 
scholar  of  Constantinople,  wh<i  fled  to  Italy  in 
14,^)3. 
Apostool  (ii-pos-tol'),  Samuel.  Bom  1638:  died 
about  the  beginning  ot  the  IKth  century.  \ 
Dutch  Meiiiionite  preacher  at  .-Amsterdam.  He 
became  involved  In  a  iliBpiite  in  \<^2  with  his  odieagtie 
Hans  Oaleiiiis,  who  malntainetl  that  Christianity  i^  not  so 
much  11  tiody  of  ilognia  as  a  practical  life.  The  formation 
of  two  parties  Galeiiists  ami  Aposl^tolians  or  Apost*>oli.>ts, 
resulted,  which  were  reunited  in  l^OL 

Apotheosis  of  Augustus.   The  largest  existing 

cameo,  in  tlie  (aliiiiet  des  Medailles.  Paris. 
It  is  of  Roman  vw.rkmaiiship.  and  is  carved  in  a  sardonyx 
nearly  a  foot  across,  Tliere  are  2'i  figures,  among  them 
Augustus,  .l-^neas.  Julius  Ceesar,  Tiberius,  and  Caligui.-i. 

Apotheosis  of  Venice.  A  masterpiece  of  Paolo 
\  criiiiise.  in  the  middle  of  the  ceiling  of  the 
Sala  del  Maggior  Cousiglio  of  the  ducal  palace 
at  Venice, 

Apoxyomenos (a-pok-si-om'e-nos).  [Gr. <l-of c<i. 
//trof,  scraping  oneself  (i.  e.  with  the  stripil).] 
The  athlete  with  the  strigil,  a  notable  statue 
in  the  Valiean,  Rome,  It  is  an  antii|ue  copy  of  a 
celebrated  bronze  of  Lysippiis.  eiiil>odying  that  master's 
canon  of  the  iir*>p<»rtions  of  the  human  figure. 

Appalachee  Bay  lap-a-laeh'e  bfi).  An  arm  of 
tlio  lliilf  of  .Mexico,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Flondn.  about  lat.  30°  N.,  loDK.  84°  15'  W. 

Appalachee  Indians.    See  A]'altielii. 

Appalachia  (ap-a-lach'i-ii).  A  region  of  4.500 
snuaro  miles  in  area  in  the  western  pari  of  Vir- 
ginia, lying  wist  of  the  valley  of  Virginia. 

Appalachian  Mountains  lap-a-lach'i-aii  or  ap- 

iila'ehi-aii  nioun'tiinz).  [Named  from  the  Aj>- 
jxiUiilnc  OT  AiKihnlii  Indians,]  A  great  moun- 
tain system  intheeastern  part  of  XortliAmerica, 
whicli  extends  from  the  Gulf  of  St,  Lawrence 
to  northern  .\labama:  often,  but  less  properly, 
called  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  its  chief 
division.  The  system  comprises  the  nioniitnins  of  tiasp^ 
Peninsula  (St-  Anne  Mountains,  ShickslitK-k  Mountains); 
the  White  Mtiunlains.  the  tireeii  Mountains,  the  H-->sac 
Range,  the  Taeoiiii-  Kaiige,  the  .\dirondack8.  the  Helder* 
berg  .Mountains,  the  Catskllls,  the  Shawanguiik  .Moiin. 
tains,  the  Hliie  Kidge,  the  Alleghanlet.  projMT,  South 
Mountain,  the  Mine  Mollnlalll^  the  Ijiurel  llltl  and  I'hest- 
niit  HIdge  ranges,  the  lllack  Moiinlains,  the  Stone  Moun- 
tains,  the  Hald  Mountains,  the  CnmlH-rland  Mountains, 
the  Great  Smoky  ^loiinlallis,  the  Cnaka  .Mountains,  and 
some  lesser  gnaips.  It  contains  large  deposits  of  coal  and 
iron.  It  is  cut  by  the  Colinectlcul,  Hudson.  iVIaware, 
SUB4jUelianiia,  Potoniae,  Kanawha,  Tennessee,  and  other 
rivers.  Its  length  Is  about  i,6iNi  miles,  and  Us  greatest 
wldlhtin  Pennsylvania) alHtiit  l:iomlles.  Its  highest  |Hdiit 
Is  Mitchell's  Peak,  In  .North  Cartillna,  which  Is  d.TIU  feet 
high. 

Appalachicola  (ap-a-lach-i-ko'lil).  A  river  of 
wi'^tirn   Florida,  formed   by  the   union  of  the 

■  Flint  and  Cliallalioocliee,  which  flows  into  St. 
(ieorge's  Souini.  (Jiilf  of  Mexico,  in  Int.  29°  4.1' 
N.,  lung,  K.'i°  W.  It  is  about  90  miles  long  and 
is  navignble. 

Appalachicola  Bay.    An  nrm  of  Rt.  George's 

Souiol.  nl  the  iiioutli  of  .\ppiilaehicola  Kivir, 

Appendini  (iiii-pen-de'ne).  Francesco  Maria. 

Horn  iiiiir  Turin,  Nov,  4,  ITii.S;  ilied  Jan.,  livli 
All  Italian  historian  and  critic. 
Appenzell  ^np'pemlsel).  (•  The  abbot's  (Nor- 
bcrl's)  cell.']  A  canton  of  (ierman  Switr.cr- 
liiiid,  surrounded  by  the  canton  of  Si.  Call  and 
divided  into  Iwo  linlf-cantons.  Aimenzell  Inner 
Rhodes  and  .Appen/.ell  Outer  K'lioilcs.  It  has 
miiiiufaetnres  of  innslin.  silk,  ami  enibrotilery,  H  fiansed 
under  the  e.ilitndof  the  nliliols  ..f  SI.  (^lll;  won  Its  Indc.. 

pemlenceln  tin'  beginning  of  the  i;>th  century  ;  was  allied 
«llli  till'  conteilrrated  citntons  In  u:<2;  was  admltleil  Into 
the  eonfeilerntlon  In  l.'il:i:  and  waa  dlvldtsl  Into  the  half- 
eanlons   In    I,'>tf7.     Area,   liVi  sijiiare   miles.     Population 

(l.'vHs),   a7.|lKl, 

Appenzell.  The  capital  of  the  half-cniilon  of 
.\)i|Mii7.i'll  Inner  Rhodes,  ill  hit,  47°  20',N',.  long. 
9  21' F,  It  liiis  two  iiioiiaHterii's,  Population 
I  l.sss).   I,t77, 

Appenzell  Inner  Rhodes,  <•.  Appenzell  In- 


Appenzell  Inner  Rhodes 

nerrhoden.  A  half-canton,  capital  Appenzell, 
occupying  the  southeastei'n  portion  of  tne  can- 
ton of  Appenzell.  The  religion  is  Koman  Catholic 
and  the  language  German.  It  sends  one  member  to  the 
National  CounciL     Population  (188s),  12,906. 

Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  G.  Appenzell  Aus- 

serrhoden.  --V  half-canton,  capital  Truficn. 
which  occupies  the  noi-thern  and  western  parts 
of  the  canton  of  Appenzell.  The  religion  is  Protes- 
tant, and  the  language  German.  It  sends  three  membei-s 
to  the  National  Council.    Population  (ISSS),  54,200. 

Apperley  (ap'er-li).  Charles  James.  Born  in 
Denbighshire,  Wales,  1777 :  died  at  London, 
May  19.  1S43.  An  English  wi-iter  on  sporting 
matters  (under  the  pseudonym  '•Nimrod"). 

Appian (ap'i-an\L. AppianilS.  [Gr. 'A--iav6g.'i 
Born  at  Alexandria :  lived  in  Rome  dm-ing  the 
reigQS  of  Trajan.  Hadrian,  and  Antoninus  Pius. 
A  Roman  historian,  author  of  a  history  of 
Rome  (in  Greek)  in  twenty-four  books,  of 
which  eleven,  and  parts  of  others,  are  extant. 
It  is  a  compilation  from  earlier  writers. 

Appiani  (ap-pe-a'ne;.  Andrea.  Bom  at  Milan, 
May  23,  1754:  died  at  Milan,  Nov.  8,  1S17.  A 
noted  Italian  fresco-painter. 

Appian  Way,  L.  Via  Appia.  The  most  fa- 
mous of  the  ancient  Roman  highways,  it  ranlrom 
Rome  to  Brundisium  (Brindisi),  and  is  probably  the  first 
great  Roman  road  which  was  formally  undertaken  as  a 
public  work.  It  was  begun  In  312  B.  c.  by  Appius  Claudius 
Csecus,  the  censor,  who  carried  it  as  far  as  Capua.  The 
next  stage  of  the  work  extended  it  to  Beneventum,  and  it 
probably  did  not  reach  Brundisium  until  244  B.  c,  when 
a  Roman  colony  was  inaugurated  there.  .At  present  the 
Appian  Way,  for  a  long  distance  after  it  leaves  Rome. 
forms  one  of  the  most  notable  memorials  of  antiquity  in 
or  near  the  Eternal  City,  bordered  as  it  is  by  tombs  and 
the  ruins  of  monumental  buildings.  Long  stretches  of  the 
pavement  remain  perfect,  and  show  that  the  width  of  the 
roadway  proper  was  only  15  feet. 

Appiano  ^ap-pe-a'n6).  An  Italian  family,  rulers 
of  Piombino  from  the  14th  to  the  17th  cen- 
tury. Its  founder  was  Jacopo  I.,  lord  of  Pisa 
1392-98. 

Appii  Forum  (ap'i-i  fo'rum).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  station  on  the  Appian  Way  40  miles 
southeast  of  Rome. 

Appin  (ap'in).  A  small  district  in  Argyllshire, 
Scotland,  lying  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Loch 
Linnhe. 

Appius  and  Virginia  (ap'i-us  and  ver-jin'i-ii). 
A  tragedy  by  Webster,  printed  in  1654.  See  Ap- 
pius Claudius  (under  Claudius),  and  Virginia. 
The  story,  originally  told  by  Livy,  forms  the  first  novel  of 
the  nineteenth  day  in  the  "Pecorone  di  Giovanni  Fioren- 
tino."  published  in  1378,  and  was  reproduced  in  Painter's 
•'Palace  of  Pleasure"  (first  ed.  1566)  two  centuries  later. 
There  is  a  version  of  it  in  the  "Roman  de  la  Rose." 
Chaucer  tells  it  in  "The  Doctor's  Tale,"  and  Gower  em- 
bodied it  in  his  "Contessio  Amantis."  There  was  an  ear- 
lier play,  "  The  Tragical  Comedy  of  Apius  and  Virginia,"  by 
an  unknown  author  whose  initials  were  R.  B.  It  was  prob. 
ably  acted  as  early  as  15€3,  though  not  printed  till  1575. 
John  Dennis  also  wrote  a  tragedy  with  this  name  in  1709. 

Appius  Claudius.     See  Claudius. 

Appleby  (ap'l-bi).  The  capital  of  Westmore- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Eden  28  miles 
southeast  of  Carlisle.   Population  (1891),  1,776. 

Appleton.  The  capital  of  Outagamie  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  falls  of  Fox  River 
in  lat.  44°  18'  N.,  long.  88°  21'  W.  it  has  manu- 
factures of  paper,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Lawrence  Fniver- 
sity  (Methodist  Episcopal).    Population  (1000),  ir,,ns.i. 

Appleton  (ap'l-ton),  Charles  Edward  Cutts 
Birch.  Born  at  Reading,  England.  March  16, 
1841:  died  at  Luxor,  Upper  Egj-pt,  Feb.  1, 1879. 
An  English  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  "Academy"  (the  first  number  of 
which  appeared  Oct.  9,  1869)  and  its  editor  1869-79. 

Appleton,  Daniel.  Born  at  Haverhill,  Mass., 
Dec.  10,  17S5:  died  at  New  York,  March  27, 
1849.  An  American  bookseller  and  publisher, 
founder  of  the  publishing  house  of  D.  Appleton 
and  Company,  New  York. 

Appleton,  Jesse.  Born  at  New  Ips\vieh,  !N.  H., 
Nov.  17,  1772:  died  at  Brunsmck,  Maine,  Nov. 
12,  1819.  An  American  clergyman  and  educa- 
tor, president  of  Bowdoin  College  1807-19.  He 
was  father-in-law  of  President  Franklin  Pierce. 

Appleton,  John.  Born  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  Feb. 
11,  1815:  died  at  Portland,  Maine,  Aug.  22, 
1864.  An  American  politician  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1834 ;  com- 
menced the  practice  of  law  at  Portland,  Maine,  1837  ;  was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Maine  1851-53 ;  and 
was  appointed  minister  to  Russia  by  President  Buchanan 
in  1860. 

Appleton,  Nathan.  Bom  at  New  Ipswich, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  G,  1779:  died  at  Boston,  Jidy  14, 1861. 
An  American  manufacturer  and  political  econ- 
omist, brother  of  Samuel  Appleton,  and  one 
of  the  three  founders  of  the  town  of  Lowell, 
Massachusetts.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1831-33  and  1842. 


68 

Appleton,  Samuel.  Bom  at  New  Ipswich, 
N.  H.,  June  22.  1766:  died  at  Boston,  July  12, 

1853.  An  American  merchant  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  established  himself  with  his  brother  Nathan 
as  an  importer  in  Boston  in  1794,  and  later  engaged  exten- 
sively in  cotton  manufacture  at  Waltham  and  LowelL 

Appleton,  Thomas  Gold.  Born  at  Boston, 
March  31,  1812:   died  at  New  York,  April  17, 

1854.  A  prose-writer,  poet,  and  amateiu' painter. 
Appold  (ap'old),  John  George.  Bom  at  Lou- 
don. April  14,  1800:  died  at  Clifton,  Aug.  31, 
1865.  An  English  mechanician.  He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  a  form  of  centrifugal  pump  and  of  a  breakwhich 
was  used  in  laying  the  first  Atlantic  cable. 

Appomattox  Court  House  (ap-6-mat'oks  kort 
hous).   A  village  and  the  capital  of  Appomattox 
County,  Virginia,  situated  about  25  miles  east 
of  Lynchburg.    Here,  April  9,  1865,  General  Lee  sur- 
renderedtheConfederateamiyof  Northern  Virginia  (about 
26,000)  to  General  Grant,  practically  ending  the  Civil  War. 
Appomattox  River.    A  river  of  Virginia,  join- 
ing the  James  River  20  miles  southeast  of  Rich- 
mond.    It  is  about  150  miles  long,  and  is  navi- 
gable for  about  15  miles. 
Apponyl  (op'pon-ye).  Count  Antal  Gyorgy. 
Bom  Dec.  4,  1751 :  died  March  17, 1817.  A  Hun- 
garian statesman,  founder  of  the  ApponjT  Li- 
brary at  Presburg. 
Apponyi,  Count  Antal.     Bom  Sept.  7,  1782: 
died  tict.  17.  1852.     A  Hungarian  diplomatist, 
.son  of  Antal  Gyorgy  Appon\i. 
Apponyl,  Count  Gyorgy.    Som  Dec.  29,  1808  : 
died  March  1,  1899.     A  Hungarian  statesman, 
grandson  of  Antal  Gyorgy  Apponyi.  Hewasconrt 
chancellor  and  conservative  leader  before  the  insurrection 
of  1848-49,  and  later  nationalist  leader. 
Apponyi,  Count  Rudolph.    Bom  Aug.  1, 1812 : 
died  at  Venice,  May  31.  1876.     A  Hungarian 
diplomatist,  son  of  Antal  Appon\-i.     He  was  ap- 
pointed Austrian  minister  (1856)  and  ambassador  (IStiO)  at 
the  coiu-t  of  St.  James,  was  relieved  in  1871,  and  was 
transferred  to  Paris  in  1872. 
Appuleia  gens.     In  ancient  Rome,  a  plebeian 
clan  or  house  whose  family  names  are  Decia- 
nus,  Pansa,  and  Saturninus. 
Appuleius.     See  Apuleius. 
Apraxin  (a-prak'sin),  FeodOT.  Bom  1671:  died 
Nov.  10,  1728.     A  Russian  admiral,  the  chief 
collaborator  of  Peter  the  Great  in  the  founding 
of  the  Russian  navy.     He  served  with  distinction  in 
the  wars  against  Sweden.  Turkey,  and  Persia. 
Apraxin,  Stefan.     Died  in  prison,   Aug.   31, 
1758.     A  Russian  general,   conqueror  of  the 
Prussians  at  Gross-Jagemdorf,  Aug.  30,  1757. 
He  was  arrested  for  conspiracy. 
Aprlcena  (a-pre-cha'na).     A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Foggia,'Italy,  25  miles  north  of  Foggia. 
Population,  about  5.000. 
Apries  (a'pri-ez).     [Gr.  li-piw,  in  LXX  Oha>j>pij, 
Heb.  Hophrd,  Egypt.    Vahaira.']    A  king  of 
Egypt,  the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  Bible,  who 
reigned  about  590-570  B.  c. 

Nebuchadnezzar  was  still  king  of  Babylon,  while  .\pries 
had  (in  B.  c.  588)  succeeded  his  father,  Psamatik  II..  as 
monarch  of  Egypt.  The  feud  between  the  two  powers 
was  still  raging,  and  Apries,  about  B.  C.  570,  determined 
on  an  invasion  of  Syria  both  by  sea  and  land,  with  the 
object  of  aggrandizing  his  own  country  at  the  expense  of 
the  Babylonians.  Herodotus  tells  us  that  his  fleet  en- 
gaged that  of  Tyre,  while  his  land  army  attacked  Sidon. 
DIodorus  adds  that  he  defeated  the  combined  navies  of 
PhcEuicia  and  Cyprus  in  a  great  sea-fight,  after  which  he 
took  Sidon,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  entire  Phce- 
nician  seaboard.  RawUiison,  Phcenicia,  p.  182. 

April  (a'pril).  [ME.  Aprile,  Aprille,  etc.  (AS. 
rarelv  Api-elis),  also  and  earlier  Averil,  Averel, 
Avenjlle,  OF.  Avrill,  F.  Avril  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  Abril 
=  It.  Aprile  =  D.  April  =  MHG.  Aprille,  Abrille, 
Abrelle,  Aprill,  G.  April  =  Dan.  Sw.  April,  from 
L.  Aprilis  (sc.  metisis,  month),  AprU;  usually, 
but  fancifully,  regarded  as  if  from  "aperilis, 
from  aperire,  open,  as  the  month  when  the  earth 
'opens'  to  produce  new  fruits.]  The  fourth 
month  of  the  year,  containing  thirty  days.  With 
poets  .\pril  is  tlie  type  of  inconstancy,  from  the  change- 
ableness  of  its  weather. 

Apsaras  (ap'sa-ras),  pi.  Apsarases.  In  Hindu 
mythology,  one  of  a  class  of  female  spirits 
which  reside  in  the  breezes.  They  are  wives  of  the 
Gandharvas,  have  the  power  of  changing  their  forms, 
are  fond  of  dice,  and  give  good  fortune  in  play.  They 
are  seldom  mentioned  in  the  Rigveda,  while  in  the  Athar- 
vaveda  they  are  objects  of  fear,  regarded  as  occasion- 
ing madness,  and  incantations  are  used  against  them. 
Later  works  mention  various  classes  with  distinctive 
names.  They  are  distinguished  as  daivika,  'divine,'  or 
lauhika,  'worldly,'  the  former  ten,  the  latter  thirty-four. 
These,  like  Urvasi,  fascinated  heroes,  and,  like  Menaka 
and  Rambha,  allured  sages  from  their  devotions.  The 
Apsarases  are  Indra's  hand-maidens,  and  conduct  to  his 
heaven  warriors  fallen  in  battle,  where  they  become  their 
wives. 

Apsethus  (ap-se'thus).     See  the  extract. 

According  to  the  Philosophumena,  Simon  of  Gettim  in 
Samaria  called  himself  a  God,  in  imitation  of  a  certain 


Aquarius 

Apsethus  who  in  Libya  trained  some  parrots  to  say,  "  Ap- 
sethus is  a  god,"  and  then  let  them  loose.  They  flew 
abroad,  all  over  Libya  and  as  far  as  Greece.  He  obtained 
di\ine  worship.  But  a  clever  Greek  found  out  the  trick, 
caught  some  of  the  parrots,  and  taught  them  to  say,  "-Ap- 
sethus shut  us  up,  and  taught  us  to  say,  'Apsethus  is  a 
god.'"  He  let  them  fly  to  Libya-  Vpon  which  the  Liby- 
ans I'umed  -Apsethus  as  an  impostor.  This  is  an  old  story 
told  of  Hanno  the  Carthaginian. 

Miiman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  IL  54,  note. 

Apsheron  (Sp-sha-ron').  A  peninsula  in  Trans- 
caucasia, Russia,  which  projects  into  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  and  terminates  in  Cape  Apsheron,  in 
lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  50°  25'  E.  it  is  noted  for  Ita 
petroleum-weUs  (in  the  vicinity  of  Baku)  and  its  mud 
volcanoes. 

Apsley  House.  The  residence  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  at  Hyde  Park  Comer  in  London. 
It  was  built  for  Lord  Bathnrst  in  17&.=»,  purchased  by  the  goT- 
ernment  in  1820,  and  presented  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington 
as  part  of  the  national  reward  for  his  services.  It  contains 
a  picture-gallery  with  several  pictures  by  Velasquez,  a 
Correggio,  several  Wouvermans,  a  Panuigiano,  etc. 

Apt  (.apt).  A  tt)wn  in  the  department  of  Vau- 
cluse,  France,  situated  on  the  Calavon  28  miles 
east  by  south  of  Avignon :  the  ancient  Apta 
Julia  (a  city  of  the  Vulgientes).  it  contains  im- 
portant  Roman  antiquities  and  a  cathedral.  Population 
(1S91X  commune,  5,725. 

Apuan  (ap'ii-an)  Alps.  A  chain  of  the  north- 
ern Apennines,  situated  near  Carrara.  Italv.  it 
is  separated  from  the  main  range  of  the  Apennines  hy  the 
upper  valleys  of  the  Serchio  and  Magra. 

Apuleius,  or  Appuleius  (ap-u-le'us),  Lucius. 
Born  at  Medaura,  Numidia,  about  125  a.  d. 
A  Roman  Platonic  philosopher  and  rhetorician, 
author  of  a  famous  romance,  the  "Metamor- 
phoses, or  The  Golden  Ass."  He  also  wrote 
an  "  Apologv,"  philosophical  works,  etc.  See 
Golden  Ass.  'Tlw. 

Apulia  (a-pu'U-a),  It.  Puglia  (po'lya).  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  region  in  Italy  between 
the  Apennines  and  the  Adriatic,  south  of  the 
Frentani  and  east  of  Samnium,  conquered  by 
Rome  in  the  4th  century  B.  C.  Later  it  included 
the  Messapian  Peninsula.  It  was  made  a  duchy  under 
the  Normans  in  the  middle  of  the  lllh  centurj'.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Dauni,  Peucetii,  and  Salen- 
tini  or  Messapians. 

Apulia  (a-p3'le-a).  A  compartimento  of  the 
modern  kingdom  of  Italy,  comprising  the  prov- 
inces of  Foggia.  Bari,  and  Lecee.  it  is  one  of 
the  least  prosperous  districts  of  Italy.  Area,  7,376  square 
miles.     Population  (1S91X  1,778,323. 

Apure  (a-p6-ra').  A  river  in  western  Venezuela, 
one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Orinoco, 
which  it  joins  in  lat.  7°  35'  N.,  long.  66°  50'  W. 
Its  length  is  about  600  miles,  and  it  is  naviga- 
ble in  its  lower  part. 

Apurimac  (a-p6-re-mak').  [Quichua  apu, 
chief,  and  rimac,  oracle.]  A  department  in 
the  interior  of  southern  Peru.  Population, 
about  140,000. 

Apurimac.  The  southernmost  head  stream  of 
the  Ucayale,  and  hence  of  the  Amazon,  in  Peru, 
rising  about  15°  10'  S. ,  and  flowing  north.  From 
the  confluence  of  the  Mantaro  (12°  S.)  it  is  called  the  En^ 
to  its  junction  with  the  Peren^ ;  thence  to  the  Ucayale  it 
is  known  as  the  Tambd.  The  entire  length  to  the  Ucayale 
is  about  500  miles. 

Apus  (a'pus).  [NL.,  from  Gr.  dirofc,  without 
feet.]  One  of  the  southern  constellations 
formed  in  the  16th  century,  probably  by  Petrus 
Theodori:  the  Bird  of  Paradise,  it  is  situated 
south  of  the  Triangulum  Australe,  and  it£  brightest  star 
is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Aqus  Calidas  (a'kwe  kal'i-de).  [L.,  'hot 
springs.']  In  ancient  geography :  (a)  The  mod- 
em Vichy,  (ft)  A  place  in  Mauretania  Csesari- 
ensis,  south  of  Ctesarea.  (c)  Same  as  Aqux 
Sol  is. 

Aquae  Sextise  (a'kwe seks'ti-e).  [L., 'springs 
of  Sextius'  (C.  Sextius  Calvinus,  proconsul).] 
The  Roman  name  of  Aix,  France.  Scene  of  the 
great  victory  of  Marius  over  the  Teutones,  Ambrones,  and 
some  other  Germanic  tribes,  B.  c.  102. 

Aquae  Soils  (a'kwe  so'lis).  [L.,  'springs  or 
baths  of  the  sun.']  The  Roman  name  of  Bath, 
England. 

A  city  remarkable  for  its  splendid  edifices,  its  temples, 
its  buildings  for  public  amusement,  and  still  more  so  for 
its  medicinal  baths.  For  this  latter  reason  it  was  called 
Aquse  Solis,  the  Waters  of  the  Sun,  and  for  the  same 
cause  its  representative  in  modem  times  has  received  the 
name  of  Bath.  Remains  of  the  Koman  bathing-houses 
have  been  discovered  in  the  course  of  modem  excava- 
tions. Among  its  temples  was  a  magnificent  one  dedi- 
cated to  Minerva,  who  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  patron 
goddess  of  the  place. 

Wright,  Celt,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  p.  143. 

Aquambo  (ii-kwam-bo').  A  region  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  Africa,  about  lat.  6°-7°  N.,  long.  1°  E. 

Aquapim  (a-kwa-pem').  A  region  on  the  Gold 
Coast.  Africa,  about  lat.  6°  N..  long.  0°. 

Aquarius  (a-kwa'ri-us).  [L.,  'the  Water- 
bearer.']     A  zodiacal  constellation   supposed 


Aquarius 

to  represent  a  man  standing  with  his  left  hand 
extended  upward,  and  with  his  right  pouring 
out  of  a  vase  a  stream  of  water  which  flows 
into  the  mouth  of  the  Southern  Fish.  It  eon- 
tains  nostar  brighter  than  tlir  tliird  magnitude. 

Aquaviva  (a-kwii-ve'va).  Claudio.  Born  Sept. 
14,  1543:  died  at  Kome,  Jan.  yi.  1613.  An 
Italian  ecclesiastic,  general  of  the  Jesuits 
1581-1615,  noted  for  his  administrative  ability. 

Aquednek  (a-kwed'uek),  or  Aquidneck 
(a-kwid'uek).  [Anier.  Ind.]  The  early  name 
of  the  island  of  Kliode  Island. 

Aqueduct  of  Arcueil.  See  Arcueil. 

Aqueduct  of  Valens.  An  aqueduct  in  Con- 
stantinople, finislifd  378  A.  D.,  and  .stiU  in  use. 
The  main  bri<lge  is  ii,(MH(  feet  long  and  7i  tuKli,  and  con- 
sists of  two  tiers  of  aiclu-s  of  about  30  feet  spaa. 

Aquila.  An  early  Christian  who,  with  his  wife 
Priscilla,  was  employed  at  Ephesus  in  instruet- 
ing  Apollos,  who,  though  "instructed  in  the 
way  of  the  Lord,"  needed  to  have  it  "more  ac- 
curately set  forth." 

Aquila.  Born  in  Pontus:  lived  about  130  A.  D. 
A  Jewish  proselyte,  surnaracd  '"Pouticus" 
from  his  birthplace.  lie  was  a  disciple  of  Rabbi 
Alciba,  and  made  a  sluvistily  literal  translation  of  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  into  Greek,  which  superseded  the  .Sep- 
tuagint  among  Creek-speaking  .Jews. 

Aquila  (ii'kwe-lii),  Johannes  Kaspar.    Bom 

at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  Aug.  7,  14SS:  died  at 
Saalfeld,  Nov.  12,  1560.  A  (Irerman  Protestant 
theologian,  an  assistant  of  Luther  in  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Old  Testament.  He  became  pastor  at 
Saalfeld  in  1527,  and  was  outlawed  by  Charles  V.,  1M8, 
lor  his  violent  opposition  to  the  Interim,  but  saved  him- 
self t)y  flight,  returning  .ifter  the  treaty  of  Fassau  (ir)52) 
to  his  pasttirate  at  S^ialfeld. 

Aquila  (il'kwe-lit).  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Abruzzi  and  Molise,  Italy:  for- 
merly called  Abruzzo  Ulteriore  II.  Area,  2,484 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  374,882. 

Aquila,  or  Aquila  degli  Abruzzi.   The  capital 

of  the  province  of  Aquila,  situated  on  the 
Aterno  in  lat.  42°  21'  N.,  loug.  13°  25'  E.  it 
is  the  seat  of  a  trade  in  saffron,  and  the  center  of  impor- 
tant routes  over  the  Apennines.  It  was  built  by  the  em- 
peror Frederick  II.  Here,  June  2,  1424,  tlie  Aragonose 
under  Braccio  da  Montone  were  defeated  by  the  allinl  ii»a- 
pal,  Milanese,  and  Neapnlitun )  army  under  .lacobt'aldoi a  ; 
Braccio  was  mortally  wounded.    I'opulation,  about  ■M.Mi. 

Aquila  at  Antiuous  (ak'wi-Ui  et  an-tin'o-us). 
[L.,  'the  Eagle  and  Antiuous.']  A  northern 
constellation  situated  in  the  Milky  Way  nearly 
south  of  LjTa,  and  containing  the  bright  star 
Altair.  It  has  for  its  outline  the  figure  of  a  Hying  eagle 
carrying  in  its  talons  the  boy  Antiuous,  the  page  of  the 
emperor  Hadrian. 

Aquilant  (ii-kwi-lanf).  The  brother  of  Gry- 
phon, descended  from  Olivero,  a  character 
in  Boiardo  and  Ariosto.  The  brothers  were 
brought  up  by  two  fairies. 

Their  fame  in  arms  o'er  all  tlie  world  was  blown. 

Aquileia  (ii-kwe-la'yii),  mod.  also  Aglar  (iig- 
liir').  A  town  in  the  crovviilaud  of  Uiirz  and 
Qradiska,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  near  the 
head  of  the  Adriatic,  22"milcs  northwest  of 
Trieste,  it  contains  a  cathedral  (11th  century).  It  was 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Koman  Empire,  an  empo- 
rium, and  the  key  of  Italy  on  the  northeast,  colonized  by 
Eome  about  181  a.  c.  In  452  A.  I),  it  was  destroyed  by 
Attila's  forces.  It  was  the  scene  of  various  church  coun- 
cils, and  became  the  seat  of  an  important  patriarchate  iu 
the  Bth  century.     I'opulation,  about  2,000. 

Tlie  bishoprics  which  have  most  historical  importance 
are  those  wliichat  unotinieor  another  stoo*!  out  in  rivalry 
or  opposition  to  I^»tne,  Suih  was  tile  patriarchal  see  of 
Ai|Uitela,  whose  nietro]i.ilitari  Jurisdi<  tlon  took  In  t-'omo 
at  one  end  and  the  Istrian  I'ola  at  the  other.  The  pa- 
triarchs of  Ai(Uitcla,  standing  as  they  dicl  on  the  march 
of  the  Italian.  Teutonic,  and  Slavonic  lands,  grew,  un- 
like most  of  tlie  Italian  prelates.  Into  powerful  temporal 
princes.  Freetnan,  Hist.  <»e<ig..  i>.  VI. 

Aquilin  (ak'ivi-lin).  The  horse  of  Kayinond, 
iu  tho  "Jerusalem  Delivered"  by  Tasso.  His 
sire  was  tlie  wind. 

Aquillia  gens  (a-kwil'i-fi,  ,ienz).  In  ancient 
Koiiio,  a  patrician  and  plebeian  clan  or  liousc! 
of  great  aiili(iuity,  whose  family  names  under 
tho  Kepuhlic  were  Corvus,  Crassus,  Florus, 
Oallus,  find  Tusons. 

AquilliU8(a-k'wiri-us),Manius.  A  Roman  gen- 
eral, consul  101  li.  <\,  and  coiiiinandiT  in  the  war 
against  the  slaves  in  Si<'ily.  He  wasaccusr^lof  mal- 
adrniiiistration  9S  it.  <'.,  but  acquitted,  ami  was  defeated  in 
the  war  against  MIthridatcs  SH  n.  iv ,  and  barbarously  slain. 

Aquilo  (ak'wi-lo).      r''-]     'I'lie  iKiilh  wind. 

Aquinas  (a-kwi'nas),  Thomas,  Saint,  or 
Tnomas  of  Aquino.  Born  nt  Ifocca  sicca, 
near  .\quiiio,  llaly,  1225  or  1227:  died  at  Kosmh 
Nuova,  near  Teri-acina,  Italy,  March  7,  1274. 
A  famous  Italian  llicologiau  and  scliolastic 
pliilosopher,  surnamcd  "Doctor  Angeliciis." 
''Father  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  and  (by  his 


69 

companions  at  school)  the  "Dumb  Ox."  He 
entered  the  Dominican  ortier ;  studied  at  Cologne  under 
Albertus  Magnus ;  and  taught  at  lologne,  Paris.  Rome, 
Bologna,  and  elsewhere.  His  followers  were  called  ''  Thi>- 
mists."  Iliscbief  work  is  the  "Sumina  Theologlffi."  His 
c»miplete  works  werejpublished  in  1787,  and,  under  the 
auspices  of  I'ope  Leo  XIII.,  In  1883. 

Aquino  iii-k\ve'n6;.  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Castrta,  Italy,  .55  miles  northwest  of  Naples: 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  it  was  the  birthplace  of 
Juvenal,  and  Pesceimius  Niger,  and  gave  his  name  to 
Thomas  Aquinas. 

Aquitaine  (ak-wi-tan')-  [F-.  also  in  another 
form  lluiiiiiir  or  Ciiijiiinc;  from  L.  Jquilaiiia.'] 
An  ancient  division  of  southwestern  France,  ly- 
ing between  the  (jaronneaiul  the  Loire.  A  West- 
(•otliic  kingdom  was  founded  there  in  the  Hrst  part  of  the 
."ith  century.  It  was  coiKiuered  by  Clovis  r.07-511,  became 
a  duchy  alwut  70(p('),  and  was  thoroughly  contpiered  by 
Charles  the  Ureal,  and  made  a  kingdimi  (including  all 
southern  Caul  antl  the  Spanish  Marcli)  for  his  son  Ix)uis. 
In  H:iH  Neustria  was  united  to  it,  and  it  became  soon  after 
a  duchy  and  fuie  of  the  great  tlefs  of  the  French  crown, 
Gascony  was  united  to  it  iu  10.V2,  In  n;t"  it  passed  teniiH>- 
rarily  t^>  France,  by  the  marriage  of  ICIeanor  with  Ltmls 
VII.  of  France,  but  in  11;'>2  was  uidted  (tiy  the  marriage 
of  Eleanor  with  Henry)  to  Normandy  and  Atijou,  and  in 
1154  to  F.ngland,  which  retained  it  under  John.  It  be- 
came nominally  a  French  lief  in  12.'»S  (?),  and  was  freed 
from  French  vassalage  and  granted  to  F.ilward  III.  in  1300. 
Kart  of  it  W!is  recovered  from  the  English  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  V.,  but  was  won  back  by  Henry  V.  It  was  finally 
comiuered  by  the  French  14.^1-.'i3.  It  included  (as  (Ini- 
eiuie)  properly  B^irdelais,  Koucrgue,  I'c/rigord,  Quercy, 
Agt^nois.  and  Biutadivis,  and  comprised  nearly  the  moil- 
eni  departments  iJirondc,  l>onlogne,  ix)t,  I.ot-et-Garoune, 
and  .\veyii>n.     Compare  GuUiine. 

Aquitania  (ak-wi-ta'ni-ji).  [L.,  named  from 
the  Aiiuilatii.  a  people  of  Gaul.]  The  south- 
western diWsion  of  Gaul. as  described  by  Julius 
Ceesar,  comprising  the  region  between  the  Pyre- 
nees and  (iaromie.  By  Augustus  It  was  extended  to 
the  Loire  northward,  and  made  a  Roman  province.  See 
A'/rfitninr. 

Aquitanian  Sea  (ak-wi-ta'ni-an  se).  An  occa- 
sional name  '<(  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

Ara  (a'rii).  [L., 'an  altar.']  One  of  the  fifteen 
ancient  southern  constellations;  the  Altar.  It 
is  situated  south  of  the  Scorpion,  Itstwo  bright- 
est stars  are  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Arabah  (ii'rii-bii).  A  valley  or  wady  between 
the  Dcatl  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Akabah. 

Arabat  (ar-ii-biif).  Asnuill  place  in  the  Crimea. 
Knssia,  at  the  head  of  the  peninsula  of  jVrabat. 

Arabat,  Tongue  of.  -\  long  and  narrow  penin- 
sula which  separates  the  Sea  of  Azov  from  the 
Sivash. 

Arabat  Bay.     An  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azov. 

Arabella  (ar-a-bel'ii).  1.  The  1-omantic  female 
(Quixote  in  Mrs.  Lennox's  novA  of  that  name. 
—  2.  A  character  in  Garrick's  play  '"  The  Male 
Coquette." 

Arabella  Stuart.     See  Stuart,  Arabella. 

Arabella  Zeal.    See  Zeal. 

Arabgir  (ii-riib-gtir'),  or  Arabkir  (ii-rab-ker'). 

A  town  in  Asiatic  'rurkcy,  about  lat.  39°  N.. 
long.  38°  40'  E.     Population,  25,000. 

Arabi  Pasha  (ii-ra'be  pash'a),  Ahmed.  Born 
about  1837.  An  Egyptian  oilicer  and  revolu- 
tionary leader.  lie  organised  the  national  party  ol 
Egypt  In  opposition  to  the  Angli>-French  control ;  Umk 
part  in  the  dejK«»iti(in  of  the  ministry  in  Kiel  :  and  became 
minister  of  war  in  1SS2.  He  withdrew  the  budgets  (rom 
the  English  and  French  controllers,  an  act  whieli  resulted 
in  the  Immliardment  of  Alexandria  by  the  Kngllkh,  July  II, 
and  th.-  defeat  of  Arabl  I'asha  at  Tel-el-Keliir,  Sipt.lS, 
1882.    He  was  exiled  to  Cey  li.li  IKKJ  aTid  u  a.s  pardoneil  \:<0\. 

Arabia  (a-ra'bi-il).  Turk,  and  Pers.  Arabistan 
(ii-riib-c-stiin').  "  [Also  Arahi/,  Arnliir,  from  F. 
Arable:  probably  'the  desert'  ( Ileb.  niviVirtVi); 
L.  Arabia,  Gr.  \\im.ha,  S]),  Pg.  It.  Arabia,  G. 
Arable)!,  etc.]  A  peninsula  with  tin-  shape  of 
an  iiTogular  triangle  lii'twoen  Persia,  Syria, 
Egypt,  anil  lOtliioiiia.  boundi'd  on  the  west  by 
the  Ked  Siit  ami  the  liulf  of  Siirz,  on  the  south 
by  tlie  Gulf  of  Aden  and  the  Arabian  Sea,  on 
the  east  by  the  liulf  of  Oman  and  the  Persian 
(iulf,  and  on  the  north  by  a  portion  of  .Syria. 
The  (Ireeks  and  Romans  dlvlcbd  Arabia  Into  A,  I'ctrira 
(the  stony),  A.  Keseria  (the  desert),  and  A.  Felix  (the  ha|>. 
py).  Moilern  giiigraphers  recogidi.-  from  8  to  12  dls- 
Irlcls,  the  .siriaillc  penlnxulii ;  llie  llivljiii.  along  the 
coast  of  the  lied  Sea.lniluilhm 'he  ilnrani(i.  c.thi  saertM 
territory  of  Mecca  ami  Medlinih);  Yemen  on  Ihi- loulheni 
coast  o(  the  same  sea  (lilblnni  Shelia);  llalraninul  or 
Ilazannaveth.tlie  pnivln.  e  to  vl  I"  Vi men,  slluule.l  l.iwar.l 
the  Indlati  Deenn;  lltnan  and  Uajal,  the  norlheni  and 
soulliern  halv.s  of  the  e.mst  on  the  I'erslan  Uulf ;  Nejd, 
or  Central  Arabia  .  and  lie  Svrnin  desert.  The  nn'« 
o(  Arabia  iMiiper  Is  about  k4.-,,oi«p  ..inare  mlli  • ;  mo' 
third  of  this  Is  a  Kindy  de»erl-  It  has  (ear  |>rrmaiient 
rlveni,  the  rIvnIelB  thai  flow  fnun  the  hills  losing  tliein- 
Reives  In  tho  sand.  It  eontnlos  piihn-troes  ami  no'ad. 
ows,  and  Is  espeelnllv  famed  f.ir  Us  •|dee«.  The  high  |da. 
tenn  of  the  NeJd,  which  rises  from  .■l,i««i  lo  4, (»«)  feel  alsive 
the  level  of  the  sen,  Is  the  honn<  of  (he  swiftest  tlorsex  and 
cnlnels.  The  prltolpal  »e»l>ort«  nie  Jliblnh,  In  lle.ljar, 
with  about  .m.iss)  Inhaldtants;  Muscat,  the  kr)  to  the 
I'orslan  Quit,  In  Oman,  with  10,000  liihablhint*  -,  and  Aden, 


Arabic 

the  key  to  the  Red  Sea,  in  Yemen,  with  42,000  inhabitanta. 
other  iini>ortani  cities  are  Mecca  and  Medinah,  with 
4.'i,000  and  2o,iss)  Inhabiuints  rc8i)ectively.  The  [Mpula- 
tlon  is  about  t>,oou,(SSJ,  of  whom  one  fifth  are  Bedouins  or 
dwellers  in  leiils,  the  remaining  four  hflhs  being  R-den- 
tary.  The  races  which  have  peopled  the  country  are  di- 
vldecl  into  three  sectiinis  :  theold,  '*  lost  '  .Xrabs  (of  Arabu 
t-ttaidah).  who  are  suppose-d  to  have  lived  in  the  mythical 
prehist*iric  periixi ;  the  fiure  Arabs  (at  Arahu  t-AribahX 
who  claim  to  be  descenileil  from  t^ahtan  (l.  f.,  the  Voktan 
of  the  old  Testament      (ien.  X.  2^);  and  the  mixed  Arabs 

iat  Arabu  l-mutanlMih),  wb.i  claim  to  be  descended  from 
shinael.     I'he  period  jireeedlng  ttie  era  of  Mohaiumed  is 

characterized  t'y  the  formatit. f  locjd  monarchies  and 

fe<leral  governments  of  a  nnle  form.  The  religion  of  that 
j)eriod  bad  elements  of  fetishism,  and  animal  and  ances- 
tor worship.  The  Koran  entinienites  ten  idols  of  pre- 
Islamitic  times,  but  in  the  midst  of  the  old  Idolatry 
there  had  arisen  some  perceptiiui  of  a  supreme  god, 
Allah,  the  other  gods  being  termed  his  children.  Mecca 
with  its  Kiutba  was  the  center  of  Arab  worship  under  the 
gnanliansblp  of  the  noble  tribe  of  Koreibh.  Out  of  Mecca 
and  the  Koreishites  came  Mohamnietl  (f>70-(i(2 ).  who  by 
his  new  religiiHi  cons^dldated  the  ,\r.i)is  into  a  theocracy, 
so  that  on  his  death  the  Arab  peninsula  was,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  uniier  one  seepler  and  one  creed.  He  waa 
succeeded  (ti32)  by  Abu-ltekr,  the  father  *if  his  favorite 
wife,  Ayesha,  his  title  being  calil,  iir  successor.  Abu- 
Bekr  was  followed  by  (innu-  ((i34-<W4),  who  conquered 
Syria,  I'ersia,  and  Egypt,  He  wiis  followed  by  (ithmau 
(IW4-(J50),  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  All.  the  prophet  B 
nephew  ami  son-Ill. law.  All  of  these  except  Abu  Bekr 
died  at  the  hands  of  ass:issins.  Next  came  the  dynasty 
of  the  (»ma>-yads  ((«Jl-7.'iO),  with  fourteen  princes,  having 
their  capital  at  Damascus.  During  the  reign  of  Vezid  1., 
the  second  prince  ((i71t-f»sa).  a  relxllion  toetk  place  which 
split  the  l^lohammedan  wiuld  into  two  great  secta,  the 
Sunnites  and  Shiites.  The  Umayyads  conquered  other 
portions  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  even  invaded  France 
(732).  Their  most  important  achievement  was  the  con- 
quest of  Spain  in  711,  under  the  reign  of  Walid  I.  (7(ifr- 
715),  the  sixth  of  the  dynasty,  Spain  soon  became  inde- 
pendent of  the  main  Arab  realm  (later  under  the  Moors), 
In  the  tiricnt  the  umayyads  succumbed  to  Ibrahim  and 
hJB  brother,  Abul  Abbas,  who  fouinletl  the  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassides  <7.10-12.'i-).  During  tlib  period  the  Arabian 
power  reached  its  highest  iwint.  The  most  celebrated 
rulers  of  this  liynasty  were  Abu  Jatlar,  sunniined  Al- 
Mansur  (754-77.'i).  founder  of  Bagdad,  the  capital  of  the 
Abbassides,  anil  HarunalKashbl  (7!*6-t«i).  who  is  well 
known  in  Arabic  literature,  and  who  had  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  »  harlemagne.  But  It  was  under  the  .Vldias- 
sides  that  the  disintegnition  of  the  Arabic  empire  began. 
In!IOOthe  Fatimites(i',  c,  the  ilescendant.s  of  Ali  and  lati- 
ma,  the  daughter  of  Molnimmed)  establisind  themselves 
in  northern  Africa,  and  fonndcd  in  97'Z  t!ie  califate  of 
Egypt,  with  Cairo  as  its  capital.  The  dynasty  of  tho 
Abbas!iides  came  to  an  etnl  with  the  capture  of  Bagdad 
by  the  .Mongtds  In  12.^^.  Iledjaz  in  the  west  and  Yemen 
in  tile  south  are  Turkish  provinces.  Oman  is  an  iinle- 
pendent  sultanalc.  Nejd  and  other  districts  me  under 
the  influence  of  the  Wahhabees.a  Itolitlco-religious  faction 
namcil  after  Mohanmie<l  bin-.\bdul  Walihab,  who  an»6« 
about  1740  ILS  a  reformer.  Aden  has  been  held  by  the 
English  since  ls:fc>. 

Arabia  Deserta  (a-ra'bi-U  de-zOr'tii).  [L.,  ■  un- 
inlialiitcd  .Vraliia!']  In  ancu'iit  geography,  the 
norllicru  and  ceutral  portions  of  Arabia. 

Arabia  Felix  (a-rS'lu-ii  fe'liks).  [L.,  'flour- 
ishing Arabia.']  In  ancient  geography,  the  re- 
gion in  the  southeast  and  south  of  Arabia,  or 
perlia]is  the  peninsula  proper. 

Arabia  Petraea  (a-ni'bi-a  pe-tre'U).    [L., 

'roiUy   .\raliia.']     In  ancient  geography,   the 

norlliwisli'i-n  |iart  of  Arabia. 

Arabian  Gulf.    Tho  lie. I  s,a. 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,  or  A  Thou- 
sand and  One  Nights.    -V  collection  of  t)ri- 

ental  talis  of  »  liieli  flu-  plan  ami  imine  are  very 
ancient.  The  8«>uree  of  some  of  the  stories  hss  be*n 
traceil.  others  are  traditional.  MasUde  In  lH3  speaks  of 
a  iVrslan  work  "A  Thousand  Nights  and  a  Night."  Mo- 
liannneil  Ibnlshltq  in  his  Al  Flhrist  In  I>s7  alludes  to  It 
as  well  known  t4t  him.  In  the  course  of  centuries  It  had 
been  aililed  to  and  taken  fn>in  to  a  great  exieni,  and  In 
i4.'<0  it  was  n-duceil  Ut  Its  present  form  In  Egypt,  prtd>atdy 
in  Cairo.  The  talcs  show  their  rerstan,  Indian,  ami  Ara- 
bian origin.  The  UMKlern  eilitlims  are  Antolne  ttallarul  s. 
from  the  oldest  kiMwn  .MS.  (I.'>4.S|.  iiubllsheil  In  French. 
In  I'arls.  In  I7m-17,  In  Iwrbe  volumes,  an  Inaccirrnta 
translation:  F.  W.  Ijine's  English  translation,  which  Is 
si'holarly,  pnblisheil  In  1S4U:  I'ayne's  English  translation, 
lhS2  84  ;  ami  Sir  ItlchanI  llurtons  English  Irsnslallon,  In 
ten  volumes,  printed  by  the  Kamnsliiistra  .Soviet) .  f.T  sub- 
scribers onlv.  nt  llellares.  In  lv^.','8'l.  Five  volumes  were 
added  In  I.S87  S.H,  Ijiily  Burton  lienrd  an  expurgate, I  Ml* 
tb>n  tuT  |>oiMilar  reading  at  I,oiidiUi,  1.S80-88,  in  six  \ohimes. 

Arabian  Sea.  A  jiarl  of  tin'  Indian  Ocoan, 
iioarly  I'orri'spondingtotheniicient  XliireKrylli- 
rii'Uiii,  which  is  boiiiideil  bv  Africa  on  the  wi'st, 
Arabia  on  the  northwest .  I'lrsia  and  Balricliis- 
tiiii  on  the  norlli,  ami  India  on  llii>  oust,  mid 
is  coiinectrd  with  the  Ked  S.a  by  tho  Strait  of 
Biib-ol-Muml(d),  and  with  the  Persian  titilf  by 
the  Strait  of  Oman.  Its  eliii'f  nrniH  are  the 
Gulfs  of  Aden,  Oman,  Ciitcli,  and  Cninlmv;  its 
islumls,  Sokotra,  and  the  Lakkadiv  Islniuls. 

Arabic  (ar'a-bikl.  Om-of  the  Seiiiilic  family  of 
liiiiL'i"ig''s,  (if  ttliicli,  with  the  Ilimyaritic  and 
Kthionie  InngtingoH,  it  constitutes  the  sonfhem 
branoii.  it  Is  the  language  of  the  Koran!  and  baa 
largely  CiUitiOoiteil  from  lln  vocabulary  to  Persian,  Hindu. 
staiil.'anil  liirkl*b  and  In  a  I'-ms  degree  to  Malay,  Simld"h, 
and  other  totigiiis.  Tills  Senitllc  lniiguiig<-  liiviided  Africa 
long  after  Its  Btst«r  language,  tho  funic,  had  dIaappearwL 


Arabic 

It  came  in  by  Suez,  across  the  Red  Sea,  and  over  the  In- 
dian Ocean  from  Muscat.  It  has  superseded  the  Hamitic 
Egyptian,  spread  over  the  Sahiu-a  to  Lake  Chad  and  the 
Senegal,  and  in  East  Africa  it  has  strongly  impregnated 
the  Suahili.  In  Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli  it 
is  the  superior  language,  and  from  one  end  of  the  Sudan 
to  the  other  it  is  the  sacred  language  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans. Nowhere  in  Africa  is  the  Arabic  spoken  in  its  clas- 
sical form,  but  in  a  variety  of  dialects,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Egyptian,  the  Maghreb,  in  Northwest 
Africa,  the  Sudani  in  the  Sudan,  and  the  Muscat  dialect 
in  East  Africa. 
Arabicus  Sinus  (a-rab'i-kus  si'nus).    ARoman 

name  of  the  Red  Sea. 
Arabs.     See  ArabUi. 

Araby  (ar'a-bi).    A  poetical  form  of  Arabia, 
Aracaju(a-ra-ka-zlio').Theeapitalof  tliestateof 
Sei'iiipe,  Brazil,  situated  nearthe  coast,  190  miles 
iiortiieast  of  Baliia.     Population,  about  3,000. 
Aracan,     See  .tnikaii. 

Aracati,  or  Aracaty  (a-ra-ka-te').  A  seaport 
iu  the  state  of  Ceara,  Brazil,  in  lat.  4°  3.5'  S., 
long.  37°  48'  W.  Population,  about  6,000. 
Aracena  (a-ra-the'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  53  miles  northwest  of  SevUle. 
Population  (1887),  6,040. 

Araclme  (a-rak'ne).  [Or.  'Apaxvri,  identified 
with  apdx>'t/,  a  spider.]  In  Greek  legend,  a 
Lydian  maiden  who  challenged  Athene  to  a 
contest  in  weaving,  and  was  changed  by  her 
into  a  spider. 
Arachosia  (ar-a-ko'shi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  region  in  ancient  Persia  corresponding 
to  part  of  the  modern  Afghanistan. 
Ara  Cceli,  Church  of.    [L.,  'altar  of  heaven.'] 

See  Sdiitit  ilarki  hi  Ara  Cali. 
Arad  (or'od).  New.  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Temes,  Hungnrv,  across  the  river  from  Old 
Arad.  Population  (1890),  5,555. 
Arad,  or  Old  Arad.  A  royal  free  city  in  the 
countv  of  Arad,  Hungarv,  situated  on  the  Ma- 
ros  in  lat.  46°  12'  N.',  long.  21°  16'  E.:  a  rail- 
way center,  the  chief  emporium  in  southeastern 
Hungary,  and  an  important  fortress.  It  has  a 
large  trade  in  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  spirits,  and  cattle.  In 
the  revolution  of  1849  it  played  an  important  part;  it  was 
taken  from  the  Austrians  after  a  long  siege;  was  sur- 
rendered by  the  Hungarians  Aug.,  1849;  and  was  the  scene 
of  the  military  executions  by  Haynau,  Oct.  6, 1849.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  42,052. 
Aradus  (ar'a-dus).  See  Arrad. 
Araf  (a'raf),"Al.  [Said  to  be  derived  from  Ar. 
iirafa,  part,  divide.]  The  partition  between 
Heaven  and  Hell  desciibed  in  the  Koran  (Surah 
^^i.  44).  It  is  variously  interpreted.  "  Some  imagine  it 
to  be  a  sort  of  limbo  for  the  patriarchs  and  prophets,  or 
for  the  martyrs  and  those  who  have  been  most  eminent 
for  sanctity.  Others  place  here  those  whose  good  and  evil 
works  are  so  equal  that  they  exactly  counterpoise  each 
other,  and  therefore  deserve  neither  rewai'd  nor  punish- 
ment ;  and  these,  say  they,  will  on  the  last  day  he  admitted 
into  Paradise,  after  they  shall  have  performed  an  act  of 
adoration,  which  will  be  imputed  to  them  as  a  merit,  and 
will  make  the  scale  of  their  good  works  to  preponilerate. 
Others  suppose  this  intermediate  space  will  be  a  recep- 
tacle for  those  who  have  gone  to  war  without  their 
parents' leave,  and  therein  suffered  martyrdom  :  being  ex- 
cluded from  Paradise  for  their  disobedience,  and  escaping 
hell  because  they  are  martyrs."  Huijlies,  Diet,  of  Islam. 
Arafat  (ii-ra-tat').  A  sacred  mountain  of  the 
Mohammedans,  situated  about  15  miles  south- 
east of  Mecca,  Arabia. 
Arafura  Sea  (ii-ra-fo'ra  sq).  That  part  of  the 
ocean  which  lies  north  of  Australia,  east  of  Ti- 
mor, and  southwest  of  Papua. 
Arafuras.  See  Alfures. 
Arago  (iir'a-go;  F.  prou.  a-ra-go'),  Dominique 
Fran<;ois.  Born  at  Estagel,  near  Perpignan, 
France,  Feb.  26,  1786:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  2. 
1853.  A  French  physicist  and  astronomer, 
noted_  especially  for  his  experiments  and  dis- 
coveries in  magnetism  and  optics,  and  for  his 
skill  as  a  popular  expounder  of  scientific  facts 
and  theories.  He  was  engaged  with  Biot  in  geodetic 
measurements  in  the  Pyrenees  and  Balearic  Islands  1806- 
1808  ;  was  imprisoned  by  the  Spaniards  and  later  by  the  Al- 
gerines  as  a  spy,  and  finally  released  in  18IJ9;  became  a 
member  of  the  Academy  and  professor  of  analytical  geom- 
etry at  the  Polytechnic  School  in  1809;  lectured  in  Paris 
on  astronomy  1812-lS;  and  was  appointed  chief  director 
of  the  observatory  and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy 
in  18:J0,  In  the  same  year  he  became  a  memlier  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  and  in  1848  a  member  of  the  provi- 
sional government.  With  Gay-Lussac  he  was  the  founder 
(1816)  of  the  "Annales  de  Chimie  et  ,de  I'hysique,"  He 
iS'best  known,  popularly,  from  hia  "Eloges  historiques" 
upon  deceased  members  of  the  Academy,  which  he  deliv- 
ered as  secretary  of  that  body. 

Arago,  Etienne.  Born  at  Perpignan,  France, 
Feb.  9,  1802 :  died  at  Paris,  March  6,  1,S92.  A 
French  dramatist,  journalist,  politician,  and 
poet,  brother  of  Dominique  Francjois  Ai'ago: 
author  of  "Les  Aristocrates"  (1847),  etc. 

Arago,  JacQues  Etienne  Victor.  Bom  at  Es- 
tagel, near  Perpignan,  March  10,  1790:  died 
in  Brazil,  .Tan.,  1855.     A  French  traveler  and 


70 

writer,  brother  of  Dominique  Francois  Arago: 
author  of  "Voyage  autoiu'  du  monde"  (1843), 
etc. 

Aragon  (ar'a-gon).  An  ancient  kingdom,  now 
a  captaincy-general  of  Spain,  capital  Sara- 
goasa,  bounded  by  France  on  the  north,  by 
Catalonia  on  the  east,  by  Valencia  on  the  south, 
and  by  New  Castile,  Old  Castile,  and  Navarre  on 
the  west,  comprising  the  provinces  of  Huesca, 
Saragossa,  and  Teruel.  It  is  traversed  by  mountains 
and  intersected  by  the  Ebro.  During  the  middle  ages  it 
w.as  one  of  the  two  chief  Christian  powers  in  the  penin- 
sula. In  1035  it  became . a  kingdom  ;  was  united  to  Catalo- 
nia in  1137  ;  rose  to  great  inthK-nce  through  its  .acquisitions 
in  the  13th  and  14th  ecntui-ies  of  Valencia,  the  Balearic 
Islands,  Sardinia,  and  the  Sicilies ;  and  was  united  with 
Castile  in  1479  through  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  of  Ara- 
gon with  Isabella  of  t^astile.  Area,  17,973  siiuare  miles. 
Population  (1S87),  910,830.     Formerly  also  Arrmjon. 

Aragon.  A  river,  about  125  miles  long,  which 
rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  Hows  west  and  southwest 
through  Aragon  and  Navarre,  and  joins  the 
Ebro  at  Milagro. 

Aragona  (a-ra-go'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  8  miles  north  of  Girgenti. 
There  are  sulphur-mines  in  its  vicinity.  Pop- 
ulation, about  9,000. 

Aragua  (a-ra'gwa).  A  noted  valley  in  northern 
Venezuela,  east  of  Lake  Valencia.  It  gave 
name  to  a  former  province  of  Venezuela. 

AragTiarl(a-ra-gwa-re').  A  river  in  northern 
Brazil  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of 
the  Amazon. 

Araguaya  (a-ra-gwi'a).  A  river  of  central  Bra- 
zil which  rises  about  lat.  18°  30'  S.,  flows  north, 
is  separated  in  its  middle  course  for  a  long  dis- 
tance into  two  arms,  and  joins  the  Toeantins 
about  lat.  6°  S.  Its  length  is  about  1,000  miles, 
and  it  is  navigable  for  about  750  miles. 

Araish.     See  El-Araish.  * 

Arakan,  or  Aracan  (ii-ra-kan').  A  division 
in  the  northern  part  of  British  Burma,  ceded 
to  the  British  in  1826.     Population,  671,899. 

Arakan.  A  decaved  city  in  the  division  of  Ara- 
kan, in  lat.  20°  42'  N.,  long.  93°  24'  E. 

Araktcheyeflf  (a-riik-cha'yef).  Count  Alexei. 
Born  Oct.  4,  1769 :  died  at  Grusino,  government 
of  Novgorod.  Russia,  May  3,  1834.  A  Russian 
general  and  minister  of  war  (1806),  the  organ- 
izer of  the  military  colonies  in  Russia  1822-25. 

Aral  Sea  (ar'al  se),  or  Sea  of  Khuwarizm. 
A  brackish  inland  sea  of  Russian  Central  Asia, 
in  lat.  43°  42'-  46°  44'  N.,  long.  58°  18'-  61°  46'  E. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  the  Amu-Daria  and  Sir-Daria, 
but  has  no  outlet  and  is  thought  to  have  been  formerly 
dry,  the  Amu-DaHfe  and  Sir-Daria  then  discharging  into 
the  Caspian  Sea.  The  Aral  is  generally  shallow  (maxi- 
mum depth  37  fathoms),  and  is  veiled  by  storms.  Its 
length  is  225  miles,  greatest  width  185  miles,  height  above 
sea-level  about  160  feet,  and  area  24,500  square  miles.  It 
is  decreasing  in  size. 

Aram  (a'ram),  or  Aramea,  or  Aramaea  (ar-a- 
me'a).  [Ij.  Aram,  Gr.  ^Apap,  Heb.  'Ardm ;  L. 
* Aramiea  (sc.  regio).  The  common  etjrmology 
'highland'  is  very  doubtful.]  The  biblical 
name  of  the  country  extending  from  the  west- 
ern frontiers  of  Babylonia  to  the  highlands  of 
western  Asia.  The  inhabitants  of  this  country  are 
called  Arameans.  The  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  render 
the  name  by  .Syria-  The  Old  Testament  mentiiuis  six  di- 
visions of  the  country,  among  them  being  .\rani  Naharaim 
(Gen.  X-\iv.  10),  i.  e.,  of  the  two  rivers;  Mesnpotainia,  prob- 
ably the  territoi-y  between  the  Euphrates  and  the  Chabor 
where  the  ,ludean  exiles  were  settled  (2  Ki.  jfvii.  6) ;  Pad- 
danarani,  probably  the  designation  for  the  flat  country  in 
northern  Mesopotamia  ;  and  Damascus.  In  the  Assyrian 
cuneiform  inscriptions  the  names  Aramu,  Arinm.  and 
Arumu  are  used,  butoidyof  Mesopotamia  and  the  peoples 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  The  principal 
river  of  Aram  was  the  Orontes.  The  Arameans  were  in 
race,  language,  and  religion  Semitic.  As  early  as  the 
period  of  the  .TuiIl^cs  an  Ai'amean  king  extended  his  con- 
quests tci  rakstiiii-  (,riMl;;e3  iii.  .H,  10).  David  took  Damas- 
cus from  tlieni,  but  Snlnmou  was  obliged  to  restore  it. 
The  last  king  of  Damascus,  Rezin,  allied  himself  with 
Pekah,  king  of  Israel,  against  Judali,  but  succumbed  to 
Tiglath-Pileser  of  Assyria  (74,1-727  B.  c).  Aram  Naharaim 
appears  on  Egyptian  monuments  and  in  the  Tel-el-Amarna 
tablets  under  the  form  Naharina.  Thothmes  I.  and  III, 
and  Amenophis  III,  conquered  it  several  times ;  but  after 
repeated  attacks  it  finally  fell  to  the  Asi<yrians.  The  Ara- 
means became  an  important  factor  in  the  Assyrian  state  ; 
their  language  seems  to  have  become  the  common  speech 
of  trade  and  diplomacy,  and  gradually  supplanted  Assyrian 
in  Assyria  and  Hebrew  in  Palestine.    See  also  Syria. 

Aram  (a'ram),  Eugene.  Born  at  Ramsgill, 
Yorkshire,  1704:  died  Aug.  6,  17.59.  An  English 
scholar,  executed  for  fraud  and  the  murder  of 
Daniel  Clark,  committed  in  Knaresborough  in 
1745.  He  taught  at  Knaresborough  and  elsewhere,  and 
was  arrested  while  acting  as  usher  in  a  private  school  at 
Lynn  Regis,  The  testimony  of  an  accomplice,  Houseman, 
through  whom  ('lark's  remains  were  discovered  in  a  cave 
near  Knaresborough,  secured  Aram's  conviction.  On  his 
trial  he  defended  himself  with  unusual  ability.  He  was 
self-taught,  but  att;uned  a  very  considerable  knowledge  of 
languages,  and  has  been  credited  with  the  discovery  of 


Ararat 

the  affinity  of  the  Celtic  to  other  European  tongues  ;  he 
also  disputed  the  then  almost  universally  accepted  direct 
derivation  of  Latin  from  Greek.  He  has  been  highly  ideal- 
ized in  a  novel  by  Bulwer  (pub.  1832),  and  his  arrest  is  the 
theme  of  awell-known  poem  by  Hood  ("  Dream  of  Eugene 
Aram").  A  play,  "Eugene  Aram,"  by  W.  G.  Wills,  waa 
produced  by  Henry  Irving  in  1S73. 

Aramea,  or  Aramaea.    See  Aram. 

Arameans,  or  Aramaeans.    See  Aram. 

Aramaic  (ar-a-mii'ik).  One  of  the  Semitic  fam- 
ily of  languages,  properly  a  general  term  for 
all  the  northern  Semitic  dialects,  and  so  includ- 
ing the  so-called  Chaldaic  or  Chaldean,  and 
Syriac  or  Syrian.  Some  portions  of  the  "Hebrew" 
Scriptures  (Ezra,  and  Daniel,  and  parts  of  other  books) 
are  in  Aramaic.     Also  Aramean. 

Araminta  (ar-a-min'tii).  1.  In  Vanbrugh's 
comedy  "  The  Confederacy, "the  wife  of  Money- 
trap,  an  extravagant,  luxurious  woman  with  a 
marked  leaning  toward  "the  quality." — 2.  The 
principal  female  character  in  Congreve's  com- 
edy "The  Old  Bachelor." 

Aramis  (a-ra-mes').  One  of  the  "Three  Mus- 
keteers," in  Dumas's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
the  mildest  and  most  gracious  of  the  trio,  and  finally  en- 
ters  the  church.  The  name  is  an  assumed  one,  his  real 
name  being  known  only  to  the  captain  of  the  Musketeers. 

Aran  (ii-ran'),  Valle  de  or  Val  de.  A  valley  in 
the  PjTenees,  in  the  province  of  Lerida,  Spain, 
northeast  of  the  Maladetta  group :  the  source 
of  the  Garonne. 

Aran,  or  Arran,  Islands  (ar'an  T'landz).  Three 
islands  at  the  entrance  of  Galway  Bay,  western 
coast  of  Ireland:  Inishmore  (length  8  miles), 
Inishmain,  luisheer :  about  lat.  55°  N. 

Arana,  Diego  Barros.  See  Barros  Arana, 
Diei/o. 

Aranda  (ii-ran 'da)  Count  of  (Pedro  Pablo 
Abarca  y  Bolea).  Born  at  Saragossa,  1718: 
died  1799  (1794?).  A  Spanish  statesman  and 
diplomatist.  As  president  of  the  Council  of  Castile 
he  effected  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  in  1767.  Later  he 
was  ambassador  to  France. 

Aranda  de  Duero  (ii-riin'da  da  dwa'ro).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Burgos,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Duero  57  miles  east  of  Valladolid. 
Population  (1887),  5,719. 

Arango  y  Parreno  (a-riing'go  e  par-ra'n6), 
Francisco  de.  Born  at  Havana,  May  22,  1765 : 
died  at  Guiues,  March  21,  1837.  A  Cuban  law- 
yer. He  was  twice  the  representative  of  Cuba  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes,  was  councilor  of  state,  and  held  other  pub- 
lic offices  ;  but  he  is  best  known  for  his  numerous  works 
on  economical  questions  connected  with  Cuba. 

Aranjuez  (ii-ran-nweth').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Madi'id,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Tagus 
28  miles  south  of  Madrid,  it  was  a  favorite  royal 
residence,  and  was  the  seene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  rev- 
olution of  March,  1808,  which  overthrew  Godoy  and  com- 
pelled_ Charles  IV.  to  abdicate.     Population  (1887),  9,649. 

Aranjuez, Peace  of.  A  treatyof  alliance  against 
England  concluded  between  France  and  Spain, 
1772. 

Aransas  Bay  (a-ran'zas  ba).  An  arm  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  northeast  of  Corpus  Christi 
Bay. 

Aransas  Pass.  Astrait,  the  entrance  to  Aran- 
sas Bay. 

Arany (or'ony).  Ji,nos.  BornatNagy-Szalonta, 
Hungary,  March  2,  1817:  died  at  Budapest,  Oct. 
22,  1882.  A  Hungarian  poet.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  the  Hungarian  language  and  literature  in  the  Re- 
formed Gymnasium  at  Nagy-Koros  in  1854,  director  of  the 
Kisfaludy  Society  in  1860,  and  member  of  the  Hungarian 
Acaiiemy  in  1858  (secretary  1864-78).  He  was  the  author  of 
the  humnrons  poem  *"Az  elveszett  alkotuiAny"  ("The  Lost 
Const itut ion, "  1843),  the  epic  trilogy  ' ' Toldi "  (1847-SO),  etc. 

Arany,  Laszlo.  Born  at  Nagy-Szalonta,  March 
24,  1844 :  died  at  Budapest,  Aug.  1,  1898.  A 
Hungarian  poet,  son  of  Janos  Arany. 

Aranyos  (or'on-yosh).  [Hung,  araiii/,  gold.] 
A  gold-bearing  river  in  western  Transylvania, 
which  flows  easterly  to  join  the  Maros.  Its 
length  is  about  80-90  miles. 

Aranza  (a-ran'za),  Duke.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Tobin's  comedy  "  The  Honeymoon." 

Arapaho,  or  Arapahoe  (a-rap'a-ho).  [Proper- 
ly a  plural  form  :  but  the  plural  Arapahoes  is 
used.  The  name  is  said  by  Schoolcraft  to  signi- 
fy'tattooed  people.']  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  living  cluefiy  on  the  liead  waters 
of  the  Platte  and  Arkansas  rivers,  but  also  rang- 
ing from  the  Yellowstone  to  the  Rio  Grande. 
There  are  1272  at  the  Cheyeime  and  Arapaho  Agency,  In- 
dian Territory,  and  ii85  at  Shoshone  Agency,  Wyoming. 
See  AhjonquUtn. 

Arapiles  (a-ra-pe'les).  A  village  near  Sala- 
manca, the  principal  scene  of  the  battle  of  Sal- 
amanca, 1812. 

Arar  (ii'rar).  {L.,  &\so  Araris.'\  The  ancient 
name  of  the  river  Saone. 

Ararat  (ar'a-rat).  The  ancient  name  of  a  dis- 
trict in  eastern  Armenia  between  the  rivers 


Ararat 
Araxes  and  the  lakes  Van  and  Urumiah  ;  also 
used  for  all  Armenia,  aud  for  the  niountain- 
ridee  in  the  south  of  that  eouutry.  The  usual 
statement  that  Noah's  ark  rested  on  Mount  Ararat  has  no 
foundation  in  the  Hebrew  text.wliich  reads  "on  the  moun- 
tains of  Ararat.'  In  tlie  Assyrian  cuneiform  inscriptions 
tlie  countr)-  is  mentioned  under  the  nnnie  Urartu,  and 
many  expeditions  of  the  Assyrian  kings  aRainst  it  are 
enumerate4l.  The  Greeks  called  the  Armenians  Alaro- 
,lians(Uerod.  111.94). 
Ararat  (ar'a-rat).  [Heb.  'Arardt,  Samaritan 
llumrut.  The  Ar.  name  is  Massix,  Turk.  Jglin- 
Dagh,  Pers.  Kuhi-Suh  (Noah's  Mountain).]  A 
volcanic  mountain  which  rises  in  two  summits 
(Great  Ai-arat  and  Little  Ararat)  from  the  plain 
of  the  Ara.xes,  iu  lat.  39°  40'  X.,  long.  44°  20'  E.: 
the  traditional  resting-place  of  Noah  s  ark  (see 
above).  It  lies  on  the  confines  of  Russian,  Turkish, 
and  Persian  Armenia,  the  summit  belonging  to  Russia. 
The  mountain  wa.s  partly  altered  by  au  earthquake  in  184". 
It  was  ascended  by  I'aiTot  in  1S29,  and  since  that  time 
by  Bryce  and  others.  The  height  of  Great  Ararat  is  about 
17,000  feet  (17,320— Parrot) ;  that  of  Little  Ararat,  12,!j40 

f66tk 

Ararat.  A  town  in  Ripon  County,  Victoria. 
Australia,  situated  on  Hopkins  Kiver  55  miles 
northwest  of  Ballarat.  It  contains  gold-fields. 
Population,  about  4,000.  . 

Arar08(ar'a-ros).  [Or. '.Vap"f-]  An  Athenian 
comic  poet.'the  sou  of  Aristophanes.  He  brought 
out  his  father's  "Plutus"  388  B.  c,  and  ap- 
peared as  an  original  poet  37o  B.  C. 

Aias  (a-riis').  A  river,  the  ancient  Ara.ves, 
which  rises  in  Turkish  Armenia,  flows  tlirough 
Transcaucasia,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Russia  and  Persia,  and  .ioins  the  Kur 
about  lat.  39°  55'  N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  Its  length 
is  400-500  miles.  ,    .,     ^ 

AratUS  (a-ra'tus).    [Gr.  "kpamq.-]    Lived  about 

270  B.  C.  A  Greek  poet,  said  to  have  resided 
during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of 
Antigonus  Gonatas,  and  to  have  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  physic,  grammar,  and  phi- 
losophy. He  "was  the  author  of  an  astronomical  epic 
whicS  Cicero  translated,  entitled  '  »»8n°«";"^,''' .f''" 
Weather'  {[Hoarmeia).  It  is  from  Aratus  that  st.  laul, 
ad.lressing  the  Athenians,  .luotcs  the  words  'lor  we  are 
also  his  olfspring'  (Acts  xvii.  -iS)'  (oAeM,  Oreek  Lit.). 

AratUS.    r«r.  "Xparor,.-]    Born  at  bioyon,  Greece, 

271  B.  C. ;  died  213  B.  C.  A  Greek  statesman 
and  eeneral.  He  liberated  Sicyon  from  the  usurper 
Nicocles  in  i51 ;  was  elected  strategus  of  the  Achican 
League  in  245  for  the  first  time ;  took  the  citadel  of  forinth 
in  243  ;  was  defeated  in  a  succession  of  campaigns  by  the 
Spartans  under i  leomenes  ;  formed  an  alliance  »"«  Anti- 
KOIIUS  of  Macedon,  wll..  defeated  Cleomcnes  at  the  bat  le 
Sf  .lellasia  221  B.  c.  ;  ami  carrieil  on  an  unsuccessful  de. 
fenslvc  war  against  the  .tt.dians  221-219  B.  0  Ue  com- 
rsed  commentaries  in  thirty  books  (all  now  lost;  which 
6r..ught  the  history  of  Greece  down  to  the  year  22o  B  t. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  poi.s,)ned  by  Philip  of  Slacedon. 

Arauca  (ii-rou'kii).  A  river  in  Colombia  and 
western  Venezuela,  a  tributary  of  the  Orinoco. 

Araucana  (a-rou-ka'uil).  A  heroic  poem,  in 
thirtv-seven  cantos,  by  the  Spanish  poet  Alonso 
de  Ercilla.  It  is  partly  a  geographical  and  statistical 
account  of  the  province  of  Araucania  and  partly  ;e  story 
of  the  expedition  for  the  con.iue^t  of  Araucauia  in  which 
the  author  took  part.  •„.„„, I, 

Araucania  (a-rou-ka'ne-ii).     A  region  m  soiith- 

~n  Cliile  which  included  the  territory  south  of 
the  Uiobio  Kiver  to  the  Gulf  of  Ancu-that  is, 
nearly  the  modern  provinces  of  Biobio,  Arauco. 
Malleeo,  Cautin,  and  Valdivia.  See  Armtauu- 
ans.  . 

Araucanians  (ar-a-ka'm-anz).  or  Araucanos 

(il-rou-kil'iios).       [Said   to  be  derived    Ironi   a 
verb  of  tlieir  language,  mianii.  to  be  savag.-,  uii- 
sonquerable.]     A  tribe  of  Indians  in  southern 
Chile.     They  were  very  numerous  and  warlike,  and  suc- 
cessfully resisted  the  I.icaa  In  the  IMh  '^'^'>^l"J'\    I""" 
the  time  when  their  territory  was  first  invaded  by  \  aldiua 
<r.44>they  w.iged  a  continual  war  against  the  Spiulards 
Valdivia  himself  was  killed  by  them  It.-..-..:),  a«  7"  ""•^;  " 
his  successors,  Martin  Garcia  Loyola  (t..:;S)   and  twKc  I  le 
whites  were  eonipl.tely  driven  (roni    heir  t.rrlU.r)      T   c 
tribe  still  numlnrs  over  2(V»«>.     ""'K'"^"*' "'>>, ','7,'^,'^' ,i 
ing  and  very  savage,  hut  they  now  practise  agriculture  and 
have  considerable  herds.     Few  of  lliem  are  t  athollcs. 
Arauco  (il-rou'kO).     A  province  (capital  Lebu) 
in   southern  Cliile.      Area,  4,248  square^ miles 
, r„n,ierly  large.).     Population  (1K91),  H(,.2.)(.. 
Arauco.     A  fort   and  town  of   Chile,  south  of 
Concepcion.and  originally  ab.mt  (.miles  tioin 
the  sea:  tounded  by  Valdivia  in  1.5:)2.    hurlng 
the  early  Anuicanlan  wars  it  was  a  post  of  great  linpor- 
tauce.     Besieged  by  Ihe  Indians.  It  was  abandoned   and 
destroyeil  In  ir-'.3  ;  rebuilt  by  M,■ndo7J^  l/'''t> ^ .""'"l  "''"": 
doned  when  attacked  by  Anlibueno,  ir.ra ;  rebnlll  In  l.'.(t. 
and  witlistood  what  might  be  ealle.l  a  conlinuons  siege 
from  l.V.Dto  1590,  when  it  was  re.nov.-d  lo  the  present  site 
on  the  coast.     The  modern  town  Is  a  [.or!  of  ».Hne  linpor- 
tame,     ropnlatlon,  about  4,00<1. 

Araujo  Lima  (ii-roti'/.ho  le'inii),  Pedro  de. 

Born    at    Antas.   Pernambuco,   Dec.   '.L,    li.M: 
died  at  Kio  de  Janeiro,  June  7,  1870.     A  Bra- 


71 


ziUan  statesman,  regent  of  Brazil  diu-ing  the 
minority  of  the  emperor  Pedro  II.,  April  ■— , 
18o8.  to  July  23,  1840.  The  emperor  created  him  vis- 
count of  Olinllu  in  1811,  and  marquis  of  Oliuda  in  18:4. 
He  was  senator,  and  several  times  prime  minister  (1S18- 
1849,  18.i7-i«,  l*'.2-04,  ISl-^'-Wi).  ,  ,  ..  -  -/j-> 
Araujo  de  AzevedO  (u-rou'zhi?  de  a-za-va  do), 
Antonio  de.  Horn  near  Poute  de  Lima,  -Ma^v 
14.  17.'>4:  died  at  Kio  de  Janeiro,  June  21, 181 1. 
A  Portuguese  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  maile  minister  of  war  and  foreign  allalrs,  July,  1»"M, 
and  toward  the  end  of  WT  prime  minister.  "  "m  by 
his  advice  that  the  Portuguese  court  tied  to  Braill  >«v., 
1807).  Arrived  at  Kiode.Ianeiro(Marcb,  1S06),  he  resigned, 
remiuniiig  a  member  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  in  181.. 
was  created  coride  de  Barea.  In  1814  he  was  minister  of 
marine,  and  in  1817  was  again  called  to  be  prime  mluister, 
holding  the  fHjsition  until  his  death.  ,....,-/ 

Araviio  Porto- Alegre  (ii-rou  zhi.)  por  tp-a-ia  - 

gre),  Manoel  de.  Born  at  Hio  Pardo.  Kio 
Grande  do  Sul.  Brazil,  Nov.  29,  180G:  die<  at 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  Uec.  30,  1879.  A  Brazilian 
poet,  painter,  and  architect:  author  of  a  col- 
lection of  poems  entitled  ••  Brazilianas." 
ArausiO  (a-ri'shi-o).  [Gr.  'Aixwaiui:]  A  town 
of  the  Cavari.  the  modern  Orange,  I  ranee. 

Aravalli,  <>i'  Aravali  (ar-a-viil'e),  or  Ara-»nlu 

(ar-a-vul'i)  Hills.  A  range  of  mouiilains  in 
Rajputana,  India,  about  300  miles  in  length, 
extending  from  noillieast  to  southwest.  Its 
hi"liest  jioiiit  is  Mount  Abu  ^about  5.000  feet). 

Arawaks  (a'ra-wiiks).  A  tribe  of  Indians,  now- 
reduced  to  a  few  thousand,  living  in  a  seini- 
civilized  state  iu  British  Guiana,  near  the  coast . 
Formerly  they  were  very  numerous,  and  they  appear  to 
have  occupied  most  of  the  West  Indian  islands  .villi  the 
coasts  of  Ouiuua  and  part  of  Venezuela.  At  the  nm.e  ol 
the  conquest  they  had  been  driven  out  of  the  LesserAntllles 
bv  invasions  of  the  Caribs,  but  were  found  by  I  oliimbus  in 
Haiti,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  llrst  Indians  discovered 
bv  him  in  the  Bahamas  were  of  the  s;une  race.  Ihe  Ara- 
waks were  a  gentle,  well-disposed  people,  practising  agri 
culture,  but  with  little  civilization.  They  were  constantly 
forced  to  defend  themselves  against  the  Caribs.  Also 
written  -Irraienc*,  ArwaiM.  Arruaniut. 

Arawan  (ii-rii-wan').  An  oasis  and  trading  cen- 
ter in  the  French  Sahara,  140  miles  northwest 
of  Timbuktu.  . .     -,     mi 

Araxes  (a-rak'sez).  [Gr.  'Apa^Vi-]  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Ai-as  and  perhaps  of  other 
streams  tlowing  into  the  Caspian  Sea 


Arcachon 
Aiber's  English  Reprints.    A  series  of  re- 


Araxes  (Aras)  seems  to  have  been  a  name  common  in 
the  days  of  Herodotus  to  all  the  great  streams  Howing  into 
the  Caspian,  just  as  Uon  has  been  to  all  the  great  Scythian 
rivers  (rna-ais,  /)rm-aperor  /Miepr,  Damxsler  or  Dmesir, 
Donau,  Amaiib  or  />«/.-ube,  *c.),  and  as  Avon  is  o  so 
many  English  streams.       Jlatihiuioii,  Herod.,  III.  »,  note. 


prints  of  Ei.gli>h  prose  and  poetry  in  30  num- 
bers, in  14  volumes  (1st  ed.  1868).  ranging  from 
1516  to  1712.     These  are  somewhat  longer  than 
the  pieces  printed  in  the  "Garner." 
Arbil(iir-bel').     S.e  -l;M</. 

Arblay  (iir'bla),  Madame  d'  (Frances  Bur- 
nev).  Born  at  Lvuu  Kegis,  England,  June 
13,  1752:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  6,  1840. 
A  noted  English  novelist.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Dr.  Bumey,  the  musician,  and  the  wile  (married 
.luly  31  17113)  of  CenenU  d' Arblay.  She  wroW  "  Evelina, 
or  a  Young  Lady's  Entrance  into  the  World  '  d'^^^X  "'-''?■ 
cilia '(17S2X  "Edwy  and  Elvina,"  a  tragedy  (acted  Marcb 
■'1,  1795),  "Camilla  "(17'Jti),  "Love  and  Fashion,"  a  com- 
edy(lsoo),  "The  Wanderer '(Isui,  '  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Bur- 
ney  ■' (18:12)," U'ttcrs  and  Diaries  "(5  vols.  1^42 ;  2  vols.  1S46). 
Fnmi  17SB  to  1791  she  occupied  a  subordinate  position 
at  court. 

Arboga  (Sr-bo'gii).  A  town  in  the  Ian  of  Wes- 
teras,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Arboga  near  Lake 
Millar,  70  miles  northwest  of  Stocklioliu.  It 
was  formerly  ol  great  importance,  the  seat  ol  mauy  coun- 
cils and  .liets.     Population  (1S90X  4,.'.7lj. 

Arbogast  (iir'bo-gast),  or  Axbogastes  (fir-bo- 

gas'tez).  Died  394  A.  D.  A  Prankish  general 
in  the  Roman  service.  Valentlnian  II.  was  slain  by 
his  order  while  participating  in  the  athletic  sports  of  the 
soldiers,  and  Eugenius,  a  client  of  Arbogiist,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor.  He  was  defeated  by  1  heo<lo6ius  in  :«<4. 
on  the  Frigidus  north  of  Aquilcia.  and  after  marvhlnc 
about  the  mountains  for  two  days  fell  upon  his  sword, 
and  so  perished. 
Arbois  (Ur-bwii').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  Prance,  in  lat.  46°  55'  N-,  long.  5°  45'  E., 
famous  for  its  wines.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Pii-hegru.  Populatiim  (1891),  4,355. 
ArboisdeJubain-Tilletiir-bwa'd^zhii-ban'vel), 
Marie  Henri  d".  Bom  at  Nancy,  Dec. 5, 1627. 
A  I'n  Mill  archa-ologist. 

Arboleda  (iir-bo-la'THii),  Julio.  Born  in  Bar- 
bacoas.  1817:  died  Nov.  12,  1862.  A  Colom- 
bian poet  and  revolutionist.  He  early  took  rank 
among  the  first  fwets  of  Spanish  America,  but  Ihe  manu- 
script of  his  greatest  work,  "Uonzalo  de  (lyon. "  was  de- 
sti-oyed  by  a  personal  enemy,  and  only  portions  which 
had  been  copied  «  ere  published.  In  IbKS  he  joined  the 
revolt  in  Antioquia,  became  Us  leader,  and  iu  alliance 
with  Moreno,  president  of  Ecuador,  carried  on  a  war 
against  Mosquera  and  the  federalists.  The  states  of  west- 
ern  Colombia  adhered  to  hiin,  and  he  assumed  the  supreme 
power-  but  in  the  midst  of  his  success  he  was  aasaasl- 


Arbaces  (iir'ba-sez  or  ar-ba'sez).  [Gr.  V- 
,<«h//r  ]  The  founder  of  the  Median  empire. 
He  reigned  about  876-848  B.C. 

Arbaces  1.  InBeaumont  and  Hetcher's  " King 
and  No  King,"  the  King  of  Iberia,  whose  nature 
is  a  compound  of  vainglory  and  violence.— 
2  A  character  in  Dr.  Artie's  opera  "Arla- 
xerxes  "—3  1"  Bvron's  "  Sardanapalus,"  the 
Governor  of  Media,  who  became,  in  place  ol 
Sardanapalus,  the  king  of  Nineveh  and  As- 

Arbahu  (iir-bii-e'lo).    [Assvt.,  'city  of  the  four 

.r,„|s.'l     Same  as  Arliilii.  _ 

Arbasto  (iir-bas'to)  the  Anatomie  of  ror- 
tune.     A  novel  by  Kobert  Greene,  printed  m 

Arbate  dir-biit').     1.   A  character  in  Moli6re's 

T^mfedv  ''La  Princessed'i::iide.''--2.  A  char- 
acter  in  Kncine's  play  "  Milhiidate." 

Arbe  liir'ba).  Slav.  Rab  irah).  An  islaiid. 
about  14  miles  long,  iu  the  Adriatic  Sea  .15  miles 
southeast  of  Kiume,  belonging  to  Dalmutia, 
.\ustria-IIungaiy.  .    " 

Arbedo  (iii-ba'do).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Ti.iiio.  Switzerland,  2  miles  northeast  of  Bol- 
linzoiia.  Here,  1422,  the  Swiss  defeated  the 
Milanese  (••  battle  of  St.  Paul").  . 

Arbela  (iir-be'lU).  [See  .lr/,«.-;„.]  I?  """Pnt 
geography,  a  town  in  Assyria,  lat  30  8  >.. 
lone  4°  4'  E..the  modern  .\rbil.  Krbil.orKryil. 
It  was  an  early  «eat  ..t  Ihe  womhli.  of  I.lar  and  a  place 
of  consl  crable  Importance.  Near  here,  at  (iaugame  a, 
the  Mac  Ml  I  US  (47,'""0  .""'er  Abxander  the  (ireat  dc 
feiUel  the  Persian  army  (abont  l,oo..,i««in  under  DarlilN 
In  331  II  r.  This  battle  led  lo  the  final  overthrow  of  llio 
I'ersliin  empire.  *  .i      li-ii 

Arber(ilr'ber).  Th.^  highest  group  of  the  B.  h- 
merwuld,  Hitiuil.'d  in  Bavaria  about  .50  miles 
east  of  Katisboti.  The  height  of  the  Grosser 
Arber  is  about  4.7SII  f.'et.         .... 

Arber'8  English  Garner.    A  hpfios  of  solcc- 

lioiiMofKnglish  prose  and  poet  ry  in  10  voliiinos, 
printed  bv  I'.dward  Arber  from  nianusi'ript  or 
.riiited  .uiginals.  ranging  from  1402  to  1,1.>, 
Vhi.v  ,ir,.  ino.tiv  liiuls,  Iioeins.  and  short  pieces,  given 
lltl!  mlilen.  spelling.    T\ie  serte.  ol  "  EnglUh  Roprli.U 


Arbon  (ar'bon).  Atown  iu  the  canton  of  THir- 
oiiii.  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Con- 
slauce  10  miles  soullie.ist  of  Constance. 

Arbrissel  or  Arbrisselles  ( iir-bre-sel ' ) .  Bobert 
d".  Born  at  Arbrissel  or  Arbrises,  Brittany, 
1047  :  died  Feb.  25,  1117.  A  French  ecclesias- 
tic, the  founder  of  the  order  of  Kontevrault. 
He  was  appointed  vliar-general  i>f  the  Bishop  of  Rennes 
in  llteo  ;  became  professor  of  theology  at  Angers  in  loss : 
anil  two  years  later  retired  to  the  forest  ot  Craon.  where 
he  touniled  the  abbey  ot  De  Rolu.  Later  he  founded  the 
celebrated  abbey  ol  Ftmtevrault,  near  Polticra,  alter  which 
the  order  wjis  imnied 


me  oriier  wiu,  inion,,. 

Arbroath(iir-broTH' ). or Aberbrothock  (ab-<T- 

broth'ok),  or  Aberbrothwick  (al.-er-broth'- 
ik).  A  seaport  in  Forfarshire.  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  North  Sea  17  miles  nortlieast 
of  Dundee.  It  has  manufacturvs  ot  Jute.  Ilax,  linen, 
etc.  Near  It  Is  a  ruined  abbey,  founded  In  1178.  Popu- 
billon  (18!ll).  22,821. 
Arbues  liir-bo-as'l,  Pedro.  Born  at  Epihi.  Ara- 
goii,  1442:  died  Sept.  17,  14.S").  A  Spanish  Aii- 
giistiuiiin  UKUik,  apjiointed  by  Toniuemada  au 
inoiiisitor  of  .\ragon  14tU.  He  wm  futally  wounde<l 
In  llle  night  ot  Sept.  I4-l.'s  148.'i,  as  the  result  ol  a  colliplr- 
;ic>  ol  lice  reblllvis  ot  his  victims. 

Arbuthnot (iir' but h-iiot ;  Sc .  proii.  iir-lmth ' not ), 
John  Born  at  Arbuthiiot.  Scotland.  1667:  died 
at  Loiidon,  Feb.  27,  1735.  A  British  physician, 
wit,  and  man  of  letters.  He  studied  at  Al>enle»n 
and  St.  Andrews,  and  was  ap|Kdnted  physician  eitrmor- 
dinary  to  liueeii  Anne  Oct  3",  Ko.'s  and  physl.Un  In  or- 
dlnarv  Vi-v    U.  1709.     The  Tory  ministry  miployed  him 


lolluwithe  orUfhial  exactly. 


IU  a  ih.lltlcal  writer,  and  he  joined  with  Swifl.  r.'|ie,  l-ay, 
and  I'arnell  U<  lorm  the  Scrlblerus  Club  al.ont  17  U      Ills 
chief  w..rk«  are  "Uw  In  a  ll.itioinle.s  Pit;  or.  History  of 
Jidin   luill'  (1712),   ■•  Memoirs  ol  Martlnus  Scriblcrui. 
inrilnly  Aibulhri..!  »(1741). 

Arbuthnot.  Marriot.    Born  1711 :  di.  .1  at  1-on- 

doii,  .Ian.  Ill,  IT'.H.  An  Eiiglisli  iidimral,  com- 
iiiaii.ler  of  the  lleet  in  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Charleston  in  1780.  Ho  became  au  admiral 
of  the  blue  in  17!t3, 

Arc  (iirk).  A  river  in  the  ileimrtinent  of  Sayoio, 
Kiniice,  which  joins  the  Isi^re  at  ChamousMt. 
It-*  length  is  about  '.Ml  miles. 

Arc,  Joan  of.     See  .loan  of  Are. 

Arcachon  (iir-kiish.'.u').  A  wafcnng-place  in 
the  di  parlmeni  of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
the  llassin  d'Aicaelion  35  iiiilpH  southwest  of 
Bordeaux.  It  Is  noted  as  a  winter  resort,  and  also 
as  a  idaco  for  sra-batblng.  Population  (1891).  ommiine. 
7,910. 


Arcades 

Arcades  (ar'ka-dez).  [Gr.  IKpKadcQ,  Arcadians.] 
A  mask,  by  Milton,  acted  shortly  after  "  Comus" 
in  1634,  and  printed  in  1645. 

Arcadia  (ar-ka'cU-ii).  [Gr.  'ApKa6ia,  from  'Apxdf , 
Arcadian.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in 
the  heart  of  the  Peloponnesus,  bounded  by 
Achaia  on  the  north,  by  Argolis  on  the  east, 
by  Laconia  and  Messenia  on  the  south,  and  by 
Elis  on  the  west.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  and  is  in- 
tersected by  mountains,  and  was  proverbial  for  its  rural 
simplicity.  Its  cities  Tegea,  Mantinea,  etc.,  formed  a 
confederation  about  370-360  B.  C. 

The  history  of  the  rise  in  modern  literature  of  an  ideal 
Arcadia  — the  home  of  piping  shepherds  and  coy  shep- 
herdesses, where  rustic  simplicity  and  plenty  satisfied 
the  ambition  of  untutoied  hearts,  and  where  ambition 
and  its  crimes  were  unknown  —  is  a  very  curious  one,  and 
has,  I  tlunk,  been  first  traced  in  the  chapter  on  Arcadia  in 
my  "Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece."  Neitlier  Theocri- 
tus nor  his  early  imitators  laid  the  scene  of  their  poems 
in  Arcadia ;  this  imaginary  frame  was  first  adopted  by 
Sannazaro.         ilahafy.  Hist.  Classical  Greek  Liu,  L  420. 

Arcadia  (iir-ka-de'ii).  A  nomarehy  of  modern 
Greece.  Area,  1,661  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1896),  167,092. 

Arcadia  (ar-ka'di-a).  1.  A  description  of  shep- 
herd life,  in  prose  and  verse,  by  Sannazaro, 
written  toward  the  end  of  the  isth  century. 
Though  itself  not  a  pastoral  romance,  it  appears  to  h.ave 
first  opened  the  field  to  that  species  of  composition. 

2.  A  pastoral  romance  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
published  in  1590,  but  written  in  1580-81.  Its 
whole  title  is  *'The  Countess  of  Pembroke's  Arcadia." 
Although  the  scenes  are  artificial,  the  freshness  of  .Sid- 
ney's style  gives  reality  and  interest  to  it. 

3.  A  romance  by  Koljert  Greene,  published  in 
1589.  It  is  formed  on  the  model  of  Sidney's  celebrated 
pastoral,  which,  though  it  was  not  printed  till  some  years 
after  the  publication  of  Greene's  Arcadia,  had  been  writ- 
ten a  considerable  time  before  it.  Duiilop,  Hist,  of  Prose 
Fiction,  II.  557. 

4.  A  pastoral  romance  by  Lope  de  Vega, 
modeled  on  Sannazaro,  which,  though  written 
long  before,  was  not  printed  till  1598. — 5.  A 
pastoral  play  by  Shirley,  printed  1640,  having 
been  acted  some  time  previously.  This  is  a 
dramatization  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  romance. 

ArcadiUS  (ar-ka'di-us).  [Gr.  'ApKaSioi.']  Born 
in  Spain  383  (377  f )  a.  D. :  died  May  1,  408.  By- 
zantine emperor  395-408,  the  elder  of  the  two 
sons  of  Theodosius  and  FlacciUa.  He  succeeded, 
under  the  guardianship  of  Rufinus,  to  the  eastern  half  of 
the  empire  on  the  death  of  his  father  and  the  permanent 
division  of  the  Roman  Empire.  Rufinus  claimed  the  civil 
government  also  of  the  Western  Empire,  and  was  murdered 
in  395  by  Gainas,  commander  of  the  Gothic  mercenaries  at 
Constantinople,  who  acted  under  the  instructions  of  Stili- 
cho,  the  guardian  of  .^rcadius's  brother  Honorius,  emperor 
of  the  West.  ..y-cadius  now  fell  under  the  influence  of  the 
eunuch  Eutropius,  supported  by  Gainas.  After  the  deatlx 
of  Eutropius  (399)  and  of  Gainas  (401)  he  was  governed  en- 
tirely by  his  dissolute  wife  Eudoxia.  In  this  reign  .Alaric 
settled  with  his  West  Goths  in  Dlyria,  and  was  appointed 
dux  in  lUyricum  orUntale. 

Arcady  (ar'ka-di).  An  obsolete  or  poetical 
form  of  Arcadia. 

Arcagnolo.     See  Orcagna. 

Arc  tte  Triomphe  du  Carrousel  (iirk  de  tre- 
onf  dii  ka-ro-sel').  [F.,  "triumphal  arch  of 
the  tilting-yard.']  A  triumphal  arch  built  by 
Napoleon  I.  at  Paris,  in  commemoration  of  his 
■victories  of  1805-06,  in  the  square  inclosed  by 
the  Tuileries  and  the  Louvre,  it  imitates,  on  a 
smaller  scale,  the  Arch  of  Constantine  at  Rome.  It  has 
a  large  archway  between  two  small  ones,  fianked  by  (Corin- 
thian columns,  an  entablature,  and  a  high  attic.  Reliefs 
over  the  small  archways  represent  incidents  of  the  cam- 
paigns ;  over  the  columns  are  placed  statues  of  soldiers  of 
the  empire,  and  in  the  spandrels  of  the  large  archway  are 
sculptured  Victories.  On  the  summit  is  a  group  in  bronze 
representing  a  four-horse  chariot.  The  height  is  48  feet, 
the  width  03;. 

Arc  (ie  Triomphe  de  I'Etoile  (ark  de  tre-6nf' 
de  la-twal').  [F-,  'triumphal  arch  of  the 
star.']  A  triumphal  arch,  the  largest  existing, 
at  the  head  of  the  Champs  filysees,  Paris,  it 
»vas  begun  in  1800  by  Napoleon  I.,  but  not  finished  until 
1836.  The  structure  is  146  feet  wide,  160  high,  and  7'2 
deep.  Its  chief  fronts  are  pierced  with  a  single  archway 
67  feet  high  and  46  wide,  and  the  ends  have  smaller  arch- 
ways. The  spandrels  of  the  large  archway  are  adorned 
with  Victories  by  Pradier,  and  fianked  by  large  rectangu- 
lar panels  representing  militarj-  episodes,  as  do  the  reliefs 
of  the  frieze.  Above  the  heavy  cornice  there  is  an  attic 
with  shields  bearing  titles  of  victories,  .\gainst  the  four 
piers  of  the  fronts  are  placed  pedestals,  upon  which  are 
colo5s:U  high  reliefs  representing  (east  front)  triumph  of 
Napoleon  and  Peace  of  Vienna  ilSlOX  by  Cortot ;  depart- 
ure of  troops  for  the  frontier  in  1792,  by  Rude;  (west 
front)  blessings  of  peace  (1815),  and  resistance  of  i-'rance 
to  invasion  (1814),  both  by  Etex.  The  vaults  are  inscribed 
with  the  names  of  battles  won  by  France,  and  of  Republi- 
can and  Imperial  oflicers, 

Arcesilaus  (ar-ses-i-la'us),  or  Arcesilas  (iir- 

ses'i-las).      [Gr.  'ApKtai'/MOQ,  Doric    'Apueci'/nq.l 
Born  at  Pitane,  ^olis,  about  316  B,  c. :  died 
about  241  B.  c.    A  Greek  skeptical  philosopher, 
founder  of  the  second  Academy. 
Arch  (arch),  Joseph.     Bom  at  Barford,  War- 


72 

wickshire,  England,  Nov.  10,  1826.^  An  English 
social  reformer,  founder  of  the  National  Agri- 
cultural Laborers'  Union  in  1872. 

Arch  of  Augustus,  or  Porta  Bomana.  A  fine 
simple  Koman  triumphal  arch  at  Kimini,  Italy, 
built  in  27  B.  c.  in  honor  of  the  restoration 
of  the  Flaminian  Way.  it  is  of  white  travertine, 
45.9  feet  high  and  28.8  thick,  with  a  single  arch  29.5  feet 
high  and  -26.9  wide.  A  Corinthian  fluted  column  on  each 
side  of  the  archway  supports  an  entablature,  above  which 
there  is  a  low  pediment.  In  the  spandrels  are  medallions 
of  divinities. 

Arch  of  Constantine.  An  arch  in  Rome  built 
312  A.  D.  in  honor  of  Constantine's  triumph  over 
Maxentius.  It  has  a  large  central  archway  between 
two  smaller  ones,  and  four  Corinthian  columns  on  each 
front.  The  attic  bears  a  long  inscription.  Much  of  its 
abundant  sculpture  was  taken  from  the  destroyed  Arch 
of  Trajan ;  that  of  Constantine's  artista,  associated  with 
it,  is  much  inferior. 

Arch  of  Drusus,  -An  arch  (wrongly  named) 
built  by  Caraealla  to  carry  an  aqueduct  for  the 
supply  of  his  thermfe  over  the  ^'ia  Appia  near 
the  gate  of  San  Sebastiano.  it  is  built  of  traver- 
tine, incrusted  with  white  marble,  and  decorated  with 
Composite  columns,  and  originally  had  on  each  side  an 
entablature  and  a  pediment.     The  style  is  very  poor. 

Arch  of  Hadrian.  A  triumphal  gateway  at 
Athens,  probably  built  by  Hadrian,  between 
the  old  city  and  his  new  quarter.  It  is  59  feet 
high,  with  a  single  arch  20  feet  high.  .Above  the  arch 
there  is  an  attic  with  three  large  openings,  originally 
closed.  Above  the  central  opening  there  is  a  pediment. 
The  arch  w.is  decorated  on  each  side  with  Corinthian  col- 
umns. 

Arch  of  Janus  Quadrifrons.  An  arch  in  the 
Velabrum,  Rome,  at  the  northeastern  extrem- 
ity of  the  Forum  Boarium.  it  is  a  four-way  arch 
of'marble,  largely  built  of  older  architectural  fragments, 
late  in  period  and  degraded  in  style.  The  interior  is  cov- 
ered with  a  simple  groined  vault.  The  four  fronts  bear 
32  niches  for  statues  of  divinities,  and  on  the  massive  piers 
16  blind  niches  flanking  the  archways.  The  attic  is  de- 
stroyed. The  structure  was  used  in  antiquity  as  a  kind 
of  financial  exchange. 

Arch  of  Septimius  Severus.  An  arch  in  the 
Roman  Forum,  dedicated  203  a.  D.,  incommem- 
oration  of  -victories  over  the  Parthians.  It  is  of 
Pentelic  marble,  with  a  central  arch  and  two  side  arches, 
fianked  by  four  Corinthian  columns  on  each  face.  There 
are  panels  over  the  side  arches  and  a  frieze  above  all  with 
reliefs  of  Roman  triumphs.    The  attic  bears  inscriptions. 

Arch  of  Titus.  An  arch  in  Rome,  built  in  com- 
memoration of  the  taking  of  Jerusalem.  It  has 
a  single  archway,  the  opening  fianked  on  each  face  by 
four  Composite  columns.  The  spandrels  bear  Victories 
in  relief,  and  on  the  high  attic  is  the  dedicatory  inscrip- 
tion. The  vault  is  richly  coffered  and  sculptured,  and 
the  interior  faces  of  the  piers  display  i-eliefs  of  Titus  in 
triumph,  with  the  plunder  of  the  temple  at  .Jerusalem,  in 
which  the  seven-branched  candlesticks  are  conspicuous. 

Arch  of  Trajan.  1.  An  arch  over  the  Appian 
Way  at  Benevento,  Italy,  dedicated  A.  D.  114, 
and  one  of  the  finest  of  ancient  arches,  it  is  of 
white  marble,  43  feet  high  and  SOS  wide,  with  a  single 
arch  measuring  27  by  16i  feet.  On'  each  face  there  are 
four  engaged  Corinthian  columns,  with  an  entablature, 
above  which  is  a  paneled  attic.  The  arch  is  profusely 
sculptured  with  reliefs  illustrating  Trajan's  life  and  his 
Dacian  triumphs.  There  are  Victories  in  the  spandrels  and 
dedicatory  inscriptions  on  the  central  panels  of  the  attic. 
2.  An  arch  erected  at  Ancona  .\.  D.  112.  it  is  of 
white  marble,  and  stands  at  the  end  of  the  breakwater 
built  by  Trajan,  and  is  perhaps  the  best-proportioned  of 
all  Roman  triumphal  arches.  It  has  a  single  opening  46 
by  29^  feet,  two  engaged  Corinthian  columns  on  the  face 
of  each  pier,  and  a  high  attic  above  the  entablature. 

Archangel  (iirk-an'jel),  or  Archangelsk  (iir- 
chaug'gelsk).     The  largest  and  northernmost 

government  of  Russia,  bounded  by  the  Arctic 
'cean,  the  White  Sea,  the  Ural  iloimtains,  Fin- 
land, and  the  governments  of  Vologda  and 
Olonetz.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  sterile  in  the 
north  and  covered  with  forests  in  the  south.  Area,  331,- 
505  square  miles.     Population  (1S97),  347,560. 

Archangel,  or  Archangelsk.  A  seaport,  the 
capital  of  the  government  of  Archangel,  situ- 
ated on  the  Dwina  near  the  White  Sea  in  lat. 
64°  32'  N.,  long.  40°  33'  E.:  the  chief  commer- 
cial town  in  the  north  of  Russia,  and  long  the 
only  Russian  seaport.  The  harbor  is  open  from  May 
to  September.  Archangel  exports  grain,  flax,  linseed, 
pitch,  skins,  tar,  etc.  It  was  visited  by  the  English  in 
1553,  and  an  English  factory  was  built.  .A  Russian  fort 
was  built  in  1.584.  The  town  was  blockaded  by  the  British 
in  1854  and  in  1S55.     Population,  17,80-J. 

Archangel  Bay,  or  Gulf  of  Archangel.  An 
arm  of  the  White  Sea  near  Archangel. 

Archas.  The  person  in  Fletcher's  "  The  Loyal 
Subject "  who  gives  to  the  play  its  name :  a 
general  of  the  Musco'vites  whose  loyalty  is  of 
that  exaggerated  description  that  bears  all 
kinds  of  outrage  from  an  unworthy  king. 
Young  Archas,  the  son  of  the  general,  disguise's  himself 
as  a  woman,  and  takes  the  name  of  Alind.a. 

Archdale  (arch'dal),  John.  An  English  colo- 
nial official,  governor  of  North  CaroUna  about 
1695-96. 


Archilochus 

Archelaus  (ar-ke-la'us).  [Gr.  'Ap^ffJ.aof.]  One 
of  the  Heraclidie,  the  traditional  founder  of  the 
Macedonian  royal  house. 

Archelaus.  Lived  about  450  B.  c.  A  Greek 
philosopher  of  the  Ionian  school,  said  to  have 
been  the  instructor  of  Socrates  and  Euripides: 
surnamed  "Physicus"  ('the  physicist')  from 
his  devotion  to  physical  science.  He  regarded 
heat  and  cold  as  the  principles  of  generation. 

Archelaus.  Died  399  b.  c.  King  of  Maeedon 
413-399  B.C.,  the  natural  son  of  Perdiccas  II. 
He  was  a  patron  of  Hellenic  art  and  literature,  and  at- 
tracted to  his  court  Zeu.xis,  Euripides,  and  Agathon,  and 
invited  Socrates,  who  declined. 

Archelaus,  A  Cappadocian  general  in  the 
service  of  Mithridates.  He  was  defeated  by  Sulla 
at  Chsronea  in  S6  B.  c.  and  at  Orchomenus  in  85,  and  de- 
serted to  the  Konians  in  81. 

Archelaus.  King  of  Egypt  56  or  55  b.  c,  a  son 
of  Archelaus  of  Cappadocia.  He  became  high 
priest  at  Comana  63  B.  c,  and  secured  the  hand  of  Bere- 
nice, queen  of  Egypt,  by  representing  himself  to  be  the 
son  of  Mithridates  Eupator.  He  was  defeated  and  slain 
by  the  Romans  after  a  reign  of  six  mouths. 

Archelaus.  King  of  Cappadocia  from  about 
34  B.C.  to  17  A.  D.,  a  grandson  of  Archelaus 
(about  56  B.  c).  He  owed  his  elevation  to  Mark  An- 
tony, who  was  captivated  by  the  charms  of  Archelauss 
mother,  Glaphyra.  He  sided  with  Antony  in  the  war  with 
Octavian ;  was  sufferetl,  after  the  defeat  of  Antony,  to 
retain  his  kingdom,  to  which  was  subsequently  added 
part  of  Cilicia  and  Lesser  Armenia  ;  and  was  summoned 
to  Rome  by  Tiberius,  where  he  was  detained  till  his  death. 

Archelaus.  Died  at  Vienna,  Gaul.  Ethnarch 
of  Judea,  Samaria,  and  Idumea  aijout  3  B.  c- 
7  A.D.,  a  son  of  Herod  the  Great,  He  was  de- 
posed liy  Augustus, 

Archelaus.  Lived  probably  in  the  1st  century 
A.  D.  A  Greek  sculptor.  A  bas-relief,  the 
"Apotheosis  of  Homer,"  carved  by  him,  is  in 
the  British  Museum. 

Archenholz  (iir'chen-holts),  Baron  Johann 
Wilhelm  'VOn.  Bom  near  Dantzic,  Sept.  3, 
1743:  died  near  Hamburg,  Feb.  28,  1812.  A 
German  historian.  He  ■wrote  "  Geschichte  des 
siebenjahrigen  Kriegs"  (1793,  "History  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War"),  etc. 

Archer  (ar'eher).  Branch  T.  Bom  1790:  died 
Sept.  22,  1856.  A  Texan  revolutionist  and  poli- 
tician. He  removed  to  Texas  in  1831,  presided  over  the 
"Consultation"  Xov.  3,  1835,  was  a  member  of  the  first 
Texan  congress  1836,  was  sent  to  M'ashington  where  he 
became  speaker  of  the  House  and  was  secretary  of  war, 
1839-42. 

Archer.  In  Farquhar's  comedy  "TheBeaiLx' 
Stratagem,"  a  friend  of  Aimwell  who  pretends 
to  be  his  servant  in  order  to  further  the  success 
of  the  stratagem.  He  carries  on  various  lively 
adventures  on  his  own  account.     See  Aimicell. 

Archer,  The.     See  Sagittarius.- 

Archer  Ei'ver.  A  river  in  Cape  York  Penin- 
sula, Queensland.  Australia,  which  flows  into 
the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Archias  (iir'ki-as),  Aulus  Licinius.  [Gr.  Ap- 
^/of.]  A  Greek  poet,  a  native  of  Antioch  (from 
about  120  B.  C. ).  Cicero  defended  him  (61  B.  c.)  against 
the  charge  of  assuming  Roman  citizenship  illegally,  in  an 
oration  (pro  Archia  poeta)  from  which  chielly  he  is  known. 

Archibald  (ar'chi-bald),  Sir  Adams  George. 
Burn  at  Truro,  Nova  Scotia,  May  18,  1814:  died 
at  Halifax,  Dec.  14, 1892.  A  Canadian  politician 
and  jurist,  secretary  of  state  for  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  1867-68, "and  lieutenant-governor  of 
Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territories  1870- 
1873.     He  was  knighted  in  1885. 

Archidamus  (ar-ki-da'mus)  H.  [Gr.  iip^/tia- 
uoc.']  King  of  Sparta  469  to  about  427  B.  c. 
He  led  the  Peloponnesian  army  against  Athens  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Peloponnesian  war. 

Archidamus  III.  King  of  Sparta  from  361  to 
338  B.  C.  He  defeated  the  Arcadians  and  Argives  in  the 
"Tearless  Battle,"  367.  and  was  killed  in  battle  in  3^18. 

Archidamus.  A  Bohemian  lord  in  Shakspere's 
"Winter's  Tale." 

Archigenes  (ar-kij'e-nez).  [Gr.  !ip,tQ/rw.]  A 
Greek  physician,  a  native  of  Apamea  in  Syria, 
who  practised  in  Rome  in  the  time  of  Trajan 
(98-117  A.  D.) :  the  most  celebrated  of  the  eclec- 
tics. He  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
pulse,  to  which  Galen  added  a  commentary. 

Archilochus  (iir-kil'o-kus).  [Gr.  'Ap^i/.o,Vo(-.] 
A  Greek  lyiic  poet  of  Pares  who  flourished 
about  700  B.  c.  (the  date  is  much  disputed). 
He  was  famous  for  his  satiric  iambic  poetry.  "The  Em- 
peror Hadrian  judged  that  the  Sluses  had  shown  a  special 
mark  of  favor  to  Homer  in  leading  Archilochus  into  a  dif- 
ferent department  of  poetry."  (Smith.)  The  invention  of 
elegiacs  was  attributed  to  him.     See  Callimts. 

He  [Archilochus]  was  born  of  a  good  family  at  Paros, 
but  lived,  owing  to  poverty,  a  life  of  roving  adventure, 
partly,  it  appears,  as  a  mercenar}'  soldier,  partly  as  a  col- 
onist to  Thasos ;  nor  do  his  wanderings  appear  to  have 
been  confined  to  eastern  Hellas,  for  he  speaks  in  praise  of 
the  rich  plains  about  the  Siris  in  Italy  (frag.  21).    He  was 


Archilochus 

betrothed  to  Neobule .  the  youngest  daughter  of  Lycam- 
bes,  his  townsiniui ;  Init  wht-n  slie  was  refused  him,  |>to1>- 
ably  on  account  of  his  poverty,  he  vented  liis  rage  and  dis- 
ap|)Ointmcnt  in  those  famous  satires  wliich  ilrst  stiowed 
the  full  power  of  the  iambic  metre,  and  were  the  wonder 
and  the  deliglitof  all  antii|uity.  He  ended  his  lite  liy  the 
death  he  doubtless  desired,  on  the  Held  of  battle.  In 
coarseness,  terseness,  and  bitterness  he  may  justly  be  called 
the  Swift  of  (ireek  literature.  But  even  the  scanty  frag- 
ments of  Archilochus  show  a  range  of  feeling  and  a  wide- 
oess  of  sympathy  far  beyond  the  complete  \s-ork8  of  Swift. 
ilaliaffy.  Hist.  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  151>. 
Archilochus,  if  not  absolutely  the  inventor,  was  the  ere* 
ator  of  these  two  metres,  the  iambic  and  trochaic,  as  truly 
as  Homer  was  the  creat^ir  of  the  heroic  measure. 

Symojids,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  279. 

ArcMmage  (iu-'ki-maj),  or  Archimago  (Ur-ki- 

ma'go).  1.  The  impereouation  of  Hypocrisy 
in  Spenser's  "Faevio  (jiieene,"  a  matjiciaii  anil 
a  coiupoiLud  of  deceit  and  credulity.  He  deceives 
Una  by  assuming  the  appearance  of  the  Red  Cross  Knight. 
but  his  falsehood  is  exposed.  The  whole  story  is  Liken 
from  Ariosto's  "(trlando  Furioso,"  ii.  12. 
2.  Tlio  personificalion  of  Indolence  iu  Thom- 
son's "  Castle  of  Indolence." 
Archimedes  (iir-ki-me'dez).  [Gr.  'Apxifii/<Sic.'\ 
Bom  at  Syracuse  about  287  B.C.:  died  at  Syra- 
cuse, 212  B.  0.  The  most  celebrated  geometri- 
cian of  antiquity.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a  relative 
of  King  liiero  of  .Syracuse,  to  have  traveled  early  in  life 
In  Kgypt,  and  to  have  been  the  pupil  of  Conon  the  Samian 
at  Alexandria.  H  is  most  important  services  were  rendered 
to  pure  geometry,  but  his  popular  fame  rests  chiefly  on 
his  application  of  mathematical  theory  to  mechanics.  He 
Invented  the  water-screw,  and  discovered  the  principle  of 
the  lever.  Concerning  the  latter  the  famous  saying  is  at- 
trlbuted  to  him.  "Give  me  where  I  may  stand  and  I  will 

move    the  world"  (66^  rrov   arCj  Kai  TOf  jcoCTMoe    (tii/jtrw). 

By  means  of  military  engines  which  he  invented  he  post- 
poned the  fall  of  .Syracuse  when  besieged  by  Mai-cellus 
214-212,  whose  fleet  he  is  incoiTectly  said  to  have  destroyed 
by  mirrors  reflecting  tlie  sun's  rays.  He  detected  tlie'ad- 
mlxture  of  silver,  and  determined  the  proportions  of  the 
two  metals,  in  a  crown  ordered  by  Hiero  to  be  made  of 

Sure  gold.  The  method  of  detecting  the  alloy,  without 
estroying  the  crown,  occurred  to  him  as  he  stepped  into 
the  bath  and  observed  the  overflow  caused  by  the  displace- 
ment of  the  water.  He  ran  home  through  the  streets 
naked  crying  heureka,  "I  have  found  it."  He  was  killed 
at  the  capture  of  .Syracuse  by  Marcellus. 

Archipelago  ( iir-ki-pel'a-Ko),  Greek.  The  vari- 
ous islands  and  gi'oups  of  islands  in  the  iEgean 
Sea.     See  .Fijpnn  Sea. 

Ajchipelago,  Indian  or  Malay.  The  various 
islands  in  the  eastern  hemisphere  lying  be- 
tween Australia  and  the  southeast  coast  of 
Asia,  including  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo,  Cele- 
bes, the  Molucca,  Lesser  Sunda,  and  Philippine 
islands. 

Archipelago,  Duchy  of.     Same  as  duchy  of 

AV/.ro5. 

Archon  (ar'kon).  In  Diyden's  poem  "Albion 
and  Albanius,"  a  chaiaeler  intended  to  repre- 
sent Monk. 

Archytas  (ar-ki'tas)  of  Tarentum.  [Gr.  'Apxi'- 
raf.]  Livedabout  400  B.  c.  A  (!reek  Pythago- 
rean philosopher,  mathematician,  and  general, 
who  enjoyed  in  antiquity  a  great  reputation  for 
his  learning  and  virtues.  He  was  drownied  in 
the  Adriatic. 

Arcis-BUr-Aube  (iir-se'siir-6b').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  Franco,  situated  cu  the 
Aube  17  miles  north  of  Troyes.  it  was  the  birth- 
place of  Danton.  Here  a  battle  was  fought,  -Miu-ch  20  and 
21.  1M14,  between  the  French  under  Kapoleon  and  the 
Allies  under  .Schwarzenberg.  Napoleon  was  nnsurcessful 
in  his  attempt  to  prevent  the  junction  of  .Schwarzenlierg 
and  Itlucher,  and  retreated,  leaving  the  route  to  I'aris 
open,  with  the  intention  of  attacking  the  Allies  iu  the 
rear.    I'opulation,  about  3,0(K). 

Arcite(iir'sit).  A  Theban  knight.  Poraccount 
of  him  see  Chaucer's  "  Knight's  Tale,"  Dryden's 
"Palamon  and  An-ite."  The, \rcite  of  Chaucer's 
"Anolida  and  Arcite"is  not  the  same  kuiglit. 

Arco  (iir'ko).  A  small  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Harca,  near  Lake 
Garda,  16  miles  southwest  of  Trent:  a  noted 
winter  resort.  It  contains  u  castio  and  the 
town  piilace  of  the  counts. 

Arco  della  Pace  (iir'ko  del'lii  pit'che).    [It., 

'arcli  of  the  peace. 'J  An  arch  in  Milan,  Italy, 
begun  in  1807  in  honor  of  Xa])oleon,  and  com- 
pleted in  18I1H  in  coiiimcinoration  of  tlie  Peace 
of  ISl;!.  There  Is  a  large  central  arch  flanked  by  Hin.'dler 
ones,  and  each  frnrit  is  <irrnimented  by  ftmr  Corhitliian 
columns  and  an  entaldature.  Atiovu  the  attic  Is  a  tine 
bronze  group  of  the  goddess  Teace  In  a  six-horse  cluii-iot, 
and  at  tlie  four  angles  are  mounted  Victories.  'J'ho  wall- 
spaces  are  covered  with  sculptured  reliefs. 

Arco   dei  Leoni  (iir'ko  dti'o  !a-6'n6).    [It., 

'arch  of  I  lie  lions. ']  A  Homan  double-arched 
gateway  in  Veionii.  probiibly  of  the  ;!d  coiitiiiy 
A.  D.,  on(>  arch  of  uliicli  is  destroyed.  It  Is  of 
light  and  graceful  proportions.  t>n  each  side  of  the  arch 
there  is  a  Corinthian  column;  above  there  is  a  st^ry  with 
three  openings  between  pilasters.  The  toj)  story  had  col- 
amns  with  spiral  fluting,  one  of  which  remains. 

Arcole  (iir'ko-le),  or  Areola  (tlr'kd-lil).    A 


73 

village  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  Alpone  l.i  miles  southeast  of  Ve- 
rona. Here  a  victory  was  gained  by  the  l-Yench  (about 
IS.UOO)  under  .NaiKileon  (Ma--M-na  and  Augereau,  division 
commanders)  over  the  .Xnstiians  tal>out  40, (JtHH  under  ,\1- 
vinczy,  Nov,  15,  IB,  and  17,  ITiKi.  which  prevented  the  re- 
lief of  Mantua.  It  was  fought  largely  iu  the  swamps  ne.ir 
Arcijle.     I'opulation,  2.0'm(  to  :t,ooo. 

Artjon  (iir-soiV).  Jean  Claude  E16onore  Le 

Michaud  d'.  Born  at  Ponturlier,  France,  17:io  : 
died  July  1,  1800.  A  Frencli  military  engi- 
neer and  writer,  author  of  "Consid(?rationi; 
militaires  et  politiques  sur  les  fortifications" 
(1795),  etc.  He  devised  the  floating  batteries 
used  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar  in  1782. 

Arcos  de  la  Frontera  (Ur'kos  da  lii  fron-ta'rii). 
A  town  and  strong  fortress  in  tlie  province  of 
Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ouadalete  :i0  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz,  it  was  a  Roman  town,  ami  was 
long  a  frontier  town  of  Castile,  toward  Granada.  Popu- 
lation (1SS7X  10,199. 

Arcot  (iir-kof).  [Tamil  Arkiit,  Arucati,  six 
forests.]  A  city  in  the  district  of  North  Arcot, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Palar  in  lat.  12° 
54'  N.,  long.  79°  24'  E.,  once  the  capital  of  the 
Carnatic.  Itwa.s  taken  by  (live  In  1761  and  defended 
by  him  in  1751  against  the  French  and  natives.  I,ater  it 
was  successively  held  by  the  French.  British,  and  Hydcr 
All,  and  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1801.  Population 
(IS'.U),  10,1)28. 

Arcot,  or  Arkat,  North.  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  about  lat.  13°  N.  Area,  7,616 
square  miles.     Pmiidution  (1891).  2,180,487. 

Arcot,  or  Arkat,  South.  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  about  lat.  12°  N.  Area,  5,217 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  2,162,851. 

Arco-Valley  (iir-ko-iii' lii.  Count  Ludwig. 
Born  in  Bavaria,  1843:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
15,  1891.  A  German  diplomatist,  secretary  of 
legation  at  Washington  1871-72.  and  minister 
to  the  United  States  1888-91.  His  ninrriage  with 
the  actress  Janisch  (1872)  caused  his  dismissal  from  the 
imi>erial  service,  to  which  he  was  restored  on  separating 
from  his  wife. 

Arctic  Ocean.  A  part  of  the  ocean  which  lies 
about  the  North  I'olc.  is  partially  inclosed  by 
Europe,  Asia,  North  Aiueriea.  and  Greenland, 
communicates  with  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  Be- 
ring Strait,  and  is  open  to  the  Atlantic,  it  is 
generally  regarded  as  extending  southward  Ut  the  ,\rctic 
Circle.  Among  the  lands  in  it  are  Greenland,  Nova  Zem- 
bla,  Spitzbergen,  Franz  .losef  Land,  Jan  XIayen.  New  Si- 
beria, Wrangel  I.jind.  Hanks  tjuid,  i*rinee  Patrick  Island, 
Melville  Island, Victoria  Land.  King  William  Island,  Prince 
of  Wales  Land,  Bathurst  Island,  North  Somerset,  Coek- 
burn  Island,  Grinnell,  North  Devon,  Balllu  Land,  I'.lles- 
mere  Land,  etc.  Among  its  iu*ms  or  divisions  are  Kotze- 
bue  Sound,  Beaufort  Sea,  Melville  Sound,  ilcClintock 
Channel,  Gulf  of  lloothia,  Lancaster  Sound,  Bathn  Bay, 
Smith  Hound.  White  Sea,  Kara  Sea,  Barentz  Sea,  (iulf  of 
Obi,  Yenisei  Gulf,  Taiin\r  Bay,  I.,>ng  Strait.  Highest  point 
reached,  s*;'*;i;t'  (.\)iru/zi). 

Arctic  Explorers.  See  under  Frobisher,  Dncin, 
Jiiinnl:,  limiaon,  Iliiffin,  Scnreshi/,  Cook,  Har- 
row, J'lirrii,  FranliUn,  liotiUn,  Ito.is,  McCliirt; 
McCliiilorl,;  Kaiir,  Hall,  Jlnyt.s,  I'oijir,  Murk- 
ham,  Nordenskjold,  .Schuatka,  l)c  Long,  Urcely, 
Xares,  Xuitacii,  Peary,  Criinull,  Fox. 

Arctic,  The.  A  first-duss  passenger  steamship 
belonging  to  the  Collins  Line  (the  first  Ameri- 
can line  of  steamships),  which  was  sunk  by  col- 
lision in  the  Atlantic  in  1854. 

ArctinU8(iirk-ti'nus).  [Gt.  WpnTivoc'}  A  Greek 
l)oet  of  Miletus  (about  770  li.  c),  author  of  the 
cyclic  poem  "iEthioiiis":  Ihti  "  oldest  certainlv 
kiuiwii  epic  poet."  He  was  said  to  bo  a  pupil 
<if  Homer. 

Arcturus  (ilrk-tii'rus).  [L.,  from  Or.  tA(>KTor- 
poc,  Arcturus,  lit.  'bear-ward,'  from  (i/l^^■of,  a 
bear,  the  (ireal  Bear,  and  "I'ywr,  ward,  giianl, 
keeper.]  A  yellow  star  in  the  northern  lioiui- 
spliere,  the  fourth  in  order  of  brightness  in  the 
entiri'  heavens,  it  u  situated  between  the  thighs  of 
Booti's,  behlnil  the  Great  Hear,  antl  Is  easily  found  by  fol. 
lowing  out  the  curve  of  the  bear's  tall.  In  the  southeni 
hemisphere  It  inav  be  recogidr.ed  by  its  forming  n  nearly 
equllHterat  triangle  with  Splea  and  l)i?netHi|n.  It  U  called 
by  astronomers  a  ItotttU. 

Arcueil  (iir-key').  A  village  in  the  ili-parlmeiit 
of  Siine,  France,  situateil  on  the  BitNvre  1  mile 
soulli  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris:  the  ancient 
Arcus  .lulianns.  Ni>ar  It  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
Kt>nian  ai|nednct  on  the  site  of  which  another  was  tuilll 
In  Hli;i-24  to  convey  wat4T  to  the  gaitlens  of  I  ho  Luxem- 
bourg. On  (op  of  this  a<|Uednet  another  was  built  in 
18((»-72.     I'opulalliMUlMUl,  (l.iiSM. 

Arcy-8ur-0ure  (lir-se'sllr-kUr').  A  village  in 
the  depart tiii'iit  of  Yoniie,  France, siluuteil  near 
Verinenlon:  fninous  for  its  Ntahn'tili-  grottoN. 

Ardabil  (ai-d»-i)<i'),  or  Ardebil  (iir-<le-ber). 

A  town  in  tin'  province  of  Azerbaijan,  Versia, 
siliinti'd  on  llie  Kara-Su  iti  hit.  :iH°  14'  N.,  long. 
48"  19'  !■;.     Population,  l.'i.OOO  (f). 
Ardahan  (ilr-aU-bttn').    A  fortress  in  Runsian 


Ardennes,  Forest  of  ^ 

Armenia,  situated  on  the  Kur  41  miles  north- 
west of  Kars:  stormed  by  the  Kussians  May, 
1877,  and  leiled  to  Hussia  by  Turkey  1878. 

Ardashir  (iir-da-sher').  The  real  founderof  the 
Sassaniau  dynasty,  surnamed  "  i  Papakan,"  the 
sou  of  Papak.  He  reigned  from  211  or  212  a.  p.  to  241 
or  242.  Beginning  with  Papak's  kingdom  alK>ut  Istakkr. 
he  subdued  Kernian  and  Susiana.  In  224  he  defeated  and 
killed  .\rdavan,  the  last  I'arthian  emperor,  from  which 
time  he  called  himself  "king  of  kings."  While  Istakkr 
was  in  theory  the  capital,  his  real  capital  consisted  of 
Ct**siphon  and  \  eh-Arilju-hir  (Seleucia).  on  the  opposite 
bank  ot  the  Tigris.  The  important  fact  in  his  carter  is 
his  ellective  patronage  of  the  Z<in.iajstrlan  religion. 

Arda  Viraf.     See  the  following. 

Arda  Viraf  Namak  (iir'ilii  ve-riif  nii-mUk'). 
[•The  Book  ..r  .\r.la  Viraf.']  A  favorite  reli- 
gious book  among  the  Parsis.  written  in  Pah- 
lavi.  In  the  reign  of  Shapur  II.,  since  doubts  still  ex- 
isted as  to  the  truth  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion,  the  l>as- 
turs  resolved  to  send  one  among  them  to  tile  land  'if  the 
dead  to  bring  back  certainty.  Seven  were  chosen,  and 
these  chose  three  antl  these  again  one,  Arda  Viraf.  Viraf 
drank  three  cups  tilled  with  a  narcotic  (mang),  and  slept 
until  the  seventh  day,  iluring  which  time  he  made  a  jour- 
ney guided  by  Sraosha,  "the  angel  of  obe<llence,  and 
Ataro  Vazad,  "the  angel  of  the  Are,"  through  heaven  and 
hell.  The  rewards  of  the  one  and  thepunislinients  of  the 
other  are  minutely  described.  Neither  author  nor  date 
Is  known,  but  the  book  belongs  undoubt^^y  to  Sa&sanian 
times. 

Ardea  (iir'de-a).  [L. ;  Gr.  'ApAca.l  In  ancient 
geograi>hy,  a  town  of  Latium,  Italy.  24  miles 
south  of  Rome.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  the 
Rutulians,  and  later  a  Koman  colony. 

Ardebil.     See  .Inlabil. 

Ard4che  (iir-dash').  A  department  of  France, 
caiiital  Privas,  bounded  by  Loire  on  the  north, 
by  Drome  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the  east, 
by  Gard  on  the  south,  and  by  Loz^re  and  Ilaute- 
Loire  on  the  west :  formed  chiefly  from  the  an- 
cient Vivarais.  It  Is  nioantainous,  containing  the  cul- 
minating  point  of  the  Cevennes.  and  is  rich  in  iron,  coal, 
and  other  minerals.  Area,  2,134  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  371,2til). 

Ard^che.  A  small  river  in  the  department  of 
Ardeche,  France,  which  joins  the  Rhone  26 
miles  northwest  of  A\ignon. 

Ardei,  or  Ardai  (iir'di).  The  western  part  of 
the  Haar,  a  range  of  hills  in  Westphalia  north 
of  the  Ruhr. 

Ardekan  (iir-<ie-kiin').  A  town  in  Persia.  135 
miles  east  of  Ispahan.  Population,  8,000  to 
9,000. 

Ardelan  (iir-de-liin').  A  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Irak-.\jemi,  Persia,  about  lat.  35°  30' 
N.,  long.  47°  E. 

Ardelia  (iir-de'liS).  A  pseudonym  of  Anne 
Finch,  countess  of  Winchelsea. 

Arden,  Enoch.     See  Enoch  Arden. 

Arden  (iir'den).  An  English  forest  which  in 
former  times  extended  through  Warwickshire 
and  other  midland  counties  of  Kngland,  Malons 
and  other  editors  of  Shakspere  have  held  that  tlie  Forest 
of  Arden  of  "As  you  Like  it  "  was  the  Forest  of  Ardennes 
It)  French  Flanilera  Wherever  the  scene  of  the  tilay  was 
laid.  It  Is  evhlent  from  the  allusions  to  Hobin  llooil  and 
the  bits  of  description  that  It  is  the  Kngtisli  forest  that 
Shakspere  meant,  though  the  characters  are  Frvnch. 

Arden  of   Feversham.    1.    A    tragedy  lirst 

printed  (anonyinously)  in  1592.  an<l  at  one  lime 
attributed  to  Shakspere.  According  to  Fleay,  who 
dates  It  I'>8.'>,  tli,-re  Is  Home  ground  for  attributing  It  to 
Kyd.  Tleek  translated  It  Intotiennan  lui Shakspere 's  ut>rk. 
"It  Is  a  iloinestle  tnigeil)  of  a  peculiarly  HtrtK^ous  kind, 
Alice  Arden,  the  wife,  being  led  by  her  p'a>slon  for  a  base 
paramour,  Mosble,  to  plot,  atid  at  iasl  carrv  otU,  the  mur- 
der of  her  husband  Mere  It  Is  not  that  the  vemltleatlon 
has  much  resemblance  t*i  shakespere's.  or  that  p.lngle 
sneeelieN  smack  of  lilm,  but  tlntt  the  tlrnmatic  grasp  of 
elmraeter  both  In  ]irlnelpnls  and  In  secomlary  characters 
has  a  distinct  touch  of  his  almost  unmistakable  hand. 
Yet  iMith  In  the  seleetlon  and  In  the  treatment  of  the  »ub- 
li-et  the  play  detltdtely  IraiiHgresses  those  principles  n  hlch 
have  been  wild  to  exhibit  themselves  so  uniformlv  and  sti 
strongly  in  the  ulnde  great  laMly  of  his  undoubted  plays." 
.Iiiinttlniry.  lllst.  of  l.liudiethan  Lit.,  p.  424. 

2.  A  Iragi'dy,  foiiiiiled  on  the  earlier  one,  by 
lieorge  Lillo  in  1736.  It  was  playwl  first  In  I7.MI 
It  was  prnclleally  undnlNhed  and  was  altered  and  n'Vlsrd 
liy  llr  .lohn  lloadley  Iti  17tl2.  It  wiw  pnsluced  In  this 
form  In  17iio 
Ardennes  (iir-dcn').  A  deparlment  of  Frnncp, 
capital  Mi'/ii''ri's.  boundeil  by  Bi'Igium  on  (ho 
north  anil  northeast,  by  Mouse  on  Hie  ea»t,  by 
Mariie  on  the  sonlh.  and  bv  .Visiie  on  the  WOflt : 
formed  largely  from  ]iarl  of  the  ancient  Cliam- 
)uigiie.  It  |iroduci's  iron,  iiiarble,  sinle,  etc. 
.Area.  2,0J0  sipiaio  miles.  Population  (1891), 
321,923. 

Ardennes,  Forest  of.    [Ij.ArdiiFunn  Siira.]  In 

ancient  tunes,  a  large  forpBt  in  (Saul  which 
extended  from  the  Rhine  nt  Coblentz  to  the 
Snmbri';  now  restricted  to  southern  Belgium 
and  a  part  of  iiortheaslcrii  France,  the  present 
Ardeiini  s.  a  pinteau  rich  in  minerals  and  tim- 
ber.    See  Arden 


Ardennes,  Wild  Boar  of 

Ardennes,  Wild  Boar  of.  A  nickname  of  the 
ferocious  William  de  la  JIarek  (died  1485).  He 
figures  iu  Scott's  "  Qiieutin  Durward." 

Ardeshir.     See  JnOinliir. 

Ardhanari.  [Skt.. 'Half-woman.']  In  Hindu- 
ism, a  form  in  wliich  Siva,  half  male  and  half 
female,  tj'pities  the  male  and  female  energies. 

Arditi  (iir-de'te),  Luigi.  Bom  July  Ki.  1822: 
died  May  1.  1903.  Au  Italian  violinist  ami  com- 
poser. He  was  director  o(  opera  at  Vei-ct-Ui  1H43;  trav- 
eled in  America  18J6-56 ;  was  conductor  at  tier  Majesty's 
Theater,  London,  185S;  and  conductor  of  Italian  vtperaat 
St.  Petei-sburg  and  Vienna.  He  composed  operas  ("  I 
Brii.'anti."  ''La  spia,"  "II  Corsaro"),  overtures,  waltzes 
('■  II  B:iiLO").  etc. 

Ardnamurclian  (ard-na-mer'c-han).  A  penin- 
suhi  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Argvllshire, 
Scotland. 

Ardnamurchan  Point.  A  promontory  at  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land. 

Ardoch  (ar'doch).  A  parish  in  southern  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  12  miles  north  of  Stirling,  it 
has  noted  Roman  militaiy  antiquities  (the  best-preserved 
Roman  camp  in  Great  Britain),  and  is  the  probable  site 
(Wright)  ot  the  victory  of  Agricola  over  the  Korth  Britons 
84  A.  D. 

Ardore  (ar-do're).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Keggio,  Calabria,  Italy,  32  miles  north- 
east of  Reggio. 

Ardoye  (iir-dwii').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Flanders.  Belgium.  29  miles  southwest 
of  Ghent.     Population  (1890),  6.1-44. 

Ardres  (ard'r).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  9  miles  southeast  of 
Calais.  Near  here  was  the  meeting  on  the  "  Field  of 
the  Cloth  of  Gold  "  (which  see)  between  Francis  I.  and 
Henry  VIII.  in  1.^20.  See  Balinghem. 

Ardrossan  (ar-dros'an).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  26  mOes  southwest  of  Glasgow. 
It  exports  coal  and  iron.  Population  (1891). 
5,209. 

ArdsMr.     See  Ardaxhir. 

Arduin  (iiid'win).  or  Ardoin,  or  Ardoino  (iir- 

do-e'no),  or  Ardwig  (iird'via).  Died  1015. 
King  of  Italy  or  Lombardy  1002-13,  and  mar- 
quis of  I\Tea.  He  was  proclaimed  king  of  Italy  in 
Pavia  on  the  death  of  Otho  III.,  but  was  overthrown  l>y 
Henry  II. 

Ardven  (ard'ven).  In  the  poems  of  Ossian.  a 
name  given  to  a  region  on  the  western  coast  of 
Scotland. 

Ardys  (iir'dis).  Son  of  Gyges,  king  of  Lydia. 
Asurbanipal,  king  of  Assyria  (ti68-6'26  B.  c),  relates'in  his 
annals  that  Gyges  rebelled  against  him,  but  that  his  son 
Ardys,  in  consequence  of  the  invasion  of  Lydia  by  the 
Cimmerians,  submitted  to  him  and  invoked  his  lielp. 

Are  (a're).  A  ruined  castle  near  Alteuahr,  in 
the  Rhine  Province.  Prussia. 

Are  (a're),  or  Ari  (a're),  ThorgMlsson.  Born 
1067  (1068?):  died  1148.  An  IcelautUe  histo- 
rian, surnamed  ''Frothi."  He  wrote  "Islendinga 
bOk  "  (lost),  *•  Konunga  bok "  (lost),  and  "  Landnama 
bok  "  ("  Book  of  Settlements,"  extant). 

Arecibo  (a-ra-se'bo).  A  seaport  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Porto  Rico.  Population  (1899), 
8,008. 

Arecunas  (a-ra-ko'nas).  A  tribe,  or  rather 
race,  of  South  American  Indians.  They  wander 
in  the  region  between  the  Amazon,  Orinoco,  and  Rio  Ne- 
gro, especially  in  southeastern  Venezuela  and  on  the  Rio 
Branco,  and  are  savages  of  a  low  grade,  fierce  warriors, 
and  cannibals.  By  their  language  they  appear  to  be  re- 
lated to  the  Caribs. 

Areius  (a-ri'us).  [Gr.  ''kpsio;.']  A  Stoic  or 
Pythagorean  philosopher  of  Alexandria,  the 
friend  and  preceptor  of  Augustus  Ciesar.  He  is 
said  to  have  overcome  the  latter's  hesitation  to  put  to 
death  Ciesarion,  the  reputed  son  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Cleo- 
patra, by  a  parody  of  Homer's  tamous  praise  of  monar- 
chy:  "'T  is  no  good  thing,  a  multitude  of  Ciesars"  (lit. 
'  rulers '), 

Arelate  (ar-e-la'te).  1.  A  Roman  colony  and 
military  post  near  the  modem  Pechlarn,  on 
the  Danube. —  2.  The  Roman  name  of  Aries. 

Arena  Chapel,  The,  It.  Cappella  Annunziata 

deir  Arena.  A  chapel  in  Padua.  Italy,  it  is 
a  plain  vaulted  building  without  aisles,  stands  in  the 
precincts  of  the  ancient  amphitheater,  and  i.^  famous  for 
its  series  of  frescos  by  Giotto,  which  were  begun  in  l;in;i, 
and  cover  all  the  interior  walls  except  those  of  the  choir. 
The  frescos  illustrate  New  Testament  history,  and  also 
give  allegorical  representations  of  the  virtues  and  vices. 
The  main  subjects  are  38  in  number. 

Arenales  (ii-ra-nii'les),  Juan  Antonio  Alva- 
rez de.  Born  in  1755 :  died  about  1S25.  An 
Argentine  general  of  the  war  for  independence. 
He  served  under  San  >Iartin  in  the  invasion  of  Chile  and 
Peru,  and  in  the  latter  country  led  two  expeditions  to  the 
interior  (Dec,  1S20,  and  May.  1821).  In  the  llrst  of  these 
he  defeated  and  captured  the  Spanish  general  ii'Reilly 
(Dec.  6,  1820).  In  1822  he  commanded  the  garrison  of 
Lima. 


74 

Arenberg  (a'ren-berG).or  Aremberg  (ii'rem- 
berG),  Prince  August  Marie  Raymond  von. 
Born  at  Brussels,  Aug.  30,  1753 :  died  there, 
Sept.  26,  1833.  An  Austrian  general,  brother 
of  Engelbert  Ludwig  von  Arenberg.  He  was 
elected  to  the  l-Yench  States-General  17S9,  and"was  a  friend 
of  Mirabeau,  upon  whose  death  he  emigrated  to  .\ustria. 
He  obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  the  Austrian 
army,  and  was  employed  by  the  Austrian  government  in 
negotiations  with  the  French. 

Arenberg,  Engelbert  Lud'wig,  Duke  of.  Bom 

July  3.  1750 :  died  at  Brussels.  March  7,  1820. 
He  lost  his  possessions  west  of  the  Rhine  by  the  Peace  of 
Luneville  (IsOl),  receiWng  Meppen  and  Recklinghausen  in 
compensation  (1803). 

Arenberg,  Karl  Leopold,  Duke  of.    Born  1721 : 

died  1775.  A  commander  in  the  Au.strian  ser- 
vice, son  of  Leopold  Philipp  Karl  Arenberg.  He 
led  the  right  wing  of  the  Austrian?  at  Hochkircheu  in 
175S,  and  was  defeated  by  Wunsch  in  1759. 

Arenberg,  Leopold  Philipp  Karl,  Duke  of. 

Born  1690:  died  17.54.  A  commander  in  the 
Austrian  service.  He  fought  under  Prince  Eugene 
at  Belgrad  in  1717,  and  obtained  the  rank  of  tield-marshal 
in  1737,  with  the  command  of  the  army  in  Flanders. 

Arenberg-Meppen  (ii'ren-berG-mep'en).  A 
German  duchy,  forming  the  circle  (kreis)  of 
Meppen,  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia. 

Arenberg-Meppen,  Prosper  Ludwig,  Duke  of. 

Born  April  2S,  liS5:  died  Feb.  27,  1.S61.  A  sou 
of  Engelbert  Ludwig  von  Ai-enberg.  He  became 
duke  of  .Arenberg  in  1803,  was  deprived  of  his  sovereignty 
by  Napoleon  in  ISIO  (receiving  in  1813,  as  an  indemnitlca- 
tion,  a  rental  of  240,800  francsX  and  was  reinstated  in  1815. 

Arendal  (a'ren-dal).  A  seaport  in  the  stiff  of 
Christiansand,  Norway,  situated  at  the  tuouth 
of  the  Xid-Elv  40  miles  northeast  of  Christian- 
sand:  sometimes  called  "Little  Venice."  It 
exports  woodenware  and  iron.  Population 
(1891),  4,447. 

Axenenberg  (a-ra'nen-bero).  A  castle  of  the 
Bonapartes,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Thirr- 
go^ie,  Switzerland,  on  the  Unter  See  6  miles 
west  of  Constance. 

Arensburg..(a'rens-borG).  A  seaport  in  the 
island  of  Osel,  Livonia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
southern  coast.     Population,  about  3,000. 

Arenys  de  Mar  (a-ra-nes'  da  mar).  A  seaport 
iu  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Jlediteii'anean  29  miles  northeast  of 
Barcelona. 

Areopaglte,  The.    See  Diomjsius. 

Areopagitica  (ar'e-6-pa-jit'i-kii).  or  Speech 
for  the  Liberty  of  Unlicensed  Printing.    A 

pamplilet  by  John  Milton,  puljlished  in  1644. 
"  The  most  splendid  argument,  perhaps,  the  world  had 
then  witnessed  in  behalf  of  intellectual  liberty."  Pres- 
cutl.  Hist.  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  III.  191  (1856). 

Areopagus  (a-re-op'a-gus.).  [Gr.  "Apetoc  ffayof, 
'Martial  hill.'  i.  e.  'Hill  of  Mars  (Ares).']  A 
low  rocky  hill  at  Athens  continuing  westward 
the  line  of  the  Acropolis,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a  depression  of  ground.  On  the  south 
side  near  the  top  there  is  a  flight  of  fifteen  rock-cut 
steps,  and  portions  of  the  summit  are  hewn  smooth  to 
form  platforms,  doubtless  for  altars.  Upon  this  hill  sat 
the  famous  court  of  the  same  name,  which  origin:illy  ex- 
ercised supreme  authority  in  all  matters,  and  under  the 
developed  -Athenian  constitution  retained  jurisdiction  in 
cases  of  life  and  death  and  in  religions  concerns,  and  ex- 
ercised a  general  censorship.  From  the  slope  of  the  Are- 
opagus St.  Paul  delivered  bis  address  to  the  Athenians 
(Acts  xvii.),  who  were  probably  assembled  on  the  border 
of  the  Agora  below.  .At  the  base  of  the  steep  rock,  on 
the  northeast  side,  there  is  a  deep  and  gloomy  cleft,  at  the 
bottom  of  which  lies  a  dark  pool  of  water.  This  was  the 
famed  Shrine  of  the  Fui-ies  (Eumenides).  The  Areopagus 
was  named  from  the  tradition  that  here  Ares  (Mars)  was 
put  to  trial  for  the  slajing  of  Halirrhotius  ;  here  too  Ores- 
tes received  absolution  for  killing  Clytemnestra. 

Arequipa  (a-rii-ke'pa).  A  department  in  south- 
ern Peru.  Ai-ea,  39,336  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  180,000. 

AreCLUipa.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Arequipa,  Peru,  situated  on  a  plain  near  the 
foot  of  the  Misti  volcano  7.611  feet  above  the 
sea,  in  lat.  16°  24'  S.,  long.  71°  31'  W.  It  is  con- 
nected by  rail  with  the  port  of  Mollendo,  107  miles  distant, 
and  witii  Lake  Titicaca,  218  miles,  and  another  road  is 
building  to  Cuzco.  The  plain,  watered  by  irrigation,  is 
very  fertile,  and  the  city  has  a  large  trade.  It  is  an  epis- 
copal town,  and  the  seat  of  a  university  and  two  collegios 
(schools).  .Arequipa  was  founded  by  Pizarro  in  1.t40.  It 
iias  frequently  suffered  from  earthquakes,  and  was  almost 
entirely  destroyed  by  that  of  Aug,  13,  IstiS.  In  1856  and 
1857  the  city  was  in  rebellion  against  the  government  of 
President  Castilla.  The  cathedral  is  a  large  building 
which  has  replaced  the  original  cathedral  of  ltl21.  burned 
in  1844.  The  very  wide  front  is  divided  at  intervals  by 
large  Composite  columns,  between  which  there  are  two 
superposed  orders  with  their  entablatures.  The  central 
part  of  the  faijade  is  crowned  by  a  long,  low  pediment  tilled 
with  sculptures.  In  the  lower  story  there  is  no  opening 
but  the  great  round-arched  central  portal.  The  facade  is 
flanked  by  two  excellent  towers,  which  rise  above  it  in 
two  stages,  with  columns  grouped  at  the  angles,  and  each 
with  a  single  round  arch  in  every  face.  The  towers  are 
crowned  by  low  Pointed  spires.    Population,  about  30,000. 


Argall 

Arequipa,  or  Misti  (mes-te').  A  semi-active 
volcano  of  the  Andes,  19,200  feet  high,  near  the 
city  of  Ai'equipa.     Ascended  by  Pickering. 

Ares(a'rez).  [Gr. 'JipW.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  god  of  war  (son  of  Zeus  and  Hera),  typical 
partictilarly  of  the  violence,  brutality,  confu- 
sion, and  destruction  it  calls  forth.  The  cor- 
responding Roman  deity  was  Mars. 

Ares,  the  warrior-god  of  the  Greeks,  has  been  Identified 
by  Professor  Sayce  with  t'ras,  the  warrior-god  of  the 
Babylonians,  whose  title,  '"the  lord  of  the  pig,"  helps  to 
explain  an  obscure  Greek  myth  which  tells  us  that  Ares 
slew  Adonis  by  taking  the  form  of  a  wild  boar,  the  sun- 
god  being  slain  by  the  tusk  of  winter. 

Isaac  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  303. 

Areson  (a're-son),  Jon.  Born  1484:  died  1550. 
An  Icelandic  poet  and  Roman  Catholic  bishop. 

Aretaeus(ar-e-te'us).  [Gr.  iVpfraiof.]  Born  in 
L'appadocia:  lived  in  the  1st  (2df)  century 
A.  D.  A  celebrated  Greek  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer.  He  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
causes,  sjinptoms,  and  cure  of  acute  and  chronic  diseases, 
in  eight  books,  of  which  only  a  few  chapters  are  lost. 

Arete  (a-re'te).  [Gr.'Apr/r//.}  In  the  Odyssey, 
the  wife  of  Aleinous,  king  of  the  Phaeacians: 
"a  noble  and  active  superintendent  of  the 
household  of  her  husband." 

Arete.  A  companion  of  Cjiithia,  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's "  Cynthia's  Revels,"  a  dignified  grave  lady, 
personifying  Virtue  or  Reasonableness. 

Arethusa  (ar-e-thii'sii).  [Gr.  'Apcdovaa.']  A 
name  of  various  springs  in  ancient  Greece,  es- 
pecially of  one  on  the  island  of  Ortygia  in  the 
harbor  of  Syracuse.  With  it  was  connected  thelegend 
that  Arethusa.  a  nymph  of  Elis.  while  bathing  in  the  Al- 
pheus  was  pursued  by  her  lover,  the  river-god,  and  fled 
from  him  to  Ortygia,  whither  he  followed  under  sea  and 
overtook  her. 

Arethusa,  In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play 
"Philaster,"  a  pi-incess,  a  woman  of  the  great- 
est self-abnegation  and  womanly  devotion. 

Aretin  (a-re-ten'), Baron  Christoph  VOn.  Born 
at  Ingolstadt,  Dec.  2.  1773:  died  at  Munich, 
Dec.  24,  1824.  A  Bavarian  political  and  legal 
writer.  He  was  appointed  librarian  of  the  Ceritralbib- 
liothek  at  Munich  1806,  but  was  forced  to  resign  on  ac- 
count of  the  sensation  caused  by  his  treatise  '*Die  Pliine 
Napoleons  und  seinerGegnerin  Deutschland  "  ("  The  Plans 
of  Napoleon  and  his  Opponents  in  Germany,"  1809). 

Aretin,  Baron  Karl  Maria  von.     Born  at 

Wetzlar,  July  4.  1796:  died  at  Berlin,  April  29, 
1868.  A  Bavarian  historical  writer,  son  of 
Christoph  von  Aretin. 

Aretlno,  Guido.    See  Guido  d'Arezzo. 

Aretino,  Leonardo.    See  Bnmi,  Leotiardo. 

Aretino  (ii-ra-te'no),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Arezzo, 
Ital.v,  April  20,  1492:  died  at  Venice,  Oct.  21, 
155<j.  An  Italian  vs-riter  of  satirical  sonnets  and 
comedies,  styled  "The  Scourge  of  Princes." 

Aretino,  Spinello.    See  Spinello. 

Arezzo  (a-ret'so).  A  province  in  Tuscany, 
Italv.  Area.  1,273  square  miles.  Population 
(189"l),  242,922. 

Arezzo.  The  capital  of  the  p^o^-inee  of  Arezzo, 
Italy,  the  ancient  Ai-retium,  near  the  junction 
of  the  Arao  and  Chiana,  38  miles  southeast  of 
Florence :  the  birthplace  of  many  distinguished 
men,  including  Miecenas,  Guido  -Aretino,  Pe- 
trarch, Pietro  Aretino,  and  Vasari.  It  was  one 
of  the  twelve  ancient  Etruscan  cities,  the  terminus  of 
the  Via  Flarainia,  and  contains  notable  Etruscan  and  me- 
dieval antiquities.  It  was  colonized  by  adherents  of  Sulla. 
During  the  middle  ages  it  was  Ghibelline  and  antago- 
nistic to  Florence,  The  cathedral  is  a  remarkable  buUd- 
ing,  though  ineffective  outside,  and  with  unfinished  facade. 
The  imposing  interior,  without  transepts,  is  one  of  the 
best  of  the  Italian  Pointed  style.  Population  (1891),  es- 
timated, 43,000. 

Arfak  (ar'fak).  A  mountain  group  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Papua. 

Arfe  y  Villafane  (ar'fa  e  vel-va-fa'na),  Juan 
de.  Bom  1535 :  died  about  1603.  A  Spanish 
silversmith  and  sculptor. 

Arga  (iir'ga).  A  small  river  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
a  tribxitary  of  the  Aragon. 

AjTgaeus  (ar-je'us),  Mount.  [Gr.  'Apyalo^.'l 
The  ancient  name  of  the  Arjish-Dagh. 

Argalia  (ar-ga-le'a).  The  brother  of  Angelica 
in  Boiardo's  "Orlando  Innamorato."  He  was 
killed  by  the  Spanish  knight  Ferrau,  and  his  ghosi  reap- 
pears in  -Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso,"  He  had  an  en- 
chanted lance  which  overthrew  everyone  whom  it  touched, 
and  which  finally  came  into  the  possession  of  Astolpho. 

Argall  (iir'gal),  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Bristol, 
England,  1572  (?):  died  1626.  An  English  ad- 
venturer, deputy  governor  of  Virginia  1617—19. 
He  went  to  Virginia  as  a  trader  in  1609.  and  conducted 
Lord  Delaware  thither  in  1610,  returning  to  England  in 
1611,  He  was  at  Jamestown  again  in  1612,  and  during 
this  year  abducted  Pocahontas.  (See  Pocahontas.)  He 
reduced  the  French  settlements  on  the  coast  of  Acadia  and 
Maine  in  1613,  and  in  1614  sailed  for  England,  returning 
later  as  deputy  governor. 


75 

Argentan  (ar-zhon-ton').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
mtiit  i.f  Uriie,  France,  situated  on  the  Onie  _1 
miles  north  bv  west  of  Aleneon.  it  has  manufac- 
tures ot  gloves,  etc.,  and  has  long  been  noted  for  Its  lace. 
It  contains  an  ancient  castle.  Population  (ISUD.coniinniic. 

Argentario  (iir-jen-tii're-6).  or  Argentaro.  A 
promontory  iii  Tusoauy,  Italy,  which  projects 
into  the  Mediterranean  south  of  Gros.seto. 

Argentat  (ar-zhon-ta')-  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment i>f  CoiTeze,  France,  situated  on  the  Dor- 
docne  14  miles  southeast  of  Tulle.  Population 
(ls!)l),  commune,  3,087. 

Argenteuil  (iir-zhoh-tey').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated 
on  the  Seine  G  miles  northwest  of  Paris,  it  has 
a  ruined  priory,  founded  (J.W.  at  one  time  a  nunnery  of 
which  HiSloise  was  abbess.  Population  (1891X  commune. 
13,3:s9. 

Argentifere  (iir-zhoh-te-Sr').  A  village  in  the 
depart inent  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  6  miles 
nortlienst  of  Cliamoiiix.  noted  for  the  glacier  of 
Ar;;entirTe  in  the  vicinity. 

Argentifere,  Glacier  d'.  <Jne  of  the  largest  gla- 
ciers in  tlic  Mont  Blanc  group,  east  of  (  hamonix. 

Argentina  (iir-jen-te'nil;  Sp.  pron.  iir-Hen-te  - 
nil).     Same  as  AniDiliiic  JUjiuhlie. 

Argentina  de  Guzman.    Tlie  name  commonly 

used  in  (piotint;  llie  historical  work  "La  Ar- 
gentina: Historia  de  las  Frovincias  del  Eio  de 
la  Plata,"  hv  liuv  Diaz  de  Guzman. 

Argentina,  Ija.  "  A  historical  poem  wntten  by 
Barco  Centciiero. 

Argentine  (iir'jeu-ten).  A  city  in  Wyandotte 
Couniv,  Kansas,  on  the  Kansas  Eiver  close  to 
Kirisii'-  (irv:  noted  for  silver-  and  leadsmelt- 
l',,|.u'lation  (190n>.  ;),878 


Argalus 

ArealUB  (ar'ga-lus).  In Sidnev's  romance  "Ar- 
cadia," the  husband  of  Parthenia.  HewaskUled 
by  Amiihialus  in  single  combat. 

Argalus  and  Parthenia.  A  pastoral  tragedy 
bv  Henrv  <.ilaptlionie,  iinuted  m  1039. 

Afgam  lar-gilm';,  or  Argaum  (iir-gam  ).  a 
village  in  Berar,  British  India,  about  lat.  21° 
■/  N  long.  76"  55'  E.  Here  Wellesley  (later 
Duke'  of  Wellington)  defeated  the  Mahrattas 
Nov.  'J9,  1803. 

Algan  (iir-goii').  The  principal  character  in 
Molifere's  -Malade  Imaginaire,"  a  hypochon- 
driac whose  mind  is  divided  between  his  dis- 
eases, his  remedies,  and  his  desire  to  reduce 
his  apothecary's  bill. 

Argand   (ar-gon'),   Aim6.      Bom   at   Geneva 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century:  died  in 
Switzerland,  Oct.  24,  1803.     A  Swiss  physician 
and  chemist,  inventor  of  the  "  Argaud  lamp. 
His  first  lamp  was  made   in  England  about 

Argandab  (ar-gan-diib').     A  river  in  Afghan- 
istan,  about  35  mil<-s  long,  which  joins  the 
Helmund  west  of  Kandahar. 
Argante  (iii-gau'te).     A  giantess  in  Spenser s 
"Faerie  Queene,"  the  personificatiou  of  licen- 
tiousness. _,      „    ,  .  ^  1.     ■ 
Argante   (ar-goiif).      The  father  of  Octavia 
aiul  Zerbinetta,  in  Moliere's  "Les  Fomberies 
de  Scapin."     lie  is  fooled  into  giving  up  his  plans  aud 
falling  into  those  ot  his  son  aud  daughter,  by  Scapin 
Argantes  (iir-gan'tes).    In  Tasso's  ■' Jerusa  em 
Delivered,"  the  bravest  of  the  infidel  knights. 
Arganthonius  (iir-gan-tho'ni-us).     [Gr.  'Ap;o.'- 
ewwor.]  In  ancient  geography,  amouutam-ridge 

in  Bithvnia,  Asia  Minor,  near  the  Propontis.        ,,i-      ,..,.„„., ..,u  ^....■■.. ■^- 

Arsel  (iir-iiel' ).     The  Spanish  name  of  Algiers.  Argentine  (iir'jen-tcn)  EepubUC,  tonneriy  AT- 
^fplander  ( ir'ge-lan-der),  Friedrich  Wil-    gentine  Confederation,    [h-p.  i^;"'''''^"  (^ 
Argeianaer   w"^  ^  a.„„„.i   p.-..^..;,,  Al..r,.li     ,;,„adirn<'i'»i)  An/<iiliiiii.  the  'Silver  Repub- 
lic']     A  rcpul>lic'  of  South  America,  capital 
Buenos  A\Tes,  Iving  between  Bolivia  and  Para- 
guay ou  the  north,  Paraguay,  Brazil,  Uruguay 
(separated  bv  tlio  Pileoniayo,  Paraguay,  Uru- 
guav),  and  the  ocean  on  the  east,  the  ocean  and 
Chile  on  the  south,  and  Chile  (separated  from  it 
bv  the  Amies)  on  tlio  west.    It  is  mountalmius  In 
tlie  west,  and  contains  the  Pampas  in  the  cenUr,  and  the 
Gran  chaco  In  the  north.     'I'lie  chief  river  system  is  that 
of  the  Itio  de  la  Plata.     Its  chief  producU  are  hides,  wool, 
tallow  and  other  animal  products,  maize,  wheat,  llux,  lin- 
seed  sugar  Paraguay  tea,  and  live  stock.    Ihere  are  II 
provinces  and  9  territories.     Ihe  government  la  veste.l  in 
a  president  and  a  legislature  comprising  Sii  senators  and 
133d.nuties.     The  pievailing  religion  is  lUiiuan  I  at  loll. , 
and  tlie  language  Spanish.     The  inlial.it.uit.H  are  ,lilel  y 
Argentines  lot  Spanish  descent),  with  many  immigrants 
(largely  Italian ;  also  Spanish.  French,  etc.),  Indians,  and 
Gauchos.  The  countiy  was  colonized  l)y  Spain  in  the  liild- 
dle  of  the  llitli  century      The  revolutionary  movement  be- 
gan in  Islo  ;  independence  was  proclaimed  in  Islci  under 
the  name  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata  (changed  to  Ai-gen- 
tiiieConfedeiatiimln  182.'.);  dielalorehipof  Kosas !■<(:.-..•.; 
Buenos  Ayres  was  separated  from  Ihe  c.nfederation  IS... 
18;,9:  Brazil  and  Argentina  were  allied  In  war  with  Iara_ 
guay  ls«r.-70.    liy  a  treaty  In  IWl  Patagonia  and  TIerra  del 
Kuego  were  .livl.l.  d  between  It  and  Clille.     A  lliianclal 
cS  occurred  in  ls90.     The  peak  of  Aconcagtla  U  now 
wltliiii  lb.-  .Vrgenline  l...ilii.lary.      .Vlea,  l.M'J.'Ul  8<iimre 
mil'  "      I'opulal ctii.iat.-.l  (IM'Jl.l.  I.UIM.UU- 

Argenton-sur-Creuae  ( ilr-zhon-ton' siir-kr/'z' ) . 

A  town  in  Ihe  department  of  Indre,  Prance, 
situated  on  ihe  Creusc  18  miles  southwest  of 
ChiUeaiinmx.  Population  (1891),  Ti.ti.)-. 
Argentoratum  (iir- jen-to-ra'tum).  [L.,  also 
Iniciilor.ilf,  (ir.  'ApyctTiiMTov,  an  Old  t  eltie 
iialiie,  '  stone  of  Argautos.']  The  Boman  name 
of  Strasburg.  ,^      ,.  -    *   -i      a 

ArginuBse  (iir-ji-mVso).  [Gr.  'A,.)no.o<i<.]  A 
,'ioii|>  uf  small  islan.ls  off  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  sontlieasl  of  Lesbos.  Near  here  the 
Athenian  tli*t  under  Coiioii  defeated  the  Spar- 
tans under  Callicratidas  406  B.  c. 

■    "  '  p-jiiui 

ks  of 


Argeianuei    im  nc-.u,u-v.... ,,   ..  . •_ — a,       i, 

helm  August.    Born  at  Memej.  Pn.ssiaMar.l 
22  1799:  died  at  Bonn,  Feb.  1(,  18io.     A  noted 
German  astronomer,  professor  successively  at 
Xbo  Helsin"i;ors,  and  Bonn.    He  wrote  various  as- 
^no'mical  woScs,  including  "Uber  die  cigei.e  Bewegung 
des  Sonnensystenis"  (18;(7),  and  "  i;ntei-8.ichuiigeu  uber 
die  Eigenliewegung  von  250  Sternen    (18«9). 
Argenis  (ar'je-nis).     A  romance  by  John  Bar- 
clay, publisliod  in  1G21 :  said  to  have  been  writ- 
ten in  "rivalry  of  the  Arcadia."     Argenis  is  the 
daughter  of  King"  Meliandcr  ..f  Sicily   and  tlie  story  con- 
Blstsin  an  account  of  the  war  waged  for  her  hand  by  Ly- 
cogenes,  a  Sicilian  rebel,  and  PoliarchiiB,  prince  of  Caul. 
We  are  informed  in  a  Latin  life  of  Barclay  that  it  "j's  » 
favoi  itt  work  of  Cardinal  llichelieu,  and  suggested  to  him 
many  of  his  political  expedients.    Cowper,  the  poet,  rec- 
ommends .Mgeiiis  to  Ills  correspondents,  Mr.  Kose  and 
Lady  Heskelh,  as  "the  most  amusing  romance  that  ever 
wals  written  ■■     "  It  is,"  says  he  in  a  letter  to  the  fonner 
•' interesting  in  a  high  degree  —  richer  in  iiuidcnt  than 
can  be  iml«hicd-full  of  surprises  which  the  reader  never 
forestalls,  and  yet  free  from  all  entanglement  ami  toiif  - 
•Ion.     The  style,  too,  appears  to  me  to  be  such  as  would 
not  dishonor  Tacitus  himself.  ■•  ,•.,;„  n   li-; 

Dunlop,  llist.  Prose  IictL.n,  II.  34.. 

Argensola  (ar-nen-so'Ui),  Bartolomeo  Leo- 
nardo de.  Born  at  Barbastro,  Aragon,  loOU: 
died  Feb.  4,  1031.  A  Spanish  poet  and  histo- 
rian, authorof ' '  Conquista  de  las  Islas  Molucas 
(1609),  etc.  He  became  rector  of  Vlllahonnosa  in  1688, 
was  for  a  time  chaplain  to  the  empress  .Maria,  and  aliout 
1816  succeeded  his  lirother  l.upercio  Leonardo  do  Argen- 
■ola  as  historiographer  ot  Aragon.  ,        .  „ 

Argensola,  Lupercio   Leonardo   de.     Born 

Dec,  l.').')9:  died  1013.  A  Spanish  tragic  aiid 
lyric  poet,  brother  of  Bartolomeo  Leonardo  de 
Argensola.  lie  hccame  historiographer  of  Aragon  in 
l.m  and  secretary  to  the  count  of  Leinos,  viceroy  or 
Naples.  ll'.IO.  .       -,  -n        1    -KT - 

Areenson  (iir-zlion-soii').  Marc  Ren6  Voyer 

d'  B<.rii  10.->1>:  died  May  K,17i;l.  A  Fr.neli  p..l- 
itician,  president  of  the  council  of  liiiance  and 
keeper  of  the  seals  1718-20.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Freii.di  Academy  in  1. 18. 

Argenson,  Ren6  Louis  Voyer,  Marquis  d . 

'  Born  Oct.  18,  1094:  died  Jan.  Jb,  li-".  A 
French  statesman  and  writer  (son  of  Marc 
Reni'i  Vover  d' Argenson),  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs  1744-47.  He  wrote  "  Consiili^rations  sur 
le  goiivernement  ile  la  France"  (17(>4).  etc. 

Argenson,  Marc  Pierre  de  Voyer,  Comte  d  . 

H(Trn  .\iig.  10,  1090:  .lie.lat  Pans,  Aug.  22,  1-W. 
A  Vri'iu-h  statesman,  brotlier  of  Kene  Louis 
Voyer.  He  became  Intendant  of  Paris  1740  and  was 
secretary  of  war  1742-.'>7.  He  was  a  friend  of  \,.l  aire 
to  whom  he  furnished  the  malerlal  f..r  the     Sl..b-  dc 

Argenson.  Marc  Antoine  Ren6  Voyer  Mar- 
quis de  Paulmy.  Born  Nov.  22,  i22:  died 
Aug.  13,  1787.  A  French  diplomntist  and  man 
of  lette'rs,  son  of  Rem''  Louis  Vover.  He  col 
lectcd  Ihc  ••  Bibllolh.--qne  de  PArscnal,'  cmsUtlng  of  l..n,. 
000  volumes,  wliicb  be  sold  to  the  Comte  d  Artels  lij  [ .»  ■ . 
»nd  puldishcd  "  MiManges  tin's  dune  gralide  blbllo- 
thtque"  (1779-87),  etc. 


Argives  (ilr'jivz).     [L.  Anjin  from  Gr.  Ap) 
r\ii)iiFm),  from  'Ap)o<;,  Arg<is.]      1  lie  dreekt 


Argolis.  Kroni  the  Important  iiarl  played  bv  them  under 
their  king  Agamemnon  In  the  tr..)an  war,  their  nunc  Is 
exleiideil  by  ll.mierUiall  the  Greeks 


exlemleil  oy  ii.mier  w,  un  mi  .....-". 
ArgO  (iir'go).     An  island  in  the  Nile,  between 

New  Dongola  and  the  third  cntaniel. 
ArgO  (iir'gO).     [Gr.  'A/.}.:..]     I"  Greek  legend, 

t  lie  ship  which  bore  the  Argonauts.     See  Argo- 

A^goNavlsdtr'go  mVvis).  [L.,'theship  Argo.'l 
An  aiHinit  soulheru  constellation,  Ihe  largest 
in  tlie  lieaVellH.  It  contains  Canopus,  after  Slrlils  ihe 
lirlgbtrsi  of  the  tiled  sliin..  by  in..dern  iislmnomers  1« 
""n  .....Iv  divided  Int..  f..iir  pari,  by  a.ldlng  Ihe  dl.llnc- 
[|ve  w..r.l.  no.  1*   for.no   ;...;.pi>.  "ml  '"I'm,,  or  hull,  keel, 

A^golicus  Sinus, K.Argollc Gulf.  8oe.v«H/)lia, 

Argoli^S  (Hr'gO-lis).  [Or. 'AmtiXif.l  In  ancient 
geography,  u  division  of  PeloponnoRiiB,  Greece, 


Argus 
surrounded  by  Sieyonia,  Corinthia.  the  ^gean 
(with  the  Saronic  and  Argolic  gulfs),  Lacouia, 
and  Arcadia,  containing  the  plain  of  Argos 
and  the  cities  of  Argos  aud  Mycena.'. 

Argolis.  A  nomarchy  of  modern  Greece,  in 
ill.,  northeastern  part  of  the  Morea.  Area, 
1, 104  s.piare  miles.     Population  (1896),  80,695. 

Argbnautica  (ar-go-na'ti-kU).  [L.,  from  Gr. 
A,/;  .u'u.  ^(^u.  •  deeds  of  the  Argonauts.']  An  epic 
poem  by  Apollonius  of  Khodes.  See  the  ex- 
ti-act. 

Apollonius  Rhodlus  09*  B.  c.)  wrote  the  Argonautica, 
an  epic  in  f.iur  books  on  Jason's  "  \  oyage  in  the  Ai^o  to 
win  the  golden  tleeee.  it  is  the  work  of  a  teamed  Ho- 
meric scholar  who  has  not  the  Homeric  feeling  lor  the 
heroic  age  ;  It  is  artillcial,  and  somewhal  cold  ;  but  there 
is  some  line  dramatic  painting ;  the  poem  is  full  of  literary 
Interest  anil  Is  the  best  of  iu  class  that  the  Aleiandrlao 
,gt-  hiis  left.  J'l*.  IJrcek  Lit.,  p.  14a 

Argonauts  (iir'go-natz),  The.  [Gr.  'Am otairat, 
from  Af))",  their  ship.]  In  Greek  legend,  the 
heroes  who  sailed  to  Colchis  in  the  ship  Argo 
to  caiTV  off  the  Golden  Fleece.  The  expedition 
took  place  not  long  after  the  Trojan  war.  Jason  was  lU 
leader,  wid  It  included  demigods  and  heroes  from  all  parts 
<.fi;ree.-e.     i^tm  G(Ad''n  FUecf,  JaK"n,  Mt'tUa. 

Argonne  (iir-gou'),  or  Forest  of  Argonne.    A 

rocky  plateau  on  the  borders  of  Lorraine  and 
Champagne,  France,  containing  several  diffi- 
cult defiles  which  lead  from  the  basin  of  the 
Meuse  to   that  of  the   Seine   famous  m   the 
"Argonne  Campaign"  of  Dumouriez  in  li92. 
ArgOS(iir'gos).  [Gr.ri'Apjor.]  A  city  in  Argolis, 
( ireece,  situated  about  Smiles  from  the  Argolic 
(iulf,  in  lat.  37°  38'  N.,  long.  22°  43'  E. :  the 
leading  Dorian  city  prior  to  the  middle  of  the 
8th  centurv  B.  C.     "it  remained  an  important  town  In 
later  times,  was  often  at  variance  with  Sparta,  and  llour- 
ishe.l  under  the  Romans.     It  was  ruled  by  the  legeiidaiy 
dynasties  of  Inaehus.  Uanaus,  aiid  Pelops.     It  produced 
niany  noted  sculptors.     It  contains  the  remains  of  in 
ancient  theater.     The  upper  tiers  of  scats  of  the  cav» 
are  rock-hewn  ;  below  these  are  tiers  of  masoiir)-.    Twenty 
tiers  ill  all  su.vive,  the  lowest  consisting  of  thrones  of 
honor.   There  are  remains  of  a  Roman  stage,  and  of  several 
moditlcatioiis  of  the  Greek  stage-structui^     An  «»der- 
eround  passage  ran  from  behind  the  pixwenium  to  tne 
middle  of  the  orchestra,  as  at  Erctiia,  etc.     There  arc  Im. 
portant  remains  of  the  Uernlon.  or  sanctuary  of  Hera,  tne 
liatioiial  shrine  ot  Argolis.  which  lay  ai  some  '"'!'*"£* 
from  Ihe  city.     The  temple  was  rebuilt  after  a  Are  in  the 
fitli  century  u.  c,  a  little  below  Ihe  old  site,  as  a  Done  hex»- 
style  perlptenis  alKiut  a:,\  by  l:iO  feet     VV";'   I'lf.,?. 
was  an  admirable  cbryselcphaiitme  work  l>y  Polycleitui 
The  Heniion  baa  be.ii  In  cui-se  of  excavation  since  iwa 
by  the  American  School  at  Athens,  to  whi.h  Is  due  nearly 
all  our  knowledue  of  the  architectural  and  siulptural  re- 
mains of  both  temples  ami  their  pelib..lo^  as  well  as  * 
very  valuabU-  collection  of  archaic  terra-cotuie.     lopu- 
latlon  (l>8:i)  ''.SU.  .  ^        j  -.    i 

ArgOStoli  (ur-gos'to-le).  A  seaport  and  capital 
of  Cephalouia,  Ionian  Islands,  Greece,  sitiiated 
oil  the  western  coast  in  lat.  38°  12'  N..  long. 
i|)°  29'  E.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade,  and  is 
the  seat  of  a  metropolitan.  Population  (1889). 
9.085.  „  .       ,,, 

Argout  (iirg.i'l.  Antoine  Maunce_  ApolU; 
naire^  Comte  d'.    B-m  Aug.  2,.  l,^2:  dieu 

Jan  15  l.-CiS.  ..^  French  politician  and  bnancier. 
lie  became  a  peer  of  Prince  ISPl;  acted  as  mwiiati.r  be- 
tween  Charbs  .\  and  the  ix.pular  leaders  Jul),  18.H0, 
and  was  animliited  governor  of  Ihe  Hank  of  1  ranee  Ij-Hl. 
m  inl  u!r  o  llnanee  WUl  Uiter  In  the  «u«e  year  he 
wis  I  eapl^ilnled  governor  of  the  bank,  continuing  lo  hold 
the  post  under  the  republic  of  1848. 
Argovie   (iir-g6-v6').     The   French  name  of 

Aargau.  .  >.•        t>  • 

Arguelles  (iir-gwel'yes),  Angustin.    B"rn.a' 

Kibadesella,  Aslurius,  Spam,  Au),'.  !>.  l.<t): 
died  at  Madri.l,  Murch  23,ls44.  A  Si-anish  lib- 
eral statesman,  a  |>romineiit  member  of  the 
Cortes,  imiirisoned  1814-20,  minister  of  the  in- 
terior 1820-21,  and  exiled  1823-32.  He  was  the 
giiarilian  of  t^ueen  Isabella. 

Arguln  liir-g()-en').  A  small  island  west  of 
Africa,  in  lal.  20°  25'  N.,  long.  16°  3.  W., 
claimed  bv  France.  ,  .  -  ,      j 

Argun  (iir-gilii').  One  of  the  two  chief  head 
Hi  reams  of  the  Amur.     It  rises  m  the  Kcnilen  In 

Mongi.lla,  traverses  Lake  I.alal-Nor,  How.  »b;"«  Ibe  b-'O"^ 
dnrv  between  Mongolia  and  Siberia,  and  Ullil.-.  "I  ■  l''« 
Slillka  I.,  form  the  Amur  about  lat.  M  .N..  b'ng.  Ul  E. 
Its  length  Is  alx.ut  1,000  mll™.  .  . 

Arguri  (ar-gii'i-e).  A  former  village  in  Kussian 
Armenia,  on  the  northern  slope  of  Ararat, 
buried  bv  an  eiirth.iuake  and  landslide  from 
Am  rat  in'  1840.  „      .     j  ^ 

Argurion  (iir-gu'rl-on).  [Gr.  op^ipmi;  money.] 
\  s.nii-allegorical  personification  of  nionev,  in 
Hon  .lonson's  "Cvnthia's  Kevols."  The  ehar- 
neter  is  afterward  expanded  in  "The  Staple 
of  News"  as  Lady  I'eeunin. 


nl  .News     »M  iii»'i.»    • _      , 

ArmiBiiir'gus)-  [Gr.  'A/jjoc,  sumaraed  Unyi-rriK, 
Mhe  AU-seeing.'l  In  Greek  legend,  the  guardian 
of  lo,  slain  by  Hermes,  famed  lo  have  had  on< 
hundred  eyes. 


Argyle 

Argyle.     See  ArgtjJI. 

Argyll  (ar-gU').  Earl  of,  Duke  of.    See  Camp- 

biil. 
Argyll,  or  Argyle.  A  county  in  western  Scot- 
land, the  secoml  iu  size,  bounded  by  Inverness 
on  the  north,  by  Perth,  Dumbarton,  and  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
and  the  North  Channel  on  the  south  and  west. 
It  is  much  indented  by  lochs  and  firths,  which  form  Kin- 
tyre  and  other  peninsulas,  and  includes  the  islands  Mull, 
lona,  Colonsay,  Statfa,  I'lva,  Rum,  Coll,  Tiree,  Jura,  Islay, 
Gigha,  etc.  The  surface  is  generiUly  mountainous.  Within 
it  are  Lochs  Shiel,  Sunart,  £il,  Liunhe,  Awe,  Fyue,  etc. 
The  leading  industries  are  the  rearing  of  cattle  and  sheep, 
the  quarrying  of  building-stone,  lead-mining,  and  fishing 
(herring,  salmon,  and  trout).  Area.  3,213  square  miles. 
Population  (1S91),  r5,W5. 

Argyro-Oastro  (ar'ge-ro-kas'tro).  A  town  in 
Albania,  vilavet  of  Janina.  Turkev,  in  lat.  40° 
12'  N.,  long.  20°  12'  E.  Population  (estimated), 
5,000. 

Argyropoulos  (ar-ge-ro-po'los).  Johannes. 
Bom  at  Constantinople  about  1416 :  died  at 
Rome  about  1486.  A  Greek  scholar,  professor 
of  the  Peripatetic  philosophy  in  Florence  (1456) 
and  in  Rome  (1471).  Among  his  pupils  were  Piero 
and  Lorenzo  de'  Medici.  Politian,  and  Reuchlln.  He  trans- 
lated Aristotle  into  Latin. 

Argyropoulos,  Perikles.  Born  at  Constanti- 
nople, Sept.  17,  1809:  died  at  Athens,  Dec.  22, 
1860.  A  Greek  politician  and  publicist,  pro- 
fessor of  law  in  the  University  of  Athens. 

Aria  (a'ri-a).  [L.  Aria,  Gr.  'Apia  or  iipria.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Asia  correspond- 
ing nearly  to  western  Afghanistan  and  eastern 
Khorasau:  often  confounded  with  Ariana. 

Ariadne  (ar-i-ad'ne).  [Gr.  l-ipmcir;?.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of  Minos,  king 
of  Crete.  She  gave  Theseus  the  clue  by  means  of  which 
he  found  his  way  out  of  the  labjTinth,  and  went  with  him 
to  the  Island  of  Dia  (Nasos),  where,  according  to  the  com- 
mon account,  she  was  abandoned  by  Theseus,  and  became 
the  wife  of  Dionysus. 

2.  An  asteroid  (So.  43)  discovered  by  Pogson 
at  Oxford,  April  15,  1857. 

Axiadne.  Died  515  a.  d.  a  Byzantine  em- 
press, daughter  of  Leo  I.  she  was  "married  to  Zeno, 
who  became  emperor  474,  and  after  his  death  (491)  became 
the  wife  of  Auastasius  1. 

Ariadne,  Sleeping.     See  Sleeping  Ariadne. 

Arialdus(a-ri-al'dus).  Died  June  28,  1066.  A 
deacon  and  reformer  in  the  church  of  Milan, 
mui'dered  by  the  emissaries  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Milan  whose  excommunication  he  had  se- 
cured from  the  Pope.  He  was  canonized  by 
Pope  Alexander  11. 

Ariana  (a-ri-a'na).  [L.  Ariana,  Gr.  'Aptavij.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Asia,  of  vague 
boundaries,  extending  from  Media  on  the  west 
to  the  Indus  on  the  east,  and  from  Hyreania 
and  Bactriana  on  the  north  to  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  Arabian  Sea  on  the  south. 

Ariane  (a-re-an').  A  tragedy  by  Comeille, 
composed  in  1672. 

Ariano(a^re-ii'n6),  or  Ariano  di  Puglia  (a-re- 
a'no  de  pol'ya).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Avellino,  Italy,  situated  among  the  Apennines 
50  miles  northeast  of  Naples.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  bishopric.     Population,  about  14,000. 

Arians  (a'ri-anz).  The  followers  of  Arius,  a 
deacon  of  Alexandria,  who  in  the  4th  century 
maintained,  in  opposition  to  both  Sabellianism 
and  Tritheism,  that  the  Son  is  of  a  nature  sim- 
ilar to  (not  the  same  as)  the  Father,  and  is 
subordinate  to  him.  The  tendency  of  these  doc- 
trines was  toward  the  denial  of  the  divinity  of  Christ. 
The  Arian  discussion  raged  fiercely  in  the  4th  century,  and 
though  Arianism  was  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Niciea 
(325).  the  heresy  long  retained  great  importance,  theolo- 
gical and  politicaL  The  strongholds  of  the  Arians  were  in 
the  East  and  among  the  Goths  and  other  barbarians  who 
were  converted  by  Arian  missionaries.     See  Sociniaiis. 

Arias  de  Avila  (a-r§'as  de  a've-la),  Pedro. 

See  Avila. 

Arias  de  Saavedra  (a-re'as  de  sa-a-va'dra). 
Hernando.  Bom  in  Asuncion  about  1550 :  died 
in  Santa  Fe  de  la  Vera  Cruz  about  1625.  A 
Spanish  statesman,  three  times  governor  of 
Paraguay,  which  then  comprehended  aU  the 
Spanish  settlements  of  the  Plata  and  Parana. 

Arias  Montanus  (a-ri'as  mon-ta'nus).  Bene- 

dictUS.  Born  in  Estremadur.^,  Spain,  1327; 
died  at  Seville,  1598.  A  Spanish  Orientalist, 
editor  of  the  Antwerp  Polyglot  Bible  (1568-73). 
Arica  (a-re'ka).  A  former  province  of  Peru  in 
the  department  of  Moquegua,  on  the  coast  be- 
tween lat.  18°  and  19°  S.  In  1880  it  was  seized  by 
the  Chileans,  and  by  the  treaty  ratified  May  21,  1884, 
Arica  and  Tacna  were  to  be  held  by  them  for  t€n  years, 
the  inhabitants,  at  the  end  of  that  time,  to  decide  to  which 
country  they  will  belong,  the  other  country  to  receive  an 
indemnity.  Area,  about  11,000  square  miles.  Population 
(1876),  8,012,  now  considerably  increased. 


76 

Arica  (ii-re'ka).  A  town  and  port  of  Peru,  capi- 
tal of  the  pro\-ince  of  the  same  name.  It  is  im- 
portant, principally,  as  the  seaport  of  Tacna,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  The  harbor  is  a  roadstead 
protected  by  a  point  and  a  small  island.  The  town  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  earthquakes  in  IStis  and  1S77.  The 
Chileans  blockaded  and  bombarded  -^rica  April,  1880,  and 
took  it  by  assault  June  7.     Population,  about  4,000. 

Ariccia  (a-re'ch;i).  A  town  in  fhe  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  nearly  adjoining  Albano :  the  Latin 
Aricia.     Population,  about  2,000. 

Ariel  (a-rd'che),  Cesare.  Bom  at  Brescia, 
July  2,  1782  :  died  there,  July  2,  1836.  An  Ital- 
ian didactic  poet.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
history  and  literature  iu  the  lyceum  at  Brescia  in  1810, 
and  professor  of  the  Latin  language  in  1824. 

Arichat  (a-re-shat').  A  small  seaport  on  Ma- 
dame Island,  off  the  southern  coast  of  Cape 
Breton  Island,  Nova  Scotia. 

Arickarees.     See  Arikara. 

Arided  (ar'i-ded).  [Ar.  fl/-nV7/,  'the  hindmost,' 
the  star  being  in  the  tail  of  the  constellation.] 
The  second-magnitude  star  a  Cygni,  more  fre- 
quently called  Veiiib  Cijgni. 

Axi^ge  (a-re-azh').  A  department  in  France, 
capital  Foix,  bounded  by  Haute-Garonne  on 
the  west  and  north,  by  Aude  on  the  east,  and 
by  Pyrenees-Orientales,  AndoiTa,  and  Spain  on 
the  south :  corresponding  in  general  to  the 
ancient  county  of  Foix.  it  is  rich  in  iron,  and  has 
vai'ious  other  mineral  products.  Area,  1,890  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  227,491. 

Ariege.  A  river  in  southern  France  which 
rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  flows  past  Tarascon  and 
Foix,  and  joins  the  Garonne  near  Toulouse :  the 
Latin  Aurigera.     Its  length  is  about  100  miles. 

Ariel  (a'ri-el).  [Heb.,'Lion  of  God':  used  as  an 
epithet  in  the  (5ld  Testament :  rendered  'lion- 
ILke  'in  2  Sam.  xxiii.  20,  1  Chron.  xi.  22.]  1.  One 
of  the  chief  men  sent  by  Ezra  to  procure  minis- 
ters for  the  sanctuary.  Ezra  viii.  16. — 2.  Used 
in  Isa.  xxix.  as  a  name  for  Jerusalem. —  3.  In 
cabalistic  angelology,  one  of  the  seven  princes 
of  angels,  or  spirits  who  preside  over  the  waters 
under  Michael  the  arch-prince. — 4.  "An  ayrie 
spirit"  in  Shakspere's  "Tempest." — 5.  One  of 
the  rebel  angels  in  Milton's  "Paradise  Lost." 
—  6.  A  sylph,  guardian  of  Belinda,  ui  Pope's 
"  Rape  of  the  Lock."  This  particular  spirit  was  the 
chief  of  those  whose 

"  Humble  province  is  to  tend  the  fair  .  .  . 
To  save  the  powder  from  too  rude  a  gale. 
Nor  let  the  imprison  d  essences  exhale  .  .  . 
...  to  curl  their  waving  hairs. 
Assist  their  blushes  and  inspire  their  airs." 

Aries  (a'ri-ez).  [L., 'aram.'J  1.  One  of  the 
zodiacal  constellations. — 2.  "The  th'st  sign  of 
the  zodiac  (marked  'v),  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  vernal  equinox,  March  21,  and  leaves  April 
20.  Owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  the  con- 
stellation Aries  has  moved  completely  out  of  the  sign  of 
the  same  name,  which  is  now  occupied  by  the  constella- 
tion Pisces. 

Ankara  (a-re'ka-ra),  or  Ricara  (re'ka-ra),  or 
Ree  (re).  A  tribe  of  the  Caddoan  stock  of 
North  AJneriean  Indians,  living  on  the  Fort 
Berthold  reservation.  North  Dakota.  They 
number  448.     See  Caddoan.     Also  Arickaree. 

Ariinaspians(ar-i-mas'pi-anz).  [Gr.  'Apiiiac-ot, 
according  to  Herodotus  a  Scythian  word  mean- 
ing '  one-eyed.']  In  classical  mj'thology,  a  one- 
eyed  people  of  Seythia.  They  were  at  war  with 
the  Gi-iffins  whose  gold  they  sought. 

Arimathea  (ari-ma-the'S).  In  scriptural  ge- 
ography, a  town  iu  Jiidea,  Palestine,  of  unde- 
termined location :  probably  the  Ramah  of  1 
Sam.  i.  1,  19. 

Arimathea,  Joseph  of.  See  Joseph  of  Ari- 
niatliia.  • 

Ariminum  (a-rim'i-uum).  The  Latin  name  of 
Kiniiui. 

Arimazes  (ar-i-ma'zez),  or  Oriomazes  (6-ri-6- 

ma'zez).  The  commander  of  a  fortress,  called 
the  Rock  (Kohiten  f ),  in  Sogdiana,  near  the 
pass  of  Kolugha  or  Derbend.  He  surrendered  to 
Alexander  'i'2^  B.  r.,  who  found  in  the  fortress  Roxana,  the 
daugliter  of  the  Bactrian  chief  Oxyartes. 
Arinos  (a-re'uos).  A  river  in  the  state  of  Matto 
Grosso,  Brazil,  about  400  mUes  long,  it  joins 
the  Juruena.  forming  the  Tapaj(5s,  and  is  separated  by 
short  portages  from  the  head  streams  of  the  Paraguay. 

Ariobarzanes  (a  ri-o-bar-za'nez)  I.,  surnamed 
Philorom^eus.  [Gr.  (puopuumoc,  friendly  to- 
ward the  Romans.]  A  king  of  Cappadocia 
who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury B.  c.  He  was  several  times  expelled  by 
Mithridates  and  restored  by  the  Romans. 

Ariobarzanes  II.,  surnamed  Philopator.  [Gr. 
<^O.o-a7Lip.  loving  one's  father.]  King  of  Cap- 
padocia, son  of  Ariobarzanes  I.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded about  63  B.  c. 


Arista 

Ariobarzanes  III.,  surnamed  Eusebes  and 
Philoromseus.  [tir.  eitce^ir/^,  pious ;  ft'/jipufiatoc, 
friendly  toward  the  Romans.]  Died  42  B.  c. 
A  son  of  Ariobarzanes  U.  whom  he  succeeded 
about  51  B.  C.  He  aided  Pompey  against  Csesar  in  the 
civil  war,  but  was  pardoned  by  Csesar.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  Cassius. 

Ariobarzanes  I.    Satrap  of  Pontus  in  the  5th 

century  B.  c,  father  of  Mithridates  I. 

Ariobarzanes  II.  King  of  Pontus  363-337  B.  c, 
sou  and  successor  of  Mithridates  I.  He  re- 
volted from  Artaxerxes  362  B.  c.  and  founded 
the  independent  kingdom  of  Pontus. 

Ariobarzanes  III.  King  of  Pontus  266-240  (t) 
B.C..  son  of  Mithridates  IU. 

Ariobarzanes.  A  satrap  of  Persis  who,  after 
the  battle  of  Gaugamela,  331  B.C.,  secured  the 
pass  of  the  Persian  Gates.  Alexander  was 
able  to  force  the  pass  only  by  stratagem. 

Arioch  ( ar'i-ok).  [Pi-obabiy liabylonian  Eriaku, 
servant  of  the  moon-god.]  1.  A  king  of  EUa- 
sar,  one  of  the  four  kings  who  at  the  time  of 
Abraham  made  an  attack  on  the  cities  in  the 
valley  of  Siddim( Gen.  xiv.).  In  the  book  of  Judith 
(L  6)  he  is  called  king  of  £lam  ;  identified  by  some  with 
Erim-agu,  king  of  Larsa- 

2.  Captain  of  the  guard  of  Nebuchadnezzar 
(Dan.  ii.  14  f . ).— 3.  In  ililton's  • '  Paradise  Lost " 
(vi.  371),  one  of  the  rebellious  angels  over- 
thrown by  AbtUel.  ' 

Ariodantes.  In  Arlosto's  "Orlando  Furioso," 
the  lover  of  Geneura,  princess  of  Scotland. 

Arion  (a-n'on).  [Gr.  'A/j/ui'.]  A  Greek  poet  of 
Lesbos  who  flotirished  probably  about  700  B.C. 
(later  dates  are  given),  and  was  famous  as  a 
player  upon  the  cithara.  He  lived  chiefly  at  the 
court  of  Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth.  According  to  the 
legend  Arion,  while  returning  from  a  musical  contest  in 
Sicily  in  which  he  had  been  victor,  was  thrown  into  the 
sea  by  the  sailors,  but  was  saved  and  carried  to  Tienarus 
by  dolphins  which  had  gathered  about  the  ships  to  listen 
to  his  lyre. 

Arion,  though  a  Lesbian  by  birth,  belongs  by  art  rather 
to  the  Dorian  school.  His  great  work  was  to  give  the 
dithyramb,  or  choral  hymn  to  Dionysus,  a  finished  choral 
form,  by  fixing  the  number  (50)  of  the  cyclic  or  circular 
chorus  that  was  to  sing  it,  grouped  round  the  altar,  and 
by  dividing  the  singing  and  acting  parts  clearly  from  each 
other.  We  have  a  fragment  by  him  [also  ascribed  to  an- 
other poet],  addressed  to  Poseidon,  and  telling  of  Posei- 
don's servants,  the  dolphins,  who  had  wafted  the  poet 
safely  to  land,  when  he  had  lost  his  course  at  sea.  A 
fable  grew  up  that  certain  wicked  sailors  had  thrown 
Arion  overboard,  and  that  the  dolphins,  charmed  by  his 
songs,  had  saved  him.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit,,  p.  62. 

Arion.  In  Greek  legend,  a  fabulous  horse,  the 
offspring  of  Poseidon  by  Demeter  (or,  in  other 
accounts,  (jsea  or  a  harpy)  who  to  escape  him 
had  metamorphosed  herself  into  a  mare.  It  was 
successively  owned  by  Copreus,  Oncus,  Heracles,  and  Ad- 
rastus.  It  possessed  marvelous  powers  of  speech,  and  its 
right  feet  w  ere  those  of  a  man. 

Arion.     -A.  pseudonym  of  William  Falconer. 

AriOStO  (a-re-6s'to  or  ar-i-os'to).  Ludovico. 
Bom  at  Reggio,  northern  Italy,  Sept.  8,  1474: 
tlied  at  FeiTara,  Italy,  June  6,1533,  A  celebrated 
Italian  poet,  author  of  "  Orlando  Furioso."  He 
was  forced  by  his  father,  who  was  commander  of  the  cit- 
adel of  Keggio.  to  study  law ;  but  at  length,  being  allowed  to 
foUow  hisinchnations,  studied  the  classics,  having  a  strong 
inclination  toward  poetry.  As  early  as  1495  he  wrote  sev- 
eral comedies.  Two  of  them,  the  "Cassaria"  and  "Sop- 
positi,"were  acted  about  1512.  These  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  Cardinal  Ippolito  of  Este,  who  took  him  into 
his  service,  where  he  remained  till  1517,  when  he  entered 
that  of  the  cardinal's  brother,  Alfonso,  duke  of  Ferrara, 
by  whom  he  was  employed  as  governor  of  the  district 
of  Garfagnana  1522-25.  The  province  was  distracted  by 
banditti,  but  his  government  was  satisfactory  to  his  sov- 
ereign and  his  people  for  three  years.  He  then  decliued 
an  embassy  to  Pope  Clement  VII.,  and  passed  the  last 
years  of  his  life  at  Ferrara  writing  comedies  and  correcting 
his  "  Orlando  Furioso  "  (which  see),  publishing  the  com- 
pleted edition  a  year  before  his  death,  which  was  due  to 
consumption.  His  seven  satires,  in  the  Horatian  style, 
were  published  in  1534,  after  his  death.  Tliey  are  gay, 
easy,  and  full  of  Epicurean  philosophy.  His  comedies  are 
placed  ne.vt  to  those  of  MacchiaveUi  by  most  Italian 
critics. 

Ariosto  of  the  North.    Sir  Walter  Scott. 

AriO'TistUS  (a-ri-6-vis'tus).  Lived  about  60  B.C. 
A  German  chief  who  crossed  the  Rhine  and 
invaded  Gaul,  aiding  the  Sequani  against  the 
j3i;dui,  and  was  defeated  by  Julius  Ca?sar  near 
Miilhausen  58  B.c, 

Arish.     See  El-Araislt. 

Arishkerd  (a-rish'kerd),  Plain  of,  A  plain  in 
Asiatic  Turkey,  west  of  Mount  Ararat  and  north 
of  the  Ala-Dagh,  about  the  head  waters  of  the 
East  Euphrates. 

Arista  (a-res'ta),  Mariano.  Bom  in  San  Luis 
Potosi,  July  26,  1802:  died  at  sea  near  Lisbon, 
Portugal,  Atig,  7, 1855,  A  Mexican  general.  He 
commanded  the  army  of  northern  Mexico  and  Texas  1846, 
and  was  defeated  by  General  Taylor  at  Palo  Alto  (May  8) 
and  Resaca  de  la  Palma  (May  9),  after  which  he  was  re- 
called.   He  was  minister  of  war  under  Herrera  (181fi)^  and 


Arista 


WAS  electefl  president  of  Mexico  Jan.  8.  1861.  To  avoid 
a  clvii  wiu-  he  resigned  in  Jan.,  1853,  and  soon  after  went 
to  F.uroiJe.  ,       ,        r^       ,,  -      n      T 

AristaeUS  (ar-is-te'us).  [Gr.  'Apiaraioi.^  In 
(jiiLk  mythology,  a  beneficent  deity,  protector 
of  lmsl)anamen  and  shepherds.  _  .  ,  . 

Aristaeus.  A  native  of  Cyprus,  an  official  in 
(111-  .nut  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  According 
t,,  I  1,  It,  1- ascribed  to  liim  (but  a  forger)'),  lie  was  sent  by 
ri,il.i]iy  to  Jeius^dem  to  obtain  from  Eleazar,  the  liigh 
1,1  lest  a  copy  of  the  Pentateuch  and  seventy  elders  to 
translate  it  into  Greek.     See  S.-^li(o;fi/i'. 

Aristagoras  ^ar-is-tag  o-rasj  of  Miletus.  L""". 
A.iorai  lipof .]  Died  497  B.  c.  A  Persian  gover- 
nor of' Miletus,  and  leader  in  the  Ionian  revolt 
a'ainst  Persia  in  500  B.  C. 

Aristander  (ar-is-tan'der).  [Gr.  'A/)-ora)"V'>f-] 
\  .elebratod  soothsayer  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Aristarchus  (ar-is-tar'kus),  or  Aristarclios 

i-kos).  [Gr.  l\/j/i7Tap,Y"f.]  Born  at  Samos: 
lived  between  280-2(U  B.  c.  A  noted  Greek 
iistronomer  of  the  Alexandrian  school.  His  only 
.  \tant  work  is  a  treatiie  on  the  magnitude  and  distance 
.(  iho  snn  and  moon. 

Aristarchus,  or  Aristarclios.  Bom  at  Samo- 
thrace:  flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  -A 
.(•ntury  B.  c. :  died  in  Cyprus.  A  noted  Alex- 
andrian grammarian  and  critic,  the  most  cele- 
tirited  of  antiquity.  His  most  notable  work  was  a 
r.cension  ot  Homer.  The  text  lie  established  and  his  di- 
vision of  the  poems  into  books  are  substantially  tliose 
which  have  come  down  to  us.  •  , 

Aristarchus,  or  Aristarchos.    An  associate  of 

the  apostle  Paul  51-57  A.  D.  He  was  a  native  of 
Ihessalonica,  accompanied  Paul  in  several  of  his  niission- 
arv  journeys,  and  was  his  "  fellow  prisoner  m  Rome. 
(.\cts  xix.  n.  xxvii.;  He  is  represented  by  the  Greek 
Church  as  bishop  of  Apamea  in  Phrygia,  and  by  the  Roman 
!!»  bishop  of  Thessalonica.  . 

Ariste  {ii-rest').  The  brother  of  Chrysale,  in 
•■  Les  Femmes  Savantes  "  by  Molifere. 

Aristeas  (a-ris'te-as).  [Gr.  'Apiareac.]  A  Greek 
poet,  assigned  to  various  periods,  from  the  bth 
century  B.  C.  to  the  time  of  Homer,  and  the  re- 
liuted  aut)f  or  of  an  epic  poem,  the  "Ai-imaspea," 
ill  three  books.  The  accounts  of  his  life  are  fabulous; 
ii..  is  represented  as  a  magician  who  rose  after  death,  and 
A  hose  soul  could  occupy  or  abandon  his  body  at  wUl. 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides  (ar-is-ti  dez).     [Gr. 

■UuarMr/r.-]  A  Greek  writer  of  the  2(1  century 
1)  c  author  of  a  romance,  the  "  Milesiaea  "  or 
••  Milesian  Tales,"'  a  prose  work  in  six  or  more 
books.  He  was  the  founder  of  Greek  romance  and  "  the 
title  ot  his  work  is  supposed  to  have  given  rise  to  the  term 
■  Milesian '  as  applied  to  works  of  action     (.bmi(A). 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides  (ar-is-ti'dez).    Died 

probably  at  Athens  about  4G8  B.C.  A  cele- 
brated Athenian  statesman  and  general,  son  of 
Lvsimaehus:  surnamed  "The  Just."  He  was 
one  of  the  ten  generals  in  the  year  of  the  battle  of  Slara- 
thon  (490),  and  chief  archon  in  489;  was  constantly  op- 
nosed  to  ThemiBtoclea ;  and  was  ostracized  in  48^.  He 
Sok  part  in  the  victory  of  Salarais  (480),  was  Athenian 
commander  at  the  victory  ot  PIatffia(479)  carried  thraugh 
olvtc  reforms  (477),  and  was  chief  founder  of  the  Delian 
League  (about  477).  «...,.  /,      • 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides,  Quintilianus  (kwin- 
til-i-a'nus).  The  (Greek)  author  of  a  treatise 
on  music  (printed  inthecoUeetiouof  Meibomius 
1652)  who  lived,  probably,  in  the  1st  century 
A.  D.  His  work  is  the  most  important  ancient 
book  on  the  subject.  „  „,    ,_  .  r^      , 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides,  of  Thebes.  A  Greek 
painter,  son  or  brother,  and  m  either  case  the 
pupil,  of  Nicomachos,  ami  a  contemporary  of 
Anelles.  He  was  preeminently  the  painter  of  the  ije,  and 
„£lri  or  the  exprcssi.m  ot  the  inio.l  and  passions  of  man. 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides,  Publius  ^lius  sur- 
named Theodorus.  Born  at  Adriaui  ill  Mysia, 
117  A.  D. :  dio(l  at  Smyrna  about  180  A.  u.  A 
celebrated  Greek  rhetorician,  a  friend  and  ail- 
viser  ot  Marcus  Aiirelius.  ills  father  Eudicniun 
was  a  priest  ot  Jupiter,  and  he  himself  became  a  priest  of 
*»culapiMs  at  Smyrna.  ,     ^„     ,      ,  in. 

Ari8tippUS(ar-is-tip'us).  [Gr.  ApiauTTTTor]  Born 
at  Cyrene,  Africa :  lived  about  380  B.  c.  A  Greek 
philosopher,  apupil  of  Socrates,  and  the  founder 
of  the  Cvrenaic  School.     See  CiirrniiicK 

Aristippus,  or  The  Jovial  Philosopher.    A 

plav  liv  Thomas  Uainlolpli,  pniited  in  Hi.K'. 

AlistO  (ii-res'to).  The  brother  of  Sganarelle,  in 
MoliOrc's  "ficoledes  Maris." 

AristohulUS  (a-risto-bft'lus).  [Gr.  'ApiarAjiiw- 
Aor.]  Lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A  general 
of'  Alexander  the  (?ireat,  and  the  historian  ot 
his  Asiiiti(r  expedition. 

Aristobulus.  Lived  about  160  B.  c.  An  Alex- 
aiidriaii  .lew  and  Peripatetic  philosopher. 

Aristobulus  I.  Son  of  .Tolin  Hyrcanus,  and 
kill"  of.liiilcM  105-104  B.C.  His  Hebrew  name  was 
Jndah.  II.'  i^  i.:nd  to  have  been  the  llrst  of  the  HaMuoni- 
ans  to  a.Hsuio.-  file  title  ot  king.  During  his  brief  reign 
ho  extended  .luJea  In  the  regions  of  Iturea  and  Iniclio. 
Jiltls,  and  forced  Judaism  on  the  conqucrod  peoples. 


77 

Aristobulus  II.  Died  about  48  B.C.  Son  of 
Alexander  Jaiiiiieus,  designated  by  his  mother, 
the  queen-regent  Alexandra,  high  priest,  while 
to  his  elder  brother  Hyreaiius  U.  the  throne 
was  bequeathed.  Alter  her  death  a  contest  took  place 
between  the  two  brothers  which  brought  Ponipey  for  the 
first  time  to  Jerusalem  («.t  B.  c);  he  defeated  ArUtobulus 
and  led  him  captive  to  Rome. 

Aristobulus  III.  A  Jewish  prince,  grandson 
of  Hyrcanus  U.,  brother  of  Mariamne,  and  thus 
brother-in-law  of  Herod  I.  He  was  made  high 
priest  by  Herod,  but,  fearing  his  great  popularity,  Herod 
had  hiiii  assassinated  (about  »i  B.C.I.  He  was  the  last 
inak-  repi  isentiitive  of  the  Hasinonean  family. 

AristodemUS  (a-ris-to-de'mus).  [Gr.  '\punMn- 
/iof.]  Lived  in  the  8th  century  B.  c.  A  Mes- 
senian  national  hero  in  the  first  war  against 
Sparta.  He  ottered  his  daughters  life.  In  response  to 
an  oracle,  for  the  preservation  of  the  Messenlan  state ; 
and  when  her  lover,  in  order  to  save  her,  declared  thai 
she  was  with  .  hild  by  him.  killed  her  and  opened  her 
womb  to  refute  the  lie.  He  Wiis  made  king  alwut  i29B.  C; 
but  although  he  gained  a  victory  over  the  Spartans  724  B.  C., 
was  unable  to  c.mtinue  the  war,  and  killed  himself  on  his 
daughter's  tomb  before  7*i'i  B.  c. 

Aristogiton,  or  Aristogeiton  (a-ris-to-ji'ton). 

[(ir.  :\i>inzii)i:iTuv.'^     Set}  Jlormodiux. 

Aristomenes  (ar-is-tom'e-nez).  [Gr.  'Aptoropi- 
!■«.]  Liverl  in  the  7th  century  B.C.  AMessenian 
national  hero  in  the  second  war  against  Sparta 
fi45-C30  (6.85-C(jS).  He  was  surprised  In  EIra,  the  last 
stronghold  of  the  Messenians,  by  the  Spartans,  and  com- 
pelled to  surrender,  but  was  allowed  to  depart  with  his 
men.  He  died  in  Rhodes  at  the  court  of  his  son  In-law 
Damagetus,  and  Is  said  to  have  twice  sacrificed  the  heca- 
tomphonia,  prescribed  for  one  who  with  his  own  hand 
had  killed  one  hundred  of  his  enemies  in  battle. 

Ariston  (a-ris'ton),  or  Aristo  (a-ris'to).  [Gr. 
■Apiaruv.]  Born  at  Chios:  died  250  B.  C.  A 
Greek  Stoic  pliilosopher,  a  disciple  of  Zeno 
and  later,  according  to  Diogenes  Laertius,  of 
the  Platonist  Polemo.  He  was  called  the  "Siren" 
from  his  eloiiuence,  and  "  Plialantus"  from  his  baldness, 
cif  the  various  branches  of  phUosophy  he  recognized  only 
ethics  as  a  legitimate  study. 

Aristonicus  (a-ris-to-ni'kus),  or  Aristonikos 

(-kos).  [Gr.  'ApiardviKor.']  A  natural  son  ot 
Kumenes  H.  of  Pergamus.  When  Attains  III.,  the 
successor  of  Eumenes,  died,  beiiueathlng  the  kingdom  of 
Pergamus  to  the  Romans,  Aristonicus  ilispnted  the  in- 
heritance with  the  latter,  defeating  and  taking  prisoner 
P  Licinius  Crassus  i:)l  B.  o.     He  was  himself  defeated 


r.  IjieiniUH    ^..^l^su»    i.>i    ».  v..      »*v.    ...."   . 

and  taken  prl8<jner  1;10  II.  c.  by  M.Perperna;  was  carried 
to  Rome  to  adorn  the  triumph  of  M.  AquiUus,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Perpema ;  and  was  beheaded. 
Aristophanes  (ar-is-tot'a-nez).  [Gr.  'Ap/nro^- 
mr  1  The  greatest  of  the  Greek  comic  poets. 
Ho  was  born  probably  between  iM  and  44U  B.  c,  and  died 
not  later  than  :t8o  n.  o.  He  •■  was  an  aristocrat  who  ridi- 
culed raclicalism  and  the  advanced  democracy,  but  spiired 
the  vices  of  his  associates  and  his  party.  .  .  .  In  matters 
of  religion  he  w.is  a  great  defender  of  orthodoxy  agiiinst 
the  new  physical  school,  and  was  never  weary  of  at  acklng 
Socrates  and  Euripides  for  their  breakmg  up  of  the  old 
faith"  (Vahaffii)  His  llrst  play,  the  "Revellers  or 
"  Banouetcrs,"  was  produced  In  427  B.  c,  and  obtained 
the  second  prize;  the  "Babylonians"  in  426;  the  Aehar- 
nians"  in  42,'.,  with  the  llrst  prize  ;  the  "  KnIghU  ii  424 
with  the  llrst  prize:  the  •■  flon.ls  "  in  4-2:t  •,  the  Wasps 
in  422,  with  the  seeon.l  prize;  the  "  I'eaett  In  419,  with 
the  second  prize  ;  "  Amplilan.us-  In  414,  with  the  second 
prize;  the  "  Birds  ■  in  411,  with  the  sicon.  prie  ;  l.ysis- 
tinta"  in  411 ;  the  "Tliesmophorlazusie  In  41(1;  the  llrst 
edition  of  the  "  Plutus  "  In  4(18  ;  the  "  Frogs  In  4(1..,  with 
the  nrst  prize;  the  ■  Eccleslazusre  "  about  !ni3  ;  and  the  sec- 
ond edition  ..t  the  "  Plutus"  In  aSs.  f)f  these  the  ■  Acl  ar- 
nlans,"  "  Knights,"  " i  lon.ls," •■  W asps,    "Peace,      Birds, 

"Lysistrata, rhesniophorlazusm,     "Plutus,        trogs, 

and  "  Eccleslazllsni  '  are  extant. 

Aristophanes  wiui  not  only  a  great  satirist  but  a  great 
noet  Ills  c.me.ll.s  unite  elements  which  meet  nowhere 
n  literature.  Ih.re  Is  a  iilay  of  fan.y  as  extravagant  as 
in  a  modern  burlesque  ;  tlie  wh..l..  w.irl.  s  urri.d  topsy 
m-  gods  ami  m'.rtals  alike  are  wblrk'd  through  the 
m..lley  riot  ..f  mie  great  carnival.  Ther.-  Is  a  huin..ur  ,.. 
.lellcate,  a  literary  satire  as  keen,  as  tl...  most  ex.iu  site 
wit  could  ..Her  to  the  ni..«t  subtle  appreciation.  And  here 
are  lyric  strains  of  a  wll.l  w,..,.llan.l  sueetmss  hardly  t.. 
be  mat<he.l  save  In  Sliaksper.-.  Arl.t..phan.-s  clung  t.i  he 
old  tradltl..n8  ..I  Athens  with  a  s.,rt..|  j..vlal,  unrea«.nlng 
torylsm.  Demagogues,  phlh.«..pher«.  rhetorhhins  were 
h  ,  ,  bomlnall..!.  HI-  hfeal  wa.  Ihe  plain,  -tur.  y  cltUen 
of  the  g.s.d  ..I.I  Kch.H.I  who  beat  the  Persian  at  Man.th..n. 
Ho  clahns  f..r  bl.ns.lf,  ami  lu.lly,  ll.at  b.'  Is  ouUp,.k,u  .m 
the  side  of  virtue  again.!  vice.  Hut  his  iwn-.nal  Jn.lg- 
nient.  must  be  Uken  with  reserve.^^  ^^^^  ^^^   ^  ^^^ 

Aristophanes  of  Byzantium.    A  celebratetj 

Al.\aiHlri;iii  giaininarian  and  critic,  pupil  and 
successor  of  /,cMo.l..t"s  ami  iiistniclor  of  Ihe 
Croat  critic  Aristarchus.  only  fragmenU  of  his 
works  have  survived,  lie  edll.d  H..iner  and  ..ther  (Irivk 
poels,  ami  lntro.liice.l  Ihe  system  "'  •""V;',?  "TZs'.X 
order  to  pre.erve  Ihe  true  pn.nunclatloii  of  Greek,  which 
was  rapl.lly  bfc.mlng  .•..ITUpl. 

Aristophanes,  The  English.    ^nnV*-!  Foote. 
Aristophanes.  The  French.    Moliftro. 
Aristophanes'  Apolo|[7.    A  poem  by  Brown- 

iiig,  imblishcd    in   IsfK     It  18  the   sequel  to 

"  Balaiist  ion's  Adventure." 


Arjuna 
Aristotle  (ar'is-totl).    [Gr.  'Ap«TTorf/«.l    Born 
at   Stagira,  in  Chalcidice,  384  B.  o. :  died  at 
Chalcis,  in  Euba-a,  322  B.  c.     The  most  famous 
and   influential    of    Greek   philosophers,  the 
founder  of  the  Peripatetic  school.     He  was  the 
son  ..f  N  Icomaehns,  physician  and  friend  of  Amyntas,  king 
of  .Macedonia.    In  his  eigbteenUi  year  he  went  to  Athens 
and  beciune  a  pupil  of  Plato,  with  whom  he  remained  for 
twenty  years.     Alter  the  death  of  Plato  he  went  to  Atar- 
ncus  as  a  guest  of  Hermias  (whose  sister  or  niece,  1  ythlas, 
he  afterward  married),  and  remained  there  three  years; 
then  he  went  to  Mytilene.     In  ;i43  (3420  he  was  sum- 
nioned  to  the  court  of  llacedon  to  undertake  the  educa- 
tion of  Alexander  (afterward  ••  the  Great  "),  then  thirteen 
years  old.     In  ;i35  (3a4'0  he  returned  to  Athens  where  he 
founded   his  school  (see  fmijal.tic)  and   pr.jduced  the 
greater  part  of  his  seientihc  works.    He  taught  in  the 
Lyceum      on  the  death  of  Alexander  the  uprising  against 
the  Macedt.nlans  loreed  Aristotle  to  llee  from  Athens  U) 
Chalcis  In  Eulwa,  where  he  died.     His  numerous  writ- 
ings (the  number  of  which  is  viiriously  given,  but  was  cer- 
tainly very  large)  dealt  with  all  the  then  known  branches ol 
science.    They  were  partly  in  the  form  of  diali.gue8.  frag- 
ments of  which  have  survived ("Eudemus'-).    Ihi-se  have 
been  called  his  eioleric  ('public,'  'suited  for  the  gijneral 
DUblic  ■),  and  his  other,  more  strictly  scientific  works  his 
Coterie  ('private," suited  for  private  instruction  )  writ- 
ings     His  extant  works  (which   have  been   Imperfeclljr 
preserved)  fall  hito  f..ur  groups :  the  logical,  the  nieU- 
Dhyslcal  and  those  relating  to  natural  science,  the  ethi- 
cal, and  the  "  Poetics  "  and  "  Rhetoric."    They  include  the 
"Topics,"  "Analytics"("l'rior    and 'Posterior  X   '^..^ihls- 
tlcal  Refutations."  "Rhetoric,"  "Metaphysics,     ■  Politics 
"Poetics,"    'On  Animals,"    'On  Parts  of  Animals,       On 
Generation  of  Animals."  "  On  the  Soul,"  ''On  Locomotion  of 
Animals,"  "Meteon.l..glcB,""Sicomacheail  Ethics,     eU. 
Various  works  ascribed  to  him  are  spurious.     A  genuine 
treatise  by  him  on  the  constitution  of  Athens  was  dis- 
covered in  1891  at  the  British  M  useum  In  a  heap  of  papyrus 
rolls.  The  manu6<ript  was  probably  written  later  than  the 
14th  year  of  Domitian  (from  95  UKi  A.  n.).    It  is  an  almost 
complete  text.    The  first  Latin  translation  of  his  work^ 
with  notes.  U  that  of  the  Arabian  Averroes  (11(«) ;  \  en  ce 
14S9)  •  the  nrst  edition  In  Greek  Is  that  of  Aldus  ilanullus 
(1495-SI8).     Aristotle's  influence  upon  the  development  of 
philosophy  and  science  has  been  very  great,  especlaUjr 
during  the  centuries  which  preceded  the  birth  of  m.xlem 
kn..wledgc  and  sclcntifle  method.     He  was  "  the  phlloso- 
pher ■■  jxic  excMwe.    His  works  were  the  text-books  oj 
thesch...>ls.  an.l  his  opinions  on  all  matters  authoritative. 
S.f  Or'jiinuii.  Siciimachean  Ethia,  Metaphytict. 
Aristoxenus  (ar-is-tok'se-nus).     [Gr.  'Apiard^c- 
i„r,l     Born  at  Tareutum,  Italy:    lived  about 
320  B.  c.     A  Greek  philosopher  of  the  Peripa- 
tetic school,  and  writer  on  music :  the  founder 
of  a  school  of  musicians  named,  for  him,  the 
Aristoxeneans.  ,      .      ,      s     r«_ 

Arius,  or  Areius  (ar'i-us),  or Areios  (-os).  [Ur. 

"\/Jto«'.]     Born  in  Libya  (or  Alexandria  f)  about 
2:)li  A.  D. :    died   suddenly   in    Constantinople, 
33G  A.  D.    A  celebrated  jircsbyter  of  Alexan- 
dria, the  founder  of  Arianism.      See  .ln<iii». 
He  was  excommunicated  for  heresy  by  a  provliu-ial  synod 
at  Alexandria  In  321.  and  defended  his  views  (which  were 
condemned)  before  tlie  Council  of  Nicaa  in  32... 
Arivaipa  (!i-re-\i'pa).    A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  at  the  San  Carios  apcncjr, 
White  Mountain  reservation,  Arizona,  identi- 
fied with  the  Piualeiio,  also  called  the  Tchikun, 
who  have  been  classed  as  a  subdivision  of  the 
Chiricahua.     See  Ai'mliit. 
Arizona  (ar-i-zo'nii).     [Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  I'ima  or  Papngo  orliscM,  little  creeks.]      A 
T.rritorv  of  the  United  States,  capital  Phoenix, 
bounded"  bv  Itali  on  the  north.  New  Mexico  on 
the  east, Mexico  on  the  south,  and  California  and 
Nevada  (partly  separated  by  the  Colorado  Kiv- 
cr)  on  the  west,  and  extending  from  lat.  31°  '.*0' 
to  37°  N.,  and  from  long.  lOil"  to  114°  45'  W.    lu 
surface  c.nsists  ..f   table  lau.ls  tniver»e.l   by  im.niitaln- 
ranites.  and  It  contains  ImiH.rtant  mines  of  g..|d.  silver, 
c..|.|.eV  ete.     Arizona  w.is  explored  by  the  Spanhmls  In 
Ihl-  Kith  cenlun-.  was  ac<iulre.f  from  Mexico  In  1848,  anil  an 
n.l.llll..md  iiart'hy  Ihe  Gailsilen  Purchase  In  ls;.:l,  and  was 
,.rganl7...1  .ui  a  I'errltory  In  Wa      II  has  ..fl.n  been  ills- 
turbe.l  by  warn  with  Ai.aches  and  other  In.llans.     Area, 
113,0'iO  square  ndlea     {•opulath.n  (I'.aKb,  122.931. 
Arizpe  (ii-rdh'pa).      [From  Ojiata  <irif,  ant.] 
A  town  in  Soiiora,  Mexico,  formerly  the  enpi- 
tal  of  that   slate,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Sonora  Kiver.     It  was  probably  Hie  »l'<'  "' 
an  Opala  village  »•  early  as  IMO.     The  Ml.sl,.n  of  Arl«l|« 
.lal.-s  fnun  alv.ut  lU4n.  and  Is  one  of  the  oldest  In  the 
Sonora  River  Valley.    At  present  the  n.wii  has  not  over 
4,OuO  Inhabitants.  .  ,.       .         , 

Ariish-Dagh    (iir-jesh'diig').     An  extinct  \ol- 
Tim..,  th-    anci.'iil   Argie.is,  Ihe  highest  moun- 
tain ill  Asia  Minor,  situated  in  the  "!»>;<;»,»' 
Angora  in  about  lat.  38°  30'  N.,  long.  35°  20   h. 
Ilsh.iglit  is  13.100  feet. 
Arjish  Lake.     The  northeastern  arm  of  Lake 

Van.  Asiatic  Turkey.  • 

Arjuna (iii'j'l-i'a;  llind.pron.uP'jo-nU).  Inllin- 
,1,1  invlli..l..gv:7<i)  O'.e  of  the  chief  hero.'H  of 
the  Mahablinrala,  Ihe  third  reputed  son  of  1  an- 
dn,  son  ot  Indra  and  Kunti,  brave,  high-nund.'.l, 
ccnerous,  and  liniidHome,  One  of  his  wivr.  was  Ihe 
sl.ter  ..f  Krishna.  A^-M-crtonning  nuiner....  luMTel- 
on»  expl..li«  he  r.llre.l  from  the  world  to  the  Himalayas. 
(h)  See  A<ir(<iiiryij. 


Arkab 

Arkab  far'kab).  [At.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  i  Sagittarii.     The  name  is  not  mucli  used. 

Arkadelphia  (ar-ka-del'fi-a).  The  capital  of 
Clark  County.  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Oua- 
chita River.  63  miles  southwest  of  Little  Koek. 
Population  (1900),  2,739. 

Arkadia.     See  Arcadia. 

Arkansas  (iir'kan-sa  or  ar-kan'z.is).  One  of 
the  .Southern  States  of  the  United  States,  cap- 
ital Little  Bock,  bounded  by  Missouri  on  the 
north,  Tennessee  and  Jlississippi  (separated 
by  the  Mississippi)  on  the  east,  Louisiana  on 
the  south,  and  Indian  Territory  and  Texas  on 
the  west,  and  extending  from  lat.  33°  to  36°  30' 
N.,  and  from  long.  89°  40'  to  94°  42'  W.  Ite  sur- 
face is  iu  general  level  or  rolling,  and  hilly  in  the  west, 
with  the  Ozarlc  Mountains  in  the  northwest,  and  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  river  Ai'kansos.  The  leading  occupation  is 
agriculture  and  the  chief  productions  are  cotton  and  In- 
dian corn.  Arkansas  has  75  counties,  sends  7  repi  esenta- 
tives  and  2  senators  to  Congress,  and  has  9  electoral  votes. 
It  was  lii-st  settled  by  the  French  in  ItJSo,  formed  part  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  of  1S03,  was  organized  as  a  Terri- 
tory in  1S19,  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1836,  seceded 
May  6, 18t>l,  and  was  readmitted  June.  1808.  Area,  53,850 
sqi:are  miles.     Population  (19(J0I,  1,311,564. 

Arkansas.  The  second  largest  tributary  of  the 
Mississijipi.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  flows 
east  throUKli  Colorado  and  Kansas,  and  southeast  tlirough 
Kansas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Arkansas,  and  joins  the 
Mississippi  at  Napoleon.  Its  length  is  .about  2,000  miles, 
antl  its  extreme  width  about  1  mile.  It  is  navigable  about 
,'ilKl  mili-i. 

Arkansas  City.  A  city  in  Cowley  County, 
southt  rn  Kansas,  on  the  Arkansas  River.  Pop- 
ulation (1900)-.  6.140. 

Arkansas  Post.  A  village  in  Arkansas  County, 
Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River  73 
miles  southeast  of  Little  Rock.  It  was  eap- 
tm-ed  by  the  Federals  Jan.  11,  1863. 

Arklow  (ark'16).  -\  seaport  in  the  county  of 
Wieklow,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Avoca  39  miles  south  of  Dublin.  The  Irish  in- 
surgents, about  30.non.  were  defeated  by  the 
royal  trorpps  near  here  June  10,  1798. 

Arkona  i,ar-k6'na),  or  Arkon  (ar'kon),  Cape. 
The  northernmost  point  of  the  island  of  Riigen, 
Prussia,  projecting  into  the  Baltic  Sea.  It  con- 
tained a  Wendish  sanctuary. 

Arkwright  (iirk'nt).  Sir  Richard.  Bom  at 
Preston,  England,  Dee.  23,  1732:  died  at  C'rom- 
ford,  Derbyshire,  England,  Aug.  3,  1792.  An 
English  inventor  and  manufactm-er,  a  barber 
by  trade.  He  invented  the  cotton-spinning  frame  (pat- 
ented 1769),  and  established  factories  at  Cromford  and  else- 
where, lieing  the  tirst  to  employ  machinery  on  a  large 
scale  as  a  substitute  for  hand  labor  in  textile  manufactures. 
His  claim  to  the  invention  was  disputed  by  Highs,  or 
Hayes,  a  reed-maker  at  Bolton,  in  1785,  and  a  verdict  was 
rendered  against  him :  Highs's  claim  is  now.  however, 
generally  conceded  to  be  fraudulent.  Arkwright  was 
knighted  by  George  III.  in  1786. 

Arlanza  (ar-lan'tha).  A  small  river  in  north- 
ern Spain,  a  tributary  of  the  Arlanzon. 

Arlanzon  (ar-lan-thon').  A  small  river  in 
northern  Spain,  a  tributary  of  the  Pisuerga  and 
subtributary  of  the  Douro. 

Arlberg  (arl'bero).  A  pass  on  the  border  of 
Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  5,895  feet  high. 

Arlberg  Tunnel.  A  tuunel  under  tue  Arlberg. 
forming  part  of  the  railway  which  runs  from 
Bludenz  in  Vorarlberg  via  Landek  to  Innsbruck. 
It  is  about  6'.^  miles  long,  and  was  opened  in 
IS.'U. 

Arleccbino  and  Arleqviin.    See  Harlequin. 

Aries  ( iirlz).  Kingdom  of.  In  medieval  history. 
a  kingdom  which  was  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  kingdoms  of  Transjurane  Burgundy  and 
Cisjurane  Burgundy  in  933.  In  1032  its  terri- 
tories were  annexed  to  the  Holv  Roman  Em- 
pire. (See  Biirffundt/.  Ci.yurane.  and  Transju- 
rane.) Cisjurane  Burgundy,  formed  in  879,  is 
sometimes  called  the  kingdom  of  Aries. 

Aries  (arlz;  F.  pron.  arl)."  Acity  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  eastern  arm  of  the 
Rhone  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  43°  43'  X.,  long. 
4°  37' E.:  the  Roman  Arelate  or  (under  Con- 
stantine  the  Great)  Constantia.  it  is  especially 
noted  for  its  antiquities,  which  include  a  Roman  amphi- 
theater (the  largest  in  PYance),  a  Roman  theater  (wliere 
the  Venus  of  Aries  was  found),  a  Roman  obelisk,  a  Roman 
cemetery  (.yiscamps),  a  forum,  and  a  i)alace  of  Constan. 
tine,  (.See  below.)  It  was  called  the  "Gallic  Rome" 
from  its  importance,  was  a  favorite  residence  of  Con- 
stantine,  was  the  seat  of  several  church  councils,  and  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  .\rles  in  879.  From 
1150  to  1251  it  was  a  republic,  and  then  became  subject  to 
Charles  of  Anjou,  and  followed  the  fortunes  of  Provence. 
The  amphitheater  is  built  of  excellent  masonry,  and  is 
one  of  the  best-preserved  structures  of  the  kind.  The  ex- 
terior shows  2  stories  of  60  arches,  the  lower  Doric,  the 
upper  Corinthian.  There  were  43  tiers  of  seats,  and  5  con- 
centric corridors.  The  ancient  podium  of  the  arena  is 
almost  entire.    The  axes  of  the  ellipse  are  459  and  341 


78 

feet.  The  three  square  towers  are  parts  of  the  fortifica- 
tion of  the  8th  century,  erected  either  by  the  Moors  or  by 
Charles  ilartel.  The  Roman  theater  is  of  unusual  size 
and  richness  of  ornament.  Two  Corinthian  columns  of 
the  back  wall  of  the  stage  remain  standing,  with  the  bases 
of  others,  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  wail,  with  its  doors 
and  niches.  Some  of  the  tiers  of  seats  also  remain,  and 
part  of  the  exterior  wall  of  the  cavea,with  arches,  columns, 
and  rich  entablatin-e.  The  cathedral  (of  St.  Trophinus) 
has  a  plain  early-Romanesque  nave  and  Flamboyant  choir. 
The  remarkable  western  portal  shows  a  great  semicircular 
arch  whose  tympanum  bears  a  ligure  of  Christ  and  the 
emblems  of  the  Evangelists.     Population  (1891).  24,2S8. 

Arlincourt  (iir-lah-kor'),  Charles  Victor  Pre- 
VOt,  Vicomte  d'.  Bom  at  the  Chateau  de  Me- 
rantris.  near  Versailles,  Sept.  28,  1789:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  22, 1856.  A  French  poet  and  novel- 
ist, author  of  "Le  solitaire"  (1821).  etc. 

Arline  (iir'leu).  The  Bohemian  Girl,  in  Balfe's 
opera  of  that  name. 

Arlington,  Earl  of.     See  Bennet,  Henry. 

Arlington  (ar'ling-ton).  A  town  in  Middlesex 
Countv,  Massachusetts,  6  mUes  northwest  of 
Boston.     Population  (1900).  8.603. 

Arlington.  A  village  in  Alexandria  County. 
Virginia,  opposite  Washington.  It  contains  a 
national  cemetery. 

Arlington  House.  A  mansion  on  the  heights 
opposite  Washington.  District  of  Columbia,  in 
the  midst  of  the  national  cemetery,  it  was 
once  the  property  of  General  Washington,  and  descended 
through  Pai-ke  Custis  to  the  Confedei-ate  general  Robert 
E.  Lee  who  married  his  daughter  in  1831.  It  was  occu- 
pied  as  headquarters  liy  the  Union  army,  the  estate  being 
a  camp  of  the  troops.  It  became  the  property  of  the 
United  States  government. 

Arlon  (ar-16h'),  Flem.  Aarlen  (ar'len).  The 
capital  of  the  prox-ince  of  Luxemburg,  Bel- 
gium, 15  mUes  northwest  of  Luxemburg:  the 
Roman  OrolaunumVieus.  Xear  here  the  French 
under  Jourdan  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Bcanlieu,  April  16  and  17,  1794.  Population. 
(1890),  8,029. 

Armada  (ar-mii'da),  The  Invincible  or  The 
Spanish.  A  great  fleet  sent  by  Philip  II.  of 
Spain  against  England  in  1588.  it  consisted  of 
129  (or  more)  vessels,  19,29.^  soldiers,  and  8,460  sailors,  and 
was  commanded  by  the  Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  It  was 
met  and  defeated  by  the  English  Heet  of  about  SO  vessels, 
under  Lord  Howard  of  Ethngham,  in  the  English  Channel 
and  .strait  of  Dover,  in  .4ug.,  1588. 

Armadale  (ar'ma-dal).  A  novel  by  Wilkie 
Collins,  published  in  1866. 

Armado  (ar-ma'do),  Don  Adriano  de.  In 
Shakspere's  '•  Love's  Labom-'s  Lost, ''a  verbose, 
fantastical  Spanish  military  braggart.  His 
prototype  is  found  in  old  Italian  comedy. 

Armageddon  (iir-ma-ged'oni,  or  Har-Maged- 
on  (hiir-ma-ged'on).  [Heb.  See  the  detini- 
tion.]  A  name  used  in  Rev.  xvi.  16,  and  sigui- 
fring  '  the  mountain  of  Megiddo.'  The  reference 
in  the  passage  in  Revelation  is  probably  to  Megiddo,  but 
some  refer  it  to  the  plain  of  Esdraelon  in  tralilee  and  Sa- 
maria, famous  as  a  battle-field.     See  Esdraelon. 

Armagh  (ar-ma' ).  A  county  in  Ulster.  Ireland, 
bounded  by  Lough  Neagh  on  the  north,  Down 
on  the  east,  Louth  on  the  south,  and  T\Tone 
and  Monaghan  on  the  west :  sometimes  called 
the  "  Orchard  of  Ireland."  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
undulating,  and  low  in  the  north  and  south,  .\rmagh  has 
manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton.  .\rea,  512  square  miles. 
Population  (,1891),  143,289. 

Armagh.  --^  city  and  parliamentary  borough 
in  the  county  of  Ai-magh,  34  miles  southwest 
of  Belfast,  the  seat  of  an  AugUcan  archbishop 
(primate  of  Ireland)  and  a  Roman  Catholic 
archbishop,  it  was  the  ancient  metropolis  of  Ireland 
and  a  seat  of  learning.  The  cathedral  of  Armagh,  the  met- 
ropolitan church  of  the  Primate  of  Ireland,  is  a  late- 
Pointed  structure  recently  well  restored.  It  was  sacked 
by  O'Neill  in  1564.     Population  (1891),  8,303. 

Armagnac  (ar-man-yak').  In  medieval  history, 
a  district  in  southern  France  corresponding  in 
general  to  the  department  of  Gers.  it  was  made 
a  countship  in  the  10th  century,  and  was  united  to  the 
crown  in  the  16th  centur>-.  The  counts  and  their  adherents 
were  conspicuous  in  the"  15th  century.    See  Armarrnacs. 

Armagnac,  Bernard  VII.,  Comte  d'.  Died 
June  12,  1418.  A  French  partizan  leader  of  the 
Armagnacs  (which  see)  in  the  civil  war  against 
the  Burgundians.  He  was  made  constable  and  chief 
minister  of  France  in  1415,  and  was  miudered  in  prison 
by  the  mob  shortly  after  the  capture  of  Paris  by  the  Bur- 
gundians. 

Armagnac,  Jean  V.,  Comte  d'.  Born  about 
1420 :  died  1473.  A  political  agitator,  grandson 
of  Bernard  VII.  He  formed  an  incestuous  union  with 
his  sister  Jeanne  Isabelle,  which  brought  upon  him  the 
censure  of  the  church  and  deprivation  of  his  posses- 
sions by  Charles  Vll.  He  was  reinstated  after  the  de.ath 
of  Charles,  joined  the  League  of  the  Public  Weal  against 
Louis  XI,  in  1465,  and  was  put  to  death  by  the  royalists 
at  the  capture  of  the  castle  of  Lectome. 

Armagnac  War  (in  G.  often  corrupted  to  Ar- 
megeckenkrieg).  The  contest  between  the 
Armagnac  mercenaries  of  the  emperor  Fred- 


Armenia 

erick  III.  and  the  Swiss  in  1444,  which  ended  i>, 
the  total  defeat  of  the  Armagnacs  at  St.  Jakob 
on  the  Birs,  Aug.  26,  1444. 
Armagnacs  (ar-man-yiiks'),  The.  1.  The  party 
of  the  hotise  of  Orleans,  opponents  of  the  house 
of  Burgundy  during  the  reign  of  Charles  VI. : 
so  named  from  Bernard  of  Armagnac,  their 
leader. — 2.  Bands  of  lawless  mercenaries,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  natives  of  the  county  of  Ar- 
magnac, trained  in  the  civil  wars  between  the 
Armagnac  and  Burgimdian  parties.  To  rid  France 
of  them  they  were  sent  by  Charles  vn.  to  aid  the  em- 
peror Frederick  III.  in  enforcing  his  claims  against  the 
Swiss  in  1444. 

ArmanQOn  (ar-mon-s6n').  A  river  in  France, 
about  100  miles  long,  which  joins  the  Yonue 
east  of  Joigny. 

Armand  Teffin.     See  Rouarie,  Marquis  de  la. 

Armando  (ar-mohd').  One  of  the  learned  ladies 
in  Moliere's  comedy  "Les  Femmes  Savantes." 
She  loves  Clitandre,  but  lie  loves  her  sister 
Henriette  who  is  not  a  femme  savante. 

Armando  Bejart.    See  Bejurt. 

Armansperg  (iir'manz-pero).  Count  Joseph 
Ludwig  von.  Born  at  Kotzting,  in  Lower  Ba- 
varia, Feb.  28,  1787:  died  at  Munich,  April  3, 
1853.  A  Bavarian  statesman,  president  of  the 
regenev  of  Greece  1833-35,  and  chancellor  of 
state  1835-37. 

Armatoles  (ar'ma-tolz).  or  Armatoli  (ar-ma- 
to'li).  A  body  of  irregular  Greek  (Christian) 
local  mUitia,  in  the  employ  of  the  sultans  from 
the  15th  century  to  the  Greek  revolution  in 
1S21.  The  Armatoles  had  existed  in  the  Byzantine  ero- 
pue,  and  had  served,  in  a  measure,  to  protect  the  Greek 
population  from  the  Franks,  AU)anians,  and  Servians. 
The  institution  was  accepted  by  the  sultans  and  incorpo- 
rated in  their  administration.  After  the  Peace  of  P.elgrad 
(1739)  the  power  of  the  Armatoles  was  attacked  by  the 
Porte,  and  it  steadily  declined.  Large  numbers  of  them 
joined  the  Greeks  in  the  war  of  independence. 

Armed  Soldier  of  Democracy,  The.  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte. 

Armellina  (iir-me-li'na).  The  shrewd  maid- 
servant of  Antonio,  in  Tomkis's  comedy  "Al- 
bumazar."  She  is  loved  and  finallj'  won  by 
Trincalo.     See  Trincain. 

Armendaris,  Lope  Diaz  de.  See  Diaz  de  Ar- 
nienddris. 

Armendariz  de  Toledo,  AlonsoHenriquez  de. 

Born  in  Navan-e.  1543:  tUed  in  Mexico.  Nov.  5. 
1628.  A  Spanish  Franciscan  friar.  He  was  suc- 
cessively vicar-general  of  Peru,  bishop  of  Sidonia  (1603), 
bishop  of  Cuba  from  1610  to  1623,  and  bishop  of  Michoacan 
in  Mexico  from  1624  until  his  death. 

Armendariziar-men-d!i'reTH),Jos6de,Marqui8 
of  Castillfuerte.  Born  at  Rivagorza,  Navarre, 
about  1670  :  died  about  1740.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral .  He  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Lagudina  in  Estre- 
madura,  May,  1709,  and  led  the  charge  which  broke  the 
enemy's  left  at  the  battle  of  Villaviciosa,  Dec,  10,  1710 ; 
commanded  in  Aragon  and  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Bar- 
celona ;  was  governor  of  Tarragona ;  thence  passed  to 
Sicily  where  he  commanded  at  the  siege  of  Malazzo  and 
bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle  of  Francavilla  at  the  head  of 
the  royal  guards ;  on  his  return  to  Spain  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Guipuzcoa ;  and  shortly  after  was  named  viceroy 
of  Peru,  reaching  Lima  in  May,  1724.  He  returned  to 
Spain  in  1736- 

Armenia  (ar-me'ni-a).  pp.  Armenie,  G.  Arme- 
iiitn.  The  name  Armenia  (Armauitja)  first  oc- 
curs in  a  Persian  cuneiform  inscription  of  Darius 
Hystaspis  ('.521—4.86  B.C.).  Its  origin  is  in  doubt. 
The  native  name  was  Biaina,  the  original  of 
the  modern  Van.l  The  classical  name  of  the 
Hebrew  Ararat,  Assyrian  Urartu,  the  country 
which  extends  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Van 
between  the  Upper  Euphrates  and  Jledia,  form- 
ing the  juncture  between  the  high  plateau  of 
Iran  and  the  table-land  of  Asia  Minor.  Itsin-eat- 
est  extent  was  from  3r-49'  E,  long,  and  3r 30-42*  N,  lat., 
or  from  the  Taurus,  the  northeastern  palts  of  ilesopo- 
tamia.  and  the  Kurdish  ^lountains  to  the  Caucasus  and 
Georgia,  The  territory  east  of  the  Euphrates  was  called 
Great  Armenia,  and  that  to  the  west  Little  Armenia.  The 
country  is  characterized  by  gloomy  mountains,  deep  val- 
leys, and  a  climate  verj'  hot  in  summer  and  extremely 
cold  in  winter.  Only  two  of  its  momitains  are  mentioned 
by  the  ancients  by  name  :  the  Taurus,  and  the  Paryadres 
in  the  north  on  the  bt.iundaries  of  Pontus.  Several  im- 
portant rivers  have  their  source  in  -Armenia:  the  Euphra- 
tes, the  Tigris,  the  Kyros  (modern  Kuri,  and  the  Araxes 
(modern  Aras).  Urartu  appears  in  the  Assyrian  cunei- 
form inscriptions  as  one  of  the  countries  of  Xairi,  which 
subsequently  gained  the  supremacy  over  the  rest.  Its 
kings  carried  on  almost  incessant  war  with  AssjTia.  Ex- 
peditions against  it  with  varj-ing  results  are  mentioned 
by  the  -\ssyrian  kings  Shalmanezer  II.  (560-824  B.  C.X  Shal- 
nianezer  III.  1782-772  B.  c),  Assurdan  III.  (772-755  B.  C), 
and  Tiglath-Pileser  II.  (745-727  B.  c.\  Tliat  it  was  not 
permanently  and  thoroughly  subjugated  by  Assyria  is 
show  n  by  the  fact  that  the  murderers  of  Sennacherib  fled 
(681  B.C.)  to  that  country  (Isa.  xxxvii.  38.  2  Ki,  xix.  37).  The 
oldest  inscriptions  found  in  Annenia  are  in  Assyrian  script 
and  language.  Later  on,  after  Sarduris  I,  (in  the  Assyrian 
text  Seduri),  s35  u.  c,  the  cuneiform  script  was  employed 
with  the  native  language.    The  monuments  in  this  las- 


Armenia 


79 

'Arminjus's,  or  Hermann's,  Spring-T     A  noted 


guage,  known  aa  "  Vannic  Inscriptions,"  were  deciphered 

by  Professor  A.  n  " ' - " -  *-'"■  "-■  '~ 

of  I'rartu  constiti 

guage,  though  ' 

the  Semitic  o- 

seenis  to  huvt 

As  that  luuKUage 

the  invasion 

the  modern  AimvuKuio,  \,viuu  uw  ii.i,\i  uini.ii  jnit*.,.  tinvn  ,       t,  ■   -  ,      »«         ,»— *  ioi'>       u  i 

after  this  date.     After  the  Assyrian  period  Arniunia  ho-     from  tlif  Untisu,  May  .1,  lold.     tie  was   i>n- 

came  a  dependency  of  Persia  and  Media.    Alexamler  tlie     vetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  j;allant  defense 

Great  eonnuered  it  along  witli  the  Pei-sian  empire,  and     of  Kort  Mi-IIenrv    S<id    13    1814 

after  his  death  it  became  a  province  ot  the  liingdom  of    .    _.    .    '    ,     t  .uJ„    a  j'jt„»«        u,^-..   ot   V.-w 

the  Seleucidic.     From  118  B.C.  to  4W  A.  I.,  the  dynasty  of  ArnUStead,   LeWlS  AddlSOn.      Bo™    at    ^I'W- 

theArsacid;e  governed  it  under  the  n<>niinal  supremacy  of     beni,  N.  t\.  r  »•!>.  l.s,  LSI,  ;  dteti  at  (jettysbiir^. 

Parthia  and  Rome.    Then  it  was  ruled  by  Persian,  Byzan-     Pn._  July  3,  1H6.3,     A  I'oufederate  general,  son 

tine,  and  Arabic  governure  until  in  8.W  the  dynasty  of  the       j  Oe„,.ral  Walker  Keith  Armistead.     He  sened 

Bagratldes  ,descen.led  from  a  noble  Jewish  f»"''b )  J^'i'      in  the  .Mexican  war  184«-.r,  became  brlgadler-general  in 

which  came  to  an  end  m  104.'..     Ihe  last  refuge  ol  Ar-      ,|,.,  ,.,„,,...i..,,,,p  ,,r„,v  ii,  iu,;i   .,iul  wm  killed  Iti  the  charge 

menlan  independence  was  destroyed  by  the  Man.elnkes     'I'Vi 'L'att^ii  L™  t    hXtt  e^^^ 

in  1375.     Since  then  the  Annenians  have  been  without  an      <"  Pn-io^"  "  ''"'i'""  ■"  "''';'"."',"'  >Ji")sourg. 

Independent  state,  their  country  being  divided  between  ArmiStead,  Walker  Keith,     tiorn  about  lih.): 

Pereia,  Turkey,  and  Russia.     They  still  have  an  indcpen-     J|,.,i    ;,t    l'ii|i,rville,    V;i..    Oct.    13,    1845.       .An 


Ameth,  Alfred  von 
Iceland,  Xov.  13,  1819:  died  Aug.  17 


1888.     An 


dent  church,  with  the  seat  of  goVLrnmciit  at  (-'oustantino- 
ple.     See  Ararat. 

Armenia  Major,  Armenia  Minor.    See  Ar- 

iiieitio. 

Armenian  (ar-me'ni-an).  1.  An  inhabitant 
of  Armenia. —  2.  The  language  prevalent  in 
Armenia,  and  belonging  to  the  Aryan  faniilv. 
It  was  formerly  classed  with  Persian  as  belonging  to  tiie 
Iranian  group,  but  is  now  separated  as  the  sole  extant 
member  of  an  independent  Aryan  language.  See  vlniienia. 

Armenti^res  (;ir-mon-te-ar').  A  towTi  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lys  near  the  Belgian  fi'ontier,  9  miles  north- 
west of  Lille.  It  has  manufactures  of  table- 
linen  and  cloth.     Population  (1891),  commune, 

Arinfeit  (ilrm'felt),  Baron  (Count)  Gustav 
MauritZ.  Bom  at  Abo.  Finland.  April).  17,")7: 
died  at  Zarskoe-Selo,  Kussia.  Aug.  19,  1814.  A 
Swedish  general  and  statesman,  distinguished 
in  the  war  against  Russia  1788-90.  Later  he  was 
regent,  was  exiled  and  restored,  and  held  high  commands 
and  offices.     He  entered  the  Russian  service  in  1811. 

Armfelt^Karl  Gustav.  Boni  in  Ingennann- 
land,  Nov.  9,  10(J(i :  died  in  ITiuland,  Oct.  24, 
1736.  A  Swedish  general.  He  entered  the  French 
service  in  1C85.  returned  to  Sweden  in  IVOU,  w:is  intrusted 
by  Charles  XII.  with  the  defense  of  Finland  in  l"i;i,  w.as 


American  engineer  and  general,  brother  of 
George  Armistead.  He  waa  gnuluated  from  West 
Point  in  1803,  superintended  the  defenses  of  Norfolk, Va., 
1808-11.  was  chief  engineer  to  the  army  of  the  .Niagara  In 
the  War  of  1812,  superintended  the  defeiisi-s  of  Norfolk 
and  the  Chesapeake  1S13-18,  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
entl  in  1828  for  ten  years*  service  in  one  grade,  and  Served 
in  the  Florida  war  18;«>-^. 

ArmisticiO  liir-mes-te'the-6).  A  former  terri- 
tciiy  of  Venezuela,  now  forming  the  western  part 
of  the  state  of  Bolivar.  Its  area  was  r.l.'>3  Miiiare 
miles.     It  is  almost  uninhabited  except  by  wild  Indians. 

Armorica  (iir-mor'i-kii).  [L.  Anuiiricii,  An- 
tnoriai  (of  old  Gaulish  origin ),  land  by  the  sea.] 


Arnaud(!ir-n6'). Henri.  BomatLa  Torre, Pied- 
mont, 1041:  died  at  Schiiiiberg.  1721.  A  Wal- 
densian  clergyman  ami  pat  riot.  He  was  the  military 
leader  in  a  camjiaign  against  the  French  and  Savoyards 
1*389-1*0,  ilescrilied  in  his  ■■  Histoire  de  la  glorieuse  rentr^ 
des  Vaudois  dans  lellrs  vallees."'  He  later  conducted  the 
Waldensian  exiles  to  Germany. 

Amaud,  St.,  Leroy  de.    See  Leroy  de  Saint- 

ArniiHil. 
Amauld  (iir-no' ).  Agn^S.  Born  1.^194:  died  1671. 
A  French  .laiisenist  nun.  a  sister  of  Antoine  Ar- 
nailld.  she  was  the  author  of  •'L'lmaged'unerellglease 
parfaite  el  dune  impartaile"  (l(«i),aiid  "Le  chapelet  se- 
cret du  S:iint  Sacniuent"  (ll^i;i>. 

Amauld,  Ang61ique,  or  Ang61ique  de  Saint- 
Jean.  Born  Nov.  28.  1(V.'4:  died  Jan.  29,  lliH4. 
.\  French  .laiisenist  nun,  niece  of  Jacqueline 
Marie  Amauld,  and  daughter  of  Robert  Ar- 
nauld  d'.Vndilly,  made  abbess  of  Port-Koyal  in 
167H:  author  of  ■'  il^moires  pour  ser\-ir  ^  I'his- 
toin-  do  I'ort-H.ival,  etc."  (1742),  etc. 

Amauld,  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris.  Feb.  6, 1560: 
died  at  Paris.  Dec.  29. 1<>19.  A  French  advocate. 
He  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  speech  against  the 
Jesuits  in  favor  ..f  the  lidversity  of  Paris  in  1.'.1M. 


In  ancient  geography,  the  northwest^^H  ..  Amajld.  f^^^^^^^^^^ 


France, coiuprisi iig,  in  general,  the  regio 

lies  between  the  mouths  of  the  Seine  and  Loire. 

It  was  restricted  in  the  middle  ages  to  Brittany. 
Armorican  (iir-mor'i-kan).     Same  as  Briton, 

one  of  the  Celtic  tongues. 
Armory  of  Germany.    An  epithet  applied  to 

Siihl,  Prussia,  on  account  of  its  manufactures  of 

lireaniis. 

Armstrong  (arm'strdng).  Archibald  (Archie). 

Horn  at  Arthuret  in  Cumbciland.  or  at    Lang- 
holm in  Koxburghshire :  died  11)72.     The  col 


Luttich,  Aug.  8,  1094.  A  French  philosopher 
and  Jansenist  theologian,  son  of  Antoine  Ar- 
naiiM.  lie  wrote  "  De  la  fr<:n|uente  communion  "  (IWS), 
"La  periK mite  de  la  foi '  (l(i<B-72).  etc. 
Amauld,  Henri.  Born  at  Paris.  1597:  died  at 
Angers.  June  8,  1694.  A  French  Jansenist  ec- 
clesiastic, brother  of  Antoine  Arnauldt  161 2-94). 
He  became  bishop  of  Angers  in  IMi',  and  was  one  of  the 
four  bishops  who  refuseil  to  sign  the  acceptance  of  the 
Popes  bull  condemning  the  '•  Auguslinus"  of  Jansenius. 

Amauld,  Jacqueline  Marie,  or  Marie  Ang6- 


in  Scott's  novel  "The  Fortunes  of  Nigel, 
overpowered  by  Galitzin  at  storkyro  in  1714,  was  sent  on  Armstrong   John.     Born  in  Ireland,  1725 :  died 
a  disastrous  expedition  to  the  north  of  Norway  in  1718,  r,ii-U.ilo     V\      Mnrcli    0    1795       An   Ameri- 

and  was  commander-in-chief  Ui  Finland  at  his  death.  '"    (.ailisle     la.,   Jiareu    J,  i/J.).      All   Amni 


bratediesterof  KisigJamcsI.    He  is  introduced     lique  de  Sainte-Madeleine.     Born    Sept.    8. 


and  was  commander-in-chief  in 

Armgart  (iirm'giirt).  A  poem  (named  from  its 
chief  character,  a  woman  of  great  sensibility 
and  imaginative  power)  by  George  Eliot,  first 
published  In  "  Macmillan's  Magazine '"  for  July, 
1871. 

Armida  (iir-me'dii),  or  Armide  (iir-med').  1. 
An  enchantress  in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem  Deliv- 
ered." She  used  her  charms  to  seduce  the  Crusaders  from 
their  vows  and  duty.  Her  palace,  surroundeil  hy  magnifi- 
cent pleasure-grounds,  was  so  luxurious  and  splendid  that 
"the  gardens  of  Annida"have  become  a  synonym  i'<r  gor- 
geous IUXU17.  She  also  possessed  a  magic  giriUe  whi.h  sur- 
passed even  thecestusof  Venus  in  its  power.  Her  mlnp- 
tiious  witehery  was  finally  dcslmyed  liy  a  talisman  hinught 


talisman  \n 
from  the  t'hri'sfian  army,  and  Kinaldo.  who  had  lie, ,,  m-  4.___„    T~l,».  ,»..  T«li».»iJ« 

slaved  by  her,  escaped.   .She  followed  him,  and  he  finally  Armstrong,  John  or  Johnnie. 

defeated  her  in  battle,  persuaded  her  to  become  aCliristian, 


and  became  her  knight. 

2.  The  title  of  operas  bv  LuUi  (produced  in 
1686),  Traetta  (Vienna,  i7()0),  JommelU  (Na- 
ples, 1771),  Gluck  (Paris,  1777),  Clierubini 
(1782).  and  Rossini  (Naples.  1817). 
Armin  (iir'min),  Robert.  Lived  about  1610. 
An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  author  of 
"Nest  of  Ninnies"  (1008;  reprinted  by  the 
Shaksperian  Society  1H42).  He  was  famous  as  an 
actor  of  Shakspere's  clowns  an<l  fools,  and  was  in  the  first 
cast  of  Ben  Jonson's  "Alchemist"  in  inift. 

Armine  (iir-men'),  Ferdinand.    The  lover  of 

Henrietta  Temple,  in  Disraeli's  romance  of  that 
niiiiie. 

Arminians  (iir-min  'i-anz).  The  followers  of 
Arminius  (Jacobus  Iliirmensen,  l.')00-1009),  a 
Protestant  divine  of  Ley<len.  They  presented  their 
doctrines  in  a  "  remonslran'ce  "  (1010:  whence  they  are 
al-o  i;idled  Ueiiuiiuitranlji).  See  Uartneiuen  and  Heinnn- 
Htraulx. 

Arminius  (iir-min'i-ns).  [L.  Armiviim  (Taci- 
tus), supposed  to  represent  an  early  Teutonic 
form  of  the  mod.  G.  Ilerm/iiin.]  Born  18  I).  <•.: 
died  21  A.  D.  A  (iernian  chieftain,  )iriiice  of  the 
Cherusci,  and  the  liberator  of  (iennaiiy  from 
the  Roman  dominion,  lie  entered  the  Roman  mili- 
tary service,  and  became  a  Roman  citizen  of  the  e<|ue»trlan 
order.  I  In  his  return  he  organized  a  revolt  of  the  cherusci. 
and  defeated  the  governor  liiilntllliis  Varus  In  the  Teuto- 
burg  forest  1)  A.  11.  He  was  defeated  by  iJermanhus  on 
the  Campus  Idistavlsua  IR  A.  P.,  but  suceeedeil  In  maintain- 
ing the  independence  of  the  right  hank  of  the  Rhine.  He 
nvertbiew  Mallioduus  (Marbodl,  chief  of  Ihe  SuevI,  who 
had  made  himself  master  of  sever.d  nelghlHirIng  tribes, 
lie  was  assasainateil  as  the  result  of  a  conspiracy  against 
him  among  the(!erman  chiefs. 

Arminius.     See  IlarmciiKen. 
Arminiusquelle  (iir-men'e-ijs-kvel'le).     [G.. 


can  general.  He  served  in  the  F>ench  and  Indian  war 
IV.'i.V.'in,  commanded  the  expedition  against  the  Indian 
village  of  Kittanning  in  175.1,  became  brigadiergenend  in 
the  Continental  army  March  1, 1770,  resigned  April  4,  1777. 
and  was  a  delegate  from  Pennsylvania  to  tlio  Continentid 
Congress  1778  80  and  1787-88. 

Armstrong,  John.  Born  at  Carlisle,  Pa..  17^8 : 
ilied  lS4:i.  ,\ii  .\meriean  general,  politician, 
and  diplomatist,  son  of  John  Armstrong.  He 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  was  the  author  of 
the  "  Newbuig  Addresses  "  to  the  army  in  178:f.  He  was 
United  states  senator  from  New  York  18()l-il-2  and  I8ltt-<14, 
minister  to  France  1804-10  (part  of  the  lime  minister  to 
Spain),  and  secretary  of  war  1813-14.  He  was  app<dnte<l 
brigadier-general  In  1812.  Among  his  works  Is  a  history 
of  the  War  of  1812. 

A  Scottish  free- 
booter, the  chief  of  a  baud  of  over  1.50  men,  ami 
the  brother,  apparently,  of  the  Laird  of  Manger- 
ton,  the  chief  of  his  name.  He  levied  blackmail  al- 
most OS  fiu-  as  Newcastle,  and  was  a  lernir  to  the  inhabi- 
tants. When,  about  l,'i21l,  .lames  V.  und<  rliaik  to  suppress 
the  turbulence  of  the  Border  marauilers  or  March  men, 
Johnnie  Armstrong,  one  of  the  most  notorious  of  them,  ap- 
peared before  him  with  M  of  his  bainl,  well  e<|nippeil  and 
mounted,  and  olleied  his  services.  The  king  showed  him 
no  favor,  but  had  him  and  all  his  men  haiigeil  upon  trees 
near  Hawick.  Thelnjnsliceof  this  treatment  was  Ihe  theme 
of  several  popular  ballads.  "  Arinstning'sioiod.Mglil"  was 
Bai<l  to  have  been  composed  by  one  of  Ihe  band.  This  ballad, 
with  two  entitled  ".lolinie  Arinslrang."  is  to  be  found  In 
"  fhild's  English  and  ScoltisbUallads.'  Ihe  Seolllshehain- 

Si<Mi  swordsman  whose  story  islold  by  Sc<dl  In"  1  he  Ijiinl's 
ock"  seems  to  have  been  the  son  of  the  above-mentioned 
Laird  of  .Mangert.in.  \\  illlam  ArmslrongtalHiut  LMSijIoiown 
as 'Kiiiirionl  Willi,-,  "and  Willhim  Ann»tnMig(lU027, 1(1681) 
known  lis  ■'Chrislii's  Will"  w.re  both  noleil  freelMHiters, 
and  belonged  to  (he  same  faiiill.v. 

Bom  in   the 


Armstrong,  Samuel  Chapman 

Hawaiian  Islaiuls.  Jan.,  lH.19:ilii 

Va.,  .May  11.  189:).     .\ii  .Viiierican  otilcer  in  111 


1591:  died  .\ng.  <!,  Uitil.  .\  French  Jansenist 
nun,  abbess  of  Port-Koval,  8ist«r  of  Antoine 
Amauld  (1612-94). 

Amauld  d'Andilly  (iir-no'dou-de-ye').  Rob- 
ert. Horn  at  Paris  about  ir)88:  died  at  Port- 
Hoval,  Sept.  27,  11)74.  A  French  advocate  and 
theologiial  writer,  brollier  of  Antoine  Amauld. 

Amauld  de  Villeneuve.    See  Arnold  of  J'il- 

1(1  nor  (I. 

Arnault  (Sr-no'),  Antoine  'Vincent.    Bom  at 

Paris,  Jan.  1.  1706:  liied  near  Havre,  Sept.  16, 
181)4.  A  French  dramatist,  fabulist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  wrote  "Marius  ii  Miu- 
turnes"  (1791),  "Germanicus"  (lS17j,  etc. 

Arnault's  short  moral  poems  are  not  »*»  much  fables  as 
what  used  to  be  cjdied  in  Knglish  "emblems."  Ihe  most 
famous  of  these,  »  liicli  of  ilsilf  deserves  to  kc«p  Aninult'a 
memory  green,  is  ''La  Feullle." 

SainlMnirti.  F'rench  l.lt.,  p.  40L 

Amauts  (iir'nats).  The  Turkish  name  for  the 
Albanians. 

Amdt  (iirnt ).  Ernst  MoritZ.  Bom  at  Schoritz, 
Uiigeii,  Prussia,  Dee.  'JO,  1769:  died  at  Bonn, 
Prussia,  Jan.  29.  1860.  A  Gerinun  poet  and 
general  writer,  [irofessor  at  Greifswald  and 
lateral  Bonn.  He  wrote  "Versuch  einer  (leschlehtc 
der  Leibelgenschalt  In  Pommern  und  Kngen'  (laiS). 
"Her  deist  der  /.elt  "  ( ISO"),  etc.  Among  his  ».ing»  are 
"Was  ist  d™  iK'Ulsclun  Vaterlandf"  " Was  blasen  die 
Trompeteli'r  "  etc.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  patrloU 
In  Ihe  Na|Kil«>nlc  elioeh. 

Arne  (iini  >.  Michael.  Born  in  1741 :  died  Jan. 
14,  1786.  Miisii'iaii  and  composer,  son  of  Dr. 
Ante.  He  wrote  Ihe  music  for  Garriek's  "Cy- 
mon"  (1767).  "The  Belle's  Stratngem"  (1780), 
and  ollnr  plavs,  and  some  very  |Hipulnr  songs, 
"The  IlighliiinI  Lad. lie."  etc. 

,   . ,,       .       Arne,  Susanna  Maria.    See  Cilihr. 
i  at  Hampton,  ^jne,  Thomas  Augtistlne.    B<irii  at  London. 
"     .Miireh  12.  1710:  diiil  at  London,  March  ,''.,  17i8, 


An  F.iiglish  composer,  Hewniles. 
tnnnln  •  and  •Kllrii'  (1742  441,  "Vrlaxi. 
rlo»,"At»r  (17.M.).".ludllir(17<M);niu- 
end  of  shakspeie's  nongs;  the  song  *  llnl 
"Miuuiue  of  Alfr.il'  (17411)-,  n  innsl.nl  lai 
Sally     etc.     lie  was  aliui  niilhor  n«  «ell  n» 


was  created  doctor  of  music  by  Ihi 
July  fl,  17ti» 


"  lirl- 

rato 

■  ■f  «e». 

I;i  ii.iniuii  "  in  the 

1  liomns  and 

mit^'ser.     He 


I  nIvenJty  of  oriorxl. 


Civil  War.  founder  and  principal  of  the  Hamp- 
ton Institnto(V'''l-'ii'i" '•'"'■  negroes  anil  Indians. 

Armstrong,  William  Oeorge.  Daron.    Bom 

Nov.  'JO,  181(1:  died  Dee,  27,  IJNKl,      An  Knglish 

engineer  and  inventor  of  the  Arinslrong  gun, 

a  hn h-loadiiig  cannim  (18,'^h»-,''>8)._  He  vmn 

created  tirst  bnroii  Armstrong  in  1887.  „,..,,, ,    .1     i  1    m  _ 

Armv  and  Na'TV  Olub.     1,  A  clubeKlaldish.d  Araeb(iir'neb).     [Ar.<i/(irM.ih,  the  hare.]    The 

in  London  in  Islls  for  the  association  of  com-     thinl-magnittido   star   a    Lc|>on8.     Bomotimes 

missioned  ollicers  of  all  ranks  in  either  branch     culled  .(r-7i, 

of  the  service,  at   :i«  I'all  Mall,  S,  W,— 2.   A  Arneburg(ilr'ne-borfi),    A  town  in  the  province 

similar  club  established  ill  New  York  in  1871,       of  Saxony.  Prussia,   silualed   on   Ihe   L  be   40 
Araaldus  Villanovanua  (lir-iial'ilti»  viPn-iuV     mil.s    northen.sl    of    Magdeburg.     Population, 

vii'mis).     Se.'  .lnoi/./..f  ri/Mii..f(J,  about  2.0(10,  .  .„     ^  „  .  ,,. 

Arna80n(iir'ni»-son),  J6n.     Born  at  Koykjavik.  Ameth  (iir'net),  Alfred  Von.    BomatXionna, 


Arnetli,  Alfred  von 

JiUy  10, 1819:  died  there.  JiUySO,  1897.  AnAus- 
trian  historian,  son  of  Joseph  Calasanza  von 
Arneth.  His  works  iueUide  histories  of  Prince 
Eugene  (1858-59),  ilavia  Theresa  (1863-79),  etc. 
Arneth,  Joseph  Calasanza  von.  Bom  Aug. 
12,  1791:  died  Oct.  31,  1863.  An  Austrian 
arehseologist  and  numismatist.  He  became  di- 
rector of  the  cabinet  of  numismatics  and  antiquities  at 
Vienna  in  1840.  and  was  the  author  of  "Synopsis  uumorum 
aotiquorum  "  (1837-J2X  etc. 

Arnheim,  Baroness  of.  See  Geierstein,  Anne  of. 

Arnhem  (iiru'hem),  or  Arnheim  (am'him). 
The  eajjital  of  the  province  of  Gelderland, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Rhine  ia  lat.  51° 
58'  N.,  long.  5°  52'  E. :  probably  the  Roman 
Arenacum.  It  has  important  transit  trade  and  various 
manufactures.  It  w.as  an  ancient  Hanseatic  town,  and 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  158,5,  by  the  l"rench  in  1072 
and  1795,  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1813.  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
died  at  Arnhem  in  15S6.  Population  (1889),  commuue, 
49,S6'.>. 

Arnhem,  Cape.     A  headland  at  the  entrance 

of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 
Arnhem  Bay.     An  indentation  on  the  coast  of 

the  Northern  Territory,  South  Australia. 
Arnhem  Land.    A  district  in  the  Northern 

Territory,  South  Australia. 

Amim  (ar'nim),  Count  Adolf  Heinrich  von. 
Born  April  10,  1803:  died  Jan.  8,  1868.  A 
Prussian  politician  and  historical  writer.  He 
was  the  leading  cabinet  minister  March  19-29, 1848,  and  was 
appointed  to  a  hereditary  seat  in  the  Herrenhaus  in  1854, 
where  he  supported  the  interests  of  the  landed  nobility. 

Amim,  Elizabeth  (or  Bettina)  von.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  April  4,  1785:  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan,  20,  1859.  A  German  writer,  wife 
of  Ludwig  Achim  von  Arnim  and  sister  of 
Clemens  Brentano,  noted  for  her  correspon- 
dence (largely  spitrious)  with  Goethe,  1807-11. 

Arnim,  Count  Harry  Karl  Kurt  Eduard 
von.  Born  at  Moitzelfitz,  Pomerania,  Prussia, 
Oct.  3, 1824 :  died  at  Nice,  France,  May  19,  1881. 
A  German  diplomatist,  ambassador  at  Rome 
1864-70,  and  at  Paris  1872-74,  He  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  negotiations  preliminary  to  the  treaty  of  Frank- 
fort May  10, 1871 :  was  appointed  ambassador  at  Paris  Jan. 
9,  1872,  and  recalled  March  2,  1874,  on  account  of  differ- 
ences of  opinion  with  Prince  Bismarck  ;  was  assigned  to 
Constantinople  March  19;  and  was  dismissed  from  the 
diplomatic  service  May  15  for  publishing  his  Roman  de- 
spatches. On  Dec.  15  he  was  sentenced  to  three  months' 
imprisonment,  on  the  charge  of  having  filched  state  docu- 
ments from  the  arcllives  of  the  German  embassy  at  Paris, 
but  escaped  punishment  by  having  previously  removed 
himself  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the  German  cotlrts; 
and  on  Oct.  5, 1876.  was  sentenced  to  five  years'  penal  ser- 
vitude for  lese-majesty  in  publishing  an  anonymous  pam- 
phlet against  the  chaTicellor,  entitled  "Pro  nihilo,  Vorge- 
schichte  des  Aruim-Prozesses  "  (1875).     He  died  in  exile. 

Arnim,  Baron  Heinrich  Alexander  von.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  Feb.  13,  1798:  died  at  Diisseldorf, 
Jan.  5, 1861.  A  Prussian  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  ambassador  at  Brussels  1840-46.  and  at 
Paris  1846-48,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  March  21 
to  June  8.  1848. 

Arnim,  or  Arnheim,  Baron  Johann  (or  Hans) 
Georg  von.  Born  at  Boitzenburg,  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  1.581:  died  at  Dresden,  April  18, 
1641.  A  German  diplomatist  and  general  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  "War,  in  the  service  of  the  Impe- 
rialists, and  later  of  the  Protestants. 

Amim,  Karl  Otto  Ludwigvon.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin. Aug.  1,  1770.  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  9,  1861. 
A  German  writer  of  travels. 

Amim,  Lnd'wig  Joachim  (commonly  Achim) 

von.  Born  at  Berlin,  June  26,  1781 :  di'^d  at 
Dahme,  Prussia,  Jan,  31,  1831.  A  German  nov- 
elist and  poet.  From  all  parts  of  Germany  he  col- 
lected folk-songa  which  were  published,  1806-08,  in  con- 
junction with  Clemens  Brentano,  under  the  title  "Des 
Knaben  Wunderhorn  "  (*'  The  Boy's  Wonder- Horn  ").  He 
was  the  author  of  several  novels  and  tales,  the  most 
celebrated  among  them  the  historical  novel  "  Die  Klonen- 
wachter"  ("The  Guardians  of  the  Crown").  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  by  his  wife,  with  an  intro- 
duction by  William  Grimm,  1839-48,  in  20  volumes. 

Amo  (ar'no),  or  Am  (arn),  or  Aquila  (ak'wi- 
la).  [OHG.  am,  Id.  aquila,  eagle.^  Bom  about 
7o0:  died  Jan.  24,  821.  A  German  ecclesiastic 
and  diplomatist,  the  friend  of  Alcuin,  appointed 
archbishop  of  Salzbirrg  in  798.  He  is  said  to  have 
eoiiverted  many  Avars  and  Wends,  to  have  presided  at 
several  synods,  including  the  Council  of  Mentz  813,  and 
to  have  enjoyed  the  esteem  of  Charlemagne  and  Leo  III, 
He  wrote,  together  with  Benedict  the  Deacon,  the  "Con- 
gestum(Indiculus).\rnonis."alistof  all  the  churches,  vil- 
lages, etc.,  in  the  archbishopric  of  Salzburg, 

Amo  (ar'no).  A  river  in  Tuscany.  Italy,  about 
140  miles  long:  the  Roman  Arnus.  It  rises  in  the 
Apennines,  flows  south,  west,  northwest,  and  then  west, 
and  empties  into  the  Mediterranean  6  miles  southwest 
of  Pisa.     Florence  and  Pisa  are  situated  on  it. 

Amo,  Val  d'.  The  fruitful  valley  of  the  upper 
Arno. 

Arnobius  (ar-no'  bi-us),  sumamed  Afer.  Born 
ia  Numidia:  lived  about  300.     A  rhetorician 


80 

and  Christian  apologist.  His  chief  work  is  entitled 
'  Advtrsiis  Gentes"  ("Against  the  Gentiles"). 

Arnobius.  Lived  about  460.  A  Semi-Pelagian 
ecclesiastic  of  Gaul,  author  of  a  "  Commentary 
on  the  Psalms." 

Arnold  (iir'nold).  Sir  Arthur.  Born  May  28, 
1833:  died  at 'London,  May  20,  1902,  An  Eng- 
lish journalist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  Lib- 
eral politician:  brother  of  Sir  Edwin  Araold. 
He  was  editor  of  the  '■  Echo,"  and  the  author  uf  **  From 
the  Levant,"  "Through  Persia  by  Caravan.'  "Social  Poli- 
tics," "  Free  Land,"  etc.     Knighted  in  1895. 

Arnold,  Benedict.  Born  1615 :  died  1678.  An 
early  colonial  governor  of  Rhode  Island. 

Arnold,  Bene(ilCt.  Born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Jan.  14,  1741 :  died  at  London,  June  14,  1801. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general  and  trai- 
tor. He  was  commissioned  colonel  1775,  and  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga  ;  commanded  the  expedi- 
tion through  the  Maine  wilderness  against  Quebec  in  1775  ; 
was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Quebec  ;  was  made  brigadier- 
general;  commanded  at  a  naval  battle  on  LakeChamplain 
in  1776 ;  defeated  the  British  at  Ridgefleld,  Comiecticut, 
1777  ;  and  was  made  major-general.  In  the  Burgoyne  cam- 
paign he  served  with  distinction  at  the  first  battle  of  Sara- 
toga 1777,  and  decided  the  second  battle  of  Saratoga  (where 
he  was  wounded).  He  was  appointed  commander  of  Phila- 
delphia 1778  ;  was  tried  before  a  court  martial  on  various 
charges,  and  reprimanded  by  Washington  1780.  Appoint- 
ed commander  of  West  Point  in  1780,  he  planned  with  An- 
dr^the  surrenderof  that  place  to  the  I3ritish.  The  plan  was 
discovered  through  the  capture  of  Andr^,  and  Arnold  es- 
caped to  the  British,  receiving  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  the  British  army  and  subsequently  conducting  expedi- 
tiitns  against  Virginia  and  New  London,  Connecticut,  178L 
The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  spent  chiefly  in  London. 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Christoph.  Born  at  Som- 
merfeld,near  Leipsic,Dec.l7, 1650:  died  April 
15,  1695.  A  German  astronomer,  noted  for  ob- 
servations of  the  comets  of  1682  and  1686,  and 
of  the  transit  of  Meretrry  in  1690, 

Arnold  (iir'nold).  Sir  Eci'win.  Bom  June  10, 
1832.  An  English  poet,  journalist,  and  Orien- 
talist. He  was  educated  at  King's  College  (London)  and 
at  Oxford,  became  principal  of  the  Government  Sanskrit 
College  at  Puna,  India,  and  later  served  on  the  start  of 
the  "Daily  Telegraph,"  London.  Among  his  poems  are 
"Light  of  Asia "(1878),  "Light  of  the  World"  (1890),  "In- 
dian Song  of  Songs "  (1875),  "Indian  Poetry, "" Pearls  of 
the  Faith,"  "The  Song  Celestial,"  "Xotus  and  JeweL" 

Arnold,  George.  Born  at  New  York  city,  June 
24,  1834:  died  at  Strawberry  Farms,  N.  J.,  Nov. 
3,  1865.  An  American  poet  and  man  of  letters. 
He  contributed  to  "  Vanity  Fair,"  "  The  Leader,"  and  other 
periodicals,  and  was  the  author  of  "  Poems  "  (edited,  with 
biographical  sketch,  by  William  Winter,  1870), 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Gottfried.  Born  at  Anna- 
berg,  Saxony,  Sept,  5,  1666 :  died  at  Perleberg, 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  May  30, 1714,  A  German 
Pietist  theologian  and  church  historian,  "He 
was  the  first  to  use  the  German  language  instead  of  the 
L.atin  in  learned  history :  but  his  style  is  tasteless  and  in- 
sipid."   Schaf. 

Arnold  (ar'nold),  Isaac  Ne'wton.  Bom  at 
Hartwick,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  30, 1815:  died  at  Chicago, 
April  24, 1884.  An  American  politician,  Repub- 
lican member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1861-65. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  (1866,  revised  ed. 
1885),  a  life  of  Benedict  Arnold  (1880),  etc. 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Johann  Georg  Daniel.  Bom 

at  Strasburg,  Feb.  18, 1780 :  died  there,  Feb,  18, 
1*^9.  An  Alsatian  jm-ist  and  poet,  appointed 
professor  of  Roman  law  in  the  University  of 
Strasburg  in  1811.  He  wrote  the  comedy  "Der 
Ptin^stmontag  "  (1816),  etc. 

Arncud,  Matthew.  Born  at  Laleham,  Middle- 
sex, England,  Dee.  24,  1822:  died  at  Liverpool, 
April  15, 1888.  A  noted  English  critic  and  poet, 
son  of  Thomas  Arnold.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester, Rugby,  and  Balliol  College  (Oxford),  and  became 
a  fellow  of  OrieL  He  was  made  lay  inspector  of  schools 
in  1851,  and  was  appointed  professor  of  poetry  iu  Oxford 
in  1857,  He  visited  the  United  States  in  1883  and  1886. 
His  works  include  poems  (1848),  "Empedocles  on  Etna" 
(1853),  poems  (1854,  1867),  "Essays  in  Criticism  "  (1865), 
"  Study  of  Celtic  Literature  "  (1867),  "Literature  and  Dog- 
ma" (1873),  "Culture  and  Anarchy,"  "Last  Essays  on 
Church  and  Religion  "  (1877),  "Mixed  Essays,"  "St.  Paul 
and  Protestantism,"  "Friendship's  Garland,'*  "Higher 
Schools  and  Universities  in  Germany." 

Arnold,  Richard.  Born  at  Providence,  R,  I,, 
April  12, 1828 :  died  on  Governor's  Island,  N.  Y. 
harbor,  Nov.  8, 1882.  An  American  general  in 
the  CiWl  War,  son  of  Lemuel  H.  Arnold.  He  served 
in  the  Peninsula  campaign  1862,  commanded  a  cavalrj" 
division  in  General  Banks's  Red  River  expedition  18*W, 
and  received  brevet  ranks  for  gallantry  in  the  engage- 
ments of  Savage  Station,  Port  Hudson,  and  Fort  Morgan. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Greene.  Bom  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  April  12.  1821:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I,, 
Feb.  12, 1880.  An  American  politician  and  his- 
torian, several  times  lieutenant-governor  of 
Rhode  Islandj  and  United  States  senator  1862- 
1863:  author  of  a  "History  of  Rhode  Island." 

Arnold,  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  10, 
1740 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  22, 1802.  An  Eng- 
lish composer  of  operas  and  oratorios.  He  be- 
came organist  and  composer  to  the  Chapel  Royal  in  1783, 


Amoold 

and  conductor  of  the  Academy  of  Ancient  Music  in  1780. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  "The  Maid  of  the  Mill" 
(1705),  "The  Cure  of  Saul"  (1767).  ".ibimelech  "  (1768), 
"The  Resurrection "  (1773),  and  "The  Prodigal  Son"  (1773). 
Arnold,  Thomas.  Born  at  West  Cowes,  Isle  of 
Wight.  June  13,  1795:  died  at  Rugby,  June  12, 
1842.  A  noted  English  educator  and  historian, 
famous  as  head-master  of  Rugby  (1828-42). 
He  was  educated  at  Wincliester  and  Oxford  (Corpua 
Christi  College),  and  became  fellow  of  Oriel  in  1815.  In 
1819  he  settled  at  Laleham,  near  Staines,  and  occupied 
himself  with  preparing  young  men  for  the  universities. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  modern  histor>*  at  Oxford 
in  1841.  Among  his  works  area"Historj'of  Rorae"(3vol8. 
1S38-43),  "Lectures  on  Modern  Historj'"  (1842),  "Ser- 
mons "  (1829-34),  and  an  edition  of  Thucydides  (1830-35). 

ArnoM,  Thomas  Kerchever.  Bom  at  Stam- 
ford, England,  1800:  died  at  Lyndon,  Rutland- 
shire, March  9, 1853.  An  English  clerg_\-man  and 
writer  of  classical  text-books.  With  Rev.  j.  E. 
Riddle  he  issued  an  English-Latin  lexicon  (1847),  based  on 
the  German  work  of  C.  E.  Georges. 

Arnold,  Thomas.  Bom  1823:  died  1900.  An 
English  scholar,  son  of  Thomas  Arnold  (1795- 
1842).  He  was  the  author  of  a  "Manual  of  English  Litera- 
ture,'' and  editor  of  Wyclif,  Beowulf,  Henry  of  Himting- 
don,  Simeon  of  Durham,  etc. 

Arnold,  William  Delafield.   Bom  at  Laleham, 

near  Staines,  England,  April  7,  1828:  died  at 
Gibraltar,  April  9,1859.  A  son  of  Thomas  Ar- 
nold and  brother  of  Matthew  Arnold.  He  wa« 
educated  at  Rugbj',  and  was  a  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  in  1847.  In  1848  he  went  to  India  as  ensign,  and 
became  assistant  commissioner  in  the  Panjab,  and  (1856) 
director  of  public  instruction.  He  wrote  the  novel  "  Oak- 
fleld  "  (1853),  under  the  pseudonjTD  "Punjabee." 

Arnold  of  Brescia.  Born  at  Brescia,  Italy, 
about  1100:  executed  at  Rome,  1155.  An  Ital- 
ian religious  reformer  and  political  agitator. 
During  a  popular  insurrection  at  Rome,  1146,  he  preached 
the  deposition  of  the  Pope  and  the  restoration  of  the  an- 
cient republic.  An  interdict  of  the  city  by  Adrian  IV. 
compelled  him  to  seek  refuge  in  Campania  1155.  He  was 
delivered  to  the  Pope  by  the  emperor  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  and  executed. 

Arnold  of  Villanova,  F.  Arnauld  de  Ville- 
neuve.  Bom  about  1240 :  died  1313.  A  phy- 
sician, alchemist,  and  astrologer,  whose  nation- 
ality is  xmknown.  He  taught  at  Paris,  Barcelona,  and 
Montpellier,  and  has  been  incorrectly  accredited  with  the 
discovery  of  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  hydrochloric  acids, 
which,  accoiding  to  Hoefer,  were  known  before  his  time. 

Arnold  of  Winkelried.    See  Winkelried. 

Arnold  von  Melchthal.    See  Mekhthal. 

Arnoldi  (ar-nol'de),  Wilhelm.  Bom  Jan,  4, 
1798:  died  Jan.  7,  1864.  A  German  Ultramon- 
tane ecclesiastic,  installed  as  bishop  of  Treves 
in  1842.  He  displayed  at  Treves  an  alleged  "coat  "  of 
Christ  in  1844,  which  attracted  a  large  number  of  pil- 
grims to  the  citj^  and  gave  rise  to  the  German  Catholic 
movement  under  Ronge. 

Arnolfo  di  Cambio  (ar-nol'fo  de  kam'be-6),  or 
Amolfo  di  Lapo  (lii'po).  Bom  at  CoUe,  Tus- 
cany, about  1232:  died  at  Florence,  1300.  A  Tus- 
can architect  and  sculptor,  employed  on  the 
churches  of  Santa  Croee  (1295)  and"  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Fiore  (1298)  in  Florence. 

To  comprehend  what  Arnolfo  did  for  Florence  we  have 
but  to  look  down  upon  liiat  fair  city  and  note  that  all  the 
most  striking  objects  which  greet  the  eye,  the  Duomo, 
the  Palazzo  Vecchio,  Santa  Croce,  or  San  Michele,  and  the 
walls  which  surround  the  city,  are  his  work. 

Perkins,  Tuscan  Sculptors,  I.  53. 

Amolphe  (ar-nolf').  A  cynical  and  morose 
man  in  Moliere's  "fieole  des  Femmes."  He  is 
imbued  with  the  idea  that  a  woman  can  only  be  good  and 
virtuous  in  proportion  as  she  is  ignorant  He  brings  up  a 
young  girl,  Agnes,  on  these  principles  with  the  view  of 
marrying  her;  but  this  sj'stem  results  in  making  her  so 
ignorant  that  she  says  and  does  the  most  adventurous 
things  without  a  blush.  His  warnings  teach  her  exactly 
how  to  deceive  him,  and  she  marries  her  younger  lover, 
Horace. 

Arnon  (ar'non).  In  scriptural  geography,  a 
small  river  (the  modern  Wady  Mojib)  flowing 
into  the  Dead  Sea.  It  formed  the  boundary  between 
the  iloabites  on  the  south  and  the  Amoritea  (and  later 
the  Israelites)  on  the  north. 

Amon  (ar-noii').  A  tributary  of  the  Cher,  ly- 
ing chiefly  in  the  department  of  Cher,  France. 

Arnot  (ar '  not),  William.  Born  at  Scone, 
Scotland,  Nov.  6,  1808:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
June  3,  1875.  A  Scottish  minister  and  theo- 
logical writer.  He  was  ordained  minister  of  St.  Pe- 
ters Church  in  Glasgow  in  1838,  joined  Dr.  Chalmers's 
Free  Church  movement  in  1843,  and  became  minister  of 
a  Free  Church  congregation  in  Edinburgh  in  1863. 

Amott  (ar'not),  Neil.  Bom  at  Aibroath,  Scot- 
land, May  15,  1788:  died  at  London,  March  2, 
1874.  A  British  physician,  physicist,  and  in- 
ventor. He  wrote  "Elements  of  Physics"  (Vol.  I.,  1827 ; 
Part  I.,  Vol.  II.,  1829;  frequently  reprinted),  "Warming 
and  Ventilation,"  etc.,  and  invented  a  form  of  stove  and 
the  water-bed. 

Arnould  (ar-no'),  Madeleine  Sophie.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1744:  died  1S03.  A  French 
actress  and  opera-singer  (1757-78),  "the  most 
admired  artist  of  the  Paris  Opera"  {Grove). 


Amsberg  81                                                           Arroyo  Molinos 

Arnsberg(arnz'bera).  A  governmental  district  Arquebusiers  of  St.  Andrew.    A  fine  paintinR     for  biii.c  priv>  to  a  coii»iiirac>  .isainst  Claudius :  as  b« 

laliou  (ISUU),  J,*iJ,0((.  lem,  llollsimi.     it  comprises  14  flgures,  colonel.  ca|>-     Hie  dagger  with  the  words,  "  I'lit  us,  it  <lois  not  pain  mo." 

Amsberg._    A  manufatturing  town  in  the  prov-  'ains,  lieutenants,  ensigne,  and  sergeants,  and  is  admirable  ^^jjjaga  (iir-ro-a'gii).  PablO  Jos6  de.     Horn  at 


iiicu  ot  \V estphalia,   Prussia,  situated  on  the     '"  >-"l<»; ai"l npnssiou.  Veimirn    Snniii    liti-'-  uprished  iu  a  shinwreck 

Ruhr  in  lat   51°  25' N     Ion?  8°  4' E  ■  the  an    Arquebusicrs,  Gild  of.    See   Oild  oj  Arquc-  N  eiyira,  Spain,  ioo_.  perisiieu  in  a  snipwrtcK 

rtuur  in  lut.  Ji    -J    i\.,  long.  o    ■*    t,. .  lue  an-     ,/*                                                              •"         "^  near  Havana, Cuba,  1021.'.    A  Spanish  Ji-suit  and 

eient  capital  of  \V  estphalia,  and  a  seat  of  the   Ar-' ev„„i._„    Svndics  of  the      See  SumlU-s  author.    Ue  spent  must  of  his  lifein  Peru,  where  he 

Vehmgerichto.     It  has  a  ruined  easUe.    Popu-  ATQUe DUSiers.  JjynCUCS  01  tne.     see  i^i/naus  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ji^__.j  ^,^|,^^^  ^^  Arequipa,  knd  aiten 

lation  (1S90),  commune,  7,414.                                       'H  iiu  .ihjih  ouxu  !.••■.                     ■       .      j          .          .  first  rector  of  the  Colkre  of  San  Jlarlin  at  Lima.     Hit 


eient  capital  of  Westphalia"  and  a  seat  of  the  i(|l'^u'b„„ierR    Svndics  of  the      See  SumlU-s  auriio".'    Ue  spent  must  of  his  lifein  Peru,  where  he  w«, 

Vehmgerichto.     It  has  a  ruined  easUe.    Popu-  ATQUe DUSiers.  JjynCUCS  01  tne.     see  i^i/naus  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ji^__.j  ^,^|,^^^  ^^  Arequipa,  knd  aiterward 

lation  (1S90),  commune,  7,414.  <ii  iia  .ii<]uiou.-.iiii.:                     ■       ,      j          .          .  llrst  rector  of  the  Colkre  of  San  Jlarlin  at  Lima.     Hit 

Arnstadt  (aru'stat).     A  mauufacturing  tow-n  AlQUes  (ark).     A  small  town  in  the  department  bcst-known  and  most  valuable  work  Is  his  •■  Kstin«icion 

in  Sehwarzburg-Soudershauseu,  (ierinanv,  situ-  ",'  f'^^'ne-Iuf^rieiire,  t  ranee,  at  the  junction  of  de  la  Idolatria  de  los  I.uW  ,1.1  ivr.r 

ated  on  the  Gera  11  miles  southwest  of  Erfurt:  ' "^  Arques  and  Bethune,  3i  miles  from  Dieppe  Aman  (ar'.-an),  L.  FlaviUS  ArnanUB  (fla'vi- 

nno  nf  Hip  nl.lpst  tniviw  in  Tl,iiri..o.in       rtl,o=  It  conUins  a  famous  mined  castle.    A  victory  was  gamed  us  ar-i-a'nus).      [Gr.  IV/j/wux-c.]     liorn  at  Nico- 

oue  Ottue  Oiaest  towns  lu  ihuringia.     It  has  hero  by  Henry  IV.  over  the  Duke  of  Maycnne,  Sept.  il,  ,,,„Hi„    R;tl,vi.in    «hniir  inn   a     n  •    ,lle,l   «t  an 

an  ancient  castle  and  a  liathaus.    Population  i:<so.                                                     i        .     v       .  media,  liithyuia,  about  lUO  a.  D. .   died  at  an 

(1890).  12,818.  Arrah   (iir'rii).      A  towni    in   Bengal,    British  advanced  age  in  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 

Arnswalde  (ams'val-de).     A  manufacturing  India,  :)5  miles  west  of  Patna.     In  1857  it  was  A  I"'^i'.   ^\^,,  "'S'""""  ;"."'  .l'''''^"*"!.'  "■.■"■  i  "° 

town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  sucessfuUy  defended  against  the  Sepoy  rebels,  ^lll'.^l.,",';,  hi^tlS.pl.y  ai.tw^a^h'L'lt'J.or  of  a  h!!^ 

40   miles   southeast    of    Stettin.      Population  Populaticm  (1891),  40,9().i.  lory  <jf  the  Asiatic  eiiMidition  of  Aleian.ler  the  (ireat 

(1890),  commune,  7,507.  Arrah  na  Pogue.     A  plav  bv  Dion  BoucicaiUt,  (see  .4mi(m»w),  of  a  treatise  c.n  India,  of  a  ••  Voyage  around 

Ainulf  (ar'uulf).   Born  aboutSoO:  died  at  Ratis-  ipnidmcl  in  isii,",.              '     "  ".','-;  ^""""^1 >•'•-;■    He  »asi...ih  a  Koman  and  an  Atheniaii 

iT       Ti          •      T^        o   Qnf\     -n                   *,  ^t      TT  ,  A         •                i      r-  T*      •       mi-           «      i  citizen,  and  in  the  former  capacity  tilled  sevend  important 

bon,  Bavaria,  Deo.  8,  899.    Emperor  of  the  Holy  Arraignment  of  Pans,  The.     A  play,  some-  n.agistracies.    Hadrian  app'.inted  him  govenioroio.ppa- 

Roman  Empire,  illegitimate  .son  of  Karlmaiiu,  tiling  between  a  pageant  and  a  mask,  which  dociaA.  d.  13«,  and  while  holding  this  offlee  he  defeated 

king  of  Bavaria.     He  was  elected  king  of  the  East  was  published  anouymouslv  in  1584,  but  was  the  invading  Alanl.     He  was  raised  to  the  consular  rank 

Krariks  in  887,  was  crowned  emperor  in  s«..  defejited  the  certaiul  V  written  bv  Peele.  "  It  was  at  one  time  •'>'  Antoninus  I'liis  in  .v.  i>.  14ii.     Ihe  reniamderol  his  life 

Normans  near  Luuvain  in  891,  fouglitwith  the  Moravians,  .,tt,.ni,it,.<l  tn  'Jli..ks,>oro  "'"  "I"-'"'  '"  •l""""'^''  retirement  as  priest  of  (  eres  and 

and  invaded  Italy  and  stormed  Rome  in  895.  >iuiioiuiu  lo  oiiaKsptrL.             .    .     ^,      .      ...  Proserpine  m  his  native  city. 

Amulf.     Archbishop  of  Kheims  989-991.  ArraklS  (ar  ra-kis).    [Ar.  aH-r(»<i[.f,  the  trotting  Arriazafiir-rc'-ii'thaj.orArriazaySuperviela, 

Amway  (iiru'wa),  John.    Born  in  Shropshire,  S'"°v,''    ^*'<'  -^''''""'0      The  fourth-mapitude  Juan  Bautista  de.     Born  at  ^ladrid,   1770: 

KiUl:  clied  in  Virginia,  probably  in  16.53.    An  Jouble-star// Draconis,  in  the  Dragon's  tongue,  died  tlicr.-  in  1837.      A  Spanish  iioet,  autlior 

English  rovalist  ck-rg\-man  and  ^-riter,  arch-  Ajran  (ar  an)      [Gael    Ara„-\     An  island  of  of  "Emilia"  (1803),  "Poesias  patri6ticas"  (3d 

deacon  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry.    He  was  exiled  ^'^''A''"'.  /■/",          ''°""  -^                  '  ''•'•  ^^^•'"'  """l  "Poesias  liricas"  (6th  ed.  1824>- 

and  took  refuge  at  The  Hague,  and  later  accepted  an  invi-  I'lrtli  ot  Llyde.    It«  length  is  about  20  miles.  Its  great.  1832).  Ho  wasa  strenuous  supporter  of  the  absolute  mon- 

tation  to  preach  in  Vii-ginia.     He  wrote  the  "  lablct "  ^^^  breadth  about  12  miles,  and  its  area  Ita  8<iuare  mUes.  archy,  and  was  made  a  couucUor  and  chamberlain  by 

(16.W),  a  reply  to  Milton  s  "  EikonoUastes,"  and  "Al:u-um  fopulation.  over  5,1)00.  Kcrdinand  Wl. 

to  the  Subjects  of  England  "  (1650).  AlTan  (islands  of  Ireland).     See -Itoh.  Anigal  (ar'i-gal).  A  mountain  in  the  northern 

Arod  (a'rod).     [Heb.V/idrf,  perhaps 'wild  ass.']  Arran,  Earl  of.     See  IlnmilUm,  Jamca.  y,■^^.^   of  Donegal,  Ireland,  the  highest  in   the 

1.  A  son  of  Gad  (Num.  xy.v\.  17),  also  called  Arras  (ar-ras').      The  capital  of  the  depart-  .ountv. 

Jrorfi(Gen.  xh-i.  16).— 2.  InDrvdeuandTate's  mcnt  of   Pas-de-Calais,   France,    situated    on  Arrivabene  (ar-re- vii-ba  '  ne).  Ferdinando. 

"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  part  ii.,  a  character  the  Scarpo  in  lat.  50°  17'  N.,  long.  2°  46'  E. :  the  Horn  at  Mantua,  Italv.  1770 :  .lied  th.rv,  .luno 

intended  for  Sir  William  Waller.  Koman  Nemetoeenna,  or  Nemetacum  of   the  29,1834.     An  Italian' jurist  and  mi.scellaneous 

AjTOk-SzallaS  (o'rok-siil'ash).      A  town  in  the  Atrebates,  later  Atrabate.     It  is  a  strong  fortress  author.     Ho  was  thrown  into  prison  at  Sclicnico,  L>al- 

countv  of  Jazvtrieu    Hiinearv   45  miles  north-  ""'^  "'^  ^"^"^  "'  *  bishopric,  has  an  active  trade  In  grain,  matil^  in  IMio,  by  the  Austrian  government,  for  political 

onof  ^f  H„.lor.i?f       'p,.T»,,lLt;',,;,  naoni    n   mo  "''•  '^t'^-'  """'  nianufacturcs  of  lace,  bect-sugiu-,  etc.,  and  reasons,  and  published  a  protest,   •Uitombadl  Scbenlco," 

east  of  Budapeht.      Populat  cm  (1891)),  11.189.  was  formerly  noted  for  its  tapestry.    Among  its  buildings  „|,ieh  created  a  great  sensatim..     Ijiter  he  was  maJe 

ArOlaS  (a-ro  las),  Juan,      corn  at  Barcelona,  are  a  cathedral,  a  hotel  de  ville,  and  a  nmscuni.    Amiswas  president  of  a  court  of  justice  at  Hrescla. 

June  20,  1805:  died  at  Valencia,  Nov.  25,  1849.  the  capital  of  the  Atrebates,  and  Uiter  of  Artois:  belonged  Arrivabene   Count  Oiovanni      Bom  at  Man- 

A  Spanish  poet,  author  of  "Poesias  caballeres-  is^Sam.rJo taTf  d'fSn^. "the  French  mi.i?.!  '->.  I'aly.  /une  24.  17h7:  died  at  Mantua,  Jan. 

cas  y  oneutales     (1840-oU),  etc.  was  vainly  besieged  by  the  spanianls  in  1054 ;  and  was  11,1881.    An  Italian  patriot  and  political  econo- 

Arolsen  (il'rol-sen).     The  capital  of  the  prin-  ceded  to  Kranco  in  1«59.     Birthplace  of  Robespierre,  mist.    He  was  aiTcsted  by  the  Austrian  government  In 

cipalitv  of  Waldeck,  (ieimaiiv,   22  miles  west  Population  (ISOl),  2.'..701.  l52o  for  having  participated  in  the  disturbances  of  Ihe 

bv  north  of  Cassel.    It  contains  the  princely  castle  ArraS,  Lines  Of.    Fortifications  extending  from  Carbonari,  luid  lied  the  country.     He  retunn-.l  to  Italy  in 

with  rich  collections,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Rauch  and  Anas  to  Bouchaiu  on  the  Schelde,  crossed  by  ,!?«"■  "'""'^  ''•••,  »f  r.?'*-';.  "»•■»»'•"■  ".";'.  «"» '''f  a  "ug 

Kaulbach.    Population  (1890),  2,U2u.  Marlborough  1711.  hme  Oie  preaidcnt  of  Uie  Italuin  AssociaUon  of  Politlcl 

Arona  (aro'nil).     A  town  in  the  province  of  Arras,  Treaties  of.    1.  A  treaty  concluded  ArrSe"'^  See  .Kro. 

Novara,  Italy,  situated   on  Lago  Maggiore   38  lietwicu  the  Aiinagnacs  and  the  Burguudians  Arrom  (iir-rom'),  Cecilia   Bohl   VOn   Faber, 

miles  northwest  of   Milan,     it  cont;iins  a  noted  in  1414. —  2.   A  tieatv  between  Charh's  VII.  of  Madame  de*  iis'ciidoiivin  Feman  Caballero' 

colossal  bronze  and  copper  statue  of  Cardinal  Carlo  Bor-  France  and  Philip  the  Good  of  Burgundy,  con-  jj.„.,i    at    MoiVes.  Switzerland.    17'.Hi;    di.-.l    at 

romeo.    Population,  about  3,000.  eluded  in  1435.-3.  A  treaty  between  Louis  XI.  y,.ville,  SpainT  April  7,  1877.      A  .^^nanish  nov- 

Arona,  Juan  de.     h^^  Paz  Soldan  ,j  Unanue,  of  France  and  Ma-ximilianf.,  concluded  in  14«2.  dis.     atitlor  'of  '  "La    familia    de'Alvareda" 

J  "110.                                             ,.       ,  ,          ,  France  was  to  receive  Artois,  Franche-Comt6,  (ISSO)   etc 

Arondlght  (a  ron-dit)      I"  medieval  legends,  ^„d  ^t^er  territories.  irrot      The  weasel  in  "Reynard  the  Fox." 

A^L=r^v   /  ^-^  nll^       A  rtif^n"  „n,^hpr„  ^^^^^  ^  ^COSta  (iir-ril'te  6  a-kos'tii),  Jos6  Arroux  (iir-r6').  A  tril.utarv  of  the  Loire,  about 

Aroostook    (a-ros  tuk).      A  rver  in    northern  jy^^^in  F61ix.      Born  at   Havana,  1097:  died  ;,-,  miles  long,  Iving  chiellv  in  the  department 

and  northeastern  Maine,  which  joins  the  St.  ,|,^.,^,  ;„  lyo^;.     ^^  euhan  liistoriaii.     He  studied  „,■  Snone-ct-T]oiVc.     It  flows  past  Autin. 

John  in  western  New  Brunswick  :  length  over  i,„v  in  Havana  and  Mexico,  and  was  regldor  of  Havana  A---™    TIio       S,...  \„„i7/,i 

100  miles.  from  17:i4,  and  alc.dde  in  17.'.->.     In  1702  he  luislsU'd  iu  de-  •*"'"«,  ±ue.    ;''■"■"""•               i,„  :„  r- ^.„ 

Arouet       See  VolUlire  fending  the  city  against  the  English.     His  "Llave  del  AjrOW  (ar  ol.  Lake.     -V  small  lake  m  County 

A-««~i,'„i,.,  J  /■:...  ..1,  „V,„  i'\   ,,,.  Ai-n>,oiro>4  tXr.  Nucvo  Muudo  y  Autemural  de  his  ludiiis  I  iccldcutales' (H  Slig<i,  Inland. 

Arpachshad  (ai-jiak-shad  ),  oi  Arpnaxatt  (ar-  ^^.        ^,  ^.^^^     commenced  m  nui.  was  published  in  Arrow  Lake,  Upper  and  Lower.    Expansions 

tak  sad         1.    Third  son  ot  bhem  (<f '•  ;^-  -^-i-  l8.io.         ,           ^         ,           ,  „r  ,1„.  C.lwii  hi,,  f^ver  ill  British  Columl.ia. 

24;  . XI.  10).— 2.  A  Semitic  tribe  and  country.  Arrawaks.     See  .lr((» «/,.*.  Arrownoint    (ar'o-i.oinn     Catharine        In 

usually  considered  the  same  as  AtTapachitis,o,i  Arrebo(iir-e-l>o'),  Anders  Christensen.    H..rn  ^^"^Hll^ot's'iiovel  V^CJiel  D*ron"    •»  g!r° 

the  upper  Zab  nortlieast  of  Nineveh.  ,„  Aroe    .Ian.  2    1,,8, :    died  at  \  ordiiigborg,  a,,,,,,,*^  ,|i,,,^.,,  ,„  „       i„t  „f  exasperating  thor- 

Arpad   (ar-pad  ).      A  city   in  northern   Syna,  Denmark.Marchl2     ..  tr.  A  Danish  poet,  author  oughii'ss,  but  possessing  much  good  sense. 

about  I.,  miles  north  of  Aleppo      the  modern  of '•H...xaenu.roii'' (IWl  and  UMyxr     He  was  ^rrowsmith    (ar'd-smith .,  Aaron.      Item  at 

Tel-Erfad.    InthedldTestiiment  it  is  always  mentioned  stvled  "  the  father  ol  Danish  poetry  ':Iie  intm-  u;^..i.,n    liT.r  ,„•.,     lnK-  IJ    IT'.o-  7l  ...1  «i  1  .... 

in  conjunction  with   llaniath,  modern   llamah.  on   the  ,|,-„.,.,i  i,„o  it   (he  renaissance  Iheu  spreading  ,         V  .Jn    "r    k ''l       \    ..' ..         i"     'l     b     T     / 

Oronte8(f..7.,  Isa.  X.  0,  Jcr.  xlil.  23).     In  the  Assyrian  in-  ,,.„„,  |,.,|..                                                              '  don.  .Vpril    .'.!,    IS-.l.       A    noted    I'.llgllsh    geog- 

scrlptlons  it  is  called  .lr-/<ai/.t;«.    It  was  taken  byTiglath-  J       I           •  ',^   -ar      a     j>       t              t   •  iiililier  and  ehiirlograidier.    He  publlshiil  "  A  chart 

Plleser  II.  in  740  a.  c.,  after  a  siege  ot  three  years.  Arree  I ai-r«  ),  MontS  a  .    A  mountain  group  in  „,  „,„  ^yorbl  as  on  Mercator's  pp.Ji-ctlon,  Bh..wing  all  iho 

Xrn4H  riii-'iiHin       Died  "107  \    n       The  MiiL'vnr  tile  deiiartment  of  Fiiiistore.  I' ranee,  cilliiiiiiat-  .Sew   lilscoverles,"  etc.  (17901,    "Maps   of   the  Woil.l" 

T;^,?^!     he  V     f^uii   Sof  the'An.a^^^  "'ti  i"  -Mont  St.-Miehel  (about  1,275  feet  high).  (171M),  ".Map.  of  North  Amerln,"  (i;i..).  -Map.  of  .s..,t- 

ii       ''  rv     1     ut  s'  0                            '        ^         ^  Arrest  (iir-resl').  Heinrich  Ludwig  d".     Bor.i      > '    (.*.7..  " A.his  of  .^.u.hern  I„dl„-  C.S22X  etc. 

ArnSH    dvTia<5tv'     A    dvnaslv   of    Hungarian  at  P>erlin,  Aug.  13,  lKi;2:  .lied  al   Copenhagen,  Arrowsmith,  John.     Born  1.90:  died  at   Lon- 

^,ve,ti5,??rf.l?^;^  ..s  k   1^^^^^^^^^  J">>t'    14,    187.5.      A   German    aslronlm.er,    ap-  d.ui.  May  1.  1S73.     An  Engli.sh  geographer  and 

Arna^Va     iiVil'shiai  pointed    professor  at  Leipsic   in    18.52  and  at  charlogiapher.a  nephew  of  .\aron  Arr..«Mnith. 

ArpaSia    (al-Jia  Slll.l).       a    I.U     laU    puncess,  in  }■,             ,       '           •       ,0-7    „„,„A    f,,_  ■,:„    ,|i«eoV..rieM  "•'   »a«   one  of   the  loliTiden.  of   the  l!o,.il  I  o  ....TiplllcAl 

Kowe's  tragedv  "  Tamerlane."  Copenhagen    n  1K)7,  iiote.l  lor  Ins    lisioveriis  ^^,^^.,       „,.  ,,„|,„„|,^.,,  ^  ..  Lo„j„n  Atlas'  (l.i  ed  lja4), 

Arphaxad.     See  .1, •/,«,•/, ,v/„„(.  of  comets  and  observations  of  nebula-.  ,.,,. 

Arpi  (ar'pi),  or   Argyrippa   (ar-ji-rip'it).     In  Arretium   (ar-re    shi-um).      An  aneient  and  Arroyo  de  China  (ilr-ro'yo  de  ohfi'ntt).     (8p., 

ancient  geographv,  a  litv  of  Apulia,  Italv,  in  powerful  city  of  Etruria:  tlu'  modern  Are/.zo  .pebble  gorge.')     A  former  name  of  Concep- 

lat    41°  31'  X     loii"    1.5°  33'  E                         "  (whieli   see),     in  an  Itiillnii  coiilllloii  against    Itom..  eiDii  ihl  rriigiiav,  in  Ihe  .\rgeiiliiie  Ki'publie. 

Arpino.    SeeVe.sv„^;  Uiu.rp,.-:  <1^^;r.,^7,!/in'";or:.:'::firra."^^^  Arroyo  Hondo  lUr-ro-yohouMo).    [S,..^.deep 

Arpmo  (ilr-pe'no).     A  town  in  the  province  of  p„|,|  iionle«,.filalllc  Senone^     L.  c.cllin.  Melelbn  went  g'irge.  J        Ihe    name    of  two  deep    sluices  or 

Caserta,  Italv.  situated  near  the  Oarigliano  in     to  the  n  ll.f  of  ti iiy,  but  was  defeated  and  slain,  with  «iiiges  in   New    Mexico,  one  running  west  of 

lat.  41°  40'   N.,   long.    13°  37'   E.:  the  ancient  "even  military  Irllpuius  and  i:t.00o  nioii,  the  rest  ot  the  Taos   ii  clistaiice  of  about    12  miles,  the  other 

Arpinum,  the  birthplace  of  Mariiis  and  Cicero.  ."™i..'jl!;!:,I,";'''"  -"'r'-oL";    rri,.  -i  '.V.tn.w  T  vill..,!  >•"""'"«  5  ""'""  •*""••'  «'  *^i"i<"  '■"''  t"wnr<l  the 

It  was  orlginallyaVolscL.  town,  and  recclvcdtho  Roman  ArrhidaeUSai-.le  us).    lUr.  .V/^«  moc- )    Killed  v<„„,„    p/.    ,Yeek.     On  Iha  side,  of  the  latter  there 

franchise  :!02ii.  c,  and  the  sullrage  188  B.  c.     Population,  31  /  U.  C.      Half-bro»lier  of  Alexikn<ler  the  (ireiil,  „r,.  |,,^.  „,,„,  „,  ^„„  ancient  Tlllacca  of  the  Teliuas  called 

about  .'j.iHKi.  and  one  of  his  HiiccesHors,  put  to  death  by  onli'r  Knkna. 

Arqul.  (iir-kwii').    A  village  13  miles  southwest  of  Olympins.  AlTOyoMolinosiiir-ro'yo  mode'iiosV   Aviljag* 

of    Pailua,    Italy:    the    place    where    Petrarch  Arria  (ar'i-ii).     Died  42  A.  n.     The  wife  of  Cn'-  in  Spain.    13  miles  iiorllieBsl   of  Badnjoz,  the 

died  (1374).  ciiia  Pielus.     Her  husband  was  condemned  In  death  Bcoiic  of  u  British  victory  over  the  French,  ISIU 


0 


Arru  Islands 

Arm  Islands.     See  Am  lalunds. 

Arruda  da  Camara  (ar-ro'da  da  ka'ma-ra), 
Manoel.  Bom  iu  Alagoas,  1752:  died  at  Per- 
iiambuco,  1810.  A  Brazilian  botanist,  autlior 
of  various  works  on  the  economic  botany  of 
Bl'azil.  He  studied  medicine  in  Frmice,  nnd  during 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  was  a  practising  physician  in 
Pernanibuco. 

Arsaces  (iir'sa-sez  or  ar-sa'sez)  I.  [L. ;  Gr. 
'AitadK'K-']  The  founder  of  the  Parthian  king- 
dom. He  is  variously  represented  as  the  chief  of  a 
nomad  tribe  of  Scythians,  Bactrians,  or  Partliians  who 
about  250  B.  e.  headed  a  revolt  of  the  Parthians  against 
Syria,  and  established  the  independent  kingdom  of  Parthia 
(2r.o  B.  0.-226  A.  !>.). 

Arsacidse 


A.  D.  The  most  noteworthy  of  the  Arsacidfe  are  Phra 
ates  III.  (died  60  (?)  B.  c),  Orodes  I.  (died  37(.')  B.  c).  Phra- 
ates  IV.  (died  4(?)  A.  D.),  Artabanus  II.  (died  44  \.  D.),  Vo- 
lossteses  I.  (died  90  (?)  A.  u.),  and  Chosroes  (died  122  (?)  A.D.). 
2.  A  dynasty  of  Armenian  kings  founded  (prob- 
ably) by  Valarsaces,  brother  of  Arsaces  III., 
king  of  Parthia  iu  149  b.  c.  The  history  of  the 
dynasty  is  obscure.     See  Armenia. 

Ajsames  (ilr'sa-mez).  [Gr.  iipad/i^/c.]  1.  The 
father  of  Hystaspes  and  grandfather  of  Darius. 
—  2.  A  sou  of  Darius  and  a  commander  in  the 
army  of  Xerxes. — 3.  An  illegitimate  son  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon.     Smith. 

Arschot.     ^ee  Aerschot. 

ArseniUS  (ar-se'ni-us),  surnamed  ''The  Great." 
[Gr. 'Apomof.]  Born  about  354:  died 450  (449?). 
A  famous  Egj'ptian  monk.  He  was  tutor  to  the 
sons  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  Great,  Arcadius  and 
Honorius,  about  3S3-394,  and  a  hermit  in  the  monastic 
wilderness  of  Scetis  in  Egypt  304-434.  Driven  from  .Scetis 
in  434  by  an  irruption  of  b.arbarians,  he  went  to  Troe,  near 
.Memphis,  and  remained  there  till  444 ;  then  spent  three 
years  in  the  island  of  Canopus:  and  Anally  returned  to 
Troe  where  he  died.  He  is  honored  by  the  Greek  Church 
on  May  8,  by  the  Latin  on  July  19. 

Arsenius,  surnfuued  Autorianus.    Died  1267. 
'hof  Constantinople  12.54-61 


Arth^nice 

Arctedius.  Bom  in  Sweden,  Feb.  22,1705:  died 
at  Leyden,  Sept.  27,  1735.  An  eminent  Swedish 
naturalist,  especially  noted  as  an  ichthyologist. 
He  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Linnaeus  at  Vpsal  (1728-32X 
and  the  two  reciprocally  bequeathed  to  each  other  their 
manuscripts  and  books  in  the  event  of  death.  Artedi 
was  accidentally  drowned  at  Leyden,  and  his  mantiscripts, 
according  to  the  agreement,  came  into  the  hands  of  Lin- 
meus,  who  published  the  "Bibliotheca  Ichthyologia  "  and 
"Philosophia  Ichthyologica,"  together  with  a  life  of  the 
author,  1738. 
Artegal  (iir'te-gal).  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  a  knight  errant,  the  impersonation  of 
justice,  supposed  to  be  intended  to  represent 
Lord  Grey,  Spenser's  patron.  Sometimes  spelled 
Artliegal. 

'"     •■         -,f.]     A  com- 
to  tradition, 

Artak-shdssu),  from  arta,  great,  and  kshatsa,  or  Axtemidorus  (ar'te-mi-do'rus),  surnamed Dal- 
ksliathra,  kingdom.]     In  passages  of  the  Old      --  —   ...•..,,.. 

Testament  (Ezra  iv.  7,  8;  vi.  14;  vii.  1,  11,  21; 
Neh.  ii.  1,  v.  14,  xiii.  6),  a  name  referring  to  Ar- 
ta,xerxes  I.  Longimanus  (465-425  B.  c.)  of  the 
Persian  Aehsemenian  dynasty,  the  sou  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  Xerxes  who  undertook  the  memo- 
rable expedition  for  the  subjugation  of  Greece. 
In  the  seventh  year  of  the  reign  of  Artaxerxes  (459-458) 
Ezra  came  with  a  colony  of  exiles  to  Jerusalem  authorized 


82 

(3aC)7f  (Plutarch).]  A  son  of  Tigranes  the  Great 
(king  of  Armenia),  co-ruler  with  his  father,  and 
his  successor  about  55-34  B.  C. 

Artabazes.     See  Artahasdes. 

Artabazus  (ar-ta-ba'zus).  [Gr.  'Apra/Jafof.]  A 
Persian  general  cUstinguished  in  the  campaigns 
of  480  and  479  B.  c.  He  retreated  to  Asia  after 
the  defeat  of  Platsea. 

Artabazus.  In  Xenophon's  "  Cyropedeia,"  a 
Median,  a  friend  and  adviser  of  Cyrus. 

Artabazus.  Lived  about  362-328  B.  c.  A  Per- 
sian satrap  of  western  Asia  under  Artaxerxes 
III.,  against  whom  he  rebelled.  He  was  par- 
doned an.d  fought  at  Arbela  under  Darius, 


ijsacidae  (iir-sas'i-de).  1.  A  dynasty  of  Par-  Artachshast  (ar-tak-shasf),  or  Artachshasta  Artemas  (ar'te-mas).  [Gr.  5\pTE//af. 
thian  kings,  established  by  Arsaces  I.  aboift  (ar-tak-shas'tii).  [Old  Pers.  Artiil.nliiitzd  (ou  pauion  of  St.  Paul'  and,  according  to 
250  B.  c.  and  overthrown  by  the  Persians  226     the  Babylonian   monuments  ArtaksliKtsii   and     i,ishoii  of  Lystra. 


Patriarch  c 


pointed,  with  George  Muzalon,  by  Theodore  Lascaris  II. 
guardian  of  the  latter's  sou  John  IV. ;  but  was  deposed  and 
banished  to  Proconnesus  by  the  emperor  Michael  VIII. 
Palseologus,  to  whom  he  refused  to  grant  .absolution  for 
usurping  the  throne  and  putting  out  the  eyes  of  John  IV. 

Arsh.     See  Ameb. 

Arsinoe  (ar-sin'o-e).     [Gr.  'Apmvo?/.']     1.  Born 


dianus  ('of  Daldis'  in  Lydia).  [Gr.  'Apre/u- 
(Supof,  gift  of  Artemis.]  Lived  about  170  A.  D. 
A  Greek  writer,  author  of  a  work  "  The  Inter- 
pretation of  Dreams"  (ed.  by  Hercher  18(34). 

Artemidorus  of  Cnidos.  In  Shakspere's  trag- 
edy "Julius  Ca>sar,"a  teacher  of  rhetoric. 

Artemidorus  of  Ephesus.  Lived  in  the  2d 
century  A.  D.  (?).     A  CJreek  geographer. 

ijZia  eaiUe  Willi  a  UOIUUV  u»  CAllca  uu  uci  uoaicm  auviiun^v.^u        .  ,         .'  )  J  -     /.  .      .  1        1  T7„ll.„- 

by  the  king  to  reestablish  the  worship  of  the  temple  Artemire  (ar-la-mer  ).     A  tragedy  by  Voltaire, 

-.  .    ,      ..    ^        .    ....  — j.._„_     produced  in  1720.     It  was  not  successful,  and 

the  author  preserved  the  best  of  it  in  "Mari- 
amue,"  which  was  produced  in  1724. 
Artemis  (iir'te-mis).  [Gr.  "Aprefjic.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  great  Olympian  deities, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  twin  sister  of  Apollo.  She  may  be  regarded  as 
.1  feminine  form  of  Apollo.  She  chastised  evil  with  her 
keen  shafts  and  with  deadly  sickness,  and  also  protected 
mortals  from  danger  and  pestilence.  Unlike  Apollo,  she 
was  not  connected  with  poetry  or  divination,  but,  like 
him,  she  was  a  deity  of  light,  and  to  her  was  attributed 
authority  oyer  the  moon,  which  belonged  more  p.articular- 
ly  to  her  kinswomen  Hecate  and  Selene.  In  ai-t  Artemis 
is  represented  as  a  virgin  of  noble  and  severe  beauty,  tall 
and  majestic,  and  generally  bearing  bow  and  quiver  as  the 
huntress  or  mountain  goddess.  She  was  identified  by  the 
Eomans  with  their  Diana,  an  original  Italian  divinity. 
Artemis.  A  court  lady  in  Dryden's  comedy 
'  Marriage  A-la-Mode." 


(Ezra  vii.  12~ff.).  But  when  the  Jews  started  to  build  walls 
around  the  city,  Ai-taxerxes  was  persuaded  to  suspend  the 
work.  In  446-145  Nehemiah  went  to  Jerusalem  empow- 
ered to  rebuild  the  walls  and  gates  of  the  city.  Artaxerxes 
continued  the  war  against  the  Greeks. 
Artagnan  (iir-tan-you'),  D'.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  iu  "The  Three  Musketeers" 
by  Dumas,  and  also  in  its  sequels  "Twenty 
Years  After"  and  "  Bragelonne."  He  is  a  young 
Gascon  of  an  adventiuous  yet  practical  nature,  with  a 
genius  for  intrigue,  who  goes  up  to  Paris  to  seek  his  for- 
tune with  an  old  horse,  a  box  of  miraculous  salve  given  to 
him  by  his  mother,  and  his  father's  counsels.  His  career 
is  one  of  hairbreadth  escapes  (with  death,  in  the  end,  on 
the  Held  of  battle)  in  the  society  of  "  The  Three  Musket- 
eers," Athos,  Porthos,  and  Aramis. 
Hewasap-  Axtaguette  (ar-tii-get' ).  Killedl736.  A  French 


military  leader  under  Bienville,  colonial  French 

governor  of  Louisiana.     He  had  subdued  the  Xat- 

chez  Indians,  and  was  engaged  in  fighting  the  Chickasaws, 

who,  in  connection  with  English  traders  from  the  Caro-  ■    ■-m  i        *      q   „  j:'.,j,„„.,„ 

Unas,  deHed  French  authority  on  the  Mississippi,  when  he  ArtCmiS,  1  ample  01.      bee  Jy)«fS««. 

was  wounded  and  captured  in  an  attack  upon  the Chicka-  Artemisia  ( iii'-te-mish  ia  ).       [Gr.    'Aprepima.] 


saw  strongholds.     He  was  burned  at  the  stake. 


316  B.  c.  Daughter  of  Ptolemy  I.  of  Egypt,  Artamene  (ar-ta-man'),  or  The  Grand  Oyrus. 
wife  of  Lysimachus  and,  afterward,  of  Ptol-  Aromance  by  Mademoiselle  Seudery,  published 
emvIL— 2.  Lived  about  280  B.  C.  The  daugh-  in  1650  iu  lO"  volumes.  Artamdne  is  intended 
ter "of  Lysimachus,  and  first  wife  of  Ptolemy  II.     for  the  great  Cond6. 


(^ueen  of  Caria  352-350  B.  C.  In  memory  of  her 
husband  Mausolus,  she  built  at  Halicarnassus  the  mau- 
soleum which  was  reckoned  one  of  the  wonders  of  the 
■world.  (See  llamolus.)  To  give  further  proof  of  her  af- 
fection she  is  said  to  have  mixed  her  husband's  ashes  with 
a  precious  liquid  and  to  have  drunk  the  potion  so  prepared. 


3.  LiVed  about'220B.  c.     The  witj;  of  Ptol-  Artaphemes  (iir-ta-fer'nez).    [Gr. 'Apra^fpi-w-]  ^/ij^'teiii^fsYa"'  Queen  "of  Haircamassus.^a^^^^ 

"     Liyed  about  500  B.C.     A  brother  of  Darius     ^^^  ^^  Persia,  distinguished  iu   the  battle  of 


einy  IV.  Philopator,  by  whose  order  she  was 

put  to  death. — 4.   Killed  at  Miletus,  41  B.C.     Hystaspes  by  whom  he  was  appointed  satrap  of     gaiamis   480  B.  c. 

(^ueen  of  Egypt  in  47  B.  C,  put  to  death  by     Sardis.    Heinterfered  ineffectually  in  behalf  of  Hippias,   Artemisium  (Sr-te-mish'ium).    [Qv. 'ApTeuiatov, 

Mark  Antony  at  the  instigation  of  her  sister     the  expelled. tyrant  of  Athens,  and  took  part  in  the  war     .„,„,.,.„  .f  A,.tpnii4  1      A  nromontorv  in  north- 

Cleopatra.-5.  In  Molifere's  comedy  "The  Mis-     against^the  revolted  lonians  Ir^^Fuhia    GiTce    near  wCh  occurred  an 

ontWriB  "  a   wniinn  whose  ap-e  and  uo-liness  Artaphcmes.     Son  of  the  preceding.     He  com-     ern  JiiUboea,  L.ieeee,  near  wnicn  occuneu  au 

anthrope,     a  woman  wUose  age  ana  ugimebS  ^a^ij^piic^.^^^  ^        ^^^  ^^^^.^i  ^^^  ^^.^^  inv,aded    indecisive  naval  battle  between  the  Greeks  un- 

have  forced  her  to  give  up  tlie  aamiration  oi     ^^.^^^^  :^  ^^^  ^  ^^  ^^^  1^^  tj^^  ^ydians  iu  the  expedition     der  Eurybiades  and  the  Persians  under  Achas- 

men :  she  assumes  a  hypocritical  and  prudish     ^f  xerxes  against  Greece  in  480.  menes   480  B  C 

species  of  piety.— 6.    An   opera  by  Thomas  ArtaxaminOUS  (ar-taks-am'i-nus).     The  King  Artemus  Ward.     See  Ward.  Artemns. 

Clayton,  produced  in  1705.     it  was  composed  of  a     of  Utopia,  a  character  iu  "BombastesFurioso,"    A-fp^avC^ivt  na''1    A  villao-e  in  the  department 

nuniberof  Italian  songs  which  he  brought  with  him  from     a  burlesiiue  opera  by  W.B.  Rhodes.  iu.ueud,y  \ai^  ii»  ;.  _       ..  o  ,       „i^,.  ,, 

Italy  and  adapted  to  the  words  of  an  English  play  by  Peter    A_4.„_.i.a  /x,.  taks'n'-tii)        TGr  \0TataTa    Arm 

Motteux  called  "Arsinoe,  Queen  of  Cyprus."    He  called  ATtaXata  (ai-taks  a-taj.       L^^'-  f''™A       '       -f^; 

it  his  own  composition.    According  to  Doran  it  was  the     Artiislifit.}     In  ancient  geography,  the  capital 

.„..-.. ^j  Armenia  in  the  2d  and  1st  centm-ies  B.  c. 

situated  in  the  plain  of  the  Ara.xes,  probably 
northeast  of  Ararat.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built, 
in  accordance  with  the  plan  of  Hannibal,  by  Artaxias  I., 
180  B.  c.;  was  destroyed  by  Nero's  general  Corbulo  in  68 
A.  I). ;  and  was  restored  by  Tiridates  I. 
Artaxerxes  (iir-taks-erks'  ez)  I.  [Gr.  'Apra- 
i^P^'K.  'Aproiip^K.  See  Artachsliiist  and  Arda- 
shir.J  King  of  Persia  465-425  (424  f )  B.  c. ,  son 
of  Xerxes:  surnamed  "Longimanus"  ('the 
Long-banded')  from  the  excessive  length  of  his 
right  hand.  His  forces  were  defeated  on  sea  and  land 
in  449  B.  c.  in  the  double  action  of  Salamis  in  Cyprus. 
See  Artachshaiit. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  he  was  the  king  Axtevelde,    Philip   Van.       Born    about    1340 : 
who  sent  Ezra  and  Nehemiah  to  Jerusalem,  and  sane-     jjjgfj  ^t  Roosebek,  Belgium,  Nov.  27,  1382.     A 

Flemish  popular  leader,  son  of  Jacob  van  Arte- 
velde.  He  was  chosen  ruwart  or  president  of  Flanders 
in  1381,  in  the  course  of  a  revolution  against  Louis  III., 
Count  of  Flanders,  whom  he  defeated  at  Bruges,  May  3, 
1382.    He  was  conquered  and  slain  by  Charles  VI.  at 

He  was  defeated  by  his  younger  brother  Cyras  (who    A*°i''^'.!i?j!?''T>^Vll!f^.^»^       A  r^lav  V,v  mi- TTpnrv 
led  in  the  battle)  at  Cunaxa  in  401,  and  cmduded   ArteVelde,  Philip  Van.      A  play  by  bir  Henry 

"        Taylor  (published  1834):  an  attempt  to  revive 
the  traditions  of  the  tragic  school  of  Marlowe 

Artaxerxes  III.    King  of  Persia  361  (359  ?)-33S  ^tf^j  oXer,  The.     See  Vau-kins,  John. 

B.r.,sonofArtaxer.xesn.:surnamed"Ochus.     Arth  (art).     A  town  in  the  canton  of  Sehwyz, 

He  reconquered  Egypt  and  reduced  Phcenicia,  and  was  poi-  ■'^^ ''"  ^"""^    i    +v.„  rf„^f;„„  .,^,^;,lt  r.t  a  ,.ailwpviin 

soncd  by  the  eunuch  Bagoas.  his  chief  minister.  S-mtzerland,  the  startmg-pomt  ot  a  railway  up 

orthTnorth'andGreece'onth'e  south.    Its  length  Artaxerxes.     An  opera  by  Arne,  produced  in    the  Rigi.  ..     -,.      At,  nTintn-nm  of  "Path 

is  about  25  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  10  miles.     1702.     The  libretto  was  translated  from  Metas-  Arthfenice  (ar-ta-nes  ).    An  anagram  ot     L^atn 

Artabasdes     (iir-ta-bas'dez),    or    Artabazes     tasio's  "Artaserse."  ,.rine '■  (Marchioness  de  Rambouillet),  invented 

(ar-ta-ba'zez)     [Gr.  'AprajiaaSrn  (Strabo),  'Apra-  Axtedi  (ar-ta'de),  Peter,  Latinized  as  Petrus    by  the  poets  Malherbe  and  Raeme. 


first  attempt  to  establish  opera  in  England  as  it  was  pro 

duccd  in  Italy. 
Arsinoe.    In  ancient  geography,  a  town  near 

the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  in  lat.  30°  3'  N., 

long.  32°  34'  E. 
Arsinoe.     In   ancient  geography,   a   town   in 

Lower  Egypt,  situated  near  Lake  Moeris  34 

miles  southwest  of  Memphis.    Also  called  Cro- 

codilopolis. 
Ars-sur-Moselle  (iir-siir-mo-zel'),  G.  Axs-an- 

der-Mosel.     A  town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  Moselle  5  miles  south- 
west of  Met^;. 
Arta  (ar'ta).     A  river  of  Albania  and  Greece, 

the   ancient  Araehtnus,   which    forms  (since 

18811  nart  of  the  boundary  between  Greece  and     tioned  the  restoration  of  the  fortiflcations. 

Turkey,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Arta  8  miles  Rauhmon.  Herod. 


of  Loiret,  France,  13  miles  north  of  Orleans, 
the  scene  of  German  victories  Oct.  10  and  Dec. 
3  and  4,  1870. 
Axtevelde  (ar'te-vel-de),  Jacob  van.  Born  at 
Ghent  about  1285:  died  at  Ghent,  July  24, 
1345.  A  Flemish  popular  leader,  surnamed  the 
"  Brewer  of  Ghent,"  who,  about  1337,  became 
ruwart  or  president  of  Flanders,  which  was  in 
revolt  against  Couut  Louis  of  Flanders  and 
Nevers.  He  formed  an  alliance  with  Edward  III.  of 
England  against  France  in  1336  :  induced  the  Flemings 
to  recognize  Edward  as  king  ot  France  in  1340;  and  was 
killed  in  a  popular-  tumult,  because,  as  it  was  said,  he  had 
attempted  to  secure  the  succession  in  Flanders  for  the 
Black  Prince.  His  surname  was  derived  from  the  fact 
that,  although  an  aristocrat  by  birth,  he  was  enrolled  in 
the  Gild  of  Brewers. 


A  town  in  the  nom- 


below  Arta. 

Arta,  or  Narda  (nar'dii). 
arehy  of  Arta,  (jreece,  situated  on  the  river 
Arta  in  lat.  39°  8'  N.,  long.  20°  59'  E. :  the 
ancient  Ambracia.  It  was  colonized  by  Corinthians 
about  640  B.C. ;  was  taken  by  the  Romans  189  B.  c. ;  and  was 
ceded  to  Greece  by  Turkey  in  1881.  Population  (1889),  7,084. 

Arta.     A  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  Majorca, 
Balearic  Islands.     Population  (1887),  5.893. 

Arta,  Gulf  of.    An  inlet  of  the  Ionian  Sea,  the 
ancient  Ambracian  Gulf,  lying  between  Albania 


Artaxerxes  II.  King  of  Persia  405-361  (359?) 
B.C.,  son  of  Darius  II.:  surnamed  "  Mnemon" 
(Gr.  Uv>/po)v)  from  the  excellence  of  his  mem- 
ory. 

was  killed  in  the  battle)  s 
the  Peace  of  Antalcidas  with  Sparta  in  387.  During  his 
reign  the  worship  of  Anaitis  w.as  adopted  from  the  Baby- 
lonians by  the  Persians. 


Arthur 

Artliur  (ar'thur).  [ME.  Arthur,  Ariltour,{iom 
OF.  Arthure  (ML.  Artliurus,  Arturus),  from 
W.  Arthur,  earlier  Artus,  conjectured  to  be 
from  Old  Celtic  (Old  Ir.)  art  (artra-),  stone. 
The  extant  Ir.  Artur  is  from  E.  or  W.]  A  Brit- 
ish chieftain  who  lived  in  the  6th  century.  He 
fou^lll  many  hattk-s,  ami  was  killed  at  tlie  I'attlc  of  Cam- 
lau  (which  see).  He  was  buried  at  Ulastunbury.  In  the 
time  of  Henry  II.,  according  to  tJt-nthlus  Canibrensis 
anil  other.s,  his  remains  were  discovered  there.  Nenniu-s, 
a  Breton  monk,  left  in  theiothceutnryasliort  Latin  chron- 
icle whicli  is  the  earliest  autlientiu  account  we  have  ^>f 
him.  He  is  celeljrated  in  Welsh,  Breton,  and  old  French 
n>mance,  but  his  actual  existence  and  deeils  have  very  lit- 
tle t(.>  do  with  the  origin  of  the  cycle  of  romances  to  which 
his  name  is  given,  as  around  him  myths  relating  prohaldy 
t<)  some  remote  ancestor  i)r  aticestors  have  crystallized. 

Arthur,  King.  In  Fielding's  burlesque  ''Tom 
Thumb,"  a  "passionate  sort  of  king,"  husband 
toDoUallolhi,  of  whom  be  is  afraid,  and  in  love 
with  Glumdalca. 

Arthur,  Count  or  Duke  of  Brittany.  Born  at 
Nantes,  France,  March  29, 1187:  killed  at  Rouen, 
France,  April  3,  1203.  Sou  of  Geoffrey  Phmta- 
genet,  murdered  probably  by  order  of  his  uncle. 
King  John. 

Arthur,  Sir  George.  Born  at  Plymouth,  June 
21,  1784:  died  Sept.  19,  18,>4.  An  English  co- 
lonial governor  in  British  Honduras,  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  Canada,  and  Bombay. 

Arthur  William  Patrick  Albert,  Prince, 
Duke  of  Connaught.  Born  May  1,  1850.  Third 
son  of  Queen  Victoria. 

Arthur,  Chester  Alan.  Born  at  Fairfield,  Vt., 
Oct.  5,  1830:  died  at  New  York,  Nov,  18,  1886. 
The  twenty-first  Pi-esident  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1848 ;  taught  scliool ; 
practised  law  in  New  York  city ;  was  appointed  on  the 
staff  of  the  governor  of  New  York  in  18tJl ;  became  in- 
spector-general and  quartermaster-general  of  New  York 
troops  iu  lSti2  ;  and  was  collector  of  the  p<)rt  of  New  York 
1871-78.  In  1880  he  was  elected  (Republican)  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  held  thatottice  from  March,  18S1,  to  Sept.  ttf  the 
same  year,  when  he  succeeded  Garfleld  (who  died  Sept.  in, 
l&Jl),  and  served  as  President  from  Sept.  20. 1881,  to  Starch 
4,  l&i5.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Re- 
publican nomination  in  18A4. 

Arthur's.  A  Loudon  club  estalilishod  in  176.5. 
It  was  named  from  the  keeper  of  \VIiite'8  Chocolate 
House  who  died  in  1701. 

Arthur's  Seat.  A  hill,  822  feet  in  height,  which 
overlooks  Edinburgh  from  the  east. 

Arthur's  Show.  A  representation,  principally 
an  exhibition  of  archery,  by  fifty-eight  city 
worthies  who  called  themselves  by  the  names 
of  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table,  referred  to 
in  Shakspcre's  Heury  IV.,  II.  iii.  2,  300.  Aldis 
Wriijht. 

Arthurian  Cycle  of  Romances,  The.  A  series 
of  romances  relating  to  the  exploits  of  Arthur 
and  his  kniglits.  They  were  " Breton  romanccsampli- 
fled  in  Wales  and  adopted  at  the  court  of  the  Fluiitagenets 
as  the  foundation  of  the  epic  of  chivalry."  t.icotlrcy  of 
Monmouth  (about  114U)  may  perllaps  be  considered  as  the 
source  of  the  legends.  He  collected  or  invented  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  give  a  chivalric  interest  to  his  material, 
on  which  the  great  mass  of  later  romance  was  based  or 
grafted.  From  about  llnO  poems  were  snng  by  wandering 
minstrels  on  the  adventures  of  Arthur  and  his  knights. 
The  French  prose  '*SIorte  Arthur"wa.s  not  compiled  till 
the  latter  half  of  the  13th  century,  and  had  not  originally 
this  name.  It  was  an  abridgment  and  consolidation,  by 
Rustlghello  (or  Itusticien)  of  Pisa,  of  a  number  of  the 

firose  romances  which  grew  from  these  poems.  The  Eng- 
isb  "Mortc  Arthur"  of  Sir  Thomas  .Malory  is  thought  to 
have  been  translated  from  some  earlier  compilation,  per- 
haps that  of  Ht^'lie  de  Borron.  The  stories  of  Arthur, 
Guinevere,  Merlin,  The  Round  Table,  Lancelot,  The  Holy 
Gmll,  Tristan,  Perceval,  .Meliadus,  fluiron,  Ysaie  le  Trlste, 
ami  Arthns  de  Bretagne  are  the  principal  romances  both 
British  and  bYench  in  this  cycle.  There  is  a  large  number 
of  minor  poems  and  prose  romances  which  deal  with 
special  episodes. 

Artichofsky  (iir-te-shov'ske),  or  Arciszew- 
stoi  (iirt-so-shcv'sko),  Crestofle  d'Artischau. 

Boi-n  in  Poland  about  loH"):  date  of  death  tint 
recorded.  A  Polish  soldier  wlio  entered  I  lie 
service  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  in 
1623.  anil  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  with 
the  Portuguese  in  Brazil,  1631-39.  He  returned 
to  Holland  In  l(}.'i7,  and  in  Dec,  ItWS,  was  sent  back  in 
connnantlof  a  reinforcement,  with  a  rank  so  high  that  It 
conttictefl  with  the  powers  of  the  governor.  .Maurice  of 
Nassau.  A  quarrel  ensued,  and  in  1631)  Artichofsky  was 
ordered  back  to  Holland. 
Article  47,  L'.  A  drama  by  Adolphe  Belot, 
frimi  a  riiMiaricc>.  produced  in  1871. 

Articles  of  Confederation.  See  ( 'imfedcration. 
Articles  of  Smalkald.    See  Smulkuldic. 

Artifice,  The.     A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Ceutli\Te. 

Artigas  (iir-te'giis),  Jose.  Bom  near  Minilr- 
video,  Uruguay,  17.'');"):  dieil  in  Paraguay,  Sept, 
23,  1S.51.  A  South  .'Vnierican  revolutionary 
general,  itnd  dictator  of  Uruguay,  1811-20. 

/G:tois(iir-tW!t').  [FromL.  Atrehale.t{v.\nK.  Alrr- 
biis),  Atrehnlfn.iesyn.  Celtic  tribe  who  inhabited 
the  district  in  the  time  of  Cmsar.]    An  ancient 


83 

province  of  northern  France,  capital  .\rras,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  department  of  Pas-de- 
Calais.  It  was  a  county  under  Flemish  rule  in  the 
middle  ages;  was  annexed  to  France  under  Philip  Au- 
gustus in  118(1;  was  made  a  cotuitship  by  St.  Umis  in 
1^37  tor  his  brother  Robert ;  passed  to  Philip  the  Bold 
of  Burgundy  in  VJ&i  :  on  the  death  of  Clnirles  the  Bold  was 
temporarily  taken  by  Louis  XI.  of  France  (U77);  passed 
by  the  marriage  of  Mary  of  Burgundy  (1477)  with  Maxi- 
milian of  Austria  to  the  liapsburgs :  and  was  ceded  in  part 
to  France  In  It^u,  the  cession  being  completed  in  the 
treaties  of  Nimeguen  1678-79. 

Artois,  Comte  d'.    Tlie  title  of  Charles  X.  of 

France  previous  to  his  accession  to  the  throne. 

ArtOtyrites  (iir-to-ti'rits).  [LL.  Artotyritx, 
pi.,  from  tir.  aprdrvpo^,  bread  and  cheese,  from 
li/jroj-,  bread,  and  npof,  cheese.  ]  A  sect  iu 
the  primitive  church  which  used  bread  and 
cheese  in  the  eucharist,  alleging  that  the  first 
oblations  of  man  were  the  fruits  of  the  earth 
and  the  produce  of  their  flocks.  They  ad- 
mitted women  to  the  priesthood  and  to  the 
episcopate. 

Artsmilsh  (iirts'milsh).  A  collective  name  for 
several  tribes  of  North  American  Indians  living 
on  Shoalwater  Bay  and  Willopah  Kiver,  Wash- 
ington, including  the  Copalis.  Marhoo,  Nasal, 
and  l^uerquelin  :  they  have  been  classed  with 
the  Lower  Chinook.     See  Chinookan. 

Artus.     See  Arthur. 

Aru,  or  Arm  (ii-rii'),  or  Aroe,  or  Arroe  (ii-ro') 
Islands.  A  group  of  islands,  southwest  of 
Papua,  intersected  by  lat.  6°  S.,  long.  134°  30' 
E.,  nominally  under  Dutch  control.  Population 
(estimated  ),  25,000,  of  mixed  Papuan  races. 

Aruba.     See  Oruba. 

Arundel  (ar'un-del).  A  town  of  Sussex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Arun  (whence  the  name) 
19  miles  west  of  Brighton,  famous  for  its  castle, 
the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Population 
(1891),  2,(U4. 

Arundel,  Earl  of.    See  Hoicard. 

Arundel,  Thomas.  Bom  1353 :  died  1414.  An 
English  pielate,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1396- 
1414,  an  active  opponent  of  the  Lollards.  He 
was  impeached  and  banished  in  1397,  and  re- 
stored in  1399. 

Arundel.  The  horse  of  Sir  Bevis  in  the  old 
romances. 

Arundel  House.  1.  A  house  belonging  to 
Lortl  Arundel,  which  formerly  stood  near  High- 
gate,  London.  Lord  Bacon  died  there  in  1020. 
— 2.  A  noted  mansion,  on  the  Strand,  Loudon, 
where  Arundel,  Norfolk,  Surrey,  and  Howard 
streets  now  are.  In  its  gardens  were  originally 
placed  the  Arundelian  Marbles. 

Arundel  Society.  An  English  society  for  the 
promotion  of  art.  founded  at  London  in  1849. 

Arundelian  (ar-un-de'lyan),  or  Oxford,  Mar- 
bles. I'art  of  a  collection  of  aneienl  seiilplures 
and  antiquities  formed  by  Thomas  llowaiil. 
earl  of  Arundel,  presented  to  the  University 
of  Oxford  in  1667.  It  includes  the  Parian 
Chronicle,  a  marble  slab  detailing  events  in 
Greek  history. 

Aruns(a'riinz),Tomhof.  Astnicturesonamed, 
just  outside  of  the  city  of  Albano,  Italy.  It  con- 
sists of  a  large  rectangular  base  of  nnisonry,  contaitdng 
a  chamber,  and  surmounted  by  a  massive  cone  with  four 
snniller  cones  at  the  angles.  The  chanictcr  of  the  dentll- 
coridce  and  other  ornament  shows  that  It  Is  Roman  and 
not  very  early. 

Aruwimi  i  iir-6-we'me).  A  right  afllueut  of  the 
Kongo,  1,H(X)  miles  long,  whieli  joins  the  Kongo 
in  2°  N.  lat.  and  23°  E.  long.  It  runs  through 
a  thick  forest  region.  On  its  banks  was  Stan- 
ley's lamous  Vambuya  camp. 

Aruwimi.  A  station  in  the  Kongo  Free  State, 
on  the  Kongo  below  Stanley  Falls,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Aruwimi,  founded  in  18.H4. 

Arvad(iir-vad'),  or  AradUB  (ar'a-<lus).  A  Phe- 
ni'ian  eily,  situated  on  a  rocky  island,  3  miles 
from  the  coast,  north  of  Sidoii :  founded  by 
fugitives  from  thai  place  (Sirabo,  .\VI.  2.  I3f.  L 
It  Is  mentioned  In  Kzek.  xxvll.  11  and  1  Mac.  xv.  2.1. 
After  Tyre  an>l  Sldon  It  was  the  most  Imimrtaiit  city  In 
Pluerdcla.  Kcinalns  of  Its  walls  still  exist.  It  Is  roprv- 
Hented  bv  the  village  of  RuAtt 

Arval  firothers  (iir'val  bruTli'^rz).  [\i.  fra- 
Ins  iirralis,  from  arruiii,  a  field,]  In  Koman 
Hntii|uitieH,  a  prieslhooil  of  12  members,  in- 
cluding the  emperor,  who  olTered  public  sacri- 
fices for  the  fertility  of  the  fields. 

Arve  (iirv).  A  river  in  the  dcpnrlment  of 
I laute-Savoie,  France,  which  ris«>H  in  tin-  Col 
de  Halme,  traverses  the  vuUey  of  Chnmoni.x, 
and  joins  the  HhAne  1  mile  south  of  Geneva. 
Its  length  is  about  S-l  miles. 

Arveyron  (llr-va-r6i'i').  A  tributary  of  the 
Arve,  the  outlet  of  the  Mer  de  Glace,  which 
joins  the  ArN'e  in  the  valley  of  Chnmonix. 


Asbury  Park 

ArviragUS  (ar-vir'a-gus).  1.  A  knight,  the 
husband  of  DorigenJ  in  the  "Franklin's  Tale," 
by  Chaucer.  See  Uoriijen. —  2.  A  mythical  son 
of  Cymbeline.  in  Shakspere's  "Cymbelinc"  hois  the 
real  son  of  Cymbeline,  brotight  up  as  (.'adwal,  the  son  of 
Belarius,  who  IS  disguised  as  Morgan. 

Arwidsson  (iir'veds-son),  Adolf  Ivar.  Born 
at  I'adasjoki,  Finland,  Aug.  7,  1791:  dieil  at 
Viborg,  Finland,  June  21,  1858.  A  Swedish 
poet.  He  juiblished  a  collection  of  Swedish 
folk-songs  (18:14-42). 

Aryahhata  (iir-ya-blm'ta).  A  Hindu  astrono- 
mer. Of  his  writings  there  are  extant  the  Dasaglttsntta  ' 
and  the  Aryashtjisata  (dasagiti, '  ten  poems,'  Aryashtasata. 
'eight  hundj'cd  distichs  of  Arya').  According  to  his  own 
account  he  was  born  at  Kusnniapnra  d'aliltolhra)  in  47t) 
of  our  era.  His  fame  spreatl  to  the  West.  He  is  believed 
by  Weber  to  be  the  Andubarius,  or  Ardnbarius.  who  is  rep- 
resented in  the  "chronicon  Paschale  "  (A.  i».  :t;u) ;  reeditod 
under  Heraclius  \.  h.  ttlo-^wl)  as  the  earliest  Hindu  as- 
tronomer. He  is  the  .Arabic  Arjabahr.  He  teaches  also 
a  quite  peculiar  immcrical  notation  by  means  of  letters. 
The  larger  work,  "  .\ryasiddhauta,"  belongs  to  a  later  age, 
perhaps  to  the  14th  century. 

Aryan  (iir'yan  or  ar'iaii).  1.  A  member  of  the 
Eastern  or  Asiatic  division  of  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean family,  occupying  the  territories  between 
Mesopotamia  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  iu  the 
two  subdi\isions  of  Persia,  or  Iran,  and  India. 
[This  is  the  older,  more  scientitic,  and  still  widely  current 
use  of  the  word.  More  recent,  but  increasingly  popular, 
is  the  second  use.] 

2.  An  Indo-European  or  Indo-German  or  Ja- 
phetite;  a  member  of  that  section  of  the  hu- 
man race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Irani- 
ans (Persians)  as  its  Eastern  or  Asiatic  division, 
and  the  Greeks,  Italians,  Celts,  Slavonians,  and 
Germans  or  Teutons  as  its  Western  or  Euro- 
pean division.  The  languages  of  all  these  branches 
or  groups  of  peoples  are  akin  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  are  de- 
scendants of  one  originid  tongue,  once  spoken  in  a  limited 
locality  by  a  single  community,  but  where  or  when  It  Is 
impossible  to  say. 

As  (as),  pi.  iEsir  (a'sir).  [ON.  fl.f«,pl.  irsir,  with 
a  fern,  dxyuja,  \>\.  axi/iijur.']  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a  member  of  one  of  the  principal  races 
of  gods,  the  inhabitants  of  Asgard.  There  were 
two  races  of  gods,  the  Ases  (.Ksir),  and  the  Vans  (\*anirX 
who  dwelt  in  Vanaheim  (<.>N.  Vanaheimr).  They  were 
originally  at  war  with  euch  either,  hut  were  subsequently 
reconciled,  and  several  of  the  Vans  (Heimdall,  Njord, 
Frey,  and  Freyja)  were  received  into  Asgard. 

Asa(a'sa).  King  of  Jtulah  about  929-873  B.  C. 
(Duucker),  son  of  Abijam  or  Abijah.  He  en- 
deavored to  extirpate  idolatry  from  the  land,  and  in  the 
thirteenth  year  of  his  reign  defeatcti  the  Cusldte  king 
Zcrah.  who  had  penetrated  into  the  vale  of  ZephathalL 

Asakasa  (ii-sii-kil'sii)  Pagoda.    A  picturestiu*? 

Buddhist  tower  in  Tokio.  .lapan.  It  consists  of 
live  square  red-lacquered  stages  with  widely  pntjecting 
roofs  upturned  at  the  corners,  from  which  bells  are  sus- 
pended, and  is  sunnounted  by  a  tall  h(K>ped  flnial. 

Asama-Yama  (ii-sii'mii-ya'mii).  A  volcano, 
ahoijt  8,200  feet  high,  in  the  main  island  of 
.la|ian,  northwest  of  Tokio. 

Asaph  (ti'saf).  [Heb.  'Axaph.']  1.  A  Levite, 
a  siui  of  Burachiah  (1  Chron.  vi.  39,  xv.  17),  a 
noted  musician  in  the  time  of  David,  later 
celebrated  as  a  )>oet  aiul  prophet.  From  him  the 
choristers  v(  the  temple  were  calleil  the  "  sons  of  Asaph." 
Twelve  of  the  psidms  are  ascribed  to  him. 
2.  Saint.  Abbot  ami  bishop  of  Llanelwy  (later 
St.  Asaph),  in  North  Wales,  about  KW.'  ]{>•  is 
commemorated  in  the  lionnin  Church  on  May 
1. —  3.  The  name  under  which  Tale  wrote  of 
Drvden  in  the  second  part  of  "Absalom  and 
Acliilophel." 

Ashen.     See  .dr. 

A.sbjornsen  (iis-by6ni'«on),  Peter  Christen. 

iiorn  at  (.'hristiania,  Nonvay,  ,lan.  l.">,  1812: 
died  1885.  A  Norwegian  iiuin  of  letters  and 
zoiilogist .  He  wn>le  "  Norske  Koike  Kventyr"  (1842-43, 
"  Norwegian  Kolk-Tales").  fairy  tales  relating  to  Norwe- 
gian life.  etc. 

Asboth  (as'iioth;  Hung.  pron.  osh'bot),  Alex- 
ander Sandor.  Horn  at  Kes/.thelv.  Hungnrv, 
De.-.  is,  Ihll:  dii.l  at  Bu.^nos  Ayres,  .Ian.  'il, 
18(>8.  A  llungarian-Ainericauginernl.  Ho  irrvrtl 
with  Kossuth  In  the  Hungarian  rvbi-lllon  of  18(.^-ll( ;  re- 
moved with  hini  to  the  I  Idled  .Slat<ii  In  IS.  1  ;  )oln<d  the 
vidunteerscrvlci'on  Iheoutbn-ak  of  the  fivll  \\  ar  In  IStll; 
commanded  divisions  under  Fri'inonl  aiitl  Curtl*;  t«Mik 
part  In  the  battle  of  IVn  llldge  anil  In  the  linllle  of  Mart- 
anna  ;  anil  renlgncd  in  1S41'>,  w  itb  the  brevet  rank  of  mnjor- 
general.  He  was  liilfi'^l  States  mlnlsler  to  the  Argentine 
tli'iinblic  from  IslUI  till  bis  dialh. 

AsDury  (a/.'be-ri),  Francis.  Horn  at  Hands- 
worlli,  SlalTordshire,  IlMglniiil,  Aug,  20  (21  f), 
1745:  died  at  S|iotlsvlv«nin, Virginia, March  31, 
1810.  The  lirsl  liisl'io))  of  the  Melho.lisI  Epis- 
copal fhureh  ill  the  I'liiled  States.  He  was  sent  by 
\\'»i«lc>  as  n  missionary  to  the  Atnrrlcnn  colonies  In  1771. 

Asbury  Park.  A  wati'riiig-]>hu'e  in  Monmouth 
Counly,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Atbintic 
Ocean  0  miles  soiilli  of  Long  Bniiich  and  3!> 
miles  south  of  New  York.      I'op.  (l!HHi),  A. UK 


Ascagne 

Ascagne  (Ss-oiiny').  The  name  given  to  the 
daufrliter  of  All)ert.  in  JXoliere's  comedy  '•  Le 
l)6pit  Amoureux."  She  is  substituted  for  her  brother 
Ascagne,  who  is  dead,  and  appears  in  his  dress.  Unfor- 
tunately she  does  not  assume  the  heart  of  a  man,  but  falls 
in  love  "with  Valere  whom  she  contrives  to  marry  secretly. 

Ascalaphus   (ns-kara-tus).      [Gr.  'AaKa/.aooc.] 


84 


Asher 


Aschersleten  (ash-ers-la' ben).     A  toTvn  in  the  Ashanti  (a-shan'te),  or  Ashantee  (a-shan'te), 


province  of  Saxony.  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Eine  near  the  Wipper,  28  miles  southwest  of 
Magdeburg:  the  ancient  capital  of  the  count- 
ship  of  Askanien.  It  has  varied  and  important 
manufactures.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
'  8(55. 


In  Greek  legend,  a  sou  ot  Acheron,  transformed  Asclepiades  (as-kle-pi'a-dez).     [Gr.  l\aK}.r!-m. 
into  an  owl.  .   vi    i  a   i    i  '*'''■]     i^ived  about  100  B.  c.    A  Bithynian  phv- 

Ascalon  (as'ka-lon),  or  AshkelOn,  or  ASkelOn.  j^i^lan.  He  practised  in  Rome  and  attained  "there  a  gre"at 
[Gr.  'AaKa/.uv,  Heb.  'Ashqelon.]  One  ot  tlie  nve  reputation, due  chieflytohis  avoidance  of  powerful rerae- 
ehief  cities  of  Philistia,  situated  on  the  Medit  er-  dies,  and  attention  to  diet,  exercise,  bathing,  and  the  whims 
ranean  39  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem.    it«site     "' '"^  P^t.'e"'^-  ,.,.,_, 

is  marked  by  the  modern  village  of  Asgaliin.      Near  it  Ascoll  (as  ko-le),  or  AsCOll  PlCeilO(pe-cha  no), 
were  the  temple  and  sacred  lake  of  Derketo.     It  is  mm-     The  capital  of  the  pro\-ince  of  Ascoli  Piceno, 


tioned  in  Phenician  and  Assyrian  inscriptions,  in  the  lat- 
ter under  the  form  Isqalniia;  the  names  of  four  of  its 
kings  (.-iidka,  Sarludari,  Enkibti,  and  Mitenti)  appear  in 
the  annals  of  Sennacherib  (705-681  B.  c.)  and  Esarhaddon 
((iSO-WiS  B.  C).  Herod  I.,  whose  birthplace  it  was,  adorned 
the  city  with  manv  edifices.  In  the  11th  century  (Aug.  12, 
109;))  it  was  the  siene  of  a  victory  of  the  Crusaders  under 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  over  a  superior  army  sent  by  the  sul- 
tan of  Egypt  to  recapture  Jerusalem,  was  taken  by  the  Aopoli  G-raziadlo  Isala 
Crusaders  (1153),  and  by  Saladin  in  11S7.  and  destroyed  ASCOll,  ur<lzXd,_ulo  Xbd-id,. 
1270. 

Ascalon.    The  sword  of  St.   George,  in  the 
'•Seven  Champions." 

Ascania  (as-ka'ni-il),  Lake.     In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  lake,  11  miles  long,  in  Bith\Tiia,  Asia 
Minor  (the  modern  Lake  Isnik),   which  dis- 
charges into  the  Sea  of  Marmora, 
situated  at  its  eastern  extremity. 


Italy,  situated  on  the  Tronto  in  lat.  42°  51'  N. 
long.  13°  35'  E.:  the  ancient  Asculum  Picenum, 
a  stronghold  of  the  Piceni.  it  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop 
and  has  important  trade  and  various  manufactures.  It 
gave  the  signal  for  the  Marsic  war  in  90  b.  c,  and  was 
captured  by  the  Romans  in  89  B.  c.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  29,000. 

L,  ^iu-^iiwiw  ....,<*»«,.     Bom  at  Gorz,  July 
16.  1829.     An  Italian  comparative  philologist 
He  is  the  originator  and  the  chief  representative  in  Italy    A  oTiaiiti  War 
of  the  Ario-Seraitic  theory,  which  supposes  a  close  con-  Ai>iid,iiui   Wd,i 
nection  between  the  Aryan  and  .Semitic  families  of  lan- 
guages.   In  the  treatise  "Studij  oriental!  e  linguistic! " 
he  has  endeavored  to  prove  the  presence  of  Semitic  ele- 
ments in  the    Etruscan  dialect.     He  is  the  editor  of 
"  Archivio  glottologico  italiano." 

Nicsea  was  ^cqIj  Piceno.    The  southernmost  province  of 
the  Marches,  in  eastern  Italy.  Area,  796  si^uare 


Ascanio  (as-kii'nio).     1.  The  son  of  Don  Ben-     „^;igg_     Population  (1891),  215,563. 
riques,  in  Fletcher  and  Massmger's  play  "  The  ^gcoli  Satriano  (sa-tre-a'no).     A  town  in  the 


Spanish  Cm-ate":  a  modest,  affectionate  boy 
of  an  almost  feminine  tenderness. —  2.  A  page 
in  Massinger's  "  Bashful  Lover."  See  Maria. 
— 3.  A  page  in  Dryden's  play  "The  Assigna- 
tion." 

Ascanius  (as-ka'ni-us),  or  lulus  (i-u'lus).  In 
classical  legend,  the  son  of  .iEueas  and  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Roman  Julii. 

Ascapart  (as'ka-part),  or  Ascabart  (as'ka- 
biirt).    A  giant  in  the  romance  of  "Bevis  of 


province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  2  miles  south  of  Fog- 

gia :  the  ancient  Asculum  Apulum.     It  is  the 

seat  of  a  bishopric.     Population,  about  6,000. 

Asconius  Pedianus  (as-ko'ui-us  ped-i-a'nus) 


or  Sianti  ( se-an-te' ).  A  kingdom  in  western  Af- 
rica, capital  Kumassi,  which  lies  north  of  the 
Gold  Coast  from  about  long.  1°  to  2°  W.  The  soil 
is  fertile  and  the  country  exports  palm-oil,  gold-dust,  etc. 
The  government  is  an  aristocratic  despotism  :  it  has  fre- 
quently been  involved  in  disputes  with  the  British.  Area, 
about  10,000  square  miles.  Population  (estimated),  1,000,- 
000. 

Ashanti.  --^  British  protectorate,  north  of  the 
Bi-itish  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa.  The  nation  and 
the  language  of  .Ashanti  have  not  the  same  boundaries 
^  the  former  kingdom.  Some  tribes  speaking  another 
language  are  subject  to  the  king  of  Ashanti,  while  some 
tribes  of  Ashanti  stock  and  speech  are  independent  of 
him.  The  language  beloni.'S  to  the  Xigritic  group,  and 
is  spoken  between  the  .\sini  and  Tanno  rivers  on  the  west, 
the  Volta  Kiver  on  the  east,  and  the  Kong  Highland  on 
the  north.  The  native  name  of  the  language  is  Otshi.  Its 
principal  dialects  are  :  Akan.  the  court  dialect ;  Akwapim, 
the  literary  dialect,  intelligible  to  all ;  Bron,  northeast  of 
Akan  ;  Fanti,  spoken  around  Cape  Coast  Castle.  The  chiefs 
of  villages  constitute  the  nobility,  from  which  the  king 
chooses  his  officers.  The  people  have  attained  a  certain 
degree  of  civilization.  Ashanti  is  famous  for  its  gold  and 
aide  goldsmiths.  In  1874  England  conquered  Kumassi, 
the  capital,  and  in  1896  annexed  the  country. 

A  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  Ashanti.  1873-74.  Ashanti  was  invaded  by  the 
British  army  under  Wolseley,  who  conquered  and  burned 
Coomassie  (Kumassi)  Feb.,  1874,  and  exacted  a  favorable 
treaty.  .„       .        .  _ 

Ashbel  (ash'bel).  A  son  of  Benjamm.  Gen. 
xlvi.  21. 

Ashbourne,  or  Ashbourn  (ash'bem).  A  town 
in  Derbyshire,  England,  14  miles  northwest  of 
Derby.     Population  (1891),  3,810. 

Ashbourne,  Baron.     See  Gibson,  Edward. 

Ashburton  (ash'ber-ton).  A  town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  18  miles  southwest  of  Exeter. 
Population  (1891),  5,516. 


Quintus     Born  perhaps  at  Padua"  Italv,  about  Ashburton,  Baron.     See  Baring  and  Dumiing. 
2  B.  c. :  died  about  83  A.  D.    A  noted  Roman  Ashburton,  Mary.    The  principal  female  char 


commentator  on  Cicero's  speeches. 
Ascot  Heath  (as'kot  heth).     A  race-course  in 
Berks,  England,  6  miles  southwest  of  Windsor. 
Annual  meetings  are  held  here  in  Jime. 


Hampton."    Bevis  conquered  him.    He  is  said  to  have  ^gcraean  Sage  (as-kre'an  saj).     A  name  given 


acter  in   Longfellow's  prose   romance    "Hy- 
perion." 

Ashburton  River.  A  river  in  western  Aus- 
tralia which  tlows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  about 
lut.  23°  S. 


been  30  feet  high.    There  are  frequent  allusions  to  him  in     1,,- Verall  to  Hesiod,  wE'o  was  a  native  of  Ascra  Ashburton    Treaty.     A   treaty    concluded    at 


The  Latin   name   of 


the  EliEabethan  writers.  j^  Bojotia,  Greece. 

Ascelon.     bee  Ascalon._   ,^       ^„    ^      ^  .  Asculum   (as'kH-lum). 

Ascension  (as-then-se-on').      [Sp.]     A  recent    ^^^.^^        ^ 

settlement  12  miles  south  of  the  boundai-v  line  ^gcutney  Mountain  (as-kut'ni  moun'tan). 

of  New  Mexico,  the  scene  of  a  bloody  distiir-     .^  mountain  in  Windsor  Count v,  Vermont',  30 

bance.    Ruins  of  considerable  interest  exist  in    ^^^j,^,^  southeast  of  Rutland.  Height,  3,320  feet. 

the  vicinity  along  the  Casas  Grandes  River.        Asciruljal.     See  Hasdrubal. 
Ascension  Bay.    A  small  inlet  on  the  eastern  A.selli  (a-sel'le),  Asellio  (a-sel'le-6),  or  Asel- 

coast  of  Yucatan.  jj^Ug  (a-sel'i-us),  Gaspare.     Born  at  Cremona, 

Ascension  Island.     A  volcanic  island  in  the     jtalv,  about  1581  (?):  died  at  Pavia,  Italv,  1626. 

Atlantic,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated    ^^  "Italian  anatomist,  the  discoverer  of  the 

in  lat.  7°  55'  S.,  long.  14°  25'  W.     it  was  discov- 
ered by  the  Portuguese  in  1501  and  named  Conception 

Island,  and  rediscovered  on  Ascension  day,  1508,  when 

the  present  name  was  given  to  it.    It  was  occupied  by 

Oreat  Britain  in  1815.    Its  length  is  7i  miles  and  its  area 

35  square  miles.    Population  (1889),  140. 
Asch  (ash).     A  town  in  northwestern  Bohemia, 


lacteal  vessels:  author  of  "De  Lactibus,  etc." 
(1627),  etc. 
Aselli  (a-sel'li).      [L.,  'the  little  asses,' which 
stand  on  each  side  of  Prtesepe,  the  manger.] 
The  two  fifth-magnitude  stars  y  and  6  Cancri, 

,  7  being  the  northern  one. 

near  the  German  frontier,  15  miles  northwest  Asenappar  (a-se-nap-piir').     [Pi'obably  a  cor- 


of  Eger.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  and  silk.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
15,;')37. 

Aschaffenburg  (a^shaf fen-boro).  A  former 
principality  of  Germany,  ceded  to  Bavaria  in 
1814.  It  now  forms  with  Lower  Franeonia  a 
governmental  district  of  Bavaria. 

Aschaffenburg.  A  town  in  Lower  Franeonia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  23  miles  south- 
east of  Frankfort :  an  old  Roman  fortress.  It  has 
a  castle  (with  a  library  and  pictm-e-gallery),  and  contains 
interesting  Roman  antiquities.  It  formerly  belonged  to 
the  electorate  of  Mainz,  and  was  long  one  of  the  resi- 
dences of  the  electors.  A  victory  was  gained  near  Aschaf- 
fenburg hy  the  Prussian  army  of  the  Main  over  allied 
troops  under  Neipperg,  July  14,  1866.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  13,630. 

Ascham  (as'  kam).  Ro^er.  Born  at  Kirby  Wiske, 
near  Northallerton.  Yorkshire,  1515:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  30,  1568.  A  noted  English  clas- 
sical scholar  and  author.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College.  Cambridge  (B 

became  an  accomplished  Greek  scholar;  taught  at  the 
university  ;  was  tutor  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth  1548-50 ; 
and  served  as  Latin  secretary  to  Mar>'  and  Elizabeth  1553- 
1508.  His  chief  works  are  "Toxophilus."  a  treatise  on 
archery  (1545),  and  "The  .Scholemaster"  (1570).  See  these 
names. 

Aschbach  (ash'biieh),  Joseph  von.  Born  at 
Iloclist,  Prussia,  April  29, 1801 :  died  at  Vienna, 
April  25,  1882.    A  (ierman  historian,  appointed 


ruption"  of  Asiirhatiipal,  Sardanapalus  of  the 
Greeks,  who  reigned  668-626  B.  c.  See  Asiir- 
banijHil.']  A  ruler,  mentioned  in  Ezra  iv.  10, 
who  had  transplanted  certain  tribes  to  the  cities 
of  Samaria.     Also  Asuaj)per. 

Asfi.    See  Safi. 

Asgard  Cas'gard).  [ON.  Asgardhr:  a»\<,  god, 
anil  gardhr,  garth.]  The  realm  of  the  gods 
and  goddesses  in  01d_Norse  mythology:  also 
called  Asaheim  (ON.  Asaheimr),  the  world  of 
the  gods.  It  was  apparently  located  in  the  heavens 
above  the  earth.  Asgard  contamed  different  regions  as 
well  as  separate  abodes.  The  principal  of  these  was  Val- 
hoU  (Valhalla),  the  assembling-place  of  the  gods  and 
heroes,  in  the  region  called  Gladsheim  (ON.  Gladhsfieimr), 

Asgill  (as'gil),  John.  Born  1659:  died  1738. 
An  English  lawyer  and  pamphleteer,  expelled, 
on  a  charge  of  blasphemy,  from  the  Iiish  House 
of  Commons  in  1703,  and  from  the  English 
t  ..oo  cuu^«i,;u  ov  uL  House  of  Commons  in  1707. 
(B.  A.  Fe'C  I534)r  where  he  Ash  (ash),  John.  Born  at  Dorsetshire, England, 
about  1724:  died  at  Persh ore.  England,  1779.  An 
English  lexicographer,  compiler  of  an  English 
dictionary  (2  vols.,  London,  1775).  He  was  a 
Baptist  minister. 

Ashangl  Lake  (ash-an'ge  lak).     A  small  lake 


Washington,  Aug.  9,  1842,  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States.  The  present  boun- 
dary between  ilaine  and  Canada  was  established,  and  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  suppression  of  the  African  slave- 
trade  and  the  mutual  extradition  of  fugitives  from  justice 
The  commissioners  were  Lord  Ashburton  for  Great  Britain, 
and  Daniel  Webster  for  the  luited  States. 
Ashby  (ash'bi).  Turner.  Born  at  Rose  Hill, 
Fauquier  County,  Va.,  1824:  died  June  6, 1862. 
A  noted  Confederate  general  in  the  Ci\nl  War. 
He  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry  at  the  begiiniing  of  the 
Civil  War,  became  a  brigadier-general  1S62,  and  was  killed 
in  a  skirmish  preliminaiy  to  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  Va. 

Ashby-de-la-Zouch  (ash'bi-del-a-z6ch').  A 
town  in  Leicestershire,  England,  16  miles  north- 
west of  Leicester.  It  contains  a  ruined  castle 
in  which  Mary  Stuart  was  confined.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,535. 

Ashdod  (ash'dod).  [Heb., 'stronghold.']  One 
of  the  five  cities  of  the  Philistine  confederacy, 
and  a  seat  of  the  worship  ot  Dagon  the  fish-god 
(1  Sam.  V.  5),  between  Gaza  and  Jaffa.  .  It  was 
strategically  important  because  of  its  location  on  the 
highway  to  Egypt.  It  was  assigned  to  the  tribe  of  Judah 
(Josh.  XV.  47),  but  was  never  subdued  by  the  Israelites. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Assyrians  under  Sargon  722-705 
B.  c,  and  in  the  annals  of  Esarhaddon,  680-668  B.  c,  is 
mentioned  (under  the  form  Asdudu)  as  paying  homage  to 
the  AssjTian  king.  Psammetichus.  king  of  Egypt  666-610 
B.  c,  took  it  from  the  Assyrians  (Herod.  II.  167).  It  is, 
however,  mentioned  as  an  independent  power  in  alliance 
with  others  against  Jerus.ilem  at  the  time  of  Nehemlah 
(iv.  7).  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Maccabees  (1  Mac.  v.  68,  x. 
S4),  and  afterward  restored  byGabinius  55  B.  C.  (Josephus, 
"Antiquities, "XIV.  v.  3).  Its  site  is  marked  by  the  modem 
village  of  EsdUd. 

Ashdown  (ash'doun),  AS.  .Sscesdun  (as'kes- 
don).  A  locality  in  Berkshire,  England  (not 
the  modern  Ashdown),  where  Ethelred  and 
-•\.lfred  the  Great  defeated  the  Danes  in  871. 

Ashe  (ash),  John.  Born  1720 :  died  1781.  An 
American  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
defeated  by  the  British  under  General  Prevost 
at  Brier  Creek,  1779. 

Ashe,  Samuel.  Born  1725:  died  1813.  An 
American  jurist  and  politician,  a  brother  of 
John  Ashe,  chief  justice  and  governor  of  North 
Carolina. 


,n  eastern  Abyssinia   near  lat.  12°  30'  N.  Ashehoh(a-2he-h6'),  or  Ajeho  (a-zhe-ho'),  or 

AshangO_(a-shan  go)^^  A  Bantu_  tnbe^of  the  ^f^i,^,^^^  (al-cho-kO').     A  city  of  Manchuria, 


French  Kongo  (Gabun),  half-way  between  the 

professor  of  historv  in  the  University  of  Bonn  coast  and  Franceville.    Their  country  is  a  plateau, 

in  1842.  and  in  the  High  School  of  Vienna  1853.  570  to  7fi0  meters  high,  covered  with  forests  in  which  the 

Besides  a  number  of  historical  works  relating  chieHy  to  Obongo  pygmies  hide. 

Spain  under  the  Moors,  he  published  (1807)  the  treatise  AshangO  Land.     A  country  in  western  Africa. 

"Roswithaund  Conrad  Celtes,"in  which  he  attempted  to  about   lat.  2°  S.    long.  12°"30'  E.     Among  the 

prove  that  the  works  iiscribed  to  Roswitha  were  written  ;,,i,„i,;t„„L  ;„  o'racB  of  dwarfs  (visited  bv  Du 

ty  Celtes.    This  assertion  has  been  disproved  by  Kopke  niha  ntants  IS  a  race  or  awans  (Visiiea  oy  uu 

and  Waitz.  ChaiUli). 


Chinese  Empire,  about  lat.  46°  N..  long.  126° 
30'  E.  Population  (estimated).  40,000. 
Asher  (ash'er).  [Heb., 'blessed.']  1.  Son  of 
the  patriarch  Jacob  and  of  Zilpah. — 2.  A  He- 
brew tribe,  of  northwestern  Palestine,  which 
occupied  in  general  the  sea-shore  from  Carmel 
northward. 


Asherah 

Asherali.    See  Ashtoreth. 

Ashestiel  (ash'es-tel).  A  house  on  the  sonth- 
eru  bauk  of  the  Tweed,  a  few  miles  from  Sel- 
kirk, occupied  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  1804-11, 
before  he  removed  to  Abbotsford.  Ilis  autuhiug. 
raphy  to  July,  1792,  found  in  an  old  cabinet  at  Alibotsford 
and  known  :is  "The  Ashestiel  Memoir,"  introduced  by 
Loikhart  in  his  "Life,"  was  dated  1S08  and  wTittcn  here. 

Asheville  (ash'vil).  The  capital  of  Buneotnbe 
County,  in  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina. 
It  is  a  well-known  health-resort.  Population 
(1900),  14,694. 

Ashford  (ash'ford).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  England,  13  miles  southwest  of  Canter- 
bury.    PopiUatiou  (1891),  10,728. 

Ashi  (ash'i).  Rabbi.  Born  at  Babylon:  lived 
about  400.  The  first  and  chief  editor  of  the 
Talmud. 

AsMngdon  (ash'ing-don).  A  village  in  Esse.K. 
England,  33  miles  northeast  of  London.  See 
Afmnibin. 

Ashkelon.     See  Ascalon. 

Ashkenaz  (ash-ke-naz').  1.  A  descendant  of 
Ja|ilict.  —  2.  A  Xortli  Asiatic  people  mentioned 
in  Jer.  li.  27  with  Miuni  and  Ararat:  probalily 
the  name  of  the  district  south  of  Lake  Cru- 
miyeh  and  identical  with  Asguza  (for  Asfiiiti^d) 
in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. — 3.  Applied  in 
rabbinical  literature  and  by  the  modern  Jews 
to  Germany. 

Ashland  (ash'land).  The  capital  of  Ashland 
County,  Ohio,  52  miles  southwest  of  Cleveland. 
Population  (1900),  4,087. 

Ashland.  A  city  in  Boyd  County,  northeast- 
ern Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  Kiver.  Population 
(1900),  0,800. 

Ashland,  A  borough  in  Schuylkill  County. 
Pennsylvania,  40  miles  nortliwest  of  Reading. 
It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is  the  center  of  an  im- 
portant anthracite  coal  region.     Population  (190U),6,4;i8. 

Ashland.  The  capital  of  Ashland  County,  Wis- 
consin, situated  on  a  bay  of  Lake  Superior  02 
miles  southeast  of  Duluth.  It  is  an  important 
port  and  railroad  terminus  of  recent  growth. 
Population  (1900),  13,074. 

Ashley  Cooper.    See  siuifteshKr!/. 

Ashley  (asli'li),  Chester.  Bom"  at  Westfield, 
Mass..  .lune  1,  1790:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
April  27,  1848.  An  American  politician,  Dem- 
ocratic United  States  senator  from  Arkansas 
1844-48. 

Ashley.  A  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Penn- 
svlvania,  south  of  Wilkesbarre.  Population 
('1900),  4,04(i. 

Ashley  River.  A  small  river  in  South  Caro- 
lin.i,  ;it  wliose  mouth  Charleston  is  situated. 

Ashmodai.     See  Axmodeus. 

Ashmole  (asU'mol),  Elias.  Bom  at  Lichfield, 
England,  May  23,  1017:  died  at  London.  May 
18,  1092.  An  English  anti(|uary,  founder  of 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  (wliich  see)  at  Oxford: 
author  of  "Institutions,  Law  and  Ceremonies 
of  the  Order  of  tlic  Garter"  (1672). 

Ashmolean  Musetim.  A  museum  at  O.xford 
University,  founded  by  Elias  Ashmole  in  1679. 
The  building  was  erected  bv  Sir  Christopher 
Wren  in  1682. 

Ashmun  (ash'mun),  GrCOrge.  Boni  at  Bland- 
ford,  Mass.,  Doc.  25,  1804:  died  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  July  17,  1870.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Winif  member  of  Conjcress  from  Miis.sachusetts 
18t'i-r,l,  and  president  of  the  National  Republican  Conven- 
tion in  ISiKJ. 

Ashmun,  Jehudi.  Bom  at  Chamjilnin,  N.  Y., 
April,  1794:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Aug. 
2"),  1828.  A  chief  organizer  of  the  colony  of 
Lilieria,  wostei'n  Africa,  1822-28. 

Ashochimi  fash-6-che'mi),  or  WappO  (wii'po). 
A  t  libe  of  Xortli  American  Indians  whose  former 
range  extemled  in  California  from  the  geysers 
to  the  Calistoga  hot  springs  and  in  Knight's 
Viilli'v.     See  I'uhian. 

Ashraf  (iish-riif'),  or  Eshref  (esh-ref ).  A 
town  in  Mazanderan,  Persia,  situated  near  the 
Caspian  Sea  about  hit.  36°  40'  N..  long.  ".3° 
32'  !•;.  It  was  a  favorite  residence  of  Abbas 
til.'  (ireat.     I'ciinlation,  .^>,000. 

Ashraf,  Gulf  of.     Same  as  Astrabad  Bnij. 

Ashtabula  (ash-ta-bu'lji).  A  manufacturing 
city  in  .\shlabula  Countv,  f)hio,  situated  on 
Ashtabula  Kiver,  near  Lake  Erie,  .")0  niilis 
northeast  of  Cleveland.  Population  (1900), 
12,949. 

Ashtaroth  (ash'ta-roth).  In  biblical  geogra- 
phy, a  city  of  Biishan,  Syria,  east  of  the  Sea 
of  Vialilee:  i)rolialily  the" same  as  Ashteroth- 
Karnaim,  modern  tel-jVsherah,  4  miles  from 
Edrei. 


So 

Ashtavakra  (ash-tS-va'kra).  In  Hindu  leg- 
end, the  hero  of  a  story  in  the  Mahabharata. 
His  father  Katioda.  devoted  to  study,  neglected  his  wife. 
Ashlavakni,  thuu^'li  still  unborn,  rebuked  him,  and  the 
angry  father  condemned  the  son  to  lie  born  enniked 
(hence  the  name,  from  ashtan^  eight,  and  mk-ra, 
cnK>ked).  At  the  court  of  Janal£a,  king  of  Mithila, 
Kahoda  was  defeated  in  argument  by  a  Ituddhist  sage  and 
was  dpiwned  in  accordance  with  the  conditions.  In  his 
twelfth  year  Asbtavakni  set  out  to  avenge  liis  father,  and 
worsted  the  sage,  who  declared  himself  to  be  a  son  of 
\'uruna  sent  to  obtiUn  Brahmans  to  otticiate  at  a  sacfitlce. 
Kahoda  w:i8  restored  to  life,  and  commaixled  his  S(.ui  to 
battle  in  the  .Sanianga  Kiver.  whence  the  Itoy  became  per- 
fectly stniight.  In  the  ViHlinu  Pumna  some  celestial 
nymphs  see  Ashtavakra  performing  penance  in  the  water 
and  worship  him.  He  promises  them  a  boon  and  they 
ask  the  l)est  uf  husbands.  When  be  otters  himself,  they 
laugh  in  derisien  at  bis  crookedness.  He  cannot  recall 
his  blessing,  but  condemns  them  to  fall  into  the  hands 

of  thieves. 

Ashteroth.    See  Ashtoreth. 

Ashton  (ash'ton).  Lady.  The  wife  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam and  mother  of  Lucy,  the  "bride  of  Lam- 
luermoor,"  in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 

Ashton,  iiUCy.  The  bride  of  Lammerraoor  in 
Scott's  novel  of  that  name,  the  daughter  of  Sir 
William  and  Lady  Ashton.  Betrothed  to  Edgar 
Kjlvenswood.  she  is  forced  by  her  mother  to  marry  an- 
other, and  dies,  a  maniac,  on  her  wedding-niglit-  (See 
JIavenJiwood.)  The  leading  characters  of  this  n^ivel  also 
appear  in  Donizetti's  opera  '■  Lucia  di  I*aminermoor," 
and  in  sevenil  di-ainas  founded  upon  the  incidents  of  the 
story. 

Ashton,  Sir  William.  In  Scott's  "Bride  of 
Lainmernioor."  the  Lord  Keeper  of  Scotland, 
father  of  Luev. 

Ashton -in -Maker  field  (ash'ton -in- mak'tr- 
feld).  A  coal-milling  and  manufacturing  town 
in  Lancashire,  England,  1")  miles  northeast  of 
Liverpool.     Population  (1891),  13,379. 

Ashton-under-Ljrne  (ash'ton-un'dir-lin').    A 

town  in  Lancashire,  England,  Gi  miles  east  of 
Manchester,  noted  for  its  cotton  manufactures. 
Population  (1891),  40,494. 
Ashtoreth  (ash'to-reth).  The  goddess  of  fe- 
cuiKiity  and  love  of  the  Canaanites,  equivalent 
to  Ishtar  of  the  Ass\TO-Babylonians,  tlie  female 
counterpart  of  liaal:  the  tireek  Astarte.  These 
two  deities  held  the  ilrst  place  in  the  Phenician  pantheon. 
Baal  ivas  identilled  with  the  sun,  and  Aslitoreth  with  the 
moon,  anii  she  is  often  represented  under  the  symbol  of 
the  crescent.  The  chief  seat  of  her  worship  was  Sidon. 
The  pomegranate  and  the  dove  were  sacrcu  to  her.  In 
Ascalon  she  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Uerceto. 
(See  Ascalon.)  The  favorite  places  of  her  worship  were 
b;icrcd  groves,  and  she  herself  was  often  adored  under 
the  symbol  of  a  tree,  t  he  nx/i^rfiA  (translated 'grove  Oof  ten 
<lenounccd  in  the  t  »ld  Testament.  Her  cult  in  later  times 
was  combined  with  ininitirality. 

Ashua^mouchouan   River   (ash-wiip'moch- 

o-an'  riv'er).    The  middle  course  of  the  Sague- 

nay  River,  in  Quebec,  Canada,  flowing  into 

Lake  St.  John. 
Ashuelot  (ash'we-lot).  Ariver  in  southwestern 

X(^\v  I  lampshiro,  a  tributary  of  the  Couuoeticut. 
Ashui.     See  Asxi/ria. 
Ashur.     See  .Ixiir  and  Assijrin. 
Ashwanipi  (ash-wan-6'pi),  Lake.  A  lake  near 

the  source  of  the  Ashwanipi  River. 

Ash'wanipi  River,  or  Grand  River.    A  ri  ver  i  u 

Labrador  llowing  into  Hamilton  Inlet. 
Asia  (a'sliiij  or  a'zhiij).  [F.  A.iic,  G.  Asicii. 
I'erhaps  from  the  Semitic  stem  ueii,  to  go  out, 
going  out,  rise  of  the  sun:  G.  Morijenliiml.'^  1. 
A  continent  of  the  eastern  hemisphere,  the 
largest  grand  division  of  1  tie  world.  itlslHHinded 
by  the  Arctic  on  the  north,  Uerliig  Stniit  (which  sepaniles 
It  from  North  Aineriea)  on  the  northeast,  the  Pacific  on 
the  east,  and  the  Indian  ocean  on  the  south.  The  Ked 
Hea  separates  it  from  Africa,  !*►  which  it  Isjulneil  Iiy  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez  (now  pierced  by  a  eanaU  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, iUack,  and  ( 'asplan  seas  separate  it  In  part  fruiil 
Europe.  The  Eunipcan  boundary  i«  vague,  lint  i»  ninghly 
represented  Ity  the  I'nilsand  CaiictunlH.  Asia  extends  from 
laf.  r  18  N.-TT"  -lO-  N.,  and  long,  in'  «  E.-liiir  4U'  W. 
The  chief  divlhlons  of  the  mainland  are  Kur.a,  Asiatic 
Kussla,  the  t'hlnese  eniidr<'.  the  Krencb  |Ki»«e»»lini«  and 
protectorates,  Siiun,  British  India,  Afghaidstan,  Persia, 
Turkey,  ami  Andila.  With  the  ani'lents  llie  mime  alwi 
embraced  the  (ew  l)arts  of  Africa  known  to  Ihoin,  and  II 
was  only  after  the  Nile  began  to  be  consldereil  as  n divid- 
ing river  thai  the  ciumlries  west  of  it  were  separated 
from  Asia,  while  Kgyjit  was  slill  Ineludnl  In  II,  Moreover, 
tiio  kiio\«l(!dgf  of  the  anclerils  with  ngatd  lo  Aslatlld  not 
reach  far  beyond  the  iKinndarbsot  the  IVnu^Macedonian 
empire.  The  parts  sonlli  of  the  lllniabiyas  were  calleil 
India,  those  to  the  north  Scylhia  I  be  west  was  lernii-.l 
t'pper  and  I,i>wer  Asia,  tin'  Tigris  being  Ibe  dividing  line 
between  bolb.  In  Ibe  b.H.ks  of  llie  Maccabees  "Asia" 
designates  the  parts  ot  tin'  kingilom  of  the  Seleueldes  ex- 
ceptlng  Syria,  ».  *•.,  the  grealesl  part  of  Asia  Minor;  In 
the  Now  I'eslanient  the  Roman  (irovlnee,  namely,  the 
western  part  of  Ibe  peninsula  ot  Asia  Minor,  with  i''.|ihesua 
OS  capital,  which  was  be.|ni'atheil  to  Ibe  rcpllblli-  liy  Alla- 
lus,  king  of  Pergatnon  (i:i.'l  II.  c  ).  In  Asia,  II  Is  assumed 
"slooil  the  cnidle  o(  mankind'  :  arr.inling  to  bgends  of 
tb«  oldest  Asiatic  nations.  In  Ihereglon  of  Ibe  llindnkilsli. 
Wi'Stern  Asia  was,  and  Is  sllll.  tM-enpliMl  tty  .Hemlles. 
The  lmb»-(Jermanle  liniiH-li  td  Ihe  human  family  tM-eupled 
In  ancient  time  tin?  highland  of  Iriui  and  the  basins  of 


Ask 

the  Oxu8  and  Jaxartes,  while  Asia  Minor  wa5  the  meet- 
iiig-|>oint  of  Itolh  Semites  and  Aryans.  Asia  was  the 
seat  of  many  splendid  ancient  civilizations  (the  Aft. 
Syrian.  Bjit>y]unian.  Persian,  Indian.  ClUnese,  etc.),  and 
In  it  originated  the  great  religions  of  the  world.- Ju- 
daism, Buddhism,  I'hristiauity,  and  MohanimedanisiD. 
Parts  of  it  have  in  all  ages  been  the  theater  of 
notalde  conquests.  In  nnxlern  times  it  has  to  a  con- 
sideralile  extent  (alien  under  the  control  of  Ibe  Turks. 
Uus-^ians,  Brilish,  and  Krencb.  The  principal  physio- 
graphic divisions  of  Asia  are  the  Siberian  and  Turanian 
lowlands  (steppes,  in  part),  Ihe  desert  re:;ioiis  of  .Arabia, 
Persia,  and  .Mongolia,  the  i.lalean  of  the  IKccan,  and  the 
vaat  mountain  complex  whl.  h  ,  enters  about  Ihe  Pamir 
and  in  various  bninehes  traverses  llie  greater  part  of  Ihe 
contineni  .south  and  soulhea-l  of  luikeslan  and  Siberia. 
-Mount  Everest,  in  the  Himalaya,  iV,' I'l  feel,  is  Ihe  eu|. 
minating  point  of  the  globe.  Riiei.-  of  the  first  magni. 
tudeare  numerous,  the  longest  being  lln-  Vaogl»e,  Venisei, 
and  Obi.  Area,  with  Islands (eslinniled).  i:,i.:.,5liO  square 
miles.     Population  (estimated),  82'.,'.t.Vt,(ioo. 

2.  See  Asda  Minor. — 3.  A  Roman  province, 
formed  in  129  B.  c,  comprising  Mysia.  Lydia. 
Caria,  and  I'lirygia. 

Asia,  Russian.     See  Asiatic  Russia. 

Asia  Minor  (mi'nor).  [L.,  'lesser  A*ia';  F. 
Asic  MiiK  iiir.  G.  Kleinasien.]  A  peninsula  of 
western  Asia  which  lies  between  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  Sea  of  Marmora  on  the  north,  the  Aegean 
Sea  on  the  west,  aud  the  MeditciTanean  Sea  on 
the  south.  The  eastern  boundary  Is  vague.  The  chief 
divisions  in  ancient  times  were  Mysia,  Lydia,  Caria,  Lycia, 
Paraphylia,  llsidia,  Phrygia,  Bithynlu,  Paphhigonia,  Cala- 
tia,  Lycaonia,  Cilicia,  Cappa.locia,  and  Pontus,  (.See  these 
names.)  It  is  a  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  corresponds 
generally  to  Anatolia.  Tlie  surface  is  in  the  main  a  pla- 
teau, traversed  by  Ihe  Taurus  and  other  nuigcs.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Sakaria,  Kizillrmak.  sihun,  Mendcre  and 
Sarabat.  It  was  the  seat  of  Troy,  Lydia,  and  other  ancient 
powers,  and  of  Ionian  (ireek  civil izati.ui ;  and  iisposseSBion 
has  been  disputed  by  Persia.  JIacedon,  .Syria,  Koine,  the 
Byzantine  empire,  Parthia,  the  Saracens,  the  Seliuks,  aud 
the  Turks. 

Asia  Minor  contained  anciently,  according  lo  Ilerodotas, 
fifteen  races  or  nations.  Of  these  four  <K'cupied  the 
southeni  region;  namely,  the  Cilicians.  the  Pamphylians, 
the  Lycians.  and  the  t'aunians;  four  lay  to  Ihe  west  of  Ihe 
great  table-land,  either  upon  or  very  near  the  co,ast,  the 
t'arians,  the  Lydians,  the  .Mysians,  and  the  lireeks;  four 
bordered  on  the  Enxine,  IheThracians.  Mariandynians,  I'a- 
phlagonians, aud  l'appa<locians  ;  and  three,  llnally.  dwelt  in 
the  interior,  the  Phrygians,  the  Chalybcs,  an,l  the  ilatienl. 
.  .  .  Such  were  the  indilical  divisions  of  A^ia  .Minor 
recognized  by  HeriMlotus.  .\  century  later  Ephorus  made 
an  enumeration  which  dilfers  from  that  of  lierodotus  but 
in  Iwoor  three  p:utlculars.  ''Asia  Minor."  he  said,  'Mb 
inhabited  by  sixteen  races,  three  of  which  are  tJreek.  and 
the  rest  barbarian,  not  to  mention  certain  inixeil  racM 
which  arc  neither  the  one  nor  the  other.  The  barbarhui 
races  are  the  following  :— I'pon  the  coast,  the  Cilicians, 
Ihe  Lycians,  the  Pamphylians,  the  Ibthynians,  the  I'aphla- 
gonians,  the  Mariandynians,  the  Trojans,  and  Ihel'arlana  ; 
in  the  interior,  the  Pisidians,  the  Mysians,  the  Chalybiant, 
the  Phrygians,  and  the  .Milyans." 

/((iiWirUDn,  Herod..  I.  SSl-SSd. 

AsiagO  (fi-se-ii'go).  The  chief  place  in  the 
Sette  Coiumuni,  province  of  Vicenza,  Italy,  38 
miles  northwest  of  Padua.  Population  (ISHl), 
2,016. 

Asiatic  Russia.  Those  regions  of  Asia  which 
are  under  Russian  rule.  Tliey  include  Transouciuiia, 
Siberia,  and  Kussian  Central  Asia  (TurkostAii  and  the 
Transcaspian  Province). 

Asinara  (ii-se-nii'rii).  An  island,  ll  miles  long, 
olT  tin'  northwestern  coast  of  the  Island  of  Sar- 
iliiiia,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Sas.'sari :  the 
ancient  Insula  Herculis  (Island  of  Hercules). 

Asinara,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, off  the  northwestern  coust  oftho  Island  of 
Sardinia. 

Asinarus  (ns-i-na'ms).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  siiinll  river  in  the  iirovince  of  Syracuse, 
Sicily:  the  niodeni  Fiuiue  di  Nolo,  or  Falco- 
iiare.  Near  here  the  SjTncuBaus  defeated  the 
Athenians  413  li.  c. 

Asiniagens  (a-sin'i-il  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  |ileliiinn  ihin  or  house,  originnlly  from  Teale, 
the  prineipnl  town  of  the  Marriiciiii,  whose  fam- 
ily names  weri'  .\grlppa,  Celcr,  Dento,  Gallus, 
Pollio,  and  Saloiiiuus. 

Aiiinius.    See  I'niUo. 

Asinius  Gallus.     Si-e  Galliit,  Caiun  A^iniim. 

Asir,  or  Asyr  (ii-.wr').  .'\  mountaininis  region 
in  western  .\rabia,  between  Ilejn/.  on  the 
north  aiul  Veinen  on  the  south,  inliubited  by 
Walinbis. 

Asisi.     See  .IsHisi. 

Asius  (a'shi-iis).  An  early  (irei'k  poet  of  Santos. 
He  Is  ",|iioto<l  by  linris  as  d'e.<t<  rlbing  the  luxury  of  the 
loidansal  Samos  in  tvtuin  noi  unlike  rhncvdides' account 
of  Ibe  idd  .Mbi'iilans.  Alb-na-iis  cites  a  few  omile  lines 
fn>m  an  elegy  of  the  siune  poel,  and  Pansaidas  refers  io 
liiin  on  ,it>scure  genealogical  iiuosli<ins  alaml  local  hcpjca  " 
{.Unhfifi/.  Hist,  of  Clnsi-leal  lireek  LIU,  I.  Ub). 

Ask  liisk)  and  Embla  (em'blU).  [ON.  Ankr 
anil  /■.')H/l^l.]  III  dill  Norsi' mylliolngy.  the  first 
man  ami  woman,  created  in  .Midgnnl  by  the 
three  gods  Odin,  lla>nir,  and  Lodur  (Old  Norse 


.  T.  i      Invaders,  II.  450  ..  ,.    ,        .      t.    i- 

e  (as'ku),  Anne.    Bom  at  Asparagus  Gardens,  The.    A  low  place  of  Aspramonte  (as-pra-mon  te).    An  Italian  epic 
Lincolnshire,  England,  1521:     public  entertainment,  not  far  from  Pimlico.   It     poem,  by  an  unknomi  author,  which  appeared 


Ask 

Lodhiirr),  out  of  trees  found  on  the  sea-shore. 
Odin  gave  them  life,  Hwnir  sense,  and  Lodui- 
blood  and  color. 

Askabad  (iis-ka-biid').  A  place  in  the  Turko- 
man Steppe,  Russian  Central  Asia,  about  lat. 
37°  50'  N.,  long.  58°  20'  E.:  an  important  sta- 
tion on  the  Trauscaspian  Railway.  Popula- 
tion, about  7,000. 

Askanien  (as-ka'ni-en).  An  ancient  countship 
of  Germany,  named  from  the  castle  of  Askanien 
near  Aschersleben. 

Aske  ;a»k),  Robert.  Executed  1537.  The 
leader  of  the  Yorkshire  insurrection  called  the 
"Pilgrimage  of  Grace"  (which  see). 

Askelon.     See  Ascalon. 

Askew,  or  Ascue  (as'ku), 
Stallingborough 

burned  at  Smithfield,  London,  July  16,  1546. 
An  English  woman  accused  of  heresy  in  regard 
to  the  sacraments. 

Askja  (ask'ya).  A  volcano  in  the  interior  of 
Iceland.     It  was  in  eruption  in  1875. 

Asklepios.    See  ^sculapiiis. 

Aslauga's  Knight  (a-slou'gaz  nit).  [G.  As- 
laiiiia's  Hitter.']  A  .story  by  Baron  de  La  Motte 
Fouque,  published  in  German  in  the  autumn 
of  1814,  and  translated  into  English  in  Carlyle's 
"German  Romance."  Aslauga  is  a  spirit  chosen  by 
the  Knight  in  preference  to  any  earthly  lady-love.  She 
appears  to  him  at  important  moments  in  his  career,  and 
he  dies  fancying  himself  clasped  in  her  arms  and  shrouded 
in  her  wonderful  golden  hair. 

Asmai  lAbu  Said  Abd-el  Melek  ibn  Koraib 

El-Asmai).  Born  at  Basra  about  740  A.  D. : 
died  about  830.  An  Arabian  litterateur  and 
preceptor  to  Harun-al-Rashid.  He  probably 
wrote  the  romance  "  Antar." 
Asmodeus  (as-mo-de'us  or  as-mo'de-us).  [Heb. 
Ashmodai:  derived  by  some  from  Heb.  Samad, 
to  destroy:  probably  of  Persian  origin.]  In 
later  Jewish  demonology,  a  destructive  demon. 
In  the  book  of  Tobit  he  is  said  to  have  loved  Sara  and  to 
have  destroyed  in  succession  her  seven  husbands,  appear- 
ing as  a  succubus  on  their  bridal  nights.  He  is  hence 
jocularly  spolien  of  as  the  destroyer  of  domestic  happi- 
ness. When,  however,  Sara  was  married  to  the  son  of 
Tobit,  Asmodeus  was  driven  away  by  the  fumes  from  the 


86 


Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio 


1823.  An  American  physician.  He  fought  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  battle  of  Le'xington,  became  a  surceon 
in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  is  said  to  have  established 

,       .  -,        ^      r>-.       -  a-      ^     1      J        the  practice  of  vaccination  in  .\merica. 

Asotus  (a-so  tus).  [Gr.affurof,  profligate.]  In  Aspinwall,  William  H.  Born  at  New  York, 
Wt^ti  .ToTienn'ft '*  OvTithin's  Revels,    a  toohsh  and     t,    _     k?    ioat.    .i;„j  *.i t —    ic    toTiz       a- 


Asopus.    In  Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  the 

river  Asopus  (in  Sicyonia).     He  was  struck  by 
a  tlmnderbolt  from  Zeus. 


Ben  Jonson's  "  Cynthia's  Revels,"  a  foolish  and 
prodigal  coxcomb,  the  parasite  of  Amorphus 
whom  he  imitates  in  every  way. 
Aspar  (as'par).  Died  471.  A  general  of  the 
Eastern  Enipire.  the  sou  of  Ardaburius. 
was  an  .Alan  hy  extraction.  -As  early  as  424  he  went  with 
his  father  on  the  expedition  to  Italy  which  overthrew  the 
usurper  Joannes  and  established  the  young  ^■alentinian  on 
the  throne  of  his  uncle  HoTiorius.  He  was  consul  in  4.S4. 
"  He  was  called  '  First  of  the  Patricians ' ;  he  stood  on  the 
very  steps  of  the  throne,  and  might  have  been  Emperor 
himself,  but  he  was  an  Arian."    Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her 


Dec.  16,  1807:  died  there,  Jan.  18,  1875.  An 
American  merchant,  the  chief  promoter  of  the 
Panama  Railroad,  whose  eastern  terminus  is 
named  for  him. 
^,^  Aspinwall,  or  Colon  (k6-16n').  A  seaport  on 
the  low  island  of  Mauzanilla,  close  to  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  Colombia,  in  lat.  9°  22'  N., 
long.  79°  55'  W. :  the  terminus  of  the  Panama 
Railroad,  it  was  founded  in  1855  by  W.  H.  Aspinwall, 
and  was  bxuned  by  insurgents  in  1SJS5.  Population,  about 
3.1100. 


is  to  this  that  Brome  refers  in  his  "Wparagus 
Garden"  (which  see). 
Aspasia  (as-pa'shi-a).  [Gr. 'Aotoct/q,  lit. 'wel- 
come.'] Bom  at  Miletus,Ionia :  flourished  about 
440  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Milesian  woman  of  great 
talents  and  beauty,  who  removed  to  Athens  in 
her  youth,  and  became  the  mistress  of  Pericles. 
Her  house  was  the  center  of  literary  and  philosophical 
society  at  -Athens,  and  her  ascendancy  over  Pericles  was 
such  that  the  war  with  Samosin  behalf  of  .Miletus,  440  B.C., 
was  frequently  ascribed  to  her  influence.  She  was  also 
said  to  have  written  part  of  Pericless  famous  funeral  ora- 
tion over  the  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  campaign  of  431  B.  c. 
She  was  accused  by  the  comic  poet  Hermippus  of  impu- 
rity 432  B.  0.,  but  was  saved  by  the  intervention  of  Pericles, 

whose  eloquence  and  personal  influence  procured  her  ae-  .-.,..       _,        ™t-  j 

quittal.     Afterthedeathof  Pericles,  429  B.C.,  she  attached  AsprOpotamO  (as-pro-pot  a-mo).      1  he  modem 


at  Milan  in  1516,  a  year  after  "Orlando  Fu- 
rioso."  The  subject  is  the  defeat  of  the  Saracens  by  the 
French  when  the  former  came  orer  in  large  numbera 
under  Gamier,  king  of  (.'arthage,  to  sack  Rome  :  this  they 
accomplished,  and  went  across  to  lYance  where  Charle- 
magne and  all  the  great  paladins  defeated  them  near  As- 
pranionte  (Aspremont). 

Aspre  (as'pr),  Konstantin,  Baron  d'.    Bom 

1789 :  died  1850.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  Italian  campaigns  of  1848-49. 
Aspromonte  (as-pio-mon'te).  A  mountain  in 
Calabria.  Italy,  10-20  miles  northeast  of  Reggio, 
nearly  7,000  feet  in  height.  Near  it  Garibaldi 
was  defeated  and  captured  by  Italian  troops 
under  Pallavieini,  Aug.  29,  1862. 


herself  to  Lysicles,  a  democratic  leader.     The  son  of  Pert 

cles  by  Aspasia  was  legitimated  by  a  decree  of  the  people, 

took  his  fathers  name,  and  was  executed,  with  five  other 

generals,  after  the  victory  of  Arginusfe. 
Aspasia,   or  Aspatia.     One   of  the   principal 

characters  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  ' '  Maid's 

Tragedy."    She  is  betrothed  to  Amintor  and 

is  deserted  by  him. 
Aspasius(as-pa'shius).  Bom  at  Ravenna,  Italy:  ,  ,     .  ... 

tiourished  about  225  A.  D.  A  Roman  rhetorician  Assal  (as-sal  ).     A  salt  lake  m  eastern  Africa, 

and  sophist.  "^'i''  ^'^^  ^^^  o^  Tajurrah,  Gulf  of  Aden,  600 

Aspe  (as'p"a).     A  town  in  the  province  of  Ali-     feet  below  the  sea-level.  ' 

cante,  Spain,  21  miles  west  of  Alicante.    Popu-  Assam  (as-sam').     A  chief  commissionship  of 


name  of  the  river  Achelous. 

Assab  (iis-sab').  A  bay  in  the  Red  Sea,  in  lat. 
13°  N.,  long.  42°  50'  E."  Since  1881  it  has  be- 
longed, with  adjacent  villages,  to  Italy. 

Assad  (as'sad).  In  the  story  of  "Prince  Am- 
giad  and  Prince  Assad,''  in  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,"  the  son  of  Camaral- 
zaman  and  Haiatalnefous. 


lation  (1887),  7,297. 


'Paradise  Lost,"  iv.  168).  King  Solomon,  in  liis  search 
for  the  mysterious  and  miraculous  Shamir,  ordered  As- 
modeus, who  knew  the  secret,  to  be  brought  to  him. 
He  resisted  the  summons  violently,  upsetting  trees  and 
houses.  A  poor  widow  begging  him  not  to  injure  her 
little  hut,  he  turned  aside  so  shai-ply  that  he  broke  his 
leg  and  has  been  a  "diable  boiteux"  (lame  devil)  ever 
since.  Le  Sage  made  him  the  hero  of  his  romance  '*Le 
Diable  Boiteux,"  from  which  Foote  took  his  play  "The 


burning  heart  and  liver  of  a  tish  (hence  the  allusion  in  ^gpe  (asp),  Valine  d'.     A  valley,  department 

..p„r,Hi„  T„»t "  iv  ifiR>      Kin.  soinn,r,n  in  his  se.^rcb     of  Basses-PjT^nees,  France,  nea"r  the  Spanish 

frontier,  traversed  by  one  of  the  main  routes 
across  the  Pyrenees.  It  formed  a  medieval  re- 
public under  the  protection  of  B6arn. 
Aspen  (as'pen).  A  silver-mining  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Pitkin  Countv,  Colorado,  west  of  Lead- 
ville.     Population  (1900),  3.303. 

Devil  on  Two  Sticks."    He  appears  in  the  fornier  as  the  AspendOS  (as-pen'dos),  AspendUS  (-dus).    [Gr. 

comnan.on  of  Don  Cleofas.  whom  he  takes  w.th  him  m     ,,^^_,„^„^. ,]'     ^   ancient    geogi-aphy,   a   city  of 

Pamphvlia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Eurymedon 
about  lilt.  36°  58'  N.,  long.  31°  16'  E.  It'contains 
a  Roman  theater,  which  is  the  best  preserved  of  all  .an- 
cient structures  of  the  kind.  The  cavea  is  quite  intact. 
There  is  also  a  Roman  aqueduct  which  crosses  the  valley 
by  a  long  range  of  arches. 
Asper  (as'per).  [L., 'rough,  harsh.']  l.InBen 
Jonson's  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,"  a 
character  which  he  designed  as  a  portrait  of 
himself. 

He  is  of  an  ingenious  and  free  spirit,  eager  and  constant 
in  reproof,  without  fear  controlling  the  world's  abuses. 
One  whom  no  servile  hope  of  gain,  or  frosty  apprehension 
of  danger,  can  make  to  be  a  parasite,  either  to  time, 
place,  or  opinion. 

Jonson,  in  Dram.  Pers.  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

2.  The  pseudonym  of  Johnson  in  the  "Ramb- 
ler," and  under  which  he  abused  Garrick. 

Asperg  (as'pero),  or  Asberg  (as'bero).  Atown 
in  the  Neckar  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  9  miles 
north  of  Stuttgart.     Population,  about  2,000. 

Aspern  (as'pern).  A  village  in  Lower  Austria, 
situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Danube  5 
miles  northeast  of  Vienna. 

A 
victory  gained  at  Aspevn  and  Essling,  May  21 
and  22,  1809,  by  the  Austrians  uniier  Archduke 
Charles  (80,000)  over  the  French  under  Napo- 
leon (40,000  and  later  80,000).  The  loss  of 
the  Austrians  was  about  24,000;  that  of  the 
French  considerably  more,  including  Lannes 


comp:mion  of  Don  Cleofas,  whom  he  takes  with  him  in 
his  wonderful  Hight  over  the  roofs  of  lladrid.  showing 
him  by  his  diabolical  power  the  insides  of  the  houses  as 
they  fly  over  tliem.  In  the  novel  he  is  a  witty,  playful, 
malicious  creature.  He  is  also  introduced  in  Wieland's 
"Oiieron." 

Asmoneans,  Hasmoneans.  [From  Asmonai, 
till'  first  of  the  dynasty.]     See  Maccabees. 

Asnapper  (as-nap'er).     See  Asenappar. 

Asnen  (iis'neu).  Lake.  A  lake  in  southern 
Sweilen,  south  of  Wexio. 

Asni^res  (a-ne-ar').  A  suburb  of  Paris,  situ- 
ated on  the  Seine  1  mile  northwest  of  the  for- 
tifications.    Population,  about  15,000. 

Asoka(a-s6'ka),  orPiyadasi  (pi'ya-da-si).  A 
king  of  the  Jiaurya  dj'nasty  of  Magadha,  son 
of  Bindusara,  and  grandson  of  Chandragnpta, 
B.  C.  263-226.  In  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  his 
father,  he  went  away  to  Rajputana  and  the  Panjab.  Re- 
turning at  the  moment  of  his  father's  death,  he  massacred 
his  brothers  and  obtained  the  throne.  In  time  he  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  Hindustan,  the  Panjab,  and  Afghan- 
istan, while  he  claimed  to  rule  also  over  South  India  and 
Ceylon.  Converted  by  a  miracle,  he  openly  adopted  Bud- 
dhism and  became  the  Buddhist  Constantine.  Especially 
noted  are  his  edicts  enjoining  the  practical  morality  of 
" ,  which  are  engraved  in  different  Prakrit  dia^ 


Buddhism, _ —  j.         t.        ,        ^  ti     t 

lects  on  pillais  or  rocks  in  various  parts  of  India.     Prin-  Aspem,  Battle  Of,  or  Battle  01  Essling 
Sep,  their  first  decipherer,  and  Lassen  refer  them  to  the        ■  .,..  ,t^,.  „. 

time  of  Asoka,but  Wilson  thinks  they  were  engraved  "at 
some  period  subsequent  to  b.  c.  205." 

Asola  (a-s6'la).     A  small  town  in  the  province 

of  Mantua.  Italy,  19  miles  northwest  of  Mantua. 
Asolando  (as-o-lan'do):  Facts  and  Fancies. 

A  volume  of  poems  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 


(^ie:r^Lonjrp;.i2:i^,\i:;;i;;:^^=  A^aitites  (a.t.i-trtez),  ^Lake.  ^  cl^  ..«. 


the  poet  died  in  Venice. 

Asolo  (a'so-16).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Tre- 
viso,  Italy,  33  miles  northwest  of  Venice:  the 
ancient  Acelum.     Population,  about  5,000. 

Asopus  (a-s6'pus).  [Gr.  'Aauiruq.']  In  ancient 
geogi'aphy:  (n)  A  small  river  in  Bceotia,  Greece, 
flowing  into  the  Euripus  in  northern  Attica : 
the  modem  Oropo.  (6)  A  small  river  in  Sicy- 
onia, Greece,  flowing  into  the  Corinthian  Gulf 
4  miles  northeast  of  Sicyon :  the  modern  Ha- 
gios  Georgios. 


British  India,  situated  in  the  Brahmaputra 
valley:  the  chief  seat  of  tea-culture  in  India. 
It  was  ceded  by  Burma  in  182(J.  Area,  49,004  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  5,476,s3a 

Assandun  (as-san'dun).  A  locality,  identified 
with  Ashingdon.  Essex,  England,  where  in  1016 
Edmund  Ironsides  was  defeated  by  Canute. 

Assassination  Plot.  A  conspiracy  against  the 
life  of  William  III.  of  England,  by  Sir  George 
Barclay,  Charnock,  and  Parkyns,  detected  in 
1696. 

Assassins,  The.  A  military  and  religious  order 
in  Syria,  founded  in  Persia  by  Hassan  ben 
Sabbah  about  1090.  a  colony  migrated  from  Persia 
to  Syria,  settled  in  various  places,  with  their  chief  seat 
on  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  secret  murders  in  blindiobedience  to  the  will  of 
their  chief.  Their  religion  was  a  compound  of  Magian- 
ism,  Judaism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism.  One 
article  of  their  creed  was  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided 
in  their  chief  and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  God 
himself.  The  chief  of  the  sect  is  best  known  by  the 
denomination  old  man  of  the  viouiitain  (Arabic  sheikh  aU 
jebal,  chief  of  the  mountains).  I'hese  barbarous  chief- 
tains and  their  followers  spread  terror  among  nations  far 
and  near  for  almost  two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  the 
Crusades  they  mustered  to  the  number  of  50.000,  and  pre- 
sented a  formidable  obstacle  to  the  arms  of  the  Christians. 
They  were  eventually  subdued  by  the  sultan  Bibars  about 
1272. 

Assaye,  or  Assye  (as-si').  A  village  of  Hai- 
darabad,  British  India,  about  lat.  20°  18'  N., 
long.  75°  55'  E.  Here  9,500  British  under  Wellesley 
(lluke  of  ■ft'ellington)  defeated  more  than  .50,000  Mahrattaa 
Sept  23,  1803.     The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  l,8(«l. 

Assche,or  Asche(iis'che).  A  small  town  in  Bra- 
bant. Belgium,  9  miles  northwest  of  Brussels. 

A.sselyn  (as'se-lin),  Jan,  sumamed  Krabbetje. 

Born  at  Antwerp  (?)  about  1610 :  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1660.  A  Dutch  painter  of  landscapes, 
animals,  and  battles. 

Assemani  (as-sa-mii'ne),  Giuseppe  Aloysio. 

Born  at  Tripoli,  Svria.  about  1710:  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  9,  1782.  A  Syrian  Orientalist, 
nephew  of  Giuseppe   Simone  Assemani,  pro- 

— ^ .  ,-1-11      fcssor  of  Oriental  languages  at  Rome. 

asphdltiti'f,  Gr.  Xiuvri  'Ac(pa/:TiTn(:,  lake  of  asphalt  Assemani,  Giuseppe  Simone.   Bom  at  Tripoli, 


or  bitumen.]      An  ancient  name  of  the  Dead 

Aspidiske  (as-pi-dis'ke),  or  Asmidiske  (as- 
mi-dis'ke).  [Gr.  doTTfdicK//.  a  little  shield.]  The 
fourth-magnitude  star  (  Argus,  situated  in  the 
shield  which  ornaments  the  vessel's  poop.  There 
is  some  confusion  in  the  lettering  of  the  stars  of  this  con- 
stellation, and  some  star-maps  assign  this  name  to  $  in- 
stead of  I. 

Aspin'wall  (as'pin-wal).  William.  Born  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  May  23,  1743    died  April  16, 


Syria.  1687 :  died'  at  Rome.  Jan.  14.  1768.  A 
Syi'ian  Orientalist,  custodian  in  the  Vatican  li- 
brary: author  of  "Bibliotheca  orientaUs  Clem- 
entiiio-Vaticana"  (1719-28),  etc. 

Assemani,  Simone.  Bom  at  TripoU,  Syria, 
1752 :  died  1821.  A  Syrian  scholar,  professor  of 
Oriental  languages  at  Padua:  author  of  works 
on  Oriental  numismatics. 

Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio.  Bom  at  Tripoli, 
Syria,  1707 :  died  1782.     A  Syrian  Orientalist, 


Asseznani,  Stefano  Evodio 

nephew  of  (iiuseppe  Siraone  Asseuiaui,  custo- 
diau  in  the  Vatican  library.  His  works  ineluJe 
"  Bibliothecje  Mediceo-LaurentiansB  et  ruhitiiim  t-od., 
etc.  "  (17-i-X  'Acta  .Sanctorum  Mai-tyrum  "  (1748J,  etc. 


87 

of  Clarendon,  issued  at  Northampton  in  1176 
(•J2  Hen.  II.;,  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  iustruo- 
tious  to  the  juilnes.  Tlie  now  articles  relate 
to  tenure,  reliefs,  dower,  etc. 


Assembly,  National.     In  French  history,  the  Assmannsiausen  (Us'miins-hou-zen).     A  vil- 
tirst  of  the  Revolutionary  assemblies,  in  ses-     lage  iu  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia, 
sion  1789-91.    The  .states-General,  electid  in  1789,  were     situated  on  the  Hhine  1()  miles  west  of  Maiuz, 
opened  May  5, 17SH,  and  in  June  the  third  estate  assumed      (,„l„i,ritpil  for  its  u;\  ami  white  wineS. 
the  title  of  National  Assembly,  and  absorbed  the  tw..  re.     ceteoiaua  lor  Us  lid  aim  n  nut  """-»• 

'  ,o(  the  Associated  Counties,  The.    In  English  his- 


mainiiig  estates.     Its  chief  work  was  the  formation 
constitution  (whence  it  is  also  ciUled  the  CotistUuetU  A»- 

armf'ht  t. 

Assembly  of  Fowls.    See  rarliamentof  Fowles. 

Assembly  of  Ladies,  The.  A  poem  attributed 
to  Cliaucir,  but  now  considered  spurious:  an 
imitation  of  the  •'Parliament  of  Fowles." 


tory,  a  name  (iiven  to  the  counties  of  Norfolk, 
Suffolk,  Essex.  Ilirtfoid,Cambritlge,  Hunting- 
don, and  Lincoln,  because  they  combined, 
1G42-46,  to  join  the  Parliamentary  side  iu  the 
civil  war,  and  to  keep  their  territory  free  from 

invasion. 

Assen  (as'sen).     The  capital  of  the  province  of  AssoUant,  or  Assolant  (ii-so-lon'),  Jean  Bap- 


Drcuthe,  Netherlands,  16  miles  south  of  Gro 
uingen.  Near  it  are  famous  antiquities.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  commune,  9,148. 

Assens  ( iis'sens).  A  town  in  the  island  of  Fiinen, 
Denmark,  situated  on  the  Little  Belt  21  miles 
southwest  of  Odeuse.    Population (1890),  4,026. 

Asser   (as'er).     Died  at  Sherborne,  England. 

909(,f)  ■   ' ' 

borne 

wrote  a  -'Life  of  Alfred"  (ed.  by  Wise  1722) 

Asshur.     See  Ashiir. 

Assideans  (as-i-de'anz).    See  Chasidim. 

Assignation,  The,  or  Love  in  a  Nunnery. 

A  comedy  liy  Dryueu,  performed  in  1()72. 

Assing  (Ss'siug),  Ludmilla.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  22, 1821:  died  at  Florence,  March  2.5, 
1880.  A  German  authoress,  editor  of  various 
works  of  Varnhagen  von  Ense  (her  uncle)  and 
of  Alexander  von  Humboldt,  .she  was  sentenced, 
1863-64,  to  impriBonment  for  libel  by  the  rrussian  gov- 
eniment. 

Assini  (as-se'ne;.  A  small  French  protectorate 
on  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  west  of  the 


tiste  Alfred.  Born  at  Aubusson,  March  20, 
1827 :  died  at  Paris,  March  4,  1886.  A  French 
novelist  and  journalist.  He  bmuBht  a  charge  of 
plagiarism  against  Victorien  .Sardou,  lUleging  that  the 
hitter's  play  "Oncle  Sani "  was  taken  from  AssoUant's 
"Sci'nesde  la  ViodesKtats-tlnis."  The  charge  was  re- 
ferred to  a  commission  of  authors  who  gave  a  verdict  in 
favor  of  il.  Sardou. 
A.  D.  A  Welsh  monk,  bishop  of  Sher-  Assommoir  (ii-som-mwar'),  L'.  [F.,'theblud- 
and  companion  of  Alfred  the  Great.  Ho  ^,'0011.']  A  novel  by  Zola,  published  in  1877. 
.,T  „-  .c  ..r-..i«,_i  ^..  xTTt.. -.-cM^  ASSOS  (as'os).  [Gr. 'Aflooc.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium,  Mysia,  in  lat.  39°  29'  N.,  long.  26"^  22'  E. 
The  site  is* now  occujded  by  the  Turkish  village  of  Behrtim. 
It  was  thoroughly  explored  and  excavated  by  the  .Archseo- 
loglcal  Institute  of  America  1881-82,  with  the  important 
result  of  illustrating  the  architectural  and  topographical 
development  of  a  minor  Greek  city  with  a  completeness 
comparable  with  the  Iwtiy  of  information  supplied  by  Pom- 
peii concerning  Roman  towns  under  somewhat  simihu* 
conditions.  The  reniJiins  studied  include  very  extensive 
fortifications  i:»f  successive  periods,  temples  ranging  from 
the  archaic  Doric  to  foundations  dating  within  the  Chris- 
tian era,  a  theater,  baths,  porticos,  a  gymnasium,  private 
dwellings  in  great  variety,  a  remarkable  and  highly 
adorned  street  of  timibs,  ami  a  Creek  bridge. 


British  Gold  Coast,  on  a  river  of  the  same  Assouan.     See  As.tiiau. 

Assuan,  or  Ass'wan,  or  Assouan  (iis-swaii'). 
A  town  in  Upper  Epi.'pt,  situated  on  the  Nile 
near  the  first  cataract,  in  lat.  24°  5'  N.,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  on  the  tropic  of  Cancer:  the  an- 
cient Syene.    It  is  noted  for  its  granite.    It  was 


name. 

Assiniboia  (as'in-i-boi'a).  A  provisional  dis- 
trict in  the  Northwest'  Territories,  Canada, 
formed  in  1882.  it  is  bounded  by  Saskatchewan  on 
the  north,  Manitoba  on  the  east,  the  Inited  States  on 
the  south,  and  Alberta  on  the  west.  Its  chief  town  is  Re- 
gina.  Assiniboia  sends  two  representatives  to  the  Do- 
minion Parliament.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Canadian  I'a 
ciUc  Railroad.  Area,  90,340  square  miles. 
(liiiii),  ii7,:!8.i. 

Assiniboin  (a-sin'i-boiu).  [From  the  Ojibwa 
asiiini,  stone,  and  bwa,  the  Ojibwa  name  for 
the  Dakota,  the  compound  meaning  '  Stone  Da- 
kotas.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
an  offshoot  of  the  Pabakse  gens  of  the  Ihank- 
tonwanna:  called  Uohc  {ho'ha.)  by  the  Djikota. 
They  number  :i,<>js,  and  live  in  the  northwest  territory  of 


the  place  (if  banishment  of  Juvenal. 
Assuay.     Ste  A:uaij. 
ropiilatioii  Assumption.     See  Asuiiriiin. 

Assumption  of  the  Virgin.    1 .  A  masterpiece 

of  Titian  in  the  Accadcmia,  Venice,  one  of  the 
most  rcuowiicd  of  existing  paintings.  The  Vir- 
gin ascends  toward  the  tlirone.  wafted  on  glowingclouds 
and  surrounded  by  rinks  of  rejoicing  angils.  The  apos- 
tles look  up  in  amazement  from  the  earth  below. 
2.  A  powerful  painting  bv  Titian,  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  Verona,  splendid  and  characteristic 


They  number  .'VJOS,  and  live  in  the  northwest  territory  or  pnlorinc— 3     Frescos  bv  Correiririo  in 

British  North  America  and  also  in  llontana.    SeeSiouon    in  coloring.      >5    1  rescos  i)>   i.  orrct,t,io  lu 
andSiouz.  dome  of  the  cathedral  of  Parma,  Italy. 

Assiniboine,  or  Assiniboin.    A  river  in  the 

southern  part  of  liritisli  America,  which  joins 
the  Red  River  of  the  North  at  Winnipeg,  Mani- 
toba.    Length,  about  .500  miles. 

Assinie  (iis-se-ne').    [F.]     See  .l.5.'?i«i. 

Assisi,  or  Asisi  (ii-se'se).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Perugia,  Italy,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Perugia,  famous  as  the  birthplace  of  St.  Fran- 
cis: the  I'mbrian  Assisium.  It  Is  also  the  birthplace 
of  ITopertius  and  .Metastasio.  Near  it  !Ue  Roman  ruins. 
It  contains  a  temple  of  Minerva,  a  Hue  lionian  hexiultyle 
Corinthian  prostyle  portico,  with  Its  low  |)cdinient  com- 
plete, now  attached  to  the  Church  of  Santa  Maiia  della 
Minerva,  of  which  the  vaulted  cella  still  forms  the  chief 
part.  The  temiile  dates  from  Augustus,  ami  is  good  in 
its  proportions  and  the  details  of  the  ornament.  The 
Church  of  San  Kranccsco,  begun  1'228.  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  I'pper  Church  and  the  Lower  Church.  The  former. 
2'2f>  feet  long,  consists  of  a  single  nave  of  live  bays  with 
a  rose-winilow  of  great  beauty.  The  walls  are  covered 
with  frescos,  chielly  by  llmabuc  (story  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments)  and  Cliotto  (life  of  ,st.  trancis).  The 
latter  series  is  famous,  ami  exhibits  in  the  highest  degree 
the  painter's  Individuality,  dramatic  ouality.  and  direct- 
ness of  conception.  The  Lower  Churcii  is  wider  than  the 
other,  low  and  erypt-like;  il  contains  interesting  tombs, 
line  painted  glass,  and  many  frescos,  among  them  some 
of  c;iotlo'8  most  admired  works.  The  chief  of  these  are 
the  Virtues  and  the  (ilorlllcation  of  St.  Francis,  and  a 
beautiful  Madonna,  on  gold  ground. 

Assiut,  or  AssiOUt.     See  .s'(»/. 

Assize  of  Clarendon.  An  English  ordinance, 
issui'd  ill  IKili  (12  lien.  II.),  which  introduced 
changes  iMti>  the  admiiiistratioii  of  justice. 


the 

,        They 

occupy  the  entire  octagon,  and  are  famous  for  tnelr  grace 
and  the  beauty  of  their  color  ami  golden  light.  They  are 
now  damaged  by  moisture. 

4.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  Antwerp  Cathe- 
dral, Belgium.  The  Virgin,  surrounded  by  angels,  is 
borne  up  to  heaven  in  glory  ;  the  apostles  ami  women  are 
gathered  about  the  empty  tomb  below.  The  coloring  Is 
less  brilliant  than  is  usual  with  Rubens. 

5.  A  painting  by  Perugino,  in  the  Accadcmia, 
Florence.  The  Virgin  i.s  in  face  and  form  one  of  Perii- 
glno's  most  beautiful  llgures;  the  four  saints  in  the  fore- 
ground, too,  are  admirable. 

6.  A  large  and  imiiortant  painting  by  Guido 
Reiii,  in  Bridgewatcr  House,  London. —  7.  A 
lino  fresco  by  Gaudenzio  FeiTari,  in  the  Chunli 
of  San  Cristoforo  at  Vercelli,  Italy.  The  llgures 
of  the  Father,  the  Virgin,  the  angel,  and  the  apostles,  es- 
pecially, are  of  grand  conception. 

8.  A  painling  by  .Murillo,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum.  Si .  Petersburg.  The  Virgin  lloats  upward, 
resting  on  clouds,  with  bands  of  cherubs  aliove  and  behiw 
her.  This  picture  excels  In  the  ipialltles  of  gnieo  and 
pnrityof  expression  which chanuterlie  many  of  .Murlllo's 
works. 

9.  One  of  the  most  admired  paintings  of  Ouer- 
cino  (lU2:i),  in  the  lI<'rmitago  Museum,  St. 
Petersburg.  The  Virgin,  with  face  npllfled,  Is  Imrno 
upward  on  a  cloud,  surrounded  by  angels.  The  u|H>stles 
staml  alsiut  her  tombbehiw. 

A88Ur(iis'or),or  A8hur(a.sh'er).  [See  .Lvnyrin.) 
1.  The  original  iiaino  of  Assyriu  and  of  its 
.iirli.st  capital.— 2.   Sec  Asur. 

Assye.     See  Assnyc 


Assizes  of  Jerusalem.     Two  codes  of  laws,  ^gynt  (as'lnl).  Loch.     A  lake.  7  miles  1 


drawn  up  under  the  authority  of  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon,  the  first  crusading  king  of  .lerusaloiii, 
and  in  force  under  the  Christian  sovereignty  in 
Jerusalem  anil  in  Cyprus.  One  code  had  Jurlsdlc 
Hon  over  the  nobility,  th.- secimd  over  the  common  peo- 
pie.  Both  were  conceived  with  a  wisdom  and  enllgblen- 
ment  lieyond  their  age,  and  were  based  on  contemporary 
French  law  andcustcuns. 

-Assize  of  Northampton.    An   English   ordi 


ing. 
in  the  sioilliweslern  pari  of  Sutherland,  Scot- 
lanil,  noleil  for  its  picliire«<|iienes.s. 
Assyria  (a-sir'i-ii).  [OPers.  Alhiini,  Gr.  'Aanvitm, 
L.  .(.v.fvriVi,  F.  A.ini/rir,  G.  Assijrirn ;  in  the  cu- 
neiform inscriptions  Aiiur ;  in  the  Old  Tesla- 
inent  AHiir.]  \n  ancient  Asintie  stale,  wliieh 
at  the  period  nf  its  greateHl  power  coviTed  n 
territory  of  about  7.'),000  sipiare  iiiileB.  bounded 


nance,  a  reissue  and  expansion  of  the  Assize     by  Armenia  on  the  nortli,  the  Lower  Zab  on 


Asterope 

the  south,  the  Zagros  Mountains  on  the  east,  and 
the  Euphrates  on  the  west.  In  Gen.  i.  2  the  name 
Is  given  to  a  small  district  about  ii  by  17  miles  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Tigris  The  name  of  tlie  country  was 
derived  from  that  of  the  city  Assur,  situated  al>out  50 
miles  south  of  the  modem  Mosul  and  marked  by  the 
ruins  of  Kileh-shergaU  This  city  is  not  mentioned  in 
the  Old  testament,  but  it  survived  Nmeveh.  beine  still 
in  existence  in  the  time  of  c>rub.  the  conqueror  of 
Babylon.  The  name,  besides  being  given  to  the  city  and 
country, was  also  applied  to  the  national  god.  being  always 
spelled  .4*ur  iu  this  connection.  The  I'ersians  called 
the  city  Athura.  'the  <>reeks  comprised  in  the  name  A* 
ni/ria,  or  its  chorteni-d  fonu  Srtrm.  the  entire  territory  be- 
tween Babylonia  and  the  Mediterranean,  sometimes  ap- 
pi)  ing  it  even  to  Babylonia.  The  northern  and  eastern 
portions  of  the  country  were  mountaiiu^us,  but  Ilie  greater 

i)art  was  Hat.  being  an  e.xtension  of  the  Babylonian  plains. 
ts  principal  rivers  were  the  Tigris  the  I  ppcr  and  Lower 
Zab,  the  kuridh,  the  Khoser,  and  the  western  Khabur. 
It  was  a  fertile  counti->-,  and  abounded  in  all  >ort8  ul 
animals ;  among  others,  the  stag,  roebuck,  wild  bull,  and 
lion.  The  hunting  of  the  lion  was  the  favorite  sport  of 
the  Assyrian  kings.  Acouding  to  Genesis  (x.  tj-li,  22) 
the  .^^syrians  were  descendants  of  Sliem  and  emigrants 
from  Babylon.  Their  Semitic-Babylonian  origin  is  fully 
attested  by  th*'ir  sculptures  and  inscriptions.  Their  lan- 
guage is,  apart  from  a  few  dialectical  and  ortbogruphical 
variations,  identical  with  Babylonian,  and  elosel)  akin  to 
Hebrew.  Assyria  derived  its  civilization  from  Babyloida. 
Its  religion  was  the  same  as  that  of  the  mollu-rcountry, 
with  the  exception  of  the  national  god  Ashur,  who  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  pantheon.  Assyrian  architec- 
ture was  a  slavish  copy  of  that  of  Babylonia.  Although 
stone  abounded  in  the  former,  biieks  continued  to  he  used 
In  Imitation  of  the  practice  in  Babylonia,  where  no  stone 
existed.  The  Babylonian  emigrants  who  established  As- 
syria probably  set  out  about  2000  B.  c.  The  first  Assyrian 
rulers  of  whom  we  hear  were  Belkankapu,  Istnl-Dagan. 
and  his  son  SamsiRamman  (IblO  11.  c).  For  the  next  300 
years  nothing  is  known  of  the  condition  of  A.ssyTia,  In 
the  ir>lh  century  u.  r.  Assyria  was  involved  In  a  war  with 
Babylonia,  then  under  the  rule  of  the  nonSemitic  Kas- 
sites.  War  continued  between  the  two  countries  for  a 
long  time  with  varying  success.  Finally,  however,  Assyria 
became  supreme  and  Ilabylonia  the  vassal  state.  The  chief 
maker  of  Assyria's  glory  was  Tiglalh-I'ileser  1.  (1120-lKXI 
H.  r.),  who  conquered  the  city  of  Bitbylon.  other  cities  id 
Babylonia,  and  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Mediterranean. 
Ills  more  important  suecessiirs  were  Asur-dan  II. (y30-9II 
B.  c);  Asurnazirpal  (sS4-(!<J0  B.  r.)  ;  .shalmaneser  II.  (S60- 
824  B.  c),  who  came  in  contact  with  Damascus  and  Israel ; 
Tiglath-l'lleser  III.  (/"/luf  in  the  Old  Testament).  745-787 
B.  c,  whose  power  extended  to  the  confines  of  Egypt  and 
who  put  the  crown  of  Babylon  on  his  head  ;  Sargon  (722-705 
B.  C),  the  conijueror  of  Samaria,  who  defeated  I  he  Egypt  ians 
at  Rapliia ;  Sennacherib  (705-6S1  B.  c.) ;  and  I'.sarhaddon 
(680-6ti8  B.C.).  These  last  two  kings  mark  the  height  of  As- 
syrian power,  and  E8:U'lia(ldon  wiis  enabled  by  his  con- 
quest«  to  add  to  his  name  the  title  king  of  I'pper  and 
Lower  Egypt  and  Ethiopia.  Vnder  Asurbanipal  (the 
Sardanapalus  of  Greek  writers),  6(iS-«28  B.  c.,  the  decline 
of  the  empire  began.  In  s^ime  respects  this  reign  was 
most  prosperous  and  brilliant ;  it  was  the  golden  age  of 
art  and  literature.  I'mler  this  reign  too  Snsa  was  eon- 
quered  and  destroyed.  But  signs  of  the  appmaching 
break-up  were  seen  in  the  constant  uprisings  oi  the  op- 
pressed nations.  The  downward  course  was  rapid-  Once, 
about  C25,  Assyria  succeedeii  in  repelling  the  attack  of 
the  Ifedes  and  Persians  under  I'braortes.  but  when  his 
son  Cyaxarea  In  union  with  Nab.ipolassar  of  Bnb^lon  re- 
peated the  attack  (iioti  B.  c.),  Nlne>  eh  fell  and  the  Assyrian 
power  entirely  disappeared. 
Assyrian  Canon.     See  Epnnym  Cnunn. 

Ast  (list),  Georg  Anton  Friedrich.    B<-vrn  at 

(iotlia,  Gerin.uiy.  l>ie.  •j;i.  ITTs:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Oct.  31,  1S41.  A  Ucriiiun  philologist  and 
iiliilosopliical  writer. 

AstaCUS  (as'la-kusl.  [Gr.  "IVm-iixoi .]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  Greek  colony  iu  Bithynia,  Asia 
Minor,  near  Nicomedia. 

Astacus,  Gulf  of.  Same  as  Ciulf  of  SieometUa 
or  of  Ismiil. 

Astarte  (as-tiir'le).     See  Ashtorrlh. 

Astarte.  The  woman  guiltily  beloved  by  Man- 
fred (in  Byron's  "Manfred"),  and  forwhoni  he 
suffers  an  undying  reniorsi'. 

Astell  (as'tel),  Mary.  Born  at  NewcBstle- 
upon-Tvne,  Knglaml.  166S:  died  17.'tl.  An  Eng- 
lish writer,  .shewastheaulluirot  "  \  Serious  1'ixi|m>»«1 
to  IJldle^  "  publlshi'd  anon>mi"i»ly  (ll'JU  l<7)  I  he  "pro- 
nosid  "  was  f>ir  the  »Teetlon  of  n  monastery  or  htune  of  re- 
ligious retirement,  to  be  conducted  under  the  rules  of  the 
Churi'h  of  I'ngland  :  a  schiiue  which  later  brought  U|km> 
Its  author  conshlerable  abuse,  as  In  the  "Tatler"  (32). 
where  she  appeiunt  iimler  the  name  of  .Madonello. 

Aster  (iis't.r),  Ernst  Ludwlg  von.    It-irn  at 

l>r<sden.  (let.  .').  I77.><:  tli.d  at  Iterlin.  Feb. 
10,  l.S.'i.').  ,\  German  military  enginei-r.  He 
iilaniied  tlio  fortresses  of  Cobfontx  and  Ehron- 
lireitsfein. 

Asterabad.     Seo  Aslrahad. 

Asterius  las-le'ri-us).  1.  Lived  in  flie  first 
luirl  of  I  he  -llh  cendiry  A.  n.  An  Arioii  theo- 
logian of  ('nj'padocia.— 2.  Liveilaboiit  -IOOa.D. 
A  bishop  of  Amasiii.  in  Poiitus,  noted  os  a 
wrilir  01  "Homilies." 

Asterope  (as-tor'6-pe)-  [Gr.  'AanpdTnt.]  One 
of  the  I'leiades,  coiuposetl  of  two  stars,  each  of 
7|  magnitude,  and  just  too  faint  to  be  seen 
by  most  eyes  witliniit  telescopic  assistance. 
It*  Is  sotnetlnirs  n-gard(il  as  the  "Inst  ricind,"  Ihou^b 
more  usually  I'leluiie  la  so  considered.    See  PUxade*. 


Asti 

Asti  (as'te).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Alessan- 
dria, Itiily,  the  ancient  Asta  Pompeia,  situated 
at  the  juuetiou  of  the  Borbore  and  Tanaro  28 
miles  southeast  of  Turin.  During  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a  powerful  republic.  It  has  important  trade,  and 
is  noted  for  the  wines  produced  in  its  vicinity.     It  is  the 


88 

Astor  Library.  A  library  in  the  city  of  \ew 
York,  fouuded  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  and  opened 
lu  1854.  It  was  a  reference  library  only,  and  contained 
aliout  260,000  volumes.  It  w:is  combined  in  1895  with 
the  Lenox  and  the  proposed  Tilden  Library  as  the  New 
York  Public  Library  (which  see). 


birthplace  of  Alfieri.     It  has  a  cathedral  chiefiy  of  the  Astor  Place  Biot.     A  serious  riot  inNew  York, 


13th  century.  The  fine  fag.ade  has  alternate  courses  of 
white  stone  and  red  brick,  with  three  trefoil-headed  sculp- 
tured doorways.  There  is  a  handsome  lateral  porch  with 
statues,  an  octagonal  lantern,  and  a  square,  round-arched 
campanile.  The  transepts  have  pentagonal  ends,  and 
apses  on  the  east  side.    Population,  about  17,000. 

Astie  (tis-te-a'),  Jean  Frederic.    Born  at  Ne- 
rae,Lot-i 
at  Lausa: 

taut  clergyman,  and  writer  on  theological,  phi 
losophical.aud  historical  subjects.  He  waspastur 
of  a  French-S»'jss  clmreh  in  New  York  1&4S-53,  removed 
to  Paris,  and  later  (1830)  became  professor  of  theologj*  and 


s-te-a'),  Jean  Frederic.    Born  at  Ne-  tstoreafi.  tor'^ 
;auiie.  May  20,  1894.     A  French  Protes-    j.^^^a  on  the  Tuerto  2! 


May  10,  1849.  between  the  partizaus  of  the  ae 
tors  Edwin  Forrest  and  Macreadv.    The  latter 
was  actiusf  at  the  time  in  the  Astor  Place  Opera  House. 
It  was  suppressed  by  the  militia.    Twenty-two  were  killed 
aiul  thirty-six  wounded. 
Astoreth.     See  Aslitoreth. 

A  town  in  the  province  of 
ancient  Asturica  Augusta,  sit- 
:9miles  southwest  of  Leon. 
The  Roman  city  walls  ai'e  still  in  large  part  perfect,  and 
present  a  carious  spectacle  with  their  long  series  of  pro- 
jecting semicircular  towers  which  do  not  rise  above  the 
curtains.    Population  (1887),  6,350. 


philosophy  at  Lau*anp,.e.    Among  his  works  is  a  "Histoire  AstOrgE    (as-tor'ga),    Baron    Emmanuele    d' 
Acfi'Ji7^="'Ja"'M    b",",',!''"'!  *'n'*-  1  f.    uQ.  Born  at  Naples,  Dec.  11,  1681:  died  in  Bohe- 

Astier  (as-te;a  ),  Paul.    In  Daudets  "Strug-    nua,  Aug.  21,  1736.    An  ItaUan  musician,  eom- 

A^illl°L^n^Thn,iif='T       n''^->'.V'-.-   A-   ,    poser  of  a  celebrated  "Stabat  Mater"  (1713), 
Astle    as  D.Thomas.  BornDee.22,l<3o:died    a  pastoral  opera,  "Dafne,"  etc. 
at  Battersea  Rise,  near  London,  Dec.  1,  1803.  Astoria  (as-to'ri-a).     Th^  capital  of  Clatsop 
An  English  paleographer  and  antiquary,  ap-    ,.„„„,,.  ^  ".,     ^-,      ,.   ,._     .,  ^^""="1' 

pointed  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower  of  ^0"ft.>.Oregon  on  the  Columbia  jomilesuorth- 
London  in  178.S  He  wrote  "The  Orio-in  mul  west  01  Jrortland .  It  was  founded  as  a  fur-trading  sta- 
^onaon  m  -L'Or;-.  „,,^?r  ine  Ungin  ana  tjnnby  John  Jacob  Astor  (for  whom  it  was  n.amed)  in  ISll. 
Progress  of  Writing     (1/84),  etc.  Leading  industry,  salmon-canning.    Poj..  (1900),  8.381. 

Astley  (ast'li),  Sir  Jacob,  afterward  Baron  Astoria.  A  former  \'illage  of  Long  Island,  New 
Astley.  Born  1579 :  died  at  Maidstone,  Eng-  York,  now  a  part  of  the  Borough  of  Queens, 
land,  Feb.,  1652.     An  English  roj-alist  general    New  York  city. 

in  the  first  civil  war.  He  served  at  Edgehill,  Astrabacus  (as-trab'a-kus).  [Gr.  'AarpaSaiioc.l 
Gloucester,  Xaseby,  and  elsewhere,  and  was  defeated  and     See  the  e.xtract. 


taken  prisouer  at  Stow  in  1G46. 

Astley,  Philip.  Born  at  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme,  England,  1742:  died  at  Paris,  1814.  A 
well-known  horse-tamer.  He  began  as  a  cabinet- 
maker ;  joined  Elliott's  regiment  of  light  horse  in  Holland 
as  a  rough-rider  in  1759 ;  and  finally  settled  in  London,  and 
developed  a  prosperous  business  as  the  proprietor  of  cir- 
cuses there  and  in  other  cities.  The  circus  and  hippo- 
drome, well  known  as  "Astley's,"  was  situated  on  the 
Surrey  side  of  the  Thames,  not  far  from  Westminster 
Bridge:  it  is  now  known  as  ** Sanger's  Amphitheater." 

Astolat  (as'to-lat).  In  the  Arthurian  romances, 
a  name  of  Guildford,  Surrey,  England. 

Astolfo,  or  Astolpho  (as-toi'fo).  1.  -An  impor- 
tant character  in  the  Charlemagne  romances 
and  in  the  "Orlando  Innamorato "  and  "Or- 
lando Furioso."    The  most  notable  of  his  knightly  Astrabad,  or  Astcrabad 

feats  and  adventures  IS  his  journey  to  the  moon,  where  he  ,^,.„,T;r,,)Q  At'  Ac,t^oi,„.q  o;»„„*  a-     i   »  ococoV-kV" 

enters  theValley  of  Lost  Things,  and  among  a  mass  of  Pio^iieeot  Astrabad,  Situated  in  lat.  36°  50' N., 

broken  resolutions,  lovers'  tears,  days  lost  by  idlers,  etc.,  '"ng.  54    -o    L.     It  was  formerly  an  important 

finds  Orlando's  lost  wits  in  a  vessel  larger  than  all  the  town.     It    was    captured    by    Timur    in    1384 

others.    He  was  permitted  to  take  them  back  to  Orlando.  Population  (estimated ),  5,000  to  15,000. 

X%  says*^'  ^""'  °' '"'  '"'"'■  'P''""^  "' '""  ""^  Astrabad  Bay,  or  Gulf  of  Ashraf  (ash-raf). 

'•  Where  the  heroes'  wits  are  kept  in  ponderous  vases,       •'''l''  southeast ernmost  bay  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
And  beaux' lu  snuffboxes  and  tweezer  cases.  "  AStrSSa,  or  Astrea   (as-tre  a).      [Gr.    'Aarpaia. 

He  was  also  the  possessor  of  a  wonderful  horn  which  *^™'  '^^  aa-paioc,  starry.]  I.  In  classical  m}-- 
Bpread  universal  terror  when  it  was  sounded.  thology,  the  goddess  of  justice,  daughter  of  the 

2.  The  King  of  Lombardy  in  an  episode  in    Titan  Astrseus  and  Eos,  or  of  Zeus  and  Themis. 
Ariosto's   '"Orlando   Furioso."     He  is  introduced     I" 'he  golden  age  she  lived  among  men,  and  in  the  brazen 
from  the  "  Tale  of  Astolpho  and  Jocundo,"  two  men  who,      '^^  "'*^  '^e  last  of  the  gods  to  leave  them.    She  departed 
finding  their  wives  false,  took  a  remarkable  method  to     '<"■  the  sky  where  she  shines  as  the  constellation  Virgo, 
procure  a  true  one.  2.   An  asteroid  (the  fifth)  discovered  by  Henke 

Astolphus.     See  Ai  St  111/.  ■    at  Driesen,  Dee.  8,  1845.— 3.  See  ^s^/'ee. 

Aston   (as'ton),   Antony.    Flourished    about  Astraea,  The  Divine.     A  nickname  of  Mrs. 
1712-31.      Ail  English    actor,   prompter,  and    Aphra  Behn. 
dramatic  writer.  Astrasa  BedtlX  (as-tre'a  re'duks).     [L.,  'As- 

Aston  Hall.  An  old  hall  in  the  Elizabethan  trrea  brought  back.']  A  poem  by  Dryden  cele- 
style,  near  Birmingham,  England,  recently  re-  brating  the  restoration  of  Charles  n.,  first  pub- 
paired  and  now  a  museum,  having  been  sold    lished  in  1660. 

by  the  owner,  Mr.  Charles  Holt  Bracebridge,  Astrakhan  (as-tra-ehan').  A  government  of 
to  the  town  of  Birmingham.  This  is  said  to  be  southeastei'n  Russia,  surroimded  by  the  gov- 
the  original  of  Irving's  "Bracebridge  Hall."        ernments  of  Saratoff  and  Samara,  the  Kirghiz 

Aston  Manor.  A  mamifaeturing  town  imme-  Steppe,  the  Caspian,  Caucasia,  and  the  province 
diately  north  of  Birmingham,  England.     Popu-    Pf  the  Don  Cossacks.    It  is  largely  a  barren  steppe. 


The  hero-temple  of  Astrabacus  is  mentioned  byPausa- 
nias  in  his  description  of  Sparta  (III.  xvi.  §  6).  An  ob- 
scure tradition  attaches  to  him.  Astrabacus,  we  are  told, 
and  Alopecus  his  brother,  sons  of  Irbus,  grandsons  of 
Amphisthenes,  great-grandsons  of  Amphicles,  and  great- 
great-grandsons  of  Agis,  found  the  wooden  image  of  Diana 
Orthia  which  Orestes  and  Iphigenia  had  conveyed  secretly 
from  Tauris  to  Lacedfemon,  and  on  discovering  it  were 
stricken  with  madness  (ib.  §  6).  The  worship  of  Astrab- 
acus .at  Sparta  is  mentioned  by  Clemens  (Cohort,  ad  Gen- 
tes,  p.  35).  It  is  conjectiu-ed  from  his  name  [literally 
■ass-keeper']  that  he  was  "the  protecting  genius  of  the 
stable."  RawUnsoii,  Herod.,  III.  433,  note. 

Astrabad  (as-tra-bad'),  or  Asterabad  (as-ter- 
a-bild'^.  A  province  of  northern  Persia, 
adjoining  Mazanderan  on  the  west.  Popula- 
tion (estimated),  80,000. 

The  capital  of  the 


lation  (1901),  77,326 

Astor  (as'tor),  John  Jacob.  Born  at  Walldorf, 
near  Heidelberg,  Jidy  17,  1763:  died  at  New 
York,  March  29,  1848.  A  German-American 
merchant.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1783, 
established  himself  shortly  at  New  York  in  the  fur  trade, 
became  the  first  regular  dealer  in  musical  instruments  in 
the  United  States,  and  speculated  in  New  York  realty  and, 
during  the  war  of  1812,  in  government  securities.  He  con- 
ceived the  scheme  of  connecting  the  fur  trade  with  the  .  - 
Pacific  by  a  line  of  trading-posts  extending  from  the  Great  Astrea.      See  Astriea 

Lakes  along  the  Missouri  and  Columbia,  at  whose  mouth  Astree    (iis-tra').       A    pastoral     romance 

Honoie  D'Urte.     See  the  extract. 


Area,  91,327  square  miles.     Population,  932,5391 

Astrakhan.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Astrakhan,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  delta 
of  the  Volga,  about  lat.  46°  25'  N.,  long.  47° 
00  E.  It  has  extensive  commerce  by  the  Volga  and 
Caspian,  and  is  the  chief  port  for  the  latter;  it  has  also  a 
large  transit  trade  with  Persia  and  Transcaucasia,  various 
manufactures,  valuable  fisheries,  etc.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  a  Tatar  state,  and  was  conquered  by  Kussia  1554. 
Population  (18.17),  113,075. 


he  founded  -\storia  in  1811.  At  his  death  his  fortune  was 
estimated  at  .?20, 000,000.  He  left  $400,oix)  for  founding 
the  Astor  Library. 

Astor,  William  Backhouse.  Born  at  New 
York,_Sept.  19,  1792:  died  at  New  Y'ork,  Nov. 
24, 1875.  An  American  capitalist,  son  of  John 
Jacob  Astor.  He  gave  $550,000  to  the  library 
founded  by  his  father. 

Astor,  William  Waldorf.  Bom  1848.  A 
diplomatist  and  author,  grandson  of  William 
Backhouse  Astor.  He  was  United  States  min- 
ister to  Italy  1882-85,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Va- 
lentino" (1885),  "Sforza"  (1889). 


by 


In  imitation  of  Moutemayor  and  CeiTantes,  whose  ro- 
mances had  been  so  popular  in  the  peninsula.  Honors 
DTrfe  (1567-1625).  a  French  nobleman,  wrote  his  .Astree, 
a  work  which,  under  the  disguise  of  pastoral  incidents 
and  characters,  exhibits  the  singular  history  of  his  own 
family,  and  the  amours  at  the  court  of  Henry  the  Great. 
The  first  volume,  dedicated  to  that  monarch,  appeared, 
probably  in  its  second  edition  (no  copy  of  the  first  edition 
is  known),  in  1610,  the  second  part  in  the  same  year,  and 
the  third, which  is  addressed  to  Louis  XIII.,  was  given  to 
the  world  four  or  five  years  subsequent  to  the  publication 
of  the  second.  The  Ii'uke  of  Savoy  was  depositary  of  the 
fourth  part,  which  remained  in  manuscript  at  the  death 
of  the  author,  and  was  transmitted  on  that  event  to 


Asura 

Mademoiselle  DTrfe.  She  confided  it  to  Baro,  the  secre- 
tary of  her  deceased  relative,  who  published  it  two  years 
after  the  death  of  his  master,  with  a  dedication  to  Mary 
of  Medicis,  and  made  up  a  fifth  part  from  memoirs  and 
fragments  also  placed  in  his  hands.  The  whole  was 
printed  at  Kouen,  1647,  in  five  volumes.  .  .  .  For  more 
than  forty  ye,ars  it  furuished  the  subject  for  nearly  all 
dramatic  compositions  (Segraisiana,  p.  144-5),  while  poets 
confined  their  efforts  to  expressing  in  verse  what  D'l'rf^ 
had  made  the  personages  of  his  romance  utter  in  prose. 
Diinlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  378,  392,  note. 

Astrolabe  (as'tro-lab).  The,  or  The  Conclu- 
sions of  the  Astrolabe.  An  unfinished  prose 
treatise  by  Chaucer,  written  by  him  for  the 
instruction  of  his  son  Lewis,  then  ten  years  old. 
It  is  inferred  that  it  was  written  in  1391.  "This  is  not 
proved,  however ;  and  of  the  chUd  nothing  more  is  known 
than  that  in  the  introduction  to  this  treatise  Chaucer 
mentions  him  by  name  and  gives  his  reasons  for  the  "  cn- 
diting"  of  the  work  for  him.  It  contains  sonieverv  slight 
autobiographical  allusions,  but  is  essentially  a  translation 
of  the  work  of  the  Arabian  astronomer  Messahala  (8th 
century)  from  a  Latin  version. 

Astrolabe  Bay.    An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 

on  the  northeastern  coast  of  Papua. 

Astroni  (as-tro'ne).  The  crater  of  an  extinct 
volcano  5  miles  west  of  Naples. 

Astropali^  (as-tro-pa-le-a').  A  modem  Greek 
name  of  Stampalia. 

Astrophel  (as'tro-fel).  1.  The  name  assumed 
by  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  the  series  of  sonnets 
entitled  "Astrophel  and  Stella,"  which  is  his 
greatest  literary  work.  These  sonnets,  no  in  num- 
ber, chronicle  the  growth  of  Sidney's  love  for  Stella  (Pe- 
nelope Devereux,  sister  of  Essex,  afterward  Lady  Rich). 
See  Stella. 

3.  An  elegy  written  by  Spenser  on  the  death  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

Astruc  (as-ti-iik'),  Jean.  Bom  March  19,  1684: 
died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1766.  A  French  medical 
vn-iter  and  professor.  His  most  celebrated  work  is 
"Conjectures  sur  les  m^moires  originaux,  dont  il  paroit 
que  Moyse  s'est  servi  pour  composer  le  li\Te  de  la  Genese  " 
(Brussels,  1753),  in  which  he  divided  the  book  of  Genesis 
into  two  parts  on  the  basis  of  the  use  of  Elohim  or  Yahveh 
(Jehovah)  as  the  name  of  God,  holding  that  this  difference 
in  usage  pointed  to  the  fact  that  Genesis  was  made  up  of 
two  parallel,  independent  narratives.  His  memoir  formed 
the  starting-point  of  modem  criticism  of  the  Pentateuch. 

Astudillo  (as-to-THeryo).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Palencia,  Spain,  26  miles  southwest 
of  Burgos. 

Astulphus.     See  Aisiulf. 

Astura  (as-to'ra).  1.  A  small  river  south  of 
Rome,  which  rises  near  VeUetri  ^ind  flows  into 
the  Mediterranean. —  2.  A  small  town  near  the 
mouth  of  this  river. 

Asturias  (as-to're-as).  [L.  Astiiria,  from  As- 
tur,  pi.  Astiires,  the  name  of  the  people.]  An 
ancient  province  of  northwestern  Spain,  offi- 
cially called  Oviedo  since  1833.  See  Oviedo.  it 
was  the  nucleus  of  the  Spanish  kingdom.  The  Christian 
kingdom  of  .-\sturias  was  founded  about  718  by  Pelayo,  and 
was  merged  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon  in  the  10th  century, 

Asturias,  Prince  of.  A  title  of  the  heir  to  the 
Spanish  throne,  first  assumed  in  1388. 

Astyages  (as-ti'a-jez).  [Gr.  'AarvajK;  in  the 
inscriptions  Islitureijit  according  to  Abydenus, 
in  Eusebius  Asdahagrs,  supposed  to  represent 
Zend  Aj-dahal;  the  biting  snake.]  The  son 
and  successor  of  Cyaxares,  king  of  the  Medes 
584-549  B.  C.  In  the  latter  year  Cyrus  the  Great  de- 
throned him  and  united  iledia  with  Persia.  According 
to  Herodotus,  Astyages  was  the  grandfather  of  Cyrus. 

Astyanax  (as-ti'a-naks).  In  Greek  legend,  the 
son  of  Hector  and  Andromache.  -Also  called 
Scamandrius. 

Astypalsea  (as  ti-pa-le'a).  The  ancient  name 
of  Stampalia. 

Asuncion  (ii-son-the-on'),  or  Assumption 
(a-sump'shon).  [Sp.  Asuncion,  Assumption, 
(se.  of  the  Virgin).]  The  capital  of  Paraguay, 
situated  on  the  Paraguay  in  lat.  25°  16'  29  S., 
long.  57°  42'  W.,  founded  by  Juan  de  Ayolas 
Sept.,  1536.  It  was  taken  bv  tlie  Brazilians  Jan. 
5,  1869.     Population  (1887),  34,072. 

Asur  (as'er).  The  ancient  national  god  of  As- 
syria.   Also  Assur. 

The  form  of  religion  prevalent  in  Assyria  is  wholly 
Babylonian, with  one  important  exception.  Supreraeover 
the  old  Babylonian  Pantheon  rises  the  figure  of  a  new 
god,  the  national  deity  of  -\ssyria,  its  impersonation  Assur. 
Assur  is  not  merely  primus  inter  pares,  merely  the  presi- 
dent of  the  divine  assembly,  like  Merodach  ;  he  is  their 
lord  and  master  in  another  and  more  autocratic  sense. 
Like  the  Yahveh  of  Israel,  he  claims  to  be  "king  above 
all  gods,"  that  "among  all  gods  "there  is  none  like  unto 
himself.  Saycf,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  122. 

Asura  (a'so-ra).  [Skt.,  from  asu,  spirit,  and 
so  ■  spirittial.']  A  word  designating  especially 
the  difference  between  celestial  and  mundane 
existence,  and  then  a  spirit  of  life,  God  ;  later, 
a  demon,  as  if  asura,  a  not-god,  whence  by 
popular  etymology  sura,  god. 


Asvirbanipal 

Asurbanipal  (a-sor-ba'ui-piil).    [Assyrian  M- 
ur-baiii-iial,  the  god  Ashur  creates  or  makes  the 
son  ]      King  of  Assyria  668-026  B.  c,  son  of 
Esaihaddoii  aud  grandson  of  Sennacherib,  the 
last  of  the  gi'eat  kings  of  the  vigorous  Sargou- 
ide  dvnastv.     1  he  Greeks  called  him  Sanlanapalus : 
in  the'OUl  Testament  (Ezia  iv.  10)  he  is  mentioned  under 
the  name4se;i<ij-/)"r  (which  see),  ■  the  tcreat  ami  majestic 
His  reisn  was  marked  Ijy  great  external  prosperity  and 
BDlendor.  an.l  the  lluurisliiiiK  of  art  and  literature    but 
also  liy  frequent  revolts  and  disturbances,  which  shi.ok 
the  huKc   empire  to  its  foundations,  and  foretHKled  Its 
near  fill   >vhich  took  place  a  score  of  years  after  his  death 
f(i08  B  c).     At  the  beginning  of  his  reign  he  had  to  siip- 
iress  a  revolt  in  Kgypt  instigated  by  the  dethroned  Ethi- 
opian king  Tarhaka  or  Tai-qu  (the  Tlrllakah  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament-2  Ki.  xix.  9,  Isa.  xxxyii.  9).     But 
the  most  signitlcant  uprising  was  that  of  the  coalition 
of  Babvlonia,  Arabi^i,  Ethiopia,  Phoonicia,  and  Palestine, 
brougli"t  about  by  his  own  brother  Shamash-shum-ukm 
(the  Greek  SaosduohinosX  the  viceroy  of  Babylonia,  which 
was  also  quelled  by  Asurbanipal.    Of  his  victories  am 
conquests  may  be  esperially  mentioned  the  capture  and 
destruction  of  Susa,  after  many  expeditions,  between  Mb 
and  040  It  c.     A8url)anipal  held  togethertlie  Assyrian  em- 
pire under  his  iron  scepter  with  great  rigor,  not  shrink- 
ine  from  the  most  atrocious  cnielties,  inBicting  punish- 
ment on  so-called  "rebels."     Under  hi.s  protection  and 
promotion  Assyrian  lu-t,  especially  architecture,  attained 
the  height  of  its  development,  and  liteniture  celebrated 
its  golden  age.     Being  of  a  literary  turn  of  mind,  or,  as  he 
expresses  himself,  "endowed  with  atlentive  ears    and  in- 
clined to  the  study  of  -all  inscribed  tablets,    he  caused 
the  collecting  and  reediting  of  the  whole  cuneiform  lit- 
erature tlien  in  existence,  and  the  tablets,  well  arranged 
and  marked,  were' deposited  in  the  royal  library  of  his 
nalace      A  great  part  of  this  library  was  discovered  in 
the  ruins  of  that  palace  on  the  mound  of  Kuyunjik,  and 
transferred  to   the  British   lluseum    and  to  it   is  due 
the  larger  part  of  our  present  knowledge  of  Assyrian  his. 
tory  and  civilization.  ^ 

Asur-bel-nisesu  (il'sor-bel-ne-sa'so).     [Assyr- 
ian, 'the  god  Ashur  is  the  lord  of  his  people.  J 
King  of  Assyria  aljont  1-480  B.  C.     He  is  the  first 
Assyrian  king  "about  whom    some  definite  and    certain 
knowledge  is  preserved.     He  is  mentioned  in  the  cunei- 
form inscriptions  as  having  entered  into  a  treaty  with 
Karaindnsh,  king  of  Babylonni- 
Asur-dan  (a'sor-diln)  I.     [Assyrian    'the  god 
Ashur  is  judge.']    King  of  Assyna  about  1.08- 
1150  B.  C.     He  conducted  a  victorious  campaign  against 
the  Babylonian  king  Zammashum-iddina,  and  conquered 
many  cities.     Ho  bad  the  temple  of  Ann  and  lUmman  in 
the  cityof  Assur,  which  was  threatening  to  fall,  torn  down, 
without,  however,  rebuilding  it.  This  was  done  by  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I.  (1120-1100  ii.  c). 
Asur-dan  II.     King  of  Assyria  aboiit  930-911 
B   c     son  and  successor  of  Tiglath-Pileser  II. 
Asur-dan  III.     King  of  Assyria  772-7.)4  B.  c. 
Tlieni..»t  interesting  event  recorded  of  his  reigji  is  the 
mention  of  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  at  Nineveh  m  ,(H.    As 
this  is  conflrmcd  by  the  calculations  of  astronomers,  who 
ax  the  date  thereof  on  the  l.'.th  of  June,  763  it  has  served 
as  a  basis  for  the  establishment  of  the  whole  chronology 
of  western  Asia. 

Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni    (a'sor-a-tel-e-lii  no-o- 

ke'iie).     [Assyrian.  '  Asur,  the  lord  of  gods,  has 
established  me.']  Kingof  AssvTia  from  6'2Gb.C., 
8on  and  successor  of  Asurimnipal.     Under  him 
began  the  downfall  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  inaugurated 
bv  an  invasion  of  the  Scythians.     How  long  he  reigned 
Is  not  known.     His  son  and  successor  Sin-sb-ar-ishkuu 
('the  moon-god  has  established  the  king'),  the  iiamkosof 
the  Oreeks,  was  the  last  king  of  Assyria. 
Asur-nadin-sum  (ii'sor-nii'den-som).      [As- 
syrian, 'Asuf  isthegiverot  the  name.  ]    Eldest 
son   of  Sennacherib,  king   of  Assyna  70.)-681 
B.  C.  Uc  was  established  by  his  father  king  of  Babylonia, 
but  was  made  captive  by  Hallos,  king  of  Elam. 
Asurnazirpal   (ii'sor-nii'zer-pal).     [Assyrian 
A.iiir-ii<i<;ir-p(il.   Asur  is  the   protector   of   the 
son.l    King  of  Assyria  884-8G0  B.  c.     He  was  one 
of  the  greatest  and  most  warlike  of  Assyrian  kings,  and 
Inaugurated  a  period  of  prosperity  and  power  of  He  As 
Syrian  empire.     He  made  numerous  and  snccesaful  cani- 
naigns  especially  to  "the  countries  of  iSaiil     (see  Ar- 
incnia)  and  Syria,  and  extemled  the  boundaries  of  Assyr- 
ian d.imlnion  westward.     His  victorious  expe.liti.ms  were 
marked,  acconling  to  his  own  annals,  by  atrocious  cruel- 
lies and  baibaious  devastations.     He  as,,  -hsting"  she'l 
himself  by  w.irks  of  pence.     He  rebuilt  Calah,  »'  i''>  "" 
made  his  capital,  adorning  It  with  a  temple  of  Adar  (the 
god  of  war),  his  fnvorit--  divinity,  and  a  palace  f..r  liimsiU, 
Hud  constructed  a  canal.     The  ruins  of  his  buildings  ex- 
cavated show  a  great  a.lvance  ill  arcllltccturo  and  sculp- 
ture over  the  preceding  period. 
Asur-nirari   (il'siir-ne-rii're).    [Assyrian  .(.■««'•- 
7iiniri,  I  lie  god  Asur  is  my  helper.]     King  ol 
Assyria  7.')4-74.'i  B.C. 
Asvalayana.    A  Sanskrit  author,  represented 


89 

horse  was  sacrificed  really  or  figuratively.  It  was  be- 
lieved that  a  hundred  Asvainedlias  would  enable  tlie 
offerer  to  dethrone  Imlni- 
Asvatthaman.  In  Hindu  mythologj-,  a  son 
of  Uroiia  anil  Kripa,  and  a  general  ot  the 
Kauravas.  He  and  two  others  were  the  sole  effective 
survivors  of  the  Kaurava  host  after  the  great  battle  ol 
the  Jluhabharata. 
Asvin  (iis'viu).  In  Vedic  raythologj-,  properly 
an  adjectiye  meaning  '  proWded  with  horses, 
•consisting  of  horses,'  in  which  sense  it  is 
used  in  a  number  of  Vedic  passages.  As  a  sub- 
stantive  signifying  'horse-tamer^  It  is  applied  to  Aglil 
and  to  Agni  and  Indrii,  and  as  a  masculine  dual  Animiu, 
'the  two  charioteers,'  to  two  gods  of  light,  who  are  the 
first  to  appear  in  the  eastern  sky  upim  a  gohlen  elmrlot 
drawn  by  winged  steeds  or  bir.ls  They  arc  deliverers, 
bestowera  of  gifts,  healers,  anil  already  in  the  \  eda  are 
the  physicians  of  the  gods.  Later  they  are  the  constaut 
attendants  of  Indra  and  pimigons  of  beauty.  1  hey  also 
appear  as  the  Twins  in  the  zodiac.  They  are  the  lilos- 
cmi  the  lasU.i  and  Pollux,  of  i;reco-Konian  mythology. 
As  You  Find  It.     A  comedy  by  Charles  Boyle, 

the  fourth  earl  of  Urrery,  printed  in  1703. 
As  You  Like  It.  A  comedy  by  Shakspere, 
wliicli  ixistcil  in  some  shape  in  1600.  Fiinuvs. 
Malone  and  others  (Kleay,  Hunter,  etc.)  think  It  was  pro- 
duced in  15!r.i-  -No  copy  of  it  is  known  to  exist  earlier 
than  the  folio  of  lC-23.  It  was  founded  on  U)dge  s  ro- 
mance "Kosalynde.'  In  the  comedy  the  characters  of 
Toiielistone,  Audrey,  and  Jacques  luv  Shakspere  8,  other- 
wise he  has  followed  Ixnlge  ipiite  closely. 


There  is  on  this  Date  of  Composition  a  happy  unanimity, 
which  centers  about  the  close  of  the  year  l.'-ni>:  f  a  few 
months  carry  it  back  into  169H  or  carry  it  forward  almost 
t«  n»l,  surely  we  need  not  be  more  clamorous  than  a 
parrot  against  rain  over  such  trifles. 
'^  ji'urn^*,  App.  to  As  you  Like  it,  p.  J04. 


as  a  pupil  of  Saunaka.    He  was  the  author  of  a 
ritual  tr      "        "       '        ' *""° 


..>,....  „roatiae,  tlie  Asyalayauasutras 
Asvamedha.  [Skt.,  'tlio  horse-sacrifice.']  A 
ceremony  I  lie  antic|uity  of  whidi  reaches  back 
into  Vi'd'ic  limes.  It  was  then  performed  l>y  kings 
desirous  of  otfspring.  As  dcse,  ibe,l  In  the  Mahaldiarata 
It  Implied  thathe  who  mstitutcl  H  wa«"  '"  I'r  was 
and  king  of  kings,  A  horse  ..I  a  particular  C"l"|  """ 
consecrated  and  let  loose  to  wander  for  a  year,  if  til' 
fib  rato  o  the  horse  subdued  all  the  ^""V'^,;";""!''' 
which  the  horse  passe.l,  he  lefnrned  with  11  >""" 
In  triumph,  and  a  great  festival  was  held,  at  which  the 


Ata.  An  ancient  Egyptian  king,  the  fourth  of 
the  1st  dynasty. 

Atacama  (a-ta-ka'mii),  Desert  of.  An  exten- 
sive rocky  and  rainless  region  in  the  northern 
part  of  Chile.  .  m  -^ 

Atacama.  A  northern  province  of  Chile,  capi- 
tal Copiap6-  It  Is  rich  in  copper,  nitrates,  silver,  gold, 
salt  ami  various  minerals.  Area,  about  a*,00()  square 
miles.  Population  (IS91),  «7,20.'..  Atacama  was  fonnerly 
a  maritime  department  of  Bolivia.  It  is  largely  a  rocky 
waste.     It  was  occupied  by  the  Chileans  in  1S7». 

Atahualpa  (a-tii-wiLl'pii),  or  Atahuallpa,  or 

(en-oncoiisly)Atabalipa(!i-t!i-ba  li-pa).  Horn 
probably  at  Cuzco  about  149.) :  e.\ecutedatCaja- 
marca,  Aug.  29, 1  ')33.  An  Inca sovereign  of  reni , 
son  of  the  Inca  Huaina  Capac.  HIsmotherwasTntu- 
iidla  a  native  of  (Juillaco.  or  according  to  others  i;ncchas, 
a  princess  of  tjuito.  Hy  the  Inca  laws  he  Wiis  illegitimate, 
and  his  younger  halfbrolhcr,  H"ase»r  w,is  heir  to  the 
throne:  but  when  Huaina  Capac  died  (Nov.,  IW.I)  he  left 
the  northern  jiart  of  the  kingdoin,  or  (Jiiito,  to  Alallualp^^ 
Uuascar  retaining  the  rest.  A  war  broke  out  between  the 
two  (16;ii)),  and  resulted  in  tile  defeat  and  capture  of  lluas- 
car  (spring  iif  16:r2).  leaving  Atahualpa  master  of  the  whole 
empire.  He  was  on  his  way  from  (Juito  to  be  crowneil  at 
Cuzco  when  he  met  Pizarro  and  his  soldiers  at  lajamarca 
(Nov  l.-i  1532).  A  friendly  interview  was  arrangcnl,  and 
Atahualpa  enlerc<l  the  great  s<iuare  of  Cajaiuarca  with 
many  thousand  unarmed  altemlants.  Su.ldenly  the  Span- 
iards fell  on  them,  inassaced  a  great  m"m  'jr.  '""' »^''*1 
Atahualpa  (Nov.  10).  The  Inca  offered  to  «11  »  ["''i'..  f 
fuUot  gold  as  a  ransom,  and  an  amount  e<pial  in  >aliie 
to  «1.-.  (Hio,iH10  was  actually  collected.  .Meanwhile  Pi«uTo 
attempt..!  to  treat  with  llnascar,  but  Atahun  pa  private  ly 
sent  orders  to  have  him  slain.  Chai-ged  with  bis,  and 
with  attempting  to  incite  an  "«»''^"'V'",'','f"T,  -  w  « 
Spaniards  (a  charge  afterward  sh..wn  to  be  false),  lie  was 
tried  and  executed  by  strangling, 

Atakapa  (ii-tii-kii'pii).  or  Tuckapa  (tuk  a-p.o. 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,     bee  .i(- 

Ataki  (iitii'ke).  A  small  town  in  the  norlli- 
,rii  part  of  Bessarabia,  Uussia,  situated  on  the 

Atala  (ii-tii-lil').  A  romance  by  Chateaubriand 
which  lirst  appeared  in  the  newspiiper  "l.e 
Mercure  de  France"  in  1801.  The  scene  is  laid  In 
Nortli  America.  Atala.  the  daughter  of  a  North  Amer  can 
imllan  chief  (alls  In  love  withlhactasthechlefofauoter 
Irllie    vl     is  a  prl.soner.  delivers  him  from  'lealli.  and  llles 

nt    il  e    es  H     I  h  liii...     She  has i.  brought  up  In  111.. 

•     Is  inl    laitll  and  v..wed  1..  virgirdly  by  her  ul.ither.  an. 

,  f'  ill      1 1..  1  is  V..W  through  in.  iclible  temptation.,  and 

Ihinlly  pcdsous  herself  li.  despairing  (auallclsin.  ^ 

Atalanta  (al-a-lan'til),  ..r  Atalant«  (al-a-lan  - 

miii.l.'ii  wh.ise  story  iipp.'iirs  in  two  vrsioiis : 

("  lie  Arca.llan  v,.-r-l..n,  a  .hmght.T  "'/■•;""  '7,'  '>;■ 

in  ne  .■xp..«ed  by  b.r  falher  In  lulaucy  '"'l"''"  ''X '    '""^ 

l,^„ii.bt  un  bv  a  parly  of  hunters,  and  ilev.d..pwl  Into  a 

b^tlllmswl  I  '■•""■-■'"      ■■'I'"  <""''  1'."^",'"  "»•  '""'■ 
Ijeaulliui      "  ""  "         ,1      „,.,,  ,,,  jirike  the  b.>ar,  aii.l  re- 

V.  V       ..■.■(.'.!  Willi  lln' Aru"i'iiutii'  cxiM'Minnn, 

tllxi  u'liu   luKil    <'ilIlMllHll   Willi    >■■'     •••i*     •-  1 

slioMsa  a  ™    '    ''  ,     ,     ,1       |i,i„i  ,in  versl.m.  a 

;i;;;j;;:7S'sl!;"t.o*'!,/';iln.lna^  of  great   .a.auty 

"''^'•^":!:ir!,n:".,.K'o.T":ui::^.''{:;"Sl;gi:; 


Ate 

and  so  failed  to  w  in.     Because  Hipp^menes  f aued  to  give 
thanks  to  Apluudite,  the  goddess  changed  the  pair  into 

2""An  asler..id  (No.  36)  discovered  Jjy  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris,  Oct.  5,  1855. 

Atalanta  in  Calydon  (kal'i-don).   A  classical 

tragedy  hv  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne,  pub- 
lished "in  "iStH. 

The  truest  and  deepest  imitation  of  the  spirit  of  .t>- 
chylus  in  modern  times  is  not  to  be  sought  iu  the  stiff  f..r- 
malism  ..1  lUuine  or  Allleri,  but  in  the  splendid  Atalanta 
in  Cidydon  of  Mr.  swinburnc,  whose  autithelsm  brings 
hiin  U)  stand  in  an  attitude  between  human  freewill  and 
effort  on  the  one  side,  and  ruthless  t>Taniiy  of  l>rovidelice 
on  the  other,  not  approached  iu  p«.etry  (so  far  as  1  know) 
from  .Ksch)  lus'  day  d.iwn  to  our  own.  ,,  .  „     ,  »_ 

Mahafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  (.reck  Lit.,  I.  277. 

Atalantis  (at-a-lan'tis).  The  New.     See  -Yw 

lliildiilia. 
Ataliba  (at-a-le'bii).      In  Sheridan  s  transla- 
ti.ui  .d  Kotzebue's"' Pizarro,"  the  king  of  Quito 

(luca  «(  Peru).  .      ,    ^       j     „ti 

Atalide  (iit-U-lcd')-  In  Kaeme's  tragedy  Ba- 
jazel,"  a  princess  in  love  with  Bajazet.  .She  kills 
herself  oil  liearing  of  his  a.~sassination,  instigated  by  her 
rivid  K..xana,  reproaching  herseU  with  being  in  some  sort 
the  cause. 

Atali  Tsalaki.    See  Cherokee 

Atall  (al'al).  InCibber's  comedy  "The  Double 
(_iallant,"  the  son  of  Sir  Harry  Atall.  Uc  courts 
Clarinda  under  the  disguise  of  Colonel  .SUndfast,  falls  in 
love  with  Silvia  and  makes  love  to  her  as  Mr.  Freeman, 
and  finally  .liseovers  that  she  is  the  woman  to  whom  la- 
had  been  betrothed  by  his  father  years  before. 

Atall.  Sir  Positive.  In  Thomas  Shadwells 
comedy  ••  The  Sullen  Lovers  or  The  Imperti- 
neuts,'"'  a  foolish  knight  who  pretends  to  under- 
stand everything,  and  will  not  permit  any  one 
in  his  company  to  understand  anything,  ue 
is  a  carii-ature  of  Sir  Kobert  Howard. 

AtargatiS  (at-iir-ga'tis).  [L.,  from  Gr.  'Arapja- 
Tn;  a  Syrian  goddess  whose  name  appears  also 
in  the  form  IJerccto,  Gr.  Arpxtrw.]  A  giiddess 
of  the  Ilittites,  worshiped  in  Carchemish,  cor- 
responding to  Ashton-th  (Astaite)  ot  the  Ca- 
naaiiites  (Assyro-Babvlonian  IshtarK  At  A»- 
calon  she  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of  l>ereet..  in 
the  form  of  a  woman  tei  ininatiug  in  a  fish,  she  also  iiaa 
a  temple  in  Ephesus,  aud  her  numerous  retinue  of  priest- 
esses  which  the  Oreeks  found  there,  is  supposed  to  havs 
given  rise  to  the  myth  of  the  Amazons. 

Ataulf ,  Ataulphus.  ^^''.-^{'""'If;,,.,  ^.„ 
Atawulf  (al'a-wiilf).  Died  41o  (41/).  King 
of  III.'  West  tV.iths,  brother-in-law  of  Alaric  1- 
whoiii  he  succee.led  in  410.  He  evacuate.1  Italy  j" 
412  ;  con.|iier.'d  A.|Ultaine  in  liaul ;  formed  a  treaty  w  th 
the  empeVor  Honorius,  whose  sister  IMacldia  ''>•  ;»arr".->l 
in  4H  ;  crossed  int.>  Spain  to  subdue  a  revolt  of  the  N  an- 
.lals  an.l  Suevi  against  the  empire  ;  and  was  »'*'>;|f '";"''•;' 
at  Barcelona.  Also  written  Atattif,  Alhau(/.  AdaulJ,  Alaul- 
phuti.  etc. 


Under  Alaric's  successor,  AthauU.  the  first  foun<lallon« 
were  lai.l  of  that  great  W  est-tiolliic  J^'"?''';''',".'!  'i'^.lh 
ai  e  ant  t..  l.s.k  ..n  as  specially  .Spanish,  but  which  in  truth 
had  its  first  beginning  in  (iaul,  and  which  kept  some 
tJaulish  wrrltory  as  long  a.  it  "»'^'»'-^.^„„^  h,„.  u,^. 


them  I.,  a  .^'r'i' ;:r  "  ,n Z,  e  e.  ..w.^ver^V:;  ereainc  her 
b;'t"hn.wlng  ■;  ore  h"'l':  ti.'"  raVr  three  •gohlen  aople. 
g  vei     o      m  by  ,\phro.litc.  which  .he  .UH-ped  to  plcV  up. 


Atbara  (iit-bii'rii).  The  largest  tributan-  of 
the  Nil.'  with  the  .xceplioii  of  the  Blue  .Nile. 
11  rises  near  1-ake  lieinbea  111  Abyssinia,  flows  in  a  liorlh- 
we.lelK  direction,  an.l  J.iil.s  the  N lie  «.uth  of  Berber,  lit 
ehl.t  alilllenl  is  the  1  akazie.     U'Ugth,  aU.ut  ..Ul  miles. 

At^hafala'ya'(a.h-af-a-li'ii)-  An  outlet  of  the 
l;.-.l  .111.1  .Mississippi  rivers,  in  southern  Louisi- 
ana, al.oiit  l-'.O  iiiil.s  long. 

Atcheen,  »r  Atchin.    See  Arhni. 

Atchinsk  lii-chensk').  A  town  in  the  govern. 
iii.iil  of  V.-iiiseisk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
T.-hiilyiii  100  miles  west  of  Krasnoyarsk.  Pop- 
iihilion,  about  7, 0(H).  ,  „     .r.  .  l■^_ 

Atchison  (aeh'i-soii).  David  R.  Bom  at  I'tor- 
town,  Kv.,  Aug.  li,  lst>7:.li.'d  iiiClint.-nt  ounly, 
M.)  Jan.  'Jti.  18.'<t).  -\n  .Xm.Ticaii  polili.iiiii. 
ile  was  llem.>cratic  I  idled  States  senator  from  Mi»»..uil 
lSi:i  .v.,  pr.sl.lent  pro  K-mf'Tf  "t  Ibe  Sei,at.\  an.l  pro- 
slavery  l.-iider  In  the  Kansas  troubles  ..f  IS-'h^;.,  . 

Atchison.  The  capital  of  Alchis..n  toiiii  V, 
Kansas,  sit  iiale.l  on  theMissotin  lil  mil.'s  north- 
west of  Leiiv.'liworlh.  It  is  an  ImiK.rtant  railway 
.eiit.  r,  and  has  iiiaiiiilaelur.-«  of  flour,  maihlo-iy,  etc. 
population  (IIMI),  1.-..7JV.  ,        . 

Ate  (a'  tel.  [Gr.  "An/,  a  |.ersoiiihciitinn  of  (in?, 
sirif.'.l  1.  Ill  Greek  inylhoh.gy,"  daughter  of 
Zeus  (Homer)  or  of  Kris,  strife  (Hesiod);  the 
go.hl.ss  .if  iiifatuulion  or  r.vkl.ss  cniiie.  j-or 
entrapping  Zeus  ill  a  rash  .«.lh,  at  tlie  birth  of  llerac  .-.. 
she  w'u.  hurl.M  fr..ni  illynu.us  t.'  ■  arth  where  .he  c.li  i- 
ue.  tn  »..rk  mi..bl.f.  walkllig<.v.T  the  h.'a.l«  ..( 111.'.,  with- 
.,ut  ever  touching  li.e  gn.un.l.  llehind  her  go  llo-  1 1  al 
(rrav.r.\  .Inught.r.  of  /.-un  win.  are  rea.ly  If  '"''"•"I'''  •_ 

lo  r.pnll    lb.-  evil   -he  ha.  d..ne.     •','.'"'"'■  '""",V     11  -^ 
mylh  "he  became  ail  avenger  of  unrlghtoousncM  like  lUee 

an. I  Neiiii'si.  .      ^  ,,1  1-    . 

2-   III  Spenser's  "  I'  aerie  Qiieeno,"  a  hag,  a  liar 
1111.1  slaii.lerer,  friend  of  Uuessa. 


Atella 

Atella  (a-tel'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  to\ra 
in  Campania,' Italy,  10  miles  north  of  Naples. 
See  Avcrsa. 

Atellan-plays  (a-tel'an  plaz).  Early  Roman 
comedies  so  named  from  Atella,  a  small  town 
in  Campania,  from  which  they  were  derived. 
Originally  simple  and  coarse  farces,  they  were 
graiiually  raised  to  (burlesque)  comedy. 

Atellanse  fabulae  (at-e-la'ne  fab'u-le).  See 
Ah-IUin  plays. 

Aten  (ii'ten).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  sun's 
disk.  The  worship  of  Aten  was  introduced 
by  Amenhotep  IV. 

The  son  and  successor  of  Thothmes  IV.  found  it  neces- 
sary to  support  himself  by  entering  into  matrimonial  alli- 
ance with  the  king  of  Saharina.  The  ni:iriia?e  had 
strange  consequences  for  Egypt.  The  new  queen  brought 
with  her  not  only  a  foreign  name  and  foreign  customs, 
but  a  foreign  faith  as  well  She  refused  to  worship  Amun 
of  Thebes  and  the  other  gods  of  Egypt,  and  clung  to  the 
religion  of  her  fathers,  whose  supreme  object  of  adora- 
tion was  the  solar  disk  [Aten].  The  Hittite  monuments 
themselves  bear  witness  to  the  prevalence  of  this  \vorship 
in  Northern  Syria.  The  winged  solar  disk  appears  above 
the  figure  of  a  king  which  has  been  brought  from  Birejik 
on  the  Euphrates  to  the  British  Museum ;  and  even  at 
Boghaz  Keui,  far  away  in  Northern  Asia  Jlinor,  the  winged 
solar  disk  has  been  carved  by  Hittite  sculptors  upon  the 
rock.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  21. 

Atena  (a-ta'nji).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Salerno,  Italy,  45  miles  southeast  of  Sa- 
lerno. 

Aterno  (a-ter'no).  The  upper  course  of  the 
river  Pescara,  in  central  Italy. 

Atessa  (a-tes'sa).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Chieti,  Abruzzi,  Italv.  24  miles  southeast  of 
Chieti.     Population  (1881),  5,086. 

Atfalati'(iit-fa'la-ti).  A  division  of  the  Kala- 
pooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly living  from  about  Wappatoo  Lake  to  the 
present  site  of  Portland,  Oregon,  but  now  on 
Grande  Ronde  reservation.  They  numbered  28  in 
1890.  At/alttti  is  the  name  which  they  give  themselves. 
Also  called  FoUati,  Sualatini,  Tualatim,  Tuhwalati,  Twa- 
tati,  Wappatoo. 

Ath  (lit),  or  Aath  (at),  or  Aeth  (at).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Dender  30  miles  southwest  of  Brussels.  It 
has  a  flourishing  trade  and  manufactures.  Formerly  it 
was  a  fortress,  and  has  several  times  been  besieged.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  9,8t)8. 

Athabasca  (ath-a-bas'kii).  [N.  Amer.  Ind., 
'place  of  hay  and  reeds':  prnpevly  Athapasca.j 
A  provisional  district  in  the  Northwest  Territo- 
ries, Canada,  lying  north  of  Alberta  and  east  of 
British  Columbia.    Area,  251,300  square  miles. 

Athabasca,  or  Elk  River.  A  river  in  British 
North  America  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, flows  generally  northeast,  crosses  the 
western  end  of  Athabasca  Lake,  and  unites 
with  Peace  River  to  form  Slave  River.  It  is 
properly  the  upper  course  of  the  Mackenzie. 
Length,  about  600  miles. 

Athabasca  Lake.  A  lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  59°  N.,  long.  110°  W.  It  re- 
ceives the  Athabasca  River,  and  its  outlet  is  by  the  Slave 
River  through  the  Mackenzie  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Length, 
230  miles.     Breadth.  20-30  miles. 

Athabasca  Pass,  A  pass  over  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  in  British  North  America,  between 
Mounts  Brown  and  Hooker. 

Athabascans.     See  Athapascans. 

Atha-ben-Hakem.    See  Mokamia. 

Atha  Melik  (ii'tha  ma'lik),  Ala-ed-Din  (a-la- 

t'd-den').  Born  in  Khorasau,  Persia,  about 
V2-27:  died  at  Bagdad,  1282.  A  Persian  his- 
torian, author  of  "Conquest  of  the  ^yorld." 

Athalaric  (a-thal'a-rik),  or  Athalric  (a-thal'- 
rik).  Born  517:  died  534.  A  Gothic  prince, 
son  of  Euthelric  or  Eutharic  and  Amalasuintha, 
dauirhtir  of  Theodoric  I.  On  Theodoric's  death  in 
S2i'.  In-  liir:iriie  king  of  the  East  Goths  in  Italy  under  Ama- 
lasuintlia's  rci^ency. 

Athalia.  l.  An  opera  by  Handel,  produced  in 
\7X\. — 2.  An  opera  by  Mendelssohn,  produced 
in  l.'i44. 

Athaliah  (ath-a-li'a).  [Heb.,  'Yahveh  is 
mighty.']  The  daughter  of  Ahab,  king  of  Israel, 
and  Jezebel,  and  wife  of  Jehorara,  king  of  Ju- 
dah.  On  the  death  of  Jehoram  and  that  of  his  son  and 
successor,  Ahaziah.  she  usurped  the  throne  of  the  i<ing- 
dora  of  Judah  about  843  B.  0.  (Duncker).  In  order  to  re- 
move all  rivals  she  put  to  death  all  the  male  members  of 
the  royal  house.  Joash  alone  escaping.  She  was  put  to 
death  by  command  of  Jehoida  about  837  B.  c.  (Duncker). 

Athalie  (a-ta-le').  [F.  (OT  Atkaliali.]  A  trag- 
edy composed  by  Racine  for  the  scholars  of 
Saint-Cyr,  but  not  performed  there.  The  sub- 
ject was  from  sacred  history,  and  it  was  his  last  dramatic 
work.  It  was  written  at  the  instigation  of  Madame  de 
Maintenon,  was  first  performed  in  16i>0  (printed  in  1691> 
at  Versailles  with  choruses,  and  has  since  been  produced 
from  time  to  time  with  music  by  various  great  composers. 
Athalie  was  one  cf  Rachel's  greatest  parts. 


90 

Athamas  ( ath  'a^mas) .  [Gr.  'Add/ja^.  ]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  son  of  *^olus,  king  of  Thessaly,  and 
Euarete,  and  king  of  the  Minjwe  in  the  Boeotian 
Orchomenus.  He  was  the  father,  by  Nephele,  the 
cloud-goddess,  of  Phrixus  and  Helle.  He  united  himself 
with  Ino,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  and  was  thereupon  aban- 
doned by  Nephele,  who  in  revenge  brought  a  drought  upon 
his  land  and  carried  away  her  children  through  the  air  on 
a  golden-fleeced  ram.  In  the  transit  Helle  fell  into  the 
sea,  therejifter  named  for  her  "Hellespont."  He  was 
later  visited  with  madness  by  Hertt.  and  slew  his  son 
Learchus  and  persecuted  Ino  who,  with  her  other  son 
Melicertes,  threw  herself  into  t!ie  sea.  tonally  he  settled 
in  a  part  of  Thessaly  named  for  him  the  "  Athamanian 
plain,"  and  wedded  Themisto. 

Athanagild  (a-than'a-gild),  L.  Athanagildus 

(a-thau-a-gil'dus).  Died  567  A.  D.  A  king  of 
the  West  Goths.  He  ascended  the  throne  in  554  by 
the  aid  of  a  Byzantine  fleet,  and  in  return  for  this  service 
ceded  to  the  emperor  Justinian  all  the  seaboard  towns  from 
Valencia  to  Gibraltar.  Of  his  two  daughters  Brunehilde 
and  Galeswintha,  the  former  was  married  to  Sigebert, 
king  of  Austrasia,  and  the  latter  to  Chilperic,  king  of 
Xeustria. 
Athanaric  (a-than'a-rik).  Died  381.  A  chief 
of  a  tribe  of  West  6oths  in  Daeia.  He  was  de- 
feated by  the  emperor  Valens  in  369,  and  remained  quiet 
si-\  years,  when  the  pressure  of  the  Huns  compelled  him 
to  take  up  :irnis  once  more  against  the  empire.  He  died 
at  Constantinople,  whither  he  had  gone  to  conclude  a 
treaty  with  Theodosius. 

Athanasian  Creed.  One  of  the  three  great 
creeds  of  the  Christian  church,  supposed  at 
one  time  to  have  been  composed  by  Athanasius. 
The  name  was  probably  given  to  it  during  the  Arian  con- 
troversy in  the  6tli  century,  Athanasius  being  the  chief 
upholder  of  the  system  of  doctrine  opposed  to  the  -Arian 
system.  It  is  included  in  the  Greek,  Roman,  and  English 
services,  but  is  not  retained  in  the  American  Book  of 
Common  Prayer.  It  is  also  called  "  Quicunque  vult,"  from 
its  first  words. 

Athanasius  (ath-a-na'shi-us).  Saint.  Bom  at 
Alexandria  about  296  A.  D. :  died  there,  373. 
One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Christian  church,  and 
the  chief  defender  of  the  orthodox  faith  against 
Arianism:  sumamed  "The  Father  of  Ortho- 
doxy."  He  was  made  a  deacon  by  -Alexander,  the  patriarch 
of  Afexandria,  in  319 ;  accompanied  Alexander  to  the  Synod 
of  Nice  in  325 ;  secured  by  his  eloquence  and  zeal  the  for- 
mulation on  the  part  of  the  synod  of  the  Nicene  Creed 
against  the  Arians  ;  was  made  patriarch  of  Alexandria  in 
328 ;  was  deposed  by  the  Synod  of  Tyre  in  335,  and  exiled 
to  Treves  by  Constantine  I.  in  336 ;  was  reinstated  by  Con- 
stantine  II.  in  333;  was  deposed  by  Constantius  in  340, 
taking  refuge  with  Julius  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  through 
whose  influence  his  doctrines  were  approved  by  the  synods 
of  Rome  (341)  and  Sardica  (343) ;  returned  to  .\lexandria 
in  346:  was  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Milan  in  355, 
and  again  expelled  by  Constantius  in  3rifi :  returned  in  362 
and  was  expelled  by  Julian  in  the  same  year,  taking  refuge 
in  Upper  Egypt ;  returned  to  Alexandria  in  364  ;  and  was 
expelled  by  Valens  in  365,  returning  in  366.  His  works 
were  edited  by  the  Benedictines  (1698),  and  by  Migne 
in  the  "Patrologia."  His  memory  is  celebrated  in  the 
Eastern  and  Latm  churches  on  May  2. 

Athapascan  (ath-a-pas'kan),  or  Tinneh  (ti- 
na').  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Amft'ican 
Indians,  in  three  primary  divisions,  the  nortli- 
ern,  the  Pacific,  and  the  southern.  The  northern 
division  includes  tribes  of  British  North  America  and 
.-Vlaska,  among  which  are  the  Ah-tena,  Kaiyuh-khotana, 
K'naia-khotan.a,  Koyukukhotana,  Kutchin,  Montagnais, 
Montagnards,  TakuUi,  and  I'nakhotana.  The  Pacific  divi- 
sion is  composed  ol  tribes  of  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Cali- 
fornia, including  the  Chasta  Costa.  Chetco,  Hupa,  Kalts' 
ereatunne,  Kenesti,  Kwalhiokwa,  Kwatami,  Micikqwutme 
tunne,  Mikono  tunne,  Naltunne  tunne,  Owilapsh,  Qwinc- 
tunnetun  Saiaz,  Tceme,  Tcetlestcan  tunne,  Tlatskjinai, 
Tolowa,  Tutu,  and  Yukitce.  The  southern  division  con- 
sists of  the  various  Apache  and  Navajo  tribes  in  Oklahoma. 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Slexico.  While  some  of  the 
Oregon  tribes  have  fought  the  United  States,  its  more 
notable  opponents  have  been  the  Apache,  under  such 
famous  leaders  as  Cochise,  ^langus,  Colorado,  and  Gero- 
nirao.  The  present  (1S93)  number  of  this  stock  is  32,899. 
of  whom  about  8,595,  constituting  the  northern  division, 
are  in  Alaska  and  British  North  A  merica :  about  895.  com- 
prising the  Pacific  division,  are  in  Washington,  Oregon, 
and  California ;  and  about  23.409,  belonging  to  the  south- 
ern division,  are  in  Oklahoma,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and 
Colorado.  Besides  there  are  the  Lipan  and  some  refugee 
Apache  in  Mexico.    For  the  Athapasca  proper,  see  M<ni- 

Atharvan  (a-t'hSr'van).  In  Vedic  mythology, 
the  priest  of  fire  (Agni)  and  Soma,  and  then, 
viewed  as  a  definite  person,  the  first  priest 
in  primeval  times  who  brings  down  fire  from 
heaven,  offers  soma,  and  prays.  With  miraculous 
powers  he  subdues  the  demons,  and  he  receives  from 
the  gods  heavenly  gifts.  As  a  singular  or  as  a  plural  the 
word  also  designates  'the  spells  of  Atharvan,'  the  Athar- 
vavedii. 

Atharvaveda  (a-t'har-va-va'da).  fSkt.,  'Veda 
of  the  Atharvans.']  The  fourth  of  the  Vedas. 
It  never  attained  in  India  the  high  consideration  of  the 
other  Vedas,  or  came  to  be  universally  acknowledged  as 
a  Veda.  To  the  student,  however,  its  interest  is  only 
second  to  that  of  the  Rik.  It  is  a  historical,  not  a  litur- 
gical, collection.  It  goes  by  a  variety  of  hames.  which 
seem  at  least  in  part  fabricated  to  give  it  a  dignity  to 
which  it  had  no  fair  claim.  It  was  called  the  Veda  of 
the  Atharvans  and  the  Angirases  to  bring  it  into  connec- 
tion with  ancient  and  venerated  Indian  families,  and 
"Veda of  the  Atharvans"  has  come  to  be  its  most  famil- 


Athene  Polias 

iar  name.  It  is  also  called  Brakm<iveda,  where  bruhnia 
means  'sacred  utterance*  in  the  sense  of  'charm,  in- 
cantation.' It  comprises  nearly  six  thousand  verses  in 
about  seven  hundred  and  thirty  hymns,  which  are  divideii 
into  twenty  books.  The  first  eighteen  books  are  arranced 
upon  a  like  system,  of  which  the  length  of  the  hymn 
is  the  principle.  A  sixth  of  the  mass  is  not  metrical, 
but  consists  of  prose  akin  to  the  Brahmanas.  Of  the  re- 
mainder one  sixth  is  found  also  in  the  Rik,  and  five  sixths 
are  peculiar  to  the  Atharvan.  As  compared  with  the  fii-st 
nine  books  of  the  Rik.  the  tenth  book  of  the  Rik  and  the 
Atharvan  are  the  product  of  a  later  period.  In  the  former 
the  gods  are  regarded  with  love  and  confidence;  in  the 
latter  with  cringing  fear.  The  Atharvan  knows  a  host  of 
imps  and  hobgoblins,  and  offers  them  homage  to  induce 
them  to  abstain  from  harm.  The  most  prominent  char- 
acteristic is  the  multitude  of  incantations  spoken  by  the 
person  to  be  benefited  or  by  the  sorcerer  for  him.  The 
Atharvan  seems  in  the  main  of  popular  rather  than  of 
priestly  origin,  and  forms  an  intermediate  step  to  the  su- 
perstitions of  the  ignorant  mass. 
Athaulf.     See  Atawiilf. 

Atheist,  The,  or  The  Second  Part  of  The 
Soldier's  Fortune.  A  comedy  by  Otway.  first 
acted  in  ICtM. 

Atheist's  Tragedy,  The,  or  The  Honest 
Man's  Revenge.  A  play  by  Cyril  Tourneur, 
con.iectured  (by  Fleay)  to  have  been  acted 
between  1601  and  1604,  and  printed  in  1611. 
It  was  founded  on  Boccaccio's  "Decameron," 
v\i.  6. 

Athelard  of  Bath.    See  Adelard. 

Athelney  (atli'el-ni),  Isle  of.  [AS.  .^thelmga 
Ig,  isle  of  nobles.]  A  marsh -near  Taimton, 
Somersetshire,  England,  the  refuge  of  Alfred 
the  Great  in  878.  He  founded  here  a  Bene- 
dictine abbey  in  888. 

Athelstan  (ath'el-stan),  or  .ffithelstan.  Bom 
895 :  died  940.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  and 
Mercia  925-940,  a  son  of  Edward  the  Elder: 
sumamed  "  The  Glorious."  He  defeated  the  Danes 
and  Celts  at  Brunanburgh  in  937.  Through  the  marriage 
of  his  sisters,  he  was  brother-in-law  to  Charles  the  Simple, 
king  of  the  West  Franks ;  Louis,  king  of  lower  Bur- 
gundy;  Hugh,  the  Great  Duke  of  the  French;  and  the 
emperor  Otto  the  Great. 

Athelstane  (ath'el-stan).  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  "Ivanhoe,"  the  Thane  of  Coningsburgh, 
suitor  of  Rowena,  called  "  The  Unready,"  from 
the  slowness  of  his  mind. 

Athena.     See  Athene. 

Athenseum  (ath-e-ne'um).  [Gr.  'A&f/vatov.']  A 
famous  school  or  university  at  Rome,  foimded 
by  the  emperor  Hadrian.  It  was  named  for 
Athens,  and  was  situated  on  the  Capitoline 
Hill. 

Athenaeum,  The.  A  London  club  established 
in  1824.  It  was  designed  for  the  "association  of  indi- 
viduals known  for  their  scientific  or  literary  attainments, 
artists  of  eminence  in  any  class  of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  no- 
blemen and  gentlemen  distinguished  as  liberal  patrons  of 
Science,  Literature,  or  the  Arts."  Its  headquarters  are  at 
107  Pall  Mall,  s.  W. 

Athenaeus  (ath-e-ne'us).  [Gr.  ^ABrjimo^.']  A 
Greek  grammarian,  rhetorician,  and  philoso- 
pher of  Naucratis,  Egypt,  who  flourished  about 
200  A.  D.:  author  of  "Deipnosophistas"  (ed.  by 
Meiueke  1859).     See  Deipnosophists. 

Athenagoras  (ath-e-nag'o-ras).  [Gr.  'A(hn!a)6- 
))UC.]  Born  .at  Athens:  flourished  about  176 
A.  D.  A  Greek  Platonist  philosopher  and  Chris- 
tian, author  of  an  apology  or  intercession  in 
behalf  of  the  Christians,  addressed  to  the  em- 
perors Marcus  Aurelius  and  Commodus.  He 
states  and  refutes  the  accusations  of  atheism,  cannibalism, 
and  incest  made  against  the  Christians  in  his  day.  A 
treatise  on  the  resurrection  of  the  dead  is  also  attributed 
to  him. 

Athenais.    See  Eudocia. 

Athene  (a-the'ne),  or  Athena  (-na).  [Gr.!\e^w/, 
'XOi/va.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of 
knowledge,  arts,  sciences,  and  righteous  war; 
particularly,  the  tutelary  deity  of  Athens :  iden- 
tified by  the  Romans  with  Minerva,  she  personi- 
fied the  clear  upper  air  as  well  as  mental  clearness  and 
acuteness,  embodying  the  spirit  of  truth  and  divine  wis- 
dom, and  was  clothed  with  thepegis,  symbolizing  the  dat  k 
storm-cloud,  and  armed  with  the  resistless  spear — the 
shaft  of  lightning. 

Professor  Max  Miiller,  for  instance,  had  identified 
Athena,  the  great  deity  of  the  Ionian  Greeks,  with  the 
Vedic  dahana,  the  "dawn  "  creeping  over  the  sky.  The 
philological  difficulty  was  considerable,  and  scholars  are 
now  inclined  to  believe  that  Athena  was  not  tlie  dawn  but 
the  lightning.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  305. 

Athene  Parthenos  (a-the'ne  piir'the-nos). 
[Gr.  'Adrfi'ri  TrapBcvo^,  Athene  the  virgin.]  A 
notable  Roman  reduced  copy,  in  the  National 
Museum,  Athens,  of  the  great  chryselephantine 
statue  of  Athene  by  Phidias  in  the  Parthenon. 
Artistically  the  copy  is'poor,  but  from  its  evidently  care- 
ful reprodiiction  of  details  it  is  historically  highly  impor- 
tant. 

Athene  Polias  (a-the'ne  pol'i-as).  [Gr.  'Atf^-!/ 
-o'/jng  Athene,  guardian  of  the  city  (Athens).] 
A  notable  original  Greek  statue,  in  the  Villa 


Athene  Polias 

AHiani,  Rome.  The  goUdcss,  in  her  usual  full  drapery 
aiKl  lef^is,  has  a  lioii-head  drawn  over  her  head  iti  place  of 
a  helmet.  The  proportions  are  somewhat  short,  as  in  the 
older  sculpture,  and  the  statue  is  dated  by  experts  in  the 
■>th  century  B.  c. 
Athene,  Temple  of.    See  Assos,  JEgina,  Athens, 

Athenian  Bee,  The.  An  epithet  applied  to 
I'lato,  a  native  of  Athens,  in  allusion  to  the 

sweetness  of  his  style. 
Athenion  (a-the'ui-on).  A  leader  in  the  second 
seivile  insurrection  in  Sicily,  lOiJ-'J!)  B.  C.  Ho  is 
said  tu  have  been  the  commander  of  banditti  in  4'iticia, 
where  he  was  captured  and  sold  as  a  slave  int4i  Sicily,  ile 
was  chosen  leader  of  the  insurcfents  in  the  western  part 
of  the  island,  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  l.ilyba^um, 
joined  Tryplion  (Salvius).  kinff  of  the  rebels,  by  whom  he 
was  for  a  time  thrown  into  prison,  fought  under  Tryiihon 
in  the  battle  with  L.  Licinius  Lucullus,  and  on  the  ucuth 
of  Tryphon  became  kins:.  He  was  slain  in  battle  by  the 
hand  of  M.  Aquillius  who  put  down  the  revolt. 

Athenodoms  (a-thon-o-do'nis).  [Gr.  A0fv<i('u- 
li'ii;.]  Born  at  Tarsus,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the 
1st  century  B.  c.  A  Stoic  philosopher  of  Tarsus, 
a  friend  of  the  emperor  Au};ustus:  surnamed 
"Cananites,"  from  Cana,  inCilieia,  his  father's 
birthplace. 

Athenodoms.  A  Greek  statuary,  one  of  the 
collaborators  on  the  group  of  the  "Laocoon." 
He  was  a  son  and  pupil  of  Agesander  of  Rhodes. 
See  Laocoon. 

Athens  (ath'enz).  [Gr.  'Adi/i'at,  Homer  (Odys- 
sey, vii.80)  'Adi/f)i,L.Atkciix,F.Athe>ie.\,G.Athcn, 
It.  Atene;  origin  unknown:  traditionally  from 
\9livri,  the  goddess.]  The  capital  and  largest 
city  of  Greece  and  the  ciiief  city  of  Attica,  sit- 
uated about  5  miles  from  its  seaport  Pirteus  (on 
the  Saronic  Gulf),  in  lat.  37°  oS'  N..  long.  23° 
44'  E.  The  ancient  city  grew  up  around  the  Acropolis. 
The  other  noted  hills  were  the  .\reopagU3  and  Pnyx.  Long 
walls  joined  the  city  to  its  port.  The  modem  city  has  ex- 
tended northeastward  toward  Lycabettus,  and  contains, 
besides  the  palace  and  government  Iiniblitigs,  a  university, 
a  museum,  and  foreign  (.American,  French,  tJei-man,  etc.) 
schools  for  classical  studies.  Athens  w;i8  founded,  ac- 
cording to  the  old  account,  by  an  Egyptian  colony  kd  by 
Cecrops.  It  became  the  chief  place  in  Attic:^  with  i'ldlas 
Athene  as  its  especial  divinity,  and  w.as  ruled  by  kings, 
among  whom  Erechtlieus.  Theseus,  and  Codrus  were  fa- 
mous. It  was  then  (from  the  legendary  date  B.  c.  11.'12) 
ruled  by  the  nobles  (Eupatrids),  and  had  archons  as  ma- 
gistrates, who  were  successively  perpetual,  decennial,  and 
after  (383  b.  c.  annual.  The  laws  of  Draco  were  enacted  in 
«24  B.  c,  and  those  of  Solon  in  .liM  B.  e.  I'isistratus  be- 
came tyrant  in  .^*iO,  and  liis  sons  were  expelled  in  .^10.  The 
refonns  of  (.'leisthenes  (.ooii)  made  Athens  a  pure  democ 
racy :  popular  assemblies  of  all  citizens  made  the  laws. 
The  glorious  period  began  with  the  Persian  wars,  in  which 
Athens  took  a  leading  iiarl,  as  at  .Manthon  4ito,  and  .Sala- 
mis480.  The  city  was  temporarily  luld  liy  the  J'ersians 
in  480.  Under  Themistock-s,  itamediately  after,  the  long 
walls  were  built.  Athens  became  the  head  of  the  Con- 
federacy of  Delos  in  4770,  and  for  a  short  period  had  an 
extensive  empire  and  was  the  ftrst  power  in  tlreece.  The 
"  Age  of  Pericles  "  (about  4iil-12i0  w:is  noted  for  the  adorn- 
ment of  the  city.  Tile  Peloponnesian  war,  4:U-4U4,  re- 
sulted in  the  displacement  of  Athens  by  Sparta  in  the 
hegemony  of  Greece.  Athens  was  taken  by  .Sparta  in  4i>4 
and  an  .aristocratic  faction  was  put  in  power  ;  I)Ut  moder- 
ate democracy  was  restored  by  Thrasylnilusin  4U3.  Athens 
under  Demosthenes  resisted  -Macedon.  but  was  overthrown 
at  the  battle  of  Chajronoa  :)38,  and  was  generally  after 
this  under  Macedonian  influence.  It  was  subjugated  by 
Rome  in  148  B.  c,  and  pillaged  by  Sulla  in  8(1  B.  c.  It 
continued  to  tonn  part  of  the  Roman  and  later  of  the 
Byzantine  empire.  Conquered  by  the  Latin  t^riisaders  in 
120.'..  it  became  a  lordship  and  soon  a  dncliy  under  KreiLch, 
.Spanish,  anil  Italian  rulers  successively  till  Its  con<pie»t 
by  the  Turks  In  H.W.  It  w.as  devastated  by  a  Venetian 
bombardment  In  1687,  and  also  in  the  War  of  Liberation 
In  1821-27.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  new  kingdom  of 
Greece  in  18al.  Population  (1880),  107,2f.l.  (See  tireeci; 
PeloponwMnn  War,  Pernan  Warn,  S<don,  Prn'clrn.  etc.) 
The  following  are  among  the  Important  structures  of  the 
ancient  and  the  modern  city  :  Ownimar  T/iraler,  a  thea- 
ter on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Acropolis,  where  all  the 
famous  lireek  dramas  were  produced.  It  was  orlgiinilly 
of  wood,  and  was  not  completed  In  stone  until  about  :{40 
B.I'.  The  existing  remains  of  orchestra  and  stage-structure 
are  modillcatlons  of  iliiman  ilatc.  The  front  wall  of  the 
stage  bears  excellent  reliefs  of  Bacchic  myths.  The  di- 
ameter of  the  cavea  Is  about  300  feet  :  It  has  one  preelnc- 
tion,  ami  is  ilivided  by  radial  stjilrways  Into  13  wedge- 
shaped  sections.  The  lowest  tier  consists  of  seats  of  honor 
lilt  from  marble  In  the  form  of  chairs,  (lair  of  thr  Oil- 
Markel,ur  New  Agora. nv^lu  built  with  glfls  from  .Inlliis 
('losar  anil  Augustus.  The  west  front  is  Dorle,  tetraatyle, 
the  columns,  211  feet  high  and  4  In  base-illaineter.  still 
supporting  their  entablature  and  pediment.  The  middle 
Intercoliimniatlon,  for  the  passage  of  vehleleH,  Is  U\  fetit 
wide,  the  others  4;.  Lnn;/  ic.i//»,  two  massive  fortlllca- 
tlon  walls  exleiiillng  from  the  ramparts  of  the  clly  to 
those  of  the  I'ineiis,  at  a  distance  apart,  except  near  their 
■llvcrging  extremities,  of  about  r.MI  fec't.  (.See  above) 
They  made  the  ports  and  Iho  melropidls  practleally  one 
huge  fortress,  and  assured  Atheidan  supplies  bv  sea 
while  rendering  possiblo  Athenian  naval  Irlumpns  at 
times  when  the  Spartans  held  Ihelr  land  wllhoiil  the 
walls.  They  were  destroyed  whi  n  Athens  fell  before 
8par(a  toward  the  end  of  ihe  Mb  century,  but  were  re- 
stored In  31)3  n.  c.  byConou.  The  long  walls  follow  the 
crests  of  the  group  of  bills  southwest  of  the  Acropolis, 
and  run  southwest.  The  northern  wall,  which  was  the 
longer,  measured  about  (>  miles.  There  was  at  least  oiht 
cross-wall  to  guard  against  the  forcing  of  the  passage. 


91 


Atkinson,  Thomas  Witlam 


On  most  maps  there  Is  shown  a  third  wall,  called  the  Athlete,  The.     A  Greek  statue,  held  to  be  a 

Phideric  wall,  starting  from  the  south  side  of  Athens,  ^.o],v  of  tlie  famous  Dorvphorus  (spear-bearer), 

rpha^eJr^No  v^h;e'^?'^i^h'a  :::i^l:i^"Lo!reJ^  theVauou  or  tvpe  of  PJlyclitus.;ou..d  at  I'om- 

been  discovered,  nor  has  any  tnice  of  an  ancient  port  been  pen,  and  now  in  the  Museo  >azi01iale,  Naples, 

found  at  the  so-called  Old  Phalerum,  at  the  eastern  end  of  Ihe  undmped  llgure  is  rather  short  and  heavy  but  is  ad- 

the  bay.     It  is  very  linprvbable  that  such  a  wall  ever  ex-  mlrably  proportioned  and  in  simple,  unpret<;tiding  pose. 

Istcd,  and  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  I'halcrum  lay  at  the  Athlit  (ath'l(;tj.  A  town  in  tialilee  (Paleslinei, 

western  end  of  the  bay.  OM  7'f»i/;/<q^.4(A.-n<i,  between  the  j„j  jjjp  Mediterranean  soutli  of  Haifa.    It  con- 


Erechtheuiu  and  the  Parthenon.  Its  foundations  were 
recognized  and  studied  by  llorpfeld  in  1885.  It  wjis  Do- 
ric, peripteral,  hexjistyle,  with  12  columns  on  the  flanks, 
and  measured  70  by  137  feet,  A  number  of  the  column- 
drums,  capitals,  and  other  architectural  elements  are  built 
into  the  north  wall  of  the  Acropolis.  The  temple  had  a 
large  cull-cella  toward  the  east,  behind  which  tliere  was 
a  treasury  with  two  chambers  opening  on  a  vestibule. 
A  notable  authority  (Penrose)  combats  Dorpfcld's  restora- 
tion, and  suggests  that  the  temple  may  have  been  Ionic 


tains  tlic  Castle  of  the  Pilgrims,  a  splendid  fortress  estab- 
lished by  the  Templars  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury. It  occupies  a  promontory  projecting  into  the  sea, 
whose  isthmus  Is  cut  by  glacis,  double  ditch  and  massive 
walls  with  rectangular  towers.  Within  the  inclosure 
there  arc  vaulted  magazines,  ruins  of  a  hexagonal  church, 
a  flue  hall  of  the  Palace  of  the  Templars,  and  other  re- 
mains. 

Athlone,  Earl  of.    See  Giiiktl. 


of  8  by  1(J  columns:  but  the  Dorpfeld  theory  maybe  taken  Athlone  (atli-lon').     A  parliamentary  borough 

'     "    '     "  ill  Westineath  and  Roscommon,  Ireland,  situ- 

ated ou  the  Shannon  in  lat.  53°  25'  N..  long.  7- 
51'  W.  It  was  taken  from  the  Irish  by  (General  (ilnkcl 
in  June,  1691.  Population  of  parliamentar}'  borough  (1881). 
6,90L 

Athol,  or  Athole,  or  Atholl  (ath'ol).     A  hilly 
district  in  northern  Perthshire,  Scotland.  Area, 

_   _^  .„  ...^  „ „  ,  _  about  4.50  square  miles. 

ti'fui  iluiriirng^in'i-enreirc  niM-bie,  "lately  wmpiiTt'ed  iii'the  Athol  (ath'ol).     A  town  in  Worcester  County. 

chisslcal  (Jreek  style  for  the  accommodation  of  a  learned     Massachusetts,   situated  on  Miller's   River   33 

iHidy  modeled  after  the  French  Inslilule.      Cotmiil  n/      j^Wpg  ^pst   of   Fitcllburg.      Population   (1000/, 

/)rt;*Afu',  a  convent  founded  by  the  French  dukes  of  Athens      7  a(?i 

in  the  13th  century.   (;im  aiso  .Arch of  llaitrian :  DexileM,       <,OOi.  c,        n     1. 

ilonunieiUo/;  Erechllfum  ;  Hmrm,  Monument  of ;   l.yri    AthOT,  Or  AthyT.      OCe  Hathor. 

crate*,  Cliuraijic  ilonmiieiit  0/ :  Xikc  Apttriis,  iir  WingUtf  ^.thoS  (ath'os).      [Gr.  tWuC,  ".KBuv.']      The   east- 

ric/o>T/.  TempU  0/;  Odeum  of  Uerode,;  Wyinpieum   or     ,.,.„,„„at  peninsula  of  Chalcidice  in  Macedonia. 

r.mpfe_o/  Olymjnan/.exu  ;  Vartheoo,, ;  Prop,jl«a  ;  The-      j^  pr„jects'into  the  .Kgean  Sea  and  is  connected  with  the 


as  demonstrated.  This  temple  renialtied  standing  cer. 
tainly  until  40«  B.C.,  and  probably  until  the  reign  of 
Hadrian  and  later.  It  Is  of  unusual  historical  and  archae- 
ological importance.  Panathemxic  ."itatiiiiw.  a  stadium 
still  practically  complete  except  for  its  sheathing  of  mar- 
ble. The  arena  measures  loO  by  070  feet,  and  is  bordered 
on  its  long  sides  and  its  semicireuhu'  east  end  by  the 
slopes  which  snppoi-ted  the  seats  (abimt  60  tiers)  for  the 
siiectators.  There  were  at  intervals  2ll  flights  of  steps  to 
give  access  to  the  seats.     AcaiU-ing  0/  Sdriieejt,  a  beau 


scum;  Tower  n/ tfte  WiiuU.)  The  topographical  features 
of  ancient  Athens  are  described  under  their  names. 

Athens.  The  capital  of  Athens  County,  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  Ilocking  River  .35  miles  west 
of  Marietta.  It  is  the  seat  of  Ohio  University 
(founded  1804).     Population  (1900),  3,066. 

Athens.  -^  city  In  (^larke  County,  Georgia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Oeonee  t)2  miles  northeast  of 
Atlanta,  it  has  a  large  trade  in  cotton  and  cotton  man- 
ufactures, and  is  the  seat  of  the  I'lilversity  of  Georgia 
(founded  1801).    Population  (I90O),  10.246. 

Athens.  Tlie  capital  of  McMiiin  County,  Ten- 
nessee, .50  miles  nortlieast  of  Chattanooga. 
Population  (1900).  1,849. 

Athens.  A  borough  in  Hradford  County,  north- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susiine- 
lianna  near  Ihe  New  York  border.  Population 
(1900),  3,749, 


mainland  by  a  narrow  isthmus  (pierced  by  a  canal  during 
the  invasion  of  Xerxes).  On  it  were  the  ancient  cities 
Olopbyxus,  Charadria;,  Apollonia,  Acrothoum.andclconro. 
Lengtii,  30  miles. 

It  is  believed  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  dnclliags 
of  Pompeii,  some  buildings  In  Athos  are  the  oldest  speci- 
mens of  domestic  architecture  in  Europe. 

£Wi/i;.  Bn<.,III.  14 

Athos,  Mount.  [Gr.  'ABuc,  '.Keuv,  NGr.  "Ayioi' 
1//K1, ,  the  holy  mount.  It.  Monte  Santo.']  A 
moimtain  at  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
Athos,  famous  since  the  early  middle  ages  for 
its  communities  of  monks,  which  form  a  sort 
of  republic  tributary  to  Turkey.  Height,  6,.350 
feet. 
Athos  (ii-thos').  One  of  the  "Three  Musketeers" 
ill  Diiraas's  novel  of  that  name.  See  Trois 
Moii.iiiiietdircii,  Iax. 
Athens  (if  America,  The,  or  The  Modern  Athy  (a-thi').    A  town  in  the  county  of  Kil- 


lare,  Ireland,  39  miles  southwest  of  i)ublin. 

Atia,  or  Attia,  gens  (at'i-ii  jenz).  In  ancient 
Home,  a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family 
names  were  Balbus,  Labienus,  Bufus,  and 
Varus. 

Atilia,  or  Atillia,  gens  (a-til'i-ii  jenz).  In 
ancient  Rome,  a  )ialrieian  and  plebeian  clan 
or  house  whose  family  names  under  the  Kepub- 
lie  were  Bnlbus,  Calatiiius,  Longiis,  Regiilus, 
and  SeiTiiiitls.  The  tli-st  member  of  this  gens  who  be- 
came consul  was  )I.  Atillus  Iteglllus,  SS6  B.  C. 

Atimuca.     See  Timu<iii<iniin. 

Atin  (li'tin).  The  personification  of  strafe  In 
Spenser's  "  Faerie  Qiieene." 

Atina  (il-to'nii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
I'aserlu,  Italv,  70  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 
Pi)imlation(1881).  2,043. 

Atitlan  (ii-te-tliin').  A  volcano  in  Guatemala 
mar  hake  Atitlan.     Height,  11.849  feet. 

Atitlan,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Guatemala,  Central 
.America,  50  miles  west  of  Giiiilemala,  noted 
for  its  great  depth.     It  has  no  outlet. 

Atka  (at'kil).      The  largest  of  the  Andreanov 


Athens,    -^u  epitlut  of  Boston,  Massaehusett: 

Athens  of  Ireland,  The.    An  epithet  of  the 

city  of  Cork,  ami  also  of  Belfast. 

Athens  of  the  North,  The.    Edinburgh :  so 

called   from  its    resemlilaiice,  topographically 
and   intellectually,   to    Athens;    also,  an  oc- 
casional epithet  of  Copenhagen. 
Athens  of  Switzerland,  The.    ^Vn  occasional 

epithet  of  Ziirieli. 

Athens  of  the  West,  The.    Cordova,  .Spain. 

which  was  an  intellectual  center  from  the  8th 

to  the  liitli  century. 
Atherstone  (ath'('>r-ston).   A  town  in  Warwick- 

sliire,  Kngland,  17  miles  northeast  of  Birming- 
ham.    I'o|iiilati(m,  about  4,000. 
Atherstone,   Edwin.      Born    at   Nottingham, 

Ajiril  17,  17SS:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan,  '-".l. 

1H72.     An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.     He 

was  the  author  of  "The  Last  Days  of  Hercii- 

laneiiiii,"  etc. 
Athertoa  (ath'<'-r-ton),  Charles  Gordon.  Born 

111    Amherst,  N.  ll,  .Tuly  4  (f),   1S04:    died  at 

Manchester,  N.  H.,  Nov.  1.5,  1853.     An  ,\iiieri- 

ean  politician,  Peraocratic  member  of  Congress  .1.,, 

from    New   Hampshire   1837-13,   and    United  Atkarsk  (al-kiirsk  1. 

States  senator  1843-49  and  18.53.    lie  introduced 

the  so-called  "  Atherlon  gag,"  a  resolution  which  provlili-<l 

that  all  blllsor  pelltlonson  the  subject  of  shivery  should   AtkinS  (at 'kill/.).  John. 

be   'laid  on  the  table  without  being  dehateil,  printed,  or 

referred,"  and  whjeli  remained  in  force  18:t8  4.'i. 
Atherton,  John.     Bom  at   BawdHpp,  Somcr- 

setshire,   1.59 .S :   died    at   Dublin,  Dec.  6,  1640. 

Bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  hung  for 

iiiinaliintl  crime. 
Atherton,  or  Chowhent(ehou'bent).    A  man- 

ulailiiriiig   mill    milling   town   in    I.ancashire, 

England.  10   miles  iiorlhwest  of   Manchester. 

Population  (18!»1),  1,5,833. 
Atherton  Gag.     See  .lllnrlon,  rharlci  (Inriion. 

Atherton  Moor,  Battle  of.    A  vieiorv  gained 

near  lirmlloiil,  Eiiglaml,  Il>-t3,  by  the  Royalisls 
miller  Ihe  Earl  of  Newcastle  ovr-r  the  Parlia- 
iiieiitariaiis  under  Kerdinando  KairTax. 
Athesis  (ath'e-sis).     The  Latin  name  of  the 

Adice. 

Athias  (il-te'lisl.  Joseph.    Died  1700.    A  .Tow- 

isli  priiilerof  .Ainsl.filniii,  piililishor  of  oditions 
of  the  Hebrew  Bible  (l«t!l-07). 


Islands,  Aleutian  Archipelago. 

A  town  in  the  govern- 
mint  of  SanilolT,  eastern  Hiisslii.  .55  miles  iiortli ' 
west  of  SaralolT.      Populal ion,  about  7.000. 

Born  l(i.><5:died  1757. 
All  English  surgeon  who,  in  1721.  aecompnnii'd 
the  ships  Swallow  ami  Weymouth  on  a  voyage 
to  West  .Vfrieii  and  ,\inerica,  ri'lurning  in  \TS\. 
lie  pllMlshid  th,-  "  Navy  .Surgeon  "  (I732).  and  "A  Vojrmg* 
loiJuliiiM,  lliarll.  and  the  West  Imlles  "  (I7:t.'.). 
Atkins,  Tommy.     -See  Tom  mi/  .III.  1 11.1. 

Atkinson  lat 'kin-son),  Edward.  Bom  at 
Brookline.  Ma.ss.,  Feb.  10.  ISL'7.  .\ii  .\inerican 
economist  aiidslatistieian.  He  t»  the  author  of  "Our 
National  iionialu  "  (liClO.  "Cotton  Maniifnclureni  of  Iho 
Inll.Hl  Slates  '(I.S.NOI,"  Uallniails  of  the  I  lillwl  Stales,"  etc. 

Atkinson, Henry.  Born  inNorlhCarolinH,1782: 
dieii  at  .lilTerson  Barriii'ks,  Mo.,  Juno  14.  184'J. 
An  .•\iiierieun  giiienil.  He  defeated  I  hi'  Indians 
at  Bad  Ave  b'ivi  r  in  lUaek  Hawk's  war,  18:12. 

Atkinson,  Thomas  Witlam.  Horn  in  York- 
shire, England.  March  t'l,  1799:  died  at  Lower 
Walmer,  KenI,  Aug.  1.3,  1861.  An  English 
artist  and  travi'ler.  Ile  was  the  author  of  "Oriental 
and  Western  Siberia  "  (|s.',s).  "  rravels  In  the  Itcgloni  of 
Ulc  I  pper  and  l^iwer  Anioor"  (IhOOX  etc 


Atkinson,  Sergeant 

Atkinson,  Sergeant.  A  character  in  Fielding's 
''Amelia.''  With  liis  devotion  to  Booth  and  Amelia, 
and  liis  self-saciificiug  generosity,  he  ia  an  embodiment 
of  goodness  of  heart. 

Atkyns  (at'kiuz),  Richard.  Born  1615:  died 
1677-  An  English  writer  on  the  history  of  print- 
ing: author  of  "The  Original  and  Growth  of 
Printing,  etc."  (1064). 

Atkyns,  >^ir  Robert.  Born  in  Gloucestershire. 
1021 :  died  Feb.  18, 1709.  An  English  jurist,  and 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer:  author  of  "Par- 
liamentary and  Political  Tracts"  (1734),  etc. 

Atlanta  (at-lan'tS).  The  capital  of  Georgia 
an<l  of  Fulton  Count}-,  situated  in  lat.  33°  45' 
N..  long.  84°  25'  W.  It  is  an  important  railway  center, 
and  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cotton,  tobacco,  etc.,  and 
manufactures  of  cotton,  iron,  flour,  etc.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Atlanta  University  (colore(i).  founded  in  1869.  At- 
lanta was  taken  by  Slierman  Sept.  '2, 1S&4,  and  was  partly 
burned  previous  to  his  departure  on  liis  "March  to  the 
'Sea  "  (,\ov.  15,  1S64).  It  became  the  State  capital  in  1S6S. 
Til  ere  was  a  cotton  exposition  at  Atlanta  in  1881.  Popu- 
lation (1900).  89,872. 

Atlanta,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  east  of 
Atlanta,  July  22.  1864,  by  the  "Federals  under 
Slierman  over  the  Confederates  under  Hood 
(who  had  made  a  sortie  from  the  city).  Fed- 
eral loss,  about  3,600  (including  General 
McPherson). 

Atlantes  (at-lan'tez).  [PI.  of  "AT?.ac.'\  In 
Greek  architecture,  colossal  male  statues  used 
instead  of  columns  to  support  an  entablature. 

Atlantes  (at-lan'tes).  Amagiciau,  in  Boiardo's 
and  Ariosto's  "Orlando,"  who  lived  on  Mount 
Carena  in  a  castle  surrounded  with  a  wall  of 
glass  where  he  educated  the  young  Rogero. 

Atlantic  (at-lan'tik).  The  capital  of  Cass 
County,  Iowa,  situated  on  East  Nishnabatone 
River  47  miles  east  of  Omaha.  Population 
(1900),  5,046. 

Atlantic  City.  A  seaside  resort  in  Atlantic 
roiuitv.  New  Jersev,  60  miles  southeast- of 
Philadelphia.     Population  (1900),  27,838. 

.^.tlantic  Ocean.  [F.  Mer  AtUmtique,  G.Atlaii- 
ti^ches  Sleer.  L.  Atianticiim  mare,  Gr.  to  'Ar?.av- 
TCKov  Tf/iaj'Of,  ^  'Ar/MVTtKr/  daAaaaa^  the  sea  of 
Atlas,  originally  applied  to  the  sea  beyond 
Mount  Atlas  in  northwest  Africa,  from  ^'Xf/ac 
('\-'i\avT-),  Mount  Atlas.]  That  part  of  the 
ocean  which  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Circle 
on  the  north,  Europe  and  Africa  on  the  east, 
the  Antarctic  Ocean  on  the  south,  and  America 
on  the  west.  It  is  sometimes  regarded  as  terminating 
at  lat.  40°  S.,  the  part  southward  being  reckoned  as  be- 
longing to  the  so-called  Southern  Ocean.  Its  chief  currents 
are  the  Gulf  Stream,  East  Greenland  Current  Labrador 
CuiTent,  Equatorial  (.'urrent.  South  Connecting  Current, 
Guinea  Current,  and  Brazilian  Current.  Length,  10,000 
miles ;  average  breadth,  3,000  miles ;  average  depth,  about 
13,000  feet. 

Atlantis  (at-lan''tis).  [L.  Atlantis,  Gr.  i)  l^r/.ai'rif 
rr/aoi:.  the  Atlantic  Isle,  from  ^'XtIuq,  Mount 
Atlas.]  A  mythical  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  northwest  of  Africa,  referred  to  by 
Plato  and  other  ancient  writers,  which  with  its 
inhabitants  was  said  to  have  disappeared  in  a 
convulsion  of  nature. 

Atlantis,  The  New.     See  Neic  Atlantis. 

Atlas  (at'las).  [Gr. '!i7>.nf,  lit.  'the  supporter' 
(of  the  sky),  from  a-  euphonic  and  r'/av  (r'/.a-) 
(=  L.  totlere),  bear  up,  support.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  Titan,  brother  of  Prometheus  and 
Epimetheus,  son  of  lapetus  and  Cljinene  (or 
Asia),  and  father  (by  Pleione)  of  the  Pleiades 
and  (by  .iEthra)  of  the  Hyades,  and  also  (in 
Homer)  of  Calypso.  According  to  Hesiod  he  was 
condemned  by  Zeus,  for  his  part  in  the  battle  of  the 
Titans,  to  stand  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  earth, 
near  the  dwelling-place  of  the  Hesperides,  upholding  the 
heavens  vvith  his  shoulders  and  hands.  His  station  was 
later  said  to  be  in  the  Atlas  Mountains  in  Africa.  Ac- 
cording to  some  accounts  he  was  the  father  of  the  Hes- 
perides :  also  a  king  to  whom  the  garden  of  the  Hesperides 
belonged.    The  details  of  the  mj-th  vary  greatly. 

Ideler  has  shown  (see  Humboldt's  "Aspects  of  Nature," 
vol.  i.  pp.  144-146,  E.  T.)  that  there  was  a  confusion  in 
the  Greek  mind  with  respect  to  Atlas.  The  earlier  writers 
(Homer,  Hesiod,  &c.)  intended  by  that  name  the  Peak  of 
Teneriffe,  of  which  they  had  some  indistinct  knowledge 
derived  from  Phoenician  sources  The  later,  unacquainted 
with  the  great  Western  Ocean,  placed  Atlas  in  Africa, 
first  regal'ding  it  as  a  single  mountain,  and  then,  as  their 
geographical  knowledge  increased,  and  they  found  there 
was  no  very  remarkable  mountain  in  North-western  Africa, 
as  a  mountain  chain.  Herodotus  is  a  writer  of  the  tran- 
sition period.  His  description  is  only  applicable  to  the 
Peak,  while  his  locality  is  Africa  —  not,  however,  the 
western  coast,  but  an  inland  tract^  probably  south-eastern 
Algeria.  Thus  his  mount^iin,  if  it  is  to  be  considered  as 
having  any  foundation  at  all  on  fact,  nmst  represent  the 
eastern,  not  the  western,  extremity  of  the  Atlas  chain. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  159,  note. 

2.  The  fourth-magnitude  star  27  Pleiadum. 
at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  "handle"  of 
the  group. 


92 

Atlas,  Witch  of.    See  Witch  of  Atlas. 

Atlas  Mountains.  A  mountain  system  in  Mo- 
rocco, Algeria,  aud  Tunis,  sometimes  regarded 
as  limited  to  Morocco.  Its  highest  summit, 
Jebel  Ajashi,  in  Morocco,  is  14,600  feet  high. 
Length,  about  1.500  miles. 

Atm  (iitm),  Atmu  (at'mO),  or  Tmu  (tmii). 
In  Eg^-ptian  mythology,  the  setting  sun,  a 
double  of  Ra,  represented  in  human  form,  wor- 
shiped at  Northern  On,  or  Heliopolis. 

Atna.     See  Ahtena. 

Atna  (at'na)  River,  or  Copper  River.  A  river 
in  Alaska  which  flows  Into  the  Pacific  west  of 
Mount  St.  Elias. 

Atnah  (at'na).  [From  a  Takulli  word  meaning 
'stranger.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
tlians  dwelling  on  Eraser  River,  British  Colum- 
bia: to  be  distinguished  from  the  Ahtena  of 
the  Athapascan  stock.     See  Salishan. 

Atooi.     See  Kauai. 

Atossa(a-tos'a).  [Gr. 'ii-offffa.]  1.  The  daugh- 
ter of  CjTus,  king  of  Persia,  and  wife  suc- 
cessively of  Cambyses,  Smerdis,  and  Darius 
Hystaspes. 

Atossa,  the  daughter  of  Cjtus,  and  wife  successively 
of  her  brother  Cambyses,  of  the  Pseudo-Smerdis,  and  of 
Darius,  is  known  to  us  chiefly  from  Herodotus  and  .Eschy- 
lus.  There  is  no  mention  of  her  in  the  Inscriptions,  nor 
by  any  historical  writer  of  repute,  except  Herodotus  and 
such  as  follow  hira.  According  to  one  account  she  was 
killed  by  Xerxes  in  a  fit  of  passion. 

Bau'linsoii,  Herod.,  IV.  256. 

2.  A  poetical  name  given  to  the  first  Duchess 
of  Marlborough  by  Pope  in  his  "  Moral  Essays." 

Atrato  (a-tra'to).  A  river  in  Colombia  which 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Darien  in  lat.  8°  N.,  long. 
77°  W.  Its  length  is  about  275  miles,  and  it  is 
navigable  for  over  half  its  course. 

Atrehates  (a-treb'a-tez  or  at-re-ba'tez).  In 
ancient  history,  a  tribe  of  Belgic  Gaul,  dwell- 
ing chiefly  in  the  Later  Artois.  It  joined  the 
confederation  against  Julius  Csesar.  One 
branch  dwelt  in  Britain  near  the  Thames. 

Adventurers  from  Gaul  probably  led  the  way  into  Eng- 
land ;  and  the  names  Brigantes  and  Parisi  in  Durham 
and  east  Yorkshire,  Cenomanni  in  East  Anglia,  and  -Atre- 
hates in  Berkshire,  belong  equally  to  the  continental  dis- 
tricts of  Bregenz,  Paris,  Maine,  and  Arras.  There  is  some 
reason,  from  local  names  and  language,  to  connect  these 
Gaulish  tribes  with  the  Eymric  rather  than  with  the  Erse 
variety  of  the  Kelts.  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  5. 

Atrek (a-trek'). or  Attruck  (a-truk' ).  Ariver  in 
northern  Persia,  and  on  the  boundary  between 
Persia  and  the  Transcaspian  territory  of  Russia. 
It  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  in  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  54°  10' 
E.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

Atreus  (a'ti'os).  [Gr.  IVrpriY.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Myeenje,  son  of  Pelops  and  father  of 
Agamemnon.  He  slew  the  sons  of  Thyestes 
and  was  slain  by  iEgisthus. 

Atri  (a'tre).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Teramo, 
Abruzzi,  Italy,  14  miles  southeast  of  Teramo : 
the  ancient  Adria  or  Hadria. 

Atri  (a'tre).  A  river  in  Bengal,  British  India, 
which  joins  the  Ganges  at  Pubna. 

Atri  (ii'tre).  In  the  Veda,  one  of  the  most 
frequently  named  rishis  of  primeval  times. 
He  enjoys  the  help  of  Indr.a,  Agni,  and  the  Asvins  in  all 
kinds  of  need.  He  frees  the  sun  from  the  power  of  the 
asura  Svarbhanu.  He  is  one  of  the  seven  rishis  (in  the 
sky  the  seven  stars  of  the  Great  Bear).  To  him  are  as- 
cribed a  number  of  hymns  in  the  fifth  Mandala  of  the 
Rigveda. 

Atridae  (a-tri'de).  The  sons  of  Atreus,  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus. 

Atrides  (a-tri'dez).  [Gr.  'ATpcidriq,  a  patronymic, 
from  l\7pf  (f.]  A  son  of  Atreus,  especially  Aga- 
memnon. 

Atropatene  (at"ro-pa-te'ne).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  mountainous  district  of  Media,  cor- 
responding in  general  to  the  modern  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia. 

Atropos  (at'ro-pos).  [Gr.  'ft.7/)o-of,  inflexible, 
from  d-  priv.  and  rpc-tiv,  turn.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, that  one  of  the  three  Moerse  (Gr.  Moi- 
pai),  or  Fates,  who  severs  the  thread  of  human 
life.     See  Fates. 

Atsug^  (at-so-ga').  An  almost  extinct  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  Also  called  Hat 
Creek  Indians,  Pakamali,     See  Palailinihan. 

Attacapan  (ii-tak'a-pan).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  named  from  the  Ata- 
kapa,  its  principal  tribe,  In  iSSSbut  eight  individ- 
uals of  the  entire  stock,  all  members  of  the  Atakapa 
tri^e,  were  known  to  sui-vive.  Of  these,  three  resided  at 
Lake  Chaiies.  Calasieu  parish,  Louisiana,  the  remainder 
in  western  Texas.  The  other  tribes  of  the  stock  were  the 
Coco  and  Heyeketi.  The  Atakapa  were  accused  of  canni- 
balism, and  their  tribal  name  is  derived  from  a  Choctaw 
term  signifying  'man-eater.' 

Attacapas.     [PL]     See  Attacapan. 


Attic  Muse,  The 

Attakapas  (a-tak'a-pa).  A  popular  name  for 
a  district  in  southern  Louisiaua  comprising  the 
jiarishes  of  St.  Mary's,  St.  Martin's,  Vermilion, 
Ilieria,  and  Lafayette. 

Attalia  (at-a-li'a).  The  ancient  name  of  Adalia. 

Attalus  (at'a-lus)  I.,  or  Attalos  (-los).  [Gr. 
''Xrrii'/iic.}  Died  197  B.  c.  King  of  Pergamon 
241-197.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Galatians,  .Syria, 
and  Macedon,  and  was  allied  with  Home  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  reign.  Votive  groups  were  set  up  by  him  on  the 
Acropolis  at  Athens,  in  honor  of  his  victory  over  the 
Gauls.  These  groups,  of  figures  of  about  half  life-size, 
were :  (1)  Battle  of  the  Gods  and  Giants  ;  (2)  Combat  be- 
tween Athenians  and  Amazons  ;  (3)  Victory  of  ilarathon  ; 
(4)  Destruction  of  the  Gauls  by  Attalus.  Foxir  tigures 
from  these  groups  are  in  the  Museo  Nazionale  at  Naples : 
a  fallen  Giant,  a  Dead  Amazon,  a  fallen  Persian,  and  a 
Dying  Bearded  Gaul. 

Attains  n.,  or  Attalos.  Born  220  B.  c. :  tlied 
138  B.  c.  King  of  Pergamon  159-138,  son  of 
Attalus  I.     He  was  au  all}'  of  Rome. 

Attalus  III.,  or  Attalos.  "Died  133  B.  C.  King 
of  Pergamon  138-133  B.  c,  nephew  of  Attalus 
II.  By  his  will  he  left  his  kingdom  to  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Attains,  or  Attalos.  Died  about  336  B.  c.  A 
Macedonian  general,  assassinated  by  order  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Attains.  Lived  about  325  B.  c.  A  Macedonian 
officer  in  the  service  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Attains,  Flairius  Priscus.    Emperor  of  the 

West.  He  was  probably  an  Ionian  by  birth,  was  prefect 
of  Home  when  the  city  was  taken  by  Alaric  in  409,  and 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  .41aric  in  opposition  to  Houo- 
rius.  He  was  deposed  by  Alaric  in  410,  and  was  banished 
to  Lipari  by  Honorius  in"4Hi. 

Attar  (iit-tar'),  or  Athar  (Mohammed  ihn 
Ibrahim  Ferid-Eddin).  Boi-n  near  Nishapur, 
Persia,  1119:  died  1202(1229  ?)•  A  Persian  poet 
and  mystic.  He  wrote  forty  poetical  works,  admired 
for  elegance  of  style  and  insight  into  the  Sufi  doctrines. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  killed  at  a  great  age  by  a  Mongol 
soldier. 

Attendom  (at'ten-dorn).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bigge  43  mUes  northeast  of  Cologne.  Popu- 
lation (1895),3,006. 

Atterhom  (at'ter-bom),.  Peter  Daniel  Ama- 
deus.  Born  at  -Asbo,  Ostergotland,  Sweden, 
Jan.  19,  1790 :  died  July  21,  1855.  A  Swedish 
poet,  professor  (first  of  philosophy  aud  later 
of  esthetics)  at  Upsala.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
Pliosphorists  (which  see),  editor  of  the  "Phosphoros," 
and  later  of  the  "Poetisk  k.alender."  He  wrote  "  Lycksa- 
lighetens  O,"  a  romantic  drama  (1824-27,  "The  Fortunate 
Island"),  "Svenskasiare  ochskalder"  (1S41-55,  "Swedish 
Seers  and  Bards  "),  etc. 

Atterbury  (at 'er-ber-i),  Francis.  Bom  at 
Milton,  Buckinghamsbire,  March  6,1662:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  15, 1732.  A  noted  English  divine, 
politician,  and  controversialist.  He  was  appointed 
bishop  of  Rochester  and  dean  of  Westminster  1713,  and 
banished  as  a  Jacobite  in  1723. 

Attercliffe  (at'er-klif ).  A  small  town  in  York- 
shire, England,  northeast  of  Sheflield. 

Attersee  (at'er-za).  or  Kammersee  (kiim'mer- 
za).  The  largest  lake  of  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated in  the  Salzkammergut  20  miles  east  of 
Salzburg.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Ager  into  the 
Traun.     Length,  about  13  miles. 

Attic  (at'ik).  One  of  the  dialects  of  ancient 
Greek,  spoken  m  Athens  aud  the  surrounding 
district  (Attica).  It  was  the  most  highly  culti- 
vated of  the  Hellenic  dialects. 

Attica  (at'i-ka).  [Gr,  r/  XttikIj,  earlier  'Aktck^, 
from  <i/i77,  a  headland,  a  promontory.]  In  ancient 
geography ,  a  di\'ision  of  central  Greece,  bounded 
by  Ba?otia  (partly  separated  by  Citha?rou)  on 
the  northwest,  the  Gulf  of  Egripos  (separating 
it  from  Euboea)  on  the  northeast,  the  .35gean 
on  the  east,  the  Saronic  Gulf  on  the  southwest, 
and  Megaris  on  the  west.  It  contains  several  moun- 
tains (Cithjcron,  Pai-nes,  Pentelicus,  and  Hymettus)  and 
the  plain  of  Attica  watered  by  the  Cephissus  and  Ilissus. 
Its  chief  city  was  Athens,  with  whose  history  it  is  in  gen- 
eral identified. 

The  names  of  the  Attic  tribes  were  Erechtheis,  -tigeis, 
Pandionis,  Leontis,  Acamantis,  CEneis,  Cecropis,  Hippo- 
thoontis,  -Eantis,  and  Antiochis  ;  the  heroes  being  Erech- 
theus,  .Egeus,  Pandion,  Leos,  .\camas,  tEneus,  Cecrops, 
Hippothoon,  Aja,\,  and  Antiochus.  The  order  given  is 
that  observed  upon  the  monuments. 

Rauiinson,  Herod.,  ni.  266,  note. 

Attica.  A  city  in  Fountain  County,  Lidiana, 
situated  on  the  Wabash  70  miles  northwest  of 
Indianapolis.     Population  (1900),  3,005. 

Attica.  A  nomarcliy  of  modern  Greece.  Capi- 
tal. Athens.  Area,  883  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1896),  255,978. 

Attic  Bee,  The.  A  sirrname  of  the  Greek  tragic 
pnet  Sopliocles.  and  also  of  Plato. 

Attic  Muse,  The.  An  epithet  of  the  Greek  his- 
torian Xenophon 


Atticus,  Titus  Pomponius 


93 


Aubrey,  John 


desisted  from  his  scheme,  and  le.init  t.i  respect  the  omeiih. 
The  whetatone  uTid  razor  were  burietl  under  a  sacred  cov- 
ing in  tlie  C'omiliuni,  and  a  veiled  statue  ot  Attlijus  Savius 
was  aft«rwai*U8  set  up  over  the  8i)ot. 

Smith,  llisU  of  the  World,  U.  190. 


Atticus  (at'i-kus),  Titus  Pomponius.  Born  at 
KiiiUL-,  109  B.  C. :  died  Miircli.  '.i-  i;.  c.  A  Konmii 
scholar  aud  bookseller,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Cicero,  best  known  from  the  letters  addressed 
to  him  by  the  great  orator.  Uis  chief  work  was 
"a  synchronistic  iionian  history  in  the  somewhat  meagre 
form  of  tables,  prol):ilily  witll  the  addition  of  tlie  con- 
temporary history  of  foreign  peoples  which  had  aciiuired 
inipoi-tunce  in  connection  with  tliat  of  Home,  and,  as  a 
supplement,  the  pe<ligrees  of  tlie  chief  Kt)man  families" 
{T'-'if'i  nnd  Schmthe,  Hist.  It.jm.  Lit.  (tr.  by  (i.  U.  W. 
Wan),  I.  2(«). 

Atticus  Herodes,  Tiberius  Claudius.    Born 
at   Marathon,  Greece,  about  1114  .\.  d.:   died  Attiwendaronk.     See  .N ruff r. 
about   180.     A  celebrated   Greek   rhetorician  Attleborough  (at'1-biir-o).     A  town   in   Nor- 
and  public  benefactor.     lie  erected  at  his  own  ex-     '"'k,  Cii^-'lini.!,  14  miles  southwest  of  Norwich, 
pense  many  public  works  at  Athens,  Corinth,  olympia,      l'o(nil;it  i"ii.  '>.047. 

and  elsewhere,  and  restored  several  decayed  towns  in  AttleborOUgh.  -V  town  in  Bristol  County, 
various  parts  of  Greece  •     „       i         Massachusetts.  31  miles  southwest  of  Boston. 

Attlgny  (a-teu-)e').     A  small  town  in  the  de-     p^     ,^tio„  (lyOO),  11,335. 
partment  ot  Ardennes  France,  situated  on  the  ^t^'  ^  (at-tok').  or  Atak  (a-tak').     A  fort  and 
Aisne  22  miles  south  by  west  ot  Mcz.c^l^t.s,  im-     ^,,.^'^,    ,;V.  point  in   th,.    Faniab,  British   India, 
portant  in  the  Merovingian  aud  Carolmpan     ^^^^.^^^^  q^,  „,p  i„j^,^  ;„  j^t.  33°  54'  X..  long. 

i?fJiw        a        At,-  72°  15' E.,  built  by  Akbar  in   1.'>H1.     it  is  at  the 

AttlKe.     bee  Attica.  „„„     ,       .     .,      .         head  of  navigation.    'iTie  Indus  is  crossed  here  by  a  rail- 

Attila  (at'i-la).  [LL.  A ttila.  OHG.  A"i1o, E::ih),     way  b, idge. 
MHG.  G.  Etzd,  I<el.  Atli,  Hiuig.  Etlicli:]      Died  Attruck.     See  Alnk. 

453  A.  D.  A  fatuous  king  of  the  Huns,  sou  Attucks  (nt'ukz),  Crispus.  Died  at  Boston, 
of  MuuJzuk  and  brother  of  Bleda,  together  March  5,  1770.  A  half-breed  Indian  or  mulatto, 
with  whom  he  ascended  the  throne  in  433:  the  alleged  leader  of  the  mob  at  the  "Boston 
sumamed  the  "Scourge  of  God"  by  medieval  massacre."  March  5,  1770,  in  which  he  was  the 
writers,  on  account  of  the  ruthless  aud  wide- 


produces  wine,  etc..  and  has  manaiactures  of  iron,  wool 

cotton,  and  linen.    It  comprises  6 arrondisseniouts.  Area. 

2,317  B<iuale  miles.     Population  (1891),  Jii.MS. 

y  augurie's  whether  the  thing  I  have  now  in  my  ^u1)e      A  river  in   France  which   rises  in  the 

l)edoneor..ot.'    "Itniay,"ixpliedAttiusNa-       ,   ,,,    ,    ^f  Laugres,    and  joins  the    Seine    25 

he  had  consulted  the  go<lB  by  augury.        « eU,      i    .  .  <=  .  _'.  '    ,  ..        .        ■  ,«,- 


have  been  called  after  his  own  name,  and  placed  on  an 
equal  footing  with  the  Kanines,  Titienses,  and  Luceres. 
Tariiuin,  in  mockery  of  the  augur's  art.  said  :  —  "  Tell  nm 
now  by  thy  '    "    - -^     -i.:-.- 

niind  may ' 

vius,  after  ne  nan  consuneu  me  gotiB  uj  annul  J.         ..t.i,      .    .  ^_-k...      »".f  t».^,..... 

then.  ■  rejoined  the  king,  "  it  was  in  my  mind  that  thou     miles  northwest  ot  irojeb. 
shouldst  cut  this  whetstone  in  two  with  this  razor."    The     miles. 

augur  took  the  r.izor and  severed  the  whetstone;  Taniuin   ^ul)g   (6-ba'),   Jean   Paul.     Bom    at   Longwy. 
'  ■   "    -  ■•      -^ ......_........ i,..„ ,.      Lorraine, .luly  4, is:j7.  A  noted  French  sculptor. 


Length,  about  125 


In  1847  he  canie  w  ith  his  father  to  Paris ;  in  1»49  he 
entered  "La  I'etite  Ecok  "  at  the  age  of  twelve,  «herc 
he  was  associated  with  Uidou,  Barriiis,  llelaplanche,  and 
others.  In  Is.*  he  entered  the  atelier  of  Duret,  i)rolcs- 
sor  at  the  ^-ole  des  beaux  .\rlR,  and  later  that  of  lianton, 
with  whom  he  remained  live  years,  lie  served  in  the 
National  Guard  during  the  Fnuico- Prussian  war. 
Aubenas  (ob-nii').  A  towu  in  the  department 
(if  Ardiiche,  southern  France,  situated  on  the 
Ardeche  14  miles  southwest  of  I'rivas:  noted 
for  its  silk  trade  and  manufactures.  Popula- 
tion il891).  commune,  7..'<24. 

Auber  (6-biir'),  Daniel  Francois  Esprit.  Bom 

at  Caen,  Normandy, .lau.  2!',  17.^2:  died  in  Paris, 
May  13.  1S71.  A  French  oinralic  composer. 
Among  his  wurks  are  "  Le  Ma^on  '  (1825),  "La  Muette 
de  I'ortici  ■  (1828),  "  Kra  Diavolo'  (l&iu),  "  Le  Ifieu  et  la 
Bayadere"  (I8»i),  "  Leslocq  '  (18»4).  "Le  Cheval  de 
Bronze  "  (lS3f>),  "  Le  l>omino  Noir  "  (18:17),  "Lcs  PiamanU 
de  la  Couronne'  (1841),  "Haydi-c"(1847),  "Manon  Le»- 
caut,"  "La  Fiancee  du  Boi  dea.Oarbes,"  "Le  R*ve 
d'Amour"  (180B),  etc. 
Auberge  Rouge  (6'baiv.h  rozh'),  L".  [F., '  The 
lud  Imi.']     .\  tale  bv  Balzac,  written  in  1831. 


lirst  to  fall.  ».,       '       ,,        ,->TriA  t.    tj  . 

spread  destruction  wrought  by  his  arms.     On  Attwood  (at'wii.l),  Thomas.    Born  at  London,  Auberlen  ('-u  b.r-len     Karl  August.  Born  at 
tlie  death  (assassination;)  of  his  brother  in  445  he  be-     _\„v.  23,  17ti5;  died  at  Chelsea.  March  24,  1838.     tellbach,  Nov.  19,  V^24:  died  at  Uasel,  -May  _, 


came  sole  ruler  aud  extended  his  sway  over  German  as 
well  as  Slavonic  nations,  including  the  East  Goths, 
Gepidic,  Alani,  Heruli.  Longobanis,  Thuringians.  and  lim-- 
gundians.  He  laid  waste  the  i>rovincesof  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire south  of  the  Danube  442-M7,  exacting  from  Theodo- 
sius  II.  a  tribute  of  six  thousand  pounds  of  gobl,  anil  es- 
tablishing the  annual  subsidy  at  two  thousand  jiounds; 
laid  claim  to  one  half  of  the  Western  Empire  as  the  lie- 
trothed  husband  of  Ilonoria,  the  sister  of  Valentiniaa,  wb 


An  Kuglish  musician,  a  pupil  of  Mozart,  organ- 
ist of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  aud  composer  to  the 
Chapel  Royal  (1796).      He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Philhiinnonic  Society.     Uis  works  comprise  songs, 
glees,  anthems,  niusic  for  the  stage,  etc.    He  was  buried 
beneath  the  organ  of  St.  Paul's. 
Attys.     See  Ati/f!. 
yea«  previonslv  had  sent  him  her  ring  and  the  otter  of  her  Atuamlh  .  a-to-ii'me),  or  Hamefkuttem  (lu 
hand  i..  marriage  ;  inviide.l  Gaul  in  4r>l,  in  alliance  with     liiel-ku-td'e).    An  almost  e.\tiuct  tribe  ot  North 

American  Indians.     See  Palaihnihan. 


iage;  invinled  Gaul  m  4;il,  m  alliance  with 
Genselic,  king  of  the  Vandals,  and  was  defeated  in  the 


A  town  in  Venezuela,  situ- 


same  year  by  the  Koinaii  general  Aetius  with  the  aid  of  Atum       See     Itm. 

the  West-Gothic  king  Iheodoric  at  Chalons-sur-Manu- ;  «x„_  "    ,«  >;;'',.,.,'> 

invaded  Italyin4.'.2,destioying  Aquileia,but  retiredwitb.  iinues  ka-iu  ■>;'/•  -      •      i'      * 

out  attacking  Koine,  being,  according  to  the  legend.  ,lis-  ated  im  the  Orinoco  at  one  ot  its  principal  Cata- 

suadcil  from  sacking  that  city  by  Pope  Leo  I. ;  and  died,  racts,  about  lat.  5°  38'  N 

probably  from  the  ruptur 

of  his  marriage  witli 


mill  CUV  oj  rope  ueo  i.  ,   .iim  ,iit,..        rni  l^,   iluuuL   iai<.  o     o..i    ii .  ^ls"f   "S^    etc 

ptuic  of  a  blood-vessel,  on  the  night   ^.twatei  (at' water),  LymaU  HotchkisS.  Born  »„i,"'  ^iu„„    rs  hor 

1  a  Gotliic  maiden  named  Ildico  or   ■^''",J"'J' Vi„.,,.„    ,■,;,„      l,\.i,     17     i  sn  •   ,lied    at  ■''•1''6r'VlllierS    (o-ber 

in  German  legend,  notably  in  the     Jt   -^'^Y   "xr^V'    p  .     i-  li'u.;  '  \       A  „    .i      „  I'aris,  1  mile  north  of 


18()4.  A  German  Protestant  theologian,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  the  University  ot  Basel 
1S.")1-1864. 

Aubert,  Alexander.  Born  at  London,  Mav  11, 
17311:  .lied  at  Wygfair,  St.  Asaph,  Oct.  19,  1805. 
All  English  astronomer. 

Aubertin  (6-ber-tan'),  Charles.    Born  at  St. 

Dizicr,  Dec.  24,  1825.  A  French  scholar,  ap- 
pointed rector  of  the  Academy  ot  Poitiers  in 
1874.  He  has  published  "  Etude  critique  sur  les  rap- 
ports supposes  entre  St^neque  et  Saint-Paul "  (1867). 
•■  L'  Esprit  public aii X \' 1 1 1'  siicle " (187-2).  ' Lcs origines de 
la  langue  et  de  la  piM^sie  franvaises  "  (187.'>),  and  "  Histoire 
de  la  langue  et  <le  la  littcniturefrainaises  an  moyen-age 


Hilda.      He  appears   _  „       .  . 

Nibelungenlied,  as  Etzel,  who,  in  his  turn,  is  the  Atli  of 

the  heroic  lays  of  the  elder  Edda.     Between  Etzel  and 

Atli  there  aredilfereneesas  well  ascon-espondences.     Ac- 

coriling  to  the  Kdd;i,  Atli,  who  married  Gndruii,  the  widow 

of  Sigurd  (the  Siegfried  of  the  Nibclniigeidiedl,  possessed 

J  khJ^'rr  H,r%,^/^;.l}rSed"n'X^th  At^oriVr^nd)"  &ge:""Born  mo  =  died  Aubiin6-  (o-be-nya'^,  Th6odo«   Agrippa  d 

of  Germany,  is  here  a  possession  of  Sigurd's  ancestoiii,      at    Londoil,  July   11.    ISOi.       A  notea   r.nglisn 
the  Volsungs,  and  he  himself  is  freqiifiitly  ealb-il  the     Tuatlieiujltician.     Dn  leaving  Cambridge  (1784),  after 

"  'IVinlly  Coll 


Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  17, 1883.  An  American 
clergyman,  educator,  and  editor  of  the  "  Prince- 
ton Review."  He  was  appointed  professorof  mental 
and  moral  philosoiihy  at  Princet^m  in  1854,  and  later  (18011) 
of  logic  and  moral  and  political  science. 


ber-ve-lya').      A  suburb  ot 
the  fortifications.     Popu- 
latiiiii  (IMIl).  commune.  25,022. 
Aubign6,  FranQOise  d".    See  ilaintcnon,  Ma- 

ilin/ii  lit . 

Aubign^,  Merle  d".    See  ifrrle  d'Aubignf. 


•  Hunnisli."  In  the  Nibelungenlied  the  liiiid  of  the  Huns 
is  located  in  the  east,  and  belongs  to  Etzel  asking.  In  the 
later  legend,  as  in  this  case,  the  whole  e.vternal  circum- 
stances of  Attila  have  been  transferred  to  Etzel,  and  the 
historical  and  legenilary  person  are  regarded  as  one.  Atli, 
on  the  other  hand,  has  nothing  in  common  with  Attila, 
although  the  Old  Norse  material  apparently  ciimc  origi- 
nally from  German  sources.  There  are  other  dilferences 
between  the  Germanic  Atli  and  Etzel  that  are  not  due  to 
the  confusion  of  the  latter  with  Attila  the  Hun.  The 
earliest  material  of  the  legend  was  probably  from  two 
separate!  sources,  a  Ocrman  and  a  Gothic,  which  were  ulti- 
mately fused  together.  The  crushing  defeat  of  the  Bur- 
gundians  by  Attih^  451,  by  transference  made  what  was 
probably  at  bottom  only  a  feud  between  two  families  into 
the  fearful  climax  in  the  second  part  of  the  .Nibelungen- 
lied. 
Attila.  1 .  A  tragedy  by  Corneille,  produced  in 
16G7.— 2.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  jirodiiced  in  Ven- 
ice ill  LS4r). 

Attila,  or  The  Triumph  of  Christianity.  An 

epie  poem  in  twelve  lioiiks,  by  \V.  Herbert 
(Loudnii,  1838),  with  a  historical  preface,  on 
the  c.irecr  of  Attila  from  his  defeat  on  the  Cata- 
launian  plains  (451)  till  his  death  (453). 

ITeternatural  machinery,  both  celestial  and  Infernal,  Is 
supplied  on  a  liberal  scale.  The  most  useful  fiart  of  the 
book  to  a  historical  student  is  the  second  half  of  it,  "At- 
tila and  his  I'reilecessors,  an  Historical  Treatise."  Here 
all  the  materials  for  writing  the  lifeot  Attila  are  collected  . 
with  great  industry,  but  there  Is  no  snillcient  separation  ■"■J'j 
between  the  precious  and  the  vile. 

Ilwliikin,  Italy  and  her  Invailcra,  II.  41). 

,\  small  vil- 


having  been  fellow  and  tutor  of  'IVinlty  College,  he  was 
given  a  sinecure  as  patent-searcher  of  the  customs  by  \\  11 
liani*Pitt  as  an  indirect  remuneration  for  executing  the 
calculations  connected  with  the  revenue.  He  wrote  "  .K 
Treatise  on  the  Rectilinear  Motion  and  Kotation  of  Biidies. 
etc."  (1784),  "A  Dissertation  on  the  lonslruclion  and  Prop 
erties  of  Arches  "(18111),  etc.  In  the  former  of  these  works 
occurs  the  first  description  of  the  well-known  "Atwood  s 
machine  '  for  exhibiting  the  action  of  gravity. 
Atys,  or  Attis  (at'is).  A  mythical  personage  Aublet 
in  tlie  worship  of  the  Phrygian  godiless  Cy- 
bele  (Rhea),  son  of  the  Lydian  supreme  god 
Manes,  or  of  Nana,  daughter  of  the  river-god 
Sangarius,and  beloved  of  Cybele.  Hemet  hlsdeaih 
in  early  youth  at  a  pine-tree,  which  receiveil  his  spirit, 
while  from  his  bliKid  sprang  violeta.  A  tomb  was  rai»ed 
to  him  on  Mount  nindyinum,  in  the  sanctuary  of  CyheU, 
the  priestii  of  which  hail  to  be  eunuchs.     A  fesllval  of  or 


Horir  near  Pons,  Saiiitcuige,  France,  lib.  8, 
1.5.52 :  died  at  Geneva.  April  'Jil.  lt>30.  .\  French 
Huguenot  historian,  satirist,  and  soldier,  in  the 
administrative  sen-ice  of  Heiirv  IV.  He  wrote 
"Histoire  universelle  1550-1001"  (1616-20), 
"  Histoire  secrete,"  satires,  etc. 
Aubln  (o-baii').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aveyron,  France,  in  bit.  44°  32'  N.,  long.  2° 
15'  E.     Poimlation  (IS'.MK  commune,  9.0.52. 

(6-bia').  Jean  Baptiste  Christophe 

Fus6e.  Born  at  Salon.  I'lovem-e,  Nev.  4,  li20: 
dii'il  at  I'aris,  May  ti.  1778.  A  French  botanist. 
In  1752  be  went  to  '.Mauritius,  where  ho  spent  several 
years.  From  17(12  to  17IM  he  tnivele<l  in  tVcnch  liiiiana. 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  In  .Santo  IKimingo.  The  resulu 
of  his  voyages  were  piibllshetl  in  1775,  In  his  "lllstidre 
des  iilantes  de  la  Giiyane  fninvalne  "  (4to,  2  vols,  text,  2 
of  |)lates),  containing'also  descrlplions  of  speciea  from 
Mauritius  and  many  notes  of  genenU  interest 


K:ri^i;?rsS\:r'AiJn"u;l;'j::v;™iwhl;vMHl;'ia:  Aubrac  «.-brak')  a  ,noun.»in-group  in  the 

can  led  to  the  shrine  of  cybele  as  a. ymb..l  of  the  departed     deparlmenis  of  Avevron  and  Loz^re.I  ranee, 
Atys.   Then,  amidst  tumultuous  music  and  the  wlldcBt  ex.     ,Miniiected  with  the  system  of   the  Cevennes. 


lis  highest  point  is  nearly  4,800  feet. 


hlfdllou  of  grief,  the  mourners  s«ught  tor  Atys  on  the 

mountains.     On  Ihe  third  day  he  was  found,  and  the  re-  _  ,  •  „     •.■»»_      i     ti. ...;... 1  „I,„™„(„, 

lolcing  which  folh.wed  was  as  extnivagant  a»  the  mourn.  Aubrey(a  brO.Mr.    1.    I  he  principal  chanictcr 
lug  which  lirecerliil.     The  myth  may  be  considered  as  Ihe 
ccpunlerparl  i.f  Ihe  Greek  legend  of  Aphrodile  and  Adonis. 


AttinghaUSen  (at'ting-hou-zen). 
lagp  ill  flic  canton  of  llri,  Swilzerland,situateil 
on  the  Keuss  '.'O  miles  southeast  <if  l/Ucenie, 
celebrated  in  the  William  Tell  legend. 

Attiret  (ii-te-ra'),  Jean  Denis.    Bom  at  Drtle, 

France,  .July  31,  17112:  dieil  at  Poking,  Dec.  8 
(17  ?),  1708.  A  French  painter,  and  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary in  Cliina. 

Attis.  "  See  Alii". 

Attius.     See  Acriiix. 

Attius  (at'i-nS),  or  AttUS  (at'us),  NaviUS.    An 
augur  under  Tarqiiinins  Priscus. 

I'his  augur  forbade  the  king  to  carry  nut  his  Intention  of 
creating  three  new  centuries  of  horsemen,  which  were  to 


which  itself  Is  borrowed  from  the  Selnitle  legend  of  Tain- 
inuz  and  Ishlar.     Acconllng  to  llawllnson  Ihe  name  means 
under  the  inlluence  of  Ale,'  i.  f.,  •Judicially  blind.' 
See  All. 

Aubagne  (6-biiny').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
miMit  of  Houclies-du-HliAno,  France,  situated 
on  Ihe  Huveaiine  10  miles  east  of  Marseilles. 
Popnlalioii  (1.K91).  S,1.>1. 


Saniiiel  Warren's  novel  "Ten  Thousand  a 
Year,''  aflerwanl  succeeding  to  the  title  oi 
Lord  Dreliiu'ourt.  A  reserve*l  anil  elegant  i-ountry 
ueiilleinan  with  an  Income  of  leu  Ihouiuind  a  yejir.  Ihe 
loss  and  «ubK-c|Uent  recover)  ot  which  form  the  main 
IntiTesI  of  Ihe  iKMik. 

2.  Ill  Cuinberland'H  play  "Tlie  Fashionable 
Lover,"  Ihe  father  of  Augusta  Aubrey,  llo  re- 
turns ill  lime  to  rewani  those  who  have  be- 
friendod  her. 


Aubanel  I  '  b.i-ner ).  Joseph  Marie  Jean-Bap-  y^^ubrey  Augusta     The  principal  female  ehnr- 

tiste   Theodore.     lt"io    at    .Vvigiioii,   Iraii.e.     ^^,.,^,|.    ,;,  ,„|„|„.rlaiid's  "Fashionable  I.K)ver," 


.March  20,  l«29:  ilied  there,  Oct.  31,  lH.sii.  A 
French  publisher  ami  writer  in  the  I'roveii<;al 
Iniiguage,  author  of  the  poem  "The  I'oino- 
graiiatc'  Opein'd,"  in  Provencal  (1860),  etc. 
Aube  (ob).  A  department  of  !•  rnnoe,  capital 
Troyes,  bouniled  by  .Marno  on  the  north,  llaiite- 
Marno  on  the  east,  Crtfe-il'Or  on  the  south, 
Yonne  on  the  southwest,  and  Seine-et-Marne 
on  the  west,  formed  from  parts  of  theoldl'liam- 
pagne  and  liiirguiidy.      It  Is  fertile  in  the  Muitheasl, 


persecuted  by  Lord  Abbervillo,  but  Anally  mur- 
rieii  to  Francis  Tyrrel. 
Aubrey,  John,  i'orn  at  F.aston  Pierse,  Wilt- 
shire. March  12  (Nov.  3  t),  10'Jti:  dieii  ill  .luiie, 
Ui97.  All  Knglish  antiquary,  author  of  "Mis- 
cellanies," a  collection  of  ghosl-slories  and 
other  tales  of  the  supernatural.  He  materially 
aided  Anllnmy  a  Wi«>.l  In  iireparing  his  "  Antliinllles  of 
Ovfonl"  (111741.  Parts  ot  Ihe  valuable  msnuKript  mate- 
rial left  by  him  have  been  cdite<L 


Aubry 

Aubry  (6-bre'),  Claude  Charles,  Comte  d'. 
Born  at  Bourg-en-Biesse,  Oct.  25,  1773:  died 
Oct.  19, 1813.  A  French  general.  He  fought  with 
distinction  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-13,  was  rewarded 
with  the  title  of  count  and  promoted  to  genei-al  of  a  divi- 
sion for  his  services  in  restoring  the  bridge  over  the  Bere- 
sina,  and  was  fatally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic. 

Aubry  de  Montdidier  (6-bre'  de  moii-de-dya'). 
A  French  gentleman  of  the  conrt  of  Charles  V. 
who  was  murdered  in  1371  in  the  forest  of 
Montargis  by  another  courtier,  Richard  de  Ma- 
eaire.  It  is  said  that  the  murderer  would  liave  escaped 
but  for  tlie  fidelity  of  Aubry's  dog,  whicli  followed  him  con- 
tinu.ally  until,  the  attention  of  the  king  having  been  called 
to  it,  he  ordered  that  Macaire  should  tight  with  his  ac- 
cuser the  dog.  Macaire  was  .armed  witli  a  club,  but  was 
pulled  down  by  the  dog  and  confessed  his  crime.  The 
8ubje^-t  has  been  dramatized  and  sung  in  ballads  iu  French, 
German,  and  English. 

Auburn  (p/bern).  The  hamlet  described  by 
Goldsmith  in  his  "Deserted  Village,"  com- 
monly identified  with  Lissoy,  County  West- 
meath,  Ireland. 

Auburn.  The  capital  of  De  Kalb  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  Cedar  Creek  22  miles 
north  of  Port  Wayne.   Population  (1900), 3,396. 

Auburn.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Androscog- 
gin County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscog- 
gin 34  miles  nortji  of  Portland,  opposite  Lewis- 
ton.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc.     Population  (1900),  12,951. 

Auburn.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Cayuga 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  outlet  of 
Owasco  Lake  in  lat.  42°  55'  N.,  long.  76°  40' 
W.,  the  seat  of  a  State  prison,  conducted  on  the 
"silent"  (or  "Auburn  ")  system,  and  of  a  Pres- 
b-s-terian  theological  seminary,  chartered  1820 
and  opened  in  1821.     Population  (1900),  30,345. 

Auburn,  Mount.    See  Mount  Auhum. 

Aubusson  (o-bii-son').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  France,  situated  at  the  Creuse 
in  lat.  4;5°  56'  N.,  long.  2°  10'  E.,  noted  for  its 
carpets.     Popidation  (1891),  eommime,  6.672. 

Aubusson,  Pierre  d'.  Born  in  France,  1423: 
died  at  Rhodes,  July  13,  1503.  Grand  master 
of  the  Knights  of  St!  John  1476-1503.  He  suc- 
cessfully conducted  the  heroic  defense  of 
Rhodes  against  the  Tm'ks  in  1480. 

Aucassin  et  Nicplette  (o-ka-sau'  a  ne-ko-let'). 

1.  A  French  romance  of  the  13th  century, 
named  from  the  hero  and  heroine.  See  the 
extract. 

The  finest  prose  tale  of  the  French  middle  ages,  Aucas- 
sin et  Nicolette.  In  this  exquisite  story  Aucassin,  the  son 
of  the  Count  of  Beaucaire,  falls  in  love  with  Nicolette,  a 
captive  d.amsel.  It  is  very  short,  and  is  written  in  mingled 
verse  and  prose.  The  theme  is  for  the  most  part  nothing 
but  the  desperate  love  of  Aucassin,  which  is  cai-eless  of 
religion,  which  makes  him  inditJerenttothe  joy  of  battle, 
and  to  everjrthing  except  "  Nicolette  ma  tres-douce  mie," 
and  whicli  is.  of  course,  at  last  rewarded.  But  the  extreme 
beauty  of  the  separate  scenes  makes  it  a  masterpiece. 

Saintshury,  French  Lit.,  p.  147. 

2.  An  opera  by  Gr6try,  first  produced  in  1780. 
Auch  (osh).     The  capital  of  the  department  of 

Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Gers  in  lat.  43° 
38'  N.,  long.  0°  36'  E. :  the  ancient  Elimber- 
riim  or  Eliberris,  later  Augusta  Auscorum,  a 
flourishing  town,  capital  of  the  Ausci.  it  was 
the  chief  town  of  Gascony  and  Ai-magnac,  and  the  seat  of 
an  archbishop.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  wine,  brandy,  etc., 
and  various  manufactures.  The  cathednil  of  .Auch,  begun 
under  Charles  VIII.  in  the  florid  Pointed  style,  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  churches  of  southern  France.  Tlie 
classical  portico  was  added  by  Louis  XIV.  The  imposing 
interior,  347  feet  long  and  87  high,  displays  fine  Renais- 
sance glass  and  113  16th-century  choir-stalls  carved  with 
figures  in  rich  niches  and  canopies,  which  are  among  the 
handsomest  in  France.    Population  (1891),  14,782. 

Auchinleck  (ach-in-lek'  or  af-flek').  A  vil- 
lage in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  28  miles  south  of 
Glasgow. 

Auclunuty  (ok'mii-ti),  Samuel.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1722:  died  at  New  York, 
March  6,  1777.  A  royalist  Episcopal  clergy- 
man, rector  of  Trinity  Church,  New  York  city. 

Auchmuty,  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  New  York, 
1756  (17.581'):  died  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Aug.  11, 
1822.  A  Bijtish  general,  son  of  Samuel  Auch- 
muty. During  the  American  Revolution  he  served  in 
the  English  army,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  Later 
he  sei-ved  with  distinction  in  India  (X784-97),  at  the  Cape 
Jlnd  in  Egypt  (lSOO-03),  and  in  the  latter  year  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Bath.  In  1806  he  was  promoted  to  brigadier- 
general  and  commanded  a  force  sent  to  aid  Beresford  at 
Buenos  Ayres.  On  arriving  there  he  found  that  the  city  had 
been  recovered  by  the  Spaniards  and  Beresford  had  surren- 
dered. Unable  with  his  force  to  retake  Buenos  Ayres,  he  at- 
tacked Montevideo  and  took  it  by  stomi,  after  a  bloody 
fight  (Feb.  3, 1S07).  Auchmuty  was  shortly  after  super- 
seded by  General  Whitelock.  under  whom  he  served  in 
the  disastrous  campaign  against  Buenos  Ayres.  In  l.sas 
he  became  major-general,  and  from  ISIO  to  1S13  he  served 
with  distinction  in  India  and  .lava.  In  1S2I  he  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  iu  Ireland. 


94 

Auchterarder  (ach-t6r-ar'd6r).  A  town  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  13  miles  southwest  of 
Perth. 

Auckland.     See  Bishop- Auckland. 

Auckland  (ak'laud).  A  former  province  in  the 
northern  part  of  North  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Auckland.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Eden,  New  Zealand,  situated  on  Haiu'aki 
Gulf  in  lat.  36°  50'  S.,  long.  174°  49'  E. :  the 
former  capital  of  New  Zealand,  it  has  one  of  the 
best  harbors  in  New  Zealand,  and  contains  a  college  and  ca- 
thedral.   Population  (1S91),  28,613,  or  51,127  with  suburbs. 

Auckland,  Earl  of.    See  Edtn. 

Auckland  Islands.  A  gi'oup  of  uninhabited 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  south  of 
New  Zealand,  in  lat.  50°  30'  S.,  long.  166°  13' 
E. ,  claimed  by  Great  Britain .  They  were  discovered 
by  the  British  in  1806. 

Audaeus  (a-de'us),  AudiuS  (a'di-us),  or  Udo 
(u'do).  Born  in  Mesopotamia:  died  in  Scythia 
about  370  a.  d.  The  founder,  about  330,  of  a 
rigid  monastic  sect  in  Scythia,  which  subsisted 
about  a  hundred  years.  He  was  an  anthropomor- 
phist,  and  observed  Easter  on  the  14th  of  Nisan,  accord- 
ing to  the  Jewish  fashion. 

Aude  (od).  A  department  of  Prance,  capital 
Carcassonne,  bounded  by  Tarn  and  H^rault 
on  the  north,  the  MediteiTanean  on  the  east, 
Pyr^nees-Orientales  on  the  south,  Haute-Ga- 
ronne  on  the  northwest,  and  Arifege  on  the  west. 
It  formed  part  of  ancient  Languedoc.  There  are  outli- 
ers of  the  Pyrenees  in  the  south  and  of  the  C^vennes  in 
the  north.  It  comprises  4  arrondissements.  Area,  2,436 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  317,372. 

Aude.  A  river  in  southern  France  which  rises 
in  the  Pyrenees  and  flows  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  11  miles  east  of  Narbonne.  Carcassonne 
is  situated  on  it.     Length,  about  125  miles. 

Audebert  (6d-bar'),  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at 

Kochefort,  France,  1759:   died  at  Paris,  1800. 
A  French  naturalist  and  artist. 
A.udefroy  le  Bastard  (6d-frwa'  16  bas-tar'). 
See  the  extract. 

By  far  the  best  of  them  [romances]  are  those  of  Ande- 
froy  le  Bastard,  of  whom  nothing  is  known,  but  who,  ac- 
cording to  the  late  M.  Paul  in  Paris,  may  be  fixed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

Saintshury,  French  Lit.,  p.  63. 

Audenarde.    See  Oudenarde. 

Audh.     See  Oudh. 

Audhumla  (ou-DHum'la).  [leel.]  The  cow,  in 
the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  from  whose  udders 
flowed  the  milk  which  nourished  the  first  cre- 
ated being,  the  giant  Ymir,  and  his  race.  She 
licked  out  of  the  salty  ice  a  being,  Buri,  whose  son,  Borr, 
wjis  the  father  of  Odin. 

Audians  (a'di-anz).  A  monastic  sect  founded 
by  Autlius  or  Audteus,  a  SjTian,  in  the  4th 
century.  Audius,  after  unsuccessful  attempts  to  im- 
prove the  morals  of  the  clergy,  separated  from  the  church 
and  w.^  irregularly  appointed  bishop.  Various  heretical 
opinions  were  attributed  to  the  sect. 

Audience.  [Sp.  Audiencia.}  Originally,  a  su- 
perior court  of  Spain.  The  audience  as  established 
in  the  Spanish  colonies  of  America  had  very  extensive 
powers,  frequently  in  legislative  and  administrative  mat- 
ters as  well  as  in  judicial  ones.  In  the  latter  respect 
it  was  the  superior  of  crown  governors,  but  inferior  to 
the  viceroys.  In  criminal  suits  its  decisions  admitted 
of  no  appeal ;  in  civil  cases  an  appeal  lay  t^  the  Council 
of  the  Indies  only  where  the  amount  involved  was  large. 
The  audience  properly  consisted  of  four  oidores  (auditors 
or  judges),  one  of  whom,  as  president,  virtually  ruled  the 
rest.  In  regions  governed  by  a  viceroy,  the  president  of 
the  audience  commonly  exercised  the  viceregal  functions 
in  case  of  a  temporary  vacancy.  Elsewhere,  as  in  Charcas, 
he  governed  the  countrj'  as  a  province,  subject  to  a  vice- 
roy in  another  place.  The  audiences  could  appoint  tem- 
porary governors  and  remove  them  ;  in  the  case  of  crown 
governors  and  captains-general,  their  powers  were  often 
so  nearly  balanced  by  those  of  the  audience  as  to  give  rise 
to  constant  disputes.  The  first  audience  established  in 
America  was  that  of  Santo  Domingo  ;  later  there  were  au- 
diences of  Panama,  Los  Reyes  (Lima),  Confines  (Central 
-America),  New  Spain,  Charcas,  Chile,  BogotA,  etc.  See 
these  names. 

Audierne  (6-de-arn').  A  seaport  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finistere,  France,  22  miles  west 
of  (Juimper.     Population  (1891),  3,401. 

Audiffredi  (ou-def-fia'de),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  Saorgio,  near  Nice.  1714:  died  July  3. 
1794.  An  Italian  astronomer  and  bibliograplier. 

Audiffret  (6-de-fra'),  Marquis  d'  (Charles 
Louis  Gaston).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  10.  1787 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  28,  1878.  A  French  finan- 
cier and  goyernraent  official,  author  of  "Sys- 
teme  financier  de  la  France"  (1840),  etc. 

Audiffret-Pasquier  (o-de-fra'  pas-ke-a').  Due 
d'  (Edme  Ajrmand  Gaston).  Born  at  Paris, 
Oct.  23,  1823.  A  French  statesman,  president 
of  the  Senate  1876-79. 

Auditorium  (a-di-to'ri-um).  A  large  building 
in  Chicago,  combining  a  hotel  and  a  theater. 
It  is  situated  at  the  corner  of  Michigan  Avenue  and  Con- 
gress street,  and  has  a  front  of  360  feet  on  the  latter  street 
It  was  erected  1887-89. 


Auerbach,  Berthold 

Audley(ad'li),  Hugh.  Died  1662.  An  English 
money-lender  and  miser  who  amassed  a  large 
fortune  largely  at  the  expense  of  improvident 
yoimg  gallants. 

Audley,  or  Audeley,  James  de.  Born  about 
1316:  died  at  Fontenay-le-Comte,  1369.  An 
English  commander  iu  the  wars  of  Edward  TIT,, 
noted  for  his  bravery. 

Audley,  Thomas  (Baron  Audley  of  Walden). 
Born  in  Essex,  England,  1488:  died  at  London, 
April  30,  1544.  An  English  politician,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  1529-33,  and  lord 
chancellor  of  England  1533^4. 

Audouin  (6-do-an'),  Jean  Victor.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  27, 1797 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  9, 1841. 
A  noted  French  entomologist.  He  wrote  a 
•'HistoLre  des  insectes  nuisibles  a  la  vigne" 
(1.S42),  etc. 

Audran  (6-dron'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1594 :  died  at  Paris,  1674.  A  noted  French  en- 
graver. His  prints,  which  are  numerous,  are 
marked  "C,"  later  "K." 

Audran,  Claude.  Bom  at  Paris,  1597 :  died  at 
Lyons,  1677.  A  French  engraver,  brother  of 
Charles  Audran. 

Audran,  Claude.  Bom  at  Lyons,  1639:  died 
at  Paris,  1684.  A  French  painter,  second  son 
of  the  engi-aver  Claude  Autlran. 

Audran,  Claude.  Born  at  Lyons,  1658:  died 
1734.  A  French  painter,  eldest  son  of  Germain 
Audran :  an  instructor  of  the  painter  Watteau. 

Audran,  Gerard.  Born  at  Lyons,  1640 :  died 
at  Paris,  1703.  An  engraver,  "third  son  of  the 
elder  Claude  Audran,  celebrated  especially  for 
his  engravings  of  Lebrun's  historical  paintings. 
He  wrote  "Proportions  du  corps  humain " 
(1693). 

Audran,  Germain.  Born  at  Lyons,  1631 :  died 
1710.  A  French  engraver,  nep"hew  of  Charles 
Audran. 

Audran,  Jean.  Born  at  Lyons,  1667:  died  at 
Paris,  1756.  A  French  engraver,  third  son  of 
Germain  Audran.  His  best-knowTi  work  is 
"  The  Rape  of  the  Sabines,"  after  Poussin. 

Audrey  (a'dri).  [.Also  Awdrei/,  Au-dnj,  etc.,  a 
reduced  form  of  AS.  Mthddn/ht  (ML.  Ethel- 
dritha),  St.  Audrey,  from  whose  name  comes 
also  the  word  tau-drii.']  1.  In  Shakspere's 
comedy  ''As  you  Like  it,"  an  awkward  country 
girl. — 2  (or  Awdrey).  A  bride,  in  Jonson's 
"  Tale  of  a  Tub,"  a  bright  and  perverse  little 
person. 

Audubon  (a'du-bon),  John  James.  Born  near 
New  Orleans,  May  4,  1780  :  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  27,  1851.  A  noted  American  ornitholo- 
gist, of  French  descent,  chiefly  celebrated  for 
his  drawings  of  liirds.  He  was  educated  in  France, 
where  he  was  a  pupil  of  the  painter  David,  and  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  made  various  unsuccessful 
attempts  to  establish  himself  in  business  in  ^'ew  York, 
LouisviUe,  and  New  Orleans.  His  time  was  chiefly  de- 
voted to  his  favorite  study,  in  the  pursuit  of  which  he 
made  long  excursions  on  foot  througli  the  United  States. 
His  chief  work,  the  *'  Birds  of  America,"  was  published, 
1827-30,  by  subscription,  the  price  of  each  copy  being 
S1,000.  In  1831-39  he  published  "  Ornithological  Biogra- 
phy "(5  volumes).  His  "Quadrupeds  of  America  "(chiefly 
by  John  Bachman  and  Audubon's  sons)  appeared  1846-54. 

Aue  (ou'e).  The  name  of  various  small  rivers 
in  Gei-many.     See  Aa. 

Aue.  A  manufacturing  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Sa.xony,  situated  on  the  Mulde  14  miles 
southeast  of  Zwickau.   Population  (1895),  8,413. 

Aue,  Hartmann  von.     See  Hartmami  ron  Aue. 

Auenbrugger  von  Auenbrug  (ou-en-brog'er 
fon  ou'en-brog),  Leopold.  Bom  at  Gratz, 
Styria,  Nov.  19,  1722 :  died  at  Vienna,  May  17, 
1809.  A  German  physician,  inventor  of  the 
method  of  studying  internal  diseases  by  per- 
cussion: author  of  "  Inventum  Novum  ex  Per- 
cussione,  etc."  (1761). 

Auerbach  (on  '  er-bach).  A  small  town  in  the 
Frauconian  Jura,  Upper'  Palatinate,  Bavaria, 
IU  miles  northeast  of  Nuremberg. 

Auerbach.  A  manufacturing  town  in  the  gov- 
ernmental district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Goltzseh  15  miles  southwest  of  Zwickau. 
Population  (1890),  6,004. 

Auerbach,  Berthold.  Born  at  Nordstetten, 
Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  28,  1812:  died  at  Cannes. 
France,  Feb.  8, 1882.  A  noted  Gennan  novelist, 
poet,  and  author,  of  Hebrew  birth.  He  studied 
at  Tiibingen,  Munich,  and  Heidelberg,  and  was  impris- 
oned in  1836  in  the  fortress  of  Hohenasperg  for  participa- 
tion in  the  Burschenschaft.  Among  his  works  are  a  trans- 
lation of  Spinoza,  "Schwarzwalder  Dorfgeschichten " 
(1843.  "  Village  Tales  of  the  Black  Forest"),  "Die  Frau 
Prof essorin  "  (1847),  "B.arfussele  "(18:>6,  "  Little  Barefoot"). 
"  Joseph  im  Schnee  "  (1860),  "  Edelweiss  "  (1861),  "  \\ii  der 
Hcihe"  (1871,  "On  the  Heights"),  ''Das  Landhaus  am 
Rhein"  (1869),  "Waldfried"  (1874),  "Brigitta"  (1880),  etc- 


96 


between  the  Danube  and  the  Donau  Canal 

It  is  noted  as  the  place  where  many  musical  iaa8tcri>H'C 
were  rtret 
a  garden 

morning  coK _.  _   

ncilr,  in  assuciution  with  Moiart.  Fnim  this  time  until 
1830  the  place  was  a  resort  for  music-lovers,  but  interest 
dwindled  and  the  pla(.-e  is  now,  as  at  flrst,  a  garden  for 
walking  and  lounging.     Grore. 

[Gr.  M-jTi, 
Ai'jii'a.]  lu  Greek  Tnythology,  a  priestess  of 
Atiiene,  mother  liy  HcVai'los  o'f  Telephus 

Auge  (ozh),  or  Vall6e  d'Aoge. 
I  ho  eastern  part  of  the  department  of  Calvados, 
Normandy. 

Augeas  (a'je-as  or  4-je'as),  or  Augeias  (a-ji'- 
as).  [Gr.  'Ai>)-faf  or  'At^fiof.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  son  of  Helios  (or  of  Thorbas)  and 


Auerbach,  Heinrich 
Auerbach.   Heinrich    (oritrinally   Stromer). 

Burn  at  Auerbac-h.  Bavaria,  UsJ:  died  l.'>42. 
A  German  medical  proli'ssor,  famous  as  the 
builder  of  "  Auerbach's  Keller." 

Auerbach's  Keller  (Cellar).  A  wine-cellar  in 
Aiieiliaeh's  Hof  ('tavern')  in  Leip.sic  (No.  1 
Gi'immaist'ho  Stras.se),  famous  from  its  con- 
nection with  the  Faust  legends,  with  Goethe's  «.,,.«  /.•.';.^\  „-  A.,^oi.  (■,•.  ii'a\ 
"Faust,"  and  .vith  the  actdemic  years  of  the  A^^..^."  ^^1'  r^ILA^f.^.'^Ji'-'L-^ 
youthful  (ioethe.  There  are  two  mural  paintings  of 
the  Itith  ceritur>'  under  the  arches,  one  of  which  repre- 
sents Faust  3e:iti.-d  -.vith  others  at  a  table  with  a  goblet  in 
his  liand :  a  black  dog  watches  him.  The  other  shows 
Kaust,  astride  of  a  wine-c.isk,  being  whi8ke<l  by  the  agency 
of  the  demon  through  the  open  door.  The  pictures  and 
inscriptions  have  been  several  times  restored. 

Auersberg  (ou'ers-bero).  One  of  the  chief 
mountains  of  the  Erzgebirgc,  Saxony,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Zwickau. 

Auersperg  (ou'ers-pero),  Count  Anton  Alex- 
ander von:  pseudonym  Anastasius  Griin. 

Born  at  Laibach,  Caruiola,  April  11.  ISOfi:  died 
at  Gratz,  StjTia,  Sept.  12,  1876.  A  noted  Aus- 
trian poet  aiid  statesman,  member  of  the  Frank-  Augean  stable.  See  Aufimx 
fort  Parliament  of  1848,  and  later  of  the  Aus-  Auger_  (o-_zha'),  Athanase 
trian  Keiehsrat.  Among  his  works  are  "Der  Letztc 
Ritter"  (1830,  "The  Last  Knight"),  " .Spazierg.inge  eines 
Wiener  Poeten  "(1831,"  Pronieiculcs  of  a  Viennese  Poet "), 
■■.Schutt"  (1835,  •■Ruins"),  '■(iedjclite"  (1K3"),  "  Volks- 
lieder  aus  Krain  "  (1850),  "Robin  lluod  "  (18lH),  and  (pos- 
thumously) "In  der  Veranda:  cine  tlichterischeXacblese  " 
(1870)-    His  collected  works  were  pnbliHbcd  in  1877. 

Auersperg,  Prince  Adolf  Wilhelm  Daniel. 

Born  July  21,  1821 :  died  at  bis  castle  Goldepg 

in  Lower  Austria,  Jan.  5,  188.5.     An  Austrian 

statesman,   brother  of  Prince   Karl  Wilhelm 

Auersperg,  premier  of  the  Cisleithan  ministry 

1871-79. 
Auersperg,  Prince  Karlos.     Born  May  1, 1814 : 

died  Jan.  4, 1«90.    An  Austrian  statesman,  sev- 
eral times  from  18G1  president  of  the  upper 

chamber  of  the  Keiehsrat. 
Auerstadt,  or  Auerstedt  (ou'er-stet) 


Augusta  Emerita 

maintaining,  as  against  France,  the  treaties  of 

Miin.ster  and  Nimegucn. 

performed.     It  was  opened  in  1775.  at  lirat  only  ^.U^sburg.  ReligiOUS  Peace  Of,  Sept.  25,  1555. 

:  then  a  concer|.r.».m  wa.^  built,  and  In  l.bJ      A^reatv  lietw.  ,  n   tlTe    Lutheran  and  Catholic 

concerts  were  started  by  Marten,  an  entrepre-     A  treatj   OeHM.  ii  tin    li  itlieran  anil  ^"l°0'.'C 

estatcsofdenuany,  concluded  at  a  diet  uela  in 

Augsburg  in  conformity  with  the  Convention  of 
Passan.  It  secured  the  triumph  of  the  Reformation  by 
imtviding  that  the  individual  states  of  the  empire  should 
he  i>ennitte<l  to  prescribe  the  form  uf  worship  within  their 
limits.  The  beiieftts  of  this  i»eace,  however,  were  not  ex- 
tended to  the  Calvinistii. 

Augur  (:V'ger\  Christopher  Colon.  Bom  at 
New  York,  1821  :  died  at  Washington,  1).  C., 
Jan.  16,  1898.  An  American  general.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843:  led  a  ilivision  under 
Hanks  at  Cedar  Mountain  ;  ciunmanded  the  left  wing  of 
tile  army  in  the  siege  uf  Port  Hudson  ;  was  promoted 
bricadier-iieneral  in  1809:  and  was  retireii  in  ls.^5. 


A  district  in 


Ilermibne,  king  of  the  Epeians  in  Elis,  and  one  AugUT,  Hezekiah.  Bom  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
of  the  Argonauts.  Hcwas  the  owner  of  an  enormous  Ffdi.  21,  1791 :  ilied  at  New  Haven,  Jan.  10.  1858. 
herd  of  cattle,  including  twelve  white  hulls  8.acred  to  the  An  .Vmcrican  sculptor,  and  the  inventor  of  a 
sini.    The  cleaning  of  his  stable  or  farm-yard  was  one  of     wood-c'irvini;  ni-ichine 

the  labors  of  Hercules  (Heracles).     He  was  slain  by  Her-  ^ug^u-s,  The  Mask  Of.'  A  mask  by  Ben  Jonson. 

a.-t.d  in  1(J22. 


cules. 


Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  12,  1734:  died  there,  Feb.  7,  1792.  A 
French  classical  scholar  and  ecclesiastic.  He 
translated,  among  other  classics,  Demosthenes,  .Machines, 
and  Isocnites.  His  principal  work  la  a  treatise  "  He  la 
constitution  romaine." 

Augereau  (6zh-r6'),  Pierre  Francois  Charles. 
Due  dc  Castiglione.  Born  Nov.  11,  17.'i7:  died 
near  Jlelun,  Prance,  June  12,  1816.  A  French 
marshal,  distinguished  in  the  Italian  campaigns 
of  179(}-97,  particularly  at  Lodi,  Castiglione, 
and  .\rcole.  He  played  an  Important  part  in  the  coup 
d't^tat  of  18th  Fructid<)r,  171*7  ;  was  a  memner  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  :Mi  in  171*9;  Ijecame  commander  of  the  army  in 
ilolland  in  1800;  was  appointetl  marshal  in  1804;  forced 
an  Austrian  corps  to  suirender  lSi>5  ;  served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Jena  (1800)  and  Eylau  (1807) ;  copimanded  in  Cata- 
loina  in  1809;  and  fought  at  Leipsic  181;i.  He  was  made 
a  peer  by  Louis  X\'1II. 
A  yil-  Aughrim.     See  Aiilirim 


lage  in  the  province  of  Saxony, Pmssia,  14 miles  Augier  (6-zhe-a')i  Guillaume  Victor  Emile 


lortheast  of  Weiraar.  A  famous  victory  was  gained 
here  Oct.  14,  1806,  by  the  Fiench  (35.000)  under  Ilav.mt 
over  tile  Prussians  (SO.OtlO)  under  the  I>uke  of  lirnnsu  ick 
(i-Yedcrick  William  III.  present).  The  loss  of  the  French 
was  7,500 :  of  the  Prussians,  over  10,000  (including  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick).  On  the  same  day  Napoleon  defeated 
another  rrussiati  army  at  Jena.     See  Jena. 

Auerstadt,  Due  d".    Seo  Dai-nnt. 
Auerswald  (ou'ersvalt),   Alfred  von.     Born 
at  Murienwerder,  Dec.  \G,  1797:  died  at  Berlin, 


Born  at  Valence,  France,  Sept.  17.  1820:  ilieilut 
Croissy  (Seine-et-Oise),  Oct.  2.'),  1889.  A  Freucdi 
dramatist,  member  of  th(>  Academy  in  18.^7. 
His  most  important  works  are  "L'Aventurierc,"  in  verse 
(1848);  "Oabrielle,"  in  verse (1840);  "Legendrcde  .M.  Poi- 
rier"  (4  acts,  1854  ;  in  collaboration  with  Jules  Sandeau). 
the  best  modern  JYench  comedy;  "l-es  etfront<!s"(5  acts. 
1801) ;  "  Le  Ills  de  (ilboyer  "  (5  acts,  1802) ;  "  .Maltre  Gu  ?- 
rin  (5  acts,  18<H);  "Paul  Korcstier"  (in  verse;.!  acts, 
ISIIS) ;  "  l.ca  Fouichambault "  (3  acts,  1878). 


July  3,  1870.   A  Prussian  official  aiid  politician,  Auglaize  (a'glaz).     A  river  in  western  Ohio,  a 

minister  of  the  interior  in  Camphausen's  cabi-    iributary  of  the  Mauniee. 

net,  March  29-Jiine  14,  1848.  _         Augsburg  (agz'birg;  G.  pron.ougs'bOro),  Tho 


Auerswald,  Hans  Adolf  Erdmann  von.  Bom 

Oct.  19,  1792:  died  Sept.  18,  1848.     .\  Prussian 
general,  brother  of  A.  von  Auerswald.     1  lo  was 
killed,  with  Prince  Lichnowski,  by  rioters  at 
Frankfort. 
Auerswald,  Rudolf  von.    Born  Sept.  1,  1795: 

died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  15,  1S06.  A  Prussian  offi- 
cial and  politician.  Ho  was  Intrusted  with  the  for- 
mation of  a  cabinet,  June  10,  1818.  on  the  resignation  of 
Camphauseii,  remaining  in  ollUe  till  .Sept.  10. 

Auf  der  Hohe  (ouf  <ler  h6'e).  A  novel  by 
Berthold  Auerbach,  published  in  1871  (trans- 
lated into  English  as  -'On  the  Heights").  The 
scene  is  laid  in  southern  (iennany. 

Aufifenberg  (oufen-berf;),  Joseph,  Baron 
von.  Bom  at  Freiburg  in  Breisgan,  Aug.  25, 
1798:  died  there.  Dee.  25, 1857.  A  German  sol- 
dier (in  the  service  of  Austria  ami  then  of 
Baden)  and  dramatic  poet.  On  a  journey  to  .spaln, 
1832,  he  was  severely  wounded  by  robbers  near  \aleiicia, 
was  nursed  in  the  Convent  del  t'iil  at  Valencia  through  a 
long  convalescence,  and  in  his  will  made  the  convent  his 
heir.  He  became  seneschal  of  Baden  In  18.)0.  Chief 
works :  "  Alhambra"  (1820-30)  and  "  Daa  Nordllcht  von 
Kasan." 

Aufldia  gens  (a-fid'i-ajenz).  In  ancient  Home, 
a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Ijurco  and  Orestes.  Tho  first  member  of 
this  gens  who  obtained  tho  consulship  was  Cn. 
.\ulidius  Orestes,  71  B.  c. 

Aufidius  (a-fid'i-us),  TulliUS.  In  Shakspere's 
"(Viriolanus,"  the  general  id'  tho  Volscians. 

Aufidus  (a'li-dus).    Tho    Latin   name   of  the 

Ollllllo. 

Aufrecht  (ouf'recht), 
Leschnitz,  Upper  Silesia,  Jan.  7,  1822.  A  Gor- 
man jihilologist,  noted  especially  as  a  Sanskrit- 
ist.  Ho  collabonited  wltli  Klrchlioff  in  the  publlciilion 
of  the  "  i;mbrische  Siiniclidciikmider  "  (IHId-.'.l),  (curMbd, 
with  A.  Knhn.  the  " /.litscbrift  fiir  vcrglclchendn  Spnuh. 
forschung  (IS.'.J),  and  ai.bcl  .Mux  Muller  In  editing  the 
Kigveda.  In  18tiJ  hi^  hcciinic  piufi'ssor  c.f  .Sanskrit  and 
comparative  philology  at  lidlnburgh.  and  was  professor  at 
Himn  1875-80. 

Augarten  (ou'gilr-ten).  A  public  garden  in 
Vienna,  situated  in  tho  Leopoldstadt  suburb 


apital  of  the  governmental  district  of  Swabia 
and  Nenburg,  Bavtiria,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Wertacdi  with  the  Lech,  in  lat.  48°  22' 
N.,long.  10°  .54'  E. :  an  important  commercial 
and  railway  center  for  South  (^rermany.  It  has 
manufactures'of  cotton,  woolens,  mil 
important  book-traile.  It  was  built  by  the  empe 
tus  as  Augusta  (whence  the  modern  nume)  \  indelicoruin 
about  15  II.  (!.,  and  wa«  the  chief  city  of  Rba'tia.  It  fell 
under  Frankisb.  and  later  under  Swablan  rule,  anil  became 
a  free  imperial  city  (1270),  the  leading  member  of  the  Swa- 
bian  League,  the  seat  of  several  diets,  and  an  importani 
center  of  (Jerman  commerce  and  art.  It  stitfered  severely 
In  the  .Snialcaldic  war,  Thirty  Years'  War,  anil  War  of 
the  Spanish  Succession.  In  1800  it  passi'd  to  Bavaria.  The 
cathedral  of  Augsburg  is  of  e]U'ly■l^>nlane84|Ue  fountlation, 
but  was  altenil  in  the  nth  ami  ir.lh  centuries.  It  has  a 
choir  at  each  end.  The  eastern  chcdr  has  on  each  side 
a  splendid  sculptured  portal  of  the  nth  century.  It  con- 
tains muc.i  interesting  church  furniture,  Illh  eentuiy 
bronze  doors  with  Old  Testiinient  and  mylbologlcal  relied', 
beautiful  glass,  and  line  paintings.  The  late  I'ldnled  clois- 
ler  Is  noteworthy.  Population  (1800),  7.'.,teO. 
Augsburg,  Bishopric  of.  A  farmer  "  imme- 
diate "liishopric  (irilietierinan  h'omaii  Empire, 
secularized  in  IwKi.     It  passed  to  Bavaria. 

Augsburg  Confession.    [L.  f '.>»/<. <.■««  .Ih<;iw 

UtiKi.]      The   cliiet   Lutheran  < 
by  Melanchthon  and  road  before 
Augsburg  in  !5:)0. 
Augsburg,  Diet  of.     Convened  April  8,  l.iao, 
opcii.'il   June   JO,   niid  closed  in   Nov.     It  was 
suiiiiiiiMied  by  Charles  v.,  in  an  iiivilalion  daU-d 
at   Bologna,  "Jan.   21,  I.VIO,  fnr  the  purpose  of 
settling  the  religious  dispute  in  (iermuny,  ond 
til  iirepure  lor  war  against  the  Turks. 


August  (a'gust).  [Prom  IfE.  August,  Augst, 
also  Aitst,  after  OF.  Anust,  mod.  F.  .loiif  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  A<josto  =  \).  Au(jii.itus=(i.  Dan.  August 
=  Sw.  .■lH;/«sfi  =  Kuss.  .•(i7/H*fi(  =  Gr.  W-jowtd^, 
from  L.  Augustus  (sc.  mcnsis,  month),  August: 
so  named  by  the  emperor  Augustus  Ca?sar  in 
his  own  honor,  following  the  example  of  Julius 
Ca'sar,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  preceding 
month,  July.  The  earlier  name  of  August  was 
SixtiUs  (from  sixtus  =  E.  sixth,  it  being  the  sixth 
month  in  the  old  calendar).]  The  eighth  month 
oftheyear,containingthirty-onedays.  reckoned 
the  first  month  of  autumn  in  (Jreat  Britain,  but 
tlie  last  of  summer  in  the  United  States. 

August,  Elector  of  Saxony.    See  AugHstus. 
August  (ou'giist),  Emil  Leopold.    Bom  1772: 

died  1822.  Duke  of  Sa.xe-tJoiha  :ind  Altenbiirg 
1S04-JL>,  a  patron  of  art  and  literature,  and 
niitlior  of  the  idvllic  work  "  Kyllenion." 

August,  Ernst  ferdinand.    Bom  at  Preuzlau, 

Fed].  18,  1795:  died  at  Berlin,  .March  2.">,  1870. 
A  German  scientist,  the  inventor  of  the  psy- 
chrometer. 

August,  Friedrich  Eberhard,  Prince  of  WUr- 

tonilMTg.  Bum  at  Slutlgart.Wiirtemberg,  Jan. 
24,  1813:  died  Jan.  12.  1885.  Uncle  of  Charles 
I.  of  Wiirtemberg.  anil  general  in  the  Prussian 
ser^'ice.  He  served  with  distinction  at  the  bat- 
tles of  Kiiiiiggriitz,  (Iraveliittc.  and  Sedan. 

August,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Heinrich,  Prince 

ofT'russia.  Born  Sept.  19.  1779  :  died  July  19, 
1843.  A  nephew  of  Frederick  the  Great,  and 
a  distinguished  ntlicer  in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

August,  Paul  Friedrich.     H<'m  Jidy  13, 1783: 

died  Feb.  27,  l.s.-)3.  Grand  duke  of  Oldenburg, 
1829-."i:!. 

Prussia.     Bom 


Theodor      Bom    at  Augsburg  Interim.    A   i-royisional    arrange- 
ineoaor.       oom  ^^^o^^  f„rthe  sidtlement  of  religmnsdilTerences 

between  Proteslants  and  Kiiiuan  Calholics  in 
Germanv  during  the  Uefomiation  epoch,  pend- 
ing a  de'lliiite  settlement  by  a  church  council. 
It  was  proclaimed  by  Charles  V.,  May  15,  l.'>48, 
bill  111)1  carried  oiil  bv  many  ProlcKlanls. 
Augsburg,  League  of,  July  9,  1('>8(5.  A  treaty 
between  lliilliiiid.  the  einpernr,  the  kings  of 
.Sweden  and  Spain,  and  the  electors  of  Bavariii. 
Saxony,  and  the  Palatinate,  for  the  purpose  of 


lachinery,  etc.,  and  an  AugUSt,  Wilhelm,  Prince  of  Pri 
by  the  emperor  Angus-  .Aug.  9,  1722:  died  June  12,  1758.  A  Prussian 
general,  brother  of  Frederick  the  Great. 
Augusta  (a-gus'tii).  [L.,  fem.  of  AugHslun, 
wdiich  see.]  A  title  conferred  as  a  supreme 
honor  upon  women  of  the  Roman  imperial 
house.  It  wiuillrstlM.rneby  Livia,  thenby  Ant<inla.gr:uid- 
niother  of  Callguln.  and  lirsl  as  consort  of  the  emiMTor  hv 
Agrippina,  » i(e  of  Claudius.  iJiUr  It  was  bestowed,  with 
Iheconsenl  of  the  emiK-ror,  uponothem  besides  Ihcconiort 
of  the  nIgningCiesar. 

Augusta  (ou-gos'ttt),  Marie  Luise  Kathar- 

ina.  Porn  at  Weimar,  (iiriiiniiy.  Sept.  .ti), 
ISIl  :  died  al  Berlin,  Jan.  7,  18!M1.  The  second 
daughter  of  Karl  Friedrich,  grand  duke  of 
Saxe-Weitnar,  and  I'rincess  Maria  Panlovnn, 
and  wife  (1829)  of  William  I.,  afterward  emperor 
of  (iennanv. 

Augusta  (li-giis' til).     The  Roman  town  on  tho 
,  I     site  of  London, 

reed    pre['"i'<'    Augusta.     See  .(i/o.^fn. 

)re  the  Diet  ol  Augusta  (.Vgusliil.  The  capital  of  Richmond 
County,  Georgia,  silimled  on  the  Siivaiiiinh,  at 
Iho  head  of  iiitvigation,  in  hit.  :i:i°  28'  N.,  long. 
81°  .54'  W.  It  has  B  large  cotton  tm.le.  and  Imiiortant 
mnnufaclim-s.  e»|KHlallv  of  collon.  and  Is  the  sinil  of  Iho 
Mlillcal  College  of  lieolgla  II  was  b.  >lege.l  and  taken 
b>  the  Anierican  Ir.ops  in  1781.    I'on  illKHn,  :i'.i,44L 

Augusta.  .V  village  ill  Hancock  County,  Illi- 
nois, 31  miles  norlheast  of  (^iiincy. 

Augusta,     The  capital  of  Maine  and  of  Konne- 

I Couiilv,  sitiiateil  on  the  Keniicdiec,  i.t  the 

head  of  navigation,  in  lat.  14'^  19'  N.,  hing.  69° 
.10'  \V.  ltliasni«nufai'ture»"fcoH<>n,eto.,«nd»UnlUMl 
States  arsenal      Po|.ul«tl"ii  (IIWO),  11,(183. 

Augusta  Auscorum  (A-gus'tIt  fls-ko'mm). 
The  aiicietil  iiniiie  of  .Aiich  ill  Krance,  the  capi- 
tal of  the    \iiici  (whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Emerita  (e.mer'i-tU).  The  ancient 
name  of  .Merida,  in  Spain.    "  It  wai  buUt  Id  u.  a  23 


Augusta  Emerita 

bj-  Publius  Causius,  tlii;  !ci:ate  oS  Augustus,  who  colonized 
it  with  the  veterans  of  the  5th  and  10th  legions  whose  term 
of  service  had  expired  iemeriti  [whence  the  name])  at  the 
close  of  the  Cantabrian  war."    Smith. 

Augusta  Praetoria  cpre-t6'ri-a).    The  Eoman 

name  of  Aosta. 
Augusta  Rauracorum  (ra-ra-ko'mm).     The 

Komau  name  of  Angst.  Svritzerlauil. 

Augusta  Suessionum  (swes-i-o'num),  or  Sues- 
SOnum  (swe-so'iium).  The  Roman  name  of 
Soissons. 

Augusta  Taurinorum  (ta-ri-no'rum).  The 
Koman  name  of  Turiu,  the  capital  of  the  Tau- 
rini  (whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Trevirorum  (trev-i-ro'rum).  The 
Riimau  name  of  Treves,  capital  of  the  Treviri 
(uheuce  the  name). 

Augusta  Trinobantum.    See  Londinium. 

Augusta  Ubiomm  (.u-bi-o'rum).  A  Roman 
name  of  Cologne,  named  from  the  TJbii. 

Augusta  Veromanduorum  (ver-o-man-dii-d'- 
riim).  The  Roman  name  of  St.  Quentin,  in 
France,  the  capital  of  the  Veromandui  (whence 
the  nameV 

Augusta  Vindelicorum  (Tin-del-i-ko'mm). 
The  Roman  name  of  Augsburg,  the  capital  of 
Vindelieia  or  Rhstia  Seeunda. 

Augusta  Victoria.  Bom  Oct.  22, 1858.  Daugh- 
ter of  Duke  Friedrieh  of  Schleswig-Holstein- 
Sonderburg-Augustenburg,  and  empress  of 
Germany. 

Augustan  History,  The.  A  collection  (date 
and  authorship  unknown)  of  lives  of  the  Roman 
emperors  from  Hadrian  to  Numerianus.  The  lives 
bear  the  names  of  .Elius  Spartianus.  Julius  Capitoliuus, 
Vulcacius  Gtdlicanus,  Trebellius  Pollio  tail  of  whom  wrote 
as  early  as  the  time  of  DiocletianX  -Elius  Lampridius,  and 
Flaviu's  Vopiscus  (early  in  the  4th  century). 

Augustenburg  (ou-gos'ten-boro).  A  castle  in 
the  island  of  Alsen.  Schleswig-Holstein,whence 
the  house  of  Augustenburg  was  named. 

Augustenburg  Line.  A  branch  of  the  royal 
house  of  Denmark  and  Oldenburg  founded  by 
Ernst  Gunther  (1609-89),  son  of  Duke  Alexan- 
der (died  1627).  To  this  line  belong  Caroline  Amalie, 
queen  of  Christian  VIII.  of  Denmark,  and  the  German 
empress  Augusta  Victoria. 

Augustin.     See  Augustine. 

Augustina.     See  Anustina. 

Augustine  (a-gus'tin  or  a'gus-tin),  Saint,  L. 
Aurelius  Augustinus.  Born  at  Tagaste,  Xu- 
midia,  Xov.  I'j.  354  a.  d.  :  died  at  Hippo.  Xu- 
midia,  Aug.  28,  430.  The  most  celebrated 
father  of  the  Latin  Church.  He  was  educated  at 
Madaura  and  Carthage;  taught  rhetoric  at  Tagaste  and 
Carthage ;  and  removed  to  Rome  in  383,  and  to  Milan  in 
384,  where  he  became  a  friend  of  Ambrose.  Originally 
a  Manichean,  he  was  converted  to  Christianity,  largely 
through  the  influence  of  his  mother  Monica,  and  was 
baptized  by  Ambrose  in  387:  in  395  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Hippo.  He  was  the  champion  of  orthodoxy  against 
the  Donatists  and  Pelagians.  His  most  famous  woifc  are 
his  autobiography  entitled  "Confessioues"  (397),  and  "De 
Civitate  Dei,"  "Of  the  City  of  God"  (426). 

Augustine,  or  Austin  (as'tin).  Saint.  Died  at 
Canterbury,  England,  May  26,  604  A.  D.  A 
Benedictine  monk  sent  by  Pope  Gregory  I.  as 
missionary  to  Kent  in  597:  sumamed  "  The 
Apostle  of  the  Anglo-Saxons."  He  became  the 
first  archbishop  of  Canterbury  about  600. 

Augustine,  Life  of  St.  A  series  of  seventeen 
frescos  by  Benozzo  Gozzoli  (1465).  in  the  choir 
of  San  Agostino,  in  San  Gimignano,  Italy.  The 
finest  are  the  "Death  of  Santa  Monica'"  and 
the  "  Bm-ial  of  St.  Augustine." 

Augustodunum  (a-gus-to-du'num).  [L.,  'hill 
of  Augustus.']  The  capital  of  the  ancient 
.T^dui.  on  the  site  of  the  modem  Autun. 

Augustonemetum.  The  Roman  name  of  the 
modern  Clermont,  in  France. 

Augustoritum  (a-gus-tor'i-tum).  [L.,  'ford  of 
Augustus.']  The  Roman  name  of  the  mod- 
ern Limoges,  the  capital  of  the  Lemoriees,  a 
Gallic  tribe. 

Augustowo  (ou-gos-to'vo),  or  Augustow  (ou- 
gos'tov).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Su- 
walki,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  a  small 
lake  and  on  the  Netta  about  lat.  53°  50'  N., 
long.  22°  58'  E.     Population.  9,476. 

AugUStuluS  (a-gus'tu-lus),  Romulus.  [L.,  'lit- 
tle Augustus.']  The  last  Roman  emperor  of  the 
West,  475-476  A.D.,  son  of  Orestes  who  deposed 
the  emperor  Julius  Xepos,  and  seized  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  empire,  while  he  had  the  title  of 
emperor  conferred  on  his  son.  Angustulus  was  com- 
pelled by  Odoacer  to  abdicate  after  the  defeat  and  death  of 
his  father  at  Pavia.  "  He  was  caUed  Romulus  from  his  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  a  Count  Romulus  of  Noricum,  while 
Augustus  is  known  to  have  been  a  surname  at  Aquileia." 
{Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World.)  Augustus  was  popularly 
changed  to  the  diminutive  Augustulus  in  derision  of  the 
emperor's  youth. 


96 

Augustus  (a-gus'tus).  [L.,  'reverend,'  'ven- 
erable,' orig.,prob.,  'consecrated  by  augury.'] 
A  title  eonfeiTed  by  the  senate  in  27  B.  c.  upon 
Octavianus,  the  first  Roman  emperor,  it  was 
assumed  by  succeeding  emperors,  at  first  on  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  senate,  but  later  as  an  oflicial  title.  Vntil 
the  time  of  ilarcus  Aurelius,  who  bestowed  it  upon  Lucius 
Verus,  and  later  upon  Commodus,  it  was  held  only  by 
the  reigning  emperor.  Under  Diocletian  the  title  was 
held  both  by  the  emperor  of  the  West  and  the  emperor 
of  the  East,  their  colleagues  assuming  the  title  of  Caesar. 

Augustus  i  Caius  Octavius,  called  later  Caius 
Julius  Caesar  Octavianus).  Bora  at  Veli- 
traj  (,.').  Latium  (or  at  Rome?),  Sept.  23,  63 
B.  C. :  died  at  Nola.  Campania,  Aug.  19,  14 
A.D.  The  first  Roman  emperor,  sou  of  C.  Octa- 
vius by  Attia,  daughter  of  Julia,  the  sister 
of  Julius  Caesar,  made  by  Julius  Csesar  his 
chief  heir.  After  Cesar's  death  he  went  from  Epi- 
rus  to  Rome  (spring  of  44  B.  c. ) ;  gained  the  influence  of 
Cicero,  the  senate,  and  the  people  against  Antony ;  was 
reconciled  with  Antony,  and  formed  with  him  and  Lepidus 
the  second  triumvirate  in  43 ;  took  part  in  the  proscrip- 
tion of  43,  and  in  the  victory  over  Bratus  and  Cassius  at 
PhUippi  in  42  :  carried  on  the  Pemsian  war  41-to ;  be- 
came more  closely  allied  with  Antony  (4U),  and  ruler  over 
the  West ;  renewed  the  triumvirate  in  37 ;  subdued  Sex- 
tus  Pompey  in  36 ;  and  defeated  Antony  and  Cleopatra  at 
Actium  in  31,  remaining  sole  ruler  of  the  Komau  domin- 
ion. In  28  he  was  made  Princeps  Senatus,  and  received 
the  title  of  *'  -Augustus  "  in  27.  Augustus  preserved  the 
republican  forms,  but  united  in  his  own  person  the  con- 
sular, tribunician,  proconsular,  and  other  powers.  His 
generals  carried  on  various  wars  in  Spain,  Africa,Germany, 
etc.,  but  the  Eoman  advance  in  the  last-named  countrj'  re- 
ceived a  definite  set-back  through  the  defeat  of  Varus  by 
Arminius  in  9  A.  D.  T7nder  Augustus  Roman  literature 
reached  its  highest  point,  and  the  temple  of  Janus  was 
closed.  The  birth  of  Jesus  Christ  also  occurred  in  his  reign. 

Augustus,  G.  August  (ou'gost).  Bora  July 
31,  1526:  died  Feb.  12.  1.586.  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony 1553-86,  brother  of  Maurice  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded- Originally  a  Calvinist,  he  was  induced  by  his 
wife  .\nna  of  Denmark  to  embrace  Lutherauism,  and  was 
one  of  the  chief  ilistrtunents  in  securing  the  adoption  of 
the  '•  Formula  Concordise  "  1580. 

Augustus  n.,  G.  August  ^Frederick,  G.  Fried- 
rich  (as  Saxon  elector.  Frederick  Augustus 

I.,  G.  Friedrieh  August).  Born  at  Dresden. 
May  12,  1670:  died  at  Wai-saw,  Feb.  1,  1733. 
Elector  of  Saxony  1694-1733,  sumamed  "The 
Strong."  He  was  elected  king  of  Poland  1697;  joined 
Peter  the  Great  and  Denmark  against  Charles  Xn.  ITtXi ; 
Invaded  Livonia  in  the  same  year ;  was  defeated  by  the 
Swedes  at  Riga  1701  and  at  Klissow  1702  ;  was  deposed 
from  the  Polish  throne  through  the  influence  of  Charles 
XII.  in  171-H  ;  and  was  reinstated  in  1709,  after  the  defeat 
of  Charles  at  Pultowa. 

Augustus  in.,G.  August,  Frederick.O.  Fried- 
rich  fas  Saxon  elector,  Frederick  Augustus 
II.,  G.  Friedrieh  August).  Born  at  Dresden. 
Oct.  17,  1696:  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  5,  1763. 
Elector  of  Saxony,  son  of  Augustus  H.  whom 
he  succeeded  as  elector  in  1733 :  he  was  elected 
king  of  Poland  the  same  year.  He  supported 
Prussia  in  the  first  Silesian  war.  'in  the  second  SUesian 
war  he  sided  with  Austria,  being  compelled  at  its  close 
(Peace  of  Dresden,  Dec.  25,  1745)  to  pay  to  Prussia  a  war 
indemnity  of  one  million  rix-doUars.  He  became  involved 
in  the  third  Silesian  (or  Seven  Years')  war  1756-63  through 
a  secret  treaty  with  Austria.  The  electorate  duiing  the 
wlK'k-  of  the  war  was  occupied  by  the  Prussians. 

Augustus  Frederick.  Bom  in  London.  Jan. 
27, 1773 :  died  at  Kensington,  London.  England. 
April  21,  1843.  Prince  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  and  Duke  of  Sussex,  the  sixth  son  of 
George  HI.  He  was  a  patron  of  literature  and  art,  and 
president  of  the  Royal  Society  lS3i;>-39. 

Augustus,  Arch  of.     See  Arch  of  Augustus. 

Augustus  and  Livia,  Temple  of.  A  Roman 
Corinthian  temple  in  Vienne,  France.  It  is  hexa- 
style,  pseudoperipteral,  and  placed  on  a  raised  basement 
measuring  49i  by  88i  feet,  with  a  flight  of  steps  in  front. 
The  height  is  57  feet'.  The  building  was  transformed  into 
a  church  in  the  middle  ages,  and  injured,  but  is  well  re- 
stored. 

Aujila  (a-je'la  or  ou-je'la).  An  oasis  in  the 
Libyan  desert,  Africa,  about  lat.  29° N.,  on  the 
route  between  Egypt  and  Murzuk,  noted  for 
its  dates. 

Auk  (ak).  A  tribe  of  Xorth  American  Indians 
Uring  in  Stephens  Passage  and  on  Admiralty 
and  Douglas  islands,  Alaska.  They  number 
640.     See  Kohischan. 

Auld  Lang  Syne.  A  song  by  Bums,  written 
al.)out  1789. 

Auld  Reekie  (aid  re'ki).  Edinburgh:  so  named 
because  of  its  smokiness,  or  from  the  unclean- 
liness  of  its  streets. 

Auld  Robin  Gray.  A  ballad  by  Lady  Anne 
Barnard,  published  in  1772.  it  was  written  to  an 
old  Scottish  tune,  "  The  Bridegroom  grat,"  which  has  been 
superseded  by  a  modem  English  air.  ((Jrore.)  She  after- 
ward wrote  a  second  part  in  which  Robin  considerately 
dies  and  Jeanie  marries  Jamie. 

Aulia  gens  (a'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome,  a 
clan,  probably  plebeian,  whose  only  family 
name  was  Cerretanus.    Q.  Aulins  Cerretanus 


Aunis 

held  the  consulship  twice  in  the  Samnite  war, 
323  and  319  B.C. 
Aulic  Council.  In  the  old  German  Empire,  the 
personal  council  of  the  emperor,  and  one  of 
the  two  supreme  courts  of  the  empire  which 
decided  without  appeal,  it  was  instituted  about 
154tl,  and  organized  under  a  definite  constitution  in  1559, 
modified  in  1(564.  It  finaUy  consisted  of  a  president,  a 
vice-president,  and  eighteen  councilors,  six  of  whom  were 
Protestants  :  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  latter  could  not 
be  set  aside  by  the  others.  The  Aulic  Council  ceased  to 
e.xist  on  the  extinction  of  the  German  Empire  in  1806.  . 
The  title  is  now  given  to  the  council  of  state  of  the  em- 
peror of  Austria. 

Aulich  (ou'lich).  Ludwig.  Born  at  Presburg, 
1795:  ilied  at  Arad.  Oct.  6.  1849.  A  Hungarian 
general  in  the  revolution  of  1848-49.  He  was 
surrendered  to  the  Austrians  after  the  capitulation  of 
Vilagos  Aug.  13, 1S49.  and  was  hung  as  a  rebeL 

Aulick  (a'lik).  John  H.  Born  at  "Winchester, 
v'a.,  1789  :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  April  27, 
1873.  An  .\merican  naval  officer.  He  entered  the 
navy  as  a  midshipman  1809.  commanded  the  Vincennes 
1847  :  was  for  a  time  commander  of  the  East  India  squad- 
ron ;  and  was  retired  April  4,  1867,  with  the  rank  of  com- 
modore, 

Aulintac  (a-lin'tak).  A  tribe  of  Xorth  Amer- 
ican Indians  formerly  inhabiting  a  village  of 
the  same  name  under  Santa  Cruz  Mission,  Cali- 
fornia.    See  Costanotin. 

Aulis  (a'lis).  [Gr.  Ai/./?.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Bceotia, 
Greece,  in  lat.  38°  24'  X'.  It  was  the  rendez- 
vous of  the  Greek  fleet  in  the  expedition  against 
Troy. 

Aulne.     See  Aune. 

Aulnoy,  d'.     See  Aunoy,  (f . 

Aumale  ( o-mal'),  in  the  middle  ages  Albamar- 
la,  E.  Albemarle  {al-be-marl').  A  coimtship 
ot  France,  formed  by  William  the  Conqueror  in 
10  i  0.  It  passed  to  various  families,  finally  to  that  of  Lor- 
raine, and  was  created  a  duchy  in  1^7.  By  marriage  it 
passed  to  the  house  of  Savoj-,  from  whom  it  was  purchased 
oy  Louis  XIV.  in  1675  for  his  illegitimate  son  the  Due  da 
>iaine. 

Aumale.  A  small  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-Inf  ^rieure,  on  the  Bresle.  France.  37  miles 
northeast  of  Rouen :  the  Roman  Alba  Maria, 
Albamarla,  or  Aumalcum.  Population  (1891), 
2.219. 

Aumale.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Algiers, 
Algeria,  58  miles  southeast  of  Algiers.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  5,706. 

Aumale,  Due  d'  (Claude  de  Lorraine).  Bom 
1.526:  died  1573.  A  French  Roman  Catholic 
partizan  leader  in  the  civil  wars. 

Aumale,  Due  d'(  Charles  de  Lorraine).  Bora 
1556:  died  1631.  One  of  the  French  Leaguers, 
commander  at  the  battles  of  Ai'ques  and  Ivry, 
son  of  Claude  de  Lorraine. 

Aumale,  Due  d' (Henri  Eugene  Philippe  Louis 
d'Orlians).  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  16.  1822 :  died 
at  Zuceo,  Sicily,  May  7, 1897.  The  fourth  son  of 
Louis  Philippe.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  army 
in  Algeria  1840-47:  was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1847-18 ; 
became  a  member  of  the  Assembly  1871,  and  of  the  French 
.\cadiray;  and  was  appointed  general  of  division  in  1S72. 
In  1873  he  was  president  of  the  Bazaine  tribunal.  In  1SS6 
he  was  expelled  from  tYance.  He  published  "Histoires 
des  Princes  de  0>nd6"  (1869),  "Institntions  militaires  de 
la  France"  (lse7X  etc 

Aumont  (6-m6n'),  Jean  d'.  Born  1522:  died 
Aug.  19,  1595.  A  French  general,  appointed 
marshal  of  France  in  1579.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  recognize  Henry  r\'.,  on  the  death  of  Henry  HI., 
in  1589.  and  was  made  governor  of  Champagne  and  later 
of  Bretagne.  He  fought  in  the  battles  of  Arques  and 
Ivry. 

Aungervyle,  Richard.    See  Bury.  Bichard  de. 

Aunoy  1  o-nwa'),  or  Aulnoy  (o-nwa'),  Comtesse 
d'  i  Marie  Catherine  Jumelle  de  Berne- 
ville).  Born  about  1650:  died  1705.  A  French 
winter  of  tales,  romances,  and  memoirs,  best 
known  from  her  fairy  stories.  She  wrote  "His- 
toire  d'Hippolyte,  Comtede  Douglas"  (1690),  "Contes 
des  fees"  (1710).  "Contes  nouveaux"  (1715X  etc.  Most  of 
her  fairytales  are  borrowed  from  the  "^iights"  of  Stra- 
parola. 

Among  her  works  are  the  "Yellow  Dwarf"  and  the 
"White Cat."  stories  which  no  doubt  she  did  not  invent, 
but  to  which  she  has  given  their  permanent  and  weU- 
known  form.  She  wrote  much  else,  memoirs  and  novels 
which  were  bad  imitations  of  the  style  of  Madame  de  la 
Fayette,  but  her  fairy  tales  alone  are  of  value. 

•Sointefrun/,  French  Lit.,  p.  326. 

Aune,  or  Aulne  (on).  A  river  in  Brittany, 
France,  which  flows  into  the  Roads  of  Brest. 
Length,  about  70  mUes. 

Aunis  (o-nes').  The  smallest  of  the  ancient 
governments  of  France,  lying  between  Poitou 
on  the  north  and  Saintonge  on  the  south,  and 
principally  comprised  in  the  department  of  Cha- 
rente-Inferieure.  It  was  conquered  by  Louis 
Yin.  1223-26.  In  general  it  shared  the  for- 
tunes of  Aquitaine. 


Aurai  97  Austin,  Stephen  Fuller 

glurai  (6-rfi,'),  or  Ahurei  (a-6-ra').    A  seaport  Aurigny  (6-re-nye').    The  French  name  of  Al-  in  Latin  vui-se  addressed  by  liini  to  Count  Ar- 

oi:    the   islaud   of   Itapa    (or  Oparo).   Austral  derm  v.  bogastes  is  extant. 

Islands,  South  Pacific,  a  coaling-station  of  the  Aurillac   (6-rel-yiik').     The  capital  of  the  de-  Auspitz  (ou'spits).     A  town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 

Panama,  New  Zealand,  and  Sydney  Line.     It  partment  of  Cantal,  France,  situated  ou  the  tria-Hun«arv,  54  miles  northeast  of   Vienna. 

is  a  French  possession.  .Jordaune  in    hit.  44°  56'  N.,    long.   2°  25'   E.  Population  (1890),  commune,  3,654. 

Aurangabad.     [Hind.  .l«mH7n6af/,  city  of  Au-  I'   lia»  Jiverslflcil   manufaciures  and  an  aciivu  tradu.  Aussa  (ou'sS).    A  place  in  Adal,  eastern  Africa, 

lUug-Zibi'.]    A  city  in  the  Nizam's  dominions,  ^^""""l  huree  races  occur  here  lii  May.    Population  (189U  about  lat.  11°  30' N. 

iu  lat    19=  51'  N.,  long.  75°  21'  E.,  the  former  Airinia  f4-rin'i-al      The  Roman  name  of  Al-  Aussee  (ou'sa).     A  small  town  in  StjTia,  Aus- 

Mo-ul   capital  and   the  favorite  residence  of  a^u-N-  tria-Hungary,  on  the  head  streams  of  the  Truun 

n«o'n'^^'^'i7°°"'^"^'-'' ""■"'"'■    P'^P'^^tiou  Aurivillius  Oi-ri-vil'i.us,  in  G.  pron.  ou-re-  :i8  miles  southeast  of  SaUbuig      It  has  noted 

(Ih'.H ),  d.i.s.M/.  vHl'ir.  ,ui     ITarl      Rni-n    at   <Jfr.<.tliolm     1717-  salt-works,  and  IS  a  walirinfr-place. 

Aurangabad  (ou.rnn|-ga-ba.l'),  or  Aurenga-  h,'„    17%'    ^  Swe.l^h  OrrentaHst  Aussig(ou'si<i),orLabemila-bem').     A  town 

bad,  or  Aurungabad.     A  district  in  the  \i-  Auronzo   fou  ro   'dz6          \   t^  mn^       in   the  '"   Bohemia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 

zatn's  dominions,   British   India.     Area.  6,176  ^,'J^°^,^°   irflXn^  Italv   ner  the  Austr  an  Uiela  and  Elbe  44  miles  north  of  Prague.    1,1,.. 

square  miles.     Population  (1891),  828,975.  |""\'.'"-''„'*/  rJiuuno,  Italy,  near  uie  Austrian  ^„  i„,p«riant  trade  in  c.«l,  and  manufuctures  of  cheml- 

Auray  (6-ra').     A  seaport  in  the  department  ^  .""JT  ^1   miles   northeast  of  BeUuno.     Its  eal,,  wuolen».  etc.    Here  June  u,  i.-.»,  tl.e  UuBslte.de. 

of  Morbihan,  France,  situated  on  the  Aurav  10  A^il^T     -'ff^^^            H           *K          ,1  lT^i'''''r'"r  ^''"\'^T''T''''"■T%         . 

mitoa  «.,..,»  „f  v.i.,„uQ     V       ■,  I    c.    .            ■;  Aurora  (a-ro'ra).     [L.,  the  dawn,  the  goddess  Austen   (as'ten),  Jane.     Horn   at   bteventon, 

TXimago     I.  ts":m1mp?ruU^enre/of  ol'sie^^^^^^^^  V^  '1'^  ''.''T".-  ^'•''^'""'-  YT'",'  ^'-  ""^  f?*'"'^'';  ^!""'''   ^,"'?'^'!5^•.  ^i^-^'"   ^'''.^''^'  ''i"'''  ,»\  ^'•'"'- 

tare.    Population  (isiil),  commune,  0,236.  '/'*".   (Ionic),  fiJC  (.-^ttic),  the  dawn,  goddess  of  Chester,  July  18,  181  <.     A  lanious  English  uov- 

Auray  Battle  of.  A  victorv  gained  1364  by  <l3""i'  Skt.  iislidft,  'u.-ilin.itj.  dawn,  from  the  root  elist,  daughter  of  George  Austen,  rector  of 
Jean'v.,dukeofBrittany,and"8irJohnChandos  ««*,buru.]  In  Roman  mythology.the  goddess  of  Deane  and  Steventon.  she  lived  in  Bath  dsiil), 
over  the  French  under  Charles  de  Blois  and  the  dawn  :  called-Eos  by  the  Greeks.  The  poets  Souilmmpton  (i»)5),  chawtou  near  Alton  (igixi).  and  «  in- 
over  lUL  r  rem,u  uuuer  v-uaues  ue  ruois  ana  ,  ,  ,  ^uimr  out  of  tho  ncf>nn  in  a  Chester  (May.  1817),  and  was  buried  in  Winchester  (  aiho- 
Dugueselin.  repiesented  h<.r  as  rising  out  ot  tbe  ocean  m  a  j„,     Her  »orks  are -Sense  and  .sen6ii.ility"(publi«lRd 

Aurelia  (a-re'lva).     1.  In  Marston's  "Malcon-  ehariot,  her  rosy  hngers  dropping  gentle  dew.  ign),  .prlde  an.l  Prejudice'   (1813).  'Mansheld  Park  ■ 

tent,"  the  duchess,  a  dissolute,  proud  woman  Aurora.     1.  A   fresco  by  Guido   Keni,  in  the  (18»).  ■•i:n.ina"(i8itix  '.Northanger  Abbev' (leiS),  ■  Pur- 

whose  character  is  depicted  in  Marston's  high-  Palazzo    Kospigliosi,    Rome.     Aurora.    scatUring  Tl'^^iJ^^f^    Her  letters  were  edited  by  Lord  Bra- 

Baf  atrqin  2     A  nn-ttv  bnt  iTnTii'i-tinpnt  -nwl  lowers,  advances  before  the  ctiariot  of  Phoebus,  who  is  •'""""•"  !-Va  ^       n    i     mi             x.       ■    j 

est  strain.      „«.  a  picuy  ouc  impt  itintnt  ana  attended  liy  the  Hours.  Auster  (as'tfrr).     [L.]     The  south  wind, 

aflfected   coquette   in   Uryden  s   comedy     'An  2.  A  fresco  by  Guercino,  on  the  ceiling  of  a  AusterlitZ  (ous'ter-lits).     A  town  in  Moravia, 

Evenings  Love,  or  the  Mock  Astrologer. '  casino  of  the  Villa  ludovisi,  Rome.    The  dawn-  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Littawa  12 

Aurelia  gens  (a-re  lya  jenz).    In  ancient  Rome,  goddess  advances  through  the  air  iu  a  chariot,  pursuing  miles  east  of  Briiiin.      Here,  Dec.  2,  1805,  the  French 

a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names  the  Ikeing  .Sight.    The  Hours  scatter  dew  before  her,  and  (about  lio.ouO)   under    NaiKjlcoii  (.soult,  Laiines,  Murat, 

were  Cotta,  Orestes,  and  Scaurus.     "The   first  «<""'  Howers.      .       .  Bemadotic)  overthrew  the  Itusso-Austrian  anuy  (over 

member  of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consul  Aurora.     A  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois,  situ-  80,000)  urjder  Kutusoif :  called  the  "Battle  of  Three  Km- 

ahJrvwnsr    AurpHiis  Totta  r'^i'^  n    el  ated  on  the  Fox  River  39  miles  west  of  Chicago,  perors,"  froni  the  presence  of  the  emperors  Alexander  I., 

Ship  was  U  Aurelius  (..otta  (-.)_  B.  (  .).  railroad  shons   -ind  manuf-ictures  of  inn-  "'""^l".  >"'^  -Napoleon     The  loss  of  the  Krinch  was  about 

Aurelian  (a-re'lviin)  (Claudius  Lucius  Va-  it  u^s  raiiroau  snops.  ana  inanuiac-tures  oi  ma-  i2,„«),  that  of  the  Allies  over  :«i,ooo.    Tlie  battle  was  lol- 

leriUSDomitiUS  AurelianUS).     Born  piobajjlv  clmuiy,  tlour,  etc.      ±^0p.  (IJUU),  ..4,i4(.  lowed  by  the  I'eaeeof  Presburg  between  hraucc  and  AlU- 

at  Siimium,  Paunouia,  about  212  A.  D, :  kilhd  Aurora.     A  manufacturing  city  in  Dearborn  tria.    Populat^n  (I8i«>),  connnune,  .3,475.         ,,__.. 

near  Byzantium  275   Emperor  of  Rome  270-275  '  ounty,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio  River  AUSterlltZ,  bun  01.     1  he  bright  sun  which  dis- 

He  was  of  obscure  birth,  and  rose  from  the  rank  of  a^pi-i-  22  miles  southwest  of  Cincinnati.     Population  persed  the  clouds  and  mist  on  the  morning  of 

vate  to  the  hiuhest  post  iu  the  army  ;  was  designated  liy  (1900),  3,645.  the  battle  of  Austerlilz,  proverbial  as  a  sym- 

Claudius  as  his  successor  ;  and  defeated  the  Alamanni  Aurora  Leigh  (li-ro'rii  le).     A  narrative  poem  bol  of  good  fortune. 

S}ie,rby  t^re';;^.ere"=.V"es,^r!;;'';f  ?i,liL1;an  Em^irT"  :•>•  M--   Brow;ning,  published  in  1857    named  Austin  (as'.in)  Alfred    [  J.«H«  and  J.«fe«  are 

A        1-        TIT. 11  _*      o       ir  II    f   I   ^  I  „  from  its  heroine,     it  was  written  at  tbe  Casa  ult.  contracted  tonus  of  AiKiiixliiie.]     Born  at 

Aurehan,  Wall  of.     .See  "''";/  Aurehan.  f.^.^^-  -^  Florence.  Headinglev,  near  Leeds.  May  30.  18;i5.    An  Eng- 

Aurehanus  (a-ie-h-a  nus),  CaellUS.     Born  per-  Aurungabad.     See  Auran>,abn>1.  lish  poet,  critic,  journalist,  and  lawyer.    He  w« 

hapsinNumidia:  lived  m  the  2d  century  A.  D.  AurunP-Zeb  (a'rune-zeb'")    or  Aurane-Zebe  Kn"l'""«J  at  the  fnlversity  ..f  lx)ndon  "in  1853:  wa. 

A  Roman  physician,  author  of  a  treatise  in  8  ^^^,^^^„°7X.ru!J'   '  .r^Mw  ,,t  ,^  .1?,;  "'"''^ '"  "»•  >""• »'  ""•'  ^'"'''  T^'uple  in  18,',; ;  was  r„r- 

books  on  chronic  and  acute  .lisease.s.      To  the  °'    '^'^'-f^^H^®^?-,,  t  ^'n    ,1m<.                   t    V  .e,„ondent  at  Rome  of  the  London'  -standard-  during 

fnrmnr  '1  hooks  wnre  devoted  'ind  to  the  latter  "i  t'"'""^.  ]      Boru  Oct.  20,  1619  :  died  at  Ahmed-  the  ecumenical  council  of  the  Vatican  in  IrtO.  and  at  the 

foimer  3  books  were  de\  ot(  a,  an.l  to  the  latter  b.  „u„j,„r,  Feb.  21,  1707.     Emperor  of  Hindustan  head.,uartei-8  of  the  King  of  Pru«.ia  during  the  Klauco- 

Aurehus,  Marcus.     See  Mamis  Aurdu..^.  165^1707,  surnamed  "Alum-(ieer"  or  "Alam-  «-'-"l!"'  «•"  ■  "',"',  '>-»'"-  •'fi'-f  "'  "'-^   '  ■'>'".'""*'  "'" 

Aurelius   (a-re'lyus).     An    amorous   s(iuire  m  ,,.   „  /<„„',, ,f.,.„r  of  the  world'V  third  son  of  "'"'T..,.!'"  .'.'"  >-■»"';,"»'"",•■».?  '"  iss;!.    Among  his  works 

Cliiucer's  "Franklin's  Tale  "     See  Doriaen  ,        ^  conquf  or  oi  [it  woiKi  ;.  tuiru  son  oi  „ri...The  Human  Tragedy  "  (18«2),  •■  Savonarola  "  (18811, 

A«t»li^,cvJf,fwJiU'Lvf      Ali^^^^  ^^^  emperor  Shah  Jehan.     He  became  governor  of  "  At  th- Gate  of  the  O.n'ent.  ■  et.-      Appointed  lau.eati 

Aurelius  Victor  (vik  tor).     A  Roman  historian  „^^^^„  ,^  ,^^3   „„j  ugurp^a  the  throne  In  l(jr.8,  after  U..„  is9.-.. 

ot   the  4th  century  A.  D.     He  was  the  author  of  a  having  muideied  his  two  elder  brothers  l)Ar4  and  ShujA  Austin     Mrs.    (Jane    Qoodwin).     Born    1831: 

brief  history  of  the  emperors  (the  "Cajsares")  to  near  the  and  imprisoned  his  father  and  younger  luother.     He  incor-  ,»;.,, i   \/,,«,.i,  an    IKOd.    r„-trri..,l   T  *i^i>it,ir  K     Auk 

end  of  the  reign  of  Constantius,  and   perhaps,  of  a  na.  p„nited  the  vassal  states  Bejapoor  and  Oolconda  in  the  ,."     ■       ,u-n        i        \           ."^'^"^''  Ljoriuj,  "•/'"* 

called"  Epitome' in  which  the  history  is  brought  down  to  empire  1(183-87,  and  is  regarded  by  the  Mussulmans  of  ""  '"    ''^"^'-     -An  AUiericaii  auinoress.    She  has 

the  death  of  Theodosius  I.    A  later,  unknown  hand  addeil  Imfia  .is  one  of  their  greatest  monarchs,  although  Ills  reli.  pulillshed,  aniong  other  works."  <lul|K.sl    (ISWl).;  Cipher 

to  the  "Caisares'   the  "Origo  gentis  Romanic"  and  the  gn.us  intolerance  Impaired  the  resources  of  the  countrj'.  (ISiaiX    "  A    -Nameless    Nobleman      (1881),    "Nantucket 

■•Devlrisillustribus"  which  have  been  ascribed  to  him.  Aurva  (our' wii).     Ill  Hindu  mythology,  a  rislii,  Scraps    (1882V                                                        own 

Aurelle  de  Paladines  (6-rel'  db  j.ii-lii-deii'),  son  ..f  Urva,  gi-an.lson  of  Bhrigu.    In'a  persecu-  AV^^IP"-,'^*?^^           i"  l' Iv'''',    ' ^          '  <     '''^ 

Claude  Michel  Louis.      Born  at  Malzieu,  Lo-  tion  of  his  race,  which  did  n..t  spare  even  the  unborn  child.  ;'»'^'" ,■.'-•  ''•'.     '''I'''  »,<   VN  cM'ndge,  in  Siirrej  , 

zere,  France,  Jan.  9,  1.S04:  died  at  Versailles,  Aurva  Bln.rgava  was  miraciilously  preserved  arid  brought  Dec,  1K)9.     A  noted  English  lawyer  and  writer 

n„„    17    1077       A   P...,„^.l,  ,r,.„o,.nl       ii„  .„„  „i  i„  tobiith.     1  he  lire  of  his  wrath  threatened  to  destroy  tlio  on  jurisprudence,  professor  ol  jurisprudence  at 

Dec.  17,  18(7.     A  trench  t,'*'  leial.     He  served  m  „„rld,  when  at  the  intercc»sl..n  of  the  manes  ot  his  an.  ,i„.  ilniVorsitv  of  I  ondon  (riiiversTtv  Colleirel 

Algeria  and  the  Crimean  war ;   defeated  the  Germans  .g,^,:  ,,„  j^m  „,,,  ^re  Into  the  ocean,  where  It  has  sluco  I'Jo.-  •  >    %j^     .     .?i>        •  ^         ,  i      •  ^  toiicfce) 

under  Von  del  Tann  near  Coulmiers,  .Nov.  «,  1870;  and  r",,^!,,",)           "»  ""■                        '  1826-32.  He  wrote  "  Province  of  JunsDrudence 

was  defeated  at  Beaune  la.Rolande  .Nov.  28,  and  before  ^^  g^^j^j^  ^ -  gij/y )     j^  pj^gr  j„  Michigan  which  Determined  "  ( 18;t2),   "  Lectures  ou  Jurispru- 

(irlcms  Dec.  .-4.  th.ws  into  Lake  Huron  north  of  Saginaw  Bav.  ilence  "( 1861-63). 

Aurengabad.  ^%^^'''Z''''''i''^-^^,-i     a  ,;,„„,,  Au  Sable.    A  small  riyer  in  northeastern  New  Austin,  Jonathan  Loring.    Bom  at  Boston. 

Aureng-Zebe  or  The  Great  Mogul..  A  rimed  ^^J^^,,,  ^^,,^.^.,^  ,,,,^^.^  ,.^,,,,,   „,,,  Adirondacks  and  J»n.2,  174S:  di,..l  at  Hoslun,  May  10, 182C.     .Vn 

tragedy  by  Dryden,  produced  in   16(0,  road  by  ,.       ,■  .^  j,„„  ,^,,,.,,  ciianinlain.  American  Revolulionarviuitriol.     He  was  sent  to 

Charles  ll.  in  manuscript,  and  partly  revised  ^    ^     ■                                5     narrow,  and  pictur-  l"^'-  i;T7,  with  de»patclu-to  i.r.  Franklin  announcing 

Aiirich  (ou'ritih).     A  governmental  district  of  es,|ue  chasin    l.u-nicd   by  the  Au  Sable   River  j.,,,,,,,,,,,  Inu.kim  a.  hi»  private  ...retar,-. 

the  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia.    Population  ."'.'"''i,,  ?^f,V  , 'i\       v      "Im  ,„„.„   :„  ..ortlioni  ^"8*^"' *^°8®^-    I'"™ '"  I*""''*"'.  <-'<»">•.  n''0''< 

(isuo),  218,004,  Auscha(ousha).     A    small  to«n    in  northern  j-,^  ^,j.    ,,,,,,,    j,„„,    ,„_   i.^-ji      ^^„  American 

Aiirieh       A  town  in  the  nrovince  of  Hanover.  Bohi'inia,  east  ot  Leitineiitz  pioneer  in  Te.xns,    lie  obtained alMini  i82o  |Hnni»»lon 

IWain    in  lit^'fo  Ofl"  Vw    7°  W'  F  "  tho  AuSChwltZ  ( ou'sh  vit  s ).  I'ol.  OsWieclm  ( 08- vy  e-  In.,,,  ,h„  M..„,,„„  „,.v..rnn»„i  i.,  .-staldlsh  in  texa.  an 

iiussia.iii  lai.  JO    -o    i>i.,  iou(,.  i     _i     i... .  1,110  ^^.^jy,,,,      A  town  in  Galicia.  Austria-Hungary,  American  colony  of  ;«i(i  families,  but  dl.d  beloiu  th«fpro 

?o,';i    *"em°^    ^"^^   Iriesland.       1  opulation  ,,i„„^t(.,,  on  the  Sola  31  miles  west  of  Cracow.     Ject  could  b,.  accm hed.     The  .„lony  wa^  however, 

(IHM),  .,,640.                                                                  ^  the  seat   of  the   P..lish   (luchies  of   Aiischwit/.  '''"'"I''' ';>''''•  ■''■"•■''•l''""*-^^^^^ 

Aunfaber  (as  L.  a-n-la  lier.  ,is  I..  r,ii-i,-t,i  -  ,iv.,t„r  until  1771       I'oiiiihilion  (18iM))  5  414  Austin,  Samuel.     Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 

ber)  (Latinized  from  Gold8Chmied),Johann.  AiiQ/.|"r,i'«ii     Ol-    AiinrftnLnn    (A-sen'se/'l       An  <  "d.  7,  1760:  ilie.l  at  (ilasloiibury.  Conn.,  Doc.  4, 

Born   at  Breslau,   Prussia,  Jan,  30,  1517:   di( d  ^,')f,?:V/,':'V\,i  „.  conmie^^^^  by  P   Crassus  i  l^:"'-   Au  American  Congregali.mal  clergyman. 

atBreslau,Octl9,l:m     A  Gennaii  Lutheran  .^^       J,' "V"  ;,    ^ ';.,V.;;;;i::\:;":^;«^  J.!  IZZn"  ^^^^^ 

divine,    aiipomted    professor    of    theology   at  „„„lprii'Aueli  Austin,  Mrs.  (Sarah  TayloD.     Born  at   Nor- 

Rostock    in    1550,  on  the   recommendation   of  ^          j      (,1-s.Viii-il).      In   ancient  goography,  wi.di,Enghnid,  17!.;i.  died  at  \V.vbridge,.Surr..y, 

MelanchthoiL                                  «„l^„.i,„ioH>  the  country  of  IlieAiisone.s,  Italy.  reHlricted  in  Aug.  8.  IS<,<.     An  English  writer,  wife  of  John 

Auriiaber     (Latinized     from     (iomscnmiea),  i,:„,,...:„„i  ;i„,,,.,  .,,  „  ...rril.irvnn  the  InirderMnf  .\usliii,  best  known  as  a  translator  from  Iho 

Johann.     Born   l.ilO:  died  at  Eriurl,  1  riLssia,  ,,      ,    „„i         „,  Lulium;  poeti,.allv.  the  Italian  Vr.»Ay  ami  German  (of  Kanke,  Guuot,  Nlc- 

Nov.  18,  15(5.     A  German  Lutheran  divine,  a  '  "".i        "■                       '  i  biilir,  etc,), 

friend  and  assistant  of  Luther,  and  editor  of  ^';go^'u8(,-,.„5'„i.„H),DeclmU8  Magnus.  Born  Austin.  Stephen  Fuller,     Itornat  AuHtln^nlle. 

hisworks  Ui.nligala    (Bordeaux,    France)    about    310  \  u„  Nov.  .1^1,9,1:  dod  at  (  Mumbin,  lex^  Deo. 

Aur  ga    (a-ri'ga  .     [L.,   a  charioteer;    as  cm-  «         \^^  .,,,^        ,^  ,^,^,.„  ,^,,riHliati-poet  i^  !«»«•     The  founder  of  the  Stale  of  Texas, 

stellation.thoWagimer.l  A  northern  coiiHtella-  „„,,,„„,,,, r  1,.,,...^      ne  was  ai.D.dnl«l  tutor  toOn.-  """  "'''  •^''""•''  ■\"^""-     "■•  "'""•llih.d  In  isjl  the 

tion,  the  Cliariotoer  or  Wagotier,  containing  the  f/a  u,™, md  tltij  "V'^i.l  "■."""  .'t.'lu^^«'lu'  ~.«".  ;-;l-;v,  •;""'•  ■"•:i:";",L'> .".'.',  l:^l^;:X.:;^Z:t-i^ 

Sp  endl(    star  Cape    a.     It  Is  supposed  to  represent  a  aie  (:i7m.  nUsloner  l..  Moxl  ...  I^.U1  t..  uiye  tl  e  artn  li.l..n  ..I -Itjai. 

cfntriotecrkne,.lingl'nhlsvohi,le,    ll'els  often  re,  r,;. ed  Ausp  cius  (a-si.ish'ii.s).  Suint.     Died  about  474.  ^  V:,^,^:,'  ,:^';''^\,  ,  ;^X;arV7"j;;,r,  "  I'i  ""'.^ri.. 

With  a  kid  on  his  left  shouhlcr,  V,'  »   ^  ;;^:':;tlou■  with  His",,,,  of  To,  1,  said  to  hay.,  been  one  of  Iho     i^  :;\1'     \"J^;  ;i\!. ,    mI^mt  ..,  tl'Vt  'hu-.I  '^L.U. 

?;;«  cSarlo'u'er.               *        o°l»cldent  in  position  with  ^^^^  \^^^^^^  ,,r„lato8  of  his  time.    .Vn  epistle     :'Jure  Uie  rccognlllon  of  T.  x,-.  a.  au  ln.le,..ndent  SUU- 
C,      7 


Austin,  William 
Austin,  Williain.     Born  1587:   died  Jan.  16, 


98 


1634.     All  English  lawyer  and  nvriter  on  reli- 
gious  and   misot'llaneous   subjects.    His  works,     

published  posthumously,  are  "Devotionis  .\ugustinianae  A„QfrnliaTi    A1ii<5 

Flamaia.  or  Certaynt  iHvout,  Godly,  and  Lerned  Medita-  •^"Spraiian    ^}Vf 


customs,  rules  of  marriage,  and  etiquette  are  of  a  com- 
plexity apparently  more  ancient  than  even  the  similar 
rules  "among  North  American  Indians,  KalBrs,  and  Poly- 
nesians. Lang,  Myth.,  etc.,  II.  1. 

A   mountain-range  in  the 

tions,  etc."  (16S5).  "  Ha;c  Uomo,  wherein  the  ExceUency  of  eastern  part  of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales, 
the  tteation  of  VVoman  is  described  by  way  of  an  Essay  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast,  containing  the 
(16i7).  and  a  translation  of  Cicero's  •cato -Major."  highest  point  in  Australiii, -Mount  Kosciusko, 

Austin,  William.    Born  at  Charlestown.  Mass.,     7.33(j  f,.pt. 
Miucli  •!.  1778:  died  there,  June  27,  1841.     An  Australian  Pyrenees.     See  Pyrenees,  Austra- 
Aiuerican  lawyer  and  writer,  author  of  the  tale 
"Peter  RuCTg,"the  Missing  Man,"  etc. 

Austin.  The  capital  of  Mower  County,  Minne- 
sota, situated  on  Cedar  River  97  miles  south  of 
St.  Paul.    Population  (1900),  .5,474, 

Austin.  The  capital  of  Lander  County,  Ne- 
vada. 146  miles  northeast  of  Carson  City.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  precincts  1  and  2,  702. 

Austin.  The  capital  ot  Texas  and  of  Travis 
Countv,  situated  on  the  Colorado  River  in  lat. 
30°  18'  N.,  long.  97°  40'  W.  It  is  a  railroad 
center  and  the  seat  ot  a  State  university  and 
other  institutions.     Population  (1900),  22,258. 

Austin  Friars.  The  monastery  of  the  Friars 
Eremite  of  the  order  of  St.  Augustiue,  on  the 
north  side  of  Broad  street,  Old  London,  founded 
by  Humphrey  Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford  and 
Essex,  in  1253.  The  ground  was  considered  especially 
sacred,  and  the  tombs  were  equal  in  beauty  to  those  ot 
Westminster  Abbey.  Here  were  buried  Hubert  de  Burgh ; 
Edmund  Plantageiiet,  half-brother  of  Kichard  II.:  those 
who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Barnet;  Richard  Fitz  Alan,  earl 
of  Arundel,  beheaded  1397  i  the  Earl  of  i)xf"rd.  beheaded 
1463  ■  and  Edward  Statford,  duke  of  Buckingham,  be- 
headed 1521.  At  the  dissolution  the  spire  was  destroyed 
and  the  monuments  sold  by  the  Marquis  of  Winchester. 
The  nave  was  walled  up,  and  is  now  used  as  a  church  by 
the  Dutch  residents  of  London.  It  was  diunaged  by  fire 
in  18152.  Little  uf  the  old  church  remains  in  the  present 
building.     The  order  is  also  called  Augustinians. 

Austral  Islands  (as'tral  i'landz).  See  Tuhuai 
IsIiukU. 

Australasia  (as-tra-la'sha  or  -zhii).     [NL., 


lid  it. 

Austrasia(as-tra'siaor-zia).  [ML. ,  f rora  OHG. 
fistar.  eastern.  See  An8iria.'\  The  eastern 
kingdom  of  the  Mero^-ingian  Franks  from  the 
6th  to  the  8th  century  A.  D.  It  embodied  an 
extensive  region  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine, 
with  Metz  as  its  capital. 

Austria  (as'tri-a).  [G.  Osterreieh,  F.  Au- 
triclie.  ML.  Austria ;  from  OHG.  Ostarrth,  G. 
Oesterreich,  eastern  kingdom,]  1.  An  arch- 
duchy in  the  western  part  of  Austria-Hungary, 
comprising  the  crownlands  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Austria  (which  see) :  the  nucleus  of  the  Haps- 
burg  dominions.  The  eraperoris  its  hereditary  arch- 
duke. It  was  originally  the  tistmark  formed  by  Charles 
the  Great  799,  destroyed  by  the  Magyai-s,  reereeted  by 
Henry  I.  in  92S,  and  made  a  duchy  in  115<>.  Until  1246  it 
was  under  the  Babenberg  dynasty  (which  see),  and  came 
under  the  rule  of  the  Hapsburgs  in  1282.  Salzburg  was 
united  with  it  administratively  from  1814  until  1849. 

2.  The  eastern  diWsion  of  the  ancient  Caro- 
liugian  kingdom  of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the 
later  Venefia. —  3.  The  Cisleithan  division  of 
Austria-Himgary.  com'prising  Upper  Austria, 
Lower  Austria,  Salzburg.  Ti,Tol  and  Vorarl- 
berg.  Styria.  Carinthia,  Carniola.  Gorz  and 
Gradiska",  Istria,  Trieste,  Bohemia,  Moravia, 
Silesia,  Galieia,  Bukowina,  and  Dalmatia. —  4. 
The  dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg, 
called  officially  the  Austro-Hungarian  mon- 
archy. See  Austria-Hungary. —  5.  Same  as 
Austrasia. 


southern  Asia,'  from  L.  austraUs."  southem,  Austria,    Lower.       [G.    Xieder-Osferreich    or 


and  Asia.]  A  division  of  Oceanica,  compris 
in"  Australia,  Papua,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand 
New  Caledonia,  Bismarck  Archipelago,  and 
some  lesser  islands :  often  regarded  as  compris- 
ing only  the  Australian  colonies  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, including  New  Zealand,  Tasmania,  and 
Fiji:  sometimes  ciiuivalent  to  Oeeanica. 

Australasian  Federation.    The  federal  union 

of  the  British  Australian  colonies.     A  national 


0<lcrreicJi-ioiter-rler-En>is.'i  A  crownland  m 
the  Cisleithan  di^-ision  of  Austria-Hvuigary, 
forming  the  eastern  portion  of  the  archduchy 
of  Austria,  it  is  bounded  by  Bohemia  and  Moravia 
on  the  north,  Hungary  on  the  east,  Styria  on  the  south, 
and  Upper  .Austria  on  the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in 
the  south,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Danube.  The  chief 
city  is  Vienna.  The  prevailing  language  is  German,  and 
the  prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  7,654 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  2,661,799. 


oi   Lue  nriusii   .^.usuauau  coiuule^.     a  national    * 4._i„     tt,*.» rn     rtt.  ..  rl.*^,...^ :  .i,    «..    /»., 

convention  at  Sydney  in  1891,  under  the  presidency  of  Sir  Austna,    Upper.       [G.    Obir-Oste,i(:cl,    or    Os- 


Henry  Partes,  adopted  resolutions  and  drafted  a  "Bill  to 
constitute  a  Commonwealth  of  Australia.''  Several  years 
of  discussion  followed,  and  the  new  Australian  common- 
wealth was  inaugurated  on  Jan.  1,  1901. 

Aiistralia  (as-tra'lia),  formerly  New  Holland. 

[F.  Au^-traJie,,  G.  Australie/t,  NL.  Australia, 
*Southland,'fromL.rtii5^rfl/i>,  south,  southern.] 
An  island-continent  and  possession  of  Great 
Britain,  south  of  Asia,  extending  from  iat.  10° 
41'  to  39°  8'  S.,  and  from  long.  113°  to  153°  30'  E. 
It  is  bordered  by  the  Pacific  on  the  east,  by  the  Indian  Ocean 


ttrreich-oh-der-Enns.']  A  crownland  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  capi- 
tal Linz,  forming  the  -western  portion  of  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  bounded  by  Bavaria  and 
Bohemia  on  the  north.  Lower  Austria  on  the 
east,  Styria  and  Salzburg  ou  the  south,  and 
Bavaria  and  Salzburg  on  the  west,  it  is  moun- 
tainous, especially  in  the  south,  and  is  traversed  by  the 
Danube,  The  inhabitants  are  Germans,  and  the  prevail- 
ing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  4,631  square  miles. 
Population  (1890).  785.831. 


on  the  northwest,  west,  and  southwest,  and  is  separated  Austria,  HoUSe  of.      See  Haj>sbimf.  Hoii.se  of. 
from  Papua  by  Torres  Strait  on  the  north,  and  from  Tas-  Austlia- Hungary  '  a^'tri-:i  -  hung'i^a -ri)    {offi- 

:„  K.,  x>..„.  ^*..„. ...„♦».„  .^„»T.    Tf=     ^.1  „.,... ^1    ^,-y^^^y^  thc  Austro-Hungkrian  Monarchy; 

loosely  and  popularly.  Austria).  [G.  Oiiter- 
reich-Cugarn.  or  Osterreichiseh-Vngarische  Mou- 
archie.']  An  empire  of  Europe,  capital  Vienna, 
one  of  the  "Great  Powers,"  bounded  by  Ger- 
many (partly  separated  from  it  by  the  Erz- 
gebii'ge  and  Sudetic  Mountains)  and  Rus- 
sia (partly  separated  from  it  by  the  Vistula) 
ou    the   north,   Russia   and   Rumania    on   the 


mania  by  Bass  Strait  on  the  south.     Its  principal  natural 

features  are  mountains  along  the  eastern  and  southern 

coasts  (Australian  Alps,  Blue  Mountains,  Liverpool  Range, 

etc.).  the  Murray  River  system  in  the  southeast,  the  lake 

district  in  the  south,  and  extensive  desert  regions  in  the 

interior.   The  chief  products  are  wool,  wheat,  maize,  and 

other  cereals,  hay,  cotton,  sugar,  wine,  etc.     It  is  also  rich 

in  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  coal.   Its  political  divisions  are 

Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  South  Au&tralia 

(with  Northern  Territory),  and  Western  Australia,  now, 

with  Tasmania,  united  under  a  federal  government ;  and 

its  chief  cities,  Melbourne  and  Sydnev.     In  1606  it  was  vis-  .     ^^  .     ,  ^    i   ^  '^1*1,/^ 

ited  by  Spanish  and  Dutch  explorers,  and  was  explored    east,  Rumama  (separated  from  it  b^   the  Car- 

by  Cook  1770-77.    The  first  settlement  was  at  Port  Jack-    pathians),  Servia  (partly  separated  from  it  by 


son  in  1788.  Gold  was  discovered  in  1851.  Among  the 
explorers  of  Australia  have  been  Bass,  Flinders,  Oxley, 
Sturt,  Eyre,  Leichardt,  Burke,  Wills,  Stuart,  Warburton, 
Forrest,  Giles,  etc.  Area,  2.946,691  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, chiefiy  of  British  descent  (1891),  3,036,570:  abori- 
gines, about  55,000. 

The  natives  of  Australia  were  all,  when  discovered,  and 
still  (when  uninfluenced  by  the  teaching  of  missionaries) 
remain,  on  much  the  same  low  level  of  civilisation.  The 
me[i,  like  the  animals  of  this  continent,  appear  in  some 
respects  to  belong  to  an  older  world  than  ours.  They  are 
not  only  in  an  extremely  rudimentarj'  stage  of  material 
culture,  but  they  show  few  if  any  signs  of  ever  having 
been  in  a  much  higher  condition.  No  people  have  less 
settled  homes ;  destitute  of  the  forms  of  agriculture  prac- 
tised by  the  natives  of  the  other  South  Sea  Islands,  the 
tribes  wander  over  lai^e  expanses  of  country,  urged  by 
the  necessities  of  the  chase,  and  attracted,  now  here,  now 
there,  by  the  ripening  of  wild  berries  or  by  the  presence 
of  edible  roots.  Houses  they  have  none,  and  their  tem- 
porary shelters  or  gunyehs  are  of  the  rudest  and  most 
fragile  character.  Nothing  can  more  deafly  demonstrate 
their  barbarous  condition  than  the  entire  absence  of 
native  pottery  and  of  traces  of  ancient  pottery  in  the  soil. 
They  have  scarcely  made  any  progress  in  domesticating 
animals.  Their  government  is  a  democracy  of  the  fight- 
ing men,  tempered  by  the  dictates  of  Birraark  or  sorcer- 
ers, and  by  the  experience  of  the  aged.    Yet  their  social 


the  Danube),  and  Montenegro  on  the  south. 
the  Adriatic  Sea  and  Italy  (mainly  separated 
from  it  by  the  Alps)  on  the  southwest,  and 
Switzerland  and  Germany  (partly  separated 
from  it  by  the  Inn  and  the  Bohmerwald)  ou 
the  west,  it  extends  from  lat.  42^  to  51°  N.,  and  from 
long.  9'  30'  to  26°  20'  E.  Politically  the  monarchy  is  di- 
vided into  the  Cisleithan  division,  comprising  Vpper 
Austria,  Lower  Austria,  T>to1  and  Vorarlberg.  S:ilzburg, 
.Styria.  Carinthia,  Carniol^  Kiistenland,  Dalmatia,  Bohe- 
mia, Moravia,  Silesia,  Gslicia,  and  Bukowina,  which  ai-e 
represented  in  th:-  Reich.-rath,  which  meets  at  Vienna, 
and  is  composed  of  an  UpjitT  House,  and  a  Lower  House 
of  42.^  members;  and  the  Tian^leithan  division,  compris- 
ing  Hungarj-  (including  Transylvania),  Croatia-Slavonia. 
and  Fiume,  represented  at  Budapest  by  the  Diet,  com- 
posed of  a  House  of  Magnates,  and  a  House  of  453  Repre- 
sentatives. Legislation  for  the  monarchy  as  a  whole  is 
vested  in  the  Delegations  (60  members  from  each  of  the 
two  parliaments).  &isnia  and  Herzegovina  are  admin- 
istered by  Austria-Hungar>-.  The  government  is  a 
constitutional  hereditary  monarchy.  The  inhabitants 
belong  to  various  races  whose  relations  are  exceedingly 
complicated.  TheSlavs(Czechs,Poles.Ruthenians,Slovaks, 
.slovens,  Servians,  and  Croatians)  lead,  numerically  form- 
ing about  one  half  of  the  whole  ;  the  Germans  constitute 
one  fourth,  the  Magyars  less  than  one  sixth,  and  tlie  Ru- 


Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the 

mans  aUout  one  fifteeutli.  There  are  also  Jews,  Bul- 
garians, Armenians,  Italians,  Gipsies,  Ladins.  The  reli- 
gion of  the  majority  is  Roman  Catholic  :  there  arc  reveral 
millions  of  Protestants,  and  about  an  equal  number  be- 
long to  the  Greek  Church.  The  country  produces  grain 
of  all  kinds  (especially  wheat),  wine,  beets,  potatoes, 
fruits,  timber,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco;  has  manufactures  of 
iron,  glass,  cotton,  linen,  wool,  and  silk ;  and  is  verj'  rich 
in  mineral  resources,  including  gold,  silver,  quicksilver, 
iron,  coal,  lead,  copper,  salt,  zinc,  and  coal.  It  is  on  the 
whole  unfavorably  situated  for  commerce.  The  south 
and  west  of  .\ustria  belonged  to  the  Roman  Empire.  The 
countrj'  was  at  various  times  oveiTun  by  the  Goths,  Huns, 
Lombards.  Avars,  etc.  The  nucleus  was  the  March  of 
Austria,  which  was  erected  by  Charles  the  Great,  remade 
by  Henry  the  Fowler,  and  constituted  a  duchy  in  ll.'»6. 
To  this  Styria  was  united  in  1192.  The  Babenberg  djuaaty 
(which  see)  was  extinguished  in  1246,  and  was  followed 
after  some  years  by  the  Hapsburg  line.  (See  Hapsbun/.)RU' 
dulf  of  Hapsburg  (the  ruler  of  various  districts  in  Switzer- 
land, Alsace,  Swabia,  and  Breisgau)  was  elected  emperor 
of  Germany  in  1273.  In  1282  he  conferred  Austria,  Styria, 
and  Carniola  (having  wrested  them  from  Ottocar  II.  of 
Bohemia  in  1276)  upon  his  sons.  Carinthia  was  acquired 
in  1335.  TjTol  in  1363,  and  Trieste  in  1382.  The  continuous 
line  of  Hapsburg  emperors  of  Germany  began  in  1438. 
Austria  was  made  an  archduchy  in  1453.  Bohemia,  with 
Moravia,  Silesia,  and  Lusatia,  was  added  to  the  Hapsbui^ 
dominions  in  1526.  In  the  same  year  began  the  rule  of 
the  Hapsburgs  in  Hungary,  at  that  time  mainly  in  the 
possession  of  the  Turks,  who  were  not  completely  dispos- 
sessed until  1718.  Austria  took  the  leading  part  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  and  at  its  close  (1645)  had  to  cede  her 
possessions  in  Alsace  to  France  ;  she  also  took  part  in  the 
War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  and  acquired  in  1714  the 
Spanish  (.Austrian)  Netherlands.  Milan.  Mantua,  Naples, 
and  Siirdinia  (the  latter  was  exchanged  for  Sicily  in  1720). 
By  the  treaties  of  1735  and  1738  Naples  and  Sicily  were 
ceded  to  the  Bourbons,  part  of  northwestern  Italy  was 
ceded  to  Sardinia,  and  Austria  received  Parma  and  Pia- 
cenza.  The  accession  of  Maria  Theresa  in  1740  led  to  the 
War  of  the  Austrian  Succession.  The  greater  part  of 
Silesia  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1742  ;  and  by  the  treaty  of 
1748  Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  were  ceded  to  Don 
Philip.  Austria  also  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Seven 
Y' ears'  War.  By  the  first  partition  of  Poland.  1772,  she 
acqftired  Galieia  and  Lodumcria.  Bukowina  was  acquired 
in  1777,  and  Bavaria  ceded  the  Innviertel  in  1779.  War 
w,is  waged  with  France  1792-97.  By  the  treaty  of  Campo- 
Fonnio,  1797,  Austria  lost  the  Austrian  Netherlands  and 
Lombardy.  but  received  Venice,  Venetia,  Istria,  and  Dal- 
matia. New  Galieia  (afterward  lost)  was  obtained  in  the 
third  partition  of  Poland.  1795.  War  with  France  was 
carried  on  179U-1SCH,  resulting  in  the  treaty  of  Luneville 
(ISOl),  by  which  the  previous  treaty  was  confirmed.  Mem- 
bers of  the  Hapsburg  family  received  cessions  in  the  ar- 
rangements of  1803.  The  emperor  Francis  took  the  title 
of  "Emperor  of  Austria'"  in  1804.  A  disastrous  war  with 
France  broke  out  in  1805,  aud  Austria  was  forced  to  cede 
(1805)  Tyrol,  Vordrllierg.  Breisgau,  various  territories  in 
Swabia,  etc.,  Venetia.  DiUmatia,  etc.,  to  France  and  French 
allies,  and  received  Salzbiu"g  and  Berchtesgaden.  The 
dissolution  of  the  German  Empire  took  place  in  1806.  War 
with  France  again  occurred  in  ls09,  and  Austria  ceded 
in  the  same  year  Camilla,  Trieste,  Croatia,  part  of  Carin- 
thia, etc.,  Salzburg,  the  Innviertel,  etc.,  and  part  of  Galieia, 
tc  Napoleon.  Aus^riajoined  the  Allies  against  Napoleon  in 
1813.  By  the  Congi-ess  of  Vienna  (1815)  she  regained  many 
of  her  former  dominions,  including  TjtoI,  the  Ill>Tian 
territories,  Venetia,  and  Lombardy.  She  became  the  head 
of  the  German  Confederation  (18l5-r6>,  a  member  of  the 
Holy  Alliance,  and  a  leader  in  the  European  reactionary 
movement.  Revolutionary  movements  in  Austrian  and 
Italian  dominions  1848-49  were  repressed,  and  a  rebellion 
in  Hungarj-  which  took  place  at  the  same  time  was  sub- 
dued with  the  aid  of  Russia.  The  Republic  of  Cracow 
was  annexed  in  IS4G.  By  the  war  of  1S59  against  France 
and  Sardinia,  Austria  lost  Lombai'dy  and  her  infiuence  in 
Italy.  She  joined  with  Prussia  in  a  war  against  Denmark 
in  1864.  In  1866  Prussia,  in  alliance  with  Italy,  made  war 
upon  Austria,  and  completely  defeated  her  at  Kbniggratz- 
She  was  obliged  to  retire  from  the  Germanic  Confedera- 
tion and  to  cede  Venetia  to  Italy.  The  formation  of  the 
dual  monarchy  took  place  iu  1867.  In  1878  the  adminis- 
tration of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  was  given  to  .Austria- 
Huncarj'.  In  1^2  Austria  entered  into  theTriple  Alliance 
withGermanv  and  Italy.  Area, 240,942  square  miles.  Pop- 
uhition  ll'JiHt).  4.5,242,*8.t. 

Austrian  Hyena,  The.  A  nickname  given  to 
Julius  Jakob  von  Haynau,  fi'om  his  cruelties  in 
Italy  and  Hungary.  His  flogging  of  women  at  the 
capture  of  Brescia,  and  his  severity  to  the  defeated  Hun- 
garians in  1849,  roused  such  indignation  that  he  barely  es- 
caped with  his  life  when  on  a  visit  to  the  brewery  of 
Barclay  and  Perkins,  London. 

Austrian  Rigi.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Sc'hafl^erg  in  Austria. 

Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the.    The  war 

)>et\veen  Austria  and  Enj^land  on  the  one  side, 
and  France,  Bavaria,  Prussia,  Spain,  Sar- 
dinia, etc.,  on  the  other,  which  broke  out  on 
the  succession  of  Maria  Theresa  (daughter  of 
the  emperor  Charles  VI.)  to  the  Austrian  lands 
in  1740.  The  states  whose  adhesion  to  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction  (which  see)  Charles  VI.  had  secured  took  up 
arms  to  despoil  Maria  Theresa  of  her  dominions.  The 
conflict  with  Prussia  which  was  terminated  in  1742  is 
known  as  the  first  Silesian  war  (which  see).  England  l)e- 
came  allied  with  Austria  1741,  and  King  George  11.  de- 
feated the  French  at  Dettingen  1743.  The  second  Silesian 
war.  in  which  Saxony,  originally  the  ally  of  i'russia, 
joined  Austria,  followed  in  1744^5.  French  victories 
were  gained  at  Fontenoy  1745,  Raucoux  1746,  and  Lawfeld 
1747.  The  American  phase  of  the  war  between  England 
and  France  is  known  as  King  George's  war.  The  ex- 
pedition of  the  Young  Pretender  in  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land 1745-40  was  a  diversion  in  the  French  favor.  Russia 
ji>ined  Austria  in  1747.  The  war  was  ended  by  the  Peace 
of  .\ix-la-Chapelle  1748,  and  a  mutual  restitution  of  con- 


Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the 

fjuests,  except  in  regard  to  Austria,  which  came  out  of 
the  strupKi«  with  the  loss  of  rsilesia,  as  well  as  of  I'arma 
and  Piacenja. 

Austrian  Switzerland.  A  name  sometimes 
(riven  to  tln'  Salzkamiuergut  in  Austria,  onac- 
foiiut  of  its  pic'tiiresiiue  scenery. 

Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy.  [G.  Osferreich- 
uich-l')i(/(iii.f<lic  MoiKdchie.']  The  official  name 
(since  l8G7j  of  Austria-Uungary. 

Austro-Prussian  War.    See  f^catn  Wcekn'  War. 

Austro-Sardinian  War.    See  Italian  War  of 

1859. 
Auteuil    (o-ti-y').      A  former  village,  now  a 

portion  of  Paris,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 

the  Seine  east  of  Boulogne,  noted  as  the  place 

of  residence  of  Boileau,  Molifere.  Helvetiiis. 

TallejTund,    Thiers,   and    other   distinguished 

peoiile. 
Authentic  Doctor,  The.    A  title  given  to  the 

schoolman  Gregory  of  Kimini  (died  1358). 
Author  (a'thor).   The.     A  comedy  by  Foote, 

produced  and  printed  in  17.57.   See  Cadwultadcr. 

Author's  Farce,  The.    A  play  by  Fielding, 

produced  in  1730,  and  revived  in  1734,  with 
amusing  ridicule  of  tlie  Gibbers. 

Autire  (ou-ti-ra'),  or  Hoteday  (ho-te-da').  A 
tribe  or  division  of  North  American  Indians 
which  lived  in  the  valley  of  tlie  Shasta  Kiver, 
California.  In  1851  it  had  19  \illages  with  an 
estimated  population  uf  1.140.     See  Sustain. 

Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-table,  The.  A 
series  of  papers  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
published  serially  in  tlie  first  twelve  numbers 
of  the  "Atlantic  Monthly,"  and  together  in 
1858.  The  autocrat  (Holmes  himself) discourses  on  mat- 
ters in  general  with  a  genial  philosophy  from  his  position 
at  a  bo:irding-house  breakfast-table.  He  used  this  sigpa- 
ture  also  in  other  works. 

Autodidactus  (ato-di-dak'tus),  The,  or  the 

Natural  Man.  [Av.  Hai-Ibji-i/uqldn  ;  Ij.diito- 
didactiis,  "self-taught.']  A  psychological  ro- 
mance by  the  Arabian  philosopher  Ibn-Tofail 
(died  1188).  in  it  the  author  "supposes  a  child  thrown 
upon  a  desert  island  at  its  birth,  and  there  growing  to  man- 
hood, who  conies  by  himself  to  tli'_-  knowledge  of  nature, 
not  only  in  its  physical  but  also  in  its  metaphysical  lisju'ct, 
and  even  of  Ood."  A  Latin  translation  was  published  in 
Europe  by  the  English  Orientalist  Edward  Pococke  under 
the  title"  Philosophus  Autodidactus"  (1671).  It  Wiis  trans- 
lated into  English  by  S.  Ockley  (1711),  and  into  German 
by  .1.  li.  1'.  U'rilius),  1726. 

AutolycUS(a-tori-kus).  [Gr.WiTo/.uKO^.'i  Born 
at  Pitaiie,  in  .,Eolis:  lived  about  350  B.  c.  A 
Greek  astronomer,  author  of  treatises  "On  the 
Motion  of  the  Sphere"  and  "On  Fixed  Stars." 

Autolycus.  In  Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Hermes 
(or  Dtedalion)  and  Chione,  and  father  of  .\nti- 
cleia,  the  mother  of  Odysseus.  He  was  a  famous 
thief,  and  possessed  the  power  of  making  tiimself  and  the 
things  that  he  stole  invisible,  or  of  giving  them  new  forms. 

Autolycus.  In  Shakspcre's  "Winter's  Tale," 
a  witty  thieving  peddler,  a  "snapper  up  of  un- 
considered trifles."  He  indulges  in  gi'otesque 
self-raillery  and  droll  soliloquizing  on  his  own 
sins. 

Automedon  (&-tom'e-don).  [Gr.  AvTo/iiduv.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Diores,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Eforaer,  the  comrade  and  charioteer 
of  Achilles.  In  another  account,  he  had  an  indepen- 
dent command  of  ten  ships  in  the  Trojan  war.  Vergil 
makes  him  the  companion  in  arms  of  Pyrrhus,  son  of 
Achilles. 

Autran  (o-tron'),  Joseph  Antoine.    Born  at 

Marseilles,  June,  1H13:  died  tinre,  March  6, 
1877.  A  French  poet,  author  of  "La  Fille 
d'Eschyle,"  a  tragedy  which  gained  him  a  seat 
in  the  Academy. 

Autriche  (6-tresh')-  The  French  name  of 
.Vustria. 

Autricum  (fi.'tri-kum).  The  Roman  name  of 
a  town  of  the  Celtic  Carnutcs:  the  modern 
Chart  res. 

Autronia  gens  (A,-tr6'ni-|l  jenz).  In  ancient 
lionie,  a  clan  or  Iimusc  "whoso  only  known 
family  name  is  I'a'hi-.  UnMlrst  memlu'r  of  thia 
gens  who  obt.-iincd  the'  ctiiMiliite  was  P.  Autronius  Pa;tui», 
«;■>  1).  c. 

Autun  (6-tun').  A  city  in  the  department  of 
Sa6ne-et-Loiro,  France,  situated  on  the  .\i- 
rouK  42  miles  southwest  of  Dijon:  the  ancieiil 
Augustodunum  (whence  the  name),  it  contains 
many  Roman  antiquities,  the  nicilieval  Cathedral  of  SI. 
Lazari?,  theological  seminaries,  and  collections,  and  has 
varied  manufactures  and  some  trade.  Tim  Kotnan  town, 
which  waa  the  seat  of  a  noted  school  of  rhetoric,  was  de- 
■troyed  by  Tetricus  in  270,  and  rebuilt  by  I'onatnntlus 
Chlorus  and  tJimstantine  ;  lator  It  was  siickcd  by  nortbeni 
invatlers,  Saracens,  Normans,  etc.  The  cathodml  Is  in 
great  part  early  Itomanesnuc,  with  tine  western  i)vnimid- 
cappcd  towers  Hanking  a  bi'autiful  porch  of  two  bays.  In 
which  opens  the  rciundarclu-d  portal,  with  an  Impre-ilve 
Last  Judgment  in  Its  tymj>anum.  The  iirnamenlul  dil.ills 
of  the  interior  are  largely  copied  from  the  local  Kiiman 
remains.  There  Is  a  lofty  16th-centui7  splro  at  the  cross- 


99 

ing :  its  great  stone  pyramid  is  hollow  from  baaa  to  spex- 
Among  the  Komun  remains  are  the  I'orte  d'AjToiiat,  a 
Konian  gateway  of  line  maAonr>',  with  two  large  arches 
tlanketl  by  snniil  ones,  and  surmounted  by  an  arcade  of 
high,  narrow  arches  between  rorinthian  pilasters;  the 
Porte  St.  Andn^,  a  Roman  gateway  of  similar  character  to 
the  Porte  d'Arroux.  but  more  nni&sive,  with  two  l;irge  and 
two  stnail  arches  below,  and  an  upper  arcade  ot  ten  arches 
dis|daying  Ionic  pihuters ;  and  the  temple  of  Janus  so 
c:Uled,  a  in,-i.s^ive  stfuare  R^>nnin  tower.  In  reality  a  defen- 
sive outwork  of  the  ancient  fortitleatlons.  It  liaa  two 
tiers  of  openings     Population  (ISIU)^  commune,  I;,,lb7. 

But  the  special  glory  of  which  Autim  was  specially  to 
boast  itself,  the  po.ssession  ot  the  Flavian  name,  has  ut- 
terly passed  away  ;  but  for  the  witness  of  Lumeidus  itself, 
the  world  might  have  wholly  forgotten  that  .Autun  had 
ever  bonie  it.  .\utun  has  been  for  ages  as  little  used  to 
the  name  Klavia  as  Trier  has  been  used  to  the  name  of 
Augusta-  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser,  p.  97. 

Autunois  (6-tii-nwii').  A  former  division  of 
Burgundy,  corresponding  in  general  to  the  mod- 
ern department  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire  and  part  of 
COte-d'Or. 

Auvergne  (6-vamy').  [From  Arverni.'}  An 
ancient  government  of  France.  It  was  bounded 
by  Hourbonnais  on  the  north,  Lyonnais  on  the  east,  Ijm- 
guedoc  on  the  southeast,  Uuienne  on  the  southwest,  and 
Limousin  ami  Maretie  on  the  west  ;  corresponding  to  the 
departments  of  l'uy-de-I)ome  and  Cantal,  and  part  of 
Haute-Loire.  l'apit:U,  C'leTinont.  It  was  a  county  and 
then  a  duchy,  and  w.is  finally  united  to  the  iYeneh  crown 
in  1532. 

Auvergne,  Countess  of.    A  minor  character  in 

.Sliaks]i(rc's  "lleiiry  VI.." part  1. 

Auvergne,  Mountains  of.    -V  branch  of  the 

Ceveiines  ilimnttiiiis.  siluateil  chiefly  in  the  de- 
partments of  Cantal  and  I*iiy-de-D6me,  Frtince. 
They  are  volcanic  in  structure.  The  chief  peaks  are  Puy- 
deSiincy  («,185  feet  high),  Plorab  du  Cantal,  and  Puy-de- 
D6me. 

Auverney  (6-ver-ne'),  Victor  d".  A  pseudo- 
nym used  l>y  Victor  Hugo  about  1829. 

Aux  Cayes.    See  Cmjcs. 

AuxentlUSiaks-en'shius).  Died  374.  An  Arian 
bishop  of  Jlilan  3.55-374,  who  was  condemned  by 
the  synod  held  at  Koine  i!70,  although  he  en- 
joyed the  favor  of  the  imperial  court.  He  sus- 
tained liimself  in  his  see  till  his  death. 

Auxerre  (6-sar')-  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne 
in  lat.  47°  48'  N.,  long.  3°  32' E.:  the  Koman 
Autissiodurum  (whence  the  name),  a  town  of 
the  Senouos;  later  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Ailxeri'ois.  it  is  noted  for  its  wines,  and  has  vai-ied 
manufactures.  The  cathednil  of  .-Vuxerre  is  a  beautiful 
13th-ceutury  building  with  some  later  moditlcations. 
The  transepts  have  magiiitleent  portals  and  great  traceried 
windows.  The  piers  of  the  portals  of  the  fa<,'ade  are  cov- 
ered with  panels  bearing  reliefs  of  Old  Testament  sub- 
jects, and  the  interior  is  beautifully  proportioned  and  i»r- 
namented  It  possesses  splendid  medieval  ghiss.  The 
length  is  330  feet,  the  height  of  vaulting  92  feeU  Popu- 
lation (1891),  18,(136. 

Auxerrois  {6-sar-wii').  An  ancient  county  of 
France,  capital  Auxerre,  formerly  part  of  the 
duchy  of  Burgundy.  It  was  incorporated  in 
France  under  Louis  XI. 

Auxois  (6-swii').  A  medieval  countship  in 
Buigiiiidy,  corresponding  to  the  arrondissement 
of  Avallon  in  the  depiu'tmeut  of  Yonne  and  the 
arrondissement  of  S<imur  in  the  department  of 
C6te-d'Or. 

Auxonne  (o-son').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  ('(ite-d'Or,  France,  on  the  .Sa<ine  20  miles 
sDUlhetist  of  Dijon,  strongly  forlilied  liy  Vaii- 
bari.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,095. 

AuxonnoiS(6-son-wa').  A  former  smiill  district 
of  I'lance,  wliose  capital  was  Au.Noniie. 

Auzout  (o-zo'),  Adnen.  Dieil  KiOl.  A  French 
inalhemaliciaii,  astrnimmi'r.  ami  mtiker  of  tel- 
escopes, inventiir  uf  the  lilar  tnicnimeler. 

Auzotix,  Theodore  Louis.    Burn  at  Saint  Au- 

bin  d'KscroviJIe  in  1797:  died  at  I'liris,  Mav  7. 
1H80.  A  French  |>hysician,  inventor  of  a  method 
of  making  paste  models  of  anatomical  i>repara- 
tions. 

Ava  (ii'  vii).  The  former  capital  of  Burma,  sit- 
uated on  the  Irawaili  in  lat.  21°  52'  N.,  long. 
'M°  I'K. :  now  largely  in  ruins. 

Avallenau,  The.  (.Foom  'of  the  apple-trees.' 
Seeiinolalion  iimlcr  .-ii«/')M.]  A  ])oem  ascribed 
1(1  the  itiicient  .Merlin.  'The  piH-ni  Is  e..n«ldereil  by 
.Mr.  Stephens  to  be  founded  on  a  Iradlllon  ol  Mven  m-.ire 
chletB  wh.i  were  changed  to  sprllei.  In  the  W.mkI  uf  Cely.l. 
don,  to  have  been  written  In  the  latter  pari  ot  the  reign 
of  Dwain  Onyiiidd,  and  t..  loiilain  diKtIliet  hUlorlenl  allu- 
sion to  atlalrs  "t  the  year.  1I(.:.-1I70.  It  Ineludea  nlxia 
notion  of  the  return  of  Cadx  rilliid.r.  which  was  one  of  the 
Inventl.xm  "f  (o.iltr.y  .d  M.einn.nlh,  set  sltoat  by  the 
wide  popularity  of  bis  llelitl.mii  bl»t..ry.  AlUde  Irfei,  win' 
chosiM  by  the  poet  because,  aft.r  (ii-itlrey  ■  bUtort  up- 
peareil,  Fairyland  was  known  nmong  the  bards  ««  Vn>» 
yr  Avallon,  the  Island  of  the  Apple  tree^  wbl.  b  E(igll>b 
ronlancl»l^  not  knowing  the  nieaidng  of  Avallon,  or  not 
being  so  much  linprciil  as  the  \Vcl«b  by  the  beauty 
of  a  blossoming  apple  orchard,  calU'^l  lllo  woody  Islo  of 
Avaloli.'"    MurUi/,  Eng.  Writers,  III,  2A0. 


Avedi^ 

Avallon  (a-vai-16n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  on  the  Cousin  27  miles 
southeast  of  Auxerre:  theKomauAballo.  Gives 
name  to  a  red  Burgundy  wine.  Popidation 
( 1S91),  coinniune,  6,076. 

Avalokiteshvara  ( a  '  va  - 16  -  ki  -  ta.sh '  wa  -  ra ) . 
[Skt.,  the  Lord  who  looks  down  from  on  higli.'J 
One  of  the  twoBudhisattva8(see  that  word),  the 
other  being  Maujushri,  who  had  become  objects 
of  worship  among  the  followers  of  the  Great  Ve- 
hicle at  least  as  early  as  400  A.D.  They  are  not 
mentioned  in  the  Pitakas.  or  in  the  L,:dita  Vistara,  or  iu 
the  older  Nepalese  and  Tibetan  biKtks,  an<l  are  the  Inven- 
tion of  Buddb)st«  seeking  gods  to  renlace  those  of  the 
Hindu  Panthe4in.  Avalokiteshvara  is  the  personification 
of  iK»ver,  the  merciful  protector  of  the  uoHdand  of  men. 
Somewhat  later  his  power  was  separated  from  his  pro- 
tecting care,  and  the  former  more  speeiull\  personified  as 
the  liodhisattva  N'ajradhani,  'the  beiirer  of  the  thunder- 
lx>ll,' or  VajrajMiiii,  '  he  who  has  the  tbnnderbtilt  in  his 
hand,'  both  formerly  epithets  of  Indra.  This  new  being, 
with  the  tither  two  lUKlhisattvafi,  forms  the  earliest  triad 
of  northern  Hnddhism,  Vajrapatd  being  the  Jupiter  To- 
nans,  Maujushri  the  deified  teacher,  and  .\vaIokiteslivara 
the  spirit  of  the  I'.uddlcuj present  In  the  clu(rcli.  These  be- 
ings and  one  or  two  other  less  con>pic((ous  bo<lhisjittvas 
Inid  become  practically  gods,  tliimgh  the  original  teach- 
l((g  of  (iautanui  knew  nothing  of  (.iod,  taught  that  .Xrahats 
were  bett^T  than  gods,  ami  acknowledged  no  form  of 
prayer. 

Avalon  (av'a-lon),  or  Avallon,  or  Avelion 

(a-vel'ion),  or  Avllion  (a-vil'ion).  [W.  J/ii/.y 
yr  Afallon,  island  of  apples.]  In  Celtic  niy- 
thologj',  the  Land  of  the  Blessed,  or  Isle  of 
Souls,  an  earthly  paradise  iu  the  western  seas. 
The  great  heroes,  sucn  as  Arthur  and  Ogier  le  Dane,  were 
carried  there  at  death,  and  the  fair}-  ^lorgana  or  Morgan 
le  Fay  holds  her  court  there.  It  is  often  called  the  VaU 
of  Avalon  or  Aviiion. 

Of  all  the  i|ualilies  of  Tir  Taimgire  al»undance  of  apples, 
the  oidy  important  fruit  known  to  the  northern  nations, 
seems  to  have  been  the  only  one  which  conveyed  the  high- 
est notion  of  enjityment.  Hence  the  soul-kingdom  waA 
called  by  the  Welsh  the  island  of  apples.  I'nt/s  yr  A  ro/fon, 
and  sometimes  I'nj/cn'fn'n  or  Ynyixjutriu,  Glass  Island, 
a  name  which  identifies  it  with  the  Teutonic  (itnutxrff. 
When  these  naine-s  p:(ssed  into  other  languages  untrans- 
lated, so  that  their  meaning  bi-caine  obseureil  or  forgot- 
t«n,  the  kingdom  of  the  dead  was  loc(dize<l  at  tUaatonbury, 
the  Anglo-Saxtni  Glaettiwja  burh.  There,  acctinling  to 
legend.  Arthur  lies  buried ;  but  another  p«ipular  tnnlillon 
has  It  that  he  was  carried  away  to  the  island  of  Avallon  by 
his  sister  the  fairy  Morgana,  the  iforgue  la  Fae  uf  French 
Romance.  ...  In  the  ronumce  of  (igier  le  I>anois,  when 
Ogler.  who  Morgue  la  Fae  deternunes  shall  Ite  her  lover, 
arrives  at  the  palace  of  Avallon,  he  fin'ls  there  besides 
^lorgana  her  brother  King  .\rthur.  and  her  brother  Autie- 
ron,  the  i^beron  of  fairy  romance,  and  Mallabron,  a  sprite 
of  the  sea.  Encijc,  Brit,  V.  326. 

Avalon  Peninsula  (av'a-lon  pf-niu'sii-lii). 
Thi'  pciiinsubi  at  the  southeastern  extremity  of 
Newfoundland,  on  which  St.  John's  is  situated, 
connected  with  the  rest  of  the  island  by  a  nar- 
row isthmus. 

Avalos,  Ferdinando  Francesco  d'.    See  Pes- 

viirti,  Mari/iiis  nf. 

Avalos,  Gil  Rainirez  de.    See  DaratoD. 

Avare,  L".  [F..  •the  miser.']  A  comedy  by 
.Moliere.  produced  iu  ItkiS.  The  nlot  was  iMmiwed 
from  the  "  AulnUu-la  "  of  Plalltus.  Fielding  founiled  tlis 
"  -Miser"  upon  it, 

Avaricum  (a-var'i-kum).  The  Roman  name  of 
the  chief  citv  of  the  Bitiiriges,  a  Gallic  tribe: 
the  modern  liourges,  capital  of  the  department 
.if  Cher. 

Avars  (ii'viirz).  1.  A  people  of  Ural-.'Utaic 
stock,  allied  to  the  Huns,  who  appeared  on  the 
Danube  about  ,'i,').')  A.  li.,  and  settled  in  Dacia. 
They  aidetl  Justinian,  and  later  assisted  the  lAXnbards 
against  the  (iepbhe  ;  occupied  P:innonia,  ami  later  halina- 
tla,  and  Invaded  Oennany  Italy,  iOnl  tlie  Italkan  I'erdn* 
sula.  Their  [lower  whs  br\iken  by  cbarles  the  (treat  alaiut 
7MI,  and  they  dlsappearetl  with  the  esLabllsliment  of  the 
.Moravians  and  .Magyars. 

2.  A  people,  probably  allied  to  the  Lesghians, 
who  (Iweil  in  Daghesian. 

Avasaxa  (ll-vii-siik'sli).  .\  mountain  in  Fin- 
liiiid.  lu'ar  Torne/i,  resorted  to  by  tourists  in 
summer  on  accdiint  of  the  view  obtiiineil  there 
of  I  III'  midnight  sun. 

Avatcha  (ii-vU'chii),  or  Avatchinskaya  (il-vii- 

ch(''n'Hkil-vii).  A  volcano  in  Kamtehalka,  iu 
lat.  r>:\°  lb'  N.,  long.  L-iSo  .lO'  E.,  about  8,000 
feet   high. 

Avatcha  Bay,  A  bay  on  the  eastern  const  of 
K((iiili'hiitka,  on  which  I'etropaulovsk  is  situ- 
nti'il. 

Avebury  (iV'ber-i).  or  Abury  (ft'lNsr-i).  A  small 
village  in  Willshirc.  Kiiglnnil,  0  miles  west  of 
Marlborough,  noted  f^r  its  megalithic  antiipii- 
ties.  Near  bv  is  the  barrow  called  Sillniry 
Hill. 

Avedik  (nv'e-dik).  Lived  about  1700.  A  pa- 
triarch of  Arnienin  who,  at  the  instance  of  the 
French  ambassiitlor,  was  dejmsed  by  the  I'orto 
and  exiled  to  Chios.     See  the  extract. 


Avedik 

Hammer  mentions  the  banishment  of  the  Armenian  pa- 
triarch to  Chios,  for  opposing  the  intlaence  of  France,  and 
asserts  that  he  was  Ijidnapped  by  order  of  tlie  Frencli  am- 
bassador, and  carried  to  the  isle  of  St.  Marguerite,  near 
Antibes,  where  he  died.  But  it  appears  that  this  patri- 
arcll,  whose  name  was  Avedilj,  was  not  in  reality  taken  to 
St.  .Marguerite,  but  was  secretly  transported  from  Mar- 
seilles to  the  abbey  of  Mont  St.  Michel,  where  he  was  in- 
trusted to  the  safe  keeping  and  zealous  teaching  of  the 
monks,  in  wliose  custody  he  remained  completely  secluded 
from  tlie  world  for  three  years.  He  was  llien  removed  to 
the  Bastille.  The  terror  of  imprisonment  for  life  in  that 
celebrated  place  overcame  his  fortitude,  ami  he  declared 
himself  a  convert  to  Catholicism,  yet  he  was  detained  in 
J'rance  until  his  death.  The  complaints  of  the  sultan 
against  this  outrage  on  the  law  of  nations  caused  the 
French  ambassadorat  Constantinople  to  deny  the  transac- 
tion, and  he  even  attempted  to  persuade  the  Porte  that 
the  Spaniards  were  the  man-stealers  who  had  kidnappeil 
the  unfortunate  Avedik.  At  last,  to  avoid  a  rupture  with 
Turkey,  Louis  XIV.  formally  announced  that  Avedik  was 
dead,  though  he  was  still  languishing  in  a  French  prison. 
Finlay,  Hist.  Greece,  V.  2311,  note. 

Aveiro  (a-va'rij).  A  district  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  province  of  Beira,  Portugal. 

Aveiro.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Aveiro,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vouga  35 
miles  south  of  Oporto:  the  seat  of  a  bishopric. 
Population,  abotit  7,000. 

Aveiro,  Duke  of  (Jose  Mascarenhas).  Born 
170S:  executed  Jan.  13,  1759.  A  Portuguese 
nobleman,  condemned  to  death  for  alleged  par- 
ticipation in  the  attempted  murder  of  the  king 
in  1758. 

Ave-Lallemant  (ii-va'lal-mon').  Robert 
Christian  Berthold.  Born  at  Lubeek,  July 
25,  1812:  died  there.  Oct.  10,  1884.  A  German 
traveler  in  South  America. 

Aveline  (av-len'),Le  sieur.  Apseudonj-m  of 
Voltaire. 

Avellaneda  (a-va-lya-na'THa),  Alonso  Fer- 
nandes  de.  The  name  assumed  by  the  wi'iter 
of  a  spurious  "second  volume  of  the  Ingenious 
Knight  Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,"  which  ap- 
peared in  1614  before  the  genuine  "second 
part"  by  Cervantes  was  published.  Its  author- 
ship has  been  assigned  to  Luis  de  Aliaga,  the  king's  con- 
fessor, and  also  to  Juan  Blanco  de  Paz,  a  Dominican 
fri.ar.  The  book  contains  vulgar  .ibuse  of  Cervantes,  and 
is  in  turn  ridiculed  by  him  in  the  later  chapters  of  "  Don 
l^uixote. " 

Avellaneda  y  Arteaga  (ii-va-lya-na'THa  §  ar- 
ta-ii'gii),  Gertrudis  Gomez  de.  Bornin  Puerto 
Principe,  Cuba,  March  23, 1S14:  died  in  Madrid, 
Feb.  2, 1873.  A  Cuban  authoress.  Most  of  her 
life  was  passed  in  Spain,  where  she  was  twice  married. 
Her  lyrics  are  greatly  admired.  She  wrote  several  suc- 
cessful dramas.  Of  her  novels  the  best-known  are  "  Dos 
ilujeres,"  "Espatolino,"  and  "El  Mulato  Sab,"  a  kind  of 
Cuban"  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  Some  of  her  works  are  pub- 
lished over  the  pseudonym  "La  Peregrina." 

Avellaneda,  Nicolas.  Born  in  Tucuman,  Oct. 
1,  1836:  died  Dec.  26,  1885.  An  Argentine 
statesman,  journalist,  and  author  of  several 
historical  and  economical  works.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  political  economy  in  the  University  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
minister  of  public  instruction  dming  the  administration 
of  Sarmiento,  18B8-74,  and  succeeded  that  statesman  as 
president  of  Argentina,  1S7-1-S0. 

Avellino  (a-vel-le'u6), formerly  Principato  Ul- 
teriore  (priu-che-pa'to  ol-ta-re-o're).  A  prov- 
ince in  Campania,  Italy.  Area,  1,172  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  410,457. 

Avellino.  The  capital  of  the  pro'^dnce  of  Avel- 
lino, 29  miles  northeast  of  Naples,  celebrated 
for  its  hazel-nuts  and  chestnuts :  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric.  It  retains  the  name,  but  is  not  on  the  exact 
site,  of  the  ancient  Abellinum,  a  city  of  the  Hirpini  de- 
stroyed in  the  wars  of  the  Greeks  and  Lombards.  It  has 
several  times  been  damaged  by  earthquakes.     Population 

(is'.in,  2ti,ooo. 

Avellino,  Francesco  Maria.  Born  at  Naples, 
Aug.  14,  1788:  died  Jan.  10,  1850.  An  Italian 
archaeologist  and  numismatist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  the  University  of  Naples  in  181.^  direc- 
tor of  the  Museo  Borbonico  in  1889,  and  was  editor  of 
"  BoUettino  archeologico  Napolitano  "  1813-18. 

Avenare.     See  Abraham  hen  ilcir  ibn  Ezra. 

Avenbrugger.    See  Auoibr lifter. 

Avenches  (ii-voiish').  G.  Wifliisburg  (vif'lis- 
boro).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Swit- 
zerland, 7  miles  northwest  of  Fribourg:  the 
Roman  Aventicum,  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Helvetii.  It  has  remains  of  an  amphitheater,  various 
other  Roman  relics  (including  a  Corinthian  colmnn),  and 
a  castle. 

.Avenel  (av'nel),  Mary.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "The 
Monastery,"  the  wife  of  Halbert  Glendiuning. 
She  reappears  in  "The  Abbot." 

Avenel,  Julian.  The  usurper  of  Avenel  Cas- 
tle and  the  uncle  of  Mary  Avenel  in  Scott's 
novel  "The  Monastery." 

Avenel,  Knight  of.  See  Glendinning,  Hal- 
bert. 


100 

Avenio  (a-ve'nio).  The  Roman  name  of  a  town 
of  the  Cavares,  in  Gallia  Narboueusis :  the  mod- 
ern Avignon. 

Aventine  (av'en-tin).  [L.  Mons  Aveiitinus,  It. 
Monte  An-ntiiw.^  The  farthest  south  of  the 
seven  hills  of  ancient  Rome,  rising  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Tiber,  south  of  the  Palatine. 
Below  it  to  the  northeast  lay  the  Circus  Maximus,  and  to 
the  east  the  thei-nise  of  Caracalla. 

Aventinus  (av-en-ti'nus)  (originally  Thur- 
mayr,  Johannes).  Born  at  Abensberg,  Ba- 
varia, 1477  (;!):  died  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria.  Jan. 
9,  1534.  A  Bavarian  historian,  author  of  "An- 
ualium  Boiorum  libri  VII.,"  etc. 

Averell  (a've-rel),  William  Woods.    Born  at 

Ciiraeron,  Steuben  Countv.  X.  \'.,  Nov.  5,  1832: 
died  at  Bath,  N.  Y..  Feb.  3. 1900.  An  American 
general  and  inventor.  He  was  graduated  at  \\'est 
Point  in  1855;  distinguished  himself  during  the  Civil  War 
as  a  leader  of  cavalry  raids  in  Virginia  1 8rt:i  and  1804 :  and 
resigned  May  18,  1865,  with  tlie  brevet  rank  of  nh-ijor-gen- 
eral.  Among  his  inventions  are  a  process  of  manufac- 
turing cast-steel  directly  from  the  ore,  an  asplialt  pave- 
ment, and  various  electrical  appliaiues. 

Averno  (a-ver'no),  L.  lacus  Avernus  (a-ver'- 

nus).  [Gtr.  "Anpvog  'Muvi/,  lit.  '  the  birdless  lake ' : 
it  being  said  that  its  exhalations  killed  the 
birds  flying  over  it.  But  this  is  prob.  a  popular 
etym.  due  to  the  aceidentiil  resemblance  of  the 
name  to  the  Gr.  aopmc.  birdless.]  A  small  lake 
in  Campania,  Italy,  9  miles  west  of  Naples, 
anciently  believed  to  be  the  entrance  to  the 
infernal  regions.  Its  circumference  is  nearly 
2  miles,  and  it  is  about  200  feet  deep. 
Averroes  (a-ver'o-ez),  or  Averrhoes  (Abul 
Walid  Mohammed  ben  Ahmed  ibn  Roshd). 

Burn  at  Cordova  about  1126  (1120  .'):  died  at 
Moroeco,Dec.l2,1198.  A  distinguished  Spanish- 
Arabian  philosopher,  physician,  and  commen- 
tator on  Aristotle.  He  belonged  to  a  noted  family  of 
jurists,  and  himself  held  judicial  positions.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  cover  the  fields  of  medicine,  philoso- 
phy, natural  history,  astronomy,  ethics,  mathematics,  and 
jurisprudence.  Many  of  them  were  translated  into  Latin 
and  Hebrew. 

Avers  (a'vers),orAverser  Thai  (il'ver-sertai). 
An  alpine  valley  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  west  of  the  Up- 
per Engadine :  a  tributary  to  the  valley  of  the 
Hinter-Rhein. 

Aversa  (a-ver'sii).  A  town  in  the  pro'vince  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  9  miles  north  of  Naples,  noted 
for  its  white  wine  and  fruits,  it  was  founded  by 
the  Normans,  about  1029,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Atella.     Population,  about  20,000. 

Averulino,  Antonio.    See  Filarcte. 

Averysboro,  or  Averysborough  (a'ver-iz- 
bur"o).  A  -village  in  Harnett  County,  North 
Carolina,  32  miles  south  of  Raleigh.  Here,  Jlarch 
16,  1865,  the  Federals  under  Sherman  repulsed  the  Confed- 
erates under  Hardee.  Loss  of  Federals,  554 ;  of  Confeder- 
ates, 865. 

Aves  (ii'ves).  ['Bird'  islands.]  A  gi-oup  of 
small  islands  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  belonging 
to  Venezuela,  southeast  of  Buen  Ayre. 

Avesnes  (a-van').  A  tovra  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Helpe  26  miles 
southeast  of  Valenciennes.  It  was  fortified  by 
Vauban.     Population  (1891),  6,495. 

Avesta  (a-ves'tii).  The  Bible  of  Zoroastrianism 
and  the  Parsis.  The  name  comes  from  the  Pahlavi 
avisUik,  which  possibly  means  'knowledge.'  The  name 
"  Zendavesta  "  arose  by  mistake  from  inverting  the  Pah- 
lavi phrase  Avistak  va  Zand,  'Avesta  and  Zend,'  or  'the 
Law  and  Commentary,'  Zend,  'knowledge,  explanation,' 
referring  to  the  later  version  and  commentary  in  Pahlavi. 
The  present  Avesta  is  but  a  remnant  of  a  great  litera- 
ture. It  includes  (1)  the  Yasna.  a  collection  of  liturgical 
fragments  and  of  hymns  or  Oathas ;  (2)  the  Vispered.  a  li- 
turgical collection ;  (3)  the  Vendidad.  a  collection  of  re- 
ligious laws  ;  (4)  the  Yashts,  mythical  fragments  devoted 
to  various  Mazdayasnian  divinities;  and  (6)  dilferent 
prayers  known  under  the  names  Nyayish,  Afringan.  Gab, 
Sirozah,  and  six  various  other  fragments.  The  Yasna, 
'sacrifice,  worship,'  is  the  chief  liturgical  work.  In  it 
are  inserted  the  Gathas,  '  hymns,'  verses  from  the  sermons 
of  Zoroaster.  These  are  written  in  an  older  dialect. 
They  form  the  oldest  and  most  sacred  pai't  of  the  Avesta.^ 
The  Vispered  contains  invocations  to  "all  the  lords" 
(vispe  ratavo).  The  Y"ashts  (from  yashti,  'worship  by 
praise')  are  twenty-one  hymns  to  the  divinities,  "  Yaza- 
tas  or  Izads."  The  Vendidad,  or  '  law  against  the  daevas 
or  demons'  (vidaeva  data),  is  a  priestly  code  like  the 
Pentateuch.  The  present  form  of  the  Avesta  belongs  to 
the  Sassanian  period.  According  to  the  record  of  Khusro 
Anoshirvan  (A.  D.  531-679),  King  Valkhash,  one  of  the  last 
of  the  ArsacidK,  ordered  a  search  for  all  suivivinn  writ- 
ings, and  required  the  priests  to  aid  with  their  nral  tradi- 
tion. 'The  texts  were  reedited  under  successive  Sassanian 
rulers,  until  under  Shapur  11.  (A.  i>.  3ii9-3"9)  the  final 
redaction  was  made  by  his  prime  minister  Atur-pat  Ma- 
raspend. 

Avesta  (a-ves'ta).  A  mining  town  in  Koppar- 
berg  Ian,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Dal-elf  38 
miles  southeast  of  Falun. 

Avestan.     See  Zend. 

Aveyron  (a-va-roit').    A  department  of  south- 


Avila 

em  France,  bounded  by  Cantal  on  the  north, 
Lozere  and  Gard  on  the  east,  H^rault  and  Tarn 
on  the  south,  and  Lot,  Tam-et-Garoune,  and 
Tarn  on  the  west,  formed  from  the  ancient 
Rouergue  (in  Guienne).  Its  capital  is  Rodez.  Area, 
3,376  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  400,467. 

Avesrron.  A  river  in  southern  France  which 
joins  the  Tarn  9  miles  northwest  of  Montauban. 
Length,  about  150  miles.  On  it  are  Rodez  and 
Villefranche.* 

Avezac  (iiv-zak'),  Auguste  Gene-vifeve  Valen- 
tin d'.  Born  in  Santo  Domingo,  1777:  died  Fib. 
15,  1851.  An  American  lawyer  and  diplomatist 
of  French  descent.  He  was  chaigd  d'afiaires  at  The 
Hague  1831  and  1845-19,  and  member  of  the  New  York 
legislature  1841-15  ;  author  of  "  Reminiscences  of  Edward 
Livingstone." 

Avezzano  (a-vet-sa'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Aquila,  Italy,  on  the  border  of  Lago 
di  Fueino  (now  nearly  drained)  53  miles  east  of 
Rome.     Population,  6,000. 

A'Tiano  (a-ve-a'no).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Udine,  Italy,  46  miles  northeast  of 
Venice. 

Avianus  (a-vi-a'nus),  or  A'vianius  (-ni-us), 
Flavius.  A  Latin  fabulist,  probably  of  the 
4th  century  A.  D.  He  wrote  forty-two  fables  in  the 
manner  of  JEsop,  in  elegiac  meter.  The  collection  was 
used  as  a  school-book,  and  was  augmented,  paraphrased, 
and  imitated. 

Avicebron.     See  Salomon  ibn  Gebirol. 

A^vicenna  (av-i-sen'a)  (a  corrupt  form  of  Ibn 
Sina).  Born  at  Afsliena,  Bokhara,  Aug.,  980: 
died  at  Hamadan,  Persia,  1037.  The  most  cele- 
brated Arabian  physician  and  philosopher,  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
and  of  treatises  on  medicine  based  ehieiiy  on 
Galen:  surnamed  the  "Prince  of  Physicians." 
His  works,  most  of  which  are  brief,  number  over  100. 
His  writings  upon  Aristotle  were  held  in  great  esteem, 
and  his  "Canon  of  Medicine"  (Cono?i  Medicinte,  in  Ar. 
Kitah  el-qdniini  Jl-tibbi,  1593 ;  L.  trans,  by  Gerardus  Cre- 
monensis,  1595)  was  long  regarded  in  Europe  as  one  of 
the  highest  authorities  in  medical  science. 

Avicenna  (Ebn  Sina)  was  at  once  the  Hippocrates  and 
the  Aristotle  of  the  Arabians ;  and  certainly  the  most  ex- 
traordinary man  that  the  nation  produced.  In  the  course 
of  an  unfortunate  and  stormy  life,  occupied  by  politics 
and  by  pleasures,  he  produced  works  which  were  long 
revered  as  a  sort  of  code  of  science.  In  particular  his 
writings  on  medicine,  though  they  contain  little  besides 
a  compilation  of  Hippocrates  and  Galen,  took  the  place 
of  both  even  in  the  universities  of  Europe :  and  were 
studied  as  models  at  Paris  and  Montpellier  till  the  end  of 
the  17th  century,  at  which  period  they  fell  into  an  almost 
complete  oblivion.  Whewell,  Ind.  Sciences,  I.  279. 

Avidius  Cassius.     General  under  M.  Aurelius. 

Avienus  (a-\i-e'nus),  Kufus  Festus.  Lived 
probably  about  370  A.  D.  A  Roman  poet.  He 
wrote  "  Descriptioorbisterrse" (based  on  the  "Periegesis" 
of  Dionysios),  "  Gra  maritiraa  ''  (a  description  of  the  west- 
ern and  southern  coasts  of  Europe),  "Aratea  phaenom- 
ena"(a  poetical  translation  of  the  "Phenomena"  [Gr. 
.^on'oM^ia]  of  Aratus),  "  Aratea  prognostica,"  etc. 

A'Vigliana  (a-vel-ya'na).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Tui'in,  Italy,  14  miles  west  of 
Turin. 

Avigliano  (a-vel-yii'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Potenza,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bianco 
northwest  of  Potenza.     Population,  13,0fl0. 

A'Vignon  (a-ven-yon').  [In  E.  formerly  Arin- 
ion ;  F.  Avignon,  It.  Aviijnone,  L.  Avonio{n-), 
Aoennio(n-),  Gr.  Ai'cviuv.']  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Vaucluse,  France,  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Rhone,  in  lat.  43°  57'  N., 
long.  4°  50'  E.:  the  Roman  Avenio:  called 
the  "Windy  City"  and  the  "City  of  Bells." 
It  has  a  large  'trade  *in  madder  and  grain,  and  manufac- 
tures of  silk,  etc..  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  and 
formerly  of  a  university.  It  was  a  flourishing  Roman 
town,  and  is  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  the  popes 
1309-76,  to  whom  it  belonged  until  its  annexation  by 
the  French  in  1791.  At  that  time  it  was  the  scene  of 
revolutionary  outbreaks,  and  of  royalist  atrocities  in 
1815.  It  is  associated  with  the  lives  of  Petrarch,  Laura, 
and  Rienzi.  Population  (1891),  43,453.  The  cathedral 
of  Avignon  is  in  great  part  of  the  11th  century.  There 
is  an  octagonal  lantern  with  a  dome  of  Byzantine  appeai"- 
ance,  and  Pomted  barrel-vaulting.  The  sculptured  tombs 
of  Popes  John  XXII.  and  Benedict  XII.  and  the  papal 
throne  remain  in  the  church,  which  is  much  modernized. 
The  palace  of  the  popes  is  an  enormous  castellated  pile, 
built  during  the  14th  century,  with  battlemented  towers 
150  feet  high  and  walls  rising  to  a  height  of  100  feet. 
Much  remains  in  the  interior,  though  now  difficult  of 
access  owing  to  the  use  of  the  palace  as  barracks.  The 
Pope's  Chapel  and  that  of  the  Inquisition  are  both  fres- 
coed, the  latter  by  Simone  Martini. 

A'Vila.  A  proN-ince  of  Spain,  bounded  by  Val- 
ladolid  on  the  north,  Segovia  and  Madrid  on 
the  east,  Toledo  and  C^ceres  on  the  south,  and 
Salamanca  on  the  west.  It  is  a  part  of  Old 
(Castile.  Area,  2,981  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  193,093. 

Avila.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  A\ala, 
situated  on  the  Adaja  58  miles  northwest  of 
Madrid.     It  has  a   cathedral  and  university. 


Avila 

The  cathedral  is  of  early- Polnttd  work,  in  part  castellated 
Jor  defense.  The  etfeut  of  botli  exterior  and  interior 
is  plain  and  somcwliat  heavy  ;  the  good  tracer>'  of  win- 
<li>u's  and  cloister  is  much  blocked  up  to  exclude  the 
liirht  in  the  prevailing  Spanish  fashion.    There  are  some 


456. 


lOX  Ayas 

ab  master  of  the  armies  In  Gaul  he  distinguished    of  Tokio.  Japan,  formerly  a  Japanese  penal 


the  \Vist  ijoths.  but  was  deposed  by  Kiclmcr  after  a  reign 
of  fourteen  montlis. 


i.nts    it  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  of  existing 
\uniples  of  the  kind.    Population  (1887),  lii,93o. 


Avila  (ii'vc-la),Alonzode(<>rteuHntti'uAlon- 

zoDavila).    liovn  iiliijut  14.S5:  died  itlter  Vi'S'. 

iiish  soldier  and  adventurer  in  America.     

it  to  America,  where  his  name  first  appears  as  A'viz7ii-v4z').    A  small  town  iu  the  province 

ider  of  one  of  Grijalva's  ships  in  the  c.vpedition  .  i',,,,..- ,    p,,-.,,„„i    ^|t„.,t,.d  on  ii  Irilmtarv 

to  the  Mexican  coast.     In  1619  he  joined  Cortes,  Alemle.io,  FortUf^al.  »il  i.itnl  on  a  triuuiary 

of  his  most  trusted  captains,  marched  with  him  tlie  Zatas  lO  miles  iiortlieast  ot  Lisbon. 

iz,  and  in  1621  was  his  agent  Aviz,  Order  of  St.  Benedict  of.    A  Portu- 

ling..,  where  he  obtained  im-     „npse  order  iif  kni'ditliood,  ori^inatim;  in  a  inil- 
e,  1.V22,  he  was  sent  to  .spam     .,  ,       ^         i     i  i       ^\e   .        i     iii-t   1 1  it  w, 

:  near  the  Azores  his  ships     itarv  order  fi.inided  by  Alfonso  I..  1 14.}-1 14/ ,  to 


lie  went 

commander 

..f  1518 

was  one  of  his  most  trusted  captains, 

to  Mexico  and  against  -N'arvaez, 

to  the  Audience  of  .Santo  Dom' 

;i')rtant  concessions.     In  Jun  . 

with  treasure  and  despatches:  near  the  Azores  his  ships 

v.-ere  captured  by  tYeiich  corsairs,  and  the  treasure  was 

lost.    Avila  managed  to  have  his  despatches  sent  to  .Spain, 

but  was  himself  kept  a  prisoner  for  sevend  years.    Finally 

i;msomed,  Jie  returned  to  Spain,  was  appointed  contador 
f  Yucatan,  and  si:t  out  for  that  region  as  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  expedition  of  Montejo  (1527).    Arrived  there, 

lie  was  appointed  to  lead  an  expedition  to  a  region  on 

the  west  coa<t,  in  search  of  gold.     He  provoked  conlli(!t»     ,,,     .  t    •         j  ^        x 

with  the  Indians,  was  unable  to  return,  and,  after  terrible     Hheims.      It  is  a  depot  tor  champaf|;ne 

sutferings,  made  his  way  to  Trujillo  in  Hondui-as.     In  Avlona  (iiv-ld'im),  It.Valona  (vii-16'nii).      A 

ln:i7  he  was  engaged  in  another  unsuccessful  expedition     seaiiort  in  Albania,   Turkey,  situated   on  the 

to  Yucatan.  ,     ^      .,        Gulf  of  Avlona,  Adriatic  Sea,  in  hit.  40°  28' N., 

Avila,  Gil  Gonzalez  de.     See  Gnn^alc:  Vanla.     ,„„j,  jgo  3Q'  £  .  {|,g  ancient  Anion  (Gr.  \v7.uv). 
Avila,  Juan  de.  Bom  at  Alraod6var  del  Campo,     population,  about  6,000, 


lumsclfagain!>t  the  Huns  and  Vandals,     lie  olitaincd  the     settlement. 

purple  Aug.  15,  \M,  by  the  aid  of  Theodoric  II.,  king  of   f^^  (iiks)    or  AcQS  (aks).     A  Email  town  in  the 

.■.^..-.h..Ri,.i„...r»ft.rarc.,^n     ,,epartinent  of  AriW  France,  on  the  .Vri&ge 

at  the  foot  of  the  I'jTenees,  21  miles  southeast 
of  Foix:  celebrated  for  its  hot  sulphur  baths. 
It  was  a  Roman  town. 
Axayacatl  (ii-telm-ya-kii'tl).  or  Axayacatzlin 

(ii-tehii-yii-kat/.-len'),  also  Axajacatl.  [Mler- 
ally,  •Faee-in-the-\Vater.']  A  war-chief  or  "  em- 
peror" of  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico  from  1464 
until  his  death  in  1477.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Acam- 
plchtli.  and  a  celebrated  warrior.  lie  made  raids  In 
Tehuantepec  and  on  the  I'acillc  coast,  and  brought  back 
gri-at  tuiiubers  of  victims  for  the  altars.  Tochtepec  and 
llnexotzinco  were  made  tributaries  of  Mixito,  and  Tlate- 
lolcowasconc|uercd.  Hf  »as  Ihefathtr  .■!  .M.iiU /uma  IL 
will,  reigned  at  the  beginning  of  the  Spunbh  ci>Mi(Ue8t. 

Axel.     See  Ahsuloii. 

Azenberg  (iiks'en-bero).  A  mountain  in  the 
canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  near  the  eastern 
shore  of  Uruer  Bay,  Lake  Lucerne,  IS  miles 
soutlieast  of  Lucerne.  At  the  foot  is  "Tell's 
Chapel." 


Wetzer  and  Welte)  of  the  emperor  Avitns.  Hi 
was  the  chief  spokesman  of  the  ortnodoi  In  a  rvligious 
disputation  with  the  Arians  49U;  converted  Sigismund, 
king  of  Burgundy,  from  Arianisni ;  and  presided  at  the 
Council  of  KjiaonefEpaune)  in  517.  His  works  include 
letters,  homilies,  and  poems. 

.       ,  of 

of 


suppress  the  Moors.  It  received  the  papal  conllrma- 
tion  in  1162  as  a  religious  order  under  the  rules  of  St. 
Benedict.  Aviz  became  the  seal  of  the  order  in  1187.  In 
1789  it  was  transformed  into  an  honorar)-  order  for  the  re- 
ward of  militarj-  merit. 


Avize  (ii-vez').     A  small  town  in  the  depart-  Axenstrasse  (iiks'en-strii'se).     A  noted  road 
ment   of   Marne,   France.    20  miles   south   of    leading  along  the  eastern  side  of  Urner  Bay,  in 

^-     ■  '■    ' Switzerland,  from  Brunnen  to  Fliielen. 

Axholme,  or  Axholm  (aks'olm).  An  island 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land, formed  by  the  rivers  Trent,  Don,  and 
Idle.     Its  marshes  were  reclaimed  by  Flemings 


in  the  17th  century. 


Avila,  Pedro  AJias  de,  Kcnerally  called  Pe-     and  .\vonbeg):  celebrated  for  its  picturesque    „.,„„.  „f  tbe  Vardar, 
drarias(pa-dia're-as).  Bornat  Anas,  Segovia,     i„  ;,utv.  Axminster  (aks'min-sti-r).    [AS.  Axon  mynsler, 

pain.  1442:  died  at  Leon,  Nicaragiia,  March  Avogadro  (a-v6-gii'dro),  Count  Amadeo.  l'>"rn    j,.,,.„„    minister,  minster  of   the  Axe  (river).] 


6,  1531.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  administrator. 
After  serving  with  distinction  in  the  Moorish  wars  of  Spain 
and  Africa,  he  was  sent  (1514)  with  a  large  Heet  and  over 
1,500  men  to  Darien  as  governor  of  1  'astilla  del  Oro,  super- 
seding Balboa,  whom  he  imprisoned  and  tried  on  various 
charges.  A  reconcili.-ition  was  ctfcctod,  but  later  (1517) 
Balboa  was  accused  (probably  falsely)  of  planning  a  re- 
bellion, tried,  and  executed  in  the  governor's  piescnce. 
Pedrarias's  government  was  marked  by  rapacity  and 
cruelty.  In  l.'>19  he  founded  Panama  and  made  it  his 
capital.  He  aided,  or  at  all  events  encouraged,  the  enter- 
prise of  Pizarro  and  Almagro  in  search  of  Peru ;  but  on 
■  the  failure  of  the  first  expedition  relimpiishetl  his  share, 
forcing  the  partners  to  pay  him  an  iiidt-niiiity.  In  con- 
sequence of  numerous  coinidaints,  Pedmrias  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  governorship  of  Nicaragua  in  15".i6. 

Avila  y  Ziiniga  (a've-Ui  6  tho'nye-gii),  Luis 
de.  Born  at  Plaeencia,  Spain,  about  1490: 
died  after  1550.  A  Spanish  historian.  He 
wrote  "  Coraentarios  de  la  puerra  de  Alemaiia, 
hecha  por  Carlos  V.,  1546-47"  (1.547). 

Avil6s  (a-ve-las').    A  se 
of  Uviedo,  Spain,  in  1 
56' W.     Population  (1H«7J 

Avil6s  (ii-ve-liis'  \  Pedio  Menendez  de.    See 

M<iii  ii(lr~  lie  Ai  ill's. 


at  Turin,  Au(j.  9,  1776:  died  there,  July  9,  1^56.    j^  (o^^q  ;„  Devonshire,  England,  24  miles  east 
A  noted  Italian  chemist  and  physicist,  profes-    ^f  Exeter,  famous  formerly  for  its  carpet-man- 
sor  at  the  University  of  Turin.    He  was  the  discov-     ufaetures.     Population  (1891),  4,985. 
erer  of  the  law  (named  for  him)  that  equal  volumes  of  Axum  liik-som').     An   ancient  town  of  Tier6, 
gas  or  vapor  at  the  same  temperature  and  pressure  con-  ■^■""'•,.        -,    /„f    i.o   o'   X[      i„,,„    300  45'    E 
tain  the  same  number  of  molecules.  Abyssinia,    in  lat.  14     »     IN.,  long.  *5     *o     r.., 


dier  and  administrator.  Hi-  was  cdlonel  and  after- 
ward  general  in  the  Spanish  army  in  I'ej-ii  ;  took  part  in 
BOppressing  the  rebellion  of  Tupac  Amaru  (l"8i>-81); 
commanded  the  f.irces  agidnsi  Diego  Tupac  Amaru  (178:)); 
and  was  one  of  the  judges  who  condemned  the  rebels 
to  torture  and  death.  He  was  successively  president  of 
Chile  (1795  to  1799),  viceroy  of  llnenos  Ayn-»(179«  to  I811I), 
and  viceroy  of  Peru  (I80I  to  18(Ki),  attalidng  the  military 
grade  of  lieutenant-general.  He  died  while  on  his  way 
from  Peru  to  Spain. 

Avilion.    See  Avalon. 

Avisa(a-vi'sa).     A  volume  of  short  poems  by 
Henry  Willoliie  or  Willoiigliby 

in  1594",  and  predxed  to  the  second  edition  in  1590  are  some 
verses  which  alhnle  to  shakspcre's  "Rape  of  Lucrcee." 
The  poems  exemplify  the  character  of  a  chiuite  woman  re- 
sisting all  the  lemiitations  to  which  her  life  exposes  her. 
The  singular  book  known  as  Willoughby's  Avisa,  which, 
as  having  a  sujiposed  bearing  on  Sbakespere,  and  as  con- 
taining much  of  that  personal  puzzlement  which  rejoices 
crilJcs,  has  hail  much  atUntlun  of  late  years.  Is  not  strictly 
a  collection  of  sonnets  ;  its  poems  being  longer  and  of 
(litfL-ring  stanzas. 

.Sainltburij,  Hist,  of  F.lizabethan  Lit.,  p.  111. 

AvisiO  (a-v6'se-6).     An  alpiiio  vallev  in  soiitli- 


A.V0la  (a'vo-lii).  A  seaport  in  the  pro\-ince  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  12  miles  southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse.    Population,  12,1)00. 

Avon  (a'von),  or  East  Avon.     [A  common 

liver-namel  in  other  British  forms  Aveii,  Evnn, 

Aiiiic,  June,  Aitncij,  Iiineii,  etc.;  from  \V.  <//«», 

Manx  avn,  Gael,  abhninn,  water,  cognate  with 

AS.  ea,  Goth,  nhwa,  L.  aqim.  water,  L.  umiii.y, 

river.     Cf.  .!«.]     A  river  in  Wilts  and  Hants, 

England,  which  flows  into  the  English  Channel 

at  Christehurch  near  the  mouth  of  the  Stour. 

It  passes  Salisbury.     Length,  about  65  miles. 
.1  ,  .  -„-..,    . ^ 

on 
es- 
ter, flowing  Into  Bristol  Channel  7  miles  north- 
west of  Bristol.  On  it  :u-e  Bath  and  Bristol.  Length, 
about  80  miles  ;  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Bristol, 

Avon,  or  Upper  Avon.  A  river  whieli  rises 
near  Naseby,  Xorlliain)d(ni.  England,  forms 
part  of  the"  boundary  between  Northamoton 
and  Leicester,  traverses  Warwickshire,  flows 
in  Worcestershire,  and  joins  tlie  Severn  at 
Tewkesbury  in  Gloucestershire.  It  passes  Rugby, 
Warwick,  Stratford,  and  Evesham.  Length,  nearly  100 
miles. 

Avondale  (av'on-dai).  A  suburb  of  Cmem- 
iKili.  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio 


-,4(5-47"  (l.i47).  It  passes  Salisbury.     Length,  about  iw  miles 

seaport  in  the'  province  Avon,  or  Lower  Avon,  or  Bristtjl  Avon. 

at     43°  Its'  X.    long.  5°     river  in  \\  ills  and  Somerset,  England,  and  c 
N7i    II-  -I't-i   *    '  the  boundary  between  Somerset  and  Glouce 

)oi;,    n,,_.j.j.  .  .,  ■  r_  .  .     T,-_.,   /^.l 1  - :!„., * 


Avonmouth  (li'von-moiitli).     A  small  .seaport 
ill  (iloiieestershir'e,  England,  at  tlio  mouth  of  Avala  (ii-yii'lii),  Adelardo  LopeZ  de 
the  Avon  northwest  of  Bristol.  '''       •      •■'—      ■'    ■    '■  '■'     '^  "       • 

It waslirst  printed  Avont  (ii'vont),  Pieter  Van  den.     Horn  at 

.Meeliliii,  1600:  dietl  at  Deiiiiie,  near  Antwerp, 
Nov.  1,  1052.  A  Uulch  historical  and  laiidscaiie 
painter,  master  of  Antwerp  Gihl  ll'i22-2:t. 


noted  for  its  antiquities.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  Abyssinia,  and  a  religious  center. 

Azumite  Kingdom(aks'um-it  king'dum).  Aa 
ancient  nan f  the  Ethiopian  kingdom. 

Ay,  or  Ai  (ii'e  or  i).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  Franco,  situated  on  the  Marne  ISmiles 
northwest  of  Clmlons-sur-Mariie:  noted  for  its 
wines.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,701. 

AyacuchO  (i-ii-ko'cho).  [(iuiehua,  'corner  of 
death':  so  called  from  an  Indian  battle  which 
took  place  there  in  tlie  14th  century.]  A  small 
plain  in  the  valley  of  the  Venda-Mayu  stream- 
let, near  the  village  of  Quinua,  about  midway 
between  Lima  and  Cuzco,  Peru.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  most  memo/able  battle  in  the  histor)'  of  .South 
America,  in  which  a  veienm  force  of  11,1100  Spanlanls,  under 
the  vlcerov  Iji  Sl•rm^  was  defeated  by  .'l,7^o  palrlols  under 
General  Siicre,  IKc.  11.  1824.  The  battle  la-nted  nlHiut  an 
hour:  the  viceroy  himself  was  taken  prisoner,  his  army 
was  completely  routed  and  forced  to  cnpllulate.  and  the  in- 
dipcnilence  of  S|ianiab  S.mth  America  was  tlnally  secured. 

AyacUChO.  A  department  of  Peru:  corresponds 
lo  the  colonial  intenilenciaoftiiiamanga.  .Xrea, 
2.'),7f;9s<|iiare  miles.    Population,  about  160,000. 

AyaCUCho.  A  city  of  Peru,  cai>ital  of  the  de- 
iiarlment  of  the  same  name,  situated  in  a  val- 
ley 7,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  the  ancient 
Uiianianga  founded  by  I'irarro  In  I.',:*;  the  name  was 
changed  In  li.inor  of  llie  battle  of  Ayacilcho.  The  city  is 
the  »<al  id  a  hlahopric  and  has  a  unlvenilty.  I'opuUllon, 
about  '-"Aooo. 

Bom 

Nlureli,  1K29:  died  Dec  ;iu,  l.sTO.  A  .Spanish 
dramatist  and  polilieian,  )ire»ident  of  tlio 
chamber  iiniler  .Mfoiiso  XII.  Among  his  drmmai 
are  "  Kl  Iniilo  nor  clenio  "  (ISOU  "El  nuevo  Don  Juan* 
(IWlS),  "Con«uelo"(lb7S),  etc 


ment    of    .Mamlie.    I'riii ,   situated    near   the 

See  ;)ll  miles  east  of  St.  ,\Ialo:  the  aneient  Iii- 
geiia.  later  Abrincatie,  a  towiiof  theAbrineatui, 
a  (riillic  trilie.     it  was  fonuerly  a  bishops  seat  and  a 

fortress,  and  had  a  iiote<l  scl I  under  Lnnfmnc.     The 

revolt  of  the  Nu  I'leds  (which  see)  broke  out  here  lOaB. 
Population  (1W>1),  commune,  7,7s:.. 


rn  Tyrol,  east  of  the  .\dige,  and  east  and  south  j^yrancMn   (iiv-roh-sliah').     An   ancienl   divi 


<  .       . 

of  Botzen.     It  is  subdiviiled  into  the  Cembra, 

Fieinmo,  and  Fassa.     Length,  60  miles. 


AvisiO.     A  small  river  of  T\Tol  wliich  joins  the  ^^adsi  (ii-wiid'ze),  or  Awajl  (ii-wii'je).     An 


Adige  north  of  Trent. 
Avlson  (av'i-soii),  Charles.  Bom  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  1711)  (i) :  dii'd  there.  May  9.  1770. 
.\ii  English  composer  and  writer  on  music.  He 
is  best  known  from  his  "  llssny  on  Musical  Expression  ' 
(1762),  in  which  he  placed  Ocnnan  music  below  that  of  the 
French  and  Italians, 

Avitus  (a-vi'tus),  Marcus  Maecilius.   iJicd  at 
Auvergne,  456  A.  D.     Emjieror  of  the  West  4.')5- 


Avranciies  (iiy-roiish').     .\  town  in  the  depart-  Ayala,   Pedro  Lopez   de.     Born   in   Murcia, 
...  ....  .,        .Spain.  i:t;i2:  died  1407.     A  Spanish  poet,  prose- 

wrilir.  and  stiitesmnn.  lie  was  taken  prl»<uier  at 
the  battle  of  Nalinl  (llkiTland  carried  I..  I'likdand.  On 
Ills  r»'turn  he  was  niaiU'  graiul  chancellur  to  llinr)-  U. 
11.-  was  again  ma.b'  prl».iner  at  the  ball!.'  .(  MJiil.arr.dk. 
"  lie  was  in  some  r.»|..  cl«  the  llml  Spanlanl  of  his  age." 
(Tictwir)  His  princli.al  works  nr.'  a  hli.l..ry  -  fnlnleaa 
de  b.s  reyes  de  ("astillai,  etc.,"  an.l  a  ix.em  "El  Kimado 
de  palaiio." 

Ayamonte  (a-yil-mon'ta).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  lliielvB,  Spain,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gnndiana  in  Int.  :17°  13'  N.,  long.  7"  26' 
W.     Population  (IK.s7i,  6,.5S5. 

Ayan  (U-ylln').  A  small  seaport  in  the  mari- 
liiiie  province  of  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Sea  of 
Okhotsk  aboni  2.'>0  miles  southwest  of  Okhotsk, 

„ in  Int.  .'iti'^  17'  N..  h.ng.  13.8°  10'  E. 

Its  leiiglh  is  about  23  Ajas,  or  Ayass  (ii'vUs).     A  small  seaport  in  the 
vilavet  of  Adnna.  .\sialic Turkey. 30miles south- 


sioli 
d< 


S  Normandy,  France,  fiirming  part  of  the 
in  di|mrtnn-iit  of  .Mniu'lie. 


island  of  .lapaii,  lying  between  the  main  island 
and  .Sikokii. 
Awe  (a).  Loch.  A  lake  in  Argjllshire,  Soot- 
land,  8  miles  west  of  Invernry,  boniered  by  Ben 
Cruachan  on  the  north.  lis  outlet  is  by  tin 
Awe  into  Loch  Etive. 
mil 


Awo  Sima  (ll'wo-se'rali).     A  small  island  south     cast  of  Adaiia:  the  ancient  ^U:a>  «!'    *i)iii). 


Ayasaluk 

Ayasaluk,  or  Ayasalouk  (,a-ya-sa-16k').  A  vil- 
lage which  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Ejjhesus,  Asia  Minor. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt,  The.  ['The  again-biting  of 
the  inner  wit,'  or  ■  the  remorse  of  conscience.'] 
A  translation  into  the  Kentish  dialect  in  1340, 
by  Dau  Michel  of  Northgate,  Kent,  a  brother 
of  the  Cloister  of  St.  Austin  at  Canterbury,from 
the  French  of  Frfere  Lorens  (called  iu  Latin 
Laitrentius  GaUus),  of  a  treatise  composed  by 
the  latter  in  1279  for  the  use  of  Philip  III.  of 
Fi'anee,  called  "Le  Somme  des  Vices  et  des 
Vertus."  There  are  other  versions  both  prose  and 
metrical.  It  is  thought  tliat  Chaucer's  "Parsons  Tale" 
was  partly  taken  from  the  French  treatise,  and  that  he  was 
not  ignorant  of  Dan  iJichels  version.    j/wmV. 

Ayesha  (a-ye'shii).  Born  at  Medina,  Arabia, 
about  611:  died  about  678.  The  daughter  of 
Abu-Bekr,  and  the  favorite  ivife  of  Mohammed. 
She  was  married  to  the  prophet  when  only  nine  years  old, 
and  survived  him  by  forty-six  years,  dying  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven.  Her  father,  who  derived  his  name  (Abu-Bekr, 
*  father  ot  the  virgin  )  from  her,  became  the  first  calif 
(successor  of  Mohammtd),  and  she  herself  was  greatly  re- 
vered by  the  Moslems,  being  called  "  the  mother  of  the 
believers"  {Cminu-t-Mu'  minin),  and  exercised  a  consid- 
erable iutluence  on  the  politics  of  Mohammedanism  after 
the  pruptiefs  death. 

Ayhuttisaht.    See  Eliatisaht. 

Aylesbury  (iilz'ber-i).  A  town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  38  miles  northwest  of  London, 
noted  for  its  laces  and  manufactures  of  straw. 
Population  (1891),  8,674. 

Aylesford  (alz'ford).  A  town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Medway  27  miles  south- 
east of  London.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Sedley.  There 
are  British  antiquities  in  the  neighborhood.  Here  the 
Jutes  under  Horsa  defeated  the  Britons  in  455  A.  J>. 

Ayliffe  (a'lif),  John.  Bom  at  Pember,  Hamp- 
shire, 1676:  died  Nov.  5,  1732.  An  EngUsh 
jurist.  He  wrote  "The  Ancient  and  the  Present  State 
of  the  University  of  Oxford"  (1714X  "  Parergon  Juris  Ca- 
nonic! Anglicani ;  or  a  Commentary  by  way  of  Supplement 
to  the  Canons  and  Constitutions  of  the  Chui-ch  of  England" 
(1726X  "  ^'ew  Pandect  of  Koman  Civil  Law  "  (1734),  etc. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford  (Xew  College),  and  was  ex- 
pelled and  deprived  of  his  degrees  in  1714  for  slandering 
the  universitj'. 

Ayllon,  or  Aillon  (il-yon').  Lucas  Vasquez 
de.  Born  about  1475:  died  in  Virginia,  Oct. 
18,  1526.  A  Spanish  lawyer,  judge  of  the  Audi- 
ence of  Santo  Domingo  from  1509.  in  1519  hewas 
sent  by  the  Audience  to  Cuba  to  prevent  Velas(iuez,  gov. 
emor  of  that  island,  from  interfering  with  the  expedition 
of  Cortes  in  Mexico,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In  1520  he  re- 
ceived a  license  to  explore  the  coast  of  Florida,  and  sent 
a  caravel  there  under  Oordilla.  Satisfied  by  his  reports, 
Ayllon  went  to  Spain,  received  a  royal  cedula  to  explore 
and  settle  S'X)  leagues  of  coast,  and  after  sending  a  pre- 
liminary- expedition  under  Pedro  de  Quexos (1.525)  he  sailed 
from  Hispaniola  in  June,  1526,  with  three  ships  and  people 
for  a  colony.  After  running  along  the  coast  he  fixed  his 
settlement,  called  San  Miguel,  at  the  point  where  the 
English  afterward  founded  Jamestown,  Virginia.  There 
he  died  of  a  fever,  and  quarrels  in  the  colony  led  to  its 
abandonment. 

Aylmer  (al'mer).  John.  Born  at  Tivetshall 
St.  Mary.  Norfolk,  England,  1521:  died  at  Ful- 
ham,  near  London,  June  3,  1594.  An  English 
prelate,  made  bishop  of  London  March,  1577. 
He  was  installed  archdeacon  of  Stow  in  June,  1553,  but 
on  account  of  his  heretical  opinions  was  obliged  to  take 
refuge  at  Strasburg  and  Zurich  until  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth.  He  was  an  opponent  of  Puritanism,  and  was 
bitterly  attacked  in  the  Mai-tiu  Marprelate  tracts.  His 
administration  of  his  office  made  him  exceedingly  unpop- 
ular. He  is  supposed  to  be  the"MorreU"("theproude  and 
ambitious  pastour")  of  Spenser's  "Shepherd's  Calendar." 

Aylmer,  Lake.  A  lake  in  British  America, 
northeast  of  Great  Slave  Lake. 

Aymaras  (i-ma-raz').  [Originally  applied  to  a 
small  branch  of  the  Quichuas,  but  by  mistake 
transferred  to  this  tribe.]  A  race  of  Indians, 
anciently  and  properly  called  Colla.",  who,  in 
the  earliest  recorded  times,  occupied  the  region 
about  Lake  Titicaca  and  the  neighboring  val- 
leys of  the  Andes.  They  had  attained  a  considera- 
ble degree  of  civilization  before  they  were  subdued  by  the 
Incas  in  the  13th  and  1 1th  centuries.  They  dwelt  in  stone 
huts,  had  flocks  of  llamas,  and  practised  agriculture. 
Their  most  forniidnble  arms  were  slings  and  bolas  or 
weighted  lassos.  Their  language  is  related  to  the  Quichua, 
and  it  has  been  supposed  that  this  was  the  original  stock 
from  which  the  Quichuas  and  Incas  were  (lerived.  The 
Aymar;\s  are  still  very  numerous,  forming  three  fourths  of 
the  population  of  Bolivia,  with  a  few  in  southern  Peru. 
They  speak  their  own  language  and  cherish  their  ancient 
traditions,  but  are  nominally  Catholics. 

Aymar-Vernay  (a-mar'var-na').  Jacques. 
Born  1662:  died  after  1692.  A  French  peasant, 
famous  as  a  successful  impostor  in  divination. 

Aymer  (a'mer).  or  .ffithelmaer,  de  Valence, 

or  de  Lusignan.  Died  1260.  A  younger  son 
of  Isabella,  widow  of  King  John  of  England, 
and  Hugh,  count  of  La  Marche,  her  second 
husband:  elected  bishop  of  Winchester  Nov., 
1250. 
Aymer  de  Valence.    Died  1824.    The  third  son 


102 

of  William  of  Valence,  half-brother  of  Henry 
in.  He  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Pembroke  in  1296 ; 
led,  as  '•  Guardian  of  Scotland,"  the  van  in  the  attack  on 
Robert  Bruce  in  1306 :  defeated  the  Scots  at  Methven ; 
and  was  defeated  by  Bruce  at  Loudon  Hill  (1307).  Under 
Edward  II.  he  was  one  of  the  chief  opponents  of  the  fa- 
vorite Gaveston  ;  but  he  joined  the  king's  party  when 
Gaveston,  after  his  capture  in  Scarborough  Castle,  was 
put  to  death,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Pembroke 
had  promised  him  his  life. 

Aymer,  Prior.  In  Scott's  '•  Ivanlioe,"  the  prior 
of  Jorvaulx  Abbey,  a  fat  and  cautious  voluptu- 
ary who  is  captured  by  Locksley. 

Ajnnestrey,  or  Aymestry  (am'stri).  A  small 
place  in  Herefordshire,  England,  northwest  of 
Leominster,  noted  for  its  limestone. 

Aymon,  or  Aimon  (a'mon),  or  Haymon  (ha'- 
mon).  A  partly  imaginary  character  who  ap- 
peal's in  the  old  French  romances,  a  prince  of 
Ardennes,  of  Saxon  origin,  who  took  the  ti- 
tle of  Duke  of  Dordogne.  He  was  the  father  of 
Renaud  (Rinaldo),  Guiscard  (Guicciardo),  Alai-d  (Alardo), 
and  Richard  (Richardetto),  the  "four  sons  of  Aymon" 
whose  .adventures  were  written  in  a  chanson  de  geste  of 
the  13th  century  (first  printed  in  1493),  supposed  to  be  by 
Huon  de  Villeneuve.  under  the  title  of  "Les  Quatre  Fils 
d'.Aymon"  (which  see).  The  brothers  appear  in  Tasso's 
"Jerusalem  Delivered,"  Pulci's  "ilorgante  Maggiore," 
Boiardo's  "Orlando  Innamorato,"  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  and  other  French  and  Italian  romances. 

Ayora  (a-yo'ra).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Valencia,  Spain,  50  miles  southwest  of 
Valencia. 

Ayotla  (a-ydt'la),  or  Ayutla  (a-yot'la),  Plan 
of.  The  announcement  of  principles  made  by 
Mexican  revolutionists  at  Ayotla  in  southern 
Mexico,  March  1,  1854:  hence,  the  name  given 
to  the  revolution  which  resulted  in  the  dcwn- 
fall  of  Santa  Anna  in  1855. 

Ayr  (ar).  A  seaport  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Avr  in  the  Firth 
of  Clyde,  in  lat.  55°  27'  N.,  long.  4°  37'  W. 
Ayr  and  its  vicinity  are  noted  from  their  con- 
nection with  Burns.     Population  (1891),  25,213. 

Ayr.  --V  river  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  which  flows 
into  the  Firth  of  Clyde  at  Ayr.  Length,  33 
miles. 

Ayr,  or  Ayrshire  (ar'sher).  A  county  of  Scot- 
land, lying  between  Renfrew  on  the  north, 
Lanark  and  Dumfries  on  the  east,  Kirkcud- 
bright and  Wigtown  on  the  south,  and  the  Firth 
of  Clyde  on  the  west,  it  is  divided  into  Carrick, 
Kyle,  and  Cunninghame  :  is  hiUy  and  mountainous  in  the 
south  and  east ;  and  has  flourishing  agriculture  and  manu- 
factures of  iron,  cotton,  and  wool.  Area,  1,128  square 
miles.     Population  (1891).  226,283. 

Ayrer  (i '  rer).  Jakob.  Died  at  Nuremberg, 
March  26,  1605.  A  German  dramatic  poet.  His 
"Opus  Theatricum"  was  published  in  1618. 

Ayres  (arz),  Romeyn  Beck.  Born  at  East 
Creek.  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20.  1825:  died  at  Fort  Hamil- 
ton, N.  Y.,  Dec.  4, 1888.  An  oflicer  in  the  Mexi- 
can and  Civil  wars.  He  wasgraduated  from  West  Point 
in  1847  ;  remained  in  garrison  at  Fort  Preble  during  the 
Mexican  war:  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Gettysburg,  the 
Wilderness,  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  Five  Forks,  and 
the  battle  on  the  Weldon  Railroad;  and  obtained  the  brevet 
rank  of  major-general  U.  S.  .Amiy  March  13, 1865.  He  was 
promoted  colonel  in  the  regular  army  Jan.  18, 1879. 

A3nres  de  Cazal  (i'rez  de  ka-zal'),  Manuel. 
Born  in  1754:  died  at  Lisbon  about  1823.  A 
Portuguese  historian.  He  took  orders,  and  about  1730 
went  to  Brazil  where  he  was  a  prior  of  Crato  in  tioyaz; 
subsequently  he  lived  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  returning  to  Por- 
tugal in  1821.  He  wrote  the  "Corografia  Brasilica"  (Rio 
de  Janeiro.  1817  and  1845),  a  work  on  the  geography  and 
history  of  Brazil,  of  great  merit. 

Ayrshire  Bard  or  Plo'wman,  The.     Robert 

Btirns. 

Ayrton  (ar'ton),  W.  E.  Born  in  London.  1847. 
An  English  electrician  and  inventor,  professor 
of  nattrral  philosophy  and  telegraphy  at  the 
Imperial  College  of  Engineering,  Tokio,  Japan, 
1872-79.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  applied  physics 
at  the  City  aud  Gilds  of  London  Technical  College,  Fins- 
bury,  in  1879,  and  chief  professor  of  physics  at  the  Central 
Institution,  South  Kensingtiui,  of  the  City  and  Gilds  of 
London  Institute  in  1S&4.  With  Professor  Perry  he  con- 
structed ammeters,  voltmeters,  etc.,  and  with  l*rofessor 
F.  .Tenkin  and  Professor  Perry  de\ised  the  system  of  auto- 
matic electric  transport  called  "telpherage."  His  works 
include  "On  the  Economical  Use  of  Gas-engines  for  the 
Production  of  Electricity  "(1882),  "ElectricitvasaMotive 
Power"  (1879),  "Practical  Electricity"  (1SS7),  and,  with 
Professor  J.  Perrv,  "  Contact  Theory  of  Voltaic  Action  ' 
(1S80).  etc.  » 

Ays  (iz),  or  Hais  (hiz").  An  extinct  Indian  tribe 
of  eastern  and  southeastern  Texas.  They  were  met 
with,  in  the  first  half  of  the  ICth  century,  in  what  is  now 
the  eastern  part  of  Indian  Territory'. 

Ayscue  (as'ku).  Sir  George.  Died  about 
1672.  An  English  admiral,  distinguished  in  the 
wars  against  the  Dutch.  Of  his  early  life  nothing 
is  known.  In  1646  he  was  a  captain  in  the  English 
fleet,  and  was  one  of  those  who  adhered  to  the  Par- 
liament. In  1649  he  was  engaged  on  the  Irish  coast  as 
admiral,  and  in  1651  was  sent  by  Cromwell  to  America, 


Azazel 

in  command  of  a  squadron :  he  reduced  Barbadoes  and 
other  islands  which  had  remained  faithful  to  the  royalists, 
visited  the  coast  of  Virginia,  aud  returned  to  England  in 
1652.  On  July  3,  1652,  he  had  a  fight  with  a  large  Dutch 
fleet  in  the  Downs,  and  on  Aug,  16  he  encountered  De  Ruy- 
ter's  fleet  otf  Plymouth,  both  sides  claiming  the  victory. 
From  1658  until  the  Restoration  he  was  in  Sweden,  and 
on  his  return  was  made  commissioner  of  the  navy.  He 
subsequently  served  against  the  Dutch,  was  captured  in 
the  engagement  off  the  north  Foreland,  June,  1666,  and 
only  released  when  peace  was  declared,  Oct.,  1G67. 

Ayton  (a'ton),  or  Aytoun,  Sir  Robert.  Bom 
at  the  castle  of  Kinaldie.  near  St.  Andrew's. 
Scotland,  1570 :  died  at  London,  Feb.,  1638.  A 
.Scottish  lyric  poet. 

Aytoun  (.I'ton). William  Edmonstoune.  Bom 

at  Edinburgh,  June  21.  1813:  died  near  Elgin, 
Scotland.  Aug.  4.  1865.  A  Scottish  la'wyer, 
poet,  and  man  of  letters.  He  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  "Blackwood's  Magazine."  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
belles-lettres  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  ai»d  sberifi 
of  Orkney.  He  manied  (April,  1S49)  Jane  Emily  Wilson, 
a  daughter  of  John  Wilson  (Christopher  Xorth).  His  chief 
works  are  "Lavs  of  the  ITavaliers"  (1848),  "Firmilian" 
(18M),  "BothweU'  (1856),  "Ballads  of  Scotland"  (1858), 
He  was  associated  with  'Iheodore  Martin  in  the  produc. 
tion  of  the  "Bon  Gaultier  Ballads"  aud  the  "Poems  and 
Ballads  of  Goethe." 

Ayub,  or  Ayoub,  Khan  (a-yob'  khan').  A 
younger  son  of  Shere  Ali,  claimant  to  the  Af- 
ghan throne  after  the  death  of  his  father  (1879). 
He  opposed  the  British  and  Abdurrahman  Khan,  was  gov- 
ernor of  Herat,  and  was  overthrown  by  Abdurrahman 
Khan  in  1881. 

Ayutan.     See  Comaitche. 

Ayuthia  (ii-yo'the-a).  The  former  capital  of 
Siam.  situated  on  the  Menam  45  miles  north 
of  Bangkok.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Btirmese  in 
1767.     Also  TiUhia,  Jiilhia. 

Aywaille  (i-vU'le).  A  to'wn  in  the  pro%-inee  of 
Liege,  Belgivim,  situated  on  the  Ambleve  14 
miles  southeast  of  Lifege.  Population  (1890), 
4,128. 

Azamgarh.     See  A-imgarh. 

Azangaro,  or  Asangaro  (as-an'ga-ro).  A  vil- 
lage of  the  department  of  Puno,  Peru,  in  the 
basin  of  Lake  Titicaca.  In  the  time  of  the  Incas 
it  was  an  important  place,  and  there  are  traditions  that  it 
was  the  hiding-place  of  a  vast  amount  of  their  treasures. 
It  was  the  center  of  operations  of  the  revolutionist  Tupac 
Am.aru  (17S0X  and  he  also  is  reported  to  have  buried  trea. 
sure  in  the  village.  To  archieologists  Azangaro  is  espe- 
cially interest  ing  for  an  ancient  building,  the  Sondor-huasi, 
which  was  the  residence  of  an  Inca  otficer.  It  presents 
the  only  instance  which  has  come  down  to  us  of  the 
thatched  roofs  used  by  the  Incas :  this,  far  from  being  a 
rough  covering,  is  an  elaborate  work  of  art  and  rerj'  ser- 
viceable. 

Azanl  (a-za'ni),  or  Azanion  (a-za'ni-on),  or 
Alzani.  [Gr.  'isOiw.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Phrygia.  Asia  Minor,  situated  in  lat. 
39^  16'  X.  Its  ruins  are  near  the  modern  Chav- 
dur-Hissar. 

Azanza  (a-than'tha),  Miguel  Jose  de.  Bom 
at  Aviz,  Navarre,  1746:  died  at  Bordeaux, 
France,  June  20,  1826.  A  Spanish  statesman 
and  soldier.  When  a  young  man  he  traveled  exten- 
sively in  Spanish  America.  Iu  1795  he  was  minister  of 
war.  From  May,  1798.  to  May,  1800,  he  was  viceroy  of  Xew 
Spain  (Mexico).  He  was  mmister  of  finance  under  Ferdi- 
nand VII.,  afterward  member  of  the  supreme  junta,  and 
presided  over  the  junta  at  Bayonne  in  favor  of  Joseph 
Bonaparte.  Under  Joseph  he  was  successively  minister 
of  justice,  of  the  Indies,  and  of  ecclesiastical  affairs.  .\f  ter 
the  fall  of  the  Bonapartes  he  lived  in  retirement  at  Bor- 
deaux.   Mexicans  call  him  ''the  Bonapartist  viceroy." 

Azara  (a-thii'ra).  Felix  de.  Bom  at  Barbu- 
nales,  Aragon,  May  18.  1746:  died  in  Ai'agon, 
1811.  A  Spanish  naturalist  and  traveler, 
brother  of  Don  Jos^  Nicolo  de  Azara.  He  en- 
tered the  army  and  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier -general, 
taking  part  in  the  Algiers  expedition,  in  which  he  was 
wounded  (1775).  From  1781  to  ISOl  he  was  hi  Paraguay 
as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundaries  be- 
tween the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  possessions,  and  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  studying  the  geography,  history, 
and  zoology  of  this  regii)n.  The  results  were  published 
in  French,  in  a  work  on  the  quadrupeds  of  P;UT»guay  and 
the  Rio  de  la  Pl.ata,  and  in  his  "Voyage  dans  I'Am^rique 
meridionale  "  (Paris.  1809.  4  vols.  Svo,  with  atlas). 

Azara,  Jose  Nicolas  de.  Bom  1731 :  died  1804. 
X  Spanish  diplomatist  and  art  connoisseur, 
brother  of  Felix  de  Azara. 

Azariah.    See  V::iah. 

Azay-le-Kideau  (a-za'16-re-d6').  A  small 
town  in  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire, 
France,  near  Tom-S.  it  contains  a  ch,ateau,  a  very 
fine  example  of  the  Renaissance  manor-house  of  the  16th 
century,  with  cylindrical  flanking  towers,  high  roofs,  and 
dormer-windows. 

Azazeel.    See  Azaziel.  ' 

Azazel  (a-zii-zel').  A  name  which  ocem-s  in  the 
ritual  of  the  day  of  atonement.  Lev.  xvi.  8, 10-26. 
The  high  priest  had  among  other  ceremonies  to  cast  lots 
upon  two  goats.  One  lot  was  inscribed  "  for  "Vahveh  " 
(Jehovah),  the  other  "for  Azazel."  The  goat  upon  which 
the  lot  "  for  "iTahveh  "  fell  was  offered  as  a  sacrifice,  while 
on  the  goat  upon  which  the  lot  "for  Azazel"  liad  fallen 
the  high  priest  laid  his  hands  and  confessed  nil  the  sins 
of  the  people.    The  goat  was  then  led  by  a  man  into  the 


Azazel 

desert,  "  unto  a  land  not  inhabited,"  and  waa  there  let  loose. 
The  autliurized  version  reiidi-rs  Azazel  on  the  margin  by 
"scape  t^ojif  ;  the  revised  version  lias  Az:uel  in  the  text 
and  *'  or  dismissal  "  on  the  margin.  Various  exjilanations 
of  the  word  liave  beenotfered,  such  as,  for  instance,  that  it 
meant  the  goat  sent  away  or  let  louse  (taking  it  as  a  com- 
pound of  ez  nzel),  or  the  place  to  which  the  tjoat  was  sent. 
The  probable  anil  plausible  explanation,  adopted  by  nearly 
all  modern  critics,  is  that  which  takes  it  as  the  proper  name 
of  an  evil  spirit  popularly  supposed  to  have  its  dwelling  In 
the  wilderness.  This  view  is  supported  by  the  antithesis  in 
which  .\Ziuel  is  put  to  Yahveh.  Tllr  rite  iruiy  be  considered 
a  survival  of  an  older  sta^e  of  religions  lielief,  perhaps 
Egyptian,  .Azazel  being  a  substitute  for  Typhon,  who  waa 
also  conceived  as  living  in  the  desert.  In  Arabic  writers 
(Qazwini,  Hariz,etc.).\za2il  isdescrilied  as  one  of  the  jiims 
(genii)  who  for  their  transgression  were  taken  prisoners  by 
the  angels.  Azazil  grew  up  among  tltem  ami  became  their 
chief,  until  he  refused  to  prostnite  liiinself  before  Adam, 
when  he  became  Iblis (despair). the  latln  rot  tlie  .'<haitana 
(evil  spirits,  .Satans).  Tliis  is  reechoed  in  .Milton's  "  Para- 
dise Lost,"  where  Azazel  is  represented  as  the  standard- 
bearer  of  the  infernal  liosts,  cast  out  from  heaven  and  be- 
coming the  embodiment  of  despair.  The  iilentiflcation 
of  Azazel  with  .Satan  is  also  met  in  some  of  the  church 
fathers.    The  etymology  of  the  name  is  ol)scure. 

Azaziel  (a-za'zi-ei),  1.  Ill  Faust's  •'Miracu- 
lous Art  aud  Book  of  Marvels,  or  The  Black 
Raven,''  the  uame  of  oue  of  the  chief  princes 
of  the  infernal  kingdom,  of  which  Lucifer  is 
the  king. —  2.  A  seraph  in  Byron's  "Heaven 
and  Eartli."  He  loves  Auah,  a  mortal,  whom 
he  carries  away  from  earth. 

Azcaputzalco  (az-ka-pot-ziil'ko),  or  Azcapo- 
ZalcO,  or Atzcapozalco.  [Nahuatl,  from  (-i-ull, 
the  ant.]  --V  village  of  Mexico  about  5  miles 
northwest  of  the  capital,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  horse-cars.  It  was  an  old  Aztec  town, 
founded  by  the  Tecpanecs  on  the  western  side  of  the  lake 
of  Tezcuco  in  1168.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  was  tlie 
great  market  of  Mexico,  where  tliore  was  a  regular  sale  (tf 
produce  an(i  slaves.  Cortes  and  his  army  took  refuge  tliere 
after  the  liight  of  the  nrtche  triste.  It  was  the  scene  of  .a 
battle  between  the  .-Spanish  forces  and  those  of  Iturbide, 
Aug.  19,  1821 :  both  sides  claimed  the  victory. 

Azeglio  liid-zal'vo),  Marchese  d'  (Massimo 
Taparelli).  Born  at  Turin,  Oct.  24,  179,S :  died 
at  Turin,  Jan.  1.5,  1866  An  Italian  statesman 
and  author.  He  served  in  the  Italian  revolution  of 
l&iS ;  was  premier  of  Sardinia  1S49-52  ;  and  was  Sardinian 
envoy  to  Romagna  in  1859.  He  wrote  the  novels  "  Ettore 
Fieraraosca  '  (1833),  "Nicol()  de'  Lap!"  (1841),  "Degli  ul 
timi  casi  di  Romagna,"  and  an  autobiograpliy  (18*J7). 

Azemilchus(a-ze-mirkus).  ['Mig!ityking'(!).J 
King  of  Tyre  and  Phenicia.  Dui'iug  his  reign 
T\Te,  after  a  long  siege,  was  conquered  by 
Alexander  the  Great. 

AzerbaySiii  (iiz-er-bi-jan'),  or  Aderbaijan. 
A  province  of  northwestern  Persia,  lying  be- 
tween Russia  on  the  north,  Turkey  on  the 
west,  and  Irak-A.ierai  on  the  southeast:  sur- 
face mountainous.  It  corresponds  in  general  to  the 
ancient  Media  Atropatene.  The  chief  city  is  Tabriz. 
Area  (estimated),  30,000  to  40,000  s(iuare  miles.  I'opula- 
tlon,  1,000,000. 

Azevedo  Coutinho(ii-za-va'd9k6-te'nyo),  Jos6 
Joaquim  da  Cunha.  Born  at  Campos,  Sept.  8, 
1742:  died  in  Portugal,  Sept.  12,  18'21.  A  Por 
tuguese-Brazilian  prelate.  In  1794  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Pernamlmco.  and  in  1818  iu({uisitor-general  of 
Portugal  anil  Brazil,  the  last  who  held  this  oll'.ce.  He 
was  a  noteil  defcTider  of  the  interests  of  Brazil  in  Portll- 
gtil,  and  was  the  author  of  several  historical  and  economi- 
cal works  relalins  to  that  country. 

Azevedo  y  Zuniga,  Qaspar  de.  See  Zililiga  y 
A::eve(lo. 


103 

AzhiDahaka  (ii'zhi  da-ha'ka).  ['Destroying 
sirpout .']  t  iiiginally,  the  cloud-serpent  of  Ar- 
yan mytiiology,  the  "destroying  serpent  of  the 
Avesta";  later,  in  the  heroic  myths  of  the  Irivui- 
aiis,  ail  olil  king  of  Iran.  In  KIrdausi,  as  I).ihidi, 
Dahhak,  or  Tohhak.  he  is  the  son  of  an  Arab  chief  Jlir- 
das  and  dwells  in  Mcso|)Ot.ainia.  He  makes  a  league 
with  Ahrlman,  who  prompts  him  to  compass  the  death 
of  his  own  father  and  succeed  him.  Ahriman  feeds  Da- 
liak  with  llesh,  though  man  had  before  lived  on  fruits. 
In  return  he  wishes  to  kiss  Uahak  upon  the  shoulders, 
whence  there  grow  in  con8c<|uence  two  serjients.  Each 
day  two  men  are  killed  that  the  serpents  may  bo  fed  with 
their  bndns.  Attacking  Iran,  Dahak  puts  Jem  to  liight, 
slays  him  in  l"lllrll^  and  seizes  the  kingdom,  which  he 
holds  during  a  thousand  yeius  of  oppression  and  misrule. 
Overthrown  by  Kave  and  Feridun,  he  was  chained  by  the 
latter  in  Mount  Demavend,  whence  It  is  believed  that  he 
will  at  the  end  of  time  escape  to  spread  destruction  and 
be  slain  by  Keresaspa. 

Azibaal  (a-ze-ba'al).  ['  My  strength  is  the  god 
Ba'al'  (f).]  King  of  -Aradus  (.Arvad),  Pheni- 
cia, appointed  by  Asurbanipal,  the  AssjTian 
king  (lH)8-626  B,  c). 

Azim  lii'zim).  A  lover  of  ZeUcain  the  "Veiled 
Prophet."  He  kills  her  by  mistake  for  the 
latter. 

Azlmech  (az'i-mek).  [Ar.  as-ximak:  mean- 
ing uncertain.]  A  name  applied  both  to  a  Vir- 
ginis  (Spica)  and  to  Arcturus,  but  rarely  to  the 
latter. 

Azimgarh,  or  Azamgarh  (a-zim-,  ii-zam-gur')- 

A  district  in  Benares  division,  Northwestern 
Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26° 
N.,  long.  83°  E.     Area,  2,147  square  miles. 

Azimgaih.  The  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Azimgarh,  situated  on  the  Tons  m  miles  north- 
east of  Benares.     Population  (1891),  19,442. 

Azincourt.     See  Aglncourt. 

Azo  (iid'zo'',  or  Azzo  (M'zo),  PorciUS.  Diid 
1230  ( 120C  t).  An  eminent  Bolognese  jurist,  au- 
thor of  "Summa  codicis,"  and  "Apparatus  ad 
codiceni.''  He  was  a  pupil  of  John  Basaianus,  and 
taught  at  the  University  of  Bologna. 

Azoff,  or  Azof.     See  A:ov. 

Azor  fa'  zor).  The  name  of  the  Beast  in  Mar- 
moiitel's  "  Beauty  and  the  Beast." 

Azores  (a-z6rz'),  or  Western  Islands.  [Pg. 
.((,■()(•(.<,  F.  Azores,  G.  A:iirin  :  so  called  from 
the  liawks  {ni^nrex)  found  there.]  A  grouj)  of 
islands  situated  in  the  Atlantic  800  miles  west 
of  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°-40o  N.,  long.  2.5°-31°  10' 
W.  They  belong  to  Portugal,  and  form  the  province 
Azores,  capital  Aiigra,  with  three  districts— Angra,  Horta, 
and  Ponta  Dclgada.  There  arc  nine  Islands :  Sao  Miguel, 
Santa  Maria,  Terceira,  Sao  Jorge,  Pico.  Fayal,  Graziosa, 
Flores,  and  Corvo.  The  surface  is  volcanic  and  moun- 
tainous, and  the  soil  fertile,  proilucing  oranges,  wine.  etc. 
The  islands  are  a  noted  healtli-resort.  They  were  occu- 
pied by  Portugal  in  1432,  and  colonized  by  Portuguese  and 
Flemings  in  the  lath  century.  Area,  1,(X)6  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  2,'i6,511. 

Azotua  (a-z6'tus).     [Gr.  "ACu^of.]    See  Ashdod. 

Azov,  or  Azof,  or  Azoff  (ii'zof).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Don  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  47°  10' 
N.,  long.  39=  2.")'  E.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks  by 
Peter  the  (ircat  in  ltJ9<i,  and  annexed  to  Russia  In  1774. 
Population,  Itt.Ml. 

Azov,  or  Azof,  or  Azoff,  Sea  of.  A  sea  south  of 
Russia,  communicating  with  the  Black  Sea  by 


Azunl 

the  Strait  of  Venikale:  the  ancient  Palus  Mseo- 
tis.     Its  largest  arm  is  the  Gulf  of  T;igaTUt)g,  and  its 

■  chief  tributary  the  Don.  It  is  very  shidlow.  Length,  220 
miles.    \Vidth,  about  80  miles.    Area,  14,000  sijuare  miles. 

Azpeitia  (ath-pay'te-ii).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  (iuipuzeoa,  Spain,  on  the  Urola  15  miles 
southwest  of  San  Sebastian.  Population  (1887), 
6,616. 

Azrael  (az'rft-el).  In  Jewish  and  Mohamme- 
dan angelologj',  the  angel  who  separates  the 
soul  from  the  body  at  the  moment  of  death,  for 
wliich  he  watches. 

Aztec  Calendar  Stone.    See  Stone  of  the  Sun. 

Aztecas  (az'tek-az).  [Saiil  to  be  derived  from 
Nahuatl  ((--/.'flii,  place  of  the  heron;  but  with 
equal  piobabilitv  from  the  name  of  a  elan  (the 
•  Heron'  clan)  which  left  its  name  to  the  place.] 
A  surname  of  the  Mexican  branch  of  Nahuatl 
Indians  of  central  Mexico.  The  name  "Aztecs" 
has  been  much  misused,  every  sedentary  tribe  having 
been  conceived  to  be  descendants  of  the  people  so  named. 
In  fact,  they  were  a  band  of  Indians  who  had  gradually 
drifted  into  the  valley  of  Mcxico.froin  the  north  (probably), 
and  who,  harassed  by  tribes  of  their  own  linguistic  stock 
which  had  preceded  them  in  the  occupation  of  the  shores 
of  the  lagoon  of  Mexico,  HnallyHedto  some  islands  in  the 
midst  of  Its  watere  for  security.  Improving  uixm  this  al- 
ready secure  position,  they  held  their  own.  and  In  the  end 
turned  uijiui  theU-  neiglilxirs  From  these  petty  tribal 
wars  resulted,  in  the  course  of  the  lith  century,  the  con- 
federacy between  the  Aztecs,  the  Tezcucans,  and  the  Tec- 
panecaiis,  which  became  at  last  formidable  to  all  the  ab- 
origines of  central  Mexico  up  to  the  year  1619,  when  Cor- 
t<5s  put  an  end  to  the  power  of  the  confederates  of  the 
valley  plateau  of  .Mexico.  The  word  Azteea  was  only  a 
surname,  not  the  original  designation  of  the  tribe  ;  and 
the  supposed  connection  of  the  Jleilcans  with  the  New 
Mexican  Puchlos  can  only  be  admitted  when  it  Is  proved 
that  the  Pueblo  languages  are  of  one  stock,  and  that  that 
stock  is  radically  connected  with  the  Nahuatl  of  central 

Mexico. 

Aztecs.     See  A^teens. 

A2tlan  (Szt-liin').  [Nahuatl,  'place  of  the 
Heron.']  \  mythical  site  where  the  Aztecas 
are  said  to  have  dwelt,  or  whence  they  are  rep- 
resented as  having  started  on  their  journey  to 
the  southward.  Its  location  is  not  yet  de- 
lined. 

Azuaga  (ii-tho-a'gii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  57  miles  northeast  of  Seville. 
Population  (1S.S7),  8.2.13. 

Azuay  (athii-i'),  or  Assuay  (as-s6-i').  A  prov- 
ince ill  southern  Ecuador.  Capital,  Ciienea. 
Area,  3,875  square  miles.  Population  (1889), 
132,400. 

Azucena (iid-zo-cha'nii).  Acharacter  inVerdi's 
"II  Trovatore,"  the  old  gipsy  who  stole  Man- 
rico. 

Azulai  (ii-zo-li'),  Hayim  David.  Bom  in  Jeru- 
salem: lived  and  dicil  in  Lcgliom,  Italy.  .\ 
Jewish  scholar  of  the  18t!i  century.  He  wrote 
numerous  works,  the  most  celebrated  being  his  blblh«. 
raphy,  "Shcin  ha-Cedolim"('The  .Vaines  of  theOreal)L 
which  enumerates  more  than  1.300  Jewish  authors,  and 
over  2,200  of  their  works. 

Aznnl  (iid-zii'ne),  Domenlco  Alberto.    Born 

at  Sassari,  Sardinia,  .\iig.  3.  1749:  died  at 
Cagliari,  Sardinia,  Jan.  •J3,  1S27.  .\n  Italian 
jurist  and  legal  and  historical  writer.  He  pub. 
lulled  "SIstema  universale  del  prlnclpj  del  dirltto  ninrll- 
tlino  deir  Europa"  (179.'.).  "  Dfzlonario  delln  glilrispni- 
denza  mercantile"  I1780-8S),  "Hliitolro  de  Sardalgne" 
(1802),  etc. 


^<>5SV,_. 


m^^^^?mmi/m^mmmm 


naader  (bii'der),  Franz 
Xaver  von.  Born  at  llu- 
iiich,  March  27, 1765:  died 
at  Munich,  May  23.  1841. 
A  (jt'itnan  scholar,  ap- 
]iointed  honorary  profes- 
sur  of  philosophy  and 
speculative  theology  at 
the  University  of  Munich 
in  1826:  chiefly  known 
from  his  philosophical  writings.  He  devoted  him- 
self at  first  to  the  study  of  medicine  and  the  natural  sci- 
ences, held  the  position  of  superintendent  of  mines  in 
Munich  (1797),  and  published  various  scientific  and  tech- 
nical works.  His  pllilosophy  was  conceived  under  Roman 
Catholic  influences,  and  was  thcosophical  in  character. 
Uis  philosophical  works  have  heen  collected,  under  the 
editorship  of  I'ranz  Hoffman,  in  16  volumes  (1850-^). 
Baal  (ba'al).  [Phen.  and  Hcb.  ha'al,  lord, 
master.]  The  supreme  god  of  the  Canaanites. 
The  Assyro- Babylonian  form  of  the  name  is  Bttu,  Bel.  He 
was  conceived  as  the  productive  power  of  generation  and 
fertility,  bis  female  counterpart  Ashtoreth  (Astarte,  Ish- 
tar)  being  the  receptive.  His  statue  was  placed  on  a 
bull,  the  symbol  of  generative  power,  and  he  was  repre- 
sented with  bunches  of  grapes  and  p<)megranates  in  his 
hands.  He  was  also  worshiped  as  the  sun-god,  and  was 
represented  with  a  crown  of  rays.  Offerings  made  to  him 
were  incense,  bulls,  and  on  certain  occasions  human  sac- 
rifices, especially  children  (Jer.  xix  5).  The  favorite  places 
of  his  altars  were  heights  and  roofs  of  houses  (Jer.  rxxii. 
29).  His  cult,  like  that  of  Ashtoreth,  was  attended  by 
wild  and  licentious  orgies.  The  various  names  and  epi- 
thets of  Baal  occurring  in  the  Old  Testament  and  else- 
where were  derived  from  his  various  aspects  and  the 
localities  in  which  he  was  worshiped.  So  Baal  Zebub  (in 
the  New  Testament  Beelzebub,  'lord  of  flies')  in  Ekron ; 
Baal  Gad  ('lord  of  good  luck ')  in  Baal  Gad  (Josh.  xi.  17, 
xii.  7),  the  modern  Banias  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Hermon; 
Baal  Peor,  from  the  mountain  in  Moab.  His  general 
name  among  the  Moabites  was  Chemosh  (which  see). 
MiAoch  ('king')  was  his  name  especially  among  the  Am- 
monites. In  Tyre  he  was  worshiped  as  Melcarth  (*  king  of 
the  city ').  identified  by  the  Greeks  with  Hercules.  He  was 
Baal  Berith  ('  lord  of  the  covenant ')  in  the  confederacy 
of  Shechem.  Likethe  Hebrew  JaA  and  El  andtheAssyro- 
BabylonianiJe^f,  Bani entered  largelyinto  thecomposition 
of  proper  names.  .So,  among  numerous  others,  the  names 
of  the  two  celebrated  Carthaginian  generals  in  the  Punic 
wars,  Hannibal  ('Baal  is  gracious  ')  and  Easdrubal  ('Baal 
is  helpful ').  The  worship  of  Baal  was  introduced  into 
Israel  under  Abab  and  his  wife,  who  was  a  Phenician 
princess. 
Baal.  A  king  of  Tyre.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  As- 
syrian cuneiform  inscriptions  as  having  been  made  king 
of  Tyre  by  Esarhaddon  (king  of  Assyria  680-668  B.  c),  but 
rebelled  against  him  and  joined  Tirhakah,  the  Ethiopian 
king  of  Egypt.  On  his  expedition  against  Egypt,  Esar- 
haddon forced  Baal  to  submit  to  the  Assyrian  sovereignty. 
X'nder  Asurbanipal  (668-6'26)  Baal  renewed  his  rebellion 
against  Assyria,  but  was  again  obliged  to  submit. 
Baalath  (ba'al-ath).  A  town  of  Dan,  situated 
probably  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Bel'ain, 
about  2  miles  north  of  Beth-horon. 
Baalbec,  or  Baalbek  (biil'bek),  or  Baalbak 
(bal'bak).  ['The  city  gf  Baal' or  of  'the  sun'; 
Old  Syriae  Ba'aldak :  the  modern  Al-Bulaa 
(the  valley).]  An  ancient  city  of  Syria,  sit- 
uated on  the  slope  of  Anti-Libanus  34  miles 
noi'thwest  of  Damascus:  the  Greek  Heliopolis 
('city  of  the  sun'),  famous  for  its  ruins,  it  was 
a  center  of  the  worship  of  Baal  as  sun-god,  whence  both 
the  original  and  the  Greek  names.  The  city  was  a  Roman 
colony  (Colonia  Julia  Augusta  Felix)  under  Augustus,  and 
was  adorned  (great  temple)  by  .\ntoninus  Pius.  It*  fall 
began  with  its  capture  by  the  .\rabs,  and  it  was  totally 
destroyed  by  .in  earthquake  in  1759.  The  site  is  famous 
fi.r  the  ruins  of  the  two  great  temples  on  its  acropolis. 
The  older  portions  of  the  acropolis  wall,  made  of  huge 
stones,  are  of  Phenician  or  kindred  origin,  and  date  from 
the  time  when  the  worship  of  Baal  was  still  supreme.  All 
the  structures,  except  the  parts  of  the  wall  mentioned, 
are  late  Roman  in  time,  and  are  very  effective  from  their 
grouping,  their  great  size,  and  the  beauty  of  the  mate- 
rials. Baalbec  has  been  known  to  Europeans  since  the 
16th  centurj'.  and  its  monuments  have  been  studied  and 
drawn  by  many  explorers. 
Baal  Peor  (ba'al  pe'or).  See  Jiaal. 
Baan  (ban),  or'lBaen,  Jan  van  der.  Born  at 
Haarlem,  Feb.  20,  1633:  died  at  Amsterdam, 
1702.  A  Dutch  portrait-painter.  His  son  Jacob 
der  Baan  (born  at  The  Hague,  March,  1672: 
died  at  Vieima,  April,  1700)  also  practised  the 
same  art. 
Baanites  (ba'an-its).  The  followers  of  Baanes, 
a  Paulician  of  the  8th  and  early  part  of  the 
9th  century. 


Baar  (bar).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Zug, 
Switzerland,  15  miles  northeast  of  Lucerne. 

Baar  (bar),  The.  An  elevated  and  broken  re- 
gion in  southwestern  Wib'temberg  and  south- 
eastern Baden,  lying  about  the  head  waters  of 
the  Neckar  and  Danube. 

Bab  (bab).  Lady.  A  character  in  the  Rev. 
James  Townley  s  farce-comedy  ''High  Life 
Below  Stairs,"  taken  by  Kitty,  the  maid  of 
Lady  Bab,  who  impersonates  her  mistress  and 
is  so  called  by  her  fellow-servants. 

Bab  (bab),  or  Bab-ed-Din  (bab'ed-den').  A 
title  first  assumed  by  Mohammed  Ali  (put  to 
death  in  18.50),  founder  about  1843  of  the  Per- 
sian sect  named  Babi,  which  revolted  against 
the  government  in  1848.     See  Babi. 

Bab  Ballads,  The.  A  volume  of  amusing  verse 
by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  published  in  London  1868. 
These  poems  appeared  originally  in  "Fun." 

Baba  (ba'ba),  Ali.  A  character  in  the  storv  of 
'•  The  Forty  Thieves  "  in  •'  The  Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments,"  who  makes  his  way  into  the 
secret  cave  of  the  forty  thieves  by  the  use  of 
the  magic  words  ' '  open  sesame  "  (the  name  of 
a  kind  of  grain). 

Baba  (ba'ba).  Cape.  A  promontory  at  the 
westei-n  e.xtremity  of  Asia  Minor,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  Adramyttium. 

Baba,  Hajji.  The  principal  personage  in  a 
novel  by  James  Morier,  "The  Adventures  of 
Hajji  Baba  of  Ispahan,"  published  in  1824. 

Baba  Abdalla  (ba'ba  ab-dal'la).  A  blind 
man,  in  a  story  in  "  The  Arabian  Nights'  En- 
tertainments," who  becomes  rich  through  the 
kindness  of  a  dervish.  His  covetousness  makes  him 
demand  also  a  box  of  magic  ointment  which,  when  ap- 
plied to  the  left  eye,  reveals  all  hidden  treasures,  but 
when  used  on  the  right  produces  total  blindness.  Doubt- 
ing this,  he  applies  it  to  both,  and  loses  sight  and  riches. 

Bababalouk.  The  chief  eunuch  in  Beckford's 
"Vathek,"  a  most  "royal  and  disgusting  per- 
sonage."   The  name  is  not  original  with  him. 

Babadag  (ba-ba-dag').  A  town  in  the  Do- 
brudja,  Rumania,  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,  long.  28° 
40'  E.     Population,  3,101. 

Babar.     See  Baher. 

Babbage  (bab'aj),  Charles.  Bom  near  Teign- 
mouth,  Devonshire,  Dee.  26,  1792 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  18,  1871.  A  noted  English  mathe- 
matician, one  of  the  founders,  secretaries,  and 
■vice-presidents  of  the  Astronomical  Society, 
and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge 
(1828-39).  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  inventor  of  a 
calculating  machine  which,  after  many  years  of  toil  and 
a  large  expenditure  of  money,  he  failed  to  perfect.  He 
published  a  treatise  "On  the  Economy  of  Machinery  and 
Manufactures"  (1st  ed.  1832),  a  table  of  logarithms,  and 
many  minor  works. 

Babbitt  (bab'it),  Isaac.  Born  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  July  26,  1799 :  died  at  Somerville,  Mass., 
May  26,  1862.  An  American  inventor  and 
manufacturer,  a  goldsmith  by  trade,  noted  for 
the  discovery  of  the  anti-friction  metal  (an 
alloy  of  tin  with  copper  and  antimony)  which 
bears  his  name. 

Babcock.(bab'kok),  Orville  E.  Born  at  Frank- 
lin, Vt..  Dec.  25,  1835:  died  June  2.  1884.  An 
American  general.  He  served  as  aide  de-camp  to 
General  Grant  in  the  Civil  War,  and  when  Grant  became 
President  acted  for  a  time  as  his  private  secretary.  He 
was  indicted  in  1876  by  the  grand  jury  of  .St.  I.ouis  for  com- 
plicity in  revenue  frauds,  but  was  acquitted  with  the  aid 
of  a  deposition  by  President  Grant.  He  was  promoted 
colonel  July  25,  1866. 

Babcock,  Bufus.  Bom  at  North  Colebrook, 
Conn.,  Sept.  18,  1798:  died  at  Salem,  Mass., 
May  4,  1875.  An  American  Baptist  clergyman. 
He  was  graduated  from  Brown  University  1821 ;  was  pres- 
ident of  Waterville  College  (Colby  I'niversity),  Maine, 
1833-37;  served  as  pastor  of  several  Baptist  congrega- 
tions; and  was  the  founder  and  editor  of  the  "Baptist 
Memorial." 

Babek  (ba'bek).  Died  837.  A  Persian  rebel  and 
religious  leader,  surnamed  "Khoremi"  ('the 
sensualist')  on  account  of  the  libertine  prin- 
ciples which  he  inculcated.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
and  put  to  death  after  having  defied  for  a  time  the  entire 
forces  of  the  calif  Motassem. 


Babel  (ba'bel).     Same  as  Babylon  (which  see). 

Bab-el-Mandeb  (b;ib-el-man'deb).  [At.,  'gate 
of  tears.'  from  its  dangerousness.]  A  strait, 
20  miles  wide,  connecting  the  Red  Sea  with 
the  Indian  Ocean,  and  separating  Arabia  from 
eastern  Africa.  In  it  is  the  island  of  Perim, 
occupied  by  the  British. 

Bab-el-Mandeb,  Ras  (Cape).  The  southwest- 
ern headland  of  Arabia,  which  projects  into- 
the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 

Babenberg  (bS'ben-bero).  A  princely  family 
of  Francouia.  prominent  in  the  9th  and  10th. 
centuries,  whose  castle  stood  on  the  site  of  the 
modern  Bamberg.  The  Austrian  dynasty  of 
Babenberg,  which  ruled  from  about  976  to  1246, 
was  formerly  supposed  to  have  been  descended 
from  this  Franeonian  house. 

Babenhausen  (ba'ben-hou-zen).  A  small  town 
in  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Giinz  22  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Ulm :  the  seat  of  a  former  imperial 
lordship. 

Babenhausen.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Starkenburg.  Hesse,  on  the  Gersprenz  15  miles 
southeast  of  Frankfort -on-the-Main. 

Baber  (ba'ber),  or  Babar  (ba'bSr),  or  Babur 
(ba'bor)  (Zehir-Eddin  (or  Zahif  al  dini  Mo- 
hammed). Born  Feb.  4,  1483:  died  Dec.  28. 
1530.  A  great-grandson  of  Timur :  the  founder 
of  the  so-called  Mogul  empire  in  India.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  Ferghana  in  1494,  conquered  Kashgar,. 
Kunduz,  Kandahar,  and  Kabul,  and  in  1525  and  1526  India. 
He  wrote  in  the  Tatar  language  memoirs  afterward  trans- 
lated into  Persian  and  from  that  into  various  Western 
languages. 

This  dynasty  is  commonly  known  as  Mogul,  both  in  and 
out  of  India  ;  but  Baber  was  for  all  practical  purposes  a 
Turk.  His  memoirs  were  written  in  Turkish  ;  his  army 
was  chiefly  Turkish ;  and  he  always  speaks  of  the  real 
Moguls  with  extreme  dislike.  The  cause  of  the  misnomer 
is  that  the  name  Mogul  is  in  India  loosely  applied  to  all 
strangers  from  the  North,  much  in  the  same  way  as  that 
of  Frank  is,  throught»ut  the  eastern  world,  to  all  stranger* 
from  the  West  It  is  even  applied  to  the  Persians,  with 
hardly  more  reason  than  the  Persians  themselves  have 
for  calling  the  Ottoman  Turks  Romans. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Saracens,  p.  192. 

Babes  in  the  Wood.    See  ChUrlren  in  the  Wood. 

Babeuf  (ba-bef).  or  Baboeuf,  Francjois  Noel: 
pseudonym  Caius  Gracchus.  Born  at  St. 
Quentin,  France.  1760(1762?):  died  at  Paris, 
May  28,  1797.  A  French  agitator  and  commu- 
nist. He  founded  a  journal  called  "  La  Tribune  du  Peu- 
ple  "  (1794X  in  which  he  advocated  absolute  equality  and 
community  of  property.  In  1796  he  organized  a  conspir- 
acy against  the  Directory  for  the  purpose  of  putting  his 
theories  into  practice,  but  was  betrayed,  and  executed, 
together  with  his  principal  accomplice,  Darthe.  'His  sys- 
tem of  communism,  known  as  Babmwi^me,  is  set  forth  in 
his  principal  works, "  Cadastre  perpStuel "  (1789)  and  "  Da 
systeme  de  population  "  (1794). 

Babi  (bab'e),  or  Babists  (biib'ists).  A  Persian 
sect  of  Mohammedans,  so  called  from  bab,  '  a 
gate,'  the  name  assumed  by  the  founder  of  the 
sect,  who  claimed  that  no  one  could  come  to 
know  God  except  through  him.  it  was  founded 
about  1843  by  Seyd  Mohammed  Ali,  a  native  of  Shiraz.  On 
the  accession  of  the  sliah  Nasr-ed-Din  1848,  the  sect  broke 
out  into  revolt,  prticlaiming  the  Bab  as  universal  sover- 
eign, and  was  put  down  only  after  several  Persian  armies 
had  been  routed.  The  Bab  was  executed  1850.  An  at- 
tempt on  the  life  of  the  shah  in  1852  by  three  Babists  oc- 
casioned a  terrible  persecution,  in  spite  of  which  the  sect 
survives.  The  Babi  form  a  pantheistic  oifshoot  of  Mo- 
hammedanism, tinctured  with  Gnostic,  Buddhistic,  and 
Jewish  ideas,  inculcate  a  high  morality,  discountenance 
polygamy,  forbid  concubinage,  asceticism,  and  mendi- 
cancy, recognize  the  equality  of  the  sexes,  and  encoiu'age 
the  practice  of  charity,  hospitality^  and  abstinence  from 
intoxicants  of  all  kinds. 

Babia-Gura  (bii'bya-go'ra).  A  group  of  the 
Carpathians,  near  the  borders  of  Hungary  and. 
Galicia,  southwest  of  Cracow. 

Babie(;a.     The  name  of  the  Cid's  horse. 

Babinet  (bii-be-na').  Jacques.  Born  at  Lusi- 
gnan.  France.  March  5, 1794:  died  at  Paris,  Oct. 
21,  1872.  A  French  physicist,  meteorologist, 
and  astronomer. 

Babington  (bab'ing-ton),  Anthony.  Bom 
at  Dethick,  Derbyshire,  Oct.,  1561:  executed 
Sept.  20,  1.586.  An  English  Roman  Catholic 
conspirator.    He  was  page  for  a  time  to  Mary  Queen 


Babington 


Babylas  (bai)'i-las),  or  Babyllus  (-lus) 

BabilaC-lii),  Saint.  Died  250.  Bishop  of  Anti 


of  Scots  during  her  iinprisoiiment  at  Sheffield,  and  later 
leader  (under  the  izuiiiaiice  of  various  (.'athulic  priesta, 
particularly  of  Johu  Ballard)  of  a  couspiracy  for  the  mur- 
der of  Elizalieth,  the  release  of  Mary,  and  a  general  rising 
of  tlie  Catholics. 

Babism  (liiib'izm).  The  religion  of  the  Babi 
(wliich  si-i-j. 

I  Babley,  Richard.    See  Dick,  Mr. 
Babo  (ba'bo),  Josef  Marlus  von.    Born  at 

Eliiuiibreitstein,  Jan.  14,  IToG:  died  at  Munich, 
Feb.  ;">,  1.S22.  A  Gt-nuan  dramatic  poet.  He  be- 
came professor  of  fine  art-s  at  Munich  17TS,  and  at  his  death 
was  a  theatrical  manatrer  in  the  6:inie  city.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  histoiical  tragedy  "Otto  von  Wittelsbach " 
(17S1),  etc. 

Bab6csa  (bo'bo-eho).  A  town  in  the  ooimty  of 
SiimiM;.  Hungary,  situated  near  the  Drave. 

Baboeuf.     See  Babeuf. 

Baboon  (ba-bon'),  tjewis  and  Philip.  Char- 
acters in  Arbuthnot's  '"History  of  John  Bull," 
representing,  respectively,  Louis  XIV.  and 
Philip  of  Boiu'bon,  due  d'An.iou. 

Babrius  (ba'bri-us),  or  Babrias  (ba'bri-as),  or 
GabriaS  (ga'bri-as).  [Ur.  Tia;ipio^,  Majipiac^,  or 
Tu  iiiinrS\  A  Greek  writer  of  the  1st  century 
I'.,  c,  who  put  into  choliambic  verse  the  fables 
attributed  to  .^Esop. 

Babua  (bii'bwii),  or  A-babua  (il-ba'bwa).  An 
African  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  south  of  the 
Welle  Kiver. 

Ba-BumantSU  (ba-bo-miin'tso).     See  Bushmen. 

Babur.     See  Buher. 

Babuyan  Islands  (bii-bo-yan'  i'landz).  A  group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Philippines,  noi-th  of 
Luzon. 

or 
fAntioch 
from  about  237  to  250,  in  which  latter  year  he 
suffered  martyrdom.  In  the  Catholic  Church 
his  day  is  .Jan.  24 :  in  the  Greek  Sept.  4. 

Babylon  (bab'i-lon).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
capital  of  Babylonia,  situated  on  the  Euphra- 
tes in  lat.  32°  bO'  N.,  long.  44°  30'  E. ;  Babel. 
The  etymology  of  the  name  is,  as  ascertained  hy  many 
passages  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions.  bah-Ui,  Kate  of 
liod.  The  explanation  of  Geii.  xi.  9,  'confusion,'  from 
the  Hebrew  halal,  is,  as  in  many  other  instances,  based 
on  a  pt)pular  etymology.  Its  Persian  name  was  Hahirug. 
It  was  situated  in  the  south  on  the  Euphrates,  and  its 
ruins  are  spread  out  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  Babylon 
was  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  .\lesniw)taniia  (comi>are  (Jen. 
X.  10),  and  was  the  undisputed  capital  of  Babylonia  at 
the  time  of  the  Elamite  conquest  teiio  n.  c),  remaining 
this  till  the  end.  As  capital  of  the  country  it  shared 
in  all  its  vicissitniles,  and  was  the  principal  aim  of 
the  Assyrian  invasions.  It  was  flrst  cotuiuered  by  the 
Assyrian  king  Tiikulti  Adar  about  l;)00  B.  c. ;  then  by 
Ticlatli-l'ilescr  I.  about  1110  a.  c.  Of  Shalmancser  II. 
(8<30-S24  B.  c.)and  his  son  and  grandson  it  is  recorded  tllat 
they  victoriously  entered  Babylon  and  sacrificed  there  to 
the  gods.  It  was  customary  with  the  AssjTiau  kings,  in 
order  to  be  recognized  as  fully  legitimate  kings,  to  go 
to  Babylon  and  there  perform  the  mysterious  ceremony 
termed  by  them  "seizing  the  bands  of  Bel."  .Sennacherib 
sacked  it  tino  B.  c,  and  completely  razed  it  to  tlie  ground. 
His   son  and  successor   Esarhaddon   undertook,  eleven 

?ear8  later,  the  restoration  of  the  city.  But  it  was  under 
rabopolofisar,  the  founder  of  the  new  Babylonian  empire, 
625-604  B.  c,  and  especially  under  his  successor  Nebu- 
chadnezzar, 605-662  B.  c,  tliat  it  beiame  "Babylon  the 
great."  The  ruins,  now  covering  both  banks  of  tlie  Eu- 
phrates, are  those  of  the  Babylon  of  these  kings  and  their 
successors,  and  convey  some  idea  of  its'fonner  inagidtudc 
and  splendor.  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  took  more  pride  in 
the  buildings  constructed  under  his  auspices  than  in  his 
victorious  campaigns,  concentrated  all  his  care  upon  the 
adorning  and  beautifying  of  his  resilience.  To  this  end 
he  completed  the  fortification  of  the  city  begun  by  his 
father  Nabopolassar,  consisting  in  a  double  inclosureof 
mighty  walls,  the  inner  called  lm(mrB,'l  ('Bel  la  gra- 
cious '),  the  outer  Nemitti-Uel  ('foundation  of  Bel  *).  The 
circumference  of  the  latter  is  given  by  Herodotus  (178  If.) 
as  having  been  alKiut  ."..^  miles  (480  stades),  its  height 
about  !M0  feet,  and  its  thickness  about  85  feet.  CtCBiM 
(in  Died.  Sicul.  II.  7  If.)  gives  somewhat  smaller  numlwrs. 
According  to  both  these  writers  the  wall  was  strengthened 
by  2.'.0  towers  and  pierced  by  lOO  gates  of  bra.ss  (compare 
also  .ler.  1.16;  II.  53,  58).  The  city  itself  was  adorned  with 
numerous  temples,  chief  among  them  Esagila  ('  Ihe  high- 
towering  house ").  temple  of  the  city  and  of  Ihe  national 
god  Merodach  (Babylonian  ilarduk)  with  his  s|)OUse  Zir- 
panit  In  the  neighborhood  of  It  was  the  royal  i)alace, 
the  site  of  which  was  identltled  with  the  ruins  of  Al- 
Kaar  Sloping  toward  the  river  were  the  Hanging  (iar- 
deiis,  one  of  the  seven  womlers,  the  location  of  which  is  in 
the  northern  mound  of  ruins,  Itabll  The  temple  ilescrltied 
hy  Herodotus  is  that  of  Nebo  in  Borsippa,  not  far  from 
Babylon,  which  Herodotus  Included  under  Babylon,  and 
which  also  in  the  cuneiform  Inscriptions  is  called  "  Baby- 
lon the  second  "  This  temple,  wlllch  In  the  mound  of 
Birs  Nimnid  represents  llie  most  imposing  min  of  Baby- 
lonia, Is  termecf  in  the  Inscriptions  Ezida  ('the  eternal 
house'),  an  ancient  sanctuary  of  Nebo  (Assyrian  N«lni\ 
and  was  restored  with  great  splendor  by  Nehuchadnerjar 
It  represents  In  Its  cimslrucllon  a  sort  of  nyranild  built  In 
seven  stages,  whence  it  is  B<unellme»  called  "temple  of 
the  seven  splieresof  heaven  and  earth. "and  It  isassumeil 
that  the  narrative  of  Ihe  "lower  of  Babel"  In  Oen.  xi. 
was  connected  with  this  temple.  Concendng  Babylon 
proper  Herodotus  mentions  that  It  had  wide  streets  lined 
with  houses  of  three  and  four  stories.  In  the  conquest 
of  fyrus,  538  B.  c,  the  city  of  Bahvlon  was  spared. 
Darius   Hystaspes  razed   its   walls  and   towers.     Xerxes 


106 

(486-466  a  c.)  despoiled  the  temples  of  their  golden  slat- 
ues  and  treasures.  Alexander  the  Great  wished  to  restore 
the  city,  but  was  prevented  by  his  early  death.  The  de- 
cay of' Babylon  was  haslened  by  the  foundation  in  its 
neighborhi.KKl  of  Scleiicia,  300  B.  c.  which  was  built  from 
the  lUiiis  of  BabyUui.  The  last  who  calls  himself  in  an 
inscription  "king  of  Babylon,  restorer  of  Esagila  and 
Elida,  ■  was  .\nliuchns  the  Great  (2-iS-187  B.  C).  In  the 
time  of  I'liuy  (23-79  A.  b.)  Babylon  was  a  deserted  and 
dismal  place.  In  the  tlgurative  language  of  the  Apoca- 
lyi)se  LaOtjlun  Is  used  for  the  city  of  the  Antichrist. 

Babylon.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
E^'\|.t.  (.11  the  Nile  opposite  the  Pyramids. 

Babylon,  A  towu  on  the  south  sliore  of  Long 
Island,  in  Suffolk  Couutv,  New  York  .'tO  miles 
east  of  Brooklyn.     Pojiulation  (1900),  7,ir2. 

Babylon,  Modem.    A  name  frequently  given 

to  London. 

Babylonia  (l>ali-i-lo'ni-ii).     See  Buhylon. 

Babylonian  Captivity.  1.  The  period  of  the 
e.\ile  of  the  Jews  in  Babylon:  usually  reck- 
oned as  70  years,  though  the  actual  period 
from  the  destruction  of  the  temple  and  Jeru- 
salem to  the  return  was  not  uiore  than  .50  years. 
In  605  B.  c.  Nebuchadnezzar  attacked  Jerusalem  a'nd  car- 
ried off  many  prisoners.  In  597  Ihe  city  was  again  attacked 
and  the  king  Jehoiacbin,  his  household  and  lu,ooo  of  the 
tlower  of  the  nation,  were  carried  away.  In  TvliO  the  city 
w;as  captured  after  a  siege,  the  city  nml  temple  were 
bunied,  and  the  inhabitants  massacred.  The  sunivors  were 
carrietl  off  to  P.abylonia.  This  was  the  beginning  of  Ihe 
Biibylonian  cajitivily  proper.  In  .■>:i6, Cyrus, after  cn[iliiring 
Babylon,  granted  the  exiles  permission  to  return  ;  and  a 
colony  of  4*2,300  persons  availed  itself  of  the  privilege. 
2.  That  period  in  the  history  of  the  papacy  in 
the  14th  century  when  the  popes,  exiled  from 
Italy,  lived  at  Avignon  under  French  influences. 
Tlieir  stay  in  Franco  lasted  about  70  years. 

Babylonica  (bab-i-lon'i-kii).  An  ancient  ro- 
mance in  thirty-nine  books,  by  lamblichus,  a 
Syrian  rhetorician  of  the  time  of  Trajan.  It  ex- 
isted in  manuscript  until  near  the  end  of  the  17th  centun-, 
when  it  waa  destroyed  by  fire.  An  epitome  of  it  is  given 
by  Photius.  It  u.arrates  the  adventures  of  two  lovers, 
Khodanes  and  Sinonis,  in  their  Hight  from  King  GiUTiius 
of  Babylon,  and  their  attempt  to  evade  his  two  eunuchs, 
Damas  and  Saca,  sent  in  pursuit  of  them. 

Baca  (ba'kii),  Valley  of.  [Hob.,  •  valley  of  Iml- 
sam-trees'J.  A  valley  refeiTed  to  in  the  Old 
Testament  (Ps.  Ixxxiv.  6),  probably  El-Bakei'a, 
between  Ji-rusali-ni  and  Bethlehem. 

Bacairfs,  or  Bakaiiis,  or  Bacahirfs  (bii-kii-e- 

rez'),or  Bacurls  (lja-ko-iez').  An  Indian  tribe 
of  central  Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters  of 
the  Xingii  and  Juriiena.  A  few  hundred  have  submit- 
ted to  the  whites  and  serve  as  herdsmen  and  laborers.  They 
have  no  intercourse  with  the  wild  Baeairis,  who  are  much 
more  numerous.  The  latter,  who  were  first  visited  by 
Von  den  Steinen  in  1B8<I,  go  nidied.  live  partly  by  agri- 
culture, and  liave  permanent  villages.  By  their  language 
they  are  classc<l  with  the  Carib  stock. 

Bacapa,  Saint  Ludo'yicus.    [Pima,  from  rn(*-i, 

ruined  Iniildiiig  or  house.]  An  abandoned  mis- 
sion in  southeastern  Arizona,  founded  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  17th  ecntnrv,  and  often  con- 
founded with  Vacapa  (now  lifatape)  in  central 
Sonora. 

Bacau.    See  Bal-au. 

Bacbuc  (biik-biik').  The  priestess  of  the  temple 
in  Kalielnis's  "Pantagruel." 

Baccarat  (biik-kii-rii').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurlhe-et-Moselle,  France,  situated 
on  the  Weiiiihe  15  miles  southeast  of  Lun^- 
ville:  celebrated  for  its  glass-works.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  .5,723. 

Bacchae  (bak'e).  The.  [Gr.  RAxxa',  the  Baccha- 
nals.] A  pla.v  of  Kiiripiiles,  assigned  to  a  late 
perii)d  in  Ihe  life  of  I  he  dramatist.  Uwascom|H>sed 
for  the  court  of  Archelaus,  nml  Is  fournled  on  Ihe  punish. 
ir.ent  of  I'enlbeus,  "who,  with  his  family.  Jeers  at  Ihe 
worship  of  Dionysus,  and  endeavors  to  put  It  down  by 
force.  Uis  inolher  Agave,  and  her  slstcni,  are  driven 
mad  Into  the  mountains,  where  they  celebrate  Ihe  wild 
orgies  <if  Baeebns  willi  many  attendant  lulrncles.  Pen- 
theus,  who  111  llrst  attempts  lo  Imprison  the  goti,  and 
tlien  lo  put  down  the  Bacchanals  by  force  <if  arms,  Is  de- 

firlve<l  of  his  senses,  is  made  rhllenlous  by  being  dressi*>l 
II  female  coslume.  and  le-d  out  by  Ihe  goil  to  lln-  wilds  of 
CllhMron,  wbeie  he  is  lorn  In  pieces  by  Agave  and  other 
princesses"  (.Ifa/irt/!/.  Hist,  of  llassical  Greek  I.ll,  I  .173). 

BaCChiadaB  l  lia-ki'n-de).  [Hr.  llfM.i'nilui.]  A 
ruling  family  of  t'oriiilh,  a  brunch  of  the 
Heraelida':  so  named  from  Bacchis,  king  of 
Corinth  1I2(>-891  B.  r.  They  nilCKl  ("orlnlh  first  un- 
der a  monarchical  form  of  government,  then  as  a  close 
oligarchy  from  Vin  II,  i:  till  tlicir  <lepi>sltlun  by  <'yp«<dus, 
about  f..'.'7  11.  r. 

Bacchiglione  (biik-k('-lvr>'ne).  A  river  in 
norllienslerii  llaly  wliicli  flows  past  Viecnza 
anil  I'ndun  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Venioe. 
I/eiit;lli,  alioiit  HO  miles. 

Bacchus  (bak'iis).  [L.,  Or.  V6kxik,  another 
name  of  Dionysus,  the  pod  of  wine;  also  one 
of  his  followers  or  priests.  Also  called  'JahX'K, 
prob.  related  lo  io^rd',  shout,  with  allusion  to 
the  noisy  manner  in  which  the  festival  of  Dio- 
nysus was  celebrated.]  In  classical  mythology, 


Bach,  Johann  Sebastian 

a  name  of  Dionysus,  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Semele,  ami  the  god  of  wine,  personifying 
bothits  good  and  itsbad  qualities.  It  was  the  cur- 
rent name  of  this  g.xl  among  the  Komans.  The  orgiastic 
worship  of  Bacchus  was  e8i>ecially  characteristic  of  Ilceo- 
lla.  where  his  festivals  were  celebrat*'d  on  the  slopes  of 
Mount  Cilharon,  and  extended  lo  those  of  the  neighbor- 
ing I'arnassus.  In  Attica  the  rural  and  somewhat  savage 
cult  of  Bacchus  underw  enl  a  metamorphosis,  and  reached 
Its  highest  expression  in  the  cb  rawic  literary  contests.  In 
which  originated  both  Iraged)  itn'i  cmietly,  and  for  which 
were  written  most  of  Ihe  iiKisteti-ie'es  of  Greek  literature. 
Bacchus  waa  held  lo  have  taught  the  cultivation  of  the 
grape  and  the  ineparation  of  u  in.  .  l!i  <  :irly  :irt,  and  less 
commonly  after  Ihe  age  of  i'bii  ■  i-  •       .(ed 

as  a  Ifcardeil  man  of  full  ag<  '  '  d. 

After  the  time  of  Praxiteles  li.,i  .Ily. 

except  in  archaislic  examples,  m  (li.-  t\p'  of  a  beardleas 
yoult),  of  graceful  and  rounded  form,  often  entirely  an- 
drapeil  or  very  lighlly  draped.  Among  bis  usual  attri- 
butes are  the  vine^  the  ivy,  the  thyrsus,  the  wine-cup,  and 
the  panther. 

Bacchus  and  Ariadne.    A  noted  painting  by 

Titian  (1.523).  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
Bacchus  descends  fnmi  his  leopiu-d-chariot,  att<-nded  by 
satyrs  and  niienads,  while  Ariadne  turns  away  startled. 
The  background  is  of  wiM^dland,  meadow,  and  sea,  glowing 
with  color  and  light,  hannonious,  and  beautiful  in  form. 

Bacchylides  (ba-kil'i-dez).  [Gr.  li^K^t/icSw.] 
-V  tireek  lyric  poet  of  the  second  rank,  li^nng 
in  the  5th  century  n.  C,  a  native  of  lulis  in  the 
island  of  Ceos.  a  nephew  and  pupil  of  Simon- 
ides  and  a  contemporary  and  rival  of  Pindar. 
He  lived  for  a  time  at  the  ciurt  of  HIero  In  Syracuse. 
A  manuscript  of  his  iKiems  haa  recently  been  disirovered. 

Bacciocchi,  Elisa.     See  Bnimpnrte. 

Bacciocchi  (hii-ehok'ke),  Felice  Pasquale, 

Prince  of  Lucca,  Piombino,  etc.  Born  at  .\jac- 
cio,  Corsica,  May  18.  1762 :  died  at  Bologna, 
April  27.  1841.  The  husband  of  Elisa  Bona- 
parte and  hriitlier-in-law  of  Napoleon  I. 

Baccio  della  Porta.     See  lUirtolummeo.  Fro. 

Bach  (biich).  Baron  Alexander  von.    Bom  at 

Loosdorf,  Lower.\ustria,.Tan.4, 1813;  died  Nov. 
13. 1893.  An  Austrian  I'ltramontane  statesman, 
ministerot  justice  1848 (July  19, Oct.  8, and  Nov. 
21),  and  of  the  interior  1849-59.  and  later  am- 
bassador at  Rome. 

The  Concordat  negotiated  by  Bach  with  the  Papacy  In 
Igfie  marked  the  definite  submission  of  Austria  to  the  ec- 
clesiastical pretensions  which  in  these  yeaia  of  political 
languor  ami  discouragement  gained  Increasing  recogni- 
tion throughout  t'enlral  Europe. 

Fsife,  HlsU  of  Mod.  Europe,  III.  ISO. 

Bach,  Helnrich.  Bom  Sept.  Ifi,  1015:  died  at 
Arnstadt,  July  10.  W.n.  A  menilier  of  the  fa- 
mous Bach  family  of  musicians,  organist  at 
Arnstadt  (KWl),  and  father  of  the  musicians 
Johann  Christoph  and  Johann  Michael  Bach. 

Bach,  Johann  Christian.     liorn  at  Erfurt, 

IC^tO:  died  at  Krfurt,  10S2.  A  member  of  the 
Bach  family  of  musicians,  son  of  Johannes 
Bach  of  Erfurt,  who  was  a  great-uncle  of  Jo- 
hann Sebastian  Bach. 

Bach,  Johann  Christian.    Bom  at  Leipsic, 

1735:  died  at  London.  J782.  A  son  of  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach,  surnamed  "the  Milaiu-se" 
and  "the  Eiiglisli"  from  his  resilience  in  Milan 
(where  ho  was  organist  of  the  cathedral  1754- 
1759)  and  in  London  (1759-82).  He  composed 
operas,  masses,  Te  Doums,  etc. 
Bach,  Johann  Christoph.  The  name  of  sev- 
eral niemhirs  of  llie  noleil  family  of  musicians, 
(a)  Born  liil3 :  died  at  Arnsladl.  Iikil'  A  (iennan  musi- 
cian, grandfather  of  .lohann  Sebasllan  Bach,  ttt)  Bom  at 
Erfurt,  1IM5:  dUil  at  Anistadl.  KB'3.  An  uncle  of  .lohann 
Bebastlan  Bach,  court  musician  to  the  t'onnl  of  Si-hwarx- 
Inirg.  (,<■)  Uirn  1I143:  died  1703.  A  son  of  Helnrich  Bach 
of  Anistailt  luid  uncle  of  Ihe  first  wife  of  .tohnnn  Seliaa- 
tian  Biu;h.  He  was  court  organist  at  F.lsennch.and  one  of 
the  most  notisi  members  of  the  Bach  family  of)  Bom 
1(171 :  died  1721.  Ihe  brolher  of  Johalni  Sebastian  Bach, 
organist  at  uhidriitf 

Bach,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich.    Born  at 

Leipsic,  1732:  died  al  Biickeluii>;,  179,'>.  .\  son 
of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach,  kapellinciator  to 
Count  Schaiirnlmrg  al  Bilckcburg. 

Bach,  Johann  Michael.    Bom  l(V4S:  died  at 

.\rnstadl.  Idl'l  .\  son  of  Heinrich  Bach, 
and  the  fatlier-in-law  of  Johann  Sebastian 
Bach:  a  composer  of  note,  and  an  instrumont- 
niaker. 

Bach,  Johann  Sebastian.    Bom  at  Eisenach, 

March  21.  IIM:  died  at  Leipsic.  July  '28.  17.50. 
An  organist,  and  one  of  the  (.Tealesl  ot  com- 
posers of  diiireh  music.  At  the  nge  of  ton  (then  an 
oridianlhe  went  lollve  »  lib  hl«  bmlher  JoliannChilsloph, 
organist  at  Ohnlrnlf,  and  nl  flfleen  enlerol  Ihe  MIchnlls 
•ohoid  al  I.Uneburg.  He  bcame  a  violinist  In  Ihe  court 
band  of  Prince  Johann  Erusl  nl  Wclmarin  1703:  organist 
at  Arnstadt  In  17ot  :  orgnnlsl  nt  Muhlhniisen  in  1707: 
court  organlsl  nt  NN'i-lmar  in  17i4 :  kapellmelsirr  lo  Ihe 
Prince  of  Anhnlt-Kolhen  nl  Kolhrnin  1717;  eanU^r  al  the 
Tlionins-Schtile,  and  orgnntst  and  dlreclor  of  music  In  two 
churebcs  al  I.elpsic  (l?'-!-^!):  honorary  court  composer 
to  the  Elector  of  Saxony  (l7S6);  and  honorary  kapell- 


Bach,  Johann  Sebastian 

meister  to  the  Duke  of  Weissenfels.  His  works— chiefly 
church  and  piano  music  —  are  numerous.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  had  seven  children  by  his  first  wife  and  thir- 
teen by  the  second. 

Bach,  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel.  Born  at  "Wei- 
mar, March  14,  171-1:  died  at  Hamburg,  Dee.  14, 
1788.  A  distinguislied  composer,  son  of  Joliann 
Sebastian  Bach.  He  went  to  Berlin  in  1737,  and  in  1740 
entered  the  service  of  Frederick  the  Great  as  court  musi- 
cian, remaining  in  this  position  until  1767 ;  he  then  went 
to  Hamburg.  He  was  a  voluminous  composer  of  piano- 
music,  oratorios,  etc.;  he  also  wrote  on  the  theorj'  of  piano- 
playing. 

Bach,'Wilhelm  Friedemann.  Bom  at  Weimar, 
1710 :  died  at  Berlin,  July  1,  1784.  The  eldest 
son  of  Joliann  Sebastian  Bach,  organist  of  the 
Cliurch  of  St.  Sophia  in  Dresden  (1733)  and  of 
St.  Mary's  at  HalJe  (1747-1767).  He  was  an  organ- 
ist and  composer  of  great  ability,  but  was  of  dissolute 
habits.    He  died  in  want  and  degradation. 

Bacharach  (ba'eha-rSch).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  24  miles  above 
Coblentz:  famous  for  its  wines.  Near  it  is  the 
castle  Stahleck,  an  ancient  residence  of  the 
palatines. 

Bache  (bach),  Alexander  Dallas.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  July  19,  1806:  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  17,  18(37.  An  American  physicist, 
son  of  Richard  Bache  and  grandson  of  Benja- 
min Franklin.  He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point 
1825;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry  in 
the  I'niversity  of  Pennsylvania  1828-41 ;  the  organizer  of 
Girard  College  1S36,  and  its  first  president ;  and  superin- 
tendent of  the  Coast  Survey  1S43-67.  He  wrote  "Obser- 
vations at  the  Magnetic  and  Meteorological  Observatory 
at  the  Girard  College,"  and  various  scientific  papers. 

Bache,  Francis  Edward.  Bom  at  Birming- 
ham, England,  Sept.  14.  1833:  died  there. 
Aug.  24,  1858.  An  English  composer,  author 
of  music  for  the  pianoforte,  operas,  songs, 
etc. 

Bache,  Franklin.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
25.  1792 :  died  there,  March  19,  1864.  An  Am- 
erican physician  and  chemist,  a  cousin  of  Alex- 
ander Dallas  Bache.  He  was  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Franklin  Institute  1826-32,  in  the  Philadelphia 
College  of  Pharmacy  1S31-41,  and  in  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege 1841-64.  With  Dr.  Wood  he  prepared  a  "Pharmaco- 
pceia,"  (1830\  which  was  the  foundation  of  the  "United 
States  Pharmacopoeia  "  and  ''  United  States  Dispensatory." 
He  was  editor,  with  Dr.  Wood,  of  the  "Dispensatory" 
1833-^H. 

Bache,  Richard.  Bom  at  Settle.  Yorkshire, 
England,  Sept.  12. 1737:  died  in  Berks  Coimty, 
Pa.,  July  29.  1811.  Soti-in-law  of  Beniamin 
Franklin,  postmaster-general  of  the  United 
States  1776-82. 

Bache,  Sarah.  Bom  at  Philadelphia.  Sept.  11, 
1744:  died  Oct.  5.  1808.  Daughter  of  Benjatnin 
Franklin,  and  wife  of  Richard  Bache. 

Bachelor  of  Salamanca,  The  (F.  "Le  bache- 
lier  de  Salamanque,  ou  les  memoires  de  Don 
Ch^rubin  de  la  Ronda  ")•  A  romance  by  Le 
Sage.  According  to  a  statement  of  the  author  in  the 
first  edition  (1736)  it  was  taken  from  a  Spanish  manuscript ; 
but  this  was  not  really  the  case.  It  was  his  last  novel. 
(Bacfielor  here  means  a  '  bachelor  of  arts. ') 

Bachergebirge  (ba'eher-ge-ber'ge).  A  moun- 
tain group  in  southern  Styria,  south  of  the 
Drave,  an  eastern  continuation  of  the  Kara- 
waiiken. 

Bachian.    See  Batjan. 

Bachman  (bak'man),  John.  Born  in  Dutchess 
County.  N.  Y.,  Feb.  4,  1790:  died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  Feb.  25,  1874.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  naturalist,  an  associate  of  Audubon 
in  his  ■■Quadrupeds  of  Nortli  .\meriea." 

Bachmann  (bach 'man),  Gottlob  Ludwig 
Ernst.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  1,  1792:  died 
April  15, 1881.  A  German  classical  philologist, 
professor  of  classical  philology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Rostock  1833-65. 

Bacis  (ba'sis),  or  Bakis  (ba'kis).  [Gr.  Bd/af.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a  name  given  to  several  seers 
or  prophets,  the  most  celebrated  of  whom  was 
the  Bceotian  Bacis.  whose  oracles  were  delivered 
at  Heleon  in  Boeotia.  Specimens  of  these  (spu- 
rious) oracles,  in  hexameter  verse,  have  been 
preserved. 

Back  (bak).  Sir  George.  Bom  at  Stockport, 
Cheshire,  Nov.  6,  1796:  died  at  London.  June 
23,  1878.  An  English  admiral  and  Arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  accompanied  Franklin  to  the  Spitzbergen 
Seas  in  the  Trent  (1818),  to  the  Coppermine  River  (by 
land)  and  the  .-Vrctic  coasts  of  America  (181D-22).  and  to 
the  Mackenzie  Kiver  (1825-27).  He  conducted  an  expedi- 
tion overland,  and  discovered  the  Great  Fish  or  Back 
River  (lS33-3o) ;  and  commanded  the  Terror  in  an  Arctic 
expedition  (18:36-37).  He  was  made  admiral  in  1857.  His 
chief  works  are  *'  Narrative  of  the  Arctic  Land  E-vpedi- 
tion  to  the  Mouth  of  the  Great  Fish  River."  and  "Narra- 
tive of  an  Expedition  in  H.  M-  S.  Terror." 

Back  Bay,  The.     An  expansion  of  the  Charles 


106 

River,  now  largely  fiUed  in  and  forming  a 
wealthy  quarter  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Backbite  (bak'bit),  Sir  Benjamin.  A  slan- 
derer in  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  School  for 
Scandal." 

Backergiinge  (bak'er-gunj),  or  Bakerganj,  or 
Bakarganj  (bak'ar-ganj).  A  district  in  the 
Dacca  division.  Bengal,  British  Imiia,  in  the 
Ganges  delta.  Area,  3,649  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  2,1.53.965. 

Backhuysen  Cbak'hoi-zen),  or  Bakhuyzen, 
Ludolf.  Born  at  Emden,  in  East  Friesland, 
Dec.  18.  1631:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Nov.  17, 
1708  (1709  ?)•     A  Dutch  marine  painter. 

Backnang  (biik'nang).  A  town  in  the  Neckar 
circle,  Wiirtembprg.  on  the  Murr  15  miles 
northeast  of  Stuttgart.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune. 6.767. 

Backstrom  (bak'strem).  Per  Johan  Edvard. 
Bom  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  27,  1841 :  died  there, 
Feb.  12,  1886.  A  Swedish  poet  and  dramatist. 
He  was  editor  of  "Teater  och  Musik  '  (1876).  of  "Nu" 
(1877),  and  of  "  Post  och  Inrikes  Tidningar  "  (from  1878  to 
liis  death),  and  author  of  the  tragedy  "Dagvard  Frey  " 
(1877),  etc. 

Backtischwah.     See  Bulhtishwa. 

Backus  (bak'us),  Isaac.  [ME.  bakhous,  AS. 
bcCthus,  bake-house.]  Born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Jan.  9.  1724 :  died  Nov.  20, 1806.  An  American 
Baptist  minister,  author  of  a  "  History  of  New 
England,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Bap- 
tists" (1777-96).  etc. 

Back-well  (bak'wel),  Ed-ward.  Died  1683.  A 
London  goldsmith  and  alderman  who  played 
an  important  part  in  financial  affairs  under 
Cromwell  and  Charles  U.  He  is  regarded  as 
the  chief  founder  of  the  banking  system  in 
England. 

Bacler  d'Albe  (bak-lar  dalb').  Louis  Albert 
Ghislam,  Baron,  Born  at  Saint-Pol,  Pas-de- 
Calais.  France,  Oct.  21,  1762:  died  at  Sevres, 
Sept.  12, 1824.  A  French  painter,  ehartographer, 
and  soldier.  He  served  with  distinction  under  Xapo- 
leon  1796-1814,  especially  as  director  of  the  topogniph- 
ical  bureau,  and  attained  (1813)  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  His  best-known  work  is  a  picture  of  the  battle 
of  Arcole.  in  which  he  took  part. 

Bac-ninh  (bak-neny').  A  town  in  Tonkin,  in 
the  delta  of  the  Red  River  northeast  of  Hanoi. 
Xear  it  sevenU  engagements  in  the  French  war  in  Tonkin 
took  place  in  1SS4. 

Bacolor  (ba-kO-lor').  A  town  in  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  northwest  of  Manila.  Population 
(1887),  12,978. 

Bacon  (ba'kon),  Anthony.  Born  1558:  died 
May,  1(301.  An  English  diplomatist,  son  of  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon  by  his  second  wife,  and  bro- 
ther of  Francis  Bacon.  He  attached  himself  (1593) 
to  the  Earl  of  Essex,  and  followed  his  fortunes  until  his 
death,  acting  for  seven  years  ;is  his  private  foreign  sec- 
retary- 

Bacon,  Delia.  Born  at  Tallmadge.  Ohio,  Feb. 
2.  1811:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn..  Sept.  2.  1859. 
An  .\merican  writer,  sister  of  Leonard  Bacon. 
Her  best-known  work  is  the  "  Philosophy  of  the  Plays 
of  Shakespeare  UnfoKled  "  (18-^7),  in  which  she  attempted 
to  prove  that  the  plays  attributed  to  Shakspere  are  the 
work  of  Francis  Bacon  and  others. 

Bacon,  Ezekiel.  Born  at  Boston.  Mass.,  Sept.  1, 
1776:  died  at  Utiea,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  18,  1870.  An 
American  jurist  and  politician.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1807-13,  and  first  comp- 
troller of  the  United  States  Treasury  1813-15. 

Bacon,  Francis.  Born  at  York  House,  Lon- 
don, Jan.  22.  1561 :  died  at  Highgate,  April 
9,  1626.  A  celebrated  English  philosopher,  .ju- 
rist, and  statesman,  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Ba- 
con, created  Baron  Verulam  July  12,  1618.  and 
Viscount  St.  Albans  Jan.  27.  1621:  commonly, 
but  incorrectly,  called  Lord  Bacon.  He  studied 
at  Trinity  College',  Cambridge.  April,  1573.  to  March.  1575, 
aiid  at  Gray's  Inn  1575  ;  became  attached  to  the  embassy 
of  Su^  Amias  Paulet  in  France  in  1576 ;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1582 ;  entered  Parliament  in  1584 ;  was  knighted 
in  1603 ;  became  solicitor-genenU  in  1607,  and  attorney- 
general  in  1613:  was  made  a  privy  councilor  in  1616, 
lord  keeper  in  1617,  and  lord  chancellor  in  1618 :  and  was 
ti-ied  in  1621  for  briber>',  condemned,  fined,  and  removed 
from  office.  X  notable  incident  of  his  career  was  his 
connection  with  the  Earl  of  Essex,  which  began  in  July, 
1591.  remained  an  intimate  friendship  until  the  fall  of 
Essex  (1600-01).  and  ended  in  Bacon's  active  efforts  to 
secure  the  conviction  of  the  earl  for  treason.  (See  E&sex.) 
His  great  fame  rests  npon  his  services  as  a  reformer  of 
the  methods  of  scientific  investigation;  and  though  his 
relation  to  the  progress  of  knowledge  has  been  exag- 
gerated and  misunderstood,  his  reputation  as  one  of 
the  chief  founders  of  modern  inductive  science  is  well 
grounded.  His  chief  works  are  the  ".-Vdvancement  of 
Learning."  published  in  English  as  '*The  Two  Books  of 
Francis  Bacon  of  the  Proficience  and  Advancement  of 
Learning  Divine  and  Human,"  in  1605;  the  "Novum 
organum  sive  indicia  vera  de  interpretatione  natune,' 
published  in  Latin,  1620,  as  a  "second  part"  of  the  (in- 
complete) "Instauratio  magna";  the  "De  dignitate  et 
augmentis   scientiarura,"  published  in    Latin  in   16*23 : 


Bacup 

"Historia  Tentorum  "  (1622X  "  Historia  Vitie  et  Mortis* 
(16'23).  "Historia  Densi  et  Rari'  (posthumously,  1658), 
"  Sylva  Sylvarum  "  (posthumously,  1627).  "  New  Atlantis," 
"Essays"  (1597,  1612,  1625),  "  De  Sapientia  Veterum  " 
(lO".)*.'),  "Apothegms  New  and  Old,"  "History  of  Heniy 
^II."  (1622).  Works  edited  by  Ellis,  Spedding,  and  Heath 
(7  vols.  1857) ;  Life  by  Spedding  (7  vols.  1861,  2  vols. 
1S7S).     See  Shakspere. 

Bacon,  John.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  24,  1740: 
died  there,  Aug.  4,  1799.  An  English  sculptor. 
.Among  his  works  are  monuments  to  i'iit  (GuildhaU  and 
Westminster  Abbey),  Dr.  Johnson  and  Howard  (St.  Paul's), 
and  Blackstone  (All  Souls,  Oxford). 

Bacon,  Leonard.  Bom  at  Detroit,  Mich. ,  Feb. 
19,  1802:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  24 
1881.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, editor,  and  author.  He  was  pastor  in  New 
Haven  (1st  church  1826-81),  professor  and  lecturer  (1871) 
in  New  Haven  Theological  Seminary  (1866-81),  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "New  Englander,"  and  one  of  the  foun- 
ders and  editors  of  the  New  York  "Independent," 

Bacon,  Nathaniel.  Bom  1593 :  died  1660.  An 
English  Puritan  lawyer,  member  of  Parliament 
l()45-60,  and  master  of  requests  under  Crom- 
well and  Richard  Cromwell.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "  Historical  Discourse  of  the  Uniformity  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  England  ■  (1(547-51). 

Bacon,  Nathaniel.  Bora  in  England  about 
1642:  died  (3et.,  1G76.  An  Anglo-American 
lawyer,  son  of  Thomas  Bacon  of  Friston 
Hall,  Suffolk,  England.  He  emigrated  to  Virginia, 
settled  on  the  upper  James,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
governor's  council.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Virginians, 
who  were  dissatisfied  with  Governor  Berkeley's  Indian 
policy,  to  lead  an  expedition  against  the  Indians,  but  was 
refused  a  commission  by  the  governor.  He  nevertheless 
invaded  the  Indian  territorj-  in  1676,  but  was  proclaimed 
a  rebel  by  Governor  Berkeley,  was  captured,  tried  before 
the  governor  and  council,  and  acquitted.  The  enthusiasm 
which  Bacon's  cause  awakened  was  taken  advantage  of 
to  demand  the  abolition  of  exorbitant  taxes,  the  recently 
imposed  restrictions  on  the  suffrage,  and  other  evils. 
Having  been  proclaimed  a  rebel  a  second  time  by  the 
governor.  Bacon  captured  and  destroyed  Jamestown,  but 
died  before  he  could  accomplish  his  projects  of  reform. 

Bacon,  Sir  Nicholas.  Bom  at  ChiseUmrst. 
Kent,  1509 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  20,  1579.  An 
English  statesman,  father  of  Francis  Bacon. 
He  was  graduated  B.  A.  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge in  1527 ;  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1533 ;  became 
solicitor  of  the  Court  of  Augmentations  in  1537 ;  attorney 
of  the  Court  of  Wards  and  Liveries  in  1546;  and  was  lord 
keeper  of  the  great  seal  from  Dec  22,  1558,  to  his  death, 
exercising  after  April  14,  1559,  the  jurisdiction  of  lord 
chancellor. 

Bacon,  Roger.  Born  at  or  near  Ilchester,  Som- 
ersetshire, about  1214:  died  probably  at  Oxford 
in  1294.  A  celebrated  English  philosopher.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  and  Paris  (whence  he  appears  to 
have  returned  to  England  about  1250X  and  joined  the 
Franciscan  order.  In  1257  he  was  sent  by  his  superiors  to 
Paris  where  he  was  kept  in  close  confinement  for  several 
years.  .About  1265  he  was  invited  by  Pope  Clement  TV. 
to  write  a  general  treatise  on  the  sciences,  in  answer  to 
which  he  composed  his  chief  work,  the  "  Opus  Majus."  He 
was  in  England  in  126S.  In  1278  his  writings  were  con- 
demned as  heretical  by  a  council  of  his  order,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  again  placed  in  confinement.  He 
was  at  liberty  in  1292.  Besides  the  "  Opus  Majus,"  his 
most  notable  works  are  "Opus  Minus,"  "Opus  Tertium," 
and  "Compendium  Philosophiie."  See  Siebert,  "Koger 
Bacon,"  1861;  Held,  'Roger  Bacon's  Praktische  Philoso- 
phic," 1881 ;  and  L.  Schneider,  "Roger  Bacon,"  1S73, 

Bacon's  Rebellion.     See  Bacon,  Sathaniel. 

Baconthorpe  (ba'kon -thorp),  or  BacOn,  or 
Bacho,  John.  Died'  1346.  An  English  Car- 
melite monk  and  schoolman,  sumamed  "the 
Resolute  Doctor." 

Bacos.     See  Cacos. 

Bacsanyi  (bo'chan-ye),  Jinos.  Bom  at  Ta- 
polcza,  western  Hungary,  May  11, 1763 :  died  at 
Linz,  May  12, 1845.  A  Hungarian  poet,  prose- 
writer,  and  journalist.  He  founded,  -with  Baroti 
and  Kazinezv,  a  journal,  the  ' '  Magyar  Museum," 
in  1788. 

Bactra.     See  Ballh. 

Bactria  (bak' tri-a),  or  Bactliana  (bak-tri-a'- 
nS).  [From  Bactra.']  In  ancient  geography, 
a  country  in  Asia,  north  of  the  Paropamisus 
Mountains  gn  the  upper  Oxus,  nearly  cor- 
responding to  the  modern  district  of  Balkh  in 
Afghanistan.  The  population  was  Aryan  in  race  ;  the 
capital  Zariaspa  or  Bactra,  now  Balkh.  Bactria  was  the 
cradle  of  the  Persian  religion  which  Zarathushtra  (Zoroas- 
ter) reformed  about  600  B.  c.  (7).  At  a  very-  early  period  it 
was  the  center  of  a  powerful  kingdom  whicli  was  con- 
quered by  the  Medes,  and  together  with  these  by  the  Per- 
sians, and  then  by  Alexander.  It  was  a  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  the  Seleucidse,  and  from  256  B.  C.  for  about  100  years  an 
independent  (;ireco-Bactrian  kingdom  which  extended  to 
the  Kabul  River  and  the  Indus.  Ractria  belonged  to  the 
Sasanidse  until  about  640  A.  D.,  and  has  since  been  under 
Mohammedan  rule. 

Bactrian  Sage,  The.  Zoroaster,  who  was  a  na- 
tive of  Bactria. 

Bacup  (bak'up).  A  manufacturing  and  min- 
ing town  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  16 
miles  north  of  Manchester.  Population  (1891). 
23,498. 


Baczko 

BaCZkO  (bats'ko),  Ludwig  von.     Born  at  Lick, 
Kast  Prussia,  J luie  «,  IT.'Xi:  (lied  March  27,  1823. 
A  ticnniin  historical  -m-iter  ami  novelist. 
Badagry  ( Ira-da-gro').     A  town  in  West  Africa, 
mar  Lagos.     It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a  native 
kiiimloin  anJ  a  great  slave-port. 
Badajoz  (Ijud-U-hos';  Sp.  M-oa-Hoth  ).  Aprov- 
iMi:o  of  Estremadura,  western  Spain,  popularly 
r  died  Lower  Estremadura.  Area.  8,687  square 
luiles.     Population  (1887),  480,418. 
Badajoz.     The  capital  of  the  province  of  Bada- 
ioz  situated  on  the  Guadiana  near  the  Portu- 
I'uese  frontier,  in  lat.  38'^  49'  N..  long.  6°  56'  W. : 
Oie  Roman  Pax  Augusta,  or  Batallium.     It  U 
rongly  fortified  and  has  a  cathedral  and  caslle.    It  has 
M-lunited  at  various  times  to  the  Moors,  Castile,  and  I'ortu- 
.  il      It  is  the  birthplace  of  Morales.     Badajoz  has  often 
b.-Jn  besieged,  the  most  notable  of  these  events  being  (1) 
the  unsuccessful  siege  by  the  Allies  in  IVOo,  when  it  was 
defended  by  the  French  and  Spanish  ;  (2)  its  siege  by  the 
I'rench  under  .Soult.who  captured  it  March,  ISll ;  (3)  three 
sieges  by  the  British,  April-.May,  lill,  May-June,  1811,  and 
Mirih-Aprll.  1812.      It  was  stormed  and  taken  by  thera 
\prii  ij,  1812.     Population  (1887),  27,279. 

Badakshan(bad-ak-shan').  A  territory  in  cen- 
tral Asia,  about  lat.  36°-38°N.,long.  69°-72°E., 
bounded  by  the  Amu-Daria  on  the  north,  the 
Hindukush  on  the  south,  and  Kunduz  on  the 
west,  especiallv  noted  for  its  rubies.  It  is  in- 
habited largely  by'Tajiks.  Capital,  iaizabad.  Population 
(esliniated),  100,000.  _   _      „.  . 

Badalocchio  (bil-da-lok'ke-o).  Sisto,  sumamed 
Rosa.  Born  at  Parma.  1.581 :  died  at  Bologna, 
1647.  An  Italian  painter  and  engraver,  a  pupil 
and  assistant  of  Annibale  Carracci. 

Badalona  (bii-Da-lo'nii).  A  seaport  m  the  prov- 
ince of  Barcelona,  Spain,  northeast  of  Barce- 
lona.    Population  (1887),  15,974. 

Badcock  (bad'kok),  John.  A  writer  on  pugi- 
listic and  sporting  subjects,  who  wrote  between 
1816  and  1830  under  the  pseudonj-ms  of  "Jon 
Bee"  and  "John  Hinds."  In  1830  he  edited  the 
"Works  of  Samuel  Foote,"  with  remarks,  notes,  and  a 
memoir  (under  the  name  of  Jon  Bee).  ,    ,  ,     . 

Baddeley  (bad'li),  Robert.  Born  probably  in 
1733  :  died  in  1794.  An  Eaplish  actor.  He  was 
originally  the  cook  of  Samuel  Foote,  and  went  on  the  stage 
before  17M.  He  was  the  oiiginal  .Moses  ni  the  ■  School 
for  .scandal.'  In  his  will  he  left  the  revenue  of  his  house 
in  Surrey  for  the  support  of  an  asylum  for  decayed  actors, 
and  also  the  interest  of  one  hundred  pounds  to  provide 
wine  and  cake  for  the  actors  of  Drury  Lane  Theater  on 
Twelfth  flight.    This  is  still  done. 

Since  1843,  then,  the  term  of  "  Their, "  or  "  Her  Majesty's 
Servants,"  is  amere  formality,  as  there  is  no  especial  com- 
pany now  privileged  to  serve  or  solace  royalty.  Jlr. 
Webster,  who  occupies  Garrick's  chair  in  (he  manage- 
ment of  the  Theatrical  Fund,  tells  me.  that  Baddeley  was 
the  last  actor  who  wore  the  uniform  of  scarlet  and  gold 
prescribed  for  the  "gentlemen  of  the  household  who 
were  patented  actors  ;  and  that  he  used  to  appear  in  it  at 
rehearsal.  He  was  proud  of  being  one  of  their  Jlajes- 
tles' servants"; -a  title  once  coveted  by  all  nnbly-aspir- 
i„g  actors.  Duran.  Eng.  Mage,  1 1 .  410. 

Baddeley,  Sophia.  Born  at  London  lu  I'-l'i: 
died  at  Edinburgh  in  1786.  The  wife  of  Rob- 
ert Baddelev,  and  an  actress  and  singer. 
Badeau  (ba-do'l.  Adam.  Born  Dec  29,  1831: 
died  Ma rch  1 9, 189.1.  An  Araoncan  officer  (cap- 
tain and  brevet  brigadier-general, Lnited  States 
•  army)  and  writer,  military  secretary  to  Gen- 
eral Grant  1864-69,  and  later  in  the  consular 
service.  He  has  written  "  Military  llistorj-  of  nysses 
.S.  Grant"  (18U7-81),  "Grant  In  Peace  "(ISSll),  "  The  \  aga- 
bond  Papers  "  (a  volume  of  literary  sketches  and  dramatic 
criticism,  18.11)),  etc.  „        ,  ^  . 

Badebec  (bad-bek').  The  ■wife  of  Gargantua 
in  the  romance  of  " Pantagruel"  by  Rabelais. 
She  was  the  mother  of  Pantagruel,  at  whose  birth  she 
died  owing  to  the  surprising  number  of  mules,  camels, 
dronudaries,  wagons,  and  provisions  of  every  kind  which 
sh.-  brought  forth  at  the  same  time. 

Bad-Elster.    Seo  Ehicr. 

Baden  (ba'den).     [F.  ISadc.^     A  grand  <luehy 
of  southern  Germany,  and  a  state  ol  the  Gcr- 
man   Empire,  the  fo'iirth  in  area  and  fifth  in 
population:  capilal  Carlsruhe.    It  is  b.>unded  by 
Heise  and  Havaria  on  the  north,  Bavaria  on  the  n.irtliejusl. 
Wml'Jiiberg  on  the  cast,  Switzerland  (separated  mainly 
by  Lake  Constance  and  the  Rhine)  on  the  south,  and  Alsace 
and  the  Rhine  Palatinate  (sepaialed  by  the  Rhine)  on  Ihe 
west     It  iiroduces  gmin,  wine,  tobacco,  hemp,  polaloes, 
hops,  and  chicory;  manufactures  clocks,  woodinwarecol- 
ton  and  silk  goods,  chemicals,  cigars,  machinery,  stniw 
hats  brushes  paper,  etc.;  and  abounds  in  mineral  springB, 
It  comprises  the  four  ilistrlcts  of  Constance,  Freiburg, 
Carlsruhe,  and  Mannheim.    The  government  Is  a  consti- 
tutional heredllarv  monarchy  under  a  grand  duke,  and  a 
Landtag  with  an  lipper  house  and  a  chamber  of  la  repre. 
scTitatives.     Baden  sends  :i  represent al Ives  to  the  linn- 
clearat  and  14  lo  the  Ueichnlag,     About  two  tlllnls  ol  the 
poriulalioii  are  Roman  Catholic,  one  third  Prnlcslaut,     ts 
ancient  inhabitants  were  tlie  Alamannl,  and  It  f.irini-d  a 
part  o(  the  iluchy  of  Alamannla.   Its  rulers  have  been  de- 
scendants of  the  house  of  Zahringcn  (a  place  near  Prol- 
burg).     Tllev  ruled  as  mnrgraveii,  with  r.  separallnn  In 
the  Kith  century  Into  the  Hues  liaden  Baden  and  lladen- 
Durlach,  whicli  were  reunited  In  1771.     Baden  enterea 
the  Furstenhund  In  1785,  received  accessl.>u  of  teirliory  In 
1803.  luid  became  an  electorate.     It  was  allied  with  >apo- 


107 

leon ;  received  further  accessions  In  1806 ;  joined  the  Con- 
federation  ol  the  Rhine  in  18U0,  became  a  grand  duchy,  and 
agaiu  received  Increase  of  telTitor)- ;  joined  the  Allies  in 
1813-  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1»1.> ;  ami 
received  a  constitution  in  1318.  It  was  the  scene  of  rev..- 
lutionar)-  proceedings  in  1848,  and  of  the  outbreak  of  revo^ 
lution  in  May.  1841),  which  was  suppressed  by  the  aid  ol 
Prussian  tr<«ips  in  July.  It  sided  with  Austrhi  in  imi, 
and  bicamo  a  mcinber  "f  the  O.rman  Empire  in  1S71. 
Area,  r.,821  8.|nar.-  mil.  >.     P.ipulation  (1000),  1.867,!H4. 

Baden,  or  Baden-Baden.  [G.,  'baths.']  A 
town  and  watering-place  in  Baden,  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Oosbach  18  miles  southwest  of  Carls- 
ruhe, famous  for  its  hot  medicinal  springs :  the 
Roman  Civitas  Aurelia  Aquensis.  It  is  a  place  of 
annual  resort  of  alKiiit  5"),00c)  people,  and  wm  formerly 
noted  for  its  gambling  establi»hment8  (closed  18i2).  It 
was  long  the  capitid  of  the  margravate  of  Baden,  lopu- 
lation  (1S90X  commune,  i:i,SS4.  ,  .      -    , 

Baden,  or  Baden  bei  Wien  (bii  den  bi  ven). 
A  town  and  watering-place  of  Lower  Austria, 
situated  in  a  valley  of  the  Wienerwald  14  miles 
southwest  of  Vienna,  noted  for  its  hot  sulphur 
springs,  known  to  the  Romans.  Population 
(1890).  conimiiiio,  11.263. 

Baden,  or  Oberbaden  (6 'ber -ba'den).  [G., 
'Upper  Baden. 'J  A  town  and  watering-place 
in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated 

,on  the  Limmat  14  miles  northwest  of  Ziirich, 
noted  for  its  hot  sulphur  baths,  known  to  the 
Romans:  the  Roman  Aquie  HelvetietB.  It  was 
the  meeting-place  of  the  Swiss  diet  for  three 
centuries.     Population,  about  4,000. 

Baden,  Jacob.  Born  at  Vordingborg,  May  4, 
173:5 :  died  at  ( 'openhagen,  July  5,  1804.  A  Dan- 
ish philologist  and  critic,  appointed  professor 
of  eloquence  and  the  Latin  language  at  Copen- 
hagen in  1780.  He  founded  the  "Kritisk  Jour- 
nal" in  1768,  and  published  "Grammatica  La- 
tina"  (1782),  etc. 

Baden,  Margrave  of.    See  Louis  Trilliam  /., 

M;irgi-ave  of  Baili'U. 

Baden,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  the  Gier- 
man  Empire  and  Eniuce,  concluded  at  Baden, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  7,  1714.  which,  with  the 
treaties  of  Utrecht  and  Rastadt,  ended  theA\  ar 
of  the  Spanish  Succession.  The  Peace  of  Ryswiek 
was  ratified,  the  electors  of  Bavaria  and  L;ologne  were  re- 
instated in  their  lands  and  dignities,  and  Landau  was  left 
In  the  possession  of  France. 

Baden-Baden.    See /io(/c«. 

Baden-Po-well  (ba'den-pou'l),  Sir  George 
Smyth,  liorn  1847:  died  1898.  An  English 
politician  and  publicist.  He  was  aiiiiointe.l  i"int 
commissioner  with' Colonel  Sir  W.  Crossman,  in  18b'2,  to 
inoulre  into  the  administration,  r.venues,  and  expendl- 
tureof  the  British  West  Inilia  colonies;  assisted  sir!  iiarlcs 
Warren  in  his  di|ib.matic  relations  with  the  "•"•"■  cbjefs 
of  Bechnanaland  in  1885;  spent  tlie  winter  of  IbSO-S.  in 
Canada  and  the  Cnlted  States.  Investigating  the  llslury 
dispute  ;  and  was  made  joint  coinmissionerwith  SlrOi;|>rge 
Bowcn,  in  1887,  to  arrange  the  details  of  the  "ew  Malt« 
constituticm.  lie  was  British  commissioner  In  the  Bering 
Sea  imiuiry,  IS'.H  ;  .md  British  member  of  the  Joint  Com. 
mission,  Washington,  ls'.i2.  Author  of  ■'  .New  1  ..mes  tor 
the  Old  Country  "  (1872),  "  Pr..tectlon  an.J  B"''  1 "'»'» 
(18711),  "  State  Aid  ami  State  Interference    (ls82),  etc. 

Baden'weiler  (bii'den-vi-ler).  .\  village  and 
watering-place  in  Baden,  near  Miillhcim,  south- 
west of  Freiburg.  It  contains  ruins  of  Koman  baths, 
one  of  the  most  Interesting  existing  examples.  There  ai  e 
two  parts,  corresponding  In  their  subdivisions,  one  lor 
men  and  one  lor  women.  Kaeh  part  has  a  large  at r  urn 
or  .inter  c.iurt,  whence  there  Is  accessto  the  anodvte  I nm 
or  dressing-ro.im  ;  the  caldarium,  or  h.it-air  bath  ;  the  frigi- 
diu-inm,  .>r  cbl  bath  ;  an.l  the  tepldarinm,  or  warm  bath. 
T^e  entire  slruct.lre  measures  318  by  Dll  feet ;  the  walls, 
pavements,  and  steps  remain  in  jiositlon.  The  date  an- 
signed  Is  the  2d  century  A.  1>. 
Bader  (bii'di^r),  Joseph.  Bom  Eeb.  '24,  ISO.-): 
Uied  1883.  A  German  writer  on  the  historv, 
etc.,  of  Baden.  He  was  editor  of  the  periodi- 
cal "  Badenia  "  1839-64.  . 
Badger  (baj'.'r).  Squire.  A  diaracter  m  !•  lelU- 
iii.'"s  "Don  (,)iiixole  in  England. 

Badger,  George  Edmund.    Born  at  Np«;i>prn, 

X.  I  ..   .\pril    n,  17l),'i:  died  al    Ualeigh,  .^.  t  .. 

All  .\niericati  politician.     Hvwas 

II,  ami  Whig  I'nltod  Stale*  sen. 


Mavll,  18i'ii 

Bceretary  of  the  navy  18I-, 

atorfroni  .North  Carolina  HM0-f.6 

Badger,  George  Percy.    Bom  Ihi.",  :  died  !•  el). 

o|  isss.  .All  Eiiglisli  OiieiilahHt,  compiler  of 
an' Knglish-Arabic  lexicon  (18.H1). 

Badghis  (biid-ghCz').  A  dislncl  in  Afglian- 
isliiM,  iiortli  of  Herat.  By  the  recenl  de- 
limit  at  ion  it  is  included  in  the  Russmn 
iloiiiiiiionH.  ,     ,, 

Badham  (bad'anO,  Charles.    Born  at  Ludlow, 

Shnipsliiro,  .lulv  IS.  IsKl;  died  nl  Sydney, 
Aiislraliii,  Eeb.  'jli.  issi.  An  English  chissicnl 
scholar  and  teacher,  apjioinled  profeHSor  of 
cliiKsics  and  logic  in  the  I'niversily  of  Sydnev 
inlH67.  Jlepiililisheil  editions  of  various  Greek 
classics,  "CriticiHin  applied  to  ShnkHpere" 
(1846;,  etc. 


Baer 

Badia  (bii-de'a).  A  small  town  in  the  pro-since 
of  Rovigo,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige  29  miles 
southwest  of  Padua. 

Badia  Calavena  (bii-de'ii  kii-la-va  ua).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  13 
miles  northeast  of  Verona,  the  chief  place  in 
the '■'Tredici  Communi." 

Badiali  (bii-de-ii'le),  Cesare.  Bom  at  Imola, 
Italy:  died  there,  Nov.  17,  1865.  A  celebrated 
Italian  bass  singer.  ,  ,    t^ 

BadiayLeblich(bii-THe'ii elab-lech  ), Domin- 
go Born  1766:  died  1818.  A  Spamsh  traveler 
111 '  northern  Africa  and  the  Orient :  better 
known  by  his  Mussulman  name  of  Ali  Bey. 

Badikshis  (ba-<lek-shez').  [PI.]  An  Afghan 
Iril r  Aryan  origin.  ,     „    j   i 

Badinguet'  (ba-dan-ga'),  afterward  Radot 
i iii-tl<">' I  Died  18.83.  A  workman  in  whose 
elothesNaiioleonlH.  escaped  from  the  fortress 
..lllaml.'^6;  lience.aiiickiiatneiif  Napol.oiiHI. 

Badius  (bii'de-os),  Jodocus  or  Josse,  sur- 
nanie.l  Ascensius  (from  his  birthplace »-  Born 
at  A.selu-,  near  liiu.ssels,  1462:  died  1535.  A 
Flemish  printer  and  writer.  He  estabhshed  at 
Paris  a  printing-house,  the  "Prselum  Ascen- 
sianum."  about  1499. 

Bad  Lands.  Certain  lauds  of  the  northwestern 
Cnitid  States  characterized  by  an  almost  en- 
tire absence  of  natural  vegetation,  and  by  the 
varied  and  fantastic  forms  into  which  the  soft 
strata  have  been  eroded.  At  a  little  distance  they 
appear  like  fields  of  desi.late  ruins.  The  name  was  Hmt 
applied,  in  Its  French  form  mauraua  «<■""■  •.«  »  .Tertlai}'  • 
area  (Miocene)  In  the  region  of  the  Black  Hills  In  ».mth 
Dakota,  along  the  White  River,  a  tributar)'  of  the  I  pper 
.M  issouri. 

Badman  (bad'man).  The  Life  and  Death  of 

Mr.     A  work  by  John  Bunyan,  published  in 

Badminton  (bad'min-ton).  The  residence  of 
iho  duk.s  of  Beaufort,  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng- 
hin.l.  1.')  miles  northeast  of  Bristol. 

Badminton.  A  cup  made  of  special  and  sweet- 
ened claret,  named  for  the  Duke  of  Beaufort 
(of  Badminton),  who  was  a  patron  of  pugilis- 
tics;  hence,  in  the  prize-ring,  blood,  the  slang 
name  1'i>r  which  is  "claret." 

Badminton,  The.  A  coaching  and  snorting 
,liih  of  1,000  members,  established  in  London 
ill  l^'''-  „  »,    J      ■ 

Badon  (ba'don).  Mount,  L.  Mons  BadomcuB 

(monz  ba-don'i-kus).     The  scene  of  a  battle 
said  to  have  been  gained  by  King  Arthur  over 
the  Saxon  invaders  in  520  (f):  variously  iden- 
tilied  with  Badburv  Rings  (Dorset),  a  hill  near 
Bath,  and  Bouden 'Hill  (near  Linlithgow). 
Badoura  (ba-do'rii).     The  principal  character 
in  the  storv  of  the  '■Amours  of  Prince  Cam- 
aralzaman  and  the  Princess  Badoura."  in  "The 
Arabian  Nights' Entertainiuents."    Their  story 
is  a  proverbial  one  of  love  at  first  sight. 
Badrinath.     See  lihaiMmith. 
Badroulboudour  (bu-drol'bo-dUr  ).    The  wife 
of  Ala. Mill  in  the  story  of  "Aladdin  or  the^Von- 
d.-rful  Laiiiii,''  in  "The  Arabian  Nights' Euter- 
taiiiiiieiils.'  . 

Baebia  gens  (be'bi-ii  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  iilebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Dives,  ll.rinnius,  Sulca.  an.l  Tamiihilus. 
The  first  member  of  this  gens  who  obtained 
the  consulship  was  Cu.  Ba>biu8  Tainphilus 
(182  B.C.). 

Baeda  (bO'dii).    See /(<'</<■. 

Baedeker  (liad'e-ker),  Karl.    Bom  1801:  died 

1.8.-i!i.     ,\    (ierman    publisher,    noted    as    the 

founder  of  a  series  of  guide-books. 
Baegna  Elv   (b.ig'nii  eh).     The    chief  head 

stream  of  the  Drammen  (or  Drains)  Elv,  lu 

soul  hern  Norway. 
Baele  (bii-a'  le).     A  Xigritic  tribe,  northeasl 

of   Lake  Chad.     It  is  imstond  an.l  noinadlc,  owning 

camels,  »he.|>,  and  goaU,    It  Is  half  heathen  an.l  ball  .Mo- 

hainineilan.  .  ^ 

Baena  (bii-a'nii).    A  town  in  the  proviuco  of 

C.inl.ivn,  Spain,  "25  miles  southeast  of  Conloya: 
thi'  Latin  Baniana  or  Biniana.  I'.>pulntion 
(I8S7),  12.036. 

Baena  (bii-vu'nii ).  Antonio  Ladislau  Montei- 

ro.  Born  m  Portugal  iiboni  1.9..;die.l  in  raiA, 
Mi'iridrJ8.  law.  .\l'..r1iigii.s.-Hra/.ilian«u<h..r. 
He  was  an  .dllcer  In  the  p..rtuguc»e  ami  .iibsciuelit  y  In 
111.- llrailllan  arinv,  attaining  lb.' rank  of  cihuiel;  hli.  lal.r 
years  were  Kp.-nt  In  I':.....  »  lur.'  he  t....k  part  In  s..iTal 
mllltan  eji.e.lltl..ii-  ak'..iii-l  the  Cabana.'s  r.-lw  ..  IS  .r.  ..  1. 
Subs.'.incnilv  he  stn.lh.l  Ihe  g.HWraphy  ami  bist.irv  ..I  the 
Ania».n  valley  Ills  '  Kms  ilo  l-ank"  and  ■•  l.nsal.i  .<)P>- 
graflco  wibre  a  provlncla  .In  I'ank"  aro  itlll  standar.!  works 
on  that  regl.oi. 

Baer  (biir  '.Karl  Ernst  von.  Bom  in  Esthoma, 

Russia,  Eel).  28,  1792:  ilie.l  at  Dorjiat,  Nov.  'J8, 


Baer 


108 


187G      A  celebrated  Russian  naturalist,  espe-  Bagby,  George  William.    Bom  in  Viirgiuia, 


Aui;.  13,  18l!8:  died  at  Kichmoud,  Va.,  Nov.  29 
1883.  A  physician,  journalist  (became  editor 
of  the  LjTichburf.'  "Express"  in  1853,  and  of 
the  •■Southern  Literary  Messenger"  in  1859), 
and  humorist.    He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 

„  .       ■•  Jlozis  Addums." 

His  chief  works  are  the  "Entwiclielungsgeschichte  der  gaedad     or    Baehdad    (bag-dad',    commonly 

JSuJ.f^^isc^t-aLT"^""'*^"  """^  ""^  ^'-     bal'dad)      [Perl     Igift  of  God.'    The  name 
-     ^      ••  ~   ~    ^    -■'  r.,,     .   ,.     ,.  B,,y.rf«.(7,(  IS  found  in  the  Assyrian  cuneiform 

inscriptions,  and  appears  to  be  of  Aramean 
origin.]     A  vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 


ciallv  noted  for  his  researches  m  embryology 
He  was  appointed  eitroordinarj-  professor  of  zoulog}-  at 
Konigsliergin  lS19(and  twoyears  later  ordinary  professor), 
and  succeeded  Burdach  as  director  of  the  .\natomical  In- 
8titut«.  In  1S29  he  went  to  St.  Petersburfc  as  member  of 
the  Acadeni}-,  returned  to  Kouigsberg  in  1830,  and  again 
went  to  St,  Petersburg  in  1S*»  as  librarian  of  the  .\cademy 


Baerle  (bar'le).  Cornelius  van.    The  tulip-fan- 
cier in  r)umas"s  story  "La  Tulipe  Noire." 
Baerle,  Gaspard  van.    See  Ikni^us. 
Baert  (bii-ar'j.  Alexandre  Balthazar  Fran- 

QOiS  de  Paule,  Baron  de.  Born  at  Dunkirk 
about  1750:  died  at  Paris,  March  23,  1825.  A 
French  politician  and  geographer.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Legislative  .\ssemblv  in  1791,  in  which  he  vainly 
exerted  himsell  to  save  Loiiis  XVI.  He  wrote  "  Tableau 
de  la  GrandeBretagne,  etc."  (1800),  etc. 

Bstica  (be'ti-kii).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
southernmost  dhision  of  Hispania  (Spain). 

Baetis  (be'tis).  or  Baetes  (be'tez).  The  Roman 
name  of  the  Guadalquivir. 

Baeyer  (ba'yer),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
31,  1835.  A  Gel-man  chemist,  son  of  Johann 
Jakob  Baever.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Sti-asburg  in"l872,  and  succeeded  Liebig  at  Munich  in 
1-^75     He  is  the  discoverer  of  cerulein,  eosin,  and  indol. 

Baeyer,  Johann  Jakob.  Bom  at  Miiggelsheim, 
near  Kopenick,  Nov.  5,  1794 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  10,  1885.    A  Prussian  soldier  and  geome- 


Bagruna 

Bagn6res-de-Bigorre  (biin-yar'de-be-gor').  or 
Bagneres-d'Adour  (ban-ySr' da-dor').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Hautes-Pvrln^es, 
France,  situated  on  the  Adour  13  miles  south 
of  Tarbes  :  the  Roman  Aqua;  BigeiTionum  Bal- 
neariie.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  Pyrenean  watering-jjlaces 
on  account  of  its  hot  springs  (sulphate  of  lime,  etc.).  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  8,63a 

Bagneres-de-Luchon  (ban  -yar'  de  -  lii  -  chon ' ), 
or  Luchon,  A  toxvn  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  71  miles  southwest  of 
Toulouse,  near  the  Spanish  frontier :  the  Roman 
Balnearise  Lisovienses.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
watering-places  in  the  P}Tenees,  and  is  celebrated  for  its 
warm  s.alt  and  sulphur  "springs.  Population  (1S91),  com- 
mune, 3,528. 

Bagnet  (bag'net),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph.  Char- 
actersinCharles  Dickens's  novel"  BleakHouse." 
Bagnet  is  an  ex-artillerj-man,  devoted  to  the  bassoon. 
Their  children  Malta,  Quebec,  and  Woolwich  are  named 
from  the  stations  where  they  were  liorn. 


ter.    Hefought'asa  volunteer  in  the  campaigns  of  1813  Bage   (baj),  Eobert.^^Bom  at  ^^rley^  Derby ■ 
and  1814  ;  joined  the  army  in  1815 ;  and  attained  the  rank       '  t--      '       ,   r-,  ,    n/^  ,    .^r.        _     .^         .         ,. 

of  lieutenant-general  in  1858.  He  conducted  several  im- 
portant geodetic  survevs,  and  in  1870  became  president 
of  the  Geodetic  Institute  at  Berlin.  He  published  various 
geodetical  works. 

Baez  (ba'ath),  Buenaventura.  Born  at  Azua. 


lower  valleys  of  the  Euplirates  and  Tigris, 
between  Persia  and  Arabia. 
Bagdad,  or  Baghdad.  The  capital  of  the  vila- 
yet of  Bagdad,  situated  on  the  Tigi-is  in  lat. 
33°  20'  X.,"formerly  a  city  of  great  importance 
and  still  the  seat  of  considerable  commerce.  It 
has  manufactures  of  leather,  silk, cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

It  was  founded  in  7(52  by  .\bu  Jaffar.  suniamed  'Al-  _         .   ,.  t  ,\  ■     i    -  a-  ^■■^  '^  ■■\      rr*    <i    n, 

Mansur'C  the  Victorious'),  second  calif  of  the  dynasty  of  Bagni  dl  LuCCa  (ban  ye  de  lok  ka).  [It. .'baths 
the  Abbassides,  and  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Abbassides  for  of  Lucca.']  A  wateriug-plaee  in  Italy.  13  miles 
five  hundred  years,  bearing  the  name  of  Mansurijeh,  also  northeast  of  Lucca,  noted  for  hot  springs. 
Dar-es-Selani  ('Dwellins  of  Peace'),  which  latter  name  it     p„„„i„t;nT,    Q  nnn 

still  hasinofQcialdocumentsof  theOttomangovemment,   -/"I'".'<'V""'  '^'".',.  ....    ,     -,-    ,-.., 

Under  the  Abbassides  it  became  a  celebrated  center  of  Bagni  dl  San  GlUlianO  (ban  ye  desanjo-le-a  - 
-Arabic  learning  and  civilization,  and  the  glorj-  and  splen-  no).  A  town  and  watering-place  in  Italy,  north- 
dor  of  the  eastern  world.    Duiing  the  height  of  its  pros-     east  of  Pisa. 

perity  it  harbored  a  million  and  a  half  people  within  its  -d^  .«,;«.„«  TTr«n„  \  'r^ana  ^f  c-rr,,i,^ai>->£,r,f  in 
walls!    It  declined  with  the  decay  of  the  Abbassidian  ca-  Bagmgge  Wells.     A  place   of  amusement  in 

lifate,  and  came  at  the  fall  of  this  dynasty,  in  1258,  into     London  which  f oi-merly  (time  of  George  11. )  lay 

■ " •.  .    • -^      jjj.  (ijg  gag(;  of  fjray's  Inn  Road,  nearly  opposite 

what  is  now  Mecklenburg  Square  and  northeast 
of  St.  Andrew's  burying  ground.  It  "included  a 
great  room  for  concerts  and  entertainments,  a  garden 
planted  with  trees,  shjubs.  and  flowers,  and  provided  with 
walks,  a  fish-pond,  fountain,  rustic  bridge,  rural  cottages 
and  seats.  The  admission  was  threepence." 
Bagno  a  Ripoli  (ban'yo  a  re'po-le).  An  east- 
em  suburb  of  Florence. 


the  hands  of  the  Mongols.    It  is  still  the  capital  of  the 
Turkish  province  Mesopotamia.    Population,  180,000. 


shire,  England,  Feb.  29, 1728:  died  at  Tamworth, 
England,  Sept.  1,  1801.  An  English  novelist. 
He  was  a  paper-manufacturer  by  trade,  and  did  not  begin 
to  write  before  the  age  of  fifty-three.  He  wrote  "  Mount 
Henneth  "(1781).  "Barhani  Downs"  (1784),  "Hermsprong, 
or  Man  as  he  is  not"  (1796),  etc. 


Hayti,  about  1810 ;  died  in  Porto  Rico.  March  Bagehot  (baj'ot),  Walter.     Born  at  Langport,  Bagno  in  (or  di   Romagna  (ban'vo  en  (or  de) 
;man  of  Santo  Domingo.     He     Somersetshire.  Feb.  3, 1826:  died  there.  March     i-o-man'va).     A  town   and   wateri 


21, 1884.     A  statesm; 

cooperated  with  Santa  Anna  in  the  establishmeiit  of  the 
Dominican  Republic,  and  was  president  from  1819  to  1853, 
when  he  was  overturned  and  expelled  by  Santa  .Anna.  He 
retired  to  New  York,  but  Santa  .Anna  being  driven  out  in 
1856,  he  was  called  back  and  again  elected  president.  In 
June,  1858,  he  was  again  supplanted  by  Sant:i  Anna. 
Elected  a  third  time  in  l5(x>,  he  was  supplanted  in  1866 
by  a  triumvirate  headed  by  Cabral,  Baez  was  recalled 
and  made  president  a  fourth  time  in  1868.    After  various 


__  atering-place  in 

24,1877.    A  noted  English  economist,  publicist,  the  Ape'nnines,  Italy,   37  miles  northeast   of 

and  journalist.    He  was  graduated  at  the  University  Florence 

of  London  1S46,  was  called  to  the _bar  in  18.52,  and  was  gagnoles   (ban-vol').     A  small  watering-place 

editor  of  the  "Economist     1860-77.      He  wrote  "The  .v'*o""'''°   ^          •     .     c  ri          v^^    „„   «„w^i™no* 

EngUsh  Constitution"  (l»67),  "Physics  and  Politics,  etc."  "i  the  department  of  Orne,  France,  northwest 

(1869),  "Lombard  Street,  etc."  (1873),  "Literary  Studies"  of  Alencon. 

(1879),  "Economic Studies "(1880), "Biographical Studies "  3agnoli    (bSn-yo'le).       A    small    town    in    the 

Jissixetc.       _      .,.,..      ,.  province  of  Avellino,  Italy,  45  miles   east  of 


ana  maae  presmeiiL  a  louiiu  liiue  iu  ioih3.     jiitci  ><u»uiio  _;         "            ...     ......         1     TT        'A-     1     *.    *       1  ■„        inij\iiic 

negotiations  he  signed  with  President  Grant  two  treaties  Baggara  (bag  ga-ra).     A  Hamitic  but  Arabic-     5^-g   jp,, 

(Nov.  29,  1869).  one  for  the  annexation  of  Santo  Domingo  speaking  tribe  of  the  upper  Nile  valley.     They  -r.^-Ic  lao  TJaino  ChSn  vol'la    bnri') 

to  the  United  St.ates.  and  the  other  for  the  cession  of  the  /^^  nonTads,  hunters,  Egyptian  soldiers,   and     teri^°  nlace    in   the    d^nartment    of 

bayolSamana.    The  annexation  scheme  was,  ostensibly  „]„,.„ -„:,i„'       Soo  fhillui-                                          tenng-place    in   tne    aepariment    oi 


bayotsamana-     ine  annexation  scneme  was,  ostensioiy     „i„,-„  .„:,i„„       Rpp  Shilliit 
at  least,  approved  by  the  people  of  Santo  Domingo,  but  J^'^^ e-rainers.     oee  .vhhma. 

the  United  States  Senate  refused  to  ratify  it.    The  failure  Baggesen    (bag^e-sen).    JenSj Emmanuel K 
of  this  resulted  in  renewed  disorders,  and  the  fall  of  Baez.      "  '  *"       ..     -r^  - -,-  -n-T, 

Baeza  (ba-a'tha).     A  town  in  the  pro\-ince  of 


France,  on  the  Lot  east  of  Mende. 
phur  springs. 


).     A  wa- 

Lozfere, 

It  has  sul- 


Jaen,  southern  Spain,  22  miles  northeast  of 
Jaen:  the  Roman  Beatia.     It  has  a  cathedral,  rjjd 


Born  at  Korsor.  Denmark  Feb. ,15  17&4:  died  at  Bagnols-SlU--C6ze  (ban-vol'siir-saz').     A  town 
Hamburg,  Oct.  3,  1826.     A  Danish  poet,  au_thor  ^^^t^J^'^fepartment  of  Ga^d,  France,  on  the  Ceze 


of  "Comic  Tales"(178.5),"Labvrinthen"(1792), 
Parthenais"  (1804),  etc. 


was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  university.    It  was  a  flourish-  Baghdad      See  Baqdad 

ing  Moorish  city,  and  was  sacked  by  St  Ferdinand  in  the  -R-lii^ithnnfl   rha-o-el-kimd')       The  collective 

laih  century.    Population  (1887),  13,911.  JSagnelKIiana  (Da-gei  Kima  ;.     ine  coiiecuv  e 

Baflin  (baf'in),  WUUam.  Died  Jan.  23,  1622.  name  ot  several  native  states  m  central  India, 
An  English  navigator  and  explorer.  HewaspUot  the  most  important  of  which  is  Kewah.  _^ 
of  the  Discovery,  Captain  Robert  Bylot,  which  in  1615  Bagheria(ba-ge-re  a).  Or  Bagana  (ba-ga-re  a), 
was  despatched  bv  the  Muscovy  Company  to  North  Amer-  A  town  on  the  northern  coast  of  Sicilv,  8  miles 
lea  in  search  of  the  northwest  passaee  The  expedition  east  of  Palermo.  Population,  12,000." 
resulted  in  the  discover}'  of  the  bay  between  Greenland  ^C"  ,  ,,^.  ,,..  „=„'„,s^  Xr,  imr^nWoiit  African 
and  British  America  which  has  since  received  the  name  Baghimu  (ba-ger  me)_.^  An  importantAtrican 
of  BafBil  Bav.  -An  account  of  the  expedition,  written  by 
Baflin,  was  printed  by  Purchas,  who,  however,  took  great 
liberties  with  the  text.  The  original  manuscript,  with 
map,  is  in  the  British  Jluseum,  and  was  edited  for  the 
Hakluyt  Societv  in  1819  (Ruudall,  "  Narratives  of  Voyages 
towards  the  North-west  ').  Baflin  was  killed  while  sen-- 
ing  in  the  allied  English  and  Persian  armies  against  the 
Portuguese  in  the  island  of  Eishm  in  the  Persian  Gulf, 

Baffin  Bay  (baf'in  ba).     A  sea  passage  com 


kingdom,  southeast  of  Lake  Chad  on  the  Shari 


25  miles  northeast  of  Ximes.  Population  (1891), 
4.454. 

Bagnuolo  i'ban-yo-6'16).  Count  (Giovanni  Vi- 
cenzo  Sanfelice).  Born  about  1590 :  died  about 
1650.  A  Neapolitan  soldier,  in  1624  (Naples  be- 
ing then  under  Philip  IV.  of  Spain)  he  commanded  a  con- 
tingent of  troops  from  his  country  sent  with  others  to 
the  relief  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  then  threatened  by  the  Dutch. 
He  distinguished  himself  greatly  in  the  following  cam- 
paigns, ultimately  commanded  at  Bahi^  and  in  1638  re- 
pelled an  attack  upon  that  city.  For  this  service  he  was 
made  a  prince  in  Naples. 


River,  between  Bomu  and  Wadai,  and  within  Bagoas  iba-go'as).     [Gr.  Bayuaf.]     Died  about 

336  B.  c.  An  Egyptian  eunuch,  in  the  service 
of  Artaxerxes  Ochus  of  Persia,  who  for  a  short 
tiihe  usui-ped  the  virtual  sovereignty  of  the 
empire.  He  put  to  death  Artaxerxes  Ochus  (338)  and 
.Arses  (336).  but  was  himself  compelled  to  drink  a  poison 
which  lie  had  intended  for  Arses's  successor  Codomannus. 


the  French  sphere  of  influence.  The  c.untiy  is  a 
fertile  plain.  The  population  is  mixed;  the  mass  is  Ni- 
gritic ;  the  hiL-'her  class  are  pastoral  Fulahs  and  trading 
Arabs,  Island  was  introduce  I  in  the  16th  century,  but 
many  are  still  pagan.  Capital,  Massenya.  The  language 
is  called  Bnqrima ;  it  is  related  to  Kuka  and  distinct  from 
Kanuri.     Population,  about  1,000,000. 


municating  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  Davis  Baghi'stan'^(bag-is-tair'')7"The^  name  of  Bagoas.    A  favorite  eunuch  of  Alexander  the 

Strait,  and  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  Smith     Behistun.  Great. 


Sound,  and  lying  west  of  Greenland;  explored  Bagida  (ba-ge'da).     A  town  in  German  Togo- 
by  Baffin  1616.     Also  Baffin's  Bay.  land.  West  Afi-ica.    Here  Nachtigal  hoisted  the 

Baffin  Land  (baf'in  land).    An  extensive  terri-    (German  fla"  in  1884. 
tory  in  the  Arctic  regions,  lying  west  of  Baffin  Bagimonfs  EoU  (baj'i-monts  rol).     A  list  of 
Bay.     Also  Baffin's  Land.  tdg  ecclesiastical  benefices   of  Scotland   and 

Baffo  (baf 'fo).  sumamed  "  The  Pure.      Lived    ^heir  valuation  in  the  latter  part  of  the  middle 


about  1580-1600.  A  Venetian  lady,  sultana  and 
counselor  of  the  sultan  Amurath  III. 

Bafing  (ba'f  eng).  One  of  the  chief  head  streams 
of  the  river  Senegal. 

Bagamoyo  (ba-ga-mo'yo).    A  port,  tO'VTn,_and 


ages.  "It  took  its  name  from  an  Italian  churchman, 
Boiamond  (or  Bajimont)  of  Vicci,  a  canon  of  the  cathedral 
of  Asti  in  Piedmont,  w  ho  was  sent  by  the  Pope  to  Scot- 
land in  1274  to  collect  the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of  all  the 
church  livings,  for  a  Crusade."  Chamherss  Encyc,  I.  657. 
Bagirmi.     See  Bapliirnji. 


the  greatest  commercial  center  of  Gennan  East  Bailey  (bag'  li),  John  Judson.  Bom  at  Medina, 
Africa,  south  of  the  Kingani  River  opposite     x.  y.-TuIv  24,  lS32t  died   at  San   Francisco; 


Zanzibar.  It  is  a  meeting-place  of  inland  roads  and 
caravans.  A  railroad  is  building  to  the  neii;hU)ring 
Dar-es-Salaam.  Population,  20,000  to  30,000,  consisting  of 
-Arabs,  Hindus,  and  Africans. 

Ba-ganda  (ba-gan'da).     See  Ganda. 

Bagaudae  (ba-ga'dej.  A  body  of  Gallic  peas- 
ants in  rebellion  against  the  Romans  at  inter- 
vals from  about  270  -A.  D.  to  the  5th  century. 

Bagby  (bag'bi),  Arthur  Pendleton.  Bom  in 
Virginia,  1794;  died  at  Mobile.  Alabama.  Sept. 
21,  1858.  An  American  politician.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Alabama  1837-41,  United  States  senator  from 
Alabama  1841-18,  and  United  States  minister  to  Russia 
1848-49. 


July  27, 1881.    An  American  politician,  Repub 
lieaii  governor  of  Michigan  1873- 


Bagot  (bag'ot).  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Blith- 
field,  Staffordshire,  England.  Sept.  23,  1781: 
died  at  Kingston.  Canada,  May  18,  1843.  A 
British  diplomatist.  He  became  under-secretary  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs  in  1807.  minister  to  France  in  1814, 
ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg  in  ls20,  ambassador  to  Hol- 
land in  1824,  and  governor-general  of  the  Canadas  in  1842. 

Bagot,  Sir  William.  Lived  about  the  end  of 
the  14th  century.  An  English  statesman,  min- 
ister of  Richard  II.  lie  was  one  of  the  council  (with 
Bussy.  Green,  and  Scrope)  left  in  charge  of  the  kingdom 
when  Richard  departed  for  Ireland  in  1399. 

Bagradas  (bag'ra-das;.  The  ancient  name  of 
the  river  Medjerda  (which  see). 

Bagratians.     See  Bagratidx. 

Bagratidae  (ba-grat'i-de).  A  dynasty  of  Ar- 
menian mouarchs  which  lasted  from  the  9th  to 
1th  centurv.     See  Armenia. 


Baglivi  (bal-ye've),  Giorgio.    Born  at  Ragusa,     rt      '. 

Sicily,  1669;  died  at  Rome.  1707.     An  ItaUan  -li.—atin- n,S  pVs  tse  on')  Prince Pptpr    Born 
physician  professor  of  anatomy  and  medicine  Bagat^on(l^gratse^^^^^ 

in  the  College  de  Sapienza  at  Rome.     He  was  -  .     .  &  .. 

the  founder  of  the  system  of  "solidism"  in  medicine,  as 


opposed  to  Galenism'or  huniorism.     His  medical  writings 
were  held  in  high  esteem,  and  were  frequently  reprinted. 

Bagnacavallo,  Bartolommeo.   See  Bamenghi. 

Bagne(biiny),  orBagnes(bany),Val  de.  An  al- 
pine valley  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland, 
southeast'of  Martigny,  traversed  by  the  Dranse. 


from  a  Georgian  princely  family.  He  served  with 
distinction  against  the  Turks  and  Poles,  and  in  1799  in 
Italy  (Ca.ssano)  and  Switzerland ;  opposed  Murat  at  Hol- 
labrun,  Nov.  16,  1805  ;  served  at  Austerlitz.  Eylau,  Fried- 
land,  and  in  Finland;  was  commander-in-chief  in  Turkey 
in  1S"9 ;  was  defeated  near  Mohileff,  July  23,  1812  ;  and 
was  mortally  wounded  at  Borodino,  Sept.  7,  1812. 
Bagrima.     See  Baghirmi. 


Bagshaw 


109 


Baily,  Francis 


Bagshaw(bag'sha),  Edward.    Died  1662.    An  Bahraich,  or  Bharech.    A  town  in  Oudh,  Brit- 

t'^    ^i:..u   T> 1;^*    ...vi:^;..; l    ..,.*1.^,.        ^  ,    ,        ;    l.    t,..i:..     i!-;  ...;i ^...t. — ,..►  ..f  I  ...ib-nrnm. 


Kuglish  Royalist  politieian  and  author.  OrlRi- 
nally  a  Puritan,  he  sat  it)  the  I'aiiiiuneul  coiivetied  by 
Chai-Ie3  I.  at  Uxfotd  Hi44,  was  taketi  pri&oiit-r  iti  the  same 
year  Ijy  the  Farliameiitary  ariiiy,  and  hiiivtiished  in  tlto 
Kirit^s  Bench  prison  at  Suuthwark  till  lt^t>.  While  iti 
prison  he  wrote,  among  other  worlis,  "De  tnonarchia 
aljsuliita  "  U(i59). 

Bagshot  (bag'shot)  A  ^illagp  in  Surrej',  Eng- 
hiiiil,  10  miles  southwest  of  Windsor. 

Bagshot  Heath.  A  tract  of  land  on  the  border 
of  Surrey  and  Berkshire,  England. 

Bagstock  (bag'stok),  Major  Joe.  '"A  woodon- 

fealured,  blue-faced"  officer,  a  friend  of  Mr. 
Donibey,  in  Dickens's  novel  '"  Dombey  anil 
Son."  Hecallshimself  "J.  B.,'"OId.T.  B.,'  •toughold 
Joe,"  and  says  "Joe  is  rough  and  tough,  sir!  blunt,  sir, 
blunt  ia  Joe. ' 
Bahalul  (bii-hii-lor).  The  court  fool  of  Ha- 
run-al-Bashid:  surnamed  "  Al-Mcgnum"  ('the 
Crazy'). 

Bahama  Bank  (ba-ha'mii  bangk),  Great.  A 
bank  or  area  of  shoal  water  between  Cuba  and 
the  Bahama  Islands. 

Bahama  Bank,  Little 

Bahama  Island. 

Bahama  Channel,  Old.  The  part  of  the  ocean 
between  Cuba  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
Bahamas.     Also  called  Gulf  iif  Florida. 


fswerdaii.  hax_ony,  A.tg  J...  1.41:  aieauear  Bailey,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Sheffield,  1701:  died 
.k>,  .April -3,  1/92.  AUeniian  theologian,  j^^.  f^;,^  1,470.  An  English  writer  on  phUosophy 
'I^J'^^.'^^'S:^.  "'  ir'  '^^^.i*?.;',?^.^^    and  political  ..fonomy. 


h  India,  G.J  miles  northeast  of  Lucknow, 

Bahrdt  (biirt).  Karl  Friedrich.    Born  at  Bis- 

chofswerda,  in  Saxony,  Aug.  'Si.  1741 :  died  near 

Hall  ■  ... 

noteti  lor  uis  extreme  raiiouaiiMii.    ue  was  pro-  .        , 

feasor  or  biblical  philology  at  Lelpsic  ITtXWB,  of  biblical     '"'.',  I'"'   _,,         , 

antiquities  at  Erfurt  17IS-71,  of  theology  (and  pastor)  at  JsaUey,     ineOaOrUS 

Giessen  1771-75,  and  became  director  of  \on  Sails  s  1*111-     N.     \  ..    .\pril    '"'     *^ 

laiithropin  at  Marschlini  in  177.S  a  |>o8t  which  lie  held 

fourteen  months,  lie  was  superintendent-general  and 
pastor  at  Diirkllelm  when  (1778)  lie  was  declared  by  the 
imperial  aulic  council  incapable  of  holding  an  ecclesias- 
tical olllce  and  forbidden  to  pulillsh  any  writing,  lakiiig 
refuge  in  Prussia,  he  lectured  on  iihib»ft*>phy  and  philology 
at  Halle  1779-8!).  He  was  condemned  to  one  year's  Ini- 
prlsoument  (1781))  for  having  puldished  the  pasiiuinade 
"Das  UeligioiiBcdict,  cin  Lustspiel  (1788).  His  lemain- 
Ing  years  were  devoted  to  the  management  of  a  tavern  of 
questionable  repute. 

Bahrein  (bii-ran'),  or  Aval  (a-val').  Islands. 
A 
coast 


April  2-2, 1816:  died  there,  Sept.  6, 1"  02.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  lie  wrote  "  Festus  "  (183!)).  '  Angel  World  " 
(1851)),   'Mystic'   (1855),   "The   Age,    Iniversal   Hymn' 

(181)7),  etc 


inrein  (ua-ran  ),  or  A.vai  la-vai  ;,  xBia.uus.     lu,  isou. 

Lgroupof  islands  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  near  the  Bailiff's    Daughter  of  Islington,  The 

oast  of  Arabia,  about  hit.  26°  N..  long.  'lO"  E.     old   ballad    ]preserved   in   I'eiivs   "Kelit 


Bahamas  (ba-ha'maz).  formerly  Lucayos  flii- 
ki'os).  A  group  of  islands  in  the  British  West 
Indies,  southeast  of  Florida.  The  principal  islands 
are  Great  Abaco.  Great  Bahama.  Amiioa  Is];iiiil,  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watliny's  Ulaiid,  Long 
Island,  Great  Exumn,  Crooked  Island,  Acklin  Island, 
Marigiiana,  and  Great  Inagua.  The  group  Contains  also 
many  keys  and  reefs.  The  capital  is  .Nassau.  The  Baha- 
mas were  discoveretl  by  Columbus  in  14!*2  ;  were  occupied 
by  the  British  in  1629  ;  and  were  finally  secured  to  them 
In  1783.  Area,  6,450  square  miles.  I'opulation  (181)1), 
47,505. 

Bahar.    See  Behar. 

Baharites  (ba-har'its),  or  Baharides(ba-har'- 
idz).  A  Mameluke  dynasty  which  reigned  over 
Egypt  from  the  middle  of  the  13th  to  the  end 
of  the  14th  century. 

Baha'walpur  (bii-hil-wal-p6r')  or  Bha'walpur 
(bha'wUl-pbr  or  bhal-piir').  A  feu<latory  state 
in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  under  British 
stipervision,  extending  from  lat.  28°  to  30°  N., 
and  from  long.  70°  to  74°  E.  Area,  17,285 
square  miles.     Population,  650,042. 

Baha'walpur.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Ba- 
liawaliiur,  near  the  Sutlej,  Population  (1891), 
18.71(3. 

Bahia  (ba-e'S).  A  state  of  Brazil,  bounded  by 
Piauhy,  Pernambuco,  and  Sergipe  on  the  north, 
the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  Espirito  Santo  and 
Miuas  Geraes  on  the  south,  and  (joyaz  on  the 
west.  It  ia  noted  for  its  tobacco,  coffee,  and 
sugar.  Area,  164.649  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1893),  about  2,000,000. 

Bahia,  or  Sao  Salvador  da  Bahia  (soun  siil- 

va.-d6r'  dii  bii-e'ii).  A  sea])ort.  capital  of  the 
state  of  Bahia,  situated  on  All  Saints'  Bay  in 
lat.  13°  1'  S.,  long.  38°  32'  W.  It  is  the  second  city 
of  the  country ;  has  a  large  harbor ;  comprises  an  upper  and 
a  lower  town  ;  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archltisliopric.  It  has 
regular  steamship  communication  with  various  Euroneaii 
and  American  ports  ;  exports  sugar,  tobacco,  etc. ;  and  has 
flourishing  manufactures.  It  was  peopled  in  153«,  but 
abandoned  ;  was  refounded  in  V.A\) ;  and  was  tin-  colonial 
capital  of  Brazil  until  1703.  Population  (1892),  estimated, 
with  suburbs,  200,000. 

Bahia  de  Todos  os  Santos  or  Bay  of  All 

Saints,      'I'lie    liavbor   ot    Baliia.    Brazil.      In 

old  works  the  name  is  frequently  applied   lo 

the   city. 
Bahia  3onda(bii-e'a  on'da).  [Sp.,' deep  bay.'] 

.\  small  harbor  in  northwestern  Cuba,  west  of 

Havana. 
Bahlapi  (biich-lii'po).     See  Chuana. 
Bahlingen.    See  ituhniii  n. 
Bahman  (bii'  man),  Prince.   The  eldest  son  of 

the  Sultan  of  Persia,  a  character  in  the  story 
of  "TheTwo  Envious  Sisters"  in  "Tlio  Araiiian 
Nights'  Entertainments."  Ilo  left  with  his  sister 
when  starting  out  onliis  advcnturcsa  magical  knife  :  if  II 
kept  111  ii;lit  she  woubl  know  that  he  was  safe.  If  a  drop  of 
Mood  appeared  on  it,  that  he  was  dead. 
Bahn  (biln).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Pome- 
rania,  Prussia,  sitiiatcil  on  the  Time  66  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin.     I>oi>iilalioi).  about  3,000. 

Bahr  (bar),  Johann  Christian  Felix.    Born 

al  Darmstadt,  .June  13,  1798:  dii'd  at  Heidel- 
tierg,  Nov.  '29,  1872.  A  Gorman  philologist  and 
historian,  lie  wrote  "  Oeschlchle  der  roiuischcn  I.lt- 
eratnr"  (1828:  supplements  ls;«l-;i7,  1810),  etc.,  and 
vdlted  tlie  fragments  of  Ctesias  (1826). 
Bahraich  (bil-ridi').  A  district  in  the  Fyzabad 
division,  in  Oudh.  British  India.  Area.  2,680 
aquaro  miles.     Population  (1891).  1,I100.4:!2. 


The  chief  island  is  !(amak  (length  aliout  30  miles);  th 
capital  .Manama.  The  islands  are  celebrateil  for  their 
pearl  IlNheries.     Tliev  are  under  British  protection. 

A  bank  north  of  Great  Bahr-el-Abiad  (biihr-el-ii-be-ad').     The  White 

Xilr. 

Bahr-el-Azrak    (biihr-el-iiz'rak).     The    Blue 

Nile. 

Bahr-el-Ghazal  (bahr-el-gha-zai').  One  of 
the  chief  western  tributaries  of  the  White 
Nile.     Also  a  dry  emissary  of  Lake  Chad. 

Bahya  ben  Joseph  ben  Pakoda.    Lived  in 

Saragossa,  Spain,  in  thi'  11th  century.  A  Jew- 
ish religious  author  and  poet.  He  is  best  known  by 
his  work  "  Duties  of  the  Heart,"  which  he  wrote  in  Arabic 
(translated  into  Hebrew  under  the  title  "Hobath  ha  Leba- 
both"),  containing  meditations  and  exhortations  on  the 
spiritual  side  of  religion.  It  holds  a  place  among  the 
Jews  similar  to  that  of  the  "  Imitation  of  Christ  "  among 
christians.  It  was  translated  intoSpanish  (1610),  and  an 
English  translation  has  been  prepared. 

Baiae  (bil'ye).     [Gr.  Bniai.]     See  B<ija. 

Baiburt  (in-bort').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Erzriim,  Asiatic  Turkey.  (56  miles  northwest 
of  Erzrum,  on  the  Masset.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant strategic  and  commercial  position.  Popu- 
lation, O.IJOO. 


Born  at  Chateaugay, 
.\.  v.;  April  12  1805:  died  at  Washington, 
D. ('..Feb.  10, 1877.  .An  American  rear-admiral. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1818,  and  became  lieutenant  in 
1827,  commaniier  in  1849,  and  captain  in  1»55.  He  was 
second  in  command  in  the  naval  attack  on  the  defensei 
of  New  Orleans  in  1802,  and  was  sent  by  Admiral  i'ar- 
ragut,  Ajn  11  2.'>.  lo  demand  the  surrender  of  the  city.  .  He 
was  made  comniodore  in  1.^2,  and  in  the  same  year  wa« 
appointed  commander  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  blockading 
8<(U:idn)ii,  ill  which  post  he  is  said  to  have  lakeu  over  160 
blockade-niiiners  in  eighteen  months.  He  wiis  made  rear- 
admiral  July  2.'),  180*'',  and  placed  on  the  retired  list  Oct. 

10,  18««. 

-  -  -    -   .-        .  —  ^ 

ques'' 
of 


and  Kitson's  "Ancient  .Songs."     It  is  a  tale 
a  squire's  sou  and  a  bailiff's  daughter. 

Bailleul  (bii-ye').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Nord.  France,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Lille.     Population  (1891).  13,276. 

Baillie  (bii'li).  Lady  Grizel  iGrizel  Hume). 

Born    at  Kedbraes  Castle.   Berwickshire.  Dec. 
25,  1065:  died  Dec.  6.  1746.     .\  Scottish  poet, 
daughter  of  Sir  Patrick  Hume,  first   earl  of 
Marchmont. 
Baillie,  or  Bailly,  Harry.    The  host  of  the 

Tabard  Inn  in  ChauceiV  •Canterbury  Tales." 
"He  is  a  shrewd,  liold.  maidj,  wellinformed  fellow  with 
a  blabbing  shrew  for  a  wife.  "  shaksperc  s  "Mine  Host 
of  the  Gai^r  ■■  in  the  "  lleny  Wives  of  Windsor  '  Is  said 
t.i  have  been  taken  from  him.  He  is  sometimes  called 
"Henry  Bailif." 
Baillie,  Joanna.  Born  at  Bothwell,  Lanark- 
shire, Scotland,  Sept.  11,  1762.  died  at  Hamp- 
stead,  England,  Feb.  23,  1851.  A  Scotch  dram- 
atist and  poet,  she  wrote  "  Plays  on  the  I'assions" 
(18ir2-3<;),  in  which  she  delineates  the  principal  passions 
of  the  mind,  each  passion  being  made  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  and  a  comedy  ;  and  was  the  author  of  the  poemt 
"Lines  to  Agnes  Baillie  on  her  Birthday,'  "  The  Kitten,'' 
and  "To  a  child." 


Baidar  (bi-dar').     A  village  and  valley  near  Baillie  Nicpl  Jarvie.     SeoJanie. 

the  southern  extremity  of  the  Crimea,  Kussia.   Baillie,  Robert.     Born  at  (.lasgow,  1;)99:  died 
Balf  (  ba-C'f),  Jean  Antoine  de.    Born  at  Ven- 


ice, 1532:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  9,  1589.    .\  French 
poet,  natural  sou  of  Lazare  de  Baif.  a  friend  of 
konsai'd  and  a  member  of  the  "Pleiade." 
Baikal  (bi'kiil).  Tatar  Bai-kul.     ['Rich  sea.'] 


July,  Ui(i2.  .\  Scotch  Presbyterian  divine  and 
controversialist,  author  of  •'  Letters  and  Jour- 
nals. l()37-()2,"  etc.  This  work  is  "for  Scotland  much 
what  Pepys  and  Evelyn  are  for  England.  They  are  es- 
pecially valuable  in  relation  In  the  assembly  of  It^Js  and 
the  assembly  of  Westminster  "  (Did.  Sat.  Zh'oj;.). 


Tho  largest  fresh-water  lake  of  Asia,  situated  g^jlljg     Robert,    of    Jerviswood.      Executed 


n  southern  Siberia  on  the  border  of  Irkutsk 
and  Transbaikalia,     its  chief  tributaries  are  the  up- 

{ler  Angara,  Selenga,  and  HargUBlli,  ami  its  outlet  is  the 
ower  Angara  to  the  Yenisei.  Length,  397  miles.  Average 
widtil,  45  miles.     Area,  12,500  squai'C  miles. 

Baikal  Mountains.    -V  range  of  mountains 

west  anil  northwest  of  Baikal. 

Baikie  (ba'ki),  William  Balfour.    Born  a( 

Kirkwall,  Orkney.  Aug.  27.  1.'^'25:  died  at  Sierra 
Leone,  Dec.  12,"  1864.  A  surgeon  (assistant 
surgeon  in  the  royal  navy  1848-51),  explorer 
and  pioneer  in  the  valley  of  the  Niger,  Africa. 
He  was  appointed  siiigeon  anil  naturalist  of  the  Nigcrex- 
ploring  expedition  (1854), and  succeeded  to  the  cominaiid 
of  the  vessel  (the  I'lelad)  on  the  death  of  Its  captain.  The 
expedition  ascendeil  the  river  250  miles  beyond  the  high- 
est  iwlnt  before  reached. 

Ballan  (in  Syria).     See  Beilan. 

Bailey  (b.'i'li),  Gamaliel.  Bom  at  Mount  IToIIy, 
N.  J.,  Dec.  3,  lb07:  dieil  at  sea,  June  5,  1859. 
An  American  abolitionist,  editor  of  the  "Na- 
tional Era"  at  Washington. 

Bailey,  James  Montgomery.  Born  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  25,  1841:  died  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
March  4,  1894.  An  American  humorist,  editor 
ot  the  "  Danbury  News." 

Bailey,  Joseph 

1827:  killed  it 

1867.  An  .\mpricaii  general  in  the  Civil  War 
Whllo  lieutenant  cob.nel  In  the  Kid  Klver  expedition, 
1804,  he  constructed  a  dam  ill  alley's  dam)  above  Alexan- 
dria lo  Insuro  the  nas.ag.-  of  the  lUet,  f.ir  »hlch  service 
hu  was  made  brigadier  general  and  r.  celvcd  the  thanks  of 
Congress.     Ho  settled  In  Newton  County,  MUMinrl,  was 


at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  24.  16'<4.  A  Scottish  pa- 
triot, condemned  for  alleged  complicity  in  the 
••IJve  House  Plot"  (which  see). 

Baillon  (bii-voiV),  Ernest  Henri.    Bom  at 

Calais.  Nov.  30,  1827:  died  July  19,  1895.  A 
noted  French  botanist. 

Baillot  (bii-yo'),  Pierre  Marie  Francois  de 

Sales.  Born  at  Pas.^v.  near  Paris,  O.t.  1,  1771. 
dieil  at  Paris,  Sept.  1.5.  1M2.  A  French  violinist. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  \  iotti.  became  profi-ssoi  of  the  violin 
In  the  Conservatory  of  .Music  al  Paris  1T95,  and  per- 
fonneil  in  Itnssia,  Holland,  and  Kngland.  He  urtile  "Art 
du  Violin  "(lac). 

Baillou  (bii-yii')  (L.  Ballonius^  Guillaume 

de.  Born  1.538:  died  lOlti.  A  French  pliyt-i- 
ciaii.  lie  was  apiMiinted  by  Henry  H*.  Ilrst  physician 
to  the  lianpbln  in  IDol.  and  Is  reputed  lo  have  lieen  the 
Ilrst  lo  make  known  the  nature  of  croup.  He  wrote 
"  Adversaria  medlcinallii.  '  etc. 

Bailly  i  bii-vi:-').  Antoine  Nicolas.    Bom  June 

11.  JsTl):  died  Jan,  1.  ls!)'J.  .\  I'reiich  iiivliileel. 
He  was  appointed  to  a  |K>siti<in  in  ibr  ailminiistratioii  of  the 
city  of  Paris  in  18:14.  and  iMcaiin'  an  hitect  to  the  Krench 
government  hi  1841.  He  has  built  the  MolKre  fountain 
at  Paris,  reconstiiicted  the  cathedral  at  lilgne,  and  erected 
the  new   1 1 ibnnal  de  Commerce  at  Paris. 


iiryNews.  .,„.   Baillv,  Jean  Syl vain.    Bom  at  Pans.  S,.pt. 

1.    Boinat.Salem,Ohio,Aprl-8,     i.-,,  i*;'tii:  ,..\ecuted  al   Paris.  Nov.  PJ.  179.3.     A 
1  Newton  County,  .Mo.,  March. 1,     ,|^,,^,_|  i,'rp,„.i,  i,>i,-,,notiiir  and  politician.     He 


1" 

was  a  member  of  tin'  Acailemy  id  Sciences,  of  the  Acad* 
einy  of  Inscriptions,  and  of  the  Kniicli  Acailemy,  preal- 
dent  of  the  Third  Kslale  and  of  the  National  AMMlnfily  In 
1781).  and  nin)or  of  Paris  1781)  Dl  He  wiote  "  HIsloln-  do 
riislronomle  '  (177.'i  87),  "  Kssnl  sur  1  origlne  di-s  fables  ot 
des  religions  ancleiines  "  (1791)),    '  .Mi  molrea, "  etc. 


apiHiluted  sherUf,  and  wiu  assasainalod  lu  Uio  dlschiirgo  g^jj^jj^jj  ,  l,j.liiu'i|o).      file   Porliigiiese  nnnic 


of  his  duty. 

Bailey,  Nathan  or  Nathaniel.  Died  nt  Step- 
ney, June  27,  1742.  .\ii  English  Icxieogrnplior 
anil  Hchoolmasler,  author  of  "An  Iniversal 
Etymological  English  Dictionary,"  first  ptib- 
lislied  in  1721.  A  supplement  appeared  In  l?i7.  and 
n  folio  edition  In  17:in,  will)  the  title  "  Dlctlonarlum  Brl 
lannlcuin.  cidlecled  dv  several  hands.  .  .  .  rcvls'd  anil 
ImpMv'd  with  many  thouKuiil  additions  bj-  N.  Unlley.' 
The  dictionary,  biisid  on  the  works  of  Kemey.  c.des 
Phillips,  Blount,  and  others,  has  often  been  republished, 
and  It  has  served  as  the  foundation  ot  other  works  of  the 
kind.  Inclildlog  Jobiisolls. 

Bailey,  Philip  James.    Bom  at  Noitinghnm, 


of  Ombaluiidii,  a  country  and  kingdom  on  the 
high  plateiiu  northeast  Iif  Benguella,  Angola. 

The  natives  of  Ball b>  are  taller  than  their  inighlsirs 

of  Blbe(l)vlye)  and  not  ver>  friendly  to  them,  but  the 
two  tribes  spelik  dialects  id  the  same  language,  and  are 
known  bv  the  genetic  name  of  Dvlmbiindii,  1  hey  aio 
the  gnat"  traders  and  canlers  who  lirlng  the  pru.luco  of 
central  ,Vfrlia  lo  Bingiiella,     See  I'lnhundii. 

Baily  iba'li).  Ed'ward  Hodges.    Born  at  Brls- 


lol. 


Mav  2'2, 


lsc,7 


Etigliiinl.  IT-SS:    liii'il    al    London, 
,\  iiidid  English  sculptor. 
Baily,  Francis.     Born  »l  Newbury,  Berkshire, 
.\pril  28,  1771:  dieil  at   London,  Aug.  30,  1844 


Baily,  Francis 


110 


A  distinguished  English  astronomer,  reformer     termination  of  the  fast  of  the  month  of  Ramadan.    It  is 
of  the  Nautical  Almanac,  and  reviser  of  star-     ^  i<!--^sou  of  great  rejoicing  at  wliich  presents  and  visits 

u:fZ^Zhofn:7i:'!,i:iS'^^^^An^^^^^^^^^      BairTcblrd)  Absalom.  ,  Born  at  Washington, 
33  for  the  Pmchasing  and  Rfr-     l^a.,  Aug.  JO,  lh2-i.     An - 


De  Morgan,  18ot;),  "Tables  : 


newing  of  Leases  "  ^ISO:;),  "Doctrine  of  Interest  and  An- 
nuities '■  (ISOS),  etc. 

Baimenas.  An  Indian  tribe  of  Sinaloa.  Their 
language  has  been  lost. 

Bain  (ban).  Alexander.  Born  at  Watten, 
Caithness,  1810:  died  1877.  A  Scottish  mech- 
anician, inventor  of  the  automatic  chemical 
telegraph  (1843). 

Bain,  Alexander.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 
1818.  A  Scottish  philosophical  waiter.  He  was 
educated  at  ilarisch.-U  College,  Aberdeen,  and  became  pro- 
fessor ol  natural  philosophy  in  the  .\ndei'Sonian  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow  in  1845,  examiner  in  logic  and  moral  phi- 
lo^ojdiy  for  the  University  of  London  (l».'J7-02,  18t>M)9), 
proiessor  of  logic  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen  (1S60-S0), 
and  lord  rector  there  (1S81).  His  chief  works  are  ''The 
Senses  and  the  Intellect"  (1S5.^),  "The  Emotions  and  the 
Will  ■■  (18;i!i),  "  Menial  and  Moral  Science '  (1868),  "  Logic" 
(1870),  "Mind  and  Body,"  ".Manual  of  English  Composi- 
tion and  Rhetoric"  (I8ti0),  "Education  as  a  Science," 
essays  on  J.  S.  Mill,  etc. 

Bainbridge  (ban'brij),  Christopher.    Born  at  ^„„,,_ 

Hilton,  Westmoreland,  14()4  (?):  died  at  Rome,  -d^i^j 

July  14,  1514.     A  noted  English   prelate.     He  p!,     o 

was  made  bishop  of  Durham  in  loOr,  archbishop  of  York  r  v':' 

in  l.^'OS,  ambassador  to  the  Pope  in  1509,  cardinal  (St.  '^      ^' 
Piaxedis)inl511  by  Julius II.,  and  legate  and  comniandei 
of  a  papal  army.     He  was  poisoned  by  one  of 


of  a  papal  army.    He  was  poisoned  by  one  of  his  own   Eairfl    TfpTirv  IWa'rt-oTi      Rnrn  at  Pbil-irlolnbio       J»-ossutn  s     Hirlap    ii 


of  Worcester. 

Bainbridge,  John.  Born  at  Ashbv-de-la-Zoueh, 
England,  1582:  died  at  O.\ford,  1643.  An  Eng- 
lish physician  and  astronomer. 

Bainbridge,William.  Bom atPritjeeton.N.J., 
May  7,  1774:  died  at  Philadelphia.  July  28, 
1833.  An  American  naval  officer,  appointed 
eommodore  in  1812.  He  served  as  lieutenaot-com- 
mandant  in  the  quasi-war  with  France  in  1798,  and  was 
captured  by  the  French  ;  commanded  the  Philadelphia 
in  the  T'ripolitan  war,  and  was  obliged  to  surrender  her, 
Jiov.  1,  IsOS,  after  she  had  become  fast  on  a  rock  in  a 
position  such  that  she  could  not  use  her  guns;  was 
given  command  (1S12)  of  a  squadron  composed  of  the 
Constitution,  Essex,  and  Hornet ;  and  as  commander  of 
the  Constitution  captured  the  British  frigate  Java  Dec. 
29,  1812.  On  his  return  he  took  charge  of  the  Charles- 
town  navy-yard.  In  1815  he  commanded  a  squadron 
in  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  in  1819,  in  the  Columbus, 
took  command  of  the  squadron  in  that  sea,  returning 
in  1»2L  He  later  was  stationed  at  Philadelphia,  Boston, 
and  elsewhere. 

Bain-de-Bretagne  (ban'de-bre-tiiny').  [F., 
'bath  of  Brittany.']  A  town  and  "watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine, 
France,  south  of  Rennes.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,907. 

Baines  (bauz),  Edward.  Born  at  Walton-le- 
Uale,  Lancashire,  Feb.  5,  1774:  died  Aug.  3, 
1848.  An  EugUsh  journalist  and  politician, 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  ''Leeds Mercury," 
and  author  of  histories  of  Torkshire  and  Lan- 
cashire, etc. 

Baines,  Sir  Edward.  Bom  at  Leeds,  1800: 
died  there,  March  2,  1890.  An  English  journal- 
ist, statesman,  and  philanthropist,  son  of  Ed- 
ward Baines. 

Baines,  Matthew  Talbot.  Bom  Feb.  17, 1799: 
died  Jan.  22,  1860.  An  English  politician, 
eldest  son  of  Edward  Baines,  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  with  a  seat 
in  the  cabinet,  in  1855. 

Baines,  Thomas.  Born  at  King's-Lynn,  Norfolk, 
England,  1822:  died  at  Durban.  Port  Natal,  May 
8, 1875.  An  English  artist  and  African  explorer. 
He  arrived  at  Cape  Colony  in  1842 ;  accompanied  the  British 
army  throughout  the  Kaflr  war  1848-51 ;  explored  north- 
west Australia  under  .\ugustus  Gregory  1855-6(i ;  was  artist 
and  storekeeper  to  the  Livingstone  Zambesi  expedition 
in  1858 ;  went  with  Chapman  from  the  southwest  coast  to 
the  Victoria  Falls  in  1861 ;  and  lectured  in  England  18C4- 
1868.  He  wrote  "Explorations  in  Southwestern  Africa" 
(1864),  and  "Th2  Gold  Regions  of  Southeastern  Africa" 
(1S77). 

Baini  (bii-e'ue),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Rome, 
Oct  21,  1775:  died  May  10,  1844.  An  Italian 
priest,  musical  critic,  and  composer:  author  of 
a  lite  of  Palestrina. 

Bains-en- Vosges(  ban'zon-vozh' ),  orBains-les- 
Bains  (ban'la-ban').    A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  departm,ent  of  Vosges,  France,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Epinal.     It  has  hot  baths. , 
Population  (1891),  commune,  2,591. 

Bairaktar  (bi-rak-tiir').  A  title  of  Mustapha 
(175.5-1808),  grand  vizir  of  Mahmud  II. 

Bairam,  orBeiram  (bi-riim').  The  name  of  two 
Mohammedan  feasts.  The gieat  BaU-ani  Cidul-kabir) 
forms  the  concluding  ceremony  of  the  pilgrimage  to 
Mecca,  and  is  celebrated  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  twelfth 
month.  Each  householder  who  is  able  to  do  so  sac- 
rifices a  sheep,  the  flesh  of  which  is  divided  into  three 
portions,  one  for  the  family,  one  for  relatives,  and  one 
tor  the  poor.    The  lesser  Bairam  is  celebrated  at  the 


Baker,  Sir  Richard 

Bajazet'R  (alleged)  treatment  by  Timor  forms  the  most 
pow  eif  ul  portion  of  Marlowe's  "  Tamburlane  "  and  also 
of  Ko«es  "Tamerlane."  He  is  shown  in  an  iron  cage 
and  led  with  broken  scraps  like  a  dog. 

Bajazet  II.  Born  1447:  died  1512.  Turkish 
sultan  14*1-1512,  sou  of  Moliammed  II.  He  was 
engaged  in  .almost  uninterrupted  warfare  with  Hungary 
Poland,  Venice.  Egypt,  and  Persia  :  Wiis  deposed  by  his  son 
Selim  ;  and  died  soon  after  by  poison. 

Bajazet.  A  tragedy  by  Racine,  produced  Jan.  4, 
10V2.  Bajazet  in  this  play  is  the  brother  of  the  sultan 
Amurath,  and  the  necessity  of  choosing  between  the  throne 
with  Eoxane  and  death  with  Atalide  whom  heloves  tonus 
the  most  striking  p;ut  of  the  play. 

Bajazet,  Mosque  of.  A  mosque  in  Constanti- 
nople, finished  in  1505,  one  of  the  finest  exam- 
ples of  Moslem  architecture.  The  fore  court  has 
elegant  Pointed  arcades  of  marble,  with  capitals  of  jasper 
and  verde  aiitieo.  There  are  four  doorways  of  Persian  type, 
and  a  graceful  octagonal  fountain  in  the  middle  of  the 
court.  The  interior  displays  excellent  prorwrtions  and 
details. 

Bajmok  (boi'mok).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Eiics,  Hungary,  southwest  of  Theresienstadt. 
Population  (1890),  7.151. 

Bajura.     The  standard  of  Mohammed. 

Bajza  (boi'zoj.  Joseph.'  Bom  at  Sziiesi, 
Hungary,  Jan.  31,  1S04:  died  March  3, 1858.  A 
Hungarian  poet,  critic,  and  historian.  He  was 
appointed  director  of  the  National  Theater  at  Pesth  in 
1837,  and  became  editor  of  the  "EUenor"  in  1&47,  and  of 
Kossuth's  "Hirlap"  in  1848. 

Tamas.  Died  1521.  A  Hun- 
garian prelate  and  statesman.  By^^adislaus  IL 
he  was  made  chancellor  and  archbishop  of  Gran  and  later 
(1500)  became  cardinal  primate  of  Hungary  and  papal  le- 
gate. He  received  permission  from  the  Pope  (1513)  to  un- 
dertake a  crusade  against  the  I urks,  but  the  army  which 
he  raised  was,  under  the  leadership  of  George  Dosa.  di- 
verted to  an  attack  pn  the  nobility.  It  was  subdued  1614 
by  John  Ziipolya. 

■i.Z'S!,l.''i.?.^]'?'?!'_'';.;'^™':;r-  Bakalahari  (bil-kii-la-ha're).  A  tribe  of  the 
Bechuanas  dwelling  in  the  Kalahari  desert  of 
South  Africa. 


-\niericau  general.  He 
was  graduated  from  West  Point  in  1849;  beciune  captain 
in  the  regular  army  in  1861,  and  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  1862 ;  served  as  division  commander  at  Chat- 
tanooga in  1863,  and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  of  1864  ;  and 
became  brevet  brigadier-genei-al  and  brevet  major-general 
in  186.5. 

Baird,  Charles  Washington.  Born  at  Prince- 
ton. New  Jersey,  182S:  died  1887.  A  Presby- 
terian elergjTuan,  sou  of  Robert  Baird.  Ue  has 
written  works  on  the  Presb^-terian  liturgies,  local  his- 
tories, and  a  "History  of  the  Huguenot  Emigration  to 
America  "  (1885). 

Baird,  Sir  David.  Born  at  Newbvth,  Dec, 
1757:  died  Aug.  29.  1829.  A  British  general. 
He  served  in  British  India  1780-89,  where  he  w,as  wounded 
and  imprisoned  by  Ilyder  Ali  for  nearly  four  years ;  re- 
turned to  India  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  1791  ;  took  Pon- 
dicheny  in  1793  ;  was  made  major-general  (at  the  Cape) 
in  1798;  led  the  storming  column  at  the  capture  of  Serin- 
gapatara  May  4, 1799 ;  commanded  an  expedition  to  Egypt 
in  1801 :  led  (then  lieutenant-general)  an  army  to  recap- 
ture the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1806;  ser^'ed  in  the  siege 
of  Copenhagen  in  1807  ;  was  sent  to  Spain  to  reinforce 
Moore  in  1808 ;  and  was  wounded  at  Corunna  in  1809. 

.  Henry  Carey.     Bom  at  Bridesburg. 

Sept.  10,  1825.  An  American  (protection- 
ist) political  economist  and  publisher,  nephew 
of  Henry  C.  Carev 


pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  the  New  York  University 
1859-1902:  author  of  a  "  Historv  of  the  Rise 
of  the  Huguenots''  (1879).  etc. 
Baird,  Robert.  Born  in  Favette  Coimty,  Pa., 
Oct.  6,  1798:  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  March 
15,  1863.  An  American  clergyman  and  histori- 
cal writer.    He  wrote  " „..„ _,. 

ica"(lS42),  "  History  of  the  Temperance  Societies  "(1830), 
a  "  History  of  the  Albigenses,  Waldenses,  and  Vaudois,' 
etc. 

Baird,  Spencer  FuUerton.  Born  at  Reading, 
Pa.,  Feb.  3.  1823:  died  at  Wood's  HoU,  Mass., 
Aug.  19,1887.  A  noted  American  naturalist.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  natural  sciences  at  Dickinson 
College.  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  in  1S45;  assistant  secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1850,  secretary  in  1878; 
and  United  States  commissionerof  fish  and  fisheries  in  1871. 
His  works  (including  scientific  papers)  are  very  numerous 


Bakankala  (bii-kan-kii'la).     See  Bushmen. 
Bakarganj.     See  Backergunge. 
Bakasekele  (bii-kas-se-ka'le).  See  Bushmen. 
Bakau  (ijii-kou' ),  or  Bacau,  or  Bakeu.   A  town 
iu  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Bistritza 
55  miles  southwest  of  Jassy.     It  is  a  railway 
center.     Population,  12,675. 
(over  1,000  titles);  among  them  "are  a ''Catalogue  of  North  Bake  (llii'ke),  Jan.      Born  at  Leyden.  Sent    1 
American  ReotUes "  ris.5:iv  "Birds  of  Xnrth   i„,»ri.o"     1737.  jj^j  ^^^^^^  og^  1854      ^  Dutch  classical 

philologist  and  critic.  He  was  professor  of  Greek 
and  Roman  literature  in  the  University  of  Leyden  1817-57, 
and  published,  with  Geel,  Hamaker,  and  Peerlkamp,  the 
'■  Bibliotheca  critica  nova  "  (1825-3l). 

Bakel  (ba-kel').     A  fortified  town  and  trading 
station  in  Senegal,  French  West  Africa,  situ- 

Baiter(bi'ter),JohannGeorg.  Bom  at  Ziirieh.  B'itiwJi'4^r^^^i,^'i^"Wi»*i;-^^°  ^-    1. 
May  31. 1801 :  died  there,  Oct  10, 1877.   A  Swiss     t  „,,®t..i  w.^"'    ^^^^"^^  Dickinson.     Born  at 
classicalphilologist.     He  was  professor  in  the  Uni 


American  Reptiles "  (18,53),  "Birds  of  North  America 
(with  Cassin  and  Lawrence,  1S60X  "Mammals  of  North 
America,"  "History  of  North  American  Birds"  (with 
Brewer  and  Ridgeway,  1874-84),  etc. 

Baireuth.     See  Bmjrenth. 

Baise,  or  Bayse  (baz).  A  river  in  southern 
France  which  joins  the  Garonne  west  of  Agen. 
Length,  about  100  miles. 


versify  of  Zurich  1833-49,  and  prorector  of  the  gymnasium 
of  Ziirich  1849-65.  He  published,  with  Sauppe,  an  edi- 
tion of  the  "Oratores  Attici  "  (1839-50),  and,  with  Orelh, 
the  "  Fabellse  ianibicse  "  of  Babrius  (1845). 
Baitul  (ba-tol').  A  district  of  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, India;  also,  its  capital. 


London,  England,  Feb.  24,  1811:  killed  (Jet.  21, 
1861,  at  the  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  soldier.  He  was  Whig  member 
of  Congress  from  Illinois  1845-16;  colonel  in  the  Mexican 
war  and  brigade  commander  :  member  of  Congress  from 
Illinois  1849-51;  and  Republican  United  States  senator 
from  Oregon  1860-61.  He  commanded,  as  colonel  a  bri- 
gade at  Ball's  Bluff. 


^^t  ^'it:'^^.^  .^.I'^^rli^Sl^^Pri"'    .l\^-  Baker,  George  Augustus,  Bom  in  New.  York 


near  Cape  Misenum  on  the  Gidf  of  Pozzuoi 
west  of  Naples :  the  ancient  Baite.  It  was  for- 
merly a  great  seaport  and  the  leading  Roman  watering- 
place,  especially  in  the  times  of  Horace,  Nero,  and  Ha- 
drian. It  was  famous  for  its  luxury,  and  contained  the 
villas  of  many  celebrated  Romans.  It  was  plundered  by 
the  Saracens.  Among  the  antiquities  of  Baja  are  :  (1) 
A  temple  of  Diaiia.  so  called,  in  reality  part  of  a  Roman 
bath.  It  is  octagonal  without,  circular  within,  with  a 
pointed  dome  97  feet  in  diameter.  The  walls  have  four 
ornamental  niches.  The  structure  is  in  opus  incertum. 
cased  in  masonry  of  brick  and  stone.  (2)  A  temple  0/ 
ilercury,  so  called,  in  reality  part  of  a  Roman  bath,  three 
subdivisions  of  which  sunive.  The  chief  of  these  is  the 
frigidarium,  or  cold  bath,  a  circular  domed  structure  144 
feet  in  diameter,  with  a  circular  opening  at  the  ape.x,  as 
in  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  The  two  others  are  rectangu- 
lar and  vaulted,  the  vault  of  one  having  excellent  orna- 
ment in  relief.  (3)  A  temple  of  Venus,  so  called,  in  fact 
part  of  a  Roman  bath,  an  octagonal  buttressed  structure 
of  opus  incertum  cased  in  brick,  and  opus  reticidatum,  cir- 


city,  1821 :  died  there,  April  2, 1880.    An  Ameri- 
can portrait-painter. 

Baker,  Mrs,  (Harriette  Newall  Woods):  pseu- 
donym Mrs.  Madeline  Leslie.    Born  1815: 

died  1893.  An  American  «Titer  of  juvenile 
stories,  wife  of  Rev.  S.  R.  Baker  and  daughter 
of  Rev.  Leonard  Woods. 
Baker,  Henry.  Born  at  London,  May  8, 1698 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  25.  1774.  An  English 
naturalist  and  poet,  son-in-law  of  Defoe.  He 
is  best  kno^vn  as  the  author  of  "The  Microscope  Made 
Easy"  (1743),  and  "Employment  for  the  Microscope" 
(1753). 

Baker,  John  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Guisborough, 
Yorkshire,  Jan.  13. 1834.  An  English  botanist. 
He  became  assistant  curator  of  the  herbarium  of  the  Royal 
Gardens.  Kew,  in  1866,  and  in  1882  lecturer  and  demon- 
strator in  botany  to  the  Apothecaries'  Company. 


cular  within.  94  feet  in  diameter,  and  domed.     It  has  eight  T3„i.„_  t  of-.^«++«  n    'tj^..    „*  Ot^ff  ''"i""'^ 
windows  above,  four  doors  below,  and  had  lateral  chin-  -Daker,  Ijaiayette  C.   Born  at  Stafford,  Genesee 
bers  containing  stairs. 
Baja  (bo'yo).     A  town  in  the  coimty  of  Bdcs 


Hungary,  situated  near  the  Danulje  93  miles 
south  of  Budapest.     Population  (1890),  19,485. 

Bajada  del  Parana.    See  Parami. 

Bajazet  'baj-a-zet')  I.,  or  Bayazid,  or  Bajasid 

(ba-yii-zed').  [Turk.  Bfii/a-id.}  Born  1347: 
died  1403.  Sultan  of  the  Turks  1389-1403.  son 
of  Amurath  I.:  sumamed  "Ilderim"  ('light- 
ning ')  on  account  of  his  rapid  movements.  He 
con(|Ucred  Bulgaria  and  a  great  part  of  Asia  Minor,  Mace- 
donia, Servia,  and  Thessaly  ;  defeated  the  allied  Hunga- 
rians, Poles,  and  French  at  Nicopolis  1396;  and  was  de- 
feated by  Tiinur  at  .\ngoi-a  1402.  and  held  prisoner  by  him 
until  his  death.  He  is  said  to  have  been  carried  about  in 
an  iron  cage  ;  but  this  is  a  mere  invention  of  later  writers. 


County,  N.  Y..  Oct.  13,  1826:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia. Pa.,  July  2. 1868.  An  American  brigadier- 
general,  head  of  the  bureau  of  secret  ser\'ice  in 
tlie  Civil  War.  He  organized  the  pursuit  of  Wilkes 
Booth,  and  was  present  at  his  death.  He  wrote  a  "His- 
ti5ry  of  the  I  nited  States  Secret  Service  in  the  Late  War  ' 
(1868). 

Baker,  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Sissinghurst,  in 
Kent,  about  1568:  died  at  London,  in  the  Fleet 
Prison,  Feb.  18,  1645.  An  English  VTiter, 
author  of  "  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  England  " 
(1641),  and  of  various  devotional  and  other 
works.  He  died  in  destitution  due  to  his  becoming 
surety  for  debts  owed  by  relatives  of  his  wife.  His  literary 
work  was  all  done  in  the  Fleet.  See  ChronuUe  qf  the  Eingt 
of  England. 


Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White 

Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White.    Bom  at  London, 

.lam;  S.  1S21 ;  ilii-il  nt  Newton  Abbot,  England, 
Dt'O.  30.  isy.j.  An  Ku;;lish  traveler.  He  founded 
a  settlement  and  san;ttoriuni  at  Ceylon  in  1S47  ;  waa  in 
the  Turkish  railway  serviee  ;  left  lairo  for  the  sourees  of 
the  Nile  in  IS61;  explored  the  Blue  .Nile  region  lbt;i-<;2 ; 
started  from  Khartum  in  1S«> ;  diseovered  Lake  Albert 
Nyaiiza  March  14. 1864 ;  commanded  an  Kgyptian  expedi- 
tion in  centnU  Africa,  l&^-73,  for  the  suppression  of  tlie 
slave-trade  and  annexation  of  territory  to  Kgypt  ;  and 
traveled  in  (Cyprus,  Syria,  India,  etc  He  has  written  "The 
RiMe  nn  I  the  Hound  in  Ceylon"  (IS54),  "Eight  Years' 
\\  an  lirincs  in  Ceylon  "'  <18:i:'i),  "The  Albert  Kyania,  ct«." 
(ls(>.),  The  Nile  Tributaries  of  Abyssinia,  etc."  (18«7), 
"Ismailii.  etc.  "(1874),  "  Cyprus  as  I  saw  it  lu  1879,"  "Wild 
Beasts  and  their  Ways  "  (1890). 

Baker,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lanchester,  Durham, 
Sept.  U,  le'iG:  die<l  at  Cambridge,  July  2, 1740. 
.\n  einiiicnt  English  antiqiuivy.  He  left  a  valuable 
collection  of  materials  in  fnrty-two  manuscript  volumes 
relating  to  the  history  of  Ciirnbridpe :  twenty-three  vol- 
innes  are  in  the  H:u-leian  collection  (British  Museum)and 
the  remaining  nineteen  in  the  librairy  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
'    versity. 

Baker,  Valentine  (Baker  PashaV   Bom  182.5 : 

diod  at  Tel-el-Kebir.  Nov.  17, 18,87.  An  English 
ciflicer,  brother  of  Sir  Samuel  White  Baker.  He 
was  a  colonel  in  the  I'.ritish  array  ;  was  in  the  Turkish  ser- 
vice during  the  war  of  l,s77-7S  ;  was  Egyptian  commaixler 
in  the  Sudan  after  the  defeat  of  Uicks  Pastia  1883 ;  and 
was  defeated  by  Osman  Digna  in  the  battle  of  Tokar,  Feb. 

4,  1884. 

Baker,  Sir  William  Erskine.  Bom  at  Lcith, 
Si'otland,  1808  :  died  in  Somersetshire,  Dec.  16, 
IS.Sl.  A  British  military  and  ci\Tl  engineer  in 
India.    He  was  promoted  major-general  in  186.5, 

and  general  in  1887. 

Baker,  William  Mumford.    Born  at  Wash- 

iuston,  .June  27,  182.5:  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  20. 
1  '^H3.  A  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  novelist, 
-on  of  Daniel  Baker.  He  wrote  "  Inside:  a  Chroni- 
le  of  Secession"  (18(56),  "Oak-M.d"  (1S(»).  "The  New 
Timothy"  (1870).  "His  .Majesty  Myself"  (1879),  "Blessed 
S:iint  Certainty  "(IS-^l),  etc.  He  sometimes  use<i  thepseu- 
lionym  George  F.  Harrington. 

Baker,  Mount.  A  volcanic  peak  in  the  Cascade 
Mfmntaiiis.  in  northern  Washington,  near  the 
Canadian  frontier.     Height,  about  11,000  feet. 

Baker,  The,  and  the  Baker's  Wife.  Nick- 
names given  to  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoi- 
nette because  thev  gave  l)read  to  the  hungry 
mob  at  Versailles," Oct.  6,  1789. 

Bakerganj.     See  Backergunge. 

Bakeu.     See  Bakau. 

Bakewell  (bak'wel).  A  town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  on  the  Wye  22  miles  northwest  of 
liirliy.  Chalsworth  Hou,se  and  Haddon  Hall 
are  in  the  vicinity.     Population  (1891),    2,748. 

Bakhmut  (biich-mof).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yekaterino.slaff,  southern  Kussia,  135 
miles  east  of  Yekaterinoslaff.  Population, 
13.477. 

Bakhtchisarai  fbiich-che-sa-ri').  A  town  in  the 
Crimea,  government  of  Taurida,  Kussia,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Simferoiiol.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  Tatar  khans,  and  contains  their 
residence.     Population,  15,()44. 

Bakhtishwa  (baeh-tish'wa),  Giabril  ben  Giur- 

glS  ben.  Died  about  828.  A  Greek  Nestorian, 
a  member  of  a  family  of  noted  physiciatis,  who 
became  physician  to  Harun-al-Hashid  in  805. 
He  was  the  llrst  to  present  to  the  Arabians  translations 
of  the  tJreek  works  on  medicine.  Also  Bak-hlifhuna,  line- 
Ughua,  Bocht  Jegii. 

Bakhtiyari  (bach-te-ya're)  Moimtains.  A 
range  of  mountains  in  western  Persia,  west  of 
Ispalian. 

Bakhtiyari.  A  nomadic,  semi-indepondent  peo- 
ple in  Lnristan  anil  Kliuzistan,  western  Persia, 
allieil  to  the  Kiinls. 

Bakhuyzen,  or  Bakhuizen.    See  Bfirkhui/xfn. 

Bakke-Bakke.    Sec  I'ligmirs. 

Bakony  ( iiok'ony)  Forest,  1 1.  Bakonyerwald. 

A  hilly  volcanic  region  in  Hungary,  south  and 
west  of  the  Danube,  southwest  of  Biulapcst, 
and  north  of  Lake  Balaton,  it  had  formerly  ex- 
tensive forest*,  and  was  notetl  an  a  resort  for  robbers.  ]t« 
highest  point  is  about  %'Myi  feet« 

Baku(bii-k6').  A  government  in  Transcaucasia, 
Kussia,  west  of  tin;  Cns|)ian  Sea.  Area,  15,095 
simure  miles.     Population  (1892),  7(i8.536. 

Baku.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  government 
of  Baku,  situated  on  the  Ciispiiin  Sea,  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  Apsheron  Peninsula,  in 
lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long.  49"'  .52'  E.,  famous  as  a 
center  of  petroleum  jn'oiluction.  it  has  an  exten- 
«-ve  trade  in  petroleum,  grain,  etc  :  Is  one  of  the  leading 
Kussian  naval  stations;  and  is  eoimeeted  with  Cnsplnn 
ports  and  by  rail  with  the  Black  Sea.  From  ancient  tltm?s 
it  has  been  a  place  ci(  the  lire- worshiper!*.  II  belonged  to 
the  rersians  and  Turks,  and  was  taicen  by  the  Russians 
in  18f«l.     Population  (ISlll),  92,801. 

Ba-Kuandu  (bii-kwiin'do).     See  Bimhrncn. 
Ba-Kuise  (bii-kwe'se).     See  Bushmen. 


m 

Ba-Kume  dm-ko'me).     See  IhuilUi. 

Bakiinin  (bu-kon'ven),  Michael.  Bom  at 
Torzhok,  Kussia,  1814:  died  at  Bern,  .JtUy  1, 
1876.  A  Russian  socialist  and  political  agita- 
tor, regarded  as  the  founder  of  Nihilism.  He 
look  part  in  the  revolutionary'  movement  in  (ieriuaii>, 
esjiecially  at  Dresden  1848-19:  was  exiled  to  Siberia  in 
18^<1 :  escaped  to  Japan,  iuid  arrived  in  England  in  18(il; 
and  foniided  the  Alliance  of  the  8oci.al  Uemoeniey  ill  lb<i9, 
which  was  abs,>rbed  the  same  year  by  the  Internalixnal. 
On  account  of  his  extreme  views  he  was  expelled  from 
the  latter  at  The  Hague  congress  In  187i 

Bala  (bii'lii).  A  town  in  Merionethshire,  Wales, 
20  tuiles  .southwest  of  Denbigh. 

Bala  (ba'lii).  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Merion- 
ethshire,Wales,  near  Bala,  llsoutlet  is  the  Dee. 

Balaam  iba'linn).  [Heb.,  'the  destroyer.'] 
-V  prophet  of  Pethor,  in  Mesopotamia,  men- 
tioned in  the  Book  of  Numbers.  The  Moabite  king 
Kahlk  sent  for  him  to  eurse  the  Isnielites,  w  ho  bad  already 
comiuered  Bashan  anil  the  land  of  King  Sihoii,  and  were 
threatening  Moab.     See  the  story  in  Num.  xxii.,  xxiii. 

Balaam.  A  character  in  Dryden's  satire  ■•.\b- 
salom  and  Achitophel,"  intended  for  the  Earl 
of  Huntingdon. 

Balaclava.     See  Bataklara. 

Baladan  (bii-lii-diin').  Mentioned  in  2  Ki.  xx. 
12,  Isa.  .\.v.\i.\.  1,  as  father  of  Merodach-baladan 
(Assyrian  M(ir<luk-aba l-iildi nti ,  the  god  Mero- 
daeh  gave  the  son).  The  latter  waa  king  of  Baby 
Ionia  ?.;i-710  b.  c,  a  contemporary  of  Sennacherib,  kiiig 
of  Assyria,  and  Hezekiah,  king  of  Judah,  to  the  latter  of 
whom  he  sent  presents  and  congratulations  ujkui  his  re- 
covery. Baladan  is  probably  shortened  from  Merodaeb- 
baladan. 

Balafre(b!i-Iii-fra'),  Le.  [F.,' the  scarred.']  1. 
The  name  given  to  Henri  and  Francois,  the 
second  and  third  dukes  of  Guise,  from  sword- 
cuts  which  scarred  their  faces. — 2.  See  Lesli/, 
Liiihivic. 

Balagansk  (ba-lii-gjinsk').  A  small  town  in 
the  government  of  Irkutsk,  on  the  Angara 
northwest  of  Irkutsk.    Near  it  is  a  noted  cave. 

Balaghat  (ba-lii-gat'),  or  Balaghaut.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  Central  Provinces,  British  India, sit- 
uated in  lat.  21°-23°  N.,  long.  80»-81o  E.  Area, 
3, 139  square  miles.    Population  (1891),383,3:il. 

Balaguer  (bii-liUgar';,  Vittorio.  Bom  at  Bar- 
celona. 1824:  died  at  Madrid.  I90I.  .\  Catalan 
poet,  historian,  anil  novelist.  He  became  kee|ier 
of  the  an-bive.-,  at  iiarce'ona  in  Ih.',4.  anil  soon  after  pro- 
fessor of  hibtiirv.  .\uthor  of  "  Tiovador  de  Moiitsernit  " 
(18.^0),  "  Don  Juan  de  .SelTavalle  '  (5tb  ed.  1876).  and  "  His- 
toria  politica  y  litcraria  de  los  trovadores  '  (1878-80). 

Balaguer  (bii-lil-gar').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lerida,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Segre 
2.5  miles  northeast  of  Lerida.  Poptdation,  about 
4.000. 

Balahissar  (bH-lii-his'sUr).  A  ruined  town  in 
Asia  Minor,  near  the  Sangarius,  85  miles  south- 
west of  Angora,  on  the  supposed  site  of  the 
ancient  Pessinus. 

Balak  (ba'lak).  [Heb.,  'destroyer.']  In  Old 
TestamcHt  history,  a  king  of  the  Moabites.  See 
Bdhnnii. 

Balak,  A  character  in  Dryden  and  Tate's  Bat- 
ire  "Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  intended  for 
1)1-.  Burnet. 

Balakhany  (ba-lii-chSny').  A  small  town  north 
of  Haku,  Caucasia,  noted  for  its  ])etroleum 
springs. 

Balakhna  (bii-Iach'nii),  sometimes  Balatchna 

(bii-liicli'ilii).  A  small  town  in  the  government 
of  Nizhni-Novgorod,  Kussia,  situateil  on  the 
Vidga  norlhwest  of  Nizhni-Novgorod,  noted 
for  shoeinaking. 

Balaklava,  or  Balaclava  (bui-u-kiu'vii).    A 

small  seaport  in  the  Crimea,  Kussia,  about 
8  miles  southeast  of  Sebastopol :  the  ancient 
Symbolon  Portiis,  and  the  medieval  Cembalo. 
Ailreek  colony  wiu*  set  tied  hereby  Cat  herliie  II.  It  was  the 
head(|uarterH  of  the  Allies  In  theCriinenM  war.  A  serleH 
of  engageliientH  iM-tween  the  RuHlans  and  the  ,\ItleH  tiHik 
place  near  Balitklava,  llcL  2.'*,  18.'^.  lienenil  Llprnndl, 
witti  about  12.IHI0  Kussians,  ti>ok  Nome  nsloubts,  coiii- 
inltted  to  about  t'*i  Turks,  which  eommanded  the  cailHc- 
way  III  till'  (English)  |Kirl  of  llalaklavii,  and  threatened  the 
port  itself.  The  attack  was  dlvi-rti-il  by  a  brilllnni  rlmrge 
of  the  Heavy  Brigade,  led  by  lieneral  Scarlett.  Tbroiigb 
a  misconception  of  the  gcnt-ml  In-eblef  n  U/'ril  Kaglaii  m) 
onler,  I.ord  l.iican,  ciunmandiT  of  llie  cavalry,  order,  d 
Ixiril  Cardigan,  with  the  l.lgbt  Brigade,  to  charge  ibe 
Kitsfdan  artllliTy  nl  the  exirimlly  of  Ibe  northem  Talb-y 
Intbeplalnof  Babikliivii.  WItha  battery  In  front  andi>io< 
on  each  side  tin-  Light   Brigade  hewed  Us  nay  past   the 

f:unH  in  fnnt  and  ri>nti'<l  tin-  enemy  s  envalry.  iif  07n 
lorseinen  19s  ri'tiirneil.  This  ehanrv  haa  bcon  liiado  the 
subject  111  a  well-known  poem  by  Tinnyion. 

Ba-Lala  (hii-llil'al-     See  Ku.iliiiirii. 

Balami  ibil-lii'me).  A  learned  vizir  of  the 
Sanianiile,  ,Miu  Sniih  Miiiisur  ben  Nnli.  He  ml- 
Iicti'd  old  Iranian  Iradltl.ms,  and  In  ptw  wrote  a  Pcnian 
abrldgmi-nt  of  the  groat  Arabic  history  of  Tabarl. 

Balan  (bii-loi'i').  1.  An  early  French  veroion  of 
the  romance  of  "Ficrabras,"  which  appear)*  in 


Balboa,  Miguel  Cabello  de 

English  as  "TheSowdanof  Babylon."    Balan  li 
the  Sowdau  and  the  father  of  the  knight  Flerabraa  ur 
Ferumbras.     Ue  waa  conquered  by  Cbarlemagne. 
2.  In  Arthurian  legend,  the  brother  of  Balin. 
See  Balin  and  Balan. 

Balance,  The.    .See  libra. 

Balance,  Justice.  The  father  of  Sylvia  in  Far- 
ijuhar's  comedy  "  The  Kecruiting  OflScer,"  one 
of  the  principal  characters. 

Balantes  ( bii-liiu'tes).  A  heathen  tribe,  of  the 
Nigritic  branch,  in  Portuguese  Guinea,  West 
.\frica. 

Balarama  (ba-la-rH'mii).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  tidir  brother  of  Krishna.  In  the  MahabharaU 
he  tenches  Liur>iMll]ana  and  Bhim;)  the  use  of  the  mace. 
Though  inclining  ro  the  Paniiiivas,  he  refuses  to  Bide  with 
them  ortheKauravas;  but,  uihui  witnessing  the  foul  blow 
struck  by  Bhima  in  the  contest  with  I'uryodhaiia,  be  is 
scarcely  restrained  by  Krishna  from  falling  uiH>n  the  Pan- 
davas.  He  died  Just  liefore  Krishna,  as  lie  sat  under  a 
banian  in  the  vicinity  of  Ilvaraka-  The  Puranas  add 
many  incidents.  Balaninia  is,  according  to  the  N'alshiuivas, 
an  incarnation  of  Vishnu. 

Balard  (biidiir'),  Antoine  J6r6me.    Bom  at 

Jliiiilpellier.  Sept.  30,  lh02:  died  at  Paris. 
March  31.  1h76.     A  French  chemist.    He  became 

Srofessor  of  chemistry  in  the  College  of  France  iu  1861. 
e  discovered  bromine  in  1826. 

Balaruc  (bii-lii-rUk').  A  small  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  H^rault,  France,  on  the 
KtaiiLr  lie  Thau. 

Balashof  (bS-lii-shof').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  SaratofT,  Russia,  on  the  Khoper  120 
miles  west  of  Saratoff.  Population  (1889), 
11.030. 

Balasore.    See  Balasur. 

Balassa  (bol'osh-sho),  Bilint  (Valentine). 

Born  1.5.51:  I'ieil  1.594.     A  Hungarian  poet. 

Balassa-Gyarmath  (bol '  osh  -  sho  -  dyor '  mot). 

The  capital  of  the  county  of  N6grad,  Uungar}', 
42  miles  north  of  Budapest.  Populatiou  (1890), 
7,73s. 

Balasur  (bal-it-sor').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
district  of  Balasur,  in  Orissa,  British  India, 
near  the  coast.     Population,  about  20,000. 

Balaton  (bol'ot-ou),  Lake,  u.  Plattensee 
(pliit '  ten-zii).  The  largest  lake  in  Hun- 
gary, situated  50  miles  southwest  of  Budit- 
pest.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Sio  and  Sar\iz  to 
the  Danube.  Length,  45  miles.  Breadth,  6 
to  10  miles. 

Balaustion's   Adventtire   (badas'ebonz   ad- 

ven'liir).  .\  pm  in  hy  Kobert  Browning,  pub- 
lished l.s71.  UalausiionisaCreek  girlof  EhiKles.  Her 
story  is  continued  in  "  Aribtophanes'  AlMilugy." 

Balawat  (bii-lii-wiit').  A  mound  of  ruins  about 
15  miles  east  of  Mosul  and  9  miles  from  Niinrud. 
It  attained  some  importance  in  the  history  of  Assyriolttgy 
through  the  dist-overy  made  there  by  the  excavator  llor- 
muzd  Haasani.  In  1877,  of  brtuize  plates  which  servtil  u 
covers  of  gates  to  the  court  of  the  royal  palace  of  Shal- 
maneser  II.,  king  of  Assyria  8(iO-824  u.  •'.  The  plates  are 
decorated  in  reiKinss*^  work  with  bas-reliefs  repreaenting 
scenes  of  war,  games,  sacrillces,  and  with  inse'riptlonscon* 
taining  a  concise  record  of  the  tlrsl  nine  years  ol  the  rcigD 
of  that  king.    They  are  now  In  the  British  Museum. 

Balbek.     See  Haalhrr. 

Balbi  (biil'be).  Adriano.  Born  at  Venice, 
April  25.  1782:  died  at  Padna.  March  14,  1848. 
An  Italian  geographer  and  stalislieian,  author 
of  "Atlas  elhiiograiihii)ue  dii  globe"  (1826), 
"-Vbrege  de  geograpliie"  (IS32),  etc. 

Balbi,  Gaspare.  .\  Venetian  Iravoler.  He  spent 
the  years  l.'i79.S8  ill  India.  On  his  retorn  to  \  enlce 
hepuldisbiil  '  Vlagt:lonelleIndle(lrientali  "(l69o),  which 
waa  insirted  by  the  brolheia  De  llry  ill  their  collection 
of  voyages  (lUoO). 

Balbinus    (baMii'mist,    Decimus     Cslius. 

Killiil  238.  A  Koiiian  oriitor,  poet,  and  slalis- 
nnin,  of  noble  birth,  H]ipointed  by  the  seiialo 
joint  emperor  (Aiifiislus)  of  Koine  with  Pupie- 
iius  Maximus,  238,  in  opposition  to  Mnximin, 
who  was  shortly  after  killeil  by  his  own  soldiers 
at  the  siege  of  .\<|uiliia.  Balldnus  and  Ids  c.illcagne 
wore  niilnlered  by  the  iiretorlans  at  Rome  before  the  be- 
ginning of  Angiisl  In  the  iviine  year,  after  having  rvlgneil 
Rince  about  the  end  of  April. 

Balbo  (biil'bo).  Count  Oosare.  IVmi  at  Turin, 
.Nov.  21,  17K9:  died  there,  .lime  .'l,  1K53.  An  Ital- 
ian statesman  and  wriliT,  premier  of  Sardiiiia  in 
1848.  He  wrote  "Sloria  .ntaliu"  (IKIO).  "Vila 
ill  Dante"  (18391,  "Delle  .sjii  ranzo  d'llnlia" 
I  18-14.  elc. 

Balboa  (i>Ulbi5'ii),  or  Balvoa,  Miguel  Oabello 

de.  Horn  in  Archidnnn  about  152.>:  died,  jiroli- 
nbly  in  Peru,  after  1.5S(!.  .\  S]innisli  historian. 
He  served  an  as4ildli'r  In  tin-  French  warn,  but  siilmeiiiieiitly 
t^Nik  nrders,  and  wriil  to  America  about  \;.et\,  residing 
for  a  time  at  lliigtita,  and  Inter  III  Lima  and  ciircn  He 
wrot,'  *  Mlsr,I.THi-a  Anartirn  y  nrlgeli  dr  los  IiicHS  del 
reni,"  wblrh  n-mnliii-il  In  iiiRiiuscripl  until  l84o.  when  a 
French  'ranslallon  was  liilbllshrd  In  the  Ternaux-CoDl. 
pans  collection,  as  "  L'UUtoire  du  i'^rou." 


Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez.    Bom  at  Xeres  de  los 

Caballevos,  1475:  died  at  Ada,  near  Darien, 
1517  or  1518.  A  Spanish  soldier,  the  discoverer 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  15uO  he  went  to  America 
with  the  expedition  of  Rudriyo  Bastidus,  and  was  left  hy 
him  at  Espanola.  In  1510  he  went  to  Daiien  where  he 
was  later  elected  alcalde  in  a  new  settlement  formed  by 
his  advice.  In  1512  he  received  from  Pasainonte,  king's 
treasurer  at  Santo  Domingo,  a  commission  to  act  as  gov- 
ernor. B;ilboamade  numerous  explorations,  generally  con- 
ciliating the  I[idians;  and  from  them  he  learned  that  there 
was  a  great  sea  to  the  south  (the  Pacific), and  f;ir  southward 
a  country  rich  in  gold,  where  the  people  were  civilized 
(Peru).  Determined  to  discover  these,  he  set  out  from 
Darien  with  part  of  his  force  Sept.  1.  lDi:i,  and  after  an 
adventurous  journey  reached,  on  Sept.  2.^,  a  nmuntmn 
from  which  he  first  saw  the  Pacific.  The  shore  itself  was 
attained  on  Sept.  29,  and  Balboa,  entering  the  water,  took 
possession  for  the  kings  of  Castile.  He  returned  to  Darien 
Jan.  29.  1514.  In  the  same  year-  (June  30)  Pedro  Arias  de 
Avila  (called  Pedrarias)  arrived  as  governor  of  tlie  colony. 
The  relations  of  the  two  men  were  unfriendly,  but  Balboa 
obtained  permission  to  explore  the  South  Sea.  Cutting 
the  timbers  for  his  ships  on  the  Caribbean  side,  he  trans- 
ported  them  with  immense  labor  across  the  isthmus,  and 
had  launched  two  vessels  when  he  was  arrested  by  Pedra- 
rias. on  a  charge  of  contemplated  revolt,  and  beheaded. 
Balbriggan  (bal-brig'an).  A  watering-place 
in  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  20  miles  northeast 
of  Dublin.  It  has  manufaetui'es  of  stockings, 
etc.     Population,  about  2.000. 

Balbuena  (bal-bwa'uii),  Bernardo  de.     Bom 

in  Val  de  Penas,  1568 :  tiled  in  Porto  Rico,  1627. 
A  Spanish  prelate  and  poet.  Most  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  Mexico,  Jamaica,  and  Porto  Rico,  and  he  became 
bishop  of  the  latter  island  in  1620.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  epics  "El  Bernardo  "and  "LaGrandeza  Mexicana,"and 
his  principal  poem  "  El  Siglo  de  Oro  "  (■  The  Age  of  Gold  "), 

Balbus  (bar  bus).  Lucius  Cornelius.  Bom  in 
Gades:  flourished  in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A 
Roman  politician,  surnamed  "Major"'  to  distin- 
guish him  from  his  nephew  Lucius  Cornelius 
Balbus.  He  served  in  Spain  in  the  war  against  Serto- 
rius,  and  was  made  a  Koman  citizen  in  72  B.  c.  His  right 
to  the  citizenship  was  successfully  defended  by  Cicero  in 
55  B.  c.  He  sided  with  Cfesar  against  Pompey,  being  in- 
trusted with  the  management  of  the  former's  affairs  at 
Rome  ;  and,  on  the  death  of  C»sar,  attached  himself  to 
Octavius,  under  whom  he  obtained  the  consulship  40  B.  c, 

Balbus,  Lucius  Cornelius.  A  Roman  politi- 
cian, surnamed  ■ '  Minor"  to  distinguish  him  from 
his  uncle  Lucius  Cornelius  Balbus,  He  was  ques- 
tor  to  the  propretor  Asinius  Pollio  in  Further  Spain 
44-43  B.  c,  where  he  acquired  a  large  fortune  through  op- 
pression and  exaction  ;  became  subsequently  governor  of 
Africa  ;  and  enjoyed  a  triumph  19  B.  c,  inconsequence  of 
a  victory  over  the  Gararaantes. 

Balcarce  (bal-kar'sa),  Antonio  Gonzalez. 
Born  at  Buenos  Ajtcs  iu  1774 :  died  there,  Aug. 
5,  1819.  A  Spanish-American  soldier.  He  served 
in  the  defense  of  Buenos  Ayres  (1807),  and  was  captured 
by  the  British ;  joined  the  revolutionary  movement  of 
May,  1810  ;  and  was  sent  with  an  army  to  aid  the  patriots 
of  Upper  Peru  (1811).  He  was  disastrously  defeated  by 
Goyeneche  at  the  battle  of  Huaqui  (June  20, 1811). 

Balcarce,  Juan  Ramon.  Born  at  Buenos 
AjTcs,  1773  :  died  at  Entre  Rios  about  1833.  An 
Argentine  general,  brother  of  A,  G.  Balcarce. 
In  1818,  and  again  in  1820,  he  was  for  a  short  time  gover- 
nor of  Buenos  Ayres  ;  in  1824  was  a  memljer  of  the  con- 
stituent assembly ;  in  1827  minister  of  war  and  marine, 
and  in  Dec,  1832,  was  elected  governor  of  Buenos  AjTes, 
but  in  Nov.,  1833,  was  driven  out  by  Rosas, 

Balchen  (bal'ehen),  Sir  John.  Said  to  have 
been  bom  Feb.  4,  1670,  at  Godaliuing  in  Sur- 
rey: died  1744.  An  English  naval  officer,  com- 
mander of  various  vessels  1697-1728,  promoted 
admiral  of  the  white  in  1743.  He  perished  in  the 
wreck  of  the  Victory  in  the  Channel  on  the  night  of  Oct,  4, 
1744. 

Bald  Heads.     See  Comanche. 

Bald  Mountain  (bald  moun'tSn),  Apeak  iu 
the  Front  Range,  Colorado,  Height,  about 
12,.-)00  feet, 

Baldassare  (bal-das-sa'  re).  In  Donizetti's  op- 
era '•  La  Favorita,"  the  head  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Jaccipo  di  Compostella. 

Baldegger  See  i  biild'eg-er  za).  A  small  lake  in 
the  canton  of  Lucerne,  S-witzerland,  11  miles 
north  of  Lucerne. 

Baldenburg  (biirden-borG).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  80  miles 
southwest  of  Dantzic. 

Balder  (bal'der).  1.  See  Bal(hi>:—2.  A  poem 
by  Sydney  Dobell,  published  in  18.54, 

Balder  Dead.  A  poem  by  Matthew  Arnold, 
Johannes  Ewald,  the  Danish  poet,  also  published  a  dra- 
matic poem  with  this  title  in  1773.  , 

Balderstone  (bal'der-ston),  Caleb.  In  Scott's 
novel  "  The  Bride  of  Lammennoor,"  the  old 
servant  of  the  Master  of  Ravenswood,  He  sup- 
plies the  comic  note  in  this  tragic  tale,  with  his  faithful 
but  ludicrous  elTorts  to  uphold  the  honor  of  the  family. 

Balderstone,  Thomas  (called  Uncle  Tom).  In 
Charles  Dickens's  tale  "Mrs.  Joseph  Porter," 
the  uncle  of  Mrs.  Gattleton. 

Baldi  (biil'de),  Bernardino.  Bom  at  Urbino, 
June  6,  1553 :  died  at  Urbino,  Oct.  10,  1617.    A 


112 

noted  Italian  scholar,  mathematician,  poet, 
and  general  writer. 

Baldinucci  (bal-de-no'che),  Filippo.  Bom  at 
Florence,  1624:  died  Jan,  1,  1C96,  A  Floren- 
tine art  critic.  He  ■wrote  "Notizie  de' profes- 
sori  del  disegno  da  Cimabue  1260-1670''^(1681- 
1688). 

Baldock  (bal'dok),  Ralph  de.  Died  1313. 
Bishop  of  London  (1304)  and  lord  chancellor 
(April,  1307).  He  was  removed  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Edward  II. 

Baldock,  Robert  de.  Died  1327.  An  English 
lord  chancellor  (1323)  under  Edward  II.  Hewaa 
overthrown  with  the  De  Spencers,  and  died  in  London  as 
the  result  of  ill  treatment  by  a  mob. 

Baldo'vlnetti  (bal-do-ve-net'te),  Alessio.  Bom 
at  Florence,  Oct.  14,  1427:  died  there,  Aug.  29, 
1499.  A  noted  Florentine  painter  and  ■worker 
in  mosaics. 

Baldo'vrini  (bal-do-ve'ne),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Florence,  Feb,  27,  1635:  died  Nov,  18,  1716, 
An  Italian  poet,  author  of  "Lameuto  di  Cecco 
da  Varliingo,  etc,"  (1694),  etc, 

Balducci  (bal-do'che),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Palermo:  died  at  Rome,  1642,  One  of  the  best 
of  the  Anacreontic  poets  of  Italy,  He  wrote 
"Canzoni  Sieiliani,"in  the  Sicilian  dialect,  etc. 

Balduln,     See  Baldwin. 

Baldung  (bal'dijng),  Hans.  Bom  at  Gmiind, 
Swabia,  1476  (?):  died  at  Strasburg,  1545,  A 
German  painter,  surnamed  "Griin"  ('green'), 
from  his  use  of  that  color  in  his  draperies, 

Baldur  (bal'dor),  or  Balder  (bal'der).  [OX. 
Baldr;  AS.  bealdor,  OHG.  6a?(7fr,  prince,  lord.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a  son  of  Odin,  and  one 
of  the  principal  gods,  Baldurs  characteristics  are 
those  of  a  sun-god,  lie  is  the  "  whitest "  of  the  gods,  and 
so  beautiful  and  bright  that  a  light  emanates  from  him. 
He  is  the  wisest,  most  eloquent,  and  mildest  of  the  .Ases, 
His  dwelling  is  Breidablik  (ON,  Breidhablik).  His  w  ife  is 
Namia,  He  is  finally  slain,  at  the  instigation  of  Loki.  by 
a  twig  of  mistletoe  in  the  hands  of  the  blind  god  Hodur 
(ON.  Hodhr).  Baldur  is  specifically  a  Northern  god ; 
among  the  other  Germanic  races  there  is  no  existing 
record  of  him  whatsoever. 

Bald'Win(bal'dwin)  I.,  surnamed  "BrasdeFer" 
('Iron  Arm'),  [OFl,  Baldwin,  Baldiiin,  hold 
friend:  L,  Balduinus,  F,  Baldwin  or Baudoiiin, 
lt.Balduino,G.Balduin.']  Died 879  (877  ?),  The 
first  count  of  Flanders,  son-in-la'w  of  Charles 
the  Bald  of  France. 

Bald'win  IL  Died  918.  Count  of  Flanders,  son 
of  Baldwin  I,  He  married  AUrith,  daughter 
of  Alfred  the  Great  of  England, 

Bald'win  V.,  surnamed  Le  Debonnaire.  Died 
1067.  Count  of  Flanders,  son  of  Baldwin  IV., 
father-in-law  of  William  of  Normandy  whom 
he  accompanied  in  the  invasion  of  England, 
and  regent  of  France  1060-67, 

Bald'win  I,  Born  1058:  died  in  Egypt,  March, 
1118,  King  of  Jerusalem,  He  was  a  brother  of 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  whom  he  accompanied  on  the  first 
Crusade  (ltP96-99),  and  whom  he  succeedeil  as  king  of  Jeru- 
salem. He  conquered  Acre  in  1104,  Beirat  in  11U9,  and 
Sidon  in  1110. 

Bald-win  II.  Died  Aug.  21,  1131.  Count  of 
Edessa,  king  of  Jerusalem  1118-31.  In  his  reign 
the  military  ordei-s  of  St.  John  and  the  Templars  were  es- 
tablished for  the  defense  of  the  Holy  Land. 

Baldwin  III.  Born  1129 :  died  at  Tripolis,  Feb, 
10,  1162.  King  of  Jerusalem  1143-62.  He  lost 
Edessa  to  Emadeddin  Zenki  (Zeughi),  emir  of  Mossul,  in 
1144.  an  event  which  gave  rise  to  tlie  second  Crusade 
(1147-19). 

Bald'win  IV.,  sm-named  "  The  Leper."  King  of 
Jerusalem  1173-83,  son  of  Amauiy.  He  gained 
a  signal  victoiy  over  Saladin  in  the  plain  of  Kamah,  Nov, 
2.S,  1177,  and  again  near  Tiberhas  in  the  early  summer  of 
1182.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Baldwin  V.,  who 
died  in  1185, 

Baldwin  I.  Born  at  "Valenciennes,  1171:  died 
1206,  Emperor  of  Constantinople;  as  Count  of 
Flanders,  Baldwin  IX.  He  joined  the  fourth  Crusade 
in  1201.  The  Crusaders,  supported  by  the  ^■enetian  Ileet, 
at  the  request  of  Alexius,  son  of  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Isaac  Angelus,  who  had  been  dethroned  by  his  brother, 
captured  Constantinople,  and  replaced  Alexius  and  his 
father  in  1203,  As  the  emperor  was  unable  to  fulfil  his 
compact  with  the  Crusaders,  which  called  for  a  union  of 
the  Greek  with  the  Roman  Church  and  the  payment  of 
large  sums  of  money,  hostilities  broke  out,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  r>atin  empire  was  erected,  with  Baldwin  as 
emperor,  in  1204,  He  was  defeated  and  made  prisoner  by 
the  Bulgarians  in  1205, 

Baldwin  II.    Bom  1217:  died  1273.    Emperor 

of  Constantinople  1228-61.  son  of  Pierre  de 
Courtenay.  and  a  nephew  of  Baldwin  I.  He  was 
deposed  by'Michael  Palfeologus,  an  event  which  marked 
the  fall  of  the  Latin  empire. 

Baldwin.  Died  at  Acre,  Syria,  Nov.  19,  1190. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  became  bishop  of 
Worcester  in  1180.  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Canterbury 
in  11S4,  crowned  Richard  I.  in  1189,  and  set  out  upon  the 
third  Crusade  in  1190 


Balfour,  Alexander 

Baldwin,  Count.    The  father  of  Biron  and  Car- 

los  in  Southerne's  "Fatal  Marriage,"  an  un- 
yielding, self-willed  man, 

Baldwin,  Abraham.  Born  at  Guilford,  Conn., 
Nov,  6,  1754:  died  at  Washington,  D,  C,  March 
4,1807,  An  American  politician.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate  to  the  Continental  Congress  ;  membei-  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  1787 ;  member  of  Congress  from 
Cleorgia  1789-99;  United  States  senator  179t»-1807;  and 
president  ^ro  tempore  of  the  Senate  1801  and  1802. 

Bald'win,  Charles  H.  Born  in  New  York  citv. 
Sept,  3,  1822:  died  there,  Nov,  17,  1888,  An 
American  naval  officer,  appointed  rear-ad- 
miral in  1S83.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  on  the 
Congress,  and  was  commander  of  the  Clifton  of  the  mor- 
tar-fleet at  New  Orleans,  under  Farragut,  and  at  Vicks- 
burg,  in  1S62.  He  was  later  ordnance  inspector  at  the 
Mare  Island  navy-yard.     He  retired  Sept.  3,  18^4. 

Bald'win,  Henry.  Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
J.Tin.  14,  1780:  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  21, 
1844.  An  American  jurist  and  politician.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  lbl7-22,  and 
associate  justice  of  the  United  states  Supreme  Court 
1^30-14. 

Bald'win,  Matthias  William.  Bom  at  Eliza- 
bethtown,  N,  J,,  Dec,  10,  1795:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept,  7,  1866,  AJn  American  inventor, 
noted  as  an  improver  and  manufacturer  of 
locomotive  engines, 

Bald'win,  Roger  Sherman.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Jan,  4,  1793:  died  there,  Feb, 

19,  1863,  An  American  politician  and  iurist. 
He  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1S44-J.5,  United  States 
senator  1S47-51,  and  member  of  the  "Peace  Congress  "  in 
1S61. 

Baldy  (bal'di)  Peak.  1.  A  peak  12,660  feet 
high,  northeast  of  Santa  F?,  New  Mexico, 
forming  a  part  of  the  southernmost  spur  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  called  the  Santa  F6  range. 
The  same  name  is  also  given  to  a  peak  of  the  mountains 
north  of  Jemez,  properly  called  Sierra  de  la  Jara  (Reed 
Mountains). 

2.  A  peak  in  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  range, 
Colorado. 

Bale  (bal),  John.  Born  at  Cove, near Dunwich, 

-in  Suffolk,  Nov.  21.  1495:  died  at  Canterbury, 
1563.  An  English  Protestant  (originally  Catho- 
lic) prelate,  bishop  of  Ossory  (1552).  He  was  the 
author  of  moralities  (religious  plays)  and  the  compiler  of 
a  chronological  catalogue  of  British  writers,  "  Illustrium 
Majoris  Britannia;  Scriptorum  Suramariuni  "(154»).  He  was 
nicknamed  "  Bilious  Bale  "on  account  of  hia  baa  temper. 

Bale.     See  Basel. 

Balearic  Islands  (bal-e-ar'ik  i'landz).  [L. 
Baliariciis,  adj.,  from  Bdliares,  less  prop.  Bale- 
ares,  Gr.  Ba/.'Aiapeic, Ba/.enpide;, etc.,  6.  Buharen, 
F.  Baleares.']  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, belonging  to  Spain,  situated  east  of 
Valencia,  it  comprises  Majorca,  Minorca,  Cabrera, 
Iviza,  and  Formentera  (the  ancient  Pityusae),  and  some 
smaller  islands.  'Ihe  group  forms  a  province,  with  Palma 
as  capit;il.  It  was  long  a  possession  of  Carthage  ;  was 
acquired  by  Rome  in  123  B.  c.  and  formed  the  kingdom 
of  Mallorca  from  1276  till  its  union  with  Aragon  in  1343. 
The  chief  products  are  oil,  wine,  and  fruit.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  famous  in  aiicient  times  as  slingers.  Area. 
1,860  square  miles.     Population  (1»S7),  312,616. 

Balechou  (ba-lii-sho'),  Jean  Joseph  Nicolas. 

Born  at  Ai'les,  1715  (?):  died  at  Avignon,  Aug. 
18,1765.  A  noted  French  engi'aver.  His  best 
work  is  a  full-length  portrait  of  Augustus  HI., 
king  of  Poland, 

Balen  (ba'len),  Hendrik  van.  Born  at  Ant- 
werp, 1575 :  died  there,  July  17,  1632,  A  Flem- 
ish historical  painter. 

Balestier  (bal-es-ter' ),  Charles  Wolcott.  Born 
at  Rochester,  N,  Y.,  Dec.  13, 1861 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, Germany,  Dec.  6, 1S91.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, novelist,  and  publisher.  He  was  the  author 
of  "A  Patent  Philtre  "(1SS4),  "The  Naulahka,"  with  Eud- 
yard  Kipling  (1892),  "  Benefits  Forgot  "  (1893,  in  "  The  Cen- 
tury Magiuine"),  and  other  works. 

Balestra  (bii-les'trii),  Antonio,  Born  at  Ve- 
rona, Italy,1666:  died  there,  April  21,  1740,  An 
Italian  painter  of  tl,e  Venetian  school. 

Balfe  (half),  Michael  William.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, May  15,  1808:  died  at  Rowney  Abbey,  Oct, 

20,  1870,  An  operatic  composer,  riolinist,  and 
singer.  His  works  include  '■  I  Rivali  di  se  stessi  "(1830), 
"Siege  of  Rochelle  "  (183,1),  "The  Maid  of  Arlois  '  (1836), 
"Catherine  Grey"  (1837).  "Joan  of  Arc"  (1837),  "  Dia- 
deste  "  (1838),  "  Falstafl  "  (1SS^),  "Keolanthe^'  (1841),  "Le 
Puits  d'Amour"  (184;.),  "Bohemian  Girl"  (1843).  "Lea 
Quatre  Fils  d'Aymon  "(1844),  "L'Etoile  de  Si^ville  "  (1845), 
"Maid  of  Honour  "  (1847),  "  Sicilian  Bride  "  (1852),  ''  Rose 
of  Castile  "  (1857),  "  Satanella  "  (1858),  "11  Talismano,"  the 
Italian  version  o(  his  last  opera,  "The  Knight  of  the  Leo- 
pard "  (1874). 

Balfour  (  bal'for  or  bal'fer).  Alexander.  Born 
at  Monikie,  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  March  1, 
1767:  died  Sept.  12,  1829.  A  Scotch  poet  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  "Campbell,  or  the  Scottish  Proba- 
tioner" (1819),  "  Contemplation  and  other  Poems  "  (1820), 
"Farmer's  Three  Daughters  "  (1822),  "'Ihe  F:'Undlingof 
Glenthorn,  or  the  Smuggler's  Cave  "  (1823),  "Highland 
Mary  "  (1827), 


Balfour,  Arthur  James  113 

Balfour,  Arthur  James.     Born  July  25,  1848.  Bali  (bS'le).     A  raouutainous  and  volcanic  isl- 
A  Biitisli  Cuusirvative  politician,  nepbew  of     ami  of  tho  Sumia  Kroui«.i'a.st  of  Java.    It  is  in  part 

anncxta  to  Uiitcli  [lussessliuis  and  in  l)art  UTiJtr  UulWi 

inllui-ncc(7  minor  stalBS).  Tlie  rcliKiuii  is  llinduifiiii  ;  tliu 
lanKUaKu  ullifd  to  .lavalicsc.  l.cuKtli,  75  inik-s  ;  l)rfiidtli, 
5o  riiilis  ;  ana,  2,100  wiuare  miles,     population,  000,000. 

Bali  Strait. 

I'loiu  Bali. 

Balfour,  Clara  Lucas  (Clara  Liddell).    Born  Balikesri  (bii-le-kes're).    A  town  iu  the  vila- 
iu  the  Xow  Forest.  Uanipsliire,  Dee.  21.  1S08:     yet  of   Khuilaveudikvar,  Asiatic  Turkey,   112 
died  at  Croydon,  July  3,   187S.     An   English     "miles  southwest  of  Coustantiuoplc.     Popula- 
writer.    She  lectured  on  temperance  and  other  topics,     tion,  about  12.000. 
iind  Wii8  the  autlmruf  numerous  works  designed chieUy  to  ;g_ij_     (hu'len).       In     Hindu    mvtholopv,     the 


of 

the  Marcjuis  of  Salisbury.  He  was  president  o(  the 
Local  Government  Board  1885-80  :  secretary  for  Scotland 
I^^HO-87;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  lSK7-yi ;  tlrsl  lord  of 
Mil'  treasury  and  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  lh'.)l-9*J. 
t^:)r,-l'.tOO,  and  I'.KMI- :  and  prime  minister  lOCJ-.  He  ha> 
V.  rilt.ii  a  "  IJefenie  of  Philosophic  Doubt  "  (1S79I,  etc. 


promote  the  temperance  cause, 

Balfour,  Francis  Maitland 


Born   at  Kdin- 


bMr;,'h,  Nov.  10,  18.51:  died  in  the  Aljjs,  July 
VJ  (!),  1882.  A  British  biologist  (brother  of 
Arthur  James  Balfour),  lecturer  (1876)  on  and 
professor  (1882)  of  animal  morphology  at 
Cambridge.  He  wrote  "Development  of  Elasmobmnch 
Kishes  '  (1878)  and  "  Comparativo  Einlu-yolo^'y  "  (188n-81). 
Ilia  works  were  edited  by  Fo.ster  and  Sedjjwick  (1  vols.) 
in  18S.'!.  He  was  killed  with  his  i^'uide  during  an  ascent  of 
the  Ai:,;uille  Blanche  de  I'enteret. 
Balfour,  Sir  James.  Uieil  1583.  A  Scotch 
judge  and  political  intriguer.  He  was  implicated 
ill  tlie  plot  to  assassinate  lieaton,  and  was  imprisoned 
after  the  surrender  of  the  castle  of  St.  Andrews  (June 
1647)  in  the  French  Kalleys,  where  he  haJ 


west  of  Stuttgart. 
Vjohii  knoxai  Balinghcm  (bU-lau-gau').      A  small   place  in 
a  companion.    lie  was  also  commonly  reputed  to  have 
drawn  up  the  bond  for  Damlcy's  murder,  and  to  have 


Srovided  tlie  house,  which  belonged  to  his  brother,  in  the 
Lirk  o'  Field,  where  the  murder  was  aecomplislicl.  In 
the  same  year  (15G7)  he  was  appointed  by  ijiuen  Mary 
governor  of  EdinburKh  Castle,  wbieli  he  siioitly  after 
betrayed  to  Murray.  He  acconiplislied  the  disti  iiction  of 
the  regent  Morton,  who  was  e.\eeuleil,  1,'>81,  (or  the  mur- 
der otUarnley,  He  was  one  of  the  authors,  if  not  the 
chief  author,  .d  "Balfours  Practicks,"  the  earliest  text- 
book on  Scotlish  law. 
Balfour,  Sir  James.  Born  IGOO:  died  1()57. 
A  Scotch  antiiiuary  and  historian,  author  of 
"Annals  of  the  History  of  Scotland  from  Mal- 
colm III.  to  Charles  II." 

Born  at  Piirig,  near  Edin 


Ballantyne,  James 

boundar\-  between  Bulgaria  proper  and  F.afitem  Eoinella 
and  is  subdivided  into  the  Etropol  Balkan,  the  Kolcha. 
Balkan,  etc  The  chief  paSM-a  are  the  .Nadh  rieibend, 
Kurnabad,  Iron  Ijate,  Sliipka,  and  Trajan.  lh<-  Balkan 
was  the  scene  of  severe  lighting  in  the  Russo-Turklsh 
wars  of  182S-29  and  1877-78.     lis  highest  point  ;s  about 

7,SiU  feet. 

A  strait   which  separates  Java  Balkan  States.     See  Balkan  PciihmuUi. 

Balkash  i  biilkiish'),  or  Balkhash,  or  Dengis. 

.\  >alt  lake  in  Kussian  Ci-ntral  .Vsia.  aliout  lat. 
4d-!-47='  N.,  long.  74=-7!H  E.  Its  chief  tributary  is 
the  Hi.  Height  above  sea-level,  about  780  fe«t  ;  length, 
SJO  miles;  greatest  width,  .'>6  miles;  area,  about  7,8oO 
S(|nare  miles.     It  has  no  outlet, 

Balkh  (biilkh).  .\  for  the  most  part  desert  re- 
gion in  central  Asia,  belonging  to -Vfghanistan, 
south  of  the  .Vinu-Daria  and  north  of  theHindu- 
Kusb.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Baitria.     Its  inhabitants  are  of  L'zbeg  stock. 

Balkh.  The  chief  citv  of  Balkh.  situated  on 
the  river  Balkh  in  lat."  36°  40'  N..  long.  66°  40' 
E.:  the  ancient  Bactria  :  called  the  ••  Mother  of 
(Cities."  It  is  associated  with  the  history  of  Zoroaster, 
It  was  destroyed  by  .lenghiz  Khan  in  122U,  laWr  by  Timur. 
I'o|iiil;Uion,  about  ii,ooii. 

Balkhan  (bal-khiin')Bay.  .\  bay  on  the  eastern 
ciKisl  of  th.'  Caspian  Sea,  about  lat,  40°  N. 

Balkhan  Mountains.    -V  group  of  mountains 

east  of  Balkhan  Bay,  near  the  Traiiscaspian 

Kaihvav. 

Field  of  the  Balkis  '(bal'kis).     The  Arabian  name  of  the 

(^ueen  of  Sheba  who  came  to  see  the  glory  of 


moukev  king  of  Kishkindhya,  who  was  slain 
by  Kaina,  and  whose  kingdom  was  given  to 
his  lir'iither  Sugriva,  thi-  allv  of  Kama. 
Balin  (ba'lin)  and  Balan  (ba'lan).  In  the 
••  Morte  d',tVrthur,"  two  brothers,  born  iu  Xorth- 
umlierland,  each  renowned  for  valor.  B:iliu  was 
called  "Le  Sauvage."  They  Himlly  slew  each  other  "by 
mishap,"  and  were  buried  in  one  tomb.  Tennyson  has  a 
poem  with  the  title  "Ballu  and  Balan,"  giving  the  story 
in  a  moiiitled  form, 

Balingen  (bii' ling-en),  sometimes  Bahlingen. 
A  town  in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wurtem 
berg,   situated  on  the  Evach   38  mjlcs  south- 
Poptilation  ( 1890),  3,355. 


Balfour,  James.  „..,co.,.o,. 

bu.;gh,  170.5:  du>dl<9o     A  Scottish  ph.losoj^-  galiol,  or  Balliol,  John  de.    D 

tcalwriter,  professor  of  ™oralphilosophy(l.. 4)  ^;t,^^"f' „„a,.,,  „,-  h,  iHol  College.  ( 


and  of  law  (1704)  at  EdiiiVmrgli.      . 

Balfour,  John  (Lord  Balfour  of  Burleigh). 

Died  1688.  A  Scotch  nobleman  of  little  note, 
mistaken  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (iu  "Old  Mor- 
tality") for  another  man  of  the  same  name. 
See  Jitilfiiiir  of  Bin  hi/. 
Balfour,  John  Hutton.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
S'-pt,  15,  1><0."<:  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1884.  An 
eminent  Scottish  botanist  and  pliysieian.    He 


llic  d.iiartraent  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  near 
Calais,  noted  as  the  place  of  the 
Clotli  of  Gold"  (1520), 
Baliol  (ba'li-ol  or  bal'yoD.orBallioKbal'i-ol). 
Edward  de.  Died  1363.  Eldest  son  of  John 
do  Ualiol  and  Isabel,  daughter  of  John  de  Wa- 
renne,  earl  of  Surrey,  and  claimant  to  the 
throne  of  Scotland.  He  landed  iu  Scotland  in  1332, 
and  after  a  brilliant  campaign  of  seven  weeks  was  crow  ned 
at  Scone  Sept,  24,  but  tllree  months  later  was  surprised 
at  Annan  by  Archibald  DoURlaa,  and  driven  across  the 
border.  He  was  restored  by  Edward  111.  of  England, 
through  whose  assistance  he  gained  the  battle  of  Halidon 
Hill,  .Tilly  19,  1333.  After  I:ili8,  Eilward  being  occupied 
in  the  French  war.  Baliol  maintained  a  nominal  footing 
.Scotland  till  the  return  of  Uavid  Bruce  in  1311. 

d  about  1269. 
Oxford.  He  was 
a  regent  of  Scotland  during  the  minority  of  Alexander 
III,,  until  deprived  of  the  post,  on  a  charge  of  treason, 
in  12.'i5.  through  the  inllneiice  of  Henry  111  ,  with  whom 
he  sided  in  the  barons'  war  12G3-tiO,  He  gave,  about  12ia, 
the  first  lands  for  the  endowment  of  the  college  which 
bears  his  name,  an  endowment  which  was  increased  by 
his  will,  and  lUso  by  the  gifts  of  his  widow.  Devorgnilla. 
"  He  died  in  r2til),  and  although  his  widow  Pevorgiiilla 
c-jntlnued  to  pay  the  weekly  allowances,  she  did  not  until 
1282  take  steps  for  giving  a  pcmianeiit  character  to  the 
House  of  Balli..l."     /../(<•,  Oxford,  p,  n. 

"'      g 


ioldii'r,  appointed  lieutenant-general 
in  1798  and  general  in  1S03,  conspicuous  for 
his  services  during  the  Kevoliitioiiary  War. 
He  was  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  the  battle  on  Ixjng 
Island,  the  capture  of  .Sew  York,  .-md  the  battles  of  Eliza- 
bethtown,  Bramlywine,  and  Oermantown,  and  was  ap- 
pointed coniniaiidant  of  Charleston  1779. 
Balfour,  Robert.  Born  about  1.5.')0:  dii'd  about 
1025,  .\  Scotch  pliilologist  and  philosophical 
writer,  professor  of  (.ireek  iu  the  College  of 
Guienne,  and  principal  (about  1586)  of  that  in- 
stitution. He  wrote  "Commentaries  on  the 
Logic  and  Etbiesof  ,\ristotlo"  (1618-20),  etc. 

Balfour  of  Burley,  John.    A  Covenanter,  a 
character  in  Scott's  novel    "Old    Mortality, 
historically  taken  from  a  real  John  Balfour  ot 


of  David,  earl  of  iluntingdon,  brother  of  William  the  lion 
and  grandson  of  David  I.  (See  [truer,  Uiibert)  He  was 
recognized  as  the  proper  hiiir  by  Edward  1.  of  England  to 
whom  the  claims  of  the  ilisputants  were  referred  for  arbi- 
tration ;  was  erowncil  at  Scone,  .Vov.  SO,  121>2.  and  ren- 
dered homage  to  Edward  as  feudal  superior;  made  un 
alliance  with  Philip  the  Fair  of  France  129r. ;  mvaged  Cuai- 
berland  1298,  and  renounced  bis  allegiance  to  Edward; 
was  compelled  to  renounce  lilscr.iwn  to  Edward  during 
the  latter  s  Invasion  of  Scotland  the  same  year;  was  lin- 
prlsoneil,  with  hls.soii  Edward,  in  England  till  1290;  and 
1  in  exil 


Solomon. 

Ball  (bill),  Ephraim.  Bom  at  Greeiitown.Ohio, 
.\ug.  12.  ISIJ:  died  at  Canton,  Ohio.  Jan.  1, 
1K72.  All  American  inventor  and  manufac- 
turer of  jilows,  mowers  (the  Buckeye  machine), 
and  harvi'sters. 

Ball,  John.  Died  at  St.  Albans,  England.  July 
15,  i:tsl.  An  English  priest  who  took  a  promi- 
nent pari  in  Wat  Tyler's  rebellion  in  KlSl.  He 
accepted,  in  the  main,  the  doctrines  of  Wyclif,  mwliSed 
by  views  of  Ids  own,  and  made  himself  popular,  especially 
by  preaching  the  e(|Uality  of  gentry  anil  villeins.  He  was 
several  times  committed  to  tli«  Arehbithop  of  Canter- 
bury's prison,  anil  was  excoinmunicated  liy  Archbishop 
Islip.  He  was  committeil,  jirobably  aliout  the  end  of 
April,  1:!S1,  to  the  archbishop  s  jirison  at  ilaiilslone.  and 
one  of  the  tli-st  acts  of  the  insurgents  whs  Io  set  hini  at 
liberty.  He  preached  at  Blaekheath  on  the  text 
"  When  Adam  dalf,  and  Eve  span, 
Who  was  thaiine  a  gentilman','" 
After  the  death  of  Tyler  at  Smilhtleld,  he  tied  to  the  mid- 
land counties,  but  was  taken  at  Coventry,  and  executed  at 
St.  Albans  in  the  presence  of  the  king.  He  was  called  the 
"Mad  I'rie^t,  " 

Ball,  Sir  Robert  Stawell.  Born  at  Dublin, 
July  1.1840.  ,\  British  astronomer.  He  became 
professor  of  applied  mathematics  and  mechanism  in  Hie 
Royal  College  oi  See  nee  lor  lielanu  ;s«T,  and  was  proies- 
sor  of  a-strononiv  in  the  rnivtraity  of  Uabllii,  and  astron- 
omer royal  of  Ireland  1S74-W2.  and  prole.-sor  ot  a.-trou- 
oniy  and  director  of  the  observatory  at  Cambridge  ISai-. 

Ball,  Thomas.  Born  at  Chariest  own,  Mas-s., 
.IiiiK- 3.  1S19.  An  .American  scul|itor.  Among  his 
works  are  a  statue  of  Webster  (New  \ork),  "  Emancipa. 
Hon  "  (W  aahlngton),  statue  and  busts  of  Everett,  Choate, 
etc. 

Ball,  Valentine.  Born  at  Dublin,  July  14. 1843: 
died  .luiie  111,  I'^iK').  A  British  geologist  and  e.\- 
plorer.  ill'  was  aiip,dnle.l  to  the  slalt  of  the  <!«doglc«l 
Survey  of  India  In  18<«  ;  was  professor  of  geology  and 
mineralogy  In  the  I  iiivenilty  of  Dublin  1881  83;  and  be. 
lirector  of  the  .Seience  and  Art  Slusi'um  in  1883. 


""''""'"•       -       -      -     -  A  reHned  anil  Baii,  The.    .Veoiiiedy  by  Shirley  and  n^ 


Baliol,  Mrs.  Martha  Bethune. 


lie 


d  ill  1632  and  published  in  16;i9. 


'■'''•'"'nh;'M'hnm;::w;':f^rc:;;i!,^.^'MoBaiiachu 


some  o. ,  •    1 

Mr.  Chryslal  Croft  angry  in  Scott's  "Clironicl 

c,r  tho  ('aie.iigale." 

Baliol  College.    See  BaUiol  CoVegc. 


Kinloch,  but  by  Scott  confused  with  John  Bal-  galisarda  (bii-le-slir'dii).      In    Ariosto's   "Or 


four  of  Burleigh  (died  1688).   The  latter  was  not 
a  Covi'ii;inter.  _      -       ^      ,  ■■ 

Balfrush    (biil-frosh'),    or    Barfrush   (bar- 

frosli').  A  town  in  Mazanderaii.  I'lrsia.  on 
the  Bawal,  near  the  Casjiian  Sea,  89  miles 
northe:ist  of  Teheran.  It  is  an  important  em- 
porium for  commerce  between  Russia  and  Per- 
sia. , 
Balgowrie  (bal-gou'ri).  Brig  o 


tuies.|iie  striieture  at  .\berdeen,  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  high  and  wide-pointed  arch 
spiimdiig  the  Don.     It  dates  from  1320. 

Balguy  (bal'ge),  John.  Born  at  Sheraeld, 
England,  An-.  12.  16«):  died  at  Harrowgate, 
Sept,  21,  174X,  .V'l  l^iiglish  divine  and  eon- 
troversialist.  He  wrole  "Letter  to  a  Deist," 
"  Foundation  ol  .Moral  iioodness,"  etc. 

Bali  (ba'li;  Hind.  pron.  bul'i).  In  Hindu 
mythologv,  a  Daitya  who  had  attained  sover- 
eignty over  the  three  worlds,  but  lost  it  when 
he'promised  Vislinu,  in  his  dwarf  iiiearnatiini. 
as  miieh  land  as  he  could  nicasiire  with  three 
strides.  Vishnu  met  the  condition,  and  ban- 
ished Bali  to  the  under  world,  where  ho  reigned, 
c,    s 


laiiilo  Furioso,"  the  swiird  stolon  from  Orlaiid 
by  liriiiiello  and  given  to  Wogero.     It  could  cut 
through  even  eneliaiilid  nbjects. 
Balize  (ba-lOz'),  or  Belize  (be-le/.  ).     1.  See 
Jirilish    Ih'iiilunis.—  'Z.  A  seaiiorl  iiiul   oanital 
of  British  Honduras,  Hitualed  on  the  (iulf  of 
Honduras,     It   was  first  settled  by  the  English 
about  ir>l!7,      I'opulalion,  about  5,0(K). 
A  very  pic-  Balkan  Peninsula  (biil-kiin'   or  bal'kaii    pe- 

" '  iiin'sii-liiK      111  its  widest  sense,  the  Houtheiisl- 

erniieist  peiiiiisiila  of  Kuro|ie,  including  the  re- 
gions  south  of  the  Save  and  Danube,  It  com- 
prises llalmatla.  part,  of  Croalli.  an.l  Kn.tenlnnd  llosnia, 
Huraegovlna.  Montenegro,  s.rvla.  Iliilgnria  part  of  llninii- 
nla,  European  Turkey,  and  l)r...ce.  The  iiniiie  I.  often 
used  In  a  narrow  er  sense.  Including  .SiTvIa,  llnlgiirla  Euro 
and  Koiiietiiiies  Itiimiinia  and 


neaii  Turkey,  Monlenegn  , 

llreeeo  (often  wlllioiil  llie  Morea)  In  this  si'Coiid  sen«' 
It  Is  loextenslve  with  tin  Balkan  SlaU'S. 
Balkan,  or  the  Balkans.  A  mounlnin  system 
ill  s,,iiiheaslerii  Fiirope.  Ilii>  ancient  HiiMiiusor 
Emus  (<ir,  .•  .\i//'"  ),  whieli  extends  from  the 
sources  of  the  Tiinok  (near  the  frontiers  of 
Servia  and  Bulgaria)  generally  eastward  to 
Capo  Emiut'h  on  the  Black  Sea,    Itturmitbo  main 


.\  villaue  ill  ,\igyllsliire,  Scotlainl.  situated  on 
l.oih  Levin  23  niiles  northeast  of  Oban.  Near 
it  are  sliite-iinarries. 

Balladino  (biil  lii-<le'n«')),  Antonio.     I"  Ben 

.loiisiin's  comedy  "  The  Case  is  .Mtered."  a  "  pa- 
geant poet"  iiitetided  to  ridieiilc  Anlhony 
.Miindav. 

Ballagi\bol'log-eV  Maurice  (originally  Moritz 

Blocnl.  Horn  March  IH,  1815:  died  Sept.  1. 
IS9I.  A  Hiiiigariaii  philologist  and  l•l■ole^lallt 
tlii'ologian,  best  known  from  his  grammars  and 
iliilioiiaries  of  the  Hungarian  langunge.  Ho 
was  professor  of  theology  nl  Szarvas  1H44-4K, 
l,S,-il-,55,  and  at  Peslh  18,55-7s, 

Ballantlne  (bal'an-iiii  i,  James.   Bom  at  Kdin- 

biirgli,  ISOH:  died  there.  Die.,  ls77,  A  Scottish 
poet,  painter  on  glass,  iiint  inanufaelurer  of 
stained  glass.  He  wrote  •The  Caberluiulc's  Wallet" 
11!M:i).  ■  The  Miller  of  |l.-niilinuuli  "  (I845X  "EM«y  on  t>T. 
nanienlal  Aif  (181T),    ■  IWiii.     (18t-l),  etc. 

Ballantrae  (lialnn-lra'),  A  tishing  town  m 
.\yrsliire,  Scotland,  at  the  mouth  of  Ihc  Still- 
i-liar  30  Hides  southwest  of  .\yr. 

BallantTnO  <  bill 'ant  in).  James  Bornnt  Kelso, 
S(i.tl;ii:d.  1772:  died  .Ian.  17.  1K:13,  A  Scotch 
iirinti-r  and  publisher,  the  friend  and  business 
nssoeiale  of  Sir  Walter  Soott.  See  AUUhnrmite- 
liliiiscoiihoniin. 


Ballantyne,  James  Robert 
Ballantyne,  James  Robert.    Born  at  Kelso, 

Seotlaud,  Dec.  lo,  1813:  died  Feb.  16,  1864.  A 
British  Orientalist.  He  was  superintendent  of  the 
government  Sanskrit  College  at  Benares  1845-t)l.  libm- 
rian  of  the  East  India  office  J861-G4,  and  author  of  j^i-am- 
mars  of  Hindustani,  Hindi,  Mahratta,  and  Sanskrit,  and 
numerous  other  works. 
Ballantyne,  John.  Bom  at  Kelso,  Scotland, 
1774:  died  at  Edinburgh,  June  16,  1821.  A 
Scotch  writer  and  publisher,  brother  of  James 
Ballantyne.     See  liigdiimfuniiidos. 

Ballantyne,  Robert  Michael.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  24. 182.5:  died  1894.  A  British  writer 
of  jnveniles.  He  was  in  the  ser\ice  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company  1841^7. 

Ballarat  (bal-a-raf).  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Victoria,  Australia,  66  miles  northwest  of 
Melbourne.  In  its  vicinity  are  celebrated  cold-mines, 
discovered  in  1851.  Next  to  ilelhourne  it  is  the  leading 
city  in  the  colony.  It  consists  of  Ballarat  East  ajid  Bal- 
larat West.     Population  (1891),  46,033. 

Ballari  (bal-la're).  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  between  the  Nizam's  dominions 
on  the  north,  and  Mvsore  on  the  south.  Area, 
11,007  square  miles. '  Population  (1881),  1,336,- 
696. 

Ballari.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Ballari. 
in  lat.  15°  10'  N..  long.  76°  55'  E.  Population, 
including  cantonment  (1891),  59,467. 

Ballenstedt  ( bal'len-stet).  A  town  in  Anhalt. 
Germany,  at  the  foot  of  the  Lower  Harz,  36 
miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  has  a  castle, 
the  former  residence  of  the  dukes  6t  Anhalt- Bemburg. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Ballesteros  (bal-yes-ta'ros),  Francisco.  Born 
at  Saragossa.  1770:  died  at  Paris,  June  29.  1832. 
A  Spanish  general  and  patriot.  He  was  minister 
of  war  for  a  short  time  in  1815,  and  vice-president  of  the 
provisional  ministry  1820.  He  was  exiled  after  the  French 
invasion  of  1823. 

Ballia  (bal'li-H).  A  district  in  the  Benares 
division.  Northwestern  Provinces,  British  India. 

Ballina  (bal-i-na').  A  port  in  the  county  of 
Jlayo,  northwestern  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
river  Moy,  near  its  mouth,  29  miles  southwest 
of  Sligo.  It  was  taken  bv  the  French  Aug., 
1798.     Population  (1891),  4,846. 

Ballinasloe  (bal-i-na-sl6').  A  town  in  coun- 
ties Roscommon  and  Galway,  Ireland,  on  the 
Suck  35  miles  east  of  Galwav.  Population, 
(1891),  4.642. 

Balling  (biil'leng).  Karl  Joseph  Napoleon. 
Bom  at  (iabrielshiitte,  Saaz,  Bohemia,  April  21. 
1805 :  died  at  Prague,  March  17,  1868.  A  Bo- 
hemian chemist. 

Ballinrobe  (bal-in-rob').  A  small  town  in 
County  Mayo,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Robe 
27  miles  north  of  Galway. 

Balliol.     See  Baliol. 

Balliol  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity. England,  reputed  to  have  been  founded 
bj'  Sir  John  Baliol  and  his  wife  Devorguilla, 
parents  of  John  Baliol.  king  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween 1263  and  1268.  The  oldest  of  the  existing 
buildings  dates  from  the  15th  century.  The  south  front 
has  recently  been  rebuilt,  in  the  main  in  the  style  of  the 
13th  century. 

Between  the  original  foundation  and  the  beginning  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  Balliol  College  had  received  no  less 
than  three  codes  of  statutes,  those  issued  by  the  Lady  De- 
vorguilla de  Balliol  in  1282,  those  issued  by  Sir  Philip  de 
Soraen'ille  in  1340,  and  those  issued  by  Simon  Sudbury, 
Bishop  of  London,  in  1364.  Two  other  liishops  of  London 
had  moreover  intervened  in  the  course  of  the  fifte.;nth 
century  to  redress  particular  grievances.  Inasmucli,  how- 
ever, as  some  of  the  enactments  of  the  third  code  wf  re 
ambiguous,  and  others  inconvenient,  the  society  sought 
and  obtained  from  Pope  Julius  II.  a  commission  empower- 
ing the  Bishops  of  Winchester  and  Carlisle,  or  eitlier  of 
them,  to  revise  the  statutes  throughout  The  work  was 
accomplished  by  Bishop  Fox,  in  1507.    Lyte^  Oxford,  p.  414. 

Ballivian  (bal-ye-ve-an'),  Adolfo.  Born  at 
La  Paz,  Nov.  17,  1831:  died  Feb.,  1874.  A 
Bolivian  statesman,  son  of  General  Jose  Bal- 
livian. He  was  a  colonel  in  the  army,  but  headed  the 
party  of  opposition  to  the  military  rulers  who  for  a  long 
time  governed  Bolivia,  and  was  kept  in  exile  until  his 
party  elected  him  president  (1873).  He  died  soon  after 
his  inauguration. 

Ballivian,  Jose.  Bom  at  La  Paz,  May,  1804 : 
died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1852.  A  Bolivian 
soldier  and  statesman,  in  1S41  he  headed  the  army 
which  defended  Bolivia  against  the  invasion  of  Gamarra, 
gaining  the  battle  of  Yngavi  (Nov.  20,  1S41X  in  which  Oa- 
marra  was  killed ;  and  soon  after  was  elected  president 
of  Bolivia,  holding  the  office  until  the  end  of  1M7,  when 
he  was  deposed  by  the  revolutionist  Belzu,  and  exiled. 

Ballo  in  Maschera  (bal'lo  en  miis'ke-rii).  Un. 
[It.,  'A  Masked  Ball.']  An  opera  by  Verdi, 
first  produced  m  Rome,  Feb.  17,  18.59.  it  was 
originally  called  Gustavo  in.,  but  during  its  rehearsals 
Orsini  made  his  attempt  to  kill  Napoleon  111.,  and  the  title 
was  thought  ttio  suggestive.  

Ballon  d' Alsace  (ba-l6n'  dai-zas'),  or  Wel- 
scher  Belchen  (vel'sher  bel'chen).   One  of  the 


114 

principal  summits  of  the  Vosges,  near  the  bor- 
der of  France  and  Alsace,  25  miles  northwest  of 
Mtilhausen.     Height,  4.0S0  feet. 

Ballon  de  Guebwiller  (ba-loh'  de  geb-vel-lar'), 
or  Ballon  de  Soultz,  G.  G-ebweiler  (geb' vi- 
ler) (or  Sulzer)  Belchen.  The  highest  summit 
of  the  Vosges.  in  Upper  Alsace,  west  of  Gueb- 
willer  and  north  of  'Thann.     Height,  4,677  feet. 

Ballon  (ba-16'),  Hosea.  Born  at  Richmond, 
N.  H.,  April  30.  1771:  died  at  Boston.  Mass., 
June  7,  1852.  An  American  UniversaUst  cler- 
gyman, one  of  the  founders  of  American  Uni- 
versaUsm,  pastor  of  the  Second  UniversaUst 
Societv  in  Boston  1817-52. 

Ballon",  Hosea.  Born  at  Halifa.\,  Vt.,  Oct.  18, 
1796:  died  at  Somerville.  Mass.,  May  27,  1861. 
An  American  UniversaUst  clergjTnan,  first 
president  of  Tufts  College:  a  gi'andnephew  of 
Hosea  Ballon  (1771-1852). 

Ballon,  Matvu'in  Murray.  Born  April  14, 1820 : 

died  March  2i.  189.1.  An  American  journalist 
and  writer,  son  of  Hosea  Ballou  tlie  younger. 
He  has  been  the  editor  and  proprietor  of  "  Ballou's  Month- 
ly." part  proprietor  and,  after  1S72,  editor  for  several 
years  of  the  "Boston  Daily  Globe"  and  other  journals. 
Author  of  "Due  West,"  "Due  South."  "The  New  Eldora- 
do," "  Biography  of  Rev.  Hosea  Ballou."  etc. 

Ball's  Bluff  (balz  bluf).  A  bluff  in  Virginia, 
on  the  Potomac  River  33  miles  northwest  of 
"Washington.  Here,  Oct.  21, 1861, 1.900  Federals  under 
Colonel  Baker  were  defeated  by  the  Confederates  under 
General  N.  G.  Evans.  Federal  loss,  894.  Confederate  loss, 
302.     Colonel  Baker  was  killed. 

Ballston  Spa  (bal'ston  spa).  A  watering- 
plaf  e  in  Saratoga  County.  New  York,  6  miles 
southwest  of  Saratoga  Springs.  It  has  sev- 
eral noted  mineral  springs.  Population  (1900), 
3.923. 

Bally-.  [Ir.  baile.  a  town,  place.]  An  element 
in  many  Irish  place-names,  meaning  'town.' 

Ballycastle  (bal-i-kas'l).  A  small  seaport  in 
Countv  Antrim.  Ireland,  43  miles  northwest  of 
Belfast. 

Ballymena  (bal-i-me'na).  A  town  in  County 
Antrim,  Ireland,  23  mUes  northwest  of  Belfast, 
on  the  Braid,  noted  for  its  linen  manufactures. 
Population  (1891),  8.6.55. 

Ballymoney  (bal-i-mo'ni).  A  town  in  County 
Antrim.  Ireland,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Baun  40  miles  northwest  of  Belfast.  Popula- 
tion (1891).  2.975. 

Ballyshannon  (bal-i-shan'on).  A  seaport  in 
County  Donegal,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Erne, 
near  its  mouth.  20  miles  northeast  of  Sligo. 
Population  (1891),  2.840. 

Babnaceda  (bal-ma-tha'THii).  Jose  Manuel. 
Born  at  Santiago  in  1838:  lUed  there,  Sept.  19, 
1891.  A  Chilean  statesman.  He  was  a  pronounced 
liberal,  and  acquired  great  popularity  as  a  leader  of  the 
Reform  Club,  and  after  1870  as  a  deputy  to  the  Chilean 
Congress.  In  1878  he  was  minister  to  Argentina,  and  in 
1S81  was  made  foreign  minister  by  Santa  Maria.  He  was 
elected  president  by  a  great  majority  in  1886.  at  once  in- 
stituted numerous  reforms,  and  began  an  elaborate  sys- 
tem of  railroads  and  other  public  works.  Dissensions  in 
his  own  party  culminated  in  a  war  between  the  president 
and  Congress,  -\fter  numerous  engagements  he  was  de- 
feated and.  unable  to  escape  from  Santiago,  remained  con- 
ce.aled  in  the  Argentine  legation  until  in  a  fit  of  despera- 
tion he  shot  himself. 

Balmawhapple  (bal-ma-hwap'l).  In  Scott's 
novel  ••  Waverley."  an  obstinate  Scottish  laird, 
a  Jacobite:  his  name  is  Falconer  of  Balma- 
whapple. 

Balme,  Col  de.     See  Col  de  Balme. 

Balmez  (biil'meth).  or  Balmes  (bal'mes), 
Jaime  Luciano.  Bom  at  Vieh  in  Catalonia, 
Aug.  28,  1810:  died  there,  July  9,  1848.  A 
Spanish  publicist  and  philosophical  writer.  He 
founded  a  political  journal,"  El  Pensamiento  de  la  Nacion  " 
(an  organ  of  the  clerical  and  monarchical  party),  at  Ma- 
drid in  1844. 

Balmoral  Castle  (bal-mor'al  kas'l).  A  resi- 
dence of  Queen  Victoria  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Dee  about  45  miles 
west  of  Aberdeen.  The  property  was  purchased  in 
18.S2,  and  the  castle  was  erected  1853-55,  in  Scottish  baro- 
ni:il  style. 

Balmung  (bal'mong).  Siegfried's  sword,  in 
the  "Nibelungenlied." 

Balnaves  (bal-nav'es),  Henry.  Bom  at  Kirk- 
caldy. Fifeshire  (date  unknown):  died  1579. 
A  Scotch  Protestant  reformer.  He  wrote  "  The 
Confession  of  Faith  :  Conteining  how  the  Troubled  -Man 
Should  Seeke  Refuge  at  his  God,  etc.,"  which  was  revised 
and  prefaced  by  John  Knox. 

Balnibarbi  (bal-ni-bar'bi).  A  land  visited  by 
Gulliver  in  his  travels,  as  related  by  Swift.  It 
was  "oectipied  by  projectors." 

Balsamo,  Joseph.     See  Caolioftro,  Count  (le. 

Balsham  (bal'sham).  Hugh  de.  Died  1286. 
An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Ely,  and  founder 
of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 


Baltimore 

Balta  (biirta).  Jos6.  Bom  at  Lima,  Peru,  1816: 
killed  at  Lima.  July  26, 1872.  A  Peruvian  soldier 
and  statesman.  He  retired  from  the  army  with  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  1855;  was  minister  of  war  for  a  short  time 
in  1865  ;  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurrection  which 
drove  out  the  unconstitutional  president  Prado  in  1868; 
was  regularly  elected  president  of  Peru  Aug.  2,  1868,  and 
served  for  four  years;  and  was  murdered  in  a  military 
mutiny. 

Balta.  A  city  in  the  government  of  Podolia, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Kodyma  in  lat.  47°  55' 
N.,  long.  29°  35'  E.  It  has  a"  ilourishing  trade. 
Population.  27,419. 

Balta-Limani  (biil'ta-le-ma'ni\  Convention 
of.  -\  treaty  concluded  in  1849  at  Balta-Limani 
(on  the  Bosporus),  between  Turkey  and  Russia, 
granting  to  the  latter  certain  rights  in  the 
Danubian  principalities  for  seven  years. 

Baltard  (bal-tar'i.  Louis  Pierre.  Bora  at 
Paris,  July  9,  1765:  died  Jan.  22,  1846.  A 
French  architect  and  engraver  of  architectural 
and  other  subjects. 

Baltard  (bal-t  iir' ) .  Victor.  Bom  at  Paris,  June 
19.  1805:  died  Jan.  14.  1874.  A  French  archi- 
tect, son  of  Louis  Pierre  Baltard.  He  was  gov- 
ernment architect  of  the  city  of  Paris,  and  author  of 
"Monographic  de  la  Villa  Medicis"  (184f),  etc. 

Baltazarinl  (biil-tiid-za-re'De),  or  Baltagerini 
(bal-ta-je-re'ne).  Flourished  about  the  middle 
of  the  16th  century.  An  ItaUan  musician,  the 
first  violinist  of  his  time.  He  became  intendant  of 
music  and  first  valet  de  chambre  to  Catherine  de'  Medici, 
who  gave  him  the  name  Beaujoyeulx.  Heapparently  first 
introduced  the  It.-Uian  dances  into  Paris,  and  founded  the 
modern  ballet. 

Balthazar,  or  Balthasar  (bal-tha'zar).  [The 
Oh-eek  form  of  iJ' ?.W«(-ror  (which  see).]  "The 
name  of  various  personages,  (a)  One  of  the  three 
Magi  who  came  from  the  East  to  worship  the  infant  Jesus. 
See  Cdtofjne.  (b)  Chaucer's  name  for  Belshaizar  in  "  The 
Monks  Tale."  (c)  A  merchant  in  Shaksperes  "Comedy 
of  Errors.  '  ((f)  The  name  assumed  by  Portia  as  a  doctor 
of  law  in  the  trial  scene  in  Shaksperes  "  Merchant  of 
Venice."  (e)  A  servant  of  Portia  in  .Shakspere's  "Mer- 
chant of  Venice."  (/).\  servant  of  Don  Pedro  in  Shak- 
spere's "Much  Ado  about  Nothing.  "  (rj)  A  servant  of 
Romeo  in  Shakspere's  "  Romeo  and  Juliet."  (h)  The  proud 
and  hot-tempered  father  of  Juli.ana  in  Tobin's  "  Honey- 
moon." (0  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Julius  Eich- 
berg's  opera  "The  Doctor  of  Alcantara." 

Balthings  (bal'tingz).     See  Amalings. 

Balti.     See  Baltisian. 

Baltia  (bal'shi-a).  An  (unidentified)  island  off 
the  coast  of  Scythia.  mentioned  by  ancient 
%vriters  (Pliny  and  others).  It  gave  name  to 
the  Baltic  Sea.     Pvthias  calls  it  Basilht. 

Baltic  (bal'tik).     See  Baltic  Sea, 

Baltic,  Battle  of  the.     See  Copenhagen. 

Baltic  Port,  G.  Baltischport.  A  smaU  sea- 
port in  Esthonia.  Russia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
west  of  Reval. 

Baltic  Provinces.  The  collective  name  for 
Esthonia.  Livonia,  and  Courland.  three  govern- 
ments of  Russia  bordering  on  the  Baltic.  They 
contain  an  important  German  element,  but  the  larger 
part  of  the  population  consists  of  Estfaonians  and  Letts. 
They  have  been  largely  Russianized  in  recent  years. 

Baltic  Sea.  [F.  J/cr  Baltique,  It.  Marc  Baltico, 
NL.  Alare  Balticnm.  prob.  from  Lith.  baltas, 
white,  balti,  be  white.  Other  names  are  G. 
Ostsee,  east  sea,  Dan.  Ostersoen,  Sw.  Ostersjiin, 
L.  Mare  Suericum,  Swedish  sea,  PcJagus  Sci/thi- 
cum,  Scythian  sea,  or  Sinus  Codnnus,  Gothic  (f) 
gulf.]  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  inclosed  by 
Sweden,  Russia.  Germany,  and  Denmark,  it 
communicates  with  the  North  Sea  by  the  Sk;iger  Rack,  Cat- 
tegat,  Sound,  Great  Belt,  and  Little  Belt.  Its  chief  islands 
are  Zealand.  Funen,  Langeland,  L.a;dand,  Falster,  Moen, 
Alsen,  Fehmam,  Bornholm.  Kugen,  lsedom,WoUin,01and, 
Gothland,  Osel,  Dago,  Stockholm  Archipelago,  and  Aland 
Archipelago.  Its  chief  arms  are  the  gulfs  of  Bothnia,  Fin- 
land, and  Riga,  Kurisches  Half.  Frisches  Half,  Gull  of 
Dantzic.  Pomeranian  Hatf.  Liibeck  Bay,  and  Kiel  Bay.  Its 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Finland  lake  system,  the  Neva 
(with  Lake  Ladoga).  Narova  (with  Lake  PeipusX  DUna. 
Niemen,  Vistula,  Oder,  Dal  Elf.  Ljusnan,  Angerman  Eljf, 
rmeS  Elf.  Pitea  Elf.  Stora  LuleA  Elf,  and  Tomei  Ell. 
Length,  about  900  miles.  Greatest  widtli,  about  200  miles. 
-\rea,  about  184,000  square  miles. 

Baltimore  (bal'ti-mor).  Lord.    See  Calvert. 

Baltimore.  A  small  seaport  in  County  Cork, 
Ireland,  near  Cape  Clear,  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island. 

Baltimore.  A  seaport,  the  principal  city  of 
Maryland,  situated  on  Patapsco  River  near  its 
entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  lat.  39°  18' 
N..  long.  76°  37'  W. :  one  of  the  chief  Atlantic 
seaports:  surnamed  "the  Monument  City."  It 
has  a  large  export  trade  in  bread-stuffs,  tobacco,  cotton, 
provisions,  oysters,  coal,  etc. ;  large  maimfactures  .of 
flour,  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  cigars  and  tobacco,  iron 
and  steel,  clothing,  etc. :  and  important  oyster  fisheries. 
It  is  an  important  railroad  center  and  the  terminus  of 
steamboat  lines.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Roman  Cathi'lic  arch- 
bishopric, and  contains  the  Johns  Hopkins  University 
and  the  Peabody  Institute.  The  civy  was  laid  out  about 
1730,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1796.   It  was  un- 


Baltimore 


115 


BucceusfuUy  attackud  by  the  British  18H,  and  wag  the 
sci-ni;  ul  a  coritlici,  April  19,  1801,  lietween  tlli;  Baltimore 
mub  iind  I'Vderal  tr.w.ps  (litli  M;iss:u:liu»i:tt8  and  7th  Pciiii- 
^ylvauia).  Populiiti.jii  (l'.'IH)l,  '.">.'.C>7. 
Baltistan  (biil-te-st;iu'),  or  Balti  (bal'te),  or 
Little  Tibet.     A  pi-oviueo  of  Cashmere,  capi 


Bancroft,  Qeorge 
with  a  thousand  arms,  who  was  a  friend  of 


Vicniia,Geiicva,  and  St  Petersburg.  He  died  in  Paris,  just 
after  liis  return  from  the  wed.linutrip.  Balzac  is  coiisl.l- 
ered  tlii-  iliief  "f  tij,  rialislu-  s.lioul  of  French  novelists. 

Balzac,  Jean  Louis  Quez  de.    Born  at  Bulzac, 

mar  Aii«ouleiue,  1.VJ7:  died  there,  Feb.  IS,  1(>;)4. 

.  -        A  noted  Freneh  writer.     He  published  "  Letters " 

tal  Iskardo,  situated  on  the  upper  Indus  north     (16241,  "LePrlnce"(l«3lX  "Discours'dOMX  "l-eBiu-lwn"  _ _.      -  ,       „,   ,         .    .    _    ..    v-.      .„ 

The  inhabitants  are  Mo-     (iws),  ami  "Aristippe.-    Ue  is  regarded  as  the  foremost  Banaghcr    (ban    a -Her).      A  town    in    King's 
prose-writer  of  his  time.  Cimntv.  Ireland.     It  is  on  the  Shannon  River.     It  is 

Bam(biiin).  A  town  in  Kirman.  southern  Persia,     i,,  the  "superiority  of  this  town  that  the  phrase  "That 
1  l.'i  miles  scmtlieast  of  Kinnan.         _  Ixinns  B.inaiilier,  and  BanuKher  hangs  the  world"  alludes. 

~         '  ~  A  jiart  of  the  former  "  Mili 

Bamba  rbiuu'ba).    .see  Mhamba  and  Kongo  A'a-     tarv  Frontier"  of  the  -Vustrian  empire 


.Siva  and  an  euemv  of  ^  ishnu.  His  daughter 
Islia,  loving  Aniruddhi  Krishna's  grandson,  had  him 
brought  to  her  by  niagic.  In  the  rescue  the  aims  of 
Baiia  were  cut  oil  by  Krishna's  weapons.  Ipon  Siva's 
inlerct-'i.'^ion  Bana  was  spared. 
Banack,     See  limmock. 


nf  I'.ishtnere  proper. 

liuiiiiiLdaiis,  of  Tibetan  and  Aryan  stock,  and 
iiiiiiilnT  about  60.000. 
Baltjii  (biilt-Jek')-    A  seaport  of  Bulpria,  on  Ba-Mangwato(ba-miinf:-t-«-a't6).  SeeCAuana.  Banal  Frontier.    A  pa 
the   Black  Sea   -I'l  tudes  northeast  ot   Varna,  famba  (biiiuMja).    .See  !wL,h6«  and  fioiiffo  A'a-     tary  Frontier"  of  the.' 


tioii . 


population  (1888),  4.i;7l!, 

Baltzer  (balt'zcr),  Johann  Baptista.   Born  at  t>,„|,,„  ,  bam-M'rii) 

.Vtidernaeh, Prussia.. July  Iti.  1SU3:  ^^ed  at  Bonn,  ^.f^^f  ^/^  ^p^e^vallev  of  the-Ni^er,  about 
A  Onuau  Kotnan  Catholte  the.     j^.^   ,00.1.50  x.    ffe  chief  town  is  .Segu.     rhc  country 

Population 


A  country  of  western 
"iger,  about 
The  country 


The  seaport  of  the  Kongo 


(let.  1,  1871. 

ologian,  noted  for  his  opiiosition  to  the  dogma     ]^^^^„  „,,^.„„,  ,^(^,5.  ,„  Krench  L.tluence. 

of  papal  infallibility,  whieh  led  to  his  suspen-     (chieHy  Mandingo),  estimated,  2,0(Xi,uuO. 

sinu   from  his  ecclesiastical  ojliee  in  1870.    lie  Bambara.     A  tribe  of  French  Sonegambia,  of 


1>.  I  line  professor  of  dogmatic 
w  I-  suspended  in  1800. 

Baltzer,  Wilhelm  Eduard.  Born  at  Hohen- 
leine,  circle  of  Xlerscbiirg,  Germany,  Oct.  24. 
1.SI4 :  died  at  Durlach,  Baden.  June  24, 1887.  A 
I  ierman  clergyman,  and  writer  on  theology  and 
)iliilosophy,  noted  as  a  vegetarian. 

Baluchistan  (bal-6-chis-tiin'),  or  Beluchistan, 

or  Biluchistan.  [Pers.,  •country  of  tlic  Balu- 
rhis.']  A  territory  of  Asia,  bounded  by  .\f- 
_'hanistan  on  the  north,  India  on  the  east, 
t  li<5  Aral)ian  Sea  on  the  south,  and  Persia  on 
the  west.  It  is  largely  a  desert,  and  is  traversed  by 
mountain-ranges.  Its  chief  divisions  include  Khelat, 
.lalawan,  Sarawan,  Mekraii,  Lus,  and  Kachh-i;und;iva. 
It  is  subject  to  the  Khan  of  Khclat,  receives  a  British 
subsidy,  and  is  under  British  control  in  its  foreign  alfaira. 
There  is  a  British  garrison  atQuettall.  The  Indo-Afgllan 
Kailwuy  extends  to  liucttah  (since  188T)  and  beyond.  The 
Iciiding  tribes  are  tlie  Braliues  and  Baluchis;  the  prevail- 
ing reli;;inn,  .Sunnite  Molianimedanisin.  Baluchistan  has 
several  times  been  invaded  by  liritish  forces  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Afghan  wars.  Area  (estimated),  130,000 
aiiuare  miles.     Population  (estimated),  6i)i),0o0. 

Baluchistan,  British.   See  Brithli  ISnbtelnstau . 

Balue  (bii-lii').  Jean  de  la.  Born  at  Poitiers, 
1422:  died  at  Aiicona,  Oct.,  1491.  A  French 
cardinal  and  politician,  imprisoned  for  his  mis 


Banana  (ba-nii'nii). 
state.  Ihe  trading-factories  and  state  houses  are  built 
on  a  land-spit.  In  ISOn.  1:«  ships  called  .  but  since  the 
ocean  steamers  began  logo  straiglil  up  to  Matadi,  the  start- 
ing-point ot  the  railroad.  Banana  has  lost  most  of  its  com- 
mercial lmi>ortance.  The  headquarters  of  the  great 
Dutch  Urin  have  been  removed  to  Cabiuda  and  Kiung*, 
in  Portuguese  territory. 


at  Breslau  in  1830,  and     jj^^.   ^igritic  branch,  settled   about  the   head  Banana  Islands.     -V  grou])  of   small   islands 

off  the  coast  of  Sierra  Leone,  Africa,  belong- 
ing to  (ireat  Britain. 

Bananal  (iiii-nii-nal'),  or  Santa  Anna  fsiin'tii 

ii'nii ).    An  island  in  the  river  Araguaya.  Brazil. 
Length,  220  miles.     Greatest  width.  .")0  miles. 

Ba-Nano  liH-nii'no).  A  generic  name,  mean- 
ing '  Highlanders,'  given  to  the  imtives  of  the 
Caconda  aud  Bihc  plateau,  east  of  Benguella, 
West  Africa. 

Banaras.    See  Benares. 

Banas  (ba-niis').  A  river  of  Rajputana.  India, 
which  Hows  generally  northeast,  and  joins  the 
Chaiubal.     Length,  about  UOO  miles. 

Banas.  A  river  of  India  which  flows  south- 
west into  the  Ran  of  Kachh. 

Banat  (bii-nat').  [Hung.  ?«/ii.  lord,  chief.]  A 
region  in  southern  Hungary  situated  between 
the  Maros  on  the  north,  the  Theiss  on  the  west, 
and  the  Danube  on  the  south.  It  comprises  the 
counties  of  Temes,  Torwntjil,  Krassrt,  and  part  of  the  for- 
mer "  M  iiilary  Frontier."  Its  chief  town  is  TemesvAr.  It 
fonned  an  Austrian  crownland  (the  Servian  waywodeship 
and  Temeser  Banat)  18»l)-tS0. 
See  Bannock. 


waters  of  the  Niger  River.  It  belongs  to  the  Mande 
nation.  Once  a  great  negro  kingdom,  it  broke  up,  in  18tH, 
into  three  divisions.  Kaseta,  .Massina,  and  Beledugu.  In 
1890  their  sultan,  Aniadu.  and  his  capital,  Segn  Sikom, 
were  conquered  by  the  French,  and  the  country  was  an- 
nexed. This  is  a  fertile,  undalate<l  |)lain.  The  people 
have  adopted  Mohammedan  civilization,  and  weave  excel 
lent  C'.>tton  cloth. 
Bamberg  (biim'berG).  A  city  of  Upper  Fran- 
conia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Regnitz,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  Main.  33  miles  northwest 
of  Nuremberg.  It  has  important  trade  and  manu- 
factures, the  castle  of  the  former  prince-bishops.  Ihe 
old  and  new  palaces,  the  ChiUH;h  of  St.  .Michael,  and  an 
art  galler)-,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  university. 
The  cathedral  of  Bamberg,  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  Ueiman  Romanesiiue  structures,  was  founded  Ijy  the 
emperor  Henry  II.  in  1004,  but  modified  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. There  are  four  towers,  each  of  eight  stages  and 
205  feet  high  ;  the  two  at  the  west  end  ilisiilay  line  open- 
work. There  are  five  admirably  sculptured  portals; 
the  sculptures  of  Ihe  splendid  chief  portal  represent  the 
Last  Judgment,  with  Ihe  apostles  and  prophets,  and  Ihe 
church  and  synagogue.  I'he  effective  interior  possesses 
a  richly  carved  choir-screen  and  highly  interesting  me- 
dieval tombs.  There  is  an  impressive  early-Romanesque 
crypt  and  a  westeni  choir  with  transepts,  which  date 
from  1274.    The  cathedral  Is  31'.!  feet  long,  92  wide,  and  Banattee. 


_                     ,       ^  80  high.    PopiUatlon  (1890),  3.S8l.'>.                                   Banbridge  (ban'brij).   A  town  In  County  Down, 

.1,-.  els  by  Louis  XI.  in  an  iron  cage  (1469-80)  of  Bamberg,  Bishopric  of.     A  former  bishopric     Ireland,  22  miles  southwest  of  Belfas't,  noted 

l',;il  Ill's  own  invention.   He  was  liberated  after  eleven  and  stale   ot  tlie  German  Empire,  now  com-     f„r  its  linen  manufactures.     Population  (1891), 

y.uns  through  the  influence  ot  Pope  Siitus  IV.,  went  to  ^,,,,^^,1  ;„  northern  Bavaria.     It  was  founded  by     4.901. 

Rome,  was  sent  liack  l"   Fran.-e   ai(  le(?ate  a  InUre.  and      f;  ,x  it    ,..   ,««.,    -„  .    .       -   - 

tlnally,  on  the 
where  he  was 


Baluze  (bi 
France,  Dec 

1718.  A  French  historian.  He  wrote  "Francorum 
Capitnlaria  Regum  "  (1677X  "Epistolie  Innocentii  pajMc 
III."  (1082).  ■'('onciliormn  nova  Collectio"  (lo&il,  "  l.es 
Vies  des  Papea  d'Avignon  "  (1693),  "llisUiria  Tutclensis" 

Balwhidder  (bal'hwiTn-ir),  Rev.  Micah.    A 

kind-hearted,  sincere,  but  projudiced  Scottish 

minister  in  Gait's  "Annals  of  the  Parish." 
Baly.     See  Bali.  umun 

Balzac  (biil-ziik'),  Honor6  de.    Born  at  Tours,  Bamboccio  (biim-bo. 

France,  May  Ifi,  1799:  died  at  Pans,  Aug.  18,  ||SS°Jougll  (bam' 


relation  to  llmt  of  Prussia  and  Austria  with  reference  to 
the  Eastern  Question. 

Bamberger  (biim'berg-er),  Lud'Wig.  Bom  at 
Main/..  .Tuly  22,  1823:  died  at  Beriin,  March  14, 
1S99.  A  Irirman  politician  and  economist.  He 
took  part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  1818-11';  wa.s  a 
nieniberof  tlie  National  Lilieral  parly  in  tlieOennaiiReiclis 
taj;  1K73-8II;  and,  with  other  dlMilfected  .Naticpiml  Lilierals, 
sicedcil  I  loin  the  party  iu  1880  to  form  the  laU'r  Liberal 
Uuion. 

h'6).    See  Laar,  Pehr  van. 

Bamborough  (bam'bur-6).  A  village  on  the 
i-oasi  of  Xoitlmmberland.  England,  16  miles 
southeast  of  Berwick,  celebrated  for  its  castle. 


18i)0.  A  celebrated  French  novelist.  After  at- 
tending school  in  Tours  and  I'aris  he  became  a  lawyer's 
clerk.  His  inclination  to  write  was  strongly  opposed  by 
his  family,  but,  "  in  order  to  get  his  hand  in,"  lie  eomiMjseil 

a  dozen  novels.      I  hese  appeared  either  anonymously  or     ;„  ,|||.,li,.val  wars 

under  a  nom  de  plume,  and  when  reputdished  often  re-  T>,~l,,,l,  ,,i- BambOUk  (biira-bok'). 
celved  an  entirely  different  title.  Someof  tliem  were  ex-  ■P<»'"»'J>i^.  "■"" 
eluded  by  Balzac  from  the  complete  collection  of  his 
works,  others  he  absolutely  disowned.  After  a  dlsaa. 
trous  venture  in  publishing,  printing,  and  typecasting,  he 
sold  out  his  entire  stock  and  fell  back  on  his  pen  to  pay 
off  his  del)ts.  His  first  novel  of  real  merit,  '  Le  dernier 
Chouan  ou  la  Bretagne  en  IsOO. "  was  nublishcd  in  1829; 
then  followed  "  La  physiologic  du  mariage  '  and  the  llrst 
of  the  'Contes  drolatlques"  (1830),  "  l.a  peau  de  cha- 
grin" (ISlli),  "La  f.ninic  de  trentc  ans"  (1831),  "F.ngi^nie 
(irandet,"     'Lemtdecin   de  campagne,"  and   "  rilistoire 

des    I'rcize"  (1833),  "Seraphitm"  ■  La  recherche  de  lab-   ■D'"m'ma'kii    or  BammakoU  ( bii-mii'kii). 
^i:.^'^^^^:^:^^%^'^>^'^  ^^:^f?S":..t  .S^..  -m  -he  upper  Nige,^ 
la  gninileur  el  de  la  d.ca.lcnce  dc  Cesar  Blrotteau  "  and      West   .Africa.      It  is  now  headquarters  of  the  French 
■l,e  cabinet  des   antiques"  (ISIW),    etc.      For  the  sUige      j,„„|,„„l„„  on  the  upper  Niger.     The  native-,  have  wlUl- 
Balzac  did  not  write  with  success  :  "  Vaulrin,"  "  Les  Res-      ,||..,„,„ 
sourcesdeQuin"lm""l'aini;la01raud,"and"l,aMaratre      -RamO       See  Blianin. 

^t,3y  r:..e;i';:i;d";;:,:^>n"r'^C  b^'d^nn-y  Bampton  .  Inunp^to,, ,,  John,     iforn  about  1689: 
after  Haliac's  deiith,  has  been  included  since  IHOll  In  Ihe 


its  cheese  which  waa  proverbially  regarded  as  consisting 
of  nothing  but  "paring."  Hence  the  allusions  in  .shak- 
spere  and  other  writers  to  penwiis  Ihin  as  a  Banbury 
cheese.  Insurgents  were  defeated  here  bv  trwips  of 
Kdward  IV.  in  He9.  It  was  twice  besieged  in  the  civil  war. 
I'opulation  089U  12,707. 
Banbury  Man.  -V  Puritan.  I>om  the  frequent 
allnsioiiB  111  the  wiiteniof  theioth  and  17lh  centuries,  the 
town  would  seem  I.,  have  been  chieliy  inhalilted  liy  Ihem. 
Swift  speaks. if  a  UanburyBaliit,nieanlng  8  particularly  rigid 
or  even  hyiMK-ritical  Puritan.  The  name  or  c],ltliet  ■"  llim- 
bury  "  was  applied  in  a  tlepreclat.'rv  sense  bef.ir\'  the  I'uri- 
tan  times.  Thus  Utimer,  In  a  letlerl.'  Henry  VIII.  «lH>ut 
1G28.  speaks  of  '■  laWN  customs,  ceremonies  and  Banbury 
glosses.  '  apparently  meaning  'silly,'  'nselesa.' 


founded  bv  Ida   about  547,    and  often   noted  Banca  (baiig'kii).     An  island  east  of  Sumatra, 

belonging  to  tlie  Dutch,  famous  tor  tin-niineB. 
A  region     Capital,  Muntok.  Length,  135  miles.  Are».4,44(i 


Sciicgaiiibia,  .\frica,  between  the  upper 
Senegal  and  the  Falenie.  about  lat.  12°  30'- 
14°  K.,  long.  10°  30'- 12°  15' W.  It  contains  iron 
and  giild.  The  iidiabitants  are  Maiidingoes. 
Bamian  (ba-me-iin').  A  valley  in  Afglianistan, 
northwest  of  Kabul,  in  lat.  34°  M'  N..  long. 
07°  40'  E.  It  Is  an  ancient  seat  of  Bmldhist  wonhip, 
and  is  famous  f.ir  its  colossal  Idols  carved  In  the  rock 
(higbcBl,  173  feel)  and  other  antiipilties. 

—  ' ■  "   -""-'>        Once 


died"l751.     An'Englisli  divine,  mid  the  founder 
at  Oxforil  of  the  "Hampton  l,ectures"  on  di- 
vinity.    Tlie  firsi  lecturer  was  eliOMcii  in  1779. 
Bampur    (biim-pi>r').      A   town  and  region  in 
southern   Persia. 
Bamra   (biim'rii).     A  feu.lnlory  stale  in   coii- 
neclioii    with    Ihe    Sambalpur  diHlrict   of    the 
Central   Provinces,  British  India.     Area,  1,988 
square  inib'S.     Population  (1H91).  104.:Mi7. 
"tine  panslon  ilans  ^        (hail)       In  tlie  .Xrthurian  cvde  of  romance. 
ll?'"i;^°p«m;»     a  king  of  Bnllanv.  the  father  of  Lancelot   du 
Ions,     I.oa  parents     ^^^^     K  ^^^^   ^^^^     ,,r„|lier  of  Bors.  king  of   Gaul. 

Me  was  the   friend  of  Arthur,  and  with  Bors 
came  from  Brittanv  to  aid  him  in  battle, 
h  whom  he  nail  ..pencn  '•  - "'"'"i;"";  «««»  (ba'nii).     Ill  Hindu  mythology,  a  Daitya 
dence  In  1S33,  and  wliom  he  had  subsequently  met  In  cauav"u  ii.»;. 


rep,rt4)irc  of  the  ThiiUro  F-ranvais.  Balzac's  ventures 
in  publishing  were,  as  has  been  said,  unsuccessful  :  '  l.a 
fhroiiiqiic  de  Paris"  (is:!.'-.)  lived  lint  one  year,  and  "  l.a 
Revile  I'arisienne"  (Islo)  ended  with  the  third  numlier. 
Returning  undaunted  to  a  collective  edition  of  "  l,a  come- 
die  humainc,"  Balz-ic  pul.lislnd  "  Irsule  Mironet  and 
"  M.-molres  do  deux  jeun.-s  marlc^es"  in  1812,  "  tJne  t<>ne- 
breuse  affaire"  in  1S13,  "Albert  Savariis,  "Un  debut 
dans  la  vie,"  "La  muse  du  dciparlement. '  and  "M.Hlesle 
Mignon"  in  1844;  but  he  did  not  c.nnplete  Ihe  task  he 
hail  undertaken.  "  Lea  Chouans  "  and 
lo  desert"  are  the  only  parts  extant 
la  vie  militaire."  His  latest  productions,  "  Ijwi  pan 
pauvrcs"  ("La  couslne  Bette,"  "  Le  c.iusin  Pons  and 
"  l.es  paysans"),  lu-e  among  his  liest,  (in  March  14,  iK<«. 
he  married  a  widow,  Madame  Hanska,  meinlicr  of  a  noble 


scinare  mibs.     Population,  about  5H,0t)0. 
Banca,  Strait  of.     A  strait  between  Sumatra 

and  Baiii-n. 

Banco  (biin'ko).  Nani  d" Antonio.     Born  in 

Si. 'iia  about  1374:  dieil  about  M'.'O.  .\  Floren- 
tine sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Donatello.  AUinl  14(i2- 
1408  he  eiunpletwl  the  P.irta  delta  Mandola  on  the  south 
shieof  the  Huonio  commeiiretl  by  NIcodn  d'Aretm.  The 
angels  iif  this  diMir  are  very  chanielerihtlc.  There  are 
many  of  his  works  about  Or  .San  MIcliele. 
Bancroft  (bang'kroft  or  ban'kroftl.  Aaron. 
Horn  at  Heading.  Mass..  Nov.  10.  17,"i5:  dieil  at 
Worcester.  Mass.,  Aug.  19.  18:i9.  ,\n  .\iiierieBU 
clerg\nnaM.  fat  her  of  George  Bancroft  .lie  wrote 
a  "L'if>>  nf  (ioorgc  Washington  "(1807).  etc. 

Bancroft,  Edward.    Bom  1744:  died  I.'<21.  An 

English  chemist,  naturalist,  traveler,  and  nov- 
elist. In  early  life  he  seTeral  linii-s  visited  North  ami 
South  ^mrrleii.  Later  ho  made  nene  important  dlspuv- 
eries  In  dveing  and  calicprlnlliig  He  publlshi-.!  an 
"K««ayoiiihe  Sntiiral  llWorv  ..liiiil.ina  (17iiOI,  "fharios 
Weiilwoilb  '  III  nov.l,  17Tn>.  and  a  work  on  colon  and  cal. 
ic-pTlnlliig  (iriM  and  18l:l>. 

Bancroft,  George.  Bom  at  Woroestor,  Mass., 
Oct.  3.  IHOll:  ilied  at  Washington.  .Tan.  17,  IH91. 
An  American  liistorian.  slatesnian.  and  cliplo- 
inatisl.  He  was  gndimi.d  nl  HarvanI  Colli-ge  In  1817; 
studied  at  (oilllngcii  .  WAM  tultir  of  llreek  In  llarranl  ; 
openeil  with  r,.g.will  the  Itonml  Hill  .s<h.Nd  at  North- 
ampton In  I8'i3  :  was  c.,llecl..r  of  Ihe  port  of  Boston 
18**  11  ■.  ws-  lii'inocralle  candidate  for  g.iTprnor  of  Mas- 
aaehn"tl«  In  1844  ;  was  secretary  of  llie  navy  I84A-ia 
(ntahllshed  I'le  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis),  and  wa( 


Bancroft,  George 

Cnited  States  minister  to  Great  Biitain  1840-49,  and  minis- 
ter tu  Berlin  1867-74.  He  wrote  :i  "  History  of  the  I'nited 
States  "(10  vols.  :  vol.  1  published  isai  ;  vol.  10.  1874  ;  cen- 
tenary edition.  6  vols.,  187t>) ;  a  "  History  ol  the  Formation 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  Vnited  States"  (2  vols.  Is82; 
revised  edition  of  the  entire  history,  6  vols.,  1S83-S4),  etc. 

Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe.  Bom  at  Granville, 
Ohio.  May  5,  183:2.  An  Atueriean  historian. 
In  18."i3  he  established  an  extensive  book  business  in  San 
Fmnciseo  ;  and  began  to  collect  books  and  documents  re- 
lating to  the  Pacific  States,  acquiring  («),IMX)  volumes, 
tracts,  and  manuscripts  (including  the  purchased  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  Squier,  and  a  large  part  of  that  of  tlie  emperor 
Maximilian  of  Mexico).  Upon  this  library,  which  was 
elaborately  indexed,  he  founded  his  "History  of  the  Pa- 
cific States,"  designed  to  embrace  a  history  of  Centr-al 
-America,  Mexico,  and  the  States  of  the  Pacific  slope  north- 
ward to  .Alaska,  to  be  completed  in  39  volumes.  Those 
on  the  Indian  tribes,  on  Central  -America,  and  on  Mexico  are 
completed ;  the  others  are  in  course  of  publication. 

Bancroft,  Richard.  Bom  at  Farnworth.  Lan- 
cashire. England,  Sept.,  lo-W :  (lied  at  Lambeth, 
Nov.  2, 1610.  An  English  prelate,  a  vigorous 
opponent  of  Puritanism.  He  became  bishop  of 
London  in  1597,  was  a  leader  in  the  Hampton  Court  Con- 
ference 1604,  and  was  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1604-10. 

Banda  (ban'da).  A  district  in  the  Allahabad 
division,Northwestem  Provinces.British  India, 
about  lat.  25°-26°  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Area,  3,060 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  70.5.832. 

Banda.  The  capital  of  the  Banda  district,  sit- 
uati-d  on  the  Ken  River  97  miles  west  of  Alla- 
hal.ad.     Popidation  (1891),  23,071. 

Banda  Islands.  A  group  of  twelve  small  isl- 
ands in  the  Molucca  Ai-chipelago,  situated  70 
miles  south  of  Ceram:  a  Dutch  possession,  its 
chief  products  are  nutmegs  and  mace.  The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment is  Banda  Xeira. 

Banda  Oriental  (ban'da  o-re-en-tal').  The 
common  name  in  the  Platine  region  for  the 
territory  now  comprehended  in  Uruguay  (which 
see). 

Banda  Sea.  A  sea  in  the  East  Indies,  east  of 
the  Sumla  Sea,  north  of  Timur-Laut,  and  south 
of  Ceram. 

Bandaisan  (bau-di-san').  A  volcano  in  the 
main  island  of  Japan,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long. 
140°  E.  It  underwent  a  disastrous  eruption 
.July  15,  1888. 

Bandarra  (ban-dar'rii),  Gronpalo  Annes.  Bom 
early  in  the  16th  centiuy  :  died  at  Lisbon,  1556. 
A  Portuguese  cobbler  and  rimer,  sumamed,  on 
account  of  his  prophecies  and  thaumaturgieal 
character,  "The  Portuguese  Xostradamus." 
He  was  condemned  by  the  Inquisition  in  1.541, 
but  escaped  with  his  life. 

Banded  Peak  (ban'ded  pek).  A  summit  in 
southern  Colorado.  Height,  12,860  feet.  -\lso 
called  Mount  Hesperus. 

Bandel  (biin'del^.  Joseph  Ernst  von.  Born 
at  Ansbach,  May  17.  1800:  died  at  Neudegg, 
near  Donauworth,  Sept.  25,  1876.  A  German 
sculptor,  designer  of  the  statue  of  Hermann 
near  Detmold  (completed  1875). 

Ban-de-la-Roche.    .Same  as  Steinthal. 

Bandelier  (ban-de-ler'),  Adolph  Francis  Al- 
phonse.  Bom  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  Aug.  6, 
1840.  .\  SwisS'-American  archieologist.  He  has 
been  employed  by  the  Archjeological  Institute  of  -America 
in  explorations  in  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  South  America. 

Bandelkhand.     See  BundeWmnd. 

Bandello  (ijan-del'lo).  Matteo.  Bom  at  Cas- 
telnuovo.  Piedmont,  1480 :  died  at  iVgen,  France, 
1562.  An  Italian  prelate  (bishop  of  Ageu  1550) 
and  novelist.  His  tales  (1554-73)  furnished 
subjects  for  Shakspere,  Massinger.  and  others. 

Bande  Noire  (bond  nwar).  [F.,  'black  band.'] 
1.  One  of  various  infantry  companies  in  the 
French  service  in  the  16th  century. —  2.  In 
France,  speculators  who,  especially  during  the 
Revolution,  purchased  confiscated  church  prop- 
erty and  ancient  estates  and  buildings,  and 
often  destroyed  time-honored  relics  for  the 
purpose  of  using  the  material  in  the  erection 
of  new  structures. 

Bandettini  (ban-det-te'ne),  Teresa.  Bora  at 
Lucca,  Aug.  12,  1763:  died  1837.  .-Vn  Italian 
poet  and  improvisatrice.  Her  works  include  '■  La 
Morte  di  -Adonide,"  •'!!  Polidoro."  "La  Kosmunda,"  etc. 
She  married  (1789)  Pietro  Landncci. 

Bandiera  (bjin-de-a'rai,  Attilio.  Born  at  Na- 
ples, 1817.  Bandiera,  Emilio.  Born  at  Naples, 
1819.  Two  Italian  patriots,  sous  of  Admiral 
Bandiera,  executed  by  the  Neaiiolitau  govern- 
ment at  Cosenza,  July  25,  1844,  for  an  at- 
tempted lising  on  the  coast  of  Calabria.  They 
had  previously  joined  a  conspiracy  for  an  at- 
tack on  Sicily  which  had  failed. 

Bandinelli  (ban-de-nel'le),  Bartolommeo  or 
Baccio.  Bom  at  Florence,  Oct.  7.  14-''^:  died 
there,  Feb.  7,  1560.     An  Italian  painter  and 


116 

sculptor,  son  and  pupil  of  the  Florentine  gold- 
smith Michelangelo  Bandinelli  di  Vi^Tano:  a 
would-be  rival  of  Michelangelo.  He  made  the 
copy  of  the  Laocobn  in  the  I'lfizi,  and  the  Hercules  of  the 
Palazzo  A'ecchio. 

Bandini  (biin-de'ne),  Angelo  Maria.    Born  at 

Florence,  Sept.  25,  1726:  tlied  1800.  An  Ital- 
ian scholar,  antiquary,  aud  librarian"  of  the 
Laurentine  Library.  He  wrote  a  life  of  Amerigo  Ves- 
pucci (1745),  a  catalogue  of  Greek,  Latin,  and  Italian  raaim- 
scripts  in  tlie  Laurentine  Libraiy  (17(>4-78),  a  "•Dissertatio 
de  saltationibus  veterum,"  etc. 

Bandon  (ban'dgn),orBandonbridge(ban'don- 

brij).  ii  town  in  County  Cork.  Ireland,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Cork.  Population  (1891), 
.3.488. 

Bandon.  .-V  smaU  river  in  County  Cork,  Ire- 
land, which  flows  into  Kinsale  Harbor. 

Bandtke  (baut'ke),  or  Bandtkie  (bant'kye), 
Jan  Wincent.  Born  at  Lublin,  Poland,  1783: 
died  at  Warsaw,  1846.  A  Polish  jurist,  brother 
of  Jerzy  Samuel  Bandtke,  professor  of  law  at 
Warsaw,  and  author  of  a  history  of  Polish  law 
(1850),  etc. 

Bandtke,  or  Bandtkie,  Jerzy  Samuel.  Born 
at  Lublin,  Poland.  Nov.  24,  1768 :  died  at  Cra- 
cow, June  11,  1835.  A  Polish  historian  and 
grammarian,  librarian  aud  professor  at  Cracow 
(1811-35),  and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Polish 
nation  (1820),  etc. 

Ban6r  (ba-nar'),  or  Banier,  or  Banner,  Johan. 
Born  at  Djursholm,  near  Stockholm,  June  23, 
1596:  died  at  Halberstadt,'  Germany,  June  20, 
1641.  A  Swedish  general  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.  He  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Breitenfeld, 
Sept.  17,  1631 ;  was  made  field-marshal  after  the  death  of 
Gustavus  Adolphus ;  and  gained  the  victories  of  Wittstock. 
Oct.  4,  16;i6,  and  Chemnitz,  April  14,  1639. 

Banff  (banf).  A  county  of  Scotland,  bounded 
by  Moray  Firth  on  the  north,  Aberdeenshire 
on  the  east  and  south,  and  Elginshire  and  In- 
verness-shire on  the  west,  its  surface  is  mountain- 
ous except  near  the  coast  Area,  641  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  64,167. 

Banff.  A  seaport  and  chief  town  of  Baniishire, 
Scotland,  situated  40  miles  northwest  of  Aber- 
deen, at  the  mouth  of  the  Deveron.  The  parlia- 
mentary burgh  includes  the  neighboring  seaport  of  Mac- 
dull.     Population  (1891),  7,678. 

Bang  (bang),  Peder  (Jeorg.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, Oct.  7, 1797 :  died  April  2,  1861.  A  noted 
Danish  jurist  and  statesman,  professor  of  law 
at  Copenhagen,  secretary  of  the  interior  1848- 
1849,  and  premier  18.54-56. 

Bangala(ban-ga'la).    ^ee  Xgala a.-a(!i  ilhanijala. 

Bangalur  (bang-ga-lor'),  or  Bangalore  (bang- 
ga-16r' 1.  X  distiiet  in  Maisur,  India.  Area, 
2,901  square  miles. 

Bangalur.  The  chief  citv  of  Maisur,  India, 
situated  in  lat.  12°  58'  N..  long.  77°  38'  E.  it  has 
considerable  trade,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  etc. 
It  was  fortified  byHyder  Ali,  and  was  taken  from  Tippu 
Saib  (by  storm)  bv  the  British  under  Cornwallis,  1791. 
Population  (1891),  "180,366. 

Bangkok  (bang-kok').  The  capital  of  Siam. 
situated  on  the  river  Meuam,  about  20  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  13°  44'  N.,  long.  100° 
31'  E. :  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  coun- 
try. The  houses  are  buUt  largely  in  the  river.  On  the 
mainland  ai'e  the  royal  palace  and  many  Buddhist  tem- 
ples. Its  trade  is  lai'gely  in  Chinese  hands.  The  chief 
exports  are  rice,  sugar,  hides,  cotton,  silk,  ivory,  pepper, 
sesame,  cardamoms,  etc.  It  became  tile  capital  after  the 
destruction  of  Ayuthia.  The  Great  Pagoda  of  Wat-ching 
at  Bangkok  is,  in  its  general  concave-conoid  form,  similar 
to  the  Burmese  pagodas,  but  is  much  more  frankly  polyg- 
onal in  plan,  and  is  ornamental  with  the  most  elaborate 
exuberance  in  both  color  and  carving.  Instead  of  ter- 
minating  in  a  sharp  finial,  it  ends  in  a  tall  hexagonal 
prism  with  a  domical  top.  At  the  base  and  toward  the 
summit  there  are  large  rectangular  niches  with  lavish 
adornment  of  flarae-tongued  pinnacles.  Population,  400,- 
000(?). 

Bangla  (bang'gla).  Same  as  Fai:ahad,  in  Oudli. 

Bangor  (ban'gor).  [W., 'high  choir.']  A  city 
and  seaport  in  Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  situated 
on  Menai  Strait  9  miles  northeast  of  Carnarvon. 
It  contains  a  cathedral,  lately  restored,  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  Cniversity  College  of  North  Wales.  Population  (1891). 
9,892. 

Bangor.  A  seaport  and  watering-place  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  entrance 
to  Belfast  Lough,  12  miles  northeast  of  Belfast. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Bangor,  -^seaportin  Penobscot  County,Maine, 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  in 
lat.  44°  48'  N.,  long.  68°  47'  W.,  at  the  head  of 
navigation.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  lumber  depots  of 
the  world,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  and  ship-building 
industries.  It  became  a  city  in  1S34.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
(Congregational)  theological  seminary,  which  was  incor- 
porated in  1814,  was  opened  at  Hampden  in  1816,  and  was 
removed  to  Bangor  in  1S19.     Pop.  (I'.tOOl,  21,S50, 

Bangorian  Controversy.  A  controversy  stirred 
up  by  a  sermon  preached  befoi-e  George  I.  on 


Banks,  Nathaniel  Prentiss 

March  31,  1717,  by  Dr.  Hoadley,  bishop  of  Ban- 
gor, from  the  text  "My  kingdom  is  not  of  this 
world."  He  argued  that  Christ  had  not  dele- 
gated judicial  and  disciplinary  powers  to  the 
Christian  miuistry. 

Bangor-iscoed.  A  small  town  in  Flintshire, 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Dee  14  miles  south  of 
Chester,  formerly  famous  for  its  monastery. 

Bangweolo  (bang-we-6'16),  or  Bemba  (bem'- 
bii).  A  lake  in  central  Africa,  about  lat.  11°  S., 
long.  30°  E.  It  receives  the  Chambezi  on  the  east.  It 
was  formerly  supposed  to  give  origin  to  the  Luapula,  the 
upper  course  of  the  Kongo,  but  the  researches  of  Delcom- 
mune  and  Kianqui  show  that  that  stream  flows  around  it 
on  the  south,  and  not  through  it.  It  was  discovered  in 
1868  by  Livingstone,  who  died  near  its  shore  in  1873. 

Banholo,  or  Banhuolo,  Count.   See  Baynuolo. 

Banias  (ba-ni-as'J.  A  village  of  Palestine  about 
45  miles  southwest  of  Damascus.  Also  Pmiens. 
Its  castle  is  a  fortress  of  the  Crusaders,  occupying  a  plat- 
form about  30O  by  1,200  feet.  The  plan  resembles  a  figure 
8,  bordered  by  numerous  rectangular  and  semicircular 
towers  connected  by  thick  curtain-walls.  The  eastern  ex- 
tremity constituted  the  donjon,  and  still  displays  a  hall 
30  by  100  feet,  complete  except  in  its  vaulting. 

Banim  (ba'nim),  John,  Bom  at  Kilkenny, 
Ireland,  April  3,  1798:  died  near  Kilkenny,  Aug. 
13, 1842.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  poet. 
He  wrote  the  tragedies  "Damon  and  Pythias  "' (produced 
1821)  and  "  The  Prodigal,"  the  "  O'Hara  Tales  "  (in  collabo- 
ration with  his  brother  Michael),  "The  Nowlans,"  etc. 

Banim,  Michael.    Bom  at  Kilkenny,  Ireland, 
-\ug.   5,    1796:   died  at   Booterstown,   Dublin 
County,  Ireland,  Aug.  30,  1874.     -An  Irish  nov-  ■ 
elist,  brother  of  John  Banim,  and  his  collabo- 
rator in  the  writing  of  the  "  O'Hara  Tales." 

Banjaluka,  or  Banialuka  (biin-yii-16'ka).  A 
town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the  Verbas  in  lat. 
44°  40'  N.  It  has  been  the  scene  of  various 
battles  between  the  Turks  and  Austrians.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  13,666. 

Banjarmasin  (ban-yar-mas'in),  or  Banjar- 
massin.  A  Dutch  residency  in  southeastern 
Borneo,  formerly  a  sultanate. 

Banjarmasin.  'The  chief  town  of  the  residency 
of  Banjarmasin,  situated  near  the  coast. 

Banjumas  (ban-yo-miis').  The  capital  of  the 
residency  of  Banjumas,  island  of  Java,  situated 
in  lat.  7°  32'  S.,  long.  109°  17'  E. 

Banjuwangis  (ban-yo-wiing'gis).  A  seaport  in 
eastern  Java,  situated  in  lat.  8°  13'  S.,  long. 
114°  23'  E. 

Bankban  (bonk'ban).  A  Hungarian  drama 
liy  Katona.  produced  in  1827.  It  is  named  from 
the  hero,  a  Hungarian  governor  and  rebel  against  the 
queen,  who  lived  about  1214. 

Banker-Poet,  The.  -A.  surname  of  Samuel  Ro- 
gers, and  also  of  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman. 

Bankrupt,  The.  A  comedy  by  Foote,  produced 
in  1773. 

Banks  (bangks).  Mrs.  George  Linnaeus  (Var- 
ley).  Born  at  Manchester.  March  25. 1821:  died 
at  Dalston,  May  5,  1897.  An  English  novelist 
and  poet.  Her  works  include  the  novels  "  God's  Provi- 
dence House"  (1805),  "Stung  to  the  Quick"  (1867),  and 
"The  Manchester  Man  "  (1876) ;  also  the  collection  of  poems 
"  Ripples  and  Breakei-s  "  (1878). 

Banks,  John.  Bom  about  1650 :  died  after  1696. 
An  English  dramatist  of  the  period  of  the  Res- 
toration. He  wrote  "The  Rival  Kings"  <1677),  "The 
Destruction  of  Troy  "  (acted  1678,  printed  1679),  "  The  Cn- 
h.ippv  Favorite"  (1682),  "The  Innocent  Usurper"  (1683: 
published  1694), 'The  Island  Queens"  (1684 :  acted  1704 
as  "  The  -Albion  Queens  '),  "  Virtue  Betrayed  "  (1692),  and 
"Cyrus  the  Great  " (1696). 

Banks,  Sir  Joseph.  Born  at  London.  Feb.  13, 
1744:  died  at  Isleworth,  June  19,  1820.  An 
English  naturalist,  especially  distinguished  as 
a  botanist,  and  a  patron  of  science.  He  equipped 
the  ship  Endeavour,  and  accompanied  Cook's  iirst  expe- 
dition 1768-71,  visited  Iceland  1772,  and  was  president  of 
the  Royal  Society  1778-1820.  His  herbarium  and  library 
are  in  the  British  Sluseum.  He  wrote  "  A  .Short  Account 
of  the  Causes  of  the  Disease  called  the  Blight,  Mildew,  and 
Rust  "(1805),  etc. 

Banks,  Nathaniel  Prentiss.  Bora  at  Waltham, 

Mass.,Jan.30, 1816:  died  there,  Sept.  1,1894.  An 
American  politician  and  general.  Inearlylifehewas 
a  machinist,  editor,  and  lawyer ;  served  in  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 18.S3-57,  elected  first  as  a  coalition  Democi-at,  then 
as  a  Know-nothing,  and  later  as  a  Republican  ;  was  speaker 
of  the  House  1S56-57;  and  was  Republican  governorof  Mas- 
sachusetts 18.i8-61.  In  1861  he  was  commissioned  major- 
general  of  volunteers :  commanded  a  corps  on  the  upper 
Potomac  and  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  1862  ;  com- 
manded at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain  Aug.  9,  1862 ; 
succeeded  Butler  in  command  at  New  Orleans  at  the  end 
of  1862  ;  invested'Port  Hudson  and  captured  it  July,  1863  ; 
commanded  the  'Red  River  expedition  in  1864  ;  was  de- 
feated at  .Sabiue  Cross  Roads ;  and  gained  a  victory  at 
Pleasant  Hill.  He  was  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1865-73;  was  defeated  as  Liberal-Re- 
publican candidate  for  Congress  in  1872  :  was  member  ol 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1875-77,  and  again  1889-91; 
and  was  United  States  marshal. 


Banks,  Thomas 

Banks,  Thomas.  Boru  at  Lambeth,  England, 
i)L^^■.  '.'9,  17:!.') :  died  at  London,  Feb.  2,  1805.  A 
iioti'd  EiifiUsli  sculiitor. 

Banks,  Thomas  Christopher.  Born  1765 :  died 

at  Ui-eenwieli,  Entrland,  .Sept.  30,  18.54.  Au 
Kuo;lisli  lawyiT  and  jrcnealotfist.  He  publiahi-d  a 
••  Manual  of  thu  Nuliility  "  (1807),  "  Domiaut  and  Extinct 
liaroi]at:c  of  EriRlaud  "  (1S(J7-<I9;  vol.  4  in  ISSTXandnamer- 
.111!*  minor  works. 

Banks,  The.     See  Oraiid  Banks. 

Bankside  (bangk'sld).  That  portion  of  the 
riiaiiics  bauk  whieli  lies  on  the  .south  side  be- 
tween HIaekfriars  and  Watei-loo  bridt;es.  In  thi; 
lime  of  the  Tailors  it  "consisted  of  a  single  row  of  houses, 
tjuilt  on  a  dike,  or  levee,  hichcr  both  than  the  river  at  high 
tide  and  the  ground  behind  the  bank.  At  one  end  of  Haak 
side  stood  the  Clink  Prison,  Winchester  House,  and  St. 
Mary  overies  Church.  At  the  other  end  was  the  Falcon 
Tavern  with  its  stairs,  and  behind  it  were  the  Paris  (Jar- 
dens.  .  .  .  A  little  to  the  west  of  the  Clink  and  tiehind  the 
t.'.ust.s  stood  the  <;lalje Theatre, and  close  beside  it  the  Uull- 
'i:iitini;."    Bezant,  r.ondon,  p.  356. 

Banks  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  in 
the  Smith  I'aeific,  northeast  of  the  New  Heb- 
rides: naraeil  (as  were  the  following  four)  for 
Sir  .Jiiseph  Banks. 

Banks  Land.  A  large  island  in  the  Arctie 
( Iceaii  northwest  of  Priuee  Albert  Land  and 
southwest  of  Jli'lville  Island. 

Banks  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  on  the  eastern 
I'oast  of  the  South  Island  of  New  Zealand. 

Banks  Strait.  A  sea  passage  ill  the  Arctie 
Oeeaii,  separating  Banks  Laud  from  Melville 
Island. 

Banks  Strait.  A  strait  separating  Tasmania 
troiii  the  Furneaux  Group  to  the  northeast. 

Banks's  horse.  A  celebrated  trick-horse  named 
.\loroeco,  the  jiropert.v  of  a  man  named  Banks 
who  lived  about  tlie  beginning  of  tin-  17th  cen- 
tury. He  could  perform  tricks  with  cai'ds  and  dice  and 
dauce  at  his  masters  command.  In  16()0  or  ItiOl  Banks 
is  said  to  have  nnule  him  '-override  the  vane  of  St,  Paul's 
Cathednil"  in  the  presence  of  an  enormous  crowd.  The 
rlrst  mention  of  liim  occurs  about  1590.  He  is  alluded  to  by 
K:deii;li,  Armiu,  (Jayton,  and  many  others,  antl  there  are 
references  to  him  in  the  plays  of  the  period. 

Sir  Kenelm  Digby  says,—"  He  would  restore  a  glove 
to  the  due  owner,  after  the  master  had  whispered  the 
man's  name  in  his  ear ;  would  tell  the  just  number  of 
pence  in  any  piece  of  silver  coin  newly  showed  him  by 
his  master."  Hankes  showed  his  horse  upon  the  continent, 
and  in  France  had  a  narrow  escape  from  the  Capuchins, 
who  suspected  him  of  beiuB  in  league  with  the  devil. 
There  was  a  report  that  he  fell  a  victim  to  a  similar  sus- 
picion at  Rome,  iien  .tonson,  in  his  epigram,  speaks  of 
"Old  Hanks  the  juggler,  our  Pythagora.s, 
Grave  tutor  to  the  learned  horse;  .  .  ." 

Ilwlitiin,  Note  to  Love's  Labour  'a  Lost. 

Banknra  (biing-ko-rii').  A  district  of  the  Bar- 
dhwan  division,  Bengal,  British  India,  in  lat.  -3° 
N.,  long.  87°  E.  Ai-ea.  2,621  square  miles.  Pop- 
tUation  (1801),  l,0f)!»,G68. 

Bankura.  The  eaiiital  of  the  Bankura  district, 
situated  (in  the  Dhalkisor  liiver  100 miles  north- 
west of  Calcutta.     Population  (18<J1),  18,743. 

Bann  (ban).  \  river  of  northeastern  Ireland 
which  Hows  through  Lough  Neagh,  and  empties 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  near  Coleraine.  Length, 
about  90  miles. 

Bannacks.    See  Iintmorl-. 

Bannatyne  (ban'a-iiM ).  George.  Bom  in  Scot- 
land, l.")4.'):  died  about  KiOS.  A  collector  of 
early  Scottish  iioetry.     His  manuscript  collection  Is 

S reserved  in  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh.  It  has 
een  printed  in  i»art  by  Allan  Hams.ay  and  Ixird  Uailes, 
and  coniplelely  by  the  I'luuterian  Club. 
Bannatyne  Club.  A  Scottish  literary  club, 
named  froinlteorge  Bannatyne,  founded  under 
the  iiresidency  of  .Sir  Walter  Scott  in  IH'.'3,  and 
dissolved  in  18.'j9.  It  was  devoted  to  the  nub- 
lication  of  works  on  Scottish  history  ami  lit- 
erature. 

Bannister  (ban'is-t(''r),   Charles.     Born   in 

(iloucestershire,  England,  about  1738(f):  (li<(d 
at  London,  Oct.  26,  1804.  Au  English  actor 
and  bass  singer. 

Bannister,  John.  Born  at  Deptford,  England, 
.May  12,  I7i;n:  died  at  London,  Nov.  7.  1S3G. 
A  noted  Knglish  comedian,  the  sou  of  Charles 
Bannister. 

Bannock  (ban 'ok).  [PI.,  also  Bannocks;  a 
corruption  of  I'an-i'li.  the  tribal  designation 
used  by  the  jieople  tlieiiiselves.]  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  also  calle(l  "Robber 
Inilians."  It  was  divided  Into  two  geographically  dis- 
tinct divisions,  thellrst  of  which  cbilnu'd  Ihi^  territory  be 
tween  lat,  rr  and  15".  and  from  long.  ll:i'  to  the  main 
chain  of  the  Rocky  .Mountains;  while  the  second  ilivi- 
sion, or  iKuthcrn  Bannock, cbiinieil  all  of  the  southweslern 
portions  of  Montana,  inl'i  which  Ihey  had  been  forced 
by  the  Blackfect.  The  southern  branch  was  by  (ar  (he 
more  poimlous.  In  IWllI  the  Banno.k  of  Salmon  Itlver 
minibercd  but  :!60,  in' r.n  lodges,  having  been  largely  re 
duce.l  by  sncillpox  and  the  Inroails  of  the  Blaikfeet. 
Ipon  the  eslablishment  of  Wind  Rivir  reservatl.m  In 
1869,  about  «00  southern  Bannock  were  placed  on  It,  and 


117 

in  the  same  year  600  others  were  auigiicd  to  Fort  Hall 
reservation.  Most  of  the  latter  galteetiuenlly  wandered 
away,  but  in  1874  returned  with  the  Shoshoni  and  scat- 
tered Bannock  of  southeast  Idaho.  There  are  now  (isaa) 
514  (»n  Fort  Hall  reservation,  and  75  on  Lemhi  reserval  ion, 
Idaho.  (See  Uvl'jer  and  Sfutghowan,}  Alsti  liatiack:  linn- 
alUe,  Bnnack,  tlwuuirk.  I\ti\ack,  PaniufU,  Paunaquf,  Fo- 
nack,  Ponajthta,  Puniiak. 

Bannockbum  (bau'ok-btm).  A  village  in 
.Stirling-^hiic,  .Scotland.  3  miles  south  of  Stir- 
ling. Uere,  June  H,  1314,  the  Scot*  (about  .'iO.OoO)  under 
Robert  Bruce  totally  defeated  the  English  (aboul  Hsi.iKio) 
under  Edward  II.  The  loss  of  the  Knglish  was  about 
30,000.  \t  Sauchieburn,  in  the  vicinity,  James  III  of  Scot- 
laud  was  defeated  and  slain  by  rebellious  nobles  in  148S. 

Bannu  (ba-uii'),  orBanu.  -V  district  in  the  Pan- 
jab,  British  ludia,  about  lat.  33°  N.,  long.  71° 
E.  Area,  3.847  s(iuare  miles.  Population  (1891), 
372,276. 

Banolas  (ban-yo'liis).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Gerona.  Spain,  8  miles  north  of  Geroua. 
Population  (1887),  ."),021. 

Banos  de  Bejar  (biiu'yos  da  ba-Har').  [8p., 
•baths  of  Bejar.']  A  watering-place  in  Spain, 
situated  on  the  borders  of  Salamanca  and 
Caceres,  50  miles  south  of  Salamanca. 

Banquo  (bang'kwo).  The  thane  of  Lochabcr 
in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "  Macbeth."  He  is  a 
general  in  the  king's  army  .'with  the  same  rank  as  Mac- 
beth, and  with  the  same  ambitions,  but  is  of  a  ((Uiuter 
nature  and  more  discretion.  He  is  killed  by  order  of  Mac- 
beth on  account  of  the  future  promised  to  him  by  the 
Weird  .sisters,  namely  that  BaiKpio's  posterity  should 
reign.  In  one  of  the  most  powerful  scenes  of  the  play  his 
ghost  appears  to  the  guilty  Macbeth  while  unseen  by  the 
other  ban(|ueter8.  • 

Banciuo  and  Fleance,  though  named  by  Holinshed.  fol- 
lowed Dy  Sllakspere,  are  now  considered  by  the  best  au- 
thors to  i>e  altogether  tlclitious  personages,  (.'halmerssays, 
"History  knows  nothing  of  Bainiuo,  the  thane  of  I^ochaber, 
nor  of  Florence  his  son."  Sir  W  alter  Scott  observes  that 
"  early  authorities  show  us  no  such  persons  as  Bani|Uo  and 
his  son  Fleance  ;  nor  have  we  reason  to  think  that  the  latter 
ever  tied  further  from  JIacbeth  than  across  the  tlat  scene 
according  to  stage  direction.  Neither  were  Ban(inoand  bis 
son  ancestors  of  the  house  of  Stuart. "  Yet  "  Pecmges  "and 
"(ienealogical  Charts"  still  retain  the  names  of  Iian(|Uo 
and  Fiance  in  the  pedigree  of  the  Royal  Houses  of  Scot- 
land and  England.  Furne^,  Sliak.  \ar. 

Banswara  (biin-swii'rii).  A  small  trilnitary 
state  in  Kajputana,  British  India,  about  lat.  23° 
:iO'  X.,  lung.  74°  30'  E. 

Bantam  (biin-tiim'  or  ban'tam).  [Malay  and 
Javanese  San  tan.']  A  decayed  seaport  of  Java, 
61  miles  west  of  Batavia,  formerly  of  great 
coramei'ci;il  importance. 

Bantia  (ban'shi-ii).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  southern  Italy,  southeast  of  Venusia 
and  northeast  of  the  njclern  Poten/.a. 

Banting  ( ban'ting),  William.  Born  1797 :  died 
at  Kensington,  March  16,  1878.  A  London  un- 
dertaker who,  in  1803,  in  a  pamiihlet  entitled 
"A  Letter  on  Corpulence,"  rocommended  a 
course  of  diet  for  the  reduction  of  corpulence, 
which  has  been  named  from  him  "banting." 
The  diet  recommended  was  originally  prescribed  for  Bant- 
ing by  'William  Harvey,  and  consists  of  the  use  of  lean 
meats  principally,  and  abstinence  from  fat«,  starch,  and 
sugar. 

Bantry  (ban'tri).  A  seaport  in  County  Cork. 
Ireland,  situated  near  the  head  of  Bantrv  Bay, 
39  miles  W(>sl-southwest  of  Cork.  Population, 
about  2.000. 

Bantry  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  .-Vtlantic  on  the 
sonthwislern  coast  of  Ireland,  in  County  Cork. 
Length,  25  miles. 

Bantu  <bii,ii't(j).  The  homogeneous  family  of 
languages  spoken,  with  the  e.vception  of  the 
llottenlot,  Bushiiieii,  and  Pygmy  ciKdavcs, 
throughout  the  vast  triangle  bet  ween  Kamerun, 
Zanzibar,  and  the  l^ajie  of  Hood  Hone.  Ba-ntu 
(or  omnJii,  Im-lti,  a-fu)  slgnllles  In  idmost  all  the»e  lan- 
guages '  the  people,' and  has  therefore  been  adippted  to 
denote  the  whole  family.  All  the  llunlu  languag.s  am 
clearly  derivi-d  from  <Mie  molherlongue  Th.iugli  they 
dllfer  in  the  vocabidary,  their  gnimnuir  Is  pracll.  allv  one. 
Although  snbdivlileil  Into  huinlredn  of  illalecls.  the  Hiinlu 
family  contains  rebillvely  t<w  great  national  languag.s. 
Such  laiiginiges  are,  in  South  Africa,  the  Kiillr  and  Zulu, 
the  Sc-cliuaiui.  the  Shlgwamba;  on  Ihe  north  and  nouth 
of  the  Kunerie  Itlver,  a  large  cluster  of  dial.cis  chame. 
terined  by  Ihe  prellj  "ivi  or  nri.  ;  the  Angola  language, 
from  Loanda  !■■  the  Kuangn  Itlver  ;  Ihe  Kongo  biiignige. 
fr<mi  the  I. Hum'  Itlver  to  .Selte  knnni,nn<l  from  tin  Allan 
tic  U*  Stanley  P'«»l ;  the  l.unda  lanutiage;  the  Kibokne  ,ir 

Kloko  Lmguage,  from  the  coiillui.n f  Ihe  KaMuil  t.i  lla 

source  and  bevomi ;  thegn  at  Luliji(iind  Langeilaiignnge, 
from  the  couiluence  of  the  l.u,  bo  ami  KnAiuil  rivers  to 
Lake  llangweolo;  Ihe  KIbdo.  In  the  horwsh'"'  liend  o( 
the  Kongo  Itlver;  the  Kl  leke.  tn>m  the  e<|Unlor  over 
.Stanley  I'isd  to  bd.  7"  S.  ;  Ihi'  Fan,  In  northern  French 
llabnn  and  southern  (Jermau  Kamerun  ;  the  Lngainla,  on 
Victoria  XyanrJi :  Ihe  Kliiyanjn.  on  Ijiki'  Vyuui .  Ihe  Kna 
language,  in  Mo7jiinbl,|ne  ;  and  Kl-suablll,  from  /.juulbar 
to  the  far  west,  norlbwe.l,  ami  soulhwesl.  The  term 
/l<rii/»  is  also  used  lo  iletioli'  a  race.  Ihe  negr"."  ■.! 
li.illi  the  llanlu  st.sk  ami  the  NIgrltle  bran,  h  are  iilnsl- 
cally  one  nu;.*.  an. I  Ihe  illlf.-r.'uce  Is  almi.sl  ptir.-ty  lin- 
guistic. See  Si'triUc.  Stitta-fuliih.  Ilttmilic,  Khuiih'in, 
ami  African  lawjiia;)et,  A/riean  tHtno'jraphD(,auiii!tA/hca}. 


Barabas 
Banville  (boh-vel'  \.  Theodore  Faullain  de. 

Born  at  Moulins,  France,  March  14,  l^'Si:  .lied 
at  Paris,  March  13,  1891.  A  French  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist.  Uewaslhesonofanofflcer 
III  the  navy.  an<I  early  devoted  himself  to  lit^-ralure  pul>- 
lishiiig  in  1S4'2  two  v.jlumes  of  verse,  entitled  "Les  Ca. 
riatides,"  wliicb  attracted  attention.  He  also  wrote 
'•Odes  l<'uDambuIeM)nes '  (tH('>7),etc.,ai)d  extensively  lor 
the  stage.  His  nnisi  snrcessful  play.  ••  (»ringoire,"  waa 
pnblishe.l  in  IMSc.  In  la^j  appeared  "Mes  s.,uvenirs," 
in  whii  b  b..  p('.rlray,..i  6"nie  .>!  lit-  conteniporaries. 

Banyuls-SUr-Mer  (biin-.\-ursur-mar').  A  sea- 
port in  the  .lepartmeut  .«f  I'yrenees-Orientales, 
France,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  Spanish  frontier,  20  miles  southeast  of  Per- 
pignau.  It  iiroduces  line  Koussillon  wine. 
Population  (1891 1,  commune,  3.119. 

Banyiunas.     See  Iftinjumns. 

Banz  (biiiits).  A  Benedictine  al)bey.  now  a 
castle,  near  Lichtenfels,  Upper  Frauconia.  Ba- 
varia, founded  abimt  1058. 

Bapaume  (ba-p6m').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-<le-("alais.  France.  14  miles  south 
of  Arras.  Here,  Jan.  2  and  3,  1871.  the  Germans  un.ler 
Von  Goeben  giuned  a  victor}'  (»ver  the  French  under  Faid- 
herbe.     Population  (1891X  3,00L 

Baphomet  (baf'6-met).  The  imaginary  idol  or 
symbol  which  tlie  Templars  were  accused  of 
worshiping.  By  some  nio.Iein  writers  Ihe  I'emplara 
are  charged  with  a  depraved  Gno!,ticism,  and  the  word 
B:iphomet  has  llad  given  to  it  the  signitication  of  baptism 
of  wisd.>m  (as  if  fn.ni  (ir.  li<i<itn,  baptism,  and  Mijr.?,  wis- 
.l.un),  baptism  of  lire;  in  other  wor.ls,  llie  Gnostic  bap- 
tism, a  species  of  spiritual  illnniinali.m.  Hut  this  and 
the  other  guesses  are  of  no  value.  The  w..ril  may  be  a 
manipulated  form  of  Mahomet,  a  name  which  tc»ok  strange 
shapes  in  the  mi.l.lle  ages. 

Baps  (baps),  Mr.  In  Charles  Dickens's  novel 
"fbimbey  and  Son."  a  dancing-master,  "a 
verv  grave  gentleman." 

Baptist,  The.    See  John. 

Baptista  (bap-tis'tji).  In  Shakspere's  "Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,"  a  rich  gentleman  of  Padua, 

the  father  of  Katli;irinc. 

Baptistery  of  San  Giovanni.    A  baptisterj-  at 

Florence,  Italy,  remodele.l  by  .\rnolfo  di  Cam- 
bio  in  the  13th  century,  it  is  octagonal  in  plan 
(108  feet  in  diameter);  the  exterior  Is  in  whitv  and  black 
marble,  with  arcades  and  iidaid  panels  :  and  the  interior 
is  domed.  » ith  a  small  lantern.  It  is  famous  for  Its  three 
luagnillcent  dttuble  gates  in  bnmze,  of  which  that  on  the 
south  is  by  Andrea  Pisano  (1330).  and  those  on  the  north 
ami  east  bvObiberli  (14o;t  '>4)  Andrea  s  gate  has  a  Ii«l0- 
titul  wreathed  framing  ..f  I.  avis.  Il..wer-.  and  blr.ls,  and 
twenty-eight  iianel-reliefs of  the  St.. ry  ol  J.. bn  tile  lli(|itl«t. 
The  n.irth  Ohiberti  gate  has  also  twcnty-elt:hl  reliefs, 
mostly  of  the  life  .if  Christ ;  an. I  the  chief  gate,  that  to«  ani 
tlu-  ,a>t,  Inis  in  richly  ornamenle.1  framing  ten  reliefs 
from  the  (II. I  Testament. 

Baquedano  (bii-ka-Tiiii'no).  Manuel.  Bom  in 
Santiago,  1.826.  A  Chilean  soldier.  He  began  the 
Peruvian  campaign  of  1873  as  a  brigadiergemral  under 
F.8<ala.  ami  in  I8«0  succeeded  that  geiural  in  command 
of  the  army  of  Invasion,  .  ..ii.lucting  the  Ta.  na  an. I  Lima 
camj.aigiis  with  an  alm.tst  nidnlemipte.l  series  of  viclo- 
ri.  s,  lb..  IVruvbiM  f..rces  b.  Ing  Inferior.  F..r  his  service* 
be  \>a.s  iiia.le  geiieralissiin.i  .if  Ihe  I'hilean  army. 

Bar,  Karl  Ernst  von.    See  Baer. 

Bar  (biir).  An  ancient  territory  in  eastern 
France,  whose  capital  was  Bar-le-Due.  it  wa* 
a  county  and  later  a  iluchy,  was  united  with  the  duchy 
of  I.orraine  ni  147:(.  wiu(  annel.  .1  by  France  In  lOI*.  and 
was  rest. .red  in  lOMl  to  iximilne,  whose  lortunes  It  fol- 
l.iwed. 

Bar.  A  town  ill  the  government  of  Podolia. 
Uiissia.  situated  on  the  Ko(T  in  lat.  49°  5'  N., 
long.  27°  40'  E.    Population,  13,434. 

Bar.     See  .tnlinin. 

Bar,  Confederation  of.     A  union  of  Polish 

patri.ds,  I..1  by  noiubers  of  the  nobility, 
formed  at  Bar,  I7l>i,  against  the  Kussian  in- 
tlnencc  and  the  dissidents.  It  carrle.l  on  war 
against  the  ltusslan^  d.'iMised  Ihe  king  (Stanislaus),  wu 
sn|>|iress^>.l  by  th.'  Kusslana,  and  .lissf.lved  In  1772. 
Bara  (bii'riil.  Jules.  Born  Am;.  31,  IKi.'i;  died 
•liilie  26,  IIMIO.  A  Belgian  liberal  politician, 
minister  of  justice  186.''>-70  and  1^78-84. 

Baraba  ibiirii-bii'),  or  Barablnska  O'ii-rii- 

biMi'skii).  A  steppe  ill  western  Siberia,  siliialed 
between  the  rivers  Obi  and  Irtish,  in  Ihe  goveru- 
ineiils  ..f  T.ib.dsk,  Tinusk.  and  Akiiidlinsk. 

Bara  Banki  (bil'rii  biiirk(''i.  A  district  in  (he 
Liiekn.iw  division.  « »inlli.  British  India.  nlMiut 
hit.  27°  .N.,  long.  81°  30'  E.  Area.  1.740  H(|Uuro 
miles.     Population  (1891),  1,1:KI,900. 

Barabas,  Barabbas  (ba-rab'asi.  [Aram.,  'son 
..f  th..  raili.r'  (1.  a. 'her  or  master). )  .\  ndiber 
and  insurreclionary  leader  whose  release  from 
prison  instead  n(  that  of  JoHUH  wna  demanded 
of  Pilate  by  the  Jews. 

Barabas.  The  Jew  of  Malta  in  Marlowe's 
plav  of  that  name.  He  Is  ii.il  only  Ihe  Incaninlinn 
..f  |H. pillar  hntre.l  of  the  .lew,  bill  al«.i  of  the  Jew  »  reeip- 
r.>r;il  hatrc.l  nil. I  n'v.-ng.'.  lie  dies  In  lb.'  end  B  d.'tlant 
.lealh  ill  a  c.ablron  of  Iwdling  oil  |.r.'pai..l  for  an.dhcr. 
Thii  character  waa  uriKliially  played  by  Alleyn. 


Baraboo 

Baraboo  (bar'a-bb).  The  capital  of  Sauk 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Baraboo 
River  35  miles  northwest  of  Madisou.  Popula- 
tion (1900).  5.7.31. 

Barabra  (bii-rii'bra),  or  Berabra.  [Ar.]  The 
collective  name  of  the  Xubian.-i  who  inhabit  the 
Nile  valley  from  Assuan  to  Wadi  Haifa. 

Baracoa  (bii-ra-ko'ii).  A  decayed  seaport  near 
the  eastern  end  of  Cuba.     Pop.  (1899).  4,937. 

Barada  (ba-ra'da).  A  river  of  Syria  which 
rises  in  AJiti-Libanus,  flows  through  Damascus, 
and  is  lost  in  the  desert :  the  ancient  Abana. 

Baradas  (ba-ra-da'),  Count.  A  couspii-ator 
against  Cartlinal  Richelieu  in  Bulwer's  play 
•'  Richelieu." 

Baradla,     See  Agtelel: 

Baraguay    d'Hilliers    (bii-rii 


-ga 


de-ya'), 
Achille.'  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  6,  1795:  di_ed 
at  Amelie-les-Bains,  France,  June  6,  1878. 
A  French  marshal,   son   of   Louis   Baraguay 


118 

Greek  and  Hebrew  at  seven.  He  compiled  a  Hebrew  die- 
tionai-y  at  twelve,  and  published  a  French  translation  of 
the  Itinerarj-  ol  Benjamin  of  Tudela  at  thirteen, 
Baraya  (,ba-rii'ya),  Antonio.  Born  at  San  Juan 
de  Jerou  in  1791:  e.'iecuted  at  Bogota,  July  20, 
1816.  A  Xew  Granadan  general.  He  joined  the 
revolutionists  in  ISIO,  and  was  one  of  the  members  of  the 
first  independent  Junta.  He  was  captured  by  Uorilla  and 
shot  as  a  rebel. 

Baraza  (ba-ra'thii),  or  Barax  (bu-ra'),  Cypri- 
ano.  Born  in  Prance,  11)42 :  died  in  Mojos.  Bo- 
livia, Sept.  16, 1702.  A  Jesuit  missionary  who, 
in  1674,  was  the  first  to  visit  the  JIamore  region, 
in  what  is  now  northern  Bolivia.  He  founded  the 
celebrated  missions  of  Loreto  and  Trinidad :  and  was 
murdered  by  the  Baures  Indians  in  the  forests  east  of 
the  Mamore. 

Barbacena  (bar-bii-sa'na).  A  small  town  in 
the  state  of  JUnas  Geraes,  Brazil,  northwest  of 
Rio  de  Janeii'o. 

Barbacena,  Marquis  of.  See  Caldeira  Brant 
I'liiitcs,  Felisherto. 


d'Hilliers.     He  became  governor  of  the  military  school  BarbaCOaS    (bar-ba-ko'as).       A   small   totNTl  in 


of  Saint-Cyr  1>33 ;  was  governor  of  C'onstantine,  Algeria, 
1^3-44;  commanded  the  French  forces  in  Rome  in  1S4_9  : 


the  state  of  (^auca,  Colombia,  near  the  south- 
^vestem  comer. 


becamemarshal  in  1SS4;  commanded  an  araiy  corps  in  the  i>„_v„.jmn  /l^a,.   Wa    Ae.}  '  ■cn\     AlfnTian  Salaa 

and  became  commandant  of  Paris  at  BarbadlUO  (bar -Da -del    yo),  AJJOnSO  Oaias. 

■     Born    at    Madrid    about   lo8U :   died    lb30.     A 

Spanish  writer  of  note,  author  of  tales,  poems, 

and  numerous  comedies. 

or  Barbadoes  (bar-ba'doz).     An 


Italian  war  of  1S59 .  — 

the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-German  war,  but  was  removed 

Aug.  12.  1870. 

Baraguay  d'Hilliers,  Louis.    Bom  at  Pans, 

Aug.  13,  li04:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  C,  1813.  A  Barbados, 
Frenchsoldier,  made  general  of  brigade  in  1793,  ■•  -  -- 
and  general  of  di\ision  in  1797.  He  served  as  chief 
of  staff  to  General  Custine;  fought  in  Italy  under  Napo- 
leon 1796-97  ;  was  made  commandant  of  Venice  ;  served 
under  iIacdon;Ud  in  1799  ;  commanded  in  Tyrol  in  1809  ; 
and  led  a  division  in  the  Russian  campaign  of  1S12. 

Barak  (ba-rak').  Ariver  in  British  India  which 
joins  the  Brahmaputra  from  the  east  near  its 
mouth. 

Baralt  bii-ralt').  Rafael  Maria.  Born  at 
Maracaybo.  July  2.  1814:  died  at  iladrid,  Jan. 
2,  1860."  A  Venezuelan  historian  and  soldier, 
resident  in  Spain  after  1843.  He  wrote  "Resumen 
de  la  Historia  antigua  y  modsrna  de  Venezuela  "  (Paris, 
1841  et  seq. :  the  last  two  volumes  with  the  collaboration 
of  Ramon  Diaz),  etc. 

Baramula  (bii-ra-mo'la).     A  locality  in  the 


Barbey  d'Aurevilly 

Shakspere's  "Henry  V.,"  act  ii.,  scene  1,  and 
"Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  act  ii.,  scene  2. 
I  am  not  Barbason;  you  cannot  conjure  me.       Hen.  V. 

Barbastro  (bar-bas'tro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Huesca,  northeastern  Spain,  situated  on 
the  Vero  60  miles  east-northeast  of  Saragossa. 
It  has  a  cathedi-al.     Population  (1887),  8,280. 

Barbauld  (bar 'bald),  Mrs.  (Anna  Letitia 
Aikin).  Born  at  Kibworth-Hareourt,  Leices- 
tershire, June  20.  1743 :  died  at  Stoke-Newing- 
ton,  March  9, 1825.  An  EugUsh  poet  and  essay- 
ist, daughter  of  Rev.  John  Aikin  and  the  wife 
of  Rev.  Rochemont  Barbauld.  She  wrote  "Poems" 
(1773X  "Hymns  in  Prose  for  children,"  "TheFemale  Spec- 
tator "  (ISIl),  a  poem  "Eighteen  Hundred  and  Eleven" 
(1812),  etc. 

Barbazan  (bar-bii-zoh'),  Arnauld  Guilhelm 
de.  Died  1432.  A  French  general  in  the  servie 
of  Charles  VII.,  sumamed  the  ''Knight  with- 
out Reproach."  He  defeated  the  combined  English  and 
Burgundian  army  at  La  Croisette  1430,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  was  made  governor  of  Champagne  and  Brie,  with 
the  title  of  Restorer  of  the  Kingdom  and  Crown  of  FYance. 

Barbazon,     See  Barbison. 

Barbe-Bleue  (barb'ble').  [F.,  'Bluebeard.'] 
1 .  A  comedy  by  Sedaine,  with  music  by  Gr^try, 
produced  inParis  in  1789. —  2.  An  opera  bouffe, 
words  bv  Meilhae  and  Halevy,  music  by  Offen- 
bach, produced  in  1866.— 3.  See  Bluebeard. 
See  Marhois. 


island  of  the  British  West  Indies,  near  the  "Wind-  Barbe-Marbois. 

ward  group,  situated  east  of  St.  Vincent,  in  Barber   OjSr'ber),  Francis.     Born  at  Prince- 

lat.  13^  4'  K.,  long.  59=  37'  W.    Its  chief  exports    ton.  X.  J.,  1751 :  died  at  Xewburg,  N.Y.,  Feb.  11, 


are  sugar,  rum.  and  molasses.  Tte  capital  is  Bridgetown, 
It  is  governed  by  governor,  executive  committee,  legisla- 
tive council,  and  House  of  Assembly.  It  was  colonized  in 
1625.  Length.  21  miles;  width,  15 miles.  Area,  166 square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  182,306. 

Barbalho  Bezerra  (biir-bar  yijbe-zer'ra),  Luiz. 

Born  at  Pernambuco.  1601:  died  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  1644.  A  leader  of  the  Portuguese  in 
the  war  with  the  Dutch  at  Pernambuco  and 
Bahia,  1630-40.  For  illegal  acts  he  was  called  to  Por- 
tugal in  1640  and  for  a  time  imprisoned,  but  was  subse- 
quently pardoned  and  employed  in  the  war  with  .Spain. 
In  1643  he  returned  to  Brazil  as  governor  of  the  capitania 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 


western  part  of  Cashmere,  on  the  Jhelum  wTst  Barbara  (bar'ba-t|),  SaiB*.     [L   Barftara   6r 
of  Srinagar.    Near  it  is  the  famous  gorge  of    B„p,,tap,;,  It.  and  Sp.  Barhara,  F._  i?«/6e.]     A 
the  Jhelum. 
Baranoff  (ba-rii'nof ).  Alexander  Andrevitch. 

Born  1746:  died  1819.  A  Russian  trader,  first 
goveraor  of  Russian  America.  He  founded  a  trad- 
ing colony  on  Bering  Strait  in  1796,  and  took  possession 
of  the  island  in  the  Sitka  group  which  afterward  bore  his 
name  in  1799,  founding  there  a  factory  and  fortress.  He 
was  ennobled  by  the  emperor  .\lexander, 
BaranoS.     See  i>itJca  Island. 


1783.  An  American  officer  (Ueutenant-colonel) 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  taught  at  Elizabeth- 
town  17<  9-76,  having  among  his  pnpils  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton. In  1781  be  was  selected  by  Washington  to  quell  the 
mutiny  of  the  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  troops. 

Barber,  John  Warner.  Born  at  Windsor, 
Conn..  1798 :  died  ISSo,  An  American  historical 
writer,  author  of  "Historv  and  Antiquities  of 
New  England,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey," 
1841,  etc. 

Barber,  Mary.  Bom  in  Ireland  (?)  about  1690: 
died  1757.  An  English  poet,  best  known  as  a 
friend  of  Swift. 

Barber  of  Seville,  The.    See  Barhier  and  Bar- 


virgin  martyr  and  saint  of  the  Greek  and  Roinan  -^'^^{^      p     ^      ^n  epithet  of  Jacques  Jasmin 


Catholic  churches,  martvred  at  Nicomedia  ( 
Bithvnia,  about  235  A.  D."(or  306  ?).  She  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Greek  and  Roman  churches 
on  Dec.  4. 
Barbara.  In  Charles  Dickens's  tale  "  The  Old 
Curiosity  Shop."  '"a  little  servant  girl,  very 
tidv,  modest,  and  demure,  but  very  pretty 
too"":  afterward  Mrs.  Kit  Nubbles. 


Barante  i  ba-ront '),  Aimable  Guillaume  Pros-  Barbara  Allen's  Cruelty. \An  old  ballad,  given 


per  Brugiere,  Baron  de.     Born   at   Riom, 

France,  June  10,  17.S2 :  died  Nov.  22.  1S66.  A 
French  statesman,  historian,  and  general  wri- 
ter, son  of  (Claude  Ignace  Brugiere,  Baron  de 


Barante,    He  held  various  offices  under  the  Empire  and  •r-Lv.^-ii;       '^pp  rHornione 
i>»,, — .»;„„   ,.„H  „„=  an,h«Q«aflnr  tn  Turin  and  St.  Peters     rSaTDareiU.      oee  Lriw ytviic 


Percy's  "Reliques."  relating  the  cnielty  to 
her  lover,  and  subsequent  remorse,  of  Barbara 
Allen,  There  is  another  version  called  "Bonny 
Barbara  Allan,"  which  is  not  so  popular. 


[It.,  'Red-beard.'] 


Restoration,  and  was  ambassador  to  Turin  and  St.  Peters 
burg  under  Louis  Philippe.  Among  his  works  are  "  Ta- 
bleau de  la  litt^rature  Irancaise  au  dixhuitiime  siicle" 
(18'18),  translations  of  Schiller's  dramatic  works  and  of 
"Hamlet, '  "Histoire  desducsde  Bourgogne  delamaison 
de  Valois  "  (1824-26),  "  Histoire  de  la  convention  natio- 
nale"  (1851-53),  and  'Histoire  du  DiTectoire"{1855). 

Barante,  Claude  Ignace  Brugiere,  Baron  de. 

Born  at  Riom,  Dec.  10.  1745:  died  May  20,  1814. 

.A  French  writer,  father  of  the  preceding,  au-        _^^   .i,,.,.,,  ^,,.„    .,„,„„.. 

thor  of  an  "Examendu  principe  fondamental  BarbarossaTKliair-e^li-D 

Maximes,"  prefixed  to  an  edition  of   La     ui^-d  at  Constantinople.  1.546.  Brother  of  Hon 


Barbarossa  (bar-ba-ros'a). 
See   Frederick  I. 
Germanv. 

Barbarossa,  Homk.     Died  1518.     A  Moham- 
medan corsair,  a  native  of  Mytilene,  who  cou- 


Barberini  (bar-be-re'ne).  A  Roman  princely 
family  named  from  Barberino  di  Val  d'Elsa, 
near  Florence,  in  Tuscanv.  Its  power  and  wealth 
were  established  by  Ca.lo  ilaflVo  Biirberini,  Pope  Urban 
VIII.,  who  made  liis  brother.  Antonio,  and  two  nephews, 
Francesco  and  Antonio,  cardinals,  and  gave  to  a  third 
nephew,  Taddeo,  the  principality  of  Palestrina.  The  fam- 
ily hns  a  magnificent  pabice  and  libi-ary  at  Rome. 

Barberini,  Francesco.  Born  at  Barberino, 
Tuscanv.  1264:  died  1348.  An  Italian  poet  and 
jm-ist,  authorof  " Document! d'Amore" (printed 
UUOi. 

Barberini,  Maffeo.    See  Vrban  Till. 

Barberini  faun.  -An  ancient  statue  now  in  the 
Glvptothek.  Munich,  Bavaria.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Barberini  family  at  Rome. 


•Barbarossa,'   Emperor  o*  Barberini  Palace.    A  palace  in  Rome,  near  the 
Quirinal,  begun  bv  Urbau  VIH.,  and  finished 
in  1640.     It  is  noted  for  its  art  treasures. 
Barberini  vase.     See  Portland  rase. 


quered  and  became  the  ruler  of  Algiers  about  Barberino  (biir-'be-re'no).  A  smaU  town  in  Tus- 


etc 


Rochefoucauld's  "Maxims"  (1798) 
Barante,  Prosper  Claude  Ignace  Brugiere, 

Baron  de.     Bo™  at  Paris,  Aug.  27,  1816:  died 

there.  May  10,  1889.     A  French  senator,  grand- 
son of  the  preceiUng. 
Barataria  (ba-ra-ta-re'a).     The  island  city  over 

which  Saneho  Panza.  in  ''Don  Quixote,"  was 

made  governor.    At  his  inauguration  feast  every  dish 

was  snatched  away  untasted,  so  that  he  starved  in  the 

midst  of  abundance.     Disgusted  with  the  joys  of  govern- 
ment, after  a  short  trial,  he  abjured  his  ephemeral  royalty, 

preferring  his  liberty. 
Barataria  Bay  (bar-a-ta'ri-a  ba).     An  inlet  of 

the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  southeastern  coast 

of  Louisiana,  west  of  the  Mississippi.     Length, 

about  15  miles. 
Barathron  (bar'a-thron).    [Gr.,3ap<i9pw  apit.]  gg^j.,ja;       p^oan.     1 

A  steep  ravine  on  the  western  slope  of  the  HiU     .^j,^  jj  ^  'gp^  Shaks 

of  the  "        ..,..,-■ 

eient  walls 


1517.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  an  army  sent  against 
him  by  the  (later)  emperor  Chailes  v.,  1518.  Also  written 
Uruu  Aruch.  Ar.'oj,  Horw^ft,  and  Uoruc. 

—      .         ,  —  T^^ J  jj^jj 

uk 


canv,  Italy,  18  miles  south  of  Florence. 

Barberino  di  Mugello  (bar-be-re'no  de  mo- 
jel'lo).  A  small  town  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  1( 
miles  north  of  Florence. 

Barbertonibar'ber-ton).  A  town  m  the  Trans- 
vaal Colonv,  South  Africa,  about  1.50  miles 
west    of    Delagoa    Bay.      Population,    about 

ceived  1619  a  ireiuforcement  of  2,000  janizaries,     He  made         _•  ArmQn;]       Rom  at  Pointe- 

-  Tunis,  but  in  l,i35  the  emperor  Charles  BarbeS  (bar-ba  ),  Armana.     Bom  at  i-omie 


whom  he  succeeded  1518  as  Bey  of  Algiers. 
Having  surrendered  the  sovereignty  of  Algiers  to  the 
Turkish  sultan  Selim  I.,  in  order  to  gain  support  against 
the  Spaniards,  he  was  appointed  governor-general,  and  re- 
ceived 1619  a  reinforcement  of  2,000  janizaries,     He  made 

himself  master  of  . 

V.  besieged  and  captured  the  city  and  liberated  a  vast 
number  of  Christian  slaves.  He  was  appointed  high  ad- 
miral of  the  Ottoman  fleets  l.i37,  and  in  cgnjunctiun  with 
lYancis  I,  captured  Nice  1543. 

Barbarous  (bar-bii-ro').  Charles  Jean  Mane. 
Born  at  Marseilles.  March  6. 1767 :  giullotiued  at 
Bordeaux,  June  25,  1794.  A  noted  Girondist 
orator  and  politician,  a  lawyer  by  profession. 
He  led  the  Marseilles  battalion  in  the  attack  on  the  Tui- 
leries  Aug.  10,  1792,  and  was  a  Girondist  deputy  to  the 
National  Convention.  He  was  proscribed  May  31,  1793, 
as  a  rovalist  and  enemy  of  the  republic. 

The  favoiite  horse  of  Rich- 


pere  s 


,,.     .^,,  ^ r-—      Richard  n.."v.  5, 

Nvmphs,  at  Athens,  outside  of  the  an-  Barbary  (bar'ba-ri).     [Formerlv  Barbaric.  F. 
•alls,  rendered  more  precipitous  by  an-     jjo,.^,,,.;,,.  jiL.  h.  Barbaria. : 


eient  use  of  it  as  a  quarry.  This  was  the  "  pit "  into 
which  the  bodies  of  criminals  were  thrown  in  antiquity 
after  executicin.  or  in  some  cases  while  still  living. 

Baratier  (ba-ra-ter'».  Johann  Philipp.    Bora 

at  Schwabach  in  Anspach.  1721:  died  1740.  .\ 
German  scholar  noted  for  his   extraordinary 


,  Mtir.  Bap-iapia,  land 


of  barbarians,  or  foreigners,  applied  m  L.  to 
Italv  (as  distinguished  from  Greece).  Persia. 
PhrVgia.  Scythia,  Gaul,  etc.]  A  general  name 
for  the  regions  along  or  near  the  northern  coast 
of  ,\frica.  west  of  Egypt,  comprising  Morocco. 
Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripo'li,  Barca,  and  Fezzan, 


ge™an3^™^h  affo^  ^^'"of"^;'.  llSfnTtllTe^'a'n^S  Barbason  (bar'ba-son).-    A  fiend  referred  to  in 


a-Pitre,  Guadeloupe.  Sept.  18,  1809:  died  at 
The  Hague,  June  26.  1870.  A  French  revolu- 
tionist. He  was  sentenced  to  death  (commuted  to  per- 
petual imprisonment)  for  complicity  in  the  attack  on  the 
Conciergerie  .Mav  12,  1839;  was  released  by  the  February 
Revolution  1818  ;  was  condenuied  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment for  participation  in  the  attempt  to  overthiow  the 
National  Assembly  May  15,  1818;  and  was  restored  to  lib- 
erty in  1854.  Author  of  '■  Deux  jours  de  condemnation  il 
morf(lS48), 

Barbeu-Dubourg  (bar-be'dU-bor  ),  Jacques. 
Bom  at  Mavenne.  Feb.  12.  1709:  died  at  Pans, 
Dec.  14. 1779.  A  French  physician,  naturalist, 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  wrote  botanical  and 
medical  works,  'Petit  code  de  la  raison  humaine"  a774\ 
"ihronographie'  (17.53),  'Lecalendrier  de  PhUadelphie 
(1778),  etc.  ,  -       -,, 

Barbey  d'Aurevilly  (bar-ba 'do-re-ve-ye), 
Jules  Amedee.  Born  at  Saint-Sauveur-le- 
Vic-omte,  Manche,  France,  Nov.  2,  1808:  died 
at  Paris.  April  23.  18.89.  He  came  to  Paris  in  1851, 
and  founded,  with  Escudier  and  Granier  de  Cassagnac, 
"Le  reveil,'  He  wrote  "T'ne  vieille  maitresse"  (1851), 
"  LEnsorcelee  "  (1874),  " Le  pritre  mari^  "  (1865). 


Barbeyrac 

Barbeyrac(bar-ba-riik'),  Jean.  Born  atBeziers, 
Fiiiiiee,  .Mari^h  15,  1(J74:  dieil  March  3,  1744.  A 
Frineli  writer  on  law,  trauslator  of  Puffeu- 
ilorf's    •  Law  of  Nature  and  of  Nations." 

BarbezieuX(l>ai"-be-ze-e' ).  Atowniuthetippart- 
niciit  (it  t'hareute.  France,  20  miles  southwest' 
of  Aiigouleme.     Poj).  (1891),  i-dinniune,  4.104. 

Barbiano   (bar-be- ii' no),   Alberico,  Count. 

Died  1409.  An  Italian  general.  Ue  fornied,  about 
137!).  the  fli-st  regular  company  of  Italian  aa  opposed  to 
foieiirri  inereenariesin  Italy.  In  this  company,  called  the 
'•Company  of  .St.  George."  were  trained  some  of  the  heat 
generals  of  the  time.  Barbiano  became  grand  constable 
of  Naples  in  13»». 
Barbican  (biir'bi-kan).  A  locality  in  Loudon, 
so  called,  as  the  name  indicates,  from  a  former 
watch-tower  of  which  nothing  now  remains. 
Jlilton  lived  here  in  l(M0-47,  and  here  he  wTote  some  of  hU 
shorter  poems.     Wh'-el^'r,  Familiar  Allusions. 

Barbie  du  Bocage  (biir-be-a'  dii  bo-kiizh'), 
Jean  Denis.  Born  at  Paris.  April  2K,  17(10: 
died  there,  Dec.  28, 1825.  A  French  geographer 
and  phihdogist. 

Barbier (bar-be-a'), Antoine Alexandre  Born 

at  Conlommiers,  Seiue-et-Marnc.  France,  .Ian. 
11.  1765 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  G,  1825.  A  French 
bibliographer,  author  of  a  '•  Dietionnaire  des 
ouvrages auonymes  et  pseudony mes "  ( 1806-08 ), 
etc. 
Barbier,  Henri  Auguste.    Born  at  Paris,  April 

29,  1805:  died  at  Nice,  Feb.  13,  1882.  A  French 
poet.  Hisbest-known  work  is  "Leslambes  "(1831),  a  series 

•of  satires,  political  and  social,  occasioned  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  1830.  Tile  ntost  famous  is  '•  l.a  c'uree,"  a  satire  on 
the  scramble  for  place  under  the  (irleaTiist  government. 

Barbier,  Paul  Jules.  Born  at  Paris,  llarch  8, 
1825 :  died  there,  Jan.  IG,  1901.  A  French  dra- 
matic poet  and  librettist.  He  published  the  drama 
"  Uu  poete  "  in  1H47,  and  from  18.")0  worked  much  in  col- 
laboration with  Michel  *^'arr6,  as  in  "Cora  on  I'escla- 
Tage"  (isutii,  etc. 

Barbier  de  Seville  (biir-be-a'  de  sa-vcl').  Le. 
[F.,'Barber  of  Seville.']  1.  Acomedy  by  Bean- 
marchais,  first  composed  in  1772  as  a  comic 
opera.  It  was  refused,  and  in  1775.  after  various  vicis- 
situdes, appeared  in  its  present  form  as  a  comedy.  It  is 
In  this  play  that  Figaro  makes  his  Brst  appearance. 
2  (It.  //  Biirbiere  tli  Siviglia).  An  opera 
boulTe,  after  Beaumarchais's  comedy,  the  music 
by  Paisiello,  hrst  played  in  St.  Petersburg  in 
1780  and  in  Paris  in  1789.— 3  (It.  //  lUirhUrc 
di  SiciiiUa).  An  opera  bouffe,  after  Beaumar- 
chais's play,  words  by  Sterbini,  music  by  Kos- 
sini,  presented  in  Rome  in  ISIG  and  in  Paris  in 
1819.  It  was  hissed  on  the  Hist  night,  but  grew  in  favor 
and  became  one  of  the  moat  popular  operas  ever  written. 
Other  operas  of  this  name  founded  on  the  same  play  have 
been  produced. 

Barbieri,  Giovanni  Francesco.  See  cucrcinn. 
Barbieri  (biir-be-a're),  Paolo  Antonio.    Born 

159(1:  died  1G40.  A  Bologiiese  p;iiiili-r  of  ani- 
mals, fruits,  and  flowers,  brother  of  (inercino. 

Barbison(bar-bi-son').  Asmall  village  nearthe 
forest  of  Foutainel>leau.  It  is  noted  as  being 
one  of  the  favorite  haunts  of  what  is  known  as 
the  Fonlainebleau  group  of  painters.  See  1''oh- 
taitwhleaii. 

Barbon  fbar'bon).  or  Barebone  (barMjon),  or 
Barebones  (bar'bonz),  Praisegod.  Burn 
about  l.')9fl;  died  1679.  Aw  lOnglisli  Bajitist 
preacher,  leather-dealer,  and  politician,  lie 
became  a  member  of  Cromwell's  "little  parliament"  of 
1653,  named,  by  its  enemies,  for  biui,  "  Bareborie's  Parlia- 
ment." He  is  said  (probably  erroncousl)')  to  have  had 
two  brothers  named  respectively  "Christ-came  Intothe- 
world-to-aave,"  and  "It-Chri.st-had-notdied  thou  hadst- 
becM-daiuiud  "  (familiarly  abbreviated  to  "  Uamned  "). 

Barbosa  ( bilr-bo'sii),  Duarte.  Born  at  Lisbon  : 
died  May  1,  l.")21.  A  Portuguese  navigator. 
He  visited  India  and  the  Moluccas,  and  prepared  a  nnm- 
uscripl  account  of  his  Journey,  which  was  iirinled  by 
Ramusio  in  Italian  as  ".Sommario  ill  tutti  li*  regni  dell' 
Indie  orientale,"  the  original  Portuguese  being  printed  by 
the  Lisbon  Academy  in  the  "  Noticlas  I'ltraunirlnas"  In 
1813.  He  acciimiianied  Magellan  in  the  voyage  around 
the  world,  and  was  killed  soon  after  the  death  of  his  chief 
In  the  island  of  Cebn. 

Barbosa  Machado,  Diogo.  Bom  at   Lisbon, 

March  ill,  liiSL':  diod  1770.  A  Portuguese  bib- 
liographir.  He  wrote  a  biographical  and  critical  notice 
of  Portuguese  writel-x,  'liibliotheca  l.usltnna,  etc."  (1741- 
17.19). 

Barbotan  (biir-bo-toii')-  A  watenng-iilace  in 
the  department  of  (iers,  France,  situated  near 
the  Douze  38  miles  west-southwest  of  Agcii. 
It  lias  hilt  mineral  springs. 

Barbou  (biir-bo').  A  noted  French  family  of 
printers  whicli  flourished  from  about  1.540  to 
IHIW.  Tlio  most  famous  were  .lean,  (he  founder  of  the 
family;  Ungues,  his  son  ;  and  .loseph  Ocrard  (about  the 
middle  of  the  isth  centurj). 

Barbour  (bilr'ber),  James.  [An  archaic  form 
of  ISnrhir.']  Born  in  Orange  (Jountv,  Va.,  Juno 
1.0,1775:  died  near  Gordonsville,  Va.,  June  8, 


119 

1842.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  171>4  :  became  United  States  senator  from  \ir- 
ginia  1815  ;  resigneii.  1825,  on  being  apjKjinted  8ecretjir>'  of 
war  tiy  President  John  Qufncy  Adams ;  and  was  minister 

to  Luglaluj  183S  -."J. 

Barbour,  John.  Bom  about  1316:  died  March 
13,  1395.  A  Scottish  poet,  archdeacon  of  -Vbcr- 
deeu,  and  an  auditor  of  the  exche<iuer.  liischief 
poem  is  "  Tile  Bruce"  (1375;  edited  by  Skeat  for  the 
v..  E.  T.  S.  187ii-77).     See  Brua,  The. 

Barbour,  John  S.  Born  in  Culi)eper  County, 
Va.,  Aug.  8,  1790:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  18.55. 
An  American  politician.  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Virginia  1823-33. 

Barbour,  Oliver  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Cambridge, 

Washington  Cnuiitv,  New  York,  July  !-■  1*"1  = 
died   at   .Saratoga, "N.  Y.,  Dec.  17,  1889.     An 
.Vmerican  legal  writer. 
Barbour,  Philip  Pendleton.    Bom  in  Orange 

Couiily.  Va..  May  'S^,  \'K\:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  Feb.  24,  1841.  Au  American  politician 
and  jurist,  brother  of  James  Barbour.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1814-*25 ;  speaker  of 
the  House  1821-23  ;  niemlier  of  Congress  1827-30 ;  otie  of 
the  candidates  for  the  Democratic  nomination  for  vice- 
president   in   18:{2  ;   and  a.ssoclate  justice  of  the   t'nited 

states  Sniireille  Conrl  183U-)1. 

Barbox  Brothers  ibiir'boks    bruTH'^rz),    and 

Barbox  Brothers  and  Co,    A  story  and  its 

sequel  by  Charles  Dickens,  included  in  "  Mugby 
.Junction,"  an  extra  Christmas  number  of  "  All 
the  Year  Hound."  iMlll. 

Barboza,  Domingos  Caldas.    See  CaMasBar- 

Barboza,  Francisco  Villela.  See  Fillela  Bar- 
in,;,/. 

Barbuda  (biir-bil'dii).  An  island  of  the  British 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  Leeward  grouji, 
situated  30  miles  north  of  Antigua,  in  lat.  17°  35' 
N.,  long.  61°  45'  W.  It  is  a  political  depeniUncy 
of  Antiguiu     Length,  10  miles.     Population,  about  800. 

Barby  (biir'be).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Saale,  17  miles  southeast  of  Mag- 
deburg. It  was  the  seat  of  a foiiner  coimtship. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,471. 

Barca  (biir'kii),  or  Barcas  (biir'kiis).  A  sur- 
name, meaning  (probably)  '  lightning,' of  sev- 
eral (,'artliagiuiau  generals.  The  most  noted 
was  llamilcar. 

Barca,  Conde  de.    See  Araiijo  dc  Asevedo,  A»- 

liiiiKi  ilr. 

Barca  (liiir'kji).  A  vilayet  of  the  Turkish  em- 
pire (since  1879),  in  northern  Africa,  bounded 
by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  nortli,  Egypt  on 
the  east,  and  tlic  Gulf  of  Sidra  on  the  west : 
a  part  of  ancient  CjTcnaica.  A  small  part  of  it  is 
very  fertile  ;  the  remainder  is  largely  a  desert.  Capital, 
Bengazi  Area,  about  (i<i,i«X)  equaru  miles.  Population, 
about  300,000. 

Barca.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Cyre- 
uaica,  Africa,  situated  near  the  coast :  one  of 
the  cities  of  the  Pentapolis. 

Barca.  A  river  in  eastern  Africa  which  flows 
toivard  the  Ked  Sea  .south  of  Suakim. 

Barca.  A  district  north  of  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 
1(1°  N.,  near  tlie  upper  course  of  the  river  Barca. 

Barcellona  (biir-clud-lo'nii).  A  town  in  llii' 
liroviiiec  of  Messina,  Sicily,  22  miles  west  by 
soul  li  iif  Messina.     Population,  about  14,0(X). 

Barcelona  (biir-se-16'nii;  Sp.  prim,  biir-tlia-16'- 
uii).  A  province  in  Catalonia,  S]uiiii,  l>oiinded 
byGorona  on  the  northeast,  the  .MediteiTanean 
Sea  on  the  southeast,  ami  Leriila  and  Tarra- 
gona on  the  wc'st.  Area,  2,985  siiuare  miles. 
Pojiulalion  (1H87),  902,970. 

Barcelona.  A  seaport  and  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Bai-celona,  situated  on  the  Medilerra- 
nonn  between  the  mouths  of  the  Llobn-gat  anil 
Besos,  in  lat.  41°  22'  N.,  long.  2°  11'  E. :  the 
ancient  Barcino  or  Barcelo  (Roman  i'liUiiiui 
Farrntia  Julia  AiKjtinlii  I'in  lUirchui),  said  to 
have  been  foil  III  leil  or  robuilt  by  IlamilcarHana. 
and  named  for  him:  called  in  the  middle  agi> 
Bnrcinoiia  or  Handiinomi  (Ar.  Ilnrfhiitiinii\.  n 
is  the  second  city  In  .Spain  and  one  of  Ilii'  princl|iiil  coni- 
merclal  places  In  the  penlnaulii,  and  a  strong  torlrem.  II 
has  regular  steam  cominunlcallon  wllliihe  Medllernuiean 
port*. Ureal  Britain,  and  Soulli  Anierli  a.  II  Is  Ibe  neat  of 
a  noteil  univereily,  foundid  In  \U\»\.  It  wim  an  Imiiorliinl 
lltiinnn  and  ilothic  cllv  ;  liecame  the  capllal  of  Ibe  Span- 
ish .March  ;  was  governeil  liy  eiiunt»  of  Itanelona  and  was 
annexed  ll'2tli  eentllr))!"  Anigim      II  was  n  greni  eom- 

nun  lal  ami  literary  center  In  lb Idtlle  ages  ;  ennn-  lor 

a  short  I  line  under  I'reiich  rule  In  Iil4"  .  relumed  lo>paln 
In  inri2.  was  oci'iipleil  by  Frnm  e  in  in(>7.  and  wu  r«*lnr«<l 
to  Spain  by  the  IV m  <■  "(  H,V"«|i  k  :  »aii  taken  by  Peter- 
borough in  170.'';  wio*  utoriiH'd  t»>  ihe  hiike  of  ItiTwIek 
In  1711;  was  taken  by  Ihe  Fremb  In  Ihiw,  anil  held  uii- 
111  1814  ;  and  has  lieen  Ibe  ncine  of  various  liisurree(loni> 
1183.%  aii.  lRirH2.  Progressiiit  ontbrenk  IKWt,  Frdi-rullpit 
m74).  It  wiuH  the  soiit  of  an  inlcrnatlonal  elliibttlon  In 
IKH7.  The  Coliinin  of  Columtills,  at  the  Junction  of  the 
Karnbtn  and  marine  Pnseo,  Is  a  tine  Corinthian  column  of 


Barclay  Sound 


bronie,  197  feet  high,  supporting  a  statue  of  the  discoverer, 
and  rising  from  a  stone  pedestal  ornamented  with  brtjiize 
reliefs  and  \ictorles  and  surrounded  with  marble  statues. 
The  cathednil  of  tarcelona  is  of  the  Uth  century.  The  in- 
terior is  higlily  picture8<|Uein  its  pei-spcctives,  and  impres- 
sive in  it8eltect»..(  ligbl.  Close  to  the  west  end  there  is  a 
beautiful  ocIag"nal  lantern.  From  here  extends  the  nave, 
(roni  the  capitals  of  whose  lofty  piers  the  vaulting-ribs 
spring  directly.  The  clearstory  consists  merely  of  a  row  of 
sniall  roses.  The  aisles  are  almost  as  high  as  the  nave,  and 
the  church  is  iighleil  by  »  liidows  in  tile  deep  galleries  over 
Ihe  side  chapels.  There  are  two  beautiful  Konianesque 
doors  lielongiiig  to  an  older  cathedral,  and  a  ligllt  and  spa- 
I'iolls  Ootlllc  cloister,  with  fountains.  Populatiou  (1897X 
,MW.58;i. 

Barcelona.  A  town  in  Venezuela,  situated  near 
the  Caribbean  Sea  160  miles  east  of  Caracas. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

Barceloneta  (biir-tha-16-nii'tii).  A  maritime 
siiliiirbot  llarcelona,  Spain. 

Barcelonnette  (biir-se-lon-nef).  A  town  in 
the  diiiartinent  of  Basses-Alpes,  situated  on 
the  ri)aye  32  miles  east-southeast  of  Gap.  It 
has  sulfered  severely  in  the  wars  of  the  fnmtier.  Popu- 
lation (1891X  commune,  ioiw. 

Barcena,  orBarzena(bar-tha'uii),  Alonso  de. 

Born  at  Baeza,  1.528:  died  at  Cuzco,  Jan.-.  1598. 
.\  Spanisli.Iesuit,  called  the  "  Apostle  of  Peru." 
lie  was  sent  to  Peru  in  1570,  and  was  one  of  those  em- 
ployed to  instruct  the  young  Inca  Tupac  Amaru  before 
his  execution.  The  remainder  of  Barcena's  life  was  spent 
in  lalforing  among  the  Indians  of  Peru,  charcas,  Tucu- 
inan,  and  tile  (Jran  Chaco.  He  wrote  a  polyglot  work  on 
their  languages,  which  is  supposed  to  be  losL 

Barcia  (biir-the'ii).  Andres  Oonzalez.    Bom 

at  .Madrid,  1670 :  died  then-,  .Nov.  4,  1743.  A 
Spanish  historian.  He  was  one  of  ihe  toumlers  of 
the  Spanish  Academy,  and  held  various  hoiimaiy  I'ltlcea. 
He  wrote  "  Ensayo  cn>noh^gicopara  la  hist<>ri;t  gener.il  de 
la  Florida  "(.Madrid,  172:t).  and  editeil  an  extensive  seriefl 
of  liistorical  Works  relating  to  America,  with  the  general 
title  "  Hisloriadores  priinitivos  de  Indias.  "  This  includes 
reprints  of  Herrera,  Oviedo,  (iumara,  Zarate,  GarcUaMj, 
'r,iMIileniaila.  etc. 

Barcino  (biir'si-nO).     The  ancient  name  of  Bar- 
celona. Spain. 
Barclay  (bUr'kla),  Alexander.   Bom  probably 

in  Scotland  about  1475  :  died  at  Croydon,  Eng- 
land, 1.552.  A  British  poet,  author  of  "  The  Ship 
of  Fools,"  "  Eclogues." etc.  See  Ship  of  Foiil.i. 
He  was  a  monk  of  Ely  and  Canterburi-.  jiriest  in  the 
College  of  Otler>  St.  >larj,  vicar  of  SIucll  Badew  In  Essex, 
and  rector  of  All  Hallows,  Lombard  street,  London. 

Barclay  (biir-kla'),  John.  Born  at  Pont-4- 
iMousson,  France,  Jan.  2.H,  1.582:  died  Aug.  15, 
1621.  .\  Scottish  poet,  a  son  of  William  Barclay. 
He  wnite  "  Satyricon  "  (1003  :  second  part  ltlo7>.  ".Syivw  •• 
(Latin  iMwms.  I'Jott),  "A[>ol^igia"  (ItUl),  "Icon  Aniluo- 
riini  "  (llil4X  and  the  "Argenis"  (which  see). 

Barclay  (l)iir'kla),  John.  Born  at  Muthill,  in 
Pi'rtlishire,  1734:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  29, 
1798.  A  clerg.\nimn  of  the  church  of  Scotland, 
f<niiider  of  the  sect  "Barclayites,"  or  "Bere- 
aiis." 

Barclay,  John.  Born  in  Perthshire,  Dec.  10, 
17">8:  died  Aug.  21, 18-26.  A  Scotcli  anatomist, 
lecturer  on  anatomy  at  Edinburgh.  He  wruts 
"  A  Sew  Anatomical  Nomenclature  "  (ISiMX  "  The  Muscu- 
lar Motions  of  Ihe  Human  UiMiy  '  |I8i»),  "A  UeacrlptloD 
of  the  Arteries  of  the  Human  Body  "  (1812).  etc. 

Barclay,   Robert.      Born    »t    Gonionstown, 

.\Iora\  shire.  Scotland,  Dec.  23,  1(148:  .lie,"  at 
Ury,  Kincardineshire,  Si'otland,  Oct.  3,  16!Kt. 
\  Scottish  writer,  a  member  of  tlie  Society  of 
Friends.  He  wrwte  the  "  Apology  for  the Tnic  Clirlslian 
Divinity  "  (ltt78>,  a  standartl  exposition  of  the  doctrinea 
of  the  sect.  Ho  was  one  of  tlie  proprietors,  and  liunitnol 
governor,  of  Kast  New  Jersey. 

Barclay,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Cnst.  in  Shetland, 
,Iiino,  1792:  diedat  Glasgow.  Scotland.  Feb.  23, 
1.173.  A  Scottish  divine,  jiriiicipal  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  1S.5.S-73. 

Barclay  (biir-kla'),  William.  Bom  in  Scotland 
aliout  r54(i:dieilat  Angers,  July  3, 1608.  .\  Scotch 
jurist,  professor  of  civil  lawat  Pont-a-Moiigson 
and  .\iigers:  authorof  "De  regno  et  r<>gnli  po- 
llslate"!  1(100), ••  I  )e  liotestati|mpn'"(  1609), etc. 

Barclay- Allardice,  Robert.     Seo  AUanUrf, 

l!.,l.,rl  I!.iirl,ni. 

Barclay  de  Tolly  (biir'kla  cle  to'le).  Prince 

Michael  Andreas.  Born  at  Luhile-Gro»»ho(r, 
l.ivoniii,  Dec.  27  (N.  S.),  17(11:  <lied  Mav  26 
(N.  S. ),  ISI.K.  A  Hussian  lield-marshnl.  of 
Scotidl  descent.  He  served  III  Ihe  wars  with  Turkey, 
Sweden,  nnd  Poland  :  eominniided  the  nilvnncr-guanl  at 
Pullilsk:  w:is  woundeil  at  F.ylnil  IxiT  :  serTiil  wtlh  di«. 
Unction  III  tile  war  with  Sweden  l>*i'*  ii*.i .  Ie.1  an  expctlitlon 
acn<«s  Ihe  llillf  ol  Bothnia  on  IIk'  Ice  In  I8o0:  lieranic 
inlnlslerof  war  IKin  ;  nnd  eMninmnde,!  agalnsi  NnlMi|e«in 
in  l.>^12  After  his  ilefeat  nl  Siii.'li-iisk  he  was  replaccl  by 
KnliiMiir.  He  served  witli  illnllncllon  at  lt<ir(Mllii,.  and 
a(  llaut/eii  ;  eonqiiered  rilornln  1813:  became  cttmmandcr 
of  Ibe  KiiMlan  contingent  in  lsl3;  and  served  at  PreMlell, 
l.el|i«ic.  and  in  France. 

Barclay  Sound  (biir'kln  Honnd).  (From  itsilis- 
covercr.  Captain  Barclay,  an  Englishman.]  An 
inlet  of  the  Pacific  on  the  southwestern  coast 
of  Vancouver  Island. 


Barco  Centenera 

Barco  Centenera  (bar'ko  tlieu-ta-na'ra),  Mar- 
tin del.  Born  at  Logrosan,  Spain,  1335 :  died  at 
Lisbon,  lGO-1.  A  Spanish  eeelesiastie.  He  went 
to  the  Plata  in  lf.72,  witnessed  the  founding  of  Buenos 
A>Tes  (15S0).  traveled  extensively,  visiting  Peru  in  15s2, 
and  became  archdeacon  of  Paraguay.  After  1596  he  re- 
sided in  Lisbon.  Portugal,  where  his  poem  "'La  Argen- 
tina "  was  published  in  1602,  It  is  a  chronicle  in  verse 
of  the  Platine  conquests,  of  great  histoiical  value  in  parts, 
but  with  little  poetical  merit. 

Bar-Cocheba  (bar-kok'e-bii),  or  Bar-Cochba 
(bar-kok'bU),  or  Barcochebas(bar-kok'e-bas). 
[Aram.,  "son  of  the  star':  ef.  Xum.  xxiv.  17.] 
A  Hebrew  whose  real  name  was  Bar  Coziba 
(from  the  town  Coziba),  the  heroic  leader  of 
the  Jewish  insurrection  against  the  Romans, 
132-135  A.  D.  He  was  believed  by  many  Jews  to  be 
the  Messiah,  was  proclaimed  king,  and  maintained  his 
cause  against  Hadrian  for  two  ye;irs.  but  was  overthrown 
amid  the  slaughter  of  over  half  a  million  Jews,  and  the 
destruction  of  9So  villages  and  oO  fortresses.  Jerusalem 
was  destroyed  and  JElia  Capitolina  founded  on  its  ruins. 
After  his  failure  his  name  was  interpreted  to  mean  *son 
of  lies." 

Bard  (bard).  Samuel.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
April  1,  1742:  died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  May 
24, 1821.  An  American  physician  and  medical 
writer,  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  at  New  York  1813-21. 

Bard,  The.  A  poem  by  Gray,  published  in  1758. 
It  begins  with  the  familiar  phrase  '•Ruin  seize 
thee,  ruthless  King." 

Bard,  It.  Bardo  (bar 'do).  A  village  in  the 
pro\ince  of  Tiuin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora 
Baltea  38  miles  north  of  Turin.  Its  fort  commands 
the  St.  Bernard  passes,  and  resisted  ?sapoleon's passage  of 
the  .\lps  in  1800. 

Bardas  (bar 'das).  [MGr.  Bri/jcSar.]  Died  at 
Kepos.  in  Carta,  Asia  Minor,  April  21,  866.  A 
Byzantine  politician.  He  was  the  brother  of  the  em- 
press Theodora,  and,  on  the  death  of  her  husband,  the  em- 
peror Theophilus,  was  appointed  one  of  the  tutors  of  her 
son.  Michael  III.  He  killed  his  colleague  Theoctistes, 
conllned  Theodora  in  the  monastery  of  Gastria,  and  per- 
suaded Michael  to  conferon  him  the  title  of  Ciesar ;  but  was 
superseded  in  the  favor  of  the  emperor  by  Basil  the  Mace- 
donian, and  was  assassinated. 

Bardell  (bar -del'),  Mrs.  Martha.  An  accom- 
modating landlady  who  let  lodgings  to  Mr.  Pick- 
wick, in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers,"  and 
brought  a  suit  for  breach  of  promise  against 
him. 

Barderah  (bar'de-ra).  A  town  in  SomaU  Land, 
East  Africa,  situated  on  the  river  Juba  about 
lat.  2°  30'  N. 

Bardesanes  (bar-de-sa'nez),  or  Bardaisan 
(biir-ili-san').  Born  at  Edessa.  Mesopotamia, 
about  155  A.  D.:  died  223.  A  S.vrian  scholar. 
He  was  the  author  of  mystic  hymns  of  a  Gnostic  character, 
which  were  employed  by  the  Syrian  Christians  for  more 
than  two  centuries,  when  they  were  driven  out  of  use  by 
the  more  orthodox  work  of  Ephraem  the  S)Ti;in.  Of  Ms 
numerous  works  only  a  dialogue  on  fate  survives. 

Bardhwan.    See  Burdtcdn. 

Bardi  (bar'de),  Bardo  di.  In  George  Eliot's 
novel  "Komola,'  a  blind  Florentine  scholar, 
the  father  of  Romola. 

Bardi.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Pia- 
eenza,  ItaU",  32  miles  west-southwest  of  Parma. 

Bardili  (bar-de'le  >,  Christoph  Gottfried.  Born 
at  Blaubeuren,  in  Wiirtemberg.  May  28,  1(61: 
died  at  Stuttgart,  June  5,  1808.  A  German 
philosopher.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
gj'mnasium  at  Stuttgart,  and  the  expounder  of  a  system 
of  rational  realism  which  exerted  considerable  influence 
upon  later  metaphysical  speculation  (.Schelling.  Hegel). 
His  *'  Grundriss  der  ersten  Logik  "  (1800)  is  notable  for  its 
criticism  of  Kant. 

Bardo  (bar'do).  A  castle  near  Tunis,  the  seat 
of  the  government  of  Tunis. 

Bardolph  (biir'dolf).  l.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  plays  "Henry  r\'.,"  parts  I.  and  II., 
'•Henry  V.,"  and  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 
He  is  a  sharper  and  hanger-on,  one  of  Falstaff's  dissolute 
and  amusing  companions,  called  *'The  Knight  of  the 
Burning  Lamp"  by  Falstalf  on  account  of  his  red  nose  :  a 
creature,  like  Xym  and  Pistol,  without  honor  or  principle. 
2  (Bardolph,  Lord).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Henry  r\'.,"  part  H. 

Bardonnechia  (bar-don-nek'ke-a),  F.  Bardon- 
n^che  (biir-don-nash').  A  place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  at  the  Italian  en- 
trance to  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel. 

Bardoux  (bar-do'),  Ag^nor.  Born  1829.  died 
1897.  A  French  politician  and  writer.  He  was 
minister  of  public  instructiun,  ecclesiastical  alfairs,  and 
fine  arts  from  Dec.  14,  1877,  till  the  resignation  of  Presi- 
dent MacMahon,  and  in  1882  was  appointed  senator  for 
life.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Les  l^glstes  et  leiu"  influence 
sur  la  sucicte  frangaise"  (18T8),  etc. 

Bardowiek  (bar'do-vek).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Dmenau  24  miles  southeast  of  Hamburg. 
It  has  a  ruined  cathedral.  It  was  important  in  the  early 
middle  ages,  was  destroyed  by  Henry  the  Lion  in  1189,  and 
became  later  the  chief  trading  town  in  northern  Qermauy. 


120 

Bardsey  (bard'zi).  A  small  island  of  Wales, 
off  the  southwestern  point  of  Carnarvonshire. 

Bardwan.    See  Burchcun. 

Barea  (ba're-a).  A  heathen  tribe,  pressed  in 
between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and  between  the 
Kunamaand  Bishari  tribes.  It  has  occupied  its  pres- 
ent habitation  from  the  earliest  period.  The  language  is 
generally  held  to  be  Hamitic,  but  mixed. 

Barebones,  Praisegod.   See  Barhon,  Praisegod. 

Bareges  i  i.ar-azh').  or  Bareges-les-Bains (bar- 
azh'la-ban').  A  watering-place  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Pyrenees,  France,  23  mUes 
south  of  Tarbes.  It  is  a  summer  resort  noted 
for  its  mineral  (sulphate  of  soda)  baths. 

Bareilly  (bar-a'le),  or  Bareli.  -A.  district  in 
the  Rohilkhand  division.  Northwest  Provinces, 
British  India,  about  lat.  28°  30'  N.,  long.  79° 
30'  E.  Area,  1,595  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,040,691. 

Bareilly.  The  capital  of  the  Bareilly  district, 
near  the  Eamganga,  135  miles  east  of  Delhi. 
It  was  held  by  the  mutineers  1857-58.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  including  cantonment,  121,039. 

Barentin  (ba-ron-tan').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  11  miles 
northwest  of  Rouen.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,418. 

Barentz  (ba'rents).  Willem.  Died  in  the  Arc- 
tic regions,  June  20,  1597.  A  Dutch  Arctic 
navigator,  commander  of  several  exploring  ex- 
peditions to  Nova  Zembla  and  Spitzbergen, 
159-i-97.  In  his  first  voyage,  which  was  an  attempt  to 
discover  a  passage  to  China  through  the  Arctic  Ocean,  he 
reached  lat.  77'  or  7S^ ;  on  his  last  (1596-97),  in  which 
Spitzbergen  was  discovered,  he  reached  lat,  80°  11'. 

Barentz  Sea.  [From  Willem  Barentz.]  That 
jiart  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  which  lies  between 
Nova  Zembla,  Spitzbergen,  and  the  mainland. 

Barere  de  Vienzac  (ba-rar'  de  ve-e-zak'),  Ber- 
trand.  Boru  at  Tarbes,  France,  Sept.  10, 
1755:  died  Jan.  13,  1841.  A  French  lawyer, 
politician,  and  agitator.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Assembly  in  1789,  and  to  the  Convention  in 
1792 ;  president  of  the  Convention  during  the  tri.'U  of 
Louis  XVI.  ;  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  ; 
and  deputj-  in  the  Hundred  Days  of  1815. 

Bares,  or  Barres  (ba-ras').  A  tribe  of  Indians 
now  located  in  northern  Brazil  and  Venezuela, 
on  the  upper  Rio  Negro  and  Cassiquiare.  It 
appears  that  they  formerly^occupied  much  of  the  region 
bordering  the  Xegro.  and  that  they  were  very  numerous. 
They  are  an  agricultural  and  unwarlike  people.  li\ing  in 
fixed  villages.  By  their  langu.age  they  are  related  to  the 
Arawak  stock.  The  remnants  are  imperfectly  civilized 
and  some  of  them  are  nominally  Catholics. 

Baretti  (ba-ret'te).  Giuseppe  Marc'  Antonio. 

Bom  at  Turin,  April  25.  1719:  died  at  London, 
May  6,  1789.  An  Italian  writer  and  lexicog- 
rapher. He  wrote  "  Lettere  famigliari  "  (1762),  and  com- 
piled an  English-Italian  and  Italian-F.nglish  dictionary 
(1760),  a  Spanish-English  dictionary  (177S),  etc. 

Barfleur  (bar-fler').  A  small  seaport  in  the  de- 
partment of  Manche,  France,  15  mUes  east  of 
Cherbourg.  It  was  an  important  port  in  the 
middle  ages. 

Barfmsh,  or  Barfurush.    See  BaJfrush. 

Barfod  (bar'fot),  Paul  Frederik.     Born  at 

Lyngby,  in  Jutland,  April  7,  isll.  A  Danish 
historian.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Rigsdag  1849-69, 
and  was  afterward  appointed  assistant  in  the  Royal  Li- 
brary at  Copenhagen.  Author  of  '"  Fortsellinger  af  Fa?dre- 
landets  Historic  "  (4th  ed.  1S74),  etc. 

Barfuss  (bar'fos),Hans  Albrecht,  Count  von. 
Born  1635:  died  near  Bceskow,  Prussia,  Dee. 
27,  1704.  A  Prussian  field-marshal.  He  fought 
with  distinction  in  the  imperial  army  against  the  Turks 
at  Salankamen,  -\ug.,  1691. 

Barga  (bar'ga).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Lucca.  Italv,  26  miles  north  of  Pisa.  Popula- 
tion, about'3,000. 

Bargiel  (bar-gel'),  Woldemar.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  3,  1828  :  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1897.  A 
German  composer.  He  was  appointed  professor  at  the 
Conservatory  of  Cologne  in  1859,  kapellmeister  and  direc- 
tor of  the  Sch'  'o\  of  Music  at  Rotterdam  in  1865,  and  teacher 
at  the  Roviil  High  School  of  Music  in  Berlin  in  1874. 

Bargrave  (bar'grav),  Mrs.  The  woman  to 
wliom  the  ghost  (Mrs.  Veal  i  appears  in  Defoe's 
narrative  of  "Mrs.  Veal's  Ghost." 

Bargylus.     See  Casius. 

Bargylus  is  a  mountain  tract  of  no  very  great  elevation, 
intervening  between  the  Oronles  valley  to  the  east  and 
the  low  plain  of  Xorthem  Phoenicia  to  the  west.  It  is 
mainly  of  chalk  formation,  but  contains  some  trap  and 
serpentine  in  places.  Its  general  outline  is  tame  and  com- 
monplace, but  it  encloses  many  beautiful  valleys  and  ra- 
vines, gradually  worn  in  its  side  by  the  numerous  streams 
which  flow  eastward  and  westward,  to  the  Orontes  or  to 
the  Mediterranean.  RatcUnson,  Phoenicia,  p.  16. 

Bar  ham  (bar' am),  Richard  Harris.  Bom  at 
Canterbury.  England.  Dec.  6.  17SS:  died  at 
London,  June  17,  1845.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  poet.     He  wrote  the  "  Ingoldsby  Legends  " 


Barker..  George  Frederic 

(1840),  a  collection  of  Iturlesque  poems,  "a  cross  be- 
tween Hood's  whimsicality  and  that  of  Peter  Pindar" 
iStedtnan).  A  second  series  was  published  iu  1847.  and  a 
third,  edited  by  his  son,  in  the  same  year. 

Bar  Harbor  (bar  har'bor).  A  noted  summer- 
resort  in  the  island  of"Mouiii  Desert,  Maine. 
Population  (1900),  about  2.000. 

Bar-Hebrseus.    See  Abulfamj. 

Bari  (bii'ri).  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  near  Lado  and  Gondokoro  on  the  White 
Nile.  They  are  agricultural  and  pastoral,  living  iu 
round  grass  huts.  The  men  go  naked.  The  language 
seems  to  be  related  to  Diuka,  and  has  a  gramniatic  gen- 
der. Tiie  Nyangbara  is  said  to  be  a  dialectal  variation  of 
Bari,  with  Madi  admixtures. 

Bari  (ba're),  formerly  Terra  di  Bari  (ter'ra 
de  ba're).  A  province  iu  Apulia,  Italy,  on 
the  Adriatic,  noted  for  its  fertilitv.  Area, 
2.300  square  miles.     Population  (1891).  764,573. 

Bari.  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Bari.  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat.  41°  8' 
N.,  long.  16°  51'  E. :  the  ancient  Barium,  it  has  a 
good  harbor  and  important  trade.  It  was  held  in  the  9th 
century  by  the  Saracens ;  was  taken  from  the  Greeks 
by  the  Xormaus  under  Robert  Guiscard  in  1071;  and  was 
destroyed  in  the  12th  century.  Later  a  duchy,  and  an- 
nexed to  thekincrdoju  of  Naples  in  1558.  The  cathedral  of 
Bari  was  founded  1034,  and  has  been  remodeled.  It  is  three- 
aisled,  with  a  handsume  dome  at  the  crossing  and  a  lofty 
Norman  campanile.  Tl".e  fa<;ade  has  arcades  and  rich  bands 
of  sculpture.  Tliere  is  an  early  and  lofty  circular  baptis- 
tery. The  Church  of  San  Nicol,^  fc  lunded  in  H)67,  is  a  most 
interesting  pilgrima£;e  church,  three-aisled,  with  round 
arcades  springin-jc  from  cylindrical  shafts,  .and  very  rich  in 
sculptured  tombs  and  other  works  of  art.  The  remarkable 
crypt,  with  several  ranges  of  roimd  arches  supported  on 
columns  "I  varied  style,  resembles  a  section  of  the  mosque 
of  Cordova.     Population  (1S91),  commune.  72, OOo. 

Bariatinski  (biir-ya-teu'ske),  or  Barjatinskij, 
Prince  Alexander.  Born  1815:  died  at  Ge- 
neva, March  9, 1S79.  A  Russian  field-marshal. 
He  served  in  the  Caucasus  and  the  Crimean  war,  distin- 
guishing himself  as  commander  in  the  Caucasus  by  the 
final  defeat  of  Shamyl  in  1S59.     Also  Bari'itynshi. 

Baring  (ba'ring  or  bar'ing).  Alexander,  first 
Baron  Ashburton.  Born  at  London,  Get.  27, 
li  74 :  died  at  Longleat.  Wilts,  England,  May  13, 
1848.  An  English  merchant  and  statesman,  sec- 
ond son  of  Sir  Francis  Baring.  He  w.as  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  1S34-35,  and  as  special  commissioner  to 
the  Tuited  States  negotiated  the  Ashburton  treaty  iu  1S42. 

Baring,  Evelyn.  Bom  Feb.  26,  1841.  An  Eng- 
lish financier  and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  comptrollers-general  representing  England  and 
France  in  Egypt  in  1879,  and  became  finance  minister  of 
India  in  1880,  and  minister  at  Cairo  in  1883,  He  was 
created  Baron  Cromer  1892,  Viscoimt  1899,  Earl  1901. 

Baring,  Sir  Francis.  Born  at  Larkbear,  near 
Exeter,  England,  April  18.  1740:  died  at  Lee, 
iu  Kent,  Sept.  11,  ISIO.  An  English  financier, 
founder  of  the  house  of  Baring  Brothers  and  Co. 
He  wrote  "Observations  on  the  Establishment  of  the 
Bank  of  Enghind  "  (1797),  etc. 

Baring,  Sir  Francis  Thornhill.  Bom  at  Cal- 
cutta. April  20,  1796:  died  at  Stratton  Park, 
Sept.  6.  1866.  An  English  statesman,  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Baring,  created  Baron 
Northbrook  Jan.  4.  1866.  He  was  a  lord  of  the 
treasury  Nov.,  183'!>,^une,  1834  :  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer Aug.,  1839, -Sept.,  1S41;  and  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty 1849^52. 

Baring-Gould  (bar'ing-gold'),  Sabine.  Bom 
at  Exeter,  England,  1834.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  wi'iter.  His  works  include  "  Iceland,  etc" 
(1861).  "  The  Book  of  Werewolves  '  (1865),  "Post-Medieval 
Preachers "  (1865),  "  Curious  Myths  of  the  .Middle  .\ges  " 
(1S60-67X  "The  Origin  and  Development  of  Religious 
Belief  "  (1869-70),  "Lives  of  the  Saints"  (1872-77),  "Some 
.Modern  Difficulties,  etc."  (1874),  "  Mehalah,"  "John 
Herring,"  and  other  novels,  etc. 

BaringO  (ba-ring'go).  Lake.  A  small  lake  in 
central  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake  Victoria 
Nyanza,  discovered  by  J.  Thomson  in  1883.  It 
has  tio  outlet. 

Barisal  (ba-re-sal').  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Backergunge,  British  India,  situated 
125  miles  east  of  Calcutta. 

Bar-Jesus.    See  Eh/iuas. 

Barjols  (bar-zhol').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  30  miles  north  of  Toulon,  called 
the  '  ■  Tivoli  of  Provence  "  on  accoun  t  of  its  pic- 
turesque surroundings.  Population ( 1891 ), 2,378. 

Barka.     See  Barca  (river  and  district). 

Barkal  (bar'kal).  A  hill  with  noted  inscrip- 
tions, situated  on  the  Nile,  below  the  fourth 
cataract,  near  the  ancient  M«roe  or  Napata. 

Barker  (bar'ker),  Fordyce.  Born  at  Wilton, 
Franklin  Coimty,  Maine,  May  2,  1818  :  died  in 
New  York  city,"  May  29,  1891.  An  American 
physician  and  medical  writer.  He  became  profes- 
sor"of  midwifery  in  the  New  York  Medical  College  in  1850, 
and  professor  of  clinical  midwifery  in  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  in  ISCfl. 

Barker,  George  Frederic.  Born  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  July  14,  183.5.  An  American  phy- 
sician and  chemist.  He  became  professor  of  natural 
sciences  in  the  Western  Lniversity  of  Pennsjivania  in 


Barker,  George  Frederic 

1884  orofeBBor  of  physiological  chemistry  and  toiicoloRy 
tntlie  vale  Medical  School  lu  18ti7,  and  professor  of  chcin- 
<trv  and  physics  in  the  University  ot  i-eimsylvania  in 
IkT'..     IK-  r.  s>-i"'l  i'>  l'-'0»-  „  T  ,      ^    „c    • 

Rarkpr  Jacob.  Born  on  Swan  Island,  Maine, 
D'ec^  7,  1771):  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dee.  26, 
1871  An  Amerieau  finaueier  and  politician. 
He  was  employed  by  the  ijuvemment,  on  the  outbreak  of 
tlie  war  of  l.nli,  to  raise  a  loan  of  »-5,u(Xl,000. 

Barker,  James  Nelson.    Born  at  Philadelphia, 

Pa  June  17,  17S4:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
March  9,  1S')8.  An  American  politician,  poet, 
and  playwright,  lie  was  comptroller  of  the 
irnited  States  treasury  1838-58. 

Barker  John.  BoniatSmvma,March9,  lid: 
died  Oct.  5,  1849.  A  British  consul  in  Syria. 
and  consul-general  in  Egj-pt.  He  is  best  known, 
aside  from  his  political  services,  from  his  attempts,  as  a 
bwrticulturist,  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  W  estern  fruits 
ill  the  East.  „         ,  t        . 

Barker,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Bramley.  near  Leeds. 
England,  Mav  11,  180G:  died  at  Omaha.  Nob., 
Sept.  15,  1875.  An  Anglo-American  preacher 
and  political  agitator.  He  was  espclled  trora  the 
Methodist  New  Connexion  in  1S41,  on  theolojiical  grounds, 
and  established  a  sect  known  as  "liarkerlles.  Later  he 
adopted  deistical  opinions,  but  finally  returned  to  the  or- 
thodox point  of  view.  In  1S47  he  visited  America,  on  his 
return  Supported  the  Chartist  agitation,  was  arrested  at 
Manchester  (184«),  and  at  the  same  time  was  elected  to 
Mian  ent  In  hi  he  emigrated  to  the  United  Slates. 
where  he  idcntilled  himself  with  the  Abolition  movement. 
He  was  a  lecturer  and  a  voluminous  wnter. 

Barker,  Matthew  Henry.  Born  at^Dejptford 
Eiigiand,  1790 :  died  June  29,  1846.  An  English 
ioiirnalist  and  novelist,  best  known  from  his  sea 
tales.  He  wrote  "Land  and  Sea  Tales"  (1836)  ';Top- 
lail  sheet  Blocks'  (18:i8),  "  "'«.?' ^f,«>i:  ^^^-  " '^' 
Victory  or  the  Wardroom  Mess    (1844),  etc. 

Barker,  Thomas.  Born  near  Po.itypnol,  m 
Monniouthsliiro,  17(i9:  died  at  Bath,  England. 
Dec.  11, 1847.  An  English  painterof  landscapes 
and  historical  subjects.  His  son,  Thomas  Jones 
Barker  (1815-82),  was  also  a  noted  painter.  His  best- 
known  picture  is  "The  Woodrmm.^^ 

Barking  (bar'kiug).  [ME,  Bcrki/iu/,  AS.  B<or- 
ci«3«.v,  orig.  a  tribe  name,  'descendants  of 
Beorc  ']  A  town  in  the  county  ot  Essex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Roding  7  miles  east  of 
London.  It  was  celebrated  in  the  middle  ages  for  ita 
abbey  for  Benedictine  nuns,  founded  about  070.  iopula- 
tlon  (1801),  14,301.  T        !->■    1  >       <<Tl.,,ri^ 

Barkis  (biir'kis),  Mr.  In  Dickens's  "David 
C*  pP'''''i''l^''"  ■■>■  ''''^W-ul  carrier  who  marries 
Peggottv.  He  conveys  his  intentions  to  her  by  sending 
herfby  Uilvid,  the  message  "  Ba-kis  is  willin'. 

Barksdale(barks-dal),William.  Bon, inRuth- 
erford  County,  Tenn.,  Aug.  21,  1821.  ditd  at 
Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  2,  1803.  An  Amerieaa 
politician.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
&om  Mississippi  1833-61 ;  joined  the  Confederate  ^irm>  at 
ttToutbriak""  the  Civil  \V,u-;  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
brhtadier  general.  He  fell  while  leading  an  assault  of  Ills 
brigadLon  the  Federal  position  at  the  I'each  Orchard  in 
the  secnd  day  slight  at  Uettysburr       ,      .     ,    ,,..,., 

Barksteed  .bark'sted).  or  Barksted  (bark- 

Bted),  William.  Flourished  about  lull.  Ai 
English  actor  and  poet,  llis  name  appears  instead 
of  iffarston's  on  "  The  Insatiate  c.untess  in  some  eopn^s 
and  for  this  reason,  and  on  account  of  "Huen  (which 
see),  he  is  noticed. 


121 


VVc  know  little  of  Barksteed,  but  it  is  probable  that  he 
1.  to  bo  dent  lied  with  the  William  Barksted,  or  Backsted 
who  was  one  of  I'rince  Henrys  players  in  August  1611 
fCoUier"*  ■•Memoirs  ot  Edward  .Mleyn."  p.  89),  and  be- 
longed to  the-  company  of  the  i'rince  Palatine's  players  in 
Sell  1U15-16  (  '  id.,  p.  126).  He  is  the  author  of  two 
poems,  wiiici.  cVispIa'y'ome  K^»f '"i  '''X'the'viot  ir 
subject  of  the  llrsl  is  iU-chosen),- "  My.rrha  the  Mo  her 
of  Adonis,'  1607,  and  "  Hiren  and  the  tair  Creek,    UiU.^^ 


Barlaam  (biir'lii-iim).  Bernard.    Died  about 

134.8  ACalnbrian  inonU,  ut  (ireek  descent  a 
scholar  of  high  repute  in  his  day,  noted  for  the 
part  he  took  in  various  tlieological  disput.  s 
especially  for  his  attack  upon  the  Ilesychasts 
of  Mount  At  hos.  in  i;«9  he  was  sent  by  the  emperor 
A,dr..nicn8  111.  on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  In  connection 
w  h  the,le»ired  renniun  of  the  Uitin  ""'Vi  n^*^'  el'iola"' 
He  became  associated  w  111  I'etrareh  and  other  sellolll-s. 
"d  was  instrumental  in  the  restoration  of  Greek  learning 
in  the  West. 
Barlaam.  Saint.  An  Eremite  of  Siiiai,  coun- 
selor of  .losaphat,  in  the  romance  "Barlaam 
ami  .losaithjit ."  .  . 

Barlaam  and  JdSaphat.    A  romivnce,  written 

m'obablv  by  St.  .lohn  -f  Damascus  (Da.nasce- 
nus),  a  Syrian  monk,  in  the  8th  century,  trans- 
lated into  Latin  bef,.ro  the  13th  ""'»■•>;•.'; 
rccounlsthe  adventures  of  Barlaam  amonkotthewilkr^ 
ncss  of  Sinai,  in  atlenM.tl,.g  (successfully)  tocmvc,  J  sa- 
rhat  (or  .loasaph)  the  son  of  a  king  ■•f  Imlla,  lo <  hnsllanl  > 
Smt'iseJtiSsn';.  ''The  ineld.nls  ot  ')-»'"7,,:7,;  ■■[;,,', 
ably  taken  from  an  Indian  source.  .''"',■;.'',.;',,',, 
of  Shaksuere's  "  Merc  lant  of  V  enice  which  rilaus  lo  me 
d,.»  sing  of  the  casket  cam.-  originally  from  this  roinane. , 
U  ouglflhe' SpeSulun.  Historiale  '  of  ;;'"."'"' ^' '';?,",  .'l^" 
(about  1290),  the  "  Cento  Novelle  Antiche,   sixly-flflh  inc. 


Boccaccio's  "Decameron,"  the  "Golden  Legend,"  and  the 
^eX^manorum.  An  English  t™"',',"'  ?"  "  „'  h'cT 
printed  by  Wynkyn  do  Worde  about  lOl^^-l'.  »''''^''/"'': 
Lined  the  "Story'of  the  Three  baskets/  U  is  con-.  -^-^ 
probable  that  Shakspere  read  "■'•■•  "'l'''^''Yi,n!,M  If 
reissues  (there  were  six  between  ir.77  and  1*  D^  K  do 
vun  I'n.s  wrote  a  in.em  of  the  same  name  and  snbjeil  in 
(lie  I.;tli  century,  pn-bably  has.  d  on  llamx-^.cnns. 

Barlseus  (biii-le'us)  (Gaspard  van  Baerle;. 

Born  at  Antwerp,  Keb.  12,  15«4:  died  at  .\n.- 
sterdam,  .Ian.  14,  1048.  A  Dutch  histonaii. 
He  was  a  pnifessor  of  logic  at  the  '■"'''■^■"">' "'  'f  i:^,"-;  ' 
(1617)  and  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric  at  the  Atheno^u  n 
in  Amsterdam  (I«U).  His  "  Kerun.  p.T  octennmin  n 
llnisiliaet  alibi  nuper  gestarum  (A"'*''^"''"";  ,',','*.' J  " 
ed.,  with  additions  l.y  I'iso,  I  leves,  IWi..)  is  one  of  thes  an- 
darll  authorities  on  the  wars  between  the  Dutch  and  lor- 
tuunese  in  I'.razil.  . . 

Barlaymont  (biir-la-moii').  or  Barlaimont, 

Charles,  <'ount  of.  Died  1579.  ADul,hstat.>- 
man  in  the  service  of  Philip  II.  in  the  Netlier- 
lands.  He  was  a  member  of  the  conitulUi  ol 
the  regent  Margaret  of  Pnrina. 

Bar-le-Duc  (biir-K-diik'),  or  Bar-sur-Ornain 

(iiai-siii-or-nau').  The  capital  of  the  ,l.-part- 
meiit  of  Mouse,  France,  situated  on  the  Ur- 
nain  in  lat.  48°  4C'  N.,  long.  5°  11)'  E.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton,  etc.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
great  Uuke  of  Guise  and  of  Oudinot.  Population  (1891), 
eoninmne,  18,761.  _    .     .    ,,         t  .       ,  ■      .i 

Barletta (biir-let'tii).  Gabriello.    Lived  in  the 

.second  half  of  the  l.'ith  century.  A  Dominican 
mouk  of  Naples,  noted  as  a  preacher.  He  preached 
in  the  manner  of  Abraham  a  .Sancta  Clara,  endeavoring  to 
correct  by  ridicule  which  degenerated  into  vulgarity. 
Barletta.  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Ban, 
Itilv  35  miles  northwest  of  Ban:  the  ancient 
Bardoli,  and  the  Barolum  of  the  middle  ages 
It  has  a  catliedral  and  castle.  It  was  besieged 
by   the   French   in    1.503.      Population,  about 

3-J.OOO.  „.  ,         ,  1 

Barley   (bar'li),   Clara.      In   Dickens's  novel 
••Lireat  Expectations,"  a  pretty  girl  who  mar- 
ries Ilerbert  Pocket.  ,  ,        i  i 
Barley,  Old  Bill.     A  drunken  and  gouty  old 
man,  tli''  fatlier  of  Clara  Barley.        „.      ,  v 

Barleycorn  (bar'li-kom),  John  or  Sir  John. 

The  personification  of  malt  Iniuor,  as  being 
made  from  barley.  There  is  a  ballad  in  which 
he  appears  as  a  person. 

Barlow  (biir'16),  or  Barlowe,  Arthur.    Born 

about  15.50:  died  about  1020.  An  Eufhsli  navi- 
gator. With  Amidas  he  conducted  Kaleigh  s 
exploring  expedition  to  America  in  lo84. 
Barlow,  Francis  Channing.  Born  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Oct.  19,  ]S34:  died  Jan.  11,  1896. 
AnAmerican  lawyer  and  soldier.  He  j.jined  the 
Federal  volunteer  service  at  the  outbreak  of  tin-  Civil  w  ur 
a,!d  ™can,e  brlgadic-gcural  in  180-2  ami  ■»';" >•■'■••■; '"'f 
i,  1866.  He  particip.-.Ud  (.ls  colonel)  in  he  batt  e.  .f  t  ir 
Oaks  and  Antietam.and  coinnmn.led  a  division  hi  the  bat- 
tles of  "lie  Wilderness  and  s,H,ttsylv»nia  Court  Honse  and 
in  the  assault  on  the  defenses  of  I'etersbnre 

Barlow.  Joel.  Born  at  l^'",'  '"'".u"  HI-.',  '"au 
died  near  Cracow,  Poland,  Dec.  -'».  1«\--  ^" 
American  poet  and  politician,  one  of  the  Hart- 
ford Wits."  He  resided  abroad,  chlelly  in  I'rance.  1788- 
iSm  where  he  ideiitilled  Himself  with  tli.  Glroiidis  piirty  ; 
wi«  consul  to  Algiers  17;I5-U7 ;  and  »f  ..V,  *vlai,m  of 
minister  to  Kianee  IS  11  12.  Author  of  lie  y,?'"!' "' 
S^inibus"  (1787:  enlarged  a8"rhe  Columbiad  18117. 
^Ciy  l'"'l'li"t'  ••  and  '•  Advice  to  the  Privileged  Orders 
(Part  I.  171)1,  Palt  II.  179r.).  .    v        ■       .    . 

■Rarlnw  HenrV  Clark.  Bom  at  Newington 
^Butts  S,mvyy^NI:n  12,  ISOO:  died  .it  Snl.b.irg. 
Austria,  No\".  M,  1^70.  An  English  physician 
and  scholar,  note.!  as  a  student  of  Dante.  He 
wrMe"  critical.  Historical,  and  W-llos-pl'^il'  illl,  ''.c' 
li,,„,  t..  the  Slii.lv  of  the  ■  lllvlna  Commedia  (1804),  etc. 
Barlow  Peter.  Horn  at  Norwich,  EnKhiliil. 
U.^.^V70r  died  March  1,  1802.  An  E.ighsh 
mathematician,  optician,  and  I'lO.^X'  'I,*; 
-"-.e  "  An   Elemennirj^lnvc^  g«    ;  .    ;f  U^ 

a,rit;ii:^.n,    y  '(*181  ),  "  New  Mathein..!  leal  I'abl.,  "(18.4), 

"A  i's  yon  .he  Strength  ot  ''"'I-;, ""'' ", '';;^  ^'i;- 

rials"  (1817)    "  E«»ay  on   Magnetic  Altraetloii.     (1820). 
etc     He.  w,w  the  InJonlor  of  the  ten.  «hleh  l«.r.  hi. 


Barnard,  Edward  Emerson 

(1M7).  a  work  .0,  navigation  treating  largely  of  coiupasses. 
...seienee  is  indebted  to  Barlow  for  some  marked  m- 
provements  in  the  hangh.g  of  compasses  at  "<;"  for  the 
Sucoverv  of  the  dillerence  between  iron  and  steel  for 
niietk  pur,...es.  and  for  the  proper  way  of  U.uehlng 
uiagnetic  needles,  and  of  cementing  loadstones.      Vicl.  o/ 

Barmbeck  (biirm'bek).    A  suburb  of  Hainburg. 

Barmecides  (biir'me-sidz).  A  Persian  family 
so  iiaiii.d  from  ils  founder,  Barmak  or  Baruiek, 
probably  a  native  of  Khorasan,  who  acquired 
power  under  the  calif  Abd-ul-Malik  Bis  grand- 
son, Vahya,  became  vizir  to  the  calif  tl-Mahdy.  and 
TuU-r  of  il1;run..d.Ka.liid.  Yahyas  son  J^'^f  ."^  ''^i' 
to  Harun,  and  by  his  eminent  services  contrlbuteU  U) 
the  gh.ryl.f  his  master  s  reign,  but  feU  under  displeasure 
and  was  put  to  de-alli  8-i2,  together  with  nearly  all  ot  the 
Barnacide  faniih-.  .11-   »,„„ 

Barmecide's  Feast.    A  feast  where  the  dishes 

Wire  empty  and  everything  was  imaginary; 
hence,  any  tantalizing  illusion:  in  allusion  to  the 
story  of  "The  Barber's  .SUlh  Brother  '  In  "  The  Arabian 
NlgtlU  "  in  which  a  rich  Barmecide  gives  a  dinner  of 
this  description  to  Shacabac,  a  star^-  iig  wretch,  and 
oblige*  him  to  pretend  that  he  eats  what  is  not  before  liim. 
Weii  comes  to  pretending  to  drink  w  ne,  shacabac 
feigns  irunkenness  ind  knocks  the  Barmecide  down  and 
the  latter,  with  a  pU-asing  sense  o  humor,  not  only  for- 
gives him  but  heaps  benetlts  upon  him. 
Barmen  (biir'men).  A  city  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince. Prussia,  situated  on  the  W  upper  24  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne.  It  is  divided  into  Oher-Mit- 
tel  and  Cnter-Bannen.  It  Is  an  ""■':rf^"''  "Vr!!f"  sw 
ing  center,  and  is  closely  connected  with  Elbtrfeld.  See 
KHurM.I.  Population  II9O0I.  141,'.>4.. 
Barmouth  (bUr'muth).  A  watennp-place  in 
Merionethshire,  Wales,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Maw  31  miles  southeast  of  Carnarvon. 
population  (1891),  2.045.  ■      „  „ 

Barmstedt  (biirm'stet).  A  small  own  in  the 
inoyiuce  of  Schleswig-Holstein.  Prussia,  sit^ 
iiated  on  the  Kruckau  21  miles  northwest  of 
Hamburg.  ,.         .       ,_      .,„„ 

Bam  (barn).  A  town  in  Mora^^a,  16  miles 
north-northeast  of  OlmUtz.  Population  (1890), 
3,.5S5. 
Barnabas  (biir'na-bas).  Saint.  [Arain.,  son 
,d  pr."i*recv.']  The  suraame  of  the  Cj-pnan 
Levite  Joses,  or  Joseph,  an  apostle  of  the 
Christian  <.hurch.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  sell  his 
land  lor  the  benefit  of  the  common  fund  •..  "■t>;"^;'^'«'  '  J"' 
after  the  latler's  conversion;  taught,  with  Paul,  at  An- 
tioch  ;  unilertook,  with  him,  a  missionary  journey  to  (>• 
nriis  and  various  cities  In  Asia  Minor;  was  sent,  with 
Km!  to  Jerusalem  by  the  eh.ireh  at  Antiuch  to  consult 
he  kpostles  and  elders  on  the  question  of  elrcumeb-lon  . 
and,  when  about  to  undertake  a  second  >»  "'""'.^  f""T, 

Tley  with  Paul,  separated  fl^n,  'i"'V''" '"^  ".^?i'"  uter't 
arising  out  of  Barnahiis'sdetennination  to  lake  bis  suters 

son,  Mark,  with  him.  He  wa^,  according  to  the  legen^ 
martyred  at  Cyprus,  61  .^.  1>.  His  day  is  celebrated  j  the 
Greek,  Koman.  and  Anglican  ehurcheso  the  11th  .1 
June,  and  his  symbol  is  a  rake,  as  •"»''»>  f'"'f.*"V;t 
time  of  the  hay  harvest.  It  was  formerly  a  great  feast 
among  the  Knglish  piMple.  .„„,.. 

Barnabas.  The  Epistle  of.    An  -"""'yX'^ 

.■nisUe,  containing  no  mention  of  the  readers 
for  whom  it  was  intended,  dating  from  an  eariy 
period  of  tlie  church.  It  was  Intended  (or  p^rtons 
n  danger  of  Judalrlng,  and  emplia.^iies  the  '•  I'-"""'  ""  "{ 
•hristlanlty  from  Judaism.  Its  authon.h.|.  l'^.'^"^^^ 
to  Barnabas  (the  a,».slle)  in  the  «■»■■'>,','""'  •!"'.r°;i 
ilern  critics  assign  It  lo  a  iioBt-a|)0»toUc  writer.  iK.rnap« 
inverted  Jew  .r(  Aleiandrla. 


Bariow.  Samuel  Latham  Mitchell,    l^-n  ,.. 

(in.nvillc.  llanipdin  County,  Mass..  .lune  .., 
18-'0.  did  at  (ilcii  Cove,  Long  Ishiiid,  .N.  \  ., 
.Jiiiv   10,  mxo.     An  American   lawyer.     He  eol- 

i:i^:^;\K:';nK::r;^Si;i^h»:^Ji»- 

Bariow"  Wimar""Dn'i"M;i.  An  Ivng.ish 
Pn  °^'atd  .11  Lite  ami  conlnwers  aliHt,  bis  ,,.[. 
Hucessiyelv  of  St.  .Vsaph,  St.  Davids,  Halli 
mid  Wells. 'and  Cliichestcr,  He  was  nl  one  lime  a 
V  oent  .,.«  nen  of  Canllnal  Wols.y.  and  «1«.  a  tacked 
Un^chunh  in  a  series  of  palnphlela  wllleli  hea.ler»»r,l 

Barlow  William.  Bom  at  Bt .  David's  Wales : 
lUe  1  bi2.^  .An  English  ecclesinst  c.  archdeacon 
of  Salisbury,  son  of  William  Hariow.  bishop 
of  St.  Dnvi.l's.     11..  wrote  "Tin.  Navlnalors'  Supply 


a  cnverted  Jew  .rl  Aieiaiiiinii.  ,        ,,  ,   . 

Barnaby  (biir'na-bi).  f Formerly  lianuibie, 
/;,,,, »//,7<',  from  V:iUir,mbl  from  LL.  B<n>mlms, 
i.|c  1     .\  ftiriii  of  Itanialms. 

Barnaby  Rudge  (biir'na-bi  mj).  A  novel  by 
t'harhs  Dickens  which  came  out  in  parts,  and 
was  published  in  book  form  in  1841.  It  Is  l«»cd 
on  the  Gonlon  riots  Barnaby.a  half  wilted  fellow,  the 
friend  of  Grip  the  mven.  b«ol».»  Iglioraoth  Involved  in 
Ihe  riol,  anil  l»  eondenined  lo  death  l"it  paidoio^.r 

Barnacle  (biir'na-kl).  Lord  Decimus  Tite.    A 

piiniiiousaii.l  wiiidv  peer.wilh  a  high  position  iii 
the  Circumlocution  (tnice,  in  Charies  Dickens  9 
"  Little  Dorril."  clarenee.aa  emply-heade.1, and  Fer- 
dinand, a  well  dresswl  anil  agrtnable young  man,  Ills  sons, 
are  aliu'i  1  niployed  In  Ihe  olllee.  ■      oi  „i, 

Barnadine  (biir'na-<liii).  A  charncter  in  Shak- 
simit's  -Measure  for  Measure":  a  pnsoner. 
siilleii  mid  savage,  careless  of  past,  present, 
mill  future.  „  rv  . 

Barnard  (bUr'niird).  Lady  Anne.  Born  Doc. 
8  17.50:  died  ^riiv  li,  18'25.  A  Sc.tlisli  poet, 
d'aught.T  of  the  Earl  of  Baleanes.  fc;he  PJjb- 
lisheil  the  ballad  "Auld  Robin  t.ray  (\t>i), 
and  a  seiiuel  tii  it.  ^     ,    i  - 

Barnard,  Daniel  Dewey.  .Born  in  Berkshir.. 

("mtv  Mn.-s..lulv  IC  i:'.'7:  did  at  Albany, 
N.  v.,  April  24.  iwil.  -\n  American  politician 
mid  .iiiilomat ist .  He  was  memlK-r  of  CongrcM  fn.ni 
■Sew  Vo.k  1S'J7  --1'  and  18.11M&,  and  I  lille<l  Sl«l<»  minlsler 


Barnard,  Edward  Emerson.    Bom  at  Nash- 

villc,T<.iMi,,l 10.  l'^57.   AiiAnierioannstron- 

oiiii.r.      He  was  graduated  from  Vandcrt.lll  riilTen.lty  In 
18SI1,  and  has  made  a  niiinber  of  aatronomical  dlteoveries 


Barnard,  Edward  Emerson 

which  have  been  reported  in  the  "  Sidereal  Messenger," 
"Observatory,"  "Science  Observer,"  and  "  Astrononiische 
Naclirichten."  His  most  notable  discovery  is  that  <jf  the 
fifth  satellite  of  Jupiter,  made  at  the  Lick  Observatory 
Sept.  9,  18!i2. 

Barnard,  Frederick  Augustus  Porter.    Born 

at  Shi-mt'ld,  Mass.,  May  5.  1809:  died  at  New 
York,  April  27,  1889.  An  American  educator, 
scientist,  and  author.  He  was  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Alabama  1837-54  ;  president  of  the  University 
of  Mississippi  1856-61;  and  president  of  Columbia  College 
1864-89.  He  was  United  States  commissioner  at  the  Paris 
Exprisitii^M  of  1867,  and  assistant  commissioner-general 
at  tliMt  "f  187s. 
Barnard,  John.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  6, 
1681  :  died  Jan.  24,  1770.  An  American  Con- 
p'egational  clergyman,  minister  in  Marblehead 
1716-70.  He  published  numerous  sermons,  "A  History 
of  the  Strange  Aciventures  of  Philip  .^shton  "  (1725),  etc- 

Barnard,  John  Gross.  Born  at  Slieffield,  Mass., 
May  19,  1815:  tUed  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  May  14, 
1882.  An  American  military  engineer  and  gen- 
eral, brother  of  Frederick  Augustus  Porter 
Barnard.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  (brevetted 
major  May.  1848) ;  surveyed  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec 
in  1850,  and  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  in  1S.V2  ;  was 
superintendent  of  the  United  States  ililitary  Ac.ideray 
1855-66 ;  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Array  of  the  Potomac 
1862  and  1864  ;  and  was  brevetted  major-general  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  ^vrote  numerous  scientific  and  mili- 
tary papers. 

Barnard  Castle.  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  England,  situated  on  the  Tees  21  miles 
southwest  of  Durham,  it  is  named  from  its  castle, 
which  was  built  in  the  12th  century,  and  is  the  chief  scene 
of  Scott's  poem  "Rokeby. " 

Barnard  College.  A  college  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  founded  in  New  York  city 
in  18S9.  It  uas  incoriporated  in  Columbia  University 
in  19(10,     It  has  about  300  students. 

Barnard's  Inn.  One  of  the  inns  of  Chancery 
in  Holborn,  London.  The  society  is  of  very 
great  antiquity:  the  hall  itself  was  certainly 
in  existence  in  14.51,  and  probably  much  earlier. 
The  house  began  to  be  used  as  an  inn  of  Chan- 
cery about  14i54.  In  1893  it  was  announced  to 
be  destroyed. 

Barnato  (bar-nil' to),  Barnett  Isaacs.    Born 

in  London  July  5  (?).  18.52:  died  June  14,  1897, 
An  English  speculator  and  capitalist.  He  was 
the  son  of  poor  Jewish  parents,  and,  according 
to  report,  supported  himself  as  peddler,  billiard- 
marker,  etc.  In  1872  or  187:j  he  left  London  for  South 
Africa,  where  he  made  a  large  fortune  in  the  Kiniberley 
diamond-mines  and  theg.ild-minesarouiiiiJoliannesburg. 
In  1888hisdiamnnd-mining  interests  were  joined  with  those 
of  Cecil  Rhodes.  In  the  same  year  he  was  returned  to 
the  legislative  assembly  at  the  Cape  as  member  for  Kim- 
berley,  and  was  reelected  in  1894,  In  1895  he  returned 
to  Loudon,  and  was  the  center  of  the  speculation  in  South 
African  mining  stocks  known  as  the  "Kafir  Circus";  he 
w.as  popularly  known  as  the  "Kafir  King."  The  failure 
of  the  so-called  "Barnato  Banking  Company"  in  October, 
1895,  sul>sequent  losses,  .and  great  mental  strain  are  sup- 
posed to  have  affected  his  reason.  He  committed  suicide 
bj'  jumping  into  the  sea  from  the  steamship  Scot  near 
Funchal. 

Barnaul  (bar'noul).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tomsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Bar- 
naulka  and  t)bi  240  miles  southwest  of  Tomsk- 
It  is  the  chief  mining  center  in  western  Siberia. 
Population.  17,484. 

Barnaval,  Louis.  A  pseudonym  of  Charles  De 
Kay. 

Barnave  (biir-nav').  Antoine  Pierre  Joseph 

Marie.  Born  at  Grenoble.  France,  Oct.  22, 
1761:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1793.  A 
French  revolutionist  and  orator.  He  was  deputy 
to  the  Third  Estate  in  1789,  and  president  of  tlie  National 
Assembly  in  179u  ;  conducted  the  king  on  his  return  from 
Varennes  in  1791 ;  and  was  arrested  for  alleged  treason  in 
1792. 

Barnay  (bar'ui),  Ludwig,  Born  at  Pesth,  Hun- 
gary, Feb,  11,  1842.  A  (iermau  actor.  He  first 
appeju-ed  on  the  stage^t  Trautenau  in  1860,  and  has  since 
played  chietly  in  German  cities.  He  visited  the  I'nited 
States  in  1882.  His  principal  r61es  are  Essex,  Egmont, 
Tell,  and  Acosta. 

Barnby  (barn'bi).  Sir  Joseph.  Bom  Aug,  12, 
1838:  died  Jau,  28,  189G.  An  English  organist, 
composer,  .and  conductor.  He  was  made  director 
of  musical  instruction  at  Eton  College  in  1875,  and  in  1886 
w;is  made  conductor  at  the  Royal  -Academy  of  Music. 
Among  his  works  are  songs,  anthems,  the  oratorio  "  Re- 
bekah,"  etc. 

Barnegat  Bay  (bar'ne-gat  ba).  A  bay  east  of 
New  .Jersey,  communicating  writh  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  by  Barnegat  Inlet.  Length,  about  25 
miles. 

Barnegat  Inlet  (bar'ne-gat  in'let).  A  strait 
connertJMi,'  Barnegat  Bay  with  the  Atlantic 

Barnes  ( luiniz),  Albert.  Born  at  Rome.  N.  Y., 
Dec.  1, 1798 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  24,  1870. 
An  .\meriean  Pi-esbyterian  clergjTuan  and  bib- 
lical commentator,  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church  in  Philadelphia  (1830-67).  He  isbest 


122 

known  by  his  "Note9"on  the  New  Testament,  Job,  Psalms, 
Isaiah,  etc.  He  was  tried  for  heresy  and  acquitted. 
Barnes,  Barnabe.  Born  in  Yorkshire,  1569  ( "!) : 
died  1609.  An  English  poet,  son  of  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  in  1593  he  published  a  collection  of  love- 
poems,  sonnets,  and  madrigals,  entitled  "Parthenophil 
and  Parthenophe." 

Barnes,  Joseph  K.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Julv 
21,1817:  died  at  Washington,  D.C.,  April  5, 1883. 
An  American  surgeon.  He  became  surgeon-general 
V.  S.  army  in  1863:  received  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  in  1865  :  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1SS2. 

Barnes,  Joshua.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
16.54 :  died  Aug.  3,  1712.  An  English  classical 
scholar  and  antiquarian,  appointed  professor 
of  txreek  at  rambridge  in  ]()9.5.  He  was  a  volu- 
niinuus  writer,  but  is  not  in  lii;;h  repute  as  a  scholar. 
His  "Gerania,  nr  the  Discovery  of  a  Better  s,,rt  of  Peo- 
ple, anciently  discom-sed  of,  called  Pygmies.  '  is  his  btst- 
known  work.     He  published  an  edition  (if  Homer  (1710). 

Barnes,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1785 :  died  May 
7,  1841.  An  English  journalist,  editor  of  the 
London  '•  Times"  1817-41. 

Barnes,  William.  Born  in  Dorsetshire,  Feb. 
22,  1800:  died  at  Winterbourne  Came,  Oct., 
1886.  An  English  poet,  philologist,  and  clergy- 
man. He  is  best  known  by  his  three  series  of  "  Poems  of 
Rural  Life  in  the  Dorsetshire  Dialect"  (1844,  1S47,  and 
1862).    He  wrote  also  various  philological  works. 

Barnet  (biir'net),  or  Chipping  Barnet  (chip'- 

ing  biir'net).  A  town  in  Hertfordshire.  Eng- 
land, 11  miles  north  of  London,  a  victory  was 
gained  here,  April  14, 1471,  by  the  Yorkists  under  Edward 
IV.  over  the  Lancastrians  under  Warwick.  Warwick  and 
many  Lancastrians  were  slain,  and  Edw.ord  IV.  was  re- 
established on  the  throne.  Population  (1801),  6,410. 
Barnett  (biir'net),  John.  Born  at  Bedford, 
England,  July  15,  1802 :  died  April  17,  1890-  A 
music  director,  singing-master,  and  composer, 
author  of  numerous  songs  and  operettas,  best 
known  from  his  operas  "The  Mountain  Sylph" 
(1834)  and  "  Farinelli "  (1838),  in  1841  he  retired 
to_  Cheltenham  and  devoted  himself  to  vocal  training. 
His  father  was  a  Prussian  who  changed  his  name  from 
Bernhard  Beer,  and  his  mother  a  Hungarian. 

Barnett,  John  Francis.  Born  Oct.  16,  1837. 
An  English  composer,  nephew  of  John  Barnett. 

Barnett,  Morris.  Born  in  1800  :  died  in  1856. 
An  English  comedian  and  musical  critic.  He 
ac(]uired  some  reputation  as  a  writer  of  plays,  pai-ticularly 
'•  Tile  Serious  Family,"  which  he  adapted  from  "  Le  Mari 
.^  la  Campague." 

Barneveld  (biir'ne-velt).  A  tovi'u  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Arnhem.     Population,  7,096. 

Barneveld  (in  f  ul  1  Jan  van  Olden-Barne  veld ) . 

Born  at  Amersfoort,  Netherlands.  1547  (1.549?): 
beheaded  at  The  Hague,  May  13, 1619.  A  Dutch 
statesman.  He  became  gr.and  pensionary  of  Holland  in 
1586  ;  negotiated  the  treaty  with  Spain  in  1609  ;  sided  with 
the  Remonstrants,  and  was  arrested  by  Maurice  of  Nassau 
for  treason  in  1618,  and  condemned.  A  tragedy  was  written 
on  this  subject  and  acted  in  Aug.,  1619,  which  was  first 
printed  from  manuscript  by  BuUen  and  announced  by  him 
as  a  play  of  Chapman's,  but  afterward  as  by  Fletcher  and 
Massinger. 

Barney  (biir'ni),  Joshua.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  July  6,  1759:  died  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Dec. 
1,  1818.  An  American  naval  officer  in  the 
Revolutionary  War.  He  became  alieutenant  in  1776; 
captured,  while  in  command  of  the  Hyder  Ali,  the  British 
sloop  of  war  General  Monk,  April  8,  17S2  ;  was  sent  to 
France  with  despatches  for  Franklin  in  1782  ;  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  French  service  1795-1800 ;  commanded  in 
Chesapeake  Bay  1814,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Bladens- 
burg  in  the  same  year. 

Barney.  In  Charles  Dickens's  novel  ''Oliver 
Twist,"  a  villainous-looking  Jew  waiter,  with 
a  colli  in  his  head,  at  the  "  Three  Cripples." 

Barnfield  (biirn'feld).  Richard.  Born  at  Nor- 
bury,  in  Shropshire,  1574:  died  1627.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Affectionate 
Shepherd"  (1594),  "Cynthia"  (1595),  "The  Encomium  of 
Lady  Pecunia,"  with  "The  Complaint  of  Poetry,"  "Con- 
science and  Covetousness,"  and  "  Poems  in  Divers  Hu- 
mors "(1598).  In  the  last  are  the  poems  "If  Music  and 
Sweet  Poetry  Agree  "  aiul  "  As  it  Fell  Upon  a  Day,"  which 
appeared  in  ''The  Passionate  Pilgrim,"  and  were  long 
attributed  to  Shakspere. 

Barni  (biir'ne).  Jules  Remain.  Born  at 
Lille,  June  1.  1818:  died  1878.  A  French 
republican  politician  and  writer  on  philosopliy. 
His  chief  works  are  a  "Histoire  des  idees  morales  etpoli- 
titiucs  en  P'rance  au  SVIII"  siecle  "  (1866),  and  transla- 
tions from  Kant. 

Barnim  (biir'nem).  The  ancient  name  of  a 
region  in  the  Mittelmark  of  Brandenburg, 
north  and  northeast  of  Berlin. 

Barnivelt  (bar'ni-velt),  Esdras,  Apothecary. 

Under  this  pseudonym  a  key  to  the  "  Rape  of 
the  Lock"  was  published  shortly  after  the  poem 
itself.  It  was  attributed  to  Pope,  and  also  to 
Arbuthnot.  Cushing. 
Barnsley  (barnz'li),  A  town  in  the  West  Rid- 
ing of   Yorkshire,   England,  situated   on   the 


Bart 

Deame  13  miles  north  of  Sheffield.  It  has  varied 
manufactures.     Population  (1891),  35,427. 

Barnstable.  A  seaport  in  eastern  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  Cape  Cod  Bay  69  miles  south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  fisheries  and  coasting- 
trade.     Popidation  (1900),  4,364. 

Barnstaple  (barn'sta-pl).  A  seaport  in  Devon- 
shin-,  England,  situated  on  the  Taw  35  miles 
northwest  of  Exeter.  It  has  some  trade,  and 
was  formerlv  of  greater  importance.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  13,058. 

Barnum  (iiiir'num).  Phineas  Taylor.    Bom 

at  Bethel.  Conn.,  July  5.  1810:  died  at  Bridge- 
port, Conn.,  Ai)ril  7,  1891.  A  famous  American 
showman.  He  became  proprietor  of  Baruum's  Mu- 
seum in  New  York  city  in  1841;  managed  .Jenny  Lind'a 
concert  tntn-  through  America  ls,",n-,",l ;  established  his 
circus  in  1871 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Connt-cticnt  legisla- 
ture 1865-t;9;  anil  was  elected  mayor  of  Bridgeport  in 
l."^?"'.  Besides  lecturing  on  temperauie  and  otli''r  popular 
siibjir-ts.  be  wrote  "The  HnmbU'-'S  of  the  World'' (1866X 
"Stru-ili-s  anil  Triumphs,  or  Forty  Years'  Rect'Uectious" 
(18(i!i),  etc. 

Barnxim.William  H.  Born  at  Boston  Corners, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  17,  1818:  died  at  Lime  Rock,  Conn., 
Ajiril  30,  1889.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1867- 
1876;  United  .States  senator  from  Connecticut  1876-79; 
and  chairman  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee 
1880  and  1884. 

Barnwell,  George.     See  George  Bni-mreU. 

Barnwell  (biirn'wel),  Robert  Woodward. 
Born  at  Beaufort,  S.  C,  Aug.  10,  1801:  died  at 
Columbia,  S.  C,  Nov.  25,  1882.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1829-33 ;  a  United  States  senator  1850-61 ;  a  com- 
missioner from  South  Carolina  to  confer  with  tlie  Federal 
Government  regarding  the  secession  of  the  state,  1860  ;  a 
member  of  the  Provisional  Congress  of  the  Confederate 
States  1861-62  ;  and  a  senator  from  South  Carolina  in  the 
( 'onfederate  Congress  1862-66- 

Baroach.     See  Bmach. 

Barocchio,  Giacomo.    See  Vignola. 

Barocci  (bii-roch'e),  or  Baroccio,  Federigo. 

Born  at  Urbino,  Italy,  1528:  died  there.  Sept,, 
1612-    An  Italian  painter  of  the  Roman  school. 

Baroche  (bii-rosh'),  Pierre  Jules.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  18,  1802;  died  in  Jersey,  Oct.  29, 
1870.  A  French  advocate  and  statesman.  He 
was  niiidster  of  the  interior  1850 ;  minister  of  foreign 
alfairs  1851 ;  president  of  the  Council  of  State  1852  ;  min- 
ister of  justice  and  public  worship  1863-69. 

Baroda  (bii-ro'dii).  A  district  in  Gujarat,  Brit- 
ish India.  Area,  1,910  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  817,023, 

Baroda.  A  native  state  of  India  under  Brit- 
ish supervision,  ruled  by  a  Mahratta  Gaikwar. 
Area.  8,226  square  miles.     Population  (1891), 

■  2,415  396. 

Baroda.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Baroda, 
situated  near  the  Viswamitri  in  lat.  22°  16'  N., 
long.  73°  14'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
Population  (1891),  including  cantonment,  116,- 
420. 

Ba-Rolong.     See  Oniema. 

Baron  (ba-rdn')  (originally  Boyron),  Michel. 
Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1653 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
3,  1729.  A  celebrated  French  actor,  a  leading 
star  of  the  French  stage,  which  he  abandoned 
from  1691  to  1720.  He  wrote,  it  is  said  with  the  aid 
of  others,  seven  comedies,  among  them  " LAudrienne  ' 
and  "  L'Houime  k  boinies  fortunes,"  his  best. 

Baron,  The  Old  English.    See  OM  E),e,iish 

Ban>ii,  The. 
Baronius  (ba-ro'ni-us),  or  Baronio  (ba-ro'- 
ne-6),  Cesare.  Born  at  Sora,  Campania,  Oct. 
30, 1538;  died  June  30,  1607.  A  Roman  Catho- 
lic church  historian.  He  became  cardinal  in  1596, 
and  was  libmrian  of  the  Vatican.  His  chief  work  is  his 
"Annates  ecclcsiastici  a  christo  nato  ad  animm  1198" 
(158S-0:i)- 

Barons,  War  of  the.  An  insurrection  of  Eng- 
lish barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort  against 
the  arbitrary  government  of  Henry  HI.,  1263- 
1265.  Its  chief  incidents  were  the  victory  of  Montfort 
at  Lewes  in  1264  and  the  capture  of  the  king,  and  the  de- 
feat and  death  of  Montfort  at  Evesham  in  1265. 

Barons'  Wars,  The.  A  poem  by  Drayton.  It 
was  first  publislu'.i  in  1596  under  the  title  of  "Mortimeri- 
ados,"  and  republished  with  many  alterations  in  1603 
under  its  present  title. 

Barossa,  or  Barosa.    See  Barrom. 

Barotse  (bii-rot'se).  A  kingdom  of  the  upper 
Zambesi.  South  Africa,  in  lari5°  S.,  long.  23°  E, 

Barozzi  (bii-rot'se),  Giacomo.    See  Vignola. 

Barquisimeto  (biir-ka-se'ma-to).  A  city  in 
Venezuela,  155  miles  west  of  Caracas.  It  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1812.  Popula- 
tion (1891).  ■31,476  (with  the  district). 

Barr  (biir),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Edith  Huddleston). 
Born  at  Ulverston,  Lancashire,  England,  March 
'29,  1.831.  An  Anglo-American  novelist,  she  is 
the  author  of  "  Romance  and  Reality,"  "  Bow  of  Orange 
Ribbon,"  "  Friend  Olivia  "  (1889),  etc. 


Bart 

Bcirr.  A  town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsape-Lor- 
raine,  situated  IS  miles  soutliwest  of  8tnisljiu-g, 
at  the  foot  of  tUe  Vosges.  It  has  cousiderablo 
luanufaetures.  Popuiatiou  (1890),  commuue, 
5,678. 

Barra(bar'a).  An  island  of  theOuterHebridea, 
Inverness-sliiro,  Scotland,  in  hit.  ^7°  N.  The- 
inhabitants  are  ciiietly  Gaelic  Koniaii  t'atliulit-a.  Leiigtli, 
8  miles.     Widtli,  5  miles.     I'upulatiuii  (1891),  2,131. 

Barra  (biii''va).  A  small  eastern  suburb  of 
Naples. 

Barra,  or  Barr.  A  petty  kingdom  of  West 
Africa,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia.  The 
ruling  race  is  Mandingo;  the  chief  town,  Bar- 
rinding.     Population,  about  2011,000 

Barrackpur  (bar-ak-piir').  A  town  and  mili- 
tary station  in  Bengal.  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Hooghlv  l.'>  miles  north  of  Calcutta. 
Population  (1891),  3r),647. 

Barradas  (biir-rii'diis),  Isidro.  Bom  in  the 
Canary  Islands  about  177.5:  died  at  New  Or- 
leans about  1841.  A  Spanish  general,  in  I8i;4 
he  coramande<i  the  land  forces  assembled  at  Havana  with 
the  object  of  reconquerinK  Mexico.  In  July,  1&21),  the 
fleet  under  Laliorde  landed  B:in*adas  and  S.ikX)  men  on 
the  coast  of  Tanipico.  They  were  attacked  by  Satita 
Anna,  and  after  seveml  engagements  were  forced  to  capit- 
ulate, Sept.  H,  18J9. 

Barrafranca  (biir-rii-fran'kii).  A  small  town 
in  the  jn'ovince  of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  Italy, 
47  miles  west  of  Catania. 

Barragan  (bar-rit-giin'),  Migliel.  Born  in 
Valle  del  Mais,  San  Luis  Potosi.  1789:  ilied  at 
Mexico,  March  1,  18:)6.  A  Me.vican  general,  in 
1821  he  was  one  of  the  otllcers  who  supported  the  defec- 
tion of  Iturbide.  As  conininndant  of  Vera  Cruz  he  forced 
the  capitulation  of  San  Juan  de  I'lua,  the  last  Spanish 
fort  in  Mexico  (Nov.  18,  1825).  Ue  was  vice-president 
under  Santa  .Anna.  IS^ir,,  and,  during  his  absence,  acted 
as  president  until  his  death. 

Barra  Islands.  The  group  of  small  islands  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  chief 
of  which  is  Barra. 

Barrande    (bii-rond'),  Joachim.      Born    at 

.Saugues.   Haute-Loire,   France.  17!)U:    died  at 
Frohsdorf,  Oct.  5,  1883.     A   French  Austriiin 
paleontologist,  author  of  "Syst^me  siluiieu  du 
centre  de  la  Boh&me"  (1852),  etc. 
Barranquilla ( biir-riin-keryii),  or  Baranquila. 

A  seaport  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Kepublio 
of  Colombia,  situated  on  the  Mag<lalena  near 
its  mouth.     Popuiatiou  (1892),  15,000. 

Barras  (ba-riis'),  PaulJean  Frangois  Nicolas, 

Comte  de.  Born  at  Echempoux  in  I'ruvc-nce, 
.June  30,  1755:  died  at  ('halllol.  near  Paris, 
Jan.  29,  1S29.  A  French  revoluliiuiist.  lie  w^s 
deputy  to  the  Third  Estate  in  1789,  and  to  the  Cimvenlion 
in  17fr2 ;  commanded  a  division  at  the  capture  of  'I'.iulnn 
in  1793;  took  a  leading  l)art  in  the  >iverthio\v  of  K.iIkh. 
pierre  in  1794  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  I'ulilic 
Safety,  and  commander-in-chief  on  the  l;ith  Vendijmiaire, 
1795  :  t>ecame  a  member  of  the  Directory  in  1795  and  dic- 
tator in  1797;  anil  retired  from  ofllee  in  17119.  Ilia  me- 
moirs were  publi.shi-d  in  I8y:>. 

Barre  (biir),  Antoine  le  F6vre  de  la.    Bom 

about  lti05:  died  at  Paris,  .May  4,  KJSS.  A 
Frencdi  general  and  author,  in  HOT  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-general  and  sent  ai^'alnst  the  Knglish 
in  the  West  Inilies,  where  ho  was  generally  Buccessfni. 
From  1(582  to  1085  he  was  governor  of  Camida.  He  wrote 
a  "Description  tie  la  France  f^quiuoxiale,"  etc. 

Barr6  (bii-nX'),  Isaac.  Born  at  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, 172(>:  died  at  London,  July  20,  1H02.  A 
British  oflicerand  j)olitii-iaii  of  French  descent. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  tjnebec  1759. 
In  Parliament,  which  he  etitered  in  17til,  he  gaineil  a 
considerable  repntntion  as  an  orator,  especially  in  invec- 
tive. He  has  been  suggested  as  the  possible  author  of  the 
littcrM  of  Junius.  Ill»  nami-  forms  a  |iart  of  llu-  name  of 
W ilkex- Uarn},  now  H'l'rt-.n  Itinr,,  in  I'l-njisylvania- 

Barre  (bar'i).  A  town  in  Worcester  County, 
Massachusetts,  22  miles  northwest  of  Worces- 
ter.    Population  (1900),  2,0.59. 

Barre.  -V  town  in  Washington  County,  Ver- 
mont, .5  miles  southeast  of  Monlpelier.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  city,  M.44H. 

Barrelier  (biir're-le-a').  Jacques.  Born  at 
Paris,  KiOii:  died  Sept.  17,  1073.  A  Kreni'li  bot- 
anist, lie  wrote  ''  PlanUe  |)er  (lalliaiii,  IFis- 
paniam  et  Itallara  observatn»,  etc."  (1714),  etc. 

Barren  River,  or  Big  Barren  River.    A  river 

in   KentuelvV  «"hieh  joins  (It n    iv'lver  noiih- 

west  of  Bowling  (ireen.  Li-ngth,  about  120 
Iriiles. 
Barr^re  (bii-riir').  Pierre.  Born  at  Porpignan 
about  1(>90:  died  there,  Nov.  I,  17.5.5.  A  (''rench 
natui'.alist  and  traveler.  He  nlinlled  medicine  and 
botany,  and  from  1722  to  1725  traveled  In  Krcnch  llulana; 
and  after  his  return  was  professor  tif  botany  at  IVrpignan. 
Ue  wn)te  st-vcral  works  on  the  natural  history  and  geog. 
raphy  of  l-'ri'in-b  llulana. 

Barreto  de  Menezes  (bili--ra'to  de  me-na'/.ezh). 
Francisco.     Born  about  Hiiio':  died  after  1003. 


123 

A  Portuguese  soldier.  In  \M1  he  wu  appointed 
chief  of  the  i'ortuguese  forces  at  I'ernambueo,  with  the 
rank  of  Mestre  de  Campo.  He  Rained  brilliant  victories 
in  \*j\s  and  1U49,  and  tinally  forced  the  capitulation  of 
Kecife  (I'crnamlmeo),  Jan.  27,  10^.  From  .\pril,  ItViS.  to 
Aug.,  1((5«,  he  was  governor  of  Pernambuco,  and  fnjui  the 
latter  date  to  June  24,  l*>i:t,  captain-general  of  bra2il. 

Barrett  (bar'et),  Lawrence.  Born  at  Pater- 
son,  N.  J.,  April  4,  1.S38:  died  at  New  York. 
March  21, 1891.  An  American  actor  of  Irish  pa- 
rentage. He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at  lietroit  iu 
185,'l  as  Murad  in  "The  French  Spy";  appe:u*ed  In  -Sew 
York  Jan.  19.  ls5T,  as  I'lillord  In  "The  Hunchback'  ; 
was  leading  actor  in  the  lloston  &luseum  in  1858 ;  en. 
listefi  in  Ipijl  luid  served  for  a  time  aft  captain  of  I'om- 
pany  B,  28th  51ass;ichusetts  Volunteer*  ;  was  a  partner  of 
Lewis  linker  in  the  management  of  the  Varieties  Theater, 
New  Orleans,  18«:;{-01 ;  and  from  that  time  contlnue<t  as  a 
star  actor  and  manager.  F'rom  18S6  until  his  death  he 
was  closely  a.ssociatcd  with  Edwin  Booth.  He  produced 
a  number  of  new  plays.  He  published  a  Life  of  Kdwin 
Forrest  in  1881,  and  a  Life  of  Edwin  Booth  in  "Actors  and 
Actresses  f)f  the  Time." 

Barrett,  Wilson.  Born  in  Esse-x,  Feb.  18, 184C. 
.\ii  Knglish  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at 
Halifax.  He  has  been  manager  of  various  lheat*T»  at 
Leeds,  England,  and  Ix)ndon  (Court  Theater,  Princess's). 

Barrhead  (biir-heil').  A  town  in  Renfrewshire, 
Scotlaiul,  7  miles  soullnvi-st  of  Glasgow. 

Barri  (bar'i),  Giraldus  de.  See  OiraUlas  Cam- 
hrrnsis. 

Barrias  (ba-re-a').  F61ix  Joseph.    Bom  at 

Palis,  Sept.  13.  1S22.  .V  French  painter,  espe- 
cially of  historical  subjects. 

Barricades,  Days  of  the.    [F.  Jonnuks  des 

lidnicdiUn.]  In  French  history,  a  n:ime  given 
to  several  insurrections  iu  Paris  (May  12^  1588, 
.\ug.  2(5-27,  l(i4H,  also  to  the  insurrections  iu 
ISKO.  1H48,  etc.). 
Barrie  (bar'i),  James  Matthe'W.  Bom  at  Kir- 
riemuir, Forfai-shire.  May  9,  1800.  A  Scottish 
writer.  He  was  for  some  time  a  journalist  in  London. 
He  has  written  "Belter  Head"  (1887).  "Auld  Licht  Idvlla" 
and  "When  a  Man  's  Single  "  (188SX  "A  Window  in 
Thrums  "  (1889),  ".My  Lady  Nicotine"  (1890),  "The  Little 
Minislir"il-^!iO),  ■Sentimental Tommy  (1898), "Margaret 
Ogilvy"(1890).  etc. 

Barrier  Reef,  Great.    A  coral  reef  extending 

about  1,000  miles  parallel  with  the  northeast- 
ern coast  of  Australia,  at  a  ma.xiinuin  distance 
of  100  miles:  chief  pa.s.sage,  Kaines  Inlet. 

Barrier  Treaty.  A  treaty  fixing  the  frontier 
of  acountiy;  especially,  the  treaty  signed  at 
Antwerp,  Nov.  15,  17i5,  by  Austria,  Great 
Britain,  and  the  Netherlands,  determining  the 
relations  of  the  Dutch  pud  theAustrians  iu  the 
strategic  towns  of  the  Low  Countries. 

Barri6re(b!i-re-iir').  Theodore.  Born  at  I'aris, 
1S23;  died  there,  Oct.  10, 1S77.  A  French  drama- 
list,  a  prolific  writer. 

Barriers,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained  by 
the  Allies  over  the  Fi-ench  under  the  walls  of 
I'aris,  .Mai-ch,  1S|4. 

Barrili  (biir-ro'le).  Antonio  Giulio.    Born  at 

Savoua,  183(3.  An  Italian  novelist  ami  publicist. 
He  aci;ompanleili;aribalili  to  Tyrol  in  180*1,  participated  in 
the  Roman  eampaigit  of  1S07,  and  became  eilitor  of  "11 
.Movinienlo"  in  IstWl,  and  of  "II  Cairaro"(IJenoa)  In  1872. 
Author  of  the  novel  "I  Itossi  o  I  .Ncn"  (Is71),  etc. 

Barrington  (bar'ing-ton),  Daines.  Bom  1727: 
dieil  .Mai-ch  14,  IWIO.  .\n  lOnglish  lawyer,  natu- 
ralist, and  aiitii|uary,  fourth  son  of  the  fii-st  Vis- 
count Barrington.  He  wrote  "Observations  on 
the  Statutes"  (17G0),  "The  Natiu^alist's  Calen- 
dar" (1707),  etc. 

Barrington,  George.    Born  at  Mavnooth,  Iro- 

lanil,  .May  14,  1755:  died  about  1840.  A  wriliT 
on  Australian  topics,  transported  to  that  colony 
as  a  pickpocki't  iu  1790,  and  emaneipati'd  in 
1792.  His  most  notable  exploit  as  a  thief  was  the  robbing 
of  Prince  (triotf.  In  i'ovetit  tiarden  Theater,  of  a  nnulf-box 
said  to  be  worth  about  Sl.'iO.iKK).  When  "The  Itevenge  " 
by  Voung  was  luescnted  in  Sydney  by  actors  most  of  whitm 
were  convicts,  Harrington  wrote  (he  pndogue  e^intaining 
the  fanuuis  lines: 

"Tnie  patrlotft  we,  for  bo  It  undorstotMl 
We  left  our  country  for  our  country's  good.* 

He  also  wrote  "A  Voyage  to  Ikitiny  Hay.  etc. "(19)1),  "The 
lllslon  of   New  South   Wabs,  etc.  "(I8"2),  "The  History 

of  N.w  ]I..I1:oh1   ■(I'MI-),    oi.l  other  workl. 

Barrington,  John  Shute,  first  Viscount  Bar- 
rington. Born  at  Theobnlils  in  lIiTlfonlHliire. 
1078:  died  at  Becket  in  Berkshire,  Dec.  14,1734. 
An  Knglish  lawyerand  polemical  writer.  He  was 
the  turn  of  Hi'iijnntln  ShiUe.  a  huulon  men-hnnt ;  bul,  on 
lnheritlngtheeH(a(eof  Francis  Itnrrlnglon  of  Tofta,  Essex, 
he,  In  compllanri'  wKli  tin'  rr<|nlri-mi'n(N  of  (he  will,  as 
slimed  his  name.  H<-  was  rrwi(e4l  baron  llnrrtngton  of 
Newcastle  In  the  roun(y  of  Publln,  anil  viM'ouni  Itnrring- 
ton  of  Arilglass  In  (he  eouidy  of  Ihiwn  (Irish  pi-erage).  in 
1720.  He  wro(e  "Th<>  Itluhls  of  l'rolea(ant  IHss<'n(<'ii>' 
(1701  :  seciMid  part  I7or.).  "A  l>ls<uaslve  to  JarobKImn  ' 
(171:0,  "Mln.ellam-a  .Sn.ra  '(J7'JX0.  etc. 

Barrington,  Sir  Jonah.  Bom  in_  (Queen's 
County,    Ireland,     17('>il:     dii'd    at     Versailles. 


Barrow,  Mrs. 

France,  April  f*.  ls:i4.  An  Irish  .judge.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Pers-uial  .Sketches  "  (1827  :  :)d  voL  183-2), 
■  Historic  Slemoirs  of  Ireland  (1832),  ■  The  Else  aod  Fall 
of  the  Irish  Nation  '  (1833). 

Barrington,  Samuel.  Bom  1729:  died  1800. 
An  Knglish  adiniial.  fifth  son  of  the  first  Vis- 
count Barrington.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  the  West  Indies. 

Barrington,  Shute.  Bom  at  Becket,  Berk- 
shire. Slay  -JO.  1734:  died  March  25,  1820.  An 
Knglish  prelate,  sixth  son  of  the  first  Viscount 
Barrington,  bishop  of  Llandaff,  and  later  of 
Salisbury  and  of  Durham. 

Barrington,  William  Wildman,  second  Vis- 
count Barrington.  Born  Jan.  lo,  1717:  died 
Feb.  1,  1793.  An  English  statesman,  eldest  son 
of  the  first  Viscount  BaiTingtou.  He  was  secre- 
tary at  war  175.'>-<J1,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  I7ei-<I2, 
antl  secretary  at  war  17(i.'>-78. 

Barrios  (biir'rc-os).  Gcrardo.  Born  at  San  Sal- 
vador about  1810:  died  there,  Aug.  29,  1803.  A 
Central  American  general.  He  was  an  adherent  of 
Morazan,  and  t<M>k  part  in  the  war  in  Nicaragua  in  1844. 
In  1857  he  etunmanded  the  .Salvadorian  (roops  sent  to 
Nicaragua  against  W  alker.  The  same  year  he  returned 
and  fomenied  an  unsuccessful  revolution  against  Presi* 
dent  Campos,  in  1800  he  became  president  of  .Salvador  by 
regular  election,  but  was  deposed  in  18<13  by  Carrera.  presL 
dent  of  (inateniala.  In  1805  he  attempted  a  war  against 
Dnei'ias.  the  successor  whom  Carrera  had  imposed,  but 
was  captured  and  shot. 

Barrios,  Justo  Rufino.  Bom  at  San  Marcos, 
(^iiozaltenango,  (iuatemala.  about  1834:  died 
near  Chalchuapa,  Salvador,  April  2,  18.S5.  A 
statesman  of  Guatemulii.  After  18«7  he  opposed 
President  Ccrna.  and  in  1871  tisik  a  prominent  pari  in  his 
overthrow.  From  June  4.  1873.  until  his  death  B;uTioa 
was,  by  successive  elections,  president  of  Guatemala.  lie 
secured  order  and  prosperity,  initiated  railroads,  tele- 
graphs, and  odier  improvements,  and  secured  religious 
freedom.  In  1882-83  he  visited  the  I'nlled  States  and 
Europe.  His  scheme  of  forcing  a  confederation  of  the 
Central  .American  states  led  to  a  war  with  .S.iIvador.  Bar- 
rios invaded  that  country,  and  was  killed  in  an  assault  on 
ChalchuapiL 

Barron  (bar'on),  James.  Born  in  Virginia 
abotit  1708:  died  at  Norfolk.  Va.,  April  21,  1851. 
An  .American  commodore.  When  In  command  of 
the  Chesapeake  (1&I7)  he  refused  to  surrender  three  al- 
leged British  ileserters  demanded  by  Captain  Humphreys 
of  the  Briti.^h  ship  Leopard,  and  was  attacked  (In  time  of 
peace)  and  captured  (June  22).  The  Chesapeake  was  taken 
unprepareil.  and  fired  c)nly  one  gun  <luritig  the  action.  Bar- 
ron wiia  court-martialed,  ami  deprived  of  his  rank  and  pay 
for  five  years-  On  his  return  to  duty  he  was  refused  an 
active  command,  with  the  result  that  a  duel  wasfouglit  be- 
tween him  and  Commodore  Decatur  (who  had  opposed 
him)  in  IS'iti,  and  the  latter  was  kille<l. 

Barron  Samuel.  Boi-n  in  Virginia  1705:  died 
Oct.  29,  1810.  An  .Vmericiin commodore,  brother 
of  James  Barron.  He  commanded  a  squadron 
ill  the  Tripolilaii  w.ir  in  1S0,5. 

Barros  (biir'ri.is),  Joao  de.  Bora  at  Vizeu, 
Portiigiil,  1491):  died  near  Pombal,  1570.  A 
note<l  Portuguese  historian.  He  wrote  "i)  Impe- 
rad(»r  Clariniumlo,"  a  romance  of  chivalry  ;  "Asia"  (IGAS- 
1G1.'>X  a  history  of  Portuguese  conquests  in  the  Orient ;  and 
other  works. 

The  Asia  is  the  first  great  work  which  contains  authen- 
tic information  relating  to  the  rich  and  extensive  coun- 
tries sepanitcd  fr^un  Europe  by  such  an  immense  expanse 
of  waters,  and  of  which,  previous  to  the  Iniiulries  of  our 
author,  wo  [losscssed  sued  very  vague  and  contradletory 
aecounls.  lie  Is  still  considered  as  the  chief  authorily 
and  foundation  ftir  subse4)U4-nt  %vrl(ers.  not  mdy  In  (heir 
history  of  all  Portuguese  discoveries  anti  of  the  earliest 
communications  of  Euiope  with  (he  F.as(,  but  in  all  geo. 
graphical  an.i  siadstical  knowli.lge  relative  to  (he  Indies. 
Iff  Sunninuli,  Ll(,  of  Soudi  of  Eun>pe.  II.  i^&L 

Barros  Arana,  Diego.  Born  at  Santiago  in 
IS.Iil.  .\  Chilian  historian.  Mis  first  (realise.  ••  F* 
tudios  historlcoH  sobre  Vieenie  Henavl<les  y  las  Canipal)8S 
del  Sur.  "appi-ared  in  ISfs).  and  since  then  he  has  |>iiltlished 
a  succession  of  lmp«tr(an(  works.  Among  his  lies(-known 
works  are  thi'  "  lllstorbi  de  la  in<le|HMidencin  do  Chile" 
(Santiago.  1«>4  to  IS.'JJ,  4  vols).  "El  Ueneral  Frelre." 
"  \'lda  y  viagrs  de  llernnndo  de  Magallane^"  and  "  ills- 
(oria  general  de  Chile  "  (s  vols  .  18H4  rl  «-.;,).  lie  has  eclKwl 
the  "Ciderclon  de  Illstnrlndores  PrlmKlToa  de  Chile," 
and  (ho  "  Piirvii  Indilmlto,"  a  histtirlcal  |M>eiu  of  the  Arau- 
oanian  war. 

Barrosa  i  biirro'sll),  or  Barossa,  er  Barosa.  A 

small  iilace  near  t'liiliz.  Spain,  when'.  March  S, 
IHIl.the  Itrilish  under  Graham  derealed  the 
I'rench  iindiT  Victor. 

Barrot  (bii-ro'i.  Oamille  Hyacinthe  Odllon. 

Born  at  Villeforl.  deparlmeiit  of  Loz^re.  Jiilv 
19. 1791 :  died  111  Boiigival.  Kniiice.  Aug.  0. 1873. 
A  I'leiich  ndvocnie  and  slalesman.  He  was  a 
leader  of  (he  opiM>Mil  Ion  under  l.<aiis  I'hillppe,  and  premier 

and  minlslir  of  Justice  INtS   III. 

Barrot,  Victorln  Ferdinand.    Bom  ni  Paris, 

Jan.  10,  IsiHl:  died  ih.ris  Nov.  12.  1W3,  A 
French  Boiinpnrlist  polilician,  brother  of  Cb- 
mille  llyncinllie  Odllon  Barrot,  elected  life 
Heimtor   ill    1S77. 

Barrow  (lur'o),  Mrs.  i Frances  Elizabeth 
Mease  I :  pseudonym  Aunt  Fanny.     Bom  at 


Barrow,  Mrs. 

Charleston,  S.  C,  Feb.  22.  1822 :  died  at  New 
York,  May  7,  181)4.  .\ii  American  writer.  She 
married  J.inies  Barrow,  junior,  in  1841.  She  wrote  the 
series  :  ■'  Little  Pet  Books"  (1860),  "Good  Little  Hearts," 
etc.  (1864),  "  Xightcaj*  Series,"  "The  Fop-Gnn  Stories," 
and  "The  Six  Jlitten  Boolis." 

Barrow,  orBarrowe,  Henry.    Died  April  6, 


124 

Barry  tba-re'),  Comtesse  du  (Jeanne  B6cu, 
wrongly  Marie  Jeanne  Gomard  de  Vauber- 

nier).  Boru  iu  Chumpague,  1/46  (or  1743J : 
guillotined  at  Paris,  Dee.  6.  1793.  TJie  mistress 
of  Louis  XV.  after  1768,  notorious  for  her 
prodigality. 


1593.    An  English  religious  reformer,  regarded  Barry   (bar'i),  John.    Bom  at  Taeumshane. 


as  one  of  the  founders  of  Congregationalism 
He  was  executed  on  a  charge  of  sedition. 
Barrow,  Isaac.  Born  at  London,  1630 :  died  at 
London,  April,  1677.  A  noted  English  theolo- 
gian, classical  scholar,  and  mathematician.  He 
was  educ.ited  at  Cambridge  (scholar  of  Trinity  KMT,  and 
fellow  1649),  traveled  on  the  Continent  (165S-6S>1,  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  geometry  at  Gresham  CoUejie,  and  in 
166.i  lirst  Lucasian  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge 
(resigned  lli(i9  in  favor  of  Xewton) :  was  chaplain  to  Charles 
II. ;  and  became  master  of  Trinity  College  in  1672.  .\raoiig 
his  works  are  "Lectiones  Optica  et  Geometricse  "  (1669- 
1670-74),  "Treatise  on  the  Popes  Suprem.acy  '  (1680).  The 
best  edition  of  his  theological  works  is  that  of  Rev.  A. 
Napier  (18.i9). 
Barrow,  Sir  John.  Born  near  Ulverston  in  Lan- 
cashire, June  19,  1764:  died  at  Camden  Town, 
near  London,  Nov.  23, 1848.  An  English  writer, 
secretary  of  the  admiralty,  and  a  traveler  in  the 
service  of  the  government  in  China  and  the 
Cape.  He  was  a  promoter  of  Arctic  exploration  (Barrow 
Straits,  Cape  Barrow,  and  Point  Barrow  were  named  for 
him),  and  chief  founder  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 
Among  his  works  are  "  TYavels  in  South  Africa  "  (1801-04), 
"Travels  in  China"  (1804),  "Voyage  to  Cochin-Chiua " 
(1806),  "History  of  .\rctic  \'oyages  "  (1818),  "  Voyages  of 
Discovery  and  Research  within  the  Arctic  Regions"  (1846), 
autobiography,  etc. 

Barrow.  A  river  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  which  flows 
into WaterfordHarbor.  Length,  about  100  miles. 
Barrow,  Cape.  A  headland  on  the  northern 
coast  of  British  North  America,  projecting  into 
Coronation  Gulf,  about  lat.  68°  N.,  long.  111°  W. 
It  was  named  for  .Sir  John  Barrow. 
Barrow,  Point.  A  headland  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Alaska,  projecting  into  the  Ai-ctic 
Ocean,  in  lat.  71°  23'  31 '  N.,  long.  156°  21'  40 '  W. 
It  was  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow. 
Barrow-in-Furness  (bar'6-in-fer-nes').  A  sea- 
port in  Furness,  Lancashire,  England,  .50  miles 
northwest  of  Liverpool,  it  has  had  a  rapid  recent 
development,  due  to  the  iron  mines  in  the  vicinity,  and 
the  development  of  iron  and  steel  manufactures,  etc. 
Population  (1901),  57,581. 
Barrow  Strait.  A  channel  in  the  Arctic  re- 
gions of  North  America,  communicating  with 
Melville  Strait  on  the  west,  Lancaster  Sound 
on  the  east.  Regent  Inlet  on  the  southeast,  and 
Peel  Sound  on  the  south:  discovered  bv  PaiTy 
inl819,  and  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow.  "Width, 
about  .50  miles. 

Barrows  (bar'oz),  Elijah  Porter.  Bom  at 
Mansfield,  Conn.,  Jan.  5,  1805:  died  at  Ober- 
lin,  O.,  Sept.  14,  1888.  An  American  religious 
writer.  He  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Andover  Semi- 
nary 1S53-66,  anil  accepted  a  similar  appointment  at 
oherlin  Tlieological  Seminary  in  1S72. 

Barruniiia  (ba-ron'de-a),  Jose  Francisco. 

Born  in  Guatemala,  1779:  died  at  New  York, 
Aug.  4.  1854.  A  Central  American  statesman. 
He  took  an  eaily  and  prominent  part  in  the  movement 
against  Spain,  and  in  1813  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
escaped  and  concealed  himself  for  six  years.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  Central  Amer- 
ica 1823-24,  and  introduced  the  decree  by  wliich  slavery 
was  abolished.  From  June  25, 1829,  to  Sept.  16, 1830,  he 
was  president  of  Central  America.  In  1851,  when  Hon- 
duras, Salvador,  and  Nicaragua  attempted  to  form  a  con- 
federation, Barrundia  was  chosen  president ;  but  the  union 
was  dissolved  next  year.  In  1854  Barrundia  came  to  the 
United  States  as  envoy  from  Honduras,  with  the  avowed 
object  of  offering  the  annexation  of  that  country  to  the 
authorities  at  Washington :  but  he  died  suddeidy  before 
anything  was  done.  He  was  greatly  respected. 
Barry  (bar'i).  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, May  23,  1795 :  died  at  Clapham,  Mav  12, 
1860.  An  English  architect,  designer  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament,  London. 

Barry,  Edward  Middleton.  Bora  at  London, 
June  7,  1830 :  died  there,  Jan.  27, 1880.  An  Eng- 
lish architect,  son  of  Sir  Charles  Barrv,  designer 
of  the  Covent  fiarden  Theater,  etc. 

Barry,  Elizabeth.  Bom  in  1658 :  died  Nov.  7, 
1713.  An  English  actress,  she  went  on  the  stage 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Rochester,  and  was  the 
creator  of  more  than  one  hundred  roles,  mostly  those  of 


County  Wexford,  Ireland,  1745 :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  13,  1803.  An  American  naval 
commander,  distinguished  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  settled  in  Philadelphia  about  1760,  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  was  given  command  of  the  Lexington, 
and  captured  the  British  tender  Edward  in  1776.  In  1778 
he  took  command  of  the  Raleigh,  which  was  captured, 
a  few  days  after  sailing,  by  the  British  ship  Experiment. 
Barry  escaped  and  entered  the  army.  In  command  of  the 
Alliance  (1781)  he  captured  the  British  ships  Atalanta  and 
Trepassy,  and  later  in  the  same  year  conveyed  Lafayette 
and  Noailles  to  France.  He  was  appointed  commodore 
in  1794. 

Barry,  John  Stetson.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  26, 1819 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  11, 
1872.  An  American  Universalist  clergyman 
and  historical  writer,  brother  of  William  Barrv 


Barth61emy-Saint-HilaiTe 

Aube  30  miles  east  of  Troves.  Population 
(1891).  commune,  4,342. 

Bar-sur-Aube.  Battle  of.  A  victorv  gained  by 
the  Allies  under  Seh  warzenberg  over  the  French 
under  Macdonald  and  Oudinot,  Feb.  27,  1814. 

Bar-sur-Seine  (bar-siii--san').  A  town  in  tlie 
department  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  IS  miles  southeast  of  Troves.  It  was 
the  scene  of  conflicts  between  the"  French  and 
Allies  in  1814.     Population  (1891),  commune, 

Bart  (biirt;  F.  prou.  bar),  or  Earth,  or  Baert, 
Jean.  Born  at  Dunkirk.  1651 :  died  there,  April 
27,1702.  AFrenchnavalhero.  He  served  first  under 
De  Ruyter,  but  entered  the  French  service  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  with  Holland,  As  his  ignoble  birth  pre- 
vented promotion  in  the  regular  navv,  he  became  captain 
of  a  privateer,  but  so  distinguished  himself  .against  the 
Dutch  and  English  that  Louis  XIV.  appointed  him  suc- 
cessively lieutenant,  captain,  and  (1697)  commander  of  a 
squadron. 

Bartan  (bar-tan').     A  small  town  in  Asia  Mi- 
situated  on  the  Black  Sea  48  miles  north- 


no  r. 
He  wrote  a  "History  of  MassachusSts"  0^5^:  ^^  f^l^^,^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  g^jj^^^^  ^^ 

Barry,  Sir  John  Wolfe.    Bom  1836.   An  Eng-     fVret^TJrV'''''  -\"''^^  ^^'-  '^'"^  ^°*^- 
lish  ciril  engineer,  son  of  Sir  Charles  Barrv      ^  .1.  „1':r..P?'^i-.  .^^  ^.•*';'.''"?  .'""*'='•  H^nry  of  Navarre 


He  was  appointed  liy  the  government  on  the  Itoyal  Coin- 
missi.in  on  Irish  Public  Worl.s  (1886)  and  on  the  Western 
(Scttish)  Highlands  .ind  Islands  Commission  (1889).  Au- 
thor nf  "P.ailway  Appliances:  Details  of  Railway  Con- 
struction "  (1876),  etc.     Knighted  l.S<)7. 

Barry,  Martin.  Born  at  Fratton,  Hants,  Eng- 
land, Jlarch  29.  1802 :  died  at  Beecles.  Suffolk, 
April  27,  1855.  An  English  physician,  noted 
as  an  embryologist.  He  made  (1843)  the  discovery 
of  the  presence  of  spermatozoa  within  the  ovum 

Barry,  Patrick.  Born  in  Leland,  1816:  died 
at  Rocliester,  N.  Y.,  June  23,  1890.  An  Ameri- 
can horticidturist  and  pomologist.  He  was  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Genesee  Farmer  '  1S44-52,  and  of  the  ■ '  Horti- 
culturist" 1852-54  ;  prepared  the  catalogue  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society,  and  published  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Fruit  Garden  "  (1851). 

Barry,  Spranger.  Bora  at  Dublin,  Ii'eland, 
1719:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10.  1777.     An  Irish 

^^■"Flt^fi^DnJ^^:   ll'^TZ'7Z\'^^  Bartenstein,  Johann;Christoph,.Baron  von. 


m  war  and  diplomacy,  and  died  from  wounds  received  at 
the  battle  of  Ivry,  His  most  noted  work  is  ■  La  premii;re 
semaine  ■  or  "La  creation,"  It  passed  through  thirty 
editions  in  a  few  years,  and  was  translated  into  EngUsh 
by  Sylvester.  He  also  wrote  "Judith,"  "Cranie"  "La 
seconde  semaine,"  etc 

All  that  was  wanting  to  make  Du  Bartas  a  poet  of  the 
first  rank  was  some  faculty  of  self-criticism ;  of  natural 
verve  and  imagination  as  weU  as  of  erudition  he  had  no 
lack,  but  in  critical  faculty  he  seems  to  have  been  totally 
deficient.     His  beauties,  rare  in  kind  and  not  small  in 
amount,  are  alloyed  with  vast  quantities  of  dull  absurdity, 
SainMury,  French  Lit,,  p.  21l! 
Bartenland  (bar'ten-land).     A  region  in  the 
inoviuce  of  East   Prussia,  Pnissia,  south  of 
Konigsberg. 
Bartenstein  (bar'ten-stin).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Aller  34  miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg.    Popu- 
latiou  (1890),  commune,  6.442. 


actors  of  his  time,  and  excelled  in  tragedy,  though  he  oc- 
casionally played  in  comedy.  He  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  Abbey. 

Barry,  Mrs.  (Ann  Street).  Born  at  Bath.  Eng- 
land, 1734:  died  Nov.  29.  1801.  An  English 
actress,  wife  of  Spranger  Barry,  when  verj- 
young  she  married  an  actor  liamed  Dancer,  and  first  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  about  17,56  under  that  name.  She 
married  Barry-  in  1768.  .After  his  death  she  remained  on 
the  stage,  marrying  in  1778  a  51r.  Crawford,    She  was  con 


Bora  at  Strasburg,  1689:  died  at  Vienna.  Aug! 
6, 1767.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  securing  the  consent  of  Europe  to  the  prag- 
matic sanction  of  Charles  VI.,  and  was  appointed  by  Maria 
Theresa  (1751)  tutor  to  her  son  who  ascended  the  throne 
as  Joseph  II. 
Bartfeld  (bart'feld).  Hung.  Bartfa  (bart'fot. 
A  town  in  the  county  of  Saros.  northern  Hun- 
gary, situated  on  the  Topla  40  miles  north  of 
Kaschau.     Population  (1890),  5.069. 


— ojf-,  -.......-..." -A... ...i,  ,.i,.ii.c,  CI,.,  ,  oiiiuicu  H III!  r,ien- 

ardson  and  llverweg from  Tripoli  in  1850  ;  visited  (1850-55) 
the  Sah;u-a,  Bornu,  Adamawa,  Kanem,  Baghirmi.  Sokoto, 
Timbuktu,  etc,  ;  discovered  the  Binue  June  18,  1851 ;  and 
traveled  later  in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  etc.  His  works 
include:  " Wanderungen  durch  die  Kiistenlander  des 
ilittelmeers"  (1849,  "Journeys  through  the  Border  Lands 
of  the  .Mediterranean"),  "Reisen  und  Entdeckungen  in 
Xord-  und  Central.ilrika"  (1855-58.  "Journeys  and  Dis- 
coveries in  Northern  and  Central  Africa"),  w-orks  on  the 
dialects  of  central  Africa  (1862-64),  and  travels  in  Asia 

^,      Minor  and  European  Tmkey. 

Feb.  5.  1785:  died  at  Liverpool.  England.  Earth,  Jean.     See  Bnrt. 
30,   183o.     An  American  politician  and  Earth,  Kaspar  VOn.     Born  at  Kiistrui,  Bran 

denburg,  June  21,  1587:  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 
17.  16-58.  A  German  classical  philologist.  He 
is  said  to  have  read  and  elucidated  nearly  all  the  Greek 
and  Roman  authors.  He  published  "Adversaria,"  in  00 
books. 

Earth. 


timore,  Md..  July  18. 1879.  An  American' briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers.  He  was  chief  of  artU- 
lery  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861-62,  participating  in 
the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  in  the  engagements  at  Gaines's 
51111.  MeilianicsviUe,  Charles  City  Cross-Roads,  Malvern 
Hill,  and  Hairison's  Landing;  and  held  a  similar  post  under 
General  Sherman  1864-66,  taking  part  in  the  siege  of  At- 
lanta and  in  the  northern  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Carolina 
campaigns, 

Barry,  William  Taylor.    Born  at  Lunenburg, 
Va..  F'^    "   '"'^-      '■    ' 
Aug. 

jurist.  He  was  member  of  Congress  1810-11 ;  served  in 
the  war  of  1812 ;  was  United  States  senator  1815-16 ;  be- 
came judge  of  the  Kentucky  Supreme  Court  in  1816  ;  was 
postmaster-general  1829-33,  and  was  the  first  incumbent 
of  that  office  invited  to  sit  in  the  cabinet ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Spain  in  1835. 

Barry.  A  small  island  of  Glamorganshire. 
Wales,  in  the  Bristol  Channel  southwest  of 
Cardiff. 

Barry.  A  famous  St.  Bernard  dog  which  saved 
forty  lives  on  Mount  St.  Bernard.  His  staffed 
skin  is  e.xhibited  in  the  museum  at  Bern. 

Barry  Lyndon  (bar'i  lin'don).  Memoirs  of. 
A  no\-el  by  Thackeray,  first  publisheii  in  '  Fra- 
sei-'s  Magazine,"  beginning  in  1844,  as  ■•The 
Luck  of  BaiTv  Lvndon."  It  is  an  exhiliition  of 
a  scoundrel  of  the  most  finished  rasealitv. 


^Ttof-on^^Sv,*'""!"'",  ?"''  Ef'"''?'''  »?'1>'  her  highest  Barsac  (bar-sak').     A  town  in  the  department 
reput.ation.     She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1708  and  was     nf  <■:..„.,  i„    t7«„    „         •*      t    i  ""^  i«>' iiinr.ii, 

buried  at  Acton.     She  (not  Mrs.  Spranger  Bi^y)  wS     ?*  tr'ronde,  France,  situated  on  the  Garonne 
known  as  "  the  great  Mrs.  Bany." 

Barry,  (Jerald.     See  GiraUJus  Cambrensis. 

Barry,  James.    Bom  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Oct.  11,  Barsad,  John.     See  Pmss.  Solommi. 
1741:  died  at  London.  Feb.  22, 1806.     An  Irish  Barsine.     See  Statira,  3. 
painter  of  historical  and  mythological  subjects.  Barsumas  (bar-su'mas),   or  Barsuma   (-ma) 


A  seaport  in  the  pro\ince  of  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  15  mUes  west  of  Stralsimd.  Population 
1 1890).  commune,  5,578. 

Earth61emy  (bar-tal-me'),  Augusta  Mar- 
seille. Born  at  Marseilles,  1796:  died  there, 
Aug.  23,  1867.  A  French  satirical  poet  and 
prose-writer.  He  wrote  many  works,  chiefly 
in  collaboration  with  Mery. 

Earthelemy,  Francois,  Marqids  de.  Bom  at 
Aubague,  France,  (Jet.  20,  1747:  died  at  Paris. 
April  3,  1830.  A  French  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  minister  to  Switzerland  in  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolution  ;  member  of  the  Directoiy  (deposed 
1797) ;  and  later  senator. 


21  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  It  is  noted  for  Earthelemy,  Jean  Jacques.  Bom  at  Cassis, 
its  wine.  Population  (1891),  commime,  2.998.  near  Marseilles.  Jan.  20,  1716:  died  at  Pari* 
!.,^o.,j    T„v_      c„„  r>....„.,  c, -  April  30,  1795.    A  French  antiquarian  and  man 


He  was  notorious  for  his  violent'temper  (which  led" to  his 
being  deprived  of  his  professorship  of  painting  to  the 
Royal  Academy  and  bis  expulsion  from  that  body)  and 
erratic  views,  and  carried  his  theory  of  the  classical  in  art 
so  far  as  to  represent  all  the  figuresin  his  "  Death  of  Gen- 
eral Wolfe  "  nude. 


A  bishop  of  Nisibis  in  Mesopotamia  and  met- 
ropolitan (435^189),  the  chief  founder  of  the 
Nestorian  Church  in  eastern  Asia. 
Bar-sur-Aube    (bar-silr-ob').     A  town  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 


ot  letters.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Voyage  du  jeune 
-Anacharsis  en  Grece"  (1788),  'Reflexions  sur  I'alphabet 
et  la  langue  de  Palmyre"(1754),  "Essai  d'une  palieogra- 
phie  numismatique,"  'Amours  de  Caryte  et  de  Polydore, ' 
a  romance  (1760).  etc. 

Earthelemy-Saint-Hilaire  (san-te-lar'),  Jules. 

Born  Aug,  19,  1S(15:  died  Nov.  24.  1895.  A 
French  statesman  and  Orientalist,  professor  in 


Barth61eniy-Saint-Hilaire 

the  Coll&ge  Ue  France  ami  member  of  the  In- 
stitute. He  became  »  member  o(  the  Assembly  in  1848  ; 
refused  to  reooiniize  the  coup  detat  of  ls=l ;  ami  under 
the  third  lepublic  has  been  deputy  and  senator,  and  minis, 
tir  of  toreil-n  atfairs  1880-*1.  Aiuoni;  his  works  are  a 
iSnsIatioii  ..1  Ai-istotle  (1830-14).  -sur  les  Vddas  (1854X 
"DuBoud.llii8nie"(lsr.r.),  "Mahomet  et  le  Coiiin  '  (18"!.'.), 
"Penseesde  Marc  A.irele"  (187.;),  ■•i;hil..sophie  des  deux 
Amperes"  (ISUti),  "Etude  sur  l!rauv'i>is  Bacon    (l5l«)),  etc 

Barthez (biir-tas'),  orBarthds (bUr-tas  ). Paul 
Josenh  Bovn  at  Montpellier,  Fraiiee,  Dec.  11, 
17:i4:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  15,  IHOC.  A  noted 
French  pliysieiaii  and  medieal  wniter.  Author 
of  "  Souveaux  eh  nients  de  la  science  de  Ihumme  '  (1778), 
"  Nouvelle  m>cariiiiue  des  mouvemeiits  de  I'honime  ct  des 

BartholdCWtoTd), FriedrichWilhelm.  B„.n 
at  Berlin.  Sept.  4,  1799:  di.d  Jan.  14.  IS.jS.  A 
German  historian,  lie  became  profe8St)r  of  history 
at  Oreifswald  in  18:14.  Among  h's  »-..rk8  are  "  Der  RA- 
morjue  Konia  lie  nr  ch's  von  LutzelburR  (lsaO-31), 
"aeschiohte '^.n  Rugcn  und  Ponnuern-  d^f^^).  , '«f- 
.chichte  des  k'rossen  deulschen  Krieija  vom  fode  ^usbiv 
Adolfs  ;^)  ■  (184:<),  and  "  Geschichte  der  deutscben  .•<tadte 

Bartioldi  (bar-tol-de"),  Fr6d6ric  Auguste. 
Bom  at  C'Dlmar,  Alsace,  April  2,  18J4.  A  noted 
French  scidptor.  Among  his  works  are  the  statue  of 
Lafayette  ii.  Union  Square,  New  York  city,  an.l  the  great 
statue  of  Liberty  in  New  York  HarlK.r 

Bartholdy  (bar-tol'de),  Jakob  Salomon  Born 
at  Berlin;  MaY  VX  1779:  died  at  Konu-,  .July  2-. 
1825.  A  German  iliplomatist,  art-cuUector,  anil 
patron  of  art :  author  of  ' '  Der  Kneg  der  Tiroler 
Landleutc"  (1814),_ete. 


125 


Lianaieutc     ( loit;,  '"•. 

Bartholin  (biU'to-len),  Kaspar.  Born  at  Mal- 
ina,  Sweden,  Feb.  12, 1585:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
July  13  1(>"9.  A  Danish  physician  and  scholar. 
He  becanie  professor  of  oratory  in  the  University  "i'-oP"'- 
togen  in  ICll.  of  me.lieine  in  161S,  and  of  theol„i;j  i 
I«24  Ue  wrote  a  text-book  on  anatomy  which  « ;i.s  hij!hl> 
esteemed  in  the  17th  century,  "Institutiones  anatoinica; 

Bartholin.  Thomas.  Born  (x-t.  -JO,  IGIO:  died 
Dec  4  IGHO.  A  Danish  physician  and  scholar, 
son  of  Kasjiar  Bartholin.  He  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Copenhagen  m  1W«.  »";' 
of  ■nedicine  1B47-«1.  He  wrote  on  anatomy  and  medi- 
diu"  and  revised  (ItHl)  his  father's  "Institutiones  ana- 

BartholO  (bar-to-lo').  In  Bcaumarohais's  coin- 
ed v  ••  Le  Barbier  de  Seville,"  an  old  doctor  who 
has  become  the  t\-pe  of  the  jealous  guardian 
He  proposes  to  marry  his  ward  Rnsine,  who  is  enamoured  of 
Count  Alma  Viva  He  afterward  appears  in  "Le  Manage 
de  Figaro  •  as  u  less  important  character. 

Bartholomaussee.    See  A(»i /</«*■<■;■. 
Bartholomew  (biir-thol'o-mu),   Saint     [Heb., 
"sonof  Tolmai';  Gr.  Ba/;«o/o/«»o.;,  L.  I>artl,<,h- 
mxiis,  F.  liarlliolomcc,  BartMkmi,  It.  li»itolo- 
meo,  Sp.    Bartntome,  Pg.  Biirtohmcii,  (..  Jl<ii- 
tholomhus,  liurthcL]    One  ot'  the  t^ye  vo  apos- 
tles, probably  identical  withNathaniel.    Little  is 
known  of  his  Work.     According  to  tradition  he  preached 
i  "vSons  parts  of  Asia,  including,  according  to  f-us^'  "»• 
beholders  of  India,  and  was  flayed  alive  and  tlien  c  u- 
cifled   head  .lownw.ird,  at  Allianopolis  in  Ar.nen  a.     His 
memory  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  ami  Anglican  churches 
°n  Aug  ii  .  in  the  Oreek  Church  on  June  11.     His  emblem 
is  a  knife.  ^,  «        *«,„.« 

Bartholomew,  Saint,  Massacre  of.  J^  or- 
ganized slaughter  of  French  ll.is;..en»ls  m  Pa- 
ris and  the  proyinces,  instigated  by  Catherine 
de'  Medici,  .•ominencing  on  St.  Bartholomew  s 
day,  Aug.  24,  1572.  The  number  ot  victims  is 
est^matiHl  at  from  20,000  to  30,000.  Among 
them  vras  Coligny.  -,-/«>       a 

Bartholomew  Bayou  fbiir-thol'o-mti  in  d).    A 

river  wliicli  ris.'S  in  .\rkansas.  near  1  uie  BIuH, 
aiicl.ioins  the  Ouachita  in  northern  Louisiana. 
Length,  abr.uf  2.'ill  miles.  ,     u  i  i 

Bartholomew  Fair.  1.  A  fair  formerly  held 
at  Smitlilic^ld,  London,  on  St.  Bartholomew  s 
dav  Au<'.  24(0.  S.).  it  was  first  hebl  in  ira ;  in  IJWl 
it  1^.^  sh,rrtened  from  'l4  to  4  days:  in  l"-*  j-,"^. '"  ,",•; 
change  in  the  calemlar,  t  was  held  "'\  I'V^'r  i.'^.'am;- 
1840  it  was  removed  to  Islington ;  and  in  l(t...  '';»'"["' 
an  end.     It  was  originally  the  grea   •=1"",'-'"'^,  ''  ''''^,'|     ^,; 

dom  ami  a  market  lor  al    kinds  ot  K'r'"\,„^,   ',,,>.," 
for  popular  amusements,  bowever,gradu.ill>  d.»lio>i'_> 

character  as  a  market,  and  it  became  simply  '"';;;^""  V"  M 
unbri.lled  license.  The  Bartholomew  pig,  so  often  alluded 
to  in  old  writers,  was  a  chief  dainty  at  the  fair. 
2  A  comedy  by  Ben  .lonson,  acted  first  in 
1614  and  jiublished  in  Kilil.  It  Is  a  satlr..  m,  purl, 
tanism,  ami  naturally  roused  opposltloli ;  »"cr  >  '^  ""*; 
toration,  however.  It  was  received  with  applause.      Ste 

Bartholomew's  Hospital.  .\  hospital  in  Smitli 

lieM.   h., 11. lull,  r.oiu.lo.l  HI   112.1. 


Bartholomew  the  Great  Saint     A  H.urc h ... 

the  city  of  London,  founded  1.1  112.!,aml  chielly 
in  tlie  'Xonnan  stvle.  The  existing  church  consists 
of  the  choir,  transcpls,  and  one  bay  ot  lb.-  "7"  ^  ' "'•  ^;;- 
inainder  of  the  nave,  which  was  Pr"'"'''"y '"'"^i  »""  '  /. 
Btroved  liv  llenrv  VllI  The  handsome  lleeorated  i.a.I> 
chap*e  wZ,  long  Led  «B  a  factory,  but  ha,  lately  b«-n  re. 
purchased  and  ro...lorcd.     The  .liurcli  was  founded  b)  Ita. 


here,  and  bis  tomb  Is  on  the  north  side  of  the  sanctuanr : 
it  is  of  a  later  date  than  his  etHgy  which  Is  placed  upon  it. 

Bartlett.  Elisha.  Bom  at  Smithfield,_  R.  1.. 
1804  (or  1805  1):  died  there,  July  18, 18oj.  An 
American  physician.  Me  was  professor  of  inateria 
inediea  and  me.lical  Jurisprudence  in  the  College  of  I  hysl- 
elans  and  Surgeons  in  New  York  18^1-55. 

Bartlett,  John.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
■luue  14,  isiiii.  An  American  book-publisher 
and  editor.  He  became  a  member  of  the  publishing 
house  of  Little,  Brown  and  Co.,  In  Boston.  IWSi.  of  winch 
since  187.S  he  has  been  the  senior  partner.  He  compilea 
a  collection  called  "  Familiar  Quotations ;  Being  an  At- 
tempt to  Trace  to  their  Sources  Passages  and  1  hrases  In 
Common  Use  "  (1855  ;  a  ninth  revise.1  edition  appeared  In 
lb'.n).  a  conconlance  t.i  Sbak?pele  (1-91). 

Bartlett,  John  Russell.  Bom  at  Providence, 
H.  I.,  Oct.  23,  1805:  died  at  Prov.de.ice,  May 
28.  1880.  Xn  American  a.itiquarian  and  his- 
torian. He  was  engaged  in  business  in  New  Y.irk  city 
1837-49;  was  appointed  commissioner  to  establish  llie 
boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  in 
1850;  and  was  secretary  of  state  for  Kliode  Island  from 
18.15  until  1872.  He  wrote  a  "llictionary  of  Ainern  an- 
isms"  (1850;  revised  edition  1877),  a  ';«''','; ''■■".'.""S,''' 
Khode  Island  "  (18(4),"  Literature  ot  the  Rebellion  (isoiii, 
"  Primeval  Man  "  (18(i8),  etc. 

Bartlett,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Plymouth,  Ma ss„ 
June  10,  1702:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  20,  182/. 
A  satirical  poet,  author  ot  "Physiognomy,^  re- 
cited before  the  Harvard  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Soci- 
ety in  179t).    His  life  was  that  of  an  ativenturer. 

Bartlett,  Josiah.  Born  at  Amesbury,  Mass. 
1729:  died  1795.  An  American  patriot  ami 
statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
safety  of  New  Hampshire  in  1775 ;  member  of  the  i  onti- 
nentid  Congress  and  signer  of  the  Uecbmillon  of  Inde- 
pendence in  1770;  chief  justice  ot  New  Ilampshlre;  and 
president  and  governor  of  New  Hampshire  IiDO-lH. 

Bartlett,  Samuel  Oolcord.     Bom  Nov.  25, 

1817  :  died  Nov.  16,  1S98.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  Congregational  clergyman.  He  was 
professor  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric  in  Western  Keserve 
College  1816^52  ;  professor  of  biblical  literature  in  Chicago 

Theological8emin:iol*'«-'^.»n''l''^''S''l,';'\'"'f'""','.'!','i-Q, 
College  1877.    He  wrote  '  I'rom  Egypt  to  Palestine    (18.91, 

and  several  religious  works. 

Bartlett,  WilUam  Henry.    Bom  at  London, 

March  20,  1809:  died  Sept.  13,  18.54.  An  Lng- 
lish  draftsman,  traveler,  writer,  and  editor. 
He  iUustraUd  works  on  Palestine,  Switzerland,  America 
etc..  and  was  the  author  and  illustrator  of  Walks  about 
Jenisalcm'  (1&44),  "Forty  Days  in  the  Desert  (1«8) 
"The  Nile  Boat"  (18I9),  "Pictures  from  biclly  (18..J), 
"The  Pilgrim  Fathers"  (18.'i:i).  etc. 

Bartley  (biirt'li),  Mordecai.  Bom  i..  Fayette 
County.  Pa.,  Dec.  16,  17S3:  died  at  Ma.isheld, 
Ohio,  "Oct.  10.  1870.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1823-31,  and 
Whig  governor  of  Ohio  1844-40. 

Bartol    (biir-tol'),    Cyrus   Augustus.    Born 

April  30,  1813:  died  Dec  17.  UliiD.  -Vn  Ameri- 
can Unitarian  clergyman,  pastor  l.s()l-8.  ot  the 
West  Chmvh  in  Boston,    llewastheauthorof  "  Dis- 

coiS^eson  the  Christian  Spirit  ■'"^V''  ^^■'^^'kI'o  'and  "■':? 
of  Europe"  (18.',:,).  "Rjulleal  Probleins  (1872).  and  of 
various  other  etillcal  and  religious  works, 
Bartoli  (bar'to-le),  Adolfo.  Bom  at  Fui/-- 
zmo  Nov.  19,  1833:  died  at  Genoa,  May  Id, 
1894 '  An  Italian  historian  of  literature.  He  was 
associated  in  the  edit.irial  management  of  the  Areh.vio 
"tori>'o  itlluano  "  ,185,1-59,,  and  became  •' K"'^™"-;^^'  »'- 

Istltuto  de  Sludil  Superiori  at  Kl'-rvn"' Jj' **'*■  *"""  ' 
of  "Storladellalltteraturaltallana     (18..). 

Bartoli   Daniello.     Born  at  I-errara,  l"eb.  1., 

10^  .liM  at  Kome,  Jan.  13,  1085.     At.    talia.i 

historian  and  physicist,  rector  of  the  College  of 

Jesuits  at  Home.     He  wmto  an  Important  "Isl.irla 

.lella  mmpagnia  .11  flesil  "  (l.l.'.:(-7.'.),  ami  varb.us  pl.vhl,  a 

Bartoli,  Pietro  Santl,  st.n.ame.l  Perugino. 

Bon.  about  1035:  .li,.f  at  Home,  Nov.  ,,  1,00 
An  Italian  engiavcr  and  painter,  a  pup.l  of 
Ni.'olas  Ponssin. 

Bartoli.     See  Jliirlohis. 

■Ra,rtolo      S.mi  liiirlotun. 

Bartolommeo  (biir-t.-.-lom-miVo),  Fra  (Baccio 

della  Porta).  H"".  .it  Suv.gnuM.s  1  us,.a..y, 
1475:  .lie.l  at  Florence.  Oct.  (!.  lo  .,  A  ceh- 
hrated  iiainler  .if  ih.'  Flo.-e.ilin.'  school.  Ho  wan 
a  nuni   of  C  »  n."  lto-«elll,  ami  was  greally  Inllne.iced  by 

tirsnidy  .  f  Ih  •  w..rk.  ..1  I.,  onar la  VInel.      lie  w,«  an 

,lher™..S.v..nar..la,j.nd  In  ..-.retired  t..»m.unu.te^ 
In  Kl..reme.     Unrl.ig  hi.  last  yean,  he  was  ««.M;laU.xl  will. 

Bartoiozzi  ( blir-to-lot'se),  Francesco.  Bon.  at 
Flore.iee,Sepl.21.1-27:diedatL.-.l...n,Mareh7. 
1H13       A.i  Italian  engrav.'r.     He  studi.d  .•n^ravlng 

"^  VT-i'-^ir-in  y^;i'T3:;;^'l::'n.ii;:ii:;^5  '^:^:^: 
r^->,iy.,"^:iio:;:iA:j:i;nVMuii^-    • 


Bartram,  William 

A  noted  Italian  jurist.  He  was  professor  of  ciirU 
law  at  Perugia ;  author  of  extensive  commentaries  on  the 
Corpus  Juris  Civilis  ;  and  founder  of  the  school  of  tne 
Posiglossators  or  Bartoliflta. 

Bartolus.  In  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  play 
'•The  Spanish  Cnnite,"  a  greeily,  unprincipled 
lawyer,  the  husband  of  Amara.ita. 

Barton  (biir'ton),  Andrew.  Died  Aug.  2.  1511. 
A  noted  Scottish  naval  commander  in  the  se.-- 
yici-  of  James  IV.  He  ..blained  letters  of  mar<|ue 
against  the  Portuguese;  but,  as  his  capture  of  Portu- 
guese merchantmen  inflictcl  .laniage  ..n  the  trade  of  I.on. 
don  he  was  attacked  by  Sir  Thomas  and  .Sir  Fydward 
Howard  and  killed  In  a  desperate  engagement  In  the 
Downs.  The  incident  is  celebrated  in  the  ballad  of  Sir 
Andrew  Bart.>n." 


charge  ol  me   -.at."..."  " .- 

•Rnrtnlnq  (biir't.i-lus).     Horn  at  Sasso  I'ormto. 
Di^hy"?r  r'bi.io.  Ilalv.  1311:  -lie.lJuly,  13.'-.7. 


Aiiurew  iiiiri'Mi. 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith.    B.)rn  at  Laatjaster, 

Pa..  Feb.  IM.  17lili;  <li.-.l  at   Ph.la.lelph.a,  Dec. 
19,  1815.     A.i  .iVmerican   physician,  naturalist, 
and  ethnologist.    He  wrote  "New  Views  on  the 
Ori'-in  of  til.'  Tribes  ot  America"  (179, ),  etc. 
Barton,  Bernard.    Born  at  Carlisle,  K;>Klaii>l. 
Jan.  31,   17S4;    died  at  Woodbridge,   leb.   19, 
1849.     Ar.  English  poet,  a  member  of  the  Soci- 
ety of  Friends,  surname.l  "The  (Quaker  Poet    : 
h.'st  known  as  a  frie..d  of  I>amb. 
Barton,  Clara.     Born  at  O.xford,  Mass.,  1830. 
•Vn  American  phila..throiiist.    she  entered  the  mil- 
itary hospital  senrice  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  «  ar 
was  placed  in  charge  ot  the  hospitals  at  the  front  of  the 
ArmV  of  the  James  in  1801 ;  assisted  at  the  begin.. ing  of 
the  Franco-Oerman  war  the  Crand    Duchess   of    Baden 
in  the  organization  ot  military  li..sp  tals ;   superii.  ei.dc'J 
the  supplying  ..f  work  U.  the  p.M,r  in  Strasburg  in  1871. 
and  tlie'd^strlbutionof  supplies  to  tl.e  destitute  in  ParU 
in  1872  •   organized  the  American  Ked  Cross  swciety  In 
1851    and  Iwcame  Its  president;   was  appointed  super- 
intendent of  the  r.formatory  prison  for  women  at  Mier- 
born.  Massachusetts,  in  iss;) ;  and  as  presi.leiit  of  the 
B.-.1  Cross  S..ciety  superintends  the  exi>edition  "'  relief 
to  the  sulferers  fr.im  the  overll..w  ..f  the  Ohio  ami  SI  ssls- 
sippi  rivers  in  18e»4,  and  in  1893  was  put  m  charge  o(  the 
relief  for  the  sulferers  fr..m  the  cyclone  on  the  .-..uth 
Atlantic  coast.     As  president  of  the  Aiuerleaii  ->»''""»' 
Ke.l  Cross  Society  she  also  went  from  Ihe  1  lilted  states 
tx>  Constantinople  to  a.lmlnlster  the  funds  of  the  National 
Armenian  Kelief  Committee  (January  22-septenilKr  12, 

Barton,  Elizaheth.  Born  1.506  (T):  'lied  April 
■J,i,  1.-I34.  .\ii  KngUsli  impostor,  called  the 
"•Nun"  or  "Mai.l  of  Kent."  She  was  attacked  In 
1525,  while  in  domestic  service  at  Aldingl.m,  Kent  wjth 
a  hysterical  diseime,  accompanied  ''y.r"".- ""•,'"»"'», '2'J 
trances.  She  recovered,  but,  under  the  direction  ..f  the 
monk  Edw,u-d  B..eking.  simulate,  her  former  end  ion 
forthe  purpose  of  religlo.is  .leception.  She  »•«*  »^n'"  'g 
to  the  priory  of  St.  Sepulchr.-,  <  anterbury  in  lill.  with 
B..cking  as  her  confessor,  and  began  t..  prophesy  alwnt  p.^ 

litical  .luestions  ami  to  denounce  the  "PP""'' '"»  ,"'  ^" 
catholic  Church,  gaining  gr.at  Int  ueiice  even  1"  >  '.-Jn 
quarters.  She  prophesied  against  the  marriage  ..f  He.inr 
'ill,  with  Anne  BOleyn,  and  alter  H";; '"^rriwe  .leclarea 
that,  like  .Saul,  Henry  was  no  U.nger  king  In  the  sIbW  "{ 
0.,.r  This  caused  her  aiTest  in  l.'CIS,  and  she  wascl.cuted 
at  Tyburn  with  B.Kklng  ami  sevmU-.tber  priests  '"'•"™r; 
lmplieate.1  in  the  imp..st.ire  and  convicted  of  treasonable 
conspiracy. 

Barton. Frances  (Fanny).  See  Ahmgton,  Mrs. 

Barton,  Mary.    s...  M<in,  liartn,,. 

Barton,  Thomas  Pennant.    B"".  at  1  h.ladei- 

,d.ia,  1S03 :  .lied  there,  Ai.ril  5.  IStW.  .\n  .\mer- 
'.■an  bo..k-collect..i-.  s..n  of  Be.ijamin  Sm.lh 
Barton.  He  coHwUhI  a  valuable  Shaksperlan  10;™.^, 
which  was  acMUlred  after  his  death  by  the  public  llbrmry 

ot  IV>8toll. 

Barton,  William.  Bom  at  W  arren  R.  1. .  May 
•'Ii  ,74s;  .Ii..!  at  Pr..yid.'nce,  K.  1.,  tVt.  — 
l.sitl  .\ii  Am.rican  KcvolutiiMiary  ofti.'i'r.  Ila 
planne.1  and,  with  ;«  men,  execut.sl  the  capture  of  the 
Krillsh  general  K.ibert  l-re».-ott,  July  10.  1777.  at  hi.  h.-ad. 
.luarters  In  a  tarinb.iuse  near  Newport,  K.  1. 

Barton,  William  Paul  Crillon.  Bom  '«t  PLil"*- 

.l.lphia,  Nov.  17.  17m;;  .li.d  ll..-r.',  l'.;b  2<.l,  ls..(l. 
An  A.nerican  bola.iist,  a  n.'phew  of  H.iija.mn 
Sniilh  Barton.  He  wrote  "  Fh.ra  ..f  North  Anurica ;; 
(Is-M  ■.':i),  ••Uvtuns  ..11  Materia  MeJIca  and  Botany 
(is];i). '■  Me.lb  al  ll..tany,"  .Ic, 
Barton-on-Irwell  ( biir'l.ni-on-ir'wel).  A  town 
in  Lnncashir..  Knglan.l,  situated  on  the  IrwcU 
5  inil.'s  w.'st  of  Mn.ichester. 

Barton-upon-Humber  (biir'ton-...- pot. -h..m  - 

l,.ri  .\  to"  11  i"  l.iu.-oln,  h.ighiti.l,  situated 
on  tl..>  lluiiilt.'r  7  mill's  southwest  ol  llt.ll. 
|'..nulnlion  (1891),  .5,2'2I>.  .      „.      . 

Bartram  (biir'iram).  John.  I«<ira  "1  thPBfer 
C.u.ily.  Pa..  Mar.-h  2:1,  ItURI:  died  iit  KingHe*- 
sing.  f'a..Sepl.  22,  1777.     A   ii»t.-<l   A.nerican 

li..liini-l,      lie  ( id.-.l  In  173i,  at    Kingspssltui.  near 

Phllad.lphia   lb.- Ills.  I».l:.nli;.l  ganlen  In  America 

Bartram,  WilUam.    B-r.i  «.  Ki'<.{tf'';-V,"«'  •'"■• 

F.b  9,  1739:  .lie.l  th.T.',  July  2'J,  18j:i.  An 
Am.ri.^aii  bolaiiisl  and  ornithologist,  son  of 
J.iliii  narlrani,      lb-  »l"nt  «l«'nt  live  y.-«n>  In  Inv.sll- 

gnllng  lb.-  natural  pr..dnet.  ..I    ihe  Car..|lnn«,  igia 

an.l  Fb.rl.la  ;  i.iepai.-.l  the  m..i.t  cinpl.te  11,1  ..(  Am.Mlenn 
blnl«  bef..r.'  Wll...n  ;  and  wn.le  "Travels  through  Nortll 
an.l  S.mth  1  arollnn,  llcorgla,  Kast  and  West  Horlda,  etc.. 
(I7»l) 


Bartsch,  Karl 
Bartsch,  Karl.     Born  at  Sprottau,  Silesia,  Bascom,  John 


126 


Basil  II. 


Feb.  25;  1«32:  died  Feb.  19,  1888.  A  distin 
guished  German  philologist,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  German  and  Komanee  philosophy  at 
Rostock  in  1858,  and  professor  at  Heidelberg 
ill  1871.  Ue  was  the  author  of  works  on  the  Provengal 
language  and  literature,  of  the  "Chrestuniathiedel'ancien 
franvais,"  of  editions  of  the  "Nibehinjienlied,"  "Wolfram 

von  Eschenbach,"  and  other  medievaUierman  works  etc.   gogetlo^  (bii'ze-do),  Johann  Berend  (Bem- 
Bartsch.     A  nver^m  Prussia  which  joins  the  \  ^^      ^o^n  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  11,  172;i :  died 
Oder  near  Gross-Glogau  m  Silesia.     Length,     "''^"'-  -  .        S"    -J^-,       .     - 

about  100  miles. 


Basevl  (bii-sa've),  George.     Born  at  London, 

1794:  died  at  Elj-,  Oct.  l(i,  1843.  An  English 
areliiteet.  His  chief  work,  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum  at 
CambridKe,  was  begun  by  him  in  1S37.  continued  by  K.  C. 
Cockerell,  and  comijleted  by  E.  >1.  liarry  in  1S74.  He  was 
accidentally  killed  while  Inspecting  the  western  bell- 
tower  of  Ely  Cathedral. 


Born  at  Genoa,  N.  Y.,  May  1, 
1827.  .Vn  American  educator  and  philosophical 
wi-itcr,  president  of  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin 1874-87.  He  hiis  written  "  Political  Economy  " 
(18S9),  ".Esthetics"  (1802),  "Philosophy  of  Rhetoric" 
(1866),  "  Principles  of  Psychology  '  (18C9),  ■'Science,  Phi- 
losophy, and  Religion  "(1871),  "Philosophy  of  English  Lit-  „„,„,._,,  ,  c  ,.  ■  t 
erature  "  (1874),  "A'atural  Theology,"  ■'Problems  in  Phi-  Basford  (bas'ford).     A  manufacturing  town  m 


losojihy,"  etc. 


Ba-Rua  (ba-ro'ii).     See  Garcnganze  and  Xi(6rt. 
Baruch  (ba'riik).    [Heb., 'blessed':  the  equiv- 
alent of  'Benedict.']     1.  A  Jew  who  repaired 

a   part  of   the  wall  of    Jerusalem,    about    44G 

B.  C.  (Neh.  iii.  20). — 2.   The    amanuensis   and 

faithful  friend  of  the  prophet  Jeremiah. 
Baruch,  Book  of.     An  apocryphal  book  of  the  Basel  (ba'zel) 

Old  Testament  bearing  the  name  of  the  friend 

of  Jeremiiih,  assigned  by  most  critics  to  the 

later  part  of  the  Maeeabean  period. 
Baruth  (bii'rot).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 

Brandenburg.  Prussia,  33  miles  south  of  Berlin. 

Barwalde-in-der-Nemnark  ( bar '  val  - de  - in- 
der-noi'miirk).  .\  small  town  in  tlie  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  50  miles  east-north- 
east of  Berlin. 

Barwalde-in-Pommern  (-pom'mem).  A  small 
town  in  tlie  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  32 
miles  south  of  Kiislin. 

Barwalde  (Brandenburg),  Treaty  of.  A  treaty 
made  Jan.  13, 1631,  between  France  and  Gusta- 
vus  Ailiilplius  of  Sweden.  Custavus  was  to  receive 
an  annual  subsidy  of  l,2(»,00O  livres  from  France,  in  re- 
turn for  wbicli  lie  was  to  maintain,  at  his  own  expense 
and  under  his  own  direction,  an  army  of  30,0!}0  infantry 
and  6,0110  horse  in  the  war  asainst  the  emperor.  He  also 
received  an  advance  of  300,000  livies,  exclusive  of  the 
annu;il  subsidy,  as  compensation  fur  past  expenses.  The 
treaty  was  to  stand  fur  five  years. 

Bary  (ba're),  Heinrich  Anton  de.  Born  at 
Fraiikfort-on-the-Main,  Jan.  26,  1831:  died  at 
^trasbui'g,  Jan.  19,  1888.  A  German  physician 
and  botanist,  noted  especially  for  liis  researches 
in  cryptogainic  botany.  He  became  professor  of 
botany  at  Freiburg  in  1856,  at  Halle  in  1867,  and  at  Stras- 
burc  in  1872. 

Barye  (ba-re' ).  Antoine  Louis.  Born  at  Pans, 
Sept.  24,  1793:  died  there,  June  25,  1875.     .A. 


at  Magdeburg,  July  25,  1790.  A  German 
teai'her  and  educational  reformer.  He  became 
teacher  in  an  academy  at  Soroe,  in  Denmark,  in  IV.W,  and 
in  the  gymnasium  at  Altona  in  1761 ;  published  the 
"Element.'uwerk"  (1774)  (with  100  copperplates,  mostly 
by  Chodowiecki),  containing  the  exposition  of  a  new  sys- 
tem of  primary  education  ;  and  opened  a  model  school, 
called  the  Philanthropin,  it  Dessau  in  1774,  from  the  man- 
agement of  which  he  retired  in  1778. 

F.  Bale   (bal).     The    eleventh 


.anton  of  Switzerland,  divided  into  the  two 
half-cantons  of  Basel-St.adt  and  Basel-Land. 
Area,  177  square  miles.  Population  (1888), 
135,690. 
Basel,  F.  Bale  (bal),  and  formerly  Basle.  [LL. . 
BasiUa.'\  The  chief  city  of  the  half-canton 
of  Basel-Stadt,  the  second  in  size  in  Switzer- 
land. It  is  situated  on  the  Ehine  at  its  bend  north- 
ward, in  lat.  47'  33'  N.,  long.  7"  36'  E.,  and  comprises 
Great  Easel  on  the  left  and  Little  Basel  on  the  right 
a  university,  and  is  the 


Nottinghamshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Lene  3  miles  north-northwest  of  Nottingham. 
Population  (1891),  30.383. 
Bashan  (ba'shan).  [Gr.  Bnmii',  Heb.  BaahAn, 
soft  or  rich  soil'.]  A  district  of  Palestine  east 
of  the  Jordan,  reaching  from  the  river  Ai-non 
in  the  south  to  Mount  Herinon  on  the  north, 
and  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Hauran.  \t 
thff  time  of  the  entrance  of  the  Israelites  into  Canaan 
the  whole  of  this  resion  was  inhabited  by  the  Amorites. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Israelites  and  allotted  to  the 
tribe  of  JIanasseh  (Num.  xxxii.  3:i,  Deut.  iii.  13,  .losh. 
xiii.  '29 If.),  and  afterward  its  inhabitants  were  deported 
to  Assyria  (2  Ki.  xv.  30).  During  the  Roman  period  the 
country  was  divided  into  live  provinces  :  Iturea  and  Gaul- 
onitis  (nindL-rn  .Innlan),  and  to  the  east  of  these  Batanea, 
to  the  nurllniist  Trachonitis  (modern  Lajah)  .and  Hauran- 
itis.  The  fertilitv  "(the  country  is  proverbially  mentioned 
in  the  (lid  Tcstiimeiit  (Deut.  xxxii.  14,  Ps.  xxii.  12,  Jer. 
1.  19,  llicah  vii.  14). 

Bashful  Lover,  The.    A  play  by  Massingcr 

(licensed  in  1636).  In  some  old  catalogues  it  is  as- 
cribed toB.  ,T..orBen.Tonson  :  in  Fleay's opinion,  through 
some  confusion  with  the  "City  Madam." 


bank  of  the  river.  It  contjiins  a  university,  anu  is  me  —  ,  .  .,..  „i,,e,' i  TcIotkIo  A  (rroiin  of  small  isl- 
chief  commercial  and  banking  city  of  the  country,  and  Bashl  (ba-t,lie  )J.SlandS.  A  group  ot  smau^lSl 
has  also  important  manufactures,  especially  of  silk  rib- 


bons, it  is  the  ancient  Roman  Biisilia;  became  a  part  uf 
the  German  Empire  in  1032 ;  joined  the  Swiss  Confed- 
eration in  1501 ;  and  early  sided  with  the  Reformation. 
It  has  long  been  noted  as  a  literary  and  art  center.  Its 
many  contests  with  the  land  of  Basel  ended  in  war  in  1831, 
the  interference  of  the  Federal  troops,  and  the  separation 
of  the  two  half-cantons  in  1833.  The  cathedral  of  Basel, 
an  interesting  building  of  red  sandstone,  with  twin  open- 
work spires,  was  founded  in  1010  and  rebuilt  in  the  middle 
of  the  14th  century.  The  north  portal,  with  statues  and 
reliefs,  belongs  to  the  original  structure.  The  west  front 
is  of  the  14th  century.  The  spacious  interior  contains  a 
noteworthy  rood-loft,  medieval  church  furniture,  andsome 
historic  tombs.  The  cloister  is  large  and  picturesque. 
The  Rathaus,  or  town  hall,  is  a  picturesque  battle- 
meiited  building  erected  in  1508,  in  a  late-Pointed  style. 
It  has  an  interior  court,  with  a  belfry,  and  a  quaint  little 
It  is  arcaded  below,  and 


ands  between  Formosa  and  Luzon  in  the  Phil- 
ippines. 

Bashi-Bazouk  (basli'i-ba-zok').  [Turk,  hashi- 
bozuq,  one  who  is  in  no  particular  dress  or 
uniform,  an  iiTegiUar  soldier  or  civilian,  from 
bdslii.  head,  head-dress,  dress  and  appearance, 
and  ho::uq,  spoilt,  disorderly,  bad,  from  ior, 
spoil,  damage,  destroy.]  A  volunteer  and  ir- 
regular auxiliary  serving  in  connection  with 
the  Turkish  army  for  maintenance,  but  with- 
out pay  or  uniform.  Bashi-bazouks  are  generally 
mounted,  and  because  unpaid  frequently  resort  to  pillage. 
They  are  also  at  the  command  of  nmnicipal  governors, 
and  when  detailed  to  accompany  travelers  or  expeditions 
through  the  country  they  expect  not  only  to  be  "  found," 
but  to  be  suitably  rewarded  with  bakshish. 


spire  on  the  ridge  of  the  roof.    *"  .- , _      ,  ,  .         ,..,,,-,        a    ..  -i        i-       •      j   -ci- 

in  the  second  story  lias  a  series  of  rectangular  windows  BashkirS  (bash  kerz).     A  tribe  ot. mixed  J?  in- 
in  groups  of  three,  the  central  liglita  the  highest.  ^ The     qj^)j  .^^,\  Tatar  race,   inhabiting  the  govern 


facade  bears  curious  mural  paintings.    The  council-cham- 
ber is  well  decorated.     I'opulation  (1900),  109,169. 


—  x  '  ,  ,     ,  .,11,         -         1  oer  IS  well  uccuiai-eu.      i  uiiuiuLiuii   liirvu/,  awi,,iuj. 

famous  French  sculptor,  especially  ot  animals.   „        ,   rnnfoccinn  nf      1      A  "Reformed  confes- 
Hia  father  was  a  master  silversmith  from  Lyons.  Atflisthe  Basel,  OontesSlOn  01.      1.   A  Ketormea  conies 


His  father  was  a  master  silversmith  from  Lyoni 
worked  with  an  engraver  named  FouiTier  and  a  goldsmith 
named  Biennais.  Conscripted  in  1S12,  he  served  as  a  top- 
ographical eTigineer,  and  is  said  to  have  modeled  several 
relief-maps  now  in  the  French  War  Ofllce.  In  1816  he 
studied  sculpture  withBosio  and  drawing  with  the  painter 
Gros.  In  1S19  he  presented  himself  at  a  concours  of 
the  Beaux  Arts,  with  a  "Milo  di  Orotona,"  which  won 
the  second  prize.  In  18'20  he  lost  the  second  prize.  In 
1S23-31  he  worked  for  Fauconnier,  jeweler  to  the  Duch- 
esse  d'Angouleme.  At  this  time  he  began  to  devote  him- 
self more  particularly  to  animals.  In  the  exhibition  of 
1831  Bai^e  exhibited  the  now  celebrated  "Tiger  Devour- 
ing a  Crocodile."  M.  Lefuel,  who  succeeded  Visconti  as 
architect  of  the  Louvre,  employed  Barye  to  make  four 
groups  for  the  pavilion  on  the  Place  du  Carrousel.  Barye 
was  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  member  of  the  In- 
stitute, and  professor  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes. 


siou,  drafted  by  Oicolampadius,  and  revised  l,)y 
Myconius,  published  in  1334.— 3.  Tlie  first 
Helvetic  Confession  (which  see). 
Basel,  Council  of.  A  council  held  at  Basel 
July  23, 1431, -May  7, 1449,  the  last  of  the  three 
great  reforming  councils  of  the  13th  century. 
It  was  called  by  Pope  Martin  V.  and  by  his  successor  Eu- 
genius  IV. ;  had  as  its  main  objects  the  union  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches,  the  reconciliation  of  the  Bohemians, 
and  the  reformation  of  the  church  ;  deposed  (June  2r>, 
1439)  Eugenius  IV.  who  refused  to  acknowledge  its  au- 
thority ;  and  elected  (Oct.  30,  1439)  Amadeus,  duke  of  Sa- 
voy, pope,  who  took  the  name  of  Felix  V.  (resigned  1449). 
The  ultramontanes  reject  this  council  altogether,  while 
the  Galilean  Church  acknowledges  the  first  twenty-flve  of 
its  forty-flve  sessions. 


Barygaza(ba-ri-ga'za).    In  ancient  geography,  Basel,  Treaty  of.    1.  A  treaty  concluded  April 


a  cfty  of  India,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Nerhudda,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Baroacli. 

Barzillai  (bar-zil'a-i  or  biir'zi-la).  [Heb.. 
'  smith,  iron-worker.']  1 .  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a  wealthy  Gileadite  who  aided  David  when 
he  fled  from  Absalom  (2  Sam.  .\-vii.  27).  Hence 
—2.  The  name  given  to  the  character  repre- 
senting the  Duke  of  (Jrmoiid,  the  friend  of 
Charles  II.,  in  Dryden's  "Absalom  and  Aehit- 
ophel." 

Barzu-Nameh  (bar'zo-na'me).    APersian  epic 


5,  1795,  between  France  on  the  one  hand, 
and  Prussia  on  the  other.  Prussia  agreed  to  with- 
draw from  the  coalition  against  France,  which  was  to 
continue  in  possession  of  the  Prussian  territory  west  of 
the  Rhine  until  peace  should  be  concluded  with  the  em- 
pire, while  a  line  ot  demarcation  fixed  the  neutnUity  of 
northern  Germany.  In  a  secret  article  it  was  stipulated 
that,  on  conclusion  of  a  general  peace,  if  the  empire  should 
cede  to  France  the  principalities  west  of  the  Rhine,  Prus- 
sia should  cede  its  territory  in  that  district,  and  receive 
compensation  elsewhere. 

2.  A  treaty  concluded  July  22.  1793,  by  which 
Spain  ceded  Santo  Domingo  to  France 


ments  of  Orenburg.  Perm,  Samara,  Ufa,  and 
Vyatka,  in  Russia.  Subjugated  by  Russia  iu 
the  18th  century.  Numbers  (estimated),  75,000 
Sunnite  Moliammedans. 

Bashkirtseff  (biish-kert'sev),  Maria  Constan- 
tinO'Vna.  Bom  at  Gavrontsi,  government  of 
Pultowa,  Russia,  Nov.  23  (N.  S.),  1860:  died 
Oct.  31,  1884.  A  Russian  artist  and  author. 
She  left  many  studies  and  some  finished  pictures  influ- 
enced by  Bastien-Lepage.  Parts  of  her  diary  were  pub- 
lished in  1SS7. 

Basiasch.     See  Ba::ias. 

Basil  (ba'zil  or  baz'il),  L.  BasiliusCba-sil'i-us). 
[(^xr.  BrtmXf/of  or  Bao/Zfoc,  kingly,  royal;  L.  B<i- 
siliiis.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Bamlio,  F.  Basile.}  Born  at 
Csesarea,  in  Cappadocia,  329  A.  D. :  died  there, 
Jan.  1,  379.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Greek 
Church,  bishop  of  Csesarea  and  metropqlitan  of 
Cappadocia  370-379:  surnamed  "The 'Great." 
He  studied  at  Constantinople  under  Libanius,  and  at 
Athens  in  the  schools  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric,  in  the 
company  of  his  friend  Gregory  Nazianzen,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Ctesarea  as  a  rhetorician.  .-Vbout  361  he  retired 
to  Pontus  and  entered  upon  the  monastic  life.  In  364  he 
was  made  presbyter,  .and  in  370  bishop.  He  was  a  power- 
ful supporter  of  the  orthodox  faith  iu  the  struggle  with 
Arianisra,  and  a  distinguislu'd  iircai-ber.  His  works  in- 
clude commentaries  on  the  Sci  iplnj-c-s,  tlve  books  against 
Eunomius,  homiUes,  etc.  Tlie  staiid:u'd  edition  is  that  of 
Garnier  (1721-30),  reprinted  by  Mi'_'ne  (1857).  His  festival 
is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican  churches  on 
June  14,  and  in  the  Greek  Church  Jan.  1. 


poem,  modeled  on  the  Shahnamah  :  author  uu-  gasel-Land    (ba'zel-land).     A  half-canton  of  gasil,  L.  Basilius.     A  native  of  Ancyra,  and 


known 

Bas.     See  Bat;:. 

Ba-sa  (ba-sii').     See  Diialla. 

Basa-Komi  (ba-sa-ko'mi).     See  Nupe. 

Basantello  (bii-sau-tel'lo),  or  Basentello  (ba- 
sen-tel'lo).  A  small  place  near  Taranto,  Italy. 
It  gives  name  to  the  battle  in  which  Otto  II.  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Greeks  and  Saracens  July  13,  982,  although 
recent  investigations  show  that  the  battle-field  lay  in 
some  unidentified  locality  south  of  Cotrone. 

Basarjik.     See  Ba^nnljil: 

Baschi  (bas'ke),  Matteo.  Bom  at  Urbino: 
died  at  Venice,  1.552.  An  Italian  monk  and  vis- 


Switzerland,  bounded  by  Alsace  on  the  north- 
west, Baden  (separated  by  the  Rhine)  on  the 
north,  Aargau  on  the  east",  and  Solothurn  and 
Bern  on  the  south.  It  sends  three  members  to  the 
National  Council.  The  language  is  German,  and  the  ]iie- 
vailing  religion  Protestant.  It  was  separati-.l  from  Basel- 
Stadt  in  1833.  Area,  163  square  miles.  Population  (lB.Sts), 
61.941. 
Basel-Stadt  (ba'zel-stat).  A  half-canton  of 
Switzerland,  composed  of  the  city  of  Basel  and 
three  villages  on  the  right  bank  of  tlie  Rhine. 
The  language  is  German.  Population  (1888), 
"3,749. 


ionary,  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Capuchins,  gasento  (ba-sen't6),or  Basiento(ba-se-en't6). 

Basco  (bas'ko).     The  largest  island  of  the  Ad-     ^  j.j^.p,,  i,j  gonthern  Italy  which  flows  into  the 

miralty  group.  _  _^  ^  Gulf  of  Taranto  27  milessouthwest  of  Taranto : 


bishop  of  that  city  336-360:  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Semi-Al'ians.  He  was  deposed  in  360  by  the 
Synod  of  Constantinople,  and  exiled  to  lUyricum,  where 
he  probably  died. 
Basil  I.,  L.  Basilius.  Born  813  (826?):  died 
S86.  Byzantine  emperor  867-886,  the  founder 
of  the  Macedonian  dynasty:  surnamed  "The 
Macedonian."  He  was  of  obscure  origin,  but  succeeded 
in  winning  the  favor  of  Michael  III.  by  whom  he  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  Augustus  in  866,  and  intrusted 
with  the  administra'tion  of  the  empire.  Having  in  the 
mean  time  incurred  the  enmity  of  llichael,  he  assassinated 
the  emperor  and  usurped  the  throne  867.  He  improved 
the  administration  of  the  empire,  drove  the  S.-u'acens  out 
of  Italy  in  S?5,  and  began  the  collection  of  laws  raUled 
"Const'itutiones  Basilicie. '  or  simply  "Basilica,"  which 
was  completed  by  his  son  Leo. 


Bascom  (btts'komV  Henry  Bidleman.     Bom     the  ancient  Casuentus.  Length,  about  90  miles.  Basil  II.,  L.  BasiliuS.     Bom  about  958:  died 


atHancock.  N.  Y..  May27.  1796:  died  at  Louis-  g^serac  (ba-se-rak').  A  \'illage  of  (Jpata  In- 
■ville.Ky.,  Sept.  8,  18.50.  An  .\iiiei'ican  bishop  dians  situated  on  the  upper  Yaqui  River  iu  east- 
(1850)  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  pj.,j  s^nora,  south  of  Biibispe.  It  contains  the 
(South),  and  president  of  Transylvania  Univer-  ^uins  of  a  once  important  Jesuit  mission,  founded  about 
sity,  Kentucky,  1842-50.  i(i4'2. 


1025.  Byzantine  emperor  976-1025:  surnamed 
"The  Slayer  of  the  Bulgarians."  He  was  the 
elder  son  of  Romanns  II.  of  the  Macedonian  dynasty, 
succeeded,  with  his  brother  Constantine,  the  usurper  Jo- 
annes Zimisces,  and  is  notable  as  one  of  the  greatest  gen- 


127 

torian,  pastor  at  Kotterdam  and  The  Hagne, 

and  diplomatist.  Ill«  chief  hUtorlcal  works  are  "  HIs- 
toirc  de  I't-KUse  dcpuiit  Jc8u»-l-'hrist  Jui«<iu'a  prt^sciit " 
(1()»9),  ■  Uistoire  d<;8  Juifs.  etc."  (17ii«),  "  lUssurtatioii  IiIb 
t(H-i(|Ut?  flur  U-5  duels  ft  lea  ordlct*  de  chov:Uerle  "  (17'JO), 
"  Uistoire  du  lu  reliitiuu  dt-s  ukIIsib  n.(ormoei) "  (1080). 

BasQue Provinces,  'llie jiroviuiH-s of Vizcaya, 
Guipuzooii,  and  Alava,  in  Spain,  united  to  Cas- 
tile in  the  lUth  and  14tli  centuries.  Part  of  Na- 
varre is  aliui  ciiiiiprised  in  the  district  of  the  Bus<|iies. 
Tile  Basque  district  in  Krunce  comprises  tlie  arruiidi 


and  part  of  the  department  of  Basses-Pyre- 
nees, France. 


Bassim 
Venice,  1623.  An  Italian  portrait-painter,  third 
sou  of  Jacopo  Bassauo. 

Bassantin  (bas'an-tin),  James.  Died  1568. 
.\  Scuteh  astronomer  and  mathematician: 
author  of  an  •■-■V.strouomique  Discours"  (15r>7), 
etc. 

Basse  (bas).  or  Bas,  William.  Died  about 
lt).'>;j.  An  Euiilish  jioet.  best  known  from  his 
'•  Ki)ita|ih  on  Shakespeare,"  a  sonnet  (irst  at- 
tributeil  to  Doiiiir 


Bassein.     -^  decayed  city  on  the  island  of  Bas- 


Basil  II. 

er»ls  of  the  time.  He  la-i;an  a  war  with  Bulgaria  in  987, 
which  resulted  in  1018  in  t  lie  incorporation  of  that  kingdom 
with  the  Byzantine  empire. 

Basil,  I^-  Basilius.    A.  Bulgarian  physician  and 

Miouk,  the  leader  of  the  heretical  sect  of  the 

I'.cigomiles.     He  was  put  to  death  by  burning 

111  1118. 
Basilan  (bii-se'lan).    .Aji  island  of  the  Sulu  .Ar- 

i'hi|iclago.  west  of  Mindanao.  Length, 41  miles. 
Basile  (ba-zel')-      A  slanderer  who  figures  in 

Beaiiraarchais's  comedies  "Lo  Barbier  de  S6-     ,"„7nirr;f"Ba7imnc"ai'id'M.'mfeJnrhrih^^  of  Bass6e  (bii-Mi'),  La.     A  town  in  the  department 

viUe"  and  "Le  Manage  de  Figaro.     His  name     Basses-Pyrcnces.    Sec /(o»^«.  ...         of  Nor<i.   France,  14  miles  wesf-soutTiwest  of 

has  become  proverbial  for  this  type  of  charac-  Basques  (baskz).    .V  race  of  unknown  origin  in-     j  j„p      population  (1891),  commune,  3,907. 

'er.  .  habiting  the  Basque  I'roj-inces  and  other  parts  g        -J      ,,^jj...^-„,  J       A   small    island   on   the 

Basibcata  (bii-se-le-ka  ta).     A  compartimento     of  Spain  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Pyrenees.     „.,.,,,.,.„  ^.^,a^^  ,jf  i,|ji„    north  of  Bombav. 

of  southern  Italy,  containing  one  province,  Pp-  "         -      .    .       .  .      ,   ..  i.  .^ 

tenza.     See  l'oten:<t. 
Basilicon  Doron   (ba-sil'i-kon  do'ron).     [Gr. 

i'lcu-ii^uii  6upoi\  the  royal  gift.]    A  work  on  the 

divine  right  of  kings,  written  by  James  I.  of 

Kuglaud  and  VI.  of  Scotland. 
Basliides    (bas-i-li'dez).     [Gr.    )iam7.eiSri(;.'\     A 

noted  Gnostic  of  the  2d  century  (died  about 

13.S  A.  D.),  probably  a  SiiTian,  the  founder  of  a 

heretical  sect.    See  Bn^ilidiniix.    Aiwut  his  life 

little  is  known.  He  appeai-s  t<5  have  laujrht  in  Alexan- 
dria and  elsewhere  in  Ei,'ypt,  and  perhaps  in  Persia.     He 

claimeil  to  be  a  disciple  of  Glaucia-s  an  interpreter  of 

Peter,  and  to  be  in  possession  of  the  secret  traditions  of 

that  apostle.     He  wrote  coninientaries  on  the  gospel  in 

twenty-four  books,  extracts  from  which  have  been  pre- 
served. 
Basllidians  (bas-i-lid'i-anz).     The  followers  of 

Basilides,   a,   teacher  of   Gnostic  doctrines  at 

Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  the  2d  century.   They.dis. 

rniiraKcd  inartyrdoin,  kept  their  doctrines  as  secret  as 

possible,  were  much  given  to  magical  practices,  and  Boon  BaSTa  (bas'ra),  or  BaSSOia  (bas'so-rii),  or  BllS- 

J.cliried  froiu  the  asceticism  of  their  founder  into  Kioss     gorali   (bus'so-rii).      [Pers.   and   Ar.    Basrah.] 


The  sinBiilar  Basque  or  Euskarian  lanuuajje.  spoken  on  BaSSein.  or  Bassim  (bfts-sem').     A  district  in 

the  Irawadi  divftion,  British  Burma,  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Bav  of  Bengal,  in 
hit.  ir)°-18°  N..  long.  94°-96°  E.  Area.  6,848 
Mliiare  iiiihs.  Population  (1891),  47.3.002. 
Bassein,  or  Bassim.  The  chief  town  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Bassein,  situated  on  Bassein  Kiver  in 
hit.  10°  45'  N.,  long.  94°  50'  E.  it  has  an  imiH.r. 
taut  trade  in  rice.  It  was  stormed  by  the  British  May 
.     .  .  l:>.  ls.v.>.     I'.iiiulation  (ISUl),  Wl,177. 

pie  of  Zarous  in  Guipuzcoa  is  77  tK.  Of  the  French  Basques  Bncgein  Rivei       One  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ira- 
a  considerable  prop<}rtion  (37  per  cent.)  are  linichycepba-   *"    "=>"-" 
lie,  with  indices  fi-om  HO  to  83.     The  mean  inilex  obtained 


both  slopes  of  the  Pyrenees,  forms  a  sort  of  linKUistie  isl- 
and in  the  Breat  Aryan  ocean.  It  must  represent  the 
speech  of  one  of  the  neolithic  races,  either  that  of  the 
dolichocephalic  Iberians,  or  that  of  the  bracbycephalic 
people  whom  we  call  AuverRliats  or  l.ii;urians.  Antbro- 
IMdo^y  throws  some  liRht  on  this  iiuestion.  It  is  now 
known  that  the  Basques  are  not  all  of  one  tyiie,  as  was 
supposed  by  Retzius  and  the  early  aiithroiKiIotfists,  who 
were  only  acquainted  with  the  skulls  of  the  French 
Basques.  Brocu  has  now  shown  that  the  Spanish  Basques 
are  liuvely  dolich<K'ephalic.     The  mean  index  of  the  peo. 


from  the  measurements  of  tlfty-seven  skulls  of  French 
Basques  from  an  old  KTaveyard  at  St.  Jean  de  I.uz  is  hO.'j;>. 
The  skull  shape  of  the  French  Basiiues  is  therefore  inter- 
mediate between  that  of  the  Auvergnats  on  the  north,  and 
that  of  the  Spanish  Ba-siiueaon  the  south. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  217. 


iimorality.     "The  Gnosticism  of  Basilides  appears  to 

have  been  a  fusion  of  the  ancient  sacerdotal  reliKioii  of 

Ku'vpt  witli  the  angelic  and  demoniac  theory  of  Zoroaster.'" 

Mi'limn,  Hist,  of  Christ.,  II.  08. 
Basilisco  (bas-i-lis'ko).     A  character  in  the  old 

play  "Soliman   and    Perseda,"  referred  to  in 

Sliakspere's  '-King  John,"  i.  1,  244:  a  boaster  Bass  (bas),  G^eorge 

whose  name  has  become  provci-hial. 
BasiliscUS  (bas-i-lis'kus).   [Gr.  Baat?.laiioc,  a  lit- 
tle king.]     Emperor  of  the  East  475-477  a.  d. 

He  was  the  brotlier-in-law  of  Leo  I.  by  whom  be  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  expedition  to  Carthage  aKainst 

Cienseric,  kinu  of  the  Vandals,  in  4ti8.     lie  was  defeated, 

and  was  banished   by  the  emperor  to  Thrace.     He  ile- 

throncd  Zeno,  Leo's  successor,  Imt  was  himself  deposed 

by  Zeno,  and  died  in  prison.    In  his  reign  the  great  library 

ol  Constantinople  was  destroyed  by  lire. 


wndi. 
Basselin  (bas-lan'),  Olivier.  Bom  in  the  Val- 
.le-Vire,  Normandy:  died  about  1418.  A 
French  poet,  a  fuller  by  trade,  lie  was  the  author 
of  a  large  number  of  gay  iuigs  "  which  show  his  talent 
and  his  ignorance  of  the  rules  of  art.  "  Onlya  few  liave 
come  down  to  us.  rhey  were  cjdli-^l  I'nuj-de-  Virt  (whence 
niutlfviltfK),  frtmi  their  place  of  origin. 

Bassenthwaite  (bas'en-thwat^  Lake.    A  lake 

ill  Cuiiibcrlaiiil,  England,  3  miles  northwest  of 
Keswick.     liength.  4  miles. 
It  was  founded  in  632,  was  a  considerable  medieval  em-  BaSSeS  (blis'ez).  Great.      A  ledge  of  rocks  sit- 
porium  and  Arabic  literary  center,  and  has  increased  in     ^■,^t,.,l  south  of  C'evlou,  in  lat.  6°  11'  N.,  long. 
importance  recently,  owing  to  the  development  of  steam      y.^  -lo'  l* 

Born  at  .Vsworthv,  near  Basses,  Little.    A  ledge  of  rocks  south  of  Cey- 

Sleaford.  in  LiucMjlnshire:  died  1812  (f).     An     Ion.  aii.l  imrtlieast  of  the  Great  Basses. 
English  navigator.    He  lUscovercd  Bass's  Strait  Basses- Alpes  (bas-  zalp  ).     A_  department^ of 
n  1798,  and  in  the  same  year  circumnavigated 


A   town   in   Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on    the 
Shat-el-.\rab  .55  miles  from  the   Pei^ian  (iulf. 


Tasmania 
Bassa  (biis'sii),  or  Basa.  A  tribe  of  Liberia, 
West  Africa,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  dwelling 
on  the  Sess  Uiver  and  the  sealioard.  They  belong 
to  the  same  ethnic  and  linguistic  cluster  as  their  eastern 
neighbors,  the  Kru-inen, 


Basiliskos  (bas-i-lis'kos).     Ptolemy's  name  for  Bassadore  (bas-sa-dor').     A  British  station  at 


the  lirst-magnitiide  white  star  a  Leonis,  now 
ordinarily  known  as  Regulus,  a  Latin  transla- 
tion of  Basiliskos. 
Basilius.     See  lias-il. 

Basilius  (ba-sil'i-us),  Valentinus.    A  noted 

(icriuaii  alchemist,  who  lived  nlioiit  the  begin- 
ning of  the  1.5tli  century.  He  made  important  dis- 
coveries In  chemistry,  notably  those  of  antimony  and  muri- 
atic acid.    Author  of  "  CuiTils  triumphalis  Aiitimonli  " 

Basilius 


the  western  end  of  the  island  of  Kishm,  at  the 
cntranee  to  the  Persian  Gulf. 
Bassae  (bas'e).  [Gr.  Kiinnai.]  A  place  in  .-Vr- 
cadia,  Greece,  near  Phigalia.  It  is  iiote<l  for  iu 
ruined  temple  of  Apolhi  F.picurlus,  built  in  the  second 
half  ot  the  .'.th  century  B.  c.  Iiy  Ictinus,  the  architect  of 
the  P.arthenon.  It  is  a  Doric  peripteios  of  U  by  16  columns, 
in  plan  41  Ijy  ViS  feet,  the  cella  with  pronaos  and  opis- 
thodomos  of  two  columns  in  antu.  In  the  interior  of  the 
cella  six  piers  project  from  each  side  wall,   their  tai 


JasiliUS.     The  lover  of  Uuiteria  in  Cervantes's     forined  by  Ionic  three-quarter  columns.     A  iMirtlon  t..-  Basse-TeiTe  (biis'tar').    [F..' low  land.']     T 
.*L.on  ?ii.i.xote."     He  gc?ts  her  away  from  Ca-     Th'^^.yrJirA'JafiiVAbe'eir  iris^'irhMd'^  Ih^^  "^^plfnf  !7th*e   island 'of  Siua.l.doupe,  ^>en 


macho  by  a  stratagem.     See  Caiiuichi). 

Basilius.  The  Prince  of  Arcadia,  in  love  with 
Ziliiiaiie,  ill  Sidney's  romance  "Arcadia." 

Basing,  Baron.     See  Sdatcr-Booth,  (leort/e. 

Basing  House  (ba'zing  hous).  A  former  resi- 
i|i-M.-.>  of  ll,i-  Marquis  of  Winchester,  situated 
ra-t  I'l'  li:isiiit,'sloke.  It  is  famous  for  its  long  de- 
[.I,-,  l.y  tin-  Royalists  against  the  Parliamentarians,  in 
the  English  civil  war.  It  was  taken  by  Cromwell  Oct., 
ItW.'i,  and  destroyed. 

Basingstoke  (bii'zing-stok).  A  town  in  Hainp- 
>liire,  England,  47  iiiiles  west-southwest  of 
London,     i'opiilatioii  (1891),  7,9()0. 

Baskerville  (bas'ker-vil).  John.  Born  at  Wol- 
vcriey,  Worcestershire.  Jan.  2S,  17(J6:  ilicd  at 
hiriniiigham,  Jan.  8,  1775.  A  famous  English 
printer  and  type-foiiiider.    In  early  life  he  followed 


various    pursuits      footman,   stime  cutter,   ealllgrapber,   BasSanO  (bils-sit'lio),   Duke    Of. 
teacher,  and  maker  of  japanneil  ware.     Al)out_  17;.o  In-      //„,,,„,    llrniarti. 


turned  his  attention  to  type-founding  and  iirintlng,  and 
was  elected  printer  to  the  University  of  Cambiiilge  f,ii 
10  years  In  17,W  His  first  work  was  a  famous  edition  of 
Vergil  (1767) ;  other  noted  specimens  ot  his  art  are  edit  ions 
of  Milton  (1768  and  17.'.»),  the  Prayer  Book  (I7l«l :  tour 
tds.,  and  others  in  suliseqiient  years),  .luvenal  (17(11X 
Horace  (17(1J),  the  Bible  (I7ti3),  and  a  series  of  Latin  au- 
thors (n72- 73). 
Basle.     See  Iias,l. 

Basnage  de  Beauval  (bii-nilzh'  d*  bo-viil  ), 

Henn.     Bom  at  Kouen,  .-\ug.  7,  10.56:  dii-d  in 


brother  of  Jacques  Basnage.     lie  was  an  advocat 
in  Rouen,  and  took  refuge  in  Holland  after  the  revocation 
of  the  F.dictof  Nantes.    Aulhorof  '■  llistolie  des  ouvniges 

des  savants  "  (lf'.87).  etc, 

Basnage  de  Beauval,  Jacques.  Horn  at  Kouen, 
Aug.  8.  1G;)3:  died  at  The  Hague,  Doc.  22, 
1W3.    A  French  Protestant  theologian  and  liis- 


soiitheastern  France,  capital  Digue,  bounded 
by  Drome  on  the  northwest,  Haiites-.Mpes  on 
the  north,  Italy  and  the  .-Vlpes-Maritimes  on 
the  east,  Var  "and  Bouches-du-Kli6ne  on  the 
southwest,  andVauduseon  the  west.  It  formed 
part  of  Provence.  .-Vrea,  2,685  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  l'J4,'J85. 
Basses -Pyr6n6es  (biis-jie-rii-na').  A  depart- 
iniiit  •■!■  soiillnvistern  France,  capital  Pan, 
bouiidi  il  by  Laiidcs  on  the  north,  tiers  on  the 
northea.st,  "Hautes-Pyrenees  on  the  east,  Spain 
on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  the  Bay  of  Ilis- 
eav  on  the  west,  it  was  formed  frtun  lW>srn  and  part 
of  the  Basque  region.  A^el^  'J.IMS  s<iuare  miles.  Popula- 
tion (islll),  Ai:<.vn. 
Basset  ( bas'et ).  A  swindler  iu  Gibber's  "  Pro- 
ked  Husband." 

The 
ueh 
the  cella  proper,  and  that  the  maiii  part  of  the  cella  « as  West  Indies,  situated  on  the  western  coast, 
merely  a  monumental  court,  open  U)  the  sky  —  a  unique  •Y^^^,  „,„up  jfi  given  also  to  the  westernmost  of 
?r'K:"Brit]r^u::;:^.^t^o;::ni:;!.;h^i!de^.:;r'::;  the  island  ..orUons  of  Guadeloupe.  Popula- 
the  cella,  ali..ve  the  architrave:  it  is  ill  high  reiki,  and      tloll  ( l^'-"').  N '9<'-  „      „,     .  , 

represents  combats  of  Greeks  with  Amaz<Mis  and  wilhfen.   BaSSe-Terie.     The  capital  of  St.  Chnstophef, 
taniB.  .,,         ^        i      Hrilish  Wist  Indies.      Population,  7, tKK). 

Bassamdiiis-siim   \i.\» .bUs-son  ),  or  Great  Bassett  lluis'et),  Richarti.    Horn  in  Delaware. 

Bassarn.     A  place  on  the  Ivory  Coast.  Ljiper     ,|i,,,i  i^i;,      An   American  politician.     He  wu  > 
Guinea,  .\frica,  in  French  territory.  .  menilHT  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  1787;  Inited 

BaSSanes  (bas'a-nez).     \  jealous  nobleman  in      states  senator  frrun  l(el«war»  I7b»-lt3;  and  governor  of 
Ford's  tragedv"  The  Broken  I  lean."    He  eihlblts      Ixlaware  171W  18"1 

traces  of  original  strength  and  shrewdness  through  a  BasSCt-Tablo  (bas'et-ta'bl I,  The.     A  comedy 
cloud  of  Impureand  weak  ravings.  ^  |,y    ^ ,.,     t 'ontlivre.    Unit    acted    in    1705,    and 

BassaniO  (ba-sa'iii-6)^_  In  Shakspere  k    '  Mer-     pui.liHhed  the  ne.\t  year.     It  is  a  clever  hit  at 

the  fashionable  gambliiig  habit  of  the  dav. 

Bassi  (biis'se).  Laura  Maria  Caterina.  Born 

at    Bologna.  t»cl.  2!i.   1711:  di.d   F-b-  2(1.  1778. 
.Meariieil  Itnliiiiilady.iioli-illorhirattainineiita 
in  experiineiilal  phiio.sophy  aim  langiuigi'S. 
Basal,  Fra  UgO  (originally  OiOTanni).    Horn  in 
istll  :  died  in  1849.      .\  noted  Italian  prea.'her. 

He  entered  the  onler  of  St.  llariisbu  In  1818.  and  Ininn 
his  public  ministry  In  IS.I't.    Hl»  luriiion.  pn.duced  a  great 

■  Heel.  I pie   Ihnmliig  down   Ihell  gaimeiilt  for  him  to 

walk  on  III  1K»8  In-  JoIii.hI  lia>a/»l  and  a  party  ol  Cro- 
clatl,  and  later  (.lined  Gnrllialdi  nl  Ubtl.  when-  he  con. 
iliiued  pmicbing  until  be  lui.  l.-iken  prlwmcr  liy  thr 
AUKtrlann  and  shot  He  wa.  burled  whert'  he  fell. 
BasslanUS  (bas-i-ii'inisi.  III  Sliakspere's '•  Ti- 
tii-  Aiidroiiicus."  a  brother  of  SaturninuM  and 
Born  at   Bassaii",  Italv.  I.-.IO:  .lioit  th.re.  lei.,     son  of  the  late  Eiiip.ror  ..f  K"""'- 

13    1592      An  Italiiiii  piiiiili'r  of  the  V tian   Bassigny  (lui-sen-ye  ).     A   small   former  divi- 

seiiool    iioled  as  ono  of  the  eariicst  of  Italian     sion  of   France,  lying  jinrtly  in    Lornime  and 
'.,.,ji,t,.,.,  piirtlv  in  ChatniHitfiiOi  ">   the  noighborhoo)!  of 


chant 
friend 
suitor. 


d'  Venice."  a  Venetian   nobleman,  the 
of    Antonio,   and     P<irlia's    successful 


See   Ma  ret, 


Bassano.     A  town  in  tlie  province  of  Vicenita. 

Italy,  situated  on  the  Breiitn  28  miles  north 
of  I'adua.  It  ba»  a  cathedral.  II  1«  the  birthplace  of 
the  Da  P'iiile  family  A  vleL.r)  was  galneil  here  Sept  s, 
17IH1.  by  the  Freiub  under  IWmaparte  over  the  Aintrlans 
under  Wiirmser.     I'opiililloii,  il,oi»i 

Bassano,  Francesco  loriginullv  Francesco  da 

Pontei.  Horn  at  Itassiino.  Italy,  b'l.'si :  diiil  at 
Veniio,  .Iiilv  I.  l.'iOl.  .\n  Italian  paintcT  of  the 
Veiieliaii  school,  eldest  son  of  .Iii.opo  Bushiiim 


Holland,  March  19,  1710.    A  French  jurist,  a  Bassano  JacoDO(originallv Jacopoda Ponte '. 


Bassano.  Leandro   (originallv  Leandro   da    i.nngns. 
Ponte).     Horn  at  Basiiano,  Italy,  1558:  died  at  Bassim.     Sep  Bassetn. 


Bassino 

.Bassino  Cba-se'no).  The  perjured  husband  in 
Mrs.  CeutUvre's  comedy  ot  that  uame. 

Bassiolo  (bas-i-6'16).  The  gentleman  usher,  a 
character  in  Chapman's  play  of  that  name, 
a  foolish,  conceited  busybody. 

Bassompierre  (bii-s6n-pyar'),  Frangois,  Bar- 
on de.  Bora  at  the  Chateau  d'Haruuel,  iu 
Lorraine.  April  12, 1579:  died  Oct.  12,  1G46.  A 
French  diplomatist  and  soldier,  made  marshal 
of  France  in  1622.  He  served  in  the  imperial  airny 
against  tlie  Turks  in  1603,  at  the  siege  of  Cliateau-Porcieu 
in  1617,  was  wounded  at  Rethel,  and  took  part  in  the 
sieges  of  Saint  .Jean  d'.\Dgely,  ilontpellier,  and  La  Ro- 
chelle.  Through  the  enmity  of  Kieiielieu  lie  was  tlirown 
into  the  Bastille,  where  he  remained  until  1643.  He  was 
noted  for  his  amours,  and,  on  his  arrest,  is  said  to  have 
destroyed  6,000  lovedetters.  He  wrote  "  ilemoires  du 
Marechal  de  Bassompierre,  etc. "  (1665). 

Bassora.     See  Basra. 

Bass  Kock  (has  rok).  An  islet,  one  mile  in 
circumference,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  Scotland,  near  North  Berwicli.  It  was 
held  by  the  Jacobites  against  WiUiam  III., 
1691-94. 

Bass  Strait.  A  channel  between  Australia 
and  Tasmania,  named  for  George  Bass.  Length, 
about  200  miles.    Breadth,  about  140  miles. 

Bassuto.     Sec  Basutoland. 

Bassville  (biis-vel'),  or  Basseville,  Nicolas 
Jean  Hugon,  or  Husson,  de.  Died  at  Rome, 
Jan.  13,  1793.  A  French  journalist  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  editor  of  the  "Mercure  National" 
when  he  became  secretary  of  legation  at  Naples  (1792), 
Summoned  to  Rome  soon  after,  he  was  killed  by  the 
populace  for  attempting,  under  orders  from  the  yrench 
government,  to  dispLay  the  republican  cockade. 

Bast  (bast).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a  lion- 
ess-headed or  cat-headed  froddess.  In  her  especial 
city.  Bubastis  (Egypt.  Pa-East),  she  appears  to  have  held  a 
supreme  place  like  that  of  Neith  at  Sais,  Seven  hundred 
tliousand  Egyptians  visited  Iler  shrine  yearly,  "Bronze 
images  of  Bast  were  sold  in  immense  numbers  at  Bubastis, 
as  sUver  shrines  of  Diana  were  at  Ephesus  "  (ilariette). 

Bastan.     See  Ba:tan. 

Bastar  O^ns'tiir).  A  feudatory  state  connected 
with  the  Chanda  district  of  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  in  lat,  18°-20=  N.,  long. 
80°  30'-82^  15'  E.  Area,  13,062  square  miles. 
Population  (1891).  310,884. 

Bastard  of  Orleans.  [F.  Bdtard  d'OrUans.l 
Comte  Jean  de  Dunois  (1402-68),  an  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Louis,  brother  of  Charles  VI. 

Bastards.     See  Ehoikhoin,  Griqiia. 

Bastarnse  (bas-tar'ne).  or  Basternae  (bas-ter'- 
ne).  [L.  (Livy)  Bastarme,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Baa- 
Tapvai.}  A  Germanic  tribe.  They  appear  in  his- 
tory, in  the  ii  centuiy  B,  c,  as  auxiliaries  of  Perseus 
against  the  Romans  in  the  third  Macedonian  war,  in  the 
region  about  the  Black  Sea  north  of  the  Danube,  whither 
they  had  come  from  their  original  seat,  appai-ently  on 
the  upper  Vistula.  During  the  succeeding  centuries  they 
were  in  frequent  conUict  with  the  Romans,  but  disappear 
in  the  3d  century.  They  appear  to  have  been  the  tirst 
Germanic  people  to  leave  their  old  homes  in  the  north, 
and  were  the  forerunners,  accordingly,  of  the  movement 
southward  that  afterward  became  general. 

Bastel  (biis-ti').  A  rocky  height  in  the  Saxon 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Elbe  6  miles  east 
of  Pirna,     Height,  875  feet. 

Basternae.    See  Bastarme. 

Bastetani  (bas-te-ta'ni),  or  Bastitani  (bas-ti- 
ta'ni).  A  Spanish  people,  possibly  Iberian, 
hardly  Phenician,  who  occupied  the  coast  of 
Hispauia  Bietiea. 

Bastl  (bas'te).  A  district  in  the  Benares  divi- 
sion. Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  about 
lat.  27°  N.,  long,  83°  E,  Area,  2,767  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,785,844. 

Bastia  (biis-te'a).  A  seaport  on  the  northeast- 
ern coast  of  Corsica,  in  lat,  42°  41'  N.,  long.  9° 
-7  E.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  place  in  the  island, 
and  was  formerly  its  capital.  It  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1745,     Population  (1891),  23,397, 

Bastian  (biis'tyau),  Adolf.  Born  at  Bremen, 
Juno  26,  1826.  A  Prussian  ethnologist.  He 
studied  hiw,  medicine,  and  the  natural  sciences  at  various 
German  universities,  became  a  surgeon,  and  (1851-66)  trav- 
eled in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Peru,  Colombia,  Central 
America,  remote  parts  of  China,  India  and  Persia,  Syria, 
Egypt,  Arabia  (penetrating  to  ilecca),  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  West  Africa,  Norway,  India  (a  second  time),  the 
Malay  Islands,  Chin.a,  northern  Asia,  the  Caspian  and 
Black  seas,  and  the  Caucasus.  In  1S66  he  w;rs  appointed 
professor  of  ethnology  at  Berlin,  and  administrator  of  tlie 
Ethnological  .Museum.  He  succeeded  Virchow  as  presi- 
dent of  the  BL-rlin  .Anthropological  Society,  and  was  the 
principal  organizer  and  president  of  the  African  Society, 
which  gave  a  great  impetus  to  German  explorations  in 
Africa.  Among  his  important  published  works  are  '  Der 
Mensch  in  der  Geschichte"  (3  vols.  186*i),  "Sprachver- 
gleichende  Sludien  "  (1S70),  "  Die  Culturl.-mder  des  Alien 
Americas  "  (187;-),  and  numerous  papers  in  the  proceedings 
of  scientillc  societies.  With  Hartmann  he  founded  the 
"Zeitschrift  fiu-  Ethnologic"  in  ISOO. 

Bastian  i  bas'tyanj,  Henry  Charlton.  Born  at 
Truro,  Cornwall,  April  26,  1837.     An  English 


128 

physician  and  biologist,  professor  of  patholog- 
ical anatomy  and  clinical  medicine  in  Univer- 
sity College,  Loudon :  noted  as  a  pathologist 
(nervous  system)  and  as  a  defender  of  the  doc- 
trine of  spontaneous  generation.  He  has  written 
"Origin  of  Lowest  Organisms"  (1871),  "Beginnings  of 
Life  '  (1872),  "Evolution  and  the  Origin  of  Life "(1874), 
"The  Brain  as  an  Organ  of  Mind  "  (ISSo),  etc. 

Bastiat  (bas-tya'),  Frederic.  Bom  at  Bayonne, 
France,  June  29,  1801 :  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  24, 
1850.  A  noted  French  political  economist, 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  and  Legislative  as- 
semblies 1848.  He  was  an  influential  opponent  of  the 
protective  system  and  of  socialism.  Among  his  works 
are  "  De  I'influence  des  farifs  frangais  et  anglais  sur 
Tavenir  des  deux  peuples"(in  the  "Journal  des  Econo- 
mistes"),  "  Sophismes  economiques  "  (1846),  "Propriete  et 
loi,"  "Justice  et  fraternite"  (1848),  "Protectionnisme  ct 
communisme"  (1S49),  "  Capitid  et  rente "  (1849),  "Har- 
monies economiques  "  (1S49), 

Bastide  (bas-ted'),  Jules.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov. 
22,  ISOO :  died  tliere,  March  3,  1879.  A  French 
journalist  and  politician,  a  leader  in  the  unsuc- 
cessful insurrection  of  1832.  He  was  condemned  to 
death  for  taking  part  in  the^meute  on  the  occasion  of  the 
funeral  of  General  Lamarque,  June  5,  but  escaped  to  Lon- 
don. In  ls34  he  returned,  and  in  the  revolution  of  1818 
was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  He  wrote  "  La  re- 
publique  fran(;aise  et  I  Italie  en  1848  "  (lb58),  "Guerres  de 
religion  en  France  '  (1859),  etc. 

Bastien-Lepage  (bas-tyaii'le-pazh'),  Jules. 
Born  at  Damvillers,  Meuse,  France,  Nov,  1, 
1848 :  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  10,  1884.  A  noted 
French  painter.  At  sixteen  years  of  age  he  went  to 
Paris  where  he  partly  supported  himself  by  entering  the 
postal  service.  He  entered  the  atelier  of  Cabanel,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  1S70.  During  the  war  he  enlisted 
in  a  company  of  francs-tireurs.  After  the  war  was  over 
he  returned  to  Damvillers  to  paint.  On  returning  to  Paris 
he  supported  himself  by  working  for  the  illustrated  papers, 
Ketiu-ningto  Damvillers  in  the  summer  of  1S73,  he  painted 
his  grandfather's  portrait,  which  was  one  of  the  suc- 
cesses of  the  Salon  of  1S74,  He  received  a  third-class 
medal  in  1S74,  In  the  S.alou  of  1S73  his  "  First  Commu- 
nion "  gained  a  second-chass  medal.  In  ISSO  he  exiiibited 
the  great  picture  of  Joan  of  Arc,  now  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  New  York, 

Bastille  (bas-tel' ),  The.  [In  spelling  and  pron. 
conformed  to  mod.  F. ;  from  ME.  bastile,  bas- 
tille, bastele,  bastel,  etc.,  from  OP.  (and  mod.  F.) 
bastille,  from  ML.  bastile,  pi.  bastili((,  a  tower, 
fortress,  from  bastire  (whence  OF.  bastir,  F. 
bdtir  =  Pr.  OSp.  bastir  =  It.  bastire),  build,  of 
unknown  origin ;  referred  by  Diez  to  Gr.  ,iaa-d- 
i^civ,  raise,  support,]  A  celebrated  state  prison 
in  Paris.  The  flrst  stone  was  laid  April  22, 1370.  There 
were  at  fii-st  only  two  round  towers  75  feet  high,  flanking 
the  city  gate.  .\f  terward  two  more  were  added  to  the  north 
and  south  and  a  pandlel  line  was  built  to  the  west ;  four 
others  were  afterward  added  to  these.  These  towers  were 
united  by  walls  of  the  same  height  and  a  moat  dug  around 
the  whole,  forming  a  quadrangle,  the  inner  court  of  which 
was  162  feet  long  and  72  feet  w  ide.  The  terrors  of  the  Bas- 
tille as  a  state  prison  reached  their  culmination  during  the 
ministry  of  Richelieu  (1624-42),  when  Leclerc  du  Trem- 
blay  was  commandant.  In  the  reign  of  Louis  XI,  cages  of 
iron  had  been  constructed,  and  the  vaults  beneath  the 
towers,  being  on  a  level  with  the  water  in  the  moat,  were 
especially  dreaded.  From  the  beginning  of  the  revolu- 
tion the  Bastille  was  an  especial  mark  for  the  vintlictive- 
ness  of  the  populace.  On  July  14,  1789,  it  was  attacked  by 
a  mob  which,  after  several  unsuccessful  attempts,  forced  it 
to  surrender,  De  Launey,  the  commandant,  was  disarmed 
and  conducted  toward  the  Hotel  de  Ville  ;  at  the  Place  de 
Gr^ve  he  was  killed  and  his  head  mounted  on  a  pike. 
After  the  first  anniversary  of  the  fall  of  the  Bastille  (July 
14. 179u)  the  old  building  was  razed.  See  Place  de  la  iSas- 
lille. 

Baston  (bas'ton),  Robert.  An  English  poet, 
born  near  Nottingham  toward  the  end  of  the 
13th  century.  He  w.as  a  Carmelite  monk,  and  prior  of 
the  abbey  of  Scarborough. 

He  [Baston]  is  said  to  have  been  taken  to  Scotland  by 
King  Edward  II.  to  celebrate  the  English  triumphs,  but 
he  was  captured  by  the  Scotch,  and  they  required  of  him 
as  ransom  a  panegyric  upon  Robert  Bruce.  His"Metra 
de  Hlustri  IJello  do  Bannockburn  "  were  appended  by 
Hearne  to  his  edition  of  Fordoun's  "Scotichronicon." 

3lorley,  English  Writers,  \^,  169. 

Bastuli  (bas-tu'li).  An  ancient  people  in  south- 
ern Spain,  identified  by  Strabo  with  the  Bas- 
tetani, 

Basutoland  (bii-so'to-land).  A  native  colony 
in  South  .\frica,  capital  Maseru,  imder  the  di- 
rect administration  of  the  British  imi)erial  gov- 
ernment. It  is  bounded  by  the  Orange  River  Colony  on 
the  west  and  north.  Natal  on  the  east,  and  Cape  Colony 
on  the  south.  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  it  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Orange  River.  Its  inhahitaids  are  Basutos 
(allied  to  the  Kafirs).  It  is  governed  by  a  British  resident 
commissionerand  the  high  commissioner  for  South  .Africa. 
In  18IJ8  it  was  taken  under  British  protection  ;  was  an- 
nexed to  Cape  Colony  in  1871 :  was  at  wiu-  with  the  Brit- 

■  ish  1880-82 ;  and  was  taken  under  direct  British  control 
in  1884.  Area,  10,21)3 squaie miles.  Population (1891), 21S,- 
902. 

Bastwick  (bast'wik).  John.  Born  at  Writtle. 
in  Essex.  1593  :  died  1654.  An  English  physi- 
cian and  Protestant  theological  controversialist. 
He  was  imprisoned  and  fined  by  the  Star  Chamber  in  1634 
on  account  of  his  "Fiagelium  Pontiflcis,"  and  in  1637  for 


\ 


Baten  Kaitos 

his  "Letanieof  Dr.  ,Iohn  Bastwicke"  in  which  he  roundly 
denounced  episcopacy.  He  was  released  in  1640  and  his 
fine  returned  to  hiiu, 

Batalha  (bii-tal'ya).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Leiria,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Liz  north- 
northeast  of  Lisbon,  it  is  famous  for  its  Dominican 
monastery,  which  was  begun  in  1388  and  finished  in  1515. 
It  is  the  great  exemplar  of  the  Portuguese  florid  Pointed 
style,  and  though  not  the  architectiu-al  marvel  that  it  has 
been  called,  is  beautiful  and  interesting.  The  chinch,  in 
proportions  a  cathedral,  has  a  lofty  and  dignified  inte- 
rior, not  over-ornate.  There  is  notriforium.  To  the  south 
opens  the  Founder's  Chapel,  with  a  rich  octagonal  lantern 
and  the  royal  tomlts.  The  unfinished  chapel  of  Dom  Man- 
uel, behind  the  choir,  is  massive  in  design  and  marked  by 
exuberance  of  surface-ornament.  The  same  style  charac- 
terizes the  cloister,  the  intricate  tracery  of  whose  arciies  if 
unparalleled  elsewhere.     Population,  about  3,000. 

Batan-el-Hajar.     See  Batn-el-Hajar. 

Batang  (batang').  A  small  island  in  the  Strait' 
of  Singapore,  south  of  Singapore. 

Batanga  (bii-tiing'ga).    A  region  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Afi'ica,  bordering  on  the  Bight  of   2 
Biafra.     It  is  partly  under  German  and  partly 
muler  French  control. 

Batangas  (bii-tan'gas).  A  seaport  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Luzon,  Philippines.  Population 
(1887),  35,587. 

Batan  Islands  (ba-tiin'  i'landz).  A  group  of 
small  islands  between  Formosa  and  Luzon  in 
the  Philippines, 

Bata'Va  Castra  {ba-ta'vii  kas'tra).  [L. :  so 
named  because  it  was  the  station  (camp)  of  the 
ninth  Batavian  cohort,]  A  Roman  fort  on  the 
site  of  tlie  modern  Passau, 

Batavi  (ba-ta'vi).  A  German  tribe,  a  branch  of 
the'  Chatti.  They  inhabited  the  Insula  Batavorum  m 
Roman  times,  were  subjugated,  probably  by  Drusus,  and 
became  the  allies  of  the  Romans  (serving  in  the  Komau 
armies,  especially  as  cavalry).  Later  they  took  pai-t  in  the 
rising  under  their  own  countryman,  C'ivilis,  They  were 
ultimately  luerged  in  the  Salic  Franks, 

Batavla  (ba-ta'\-i-a).  Originally,  the  island  of 
the  Batavi  (Insula  Batavorum).  then  the  entire 
region  inhabited  by  the  Batavi ;  later,  Holland, 
and  then  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. 

Bata'Tla.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
Dutch  East  Indies,  situated  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Java  in  lat.  6°  8'  S.,  long.  106°  49'  E. : 
the  chief  commercial  city  in  the  East  Indies,  It 
comprises  the  old  city,  long  notorious  for  its  unhealthful- 
ness,  and  the  suburbs  (Weltevreden.  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, etc.).  It  exports  coffee,  rice,  suLrar,  spice,  and  other 
East  Indian  products.  It  was  settled  in  the  beginning 
of  the  17th  century,  and  was  held  by  the  British  from 
Isll  to  IS14,     Population  (1891),  old  and  new  city,  104,590, 

Bata'Tia.  -^^  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois, 
sit  dated  on  Fox  River  32  miles  west  of  Chicago. 
Popuhitiou  (1900),  3,871, 

Batavia,  A  town  in  western  New  York,  sit- 
uated on  Touawanda  Creek  36  miles  east  ot 
Buffalo,     Population  (1900).  village,  9,180. 

Bata-vian  Republic.  A  republic  formed  by 
France  out  of  the  Netherlands  in  1795.  It  ex- 
isted until  1806, 

Bata'voruni  Insula  (bat-a-v6'rum  in'su-lii). 
[L., '  Island  of  the  Bataviaus.']  In  the  time  of 
Tacitus,  a  name  given  to  an  island  in  the  Low 
Countries,  formed  by  the  Rhine,  Waal,  and 
Meuse. 

Batbie  (bii-be'),  Anselme  Polycarpe.  Born 
at  Seissan,  France,  May  31, 1828:  died  at  Paris, 
June  30,  1887.  A  French  politician  and  legal 
and  economical  'writer.  He  became  professor  of  ad- 
miiustrative  law  in  the  University  of  Paris  in  1862,  and 
senator  for  the  department  of  Gers  in  1871,  voting  with 
the  Right  Center,  .Author  of  "  Doctrine  et  jurisprudence 
en  matiiTe  d'appel  comrae  abns  "  (1852),  "  Precis  du  coura 
de  droit  public  et  adiuinistratif  "(4th  ed,  1876),  and  "  Nou- 
veau  cours  d'economie  politique  "  (1864-65), 

Batchelor's  Banquet,  The.  A  pamphlet  by 
Dekker,  first  published  iu  1603,  and  four  or  five 
times  reprinted,  it  is  based  on  an  old  French  satire 
of  the  15th  century,  "  Les  Quinze  Joyes  de  Mariage,"  but 
is  so  treated  as  to  be  almost  an  original  work. 

Batchian.     See  Batjan. 

Bateman  (bat'man),  Hezekiah  Linthicum. 
Born  at  Baltimore,  Md,,  Dec.  6,  1812:  died  at 
London,  March  22,  1875,  An  actor  and  theatri- 
cal manager.  He  was  the  lessee  of  the  Lyceum 
Theater  iu  London  from  1871  till  his  death. 

Bateman,  Kate  Josephine.  Born  at  Balti- 
more. Md..  Oct.  7,  1842,  An  actress,  daughter 
of  Hezekiah  Linthicum  Bateman.  She  appeared 
with  her  younger  sister  as  "the  Bateman  Sisters"  about 
1851.  In  1863  she  began  to  play  Leah  at  the  Adelphi  in 
London ;  in  1866  married  Mr.  Geolge  Crowe ;  in  1868 
returned  to  the  stage  under  her  nniiden  name,  playing 
Lady  Macbeth.  Medea,  Juliet,  and  Queen  Mary  in  Tenny- 
son s  drama  (in  1S76),  and  has  since  taken  the  direction  of 
one  of  the  London  theaters. 

Baten  Kaitos (bii'ten  Id'tos),  [Ar.  bat'n  kaitos, 
the  belly  of  the  whale,  kaitos  being  an  Arabic 
transliteration  of  the  Gr.  Kf/roc]  The  third- 
magnitude  star     Ceti. 


Bates 

Bates  (bats).  A  soliiier  in  the  king's  army,  in 
Sliakspere's  "  Henry  V." 

Bates,  Arlo.  Born  at  East  Machias,  Maine, 
Dec.  IG.  1S.')0.  An  American  author  and  jour- 
nalist. His  wife  Harriet  L.  (Vose)  wrote  under  the  pseu- 
donym "Eleanor  Putnam."  He  became  editor  of  the  *'  ]io8- 
ton  Sunday  Courier"  in  1S80,  and  Is  the  autltor  of  **The 
l'ai;ans"  (1SS4),  etc. 

Bates,  Charlotte  Fiske.    Born  in  New  York 

city.  Nov.  :iO,  1S3S.  ,\n  .Vnierican  poet,  she 
assisted  L«jiiu'fell'>w  in  coTupilint;  his  "Poems  of  Places," 
e<lilvd  tile  'liinihiidge  Bo..k  of  Poetry  and  Sonc"  (1882), 
anti  is  the  autliur  uf  ■■  Rislv,  and  Other  Pocuis  ' (IS7J>X  etc. 

Bates,  Charley.  A  young  thief  in  the  employ 
of  Fapin,  in  Charles  Dickens's  story  "Oliver 
Twist." 

Bates,  David.  Born  about  1810 :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Jan.  2.5,  1870.  An  .Vmericau  poet. 
He  wrote  the  famiUar  poem  "  .Speak  Gently."  His  poems 
\ven-j)Ublished  in  book  form  under  tlie  title  '"The  i::tdian  " 
,18  IS). 

Bates,  Edward.  Born  at  Belmont,  Goochland 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  4,  1793:  died  at  St.  Louis. 
March  25,  1869.  An  American  statesman  and 
jurbit.  He  was  member  of  Conprcss  fro?n  Missouri  1827- 
1820  :  nnsuict ^-sfiil  LMii-lidate  for  tlie  Republican  iioajina- 
ti<m  (or  rn-siiknt  in   l>'.n;  and  attorney-general  18()l-t>t 

Bates,  Henry  Walter.  Born  at  Leicester,  Kng- 
lau<l,  Feb.  18,  1825 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  IG, 
1892.  All  English  naturalist  and  traveler.  In 
184S  he  went  to  the  .Amazon  in  company  with  Sir.  A.  R. 
Wallace  ;  at  tlrst  with  him,  and  afterward  alone,  he  trav- 
eled over  all  parts  of  the  lirazilian  .Amazon.  Returning 
to  England  in  ISiO,  he  published  his  "  .Naturalist  on  the 
River  Amazon  "  (18ti:i).  He  also  wrote  a  handbook  of 
I'entml  and  .South  .America,  etc. 

Bates,  Joshua.  Born  at  Weymouth,  Mass.. 
I7SS :  died  at  London.  Sept.  24,  1SG4.  A  banker 
of  tlio  house  of  Baring  Brothers  and  Co.,  chief 
founder  of  the  Boston  Pulilic  Library,  1852-58. 

Bates  College,  A  coeducational  institution  of 
iearniug  at  Lewiston,  Maine,  controlled  by  the 
Freewill  Baptists.  It  originated  in  the  Maine  State 
Seminary,  cliartercd  in  1855.  which  was  rechai-tered  in 
IS&t  as  a  college,  and  named  after  one  of  its  patrons,  Ben- 
jamin E.  Bates,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  It  has  over 
300  students,  t'onuecti-d  with  it  are  tiie  Nichols  Latin 
School  anil  the  Cobb  Divinity  SehooL 

Bath  (bath).  [ME.  Bdlli,  Jlitllie,  AS.  Uiilhaii, 
Batlium,  prop.  dat.  pi.  of  bsrtli.  bath,  ;ct  tlisem 
batkiim,  or  set  tlisem  liiltnm  bdthiim,  'at  the  hot 
baths' or  springs.]  A  town  in  Somersetshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  in  lat.  31°  24'  X., 
long.  2°  22'  W, :  the  Roman  Aquaj  Solis  ( '  baths 
of  tne  sun  ').  It  is  one  of  the  leading  watering-pl.accs  of 
England,  noted  for  its  saline  and  chalybeate  hot  springs. 
It  contains  Roman  baths  and  other  Itoman  antiquities. 
(See  below.)  In  the  Hotnan  period  it  was  an  Iniportiuit 
watering-place,  was  destroyed  by  tlieSa.vons.and  was  devel- 
oped in  till-  17th  and  espeeially  in  tin-  istli  century  through 
the  inllueni-f  >>t  llran  Xash.  The  abhry  church  of  Bath,  an 
excellent  example  of  the  Perpendii.illar  style,  was  begun 
about  1500.  Ithas  been  called  "the  Lantern  of  England,  * 
from  the  number  anil  size  of  ita  trareried  windows.  The 
plan  presents  a  square  chevet  and  naiTow  transejpts.  The 
west  window  is  good,  as  is  the  restored  fan-vaulting  of 
the  interior.  The  church  is  225  feet  long,  the  centnil 
tower  102  feet  high,  of  the  lioman  thermas  live  large 
halls  remain,  one  of  them  08  by  no  feet,  and  several  smaller 
ones,  with  the  arrangements  for  heating  beneath  tin- 
floors.  One  of  the  pisciiue  retains  its  ancient  lining  of 
lead.     Population  finoi).  l!i,R17. 

Bath.  A  city  and  port  of  entry,  the  capital  of 
Sagadahoc  County,  in  Maine,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Kenuelu^e,  in  lat.  4')°  .55'  N., 
long.  69°  49'  W. :  one  of  the  principal  ship- 
building centers  in  the  country.  It  has  important 
commerce  and  a  tine  harbor.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1780.     Population  (llioo),  10,477. 

Bath.  Tin-  ca]iilal  of  Steuben  County,  New 
Vork.  situated  on  the  Cohocton  Kiver  56  miles 
southeast  of  Kochester.  Population  (1900), 
viil.-ige,  4,9!)4. 

Bath  (biith).  Colonel.  An  inflexibly  punctil- 
ious but  kiud-lii-ailcd  character  in  Fiiddiug's 
■•.\iiiclia." 

Bath,  Earl  of.     See  Vitltcneii,  ll'illidiii. 

Bat-ha  (bil'ta).  The  chief  river  of  Wadai,  Su- 
dan.    It  Mows  westward  into  Lake  Filtri. 

Bath^nyi.     See  liiitllinninii. 

Bathgate  fbath'gat).  A  town  of  Liidithgow- 
sliirc,  Scot  laud,  19  miles  west  of  Ediiibin-gh. 
Population  (1.S91).  5,:t:iO. 

BAthori  (bii'to-r.)),  Elizabeth.  Died  in  IGI  t. 
A  Hungarian  ]>rincess,  niiie  of  Stei)hen  Bii- 
thori,  king  of  Poland,  and  wife  of  a  Ilungarian 
count  Niidasdy,  notorious  for  her  crimes,  wiili 
the  aid  of  her  at'tcndants  she  killed  from  time  to  thin- 
young  girls  (said  in  diOerent  accounts  to  miinber  from 
eighty  to  si-vri-al  hnndied)  In  order  to  use  thefr  bliMiil  a^ 
a  Imlfi  to  Improve  hiT  romplexion.  She  was  imprisoned 
for  life,  and  her  aecomplices  were  mainn-d  and  Inn'ncil. 

B4thori,  Sigismund.  I'ied  lGi:i  at  Prugue.  .\ 
nephew  of  Stephen  Bdthori,  prince  of  Tran- 
sylvania 1.5.11-9H. 

Bithori.  Stephen.     Born  1522:  died  1586,     A 


129 

Hungarian  noble,  princeof  Transylvania  (1371- 
1576)  and  king  of  Poland  (1575-86).  He  was 
crowned  in  I."p7G. 

Baths  of  Caracalla.  Baths  in  ancient  Rome, 
begun  by  Sevenis  206  A.  D.  The  thermn  proper 
occupied  a  space  of  720  by  :)75  fce^  In  a  large  stpiare  in. 
closure,  bonlerc-d  by  pi'jrtieos  ami  connected  founda- 
tions. The  renuilns  inelude  walls,  arches,  and  vaults, 
which  are  among  the  most  imI>o^ing  ruins  of  ancient 
Rome,  and  portions  of  the  llgured  mosaic  pavement. 

Baths  of  Diocletian.  Koman  baths  begun  by 
DiocktiiiM,  situated  in  Home  near  the  Vimiual. 

Baths  of  Titus.  Baths  constructed  by  the  em- 
peror Titus  in  Rome,  northeast  of  the  Colos- 
seum. 

Bathsheba  (bath-she'bji  or  bath' she -bii). 
[Mib.. 'daughter  of  an  oath.']  1.  The  wife  of 
Uriah  the  Hittite.  sinf  idly  loved  by  Daviil :  after- 
ward the  wfe  of  David  and  the  mother  of  Solo- 
mon. 2  Sam.  xi.  Hence  — 2.  The  Duchess  of 
Portsmouth,  in  Drvdeu's  "Absalom  and  Achito- 
phol,"  the  favorite"  of  Charles  II. 

Bathurst  (bath'^rst).  A  town  of  New  South 
Wales,  100  miles  west-northwest  of  Sydney: 
tlieeinlral  point  of  a  gold  district.  Popiilatioii 
1 1891),  9,162. 

Bathurst.  A  seaport  and  chief  town  of  Glou- 
cester County,  New  Brunswick,  situated  on 
the  Bay  of  Clialeur. 

Bathurst.  The  capital  of  British  Gambia, West 
-Africa,  built  on  the  Island  St.  Mary  near  the 
luouth  of  the  Gambia  River.  Its  commerce 
is  mostlv  in  the  hands  of  French  firms.  Popu- 
lation, 6.000. 

Bathurst,  Allen,  lirst  Earl  Bathurst.  Born 
at  West  minster,  Nov.  16,  1684:  died  at  Ciren- 
cester, Sept.  16,  1775.  .-\n  English  statesman, 
a  friend  of  Pope,  Swift.  Pi-ior,  Congreve,  and 
Sterne.  To  him  Pope  addressed  the  third  of 
his  ■•  .\Inral  Essays." 

Bathurst,  Henry,  second  Earl  Bathurst.  Born 
May  2,  1714:  died  Aug.  6,  1794.  An  English 
politician,  son  of  the  first  Earl  Bathurst.  lie 
was  loid  chancellor  of  England  (1771-78)  and 
lord  jiresident  of  the  council  (1779-82). 

Bathurst,  Henry,  t  hird  Earl  Bathurst.  Born 
May  22,  17G2:  died  1834.  An  English  stale;*- 
man,  son  of  (lie  second  Earl  Bathurst.  He  was 
president  of  the  Hoard  of  Trade  1800-12  ;  secretai-)-  for  war 
and  the  colonies  1812-27:  and  president  of  the  council 
1828-30.     The  lollowing  were  named  for  him. 

Bathurst  Inlet.  .Vu  inlel  extending  south 
from  Coronation  Gulf  into  British  America,  in 
lat.  G5J  N.,  long.  10.s°  W. 

Bathurst  Island.  -\  large  island  in  the  Arctic 
( Iceaii,  iiilerseeied  by  lat.  76^  N.,  long.  100'^  \V. 

Bathurst  Island.  An  island  north  of  Aus- 
tralia, and  west  of  Melville  Island.  It  belongs 
to  the  norlliern  territory  of  South  .-Australia. 

Bathycles  (baih'i-klez)".  or  Bathykles.    [Gr. 

BoWiw>i;}r.J  Born  at  Magnesia:  liveil  about  560 
B.  c.  A  Greek  sculptor.  Ho  constructed  a 
throne  for  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Amyclroau 
.\pollo  ill  Lai'onia. 

Bathyllus  (ba-thil'us)  of  Alexandria.  Lived 
aboul  20  11.  ('.  A  freedman  of  Ma'coiias,  noted 
as  0  (•iiiiiic  dancer  in  the  "|>antomimi." 

Batignolles  (bii-tC-n-yol').  A  northwestern 
(|iiarlei-  of  Paris. 

Batjan  (liiit-yiin'),  or  Batchlan  (bach-yiin'). 
One  of  tlie  Molucca  Islands,  situated  southwest 
of  Gilolo.  in  lat.  0°  45'  S.,  long.  127°  W  E. 
It  is  under  Diilidi  suzerainty.  Area  (esti- 
mated), .800  to  900  square  niih'S. 

Batlle  (bjil'lye),  Lorenzo.  Horn  at  Monte- 
video, 1812.  An  Uruguayan  general  and  states- 
man. During  the  nine  years'  siege  of  .Montevideo  by 
Orlliu,  Batlle  belonged  to  the  "Kefeina,"  or  Monlevldean 
parly,  eommainliiig  one  of  the  boilli-„  of  Infantry  In  the 
garrison,  and  leading  various  rahls  into  the  inlerlor.  He 
was  minister  of  war  under  Mores;  provlHiomil  pre^ldenl 
I8I10  OS.  and  was  elected  president  l-eb.  .«,  ISiSv  Unrlng 
ills  term  there  were  frequent  levolls  and  a  gr«-at  tlnaiK  t.d 
crisis.  He  gave  up  the  othce  In  1872  nnd  resumed  his 
ilnlles  as  gi-neral. 

Batley  (Iml'li).  .\  town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England, 8  miles  Houlliwest  of  Leeds. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and  shodilv. 
Popiilnli..n  (181I1),  '2.8,719. 

Batn-el-Hajar  (bill-n-el-hiriiir).     A  region    in 

.Nubia Inith  sides  of  the  Nile  above  the  sec- 

Olid  enlaiaet.  ab.iiit  hit .  21°-'J2"  N. 

Batonapa  (bii-lo-nli'pii).  (Oiiata  language, 
'place  where  the  water  boils,'  from  (he  hot 
springs  nl  the  fool  of  the  hill.]  A  hill  a  few 
miles  south  <>f  Itanamichi  on  the  .Sonora  River, 
ovei-grown  with  dense  thickets,  but  ciivei'ed 
with  the  remains  uf  unelent  Indian  forlillea- 
tiouH  consisting  of  rude  parapets  of  stone. 
They  were  reared  in  anrliuit  times  by  the  (1|uita«  of  (he 
valley  of  llannnilchi,  as  n  place  of  refiiire  In  raac  ol  attack. 


Batthyanyi,  Count  Louis 

Baton  Rouge  ibat'ou  rozh).  [F.,  'red  staff': 
so  named,  it  is  said,  from  a  red  boundary  mark 
which  separated  the  lands  of  the  Indians  from 
those  of  the  whites.]  The  capital  of  the  State 
of  Louisiana, situatedontlie  Mississippi  River75 
miles  northwest  of  Newt  Irleans.  Itwas  captured  by 
the  Fedends  May  12,  Isi^i  ;  and  on  Aug.  5  follow  ing  the 
Union  brigadiergenel-al  Tbonias  Williams,  with  less  than 
2,500  men,  repulsed  an  allai  k  tiy  the  fonfederale  major- 
general  John  C.  Breckinridge,  with  aboul  2,0<Ninien,  the 
t'nion  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  being  :J63,  the 
l'onfe<lcratc,  iHS.  It  was  tlie  eapit.d  from  1847  to  \ya,  and 
again  tiecame  the  capital  in  1880.   Pop.   (l*.Hii.iX  II  2lEt. 

Batory.    See  Jidihori. 
Batoum.     See  Jiatiim. 

Batrachos  (bat'ra-kus),  or  Batrachos  (-kos). 
[Gr.  ,iur/j<i  IOC,  flog.]  A  Gnek  architect  and 
sculjitor  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  .\ugiistus. 

Batrachomyomachia  (bat'  ra-ko  ■  mi-6-ma'- 

ki-ii).  [lir.  lior/iu  (oi/i-o/iofia,  the  battle  of  the 
frogs  and  mice.]  An  ancient  Greek  mock  epic, 
in  hexameters,  of  which  UIG  lines  are  extant. 
It  was  formerly  attributed  (o  Uonier,  and  by  84.>ine  modern 
critics  to  Pigres,  brother  of  Artemisia,  quccu  of  CarlA. 

The  plot  is  witty,  and  not  badly  constructed.  A  mouse, 
after  escaping  from  the  pursuit  of  a  eat,  is  slaking  its  thirst 
at  a  pond,  wiien  it  Is  accosted  by  a  fn>g.  King  Pnlf-cheek, 
the  son  of  Peleus  (in  the  sense  of  muddy),  who  asks  It  to 
come  and  see  his  home  and  habits.  The  mousecoiisents, 
hut  the  sudden  anpearance  of  an  otter  terrllles  tlie  frog, 
and  makes  him  liive,  leaving  the  mouse  to  perish,  after 
sundry  epic  exclamations  and  S4.ililoqnies.  Ab>standiiig 
mouse  brings  the  tidings  to  the  liibe,  who  forthwith  pre- 
pare for  war,  and  arm  themselves,  seinling  a  formal  lieela- 
ration  to  the  frogs.  The  deliberalioiis  of  Zeus  and  Athena, 
as  to  what  piu-t  they  will  tjike  in  the  war,  are  really  comic, 
and  a  very  clever  pariKly  on  Homer.  Then  follows  quite 
an  epic  battle,  with  deliberate  ineonsistencies,  such  as  the 
reappearance  of  several  heroes  already  killed.  The  fropa 
are  worsted,  and  the  victorious  mice  are  not  even  deterred 
by  the  thunder  of  Zeus,  bill  are  presently  put  to  Might  liy 
the  appearance  of  an  anny  of  cnibs  to  assist  the  defeated 
frogs.  The  Cerman  destructive  critics  think  the  extant 
poem  was  put  together  from  fmgineiits  of  earlier  mock 
epics  of  the  same  kind.  But  of  this  we  have  no  evidence. 
Ma/ui/ii,  Hist,  ol  llassical  (jreek  Lit.,  I.  90. 

Bats,  Parliament  of.     See  I'urUnment. 

Batta   (bid 'til  I.     See  Masd  and  Jioikjo. 

Bittasz6k  (biii'to-shek).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Toliia,  Hniigarv.  50  miles  west  of  There- 
■-ienslndl.     l'i>imlation  (1890).  8.1.53. 

Battenberg  (Imt'ten-berci).  A  small  town  in 
till-  pri'viiice  of  Hesse-Nassau.  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Eder  44  miles  west-southwest  of  Cassel. 
It  gives  name  to  the  liattcnberg  family. 

Battenberg,  Alexander  of.     See  Aleian<U-r. 

I'l  lllf      til     Tllllil'iri:!. 

Battenberg,  Henry,  Prince  of.    Born  Oct.  5, 

1858:  died  Jan.  21,  189G.  Younger  brother  of 
Alexander  of  Battenberg-  He  married  Princeia 
Beatrice  of  Ureal  Britain  in  18.s.'i. 
Battersea  (bat'er-sel.  A  borough  imunicipaU 
of  London,  situateil  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Thames.  4  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul's.  Pop- 
ulation (18911.  1.50.4r>8. 

The  name  of  Peters  I'.ye  or  Island  still  lingers  In  that  o( 

Battersea   on   the  op|s>»lle  side  of  Iheilvir,  which   waa 

part  of  the  ancient  patriinon>  .•!  St.  Peter  s  Alibey  at  \i  eat- 

minster.     It  was  formerly  famous  for  Its  as|tanigUH  bed*. 

Hart.  Walks  In  Uuidon.  II.  44a 

Battersea  Park,  "ne  of  the  more  recent  Lon- 
don parks.  It  faces  I'helsi'a  llosplial.  and  Is  on  the 
Snirev  side  of  the  Thames  II  contains  n  Mile  silblrvpl. 
lal  gal  den,  aud  crleket-gnmiuk  and  la  enclrcli-d  t>y  a 
path  for  cquestrhins. 

Battery  (bnt'er-i).  The.  A  park  of  about  20 
aiTes  at  the  southern  extremity  of  New  York 
city,  on  or  near  the  site  of  an  old  Dutch  fort. 
It  was  at  one  tlino  a  fashionable  iiuarter,  and  Is  now  fre- 
iiiient.-.l  by  the  jsnir  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city.  See 
CttMtir  (larilrit. 

BatteUX(bii-te'). Charles.  Burn  nearVouziers, 
I'rance.  .May  6.  17i;i:  died  al  Paris,  .Inly  14. 
17.M).  .V  French  lilleraliiir  cliielly  noted  as  a 
writer  on  esthetics.  Aulhorof 'Panilhlede  la  lien- 
Hade  el  dn  l.nlrin"  (1740).  "Beaux  Alts  re.lnlis  a  unin.iud 
pi  liielpe  (1710),  'fours  de  bilbsletlres  '  ( I7.'s) :  his  piln- 
.ipal  Work),  "Iji  c.mstriicllon  oiaUdre  "  (17(14),  "  HUlolrc 
des  causes  pn■ml^^^•».  etc.    (i;i'i!M.  etc. 

Battey  (bai'n.  Robert.    Horn  at  .\ugiisi«,Gn., 

Nov.  '.'6.  1828:  dii'd  al  Koine,  Ga  .  Nov.  S,  189.^ 
.All  .•Viiierii'iiii  phvsiciaii  anil  surgeon,  lie  »a»pr<«. 

f,.,s..rof  ob.telrlcT  ill  the  Atbinia   M.dl.  al  I  olb^e  i  Ihi.t- 

I87I>X  and  editor  of  the     ■  Atlanla   M al  anl  Mirubal 

JiMiinar'(IN7S-7<l).  He  iMr|..rnied  in  l».2»hnl  baa  since 
Iweii  known  aa  Battey  a  oiwratlon  lor  iho  removal  of  llio 
ovarlC'^ 

BatthyAnyi  (bot'von-ve).  Prince  Karl  von. 

p.. Ill   l(;;i,  :  died  A|uil  15,  1772.     A   llinnrnriiin 


11 


part  In  llie  War 
led  bimsell  hf 
i.-<  at   I'fallellllo- 


tield-iiiarsliiil 
of  tJi»  Auilrbii 
the  vle|..n  ov.  , 
fi'ii.  Vprll  I'.,  M   . 

BatthyAnyi,  Cm  111  Louis.  Born  at  Presbnrg, 
.•\|.nl  9.  IMI'.I:  dieil  at  Huilapest.  Ocl .  (i,  1849 
.\  Ilungarian  >tatesmun.  lie  was  premier  of  lluii- 
garv  Man  li-S.pl  ,  IHtH,  After  hl«  rraigiiatlon  he  t.H.'t 
pari  In  public  ailair*.  chiefly  as  a  member  of  the  IHrl 


Batthyinyi,  Count  Louis 

with  great  moderation ;  but  on  the  entrance  of  the  Aus- 
triuns  into  Pesth  he  was  arrested  and  at  the  end  o»  the 
war  execated. 

Battiadse  (ba-ti'a-de).  [Gr.  BaTTid^at,  from  Bdr- 
rof,  Battus.]  A  dynasty  of  rulers  in  Cyrene, 
which  reigned  from  the  7th  to  the  5th  century 
B.  C.  They  were  as  follows,  according  to  Rawlinson ; 
Battus  I.  (founder  of  the  city),  631-L91  ;  Arcesilaus  I. 
(his  sonX  691-575 :  Battus  II.  (the  Happy,  his  son),  575- 
555;  Arcesilaus  II  (the  Ill-tempered,  his  son),  555 (?)-540(?); 
Battus  III.  (the  Lame,  his  son),  540  (?)-530 ('.');  Arcesilaus 
III.  (his  son),  530  (^>-515  (?);  Pheretima,  regent.  615  (?)- 
514  (0 ;  Battus  IV.  (the  Fair,  son  of  Arcesilaus  III.),  514  (?>- 
470 (.0  :  Arcesilaus  IV.  (his  son)  ascended  the  throne  about 
470,  gained  a  Pythian  victory  466,  and  lived  perhaps  till 
nearly  43L 

Battle  (bat'l),  Mrs.  A  character  in  Lamb's 
"Essays  of  Elia." 

"  A  clear  fire,  a  clean  hearth,  and  the  rigor  of  the  game," 
this  was  the  celebrated  wish  of  old  -Sarah  Battle  (now  with 
God),  who  next  to  her  devotions  loved  a  good  game  of 
whist.        Charles  Lamb,  Mrs-  Battle's  Opinions  on  \^Tiist. 

Battle  (bat'l).  [Orig.  BataiUe :  "thaat  mynster 
ast  thtere  Bataille."  •  the  minster  at  the  Battle' 
(AS.  Chron.  an.  1094),  Battle  Abbey.]  A  town 
in  the  county  of  Sussex,  England,  7  miles 
northwest  of  Hastings,  it  contains  an  abbey  (Battle 
Abbey),  founded  by  William  I.  (1067)  in  gratitude  for  his 
victory  at  Hastings.  The  remains  include  considerable 
portions  of  the  monastic  buildings  (in  part  fitted  as  a  res- 
idence of  the  Duke  of  Cleveland),  fragments  of  the  cloisters 
and  refectory,  and  the  ruins  of  the  large  church.  The 
entrance  is  by  a  splendid  fortified  medieval  gate.  See 
Senlae.     Population  (1891),  3,153. 

Battle  above  the  Clouds.  A  popular  name  of 
the  Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain  (which  see), 
Nov.  24.  1863. 

Battle  at  Sea.  A  painting  by  Tintoret  in  the 
Museum  at  Madrid,  representing  an  attack  on 
Christian  ships  by  Moslem  corsairs.  In  the  fore- 
grouTid  a  strenuous  hand-to-hand  combat  rages  around  a 
beautiful  female  figure.     The  coloring  is  rich  and  strong. 

Battle  Bridge,  King's  Cross.  In  old  London,  a 
locality  marked  by  a  bridge  across  the  Upper 
Fleet  or  Holborn,  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  a  battle  between  Suetonius  and 
Boadieea,  or,  more  probably,  between  Alfred 
and  the  Danes. 

Battle  Creek.  A  city  in  Calhoun  County, 
southern  Michigan,  108  miles  west  of  Detroit 
on  the  Kalamazoo  Kiver.  Population  (1900), 
18,503. 

Battle  Hill.  A  height  in  Greenwood  Ceme- 
tery, Brooklyn,  the  scene  of  a  part  of  the  Bat- 
tle of  Long  Island. 

Battle  Monument.  A  memorial  structure  in 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  built  in  1815  to  com- 
memorate the  soldiers  who  were  engaged  in 
the  defense  of  the  cit.v  against  the  British 
troops  in  September,  1814.  The  total  height 
of  the  monument  is  72  feet.  JVIieeler,  Familiar 
Allusions. 

Battle  of  Alcazar,  The.    A  play  by  Peele, 

acted  in  1588-89  and  printed  in  1594.  Under  this 
name  Peele  writes  of  a  battle  fought  in  Barbary  between 
Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal,  and  Abdelmeiek,  king  of  Mo- 
rocco, which  really  took  place  in  1578  at  Alcacer  Quibir  or 
Al-Kasr  al-Kebir- 
Battle  of  Amazons.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in 
the  old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  subject  is  the 
victory  of  Theseus  over  the  .\mazons  on  the  Thermodon. 
The  chief  struggle  is  on  a  bridge,  upon  which  the  Greeks 
are  cliarging,  while  the  AmazoTis  begin  to  flee  at  tlie  oppo- 
site end.  Horses  and  riders,  dead  and  wounded,  are  fall- 
ing in  confusion  into  the  stream. 

Battle  of  Dorking,  The.    See  Dorking. 
Battle  of  the  Baltic,  The.    A  lyric  by  Thomas 

(.'anipbell. 
Battle   of  the   Books.     A  satirical  work  by 
Jonathan  Swift,  written  in  1697.    it  is  his  contri- 
bution to  the  famous  Bentley  and  Boyle  controversy,  and 
his  first  prose  composition. 

Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.    See  Batra- 

chomjioinarliia. 

Battle  of  the  Giants.  An  epithet  applied  to 
the  battle  of  Mariguano  or  Melegnano,  Sept. 
13  and  14,  1515,  in  which  Francis  I.  of  France 
defeated  the  Duke  of  Milan  and  the  Swiss:  so 
called  from  the  obstinacy  with  which  it  was 
fought,  and  the  superior  character  of  the  troops 
on  both  sides. 

Battle  of  Hastings,  The.  1 .  See  naaUngs  and 
Senhic. — 2.  Apocm  liv  Chatterton, written  about 
1768.  He  wrote  two  poems  of  this  name,  the  first  of  which 
he  acknowledged,  but  insisted  that  the  second  and  very 
much  longer  one  was  by  Rowley  from  the  Saxon  of  Turgot. 
3.  The  first  tragedy  written  by  Richard  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1778. 

Battle  of  Issus.  1 .  See  Issvs. —  2.  A  celebrated 
ancient  mosaic  from  the  House  of  the  Faun  at 
Pompeii,  now  in  the  Museo  Nazionale.  Naples. 
It  is  about  17  by  8  feet,  formed  of  small  cubes  of  marble, 
and  represents  with  much  life  and  vigor  kings  Alexander 
and  Uarius  iu  active  combat,  with  both  horse  and  foot. 


130 

Battle  of  the  Kegs.  A.  mock-heroic  poem  by 
Francis  Hopkinson,  occasioned  by  an  episode 
in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Battle  of  the  Nations.    See  Nations. 

Battle  of  Prague,  The.  A  piece  of  music  com- 
posed by  Kotzwara.  It  was  published  in  1792,  and  is 
what  is  known  as  program  music,  describing  the  battle 
between  the  Prussians  and  Austrians  before  Prague  in 
17,=i7. 

Battle  of  the  Spurs.    See  Spurs. 

Battle  of  the  Standard.    See  Standard,  Bat- 

t/i  of  the. 

Battle  of  the  Thirty.    See  Thirti/. 

Battleford  i  bat'l-tord ).  A  town  in  Saskatche- 
wan, Canada,  situated  at  the  jtmction  of  Battle 
River  with  the  Saskatchewan.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Northwest  Territories. 

Battus  (bat'us),  or  Battos  (bat'os).  [Gr.  Bd-- 
7o(-.]  A  Greek  of  Thera,  the  leader  of  a  col- 
ony to  Cyrene  about  630  B.  c,  and  its  first 
king.  There  were  later  kings  of  the  same 
name.     See  Battiadee. 

Batu  (ba-to').  Agroup  of  small  islands  west  of 
Sumatra,  nearthe  equator,  inhabited  by  Malays. 
The  largest  is  45  miles  in  length.  They  belong 
to  the  Netherlands. 

BatucOS  (ba-to'koz).  [A  southern  Pima  name.] 
An  extinct  tribe  of  the  southern  Pimas  or  N6- 
bomes  of  central  Sonora.  They  were  sedentary, 
their  dwellings  were  of  a  better  class  (of  adol)e),  and  they 
dressed  more  substantially  than  their  southern  neighbors 
of  Yaqui  stock.  The  pueblo  of  Batuco  still  e.vists,  but 
the  population  has  become  Mezicanized,  and  the  language 
is  mostly  lost. 

Batuearis  (ba-to-a-a'rez).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Sinaloa,  now  extinct. 

Batu  Khan  (ba-to khan').  Died  about  1255.  A 
grandson  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  and  Mogul  ruler  of 
Kipchak.  He  defeated  Henry,  duke  of  Lower  Silesia, 
at  Wahlstadt  in  1241,  and  B61a  IV.,  king  of  Hungary,  on 
the  8aj6in  1242,  and  held  Russia  in  subjection  ten  years. 

Batum  (ba-tom'),  or  Batoum.  A  seaport  in 
Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Black 
Sea  in  lat.  41°  39'  N.,  long.  41°  36'  E.  it  has  the 
best  harbor  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea.  and  is 
the  chief  commercial  place  in  Transcaucasia,  exporting 
timber,  hides,  wax,  etc.  It  is  connected  by  railway  with 
Tiflis.  The  modern  town  stands  near  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Petra,  earlier  Bathys.  It  was  ceded  to  Russia  in 
1878.     Population  (1891),  10,167. 

Batuta,  Ibn.     See  Ibn  Batuta. 

Batz  (bats),  or  Bas  (bas).  A  small  island  in 
the  English  Channel,  belonging  to  the  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  France,  14  miles  northwest 
of  Morlaix.  It  contains  three  %'illages,  with 
about  1200  inhabitants,  and  has  a  good  harbor. 

Batz,  Bourg  de.  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  coast  14  miles  west  of  St.  Nazaire.  It  has 
important  salt-works. 

Baubo  (ba'bo).  [Gr.  Bai'/i(jor  Bo3(J.]  In  Greek 
mj'thology.a  personage  connected  with  the  Eleu- 
sinian  myth  of  Demeter,  developed  chiefly  un- 
der the  influence  of  Orphism.  According  to  the 
myth  the  goddess  (see  Demeter),  in  search  of  her  daughter, 
came  to  Baubo,  who  offered  her  something  to  drink  uliich 
was  refused.  Thereupon  Baubo,  indignant,  made  an  in- 
decent gesture  which  caused  Demeter  to  smile  and  accept 
the  gift.  In  a  fragment  of  an  Orphic  hymn  the  same  act 
is  attributed  to  a  servant  Iambus.  Baubo  came  to  have 
a  place  in  the  nocturnal  mysteries  of  Eleusis.  Goethe 
makes  her  symbolize  gross  sensuality  in  the  second  part 
of  "Faust." 

Baucher  (bo-sha'),  FranQois.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, 1796:  died  at  Paris,  March  14,  1873.  A 
French  hippologist.  He  invented  a  new  method  of 
training  saddle-horses,  of  which  the  chief  feature  is  a 
method  of  suppling  the  horse's  neck  and  jaw  by  a  pro- 
gressive series  of  flexions  of  the  muscles,  so  that  the  ani- 
mal ceases  to  hear  or  pull  on  the  bit.  He  wrote  "  M^thode 
d(5quitation"(l&42). 

Baucis  (ba'sis).  [Gr.  Bai'/i/f.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  Phrygian  woman  who,  with  her  husband 
Philemon,  showed  hospitality  to  Zeus  and 
Hermes  when  every  one  else  had  refused  them 
admission.  They  were  saved  from  an  inundation  with 
which  the  country  was  visited  by  the  gods,  and  were  made 
priests  in  the  temple  of  Zeus.  Wishing  to  die  together, 
they  were  changed  at  the  same  moment  into  trees.  Goe- 
the wrote  a  poem  on  this  subject. 

Baucis.  A  Greek  poetess  of  Tenos,  a  friend  of 
Erinna  and  a  disciple  of  Sappho.  An  epitaph 
upon  her  by  Erinna  is  extant. 

Baucis  and  Philemon.    A  poem  by  Swift,  pub- 

lisheil  in  1707. 

Baudelaire  (bod-lar'),  Pierre  Charles.    Bom 

at  Paris,  April  9, 1821 :  died  there,  Aug.  31, 1867. 
A  French  critic  and  poet  of  the  Romantic 
school.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Lyc^e  I.ouis-le- 
Grand,  Paris,  in  1839.  In  1845  and  ItHd  he  published  vol- 
umes entitled  "The  Salon,"  in  which  he  criticized  tlie 
annual  art  exhibitions  of  Paris,  and  which  established  his 
reputation  as  a  critic.  He  also  wrote  "  Fleurs  du  Mai " 
(1867  :  prosecuted  as  immoral ;  expurgated  edition  1861), 


Bauer,  Bruno 

"  Th6ophile  Gautier  "  (1859),  '■  Les  paradis  artificiels,  opium 
et  haschich"  (1861).  translations  of  Poe's  works,  etc.  His 
complete  works  were  published  in  four  volumes  in  18t;9. 

Baudelocque  ( bod-lok' ),  Jean  Louis.    Born  at 

Heilly,  Pieardy,  1746:  died  at  Paris,  1810.  A 
French  surgeon.  He  studied  under  Solayrcs,  and  be- 
came accoucheur  of  the  Hospital  de  la  Maternit^.  Author 
of  '■  L'Art  des  Accouchenients  "  (1781). 

Baudens  (bo-don'),  Jean  Baptiste  Lucien. 

Born  at  Aire,  Pas-de-Calais,  -\pril  3,  1804; 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  3, 1857.  A  French  surgeim. 
He  became  surgeon  in  the  French  array  in  Algeria  in  1830, 
where  he  fouuded  a  hospital  in  which  he  taught  surgery 
and  anatomy  for  nine  years.  He  returned  to  France  inlMl, 
becoming  director  of  the  military  hospital  of  Val-de-(jrace, 
and  serving  as  member  of  the  sanitary  commission  of  the 
army  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  wrote  "Nouvelle  m^thode 
des  amputations"  (1S42),  and  "  La  guerre  de  Crim^e,  etc" 
(18571. 

Baudin  des  Ardennes  (bo-dan'  da  zar-den'), 
Charles.  Born  at  Sedan,  1792:  died  at  Ischia, 
June  7,  1854.  A  French  naval  officer.  He  served 
with  distinction  against  the  English  1808-12.  After  the 
Hundred  Days  he  engaged  in  trade,  but  returned  to  the 
navy  on  account  of  reverses  in  1830,  In  1838  he  was  sent 
to  Santo  Domingo  with  the  commissioners  who  were  to 
demand  indemnity  for  losses  sustained  by  French  subjects; 
and,  shortly  after,'  with  the  grade  of  rear-admiral,  he  was 
empowered  to  secure  a  similar  indemnity  from  Mexico. 
His  demands  being  refused,  he  bombarded  the  fort  of  Sau 
Juan  de  Ulila,  Vera  Cruz  (Nov.  27,  183S),  forced  its  aban- 
donment next  day,  and  on  Dec.  5  occupied  Vera  Cruz  after 
a  hot  fight,  but  soon  withdrew ;  he  then  blockaded  the 
port  until  the  French  demands  were  settled  by  a  treaty. 
On  his  retiu-n  to  France  he  was  made  vice-admiral;  com- 
manded on  South  American  coasts  1840 ;  was  prefect  of 
Toulon  1840-47,  and  president  of  the  Bureau  of  Longi- 
tude after  1848.  Shortly  before  his  death  he  became  full 
admiral. 

Baudin,  Nicolas.  Born  at  lie  de  R6,  1750 : 
died  in  Mauritius,  Sept.  16, 1803.  A  captain  in 
the  French  na\'y.  and  naturalist.  He  conducted 
an  exploring  expedition  to  Australia,  an  account  of  which 
was  published  by  P^ron  in  "  Voyage  aux  teiTes  Australea 
par  les  ci>rvettes  G^ographe  et  le  Naturaliste  "  (1807). 

Baudissin  (bou'dis-sen),Wolf  Heinrich  Fried- 
rich  Karl,  Count  von.  Born  at  Rantzau,  Jan. 
30,  1789:  died  at  Dresden,  .\pril  4,  1878.  A 
German  litterateur,  contributor  to  the  German 
translation  of  Shakspere  edited  by  Schlegel  and 
Tieck,  The  plays  translated  by  him  are  "  Henry  VIII.," 
"Much  Ado  about  Nothing,"  "Taming  of  the  Shrew," 
"Comedy  of  Errors,"  "  Measure  for  Measure,"  "  .AH  "s  well 
that  Ends  well,"  "  Antony  and  Cleopatra."  "  Troilus  and 
Cressida,"  "Slerry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  "  Love's  Labour  's 
Lost,"  "Titus  Andronicus."  "Othello,"  and  "Lear."  He 
also  published  "Ben  Jonson  und  seine  Schule "  (1836), 
translations  of  a  number  of  old  English  dramas. 

Baudour  (bo-dor').  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  near  Mons,  noted 
for  its  pottery. 

Eaudricourt  (bo-dre-kor'),  Jean  de.  Died  at 
Blois,  May  11,  1499.  A  French  marshal.  He 
served  succe'ssively  under  Charles  the  Bold,  Louis  XI. ,  and 
Charles  VIII.,  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  the  Swiss  cantons 
in  1477,  was  made  governor  of  Burgundy  and  Besangon  in 
1481,  and  became  a  marshal  of  France  iu  1486.  t 

Baudrier  (bod-re-a'),  Sieur  de.    A  pseudonym 

of  Jonathan  Swift, 

Baudrillart  (bod-re-yiir'),  Henri  Joseph 
Leon.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28, 1821 :  died  there, 
Jan.  24,  1892.  A  French  poKtieal  economist. 
He  became  editor  of  the  "Constitutionnel,"  and  later  of 
the  "Journal  des  Economistes."  Among  his  works  are 
"Manuel  d'^conomie  politique  "  (1857).  "Des  rapports  de 
la  morale  et  de  I'l^conomie  polititjue"  (1860),  "Publicistes 
modernes"  (1862),  "Histoire  du  luxe  "  (1878-80),  etc. 

Baudrillart,  Jacques  Joseph.    Bom  at  Gi- 

^Ton,  Ardennes,  France,  Mav  20,  17i4:  died  at 
Paris,  March  24,  1832.  A  noted  French  wi-iter 
on  forestry. 

Baudry  (bo-dre'),  Paul  Jacques  Aim^.  Bom 
at  La  Roehe-sur-Yon,  Vendee,  France,  Nov.  7, 
1828:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1886.  A  French 
painter  of  historical  subjects  and  portraits,  and 
also  of  decorative  works.  Of  the  last  the  best-known 
are  in  the  foyer  of  the  Grand  Op6ra  at  Paris  (1866-74).  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Institute  in  1870. 

Bauer  (bou'er),  Anton.  Bom  at  Marburg, 
Aug.  13,  1772 :  died  at  Gottingen,  June  1,  1843. 
-\  German  iuiist.  He  became  professor  at  Gottingen 
in  1813,  and  privy  judiciary  councilor  in  1840.  Among 
liis  works  is  "Grundsatze  des  Kriminalprozesses"  (1805), 
a  revised  edition  of  which  was  published  under  the  title 
of  "  Lehrl)uch  des  Strafprozesses  "  (1836). 

Bauer,  Bruno.  Born  at  Eisenberg,  in  Saxe- 
Altcnburg,  Sept.  6.  1809 :  died  at  Rixdorf,  near 
Berlin,  April  13,  1882.  A  German  philosophi- 
cal, theological,  and  historical  writer  of  the 
Hegelian  school,  noted  as  an  exponent  of  ex- 
treme rationalism.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Religion 
des  Alien  Testaments"  (1838),  "Kritik  der  evangelischen 
Geschichte  des  Johannes"  (1840),  "  Das  entdeckte  Chris- 
tenthum  "  (1843),  "  Geschichte  der  Franzosischen  Revolu- 
tion" (1847),  "Geschichte  der  Politik,  Kultur  und  Auf- 
klarnng  des  18.  Jahrhunderts"  (1843-1.5),  "Die  Apostelge- 
schichte  "  (1860),  "Kritik  der  Paulinischen Brief e " (1850X 
"Christus  und  die  Casaren " (1877),  etc. 


Bauer,  Edgar  131 

Bauer,  Edgar.    B(jru  at  Charlottenburg,  Oct.  Baumgarten,  Sigmund  Jakob 

7,  1820:  died  at  Hannover,  Aug.  18,  188G.      A     uiirstt-dt,  nrur  .M;ii;d.bur>;,  March  14,  1706:  died 
German   publicist,   brother   of    Bruno   Bauer:     at  Hall.-,  .July  4.  1707.     A  (ierinan  l^rotestaut 
author  of  numerous  historical  and  polemical    theolu|:j;iau,  professor  at  llallc  1730-57. 
works  of  radical  tendency.   He  was  imprisoned  Baumgarten-Crusius    (-krd' ze-os),   Ludwig 
(1843-48)  on  account  of  his  "  Streit  der  Kritik    Friedrich  Otto.     Born  at  Merseburs;,  July  31, 


Bavay 


178S:  ilie.l  at  Jena,  May  31,  1843.     A  German 


1S12.  llo  was  the  author  of  "  Lehrtiucli  dcr  Dokiiii.mi- 
Biscliichte "  (1831-32),  "  Eompeiidium  dcr  Hogiuingi,- 
Si-llichte  ■■  (1S4IMS),  etc. 

Baumgartner  (boum'gUrt-ner),  Andreas, 
Baron  von.  Born  at  Fricdbers,  Bohemia, 
Nov.  23,  175)3:  died  near  Vienna,  July  30,  18(5.'). 


mit  Kirche  und  Staat." 

Bauer,  Karoline.  Bora  at  Heidelberg,  March 
29, 1807  :  died  at  ZUrich,  Oct.  18,  1877.  A  noted 
German  actress,  morganatic  wife  (1829)  of  Leo- 
pold (later  King  of  the  Belgians)  under  the 
name  of  Countess  Jlontgomery.  Sho  returned  to 
the  stage  when  Leopold  became  kinp,  and  tlnully  aban- 
doned it  in  1844  :  in  this  year  also  she  married  a  Polish 
count.    She  was  famous  both  in  comedy  aiid  tranedy. 

Baiierle  (boi'er-le),  Adolf.  Born  at  Vienna. 
Ai)ril  9,  1786:  died  at  Basel,  Sept.  20,  1859. 
All  Austrian  dramatist  and  novelist.    He  founded 

tin- "Wiener  Theaterzeitunu"  (ISiMi),  and  was  the  author  «,,»,, 

..(  the  comedies  "  Uie  lalsche  I'rimadonna  "  (1S18).    '  Der  BaUmgartner,   QallUS  JakOD. 
1  leund  in  der  Noth,"  etc.,  and  of  various  novels,  ineludiiiR  ..     - 

••  I"lierese  Krones"  (1S54), '■  Ferdinand  Rainuind  "  (IS.'tfi). 
tiutti  ol  which  appeared  under  the  r^eildunyin  otto  Ilurn. 

Bauernfeind  ( bou'  em-fiud ) ,  Karl  Mazimilian 

von.    Born  at  Arzberg.  Bavaria.  Nnv.  IS.  IsiS: 

(lieil  at  Munich,  Aug.  2,  1894.    A  tlermaii  geoil-  .  .  .._  „.     ,   —  . 

.  sist  and  engineer.      He  became  p.ofe,s,„ro(  geod-  Baiungartner  (bourn    g.irt-ner),  Karl  Hein- 

.X  and  engineering  in  the  School  of   Eniiineeiini!  at     riCh.    Born  at  Pforzheim,  Baden,  Oct. -1 ,  1(9n: 

1  iinich  in  1840,  and  was  tlie  inventor  of  a  prism  for  niea-     died  at  Baden-Baden,  Dec.  11,  1886.     A  noted 

ring  distances  which  bears  his  name.    Authorof  "  Ele-     German  physiologist,  professor  of  clinical  raed- 

Br;;'i1.;lf'ay^7C?'p^4l:r,V)'TH^^^^^               n^^  '--iue  at  Fi^ilmrg  1834-62.     He  was  the  author  of 

Bauernfeld  (bou  era-leld),  Edtiard  von.    Born  ..Be„bachtunKen  nb?r  die  Xerven  und  das  Blut 

■,\t  Vienna,  Jan.  13,  1802:  died  there,  Aug.  9,  ■•  Lchrbuch  der  Physiologie "  (I85:i),  etc. 

l'-!)0.  An  Austrian  dramatist, 

■  I  :ie  Bckentnisse  "  ("  Co: 

K'-inantisch"  (la35), 

lnKend"(18e9), -'Des „_..,„    ^...  -      -     ^  ^'         V, 

Baug6  (bo-zha').     A  town  in  the  department  of  of  philolog)'  in  the   University   of    Freiburg 

Maine-et-liOire,  France,  situated  on  theCoues-  183(5-71. 
.11  22  miles  northeast  of  Angers,    it  was  the  Baumstark,  Eduard.     Born  at  Sinzheim,  Ba- 
ne of  a  French  victory  by  Marshal  de  la  Fayette  over  den,  March   2S.  1S07:   died   April  8,   1889.     A 


Bom  at  Wol-  Bautzen,  Wendlsh  Budissin  (the  oflUial  name 
uiiiil  1M>8).  The  capital  of  the  governmental 
district  of  Bautzen  and  of  Upper  Lusatia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Spree  32  miles  east  of  Dresden :  one 
of  the  chief  towns  of  ancient  Lusatia.  It  has 
various  manufactures  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Konian 
Catholic  bishopric.     Population  (1890),  21,516. 


Protestant  theologian,  professor  at  Jena  from  Bautzen,  Battle  of.     A  victory  gaiiietl  by  Na 

pol.oii.  May  20  and  21,1813,  with  about  140,000 

troops  (under  Ney,  Oudinot,  Soult,  and  others: 
Ney  with  his  40,000  men  was  not  jireseut  on  the 
20th)  over  the  allied  Kussians  and  Prussians  — 
about  90,000.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about 
20,000 ;  that  of  the  Allies,  about  13,000. 


An  Au.strian  scholar  and  politician.     He  became  gj^,^^  (j,^,    j^gg      ^  small   town  near  Aries, 

professor  of  physics  at  the  I  nivereily  of  >ienna  In  18ii ;  y          ^    vpmarkable    for    its  castle   and   stone 

wasministerofcommeice.  trade,  and  public  works,  18;.l-  I'lante,  lemarkauie    lor    KS  casiK    ana   sione 

185,'. ,  and  became  president  ul  the  .\cademy  of  Sciences  buihlings.     It  was   the  capital  of    a  powerful 

at  Vienna  in  IS-M.  medieval  countship. 

I.    Born  at  Alt-  Bavaria  (ba-va'ri-U),  G.  Bavem  or  Baiern 

stiitten.    .Switzerland,   Oct.   18,   1797:   died  at  (bi'ern),  F.Bavifefe  (biiv-yar  ).  [ML.  iAicurKi, 

Saint   Gall,   Switzerland,   July   12,   1869.      A  from  Bimrii,  a  tribe  connected  in  name  with 

Swiss  historian  and  politician.    Rewrote  "Die  the  Boii.    Sev  Jiolumid.']    A  kingdom  of  south- 
ern Germany,  the  second  in  area  and  popula- 


Schweiz  in  ihren  Kiimpfen  undUmgestaltungeii 
con  1830-.')0"  (1853-66),  etc. 


•  (1830), 


lie  English  in  1421.    Population  (1891),  commune,  :i,(f2i. 

Batlges  (bozh),  Les.  -A.  plateau  in  the  depart- 
;iients  of  Savoie  and  Haute-.Savoie,  France, 
between  Chamb^ry  and  the  Lake  of  Aunecy. 

Bauhin  (bo-an'),  Gaspard.  Born  at  Basel. 
.Ian.  17,  1560:  died  there,  Dec.  5, 1624.   A  noted 


German  political  economist  and  politician,  a 
brother  of  Anton  Baumstark. 
Baur  (hour).  Albert.  Born  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
July  13,  1835.  A  (ierman  historical  painter  of 
the"  Diisseldorf  school,  professor  of  history- 
I)ainting  at  Weimar  1S72-76. 


botanist  and  anatomist  of  French  descent,  pro-  g^yj.  Ferdinand  Christian.  BomatSchmiden, 
l.ssor  of  anatomy  and  botany,  and  later  of  near  Canstatt,  June  21, 1792:  died  at  Tubingen, 
medicine,  at  the  University  of  Basel.  D^.^,^  2,  1860.     A  distinguished  German  Protos- 

Bauhin,  Jean.     Born  at  Basel,  1541:  died  at     tant  theologian  and  biblical  critic,  the  founder 


Montbeliaud,  1613.     A  physician  and  natural 
i~t,  brother  of  Gaspard  Bauhin. 

Baum  (bourn),  Friedrich.  Died  at  Benning- 
ton, Vt.,  Aug.  18,  1777.  A  German  otlicer  in 
i!ie  British  service  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
He  was  defeated  by  Colonel  Stark  and  fatally  wounded  in 
Ihc  battle  of  Bennington,  Aug.  l(i,  1777. 

Baumannshohle  (bou'miins-hel-e).  Astalactite 
cave  in  the  Lower  Harz,  in  Brunswick,  5  miles 
southeast  of  Blankenbiu'g,  near  the  Bode. 

Baum6  (bo-ma'),  Antoine.  Born  at  .Senlis, 
France,  Feb.  26,  1728:  died  Oct.  15.  1804.  A 
noted  French  chemist  and  pharmacist.  He  wag 
the  discoverer  of  many  improvements  in  the  arts  and  in 
hciiiica!  science,  and  author  of  "Klcnicnt,H»ie|th:iriiiacie" 
(i:»Vj(,  "rbimie  experimentale  et  raistmm  c '  (ITT.'t).  etc 


of  the  "Tiibingeu  School,"  professor  at  Blau- 
beuren,  and,  after  1826,  jirofessor  of  theology 
at  Tubingen.  He  was  noted  for  profound  scholarship, 
strength  in  constructive  criticism,  and  boldness  in  hiiiova. 
tion.  His  theories  of  ajioslolic  and  post-apostolic  Chris- 
tianity were  revolntioniu-y.  rcs«ilving  Us  history  into  a 
speculative  process  of  contlicting  tendencies  (I'etriliism 
and  Paulinism)  from  which  the  supernatural  and  miracu- 
lous is  eliminated  Among  his  works  are  "  lias  inani- 
chaische  Keligionssyslem  "(1831),"  Uie  ehristliche  llnosig, 
etc."  (183.'i),  "  Die  chii!>tliche  Ulire  von  der  Versohming  " 
(1838X  "Uie  christliche  Li'hre  von  der  Urcieinlgkeit " 
(1841-13),  "  Der  (iegensatz  des  Katholi/isnius  und  I'roles- 
tantisiniis,""  Paulus"  (184.'i),  "  Lehrbuch  derchristllehen 
Uogmengeschiclitc  "  (1817),  "Krilisehe  I'ntersuchuiigen 
nber  die  kanonischen  Kvangelien  "  (1847>,  "Das  Mnrkus- 
Kvangclinin  "  (13r>I),  "  Das  christcnthum  und  die  christ- 
liclie  Kirche  dcr  drci  crstcn  .lahrhnnderte  "  (18;'»3). 


Baumeister  (bou'mis-ter).  Johann  Wilhelm.  Baur,  Gustav  Adolf  Ludwig.  Born  at  Ham- 
Born  at  Augsburg,  April  27,  1804:  died  at  Stutt-  ,„elbach,  June  14,  1816:  died  at  Leipsic,  May  22, 
gart,  Feb.  3.  1846.  A  noted  German  veterinary  j^gg.  A  German  Protestant  theologian.  He 
siircreoii,  animal-painter,  and  writer  on  the  care  ijeeame  professor  of  theology  in  the  University 
ail  i  I  raining  of  domestic  animals.  Howaspro-  of  Leipsic  in  1870. 
l.s-.i   at  the  Veterinary  School  in  Stuttgart  Ba\ir6s   (bou-ras').     A    tribe  of    Indians   in 


is:i:)-4(3. 

Baumgarten  ( boum '  gar  -  ten ),  Alexander 
Gottlieb.  Born  at  Berlin,  July  17,  1714:  died  at 
1  1  aukfort-on-the-Oder,  May  26.  1762.  A  noted 
iriiiau  philosopher  of  theWollian  school,  ap- 
iiihil  professor  of  philosophy  at  Frank- 
!  irl-oii-the-Oder  in  1740.  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  science  of  esthetics,  and  exerted  a  histing  inlluence 


northern  Bolivia,  occupying  the  forest  region 
about  the  .-ivers  Mamoro  and  Baures,  ranging 
eastwaril  to  the  (iuapore.  Formerly  very  numerous 
and  powerful,  they  now  number  a  few  thoiisanil,  most  of 
them  gathered  Into  mission  villages  and  iiiIxihI  with  other 
tribes.  liy  their  language  they  resemble  their  nclglib.irs 
the  Hoxi'is,  and  In  a  br\>ader  sense  tlicy  belong  to  the 
great  Aniwak  stock.  They  are  atcricultund  ami  have  llic<l 
villagi 


upon  the  teiTOinology  of  metaphysics,  especially  In  the  gaur^S  (bou-ras').     A  river  iu  eastern  Bolivia, 
German  language,     kant  held  liim  in  great  esteem  as  a  """".oo  '  V  ,i      ,.  / 

■netapliysician.aiidforaloiigtlineemployedliaumgartens     a  tnDutaiy  ol  Ilie  tiuapoie^        ... 
works  as  the  foundation  of  his  lecl^ires.     He  wrote  "De  BaUSe  (bou'ze),  Johaun  Fnedncn.      Horn  at 
nonnullis  ad  poeina  pertineiitibus"  (17.Vi),    '  .Katlielica     Halle,   Jan     5,   173H:  died   iil    Weimar,  Jan.  3, 
Acroainaticu -(nr-.  58),  "  Metjiphyslca"  (1739),  ^e.  j^^^       ^  ^^^^_^^  German  engraver  on  copper. 

Baumearten,  Hermann.    Boru  April  .8,  ]H„'j:    j^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^  professor  of  this  art  ut  the 

died  .7.1110   19,  1803.     A  German  historian  and     ,\,,a,i,,„,v  „f  Ait  in  Leipsic. 

-.of 

i>f 


publicist,  protessorof  history  in  the  University  gg^^gj^  (i„„m),).     A  town  in  the  government  of 
ot  Strasburg  1.S72-89.    lie  hMwrltttnia  "lieschlchte     (Vmrland,  Russia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 

Span  ens  zur  Zeit  der  Fran»>slBchen  Revolutinn     (IKfil),        ,       ,,  ,  ,, ..i  jo  .,.il..M  uf>„Mi  r>f  Ki.n. 

"Geschichte  Spaniens  vom  Ausbruch  der  Fran2osl»clien      the  .Mus-e  and  M.'mel  40  luileH  KOUtU  or  Kigii. 


'Geschichte  Spaniens  vom  A 

Revolution  bis  anf  niisere  Tage" (1805-71),  "Karl  V.  und 
die  dculsche  Kotormalion  "  (ls8»),  etc. 

Baumgarten,  Konrad.     One  of  the  Unter- 
waiden  patriots,  famous  in  the  William  Tell 

legend. 

Baumgarten,  Michael.    Born  at  Haseldorf, 
Holstoin,   March   25,   1812:    died   at   Rostock, 
Meeklenburg-Schwerin,  July  21,  1889.     A  Gcr-  Bautzen  (boiil'seii). 
man  Protestant  theologian,  professor  of  Iheol-     in    the    kingdom    of 


I'opuliitioii.  7,08 

Bausset  ( bo-sii').  Louis  Francois  de.    Born  at 

Pondieheny.  India,  D.c.  II.  li4S:  dii'd  at  Paris, 

June  21,  1824.     .\  Fr li  eeelesiaslie  ami  man 

of  letters,  lie  Iveeamc  bishop  of  Alals  In  17H4.nnd  car- 
dinal In  1817  ;  and  was  the  author  of  a  '  lllitoire  de  Kcno- 
Ion"  (1808-00),   'IllsUiIre  de  Uouuot  '  (1814),  etc. 


tion  of  the  states  of  the  German  Kinpire.  it 
consists  of  two  unequal  and  disconnected  parts,  the  larger 
eastern  and  ihe  smaller  western.  The  former  or  main 
portion  is  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  northwest,  the  Thu. 
ringian  states  on  the  north,  the  kliigdoin  of  .saiony  on 
the  northeast,  Bohemia  (separated  by  the  Bohmerwald) 
on  the  east,  t'pper  Austria  and  Salzburg  on  the  east, 
Tyrol  (separated  by  the  Alps)  on  the  south,  Lake  Con- 
stance on  the  southwest,  and  Wnrtemberg.  Baden,  and 
Hesse  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  47'  Iti  to  50'  3:f 
N..  and  from  long.  9' to  13' 48  F..  The  »i«tern  portion 
Is  the  Palatinate,  west  of  the  Khine,  Iwrdering  on  Hesse, 
Prwsaia,  and  Alsace.I.orraine.  The  country  produces 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  other  cereals,  hops,  potatoes,  tobac- 
co, wine,  flax,  etc. ;  has  mines  of  coal,  iron,  and  suit ;  and 
has  important  and  varied  manufactures.  It  exiwrts  tim- 
ber, winti.  hops,  grain,  beer,  etc.  Bavaria  contains  8 
government  districts  lUepierutifii-lUzirkf) :  vit,  rpi>er 
lliivaria.  Lower  Bavaria,  Palatinate,  t'pper  Palatinate  and 
Kutist>on,  Swabia  and  \euburg,  Cpper  Franconia.  Sliddlo 
Franconia,  and  Lower  h'ranconia.  The  capital  Is  Munich. 
The  government  is  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy, 
with  a  king,  an  upper  house,  ami  a  chamber  of  l.'>9  ilcpn- 
ties.  Bavaria  sends  0  representatives  to  the  Bundesrat 
and  48  to  the  Reichstag,  and  furnishes  2  army  corps  to 
the  imperial  army.  Over  seven  tenths  of  the  population 
are  Koiuaii  Catholic.  The  early  inhabitants  were  formeily 
identitled  with  the  r>..ii.  The  southern  part  belonged  to 
the  Koman  Empire.  The  League  of  theltoaril  was  foniicd 
from  various  German  tribes.  Baviu-ia  was  ruled  by  its 
dukes,  the  Agilolflnger,  from  about  5(»v7ss.  It  caine  un. 
der  thesuprcinac}  of  .Austrasia,  and  in  788  its  duke,  lassUo 
III.,  wascfeposed,  and  it  was  incorpor.ited  with  the  Frank, 
ish  empire.  Later  it  was  one  of  the  four  gri-at  iJennan 
duchies  (and  extended  farther  to  the  east  anil  south  — f  </., 
to  Italy—  than  at  present).  The  duchy  of  Bavaria  passed 
to  Welf  rv.  (I  )  In  lo70.  In  1180,  after  the  fall  of  Henry 
the  Lion,  it  was  gr.intcd  by  Frederick  Barbarossa  to  tlia 
(present)  Wittelsbach  dynasty.  It  was  one  of  the  circles 
of  the  empire.  Uuke  Maximilian  I.  recelvid  the  eleclonU 
dignity  ill  lirJS.  The  I  ppcr  Palatinate  was  annexed  in 
HiJS.  The  Khine  Palatinule  was  united  with  Bavaria  in 
1777.  In  180ti  Bavaria  bec.iine  a  kingdom  and  Jolin.,1  the 
Confederation  of  the  Khine.  It  was  ubliged  t,i  cede  terri- 
tory by  the  llnperinl  dclegati.ms  enactment  ot  1ni3.  but 
received  Win-zburg.  llambcrg.  Augsbuns.  etc.,  and  in  1»)6 
I'yrol  and  oilier  territories.  It  recelvitl  .sallluirg.  etc..  in 
1.S09,  but  was  iibligeil  to  cede  Tyr,il  ami  .Saliburg  In  1816. 
In  1813  it  joined  the  Allies.  It  reeeivetl  a  c.nslilullon  III 
1818.  It  sided  with  Austria  in  IMKl,  was  the  scene  of 
several  eonllicts,  and  wiia  obliged  to  pay  an  Indemnity 
and  make  a  small  cession  of  territory  t<p  Prussia.  It  made 
a  treaty  with  the  North  (ierman  Contcdenition  iu  ls70. 
and  .ntercd  the  German  r.mpire  In  1»7U  Area,  2»,2SS 
s.|iiare  miles.  Pupnlalloii  (I'.nm),  r.  17H.a-.7. 
Bavaria.  A  bronze  statue,  67  feet  high,  in 
the  Tlieresii'uwii'se,  near  Munich,  designed  by 
.Schwanthiiler.  It  was  built  by  order  of  Lud- 
wig 1..  and  was  tinished  in  18.'>0.  it  stands  before 
Ihe  Kuhmeshalledlall  of  Fame)and  holdsa  wreath  aliovo 
Its  head.  There  Is  an  interior  ascent  by  a  spiral  Inoi  stair 
case  ot  sixty  steps  to  the  head,  through  apertures  In  which 
ttoTe  Is  a  line  view. 

Bavaria,  Lower,  and  Bavaria,  Upper.     See 

l.iiinr  lltiiiniii  and  I'/iin  rjiiiiurid. 
Bavarian  Alps.     That  imrl  of  the  .-Mim  which 

lies  ill  soiitlierii   Hiivaria  and  in  the  adjoining 

lands  Mf  till'  .\iislriaii  ••iiipire. 
Bavarian  Circle,  tbu'  of  the  ancient  ten oir<'leB 

ot'  the   old  lieniinii   Kiii)iire.   now   ineliiiled   in 

Iliiviiria  and  neighboring  parts  of  Austria. 
Bavarian   Forest.     A   mountainous  region  in 

the    eastern     part    of    Itavaria,   north   of    the 

Daiiiiln',  iioIimI  for  its  forests.     It  is  n  part  of 

llie  Hidii'iiijiiii  Forest. 
Bavarian  Rigi.    See  Uiiti. 
Bavarian  Succession,  War  of  the.    A  war 

lielweiii  .\  list  rill  oil  one  side,  and  Prussia,  Sax- 
ony, and  .Mc'ckleiiburg  on  the  other,  177.8-79. 
due  to  the  extinct  ion  of  the  KavHrian  eleot<iriiI 
house.  It  WHS  ended  (wilhoul  fighting)  b.v 
the  Peace  of  Teselieii.  1779. 


ogy  at  Rostock  185(V.")8.    He'was  elected  to  the     nearly  to  Upper  Lusatia.      Area,   953  H<iuare 
Reichstag  in  1S74,  1877,  and  1878.  miles'.     Population  (1890),  370,739. 


A  govpnimeiitnl  district   Bavay,    or    Bavai    (bii-va').     A  town   in   the 
Saxony,    eorresponding     di'parlnieiil  of  Nord.   France.  14  miles  east  of 


Valenciennes.     It  is  built    on   tin'   site  of 
gneiiin,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Nervii. 


Ba- 


Baveno 

Baveno  (bii-va'no).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  western 
shore  of  J^ago  Maggiore,  opposite  the  Boito- 
ciean  Islands. 

Baviad  (ba' vi-ad),  The.  A  satire  on  the  "  Delia 
Cruscans"  (which  see), by  WilliaraGifford.  pub- 
lished in  1794,  and  republished  with  "'rhe 
Majviad"  (whieh  was  first  published  in  1795)  ou 
the  same  subject  in  1797.  The  latter  also  attacked 
some  of  the  minor  dramatists  of  the  time.  The  names 
Baviad  and  Mjsviad  are  taken  from  those  of  two  inferior 
poets  (see  Baviax)  mentioned  in  Vergil's  '*  Eclogues,"  iii.  9  ; 
"  lie  may  with  fo.xes  plongh  and  milk  he-goats, 
Who  praises  Bavins  or  on  Mtevius  dotes.'" 

Ba'vian  (bii-ve-au').  A  place  to  the  northeast 
of  Khorsabad.  in  Mesopotamia.  Near  it  was  dis- 
covered a  rock  with  an  inscription  containing  a  record  of 
Sennaehei-ib's  battle  against  the  Elamite-Uahylonian  coa- 
lition at  Halide,  a  city  on  the  lower  Tigris,  G91  B,  c. 

Bavieca  (ba-ve-a'ka).  The  favorite  horse  of 
the  C'id. 

Ba'\aer  (G.  ba-ver' ;  F.  biiv-yii'),  Simon.  Born 
at  Chur,  Graubiinden,  Sept.  16,  1825 :  died  at 
Basel,  Jan.  28,  1S96.  A  Snnss  statesman.  He 
was  federal  presidentin  1832, ami  becameministertoRome 
in  :88.'i.     Anthor  of  "Die  Strassen  der  Schweiz  "  (1878). 

Ba'Vius  (ba'vi-us).  Died  in  Cappadoeia,  35  b.  c. 
An  inferior  Roman  poet,  an  enemy  of  Vergil 
and  Horace.  His  name  is  always  associateil  with  that 
of  Msevius,  who  shared  his  feelings  toward  those  greater 
poets  and  his  lack  of  poetical  ability.    See  Baviad. 

Ba'Wian  (ba-we'an),  or  Ba'wean.  A  small  isl- 
and in  the  Java  Sea,  between  Java  and  Borneo, 
belonging  to  the  Dutch. 

Bawr  (hour).  Baroness  de  (Alexandrine  So- 
phie Goury  de  Champgrand,  by  her  first  mar- 
riage (dissolved  by  divorce)  ComteSSe  de 
Saint-Simon).  Born  (of  French  parents)  at 
Stuttgart,  177C:  died  at  Paris,  1801.  A  French 
novelist  and  dramatist,  she  wrote  "Argent  et 
Adresse  "  (1802).  "  Le  Rival  obligeant"  (18U6),  "L' Argent 
du  voyage '■  (1809),  "Le  double  strataKeme"  (1813),  "Au- 
guste  et  Frederic"  (1817),  "Histoire  de  la  musique" 
(1823),  etc. 

Baxter  (baks'ter),  Andre'W.  [The  surname 
Baxter  is  from  baxter.  ME.  balstcr,  AS.  heecestrc. 
baker.]  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1686 
(1687?):  died  at  Whittingham, nearEdinbui'gh, 
April  23, 1750.  A  Scottish  metaphysician.  His 
chief  work  is  an  "  Enquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Human 
Soul"  (17.33). 

Baxter,  Richard.  Born  at  Rowton,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Nov.  12,  1615:  died  at  Loudon, 
Dec.  8,  1691.  A  noted  English  nonconformist 
divine.  He  was  ordained  in  1638,  was  chosen  lecturer 
at  Kidderminster  in  1640,  and  about  1(>45  became  a  chap- 
lain in  Cromwell's  army.  He  subsequently  favored  the 
Restoration,  and  on  the  accession  of  Charles  II.  in  1060 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  but  left  the  Church 
of  England  on  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  ITniforniity  in 
1662.  when  he  retired  to  Acton.  In  Hay,  1685,  he  was 
tried  by  Jeffries  on  the  charge  of  libeling  the  established 
church,  and  was  fined  five  hundred  marks,  for  non-pay- 
ment of  wliich  he  was  detained  in  prison  until  Nov., 
1686.  His  chief  works  are  "  The  Saint's  Everlasting  Rest  " 
(1650),  "A  Call  to  the  Unconverted  "  (1657).  "Methodus 
Theologia; "  (1674),  and  "  Reliquiaj  Baxterianse  "  (1696). 

Baxter,  Robert  Dudley.  Born  at  Doncaster, 
Feb.  3,  1827:  died  May  20,  1875.  An  EngUsh 
statistician.  He  became  a  solicitor  in  1842,  andapart- 
ner  in  the  law  firm  of  Baxter,  Rose,  and  Norton  at  "West- 
minster in  1860.  He  wrote  "The  National  Income  " 
(1868),  "The  Taxation  of  the  United  Kingdom"  (1869), 
"  The  National  Debts  of  the  Various  States  of  the  World  '" 
(1871),  "  Local  liovernment  and  Ta.xation  "  (1874),  etc. 

Baxter,  William  Bd'ward.    Born  at  Dundee, 

1825:  died  at  Jjondon,  Aug.  10,  1890.  A  Brit- 
ish politician,  traveler,  and  author.  He  became 
secretary  to  the  .admiralty  under  Mr.  Gladstone  in  181S. 
and  was  secretary  to  the  treasury  1871-73.  Author  of 
"America  and  the  Americans"  (1855). 

Bay  City.     A  city,  the  capital  of  Bay  County, 

eastei-n  Jlichigan,  situated  on  the  Saginaw 
River,  near  its  mouth,  110  miles  northwest  of 
Detroit.     Population  (1900),  27,628. 

Bay  Islands.  Agi-oup  of  islands  in  the  Gulf 
of  Iliiiidiiras,  belonging  to  Honduras.  The 
largest  is  Uuatan. 

Bay  of  Islands.  A  bay  on  the  northern  coast 
(if  tlie  Nortli  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Bay  Psalm  Book,  The.  The  earliest  New  Eng- 
land version  of  the  Psalms,  its  title  is  "The 
Whole  Booke  of  Psalmes  Faithfully  Translated  into  Eng- 
lish .Metre."  It  was  printed  in  1640,  and  was  the  tir.st 
book  published  in  the  British  American  colonies,  though 
not,  as  has  been  said,  "in  the  New  World,  for  there  liad 
existed  a  printing-press  in  the  city  of  Mexico  one  hun- 
dred years  before. "  It  was  the  joint  production  of  Richard 
Mather.  Thomas  Welde,  and  John  Eliot.  Eight  copies 
are  known  to  be  extant. 

Bayamo  (ba-yii'mo).  A  town  in  the  interior 
of  eastern  Cuba,  25  miles  east  of  Manzanilla. 
Popidation  (1899),  3,022. 

Bayard  (ba'iird ;  F.  pron.  ba-yar' ).  The  name  of 
the  legendaiy  horse  given  by  Charlemagne  to 


132 


Bayly,  Ada  Ellen 


the  four  sons  of  Aymon.  He  possessed  magical 
powers,  and  the  remarkable  faculty  of  lengthening  him- 
self to  accommodate-  all  bis  four  masters  at  once,  and 
many  wonders  ai'e  told  of  him.  He  is  said  to  be  still  ali^■e 
in  the  forest  of  Ardennes  w  here  he  can  be  heard  neighing 
on  midsummer  day.  Boiardo  introduces  him  in  "  Orlando 
Innamorato,"  Ariosto  in  "Orlando  Kurioso,"  and  Tasso  in 
"Hinaldo"  who  is  Renaud  or  Kegnault.  one  of  the  four 
sons.  The  name  became  a  common  one  for  any  horse,  and 
is  alluded  to  in  many  proverbial  sayings  the  origin  of 
which  seems  to  be  forgotten.  "As  bold  as  blind  B.ay- 
anl "  is  a  proverb  as  old  as  the  14th  century,  applied  to 
those  who  do  not  look  before  they  leap. 

Bayard  (ba'iird ;  F'.  pron.  bii-yiir').  Chevalier 

de  (.Pierre  du  Terrail).  Boni  near  Grenoble 
about  1-175 :  killed  at  the  river  Sesia,  Italy,  April 
30,  152-1.  A  French  national  hero,  called  "the 
knight  without  fear  and  without  reproach,"  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Italian  campaigns  of  Charles 
Vin.,  Louis  XII.,  and  Francis  I.  He  was  espe- 
cially renowned  for  his  bravery  at.  the  battles  of  Guine- 
gate  (1.113)  and  llarignano  (1516)  and  the  defense  of  U6- 
ziere8(1521)._ 

Bayard  (bi'iird),  James  Asheton.     Born  at 

Pliiladelphia,  July  28,  1767  :  died  at  Wilming- 
ton, Aug.  6,  1815.  An  American  statesman. 
He  was  Federal  member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1797- 
1803 ;  United  States  senator  1805-13 ;  and  commissioner 
to  Tiegotiate  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  1S14. 

Bayard,  James  Asheton.  Born  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Nov.  15,  1799:  died  there,  June  13, 
1880.     An  American  politician,  son  of  James  ->  m         ±. 

Asheton  Bayard.     He  was  Democratic  United  ■'^^y?'^^  T^?®:^*^' 


for  several  years,  an<l  Sir  Robert  having  meanwhile  be. 
come  a  vei-y  good  friend  of  Buckingham,  the  character 
was  altered  to  fit  Dr>"den,  who  at  this  time  appeared  a  fit 
object  for  satire.  The  name  Bayes  refers  to  the  laureate- 
ship. 

Bayes  no  Poetaster.  See  Two  Sings  of  BrcnU 

fold. 

Bayes's  Troops,  Like.  A  phrase  referring  to 
the  foot-soldiers  and  hobby-horses  who  fight  a 
battle  in  Bnckingham's  "Rehearsal."  when  all 
are  killed  it  is  a  question  how  they  are  to  go  off  the  stage. 
Baycs  reidies  :  "As  they  came  "on,  upon  their  leg's." 
Wlurenpon  they  are  obliged  to  revive  and  walk  off. 

Bayeux  (bil-ye').  [F.  Baijeux,  LL.  Baiocas, 
Buiocassis,  Bagocasacs, L.  Badiocasses,  Gr.  OiaA- 
Kacioi,  orig.  a  Celtic  tribe  name,  explained  as 
'great  cont[uerors,'otherwise  as  'blond-haired.'] 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Calvados.  Norman- 
dy, France,  situated  on  the  Aure  17  miles  north- 
west of  Caen :  the  Roman  Augustodui-us.  it  was 
the  chief  town  of  Gallic  Baiocasses,  was  called  Baiocum  or 
Baiocasses  (whence  the  modern  name)  in  the  early  middle 
ages,  and  was  the  capita!  of  the  Krankish  Baiocassinus,  later 
Bessin.  It  is  famous  for  the  Bayeux  Tapestry  (which 
see).  The  cathedral  of  Bayeux  is  a  very  handsome  stiuc. 
tare  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  The  west  fi-ont  has 
lofty  twin  spires,  graceful  arcades,  and  fine  gabled  and 
sculptm-ed  portals.  There  is  a  beautiful  vaulted  porch  on 
the  south  side,  besides  the  rich  portal  and  great  traceried 
window  of  the  transept.  The  lower  part  of  the  nave  is  of 
richly  ornamented  Romanesque  round  arches.  Population 
(1891),  8,102. 

A  Strip  of  linen  231  feet 


States  senator  from  Delaware  1851-64  and  1867- 
1869. 

Bayard,  Jean  Frantjois  Alfred.  Born  at  Cha- 

rolles,  Saone-et-Loire,  March  li,  1796:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19, 1853.  A  French  dramatic  writer. 
He  is  said  to  have  written,  partly  in  conjunction  with 
others,  225  pieces.  Among  them  are  "  La  reine  de  seize 
ans  "  (1828),  "  Le  gamin  de  Paris  "  (1836),  etc. 

Bayard,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Alphen,  Holland, 
about  16-14 :  died  in  New  York  city,  1707.  An 
American   colonial   officer,  secretary  of  New 


long  and  20  inches  wide,  preserved  in  the  Li- 
brai-y  at  Bayeux,  France,  embroidered  with  epi- 
sodes of  the  Norman  conquest  of  England  from 
the  visit  of  Harold  to  the  Norman  coiu't  until 
his  death  at  Senlac,  each  with  its  title  in  Latin. 
The  work  is  of  great  arehjeological  interest  from  its  de- 
tails of  costume  and  arms.  It  is  believed  to  have  been 
made  by  Matilda,  tiueen  of  ^^'illiam  the  Conqueror. 

Bayle  (biil),  Gaspard  Laurent.  Born  at  Ver- 
net,  Provence.  Aug.  8,  1774  :  died  at  Paris,  May 
11,  1816.    A  French  physician    and  medical 

"writer. 


York  province  in  1673  (under  the  Dutch),  and  t>„„i„  t);„__„     tj  „      *  n    i  *  ■    m  •     -ci 
3or\f  New  York  eit;  (uiKler  Governo/bon-  ^^'^^^  ..  ^rdlt"^  n'oVte^drrb^er'sI; 


.gan).     He  was  a  member  of  the  governor's  council 
and  drew  up  the  Dongan  charter  (which  see). 

Bayard,  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  1796:  died  at  Philadelphia,  March  4. 
1868.  An  American  Whig  politician,  a  son  of 
James  Asheton  Bayard,  United  States  senator 
from  Delaware  1836-39  and  1839-45,  charge  d'af- 
faires at  Brussels  1850-53. 

Bayard,  Thomas  Francis.  Bom  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Oct.  29, 1828:  died  Sept.  28,  1898.  An 
American  statesman,  a  son  of  James  Asheton 
Bayard.  Hewas  Democratic  United  States  senator  from 
Delaw.are  1869-85;  president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate 
1881;  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission  1877;  unsuc- 
cessful in  obtaining  tlle  nomination  as  Democratic  candi- 
date for  the  Presidency  ISSO  and  1884 ;  and  secretary  of 
state  1885-89.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to  England 
in  1893,  and  was  the  first  to  hold  that  diplomatic  rank. 

Bayazid.    See  Baja^et. 

Bayazid  (bi-ii-zed'),  or  Bayezid  (bi-e-zed')-  A 
small  town  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  south  of  Mount  Ararat.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Russians  in  the  wars  of  1828, 1854,  and  1S77. 


1706.  A  noted  French  skeptical  philosopher 
and  critic.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Sedan  in  1675,  and  at  the  Protestant  academy  of  Rot- 
terdam in  16S1,  and  was  removed  (on  account  of  his  skep- 
tical opinions)  from  his  professorship  in  1693.  He  was 
an  influeTitial  leader  of  the  modern  skeptical  movement, 
and  is  chiefly  known  as  the  compiler  of  the  famous  "Dic- 
tionnaire  historique  et  critique  "(1696),  in  which  that  ten- 
dency foinid  clear  expression.  Among  Ills  other  works  are 
"  Cogitationes  rationales  de  Deo.  anima,  et  malo,"  "Pen- 
sees  sur  la  comete,  ^crites  h  un  docteur  de  la  Sorbonne" 
(1682),  "Connnentaire  philosophi(iue  sur  ces  paroles  de 
I'Evangile  "  (1686).  In  1684  he  established  a  sort  of  jour- 
nal of  literary  criticism,  "  Nonvelles  de  la  r^publique 
deslettres,"  which  was  maintained  for  several  years. 

Baylen  (bi-len'),  or  Bailen.  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Jaen,  southern  Spain,  25  miles 
nortli  of  .Taen.     Population  (1887),  8.580. 

Baylen,  Capitulation  of.  A  capitulation  (July 
22.  1808)  by  which  the  French  general  Dupont 
and  his  army  sui-rendered  to  the  Spaniards  un- 
der Castanos,  and  the  French  forces  were  to  be 
allowed  to  leave  Spain.  The  Junta  of  Seville  refused 
to  ratify  the  capitulation,  and  all  the  French  except  the 
sujterior  officers  were  sent  to  the  galleys  at  Cadiz. 


Bayer  (bi'er),  August  von.  Born  at  Rorschach 
on  Lake  Constance,  May  3,  1803 :  died  at  Carls-  Baylen,  Duke  of.     See  Cantani 
ruhe,Feb.  2, 1875.    A  German  painter  of  histori-  Bayley   (ba'li),  James  Roosevelt, 


Bom   in 


cal  and  architectural  suliiects. 
Bayer,  Gottlieb  Siegfried.  Bom  1694:  died 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  21.  1738.  A  German 
Orientalist.  He  became  professor  of  Greek  and 
Roman  antiquities  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1726. 


New  York  city,  Aug.  23,  1814:  died  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  3, 1877.  An  American  Roman  Cath- 
olic prelate.  He  was  made  first  bishop  of  Newark 
in  1853,  ami  was  archbishop  of  Baltimore  1872-77.  He 
wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Catholic  t'hurch  in  New  York" 
(1853),  etc. 


E.^yer,  Johann.  Born  at  R.ain,in  Bavaria,  about  Bayley,  Sir  John.     Born  at  Elton,  Hunting- 
Io,2:  died  at  Augsburg,  1660.  A  German  astron-     donshire,  Aug.  3,  1763:  lUed  near  Sevenoaka, 

omer  and  Protestant  preacher,  surnamed  from     " •     —     -         '- 

his  eloquence  "os  protestantiimi"  ('the  Prot- 
estants'  mouth  [piece] ').       He  was  the  author  of 


Uranoraetria"  (1603),  enlarged  and  reprinted  under  the 
title  "Coelum  stellatum  christianum  "(1627).  This  work 
was  the  first  complete  and  convenient  chart  of  the  he 


Kent,  Oct.  10, 1841.  An  English  jurist  and  legal 
and  religious  writer.  He  became  judge  of  the  King's 
Bench  in  1808,  was  removed  to  the  Court  of  Exchequer  in 
1S30.  and  resigned  from  the  bench  in  1834.     He  wrote 


"  A  Short  Ti-eatise  on  the  Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange,  Cash 
Bills,  and  Promissory  Notes  "  (1789),  etc. 
vens.  representing  the  then  existing  state  of  astronomical  Bayley,    Bichard.      Born    at   Fairfield,   Conn., 
knowledge.     Bayer  was  the  first  to  adopt  the  method  ot      itI--,  .    .i:,,,i   „„    Cf„  -  ■        -----      '.  --' 

designating  the  stars  by  the  Greek  letters,  etc.,  in  the     li„',  '    "i'^'-'  ""   'Jr-' 


rdcr  of  their  magnitnd 

Bayer,  Karl  Robert  Emmerich:  pseudonym 
Robert  Bjrr.  Born  at  Bregenz,  Austria,  April 
15,  1835.  An  Austrian  novelist.  He  entered  the 
milit.ary  academy  at  Neustadt  in  1845,  became  lieutenant 
in  a  regiment  of  hussars  at  Milan  in  ]8.')2.  and  retired  from 
military  service  in  18<',2.  Among  his  works  are  "  Kan- 
tonierungsbilder"  (1860),  "Osterreichische  Garnisonen  " 
(1863),  "Anno  Nenn  and  Dreizehn '"  (180f>),  a  number  of 
social-political  novels,  as  "  l)er  Kanipf  urns  Dasein  "  (1869). 
and  the  dramas  "Lady  Gloster"  (1860),  and  "Der  wunde 
Fleck"  (1875). 

Bayern.     The  German  name  of  Bavaria. 

Bayer'Wald.     See  Bayrischer  WuM. 

Bayes  (biiz).  A  character  in  Buckingham's 
farce  "The  Rehearsal,"  a  dramatic  coxcomb. 
He  was  at  first  called  Bilboa,  and  was  intended  to  ridicule 
Sir  Robert  Howard  ;  but  the  piece  having  been  laid  aside 


iten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  17, 
1801.  An  American  physician,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  Columbia  College  in  1792, 
.and  of  surgery  in  1793. 

Baylies  (bii'lfz),  Francis.  Born  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1783:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1852. 
An  American  politician,  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1821-27.  He  wrote  a 
"Memoir  of  the  Colony  of  New  Pl_i.Tnouth." 

Baylor  (bs'lor).  Frances  Courtenay  (Mrs. 
George  Sherman  Barnum).  Born  at  Fayette- 

ville,  Ark.,  J:in.  20.  1848.  An  American  nov- 
ell.st.  she  h.as  written  ''The  Perfect  Treasure"  and  "On 
This  Side,"  two  short  magazine  stories,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  book  form  as  one  narrative  imder  the  title  "On 
Both  .Sides  "  (18S6).  and  other  works. 

Bayly  (bii'li),  Ada  Ellen:  pseudonym  Edna 

Lyall.     Born  at  Brighton,  England:  died  at 


Bayly,  Ada  Ellen  133  B6arn 

Ea^tbourue,  Fe^).  s,  190.!.     An  English  nov-  Bazaine  (ba-zan').  Francois  Achille.    Born    which  extends  from  Tremout  street  along  the 

.list.    Atiiomk  iKT  works  ..re"  Won  KvWnitiiiK"  (18-11),  at  Versailles,  Feb.  i:!,  1-11:  .li.-.l  at  Ma.li-id,     north  side  of  the  Common  and  Public  Gardens 

••lie van  '  (IHs-').  "  Autohi"^ii.lili.V"i  aSl;iii.UT"(ls«7),  S.'|il.  L'.S,  1.SS8.     A  Freni'h   marshal.     lie  served     westward.     It  is  noted  as  a  street  ot  residences,  and 

"K.iigl.t  Errant  ■  (Iss.),  "A  ll.irdy  Norseman"  (ISSll).  in  Algeria,  and  in  Spain  against  the  I'ailists ;  commamled      its  name  is  a  synonym  for  the  wealtll  and  culture  uf  the 

Bayly  (ha'li).  Thomas  Haynes.    Born  al  Bath,  tl.e  yoreit-n  Legion  in  the  trimcan  w;u- ;  commanded  a     city. 

Eufland,   Oct.  13,   1797:  died  at  Cheltenham,  division  in  the  Italian  war  of  1869,  and  distinguished  Beaconsfield  (be'konz-feld  or  bek'onz-feld). 

April22  1839.    An  English  song-^v,•iter,  drama-  itra"d"L^mc"?o,;„!r!'de';- hUhi"f  m  .\.  ...w„  in  Buckinghamshire  England,  situated 

tist,  and  novelist.    He  wrote  "Perfection."  and  other  w.is   made  marshal  in  18W ;    withdrew  from  Mexico  in     -J  miles    west-northwest    of   London.     It   was 

plays,  m.ony  popnlar  songs  (anions  them  "The  Soldier's  18(;7,  and  was  made  eoniin.inder .)(  the  Imperial  Uuard  in     the  home   and   burial-place   of  Waller  and  of 

Tcar,"-Idl.eaI!utteHly,"''«en.ct-twa8inarrowd  ),  igug.     He  comn.anded  a  corps  at  the  beginning  of  the     Edmund  Burke.      Population  (1891),  1,773. 

and  the  tales  '  the  Aylniei-s,    " A  Legend  of  Killarney,  Franco-Ucrman  wai.  was  made  commander  of  the  Ani.y   ■D^„„-„^ti^^A    To.,.!  nV      <j,„  n.„™l; 

etc.  of  the  Khine  Aug.,  1870.  and  was  defeated  before  .Metz,  at   Beaconsfield,  Earl  of.     bee  Disraeh. 

Bayne  (ban).  Peter.     Born  in  Koss-sliire,  Scot-  liravelotte,  etc.,  and  besieged  in  Metz,  which  he  siuren-  iseaOle,  Harriet,      ^ee  Idltijrtimm. 

land  Oct.  19, 18.30:  died  Feb.  10,1896.   AScotch  dered. withi7:i,o.ximen, Oct. 'i7,i87.i.  Forthissiurender  he  Beagle   (be'gl).    Sir   Harry.      A    fox-hunting 

litterateur  and  iournalist.  ?;•"  ','.'?''  '''','"'°  \  "'''¥""'  "'"'<•■•  the  presidency  of  the     Y-u^WiAi  stiuire  in  Colman's  comedv  '•  The  Jeal- 

lliieiaif.il  ... .11  .iu.»iii<»i^i.  ...  Due  dAumale,  and  cunderancd  to  degradation  and  death.  we     h 

Baynard  S  (ba'nar.lz)  Castle.     A  strong  fortl-  The  sentence  was  commuted  to  2.1  years' imprisonment,     "'•"*" 'I*'-  . 

ficatioii  on  the  Thames  just  below  Blackt'riars,  and  he  was  inc.arcei-atc.l  near  Cannes  Dec.  1873,  whence  Beagle  Channel.     A  strait  in  the  archipelago 

founded  bv  Bavuard,  a  follower  of  William  the  be  escaped  Aug.  9-lii.  1874.    He  resided  later  in  Madrid,     ,,|-  Tii^ni  .k'l   Fuego,  which  extends  east  and 

Con.iueror,  an.l  forfeited  to  the  crown  by  one  Tj^i'tXlT^.;""'^-  "t'„'''»;^'i!'^M-  "'"""  n        ia,o      "''^f  '"  '''*•  ■'^°  ^■ 

of  his  successors.     It  was  burned  in  the  Great  B.^'Z^'leette,  bir  Joseph  William.     Born  1819:  Beagle,  The.     The  ship  in  which  Danvin  made 

Fire   IGGG  dud  lh91.     An  English  engineer.     As  chief  en-     his  voyage  as  naturalist.    She  was  a  lO-gun  brig  of 

uV^'flc    m'.-m,/^     Tbnma<!    5?t>PTiepr      Bom    at     g'">-'er  to  tlieMctropohtan  Board  of  Works  he  designed      -vis  tons, commanded  by  Captain  Fitzr«y.   she  sailed  liec. 

^ayiies  O'aii/.),  inomas  bpencer.  Jiom  ax  and  executed  (18.,8-6.-,)  the  syst.un  of  drainage  now  in  27,  18.SI,  and  returned  Oct.  2,  I8;i6.  .she  had  previously 
\\ellmgton,S..mei'S.-tslMre..March  J4.18_3.  died  operation  |n  /...iidoii,  as  also  (ls«t-74)  the  Victoria,  the  i,„en  used  in  surveying-work  on  the  South  Ajueiican  coast, 
at    Liin.lon.   May    30,   188(.      A    British    pliilo-     Albert,  and  the  thelsca  eml.ankment.s.  .see  XionriH,  C/.ar(«. 

sophical  writer,"  appointed  professor  of  logic,  Bazan,  Don  Caesar  de.  See  Don  Cisar  dc  Beale  (bel),  Lionel  Smith.  Born  at  London, 
rhetoric,  and  metaphysics  at  St.  Andrew's  in    Bican.  ^  Igog       s^.^    English    physiologist   and   micro- 

1S64.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the  London  "Daily  Bazard  (bii-zar'),  Saint-Armand.  Born  at  scopist,  professor  of  medicine  at  King's  Col- 
News,"  and  editor  of  the  9th  edition  of  the"  Encyclopa;dia    Paris,   Sept.   19,    1791:    died  at  Courtry,  near     lege,  London,  also  of  jihysiology  and   morbid 

•B"»!l!^'!.'!iTn.s  ..,..,,'•  V   ,1,-m,   ViH  voTiM      A  «pn      Moutfermeil,  July  L'O.  1832.     A  French  social-     anatomy,  and  later  of  pathological  anatomy. 

Bayonne  (ba-yon  ,  !• .  p  on.  ba-j  on  ).  A  sea-  jg^^  organizer  of  Carbouarist  societies,  and  ad-  He  is  the  author  of  ■•  How  to  \Vnrk  with  the  MicroscoptV 
port   in  the  department  ot    LSasses-fyreiiees,     l„rent  of  Saint-Simon.  "Protoplasm,  or  Life,  Matter,  and  Mind."  "On  Life  and 

France,  situated  at  the  junction  ot  the  aito  Bazardlik       \  towni  in  Bulgaria  "7  miles  north     on  Vital  Action  in  Health  and  Disease,"  etc. 
and  Adour,  near  th,.  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  lat.  43°    ,^j.  Varna. '  It  was  captured  by  the  Kussians  in  Beale,  Mary.     Born  in  .SutTolk.  Englan.l,  1632: 
L«l'  N..  long.  1°  29'  W.     It  is  a  fortress,  and  its  cita-     1774  .md  1810  .li.'.l  at    London,   Dec.   28,    1G97.     ^Vu  English 

dd  was  fortitied  by  Vauban.    The  bayonet  is  said  to  have  _'         ,  u::,/;;  ..Qf,         a    brutal    but    orie-inal     arlist.  noted  as  a  portrait-painter. 
been  invented  here.    The  population  is  largely  Spanish  Udzaroi     t  ua/,  a-ioi;.       A    01  utai    out    original  n    /.  -.,     t   v       tt-  tj  •      i--      ■    ■ 

and  BaSque!  It  is  noted  f.fr  its  hams.  A  cdehrated  in-  medical  student  in  Turgenief's  "Fathers  an.l  Beall  (bel).  John  Young.  Born  in  \  irgiuia, 
terview  was  held  here  in  l.^CiS  between  Charles  IX.,  Eliza-  Sons."  He  is  the  representative  of  young  llussia  with  ■^•'"-  !•  ^^•^■'  ■  '^"''^  ""  tiovernor  s  Island,  New 
bethof  Spain,  Alva,  and  Catherine  de' Medici,  at  which  (it  aspirations  toward  progress.  In  him  is  llrst  f.)rmnlated  the  \ork  Harbor.  Feb.  24,  1865.  A  Confederate 
is  allege.1)  the  St.  BarthoUimew  massacre  was  planned,  original  theory  of  iNihilisiu.  He  takes  pride  iu  absolute  spy  and  guerrilla.  He  commanded  a  body  of  men  who. 
The  cathedral  of  Bayonne  is  of  the  l.lth  and  It  hcentn.     negation.  disguised  as  p..s6engers.  seized  the   Lake  Erie  steamed 

i'l'^  Tn,^wo  C\cSomred  D,  rtals     'fhe  "  tl"^^^^  Bazas  (bii-za').     A  town  in  the  department  of     VUilo  I'.arsons  sept,  19,  18W,  and  subse.,nently  captured 

^lass,  and  two  fine  sculptured  portals,  llie  l.itli-cu.tury  .■  ->  p,.,,,'  „  o-,  „,ii„a  an^thea^t  nf  Rr,v  »"'  sank  another  boat,  the  Island  tjuecn.  He  was  ar- 
cloister  has  been  u.  part  inclosed  and  transformed  into  (Tiiomie,  Stance,  33  miles  southeast  ot  lioi-  ,,^^,^^  ^^  Suspension  Bridge,  .New  York,  Dec.  10.  18<M, 
an  ad.lltional  aisle    in  the  church.     Population  (1891),     deaux.       It    figured    in     the     Huguenot    wars.      „ag  tried  at  Fort  Lafayette  by  a  military  commission! 

-?'-^^-  ,.-  ,,         .  .         J       i     •      TT    1       Population  (1891).  4,948.  ami,  in  spite  of  a  proclamation  by  Jelfersim  Davis,  dated 

Bayonne  (ba-yon  ).     a  port  ^nd  city  in  Hud-  gazeilles  (bii-zav').      A  village   near  Sedan,     ^^^e.  24,  ISW,  in  which  the  Confederate  government  as- 
son  County  New  Jersey,  situated  between  IV ew     ,|,.,,,„.,uj,.nt   .,f   Ardennes,    France,    near   th.^     sumed  the  responsibility  for  Beall's  action,  was  convicted 
York  and  Newark  bays  6  miles  southwest  of     j,,!,,^^.       It  was  destroyed  by  the  Bavarians     ""^  "'^f^t  TJ,tf,r„.       a     a        • 
New  York.    It  has  chemical -works,  etc.    Popu-     ^^     ^    j    j^-l,  •'         ■'  Bear  Flag  Battalion.     An  American  corps,  in 

lation  (1900),  32,722.  ^a  1^/    (b./ziliish).    A  small  town  in  Hungarv,     J''"  ^:'"-^>-  I'^t'^O-'f  California,  which  was  ac- 

Bayonne  Convention  of.  A  convention  con-  ^-^^J^^  ^,^  ^^^  ^^„„^^  45  ^.^  east  of  Bel-  -JiVr'T^VJ^'i^  *^v  V)  n  iTni  in  tb.  A,.ti. 
eluded  May  10.  isos.  between  France  and  the     „ra,(l  Bear  Island.      A  small  island  in  the  Arctic 

grand  duchy  of  Warsaw.  ■RayiaaraHn  yp-miv/')     A  ....nindic  rnce  widpU-     "<'eaii,  s.mth  of  Spitzbergcn. 

%yonne.  Treaty  Of.  A  treaty  concluded  at  ^jllSi^fn^u  4n,  amXptir;^7o  th.  Bear  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic 
Bayonne,   Mav,  1808,  between   Napoleon   and     frinsics  of  Eurone  ( iccan.  ii..ith  ot  Siberia,  about  long.  101°  L. 

Charles  ly.otSpain.  The  latter  renounced  his  gaLin  (ba-zah').  The  lackey  of  Aramis  in  "Th..  Bear  Lake.  A  lake  about  20  miles  long,  situ- 
right  to  th.,  Spanish  throne.  Three  Musketeers "  bv  1  lumas.  ^"'■^' '"'  .        ,''.  7  "^  ^""^''^a^^tern  Idalio  and 

Bayonne  Decree.  A  decree  issued  by  Napoleon  ■!>._,•„  /vy  ,,.,„/>    AntniTiP  Pierre  T-niiio      V„v„     ""rtheaslini  I  tab. 
i.lt  Bayonne,   April  17,  1808    directing  the  ^1^799"?  ^.tcr'lski^lTivn.'h'oiu^uUb^^  Bear  Lake.  Great,  ^oc  Great  Bear  La U. 

seizure  ot  all  American  vessels  then  in  the  pui.iished  "Theatre  chi.iois,'  "Grammaire  mandarine,  Bear  Mountain.  A  hill,  about  laO  feet  in 
ports  of  France.  etc.  neiglil,   situated  in  the  northeastern  j.art  of 

Bayou  State  (bi'6  stat),  The.  An  epithet  Bazin,  Jacques  Rigomer.  Born  at  Mans,  1771:  IMuphiuCounty.eastern  central  Pennsylvania. 
som.'times  applied  to  Mississipjii.  died  Jan.  20,  1820.    A  French  publicist,  man  of     Tln-rc  are  coal  deposits  in  its  vicinitv. 

Bayreuth  (bi'roit),  or  Baireuth.  A  former  letters,  and  democratic  politician.  He  was  the  Bear  River.  A  river  in  northern  I'tah  and 
German  burgra\'iate  and  principality,  now  in  authorof  pamphlets  published  under  the  title  "Le  Lynx  "  southern  Idaho,  which  falls  into  lireat  Salt 
the  northern  part  of  Bavaria.  It  was  .inited  to  ('*">  .?"i.'.' '^"""  ','",  ^>'""^ " JI?^")' "''""l'!.''""?-'''"!*''-  1-ake,  in  lat.  41°  28'  N.,  long.  112°  17'  W. 
Anshach  in  1709?  was  acp.ired  by  Prussia  1791-92  ;  was     ^^^■•'^ -hi  .^•■'  nSm'a'Z'el   ,.^'  *"'■   ^    "^'  "  "''"     I^eugth,  about  400  miles. 

lost  by  Prussia  in  180.^ ;  an.i  was  ceded  to  Bavaria  in  18.19.  B^;7oche  (bii-/6sh'     ..  Basoche  La     An  asso-  Beard  (biM-.l .,  George  Miller.    Born  at  Mont- 

Bayreuth,  or  Baireuth.     The  capital  of  tiie  isazocne  ( oa  zosn  ;,.n  aasocne,  Lia.    au  asso-  ^.jn^^j^,   ..  ><   ,s;i.,:  ,li,.,i  in  New  York  citv.  Jan. 

n,.ovin,.„  of  I'liiipr  F.'mi-oi.in   Hivnriji  situated  ciation  ot  clerks  connect.  .1  with  the  parliament  .,.',•'"■'     1       ,      ".'"'" '^i  "  ^"'.^  i  ..>■  "■"•• 

piovince  01  t.^ppei  r  i,iii(-oiiia,i3,i\!iiia,  siiuu-nvi       «  t,     •        t..        ^  .     1            ^i      ■    ^        ^       ^  -^  *3    1883       \n  American  i.hvsician.  author  of 

nn  tViB  «o<l  Alain  in  1-it    49°  ")G'  N     Ion?   11°  of  Pans.     It  watche.l  over  tho  interests  of  its  "J,  ?       ,      .       -'^""^'''^''"  '.-^  ,,..[;  ".""""■   "• 

on  tne  itea  .uain  in  idt.  "iJ    oo    !-«.,  i.mg.  n  „„„.^„^    „„.^i  „..,.f„,.„,„.i  »■„,.„„<,  o„fi,.;.,i„,.  »!>..  "Stimulants    an.l    Narcotics,"    ''Eating    and 

S.V  E.    It  contains  the  Wagner  Theater,  the  old  and  members,  and  pel t.irm.tl  farces  satirizing  the  ^  ;  ^j       „  ..  j,.    .  y           „    ,,.'                     ** 

new  palaces,  and  the  residences  ,.f  Kichter  and  Richard  parliament.    It  arose  at   tli.'  beginning  ot  th.'  t,_„_.    t':'     „„  TT^n^„      n,,,.,,  ],,  R„,T.,ln   V  Y 

Wagner.    It  is  now noti.l  for  its  musical  festivals.     F<.r.  14th  century,  and  was  siii.pressed  in  1791,  bill  .Beara,  JameS  nenry.      uo  n  at  """;""•  '^ ■. /  •• 

merlyltwas  the  residence  of  the  margraves  of  Braiiden-  ),.jj,  ,.eee„tlv  l„...n  ri'vive.l  '^'"•^'  "'  •  '''^'-'  ''"''  "'  r  b'slimg,  IS.  \..  .April  4, 

burg.Culn,bach.P„p,.l..tion  (189.1),  •24,65«.                  ,  ,  Baztan,  or  JBastau  ( Ims-liin').    Avalleyinthe  1«'3.     .\n    Vn.e.ican  artist    br.ither  of  W.  H. 

Bayreuth  Festiva  .     A  musical  festival  h.l.l  ",*.,j^,;,      ;„  „,^  ,Lthvvn  part  of   the  prov-  -Ji^^'i'' -^^  i^irw",^:'"'^'''''''^^^^^^^ 

at  Baj-reuth,  tor  the  represen  ation  of  W  ag-  ;  •        ^  Navarre,  Spain.     It  is  traversed  by  the  Be^rd.  Wl  ham  Holbrook.      Bon,  .\pr     13. 

neWs  works,  in  the  National  Theater  (opened  B:,i„„m,„  1'^J.| :  .li.il  !•  .1..  JO.  r.lno.   .\m  American  painter, 

bv  Wa"n.'r  in  187G)  ti      ''j/,       /■•    i\    nir        t     /^i      i       n-  1        •  .'hiellv  .if  liumoi'oiis  aiiiiual  pictures. 

Bay^lf ;  0    '.:.^:f:'r,,  Karl  Theodpr.  B,,rn  B-zard   baz  I-   ;,  Mr- ^J;' ^'rl^i^^'^^^^^.r  Beardsley  (berdz'li)   Eben'Edwaj:dB     l^.n. 

at  Marliurg,  1812:  di.^d  at  J.ii-daii.  W  is.,  l.'b.  ,  .,.,,f,.„:,„''  „,„,  ,,,,|i„„.  ,,f  „  (r.,,r,„lv  vvl,i..l,  "'  ^lepn.'V,  (  onn..  ]80( :  .li.-.l  at  .N.'«  Ila\en. 
3,  im.    ^Oerinan  phil.,sc,pl,ical  writer,  pub-     ^    .^l      ^a  ;:;,'r:rn;;iu.:,^;'ov:r^;;s- m:!!"'    ^""-  »-.  1^2.  1891.    An  American  1 -rot estant 

lrhr;;;^i^^:i^':rSr!;'eT"me!^bj™?f^^;^ Bazzi^ oiovanniAntonio.  si. ..„/o«,«.      !;Se !::il.:;^::{''S'^^:;,r^^;;:;:;r^:i"n;r;, .-^ 

Lan.ltag  of  Hesse  In  1848,  and  presi.lent  of  the  chanib.r  UeaCIl,  lllCKS.      f^.'.'   Ilicl.s-Jlllicll.                                     nectlcut,  in  1848.  an.l  wiia  the  author  of  "Uislorjof  the 

in  18.'..!;  and  later  removed  to  the  Tnited  States  (Wis-  Bcach  (  be.li ).  MoSCS  Yale.      Boni  at  Walling-     Kpiseopal  .'huicli  In  Connecticut  "  (18«.'i). 

»"ii»i'0.                                                               ,„  tor.l.  Conn.,  Jan.  7,  1800:  .lied  at  Wallingf.ir.l,  Beardsley,  Samuel.     Morn  at    llo.isic.  N.  'V  „ 

Bayrischer  Wald  (bi're-sh.'-r  villt),  or  Baver-  ,(|,|y    ]()_    ihch,      ,\n    Anwri.-an    iiivent.n-   an.l     I'.b.  9.  17110:  .li..l  at  I'tica.  N.  \  ..  May  G.  1800. 

Wald  (bi'.r-viilt).     An   extension  of  the  B.jli-  jmii.nalist.  iiropriet.ir  of  the  N.w  Y.uk  "Sun.''     -\n    .\iii.ricaii    |i.ilili(iaii    an. I    jurist.     He  was 

mer  Wal.l  in  eastern  Bavaria.  TtoarhvTTeaH  ili.''i'lii  lii'.l)        \  il.nik  h.a.lliii.l      Dem.M-ratie  member  of  Congress  inrni  New  Y.>rk.  18.S1- 

BavHwateribii/'wa  t.-.rl     f  FromBa\TiaTd'8Wa-  -oeacnyneaa  (O'   <m  ii<  •' l-     -^  "i 'i^     '""■!""     igaii  and  184;) -11 .  associate  judge  ..f  ihe  Snpreine  Court 

IJayswaterlbaz  wil-ter).   Ll  romiia,\Tiara8V>a  „„   ,|„,  ,.„,,„,    „f   [.„iss..x,  Englan.l,   pr.ij.'ctmg     of  .S'ew  V.,rk  1844-lV;  and  chief  Justice  in  1847. 

tering  Place.]     A  part  of  London  lying  imrlh  i„to  the   English  Channel,  in   lat.  50°  44'  N..   Bg-jJoto^™,    (hordz'toun).     A    eilviii    Cass 

of  Kensington  Oar.lens.      1  he   onginal    Hays-  ,„„g   0°  13'  E.     Its  lieighl  is  .'".7.1  feet.                      ('.mMlv    llliiiois.  siluat.Mi  on  Ih.-  Illinois  Hiver 

water  was  a  hamlet  near  what  IS  now  Gloucester  Bgachy  Head,    Battle   of.     A    naval    vieloiy     ,„  lal    io'  N.     P..pulati.m  (1!K)0),  4,8'27. 

Ivrriu-e      I  nitic.                   .                       .            .  gain. d  n.ar  H.a.'hy  II. a.l  by  th.'  French  uii.l.r  .pxorn  (ba-iir').   rLX. /(- iiWmi-HHm.]  An  ancient 

Baza    (ba'tha).      A     own  in    the    province  of  Tourville ..ver  tlw  allb.l  English  an.l  Dutch  .....  '^.f *Xinc-o  of  so..lVer.i  France,  capital  Pan,  cor- 

jranada,  Spain,  .-■.,  miles  northeast  ...rnnada:  ,,i.r  Torrii.gton,  June  30(N.  S.  July  10),  1G90.     ';!';,  jj"  ,,earlv  t..  the  .lepart..T...,t  ..f  Basses- 

the  ancient  Basti  and  the  me.ii.'val  Bastiai.a.  Beacon  Hill  (be'kon  hil).     An  elevation  north     ]..''.','-,,,  ,i,e\ni,i,iie ages  It  wis  a  vlsc.mnlv     It 

YJ;X"  iiTlf "  *lV''tL\,''  '''f-„";icton".,n?ie'Kr;.icf,  -'■  li"^'""  C...ll.i....i.      It  was  name,l  fmm  tho  beacon     '  >:.   '      The     11  '^  O",  "rrO  famlVh.  lV.St  a,;.l'canle 

mul^^'ZlV'!':;^.^^  SpaXd's'A",;g^*;'.^  Is/r  'r^     .ire,  wmcl,  were  form..ly  ilghte.l  npoi.  It.  ^^'l^;."},  l.r  'of  Nava  J  ...  Franie.    it  »w».  formally or- 

are  hot  springs  in  its  vicinity.     PopulatL.n  (1887),  11,1198,    BcaCOU    Street.      A    street    lU    BostOU.    Mass rated  with  trance  in  lUio. 


B^arnais,  Le  13-1  Beauly  Basin 

•. .  .     ,^-  ■■       -i\T  \   ^. -„„»«  nS-in^nn  fn  ISB^  Joii  '  1863  and  risinB  to  thc  Tauk  of  briRadier-eeii-  the  minority  of  Heurj  VI.,  invulved  in  a  long  contest  for 

BearnaiS  (ba-ar-na'),  Le.     A  surname  given  to  l^--'g^--,J>5^-  ^JJ.'JjJl.^^eVuber  of  Congress  from  Ghio  the  .u^cendancj-  >vith  his  nephew,  the  Duke  of  Gloucester. 

Heurv   IV.   of    France,   who  was    a   native   or  igi;s^73      \uthor  of  '■  The  Citizen  Soldier,  or  Memoirs  He  was  president  of  the  court  which  sentenced  Joan  of 

Bearn.  .,f  a  Vu'luntcer'  (1879).  etc.  Arc  to  the  stake.  ^     „         ^  »r.-v  j 

Beas  (be-as),  or  Bias  (be'as),  or  Beypasha  Beau  Brummel.    »ee  Brummel.  Beaufort,  Margaret,  Countess  of  Kiehmond 

(ba-pash'a).  Gr.  Hyphasis   (hif'a-sisu      [Gr.  Beau  Brummel  (ho   brum'el),  the   King  of  and  ot  Derby      Born  1441:   died  lo09      The 

-T0aff/cl     A  river  in  the  Pan  jab,  British  India,     Calais.     A  plav  bv  William  Blauehard  Jer-  daughter  ot  the  hi-st^Dijke  of  Somerset,  wife 

■which  joins  the  Satlaj  50  miles  southeast  of    ri.ld.  la-ought  out  at  the  Lyceum  Theater  April  successively  of  the  Earl  of   Kiehmond,  halt- 

Laliore      Length,  over  300  miles.                              11,  18.59.    A  play  called  ■■Beau  Brummel"  was  also  pro-  brother  of  Heniy  \1.,  of  Henry  btafiord,  son  to 

Booclow  n,B7'li1  Prpdprirk      Born  near  Eden-     duced  in  New  York  in  1891  by  Richard  Mansfield.  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  and  ot  Lord  Stanley, 

^toS^C     1777^;  died  a?EUzabeZtoZ  Tj..  Beau  Didapper.     See  Dicluppe,:  Earlof  Derby  and  mother,  by  her  first  maxriage, 

Nov.  2,   1845.     A^  American   clergyman  and  |eau  Feildmg.  ^ee  /.^<f»^  ?*ul:s°7an^  ie^^VftTd^rd^ln^^^r^ffioit'l.: 

phUosophical  writer,  professor  of  mental  and  Beau  Ue-mt.  J'ce  i-  (iittej ,  ^ic  topimg.  ^^  ^  g^^  ^^^^  _^^  ^^j  Cambridce. 

^■l^fni^a  mr?8^'  "  *''  """"'"'^                    BeaS  Ntsh  .bl'^nait'  A  three-act  comedy  in  Beaugard  (bo'gard),  Captain      The  prmcipal 
B  Ita  Seat^     A  painting  by  Dante  Gabriel     P™se  by  Douglas  Jerrold.  produced  at  the  Hay-     cdia,.eter  -,^OnvaVs  ^  ^oldier  .  Fortune    and 
Kosfetti.  in  the  National  Gallery,  London,    it     market  and  published  m  182o  Bllueard   Old      The  wUd,  extravagant  father 

is  a  portrait  of  the  painter's  wife,  painted  after  her  death,   Beau,  Sabrep,  Le.    bee  Handsome  Swordsman.    iSeaUgara    "^°;-  ^  ^  ^j^.^Tjfe  Athefst  ." 
with  a  quotation  given  by  Dante  from  Jeremiah,  showing.   Beau's  Duel,  The,  Or  A  SoldlCr  for  the  La-   -p"'  '^ '*i''^'"    ,^5'lnf5^?  ^-^        A^w^  in   thft  de- 
the  grief  in  Horence  at  the  death  of  Beatrice  in  1290.           ^gg      ^^  cumedv  1  .V  Mrs.  Centlivre,  produced  Beaugency  (bo-zhon-se  1.     A  town  i^  the  de- 
Beaton  (be'ton ;  Sc.  pron.  bii'ton).  or  Bethune,     and  printed  in  1702."    It  was  in  part  taken  from     partment  of  Loiret.  France,  si  uated  on  the 
Daiid.     Born  1494f  murdered  at  the  castle  of    jasper  Ma^•ne•s  "  Citv  Match."  Loir|  16  mi  es  southwest  of  Orleans,     tt  sui- 

St.  Andrew's,  May  29, 1546.    A  Scottish  prelate  Beaucaire  "(bo-kar')."  A  town  in  the  depart-     fered  severely  m  the  Huguenot  war^.     Popula- 
and  statesman.    He  was  several  times  ambassador  to     ment  of  Gaid.  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone,     tion(  1891).  commune,  4._dld.    .  ,  _,. 

France;  was  made  bishop  of  Mirepoii  by  Francis  I.  in     opposite Tarascon,  14  miles  east  of  Nimes:  the  BeauhapaiS    (bo-ar-na   },    AiexanOJe,     vi- 
1537  •  became  a  cardinal  in  153S;  and  was  appointed  arch-        rf.  .  •.    ,  ■     „  j  »„.      comte  de.      Born  m  Martinique,  ilav  28,  li  DO: 

ter  of  Francis  I.,  and  also  his  second  marriage  with  Marj-  BeaUCe  (bos).     A  district  of  France,  included  (later  empress).    He  was  a  member  of  the  Constit- 

of  Guise.    After  the  death  of  James  he  was  arrested,  hut  .prithin  the    departments  of   Eure-et-Loir    and  nent  .Assembly  and  general  in  the  Army  of  the  North, 

'^^:^^:^^^^SrSJ^^TU^''^l^^  Loir-et-Cher,    Famous    forits    production    of  ^nd  was  condemned  by  the  revolutionary  tnbunal  for  trea- 

of  loose  life  and  a  violent  persecutor  of  the  Reformers.    It  wheat.     Its  chief  town  IS  thartres.  Beauhamais,  Eugfene  de,  Duke  of  Leuchten- 

was  by  his  order  that  Wishart  was  arrested,  tried,  and  Beauchamp  (bo-shon'),  Alphonse  de.     Born  ^gj.„  gj,j  Prince  of  Eiehstadt.      Bom  at  Paris, 

burned  at  the  stake.                              T^•   j   i-on       ,  at  Monaco,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1832.  t.^  "^   3   273  j  .  ^jp^  at   Munich,  Feb.  21,  1824 

Beaton,  or  Bethune,  James.  Died  loda.  a  .^  French  historian  and  Utterateiir,  charged  ^  French  soldier  and  statesman,  son  of  Alex- 
Scotch  prelate,  uncle  of  David  Beaton.  He  be-  .(rith  the  supervision  of  the  press  under  the  ^j^^g  ^g  Beauhamais  and  Josephine,  after- 
TT-^f'^Al!^ultt^Zlvh"^lMiinLh^l^ov  Directory.  He  wrote  a '•  Histoire  despuerres.de  la  ^^^d  empress  of  France.  He  served  with  Napo- 
^viifi  He  Dlaved  a  co,?sDic™urp:it^^^  Vendue"  a806).  ■'Le  Faux  Dauphm  "  (1803)  '■  H.stoire  i^„^  j^  j-^,  ;„  j-gg  ^3,  appointed  viceroy  of  Italy  in 
i??-,^i  the  min„r>?v  of  Jamerv  inHie  hh^^^  ^<=  1"  conqu^te  et  des  revolutions  du  Perou "  (1808),  "His-  ^g^^  ^^^^^  ,he  Princess  Augusta  Amelia  of  Bavaria  in 
dunng  the  minority  ot  James  > . ,  ana,  iu.e  nis nepnew,  w as  ^^^.^^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^.^  ^^  conquete  en  1500  jusqu'au  1810  ^g^^ :  ^.^  adopted  by  Napoleon,  and  made  heir  apparent 
apersecutor.                         iriT.,i:„,  (I8I0).  -Vie  de  Louis  XVIII.'  (1821),  etc.  to  the  crown  of  Italy  in  18.36  ;  gained  the  battle  of  Kaab 

Beaton,  or  Bethune,  James,  uoru  loi* .  oiea  Beouchamu  (he'cham).  Philip.  [The  surname  1809;  commanded  an  army  corps  in  the  Russian  cam- 
April  30,  1603.  A  Scotch  Roman  Catholic  prel-  »„  "  „;,„,,,i^  V-d«ts'also  in  the  more  correct  paistn  'n  1812-  taking  charge  of  the  broken  forces  after 
ate  a  nephew  of  David  Beaton.  He  became  arch-  J^<^'"'f"'""P  e^*^s  i-  v™  ^i!:.^!!;"  !i,l  !;  the  departure  of  Napoleon  and  the  flight  of  Murat;  de. 
Wshop  of  &^w  in  l5o"  aifd  was  .Scottish  am?>^dor  spelling  BfeoAflm  which  represents  the  mod.  ^.^^^  P^^  ^  I,y,,^„  i„  1813  and.  when  depri»ed 
to  F^n?e  for  many  years  irevious  to  his  death.  He  was  pronunciation.  Beauchamp  toUows  the  mod.  of  his  viceroyalty  by  the  can^i^paigns  of  1813  and  1814,  re- 
a  man  of  high  character  and  attainments.  F.  spelling:    OF.   Beuclijmp,   Beauchamp,   fair  tired  to  Bavaria,  where  he  obtained,  with  the  pnncipaUty 

Beatrice  (be'a-tris  or  -tres ;  It.  pron.  ba-a-tre'-  field/)     A  pseudonvm  of  George  Grote.  of  Eiehstadt.  the  title  o  Duke  of  Leuchtenberg. 

Che)     [L.Sel^nx,  making  happv;F.£e«fn<-<',  Beauchamp,  Richard  de,  Earl  of  Warwick.  Be_auharnais,  Eugenie  Hortense  de       Bom 
Bcatn'lt£eaMce,iip.  Pg.  :««</»•-.]    1.  See     Born  at  Salwarp,  Worcestershire.  Jan.  28, 1382:     1,83:   died  183,      Daughter  of  Alexandre  de 
forVnarL   BeaMce:-2.     L.     Marston's    play    died  at  Rouen.  France,  AprU  30. 1439.    A  noted    Beaubai^ais   wTte  (  802)  of  Loms  Bon^^^^^^ 
'^The  Dutch  Courtezan,"  an  innocent,  modest     English  soldier  and  statesman,  prominent  ,n     king  of  Holkndu  and  mother  of  Napoleon  UL 
girl,  the  antithesis  of  her  gav  sister  Crispi-    affaii-s  of  state  during  the  reign  of  Henry  \  .       BeauharnaiS    FranQOlS    Marquis  de        Bom 
nella.-S.    The  gav  and  wa^^ard    niece   of  Beauchamp,  VisCOUnt.     The  title  given  by  the     at  La  K«^>^<^llf; --^"^vV^nliHci^J!  brother^ 
Leonato,  knd  reblllious  lover"  of  Benedick,  in     Jacobites  to  Sir  Frederick  Vernon  in  Sir  Wal-    lf>23.     A  French  rovabst  politician,  brother  of 
Shakspere's  comedy  -'Much  Ado   about   No-    ter  Scott's  novel -Rob  Roy."  Alexandre  de  Beaiiharnai>.  .....-„, 

S?:  a  characte^r  of  intrigue,  gaiety,  wit.  Beauclerc   (bo-klark').      [F.    beau    Cere,  ^.e  Beauharna^Josephme  de      See^^^^^^^^^^ 
and    diversitv  of    humor.— 4.   The  princ  pal    scholar.]     A  surname  given  to  Henry  L  of  Beaujeu,  Anne  de.    .^f^  ^''l'^  "^  ^^""J"!-^. 
c\°araclIr"^'Ha°4thorne's  story  ••  Ra^ppaciS's    England!  on  accotuit  of  his  attainments  as  a  Beaujeu  (l-zh^eO-  ^A^town  -  the^^epartmenj 

^^l^iuo^^S::m^:^X^^!!.I^  Beauderk(b6'klark),Topham.     Born  Dec.  17,  miles  north-northwest  of  Lyons.     Population 

he  himself  has  imbibed  some  of  her  fatal  charm.     See  1739  ;  died  at  London,  March  11,  1780.    An  Eng-  (1891),  commune.  d,-9U.       . 

H,ip!,anni                   .    ,    ^^        o       .           ,.1,  lish  gentleman  of  refined  tastes  and  charming  Bcaujeu,  Hyacmthe  MariC  I.   de.     Born  at 

Beatrice.  The  capital  of  Gage  County,  soiith-  ponversation,  notable  chieflv  as  the  intimate  Montreal,  Canada.  Aug.  9,  1/11 :  died  July  9, 
eastern  Nebraska.  It  is  situated  on  the  Big  f  :  j  ^c  j).  Johnson  and  "for  his  library-  of  1755.  A  French  officer  m  America.  He  sac- 
Blue  River.     Population  (1900),  7,875.  ,(,  ,,00  volumes  (sold  at  auction  in  1781),  which  <:eeded  Contrecour  ^  commander  of  Fort  Duquesne  in 

■Coti-ino  Ponoi   /hn  ii-tre'che  ehen'ehe^       See  •'"-""^^  ^oiumes  (soiu  at  autuou  lu  iioi^  .>uii,ii  j-jj    janned  the  ambuscade  which  resulted  in  the  def«at 

Beatrice  Oenci  (Oa-a-tre  cne  cnen  cue;,     oee  .^^^^g  ^.^^y^  ^^  works  relating  to  the  English  stage  „,  Braddock  July  9, 175.%  and  fell  at  the  first  fire  of  the 

( ■,,„■,.  IS,  >itnce._           ,,     ^   ,        .     ..,     ^   -J  and  English  history.  British.        '                                         .     !  „      .. 

Beatrice  Cenci.  A  celebrated  portrait  by  Guido  Beaufort(b6-for').  or  Beaufort-en- Vallee  (bo-  Beaujolais  (bo-zho-la').    An  ancient  territory 

Reni,  in  the  Palazzo  Barberini.  Rome,    it  is  a  for'ton-val-la')       [F..  'fair  fort'  or  'csstle.'  of  France,   in  the  government   of  Lyonnais, 

three-quarter  face  seen  over  the  shoulder   with  golden  BelfortA      A   town  in  the   department   of  now  comprised  in  the  departments  of  Rhone 

"^r^^n^X^:,^^              '        ^^  Maine-etLoire.France.lSmiles  east  of  Angers,  and  Loire.    Its  chief  towns  were  Beaujeu  and  Ville- 

Beatrice-Joanna  (be'a-tris-jo-an'a).  In  Mid-  Y-J^^-']S  ^T^^'^^^V^—^ft^-'''"^^  "^l^^Xl^^^^^^Sit^Zlr tXl^^^'Si 
dleton's  plav  "  The  Changeling,"  a  headstrong,     forts.     Population  (1891),  commune,  "^f^y  J^e  OrWans  family.    It  is  noted  for  its  mines, 

unscrupulous,  unobservant  giri,  intent  on  put-  Beaufort  (bo'fort).     A  seaport,  capital  ot  Car-  Bgo^ioveulx      See  BaUa:arini. 
ting  an  unwelcome  lover  out  of  the  way.    .She    teret  County,  North  Carolina^  situated  on  an  gg^^^g^  or  Beauleah.   See  Rampur  BeauUah. 
induces  De  Flores,  whom  she  loathes,  to  murder  him,  and     inlet  of  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  34     43    N..  long.  f>p_,,iig.^   (bo-le-e')        IF      'beautiful  place.'] 
is  astounded  when  her  honor  is  demanded  as  a  reward  in-     750  40'  W.     It  has  a  good  harbor.     Population  "w^t^,,  ■.„  the  department"  of  Correze,  France, 
stead  of  money,     fnable  to  escape  him,  she  yields,  but  is      finA,-,i    0105  -^  '  -       ,        ^,      't>     j  on  ™  •  1  „  J  ™,7i,  Zf 

finally  killed  by  DeFlores  when  discovery  of  the  double      ''-'""'■  -'^-jy:,,...,        .  „„„f  „„j  „„f^~„„      situated    on    the    Dordogne   20  miles  south  Ot 

crime  is  made.    He  also  kills  himself.  Beaufort  I  bu'fort).     A  seaport  and  watering-     ^^^^^^      Population  (1891),  commune,  2.359. 

Beatrix  (be'a-triks).  [See  Beafnc*.]  The  maid  ?'»'•<::  ^lie  capital  of  Beaufort  Cpunty,  bouth  g^^^^^  (bii'li),  A  viUage  and  abbey  in 
and  confidante  of  the  two  sisters  Theodosia  and  Carolina,  situated  on  Port  Royal  Island,  in  lat.  Hj„jpgiji,.e^  England,  6  miles  southwest  of 
Jacintha  in  Dryden's  comedy  "An  Evenings    ^2=  26   N. ,  long.  80°  40  W.    it  has  a  good  harbor.     Southampton. 

^.iii.itua,  .u         J  s         A  settlement  here  was  attempted  by  the  French  in  lob-2.      ■  ""'"."'"1""     ,-   .,,      t.,„    -Diar-rii    Tlo  rnn   rl  o 

Love,  or  The  Mock  Astrologer.  and  was  made  bv  the  English  about  i6so.    It  was  captured  Beaulieu  (bo-le-e),  Jean   I'lerre,  Baron  ae. 

Beatrix  A  novel  by  Balzac,  begun  In  1839  bv  the  Federals  Dec.  6.  I86I.  Population  (1900),  4,110.  Born  at  Namur.  Oct. 'JO,  1/2d:  died  near  Ijinz. 
nudfiiiished  in  1844.  Beaufort,  Duc  de.     See  Tendome,  Francois  de.      Dec.  22,  1819.     An  Austrian  general.    He  served 

Beatrix  Esmond.     %ee  Esmond,  Beatrix.  Beaufort  (bu'fo.t).  Sir  Francis.       [The    Eng.     i«aeSeven^Years-W„;  commanded a^^ 

Beattie  (be'ti;  Sc.  pron.  ba'ti).  James.__  Bom     sm'name  is  from  OF.  Beaufort,  tbe  town,  lit      -'^.^(f^^^'aTMon^'enott  MUles^orMonuS^^^ 
at    Laurencekirk,  Kincardine,   Scotland,  Oct.     'fair  fort.']      Born   in  Ireland.  li(4:    died  at     and  Lodi.    He  was  succeeded  by  Wurmser. 
25,  1735:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Aug.  18,  1803.     A    Brighton,  Dec.  17.  18.57.     An  English  rear-ad-  ggauUeu-Marconnay  (bo-le-e 'mar-ko-na '), 
Scotch  poet,  essayist,  and  philosophical  writer,     miral  and  man  of  science,  hydrographer  to  the     g^ji  Olivier   Baron  von.     Born  at  Minden. 
He  W.-1S  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and  logic  in  Mari-     uavv  1829-55.      He  wrote  "  Karamania.  or  a  Brief  De-     ^      ,    r   ,0,,.  died  at  Dresden,  April  8,  1889.  A 
schal  College.  Aberdeen     He  wrote  "Original  Poems  and     ^eription  of  the  .South  Coast  of  Asia  Minor  •  (1817).  etc.         j  •  „^„„  ^tliVial  and  historical  writer. 
'^SST%:^^'^^^^^^'^^'^^l-&^^^,  Henry..    Bom  at   Beaufort  Castle,  ^g^-Sra^'HA' ^C|^and",^ed  priory 
tions    (1783), '■Elements  of  Moral  Science,-  etc.  Aniou:  died  at  Winchester.  England,  April  11,     j^  Inveraess-shire,  Scotland,  9  miles  west  of 

Beatty  (be'ti),  John.     Bom  near  Sandusky,     1447.     An  English  prelate  and  statesman,  nat-    in,5.emess. 
Ohio,  Sept.  16.  1828.     An  American  general  in     ural  son  of  John  of  Gaunt  by  C  athenne  bwyn-  gg^^j-  gasin.     The  upper  part  of  Inverness 
the  Civil  War.     He  served  in  the  Tnion  army  as  a     ford,  and  half-brother  of  King  Henrv  I\  .    He     ^^^.^j^   connected  with  ilorav  Firth,  northwest 
volunteer  throughout  the  war,  commanding,  as  colonel,     became  bishop  of  Winchester  (1405)  and  cardinal  (Hi.),  ana       f  t  .„„      Length  9  miles, 

a  br^ade  in  the  three  days'  fight  at  Stone  River.  Dec.  31,     was  chanceUor  1403-05, 1413-17. 1424-26.     He  was,  dunng     ot  iuveraess.     l^engrn,  »  mues. 


Beaumams 

Beaumains.    See  Gareth. 

Beaumanoir  (bo-ma-uwar  ),  Jean  ae.  L,ivea 
ill  the  midaif  of  the  14th  centui-y.  A  French 
kiii"lit  of  Brittauv.  He  is  celebrated  as  the  French 
cuiimiander  in  tlie  '•"Battle  of  Ilie  Thirty  "  (which  see), 
lail  between  Ploermel  and  Jusseliu,  liiiltany. 

Beaumanoir,  Sir  Lucas  de.  lu  sir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  "  Ivanhoe,"  the  graml  master  of 
the  Knights  Templar.  He  seizes  Kebecea  and 
tries  her  as  a  witch. 

Beaumanoir,  Philippe  de.    Born  about  I2o0: 

died  Jan.  7. 1-SHi.  A  French  jurist.  He  was  baUli 
at  Seidis  in  1273,  and  at  Clermont  in  1280,  and  presided 
at  assizes  held  in  various  towns.  His  chief  work,  highly 
esteiiiied  in  the  study  of  old  >"rcneh  law,  is  "Coutumes 
de  lieauvoisis  '  (edited  by  He  la  Thaumassifere  1690,  and 
by  Ik'Ugnot  1842). 

Beaumarchais  (bo-mUr-sha'),  Pierre  Augus- 

tin  Caron  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  lil,  li312: 
died  there,  May  18,  ITUi).  A  French  polemic 
and  dramatic  wi'iter.  He  was  the  seventh  child  of 
Charles  Caron,  raa.ster  clock-maker.  After  an  elementary 
nchoolins  he  joined  his  father  in  the  trade.  Subseiiuently 
he  assumed  the  name  of  lleanmarchais,  in  accordance 
with  a  usage  prevalent  in  tliat  century.  His  claim  to  the 
Invention  of  a  new  escapement  in  clock-work  being  dis- 
puted young  Caion  appealed  to  the  Academy  of  .Sciences 
and  to  public  opinion,  thereby  attracting  also  the  atten- 
tion of  the  court.  On  the  death  in  1770  of  the  celebrated 
niiancier  Duverney,  who  had  taken  Beaumarcliais  into 
partnership,  a  question  of  inhcritimce  occasioned  litiga- 
tion Beaumarchais  conducted  his  own  case,  and  to  vin- 
dicate himself  published  four  "Memoires"  (1774-75)re- 
nlcte  with  wit  and  eloquence,  which  made  him  fammis. 
His  earlier  attempts  to  write  for  the  stage,  "Eugenie  ' 
and  "Les  Ueu.x  Amis,  ou  le  Negociant  de  Lyon,"  were 
failures  "Le  Barbier  de  Seville"  waited  two  years  to 
be  presented  to  the  public,  and  the  first  performance, 
FcbT  'iJ,  177-'',  was  not  very  successful.  Subsequently 
he  altered  and  greatly  improved  the  comedy.  "  Le  Ma- 
rlage  de  I'igaro,"  begun  in  1775  and  completed  in  li7S, 
was  suppressed  for  four  years  by  the  censure  of  Louis 
XVI  It  was  given  for  the  first  time  April  27,  1784,  .and 
was  immediately  successful.  It  is  the  masterpiece  of 
French  comedy  in  the  18th  century.  His  later  plays, 
"Tarare"  and  "  La  Here  Coupalde,"  barely  deserve  men- 
tion During  the  War  of  American  Independence  Beau- 
marchais sent  to  the  United  States  a  fleet  of  his  own, 
carrying  a  cargo  of  weapons  and  ammunition  for  the 
American  colonists.  His  poverty  during  the  latter  p;ut 
of  his  life  was  largely  due  to  the  dilflcully  lie  experienced 
in  recovering  payment  from  the  United  States.  Beau- 
marchais is  the  hero  of  one  of  Goethe's  plays,  "  Clavigo 
(which  see). 

Beaumaris  (bo -mar 'is).  [OF.  hiau  tnarais 
fair  marsli.  Formerly  called  /Soniocfc]  A 
seaport  and  waterin<;-place  in  An<;lesea,Wales, 
situated  .on  Beaumaris  Bay  47  miles  west  by 
south  of  Liverpool.  It  has  a  castle,  a  large  13th-cen- 
tury fortress,  built  by  Edward  I.  The  long,  low  line  of 
the  interior  walls  is  impressive,  with  their  many  towers, 
sunnouiited  liy  the  huge  cylindrical  towers  of  the  main 
structure.  The  central  court  is  extremely  picturesque, 
lurroundeil  by  ruins  of  the  chapel  and  the  gnat  hall,  with 
nnely  tracerled  windows,  and  of  tlie  interesting  residential 
buildings  profusely  draped  with  ivy.  Population  (1891), 
2,202. 


135 


Beaumaris  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  be- 
tween  Anglesea  and  Carnarvon,  Wales. 

Beaumelle  (bo-mel').  A  female  character 
in  Massinger  and  Field's  play  "The  Fatal 
Dowry."  ,    ,     , 

Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la.    Born 

at  VnllorauKue,  (iard,  Kraricc,  Jan.  'JH,  Iz-h: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  17,  177:i.  A  French  man  of 
letters,  professor  of  French  literature  at  Copen- 
hagen 1749-.')1.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  Berlin, 
anil  in  17.'i2  to  I'aris.  His  works  brought  him  two  periods 
of  imprisonment  in  the  Bastille  and  the  active  enmity  of 
Voltaire. 
Beaumont (bcVmon').  [F.,'fairraouiit';B./?W/K« 
.WoH.s,  or  ISdmontium.']  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  Franco,  situatid  on  the 
Meuse  14 miles  southeast  of  Sedan.  Il.n-,  Aug.  :io, 
1870,  the  Hermans  under  the  Crown  I'rincc  of  Saxony  de- 
feated a  divi.slon  of  MacMahon's  army. 
Beaumont  (bo'mont,  formerlvtn'i'mont),  Basil. 
Born  1()(!0:  died  Nov.  '^7,  170:t.  An  English 
rear-adriiiral.  He  perished  in  the  Downs  In  a  terrible 
storm  which  ilestroyed  13  vessels,  with  1,600  seamen. 

Beaumont  (b6-m6n'),  Elie  de.     See  Ehc  de 

lirinimtnit. 

Beaumont  (bo'mont,  formerly  bu'mont),  Fran- 
cis. Horn  at  (irace-Kieu,  Lei<'estershire,  in 
1,')84:  .lied  March  ti,  Kilti,  and  was  lmrie<l  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  An  English  dramatist 
and  poet.  He  entered  Oxford  Feb.  4,  1598,  at  the  age 
of  twelve.  In  lOiHi  he  entereil  the  Inner  Temple,  but  ap- 
parently did  not  pursue  his  legal  studies.  In  1I»I2  he 
published  "  Salmacis  and  UcrmapliroilitUK,"  a  poem  after 
Ovhl  (his  authorship  of  this  poem  is  doubted  by  Hulleni. 
Ills  friendship  for  Ben  .lonson  probably  began  shortly 
after  this,  ami  from  1607  to  Kill  his  c.mmcndatory  poems 
were  pretlxcd  to  several  of  .lonson's  jilays.  In  l«i:!  Heim- 
niont  produced  "A  Masque  for  the  Inner  Temple,"  and 
about  that  time  he  married' Ursula,  daughter  of  Ilimry 
Isley  of  Sundridge  in  Kent,  His  close  iiersonal  and  lit- 
erary intimacy  with  John  Metchcr  dated  from  about  10ii7. 
They  lived  together  not  far  from  the  Ulobo  Theatre  on  the 
Bankslde,  sharing  everything  in  common.  Till  1616  (1«14, 


Bullen)  they  wrote  together.  The  discussion  of  the  sepa- 
rate authorship  of  the  plays  will  be  found  wwAn  hletchcr, 
John.  The  Induclion  and  the  tlrst  two  Triumphs  in  "tour 
I'lays  or  Moral  Representations  in  One  "are  usuaUy  ,t6- 
cribed  entirely  to  Beaumont. 

Beaumont,  Sir  Gteorge  Howland.    Born  at 

Duiimow.  Essex,  England,  Nov.  G,  17o3 :  died 
Feb.  7,  1827.  An  Englisli  patron  of  art,  con- 
noisseur, and  landscape-painter,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  National  Gallery  at  London. 

Beaumont,  Sir  John.  Born,  probably  at  (irace- 
Dicu,  Leicestershire,  1.58;J :  died  April  19,  1C2(. 
An  English  poet,  brother  of  Francis  Beaumont, 
lie  wrote  '-Bosworth  Field,"  sacred  poems, 
■•Crown  of  Th.inis"  (now  lost),  etc. 

Beaumont  de  la  Bonni^re  (bcVmOh'  di'^liibon- 
var'),  Gustavo  Auguste.  Born  at  Beaumout- 
ia-Chiltre,  Sarthe,  France,  Feb.  16,  1802:  died 
at  Tours,  Feb,  6,  1866.  A  French  politician 
and  man  of  letters.  He  was  the  author  of  "Du  sys- 
tenie  pc^nitcntiaire  aux  Etats-Unis"  (18:tt),  "  De  I'esc  a 
vage  aux  ttats  Unis  "  (1840),  "  L'Irlaude,  polltliiue,  soclale, 
et  relii^icuse  "  (l>:iO),  etc. 

Beaumont-de-Lomagne(i)o-m6n'd6-lo-miiny'). 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Gimone  22  miles  west- 
sontlnvestof  Jfontauban.     Population  (1891), 

commune.  4,1140. 

Beaumont-sur-Oise  (bo-mdn'sur-w^z  ).     A 

town  lu  the  department  of  Seiue-et-Oise,  situ- 
ate<l  on  the  Disc  18  miles  north  of  Paris.  It  has 
a  noted  church.  Popidation  (1891),  commune, 
:3,l)9y.  . 

Beaune  (bon).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Cote-d'Or,  eastern  France,  24  miles  southwest 
of  Diion.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  Burgundy  wines. 
The  hospital  of  Beaune  remains  almost  precisely  as  when 
completed  in  1443.  It  has  a  picturesque  doorway  covered 
with  a  penthouse,  a  <iuaint  court  with  two  tiers  of  galleries, 
and  a  remarkably  high,  steep  roof.  The  grande  sajle  has 
a  superb  arched  timber  roof.    I'opulation  (1891),  12,470. 

Beaune-la-Rolande  (bon'lii-ro-loud').  A  vil- 
lage in  the  deiiartment  of  Loiret,  !•  ranee,  1.) 
miles  northeast  of  Orleans.  Here,  Nov.  28, 1870, 
the  Prussians  under  General  v.ui  Voigts-Rhet/.  defeated 
the  French  under  Aiirelle  de  Paladines.  The  French  loss 
was  atiout  6,7lKi.  Population  (ItOl),  1,792. 
Beaupreau  (b6-pra-6').  [F.,  'fair  meadow.  J 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Maine-et-Loire, 
France,  situated  on  the  E\Te  29  miles  south- 
west of  Angers.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  Vendean 
victory  179:5.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,8.'57. " 

Beauregard  (bo're-gard ;  F- pron  bo-re-gar  or 
bor-giir'),  Pierre  Gustavo  Toutant.   [1 .  beau 

rcqanl,  fair  view.]  Born  near  New  Orleans, 
May  28.  1818:  died  there,  Feb.  20,  189.3.  An 
American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  1838 : 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  war  being  breyet- 
ted  captain  f.u-  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  <  ontre- 
raa  and  Chniubusco,  an.l  major  for  similar  condnct  a 
Chapultepec;  was  appointed  superintendent  at «  est  1  omt 
in  1860,  with  the  rank  of  colonel ;  resigned  in  1861,  on  the 
secession  of  Louisiana  from  the  Union,  to  accept  an  ap- 
pointment aa  brigadier-general  in  the  tonfedcrate  army  , 
bombarded  and  captured  Fort  Sumter,  April  12-13,  1861 . 
commanded  at  the  battle  of  Bull  »."";,■  "■\?';  ,'^„'^^,^. 
raised  in  consequence  of  his  services  in  this  battle  to  tie 
rank  of  general ;  assumed  command  of  '''^  »"">„'''*'.'''"  • 
on  the  fall  of  General  A.  S.  Johnston,  April  1, 1882  ,  com- 
manded at  Charleston  lW!2-tt4  ;  defeated  Butler  "t  1  nirj.  t- 
IJlulf  May  1(1,  1804 ;  and  surrendered  with  Johnston  lu 
18«.'^.  He  was  president  of  the  New  Orleans  and  Jackson 
liallroad  Ciunpany  186.'.-70,  and  became  adjutantgcneral 
of  I/mlsiaiia  in  1878. 

Beaurepaire  (b6-r6-par' ).  A  castle  celebrated 
in  Artliurian  legend.  Blanchefleur  was  be- 
sieged here  aii<l  freed  by  Sir  Perceval. 

Beaurepaire-Rohan  ( i '"-i-e-par' ro-oh'),  Hen- 
rique de.  Born  ISIS:  died  July.  1S94.  A 
French  general  and  geographer.  He  wrotca  "I>.  • 
scrlpcfto  de  iima  viagem  de  Cnyaba  ao  Ilio  de  Janeiro,  etc. 
(184(1),  a  topography  of  Matto  (Irosso.  etc.,  and  he  ».i» 
chief  of  till- commission  which  luepared  the  map  of  Brazil 
publishc.l  in  1878.     In  18(H  he  wiis  minister  of  WIU". 

Beausobre  (bo-sobr'),  Isaac  de.    I^orn  at  Niort. 

France,  March  8,  1659:  died  nt  B.'rlin,  Juno  (., 
17.38.  A  Frencli  Protestant  tlicologiaii.  pastor 
of  a  Frencli  church  in  Berlin.  He  was  the  author 
of  an  "F-ssai  critique  de  Ihislolre  de  Manlch.io  et  du  Ma- 
nlch(i|8me'  (17:19 ;  v.d.  J,  1714)  a  Irnnslation  of  the  New 
Testament  Into  French  tr.un  the  original  Greek,  etc. 

Beautemps-Beauprd  ('""'■'".';,'  l'''-P""i''' 

Charles  Prancjois.  J«o"','i*?"l'""r','"i:I  *"'V 
Marnc,  Kranc(.,  1766 :  died  1854.  AnotedFronoh 

hvdrograiiher.  ^^     ,      „  „      ,  ■ 

Beauty  and  the  Beast.    VP.  {m  livUc  e    \a 

llrli- 1  A  slorv  in  which  a  daughter  (Beauty), 
ZC'iiiiri",  to  save  Inr  lather's  life,  becomes  the 
guest  of  n  monsti-r  (A/.or),  who,  by  his  kind- 
ness and  intelligence,  wins  her  love,  whereupon 
he  regains  liis  natural  form,  that  of  a  handsome 
voiinglirince.  The  French  version  by  Madame  le  Prince 
"de  lieaiimont  was  published  In  171.7.     .she  probably  ile- 


Bebel 

rived  the  plot  from  Straparola's  "  PiacevoU  NotW, "  a  <»2- 
lecliou  of  Italian  stories  published  in  l.'.SO.  There  have 
been  many  English  versions,  of  which  the  most  noiewor 
thv  Is  -Miss  Thackeray's.  The  story  gave  Gretry  the  sub- 
ject for  his  very  successful  opera  "Ztmire  and  Aior." 
Beauvais  (bO-va'J.  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Thf  rain  43 
miles  north-northwest  of  Paris.  It  is  the  ancient 
Cajsaromagus,  the  capit.al  of  the  BellovacI,  a  Belgic  tribe, 
whence  lis  later  name  Tl,llotaciim  or  Brlvacum  (modem 
Beauvais).  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  counlship.  Beau- 
vais was  defended  against  the  English  in  1433 ;  and  against 
Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  by  the  citiiens  under  Jeanne 
Hachette  in  1472.  Many  church  councils  have  been  held 
there.  It  is  an  important  industrial  and  comracrclal  cen- 
ter, and  has  manufactures  of  Gobelin  tapestries,  carpets, 
cotton,  woolens,  lace,  buttons,  brushes,  etc.  The  cathe- 
dral of  Beauvais  is  a  fragment  consisling  merely  of  choir 
and  transepts,begun  in  1225  with  the  intention  of  surpass- 
ing all  other  existing  churches.  The  jilan  failed  owing 
to  stinted  expenditure  on  the  foundations,  which  proved 
too  weak  for  the  stupendous  superstructure.  The  choir, 
presenting  the  most  beautiful  131h-century  vaulting  and 
tracery,  is  104  feet  long  and  iri7  from  >aulting  to  pave- 
ment. It  possesses  superb  medieval  glass.  The  great 
transepts  are  Flamboyant.     Population  (1891),  19,382. 

Beauvais,  Charles  Theodore.     Bom  at  Or- 

li^ans.  France,  Nov.  8, 1772:  died  at  Paris.  1830. 
A  French  general  and  writer.  He  compiled  •' Vic- 
toircs  et  conqu^tes  des  fran^als,"  and  edited  ■Correspon- 
dance  de  Napolten  avec  les  cours  <'trangi:res,"  etc. 
Beauvallet  (bo-vii-la'),  L6on.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1829 :  died  there,  March  22,  188').     A  French  lit- 

ti'rateur,  son  of  Pierre  Frani,'ois  Beauvallet. 
,;    ,    **. -n 1-       r> „*.  rj;*i. 


1 1* ran  III ,  r^cii  vii.  i  n.-i  i  ,r  i  mi,,,  v.,.-  ^-.v  »,. ,  «..^  *. 

Beauvallet,  Pierre  Franijois.  Born  at  Pithi- 
vicrs.  France,  Oct.  13,  isoi :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
21,  1873.     A  Frencli  actor  and  dramatic  writer. 

Beauvau  (b0-v6'),  Charles  Juste  de.  Bom 
at  Lun6ville,  France,  Sept.  10.  1720:  died  May 
2,  1793.  A  marshal  of  France,  distinguished 
in  tlie  Seven  Years'  War. 

Beauvau,  Ren6  Frangois  de.  Born  1664:  died 
Aug.  4, 1739.  .\  French  ])relate,  bishop  of  Ba- 
youne,  and  later  (1707)  of  Tournay,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  during  the  siege  of  1709. 

Beaux  (bo),  Cecilia.  Bom  at  Philadelphia.  A 
contcmporarv  .\merican  painter,  a  pupil  (in 
America)  of  Van  der  Weilen  and  William  Sar- 
tain,  and  (in  Paris)  of  Henry,  Bouguereau,  Con- 
stant, ami  others. 

Beaux  Arts,  Academic  des.    See  .tcadcmy. 
Beaux'  Stratagem,  The.    A  comedy  by  lar- 

(luhiir,  produced  March  S,  1707:    his  best  play. 
Beauz^e  (lui-za'),  Nicolas.     Bora  at  Verdun, 
May  9,  1717:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23,  1(89.     A 
French  grammarian  and  litterateur. 

Beaver  (be'vtr),  James  Adams.   Bom  at  Mil- 

lerstown,  Pa.,  Oct.  21. 1837.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  general.  He  was  coliuiel  and  brigade-com- 
mander in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  Civil  War;  was 
the  (unsuccessful)  Republican  candidate  for  governor  ol 
Pennsylvania  in  1882  ;  and  was  Kepublican  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  18S7-9L 
Beaver  Philip.  Bom  at  Lewknor,  Oxfordshire, 
Englnii'd.  Feb.  28,  1766:  died  at  Table  Bay, 
South  Africa,  April  5,  1813.  A  captain  of  the 
English  navy.  He  attempted  unsuccessfully 
to  <(.loMi/,e  the  island  of  Bulamn,  West  Africa, 

Reaver  Citv  The  chief  town  and  capital  of 
H.sm^- V'mntv,  Oklahoma.    Pop.  (19001.  112. 

Beaver  Creek.  A  river  in  northwesti'rn  Kan- 
sas and  southern  Nebraska,  a  tributary  of  the 
Kepubliran  Kiv.T.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Beaver  Dam.  A  city  in  Dodge  County,  Wi8- 
consin,:'i9  miles  northwest  of  Milwaukee.  Pop- 
ulation (19001,  .'>,128. 

Beaver  Dam  Creek.    See  Mrclxiinrsnlle. 

Beaver  Falls.  A  borough  in  Beaver  County, 
I'emisvhaiiia,  situated  near  the  juiH'tion  of  the 
IVaver  and  Ohio  rivers,  2(i  miles  norlhwest  of 
Pitt  sburgh.  It  lias  various  nianufaclures,  and  Is  largely 
■  onlrollcil  by  the  Harmony  S.icicty  of  Economy.  Popu- 
lation dflooi',  lo,ii.'.4.  .       , 

Beaver  Islands.    .\  gr^mp  of  islands  m  ti.e 

iioitherii  part  of  Lake  Michigan,  belonging  to 
Maniloii  Coiintv,  Michigan.  The  length  of  Ihc 
Inrgesl  (Big  Beaver)  is  24  miles. 
Beaver  River.  A  river  in  western  Pc-nnsyl- 
vania,  formed  bv  the  union  of  the  Mnhoning 
and  Shemingo  rivers.  It  joins  the  Ohio  near 
Beaver  Falls.  ...  .   t        i 

Beazley  (b,-./.'in.  Samuel.  Born  nt  lA">doi;. 
17S(i:  (Tied  at  Tiinbri.lge  Castle,  Kent,  Oct.  1-, 
18.51.  An  English  architect  and  dramatist, 
noted  as  a  designer  of  I  healers. 

Bebek  (beb'ek).  A  place  in  European  Turkey, 
on  the  Bosporus  6  miles  northeast  of  ton- 
slaiitinoiih'.  .       t.  . 

Bebel  (brrbei).  Ferdinand  August.    Bom  at 

Cologne,  Feb.  22.  ISin.  One  of  the  lenders  ol 
the  socinl-democratie  parly  m  (b-rinaiiy.  In 
18fl2he  lolnc.l  IheC.omian  bib..r  movement  which  b.gnii 
In  that  year  under  the  loa.lerahlp  of  Lnasnllc,  and  which 


Bebel 

resulted  in  the  formation  of  tiie  social-democratic  party. 
In  Isti?  lie  was  cllosen  deputy  from  the  district  of  tJlau- 
chaU'-Meerane,  in  Saxony,  to  the  constituent  assembly  of 
North  Germany,  and  in  1S71  was  elected  to  the  first  Reichs- 
tag of  the  German  Empire.  In  lh72  he  was  sentenced  tu 
two  years'  imprisonment  on  the  charge  of  high  treason 
against  the  German  Empire,  and  to  nine  montlis'  imprison- 
ment on  the  charge  of  lese-majesty  against  tlie  German 
emperor,  in  addition  to  wliich  he  was  deprived  of  liis  seat 
in  the  Reichstag.  He  was  reelected  in  1»73  to  the  Reichs- 
tag, in  which  with  interruptions  he  lias  since  represented 
various  constituencies.  Autlior  of  "  Unsere  Ziele,"  *'  Chris- 
ten thuin  nndsozialismus,""  Die  Frauundder Socialisms," 
'■  Der  deutsche  Bauernlvrieg,'  etc. 

Bebenhausen  (ba'ben-hou-zen).  A  Roman- 
esqtie  aud  Gothic  Cistercian  abbey,  3  miles 
north  of  Tubingen,  WUrtemberg.  f  oimJed  about 

11S.>. 

Bebra  (ba'bra).  A  village  and  important  rail- 
way junction  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau, 
Prussia,  near  the  Fulda,  26  miles  south-south- 
east of  Cassel. 

Bebutoff  (bii-bo'tof),  Prince  Vasili  Osipo- 
vitch.  Born  1792:  died  at  Tillis,  Transeau- 
easus,  Russia,  March  22, 1858.  A  Russian  geu- 
eral,  of  Armenian  descent.  He  defeated  the 
Turks  at  Kadiklar,  Dec.  1,  1853,  and  at  Kiu-uk- 
Dere,  Aug.  5,  1854. 

Bee  (bek).  A  ruined  abbey  at  Bec-Helloiu, 
near  Brionne,  department  of  Eiu'e,  France,  fa- 
mous as  a  seat  of  learning  in  the  11th  century 
under  the  rule  of  Lanfranc  and  Anselm. 

Beccafumi  (bek-ka-fo'me)  (Domenico  de 
Pace).  Born  near  Siena,  Italy,  1-180:  died  at 
Siena,  May  18,  1551.  An  Italian  painter,  sur- 
named  "Meccherino"  from  his  insignificant 
appearance.  His  best-known  works  are  his  de- 
signs for  the  decorations  of  the  cathedral  of 
Siena. 

Beccari  (bek'ka-re),  Odoardo.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Nov.  19,  1843.  An  Italian  botanist,  ex- 
plorer in  New  Guinea;  the  East  Indies,  and 
East  Africa.  He  founded  the  "Nuovo  giomalebotan- 
ico  italiana"(1869),  which,  together  with  the  "Bollettino 
della  Society  geografica  italiana,"  contains  most  of  his  de- 
scriptions of  travel  and  botanical  discoveries. 

Beccaria  (bek-ka-re'a),  Cesare  Bonesano, 

ilarehese  dl.  Born  at  Milan,  March  13,  1738: 
died  at  Milan,  Nov.  28, 1794.  An  Italian  econo- 
mist, jurist,  and  philanthropist,  professor  in 
Milan.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  opponents  of  the  death 
penalty.  His  most  famous  work  is  "Dei  delitti  e  delle 
pene"('*  On  Crimes  and  Punishments,"  1764:  revised  1781), 
which  was  written  from  a  humanitarian  point  of  view  and 
was  very  influential. 

Beccaria,  Giovanni  Battista.  Bom  at  Mon- 
dovi.  Piedmont,  Oct.  3,  1716:  died  at  Turin. 
May  27,  1781.  An  Italian  mathematician  and 
physicist,  professor  of  physics  at  Turin,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  researches  in  electricity. 

Beccles  (bek'lz).  A  municipal  borough  in  Suf- 
folk, England,  situated  on  the  Waveney  17 
miles  southeast  of  Norwich.  Population  (1891), 
6,069. 

Bfeche,  De  la.     See  De  la  Biche. 

Becher  (beoh'er),  Johann  Joachim.  Born  at 
Speyer,  1635:  died  at  London  (f),  Oct.,  1682. 
A  noted  German  chemist,  economist,  and  phy- 
sician. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  treatises,  the 
most  noted  uf  which  is  the  "Actorutu  laboratorii  chyniici 
Monacensis,  seu  physicte  subterranese  libri  duo  "  (1(569). 
01  the  three  elements  recognized  by  him  in  the  composi- 
tion o!  metals,  and  in  general  of  minerals,  a  vitritiable 
earth,  a  volatile  earth,  and  au  igneous  principle,  the  last 
served  as  the  foundation  of  the  theory  of  Stahl. 

Becher,  Siegfried.  Born  at  Plan,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  28, 1800 :  died  March  4, 1873.  An  Austrian 
economist  and  statistician.  He  became  professor 
of  history  and  geography  in  the  Polytechnical  Institute 
at  Vienna,  1835. 

Bechstein  (bech'stin).  Johann  Matthaus. 
Born  at  Waltershausen,  in  Gotba,  Germany, 
July  11,  1757:  died  at  Meiningen,Feb.  23, 1822. 
A  Cierman  naturalist  and  forester,  author  of 
"  Forst-  und  .Jagdwissenschatt,"  etc. 

Bechstein,  Ludwig.  Bora  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  24.  1801 :  died  at  Meiningen,  May 
14,  1860.  A  Thuringian  poet,  folklorist,  and 
novelist,  nephe%v  of  Johann  Matthaus  Bech- 
stein. 

Bechuanaland  (bech-b-a'na-land).  [Bechuana 
or  Bechuana,  the  name  of  the  people.  See 
CIniana.']  A  r^on  in  South  Africa^,  between 
the  Transvaal  Colony  and  German  Southwest 
Africa.  It  is  partly  a  colony  (annexed  to  Tape  Colony 
in  1895)  and  partly  a  protectorate.  Tlie  climate  is  good, 
but  the  soil  is  arid,  and  more  suitaide  for  pasture  tlian 
for  agriculture.  Vryburg  is  the  capital.  The  military 
occupation  and  annexation  l>y  England  took  place  in  18S5. 
Area,  170,000  square  miles  (71,000  for  tlie  colony).  Popu- 
lation (1891),  60,376  in  the  colony. 

Beck  (bek).  Christian  Daniel.  Bom  at  Leip- 
sic,  Jan.  22,  1757:  died  Dec.  13,  1832.  A  Ger- 
man clasSictll    philologist.     He  was  professor  of 


136 

Greek  and  Roman  literature  in  the  Tniversity  of  Leipsic 
(1825-32),  and  editor  of  the  "Aligemeine  Repertorium  der 
neuesten  in-  und  ausliindischen  literatur"  (1819-32).  He 
published  editions  of  Pindar,  Aristophanes,  Euripides, 
Apollonius  Khodius,  Plato,  Cicero,  and  Calpurnius,  *'Com- 
mentarii  historici  decretorum  religionis  cliristianae,"  etc. 

Beck  (bek),  James  Burnie.  Bom  in  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1822:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  May  3,  1890.  An  American 
statesman,  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Kentucky  1867-75,  and  United  States 
senator  1877-9(3. 

Beck,  Johann  Ludwig  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Leipsic.  October  27,  1786 :  died  there,  Feb.  14, 
1869.  A  German  jurist,  son  of  Christian  Daniel 
Beck.  He  became  professor  of  law  at  Kbnigsberg  in 
1812,  and  president  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  at  Leipsic 
in  1837. 

Beck,  Johann  Tobias  Ton.  Born  at  Balingen, 
Wiirtemberg.  Feb.  22.  18(14:  died  Dec.  28,  1878. 
A  German  Protestant  theologian,  appointed 
professor  of  theology  at  Tiibingen  in  1843. 

Beck,  Earl.  Born  at  Baja,  Hungary,  May  1, 
1817 :  died  at  Wahring,  near  Vienna,  April  10, 
1879.  An  -Austrian  poet.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Nachte.  Gepanzerte  Lieder"  (1S38),  "'Der  Fahrende 
Poet"  (1838),  "Stille  Lieder"  (1839),  "Saul"  (1841:  a 
drama),  "Janko"  (1842),  "Lieder  vom  arnien  Manne" 
(1S46),  "Aus  der  Heimath"  (1852X  "JUater  Dolorosa" 
(1S53),  "J.idwiga"(1863),  etc. 

Beck,  Madame.  One  of  the  principal  char- 
acters in  Charlotte  Bronte's  novel  ''Villette." 

Becker  (bek'er),  August.  Born  at  Klingen- 
miinster,  April  27,  1828:  died  at  Eisenach. 
Jlarch  23,  1891.  A  German  poet  and  novelist. 
He  was  editor  of  the  "  Isar-Zeitung  "  (1859-64),  and  is  the 
authorof  "  Des  Rabbi  Vermachtniss"  (1866-67),  "  Hedwig  " 
(1868),  "Heine  Schwester  "  (1876),  etc. 

Becker,  August.  Born  at  Darmstadt,  Jan.  27, 
1821:  died  at  Dusseldorf,  Dee.  19,  1887.  A 
noted  German  landscape-painter. 

Becker,  Jakob.  Born  at  Dittelsheim,  near 
Worms,  March  15,  1810:  died  at  Fraukfort-on- 
the-Main,  Dec.  22,  1872.  A  German  genre 
painter. 

Becker,  Jean.  Bom  at  Mannheim,  May  11, 
1833:  died  there,  Oct.  10,  1884.  A  noted  Ger- 
man violinist,  member,  with  the  Italians  Masi 
and  Chiostri  and  the  Swiss  Hilpert,  of  the 
Florentine  (Juartet. 

Becker,  Johann  Fhilipp.  Born  March  19. 
1809  :  died  at  Geneva,  Dec.  9,  1886.  A  German 
political  agitator  and  socialist. 

Becker,  Karl  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Liser,  near 
Trier,  Germany,  April  14,  1775 :  died  at  Offen- 
bach, Sept.  5,  1849.  A  noted  Gei-man  philolo- 
gist and  physician.  He  wrote  "Ausfiihrliohe 
deutsche  Grammatik,"  "Handbuch  der  deut- 
schen  Spraehe,"ete. 

Becker,  Karl  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Leipsic 
July  17, 1804 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Oct.  26, 1877.  A 
German  organist  and  writer  on  music,  son  of 
Gottfried  Wilhelm  Becker.  His  chief  works  are 
"  Systematisch-chronologische  Darstellung  der  nuisikal- 
isciien  Literatur  "  (183G-39),  "Die  Hausmusik  in  Deutsch- 
laiid  "  (1840). 

Becker,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Berlin,  1777 : 
died  at  Berlin,  March  15,  1806.  A  German  his- 
torian. He  wrote  "  Weltgeschichte  fiir  Kinder  und 
Kinderlehrer"  (1801-05),  "Erzuhlungen  aus  der  Alten 
Welt  "  (1801-03),  etc, 

Becker,   Mme.   (Christiane   Luise    Amalie 

Neumann).  Born  at  Krosseu  in  Neumark, 
Dec.  15,  1778:  died  at  Weimar,  Sept.  27,  1797. 
A  famous  German  actress,  daughter  of  the 
actor  Johann  Chi-istian  Neumann,  and  wife  of 
the  actor  Heinrich  Becker.  She  acted  in  both  com- 
edy and  tragedy,  and  was  much  admired  by  Goethe  who, 
after  her  death,  sang  of  her  in  the  elegy  "  Euphrosine." 

Becker,  Nikolaus.  Born  at  Bonn,  Jan.  8, 1809: 
died  Aug.  28,  1845.  A  German  poet,  author  of 
the  popular  Rheinlied  ''Sie  sollen  ihn  nicht 
haben  "  (1840),  etc. 

Becker,  Oskar.  Born  at  Odessa,  June  18, 1839 : 
died  at  Alexandria,  July  16,  1868.  A  German 
medical  student  in  the  University  of  Leipsic 
who  attempted  to  assassinate  William  I.  of 
Prussia  at  Baden-Baden,  July  14,  1861.  He  gave 
at  the  subsequent  trial  as  the  reason  for  his  act  that  the 
king  was  unequal  to  the  task  of  uniting  Germany.  He 
was  sentenced  to  twenty  years'  imprisonment,  but,  at  the 
intercession  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  was  released  in  1866, 
on  condition  of  leaving  Germany. 

Becker,  Rudolf  Zacharias.    Bom  at  Erfurt. 

Germany,  April  9,  1752 :  died  March  28,  1822. 
A  popular  (jerman  writer.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Noth-  und  Hilfsbuchlein  "  (1787-98),  "  llildlieimisches 
Liederbuch,"  "  Holzschnitte  alter  deutscher  Meister,"  etc. 
Becker,  Wilhelm  Adolf.  Born  at  Dresden, 
1796 :  died  at  Meissen,  Sept.  30,  1846.  A  Ger- 
man classical  archfeologist,  son  of  Wilhelm 
Gottlieb  Becker,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Leipsic.    Hewas  the  author  of  "GaUus  '  (1838),  "Char- 


Beddoes,  Thomas 

ikies"  (1840:  both  on  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  life), 
"  Handbuch  der  romischen  Alterthunier"  ("Manual  of 
Roman  Antitiuities,"  1843-16,  continued  1849-64),  etc. 

Becker,  Wilhelm  Gottlieb.    Born  at  tiber- 

kallenberg.  Saxony,  Nov.  4, 1753 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, .June  3, 1813.  A  German  archieologist  and 
man  of  letters.  His  chief  work  is  "Augus- 
teum, Dresden's  antikeDenkmiilerenthaltend" 
(1805-09). 

Beckerath  (bek'er-ilt),  Hermann  von.  Born 
atCrefeld,  Dec.  13,  1801:  died  there.  May  12, 
18(0.  A  Prussian  politician,  a  member  of  the 
Frankfort  Parliament,  and  minister  of  finance 
1848-49. 

Beckers  (bek'erz),  Hubert.  Born  at  Munich, 
Nov.  4,  1806:  died  at  Munich,  March  11,  1889. 
A  German  philosophical  writer,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Mu- 
nich in  1847.  He  has  written  extensively  upon 
the  philosophy  of  Schelling. 

Becket,  Thomas.     See  Tlmmas  of  London. 

Beckford  (bek'ford).  William.  Bom  in  Ja- 
maica, 1709:  died  at  London,  June  21.  1770. 
An  English  politician.  He  liecame  lord  mayor  of 
London  in  1762,  and  again  in  1769.  He  was  a  friend  and 
supporter  of  Wilkes.  During  his  second  mayoralty  he 
acquired  celebrity  by  a  fearless  impromptu  speech  made 
before  George  III.,  May  23,  1770,  on  the  occasion  of  pre- 
senting an  address  to  the  king. 

Beckford,  William.  Bom  at  FonthiU,  Wilt- 
shire, Sept.  29,  1759:  died  May  2,  1844.  An 
Eirglish  man  of  letters,  connoisseur,  and  collec- 
tor, son  of  WUliam  Beckford,  lord  mayor  of 
London.  He  was  for  many  years  member  of  Parliament, 
but  is  best  known  as  the  authorof  "  Vathek  "(which  see). 
He  ^vrote  also  "Letters  "(1834),  and  two  burlesques,  "The 
Elegant  Enthusiast"  (1796)  and  "Amezia"  (1797).  His 
villa  at  Fonthm,  upon  which  he  expended  over  a  million 
dollars,  was  f.amous  as  an  instance  of  reckless  extrava- 
gance and  fanciful  splendor. 

Beckwith  (bek'with).  Sir  George.  Bora  1753: 
died  at  London,  March  20,  1823.  An  English 
lieutenant-general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1771,  and 
served  in  the  North  American  war  1776-82.  From  1787 
to  1791  he  was  diplomatic  agent  of  England  in  the  I'nited 
States,  and  was  successively  governor  of  Bermuda  (April, 
1797),  and  of  St.  Vincent  (Oct..  1804).  From  Oct.,  18U8,  to 
June,  1814,  he  was  governor  of  Barbadoes,  with  command 
of  the  British  forces  in  the  Windward  and  Leeward  isl- 
ands ;  and  during  this  time  he  reduced  the  French  islands 
of  Martinique  (Jan.  30  to  Feb.  24,  law)  and  Guadeloupe 
(Jan.  28  to  Feb.  5,  1810).  He  subsequently  commanded 
in  Ireland. 

Beckwith,  (James)  Carroll.  Bom  at  Hannibal, 
Mo.,  Sept.  23,  1852.  Au  American  portrait  and 
genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  Carolus  DuraS.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  National  Academy  in  1894. 

Beckx  (beks),  Fierre  Jean.  Bom  at  Sichem, 
near  Louvain,  Belgium.  Feb.  8,  1795 :  died  at 
Rome,  March  4,  1887.  A  Roman  Catholic  eccle- 
siastic, general  of  the  order  of  Jestiits  1853-84. 

Becky  Sharp.     See  Sharp,  Bcehj. 

Becon  (be'kon),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Norfolk, 
1511  (1512  ?)•■  died  at  London.  1567.  An  English 
ecclesiastic  aud  writer.  He  was  for  a  time  a  sup- 
porter of  the  Reformers  in  books  written  under  the  name 
of  Theodore  Basille,  the  doctrines  of  which,  however,  he 
was  obliged  to  recant.  He  was  chaplain  to  Lady  Jane 
Seymour  and  to  Crannier  under  Edward  VI.,  and  rector 
of  St.  Stephen's.  Walbrook.  His  best-known  work  is  "  The 
Governaunce  of  Vertue." 

Becquerel  (bek-rel'),  Alexandre  Bdmond. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  24,  1820:  died  there.  May 
13,  1891.  A  French  physicist,  son  of  Antoine 
Cesar  Becquerel,  noted"  for  researches  on  the 
electric  light,  photogi'aphy,  etc. 

Beccjuerel,  Antoine  Cesar.  Born  at  Chatillon- 
sm'-Loing,  Loiret.  France,  March  7,  1788:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1878.  A  French  physicist, 
noted  for  his  discoveries  in  electricity  and  in 
electro-chemistry.  His  chief  works  are  "Trait*  ex- 
perimental de  r^lectricit^  et  du  nia^^tisme"  (1834-40), 
"Traite  d'electro-chimie  "(lS4:i),"Trait(Jde  physique."  He 
served  with  the  army  in  Spain  lSlO-12.  abandoned  hismili- 
tary  career  in  1815,  and  thereafter  devoted  himself  exclu- 
sively to  science. 

Becz'wa,  or  Betch'wa  (bech'wS).  A  river  in 
eastern  Moravia,  a  tributary  of  the  March. 

Beda.    See  Bede. 

Bedamar  (bed-a-mar').  A  Spanish  statesman 
in  Saint-B^al's  "Conjuration  des  Espagnols 
contre  la r^publique  de  Venise,"  from  which  Ot- 
way  took  his  "Venice  Preserved."  The  character 
is  a  noble  one,  but  is  reduced  to  small  proportions  in 
Otway's  play. 

Bedarieux  (ba-dar-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  southern  France,  situated  on 
the  Orb  36  miles  west  of  Montpellier.  It  has 
diversified  manufactures.  Population  (1891), 
commune.  6,578. 

Beddoes  (bed'oz),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Shiffnal, 
in  Shropshire,  April  13, 1700:  died  Dec.  24. 1806. 
An  English  physician  and  scientist.  He  was 
reader  in  chemistry 'to  the  University  of  0.vford  (J788-92X 
and  established  at  Bristol  in  1798  a  Pneumatic  Itistitute  for 


Beddoes,  Thomas 


137 


the  treatment  of  diseusu  l)y  inlinl;iIion,  in  which  he  em-  Bedford,  Duke  of.  See  Jolin  of  Lancaster. 
pluyeJ  as  his  assistant  Humphry  imvy.  Author  of  •  Isaac  Bedford.  V.:\\-U  ;iiiil  Dukes  of.  'See  ItuxscU. 
jeukins"  (1793),  •  Uygeia,  ur  Essays  Moral  aud  Medical     gg^oj.^  ( be.i'lorcl),  Gunning  S.    Born  at  Balti 


Beddoes,  Thomas  Lovell.  Born  at  Clifton, 
Euglauil,  July  'M,  ISOo  :  died  at  Basel,  Jan.  26, 
1849.  All  Englisli  poet  and  physiologist,  son 
of  Thomas  Beddoes.  lie  was  the  author  of  "The 
Bride's  Trajiedy  "  (ISii).  "  Death's  Jest- Book,  or  the  Fool's 
Tragedy  "  (18.')ii),  "  I'ocms  '  (1851). 

Bede  (bed),  or  Baeda,  sm-named  "The  Vener- 
able." Born  at  Wearmouth.inXorthuraberlaiid, 
probably  in  673  :  died  at  Jarrow.  May  26,  735. 
A  celebrated  English  moult  and  ecclesiastieal 
writer.  He  was  educated  at  the  monastery  ot  St,  Peter's 
at  Weannouth  and  at  tliat  of  .St.  Paul  s  at  Jarrow,  in  which 
latter  institution  he  remained  until  his  death,  lie  was 
iitxlainud  a  deacon  in  his  nineteenth  year,  and  became  a 
priest  in  his  thirtieth.  He  devoted  his  life  to  teachinc 
:nid  %vrititis.  and  is  said  to  have  heen  master  of  all  the 
V  arning  of  his  time,  includiuK  Greek  and  Uehrew.  His 
rhief  work  is  "Uistoria  ecclesiastica  gentis  AnKlorum  " 
Hie  tti-st  collective  edition  of  his  writings  appeared  at 
I'aris  l.Ml-15,  which  edition  was  reprinted  in  l.^;'»4.  Both 
the  ..riginal  edition  and  the  reprint  are  extremely  rare. 

Bade,  Adam.  The  principal  eharaetcr  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  that  name,  a  young  oarpeuter. 
a  keen  aud  elcver  workman,  somewhat  sharp- 
tempered  and  with  a  knowledge  of  some  good 


more,  Md..  1806:  died  in  Nevv  York  city,  Sept. 
5.  1870.  An  American  physician.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  in  the  I'niversity  of  New  York  184u- 
IStri.  He  wrote  '  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children, " 
■'  Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics,"  etc. 

Bedford  Coffee  House.  A  noted  house  for- 
merly stauiUug  in  Covent  Garden.  London,  the 
resort  of  (iarrick,  Foote,  Fielding,  and  others. 

Bedford  House.  A  line  mansion  formerly 
standing  in  Belgrave  Square,  Loudon,  the  res- 
idence of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

Bedford  LeveL  A  llat  tract  of  land  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  England.  It  is  about  «u 
miles  in  length  and  tu  miles  in  breadth,  cvtending  from 
.Milton  in  Cambridgeshire  to  Toynton  in    Lincolnshire, 


Beefsteak  Club 

of  Vltellius,  under  »  ecina  and  Valens,  defeated  the  forces 
of  "itlio  ;  later  in  ti9  .K.  l>.,  the  forces  of  Vespasian,  under 
Anionius,  defeated  the  forces  of  Vitellius. 

Beds  (bcdz).    An  abbreviation  of  Bedfordshire. 

Bed'Wln  (bed'winl,  Mrs.  "A  motherly  old 
lady,''  Mr.  Brownlow's  housekeeper,  who  is 
kind  to  Oliver,  in  Charles  Dickens's  novel 
"  Oliver  Twist." 

Bee  (be),  Bernard  E.  Born  about  1823:  died 
at  Bull  Kun,  July  21,  ISGI.  A  Confederate 
brigadier-general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  com 
manded  a  brigade  of  South  Carolina  troops  at  Bull  Kun, 
where  he  fell. 

Bee,  Jon.     The  pseudonym  of  John  Badcock. 

Bee,  The.  A  periodical  which  ajipcared  Oct. 
G,  17.''>'J,  eight  weekly  numbers  only  being  pub- 
lished. Oliver  Goldsmith  was  the  author  of 
nearly  all  the  essays. 


.MMion   m  vamuriugesnire    lo    lovnion  in    i^iueoiiieiiin^,  •         ,.-/,.    .     /i_ *!.„.;.»>.   'n»4.v..*.       n..-.. 

and  from  Peterborough  in   .Vorthamptonshirc  to  Bran    Beecher  (be  Cher),   Oatherine  JbSther.     Jiom 


It  East  ilampton,  L.  1.,  S<pl.  0.  IsuU:  died  at 
Elmira,  N.  Y.,  May  12, 1S78.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  writer,  daughter  of  Lyman  Beecher. 
She  conducted  a  female  seminarj*  in  Ihu-lford,  Conn., 
1822-32,  and  was  the  author  of  "  An  AppeiJ  to  the  People," 
"Common  Sense  applied  to  Religion,"  "Domestic  Ser- 
vice," "  Physiology  and  Callisthenics, "  etc. 


dun  in  Sulfolk.  It  comprises  neju-ly  all  the  marshy  district 
called  the  Fens  and  the  Isle  of  Ely.  It  gets  its  name 
from  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  who  in  1034  uniiertook  to 
drain  it.  Extensive  dniinage  works  have  since  been  es- 
tablished, and  the  district  alforda  rich  grain  and  pasture 
lands.     Area,  450,000  acres. 

Bedford  Square.     A  square  in  London,  situ-     ^ 

ated  on  the  west  of  the  British  Museum,  from  Beecher.  Charies.     Born  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
which  it  is  divided  by  Gower  street.  Oct.  7,  1815:  died  at  Georgetow^l,  Mass.,  April 

l)Ooks.  He  has  an'alert  conscience,  good  common  sense,  Bedivere  (bed'i-ver).   Sir.     In  the  Arthurian     21,1900.     An  American  clergyman  aud  writer, 
and  "  well-balanced  shares  of  susceptibiUty and  self-con-     cvcle  of  romance,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Ta-     go,i  of  Lvman  Beecher. 

trol."    He  loves  Hetty  Sorrel  but  linally  marries  Dinah     ^^^,      It  was  he  who  brought  the  dying  Arthur  to  the  Beecher.' Ed'Ward.       Born   at  East   Hampton, 
Morris    (See  J/orm-  />.,«.*.)  He  is  said  to  be  in  part  a  por-     ^,^^.^^  ;„  „.„j^^  ^^^  „,^g^  ,|;,^^„5  ^/^  „i„,  ^  ,he  Vale      K    I     a'p^   27     1S03:  did  Julv  28,  1895.     An 

Bede,  Cuthbert.     The  pseudonj-m  of  the  Rev    ^[l^^^^'  (bed'lam).      [A  corruption  of   Betl,-     Anu-ncan  Congregational  ..lergyman  and  theo- 

Edward  Bradley  who  wrote  "Verdant  Green       /,/,(.,„. ;|    The  hospital  of  St.  Mary  of  Bethlehem 

and  other  liumorous  works.  in  London,  originallv  a  priorv,  founded  about 

Bede,  Lisbeth.     The-motherof  Adam  and  Seth     ^047  b„^  afterward  used  as  an  asylum  for  lu- 


in  George  Eliot's  novel  "Adam  Bede." 
Bede,  Seth.    The  tender-hearted  mystical  bro- 
ther of  Adam  Bede. 

Bedeau  (be-do'),  Marie  Alphonse.  Born  at 
Vertou,  near  Nantes,  France.  Aug.  10.  180-t: 
died  at  Nantes.  Oct.  30, 1863.  A  French  general. 
He  served  in  Algeria  ;  failed  in  an  attempt  to  suppress  the 
TiBingin  Paris  of  Fel).,  1848;  became  vice-presid.nt  ..f  tin 
Constituent  and  Legislative  assemblies;  and  was  impris- 
oned at  the  coup  d'l-tatof  1851. 
Bedel(be'del), Timothy.  Born  atSalem.N.H., 
about  1740 :  died  at  Haverhill.  N.  H.,  1787.  An 
American  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He 
was  in  command  of  the  force  which  was  attacked  by  lirant  s 
Indians  at  the  Cedars,  near  Montreal,  and  which  was  sur- 
rendered without  resistance  by  Captain  Butterileld,  the 
•nbordinate  officer  in  command.  The  blame  for  this  affair 
was  thrown  by  (ieneral  Arnold  on  Bedel,  who  at  the  time 
of  the  attack  lay  ill  at  Lachine. 

Bedell  (bc-del').  Gregory  Townsend.    Born 

on  Staten  Ishmd.  N.  V.,  Oct.  2S,  1793:  died  at 
Baltimore,  Mil.,  Aug.  30,  1834.     An   American 
Protestant   Episcopal  clergyman    and  hymn- 
writer. 
Bedell,  Gregory  Thurston.    Born  at  Hudson. 

New  York.  .\iig.  27,  1S17:  died  at  New  Y^ork, 
March  11,  18'.)2.  An  .-Vmerican  bishop  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Churcli,  son  of  Gregory 
Townseiiil  Bedell.  He  was  rector  of  the  Church  of 
the  Ascension  in  .New  York  city  184S-69,  and  was  con- 
secraled  assistant  bishop  of  Ohio  Oct.  i:i,  1859,  and  be- 
came bishop  of  that  diocese  in  187:)  ;  he  resigned  the 
otlice  in  18.S9  on  account  of  illness,  .\utlior  of  "Canter- 
bury I'ilgrijnage  to  the  Landielh  Conference, "  etc.  (1878), 
'■  The  I'lLstor,"  etc.  (1880),  and  "  Centenary  of  the  Ameri- 
can Episcopate  "  (1884). 

Bedell,  William.  Bom  in  Essex,  England, 
1571  :  died  Feb.  7.  1642.  An  English  jirelate. 
lie  became  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  10'27, 
and  bishop  of  the  united  sees  of  Kilmcire  and  .\rdagh  in 
Irelanil  in  lti20  ;  resigned  the  see  of  Ardagh  in  Iia;),  in  dis- 
approval of  plur.-ilities;  and,  being  imprisoned  by  the 
rebels  in  ItHl,  died  in  consequence  of  the  treatment 
which  he  received. 

Beder.     See  litdr. 

Bedford  (bed'for.l),  or  Bedfordshire  (bcd'ford- 

shir),  abt!revi;itcd  Beds.  .\  niidlaiid  county  of 
Engiand.bouniU-dby  ^'l)rtllanlptouoIlthenol•th- 
l  the  northeast,  Cambridge 


logical  writer,  son  of  Lvinan  Beecher. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward.    Born  at  Litchfield, 

Conn.,  June  24,  1813:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  V., 
March  8, 1887.  A  noted  American  Congregation- 
al clergyman,  lectm-er,  reformer,  and  author, 
son  of  Lyman  Beecher.  He  wiis  graduated  atAmherst 
College  iii  1S34  ;  studied  theology  at  Lane  1  heological  Sem- 
inary ;  and  was  past*)r  iti  Lawrt  nccbnrg,  Indiana(lsJ7-39). 
of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  IndianajB.lis  (l-:t')-17),  and  of 
the  Plymouth  Congrcgatiimalchuuh in  l;it...klyn(ls4;-;>7). 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  antl  eai  ly  editoi-s  of  the  "  In- 
dependent, '  the  founder  of  the  "Christian  Inion  "  and 
its  editor  lS70-ttl ;  and  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  anti- 
slaverv  orators.  He  delivered  I'nion  addresses  in  Great 
Brit.ain  on  subjects  relating  to  the  civil  War  in  the  United 
states  in  ISO:!.  He  published  "  Lectures  to  Young  Men  " 
(1844),  'Star  Papers  "  (1556),  ■•  JYeedom  and  War  "  (lb«3X 
"  Eyes  and  Ears  "  (1S<H),  "  Aids  to  Prayer  "  (IStM).  '  Nor- 
wood "  (lsii7),  "Earlier  Scenes,"  "Lecture  Kooin  Tidks," 
"  Vale  Lectures  on  Preaching,'  "  A  Summer  Parish,"  "  Ev- 
olution and  Preaching"  (Is*5),  etc. 
Beecher,  Lyman.  Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Oct.  12,  1775:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y'.,  Jan.  10, 
1863.  -Vn  American  Congiegational  clergyman 
and  theologian.  He  was  pastor  In  East  Hampton. 
Long  Island  (17!)'.<-1810),  Litchlleld,  Coiniecticut  (IslO-JC), 
and  Boston  (Uv.;ii-3i),  and  president  of  Lane  Theological 
Seminary  (IS32-51).  Ue  was  noted  as  a  temperance  and 
antislavery  refornier  and  controversialist. 

Beecher,  Thomas  Kinnicut.  Born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  Feb.  10.  ls-_'4:diedat  Elmii-a.  N.  Y\, 
March  14,  1900.  An  American  Congregational 
clergvman,  son  of  Lvniau  Beecher,  pastor  at 
ElmiJ-a,  N.  Y.,  18,54-1900. 
They  are  subdivided  in  tribes  called  Beechey  (bo'clii).  Frederick  William.    Born 

at  LoiKlon,  Feb.  17.  171Ki:  died  at  London.  Nov. 
•29,  18,56.  An  English  rear-admiral  and  geog- 
raplier.  son  of  Sir  William  Beechey.  He  wasdis- 
llnguished  in  Arctic  exploration  with  JYanklui,  and  as 
oonmander  of  an  expedition  in  18'i5-:U.  He  wrote 
"  Voyage  of  Dis.  i.very  toward  the  North  Pole"  (l»4.S»,etc. 


natics. 
Bedlam  beggar.     Same  as  Ahraham-mnn. 
Bedlington    (bed'ling-ton).      A   town  in  Nor- 

thumbei'land,  England,  situated  on  theBlyth  11 

miles  north  of  Newcastle.     Population  (1891), 

16.996. 

Bedmar  (bed-maj-'),  Alfonso  de  la  Cueva, 

Marquis  de.  Born  1572  :  dicil  .\ug.  2,  16.55.  A 
Spanish  diplomatist  and  prelate  who,  while 
ambassador  of  Philip  III.  to  Venice,  planned 
an  unsuccessful  conspiracy  to  destroy  the  re- 
public. 1618.  He  became  a  cardinal  162-2.  His  con- 
spiracy is  said  to  have  suggested  the  plot  of  Otway'a 
"Venice  Preserved."    Him  Bedamar. 

Bednur  (bed-nor'),  or  Bednore  (bed-nor')-  A 
town  in  western  Mysore,  Hindustan,  in  lat. 
13°  50'  N.,  long.  75°  5'  E.  It  was  taken  by  Hyder 
AM  in  17li;i,  and  by  Tippu  Saib  in  1783.  Formerly  it  was 
the  seat  of  a  nijah. 

Bedott  (be-dof).  Widow,  or  Widow  Priscilla 

P.  Bedott.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Frances 
Miriam  (Berry)  Whitclier  in  the  "Widow  Be- 
dott Pajiers."' 
Bedouins  (bed'o-Lnz),  or  Beda'Wi  (bed-ii-we'). 
The  nomadic  Arabs,  in  distinction  from  the 
fellaliiii,  or  peasants,  and  the  dwellers  in  townis, 
who  usually  call  themselves  "sons of  tho  Arabs" 

(Jhii-cl  Arab) 

Kabileh.     Two  principal  groups  may  be  dislinguisluil  ; 

{l)Bed<iuim  in  the  narrower  sense  — i.  c,  Arabic-speaking 

tribes  who   occupy   the  deserts   adjoining   cenind   and 

northern  Egypt,  or  who  are  to  be  found  in  various  regions 

of  southern  Nubia  as  a  pastoral  people  ;  (-)  //ejuj*,  or  Be- 

gas,  who  range  over  the  regions  of  Upper  Egypt  and  Nubia 

situated  between  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea,  extending  to 

the  frontiers  of  the  Abyssiidan  highland.     This  second  Beechey,  Sir  William.     Born  at   Burford,  Ox 


!•). 


west,  Huntingdon  on 

nntheeast,Hertfor<lonl!iesoutlieast. and  Buck- 

Ingham  on  the  west.    The  surface  is  generally  level,   Bedr  (bed  ,,     ,  ,  .• 

but  is  hilly  In  the  south.     Area,  401  sipiare  miles,     Popu-      .\r;i  bui,  bet  wei-ii  .Medina  ami  M 
latlon  (181)1).  1(V),72«.  scene  ot  the  llrst  vicl.iry' 

Bedford.      [ME.  licdilrfnrd,  AS.  Halniiford,  Be 


group  consistsol  three  different  tribes,  the  Hadendoa.  the 
Bisharin,  and  the  Ababdeh.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile 
they  are  spread  out  as  far  as  the  boundaries  of  the  Niger 
(lat.  UN).  The  territory  o<cupied  by  them  is  called  "Ed- 
bal,"  and  they  number  about  tWO.OOO  souls.  The  penin- 
sula of  .Mount  Sinai  is  also  occupied  by  three  Bedmiln 
tribes,  the  Terabiyin,  the  Tihaya,  ami  the  Sawarkeh  or  El- 
Aralsh,  The  Bedouins  live  in  tents.  Their  chief  occupa- 
tion is  breeding  cattle.  Their  llgin  ea  are  syiunietrical  and 
slender,  their  form  and  limbs  delicate  and  graceful,  and 
their  cnmpleiion  bronze-colored.  They  jre  courageous 
aiul  warlike.  They  all  profess  Islam,  but  are  lax  In  fol- 
lowing its  precepts,  and  arc  tolerant  In  their  lnt«rcour»c 
with  non-MohammedanB. 

Beder  (bedVr).     A  village  in 

'Ca.     It  was  tile 

r  the  llrst  vicl.iry'  "'  Mohannneil  over  the  Kuralsh- 

lies,  ab.iul  Ibc  beginning  of  U24  A.  Ii. 


.lica's  ford:  /to/,Vv,,  7i™,/cr«.  a  proper  name.]  Bedreddin  Hassan  (l>ed-re.l-don  baR  san). 
The  capital  of  Bedfordshire,  England,  situated  ibc  son  ot  Noiu-ed.hn  All  in  the  story  of  tlnit 
on  t  he  Ouse  45  miles  norlli-northwest  of  London,     "amp    m    "The    Arabian    Nights     Enl.irtniii- 


It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Britons  and 
Saxons  in  S7l.  It  had  a  caatle  in  the  middle  ages.  In 
Bedford  Jail  Bunyan  was  imprisoned  I  IIHVi-72  and  l(17f>-"tf), 
and  wrote  "Pilgrim's  Progress.  '   Population (ISOl), 28,02:1. 

Bedford.  The  capital  of  Lawrence  County. 
Indiana,  65  miles  south-southwest  of  Indian- 
apolis.    Population  (1900),  6,115. 

Bedford.  The  capital  of  Bedford  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Kayslowii  bi'anch 
of  the  Juniata  Hiver.  .'M  miles  south  of  Altoona. 
Popuhition  (1900),  2,167, 


inents."  Having  been  carrle<l  oil  by  a  geide  and  adopted 
by  a  paslry-cook,  be  Is  discovered  by  the  supirior  <|ualily 
of  the  cheese. cakes  he  nuikes,  arrested  on  a  false  i  barge 
of  iintling  no  pepper  In  them,  and  rcstori'd  to  his  fandly. 
Bedretto  (ba-<lret 'to).  Val  di.  An  alpine 
vnlliy  ill  the  canton  of  Ticino,  SwitzerUind, 
soutliwest    of   the   St.  Gotthnr.l. 

Bedriacum  (be-dri'a-kum),  or  Bebriacum  (be- 

bri'a-kum).  In  ancient  geography,  a  village 
of  northern  Italy,  east  of  Cremona.  The  exact 
location  Is  undetermined.    Here,  April,  00  A.  !>.,  the  forces 


I'ordshire.  England.  Dee.  12,  17.53:  died  at 
Ilampsti'ad,  England,  Jan.  28,  1839.  A  noted 
lliiglish  portrait-painter. 

Beef-eaters  (befO'tiTz).  [Originally  humor- 
ous.] .\  name  given  to  the  '\  eomen  of  the 
Ouard,  wliosc'  function  it  has  been,  ever  since 
1485.  when  thev  tirsl  aiiiieareii  in  the  coronation 
procession  of  llenry  VII.,  to  attend  the  sover- 
eign at  ban<|uets  and  other  state  occasions. 
The  I'ower  Wnnlers  are  also  called  Beefeaters,  tifteen 
having  been  sworn  in  as  Yeomen  Extraordinary  of  (he 
liuard  during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  The  uniform  dif- 
fers slightly,  the  Ttiwer  \\  arders  having  no  eri'SS-belL 

Beefington  (be'ling-lon),  Milor.  A  liclitious 
KnglJNli  nobleman  exiled  by  royal  tyranny  be- 
fori- 1  he  granting  of  theMagiia(*hartii.  He  Is  In- 
troduced in  ■•The  Hovers  "  in  the  Anti-Jacobin  iwetry  by 
Krcre,  Cunning,  and  Ellis. 

Beefsteak  Club.  A  dub  foundeii  in  the  reign 
id'  t^neeii  .\niic  (it  was  called  a  "new  society" 
in  1709).  bcdieved  to  bo  the  earliest  elub  with 
lllis  name.  Esleonrt.  the  actor,  was  made  provldore. 
It  was  composed  of  the  '•clilif  wits  and  greal  men  of  the 
nation  "  and  its  badge  was  a  grbliron  Ihe  ".Soiiely  of 
Beefsteaks.  "  esUblishid  some  yearn  laUT,  which  has  been 
confused  with  this,  scorned  being  calleil  a  club  :  they  des- 
Ignaled  themselves  ■  Ihe  Steaks,  "  "  The  Sublime  .SiK-lcly 
of  the  .Sti-aks"  was  foniuhHl  at  (Nivent  Oarden  Theatre 
In  17.'i.'i.  II  Is  salil  111  have  bad  Us  origin  In  an  accidental 
dinner  tnkcii  by  Lord  IVIerborongb  wHli  Hicb,  Ihe  mana. 
ger.  In  his  private  nwin  at  the  theater.      Ttie  latter  cooki-il 


Beefsteak  Club 

a  beefsteak  so  appetizin^ly  that  Ltnd  Peterborough  pro- 
posed repeating  the  entertainment  the  next  Saturday  at 
the  same  hour.  After  the  Are  at  Covent  Garden  in  isuS 
the  Sublime  Soeiety  met  at  the  Bedford  C'otfee  House, 
whence  they  removed  to  the  Old  Lyceum  in  1809.  When 
it  was  burned  in  1830,  they  returned  to  the  Bedford. 
When  the  Lyceum  Theatre  was  rebuilt  in  1838,  a  maftnili- 
cent  and  appropriate  room  was  provided  for  them  (Tiinli-,), 
wheretheymet  until  lStJ7,  when  the  dwindling  soeiety  was 
dissolved.  \  Beefsteak  Club  was  established  at  the  Thea- 
tre Royal,  Dublin,  by  Sheridan,  about  1749,  of  which  Pt-ix 
Wolfington  was  president.  There  were  also  other  clubs 
of  the  kind.  The  present  Beefsteak  Club  in  Toole's  Thea- 
tre, London,  was  established  in  1876. 

Beelzebub  (be-erzf-bub).  [Fonm'rly  also,  and 
still  in  popular  speech,  Bel:ebuh :  ME.  Btlsebuh. 
L.  Beelzebub,  Gr.  Bec/.^eSoi,-!,  Heb.  Bo'al-ebub, 
a  god  of  the  Philistines,  the  averter  of  in- 
sects, from  ba'al,  lord  (Baal),  and  ::ehi(b,  -'biih, 
ally.]  1.  A  god  of  the  Philistines,  who  had 
a  famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He  was  worshiped 
as  the  destroyer  of  flies.  See  Banl. —  2.  In 
demonology.  one  of  the  Gubematores  of  the 
Infernal  Kingdom,  under  Lucifer.  Fausfs 
Book  of  Marvels  (1469).— 3.  A  name  of  the 
Mycetes  ursinus,  a  howling  monkey  of  South 
America. 

Beemster  (bam'ster).  A  large  polder  in  the 
province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  13 
miles  north  of  Amsterdam.  Poi)ulation,  about 
4.000. 

Beer  (bar),  Adolf.  Born  at  Prossnitz,  Moravia, 
Feb.  27, 1831 :  died  at  Vienna.  May  7,  1902.  An 
Austrian  historian.  His  works  include  "Gesehichte 
des  Welthandels  "  (1860-64),  '  Holland  und  der  osterreich- 
ische  Erlpfolgekrie-.' ■■  (1871),  "Die  ei-ste  Teilung  Polens  " 
(1873-74).  and  various  works  on  Austrian  history. 

Beer,  Jacob  Meyer.     See  ilerierbeer,  Giacomo. 

Beer,  Michael.  Born  at  Berl'in,  Aug.  19,  ISOO: 
died  at  .Munich,  March  22,  1833.  A  German 
dramatist,  brother  of  Meyerbeer.  His  chief  work 
is  the  toa^edy  "Struensee"  (1829). 

Beer,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  4,  1797: 
died  at  Berlin,  March  27,1850.  A  German  banker 
and  astronomer,  brother  of  Meyerbeer.  He 
published  a  map  of  the  moon  (1836). 

Beerberg(bar'berG).  The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Thiiringerwald,  Germany,  15  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Meiningen.     Height,  3,226  feet. 

Beers (berz),  Mrs.  (Ethelinda  Eliot:  pseudo- 
ii.\Tn  Ethel  Lynn).  Born  at  Goshen,  Orange 
County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  13,1827:  died  at  Orange, 
N.  T.,  Oct.  10,  1879.  An  American  poet,  she 
is  best  known  as  the  author  of  the  poem  "  All  Quiet  Along 
the  Potomac,"  which  originally  appeared  in  '*  Harper's 
Weekly  "for  Nov.  30,  1861,  under  the  title  "The  Picket 
(Juard." 

Beers,  Henry  Augustin.  Born  at  Buffalo,  N.Y., 

July  2,  1847.  An  American  man  of  letters, 
appointed  professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  of  Yale  University  in  1880. 
He  edited  "  A  Century  of  American  Literature  "  (1878),  and 
is  the  author  of  a  "Sketch  of  English  Literature  "  (1886), 
"  Nathaniel  Parker  Willis"  ("American  Jlen  of  Letters, ' 
1885),  etc. 

Beersheba  (be'er-she'ba  or  be-er'she-bii). 
[Heb., '  well  of  swearing'  or  '  of  seven.'  Cf. 
Gen.  xxi.  31  and  xxvi.  23-33.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Palestine,  44  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem. 
It  became  a  seat  of  idolatry  (Amos  v.  B :  viii.  14).  It  was 
reinhabited  after  the  return  from  the  captivity  (Neh.  xi. 
27).  In  the  period  of  the  Banian  Empire  it  was  the  seat 
of  a  garrison,  and  later  of  a  bishop.  It  was  mentioned 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  is  identified  with  the  ruins  sur- 
rounding 1,000  large  wells  called  by  the  Arabs  Bir-es- 
Saba,  'Well  of  the  Lions.'  It  was  one  of  the  oldest 
places  in  Palestine,  and  is  familiar  in  the  phrase  "  From 
Dan  to  Beersheba"— that  is,  'from  one  end  of  the  land  to 
the  other.' 

BeeskO'W  (ba'sko).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Spree  43 
miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  Population,  about 
4.000. 

Beethoven  (ba'to-ven),  Lud'wig  van.     Bom 

at  Bonn,  Prussia,  probably  Dec.  10,  1770  :  died 
at  Vienna,  March  20,  1827".  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man composer,  of  Dutch  descent.  He  began  his 
musical  education  at  the  age  of  fouryears  under  liisfather 
a  musician  in  the  court  band  of  the  Elector  of  Col.igne.' 
In  1779  he  was  taught  liy  Pf.-iffer,  a  tenor  singer  who  loiigeil 
with  his  parents  ;  and  fi-.ni  1783  till  1793  tilled  various  po- 
sitions as  court  organist,  conductor  of  the  opera  banif  or 
orchestra,  etc.  In  this  year  the  elettur  sent  him  to  Vienna 
to  study  music  at  his  expense.  He  was  now  about  twenty- 
two,  and  began  his  lessons  with  Havdn.  jirinfipally  in 
strict  coimterpoint.  In  1794  Beethoven,  dissatislied  with 
the  lack  of  attention  given  him  by  Haydn,  who  was  much 
occupied,  and  who  went  to  England  in  that  year,  took  les- 
sons  of  Albrechtsberger  and  from  Schuppanzigh  on  the 
violin.  He  pvlblished  his  three  trios,  known  as  ( »pus  1,  in 
1795,  and  from  this  time  published  his  compositions  with 
r^ularity.  In  ls02  his  deafness,  which  had  previously 
troubled  him.  began  to  be  serious.  In  1S14  lawsuits  and 
other  anxieties  and  worries  commenced,  which,  with  his 
now  total  deafness,  clouded  all  his  later  years.  On  April 
20, 1816,  he  made  his  last  appearance  in  public.  In  1824 
he  moved  into  Schwarzspanierhaus  in  \ienna,  where,  on 
December  2, 1826  his  Last  illness  began.    Among  his  com- 


138 

positions  are  the  three  trios  (1795),  three  piano  sonatas 
(1796),  ".\delaide"(179.S).  ■Prometheus"  and  "Mount  of 
Olives"  (1802),  "1st  Symphony"  (1800),  "2d  Symphony" 
(1802),  "  Kreutzer  Sonata  "  (1803).  "  Eroica  Symphony  " 
(1804),  "Fidelio"  (1805-O(i:  rewritten  18I4X  "4th  Sym- 
phony" (1806),  "Symphonies  5  and  6  "(1808),  "7th  Sym- 
phony " (1812)," Battle  Symphony  "(1813),  "8th Symphony  " 

(1814),   "  MeeresstiUe "  (ISlo),    "         " 

"Mass  in  D"(1824).  etc. 

Beets  (bats),  Nikolaas. 
Holland,  Sept.  13,  1814:  died  at  Utrecht,  March 
14,  1903.  A  Dutcli  poet.  His  works  include  the 
poems  "  Kuser  "  (1835),  "  Guy  de  Vlaming  "  (1857),  "  Ada 
van  Holland"  (1840),  " Korenldoemen"  (1853),  etc.;  and 
the  prose  writings  "  Camera  Obscnra  "  (1839),  "  Verscliei- 
dcnheden,  etc. "  (1858),  "Stichtelijke  lien  "(1848-60),  etc. 

Befana  (ba-fa'nii).  The.  [It.,  coiTupted  fi'om 
cpifaiiia,  LL.  epiphdiiiii,  Epiphany.]  An  old 
woman  in  Italian  folk-lore  who  "is  a  sort  of 
Wandering  Jew  and  Santa  Claus  combined. 
She  is  the  good  fairy  who  fills  the  children's  stocliings 
with  presents  on  Twelfth  Night,  or  the  feast  of  the  Epiph- 
any, ,lan.  6.  If  the  children  have  been  naughty  she 
fills  the  stockings  with  ashes  ;  but  she  is  compassionate, 
and  will  sometimes  relent  and  return  to  comfort  the  little 
penitents  with  gifts.  Tradition  says  that  she  was  too  busy 
sweeping  to  come  to  the  window  to  see  the  Three  Wise 
Men  of  the  East  when  they  passed  by  on  their  way  to  otier 
homage  to  the  new-born  Saviour,  but  said  she  could  see 
them  when  they  came  back.  For  this  lack  of  reverence  she 
was  duly  punished,  as  they  went  back  another  way  and 
she  has  been  watching  ever  since.  At  one  time  her  effigy 
was  carried  about  the  streets  on  the  eve  of  the  Epiphany, 
but  the  custom  is  mostly  disused.  She  is  used  as  a  bug- 
bear by  Italian  mothers. 

Beg  (beg),  Galium.     A  minor  character  in  Si 
Walter  Scott's  novel 
of  Fergus  Mae-Ivor 

Bega  (ba'go).  A  river  and  canal  in  southern 
Hungary,  a  tributary  of  the  Theiss. 

Begas  (ba'giis),  Kari.  Born  at  Heinsberg,  near 
Aachen,  Sept.  30,  1794:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  24, 
1854.  A  npted  German  painter  of  historical 
subjects  and  portraits.  He  was  court  painter, 
and  professor  at  the  Berlin  Aeademv. 

Begas,  Oskar.  Born  at  Berlin,  Juiv  31.1828: 
died  there.  Nov.  10,  1883.  A  German"  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  son  of  Karl  Begas. 

Begas,  Reinhold.  Born  at  Berlin,  July  15, 1831. 
A  (.Tcrman  scul))tor.  son  of  Karl  Begas. 

Beggar's  Bush,  The.  A  comedy  by  Fletcher 
and  others  (Rowley  and  Massinger),  performed 
at  court  in  1622,  printed  in  1647.  it  was  long 
popular.  Three  alterations  have  appeared:  one.  "The 
Royal  Merchant,"  an  opera,  in  1767  :  the  last  in  1815  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Merchant  of  Bruges."  Mr.  Lewes  says 
the  plot  is  taken  from  a  novel  by  Cervantes,  the  "  Fuerza 
de  la  Sangre." 


Behr 

nities  of  women.  They  were  condemned  bv  Pope  John 
XXIL  in  the  early  part  of  the  14th  century.  "The  faithful 
Beguins  joined  themselves  in  numbers  with  the  ditferenl 
orders  of  fri.ars.  The  sect,  generally  obnoxious  and  the 
object  of  severe  measures,  had  greatly  diminished  by  the 
following  century,  but  continued  to  exist  till  about  the 
niiddleof  the  16th.  Also  called  iJc 7/10 rrf. 
9th  Symphony  "'(1824),  Beguinage  (ba-ge-niizh').  Grand.  [F.]  A  nun- 
Born  tt  Hao,-lp,„  "^''y  '"*'  I^'''g»i°s)  ill  Glient,  Belgium,  removed 
Lioin  at  Haailen),  recently  from  its  medieval  site  to  a  new  one 
outside  of  the  city.  It  forms  a  town  by  itself,  walled 
and  moated,  with  18  convents,  picturesque  streets  of 
small  houses  built  in  highly  diversified  medieval  designs, 
and  a  handsome  central  church.  The  Petit  Beffiiiiiaae 
is  similai". 

Behaim  (ba'him),  or  Behem  (bii'hem).  Mar- 
tin. Born  at  Nuremberg  about  the  middle  of 
the  15th  century:  died  at  Lisbon,  July  29,  1506. 
A  celebrated  navigator  and  cosmographer.  From 
about  14»4  he  w,<is  in  the  service  of  Portugal,  taking  part 
in  the  expeilition  of  Diogo  Cam  (14S4)  and  others  on  the 
African  coast.  He  was  a  friend  of  Columbus.  The  cele- 
brated Nuremberg  globe,  still  preserved  in  that  city,  was 
constructed  by  him  in  1492,  during  a  visit  to  his  family ; 
and  is  interesting  as  showing  the  idea  of  the  world  enter- 
tained by  the  first  cosmographers,  just  previous  to  the 
discovery  of  America.  Behaim  was  one  of  the  inventors 
of  the  astrolabe. 

Behaim,  Michael.  Bom  at  Sulzbaeh,inWein8- 
berg,  1416:  died  there,  1474.  A  Gennan  meis- 
tersanger. 

Beham  (ba'liam).  Barthel.     Bom  at  Nurem- 
berg, 1502:  died  at  Venice,  1540.     A  Gei-man 
*^  i^.^vy.   ^uai,*^i,ri  xi±     II     ens?raver  and  painter. 

"Waverlev,"  the  foot-page  ^^ham,  Hans  Sebald.      Bom  at  Nuremberg 
in  the  service  of  Waverlev.     ''^P^t    l-^^O:    died   at    Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
■     1550.    A  German  painter  and  engraver,  brother 
of  Barthel  Beham. 

Behar  (be-har'),  Bahar  (ba-har'),  or  Bihar 
(bi-har').  A  province  of  Bengal,  British  India, 
in  the  basin  of  the  Gauges  in  lat.  24°-28°  N., 
long.  S3°-89°  E.  it  produces  opium,  indigo,  rice, 
grain,  sugar,  etc.,  and  has  various  manufactures.  It  has 
two  divisions,  Bhagalpur  and  Patna.  Area,  44,139  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  24,'28t,370. 

Behar.  A  town  in  Behar,  in  lat.  25°  10'  N., 
long.  85°  35'  E.  Formerlv  the  residence  of  a 
governor.     Population,  about  48,000. 

Behechio  (ba-e-che'o).  An  Indian  cacique  of 
XaragUii,  in  the  island  of  Hispaniola ,  at  the  time 
of  its  discovery,  in  1495  he  joined  his  brother-in- 
law,  Caonabo,  and  other  chieftains  in  war  against  the 
Spaniards.  After  the  defeat  of  the  Indians  at  the  battle 
of  the  Vega  Real  (April  25, 1495)  he  retired  to  his  orni  prov- 
ince,  where  he  ruled  conjointly  with  his  sister,  the  cele- 
brated AnacAona.  Influenced  by  her.  he  made  peace  with 
Bartholomew  Columbus  (1498).    He  died  about  1602. 

Behem.     See  Behaim. 

Behistun(be-his-t6n'),orBisutun(be-so-ton'). 
[Pers.  Behistun.']  A  ruck  in  western  Persia  on 
the  road  from  Hamadan  (ancient  Agbatana)  to 
Bagdad,  near  the  city  of  Kinnanshah.  The  rock, 
which  rises  nearly  pei-pendicular  to  a  height  of  1,700  feet^ 
has  been  noticed  from  ancient  times  as  having  on  its 
surface  mysterious  figures  and  signs.  Major-General  Sir 
Henry  Rawlinson,  under  great  hardships  and  dangers, 
copied  and  afterward  deciphered  one  of  the  greatest  in- 
scriptions in  cuneiform  characters.  Three  hundred  feet 
above  the  base,  on  a  polished  surface,  is  sculptured  a  bas- 
relief  picturing  Darius  with  a  long  row  of  fettered  prison- 
ers, representatives  of  the  subjugated  nations.  The  bas- 
relief  is  surrounded  by  numerous  columns  of  inscriptions, 
makiTig  in  all  over  one  thousand  lines  of  cuneiform  writing. 
The  long  account  of  Darius's  reign  is  repeated  three  times 
inthedilferent  languages  of  the  empire:  in  Persian,  .Assyr- 
ian, and  the  language  of  Susiana  (Elam).  The  decipher- 
ment of  this  long  trilingual  inscription,  executed  by  Sir 
Henry  Rawlinson  during  the  years  183.'i-37,  formed  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  Assyriology.  as  it  put  it  on  the  basis  of 
a  science.  By  the  Greeks  this  gigantic  monument  was 
attributed  to  Semiramis. 

Born  in  Gotha.  Jan.  4. 


Beggar's  Daughter.    See  Bess  or  Bessee,  and 

Bi(j(jar  of  Bttlinal  dreen. 
Beggar's  Opera,  The.    An  opera  by  John  Gav, 

produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Jan.  29,  1728. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  suggested  by  a  remark  of  Dean 
Swift  to  Gay  "that  a  Newgate  pastoral  might  make  a 
pretty  sort  of  thing."  Gay  was  also  said  to  have  been  in- 
duced to  produce  this  opera  from  spite  at  having  been 
otfered  an  unacceptable  appointment  at  court.  It  was 
intended  as  a  satire  on  the  effeminate  style  then  recently 
imported  from  Italy,  and  was  very  successful.  The  songs 
were  written  for  popular  English  and  Scottish  tunes,  and 
were  arranged  and  scored  by  Dr.  Pepusch  who  composed 
the  overture.  The  characters  are  highwaymen,  pick- 
pockets, etc.,  satirizing  the  corrupt  political  conciitions  of 
the  day. 

Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  The.    A  comedy  by 

J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1834.  It  was 
abridged  from  "  The  Beggar's  Daughterof  Bethnal  Green  ' 
(1828),  which  was  based  on  the  well-known  ballad.  See 
Blind  Be<tffnr,  and  Be^s. 

Beggars,  The.  See  Gueux. 
Begnards.  See  Beguins,  2. 
Begon  (ba-goh'),  Michel.  Bom  at  Blois,  France,  Behm  (biim).  Ernst. 


1638 :  died  at  Rochefort,  France,  March  4, 1710. 
A  French  magistrate  and  administrator.  He 
was  a  naval  officer  and  successively  intendant  of  theFrench 
West  Indies,  of  Canada,  and  of  Rochefort  and  La  Rochelle. 
He  was  noted  for  his  love  of  science,  and  the  great  genus 
of  plants  Be^onja  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Beg-Shehr  (beg'shehr'),  or  Bey-Shehr  (ba'- 

shehr').  orBei-Shehr.  1.  Alake  in  Asia  Minor, 
in  lat.  37°  40'  N.,long.  31°  40'  E.  Length, about 
25  miles. —  2.  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  eastern  shore 
of  Lake  Beg-Shehr. 

Beguins,  or  Beguines  (beg'inz).  1.  A  name 
given  to  the  members  of  various  religious  com- 
munities of  women  who.  professing  a  life  of  pov- 
erty and  self-denial,  went  about  in  coarse  gray 
clothing  (of  undyed  wool),  reading  the  Scrip- 
tures and  exhorting  the  people.  They  originated  in 
the  12th  or  13th  century,  and  formerly  flourished  in  Ger- 
many, the  Netherlands,  France,  and  Italy  ;  and  communi- 
ties of  the  name  still  exist  in  Belgium.  (Now  generally 
WTitten  Bf'juine.] 

2.  [Only  Befii(i»s.'\  A  community  of  men  founded 
on  the  same  general  principle  of  life  as  that  of 
the  Beguines  (see  def.  1).  They  became  infected 
with  various  heresies,  especially  with  systems  of  iUumin- 
ism.  which  were  afterwai-d  propagated  among  the  eommu- 


1830:  died  there,  March  15,  1884.  A  German 
geogi-apher  and  statistician.  He  was  editor  of 
Petermann's  "  Mitteilungen  "  (from  18,56;  editor-in-chief 
after  1*78),  of  the  statistical  parts  of  the  "Almanac  de 
Gotha,  "and  of  the  "Geographisches  Jahrbuch  "  (186&-78), 
Behmen.     See  Bdhme,  Jakob. 

Behn  (ban),  Aphra,  or Afra,  or Aphara.  Bom 

at  Wye,  1640:  died  at  London.  April  16,  1689. 
An  English  dramatic  writer  and  novelist.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  a  barber,  John  Johnson,  and  wife  of  a 
Dutch  gentleman  named  Behn,  who  died  before  1666.  In 
her  youth  she  spent  several  years  in  the  West  Indies, 
where  she  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  Indian  who  served 
as  the  model  of  her  famous  "  Oroonoko  "  (which  see).  She 
wrote  much,  and  "was  the  first  female  writer  who  lived 
by  her  pen  in  England."  Among  her  dramatic  works  are 
"The  Forced  Marriage"  (1671),  "The  Amorous  Prince  ' 
(1671),  "The  DHtch  Lover"  (167,'!),  "Abdelazar"  (1677), 
"The  Rover"  (1677),  "The  Debauchee  (1677),  "The 
Town  Fop"  (1677),  "The  False  Count  "  (1682).  She  also 
published  "Poems"  (1684),  etc. 

Behr  (bar),  Wilhelm  Joseph.     Born  at  Sulz- 

heim,  Aug.  26.  liVn:  died  at  Bamberg,  Aug.  1, 
1851.  A  Bavarian  publicist  and  liberal  politi- 
cian. He  was  professor  of  public  law  in  the  University 
of  WUrzburg  179ft-lS21,  and  was  twice  elected  to  the  Ba- 
varian Diet.  He  suffered  imprisonment  (1833-i:?)  for  al- 
leged lese-majesty,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Frank- 
fort Parliament  in  1848. 


Bearing 

Behring.     See  Bering. 

Behring  Island.    See  Bering  Island. 

Behring  Sea.     See  Bering  Sea. 

Behring  Strait.     See  Bering  Strait. 

Beid  (.ba'iil).  [Ar.  bill,  the  egp;:  this  star  and 
a  few  others  around  it  form  •  the  ostricli's 
nest'  of  the  Arabs.]  Tlie  fourth-magnitude 
vcrv  white  star  "  Eridani. 

Beijerland,  or  Beyerland  (Wfrr-laut).  An  isl- 
and iu  the  provim-e  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, lying  between  the  Oude  Maas  and  the 
Hnllandseh  Diep  and  Hariug  Vliet. 

Beilan  (ba-lUn').  A  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situate<l  near  the  summit  of  the  Beilan  Pass. 
in  lat.  36°  :J0'  N.,  long.  3t)°  10'  E.  Here,  July  29, 
1832,  the  Egyptians  under  Ibraliim  Pasha  defeated  the 
Turks. 

Beilan,  Pass  of.     See  Syrian  Gales. 

Beilngries  (biln'gres).  A  small  town  in  Middle 
Franeouia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Ludwigs- 
canal,  near  the  Altmiihl,  29  miles  west  of 
liatisbon. 

Beira  (ba'rii).  A  province  of  Portugal,  bounded 
by  Traz-os-Montes  and  Miuho  on  the  noi-th, 
Spain  on  the  east,  Alemtejo  and  Estremadura 
on  the  soutli,  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  p;irtly  a  plateau  and  partly  mountainous. 
The  popular  divisions  are  Beira-Mar.Beiru-Alta,andlieir:i- 
Baixa;  the  administrative  districta.  Aveiro,  Castello  Bran- 
co,  foimbra,  (Juai-d,  and  \izeu.  Capital.  Coimbra.  Area, 
9,24»  square  Tnile;!.     rojiulation  (ISIIO),  1,461.834. 

Beirut,  or  Beyrout,  or  Bairut  (ba-rof).    [F. 

Beiiniiillt.]  A  seaport  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  near  the  foot  of 
Lebanon,  in  lat.  33°  W  N.,  long.  35°  31'  E. : 
the  ancient  Bery^us.  it  is  the  chief  seaport  of 
.Syi-ia,  and  lias  a  considerable  commerce  M-itli  Great 
Britain,  France,  Kgrypt,  etc.  It  was  an  ancient  Phenician 
town,  and  later  a  lloman  colony  (Augusta  Feli.x),  a  noted 
seat  of  learning  under  the  later  empire,  twice  devastated 
by  earthquakes.  The  Crusaders  held  it  for  many  years; 
Inter  it  was  occupied  by  Druses.  It  was  conquered  from 
the  Turks  by  a  Russian  tleet  iii  1772,  was  held  by  the 
Egyptians  in  1840.  and  was  bombarded  by  the  British  fleet 
(Sept.  hy-li)  and  occupied  by  the  Allies.  The  American 
Presbyterian  mi;ssioii  in  Syria  has  its  lieadipiarterB  at 
Beirut.  Exports  madder,  silk,  wool,  olive-oil,  gums,  etc. 
PoDUlation  (18»ll),  lll.'i,400. 

Bei-Shehr.    See  Beg-Shehr. 

Beissel  (i)is'sel),  Johann  Conrad.    Born  at 

Kberbach.  Palatinate,  Germany,  ItiOO  :  died  at 
Eplirata.  Pa.,  I7(iS.  A  German  mystic.  He  end 
grated  to  Pennsylvania  in  1720,  and  foun'ded  the  German 
.Seventh-Day  Baptists  at  Ephrata  in  1728. 

Beit-el-Fakih  (bat'el-fii'keii).  [Ar., 'houst^ 
of  the  learned.']  A  town  in  Yemen,  southwest- 
em  Arabia,  near  the  Red  Sea,  situated  SO  miles 
north  of  Mocha:  noted  for  its  coffee  trade. 
Population,  about  H,000. 

Beith  (beth).  A  town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
16  miles  southwest  of  Glasi,'OW. 

Beitzke  (bits'ke),  Heinrich Ludwig.  Bom  at 
Muttrin,  in  Pomerania,  Feb.  lo,  1798:  died  at 
Berlin,  May  10,  18G7.  A  Gonuan  historian. 
His  works  include  "  Gesehichte  der  deutschen  Prelheits- 
kriege"  (1855),  "Oeschichte  des  russisehen  Kriegs  ini 
Jahre  1SI2"  (IS.'iO),  "Oeschichte  des  Jahres  lsl5  "  (I860), 
etc. 

Beja  (ba'zhii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
.\leinte.jo,  southern  Portugal,  K.5  miles  south- 
east of  Lisbon:  the  Roman  I'ax  .lulia.  It  has 
a  cathedral  and  Roman  antiquities.     Population,  about 

h,(«KI. 

Bejapur.     See  Bijajiur. 

Bejar  (ba-Hilr').     A  town  in  the  province  of 

.Salamanca,  Spain,  situated  47  miles  south  of 
Salamanca  on  the  (!ner|)0  de  lloiubrii.  It  lias 
manufactures  of  cloth.  Population  (1887), 
12,120. 

B6jart  (ba-zhilr').  The  name  of  a  family  of 
comedians  who  ])layed  Moiiere's  comedies  and 
belonged  to  his  troupe.  There  were  fout,  .Iac(iue», 
Louis,  .Madeleine,  and  Arniamle.  Armande  was  born  in 
1645.  and  died  in  17(K).  She  was  a  charming  actress,  par- 
ticularly in  sucli  parts  as  "Celimeno"  in  *' TIio  .Mlsan- 
tlirope."  .Molieremanled  her  in  HMJ2.  Hhe  was  the  sister 
and  not  tlie  daughter  of  Madeleine  Ik^Jart,  as  was  scan- 
dalously asserted,  the  latter  iniving  l>een'  his  mistress. 
After  -Moiiere's  death  his  wife  married  Queria  Estrlchi'*, 
and  left  the  stage  in  lUIM. 

Bek  (bek).  An  architect  of  Amenhotep  W., 
kini;  of  Kgypt.  Ho  supervised  the  building  of  the  city 
of  Klniaten,  inodern  Tel-el-Amarnn.  'I'll*-  Inscrintlon  on 
his  tombstone  has  lieen  preserved  and  derlpliered. 

Bek  (bek),  Anthony.  Died  1311.  An  Kngllsh 
prelate  andeuMiiiinnder.  He  was  consecrated  blsliop 
of  Durham  Vlt<b,  and  Joined  Edwaril  I.  in  his  expeditions 
against  Scotland  12(K1  and  12»-i.  He  reduced,  iu  tlie  hillei 
expedition,  the  castle  of  Idrleton.  and  rommanded  the 
second  division  of  tin-  l-'nglish  in  the  battle  of  K.dkirk. 

Beke  (bek),  Charles  Tilstone.    Born  at  sie])- 

ney,  England,  (Jet.  10,  1800:  died  at  London, 
July  31,  1874.  An  Enttlisli  Irnveler  and  geog- 
rapher. After  traveling  through  I'nlestlne,  he  ('xplored 
Shea  and  Gojam.  Abyssinia,  returning  via  Massown.  and 


139 

recelveil,  In  1846,  a  gold  medal  for  his  travels  in  Abyssinia. 
From  1847-r>0  he  published  a  series  of  works  on  the  lan- 
guages of  Abyssinia  and  the souices of  the  Kile.  He  made 
a  second  expedition  to  Bible  lands,  and  wrote  several 
books  on  Bible  geograpli). 

B6k6s  (ba'kash).  The  chief  town  in  the  county 
of  Bekes,  llun^arv,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Black  and  White  Koros,  in  lat.  46°  46'  N., 
louK.  21°  10'  E.     Population  (1890),  25,087. 

Bekker  (bek'er).  Balthazar.  Born  at  Mets- 
lanier,  in  Friesland,  March  30.  1G34:  died  July 
11,  1698.  A  Dutch  theologian.  He  was  pastor 
of  a  Reformed  congregation  in  .\nisterdam  1679-92.  He 
wrote  a  book,  "  De  betoverdo  weereld,  "  in  which  lie  ad- 
vances views  of  delnoniaeal  possession  substantially  the 
same  as  those  held  by  modem  rationalists. 

Bekker,  Elizahetta.  Bom  at  Vlissingen,  Hol- 
land, July  24,  1738:  died  at  The  Hague,  Nov. 
4,  1804.  A  Dutch  novelist,  wife  of  Adrian 
WolflF.  Shewrote(coniointly  with  Agatha  Deken)  "Sara 
Biirgerhart  "  (179o).  "Willem  Leevaud  "  (178,'»),  "Cornelia 
Wildseliuf  (179:1-'.n;),  etc. 

Bekker,  Immanuel.  Born  at  Berlin,  May  21, 
1785:  tlied  at  Berlin,  June  7,  1871.  A  distin- 
gtiished  German  philologist,  professor  of  philol- 
ogy in  Berlin.  He  edited  critical  editions  of  Plato, 
the  Attic  oi-ators,  Aristotle,  Sextus  Empirieus,  Thticydi- 
des,  Theognis,  Aristophanes.  Herodotus,  I'ansanias,  I'o- 
lyiiiiis,  Livy.  Tacitus,  etc.;  also  of  Dyzantine,  Provenval, 
and  old  French  authors;  and  wrote  "Anecdotagraica,"  etc. 

Bek  Pak,  Bed  Pak,  or  Hungry  Desert.     A 

desert  in  Asiatic  Russia,  about  lat.  46°  N., 
long.  68°-73°  E. 

Bekri  (bek'ri).  A1-,  Obeid  Abd- Allah.    An 

Arabian  traveler  and  geograplier.  born  iu  Aii- 
ilalusia,  Sjiain,  where  he  died  in  1095. 
Bel  (bel).  ['Lord.']  (Jne  of  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  Babylonian  gods  of  Semitic  origin. 
In  the  enumeration  of  the  twelve  great  gods  he  holds  the 
second  place  in  the  Urst  triad.  His  importance  in  Assyria- 
Babylonia  was  about  the  same  as  that  of  Baal  among  the 
Canaanites,  but  he  had  no  solar  character.  To  him  is  as- 
cribed the  creation  of  the  world,  and  especially  of  man- 
kind, whence  the  Assyrian  kings  call  themselves  "gover- 
nors of  Bel,"  "rulers  over  Bel's  subjects-"  He  is  also 
often  entitled  "father  of  the  gods,"  and  his  spouse,  Belit 
('lady  ■),  "the  mother  of  the  great  gods."  It  is  Bel  who 
lu'ings  about  the  deluge  and  destroys  mankind.  His  name 
occurs  in  Isiu  xlvi.  1.  Jer.  1.  2.  The  principal  seat  of  his 
worship  was  Nippur  (modern  Nitfer),  while  the  tutelar 
deity  of  the  city  of  Babylon  was  Merodach  (ilarduk).  who 
is  often  called  Bel-Merodach,  or  simply  Bel,  and  is  alluded 
to  in  the  passages  of  the  Old  Testament  cited  above.  Bel 
being  known  as  the  supreme  god  of  Babylonia,  Herodotus 
considered  the  great  fJebo  temple  of  Borsippa  as  that  of 
Bel.     See  Ilaal. 

B61  (bal),  Karl  Andreas.  Born  at  Presburg, 
July  13,  1717:  died  at  Leipsic,  April  5,  1782, 
A  Hungarian  historian,  son  of  M.  Bel,  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  at  Leipsic.  Ho  was  the  author  of 
"  De  vera  origine  et  epocba  Hunnorum.  Avarorum.  etc.." 
and  editor  of  the  "  Acta  Eruditornni,"  and  of  the  "Leip- 
ziger  gelehrte  Zeitung  "  (1753-81). 

B61,  or  Belius  (be'li-us).  Matthias.  Born  at 
Ocsova.  March  24,  1684:  died  at  Presburg, 
Aug.  29,  1749.  A  noted  Hungarian  liistorian. 
His  works  include  "  Hungariie  prodronius,"  "  Adparatus 
ad  historiam  Hungaria',"  "Notitia  llungaritc."  etc. 

B61a  (ba'lo)  I.  King  of  Hungary  1061-63. 
lie  strengthened  tlie  royal  authority,  suppressed  the  last 
pagiui  uprising,  and  introduced  tinancial  and  coniiuercial 
reforms. 

B§la  II.  King  of  Hungary  1131-41.  He  ac- 
i|iiii-e(l  Bosnia. 

Bela  III.  King  of  Ilimgary  1174-96.  He  mar- 
ried a  sister  of  Philip  Augustus  of  France. 

B61a  IV.  King  of  Hungary  1235-70.  Son  of 
-Vuilrc  as  IL  In  his  reign  Hungary  was  iii- 
vadeil  by  the    Mongols  under  Batu  Khan. 

Bela,  or  Bella  (ba'lii).  A  town  in  Lus, 
soullienslerri  l'.:ilucliistan,  iu  lat.  26"  10'  N.. 
long,  tie,'  2."i-  K. 

Bel  and  the  Dragon.  One  of  the  books  of 
the  A]iocryplia  (wTiich  see). 

Belarius  (i)e-la'ri-us).  A  banished  lord  dis- 
guised under  the  name  of  Morgan  in  Shak- 
spere's  jilay  "  ( 'vmbeline."  He  steals  Arvlragiis 
and  tluiderins,  Cynilieline's  sons,  out  of  revenge;  but  when 
Cymbellne  is  imide  prisoner  by  the  Roman  general,  Behi- 
riuK  comes  to  hia  rescue  and  Is  reC4>nciIed  anil  restores 
the  princes. 

Belbeis,  or  Belbeys  (bel-bas').  A  town  iu 
Lower  lOgvpl.  siliiuled  30  miles  northeast  of 
Cairo,  it  was  besieged  by  (Ynsaders  under  Ainalrlc 
(Il6;i-ii4l.  and  taUi'ii  liy  him  in  IIIM.  I'opulation  (1K»7|, 
11,267. 

Belbek  (bel'bek).  A  small  river  in  the  Crimea, 
ii'irllieast  of  Sel)asto])ol. 

Belbella.    »<;■  ll,„ii-„l.: 

Belch  (behiii,  Sir  Toby.    The  uncle  of  Olivia 

ill  Shakspere's  comedy  "  Twelfth  Night." 

Gf  .<^tr  Toby  himself,— that  most  whiinsicnl,  madcap, 
fndicsonie  old  toper,  so  full  ol  antics  and  f<uid  of  sprees, 
with  a  plentiful  s(oe|{  of  wit  and  an  equal  lack  of  money 
to  keep  it  In  motion,  it  Is  enough  to  say,  with  one  of  the 
best  of  Shakespearian  critics,  (Init  "he  certainly  comes 
out  of  the  same  assoclnllons  where  the  i'oot  Falstalt  holds 


Belfort 

his  revels " ;  and  that  though  "  not  Sir  John,  nor  a 
fainter  sketch  of  him,  yet  he  has  an  odd  sort  of  a  family 
likeness  to  him."  Hudson,  Int.  to  T^velfth  Night. 

Belchen  (bel'chen).  A  German  name  for 
various  summits  of  the  Vosges,  better  known 
by  their  French  name  Ballon. 

Belchen,    Gebweiler.    See   Ballon  de  Gueb- 

inllrr. 

Belchen,  Welscher.    See  Ballon  d'Alsace. 

Belcher  (bel'cher),  sir  Edward.  Bom  in  Nova 
Scotia,  1799:  died  March  18,  1877.  A  British 
admiral  and  explorer.  Ue  commanded  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  in  search  of  sir  John  Franklin  1852-64. 
He  wrote  "  .Narrative  of  a  Voyage  round  the  World  "  (184S), 
"  Last  of  the  Arctic  Voyages  "  (1855). 

Belcher,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  8,  liisi  :  died  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J..  Aug.  31,  1757.  An  American  merchant 
and  politician,  governor  of  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire  1730-il.  and  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  in  1747. 

Belchite  (bel-che'ta).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Aguas- 
Vivas  25  miles  south-southeast  of  .Saragossa. 
Here,  .Tunc  16-18,  1809,  the  French  under  Suchet  defeated 
the  Spaniard.s  under  Blake. 

Belcredi   (bel-kra'de),  Richard,  Count  von. 

Born  Feb.  12.  1823:  died  Dec  2.  1902.  An 
Austrian  politician,  premier  18()5-67. 

Beled-el- Jerid  ( bel  'ed-el-je-red ' ).  A  region  in 
Tunis  and  Algeria,  lying  south  of  the  Atlas 
range,  and  north  of  the  Sahara. 

Belem.    See  J'ard. 

Belem  (ba-lang').  A  suburb  lying  to  the  west 
of  Lisbon,  Portugal.  It  contains  a  monastery  founded 
in  1500,  in  commemoration  of  the  voyage  of  Vasco  da 
Gama,  and  now  used  as  an  orphan-asylum.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  Ilorid  examples  existing  of  the  Pointed  style. 
The  church,  which  contains  the  tombs  of  Camoens,  Vasco 
da  i:ama,  and  many  Portuguese  sovereigns,,  is  divided  into 
three  aisles  of  eipial  height  by  very  slender  and  lofty 
columns  ;  it  has  a  i-aiseii  choir  at  the  west  end,  as  in  the 
Escorial  and  other  Spanish  churches. 

Bel-epUS.     See  Belibu).: 

Belerium(be-le'ri-um).  See  the  extract.  Also 
said  to  be  named  from  a  Cornish  giant  Bellerus. 

(Posidonius'sl  visit  to  Cornwall,  which  he  called 
"IJelerium."  a  name  afterwards  appropriated  by  l*toleniy 
to  the  particular  cliff  now  called  Land's  End. 

Ellon,  Origins  of  F.ng.  liist.,  p.  34. 

Belesta  (be-les-tii').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Aridge,  Prance,  IS  miles  east  of  Folx.  It  is 
noted  for  the  intermittent  spring  of  Fontes- 
torbe.  It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and 
marble  quarries. 

Belfegor,   Story  of  (Novella  di  Belfegor). 

.\  satiric;il  tale  by  Macehiavelli  (published  iu 
1549)  of  the  devil  who  takes  refuge  iu  hell  to 
avoid  a  scold.  It  has  frequently  been  trans- 
lated, and  was  remodeled  by  La  Fontaine.  See 
Bclnliegiir. 

Belfast  (bel-fUst'  or  bel'fiist).  A  city,  tbecap- 
ital  of  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  Lagan  into  Belfast  Lough, 
in  lat.  54°  37'  N.,  long.  5°  57'  W.  it  is  the  second 
city  in  Ireland  in  population  and  the  Ai-st  in  impi>rlance  of 
manufactures  and  trade  :  the  center  of  the  Irish  linen 
mannfactnre  and  tnide.  It  contains  (jueen's  t^ollege 
(opriii-il  IM9I,  till-  liilfasi  Academy,  Academical  Institu- 
tiMii.  I'resliyterian  College,  and  oUier  Institutions.  Pop 
Illation  (I'.Niii.  :i4'.>.lsu. 

Belfast  (bel'fast).  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
Waldo  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  west 
siile  of  Penobscot  Bay.  in  lat.  44°  25'  N.,  long. 
69°  W.  It  has  shipbuilding  industries,  hsheries.  and 
considerable  eomnierce  and  manufactures-  It  was  settled 
ill  177.1,  anil  ineoiiiorated  in  1S.''3     I'opnlatloiKliKNli.  4,01.',. 

Belfast  Lougn  (liel-fiist'  loclO.  An  inlet  of 
the  Irish  Sea.  northeast  of  Belfast,  between 
counties  .\ntriin  and  Down.    Length,  V.i  miles. 

Belfleld  (bel'feld).  .\  character  in  Miss  Bur- 
iiey's  "Ceeilia."  .-iaid  to  have  been  drawn  from 
the  '•aiiiiiiated,  ingenious,  and  eccentric  Por- 
cival  Stockdale." 

Belfond  (btd'fond).  A  courteous,  good-tem- 
pered, ami  accomplished  gentleman  in  Shad- 
well's  comedy  ■"Ihe  Sipiire  of  Alsniia,"  ex- 
tiemely  ilissijiiiled  and  nearly  ruined  by  women. 
His  eldi'r  brcdher  is  a  vicious,  olistinate,  and 
clownish  boor. 

Belford  (bel'ford).  The  intimate  friend  of 
Lovelace.'in  Hichar<lson's  "Cbirissa  Harlowe." 

Belfort (bel-for'>, or B6fort(ba-for').  (F.,'fair 
fxirl.'  Cf.  llmnl'i'rl.]  'I'lie  ciipital  of  thi-  ter- 
ritory of  Belfort.  Fiance,  situated  on  the  Sa- 
voureusc  iu  liil.  47°  .38'  N.,  long.  6°  51'  K.  u 
has  great  strategic  importance, coniiimndlng  the  TrtUK^e  de 
Belfort.  anil  being  the  meeting. place  of  Ihe  various  routes 
between  Kranee,  Germany,  and  Swltri-rland.  II  is  ilomi- 
naled  bv  the  citadel,  near  which  Is  the  l.lon  of  Belfori  (by 
llarthol'dl)  It  was  nulled  to  France  Iu  11118.  and  waafoill 
lleil  by  Vailban.  It  resisted  Ihe  Allies  1814  15  ;  was  be- 
siegi-d  by  the  Germans  Nov.  3,  1870.  and  was  bonibardiMl 
from  Dec.  3,  1870,  the  garrison  surrendering  (by  order  of 


Belfort 

the  French  povernroent)  with  honors  of  war  Feb.  16, 1871. 
It  was  retroceded  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  1871.  Popula- 
tion (1591),  25, -1=5. 

Belfort,  Battle  of.  A  battle  between  the 
French  and  Oornians,  Jan.  15-17,  1871.  The 
French,  under  Bourl)aIvi,  forced  the  Prussians,  under  Von 
Werder,  who  were  besieging  Belfort,  to  take  up  a  favor- 
able position  along  the  Lisaine,  without  raising  the  siege. 
Von  Werder  successfully  defended  his  position,  and  com- 
pelled Bourbaki  to  retreat.  Sometimes  called  the  battle 
of  Hericourt,  from  the  town  of  that  name,  between  Bel- 
fort and  M'tntbt'Iiard,  near  which  the  l-attle  occurred. 

Belfort,  Territory  of,  or  Haut-Rhin.  A  ter- 
ritory or  department  of  eastern  France,  border- 
ing; on  Alsace,  and  formed  after  the  war  of 
1870-71  Capital,  Belfort.  Area,  235  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  83,670. 

Belfort,  Trouee  de.  A  depression  near  Bel- 
fort, between  the  southern  limit  of  the  Vosgos 
and  the  northern  slope  of  the  Jura.  It  is  of 
ijreat  strategic  importance. 

Balfour  (bel'for).  The  name  under  which  Lady 
Bradshaigh  carried  on  a  coiTespondenee  with 
Kiebardson. 

Belfry  of  Bruges,  The.  A  poem  by  Long- 
fellow. 

Belgae  (bel'je).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
iu  northern  Gaul,  mainly  of  Celtic  origin,  oc- 
cupying what  is  modem  Belgium,  Luxemburg, 
northeastern  France,  southern  Holland,  and 
part  of  western  Germany. 

Belgse.  A  personification  of  Holland  in  Spen- 
ser'.s  "Faerie  Queene."  She  has  17  sons,  the 
17  provinces  of  Holland. 

Belgam  (bel-gSm').  A  district  in  the  southern 
division  of  the  governorship  of  Bombay, 
British  India,  about  lat.  16°  N.,  long.  74°-76°  E. 
Area,  4,657  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,013,261. 

Belgam.  The  chief  town  of  the'  district  of 
Bilaam,  50  miles  northeast  of  Goa.  Popula- 
tioii,  about  32,000. 

Belgard  (bel'gard).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Poinerania,  Prussia,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  16° 
E.,  on  the  Persante.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 7,046. 

Belgarde  (bel-gard').  A  poor  and  proud  cap- 
tain, in  Massinger's  play  "  The  Unnatural  Com- 
bat," who,  when  told  not  to  appear  at  the  gov- 
ernor's table  in  his  shabby  clothes,  arrives  iu 
full  armor — all  that  he  had  beside. 

Belgica,  or  Gallia  Belgica  (gal'i-a  berji-ka). 
[From  the  Belga?.]  A  pro\inee  of  the  Roman 
Empire  in  eastern  and  northeastern  Gaul,  ex- 
tending northeastward  of  the  province  of  Lug- 
dun  ensi  s.  The  frontier  here  was  the  lower  Seine,  and  fol- 
lowed ueiirly  the  line  of  the  Marne. 

Belgien  (bel'gyen).  The  German  name  of 
Belgium. 

BelgiojOSO  (bel-jo-yo'so).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Pavia,  Italj',  situated  near  the  Po 
8  miles  east  by  south  of  Pavia. 

Belgiojoso,  Princess  of  (Christina  di  Trivul- 

Zio).  Bom  at  Milan,  June  28,  1808:  died  at 
Milan,  July  5,  1871.  An  Italian  author  and 
patriot,  exiled  for  participation  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848. 

Belgique  (bel-zhek'),  La.  The  French  name 
of  Belgium. 

Belgium  (bel'ji-um,  commonly bel'.ium).  [From 
L  Belgica  ;  F.  L(i  Ji(I<jii]iie,G.  Behiieii.']  A  king- 
dom of  Em-ope,  bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the 
northwest,  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  the  Ne- 
therlands (separated  by  the  Meuse),  Prussia, 
and  Luxemburg  on  the  east,  and  France  on  the 
southwest  and  west.  It  is  divided  into  9 provinces: 
East  Flanders,  West  Flanders,  Brabant,  Antwerp,  Lim- 
burg,  Li^ge,  Luxemburg,  Kamur,  and  Hainaut.  The 
capital  is  Brussels.  The  government  is  a  hereditary  con- 
stitutional monarchy,  with  king,  senate,  and  chamber  of 
representatives.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Cath- 
olic ;  the  languages,  rtench  and  Flemish.  The  surface 
is  generally  level,  but  hilly  in  the  southeast(the. Ardennes 
rise  to  a  height  of  about  2,200  feet).  It  has  flourishing 
agriculture;  is  very  rich  in  coal  and  iron;  has  mines  of 
lead,  copper,  zinc,  calamine, manganese,  etc.;  and  has  im- 
jwrtant  manufactures  of  linen,  lace,  woolen  and  cotton 
goods,  tirearms,  gloves,  beet-sugar,  glass,  etc.  It  is  the 
most  thickly  settled  country  in  Europe.  Belgium  was  a 
part  of  the  Roman  and  Frankish  dominions,  and  was 
divided  in  the  middle  ages  into  various  counties,  duchies, 
etc.  Its  cities,  Ghent,  Bruges,  Brussels,  Antwerp,  etc., 
were  great  commercial  and  manufacturing  centers  in  the 
13th-16th  centuries.  It  formed  part  of  the  later  ducliy  of 
Burgundy;  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg;  as  the 
Spanish  Netherlands,  did  not  unite  with  the  northern 
provinces  iu  the  revolt  of  the  16th  centur>' ;  passed  to 
Austria  as  the  Austrian  Netherlands  in  1713 ;  was  con- 
quered by  France  in  1794,  and  annexed  to  France ;  and 
was  united  with  the  Netherlands  in  a  kingdom  in  1815. 
Belgium  revolted  against  Holland  in  1830:  the  resistance 
of  Holland  was  suljdued  l)y  the  aid  of  France  and  Great 
Britain  1831-33.  Liujburg  iuid  Ijusemburgi  were  divided 
between  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands  in  1839.    Belgium 


140 

has  been  the  scene  of  many  battles  and  sieges,  as  in  the 
wars  of  the  17t!i  centur.v,  the  Spanish  Succession,  the 
Austrian  Succession,  the  French  Revolution,  and  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  The  Kongo  I-^ee  state  was  mortgaged 
to  Belgium  in  1890.  The  constitution  was  reformed  in  a 
democratic  direction  in  1893.  Area,  11,373  square  miles, 
ropulation  (19U()),  6,i;i);l,«10. 

Belgorod.     See  Kielyarod. 

Belgrad  (bel-griid'),  or  Belgrade  (bel-griid'), 
Serv.  Bielgorod.  ['The  White  City.']  The 
capital  of  Servia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Save  and  Danube,  in  lat.  44°  47'  N.,  long.  20° 
25'  E.:  the  ancient  Singidunura.  It  is  a  center  of 
trade  between  Austria-Hungarj'  and  the  B.alkan  Peninsula, 
and  an  important  strategic  point.  It  belonged  at  vai'ions 
times  to  the  Roman  and  Byzantine  empires,  Avars,  Bul- 
garians, and  Servians ;  passed  to  Hungaiy  about  1433  ;  was 
taken  by  the  Turks  and  held  for  short  periods  by  Christians 
(by  Austria  1718-1739);  and  became  the  capital  of  Servia 
in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  The  citadel  was  re- 
tained by  the  Turks  (who  bunil»;u-ded  the  city  in  1862) 
until  1867.     Population  (1S91),  64,249. 

Belgrad,  Battles  of.  1.  A  victory  of  the 
Hungarians  under  Ilunyadi  over  the  Turks, 
1456. — 2.  Prince  Eugene,  who  was  besieging 
Belgi'ad,  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  a  re- 
lieving army  of  200,000  Turks,  Aug.  16,  1717. 
In  consequence,  Belgrad  suiTendered  Aug.  IS,  1717,  and 
the  peace  of  Passar<»vitz  was  concluded  July  21,  1718- 

Belgrad,  Sieges  of.  The  city  has  been  be- 
sieged at  various  times:  (n)  By  "the  Turkish  sultan 
Amurath  1442  0-  <P)  By  the  Turkish  siUtan  Mahomet 
1466.  (c)  By  the  Turkish  sultan  Soliman  II.  1521 :  cap- 
tiu-ed  and  annexed,  (d)  By  the  Imperialists  under  the 
Elector  of  Bavaria  1688 :  taken  from  the  Turks,  (e)  By 
the  Turks  1690:  taken  from  the  Imperialists.  {/)  By 
Prince  Eugene  1717:  stormed  and  tiiken.  (f/)  By  the 
Austrians  mider  Laudou  17S9  :  taken,  but  restored  to 
the  Turks  1791. 

Belgrad,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Belgrad,  Sejit.,  1739,  between  Turkey,  Austria. 
and  Russia.  Russia  renounced  naval  rights  in  the 
Black  Sea,  and  restored  to  Turkey  conquests  in  Moldavia 
and  Bessarabia ;  Austria  yielded  territory  in  Wallachia, 
Bosnia,  and  Servia,  including  Belgrad. 

Belgrano  (bel-grii'no),  Manuel.  Born  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  June  3,  1770 :  died  there,  Jime 
20,  1820.  An  Argentine  general.  Joining  the 
movement  of  independence  in  ISIO,  he  was  sent  with  a 
small  army  to  free  Paraguay,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In 
1812  he  led  an  army  against  Upper  Peru  (the  present  Bo- 
livia), defeating  the  Spaniards  at  Tucuman  (Sept.  24, 1812) 
and  Salta  (Feb.  20,  1813),  and  advancing  to  Potosl,  but 
was  defeated  at  Vilcapujio  (Oct.  1,  1813)  and  Ayouma 
(Oct.  26),  and  soon  after  was  superseded  by  San  Martin. 
He  was  restored  to  his  command  in  1815,  but  owing  to 
sickness  took  little  part  in  the  subsequent  movements. 

Belgrave  (bel'grav).  A  parish  in  Leicester- 
shire, England,  immediately  north  of  Leicester. 

Belgrave  Square.  A  square  in  Belgravia. 
London,  designed  by  George  Basevi.  it  is  6S4 
feet  long  by  637  feet  wide,  and  is  named  from  Belgrave  in 
Leicestershire,  which  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Westminster. 

Bel^avia  (IJel-gra'vi-a).  A  fashionable  district 
iu  the  West  End  of  London,  it  is  bounded  by  Hyde 
Park,  Green  Park,  Sloane  street,  and  Pimlico.  It  was  ori- 
ginally marshy  ground,  and  occupies  in  great  part  w'hat  was 
known  as  the  Ebmy  Farm.  In  1825  it  was  filled  up  with 
earth  obtained  in  excavating  St.  Katharine's  Docks,  and 
residences  were  built.  It  derives  its  name  from  Belgrave 
Square,  which,  with  Eaton  Square,  Grosvenor  Place,  etc., 
is  included  in  it. 

Belial  (be'lial).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  JBehjaU, 
ME.  Belial,  "LL.  (in  Vulgate)  Belial,  Gr.  Bf- 
'/.ia'/,  Heb.  biya'al,  used  in  the  Old  Testament 
usually  in  phrases  translated,  in  the  English 
version,  "man  of  Belial,"  "son  of  Belial,"  as 
if  Belial  were  a  proper  name  eqidv.  to  Satan  : 
hence  once  in  New  Testament  (Gr.  BeP./ap)  as 
an  appellative  of  Satan  (2  Cor.  vi.  15).  But  the 
Heb.  blija'al  is  a  common  noun,  meaning  worth- 
lessness  or  wickedness.]  The  spirit  of  evil  per- 
sonified; the  devil;  Satan:  in  Milton,  one  of  the 
fallen  angels,  distinct  from  Satan,  in  "Faust's 
Book  of  Marvels  "  (1469)  he  is  called  the  Viceroy  of  the 
Infernal  Kingdom  under  Lucifer  or  Satan. 

Belianis  (ba-le-a'ues)  of  Greece.  One  of  the 
continuations  of  the  romance  "Amadis  of 
Gaid."  It  iirst  appeared,  in  Spanish,  in  1547.  and  was 
written  by  Jeronimo  Fernandez.  In  1586  an  Italian  ver- 
sion appeared  ;  in  169S  it  was  translated  into  English, 
and  in  1025  into  French. 

Bel-Ibni  (bel-ib'ni).  [Assyr.,  '  the  god  Bel  has 
created.']  Governor  of  Babylonia  under  Asur- 
banipal,  king  of  Ass.yria  (668-626  B.  c). 

Belibus  (be'li-bus).  [Perhaps  contracted  from 
Babylonian  Bel-eptii,  Bel  has  made.]  King 
of  Babylonia,  appointed  by  Sennacherib,  king 
of  Assyria  (705-681  B.  C).  " 

Belidor  (ba-le-dor').  Bernard  Forest  de. 

Born  in  Catalonia,  1697  (1693  ?) :  died  at  Paris. 
Sept.  8.  1761.  A  noted  French  engineer.  His 
works  include  "Architecture  hydraulique"  (1737-51X 
"Le  bombardier  fran^ais  "  (1731),  "Traite  des  fortifica- 
tions "  (1735),  etc. 
Believe  as  You  List.  A  play  licensed  May  7, 
1631.  It  is  "  unquestionably  an  alteration  of  the  play  of 
Massinger's  which  Herbert  refused  to  license  for  its  dan- 
gerous matter,  the  deposing  of  Sebastian  of  Portugal  by 


Bell,  Adam 

Philip  of  Spain.  Massinger  altered  Sebastian  into  Antio- 
chus,  ."^pain  into  Rome,  etc.,  wrote  an  ironical  prologue, 
and  told  his  hearers  to  interpret  as  they  liked  '  BeUeve 
;u>  Vou  List '  "  (_Ftea>j), 

Bel  Inconnu  (bel  an-ko-nii'),  Le.  [OF.,  'The 
FairUuknown.']  One  of  tlie  secondaryromances 
of  the  Round  Table,  it  is  by  Renauld'de  Beaujeu. 
The  hero  is  a  young  knight  who  appears  before  the  Round 
Table  and,  on  being  questioned,  says  he  has  no  name,  his 
mother  having  always  called  him  Beau-fils,  whereupon 
.\rthur  commands  tltat  he  be  called  Le  Bel  Inconnu.  The 
romance  was  printed  for  the  first  time  in  Paris  in  1860. 

Belinda  (be-lin'dii).     1.  C)ne  of  the  principal 
characters  in  EtEerege's   comedy    "The  Man 
of  Mode." — 2.  A  gay,  witty,  and  sensible  girl 
iu  Vanbnigh's  comedy  "The  Provoked  Wife." 
She  loves  He;trtfree,  and  'marries  him  ostensibly  to  get 
her  aunt.  Lady  Brute,  out  of  a  scrape. 
3.  A  rich  woman  iu  Charles  Shadwell's  play 
"The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal."— 4.  An  affected 
fine  lady  in  love  with  Bellmoiu',  in  Congreve's 
comedy  "The  Old  Bachelor." — 5.  The  princi- 
pal character  in  Pope's  .serio-comic  poem  "The 
Rape  of  the  Lock."    Belinda's  curl,  stolen  by  her 
lover,  flew  to  the  skies,  and  became  a  meteor  which 
"Shot  through  liquid  air. 
And  drew  behind  a  radiant  trail  of  hair." 
Belinda  was  intended  for  Araliella  Ferraor.  and  the  inci- 
dent of  the  "  Rape  of  the  Lock  "  is  founded  on  fact^ 
6.  A  proud  but  tender-hearted  girl  iu  love  ■with 
Beverley,  in  Murphy's  play  "  All  in  the  Wrong." 

Belinda.  A  novel  by  Miss  Edgeworth,  published 
in  1801. 

B61ine  (ba-len').  The  mercenary  second  wife 
of  Argan  in  Moliere's  comedy  "Le  Malade 
Imaginaire."  she  pretends  to  love  him,  but  her 
falsehood  is  discovered  by  his  ruse  of  pretending  to  be 
dead,  when  she  biu-sts  into  exclamations  of  joy. 

Belinski.     See  Bieliuski. 

Belisaire  (ba-le-zar').  l .  A  tragedy  by  Rotrou, 
produced  in  1643. —  2.  A  political  romance  by 
Marmoutel,  published  in  1767. 

Belisario  (ba-le-sa're-6).  An  opera  by  Doni- 
zetti, in  three  acts,  produced  at  Venice  Feb.  7, 
1836,  at  London  Apiil  1,  1837,  and  at  Paris 
Oct.  24,  1843. 

Belisarius  (bel-i-sa'ri-us).  [Slav.  Beli-tzar.  i.  e. 
White  Prince.]  Born  in  Illyria,  orDardania  (?), 
about  505:  died  March  13,  565.  The  greatest 
general  of  the  Byzantine  empire.  Hewasgeneral 
of  the  eastern  armies  529-532  ;  rescued  Justinian  by  the 
suppression  of  the  "  Green  "  faction  at  Constantinople  in 
632;  overthrew  theVandal  kingdom  in  Africa  633-534;  won 
famous  victories  over  the  Goths  in  Italy  634-540;  con- 
quered Sicily  in  536,  and  southern  Italy  536-537  ;  conquered 
Ravenna  in  540 ;  conducted  the  war  against  the  Persians 
541-542  ;  again  took  command  against  the  Goths  in  Italy 
in  544  ;  was  superseded  by  Narses  in  548  ;  rescued  Constan- 
tinople from  northern  (Bulgalian)  invaders  in  569 ;  and 
was  imprisoned  a  short  time  by  Justinian  about  563.  The 
tale  that  in  old  age  he  was  blind  and  obliged  to  beg  his 
bread  from  door  to  door  is  false. 

The  exploits  of  Belisarius,  looked  at  in  themselves,  are 
enougli  to  place  him  in  the  very  first  rank  of  inilit.ary 
commanders  ;  when  we  consider  the  circumstances  under 
which  they  were  achieved,  he  may  fairly  claim  the  first 
place  of  all.  Hannibal  is  his  only  rival,  as  Heraclius  had 
no  Justuiian  to  thwart  him  at  home. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays. 

Belise  (ba-lez').  The  sister  of  Philaminte  in 
Jloliere's  comedy  "Les  Femmes  Savantes." 
She  is  gifted  with  remarkableself-appreciation.and  thinks 
every  man  is  in  love  with  her. 

Belit(be-lit').  [Babylonian, '  lady.']  One  of  the 
prominent  female  deities  of  the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  pantheon,  wife  of  Bel.  She  is  called  "lady 
of  the  nations,"  "  mother  of  the  great  gods."  As  goddess 
of  the  nether  world  her  name  is  Allat.  She  is,  however, 
sometimes  identified  with  Ishtar,  the  Ashtoreth  (.\starte) 
of  the  Canaanites,  the  goddess  of  love  and  war.  Belit  seems 
to  have  also  been  used  as  an  hononuy  title  of  any  goddess. 

Beliza  (be-le'za).  The  waiting-woman  of  Dor- 
:i  1  i  c  e  iu  Dryden's  comedy  ' '  Marriage  a  la  Mode." 

Belize.    See  Balize. 

Belkin  'bel-ken' ),  Ivan.  A  nom  de  plume  of 
Pushkin,  the  Russian  poet. 

Belknap  (bel'nap).  Jeremy.  Born  at  Boston. 
Mass.,  June  4.  1/44:  died  there,  June  20,  1798. 
An  American  historian  and  Congregational  cler- 
gyman. He  wrote  a  "  History  of  New  Hampshire  "  (1784- 
1792),  "American  Biographies  "  (1794-98),  "  The  Foresters, 
an  .\merican  Tale  "  (1796).  etc.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
M;issailiusetts  Historical  Society. 

Belknap,  William  Worth.  Born  at  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  22. 1829  :  died  at  Washington,  D.C., 
Oct.  11  (13?),  1890.  An  American  politician  and 
general.  He  served  in  the  volunteer  army  throughout 
the  Civil  War,  participating  in  the  Shiloh,  Vicksburg,  and 
Georgia  campaigns,  and  obtaining  the  rank  of  major-gen- 
eral in  1865.  He  was  collector  of  internal  revenue  in  Iowa 
1866-69,  and  Republican  secretarj'  of  war  1869-76,  resigning 
in  consequence  of  charges  of  official  corruption. 

Bell  (bel).  Acton.  Pseudonii-m  of  Anne  Bronte. 

Bell,  Adam.  An  English  outlaw,  celebrated  for 
his  skill  iu  archery,  said  to  have  lived  in  the 
time  of  Robin  Hood's  father.  About  him  nothing 
certain  is  known.  He  is  the  hero  of  several  old  ballads, 
notably  "Adam  Bell,  CljTO  of  the  Cloughe,  and  Wyllyam 


Bell,  Adam 

of  Cloudesle,"  printed  without  date  by  'William  Copland 
about  15.'i",  There  are  several  allusions  to  hiui  in  dra- 
matic literature.  Shakspere  alludes  to  him  in  '■  Much 
Ado  about  Nothing  '  and  in  "  Koineo  and  Juliet,"  and 
Davenant  in  a  poem  called  "A  Louk  \'aeatiori  in  L*'ndort." 
Ben  Jonsou  speaks  of  Clyni  o'tlie  ( 'lough  in  "The  Alulieni- 
ist."  Percy  and  Kitsou  both  adhere  mainly  to  '.'opland's 
text,  and  Child  reprints  fr<un  Kitson  with  stinie  im- 
provements. 'The  real  person  or  iiersons  of  the  name 
ai'e  thought  by  Child  to  have  no  connection  with  the  hero 
of  the  ballads. 

Bell,  Alexander   Graham.     Born   at  Eilin- 

btu-gh,  Sei)tliiiicl,  JIareh  3,  1847.  An  American 
phy.sicist,  son  of  Alexandfi-  Melvilln  Bell.  Ue 
came  to  the  I'nited  States  in  1872,  and  became  a  professor 
of  vocal  physiology  in  the  Boston  I'uiversity.  lie  tli  st  ex- 
hibited his  apparatus  for  the  transmissivui  of  sound  by 
electricity,  the  telephone,  in  1S76.  He  invented  the  photo- 
phone,  and  has  developed  his  father's  system  of  •'  Visible 
Speech." 

Bell,  Alexander  Melville.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
ISH).  A  Seottisli-Americau  educator,  inventor 
of  a  metliod  of  phonetic  notation  ealU^d  by  him 
"visible  sj)eech,"  because  the  charaotcrs  indi- 
cate by  tlieir  form  and  position  the  pliysiologioal 
formation  of  the  sounds.  He  has  written  "Visible 
Speech,"  "  Principles  of  Phonetics,"  works  on  elocution  and 
shorthand,  and  "  World  English,"  an  adaptation  of  the 
Koinan  alpliabet  to  the  phonetic  spelling  of  r.nglish. 

Bell,  Andrew.  Born  at  St.  Andrew's,  Scot  land, 
Marcli  -7.  1753:  died  at  Oheltenliam,  Enghmd, 
Jan.  27, 1832.  A  clergyman  of  the  Church  of 
England,  noted  as  the  founder  of  the  so-called 
'■  Madras  system  "  of  popular  education.  From 
1774  till  1781  "he  liveil  in  Virginia,  and  from  1787  till  179ti 
in  India,  where  as  superintendent  of  the  ibulras  Male  Or- 
phan Asylum  he  developed  his  educational  system,  in  wliiili 
thepuiiilswereledto  tea'-h  one  alio  tiiei'  ntnicr  I  In- direction 
of  a  master.  lIisoriginality"asdi>|putL-d  by . I  osi-jih Lancas- 
ter (see  Lttnc'tster)  and  the  eniitest  httween  their  systems 
assumed  (■(Uisiderald--  public  nnportaiiee.  He  wrote  "  An 
Kxperiinent  in  Education  made  in  the  Asylum  of  Madras," 

Bell,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov., 
1774:  died  at  Hallow  Park,  near  Worcester. 
April  28,  1842.  A  distinguished  British  physi- 
ologist and  anatomist,  noted  as  the  discoverer 
of  the  distinct  functions  of  the  sensoi-y  and 
motor  nerves,  lie  was  the  author  of  "Anatomy  of 
Expression  "  (I8'»i),  "Anatomy  of  the  Brain  "  (1»11),  ".lys- 
tera  of  Comp.uativc  Surgery  " (18<17),  etc. 

Bell,  Currer.  A  iiseudonym  of  Charlotte 
Bront<-. 

Bell,  Ellis.    A  pseudonym  of  Emily  Bronte. 

Bell,  George  Joseph.  Born  at  Fountain  Bridge, 
near  Edinlmrgli.  March  20,  1770:  died  1843.  A 
Scoteli  advocate,  brother  of  Charles  Bell.  Ho 
published  various  works  on  the  laws  of  Scot- 
laud. 

Bell,  Henry.  Born  at  Torphichen  Mill,  near 
liiiiiithgow,  Scotland,  1767:  died  at  Helens- 
burgh, Scotland,  1830.  A  Scotch  engineer.  He 
is  famous  as  the  builder  of  the  steamship  Comet  which 
began  to  ply  on  the  Clyde  .Ian.,  181'-',  and  thus  a.s  the 
originator  of  steam  navigation  in  Europe.  It  has  been 
asserted  that  t'ulton  derived  his  ideas  of  steam  navigation 
from  Bell. 

Bell,  Henry  H.  Born  in  North  Carolina  jibout 
IsiW:  drowned  in  the  Osaka  Kiver,  .Japan,  .Tan. 
11,  18G8.  -Vn  American  rear-admiral.  He  became 
fleet-captain  to  KaiTagut  in  18(i'i,  commanded  a  division  of 
the  lleet  in  the  attack  on  the  defenses  of  New  Orleans,  .\pril 
18- '-'■'> ;  hauled  down,  in  the  midst  of  an  angry  mob,  ttie 
State  Hag  from  the  I'nited  States  custom-house  on  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  city  :  commanded  the  Western  ilulf  Block- 
ading Sipiadron  for  a  time  in  18t;3  ;  and  obtained  the  rank 
o(  rear-admiral  in  1«1>;. 

Bell,  Sir  Isaac  Lowthian.  Born  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  Enghmd,  1810.  An  English  manu- 
facturer and  politician,  lie  founded,  with  his  bro- 
thera  Thomas  and  John  Bell,  the  Clarence  Iron  \\'<uk8  on 
the  Tees  in  1852,  anil  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Hartle- 
pool 1875-80.  Author  of  "The  chemical  Phenomena  of 
iron  Smelling  "(1872),  and  "  Report  on  the  Iron  -Manu- 
facture of  the  I'nited  states,  and  a  Comparison  of  it  with 
that  of  llreat  Britiiu  '•  (1877). 

Bell,  James.  Born  Iki;,-).  a  British  ihemist. 
He  became  principal  of  tlio  Somerset  House  Laboratory, 
Inland  Uevenue  Department,  in  1875,  and  is  the  author  of 
"rlicmintry  of  Foods"  (1881-8:)). 

Bell,  John.  Boru  at  .\nlermony,  Scotland,  1C91 : 
died  theiT,  .July  1,  1780.  A  Scotch  tr.'iveler  in 
European  and  .\siiitic  Kussia,  China,  niiil  Tur- 
kcv.     His  "Travels"  were  puhlisliod  iu  I70:i. 

Bell,  John.  Born  iit  lOdlnlmrgh.  May  12.  1703: 
died  al  Koine,  April  1:'),  1820.  A  Scotch  surgeon 
niol  aiKiloniisl.  brother  of  Charles  Bell. 

Bell,  John.  Bom  ISll:  died  in  March.  1895. 
All  Kliijiish  sculptor.  nis  works  Include  '■  Eagle 
Slayer,  "  "Andromeda,'  "(iuards'  Memorlar'(at  Waterloo 
Place,  London),  "United  Slates  dlrc>  ting  the  ITogress  of 
America  "  (loiiy  at  Washington),  etc. 

Bell,  John.  Horn  near  N;ishville,  Tenii.,  Feb. 
b"),  17117:  diedat(!nmberlaiid  Iron  Works, Ten n,, 
Sept.  10,  IKOi).  A  noted  Americnii  |iolilicinn. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee  1827-41, 
speaker  I8:)4-3.'.,  Whig  secretary  of  war  1811,  I'nited 
States  senator  18t7-.MI,  and  candidate  of  the  Constlln. 
tlonal  I  nliui  Party  for  lYesldent  in  18«0.  He  recelvcil 
30  electoral  and  589,581  popular  votes. 


141 

Bell,  Peter.     See  Peter  Hell. 

Bell,  Robert.  Born  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Jan.  16, 
l-SUO:  died  at  London,  Apiil  12,  1867.  A  Brit- 
ish journalist,  compiler,  and  general  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  an  "Annotated  Edition  of  the 
British  Poets"  (1854-57). 

Bell,  Samuel.  Born  at  Londonderry,  N.  H., 
Feb.  y,  1770:  died  at  Chester,  N.  H.,  Dec.  23. 
1850.  An  American  politician,  governor  of  New 
Hami>shire  1819-23,  and  Uuitetl  States  senator 
lS23-3.'i. 

Bell,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Poole,  Dorsetshire, 
England,  (Jet.  11, 1792 :  died  at  Selborne,  Hants, 
March  13, 1880.  An  English  dental  surgeon  and 
zoologist.  He  was  professor  of  zoology  in  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  lSa«>-se ;  a  secretary  of  the  Royal  Society 
1&4&-53 :  president  of  the  Liunean  Society  1853-(il :  and 
Iiiesident  of  the  Hay  Society  i.s4:i-59.  His  works  include 
a  "Monograph  of  Testudinata"  (I8:)2-3(l),  "  Ilislory  of 
British l)uadrupeils  (1837),  "History of  British  Reptiles  ' 
(1839),  and  "History  of  British  Stalk-Eyed  Crustacea" 
(18.'>3),  an  edition  of  the  "Natural  History  of  Selborne" 
(1877),  etc. 

Bell  Bock,  -or  Inchcape  Bock.    A  rock  in  the 

Xortli  Sea  otTllie  Firth  of  Tav,  Scotland,  in  hit. 
50'^  L'O'  N.,  long.  2°  23'  W. 

Bell,  The.  A  noted  old  inn  in  Warwick  Lane, 
London.  Archbishop  Leighton  died  suddenlv 
here  in  1084. 

Bell,  The.  A  noted  inn  at  Edmonton,  not  far 
from  London.  It  was  to  this  spot  that  John 
(iilpin  pursued  his  mad  career  in  Cowper's 
b;illad. 

Bella  (bel'lii),  Stefano  della.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence. May  18,  Kill):  died  there,  July  12,  1664. 
An  Italian  engraver.  Uc  was  commissioned  by  Car- 
dinal Richelieu  to  execute  designs  of  and  engrave  the 
principal  mi!itai"y  events  of  the  minority  of  Louis  XIII. 
His  works  number  more  than  fourteen  hundred  jiieces. 

Bella.  A  town  iu  the  province  of  Potenza, 
Italy,  IS  miles  northwest  of  Potenza.  Popu- 
lation, 11  bout  5,000. 

Bella  Wilfer.     See  (CiV/rr,  licUn. 

Bellac  (be-lak').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ilaute-Vienne,  France,  situated  on  tlie'V'ineou 
23  miles  northwest  of  Limoges.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,903. 

Bellacoola.    Sec  mii/uid. 

Bellafront  (bel',;i-fruiil ).  1.  The  principal  fe- 
male chai'acter  in  .Middleton  and  Dekker's 
"  Honest  Whore."  she  gives  its  name  t«  the  play, 
but  turns  out  a  true  penitent,  resisting  the  temptations 
of  Hippolito,  who  at  lirst  reehiimed  her  from  vice.  She 
is  a  true  wife  to  an  uiisatisfact<uy  husband,  ^latlieo. 
2.  Tlie  false  mistress  in  N.  Field's  comedy  of 
that  name. 

Bellaggio  (bel-lii'j6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Coino.  Italy,  situated  at  the  separation  of 
the  Lake  of  Coino  into  two  arms,  15  miles  north- 
east of  Como.     Piyjulatiou,  about  3,000. 

Bellair  (bel-ar'),  Count.  A  character  in  Far- 
(pdiar's  "Beau.x' Stratagem,"  a  French  officer, 
a  prisoner  at  Ijichfield.  This  part  was  cut  out  by 
the  author  after  the  first  night's  representation,  and  the 
words  added  to  the  part  of  I'oigard. 

Bellair,  Old.  An  amorous  old  man  who  ima- 
gines he  clisguises  his  love  for  women,  in  Ether- 
edge's  comedv  "The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fop- 
ling  Flutter." 

Bellair,  Young.  The  son  of  Old  Bellair,  a  well- 
Ill  cmI.  polite  yi>iitli  of  the  period  :  a  character  in 
which  Etheredge  is  said  to  have  drawn  his  own 
]iorlrait. 

Bellaire  (bel-ar').  A  manufacturing  city  in 
Belmont  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
Hiver  5  miles  south  of  Wheeling.  Population 
(1900),  !).9:2. 

Bellamira  dnl  lii-me'rii),  her  Dream,  or  the 

Love  of  Shado'WS.  .V  tragiciuiiedy  in  two 
parts  by  Thomas  Killigrew.  It  is  in  the  folio 
edition  of  his  works  iiiiblished  in  1004. 

Bellamira,  or  The  Mistress._  A  comedy  by 

Clnirlcs  SimIIi-v,  iiroduccil  in  Ui7S.  This  play  was 
partly  foinnbd  on  the  "  llnnnclins  "  of  Terence,  anil  in  It 
Sedley  exhitutcd  tin-  frailty  of  Lady  Custleinahic  and  the 
audacity  of  ChnichiU. 

Bellamont,  Earl  of.    See  Cootr,  Uiclmrd. 

Bellamy  i  iid'a-mi).  1.  The  lover  of  Jaeintlia 
in  lloadly's"Suspicio\is  lliisbainl." — 2.  IiiDi'y- 
don's  iday  "An  Evening's  Love,  or  the  Mock 
Astrologer,''  a  young  lively  galliinl,  a  frii'iid  of 
Wildblood.  Ho  disguises  himsidf  as  an  astrol- 
oger, and  (fives  the  si'cond  name  to  the  pliiv. 

Bellamy,  Edward.    Morn  l.><50:  died  1S98.    .\n 

.•Vinerican  economist  and  journallHl,  the  li'iiding 
advocate  of  "nationalism."      He  has  written 
"LookingBaekward"(1888),"  Equality  "(1897), 
etc. 
Bellamy,  George  Anne.    Bom  nt  Pingal,  in 

Irclnii.l.  in  1731  (.'):  died  at  London  ( f  I,  Feb. 
10,  1788.    An  Irish-English  actress,    she  wan  the 


Belle  Hel^ne,  La 

dangbter  of  a  Mrs.  Bellamy  and  Lord  TjTawley,  who  ac. 
knowledged  her  and  sujijiorled  her.  She  flrst  appeared 
on  the  stage  (Nov.  22. 1744)  as  Moiiimia  in  "The  Orphan, 
and  she  rose  rapidly  in  her  profession,  but  never  reached 
the  tll-st  rank.  In  1785  her  "Apology"  was  brought  out 
in  five  volumes,  t-.  which  a  sixth  was  added.  Alexander 
llickiiell  is  believed  to  have  written  it  from  her  material. 
The  name  George  Anne  was  given  her,  in  mistake  for 
iieorgiana  a]iparently,  iu  her  certificate  of  birth. 

Bellamy  (D.  prou.  bel'ii-mi),  Jacobus.  Born 
at  Flushing,  Holland,  Nov.  12, 1757:  died  .March 
11,  1786.  A  Dutch  poet.  He  wrote  patriotic  and 
anacreontic  iioenis,  and  la  the  author  of  the  jiopular  bal- 
lad "Itoosje." 

Bellamy  (bel'a-mi),  Joseph.  Born  at  North 
Cheshire,  Colin..  1719:  died  at  Bethlehem, 
Conn.,  March  6,  1790.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  theologian,  author  of 
"True  Keligion  Delineated"  (1750),  etc. 

Bellamy,  Lord.  A  character  in  Thomas  Shad- 
well's  comedy  "Bury-Fair." 

Bellano  (bel-iil'no).  A  town  in  northern  Italy. 
situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Lake  of 
Ciinio.  18  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Bellaria  (bel-Ui'ri-a).  The  wife  of  Pandosto  in 
tireeiie's  "Pandosto,  or  the  Triumph  of  Time." 
She  is  the  original  of  Hermione  in  Shakspere'a 
"Winter's  Tale." 

Bellario  (bel-lii'ri-6).  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  play  "Philaster,"  a  page.  She  is  Eu- 
phrasia in  disguise,  who  fidlows  the  fortunes  of  Philaster 
with  nimantic  tenderness  and  Ildelity.  It  is  a  character 
which  suggests  Shakspere 's  Viola. 

Bellario,  Doctor.  The  erudite  lawyer  of  Padua, 
as  whose  substitute  Portia  appears  in  the  trial 
scene  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of  Venice." 

Bellarmine  (bel-lUr-men').  An  impertinent 
line  gentleman  in  Fielding's  "Joseph  An- 
drews." the  mercenary  lover  of  Leonora. 

Bellarmine  (bel'ar-miu).  A  drinking-jugwith 
the  face  of  Cardinal  Bellarmino  on  it,  and  the 
.shape  of  which  was  supjiosed  to  resemble  him : 
originated  by  the  Protestants  of  Holland  to 
ridicule  him. 

Bellarmino   (bel-liir-me'no),  E.   Bellarmine 

(bel'ar-miu),  Roberto.  Born  at  Montepul- 
eiano,  Tuscany,  Oct.  4,  1542:  died  at  Kome, 
Sept.  17,  1621.  A  noted  Italian  cardinal,  and 
Jesuit  theologian  and  controversialist.  He  was 
profes.sor  in  Louvain  and  in  the  Roman  College,  and  arcll- 
bislioj)  of  Capua.  His  works  include  "  Disputationes  do 
Controversiis,  tldei,  etc."  (15sl),  "Tractatus  de  potestatc 
sunimi  pontitleis  in  rebus  temporalibus"  {"On  the  Pope's 
Temporal  Sovereignty"),  "cTiristiamc  doctrinro  applica. 
tio"(l(l<«). 

Bellary.     See  Ballnre. 

Bellaston  ibel'as-ton).  Lady.  A  fashionable 
deiiiire|i  iu  Fielding's  "Tom  .Jones,"  a  sensual, 
incilligate,  and  imperious  woman. 

BellatriX  (bel'a-triks).  [L..  the  '  warrioress.'] 
A  very  white  glittering  star  of  the  second  mag- 
nitude, in  the  left  shoulder  of  Orion.  It  is  )• 
( Irionis. 

Bellay,  Guillaume  du.  See  Lauyey,  Sci- 
i/ii'  iir  (If. 

Bellay  (be-la'),  Jean  du.  Born  1492:  died  at 
lionii',  Feb.  10,  l.-iOll.  .\  French  cardinal  and 
diplomatist,  brother  of  Guillaume  du   Bellay. 


iislmp  ol 
!Ud  of  let 


tiers,  and 


He  became  bishop  of  Ilayonne  in  152(1.  bishoji  of  Paris  iti 
1533,  and  cardinal  In  1."'35.     He  was 
is  noted  as  the  patron  of  Kabelnis. 

Bellay,  Joachim  du.  Born  at  the  Chateau  do 
Lire,  near  Angers,  about  1524:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  1,  1,500.  A  French  poel  and  )irose-writer, 
surnamed  "the  Fi'ench  Ovid,"  and  "I'rinei'  of 
the  Sonnet,"  one  of  the  most  noted  members 
of  the  famous,"  Plif'iade."  Ho  was  a  cousin  of  Car- 
ilinal  du  Bellay,  and  for  a  time  served  as  bis  secretary. 
He  wroti'  "L'olive  "(sonnets  to  bis  mist  rei^s.  Mademoiselle 
de  Viide,  of  whose  name  "Olive  "  is  an  iinagramX  47  soiiiiels 
upon  the  antiiiuities  of  Rome  (15.'>8X  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Spenser  as  "'I  he  Ruins  of  R<Hiie"(lnlI),  "  Regrets" 
(sonnets),  "  Iltscoiirs  lie  la  Poesie,"  "l>t'-feiise  et  illustra- 
tton  de  la  laiigtio  l''nun,'oise "  (a  notable  work  in  prose), 
etc.  The  "  N'Islons"  of  Bellay  are  8onnet£  translated  and 
ailaptcd  by  Spenser. 

Belle  (bei),  Jean  Franpois  Joseph  de.    Born 

at  Voreppe,  Isere,  I'ranci',  .May  27,  1707:  died 
.lune.  181)1'.  .\  I'rench  general.  He  served  iu  tho 
Italian  campaign  of  179!),  and  siibse<)Uently  under  I.c 
CIrrc  in  Santt*  liinningo,  where  he  fell  in  battle. 

Belle  Dame  Sans  Merci,  La.     |F..  -the  fair 

lady  willioul   mercy. 'J     1.   .\   Flench  poem  by 
.Main  Cliartier.     It  wastninslateil  Into  English  by  Sir 
KIcbard  Ros.  and  not  bv  chaiiciT,  though  the  translation 
has  hcen  attributed  to  him. 
2.    .\  poem  by  Keats. 

Belle  Fourche  (bel  forsh).  [F,,'nice  fork.'] 
A  name  given  lo  the  N'orlli  Fork  of  the  Chey- 
enne Hiver  in  Wyoming  and  South  Dakota. 

Belle  H616ne   (bel  n-lau').   La.     An   opera 

In.iilTe.  words  by  Meilhnc  and  Hali''vy,  music 
by  OlTeubach,  produced  in  1804. 


Belle  Jardiniere,  La 


142 


Bellius 


Belle  Jardiniere  (bel  zhar-cien-yar'),  La.  [F., 
'  the  prett V  gardener.']  A  Madonna  and  vhild 
with  St.  John,  by  Raphael  (1507),  in  his  early 
manner,  in  the  Lou\Te,  Paris.  A  fair-haired  Ma- 
donna is  seated  amid  a  beautiful  conveutioniUized  laud- 
scape,  and  the  children  stand  and  kneel  at  her  knee.  It 
is  familiar  in  reproductions,  aud  is  one  of  Raphael's  most 

■  n,o  Belleme  (bel-am'; 

pretty   niilkniaid.']      A   painting 


French  army  in  Italy  in  1746,  and  was  minister  of  war 
from  1757  to  his  death, 
pleasing  works."      „    ,  ,   ^     ..  ,,    _  ri7>      in      Belleme  (bel-am'j.     A  small  town  in  the  de- 

Belle  Laltiere  (bel  let-yar  ),. La.      [*.,     the         .jj^^^j  ^f  Ome,  France,  22  mUes  east  of 
A  painting  bv  \\  ouver-    ^-  '  ' 


1761.     A  French  marshal   and   politician.   He  Bellevue  (bel-vii')     A  village  in  Sandusky  and 

shared  with  Broglie  the  command  of  the  French  forces  in  H  uron  counties,  Ohio,  14  miles  south-southwest 

the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  and  captured  Prague  j,j-  Sanduskv.      Population  (1900),  4,101. 

Nov.  2B,  1741,  but  was  forced  by  tlie  treaty  of  peace  be-  _    ,,  ._"        -j.    i       «  i  •..   i     ■•-      .    i     i.  i.i- 

tween  Austria  and  Prussia  at  Breslau  to  retreat  to  Eger,  BelleVUe  Hospital.    A  hospital  situated  at  the 

Dec.  17,  1742.    He  became  commander-incliief   of   the  foot  of  East  26th  street  in  New  York.     It  ac- 


man,- in' the  National  ±}}^p--±f(l'^Z\    The  B^llendTen  (bel'en-den),  or  Ballenden  (bal'en- 


nomposition  is  strong,  the  figures  standing  out  dark 
a-ainsi  the  bright  landscape,  and  the  coloring  delicate. 

Belle  Mignonne.La.  [F.,' the  pretty  darling.'] 
A  name  siven  in  France  in  the  18th  century  to  a 
skull  illuminated  with  tapers  and  highly  dec- 
orated, which  was  an  accepted  fm'nishiug  of  a 
devout  ladv's  boudoir.  The  queen  was  said  to  pray 
before  the  skiill  of  Xinon  de  L'Enclos.    Lecky. 

Belle  Plaine  (bel  plan).  A  city  in  Benton 
Countv,  Iowa,  42  miles  northwest  of  Iowa  City. 
Population  (1900).  3.283 


ommodates  about  1,200  patients. 
Belley  (bel-la').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  France,  40  miles  east  of  Lyons.  It  con- 
tains a  cathedral  and  has  Roman  antiquities.  There  are 
noted  cascades  and  quaiTies  of  lithographic  stones  in 
its  vicinity.  Population  (1891),  commune,  0,295. 
dTiO."  oi"Balient3me   (baPen-thiT."  Born  at  Bellfounder  (bel'foun-der).  A  Norfolk  trotting 


Haddington,  in  Berwick,  about  the  beginuin 
of  the  16th  century:  died  at  Rome,  15.50 
according  to  some,  and  as  late  as  1587  accord- 
ing to  others.  A  Scottish  poet  and  prose- 
writer,  chiefly  known  as  the  translator  of 
Hector  Boeee's  "Historia  Scotorum"  (trans. 
1533). 
Bellenden,  Edith.  The  heiress  of  Tillietudlem 
in  ^ir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "Old  Mortality." 


Belie-Alliance(bel  al-yons'), La.  Afannabout  Bellenden,  William.      Died   probably   about 
13  miles  from  Brussels,  between  Waterloo  aud     Kia;).     A  Scotch  classical  scholar. 
Genappe,  in  Belgium.    It  was  occupied  by  the  center  Bellenz    (bel'lents).       The   German   name    of 
of  the  French  infantry  at  the  battle  of  Waterl.io  (.Tune  IS,      Bellinzona. 

1815),  Napoleon  himself  being  stationed  in  the  vicinity.   i;y  -RonprinaTiTi  (■bel'ler-mant    Fprdinand      Born 
this  name  the  Prussians  designate  the  battle  ..1  Waterloo,   ''^f  i?^°*?;°?r„\'tl,  \I  ?81d-' Hip.l   ,t  R^H^n    An" 

B3lleau  (bel-16'),  Remy.  Born  at  Nogent-le-  •'  Ertiirt,  March  14,  1814.  died  at  Beibn  Aug. 
ilotrou,  Maine,  France,  1528  :  died  at  Paris,  ^'  1^89  A  German  landscape-painter.  He  was 
i^viiv^w,        tiiijv,  ,  ,      employed  by  A.  von  Humboldt  in  \  en^zuela  1842-40. 


marquis 

whose  tutor  he  was.  He  wrote  "Petites  Inventions" 
(short  descriptive  poems),  "Bergeries"  (1566;  a  mixture 
of  prose  and  poetry),  "  Amours  et  Nouveaux  eschanges 
de  pieiTes  precieuses"  (1576).  and  various  translations. 

Bellefontaine  (bel'fon'tan).  The  capital  of 
Logan  County.  Ohio,  52  miles  northwest  of 
Columbus.     Population  (1900),  6,649. 

Bellefontaine  (bel-fon-tan').  Benedict.  In 
Longfellow's  poem  "Evangeline,''  a  wealthy 
farmer  of  Grand  Pre,  the  father  of  Evangeline, 


king  of  Corinth  (or,  in  some  accounts,  of 
Poseidon),  and  grandson  of  Sisvphus.  He  was 
the  rider  of  Pegasus,  the  slayer  of  the  monster  Chima^ra, 
and  conqueror  of  the  Solymi  and  Amazons.  His  exploits 
gained  for  him  the  daughter  and  one  half  the  kingdom  of 
lobates.  king  of  Lycia ;  but  he  later  fell  under  the  dis- 
pleasure of  the  gods.  According  to  Pindar  his  pride 
so  increased  with  his  good  fortune  that  he  attempted  to 
mount  to  heaven  on  Pegasus;  but  Zeus  maddened  the 
horse  with  a  gadfly,  and  Bellerophon  fell  and  perished. 
He  was  worshiped  as  a  hero  at  Corinth. 


He  died  of  a  broken  heart  when  starting  on  his  e.xile,  and  Bellerophon.      1.  A  British  line-of-battle  ship 


was  buried  on  the  seashore. 

Bellefonte  (bel-fonf).  The  capital  of  Centre 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Spring 
Creek"  in  lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  77°  49'  W. 
Population  (1900),  4,216. 

Bellegarde.  A  fortress  on  the  Spanish  fron- 
tier, in  the  department  of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales, 
France,  18  miles  south  of  Pei-pignan  on  the 
Col  de  Pertuis. 

Bellegarde.  A  small  town  in  the  department 
of  Gard,  France,  10  miles  southeast  of  Nimes. 

Bellegarde.  A  small  town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 


of  74  guns  and  1,613  tons.    She  served  in  theChannel 
squadron  of  1793  and 
the  .Nile,  Aug.  1,  179" 
falgai',  Oct.  21,  1805. 

2.  One  of  the  first  armored  war-ships,  built  ac- 
cording to  the  designs  of  Sir  E.  Keed,  chief 
constructor  of  the  British  navy,  and  launched 
in  1866.  Length,  300  feet ;  breadth,  .56  feet ; 
di'aught,  26.7  feet,  she  has  an  armored  belt  at  the 
water-line  10  feet  wide,  and  a  high-decked  central  citadel 
with  armored  bulkheads  at  each  end,  mounting  ten  12-ton 
guns.  She  has  two  6i-ton  guns  behind  annor  in  the  bows, 
and  one  6A-ton  gun  behind  armor  in  the  stern.  The  armor 
is  6  inches  of  iron  on  16  inches  of  wood  backing. 


horse  liroughtto  New  York  about  1831.  Through 
his  daughter,  the  Charles  Kent  mare,  he  bec.ime  the  grand- 
sire  of  Hambletonian  (Id),  and  transmitted  to  him  and  his 
descendants  the  partially  developed  trotting  tendency  and 
action.  He  was  a  brown  horse  15i  hands  high.  He  trotted 
a  mile  in  three  minutes,  and  17  miles  in  an  hour. 

Belliard  (bel-yiir').  Count  Augnstin  Daniel. 

Born  at  Fontenay-le-Comte.  Vendee.  France, 
March  25,  1769:  died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  28,  1832. 
A  French  lieutenant-general,  distinguished  in 
the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  particularly  at  Bo- 
rodino, 1812.  He  took  part  in  the  Egyptian  campaign, 
and,  as  governor  of  Cairo,  surrendered  that  place  to  the 
English  June  27,  1801. 
Bellicent  (bel'i-sent).  The  half-sister  of  King 
Aithur,  in  the  Arthurian  romances.  Tennyson 
alters  her  story  somewhat  in  "Gareth  and 
Lvnette." 

(bel-lan'),  Jacques  Nicolas.  Born  at 
'703:  died  at  Versailles,  March  21,  1772. 
h  geographer  and  chart  ographer.  He  was 
officially  charged  with  the  prepju-atioii  of  maps  of  the 
coasts  of  the  known  seas.  His  work  appeared  in  the  "Nep- 
tune Fran<;ais  "  (1753  ;  the  French  coastsX  ''Hydrographie 
franyaise  "  (1756;  maps  of  all  known  coasts),  "Petit  Atlas 
.Maritime."  "  Memoires  snr  les  cartes  des  cotes  de  I'Am^- 
riqiie  septentrionale"  (1755),  "Essais  geographiques  sur 
les  lies  Britanniques  "  (1763),  and  similar  works  on  Guiana, 
the  Antilles,  Santo  Domingo,  etc. 

Belling  (bel'ling),  Wilhelm  Sebastian  von. 
Born  at  Paulsdorf,  East  Prussia,  Feb.  15,  1719: 
died  at  Stolp,  Pomerania,  Nov.  '28.  1779.  A 
Prussian  cavalry  general,  distinguished  in  the 
Seven  Y'ears'  War. 


Valsei-ine  and 'Rhone,  16  miles  southwest  of  Bellerophon.     An  opera  by  Thomas  Corneille 


Geneva,  near  the  famous  Perte  du  Rhone. 
Bellegarde  (bel-gard'),  Gabriel  du  Bac  de. 

Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Bellegarde,  diocese 
of  Carcassonne,  Oct.  17. 1717:  died  at  Utrecht, 
Dec.  13,  1789.  A  French  Jansenist  theologian. 
Bellegarde,  Henri,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Dresden , 
Aug.  29, 1756:  died  at  Vienna,  July  22, 1845.  An 
Austrian  general.  He  served  in  the  campaigns  of 
1793-95;  concluded  with  Napoleon  the  armistice  of  Leo- 
ben.  April  18, 1797  ;  was  comniander-in-cliief  in  the  Vene- 
tian states  in  1805 ;  and  was  made  field-m:u-sh:U  and  gov- 
ernor of  Galicia  in  1S06. 

Bellegarde,    Jean    Baptiste    Morvan    de. 

Born  at  Piriac,  near  Nantes,  Aug.  30,  1648  : 
died  at  Paris,  April  26,  1734.  A  French  man 
of  letters  and  member  of  the  community  of 
priests  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales.  To  him  is  at- 
tributed the  authorship  of  the  "  Histoire  rmiver- 
selle  des  voyages"  (1707). 
Belle-ile-  (or  Belle-Isle-)  en-Mer  (bel-el'- 
oh-mar').     [F.,  'fair  island  in  the  sea.'    The 


jnd  1794,  was  disabled  at  the  battle  of  Bellingham    (bel'ing-am),  Richard.     Born  in 
798,  and  fought  in  the  battle  of  Tra-     ^^^^^^^^^  ^^q.\  (,).  ^jf^'j  ^^  Massachusetts,  Dec. 

7,  1672.  A  colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
He  emigrated  to  America  in  1634,  and  was  governor  of 
Massachusetts  Colony  in  1641, 1664,  and  1665-72.  In  1641  he 
contracted  a  second  marriage,  performing  the  maiTiage 
ceremony  himself,  without  proclamation  of  baiuis.  lie 
was  presented  by  the  great  inquest  for  breach  of  the  order 
of  court ;  but,  as  he  refused  to  vacate  the  bench,  the  other 
magistrates  were  at  a  loss  how  to  proceed,  and  he  escaped 
censure. 
Bellini  (bel-le'ne).  Gentile.  Born  about  1427: 
lUed  Feb.  22,  1507.  A  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  son  of  Jacopo  Bellini. 
Fontenelle,  and  Boileau,  the  music  by  Lidli,  Bellini,  Gio'vanni.     Born  after  1427 :  died  Nov. 


29,  1516.  A  noted  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  son  of  Jacopo  Bellini.  His  works  are  in 
all  the  principal  art  galleries,  .^mong  his  scholars  were 
Titian  and  Giorgione.  His  portrait,  by  himself,  in  the 
Capitol,  Rome,  ranks  among  the  great  portraits,  and  is  a 
fine  example  of  the  Venetian  school,  older  than  the  por. 
trait  in  the  rffizi. 

gate  Hill,  its  inn  yard  was  one  of  those  used  in  the  16th  Bellini,  JaCOpO  or  Giacomo.     Died  about  14(54. 
entury  as  a  theater  and  for  bear-baiting  and  other  spec-       •^^^  Italitin  painter. 


produced  in  1679. 

Bellerus  (be-le'rus).  A  Cornish  giant  in  old 
English  legend.  Bellerium  was  the  name  given 
to  the  Land's  End.  supposed  to  be  his  home. 

Bell  Savage,  or  Belle  Sauvage.  A  noted 
London  tavern  which  formerly  stood  on  Lud- 


tacles.     A  printing-house  now  occupies  the  site. 

Belle's  Stratagem,  The.    A  comedy  by  Mrs. 

Cowley,  produced  in  1780.     It  is  still  played. 

See  Hardy,  Lsetitia. 
Belleval  (bei-val'),  Pierre  Richer  de.    Bom 

at  Chalons-sur-Marne,  1558  :  died  at  Montpel 


Bellini,  Lorenzo.  Boi-n  at  Florence,  Sept.  3, 
1643 :  died  Jan.  8,  1704.  A  distinguished 
Italian  physician  and  anatomist,  professor  of 
philosophy  and  afterward  of  anatomy  at  Pisa. 
His  collec"ted  works  were  published  in  1708. 

Born   at  Catania,  Sicilv, 


Uer,  1623  (1625?).     A  French   phvsiciau  and  Bellini,  Vincenzo.  o     ■     e     ,   oo   ^&^,x 

'  -  '  -  ■  Nov.  3,  1802:  died  near  Pans,  Sept.  23,  183o. 

A  famous  Italian  operatic  composer.    His  works 
include  "Bianca  e  Fernando"  (1826),  "11  Pirata"  (1827). 


botanist,  the  inventor  of  an  unsuccessful  sys- 
tem of  Greek  botanical  nomenclatm'e.  The 
genus  Richeria  was  named  for  him  by  Villars. 
Belleville  (bel-vel').  [F., -fair  city.']  A  north- 
eastern subui'b  of  Paris. 


La  Straniera  ■■  (1829),  "Zaira"  (1S29).  "I  Capuletti  cd  i 
Montecchi"  (1830),   "La  Sonnambula"  (1831),  "Norma" 
_  _  (1831),  "Beatrice  diTenda"  (1833),  "I  Puiitani"  (1836). 

Breton  name  is  Gu(rveur.'\     An  island  in  the  Beilevilie.     A    town    in   the    department    of  Bellinzona   (bel-lin-zo'nii),  G.  Bellenz  (bel'- 
"        " ""'  '"'        ■~--^'  ''  -   '       -^        '    ••  -•  -        -  •        "     ■■         -  ffjjg  capital  of  the  canton  of  Tic' 


Bay  of  Biscay,  belonging  to  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  8  miles  south  of  Quiberon. 
Capital,  Le  Palais.  It  was  taken  bythe  British  under 
Iveppel  in  1761,  and  restored  to  France  in  1763.  It  was 
a  political  prison  1849-57.    Length,  11  miles.    Population, 

:lbout  11,000. 

Belle-Isle  (bel'il').  A  small  island  in  Concep- 
tion Bay,  Ne-n-fonndland. 

Belle-Isle,  North.  An  island  at  the  eastei-n 
entrance  of  the  Sti'ait  of  Belle-Isle,  lat.  52°  N., 
long.  55°  25'  W.     It  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

Belle-Isle,  South.  An  island  situated  north- 
east of  Newfomidland,  lat.  51°  N.,  long.  55° 
35'  W.    Length,  8  miles. 

Belle-Isle,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage  sepa- 
rating Newfoundland  from  Labrador,  and  con- 
necting the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.     Width,  12-20  miles 


Rhone,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Rhone  26  miles 
north  of  Lyons.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2,892. 
BelleTnille  (bel'vil).  A  port  of  entry,  capital 
of  Hastings  County,  Ontario.  Canada,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  Lake  Ontario,  in  lat. 


lents).      The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Ticino 
Switzerland,   situated   on   the   Ticino  in  lat. 
46°  11'  N.,  long.  9°  1'   E.     it  occupies  an  important 
position  on  the  St.  Gotthard  route  near  the  commence- 
ment of  the  San  Bernardino  route.     It  is  commanded  by 
three  castles,  and  was  once  strongly  fortified.    Popula- 
tion, about  3,000. 
44°  10'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  W.     It  is  the  seat  of  Bellisant  (hel'i-sant).,   1.  The  mother  of  Val- 
Albert  University.     Population  (1901 ),  9, 1 1 1 .        entine  aud  Orson,     she  was  banished  by  her  husband 
Belleville.     The  capital  of    St.   Clair  County,      Alexander,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  for  supposed  in- 
lUinois,  15  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis.    Popu-     fidelity,  and  her  sons  were  born  in  a  wild  forest, 
lation  (1900),  17,484.  2.  One  of  the  principal  female  characters  in 

Bellevue  (bel'-vU').     [F.. 'beautiful  view.']     A    Massinger's  "  The  Parliament  of  Love." 
noted  castle  near  Cassel  in  Germany,    it  contains  BelliUS    (bel'i-us),    Martinus.      The  pseudo- 
a  flue  picture-gallety :  among  its  chefs-d'oeinTe  are^peci-     nym  under  which  was  published  a  book  en 


mens  of  Holbein,  Rembrandt,  Vandyck,  Kubens,  Diirer, 
Teniers,  Wouverman,  Titian,  Guido  Reni,  Carlo  Dolce, 
Slurillo,  and  many  others.  Most  of  these  were  not  ac- 
cessible to  the  general  public  till  1866. 


Belle-Isle  (bel-el'),  Charles  Louis  Auguste  Belle'VTie.    A  former  royal  castle,  southwest  of 

Fouquet,  Duke    of.      Born    at    Viilefratiche.     Paris,  near  Sevres,  built  by  Madame  de  Pompa- 
Arveyron,  France,  Sept.  22, 1684:  died  Jau.  26,     dom',  and  destroyed  in  the  French  Revolution. 


titled  "De  htereticis,  an  sint  persequendi, 
etc.,"  in  "Magdeburg"  (false  for  Basel),  in 
1554.  It  was  published  soon  after  Calvin's  defense  of 
the  execution  of  Servetus,  and  was  a  plea  for  religious 
toleration.  The  authorship  was  ascribed  to  Castellio, 
who  in  fact  wrote  a  part  of  the  book  under  the  pseudo 
nym  "Basilius  Montfortius." 


Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiatp  35 
miles  northwest  of  Cordova.  Population  (1887;, 
12,046. 


Bellman,  Karl  Mikael  143 

Bellman  (bel'miin),  Karl  Mikael.    Born  at 

Stoc-kbolm,   Feb.  4,   1740:    dii.-a  I'Vh.  11.  1795. 
A  noted  Swcilisli  Ivrieal  poet.     Uis  wurks  include 
"Kredmairs  Epistlar'   ( '  Epistks,"  17W'),    "i'lcdinan's  Belmont  (bel'mont).     A  village  in  Mississippi 
.Sanger"  ('.SoiiKs,"  1791),  etc.  County,  southeastern  Missouri,  situated  ou  the 

Bellman  of  London,  The.  A  satirical  work  Mississippi  Kiver  17  miles  south  of  Cairo,  llli- 
l)y  Dekker,  published  in  1608.  It  is  founded  on  nois.  Here,  Nov.  7,  1861,  occurred  an  indecisive  battle 
tlie  "Cronnd  Wurk  of  Cuuey  Ciilcliins:,"  wliicll  i'leay  and  l,etween  the  Kedcrals  under  (iraut  and  tile  t'onfedenites 
otliers  bilicve  to  li;n  e  liccri  al>o  \vi  ilUn  by  Dekker.    Tlie      u„ii,;r  I'illuw.     The  loss  o(  the  KedenUs  was  4S5  ;  tliat  of 

the  I'onfedenites,  042. 

Born  at  Alzey,  Germany, 
rk,   1890.     A  Gormau- 


Ihe 

■Caveat  fur  Cur* 


^-  In  the  aaine  year  Dekker  u  ,  ished  a  second  gelmont,  AugUSt.  Bori 
called  'Lanthorne  and  landlelight,  or  The  Bell-  ,^|^.  ,,;'„,,  "fv,*  v,„. 
s  second  NiRhfsWalke."    Inltil2  a  fourth  or  fifth     J'^'"'    Uieil   at    i\e\\     1<> 


f  Iieen  al 
latter  was  taken  largely  from  llai  rii; 
sitors. 
part 

man's  Second  Nigl-  ,       „    , 

edition  of  the  seeond  part  appeared,  called  O  per  se  l>, 
or  a  new  cryer  of  Laiilhurne  mn\  Camllelight,  Being  an 
addition  or  lengthening  of  tlie  Bellnian's  Second  Night's 
Walke.'  A  number  of  editions  of  tlie  second  part  were 
published  before  1048,  all  with  ditferences.     They  arc 


American  banker  and  politiciau.    He  was  Austrian 
consul  at  New  York,  rnitci  States  minister  to  the  .Nether- 
lauds  IS.M-.'iS,  and  chairman  of  the  Democratic  Nati.uuJ  _   ,    ,      ,  „-,,  -, 
fomuiittee  1800-72.      lie  was  a  patron  of  the  turf  and  an  Belpnoeoe  (bel-te  be) 
art-collector. 


Belus 

during  his  life,  and  under  his  own  name,  in  1545 ;  and  with 
the  name  of  Machiavel  111  1549,  which  was  about  eighteen 
ye;u-8  after  that  historian's  death.  Both  writers  probably 
borrowed  the  incidents  from  the  Latin  ilS.,  for  they  could 
scarcely  liavo  copied  Irom  each  other. 

Duidop,  llist.  of  Prose  Fiction,  IL  186. 

[La  Fontiiine  treated  this  subject  in  one  of  his  "Contes," 
and  Wilson  printed  an  Kiiglisli  tragicomedy  called  "Bel- 
phegor,  or  the  .Marriage  of  the  Uevil  "in  1691.  Legnuid 
brought  out  a  French  comedy  called  "  Belphi^gor  "  in  1721.) 
3.  A  translation  and  adaptation  ot  "Palliasse," 
a  French  play  by  Deninry  and  Mare  Fournier, 
by  Charles  Webb  ( 18.56).  The  principal  character. 
Belphegor,  is  a  mountebank,  and  though  he  cams  his  liv- 
ing by  the  most  ludicrous  shams,  his  distress  and  despair 
at  the  apparent  desertion  of  his  wife  are  very  pathetic. 
[F.  bfl,  bilk,  fair,  and  L. 


rii'ahr,  (ir.  "Iw/i//,  Artemis  (Diana).]  A  hun- 
imusing  des.  ripii.ins  of  London  rogues.  Daborne  wrote  Belmont,  Charles.  A  rakish  young  fellow  in  {regg  jn  Sjienser's  "Faerie  Queeiie,"  intended 
.play  called  -The  Bellnm.  of  Lo,,don    in  1613.^  _  _         Moore's  play  "  The  Foundling/'    "The  part  was    to  represent  Queen  Elizabeth  as  a  woman,  as 

Gloriana  represented  her  as  a  queen. 
Dec.  28,  Belsham  (bel'sham),  Thomas. 


Bellman  of  Paris,  The. 

and  John  Day,  licensed  in 

Bellmour  (bel'mor).  1.  The  faithful  friend 
o£  Jaiio  Shore,  in  Howe's  tragedy  of  that  name. 
—  2  The  lover  of  Belinda,  in  Congreve's  com- 
edy "The  Old  Bachelor." 

BeU0(bery6).  Andres.  Bom  at  Caracas,  Vene- 
zuela. Nov.  30,  1780:  died  at  Santiago,  Chile, 
Oct.  15,1865.  A  Siianish-American  scholar  and 
author,  in  1810  he  was  sent  to  London  with  Bolivar 
as  agent  of  the  revolutionary  government,  anil  be  re 
niained  there  nearly  twenty  years,  '"  """' 
a  position  in  the  foreign  departme 

the  Chilian  civil  code  ;  wrote  a  treatise  on  intei-national 
law  which  was  translated  into  several  languages;  and  was 
several  times  chosen  to  arbitrate  in  international  disputes, 
Including  one  between  the  irniled  .States  and  Ecuador. 
In  1843  he  became  rector  of  the  University  of  Chile. 

Bellona  (be-lo'nii).  [L.  JSclloiui,  from  bclliim, 
war.]  1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  goddess 
of  war,  regarded  sometimes  as  the  wife  and 
sometimes  as  tlie  sister  of  Mars,  she  was,  prob- 
ably, originally  a  Sabine  divinity,  and  her  worship  ap- 


,,,.i.u,^..    ...  .«w.  Moore's  play  "Tlie  foundling."     ine 

.\  play  by  Dekker    played  with"  great  success  by  Garrick. 
1623,  but  not  printed    Belmont,  Perry.     Born  at  New  York, 


1.S51.  .\u  American  jiolitician,  son  of  August 
Uclinout.  He  was  Democratic  member  of 
Coiigi-css  from  New  York  1881-87. 

Belmontet  (liel-moii-ta'),  Louis.  BomatMon- 
taubaii,  France,  March  20,  1799:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  14,  1879.  A  French  poet,  and  Bonapartist 
part  izaii .  Ills  works  include  "  Les  Tristes  "  n824),  "  I.e 
soupor  d'Augnst*  '  (IS'^S),  "  I'lie  ftto  de  Nitoa  '  (tragedy, 
written  with  Souinet,  1S29),  etc. 
uity  years.  In  1834  he  accepted  Bel-Nlrarl  (bel -no-rii  '  re).  [Ass\T.,  '  the  god 
,?S.''!.'".1!lL';L''!j.','l'„,i,',';..?/,',!:;.';  Bd  is  my  helper.']  Kiug  of  Assyria  about 
1380  B.  c.  lie  conquered  part  of  Babylonia. 
Beloe  (be'16),  William.  Born  at  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, 1756:  died  at  London,  April  11,  1817.  An 
English  clergyman  and  writer,  founder,  with 
Archdeacon  Aarcs,  of  the  "British  Critic  "  in 
1793.  He  became  rector  of  All  Hallows,  London  Wall,  in 
1796,  and  w;i8  keeper  of  printed  liooks  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum 18o;i-<Hi,  lie  wrote  "The  Sexagenarian,  or  RecoUec- 
ti(uis  of  a  Literary  Life  "(1817),  etc. 


Born  at  Bed- 

I'lPid,  Kiigland,  Ajiril  26.  1750:  died  at  Hamp- 
stead,  Nov.  11,  1829.  An  English  Unitarian  di- 
vine. 

Belsham,  William.  Bom  at  Bedford.  England, 
1752:  liicJ  near  Hammersmith,  Nov.  17.  1827. 
.\ii  English  historian  and  political  essa\nst, 
brother  of  Thomas  Belsham. 

Belshazzar  (inl-shaz'jir),  or  Bel-shar-uzur. 

L"  Bel  protect  the  king.']  According  to  the 
book  of  Daniel  (v.),  the  .son  of  Nebuchadnezzar, 
and  the  last  king  of  Babylonia.  According  to  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions  this  was  Nabonidus,  while  Bel- 
shazzar was  his  eldest  son.  He  was  governor  of  South 
Babylonia  and  chief  of  the  army  in  the  last  struggle,  and 
co-regent  with  his  father.  When  the  latter  fleil  to  Bor- 
sippa,  after  being  defeated  by  Cyrus,  he  assumed  the  com- 
mand in  Babylonia,  and  was  killed  in  the  sack  of  the  city 
by  Cyrus,  6:i8  B.  c  According  to  the  scriptural  narrative 
he  w,-is  warned  during  a  feast  of  his  coining  doom  by  a 
handwriting  on  the  wall,  w  hicli  was  interpreted  by  Daniel 
(liaii,  v.,  vii,  1,  viii,  1;  Bar,  i,  11, 12), 


pears  to  have  been  introduced  at  Rome  by  a  Sabine  family,  Beloeil  (be-lelv'),    A  town  in  the  province  of  ■Rpli5lia77a.r      A  trafedv  bv  Dean  Milman.  pub- 

*h..   PLiiiilii        .Qhft   ia  r,,T,i-es,.iited    n»   armed    with    shield       ti  .■,_..-     T»_iJ- 11     .,.;i — A ..tt,.^^^^   ,,,*■    ,*JC1014a.^4,a,i .  ^-        .        .  r 


the  ClaudlL     She  is  represented  as  armed  with  shield 
and  lance. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  28)  discovered  by  Luther 
at  Bilk,  March  1,  18.54. 

Bellot  (bel-o'),  Joseph  Bene.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1826:  died  18.53.  A  French  naval  officer,  a  vol- 
unteer in  English  expeditions  to  Arctic  regions. 

Bellot  Strait.  A  strait  in  the  Arctic  regions 
of  North  America,  between  the  Boothia  penin- 
sula and  the  island  of  North  Somerset. 


Haiiiaut,  Belgium,  11  miles  west-northwest  of 
Mons.  It  contains  the  castle  of  the  princes 
of  Ligne.     Population  (1890),  2,682. 

Beloit  (lie-loif).  A  city  in  Rock  County.  Wis- 
consin, situated  ou  Rock  River  68  miles  south- 
w.'st  of  .Milwaukee.    Population  (1900),  10.436, 

Beloit.  The  capital  of  Mitchell  County,  nurtli- 
irn  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Solomon  River. 
I'opuhition  (190(1),  2,3.59. 


vais).                                           „ri.-4,               T>            »  i"  the  Urient  1546-49.      Ue  wrote  "  Uistoire  natu- 

BellO'WB   (bel  oz),  Henry   Wnitney.     Uorn  at  ,.elle  des  estranges  polssons  marines  "(ir,f>l),  ■•LHlstolre 

Walpole,  N.  II.,  .Tune  11,  1814:  died  Jan.  30,  d,- la  natme  des  oyscaux,  etc,"  (1566),  travels,' etc, 

1882,      An   American    Unitarian    divine    and  BelOOChistan.     See  Jliilitdiiitini. 

writer,  pastor  of  All  Souls  Church,  New  York.  Belot  (ba-lo'),   Adolphe.     Born   at   Pointe-a- 

lle  was  iiresideiit   of  the  UuittMl  States  Sani-  I'itre,  Guadeloupe,  Nov.  6,  1S29:  died  at  Paris, 

tarv  Commission  in  the  Civil  War.  Dec.  17, 1890.    A  French  novelistainldramatist, 

BellO'WS  Falls.     A  village  in  Windham  County,  Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Mademoiselle  (liniud, 


Vermunt,  ,situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Connec- 
ticut 41  miles  southeast  of  Rutland.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  4,337. 


ma  femme"  (1S70),  the  play  (in  collalnu-ation  witli  Ville 
tard)  "I.e  testament  de  Cesar  Cirodot  '  (18.TO),  "Miss 
Mutton,"  with  Eugtnc  Nus  (1807),  "  L' Article  47"  (1871) 
(from  a  novel),  and  many  others. 


Belloy  (bei-wii'),  Pierre  Laurent  Buyrette  Belovir  (iiel-6-viir').    A  royal  free  city  in  Croa- 
de    (Pierre  Buyrette,  or  Buirette,  or  Bu-    tia.  42  miles  east  of  .\gram. 
rette).    Born   at  St.   I'lour,  Cauial,  Frani-c,  Beloved  Disciple,  The.    The  Apostle  John. 
Nov.  17,  1727:  died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1775.    A  Beloved  Physician,  The.     St.  Luke. 
French  dramatist.    HlBworksinclude"Titu8  "  (17.'>9),  BelpasSO  (bel-|>.'is's6),     Atown  in  the  grovineo 


"Zelmlrc"  (1762),  "Ia!  Siege  de  Calais  '  (1705  :  his  most 
notable  work),  "  Oaston  et  Bayard  "  (1771),  "  I'ierre  le 
Cruel  '  (177-,!).  etc. 

Bells,  The.  1.  A  poem  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
—  2.  A  dramatization  from  ErckmaMii-Chat- 
rian's  "  Li;  .Juif  Polonais"by  Leopold  Lewis, 
produced  in  1871.  Henry  Irving  is  successful 
in  it  as  Mathias. 

Bell- 


Bll.tf^^'lpopularsuma.neof^.d.ibah,Bel^ 
i'dilsilni;:';!,  t/^:^  ,^X'  ;:i;;!;:el;;'^Lt,^     'A~  who  undertook  a,,  ..ir.l,ly  man. 


the  removal  of  Cochrane,  .lames  IIl.'s  obnoxious  favtu-it^, 
their  prediraraent  was  compared  to  that  of  the  mice  wlilcli 
dct«nnined  to  hang  a  bell  around  tlie  cat  s  neck,  and  the 

?!Uostion  was  asked  who  would  he  brave  enough  to  jn-r- 
onn  the  act.  To  tills  Dougl»a  replied  :  "I  will  lull  the 
cat,' 

Belluno  (bel-lo'no).  [li.  IMimum.']  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Helluno,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Piavo  in  lat.  46°  9'  N..  long.  12°  13'  E. 
It  has  a  cathedral.  Population(1891), commune, 
18000. 

Belluno,  ancient  Belunom  (be-li'mim).  A 
province  iu  the  compartimento  of  Venetia, 
Italy.  Area,  1,293  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  175,919. 

Belluno,  Duke  of.    See  Virldi-lVrrin. 

Bel-Merodach.     See  Mirodnch,  Jlcl,  Baal. 

Belmoz  (iiel-math').     A  town  in  the  pro'vince  of 


f  Catania,  Siiily,  8  miles  northwest  of  Catania 
It  was  dostroved  by  an  ei-uption  of  Etna  iu  1669. 
Population,  7,000. 
Belper  (bel'ptr).  A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eug- 
laiid,  situated  on  the  Derwent  7  miles  north  of 
Derbv.  It  has  cotton,  silk,  and  hosiery  manu- 
factures.    Population  (1891),  10.420. 

Belfagor  (bei'fa- 

\ii  arcli- 
iage,  liiit 
who  lied,  daunted,  from  the  horrors  of  female 
companionship.     See  the  extract. 

I'luto  summoned  an  infernal  council  to  consult  on  the 
best  mode  of  ascertaining  the  truth  or  falsehoi"l  of  surl 


lished  in  1S22. 

Belsunce  de  Castel  Moron  (bel-zUns'  de  kas- 
tel'  ni6-roii'),  Henri  FranQois  Xavier  de. 

Born  at  the  Chateau  de  la  Force,  in  Perigord, 
France,  Dec.  4.  1671:  died  at  Marseilles,  Juno 
4,  1755.  A  French  Jesuit,  bishop  of  Mareeilles, 
noted  for  his  lieroism  during  a  pestilence 
in  Marseilles,  1720-21.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer. 

passage  between 
separating  Zea- 
20  miles, 
passage  between 
parating  Fiinen 
and  Sdileswig. 
Width,  7-10  miles. 

Beltane  (bel'tan).  [Also  WTitten  Bclttin  and 
llclleii; Gael.  liiiilltaiiiii.  Iliiitrini  =lr. litalleiiie, 
Ilcalltiiiiir,  Olr.  JSellldiiK.  litllcue ;  usually  ex- 
plained as 'Bel's  or  Beal's  fire,' from  *iJ<»/,*i<irt/, 
an  alleged  Celtic  deity  (by  some  writers  i>atrioti- 
cally  identified  with  the  Oriental  Bilusov linal), 
and  (ciiK ,  lire.  But  the  origin  is  quite  unknown.] 
1.  The  first  day  of  May  (O.  S.);  old  May-day, 
one  of  the  four  (piarter-days  (the  others  being 
Lammas,  Ilalhnvmas.  and  Candlemas)  an- 
ciently observed  in  .Scotland.  —  2.  An  ancient 
Celtic  festiva  1  or  anniversary  formerly  observed 
on  Beltane  or  May-day  in  Scotland,  and  iu  Ire- 
land on  June  21 .  Bonllres  were  kindled  on  ilu  bills, 
all  domestic  tires  having  lieen  previously  cxtliiguisluil, 
(Utly  to  be  relighted  fnuil  tlie  elnliers  of  the  Beltane  (ires. 
This  custom  is  supposed  to  derive  its  origin  from  the  wor- 
ship of  the  Buii.  or  tire  iu  general,  which  Wiui  formerly  In 
vogue  among  the  Celts  as  well  as  among  many  other  hea- 
then nations.  The  practice  still  survives  iu  some  remote 
localities. 

Belted  Will.  .\  nickname  of  Lonl  William 
ll.iwiird  ( 1.563-1640),  an  English  bonier  noble- 
iiiaii,  warden  of  the  western  marches. 

Belteshazzar  (bel-te-shaz'iir).  [Babylonian 
JI(l-li(il(il.ti4-U(;in;  Bel  protect  his  life.]  The 
Babylonian  name  of  Daniel  (Dan.  i.  7,  ii.  26, 
iv.  5). 

Beltis  (bel'tis).     See  Bclit. 


hell).  Belton(bel'toiO. 
"I'.xas,  situated  ( 
irtheast  of  Austin 


•apitai  or  J . 

'     Te.xas,  situated  on  Leon  Kivi'r  57  miles  iiorlii- 
Po 


statements  (that  wives  brought  their  husbamls  t 

After  Biune  delilpeialion  II  was  deteimlned  that 

their  number  should  be  sent  Into  the  world  endowed  with 

a  human  (onu,  and  subjected  to  earthly  passions;  that  he  _    ,.  ,i     i    •   ■■  <         \    °n;»«on.^j        li.,,..,   .,< 

should  be  ordered  to  clhK.se  a  wife  as  early  us  nosslble,  and    Boltrame    ( bel  -  tril    tw\    OlOVannl.       Bom   lit 

after  remaining  above  ground  for  ten  years,  should  report 

to  his  Infernal  master  the  benellls  and  burdens  of  inatrl 


The  capital  of  Bell  Countv, 

miles  iiorlii- 

pulatioii  (1900^,3,700. 


niouy.  Thcaigh  Ihls  plan  was  nnanlinously  approved,  none 
of  the  llendswerc  disposeil  volunlarily  to  undertake  the 
commission,  but  thi'  lot  at  length  fell  on  the  archilenion 
Ilelfagor.  .  ,  ,  This  st.u-y,  with  merely  a  dlllerence  of 
names,  was  origlnallv  t"ld  In  an  old  Latin  MS,,  which  Is 
now  lost,  but  which,  till  the  perl.id  of  the  civil  wars  In 
France,  r<-niained  In  the  llbniry  of  Saint'  Martin  de  Tours, 
But  whether  Brevio  or  Machiavel  llrat  exhibited  the  tab' 
In  an  Italian  garb,  has  been  a  matter  of  dispute  among 
the  critics  of  their  country.    It  was  prlntetl  by  Ibevlo 


\alcggi(i,  Kaly,  Niiv,  11,  1S24,  An  Africaiiiat, 
a  missionary  to  Kharluni,  Fazogl,  Goiulokoro. 
ami  Sobiit,  lH.59-(i2.  lie  published  In  Iwi'J  a  grammar 
of  DInka,  In  ls7l)  "  H  .Sennaar  c  lo  Sclangallah,"  and  In 
ISSJ  "  II  I'lnine  Blanco  e  i  Deiikn,' 

Beluchees.     See  Bulurhixtun. 

Beluchistan.     See  llnlm-Uixtan. 

Belus  (be'lns).  or  BelOB  (bo'los).  [Gr.  Br/?or.] 
1,  In  classical  mythology,  a  son  of  Poseidon 
iuel  Libya  (or  Eurynome),  regarded  as  the  an- 


Belus 

cestral  hero  and  divinity  of  various  eariier 
nations. —  2.  In  classical  legend,  the  father  of 
Dido,  and  conqueror  of  Cyjirus. 

Belus  (be'lus).  [Gr.  B^/Afi'f.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  river  of  Palestine  which  flows  into  the 
Mediterranean  at  Acre:  the  modern  Naman. 
It  is  the  reputed  place  of  the  discovery  of  glass 
by  the  Plienicians. 

Belvedere  (bel-ve-der';  It.  pron.  bel-ve-da're). 
[It.,  'fair  view.']  A  portion  of  the  Vatican 
Palace  at  Rome. 

Belvedere.  A  palace  in  Vienna  which  con- 
tained until  1891  the  Imperial  Picture  Gallery. 

Belvedere,  Torso.    See  Lifsimvi^  ami  Torso. 

Belvldera  (bel-ve-da'rii)."  The  daughter  of 
Priuli,  the  senator,  and  the  wife  of  .Jatiier.  the 
conspirator,  in  Otway's  tragedy  "  Venice  Pre- 
served. Jaffier  copspires  to  murder  all  the  senators,  and 
is  persuaded  by  his  wife  to  divulge  the  plot  to  her  father, 
on  condition  that  all  the  conspirators  are  forgiven.  The 
promise  is  not  kept,  and  Jaffler,  his  friend  Piene,  and  all 
the  other  conspirators  are  condemned  to  death  on  the 
wheel.  Belvidera,  on  learning  the  result  of  her  interfer- 
ence, goes  mad  and  dies.  The  part  was  a  favorite  one 
with  the  actresses  of  the  ISth  century. 

Belvidere  (bel-vi-der').  A  city,  the  capital  of 
Boone  County,  Illinois,  on  the  Kishwaukee 
River  64  miles  west-uorthwest  of  Chicago. 
Population  (1000),  fi,937. 

Belville  (bel'vll).  The  lover  of  Peggy  in  Gar- 
rick's  "Country  Girl." 

Belvoir  (be'ver)  Castle.  The  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Rutland,  in  Leicestershire,  England.  It  con- 
tains a  tine  collection  of  pictures. 

Belz  (belts).  A  town  in  Galieia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary. 41  miles  north  of  Lemberg.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  4,960. 

Belzig  (belt'sieh).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Pi-ussia,  43  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin.  Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  Ha- 
gelberg,  Aug.  27. 1813. 

Belzoiii(bel-ts6'ne),  Giovanni Battista.  Bom 
at  Padua,  1778:  died  at  Gato,  in  Benin,  West 
Africa,  Dec.  3,  1823.  A  noted  Italian  traveler 
and  explorer,  the  son  of  a  barber  of  Padua. 
He  was  endowed  with  great  physical  strength,  and  earned 
a  living  for  a  time  in  London  (at  Astley's)  and  elsewhere 
as  a  theatrical  athlete.  As  a  hydraulic  engineer  he  visited 
Egypt  in  1815,  and  devoted  himself  until  1819  to  the  study 
of  Egyptian  antiquities.  He  opened  the  temple  at  Abu- 
8imbel,  the  sepulcher  of  Seti  I.  (1S17).  and  the  second 
pyramid  of  Gizeh,  and  made  various  other  important  dis- 
coveries. The  bust  of  the  so-called  "Young  Memnon," 
now  in  the  British  ilnseum,  was  transferred  from  Thebes 
by  him.  He  published  in  English,  in  1820,  "A  Narrative 
of  the  Operations  and  Recent  Discoveries  within  the  Pyra- 
mids, etc."  In  1823  he  started  for  central  Africa,  but  died 
on  the  way. 

Belzoni's  Tomb.  The  tomb  of  Seti  I. :  so 
named  from  Belzoni  who  opened  it. 

Belzu  (bal'tho),  Manuel  Isodoro.  Born  at 
La  Paz,  1808 :  killed  March,  1866.  A  Bolivian 
revolutionist.  In  1847  he  headed  a  revolution  which 
overturned  Ballivian  and  put  General  Velasco  in  his 
place :  next  year  he  rebelled  against  Velasco,  usurped  the 
presidency,  and  retained  the  post  until  1855.  After  spend- 
ing some  years  in  Europe  he  returned  and  headed  the  re- 
volt against  Jlelgarejo.  The  latter  attacked  him  in  La 
Paz  and,  after  a  bloody  street  battle,  killed  him  with  his 
own  hand. 

Bern  (bem),  Jozef.  Born  at  Cracow,  1791 :  died 
at  Aleppo,  Dec,  10,  1850.  A  Polish  general. 
He  served  in  the  Polish  insurrection  of  1830 ;  comiuered 
Transylvania  for  the  Hungarian  insurgents  and  drove  the 
Austrians  and  Russian  allies  into  Wallachia  in  184i)  ;  con- 
quered the  Banat;  was  defeated  by  the  Russians  at  Schass- 
buig,  July  31 ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Temesvar,  Aug.  9 ; 
and  escaped  to  Turkey  and  took  service  in  the  Turkish  army. 

Beman  (be'man),  Nathaniel  Sydney  Smith. 

Born  at  New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  26,  1785: 
died  at  Carbondale,  111.,  Aug.  8,  1871.  An 
American  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  pas- 
tor of  a  Presbyterian  church  at  Troy,  New  York,  1822-63, 
and  was  a  leader  of  the  new  school  in  the  discussion  which 
led  to  the  division  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  1837. 

Eemba,  Lake.    See  Banfiwinh). 

Bembatoka  (bem-bii-to'ka).  Bay  of.  A  large 
iidct  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Madagascar. 

Bembo  (bom'bo),  Pietro.  Born  at  Venice, 
May  20,  1470 :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  18,  1547.  A 
celebrated  Italian  cardinal  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  the  author  of  poems,  epistles,  a  histoi-y  of  Venice, 
•  and  "  Gli  Asolani "  (dialogues  on  the  nature  of  love). 
"  Connected  in  friendship  with  all  the  men  of  letters  and 
first  poets  of  his  age,  he  was  a  lover  of  the  celebrated  Lu- 
cretia  Borgia,  daughter  of  Alexander  VI.,  and  wife  of  Al- 
fonzo,  Duke  of  Ferrara :  and  was  a  favorite  with  the  Popes 
Leo  X.  and  Clement  VII. .  who  loaded  him  with  honors, 
pensions,  and  benefices.  He  enjoyed,  from  the  year  1,029, 
the  title  of  Historiographer  to  the  Republic  of  Venice ; 
and  Paul  III.  finidly  created  him  a  (Cardinal  in  1539. 
Wealth,  fame,  and  the  most  honorable  employs  seemed 
to  pursue  him,  and  snatched  him,  in  spite  of  himself,  from 
a  life  of  epicurean  pleasure,  which  he  did  not  renounce 
when  he  look  the  ecclesiastical  habit.  His  death  was 
occasioned  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  on  the  eighteenth 
day  of  January,  1547,  in  his  seventy-seventh  year."  Sis- 
mondi.  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  426. 


144 

Ben  (ben).  A  gay,  simple,  but  somewhat  in- 
creclible  sailor  in  Congreve's  comedy  "Love  for 
Love."    He  is  designed  to  marry  Miss  Prue. 

Benacus  (be-na'kus),  Lacus.  The  Roman 
name  of  the  Lake  of  Garda.     See  Qarda. 

Benaiah  (be-na'ya).   [Heb.,'builtby  Jehovah.'] 

1.  The  name  of  several  persons  mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament,  of  whom  the  most  notable 
was  the  son  of  Jehoida,  the  chief  priest.  He  slew 
Adonijah  and  Joab,  and  succeeded  the  latter,  under  Solo- 
mon, as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army. 

2.  A  character  in  Drj-den  and  Tate's  "Absa- 
lom and  Aehitophel,"  intended  for  George 
Edward  Saekville,  who  was  called  General  Sack- 
ville  and  was  devoted  to  the  Duke  of  York. 
See  1  Ej.  ii.  35. 

Benalcazar   (ba-niil-ka-thar'),  or  Velalcazar 

(va-liil-ka-thar'),    or    Belalcazar     (ba-Uil-kii- 

thiir'),  Sebastian  de  (Sebastian  Moyano). 
Born  at  Benalcaz,  Estremadura,  about  1499: 
died  at  Popayan,  1550.  A  Spanish  conqueror 
of  Quito  and  Popayan.  He  joined  the  expedition  of 
Pedrarias  to  Darien,  and  in  March,  1532,  joined  Pizarro 
on  the  coast  at  Puerto  Viejo  with  30  men.  Incited  by 
the  Caflaris  Indians,  who  promised  to  join  him,  he  under- 
took the  conquest  of  Quito.  JIarching  over  the  moun- 
tains, he  defeated  the  Inca  general  Rumi-naui  on  the 
plains  of  Riobamba,  and  entered  Quito.  Joined  soon 
after  by  Almagro,  their  united  forces  met  those  of  Pedro 
de  Alvarado,  governor  of  Guatemala,  who  had  attempted 
an  independent  conquest  of  Quito.  (See  Alvarado,  Pedro 
de.)  .alvarado  was  induced  to  retire,  and  many  of  his 
men  joined  Benalcazar,  who  continued  his  northern  con- 
quests. He  invaded  Popayan  in  1533,  and  next  year  car- 
ried his  conquests  still  farther  north,  to  the  countiy  of 
the  Chinchas  Indians,  After  founding  many  Spanish 
towns,  Benalcazar  went  to  Spain  in  1537,  and  in  1538  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  Popayan,  a  district  which 
comprised  what  is  now  southwestern  Colombia. 
Benares  (be-na'rez),  or  Banaras  (ba-nii'ras). 
[Hind,  Bandr(is.~i  The  capital  of  the  division 
of  Benares,  Northwest  Provinces,  India,  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  the  Ganges, in  lat.  25° 
15'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  in 
northern  India,  tiie  principal  Hindu  holy  city,  famous  as 
a  resort  for  pilgrims.  It  has  manufactures  of  brass  wares, 
etc.,  and  an  important  trade.  The  Ganges  is  crossed  Iiere 
by  the  Duif  erin  Bridge.  Benares  was  founded  about  1200  C') 
B.  c. :  was  for  many  years  a  Buddhistic  center;  was  con- 
quered by  the  ilohammedans  about  1193  ;  and  was  ceded 
to  the  East  India  Company  in  1775.  It  is  called  Lashi 
in  Sanskrit  literature.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  outbreak 
in  the  Indian  mutiny  of  1857.  Population,  with  canton- 
ment (1891),  219,467, 

Benares.  A  division  of  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, British  India.  Area,  18,338  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  10,632,190. 

Benares.  A  district  in  the  division  of  Benares, 
lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  998  square 
miles.     Population,  about  900,000. 

Benasque  (ba-niis'ke).  A  small  town  in  the 
P^Teneeij,  province  of  Huesca,  Spain,  near  the 
foot  of  Jlount  Maladetta. 

Benauly  (ben-a'li).  A  pseudonym  adopted  by 
the  three  brothers  Benjamin  Vanghan,  Austin, 
and  Lyman  Abbott,  in  two  novels,  "Coueeut 
Corners  "and  "Matthew  Carnaby."  "The  pseu- 
donym is  composed  of  the  first  syllable  of  the  names  of 
the  three  brothers."    Ciishing. 

Benavente  (ba-na-ven'ta).  A  small  town  in 
the  pro\Tnce  of  Zamora,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Orbigo  52  miles  northwest  of  Valladolid. 

Benavente.  "A  small  town  in  the  district  of 
Santarem,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Zatas  28 
miles  northeast  of  Lisbon. 

Benavides  y  de  la  Cueva  (ba-na-ve'des  e  da 
lii  kwa'vii),  Diego  de.  Count  of  Santistevau. 
Born  about  1600:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March 
17,  1666.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  administrator. 
He  was  appointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1659,  reaching  Lima 
July  31, 1661.    He  held  the  office  until  his  death. 

Benbecula  (ben-be-ko'la).  An  island  of  the 
Hebrides,  belonging  to  Inverness-shire,  Scot- 
land, between  North  Uist  and  South  Uist. 
Length.  7+  miles. 

Benbecula  Sound.  A  sea  passage  between 
BenVtecula  and  South  Uist. 

Benbow  (ben'bo),  John.  Born  at  Shrewsbury, 
March  10,  1653:  died  at  Port  Royal,  Jamaica, 
Nov.  4,  1702.  A  noted  British  admiral.  He  early 
ran  away  to  sea,  served  in  various  merchant  and  govern- 
ment vessels,  and  after  1689  was  continuously  in  the  royal 
na\'y.  He  became  captain  in  1689,  rear-admiral  in  1696, 
and  vice-admiral  in  1701,  In  1692  and  1693  he  was  en- 
gaged in  various  unsuccessful  attacks  on  the  French 
coast;  in  1699  and  again  in  1701  he  commanded  squad- 
rons in  the  West  Indies.  From  Aug.  19  to  Aug.  24,  1702, 
he  had  a  running  fight  with  the  French  fleet  of  Du  Casse. 
On  the  last  day  his  leg  was  shattered  by  a  ball,  but  he 
continued  to  direct  the  battle.  Benbow  claimed  that  his 
failure  to  capture  Du  Caase  was  owing  to  the  conduct  of 
his  officers, 

Benbow.  In  the  British  navy,  a  two-turret, 
central-citadel,  heavy-armed  battle-ship  of  the 
admiral  class :  sister  ship  to  the  Camperdown. 


Benedict  I. 

Bencoolen  (ben-kii'len),  orBenkulen.  [D.  Ben, 
kill kn.'\  The  capital  of  the  residency  of  Ben- 
coolen, Sumatra,  situated  on  the  southwestern 
coast,  about  lat.  3°  50'  S.  it  was  settled  by  the  Eng- 
lisli  about  1685,  and  ceded  to  the  Dutch  in  1825,  and  had 
formerly  a  cunsiderable  trade.     Population,  about  12,000. 

Ben  Cruachan  (ben  kio'ehan).  A  mountain 
in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  near  the  head  of 
Loch  Awe,  13  miles  north  of  Inverary.  Height, 
3,610  feet. 

Benda  (ben'dil),  Franz.  Born  at  Altbenatek, 
Bohemia,  Nov.  25.  1(09:  died  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  March  7,  1786.  A  German  violinist, 
the  founder  of  a  school  of  \aoliu-playing. 

Benda,  Georg.  Born  1721:  died  at  Kostritz, 
Thuringia,  Nov.  6,  1795.  A  German  composer 
and  violinist,  brother  of  Franz  Benda.  He 
wrote  the  operas  "Ariadne  auf  Naxos"  (1774), 
"Medea,"  etc. 

Bendavid  (ben-da'fid),  Lazarus.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Oct.  IS,  1762:  died  at  Berlin,  March  28, 
1832.  A  German  philosophical  writer  and 
mathematician.  He  was  the  author  of  ■•  Versuch  iiber 
das  Vergniigen,"  "Vorlesungen  iiber  die  Kritik  der  reinen 
Vernunft,"  "Zur  Berechnung  des  jUdischeu  Kalenders," 
etc. 

Bendemann  (ben'de-miin),  Eduard.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  3,  1811:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Dec, 
27,  1889.  A  German  painter.  Among  his  works 
are  '*Dietrauernden  Juden  "(1832,  at  Cologne),  "  Jeremiaa 
auf  den  Trtimmern  von  Jerusalem  "  (1837,  at  Berlin),  "  Die 
Wegfiihrung  der  Juden  in  die  Babylonische  Gefangen- 
schaft"  (1872,  at  Berlin). 

Bendemeer.  A  river  in  Moore's  poem  "Lalla 
Rookli." 

Bender    (ben'der).       [Turk.   Bender,   harbor; 
Russ.   Bendery.']     A  town  and  fortress  in  the 
province  of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on  the      n 
Dniester  61  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.    It  is  a       ■ 
trading  center.   Near  it  was  the  residence  of  Charles  XII.        u 
of  Sweden  1709-13.    It  was  stormed  by  the  Russians  under 
Panin  in  1770.  and  under  Potemkin  in  1789,  and  was  again 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1806  and  1811.    It  was  finally 
annexed  to  Russia  in  1812.   Population,  31,005. 

Bender- Abbasi  (ben'der-ab-ba-se'),  or  -Abbas 
(ab'bas).   [Pers.,"  harbor  of  Abbas.']   Aseaport      j« 
in  the  province  of  Kirman,  Persia,  situated  on      11 
the   Strait   of  Onnus,  opposite  Ormus,  in  lat.       " 
27°  12'  N.,  long.  56°  20'  E.      it  has  communication 
by  steamer  with  Bombay,  Bassora,  etc.    It  was  an  impor- 
tant commercial  point  in  the  17th  century.    Population, 
about  8,000.     Also  called  Gombroon. 

BendigO  (ben'di-go).  A  former  name  of  the 
city  of  Sandhurst,  in  Victoria,  Australia.  tt 

Bendis  (ben'dis).  [Gr.  BfifS/f.]  A  Thracian  I 
lunar  goddess,  worshiped  also  in  Lemnos  and  ' 
Bithyuia. 

Bendish  (ben 'dish),  Bridget.  Bom  about 
1650:  died  1726.  The  daughter  of  General 
Henry  Ireton,  and  granddaughter  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  famous  for  her  resemblance  to  the 
latter. 

Bendo  (ben'do),  Alexander.  A  pseudonym 
of  Robert  Carr,  Viscount  Rochester,  Earl  of 
Somerset. 

Bendorf  (ben'dorf).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Pi-ussia,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  5  miles  north  of  Coblentz.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  5,016. 

Bend-the-Bow  (bend'THe-bo).  An  English  ar- 
cher in  Scott's  "Castle  Dangerous." 

Bendzin  (bend-zen').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Piotrkov,  Russian  Poland,  situated 
near  the  Prussian  and  Austrian  frontiers  38 
miles  northwest  of  Cracow.  Population  (1890), 
9  222. 

Benedek  (be'ne-dek),  Ludwig  von.  Born  at 
Odenburg,  Hungary,  July  14,  1804:  died  at 
Gratz,  Austria,  April  27,  1881.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Italian  and 
Hungarian  campaigns  1848-49,  and  at  Solferino  in  1859; 
was  commander  of  the  Austrian  Army  of  the  North  in 
1860  ;  and  w.os  defeated  at  Koniggratz,  July  3,  1866. 

Benedetti  (bii-na-det'te).  Count  Vincent. 
Bom  at  Bastia,  Corsica,  April  29, 1817 :  dietl  at 
Paris,  March  28,  1900,  A  French  diplomatist. 
He  was  envoy  at  Turin  in  1860,  and  minister  at  Berlin 
1864-70.  His  interviews  with  William  I.  of  Prussia  at 
Ems  July  9-13, 1870,  precipitated  the  Franco-German  war 

Benedick  (ben'e-dik).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  comedy  '"Much  Ado  about  Nothing." 
He  is  a  young  gentleman  of  Padua,  of  inexhaustible 
humor,  wit,  and  raillery,  a  ridiculer  of  love  (but  finally 
loving  Beatrice),  who  when  he  spoke  of  dying  a  bachelor, 
only  said  so  because  he  did  not  think  he  should  live  to 
be  maiTied.  His  name  has  become  a  byword  for  a  newly 
married  man,  and  is  frequently  written  Benedict. 

Benedict  (ben'e-dikt)  I.,  surnamed  BonOSUS. 
[L,  7>'cHfrf/cfHS, 'blessed;  It,  Benedetto,  Bcttino, 
Sp,  Bencdicfo,  Benito,  Pg.  Bcnedicto,  Benfo.  F. 
Benoit,  G.  Benedikt.]  Bishop  of  Rome  574-578 
In  his  pontificate  the  Longohards  extended  their  con- 
quests in  Italy,  and  threatened  Rome. 


Benedict  II. 

Benedict  II.  Bislmp  of  Koine  r)S4-G85.  Ue  is 
sail!  1"  liuvc  prevailed  upon  thf  tniiifioi-  (  oiistantine  IV. 
t.)  ]cmiuiii,e  llic-  right  of  contlriniriK  p;ip;il  elections.  He 
is  toiiinieinurattd  in  the  Kunmn  Church  on  -Muy  7. 

Benedict  III.  I'ope  H5r)-8.5K.  in  hia  piintiflcate 
Jithelwulf.  kins  of  the  West  Saxons  ami  Kentishuien. 
yisitwl  Korne  (whither  he  ha<l  previously  sent  hia  son 
iHfreii).  anil  rebuilt  the  school  or  hospital  for  Kuglish 
Dilcrinis. 

Benedict  IV.  Pope  900-903.  lie  crowned 
Louis,  kins  of  Provence,  emperor  in  901. 

Benedict  V.,  surnameil  Grammaticus.    Died 

965.  Hi-  was  elected  i^ppi'  li.v  the  Konmns  in 
964,  in  opposition  to  ]>i'o  VIll..  the  choice  of 
the  emperor  Otto  I.  The  emperor  reduced  Home, 
«nd  secured  the  person  of  lienedict,  who  was  kept  till  his 
death  in  contlnenient  under  the  charge  of  Bishop  Adaldag 
at  HanilHirg. 

Benedict  VI.  He  was  elected  pope  m  0/2,  un- 
der the  influence  of  the  emperor  Otto  I.,  on 
whose  death  in  973  he  was  deposed  and  put  to 
deatli  hv  the  Komans. 

Benedict  VII.  Pope  97.T-984  (983?).  He  ex. 
eonuiuinicated  the  aiitipope  Bonifacius  VII.  in  a  council 
held  at  Konie  in  975. 

Benedict  VIII.  Pope  1012-24.  He  ousted  the 
Mitipope  Gregory  by  the  aid  of  Henry  II.  whom  he 
crowned  eniperoi-  in  lOU.  He  signally  defeated  the  .Sara- 
cens in  Tuscaiiy^  in  1016. 

He   obtained  his 


Benedict  and  Bettris  (Benedick  and  Bea- 
trice',     ^'ce  Mllih  Atln  (ihi)ut  yiilhiml. 

Benedict  Biscop.  Born  in  628  (!) :  died  at  Wear- 
mouth,  .Jan.  12.  690.  Au  English  ecclesiastic, 
the  founder  of  the  monasteries  of  Wearmouth 
(674)  and  of  Jaiiow  (682).  lie  was  an  Angle  of  no- 
ble birth,  thegn  of  King  (tswiu  nf  .Northnnibria.  He  en- 
tered the  church,  anil  in  liO!!  w;i8  made  abbot  of  St.  I'eter's 
in  Canterbury,  and  is  noteworthy  as  the  guardian  of  Bedc, 
who  when  only  seven  years  old  was  ])laced  under  his 
charge.  "He  was  the  first  person  wlio  introduced  in 
l\ligland  constructors  of  stone  eiliflces  as  well  iis  makers 
of  glass  windows.  '  (William  nf  MaliiuKl/imi.)  He  was 
lanoni/.ed.  anil  his  festival  is  celebrated  in  the  Kouian  aud 
Ani.;lican  churches  on  .Ian.  12. 

Benediktbeuern  (be'ne-dikt-boi'ern).  Asmall 
villai,'e  and  former  famous  Benedictine  abbey 
in  Upper  Bavaria,  30  miles  south-southwest  of 
Munich.  Near  it  is  the  mountain  Beuedikten- 
xvand. 

Benedix  (be'ne-diks),  Roderich  Julius.  Born 
at  Leipsie,  .Jan.  21.  1811 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 
26.  1873.  A  German  dramatist  and  miscellane- 
ous writer,  author  of  numerous  comedies. 

Beneke  (be'm-ke),  Friedrich  Eduard.    Born 
at  Berlin,  Feb.  17,  1798  :  died  ls.'>4.     A  (ierinan 
psychologist.    His    chief  works   are    " I^ychological 
Sketehes,"  "  ^'* 
etc. 


'New  I'sychology,"  "Pragmatic  Psychology, 

Benedict  IX.     Wed  10.56.  ; 

elevation  to  the  papacy  by  simony  in  11133,  and,   Benengeli    (luii-en-ge'le;    Sp.   pron.    ba-nrn- 

'  '     ''      iia'le),  Cid  Hamet     ""  '  '       ' 

cler  from  whom  ( 
account  of  Dun  (Quixote. 
Beneschau  (ba'ue-shou).    A  town  in  Bohemia, 
24  miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.     Popula- 
tion (1890),  ."5, 089. 


on  account  of  the  opposition  aroused  by  his 
protligacv,  resigned  in  1044. 

Benedict'  X.  (Giovanni  di  Velletri).  An 
antipope  elected  in  10.58.  lie  reiirmd  nine 
months,  when  he  was  compelled  to  give  way 
to  Nicholas  II 


Benedict  XI.  (Nicolo  Boccasini).    Popo  1303- Benetnasch  (be-net'nash).    [At.  a!-kf!yid-al 

1304.    He  annulled  the  bulls  of  lioniface  VIII.  against  hciiiit-al-iia'sh,  the  governor  of  the  mourners, 

Philip  the  Fair  of  H'rance.    He  is  commemorated  in  the  in  allusion  to  the  fancied  figure  of  a  bier.]     The 

Roman  Church  on  July  7.  bright  second-magnitude  star  ?/  UrsiB  Majoris. 

Benedict  XII.  (Jacques  de  Nouveau).    Pope  attheextremityof  the  tail  of  the  animal.    Also 

1334-42.     He  was   the   third    of    the  Avignon  ,,a]ied  Allnitt. 

pontiffs,  a   friend  of    Petrarch,   and  a  severe  BeneventO  (ben-e-ven'to).     A  province  in  the 

ecclesiastical  reformer.  compartiniento  of  Campania,  Italv.     Area,  818 

Benedict  XIII.  (Pedro  de  Luna).     An  anti-  ^,.„;,i(,  ,|,iies.    Population  (1891), '245,135. 
pope  elected  by  the  French  cardinals  on  th'- 


deatli  of  Clement  VII.  in  1394.  The  Italian  car 
dinata  had  chosen  Boniface  X.  in  1389.  Benedirt  was  de- 
posed by  the  Councils  of  Pisa  (1409)  and  Coiistanci-  (1417), 
in  spite  of  which  he  retained  the  support  of  Anison, 
Ca.itile,  and  Scotland  till  his  death  at  I'eiMseola,  Valcnci:i, 
in  Mil. 

Benedict  XIII.  (Vincenzo  Marco  Orsini). 

Pope  1724-30.  He  made  an  ineffectual  iitlempt 
to  reconcile  the  Roman,  Greek,  Lutheran,  and 
Calvinist  i-hun-lies. 

Benedict  XIV.  ( Prospero  Lambertini).  Born 

at  Bologna,  March  31,  167.') :  died  May  3,  1758. 
Pope  1740-58.  He  prohibited  in  two  bulls,  "Ex  quo 
slngularis  '  (1742)  and  "(Inmium  solicitudineni"  (1744), 
the  practice,  extensively  adopted  by  the  .lesuits  in  their 
Indian  and  Chinejie  niissioTis,  of  accommoilating  Chris- 
tian language  and  usage  to  heathen  ceremonies  aTid  super- 
stition. 
Benedict,  Saint.  Boru  at  Nursia,  in  Uinbria, 
about  480  A.  D. :  died  March  21,  543.  An  Italian 
monk  who  founded  the  order  of  the  Benedic- 
tines, at  Monte  Cassino,  about  .529.  Ho  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Koman  and  Anglican  calendars  on 
March  1,  and  in  the  (Ircck  calendar  on  .March  14. 

St.  Benedict  drew  up  for  the  monks  of  Monte  Cassino 
statutes  which  were  promptly  adopted  thronghiint  liatd. 
These  wise  regulations  threw  aside  useless  nniceration, 
and  divided  the  time  of  the  monks  into  periods  of  prayer. 
mental  and  mainnil  labor;  they  were  obliged  to  cultivate 
the  land,  but  also  to  read  anil  copy  manuscripts.  Some 
little  literary  life  was  thus  preserved  In  the  retirement  of 
the  monasteries,  and  its  dependenciea  formed  what  an- 
now  called  model  farms  ;  they  presented  exanijiles  of  ac- 
tivity and  Industry  for  the  laborer,  the  mechanic,  and  the 
landowner.  Durmj.  Hist.  Kiance,  p.  S4. 

Benedict,  Saint,  of  Aniane.     Born  in  I.angue- 

doc   abiiut  750:  died  821.     A  Koman  (Catholic 

saint,  noted  as  a  reformer  of  monastic  disci- 
pline.    Being  Intrusted  by  Ixjuis  the    Pious  with   the 

superintendence  of  the  convents*  of  westeni  Kranee,  he 

attempted  to  bring  them  all  under  one  rule  by  joining  to 

the  rule  of  St   lienedict  of  NuriJa.  «o  far  as  practicable, 

all  other  rules,  with  llie  result  ttnit  the  " Concordia  Regu- 

larnm  "  of  St.  lienedict  of  Aniane  became  hardly  less  cele- 
brated than  the  original  rule  of  St.  lienedict  of  Nurnla. 
Benedict.  I)iedinI193»  Abbot  of  Peterborough 

1177-93.     He  wrote  a  history  of  the  paaalon,  and  another 

of  the  miracles  of  Thomas  llecket ;  but  la  not,  aa  has  been 

conmionly  supposed,  llie  author  of  the  "(leata  lletu'ici 

Secundi. 
Benedict,  sir  Julius.     Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Nov. 

27,  1H(I4:  died  at  .Mauihester  Sipiare,  I,ondon, 

June  5.  1885.     A  mu.sical  comiioscr.  conductor. 

and  performer,  resident  in  Kngland  after  ls35. 

He  accomiianled  Jeimv  Lind   to  America  in  lsr.0.     His 

works  include  the  operas  "The  (lipay'a  Warning  "  (18.18), 

"The   Bride  of  Venice  "  (1843),  "The  Crnsadera"  (18l«), 

"The  I-llyof  KlUarney"  imvi):  the  canlatns  "Undine'  -d-    „.    (henc'cii) 

(1800).  "  Richard  (^vur  de  l.ion  ■•  (iwa)  :  and  the  oratorios  -"^.enBa  .> '."."t^  *~"' 

"St.  Cecilia  •  (IStie),  "St.  I'etur "(1870),  etc. 
0.— 10 


Ben-badad 

and  on  the  mainland  opposite,  extending  into 
French  territory  to  the  northeast.  They  have 
moved  from  the  interior  to  the  coast  within  a  few  genera- 
tions. The  Benga  language  closely  resembles  the  Uualla 
of  Kamerun ;  and  the  Naka.  between  them,  seems  to 
be  a  transition  language.  Owing  to  the  labors  of  the 
American  Presbyterian  mission,  many  Bengas  are  chris- 
tians, and  several  books  have  been  printed  in  their  lan- 
guage. 
Bengal  (ben-gal').  [F.  liengnW,  G.  BengaUn, 
etc. ;  Hind.  Bauyiilu,  from  Skt.  Banga,  one  of 
the  live  outlying  kingdoms  of  Aryan  India. J 
A  lieutenant-governorsliiii  of  British  India, 
capital  Calcutta,  bounded  by  Nepal,  Sikhim, 
and  Bhutan  on  the  north,  Assam  and  Burma 
on  the  east,  the  Bay  of  Bengal  alid  Madras  on 
the  south,  and  the  Central  Provinces  and  North- 
west Provinces  on  the  west.  It  comprises  Bengal 
proper,  Behar.  Chota-Nagpur,  and  Orissa.  Its  surface  is 
chiefly  the  alluvial  plains  of  the  (langes.  Brahmaputra. 
&lahanaai,  etc.;  but  it  contains  i>art  of  the  Himalayas. 
Itsehief  products  are  rice,  opium,  jute,  indigo,  tea,  and  oil- 
seeds. There  are  also  extensive  coal-fields.  The  leading 
religions  are  Hinduism  and  Mohammedanism,  and  the 
chief  languages  are  Bengali  and  Hindustani.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Mohammedans  abonl  ir.m.beianii-  indeiiitidcnt 
of  Delhi  in  ISM,  and  was  under  the  Moguls  157C-17G5. 
The  early  settlements  ol  the  East  India  Company  were 
made  in  the  first  part  of  the  17th  century.  It  became  a 
lieutenant-governorship  in  lSf>4.  Sometimes  popularly 
called  i"'rtT«fn!;a(.  Area.  1.11,54.')  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  71,340,987  ;  teudalor)-  states,  3,290,379. 

iett'*' Tlie  mag^iua'ry  chrmii-  Bengal,  Bay  of  or  Gulf  of.  That  part  of 
crvantes  said  he  received  his  the  Indian  Ocean  whud.  lies  between  Hindu- 
stan and  Farther  India,  trom  the  Ganges 
delta  to  about  lat.  16°  N. :  the  ancient  Gan- 
geticus  Sinus.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the  Krishna, 
(iodaveri,  Mahanadi,  (ianges,  Brahmaputra,  and  Irawadi. 
The  name  is  sometimea  extended  to  include  the  Sea  of 
Bengal. 
Bengal,  Sea  of.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
that  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean  which  extends 
from  I  lie  Bav  of  Bengal  southward  to  about 
lat.S°N. 

Bengal  Presidency.  One  of  the  three  former 
presidencies  or  chief  divisions  of  British  India, 
comprising  nearly  all  the  iM)rthern  portion. 
The  name  is  still  useil  popularly,  but  is  obsolete  as  ap- 
plied to  an  administrative  division,  though  it  is  still 
retained  in  the  Army  List  as  a  military  command.  Tho 
presidency  consisted  of  Bengal  (Lower  Bengal),  the 
Northwest  Provinces,  Oudli,  the  Central  Provinces,  As- 
sam, etc. 

Bengal  Proper,  or  Bengal.  A  name  given  to 

tlie  SDUthirn  part  of  tlie  lieutenaut-govemor- 
shi)i  of  Bengal. 

Bengali  (ben-ga-le').  [Also  Bengalee:  from 
lieng.  Hind.  Ji/nigiili,  from  Baiigdld,  Bengal.] 
One  of  the  priiicipal  languages  spoken  in 
Bengal,  an  offshoot  of  the  Sanskrit. 

Bengazi  (ben-gli'ze),  or  Ben-Ghazi  (ben- 
ghii'ze).  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Barca, 
situated  on  the  tiulf  of  Sidra  in  lat.  32°  10'  N., 
long.  20°  5'  K. :  the  ancient  Hesperides  or 
Berenice.     Po]iulation,  7,000. 

Bengel  (beng'el).  Johann  Albrecht.    Bom  at 

Winiu'nden,  in  Wiirliinbirtr,  .liine  24.  1687: 
died  Nov.  2,  1752.  .\  German  Frolestant  theo- 
logian and  biblical  scholar,  the  founder  of  tho 
so-called  "biblical  realism.''  He  was  tho  author  of 
a  critical  edition  of  the  New  Testjinient  (1734),  "Gnomon 
Novi  Testamenti  "  (1742).  etc. 


Benevento  (ben-e-ven'to).  [L.  Betiti-e}ilum,iair 
wind:  orig.  Mdlevoitum.  meaning  (appar.)  'ill 
wind.']  fhe  cajiital  of  the  province  of  Bene- 
vento, Italy,  situated  between  the  rivers  Sabato 
and  Calore  34  miles  northeast  of  Naples.  It  con- 
tains a  cathedral  and  various  antiquities,  especially  a  fa- 
mous arch  in  honor  of  Trajan,  built  114  .\.  I).  It  has  various 
manufactures(plale.l  ware,  leather,  etc.).  Originally  it  was- 
a  Sanniite  town,  lallid  Mabventum,  and  was  conquered 
by  the  Romans  in  the  lh>t  put  of  the  3d  century  li,  C,  In 
the  middle  ages  it  was  the  seat  of  a  Lombard  duchy.  It 
was  given  bv  Napoleon  to  Talleyrand,  w  bo  took  the  title  of 
Prince  of  Be'nevento  (ISOC-l.'il.  The  catbedral(liegun  1114) 
is  in  the  Norman  style.  The  faijade  displays  semicircular 
arches  with  curious  sculiiture.  and  has  fine  12th-century 
bronze  doors  with  79  relief-panels  of  Hyzantine  character. 
The  five-aisled  interior  has  round  arches  and  M  antique 
columns,  and  two  beautifulsculptured  and  inlaid  ambones. 
Population,  17,000. 

Benevento,  Battles  of.    1.  A  victory  gained 

liytlie  Komans  ovir  I'yrrhus,  275  B.  c. —  2.  A 
victory  gained  bv  Charles  of  An.jou  over  Man- 
fred, king  of  Sicilv,  Feb.,  126(>.  Manfred  was 
killed,  and  the  kingdom  of  Sicily  passed  to 
Charh'S.  A|so  called  liattlv  (if  drandcUa. 
A  Lombard  iliichy 


Benevento,  Duchy  of.     A  Lombard  duchy  in  „,.      ..   x^  «   .,  r, 

southern  Italv.  in  and  near  Beneventum,estab-  Benger  (beng'ger),  Elizabeth  Ogllvy.     Born 
in  571.'    It  was  divided  ill  840,  passed  to     at    Wells,  Somersetshire.  Kiiglaiul.l  i  iS  :    died 


lished 

Leo  IX.  in  1049,  came  under  the  power  of  tho 

Normans  in  1053,  and  was  acquired  by  Gregory 

Yll.  in  1077. 

Beneventum.    See  Benevento. 
Benevolus  (lie-nev'o-lus).     [L.,  'benevolent.  ] 

A   character  in   Cowper's  "Task,"  meant  for 

John  Courtney  Throckmorton,  of  Weston  Un- 
derwood. ^ 

Benezet  (ben-e-zef),  Anthony.    Born  at  St. 

Ouiiitin.  France,  Jan.  31,  1713:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  3,  1784.  A  French-Ameruiiu 
philanthropist  and  teacher.  Ills  family  removed 
to  London  where  they  Joined  the  Sodely  of  Friends, 
and  to  Philadelliflia  in  1731,  Ho  wrote  sevilal  pam- 
phlets against  the  slave-trade,  1T02-71,  and  In  behalf  of 
the  Indians. 

Benfeld(ben'feld;  F.pron.baii-feld').   Asmall  Ben-hadad   (Inn -ha /dad) 
town  in  l,ower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situ- 
ated on    the   111  17    miles  soiith-southwost  of 

Strasburg. 

Benfey  (ben-n'),  Theodor.  Bom  at  Norton, 
near  Giillingen.  tioiniany,  .Ian.  28,  1809:  died 
at  Gottingen,  .lime  '26,  ISHl.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man Orientalist ,  professor  iil  Giillingen  I8I.H-8I. 
Ills  worka  Include  "  Vollst.lndlge  ( irainmal  Ik  dir  Sanakrll 
sprache  '  (I8.'..0.  'Sanskrlt-Knglish  Dletlonary  "  f  Lnnibm, 
im\).  "  Ocsihlchte  der  Siiraeliwlsscnschnft  und  orient. 
Phllol.  In  Ueulschland  •  (1800),  ele. 

A  Bantu  tribe  of  Gabiin, 
West  Africa,  on   the  Spanish   island  Corisco, 


1 
at  London.  .Ian.  9.  1827.  .-Vii  English  author. 
She  wndc  novels  ("Marian,"  "The  Heiut  and  the 
Fancy),  poems,  and  dramas;  but  is  chiefiy  known  as 
the  complKT  of  memoirs,  among  which  are  memoirs  of 
Klizabeth  Hamilton,  of  .lohii  Tobin,  of  Anne  Itoleyn,  of 
Mary  tjiieen  of  Scots,  and  of  Eliiabeth  of  Bohemia. 
Benguela  ibeng-gii'lii),  A  district  of  the  Portu- 
guese proviiiceof  Angola,  West  Africa,  between 
the  districts  of  I,oanda  and  Mossamedea,  in- 
cluding 6  concelhos  (counties)  and  the  posts  of 
Bailundo  anil  Bihe. 

Benguela,  or  Sao  Filipe  de  Bengnela  (siin 

fe-le'pil  ilabeiig-gii'lii).  .\  siiipoit,  llie  capital 
of  tho  district  of  Benguela,  in  lat.  12"  34'  S.  It 
was  formerly  an  iniporlani  sliition  if  llie  slave- 
liade.      ropulalion,  about  3,000. 


or  Ben-Haddad. 

The  name  of  three  kings  of  Syria  ;  on  A  contem- 
porary ol  Asa,  king  of  .lu.lnh  (!>21»-H73  II,  0).  1  Kl.  XV. 
18  II.  ('.)  Son  ol  the  preceding,  antagonist  and  ally  In 
turn  of  Ahab,  king  of  larael  (1  Kl.  xx.  I'l.  34),  Sh«l 
maneser  II..  king  of  Aaayria  Mio  S24,  relates  In  ha  an- 
nals that  In  the  i.th  year  of  Ida  reign  (s.'.41  he  defeated  a 
Karkar  (near  the  nver  Oronl.a)  12  allbd  kinga  of  Hall 
and  the  aea  coast,  among  them  the  king  nadda-ldrl  ol 
Dainascua,  and  Ahab  of  Urael.  Two  other  victories  .vel 
lii.lda  Idrl  are  recorded  In  the  annala  of  S49  n"d  S4i>- 
l)ailda-iilrlla,noiloubl,theaameasH.nlmdad.for  In  both 
the  liu-erlptlona  and  the  obi  TealnlnenI  (1  Kl  XX.  M  tLl 
he  figures  aa  an  allv  of  Ahab  and  aa  the  father  and  pre 
dieessor  of  Har.ael' (Aaayrlan  Maza-llu).  Ilia  full  name 
was  probably  lliii-nildu-idri,  the  son  of  the  storiii-god 


Ben-hadad 

(called  in  Assyrian  Hainmait),  ami  was  sliortened  by  the 
Hebrews  as  well  as  by  the  Assyrians,  (c)  .Son  of  H:izael, 
ami  a  contemporary  ol  Jehoahaz,  Iting  of  Israel  (S6a-b3»). 
2  i^i.  xiii.  3. 
Ben-Hur  (beu'her').  A  novel  by  Lew  (Lewis) 
Wallace,  published  in  1S80,  named  from  the 
principal  character,  a  young  Jew.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  the  time  of  Clirist. 
Beni  (Ba-ne').  A  department  in  northeastern 
Bolivia.  Area,  100.551  square  miles  (claimed. 
295,020).  Population,  22,000,  besides  wild  In- 
dians. 
Beni  (Ba-ne'),  or  Venl  (va-ne').  A  river  in  Bo- 
livia which  I'ises  near  La  Paz,  and  unites  with 
the  Mamore,  in  lat.  10°  22'  30'  S.,  lonp.  dfi"  22'  W., 
to  form  the  Madeira.  Lenijth,  about  900  miles. 
Beni  Amer  or  Amir  (be-ne  ti'mir).  A  pasluml 
nomadic  Mohammedan  tribe  in  eastern  Africa, 
dwelling  in  Barka,  north  of  Abyssinia,  and  to 
the  northeast  of  Barka  near  the  Red  Sea  coast. 
It  numbers  about  200,000. 
Benicarlo  (ba-ne-kar-16').  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Castellon,  eastern  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  80  miles  northeast  of 
Valencia.  It  produces  wines.  Population 
(1887),  7,916. 

Benicia  (be-uish'i-ii).  A  seaport  in  Solano 
County,  California,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Carquiiiez  2.3  miles  northeast  of  San  Francisco. 
It  contains  a  United  States  arsenal,  and  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  State.  Population 
(1900),  2.7.0L 
Benicia  Boy.  A  nickname  of  John  C.  Heenan, 
an  American  pugilist,  from  liis  residence  in 
California. 
Beni-Hassan  (ba'ne-has'siln).  A  village  in 
MidtUe  Egj'pt,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Nile,  opposite  the  ancient  Hermopolis,  in 
lat.  27°  54'  N.  it  is  famons  for  its  rock-tombs,  and  for 
ita  grottoes  (the  trrreos  '.\pTe/Ai5o4,  cave  of  Artemis).  The 
chief  groups  of  rocli-cut  sepulcliers  occupy  a  terrace  in  tile 
limestone  cliff  bordering  at  a  little  distance  the  east  bank 
of  tlie  Mle.  The  tombs  date  from  the  beginning  of  the  12th 
dynasty  (300Q-2500  B.C.),  and  consist  of  a  rock-cut  vestibule 
preceding  a  chamber  in  which  is  sunk  a  shaft  at  the 
bottom  oi  which  lies  the  tomb  itself.  The  walls  of  the 
chambers  are  covered  with  very  remarkable  paintings  of 
scenes  of  ancient  life,  but  the  tombs  are  especially  notable 
for  the  celebrated  so-called  proto-Uoric  columns  of  many 
of  their  vestibules.  These  are  set,  usually  two  in  aiitis, 
in  the  rectangular  rock-openings,  ami  support  an  arclii- 
trave  on  their  thin  square  abaci :  there  is  no  echinus.  Some 
of  tlie  rock-cut  shafts  are  shaped  in  prismatic  forms ; 
others  have  shallow  channels  with  sharp  arrises. 

Beni-Israel  (ba'ne-iz'ra-el).  ['  Sons  of  Israel.'] 
Colonies  of  Jewish  descent  found  in  western 
India.  Their  language  is  Marathi,  and  their 
number  is  estimated  at  about  5,000. 

Benin  (be-nen').  A  former  name  of  the  eastern 
part  of  Upper  Guinea. 

Benin.  A  negro  kingdom  in  western  Africa, 
extending  from  the  western  part  of  the  Niger 
delta  to  Yoruba  on  the  northwest.  It  is  thickly 
settled. 

Benin,  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Benin, 
situated  on  the  river  Benin  (a  western  mouth 
of  the  Niger).     It  is  now  small. 

Benin,  Bight  of.  TJiat  part  of  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  which  lies  west  of  the  Niger  delta 
to  about  long.  1°  E. 

Beni-Suef  (ba'ne-swef).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Beni-Suef,  Egypt,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Nile,  63  miles  south  of  Cairo. 
Population,  (1897),  l.s.229. 

Benjamin  (ben'ja-min).  [Heb.,  commonly  in- 
terpreted to  mean  'son  of  the  riglit  hand,' 
i.  e.  'fortimate,'  felix :  but  other  e.\plana- 
tions  are  given.]  The  youngest  son  of  Jacob. 
He  wjis  named  Benoni  ('  son  of  my  sorrow ')  i)y  his  mother, 
Rachel,  who  died  in  giving  him  birth  ;  butthis  waschanged 
to  Benjamin  by  Jacob.  The  tribe  of  Benjamin  occupied 
a  territory  about  26  miles  long  and  12  wide  between  r.ph- 
raim  (on  the  north)  and  Judali,  containing  Jerusalem  and 
Jericho. 

The  existence  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  was  also  very 
peculiar.  Its  territory  was  small  and  almost  entirelv  oc- 
cupied by  the  C'anaauites,  either  allies  like  the  Gibeoiiites 
or  enemies  Uke  the  Jebusites.  The  Benjaniites  were  lit- 
tle else  than  a  special  military  corjis,  of  a  high  caste  as 
regards  the  use  of  the  sling,  their,  young  men  being  ac- 
customed to  use  the  left  hand  instead  of  the  right.  Their 
strong  place  was  Gibeah,  to  the  north  of  Jerusalem,  They 
were  not  liked,  and  their  morality  was  said  to  be  very 
low.  Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  289. 

Benjamin,  Judah  Philip.    Bom  at  St.  Croix, 

West  Indies,  Aug.  11, 181 1 :  died  at  Paris,  May  S, 
1884.  An  American  lawyer  and  politician  of  Eng- 
lish-Hebrew descent.  He  was  United  Stjites  senator 
1853-61,  attorney-general  of  the  Confederacy  1861,  Confed- 
erate secretary  of  war  1861-62,  and  secretary  of  stat  c  18C2-G5. 
In  1865  he  went  to  England,  and  after  1866  practised  law 
there  with  great  success,  ile  wrote  a  "Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Sale  of  Personal  Property"  (1868),  etc, 
Benjamin,  Park.  Born  at  Demerara,  British 
Guiana,  Aug.  14,  1809 :  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 


146 

12,1864,  An  American  journalist  and  poet.  He 
was  associated  witli  C,  F.  Hoffman  as  editor  of  the  "Ameri- 
can Monthly  Magazine  "  (1837-38).  established  in  1840  the 
"  New  World  "  in  connection  with  E,  Sargent  and  K,  W. 
Oriswold,  and  was  connected  witli  various  other  journals. 

Benjamin  of  Tudela.     Died  after  1173.     A 

Spanish-Hebrew  traveler  in  the  East.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  famous  itinerary  written  originally  in  He- 
brew under  the  title  "Masaoth"  (excursions),  and  trans- 
lated into  Latin  (1575)  by  Montanus,  into  French  (1734)  by 
Baratier,  into  EngUsh  (1784)  by  Gerrans,  Asher  (1841),  etc. 

Ben  Jochanan(ben  j6-ka'nan).  In  Dryden  and 
Tate's  "Absalom  and  Aehitophel,"a  character 
intended  for  the  Key.  Samuel  Johnson,  who  up- 
held the  right  of  private  judgment  and  was 
persecuted  therefor. 

Benjowsky  (ben-yof'ski).  Count  Moritz  Au- 
gust von.  Born  at  Verbo,  Hungary,  1741: 
killed  in  Madagascar,  May  23,  1786.  "A  Hun- 
garian adventurer,  noted  for  intrigues  in  Kam- 
chatka and  Madagascar. 

Ben  Lawers  (ben  la'erz).  \^Ben,  in  Scottish 
names  of  mountains,  means  'mount,' from  Gael. 
beinii,  mount,  mountain,  hill,  peak,  lit.  'head.'] 
A  mountain  in  western  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
near  the  northwestern  shore  of  Loch  Tay. 
Height,  3,985  feet. 

Ben  Leai  (ben  led'i).  A  mountain  in  western 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  20  miles  northwest  of 
.Stirling,  between  Lochs  Lubnaig,  Vennachar, 
and  Katrine.     Height,  2,875  feet. 

Ben  Lomond  (ben  16'mpnd).  A  mountain  in 
northwestern  Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  26  miles 
northwest  of  Glasgow,  east  of  Loch  Lomond. 
It  is  noted  for  its  extended  view.  Height,  3,192 
feet. 

Ben  Macdhui  (ben  mak-do'e).  A  mountain  in 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  border 
of  Banffshire,  in  lat.  57°  4'  N.,  long.  3°  40'  W. : 
the  second  highest  mountain  in  Great  Britain. 
Height,  4.296  feet. 

Ben  More  (ben  mor).  [Gael,  heinn  mor,  high 
peak.]  The  highest  summit  in  the  island  of 
Mull,  Scotland.     Height,  3,185  feet. 

Bennaskar  (ben-nas'kar).  A  magician  in  Bid- 
ley's  "Tales  of  the  Genii." 

Bennet  (ben'et),  Henry.  [The  Eng.  surname 
Bennet  or  Bennett  is  from  ME.  Benet,  from  OF. 
Beiifiit,  Benoitj'L. Benedictus,  Benedict  (St. Bene- 
dict).] Bornat  Arlington,  Middlesex,  1618:  died 
July  28, 1685.  An  English  politician  and  diplo- 
matist, created  earl  of  Arlington  in  1672.  ne 
was  a  member  of  the  famous  Cabal  (which  see) ;  secretary 
of  state  1662-74 ;  and  lord  chamberlain  1674-85.  He  was 
impeached  in  the  House  of  Commons,  Jan.  15,  1674.  as  the 
chief  instrument  or  "  conduit-pipe  "  of  the  evil-doing  of 
tlie  king,  as  a  papist,  and  for  breach  of  trust ;  but  the  pro- 
ceedings were  dropped. 

Bennet,  Elizabeth.  A  girl  of  unusual  strength 
of  character,  high  sense  of  individual  integrity, 
and  audacious  vivacity,  in  Miss  Austen's  novel 
"Pride  and  Prejudice."  she  refuses  the  hand  of 
Mr.  Darcy,  to  whom  she  is  attached,  because  he  appears 
too  confident  a  suitor.  Her  pride  refuses  to  allow  herself 
to  be  so  easily  won.  His  perseverance  finally  changes  her 
prejudice  into  complacence,  and  she  marries  him. 

Bennet,  Jane,    The  sister  of  Elizabeth  Bennet. 

Bennett  (ben'et),  James  Gordon.  Born  at  New 

Mill,  Banffshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  1,  1795:  died  at 
New  York.  Jvme  1, 1872.  An  American  journal- 
ist, founder  of  the  "  New  York  Herald  "  in  1835. 
He  sent  Stanley  as  an  explorer  to  Africa  1871- 
1872, 

Bennett,  John  Hughes,  Born  at  London, 
Aug,  31,  1812:  died  at  Norwich,  Sept.  25,  1875. 
A  British  physician  and  ph)-,siologist. 

Bennett,  Sir  William  Sterndale.  Bornat  Shef- 
field, England,  April  13,  1816:  cUed  at  London, 
Feb.  1.  1875.  A  distinguished  English  com- 
poser. His  works  include  a  cantata,  "The  May  Queen" 
(185S),"The  Woman  of  Samaria  "(1867  :  an  oratorio), " Para- 
dise and  the  Peri,"  "Parisin;!,"  "The  Naiads"and  "The 
Wood-Nymphs,"  overtures,  etc, 

Bennett  Law,  The.  A  law  passed  in  Wiscon- 
sin. 1889,  for  the  regulation  of  schools.  Repealed 
in  1891,  Its  most  noteworthy  provision  was  the  require- 
nient  of  teaching  in  the  English  language, 

Ben  Nevis  (ben  nev'is).  The  highest  mountain 
in  Great  Britain,  situated  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  lat.  56°  48'  N.,  long.  5°  W.  Tliere  is 
a  meteorological  observatory  on  its  summit. 
Height,  4,406  feet. 

Bennigsen   (ben'nig-sen),  Cotmt  Alexander 

Levin.  BornatZakret.nearWilna, Russia, July 
21,1809:  diedatBanteln.Feb.  27, 1893.  A  Hanove- 
rian statesman,  son  of  Count  L,  A,  T.  Beiinigsen, 

Bennigsen,  Count  Levin  August  Theophil. 

Born  at  Brunswick,  Fell,  10,  1745:  died  near 
Hannover,  Oct.  3, 1826.  A  general  in  the  Rus- 
sian service.  He  was  a  leader  in  the  murder  of  the 
czar  Paul  in  1801 ;  and  served  with  distinction  at  Pultusk 
(1806)  and  Eylau  (1807),  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1S12-14. 


Bentheim 

Bennigsen,  Rudolf  von.  Born  at  LUneburg, 
Hannover,  July  10,  1824:  dieil  at  Bennigsen, 
Aug.  7,  1902.  A  German  statesman,  a  leader 
of  the  National  Liberal  party.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Hanoverian  chamber  1857-66,  of  the  Prussian  Land- 
ta_'  1867-83  and  the  North  German  lleichstag  1867-70,  and 
of  the  German  Reichstag  1881-83, 1887-98. 

Bennington  (ben'iug-ton).  A  town  in  south- 
eastern Vermont,  situated  34  miles  northeast 
of  Albany.  Near  here,  Aug.  16,  1777,  the  Americana 
under  Stark  defeated  the  British  forces  under  Baum  and 
Breyman.  The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  S5U;  of  the 
Americans,  about  70.     Population  (1900),  8,033. 

Benno(ben'o),  Saint.  BornatHildesheim,  1010: 
died  June  16,  1107.  A  German  ecclesiastic, 
bishop  of  Meissen  1066.  He  is  noted  as  a  supporter 
of  Pope  Ciregory  VII.  in  his  struggle  with  the  emperor 
Henry  IV.,  and  for  his  missionary  labors  among  the  Slavs. 
He  was  canonized  in  1523  (an  event  which  occasioned 
Luther's  "  Wider  den  neuen  Abgott  und  Alten  Teuff el  "), 
and  in  1576  his  remains  were  deposited  in  Munich :  since 
then  he  has  been  regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  that  city. 

Benoit  de  Sainte-More (be-nwa'  de  saht  mor') 
or  Sainte-Maure.  Born  at  Sainte-Maure,  in 
Touraiue.  A  French  trouvere  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. Little  is  known  of  his  life  beyond  the  brief  auto- 
biographical notices  contained  in  his  works.  His  royal 
patron,  the  King  of  England,  Henry  II.  (1154-89),  charged 
him  to  write  the  history  of  the  Normans.  Benoit  accord* 
ingly  composed  "La  clironique  des  dues  de  Normandie," 
a  poem  of  45,000  lines,  written  about  1180.  Benoit  de 
Saint-Maure  is  also  known  by  his  "Roman  de  Troie,"  a 
poem  of  over  30,000  lines,  written  about  1160  and  dedi- 
cated to  Alienor  de  Poitiers,  queen  of  England.  Two  other 
works  are  ascribed  to  fliis  trouvere  :  ".^i'.neas,"  a  poem  of 
some  10,000  verses,  and  "  Le  roman  de  Thebes  "  in  15,000 
lines. 

Benoiton  (be-nwa-toii'),  La  Famille.  A  com- 
edy by  Sardou,  produced  in  1865.  Madame  Benoi- 
ton is  conspicuous  by  her  absence,  and  has  been  the  bane 
of  lier  family  by  reason  of  her  neglect.  She  is  constantly 
inquired  for,  and  has  always  gone  out.  Hence  the  saying 
"to  play  the  part  of  Madame  Benoiton." 

Benrath  (ben'riit).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  northwest  of  Cologne. 

Benserade  (bons-rad'),  Isaac  de.     Bom  at 

Lyons-la-Foret,  1612 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17, 
1691.  A  French  dramatic  and  lyric  poet.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  famous  sonnet  on  Job  which  accom- 
panied a  paraphrase  of  several  chapters  of  Job,  "Cl^o- 
patre"  (1635),  and  other  tragedies,  masks,  and  ballets, 

Bensheim  (bens'him),  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  on  the  Lauter  13  miles 
south  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  (1890),  6.277. 

Bensington  (ben'sing-ton).  A  town  in  Oxford- 
shire, England,  12  miles  southeast  of  Oxford. 
Here,  775  A.  D.,  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  defeated 
Cynewulf ,  king  of  Wessex. 

Bensley  (benz'li),  Robert.  Born  1738  (?):  died 
1817  (?).     An  English  actor. 

Of  all  the  actors  whotlourished  in  my  time  —  a  melancholy 
phrase  if  taken  aright,  reader  —  Bensley  had  most  of  the 
swell  of  soul,  was  greatest  in  the  delivery  of  heroic  con- 
ceptions, the  emotions  consequent  upon  the  presentment 
of  a  great  idea  to  the  fancy,  Larhb. 

Benson   (ben'son),   Carl.       A  pseudonym  of 

Charles  Astor  Bristed, 

Benson,  Edward  White.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
England,  Jtdy  14, 1829:  died  at  Ha  warden,  Flint- 
shire, Oct.  lb.  1896.  An  English  prelate.  He 
became  bishop  of  Truro  in  1877,  and  was  consecrated  ai-ch- 
bishop  of  Canterlnirv  in  188;?.  His  works  include  "  Boy- 
Life  "(1874),  "Singleheart"  (1877),  "The  Cathedral"  (1879), 
several  volumes  of  sermons,  etc. 

Benson,  Egbert.  Born  at  New  York  city,  Jtme 
21,  1746:  died  at  Jamaica,  L,  I.,  Aug,  24,  1833. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician,  iie  wrote  a 
"Vindication  of  the  Captors  of  Major  Andr^"  (1817), 
"Memoir  on  Dutch  Names  of  Places"  (1835),  etc, 

Benson,  Eugene.  Born  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y., 
1839.     An  American  genre  and  figure  painter. 

Benson,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Kirk-Uswald,  Cum- 
beriand,  England,  Jan.  26,  1749:  died  Feb.  16, 
1821.  A  noted  English  Methodist  clergyman 
and  controversialist, 

Bentham  (ben'th.am),  Jeremy.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  15,  17-18:  died  there,  June  6,  1832. 
An  English  jurist  and  utilitarian  philosopher. 
He  took' the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
in  1783,  and  of  A.  M.  ^  1766,  and  was  subsequently  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  he  shortly  gave  up 
the  practice  of  law  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly  to 
literary  pursuits.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1792  he  in* 
hei  ited  a  considerable  fortujie,  which  enabled  him  fully  to 
indulge  his  literary  tastes.  His  chief  works  are  "  Intro- 
duction to  the  Principles  of  Morals  and  Legislation"  (1789), 
"Fragment  on  Government"  (1776),  "The  Constitu- 
tional Code  "(1830),  and  "Rationale  of  Judicial  Evi- 
dence" (1S27). 

Bentham,  Thomas.  Born  at  Sherbum,  York- 
shire, 1513:  died  at  Eccleshall,  .Staffordshire, 
Feb.  21,  1578.  An  English  Protestant  bishop, 
one  of  the  translators  of  the  "Bishops'  Bible." 

Bentheim  (bent'him),  A  eountship  included 
in  the  present  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia, 
bordering  on  the  Netherlands. 

Bentheim.  A  small  town  in  the  pro%'ince  of  Han- 
over, Prussia,  30  miles  northwest  of  MUnster. 


Bentinck,  William 

Bentinck  (ben'tiugk),  William.  Born  1649 (!) : 
.lied  at  Bulstrodc,  near  Beacoiisfifld,  Buokiug- 
hamsliire,  Nov.  23,  1709.  A  companion,  con- 
lidential  adriser,  and  diplomatic  agent  of  Wil- 
liam III.,  createil  lirst  earl  of  Portland.  lie  was 
the  soil  of  Uenry  Bentinck  of  Diepenheiui.  in  Oveiyssel. 
Holland.  He  became  a  personal  attendant  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  went  witli  him  to  KtiKlaml,  ami  rose  there  to 
A  high  position  in  the  srrvice  of  the  state  arut  in  the  anny. 

Bentinck,  Lord  William  Cavendish.  Born 
Sept.  14,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  June  17,  1839. 
.\ii  Kuglish  statesman  and  general,  second  sou 
•  ■<  tlio  thiril  Duke  of  Portland,  He  wasRovernor 
1  Madras  l-o;i-07;  was  envoy  to  Sicily,  coliimander-in- 
.  tiief  of  the  British  forces  there,  and  practically  governor 
of  the  island,  1811-14  ;  and  was  appointed  t'ovcrnor-Beneral 
of  Bengal  in  1827,  and  governor-gener.al  of  India  in  lK:t3, 
lii^  a<ltnihistratioTi  extending  from  18"28  (wlien  he  took  his 
-eat)  t"  18;!5.     He  al.i.lishcd  the  ".Snttee"  in  1,m-_".i. 

Bentinck,  William  George  Frederick  Cav- 
endish (usually  called  Lonl  George  Ben- 
tinck). Born  at  Welbeck  .-Vbljey,  Fcl,.  L'7.  ISOJ : 
died  there,  Sept.  21,  1848.  An  English  puliti- 
:an  and  sportsman,  second  son  of  the  fourth 
1  )iike  of  Portland.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  protec- 
tionist opposition  to  Sir  Kohert  I'eel  1S4G-17. 

Bentinck,  William  Henry  Cavendish,  thiiil 

Duke  of  Portland.  Born  1738:  died  at  Bul- 
strode,  Nov.  30,  1809.  An  English  Whig  states- 
man, prime  minister  April-Dec,  1783,  and 
1807-09.  and  home  secretary  1794-lSO]. 

Bentinck's  Act,  Lord  George.  An  English 
statute  of  1845,  restricting  unlawful  gaming 
and  wagers. 

Bentivoglio  (ben-te-vol'vo),  Cornelio.    Bom 

at  Ferrara,  Italy,  1668:  died  at  Rome,  Dee.  30, 
1732.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  archbishop  of  Carthage,  nuncio  to  France,  car- 
dinal (1719),  and  legate  a  latere  in  Romania,  and  the  au- 
thor of  sonnets,  a  translation  of  the  "  Thebaid  "  of  Statins, 
etc. 

Bentivoglio,  Ercole.  Bom  about  1512:  died 
l.')73.  An  Italian  poet  and  diplomatist,  grand- 
son of  Giovanni  Bentivoglio. 

Bentivoglio,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Bologna  about 
1438:  diedat  JIilan,ir)08,  An  Italian  noblfman, 
ruler  of  Bologna  14U2-150G. 

Bentivoglio,  Guido.  Born  at  Ferrara,  1579: 
died  Iti-W.  An  Italian  cardinal,  noted  as  a 
diplomatist  and  historian.  He  was  papal  nuncio  to 
Flanders  and  France,  and  author  of  '"Delia  (iuerra  di 
Fiandra"  (10:i3-39),  letters,  memoirs,  etc. 

Bentley  (bent'li),  Richard.    Horn  at  Oultou, 

near  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  Jan.  27,  10G2:  died 
July  14,  1742.  A  noted  English  classical 
scholar  and  critic,  appointed  master  of  Tiinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1700.  lie  was  the  author 
of  "  Epistola  a.l  llillium  "  ("  Letter  to  l)r.  John  .M  ill,"  KMl), 
"Boyle  Lectures " (1092),  "Dissertation  on  the  Epistles  of 
Phalaris  '  (1(197.  lODB),  etc. 

Bentley,  Robert.  Born  at  Hitchin.  Hertford- 
sliire.  England.  March  25, 1821 :  died  Dec,  1893. 
An  English  Irotanist.  His  works  include  "Man- 
ual of  Botany,"  "Medicinal  Plants,"  etc 

Benton  (ben'ton),  Thomas  Hart.  Born  at 
Hillsborough,  "N.  C,  March  14,  1782:  died 
at  Washington,  April  10,  1858.  An  American 
Democratic  statesman.  He  was  United  States  sen- 
ator from  .Missouri  1821-51 ;  representative  to  Congress 
1868-65;  and  author  of  "Thirty  V'ears' View"  (IS-ll-iiS), 
"Abridgment  of  the  Debates  of  Congress  from  1789-1H56  " 
(15  vols.),  etc. 

Benton.  An  iron-clad  gunboat  of  1,000  tons, 
altered  in  1801  from  a  powerful  United  States 
snag-boat.  she  belonged  to  the  .Mississippi  llotilla, 
and  took  part  in  the  lighting  at  Islaiul  No.  10,  Fort  I'illow, 
Vicksburg,  and  on  the  Vazoo  and  Red  Uiver  expeditions. 

Bentonville  (ben'ton-vil).  Battle  of.  A  vic- 
tory gained  at  Bentonville  (south  of  Kaleighin 
North  Carolina)  by  tlit^  Federals  under  Sher- 
man over  the  (!onfi'derates  under  .Johnston, 
March  19-20,  is(i5.  Loss  of  the  Federtils,  l,64(i; 
of  the  (.'onfcderates,  2,825. 

Bentzel-Sternau  (bent'zel-ster'non).  Count 
Christian  Ernst  von.  Born  at  Mainz,  Ger- 
many. April  !>,  1707:  died  neurEake  Zurich,  Aug. 
13,1849.  .\  (ierniiin  ](olitician,humoroiisnovel- 
ist,  and  miscellaiieoiis  writer.  lie  wrote  "Das 
Roldcnc  Kail)  ■  (18ii2),  "  Der  stclnenie  Oast  '  (1808),  "  Der 
alle  AdaTn"(lslll-20).  etc. 

Benue.    See  liimw. 

Ben  Voirlich  (ben  vor'lich).     A  mountain  in 

I'erthshire,   Scotland,   south    of    Eoeh.  Earn. 

Height.  3,224  feet. 
Benvolio  (ben-v6'li-6).    A  friend  of  Romeo  and 

nephew  of  Montagtie,  in  Shakspere's  tragedy 

"  Komeo  and  Jnliet." 

Benvenuto  Cellini.  An  opera  by  Berlioz,  pro- 
dnceil  in  Paris  in  1.H38;  in  London  in  18,')3. 

Benzayda.  In  Dryden's  play  "The  Contiuest 
of  liriinada,"  the  daughter  of  the  sultan.  She 
loves  Ozwy,  the  son  of  his  deadliest  foe,  and  cxliibits  he- 


147 

roic  courage  and  endurance,  following  her  lover  ttirough 
the  hardshii)s  and  perils  of  civil  war. 

Benzoni  (ben-dzo'ue),  Girolamo.  Bom  at  Mi- 
lan. 1519:  died  after  1560.  An  Italian  traveler. 
In  1542  he  went  to  Spanish  America,  traveling  overmuch 
of  the  regions  then  known,  aiul  sometimes  joining  the 
Spaniards  in  their  raids  against  the  Indians.  Returning 
to  Italy  in  I.'),'?*,,  he  published  ait  account  of  his  travels,  wMth 
the  title  '■  Historia  del  Mondo  Nuovo"  (Venice,  15«f»). 

Beothukan(ba'6-thiik-an).  [Native  heothid-. red 
man,  or  Indian.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.comprisingonly  the  Beothuk 
tribe,  which  formerly  inhabited  the  region  of 
the  Kiver  of  E.xploits  in  northern  Newfound- 
land. So  far  as  is  known,  the  last  sur\i%'ing 
member  of  the  tribe  and  stock  died  in  1829. 

Beothuks.     See  Biotliuhan. 

Beowulf  (ba'o-wiilf).  [AS.  Jiedwulf,  taken  by 
some  to  mean  'bee-wolf  (from  bed,  bee,  and 
indf,  wolf),  i.  e.  'bear,' a  complimentary  name 
for  a  fierce  warrior;  according  to  others  prob. 
re])resenting  an  orig.  ' liciuloiculf  (=  Icel.  'liiid- 
hiilfr),  war-wolf,  from  beailn.  war,  and  inilf, 
wolf.]  The  hero  of  an  Anglo-Sa.xon  epic  poem 
in  alliterative  verse,  of  unknown  authorsliip. 
represented  as  a  thane  and  later  king  of  the 
Swedish  Gedtas.  The  scene  of  action  is  in  Panish  and 
.Swedish  territory.  The  foundation  is  mythical,  legendiu-y, 
and  Itistorical  material  from  the  time  nf  the  hutiish  con- 
quest of  the  Cimbrian  Peninsula,  in  the  eaily  part  of  the 
(ith  century.  Danish  poems  embodying  this  m:iterial 
are  supposed  to  have  come  to  tiie  neighboring  Angles  let  I 
behind  in  their  old  home,  and  to  have  thett  been  brongbt 
over  to  England  by  the  last  migrations  from  the  t'oiitineiit. 
The  poem  was  doubtless  a  gradual  growth,  and  has  pi-'b- 
ably  existed  in  many  successive  versions.  The  form  that 
has  come  down  to  us  dates  from  near  the  beginning  of  the 
8th  century.  It  is  preserved  in  a  single  .MS.  of  the  Cot- 
tonian  Libnu-y  in  the  British  Musouiu.  "Beowulf  "  is  not 
only  the  oldest  epic  in  English,  but  in  the  whole  Germanic 
group  of  languages. 

Beppo  (bep'po).  A  poem  by  Lord  BjTon,  wi-it- 
ten  at  Venice  in  1817,  published  in  1818. 

Berabra  (be-rii'brii).  The  Arabic  name  of  the 
Xiil.ias  (wliich  see). 

Beranger  (bii-roh-zha'),  Pierre  Jean  de.    Bom 

at  Paris.  Aug.  19,  1780:  died  at  Paris,  July  10, 
18.57.  A  famous  French  lyric  poet.  Ue  was  the 
author  of  songs,  "political,  amatory,  bacchanalian,  satiri- 
cal, pliilosophical  after  a  fashion,  and  of  almost  every 
other  complexion  that  the  song  can  possibly  take.  Their 
form  is  exactly  that  of  the  18th-century  chanson,  the 
frivolity  and  licence  of  language  being  considerably  cur- 
tailed, and  the  range  of  subjects  proportionately  ex- 
tended "  (Suintshur;/).  The  first  collection  of  his  songs 
was  published  in  1815.  He  was  the  son  of  a  notary's  clerk. 
In  18t>4  necessity  eompelled  him  to  seek  aid  from  Lucien 
Bonaparte,  which  wjis  given  in  the  form  of  a  clerkship  in 
the  ottice  (■•  the  Imperial  University,  which  he  held  until 
1821.  Ill  1*18  he  was  elected  to  the  Constituent  Assembly 
from  the  department  of  the  Seine.  His  polittcal  sympa- 
thies were  republican  and  Bonapartist,  ami  for  cxpressitij; 
tltem  he  was  twice  prosecuted  by  the  government  (1821- 
1828).  His  sungs  have  enjoyed  an  extraordinary  popularity. 

Berar  (iia-r:ii')>  or  Hyderabad  dii-der-a-biid') 
Assigned  Districts.    A  commissioucrship  of 

British  India,  north  of  the  Nizam's  dominions, 
about  hit.  19°  30'-21°  30'  N.,  long.  76°-79°  E.. 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  governor-general 
and  the  immediate  directicm  of  the  resident  of 
Hyderabad,  it  is  generally  level  and  fertile,  and  pro- 
duces cotton  and  grain.  It  formed  i>art  of  the  domin- 
ions of  the  Mahratta  Rajah  of  Nagpur,  was  ceded  to  Hy- 
derabad in  ]8o;{,  and  was  assigned  (hence  its  otHcial  name) 
by  the  Nizam  to  the  Ilritish  government  in  IS.'i;*  and  IsCl. 
Area,  17,718  s(iuare  miles.     Population  (1891),  2,8n7,4»L 

B6rard  dia-riir'),  Joseph  Fr6d6ric.    Born  at 

Montpcllicr,  Nov.  8,  17s!l:  ilied  April  16,  1828. 
A  French  physician  and  jisychologist. 

B6rard,  Pierre  Honor6.    Horn  at  Liditenberg. 

.\lsace,  1797  ;  cliccl  IS,')8.  .\  French  surgeon  and 
physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  at  Paris, 

Befat  (lie-riif).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Ya- 
ninii,  European  Tiirkev,  situated  on  the  river 
Semeniin  lat.40°45'  N.,  long.  19°  52' E.  Popu- 
lation (eslimatcd),  12.000. 

Beraun  (  ba-roun').  A  river  in  Bohemia  wliich 
joins  the  Moldau  south  of  Prague.  Length, 
ahont  1110  miles. 

Beraun,  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  I.iitainka  and  I3eraun,  17  miles 
west-southwest  of  Prague.  Pojiulation  (1890), 
commune,  7,265. 

Berber  (ber'bi'r).  A  region  in  Nubia,  near  the 
junction  of  tin-  Atliaru  with  the  Nile. 

Berber,  or  El  Mekheir.  .\  town  In  Nubia,  sit- 
uated on  the  cast  liaiik  of  thc>  Nile,  between 
the  month  iff  the  /Vl  luira  and  the  lifth  eatanicl, 
alioiit  hit.  18°  N.  It  is  an  im[»irtnnt  rKdnl  on  the 
caravan  routes  to  Cairo,  liiliartuni,  and  SuaKiin,  anil  wa.n 
designated  as  the  lenninua  of  the  proposed  .Siiakiniller- 
ber  Railway  in  IbSt,.  It  was  taken  by  MnlnlUta  in  1884. 
Population,  estimated,  20,U0ll. 

Berbers  (lier'berz).  A  race  of  people  (and  also 
the  name  of  a  class  of  languages)  constituliiig, 
with  the  Cushites,  the  Hamitic  family,  which 


Berengarius 

is  found  scattered  over  North  Africa  and  the 
Sahara,  from  the  Ked  Sea  to  the  .Atlantic.  The 
complexion  of  the  Berbers  varies  from  white  to  dark 
brown  :  their  features  remind  one  of  the  E;.'yptian  type; 
their  stature  is  medium.  They  have  occupied  their 
present  habitat  since  tlie  dawn  of  history.  Never  have 
their  indomitable  tiibes  become  entirely  subject  to  a  for- 
eign master,  or  lost  their  ethnic  and  linguistic  charac- 
teristics, in  spite  of  Punic.  Roman,  tjemianic,  Arabic,  and 
Osmanli  eoiuiuests.  In  the  Kabail  ^lountains  they  are 
agricultural;  in  the  Sahara,  nomadic.  Forcenturies  they 
have  been  the  middlemen  between  the  .Mediterranean 
coast  and  the  Negro  sUites  of  the  Sudan.  Berber,  a  word 
of  Aryan  derivation,  signilies  "alien,"  ami  s*.»  does  "  Ra- 
tana  "  or  "  Eriana,"  the  name  given  them  by  the  Arabs. 
They  call  themselves  "  Amazirg  "— that  is  "The  Free." 
Owing  to  the  barren  nature  of  the  soil,  the  Uerber  popula- 
tion, as  compared  with  the  area  it  covers,  is  dispropor- 
tionately small.  In  religion  the  Berbers  are  nominally 
Mohammedan.  A  few  trilieshave  adopted  the  Arabic,  and 
so  have  a  few  Arabs  adopted  Berber  dialects.  The  Ber- 
ber languages  are  often  called  I.iliyan.  Dr.  Cast  mentions 
nine  principal  languages  :  Old  Libyan,  Kabafl,  Tamasbek, 
('hat.  ohadamsi,  Shilha,  Zenaga,  C>uanch,  Siwab.  See 
tlaniitts. 

Berbera  (ber-ba'ia).  A  seaport  and  town  in 
Souiali  Laud,  northeast  Africa,  in  the  "  land  of 
incense  "  of  the  ancients.  It  is  a  great  market-place 
for  inland  tribes.  The  climate  is  good.  It  was  annexed 
by  r.gypt  ill  1875,  ami  by  England  ill  1884. 

Berbice  (ber-bes').  The  easternmost  of  the 
three  counties  of  British  Guiana.  It  was  a 
Dutch  colony  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 

Berbice.  A  river  in  British  Guiana  which  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  east  of  the  Essequibo. 

Berbice, orNew  Amsterdam.  A  seaport  in  Brit- 
ish (iuiana.  on  the  river  Berbice  near  its  moufh. 

Berceo.     See  Gumiilo  di  Jlcrcco. 

Berchem.     See  liirghcm. 

Berchta  (berch'ta).  [ML.  Berchta,  Berthit 
(whence  E.  Bertha),  from  OHG.  hcraht,  MHG. 
hirlit  =  E.  brif/lit.'}  A  fairy  in  South  German 
legends.  She  answers  to  the  Hulda  of  North  Germany, 
ami  was  originally  gracious  and  beautiful,  slie  has.  how- 
ever, lost  this  character,  and  is  a  sort  of  witch  to  frighten 
children,  like  the  Bcfana  of  It-ily. 

Berchtesgaden  (berch  '  tes-gii-den).  A  small 
town  in  Cpper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Aehen 
15  miles  south  of  Salzburg,  it  is  noted  for  its  salt- 
mines and  its  wood-carving.  It  was  the  center  of  a  prin- 
cipality until  18o:i. 

Berchtesgaden.  An  alpine  district  in  the  south- 
(■;istcrn  corner  of  Bavaria,  near  the  town  of 
Berchtesgaden. 

Berck  (berk).  A  seaport  and  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais.  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  English  Channel  22  miles  south  of 
Boulogne.     Population  (1891),  5,752. 

Bercy  (ber-se').  A  former  commune  of  France, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine:  now  a 
southe;istern  quarterof  Paris, annexed  in  1860. 

Berdiansk  tber-dyiinsk').  A  seaport  iu  the 
government  of  Taiirida,  southern  Rtissia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sea  of  Azov  in  lat.  46°  45'  N.,  long. 
3(i°  47'  E.  It  has  considei-able  tnide,  and  is  the  center  of 
a  large  salt  industry.     Population,  2;i,.^9;i. 

Berdichef  (beiMJe'chef  1.  A  city  iu  the  govern- 
ment of  KielT,  Russia,  in  lat.  49°  55'  N.,  long. 
2-8°  20'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  an  important  trade  be- 
tween southern  Russia  and  tieriuany.     Population,  78,287. 

Berea  College  (be-re'ij  kol'ej).  A  school  at 
the  village ot^Jerea,  MadisonCounty,  Kentucky, 
100  miles  south  of  Cincinnati,  founded  l,S.56-,58. 
It  is  non-sectarian  and  co-educational :  usually 
(ill  per  cent,  of  the  stiulenls  are  colored. 

Bereczk(l>er-etsk').  A  small  town  in  the  county 
of  llaromszek,  Transylvania,  situated  near  the 
frontier  of  ^loldavia  46  miles  northeast  of 
Kronsladt. 

Berengaria  (Ini-ren-gii're-il).  Died  after  1230. 
Tlic  daughter  of  Sancho  VI.  of  Navarre  niid 
I'.lanclie  of  Castile,  and  queen  of  Kicharil  1. 
(( 'leiir  lie  Lion). 

Berengarius   (ber-en-gii'ri-us),   or   B^renger 

(bil-roi'i-zha'),  I,  King  <if  Italy  88.8-!l24,  a  son 
of  F.lM'rhiird,  duke  of  Fritili,  and  grandson  of 
Louis  le  Delionnaire.  lie  was  chosen  king  of  Italy 
In  opponlliun  to  liiiido,  iliike  of  S|K>lelo,  and,  receiving 
tile  papal  recognition,  succeeded  in  maintaining  himself 
against  foreign  ami  domestic  rivaN  till  defeated  by  Itii- 
doliiti,  king  of  Itnrgiindy.  in  Uie  deeisivi-  battle  of  Kiren- 
xiiola,  .Inly  29,  Ii2:t.  Me  was  assassiiialeil  in  the  following 
year. 
Berengarius  II.  Died  966.  King  of  Italy  9.50- 
961.  a  grandson  of  Berengarius  I.  Italy  being 
invadeil  by  the  emperor  otto  I.,  Itetengariils  bi-canie  a 
fi'ililatoiy  of  Cermany,  He  was  eventually  dethroned,  and 
died  in  {irison. 

Berengarius,  or  B6renger.  Born  at  Tours  about 
WIS:  died  near  Toiir>,.  IIWS.  A  French  ocelesi- 
nstic  and  dialectician,  lie  was  a  pupil  of  Fiilberl 
of  Chartres,  became  arehdeaeon  of  Angers  liMo.  began  to 
attack  the  dogmas  of  transiibslaiillallon  and  the  real  pres- 
ence about  lo4.'i,  and  was  eondemnetl  at  (among  other 
synods)  Vercelll  lO.'Hi,  and  Rome  KiMi  and  1079.  in  conuv 
ciuence  of  which  he  several  times  recanted. 


Berenger 
Berenger,  Lady  Eveline.    A  resolute,  some 


148 


Berkeley,  George 


what  imjiatieut  woman  in  Suott's  novel  ''The 
Betrothftl." 
Berenice  (ber-e-ni'se).  [Ii.  Berenice,  Beroiiicc, 
6r.  BfptPiK;/.]  1.  The  wife  of  Ptolemy  Soter, 
and  the  mother  of  Ptolemy  Philaiklphus. —  2. 
The  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  and 
wife  of  Autioclius  Tht-os.  king  of  Syria. —  3 


See,  Bavaria,  near  Munich.  It  was  the  resi- 
dence and  the  scene  of  the  death  of  Louis  II. 
of  Bavaria. 

Berg  (berG),  Count  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Rem- 
bert.  Bom  at  Sagnitz  Castle,  in  Livonia,  May 
20,  1790:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  18,  1874. 
A  Russian  fleld-marehal  and  diplomatist,  lieu- 
tenant-general of  Poland  1863-74. 


thii"  182.V29.  .\uthur  of  'Atlas  von  Asien  "  OS33-43X 
•'  Physik^lischer  Atlas  "  (1S37-52),  etc. 

Berghem  (berG'hem).  or  Bercliem  (ber'chem), 
Nikolaas.  Bom  at  Haarlem,  16'24  :  died  there, 
Feb.  18,  1GS3.     A  Dutch  landscape-painter. 

Bergman  (berg'man),  Torbern  Olof.  Bom  at 
Katharinberg,  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  March 
20.17.35:  died  July  8, 1784.  A  Swedish  chemist 
and  naturalist,  appointed  professor  of  physics 
at  Upsala  in  1758.  His  collected  works  ("  Opus- 
cula  phvsica,  chemica  et  mineralia")  were 
published  1779-84. 

Bergonzi  (bar-gon'tze).  Carlo.  Died  at  Ci'e- 
mona,  after  1755.  An  Italian  maker  of  musi- 
cal instruments,  a  pupil  of  Antonio  Stradiva- 
rins,  renowned  for  his  violins  and  violoncellos. 

^,g  of  bhalis  ".Lebanon,  and  after  his  death  lived     extends  trom  Lake  Como  eastward  to  the  Ogho  ^J.^^^  novelist,  and  poet.     His  chief  romances  are 

with  her  In-other  Agiippa  II..  it  is  alleRed  in  criminal  re-     and  Lake  Iseo,  and  southward  Irom  tne    V  ai-  „  pj..^  pi^^.^  ,)(.!  popolo ■■  (1S66),  " Fra  den  gamle  Fabrik," 

hitions.  To  disprove  this  accusation  she  married  Polemon,     telliue.  "I  Sabineibjergene, "  etc. 

hlrbrlhlr!"' J.IseU^?';SesoVl"erthat''sl«                    BorgamO  j^ber'ga-mo).  _  [L.  Bergomum,GT.  Bip-  Bergstrasse  (berg'stras-e).    A  celebrated  road 
to  stop  the  cruelties  of  Flonis,  the  last  and  worst  of  Roman 


The  wife  of  Ptolemy  Euerj,'etesr  Havinj:  dedicated  Bergama  (ber'ga-ma).     A  town  on  the  site  of 

the  ancient  Pergamum  (which  see),  Asia  Minor, 
jO  miles  north  of  SmjTna.  Population,  6,000  (?). 
Bergamasca  (ber-ga-mas'ka).  A  district  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  province  of  Bergamo, 
Italv.  It  comprises  the  Val  Brembana,  Val  Seriana,  and 
Viil  di  Scalve.    It  is  mountainous  and  picturesque. 


her  hair  in  the  temple  of  .\rsinoe  at  Zephyriura  tor  the  safe 
return  of  her  husband  from  an  expedition  to  Syria,  the 
astronomer  Conon  of  Samos  reported  that  it  had  been 
transformed  into  the  constellation  called  Coma  Berenices. 
4.  A  sister  of  Cleopatra,  slain  by  the  Romans 
55  b.  c— 5.  A  niece  of  Herod  the  Great,  and 


wifeof  Aristobulus  and  afterward  of  Theudion.  _    "    "         ,  .,        ,,      ,    ..      ..'  ,  •„  „i'  „»       \      nns,  reuowneu  lor  uis  vioiius  auu  vioiouceiios. 

"^'^   ctSght  of  A'grippa  1..  ktngof  Judah  37-  Ber^amasker^  Alps  (l^^r  ga-mas-^ker  alps^.^^  A  ^^^^^.^  ^^^^^,^^^_^  Jorgen  Wilhelm. .  Bomat 


governors  in  J\i.lea  ("Jewish  Wai-s,"  II.  15, 1).  In  the  last 
strut-'gle  of  her  country  she,  like  her  brother,  was  on  the 
side  of  Rome.  She  played  some  part  in  Roman  politics, 
s\lpporting  the  elevation  of  Vespasian  as  emperor.  For 
some  time  Titus  was  attracted  by  her  beauty  and  grace, 
and  it  w.as  believed  that  he  would  marry  her.  She  fol- 
lowed tlie  conqueror  of  her  country  to  Rome,  but  Titus 
was  compelled  to  repudiate  her.  In  the  New  Testament 
she  is  mentioned  as  coming  with  her  brother  to  welcome 
Festus  at  Psesarea.  and  as  being  present  at  the  audience 
whieli  Paul  had  with  this  governor  (Acts  xxv.  13,  23; 


;,o/;oi'.]  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Berga-  in  Germany,  extending  from  Heidelberg  about 
mo,  Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Val  30  miles  northward,  skirting  the  Odenwald.  It 
Seriana  "and  Val  Brembana  28  miles  northeast  was  built  originally  by  the  Romans, 
of  Milan.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  several  notable  Beigues  (berg),  or  BergueS-Saint-WlnOC 
churches,  and  the  Academy  Carrara,  and  has  considera-  (berg-saiit-ve-nok').  A  towu  in  the  depart- 
ble  commerce  and  manufactures.  It  was  destroyed  by  '  ?  f  xj  n  p,.qnfp  7  miles  soutlieast  iif 
Attila.  It  formerlybelonged  to  Venice,  and  was  taken  by  '"'^"t  ot  iNorU,  l-iance,  /  mues  soucueasi  ot 
the  French  in  1509  and  17%.  The  cathedral  is  a  plain  but  Dunkirk.  It  was  fortified  by  \  auban,  and  was  unsuc- 
well-proportioned  building  of  the  Uth  to  the  Itith  cen-  cesstully  besieged  by  the  English  in  1793.  Population 
tuiT,  with  a  modern  favade  and  a  fine  dome.     The  curious     (1891),  commune,  .S3S0,  ,    .  i,-/    • 

octagonal  baptistery  was  built  in  1341,  in  imitation  ot  the  Bering,    or    BellTing     (ba    nng    OT     be    nng). 


antique.    Population  (1S91),  commune,  estimated,  4-2,(KiO, 


^"■'■'•"-  1.  A  tragedv  by  Thomas  Bergamo.     A  prov-ince  in  the  compartimento  of 

^     •     ■  Lorabardy,  Italy.     Area,_  1,098  square  miles. 


Berenice  (ba-ra-nes  ).     _         _     ^ 

Corneille,  produced  in  16-57.  The  subject  was  taken 
from  Mademoiselle  de  ScudSry's  romance  •'  Artamfene,  or 
The  Grand  Cyrus." 

2.  A  tragedv  bv  Racine,  produced  Nov,  21,  IbiO, 
founded'  on  the  story  of  Titus  and  Berenice. 
This  subject  was  proposed  to  Racine  and  Pierre  Corneille 
at  the  same  time  by  Henrietta  of  England,  who  wished  to 

see  her  own  secret  history  on  the  stage.     Corneille  was  ._  ,       m,  -j.  i     j?  j-i.     •  i       i     i;     — -■    "" 

beaten  in  this  literary  tourney,  and  his  play  was  considered  Bergen  (ber'gen).     The  capital  of  the  island  of    North  Pacific  Ocean. 


Population  (ISCl).  414,795. 
Bergara  (ber-gii'rii),  or  Vergara  (ver-ga'rii). 
Convention  of.     The  capitulation  of  the  Car- 
list  general  Maroto,  Aug.  31,  1839.  which  put 


Vitus.  [Dan.  Bering.']  Born  at  Horsens,  Jut- 
land, 1680:  died  at  Bering  Island,  1741.  A 
Danish  navigator,  in  the  Russian  service,  noted 
for  discoveries  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean.  He 
explored  the  northern  coast  of  Siberia  in  1725,  traversed 
Bering  Strait  (named  from  him)  in  1728,  proving  that  Asia 
and  .\meriea  are  separated,  and  in  1741  explored  the  west- 
ern coast  of  America  to  lat,  69°  N. 


an  end  to  the  civil  war  between  the  CarUsts  Bering,  or  Behring,  Island.     The  most  west- 
and  the  Cristinos.  _     .   .     .  .      .    .    erly  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  situated  in  the 


a  sign  of  failing  powers. 
Berenice.     In  ancient  geography,   a  town  in 

Egvpt, situated  on  the  Red  Sea.near  Ras  Benaas, 

in  lat.  23°  55'  N.,  founded  by  Ptolemy  II.     It 

was  an  important  trading  center. 
Berenice.     The  ancient  name  of  Bengazi,  on 

the  Gulf  of  Sidra. 
Beresford    (ber'es-ford).    James.      Born    at 

Upham,  Hants,  England,  May  28,  1764:  died 

at  Kibworth  Beauehamp,  Leicestershire,  Sept. 

29.    1840.     An  English  clerg}Tuan.    He  was  the 

author  of  a  prose  satire,  "  The  Miseries  ot  Human  Life" 

(lSu(}-07),  etc. 

Beresford,  Viscount  (William  Carr  Beres- 
ford). Born  Oct.  2,  1768 :  died  at  Bedgebury, 
Kent,  Jan.  8, 1854.  A  British  general.  He  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  war;  organized  the 
Portuguese  army,  and  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Al- 
buera.  May  16,  1811, 

Beresina,  or  Berezina  (ber-e-ze'nii),    A  river 

in  the  government  of  Minsk.  Russia,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Dnieper.  Length,  about  350  miles. 
Beresina,  Passage,  or  Battle,  of  the.  The 
passage  of  Napoleon's  army  over  the  Beresina 
on  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  Nov.  26-29,  1812. 
It  was  opposed  by  the  Russians  near  Stndienka.  Many 
thousands  of  the  French  were  slain  and  drowned,  and 
about  16,000  were  made  prisoners. 


Riigen,  Prussia,  situated  in  the  central  part  of  Bering,  or  Behring,  Sea.     That  part  of  the 
the  island.   Population  (1890),  commune,  3,821.    North  Pacific  Ocean  which  lies  between  Bering 


Bergen.     A  seaport  and  the  second  city  of  Nor 
wav.  situated  in  the  amt  of  South  Bergenhuus, 


Strait  and  the  Aleutian  Islands. 
Sea  of  Kamchatka. 


Also  called 


southwestern  Norway.   It  was  a  trading  station  ggj-ing    or  Behring,  Strait.     A  sea  passage 

_/.i,_.    TT ii.    T -1,1,1k   i:;;;o        Popula  ■'    '  ..,..,  ,,,     .,.  .   -^t  .    n     t-._ 


of  the  Hanseatic  League  1445-1558 
tion  (1891),  53,684. 
Bergen-op-Zoom  (ber'Gen-op-zom'),     A  town 
in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  Zoom,  near  the  East  Schelde. 


which  connects  the  Arctic  with  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  separates  Alaska  from  Siberia. 
Width,  in  the  narrowest  part,  36  miles. 
Beringhen  (ber'ing-en),  De.    A  gourmand  in 
Buhver's"  Richelieu,"  banished  by  the  cardinal. 
15  miles  north  of  Antwerp.  It  was  formerly  strongly  ggj-jugton   (ber '  ing  -  ton),    Joseph.     Bom  in 
fortified.    It  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Diike  of    giiropghire,  England,  174t):  died  at  Buckland, 


Pai  Tua  in  1,588,  and  by  Spinola  in  1622,  and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1747  and  1796.  In  Sept.,  1799,  an  engagement 
took  placfe  here  between  the  Duke  ot  York  and  the  French 
under  Brune.  March  8,  1814,  the  British  under  Sir  T. 
Graham  attempted  to  carry  the  fortress  of  Bergen-up- 
Zoom  by  storm.     Population  (1889),  commune,  13,031. 


Berkshire,  Dec.  1,  1827.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  priest  and  author.  He  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  Lives  of  Abeillard  and  Heloisa,  etc." (1787),  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Reign  of  Henry  II.,  etc."  (1790),  '■  Literary  His- 
tory of  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1814),  and  numerous  controver- 

Bergenroth  rber'gen-r6t),Gustav  Adolf.  Bom    siai  works.  ,^, . ..,     ,     ."    „„,i  ^i. 

at  oletzko.  East  Prussia,  Feb.  26,  1813  :  died  Berinthia  (be-rin'thi-a).     1.  A  young  and  dis- 
in  Madrid,  Feb.  13,  1869.    A  historical  student,    f°l"t^,^"l?^J°_^a?i'r"|,°  ?i5™^^L„„!i';:„r 


noted  for  his  researches  in  English  history 
among  the  archives  at  Simancas,  Spain. 
Bergerac  (berzh-rak').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogue,  southwestern  France, 
situated  on  the  Dordogne  51  miles  east  of 
Bordeaux:  an  ancient  Huguenot  stronghold. 
Population  (1891),  14,735. 


anouL  lo,uvu  were  luauc  ijiiawiicia.  «      ^  «         .     .  >^  j  -r*  i.       i 

Berettvo  (be'ret-yo).    A  river  in  eastern  Hun-  Bergerac,  Savinien  Cyrano  de.    Born  about 


garv,  a  tributary  of  the  Koros. 
Berettyo-Ujfalu  (be'ret-y6-6y'fo-lo).     A  town 

in  the  county  of  Bihar,  Hungary,   21  miles 

northwest  of  Groaswardein.   Population  (1890), 

6,913. 
Berezof   (ber-ez-of).     A  small  town  in  the 

govirument  of  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  situated  on 

the  Sosva   in   lat.  64°  N.,  long.  65°  30'  E.     It 

has  trade  in  furs,  etc;,  and  is  a  place  of  banishment  for 

political  oflenders. 
Berezovsk  (ber-ez-ovsk').     A  small   town  in 

the  government  of  Perm,  Russia,  situated  in 

the  Urals  near  YekaterinbuT; 

of  important  gold-fields. 
Berg  (berG).  [G., 'mountain.']    Aformerduchy 

of  Germany,  situated  east  of  the  lower  Rhine 

and  west  of  Westphalia  and  JIark:  the  Roman 


1620  at  the  Chtiteau  de  Bergerac  (P^rigord): 
died  at  Paris  in  1655.  A  French  writer  and 
duelist.  He  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Arras  in  1640, 
and  devoted  himself  to  study.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Agrippine."  a  tragedy  (1653),  "  Le  pedant  joui5,"  a  com- 
edy (1654),  "Histoire  comique  des  etats  et  empires  de  la 
lune"  (16.56,  after  his  death),  and  "Histoire  comii|ue  des 
itats  et  des  empires  du  soleil"  (1661).  These  twii  are 
said  to  have  served  to  suggest  at  least  "Microm^gas"  and 
"  Gulliver's  Travels." 

Bergerac,  Treaty  of.    A  treaty  concluded  be 


lapse,"  and  afterward  in  Sheridan's  adaptation, 
the  "Trip  to  Scarborough."— 8.  The  niece  of 
Mrs.  Pipchin  in  Dickens's  novel  "Dombey  and 
Son":  called  "Beny,"  and  much  aifiieted  with 
boils  on  her  nose. 

B6riot  (ba-re-6').  Charles  Auguste  de.  Bom 
at  Louvain.  Belgium,  Feb.  20,  1802:  died  at 
Louvain,  April  20,  1870.  A  distinguished  Bel- 
gian violinist  and  composer. 

Berislaflf  (ba're-slaf ).  A  to^vn  in  the  government 
of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  46 
miles  east  of  Kherson,     Population,  11,093, 

Beristain  y  Souza  ( ba-res-tii'en  e  so'thii),  Jose 
Mariano.  Bom  at  Puebla,  1756 :  died  at  Mex- 
ico, March  23,  1817.  A  Mexican  bibliographer, 
rector  of  the  College  of  San  Pedro,  His  best- 
known  work  is  the  "Biblioteca  hispano-americana  sep- 
tentrional," a  catalogue  of  Spanish  Xorth  American  au- 
thors with  their  works. 


tween  the  Huguenots  and  Roman  Catholics,  -Dprkelev  (berk'li  or  bark'li).      [ilE,  Berkley, 

1  i^TT         Alert  .inllrt^l    Ti,/,/,y,/  /if   T'miipr^  t^^t.x^Yr^'j    \       „  ,     ,  „      .       . , 


1577.  Also  called  Treaty  of  Poitiers. 
It  is  the  center  Bergerat  (berzh-ra'),  AugUSte  Emile.  Born 
at  Paris,  April  29,  1845,  A  journalist,  noveUst, 
and  dramatic  writer,  son-in-law  and  biogra- 
pher of  Theophile  Gautier.  He  writes  under 
the  pseudonym  of  "Caliban," 


AS.  Berried,  Bearded,  appar.  from  berce,  beorr, 
birch,  and  ledli,  lea,  field.  Hence  the  surname 
Berkeley,  in  other  foi-ms  Berkley,  Barkley,  Bar- 
clay.] A  town  in  Gloucestershire,  England, 
situated  near  the  Severn  15  miles  southwest  of 
Gloucester.     See  Berkeley  Castle. 


Ducatus  montensis.    It  was  a  county  in  the  middle  Bereh  (berg),    Henry.      Born   at   New   York,  Berkeley.     -^^  town  in  Alameda  County,  Call- 


ages,  became  a  duchy  in  1380,  and  was  united  with  Julicli  in 
1423,  Julich,  Berg,andCleveswereunited.inl521,  Incon- 
sequence ot  the  contest  for  the  .lulich  succession.  Berg  and 
Jiilich  passed  in  1666  to  PfaU  Neuburg.  Berg  was  ceded 
to  France  in  1806.  With  addition  of  cleves,  etc..  Berg  was 
made  a  grand  duchy  for  .\Iurat.  and  afterward  for  a  son  of 
Louis  Bonaparte.  They  were  occupied  by  the  .allies  in 
1813,  were  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815,  and  now  form  a  part 


1823 :  died  there,  March  12,  1888.  The  founder 
(1866)  and  president  of  the  American  Society 
for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to^Aniraals.  He 
was  secretary  of  legation  and  acting  v^ce-consuI  in  St. 
Petersburg  1862-64.  He  wrote  a  play,  "  Love's  Alterna- 
tive," produced  at  the  Union  League  Theater,  Baltimore, 
in  1881, 


of  the  Rhine  Province     The  district  has  very  important  Berghaus    (berg'hous),     Heinrich.      Bom    at 
manufactures  and  is  thickly  settled.  ^,,^6  ^^   Prussia,  May  3.  1797 :  died  at   Stettin, 

Feb.  17,  1,884.  A  German  geographer.  He  was 
professor  of  applied  mathematics  in  the  .\cademy  of 
Architecture  at  Berlin  1824-55,  and  editor  of  the  "Her- 


Berg.     A  suburb  of  Stuttgart,    It  contains  sev- 
eral noted  villas. 
Berg.     A  village  and  castle  on  the  Starnberger 


forma.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  California,  of 
the  State  Agricultural  College,  and  of  other  public  insti- 
tution!.    Population  (lanO),  1,1,214,    _ 

Berkeley,  Elizabeth.  Born  m  l/oO:  died  at 
Naples,  Jan.  13.  1828.  An  English  wnter.  She 
married  Lord  Craven  in  1767;  was  separated  from  him  m 
1781  •  married  the  Margrave  of  Ansbach  in  1791.  Her  au- 
tobio'graphv  was  published  in  1825,  and  "Letters  to  the 
Margrave  of  Anspach "  in  1814.  ,,„„„        , 

Berkeley,  George.  Bom  1628:  died  1698  An 
English  nobleman,  son  of  the  ninth  Baron 
Berkeley,  created  first  earl  of  Berkeley  in  16(9. 


Berkeley,  George 

Berkeley,  George.  Bora  J't  py^f  V.^^irr?'. 
county  of  Kilk.-imy,  Ire  and,  Mareli  U  1685 
died  it  Oxford,  Eutjlaud,  Jan.  14,  l(o3.  An 
Irish  prelate  (of  Kn^lisU  descent)  of  the  es- 
tablished church,  celebrated  for  his  philosophi- 
pa\  writings.  Ue  was  graduated  af  Trinity  Colk-Ke, 
Dublin,  where  lie  held  various  offices,  1707-24  ;  traveled  in 
EnX  d  an.l  o.i  the  Omtinent  171S-20 ;  became  dean  of 
ne?rv  n  1724;  obtai..ed  the  patent  for  a  college  in  Ber- 
muda In  1725,  of  which  he  was  appointed  Orst  preslden  , 
Kut  w  Ich  niver  was  estahlished  ;  sailed  for  Newport 
Khode  Is  and,  Sept  4, 1728,  landiiiK  there  in  January,  and 
ren«hn,«^nAmc';ica\n,,iltheendofl731  bec^ine  ,,s^ 
Ai  linvnciii  17S4  ■  and  nilircd  in  l*ri2.  Hu  is  especially 
?iraous  tor  hi8  theoiT  of  vision,  the  '"Vn^ation  of  the  mod- 
ern  nsvcho-physiolocical  investigation  of  that  Bul.ject, 
Snd  for  the  extfenie  subjectivo  idealism  of  his  metaphysi- 
Ml  vi"  W8  His  works  include  "  Essay  toward  a  N  ew  The. 
Sy  of  Vision  ■•  (l-Oi) ;  :id  ed.  bound  with  -  Alciphron  in 
?».)  "A  Treatise  concerning  the  Principles  of  Human 
Knowledge -(1710  and  1734),  "Three  Dialogues  between 
K  andS'hilonou,"  (1713),  "Alciphron^  or  tli^eMi^^^^^^^ 
rhllosopher"  (1732),  "  S  lis,  a  Chain  of  I'hllosophlcal  Re- 
flecZsand  Yiquiries  concerning  the  Virtues  of  Tar- 
water  et°'- 07'^-  ">e  title  •■Siris  -  was  flrst  used  in  the 
edition  of  174(i).  etc.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  a.lvocate  of 
the  use  of  tar-water  as  an  almost  universiU  remedy. 

Berkeley,  George  Charles  Grantley  Fitz- 

hardinge.  Boru  Feb.  lO,  IsnO:  du-a  at  Poole, 
Dorsetshire,  Feb.  2:!,  ISSl.  Au  English  sports- 
man, sixth  son  of  the  fifth  Earl  ot  Berkeley. 
He  WM  a  member  of  Parliament  from  1832-52  He  wrote 
"Berkeley  Castle,"  a  novel  (183t;),  "Sandron  Hall,  or  the 
Diys  of  (jueen  Anne'  (1&40),  "The  English  Sportsman  on 
uTe  Western  Prairies"  (ls«l),  "Anecdotes  of  the  I  pper 
Ten  Thousand,"  etc.  (1S07),  "Tales  of  Life  and  Death 
(187u),  etc.  „  ,  T 

Berkeley,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  or  near  Lon- 
don :  died  in  Eui,'land,  July,  1G77.  A  royal  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  1C42-.51, 1660-76.  He  crushed 
Bacon's  rebt-llifju  in  1676. 

Berkeley  Castle.  A  celebrated  Norman  for- 
tress and  baronial  hall  between  Bristol  and 
Gloucester,  England.  It  was  founded  soon  after 
the  Conquest.  Edward  II.  was  murdered  there 
in  i:i27. 

Berkeley  Springs,  or  Bath.  A  watenng-plaee 
in  West  Virginia,  30  miles  east  of  Cumberland, 
Maryland,  noted  for  its  medicinal  springs. 

Berkhampstead  (berk'ham-sted).  Great.     A 

tomi  in  tlio  county  of  Hertford,  Englaml  -i 
miles  northwest  of  London.  Population  (IMl), 
7,888.  „  „ 

Berkhey  (berk'hi),  Jan  Lefrancq  van.    Born 
at  Leyden,  Holland,  Jan.  23,  1729 :  died  at  Ley- 
den,  March  13,  1812.  A  Dutch  naturalist  and  poet. 
His  chief  works  are  "  Natuurlijke  historic  van  Holland 
(17(19-79),  poem,  "  Het  verheerlijkt "  (1774). 

Berks  (berks).     An  abbreviation  ot  Berkshire. 

Berkshire  (berk'shir).  [ME.  BcrhsOurc,  AS. 
B'  iirriicsdrc,  Barrucxcire,  ISarrocscii:^  A  county 
of  England,  lying  between  Gloucester,  Oxtord, 
and  Buckingham  on  the  north,  Surrey  o"  the 
southeast,  Hampshire  on  the  south,  and  \\  ilt- 
Bhire  on  the  west.  The  county-seat  is  Reading;  the 
chief  Industry  is  agriculture.  Area,  722  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  2:«,44«.  .         ,  „     1    1  •  „ 

Berkshire  Hills.  The  mountains  of  Berkshn  e 
County,  Massachusetts,  noted  as  a  summer  ami 
aulunin  resort.  <-,    t4. 

Berlichingen  (ber'Heh-ing-en),  Gotz  or  Gott- 
fried von.  Born  at  Jagsthausen.Wiirtemberg, 
1480;  died  at  Hornberg  (Castle  on  the  Neckar, 
July  23,  l.')62.  A  Gorman  feudal  knight.  His 
rlKhl  hand  having  been  lost  in  battle,  it  was  replaced  by 
»n  artificial  hand  made  of  iron  (whence  he  is  sometimes 
called  "Uot7.  with  the  Iron  Hand").  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  peasants  in  1625.  and  subseijiienily  served 
under  the  emperor  Charles  V.  against  the  sultan  Solnnan 
and  against  Krancis  I.  of  Franco.  The  literary  revolution 
ol  the  18th  century  from  the  artillclal  to  the  8im|ile  style 
was  preluded  by  Ooethe's  "Ootz  von  Beiilchlngen,  a 
drama  which  he  constructerl  from  the  autobiograpliy  ol^ 
the  original  roliber  knight  who  represented  himself  aa  an 
honest  but  much  inisiinderstood  person.  See  OoU  con 
Bertichiwjen. 

Berlin  (bcr-lin'  or  bi-r'liu;  G.  pron.  l)er-leii  ). 
The  capital  of  the  German  Empire  and  ol  Prus- 
sia, until  1881  in  Brandenburg,  situated  on 
the  Spree,  in  lat.  .'•.2°  30'  N.,  long.  13°  24'  E. 
It  Is  the  largest  city  In  the  (ierman  Empire,  and  has  an  im- 
portant c<jnnnerce  and  extensive  manufactures  of  inelals, 
machinery,  cotton  and  woolen  gcxjds,  conficlions.  musical 
Instruments,  beer,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  the  13th  century, 
and  was  greatly  improved  by  Ihefireat  l",h,-clor,  freilerlck 
1.  by  Krederick  the  (ireat,  and  by  later  rulers.  H  was 
taken  by  the  Allies  in  170",  and  by  Napoleon  in  18IK1.  The 
Jollowing  are  among  its  objects  of  Interest:  Animl,  now 
a  Military  Museum  and  Hull  of  Fame,  so  calleil.  In  plan 
it  Is  a  rectangle  295  feet  8i|iiare,  with  a  large  central  court. 
It  was  tlnisheil  In  1700,  and  the  exterior  Is  a  good  exam- 
ple of  the  architecture  and  decorative  sculpture  of  the 
time.  The  mural  palntingsof  historical  and  mllitiiry  sub- 
jects by  (ioselscliap  in  tlie  interh>r  are  the  llnest  work  of 
the  kind  in  i'.eilin.  There  is  also  a  collection  of  jiortrait 
and  mythological  sculpture.  In  aililltlon  to  the  impressive 
exliihltlon  of  arms  and  batlle.tniphies.  IlrniuUiihurii 
(.Idle,  at  the  west  end  of  Unter  den  Linden,  a  monumental 
gateway  begun  in  1780.  It  presents  on  each  face  I)  lofty 
Doric  columns  and  a  Roman  entablature,  surmounted  by 


149 

an  attic  upon  which  is  a  bronze  quadriga  of  Vlctoiy    There 
aie  6  passages  f,)r  vehicles,  the  central  one  of  which  is  the 
widest.     The  gate  is  Hanked  by  two  Doric  colonnaded 
structures  in  the  form  of  temples.   Column  o.fl  caci ,  in  the 
Belle  Alliance  Platz,  erected  in  1810  in  honor  of  the  peace 
of  1815.    The  shaft  is  of  granite  on  a  high  basement  and 
the  capital  of  marlile,  surmounted  by  a  Bgure  of  N  ictory. 
The  total  height  is  <10  feet.     The  iiioiiuinent  is  ••''"^ed  bv 
marble  groups  of  Prussia.  England,  the  .Nethei  ands,  ami 
Hanover,  the  i,ower8  which  triumphed  at  W  aterloo     Mon- 
ument of  Victor,,,  dedicated  in  1873  in  honor  of  the  oer- 
man    triumphs  of  18W,  IStW.  and  1870,     It  consists  ot 
a  monumental  column  of  yellow  sandstone,  supporting  a 
colossal  statue  of  Uorussia,  the  total  height  being  2u<J  <ert 
The  capibil  of  the  column  is  formed  of  eagles,  and  the 
dated  shaft  is  adorned  witli  captured  cannon.     1  he  pea- 
estal  bears  bronze  reliefs  ol  the  Danish  war,  Koniggratz, 
Sedan,  and  the  triumphant  return  of  the  troops,     llie 
base  of  the  monument  is  surrounded  by  a  colonnade  with 
allegorical  mosaics  of  the  overthrow  of  tVaiice  and  the 
restoration  of  the  German  Empire,     Aalvmnl  (,(iWr;i  of 
sculpture  and  painting,  an  elfectivo  buil.lmt  llrn.lied  in 
1870,  in  the  fonn  of  a  pseudoperipteral  C.Minllnan  temple, 
with  a  large  semicircular  projection  at  the  northwest  erui, 
and  an  octastyle  portico  surmounted  by  a  pediment  lllleil 
with  sculpture  on  the  facade,  which  faces  the  sontlieast 
It  measures  105  by  2110  feet,  and  is  raised  on  a  basement  30 
feet  high      Access  to  the  front  portico  is  alforded  liy  an 
impressive  double  lliglit  of  steps.    The  interwr  contains 
two  exhibition  lloors,  and  is  richly  decorated.  Old  MuMum, 
the  finest  building  in  Berlin,     ■llie  facade  has  tile  form  of 
a  Greek  Ionic  portico  284  feet  long,  with  18  coUimils  be. 
twecu  terminal   antic.    The  entablature  bears  eagles  as 
antellxes.     A  portion  of  the  roof  Is  raised  in  tlie  middle, 
corresponding  to  the  interior  rotunda  ;  at  the  corners  are 
placed  four  colossal  groups  in  bronze -in  front  copies  of 
tlie  Horse-Tamers  of  .Monte  Cavallo  m  Rome,  and  behin.l 
Pegasus  attended  by  the  Hours.     The  piers  of  the  great 
central  llight  of  steps  bear  bronze  groups  of  equestrian 
combats  with  lions.     In  the  vestibule  stand  sbitiles  of 
noted  arclneologists,  and  the  walls  are  painted  with  alle. 
gorical  frescos  of  the  Formation  of  the  W inld  f r.iin  (  laos 
and  the  Development  of  ilumanCnlture,  ScWom,  or /(",i/n( 
Palace,  forming  a  rectangle  tiyo  by  380  feet,  with  a  projec- 
tion at  one  end,  and  inclosing  two  main  courts.  It  lias  four 
stories,  together   100  feet  high,  and    the  dome  oyer  the 
chapel  attains  Sio  feet.     The  original  buihling,  which  sur- 
vives in  part  on  the  Spree,  was  a  towered  castle  erected  lij 
the  elector  I'rederick  II.  in  1451.    About  a  century  later 
a  Hue  German  Renaissance  wing  was  added  on  the  south, 
and  after  another  century  the  Great  Elector  and  King 
Frederick  I.  brought  the  palace  substantilUly  to  its  pres- 
cnt  form,  though  the  chapel  was  built  in  the  present  ceii- 
tiirv     The  chief  room  is  the  While  .Saloon,  105  by  60 feet, 
I'opnlalion  (1000),  1.8SS,326.    See  Unler  denltnden. 

Berlin  Conference.    1.  A  conference  of  the 

European  powers,  held  at  Berlin  m  the  summer 
of  ISSO,  lo  settle  tlie  boundary  dispute  between 
Turkey  and  Greece.  — 2.  A  congress  ot  repre- 
sentatives frimi  all  the  European  nations  ( excejit 
Switzerlanil ),  and  from  theUnited  States,  wlii.-h 
met  at  Berlin  Nov.  115,  1884,-Jan.  30.  188.^  it 
pr.ivided  for  a  freivtrade  zone  in  the  Kongo  Basin,  regu- 
lated the  navigati.,n  of  the  Niger,  and  laid  down  rules 
regarding  the  partition  of  Africa.  It  also  sanctioned  the 
International  Kong.)  As....iation  (the  later  Kongo  tree 
state)  ...  f 

Berlin.  Congress  of.    A  congress  consisting  ot 

the  represenlativcs  of  the  following  powers; 
the  German  Empire,  Austria,  France,  England, 
Italv,  Kussia,  and  Turkey:  hold  at  Berlin  .lune 
13,-July  13,  1878,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the 
affairs  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  It  was  occasioned 
by  the  dissatisfaction  of  England  and  Austria  with  the 
peace  of  San  Slefano,  concluded  between  Russia  and 
'Turkey  March  3,  1878,  and  c.nvened  at  the  Invitation  o 
Prince  Bismarck,  wlio  was  chosen  i.resident  Its  most 
intluential  members  were  Prince  Gortchakolf  (^'J'  '  A"- 
.Irilssy,  Lord  Beac.mslleld,  Lord  Salisbury,  ■'*l- ^^n  <li  .K- 
ton.  Count  Corn,  and  CaratlnJodori    Pasha.     .See  Berlin, 

Berii'n"Decree8.     Decrees  isstiod  in  Nov.,  1806, 
bv  Napoleon  I.  at  Berlin,  proliibiting  commerce 

aiid  correspondence  with  (ireat  Britain,  which 
was  declared  to  be  in  a  stale  of  blockade  They 
also  declared  all  F.ngllsh  property  forfeited,  ami  al  •,ng- 
llshmen  In  a  state  occupied  by  Frencii  tro..ps  prisoners 


Bermudez,  Jos6  Manuel 


Berlin  Memorandum,  The.    A  memorandun 

ilrawn  np  al  H.rlin,  May  13,  18/6.  by  the  gov- 
eriimenls  of  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Ber- 
lin (whicli  liad  united  in  presenting  to  the 
Porte.  Jan,  31.  1876,  the  Andrassy  Note).  It 
was  approved  by  France  and  Italy,  but  reJocU-d  by  I.ng 
land  It  Impose.l  an  armistice  of  two  imuilhs  on  Kussia 
and  Turkey,  provided  that  the  reforms  proniised  by  the 
Pote  !n  accoidance  with  the  AndrA.sy  .Note  should  bo 
carried  out  under  the  superintendence  of  the  reprcs,,  ,. 
tlv,.«  of  the  r.uropeaii  powers,  and  threatened  force  if 
bjf''c"!he  end  out  anl.i.tlceihc  Porte  should  not  have 
assenled  to  these  terms.  „         .    ,.,  ,  ,      i 

Berlin,  Royal  Library  of.    A  librarv  founded 

by  tlie  tiival  Kleclor.  Frederick  William,  and 
Oliened  in  1661 .  The  number  of  volumes  Is  estimated 
at  800,000,  and  the  nuniber  of  inanuscrlpts  at  24.0()0. 

Berlin,  treaty  of.    A  treaty  conclude.   .Tuly 

13,  1K,S,  bclsviiii  the  powers  represented  at 
the  CoiiLTess  of  Berlin  (whicdi  «ee).  "By  this 
treaty  <l)  Bulgaria,  north  of  the  Balkans,  was  constllilled 
a  ill  •pendent,  a.llonomons,  ..ml  Iribiitary  pr  ,iclp,.l,  v  ; 
(2)  Bulgaria,  s.iilth  of  the  llalkans  (Kastern  HolllnellaX 
IvL  ren-lned  iin.ler  the  .llrect  rule  of  the  • '-r  e  bi. 
was  gmnl..l  a.lmlnlstratlye  autonomy ;  (»>  '''e  •"'■'" 
rctaiiie.1  the  right  ot  garrisoning  the  frontlem  o»  East- 
ern Kouraella.  but  with  regular  tr,K.ps  only;   (4)  (he 


Porte  agreed  to  apply  to  Crete  the  organic  law  of  1868, 
(5)  Montenegro  was  declared  independent,  and  the  sea- 
port of  Antivari  was  allotted  to  it;  (01  Seivia  was  de- 
clared independent,  and  received  an  accession  of  territoiy  ; 
(7)  Rouinania  was  declared  independent,  and  received 
some  islands  on  the  Danube  in  exchange  for  Bessarabia; 
(b)  Kars,  Batoum,  and  Ardahan  were  ceded  to  Russia; 
(i()  the  Porte  undertook  to  cairy  out  without  further 
delay  the  reforms  requirc.l  in  Armenia;  (10)  in  the  event 
of  the  Greeks  and  the  Porte  not  being  able  to  agree  ujion 
a  suggested  rectillcation  of  frontier,  the  Powers  re- 
served to  Iheniselvi's  the  right  of  olfering  their  medi 
alion."  Aclaiul  and  liamome,  English  Political  History, 
p.  220. 

Berlin,  University  of.    A  celebrated  univer- 

sitv  foiin.leii  in  1810.  The  total  number  of  students 
i»  about  10,000;  of  professors  nod  teachers,  nhoiit  400. 
Tin-  inlinber  of  volumes  in  its  library  is  about  150,000. 
Berlioz  (bar-leoz';.  Hector.  Born  at  La 
Cote-Saint-Andr^,  Isere,  France,  Dec.  11,  1803: 
died  at  Paris,  March  9,  1869.  A  French  com- 
poser of  great  originality,  noted  particularly 
for  that  species  of  descriptive  music  known  as 
"  program  music."  Among  his  chief  works  are  "Epi- 
sode dc;la  vie  dun  artiste,"  "Romeo  et  Juliette,"  a  dra- 
matic symphony  (1839),  "LEnfance  du  Christ,  ■  a  trilogy 
(185.'i),  "Symphonic  fantastique,"  "Harold  en  Italic,  a 
symph.n.y  in  four  parts,  "The  Damnation  of  Faust,  a  dra- 
matic legend  in  four  parts,  the  overtures  to  '"King 
Lear,"  "Le  carnaval  romain,"  "Le  corsaire,  and  the 
oncraa'Henvenuto Cellini  "and  ■  B.;atrice  et  Benedict. 
He  also  wrote  his  memoirs  (1870),  "Voyage  musical 
(1844),  "  (irotesqucs  dc  la  musique  "  (185UX  etc. 
BermejO.     See  Vcrmrj,, 

Bermondsey  (ber'mond-zi).  [From  "Beor- 
munii's  eye,"  the  island  property  of  some  Saxon 
or  Danish  noble  in  the  marshes  of  the  Thames.] 
A  borough  (municipal)  of  London,  situated 
south  of  the  Thames.     It  is  a  crow 'led  district  chiefly 

occupied  hv tanners.  It  formerly. taine.l  a  royal  country 

palace,  which  was  occupied  by  Henry  II..  and  a  Cluniac 
abbey  founded  in  1082  by  Alwyii  Childe.  Portions  of  tlie 
abbey  were  still  standing  at  tlie  beginning  of  the  present 
century  Before  the  Conquest  Bermondsey  belonge.l  to 
Harol.l  and  was  a  royal  domain  until  1094,  «  hen  W  illiam 
Kufus  gave  it  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Mar>.  The  (  luniac 
m..nks  of  Bermondsey  were  subject  to  the  abbey  In  >or- 
maii.ly  from  which  Alwyn  Chil.le  had  brought  them  until 
the  reign  of  Ricliar.l  II.     Popuhition  (1891),  W,C«8. 

Bermondsey  Spa  Gardens.  A  place  of  enter- 
tainment in  the  time  of  George  II.,  about  J 
miles  from  London  Bridge.     Besant. 

Bermoothes  (ber-mo'Tnes).     An  old  name  for 
Uic  Beriiuiilas.     See  Shakspere's  "Tempest, 
act  i.,  sen.'  2,  ,       , ,      ,^       » 

Bermuda  Hundred  (ber-mii'da  hun  dred).  A 
locality  on  a  b.i.d  of  the  James  Kiver  in  V  ir- 
giiiia,  iiear  Citv  Point.  The  peninsula  was  occupied 
by  part  of  the  Federal  army  under  Butler  In  the  suinmer 
of  18.14  as  a  base  ot  operations.  For  part  of  the  time  the 
troops  were  hemiiRd  iu  within  the  lines  ("bottled  at 
Uermnila  Hundred ").  ,     »  ,        j 

Bermudas  (b.r-mu'diiz),  or  Bermuda  Islands, 
..r  Somers Islands.  [Formerly  ais.,y;.  ,».....//«»•,• 

from  Sp.  IkimiKli:,  the  discoverer.  Bcrmuilus 
came  to  be  regarded  as  a  plural  form,  whence 
the  inferred  singular  BtrmuiUi.  They  were 
called  by  the  English,  after  Sir  George  Somers 
or  Summers,  Somim  or  Sutnmcrs  JsUinds,  some- 
times Hummer  Islamls,  as  if  iu  allusion  to  the 
semi-tropical  climate.]  A  groun  of  i-slands,  a 
British  crown  colony,  in  the  North  Atlaiitie, 
about  600  miles  east-southeast  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras,  in  lat.  32°  l'>'  N.,  long.  M"  ."il' W.:  au 
important  naval  and  strategic  possession.  They 
are  much  visited  as  a  health-resort,  and  pro.luce  onions, 
tomatoes.  Easier  lilies,  etc.  The  chief  islan.ls  are  Great 
Bermuda  and  St.  Georges,  The  capital  is  Hamilton.  1  he 
Islan.ls  were  .liscovered  by  .luan  Bermudez  nb.nit  15-22  an.l 
settl.-.l  by  the  English  in  1«11.  They  comprise  alKUit 
31*.  islets  and  rocks.  Area,  20  square  miles.  Population 
(1801),  I,'.,I2;i. 
Bermudas,  The.  A  cant  name  given  to  a  group 
of  iill.-ys  ami  courts  between  the  bottom  of  St. 
Martiii's  Lane,  Half  Moon,  and  t'haiidos  street, 
ill  London,  a  resort  an.l  refuge  of  thieves, 
fraudulent  debtors,  and  prostitutes  in  the  16tli 
an.l  I7th  .'entiirii'S.  Also  ciUle.l  (later)  the  Strei^ihU 
an.l  the  Carililiec  (,  .irrnpteil  Into  Chl'lx-<-\  hla,iilA. 

Bermudez  (b.r-md'Tiieth),  or  Bermudes  (bor- 

mii'Tll.'s),  Geronimo.  Born  in  Gnlicia  about 
l.')30;  die.l  ab.iiil  \:»^'X  A  Spanish  D.uniiiicau 
monk  (professor  of  theology  at  Salaiiianeal, 
poet,  an.l  dramatist.  He  wnde  "Nise  Lastlinosn  ' 
(l.'~>.  "NIsc  Laur.niln"  (In  both  of  these  "Msc  "Is  ail 
ani.gi-am  of  "IncH  ■),  etc.  .o         T      x 

Bermudez,  Jos^  Francisco.    Bom  at  San  Jo86 

de  Areocoar  Cnmanii,  .Ian.  2.3.  1.82:  assassi- 
naledatCumanA,  Dec.  l.''..  1831.  A  Venezuelan 
general  in  the  war  for  iii.l.'iion.h'iiee.  He  .le- 
feli.led  Cartagena  against  M.irillo  In  1815,  until  force,  by 
famli...  U.  escp.'.  In  .May,  ls20,  be  look  Caracas,  and  .m 
(l.t  l.l  I8"l  ociiipi.il  I. iniana  after  a  bloody  siege.  Uo 
snbse.iiienlly  con, man. I.  .1  In  "■.imanil  and  elsewhere. 

Bermudez,  Jos6  Manuel.     B..rn  at   Tarma 

about    1760:  .li..l  at   Lima,  1830.     A   Peruvian 

, Icsiiisti.-,  historian,  philologist,  an.l  orator. 

Ho  was  vicar  of  Hu.'Vnueo,  an.l  after  1803  held  Tarious 


Bermudez,  Jos6  Manuel 

offices  in  the  church  at  Lima :  troin  1819  lie  was  chancel- 
lor of  the  University  of  !<:im  .Marcos.  In  1S21  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Junta  de  padjUucinn,  appouited  with  tlie 
hope  of  conciliating  the  revolutionists. 

Bermudez,  Pedro  Pablo.  Born  at  Taena, 
1798:  (lied  at  Lima,  18.5:.'.  A  Peruvian  general. 
In  la^  he  was  Gamarra's  candidate  for  president,  and, 
Orbegoso  being  elected,  he  joined  Gamarra  in  a  revolt 
(.Ian.  4,  1834),  hut  was  defeated  and  driven  into  Bolivia. 
He  then  joined  Santa  Cruz,  ami  on  the  formation  of  the 
Peru- Bolivian  confederation  (183C)  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  North  Peru. 

Bermudez,  Remijio  Morales.  Bom  at  Pica, 
Sept.  30,  1S36:  died  at  Lima,  March  31.  1894. 
A  Peruvian  soldier  and  statesman.  He  joined  the 
army  in  1854,  serving  under  Castilla  and  Pardo :  was 
commandant  at  Iquitos  on  the  Amazon  (1SC2).  and  after- 
ward prefect  of  Truxillo.  As  colonel  he  was  present  at 
most  of  the  battles  of  the  war  with  Chile,  1879  to  IS&l. 
After  the  Chileans  occupied  Lima  he  remained  faithful  to 
the  cause  of  Caceres,  and  when  that  officer  became  presi- 
dent (1886)  Bermudez  was  chosen  first  vice-president :  at 
the  end  of  the  terra  he  was  elected  president  of  Peru,  and 
inaugurated  Aug.  10, 1890. 

Bern  (bern),  F.  Berne  (bern).  A  canton  of 
Switzerland,  capital  Bern,  bounded  by  France 
and  Alsaee  on  the  north,  Basel,  Solothurn,  Aar- 
gau,  Lucerne,  Unterwalden,  and  Uri  on  the 
east,  Valais  on  the  south,  and  Vaud,  Fribourg, 
Neuchatel,  and  France  on  the  west.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Jura  and  Alps,  and  contains  the  Beruese 
Oberland  in  the  south.  It  is  the  largest  canton  in  point 
of  population,  and  sends  27  members  to  the  National 
Council.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant,  and  pre- 
vailing language  German.  It  entered  the  Swiss  Confed- 
eration as  the  eighth  canton  in  1353.  Area,  2,ti57  squai*e 
miles.    Population  (18sS),  636,679. 

Bern,  F.  Berne.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Bern,  and  the  seat  of  government  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation,  situated  on  the  Aare  in  lat.  46° 
57'  N.,  long.  7°  25'  E.  It  has  a  picturesque  situa- 
tion and  medieval  appearance.  It  was  made  a  free  im- 
perial city  in  1218.  and  became  the  federal  capital  in  1848. 
Tile  cathedral  of  Bern  is  an  interesting  late-Pointed 
monument  founded  in  1421,  and  well  restored.  The  west 
front  possesses  a  massive  tower  over  a  large,  triple- 
vaulted  porch,  beneath  which  open  sculptured  portals. 
The  central  door  is  very  beautiful :  it  has  two  entrances 
separated  by  a  pier  with  statues ;  its  large  tympanum 
is  filled  with  sculptures  of  the  Last  Judgment ;  and  it  is 
flanked  by  statues  beneath  rich  canopies.  The  organ  is 
celebrated.  The  Hall  of  the  Federal  Council  is  a  large 
modern  building  in  the  style  of  the  Florentine  Renais- 
sance. The  Rathaus  or  town  hall  was  built  in  1406,  and 
has  lately  been  restored.  Its  most  characteristic  feature 
is  the  covered  double  stair  rising  from  each  side  of  the 
facade  to  an  arcaded  loggia  on  the  level  of  the  second 

Stoi-y.     P.ipulation  (1900),  63,994. 

Bemadotte  (ber'na-dot;  F.  pron.  ber-na-dot'). 

See  Clidiivs  Xir.,  King  of  Sweden. 

Bernal  Osborne,  Ralph.   Bom  March  26, 1808 : 

died  at  Bestwood  Lodge,  England,  June  21, 
1880.    An  English  politician  noted  for  his  wit. 

Berndl  (ber-nSl' ),  Peak  of.  A  steep  truncated 
cone  which  rises  above  the  outlet  of  the  upper 
Pecos  River- valley  in  central  New  Mexico,  it 
also  bears  the  name  of*'*  StaiTation  Peak,"  from  a  tradition 
that  several  Spanish  soldiers  were  starved  to  death  on  its 
summit  by  the  Apaches. 

Bernalda  (ber-nal'da).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince ot  Potenza,  Italy,  33  miles  west-southwest 
of  Taranto.     Poptilation,  7,000. 

BernaldezCber-nal'Deth),  or  Bernal  (ber-nal'), 
Andres.  Born  about  1450:  died,  probably  at 
Los  Palaeios,  about  1513.  A  Spanish  histo- 
rian. He  took  orders,  was  chaplain  of  the  Archbishop  of 
Seville,  and  from  1488  to  1513  curate  of  the  village  of  Los 
Palaeios  near  Seville.  He  was  a  friend  of  Columbus,  and 
in  1496  entertained  him  at  his  house.  It  appears  that  the 
admiral  gave  him  much  information,  orally  and  in  writ- 
ing, which  Bernaldez  used  in  his  "Historia  de  los  Reyes 
Catolicos."  His  work,  particularly  valuable  with  regai'd 
to  Columbus  and  his  voyages,  was  long  used  by  historians 
in  manuscript  copies.  It  was  first  printed  at  Granada, 
18.M1. 

Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo.  See  Diaz  del  Castillo. 

Bernalillo  (ber-nii-lel'yo).  A  town  situated  on 
the  Kio  Grande  in  central  New  Mexico,  18  miles 
north  of  Albuquerque.  It  was  founded  in  1695.  It 
is  the  site  of  the  "Tiguex"  of  Coronado's  time  (l.'>40),  and 
there  were  several  villages  of  the  Tigua  Indians  on  and 
al>out  the  site,  all  of  which  were  abandoned,  the  people 
congregating,  for  protection,  in  a  few  larger  pueblos. 
Population,  about  800. 

Bernard  (ber'niird  or  bfer-nard' ;  F.  pron.  bpr- 
niir'),  Saint.  [L.  Bcrnardiis,  F.  Bernard,  Ber- 
)Kirdin,  It.  Bernardo,  Bernardino,  Sp.  Bernardo, 
Bemat,  G.  Bernhard.l  Bom  at  Fontaines,  near 
Dijon,  Burgundy,  in  1091:  died  at  Olairvaux, 
Aug.  20,1153.  A  celebrated  French  ecclesiastic. 
He  entered  theCistercian  monast€r>ofCiteaiix  in  1113,  and 
in  1115  became  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  near  l-antrres,  which 
post  he  continued  to  fill  until  his  death.  Refusing  all  otfers 
of  preferment,  he  nevertheless  exercised  a  profound  influ- 
ence on  the  ecclesia-^tical  politics  of  Europe,  and  was  tlic 
chief  instniment  in  prevailing  upon  France  and  England  to 
recognize  Innocent  II.  as  pope  in  opposition  to  the  rival 
claimant,  Cardinal  Peter  of  Leon.  He  procured  the  con- 
demnation of  Abclard's  writings  at  the  Council  of  Sens 
in  1140,  and  preached  the  second  Crusade  1146.  'I'he  best 
edition  of  his  works  is  that  by  Mabilloii,  Paris,  1667. 


loO 

Bernard  of  Cluny,  or  of  Morlaix.    A  French 

Benedictine  monk  of  the  I'Jth  centui'y,  author 
of  a  Latiu  poem,  "  De  Coutemptu  Mundi," 
popularly  known  through  Neale's  translations, 
"The  world  is  very  evil,''  "Jerusalem  the  gold- 
en," "For  thee,  O  dear,  dear  countrj^"  etc. 
Bernard  of  Trevlso.  Born  at  Padua,  Italy, 
1406:  died  1490.  A  noted  Italian  alchemist 
who  assumed  the  title  of  Count  of  the  March 
of  Trevlso.  After  many  years  of  study  and  experiment, 
he  is  said  to  have  declared  that  the  secret  of  the  philoso- 
pher's stone  lies  in  the  adage  "To  make  gold  one  must 
h  ave  gold. "   He  was  the  author  of  many  alchemical  works. 

Bernard  (ber'nard).     The  sheep  in  "Reynard 

tlie  Fox." 

Bernard  (ber-niir'),  sumamed  "The  Poor 
Priest."  Born  at  Dijon,  1588 :  died  March  23, 
1640.  A  French  monk  who  devoted  his  for- 
tune and  his  life  to  the  service  of  the  poor. 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Claude.  Bom  at  St.  Ju- 
lien,  Rhone,  France,  July l'_',  1813:  diedat Paris, 
Feb.  10, 1878.  A  distinguished  French  physiolo- 
gist. He  published  "Recherches  sur  les  usages  du  pan- 
creas," "Recherches  d'anatomie  et  de  physiologic  compa- 
r^es  sur  les  glandes  salivaires,  etc.,"  "Recherches  sur  ies 
fonctions  du  nerf  spinal,  etc.,"  "  M^moii-e  sur  le  sue  gas- 
trique  et  son  rOIe  dans  la  digestion,"  etc. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  Edward.  Born  at  Perry  St. 
Paul,  Northamptonshire,  Ma)-  2,  1638:  died  at 
Oxford,  Jan.  12, 1697.  An  English  scholar,  Sa^^l- 
ian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford  1673-91. 

Bernard  (ber'nard).  Sir  Francis.  Born  1711  ( ?) : 
died  at  Aylesbury,  England,  June  16,  1779.  A 
British  lawyer  and  politician,  colonial  gover- 
nor of  New  Jersey  1758-60,  and  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  1760-69. 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  JaC0[Ues,  Born  at  Nions, 
in  Dauphin^,  Sept.  1, 1658:  died  April  27,  1718. 
A  French  Protestant  clergv-man  and  scholar. 
On  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  o'f  Xantes  he  retired  to 
HoUand,  and  founded  at  The  Hague  a  school  of  belle- 
lettres,  philosophy,  and  mathematics.  He  continued  the 
publication  of  the  ''Bibliotheque  VniverseUe"  of  Jean 
Leclerc,  and  succeeded  Bayle  as  editor  of  the  "Repub- 
lique  des  Lettres."  He  wrote  "  Recueil  de  traites  de  paix, 
de  treves,  de  neutralite,  .  .  .  et  d'autres  acres  pulilics 
faits  en  Europe"  (1700),  "Actes  et  memoires  des  nego- 
ciations  de  la  paix  de  Ryswick  "  (1725),  etc. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  John.  Bom  at  Ports- 
mouth, England,  1756:  died  at  Loudon,  1828. 
An  English  actor.  Ue  made  his  first  appearance  in 
England  in  1773.  In  1797  he  came  to  America,  where  he 
remained  as  actor  and  manager  till  1819. 

Bernard,  Rosine.     See  Bernhardt,  Sarah. 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Simon.  Born  at  Dole, 
France,  April  28,  1779:  died  Nov.  5,  1839.  A 
French  general  and  engineer,  in  the  sei-vice  of 
Napoleon  I.,  and  (1816-31)  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  minister  of  war  under  Louis  Philippe  1836-39. 
The  chief  work  executed  by  him  in  the  United  States  is 
Fort  Monroe :  he  had  a  part  in  other  important  engineer- 
ing works,  notably  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  and  the 
Delaware  Breakwater. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  Mountague.  Born  at  Tib- 
berton  Court,  Gloucestershire,  Jan.  28,  1820: 
died  at  Overross,  Sept.  2,  1882.  An  English 
lawyer,  professor  of  international  law  at  Ox- 
ford 1859-74.  He  was  one  of  the  high  commissioners 
who  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Washington,  and  wiis  one  of 
the  counsel  of  the  British  go\ei  iimeiit  at  Geneva. 

Bernard  (ber'niird).  William  Bayle.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  27,  1807 :  died  at  Brighton, 
England,  Aug.  5,  1875.  Aji  English  dramatist, 
son  of  John  Bernard.  His  chief  plays  are  "Rip 
Van  Winkle"  (1&32),  "The  Nervous  Man"  (18:i8),  "The 
Boarding  School"  (1841),  "The  Piound  of  Wrong,"  etc. 

Bernard,  Saint  (Great  and  Little).  See  Saint 

Bi  riiard. 

Bernardin  de  Saint  Pierre  (ber-nar-dan'  de 
sail  piar'),  Jacques  Henri.  Born  at  Havre, 
France,  Jan.  19.  1737  :  died  at  Eragny-siu'-Oise, 
France,  Jan.  21,  1814.  A  Frencli  author.  He 
was  an  engineer  in  Russia,  and  in  the  Isle  of  France,  170?- 
1771,  and  settled  in  Paris  in  .1771.  His  chief  works  are 
"Voyage  ii  I'ile  de  France,"  "Etudes  de  la  nature  "  (1784- 
1788),  '■  Paul  et  Virginie  "  (1788),  "  La  chaumiere  indienne  ' 
(1791),  "  Harmonies  de  la  nature  "  (1815). 

Bernardino  (ber-nar-de'no).  Saint,  of  Siena. 
Born  at  Massa  di  CaiTara.  TTuscany,  1380 :  died 
1444.  A  Franciscan  monk, famous  as  apreacher. 

Bernardo  (ber-nar'do).  An  officer  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Hamlet."  He,  with  Marcellus,  first 
sees  the  murdered  king's  ghost. 

Bernardo  del  Carpio  (ber-niir'do  del  kiir'pe-o). 
A  semi-mythical  Spanish  hero  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury. He  was  a  nephew  of  Alfonso  the  Chaste,  fought 
with  great  distinction  against  the  Moors,  and,  according 
to  tradition,  defeated  Roland  at  Roncesvalles.  His  ex- 
ploits are  celebrated  in  many  Spanish  ballads,  and  form 
the  subject  of  several  dramas  by  Lope  de  Vega. 

His  efforts  to  procure  the  release  of  his  father  when 
he  learns  who  his  father  really  is  ;  the  false  word  of  the 
king,  who  promises  repeatedly  to  give  up  the  Count  de 
Sald.afia,  and  as  often  breaks  his  word  ;  with  the  despair 
of  Bernardo  and  his  final  rebellion  after  the  count's  death 


Bernini 

in  prison,  are  all  as  fully  represented  in  the  ballads  as  they 
are  in  the  chronicles,  and  constitute  some  of  the  most  ro- 
mantic and  interesting  portions  of  each. 

Ticknor,  Span.  LiL,  I.  123. 

Bemauer  (ber'nou-er),  Agnes.  Killed  at 
Straubing,  Bavaria,  Oct.  12,  1435.  In  German 
legend,  the  daughter  of  an  Augsburg  barber, 
secretly  married  by  Albert,  son  of  Duke  Ernest 
of  Bavaria,  she  was  drowned  as  a  witch  by  order  of 
the  enraged  duke.  Her  story  forms  the  subject  of  tragedies 
and  poems  by  Toning,  Komer,  Bottger,  Hebbel,  and  Meyr. 

Bernay  (ber-na' ).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  northern  France,  situated  on  the  Charen- 
touue  35  miles  southwest  of  Rouen.  It  holds 
an  important  annual  horse-fair.  Population 
(1891).  commune,  8,016. 

Bernburg  (bern'boro).  A  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  44  miles  northwest  of  Leipsie,  for- 
meiiv  the  capital  of  Anhalt.  It  has  a  castle  and 
GotMc  chui-ch.     Population  (1890),  28,326. 

Berne.     See  Bern. 

Berne -Bellecour  (bem-bel-kor'),  Etienne 
Prosper.  Bom  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France, 
June  29, 1838.  A  French  painter,  especially  of 
military  subjects. 

Berners,  Baron.     See  Bonrchier,  John. 

Berners  (ber '  nerz),  or  Bernes  (bemz),  or 
Barnes  (biimz),  Juliana.  Born  about  1388. 
An  English  lady,  said  to  have  been  a  prioress 
of  Sopwell  Nunnery,  near  St.  Albans,  and  re- 
puted author  of  the  "Boke  of  St.  Albans" 
(printed  1486,  1496),  a  rimed  treatise  on  hunt- 
ing.    See  Bool:  of  St.  Albans. 

Bernese  Oberland  (ber-nes'  or  ber-nez'  6'ber- 
land),  G.  Berner  Oberland  (ber'ner  o'bfer- 
land).  A  mountainous  region  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  famous 
for  its  pictui'esque  scenery,  it  contains  such  tour- 
ist centers  as  Interlaken,  Grindelwald,  and  Meiringeu,  and 
the  Jungfrau,  Finsteraai-hom,  etc. 

Bernetti  (ber-net'te),  Tommaso.  Born  at 
Fermo.  Italy,  Dec.  29,  1779:  died  at  Fermo, 
March  21. 1852.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  papal 
statesman,  secretary  of  state  1828-36. 

Bernhard  (bern'hiirt),  Carl  (the  pseudonym 
of  Andreas  Nicolai  de  St.  Aubin).  Bom 
Nov.  18,  1798 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Nov.  25, 
1865.  A  Danish  novelist,  author  of  "A  Year 
in  Copenhagen"  (1835),  etc. 

Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar.  Born  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Aug.  16,  1604:  died  at  Neu- 
enbui'g  on  the  Rhine,  July  18, 1639.  A  Gennau 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Lutzen  in  1632, 
commanded  a  ^^wedish  army  in  1033.  was  defeated  at  Nord. 
lingen  in  1634,  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Rheinfelden  in 
1638,  and  captured  Breisach  in  1638. 

Bernhardt  (bern'hiirt),  Sarah  (Kosine  Ber- 
nard). Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  22,  1844.  A  not- 
ed French  actress,  of  Jewish  descent  on  her 
mothei''s  side,  she  is  celebrated  in  rdles  requiring 
great  nervous  tension  and  bursts  of  passion,  as  "  Fedora," 
"Froufrou,"  "Theodora,"  "La  Tosca,"  etc.  "She  ap- 
peared at  the  Theatre  I'ram.ais  in  1862,  but  had  little  suc- 
cess. Afterward,  at  the  Odi^on,  she  played  Zanetto  in  '  Le 
I^assant '  of  Copp6e,  and  the  queen  in  '  Ruy  Bias,'  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Fran'.ais,  where  she  had  a  very  brilliant 
career,  leaving  the  company  some  fifteen  years  ago  for  a 
still  more  brilliant  one  in  a'll  quarters  of  the  globe.  She 
studied  sculpture  and  painting,  and  has  exhibited  works 
in  both  arts."  (F.  Sarcey,  Recollections  of  Jliddle  Life.) 
In  1SS2  she  maiTiedM.  Dam  al  a,  a  Greek,  an  actor  in  her  com- 
pany, from  whom  she  has  been  divorced  (lie  is  since  dead). 

Berni  (ber'ne),  or  Berna  (ber'na),  or  Bernia 
(ber'ne-a),  Francesco.  Born  at  Lamporecchio, 
in  Tuscany,  about  1498 :  died  at  Florence,  May 
26,  1535.  An  Italian  poet,  author  of  "Rime 
burlesche,"  and  a  ritacimento  of  the  "  Orlando 
Innamorato"  by  Boiardo  (1541).  His  poetry  is 
marked  by  a  "light  and  elegant  mockery,"  for  which  hia 
name  has  furnished  a  descriptive  adjective  —  bernesque. 

'Bernier  (bern-ya' ),  Frangois.  Bora  in  Angers, 
France:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  22,  1688.  A 
French  physician,  philosophical  writer,  and 
traveler  in  the  East  (S}^ia,  Egj^pt,  India),  court 
physician  to  Aurung-Zebe.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Voyages  de  Bernier  "  (1099),  "  .^br^g^  de  la  philosophic 
de  Gassendi "  (167S_:  enlarged  1084),  etc. 

Bernina  (ber-ne'na)  Mountains.  A  group  of 
the  Alps  in  the  southern  part  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland. 

Bernina  Pass.  A  carriage-road  over  the  Alps, 
leading  from  Samaden  in  the  Engadine  to  Ti- 
rano  in  the  Valtellina,  Italy.  Height,  7,658  feet. 

Bernina,  Piz.  The  central  peak  of  the  Ber- 
nina group  of  the  Alps,  south  of  Pontresina, 
near  the  Italian  fi-ontier.    Height,  13,295  feet. 

Bernini  (ber-ne'ne),  Giovanni  Lorenzo.  Bom 
at  Naples,  Dee.  7,  1598:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  28, 
1(380.  An  Italian  architect,  sculptor,  and 
painter,  patronized  particularly  by  Urban  VIII. 
and  Louis  XIV.  On  the  death  of  Carlo  iloderno,  he 
was  appointed  architect  of  St.  I'eter's,  with  Boromini 
his  assistant.    In  1665  he  visited  France  at  the  request 


of       P 


Bernini 


151 


iMis  XIV  and  Colhert,and  made  designs  for  the  east  front 
of  Ibe'  Louvre.  Construction  was  begun  but  abandoned 
?Lelmvre  and  F^rrautt. )  Ue  made  the  \  ersai  les  bust  of 
LouU  XIV.  In  the  po.itittcate  of  Clement  IX.  he  eom- 
ileted  tlie  southern  porcli  of  the  cortile  of  St.  Peters 
und  the  panipet  and  statues  of  the  bridge  of  St  Angelo. 
Under  Clement  X.  he  was  made  architect  to  the  palace 
of  the  Quiriuid. 

Bernis    (ber-ues'),   FranQois   Joachim    de 

Pierre  de.  Bom  at  St.  JIarcel,  .Vraefhe, 
France,  Mav  22,  17ir) :  tUed  at  Rome,  ^<>v.  2, 
1794  A  French  cardinal,  statesman,  diplo- 
matist, and  poet.  He  was  foreiirn  minister 
17.")7-.>S.  and  was  exiled  1758-04. 

BemoulU  (ber-no-lye'),  or  Bernouilli,  Chris- 
tophe  Born  at  Basel.  May  1.5, 1782 :  died  Feb. 
6  1803.  A  noted  technologist,  grandnephew 
o't  Daniel  Bernoulli  (1700-82).  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history  in  the  University  of 
Basel  1817-61.  .„.    t^      .  ,       t,  f 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Daniel.  Born  at 
Groniiigen,  Jan.  29,  1700:  dic'd  at  Basel,  March 
17  1782.  A  noted  mathematician  and  physicist, 
son  of  Jean  Bernoulli  (16G7-17-18).  He  became 
professor  of  anatomy  and  botany  in  the  University  of 
Basel  in  1733,  and  professor  of  physics  in  1750.  His  chief 
work  is  a  treatise  on  hydrodynamics. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Jacques.  Born  at 
Basel,  Dee.  27,  l(i.')4:  died  there,  Aug.  10,  liO.i. 
A  noted  mathematician,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  University  of  Basel  168(-l/0o. 
He  improved  the  differential  calculus  Invented  by  Leib- 
nil!  and  Newton,  solved  the  isoperimetncal  problem,  and 
discovered  the  properties  of  the  logarithmic  spiral. 

Bernoulli,  or  BernouilU,  Jean.  Bom  at  Basel. 
Julv27, 1667:  died  there,  Jan.  1,  1(  48.  Amath- 
ematician  and  physicist,  brother  of  Jacques 
Bernoulli.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Oroningeil  in  1695,  and  in  the  University  of  Basel  in  liOo. 

Bernoulli,  or  BernouilU,  Jean.  Born  at  Basel, 

Mav  18,  1710  :  died  there,  July  17,  1-90.  A 
■  iurist  and  mathematician,  son  of  Jean  Ber- 
noulli. He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Basel 
1743-48,  and  later  of  mathematics. 
Bemstorff  (berns'torf ),  Count  Andreas  Pe- 
ter von  Born  at  Gartow,  near  Limebui-g, 
Germany,  Aug.  28,  1735:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
June  2l',  1797.  A  Danish  statesman,  nephew 
of  Johaiin  Hartwig  Ernst  von  Bemstorff,  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1772-80  and  l-S4-<)(. 

Bemstorff,  Count  Johann  Hartwig  Ernst 
von  Born  at  Hannover,  Germany,  May  li, 
1712*:  died  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  19, 1772.  A  Dan- 
ish statesman,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  l/ol- 
1770:  called  by  Frederick  the  Great  "the  Oracle 

'         of  Denmark."  ,     ,   i    ,    , 

Berodach  Baladan.     See  Merodach-batadan. 

„  BerosUS  (be-ro'sus).  Lived  in  the  first  part  of 
the  3d  century  b.  c.  A  Babylonian  pne.st  aiid 
historian,  author  of  a  history  of  Babylonia  (in 
Greek),  fragments  of  which  have  been  pre- 
served V>v  later  writers.  "  He  was  a  priest  of  the 
temple  of  Bel  at  Babylon,  and  is  said  by  Eusebius  and  Ta- 
tlaii  to  have  been  a  contemporary  „f  Alexander  the  Oreat, 
«nd  to  have  lived  into  the  reian  of  Antiokh.is  hot^;r.  He 
had,  therefore,  special  opportunities  of  knowing  the  his- 
tory and  astronomy  of  hi.s  country,  upon  winch  be  wrote 
III  Greek.  Recent  discoveries  have  abundantly  estahlislieil 
the  trustworthiness  of  this  Manetho  of  Babylonia,  wliose 
works,  unfortunately,  are  known  to  us  only  through  iiuo- 
Utlona  at  second  and  thinl  hand.  Since  a  cylinder  of 
Antlokhos,  the  son  of  .Seleukos.  has  been  found  inscribed 
In  Babylonian  cuneiform,  while  bilingual  fragments  In 
cuneiform  and  cursive  Greek  of  the  Seleukid  age  have  also 
been  discovered,  and  a  contract  tablet  in  Babylonian 
cuneiform,  dated  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  1-arthian  k  ng 
Pakoros,  the  contemporary  of  IJomitian.  exists  in  the 
museum  of  Zurich,  there  is  no  reason  why  Berosos  should 
not  have  been  eiiiially  well  acanainted  with  botn  the 


nab,  Ga..  Jan.  1,  ISoO.  An  American  lawyer 
ami  politician,  attorney-general  of  theLnited 
States  1829-31,  and  United  States  senator  Irom 
Georgia  1825-29,  l.'^l-52. 
Berro  (bar'ro),  Bernardo  Prudencio.  Born 
at  Montevideo  about  ISDO:  died  there,  April, 
1868.  An  Uruguavau  politician  and  journalist 
(editor  of  •'  hi\  Fusion  ").  In  Ib52  he  was  president 
of  the  Senate  and  vice-president ;  minister  of  guverii- 
ment  under  Gir6  until  the  revolution  "J,  f^P'-'/,*^'',' 
a"ain  pn  sidellt  of  the  Senate  IS.'.S  ;  and  president  ol  l  rn- 
guay  IStiii  to  IsW.  The  revolution  of  Mores,  begun  dur- 
ing hia  term,  was  successful  siHin  after  its  end.  In  IMIS 
Berro  headed  a  revolt  against  Hores.  was  imprisoned  alid 
during  the  disorders  that  followed  was  shot  through  tiie 
window  of  his  cell.  _  , 

Berry,  or  Berri  (ber'i ;  F.  pron.  be-re  ).  An 
ancient  govermnent  of  central  France:  the  an- 
cient Biturica,  the  land  of  the  Gallic  Bituriges. 
It  was  bounded  by  Orlianais  on  the  north,  Sivernais  on  the 
east,  Bourbonnais  on  the  soutlieast,  Marche  on  the  south 
roitou  on  the  west,  and  Touraino  on  the  northwest,  an.l 
is  chielly  included  in  the  departments  of  Indie  an.H  tier. 
It  was  formerly  a  county  and  duchy,  and  was  fr«inenlly 
an  appanage  of  the  king's  younger  son.  It  was  uniteil  to 
the  crown  in  1465  and  again,  detlnitely,  m  Ifinl. 

Berry,  Duchesse  de  (Princess  Caroline  Fer- 
dinande  Louise  of  Naples).  BoniNov.o. Ii9s: 

died  Ajiril  17, 1S70.  Wife  of  Charles  Ferdinand, 
due  de  Ben-v,  and  mother  of  the  Comte  de  Cham- 
bord.  She  "promoted  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
at  revolution  in  favor  of  her  son  in  1832. 

Berry,  Charles,  Due  de.  Born  Dee.  28, 1440: 
died  May  24  (28  ?),  1472,  The  second  son  of 
Charles  VII.  and  Marie  of  Anjou,  duke  of  Berry, 

Noi-mandv.  and  Guienne. 

Berry,  Charles,  Due  de.    Bom  Aug.  31, 1680 : 

died  at  Marlv,  Jlav  4.  1714.  The  third  son  ot 
Louis,  the  Grand  Dauphin,  selected  as  successor 
to  the  Spanish  throne  in  case  the  Duke  of  An- 
ion, named  his  successor  by  Charles  U.,  should 
become  king  of  France. 

Berry,  Charles  Ferdinand,  Due  de.  Born  at 
Versailles,  Jan.  24, 1778 :  assassinated  at  1  aris, 
Feb  13,  1820.  The  second  son  of  the  Comtc 
d'Artois  (later  Charles  X.  of  France),  and  father 
of  the  Comte  de  Chambord.  He  emigrated  duiing 
theKevolution,  and  served  in  the  army  of  Conde  and  later 
in  that  of  Russia.  He  went  to  England  in  1801,  and  there 
married  a  wife  whom  he  afterwanl  repudiated,  again 
marrying  on  his  return  to  France.  His  second  wife  was 
the  Princess  Caroline  of  Naples. 

Berry  (ber'i),  Sir  John.  Bora  at  Knoweston, 
Devonshire,  163."):  died  at  Portsmouth,  England, 
about  1690.  An  English  naval  officer.  He  en- 
tered the  m.rchant  service  i.assed  to  the  royal  navy  in 
1663,  and  attained  the  rank  of  vice-adniiral.  In  1667  lie  de- 
feated  the  Krencli  and  Dutch  fleet  otf  Nevi^  \\  est  Indies 
In  16S2  he  commanded  the  Gloucester  which  was  wrecked 
with  the  Duke  of  York  ami  train  on  board  :  the  ilnke  es- 
caped, and  Berry  was  relieved  from  all  blame 


Bertinoro 
F  Berthe.'i  The  daughter  of  Caribert,  count 
of  Laon:  caUed  •'Bertha  with  the  large  foof 
(F.  Uerllie  ««  (jriiiid  pitti),  from  the  fact  thai 
one  of  her  feet  was  larger  than  the  other,  .she 
was  thewUe  of  Pepin  the  Uttle  and  the  mother  of  Charles 
the  Great,  and  died  at  Choisy  in  7S3  at  a  great  age.  She 
has  been  celebrated  by  poems  and  legends  daring  niany 
centuries.  Some  romances  have  made  her  the  daughter 
of  an  emperor  of  Constantinople;  others  make  her  de- 
scend from  nore,  the  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  queen 
Blanehe-Kleur.  One,  bv  Adenes  le  Roi.  is  rimed,  and  wa.', 
written  in  the  second  half  of  the  13tli  century  from  popu- 
lar legends  which  go  back  t..  the  sih  centurj'. 

Bertha  (known  as  GrertrudeK  The  daughtea- 
of  the  Duke  of  Brabant  in  "The  Beggar's 
Btish,"  a  comedv  bv  Fletcher  and  others. 

Berthelot  (bert-io' ) ,  Pierre  Eugtoe  Marcellin. 

Born  at  Paris.  Oct.  29,  1827,     A  noted  French 
chemist. 

Berthier  (ber-tia'),  Alexandre,  Duke  of  ^eu- 
chiitel  and  Valaugin  and  Prince  of  Wagram. 
Born  at  Versailles,  Nov.  20,  1753:  died  at  Bam- 
berg, Bavaria,  June  1,  1815,  A  marshal  of  the 
French  empire,  and  confidential  friend  of  Na- 
poleon I.  His  "  M^moires  "  were  published  in 
18'JO. 

Berthold  (ber'told).  Died  1198.  "The  Apostle 
of  Livonia."'  While  abbot  of  the  Cistercian  monaster} 
of  Uiccum  he  was  (1  IWi)  consecrated  bishop  of  the  Livoiii- 
ans,  to  succeed  Meinhard,  the  first  missionar>-  lu  Livonia. 
He  raised  an  army  in  Lower  Germany  for  the  piupose  of 
converting  the  heathen  by  force  of  arms,  and  was  kiUed 
in  battle  near  the  mouth  of  the  Diiua. 

Berthold  of  Ratishon.  Born  at  Ratisbon  (?) 
about  I'J'JO:  died  at  Kalisboii.  Dec.  13.  12<2.  A 
(icinian  Fianci.scan  preacher  and  missionary 
in  .\iislria,  Moraria,  Thnringia,  and  elsewhere, 

BerthoUet  (ber-to-la'),  Claude  Louis,  Comte. 
Born  at  Talloire,  in  Savoy,  Nov.  9, 1748:  died 
near  Paris,  Nov  6, 18'22.  A  noteil  French  eliem 
ist.  iirofessor  in  the  Normal  School  at  Paris.  He 
joined  Napoleons  Egvptian  expedition,  returning  in  1799. 
His  works  include  'Essai  de  staticiue  chimi(|ue, '  "EllS- 
incnts  de  I'art  de  la  teinture,"  "Miithode  de  uoniencUi- 
tnre  ehiinique,"ete. 

Berthoud  (ber-tii'),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Neu- 
chatel,  March  19,  1725:  died  June  20.  ISOi.  A 
Swiss  mechanician,  famous  for  the  accuracy  of 
his  chronometers.  He  was  the  author  of  "Essai  sur 
I  horlogerie  "  (176r.).  "Tniit^  des  horloges  marines"  (1773), 
'  Longitudes  par  la  niesure  du  temps,  etc."  (1T75),  etc. 


not    nave    oeen    equauy    «r;ii    o,.,!, ''-",. ., 

Greek  language  and  the  old  literature  of  his  native  couii- 
trv  And  in  spile  of  the  fragmentary  and  corrupt  state 
in  which  his  fragments  have  come  down  to  us,  wo  now 
know  that  he  was  so.  His  account  of  the  Deluge,  for  in- 
stance, agrees  even  in  Its  details  with  that  of  the  cunei- 
form text.s.  '    Snycf.  Aw:  Empires,  p.  lOn. 

Berauin  (ber-kan'),  Arnaud.  Bom  at  Lan- 
goiran,  near  Bordeaux,  1749:  died  at  Pans, 
Dec.  21,  1791.  A  French  man  of  letters,  es- 
peciallv  noted  as  a  writer  of  juveniles :  sur- 
nanied'  "the  Frieml  of  Chihlren."  Ho  wrote 
"  L'Ami  lies  entants  "  ('24  vols.,  I7b'2-S3),  "  Le  petit  Orandi- 
son  "  (1^07),  etc. 

Berredo  e  Castro  (ber-ra'do  e  kiish'tro),  Ber- 
nardo Pereira  de.  Born  at  Sori-a,  Alemtejo 
about  KiSH:  ilii'cl  !it  Lisbon,  March  13,  1(48,  A 
I'oi'tugueso  soldier,  statesman,  and  liistorian. 
From  171S  to  ITli  he  was  governor  of  Maranhao,  then 
oillbrncing  all  of  northern  Brazil ;  later  he  was  eaptain- 
gonend  of  Ma/.agao,  In  Africa.  His  "Animes  liislorlcos 
doestadode  Maranhno"  (Lisbon.  1749;  2d  cd.  Maranhao, 
1849)  is  a  principal  source  of  historical  information  tor 
that  part  of  Brazil. 
Berri.     See  lln-yi/.  ,,        ^  T. 

Berrien  (ber'i-en),  John  Macpherson.    Born 
in  Now  Jersey,  Aug.  23,  1781:  died  at  Savan- 


Berrv  Marie  Louise  Elisabeth  d"0rl6ans, 
Duchesse  de.    Bom  Aug.  -Jo,  Hi!';;- ''"-l  -'"'.v 

•>1  1719,  The  eldest  daughter  ot  Philippe  d  <  Ir- 
leans  and  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Bcn-y,  the  grand- 
■ioii  of  Louis  XIV. :  notorious  for  her  profligacy. 

Berry  (ber'i),  Mary.  Born  at  Kirkbridge. 
Voikshire.  March  Hi.  1763:  diedat  London,  Nov. 
''O  18.')2  An  Knglish  authoress,  she  and  her  sis- 
ter Agnes  (17ti4-lS.W)  were  the  friends  and  she  was  lit- 
erary eiecitor,  of  Horace  Walpo  e.  Her  cb  et  work  s 
-England  and  l-'rance,  a  Comparative  'V  lew  ,.f  the  Soua 
Condition  of  both  Countries  "  (1S44),  originally  pnlills bed 
in  two  volumes  :  the  llrst  (1»'2S)  entitled  '■  A  Comparative 
View  of  the  Social  Lite  of  England  and  !•  ranee,  etc.  an. 
the  second  (1831)  entitled  "  Social  Life  in  England  an.l 
France,  etc."  ^  i,  .    . 

Berry,  William.  Bom  1774:  did  at  Brixton, 
Julv'"'  IS.'il.  All  Kuglisli  geneal.igisl.  He  pub- 
lished •'•Inlni.luction  to  Heraldry ''(IMii).  "Geneal..gla 
Antlqua,  etc."(l»l«),  •  i:iicyclopedla  Heraldica.  etc,  (Isis- 
lS4n),  etc,  _  ...  T^  4 

Berryer  (ber-ya').  Pierre  i^toine.    Bom  at 

Paris,  Jan.  4.  1790:  <1i.m1  Nov.  -II.  1808.  A 
I'liii.-h  advocate  and  political  orat.ir,  a  leader 
..f  til.'  Ii'gitiiuist  party. 

Berseamite.    s.e  Moiitm/nais. 

Bert  (bar),  Paul.  Born  at  Auxerre  \onne. 
Franc,  Oi't  17,  1833:  died  at  Ketcho,  Tonqnin, 
Nov,  11,  isso.  .\  French  physi.dogist  and  poli- 
tician, minister  ><!  public  instruction  and  wor- 
ship in  Giinibetta's  cabinet  1.><81-.S'.',  He  was  g.iv- 
cnior-re»ld.nt  .d  ■l'..nqiiln  in  iss,',  He  «■■"'"„••«;:,'?"•' 
des  travaux  .lanatomle  .1  .le  |ih>»l.ilogle,  lKCi4  (1SI.U), 
■•rol.B  ,l:.oat..nile  el  de  ph.vsl..l..Kle  compiirees,    etc 

Berta  (l.ar'tii).  An  African  tribe  in  labitiiig 
the  l.iwlau.l  beuealli  the  western  ilank  ol   the 


I  ye    i.n>  i.iii' '    ■'■  "^ 

Abvssiiiian  plateau.  They  seoin  to  he  neither  eiitiii'lv 
Ilainltlcnor  Nlgrltic     Th.lr  language  lias  been  Included. 


by  Mr,  cusl,  In  the  Nubi.-Milab  gr.nip. 

Bertaut  (ber-t.V ),  Jean.    H-;>'i'  "   <  I"'".,  I'""; 

,li,.,l  .lune  8,  Kill.  A  Kreiich  ecclesiiiKtic  and 
i.oet,  secretary  to  \\\r  king,  bishop  ot  Sf'ez, 
niidnlmonert.i\Iari.'.le  Me.b.'is 

Bertha  (ber'tliii),.>rBerthrada.  [lt,Sp./}''rM, 


Bertie  (b.r'ti).  Peregrine,  Lord  Willoughby 

de  Eresby.  Bom  at  Lower  W  esel,  ( 'leves, 
Dct,  12,  1555:  died  June  25,  1001,  A  noted 
En.'lish  soldier  and  statesman.  He  served  with 
distincti.m  in  the  I/Jiv  Countries  1686-80,  was  apiKiinted 
Sir  I'hilip  Sidney's  successor  as  governor  of  Bergen-op. 
Zoom  in  March,  1586.  and  succeeded  Leicester  as  com- 
inander-in  chief  in  Nov.,  15S7.     Ijiter  he  served  under 

BertiV,  Willoughby,  fourth  Earl  of  Abingdon. 
Bom  Jan.  16,  174(1:  died  Sept.  20.  1799.  An 
Lnglish  liberal  statesman  and  political  writer. 
He  opposed  the  war  with  America  177.'i-83.  and  the  policy 
which  led  to  it,  and  svnipathizcd  with  the  French  Kevo- 
liition.  Ho  wrote  "Thoughts  on  Mr.  Burke's  Letter  to  the 
ShcritTs  of  lirist.il  on  the  Alfairs  of  America     (1. . . ),  etc. 

Bertillon  (ber-to-yoii').  Alphonse.     Bom  at 

Paris.    18.53.     A   French  aiithro|)..logist,   chief 
of  the  department  of  identilication  in  the  Pre- 
fecture of  Police  of  the  Seine.       He  devised  a 
nieth..d  of  i.leiitifying  criminals  by  means  of  measnri;;.        • 
ments.     He  has  wrilten  ••  rAnthrop..mctrie  Jii.llcuilie 
1181101,  "Identitlcation  anibropouKiri.ine     (ISIW).  etc. 

Bertin  (ber-tan'\  Edouard  Franpois.    Bom 

at  Paris,  1797:  die.l  at  Pans.  S.pl.  13,  18il. 
.\  French  journalist  and  artist.  He  BUcceedc«l  his 
br.ither,  Ixuiis  Marie  Armand  Bertin,  in  the  edilorslilp  of 
the  'Mournal  .les  llCliats." 

Bertin,  Louis  Frantjois.    Bom  at  Paris,  Dec 

14  17li(i:  .li.'.l  at  Paris,  Sept.  13.  1841,  A  1' reneh 
journalist,  I'oiiiid.T  in  1800,  with  his  brother. 
Louis  Franvois  Berlin  de  Veaux  (1771-1842),  of 
the  "Journal  .les  D.'d.ats."  changed  by  Napo-_ 
l.'iui  I   ( 1 SII5 -14)  int. .the"  Journal  di'l  Kmnire. 

Bertin,  Louis  Marie  Armand.  Born  at  I'ans. 

Aug  -.52,  1801:  died  Jan.  12,  18.54.  A  Ireiich 
journalist,  successor  of  his  father.  Louis  Irnii- 
.,v>is  Bertin,  in  the  edit.irship  ot  the  "Journal 
lies  Delials,"  . 

Bertin.  Louise  Ang6Uque.  Born  near  Biftvrcs. 

S.iu.-.t-OiM'.  France,  Jan.  bi,  1805:  died  at 
Paris  April  'JO,  1877.  A  French  singiT  aii.l 
.■omp'oser,  .laughter  of  Louis  Franyois  l^t'rtin. 
she  .-.miiMW.d  lb.'  op'Taa  "Lo  l-<.up  Garou  (182, X 
"  Faust  "  (l.x;il),  "  La  Esmeralda  "  (ISMV). 

Bertini  (l»r-te-ne'),  Henri.  Bom  at  London, 
Oct  "8,  1798:  die.l  near  (irenoble,  Frani'e,  Oct 
1,  1870,  A  Prench  pianist  and  composer  tot 
the  iiialioforte,  . 

Bertinoro  (b.u-te-no'ro).     A  small  town  in  the 

,„.„vin .t    I'orli,  Kmilia.  Italy,  situated   18 

mil.  s  s.'utli  of  Kavenna:  famous  for  its  wines. 


Bertoldo 

Bertoldo  (ber-tol'do).  The  hero  of  an  Italian 
ciimio  romance  written  near  the  end  of  the 
IGtli  century  by  Jiilio  Cesare  Croce,  suriiained 
"Delia  Lyra.''  Its  popularity  was  very  gi-eat 
and  long  continued. 

Bertonio  (ber-t6'ne-6),  Ludovico.  Born  at 
Fermo,  1.55"):  died,  probably  ;it  lyima.  Peru, 
Aug.  3,  1G28.  An  Italian  Jesuit  missionary. 
He  joined  the  order  in  1575,  was  sent  to  Peru  in  Ui81,  und 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  laboring  among  the  In- 
dians, principally  the  Collas  or  Aynian^s  of  Upper  Peru. 
Bertonio  left  several  works  on  the  Aymari  language,  whieh 
he  first  reduced  to  writing. 

Bertram  (ber'tram).  [G.  Bertram,  F.  Bvr- 
traiiil,  It.  Bertramlo,  Sp.  BeJtran,  P^.  Bcrtrao.'] 
1.  The  Count  of  Rousillon  in  bhakspere's 
"  All 's  Well  that  Ends  Well."  See  Helena.— 2. 
The  aged  minstrel  who  is  the  companion  and 
protector  of  Lady  Augusta  de  Berkely  in  Scott's 
novel  "Castle_  Dangerous." — 3.  A  tragedy  by 
the  Eev.  R.  C.Maturin,  produced  in  1816.  The 
character  of  Bertram  is  the  incarnation  of  revenge,  wild 
love,  and  pathos.     Kean  created  the  part. 

Bertram,  Godfrey.  The  Laird  of  EUangowan 
in  Scott  s  novel  "  Guy  Mannering  " :  a  man  of 
weak  character,  anxious  for  political  prefer- 
ment, plundered  and  ruined  by  Glossin. 

Bertram,  Harry.  The  son  of  Godfrey  in  Scott's 
novel  "Guy  .Mannering":  one  of  the  principal 
characters,  and  the  lover  of  Julia  Mannering. 

Bertram,  Lucy.  The  daughter  of  Godfrey  Ber- 
tram in  Scott's  "  Guy  Maiuiering." 

Bertran.     See  Bertrancl. 

Bertrand  (ber-tron'),  Count  Henri  Gratien. 
Born  at  Ohateauroux,  Indre,  France,  March  28, 
1773:  died  at  Chilteauroux,  Jan.  31,  1S44.  A 
French  general,  a  companion  of  Napoleon  I. 
at  Elba  and  St.  Helena.  He  served  with  distinction 
at  Austerlitz,  Spandau,  Friedland,  in  the  campaign  of 
Wagram.  in  Russia,  at  Leipsic,  and  at  Waterloo.  He  suc- 
ceeded Duroc  as  grand  marshal  of  the  palace.  After  his 
death  his  sons  published  "'Les  campagnes  d'Egypte  et  de 
Syrie,  m^moires  pour  servir  h  I'histoire  de  Napoleon, 
dict(^s  par  lui-meme,  h  Sainte-H^lene,  au  g^n^ral  Ber- 
trand "  (1S47). 

Bertrand,  Louis  Jacques  Napoleon  Aloisius. 

Born  at  Cova,  in  Piedmont,  April  20,1807:  died 
at  Paris,  May,  1841.  A  French  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, author  of  a  posthumous  work,  "Fan- 
taisies  a  la  maniere  de  Rembrandt  et  de  Cal- 
lot"  (1842). 

Louis  Bertrand,  a  poet  possessed  of  the  rarest  faculty, 
but  unfortunately  doomed  to  misfortune  and  premature 
death.  Born  at  C6va  in  Piedmont,  in  18U7,  and  brought 
up  at  Dijon,  he  came  to  Paris,  found  there  but  scanty 
encouragement,  and  died  in  a  hospital  in  1S41.  His  only 
work  of  any  importance,  "Gaspard  de  la  Xuit, "  a  series  of 
prose  ballads  arranged  in  verses  something  like  those  of 
the  English  translation  of  the  Bible,  and  testifying  to  the 
most  delicate  sense  of  rhythm  and  the  most  exquisite 
nower  of  poetical  suggestion,  did  not  appear  until  after 
nis  death.  Saintibury,  French  Lit.,  p.  546. 

Bertrand  de  Born.  See  Born,  Bertmnd  de. 
Bertrand  de  Goth  or  Got.  See  Clement  V. 
Bertrand  du  Guesclin.    See  Du  G^uescHn. 

Bertuccio  (bcr-to'cho).  A  deformed  court 
.irslrr  in  Tom  Taylor's  tragedy  "The  Fool's 
Rivcnge."  His  gratified  revenge  on  the  duke  culmi- 
nates in  the  terrible  conviction  that  through  a  mistake  he 
has  compassed  the  abduction  and  dishonor  of  his  own 
.  child  instead  of  that  of  the  wife  of  his  enemy.  His  hys- 
^  terical  efforts  to  pl;^y  the  fool,  when  maddened  with  agony, 
in  oriler  tu  gain  admittance  to  the  banquet-room  into 
which  his  daughter  has  been  carried,  form  a  powerfully 
dramatic  scene. 

Bertulphe.  A  peasant  who  by  his  own  energy 
rose  to  be  the  Provost  of  Bruges,  in  G.  W.  Lov- 
ell's  play  of  that  name.  He  is  reduced  to  the  con- 
dition of  a  serf  by  an  extraordinary  decree,  as  he  had  never 
been  actually  manumitted.  He  rises,  slays  the  earl,  the 
author  of  the  law,  and  kills  himself.  Macready  was  very 
successful  in  the  part. 

Berwick    (ber'ik),   or    Berwick-on-Tweed. 

[Formerly  .■lberwick.'[  A  seaport  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  long  regarded  as  neutral 
between  Scotland  and  England,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tweed,  it  was  frequently  an  object  of  dispute 
between  the  countries.  It  hiis  remains  of  the  old  walls. 
Population  (1891),  lS,:i78. 

Berwick,  Duke  of.     See  Fit--.htmc/i,  James. 

Berwick  (ber'wik).  Miss  Mary.  The  pseudo- 
nvui  of  Miss  Adelaide  Amie  Procter  in  "Le- 
gends iind  Lyrics"  (1858). 

Berwickshire  (ber'ik -shir),  or  Berwick.  A 
county  in  southeastern  Scotland,  lying  between 
Haddington  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on 
the  northeast,  Berwick  Bounds  and  Northum- 
berland on  the  southeast,  Roxburgh  on  the 
south,  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west,  its  divisions 
are  the  Merse,  Lammermuir,  and  Lauderdale.  Its  agricul- 
ture is  important.  Areji,  461  square  miles.  Population 
(1S91),  32.:!ft8. 

Beryn,  History  of.  A  Middle  English  poem 
formerly  ascribed  (by  Urry)  to  Chaucer  as  "The 


152 

Merchant's  Second  Tale,"  but  now  rejected. 
The  author  is  tmknowu. 

BerytUS.     See  Beirut. 

Berzelius  (ber-ze'li-us;  Sw.  pron.  ber-zil'e-os), 
Johan  Jacob,  Baron.  Born  at  Westerlosa, 
near  Linkopiug.  Ostergotland,  Sweden,  Aug. 
29,  1779:  died  at  Stockholm,  Aug.  7,  1848.  A 
celebrated  Swedish  chemist.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  medicine  and  pharmacy  at  Stockholm  1807  : 
became  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
.Stockholm  l8lS ;  was  created  u  baron  1835;  and  became 
a  royal  councilor  1838.  He  introduced  a  new  nomencla- 
ture of  chemistry  ;  discovered  selenium,  thorium,  and  ce- 
rium ;  first  exhibited  calcium,  barium,  8tr<'ntiuni,  eolum- 
bium,  or  tantalum,  silicium,  and  zircoiiinm  as  dements; 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  electrn-clicniical  theory  ; 
and  contributed  much  toward  the  perfection  of  the  atomic 
theory  after  Dalton.  His  most  important  work  is  "Lare- 
bok  i  Kemien  "  (18U8-2S),  which  has  been  translated  into 
every  European  language. 

BesanQOU  (be-zon-s6n').  [LL.  Besantio{n-), 
Besontio{n-),  L.  T'esontio{n-),tTom  a  tribe  name 
Besontii.'i  'The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Doubs,  France,  situated  on  a  peninsula  nearly 
smTounded  by  the  Doubs,  in  lat.  47°  14'  N.. 
long.  6°  1'  E.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and 
the  seat  of  an  artillery  school.  It  is  the  chief  place 
in  France  for  the  manufactiu-e  of  watches.  It  contains 
the  cathedral,  archbishop's  palace,  Palais  Granvella,  li- 
brary, museum,  citadel,  the  triumphal  arch  Porte  de  Mars, 
and  other  Roman  antiquities.  It  is  the  bii'thplace  of 
Granvella,  Pajol,  Moncey,  ^odier,  and  Victor  Hugo.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  .Sequani,  and  under  the  Romans 
the  capital  of  Maxima  Sequanorum.  From  1184  to  1648  it 
was  a  free  imperial  city,  and  later  the  capital  of  Franche- 
Comt^.  In  1(54S  it  was  ceded  to  Spain,  and  to  France  in 
1679.  It  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Austrians  in 
1S14,  and  was  the  base  of  Bourbakis  operations  1870-71. 
Population  (1901),  5:>.266. 

Besant  (bes'ant).  Sir  Walter.  Born  Aug.  14, 
1836  :  died  June  9,  1901.  An  English  novelist, 
knighted  in  1895.  He  was  appointed  professor  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Mauritius,  but  returned  to  England  on 
account  of  ill  health.  From  1871  to  1882  he  wrote  in 
collaboration  with  James  Rice.  Since  the  death  of  the 
latter  he  has  written  many  novels  and  short  stories.  It 
was  due  to  "All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  lien  "  (1882)  that 
the  People's  Palace  in  the  East  End  of  London  was  built. 

Besborodko  (bes-bo-rod'ko).  Prince  Alexan- 
der Andreye'vitch.  Born  at  Stoluoi,  Little 
Russia,  JIarch  25,  1747:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Aug.  9,  1799.  A  Russian  statesman,  made  sec- 
retary of  foreign  affairs  in  1780,  and  imperial 
chancellor  in  1796. 

Bescherelle  (besh-rel'),  Louis  Nicolas.  Born 
at  Paris,  June  10, 1802 :  died  at  Autcuil,  Feb.  4, 
1883.  A  French  grammarian,  lexicographer, 
and  librarian.  His  works  include  "  Grammaire  na 
tionale"  (1834-38),  " Dictionnaire  national"  (1843-16), 
"Les  classiques  et  les  romantiques"  (1838:  with  Ch. 
Martin),  "La  grammaire  de  TAcademie"  (1825:  with  La- 
motte),  etc. 

Besika  Bay  (bes'i-ka  ba).  A  small  bay  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  near  the 
entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles. 

Beskow  (bes'kov),  Bernhard  von.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  April  22,  1796:  died  at  Stockholm, 
Oct.  17,  1868.  A  Swedish  dramatist  and  poet. 
His  chief  dramas  are  "Erik  den  Fjortonde"  (1827-28), 
"Torkel  Knutsson,"  "  Birger  och  bans  Att,"  "Gustav 
Adolf  i  Tyskland  "  (1838). 

Bess  (bes),  or  Bessee  (be-se'),  the  Blind  Beg- 
gar's daughter  of  Bethnal  Green.  The  subject 
of  a  favorite  popular  ballad,  and  introduced 
by  Chettle  and  Day,  and  Sheridan  Knowles,  in 
their  plays,  "The  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green." 

Bess,  Good  Queen.  A  popular  epithet  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  England. 

Bessaraha  (bes-sii'rii-ba).  A  family  of  Walla- 
chian  -n'aywodes,  prominent  in  the  politics  of 
southeastern  Europe  from  the  13th  to  the  18th 
centtrry,  which  has  given  the  name  of  Bessa- 
rabia to  the  region  comprised  between  the 
Prutli  and  the  Dniester. 

Bessaraha  (bes-sa'rit-bii),  Constantine  Bran- 

COVan.  Died  Aug.  26,  1714.  A  waywode  of 
Wallachia  1688-1714.  He  acted  as  the  secret  agent  of 
Leopold  of  Austria  in  the  war  which  terminated  with  the 
peace  of  Carlowitz  in  1699,  while  ostensibly  supporting 
his  suzerain  the  Sultan  of  Turkey ;  and  served  as  the  ally  of 
Peter  the  Great  in  the  war  against  the  Turks  in  1711,  with 
the  result  that  he  was  put  to  death  with  his  four  sons  by 
order  of  the  sultan.  "With  his  death  the  Bessaraha  dynasty 
was  extinguished. 
Bessarabia  (bes-a-ra'bi-a).  A  government  of 
southwestern  Russia,  l.ying  east  and  northeast 
of  Rumania.  Capital,  Kishineff.  It  was  overrun 
by  nomadic  races  from  the  2d  to  the  13th  centuiy;  was 
ceded  to  Russia  by  Turkey  in  1812;  was  ceded  in  part  lo 
Moldavia  in  1856 ;  and  was  restored  to  Russia  in  1878. 
Area,  17,619  square  miles.     Population  (1897),  1,936,403. 

Bessarion(be-sa'ri-on).  Johannes  or  Basilius. 
[MGr.  Bwcap',uv.'\  Born  at  Trebizond,  1395 
(1403?):  died  at  Ravenna,  Nov.  19,  1472.  A 
Greek  scholar  and  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic, 
notable  as  a  patron  of  learning  and  a  collector 
of  manuscripts.    He  entered  the  order  of  St.  Basil  in 


Bethany 

1423:  studied  uniler  the  Platonic  scholar  George  Gemistus 
Pletho  ;  i.cciinic  arclibi.shupof  Nic.xa  in  1437  ;  accompanied 
John  Paheologus  lultaly.in  14:i8,to:issist  inelfeetingunion 
between  the  <ireek  and  Latin  churches;  supported  the 
Koman  t'hurch  at  the  councils  of  Ferrara  and  Florence 
whereby  he  gaine«l  the  favor  of  Pope  Eugenius  I V.  by  whom 
he  was  made  caniinal  in  1439  and  successively  invested  with 
the  archbishopric  of  Siponto  and  the  bishoprics  of  Sabina 
and  Tusculum  ;  and  received  the  title  of  Patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 1463,  He  wrote  "Adversus  Calumniatorem 
Platonis,"etc. 

Bessfeges  (bes-azh').  A  town  in  the  depai-tment 
of  Gard,  southern  France,  33  miles  northwest 
of  Nimes.  Near  it  are  important  coal-  aad  iron- 
mines.     Population  (1891),  commune,  8,673. 

Bessel  (bes'sel),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Minden,  Prussia,  July  22, 1784 :  died  March  17, 
1846.  A  noted  Prassian  astronomer,  director 
of  the  observatory  at  Konigsberg.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Kund:unenta  .\stronomife  deducta  ex  observation!, 
bus  J.  Bradley  "  (1818),"  Astronomische  Untersuchungen  " 
(1841-12),  "Popuhtre  Vorlesungen  uber  wissenschaft- 
liche  Gegenstande  "  (1848),  "Messungen  der  Entfemung 
de»61  Sterns  im  Sternbilde  desSchwans"(1839),  etc, 

Besselia(bes-Be'lia).  The  sweetheartof Captain 
Crowe,  in  Smollett's  "Sir  Launeelot  Greaves." 

Bessemer  (bes'e-mer).  Sir  Henry.  Bom  at 
Charlton,  Hertfordshire, England,  Jan.  19, 1813: 
died  at  Loudon,  March  14,  1898.  An  English 
engineer,  inventor  of  the  Bessemer-steel  pro- 
cess (1856-58). 

Bessi^res  (bes-yar'),  Jean  Baptiste,  Duke  of 
Istria.  Born  at  Preissae,  Lot,  France,  Aug. 
5  (6?),  1768:  killed  nearLiitzeu,  Germany,  May 

1,  1813.  A  famous  marshal  of  the  French  em- 
pire. He  served  with  distinction  at  Acre,  Abukir,  Ma- 
rengo, Austerlitz,  Jena,  Eylau,  Friedland,  Essling,  etc. ; 
and  commanded  at  the  victory  of  Medina  del  Rio-Seco,  in 
Spain,  July  14,  1808. 

Bessin  (be-sau').  An  ancient  district  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Normandy,  France,  bor- 
dering on  the  English  Channel  east  of  the  Co- 
tentin.     Its  chief  town  is  Bayeux. 

Bessus  (bes'us).  [Gr.  B/^aaof.]  1.  A  satrap  of 
Bactria.  He  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Persian 
army  at  the  battle  of  Arhela,  331 B.  c.  He  murdered  Barius 
III.  in  330,  and  was  soon  after  captured  by  Alexander,  and 
delivered  to  Oxathi'es,  the  brother  of  Darius,  by  whom  he 
was  executed. 

2.  A  blustering,  swaggering  coward  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  play  "King  and  No 
King." 

Bestuzheff  (bes-tci'zhef),  Alexander.  Born 
Nov.  3  (N.  S.),  1795:  killed  near  Yekaterino- 
dar,  in  the  Caucasus,  June,  1837.  A  Russian 
soldier,  poet,  and  novelist. 

Bestuzheff-Riumin  ( bes  -  to '  zhef  -  re  -  o '  min). 
Count  Alexei  PetrO'Titch.  Born  at  Moscow, 
Jime,  1693  :  died  .\pril  21,  1766.  A  Russian  di- 
plomatist and  statesman.  He  became  imperial  chan- 
cellor in  1744,  and  was  degraded  from  office,  on  a  charge  of 
high  treason,  in  1758.  He  discovered,  in  1725,  a  medicinal 
preparation  of  iron,  tinctura  tonico-nervina  Bestusewi. 

BetanQos,  or  Betanzos  (ba-tan'thos),  Domingo 
de.  Born  in  Leon:  died  at  Valladolid,  Spain, 
1549.  A  Spanish  missionary  in  Hispaniola, 
Mexico,  and  Guatemala.  His  representation  of  the 
cruelty  practised  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  natives  occa- 
sioned the  promulgati'in  nf  the  bull  "Veritas  ipsa,"  1537, 
by  Pope  Paul  III.,  in  which  all  Christians  are  commanded 
to  treat  tlie  heathen  as  brothers. 

Betancourt  (be-toh-kor'),  Agustin  de.  Bom 
in  Mexico  City,  1620:  died  1700.  A  Fraucisean 
monk  and  historian,  curate  of  the  parish  of 
San  Jos6.  His  principal  work,  "Teatro  Mejicano,"  is 
primarily  a  history  of  his  order  in  Mexico,  but  contains 
much  of  general  interest. 

Betanzos.     Sci-  Bet<nii;r)S. 

Betanzos,  Juan  Jose  de.  A  Spanish  soldier 
who  went  to  Peru,  probably  ■with  Pizarro  in 
1532.  He  settled  at  Cuzco,  and  married  a  daughter  of 
the  Inca  Atahualpa.  He  became  an  adept  in  the  Quichua 
language,  and  wrote  in  it  a  doctrina  and  two  vocabu- 
laries, now  lost.  By  order  of  the  viceroy  Mendoza  he 
wrote  an  account  of  the  Incas  and  of  the  conquest.  It 
was  finished  in  1551,  but  remained  in  manuscript  until 
1S80,  when  it  was  printed  for  the  "Biblioteca  Hispano- 
I'ltramarina,"  with  the  title  "Suma  y  Narracion  de  l08 
Incas." 

Betchwa.     See  Beczwa. 

Betelgeuze,  or  Betelgeux  (bet-el-gerz').    [Ar. 

il)t-al-j(tu:(i,  the  giant  s  shoulder.]  The  bright, 
red,  slightly  variable  star  a  Oi'iouis,  in  the  right 
shoulder  of  the  constellation.  It  is  sometimes 
called  Miriam,  from  al-mirzam,  the  roarer. 
Betham  (beth'am).  Sir  William.  Bom  at 
Stradbrooke,  .Suffolk,  England,  May  22,  1779 : 
died  Oct.  26,  18.53.  An  English  antiquary, 
Ulster  king  at  arms.  His  works  include  "Irish 
Antiquarian  Researches  "  (1827),  "  Origin  and  History  of 
the  Constitution  of  England,  and  of  the  early  Parliaments 
of  Ireland"(1834  :  a  reissue,  with  a  new  title,  of  an  earlier 
work),  "The  (iael  and  the  Cymbri,  etc.  '(1834),  etc. 

Betham-Edwards.    See  Edwards. 
Bethany  (beth'a-ni).      [Heb.,  'house  of  pov- 
erty.']    A  place  about  forty  minutes' ride  from 


I 


i 


Bethany 

Jenzsalem,  on  the  road  to  Jencho,  southeast  of 
the  Mount  of  Olives.  It  is  often  mentioned  in  the 
N'ew  Testament  as  the  home  of  Lazarus,  Martha  and 
.Nfary,  and  of  Simon  the  Leper  (Matt.  xxi.  17,  xwi.  ti; 
Mark  xi.  1  If. ;  Luke  xix.  29;  John  xi.  1:  A.  v.).  It  is  iden- 
tilied  with  tile  modern  EI-Azuriyeh,  a  villaj;e  witli  forty 
huts,  inhabited  by  Mohammedans  exclusively. 

Beth-Arbel  (betli-ilr'bel).  A  place  mentioned 
in  Hos.  -x.  14  as  the  scene  of  a  sack  and  mas- 
sacre by  Shalman  :  probably  identical  witli  the 
modern  Irbid,  east  of  the  Jordan  and  northeast 
(if  I*ftta.  Sh:ilman  may  be  either  Shalmaneser  III., 
king  of  Assyria  7S2-772  u.  c,  who  made  a  campaign  against 
I>aniasuU8,  or  Salaraan,  king  of  Moab,  who  is  mentioned 
in  tile  .Assyrian  inscriptions  as  having  paid  tribute  to  Tig- 
lath-Pileser  III.,  king  of  AssjTia  (74.T-727  B.  c). 

Bethel  (beth' el).  [LL.  Bethel,  Gi:  BaitV//.,iieh. 
Jkth-el,  house  of  God.]  In  scriptural  geog- 
raphy, a  town  (originally  named  Luz)  in  Pales- 
tine, 12  miles  north  of  Jerusalem,  the  resting- 
place  of  the  ark,  and,  later,  a  seat  of  idolatrous 
worship:  the  modern  Beitin. 

Up  to  the  last,  customs  that  had  originated  in  a  primi- 
tive period  of  Semitic  belief  survived  in  Phoenician  re- 
llgion.  .Stones,  more  especiidly  aerolites,  as  well  as  trees, 
were  accounted  sacred.  The  stones,  after  being  conse- 
crated by  a  libation  of  oil.  were  called  ....  Belh-eh, 
■'  habitations  of  God,"  and  regarded  as  tilled  with  the  in- 
dwelling presence  of  the  Deity.  The  Caaba  at  Mecca  is 
a  curious  relic  of  this  old  Semitic  superstition,  which  is 
alluded  to  in  the  Cisdhubar  EpicofChaldea,  and  may  have 
Biiggested  the  metaphor  of  a  rock  applied  to  the  Deity  in 
'i. -brew poetry.  Prof.  Kobertson  Sniitli,  again,  h.as pointed 
It  that  numerous  traces  of  an  early  .totemism  lasted 
i  ivvn  into  the  tlistorical  period  of  the  Semitic  race,  more 
specially  among  the  ruder  nomad  tribes  of  Arabia. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  200. 

Bethel,  Slingsby.   Born  1017:  died  Feb.,  1697. 

An  English  merchant  and  politician  of  repub- 

':can  views.    He  was  tried  and  heavily  fined  in 

lay.  1083,  for  an  assault  duiing  an  election  of 

-lieriffs. 

Bethell  (beth'el),  Eichard.  Born  at  Bradford- 
iiu-Avon;  England,  June  30,  1800:  died  at  Lon- 
ilon,  July  20, 1873.  An  English  jurist  and  states- 
man, created  first  Lord  Westbury  in  1861.  He 
became  attornev-general  in  1856,  and  was  lord 
chancellor  1801-Go. 

Bethencourt  (ba-ton-kor'),  Jean  de.  Died 
142.5  (f).  A  French  adventiu'er,  conqueror  of 
the  Canary  Islands.  He  organized  with  Gadifer  de 
la  Salle  an  expedition  which  sailed  from  La  Rochelle,  May 
1.  1402,  in  quest  of  adventure.  Having  anived  in  the  Ca. 
iiaries,  he  built  a  f'Ht  on  Lanzarote,  which  he  left  in 
charge  of  liadifer  while  he  returned  for  reinforcements. 
He  came  again  with  the  official  title  of  seigneur  of  the 
Canary  Islands  ;  converted  the  king  of  the  islands  in  1404 
an  event  which  was  followed  by  the  baptism  of  most  of 
thenatwes  ;  and  returned  to  France  in  14iXi,  after  deputing 
his  nephew  as  governor.  Ills  exploits  are  recorded  in  a 
"HiBtolre  de  la  premiere  descouverte  et  conqueste  des 
Canaries,  faite  des  I'an  1402  par  messire  .Jean  de  Bethen- 
court, escrlte  du  temps  mcsme  par  F.  I'ieiTe  llontier 
.  .  .  et  .lean  le  Verrier,  etc."  (1030). 

Bethesda(be-thos'dii).  [Heb.,' house  of  mercy, 
or  'place  of  the  flowing  water.']  In  scriptural 
history,  an  intermittent  spring  near  the  sheep- 
Rate  in  Jerusalem,  Palestine  :  commonly  ideu- 
tifieil  with  the  modern  Birket  Israil. 

Bethesda.  A  town  in  Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  5 
miles  southeast  of  Bangor.  Near  it  are  the 
great  Penrvhn  slate-quarries.  Population  (1891), 
.'5,799. 

Beth-Gellert.    See  Cdleri. 

Beth-horon  (beth-ho'ron).  Upper  and  Nether. 
[llili.,  '  place  of  the  liollow.'j  Two  \-illages  of 
Palostiiio,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Jerusa- 
lem. At  the  pass  between  them  .Joshua  defeated  the 
kings  of  the  Amorites.  It  is  also  the  scene  of  a  victory 
of  .Indas  -Maccabojus  in  the  2d  century  B.  c. 

Bethlehem  (beth'lf-om).  [Heb., 'house  of 
biiad.'J  A  town  in  Palestine,  6  mile^  south 
of  Jerusalem :  the  modern  Beit-Lahin.  it  w.m 
the  birthplace  of  David  and(according  t^>  Matthew,  Luke, 
and  .lohn)  of  Christ.  The  Convent  of  the  Nativity  at 
Bethlehem  is  a  complex  body  of  structures  distrlbiite(l 
between  the  Oreek  and  Latin  creeds,  and  grouped  around 
the  church,  a  basilica  of  6  itaves,  with  apse  and  apsjdal 
transepts,  built  by  the  empress  Helena  and  Constanllne. 
There  are  four  long  ranges  of  monolithic  i'orinthian 
columns  19  feet  high,  n\H}Vc  which  rise  the  walls  of  the 
nave  with  round-arched  windows.  The  choir  Ik  richly 
ornamented  with  attributes  of  the  ();-eek  rite;  beneath 
it  is  the  tortuous  (irutto  of  the  Nativity.  The  apse  and 
parts  of  the  walls  bear  beautiful  Hyzantlne  mosaics.  The 
church  measures  8ti  by  I3»i  feet,     i'opulatlon,  about  B,<»h), 

Bethlehem,  A  borough  in  Northampton  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Lehigh  River  .'O 
miles  north  of  Pliiladelpliia,  selllcd  by  the  Mo- 
ravians in  1741.  It  has  maniifaetures  of  iron 
and  ma<'hinery.     Population  ( 19110 1,  7.293. 

Bethlehem,  Synod  of.  An  important  svnod 
of  the  (irerk  (Miuivli  lield  at  Hethb'hem  in  '1072. 
It  condemned  ('alviniain  and  Lutheranism.  and  defended 
the  memory  of  Cyril  Lucar,  the  famous  patriarch  of  Alex- 
andria and  afterward  of  (Constantinople,  wlui  had  died 
In  l(i.'i8,  against  the  imputation  of  (.'alvlnism.  The  acts  of 
this  syimd  were  signed  by  the  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem  and 


153 

other  clergy,  but  have  never  been  formally  adopted  with- 
out moditication  by  the  whole  Orthoilox  Eiistern  Church. 
Sometimes  called  Sifiiod  of.Jerugalem. 

Bethlehem  Hospital.    .See  Jkdlam. 

Bethlehemites  (beth'le-em-its;.  A  religious 
Older  founded  in  Guatemala  in  16.i3,  extended 
to  Mexico  a  few  years  later,  and  ultimately  to 
other  parts  of  Spanish  America.  The  members 
lived  according  to  the  monastic  rules  of  the 
Augustinians.    . 

Bethnal  Green  (beth'nal  gren).  A  liorough 
(municipal)  of  Loudon,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Thames,  east  of  Spitalfielils,  formerly  occupied 
by  silk-weavers  partly  descended  from  the  Hu- 
guenot refugees.  It  is  noted  as  being  the  locality  nu'ji- 
tionedin  the  old  ballad  "The  Blind  l!cgi;ar'8  Daughter  of 
Bethnal  Green.'  Thebeggar  shouseisstillshoivn.  {Hare.) 
The  Ketnnal  Green  .Museum  is  a  branch  of  the  .South 
Kensington  Museum,  and  was  opened  in  1872  in  Victoria 
Park  Si|uare,  Cambridge  road,  for  the  poor  of  East  London. 

Bethphage  (beth'faj;  properly  beth' fa -je). 
[Heb.,  'house  of  unripe  tigs.']  In  scriptural 
geography,  a  village  iu  Palestine,  situated  on 
the  Mount  of  Olives  eastward  from  Jerusalem 
and  near  Bethany.  The  exact  site  is  in  dispute. 
"  The  traditional  site  is  above  Bethany,  halfway  between 
ttiat  village  and  the  top  of  the  mount."  Smith. 

Bethsaida  (both-sa'i-dii).  [Heb.,  'fishi'ng- 
place.']  In  scriptural  geography,  a  place  in 
Palestine,  probably  situated  on  the  shore  of  the 
Sea  of  Galilee  between  Capernaum  and  Mag- 
dala. 

Beth-shean  (beth'she'an).  [Heb.,  'house  of 
rest '  or  'of  security.']     See  Sciithiijiolix. 

B^thtme  (ba-tUu')."  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on  the 
Brette  ifl  lat.  50°  30'  N.,  long.  2°  35'  E.  :  the 
seat  of  an  ancient  barony,  it  has  a  noted  belfiy 
and  church  (of  St.  Vaast).  It  was  taken  by  Slarlli.jrouL'li 
and  Prince  Eugene  in  1710.  I'opulation  (1891),  commune, 
11,108. 

Betrothed,  The.     A  novel  by  Manzoni.     See 

I*r(tllK  ssi  Sjinsj. 

Betrothed,  The.  One  of  Scott's  "Tales  of  the 
Crusailcrs,"  published  iu  1825. 

Betterton  (bet'er-tou),  Thomas.  Bom  in 
Tothill  street,  Westminster,  1035  (?):  died  in 
Kussell  street,  Covent  Garden,  April  28,  1710. 
An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of  an 
under  cook  of  Charles  I.  lie  was  apprenticed  to  a 
bookseller.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  he  began  to  act  in  lliSO  or  1067.  He  joined 
Davenant's  company  at  the  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre 
in  ItkJl.  Pepys  at  the  beginning  of  his  career  and  Pope 
at  the  end  spoke  of  him  as  the  best  actor  they  had  ever 
seen.  He  was  intimate  with  Diyden  and  with  the  mo.st 
intellectual  men  of  his  time. 

Of  Betterton's  eight  plays,  I  llnd  one  tragedy  borrowed 
from  Webster ;  and  of  his  comedies,  one  was  taken  from 
Marston  ;  a  second  based  on  .Moliere's  George  Dandin  ;  a 
third  was  never  printed;  his  "  Henry  the  Fourth"  was 
one  of  those  unhallowed  outrages  on  Shakespeare,  of 
which  the  century  in  which  it  appeared  was  proliHc  ;  his 
"Bondman"  was  a  poor  reconstruction  of  .Massinger's 
play,  in  which  Betterton  himself  was  marvellously  great  ; 
and  his  "  Prophetess"  was  a  conversion  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  tragedy  into  an  opera,  by  the  ethcicnt  aid  of 
llcnry  Purcell,  who  published  the  music  In  score.  In  1091. 
Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  128. 

Bettina  (bet-te'na).    See  Annm,  Elizabeth  von. 
Bettris   (bet'ris).      A  country  girl  who  loves 

George-a-Greene,    iu    Greene's    play    of    that 

name. 
Bettws-y-Coed  (bet'tis-e-ko'ed).    A  town  in 

Carnarvonshire.  Wales,  situated  at  the  junction 

of  the  Llugwy  and  Conway  17  miles  southeast 

of  Bangor.     It  is  a  tourist  center. 
Betty  (bot'i).      A  diminutive  abbre'viation  of 

Elizabeth. 

Betty,   William    Henry    West,    known    as 

"Master  Betty"  and  the  "  Voung  lioseius." 
Born  at  Shrewsbury,  Sept.  13,  1791:  died  at 
Londou,  Aug.  '24,  1874.  An  English  actor,  es- 
pecially famous  for  his  precocity.  Hema>lehls 
tlrst  api)earance,  on  Aug.  19,  1803,  as  tiswyn  in  "  Zara," 
and  played  Douglas,  Holla,  K4)mett,  Tancreil,  and  Hani, 
let  within  two  years  with  great  success.  He  left  the 
stjige  in  180(1,  returned  to  it  in  1812,  and  finally  abanihmed 
It  In  1824. 

Betty  Modish,  Lady.    See  }fiiiti.ili,  Lntli/  Betty. 

Bet'wa  0"'l'w:i  i.  .\  tributary  of  the  Jumna,  in 
liritisb  India.      Lenglli,  .'Kill  luib'S. 

Beudant  ( iie-doiV ).  Franpois  Sulpice.  Born  nt 

Paris.  Sept.  5,  17H7:  die.l  llnre.  Dec.  9,  \KM. 
A  French  mineralogist  and  physicist,  lie  became 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Avignon  In  1811,  later  (1813) 
pfofessnr  of  physics  at  MarHcllles,  anil  Inter  (1S18)  pnjfes- 
Bor  of  ndneralogy  In  Ihu  facility  of  sciences  nt  Paris. 

Beulah  (Im'lii).  [Heb., 'she  who  is  married.'] 
1.  In  Isa.  Ixii.  4,  the  name  of  the  land  Israel 
•when  it  shall  be  "married."  —  2.  A  land  of 
rest,"  where  tlio  sun  sliineth  night  and  day." 
in  Munyaii's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress."  The  Pilgrims 
stay  hero  till  the  time  ctmies  for  them  to  go  across  the 
river  of  Death  to  the  Celestial  City. 


Be'Tls  of  Hampton 
Beul6  (bi-la').  Charles  Ernest.    Born  at  Sau- 

mur.  An jou.  France.  June  29.  1826:  died  April 
4,  1S74.     A  French  archa;ologist  and  politician. 

Beurnon-Tille  (ber-noii-vel'),  Pierre  de  Ruel, 
Marquis  de.  Born  at  Champiguolle.  Aube, 
France,  .May  10,  1752:  died  at  Paris,  April  23, 
1821.  A  French  general  and  politician,  made 
a  mai-shal  of  France  in  ISIO. 

Beust  (boist),Count  Friedrich  Ferdinand  von. 
Born  at  Dresden,  Jan.  13.  1809:  died  at  Alteu- 
berg,  near  Vienna,  Oct.  24,  1886.  A  Saxon  and 
Austrian  statesman  and  di]ilomatist.  Ue  liecame 
minister  of  foreign  alfairs  in  S;utony  in  1849,  and  during 
the  decade  preceding  the  Austro-Prussian  war  was  the 
chief  opponent  of  Bismarck  in  German  politics.  Bis  ob- 
ject was  to  fonn  a  league  of  the  minor  German  states 
strong  enough  to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between 
Austria  and  Prussia.  He  caused  Saxony  to  side  with 
Austria  in  the  A ustro- Prussian  war  of  18O0.  Having  en- 
tered.the  ..\ustrian  service  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
in  Oct.,  1860,  he  succeeded  Belcredi  as  yrinie  mhiister  on 
Keb.  7,  18C7,  and  onJune23. 1807, »lls  created  chancellor  of 
the  Austrian  empire.  He  reorganized  the  empire,  in  1>,68, 
on  the  basis  of  the  existing  dualistic  union  between  .Aus- 
tria and  Hungary.  He  was  dismissed  from  the  control 
of  the  government  Nov.  8,  1H71,  and  was  ambassador  to 
Ixmdon  1871-78,  and  to  Paris  1878-82. 

Beuthen  (boi'ten),  or  Niederbeuthen  (ne-der- 
boi'ten).  A  town  iu  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  51°  45'  N., 
long.  15°  47'  E. 

Beuthen,  or  Oberbeuthen  (6-ber-boi'ten).    A 

niaiLUfai-turing  and  mining  citv  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  in  lat.  50°  21'  N.,  long.  18° 
55'  K.     Pmiulation  (1890),  commune,  36.905. 

Beuzeval-Houlgate  (bez-viil-ol-giit').  A  wa- 
tering-place ill  the  department  of  Calvados, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  15 
miles  southwest  of  Le  Havre. 

Beveland  (D.  pron.  bii've-liint).  North.  An 
island  in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands, 
iiortlicast  of  Walcheren.     Length,  13  miles. 

Be'Veland,  South.  An  island  in  the  pro\-ince 
of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  east  of  'SN'alcheren 
and  north  of  the  West  Schelde.  its  eastern  coast 
(the  \erdronken  I,and)  was  inundated  in  1632.  Its  chief 
town  is  Goes.     Length,  2;i  miles. 

Beveren  (ba'ver-en).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  6  miles  west  of  Ant- 
werp. It  has  manufactures  of  lace.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  8,637. 

Beveridge  (bev'er-ij),  William.  Bom  at  Bar- 
row, Leicestershire,  England,  1037:  died  at 
Westminster,  March  5,  1708.  An  English  prel- 
ate. He  became  archdeacon  of  Colchester  In  ItiSl,  presi- 
dent of  Sion  College  in  11189,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  in 
ITiM. 

Beverley  (bev'^r-li).  [ME.  Bererhj,  liwerU, 
Bcvertike,  AS.  Beferlic,  Beiurlic,  Beoj'crlic,  Bto- 
forlic,  fi'om  befer,  beaver,  and  tie.  body  (by 
Bosworth  supposed  to  stand  for  ?(■«,  tedh,  lea, 
field).]  A  town  iu  the  East  Hiding  of  Tfork- 
shire,  England,  in  lat.  53°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  26'  W. 
It  contains  Beverley  llinsterand  St.  Mary's  Church.  Tho 
former  is  a  church  of  the  I3th  and  14lh  centuries,  with 
double  transepts,  and  a  Perpemllcular  fa^*ade  flanked  by 
two  towers  resembling  that  of  York.  The  tine  nave  dates 
from  about  13.111 ;  the  choir  is  Early  English,  with  a  mod- 
ern sculptured  screen  and  handsome  ohl  stalls.  The 
minster  measures  33.1  by  (i4  feet.    Population  (ISSU),  12,6S9. 

Beverley  (bev'er-li).  The  gamester  in  Edward 
Jloore's  tragedy  of  that  name.  Garrick  crcaU-d 
the  part.  Mre.  Beverley  was  a  favorite  character  with 
the  actresses  of  the  time. 

Beverley.  The  jealous  lover  of  Belinda  in 
Miirjiliy's  play  "All  in  the  Wrong." 

Beverley,  Constance  de.    The  iierjurcd  nun  in 

Scott's  jioeiu  "Marmioii."    She  loves  Marmion,  and 
"  bows  her  pride 
A  horseboy  in  his  train  to  ride." 

She  Is  walled  In  alive  in  the  dungeons  of  a  convent  as  a 
piiiiishnient  for  her  broken  vows. 

Beverley,  Ensign.  The  character  assumed  liv 
t'aptaiii  Absolute  iu  Sheridan's  coniedv  "  Tlii> 
iiivals"  to  win  the  love  of  the  roniaiitic  Lydia, 
who  will  not  marry  any  one  so  suitable  us  tho 
son  of  Sir  .\nthoMV. 

Beverley,  John  of.     See  John  of  Bererle;/. 

Beverly  (bev'er-lj).  A  city  in 'Essex  County, 
M;issacliiisetts.  situated  17  miles  iiorllieast  of 
[iusloii.      Popnlntion  (HIIIO),   13.SS4. 

Beverly  (bev't'T-li).  Robert.  Born  in  Virginia 
about  1675:  dieii  1716.  -Vii  .\iui>rican  historian. 
He  became  clerk  of  llie  Council  of  Virginia  alwiit  1(W7,  an 
olllce  previously  held  by  Ills  father.  Major  Itobelt  Beverly, 
and  published  "A  History  of  the  Present  State  of  Virginia  " 
(not.). 

Be'Vll  (Viov'l).  1.  A  man  of  wit  and  ideasure 
in  Shadwell's  comedy  "Epsom  Wells.  — 2.  A 
model  of  everything  becoming  a  goiitleman.  in 
Steele's  play  "The  Conscious  Lovers." 

Be'vis  ibe'v'is)  of  Hampton  or  Southhamp- 
ton, Sir.  .\  brave  Uuiglit  whose  adventures  arc 
celelirated  in  Arthurian  romance  and  by  Dray- 


Bevis  of  Hampton 

ton  in  bis  "Polyolbiou."  An  old  English  poem  on 
Bevis  was  in  the  15th  or  Kith  centui-j'  turned  into  :i  pi-ose 
romance  and  printed  about  1650.  He  was  originaUy  called 
Beuves  d'AiUone,  from  the  Italian  Btiovo  d'Antona,  a  name 
corrupted  into  d'Hantone  in  French  and  Hampton  in 
English.  ■•  Beuves  d'Hantoueor  Bevis  of  Hampton  is  tlie 
subject  of  an  old  French  story  which  was  embodied  in  the 
'Reali  di  Francia'  and  is  only  connected  with  Cliarle- 
niagne  by  tlie  mention  of  King  Pippin  and  the  hero's  kin- 
ship with  the  sons  of  Aymon(hewas  the  father  of  ilaugis 
(Malagigi  in  It:dian)  and  the  uncle  of  Renaud  (Kinaklo), 
one  of  tbe  four  sons  of  Aymon).  As  a  French  prose  ro- 
mance it  was  printed  by  V^rard  about  1500.  It  has  been 
printed  separately  in  Italian  at  Bologna  in  1480,"  Eiieyc. 
Brit,  XX.  653. 

Bevis.  Tlie  horse  of  Lord  Marmion  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  poem  "  Marmiou." 

Bevis  Marks.  A  thoroughfare  in  St.  Mary  Axe, 
near  Houudsiliteh,  London.  It  is  referred  to  in 
Dickens's  ''Old  Curiosity  Shop." 

Bewick  (bii'ik ),  Thomas.  Born  at  Cherryburn, 
near  Neweastle-ou-Tyue,  Aug.,  1753:  died  at 
Gateshead,  near  Newcastle,  Nov.  8,  1828.  An 
English  wood-engraver.  He  was  apprenticed  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  to  Ralph  Bielby,  a  copperplate  engraver 
at  Newcastle.  His  first  work  of  any  importance  was  the 
woodcuts  to  flutton's  book  on  mensuration  (1770);  after 
this  he  did  most  of  Bielby's  wood-engraving  business. 
At  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship  he  went  to  Lon- 
don, but  returned  shortly  to  Newcastle,  where  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  Bicll)y  and  occupied  his  old  shop  in 
St.  Nicholas  Churchyard  till  a  short  time  before  his  death. 
Among  his  chief  works  are  the  illustrations  of  "Gay's 
Fables"  (177l»).  "Select  Fables  '  (17S4),  a  "General  History 
of  Quadrupeds"  (1790).  and  his  most  famous  work.  "The 
History  of  British  Birds"  (1797),  in  which  he  showed  the 
knowledge  of  a  naturalist  combined  with  the  skill  of  an 
artist.  His  last  work  was  the  illustrations  of  "-Esop's 
Fables,"  upon  which  he  was  engaged  six  years.  He  was 
assisted  by  his  sou  Robert  Elliot,  and  by  some  of  his 
pupils. 
Bex  (ba).  A  small  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  near  the  Rhone  27  miles  southeast 
of  Lausanne. 

Bexar  (ba-nar'  or  ba-iir')  Territory  or  Dis- 
trict. A  region  in  western  Texas  adjoining 
New  Mexico,  and  bounded  by  tbe  Kio  Pecos 
on  the  southwest;  Area,  about  25,000  square 
miles. 

Bexley,  Baron.    See  Vansittart. 

Beyerland.     See  Beieiiand. 

Beylan.    See  Beilan. 

Beyle  (bal),  Marie  Henri.  Bom  at  Grenoble, 
France,  Jan.  23, 1783:  died  at  Paris,  March  23, 
1842.  A  French  writer  and  critic,  best  known 
by  bis  pseudonym  "De  Stendhal."  He  was  the 
author  of  lives  of  Napoleon,  Haydn,  Mozart,  Rossini,  and 
Metastasio,  "  Histoire  de  la  peinture  en  Italic  "  (1817), 
"Racine  et  Shakespeare"  (1823-25),  novels  "Armance" 
(1827),  "Le  rouge  et  le  noir  "  (1830),  "La  Chartreuse  de 
Panne  "  (1839),  etc.    For  a  time  lie  called  himself  de  Beyle. 

Beylerbeg  Serai  (ba'ler-beg'  se-ri')-  a  sum- 
mer-palace in  Constantinople,  finished  in  1865 
by  Abdul-Aziz,  on  the  Bosporus.  The  water 
fagade  displays  great  purity  and  harmony  of  design,  and 
the  grand  staircase  and  ceremonial  saloons,  decorated  in 
a  Turkish  modification  of  the  Moorish  style,  are  master- 
pieces in  their  way. 

Beyrout.     See  Beirut. 

Beza.     See  Beze,  Theodore  de. 

Bezaleel  (be-zal'e-el).  [Heb.j'inthe  shadow 
of  God.']  The  artificer  who  executed  the  works 
(jf  art  on  the  tabernacle. 

Bezaliel.  In  Dryden  and  Tate's  satire  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,"  a  character  meant  for  the 
Marquis  of  Worcester,  afterward  duke  of  Beau- 
fort. He  was  noted  for  his  devotion  to  learn- 
ing. 

B6ze,  or  Besze  (baz),  L.  Beza  (be'zii),  Theo- 
dore de.  Born  at  Vezelay,  France,  June  24, 
1519 :  died  at.  Geneva,  Oct.  13,  1605.  A  noted 
theologian,  the  successor  of  Cahin  as  leader 
of  the  Reformed  Church  at  Geneva.  He  studied 
the  classics  under  the  humanist  Melchior  Wolmar  at  Or- 
leans and  Bourges  1528-35  ;  studied  law  in  the  University 
of  Orleans  1535-39  ;  repaired  to  the  University  of  Paris  in 
1539,  where  he  eventually  devoted  himself  to  humanistic 
studies  ;  published  a  collection  of  poems,  ".luvenilia,"  in 
1548  :  fled  in  the  same  year  to  Geneva,  where  he  abjured 
Catholicism ;  became  professor  of  Greek  in  the  academy 
at  Lausanne  in  1549  ;  accepted  the  rectorship  of  the  acad- 
emy at  Geneva  and  a  pastorate  in  Genevain  1559  ;  partici- 
pated in  the  Colloquy  of  Poissy  in  1561,  and  St.  Germain 
in  1562  ;  became  the  successor  of  Calvin  at  Geneva  on  the 
latter  s  death  in  1564  ;  presided  at  the  synodsof  the  Frencli 
Reformers  at  La  Rochelle  in  1571,  and  Nimes  in  1572  ;  and 
participated  in  the  Colloquy  at  Mompelgard  in  15S().  He 
wrote  "De  Htereticis  a  Civili  Magistratu  Puniendis,"  in 
which  he  defends  the  execution  of  Servetus,  etc. 

Beziers  (ba-zia')-  A  citvin  the  department  of 
Herault,  France,  in  lat.43°  21'  N.,  long.  .3°  12' 
E. :  the  Roman  Biterra  Septimanorum.  it  con- 
tains the  noted  Cathedral  of  St.  Nazaire.  Thousands  of  its 
citizens  were  massacred  in  1209,  in  the  Albigensian  war. 
Population  (lUOll,  .52,077. 

Bezonian.  A  beggar;  a  mean,  low  person.  Ac- 
cording to  Florio  a  bisogno  is  "a  new  levied  soldier,  such 
as  comes  needy  to  the  wars."  Cotgrave,  in  bisongne,  says, 
"  a  filthie  knave,  or  clowue,  a  raskall,  a  blsonian,  base- 


154 

humoured  scoundrel."  Its  original  sense  is  'a  raw  re- 
cruit ';  hence,  as  a  term  of  contempt,  'a  beggar,  a  needy  per- 
son.'    Used  by  Shakspere  in  "2  Uenry  I\'.,"  v.  3. 

Bhadrinath   (bliii-dii-niith'),    or    Badrinath 

(l)a-dri-niith').  A  sacred  town  in  Giu-hwal, 
Hindustan,  80  miles  north  of  Almora. 

Bhagalpur  (bhag-al-pcir').  A  division  inBehar, 
British  India.  Ai'ea,  20,492  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,063,160. 

Bhagalpur.  A  district  in  the.  Bhagalpur  divi- 
sion, British  India.  Area,  4,226  square  miles. 
PopiUation  (1891),  2,032,696. 

Bhagalpur.  The  chief  town  of  Bhagalpur. 
Population  (1891),  69,106. 

Bhagavadgita  (bha'''ga-vad-ge'ta).  In  San- 
skrit literature, '  the  song  of  Bhagavat,'  that  is. 
the  mystical  doctrines  sung  by  '  the  adorable 
one,'  a  name  of  Ki-ishna  when  identified  with 
the  Supreme  Being.  The  author  is  unknown.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  India  in  the  1st  or  2d  centm-y 
of  our  era-  His  poem  was  at  an  early  date  dignified  by  a 
place  in  the  Mahabharata,  but  is  of  a  much  later  date 
than  the  body  of  that  epic.  Its  philosophy  is  eclectic, 
combining  elements  of  the  Sankhya,  Yoga,  and  Vedanta 
systems  with  the  later  theory  of  Bhakti,  or  'faith.'  The 
whole  composition  is  skilfully  thrown  into  the  form  of  a 
dramatic  poem  or  dialogue,  characterized  by  great  lofti- 
ness of  thought  and  beauty  of  expression.  The  speakers 
are  the  two  most  important  personages  of  the  Mahabha- 
rata. Al^'una  and  Krishna-  In  the  great  war  Krishna  re- 
fused to  take  up  arms  on  either  side,  but  consented  to  act 
as  Arjuna's  charioteer  and  to  aid  him  with  counsel.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  Bhagavadgita  the  two  armies 
are  in  battle  array,  when  Arjuna  is  struck  with  compunc- 
tion at  the  idea  of  fighting  his  way  to  a  kingdom  through 
the  blood  of  his  kindred.  Krishna's  reply  is  made  the  oc- 
casion of  the  dialogue  which  in  fact  constitutes  the  Bha- 
gavadgita, the  main  design  of  which  is  to  exalt  the  duties 
of  caste  above  all  other  obligations,  including  the  ties  of 
friendship  and  affection,  but  at  the  same  time  to  show 
that  the  practice  of  those  duties  is  compatit)le  with  the 
self-mortification  of  the  Yoga  philosophy  as  well  as  with 
the  deepest  devotion  to  the  Supreme  Being,  with  whom 
Krishna  claims  to  be  identified. 

Bhagavatapurana  (bhii  gii-va-ta-po-ra'na). 
'The  purana  of  Bhagavata'  or  Vishnu,  a  work 
of  great  celebrity  in  India,  exercising  a  more 
powerful  influence  upon  the  opinions  of  the 
people  than  any  of  the  other  puranas.  It  con- 
sists of  18,000  verses,  and  is  ascribed  by  Colebrooke  to  the 
grammarian  Vopadeva,  of  about  the  13th  century  A.D.  Its 
most  popular  part,  the  tenth  book,  which  narrates  the 
history  of  Krishna,  has  been  translated  into  many  of  the 
vernaculars  of  India. 

Bhairava  (bhi'ra-va)  (masc),  Bhaira'vi  (-ve) 
(fern.).  [Skt., 'tbe  terrible.']  Names  of  Shiva 
and  his  wife  Devi.  The  Bhairavas  are  eight  in- 
ferior forms  or  manifestations  of  Shiva,  all  of 
them  terrible. 

Bhamo  (bha-mo').  A  town  in  Burma,  in  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Ira'svadi  in  lat.  24°  16' 
N.,  long.  95°  55'  E.     It  is  a  trading  center. 

Bhandara  (bhun'du-ra).  A  district  in  the 
Nagpur  division.  Central  Provinces,  British  In- 
dia, in  lat.  •20°-22°  N.,  long.  79°-81°  E.  Area. 
3,922  square  miles.     PopiUation  (1891),  742,887. 

Bharata  (bha'ra-ta).  In  Hindu  mythology  and 
legend:  {a)  A  hero  and  king  from  whom  the 
people  called  Bharatas,  often  mentioned  in  the 
Rigveda,  are  represented  as  descended,  (h) 
Son  of  Dasharatha  by  Kaikejd,  and  half-brother 
of  Ramachandra.  His  mother  brought  about  the  ex- 
ile of  Rama,  but  Bharata  refused  to  supplant  him.  On 
his  father's  death,  Bharata  went  to  bring  Rama  b\ick  to 
Ayodhya  and  place  him  on  the  throne.  Rama  refused 
to  return  until  the  end  of  his  exile,  and  Bharata  declined  to 
reign,  but  at  last  consented  to  rule  in  Rama's  name,     (c) 

A  prince  of  the  Puru  branch  of  the  Lunar  race, 
son  of  Dushyanta  and  Shakuntala.  Through  their 
descent  from  Bharata  the  Kauravas  and  Pandavas,  but 
especially  the  Pandavas,  were  called  Bharatas,  'descen- 
dants of  Bharata.' 

Bhartrihari  (bhSr'tri-ha'ri).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, a  brother  of  King  Vikramaditya,  to 
whomare  ascribed  three  Shatakas,  or 'centuries 
of  verse':  (o)  The  Sringarashataka,  or  'Century  of 
Verses  on  Love ';  (&)  Nitishataka, '  Century  on  Politics  and 
Ethics ' ;  (c)  Vairagyashataka,  '  Century  on  Austerity ' ;  a 
grammatical  work,  the  Vakyapadiya;  and  by  some  the 
Bliattikavya. 

Bhartpur.     See  Bliurtpore. 

Bhaskara  (bhas'ka-ra).  In  Sanskrit  literature, 
a  celpl)rated  astronomer  and  mathematician 
of  the  12th  century.  He  wrote  the  Siddhanta- 
siromani.  which  contains  treatises  on  algebra, 
arithmetic,  and  geometry. 

Bhattika'vya  (bhat-te-kiiv'ya).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, 'the  poem  of  Bhatti,'  an  artificial  epic 
poem  by  Bhatti,  celebrating  the  exploits  of 
Rama,  and  illustrating  Sanskrit  gi'ammarby  the 
employment  of  all  possible  forms  and  construc- 
tions.    By  some  it  is  ascribed  to  Bhartrihari. 

Bhavabhuti  (bha-va-bho'ti).  A  Sanskrit  poet 
wlio  lived  in  the  8th  century  A.  D.,  author  of  the 
three  dramas  "  Malatimadhava,"  "Mahavira- 
eharita,"  and  "  Uttararamacharita." 


Bianca 

Bhavishyapurana  (bha-vish'ya-p6-ra'na).  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  'the  purana  of  the  future.' 
It  is  one  of  the  eighteen  puranas,  supposed  to  have  been 
a  revelation  of  future  events  by  Brahma  and  communicated 
by  Sumantu  to  Satanik.a,  a  king  of  the  Pandu  family.  The 
extant  purana  is  not  prophetic,  but  a  manual  of  lites  and 
observances.  The  commencement,  treating  of  creation,  is 
scarcely  more  than  a  transcript  of  Manu. 

Bha'Walpur.     See  Bahmcalpur. 

Bhil  ( bhel )  States.  A  group  of  native  states  in 
Central  British  India,  in  the  Vindhya  and  Sat- 
pura  Mountains. 

Bhima(bhe'ma).  [Skt.  5^(nm,  the  terrible.]  In 
Hindu  mythology,  the  reputed  second  son  of 
Pandu,  but  in  reality  the  son  of  his  wdfe  Pritha 
or  Kunti  by  Vayu,  the  god  of  the  wind.  Uewas 
remarkable  for  his  vast  size  and  strength  and  voracious 
appetite.    Also  called  Bhlmasena  and  Vrikodara. 

Bhoja  (l)ho'ja).  A  name  borne  by  a  number  of 
Hindu  kings.  A  king  Bhoja,  ruler  of  Malava,  who 
dwelt  at  liiiara  and  Ujjayini,  and  who,  according  to  an 
inscription,  lived  about  1040-1090  a.  d.,  is  said  by  tradition 
to  have  been  the  Vikrama  at  whose  court  the  "  nine  gems  " 
fiourished. 

Bhopal  (bho-pal').  A  political  agency  connected 
with  Central  India.  It  includes,  among  others,  the 
native  state  Bhopal,  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  77"  E.  Area,  6,960 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  952,486. 

Bhopal.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Bhopal. 
Population  (1891),  70.338. 

BhrigU  (bhri'go).  In  Vedic  mythology,  the 
name  of  a  class  of  beings  who  discover  fire 
and  bring  it  to  men.  The  Bhrigus  have  shut  up  fire 
within  the  wood.  They  are  enumerated  with  other  divine 
beings,  especially  witii  the  Angirases  and  the  Atharrans. 
One  of  the  chief  Brahraanical  tribes  bears  the  name,  and 
also  a  rishi  as  representative  of  the  tribe. 

Bhurtpore  (bhert-por'),  or  Bhartptir  (bhart- 
jjor').  A  feudatory  state  in  Rajputana,  British 
India.  Area,  1,961  square  miles.  Poptdation 
(1891),  640,303.  Its  capital,  Bhm-tpore,  has  a 
population  (1891)  of  68,033. 

Bhutan  (bhii-tan'),  or  Bootan  (bo-tan').  A 
coimtry  in  Asia,  lying  between  Tibet  on  the 
north,  Sikhim  on  the  west,  and  British  India,  oc- 
cupied largely  by  the  Himalayas.  The  capital  is 
Punakha.  Powerheld  by  the  Deb  Raja  (secular  head), 
the  Dharnt  Raja  (spiritual  head),  and  chieftains.  Reli- 
gion, Buddhism.  Part  of  it  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain 
in  1865.  Area,  13,000  square  miles.  Population,  abtiut 
200,000. 

Biard  (be-iir'),  Auguste  Francois.    Bom  at 

Lyons,  France,  June  27,  1800:  died  near  Fon- 
tainebleau,  July  8,  1882.  A  French  genre 
painter. 

Biafra  (be-ii'fra).  A  small  district,  in  western 
Africa,  situated  on  the  Bight  of  Biafra  about 
lat.  3°  N. 

Biafra,  Bight  of.  The  eastern  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Guinea,  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa, 
between  capes  Formosa  and  Lopez. 

Biainia.  An  ancient  name  of  Van.  See  Ar- 
iiniiia. 

Biala  (bya'la).  A  town  in  Galicia.  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Biala,  opposite  Bielitz, 
42  miles  west-southwest  of  Cracow.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  7,622. 

BialO'Wicza  (byii-lo-ve'eha).  Forest  of.  A  for- 
est in  Lithuania.     See  the  extract. 

"The  Hercynian  Forest,"  in  Gibbon's  words,  "over- 
shadowed a  great  part  of  Germany  and  Poland.''  It 
stretched  from  the  sources  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube  to 
regions  far  beyond  the  Vistula.  Its  relics  remain  in  the 
Black  Forest,  the  forests  of  the  Hartz,  and  the  woods  of 
Westphalia  and  Nassau.  Only  one  portion  remains  in 
its  primeval  state :  the  Imperial  Forest  of  Bialowicza 
covers  350  square  miles  of  marsh  and  jungle  in  Lithuania, 
and  is  reserved  by  a  benevolent  despotism  as  the  home  of 
the  aurochs  and  the  elk.  In  the  days  of  Pytheas  the 
natural  forests  stretched  eastwards  from  the  Rhine  "  for 
more  th^n  two  months'  journey  for  a  man  making  the 
best  of  his  way  on  foot."     Elton,  Origins  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  6L 

Bialystok.     See  Bielostok. 

Bianca  (bi-an'ka).  [It.,  feminine  of  bianco, 
from  ML.  hhiiiciis  (E.  fc/a«A-),  white.]  1.  The 
sister  of  Katharine  in  Shakspere's  "Taming  of 
the  Shrew":  a  mild  and  well-bred  maiden,  a 
contrast  to  "Katharine  the  Curst." — 2.  A 
woman  of  Cyprus  with  whom  Cassio  had  an 
amorous  intrigue,  in  Shakspere's  tragedy 
"Othello."  —  3.  A  Venetian  beauty  in  Middle- 
ton's  play  "  Women  beware  Women,"  married 
to  Leontio  and  tempted  to  become  the  duke's 
mistress  by  a  shameless  woman.  —  4.  The  Duch- 
ess of  Pavia  in  Ford's  play  "Love's  Sacrifice": 
a  gross  and  profligate  woman  who  has  the  art 
of  appearing  innocent  by  deuyingthe  favors  she 
means  to  grant. — 5.  A  pathetic  and  beautiful 
character,  "the  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,"  in  Mas- 
singer,  Rowley,  and  Fletcher's  play  of  that 
name. —  6.  The  ■wife  of  Fazio  in  DeanMilman's 
play  "Fazio."  Outof  jealousy  she  ruins  her  husband, 
but  repents,  and,  not  being  able  to  undo  her  work,  dies  of 
a  broken  heart. 


I;        ' 


Bianca  villa 

Rianravilla  (be-Un-kii- vel'la).  A  town  in 
SkHv  U  lilos  Nvest-northwest  of  Catania:  the 
a  itient  luessa.     P.mulation,  13,000. 

Bi^cM  O'o-an'ke),  he.  [It.,'  the  mites.']  A 
political  faction  which  arose  in  Tuscany  about 
1300.  The  (iuelpb  family  of  the  (ancellieri  at  Pistoia 
havh  K  banish., 1  the  (ihibdline  family  of  he  Pane.atlchl  a 
fe^rd  arose  iK-lwuen  two  distantly  related  l.ranehes  of  the 
Mrniei  .listink'iiished  by  the  nani.s  of  Hia.iehi  and  >eri, 
which  ■  A  -S  ,  becana-  so  violent  that  Kloience^.n  order 
wtlien  i-Jj   »•>    .  I  (,,;,,  city  to  banish  the  whole 

"  'iu  '  theCaneellkS  at  a^^  the  same  time  opened  its 
''''"'  '„r/imU  em      In  Florence  the  Neri  allied  them- 

SBHSe^?i^'^dS^"i«^^^ 

among  whom  was  Uaiit«,  were  exiled. 

Bianchini  (be-au-kc-'ne),  Fra,ncesco.  Bom  at 
Veromi  Italv,  Dee.  13,  1062:  died  at  Rome. 
March  2,  1729.  A  noted  Italian  astronomer 
and  antiiiuary.  ..    „  -, 

Bianco  (be-iiu'ko).  or  Biancho  (be-an  ko), 
ijldrea  A  Venetian  chartogi-apher  who  lived 
hTthe  first  half  of  tlie  l.^Jth  century.  He  left  a 
•  lleetion  of  hydroKrapliical  charts  anterior  to  the  discov- 
^.^  of  he  C  ape  of  (loud  Hope  and  of  America.  In  acliart 
rt?tc"d  14W  he  shows  two  islands  west  of  the  .\zores,  named 
^  A^iUlfa  ■■  and  "  I'e  lanian  Satanaxio,"  which  some  claim 
Mdicate  a  knowKdi-e  of  the  two  Americas. 
Biarritz  I  bC-ar-iets').  A  watering-place  in  the 
T^rtment  of  Basses-Pyr6n^es,  i^rance  si  u- 
ated  on  the  Bav  of  Biscay  5  miles  west-south- 
west of  Buvonue.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  bathmK- 
nlacc-s  in  France,  and  is  also  a  noted  wnter  resort.  It 
!;tdeveloJ^d  during  the  second  empire.  Population 
<H91).  commune,  9,177. 

•Ri!>ci(bi''iS)      rGr.  Bmr.]     In  Greek  mythology, 

^.t'sonof  Amy^thaon,  and  brother  of  Melampn... 

He  obtained  a  third  part  of  Ihekmgdom  of  Argos. 

Bias     Bornatl'rieue,  in  louia:  lived  m  the  raid- 

me  of  the  6th  century  B.  c.     One  of  the  •'  Seven 

Sages"  of  Greece,  noted  for  his  apothegms. 

Bias      See  Beas.  ,    tv 

Bibbiena  (i.eb-be-a'ua)  (Bernardo  Dovizio  or 

DeviziO),  Cardinal.  Born  at  Bibbnna,  Aicz/,.  , 
Ua^,  Aug.  4,  1470:  died  Nov.  9  1.32U.  An  1  a  - 
ianpoet.     He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Ka- 

phael.  He  was  the  private  secretary  °f  C^j;"";'' f.^iVJl!' 
5«'  \fo.ii,.i  n-iiiie  I  eo  X  ).  and  was  made  cardinal  in  i.)i... 
ffe  write  tl^iLc!',med?  ;>K.landria'  (1521),  etc.  Also  called 
Bernardn  ,H  Tarlatli. 

Bibbiena  (Fernando  Galli).  Born  at  Bolog,.a 
Italy,  10.'.;}:  died  at  Bologna,  1743.  An  Italian 
naiiiter  and  architect.  ,  . 

^  berach  (be'bor-iich).  A  town  in  the  circle 
of  the  Danube,  Wurteraberg.  22  miles  south- 
west of  Ulin:  formerlv  a  free  imperial  city. 
Here  tl?e  French  defeated  the  Austrians,  Oct.  :i,  179.;.  and 
May!>   IsiJO.     Population  (l>-'.>o),  >onimune.  nJOI. 

Bibesco  (be-b.s'k6),  George  Demetrius  Born 
18M:  died  at  Paris,  June  1  18,3.  A  WaUa- 
ehian  politician,  hospodar  of  Wanachiaiai--iH. 

Bibesco  Barbo  Demetrius  (adopted  name 
4?irhei')  15mn  ISdl :  died  at  Nice,  France, 
April  13,  1809.  A  Wallachiau  politician, 
brother  of  George  Demetrius  Bibesco,  hospo- 
dar  of  Wallachia  1849-56. 

Bibena.     See  lUhhiem.  ,  ,    ,r    ir 

Bible  (bi'bl),  The.  Hee  Miles CoverdalcWychf, 
Thomas  JJcnth,,,,,,   ScpUmgint,  Masarm  liibU; 

Bible  of  Forty-two  Lines,  The    -A^  edidonof 

t'le  Vuh'ato,  printed  between  14;j0  and  14.).>  by 
finteiiUert;  niid  his  eonipanions.  The  book  proper 
c«i  stL  o1  l^-.  printed  V^k  '^  '^'^^-"^^^  ■"*•=•  """■ 
for  the  most  pail,  with  \1  lines  U,  the  column. 


1.55 


i<ri   lilt*  in""v  i"-.  T       

Bible  of  the  Poor,  or  Biblia  Pauperum. 

the  extract. 


It  is  hrobable  tliat  the  illustrations  were  made  firs'.?"'' 
th"  In^^ie  beBlnninR,  the  Bible  of  tlie  Poor  was  «  ^'k;;^ 
,.l,-liire«  onlv  Some  (  ennan  antlciuarlans  ».i>  tnat  me 
trin  iTs'tiKlnal  form,  w.is  designed  and  ex.daliied  1^ 
a  monk  named  Wcrnlier.  who  was  llvinK  in  1'"^ ; ," "'' '*f 
Famous  durinK  his  lifetime  both  as  a  l;;''''  f,  ".',',  P^^,^. 
Other  German  authorit  es  put  the  "''«"'''  ''^^,  ,7,  ,'',''  ',• 
script  as  far  back  as  the  »'nV\"' ■''"'*  ,h  me  I 
work  to  .Saint  AuKUstliie.  Hl-sl  bishop  „f     Ian    uiu.     H 

siJu'^^^tile  m.i^.:xiniuTh^^:Hra  kl;- 
s;;!:li?trict!b:rhal';SerJ:ori;^sS;^^ 

and  iiinovallons  of  hi,  own;  but  '■<;,«'••-;;;  ,;^  ";;,'' 
book  -  the  eontrastlng  of  apostles  w  ''l\Pr  ''•'"' "',,,'," 
the  patriarchs  of  tlie  old  Testament  wi  h  ■»'"'»'  [."''^ 
ChrStlan  church-^as  lieei.  j-res.,.ed  in  ^j^^^ -P|-,,. 

Bible  Of  Thirty-Six  Lines  The.  A  large  -lemy 

fnlio    uf   l,7i;t   pages,   liKl.lr   up,    I'lr    I  he    Ilios 
part,  in  seel  ions  „r  1(1  leaves,  and  ui-ually  bounil 
in  3  voluMics.     Each  pa(te  has  2  ™>""'"' "'w'!;! '''C 

^,h^r\.T.!;;n:dEi:j'o!;iTi;n^r^--- 

liible. 


Bibliander  (bib '  li - »■' -'1''^)  f "7?  ?»">  ^Jf,*^^ 
mann  \  Theodore.  Born  at  Bischoffszcll.  1  l.ur- 
gau,  1.504:  died  at  Zurich,  Nov.  26,  lob4.  A 
Swiss  ilivine  and  Orientalist.  He  wm  professor  of 
theoloRy  and  Orieut^a  philolouy  in  the  I  iiiversity  of  Zu- 
rich 1532-W,  when,  on  account  of  Ins  opposition  to  iIr 
CalTinistie  doctrine  of  predestination,  ''''",•';,",";.'';'':';'.. 
He  wr^te  a  Latin  translation  of  the  Koran,  and  "'ad'-  ai  5 
valuahi,.  c..ntrilmti..ns  to  the  history  of  Mohammedanism. 

Bibliophile  Jacob,  Le.    A  novel  by  Balzac, 

written  in  l>i3(l.  /..  •    ■      ,, 

Bibliothfeque  de  Ste.  Genevieve.  Originaii\ , 
the  librarv  of  the  Abbey  of  Ste.  Genevieve, 
founded  in  1()24.  The  present  structure  and  organi- 
zation date  from  18.W.  The  library  is  "I'"'''"/ ."'•;^  '" 
incunabuhi,  line  Aldines  and  Elzevirs,  and  other  impies- 
Lhmsof  early  printers.  It  has  also  a  line  collection  of 
manuscripts. 

Bibliothfeque  Mazarin.  A  library  of  about  I4(t.- 

llilO  vcdumes  and  3.0(10  nniuuseripts,  founde.l  oy 
Cardinal  Mazarin.  It  is  rich  in  bibliographic 
euriosities.  ,         „■  »   ti       .,1, 

BibliothSque  Nationale.    Tlie  great  French 

librirv  the  largest  in  the  world.  It  has  been 
called  sn'cicssivelv  La  Bil.liotheque  dn  Koi,  Royale,  ^atlO- 
Se  Imp^S  le.  and  Nationale.  The  Biblioth..<,ue  du 
Roi  'was  originally  in  the  Palais  de  la  Cite  cons,st„«  o 
the  librarv  of  King  Jo  in.  He  bequiathed  it  to  Charles 
v.:  who  rT^^noved  it'and  collected  a  library  of  «  0  vo Inmes 
in  the  Louvre.  This  w,«  sold  to  the  1  "i'  '  '  1  .hL  Irst 
Louis  XI.  partly  repaire.l  this  loss  "»' ,  ^;'''',''  ' '"•  (Jil' 
results  of  the  new  invention  of  printing.  Li.uis  All. 
es  abl  shed  it  at  lilois,  incoiTorating  it  with  <!•«  '  ■'If^*  ' 
library  The  Crullinyse  collection  was  next  added  to  it 
iSs  I.  transferred  the  library  to  Fontaineb  can,  and 
Tilaced  it  in  charge  of  .lean  BudiO.  Henry  II.  made  ol.l  ga- 
?orythid;;ositof  ,u,e  copy  "' «-,^ '"»'f  P."  ;  •^';r;  ,  e 
the  kin-dora.  Ilcnrv  IV.  bn.ught  it  back  to  )  aris  w  hire 
t£gedin1ocati..,Wrcqn,.nUy  before  resting  iM.spr^s. 

ent  nuartcrs  in  the  Palais  .Mazarin,  Rue  Rlchclien  .Na- 
'poUnL  increased  the  government  g™nt.»"J  ,"■";,;;[,  'Z 
r-ire  tire  library  was  much  enlarged.  It  contains  ^..uo.'ioo 
volumes,  no' KW  manuscripts,  and  collections  of  prints  and 
medX.^  It  is  especially  Hch  in  Oriental  manuscripts 

Biblis(bib'lis).  AwomanofMiletuswhofellin 
love  with  her  brother  Cannns  and  was  changed 
into  a  fountain.     Oi-i'l,  Met.,  ix.  662. 

Bibra  (be'brii),  Ernst  von.  Bom  at  Schweb- 
li  "im,  Bavaria,  June  9, 1806:  died  iit  Nuremberg, 
Juno  .')  1878.  A  (icrman  chemist,  naturalist, 
traveler,  and  novidist .     Among  his  numerous  works 

are  "Reis'eii  in  .Sndamerika"  (^S-'^O-  "l''.';  ''iVi':,:  miecn 
Oenussmittel  und  der  Mensch"  (185.,),  "Erinneini  gin 

aurSmerika"  (1801),  "Aus  '*'"•■.•. P""' "":'/'■""""=" 
(1S82)  "Reiseskizzenund  Novellen    (1864).  etc. 

Bibracte  (bi-brak'te).  In  ancient  geographv, 
a  town  in  central  Gaul,  the  capital  of  the  iEdu. 
on  the  site  of  Mont  Beim-ay  8  miles  west  el 
Autun,  with  which  it  was  formerly  identified. 
Near  it  Ciesar  defeated  the  ^dui. 

■Rihra-r  fbi'braks).     [1j-  Uihrocte  or  Bibrax,  Ur. 

^bS?,  iccXg  to  Zeuss  '  beaver  town,'  from 
OGaul.  'h'brn.s  =  L.  Jil"r  =  K.  '«,'"'''--  ,  ,\; " 
Bcnrlci.l  In  ancient  geography,  »;,""■".»*  J''^ 
Remi,  in  Gaul.  It  is  placd  by  d'Anville  at 
IMi'vres  on  the  Aisne.  . 

Bibulus (bib'u-lus), Lucius Calpurmus.  Di.d 
n,V  Corcyra,-  Greece,  48  B.  c.  A  Koinan  pul  1- 
tieiaii.  Ho  was  Julius  Ca'sar's  eolleasue  in  the  cousul- 
Rhin  69  B  c  having  been  eleeteil  through  the  elforts  of 
'e^i^'stoeni'tle  pa,";,:.  After  an  !"««-'-  „"  -J,',",  ^^ 
i.nnose  Caisar's  agrar  an  law,  he  shut  hlinsell  up  111  111s 
ow^i  house,  whence  he  issue.!  edicts  against  <•»»;""  mea. 
Burm  He  was  appointed  by  Pompey  comniamlcr  of  the 
«eeMn  the  Ionian  Sea.  49  1..  c,  to  l.revent  Cesar  from 

Tmsi.Vg  over  into  Ureece,     His  vigilance  was.  however. 

.    d    n.y  the  latter  In  January  of  the  following  year. 
Bicgtre  (be-siitr').     A  village  1  *  miles  south  o 

Paris,  containing  acelebrate.lhosi.ital.  founded 

by  Louis  XIll.  in  l(i32,  for  invalid  ofliceis  and 
soldiers.  The  foundation  was  greatly  J-ulY."?'''  ','i 
Umia  .\IV.  and  turned  lutoageneral  hospital  It  Is  now 
.Wo?cd  to  the  age,l  and  Incurablel-oor  and  •l-:'"«"'^ 

Bichat  (be-sliii').  Mane  Francois  Xayter. 

B(,rn  at  Thoiret  le,  Jura.  1  ranee.  Nov.  '.  '  "  '  j 
,li,.d  at  Paris,  July  22,  1S02.  A  celebrated 
Fien..li  phvsiologist  find  anatomist  the  fouiuler 
of  seienliAe  histology  and  pathologieal  annt- 

B;ck;r^aff"(blkVr-s.iif),  Isaac,  Astrologer 

■ri„.  „nme  whiel,  Steele  i"  "l";''  »:' /■:'''',"  '  ' 
the  '■Taller."  when  he  ,.iiblisliod  1  tin  1<09. 
It  took  t  from  th..  name  a-snme.l  by  Swift  In  a  con- 
"ov'isv  Willi   Partridge,  an  almnnacniaker,  which  had 

Bickerstaff,' Isaac.    A  pseudonym  used  bv  B.M'- 
jainiii  W.St  (the  mathomatician)  m  his  Boston 

KiekerBtaffe    Isaac.     Born  in   Ireland   about 
17:Ke.l   i'n    1H12  (f).       \    British   .InimuI.e 


Biddle,  Richard 

Alter  1812,  when  he  was  about  seventy-seven  5e?f8  o'''. 
nothing  is  known  of  him.  He  wrote  "Leueothoe,  a 
?,;""  opera  (1756),  •  Love  in  a  Village, •'  a  eomie  opera 
acte.l  with  great  success  in  1762  (printed  m  lioJ).  The 
Maid  of  the  Mill '  (17.a),  "The  Hypocrite,"  au  adaptation 
of  Cibber's  "  Non-Juror  "(1788),  etc. 

Bickersteth  (bik'er-steth),  Edward.    B«™  f.' 

Kirkl.v   LoHSilale,    England,   March    19    1(86. 
die.l  at  Walton,  England,  Feb.  28,  18o(^.     An 
En'dish  elergvmau,   author  of   "Help  to  the 
Stu.lv  of  the  Scriptures  "  (1814),  etc. 
Bickersteth.  Edward  Henry.    Boj;?' atJ>on- 

.l.,ii,  .Ian.  2.-),  1^2.-).  An  Kngli§h  bishop  and 
Doet,  son  .if  K.lwar.l  Bickersteth:  author  ot 
-  Ve;ter.lav,  To-.lav,  and  For  Ever"  (1866),  etc. 

■RiptfTRtetii  Henry.  Born  at  Kirkby  Lons- 
daU  Englan\w.mc  18, 1783:  died  atTunbridge 
Wells  April  18, 1851.  Au  English  jurist,  created 
Baron  Langdale  Jan.  23,  1836.  He  became 
master  of  the  rolls  Jan.,  1836.      ,      . ,.  ,, 

Bicocca  (be-kok'ka).  A  village  5  miles  north- 
,  a"  of  Milan,  Italy.  Here,  April  2Mo22,  the 
Inip.rialistsundcrColonnadefeated  the  French 

au.l  Swiss  und.'r  Lautrec. 

Bicorned  Lord.  Alexander  the  Great :  so  called 
on  account  of  the  two  hornson  his  coins.  Poole, 
Story  ot  Turkey,  p.  124.  ..,,•„. 

Bida  (be'dii).  Capital  of  >"P^- >"  ^cst  Africa, 
situat.-.l  in  lat.  9°  N.,  hmg.  6°  20    E. 

Bida  (be-da'),  Alexandre.  Bom  1813:  died 
Jan  2,  1895.  A  French  designer  and  painter, 
noted  chiefly  for  treatment  of  scriptural  and 
Oriental  subjects.  His  chief  work  is  designs 
illustrating  the  Evangebsts  (1873) 

Bidar   (be'dar).      A  district  in  the  Nizam  r- 


See 


wril.T.     As  n  boy  lie  was  one  of  the  pages  t.i  I.or.1  flu's 

t  .r  1  Id  lordll.ul.'uaul  ..f  Irelan.l.    Meattalne.l  an  Imnon.- 

1      ,  ,      l..n  In  the  s...  bty  ..f  men  of  1"'  T. '"s.     M  ,V, 

•,.s  su»l.e,le.l  of  a  capital  crime,  and  lle.1  t.i  St    Mid... 

where  he  lived  t..r  wi  le  time  under  an  assuine.l  name. 


dominions,  British  India.  Area,  4,180  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  901,984. 
Bidassoa  (1«"-diis-s6'a).  A  river  in  northeni 
Spain  whi.h  flows  into  the  Bay  ot  Biscay  at 
Fieiiterrabia:  length,  50  miles.  It  is  for  alxjut  12 
mi  cslhe  boundary  between  France  and  Spam.  ^^  ^bng- 
!"ll\«sse.l  tile  Bidassoa  Oct  7. 1813,  defeating  the  French 

Biddeford  (bid'e-ford).  A  city  in  York  County 
Maine  on  the  Saco  17  miles  southwest  of 
P.n-tland.     It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  etc. 

Population  (1900),  16.1 4.J. 

Biddenden  (bi.l'en-.len)  Maids.    Tw-o  sisters 

i.iiiuil  lik..  the  Siamese  twins,  born  at  Bidden- 
'l,.n,  Kent,  England  (1100-34).  '".'.y  "-^.^-^  "'««• 
™,t.-l  .lonors  of  Uic  "  Bread-and-Cheese-land,  Bldden- 
Seu  f.,r  thedef°y 'iof  the  cost  of  a  yearly  distribution  of 
bread  and  cheese  at  Easter. 
Biddle  (bid'l),  Clement,  smnamed  "The  tjua- 
k,  r  Soldier."  [The  surname  iJtAi/c  is  another 
form  ot  JieaMe,  from  headlc)  Born  at  I  'ii  a- 
delpliia,  May  10,  1740:  died  there,  July  14,  1814. 
An  American  Hev.diitionary  oflicer.  Hew-as  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  non-imp"rtation  resii  utions  framed 
at  Philadelphia  1705,  an.l  alth..ugh  a  Quaker  Joined  the 
t  XtronLry -.riny  on  the  outbreak  ot^^^^f^-^^ 
as  col.mel  in  the  l>attles  of  Irentun.  Prineet..n.  Br.  iid)- 
wiin"  an.l  M..n.nouth.  Me  w.as  a  pereoiial  friend  and  cor- 
r.spondeiit  of  \Vasliingt.)U. 

Biddle,  Clement  Cornell.    B.irn  at  P. iladel- 

nhia  Oct.  24,1784:  died  Aug.  21,  18.i.>.  Aa 
Ain.'rican  lawyer  and  p..litical  economist,  son  of 

, Anient  Bi.l.U.'.     H-  f-nKli'!"}'f  J^^'v  .    -V 

Biddle,  James.    i;.;>.n  ;'V.''"';V^*;'P,'"';rL*    '  a.! 

1783:   die.l  at   Phila.hlphia,  Oct.  1.  184t^-     An 

\merican  naval  comman.ler,  distinguishe.l  111 

the  War  of  1812.  He  commanded  the  Hornet,  which 
„nght  and  eapt.ir.d  the  British  brig  Penguin  ol.  the 
i-l,u,d..fTristaiwrAcunha,  M:u>;h2.t.  181... 

Riddle  John  B..rn  at  W  otton-under-Edge, 
.•&s.e°^ldre,  Engla.1.1,  U'l'^- .'V"l^"'.  ''""" 
d.iii  S.pt  22,  lt)t>2.  An  English  I  nitarian 
divine,  eailed  -the  father  of  English  riiitari- 
anisiii."  He  bee.ime  ma..ter  of  the  free  "^l-"' ;;";;"". 
e.  sler  In  1641.  Suspecte.1  of  heresy,  he  was  e.dli.l  bef  .le 
Vaillainent  1,1  l.Mt.'au.l  coinmltt.  d  U.  eus..,.ly,  in  whl,.l, 
he  remalne.1  sev.ral  years  "^- 1'"''  ''>'^^;',  '  .",'f;  ,,,  .  ,1  oVv 
iiii..sli.>iis  .ir  Aniumeiits  against  the  dell)  .>f  the  I1..I) 
Splr  He  was^  she,i  to  the  Sidlly  Ishm.ls  In  1..:..'.,  bu 
was  recalled  three  y.ars  Uler.  He  was  again  arreste.l 
u  ide'r  .•hl.rles  II..  lin.l  .lie.l  in  Vrl-".  .  .'  Jj  '^  ^  "^  " 
-  C.ntessl.m  ..f  Kalth  touching  "»■,"'.''>„'''",;.■ 
(1648).  and  "A  Twofold  Caleelllslil.  et<-.    (K^'l),  1 1' 

Biddle,  Nicholas.     Bom  at  Phila.l-lph.a.  Sept 
III     IT.'iO:    kill.'l   »t   sea,    March   (.    I(iK.      An 
Am.riean  naval  .■..mnian.ler,  .lislinpuished  in 
t h..  Wovolul ionary  War.    He  was  blown  up  »;•'''.'''' 
ship,  tlw  Kan.hdph,  In  actlnu  with  llie  British  .hlp\ar. 

Biddle,  Nicholas. _, Born  „t  l;l.ilnd..lpl.ia.  .Tan. 
8,    17SC.:   .li.'.l    at    Pliiladelplua,    I'eb    -(,  1H41 
An  .American  (inan..ier,  president  of  the  Unite.l 
States  Bank  1823-36.  ,   ,      .     ,t       , 

Biddle,  Kichard.    H,.ni  at  T-l'-lill-^lPi""' M»rch 

•'-,     17..V,:  .li.'.l  al    I'll Isburg,  July  1.   I84<.      An 
Amen.an  lawv.r  and  author   br.dher  of  Nicb- 
'     olas  Hi.l.ll.'.     H.>  wrote  a  ••  Memoir  of  .ScbBs. 
tiiiu  <'ab..f' (1831),  etc. 


Biddy  156 

Biddy   (bid'i).     Mr.    Wopsle's   "great-aunt's 
granddaughter"  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Great 

Expectations":  an  orphan  who  falls  in  love  „       .  „  x  t.-   , 

with  Pip,  but  is  afterward  married  to  Joe  Gar-  Bielski   (byal'ski),   Marcm.      Born  at  Biala, 
„ijry  near  Sieradz,  Poland,  about  1495 :  died  at  Biala, 


Bilguer 
in  the  Bielstein  Mountain,  Harz,  Brunswick,  Bignon   (ben-yon'),  Jerome.     Born   at  Paris, 


near  the   Bode 
over  600  feet. 


discovered  in   1762.     Length, 


Aug.  24,  1589:  died  at  Paris.  April  7, 1656.  Aa 
eminent  French  jurist.  He  published  "Tiait(5  dela 
grandeur  de  noa  rois  et  de  leur  souveraine  puissance" 
(1615,  published  under  the  name  of  "  Th^ophile  du  Jay"), 
and  other  works. 
Bigod  (big'od),  Hugh.  Died  about  1176.  An 
English  nobleman,  created  first  earl  of  Norfolk 
in  113.5. 


gcrv. 
Biddv   Miss      1.  An  amusing  character  in  Gar-     1.575.     A   Polish  historian.     His  chief  works  are 
,.;!TL-'<'l-ii-,-e  '''Miss  in  her  Teens  "—2     See  Tiv-     "Kronika  Swiata  "  (1550),  "Kronika  polska  "  (a  history  of 
uc-k-  l.ace      Misbiuuei  leens.        a.   oeoji/y       Poland:  continued  by  his  son  Joachim  Bielski  from  1676 
kin.  Mtss  JiuUUl.  ^         ,   a  ,  •  to  LW? :  published  1697).  _ 

Bideford  (bid'e-ford)      A  seaport  and  fishing  gjj^        (be-en-ho'ii).     A    town   in  French  Bigod,  Hugh.    Died  1266.     The  younger  son  of 
town  in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on  the     Oochin-China   20  miles  north  of  Saigon.  the  third  Earl  of  Norfolk,  made  chief  justiciar 

Tale-Sab.     A  lake  in  Cambodia  J"  1-58.  ^.    ,     „„ 

-lu.i  .^.aiij    iU  lat    13°  N    lono-   104°  E  Blgod,  Roger.     Died   1221.     The  second  Earl 

ley's    "Westward    Ho."     Population    (1891).  Bienne    (byen), 'g.   Biel   (bll).      A   town   in     of  Norfolk,  son  of  Hugh,  the  fii-st  earl. 
J'??^-      ^,.J„-^    «   jr  •  J      T>  ^A      .         the  cantou  of  Bcm,  Switzerland,  situated  at  Blgod,  Rogei.     Died  1270.     The  fourth  Earl  of 

Bldloo   (bid  lo),  Godfried.     Born  at  Amster-     ^j^    northeastern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Bienne,  17     Norfolk,  appointed  earl  marshal  of  England  in 
dam  March  12  1049:  died  at  Leyden,  Holland,     „,iies  northwest  of  Bern.     Watch-making  is  the     '^"' 
April,  1713.     A  Dutch  surgeon  and  anatomist,      chief  industry.    It  contains  the  Museum  Schwab(antiqui- 
He  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  The^Hague,  later  profes-    jj,.;,  „{  iake_villages,  etc.).     Population  (1SS8),  16.414. 

joi'thwestern 
Lake  Neu- 


town  u  lyevousniie,  i^ug.^uu  =,.u...c..  ^^  .^^  Cochin-China. 
Torridge,  near  its  mouth,  8  miles  southwest  of  Blpnhoa  or  1 
Barnstable.     It  is  one  of  the  scenes  of  Kings-     ^^"""^'u   ;„  ] 


Sf.r  of  anatomy  and  chemistry  at  Leyden,  and  physician  to  Tj.  T.alrp    nf       A     lake     in    n 

William  III.  of  England.    His  chief  work  is  "  Anatomia  -Bienne,    IjaKe    01.     ^v    iah.e    mu 
corporis  humj.ni "  (1085).  Switzerland,  3  miles  northeast  of 

See  Pilpai/. 


rpor 

Bidpai,  or  Bidpay  .   . 

Biebrich  (be'brich).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine 
3  miles  south  of  Wiesbaden :  a  former  resi- 
dence of  dukes  of  Nassau.  Near  by  is  said  tohave 
occuiTed  Ciesar's  second  passage  of  the  Rhine.     Popula- 


tion of  Biebrich-.Mosbach  (1890),  commune,  11,023 
Bieda  (be-a'dii).     A  small  place  near  Viterbo  in  Bie'newitz.     See  Apinmis. 
Italy:  the  ancient  Blera.It^  contains  an  extensive  Bierstadt(ber'stat),  Albert.  Born  at  Solin'gen, 

"" near  Diisseldorf,  Germany,  Jan.  7,  1830  :   died 

at  New  York,  Feb.  IS,  1902.    A  German-Ameri- 


1246. 
Bigod,  Roger.     Born  1245:  died  Dec.  11,  1306. 

The  fifth  Earl  of  Norfolk,  son  of  Hugh  Bigod,  the 
justiciar,  and  nephew  of  Roger  the  fourth  earl. 
Bigordi,  Domenico.     See  Ghiiiandajo. 
hatel.     It  is  traversed  by  the  Zihl  (Thiele).  Bigorre,  L'Abbe.     The  name  under  which  Vol- 
Length,  9i  miles;  breadth,  2+  miles.  taire  wrote  his  "History  of  the  Parlement  of 

Bienville(byau-vel'),JeanBaptisteLemoine,     Paris"  (Amsterdam,  1769). 
Sieur  de.     Born  at  Montreal,  Canada,  Feb.  23.  Bigot.     See  J}i(/ti(}. 

1680 :  died  in  France,  1768.  A  French  governor  gig  Sandy  Creek.  A  river  in  eastern  Colo- 
of  Louisiana,  1701-13,  1718-26,  and  1733- about  rado  whicli  joins  the  Arkansas  near  the  Kan- 
1740.     He  founded  New  Orleans  in  1718.  sas  frontier.     Length,  nearly  200  miles. 


Etruscan  necropolis  of  rock-cut  tombs,  occupying  several 
terraces.  It  is  interesting  from  its  imitation  of  habitations 
in  much  ai-chitectural  variety.  The  tombs  have  molded 
duorways.  and  are  surmounted  by  low  pediments.  Within, 
'  the  ridge-beams  and  rafters  of  the  roof  are  cut  in  relief  ; 
rock-benclRS  on  three  sides  were  designed  to  receive  the 
deail.  anil  there  are  often  windows  beside  the  door. 

Biedermann  (be'der-man),  Friedrich  Karl. 
Born  Sept.  25,  1812:  died  March  5,  1901.  A 
German  publicist,  politician,  and  historian. 
He  was  (extraordinary)  professor  of  philology  at  Leipsic 
1838-54.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  imprisoned,  as  editor 
of  the  "Deutschen  Annalen,"  for  political  reasons,  and 
lost  his  professorship,  but  was  reinstated  in  1865.  He  was 
active  in  the  politics  of  .Saxony  and  of  the  empire. 

Biefve  (byef),  Edouard  de.  Born  at  Brussels 
Dec.  4, 1809 :  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  7,  1882.  A 
Belgian  painter.  His  chief  work  is  "Compro- 
mise of  the  Nobles  at  Brussels,  Feb.  16,  1566." 

Biel.     See  Bienne. 

Biel,  or  Byll  (bel),  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Speyer, 
Germany:  tiled  at  Tiibingen,  Germany,  1495. 
A  German  scholastic  jihilosopher  (nominalist) 


can  landscape-painter.  Among  his  noted  paintings 
are  "Sunshine  and  Shadow"  (1857),  "Lander's  Peak" 
{18r.3),  "  Diimes  of  the  Vosemite,"  "  Mount  Hood."  etc. 

Biesbosch  (bes'bosk).  A  marshy  lake  in  the 
Netherlands,  on  the  border  of  South  Holland 
and  North  Brabant,  southeast  of  Dordrecht. 
Its  outlet  to  the  North  Sea  is  the  Hollandsch  Diep. 
It  was  formed  1421  by  an  inundation  of  the  Mouse. 

Biet  (bya),  Antoine.  A  Frencli  missionary 
wlio   accompanied  the  600  colonists  sent 


Bijapur  (be-ja-por').  A  town  in  southern  India, 
in  lat.  16°  50'  N.,  long.  75°  48'  E.,  formerly 
of  great  importance,  and  capital  of  a  native 
kingdom  of  Bijapur.  It  contains  the  Jumma  Musjid 
(which  see),  and  tile  tomb  of  Mahmoud  Shah.  The  latter 
dates  from  about  Itiixi.  It  is  135  feet  in  interior  diameter, 
somewhatless  than  the  Roman  Pantheon,  but  being  squiU'e 
in  plan  its  area  is  greater  ;  and,  like  the  Pantheon,  it  is  cov- 
ered by  a  great  dome,  which  here  is  124  feet  in  diameter, 
resting  on  an  ingeniously  combined  system  of  pendentiveft 
which  at  once  diminish  the  area  to  be  covered  by  the  dome 
and  by  their  weight  counteract  its  outward  thrust.  At 
each  comer  of  the  building  rises  an  octagonal  domed 
tower  of  eiglxt  stages.  The  decoration,  Inside  and  out,  is- 
of  great  elegance  and  excellent  in  proportion. 


professor  of  theology  and  philosophy  at  the  Big  Ben.      The  name  given  to  the  bell  in  th 


Cayenne"inT652^anrremrined  there"erghteen  Bijnor  (bij-nor').     A  district  in  the  Rohilkund 
months.     He  published  «  Voyage  de  la  France  Equinox-     division.  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
iale"  (Paris,  1664),  with  a  Galibi  dictionary  at  the  end.         Ai'ea,  1,898  stjuare  miles.     Population  (1891),. 
Bifrost  (be'frest).    In  Old  Norse  mj-thology,  the     794,070. 
rainbow,  the  bridge  of  the  gods  which  reached  Bikanir  (bi-ka-ner').  Anative  state  in  northern 
from  heaven  to  earth.    Every  day  the  gods  rode  over     Rajputana,  under  the   supervision  _of  British 
it  to  their  judgment-place  under  the  tree  Yggdrasil,  near 
the  sacredwellof  the  Norns.  Also  called  .isftrjj  (Old  Norse 
Ashrii). 

Big  Beggarman.     A  nickname  of  O'Connell. 


Population 
Population 


University  of  Tiibingen:  called  mistakenly 
"the  last  of  the  schoolmen."  His  chief  work 
is  "Collectorium  ex  Oeeamo"  (1508,  etc.). 
Biela  (be'l!i),Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Rosslau, 
Germany,  March  19,  1782:  died  at  Venice,  Feb. 
18,  18.56.  An  Austrian  military  officer,  noted 
for  the  discovery  of  a  comet,  named  for  him, 
Feb.  27,  1826,  at  Josephstadt,  Bohemia, 


clock-tower  of  the  new  houses  of  Parliament, 
London.  It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  bell  in  England. 
It  was  cast  in  1S58,  It  is  the  second  of  the  name,  the 
first  bein^  defective.  Walford,  Old  and  New  London, 
Big  Bethel  (big  beth'el).  A  village  in  eastern 
Virginia,  10  milesnorthwest  of  Fortress  Monroe. 
Here,  June  10,  1861,  the  federals  (2,500)  under  Gener.al 


India.    Area,  23,090  square  miles. 
(1891),  831,955. 

Bikanir.     The  capital  of  Bikanir. 
(1891).  56,252. 

Bilaspur  (be-liis-por').  A  feudatory  state  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  448  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  91,760. 

Bilaspur,  A  district  in  the  Chattisgarh  divi- 
sion. Central  ProWnces,  British  India.  Area, 
8,341  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1.164,- 
158. 


Peirce  were  defeated  by  the  Confederates  (1,800)  under  Bilat.     See  Belit. 


Magi'uder, 


Bielau  (be'lou),  or  Langen-Bielau  (liing'en-  gjg   Black.     A    river  of  western  Mississippi 


be'lou).  A  village  in  the  pro\dnce  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  33  miles  southwest  of  Bres- 
lau.  It  is  noted  for  its  length,  which  is  about 
5  miles.  -  Population  (1890),  commune,  15,860, 
Bielaya-TserkofF  (bya'ia-va-tser'kof),  or 
Bielatserkof  (bya'la-tser'kof).  ['White 
Church.']     A  town  in  fhe  government  of  Kieif, 

Russia,  in  lat.  49° 45' N.,  long.  30°  8' E.     Ithas  Bigelow(big'e-16).  John.   Born  at  Maiden,  New 

York,  Nov.  25,   1817.     An  American   author. 


which  joins  the  Mississippi  at  Grand  Gulf,  its 
length  is  over  200  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  about  50  miles. 
It  was  noted  in  Grant's  campaign  before  Vicksburg,  May, 
1863. 

Big  Bone  Lick.  A  salt  spring  in  Boone  County, 
Kentucky,  situated  about  20  miles  southwest 
of  Cincinnati:  noted  for  its  fossil  deposits. 


an  extensive  commerce. 

Bielefeld  (be'le-feld).  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  in  lat.  .52°  1'  N.,  long. 
8°  28'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Westphalian 
linen  manufacture.     Population  (1890),  39,950. 

Bielef  (bya'lef).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tula,  Russia,  in  lat.  53° 50'  N.,  long.  36°  10'  E. 
I'o)iulation,  9,869. 

Bielgorod  (byal-go-rod').  ['White  City.']  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Kursk,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Donetz  in  lat.  50°  36'  N.,  long. 
36°  37'  E.     Population,  £2,957. 

Bielitz  (be'lits).  A  town  in  Silesia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  in  lat.  49°  50'  N,,  long,  19°  3'  E. 
It  maniifactures  engines,  woolens,  etc.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  14,573. 

Biella  (be-el'la).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  Italy,  39  miles  northeast  of  Turin.  It 
has  a  cathedral.     Population,  11.000. 


journalist,  and  diplomatist.  He  was  an  editor  and 
one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  New  York  "Evening  Post  " 
1850-61 ;  consul  at  Paris  1861-65  ;  and  minister  to  France 
1865-66,  He  edited  lYanklin's  autobiography  1868,  and 
has  published  "Jamaica  in  1850,  etc.,"  "Life  of  Fremont" 
(1856),  "Les  Etats-Unisd'Amerique  en  1863,"  a  monograph 


Bilbao  (bil-ba'6).  Francisco.  Bom  at  San- 
tiago, Chile,  Jan.  9,  1823:  died  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Feb.  19,  1865.  A  Spanish-American 
journalist  and  propagandist.  Banished  from  Chile 
in  1845,  he  went  to  Paris  where  he  took  part  in  the 
revolution  of  1848  ;  returning,  he  was  a  leader  in  the  dis- 
turbances of  1851,  and  fled  to  Peru  and  thence  to  Ecuador 
and  Buenos  Ayres,  His  death  was  due  to  exposure  in- 
curred while  saving  a  drowning  woman. 

Bilbao.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Vizcava,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Nervion  in 
lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  2°  56'  W.  It  has  a  thriving 
trade,  and  wa3  formerly  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
rapiers  called  by  its  name.  It  was  held  by  the  French 
1808-13,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Carlists 
1835-36  (twice)  and  1874,     Population  (1897),  "4,U!I3. 

Bilboa.     See  Baijcs. 


Molinos  the  ijuietist"  (1882).    He  has  edited  a  lite  of  Blldad  (bil'dad).     One  of  the  three  friends  ot 


William  C'ullen  Brjant,  the  speeches  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden, 
and  the  works  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 

Big-endians  (big-en'di-anz),  The.  A  religious 
sect  (intended  for  the  Catholic  party),  in  Swift's 
"  Lilliput,"  who  considered  it  a  matter  of  duty  to 
break  egg-shells  at  the  big  end.  They  were  con- 
sidered heretics  by  the  Little-endians  (the  Protestants), 
who  broke  their  egg-shells  in  an  orthodox  manner  at  the 
little  end. 

Big  Horn.  A  river  of  Wyoming  and  •outheru 
Montana  which  joins  the  Yellowstone  in  lat. 
46°  13'  N.,  long.  107°  26'  W.  Length,  about  450 
miles.     The  upper  part  is  called  Wind  River. 


Bielinski  (bya-len'ske),  or  Belinski.     Born  Big  Horn  Mountains.    A  range  of  the  Rocky 


1815:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  184S.  A  Russian 
critic  and  journalist.  He  became  editor  of  the 
"Observer,"  which  ceased  to  appear  in  1839,  and  was 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  the  *'  .\nnales  de  la 
patrie," 

Bielostok  (bya'16-stok),  Pol,  Bialystok  (byii'- 

lii-stok).   A  town  in  the  government  of  Grodno, 
Russia,  in  lat.  53°  10'  N.,  long.  23°  10'  E.    Pop- 
ulation, .56,611. 
Bielshohle  (belz-hel'e).     A  stalactite  cavern 


Mountains  in  central  and  northern  Wyoming, 
extending  northward  into  Montana.     Highest 
)ioints,  about  12,000  feet. 
Biglo'W  Papers,   The.     A  series  of  humorous 


Job.  He  is  called  the  "  Shuhite,"  from  a  territory  iden- 
tified by  some  with  the  Sakaia  of  Ptolemy,  to  the  east  of 
Batanffia,  by  others  with  Snhu  of  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions, situated  on  the  Euphrates  south  of  Carcheuiish, 
Bilderdijk  (bil-der-dik').  Willem.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  Sept.  7,  1755:  died  at  Haarlem, 
Holland,  Dec.  18,  1831.  A  Dutch  poet,  gram- 
marian, and  critic.  His  works  include  "Buitenleven" 
(18113).  "De  ziekte  der  geleerden"  (1S07),  "  De  Mensch  " 
(lsi)8),  "De  ondergang  der  eerste  wereld"  (1820), 

Bilnnger  (bil'fing-er),  or  Biilffinger  (bill 'fing- 
er), Georg  Bernhard.  Born  at  Kannstadt, 
Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  23,  1693:  died  at  Stuttgart, 
Feb.  18,  1750.  A  German  philosopher  of  the 
Wolfian  school,  and  mathematician.  He  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Tiibingen  and  privy  councilor  in 
Stuttgart,  Author  of  "  Dilucidationes  de  Deo,  anima  hu- 
mana,  etc."  (1725). 

Bilguer  (bil'gwer),  Paul  Rudolf  von.    Born 


political  poems,with  explanatory  introductions,     ^^  Ludwigslust,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Sept. 
written  by  James  Russell  Lowell  m  the  New     21, 1815:  died  at  Beriin,  Sept.  10,  1840,    A  lieu- 


England  dialect,  JIany  of  them  were  signed  Hosea 
Biglow.  They  were  published  in  two  series  (1*48,  relating 
chiefly  to  slavery  and  the  Alexican  war  :  and  1867,  relatin; 
chiefiy  to  the  Civil  War  and  reconstruction). 


tenant  in  tlie  Prussian  army,  noted  as  a  chess- 
player. He  wrote  "Hantlbuch  des  Sehach- 
spiels"  (1843),  etc. 


Bilin 

Bilin  (be'lin).     The  language  of  the  Bogos. 

Billn  (bi-len').  A  manufacturing  town  and 
watering-place  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Biela  42  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune.  G,6.')l. 

BiliOSO  (bil-i-6'sd).  An  amusing  diplomatist 
in  Murston's  play  "The  Malcontent." 

Billaud-Varenne  (be-yo'vii-reu'),  Jean  Nico- 
las. Born  at  La  Kochelle,  France,  April  li:i, 
1756:  died  at  Port-au-Prince,  Haiti,  June  3, 
1819.  A  French  Kevolntionist,  member  of  the 
Convention  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety.  He  w.is  deported  to  Ouiaiia  in  1816,  came  to 
Jiew  York  and  then  went  to  Haiti. 

Billaut  (be-yC ),  Adam.  A  French  poet,  1602- 
lti()2.  most  familiarly  known  as  Maitre  or  Mas- 
ter Adam. 

Bille  (bil'e),  Steen  Andersen.    Born  Aug.  22. 

17.J1:  died  at  Copenhagen,  April  l.'i,  1833.     A 


157 


Birh 


crated  bishop  of  Worcester  in  1596,  and  trans-  Bion  (bi'on).    [Gr.  B/ur.]    Born  at  Pblossa,  near 


Danish  admiral  and  minister  of  state,  distin       .^^^^^      ^^^ _ ^ 

guished  in  an  attack  on  TripoliMn  1798,  and  in  ginet  (be-ua'),  Satan6, 

tlie  battle  of  Copenhagen  in  1807.  Francisciue  Sarcey. 

Bille,  Steen  Andersen.     Born  at  Copenhagen,  Bingen  (bing'en).     A  town  in  the  province  of 

Dec.  5,  1797;  died  there.  May  7,  1883.     A  Dan-     Khine-IIesse,  Hesse,  situated  at  the  junction 

ishadmiralandministcrofmarine,  son  of  Steen  -      .-  

Andersen  Bille.     He  took  part  in  an  expedition  to 

South  America  in  184(1,  and  commanded  a  scientific  ex 

pedltion  round  theworld  184.5-47,  in  the  corvette  (ialatea, 

of  which  ho  h.os  given  an  account  in  "Beretning  om  (dr- 

vctlen  Galatheas  Reise  orakrung  jorden  1845-46  og  47" 

(1*49-51). 
Billickin  (bil'i-kiu),  Mrs.     A  keeper  of  lodg- 
ings in  Charles  Dickens's  "Mystery  of  Edwm 

Drood."     Her  distinguishing  characteristics  are  "  per- 
sonal faintness  and  an  overpowering  personal  candor," 
Billings  (bU'ingz ),  Joseph.     [The  surname  Hil- 

Uiign  is  a  patronymic  genitive  of  Billing,  an  AS. 

name,  'son  of  "Bill,"  Bill  meaning  'sword.'] 

Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  18th  century. 

An  English  navigator  in  the  Russian  service. 

engaged  in  Arctic  exploration  ]78.")-91.   He  was 

also  a  coHipanion  of  Cook  on  his  last  voyage; 
Billings,  Josh.     The  pseudonym  of  Henry  W. 

Shaw. 
Billings,  William.     Bom  at  Boston,  Oct.  7, 

1746:    died    at   Boston,    Sept.    26,    1800.       An 

American  composer.     He  is  said  to  have  been  the 

first  American  musical  composer,  and  to  liave  introduced 

into  New  lOngland  the  spirited  style  of  church  nmsic     He 

published   '•The  Singing-Master's  Assistant '  (177s), 
"The  Psalm-Singer's  Aniuscnient"  (1781), 


Sinvrua.  Asia  Minor:  lived  about  280  B.  c.  A 
Ure'ek  bucolic  poet.  His  chief  extant  poem 
is  the  "Epitaphios  Adouidos"  ("Lament  for 
.\donis").  • 

Biondello    (be-on-del'I6).     A  servant    to  Lu- 
.,  iitin  in  Shakspere's  '•  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 

Biondi  (ije-on'de).  Sir  Giovanni  Francesco. 

Born  on  the  islaml  of  Lesina.  Gulf  of  Venice, 
l.'>72:  died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  1644.  An 
Italian  novelist  and  historian,  long  resident  in 
England,  where  he  became  a  gentleman  of  the 
king's  jirivy  cbambir.  He  published  three  romances 
of  chiv.ah-y,  in  Italian,  which  were  ti-anslated  into  Eng- 
lish as  "Eromena,  or  l.ove  and  Revenge  "  (liai),  "  Don- 
zella  desterrada,  or  The  Banish'd  Virgin"  (1635),  "Coral- 
bo  "  (106.')),  a  sei|Uel  to  the  preceding. 

Biot  (be-6').  Jean  Baptiste.    Born  at  Paris. 

April  21,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1862.     A 

celebrated  French  physicist  and  chemist,  noted 

especiallv  for   his   discoveries   in   optics.    His 

chief  work's  are  "E.ssai  de  g^onietrie  analytlque  "  (18i)6), 

"Traite    elementaire    dastronomie     physique"    (1S05X 

"Traiti^  de  physique  exp(?rinientale"  (1810),  "Trait)^  i-le- 

mentaire  de  pliysique  exptrinicntale  "  (1818-'il),  and  works 

on  ancient  Egyptian,  Indian,  and  Chinese  astronomy. 

of  the  Xahe  and  Khii'ie  10  miles  west  of  Mainz.  Bir  (ber).     [Turk.  Binjil:,  Bitlirn.}    A  town,  the 

It  contains  the  castle  of  Klopp.    In  1B8I1  it  was  nearly  de-     ancient  Birtlia  or  Bithra,  in  the  vilayet  of  Alep- 

stroyed  by  the  French.    Population  (IMio),  rommune,  7,or.4.  Asiatic  Turkev.  situated  on  the  Euphrates 

Binger(bah-zhar')  Louis  Gustave.     Born  Oct.     in  lat.  37°  5' N.,"long.  38°3' E.     Population 

14, 18.)0.    A  French  omeer  and  African  explorer,     /pg^imated)  8  000 

For  the  French  government  he  connected  the  Freiuh  pos-  -p..  ■.     /u^,;'l\' fJ^rtroTr      Tlie   cliinf  character 
sessions  on  the  Ipper  Niger  with  those  at  Grand  Hassam  BlTCh  (belch),  Uarvey.      lUe   cnier  cnaracier 
on  the  Ivory  Coast.    He  started  from  Bammakou  in  1'457;     m  Cooper's  novel       1  Ue  ^py. 
explored  sikaso  and  Kong,  where  he  found  no  chain  of  Birch,  Samiiel.     Born  at  London.  >ov.  S,  1813: 
mountains;andthenturnedtol|ienorth(iss8)andreachcd  -    - 

Baromo  and  Wagadugu.     From  here  he  turned  again  to 


lated  to  Winchester  in  1.597. 

Bilston  (bil'ston).  A  town  in  StafTordshire, 
England.  2i  miles  southeast  of  Wolverhampton, 
noted  for  its  iron  manufactures.  Population 
(1891),  23,453. 

Bima  (be 'mil).  A  seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Sumbawa.  Dutch  East  Indies,  in  lat. 
8°  30'  N.,  long.  118°  45'  E. 

Bimini  (be-me-ne'),  or  Bimani  (be-mii-ne'). 
The  name  formerly  given  by  West  Indian  na- 
tives to  an  islami  or  i-egion  nortli  of  them, 
where,  according  to  their  legends,  there  was  a 
fountain  whose  waters  conferred  perpetual 
vouth.  Probably  the  island,  like  the  fountain,  was  a 
fable  ;  but  the  name  was  given  in  the  early  maps  to  the 
peninsula  of  FIcjrida.  About  the  middle  of  the  IBth  ceu- 
tiuT  Bimini  was  sometimes  aujjposed  to  be  In  Mexico, 

Binche  (bahsh).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut.  Belgium,  11  miles  east-southeast  of 
Moiis.     Population  (1890),  10.104. 

The   pseudonym  of 


the  south,  and  made  his  wav  over  Salaga.  Bontuku,  and 
Kong  to  (Jrand  Bassam  (ms'.l)-  He  placed  Tieba.  Kong, 
and  Bontuku  under  a  French  protectorate.  In  1S92  he  re- 
turned to  West  Africa  as  French  commissioner  for  the 
settlement  of  the  Ashanti  boundaries  with  England, 

Bingham  (bing'am),  George.  Bom  at  Mel- 
eombe,  Dorset.sh'ire,  Nov.  7,  1715:  diedatPim- 
jievne,  Dorsetshire,  Oct.  11,  1800.  An  English 
divine  and  antiiiuarian,  rector  of  Pimpcme. 

Bingham,  Joseph.  Born  at  W^akefield,  Eng- 
land, Sept..  1()(W:  died  at  Havant,  near  Ports- 
mouth, England,  Aug.  17,  1723.  An  English 
divine  and  writer  on  cliurch  history.  His  chief 
work  is  "Origines  F.cclesiastica; "  (1708-'i'->),  or  "Antiqui- 
ties of  the  Christian  Church." 
and  Binghamton  (bing'am-ton).  A  city  and  the 
countv-seal  of  Broome  County,  New  York,  sit 


lied  there',  Dec.  27.1885.    An  English  archa>olo-  * 
gist.     He  published    ••Gallery  of  Antiquities '■   (1S42), 


Billingsgate  (bil'ingz-gat).   [ME.  BiUi„g.s;,„lr,     uated  at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  and  Sus- 
Biihi,i!i's>iak;    Jidipiiinqate,    AS.  "  Billni,,t.-vii(il     quehanna  river.s,  m  lat.  42°  8    N.,  long.  /.i    oi 
(in  Latin  transcription  £»H;».7f-s-3"fe),'Billiiig-s     W.     It  is  ai^ijiportant  railw.iy  cent^ 
gate.'    See /i(7//Hff.s.]     A  gate,  wharf,  and  Hsh-     settled  in  1/8/ .     PopulHtion_(1900),  39,04 1 

market  in  London,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Bingley  (bing'li) ,      ,   r      -i 

Thames,   near    London   Bridge.     It  was  made  a     the  West  Kidiiig  of  Yorkshire,  England,  ,i  miles 

free  market  in  1099.    There  may  have  been  a  water-gate     northwest     of    Bradford.      Population    (1891), 

here  from  the  earliest  times,     the  present  market,  how       10  023. 

ever,  was  established  in  U.5',i,  in  the  rei..;n  ..f  I.:ii/;,b,tb     li  g.    j    |,|-.'ije).     gpe  Xiipc. 

was  at  first  a  general  landing-place  for  menhaij.lis.'  ..f  mII  ^J"' „„,  „»  /l,;.,'„o„  br.fl 

kinds.    It  was  burned  down  in  1715  and  reliuilt.    In  Is.W  BinnenhOI   ( hinnen-liot). 

new  buildings  were  erected,  and  again  in  1860,    The  pres- 


ent building's  were  finished  in  1874,  The  foul  language 
used  by  the  fishwives  ami  others  in  the  neighborhood  has 
made  its  name  a  synonym  for  such  .speech. 

Billington  (bil'ing-ton),  Elizabeth.  Bom  at 
London,  probably  about  17()8:  died  at  Venice, 
Aug.  25,  1818.  A  noted  English  singer,  daughter 
of  a  German  oboist,  Carl  Weichsel,  and  wife  of 
her  singing-master,  .Tames  Billington.  Shebegan 
her  operatic  career  at  Dublin  in  '•Orpheus  and  Eurydice." 
and  appeared  at  Covcnt  Garden,  Feb,  !3, 1780,  asKosetlain 
"Love  in  a  Village,"  In  1709  she  marrieil  M.  Fellsscnt, 
from  whom  she  soon  separated,  but  with  whom  she  was 
later  (1817)  reconciled,  and  returned  to  England  in  1801. 
She  retired  from  the  stage  in  IHll. 

Billiton(bil-li-ton'),or  Blitong(ble-tong').  An 
island  east  of  Banca  and  southwest  of  Borneo, 
in  lat,  3°  S.,  long.  .108°  E. :  a  colonial  posses- 
sion of  Holland  since  1814.  Area,  1,863  square 
miles.     Poimlation,  about  28,000. 

Billroth  (bil'rot),  Theodor.  Born  at  Bergen 
oMtlie  island  of  Riigen,  April  26,  1829:  died  al 
Ahhazia,  Istria,  Feb.  6,  lb94.  A  noted  German 
surgeon. 

Biloxi  (bi-lok'si).  A  division  of  North  Amerl- 
ciin  liiilians  which  probably  ineludi'il,  besides 
the   Biloxi   proper,   the   Pascagoula  (or  Pasi 


boula)  and  the  Moctoby,  tribes  wliieli  were  in  Binue  (biii'we).  The  largest  aflluent  of  tin 
three  villages  on  Biloxi  Bay,  Mississip))i,  ill  1699. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  IBth  century  the  liiloxl  and  Pas- 
cagoula were  In  Rapi<le8  parish,  Louisiana.  A  few  of  the 
Biloxi  proper  still  live  near  Leeonipte,  Kapldes  parish, 
l.oiiisiana.     See  SiouaiK 

Bilqula  (bil-kii'lii).  or  Bellacoola.     A  Sali- 

shan  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  on  the 
coast  of  British  Cidiimbia,  Wilhihe  llaeltzuke(.if 
the  Wakashan  stock)  they  nutuber  ■,i,rin<i,  .See  Satuhan. 
BilSOn  (bil'son),  Thomas.  Born  at  Winchesti'r. 
England,  1.546:  died  at  Westminster,  June  18, 
1616.     An  English  prelate  ond  author,  cgnse- 


ntrodu.^tion  to  the  Study  o"f  Egyptian  Hieroglyphs" 
ll«,i"),  "  History  of  Ancient  Pottery  "  (1858),  etc. 
Birch,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  23, 
1705:  died  near  London,  Jan. 9,  1766.  An  Eng- 
lish wniter  on  history  an<I  biography.  He  wrote 
nearly  all  the  F.nglish  biographies  in  the  •Oeneral  Dic- 
tionary, Historical  and  Criticia  '  (17:<4-41).  edited  "Thur- 
loes  State  Papers  '  (174:;),  compiled  "Memoirs  of  the 
Reign  of  IJueen  Eliztibeth"  (1754),  etc- 

Birch-Pfeiffer  (berch'pfi'fer).  Charlotte.  Bom 

at  Stuttgart,  June 23,  1800:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
25,  1S6H.  A  (iernian  actress  and  dramatist. 
Her  chief  dramas  are  "Dorf  und  .Stadt"  (1848),  •'Die 
Waise  von  I.owood  "  (1850).  "  Die  Grille  '  (18.'iO),  etc. 
Bird,  Golding.  Born  in  Norfolk,  England,  Dec. 
'.),  ISM:  ,lied  at  Timbridge  Wells.  Oct.  27,  18.54. 
,\n  English  |)hysi<-ian  and  medical  writer.  He 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  natural  philosophy  at  (iuy's 
Hospital  in  18:^0,  and  lecturer  on  materia  medica  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  in  1847.     His  chief  work  is  his  •'Elc- 

..„ ments  of  Natural  l'hilos.ipby"(18.'»), 

A  iiiamifaeturington'n  in  Bird,  Robert  Montgomery.  Born  at  New- 
-  '  -  -  ■  castle,  Delaware,  1803:  .lied  rfit  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Jan.  '22,  1854.  An  American  physician  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  several  tragedies,  among  them 
•The  Gladiator,"  a  favorite  with  Edwin  Forrest,  and  the 
novels  "Calavar"(18i4),  "The  Infidel"  (18:»),  etc. 

Bird,  or  Byrd,  or  Byrde, William.  Born  about 

1538:  dieil  al    Loiuloii,  .Inly  4.  1623.     An   Eng- 
lish organist,  and  composer  of  madrigals  and 
sacred-  music.     He  is  said  to  have  composed 
the  well-known  canon  "Non  nobis  Domino," 
but  it  is  not  in  his  works. 
-s.    In  the  north  wing  are  girHcage  Walk.     -V  walk  on  the  south  side  of 
[S:,i:;;i";aln';i?,r"  ""•      "j^L.'.  park  London.     It  is  80  named  from 
tlie  aviaries  which  were  ranged  along  its  side  as 
earlv  as  the  time  of  the  Stuarts. 
Birdin  a  Cage,  The.  A  play  by  Shirley,  printed 

in  1033. 

Birds,  The.  A  comedy  of  Aristophanes,  pro- 
duceil  ill  414  B.  C.  It  obtained  the  second  prize.  It 
is  ■■  profoundly  Interesting  as  a  piece  of  brilliant  Imagi- 
nation, with  less  political  rancour  and  less  obscenity  than 
most  of  the  author's  work,  and  Justly  accounted  one  of 
the  lust,  If  not  the  best,  of  bis  extant  plays  "  (Mahuffy). 

Birdlime  (I'erd'lim).  .\  ilisrepulahle  character 
in  Webshi-'s  "Westward  Ho."  it  is  he  who  says 
"Is  not  old  wine  wholesomest,  old  pippins  toothsomost, 
old  wood  burn  brightest,  old  linen  wash  wlillcst'/"(iL  i). 

Biren.     See  Uiron. 

Bireno  ilie-ni'no).  The  husband  of  the  de- 
serted ()liiiipi;i  ill  Arioslo's  "(irlaiido  Furioso." 

Birgitta  (bir-git'lii),  or  Brigitta  (bri-git'tii), 
Saint,  of  Sweden.  Born  at  Finstad.  in  l"|>- 
hind.  Sweden.  1302  (1303):  died  al  Ix'ome.  July 
'23,  1373.  A  Swedish  nun.  she  was  ri'laled  to  the 
royal  family  of  Sweden,  iln  the  tlcitth  of  her  liusbmid, 
I'll  liudmarsoii.  In  1:144.  she  .lei  Ided  to  found  an  onler, 
and  obtained  the  papal  conllrmall.nl  of  Ihe  projMise.l  rule 
(legula.Samli  Salviitorls)  lr..m  I  rban  V,  In  1:«!7,  the  ..rdor 
being  established  In  1:170.  She  was  the  nlllhor  of  "  Keve- 
latbuies,"  claiming  divine  ln«nlnitl..n.  which  were  <le- 
n..un<:e.l  by  Gers..n,  but  whi.li  were  c.inllrmeil  by  the 
C.iunell  of  llasel,  she  was  cannnlced,  Oct.  7,  WBl,  by 
ll..nlfaee  I,,  and  her  day  falls  on  Feb.  1. 


Originally,  the  pal- 
ace of  Count  William  of  Holland,  at  The 
Hague,  an  irregular  agglomeration  of  buildings, 
in  ]iart  me.lieval,  inclosing  a  court  in  which 
stands  the  Hall  of  the  Knights,  a  brick,  chapel- 
like gable.i  structure  with  turrets,  now  used  as 
a  depository  for  archives, 
the  .|uarters  of  the  State8-( 
nais.sance  chlinne.v.nieces  and  histtirical  paintings, 

Binney  (liin'i),  Amos.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Oct.  IH,  1803:  died  at  Home.  Feb.  18,  1847.  An 
American  naturalist  and  patr.ui  of  science. 
He  wrote  "Terrestrial  ami  Air-breathing  Mol- 
liisks"  (1851).  etc. 

Binney,  Horace.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
4.1780:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1875.  An  eminent 
American  lawyer  aii.l  legal  writir.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  In  1T117:  was  a.lmltled  t.) 
the  Philndeliihla  bar  In  ISiKl;  was  Whig  member  of  Con. 
gresa  18:i;i-,'ifi ;  an.l  was  a  director  ami  ilefender  of  the 
I'nite.l  Mlat.'S  Hank, 

Binney,  Thomas.  Born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Eiiglaii.l,.\iiril,  1798:  died  at  Chujton,  England, 
F('b.  24,  1874.     Aiiotcd  English  Congregational 


ilivine  and  controversialist. 
Bintang  (bin;tang').     An  island  of  Ihe  Dutch 
Masi  liMies,  situate.l  soiilh  of  Singapore,  in  lal. 
1°  N.,  long.  104°  20'  E.     .Area.  4.5.5^si|iiiire  mill's 


Niger  Hiver.West  Africa.  It  springs  In  Adaniawa. 
north  of  N'gaundere,  makes  a  ben.l  to  the  north,  and  joins 
the  NIgerat  l.okoja.  It  Is  navlgabl.'  l.u  l.OiN)  klUimelers, 
as  far  as  Uibago,  but  .inly  fr.mi  May  l.i  ,lamiar>.  Fl-om 
Y..la  ilown  II  belongs  to  Ibe  l!.>yal  Niger  Company.  II 
was  expl.irod  principally  by  llalkie  ami  R,  Flegel, 
BiobiO  (be-6-be'6),  A  province  in  central  Chile. 
Capilal,  Aiigeh's.  Area,  4,158  square  miles. 
88,749 


P..1. Illation  (1895),  88,749.  .  -..,...         ,     ,       •„ 

Biobio      A  river  in  Chile  which  flows  into  the  Birh  (berlO.      A  .lisln.'t  in  Ihe  Nizam  s  domm 
Pa.ilic   at   Coucepcion.     Length,   about    300    i.ms,  British  India.     Area.  4,460  square  miles. 


miles. 


Population  (IS'.ll),  (Vt2,7'22. 


Birkbeck 

Birkbeck  (berk'bek),  George.  Born  at  Settle, 
Vorksbire,  England.  Jan.  10,  1776:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  1.  1841.  Au  English  physician 
and  educational  reformer  who,  with  others, 
founded  the  Glasgow  Mecbanies'  Institute  1823, 
and  in  1824  a  similar  institution  in  London 
(latercalled  the  "Birkbeck  Institute  "),  and  the 
University  College,  London,  in  1827. 

Birkenfeld  (ber'ken-feld).  A  principality  be- 
longing (since  1817)  to  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
situated  east  of  Treves,  surrounded  by  Rhe- 
nish Prussia.  Area,  194  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  41,242. 

Birkenfeld.  The  capital  of  Birkenfeld,  Olden- 
burg, Germany,  26  miles  east-southeast  of 
Treves. 

Birkenhead,  or  Berkenhead  (ber'ken-hed). 
Sir  John.  Born  near  Northwich,  Cheshire, 
England,  March  24,  1616:  died  at  Whitehall, 
Dec.  4,  1679.  An  English  satirist  and  journal- 
ist, editor  of  the  "Mercurius  Aulicus"  (which 
see)  in  the  ei\nl  war. 

Birkenhead.  A  seaport  and  suburb  of  Liver- 
pool, in  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Mersey  opposite  Liverpool,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  tunnel  and  ferries.  It  has  ex- 
tensive docks,  ship-building,  and  commerce. 
Population  (1901).  110,920. 

.Birkenhead,  The.  An  English  troop  steamer 
which  was  wrecked  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Feb.  26,  1S.')2.  The  troops  formed  at  the  word  of  com- 
mand and  went  down  at  their  po.sts,  having  put  the  wo- 
men and  children  in  the  boats.  More  than  400  men  were 
drowned. 

Birket  el-Kurun  (ber'ket  el-kb-ron').  [-Aj., 
'Lake  of  the  Horns.']  A  brackish  lake  in 
Fayum,  Egypt,  in  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  30°  40' 
E.,  fed  by  tlie  Nile.  It  was  formerly  erroneously 
supposed  to  be  Lake  Moeris.  Length,  34  miles. 
Greatest  breadth,  6i  miles. 

Birmingham  (ber'ming-am).  [ME.  Berming- 
ham,  AS.  prob.  "Beoriningaham,  dwelling  of  tlie 
Beormiugs,  or  sons  of  Beorm.  The  ME.  and  E. 
forms  of  the  name  are  numerous.  One  of  them, 
Brummagem,  has  become  appellative  of  cheap 
jewelry.]  A  city  in  the  northwestern  extremity 
of  Warwickshire,  England,  in  lat.  52°  29'  N., 
long.  1°  .'i4'  W.,  the  fourth  city  in  size  in  Eng- 
land and  the  second  manufacturing  center.  It 
isi  one  of  the  principal  places  in  the  world  for  manufac- 
tures of  hardware.  It  is  (perhaps)  liuilt  on  the  site  of  a 
Roman  station.  It  is  mentioned  in  Domesday  Book.  In 
1G43  it  was  taken  by  I'rince  Rupert.  It  was  the  scene  of 
riots  against  Priestley  in  1791,  and  of  Chartist  riots  in  1839. 
Population  11901).  522.2lli. 

Birmingham  (ber'ming-ham).  A  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Jefferson  County,  Alabama,  situated  in 
Jones  Valley  in  lat.  33°30'N.,  long.  86°  53'  W.: 
founded  in  1871.  it  is  now  one  of  the  chief  iron* 
manufacturing  cities  in  the  United  States.  There  are 
large  supplies  of  coal  and  limestone  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  of  iron  (6  miles  distant).  It  is  also  an  important  rail- 
road center.     Population  il9uO),  36,415. 

Birmingham.  A  suburb  within  the  munici- 
pality of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
soutli  of  the  Monongahela  River. 

Birmingham  Festival.  A  musical  festival 
held  triennially  at  Birmingham,  England,  es- 
tablished in  1768.  Handel's  music  originally  formed 
the  main  partof  the  programs,  which  are  most  important. 
'Ihe  proceeds  of  the  festivals  are  given  to  the  funds  of 
the  General  Hospital. 

Birnam  (ber'nam).  A  hill  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  ll  miles  northwest  of  Perth,  for- 
merly part  of  a  royal  forest  which  is  referred 
to  in  "Macbeth"  as  Birnam  Wood.  Height, 
1,324  feet. 

Birnbaumer  Wald  (bern'boum-er  vald).  [G., 
'  pear-tree  wood,'  translating  the  Latin  name 
Ad  Pirum,  '  at  the  pear-tree.']  A  plateau  in 
Carniola,  northeast  of  Trieste,  near  the  river 
Frigidus,  the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Theodo- 
sius  in  394.  It  contains  the  Roman  station  Ad 
Pirum,  on  the  main  road  across  the  Alps  into 
Italy. 

Birney  (b^r'ni),  David  Bell.  Bom  at  Hunts- 
ville,  Ala.,  May  29, 1825:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Oct  18, 1864.  An  American  brigadier-general, 
son  of  James  Gillespie  Birney.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1862-04,  especially 
at  Chancellorsville  and  at  Gettysburg. 

Birney,  James  Gillespie.  Bom  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  Feb.  4.  1792:  died  at  Perth  Amboy, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  25,  1857.  An  American  politician, 
candidate  of  the  "Liberty"  party  for  Presi- 
dent 1840  and  1844. 

Birni  (ber'ne),  or  Old  Bimi.  The  former  capi- 
tal of  Bomu,  in  Sudan,  in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long. 
13-  E. 

Biron  (F.  pron.  be-ron').  1.  A  lord  attending 
on  the  King  of  Navarre,  in  Shakspere's  "  Love's 


158 

Labour  's  Lost."  He  is  gay  and  eloquent,  and 
holds  nothing  sacred. —  2.  (bi'ron).  The  hus- 
band of  Isabella  in  Southerners  play  "The  Fatal 
Marriage."  He  is  supposed  to  be  killed  in  battle,  but 
returns  after  seven  years  to  find  his  wife  married  to  an- 
other through  the  machinations  of  his  younger  brotlier 
Cai-los.  He  is  killed  in  a  fray  instigated  by  Carlos.  See 
Isabella. 

Biron  (iie-ron').  Armand  de  Gontaut,  Baron 

(later  Due)  de.  Born  l.-)24:  killed  at  Eper- 
nay,  France,  July  20,  1592.  A  marshal  of 
France.  He  fought  in  the  Catholic  army  in  the  battles 
of  Dreux,  .St.  Denis,  and  Moncontour,  became  grand  mas- 
ter of  artillery  in  1569,  negotiated  the  peace  of  .St.  Ger- 
main, became  marshal  of  iYance  in  1577,  was  one  of  the 
first  to  recognize  Heniy  IV.,  contributed  to  the  victo- 
ries of  Arques  and  Ivry,  and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Eper.ia^. 

Biron,  Armand  Louis  de  Gontaut,  Due  de 
Lauzun,  later  Due  de.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
15,  1747:  died  there,  Dec.  31,  1793.  A  French 
general  and  politician.  He  reduced  the  British  col- 
onies  of  Senegal  and  Gambia,  in  Africa,  in  1779;  joined 
Lafayette  in  America  in  17S0 ;  commanded  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  to  capture  New  York  from  the  British  in 
1781 ;  became  general-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
in  1792,  and  of  the  army  of  the  coast  at  La  Rochelle  in 
1793  ;  and,  in  spite  of  his  capture  of  Saumur  and  his  de- 
feat of  the  Vendeans,  was  executed  by  order  of  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  of  Fouquier-Tinville,  whose  displeasure 
he  had  incurred. 

Biron,  Charles  de  Gontaut,  Due  de.  Born 
1562 :  died  at  Paris,  July  31, 1602.  An  admiral 
and  marshal  of  France,  son  of  Armand  de 
Gontaut.  He  was  the  friend  and  a  trusted  oflBcer  of 
Henry  LV.,  by  whom  he  was  made  admiral  of  France  in 
1592,  marshal  in  1594,  gpvernor  of  Burgundy  in  159.'i,  and 
duke  and  peer  in  1598.  He  was  execute<l  for  plotting  with 
Savoy  and  Spain  to  dismember  France. 

Biron,  Conspiracy  and  Tragedy  of  Charles, 

Duke  of.  Two  plays  by  Chapman  which  may 
be  regarded  as  a  single  play.  They  were  produced 
in  1605,  printed  in  16*38,  and  reprinted  in  1625  during 
Chapman's  lifetime,  with  revisions. 

Birs  Nimrud  (bers  nem-rod').  [Ar., '  Nimrod's 
tower.']  A  moimd  of  ruins  on  the  site  of  Bor- 
sippa,  northeast  of  the  city  of  Babylon,  where 
stood  the  celebrated  temple  of  Nebo  Ezida  (de- 
scribed in  Herodotus  I.  178  as  that  of  Bel). 
To  this  temple,  constructed  in  the  shape  of  a  pyramid  of 
seven  stages,  it  is  supposed  the  narrative  of  the  tower  of 
Babel  in  Gen.  xi.  attached  itself.     See  Borsip/ja. 

Birstall  (.ber'stal).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Englan<i, 
7  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population  ( 1891 ', 
(i,52S. 

Birth  of  Merlin,  The,  or  The  Child  has  lost 

a  Father.  A  tragicomedy  published  in  1662 
as  by  Shakspere  and  Rowley.  It  is  clearly  a  re- 
fashioning by  Rowley  of  an  old  play.  The  present  title  is 
Rowley's.    The  original  author  is  unknown. 

Biru  (be-ro').  An  Indian  chief  who,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  century,  ruled  a  small 
region  in  the  extreme  northwest  corner  of 
South  America,  adjacent  to  the  isthmus  of 
Darien.  The  Spanish  called  this  region  the  province 
of  Biru,  and  extended  the  appellation  to  a  rich  region 
farther  south,  of  which  they  had  vague  reports ;  hence, 
probably,  the  name  Peru  originated.  The  territory  proper 
of  Biru  was  ravaged  by  Gaspar  de  Novalis  in  1515,  and 
traversed  by  Andagoya  in  1522. 

Bisa  (be'sa).  or  Wa-Bisa  (wa-be'sa).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  British  Zambesia,  Africa,  between  the 
Zambesi  and  Lake  Bangweolo.  They  are  great 
traders.  It  was  in  the  northern  part  of  their  territory 
that  Livingstone  died.  Their  language  seems  to  be  re- 
lated to  Liinda  and  Yao. 

Bisbal,  Count.     See  ffDmtneU. 

Biscay  (bis'kS).  [Sp.  Biscuijn,  now  ri::cai/ii.'\ 
(_)ne  of  the  Basque  Provinces  in  Spain,  bor- 
dering on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  Capital,  Bilbao. 
Area.  849  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
235,659. 

Biscay,  Bay  of.  [F.  GoJfc  de  Gascogne.']  An 
arm  of  the  Atlantic  west  of  France  and  nortli 
of  Spain:  the  Roman  Sinus  Aquitanicus,  Sinus 
Cantabrieus,  Cantaber  Oceanus,  etc.  Its  limits 
are  the  island  of  Ushant  and  Cape  Ortegal.  It  is  noted 
for  its  storms.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the  Loire  and 
Garonne. 

Biscay  Provinces.  The  provinces  of  Biscay, 
Alava,  and  Guipuzcoa  in  Spain. 

Bisceglie  (be-shei'ye).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italv|  22  miles  northwest  of  Bari. 
Population,  21,000. 

Bischof  (bish'of),  Karl  Gustav.  Bom^  at 
Word,  near  Nuremberg.  Bavaria,  Jan.  18,  1792: 
died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1870.  A  Ger- 
man chemist  and  geologist,  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  Bonn. 

Bischoff,  Theodor  Lud'wig  Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Hannover,  Germany,  Oct.  28,  1807:  died  at 
Mimich,  Dee.  5,  18.S2.  A  German  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  and 
anatomy  at  Heidelberg. 


Bissagos 

Bischofszell  (bish'ofs-tsel).  A  town  in  the  can- 
ton  of  Thm-gau,  .Switzerland,  at  the  jimetion 
of  the  Sitter  and  Thur,  13  mUes  south  of  Con- 
stance.    Population  (1888),  2,189. 

Biserta  (be-zer'ta).  1.  See  Bizerta. — 2.  The 
capital  of  King  Agramant  in  Ariosto's  "Or- 
lando Fiu'ioso."  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
Orlando.  Astolfo.  and  Brandimart. 

Bisharin  (be-shii-ren').  A  Hamitie  tribe  of 
northeast  Africa.  With  the  related  Hadendoa,  Hal- 
leuga.  Ababdi,  and  Ben  Amir  tribes,  it  is  said  to  constitute 
the  Bedja  nation  of  Arabic  literature,  the  Blemmyes  of 
the  Romans,  the  Kushites  of  the  Bible,  and  the  Ethiopians 
of  Herodotus.  The  habitat  of  these  tribes  is  between  the 
Red  Sea  and  the  Nile,  and  between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia. 
They  ai"e  Mohammedans,  pastoral  and  nomadic.  By  the 
Mahdi  insurrection  they  have  been  torn  from  Egypt. 

Bishop  (bish'up),  Ann  Rividre.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1814:  died  at  New  York,  March  18,  1884. 
An  English  singer  in  oratorio  and  opera,  known 
as  Madame  Anna  Bishop.  She  married  Sir  Henry 
Rowley  Bishop  in  1831,  and,  after  his  death,  Mr.  Schultz 
in  1858.  She  appeared  first  on  the  concert  stage  in  1837, 
and  for  the  last  time  in  1883.  Her  voice  was  a  high  so. 
prano. 

Bishop,  Sir  Henry  Ro'Wley.  Bom  at  London, 
Nov.  18,  1786:  died  at  London,  April  30,  1855. 
An  English  musician,  composer  of  operas, 
songs,  cantatas,  etc.  His  numerous  works  include 
"The  Miller  and  his  Men"  (1813),  'The  Slave"  (1816), 
"Maid  Marian"  (1823),  "Clari"  (containing  Payne's 
"  Home,  Sweet  Hume,  "  ls22),  etc. 

Bishop  Blougram's  Apology.     A  poem  by 

Robert  Browning.  He  is  said  to  have  intended  Bishop 
Blougram  for  Cardinal  Wiseman,  but  the  description  is 
to  the  last. degree  untrue. 

Bishop-Auckland  (bish'up-ak'land).  A  town 
in  Durham,  northern  England,  10  miles  south- 
west of  Durham.  It  contains  the  palace  of  the 
Bishop  of  Durham.    Population  (1891),  10,527. 

Bishopscote,  Bishopscott.  Old  corruptions  of 
P(jcbs:(_-of,  a  name  of  the  Androscoggin  River. 

Bishopsgate  (bish'ups-gat).  The  principal  en- 
trance through  the  northern  wall  of  old  London. 
The  only  entrance  in  the  northern  w.all  in  Roman  times 
was  near  this  point.  Near  here  Ermyn  street  and  the 
Vicin.al  way  entered  the  city.  Bishopsgate  street  is  the 
street  which  goes  over  the  site  of  the  old  gate,  and  is  di- 
vided into  "  Bishopsgate  within  " and  "Bishopsgate  with- 
out." The  gate  was  destroyed  in  the  reign  of  George  II. 
The  foundations  of  the  old  Roman  gate  have  been  found. 

Biskara  (bes'ka-ra),  or  Biskra  (bes'kra).  A 
city  in  the  department  of  Constantine,  Algeria, 
in  lat.  35°  27'  N.,  long.  5°  22'  E.  it  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1844.     Population  (1891),  7,1R6. 

Bismarck  (biz'miirk),  Otto  Eduard  Leopold, 
Prince  von.  Born  at  Schouhausen,  Prussia, 
April  1,  1815:  died  at  Friedrichsruh,  July  30, 
1898.  A  famous  Prussian  statesman,  the  cre- 
ator of  German  unity.  He  studied  at  the  universi- 
ties of  Gbttingen  and  Berlin :  entered  the  united  Landtag 
of  Prussia  in  1847  :  and  in  1849-50.  as  a  member  of  the  sec- 
ond chamber  of  the  Prussian  diet,  became  known  as  an 
outspoken  advocate  of  reactionary  measures.  In  1851  he 
was  appointed  Prussian  ambassador  to  the  diet  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  at  Frankfort ;  in  1859  he  became  am- 
bassador to  Russia ;  and  in'  1862  he  was  for  a  few  months 
ambassador  to  France.  He  was  appointed  Prussian  pre- 
mier and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  Oct.  S,  1862,  and  en- 
gaged in  a  long  struggle  with  the  Landtag  over  the  ques- 
tion of  the  army  increase  and  the  prerogatives  of  the 
crown.  After  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war  of  1864,  in 
which  he  secured  the  cooperation  of  Austria,  he  was 
made  a  count,  Sept.,  1865.  On  the  renewal  of  the  SclUes. 
wig-HoIstein  complications  Bismarck  concluded  an  al- 
liance with  Italy,  and  war  against  Austria  was  declared 
(1866).  In  1867  he  became  chancellor  of  the  North  Ger. 
man  Confederation,  and  added  to  Prussian  prestige  by 
baffling  Napoleon's  designs  on  Luxemburg.  His  concilia- 
tory attitude  toward  the  South  German  states  prepared 
the  way  for  the  triumphs  of  the  Franco-German  war  of 
1870-71.  In  1871  he  became  the  first  chancellor  of  the 
German  Empire,  and  was  made  a  prince.  He  labored 
until  1878  in  harmony  with  the  National  Liberal  party, 
and  engaged  in  a  protracted  strjjggle  with  the  Ultraroou- 
tanes  —  the  so-called  Kulturkamp/.  After  1878  he  inau- 
gurated a  series  of  economic  reforms,  including  systems 
of  insurance  for  the  laboring  classes,  and  advocated  a 
vigorous  colonial  policy.  He  presided  at  the  Berlin  Con- 
gress of  1878,  and  concluded  the  Triple  .\lliance  (1883). 
Having  incurred  the  displeasure  of  William  II.,  lie  re- 
signed March,  1890,  the  title  of  Duke  of  Lauenburg  being 
conferred  upon  him  on  his  retirement.  His  eightieth 
birthday  (April  1,  1895)  was  made  the  occasion  for  extra- 
ordinai-y  ovations  in  his  honor,  in  which  the  emperor 
joined. 

Bismarck.  The  capital  of  North  Dakota  and 
of  Burleigh  County,  situated  on  the  Missouri 
in  lat.  46°  50'  N.,  long.  100°  50'  W. :  settled  in 
1873.     Population  (1900).  3,319. 

Bismarck  Archipelago.  A  group  of  islands  in 
the  Eacitic  Ocean,  comprising  Neu-PommerD 
(New  Britain),  Neu-Mecklenbnrg  (New  Ire- 
land), and  some  smaller  neighboring  islands, 
made  a  German  possession  in  1884.  The  pres- 
ent name  was  (in  honor  of  Pi'ince  Bismarck) 
substituted  for  New  Britain  Island  in  1885. 

Bissagos  (bis-sa'gos),  or  BidjagO  (be-ja'go).  A 
heathen  tribe  of  Portuguese  Guinea,  West  Af- 


Bissagos 

riea,  inhabiting  the  islamis  of  the  same  name. 
The  principal  town  is  Bolama,  where  the  Por- 
tuguese steamers  call. 
Bissagos.  A  group  of  islands  west  of  Sene- 
gambia,  Africa,  in  lat.  11°- 12°  N.,  long.  16°  W. 
Ail  llie  islands  belong  to  Portuguese  (juinea. 

Bissen  (bis'sen),  Herman  Wilhelm.     Born 

near  Schlcswig,  Oct.  13,  1798:  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, March  10,  ISGS.  A  Danish  sculptor, 
Mirector  of  the  academy  at  Copenhagen  after 
IS,50.     His  chief  works  are  at  Copenhagen. 

Bi8tritz(bis'trits),Hung.  Beszterczefbes'tert- 
sa).  A  town  in  Transylvania,  situated  on  the 
Bistritz  in  lat.  47°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  28'  E.  It 
was  formerly  an  important  place.  Population 
,IS90),  9,109. 

Bisutun.     See  Bchixtun. 

Bit  Humri  (bet  hora'ri).  ['The  house  of  Orari.'] 
The  name  of  the  country  of  Israel  in  the  As- 
syrian inscriptions:  after  Omri,  the  founder  of 
the  4th  dynasty  in  the  kingdom  of  Israel.  It  was 
the  Assyrian  fashion  to  name  countries  after  the  founders 
of  their  reigning  houses. 

Bithyilia(bi-thin'i-a).  [Gv.MiDvvHi.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  division  of  Asia  Minor,  lying  be- 
tween the  Propoutis,  Bosporus,  and  Euxine  on 
the  north,  Mysia  on  the  west,  Phrygia  and  Gala- 
tia  on  the  south,  and  Paphlagonia  on  the  east. 
Its  inhabitants  were  of  Thracian  origin.  Xicome<ies  I. 
Iiecanie  its  first  indepeniient  king  about  278  B.  c. :  and 
Nicomedes  III.  beqneatlit-d  the  kingdom  to  ltome74  B.  c. 
it  was  governed  by  i'liny  the  Younger.  It  contaiut-d  the 
cities  of  Chalcedon,  Ueraclea,  Prusa,  Nictea,  and  Nieo- 
media. 

Biton  (bi'tou)  and  Cleobis  (klO'o-bis).  [Gr. 
Birui'  and  \0.tu.iic.']  In  (iroi'k  legend,  sons  of 
Cydippe,  priestess  of  Hera  at  Argos.  During  a 
festivid  the  priestess  liad  to  ride  to  the  temple  in  a  chariot, 
and  as  the  oxen  were  not  at  liand,  liiton  and  Cleobis 
dragged  the  chariot  with  their  mother  forty-live  stadia  to 
the  temple,  in  which  tliey  fell  asleep,  and,  in  answer  to  a 
prayer  of  their  mother  to  Hera  to  reward  this  act  of  filial 
piety  with  the  greatest  boon  for  mortals,  never  awoke. 
Herodotus  makes  Solon  relate  this  story  to  Crujsus. 

BitontO  (be-ton'to).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  11  miles  west  of 
Bari:  thoRoiuan  Bituntura  (whence  the  name). 
Here,  May  2."<,  \TM,  the  Spaniards  un<ier  .Monteniar  de- 
feated the  Austiians,  tllereljy  gaining  the  kingdom  of 
.Naples.  Tlie  cathedral  is  a  medieval  church  with  S;ir;i- 
cenic  element.s,  remaining  almost  unfamprreil  witli.  ft 
has  three  apses,  in  the  nave  alternate  eon  pled  ;inii  cliistcii-d 
c<dumns,  handsome  ambones,  and  a  well.pi'oiiorlioned 
and  richly  ornamented  front.  'I'he  crypt  is  of  the  char- 
acteristic Southern  type.  Population  (1881),  conuuune, 
28.2117. 

Bitsch  (bich),  formerly  Kaltenhausen  (kiil'- 
ten-hou-zeu).  [G.  HUkcIi,  V.  HiIcIk  .]  A  town 
in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Loi-raine,  situated  on  the 
northern  slope  of  the  Vosges,  in  lat.  49°  4'  N., 
long.  7°  2()'  K.  It  is  a  noted  fortress,  supposed  to  be 
Impregnable.  It  was  besieged  by  the  (Jernians  in  lh70, 
and  surrendered  after  the  i>eace.    Population  (ISIH)),  2,764. 

Bitterfeld(bit'or-feld).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  jirovinee  of  .Saxony,  Prussia,  situateil  on 
the  Muldr-  20  miles  noi-th  of  Leipsic.  Popula- 
tion (lS9it),  commune,  9,047. 

Bit  Yakin  (bet  yil-keu').  ['House  of  Yakin.'] 
A  principality  in  the  e.xtreme  south  of  Baby- 
lonia, on  the  sea-coast,  named  for  its  ruling 
family,  from  which  Merodach-baladan.  king  of 
Babylonia  (72^-702  B.C.),  descended.  Tin-  last 
king  of  this  powerful  family  was  subdued  by 
Asurbanipal,  king  of  Assyria  GG8-626  B.  c. 

Bitzer  (bit'zer).  A  school-boy  under  Mr. 
M'Choakiim  Inouglit  up  on  the  Gradgrind  sys- 
tera,in  Charles  Dickens's  story  "  Hard  Times": 
afterward  a  porter  in  Bounderby's  bank,  with  a 
heart  "accessible  to  reason  and  nothing  else." 
He  is  a  sjiy. 

Bitzius  (bei'se-iis),  Albert:  pseudonym  Jere- 

mias  Qotthelf.  Born  at  Morat,  in  Friljouig, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  4,  1797:  ilied  at  Liilzellliih. 
in  Bern,  Switzerland,  Oct.  22.  18.')4.  A  Swiss 
pastor  and  author,  noted  chiefly  for  his  moral- 
izing novids  illustrating  the  home  life  of  the 
Bernese  peasanli-y. 

Bivar,  Rodrigo  de.    See  Cid. 

Bizerta,  or  Biserta  (be-zer'tii),  or  Ben_zert. 

A  scajiort  in  northern  Tunis,  in  lat.  .37°  17'  N., 
long.  9°  !)'i'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hijipo 
Zaritus. 
Bizet   (bi-za'i.   Alexandre   C6sar   Leopold 

(called  (Jeorges).   I'oruiil  liouglvnl,  near  I'nris, 
Oct.  2.'),  1H:ik  :  (lied  at  Paris,  .lune  3,  187.'>.     A 
French  composer,  author  of  "  Carmen"  (IW.")), 
etc. 
Bjarme,  Brynjolf.    A  pseudonym  of  Henrik 

Ibsen.  • 

Bjelgorod.     See  liiilijitrod. 
Bjorneborg  .{byer'ne-borg).      A   town    in    the 

province  of  Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland,  situateil 


159 

on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  l.it.  61°  28'  N.,  long. 
21°  22'  E.  Population  (1890),  9,077. 
Bjornson ..(byern'son),  Bjomstjeme.  Bom  at 
Kvikne,  Osterdaleii.  Norway,  Dec.  8,  1832.  A 
Norwegian  ijoet.  novelist,  and  th-amatist.  His 
father  was  a  ilergyman  at  Ostcrdolen  and  later  held  the 
living  at  N':es  in  the  Komsdal.  After  attending  the  gram- 
uiiu-.8(.!hoo!  at  llolde  he  went  to  the  University  atChris- 
tiania,  and  was  subseiiuently  in  Ipsala  and  Copenhagen. 
In  18.'.7  he  returned  fr<mi  abroad,  and  was  llrst  director  of 
the  theater  in  Bergen,  and  afterward  (l»5a)  for  a  short  time 
editor  of  the  jourjial  "  Aftenbladel  "  in  Christiania.  In 
ISiii)  he  went  aliroad  ;  upon  his  return,  in  18tl3,  the  .Stor- 
thing voted  him  a  ye;uly  stipenil.  ]?rom  186.'>  to  1SC7  he 
was  direct<)rof  theC^hristiatiia  theater,  antl  editor,  during 
the  time,  of  tlie  journal  "Norske  Folkeblad."  He  has 
t;iken  an  active  part  in  the  iiolitical  and  social  life  of 
Scandinavia.  In  1880  he  traveled  in  America.  Recently 
he  has  liveil  upon  his  estate  olestad,  in  theGausdal.  His 
tlrst  novel,  "Synnove  .SoUiakken,"  appeared  in  18.^w.  It 
was  followed  by  "Arne"  (lS.i8),  "En  filad  Gut"  ("A 
Happy  Boy,"  1860),  and  later  (1S6S)  by  "  Fiskerjenten  " 
("Tile  Fisher  Maiden  ")  —  all  stories  of  Norwegian  peasant 
life,  to  which  are  to  t.e  added  at  various  times,  in  the  same 
vein,  a  number  of  shorter  tales.  '*  Magnllild  "  (1877)  and 
"Cai>tain  Manzana  "  followed  —  the  one  a  tale  of  middle, 
class  life  in  Norway,  the  other  an  Italian  story.  His  latest 
novels,  "  Det  Flager  i  Byen  og  paa  llavnen  "  ("  Flags  are 
Flying  in  the  Town  and  Harbor"),  and  "  I'aa  Otids  Veie  " 
("In  tJod's  Way  "\  are  novels  of  tendency.  He  is  the  au- 
thor, besides,  of  immerous  dramas  whose  material  has  been 
taken  from  the  s.agas,  from  recent  history,  and  from  mod- 
ern life.  Thev  are  "  Stellem  Slagene  "  ("Between  the 
Battles")  and  "Ualte  Hulda"  CLanie  Unlda, "  is,.si, 
" Kong Sverre"(" King Svcrre,"  1861),  the  trilogy  "Sigurd 
Slembe  "  (lSt)2),  "  Maria  Stuai-t  i  Skotland  "  (Marv  siu:ut 
in  Scotland,"  186,U  "De  Nygifte  "  ("The  Newly  We.l.led 
Pair,"  186.'i),  ".Sigurd  Jorsalfar"  ("Sigurd  the  Cru.'iader, ' 
1873),  "En  Fallit"("A  Bankruptcy")  and  "Kedaktoren" 
("The  Editor,"  1875).  "Kongen"  ("The  King,"  1877), 
" Leonardo  "  and  "Det  nye  System  "  ("Tlie  New  .System." 
1879).  Tiiere  are  a  luni.iier  of  less  importAnt  (Irania.-^, 
viz.:  "En  Ualiske,"  "tieograll  og  Kjaerlighed,"  "  Dvei- 
.-Evne.  '  The  earlier  works,  like  "Arne."  contain  a  num- 
ber of  lyrics.  An  epic  poem.  "  Arnljot  Gelline,"  ap- 
peared in  1870. 

Biornstierna  (byern'sher'nii).  Count  Magnus 
fredrilt  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Dresden,  Oct. 
10,  1779:  died  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  6,  1847.  A 
Swedish  diplomatist,  lieutenant-general,  and 
political  wi-iter.  He  was  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Great  Britain  1828-16. 

Blacas  d' Aulps  ( blil-kas'  dop').  BomatAulps 
Or  Aix  about  1160:  died  1229.  •  A  French  trou- 
badour. 

Black  (blak),  Adam.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
21),  1784:  died  there,  Jan.  24,  1874.  A  Scotch 
publisher,  at  Edinburgh,  and  politician.  Hav- 
ing begun  a  bookselling  business  in  his  own  name  in 
1807,  he  established  26  years  later,  by  taking  his  nephew 
into  partnership,  the  house  of  Adam  and  Charles  Black. 
He  acquired  the  copyright  of  the  "Eticyelopajdia  Bri- 
tannica"  on  the  failure  of  Archibald  Constable  and  Co. 
in  1827.     He  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Edinburgh 

ISfili-li'.. 

Black,  Ivory.  A  pseudonym  of  Thomas  A.  Jan- 
vier. 

Black,  Jeremiah.  Sullivan.  Bom  at  the  Glades, 
Somerset  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  10,  1810:  died  at 
York,  Pa.,  Aug. 'l9,  1883.  An  American  jurist 
and  statesman,  attorney-general  1857-60,  and 
secretary  of  state  1800-61. 

Black,  Joseph.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  Prance, 
17'28:  died  at  Edinliurgh,  Dee.  6.  1799.  A  cele- 
brated Scotch  chemist,  noted  for  his  discoveries 
in  regard  to  carbonic-acid  gas  and  latent  heat. 
He  became  professor  of  medicine  in  the  Vidversity  of 
Glasgow  in  17.'i6,  and  of  medicine  and  chemistry  at  Edin- 
bni'gli  in  17('>)i. 

Black,  William.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.,  1841 : 
die<l  at  Biighton,  Dec.  10,  1898.  A  British  nov- 
elist and  jourujilist.  In  1864  he  went  to  Lomlon.and 
was  att.T  lied  to  the  stalf  of  tlie  London  "  .Morning  Star  "  in 
18115.  He  was  al.so  for  some  years  assistant  editir  of  the 
London  "Daily  News."  His  works  inelude"  In  Silk  Attire  ' 
(1869),  "A  Danght.rof  lleth  '(1871),"  The  Strange  Adven- 
tures of  a  l'haet..n"(1872).  "A  Princess  . if  Thnle"  (lN7a), 
"The  Maid  of  Killeena.  and  other  Stories  '  (1874).  "  Three 
Keatliers "(IST.'i).  "Madcap  Violet"  (1876),  "  Ijidy  .Silver- 
dale's  Sweetheart,  and  otiier  Stories  "  (1876),  "Green  Pas- 
tures an<l  I'iecadillv"  (1877),  "  .Mneleod  of  Dare"  (1878). 
"Wliite  Wings,  etc."  (l.tsO),  "Sunrise, etc. "(1880), "  White 
Healher  '  (!S8f)),"ln  Far  Loehaber"  (1»*W).  etc. 

Blackacre(blak'a-kcr),  Jerry.  In  Wycherloy's 
••  I'laiii  l)ealei-,"a  rawbociby.  not  (if  ageand  still 
under  liis  mother's  governineiil,  bred  by  her  to 
the  law,  or  al  least  to  a  glib  use  of  its  terms. 

Blackacre,  Widow.  In  Wycherloy's  "Plain 
Dealer,"  a  ]ielulaiit,  litigi<ius  woman,  always 
witii  a  law  case  on  hand,  she  Is  one  of  the  author's 
liest  and  most  iimusing  cliaraeler»,  and  Is  taken  fnnn  the 
eounless  in  Itacines  "  U'S  plaidinra." 

Black  Act,  The.  An  English  statute  of  1722. 
so  called  because  designed  originally  to  sup- 
])ress  associat  ions  of  lawless  [lersons  who  called 
themselves  hliirl'a.  It  mailo  felonies  certain  crimes 
against  game  laws,  (he  sending  of  aiionymuua  letters  de- 
manding money,  etc. 

Black  Agnes.     See  //«»/<«r,  Aiims.  Couiilrm  of. 

Blackall  (blak'al),  ..r  Blackball  (blak'hall. 


Blackfriars 

Offspring.  Born  at  Loudon,  1654:  died  at 
E.X.I er.  England.  Nov.  29,  1716.  An  EngUsh 
prelate  and  controversialist,  made  bishop  of 
Exeter  in  1708.  Ue  engaged  in  controversies  with 
John  Toland,  whom  he  accused  of  having  denied  the  genu- 
ineness of  the  Scriptures  in  his  *'  Life  of  Milton,"  and  with 
Bishop  Hoadle.\ ,  against  whom  he  supiiortcd  the  cause  of 
Charles  1.  and  Higli-Church  principles. 
Black  Assize,  The.  A  name  given  to  the  0.\- 
ford  assize  of  l.'i77,  in  which  year  Oxford  was 
i-avageil  by  jail-fever. 

Black  Bateman  of  the  North.    A  play  by 

Thomas   Dckker,  with  Dravtou,  Wilson,  and 

Cliettle  (1598). 
Black  Bess.     The  famous  mare  of  Dick  Turpin, 

which  saved  his  life  by  her  speed  and  strength. 
Black  Book,  The.     A  prose  satire  by  Thomas 

Middletou,  a  eoar.se  but  humorous  attack  on 

the  N-iees  and  follies  of  the  time:  published  in 

l(i()4.      It    was    suggested    )iy    Nash's    "Pierce 

rciiinlcssi-." 

Black  Brunswickers,  or  Death' s-Head  Corps. 

A  corps  of  2,000  horsemen  equipped  by  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick  to  operate  against  Napo- 
leon in  Germany.  It  vainly  attempted  to  co- 
operate with  the  Austrians  in  li^iOO. 
Blackburn  (blak'birn).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  in  lat.  .'53°  44'  N.,  long.  2°  28'  W.  its 
chief  industry  is  cotton  manufacture  (Blackburn  checks. 
r.Iarkbnrn  grays).  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Hargreaves. 
I'c.puhition  (l;ioli.  127..')27- 

Black  Code,  The.  The  system  of  law  regulat- 
ing the  treatment  of  the  colored  race  which 
prevailed  in  the  southern  United  States  before 
the  emancijiatioii  of  the  slaves. 

Black  Country,  The.  The  mining  and  manii- 
laciiiring  region  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bir- 
mingham, England. 

Black  Crom.     See  the  extract. 

St.  Patrick  found  the  Irish  worshipping  an  idol  called 
"Black  Crom,"  whose  festival,  about  the  beginning  of 
.August,  is  even  now  calle<l  "  Cromdutf  Sunday."  "There 
were  twelve  idols  of  stone  around  him,  and  himself  of 
gold  "  :  and  by  another  account  his  statue  was  covered 
with  gold  and  silver,  and  the  twelve  subordinate  deities 
were  ornamented  with  plates  of  bronze. 

A'ffoii,  Origins  of  Enp.  Hist.,  p.  271. 

Black  Dick.     A  nickname  of  Richard  Howe, 

liist  Eail  Howe  (1726-99). 

Black  Domino,  The.  A  comic  opera  produced 
in  1S4I,  an  English  version  of  Scribe's  "  Le 
domino  neiir"  (1SH7). 

Black  Douglas,  The.  William  Douglas,  lord 
of  Xithsdalc  (died  i:i90). 

Black  Dwarf,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter 
S<-ott.  pillpjlslied  in  ISIO.  "The  Black  Dwarf"  was  a 
name  given  in  jiarts  of  Scotland  to  a  most  malicious,  un- 
canny creature  considered  responsible  forall  mischief  done 
to  ttocks  and  herds;  hence  the  name  was  gi\en  !«>  Sir 
Edward  Mauley,  who  was  deformed  and  gnomish-looking. 

Black-eyed  Susan.    A  ballad  (the  farewell  of 

Sweet  William  to  Black-eyed  Susan)  by  Gay, 
published  in  1720  in  a  collection  of  his  jioems. 
The  music  was  written  by  Richard  Leveridge 

(drm-r). 

Black-eyed  Susan,  or  All  in  the  Downs.    A 

comedy  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  proiluced  June  S, 
1829.  It  was  played  four  hundred  times  in  that 
year  alone. 

Blackfeet.      See  Sihiisniut. 

Black  Flags.  Bands  of  irregular  soldiers  infest- 
ing the  uiijier  valley  of  the  Red  River  in  Ton- 
tpiin.  Thev  were  originally  survivors  of  the  Taiping  re- 
bellion in  China.  Increased  by  the  accession  of  various 
atlventurers,  they  fought  against  the  French  In  their  wars 
with  Annam. 

Black  Forest,  g.  Schwarzwald  (shvUrts'viild). 

.\  iiiouiitniiious  region  in  the  eastern  imrt  of 
Badiii  and  the  western  ]iart  of  Wiirti'iuberg, 
between  the  valleys  of  the  Rhine  and  Neckar: 
famous  in  poetry  and  roinaiice.  it  is  divided  by 
the  Kiiizig  Into  theUiwer  Black  Forest  In  the  north,  ami 
the  Cpper  Black  Forest  in  the  south.  It  has  nianufac* 
lures  of  clocks,  hats,  wooilen  wares,  etc.  1'lie  highest 
snnimil  is  the  Feblbi-rg  (4,1too  feel).  Among  other  peaks 
are  the  Bclchen  and  Ilornlsgrinde. 

Black  Forest  Circle.  An  administrative  divi- 
siiiii  in  Wiirtemberg.    Area,  1,842  square  miles. 

Population  (I.S90I.  481,:i:i4. 
Blackfriars.  Aname  given  tothelocalityat  the 
s.iiithwestein  angle  of  olii  London  city,  on  Ihe 
I'Meet.  The  Black  Friars,  or  mendicant  monks  of  the  I>o- 
llllnican  order,  nnulc  their  aiipearanre  in  l.,uidon  in  1221 
under  the  piitronagc  id  Ilnbeil  de  Burgh,  ami  were  located 
In  Holborn.  In  12.s;.  they  nioveil  to  thcslte  of  tlieidd  Mont- 
llchelt  lower,  wliieh  hiid  been  gl%  en  them  for  a  monasters*. 
'I'lie  tower  itself  was  des(ro)e,l  and  the  material  used  ni 
bnlliling  the  church.  Ironi  Lmlgale  to  the  river  the  cily 
wall  was  jMilled  down  and  moved  westwani  to  the  Fleet, 
all  the  nddecl  spa,-e  bi'trig  devoleil  to  Ihe  monastery.  The 
original  site  was  given  by  IJregory  Hokesley  "In  a  street 
of  Baynaril  Castle."  The  monastery  was  <-ndowetl  wilh  a 
privilege  of  asylum,  which  attached  itself  to  the  lot  itllty 
after  the  ilissiilntion.     To  this  privilege  and  to  the  odol 


Blackfriars 

of  sanrtity  attached  to  the  place  may  be  attributed  the  ex- 
istence of  the  Theatre  of  Blackfriars  (which  see). ,  Players 
had  been  expelled  from  the  city  limits,  but  the  sheritt  cuuld 
not  t4:nich  tlieniliere.  W.  J.  Lo/tie,  liistory  of  London. 
Blackfriars  Bridge.  One  of  the  great  stone 
bridges  of  Loudon,  the  third  bridge  from  the 
tower,  originally  called  Pitt  Bridge,  but  soon 
named  from  the  locality.  After  much  discussion 
its  construction  was  intrusted  to  Mr.  Alylne,  of  Edinburgh. 
The  first  pile  was  driven  June,  1760,  and  the  structure  com- 
pleted Sov.  19,  1709,  at  a  cost  of  .-Kailu.OUO.  It  was  995  feet 
long,  i-1  feet  wide,  (J2  feet  high.  The  central  span  was  100 
feet  wide.  It  was  demolished  in  1S04,  and  rebuilt  in  a  few 
yeai-s,  from  the  designs  of  Cubitt,  at  a  cost  of  £320,000. 


IGO 


Blair,  Hugh 

the  Danube,  Dniester,  Bug,  Dnieper,  Don,  Kuban,  Tchorut 
Veshil-Irniak,  Kizil-Irmak,  anil  .Sakaria.     On  it  are  situ^ 


burgh,  July  7,  1791.  A  blind  poet  of  Scotland. 
He  was  of  humble  parentage  ;  lost  his  sight  at  the  age  of 
six  months  l)y  an  attack  of  smallpox  ;  was  given  an  edu- 
cation, including  a  course  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
by  Dr.  Stevenson,  a  jihysician  of  Edinburgh  :  was  licensed 
to  preach  in  1759;  became  minister  of  Kirkcudbright  about 
1702  ;  resigned  in  1704  ;  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  and  pa- 
tronage of  Hume  and  Joseph  .Spence.  An  edition  of  his 
poems  appeared  in  17.'J0,  with  an  introduction  by  .Spence. 

Blacklock,  William  James.     Born  at  Cum-  -,     ,    .  ,,  ,,  i-  >    c-    -xr-,,. 

whitton,   near  Carlisle,  about   1815:    died  at  ■^\^*'^st°ne  ^(  blak^ston ),  bir  William. 
Dumfries,  Scotland,  March  12,  1858.     A  Scot- 
tish landscape-painter. 
Black  Man.The.  A  popular  epithet  of  the  devil 


Blackfriars  Theatre.    A  famous  London  the-  T>i    1  n/r    •        A  ,  i  ^, 

ater,  the  site  of  which  is  now  occupied  by  the  ^^^ck.  Maria.     A  popular  name  of  the  covered 
ee  and  Playhouse  Yard.    Sometime     '''"^  commonly  painted  b  ack,  m  which  erimi- 


_  nals  are  conveyed  to  and  from  jail. 

father  of  Richard  Burbage  the  actor,  part  of  a  large  house  Black    Monday.      Easter    Monday:    SO    called 

..  ..     iYom  a  terrible  storm  on  Easter  Monday,  1360, 

from  which  the   English  army  before   Paris 
suffered  severely.     Slink:,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  5.  25. 


"Times"  office  and  Play 

in  1596  Sir  William  More  conveyed  to  James  Burbage,  the 
father  of  Richard  Burbage  t' 

in  Blackfriars,  consisting  of  "seaven  greate  upper  romes. 
This  he  converted  intx)  a  theater.  The  tirst  tenants  were  the 
Children  of  the  Chapel,  afterward  called  the  Children  of 
Her  Majesty's  Revels.  Shakspere  and  his  colleagues, 
Richard  Burbage,  Lowin,  and  Condell,  acted  in  Black- 
friars. They  were  lirst  knqwn  as  the  Lord  Chamberlain's 
Company,  but  in  1603  James  I.  allowed  them  to  take  the 
title  of  King's  Servants.  The  actors  of  Blackfriars  were 
of  grave  and  sober  behavior,  and  men  of  high  standing. 
The  theater  was  celebrated  for  its  music  :  the  musicians, 
however,  paid  for  the  privilege  of  playing  here.  The  stage 
was  covered  by  a  silk  curtain.  There  were  three  tiers  of 
galleries,  and  beneath  them  rooms  or  boxes.  The  orches- 
tra was  seated  in  a  balcony  at  the  side  of  the  stage,  and 
played  at  the  beginning  and  between  the  acts  as  now.  At  a 
triple  flourish  of  trumpets  the  curtain  opened  and  disclosed 
the  st<age,  which  was  strewn  with  rushes  and,  if  a  tragedy 
was  to  he  represented,  hung  with  black.  Shakspere  wrote 
exclusively  for  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars.  Almost  all  of 
the  great  dramas  of  the  time  were  performed  llere.  It  was 
pulled  down  in  1655  (Doran). 

Black  Friday.  1.  Good  Friday:  so  called  be- 
cause on  that  day,  in  the  Western  Church,  the 
vestments  of  the  clergy  and  altar  are  black. — 
2.  Any  Friday  marked  by  a  great  calamity : 
with  special  reference  in  England  to  Friday, 
Dee.  6,  1745,  the  day  on  which  news  reached 
London  that  the  Young  Pretender,  Charles 
Edward,  had  reached  Derby,"  or  to  the  commer- 
cial panic  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  house  of 
Overend  and  Gurney,  May  11,  1866;  and  in  the 
United  States  to  the  sudden  financial  panic  and 
ruin  caused  by  reckless  speculation  in  gold  on 
the  exchange  in  the  city  of  New  York  on  Friday, 
Sept.  24, 1869 ;  or  to  another  similar  panic  there, 
which  began  Sept.  18,  1873. 

Black  Hambleton.  One  of  the  oldest  race- 
courses in  England,  it  appears  in  an  early  docu- 
ment as  a  place  enjoying  special  privileges  and  exenip- 
tions. 

Black  Ha'Wk.  Born  at  Kaskaskia,  111.,  1767: 
died  near  the  Des  Moines  River,  Iowa,  Oct.  3, 
1838.  An  American  Indian,  chosen  chief  of  the 
Sacs  about  1788.  He  was  the  leader  in  the  revolt  of 
the  Sacs  and  Foxes  in  1832  ("  Black  Hawk's  War"). 

Blackheath  (blak'heth).  [ME.  Blak  Heth.'] 
An  open  common  in  Kent,  England,  5  miles 
southeast  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  The  Danes  were 


ated  Burgas,  Varna,  udessa,  Sebastopul,  Sukhum,  Kale, 
Poti,  Batura,  Treljizond,  Samsun,  Sinope.  The  Black  .Sea 
was  neutralized  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  1856,  no  war-shins 
lieing  permitted  in  its  waters,  and  no  militaiy  or  naval 
arsenals  on  its  coasts.  Russia  in  1870  abrogated  the  pro- 
visions relating  to  her  war-ships  and  arsenals.  Length 
740  miles,  (ireatest  width,  390  miles.  Estimated  area' 
108,500  square  miles.  ' 

Bom 

at  Loiulou,  July  10. 1723:  died  at  London,  Feb. 
14, 1780.  A  celebrated  English  jurist,  appointed 
Vinerian  professor  of  common  law  at  O.vford 
in  1758,  and  justice  in  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  in  1770.  His  chief  work  is  "Commentaries  on 
the  Laws  of  England  "  (1765-68).  Eight  editions  appeared 
in  the  author's  lifetime,  and  for  sixty  yeai-s  after  his  death 
they  followed  in  quick  succession.  These  editions  were 
edited  and  auTiotated  by  Coleridge,  Chitty.  Christian,  and 
others.  An  American  edition  was  printed  in  1884,  but  the 
text  has  not  been  reprinted  in  England  since  1844.  There 
re  various  adaptations  of  it  for  modern  use. 


^^S!^1^iS:^:'^;Ji^^^^Sfl6l'?^^:i  ^-*«*°-.FllJ^?-     Di-J  near  Providence, 


Corsham,  Wiltshire,  England,  about  1650 :  died 
at  Bo.xsted,  Essex,  Oct.  9,  1729.  An  English 
physician,  poet,  and  prose-writer,  physician  in 
ordinary  to  William  III.  His  best-known 
work  is  "The  Creation"  (1712). 

Blackmore,  Eichard  Doddridge.  Born  at 
Longworth,  Berkshire,  June  9,  1825:  died  at 
Teddington,  Jan.  20,  1900.  An  English  lawyer 
and  novelist.  He  was  graduated  from  Oxford  in  1847, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1862.  His  works  include  "Clara 
Vaughan"  (1864),  "Cradock  Nowell,  etc."  (1866),  "Lorna 
Doone :  a  Romance  of  Exmoor  "  (1869),  "The  Maid  of  Sker  " 
( 1872) ,  "Alice  Lorraine  "  (1875) ,"  Cripps  the  Carrier  "  (1876), 
"Erema"  (1877),  "Mary  Anerley"  (1880),  "Cristowell" 
(1.S82),  "Tommy  Upmore  "  (1884),  "Sipringhaven  "  (1887), 
"  Kit  and  Kitty  "  (18S9).  He  also  published  "  The  Fate 
of  Franklin,"  a  poem,  in  1S60,  and  translations  of  Vergil's 
Geiirgics  in  1802  and  1871. 

Black  Mountain.     See  Montenegro. 


R.  I..  May  26.  1675.  An  English  colonist  in 
America,  the  first  white  settler  in  Boston 
(about  1623). 

Blackstone  River.  A  river  which  rises  in 
Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  an(i  joins 
the  Providence  River  near  Providence.  Length, 
about  75  miles. 

Black  Warrior.  A  river  in  Alalsama  which 
jciiiis  the  Tombigbee  in  lat.  32°  32'  N.,  long. 
87°  58'  W.  It  is  navigable  to  Tuscaloosa. 
Length,  about  300  miles.' 

Black  Watch.  A  body  of  Scotch  Highlanders 
employed  by  the  English  government  to  watch 
the  Highlands  in  1725,  and  enrolled  as  a  regi- 
ment in  the  regular  army  in  1739 :  so  called 
from  their  dark  tartan  uniform. 


Black  Mountains.  A  gi-oup  of  mountains  in  Black'water  (blak'wa'''ti'r).  A  river  in  Mun- 
western  North  Carolina  (chiefly  in  Yancey  ster,  Ireland,  which  flows  into  Youghal  Bay 
County),  the  highest  in  the  Appalachian  sys-  26  miles  east  of  Cork.  Length,  over  100  miles, 
tem.  The  chief  peak  is  Mount  Mitchell,  6,710  Blackwater.  A  river  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  which 
feet  high.  _  _  flows  into  Lough  Neagh  11  mUes  north-north- 

Black  Mountain  Tribes.     The  tribes  on  the     west  of  Armagh.    Near  here,  Aug.  14, 1698,  the  Irish 
northwestern   frontier    of    India,    west    of   the     under  the  Earl  of  Tyrone  defeated  the'  English  under 
upper  Indus.     British  expeditions  against  them     Bagnal. 
were  despatched  in  1888,  1890,  and  1891,  with-  Blackwood    (blak'wiid),   Frederick   Temple 


out  great  success. 

Blackpool  (blak'pol).  A  watering-place  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Irish  Sea 
15  miles  west-northwest  of  Preston.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  23,846. 

Blackpool,  Stephen,  in  Charles  Dickens's 
"Hard  Times,"  a  power-loom  weaver  of  up- 
right character  tied  to  a  miserable  drunken 
wife.  He  cannot  see  the  propriety  of  living  with  her 
and  giving  up  a  better  woman  whom  he  loves,  and  in  his 


own  words  "'t  is  a' a  muddle."    He  dies  a  lingering  death  -p-i.    i_i_  "   a     ■rrr■^^■ 
from  a  fall  into  an  abandoned  mine,  and  it  appears  that   .DiaCKWOOCl,    W  lliiam 
ive  met  with  a  poor  return     Nov.  20,   1776:    died  t. 


Hamilton.  Born  June '21,  1826 :  died  Feb.'l2^ 
1902.  An  English  statesman  and  diplomatist, 
created  marquis  of  Dufferin  and  Ava  in  1888. 
He  w.as  governor-general  of  Canada  1872-79  :  ambiissador 
to  Russia  1879-81;  ambassador  to  Constantinople  1881- 
1884;  governor-general  of  India  1884-88;  ambassador  to 
Italy  1888-91;  and  ambassador  to  France  1891-96.  He 
published  "Letters  from  High  Latitudes"  (1867),  "Con- 
tributions to  an  Inquiry  into  the  State.of  Ireland  "  (1866), 
"Irish  Emigration  and  the  Tentlre  of  Land  in  Ireland" 
(1867),  "Mill's  Plan  for  the  Pacification  of  Ireland  Ex- 
amined" (1868),  "Speeches  and  Addresses"  (1882),  etc. 

Born   at 


his  goodness  and  integrity  have 
in  this  world. 


defeated  here  1011.    It  was  the  scene  of  Wat  Tyler's  rising  Black  PrinCe,  The.      Edward,  prince  of  Wales, 
1381,  and  of  Jack  Cade  s  nsmg  1460.    The  Cornish  rebels     ^„„  ^f  Y.,\^^vh  III.  of  England :  so  named  from 

the  color  of  his  armor.     See  Edward. 
Black  Prince,  The.   A  tragedy  by  Lord  Orrery, 

acted  in  1667. 
Black  Republic.   A  name  given  to  the  republic 

of  Haiti,  which  is  formed  mostly  of  negroes. 
Black  River.  A  river  ' 

ties   into   Lake 

miles. 


weie  defeated  here  by  royalists,  June  22,  1497. 

Black  Hills.  A  group  of  mountains  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  South  Dakota  and  tlie 
northeastern  part  of  Wyoming,  noted  for  their 
mineral  wealth.  The  chief  town  in  the  region  is 
Deadwood  The  highest  point  is  Harney's  Peak  (7,215 
feet).     <hih\  was  discovered  here  in  1874. 

Black  Hole  of  Calcutta.  The  garrison  strong- 
room or  black  hole   at  Calcutta,   measuring 


Edinburgh, 
there,  Sept.  16,  1834.     A 
Scotch  publisher  and  bookseller,  the  founder 
and  editor  of  "Blackwood's  Edinburgh  Maga- 
zine "(1817). 
Bladensburg    (bla'denz-berg).     A    village    in 
Maryland,  6  miles  northeast  of  Washington. 
Here,  Aug.  24, 1814,  the  English  under  (General 
Ross  defeated  the  Americans  under  General 
Winder, 
river  in  New  York  which  emp-  Bladud  (bla'dud).     A  mythical  British  king, 
Ontario.      Length,  about  120     i-eputed  founder  of  the  city  of  Bath,  England 


about  18  feet  square,   into  which  146  British  Black  Rock.  A  town  in  County  Dublin,  Ireland, 
^.Mo^^o..„™o„„  ♦!,„„„*  „t  ti ;_.... *^u J     pjj  Dublin  Bay:  a  resort  for  sea-bathing.   Pop- 
ulation (1891),  8,401. 
Black  Rock.   A  district  within  the  municipality 


prisoners  were  thrust  at  the  point?  of  the  sword 
by  the  Nawab  Siraj-ud-Daula,  on  June  20,  1756. 
The  next  morning  all  but  23  were  dead. 
Blackie  (blak'i),  John  Stuart.  Born  at  Glas- 
gow, July,  1809:  died  at  Edinburgh,  March  2, 
1895.    A  Scotch  philologist  and  pOet,  professor 


Blaeu  (blou),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Amsterdam, 
1571 :  died  there,  Oct.  21,  1638.  A  Dutch  geog- 
rapher and  ehartogi'apher,  a  pupil  and  friend 
of  T3'cho  Brahe. 


River:  the  scene  of  several  engagements  be 

.  ■-,  i       .i tween  the  Americans  and  British  1812-14. 

ot  (jreek  at  Edinburgh  1852-82.  He  translated  Black  Rod.  The  title  of  a  gentleman  usher, 
.Sschylns  in  18.50,  and  wrote  "Four  Phases  of  Morals"  with  snecinl  duties  in  the  Fno-Iisli  Imnooa  r>f 
(1871),  "Lays  ..f  the  Highlands"  (1872),  "Horai  HeUe-  t  ,  ^  }a  auties,  m  tne  ±.nglisll  nouses  ot 
nica) "  (1874),  etc.  Lords  and  Commons.     He  eaiTies  a  black  rod 

Black  Isle,  The.     The  peninsiila  in  northern     o/  ^^'^^  surmounted  with  a  gold  lion. 
Scotland  between  Cromarty  Firth  and  Beauly  Blacks,  The.     The  Neri,   an  Italian  faction. 
Basin.  See  Neri. 

Black  Knight,  The.      1.    The  s'on  of  Oriana  Black  Saturday.     In  Scotch  history,  Aug.  4, 
and  Amadis  ot   Gaul,  in  early  romances:   so     1621,  when  the  Parliament  at  Edinburgh  passed 


of  Buffalo,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Niagara  Blaine  (blan),  James  Gillespie.   Bom  at  West 
-  -  -         Browns\dlle,Pa.,Jan.31,lS30:  diedatWa.shing- 

ington,D.C..  Jan.27,  1893.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  a  Republican  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  1863-76 ;  speaker  1869-76;  United  States 
senator  from  Maine  1S76-81 ;  secretary  of  state  March  4- 
Dec.  19,  1881,  and  1889-92;  and  unsuccessful  candid.atc 
of  the  Republican  party  for  President  in  1884.     He  wrote 


called  from  his  black  armor.  "See  Esplandian. 
—  2.  A  disguise  under  which,  in  Scott's  "Ivan- 
hoe,"  Richard  Coeiir  de  Lion  wanders  in  Sher- 
wood Forest,  performs  feats  of  valor,  and  feasts 
with  Friar  Tuck. 

Black  Knight,  Complaint  of  the.  A  poem 
by  Lydgate,  attributed  to  Chaucer,  and  re- 
printed in  the  1561  edition  of  his  works.  It 
was  modernized  in  1718  by  John  Dart  the  an- 
tiquary. 

Blacklock  (blak'lok),  Thomas.  Born  at  An- 
nan,  Scotland,  Nov.  10,   1721:  died  at  Edin- 


certain  acts  favoring  Episcopacy. 
Black  Sea.     [F.  Mer  Noire,  G.  Schwarzes  Meer, 
L.  Pontus  Euiimts,  Gr.  XldvToc^  Ev^eivoc,  Ev^nmv 


Twenty  Years  of  Congress  "  (1884-8(5). 

Blainville.     See  Ducrotay  de  Blainville. 

Blair  (blar),  Francis  Preston.  Bom  at  Abing- 
don, Va.,  April  12,  1791 :  died  at  Silver  Spring, 
Md.,  Oct.  18,  1876.  An  American  journalist  and 
poKtieian,  editor  of  the  Washington  "  Globe  " 
1830-45. 


Trttaj'oc,  Etfcirac  dn7Mnaa  (the  Euxine),  lit.  'the  Blair,  Francis  Preston.     Bom  at  Lexington, 
hospitable   sea,'  earlier  called  'iifrirof  vdv-og.     ^       "  "     '"  "'    "        -■    -      ■      -  ■     - 

the  inhospitable  sea.]  An  inland  sea  iiounded 
by  Russia  on  the  north  and  east,  Asia  Minor  on 
the  south,  and  European  Turkey,  Bulgaria,  and 
Rumania  on  the  west,  it  extends  from  lat.  40°  45'^6° 
45'  N.,  and  long.  27'  30'-41°  60'  E.  It  communicates  with  the 
Mediterranean  by  the  Strait  of  Bosporus,  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mom,  and  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles.  Its  chief  arms  are  the 
Sea  of  Azov  and  the  Gulf  of  Perekop ;  its  chief  tributaries. 


Ky.,  Feb.  19,  1821:  died  at  St.  Louis,  July  9, 
187^.  An  American  politician,  son  of  Francis 
Preston  Blair.  He  was  Democratic  candidate 
for  Vice-Pi-esident  in  1868, 
senator  from  Missouri  1871- 
Blair,  Hugh.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  April  7,  1718 : 
died  at  E<linburgh,  Dec.  27.  1800.  A  Scotch 
divine  and  author,  lecturer  on  rhetoric  and 


and  United  States 
73. 


Blair,  Hugh 

belles-lettres  at  Edinburgli  1762-83.  He  wrote 
"Sermons"  (1777),  '•Lectuies  on  Rhetoric" 
(1783),  etf. 

Blair,  JS'IQ^S-  Born  in  Scotland,  1656:  died  in 
Virginia,  Aug.  1,  1743.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  educator.  He  was  iustrvimental  In  found- 
ing William  and  Mary  College,  cluirtered  1692,  whose  Hrst 
president  he  became,  entering  formally  on  his  duties 
In  1729. 

Blair,  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh :  dieii  .1  une  24, 
1782.  A  Scotch  ehronologist.  Ue  published  a 
"Chronological  History  of  the  World"  (1754);  was  elected 
•  fellow  of  the  Koyal  .Society  1755;  became  mathematical 
totor  to  the  Duke  of  York  1757  ;  and  held  various  eccle- 
■iaatical  appointments. 

Blair, Montgomery.  BomiuFrankliu County, 
Kv.,  -Mav  10,  1813:  dieil  at  Silver  Spring,  Md., 
Jiily  27, 1883.  An  American  politician  and  law- 
yer, son  of  Francis  Preston  Blair,  postmaster- 
■yeuoral  1S61-C4 


161 


to  Lord  .Nonnanby"(ls&8)wcre  written  originally  in  Kng 
lish,  but  imiuediatilv  translated  by  the  author  into  French 
und.r  the  title  "  Uistoire  de  la  rtvolution  de  !*»«"  (Is70). 
From  1S57  to  lS7u  Jilanc  wrote  a  weekly  k-tter,  at  hrst  to 
the  '■  CouniiT  de  Paris,"  and  afterward  to  the  "Temps." 
These  articles  on  the  political  and  parlianieiilal-)'  life  of 


Blankenburg 

Born  in  Mariana  de  Cara- 
died  at  Caracas,  Jan.  8, 
priest,  soldier,  statesman, 
and  historian.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  revo- 
lution at  Caracas.  April  19,  1810,  and  was  the  Hrst  editor 
of  the  great  historical  work  "  liocumenlos  para  la  histo- 
ria  de  la  vida  publica  del  Libertador,"  etc.,  which  was 
I)ublished  by  Azpurua  after  his  death  (Caracas,  1875-77, 
li  vols.). 


Great  Britain  have  been  collected  in  U>n  voluuHS  eniilled   BlanCO  y  Arenas,  Rambn,  Marquis  de  Pi 
"Dix  annees  de  I  histoire   d'Angleterre "  C187S>-81).     In      piata        TKnrn   .at.   liilhin    in    \Ki±      A    Srrnli 
1S7U  he  returned  tu  France  and  took  part  in  several  polit- 
founded  and  directed  a  daily 


Blair  Robert.    Born  at  Edinbm-gh,  1699:  died  Blanca,  Sierra, 
at   Athelsraneford,    East    LothiSn,    Scotland.  Blanchard(l.lon-shar'),  Alain.    Died  1418, 


ical  assemblies.     Inl&7(j--  .   

sheet,  "LUommelibre,"  His  articles  frcim  this  paper  and 
from  the  "  Rappel  "  till  Ave  volumes  entitled  "  Questions 
d'aujoiird'hui  et  de  demain  "  (187S-S4). 

Blanc,  Le.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Iiidre^ 
central  France,  situated  on  the  river  Creuse  :t.'» 
miles  east  of  Poitiers.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 7. 389. 

Blanc,  Mont.    See  Mont  Blaur. 

See  Sierra  Blaiica. 

A 


Pel).  4,  1746.     An  English  clergyman  and  poet. 
His  best-known  poem  is  "The  Grave"  (1743). 
It  was  illustrated  by  William  Blake. 
Blair  Athol.     An  English  raoe-horse,  bred  in 
1861,  bv  Stockwell,  dam  Blink  Bonny.     He  won 


citizeu  of  Rouen,  France,  who  played  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  defense  of  that  city  during  the 
siege  by  Henry  V.  of  England,  1418,  and  who 
was  executed  by  the  orders  of  Henry  after  the 
capitulation  of  tho  city. 


the  Derby  in  1864,  ami  was  the  sire  of  Prince  Blanchard,  Emile.     Born  at  Paris,  March  6, 

Charlie,  sire  of  Salvator  iu  America.  1819:  died  there,  Feb.  10, 1900.    A  French  natu- 

Blaise   Saint.     Hea  BUtsim,  Saint.  ralist,  especially  noted  as  an  entomologist.    He 

■RlaisnU  or  Bl^sois  (bliiz-wa').     The  coimty  of      was  the  author  of  many  scientific  works,  including  "  Re- 

BiaiSOlS,  <>i  uiebuib  w^-Kii  n<i  ;.      xuo  v-  }  cherches  s.ir  lorganiaation  des  vers"  (1837),  "  Histoire 

iSlOls.        ,    ,       _    ,        ,        _  1   T.  •  1  i  natuielle    des   insectes  orthoptires,   ncVroplires,    etc." 

Blake  (blak)  Robert.      Born  at  Bridgewater,      (1837-4O),  "Uist.jire  des  insccUs.  etc."  (1843-4.-.),  etc. 

Somersetshire,    England,  Aug.,   l.')98    (1599  0=  Blanchard,  FranQOis.     Born  at  Andelys,  Euro, 

died  at  sea,  near  Plymouth,  England,  Aug.  17,     France,  17.33:    died  at  Paris,  Jiarch  7,  1809.    A 


ena 
Plata.  'Born  at  Bilbao  in'  1832.'  A  Spanish 
general,  appointed  governor-general  of  Cuba 
in  October,  1897.  He  fought  in  the  Carllst  war ;  served 
in  Cuba  during  the  rebellion  of  lb*is-78,  and  was  captain- 
general  of  that  islanil  l^Sik-sl;  was  captain-general  of 
Catalonia  IS77-79,  1>«2.  and  1K57-9:1,  and  iv:l*  laptAlu-gen- 
eral  of  the  i'hilipiiines  in  1891,  but  was  rcc;illed. 

Blancos  (bliin'kos),  or  Blanquillos  tblan-kel'- 
yos).  [Sp.,  'Whites.']  The  name  given  in 
Uruguay  to  one  of  the  two  great  political  par- 
ties. It  had  its  origin  about  l&t,'*,  when  the  adherents  of 
Oribe  took  the  name  of  Blancos,  and  those  of  i'ructuoso 
Rivera  that  of  Colonulos.  Both  parties  have  ha<l  various 
leaders,  and  have  diliered,  ostensibly  at  least,  on  many  im- 
portant questions.  From  1842  to  1851  tlie  Colorado*  held 
.Montevidett  (wlience  they  were  also  known  as  the  D'/f»*a 
party,  or  Pnrtido  (/-■  ta  Defenm\  and  the  Blancos,  under 
Oribe,  kept  the  city  in  a  state  of  continuous  siege. 

Bland  Silver  Bill.  A  United  States  statute 
of  1S7S  (L'(t  Stilt.,  25):  so  called  from  its  author, 
Kichard  P.  Bland,  a  niembcrof  the  House  from 
Missouri.  It  reestablished  the  silver  dollar  containing 
412i  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a  legal  tender  ;  but 
its  special  feature  was  a  clause  rei|niring  the  treasury  to 
purchase  evci-y  month  not  less  than  two  million  nor  more 
than  four  million  dolla'-s'  worth  of  silver  bullion  and  to 
coin  it  into  dollars.  It  passed  over  President  Hayes's  veto. 
See  Sherman  Bill. 


1657.  A  famous  English  admiral.  He  held  Taunton 
for  the  Parliament  l(H4-4o;  was  made  commander  of  the 
fleet  in  ltH9,  and  warden  of  the  Cinijue  Ports  in  lliSIr;  com- 
manded against  the  Dutch  1652-53,  in  the  Mediterranean 


noted  French  aijrouaut.     Uis  Hrst  ascent  was  m: 


in  17S4,  and  in  17s5  he  crossed  the  Channel  from  Dover  to 
Calais.    Later  he  visited  the  I'nited  States.     Ue  made  over 

50  ascents. 


ade  Bland   (bland),   Theodoric.     Born   in   Prince 


mn-oo;  .iefeated  the  Spaniards  at  Santa  Cruz,  TeneriHe,  Blanchard,  Henri  Pierre  L6on  Pharamond. 

»'"il""'ii5'^ii-              D            ^T       A         M„,.    08  Born  near  Lvous,  Feb.  27,  ISU.K  died  at  Paris, 

»a^e.  William.      Born  at  London,  Nov.  28  _j^^_^          ^^^      A  French  painter. 

1,;„  :  died  at  London,  Aug.  12, 182<.     A  no  ed  Biaiichard(blan'cbard),  Samuel Laman.  Born 

cV"  (mgr'  "ooko^-l  er  "tUreat  Varmoutli.Englaud,  May  1.3, 1MI4:  did 


English  poet,  eugi'ave 

works  are  "  Songs  of  Innocence  "  (1769),  "  Book  of 
(1789),  "  Marriage  of  Heaven  and  Hell  "  (1790),  "  Oates  of 
lParadi8e"(1793),  "Songs  of  Experience  '  (1794),  illustra- 
tions to  lilairs"  Grave  "tisor.).  to  the  book  of . I  ob(182:i),  etc. 
Blake,  William  Rufus.  Born  at  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia,  1805:  died  at  Boston,  Mas.s.,  April 
22.  1863.  An  actor  and  manager.  He  went  on  the 
stage  about  1822.  and  first  appeared  in  New  York  in  1824. 
He  excelled  in  tlie  personation  of  old  men. 

Blakeley  (blak'li),  Johnston.  Bora  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  Oct.,  1781 :  lost  at  sea,  1814.    An  Amer- 
laval  ollicer. 


at  London,  Feb.  15,  1845.  An  English  litte- 
rateur and  journalist.  He  was  acting  editor  of  the 
"Monthly  Magazine"  (1831),  editor  of  "The  True  Sun" 
(1832).  of  "The  Constitutional"  (1830),  "  The  Coiut  .loui- 
nal"  (1837),  "  The  Courier '(1837-39),  and  other  periodicals, 
andauthorof  "l-yricOlferiugs, '"Sonnets,"etc. 
Blanchard,  Thomas.  Born  at  Sutton,  Mass., 
June  24,  1788:  died  at  Boston,  April  16,  1864. 
All  American  inventor.  He  invented  a  machine  for 
cutting  and  heading  tacks  by  a  single  operation,  and  a 
11-known  lathe  for  turning  irregular  forms. 


He  was  corninander  of  the  Wasp  Blanche  (bloiisli),  AugUSt  Thcodor.     Born  at 

n.^,,idt;er  and  Avon,    ■»'"*"^**^_^  ''._    .0 

and  was  lost  at 


hich  captured   the   British   brigs    Heindeerand^Avon      ^^,oyk,,j,i,„_  Sept'.' 17,  ISU  :   died  at  Stockllollu. 
^.^     ....„...- Nov.  30,  1S(>,S.     A  Swedish  poet  and  ii'ivelist. 

Blakeney  (bfsk'ni),  William,  Lord  Blakeney.  Blanche  (iilanch;  F.  prou.  blonsh)  of  Bourbon. 
Born  at    Mount   Blakeney,  County  Limerick,     Boru  in  France   about  1338:   diod  at  Medina 

Sidonia,  Spain,  1361.  A  French  princess,  daugh- 
ter of  Pierre,  due  do  Bourbon,  and  wife  of 
Pedro  "the  Cruel"  of  Castile,  by  whom  sho 


Ireland,  1672 :  died  Sept.  20, 1761.  A  Brit  ish  mil i 
tary  commander.  He  became,  1747,  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  Minorca,  which  (failing  to  receive  reinforcements 
from  Admiral  Byng,  who  was  sent  to  his  relief)  he  w.as 
compelled  to  surrender  to  the  French  under  tho  Due  de 
Ktclielieu  in  1756. 

Blakey  (blii'ki),  Robert.  Born  at  Morpeth, 
Northumberland,  England,  May  18,  1795:  died 
Oct.  26,  1878.  All  English  philosopher  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  professor  of  logic  and  meta- 
physics at  Uuecii's  College,  Belfast.  He  wrote 
"History  of  the.  Philosophy  of  Mind"  (1848), 
books  on  angling,  etc. 

Blanc  (bloh),  Anthony.  Born  near  Lyons, 
France,  Oct.  11,  1792:  died  Juno  20,1860.  .\ 
Roman  Catholic  prelate,  liisliopof  New  Orleans 
183.')-50,  and  ;irclibisli.>|.  lS,"iO-()0. 

Blanc,  Auguste  Alexandre  Philippe  Charles. 

Born  at  Castres,  Tarn.  Frain'o,  Nov.  15,  F^liJ; 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17, 1882.  A  French  art  critic, 
brother  of  Jean  Joseph  Charles  Louis  Blanc. 
He  wrote  "Grainmairo  des  artsdu  dessin  "  (1807),  etc.,  and 
was  the  chief  contributor  to  "  Histoire  des  peinlres  de 
touU'8  les  iScolea  "(1819-7.i). 

Blanc,  Jean  Joseph  Charles  Louis.    Born  at 

Mailrid,  Oct.  29,  1811:  ili.-d  at  ('amies,  France, 
Dee,.  6,  188'2.  A  celebrated  French  politician, 
historian,  political  writer,  and  socialist,  promi- 
I'lit  in  tlie  revolution  of  1848. 


neiit  in  tlie  revolution  ot  l«4^.     He  studied  law  In       __ 

ParK  and  from  1832  to  18:14  was  a  ,nivate  tutor  at  Arras.    jjangO    (bliin'kO)    Encalada.   Manuel.      Horn 

On  hs  return  to  Paris  he  wrot.'  for  the  ".National,    the  •»'"'"^"    ^         \  ,.,.„.     «  ...i     -.     l7oci     .l,,.,l    „l    S.,,, 

,"VouvellcMinerve,"nMdthe     at    Buenos  Ayres,  SepK.),  1  .10.  Ui.mI  at  Maii- 


'  Ki'vne  rt^pnbHcaine,"  tho  ' 
"  Hon  Hens,"  and  was  made  editor  of  the  last-named  jour- 
nal in  Jan.,  1h;i7.  After  eighteen  months  he  fonnde<l  a 
new  organ,  "  La  revue  dn  progres,"  in  whli-b  appeared 
his  review. if  ihe  "  Ideis  iiaiHileonieliiies '  of  Louis  Napo- 
leon, and  his  own  "Organisation  dn  travail,'  Ho  also 
wroU-  the  "llist.ilic  de  di.x  alls  '  (lH.'iO-4o),  and  began 
his  "  Histoire  de  la  ri^volntlon,"  the  first  two  vlume-.  of 
which  appeared  in  1S47.  In  I818.be  became  a  ineml)er  of 
tho  provisional  government  of  the  French  Republic,  but 
was  forced  to  seek  refuge  in  England.  Thenei'  he  wrote 
on  "  Appelauxhonnel.sgen8"(lS49),  "  Pages  ilo  I'hlslolro 
de  la  riSvolutl.in  de  F^vricr  1848  "  (IS.MO.  a  couple  of  p.). 
lemlc  pamphlets  entitled  "  I'lus  de  Oirondins  "  (18.ilX  and 
c— 11 


George  County,  Va.,  1742:  dieil  at  Xew  York. 
June  1, 1790.  An  American  patriot.  He  joined 
the  Continental  army  in  1777;  was  a  delegate  from  Virginia 
to  the  Continental  Congress  1780-83  ;  and  was  representa- 
tive from  Virginia  to  the  first  Congress  under  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  1789-90.  He  left  memoirs  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary period,  which  were  published  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Itland  Papers  "  in  1840. 

Blandamour  (blan'dii-mor).  Sir.  A  liekle  and 
vainglorious  knight  in  Spenser's  "Faerie 
tjueeiie.''  lie  was  defeated  by  Bi'itomart,  and 
won  the  false  Florimel  from  Paridel. 

Blandiman  (blan'di-man).  Tho  attendant  of 
Bollis;iMt  in  the  story  of  "'N'aleutiue  and  Orson." 

Blandina  (Idau-di'nii),  Saint.  A  female  slave 
who,  during  a  persecution  of  the  Christians, 
was  put  to  death  at  Lyons  in  177.  She  is  com- 
niomorated  by  tho  Roman  Catholic  Church  on 
.lune  2. 

Blandois.    See  liiijaud. 

Blandrata  (iilan-drii'tii),  or  Biandrata  (be-iin- 

drii'tii).  Giorgio.  Bom  at  Saluziio.  Italy,  about 
1515:  died  in  Transylvania  about  1590.  An 
Italian  physician  and  propagator  (especiallv  in 
Poland  aiid  Transylvania)  of  Protestant  doc- 
trines, and  later  of  Soeinianism  and  Ariaiiism. 
He  was  thrown  into  prison  at  I'avia  by  the  lni|ulsitlon, 
but  escaped  to  tieneva.  where  lie  was  forced  to  profess 
Calvinism.  F'roni  tJoneva  he  w*'nt  to  Poland,  where  ho 
was  assassinated  by  a  nephew  whom  ho  had  threatened 
to  disiniierit 

Blane  (bliin).  Sir  Gilbert.  Born  at  Blanefield, 
Avrshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  8,  1749:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Juno  '26,  1834.  A  noted  Scotch  physician. 
He  hail  the  medical  charge  of  the  West  Indian  fleet  under 
Rodney  (1779-81),  and  was  later(17S.'0ap|)ointed  physician 
extraorilinnry  to  the  Prince  of  Walea.  Ue  wrote  "  Ele- 
ments of  .Medical  Uigie  "  (ISlnX  etc. 
.\  crazy  lowland  brido  iu  Blane,  Niel.'  The  iiojiularlaiidloiil  of  IheHowff 

the  Lake,"  -.         .        

felancheflor.     see  I-'Imr  It     t. 

maid. 

Blanes  (bliin'yes).  .V  seaport  in  the  province 
of  (ierona,  northeastern  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Nlediterranean  40  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona. 
Population  (1887),  5,401. 

Blangini  (biiiu-je'ne),  Giuseppe  Marco  Maria 

Felice.  Bom  at  Turin,  Nov.  IS.  17.sl:  dud  at 
Paris.  Dee.  18,  1841.  .\ii  Italian  tenor  and 
operatic  compuser.  He  wrote  "Cliitiiero  et 
realite,'' "  Encore  un  tour  do  Caliphe,"  "  Ro- 
mances," in  34  nunibers,  etc. 

Blankenberghe  (bliin'ken-berch-e,  F.  prou. 
liloM-kiii-licrg').  A  sea-bathing  place  and  lish- 
ing  town  in  the  jirovinie  of  West  Flanders, 
Belgium,  sitiiiileil  on  the  North  Sea  !)  miles 
northwest  of  Bruges.    Population  (1S90),  4,116. 

Blankenburg  (liliin'ken-boni).  A  town  in 
Sclnvarzbiiig-b'inlolsladl.  (ierinany,  21  miles 
soulli  of  Wi'iiiiar.  in  the  Scliwarzalhal  of  the 
Tlinringiaii  Forest. 

Blankenburg.  A  towm  in  Brunswick,  in  tho 
Harz  9  iiiilch  southwest  of  Halbersladt.  It  is 
a  noted  Mimiiier  resort,  and  contains  a  ducal 
castle  and  a  Rathaus.    Population  ( 1890),  7,703. 


was  abandoned  shortly  after  the  marriage  on 
a  charge  of  iulidelity  and  imprisoned.  Her  death 
was  ascribed  to  poisoning.  Her  tragical  fate  produceil  a 
profound  impression,  and  has  frei|uently  been  celebrated 
in  verse, 
Blanche  of  Castile.  Born  1187:  died  Dee.  1, 
12.52.  (^ueeii  of  France,  daughter  of  Alfonso  IX. 
of  Castile  by  Eleanor  of  England,  and  wife  of 
Louis  VIII.  She  acted  as  regent,  l'22(>-ai,  during  tho 
minority  of  her  son  l.ouis  I.K.,  and  again,  l'248-52,  during 
ills  absence  on  a  crusade  in  the  Holy  Laud 

Blanche  of  Devan. 

Sc.itt's  iiiiciu  "Lailv 

Blanchefleur,  or  felancheflor.    See  Flcnr  it 

/iliiiiilii  III  iir. 

Blanchelande(bl..nsh-loml'),PhilibertFran- 

gois  RoUSSel  de.  Born  at  Dijon.  1735:  dieil 
III  Paris,  .\pril  U,  1798.  .\  French  general. 
In  1779  he  went  as  lieutenant-eoloiicl  to  tllo  West  Indies, 
and  comiininded  at  SI,  Vincent,  where  he  repulsed  an 
Knglish  attack.  In  1790  he  became  acting  governor  of 
Haiti,  lint  was  nn-n.  eeimful.  He  was  sent  to  France 
17U2,  and  executed  l>y  llie  revolutionary  Irilnimd. 

Blanco,  Antonio  Guzman.  See  cuzman  Blanco, 

ANt'lHIII. 

Blanco,  Cape.     A  headland  of  ■western  Africa, 
iu  lat.  20^  46'  N.,  long.  17^  6'  W. 


•Its  novel  ''Old  Mort:ility."     He  is  also 
lun  piper.     Jennie,  his  daughter,  is  the  bar- 


tiago,  Chile,  Sept.  5,  i.H76.  A  Spaiiish-.\inerl- 
caii  general  and  naval  commander  who  dis- 
tingnislied  himself  in  the  Chilean  war  for 
indeiiendence.  In  July,  1828,  ho  was  elected  president 
of  Chile,  but  resigned  »o.ili  after.  Made  general  of  the 
army  he  led  an  unsucecsstnl  Invasion  of  Peru  In  1837, 
and  was  allowed  I-  retire  only  after  signing  a  treaty  of 
peace.  The  Chilean  governineni  annulled  this  treaty, 
and  iuanco  F.nealada  was  conrt-lnartlaled,  but  exoner- 
ated, lie  was  lidenilallt  of  Valparaiso  in  1847,  and  min- 
ister to  France  1S5S-6S.  Ho  held  the  military  title  of 
marshal  from  18*20. 


Blanketeers 

Blanketeers  (blang-ke-terz')-  The  name  given 
to  a  boilv  of  half-starved  Manchester  opera- 
tives who  met  at  St.  Peter's  Field,  March  10, 
1817.  Each  man  was  provided  with  provisions  and  a 
blanket,  and  their  purpose  was  to  walk  to  London  to 
petition  for  some  legislative  remedy  agaitist  capitalistic 
oppression,  and  especially  for  the  great  panacea  of  par- 
liamentary reform. 

The  project  of  these  poor  simple-minded  men,  instead 
of  exciting  compassion,  filled  the  minds  of  the  govern- 
ment and  the  upper  classes  with  alarm.  It  was  regarded 
as  an  attempt  to  overthrow  the  institutions  of  the  coun- 
tr}\  The  Habeas  Corpus  .\ct  being  at  that  time  sus- 
pended, the  leaders  of  the  proposed  expedition  were 
seized  and  imprisoned.  The  greater  part  of  those  who 
had  intended  to  join  it  yielded  at  once  :  a  few,  however, 
persisted  in  theij-  intentions ;  but  tro'ips  had  been  placed 
along  the  proposed  line  of  ni.arch,  and  they  were  inter- 
cepted, searched,  and  either  sent  back  or  imprisoned.  No- 
thing was  found  on  them  to  justify  these  proceedings, 
except  "two  unusually  long  knives." 

MoUsworth,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  11. 

Blanqui  (blou-ke' ),  Jerome  Adolphe.    Born  at 

Nice,  France,  Nov.  20,  17!)S:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
28,  18.54.  A  noted  French  political  economist. 
His  works  include  '^L'Histoire  de  IV-ctiO'itnie  politique 
en  Europe,  etc."  (1837-38),  ''Voyage  en  Angleterre  1S24," 
etc. 

Blanqui,  Louis  Auguste.  Born  at  Puget-Th6- 
niers,  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  Feb.  7,  1805: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  1,  1881.  A  French  social- 
ist and  political  agitator,  brother  of  Jerome 
Adolphe  Blanqui.  He  took  part  in  insurrec- 
tionary movements  in  1839,  1848,  and  1871, 

Blanzy  (bloii-ze').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  19  miles  south  of 
Autun.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,942. 

Blarney  (bliir'ni).  A  village  in  Cork,  Ireland,  5 
miles  northwest  of  Cork.  It  contains  a  noted  castle 
built  in  144(i  by  Cormack  MacCaj'thy,  and  now  forming  a 
pictures([ue  ivy-clad  ruin  centered  about  a  high,  square, 
battleraented  and  raachicolated  keep.  The  fame  of  the 
castle  is  due  to  its  possession  of  the  wonder-working 
Blarney  stone,  a  block  bearing  the  name  of  the  founder 
and  the  date,  built  into  the  south  angle  of  the  keep  twenty 
feet  below  the  top.  Since  access  to  it  is  well  nigh  impos- 
sible, a  substitute  has  been  provided  within  the  battle- 
ments to  receive  the  kisses  of  tourists. 

Blarney,  Lady.  One  of  the  town  ladies,  or 
rather  ladies  of  the  town,  in  Goldsmith's  "  Vicar 
of  Wakefield,"  who  make  the  acquaintance  of 
the  vicar's  innocent  family  under  false  pre- 
tenses.    The  other  is  Miss  Carolina  Wilhelmina 

.Skrtrgs. 

Blasius  (bla'zi-us),  or  Blaize  (blaz),  Saint.     A 

bishop  of  Sebaste,  Armenia,  martyred  in  316. 

He  was  adopted  by  the  wool-combers  as  their  patron  saint, 

apparently  because  iron  combs  were  used  in  tearing  his 

flesh  when  martyred.     His  festiv.al  is  celebrated  on  Feb. 

3  by  the  Roman  and  Anglican  churches,  and  on  Feb.  11 

by  the  Greeks.    The  wool-combers  procession  is  still  held 

on  Feb.  3  in  England. 
Blasius,  Docteur.     The  pseudonym  of  Paschal 

Grousset  in  "Figaro." 
Blatant  Beast,  The.    In  Spenser's  "Faerie 

(^ueeue,''  the  personification  of  slander.     He 

is  a  fold  monster  with  a  hundred  tongues. 
Blathers  (blaTH'erz).     A  Bow-street  officer  in 

Dickens's  "Oliver  Twist." 
Blattergowl   (blat'er-goul).     A  prosy  Scotch 

miuister  in  .Scott's  novel  "  The  Antiquary." 
Blaubeuren  (blou'boi-ren).     A  small  town  in 

Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Blau  10  miles  west 

of  Ulm. 
Blauen  (blou'en).     One  of  the  chief  summits 

of  the  Black  Forest,  near  MiiUheim.     Height, 

3,830  feet. 
Blavatsky  fbla-viit'ski),  Madame  (Helena 

Petrovna  Hahn-Hahn).  Born  at  Yekaterino- 
slaff,  Russia,  in  1831 :  died  at  Loudon,  May  8, 
1891.  A  Russian  theosophist  and  traveler  in 
the  East,  etc.:  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the 
" Theosophieal  Society"  in  1875.  She  wrote 
"Isis  Unveiled"  (1870),  "The  Secret  Doctrine" 
(1888),  "Key  to  Theosophy"  (1889),  etc. 

Blaye  (bla).  {_L.  Blavin,Biabia,  lilava.)  A  sea- 
port in  the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  21 
miles  northwest  of  Bordeaux:  the  Roman 
Blavia.     Population  (1891),  commime,  5,015. 

Blaze  (blaz),  Frangois  Henri  Joseph,  called 

Castil-Blaze.  Born  at  Cavaillon,  Vaucluse, 
France,  Dec.  1,  1784:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  11, 
18.57.  A  French  writer  on  music,  musical  critic, 
and  operatic  composer.  From  1822  to  1832  he 
was  musical  critic  of  the  "Journal  des  D^bats." 
He  wrote  "De  I'op^ra  en  France"  (1820),  etc. 
Blaze  de  Bury  (bliiz  de  bU-re')  (originally 
Ange Henri  Blaze).  Bom  at  A\-ignon, France, 
May  19,  1813:  died  at  Paris,  March  1.5,  1888. 
A  French  author,  son  of  Castil-Blaze.  He  wrote 
for  the  "Revue  des  Deux  Mondes"  under  the  pen-names 
"Hans  Werner,"  "F.  de  Lagenevais,"  and  "Henri  Blaze.  ' 
and  lived  for  some  time  at  the  court  of  Weimar.  His 
works  include  "  Ecrivains  et  poetes  de  TAUemagne " 
(1843),  "  Les  poesies  de  Goethe  "  (1843),  etc 


162 

Bleak  House.  A  novel  by  Charles  Dickens, 
published  1852-53  in  twenty  monthly  num- 
bers. It  was  named  from  a  dreary-looking  house  which 
was  his  summer  residence  at  Broadstairs.  It  was  aimed 
at  the  delays  of  the  Court  of  Chancery.  It  was  illustrated 
by  "I'hiz. " 

Bledow  (bla'do),  Ludwlg.  Born  July  27,  1795 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  0,  1846.  A  famous  German 
chess-player,  founder  of  the  so-called  Berlin 
chess  school  (1837-42),  His  collection  of  works 
on  chess  was  purchased  by  the  Royal  Library 
of  Berlin. 

Bleeding-heart  Yard.  A  part  of  London  for- 
merly the  property  of  the  Hatton  family.  About 
the  origin  of  its  title' there  are  various  ti-aditions.  The 
place  is  much  built  over  with  poor  houses.  It  is  intro- 
duced by  Dickens  in  "'Little  Dorrit "  as  the  residence  of 
the  Plornishee.  Daniel  Doyce,  and  others. 

Bleek  (lilak),  Friedrich,  Born  at  Ahrensbock, 
Holstein,  July  4,  1793:  died  at  Bonn,  Germany, 
Feb.  27,  1859".  A  German  biblical  critic,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Bonn  1829-.59. 

Bleek,  Wilhelm  Heinrich  Immanuel.    Born 

at  Berlin.  March  8,  1827:  died  at  Cape  To^^^l, 
Cape  Colony,  Aug.  17,  1875.  A  noted  African 
linguist.  He  went  to  Natal,  .South  Africa,  in  lS.i5,  and 
in  18.56  to  Cape  Town,  where  he  was  appointed  librarian 
of  Sir  George  Grey's  library.  In  this  capacity  he  wrote 
his  ''Catalogue  of  .Sir  George  Grey's  Library"  (3  vols., 
1S58-63),  ' '  Hottentot  Fables  "  (1S64),  "  Comparative  Gram- 
mar of  South  African  Languages"  (1862-69).  He  died 
while  working  at  a  dictionary  of  the  Bushman  langu.oge. 

Blefuscu  (ble-fus'kii).  An  island  described  in 
Swift's  "Gulliver's  Travels."  It  was  sep.arated 
from  Lilliput  by  a  channel,  and  was  intended  to  satirize 
France.  The  inhabitants  were  pygmies.  Gulliver  wades 
across  the  channel  and  carries  off  its  entire  fleet. 

Bleibtreu  (blib'troi),  Georg.  Born  at  Xanten, 
Rhenish  Prussia,  March  27,  1828 :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  16,  1892.  A  German  battle-painter. 
His  chief  paintings  are  "Battle  of  Katzbach" 
(18.57),  "Battle  of  Waterloo"  (1858),  etc. 

Blemyes,orBlemmyes (Wem'i-ez).  [Gr.B'/J uve;, 
B/fH/ii'fr.]  In  ancient  history,  a  nomadic  Ethio- 
pian tribe,  infesting  Nubia  and  Upper  Egj-pt. 
See  Bishariii.  They  were  frequently  at  war  with  the 
Romans,  and  were  often  defeated  under  Aiu-elian,  Probus, 
and  Diocletian.  They  were  the  subjects  of  fabulous  ac- 
counts by  early  writers,  who  represent  them  as  Iteadless 
and  as  having  their  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  in  their  breasts- 

Bl^nea'tt  (bla-no').  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained 
at  Bleueau  (in  the  department  of  Youne. 
France)  by  the  Spaniards  under  Cond6  over 
Turenne  in  1652 :  in  another  battle  on  the  ne-xt 
day  Turenne  gained  the  advantage. 

Blenerhasset  (blen-er-has'et),  Thomas.  Born 
al>out  1.550:  died  about  1625.  An  English  poet 
and  historian.  His  best-known  work  is  "The  Second 
Part*  of  the  Mirrour  for  Maaistrates  "  (1578). 

Blenheim  (blen'im).G.Blindheim(blint'him). 

A  village  in  western  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Danube  in  lat.  48°  37'  X.,  long.  10°  36'  E. 
Near  here,  Aug.  13  (N.  S.),  1704,  the  allied  English,  Ger- 
mans, Dutch,  and  Danes  (52,000).  under  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough and  Prince  Eugene,  defeated  the  French  and 
Bavarians  (.if.,000-<iO,00<0,underT.allard.  Thelossof  the  Al- 
lies was  11,(K]0-12,000,  and  that  of  the  French  and  Bavarians, 
40,000  (?).  The  battle  is  called  by  French  and  Germans  the 
battle  of  Hochstidt. 

Blenheim  Palace.  A  mansion  at  Woodstock. 
O.xfordshire,  England,  built  by  Vanbrugh  at 
national  cost,  1705-16,  for  the  first  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  it  is  an  imposing  pile,  measuring  320 
feet  east  and  west,  and  I'JO  feet  north  and  south.  The 
chief  facade  presents  a  projecting  cntn.:ice-portico  be- 
tween two  prominent  wings  whose  inner  faces  sweep  in  a 
curve  toward  the  entrance.  The  ornamentation  is  poor, 
and  the  columns  .are  so  large  as  to  dwarf  even  the  enor- 
mous building.  The  pari:  facade  and  the  two  lesser  fac^ades 
are  better:  each  has  a  large  bow-window  in  the  middle,  and 
is  flank  d  by  end  pavilions.  The  interior  has  many  fine 
apartments. 

Blennerhasset  (blen-er-has'et),  Harman. 
Born  at  Hampshire,  England,  Oct.  8.  1765 
(1764?):  died  at  Guernsey,  Channel  Islands, 
Feb.  1,  1831.  An  Englishman  of  Irish  descent, 
noted  in  connection  with  Burr's  conspiracy. 
He  settled  about  1798on  a  small  island,  since  called  Blen- 
nerhasset's  Island,  in  the  Ohio,  near  ilarietta,  where  he 
erected  a  mansion  which  he  surrounded  with  gardens 
and  conservatories,  and  furnished  with  a  library  and  other 
facilities  for  the  gratification  of  intellectual  tastes.  He 
w.as  persuaded  in  lSor>  by  Burr  to  join  his  enterprise 
probably  without  knowing  its  true  cliaracter.  and  was 
arrested  and  indicted  for  treason,  but  was  released  in 
1S07  on  Burr's  acquitt.al,  his  home  having  in  the  mean 
time  been  sold  to  satisfy  his  creditors.  The  tradition  that 
his  last  years  were  spent  in  poverty  is  not  correct. 

Blennerhasset's  Island.  A  small  island  in 
the  Ohio,  2  miles  below  Parkersbnrg,  West  Vir- 
ginia :  so  called  from  Harman  Blennerhasset, 
famous  in  connection  with  Burr's  conspiracy. 

Blessing  of  Jacob.  One  of  the  finest  paintings 
of  Rembrandt  (1656).  in  the  museum  at  Cassel, 
Germany.  Jacob, on  his  death-bed,  supported  by  Josepb, 


Blodget 

gives  his  benediction  to  his  two  young  grandsons,  who 
kneel  beside  the  bed.  Their  mother,  with  folded  bands 
stands  behind  them.  ' 

Blessington,  Countess  of.  See  Power  (Far- 
mer), Sliiiyuoite. 

Blicher  (biich'er),  Steen  Steensen.  Born  at 
Vium,  Jutland,  Denmark,  Oct.  11, 1782:  died  at 
Spentrup,  March  26,  1848.  A  Danish  lyric  poet 
and  novelist.  His  works  include  the  novels  ".Jydske 
Romanzer,"  "Nationaluoveller,"  etc.  (published  collec- 
tively 1S33-36). 

Blida  (ble-da').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Algiers.  Algeria,  25  miles  southwest  of  Al- 
giers."  Population  (1891).  11,404. 

Blifil  (bli'fil).  Captain  John.  A  hypocritical 
co.xcomb  in  Fielding's  "  Tom,Tones,""of  "pinch- 
beck professions  and  vamped  up  virtues." 

Blifil,  Doctor.  The  elder  brother  of  Captain 
Blilil. 

Bligh  ( bli),William.  Born  at  Tyntan,  Cornwall, 
1753  :  died  at  London,  Dec.  7, 1817.  An  English 
admiral.  He  was  commander  of  his  Majesty's  ship  Bounty 
in  17S7  ;  w.as  cast  adrift  near  the  Friendly  Islands  in  1789  ; 
and  reached  Timor  in  17S9.  He  published  a  "  Narrative  " 
of  the  mutiny  in  1790.     See  Bounty. 

Blight  ( blit ),  Young.  Mr.  Mortimer  Light  wood's 
office-boy  in  Dickens's  novel  "Our  Mutual 
Friend."  He  is  of  a  peculiarly  depressing  as- 
pect. 

Blimber  (blitn'er),  Cornelia.  The  daughter  of 
Doctor  Blimber  in  Charles  I)ickens's  "Dombey 
and  Son."  She  wore  short  hair  and  spectacles  and  was 
"  dry  and  sandy  with  working  in  the  graves  of  deceased 
languages." 

Blimber,  Doctor.  The  principal  of  the  board- 
ing-school, in  Charles  Dickens's  "Dombey  and 
Son,"  to  which  little  Paul  Dombey  is  sent :  an 
unimpassioned,  grave  man  with  an  appearance 
of  learning. 

Blind  (blind),  Karl.  Bom  at  Mannheim,  Ger- 
many, Sept.  4, 1820.  A  German  political  agita- 
tor and  m'iter. 

Blind  Beggar  of  Alexandria,  The.    A  comedy 

bv  Chapman,  first  acted  about  1596  and  printed 
in  1.598. 

Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  The,  with 
the  Merry  Humours  of  Tom  Stroud.  A  play 
by  Chcttle  and  Day.  written  before  May,  1600, 
but  not  printed  till  1659.  It  was  based  on  the  pop- 
uhu-  b.allad  called  "  The  Blind  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Beth- 
nal Green." 

Blind  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Bethnal  Green, 
The.  A  vi-ry  popular  ballad  preserved  in 
Percy's  "  Reliques,"  "-'Vncient  Poems,"  and 
other  collections  of  old  ballads.  It  is  the  story 
of  "  pretty  Bessee."  the  daughter  of  "  the  Blind  Beggar." 
The  latter  is  in  reality  Henry,  the  son  of  Simon  de  Montfort, 
who  assumes  this  disguise  to  escape  the  spies  of  King 
Henry.  Bessee  is  wooed  by  a  merchant,  an  innkeeper,  a 
gentleman,  and  a  knight :  all  but  the  knight,  however, 
say  farewell  to  her  on  learning  that  her  father  is  a  beggar. 
The  knight  marries  her,  and  her  father  reveals  his  true 
fortune  and  character  at  the  wedding.  See  Beggar  qf 
Bethnal  Green, 

Blinder  (blin'der),  Mrs.  The  keeper  of  a  chan- 
dler's shop  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Bleak  House." 
She  has  "a  dropsy  or  an  asthma,  or  perhaps 
both." 

Blind  Harry.  Died  about  1492.  A  Scottish 
minstrel:  author  of  a  poem  on  Sir  William 
Wallace.  The  only  known  manuscript  of  the 
poem  is  dated  1488. 

Blind  Preacher,  The.  William  Henry  Milbum. 

Blink  Bonny.  An  English  thoroughbred  mare 
bred  in  18.54,  by  Melbourne,  dam  Queen  Mary 
bv  Gladiator.  Like  Eleanor  she  won  both  the  Derby 
and  Oaks  (1857).  In  1861  she  threw  Blair  Athol  to  Stock- 
well.  She  died  in  1862.  llelbourne  represented  the  Godol- 
phin  barb  line  of  stallions.  Queen  Mary  was  also  the 
dam  of  Bonuie  Scotland,  imported  into  America. 

Blister  (blis'ter).  An  ai>othecary  in  Fielding's 
"  I  >ld  JIan  Taught  Wisdom,  or  The  Virgin  Un- 
miisked." 

Blithedale  (blith'dal)  Romance,  The.  A  ro- 
mance by  Hawthorne,  published  in  18.52.  It 
was  founded  on  the  BroLtk  Farm  experiment  (which  see), 
and  in  Miles  Coverdale  Hawthorne  described  mucli  of  his 
own  character.  "The  predominant  idea  of  the  'Blithe- 
dale  Romance '  is  to  delineate  the  deranging  effect  of  an 
absorbing  philanthropic  idea  on  a  powerful  mind."  R.  H. 
Hutlon,  E.-isays  in  Lit.  Crit. 
Block  (bloli),  Ben.  -A^  nickname  for  a  sailor. 
Block,  Maurice.  Born  at  Berlin.  Feb.  18,  1816: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  9,  1901.  A  French  political 
economist  and  statistician.  His  works  include  "Des 
charges  de  Tagriculture  "  (1850),"  Puissance  conipar^e  des 
divei-s  ^t.ats  de  I'Europe,  '  etc.  He  edited  from  1856 
"L'Annuaire  de  I'f^conomie  pnlitiqne  et  dela  statistique." 

Block  Island,  Ind.  Manisees(man'i-sez).    An 

island  iu   the  Atlantic  Ocean,  10  miles  south- 
southwest   of    Point  Judith   iu  Rhode  Island. 
It  forms  the  township  of  New  Shoreham,  Rhode  Island. 
It  is  a  noted  summer  resort.     Length,  8  miles. 
Blodget  (bloj'et),  Lorin.     Born  May  25,  1823 : 


Elodget 

died  March  24,  1901.  An  American  physicist 
and  statistician  :  author  of  "  Climatology  of 
till-  United  States"  (1857),  etc. 
Blodgett,  Samuel.  Born  at  Woburn,  Mass., 
April  1,  1724  :  died  at  Haverhill,  \.  H.,  Sept.  1, 
1807.  An  American  inventor.  He  constructed  a 
macliine  for  raising  suuken  vessels,  1783,  ami  began  the 
c.mal  around  Amoskeag  Fulls,  at  Haverhill,  New  llaiup- 
sliire,  which  bears  his  name. 

Bloemaert  (blo'miirt),  Abraham.     Born  at 

Gorkum,  Netherlands,  1564:  died  at  Utrecht, 
1651.  A  Dutch  painter  of  landscapes  and  his- 
torical pieces,  noted  as  a  colorist. 

Bloemen  (blo'men),  Jan  Frans  van.    Born 

at  Antwerp,  1662:  died  at  Home,  1748  (1749f). 
A  Flemish  landscape-jiaiiiter,  surnained  "Oriz- 
zoiite"  fi'om  the  beautiful  horizons  of  his  land- 
scapes. 

Bloemen,  Pieter  van,  surnamed  "  St.andaert." 
Born  1651 :  died  1720.  A  Flemish  battle-painter, 
brother  of  Jau  Frans  van  Bloemen. 

Bloemfontein  (blom'fon-tan).  The  capital  of 
Orange  River  Colonv,  South  Africa,  sitiuvted 
in  lat.  29°  8'  S.,  long.  26°  40'  E.  Population 
(1890),  3,459. 

Blois(blwa).  [LL.  5fcs«»n.]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  situated  on 
tlie  Loire  in  lat.  47°  35'  N.,  long.  1°  18'  E.: 
Medieval  Latin  Blesuni,  Blesis,  or  Bleza.  It  was 
the  capital  of  the  medieval  countship  of  Blois.  Tlic  cha- 
teau (castle)  is  a  historic  royal  palace,  of  great  extent.  It 
was  purchased  by  Louis  of  Orleans  (son  of  Charles  V.),  and 
was  the  residence  of  Louis  XII.  The  east  front,  of  red 
brick  and  stone,  was  built  by  I.«juis  XII. ;  over  its  richly 
onianiented  portal  is  an  etjuestrian  statue  of  the  king,  in 
a  canopied  niche.  The  court  within  has  a  story  with 
square  mullioned  windows  over  graceful  arcades,  and 
topped  by  a  high  roof  with  decorated  dormer-windows. 
Another  wing  was  built  Ijy  Francois  I.,  in  an  excellent 
Renaissance  style.  Its  most  prominent  feature  is  an  open 
winding  staircase,  richly  aiiorncd  with  sculptui-e,  forming 
a  projecting  tower.  The  splendid  apartments  of  the  in- 
terior range  in  date  from  the  13lii  centuiy  down  ;  they  are 
decorated  with  carving,  color,  and  wall-llangings.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  23,4.j7. 

Blois,  County  of,  or  Blaisois,  or  Blesois.    A 

medieval  county  of  France,    included   in   the 

fovernment  of  OrlCanais,  and  comprised  in  the 
epartment  of  Loir-et-Cher.   Capital,  Blois.    It 
became  a  jjossession  of  the  crown  in  1498. 
Blois,  Charles  of.     See  ('harks <,/ lilnix. 
Blois,  Louis  of.     See  Louis  Sil. 
Blois,  Stephen  of.    See  stcpiien  of. 

Blome  (blom),  Richard.  Diid  1705.  A  Lon- 
don publisher  and  comjiiler.  it  is  name  isai>|)ended 
to  many  txxiks  wliich  are  said  to  have  lieen  written  I»y 
Impecunious  authors  for  a  pitUmce,  and  for  which  he  ol)- 
tained  sut)3cription8  from  wealthy  persons.  Among  these 
are  a  large  work  on  heraldry,  and  two  books  relating  to  the 
British  colonies  in  America. 

Blomfleld  (blum'feld),  Charles  James.    Bom 

at  Bury-St.-Edmunds,  England,  May  29,  1786: 
died  at  Fulham,  England,  Aug.  5,  1857.  An 
English  pndate,  bisliop  of  London  182.H-,56.  He 
edited  various  plays  of  ..Eschylus,  etc. 
Blonunaert  (blom'mUrt),  Philipp.  Born  at 
Ghent,  Belgium,  Aug.  27,  1808:  died  at  (ihent, 
Aug.  14,  1871.  A  Flemish  historian  and  poet, 
reviver  of  old  Flemish  liti-rature.  His  chief  wiuk 
is  "Aloude  geschiedenis  der  Belgen  of  Nederduitscliers" 
(1849). 

Blond,  Jacciues  Christophe  le.    See  Lchloml. 

Blondel  (blon-del';  F.  pron.  blou-dcl').  Born 
at  Xesle,  Picardy,  Franco:  flourished  in  the 
second  half  of  the  12th  century.  A  French 
trouvere,  attendant  and  friend  of  Richard  Cooiir 
de  Tjion.  Acroriiing  to  the  traditional  account  (prol)ahly 
a  fable),  he  discovei-ed  the  i)re»ence  of  tlie  imprisoned 
Richard  in  the  castle  of  Durrenstein  t)y  singing  innler  tlio 
tower  In  which  the  king  was  conllned  a  song  wliich  the 
two  had  composed  and  to  which  the  king  responded. 

Blondin   {V)loii-<iaii'),  Charles  (Emile    Gra- 

Vele).  Born  at  Si,  Omer,  l''rarici>,  I'rb.  28, 
1824:  died  at  Ealing,  London,  Feb.  22,  1897. 
A  Frenchman,  famous  as  a  tight -rope  walker. 
He  crossed  the  Niagara  River  ia55,  1.M59,  1860. 
Blood,  Council  of.  The  popular  name  of  a 
tribunal  organized  in  the  Netlierlainis  by  the 
Duke  of  Alva  in  1567.  Its  object  was  the  punish- 
ment of  the  enemies  of  Spanish  rule  and  the  Uonmn 
Catholic  religion. 

Blood,  Thomas.  Born,  probably  in  Ireland, 
aliout  161S:  die(i  Aug.  24,  168(j.  A  famous 
Irish  adventurer,  called  "Colonel"  Blood.  He 
was  the  leader  in  an  unsucces.sfnl  atlemptt4>  seize  Dublin 
Castle  and  the  person  r,f  the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  the  lord 
lieutenant,  in  1GG3.  He  escaped  :  rcmaiiucl  feu-  a  time  in 
Ireland  and  tbon  Merl  lo  Holland  ;  retui  mil  (o  I'.nglanil 
and  Joined  the  Fifth  .Monarchy  men  ;  went  to  .ScotlamI 
and  associated  hiniHelt  with  tli.'  I'ovenantirs,  nrnnlning 
with  (hem  until  their  defeat  on  J'.ntland  Hills,  Nov.  'il, 
leOli;  and  then  revisited  i:nj:land  and  Ireland.  In  ICm 
hcledanotberassanlt  on  Ormonde,  anil  In  liol  attempted 
to  steal  the  crown  Jewels  from  the  Tower.  .Scutt  intro- 
duces him  in  "I'everll  of  Ihi-  Peak." 


163 

Blood  Indians.    See  Sik.til-a. 

Bloody  Angle.  A  salient  at  Spottsylvania 
Court  House,  which  received  this  name  from 
the  severe  fighting  which  followed  thi'  capture 
there  by  General  Hancock  of  about  4,000  Con- 
federate soldiers  under  General  Edward  John- 
son. May  12,  1864. 

Bloody  Assizes.  The  popular  name  for  the 
trials  for  jiarticipation  in  Monmouth's  rising  of 
16.S5,  held  in  the  western  counties  of  England 
and  presided  over  by  Lord  Jeffreys.  Over  300 
persons  were  supposed  to  have  been  e.xecuteil. 

Bloody  Brook.  A  lirook  about  a  mile  north- 
west of  Deerlield,  Massachusetts,  the  scene  of 
an  Indian  massacre  in  1675. 

Bloody  Brother,  The,  or  Rollo,  Duke   of 

Normandy.  A  tragedy  l)y  Fletcher  and  others 
(l)ri>lialily  \V.  Rowley  and  Massinger).  printed 
iu  1639.     The  date  of  production  is  doubtful. 

Bloody   Mary.      An  epithet  given  to   Mary, 

iiueen  of  England  (1553-58),  on  account  of  the 
persecutions  which  she  sanctioned. 

Bloomer(blo'mer),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Jenks).  Born 
May  27,  1818 :  died  Dec.  30,  1894.  An  .\mericau 
reformer,  she  lectured  on  temperance  ami  the  righta 
of  women,  but  was  principally  known  for  her  adoption  of 
a  reformed  dress,  consisting  of  Turkish  trousers  and  a 
dress  with  short  skirts,  which  was  first  intlXKlnced  by 
Elizabeth  Smith  Miller. 

Bloomfleld  (blom'feld),  Robert.  Born  at  Ibm- 
ingtun.  Sufl'olk,  England,  Dec.  3,  1766:  died 
at  Shefford,  Bedfordshire,  England,  Aug.  19, 
1823.  An  English  poet  and  shoemaker.  His 
best-known  work  is  "The  Fanner's  Boy" 
(1800). 

Bloomfleld,  Samuel   Thomas.      Bom    1790: 

died  at  Wandsworth  (.'ninmnn,  England,  .Sept. 
28,  1S(!!).  An  English  scholar  and  biblical 
critic.  He  edited  the  Greek  Testament  (1832). 
Bloomington  (blom'ing-ton).  A  city,  the  capi- 
tal of  McLean  County,  Illinois,  iu  lat.  40°  28' 
N..  long.  S!)o  \V.  It  is  a  railroad  center,  and  has 
several  educational  institutions  and  some  manufactures. 
Population  (I'JlK)),  23,286. 

Bloomsbury  (blomz'ber-i).  A  district  lying 
north  of  New  Oxford  street,  Loudon,  between 
Euston  Road,  Gray's  Inn  Koad,  and  Tottenham 
Court  Road, 

Bloomsbury  Gang,  A  name  given  to  a  politi- 
cal cliipie  intiui  ntial  about  1790.  Its  leader 
was  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  and  its  headquarters 
Bloomsluiry  Htnise,  London. 

Bloomsbury  Square.  A  noted  square  north  of 
New  Oxliiril  street,  London. 

Blore  Heath  (blor  heth).  A  heath  situated 
near  Market  Dravton,  Shropshire,  Ent;land. 
Here,  Sejit.  23.  U.ni),  tlie  Yorkists  under  the  Karl  of  Salis- 
bury defeated  the  Lancastrians  under  Lord  Audley. 

Blot  in  the  "Scutcheon,  A,     A  tiagidy  by 

Robert  Brow-niiig,  brought  out  in  England  in 
1843.  It  was  afterward  produced  iu  America 
by  Lawi'cnce  Barrett. 

Blouet  (blii-a ' ).  Paul :  pseudonym  Max  O'Rell. 
Born  in  Brittany,  France,  March  2,  1S4,S:  died 
at  Paris,  May  24,  1903.  A  Frencdi  author  and 
lecturer.  He  imblished  "John  Bull  and  his 
Island,"  "Jonathan  and  his  Continent," etc. 

Blount  (blunt),  Charles.  Died  1:54.5.  The 
tiflli  Lord  Mountjoy,  noted  as  a  patron  of 
learning. 

Blount,  Charles.  Born  1.563:  died  at  London, 
April  :i,  Itillli.  The  eighth  Ijiird  Mountjoy,  cre- 
ated e;L]'l  i>f  Devoiishii'e  ill  111(14.  lie  was  a  favmite 
of  Klizabeth,  and  a  frietiii  and  supporter  of  ICssex  whom  be 
flueeeeded  i[i  Ireland.  He  defeated  Tyrone,  anil,  with  Sir 
George  t'arew,  obtained  military  possession  of  nearly  the 
whole  of  Ireland,      .See  Slfllit. 

Blount,  Charles,  Born  at  Ujiper  Hidlowav, 
England,  .\|.rll  27,  1654:  died  Aug.,  1693.  A"n 
English  di'ist  and  pamplileti'cr.  He  wrote  against 
the  censorsbip  of  the  press,  and,  having  fallen  in  love 
with  his  deceased  wife's  sister.  l)ut)lished  a  defense  of 
imirriage  between  Jiersons  so  ronneeted.  He  cotnmftted 
suicide  in  despair  of  accomplishing  the  union.  He  wrote 
"Aldmamundi,  etc.'(lim>)and  "The  Two  Hooks  of  I'hi- 
lostratiis,  or  the  l.ifo  of  AjiolloniuR  of  Tyanmus,  front  the 
tireek  ■■  (lismi),  etc. 

Blount,  Sir  Frederick.  A  poor  but  well-di-essed 

t'orluMi-hiinlir  ill  I'.iilwor's  |ilay  ••.Mnm^y."  lie 
is  ipiite  unable  to  pronounce  the  li'tter  "r," 
coiisiili  rim;  it  "woiigli  and  wiisjiing." 

Blount,  Harry.  Lord  .Mamnon's  page  in 
Scidt's   I Ill    ••Maniiion." 

Blount,  Martha.  Horn  near  Rending  (prob- 
ably), , Tune  15.  16911;  died  in  Berkeley  Row, 
Hanover  S(|iiai'o,  London.  1762.  An  intimate 
friend  of  i'opo.  He  left  her  by  his  will  £i,oOii,  many 
books,  all  his  honseliold  gooils,  etc.,  and  made  lier  resld. 
nary  legati-e. 

Blount,  Thomas,     Bom  at  Bordesley,  Worces- 


Blue  Boy,  The 

tershire,  England,  1618:  died  at  Orleton,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  26,  1679.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer,  lie  studied  law  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  ;  but,  as  Ills  religion  (R^mian  Catholic) 
interfered  with  the  pnietice  of  liis  profession,  he  retired 
to  his  estate  at  Orleton,  in  Herefordshire,  and  continued 
his  study  of  the  law  as  an  lunateur.  Among  his  numer- 
ous works  are  "  Olossographia,  etc."  (165(i),  and  "A  Law 
Ilictionary  "  (Hi7o), 

Blount,  William.  Bom  in  North  Carolina, 
1744:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  March  21,  1800. 
An  American  jjolitician.  He  was  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  Constitution,  was  appointed  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory south  of  the  Ohio  in  IT'.Hl,  liecameririled  stales  sena- 
tor from  Tennessee  in  1796,  and  was  expelleil  in  1797  for 
having  instigated  the  Creeks  and  Chen.kees  to  aid  the 
British  in  conqneriiig  the  Spanish  territorj"  of  West  I-lorida. 

Blow  (bio  1.  John.  Born  at  North  Collingham, 
Nottinghamshire.  England,  1(>4S:  died  at  West- 
minster, Oct.  1,  1708.  A  noted  English  musi- 
cal composer,  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  later  of  the  Chniiel  K'oyal. 

Blowltz  (blo'vits).  Henry  Georges  Stephane 

Adolphe  Opper  de.  Burn  at  Hlowit/..  near 
Pilsen.  Bohemia,  Dec.  28,  1825:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  18,  1903.  A  journalist,  the  Paris  rep- 
resentative of  the  London  "Times."  His  pa- 
rents were  Austrians  of  Ueitrew  descent,  but  he  adopted 
the  name  of  liis  birthplace  and  wasinaturalized  a  French- 
man in  1870.  He  comni  nci  d  life  in  France  as  a  teacher 
of  German  at  Tours.  Marscilli-,s,  etc, ;  became  a  contrili- 
utor  to  ■•  La  Gazette  du  Midi  "  and  other  papers;  and  in 
1871  became  connected  with  the  London  "  Times."  He 
was  decorated  (1H71)  with  tiie  badge  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  (officer  of  the  Legion  in  1S78).  He  wrote 
"Feuilles  volantes"  (IWiS),  "Midi  .'i  quatorze  heures  : 
rAllemai.'ne  et  la  Provence"  (ISO'.i),  "  Le  mariage  royal 
d'E,spagne"  (1878),  "  file  course  k  Constantinople  '(1K84), 
etc.     He  retired  in  1901. 

Blowzelinda  (blou-ze-lin'dii).  or  Blowsalinda 

(blou-za-lin'dji).  [From  hlnir-c,  a  coarse 
wench.]  A  country  girl  in  Gay's  pastoral  poem 
"The  Shepherd's  Week."  she  is  not  the  rustic 
maiden  of  the  poets,  hut  a  strong  realistic  milkmaid, 
feeding  the  liogs  aud  doing  various  nnrotnantic  things. 

Bliicher  (bliich'er).  Gebhard  Leberecht  von, 

I'rim-e  of  Walilstadi .  Burn  at  Hn^l.H-k.  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin.  Dec.  16,  1742:  died  at  Krie- 
blowitz,  in  .Silesia,  Sept.  12,  1819.  A  famous 
field-marshal  in  the  Prussian  sei'vice.  He  com- 
manded at  Auerstadt,  Oct.  14,  1806;  served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Lntzen,  Bautzen,  I.eipsic,  etc,  1813  ;  defeated  Na- 
poleon at  Laon.  Slarch  9,  1814  ;  was  defeated  at  Ligny, 
June  10,  ISlfi;  and  commanded  the  Prussians  at  Water- 
loo, June  18,  181.S. 
Bludenz  (blo'dents).  A  town  in  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  III  24  miles 
south  of  Bregenz.     Population  ( 1890),  3,265, 

Bludoff  (blii'dof).  Count  Dmitri  Nikolaye- 

Vitch.  Born  in  the  govoriimeiit  of  Vladimir, 
Russia,  April  16.  1785:  died  al  St.  Petersburg, 
Maich  2  (N.  S. ),  1864.  A  Russian  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed  minister  of  the 
Interior  In  1837,  and  of  Justice  in  ISSti.  and  president  of  the 
council  of  the  empire  and  council  of  the  ministry  in  1861. 

Bluebeard  (blii'berd),  F.  Barbe-bleue  (biirb- 

bh'),  (i.  Blaubart  iblmrbiirt  i.  Tin-  nickname 
of  the  chevalier  Raoul  (an  imaginary  pci'son- 
age),  celebrated  for  his  cruellv.  The  historic  ori- 
ginal was,  perhaps,  tiilles  de  Laval,  baron  de  Ketz  (bom 
1390  :  died  1440).  He  is  the  subject  of  works  bj  Perrault, 
tiretry,  Otfenbaeh,  Tieck,  etc.  In  IVrraull  he  is  a  rich 
man  wlio,  in  sjtite  of  his  hidettus  blue  beard,  has  had  six 
wives  and  marries  a  seventh,  a  young  girl  named  Fatinia. 
He  leaves  the  keys  of  the  ciwtle  with  Iu  r  while  he  goes  on 
a  journey,  telling  Iler  that  she  may  enter  any  room  hut 
one.  .she  disobeys,  enters  the  forbidden  chainlter,  and 
discovers  the  bodies  of  tiis  fi>riner  wives.  .-V  blood-stain 
on  the  key  reveals  her  disobedience,  and  tier  husband 
gives  her  five  minutes  to  prepare  for  deatll.  Her  sister 
Anne  nuinnts  to  the  tiip  of  tlie  castle  to  watch  for  aid, 
and  at  last  sees  their  bri>thers  coming.  They  arrive  and 
kill  Itluebeard  as  he  is  about  to  despatch  Katima.  I'er- 
ranlfs  story  was  written  in  Kreneli  alioul  ltt07,  and  trans- 
lated into  r.nglish  in  the  isth  century.  Several  similar 
tales  are  to  be  found  in  strapim)Ia's  "PlHcevoli  NottI," 
published  in  ir>(l9,  and  In  the  "  I'entamenuie  "  bv  "illan 
Aieslo  Abbatutis  "  ((iianliattista  Ilaaile).  A  series  of  fres- 
cos tiating  from  the  i:tlh  century  has  been  lUscovered  in  a 
chapel  at  Morbihan,  representing  the  legenil  of  St,  lYo- 
plline,  which  is  that  of  the  U»o curious  wife  of  Itlueheartl. 
"La  Hart>e  Uleue  has  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  story 
in  the  Arabian  N'Ights  of  the  Thinl  t'ulendar.  who  has  nil 
the  keys  of  a  magnitlcent  ciislle  intrusted  to  him,  with  In- 
junctions not  toopen  a  certain  apiirlment  ;  he  gratilleshis 
cnri.isity.  and  is  )uinlsheil  for  his  disoludleiice,"  ihilitop. 
Blue  Beard.  A  comic  opera  by  Sedaine  (music 
liy  (Jn'dry).  ]iriidiiced  in  1797. 

Blue  Beard  or  Female  Curiosity.    A  musical 

piny  by  ( 'obuaii  till ■  ^' nil iigir.  prodiici'd  in  1798. 

Blue  Bird,  The,  I'.  L'Oiseau  Bleue  dwii-zo' 

ble),  .\  fairy  tale  by  Madame  d'.\ulnoy.  Flora 
anil  Troutlna,  ilalighters'of  a  king,  are  rivals  for  the  hand 
of  I'rinee  Charming.  He  loves  Flora,  who  is  ginal  and 
beautiful  ;  but  theipieen  Insislsthal  he  shall  nntrry 'lYou- 
tlna,  who  is  Ill-tempered  and  hideous.  In  conseiiiiencc 
of  Ills  refusal,  he  is  condeiuned  to  wear  the  form  of  a  blue- 
bird for  seven  years.  The  superior  power  of  a  friendly 
enchantress  and  a  fairy  enables  them  lo  restore  him  to 
his  own  form  and  unite  him  to  the  lovely  Kloni. 
Blue  Boy,  The.     .\   painting  by  Gainsborough 


Blue  Boy,  The 

(1779),  m  Grosvenor  House,  London.  itisafuU- 
leagth  portrait  of  a  boy  wearing  a  16th-century  costume 
of  blue  satin,  in  a  landscape  backgi-ound. 

Blue-coat  School.     See  Christ's  Hospital. 

Bluefields  (blo'feklz).  A  town  in  the  Mosquito 
territory,  NicTr.Tgua.  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Escoudido  or  Bluefields  River. 

Blue-gowns.  A  name  given  to  certain  bedesmen 
who  received  alms  from  the  kings  of  Scotland. 
They  wore  a  blue  go^vn  with  a  pewter  badge,  and  were  al- 
lowed to  beg  in  any  part  of  Scotland. 

Blue-Grass  Region.  A  popular  name  given  to 
that  part  uf  central  Kentucky  which  abounds 
in  blue-grass  {Poti  pratciisis). 

Blue  Grotto.  A  celebrated  cavern  on  the  shore 
of  Capi-i  in  Italy. 

Blue  Hen,  The.  A  nickname  of  the  State  of 
Delaware.  Tlie  regiment  furnished  by  Delaware  in  the 
American  War  for  Independence  was.  on  account  of  its 
fighting  qualities,  known  as  the  "  Game  Cock  Regiment." 
One  of  its  officers,  Captain  Caldwell,  who  was  noted  as  a 
fancier  of  game-cocks,  maint.ained  that  a  true  game-cock 
must  of  necessity  be  the  progeny  of  a  blue  hen.  Hence 
arose  the  application  of  this  name  to  the  State. 

Blue  Hills.  A  range  of  hills  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  near  Milton,  south  of  Boston. 
The  height  of  Great  Blue  Hill  is  635  feet. 

Blue  Knight,  The.  In  medieval  romance,  Sir 
Persaunt  of  India,  overthrown  by  Sir  Gareth. 
He  is  described  in  Malory's  "  Prince  Arthur" 
and  in  Tennyson's  idyll  "Gareth  andLynette." 

Blue-mantle.  The  English  pursuivant-at-arms. 
His  official  robe  is  of  that  color. 

Blue  Mountains.  1.  A  range  of  mountains  in 
the  eastern  jiart  of  Jamaica.  Height  of  highest 
point,  Blue  Mountain  Peak,  7,300  feet.— 2.  A 
range  of  mountains  in  the  eastern  part  of  New 
South  Wales,  Australia,  north  of  the  Atistralian 
Alps,  and  west  of  Sydney.  Height,  about  4,600 
feet, —  3.  A  range  of  mountains  in  northeast- 
ern Oregon.  Average  height,  about  7,000  feet. 
—  4.  In  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  the 
second  main  ridge  of  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains: also  known  in  their  northeastern  parts 
as  the  Kittatinny  and  in  New  York  as  the  Sha- 
wangunk  Mountains. 

Blue  Ridge.  The  easternmost  of  the  chains 
of  the  Appalachian  system  of  mountains,  in 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  It  is  a  contin- 
uation of  the  South  Mountain  of  Pennsylvania  and  Mary- 
land, which  is  also  often  called  the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is 
famous  for  its  picturesque  sceneiy.  In  Virginia  it  sepa- 
rates the  Piedmont  region  from  the  valley  of  Virginia. 
Highest  point,  in  North  Carolina,  the  Grandfather,  5,S97 
feet. 

Blues  (blijz).  In  Canadian  politics,  the  Conser- 
vatives of  Quebec. 

Blue-stocking  Clubs.  A  name  applied  to  as- 
semblies held  in  London  about  1750  at  the  houses 
of  Mrs.  Montague  and  other  ladies,  in  which 
literary  conversation  and  other  intellectual  en- 
joyments were  substituted  for  cards  and  gossip, 
and  which  were  characterized  bya  studied  plain- 
ness of  dress  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  guests. 
Among  these  wa&Mr.  Benjamin  StUlingfleet,  who  always 
wore  blue  stockings,  and  in  reference  to  whom,  especially, 
the  coterie  was  called  in  derision  the  "Blue-stocking 
Society  "  or  the  "  Blue-stocking  Club,"  and  the  members, 
especially  the  ladies,  "blue-stockingers."  "blue-stocking 
ladies,"  and  later  simply  "blue-stockings"  or  '*  blues." 

Blaestring  (blo'string),  Robin.  A  nickname 
of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  referring  to  his  blue 
ribbon  as  a  Knight  of  the  Garter. 

Bluet  d'Arb^res  (blii-a'  dar-bar'),  Bernard 
de.  Born  about  1360 :  died  at  Paris,  ir,06.  A 
French  professional  fool.  He  assumed  the  title  of 
Comte  de  Permission,  and  published  crack-brained  pro- 
phecies and  eulogies  on  his  patrons.  His  "  CEuvres,"  con- 
sisting of  ab(.ut  ISO  niuiibered  pieces,  are  extremely  rare, 
and  are  highly  prized  by  bibliophiles. 

Bluff  (bluf),  Colonel.  A  character  in  Fielding's 
'■  Intriguing  Chambermaid." 

Bluff  City.  An  epithet  sometimes  given  to  Han- 
nibal, Missouri,  from  its  position. 

Blum  (blom).  Robert.  Born  at  Cologne,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  10,  181)7:  executed  at  Vienna.  Nov.  9, 
1848.  A  German  political  agitator  and  -nTiter, 
leader  of  the  libera!  party  in  Saxony  in  1848 

Blum,  Robert  Frederick'.  Born  at  Cincinnati, 

O..  July  !l.  IsfiT:  died  at  New  York,  June  S,  1<)(»3. 
An  American  painter,  illustrator,  and  etcher. 

Blumenau,  Battle  of.  An  action  between  the 
Prussians  and  Austrians  at  Blumenau  in  Hun- 
gary, July  22.  1866.  It  was  inteiTupted  by  news 
of  the  armistice. 

Blvmienbach  (blo'men-bach),  Johann  Fried- 
rich.  Born  at  Gotha,  Germanv,  Mav  11.  17.'i2: 
died  at  Gottingen.  Germany,  Jan.  22,  1840.  A 
celebrated  German  naturalist  and  physiologist, 
the  founder  of  anthropology.  He  was  professor 
of  medicine  and  anatomy  in  the'University  of  finttingen 
177(1-1835.  and  editor  of  the  "Medicinische  Bihliotek " 
1780-94.      He  was  the  first  to  teach  natural  history  on 


164 

the  basis  of  comparative  anatomy,  and  proposed  the  di- 
vision  of  the  humat)  species  into  five  races :  the  Cauca- 
sian, Mongolian,  ilaluy.  American,  and  African  or  Ethio- 
pian. His  works  include  "  Handbuch.der  vergleichenden 
Anatomie  und  Physiologic  '  (18ii4),  "Ijbcr  den  Bildungs- 
trieb  und  das  Zeu^'ungsgcscbaft  (1781),  "  Institutiones 
I)liysiologiea? "  (1787). 

Blumen-,  Frucht-  und  Dornenstiicke.     See 

Ftoici  r.  Fruit,  and  Tliorii  i'^fcr.*. 

Blumenthal  (blii'men-tiil),  Leonhardt,  Count 
von.  Born  July  30,  1810:  died  Dec.  22,  1900. 
A  Prussian  general.  He  became  chief  of  the  gen- 
eral staff  of  the  army  in  Schleswig-Holstein  in  1Si9; 
served  with  distinction  in  the  war  with  .Austria,  becom. 
ing  a  lieutenant-general  in  Oct.,  186(i ;  distinguished  him. 
self  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  as  chief  of  staff  in  the 
array  of  the  Crown  Prince  ;  and  was  made  general  field- 
marshal  in  1888. 

Bliimlisalp  (bliim'lis-alp).  A  mountain-group 
in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  west  of 
the  Jungfrau.  Height  of  the  Bliimlisalphorn, 
12,042  feet. 

Blunderbore  (blun'der-bor).  Agiantin  "Jack 
the  Giant  Killer."  Jack  scuttled  his  boat,  and 
he  was  drowned. 

Blunderstone  Rookery  (blun'der-ston  nik'- 

er-i).  The  residence  of  David  Copperfield,  se- 
nior, in  Dickens's  novel  "David  Copperfield." 

Blundeville  (blun'de-vil),  Thomas.  An  Eng- 
lish author.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  BlundeviUe,  on 
whose  death  in  15)38  he  inherited  an  estate  at  Newton  Flot- 
man.  Norfolk.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  educated  at 
Cambridge.  In  1571  he  erected  in  the  church  of  Newton 
Flotman  a  monument  under  which  he  lies  buried.  He 
wrote,  besides  a  number  of  treatises  on  horsemanship  and 
other  subjects,  "A  Briefe  Description  of  universal  Mappes 
and  Cardes  and  of  their  use  ;  and  also  the  use  of  Pthole- 
mey  his  Tables,"  etc.  (London,  1589),  "  M.  Blundeville  his 
Exercises  "  (six  treatises  on  cosmography,  astronomy,  ge- 
ography, and  the  art  of  navigation  :  London,  1594),  "The 
Arte  of  Logike,  etc. "  (1,599),  and  "  The  Theoriques  of  the 
Planets,  together  with  the  making  of  two  instruments  for 
seamen  to  And  out  the  latitude  without  seeing  sun,  moon, 
or  stars,  invented  by  Dr.  Gilbert  "(London,  1602). 

Blvmt  (blunt).  Colonel.  A  character  in  Sir  R. 
Howard's  "CJomraittee."  Like  Benedick,  when  he 
said  he  would  die  a  bachelor  he  did  not  think  he  should 
live  to  be  married. 

Blunt,  Edmund.  Born  at  Newbur-s-port,  Mass., 
Nov.  23, 1799 :  died  at  Brooklra,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  2. 
1866.  An  American  hydrographer,  son  of  Ed- 
mund March  Blunr. 

Blunt,  Edmund  March.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  June  20, 1770  :  died  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  2,  1862.  An  American  hydrographer,  au- 
thor of  the  "American  Coast  P'ilot "  (1796),  etc. 

Blunt,  John  James.  Born  at  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme,  Staffordshire,  England,  1794:  died  at 
Cambridge.  England,  June  18, 1855.  An  EngUsh 
luviue  auu  eCcicsiasLical  writer. 

Blunt,  Major-General.  An  old  cavalier,  rough 
but  honest,  in  Shadwell's  play  "The  Volun- 
teers." 

Bluntschli  (bluntsh'li),  Johann  Easpar.  Born 

at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  March  7,  1808:  died  at 
Carlsruhe,  Baden,  Oct.  21, 1881.  A  noted  political 
economist  and  statesman,  professor  at  Zurich 
1833-48,  at  Munich  1848-61,  and  at  Heidelberg 
1861.  His  numerous  works  include  "  Allgeraeines  Staats- 
recht  "  (1852),  "  Deutsches  Privatrecht  "  (1853),  "  Das  mod- 
erne  Volkerrecht "  (18(>8),  etc. 

Bltirt  (blert),  Master  Constable.  A  play  by 
Middleton  and  Rowley,  produced  in  1602.  "  Blurt, 
Master  Constable,"  is  equivalent  to  "  A  fig  for  Master  Con- 
8table,"anit  is  a  proverbial  phriise.  Blurt  is  also  the  name 
of  the  constable  in  the  play  given  from  the  proverb  ;  he  is 
a  sort  of  Dogberry  imbued  with  a  tremendous  sense  of  his 
own  and  his  master  the  duke's  importance. 

Boabdelin  (bo-ab'de-lin),  Mahomet.  The  last 
king  of  Granada,  oneof  theprinciptil  characters 
in  Dryden's  play  "The  Conquest  of  (^^ranada." 

Boabdil  (bo-ab-del'),  or  Abu  Abdullah  (ii'bo 
iib-dol'lii).  The  last  Moorish  king  of  Granada. 
He  revolted  against  his  father  Muley  Hassan,  and  seized 
the  throne  in  1481.  In  1491  he  was  attacked  and  defeated 
by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  made  prisoner.  He  was 
set  at  liljerty  on  condition  of  being  a  vassal  of  Spain. 

Boaden  (bo'den).  James.  Born  at  Whitehaven. 
Cumberland,  England,  May  23,  1762:  died  Feb. 
16, 1839.  An  EngUsh  dramatist  and  biographer. 
His  works  include  "The  Secret  Tribunal"  (1795X  "An 
Italian  Monk  "  (1797),  "  Aurelio  and  Mtranda  '  (1799),  etc  , 
and  lives  of  Kemble,  Mrs.  Siddons,  Mrs.  Jordan,  and  Sirs. 
Inchb.ald. 

Boadicea(b6-a-di-se'a).  [L.  Boadicea.  Boadii- 
III,  Iliiiiduca,  Bnudnccii,  Vaadicca,  corrupt  man- 
uscript forms  of  Boiidicca,  a  name  which  also 
appears,  applied  to  other  persons,  as  Bodicca, 
lit.  •  \-ictress,'  fem.  of  'Boiidiccos,  *Budicciis, 
Bodiciis,  lit.  '\ictor,'  from  Old  Celtic  hoiidi-. 
bodi-,  Olr.  hiiaid,^.  bud.  victory.]  Died  62  A.  D. 
The  wife  of  Prasutagus. king  of  the  Iceni,  atribe 
in  eastern  Britain.  Tliinking  to  secure  his  kingdom 
and  family  from  molestation.  Prasutagus. who  died  about  60 
A.  It.,  bequeathed  his  great  wealth  to  his  daughters  jointly 
with  the  Roman  emperor.  The  will  was  made  by  the  Ro- 
man officials  apretext  for  appropriating  the  whole  property. 


Boca  del  Drago 

Boadicea  was  flogged,  her  daughters  outraged,  and  other 
members  of  the  royal  family  treated  as  slaves,  with  the 
result  that  the  Iceni  joined  the  Trinubantes  in  a  re- 
volt under  Boadicea  against  the  Romans  62  A.  D.,  which 
was  put  down  by  Suetonius  Paulinus.  Boadicea  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  a  tragedy  by  Fletcher  (see  Bondiica\ 
which  was  altered  in  separate  plays  by  Powell,  Colman 
and  Planch(?.  Hopkins  wrote  a  "  Boadicea,"  acted  in  1697| 
and  Glover  produced  a  play  of  the  same  name  in  1735! 
Mason  wrote  a  play  on  the  same  subject,  called  "Carac- 
tacus,"  in  1759.  Both  Cowper  and  Tennyson  have  made 
Boadicea  the  subject  of  poems. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-ner'jez).  [GT.Tioavep)i^:  ety- 
mology <loubtful :  meaning,  perhaps,  '  sons  of 
tumult.']  A  surname,  explained  in  Mark  iii.  17 
as  meaning  '  sons  of  thunder,'  given  to  James 
and  John,  the  sons  of  Zebedee. 

Boardman  (bord'man),  George  Dana.    Bom 

at  Livermore,  Maine,  Feb.  1,  l.SOl :  died  near 
Tavoy,  British  Burma,  Feb.  11, 1831.  An  Amer- 
ican Bajitist  missionarv  in  Burma. 

Boardman,  George  I^ana.    Bom  at  Tavoy, 

British  Burma,  Aug.  18."  1828:  died  at  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  April  28, 1903.  An  American  Baptist 
clergyman,  son  of  George  Dana  Boardman.  His 
works  include  "  Studies  in  the  Creative  Week  " 
(1878), "  Epiphanies  of  the  Risen  Lord  "  (1880). 

Boardman,  Henry  Augustus.  Born  at  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  19, 1808:  died  at  Philadelphia,  June 
15, 1880.  An  American  Presbyterian  divine  and 
religious  writer. 

Boar  of  Ardennes,  Wild.    See  Ardennes,  Wild 

Biiiir  of. 

Boar's  Head,  The.  A  tavern  in  Eastcheap,  Lon- 
don, celebrated  by  Shakspere  as  the  scene  of 
Falstaff's  carousals.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  Fu-e  of 
London,  afterward  rebuilt,  and  demolished  to  form  one 
of  the  approaches  to  London  Bridge.  A  statue  of  William 
IV.  stands  on  the  spot. 

Boavista  (bo-a-vesh'ta),  or  Bonavista  (bo-na- 
vesh'tii).  [Pg.,  'fairview.']  The  easternmost 
of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands. 

Boaz(b6'az).  1.  A  wealthy  Bethlehemite,  kins- 
man of  Elimeleeh  and  husband  of  Ruth.  See 
Ruth. —  2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  brazen  pillars 
(see  Jachin)  erected  in  the  porch  of  Solomon's 
temple. 

Bobadil  (bob'a-dil),  Captain.  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"Every  Man  in  His  Humour,"  a  Paul's  man,  that 
is,  a  man  who  lounged  in  the  middle  aisle  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  the  resort  of  sharpers,  gulls, 
cast  captains,  ami  loafers  of  every  kind.  His 
cowardice  and  bragging  are  made  amusing  by  his  intense 
gravity  and  the  serious  manner  in  which  he  regards  him- 
self. 

Bobadil  is  the  only  actually  striku)g  character  in  the 
play,  and  the  real  hero  of  the  piece.  His  well-known  pro- 
posal for  the  pacification  of  Europe,  by  killing,  some  twenty 
of  them,  each  iris  man  a  day,  is  as  good  as  any  other  tliat 
has  been  suggested  up  to  the  present  moment.  His  ex- 
travagant atf  ectation,  his  blustering  and  cowardice,  are  an 
entertaining  medley ;  and  his  final  defeat  and  exposiu-e, 
though  exceedingly  humorous,  are  the  most  affecting  part 
of  the  story.  Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  67. 

Bobadilla,  Covint  of.  See  Audrada,  Gomes 
Fnirc  d( . 

Bobadilla  (bo-ba-thel'ya),  Francisco  de.  Died 
at  sea,  probably  July  1,  1502.  A  Spanish  offi- 
cer who,  in  1500,  was  sent  to  Hispaniola  to 
investigate  the  affairs  of  that  colony,  and  es- 
pecially to  inquh'e  into  charges  made  against 
Columbus.  On  his  arrival  at  Santo  Domingo  (Aug.  23, 
151X1),  he  summoned  Columbus  before  him.  imprisoned  him 
and  his  brothers,  and  sent  them  to  Spain.  Bobadilla  le- 
mained  as  governor  of  the  colony  until  the  arrival  of 
llvaiido,  April  15,  1502. 

Bobbin  Boy,  The.  A  nickname  of  Nathaniel 
P.  Banks.  It  was  given  him  because  he  worked  as  a 
boy  in  the  cotton-factory  of  w  hich  his  father  was  superin- 
tendent. A  book  for  boys,  with  this  title,  containing  his 
early  life,  has  been  published. 

Boboli  (bo'bo-le)  Gardens.  Gardens  in  the  rear 

of  and  adjacent  totlie  Pitti  Palace  in  Florence. 
They  are  open  to  the  public,  and  are  filled  with  fountains, 
grottoes,  and  statues  :  some  of  the  latter  are  by  John  of 
Bologna.  From  the  terrace  is  a  magnificent  view  of  I'lor* 
ence.  The  land  was  bought  in  1649  by  Eleanora  of  Toledo, 
wife  of  Cosimo  I.,  duke  of  Tuscany.  The  laying  out  was 
commenced  by  the  sculptor  Tribolo  who  died  1550,  and 
finished  by  Buontalenti. 

Bobolina  (bo-bo-le'na).  Died  1825.  A  (rreek 
heroine,  the  widow  of  a  Spetziot  ship-owner 
who  was  assassinated  by  order  of  the  sultan  in 
1812.  She  equipped  three  vessels  \n  the  revolution  of 
1821,  one  of  which  she  commanded.  She  participated  in 
the  siege  of  Tripolitza,  Sept.,  1821. 

Bobruisk  (bo-brci-isk').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Minsk,  situated  on  the  Beresina  in 
lat.  53°  15'  N.,  long.  29°  10'  E.  It  contains  an 
important  fortress.     Population.  58.056. 

Bobs  (bobz),  or  Bobs  Bahadur.  [Bahadur, 
Hind.,  'hero,'  a  title  of  respect.]  An  affection- 
ate nickname  given  to  General  Sir  Frederick 
Roberts  by  the  British  soldiers  in  India. 

Boca  del  Drago  (bo'ka  del  dra'go).  [Sp., 
'  dragon's  mouth.']    The  strait  between  the  i.sl- 


Boca  del  Drago 

and  of  Trinidad,  West  Indies,  and  the  South 
American  mainland  of  Paria.  it  was  so  named  h> 
Columbus,  who  first  passed  through  it,  Aup.  16.  uys.  Thu 
passage  is  obstructed  by  three  islands  in  it,  and  is  noted 
for  its  furious  currents,  caused  pai-tly  by  the  etjuatorial 
ocean  current  iiiid  partly  by  tlie  outtluw  of  tlic  Drinoco. 

Boca  del  Sierpe  (bo'kii  .ui  si:--<r'i.a).    [Sp., 

'serpent's  rauuth.']  Tlic  strait  between  the 
southwestern  point  of  the  ishiiid  of  Trinidad 
and  the  lowlands  at  the  luotith  of  the  Orinoeo. 
It  was  so  named  by  Colunilms,  who  first  passed  through  it 
into  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  Aug.  3.  14'.l8.  The  passage  is  sub- 
ject to  heavy  currents  and  eddies. 

Bocage  (bo-kilzh'),  Le.  1.  A  district  inPoitou, 
France. —  2.  A  district  in  Normandy. 

Bocardo  (bo-kar'do).  An  old  gale  (north  Rate) 
of  Oxford,  by  the  Chnreh  of  8t.  Miehael,  de- 
stroyed in  1771.  The  room  over  it  was  used  as 
a  prison. 

Boca  Tigris  (ho'kii  te'frris),  or  the  Bogue, 
Chin.  Hll  Mun  (ho  man').  ['The  tiger's 
mouth.']  A  narrow  passage  in  tlie  Canton 
Kiver,  40 miles  southeastof  Canton,  China.  The 
Bogue  forts  were  stormed  by  the  British  in  1841 
ana  1857. 

Boccaccio  (bok-kii'eho),  Giovanni.  Born  prob- 
ably at  Certaldo,  Italy,  1313:  died  at  Certaldo, 
Dee.  21,  1375.  A  celebrated  Italian  novelist 
and  poet.  As  a  youth  he  came  to  Horence  ;  about  :;i:io 
settled  at  Naples ;  and  returned  to  Florence  about  l:i4I. 
He  served  the  Florentine  state  several  times  its  ambassa- 
dor, and  lectured  at  Florence  on  the  "  Divina  Corameiiia  " 
from  1373  to  1374.  Hiscliief  work  was  the  "  Decaraerone,* 
a  collection  of  one  hundred  stories.  These  were  not  pub- 
lished toKCtlier  until  13.'>:i,  though  most  of  them  were  writ- 
ten earlier.  (See  Uecameron.)  Among  his  otlier  worlds 
are  "11  Filocopo,"  "II  Teseide,"  "Ameto,"  "L'Amorosa 
Vlslone"  and  "L'Amorosa  F'iammetta,"  the  latter  written 
about  1341,  and  "II  Filostrato,  "  written  between  1344  and 
135il.  l>uriMg  the  ten  years  following  1363  lie  also  wrote 
four  import.ant  Latin  works:  '-De  tienealogia  Deorum, 
libri  X\'."  (on  mythology),  "De  Montium,  Silvarum,  La- 
cuum  et  Mariuni  nominilius  liber"  (on  ancient  geogra- 
phy), and  two  liistorical  hooks,  "De  Casibus  \"iri)runi  et 
Feminarum  Illustrium,  libri  IX.,"  and  "Ue  Claris  .Mu- 
lieribus."  His  death  was  hastened  by  that  of  his  friend 
Petrarch.    See  Fiammctta. 

Boccage,  or  Bocage  (bo-kazh'),  Manoel  Maria 

Barbosa  du.  Born  at  SetuV)iil,  Portugal,  .S<'pt. 
15,  17(iD:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dee.  21,  ISO.).  An 
eminent  Portuguese  poet.  A  complete  col- 
lection of  his  poetical  works  was  published 
after  his  death. 

Boccanera  (bok-ka-na'ra),  or  Bocanegra  (bo- 
kii-na'grii),  Simone.  Born  about  1300:  poi- 
soned at  Genoa,  1303.  The  first  Doge  of  Genoa. 
He  was  elected  in  1339,  abdicated  iu  1344,  and 
was  reelected  in  135G. 

Boccardo  (bok-kiir'do),  Grirolamo.  Bom  at 
Genoa,  Italy,  March  16. 1829.  An  Italian  polit- 
ical economist,  and  writer  on  history  and  geog- 
raphy, long  professor  of  political  economy  at 
the  University  of  Genoa.  He  became  senator  In  1877, 
and  since  18S8  has  lived  iti  Rome.  His  works  include 
"Trattato  teorico  pratieo  ill  economia  politica"  (18.'>3), 
"  1  principii  della  scienza  e  dell'  arte  della  tlnanze  "  (18S7), 
etc. 

Boccherini  (bok-ka-re'ne).  Luigi.  Born  at  Luc- 
ca. Italy,  .Jan.  14. 1740:  die<l  at  Madrid,  May  28, 
ISO.'i.     All  Italian  composer  of  chamber  music. 

Bocchoris,  or  Bokkhoris.  -'\n  Kgyjitian  king 
giveu  by  .\Ianutho  as  the  sole  king  of  the  24th 
dynasty:  identified  as  KingNah-ka-ra  Bek-en- 
rau-ef  of  the  monuments. 

Boccone  (bok-ko'nej,  Paolo,  later  Sylvio. 

Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  April  '24,  l(i33:  died 
near  Palermo,  Dec.  22,  1704.  A  noted  Sicilian 
naturali.st,  professor  of  botany  at  Padua,  and 
later  a  Cistercian  monk. 

Bochart  (bo-shiir'),  Samuel.  Born  at  Kouou, 
FraiK'e,  Miiy  30,  l.")99:  died  at  (,'aen,  France, 
May  10,  l(i6(.  A  noted  Frencli  Orientalist  and 
biblical  scholar,  a  Iliigiienot  pastor  at  Caen. 

Bochica  (bo'che-kii).  The  name  given  by  tho 
Chibcha  Indians  to  their  conception  of  the 
Supreme  Being.  After  creating  tlie  earth  he  gave  it 
111  cimrge  of  Cliibchacnin.  wlio  curried  it  on  his  shoiililers; 
If  rhibchat^iiin  changed  his  posture  from  fatigue,  an  earth- 
*|Uake  resulted.  Both  Itochica  and  Clliticliactim  were  ob- 
jects of  reverence,  but  apparently  not  of  worship. 

Bochnia(boch'n6-a).  AtowniiiGalicia,  Austria- 


Hii 


15  miles  east  of  Cracow,  noted  for  its 


^alt-mines.    Poiiulatioii  ( IHIIO),  I'oiriiiiiine.  K,H4!). 
Bocholt  (boch'iMt).     -Mown  in  the  province'  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  near  the  Dutch  frontier. 
Population  (1890),  13.034. 

Bochsa  (iiok-sii'),  Robert  Nicolas  Charles. 

Born  at  Moiitmedy.  Fihiicc  .\iig..  17s9:  ilicil 
at  Sydney.  Anstraiia,  1855.  A  French  harpist 
and  operatic  comiioser. 

Bochum  (boch'um).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  \Vcst]ihalia,  Prussia,  20  miles  iiortlieast  of 
Diisseldorf.  It  has  largo  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  47,001. 


166 

Bock  (bok),  Franz.  Bom  at  Burtscheid,  Prus- 
sia, May  3,  1823  :  died  at  Ai.v-la-Chapelle,  April 
30,  l.H'.ty.  A  German  writer  on  ecclesiastical 
archieology.  He  became  an  honorary  canon 
of  the  cathedral  at  Ai.\-la-Chapelle  iu  1864. 

Bock,  Karl  Ernst.  Born  at  Leipsic.  Feb.  21, 
1809:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Feb.  19.  1874.  A 
German  anatomist  aud  medical  writer,  &\>- 
pointed  extraordinary  professor  iu  the  Univer- 
sity of  Li'ipsic  in  1839. 

Bockenheim  (bok'en-lum).  A  suburb  U  miles 
northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the-Maiu,  Prussia. 
Pomdatiou  (1S90),  coiniuiine,  18,675. 

Bockh  (bek),  August.  Boru  at  Karlsruhe, 
Baden,  Nov.  24,  1/85:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  3, 
1867.  A  distinguished  German  archipologist 
and  philologist.  He  was  appointed  professor 
at  Heidelberg  in  1807,  and  at  Berlin  in  1811. 
lie  was  five  times  rector  of  the  university. 

Booking  (bek'ing),  Eduard.  Bom  atTrar- 
bach,  lilieiiish  Prussia.  -May  20,  1802:  died  at 
Bonn,  Prussia,  May  3.  1870.  A-noted  German 
jurist,  professor  of  Roman  law  at  Bonn  1829- 
1S70. 

Bocklin  (bek'liu),  Arnold.  Born  at  Basel, 
Switzerland. Oct.  16. 1S'_>7:  died  at  Fiesole, Italy, 
.Ian.  10,  1901.     A  Swiss  landscapc>-painter. 

Bocksberger  (boks'berg-er),  or  Bocksperger 

(boks'perg-er),  Hans  or  Hieronjrmus.  Born 
at  Salzburg,  Austria.  1,540:  died  about  1600. 
A  German  ])ainter,  noted  especially  for  hunt- 
ing-scenes and  battles. 

Bode  (lio'de),  Johann  Ehlert.  Bom  at  Ham- 
burg, Jan.  19,  1747:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  23, 
1826.  A  celebrated  German,  astronomer,  the 
founder  of  the  "Astron.  Jahrbiicher"  (1776), 
and  astronomer  of  the  academy  at  Berlin 
(1772-18'25). 

Bodenbach  (bo'den-biich).  Atown  iu  Bohemia, 
on  the  Elbe  48  miles  north  of  Prague.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  7,574. 

Bodensee  (bo'deu-za).  The  German  name  of 
the  Ijake  of  Constance. 

Bodenstedt  (bo'den-stet),  Friedrich  Martin 

von.  Boi-u  at  Peiue,  Hannover.  April  22, 1819: 
died  at  Wiesbaden,  April  19,  1892.  A  German 
poet,  author,  and  .iournalist.  He  studied  at  Oottin- 
gen,  -Munich,  and  Berlin,  and  went  to  Moscow  as  a  tutor, 
then  to  Tillis,  where  lie  taught  at  the  gymnasium,  and. 
later,  traveled  extensively  through  the  Caucasus  and  the 
Bast.  He  was  subsequently  a  newspaper  editor  in  Triest 
and  Bremen.  In  1854  he  was  made  professor  at  tile  I'lii- 
versity  of  -Munich,  a  i)osition  which  he  renounced  in  lS(it» 
to  undertake  the  direction  of  the  theater  at  Mciiiinu'i  n, 
where  he  remained  until  1S70,  He  was  ennoliU-d  in  l^ti7. 
The  Berlin  journal  "Tagliche  Rundschau  "  appcand  un- 
der his  direction  18so-^.  Among  his  many  prose  works 
are  "Tauscud  und  ein  Tag  im  Orient"  ("'Thousand  and 
One  Days  in  the  Orient,"  18411-.')0),  "Shakespeare's  Zeit- 
genossen  und  ihreWerke"("Shakcspere's  Contemporaries 
and  their  Works,"  3  vols.,  18,S8-«0),  etc.  In  collabora- 
tion with  Paul  Heyse,  Knrz,  and  others  he  made  a  new 
translation  of  (Shakspcre's  dramatic  works  (9  vols,,  I8(>8- 
1873),  and  he  himself  translated  the  sonnets.  A  journey 
to  the  United  States  in  ISSl  is  described  in  "  Voni  Atlan- 
tlschon  zum  Stillen  Ocean  "  ("  From  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean,"  1S8'2).  His  most  celebrated  poetic  work  is 
"Lieder  des  Mirza-Schaify"  ("Songs  of  Mirza-Schatfy." 
18.^1),  which  are,  with  a  few  oxceptioimonly,  original  poems. 
"Alls  dem  Nachlaas  des  MIrza-Schally  "  ("  From  the  I'os- 
thuiiioUH  Works  of  Mirza-SchaIfy  ")  appeared  in  1874. 

Bodhisattva  (bo-dho-siit'vil).  [Sanskrit;  in 
Pali  Jl'iilliisiittii.]  One  who  has  perfect  know- 
ledge as  his  essence,  lie  is  one  who  is  on  his  way 
to  the  attainment  of  perfect  knowledge  when  he  has  only 
one  birth  or  certain  births  to  undergo  before  reaching 
the  state  of  a  supreme  Buddha;  a  future  Buddha  or 
Buddha  elect. 

Bodin  (bo-(laii').  Jean.  Born  at  Angers, France. 
1.53(1:  diedatl.aon,  France,  1596.  A  celebrated 
French  imblicisl  and  iiolitical  economist,  ills 
works  Include  "Lie  la  ripnlillque"  (157(1),  "Melhodus  ad 
fadlem  llistorianini  Cognltionem"  (l.MKI),  "Itiponsc  anx 
paradoxes  de  Maleslroit  "  (I.MWX  etc.  The  first-named  Is 
"the  only  work  of  great  excidlence  on  the  science  of  poll. 
ties  before  the  eighteenth  century  "  (Saiultbitni)- 

Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  bod'le-aii)  Library.    .\ 

liliraryofOxrordl''niversily,l':nglaiiil,wliiili\v:is 
originally  est ablishe<l  iu  1445,  formally  <ipeiied 
in  1488.  and  reestablislncl  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley 
in  1.597-1002,  It  wasfornndlyopened  Nov,  8.  Ifin:),  and  In 
lllol  ,lanie9  I,  granteil  letters  put.  nt  slvlini;  11  tiy  lli>illey'» 
name.      The  library  has  lately  absorbed  tin-  <|imdraiiglu 

anillinlldingsof  theold  Kxanilnalion  .sd Is,  whose  .laco- 

liean  enlrance-tnwer,  with  coluniim  of  all  five  cliisHlcal  or- 
ders. Is  an  areliKectural  curiosity.  The  library  contains 
abniit  WKl.nOO  printed  vidunies.  ;m,nil(l  volnines  of  nianu- 
.scrlpts,  loid  Ml.lKHI  coins  :  als.i  many  porlrails,  models  o( 
ani'leiil  IniililliiKS,  and  llteniiy  antiiinlllcs. 

Bodley  (boil'li).  Sir  Thomas.    Bom  at  Kxpter, 

England,  March  2,  1545:  died  at    London,  .Inn, 
'28,  1(!13.     An  Englisli  diphunalist  and  scholar, 
founder  of  the  Bodleian  Library  (which  see) 
at  Oxford. 
Bodmer  (bod'm6r),  OeOTg.     Born   at  Zurich, 


Boer  War,  The 

Switzerland,  Dec.  6,  1786:  died  at  Zurich,  May 
29,18(54.  A  noted  Swiss  mechanic.  He  invented 
the  screw-  and  cross-wheels  (lsti3),  and  made  improve- 
ments In  firearms  and  industrial  machinery,  especially 
iu  the  machinery  for  wool-spinning. 

Bodmer,  Johan  Jakob.  Bom  at  Greifeusee, 
near  Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  19,  1698:  died  at 
Zurich,  .Ian.  2.  1783.  .\  Swiss  critic  and  poet. 
He  was  pmfessor  of  Helvetic  history  in  the  University  of 
Zurich  (1725-75),  and  founded,  with  others,  the " Discours 
der  Mahlern  "(17'21X  which  opposed  the  French  school  of 
poetry  and  became  theori.'an  of  a  new  lierman  school  sooi^ 
after  made  illustrious  by  Klopstock,  Goethe,  andSchiller. 

Bodmer,  Karl.  Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland. 
1.S05  :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1893.  A  Swiss 
landscape-artist  and  etcher. 

Bodmin  (bod'min).  A  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, 28  miles  west  of  Plymouth. 

Bodd  (bo'dfe).  A  seaport  in  western  Norway, 
about  lat.  67°  15'  N. :  the  chief  place  in  Salten. 
Population  (1891).  3.8'22. 

Bodoni  (bo-do'nei.  Giambattista.    Bom  at 

Saluzzo,  Italv,  Feb,  10,  1740:  died  at  Padua, 
Italy,  Nov.  29",  1813.  Au  Italian  printer,  noted 
for  his  editions  of  Homer,  Vergil,  and  other 
classic  authors.  His  "Manuale  Tipografico" 
was  published  in  1818. 
Bodtcher,  Ludwig  Adolph.  Born  in  Copen- 
hagen, 1793:  died  there,  1874.  A  Danish  poet. 
Most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Copenhagen.  In  18*24  he 
went  to  Italy  and  lived  for  eleven  years  in  close  associa- 
tion with  Th<»rwaldsen  in  Koine.  A  number  of  his  poems, 
wliich  are  wholly  lyric,  are  on  Italian  subjects. 

Boece  (bo-es'),  properly  Boyce,  L.  Boetius, 

Hector.  Bom  at  Dundee,  Scotland,  about 
1405:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  1.530.  A 
noted  Scotch  historian.  The  family  name  was  Bni/M 
(Boys,  Biiijt,  lini/vi),  Boifig  being  an  adaptation  of  Boetiug 
(luodern  Boice.  Boijce).  His  chief  work  is  a  history  of 
Scotland,  ".Scotorum  Historian,  etc."  (I.'i27),  translated  Into 
Scotch  by  John  Bellenden  between  1,S30  and  lo33. 

Boehm  (bem),  Sir  Joseph  Edgar.    Bom  at 

Vienna,  1834:  died  Dee.  12.  1S90.  A  Hunga- 
rian-English sculptor.  In  is.iil  he  went  to  Paris,  and 
to  London  in  ISO"-',  where  he  exhibited  a  bust  in  the  Koyal 
Academy,  His  most  iin|)ortant  works  are  busts  of  Ruskin, 
Cladstone,  Huxley,  Lord  Wolseley, etc,;  figures:  Carlyleou 
the  Thames  F.mbankment;  Dean  StiUlley  in  \\cstmiiister 
Abbey  ;  Sir  F'raneis  Drake  at  Tynemouth ;  etiuestriaii 
statues:  Lord  NorthbnKik  at  Calcutta;  I'rinee  Consort  at 
Windsor,  etc.  Among  his  best  works  are  various  statues 
and  statuettes  of  uniuounted  horses, 
BCBOtia  (be-o'shiii).  [Gr.  Boiur/n.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  central  Greece,  bounded 
by  the  country  of  Locri  (ipuutii  on  the  north, 
the  Enripus  aud  -\ttica  on  the  east,  -\ttica,  Me- 
garis,  and  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  south, 
and  Phocis  on  the  west.  Its  surface  Is  generally 
level,  forming  a  basin  iu  which  is  Lake  Copals.  The  in- 
luibitanls  were  proverbial  for  their  dullness.  The  chief 
city  of  Bieotia  was  Thebes,  which  with  other  cities  formed 
the  Boeotian  League  (which  see). 

Boeotian  League  or   Confederacy,  The.    A 

league  of  independent  cities  in  Bieotia,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  originally  fourteen  in  num- 
ber, with  Thebes  at  the  head.  Its  common  sanctu- 
aries were  the  temple  of  theltonian  Athene  near  Coronea, 
where  the  ranilxeotia  were  celebrateil,  and  the  temple 
of  Poseliion  111  Onchestuft.  I  tj^  chief  magistrates  were  called 
lnet>tarctin,  and  were  elected  annually,  two  for  Thebes 
and  oni-  for  each  of  the  other  cities.  It  was  finally  dis- 
scdve.l,  in  n.  c.  or  1411  ii.  c. 

Boerhaave  (biir'hii-ve),  Hermann.    Born   at 

Voorhont,  near  Leyden,  Hollan>l,  Dee,  31,  1()G8: 
died  at  Ijeydcn,  .Se|)t.23, 1738.  .-V  famous  Dutch 
physician.  ]irofessor  of  botany,  medicine,  and 
cliemislry  at  Leyden  1701-29. 

Boeroe,  or  Buru  (bii'ro),  or  Bouro (bO'ro),   An 

island  in  the  East  Indies,  in  lat,  3°  S.,  long. 
127''  E.,  claimetl  by  the  Netherlands.  Area, 
estimateil,  1,970  sipiare  miles. 
Boer  (bor),  [D,  /him',  farmer.]  One  of  the 
population  of  Dutch  descent  in  South  Africa, 
This  element  is  ])roniiiient  in  Cape  Ctdony  and  dominant 
In  the  Orange  Free  State  and  in  the  south  African  Kepuh- 
lie  ('I'ransvaal).  The  first  Boers  immigrated  fnnn  .lava 
in  WM,  and  were  reinforced  liy  Huguenots  in  ll'j<7.  From 
17W  they  Iniil  to  strnugle  with  British  inlluelice  and  rule. 
Si-c  Tinnir'i'tl  and  Itmnife  Fri'f  State. 

Boer  War,  The.  1.  Thewarwhieli  followed  the 
pi'oclamatioii  of  the  Transvaal  Hepublic.  Deo.. 
1880,  between  that  eiuiiitiy  and  Gr.nl  Itrilain. 
Its  chief  ovenU  wore  the  ilefeat  of  the  I'.i  itisli  at  l.ail)B*s 
Neck  Jan.  2«,  18KI,  and  at  Miijnba  Mountain  Feb,  'J7, 1881 
(the  Urilish  eominamhr  c.dky  Iu  Inn  kllledi,  lly  Inaty 
of  Murcli,  1881,  the  lnde|H'lldence  of  the  republic  was  ree- 
ogniieil,  but  the  Boers  acknowledged  the  suieralnly  of  the 
queen. 

2.  A  war  waged  by  the  Transvaal  and  the 
Orange  Free  State  against  Gi'.al  Britain,  be- 
"lin  in  Oct.,  1899,  The  chief  events  were  (he  siege 
and  relief  of  La.lvsmlth  Oct,  ■•».  IRIW  Feb.  28.  IWiO;  the 
siege  and  relief  ..f  KImberley  Oct.  14,  Ismi-Feb.  15.  loeO; 
the  slego  an.l  rt-llef  of  Mnfeking  Od.  15.  l,'<'.iiP-May 
16,  1'.I00;  the  eaidure  of  Cronji's  armv  at  the  Moddcr 
Kiver  Feb.  ?7.  I'.Kirt:  ami  the  capture  of  Pretoria  .Mine  S, 
inoo.     Peace  was  alineil  May  31,  1IKI2. 


Boethius 

Boethius  (bo-e'thi-us).  Au  early  Provencal 
poem  of  258  deeasyUabie  verses,  consisting 
mainly  of  moral  reflections  taken  from  the  •  •  J)e 
Consolatione  "  of  Boethius.  'It  dates  from  the 
eleventh  century,  or  at  latest  from  the  beginning  of  the 
twelfth,  but  is  thought  to  be  a  rehandling  of  another  poem 
which  may  have  been  written  nearly  two  centuries  earlier." 
Saiiit^bttrt/. 

Boethius  (bo-e'thi-us),  Anicius  Manlius  Seve- 
rinus  (less correctly  Boetiusi.  Bom  about  4i.") 
A.  D. :  died  about  524  a.  d.  A  Koiiiun  philosi>- 
pher,  probably  grandson  of  Fla^-ius  Boethius 
who  was  put  to  death  by  Valentinian  III.  in 
455.  He  was  consul  in  510,  and  became  ma^ister  otBcio- 
rum  in  tlie  court  of  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths. 
Having  incurred  suspicion  on  account  of  his  bold  defense 
of  Albinus  who  was  accused  of  treason,  he  was  put  to 
death  by  Theodoric  without  trial  on  the  charge  of  treason 
and  magic.  Uis  most  famous  work  is  the  "'De  Consola- 
tione Philosophic."  written  probably  during  Ilis  imprison- 
ment at  Pavia.  Parts  of  this  were  translated  by  King 
Alfred  and  by  Chaucer.  His  translations  from  and  com- 
mentaries on  the  logic  of  Aristotle  were  very  intluential 
during  the  niiddle  ages. 

Boethus(b6-e'thus).  [Gr.  Bo//?of.]  BoruatChal- 
cedon  (or  Carthage,  according  to  Pausanias). 
A  sculptor  of  the  Alexandrian  school  (2d  cen- 
tury B.  c. ),  famous  in  antiquity  for  geme  work 
of  a  high  character.  PUny  (N.  H.  54,  84)  mentions  a 
bronze,  a  boy  strangling  a  goose,  of  which  there  is  a  beau- 
tiful replica  in  the  Louvre.  The  boy  extracting  a  thorn, 
found  in  replica  in  many  museums,  is  supposed  to  represent 
his  famous  statue  of  the  same  subject.  The  beautiful 
little  girl  playing  with  dice,  now  iu  Berlin,  maybe  copied 
from  Boethus.  ^ 

Boetie  (bo-a-se'),  Btienne  de  la.  Born  at  Sar- 
lat,  Dordogne,  France,  Nov.  1,  1530:  died  at 
Germinac,  near  Bordeaux,  France,  Aug.  18, 
1563.  A  French  wiiter,  chiefly  known  as  a 
fi'iend  of  Montaigne. 

Boflin  (  bof '  iu  ),  Nicodemus  (otherwise  the 
Golden  Dustman  and  Noddy).  A  disinter- 
ested old  man  left  in  charge  of  the  Harmon  prop- 
erty, in  Dickens's  novel  "Our  Mutual  Friend." 
See  JTefffj,  Silas. 

Boffin's  Bower.  The  residence  of  the  Boffins, 
in  Dickens's  "Our  Mutual  Friend."  Mrs.  Boffin, 
not  liking  its  former  name,  Harmon's  Jail,  given  it  from 
its  late  owner  s  habits  of  life,  gave  it  this  cheerful  appel- 
lation. Miss  Jennie  Collins  established  a  successful  char- 
ity for  working-girls  in  Boston  iu  1870  under  this  name. 

Bogardus  (bo-giir'dus),  Everard.  [NL.  Bogar- 
dus,  from  D.  Bogaerd  (whence  E.  Bogart,  Bo- 
gert),  from  bogaerd,  contraction  of  boomgaerd 
(Kilian),  orchard,  from  boom,  tree,  and  gaerd, 
yard,  garden.  Cf.  G.  Baiinigarteii.^  Born  in 
Holland:  drowned  in  Bristol  Channel,  Sept.  27, 
1647.  A  Dutch  clergyman  in  New  Amsterdam. 
He  owned  the  farm  ■•the  Dominie's  Bouwerie,"  now  the 
property  of  the  Trinity  Church  corporation  in  yew  York 
city. 

Bogardus,  James.  Bom  at  CatskUl,  N.  Y., 
March  14,  1^00 :  died  April  13, 1874.  An  Amer- 
ican inventor.  His  numerous  inventions  include  a 
"  ring-spinner  "  for  cotton-spinning  (182SX  an  engraving- 
machine  (18;il),  and  the  tirst  dry  gas-meter  (1832). 

Bogdano'Titch  ibog-da-no'Weh),  Ippolit  Feo- 
dorovitch.  Born  at  Perevolotchna,  Little 
Russia,  Dec.  23,  1743:  died  near  Kursk,  Russia, 
Jan.  18,  1803.  A  Russian  poet.  His  chief  work 
is  "Dushenka,"  a  romantic  poem,  published  in 
1775. 

Boggs  (bogz),  Charles  Stuart.  Bom  Jan.  28, 
ISll :  died  April  22,  1888.  An  American  rear- 
admiral.  He  was  commander  of  the  gunboat  "Varuna 
which,  in  Farragut's  attack  on  the  defenses  of  Xew  Or- 
leans in  1862,  destroyed  six  Confederate  gtinboats  before 
she  was  hei-self  disabled  and  sunk  by  two  rams. 

B5gh  (beg).  Erik.  Born  at  Copeuhagen,  Jan. 
17,  1S22:  died  there,  Aug.  17,  IS9<).  A  Danish 
dramatist,  poet,  and  general  writer. 

Boghaz-keui  (bo'gaz-ke'e),  or  Boghas-koi 
\b6'gas-ke'e).  A  village  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
lat.  40°  1'  N.,  long.  34°  35'E.  Its  ruins  are  identifled 
with  the  ancient  Pteria.  They  include  a  Hittite  palace, 
placed  on  an  artitlcial  terrace,  and  otherwise  analogous 
to  Assyrian  monuments.  The  foundations  are  of  polyg- 
onal masonry,  and  measure  138  by  187  feet;  the  super- 
structure w.as  of  brick.  The  chief  gate  is  a  great  tower  59 
feet  deep.  There  are  also  Hittite  sculptures  consisting  of  a 
long  frieze  on  the  walls  of  two  rock-hewn  chambers  and 
a  corridor.  They  consist  of  processions  of  personages, 
men  and  women  in  semi-Ass>Tian  costume,  winged  and 
animal-headed  divinities,  animals,  and  two-headed  eagles. 
The  titrures  ninge  in  height  from  3  to  U  feet. 

Bogomiles  (bog'o-milz),  or  Bogomilians  (bog- 
9-iniri-auz).  A  heretical  sect  of  the  12th  cen- 
tvrry,  founded  by  Basil,  a  monk  of  Philippopolis, 
who  was  put  to  death  at  Constantinople  in 
1118.  They  were  Manichiean  and  Docetist  in  doctrine, 
and  were  probably  an  offshoot  of  the  Paulician  sect. 

BogOS  (bo'goz).  A  small  Hamitic  pa.storal  tribe 
on  the  lower  plateau  of  Abyssinia,  west  of 
Massowa. 

Bogota  (bo-go-ta'),  or  Santa  T6  de  Bogoti 
isiiu'ta  fa  da  bo-go-ta').     The  capital  of  the 


166 

Republic  of  Colombia,  situated  on  a  plateau 
8.678  feet  high,  in  lat.  4°  41'  N..  long.  74°  20'  W. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  university,  museums,  a  rich  library", 
and  an  observatory.  It  was  founded  by  the  .Spaniards  in 
1538.    Population  (1891),  about  100,000. 

Bogra  (bog-ra').  A  tUstrict  in  the  Rajshahye 
di\nsion,  Bengal,  British  India.  Area,  1.452 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  817,494. 

Boguslawski  (bo-go-slav'ske),  Adalbert. 
Born  at  GUnuo,  neai'  Posen,  Nov.  4,  1760:  (lied 
at  Warsaw,  July  23,  1829.  A  Polish  dramatist 
and  actor. 

Bohain  (bo-aii' ).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aisue,  France,  31  miles  north  bv  west  of  Laon. 
Popnlation  (1891),  commune,  6,"980. 

Bohemia  (bo-he'mi-a).  [F.  Bolieme,  G.  Bohmen, 
etc.;  ML.  Bohemia,  L.  Boiheemnm,  Boiohsemum, 
Gr.  Boviai/ion,  the  region,  Bohemi.  Boihemi,  Boi- 
emi,  the  tribe  so  named,  from  Boii  (see  Boii) 
and  OHG.  heim,  OS.  hem,  etc.,  home,  dwelling- 
place.]  1.  A  crowuland,  capital  Prague,  in  the 
Cisleithau  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  and 
the  northernmost  portion  of  the  empire,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  kingdom  of  Saxony  (separated  by  the  Erzce- 
birge)on  the  northwest  and  north,  Prussian  .Silesia  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Riesengebirge  and  other  mount;uiis)  on  the 
northeast,  Moravia  (p:u-tly  separated  by  the  Mahrische 
Gebirge)  and  Lower  Austria  on  the  southeast.  Upper  Aus- 
tria on  the  south,  and  Bavaria  (mainly  separated  by  the 
Bohmerwald)  on  the  southwest.  Its  surface  is  moun- 
tainous and  undulating,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Elbe  and 
its  tributaries,  the  Moldan,  Eger,  Iser,  etc.  It  produces 
wheat  and  other  cereals,  fruit,  flax,  and  hops,  has  exten- 
sive forests,  and  is  the  chief , region  of  the  empire  in  the 
production  of  co-aL  It  has  also  mines  of  iron.silver,  lead, 
sulphur,  alum,  and  graphite.  Ithasmanufactures  of  linen," 
glass,  c:Uico,  woolens,  paper,  chemicals,  porcelain,  beer, 
sugar,  iron,  etc.  It  has  110  representatives  in  the  Austrian 
Reichsrat,  and  has  a  landtag  of  242  members.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  majority  is  Czech ;  but  about  35  per  cent, 
speak  German.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic. The  early  inhabitants  of  this  district  were  the  Boii. 
and  after  them  the  Marcomannt  It  was  colonized  by 
Czechs  in  the  early  part  of  the  6th  century  ;  was  the  seat 
of  a  temporal^-  realm  under  Samo  in  the  7th  century  : 
formed  part  of  Svatopluk's  Moravian  realm  at  the  end  of 
the  9th  century,  and  became  a  flef  of  Germany  in  929.  It 
was  a  duchy  and  became  a  kingdom  in  1198.  Moravia  was 
united  to  it  in  1029.  Under  Ottocar  II.  (1263-78)  it  acquireil 
temporarily  Austria.  Carinthia,  and  Styria;  Lusatia  and 
Silesia  were  annexed  in  the  14th  century.  Bohemia  was 
one  of  the  electorates  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  After 
the  extinction  of  the  dynasty  of  Premysl  (1306')  the  king- 
dom was  ruled  by  the  house  of  Luxemburg,  1310-1437.  It 
was  united  with  Austria  in  1526.  It  suffered  in  the  Huss- 
ite wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Thirty 
Years' War  in  1618.  rrederick(elector  palatine)  was  chosen 
king  of  Bohemia  in  1619. and  overthrown  in  1620,  after  which 
Protestantism  was  extirpated  by  the  Hapsbnrg  ruler,  Fer- 
dinand II.  In  recent  times  a  vigorous  agitation  in  favor 
of  national  autonomy  has  been  carried  on  by  the  Czechs- 
.\rea,  20,060  square  miles.  Population  (190<i),  6,318,280. 
2_.  A  name  for  any  place  where  people,  espe- 
cially artists  and  literary  people,  lead  an  un- 
conventional or  somewhat  irregular  life ;  or  the 
people  collectively  who  lead  such  a  life.  This 
usage,  with  that  of  the  adjective  Bohemian  in  cone- 
sponding  senses,  was  introduced  from  theFrenclt,  who  as- 
sociated Bohemia  (^(i  Boh^me)  with  gipsies,  by  Thackeray. 
Stafford  Dictionary. 

Bohemian  Brethren.    -A.  religious  sect  in  Bohe- 

Tiiia,  1 5th-17th  cent  ury.  abraneh  of  the  Hussites. 
Bohemian  Girl,  The.'  An  opera  by  Balfe,  pro- 
ducedin  Londoninl843.  ThelibrettowasbyBunnfrom 
a  ballet  by  St.  Georges,  which  was  taken  from  Cervantes.  It 
was  brought  out  .again  in  London  in  1858  as  "  La  Zingara. " 
It  was  translated  into  French, Italian,  and  German,  and  had 
a  great  success.  "Bohemian  "  here  means '•  gipsy,"  The 
opera  appeared  in  Hamburg  as  "La  Gitana,"  in  Vienna  as 
"Die  Zigeunerin,"  and  in  Paris  as  "La  Boheniienne." 

Bohemond  (bo'he-mond),  or  Bohemund  (bo'- 
hf-mund),  I.  Marc. "  Bora  10.56  (1065?):  died 
at  Canossa,  Italy,  1111.  A  Ciiisader,  sou  of 
Robert  Guiscai-d.  He  became  prince  of  Tarentum  in 
1085.  joined  the  first  Crusade  in  1096,  and  captured  An- 
tioch  in  1098. 

Bohio  (bo-yo').  A  name  given  by  the  Cuban 
Indians,  In  the  time  of  Columbus,  to  Haiti  or 
Hispaniola.  It  is  said  to  have  meant  'a  house,' 
and  to  have  referred  to  the  populousness  of 
that  island. 

B6hlvonFaber,CeciLia.  See  Arrom. 

Bohlen  (bo'lenj.  Peter  von.  Bom  at  Wiip- 
pels,  Oldenbui'g,  Germany,  March  9, 1796:  died 
at  Halle,  Germany,  Feb.  6,  1840.  A  German 
Orientalist,  professor  of  Oriental  languages  in 
Konigsberg. 

Bohler  (be'ler),  Peter.  Bom  at  PYankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Germany,  Dec.  31,  1712:  died  at 
London,  April  27,  1775.  A  German  clergyman, 
bishop  of  the  Moravian  C!hurch  in  America  and 
England. 

Bohm  (bem),  Theobald.  Bom  at  Munich, 
April  9.  1794:  died  at  Munich,  Nov.  2.5,  1881. 
A  German  flutist  and  composer.  He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  several  improvements  in  the  flute,  especially  of 
a  new  system  of  fingering. 

Bohme  (be'me),  or  Bohm  (bem),  or  Behmen 


Boileau-Despr^aux 

(ba'men),  Jakob.  Born  at  Altseidenberg, 
Silesia,  Prussia,  1575 :  died  at  Gorlitz,  Prussia, 
Nov.,  1624.  A  celebrated  German  mystic.  His 
works  include  "Am-ora  "  (1612),  "Der  "Weg  zu 
Christo"  (1624).  etc. 
Bohmisch-Brod  (be'mish-brot).  A  town  in 
Bohemia.  20  miles  east  of  Pi-agne.  Near  here 
ilay  30,  1434,  the  Taboiites  were  defeated  by  the  Calixtinei 
and  Roman  Catholic8(also  called  "  the  battle  of  Lippau  '\ 
Population  (1890),  4,087. 

Bohmisch-Leipa  (be'mish-li'pa).  A  manufac- 
turing town  iu  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Polzen 
42  miles  north  of  Pragjie.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  10,406. 

Bohn  (bon),  Henry  Greorge.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  4. 1796:  died  at  Twickenham,  Aug.  22, 1884. 
An  English  publisher  and  bookseller.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  editions  of  standard  works  in 
various  "libraries." 

Bohol  (bo-hol').  One  of  the  PliilippLne  Islands, 
iu  lat.  10°  N.,  long.  124°  20'  E.  Length,  45 
miles. 

Bohorquez,  Francisco.    See  Enim. 

Bohtlingk  (bit'liugk),  Otto.  Bom  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, June  11  (N.  S.),  1815.  A  noted  Rus- 
sian Orientalist.  His  chief  work  is  the  "Sanskrit- 
Worterbuch"  (with  Rudolf  Roth;  published 
1853-75). 

Bohun  (bo'hun),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Ringsfield, 
Suffolk,  England,  March  12,  1645:  died  in  Caro- 
lina, Oct.  5.  1699.  An  English  publicist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  colony  of  Carolina  in  1698  (?).  His  chief 
work  is  a  "GeoOTaphical  Dictionary"  (1688). 

Bohun,  Henry  de.  Bom  1176 :  die'd  on  a  pil- 
grimage to  the  Holy  Land,  June  1,  1220.  The 
tirst  Earl  of  Hereford  (created  April,  1199), 
and  constable  of  England. 

Bohun,  Humphrey  de.  Died  Sept.  24,  1274. 
The  second  Earl  of  Hereford  and  the  first  Earl 
of  Essex,  the  fifth  of  the  name.  He  was  constable 
of  England.  In  1258  he  joined  the  barons  iu  their  con- 
federation for  the  redress  of  grievances,  but  went  over  to 
the  king  in  1263,  and  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  battle  of 
Lewes,  May  14,  1261. 

Bohun,  Humphrey  de.  Died  1298.  The  third 
Earl  of  Hereford  and  the  second  Earl  of  Essex, 
and  constable  of  England :  the  seventh  of  the 
name.  He  was  associated  with  Roger  Bigod,  earl  o( 
Xorfolk,  and  other  barons  in  opposition  to  the  reforma 
of  Edward  I. 

Bohun,  Humphrey  de.  Bom  1276:  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Boroughbridge,  March  16,  1322. 
The  fourth  Earl  of  Hereford  and  third  Earl  of 
Essex,  and  constable  of  England:  the  eighth 
of  the  name.  He  joined  the  barons  in  their  opposition 
to  Gaveston  (see  GaveMo7i)  and  the  Despensers.  He  wa» 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Bannockbum,  June  24, 1314, 
but  was  exchanged  for  the  wife  of  Robert  Bruce. 

Boiardo,  or  Bojardo  (bo-yar'do),  Matteo 
Maria,  Count  of  Scandiano.  Born  at  Scan- 
diano,  near  Reggio  di  Modena,  Italv,  about 
1434  (?) :  died  at  Reggio  di  Modena,  Dec,  1494. 
A  noted  ItaUanpoet.  He  was  the  author  of "  Orlando 
innamorato'  (1495),  "Sonettiicanzoni"(1499),  "DTtmone" 
(a  comedy),  etc.     See  Orlando  innamorato. 

Boieldieu  (bwol-dy e' ),  Francois  Adrien.  Bom 

at  Rouen,  France,  Dec.  16  (Grove),  1775:  died 
near  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1834.  A  celebrated  French 
composer  of  comic  operas.  His  works  include  "L» 
famine  Suisse  "  (1797),  "Beniowski "  (1800X"Le  calife  de 
Bagdad"  (18fiO),  "Ma  tante  Aurore''  (1803),  "Jean  de 
Paris "  (1812),  "  La  dame  blanche  "  (18M),  etc  His  son 
Adrien  (born  in  1816)  has  composed  several  successful 
comic  operas. 

Boii  (bo'i-i).  1.  A  Celtic  people  li-ving  in  Cis- 
alpine Gaul,  prominent  in  Roman  annals  from 
the  4th  to  the  2d  century  B.  c.  They  later  mi- 
grated to  Bohemia,  to  which  and  to  Bavaria 
they  gave  their  name. —  2.  A  Celtic  tribe  which 
joined  the  Helvetii  in  their  invasion  of  Gaul  in 
58  B.  c.  Ciesar  assigned  them  land  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  ^I5dui. 

Boileau-Despr6aux  (bwii-16'da-pra-6'),  Nich- 
olas. Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  1,  1636 :  died  at 
Paris,  March  13,  1711.  A  famous  French  critic 
and  poet.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar-  in  Dec,  1656.  His  first  satire  dates  from  1660  or  1661, 
and  w:is  the  forerunner  of  a  series  of  seven,  composed 
between  1660  and  1665.  To  this  same  period  belong  his 
■'Dissertation  sur  Joconde,'  and  his  "DL-Uogue  des  h^- 
ros  de  roman. '  His  satires  were  published  without  his 
sanction  by  a  Dutch  bookseller,  who  issued  the  book  un. 
der  the  title  "Recueil  contenant  plusieurs  discours  libres 
et  moranx,  en  vers  "  (1665).  Boileau  issued  his  own  cor- 
rected version  in  1666.  and  within  the  next  two  years 
there  appeared  some  twenty  editions,  both  authorized 
and  unauthorized.  These  models  of  elegant  writing 
served  .as  the  foundation  of  literary  criticism  in  France. 
Boileau  was  attacked  from  many  quarters,  and  framed 
his  reply  in  two  satues,  published  in  1669.  Little  is 
known  of  his  life  between  1660  and  1677.  During  that 
interval,  however,  he  wrote  his  second  and  third  "  Jpitres," 
translated  the  "Treatise  on  the  .Sublime"  of  Longinu^ 
published  fragments  of  the  "Lutrin"  in  1673,  and  finally 


Bolsover  Castle 


Boileau-Despr6aux  ,     ,    T^  ^^,.  /^.^'\ru^  li  dik")     The  ruins  of 

»v,i,  fourth  and  mth  ••EpUr.s."  the  first  tour  books  Bokerly  Dyke    ''^  ^ff  "i„    tiie    ueighborhooa 
gave  out  his  fourth  ami  nu  1       i  ..  j    j,,^  ^^t  edition     k,,muiii    iMticuchmeuts    in    tue    "«^  b  •      j 

o<'!''=::^,^K^i^'.r'li.,f;D  ."^    "(i(i74).  niiMO'bUcution     ^^  Famham,  England,  the  site  of  the  ancitnt 


,eaS  entered  X'xZ'ltvn^'ul^S  to  "flexions  cri- 
of  the  king.  '"  J','??,  answer  to  I'erraulfs  ••  Di;ilog.ies 
ticiues  8ur  }^"«"'"'^Tn,ls°  The  first  five  editions 
Bur  lc3  anciens  et  les  ■"""'""'"^  „.  .^-^  ^yM.  1701,  and 
?^f '' Tl'IeNrt'edif  ontVtertLm;g^.o«.M\y  Boileau 

twelfth  satire  >vas  publi^he  1  a".  ■  c  .-speeially 

n     ^^®ia-il        A   French    fnVmlist.     He  was   the 
Caen,   1S«.      a  ^      m,     ,.  ..  ^  ,,,^g  ^.j  po,;sies 

r^es"'  a^J  "^X  el'une'flbleV'  (1«06)  etc. 
Bd9BrfiW(bwabru-la').    [F.,' burnt  woods.  ] 


16^  ,    J.  .  .  _    »  1..TM      iiu  defeated  Canterac  at  Ja- 

ff as  made  dictator  uf  1  tru  "^^.'■.^"^^^^■s  great  victory 
nin,  Aug.  «,  Ib-M.  »"J""„^5,';j^^'*o'i'erh.  South  America. 
at  Ayacucho  ended  the  ^P""^"  J*",  "  p„u  a  congress 
'"  AT'%\fIign.ne":ed1he'^^rmaUo™  of  «.e  re^pub- 

i^u'B^fi;^.^i;;;"'ed'i^par  to'-- ^^vssr^^rii 

against  liiiii  in  io^  •  ■  ,,,.„,,,,,, „,ntres  (onning  to- 
ta^rZ^  ^:tX  yu";;r:l^repu^!ic  created  by  hi» 

AV;;h;;n^a,;on  the  spu,h.^Tt^«i«^^^^^  Bdiv^ ^r;?<?5;ee  of  Eeuad^^  <^^::^J^_ 


eiJ:' boi;;::^  by  :Vs;aii7  Russia  on  tlH^nortl. 
east,  aud  west,  Khiva  on  the  u'";^'^^^*'^,;.  .7, 


raiidu. 
4;i.l)00. 


A  proviliee  ui  xjc,ia,jv/»,  ^"i 

Area  I.IGO  square  miles.    Popidation, 


thl'anlTenT  Sogdtana  and  forined  p.^^^^^^^^ 


miU's  besides  the  territory  of  \uruary  now 
"li'led  to  it.  of  uncertain  extent.  Population 
(18'J1),  56,28" 


in  (with  a  Bnssi 

S;'iLia"rim'  A^rXofol^Q-re  mUes.    Population,  B°J^^[VanrKena.     Are^.  27,000  square  miles. 
•j.ioiiiOH.                                                         ..      .    J  :„     p.„,iilMtii)ii  (IS^S.")),  SnO.OOO. 
Bokhara.     The  eapital  of  Bokhara,  situated  in     I '  V''^;."    !  ^j^dad  BoUvar  (formerly  AllgOB- 


9   Boulogne  (bwa  d6  bo-16ny').      [F..  -,,,is,an,  a.lniin  stored  by  Bmisnou.».. 
1   ^l^'b..'.,„    'ftW  (Grande  Artuee,  or      Ltisl,  India.     Aiva,  1,915  square  miles.    F 


■es, 
Pop- 


central  Asia,     It  -n.ains  niany  inos^nes  and  M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
dan  theological  schools.     It  is  now  rtacniu  >  J  " 
TrLnscaspian  Railway.    Popnlation  about  100,000. 
Ionian  (bo-lan'i.     A  distriet  in  nortieni  Balu- 
^a^^'^.bninistered  by  British  oflieials..  ^  ^^^^ 

viii' 

„  .   „ -,-  \  „Brk  in  Farisreacueu  uj(  mo  v......"r-     ,\iporui  umniu.i  ui   '"^^" .;„  „,;i.,a 

tulli  the  Iveune  of  the  (Grande  Armee,  or     British  India,     ^r^--^'^^^  ^^''^"^  "^'^'^ 

Tthe  city  and  laid  out  m  lh53.  ^_  BolbSC  (bol-bek' ).     A  town  in  th.   rteP'irtnM'n 

de  Cilo^.'.     It  contains  "I-a  Eaisanderie;  (a  fam, 


V,.,„.zuela:;nihe  Orinoco.     Population  (1891), 

BoiMa  (bo-liv'i-ii;  Sp.  pron,  b6.-le'7,-a)- 
r N  mied  for  li„IUiir.-]  In  colonial  times,  (  har- 
•^  ,.r  /wr  rem  A  republic  of  South  Anier- 
;::.'".  it'al  La  Paz.  bou'nded  -y  Bra.i^l  on  the 
noAh    uid  east,  the  Argentine   Kepubhc   ad 

duces  coca,  india-rubber,  emc lona  '^'^^-  ^^  „„a  j, 
gold,  silver,  copper,  tin.  J  ''•"  "  ?,!^',,  consisting  of  a 
KO-!-'-'''>'.;'..P.:'!.l",","L,.l°ltV,eca,ne  independent 


■WilP     th.  Osliiim  ISoWitiiium  or  j 


ZT7,  1«13 :  died  at  Chicago,  lu.,     Nile.    [  ..  u.mnm  ^>""'"''"  /r;*.  f-„,  Bolbitinc 
In  American  edueatp.^ He. as     gr.  B^^  -- -^o^  fnthe'  DelTa,  on  this 

{jt.   I50'/" ; '" /'      ., —  ,     ,,„„   .f  tie  principal 


S^'^griiuHn^i    ei^iille^itsra  drill-ground,   a   race- 

F     :9   1I95      An  American  edueatoi-     He  w 
pro/essoV  of  Greek  at  Bro«;n  Umvei.  ty  l|«;;*.,;^t Jhc 
tniversity  of  .Michigan  18''--;®*;.'^V;  .-'^^l'    ,,^x,''  etc. 
versity  of  Chicag...     He  wrote     ';"'"*'"','.  t,,„,,„ 

BMsBobey  (bwa-go-ba'),  Fortune  Abraham 

du     B  .rn  at  Granville  (Manche).  France.  N  P  . 
Tl    ISO,  -died  Feb.,  1H91.     A  French  nov  i>t. 

?' V"co\^  •'"(  ivt  ■ 'i"  flemi'-moirsius  1^  Jerrenr  ■' 

(,"^,^'La  ™>inoonp^e"(ls.n);.  La  revanche  de  Kr- 

nande"(lS82),  "La  bande  rouge    (.Vr^e^.^'S;  ^, 

■Rn  s  anilbert  (F.  pron.  bwa  gel-bar  ),  DTl&n 
^de      A    S t  Templar,  a  preceptor  ot     he 

^.\.  ,.   in  S..<rit's  novel  -'Ivanlioe."    Having  fallen 

^:;::;^.::^h'ki;;t^fandb^«puisedby..e.^ec^^^ 

',"  f  r,'\7ln-Z."a'her'^  '  e'^ne^Tvanhoc  in  t.ie  lists, 
»!.n;;ly^;"a!;al'ih^b:'ginning  of  the  encounter.  

Bois-le-Duc. ..  «-.■ '"■i''^'^"i";'^';es  de.    Bom  Bolgolam(b.d'gp-lam). 
Boissieu  (bwa-sy.-  ).  Jean  J^caues  ue.  «    b  ,. ,  j,,;    ,,..- 

at  Lvons,  France,  173(.:  die.l  at  hjons,  IHl".  .^;|''>^,^   nml-sriid'),  01 


»n^hp"e  ('iol  bek' )       A  town  in  the  department     governed  by  a  P;-esnn.n».. i...;;;;^__^;  ^ 

E.     Population.  2iM(>.«. 


nieiit 
30= 


fir    Ko'AliiTivov  ardua  Tov  lyti'^^,  ^"'"^  " ■.,.-,     -W  5' E      Population.  Jir  u>.i. 

Gr  Bo?/J,7,V;?,  a  town  in  the  Delta,  on  this  t;^^,{'  ^V^ol'  and),  L.  Bollandus  (bo-lan  dus), 
brmch  of  the  river.]  One  of  the  prmcipa  ^oll^'jj'i^^'' Born  at  Tirlemont  (f).  in  ^^,^\'\^\' 
an  •  ent  mouths  of  the  Nile,  partly  represented     Johann.  ^^.^^^  ^^  Antwerp,  Sept.  12,  ICa,. 

J'-\  ,    r,:_.i™    >„V    o   Wifp    A.     .\   comedy  by     the  su-calUd  BoUandists. 


He  edited  the 

,,awork 

successors, 

i„    ,.,-..    .,,„,,.     .- ,      ,  which  wa8Cmuiiiiiii."j  •■■" 

B^ld'stroke  for  a  Wife   A^^^A  --;^;;>;  ^  ^^^'bo  ":;-distsy   The.    The  name 

Mrs.  Ciitlivre  with     Mi.Mottle>,    i  ,;vp^?^?o  the  collaborators  and  suocess<u-8  of 

Ki^^rium  (b6.1e'ri-um),  or  Belerium.     In  an-  Jir.iii  Botid"  the  hrst  editor  of  "  Acta  Sane 

^c°enl  g.^Sy"l '«  P>'on^-t«ry  in  Brit  ain  now  , 


Sollanii.iiieiir^^  o"""- "•     --' 

An.oiii-  them  may  be  mentioned  Oeorg  Hen- 
Ainoiik  ineii  ■"'■/  ,,    ,  ,.,,,  Konrad 


^^^(bSinf  or  Bullen  Of  «V);,  Anne. 

V    i     of   E,  gland,  whom   she   married   on    o. 
^,!iI;tjL.'^2^5:,3,iuidn.^er..t^uecnKli 


ohniit  T'ln   2.5,  ir>:!3,  aiidniotlieroi  v^ui-.  ..  — -■■     jjoiogna,  uou"  ",'••- - 
r?b     tfwTtb.d,  i-bterof  Sir  Thomas  li..leyn,  later  Bologua  (bu-lo.,  vaK     A  pi 
bcth.    slH'wa;-tli'  '■"■-''',      SI,,,  was  condemned  to     ,,.,,.fT,,,,.nto  of  Kmilia.  Italy 
T\ifJ^^Z-<'i''^      '■^^"'^^^  ;^    "      P<^mlation(18Ur). 

^r,e'wa^^UVtainlV""t.-".iHy."'»"";^^"^rtU.n^^^  [L.  «.'«0"/-..l    Th 

';liaccused.butherentireinno     neei    .m    t^^^^  iSOlOgn,  ^^l  ,,^_,^^._  ^, 


di( 


francois  .njiuuiuo  i.«.     --  ... 

Plfimbre    Ardci-he,  France,  Uec.  «,  1  -i" 
at   Faris,'  Oct.  2i),  1«2G.     A  French  statesman 
and  publicist.     He  became  a  mcnilMr  "'""i'  ,"';,f (',','■ 
ent  Assembly  in  1181.,  of  the  '';'»7''V';     '  !„  ,   ell    f  r?». 

s°  nls  fu       eCi.ntess  .I'Aulnoy's  fairy   tale 

'■  Fortiinio."    His  breath  had  the  power  of  a 

tremendous  wind.     .  .„  ,  „„,,„„    p„v, 

Boito  (bo-O'to),  Arrigo.    Bom  »*  P«;  ^,^'  J^'- 

"4     m-1.      An    llnii:."  I'Oet  and  musi   al     om 

i--''-^v'":r^;'iHs:'Si^iS,T.i;:^';';;np.:^^ 

!:^;?::i':';u:n:;n"b!'l: "i^!  "e  U,..  wntten  many  libretti, 
and  a  vnlmne  of  poems.  „t  T)1,;i 

Boker  (b.Vker),.Georp  Henry     Born  at  Plnl- 

tt:u:;^-;^s.;^:i^SSr^^ 

l!:s'i^^?ri?!:w;;;^::::ndiX7i5r.:su.,,„ynos; 

Lyrics ■•  (ISCrO.  "''»-■  '*""''  "'  ""*  °°"       ^        '' 


torum."     Anning  then,  may  De  "  "'   "  5" -V;^  Konrad 
schen  (died  l«SlM';.n-^    'i;^^'^ -(V^ii;^3i:^^ 
;.K.d''l«7rHnVj^s\med^?8C)^4nAns^^^^^ 
(,lied  17.w{  and  Joseph  Cihcs-iuiere  (died  180.).     hee  Aoa 

Bolog;a;GiOvanni  di.    See  Jo,,,,  ofBolog„a. 
Bologna,  John  of,   See^./oJ«^_^^^  .^  ^^^  ^^^. 

•   .  Area.  1,448  square 

the  .\penniiies,  bilween   iiie    .  .       1; 

Umce  whose  I>™sper  ly  sii  v  v  t       1,    la  ^ 

Stat,  s  of  the  Chlirch  in  ir.J  ..    }'"»»,', '^„,';th  centuries 

'ilnl^au,  ruMinng  norlhw..st  andsoutheast. 


Acharacterin(iarricks 
BolCTad  (b;d-grii<l').o>-  Bielgrad  (b.val'K';^'')- 

t^'^iJ^t'l^MonJr^^'tVoiiulation, 


:  Bolingbroke.' Henry  of.    See  ^/^'^^f.^^  •,„„„. 
■•  S"  iB?.)l^°il^,',y,?M)^*io-^;f;-an'),  Demeter. 


Boiintiiieai^ij-;;!-;-;;;;;;^-;^'!;^^?^^^^^ 

H„n,  at  Huhn  na  Ij:^!; '"'X'uumaniaii  poet 
Bukharest,  *^'I''-,  1>  '  ,  ,"u,„i  „  French  trans- 
?:;t!:of'rpoe:^;'""'VC.riei..".,s..,. 


Bolivar  (bori-vilr; 


'^,:;:;;n:;:^do^v;;;.KSimn:Boiotoo\boi-^.') 

,    .'     .'. .    ,-.,.,.    .i:...l.,i  ^1111  1*1'-  411  ....■„  rni'cording  t< 


See  the  extract. 


jOiivaii, '""■-■"■■    ,';.',,    ,-u-i.   (liedatSaiil 
B„rn  at  <'^»^-f'-^^\^^t^,   H ,0    A  famous 
,lro,  n,.ar  Sanla  ^'•'^',;,  ,.;,„„„.    „„  ,00k  an 
Vem-/.iielan  general      '"', ,f  "'.„",  ,„  ihio;  served 
;tivepart  in  the  revolnllon  "'.'.'""'"_",'....,  laia-  w„« 


A„  ,„.,  (according  ...Toj^i-l,  ho-ver.  b^- -J.-;^ 
capable  of  a  separate  «W/;'"j    ;^™'-;„  „„|„i.k.,  Ilie  1:11.1 

i;r-xSi:s?;:l.^?v'''Sli'""^'""^""'  ■ 

lar  t«  that  oFthe  original  g<Hl»,  '";'„;;,;%,j.,„.,  etc  ,  11.  ». 


„etive  pjirt  in  '|;;-.;;^r=r"d  •.mlll.u  Aug.  ■.,  1B13  :  was 
under  Miranda  in  IHU.uipi"^,      J  ,„l  lenipo- 

there  named  K<'"^''''''' "''  \  '  Vl'le  ,  '•LlI.eralor"  ;  was 
rary  dictator,  and  received  ""^ ';'■;,',',,,  j„,|„,Ka  (May 
folded  to  retire  to  "•'^"■'XVr  re  .Vn,m    the  N^'nei 

WIS);  made  an  '"'""'^r      .' ,Vl"^^^^^^^^^  1 .•  _     ,  . 

coa-tlnMay  181»,andasee    idsm^  A  pat'riot  con-  ^olseua,  Lake  Of. 

cember-.andtnc.k  Angoslil  a  in        )  i„  ibiu  he  ;,,..^   iiorl  iwesi    ol 

nn.,.erofIl..g.;^^Aand>^^^^^  O-ol'so-xer   o-    '^^^  ^  ^^  ^    J:'»E,,^,l,,nd, 


Heme:  Ihe  Homiin   1/icus 
Volsiiiiensis.     It  occupies  Ihe  crater  of  an  ex- 


25, 1848.    An  American  military  officer,  colonel 
and  chief  of  ordnance  (1832),  and  the  inventor 
of  the  columbiad. 
Bomilcar  ( bo-mil 'kar).     A  Carthaginian  gen- 
ei'al.    He  comuianded  the  Carthaginians  against  Agatho- 


Bolswert,  Boetius  van  16S 

Bolswert  (bol-svert').Boetius  van.    Bom  at 

B..lswert.  FriesUmd.  HoUaud,  1580:  died  at  Ant- 
werp. 1634.     A  Dutch  engraver,  noted  for  his 

eu^iavings  after  Kubens. 
Bolswert,  Schelte  van.  Born  at  Bolswert,  1586 : 

died  at  Antwerp,  Dec,  1659.  A  Dutch  engraver, 

brother  of  Boetius  van  Bolswert.     He  engraved 

after  Rubens  and  Vandyke.  Bommel  (bom'mel),  or  Zaltbommel  (zalt-bo 

Bolt  Court.     A  London  street  leading  oflf  Fleet  °°^^  I  town  in  the  Netherlands,  situated 

street.      Dr.  Johnson  passed  the  last  years  of  his  life  —     .   .  _       ..  .  .  .  — 

here,  dying  at  No.  8,  in  1784.    It  was  also  the  scene  of  Cob- 

bett's  labors. 

Bolton  (bol'ton),  or  Bolton-le-Moors  (bol'ton- 

le-morz').  A  town  in  Lancashire.  England,  11 
miles  northwest  of  Manchester,  it  h.as  manufac- 
tures of  cotton,  woolens,  iron,  etc.  The  woolen  manufac- 
ture was  introduced  by  Flemings  about  1337.  Popula 
tiindtlOll,  168,205. 
Bolton  Castle.    A  castle  in  the  West  Riding  of 


Bonaventnra,  Saint 

1778:  died  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  July  25, 1846.  A 
brother  of  Napoleon  I.  He  married  Hortense  Beau- 
harnais,  Jan.  4,  1802,  became  king  of  Holland  in  1806, 
and  abdicated  in  1810,  assuming  the  title  of  Comte  de  St. 
Leu.  He  wrote  "  Documents  historiques  et  reflexions  sur 
le  gouvemement  de  la  Hollande  "  (182uX  etc 


cles.Slu  B.C.,  and  in  3u8  conspired  to  make  himseU  tyrant  Bonaparte,    Prince    Louis    Lucien.       Bom  at 

Tliorugi-ove,  near  N\  orcester,  England,  Jan.  4, 
1813:  iUedatFano.Italy,Nov.4.1891.  A  French 
philologist,  the  fourth  son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte, 


of  Carthage  with  the  aid  of  500  citizens  and  a  number  of 
mercenaries,  but  was  captured  and  crucified. 

-bom 
on 
the  Waal  20  miles  south-southeast  of  Utrecht 
It  was  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1599,  and 
taken  bv  Turenne  in  1672.  Population  (1890), 
:i.07S. 

Bomokandi  (bo-mo-kan'di).  The  left  affluent 
of  the  Welle  River,  central  Africa,  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Nyam-Nyam  and  Monbutto. 

Bona  (bo'nii).  A  sister  of  the  Queen  of  France 
in  Shakspere's  '"  Hem-y  VI.."  part  3. 


Yorkshire,  England,  15  miles  north-northwest  Bona  (b6'na),F.  Bone  (bon).     A  seaport  in  the 
_i  TD.._  it._j      T.         .1       „  c  Tit       ct.,„..*'„     pro\TnceofConstantine,  Algeria,  situated  on  the 

Gulf  of  Bona  in  lat.  36^  58'  N.,  long.  7°  47'  E 


of  Bradford.     It  was  the  scene  of  Mary  Stuart's 
imprisonment,  1.568-69. 
Bolus  (bo'lus).  Dr.     The  Newcastle  apothecary 
of  Colman  the  Youuger's  poem  of  that  name, 
published  in  a  volume  of  humorous  verse  en 


prince  of  Canino.  He  lived  chiefly  in  Italy  until  1848, 
when  he  went  to  France.  He  was  made  a  senator  in  1855. 
and  received  from  his  cousin  Louis  Xapoleon  the  title  of 
prince inlStiS.  .A.fterlS70helivedchiefly in  England.  His 
scientific  reputation  rests  chiefly  on  his  investigations  of 
the  BasqU'-  language,  and  of  the  phonetic  character  of 
nearly  all  the  lan^'Uages  aud  dialects  of  Europe. 
Bonaparte,  Lucien.  Bom  at  .\jaceio,  March 
21.  177.'i:  died  at  Viterbo,  Italy,  June  29,  1840. 
A  brotlier  of  Napoleon  I.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  179S,  and  its  president  in 
1799,  minister  of  the  interior  in  1799,  ambassador  to  Spain 
in  ISCH),  and  prince  of  Canino  (in  Ital.v)  in  1814.  He  was 
an  art  connoisseur  anil  poet. 

""^  oi.  J^ona  m  .at.oo-  ,,0  !>.,  luug^  <- 1,  r.  Bonaparte,  Marie ^Jina,  later  EUsa.  Bom 
near  the  site  of  the  ancient^HippoRegms.  It  ^^  /-.^^^.^^  j^^^  3  ^.~:  ^j^j  ^^^,.  driest, 
was  occupied  by  the  Irene h  in  1832.     Fopula-     Austria 


tion  (18911.  commune.  30.806. 


titled   '-Broad  Grins."    It  was  Dr  Bolus s  practice  BonaCCa,  or  Bonaca  (bon-ak'ka),   or  Guanaja 


to  write  his  prescriptions  in  rime,  one  of  which  CWlien 
taken.  To  be  well  shaken  ")  was  too  literally  applied  to  the 
patient  instead  of  to  the  dose. 

Boma  (bo'ma).  The  capital  of  the  Kongo  State. 
It  is  built  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river.  Until  1876 
Boma  was  the  extreme  inland  post  of  the  Dutch  and  Por- 
tuguese traders. 

Bomarsund  (bo'miir-sond).  Formerly  a  Rus- 
sian fortress  on  the  island  of  Aland,  Baltic  Sea. 
It  was  taken  bv  the  English  and  French,  Aug. 
Hi.  18.54, 


uii'Ha).  One  of  the  Bay  Islands  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  belonging  to  Honduras,  in  lat. 
16°  28'  N.,  long.  85°  55'  W.  Length.  9  miles. 
This  was  the  first  part  of  Central  America  dis- 
covered by  Columbus.  July  30,  1502. 

Bonacieux  (bo-na-sye').  A  sordid,  avaricious 
old  rascal  inDumas's  ''Three Musketeers,"  who 
even  sacrifices  his  young  wife  in  the  desire  to 
gain  favor  with  the  cardinal. 

Bonack.     See  Bannock 


Boinba  (bom'ba).  Kong.    [It  feowfea.  bomb.]    A  Bona  Dea  ibo'na  de'a).     [L.,  'the  good  god- 
'    "   '    '    "     ^  ■.  TT     .  .,        jp5s_']     An  old  Italian  and  Roman  goddess  of 

fecundity,  worshiped  only  by  women :  the  sister, 
wife,  or  daughter  of  Faunus. 
Bonald  (bo-nal'),  Vicomte  Louis  Gabriel 
Ambroise  de.  Born  at  Mouna,  near  Millau. 
France.  Oct.  2,  1754:  died  at  Mouna,  Nov.  23, 
1S40.     A  French  politician  and  publicist. 


nickname  given  in  Italy  to  Ferdinand  II.  of  the 
Two  SicOies,  from  his  bombardment  of  Mes- 
sina and  other  eities  during  the  revolutionary 
troubles  of  1849. 

Bombardinian  (bom-  or  bum-bar-din'i-an). 
General.  The  geneiel  of  the  king's  forces  in 
Caicv's    "Chronouhotonthologos."     He  has  be. 


come  proverbial  for  burlesque  bombast.    After  killing  the  Bonald,  Louis  JacaueS  Maurice  de.     Bom  at 
king  he  calls  tor  a  coach.  Millau,  France,  Oct.  30,  1787:  died  at  Lyons. 

Feb.  25, 1870.  A  French  Ultramontane  ecclesi- 
astic, son  of  Louis  Gabriel  Ambroise  de  Bonald. 
He  became  bishop  of  Puy  in  1823,  archbishop 
of  Lyons  in  1839,  and  cardinal  in  1841. 
Bonaparte  fbo'na-part;  It.  pron.bo-nii-par'te), 
or  Buonaparte  (bw6-na-par'te).  A  famous 
Corsican  family,  said  to  have  been  of  Italian 


tainty  be  established.  One  Gabriel  Bonaparte  rose  to  a 
position  of  some  eminence  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  about  1567. 
His  descendant  Carlo  Bonapai-te  became  the  father  of 
;Xapoleon  Bonap,arte,  the  foxmder  of  the'  dynastic  fortunes 
of  the  family. 
Bonaparte,  Carlo.  Bom  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica, 
March  29.  1746:  died  at  Montpellier,  France, 
Feb.  24,  1785.   A  Corsican  lawyer,  father  of  Na- 


•'  Go.  call  a  coach,  and  let  a  coach  be  called, 
.\nd  let  the  man  that  calls  it  be  the  caller; 
And  in  his  calling,  let  him  nothing  call, 
But  coach !  coach !  coach ! 

Oh  for  a  coach,  ye  gods ! " 

Bombardinio  (bom-  or  bum-bar-din'i-6).  A 
psi'udonym  used  by  William  JIaginn. 

Bombastes  Furioso  (bom-bas'tez  fii-ri-6's6). 
A  burlesque  opera  by  William  Barnes  Rhodes, 
produced  in  1790,  It  takes  its  name  from  the  princi* 
pal  character,  a  victorious  general,  who  returns  from  the 
wars  with  his  army,  which  consists  of  four  badly  assorted 
warriors.  He  discovers  his  king,  Artaxominous,  visiting 
Distaffina,  his  betrothed,  and  resolves  to  go  mad,  which  he 
does.  His  howling,  despairing,  bombastic  rant  has  caused 
his  name  to  becorne  proverbial.  He  fights  and  kills  hi= 
king  for  a  pair  of  jackboots  which  he  had  hung  up  as  a 
challenge,  and  is  in  his  turn  killed  by  Fusbos,  the  minis- 
ter "f  state.  The  farce  is  a  burlesque  of  the  "Orlando 
1  iirioso." 

Bombay  (bom-ba').  A  governorship  and  presi- 
dency of  British  India,  lying  between  Baluchis- 
tan, the  Panjab.  and  Rajputana  on  the  north. 
Indur,  Central  Provinces.  West  Berar,  and  Ni- 
zam's dominions  on  the  east,  iladras  and  Mai- 
sur  on  the  south,  aud  the  Arabian  Sea  on  the 
west.  Area  of  the  governorship  (excluding  Sind),  77,275 
square  miles;  population  (1891),  15,985,270.  Area  of  sind, 
47,739  square  miles;  population,  2,871,774.  Total  area  of 
governoi-ship,  125,144  square  miles;  total  population  of 
B..rabay  (18;n),  18,901,123.  Area  of  tributary  states,  69,045 
square  miles;  population,  8,059,293. 

Bombay 

orig.  Pg 
bom  (L. 

seaport,  and  the  capital  of  the  governorship  of 
Bombav.  situated  on  the  island  of  Bombay  in 
lat.  18°  54'  N.,  long.  72°  49'  E.  it  is  the  first  city 
of  India,  and  the  leading  city  in  commerce.  It  is  con- 
nected with  Salsette  Island  and  ^vith  the  mainland,  and  is 
the  terminus  of  theGreat  Inilian  Peninsular Ritihvay.  Its 

trade  is  largelv  in  the  hands  of  the  British  and  PaV»ees.  _  ^     _       _ 

Bombay  was  lu^quired  by  the  PoHuguesealx)nt  1530  and  Bonapartei    Jerome.     Bora~  at   Ajaccio,  N 
was  ceded  to  Eniland  m  IGfil.  and  to  the  East  India  Com-  ,"""«*V'^^  "^i    "■^'^""*^-  J       icca 

panvinl66S.    Popuhitjon  (1891),  including  cantonment,     l'-    1'^^=  '^i*"''    n*^'"'  l^^ns,   Jime   _4,  l.>tH^ 
821,7r,4. 

Bomberg  (bom'berg),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Ant- 
werp: died  at  Venice,  1.549.  A  Dutch  printer, 
noted  for  his  editions  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  and 
the  Talmud. 

Bomby  (bom'bi).  Hope-on-High.  A  Puritan 
^n  Fletcher's  play  '■  Women  Pleased."  intended 
to  ridicule  the  sect  to  which  he  belonged.  He 
appears  as  the  hobby-horse  in  a  morris-dance,  and  de- 
nounces worldly  pleasures  at  the  same  time. 

Bomford  (bum'ford).  George.     Bom  in   New 


Aug.  7,  1820.  A  sister  of  Napoleon  I. 
She  married  in  1797  Felice  Pasquale  Bacciocchi ;  and  was 
made  princess  of  Lucca  and  Piombino  in  1805,  and  grand 
duchess  of  Tuscany  in  1809. 

Bonaparte,  Maria  Annunciata,  later  Caro- 
lina. Bom  at  Ajai-cio.  March  25.  1782:  died 
at  Florence,  May  IS,  1.S39.  A  sister  of  Na- 
poleon I.  She  married  Murat  in  1800,  and  became  Queen 
of  >aples  in  1S<;>.S,  She  was  known  as  the  Countess  Li- 
pona  after  1S15. 

Bonaparte,  Maria  L8etitia(Ramolino).  Bom 

at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  Aug.  24, 1750:  died  at  Rome, 
Feb.  2,  1836.  The  mother  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte, she  married  Carlo  Bonaparte  in  1765,  joined  her 
son  in  Paris  in  1799,  and  on  the  elevation  of  Napoleon  as 
emperor  in  IstH  received  the  title  of  Madame  iU-re. 

Bonaparte,  MatMlde  Lsetitia  Wilhelmine. 
Born  at  Triest,  Austria-Hungary.  May  27,  1820. 
A  daughter  of  Jerome  Bonaparte  and  Cather- 
ine, princess  of  Wiirtemberg. 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon.    See  Xapoleon  I. 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon  Eugene  Louis  Jean 
Joseph,  Prince  Imperial  of  France.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  16,  1856 :  killed  in  Zululand,  South 
Africa,  June  1. 1S79.     Son  of  Napoleon  III, 

Bonaparte,  Prince  Napoleon  Joseph  Charles 
Paul  (called  Prince  Napoleon).  Bom  at 
Triest,  Austria.  Sept.  9.  1822:  died  at  Rome. 
March  17,  1891.  Son  of  Jerome  Bonaparte. 
He  was  made  prince  in  1852,  and  in  1879,  on  the  death  of 
the  Prince  Imperial  iu  Zululand,  became  the  chief  of  the 
Also  known  as  Plon-Plon. 


.    .  Bonapartist  partv.    .- 

origin.    Members  of  this  famUy  have  ruled  in  France  Bonaparte,  Pierre  Napoleon.     Bom  at  Rome 

(Napoleon  I.,  emperor  1804-14;   Napoleon  III.,  emperor     ,T^    n  1    1  ,;i  ■;     Ti-iS  t^V  v'       „ii„,    17'™.,„„     ^ ;i 

1852^0),  Spain  (Joseph  Bonaparte,  king  1808-13),  Holland  '■J<'^-}h  1^*1^  =  died  at  ^^rsalUes,  France,  A.pril 

(Louis  Bonaparte,  king  1806-10).  .Naples  (Joseph  Bona-  8, 1881.   bon  of  Lucien  Bonaparte,  made  pnnce 

parte,  king  1806-08),  and  Westph..lia  (Jerome,  king  1807-  after   1852.      He    shot    the   journalist   Victor 

1813).    A  number  of  persons  bearing  this  name  figured  in  Xoir   Jan    10    1870 

the  liistory  of  Padua,  Florence.  San  Miniato,  and  other  tC  _    '     1-  *  -nl** ™ /-ur^/^..  „:i-*-  ^c+'a ^«\ 

Italian  cities  in  the  middle  ages,  although  the  connection  Bonaparte-Patterson  (bo  na-part-pat  er-son), 

between  them  and  the  Corsican  family  cannot  with  cer-  Elizabeth.     Born  at  Baltimore,  Feb.  6.  1(80" 


died  at  Baltimore,  April  4, 1879.  An  American 
lady  who  married  Jerome  Bonaparte  in  1803. 
See  Patterson,  Eli:ali(tlt. 

Bonaparte-Patterson,    Jerome    Napol6on. 

Born  at  Camberwell.  England.  July  7,  1805: 
died  at  Baltimore,  June  17,  1870.  The  eldest 
son  of  .Jerome  Bonaparte. 


poleon  Bonaparte.  He  was  a  partizan  of  Paoii.  with  Bonaparte -Patterson,    Jerome    Napoleon 


whom  he  fought  against  the  Genoese.    He  married  Maria 
Latitia  Ramolino  in  1765. 

Bonaparte,  Carlotta,  later  Marie  Pauline. 
Born  at  Ajaccio.  Oct.  20,  1780:  died  at  Flor- 
ence, June  9,  1825.  A  sister  of  Napoleon  I. 
She  married  Prince  Camillo  Borghese,  .\ug.  28, 
1803. 

See 


,   [In  Hind.  Bnmio,,  Malay B«m6f,  etc.:  Bonaparte,  Charles  Louis  NapoMon. 

.  Boa  liahia.  good  harbor:  boa,  fem.  of     v„,„7/(.„„  /// 

bonus),  good;  balua,  bay,  harbor.]     A  Bonanarte.  Charles  Lucien  Jules  Lai 


Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien  Jules  Laurent, 
Prince  of  Canino  and  of  Mnsignano.  Bom  at 
Paris,  May  24,  1803:  died  at  Paris,  July  29. 
1857.  A  noted  naturalist,  son  of  Lucien  Bona- 
parte by  his  second  wife.     His  chief  works  are 


Born  at  Baltimore,  Nov.  5,  1832 :  died  at  Pride's 
Crossing,  Esse.x;  County,  Mass.,  Sept.  4,  1893. 
Son  of  Jerome  Napoleon  Bonaparte-Patterson. 
He  entered  the  French  service  in  1S54,  and  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Crimean  and  Italian  campaigns. 

Bonar  (bon'ar),  Horatius.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  19, 1808:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  31.  18S9. 
A  Scotch  clergyman,  lyric  poet,  and  writer. 
He  was  pastor  at  Kelso  183&-€6 ;  joined  with  his  congre- 
gation in  the  Free-Church  movement  of  1843 :  and  became 
pastor  of  the  Grange  Free  Church,  Edinbuigh.  in  1866. 
He  wrote  "Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hope  "  (1857-66). 

BonassUS  (bo-nas'us).  A  mythical  beast  with 
whom  Hogg,  the  Ettrick  Shepherd,  had  an  ad- 
venture. 


American  Omithologj-"  (1825-33)  and ''Icon-  Bonaventura  (bo-na-ven-to'ra).     A  friar  of  a 


ografia  della  fauna  Italica"  (1832-41). 


kindly,  pliable  nature,  modeled  on  Shakspere's 
ov.     Friar  Lawrence,  in  Ford's  plav  '"Tis  Pity  She 's 
A     a  Wliore." 
brother  of  Napoleon  I.,  made  king  of  West-  Bonaventura,  or  Bonaventure,  Father.     The 
phalia  in  1807.    He  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Patterson 
of  Baltimore  in  18fi3.  and,  this  marriage  having  been  an- 
nulled, married  Princess   Catherine  of  Wiirtemberg  in 
1807. 

Bonaparte,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Corte,  Corsica, 
Jan.  7,  1768:  died  at  Florence,  July  28.  1844, 
The  eldest  brother  of  Napoleon  I.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1798.  a  coun- 
cilor of  state  in  1799,  king  of  Naples  in  1806,  and  king  of 
Spain  in  ISOS.  He  lived  in  the  United  States,  under  the 
name  of  Comte  de  Survilliers,  1815-32. 


York  city,  1780:  "dieii  at  Boston,  Mass.,  March  Bonaparte,  Louis.     Bom  at  Ajaccio,  Sept.  2, 


name  adopted  by  Charles  Edward  Stuart  when 
he  came  to  England  in  1753  to  see  his  adherents. 
Scott  introduces  him  under  this  name  iu  "Red- 
ganntlet." 

Bonaventura  (bo-na-ven-to'ra).  Saint  (Gio- 
vanni di  Fidenza).  Born  at  Bagnorea,  Italy, 
1221:  died  at  Lyons,  France,  July  1.5,  1274. 
A  celebrated  scholastic  philosopher,  sumamed 
"Doctor  Seraphicus."  He  became  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Paris  in  1253,  general  of  the  Franciscans  in 
1256,  bishop  of  Albano  in  1273,  and  cardinal  in  1274,    He 


169 

vessels  prepared  hy  the  Freneh  government, 
on  the  advice  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  placed 
under  the  command  of  John  Paul  Jones.  It  was 
a  merchantman  duimicl  to  a  raanuf-war  «"'' "Xr,!  ,'t 
ras  and  th>n  Bonliomme  Kuliar.l,  or  Poor  K  charil  .it 
Tnes's  suggestion,  In  ho.^r  ot  F'"'";'";"-  'It; '^:,\%';  ',1^ 
from  L'Orkiit,  Aui;.  14.  1779,  passe.l  alcmg  tlic  west  Ir  ^h 
coast  around  ScoHan  J.  an.i,  Sept.  23, 177 "..'•''''""ii'tV',  ,"." 
Bhips,  fell  in  with  the  Nortli  Sea  merchant  licet  m  .l.r 
convov  of  the  Serapis  (44  (tuns)  and  (Jountess  of  .'<carl.or- 
SS"h  (20  BUns)  off  nan.h„rou«h  Held.  The  B.mh«n.,ne 
RichardenKatvatheSerapi8,Capt,jinPear9..n  at,,^  P.5I. 
hv  moonlii;ht  in  the  presence  of  thonsamis  "f  9pe^taI0^.^. 
TlK- Scrapis  ..truck  aJ  lo.30.  l)n  the  iith  the  Bonhorame 
oorrnnomcr    si^u  "i    ,,,„.,....  ^». Kiduird  went  down.  , 

director  Of  tlie  observatory  of  Harvard  Uni-  Boni  (l-o'ne).  A  state  ">  the  sonthern  part  ..f 
versHv  He  wrote  "On  the  Construction  of  Celebes,  East  Indies,  in  lat.  .-j"  h  Ion;;.  120°  K., 
The  Ri^I-s  o  •  Sat  mn."  etc.  a  dependency  ot  the  Netherlands.     Is  tnha  n- 

Bn^d    William  Cranch.     Born  at  Portland,     tants  are  Bugis.     Population  (estimated).  20(1,- 
\t.i.,',.  Sent  9  ITSiJ- died  at  Cambridge,  Mass..     000(f). 

Tan  *)  1,S.-,'I  '  \i.  American  astronomer.  Ue  Boniface  (bon'i-fas)  I  L.  BonifaClUS  (boni- 
.uperintended  li.e  civ.tion  of  the  Harvardobservatoiy  in     ta'shi-us).  Saint.     Died  42:2.      Bushop  ot  Home 


Bonaventura,  Saint 

was  canonized  inl482.  He  was  the  author  of  the  "  Brevl- 
mmiiunr'  and  "Centiloquium  '  (manuals  of  dogmatics), 
■■Itinerurium  mentis  in  D.nra."  -'Rcductio  iu-tium  Ul 
theulos:iani,"  "  Bihlia  I'aupeiunl,"  etc. 

Bonchamp  (bou-shou'),  Charles  Melcnior 
ArtUS  de  Bom  at  .Jouverdeil,  Anjou,  France, 
M'lV  10  17G0:  died  near  ClioUet,  France,  Oct. 
18,  "1793.  A  French  general,  leader  of  the 
Veiideans.  _  .  _, 

Bond  (bond).  George  Phillips.  Born  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  May  20,  182.1:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Fell.  17.  I860.  An  Amencan 
•    astronomer,  sou  of  William  Craiu-h  Bond,  and 


i»s«  Iwciiniin!;  its  direct. .r  when  completed,  and  became 
iSe'd  foi  his  "l>se,vatiu,„  on  Saturn  and  the  fixed  stars 
as  well  as  for  his  operations  in  celestial  photogiaphy. 

Bondei  (bon-dil'i),  or  Wa-Bondei   (wii-bon- 

da'i).     A  Bantu  tribe  nf  tiermau  Last  Atrica, 


Ua  1).      .rt.    I3;iiuii  111  "c.    "I    ...v^..^ „,.^.-----       .       iiisnop  snouui  ne  given  o, 

living  between   the  sea-coast  and  the  Lsam-  Boniface  IV.      I'ojic 
1 — «.,  I.niu       n'rt_/,/^„//,.,'   'nennle  of  the  lowland.' is  the      mission  from  the  emperor 


41S-422.     He  is  commemorated  ou  Oct.  2o. 

Boniface  II.     Pope  .^)30-.-)32. 

Boniface  III.  Pope  (307?  (006?).  Ue  iniluenccd 
the  cmpcrm-  Phocas  to  decree  that  the  title  I  niversal 
Bishop  should  lie  given  only  to  the  Bishop  of  Rome. 

()08-t)l.'J.     He  received  per 


hara  hills.  Wn-boiulei.  -people  of  the  lowland,  is  the 
name  given  them  by  their  western  highland  neighbors. 
By  the  coast  people  they  arecidled  ro-s/icH-i,'  bush  people. 

Bondi  (bon'de).  Clemente.  Born  at  Mezzana, 
near  Parma,  Italv,  June  27,  1742:  died  at 
Vienna.  .Tune  20,  1821.  Au  Italian  poet.  He 
was  a  roember  of  the  .Tesuit  order,  professor  of  oratory  in 
the  Royal  Seminary  at  Parma,  and  later  instructor  of  his- 
tory and  literature  at  the  court  of  Vienna. 

Bondman  (bond'man).  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Massinger,  licensed  iu  1623,  and  first  acted  in 

16*'4 

Bondman,  The.  An  opera  by  Haifa,  produced 
at  Drurv  Lane  in  1846 


^Kr^T^.^initinth<.oughfare between  Boniface  VIII.^ (Benedict  Cajetan) 


mission  from  the  emperor  Phocas  to  convert  the  Pantheon 
erected  by  Agrippn,  at  Rome,  into  a  Christian  church  un- 
der the  name  of  bancta  Maria  Kotunda. 
Boniface  V.     Pope  619-62.').     He  enacted  the  de- 
cree by  which  churches  became  places  of  refuge  for  criin. 

Boniface  VI.  Pope  896  (897?).  He  was  of  an 
abandoned  character,  and  was  seated  iu  the  papal  chair 
by  a  mob  after  the  death  of  Formosus.     He  died  llfteen 

days  later.    

Boniface  VII.  Died  985.  Pope.  He  aiiamed 
the  papal  throne  in  a  popidar  tumult  in  974,  was  driveD 
from  Rome  in  975,  and  returned  and  deposed  John 
XIV.  in  1184.  By  some  he  is  not  regarded  as  a  legiti- 
mate  pope.  ......  ,  T->  1. 

...--.--      Bom  at 


O.xford  street  and  Piccadilly  in  London.  It  wa 
formerly  a  fiishionable  promenade,  but  is  now  filled  with 
«h.'  )s  It  contains  the  Grosvenor  and  Dori5  galleries. 
New  Bond  street  is  the  end  nearest  Oxford  street. 
Bondu  (boii-ilo' ).  A  kingdom  in  Senegambia, 
West  Africa,  about  lat,  14°-15°  N.,  long.  12°- 
13°  W.  The  inhabitauts  are  chiefly  Fulahs ;  its  pre- 
vailing religion  is  .Mohammedanism.  It  was  first  visited 
by  Mungo  Park.  „      ,.        n     >  t 

Bonduca  (bon-<lu'ka  ).  [See  Boiifheea.^  A  tra- 
gedy with  this  title,  by  Fletcher,  was  produced 
before  1619.  An  alteration  of  Fletcher's  play  was 
brought  out  in  WM  by  George  Powell,  an  actor,  and  an- 
other alteration  by  the  elder  Oolman  was  ac  ed  in  lijo.  A 
third  alteration  was  made  by  .1.  R.  Planchc  and  acted  m 
1837.  It  was  called  't'aractacus." 
Boney  (br>'ni).  An  English  nickname  for  ^apo- 
li-nii  Bonaparte.  _   ,,    ,      r       , 

Bon  Gaultier  (bon  gai'ti-^r).  Ballads  of.    A 

volume  of  satirical  verse  by  Professor  \\  lUiam 
Edinonstoune  Avtouii  and  Theodore  Martin,  re- 
i.riiited  from  "Blackwood's  Magazine." 
Bongo  (bong'go),  or  Obong  (o'bcmg).  A  mixed 
nc'TO  tribe  occupying  a  wide  tract  of  land  in 
the  basin  of  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  eastern  hudau. 
They  are  of  medium  size,  good  muscular  development 
and  red-brown  complexion,  and  .are  remarkable  ">>"■"■''' 


'\i7a"'"i"ir Italv,  about  r22S:  died  at  Koine,  Oct. 
11,  1^303.  Pope  from  Dec.  24,  1294,  to  Oct.  11, 
1303.  He  issued  Feb.  2S,  l-2iXi.  the  bull  Clcricin  taicos. 
which  was  directed  against  Philip  the  Fair  of  France  who 
had  imposed  taxes  on  the  French  cleig)-,  and  which  for- 
bade tlie  dergv  of  any  country  to  pay  tribute  to  the  secu- 
lar government  without  the  papal  permission  ;  but  was 
forced  by  all  enactment  ot  Philip  which  sloiipcil  he  e.\- 
portation  of  money  from  France  to  c  .lu-cdc  that  the  I' rcncii 
clergy  might  render  volilnt-arycunlributions.  llcojienci 
atRoine,(ict.:«i,i:!U2(astheresultofa<iiiarrcluii:i  ihilip 
over  the  imprisonment  of  an  insolent  papal  lc[.'atc,  the 
Bishop  of  Pamieis).  a  synod,  in  which  he  pioiiinlL-alcil, 
Nov  18,  ISD'J,  the  bull  Uiuiin  mnclam,  asserting  the  tem- 
poral as  well  as  spiritual  supremacy  of  the  Pope.  He  was 
made  prisoner  at  Anagni,  Sept.  7,  i:!03,  by  Nogaret,  vice- 
chancellor  to  Philip,  and  Sciarra  Colonna  ;  and  although 
shortly  released  by  the  populace,  died  at  Rome  of  a  fever, 
said  to  have  been  brought  on  by  a  rage. 

Boniface  IX.  (Pietro  TomacelU).    Died  at 

Rome.  Oct.  1.  1404.  Pope  at  Ki.me  13.^9-1404. 
He  quarreled  with  Itichanl  of  r.ngland  on  the  subject  of 
the  collation  of  benellecs,  established  the  perpetual  an- 
natca,  and  spent  his  reign  in  intrigues  against  the  popes, 
of  ..Xvignun.  ,      (ill  1 

Boniface.  A  landlord  in  Farquhars  "Beaux 
St  ratiigem."  Tie  was  in  league  with  the  hiKliwaymeii, 
and  prided  himself.on  his  diet  of  ale.  From  him  the  name 
has  been  applied  to  innkeepers  in  general 


Bonne'ville 
1803:  died  at  Berlin.  April  16.  1872.  A  Prus- 
sian  infantry  general,  governor  of  Dresden 
1866-67,  and  of  l..orraiue  1870-71, 
Benin,  Eduard  von.  Born  at  Stolpe.  Prus- 
sia .March  7,  1793:  died  at  Coblentz.  Prussia, 
March  13,  1H(>.").  A  Prussian  infantry  general, 
distinguished  iu  the  Schleswig-Holstem  war, 
1848-50.  ,  .„        .     4. 

Bonin   (bo-nen')   Islands,   Jap.   Bu-nin-to, 

(bo-nen-to').  or  Ogasawara  Sima  lu-ga-sa- 
wa'ra  se'mii).  A  group  of  89  islands  and  rocks, 
of  volcanic  formation,  in  the  North  Piicific,  in 
lat  2G°  30'-27°  i't'  N..loug.  UT=-143=  E.  They 
were  discovered  by  the  Japanese  in  1S93.  and  anueledby 
.lapall  ill  ISSO.     Area.  72  square  miles.  ,    _       , 

Bonington  (bon'iug-ton).  Richard  Parkes. 

Boni  at  .\riiold,  near  Xottingham,  England. 
t)ct.  2.'),  1.801;  died  at  Loudon,  Sept.  23,  1828. 
An  English  painter  of  coast  and  street  scenes, 
and  ofliistorii'al  genre  pictures. 

Bonjour  (boh-jor').  The  Brothers.    Bom  .at 

punt  d'Ain,  France:  liv.-.l  about  ln:j-90:  died 
in  exile  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland.  Two  French 
heretics  who  became  cure  and  vicar  of  the 
parish  of  Fareius.  They  founded  a  sect  called 
"tlagellants  Fareinistes." 
Bonn  (bon).  A  city  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Pru.ssia,  situated  outhe  west  bank  of  the  Rhine 
15  miles  south-.southeast  of  Cologne:  the  Ro- 
man Bonna,  or  Castra  Bonneusia.  It  contiiins  a 
noted  university  and  minster.  It  was  originally  a  Ro- 
man fortress,  and  was  for  many  ce"'""" ')''=  .V"?"-;' ™' 
the  electorate  of  Cologne.  The  French  held  it  ICf-SS. 
and  it  was  ceded  to  France  in  1801.  It  was  ac<|Ulred  bj 
Prussia  in  1S15.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  example 
of  the  Rhenish  florid  Romanesque,  with  two  arcaded 
towers  at  each  end,  a  high  octagonal  tower  and  timber 
spire  at  the  crossing,  and  two  choirs.  The  exterior  19 
characterized  by  flnc  areadlng,  piutlcularly  on  the  apse 
ami  the  transepts,  which  have  iiolygonal  terminations. 
I'hc interior  isexcellent  in  proportions,  and  possesses si.rae 
goml sculpture.  The  copt  is  of  the  11th  century,  and  has 
various  medieval  wall-pain  tings.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 3i>.S0:i. 


inl;^^ei^:^^"^mrSrii;St^;  Bomface,  Abbot.  JHo  '-aa  of  the  monastery 

«      ...  '      1  «      t..f*     „f    nrnuQ    ,£    the  1'    ,^.  *        M....,      ,..     ^...,ft    U    tHAVOl     '*     I    llC     .\1  1  UlilSt »    I  \  . 


wood-workers,  m  tnco  c..,d,  ..v,,..-^  ".■■;."i^'„„„o  i^  tt,'^ 
wear  rings  and  pieces  of  wood.  A  toft  of  grass  is  the 
women's  garment.  Since  ISM  they  have  been  vie  lmi/.ed 
by  the  Khartum  slave-traders.  Some  affinity  is  found  be- 
tween their  language  and  that  of  the  Ban  and  Bagi  ima. 
'  Also  called  /)..r  and  Ahuma  by  their  IJiiika  and  .Nyam- 
Nyam  iieiglibors.  .  i.         -D   _„ 

Bonheur  (im-uer'),  Frantjois  Auguste.    Bom 

at  Bordeaux,  France,  Nov.  4,  1S'J4:  died  at  Fans, 
Feb  23  1884.  A  French  painter  of  landscapes 
nnd'airnnal  life,  brnther  of  Ke.sa  Bonheur. 

Bonheur,  Jules  Isidore.    Born  at  Bordeaux, 

France,  May  15,  !S'J7.  A  French  sculptor,  bro- 
ther of  Rosa  llimheur. 

Bonheur,  Juliette  (Mm-.  Peyrol).   Bom  .luly 

19,  ls:ill:  died  .Inly  19,  1S91.  A  French  painter, 
sister  of  Kiisa  Boiilieur. 

Bonheur,  Rosalie  (Rosa)  Marie.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  March  16, 1822:  died  at  I  on 


!,f  St.  ,M.'r\  in  Scott's  novel  "The  Mmiasti-ry." 
Boniface,  'Suint  (original  name  Winfrid  or 
Winfrith).  Hm'u  at  Kirton,  or  I  reditoii,  Dev- 
onshire: died  near  Dokkuiu,  Friesland,  June  .i, 
755.  A  celebrated  English  missionary,  called 
"the  Apostle  of  Germany."  From  Till  he  labored 
among  the  Friesians  and  German  tribes.  He  was  made 
bishop  ill  72:1,  and  archbishoi. in  7S'2.  Aliout -.:  l'"  f""";''-' 
the  abbey  of  Fulda,  wliere  Ills  remains  wei-e  laid.  Horn 
740  to  7u4  he  occupied  the  see  ot  Mainz.  He  was  mur- 
dered In  7.V..  He  is  said  to  have  enforced  Ills  n.issionar.v 
teaching  by  cutting  down  with  his  own  hand  he  sacred 
oak  at  tieisinar.  His  (cstival  Is  celebrated  in  the  Roman 
and  AtiLdican  ciiuicbcs  on  .lime  .',. 

Boniface  of  Savoy.    Died  1270.    A  younger 

son  ot  Tlii.mas  I.,  count   of  Savoy,  nominated 
archbishup  »(   Canterbiiry  in  1241,  conhrmed 
111  1243,  and  cdiisecraled  111  124. 1. 


,.      bv  the  I'll]) - 

taiuel,.eau,May25.1899      A  celebrated  French  BonifacioO^w^^^^ 
painter  of  animal  life  and  ol  landscapes,   .shewa.    i"  ''^^.^^'Vll*''  ""  ''^""'  ' 

Jlpupll  of  her  father  and  Lj.n<';.gn,ct.   ^^e  i.coive.l  me.1-  ^-^  j;;::;;;:^''',;|;;:'^  f  -  ,  .^i.usV    Or    Boniface. 

11.     A 
lus  and 


JrtlhJK^Ir  hl-'lis  aiir^^i^  ^'tl^l^K^pl^p  ^If aolils^  (biu.l-m'shi-l.s)  .n;  Boni 
Universello  of  IS.V.  she  exhibited  "La  Feiialson  en  Au-  ,.„„„,  ijnrn  in  Thrace:  died  4,(2  A.  1 
ver..'ne,"  which  established  her  reputation.    Iroinl8a»ho     ,,  ,roneral   in  the  time  of  HononU! 

-!"'l-;''-'=^^T'''^'l".''^"«,S"'';:"!"^^:^r  ;;     Z?^      .    c      n";  a  rVal    ..r    Ai^tlus   a,id  a  frie, 


Bonnat  ( bo-na '),  Leon  Joseph  Florentin.  Bora 
at  Bayonne,  France,  .luue  2u,  lSo3.  A  trench 
paint^T  of  historical  pieces  and  portraits,  a 
pupil  of  Madrazoand  Cogniet.  Hewon  the  second 
mix  de  Rome  in  18.M  ;  made  his  debut  at  the  Salon  of  18.^7 
with  three  portraits;  won  a  medal  of  the  second  class  In 
1SU7,  and  a  medal  of  honor  in  186!);  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  1S74.  * 

Bonner  (bon'er),  Edmund.  Born  at  Hanley, 
Worcestershire,  England,  about  149.i:  died 
Sept  5,1569.  An  English  prelate,  made  bishop 
of  London  in  1539,  noted  for  persecution  ol 
Protestants  in  the  reign  of  Mary.  Ino3-o8.  On 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
supremacy,  and  was  committed  to  the  Slarshalsea,  where 

Bonner,  Robert.  Born  near  Londonderry,  Ire- 
land April  28,  1824  :  died  at  New  iork,  July  6, 
1899.'  An  American  publisher,  founder  of  the 
"  Now  York  Ledger  "  (1851). 

Bonnet  (bo-na'),  Charles.  Born  at  Geneva, 
SNvilzerland,  Marcli  13.  17'J0.  died  near  Lake 
Geneva,.Iuiie 20.  1793.  A  Swiss  naturalist  and 
philosophical  witer.  His  works  Include  "'Tnilt^ 
S'insectologie  "  (174.'.),  "  Tralte  de  Pusage  des  eilllle. 
(1754),  "  F.ssili  nnalytii|lle  Slir  les  facultes  de  1  aliie  V  •<*>>■ 
'■  Consideratioiis  sur  les  corps  organises  C'l '->■  ,  ,^""' 
lemplation  de  la  nature"  (1704),  -  Palingenesie  pliiUuo- 

plli,|lle"(17iai).  . 

Bonn6table  (bon-na-tiibl' ).  A  town  in  the  de- 
part iinnl  of  Sarthe,  France.  16  miles  northea.sl 
of  he  Mans.  Population  (1891).  commune.  4. '-94. 

Bonneval  (b„n-viil').  A  town  in  the  deparl- 
ineiit  of  Eure-et-Loir.  France,  situated  on  the 
Loir  IS  miles  south  by  west  of  Charlres.  1  oji- 
nlalioii  (1S911.  conimiine.  3,7S9. 

Bonneval,   Claude   Alexandre,   Comte   de. 

Born  at  Coussac,  Limousin.  1- ranee,  .In ly_lj. 
1675:  died  at  Constantinople,  March  li.  Ii4.. 
An  advent iirer  in  the  French,  Anstnan,  and 
Turkish  service:  known  also  as  Aclimet  1  aslia. 
He  served  under  ITlnee  Eugene  in  H-ily.  rrovenee,  am 
In  the  campaign,  of  1710-1'2.  In  1708  he  «7"''';"''^.?'' 
army  corps  in  the  Papal  Stale*,  and  acneil  against  the 

Bonneville  ( bon-vel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
m.iil  of  llaiile-Savoie,  France,  silnaled  on  the 
Arve   1(>  miles  southeast   of  (ieneva.      lopulii- 


(UrU.  Among  her  noted  works  are  "  l.abouiage  niyer 
llals-  (Musue  du  Luxembourg),  "  Etudes  d  animaux  (Mil- 
see  de  liordoau.\),  "  Paysago  et  animaux  (Mii"ee  dUr- 
li^ans)  "The  Horse  Fair  "  (Metropolitan  Museum,  New 
York). 

Bonhomme  (bo-nom'),  Jacques.    [F., '.Tames 

UoodiiiMi;.']  Aeontemi>tuous  sobmiuet  wliicli 
the  uobilitv  in  France  gave  to  the  people,  par- 
ticularly the  iionsiints.     See  .InrflHcric. 

Bonhomme  Richard  (bo-nom' re-shiir').    [F., 


i'lacidial  a  rival  of  Ai^tiiis  and  a  friend  of 
St.  Augustine,  lie  served  with  dl.tlnctlon  against 
the  OothH  ami  the  Vandals  i„  Frame  (defending  Mar- 
sellles  against  AlauK,  king  ot  Illc  Goth,  to!  and  Spain, 
and  In  Africa.  Through  M,e  plolllng  "'  A^'  l'"  V,'.  Vb,'^ 
led  to  revidt  against  Placldia  and  ally  lilm,elf  will  the 
Vandals  In  Africa,  lie  soon,  however,  returned  lo  111,  al 
legiance,  and  allacked  GeuKiTlc,  but  was  delealed  and  be- 
sieged for  fourteen  month,  in  Hippo.  in  returning  lo 
Italy  he  met  and  con(|Uered  Aetlns,  hut  died  from  wound, 
received  111  the  battle 


^'SS'Z^^='j''~Vne:t^of^(VeB=0:oW^^^  "-N-.    11 


Bonneville\bon''vil).  Benjamin  LE.    Born  in 

France  about  1793:  died  at  I'ort  Smith,  Ark., 
.lunel"  1X78,  An  .\merican  soldier.  Hefoiight 
with  dl-llncllon  In  the  war  with  Mexico,  commanded  the 
1  1,  CM.'  Itlon,  isr.7,  and  In  (be  Civil  War  was  comman- 
,',  ;,J'l.enIon  ilarrack.  „.  .St.  Lull..  ■'-e.-W-  ''"  "™;;;|« 
colonel  In  is:..'.,  and  brevet  ma|or.general  In  I'J'-';  "  l'"i 
.  ,',  ,  |,e  engaged  In  explonition,  ill  the  •'"'ky  ^  ;'""  j'<  ,'" 
,in,l  CalKi.nila  l.s;!!  .'Ul.  His  ournal  was  amplitieil  bJ 
•^V.shl  g  rirvlng  and  published  under  the  li.le  ■'A.f- 
ventures  of  ('apt  n..nnevi\le.  1  .  !5.  A.,  In  the  Rocky  Moun- 
lainsollheFar  Wc«t'  (1837). 


Bonnlbel 

Bonnibel  (bon'i-bel).  [F.  bonne  et  belle,  good 
and  pretty.]  A  common  name  for  a  young 
girl  in  oid  pastoral  poetry. 

Bonnivard  (bo-ne-var' ),  FranQois  de.    Born  at 

Seyssel  (?),  near  Geneva,  14116:  died  at  Geneva 
about  l')70.  A  Genevan  prelate  and  politician, 
the  hero  of  Byron's  poem  "The  Prisoner  of 
Chillon."  He  became  prior  of  St.  Victor  in  1514,  :iiid 
was  a  conspicuous  opponent  of  Charles,  duke  of  Savoy, 
who  endeavored  to  obtain  control  of  GeneviU  He  was 
largely  instrumental  in  bringing  about  an  alliance  between 
Geneva  and  Fribourg  in  1518,  and  in  1519  was  captured  by 
the  duke  and  imprisoned  twenty  months.  In  1530  he  ob- 
tained  a  safe-conduct  from  the  duke  to  visit  his  aged  pa- 
rents at  Seyssel,  but  wiis  arrested  at  Lausanne,  May  2ti,  ir,;iO, 
and  confined  in  the  castle  of  Chillon,  where,  after  a  visit 
from  the  duke  (1532X  he  was  placed  in  a  subterranean 
dungeon  and,  according  to  the  local  tradition,  fastened  to 
a  pillar.  He  w:i3  liberated,  March  29, 1536,  at  the  capture 
of  Chillon  by  the  Bernese.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Les  chro- 
nii(Ues  de  Genfeve  "  (edited  by  Dunant.  Geneva,  1831),  which 
was  written  at  the  instance  of  the  magistracy  of  Geneva, 

Bonny.    See  lil:i>. 

Bonny  (bon'i).  River.  An  arm  of  the  Niger 
delta  which  flows  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra  in 
lat.  4°  30'  N.,  long.  7°  E. 

Bonomi  (bo-no'me),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Rome, 
Jan.  19,  1739:  died  at  London,  March  9,  1808. 
An  Italian  architect  residing  in  England,  a 
leader  in  the  revival  of  Grecian  styles.  His 
principal  work  is  "  Roseneath  Hall,  Dumbar- 
tonshire, Scotland." 

Bonomi,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Rome,  Oct.  9,  1796 : 
died  at  London,  March  3,  1878,  An  English 
sculptor  and  draftsman,  son  of  Giuseppe  Bono- 
mi. He  made  a  large  number  of  lirawings  of  Assyrian 
and  especially  Egyptian  remains,  for  the  works  of  various 
archteologist.s,  and  himself  published  "Nineveh  and  its 
Palaces  "  (1S52),  etc. 

Bononcini  (bo-uon-che'ne),  or  Buononcini 
(bw6-non-che'ue),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Modena,  Italy,  about  1667  :  died  probably  at 
Venice,  after  1752.  An  Italian  composer  of  op- 
era, and  a  rival  of  Handel. 

Bonorva  (b6-nor'va>.  A  town  in  the  island  of 
.Sardinia,  25  miles  south-southeast  of  Sassari. 
Population.  6,000. 

Bonpland  (bon-plon'),  Aime.  Born  at  La 
Roehelle,  Aug.  22,  1773:  died  at  San  Bor.ia, 
Uruguay,  May  4,  1858.  A  French  naturalist 
and  traveler.  From  1799  to  1805  he  traveled  with  Hum- 
boldt in  America.  On  his  return  he  published  "  Plantes 
^quinoxiales,"  and  other  botanical  works.  In  1816  he  went 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  and  in  1821  attempted  a  journey  from 
that  place  to  Bolivia.  Passing  by  the  frontiers  of  Paraguay, 
he  w.as  seized  by  order  of  the  dictator  Francia  (Dec.  3, 
1821),  and  was  not  allowed  to  leave  the  country  until  1830. 
After  his  release  he  resided  on  a  small  plantation  near 
the  confines  of  iTUguay  and  Brazil. 

Bonstetten  (bon-stet'ten).  Charles  Victor  de. 
Born  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  .Sept.  3,  1745:  died 
at  Geneva,  Feb.  3,  1832.  A  celebrated  Swiss 
litterateur  and  philosophical  writer.  His  works 
include  "  Recherches  sur  la  nature  et  les  lois  de  I'imagi- 
nation  "  (lb07),  "Etudes  sur  Thomrae  "  (1S21),  etc. 

Bontemps  (bon-ton'),  Roger.  [F.  bon  temps, 
good  time.]  A  pseudonym  of  Roger  de  Col- 
lerye,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Paris  about  1470. 
He  was  of  a  lively,  gay,  careless  temperament.  B^ranger 
has  popularized  this  type  in  one  of  his  famous  songs,  and 
the  name  is  proverbially  given  to  any  jovial  fellow. 
There  is  a  very  much  older  French  song,  without  date  or 
author,  in  wliich  La  Mfere  Bontemps  gives  lively,  cheerful 
advice  tu  young  j;irls. 

Bon  Ton  (b6u  ton).  [F.,  'good  tone,'  i.  e.  high 
fashion.]  A  comedy  by  Burgoyne,  produced  in 
1760.  Garrick  shortened  it,  and  produced  it  in  1775  as 
"  Bon  Ton,  or  High  Life  above  Stairs." 

Bontuku  (bon-tb'ko).  A  tovni  of  Gyaman, 
north  of  the  Gold  (^oast.  West  Africa,  now  in 
French  territory.  It  is  here  that  the  coast  traders 
meet  the  caravans  of  Mande-nga,  which  bring  the  produce 
from  the  Upper  Niger  basin. 

Bonvin  (bon-vau'),  Francois.  Born  at  Vaugi- 
rard, Seine, in  1817:  diedlS87.  AFrench painter. 
He  proiluced  genre  pictures  recalling  the  best 
siiiM-iiiiins  of  the  Flemish  school. 

Bonython   (bon'i-thon),   Richard.     Bom  in 

England,  1.580:  died  about  1650.  An  English 
soldier  who  received  a  grant  of  a  tract  of  land 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Saco  River,  in  Maine, 
and  settled  there  in  1631.  He  was  commissioner 
for  the  government  of  Maine  under  Gorges  in  1636,  and 
later  (HWO-47)  one  of  his  council.  His  son.  John  Bonython, 
introduced  by  Whittier  in  "  Mogg  Megone,"  was  a  turbu- 
lent character,  and  was  outlawed  for  contempt  of  court. 
Booby  (bo'bi),  Lady.  In  Fielding's  novel 
"Joseph  Andrews,"  a  vulgar  woman  who  tries 
to  seduce  Joseph  Andrews,  her  footman,  and 
dismisses  him  on  account  of  his  virtue. 

Book  of  Common  Order.    The  liturgy  of  the 

Church  of  Scotland,  in  1662  the  Book  of  Common 
Order,  commonly  termed  "Knox's  Liturgy,"w,as  partially 
introduced  in  place  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and 
in  1564  its  use  was  authoritatively  ordained  in  all  the 
churches  in  .Scotland.    This  liturgy  was  taken  from  the 


170 

order  or  liturgy  used  by  the  English  church  at  Geneva. 
McClintocfc  and  Stnmij. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer.  The  service-book 
of  the  Church  of  Eugland,  or  a  similar  book 
authorized  by  one  of  the  other  branches  of  the 
Anglican  Church.  it  is  popularly  known  as  the 
Prayer-book.  The  first  Book  of  Common  Prayer  was  is- 
sued in  1549.  It  was  nearly  all  taken  from  medieval  li- 
turgical liooks.  English  was  substituted  for  Latin,  and  a 
uniform  use  was  established  for  the  whole  Church  of  Eng- 
land. Revisions  were  made  in  1652, 166!),  and  1662.  Ihe 
American  Prayer-book  was  authorized  in  1789;  a  revision 
was  begun  in  1880  and  issued  in  1892. 

Book  of  Cupid,  God  of  Love,  The.   See  Cuckoo 

(I ml  the  yiglitiiiijalr,  Th< . 
Book  of  the  Dead,  The.     See  the  extract. 

The  chief  monument  of  the  religious  literature  of  Egypt 
is  the  "Book  of  the  Dead,"  in  106  chapters,  now  being  criti- 
cally edited  by  M.  Naville.  Portions  of  it  were  inscribed 
on  the  mummy-cases  and  tombs,  and  lu-e  met  with  in  the 
latest  of  the  demotic  papyri.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  funeral 
ritual  of  the  Egyptians,  describing  in  mystical  language 
the  adventures  of  the  soul  after  death,  and  the  texts  it 
must  quote  in  order  to  escape  the  torments  and  trials  of 
the  lower  world.  It  is  the  literary  reflection  of  the  Osiris 
myth,  and  grew  along  with  the  latter.  A  hieratic  text  of 
the  eleventh  dynasty  gives  two  varying  versions  of  the 
sixty-fourth  chapter,  ascribed  to  King  Men-ka-ra,  from 
which  we  may  infer  the  antiquity  of  the  latter.  But  only 
the  essence  of  the  work  went  back  to  the  Old  Empire. 
The  rest  consisted  of  additions  and  glosses,  and  glosses  of 
glosses,  which  continued  to  be  made  up  to  the  time  of  the 
Persians.  The  oldest  portion  seems  to  have  been  of  a 
practically  moral  character,  contrasting  strikingly  with 
the  mystical  tone  of  the  later  accretions,  where  the  doc- 
trine of  justification  by  faith  in  Osiris  has  taken  the  place 
of  that  of  good  works.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  79. 

Book  of  the  Duchess.  A  poem  by  Chaucer, 
known  also  as  "The  Death  of  Blanche  the 
Duchess. "  It  was  probably  written  near  the  end  of  1369, 
as  Blanche,  the  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  died  Sept.  12, 
1369.  The  poem  represents  the  inconsolable  nature  of  the 
grief  of  the  duke,  and  embodies  the  story  of  Ceyx  and  Alcy- 
one. The  duke,  John  of  Gaunt,  however  married  again  in 
1372.  The  broader  outlines  of  the  plot  come  from  Ma- 
ehault's"DitduLion"and  '"DitdelaFontaine  Amoureuse. " 

Book  of  Martyrs,  The.  A  history  of  the  perse- 
cution of  Reformers  in  England,  by  John  Foxe. 
It  was  finished  in  1559,  and  was  in  Latin.  It  was  published 
March  20,  1563,  and  called  '  Actesand  Monuments."  but 
was  popularly  kiiown  as  "The  Book  of  Martyrs."  He 
translated  it  into  English  himself. 

Book  of  Mormon.     See  Mormon,  Book  of. 

Book  of  St.  Albans.  A  rimed  treatise  on  hawk- 
ing, hunting,  etc.,  printed  in  English  in  1486. 
It  was  reprinted  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1496.  It  has  been 
attributed  to  Juliana  Berners  (Julyans  Bernes),  and  some 
of  it  was  certainly  written  by  her.  The  second  edition 
contains  the  popular  "Treatyseon  Fysshynge  with  an  An- 
gle. "  It  has  been  many  times  rei>rinted.  The  original  edi- 
tion was  reprinted  in  facsimile  Ijy  Eliot  Stock  in  1881. 

Book  of  Sentences.     See  the  extract. 

Of  this  kind  is  the  "  Book  of  Sentences"  of  Peter  the 
Lombard  (bishop  of  Paris),  who  is,  on  that  account,  usu- 
ally called  "  Magister  Sententiarum  "  :  a  work  which  was 
published  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  was  long  the  text 
and  standard  of  such  discussions.  The  questions  are  de- 
cided by  the  authority  of  Scripture  and  of  the  Fathers  of 
the  Church ;  and  are  divided  into  four  books,  of  which 
the  first  contains  questions  concerning  God  and  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  in  particular;  the  second  is  concern- 
ing the  creation ;  the  third,  concerning  Christ  and  the 
Christian  religion  ;  and  the  fourth  treats  of  religious  and 
moial  duties.  Wtiewetl,  Ind.  Sciences,  I.  317. 

Book  of  Snobs,  The.  A  series  of  sketches  by 
Thackeray  on  his  favorite  subject,  snobbery 
in  all  its  branches.  They  first  came  out  in 
'•  Punch"  as  "  The  Snob  Papers"  in  1843. 

Boolak.     See  Buhik. 

Boole  (bol),  George.  Born  at  Lincoln.  Eng- 
land, Nov.  2,  1815 :  died  near  Cork,  Ireland, 
Dec.  8,  1864.  A  celebrated  English  mathema- 
tician and  logician,  professor  of  mathematics  at 
tjueen's  College,  Cork.  His  chief  works  are  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Differential  Equations" (1859),  a  "Treatise  on  the 
Calculus  of  Finite  Differences "  (1860),  "  Mathematical 
Analysis  of  Logic'  (1847),  "Laws  of  Thought"  (1854). 

Boom  (bom).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  situated  10  miles  south  of 
Antwerp.     Population  (1890),  13,892. 

Boonack.     See  Bannock. 

Boone  (bon),  Daniel.  Born  in  Bucks  County, 
Pa.,  Feb.  11,  1735:  died  at  Charette,  Mo., 
Sept,  26,  1820.  A  famous  American  pioneer 
in  Kentucky.  About  1748  his  father  settled  at  Hoi- 
man's  Ford,  on  the  Yadkin,  North  Carolina.  He  began 
the  exploration  of  Kentucky  in  1769,  and  founded  Boones- 
borough  in  1775.  He  emigrated  to  Missouri,  then  a  pos- 
session of  Spain,  in  1795. 

Boonton  (bon'tpu).  A  town  of  Morris  County, 
New  Jersey,  25  miles  northwest  of  New  York. 
It  contains  important  iron-works  (among  thelargestin  the 
I'nited  States),  including  blast-furnaces,  rolling-mills,  and 
mills  for  the  m.annfacture  of  nuts,  plates,  nails,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  3,901. 

Boonville,  or  Booneville  (biin'vil).    A  city  in 

Missouri,  situated  on  tlie  Missouri  River  43 
miles  northwest  of  .lefferson  City.  Here,  June 
17,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Lvon  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates under  Marraaduke.    Population  (1900),  4,377. 


Bopp 

Boorlos  (bor'los).  Lake.  A  large  lagoon  in 
the  delta  of  the  Nile,  near  the  Mediterranean. 

Bootan.     See  Bhutan. 

Bootes  (bo-6'tez).  [Gr.  Bourr/g,  the  ox-driver 
iir  plowman.]  A  northern  constellation  con- 
taining the  bright  star  Arcturus,  situated  be- 
hind the  Great  Bear,  it  is  supposed  to  represent  a 
man  holding  a  crook  and  driving  the  Bear.  In  modern 
times  the  constellation  of  the  Hounds  has  been  interposed 
between  Bootes  and  the  Bear. 

Booth  (both).  The  husband  of  Amelia,  a 
prominent  characterin  Fielding's  novel  "Ame- 
lia." Fielding  intended  in  this  character  to  represent 
partly  his  own  foUies,  improvidence,  and  weakness. 

Booth,  Barton.  Born  in  Lancashire,  England, 
in  1681:  died  at  London,  May  10,  1733.  An 
English  tragedian.  He  first  appeared  in  London  in 
1700,  having  previously  played  in  Ireland.  He  played 
with  Betterton  and  with  Wilks.  In  1719  he  married 
Hester  Santlow  (his  second  wife),  a  dancer  and  actress  of 
great  beauty  but  of  irregular  life. 

Booth,  Ed-win  Thomas.     Bom  at  Bel  Air, 

Md.,  Nov.  13.  1833:  died  in  New  York  city, 
June  7,  1893.  A  noted  American  tragedian. 
He  was  the  son  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  and  his  first 
appearance  was  as  Tressel  to  his  father's  Richard  III., 
on  Sept.  10,  1849.  In  1857  he  first  appeared  as  a  "star" 
in  Boston  as  Sir  Giles  Overreach.  In  1861  he  went  to 
London  and  played  an  engagement  there.  The  assassina- 
tion of  Lincoln  by  his  brother  John  Wilkes  Booth  led  to 
his  temporary  retirement  from  the  stage  :  but  he  reap- 
peared as  Hamlet  on  Jan.  3,  1866,  in  New  York,  and  acted 
in  Shaksperian  plays  at  the  Winter  Garden  Theater  until 
its  destruction  by  fire  in  1867.  He  then  erected  a  theater 
of  his  own  in  New  Y'ork,  which  was  opened  Feb.  3,  1869, 
but  was  financially  a  failure.  In  1880  he  again  went  to 
London.  In  1883  he  acted  in  Germany.  In  1886  he  began 
his  engagement  to  play  under  the  management  of  Lawrence 
Barrett,  and  continued  to  play  with  hini  until  Barrett's 
death  in  1891.  His  last  appearance  was  in  Brooklyn,  April 
4, 1891,  in  the  part  of  Hamlet.  In  1888  he  founded  in  New 
York  "The  Players,"  a  club  designed  to  promote  social  in- 
tercourse between  the  dramatic  and  kindred  professions, 
and  in  its  club-house  he  died. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes.  Bom  at  Bel  Air,  Md., 
1839  (18381):  shot  near  Bowling  Green.  Va., 
April  26, 1865.  An  American  actor,  the  brother 
of  Edwin  Booth  He  assassinated  President 
Lincoln  at  Ford's  Theater,  Washington,  April 
14,  1865. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus.  Bom  at  London,  May 
1,  1796:  died  on  a  Mississippi  steamboat  on 
Nov.  30,  1852.  An  Anglo-American  actor.  m« 
first  professional  appearance  was  as  CampiUo  in  "  The 
Honeymoon"  in  1813  at  Peckham,  England  ;  his  last,  as  Sir 
Edward  Mortimer  in  "The  Iron  Chest,"  Nov.  19,  1852,  at 
New  Orleans.  His  career  was  brilliant  though  erratic. 
His  rivally  with  Kean  (whom  he  somewhat  resembled)  and 
his  erratic  conduct  kd  to  exciting  incidents  in  the  Covent 
Garden  Theater  in  1817,  resulting  in  his  departure  for 
America  in  1821.  On  Jan.  13  of  that  year  he  married  Mary 
Ajine  Holmes.  He  played  in  America  with  great  success. 
In  1822  he  bought  a  farm  in  Harford  County,  Maryland, 
where  his  family  lived  and  he  retired  when  not  acting. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  1821:  died  at  Manchester,  Mass.,  1883. 
An  American  actor,  eldest  son  of  Junius  Brutus 
Booth  (1796-1852),  and  brother  of  Edwin  Booth. 
He  was  both  manager  and  actor. 

Booth,  William.  Born  at  Nottingham,  Eng- 
land, Aj.ril  10,  1,S29.  The  founder  of  the  Sal- 
vation Army.  Ue  became  a  minister  of  the  Methodist 
New  Connection  in  1850 ;  organized  in  1865  the  Christian 
Mission  which,  when  it  had  become  a  large  organization 
formed  on  military  lines,  was  called  the  Salvation  Army 
(1878) ;  established  the  ■■  War  Ciy  "  (1880)  :  and  published 
"In  Darkest  England"  (1890).  He  is  commonly  styled 
"'..'cneral." 

Boothauk.    See  Butkhak. 

Boothia  Felix  (bo'thi-a  fe'liks).  [NL., '  happy 
land  of  Booth  ' :  named  by  Ross  for  Sir  Felix 
Booth,  who  promoted  the  expedition.]  A  pe- 
ninsula in  British  North  America  (northern  ex- 
tremity situated  in  lat.  72°  N.,  long.  9.5°  'W.), 
discovered  bv  John  Ross  in  1829.  On  its  west 
coast  (lat.  70'  5' 17"  N.,  long.  96"  46' 46"  W.)  James  Clarke 
Boss  located  the  north  magnetic  pule. 

Boothia  Gulf.  A  continuation  of  Prince  Re- 
gent Inlet,  north  of  British  North  America.  It 
lies  between  Cockburn  Island  on  the  east  and  Boothia 
Felix  on  the  west.    Length,  310  miles. 

Bootle  (bo'tl).  A  suburb  of  Liverpool,  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mersey.     Population  (1901),  58,558. 

Bo-Peep  (bo-pep').  Little,  a  small  shepherd 
maiden,  in  a  popular  nursery  story,  who  lost 
her  sheep. 

The  term  bo-peep  appears  to  have  been  connected  at  a 
very  early  period  with  sheep.  Thus  in  an  old  ballad  of 
the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  a  MS.  in  the  library  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge, — 

Halfe  Englande  ys  nowght  now  but  shepe, 
In  everye  corner  they  playe  a  boe-pepe. 

llaUiwell,  Nursery  Rhymes,  p.  21L 

Bopp  (bop),  Franz.  Born  at  Mainz,  Germany, 
Sept.  14,  1791:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  23, 1867.  "A 
celebrated  German  philologist,  noted  for  re- 


Bopp 

searches  in  Sanskrit,  and  especially  in  com- 
parative philology,  which  he  lirst  placed  upon  a 
ficieutifie  basis.  He  became  professor  ("extraoidl- 
nara'V"'  "rientia  liten>ture  and  pl.ilology  at  Berlin  in 
ySlf^' ordinary"  professor,  182!.).  His  chief  work  is  a 
"ComoS^ativc  (inunmar  of  the  Sanskrit,  Zend,  Arinenmn 
Greek,  c!tc*"c'  Vergleichende  Uraniiuatik,  etc.,"published 

Boppard  (bop'part).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  9  miles 
south  of  Coblentz:  the  Roman  Baudobnca  or 
Bodohriea.  It  has  a  castle  and  the  remains  of  a  Roman 
wall  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  and  Koman  town.  Popu- 
lation (1.S9I)).  conuiiiine,  .^.tllii  ,  ,  ... 

Bora  (bo'rii),  Katharina  von.  Born  at  Loben, 
miu  M^rsebuig,  (i.-nnany,  Jan.  29,  1499:  died 
at  Torgau,  Gennany,  Dec.  20,  15.52  A  Cister- 
cian nun  at  Nimptschen,  Saxony,  l;)l.i-23,  and 
wife  of  Martin  Luther  whom  she  married  June 

Borachia  (bo-ra'chil)  [Sp.,  f.of  Borachio.-]  A 
woman  given  to  drink,  a  comic  and  uiiwhol.-- 
sorae  character  in  Massinger's  play  "A  \  cry 
Woman."  .  ,,  ,. 

BorachiO  (bo-ra'cho).  A  \nllain,  a  fo  lower  ot 
Don  John,  in  8hakspere's  "Much  Ado  about 
Nothing."  Bfirachio  is  the  Spanish  name  for  a  leathern 
wlne-botile  (hence  the  name  is  freciuently  given  in  c)ld 
writers  citlier  as  a  proper  name  or  a  mark  of  opprobrium 
to  drunkards).  c        , 

Borandon,  Borondon.    See  Bnmd,,,,.  Sanit. 

BorS.8  (bo'ros).  A  town  of  southern  bweden, 
37  miles  east  of  Gothenburg. 

Borbeck  (bor'bek).  A  commune  m  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  3^  miles  northwest  of  Essen. 
Population  (1.S90),  28,707. 

Borda  (bor-dii' ),  Jean  Charles.  Born  at  Dax, 
in  Landes,  France,  May  4.  1733:  died  at  Pans 
Feb  20,  1799.  A  French  mathematician  and 
naval  officer,  noted  for  investigations  in  nauti- 
cal astronomy  and  hydrodynamics. 

Bordeaux  (bor-do').  [ME.  Bi(idews,OF.  Bor- 
der (F.  Bordeaux),  earlier  OF.  Bordele,  from 
L  liurduiaUi,  Burdci/alii,  Gr.  BovpSiyaAa;  sup- 
posed to  be  an  Iberian  or  else  a  Celtic  name.] 
The  capital  of  the  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
the  Garonne  in  lat.  44°  .W  N.,  long.  0°  35  W. : 
the  fourtli  city  and  third  port  of  France.  It 
has  a  large  and  tine  harbor,  with  extensive  quays  and  tio.at- 
C  basin  Its  commerce  is  with  the  Atlantic  and  Baltic 
ports,  America,  India,  and  Africa;  its  trade  is  m  wine, 
branciy,  metals,  timber,  coal,  grain,  etc.  It  contains  a  cele- 
hnled  lirid-e  l'..iit  de  Bordeaux  (.which  see),  and  a  ruined 
Uoman  ami>limi.ater,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  university.  Bor- 
deaux was  a  leading  Roman  city  in  Gaul,  the  capital  of 
Aiiuitania  Secunda,  and  passed  under  the  sway  of  the  \  an- 
dals,  West  Ooths,  Franks,  and  N.irinans,  becoming  a  part 
of  the  duchy  ot  Aquitaine,  whose  fortunes  it  followed 
ll  flourished  under  English  rule.  »  .■■edited  agains 
the  salt  tax.  and  was  severely  punished  in  IMS  "."■»>  a 
Parliament.  It  revolted  against  the  Convention  in  the 
Girondist  period,  179X  It  was  the  «"««  "'."}^  I";";-""""*' 
government  and  of  the  National  Assembly  1870;-71.  Ihe 
'alhcdral  was  built  during  the  English  rule.    The  north 

■  J^nsep.  Is  flanked  by  two  graceful  spires,  and  has  a  good 
portal  and  rose-wind-.w.  The  ,i..n  ,s  notable  for  the  great 
beauty  of  Its  live  radiating  ami  two  lateral  chapels.  Ihe 
nave,  without  aisles,  has  round  a,'ca''f  "'^low  and  t  yo 
raiigcHof  pointed  «ind..«aabove.  l'opulati..n  (l'.iol),iom- 
niline,  2.^7,471. 

Bordeaux,  Due  de.     See  Chamhord,  <  <,mte  dr 
Bordelais  (hord-hl').      [L.  n,irdi<j(dc,ms,  ad], 
froni   lliinliii'ilti,  Bordeaux.]     An   ancient  sub- 
division ot  France,  now  comprised  in   the  de- 
partments of  Girmide  and  Laiiiles. 

Bordelon    {bord-l6h').    Laurent      Born    at 

Bourges,  10.53:  dieil  at  Pans,  .\pnl  0,  iiM.  A 
French  dramatist  and  tlieologiaii. 

BordentOWn  (bor'don-toun).  A  city  in  Bur- 
lington County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  Rivir  6  miles  southeast  of  Trentcm. 
Population  (1900),  4,110.  o.   .      t»  i 

Border  States.  Formerly  the  slave  states  Del- 
aware MarvliMid,  Viiginin,  Kentucky,  and  Mis- 
souri, situated  near  the  free  States:  in  a  wider 
meaning  llie  name  comiirised  also  North  Caro- 
lina  'rinncssce,  and  Arkansas. 

Bordighera  (bor-de-ya'rii).  A  small  town  in 
northwestern  Italy,  on  the  Riviera  lo  miles 
east  ol  Monaco. 

Bordone(l>or-dr,'ne).Paride.  Bom  atTreyiso, 
Italy,  about  1.500:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  19,  bid. 


171 
Parus  Borel,  one  of  the  strangest  figures  in  the  history 
of  literatuie.  Very  little  is  known  of  his  life  which  w.js 
spent  partly  at  Paris  and  partly  in  Algeria.  He  w.is  per- 
baps  tlie  most  extravagant  ot  all  the  llpuiantics,  surnan.. 
ing  himself  "Le  l.ycantbrope,' and  identifying  bimse  If 
with  the  extravagances  of  the  BousingotB,  acllqueof  polll- 
ieal  literary  men  who  for  a  short  time  made  IhemseUes 
conspicuous  after  1830.  Borel  wrote  partly  >u  verse  and 
partly  in  prose.  His  most  considerable  exploltln  the  former 
was  a  strange  preface  in  verse  to  his  novel  of  -^'."d^"" "- 
I'utiphar";  his  best  work  in  prose,  a  scries  of  wi  d  mt 
powerful  stories  entitled 'Champavert.'  His  talent  alto- 
gether lacked  measure  and  criticism,  but  it  is  undeniable. 
SainUburti.  French  Lit.,  p.  54->- 


A  painter  of  the  Venetian  school,  a  P'Ui.il  "f 
Titian.  His  most  noted  paintitij;is  the  "Fisher 
extending  a  King  to  tlie  Doge.'  _ 

Boreas  (bf)'r6-a»).  [Gr.  Bo/«nc  or  Bopaf.J  In 
Greek  mvtliology,  the  personification  of  tlie 
mirth  wil'ld.  According  to  llcslod,  he  Is  a  son  of  As- 
tneiis  and  Eos,  and  lirother  of  Hesperus,  Zephyriis,  and 
Nolus.  Ilishomcwnsacavein  Mniiiil  Hiemus,  in!  Iiraco, 
Borel  ll)o-rcl'),  P6trUS.  I»"rn  'It  Lyons,  June 
'2H,  1809:  dii'd  at  Mustagnncin,  .Inly  14,  1>I.)9.  A 
Frencli  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  See  the 
extract. 


Borelli  (bo-rel'le),  Giovanni  Alfonso.    Born 

at  Castelnuovo,  near  Naples,  Jan.  2.8,  160h:  died 
at  Rome,  Dec.  31,  1079.  An  Italian  astronomer, 
professor  of  niatheniaties  at  Messina  ami  later 
at  Pisa,  founder  of  the  iatromathematical 
school.  His  chief  work  is  "De  motu  aninia- 
lium"  (1080-81). 

BorgS,  (bor'go).  A  decayed  seaport  m  the  prov- 
ince of  Nyiaiid.  Finland,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
(if  Finland  in  hit.  00°  25'  N.,  long.  25°  45'  E. 
P.ilinhition  (1S9I)),  4.214. 

Borgerhout  (lioi'ger-hout).  A  manufacturing 
town  U  mills  easi  of  Antwerp,  Belgium.  Pop- 
ulatioir(ls90),  2S,SS2, 

Borghese  (bor-ga'sc),  Prince  Camillo  FiUppo 

LudoviCO.  Born  at  Rome,  July  19,  1 1  o:  died 
at  Florence,  May  9.  1832.  An  Italian  noble, 
lirotlirr-in-law  of  Napoleon  I. 

Borghese  Gladiator,  so  named,  in  reality  an 
athlete  or  perhaps  a  warrior.  A  notable  an- 
tique statue  by  Agasias  of  Ephesus.  it  is  in  the 
Louvre  Paris.  It  dates  from  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era.  The  vigorous  figure,  undraped,  is  ill  an  at. 
titude  of  rapid  advance,  the  left  arm,  encircled  by  the 
shield-strap,  raised  above  the  head,  and  the  right  (re- 
stored) extended  downward  and  backward  in  the  line  ot 
the  body,  gra-sping  the  sword.    Also  Fiuhl'"!'  Gia-I"il"r- 

Borghese  Mars.  An  antique  statue  of  Mars  in 
the  Louvir.  Paris. 

Borghese  Palace.  The  famous  palace  of  the 
Borgliese  t'amilv  in  Rome,  noted  for  itsartcol- 
lectTons.  It  was  built  toward  the  end  of  the 
lOtli  century  liy  Martino  Lunghi  and  Flaminio 
Pouzio.  It  is  situated  in  the  Via  dcUa  Kontanella,  and 
though  its  galleries  contained  originally  the  most  im- 
portant art  treasures  of  Rome,  save  those  of  the  Vati- 
can many  ot  them  have  now  been  removed  to  the 
private  apartments  of  the  Prince  Borghese.  .See  I  ilia 
lU.riih-H.: 

Borghesi  (bor-ga'se).  Count  Bartolommeo. 
Born  at  Savignano,  near  Rimini,  Italy.  July  11, 
1781:  died  at  San  Marino,  Italy,  April  16,18(50. 
A  distinguished  Italian  numismatist  and  epig-- 
raphist.  He  wrote  "  Nuovi  frammenti  dei  fasti 
consolari  capitolini"  (1818-20),  etc. 

Borehi-Mamo  ( bor'ge-mii'mo ) .Adelaide.  Born 
at  IJolo-i.M,  Italy,  Aug.  9,  1829  (ls:io  ,');  died 
there    Oct.,  1901.     An  Italian  openi-singer. 

Borgia  (bor'iii),  Cesare,  ]>uke  of  Valentinois. 
Born  Sept.  18,  147s :  killed  before  tlie  castle 
of  Viana,  Spain.  March  12,  1.507.  Tlie  natural 
son  of  Rodrigo  Len/.uoli  Borgia(Pope  Alexander 
VI.).  Ue  was  created  cardinal  by  his  father  in  1492 
procured  the  murder  of  his  brother  Oiovanni,  duke  rif 
Oandia,  In  1497,  resigned  the  cnrdinalate  in  14l)i,  was  in- 
vested with  the  duchy  of  Valentinois  by  Ixjuis  -Ml-  m 
149H  married  Cliarlolte  dAlbret,  daughter  of  .lean  d  Al- 
bret'  king  o(  Navarre,  in  141»,  and  was  created  duke  .. 
Romagna  by  his  father  in  UKil,  lie  reduced  by  force  and 
perlldy  the  cities  of  Komagna,  which  were  ruled  by  fen- 
datoriesof  the  Papal  .See,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  bis 
family,  endeavored  to  found  an  independent  hereditary 
power  in  central  Italy,  including  Komagna,  Umbria,  and 
the  .Marches.  His  lather  having  died  in  IWB,  he  was  de- 
tained in  captivity  by  Pope  .liilius  II.  ir.li:!-(M,  and  by 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon  ir,o4-<«;,  when  he  escaped  o  the 
court  of  Jean  d'Albret  of  Navarre,  in  whose  service  lie  te  1 
before  the  castle  olVlana.  Ilanilsome  In  lierson.cducaleir 
eloMilent,  a  patron  of  learning,  and  an  adept  In  t  le  cruel 
an.l  ii.rlldions  iK.litics  In  vogue  In  his  day,  he  Is  repre- 
sented as  a  I11...1.I  ruler  by  .Macebiavelli  in  his  "  Principe, 

Borgia,  Saint    Francesco,  Duke  oi    dandia. 

Born   at  (iaiidia,   Spain,  about    1510:    du>d   at 
Rome,  1572.     General  of  the  Society  of  Jesus 

Borgia' Lucrezia.  Bom  1480:  died  June  24, 
1519  l)iicli.>s  of  Perrara,  daughter  of  Pojo- 
Alexander  V!.,  and  sister  of  Cesare  Borgia. 
She  married  fJlovannI  Sforza,  lord  of  IVsaro  In  1-IIW. 
This  manlage  was  annulled  by  Alexander,  who  (I49S) 
found  a  more  ambitious  match  for  her  In  Alfonso  of  Bis. 
ceglle,  a  natural  son  of  Allonso  II.  of  Naples.  Alfoiis.! 
havini  been  murdered  by  (.esar.'  Borgia  In  l.^oil,  she  mar- 
ried (I.'.n0  Alfonso  of  l-.ste,  who  Huhseqllelitly  succeeded 
to  the  dilchv  of  Ferraia  She  was  a  woman  of  great 
beauty  and  iibllity,  a  patron  of  learning  and  the  art«. 
She  was  long  accused  of  the  grossest  eriines,  but  recent 
writeis  Iiav"  cleared   her  memory  ot  the  worst  charges 

Borgia, 'stefano.  l^orn  at  yelletri,  Ualy,  Di-e. 
3,  1731 :  died  at  Lyons,  Nov.  23.  1804.  An 
Italian  cardinal,  statesmaii,  historian,  and  pa- 
tron of  science,  secretary  of  the  propaganda 
1770-88. 


Borneo 

Borgne  (bomy).  A  lake  or  bay  in  southeast- 
ern Louisiana,  the  continuation  of  Mississippi 
Sound.  It  communicates  with  the  (iulf  of  Mexico  oo 
the  cast,  and  with  Lake  Pontchai-train  by  the  RigoleU 
Pass  on  the  northwest.     Breadth,  2S  miles. 

BorgO  ( bor'go ) .  A  town  in  Tyrol,  17  miles  east 
<,f  Trent.     Population  (1890),  3,909. 

Borgo,  Pozzo  di.    See  ro:zo  di  Borgo.       ^ 

Borgo  San  Donnino  (bor'go  san  don-ne  iio). 
A  town  in  till-  luovince  of  Parma,  Italy,  14  miles 
northwest  of  Panua:  the  ancient  Fideiitia.  Its 
cathedial,  rebuilt  at  the  end  of  the  11th  centui^,  is  a  rich 
Romanesque  structure,  with  an  unfinished  facade  rtanked 
by  t»)wers,  and  three  sculptured  lion-columned  portals.  ^ 
The  nave  is  round-arched,  with  Pointed  vaulting ;  there 
are  twotriforia  and  much  curious  sculpture. 

Borgognone.    See  /...w//,o. 

Borie  1 1 lo-ie' ),  Pierre  Rose  Ursule  DumouUn. 
Born  at  Bevnat,  Corre/.e,  France,  Feb.  20. 1808: 
Inhi-a.led  ill  Tong-king,  Nov.  24, 1838.  A  noted 
Fnni-li  inissionarv  in  Tong-king,  1832-38. 

Boris  Godonof.  A  tragedy  by  Pushkin,  founded 
on  that  episode  in  Russian  history  known  as 
the  Iiiterregiuim.  Lope  de  Vega  wrote  a  play 
on  this  subject,  called  "El  Gran  Duque  de  Mus- 
c-ovia."     Soe  diidiiiinff. 

Borissogliebsk  (bo-ris-so-glyebsk').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  river  Vorona  in  lat.  51°  20'  N.,  long.  42°  E. 
Population,  17,665. 
Borja  (b(5r'Ha).  Dona  Ana  de.  Vice-queen  of 
P,-ru.  Born  about  1640:  died  Sept.  23.  1(06. 
A  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bejar,  and  the  third 
wife  of  the  Count  of  Lemos  whom  she  accom- 
panied to  Peru  in  H>67.  During  the  absence  of  the 
viceroy  in  Charcas  she  was  left  in  charge  of  the  govern- 
ment (ItiliS  and  l(J(i9).  This  is  almost  the  only  instance  of 
the  kind  in  Spanish  America.  See  Fernanda  de  CaMTO 
Aiiiirnde  ;l  I'nrlwml. 

Boria  y  Arragon  (bor'Hii  e  iir-ra-gon').  Fran- 
cisco de.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1582:  died  there, 
lt).5s,  A  Spanish  statesman  By  his  marriage  he 
beiame  prince  of  Esquilache  or  Sqiiillace  in  Calaliria. 
From  Dec,  161.i,  to  Dec,  1621,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru,_ 

Boriesson  (ber'ves-son),  Johan.  Born  at  Ta- 
nnin, Bohusliin," Sweden,  March  22,  1790:  died 
at  Upsal,  S-weden,  May.  1866.  A  Swedish  dra- 
niatie  poet.  His  chief  drama  is  " Erik  XIV.' 
(1«46). 

Borku  (b(5r'ko),  or  BorgU  (-go).  A  group  of 
oases  in  the  Sahara,  between  Fezzan  and  \Va- 
dai.  important  as  the  meeting-place  of  com- 
mercial routes.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  Berber 
tribe  of  mixed  blood. 

Borkum  (bor'kiim).  One  of  the  western  islands 
of  the  East  Friesian  group,  belonging  to  Ger- 
many. It  is  frequented  for  sea-bathing. 
Length,  5  miles. 

Borlace  (bcir'las),  or  Burlace,  Edmund.    Died 

at  Chester,  Eiiglaud,  about  1681;.  An  English 
physician,  and  writer  iiiiou  Irish  history. 

Borlase,  William.  Bom  at  Pendeen,  Corn- 
wall. Knglan.l,  Feb.  2.  1095:  died  Aug.  31,  li<2. 
An  English  antiquary  and  naturalist.  His  chief 
works  are  "Antiquities  of  Cornwall"  (1754)  and 
"Natural  History  of  Connvall"  (17.58). 

BormiO  (bor'me-6).  A  small  town  in  northern 
lt;ily,  at  the  head  of  the  Valtelline,  near  the 
I'roiitier  of  Switzerland. 

Bormio,  District  of.  The  territory  around  Bor- 
iiiio  ill  Italy,  whose  liislory  was  largely  con- 
nected with'  Hint  of  the  Vnllilline. 

Born  (born).  Bertran  or  Bertrand  de.    Born 

at  Born,  Perigord,  France,  about  1140:  died 
before  1215.     A  noted  French  troubadour  and 

soldier. 

Born,  Ignaz  von.  Born  at  Knrlsbuig,  1  ransvl- 
vaniii,  l)ec,  26,  1742:  died  al  Vienna,  July  24. 
1791.  An  Austrian  mineralogist  and  metallur- 
gist. 

Borna  (bor'nii).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony situated  16  miles  south-southeast  of  Leip- 
sie".     Population  (1S90),  8,849. 

Borne  (b.r'ne),  Ludwig  (originally  Lob  Ba- 
ruch)  Born  at  Frankforl-oii-the-Main.  Ma>  6, 
1786:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1837.  A  noted  tier- 
man  satirist  and  political  writer,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent. His  collected  writings  wore  published 
1.829-34. 

Bomeil  (bor-nav'),  Guiraut  or  Giraud  de. 

Lived  in  Ihe  latl"er  part  of  the  12th  centurv.   A 
French  troubadour,  many  of  whosc^yoeiiis^liave 
survived.     Di 
Commedia." 


, POf'n 

ll.  Dante  mentions  him  in  the  "  Divma 
V  oiiiiiH'dia. 
Borneo  (bftr'ne-6).  [Also  Brunni,  Brunt.  B'nii, 
etc.,  Malay  /(")•";,  Bnnii.  The  native  name  is 
I'lilii  Kidii'maiiliii.]  Thi>  largest  of  the  East  In- 
dia Islands.  It  lies  west  of  Celebes,  north  of  .lava,  and 
east  of  Sumatra,  in  lat.  7"  S.-fiO  S..  long,  um -lin'  B. 
A  large  part  of  It  Is  mountainous.     It  is  divided  into  tD( 


Borneo 

Dattih  possessions  and  British  North  Borneo,  Brunei,  and 
Sarawak.  The  iubabitants  are  Dyuks,  Malays,  Negritos, 
Bogis,  and  Chinese.  Borneo  was  first  visited  by  Portu- 
gaese  about  1518.  Lensth,  800  miles.  Breadth.  TuO  miles. 
Area,  286,161  square  miles.  Population  of  Dutch  posses- 
sions, about  1,100,000 ;  of  British  North  Borneo,  175,000 ;  of 
Sarawak,  3riO,000. 

Borneo,  British  North.     See  British  Sorth 

liinllro. 

Bornheim  (bom'him).  A  quarter  in  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main. 

Bornholm  (.born'holm).  An  island  in  the  Baltic 
St-a.  in  lat.  55°-55°  20'  X.,long.  15=  E..  forming 
an  amt  of  Denmark,  it  is  mountainous,  and  contains 
porcelain-clay.  Capital,  Ronne.  Length,  23  miles.  Area, 
228  square  miles.    Fopitlation  (.1890X  SS.Ttio. 

Bomu  (bor-no').  A  countrv  iu  Sudan.  Africa, 
hit.  11°-16=  X..  long.  10°-17^  E.  Capital,  Kuka. 
Its  inhabitants  are  negroes,  Tuaregs,  Arabs,  and  mixed 
races,  the  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism,  and  the 
government  that  of  a  sultan.  Bornu  formed  part  of  the 
Kanem  monarchy  iu  the  middle  age*,  and  became  a  sepa- 
rate kingdom  in  the  loth  century.  It  was  conquered  by 
l'VUat:ihs  in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  centur>-,  arid  is  n':>w 
in  large  part  within  the  British  protectorate  of  Nigeria. 
Area,  estimated.  50,000  square  miles.  Population,  esti- 
mated, over  3,000.000. 

Borodino  (bor-o-de'no).  A  village  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Moscow.  Russia,  situated  near  the 
river  Moskva  70  miles  west  of  Moscow.  Near 
here.  Sept,  7, 1812,  Napoleon's  army  (about  140,000)  gained 
a  victory  over  the  Russians  under  Kutusoff  (about  14(X00OX 
The  loss  of  Napoleons  army  was  30.000;  that  of  the 
Russians,  nearly  50,000.  Also  called  the  "battle  of  the 
Moskva," 

Bororos  (bo-ro-ros').  -An  Indian  tribe  of  west- 
ern Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters  of  the 
river  Paraguay.  They  were  formerly  very  numerous 
and  powerful,  but  were  depleted,  partly  by  the  slave-mak- 
ing raids  of  the  Portuguese  in  the  lath  century,  and  partly 
by  disease  :  a  few  hundred  remain,  nearly  in  their  abori- 
ginal condition.  By  their  language  and  customs  they  are 
closely  allied  to  the  Tupls  and  Guaranis,  and  are  evidently 
an  offshoot  of  that  stock.  They  live  in  fixed  villages  of 
the  highland,  and  practise  agriculture,  aiid  their  chiefs 
have  only  a  nominal  power. 

Borough,  The.  A  poem  by  Crabbe,  published 
in  ISIU. 

Boroaghbridge  (bur'6-brij).  A  town  in  York- 
shire, England,  17  miles  northwest  of  York. 
Here.  March  16, 1322,  Edward  n.  defeated  the 
Earl  of  Lancaster. 

Borovitchi  (bor-6-ve'ehe).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Novgorod,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
river  Msta  in  lat.  58°  23'  X.,  long.  33°  E.  Popu- 
lation. 10,944. 

Borovsk  (bo-rovsk').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kaluga,  Russia,  in  lat.  55°  14'  N.,  long. 
36=  30'  E.    PopiUation,  10,091. 

Borowlaski  (bor-ov-las'ke),  or  Boruwlaski, 
Joseph.  Born  at  Halicz,  Galicia,  1739:  died 
near  Durham,  England,  Sept.  5,  1837.  A  Po- 
lish dwarf,  erroneously  called  a  '"count."  who 
traveled  from  place  to  place  exhibiting  himself 
and  giving  concerts.  His  height  was  a  little 
under  39  inches.  He  published  an  autobiog- 
raphy (1788). 

Borre,  Sir.  A  natural  son  of  King  Arthur,  in  the 
.irthuriau  legends,  sometimes  called  Sir  Bors. 

Borrioboola-gha  (bor  'i-6-bo'la-ga' ).  An  imagi- 
nary place  on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  Niger,  selected 
by  Mi-s.  Jellyby  (in  Dickens's  *■  Bleak  House") 
as  a  field  for  her  missionary  philanthropic  ex- 
ertions, to  the  neglect  of  all  home  duties. 

Borrissoff  (bor-res'sof ).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Minsk,  Russia,  50  nules  northeast  of 
Minsk.     Population,  18,103. 

Borromean  (bor-o-me'an)  Islands,  It.  Isole 
Borromee  (e'zo-le  bor-ro-ma'ei.  A  group  of 
islands  in  Lago  Maggiore,  province  of  Xovara, 
Italy,  near  the  western  shore.  The  two  most  noted, 
Isola  Bella  and  Isola  Madre.  belong  to  the  Borromeo  fam- 
ily, and  were  converted  into  pleasure-gardens  by  Count 
Borromeo  in  the  17th  century,  .\nother  island  is  Isola 
dei  PescatorL 

Borromeo  ibor-ro-ma'6).  Count  Carlo.  Born 
at  .\roi:a,  on  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy,  Oct.  2, 
1538:  died  at  Milan.  Nov.  3, 1584.  An  Italian 
cardinal,  archbishop  of  Milan,  noted  as  an 
ecclesiastical  refoi-mer,  and  philanthropist.  He 
was  canonized  in  1610.  His  death  is  commem- 
orated in  the  Roman  Church  on  Nov.  4. 

Borromeo,  Count  Federigo.  Bom  at  Milan, 
lo(>4:  died  1631.  An.  Italian  cardinal,  and 
archbishop  of  Milan,  founder  of  the  Ambrosian 
Library  at  Milan  iu  1609. 

Borromeo,  San  Carlo.  A  colossal  statue  on  a 
hill  near  .\rona  on  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy.  It 
stands  70  feet  hisrh,  on  a  pedestal  measuring  42  fee't,  and 
was  finished  in  169".  The  figure.  bareheade«i,  is  in  the  act 
of  blessini:  the  town,  and  has  some  artistic  merit.  The 
head,  hands,  and  feet  are  of  bronze,  the  remainder  of 
welded  sheets  of  beaten  copper,  braced  with  iron,  and  sup- 
ported on  a  central  pier  of  stone, 

Borromeo,  San  Carlo,  Sisters  of.    A  religious 


172 

order  founded  by  the  Abb6  d'Estival  in  1652. 
Its  chief  seat  is  at  Nancy,  France. 
Borrow  (bor'6).  George.  Bom  at  East  Dere- 
ham, Norfolk.  England,  Feb.,  1803:  died  at 
Oulton,  Suffolk,  England,  July  30,  1881.  An 
English  philologist,  traveler,  and  romance- 
writer.  His  works  include  "Targum,  or  Metrical  Trans- 
lations  from  thirty  Languages,  etc, "(1835),  "The  Bible  in 
Spain  "  (ls43).  '■  The  Zincali,  or  an  Account  of  the  Gypsies 
in  Spain'  (1S41X  "Lavengro,  the  Scholar,  the  Gypsy,  and 
the  Priest"  (ISolX  "The  Romany  Rye,  a  sequel  to  Laven- 
gro "(l!-3  7),  "  Wild  Wales,  etc. "(1862),  "Romano  Lavo-Lil, 
or  Word-book  of  the  Romany  "  (1874). 

Borrowdale  (bor'6-dal).  A  vale  in  the  Lake 
District  of  England,  south  of  Derwentwater. 

Bors  (b6l^s).  In  Arthurian  legends,  king  of 
Gaul,  brother  of  King  Ban  of  Benwieke  (Be- 
noic).  They  went  to  King  Arthur's  assistance 
when  he  first  mounted  the  throne. 

Bors  (bors),  orBohort  (bo'hort ),  or  Bort  (bort), 
Sir.  A  knight  of  the  Round  Table,  called  Sir 
Boi-s  de  Ganis,  nephew  of  Sir  Lancelot.  He 
was  one  of  the  fewwho  wei'e  ptire  enough  to 
see  the  vision  of  the  Holy  GraU. 

Borsippa  (bor-sip'ii).  An  ancient  city  of  Baby- 
lonia, probably  a  suburb  of  Babylon,  it  con. 
tained  a  temple  o*f  Nebo,  its  tutelar  deity,  called  Ezida 
(i.  e.,  eternal  house),  which  was  constructed  in  the  form 
of  a  pjTamid  consisting  of  seven  stories,  which  are  termed 
in  the  inscriptions  "the  seven  spheres  of  heaven  and 
earth."  The  imposing  ruins  of  the  mound  Bits  Nimrud 
to  the  northeast  of  Babylon  are  identified  as  the  site  of 
Borsippa  and  its  celebrated  temple.    See  Birs  Nimrud. 

Bory  de  Saint  Vincent  (bo-re'  de  sah  van- 
soii'),  Jean  Baptiste  Georges  Marie.    Bom 

at  Ageu.  France.  1780 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
22  (f),  1846.  A  distinguished  French  natural- 
ist and  traveler.  He  wrote  an  "  Essai  sur  les  lies  for- 
tunees  et  I'antique  .\tlantide  "  (1803X  "  L'Homme,  essai 
zoologique  '  (1827),  etc 

Borysthenes  (bo-ris'the-nez).  [6r.  BopvaOhiic.'] 
The  ancient  name  of  the  river  Dnieper. 

Bos,  Hieronymus.    See  Bosch. 

Bosa  (bo'sa).  A  seaport  in  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, province  of  CagMari,  lat.  40°  17'  N.,  long. 
8°  30'  E.     Population,  6.000. 

Bosboom  (bos'bom).  Johannes.  Bora  Feb.  18, 
1S17:  died  Sept.  14,  IMil.     A  Dutch  painter. 

Bosboom,  Mme.  (Anna  Luize  Geertruide 
Toussaint).  Bom  at  Alkmaar,  Sept.  10.  1S12: 
died  at  The  Hague,  April  13,  1SS6.  A  Dutch 
historical  novelist,  she  married  the  painter  Bos- 
boom in  1831,  Her  works  include  "  Het  Huis  Lauer- 
nesse,"  "Leycester  in  Nederland,"  -'De  Vrouwen  van  het 
Leycester  sche  Tijdperk,"  and  "Gideon  Florenoz." 

Bosc  (bosk),  Louis  Augustin  Guillaome.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Jan.  29,  17.')9:  died  at  Paris,  July  10. 
1S2S.  A  distinguished  French  naturalist.  He 
wrote  "  Histoire  naturelle  des  coquilles  "  ( 1801 ), 
'•Histoire  naturelle  des  erustac^s"  (1802),  etc. 

Boscan  Almogaver  (bos-kan'  al-mo-ga-var' ), 
Juan.  Born  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  about  1493 : 
died  near  Perpignan,  France,  about  1542.  A 
Spanish  poet,  founder  of  the  Italian  poetical 
school  in  Spain.  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished iu  1543. 

Boscawen  (bos'ka-wen),  Edward.  Born  in 
Cornwall,  England,  Aug.  19,  1711:  died  near 
Guildford,  Surrey,  England,  Jan.  10.  1761.  A 
noted  English  admiral.  He  commanded  at  the  tak- 
ing of  Louisburg.  1758,  and  defeated  the  French  at  La- 
gos Bay,  Aug.,   1739. 

Bosch  (bosk),  or  Bos  (bos),  or  Bosco  (bos'ko), 
Hieronymus,  suruamed  "The  Joyous."  Bom 
at  Bois-le-Duc.  Netherlands,  about  1460:  died 
at  Bois-le-Duc  about  1530.  .\  Dutch  painter. 
His  chief  works  are  at  Madrid,  Berlin,  and 
Vienna. 

Boscobel  (bos'ko-bel).  A  farm-house  near 
ShiffnaJ,  in  Shropshire.  England,  noted  in  con- 
nection with  the  escape  of  Charles  II.,  Sept., 
1651.     The  "royal  oak"  was  in  the  vicinity. 

Boscovich  (bos'ko-vich).  Ruggiero  Giuseppe. 
Born  at  Ragusa,  Dalmatia,  May  18.  1711 :  died 
at  Milan,  Feb.  12,  1787.  An  Italian  Jesuit, 
celebrated  as  a  mathematician,  astronomer, 
and  physicist.  His  works  include  "  Theoria  philoso- 
phise naturalis  "  (1738X  "  De  maculis  solaribus  "  (17^),  etc. 

Bosio  (bo'ze-o),  Angiolina.  Born  at  Turin, 
-■i-ug.  22,  1829:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  April  12, 
18.59.     An  Italian  opera-singer. 

Bosio,  Baron  FranQois  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mo- 
naco, March  19,  1769:  died  at  Paris,  July  29, 
184.5.  A  French  sctilptor.  His  best-known  works 
are  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  Column  Vendome  (taris),  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV.  (Paris),  etc 

Bosna-Serai  (bos-na-se-ri').  or  Serajevo  (se- 
ra'ye-v6),  or  Sarajevo  (sa-ra'ye-vo).  'The 
capital  of  Bosnia,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the 
Miljacka.  in  lat.  43°  54'  N..  long.  18°  25'  E. 
It  contains  a  bazaar,  castle,  and  several  mosques.    Most 


Boston 

of  the  inhabitants  are  Mohammedans.  It  was  founded 
by  Hungarians  about  1263.    Population  (1885X  26,286. 

Bosnia  (boz'ni-a).  [F.  Bosnie,  G.  Bosnieii,  NL. 
Bosnia,  Pol.  Bosnia,  Turk.  Bosna.J  A  territory 
in  southeastern  Europe,  capital  Bosna-Serai, 
bounded  by  Croatia-Slavonia  (separated  by  the 
Unna  and  Save)  on  the  north,  Servia  (separated 
partly  by  the  Drina)  on  the  east,  Montenegro 
and  Herzegovina  on  the  south,  Dalmatia  on 
the  west,  and  Novi-Bazar  on  the  southeast. 
Its  stirface  is  generally  mountainous,  and  its  inhabitants 
are  occupied  mainly  with  agriculture.  It  belongs  nomi- 
nally to  Turkey,  but  is  occupied  and  administered  by 
Auslria-Hungai-y.  The  language  is  Servo-Croatian.  Reli- 
gions, Greek,  Mohammedan,  and  Roman  Catholic.  Bosnia 
was  a  part  of  the  Roman  Empire,  was  governed  by  bans 
in  the  middle  ages,  under  the  kings  of  Hungary,  and  be- 
longed to  the  kingdom  of  Stephen  of  Servia  in  the  14th 
century.  The  kingdom  of  Bosnia  originated  in  1376.  It 
was  subjugated  by  the  Turks  in  1463.  Bosnia  has  been 
the  theater  of  many  conflicts  between  Austria  and  Turkey, 
and  of  revolts.  It  was  provided  in  the  treaty  of  Berhn 
(1878)  that  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  be  occupied  by  Aus- 
tria-Hungary. The  Mohammedans  could,  however,  be 
subdued  only  after  a  bloody  conflict  (1S7S).  There  was  a 
popular  revolt  in  ISSl.  Area,  including  Herzegovina  and 
Novi-Bazar,  22,375  square  miles.    Population,  i,504,ti95. 

Bosola  (bo-s6'la).  A  character  in  Webster's 
tragedy  "The  'Duchess  of  Malfi,"  gentleman 
of  the  horse  to  the  duchess.  He  is  a  villain, 
a  bloodthirsty  humorist  noted  for  his  cynical, 
savage  melancholy. 

Bosporus  (bos'po-rus),  or  Bosphorus  (bos'fo- 
rus).  [Gr.  BocTopof,  ox-ford :  so  named  from  the 
legend  that  lo,  transformed  into  a  cow,  swam 
across  it.]  A  strait  which  connects  the  Black 
Sea  and  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  separates  Eu- 
rope from  Asia :  the  ancient  Bosporus  Thracius, 
Thracian  Bosporus.  On  it  are  Constantino- 
ple and  Scutari.  Length.  18  miles :  greatest 
breadth,  li  miles:  narrowest  point,  1,700  feet. 

Bosporus.  In  ancient  history,  a  kingdom  in 
southern  Sarmatia,  near  the  (>immerian  Bos- 
porus. It  was  founded  in  502  B.  c,  and  extin- 
guished in  the  4th  century  a.  d. 

Bosporus  Cimmerius  (si-'me'ri-us).  The  Cim- 
merian Bosporus:  the  ancient  name  of  the 
Strait  of  Yenikale.     See  Cimmerians. 

Bosporus  Thracius.     See  Bosporus. 

Bosquet  (bos-ka'),  Pierre  Joseph  Frangois. 
Born  at  Mont-de-Marsan,  Landes,  France, 
Nov.  8,  1810:  died  at  Toulouse,  France,  Feb. 
5,  1861.  A  marshal  of  France.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  Algeria,  and  in  the  Crimea  at  Alma  and 
Inkerman  1S34.  and  at  the  Malakoff  1855. 

Bossi  (bos'se).  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Busto-Ar- 
sizio,  in  the  Milanese,  Italy,  -\ug.,  1777:  died 
at  Milan,  Dec.  15, 1815.  An  Italian  painter  and 
writer  upon  art.  He  wrote  "Del  cenacolo  di  I,eon- 
ardo  da  V'inci"  (IslO),  etc. 

Bossi,  Giuseppe  Carlo  Aurelio,  Baron  de. 
Born  at  Turin,  Nov.  15,  1758:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  20,  1823.  An  Italian  lyric  poet  and  di- 
plomatist. His  chief  poems  include  "  Independenza 
-Americana'  (1783),  "Monaca  '  (lieTX  "Oromasia"  (1805)^ 
etc 

Bossi,  Count  Luigi.  Bom  at  Milan,  Feb.  28, 
1758 :  died  at  Milan.  April  10. 1835.  AnltaUan 
historian,  archseolqgist,  and  writer  on  art. 

Bossu,  Le.    See  Le  Bossu. 

Bossuet  (bo-sii-a'  or  bo-swa'),  JaCQUesB^- 
nigne.  Bom  at  Dijon,  France,  Sept.  27,  1627: 
died  at  Paris,  April  12,  1704.  A  French  prel- 
ate and  celebrated  pulpit  orator,  historian, 
and  theological  ^vriter.  He  was  preceptor  to  the 
Dauphin  in  1670-81,  and  became  bishop  of  Meaux  in  1681. 
His  chief  works  are  "Exposition  de  la  doctrine  catho- 
lique  "  (1671),  "  Discours  sur  1  histoire  nniverscUe  "  QSel/, 
•'Histoire  des  variations  des  eglises  protestantes "  (l^^A 
and  funeral  orations  ("  Oraisons  Xunebres '"% 

Bossut  (bo-sii').  Abbe.  A  name  assumed  by 
Sir  Charles  Phillips  in  several  educational 
works  in  French. 

Bossut,  Charles.  Born  at  Tarare,  near  Lyons, 
France.  Aug.  11.  1730:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 
1814.  Anoted  French  mathematician.  Hischief 
work  is  an  "  Essai  sur  lliistoire  g^n^rale  des  math^. 
matiques  "  (1802X 

Boston  (bos'ton  or  bos'ton).  [JIE.  Boston, 
contr.  of  ' Botulfeston,  'Botolph's  town,'  named 
from  AS.  Botnlf,  Botuulf.  Botulf,  later  mis- 
spelled Botolph.~\  A  seaport  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Witham  in  lat.  .52°  58' 
N..  long.  0°  2'  W.  It  was  an  important  tradingtowu 
in  the  middle  ages.  It  contains  the  parish  church  of  St, 
Botolph  s.  along,  low  Decorated  building,  with  a  high  Per- 
pendicular tower  surmounted  by  an  octagonal  lantern, 
locally  known  as  "Boston  Stump."  The  tower  is  300  feet 
high.  The  light  and  spacious  interior  has  very  lofty  archef 
resting  on  slender  pillars,  a  small  clearstory,  and  a  fine 
east  window.    Popiilation  (1891),  14,393. 

Boston.  [Named  after  Boston  in  Lincolnshire, 
England.]  The  capital  of  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated in  Suffolk  County,  on  Massachusetts  Bay, 
at  the  mouths  of  the  Charles  and  Mystic,  in 


j^r^g  Boufarik 

,.    ._  v„„  Pn^i.tM  and  one  of  the  chief  commercial     He  dissolvia  the  uouse  "■  "Vf«",^„  .„,„.!,„.  nii.i  the     ,..i i..,  .,  H.„  ,..,,t  ..f  PvraTiius  in  the  interDO- 


clties  a.ia  literary  centers  it,  the  country      "  h^^  "\ '^;     Ui"l.,f  Americans  in  England,     lie  attempted  to  inllu.      i.jte,l  l.l av.      He  IB  gifted  by  llick  with  an  ass's  head, 

hd^.^'^'^^^^^^=^r  B^O^^'nU,  ,  A  fon^^ovince  of  ^  -^'^  ^  Weaver.  The  Merry  Conceited 

to,"  wai  founded  by  English  col.mists  (some  of   hem  from     Swodc-u,  east  ami  wrst  o£  th«^  Orult  ol  tiotliiiia      g  of      A  faicc-  ii,ade  from  Ihu  couiio 

Sston  England)  under  wi.uhrop  f  ^^''-..I'J^^Z  Bothnia,  Gulf  of.     The  "ortheru  extension    r    ^^^^f  ••  Midsutumer  Night's  Dream,"  pub- 
"n"iira,,d  me" rSe'iTu  ^'r  s  ^t^narintVor  S^Re?     a.„i  of  , he  Baltic  Sea,  between  I  inlaua  on  the     ^.^^^^ ^,  ._^  ^^.,  ^^^,,., ,^^,,^,,,  ,^  f^^^^^^  Cox,  a  come- 
J^ohi'iCutto.  who  had  been  settled  in  Boston  in  Lincoln-     east   and    Sweden   on  /''''^^^^st-     Length,  40U      ^.^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^.^^^^  ^^^  ,,,^^^.j^,^  j 
.hire     It  expelled  Governor  Andros  in  ii)S9;  was  1,1-     ,uiies.     Breatlth,  about  100  miles.  -Rnt+a  il.„(sl    Tohn  Minor      Bom  at  Dumfries, 

CX,iffto.,m5^8    ami  was  evacuated  by  the  British,      \v,ll  Castle  IS  in  the  VK-inity.  .  w^.     n,7/mber   of    Cone  "     ,o,i-,>        «„ 

M^^chT?  1776     It  wLs  incorporated  as  a  city  in  ls22.      ,  Boti^gll.     A  tragedy  on  the  stibjeet  of  Ma!V>-     ""f. >;,.?,      "j:    "f 


tt^^'^77^^^S^i^:^Sf  rS  ^v.H  ra^le=i  -^1  the  vicinity           .                         Va     ;^-.  (C^est^S^S    184^^     1J^ 

Ji??^^^ri^V^HiSf^:S£lS?  ^—  ^  ^lsn?^w!rn?Sl^    --  i;^;^^  <--  Hebemon,  its  Secret  His- 

Not  0-11  1S72  floss  about  $80,UOO,(KX)).     It  annexeu  kux  -c                                                                                                       ti,l\       (l.-">i)i.    in.                      .,.,_..    ,..,  i-. 

biSwinlikw,  Dorchester  1870, and  Charlestown,  Brighton,  IS. 4.                                    q„„  t/^.,.7„„.„                           Boturini  BenaduCl    bo-to-re'ne  ba-na-do  ehe), 

SiWest  Kixbury  1874.    population  (l,ioo,   500.892  Bothwell,  Earls  of    il'^^  ^'J'*''''-..,p  .„,„,,,     LorenZO.     Hon,  at  Milan  about  1680:  died  at 

JOSton.  AnA,,,,..ic;.nnu.;^Wse.foa^edin    ^3  Bothwel    Bridge   BaUle  of      A  ba Ule  ^^^^     ^^1.1,1740.     A  noted.anti„uari^n.  ,1,,  17;.  he 


Boston    All  Ai,iericinirai(-horse,toaieaiii  i.^.)J.   uoLnweu  uimee,  cciucio  ."*•",",■•;  i;..7,.i,  Madrid,  174U.     A  noted  antniuanan.    In  I7:i.=.  he 

aifs°ewasTin,oK-on,bySlrArchy,ljyDiomed;h,sda,n      ,„.ar  ]5othwi.ll.  >^>'"t  '"'<••;",  ^'"^^1        R^v»L  went  to 'Mexico.      Du,ing  eight   yiars  he  traveled  and 

was  by  Balls  Klorizel,  liy  liioined.     He  was  the  sir.  ot     (^■,)vcnanlirs    were    deleated    by    the    Kojalisl  ,i^,^.j  „„,„„„  ,1,^.  in.iians.  and  amassed  many  hundred 

Lexington,  and  as  the  sire  of  .SaUie  Russell,  dam  of  Miss     ,.  ^^^j^^  jljg  D^^^^^  of  Monmouth,  June  22,  specimens  of  their  hieroglyphic  records,  as  well  as  mnnu- 

Kussell,  was  the  great-grandsire  of  Maud  h.  scrlptsin  Spanish  ot  greatvalue.    Someof  the manuSLripts 

Boston,  Thomas..    Born   at  Du.^e,   Seotland    B^^^^^cudoS  (bo-to-kti'dos).     \Vvom  Pg.  bot,H,ue.  still  exist    but  the  greater  part  perished  through  neglect 

H;  wrote    '•Human  Natui-e  in  its  Fourtold     ^^ll'.]    i^hZn  tribe  of  eastern  Bra.il,  for-  BotzariS      See  ^^^^^^^ 

^^;^I^kc^-  AeonisioninBoston,Mareh     --^-Ui^d  Aymcu.j..  ^ M  the^  ^r'-^f^V^'tv^^G^^d  ^^r^ 

5   1770   between  the  British  soldiers  stationed     y^^^,^^,,  i,ui,f,de»  22"  and  15'  30'  s.,  with  portions  ,.f  the     (  haui,K.Ml_,  1  ranee.  Maj  -U,  IbJb.  Oiea  at  rans, 
fiipre  and  a  crowd  of  citizens.    It  was  occasioned     coast.    A  few  thousand  remain    principally  m  l.-pint''     .l„ly  'Ji,  liOli.     A  1  rench  sculptor. 
h.ih^  nreiudices  excited  against  the  soldiers,  a  guard  of      Santo  and  Bahia.     They  are  very  degraded  savages,  halnt   b         j,,-  (bo-sha'),  FranCOiS.     Born  at  Pans, 
wCnt  Ptovoked'bTword'fnd  blows,  flred  at  the  crowd,     uttle  intercourse  with  the  >Wi,tes       hey  are  aW  ren  ly  a  BOUCher  ( l'?03:  d  ed  there,  Mav  30.    1770.      A 
SvT -tH^f  ^^i:^!  ^'^0^1="^  5U!:      S,r:^  «li?S'i;;inla1^"r"r^  ZflXLL.  \Xa  F;eneh  pamter  of  historieal  and  pastoral 

ffi^v7Ind  acuuitted,  except  two  who  were  convicted  Botolph  (bo-tolf),  or  BotolphuS.  Saint.  An  gubjeets  and  Kenre  pieces.  The  especial  strength 
of  nianslaughter  and  punished  lightly.  English  monk.  Accor.li,.g  t..  Anglo-Saxon  chronicles  he     of  Boucher  lay  in  the  grouping  f '"1.  J;:",';^''»  ';|  '"^"t™""" 

Ronton  Port  Bill.      A  bill  introduced  by  hord      ,o„?jed  a  monaster,  in  654  at  Ikariho  in  Lincolnshire  now      „(  «on,eli  and  children,  especlallj  in  the  nude. 
\frfh    luid   nassed  bv  the  British  Parliament,      called  Boston  (Bo.olphstown).    He  instituted  the  r  He  of  ^^^^^j.  (bou'eher),  Jonathan.     Born  at  Blen- 
Noith,  ami  passta  uy  iiiL  jj  Massa-     st.  Benedict  there.  Hisdcathwascmnmemorated  .  nie  l,.  near  Wigtou,  in  Cumberland.  England, 

^v,"'"'!;  ^ '   nfrTZl  1   1774  Botoshan  {bo-tr.-shiin' ),  or  Botushani  (bo4o-    •^^^^1:^3^  died  at  Epsom,  England.April 

chusetts,  after  Juno  11<  74  shii'iiG).     A  city  in   northern    Moldavia,  Ru-    ^,^''^^04   'An  English  elerg^^Aan  and  writer. 

Boston  Tea-party.  The.  A  concourse  of  Amer  ^^^^.^  ^p  ^.j^^  northwest  of  Jassy.  Popula-  -7.  collected  n?atSs  for  a  "ofissary  of  Archaic  and 
ican  citizens  at  Boston.  Dec.  lb,  ^' 'f- ^f.^'f  }'^"     ti„n,  31,024.  ,     ,  Provincial  Words,"  a  part  of  which  (the  letter  A)  wa. 

as  a  demonstration  against  the  attempted  im-  ._  . .  ,,  j'lii)  Carlo  Giuseppe  GuglielmO.  imblished  in  I807,  and  another  part  (as  far  as  Blade  ) 
portation  of  teaintathecolomes.    Alarppopular  »"''''*  V  '..j^^  i„  is:,2,  t,  ■      r,       1 

kasemhly  met  at  the  Old  South  Church  to  protest.  Astheir  f^''^"  ^r  '  .-•(•.•r  i;„,i  ..t  i>o,.w  Aiu'  10  lKi7  Boucher  (bo-sha'),  Pierre.  Born  in  Perchc, 
SH"dJ^^ils::^^'^/;=l'=a;;e'!^-l^"  '^'l^'i^:^^'^s'::::^^^''l:^o:>.T^I^^  d^^t  BoueherviHe^  Canada, 
Uh\Sin   f    the  harte^^^^^  chests  of  tea     4\"„„l,al  1780 al  1814 ■•«824)," storia d'ltaliacon.h.uata     April  20,  1717.     A  French  pioneer  in  Canada. 

Jalued  at  tl8 '*»')i"lo  the  water.  da  ."'.elladeUiuicciardinl.  ete."(mT2V;Storiade  lagum^^      u'  winte  a"  llistoire  W.rital.le  et  naturel  le  de   moeurs  et 

W.nTl  University       An  institution  of  learn-     dell'  m.lependenza  degli  Stati  rn.tl  d'America    (l.MBi).  dcs  prodnct,.,ns  dc  la  .Nouvelle  hrai^e    (lw.t). 

^i°|>tya?n  ^;st.^  Mass.,  chartered  in  Botta. Paul Emile.  Bornat Turin, Dec.G  1802:  Boucher  deCr6v_ec(EurdePerthes^^^^^ 

m       It  comprises  dep.artn.cnts  of   the  liberal   arts  ,i;,.,l  'at   Aclures,  near  Poissy,  France    March  ,le  krav-ker'  de  part  ),  JacqueS.     B^' "  «    f^J 

(lounded  187?)  m>'»ic  (1872),  theology  (1871),  law  (1872),  09   1K70.     A  French  arcbteologist  and  traveler  thel,  Ardennes,  trance,  ^,■pt.  1'.  l'*'^-  '^'"  «» 

medicine  (is7S),  school  of  all  sciences  (1874).  ^^^  _^j. ,  ,.^,.j,,  ( ;i„s,.ppe  GuglielmO  Botta :  noted  Amiens,  France,  Aug.  .1, 1N08.    A  !•  reneh  arc  lire- 

Boswell(boz'wel),  James.    Bornat  Edinburgh,  «„,.  ,ii„,.,,veiies  in  Assyria.  ologist  and  litterateur.    Uis  works  include  "De  la 

oS  1740 -.died  at  London,  May  19,  nax   The  Boitarl  (boi-Ui'r").  Giovanni  GaetanO.     Born  cra'jio,,;' (18^«.-^1),    ■Antwuit.a  celtiaues  et  antcdilu. 

biotrranher  of  Dr.  Johnson.      He  wiis  the  son  of  .,,  Florence    Jan   l.^).  KiS'J :  died  at  Konie.  .luiie  J"  "i""    ^,       "'''.     "    „  ..  i,,j..  .=„»\       rfi'.on,.!, 

a!SL  Boswell.  a  judge  of  the  Scottish  Court  of  Ses-  .^'  1  'j^    ^^'^^  ^ "  ^^    •     .,.,^^j^.  ^„,,  ,,,l,^ol„^,is, .  BoUCheS-dU-Rhone  (bosh  d"",^""  >•     /Jj,^^'^J 

don:  wae  admitted  to  the  .Scottish  bar  in  1766,  and  o  the  ■>.i"  '■   .f^"""   .,.-,'U\  rtinvanni     BornDec.  'mouths   ot   the  Khone.  ]      A  department    01 

ar"::i.rhl":fren\'rrtS;X''pa'iH.''"!]'h^e  ;rt  si     P'^y-  on  the  double  bass,  conductor,  and  com-      ^  -  on^tl.  north,  ^ar  o,  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^ 

Coraita  wntre  nc  w  IB  eu^ci  ^.u        J  noser.  __       _  .    ,     .      .  t>i„.  ..../„„..  t^  „.M...r,.iiv  l..w      It  was  a  Dart  o(  ancient 


Cnruirn   where  he  w;i8  entcrtaineu  ov  raoii.     j-iicuuilui      *.      •'  [urraiiriiii  uii  im-  :^w,.,..,  «..-.  --. -  ----       - 

this  visit  appeared    n  176^  ,-u../-,  •    n     A^„1f      Rnm    at  T.einsic       The  surface  Is  generally  low.     I'  "»»;?»';',"' »""™' 

titled  "An  Account  <^f  Cmsica  :  the  Journal  of  a  Tour  to  B6  (W-t'cher),  Adolf.     Bom   at   l.eipsic,         .^^.^^^^     A  rea,  1,971  square  miles.    Population  (IS-JIX 

that  Island    and  Memoirs  of  Pascal  Paoli.-    In  176:i  he  .M,„^ji .  isl.-, :  died  at  t lolihs.  near  Leipsic,  Nov.      ug,,,;,,.^ 

made  the  aciinaintance  .at  London  of  Dr,Toh,iso,i^_whoni  he  j^  -^^-^      ^^  German  iiciit.     lie  tianslated  poems  of  BoUCicault  (bii'se-ko),  Dion.     Born  at  Dublin, 

accompanied  on  a  journey  to  the  Hebrides  ml,  iJ.   Alter  Goldsmith    I'opc,  Milton,  etc,  ;  and  wn.te  '■  Ha-      ,,,":.,,•,   j^o.).  aied  at  New  York.  Sept.  18, 1890. 

t:'t<::^^'"^SS^'^T^'^'"^^^^^"'  g^(|!,V^,.errairvon  Babylon  •  (1855,- TiUEule,,.     |^;;x::,!:,::^;.:l;;;!i:;\„.ama.ist,  manager    and 

Bosworthcboz^v.^,.,  orM^ri^tBo^^^^  f^i^ti&2:  diVd'^t  i;r;':den:>;;u^i.  i3,i7n..  '^ir^L::-^'^'^^"^  ^:Af^ 

^t'!:::;ru^^^^:n;  Ef:i:;:X;;t;,':;';:!  a  German  al,.h..mis,,  nole..  as  the  discoverer  of     Hoar.s.;o8;^-;c...ee,.  B.v„  ^(,...^  A^ 

833),  from  Bnmn,  gen.  of   Horn,  a  man's  name  i^;;^;;"    'j:''',';  '      •^,.,,,.1'ir.),  Sandro  (originally     :si,aughrai.n"(ls74X  etc    Brougham  claimed  a  share  In 

Int     l^<.     linsuinhiim    now  /?o.</irtm).  and  HoiHi,  BOttlCBUl    (Oni-ii    i  i,i  ,  ii    ,  tiaiiuiu  v       r-          .       ..[^indon  Assurance.                                                     _^ 

aUea.        Ai'arketTowninL/^^  Ale^ff'^.l^'^^f  \l.'^fPVM  '  mVo  f^^^  ^^^^^^^^ 

EnSand  12  miles  west  ot  Leicester.   AtBoswor.h  died  there,  Ma>    1..  '■'';\<^    '    V,-, /"  ^^^^^^^^            deaiix,  Feb.  19,  1709:  -lied  at   Budweis.    Sept. 

n^d  Aug  22,     85,  Richard  III.  was  defeated  and  slain  pamter      'lc;va»  a  Pj.p,  l"    I  1   .p^  Uw^^                          ,4    ,S09.      A  French  general.    He  wa,  sent.  In  17iW, 

h^the  ro,?es  o.  the  Ear.  of  Kichmoi.d.  who  became  Henry  ^::^^::^X:  fi^^^^^                          ^^  I^^'- »^- ^::S^^^'^^^^'Z 

iorth  (boz'w.rtli),  Joseph.  Born  in  Derl^y-  ^^^J^^t:::^  'l  .Vii^y;;^!™;;'.^?';;!^!;"  vlml^H     ly'r^  /'"    k-l^-lYaf^f^il./'nilir  and'h,'^^^-:' 
sldri.     England,  1789:  died  ^lay  27,  1870.     An  \Z^Zl^J  ^\w^.,n-  ..f  spring  ■(now  In  <IV'.\"'-'^";>;;;'     1  );  f,  ™,  \S  U?    e,^           e's^  ,  o^^^ 
English  phil.dogist,  appointed  Kawlinsot,  pro-  Kjorence)  an,l  ,1,-  "  '''^|  ' ''  ,  ,,";;^;,;:,    ^^l  ,e  •■  ■am,     y'       I       ib  .^n.u.ly Vei^xd  under  -Napoleon  until  1*«,  cpe- 
fessor  of  Aiiglo.Sa.Kon  at  Oxford  in     8:,8.    hi.  >' V- "' ! 'i^;;'  ^                                                                 daily  di„l„g,.i-i.lng  himself  a.  F.s.sll„g  and  A.pern 
chlel  work  Is  a  "Dictionary  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language  ^^  *  \VS\VX- 'he  ^^^^^^^                                                      Boudiuot  (bi.'di-nol ),  EUaS.     Born    at  1' iila- 
publlshed  in  IKIH.     In  1848  he  published  ati  abrldgnicnt  ?.''|'^  I,  ;,^,  ;,,",,,;,„„■■  „f  l.a„te,M  ot  whichare  now  In  the  ^,    |"|,",    ji„v  o   ,740:  .lied  at  Burlington,  N.  J.- 
ol  It  ("  A  Compendious  Dictionary  of  Anglo-Saxon    ).  The  '".     '  ,;,™"^^^                      the  Vatican.     In  H82  he  wa.     '',"'","•    A"-,      '  .,,    An,..riean   leilriot    and   idll- 
larger  work  was  edited  after  its  author',  deal,  by  Pro-  f  "^^^  "  "'   l',,,.  Six  us  IV.  to  assist  In  the  decoration     Oct.  24,     821.     An  '^  "'i'    ''VJ,'''         , , ,'  ,  ,'. '  ' 
fe.s..r  Toll,  r  (I'art  I.,  1882  ;  not  completed  in  181i:i).  I,"  the  sistlne  (iapel       He  was  one  ol  the  loUowers  of     lanthropist,  president  of  the  Continental  toil- 

Botany    Bay   (bot'a-ni  ba).      An    inlet  on  the  H„v„na'rola.                          „      ,    .            ^       ,1            ,      >-''''''*'*  '"^--                                                       ,      „       . 

eastern  coast  of  New  South  Wales,  Australia,  Bottiger  (bet'te-ger),  Karl  AugUSt.     Ijoni  at   gQugt.WiHaumeZ  (bii-a' ve-yo-ina   ),Comte 

5  miles  south  of  Svdney.    It  wa.  nr«t  visited  by  Ueielieiibach,  Sa.xony,  June   «,   litiO:  died    at     t  „„ig EdouarjJ  de.  Born  nearToiilon.l' ranee, 

Cook  In  1770,  and  wa.  named  by  the  naturalists  of  his  ex-  i)r,,^,]e,i,  Nov.  17,  183.'>.     A  German  archieolo-      .      .,i.,|     ,s(is-    died   at    I'liris,   Sejil.    9,  18/1. 

pedjtlon      A  pei.al  eolo,,y  wa.  se,,t  there   roni  England,  .HreiMor   of    the    gymnasium   at    -rteiimir     \',,^,.,.,;^.,',  ,„i„ii,.al.     He  mibll.hcl  "  Dcscrlpllou  nau- 

1787-8,8,  but  w,,s  tra,,sfcrred  <-/     ',;;^*'  •...,.  .,,^  1791-1804.     After  18^1  he  lived  In  Dresden      lie  w,..lc     j  ,„„';, J'^^l^cs  coniprLe.  enrre  le  S^ndgal  ct  IV-inuteur" 

Botein{bo-te-in').    [Ar.  »/-//((^»,signit\ing    tlie  ,.s„,,,,,„,,j..rMorgen.cei,eu  bn  IMitM.lmn,ereliier  rclchen     (,^,„y  ,,,,, 

little  belly,' as  fotining  with  the  star  ()  the  see-  ,j„,„„,.,„'  (ig,,:,),   •.(iricchl.che   Va.eiigemalde     (1,11,-  ■On,,farik  dio-fii-rek').      A  town   and   military 

Botetourt(bot:e-t«rn,  Norborne  Berkeley  ;^;E:;'-,^i;^- '^Os^;,;^h' >:::,^'''Hl:'tl^:c;ed    Fiem-^iu'lsai;:'  P^pul^tion  (1891),  commune. 
^t'^n-iail^ruurg':  'v.;^  OcLt:  ma'  Z  eV     writiugs  Vere  published  iJ  1856. 


Boufflers,  Louis  Frangois  de 
Boufflers  (bo-tiar'),  Louis  Francois,  Due  de. 

Boru  Jan.  10,  1G44:  died  at  Foutaiuebleau, 
Frauee,  Aug.  20,  1711.  A  marshal  of  Frauee, 
called  Chevalier  de  Boufllers.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  campaigns  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. 

Boufflers,  Stanislas,  Marquis  de,  called  Abb6 
and  then  Chevalier  de  Boufflers.    Born  at 

Nancy.  France,   May  31,  173s :  ,liL-d  at  Paris, 
Jan.  IS,  1815.     A  French  litterateui*  and  cour- 
tier, author  of  "Voyage  en  Suisse"  (1770),  etc. 
Boufflers-Rouvrel  (bo-flar'rov-re''),  Comtesse 

Marie  Charlotte  Hippolyte  de.     Born  at 

Paris,  1724:  died  about  1800.  A  French  lady, 
leader  in  Parisian  literary  circles.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband,  the  I'um'te  Je  Boufflers-Rouvrel, 
17&4,  she  became  the  reputed  mistress  of  the  Prince  de 
Conti,  over  whose  receptions  she  presided,  she  was  the 
friend  of  J.  J.  Rousseau,  Hume,  and  Gi  unm. 

Bougainville  (bo-gan-vel' ).  Louis  An toine  de. 

Born  at  Paris.  Nov.  11,  1729:  died  there.  April 
31,  1814.  A  French  na\ngator.  He  entered  the 
army  in  17»4,  went  to  Canada  in  1756  as  an  aide-de-camp 
of  Montcalm,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Quebec  ;  subsc- 
qnently  he  fought  in  Holland.  In  1763  he  left  the  army 
for  the  nav>-,  and  three  years  after  was  given  command  of 
a  fleet  destined  to  establish  a  French  colony  on  the  Falk- 
land Islands,  and  thence  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 
After  leaving  his  colony  he  explored  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
gellan ;  visited  a  great  number  of  the  Pacific  islands, 
some  of  which  he  discovered ;  coasted  New  Ireland  and 
New  Guinea;  touched  at  the  Moluccas;  and  returned  to 
France  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1769.  His  "Voyage 
autourdu  monde/' a  description  of  the  circumnavigation, 
was  published  in  1771.  In  1781  Bougainville  commanded 
under  the  Count  de  Grasse  in  the  expedition  to  America, 
and  had  a  fight  with  Admiral  Hood  off  Martinique.  On 
his  return  he  left  the  navy,  with  the  title  of  chef  d'escadre, 
and  rejoined  the  army  as  a  field-marshaL  He  retired  in 
1790. 

Boughton  (ba'ton),  Greorge  Henry.  Bom  near 
Norwich,  England,  1834.  An  English-Ameri- 
can genre  and  landscape  painter.  His  family  emi- 
grated to  the  I'nited  States  in  1839,  and  settled  at  Albany, 
>'ew  York.  He  returned  to  London  in  18o3  to  study  his 
profession,  came  to  New  York  in  1858,  and  fixed  his  resi- 
dence near  London  in  1861.     Royal  academician  1896. 

Bougie  (bo-zhe'),  Ar.  Bujayah.  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Bougie  in  lat.  36°  45'  N.,  long. 
4°  55'  E. :  the  Roman  Saldie.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant medieval  city.     Population  (1892),  7,862. 

Bouguer  (bo-ga'),"  Pierre.  Born  at  Croisic, 
Brittany,  France,  Feb.  16,  1698:  died  at  Paris, 
Au£r.  15,  1758.  A  French  mathematician,  in- 
ventor of  the  heliometer. 

Bouguereau  (bog-ro'),  William  Adolphe. 
Born  at  La  Rochelle,  France,  Nov.  3U,  1825. 
A  distinguished  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Pieot 
and  of  the  ifieole  des  Beaux  Arts.  He  took  the  grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1850.  On  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  in- 
trusted with  important  decorative  works  in  public  build- 
ings, and  in  1866  painted  "Apollo  and  the  Moses  "  in  the 
foyer  of  the  Theatre  de  Bordeaux.  He  received  medals  of 
the  second  class  in  1855,  first  class  in  1857,  and  third  class 
in  1867,  and  medals  of  honor  1878-85.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  Institute  ;n  1876. 

Bouilhet  (bo-lya'),  Louis.  Born  at  Cany, 
Seine-Inf^rieure,  France.  May  27, 1822 :  died  at 
Rouen,  France,  July  19,  1869.  A  French  lyric 
and  dramatic  poet.  He  wrote  'Meloenis"  (1852), 
"Fossiles"  a854),  "H61^ne  Peyron  "  (1858),  "  Festons  et 
astragales"  (1858),  etc. 

Bouillabaisse,  The  Ballad  of.    A  ballad  by 

Thackeray  celebrating  the  charms  of  a  Marseil- 
laise chowder  of  that  name. 

Bouill6  (bo-ya'),  Frangois  Claude  Amour, 

Marquis  de.  Born  at  Cluzel,  in  Auvergne,  Nov. 
19,  1739:  died  at  London,  Nov.  14,  1800.  A 
French  general.  From  1768  to  17S2  he  was  governor 
in  the  Antilles,  and  not  only  defended  himself  against  the 
English  but  took  several  islands  from  them.  Promoted  to 
lieutenant-general,  he  was  commander  at  iletz  when  the 
French  Revolution  broke  out.  In  1791)  he  quelled  a  mutiny 
of  his  soldiers,  and  soon  after  defeated  the  revolted  Karri- 
son  of  Nancy.  In  June.  1791,  he  had  secretly  arranged 
with  the  kinp;  to  get  him  out  of  the  country  ;  the  plan  fail- 
ing. Bouillf^  fled  to  England.  He  published  an  account  of 
the  Revolution. 

Bouillon  (bo-lyon'  or  bo-yon').  [ML.  BuUo- 
HiKtn.']  A  former  duchy,  now  comprised  in  the 
province  of  Luxemburg.  Belgium,  it  became  a 
duchy  about  the  time  of  Godfrey(of  Bouillon),  who  sold  it 
to  the  Bishop  of  Li^ge  in  l(i95.  In  later  times  it  belonged 
to  the  houses  of  La  Marck  and  La  Tour  d'Auvergne,  and 
the  descendants  of  Turenne  (under  the  suzerainty  of 
France). 

Bouillon,  Due  de  (TT^diric  Maurice  de  la 

Tour  d'Auvergne).  Bom  at  StMi;ui,  France. 
Oct.  22,  1005:  died  at  Pontoise,  France.  Aug. 
9,  1652.  A  French  general,  son  of  Henri  de  la 
Tour  d'Auvergne,  and  brother  of  Turenne. 

Bouillon,  Godfrey  de,  See  (roiifrcii  dr  Bomlion, 
Bouillon,  Due  de  i  Henri  de  la  Tour  d'Au- 
vergne). Born  in  Auvergne.  France,  Sept.  28. 
1555:  died  March  25. 1623.  A  marshal  of  France, 
and  diplomatist,  father  of  Turenne. 


174 

Bouilly(bd-ye'),  Jean  Nicolas.    Born  at  Cou- 

draye.  near  Tours,  France.  Jan.  24, 1763 :  died  at 
Pans.  April  14,  1S42.  A  French  dramatist  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  "Pierre  le  Grand,"  a  comic  opera 
(1790),  ''La  famille  americaiiie "  (1790),  "Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau  a  ses  derniers  moments"  (1791),  and  other  plays 
designed  to  glorify  French  celebrities,  •  'Contes  populaires" 
(1S44),  etc. 

Boulainvilliers  (bo-lan-ve-ya'),  Comte  Henri 

de.  Born  at  St.  Saire,  Seine-Inferienre,  France, 
Oct.  11,  1658:  died  at  Paris.  Jan.  23,  1722.  A 
French  historian.  He  wTote  a  "Histoire  de  I'ancien 
gouvemement  de  la  France,  etc."  (1727),  '' L'Etat  de  la 
France,  etc'  (1727),  "Histoire  des  Arabes"  (1731X  "  His- 
toire  de  la  pairie  de  France  et  du  parlement  de  Paris" 
(1753).  etc. 

Boulak.     See  Bulak. 

Boulanger(bo-lon-zha'), Georges  Ernest  Jean 
Marie.  Born  at  Rennes.  April  2it,  1»37:  died 
at  Brussels,  Belgium,  Sept.  30. 1891.  A  French 
soldier  and  politician.  He  entered  the  army  in  1856. 
took  part  in  the  Kabyle  expedition  in  18.^7,  was  with  the 
expedition  to  Cochin  China  in  18C1,  was  chief  of  battalion 
in  the  array  of  Paris  during  the  Franco-German  war,  and 
(18S4)  was  placed  in  command  of  the  army  of  occupation 
in  Tunis,  with  the  rank  of  a  genenU  of  division.  He  be- 
came minister  of  war  in  the  cabinet  formed  by  M.  de 
Freycinet,  Jan.  7,  18S6,  which  post  he  retained  during  the 
ministry  of  M.  Goblet.  He  organized  democratic  reforms 
in  the  army,  and  posed  as  the  leader  of  the  party  of  re- 
venge against  Germany,  which  gave  him  great  popularitj-. 
Left  out  of  the  ministry  formed  by  M.  Rouvier,  May  30, 
1887,  he  entered  into  secret  alliance  with  the  v.ai-ious  rev- 
olutionary groups — the  Intransigeants  of  M.  de  Roche- 
fort,  the  League  of  Patriots  of  M.  Deroulfede.  the  anar- 
chists, and  with  the  Comte  de  Paris  and  the  Orleaiiists. 
Hoping  by  means  of  this  alliance  to  make  himself  dicta- 
tor, he  adopted  the  cry  for  the  revision  of  the  constitu- 
tion, and  by  means  of  money  furnished  by  the  Duchesse 
dTJzfes  and  the  Comte  de  Paris  was  elected  by  a  large 
majority  in  the  Department  of  the  >'ord  in  April,  18S8. 
In  July,  1888,  he  fought  a  duel  with  the  then  premier  iL 
Floquet,  in  which  he  was  severely  wounded,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1889.  he  was  elected  by  the  city  of  Paris,  and  later  by 
a  number  of  departments.  The  Boulangist  movement  had 
now  grown  to  such  proportions  that  the  Tirai'd  uabinet  was 
formed  specially  with  a  view  to  putting  it  down.  Fright- 
ened by  the  attitude  of  II.  Constans,  the  minister  of  the 
interior,  he  fled  to  Brussels,  April  2;  1SS9.  Tiied  by  the 
Senate  for  conspiracy,  he  was  sentenced  in  conUnna- 
dam  to  deportation.  He  passed  his  exile  in  Helgiura  and 
Jersey,  and  sh'.it  himself  on  the  giave  of  his  mistress, 
Madame  Bonneniain,  in  Brussels. 

Boulanger,    Gustave    Rodolphe    Clarence. 

Born  at  Paris.  April  25.  1S24:  died  there.  Sept. 
22,  1SS8.  A  French  painter,  noted  especially 
for  his  paintings  of  Oriental  subjects.  Among  his 
works  are  "Les  Kabyles  en  d^route"  (1863),  "Cavaliers 
sah;iriens"  (1864). 

Boulangists.  The  partizans  of  Boulanger. 
See  Bixdanger^  Ge&rges  Ernest  Jean  Marie. 

Boulder  (border).  [From  botikier.j  A  city  in 
northern  Colorado,  northwest  of  Denver:  a 
mining  center.     Population  (1900),  6,150. 

Boulogne  (bo-l6n';  F.  pron.  bo-l6ny'),  or  Bou- 
logne-SUr-Mer  (bo -lony '  sur-mar ' ).  [For- 
merly Bidlen  ;  OF.  Beuloijney  Bolotjne  (cf.  AS. 
Bune,  Bunue,  ilD.  Bonen),  fvova  LL.  Bonoiiia, 
earlier  called  Gesoriacum.  Cf.  Bologna.'\  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais. 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Cliannel  in 
lat.  50°  44'  X.,  long.  1°  37'  E. :  the  Eoman  Bo- 
nonia  Gessoriacum  and  the  medieval  Bolonia. 
It  is  the  fourth  seaport  in  France,  and  has  an  increas- 
ingly important  harbor  ;  it  is  the  terminus  of  the  steam- 
packet  line  to  Folkestone.  England.  It  is  the  birthplace 
of  Sainte-Beuve  and  Mariette.  In  1544  it  was  taken  by 
Henry  VI IL.  and  restored  in  155U.  It  was  the  rendezvous 
of  Napoleon's  projected  expedition  against  England.  The 
cathedral  of  Boulogne  is  a  modem  Italian  Renaissance 
structure  of  some  note  for  the  impressive  effect  of  its 
spacious  interior,  and  for  the  size  of  its  dome  (300  feet 
high).  The  very  large  three-aisled  Romanesque  crypt  is  a 
remnant  of  the  cathedral  destroyed  in  the  Revolution. 
The  Column  of  the  Grand  Army  is'a  marble  Doric  column, 
176  feet  high,  capped  by  a  bronze  statue  of  Napoleon  I., 
commemorating  the  intended  invasion  of  England  in  1804- 
iNio.     Population  (1S91),  45,205. 

Boulogne-sur-Seine  (bo-lony'siir-san').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  1  mile 
west  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  32,569. 

Boult  (bolt).  A  servant  in  Sbakspere's  "Peri- 
cles." 

Bounce  (bouns),  Benjamin.    The  pseudonym 

of  Henry  Carey,  under  which  he  wrote  "Chro- 
nonhotonthologos,"  a  burlesque. 

Bouncer  (boun'ser),  Mr.  The  friend  of  Mr. 
Verdant  (ireen  in  (Juthbert  Bede's  novel  '*  Ver- 
dant Green."  He  is  a  good-hearted  little  fel- 
low, whose  dogs  Huz  and  Buz  are  a  feature  of 
the  book. 

Bounderby  (boun'der-bi),  Joseph.  A  charac- 
ter in  Charles  Dickens's  "Hard  Times":  *'a 
rich  man,  banker,  merchant,  manufacturer, 
and  what  not  ...  a  self-made  man  .  .  .  the 
Bully  of  humility."  He  marries  Mr.  Grad- 
grind's  daughter  Louisa. 

Bountiful  (boun'ti-ful),  Lady.     In  Farquhar^s 


Bourbon 

comedy  "  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,"  a  kind- 
hearted  country  gentlewoman.     Her  name  has 

■  become  aproverb  for  a  charitable  woman. 

Bounty,  The.  An  English  ship  whose  crew, 
after  leaving  Tahiti,  mutinied  in  1789  under 
the  lead  of  Fletcher  Christian.  The  captain,  Bligh, 
and  18  of  the  crew  were  set  adrift  in  a  small  hoat,  and  ulti' 
mately  reached  England.  The  mutineers,  under  the  lead 
of  John  Adams,  settled  on  Pitcaini  Island  in  the  Pacitic, 
and  mingling  with  the  natives  formed  eventually  a  curi- 
ously isolated  but  civilized  community. 

Bourbaki  (bor-bii'ke).  Charles  Denis  Sauter. 

Born  at  Pau,  France.  April  22, 1816:  diedatBay- 
onne,  France.  Sept.  22. 1897.  A  French  general. 
He  fou^'ht  with  distinction  at  Alma  and  Inkerman  in  1854, 
Malakoff  in  1$.')5.  and  Solferino  in  1869,  and  commanded 
the  Imperial  Guard  in  the  battles  of  the  16th  and  31st  of 
Au-:ust,  1870,  at  Metz,  which  he  left  Sept.  25  on  a  secret 
mission  to  the  Empress  Eugenie  in  England.  Jan.  15-17. 
1571,  he  endeavored  to  break  through  the  Prussian  line 
under  General  Werder  at  Belfort,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  compelled  to  retreat  to  Switzerland ;  and,  after  an  at- 
tempt at  suicide,  Jan.  26.  was  relieved  of  his  toromand  by 
General  Clinchant.  In  July,  1871.  he  was  given  the  com- 
mand of  the  6th  army  corps,  and  in  1873  that  of  the  14th 
army  corps  andthe  government  ufLyrms.  He  retired  in  1881. 

Bourbon  (bor-b6n')»  Charles,  Cardinal  de. 
Born  Dec.  22,  1520 :  died  May  9.  1590.  A  French 
prince,  brother  of  Antoine  of  Navarre  and  un- 
cle of  Henry  lA'.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Catholic  League,  by  which  he  was  proclaimed  king,  with 
the  title  of  Chiwles  X.,  1589.  in  opposition  to  Henry  TV. 

Bourbon,  Charles,  Due  de,  commonly  called 
Constable  Bourbon  (Connetable  de  Bourbon). 
Born  Feb.  17.  1490:  died  at  Rome.  May  6,  1527. 
A  celebrated  French  general.  He  was  descended 
from  a  younger  branch  of  the  house  of  Bourbon,  being 
a  son  of  Gilbert,  count  of  Montpensier,  and  married  Su- 
sanne,  heiress  of  Bourbon,  with  whom  he  obtained  the  title 
of  duke.  In  1515  he  was  created  constable  of  France.  He 
concluded  in  1522  (on  the  death  of  Susanne)  a  private  al- 
liance with  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  Henry  VIII.  of 
England.  He  was  promised,  by  the  emperor,  the  em- 
peror's sister,  Eleonom,  in  marria^'e,  with  Portugal  as  a 
jointure,  and  an  independent  kingdom  which  was  to  in- 
clude Provence.  Dauphine,  Bourbonnais,  and  Auvergne. 
He  fled  from  France  in  1523,  aided  in  expelling  the  French 
from  Italy  in  1524,  and  contributed  to  the  victoi->-  of  Pavia 
in  1525,  in  spite  of  which  his  interests  were  neglected  in  the 
treaty  of  peace  between  Spain  and  France  in  1526.  He  com- 
manded with  George  of  Frundsberg  the  army  of  Spanish 
and  German  mercenaries  which  stormed  Kome,  May  6, 
1527,  and  fell  in  the  assault. 

Bourbon,  Due  de  (Louis  Henri  de  Bourbon). 

Born  at  Versailles,  France,  1092:  diedatChan- 
tilly,  France,  Jan.  27.  1740.  A  French  politi- 
cian, prime  minister  1723-26. 
Bourbon  (bor'bon;  F.  pron.  bor-bon'),  House 
of.  [ME.  Burboii,  OF.  Bourbon,  Borbon,  F.  Bour- 
ban,  Sp.  Borbon,  It.  Borbone,  ML.  Borbo(n-), 
Btirbo(n-)aii  abl.  Burbone  castro,  Burhune  castroj 
Bourbon  castle.  Cf,  Borbona.uo'wBourbonne-les- 
Bai7is,  Borbone  vicaria,  now  Bourbon-VArcham- 
baidt.']  A  royal  house  of  France,  Spain,  and  Na- 
ples: so  called  from  a  castle  in  the  quondam 
district  of  the  Bourbonnais  in  central  France 
The  first  sire  of  Bourbon  was  Adhemar  or  Aimar,  who 
lived  about  920,  His  descendant  Beatrix,  heiress  of  Bour- 
bon, married  1272  Robert,  count  of  Clermont  (sixth  son  of 
Louis  IX.  of  lYance),  who  became  the  founder  of  the 
Bourbon  branch  of  the  Capetian  dynasty.  Antoine  de 
Bourbon  married  Jeanne  d'Albret,  heiress  of  >'avarre, 
1548,  and  became  king  of  Navarre  1555.  Their  son  Henry 
became  king  of  France  as  Henrj-  IV.,  1589.  The  Spanish 
branch  of  the  house  of  Bourbon  was  founded  by  Philippe, 
duke  of  Anjou  (grandson  of  Louis  XIV.),  who  became 
king  of  Spain  170(i.  His  second  son  Charles  became  king 
of  Naples  (and  Sicily)  as  Charles  I  v.,  1735.  Charles  acceded 
to  the  Spanish  throne  1759.  whereupon  he  resigned  Naples 
(and  Sicily)  to  his  son  Ferdinand  IV,  who  became  the 
founder  of  the  Neapolitan  branch.  In  France  Henry  IV. 
was  succeeded  by  six  descendants  in  the  direct  line : 
Louis  XIII  .  161(f-43;  Louis  XIV..  1&43-1715 ;  Louis  XV., 
1715-74;  Louis  XVL.  1774-93;  l^nis  XVin.,  1814-24; 
and  Charles  X.,  1824-30.  Theinterv.il  between  Louis  XVI.. 
who  was  deposed  and  executed  by  order  of  the  National 
Convention,  and  Louis  XVIII.  was  occupied  by  the 
French  Revolution  and  the  reign  of  Napoleon  I.  Charles 
X.  was  compelled  to  abdicate  by  the  July  revolution, 
183(^  which  placed  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne.  Louia 
Philippe  represented  a  younger  branch  of  the  house  of 
Bourbon,  known  as  Bourbon- Orleans,  which  derived  its 
origin  from  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans,  brother  of  Loois 
XIV.  Louis  Philippe  was  deposed  by  the  revolution  of 
1848.  In  Spain,  Philip  V.  was  succeeded  by  Ferdinand 
VL.  17«(>-69;  Charles  III..  1759-88;  Charles  ^V^,  1788- 
1S08:  Ferdinand  VII.,  1S14-33;  Isabella  II.,  1833-68;  Al- 
fonso  XII.,  1875-85;  and  Alfonso  XIII.,  the  present  oc- 
cupant of  the  throne.  The  interval  between  1608  and 
1814  was  occupied  by  the  reign  of  Joseph  Bonaparte ; 
that  between  1868  and  1875  by  a  revolutionao'  provisional 
government,  by  the  reign  of  Amadeo.  second  son  of  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  and  by  a  republic.  From  Naples  Ferdi- 
nand IV,,  who  ascended  the  throne  in  1759,  was  expelled 
by  Napoleon  in  1805.  He  withdrew  to  .^icily,  where  he 
maintained  himself  during  the  domination  of  the  French 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Murat  at  Naples.  On  being 
restored  to  Naples  in  1815.  he  assumed  the  title  of  Ferdinand 
I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  He  died  in  1825,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Francis  I..  1825-30;  Ferdinand  II.,  183f>-59;  and 
by  Francis  II.,  1859-60.  Francis  II.  was  expelled  by  his 
subjects,  with  the  assistance  of  Garibaldi,  and  his  domin- 
ions were  united  to  those  of  Victor  Emmanuel.  Impor- 
tant branches  of  the  royal  house  of  Bourbon  are  the  princely 
houses  of  Cond6  and  Conti  and  the  ducal  house  of  Parma. 


Bourbon,  Isle  of 

Unnrhon    Isle  Of.     Si/i'  Kritiiioii. 

i,,ir-plaec  in  tlif  department  ot  Saone-et-Loirc, 
France,  22  miles  east  ot  Moulins  :  tlio  Roman 
AnuiB  Nisineii.  It  is  noted  for  its  mineral 
si.rin'"!.     Population  (18!)!),  eommune,  3,881. 

Bourbon-l'Archambault  (bor-bon ' liir-shou- 

bo')  A towniu tiled.  iiartraentofAUier,!- ranee 
14  miles  west  of  Moulins,  noted  for  its  mineral 
springs :  the  Roman  AquiB  Bormouis.  1  opula- 
tion  ( ISni),  eommune,  4,008. 

Bourbonnais  (bOr-bon-na').  An  ancient  gov- 
erunient  of  central  France.  It  wiis  bounded  by 
Bern-  on  the  west  -.mi  north.  Nivernais  on  the  north. 
Bumin  y  on  the  exst,  Lyonnais  on  the  southeast,  .\u. 

:     rerene  oil  the  south,  and  Marehe  on  the  wes       Its  eap- 
luTw-is  Moi.lii.s.     It  corresponds  mainly  to  the  depart- 

'     IS^„ro(  Alii,  r  and  part  ..f  Cher.     The  duchy  ..f  Bourbon 

'     wni  united  to  tlie  crown  in  Ifi^i. 

Bourbonne-les-Balns  (bor-bou'lii-ban  )•  [Ml- 

Borbomi;  oris-  .l.y/<.T /i..n7«i/.v,  Baths  ot  Borvo: 
80  called  from  liorn>(>i-).  a  tTalhc  name  ot 
Anollo.l  A  town  in  the  department  ot  Haute- 
Mariio,  France,  in  lat.  47°  .^7'  N.,  hmc  f  4o 
E  uote.1  for  its  hot  mineral  springs :  the  Roman 
Vervona  Castrum.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune. 4.148.  .         X     •         1 

BourbOUle  (bor-bOl'),  La.  A  watering-place 
and  health-resort  in  the  department  of  Au- 
vergne,  France,  of  recent  .levelopment. 

Bourchier  (iRir'.  hi-er -,  F.prf;n;.b6r-shya  ),  John 
(Baron  Berners).  Born  1467:  died  at  Calais, 
France,  March  Iti,  iXa.  An  English  statesman 
and  author,  chancellor  of  the  e.xchequey  lob". 

BS'i^cMer,  Thomas.  Born  about  1404-05  :  died 
at  Knowle,  near  Seveuoaks,  England,  148tj.  An 
English  cardinal,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
14.'>4-8fi.  X      •         T.  t 

Bourdaloue   (bor-dii-Ui'),  Louis.     Born  at 

Bou.°cs,  France,  Aug.  20,  1632:  .lied  at  Pans, 
Mav  13,  1704.  A  u.ited  French  theologian. 
He  was  a  meniher  of  the  order  of  .lesuits,  Professor  o 
rhetoric,  philosophy,  and  theology  in  the  J^"»'"''^ '?'-'' 
Bourxea,  court  preaelier  1U70),  and  one  of  the  most  i  1  is- 
Wous  pulpit  orators  ..f  Kranee.  His  sermons  have  lieen 
published  in  10  volumes  (1707-34),  in  17  volumes  (1822-20), 

sVurdin,  Maurice.     See  Gregory  VIII.,  Anti- 


175 


bourdon  (bor-ddn' ),  Louis  Pierre  Mane.  Born 

at  .Ueneon.  France,  July  16,  \7'M :  did  at  Pans, 
March  If),  18.54.  A  French  mathematician,  au- 
thor of  "  filaments  d'Algebre  "  and  other  math- 
enia Ileal  works.  ,..,,. 

Bourg  (borg),  or  Bourg-en-Bresse    bork  on- 

KresM.  The  capital  of  the  department  ol  Ain, 
France,  38  miles  northeast  of  Lyons:  the  me- 
ilifval  Tanum.  It  contains  the  noted  church  of  Notre 
lianiedeBrou.  It  was  the  ancientcapitalof  Brease.  Pop- 
ulation (ls91).  commune,  18,»<». 

Bourgade  (bi.r-gii.r ),  FranQois.  Born  at  Gan- 
ioIrPrauce,  July  7,  180(i :  .lied  1866.  A  Fr.mch 
inissionarv  in  Algiers,  and  tJrientahst.  He  wrote 
■Toison  ilor  de  la  laiiKue  ph.!nicienno  (1852),  Soir6e» 
de  CarthaKe"(18f.2),  etc. 

Bourgas.  or  Burghas  (bor'giis).  A  seaport  in 
east.'rn  Knni.-lia,  Bulgaria,  situat^ed  <«i  tlie 
Black  S.N1,  in  lat.  42°  28'  N.,  long.  2i°.W  h.  It 
is  a  chi.-f  port  in  the  country,  an.l  has  a  large 
tra.le.     Population  (1K8H),  cmmuuc.  6,.543. 

Bourgeois,  Anicet.    «.-.■  Aiiii-<i-i;n,i,yr,„s.    _ 
Bourgeois  (bor-zhwii'),  Dominique  Frangois. 

Horn  at  Pontarlier,  Fran.'C,  16<»8:  .lid  at  Pans, 
.Imio  18,1781.  A  Fn'ii.di  inv.'iitor,  esp.'.-ially 
iiot.-d  for  his  inventions  in  regard  to  lant.'rns. 

Bourgeois  Gentilhomme  (i..>r-/.hwa  zhon-te- 

yonO,  Le.  A  con.i'.ly  by  .Molu'fe,  with  music 
by  LuUi,  produce.l  in  1670. 
BourKe8(bor/.h).  [1;.  /;i/Hn(7C«,  a  Gallic  tribe 
calh^d  specitically  Jiituriurs  Ciihi.  with  capital 
Avaricitm.]  The  capital  of  the  .lepartni.'nl  ..I 
Cher,  Fraii.'C,  situat.^d  at  the  juncti.in  .il  t  lo 
Yftvro  an.l  Auroii  in  lat.  47°.')'  N.,  long.  2  LL. 
E  •  tlie  dalli.'  Avaricum,  and  lat.M-  Hitnrica. 
U' contains  a  strouR  arsenal,  an.l  foun.lry  ot  cannon  and 
a  note,l  .athcdral  (see  below).  It  was  the  capital  of  lie 
HHiiriKcs,  and  was  sa.ked  by  Cicsar  In  .^.2  H.  c.  hor  a  li  m, 
Inthe  relRU  ot  tMiarles  VII.  il  was  the  .;ap lUI  "'  I'V  >• 
an.l  was  also  the  capital  ..t  Berry.  It  ha.  a  noted  nui 
vorsily  (tre.,nentc.l  by  Ite/.a,  Amy..t.  a.i.l  <;>,'"')■  ' 
was  the  birthplace  ..f  I.ouls  .KI.,  .Iac.,nes  ( lenr.  an. 
B.,ur.lalone.  Th..  cath.-drnl  .if  IL.urKes  is  one  ..t  tl  .  I  ve 
greatest  In  France,  and  ..f  the  m..st  maKnlhcent  existl mk. 
The  west  ta^a.le  has  :.  splendl.l  can..pi.;.l  p.|rlals,  ....  ra- 
bly  sculpliired.  (In  th.^  north  an.l  8..n  h  sides  of  the  naio 
there  ai-e  Romanes.iu.^  doorways  « ith  van  te.l  p.Meh. ». 
Th.Tc  are  11.)  transepts,  an.l  lb.'  bnk'<-  Int.-rior  Is  In  Ken- 
cral  soberly  ornamenle.l.  but  beantifnl  fr.im  the  eiccllont 
pr..i)ortl..n8  0t  Its  subdivisions  an.l  the  Kracefnl  nreade8.it 
Its  wln.lows.  The  nave  is  117  feet  hlRh  ;  there  are  d.nOil.^ 
allies,  the  Inner  of  which  has  trlforiuni  and  clearstory.  1  no 


length  Is  405  feet    The  display  of  medieval  glass  n  Is 
almost  all  the  windows,  and  isunsurpasse.l.  lliere  ib.i  li  k 
massive  18th-century  crypt  beneath  the  choir.    -"<"*'"'{« 
J^ques  Cm,r.  now  the  1-aIaisde. Justice  a  very  ...liable 
palace  linilt  in  the  15th  century  by  J  »«|.H?l;U="r. 'J"''"'  >,' 
of  Chailes  VII.      The  style  is  the  llori.I  I'ointed.  with  l.ea   • 
tiJul  do.irs.  windows,  an.l  balconies,  and  a  inost  plctu- 
resuue  court.    .Several  apartments  of  the  interior  preserv  e 
their  original  character  ;  the  chapel  is  beautifully  sculp- 
turcl.  and  its  walls  are  covere.l  with  delicate  Italian  Ires- 
cos.    In  the  walls  are  preserved  several  towers,  now  c.ine- 
roofed  Iil<e  their  medieval  fellows,  of  the  ramparts  .if  the 
Roman  Avaricum.     I'.ipulation  (ISH).  commune,  4j,.H-. 
Bourget  (bor-zlm'),   Paul.     Bom   at   Amiens, 
Sent    ■'    1S.')2.      A  Fr.Mi.-h  novelist  an.l  criti.'. 
He  stu.lied  at  the  Lye.-s  l^inis-le-.lran.l  in  Tans,  ami  at 
the  Ecole  des  Ilautes  Etudes,  with  the  intention  ..f  be- 
coming a  speehdist  in  ISreek  philology.     Ue  became  inter- 
ested in  literary  work,  and  contrilnited  to  the    Revue  des 
Deul  lloniles.''  the  "  Renaissiuice,"  the  "  I'arlement    and 
the  'X.mvelle  Revue."    Ijiler  he  undert.iok  novel-writ- 
ing, and  published  ■•LIrreparabIe,'"I)eiix.(;ine  am.iur, 
■■  I'r.itlls  perdus  •  (I8S1).  "Cruelle  enlgnie    (IsSft).,    Andre 
l-ornelis'    (ls.S.i).  "Men8..nKe8"  (Iliv;),  "Crime  d  amoi'r. 
•'  Pastels  (lli\  iwrtraita  de  femmes),"  -  Le  disciple    (18.K1). 
"  La  terre  pr.unise."  "Oisn.opolis."     Bonrget  s  works  .ui 
criticism   are    "Kssais   de   psychologic   conte^mporame 
(1SS3),  "Nonveanx  essais"  (l.w;.),  an.l  "Etudes  et  por- 
traits" (1S88).     His  poetic  writings  ■"^""'.V  ■„^.»/.'.';.,',!!' 
iiuifete  "  (IHTr.).  "  E.lel  ■■  (1.S78),  •'  Les  aveux    (1882),  •  1 .16- 
sies"  (1872-7t'),  "  Au  l...rd  de  la  mer,""PetlU  poemcs 
(1885).    Bourget  also  wrote  the  prefatory  notices  to  .Sear- 
ron'8"Romanconiiqne"(IS8U.andt.iliarlieydAurevilly8 

"  Memoran.la  "  (1883).     "Outre-Mer     (1894). 

Bourget  (b.ir-zha'  K  Lac  dU.  A  lake  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie.  France,  north  of  Cham- 
h.'-rv.     L.-ngth,  10  miles. 

Bouirguignon.     See  Coin-M^,  Jaapii.^. 

Bourignon  ibo-rcn-v.iu').  Antoinette.    Born 

at  Lill.',  France,  Jan.  13.  1616:  died  at  Jran- 
eker,  X.-tlierlaiids,  Oct,  30,  1680.  A  Flemish 
religious  enthusiast.  She  assumed  the  Augustinian 
habit,  traveled  in  France.  Holland,  England,  ami  Sc.it- 
land,  and  became  the  founder  of  a  sect,  the  Boui  ignonists, 
which  maintained  that  Christianity  does  not  consist  in 
faith  and  practice,  hut  in  inward  feeling  and  supernatu- 
ral impulse.  Her  works  were  published  in  19  v.>  nines 
by  her  disciple  Poiret :  'Toutea  lea  oeuvres  de  Mile.  A. 
Bourignon"  (lfi79-84).  .  ,  ,  ^  t 
Bourignonists  (bii-rin'yon-ists).  A  sect  ot 
Uuietisis  l-.iuii.l.'d  in  the  17th  century  by  An- 
toinette Bourignon  (1616-80).  She  claimed  to 
be  inspired  by  Uod :  her  doctrines  were  esseu- 
tiallv  pietistic.  ...  j.    tt-  * 

Bourmont  (biii-m.'iii').  Louis  Auguste  Victor, 

Coml.'  de  Ghaisne  de.  Bom  al_  H..unn.int 
Mainc-el-Loiiv.  Franc,  Sept.  2.  1..3:  dRMl  at 
Bourmont,  Oct.  27,  1846.  A  French  sol.luu- 
an.l  politician,  ministiT  of  war  in  1829,  and  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Algerian  expedition  m 
1830. 
Bourne  (l-'-rn),  Hugh.  Born  at  Stokp-upon- 
Trent,  Englan.l,  April  3,  1772:  .lied  at  Bem.-rs- 
ley.  StalT.irdshir.',  O.-t.  U,  18.12.  An  Eiiglisli 
clergvman.  fouii.ler  of  the  first  society  ot  Pnm- 
itive'M.'th.Mlists  1810.  He  visited  the  Uuite.l 
States  lS44-4().  j.    ,  t^       01-1- 

Bourne,  Vincent.  Bom  1695:  died  Dec.  2  1.4.. 
An  English  writ.'rofEatinverse.anthorof  1  oe- 
niata,  etc."  ( 1734),  an.l  .ith.'r  works. 

Bournemouth  (bdrn'muth).  A  watenng-nlace 
an.l  winter  resort  in  llam,.shire,  Englan.l, 
sitiial.-.l  .111  the  English  Channel  22  mil. •ss.iiitli- 
west  of  Southampton.     Populati.ni  (18'J1),  3',- 

Bourrienne  ( b.Vre-en ' ) ,  Louis  Antoine  Fauye- 

let  de.  Bon,  at  S.Mis.  Franc.',,  uly  il  l.ti!  : 
,li,,lal  (.'a.-n,  France.  F.-b.  7,  1S34.  A  Fr...,.'!, 
iliplomatist.  He  was  private  secretary  of  Napobon  I. 
In  l-.gypt  n.id  during  the  conaulate.  minister  P'.^;"'l""'': 
tiary  in  Hamburg  (18.14),  an.l  minister  of  state  undr 
iJ  lis  XVlll  lie  wr.ite  "  Mem.ilres  sur  Naliolon.  le 
.'■Tre.t.ibe  le  e.ii'snlat,  Templre  et  la  restuliratlon  "(18211). 

Bourru  Bienfaisant(b;;-rii'  byaii-fu-zon  ).  Le. 

IF  •Tli.'H.-ii.-v.il.'iil  Mi^anthl■.lpe.'J  A  coin.-.ly 
liy  Carl.i  li.il.l.ini.  writt.i.  in  French  at  Pans, 
li'rst  plaved  Nov.  4,  1771. 

Boursaiilt  (boi-s.V),  Edme.    Boni  at  Muss.v- 

rSu'  Burgun.l.v,  Oct.,  1638:  .lie.l  at  M..nt- 
luvon,     Fran.-c,     Sept.    b-,    1.01.      A    l-r..n.d. 

■Iramati.-  p."'t  an.l  "''«''''''i'"'V:,'';r,"'';!,V,:[-,,,.v)" 
works   Incl.lile   "  Le   -M.-reure  galant    ..(   I",  ,  P'  >• 

"F«,.iK-  (i  la  vllle."  "  Esope  a  hi  co.ir,     "Plia.H eli. 

II  s  I m  a  c  w.irks  were  lubll-he.l  in  1725  enlargcl  e.ll- 
ti.'n  In  17K1.    Sevenil  of  his  plays  were  InilUited  by  Van- 

Bourse.La.  |F..'ThePurse.'J  AnovelbyBal- 
za.-.  written  in  18.12.  .     ,    ,. 

Boursoufle,  Le  Oomte  de.    s.-o  (  omio  ,lr  liou,  - 


Bower,  Walter 

Bouteville  (iKitv.-l'),  Seigneur  de,  Comte  de 
Suxe   (FranQois  de  Montmorency).    Born 

1000:  died  at  Paris,  June  27,  162.-  A  trench 
soldier  eelebrate.l  as  a  .luelist.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  the  taking  of  St.  Jean  d  A-K^l^  ^"^  ^^'J 
siege  of  Montauban,  but  was  condemned  to  death  ana 
evecuted  for  his  dueling  escapades. 

Boutwell  (boui'wel).  George  Sewall.    Born 

at  Br.iokline,  Mass.,  Jan.  28.  1818.  An  Ameri- 
can polil  ician.  He  was  llcmocratic  governorof  Massa- 
chusetts 18.V2-63,  commissioner  of  internal  revenue  1862- 
iiia,  RepnblicaV.  member  of  Congress  lsti3-«9  secretary 
ot  nil  treasury  lS«0-73,  and  Republican  I  niled  States  sena- 
tor from  .Massiichusetts  1873-77. 
Bouvart  (bi)-viir'),  Alexis.  Born  in  Haute 
Savoie,  France.  June  27,  176.  :  died  June  7, 
1843  A  French  astronomer,  author  of  "Nou- 
vell.'s  tables  des  planetes  Jupiter  et  Saturne 

(  ISIIS).  .-t.-. 

Bouvier(bo-ver';F.pron.b6-vya  ),John.  Born 
at  Co.l.ignan.riard,  France.  1787  :  died  at  Phila- 
.lelphia,  Nov.  18,  18:il.  An  Aniencan  junst, 
appointed  associate  judge  of  the  Court  of  Cnin- 
inal  S.-ssions  in  I'hilad.dpliia  in  1838.  He  com- 
piled a  "Law  Dictionary,  etc."  (WJOI,  ••Institutes  of 
Aimri.an  La.v  "  I1851).elc.  _ 

Bouvines  (bii-ven'),  or  Bovines  (bo-ven  .  A 
village  7  miles  southeast  ot  Lille,  France. 
Here  lulv  "7  1214,  the  French  under  Philip  Augustus 
lefeateil  the  army  of  Ott«  IV.  p.«l.:K*>-150,000  Germans. 
Flemings,  English).     The  loss  ot  otto  was  about  Jll.uOO. 

Bovary,  Madame.    See  j/«(/«»»  Borory. 

Boves'bo'v.s).  Jos6  Tomas.  Born  at  bijon, 
Asturias.  Spain,  about  1770:  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Urica.  near  Maturin,  \  enezuela,  Dec.  a, 
1814  A  partizan  chief,  in  1809  he  was  Imprisoned 
at  Puerto  CabcUo  as  a  contrabandist.  Banished  to  1  ala- 
bozo,  he  was  again  impris.ined  there,  On  l''« /^  f,f  ^  .'" 
1812  he  ,leclare.l  against  the  revolution,  drew  »>?<>"'  ''" 
an  irregular  g.ierrilla  ban.l.  and  carried  <in  a  war  in  the  in- 
terior with  horrible  cruelties  until  his  death. 

Bovianum  (bO-vi-a'nnm).  In  ancient  geogra^ 
iijiv  a  .-itv  of  Samnium,  Italy,  m  lat.  41°  JH 
N.;  long.  i4°2.V  E.  . 

Bovino  (bo-ve'no).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Foggia,  Apulia,  Italy,  17  miles  southwest  of 
Foggia.     Population,  7,000. 

Bow  Church.  See  Saint  ihinj  <h  Arruhut 
(Mary  lo  Bow).  j      t,  _ 

Bowdich  ibou'dich),  Thomas  Edward.    Bom 

nt  liristol,  England,  June  211,  1791:  died  at 
Bat  hurst.  Isle  of  St.  Mary,  West  Afnca,  .Ian. 
lU,  1824.  A  noted  English  traveler  in  Afnca, 
and  scientific  writer.  He  went  to  Cape  Coast  Ctsile 
in  1814.  and  in  1815  went  on  a  inission,  for  the  African 
Company,  to  Ashanti.  He  published  ail  account  of  tins 
expedition  ("  A  Mission  from  Cape  Coast  CasUe  to  Ashau- 
tee")  in  1819. 

Bowditch   (bou'.lich),  Nathaniel.    Bom   at 

Silcni    Mass.,  .March  26,  1773:  died  at  Boston, 

March'ui.  1838.  An  American  ""'''f  V.'",''i:,''!iV 
He  translated  Laplaces  •■M.'caniqne  celeste  (182»-»J), 
nii.l  wr.ite  "The  New  American    Practical  >avigator 

Bowdoin  (bo'dn),  James.    [The  surname  Bow- 

doin  is  from  F.  lUiinimih,  =  E.  B.i?((ifiii.]  Bom 
at  Boston.  Mass.,  Aug.  S.  1727:  died  at  Boston, 
Nov  6,  I'ilO.  An  American  politician,  gover- 
n.ir  of  Massa.'liiisetts  178(>-87.  He  suppressed 
Shays'sreb.-llion.  Bow.loin  College.  Maine,  was 
nani.'.l  in  his  h.m.ir.  o      i    oo 

Bowdoin,  James.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  ii, 
n.'ili:  ili.'.l  at  Naiish.in  Islaii.l,  Mass.,  t)ct.  II, 
1811.  Son  of  Jain.'S  B.iw.loin,  minister  t.i  Siuiin 
1,8114-08.      H.'   was   a   benefactor   of   Bowiloin 

Bowdoin  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
sitiiat.'.l  at  Bniiiswi.k,  Maine,  opciie.l  in  IMl.. 
It  cniprises  a  collegiate  .leparlmelit  and  medical  scho.iI, 
an.l  has  ab.)iit  4.10  St n.bnts  an.l :i.'i instructors.  It  is  under 
lb.-  cunli-.il  of  lheC,iMgregall..nall»t». 

Bowen  (bO'en),  Francis.  Born  at  CharlPS- 
lown  Mass.,  Sept.  8.  1811:  did  at  Cambndge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  21,  18ilO.  An  American  writer 
on  uiiihisopliv  an.l  p.dilical  .•c.iiomy.  He  w«« 
e.lt.r  and  proprietor  .if  the  "North  American  Review 
n!M3  ,M)  an.l  became  All.ir.l  pr..fess..r..f  iiatunil  r.-llgion. 
{n?;tarpl;il..s..phy,  and  civil  p.,llty  in  lla^rv^rdl^^^^^^^^^^ 
In  I8.'.3      He  wr.ite  ■•American  P.dlll.-al  E.on.un),    iic 


Bouterwek  (br,'t,M-v..lo,  Friedrich.    Bon.  at 

Okcr,  lU'ar  (loslar,  Prussia,  Apn  U  I''"'- 
,,i,„,  n,  liiltlingen.dermn.iv,  Aug.  »,  18-8  A 
Cerman  wril.r  .ni  pliilos..pliy  an.l  Ihe  hist..r> 
of  lit.'ratur.',  app..iMl.'.l  pr.if.'ssor  at  (...Itiugeii 
in  1707.  His  chief  work  Is  a  "Oeschlchto  dcrncucrn 
P.iesic  und  Beredsamkolt "  (1801-10). 


}l87.^)  an.l  "  M.>.l.^rn  Phll.isophy  "  (1877),  an.l  .■onimle.l  ami 
i-dl  1  ■  l..ie..i..enls  of  the  Ainstilnllons  of  Eng1..l..l  and 
Anierlca  fr.m.  Magna  Chart.,  to  the  Fe.IenU  Constitution 
.if  17811,"  with  li..ti'B(18-''l).  etc. 

Bower  O"'"''''.  Archibald.    B.>ni  at  or  ncai 

Ihiii.!.'.'  S,...tlnn.l.  .Inn.  17.  1686:  .li.'d  at  Urn- 
.1.111  Si'i.l  3,  17li6.  An  Knglisli  hislonnn,  for 
„  time  a  m.'i.ib.'r  of  I  he  or.l.-r  of  Jesus,  and 
Nccn^larv  of  lh.>  ConrI  .>f  th..  Imiuisiluui  at 
Ma.^.'rala,  an.l  later  a  l'r"'''«<.'y"'-„.i';.:.  1'"''" 
lishd  a  •'  History  of  tlu; r'<'I'«'«     0  .48-IH.) 

Bower,  ..r  Bowmaker, Walter.    B..rn  at  Hnd- 

.lingl.'n.  bis.'i:  .li.d  1  i4i».  An  English  wnter, 
author  of  the  "Scotichrouicou"  (which  see). 


Bower  of  Bliss,  The 

Bower  of  Bliss,  The.  1.  The  garden  of  the 
euchantress  Armida  in  Tasso's  •'Jerusalem 
Delivered."  See  Annida. — 2.  The  euohanted 
home  of  Acrasia  in  Spensei-'s  "  Faerie  Queeue." 

Bowers  (bou'erz),  Elizabeth  Crocker.    Horn 

at  Stamford,  Com/.,  March  12, 1830 :  died  Nov.  6, 
1895.     Au  American  actress  and  manager. 

Bowery  (bou'er-i),  The.  [From  D.  boiiwerij,  a 
farm,  prop,  farming,  husbandry,  from  houicer, 
a  farmer.]  A  wKle  thoroughfare  in  New  York, 
running  parallel  to  Broadway,  from  Chatham 
Square  to  aliout  7th  street  where  it  divides 
into  Third  and  Fourth  avenues.  It  received  its 
name  from  the  fact  that  it  ran  through  Peter  Stuyvesant's 
farm  or  bouwerie.  It  was  at  one  time  notorious  as  a  haunt 
of  ruffians  ("Bowery  Boys").  It  is  now  vei-y  cosmopolitan 
in  character,  frequented  by  Chinese,  Russians, Oriental  and 
Polisti  .tews,  and  many  other  nationalities,  and  abounds 
in  small  ami  cheap  shops  of  all  kinds. 

Bowes  (boz),  Sir  Jerome.  Died  1616.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  appointed  ambassador  to  the 
Russian  court  by  Elizabeth  in  1583. 

Bowides.     See  ISin/ides. 

Bowie  (bo'i).  James.  Bom  in  Burke  County, 
Ga.,  about  1790:  killed  at  Alamo,  Texas,  March 
6,  1830.  Au  American  soldier.  He  became  noto- 
rious in  1827  from  a  duel  which  resulted  in  a  general  rael^e, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  killed  Major  Norris  Wright  with 
a  weapon  which  had  been  made  from  a  large  file  or  rasp. 
After  the  tight  it  was  made  by  a  cutler  into  the  kind  ol 
linife  whicli  is  still  known  as  a  bowie-knife.  He  took 
part  in  the  Texjis  revolution,  and  was  made  colonel  in  183,5. 

Bowles,  Caroline.    See  Southey. 

Bowles  (bolz),  Samuel.  Born  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  Feb.  9,  1826:  died  at  Springfield,  Jan. 
16,  1878.  An  American  journalist  and  author, 
editor  of  the  Springfield  ■'Republican"  (184+- 
1878).  He  wrote  "Across  the  Continent"  (1865),  "The 
Switzerland  of  America  "  (18ti9),  "  Our  New  West "  (1809), 
etc. 

Bowles,  William  Lisle.  Bom  at  King's  Sut- 
ton, Northamptonshire,  England,  Sept.  24, 1762: 
died  at  Salisbm-y,  England,  April  7,  1850. 
An  English  poet,  antiquary,  and  clergyman, 
vicar  of  Bremhill  in  Wiltshire.  He  became  canon 
residentiary  of  Salisbury  in  ISIiS.  His  works  include 
"Fourteen  .Sonnets"  (1789),  "Coombe  Ellen  "  (1798),  "St. 
Michaels  Mount'  (1798),  "Battle  of  the  Nile"  (1799), 
"Sorrows  of  Switzerland"  (1801),  "The  Pictm-e "  (1803), 
"TheSpiritof  Discovery  "  (ISIM),  "Ellen  Gray  "(18'23),  and 
various  prose  works,  including  "Hermes  Britaimicus" 
(1828). 

Bowley  (bou'li).  Sir  Joseph.  A  very  stately 
gentleman,  "the  poor  man's  friend,"  with  a 
very  stately  wife,  in  Charles  Dickens's  storv 
"The  Chimes." 

Bowling  (bo'ling),  Tom.  A  sailor  in  "Roderick 
Random,"  by  Smollett :  also  the  hero  of  Dibdin's 
song 

Here,  a  sheer  hulk,  lies  poor  Tom  Bowling. 

Bowling  Green  (bo'ling  gren).  A  small  open 
space  iu  New  York,  at  the  foot  of  Broadway, 
in  the  old  governmental  and  aristocratic  cen- 
ter of  the  city. 

Bowling  Green.  A  city,  the  capital  of  Warren 
County,  Keutucky,  in  lat.  37°  N.,  long.  86°  28' 
W.  It  was  an  important  strategic  point  in 
1861-62.'    Population  (1900),  8,226. 

Bowness  (bou-nes').  A  town  and  tourist  cen- 
ter in  the  Lake  District,  Westmoreland,  Eng- 
land, on  Lake  Windermere. 

Bowling  (bou'ring),  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Exeter, 
England,  Oct.  17,  1792 :  died  at  Exeter,  Nov. 
23,  1872.  An  English  statesman,  traveler,  and 
linguist.  He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1835-37  and 
1841-47,  His  works  include  translations  from  the  poetry 
of  Russia.  Poland,  Servia,  Hungary,  Holland,  Spain,  etc.  ; 
"Kingdom  of  Siam  and  its  People  "  (1857),  "Visit  to  the 
Philippini-  Islands  '  (18.^),  etc. 

Bows  (boz).  A  little  old  humpbacked  violin- 
player,  the  family  friend  of  the  Costigans,  in 
Thackeray's  "Pendennis."  He  has  taught  "the 
Fotheringa;' '  <Miss  Costigan)  all  she  knows,  and  is  her 
faithful  lover,  though  he  knows  she  has  no  heart. 

Bow  street.  A  street  iu  London,  by  Covent 
Garden,  forming  the  connecting-link  between 
Long  Acre  and  Russell  street,  iu  which  is  lo- 
cated the  principal  police  court  of  the  city, 
established  there  in  1749.  in  the  171h  and  18th  cen- 
turi«-s  it  was  a  fashionable  quarter,  and  contained"  Will's" 
or  the    "  Wits' Coffee  House  "(which  see). 

Bowyer  (bo'yer),  Sir  George.  Born  at  Radley 
Park,  Berkshire,  England,  Oct.  8,  1811 :  died  a"t 
London,  June  7, 1883.  An  English  jurist.  Uis 
works  include  "  Commentaries  on  the  Constitutional  Law 
of  England"  (1841),  "Commentaries  on  Modem  Civil 
Law  "  (1848),  etc. 

Bowzybeus(bou-zi-be'us).  [Bon':ii=  fioocy and 
beus,  as  iu  Mclibnts,  ilvliboeus.']  A  musical  Si- 
lenus  iu  (^iay's  "Shepherd's  Week."  Somcofthe 
best  songs  iu  this  pastoral  are  put  in  his  mouth. 

Box  and  Cox.  A  jilay  by  John  M.  Morton. 
The  chief  characters  are  two  men  with  these  names  who 


17G 

occupy  the  same  room,  though  neither  knows  it,  cue  being 
employed  all  night,  the  otlier  all  day. 

Boxers  (boks'erz).  A  Chinese  secret  society, 
the  members  of  which  took  a  prominent  part  iu 
the  attack  upon  foreigners  and  native  Chris- 
tians in  China  1899-1900.  The  Chinese  name  of  the 
society  is  I-ho-chuan  —  League  of  ITuited  Patriots ;  but 
since  the  last  part  of  the  name  can  be  so  accented  as  to 
mean  "tlsts,"  and  since  athletic  exercises  are  much  prac- 
tised by  members  of  the  society,  the  name  "  Boxers  "  n  as 
given  to  them  by  foreigners. 

Boxtel  (boks'tel).  A  small  place  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, south  of  s'Hertogenbosch,  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  French  victory  over  the  Allies  under 
York,  Sept.  17,  1794. 

Boyaca  (bo-ya-ka').  A  department  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Colombia,  bordering  on  Venezuela. 
Area,  33,315  square  miles.  Population  (esti- 
mated, 1890),  645,000. 

Boyaca.  A  village  12  miles  south  of  Tunja,  in 
the  present  state  of  Boyaca,  Colombia.  Here, 
on  Aug.  7,  1819,  Bolivar  defeated  the  superior  Spanish 
force  of  Barreiro,  taking  him  prisoner  with  more  than 
half  of  his  army.  This  victory  decided  the  independence 
of  Colombia. 

Boyce  (bois),  William.  Born  at  London,  1710 : 
died  at  Kensington,  Feb.  7, 1779.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish composer  of  church  music. 

Boyd  (boiJ),  Belle.  The  maiden  name  of  Mrs. 
Belle  Boyd  Hardinge,  a  Confederate  spy. 

Boyd,  Mark  Alexander.  Born  in  Galloway, 
Scotland,  Jan.  13,  1563:  died  at  Penkill  Castle, 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  AprU  10,  1601.  A  Scotch 
writer  of  Latin  verse.  He  studied  civil  law  in 
France  and  Italy,  was  an  accomplished  classical  scholar, 
and,  though  a  Protestant,  fought  with  the  Catholic  League 
in  France  15S7-SS.  He  was  the  author  of  "M.  Alexandri 
Budii  Epistolfe  Heroides,  et  Hymni "  (1592),  etc. 

Boydell  (boi'del),  John.  Born  at  Dorrington, 
Shropshire.Eugland,  Jan.  19,  1719:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Dee.  12,  1804.  An  English  engraver  and 
print-publisher,  founder  of  the  Shakspere  Gal- 
lery at  London.  He  was  elected  lord  mayor  of 
London  in  1790. 

Boyd's  (boidz).     See  the  extract. 

"Boyd's,"  at  which  .Johnson  alighted  on  his  arrival  in 
Edinburgh,  was  the  White  Horse  Inn,  in  Boyd's  Close,  St. 
Mary 's  Wynd,  Caiiongate  ;  but  tavern,  close,  and  wynd 
have  all  been  swept  away  by  the  besom  of  improvement. 
St.  Mary's  Wynd  stood  where  now  stands  St.  Mary  Street, 
and  the  site  of  the  tavern,  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Boyd's  Entry  and  the  present  St.  Mary  Street,  is  marked 
with  a  tablet  recording  its  association  with  lioswell  and 
Johnson.  Button,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  18. 

Boyer  ( bwa-ya' ),  Abel.  Born  at  Castres,  France, 
June  24, 1667 :  died  at  Chelsea,  England,  Nov.  16, 
1729.  An  English  lexicographer  and  historical 
writer,  compiler  of  a  French-English  dictionary 
(1702)  which  appeared  in  many  later  editions. 

Boyer,  Baron  Alexis  de.  Born  at  Uzerche, 
Limousin,  France,  March,  1757:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  25,  1833.  A  celebrated  French  surgeon. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  tailor,  and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
baron  of  the  empire  by  Napoleon  I.  who  also  made  him 
his  first  surgeon.  He  wrote  "Traitti  complet  d'anato- 
mie  "  (1797-99),  "Traits  des maladies chirurgicales  "  (1814- 
1S2'2),  etc. 

Boyer,  Jean  Baptiste  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Mar- 
seiUes,  Aug.  5, 1693 :  died  April  2, 1768.  A  French 
physician  and  philanthropist,  author  of  "Re- 
lation historique  de  la  peste  de  Marseille  "  (1721), 
etc. 

Boyer  (bwa-ya'),  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Port 
au  Prince,  Feb.  28,  1776 :  died  at  Paris,  July  9, 
1850.  President  of  Haiti.  He  was  a  free  mulatto, 
but  with  others  of  his  race  joined  the  negro  slaves  in  the 
insurrection  of  1791-93.  After  the  accession  of  Toussaint 
Ivonverture,  Boyer  with  PtHion  and  others  retired  to  F'rance, 
returning  in  1802  as  captain  in  the  F'rench  army,  and  was 
made  general.  On  Petion's  death  (ISIS)  Boyer  became  his 
successor.  By  the  death  of  Christophe  (1820),  and  his  con- 
quest of  the  Spanish  territory  soon  after,  he  brought  the 
whole  island  uiuler  his  rule,  practically  as  dictator.  He 
was  expelled  by  a  revolution  in  1S43,  and  took  refuge  in 
.Jamaica. 

Boyesen  (boi'e-sen),  Hjalmar  Hjorth.  Born  at 

Frederiksvarn,  Norway,  Sept.  23,1848:  died  Oct. 
4, 1895.  A  Norwegian- American  novelist,  poet, 
and  litterateur.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Christiania  in  186S,  removed  to  America  in  1809,  was 
professor  of  German  at  Cornell  University  1874-80,  and 
became  professor  at  Columbia  College  in  1880.  His  works 
include  "Gunnar:  a  Tale  of  Norse  Life  "  (1874),  etc. 

Boyet  (F.  pron.  bwa-ya').  A  mocking,  mirth- 
ful lord  attending  on  the  Princess  of  France  in 
Shakspei'e's  "  Love's  Labour  's  Lost." 

Boyle  (boil).  A  town  in  the  coimty  of  Roscom- 
mon, Ireland,  in  lat.  53°  58'  N.,  long.  8°  18'  W. 
It  contains  an  abbey,  a  fine  ivy-clad  medieval  ruin.  The 
spacious  church  has  a  well-proportioned  west  front  with 
a  single  large  early- Pointed  window,  and  a  square  chevet, 
also  with  a  large  window.  The  north  side  of  the  nave 
is  early  Pointed;  the  south  side  Norman,  with  curiously 
sculptured  capitals.  The  crossing,  surmounted  by  a  tower, 
is  very  fine,  and  the  transepts  mingle  Norman  and  Early- 
English  forms.  Much  remains  of  the  secular  buildtngs, 
especially  the  kitchen  and  the  guest-house. 


Bozrah 

Boyle,  Charles.  Born  at  Chelsea,  England, 
1676:  died  Aug.  28,  1731.  A  British  nobleman, 
fourth  Earl  of  Orrery  in  Ii'eland,  and  first 
Baron  Marston.  His  dispute  with  Bentley  over  the 
"Epistles  of  Phalaris,"  which  Boyle  edited,  is  famous,  and 
led  to  Sm  itt's  "  Battle  of  the  Books."  (See  Bentley.)  Ho 
was  imprisoned  in  1721  on  a  charge  of  complicity  "in  Lay. 
er's  plot,  but  was  released  on  bail. 

Boyle,  John.  Born  Jan.  2.  1707 :  died  at  Mars- 
ton,  Somerset,  England,  Nov.  16,  1762.  A  Brit- 
ish nobleman,  fifth  Earl  of  Cork,  son  of  the 
fourth  Earl  of  Orrery.  He  published  "  Remarks 
on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Jonathan  Swift " 
(1751),  etc. 

Boyle,  Richard.  Born  at  Canterbury,  England, 
Oct.  13,  1566 :  died  Sept.  15,  1643.  An  English 
politician,  created  first  earl  of  Cork  in  1620: 
commonly  called  "the  great  Earl  of  Cork."  He 
became  lord  treasurer  of  Ireland  in  1631. 

Boyle,  Richard.  Born  April  25, 1695 :  died  Dec, 
17.33.  A  British  nobleman,  third  Earl  of  Bur- 
lington and  foui'th  Earl  of  Cork,  noted  as  an 
architect  and  as  a  patron  of  the  arts. 

Boyle,  Robert.  Born  at  Lismore  Castle,  Ire- 
laud,  Jan.  25,  1627 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  30, 
1691.  A  celebrated  British  chemist  and  natu- 
ral philosopher.  He  was  the  seventh  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Cork,  studied  at  Eton  and  Geneva  (which  he  left  in 
1041),  settled  at  Oxford  in  1654,  and  removed  to  London  in 
ICOS.  He  is  best  known  as  the  discoverer  of  Boyle's  law  of 
the  elasticity  of  air,  and  as  the  founder  of  Boyle's  Lec- 
tures for  the  defense  of  Christianity.  Author  of  "  New 
Experiments,  etc."  (1666,  1669,  and  1682),  "  Hydrostatical 
Paradoxes " (1666),  "Discourse  of  Things  above  Reason" 
(1681),  etc. 

Boyle,  Roger.  Born  at  Lismore,  AprU  25, 1621: 
died  Oct.  16.  1679.  A  British  statesman,  sol- 
dier, and  dramatist,  third  son  of  Richard  Boyle, 
first  Earl  of  Cork :  created  Baron  Broghill  in 
1627.  and  first  Earl  of  Orrery  in  1660.  Though  a 
Royalist  he  served  under  Cromwell  in  the  conquest  of 
Ireland,  and  continued  to  support  him  and  his  son  Rich* 
ard.  His  dramatic  works  include  "Henry  V."  (acted  in 
1664,  published  in  1668),  "  Mustapha,  etc."  (acted  1665^ 
"The  Black  Prince  "(acted  1067),  "  Tryphop  "(acted  1668), 
"Guzman, "  a  comedy,  and  "Mr.  Anthony,"  a  comedy  (pub- 
lished 1690).  He  also  wrote  a  number  of  poems  and  a  ro- 
mance, "  Parthenissa  "  (1664-77). 

To  Roger  Boyle,  Earl  of  Orrery  (1621-1679),  belongs  the 
doubtful  fame  of  having  been  the  first  to  "revive"  (not, 
as  Dryden  insisted,  to  introduce)  the  writing  of  plays  iu 
rhymed  verse  for  the  English  stage,  and  of  having  thus  be. 
come  the  father  of  the  English  "heroic  "  drama.       Ward. 

Boyle  Lectures.  A  course  of  eight  lectures  in 
defense  of  Christianity,  instituted  by  Robert 
Boyle,  commenced  in  1692,  and  delivered  an- 
nually at  St.-Mary-le-Bow  Church,  London. 

Boyne  (boin).  [Ir.  Boinn.'^  A  river  in  eastern 
L-eland,  flon-ing  into  the  Irish  Sea  4  miles  eart 
of  Drogheda.  On  its  banks,  3  miles  west  of  Drogheda, 
Julyl,  1690,  the  army  of  William  III.  (36,000)  defeated  that 
of  J.ames  II.  (26,00U).  The  loss  of  William  was  600 ;  that  of 
James,  l,60t>. 

Boyse,  or  Boys,  or  Bois  (bois),  John.  Born  at 
Nettleshead,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  3,  1560: 
died  Jan.  14,  1643.  An  English  clergyman  and 
biblical  scholar,  one  of  the  translators  and  re- 
visers of  the  Bible  under  James  I. 

Bojrthorn  (boi'thorn),  Lawrence.  A  boister- 
ously energetic  and  handsome  old  man  of  ster- 
ling qualities,  a  friend  of  Mr.  Jarndyce,  in 
Charles  Dickens's  "  Bleak  House."  The  char- 
acter was  intended  as  a  portrait  of  Walter 
Savage  Landor. 

Boz  (boz.  See  definition).  A  pseudonym  as- 
sumed by  Charles  Dickens  in  his  "Sketches 
by  Boz,"  first  published  together  in  1836.  He 
first  used  the  name  in  the  second  part  of  "The  Boarding 
House,"  which  came  out  in  "The  Monthly  Magazine  "for 
Aug., 1834.  He  himself  says:  " 'Boz' was  the  nicknameof 
a  pet  child,  a  younger  brother  (.\ugnstus),  whom  I  had 
dubbed  Moses  in  honour  of  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield  ;  which 
being  facetiously  pronounced  through  the  nose  became 
Boses,  ami  being  stiortened  became  Boz."  Through  igno- 
rance of  the  derivation,  the  pronunciation  boz,  based  on 
the  nearest  an:dogy,  sprang  up,  and  is  imw  nMivei"sa]. 

Bozen,  or  Botzen  (bot'sen),  It.  Bolzano.     A 

town  in  Tyrol.  Austria-Hungarj-,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Talfer  and  Eisak  32  miles 
northeast  of  Trent.  It  is  the  chief  commercial 
place  in  Tyrol.     Population  (1890),  11,744. 

Bozman  (boz'man),  John  Leeds.  Born  at  Ox- 
ford, Maryland,  Aug.  25, 1757 :  died  there,  April 
23,  1823.  An  American  jurist  and  historian. 
He  wrote  a  "Historv  of  Marvland,  1633-60" 
(1837),  etc. 

Bozrah  (boz'rji).  [Heb.,  'sheepfold,'  also  'for- 
tified place.']  In  ancient  history,  a  eitv  of 
Bashan,  Syria,  in  lat.  32°  28' N.,  long.  36°  36'  E.: 
the  Roman  Bostra  (?),  and  the  modem  Busra. 
Under  Trajan  it  became  the  capital  of  the  Roman  province 
of  Arabia,  under  Alexander  Severus  (222-2:i5)  a  Roman  mili- 
tary colony,  and  under  Philip  (-244-249)  the  seat  of  a  bishop 
(metropolitan).  Later  it  became  the  seat  of  an  arch- 
bishop. On  its  site  are  many  ruins,  including  the  follow- 
ing ;  Cathedral,  built  in  612  a.  n.    It  is  square  without 


Bozrah 

tbe  interior  a  circle  91  feet  in  diameter,  with  an  apse  in 
every  angle.  The  circle  was  covered  with  a  woiKleri  dutne. 
On  the  east  side  projects  a  clii>ir  flanked  by  parahcniata, 
outside  uf  which  are  two  larwe  chapels.  Mosque  of  Omar 
el-Ketab,  an  example  ot  a  very  e;uly  type,  resembling  an 
open  cloister  having  on  two  sides  a  vanlted  duulile  gal- 
lery with  tine  columns,  the  shafts  monolithic,  of  green 
clpoUino  marble,  and  the  white  marble  capitals  anti(|Ue, 
of  various  orders.  The  walls  bear  a  rich  frieze  of  ;ya- 
besques.  The  handsome  square  minaret  is  150  feet  high 
Roman  Triumphal  Arcfi,  with  three  openings,  besides  a 
transverse  archway.  The  chief  opening  is  about  40  feel 
high.  The  ai-ch  is  ornamented  with  pilasters.  Roman 
Tftcatt^r,  in  great  part  covered  by  a  strong,  square-towered 
Arabian  ca-stle.  Several  tiers  of  seats  of  the  eavea  are  ex- 
posed in  the  caslle  court.  ITie  cavea,  about  250  feet  in 
diameter,  is  supported  on  vaulted  substructions.  Flights 
ot  steps  ascend  from  outside  to  the  precincti^n,  and  there 
was  a  gallery  with  Doric  columns  above  tht  cavea.  Th  • 
Btage-structure  is  unusually  perfect.  The  fitage  is  about 
25  feet  deep. 

Bozzaris  or  Botzaris  (popularly  bo-zar'is, 
properly  b(3t '  sii-ies),  Markos.  Borii  about 
'i7HS;  died  near  Missoloiighi,  Greece,  Aug.  20, 
1S23.  A  noted  Greek  patriot.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Hetwria  in  181;l  •  joined  All  I'asha  against  the 
Porte  in  1820 ;  was  uimU-  a  'Jteneral  in  the  army  of  Western 
Hellas  in  182a ;  and  i^  especially  noted  for  his  desperate 
defense  of  Missoloiighi,  1522-.U.  He  was  killed  in  a  suc- 
ceflflful  night  attack  on  a  superior  Turkish  force  near  Car. 
penisi.  which  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a  poem  by 
Fitz-Greeue  Halleck. 

Bozzy  (boz'ij.  A  nickname  of  James  Boswell, 
the  biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson. 

Bra  (bra).  A  town  in  tlie  province  of  Cuiieo, 
Pieclmont,  Italy,  28  mile.s  south  of  Turin.  It  has 
an  active  trade.     Population,  9,000. 

BiabanQOnne  (bra-boii-son' ),  La.  The  Belgian 
national  song,  with  words  by  Jenneval  and 
music  by  Van  Campenhout,  composed  in  the 
revolution  of  1830,  and  so  named  from  the 
province  of  Brabant.  In  1*48  De  Lonlay  wrote  new 
words  for  it,  and  in  1852  Louis  llymaas  wrote  others,  all 
appropriate  to  the  political  situation. 

Brabant  ( bra-bant'  or  biii'bant;  F.  pron.  bra- 
boii').  [F.  Brabant,  D.  Bratiand,  Brubant,  ML. 
Brabantia.']  A  province  of  Belgium,  bounded 
by  Antwerp  on  the  north,  Limburg  on  the  east, 
Namur  and  Hainaut  on  the  south,  and  East 
Flanders  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  low.  Capi- 
tal, Brussels.  Area,  1,2G8  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (18'J3J,  1,154,126. 

Brabant.  -^  former  county  and  duchy,  which 
corresponded  to  the  modern  North  Brabant 
(Netherlands)  anil  Antwerp  and  BraViaut  (B(  I- 
gium).  It  wiia  at  first  a  connty,  antl  became  a  duchy  in 
1190  ('').  Limlim'g  w.as  united  with  it  in  12^8.  Fhilip 
the  Good  ol  liurgnndy  succeeded  to  Brabant  in  14;iu,  a. id 
it  followed  the  fortune-s  of  Burgundy  and  of  the  House  uf 
Uapsliurg. 

Brabant,  North.  A  province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, bounded  by  South  Holland  and  Gelder- 
land  on  the  north,  Limburg  on  the  east,  Bel- 

S'um  on  the  south,  and  Zealand  on  the  west, 
ipital,  s'Hertogeubosch.     Area,  1,980  square 

miles.     Population  (1891),  510,070. 
Brabantio     (bra-ban 'shio).      In    Shakspcre's 

"Othello, "  a  Venetian  senator,  father  of  Des- 

demona.     He  violently  denounces  Othello  for 

his  marriage  with  the  latter. 
Brabine.      The  anagram  with  which  Tliomas 

Baniibo  (Barnaby)  signed  his  compliiueiitary 

vorscs  to  Greene's  '•  Menaphon." 

Brabourne,  Lord,    See  KiiiitcltlmU-Uuiiesxcn. 

Bracciano  (brii-chii'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Koine,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Bracciano  21  miles  nortlnvest  of  Koine.  It 
has  a  medi<'val  castle. 

Bracciano,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Italy,  20  miles 
northwest  of  Itoine:  the  Eoman  Lacus  Saba- 
liriiis.     Lcii;ith,  (i  miles. 

Braccio  da  Montone  (brii'cho  dii  mon-to'ne), 
Andrea.  Bom  at  Perugia,  1368:  died  1424. 
A  celebrated  Italian  condottiere.  He  took 
Komo  in  1417,  and  fought  in  the  service  of 
Naples  aijaiiist  Sforza. 

Bracciolini.     -See  Poynio  lirareinlini. 

Bracciolini  (brii-cbo-le'ne),  Francesco.  Bom  at 

Pistnia,  Italy,  Nov.  26,  l.'iOG:  dieil  at  Florence, 
Aug.  31,  1646.  An  Italian  poi^t  and  ecclesiastic. 
IIU  works  include  "  L<j  Scherno  degli  Del"  (ItUs),  "La 
Croce  racqnistata"  (imte),  "  L'Elezlone  dl  papa  Irbnno 
VIII. "(162.1),  "La  Rocella  espugliato"  (lltio),  and  the  tra- 
gedies "L'Kvandro."  "  L'Arpalice,"  and  "La  rentesilea." 

Brace  (bnis),  Charles  Loring.    Bom  at  iiii.li- 

field,  Conn.,  June  I'.l,  ISJt):  dieil  in  Ihe  Tyn.l, 
Aug.  11,  IKOO.  An  Aiucrican  traveler,  aullior, 
and  philanthroliist.  Ho  devoted  himself  to  the  re- 
demption 4fl  the  (Tlminal  and  pauper  classes  in  New  Vi»rk 
citv,  liec(miliig  the  chief  founder  of  the  Children's  Aid 
Society  In  lsri:t.  Be.ildes  books  of  travel  he  wrote  chiefly 
rtn  sociological  subjects. 
Brace,  Julia.  Born  at  Newiiiglon,  Conn..  .Tune 
13,  1S06:  (lied  at  Blooiningtoii,  Conn.,  Aug.  12. 
1SS4.  A  blind  il.af-niute,  noted  in  the  history 
of  the  instruction  of  such  unfortunates.. 

0.-12 


177 
Bracebridge  Hall,  or  The  Humourists.    A 

colli-, ■lion  of  sk.-tches  of  Knglish  lite  by  Wash- 
ington Irving,  published  in  1822  under  the 
pseudonym  "Geoffrey  Crayon."  The  ".Skeu-h- 
Book  '  also  contained  some" sketches  the  scenes  of  which 
were  laid  at  Bracebridge  Hall.  The  original  Is  said  to 
have  been  lirereton  ilall. 


Bradstreet,  John 

land,  about  1510:  died  July  1,  1555.  An  Eng- 
lish Protestant  preacher  and  martyr.  He  became 
chaplain  to  Kdward  \'I.  In  1552  ;  was  arrestetl  in  1553. 
shortly  after  the  accession  of  i^ueen  Mar>',  on  a  charge  of 
sedition  and  heresy  ;  was  tried  before  a  commission  con- 
sisting of  Bishops  (iaiiliner,  Bonner,  and  other  prelates : 
and,  with  a  yonok:  man  named  John  Leaf,  was  burned  at 
the  stake  at  Smithllcld. 


Bracegirdle  (bras'g6r''dl),  Anne.     Bom  about  Bradford, William.    Born  at  Austerlield,  York 


)tj63:"'died  at  Loudon  in  1748.  A  famous  En 
lisli  actress.  It  is  said  that  she  played  the  page  in 
"The  Orphan"  before  she  was  six  years  old  but  "The 
Orphan"  was  tlrst  played  in  IBSU.  She  was  on  the  stage 
till  170",  when  the  celclmited  trial  of  skill  with  Jlrs.  Old- 
fleld  took  place,  both  playing  Mrs.  Brittle  In  Betterton's 
"  Amorous  \\'ldow  "  on  alternate  nights.  The  preference 
was  given  to  Mrs.  Oldflcld,  and  Mrs.Bracegirdle,  disgusted, 
left  the  stage.  She  played  once  more  in  1709  at  Better- 
ton's  benetlt.  Both  Itowc  and  Congrcvc  were  devoted 
to  her.  and  she  was  siispect<-d  of  tn-ln-,'  marrieil  to  the 
latter. 

Brachiano  (bra-che-ii'no),  Duke  of.  In  Web- 
ster's tragedy  •'  The  White  Devil,"  the  husband 
of  Isabella  and  the  besotted  lover  of  Vittoria 
I'orombona  (the  White  Devil). 

Brachylogus  (bra-kil'o-gus).  [Gr.  /3po;tv?.oj-o£-, 
brief.]  A  name  given  in  the  16th  century  to  a 
manual  of  Ki>inau  law,  "Corpus  legum.'' com- 
posed, probably,  in  the  llth-12th  century  (pub- 
lished at  Berlin,  1829,  as  "Brachylogus  juris 
civilis  "). 

Bracidas.    See  Amiilax. 

Bracton  (Ijrak'ton),  or  Bratton  (brat'ou),  or 
Bretton  (bret'on),  Henry  de.     Died"  1268. 

An  English  ecclesiastic  (chancellor  of  the  ca- 
thedral of  Exeter)  and  jurist.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  famous  work,  "De  legibuset  consuetudinibus  Anglla;  ' 
(printed  in  part  in  l.')ti7  and  entiie  in  15«y),  "  the  flrst 
attempt  to  treat  the  whole  extent  of  the  [English]  law  In 
a  manner  at  once  systematic  and  practical."    "  t'or  the 


hire.  England,  l.VJO:  died  at  Plj-mouth,  Mass., 
May  9,  l(i.")7.  An  American  pioneer  and  histo- 
rian, one  of  the  ■■Pilgrim  Fathers."  He  was 
governor  of  the  Plymouth  colony  1021-57  (except  in  1633-34, 
likiti.  ItViS.  KJ44X  and  wrote  a  "History  of  the  Plymouth 
I'laiitation,  1(502-17  "  (MS.  lost  1774,  found  at  Fulhani  li- 
brary, England,  18.55  ;  printed  1850). 

Bradford,  William.  Born  in  Leicestershire, 
England,  May  20,  1663:  died  at  New  York,  May 
23,  1752.  An  American  printer,  the  founder, 
in  1725,  of  the  "New  York  Gazette,"  the  Brst 
newspaper  iu  New  York.  He  sailed  with  I'enn  for 
America, Sept.  1, 1(182, returned  to  England,  and  again  sailed 
for  America  In  1(185.  He  became  printer  for  I'ennsylvjinfh, 
New  Vork,  New  Jersey,  and  Rhode  Island,  and  (170'2) 
Maryland.  The  flrst  book  issued  from  his  press (1(J85)  was 
an  almanac,  ■'America's  ilesseuger,"  for  ItiS'J. 

Bradford,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
S.|)i.  14.  IT.Vi:  died  Aug.  23,  1795.  An  Ainer- 
iiau  lawver.  attornev-general  of  the  United 
Slates  1794-95. 

Bradford,  William.  Bom  at  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  1827:  died  at  New  Y'ork,  April  25.  1.S92. 
An  American  artist,  painter  of  coast  scenes, 
and  especially  of  the  scenery  of  tbe  Arctic 
regions.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Land  of  the  Mid- 
night Sun," '■Crushed  by  Icebergs,"  "Arctic  Wreckers," 
"  Sunset  in  the  North,"  etc. 

Bradlaugh  (brad'la),  Charles.  Born  at  Lou- 
don, Sept.  26,  1833:  died  Jan.  30,  1891.     An 


statement  that  he  discharged  the  duties  of  Chief  Justice     English  radical  politician  and  advocate  of  sec- 
tor twenty  years  no  foundation  is  now  discoverable.  Dur-       ■  ^' 
ing  the  earlier  portion  of  his  otflcial  life  (1246-58)  the 
office  was  in  abeyance,  and  if  Bracton  was  ever  Chief  Jus- 
tice, it  must  have  been  either  before  1258  or  after  1265.'^ 
(IHct.  of  Sat.  Biog.)    With  regard  to  most  of  the  facts  of 
Ills  life  there  is  great  uncertainty. 
Bracy  (brii'si),  Maurice  de.     A  handsome  and 
not  ungenerous  mercenary,  a  follower  of  Prince 
Jolm,  in  Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoe."    He  carries 
off  Koweiia,  but  she  is  speedily  rescued. 

The  sister  of  Ki 


ularism.  He  served  with  the  7th  Dragoon  Ouards  18.50- 
185;i.  when  he  became  a  lawyer's  clerk  in  London.  He 
founded  the  "  National  Reformer"  in  1860.  Having  been 
elected  to  Parliament  from  Northampton  in  1880,  he  re- 
fused to  take  the  parliainentiir>' oath,  on  atheistic  grounds, 
and  was  not  allowed  to  sit  on  attinnation.  Though  several 
times  reelected,  and  though  be  expressed  his  willingnesa 
to  take  the  oath,  he  was  exchide<l  from  his  ftt-al  till  IsSti, 
when  no  objection  was  offered  t*>  his  taking  the  oath  He 
wrote  ■'  X  Few  Words  about  the  Devil,  and  other  Bio- 
graphical Sketches  and  Essays  "( 1873X  'The  True  Story 
f  my  Parliamentary  Struggle  "  (1882),  etc. 


Bradamant  (Ijrad'a-mant).     --.       ,        „„      , 

naldo  in  Boiardo's  ■•Orlando  Innamorato"  and  Bradley  (  brad'li),  Ed-ward:  pseudonym  Outh- 
."    .She  is  a  Christian    bert  Bede.    Bom  at  Kidderminster.  1827:  died 


Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso.' 

but  loves  Rogero,  and  after  incredible  adventures  in  which 
he"  prowess,  assisted  by  her  enchanted  spear,  is  equal  to 
that  of  a  knight,  she  marries  him  after  he  has  been  bap- 
tued.  Kobcrt  Oarnier  wrote  a  tragicomedy  with  this 
name.  It  w,as  produced  in  1580,  and  Thomas  Corneille 
produced  a  tragedy  with  the  same  name  in  1(1S>5  (this  was 
Ills  last  play).  There  h:ive  been  several  other  plays  on  the 
same  subject,  notably  one  by  La  Calprenede  written  in 
1G37.     Also  written  Bradamante,  BrundainanU. 

Braddock  (brad'ok),  Edward.  Bovw  in  Perth- 
sliirc,  Scotland,  1695:  lied  .July  13,  17,55.  A 
British  general.  He  entered  the  Coldstream  Guards 
in  1710,  served  in  Holland  174(>-18,  and  in  17.53  became 
colonel  of  a  regiment  stationed  at  Gibraltar.  He  was 
promoted  major-general  in  1754,  and  In  the  same  year  was 
appointed  to  the  cunimand  In  .Vnierica,  with  a  view  to  ex- 
pelling the  French  hum  their  recent  encroachments  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  plan  of  a  general  cam 
paign  against  the  French,  which  was  to  include  sever 
independent  expeditions,  tiaviiig  Iteen  agreed  upon  with 
the  colonial  governors,  he  inarched  from  a  spot  known  fU4 
Little  Meadows  with  an  army  of  l,'20cl  chosen  men,  regu- 
lars and  pi ovincials,  against  Fort  Ouiiuesne,  June  18, 175.5. 
He  crossed  the  Monongahela,  .Inly  8,  and  on  the  following 
day,  wlieri  al)out  ten  miles  from  the  fort,  fell  into  an  am- 
Ijuscade  ot  F.-enchand  Indians,  who  put  his  army  to  rout 
after  two  himrs^  flghting.  He  was  mortally  wounded  while 
trying  to  reform  his  men,  and  died  at  a  place  called  Oreat 
.Meadows,  about  00  miles  from  Fort  Dmiucsne,  the  present 
Pittsburg. 

Braddon  (brad'on),  Mary  Elizabeth.    Born 

at  London  in  1837.  An  English  novelist,  wife 
of  John  MaxwiU:  author  of  "Ladv  Audley's 
Secret"  (1862),  ••Aurora  Floyd"(1862),  ••Elea- 
nor's Victory"  (1S63),  etc.  She  also  conducted 
"Belgravia,"  to  which  she  contributed  many 
novels. 
Bradford  (brad'ford).  [y[V:.Brn,lfo,;l.  AS.  Bra- 
(liiiijunl,  dat.  of  lirdd  fonl,  •htmul  ford':  the 
naiiie  ol'  several  places.]  A  town  in  tlie  West 
Killing  of  Yorkshire.  England,  9  miles  west  of 
Leeds,  in  lat.  53°  49'  N.,  long.  1°  45'  W.  It  ha. 
manuractnres  of  worsl.d.  i  ottoii,  i  ic  It  Is  the  seal  if 
th.-  I'nil.d  College.      l"o|mlatlon  (Inoll,  ■.'71I,S0'.I. 

Bradford.  A  citv  in  McKenn  Coiintv,  Penn- 
svlvaiiia,  lat.  41°  55'  N.,  long.  78'=  43'  W.,  nottnl 
l'."u'oiliiiaiiufaelui'(;s.   Coioilnt  i..i,  (  I'.mO),  l.'i.lL'O. 

Bradford,  Alden.  Born  at  Du.vbury,  .Mass.. 
Nov.  19,  1765:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  •JO.  1,843.  A 
historical  writer  and  .journalist,  originally  a 
Congregational  clergvnian.  He  was  secretary  of 
state  for  Ma««achu8elt»  IS12  21,  and  edited  the  "B.i»ton 
Oazette^'  In  W2fl.  He  wroti'  a  ■'History  of  Massaehuselts, 
17((VI8'.'o." 

Braoford,  John.     H  >n\   at   Manchester,  Eug- 


IfyS'.l.  An  English  author.  He  was  rector  of  Den- 
ton, Huntingdonshire,  1859-71,  and  of  Stretton,  Rutland, 
1871-83,  when  he  became  vicar  of  Lenton.  He  wrote  ".Ad- 
ventures of  Mr.  Verdant  Green  ■'  (IS.53),  ■■The  Curate  of 
Cranston"  (1801),  ■A  Tour  in  I'artanland  "  (IS&i),  "The 
Hook's  Garden  "  (1805),  and  "  Matins  and  Muttons  (180U). 
Bradley,  James.  Bom  at  Sherboum,  Glouces- 
tershire. -March,  1693:  died  at  Chall'oid.  Glou- 
cestershire, July  13,  1762.  A  celebrated  English 
astronomer.  He  became  Savillan  profesfi<»r  of  astron- 
omy at  Oxford  in  1721.  lecturer  on  experimental  philoso- 
phy at  Oxford  in  17211.  and  astronomer  royal  In  1742.  He 
is  especially  fiunous  for  his  disco\eiy  of  the  aberration  of 
light,  and  his  demonstration  of  Ihe  nutation  of  the  earth's 
axis.  His  ..bscrvatious  were  published  in  two  volumc-a. 
the  llrst  in  I70S,  the  second  in  180.5. 

Bradley  Headstone.    See  Ilcndsione. 

li  Bradshaw  (brad'shai,  Henry.  I*"'"'  "'  Ches- 
ter, England,  about  14.50:  died  1513.  An  Eng- 
lish Benedictine  monk  and  Jioet.  He  wrote  "De 
Antiiitiitate  et  Magnillcentla  Crbls  Ccstrln;,"  ami  a  "  Life 
of  St.  \\  cibnruh,  in  ILngllsh  verse,  mainly  a  translation 
of  a  Latin  wmk  by  an  unknown  author. 

Bradsha'W,  John.  Born  at  Stockport,  iu  Che- 
shire, England,  1602 :  died  at  Westminsten, 
Nov.  22,  16.59.  An  English  judge  ami  politi- 
cian, famous  us  a  regicide.  He  was  judge  of  the 
sherllfs  court  In  Liuidon  l(i4.^i-ll>;  became  chief  justice 
of  Chester  1(>47;  was  president  of  the  High  Court  of  Jus- 
tice which  tried  Charles  I.,  Jan.,  ItHlt ;  was  jireslilent  of 
tlie  Council  of  State  lt^U-.52;  liecame  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Ijineaster  and  attorney-generiU  of  Cheshire  and 
North  Wales,  1('^0  ;  opi^ised  the  dissoUltlini  of  the  I.ong 
rarllament  bv  Cnimwell,  K'k'VS  ;  and  refused  to  sign  the 
"recognition  pledging  the  members  i\t  ratllanu'tit  to 
sustain  the  government,  1(1.54.  Hismenu>ry  was  attainted 
by  Parliament,  May  1.5,  1(MM),  and  his  body  hanged  In  li* 
<u>mn,  Jan.  :<n,  lUOl.' 

Bradstreet  (brad'stri't'i,  Anne.  Born  at  North- 
ampton, England,  1612:  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  .Sent.  16,  1672.  All  Anglo-American 
poet,  daugliter  of  Governor  Thonins  I  liullcy.  .she 
wiui  marrleil  In  1(12S  U)  Simon  Bradstreet.  afterward  gov- 
ernor of  Slassachusetta,  w  Ith  w  honi  she  einigratetl  to  New 
England  in  llVto.  A  collcetlon  i>f  her  l>oems  was  pub- 
lished in  Ixnnlon  In  l(l.'.o,  uml.  r  the  Itllo  "The  Tenth 
Muse."  the  sccmid  edillon  of  which  (lloaton,  lUTB)  con- 
tains the  lu'st  of  her  iMjcnis,  ■' Ciuiteniplatioiis.^^ 

Bradstreet,  John.    Horn  1711:  died  at  New 

York,  Sepl.  25.  1774.  An  English  soldier  in 
tlie  Fretich  and  Indian  war.  He  serveil  as  lleu- 
tcnant-eolonel  In  tbe  I'xpedltlon  against  l.oul!>bur^  In 
1745;  becanu'  lieutenant  governor  of  St.  Johirs.  New. 
foundlaiul.  In  1740  :  participated  In  the  attack  on  Tlcon- 
dcroga  in  17.'>8  ;  captured  Fort  Kronteiiac  in  1758 ;  ami  wu 
made  major-general  Iu  1772. 


Bradstreet,  Simon 

Bradstreet,  Simon.  Boru  at  Horbling,  Lincoln- 
shire, Kufriaud.  March,  1603:  died  at  Salera, 
Mass,,  March  27,  1697,  Au  Amerioau  politi- 
cian, governor's  assistant  1630-79,  and  gover- 
nor of  Masi5achusetts  1679-86  and  1689-92. 

Bradstreet,  Simon.  Born  at  New  Loudon, 
Conn.,  JIarch  7,  1671 :  died  at  Chariest  own, 
Mass.,  Dec.  31.  1741.  An  American  clergy- 
man, grandson  of  Governor  Simou  Bradstreet. 

Bradwardine  (brad'war-din).  Baron,  An  old 
man,  the  master  of  fully  Veolan,  in  Scott's 
••  Waverley."  He  was  a  scholar,  and  of  very  ancient 
family,  of  which  he  was  inordinately  proud.  He  had 
been  bred  to  the  bar,  and  had  served  in  the  army.  He 
had  been  in  arms  for  the  Stuarts,  and  was  in  concealment 
alter  the  rebellion  of  1745  till  released  by  pardon. 

Bradwardine,  Rose.  The  daughter  of  Baron 
Bradwardine  in  Scott's  ••Waverley":  "the 
Rose  of  TiOly  Veolan."  She  saves  Waverley's 
life,  and  he  marries  her. 

BBadwardin(e),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Hartfield, 
Sussex,  England,  about  1290:  died  at  Lam- 
beth, England,  Aug.  26,  1349.  A  celebrated 
English  prelatctheologian.  and  mathematician, 
surnamed  ••Doctor  Profundus."  He  was  appointed 
archbishop  of  Canterburj'  in  1349.  His  works  include 
••De  causa  Dei,"  "  De  quadratui-s  circuli,'  "(jeometria 
speculativa,  "  ".\rs  niemorativa,"  etc. 

Brady  (bra'di),  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Bandon, 
County  Cork,  Ireland,  Oct.  28.  16.59 :  died  at 
Eiehmond,  England,  May  20,  1726,  An  Eng- 
lish divine  and  poet,  collaborator  with  Tate  in 
the  •'New  Version  of  the  Psalms  of  David" 
(169.5-1703), 

Brady,  Widow.     See  Irish  Widow,  The. 

Brag,  Jack.     See  Jack  Brag. 

Brag,  Sir  Jack.  A  nickname  given  to  General 
.John  Burgovne  (died  1792). 

Braga  (bra'ga).  [L.  Bracara,  Bracara  Augusta, 
Brai'arauquxhi,  from  Bracares  or  Bracari,  a  tribe 
name.]  A  city  in  the  district  of  Braga,  prov- 
ince of  Minho,  "Portugal,  33  miles  northeast  of 
Oporto.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  founded  in  the  12th 
century,  but  remodeled  almost  throughout  in  the  latest 
Pointed  style.  The  early  west  doorway  has  agraceful 
triple  porch  of  florid  work,  elaborately  carved. 


178 

citizens  of  Paris  to  Gargantua  to  object  to  his  hanging 
the  bells  of  Xotre  Dame  around  the  neck  of  his  horse 


Bramah 

Brahma.     It  is  extant  only  in  a  number  of  un- 
authentic fragments. 


Braham(bra'ara),John.   Born  at  London  about  Brahmaputra  (brah' ma- po'tra).     A  river  of 

Asia,    probably    the    ancient    Dyardanes    or 


1774:  died  at" London,  Feb,  17, 1856,  An  Eug 
lish  tenor  singer,  and  composer  of  popular 
songs,  among  them  "  The  Death  of  Nelson." 
Brahe  (bra:  Dan.  pron.  bra'e).  Tycho.  Bom 
at  Knudstrap.  in  Scania,  Sweden,  Dee.  14 
(O.  S.),  1546:  died  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  Oct.  24 
(N.  S. ),  1601.  A  celebrated  Danish  astronomer. 
He  built,  under  the  patronage  of  Frederick  II.  of  Den- 
mark, an  observatory,  the  I'l-anienborg,  completed  15*0, 


CEdanes.  In  its  upper  course  in  Tibet  it  is  called  the 
Sanpo  {Tsan-pu,  etc.) ;  in  Assam  Dihono.  It  ri^es  near 
Lake  ilanasowar,  and  flows  east  and  south.  The  name 
(Bralimaputra)  is  sometimes  given  to  the  stream  formed  by 
the  main  river,  the  Dihong,  with  the  Dibonir  and  Brahma- 
kunda.  It  sends  part  of  its  water  to  the  tianges,  and 
forms  with  the  Ganges  a  vast  delta  at  the  head  of  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  Length,  l,8ixi  miles.  Navigable  to  I)i- 
brugarh,  about  800  miles. 


on  the  island  of  Hven ;  and,  entering  the  service  of  the  BrahmapUtra   Valley  Dlvision.     A  division 

emperor  Rudolph  II.,  settled  at  .Prague  in  1599.      He  ^  As-^au],  India.     Area.   21.414  iquare  miles, 

d  scovered  a  new  star  m  Cassiopeia  in  15.2,  discoverea  T,_„i/l,J,""'i,Tr„    ,i  „il,i„..,  -„'V,l,si  \r.  -a^^-hiJt 

the  variation  of  the  moon  and  the  fourth  inequality  of  Brahmasabha  (brah'ma-sa  bha).  or  Brahmi- 

the  motion  of  the  moon,  and  is  said  never  to  have  been  yasamaj  ( brah-me  'ya-sa-miij  ).    ••  The  society 


of  believers  in  God":  the  theistic  church  fotmd- 
ed  by  the  Hindu  religious  and  social  reformer 
Eammohun  Roy  at  Calcutta  in  1830. 
Brahmasamaj  (brah-ma-sa-maj');  in  Bengal, 
Brahmosomaj  (brah'rno-so-maj').  "The  so- 
ciety of  believers  in  God" :  the  later  name  of  the 
Brahmasabha  of  Rammohun  Roy.  it  was  joined 
in  l&ll  by  Debendranath  Tagore,  who  undertook  the  task 
of  organizing  it  with  properly  appointed  officers  and 
teachers,  a  settled  form  of  worship,  and  a  fixed  standard 
of  faith  and  practice.  This  was  completed  by  the  end  of 
1843.  The  >  eai- 1844  may  be  given  as  the  date  of  the  real 
commencement  of  the  lirst  organized  theistic  church  of 
India.  Its  history  has  been  niai-ked  by  various  schisme, 
but  it  has  exercised  a  powerful  influence  against  idolatry 
and  greatly  promoted  social  reform. 

Brahmins  (bra'minz),  also  Brahmans  (bra'- 
manz).    Hindus  of  the  highest  or  priestly  caste. 
See  Brahma. 
Brahms  (bramz).  Johannes.     Born  at  Ham- 
burg. May  7, 1833:  died  at  Vienna,  April  3, 1897. 
A  noted  German  composer  of  choral  and  cham- 
ber music,  and  pianist.    He  went  to  Vienna  in  1S«2. 
where  he  directed  the  famous  concerts  of  the  '"  Gesellschaf  t 
der  ^lusikfreunde."  and  filled  other  similar  positions.   Hi» 
numbered  w,.<rks  in  1SS7  w  ere  102  ;  his  most  representative 
compositions  are  his  symphonies.    Among  his  other  works 
are  "Deutsches  Keiiuiem  "  (186s),  ".Schicksalslled,"  "Tri- 
limphlied,"  etc. 
is  himself  evolved  out  of  the  one  gj-ald  (brad),  James.     Boru  in  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
I'le^coml's  t^hf E^oh^' ofMie  Vni!     land,  about  1795 :  died  at  Manchester,.  England, 


surpassed  as  a  practical  astronomer,  although  he  rejected 
the  Copernican  system. 
Brahma  (bra'ma).  Brahman  (bra'man).  [The 
Sanskrit  has  a  neuter  word  brahman  (nom- 
inative brahma),  and  a  masculine  brahman 
(nominative  brahmd);  from  the  root  brh,  'be 
thick,  great,  strong,'  causative  'make  great, 
strengthen.']  1.  The  neuter  word  brahman 
means :  (a)  Devotion.  (6)  X  sacred  formula ;  especially, 
a  spell.  Hence  the  designation  Brahmaveda  for  the  col- 
lection usually  known  :is  the  .\tharvaveda.  (c)  The  Brah- 
man (neuter),  the  highest  object  of  theosophy,  God 
thought  of  as  impersonal,  the  Absolute,  (d)  The  class 
that  are  possessors  and  fosterers  of  sacred  knowledge 
theologians,  Brahmans. 

2.  The  masculine  word  brahman  (nominative 
brahma)  means:  (a)  A  prayer,  worshiper,  and  then  a 
prayer  by  profession,  a  priest,  a  Brahman;  also  one  who 
knows  the  sacred  formulie  or  spells,  or  sacred  knowledge 
in  general.  (&)  He  who  knows  sacred  science  in  the  nar- 
rower sense  ;  the  chief  priest,  who  conducts  the  sacrifice 
and  is  obliged  to  know  the  three  Vedas.  (c)  A  particular 
priest,  the  assistant  of  the  Brahman  in  the  soma  sacri- 
fice, (i/)  Brahma,  t.  c,  the  neuter  Brahman  conceived 
as  a  person,  etc.  Brahma  is  a  product  of  theological  ab- 
straction, not  a  god  of  popular  origin.  He  is  not  known 
in  the  older  books.  In  many  passages  the  word  that  the 
native  commentators  regard  as  masculine  is  to  be  taken 
as  neuter.  Brahmanism  has  no  Oeator  in  the  Christian 
sense.  The  personal  god  Bi-ahma  (masculine),  who  is 
called  "the  Creator," 
impersonal,  self-existent 
personal  Brahma  then 


Thereisa 
raised  "choir  with  well-sculptured  Renaissance  st,ills,  and 
a  cloister,  connected  with  which  is  a  maze  of  chapels  with 
some  historic  tombs.  There  is  also  a  pilgrimage  church 
of  Bom  Jesus,  on  a  high  hill,  the  ascent  to  which  is  bor- 
dered with  12  grated  chapels  containing  groups  of  large 
colored  wooden  figures  illustrating  the  stations  of  the 
cross,  etc.,  and  with  fountains  typifying  the  five  senses 
and  the  Christian  virtues.  The  great  church,  simple  in 
design  and  well  proportioned,  is  preceded  by  pjTamids 
and  statues :  the  fine  wooden  retable  portrays  the  Cruci- 
fixion. The  combination  of  nature  and  art  is  both  curi- 
ous and  beautiful.     Population  (1S90),  23,089. 

Braga.     See  Bragi. 

BraganQalbra-gan'sa),  orBraganza(b^a-gan'- 
zii).  A  town  in  the  district  of  Bragan^a,  prov- 
ince of  Traz-os-Montes,  northern  Portugal,  in 
lat.  41°  50'  N. ,  long.  6°  45'  W.  It  gives  name  to  the 
house  of  Braganga.  It  contains  a  castle,  a  splendid  me- 
dieval fortress,  in  great  part  ruinous,  with  an  isolated  cen- 
tral keep  inaccessible  except  by  a  flying-bridge. 

Bragancja,  or  Braganza,  House  of.  The  reign- 
ing family  of  Portugal  and,  until  1889,  of  Bra- 
zil. In  13SS  the  Portuguese  crown  was  seized  by  Joao, 
bastaid  of  Pedro  the  First,  and  his  illegitimate  son  Al- 
fonso was  created  duke  of  Braganga  in  1442.  In  ll>40  a 
dnke  of  this  house  headed  the  revolution  hy  which  Por- 
tugal was  separated  from  Spain  :  he  assumed  the  crown 
as  Joao  r\'.,  and  it  h.as  been  retained  by  the  family,  though 
with  some  changes  in  the  line,  until  the  present  time. 
Pedro  I.  of  Brazil  was  son  of  Joao  VI.,  anti  heir  to  the 
Portuguese  throne;  Pedro  II.  of  Bnizil  was  his  son  ;  and 
a  daughter  became  queen  of  Portugal  in  1834. 

Braganza.     See  Braganga. 

Bragelonne  (brazh'e-lon),  Le  Vlcomte  de,  ou 

DiX  ans  aprfes  (TheVieomte  de  Braselonne, 
or  Ten  Years  After).  A  novel  by  Alexandre 
Dumas.  It  is  the  third  part  of  the  trilogj'  of  which 
"Les  Trois  .Mousquetaires"  C'The  Three  Musketeers") 
was  the  first,  and  "Vingt  ans  apres  "  ("  Twenty  Years 
After  ")  the  second. 

Bragg  (brag),  Brarton.  Bom  in  Warren  Coun- 
ty, N.  C,  1817:  died  at  Galveston,  Te.xas,  Sept. 
27,  1876.  An  American  officer,  distinguished 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  a  general  in  the  Con- 
federate service.  He  invaded  Kentucky  in  1S62;  com- 
manded at  Murfreesboro  1862-63,  and  at  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  in  1863. 

Braggadocchio  (brag-a-dot'shio).  In  Spenser's 
•  •  Faerie  Queene,"  a  big  bragging  fool.  He  per- 
sonifies cowardice,  and  is  tlie  comic  element  in  the  book. 
He  was  taken  from  Mariano,  a  similar  character  in  Ari- 
osto's  "Orlando  Furioso." 

Bragi  (bra'ge).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, a  sou  of  Odin,  and  the  god  of  poetry.  He  is 
Odin's  principal  scald  in  ■ '  Walhalla. "  His  wife  is  Idun. 
Bragi's  protot.vpe  was  probably  a  historical  person,  the 
Sorse  scald  Bragi.  who  lived  about  the  year  800. 

Bragmardo  (brag'mar-do:  F.  pron.  brag-mar'- 
do),  Janotus  de.  A  character  in  Rabelais's 
' '  (jargantua  and  Pantagruel."  He  was  sent  by  the 


verse,  while  Vishnu  is  associated  with  him  as  its  main 
tainer.  and  Shiva  as  its  destroyer.  These  three  gods  con- 
stitute the  well-known  Hindu  Triad  (Trimurti).  There 
are  believed  to  be  onlv  two  temples  of  Brahma  in  India : 
one  at  Pushkara  (Poktiar),  the  other  about  15  miles  from 
Idar.  The  reason  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  functions  of 
Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Shiva  are  interchangeable,  and  that 
both  Vishnu  and  Shiva  may  be  identified  with  Brahma,  or 
be  worshiped  as  Brahma.  The  image  at  Pushk-ara  has 
four  black  faces,  each  of  which  is  supposed  to  he  directed 
toward  one  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  compass.     In  fact 


March  25, 1860.  A  British  medical  writer,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  investigation  of  hypnotism 
(nanied  by  him  originally  '  •  neurohypnotism  "). 
Braila  (bra-e'la),  or  Blfailov  (bra-e-lov'),  or 
Ibrail  (e-brii-el'),  A  city  in  Wallachia,  Ru- 
mania, situated  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  17' 
N.,  long.  27°  55'  E.  It  was  formerly  a  fortress. 
It  was  taken  bv  the  Russians  in  1770  and  ia 
1828.     Population.  46.715. 


three  look  at  the  ohseners,  each  having  two  great  glass  Bralnaxd  (bra'nard),  John  Gardiner  CalkinS, 


eyes.  The  four-faced  head  is  covered  by  a  broad  red  tur 
ban,  and  over  that  hang  umbrella-shaped  ornaments.  The 
image  is  dressed  in  red  clothes. 
Brahmagupta  (briih-ma-gop'ta).  A  Hindu  as- 
tronomer whose  date,  according  to  Albiruni, 
is  A,  D.  664.  Albiruni  gives  a  notice  of  his  recast  of 
an  earlier  Brahmasiddhanta,  To  him  also  belongs,  ac- 
cording to  the  same  author,  a  work  named  '*  Ahargana," 
corrupted  by  the  Arabs  into  Arkand.  This  .\l'kand,  the 
Sindhends  (i.  e.  the  five  Siddhantas),  and  the  system  of 
Arjabahr  (-\n,abhata)  were  the  works  which  were  princi- 
pally studiedand  in  part  translated  by  the  Arabs  in  the  8th 
and  9tll  centuries. 
Brahmana  (briih'ma-ua).  [Skt.  brdhmana,  ap- 
parently 'relating  to  th'ebrahman  or  worship.'] 
Dicta  on  matters  of  faith  and  worship;  espe- 
cially "a  Brahmana."  as  designation  of  one  of 
a  cla"ss  of  Vedic  writings  which  contain  these 
dicta.  Their  object  is  to  connect  the  songs  and  sacrifi- 
cial formulse  of  the  Ved:is  with  the  rites.  They  contain 
the  oldest  rituals,  linguistic  explanations,  traditional  nar- 
ratives, and  philosophical  speculations  we  have.  They 
originated  from  the  opinions  of  individual  sages,  imparted 
by  oral  tradition,  and  preserved  as  well  as  supplemented 
in  their  families  and  by  their  disciples.  A  comparatively 
large  number  of  Brahmauas  is  still  extant,  owing  to  their 
being  each  annexed  to  a  particular  Veda,  as  well  as  to  a 
sort  of  jealousv  among  the  families  in  which  the  study  of 
the  different  Vedas  was  hereditarily  transmitted.     The 


Born  at  NewLoiidon,  Conn.,  Oct.  21.  1796:  died 
there,  Sept.  26.  1828.  An  American  poet  and 
journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Connecticut  Mli^ 
ror"  (1822-2T).  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  (1825X 
a  second  enlarged  edition  of  which  appeared  (1832).  with  & 
sketch  of  the  author  by  John  G.  Whittier,  under  the  title 
of  "  Literaiy-  Remains." 

Braine-l'Alleud,  or  Braine-la-Leude  (bran- 
la-led'),  Flem.  Eigen-Brakel.  -^.  manufac- 
turing town  in  the  pro\ince  of  Brabant,  Bel- 
gium, 12  miles  south  of  Brussels.  It  was  the 
scene  of  part  of  the  operations  of  the  battle  of 
Waterloo.     Population  (1890),  7,'296. 

Braine-le-Comte (bran-le-koiit' ).  Flem.  's  Gra- 
ven Brakel.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hai- 
naut,Bpli.num.  14miles  northeast  of  Mons.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  8,790. 

Brainerd  (bra 'nerd),  David.  Born  at  Had- 
dam.  Conn.,  April  20.  1718:  died  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1747.  An  American  mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians.  His  biography 
was  written  by  Jonathan  Edwards  (17&:  en- 
larged edition  1822). 

Braintree  (brau'tre).     A  town  in  Esses,  Eng- 
land, 11  miles  northeast  of  Chelmsford.    Popn- 
.      „     .   ,,    ^  ,.        lation  (1891),  5,303. 
Brahmauas  of  the  Rigveda  treat  especially  of  the  duties  graintree.     A  tovra  in  Norfolk  Countv.  Massa- 

?ld'^toX"sa:"^flc^e's"l',^th'e7dTv1^JraVtV're  l?\"h^e     chu^etts,  10  miles  south  of  Boston.    Papulation 

Samaveda  to  the  chanting  by  the  I'dgatri.    The  Brali-     (19(101.  ii.981. 

manas  embrace  also  the  treatises  called  Aranyakas  and  grainWOrm    (bran'werm).     In    Ben    JoDSOn'S 


Upaiiishads. 

Brahmapurana  (brah'ma-po-ra'naO.  In  San- 
skrit literature,  one  of  the  eighteen  Piiranas:  so 
called  as  revealed  by  Brahma  to  Daksha.  This 
Purana  is  sometimes  placed  first,  and  therefore  called 
Adipurana.  Its  main  object  appears  to  be  the  promotion 
of  the  worship  of  Krishna.  It  describes  the  creation,  the 
Manvantar.as  or  the  life  or  period  of  a  Manu,  the  historj- 
of  the  solar  and  lunar  dynasties  to  the  time  of  Krishna, 
Orissa  with  its  temples  "and  groves,  the  life  of  Krishna, 
and  the  mode  of  Yoga  or  contemplative  devotion.  It  ,vas 
not  compiled  earlier  than  the  I3th  or  14th  centurj'. 

Brahmandapurana  (brah-man'da-po-ra 'na). 
In  Sanskrit  literature,  one  of  the  eighteen  Pura- 
nas :  so  called  as  revealed  by  Brahma,  and  con- 
taining an  account  of  "the  egg  of  Brahma.'lthe 
mundane  egg,  and  the  future  Kalpas  or  days  of 


Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  a  servant  of  old 
Knowe'll,  witty  and  shrewd,  whose  various  dis- 
guises contribute  to  the  perplexities  and  elabo- 
ration of  the  plot. 

Brake  (bra'ke).  A  town  of  Oldenburg,  Ger- 
many, until  1888  a  free  port,  situated  on  the 
Weser  22  miles  northwest  of  Bremen. 

Braklond  (brak'lond),  Long  and  Little.  Two 
ancient  streets  in  St.  Edmtmdsbury.  England. 
See  Jocelin  de  Brakelondc. 

Bramah  (bra'ma),  Joseph.  Born  at  Stainbor- 
ough,  Yorkshire,  England,  April  2.  1749:  died 
at  Pimlico,  Dec.  9, 1814.  An  English  mechani- 
cian and  engineer.  He  patented  the  Bramah 
lock  in  1784,  and  the  hydraulic  press  in  1796. 


Bramante 
Bramante  (bra-man'te),  Donato  d'Angnolo. 

Boru  at  Monti  Astli-uuldo,  near  Urbiiio.  uWuut 
I  1444:  (lied  March  11,  1514.  A  celebrated  Ital- 
t  ian  architect.  He  studied  painting  before  aruhitt'c- 
turc.  About  1472  he  est:iblislu-d  hiinsdf  in  Miliin,  and 
lived  i"  nuitbtTii  Italy  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  He 
abandoned  ililaii  for  Koine  in  1499,  and  beuaiue  tlie  preat- 
i  est  master  of  the  Roman  style  Rowing  up  about  the  an- 
(  tique  ruins.  His  principal  «oiks  in  Itunie  are:  («) 'llie 
Chancelleria  built  for  the  i.'ardinai  KatfaelloKiario,  nephew 
of  Pope  Sixtus  IV.,  his  tlrst  work  in  Kome.  I'h';  columns 
in  the  famous  courtyard  were  taken  from  tlie  old  Biuiliea 
i  of  San  Lorenzo  in  Damaso,  and  were  originally  tiiken  from 
the  Portico  of  Ponipey.  (b)  The  Tempietto  (1502).  (c) 
Palazzo  Giraud-Torloiiia  (1603).  (rf)  The  cloistei-s  of  Santa 
Maria  della  Pace  (1  ;'ii>4).  He  was  employed  by  Popes  Alex- 
ander VI.  and  Julius  11.  His  works  at  the  N'atican  were 
the  long  gallery  connecting  the  old  palace  with  the  Kelve- 
dere,  the  court  of  the  Loggia  finished  by  Uaphael,  contain- 
ing the  frescos  of  Kaphael,  and  the  first  plan  of  St.  Peter's. 
(See  St.  Peter's.)  Hramatite's  design  has  been  considered 
by  Michelangelo  and  all  architectural  critics  as  the  Itest  of 
the  many  which  were  made  for  this  church.  It  was  a 
Greek  cross  with  a  dome  and  two  spires,  and  instead  of 
the  single  great  order  of  the  interior  employed  two  orders 
superimposed  as  in  the  Ospidali  Maggiuri.  The  first  stone 
was  laid  on  April  IS,  15o0.  As  a  military  engineer  Bra- 
mante assisted  Julius  II.  in  the  sieges  of  Bologna  and 
Mlrandola,  and  built  the  fine  old  fort  at  Civiti  Vecchia 
near  Kome. 

Brambanan  (bram-ba'uan).  A  village  in 
southern  Java,  10  miles  east  of  Djokjo-karta, 
noted  for  ruins  of  temples. 

Bramble  (brara'bl),  Frederick.  The  nephew 
of  Sir  Robert  in  Colman's  play  "  The  Poor  Gen- 
tleman.' He  is  generous,  enthusi;istic,  and  the  pre- 
•erver  of  Emily.  He  insults  her  aUIuctor  "with  all  the 
civility  imaginable  " 

Bramble,  Matthew.  In  Smollett's  novel 
"Humphrey  Clinker,"  a  hot-tempered,  kind- 
hearted,  gouty  squire,  whose  opinions  are  sup- 
posed to  represent  Smollett's, 

Bramble,  Sir  Robert.  In  Colman's  play  **  The 
Poor  Gentleman,"  a  eharacter  of  the  same 
stamp  as  Matthew  Bramble. 

Bramole,  Tabitba.  The  sister  of  Matthew 
Bramble,  a  prying' and  ugly  old  maid/'exceed- 
iugly  starched,  vain  and  ridiculous,"  who  finally 
insnares  *'the  immortal  Lismahago." 

Bramball  (bram'hal),  John.  Born  at  Ponte- 
fract,  Yorkshire,  England,  l;'i94 :  died  in  Ire- 
land, June,  1663.  An  English  prelate  iu  Ire- 
land, and  controversialist.  He  became  bishop  of 
Derry  in  1034  ;  was  impeached  by  the  Irish  House  uf  Cum- 
mons,  March  4,  1G4I,  ami  arrested  on  the  charge  of  compli- 
city in  the  alleged  treason  of  Stratford  ;  was  libenited. 
without  ac))uittal,  througli  the  t-xertjuns  uf  I'sshet  with 
the  king,  1041;  retired  to  Hamburg  after  the  luittle  of 
Marston  Moor,  1644  ;  became  archbishop  of  Armagh  ItiOI ; 
and  in  the  same  year  became  speaker  of  the  Irish  House 
of  Lords.  He  induced  the  Church  of  Ireland  U>  embrace 
the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  and  disputed  with  Holjbes  on 
liherty  and  necessity, 

Brampton  (bramp'ton),  Lady,  A  charaeter  in 
Steele's  play  "The  Funeral." 

Bran.     The  name  of  Fingal's  dog. 

Bran,  sumamed  **The  Blessed."  A  knight 
whose  history  is  given  in  Taliesin's  poem  '*  My- 
V^Tian."  He  discovered  a  wonderful  and  mystic  vessel 
which  was  adorned  like  the  San  Graal  and  had  traditions 
resembling  it. 

Brancaleone    ( briin  -  kit  -  la  -  o '  ne ) ,    Dandolo. 

Died  at  Kome,  1208.  An  Italian  statesninn  id' 
Bolognese  origin,  elected  hythe  people  podesta, 
or  senator,  of  Rome  in  12.')3,  with  tiie  power  of 
enforcing  justice,  and  the  conim;ind  of  the  mili- 
tary forces.  He  repressed  the  nobles  and  forced  the 
Pope  (Innocent  IV.)  to  recognize  the  power  of  the  people, 
but  he  exercised  his  power  with  such  severity  that  he 
wan  driven  frrim  the  city.  Two  years  later,  however,  he 
was  recalled. 

Branchidse  (brang'ki-de).  [Gr.  lipayxt^fi'i  de- 
scendants of  Brancdius  (Bpdy^or),  and  the  name 
of  their  seat  near  Miletus,  Asia  Minor.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  snniU  town  in  Sogdinna. 
said  to  have  been  built  by  the  priests  of  Apollo 
Didynueus  near  Miletus:  it  was  destroyeij  by 
Alexander  the  Great.  Tfinple  of  Apollo  Didiwurm,  a 
very  ancient  sanctuary  rebuilt  at  a  late  date  on  so  great  n 
■cale  that  it  was  never  tin Ished.  The  temple  was  in  plan  1(>8 
by  302  feet,  Ionic,  decastyle,  dipteral,  with  twenty-one  iol- 
umnson  each  (lank,  and  four  between  an  tie  in  the  i)runaon. 
The  columns  are  63  feet  high.  A  sacred  way,  bordered 
with  archaic  seated  statues,  the  bust  of  which  are  now  in 
the  British  Museum,  led  from  the  sea-shore  to  the  temple. 

The  name  Branchidie,  as  the  name  of  a  jtlace,  is  curUuiB. 
The  i«rra  properly  applied  to  the  priestly  family  to  which 
wa«  committed  the  superintendence  <»f  the  oracle,  ami 
may  be  compared  with  such  names  as  Kumolpidie.  latni- 
dw,  &c.  .  .  .  According  to  the  I<)cal  tradition  tiny  were 
descended  from  Branchiis,  a  Thessalian.  or  according  to 
others  a  Delphian,  the  original  founder  and  priest  of  the 
temple,  of  whom  a  legend  was  told  similar  t<»  that  of  Hya- 
clnthua.  Jtawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  'J:t".  note. 

Branco  (briiug'ko),  Rio.  A  river  in  north- 
ern Brazil  which  joins  the  Uio  Negro  in  hit. 
P  22'  S.,  long.  61°  57'  W.  Length,  about  375 
miles. 

Brand  (brand),  John.     Born  at  Washington, 


170 

Durham,  England.  Aug.  19,  1744:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  11,  ISOC.  An  English  antiquary 
and  topogi'apher,  rector  of  the  parishes  St. 
Mary-at-Hill  and  St.  Andrew  Hubbard  in  the 
city  of  London.  Uepuldished  "Oijservations  on  Popu- 
lar AiUiftuities;  including  the  whole  of  Mr.  Bourne's  '  An- 
liiiuitates  Vulgares,'  etc."  (1777).  and  other  works. 

Brandan.    See  JinufUtu. 

Brande  (brand).  William  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Londcin,  Feb.  H,  178S:  died  at  Tunbridgc 
Wells,  England,  Feb.  11.  1866.  A  distinguished 
English  chemist.  Ue  became  professor  of  chemistry 
to  the  Apothecaries' Company  1812;  professor  of  materia 
medica  1S13;  master  of  the  company  IfiSI ;  was  prof essitr 
of  chemistry  at  the  Koyal  Im^titution  1813-64 ;  became 
superintendent  of  the  die  department  of  the  mint  182.'>,  and 
of  the  coining  department  IS.'.-* ;  and  edited  with  il.  Fara- 
day the  "Quarterly  .lournal  of  Science  and  Art"{181ti-:^C). 

Brandenburg  (b*'^iii'<l<^"-b6rG).  A  city  in  the 
i>r()vince  of  Hrantlenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
tlie  Havel  3')  miles  west-southwest  of  Berlin. 
It  contain:?  a  cathednU  and  church  of  SI.  Catherine.  It 
was  an  old  Slavic  stronghold  ;  was  taken  by  Albert  the 
Hear  in  ll.'">3;  and  w:is  long  the  principal  place  in  the  mark 
of  Hranilenburg.     Population  (189<J)j  commune,  37,817. 

Brandenburg.  A  former  margi-avate  and  elec- 
torate of  the  Oermau  Empire,  the  nucleus  of 
the  kingdom  of  Prussia.  The  Nordmark  (see  A'orrf- 
mark)  was  gr:uite«l  in  1134  to  Albert  the  Hear,  who  sub- 
dued the  Slavic  Wends,  Christianized  the  legion  and  cid- 
onized  it  with  iJermans.  and  took  the  title  of  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg,  making  the  town  of  Brandenburg  his  cap- 
ital. Brandenburg  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  seven 
electorates  in  the  Colden  Bull  of  i:i.^6.  It  was  united  with 
B(diemia  i;i7;i-1415.  In  1415  Frederick  of  Ilohenzollern 
(Burgrave  uf  Nuremberg)  received  the  mark  and  electo- 
rate of  Brandenburg,  and  was  formally  invested  with  it  in 
1417.  The  mark  consisted  then  mainly  of  the  Altniark, 
i'riegnitz,  and  the  Mittelmark ;  the  Ukerniark  was  addeii 
(mainly)  about  1415-iO,  the  N'eumark  (maiidy)  about  UM. 
Branilenburg  early  embraced  the  Reformation.  It  ac- 
quired Cleves,  Mark,  and  Ravensburg  in  1(J14  (formally 
ItH'Ai),  ami  the  duchy  of  Prussia  was  united  with  it  in  Ittb-^. 
During  the  reign  of  Frederick  William,  the  (ireat  Elector 
(1610-88),  it  became  an  important  military  power.  In  1C4S 
it  acquired  eastern  (Furtlier)  Pomeninia,  and  the  bishop- 
ries of  Ilalberstadt,  Minden,  and  Kamin,  and  in  l(18n  the 
archbishopric  of  Magdeburg.  It  became  the  kingdom  of 
Prussia  in  1701.     See  I'ntMna. 

Brandenburg.  A  province  of  Prussia.  It  is 
bounded  by  Mecklenburg  and  Pomerania  <m  the  north, 
West  Prussia^  Pitsen.  and  Silesia  on  the  ea^t,  Silesia  and 
the  province  of  Saxony  on  the  south,  and  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Anhalt,  anil  Hannover  on  the  west.  It  contains 
the  government  districts  Potsdam  and  Frankfort.  Since 
13*1  Berlin  has  been  separated  from  the  province.  It  is 
composed  of  the  Mittelniark,  I'kermark,  Priegnitz,  and 
most  of  the  Neumark,  and  is  the  nucleus  of  the  Prussian 
mon:irchy.  The  surface  is  gem-rally  level.  Area,  15,370 
square  miles.     Population  (lfS!»o).  '.i,r>41,783. 

Brandenburg,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  Count  of. 

Born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  '24,  17I»LI:  died  Nov.  6, 
1S.")0.  A  Prussian  general  and  statesman,  son 
of  Frederick  William  11.  of  Prussia  by  his  mor- 
tjanatic  wife,  the  Countess  von  Doenhoff.  Uc  be- 
came the  head  of  a  strongly  reactionary  min<jrity,  Nov.  2, 
1S4S,  and  represented  Prussia  at  Warsaw,  Oct,  2Q,  1850,  be- 
fore the  Czar  of  Russia,  who  acted  aa  arbiter  )>etween 
Prussia  and  Austria  in  the  ditference  arising  out  of  Aus- 
tria's interference  in  the  politics  of  Ifesee  t.'iissel. 

Brandes  (briin 'des),  Georg  Morris  Cohen. 

Born  at  (.'openha^'en.  Frb.  4.  1S4L\  A  Danish 
wu'iteron  esthetics  and  the  history  of  literature. 
Between  1865  and  1871  (time  spent  principally  in  France 
and  Uermany)  he  publishe-i  "Astbetiske  Studier"  ("Es- 
thetic Studies"),  "Kritikei-  og  Portraetur"  ("Criticisms 
and  Portraits"),  and  "Den  franske  Asthetik  i  vore  Diige  " 
("French  Esthetics  in  Our  Day."  18711).  Returrdngt^t  Den- 
mark, he  became  iloccnt  at  the  I'niversitv  of  ("opetdiagen. 
His  Itrctures  (whieb  afterward  appearec^  under  the  title 
"  Hovedstroinninger  i  det  l!>'l''  Aarhundredes  Literatiir,"' 
"I*rincipal  Ti-ndenrics  in  the  Literature  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century"  1872-7r>)  brought  upon  him  the  charge  of  nuli- 
calisr  and  frt  -thinking,  ami  accordingly,  in  1877.  he  left 
Denmark  for  Ocrmany,  and  Hettled  in  Berlin.  In  Ihesaiue 
year  fall  "Sbren  Kjerkegaard  "  and  "Danske  Diktere" 
("Danish  Poets").  In  Berlin  appeared  "Ksaljas  Tegn^r" 
and  "Henjamin  d 'Israeli,"  both  in  1878. 

Brandimart  (bran'di-miirt),  or  Brandimarte 

(i)niu-de-niiir'te).  The  husband  td"  Kliu-dcli.'*. 
and  llie  Kinj;  of  the  Distant  Islands,  in  both 
Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's  **  Orlando."  He  is  killed 
by  Oradasso.     See  Fhnuhits. 

Bfandis  (briiu'dis),  Christian  August.    Born 

at  Hihli'slieim,  (iernniny.  Feb.  \\\,  1790:  died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  July  L*4,   1H67.     A   Gernuin 

Shilosophieal  writer  and  historian,  professor  at 
onn  (1821).  Ilewrote  a"Uaiidbueh  derilesehlchto 
der  grlechisch-ro»ninchen  Phllosophie"  (isar-W),  "(le- 
schichte  der  Kntwickelungen  der  grlechlschen  I'hlloso- 
phie"  (1862-ti4).  etc. 

Brandon    (bran '  don),    Saint.      See   Brcnihni, 

Saint. 
Brandon.     A  eliaracter  in  Shakspere'a  '*Kinf; 

Ib-nrv  VIIT." 

Brandon.  Charles.    Died  at  OuiMford.  Knj;- 

Iniid.  Ani:.  lit.  \^A't.  An  Knjjflish  noblennin, 
son  of  William  BrniMlou.  Henry  Vll.'s  standard- 
bearer  at  Boswortii  Field,  ereated  duke  of  Suf- 
folk^'eb.,  1514.  Ue  waB  a  favorite  of  Henry  VIII., 
scrvca  him  in  varluiu  diplomatic  mlulont,  and  socretiy 


Brass 

married  his  sister,  the  widow  of  Louis  XII.  of  France. 
He  commanded  (he  armies  which  invaded  France  in  1^23 
and  1M4.     In  the  lattt;r  year  he  captured  Iloulogne. 

Brandt  (bnint),  Marianiie  (Marie  Bischof). 

Born   at    Vienna,  Sipt.   i-,  1842.     A   German 
sinfjer.     She  has  been  particularly  successful 
as  Briingane  and  Fidelio. 
Brandywine  tbran'di-win)  Greek.    A  river 

ill  soutlieastern  Pennsylvania  whieh  joins  the 
Delaware  Kiverat  \ViImintrton,I>ela\vare.  Here, 
Sept.  U,  1777,  Genera]  Howe  defeated  the  Americans 
under  Washington.  The  force  of  the  British  was  about 
IS.iXMt ;  that  of  the  Americans,  ll.rxx).  Loss,  British,  over 
l,iM«);  Americans,  about  l,(K)o. 

Brangtons  (brang'tonzj.  The.  A  family  of 
the  middle  elass  in  Atiss  Burney^s  novel  '*  Eve- 
lina." Their  name  is  proverbial  for  \'ulgar 
malieious  jealousy. 

Brangwaine,  or  B'rangwayne,  "v  Brengwain. 

The  eontidante  ot"  Isolde  (Iseult)  in  the  romanee 
of  *' Tristram  and  Isolde":  iu  Wagner^s  opera 
called  Briiugane. 

The  gnmp  of  the  "Children  of  Lir"  included  several 
other  divinities  who  came  to  be  regarded  as  characters 
of  romance.  The  Lady  Brangwaine,  who  helps  and  hides 
the  loves  of  Tristram  and  Iseult.  is  no  other  than 
"Branwen  of  the  Fair  Bosom,  the  Venus  of  the  J^orth- 
em  Seas,  whose  miraculous  fountain  still  preserves  her 
name  in  an  islet  off  the  shore  of  Anglesea. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist,  p.  280. 

Branicki  (brii-nvits'ke),  Jan  Klemens.    Born 

lOsS:  died  at  *Bialystok,  Poland,  Oct.  9,  1771. 
A  Polish  politieiau,  leader  of  the  republican 
parly.  He  was  the  champion  of  the  nobility  against 
Augustus  II.,  and  after  the  death  of  Augustus  III.  put 
himself,  with  Karl  Kjidziwill,  at  the  head  of  the  republi- 
can parly,  by  which  he  was  offered  the  crown  ;  but  ihe 
monarchical  party,  under  Czartoryiski,  triumphed  in  the 
diet  of  170-1,  and  he  was  banished,  lemaining  in  exile  till 
the  accession  of  Poniatuwski. 

Branicki    (*)rigiiniliy    Branetzki*,   Xavery. 

Died  1819.  A  Polish  politician,  of  the  Russian 
party.  Ue  was  the  agent  of  Catherine  IL  in  her 
amours  with  Poniatowski.  and  in  1771  became  grand 
general  of  the  kingdom  of  Poland.  He  was  convicted 
of  treason  in  171H,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  the 
Ukraine. 

Brant   (brant),    Joseph    (Thayendanegea). 

Born  in  Ohio  about  1742:  died  near  Lake  On- 
tario, Canada,  Nov.  24, 1807,  A  Mohawk  chief 
in  the  British  ser\'iee  during  the  Kevolutionary 
War. 

Brant  (briint),  Sebastian.  Bom  at  Strasburg, 
1458:  died  at  Strasburg,  May  10,  1521.  A  Ger- 
man satiric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  BaseL 
and  was  made  doctor  of  laws  in  148J).  He  was  afterwartl 
town  clerk  in  Strasburg.  His  most  celebrated  work  is  the 
"Narrenschilt"  ("Ship  of  Fools"),  a  satirical  didactic 
poem,  published  first  at  Basel.  14^.  A  translation  into 
Latin  appeared  in  14it7,  and  versions  were  made  in  French, 
Dutch,  and  English.  The  principal  edition  of  the"Nar- 
renschitf  "  is  by  Zarncke,  Leipsi>^  18.>4.     Sec  Ship  o/  Foot*, 

Brantford  (brant'ford).  A  town  iu  Ontario, 
Canada,  sitnnted  on  the  Grand  River  23  miles 
soul  liwcst    of  Hamilton.     Population    ( llMH  ), 

Brantome  (broh-tom').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Dronne  13  miles  north-northwest  of  Pi^rigueux. 

Population  (ISDl).  commune.  2.422. 

Brantome,  Seigneur  de  (Pierre   de   Bour- 

deilles).  Born  ill  lVri^^>rd,  Friiiiee,  about 
]'»40:  dird  .Inly  15.  1014.  A  Krencli  chronicler, 
lie  was  made  Abb(^  de  Brant<^me  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
without  taking  (trders ;  R-'rved  in  the  army  against  the 
Huguenots,  and  traveled  extensively.  His"  Memoires  " 
(ItHh'i  t;*!)  arv  valued  for  Ihelr  livel>  description  of  the 
ehiei  liisiorical  per>on8and  events  oi  hi»  time.  "tKuvres  " 
(1710) 

Branville  {bran'\il),  Sir  Anthony.  A  pedan- 
tic and  solemn  lover  in  Mrs.  Slu'ridan  s  jday 
"  The  Discoverv."  He  talks  most  passionately,  with- 
out sht>wing  a  sparVof  meaning  in  his  action  or  features, 
and  has  made  luve  in  tliis  manner  to  eight  women  In 
thirteen  years.     (Warrick  created  the  character. 

Brasenose  (bniz/no/.)  College.    A  coUe^^e  of 

<»\ford  I'niviTsity,  founded  by  Bishop  William 
Smith  <d'  Lincoln  ami  Sir  Uichard  Sutton,  about 
1509  (?), upon  the  site  of  an  old  acadirnical  insti- 
tuti()n  named  Brasi-nose  Hall  (from  its  si^n,  a 
brasennose).  The  foundntton-stone  was  laid  .luno  1, 
KmH>.  and  the  chiyter  was  ijnintfd  in  IM'2.  The  «|ua(1- 
ningle  is  ver>'  pletureniiue ;  the  Tudor  gati' tower  and 
hull  reimiin  unaltered.  The  library  and  chapel  are 
later,  and  iirchitectunilly  incongruous.  A  new  i|Uiid* 
raiigie  has  lately  heeii  added. 

Brasidas  (lims'i-das).  [Gr.  MfxiaiAa^,']  Killed 
at  Aniphipolis.  Macedonia.  422  B.  C.  A  Spar- 
tan j^eneral.  ilistinjjuished  in  the  Peloponne- 
sian  war.  He  oapturt'd  Amnhipolis  in  424, 
and  dofcated  Cleon  there  in  422. 

Brasil.     See  lif'fUil. 

Brass,    s.e  hho. 

Brass  (bras).  In  VnnhruRh's  comedy  "The 
Confedoracy,"  the  knavish  cotnpaniou  of  Dick 
Amiet,  passing  for  his  servant :  a  clever  valet. 


Brass,  Sally 

Brass,  Sally.  The  sister  and  partner  of  Samp- 
son Brass  in  Dickens's  '-Old  Curiosity  Shop." 
She  has  a  very  red  nose  and  suspicions  of  a  beard,  and 


180 

The  name  originally  given  to  the  Rio  Grande 
in  the  16th  century,  and  still  used  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  Mexico. 


devotes  herself  "with  uncommon  ardor  to  the  study  of  gj-ayo   The.     A  novel  bv  Cooper,  published  in 

the  law."  -    '^      ■  •     ■   1  '    ' j_   ,Don 

Brass,  Sampson.     A  harsh-voiced  "attorney 
of  no  verv  20od  repute."  in  Charles  Dickens's  .^  ,     «  .     «  a.  /i    ■-/   -  :,-    •■ 

••OM  Cm-io'sity  Shop"':   the  legal  adviser   of  Bravo  de  Saravia  Sotomayor  C";^;"  da  ^.j', 
OuilD  J  f  a  ra-ve  a  so-to-ma-yor  ),Melcnor.  Jtsorn  at  sons 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  (bra-s^r'  d6  bor-bor'), 
Charles  lltienne.    Bom  at  Bourbom'g,  De- 

partement  du  Nord,  France,  Sept.  8,  1814:  died 
at  Xice,  Jan.  8,  1874.  A  French  clergyman, 
ethnologist,  and    author.      He  was  a  teacher  and 


1831.    Buckstone  produced  a  melodrama  in  1833 
with  the  same  title,  a  di-amatizatiou  of  the  novel. 


about  1.505:  died 'there  about  1580.     A  Spanish 
lawyer   and  administrator.     He  went  to  Peru  in 


Breckenridge,  John  Cabell 

which  in  1891  proclaimed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  of  Brazil.  Fonseca,  the  fil-st  president,  assumed  the 
dictatorship  in  1891.  but  was  obli;;cd  to  resign  the  same 
year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Peixotu  as  president.  Revolts 
have  occurred  especially  in  Kio  Grande  do  Sul  and  Matto 
Grosso,  and  in  1893  a  serious  rebellion  of  the  fleet  brolce 
out  under  Mello.  Area,  3.'218,082  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (189-3),  about  18,000.000. 

Brazil.  A  mii-thical  island  which  appeared  on 
maps  of  the  Atlantic  as  early  as  the  14th  cen- 
tury, and  long  remained  on  them.  It  was 
placed  at  first  apparently  in  the  Azores,  and 


1547>  one  of  the  judges  of  the  audience  ^,''de^r  Gagja;    also  appeared  as  west  of  Ireland, 


and  later  was  dean  of  the  audience  during  ...t  ,.,»tii».^..  _         .,-  -  _,  ^  t>        -, 

of  Giron.    From  1567  to  1574  he  governed  ChUe  as  presi-  UraZllS,  1110.     same  as  Jiia.ll. 
dent  of  the  audience  at  Santiago. 


"  The  Brazils  "  in  the  plural  used  to  be  a  common  form, 


priest  in  Canada  and  the  United  States  1845-48.    FromlMs  BravO-MuTlllO  (bra'vo-mQ-rel'jo),  Juan.  Born     and  I  have  a  dim  notion  that  the  reason  has  to  be  sought 


to  1851  he  was  almoner  of  the  French  legation  at  Mexico, 
and  from  1854  to  1863  he  traveled  extensively  in  Mexico 
and  Central  America,  studying  Indian  antiquities  and  an- 
cient manuscripts.  In  1804  he  was  appointed  archaeolo- 
gist to  the  French  scientilic  expedition  in  Mexico.    He 


published  "Histoire  des  nations  civilistes  du  M^xique  et  ■[»__„  Miral   Afrs    fA-nnn  Tlli7a  Kprntipl 
de  lAmerique  Centrale '  (4  vols.  1857-58),  and  variousother  -Bray  ( Dra  J,  Jlrs.  ( AUna  tliza^  lS.empe  j 


at  Freienal  de  la  Sierra,  Badaioz,  Spain,  June,     for  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 
1803 :  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  11,  1873.     A  Span-  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  200. 

ish  statesman  and  diplomatist,  prime  minister  Brazos  (bra'zos).  A  river  in  Texas  which  flows 
18.51-52.  ._..-...... 


works  on  the  ancient  history  of  Mexico,  and  its  monuments. 
Brassey  (bras'i),  Anne,  Lady.  Died  at  sea, 
Sept.  14,  1887.  An  English  traveler.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  J.  Allnutt,  of  London,  and  married 
Thomas  (later  Lord)  Brassey  in  1860.  She  accompanied 
her  husband  in  his  tours  in  the  yacht  Sunbeam,  of  which 
she  MTote  interesting  accounts.  Author  of  "A  Voyage  in 
the  Sunbeam,  our  Home  on  the  Ocean  for  Twelve  Months  " 


into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  40  miles  southwest  of 
Born    Galveston.     Length,  over  900  miles :  navigable 
at  Xewington,  Surrey,  lice.  25,   171.10:   died  at     (in  high  water)  250  miles. 
London,  Jan.  21, 1883.    An  English  novelist  and  Brazos  de  Santiago  (bra'zos  da  san-te-a'go). 
miscellaneous  writer,  she  was  first  married  to  Charles    A  haven  in  southern  Texas,  situated  on  the 


.\.  Stothard  (died  1821X  and  about  isa  to  the  Rev.  Edward 
A.  Bray,  vicar  of  Tavistock.  She  wrote  "  De  Foix"  (1S26), 
"Trelawney  of  Trelawney  "(1837),  "  Courtenay  of  Walred- 
don  "  (1S44),  "  The  Borders  of  the  Tamar  and  the  Tavy  " 
(1836),  etc. 


(1878).  "Sunshine  and  Storm  in  the  East,  or  Cruises  to  Bray,   Madeline.     A   voung  ladv  of   singular 
^rlVI^^  ^I'3.^™J'i??}iPSJ'{t'J}f^l;^}"  S"^  '^^'^''"'  """     beauty  in  Charles  Dickens's  '•  Nicholas  Xickle- 

by,"  the  slave  of  a  profligate  father.  She  be- 
comes the  wife  of  Nicholas  Nickleby. 
Bray,  Sir  Reginald.  Bom  in  the  parish  of 
St.  John  Bedwardine.  near  Worcester:  died 
1503.  An  English  architect  and  politician.  He 
was  steward  of  the  household  of  Sir  Henry  Stafford,  and 
later  a  favorite  of  Henry  VII.,  who  appointed  him  privy 
councilor  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  and 
employed  him  in  various  other  offices.  He  supervised  the 
construction  of,  and  probably  designed,  the  chapel  of 
Heniy  XTL  at  Westminster;  he  also  founded  St.  George's 
Chapel  at  Windsor. 
Bray,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Marton,  Shropshire, 
England,  1656:  died  at  Loudon,  Feb.  15,  1730. 
An  English  clergyman  and  philanthropist. 


Tropics,  and  the  Roaring  Forties"  (1884),  etc. 

Brassey,  Thomas.  Born  at  Buerton,  Aldford, 
in  Cheshire,  England,  Nov.  7,  1805:  died  at 
Hastings,  England,  Dec.  8,  1870.  An  English 
railway  contractor.  He  constructed  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  in  Canada. 

Brassey,  Thomas,  Lord.  Born  at  Stafford, 
England,  in  1836.  An  English  political  econo- 
mist, and  writer  on  naval  matters.  He  became 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty  under  Gladstone  in  1880,  secre- 
tary of  the  admiralty  1884,  and  a  peer  in  1886.  His 
works  include  "Work  and  Wages  "  (1872),  "Lectures  on 
the  Labor  Question  "  (1878),  etc. 

Brattle  (brat'l),  Thomas.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Sept.  5,  1657:  died  there,  May  18,  1713. 


Gulf  of  Mexico  6  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Rio  Grande. 

Brazza  (brat'sii),  Giacomo  de.  Died  at  Bome, 
March  1,  1888.  A  younger  brother  of  Pierre 
Savorgnan  de  Brazza.  He  explored,  in  1886,  the 
countries  of  the  Umbete,  Osete,  Mboko,  Okota,  and  Djambi 
tribes,  in  French  Kongo. 

Brazza,  Coimt  Pierre  Savorgnan  de.  Bora  at 
Rome,  18.52.  An  Italian  count,  African  ex- 
plorer, and  French  officer.  He  went,  in  1875.  with 
Dr.  Ballay,  on  a  commercial  exploration  of  the  Ogowe 
River,  West  Africa.  Ballay  by  the  river,  and  Brazza  over- 
land, explored  the  whole  Ogowe  basin,  discovered  the 
Alima  and  Likuala  rivers,  and  returned  to  Gabnn  in  1878, 
In  1S79  Brazza  was  sent  by  the  French  government  on  a 
political  expedition.  He  founded  Franceville  on  the  Up- 
per Ogowe ;  opened  roads  between  the  coast  and  the  Kon- 
go :  secured  the  kingdom  of  Makoko  to  France  :  founded 
Brazzaville ;  met  Stanley  on  the  Kongo  ;  and  explored  the 
Lalli  and  Siadi  rivers.  In  1S80  he  made  more  explorations 
and  political  extension  in  the  Ogowe  basin  and  on  the 
coast.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  commissioner  (gover- 
nor) of  the  French  Kongo,  and  established  government 


.A. merchant  and  writer  on  astronomical  topics.  Bray  (bra).    A  parish  in  Berkshire,  England,  26     posts  all  over  this  vast  domain,  exploring  at  the  same 


In  1692  he  protested  (in  a  private  letter  printed  in  the 
■'  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections  ")  against  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  court  in  the  so-called  witchcraft  cases. 
Brattleboro  (brat'l-bur  6).  A  town  in  "Wind- 
ham County,  Vermont,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut River.     Population  (1900),  6,640. 

Braun  (broun),  August  Emil.  BornatGotha, 
Germany,  April  19,  1809 :  died  at  Rome,  Sept. 
12.  1856.  A  German  archaeologist  and  homeo- 
pathic physician. 


miles  west  of  London.    A  "Vicar  of  Bray,"  .Simon 


time  the  >'koni  Eiver.  In  1891  he  led  an  expedition  up 
Alleyn,  was  twice  a  papist  and  twice  a  Protestant  in  the  l^%  ^r^.^}'''''  "'"^  "P^n^'K  "'^  **>'  ^"'^  ^°  ^^^^^^^^00 
reigns  of  Henrv  VIIL,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth      '« ''"Ke  cnad.  ,      .  ,       .  .     ^,       .  ,  .   ... 

(according  to  Fuller),  but  always  \ncar  of  Bray  :  hence  BraZZa,  Slav.  BraC.     -An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
the  modem  appUcation  of  the  title.  gea,  in  lat.  43°  18' N.,  long.  16°  40'  E.,  in  the 

Bray.  Agi-azing  district  in  the  eastern  part  of  crownland  of  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary:  the 
the  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  fa-  ancient  Brattia  (Pliny).  Length,  25  miles. 
mous  for  butter  and  cheese.  Area,  153  square  miles. 

Bray.  A  seaport  and  watering-place  m  eastern  Breadalbane  (bred-al'ban),  or  Albany  (al'ba- 
Ireland,  12  rniles  southeast  ofJJublin.  ni).     A  former  district  in  the  western  part  of 


Braun,  Johann  Wilhelm  Joseph.     Bom   at  Brazen  (bra'zn).  Captain.     The  rival  recruit-     Perthshire,  Scotland 
Gronau,  near  Diiren,  Prussia,  April  27,  1801:     i^g  officer  to  Captain  Plume,  an  impudent,  ig-  Bread  and  Cheese  Folk.   The  insurgent  party 


died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Sept.  30,  1863.     A  Ger 
man  Roman  Catholic  theologian,  professor  at 
Bonn  (1829). 
sogenannten  He 

founders  of  the    zjcii.»cui~ui.  lui  nuuooupuic  ixuvi  u^vuw-  ,- 
lische  Theologie  "                                                                     morpn 
Braunsberg    (brounz'bero).     A  town   in  the  Brazen  Nose  College.     See  Brasenose  College.  Breakspear(brak'sper),  Nicholas.  SeeJdnan 
province   of  East   Prussia,  Pmssia,  35  miles  Brazil  (bra-zil';  Pg   pron   bra -zel').  United     /(.  t         j        «  .c 
southwest  of  Konigsbero'.    Population  (1890),     States  of.    [F.  Bresihl-,.  BremUeii.^    A  repub-  Brebeuf  (bra-bef).  Jean  de.     Born  at  Bayeui, 
»        "          "^                              Up  jji  South  America,  capital  Rio  de  Janeiro,     w^-> 


norant  braggart,  in  Farquhar's  comedy  "The    in  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  in  1492,  who  held  tem- 
Recruiting  OfBeer."  porary  possession  of  the  city. 

19).  He  was  the  author  of  "Die  Lehre  des  Brazen  i^ge,  The.  A  plav  bv  Thomas  Hey-  Breakfast-Table,  Autocrat  of  the,  Professor 
iHermesianUmu5'(l835),etc.,andoneof  the  .jvood, printed  in  1613,  founded  on  Ovid's"  Meta-  at  the,  Poet  at  the.  A  series  of  works  by 
the  "Zertschrift  fur  PhUosophre  und  Katho-     ,^,^     }^^,^g,„  Oliver  Vendell  Holmes.     See  Holmes. 


commune,  10,851. 

Brauronia  (bra-ro'ni-a).  [Gr.  Bpavp6via,  from 
Bpoiipui,  Brauron.]  In  Greek  antiquity,  a  festi- 
val held  at  the  shrine  of  Artemis  at  Brauron, 
in  Attica,  once  in  fotir  years.  At  this  festival  the 
Attic  "  girls,  between  the  ages  of  five  and  ten,  went  in  pro- 
cession, dressed  in  crocus-coloured  garments,  to  the  sanc- 
tuary, and  there  performed  a  rite  wherein  they  imitated 
bears.  No  Attic  woman  was  allowed  to  marry  till  she 
had  gone  through  this  ceremony  "(i?aH'ii7Won,  Herod.,  III. 
513,  note). 

Brauwer.     See  Brouuer. 

Brava's  Knight.  Orlando  Furioso:  so  called 
because  he  was  the  Marquis  of  Brava. 

Bravest  of  the  Brave,  F.  Le  Brave  des 
Braves.  An  epithet  given  by  Henry  r\'.  of 
France  to  Crillon  (1.541-1615),  and  applied  by 
the  French  army  to  Marshal  Nev  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Friedland.  1807. 

BraV0(bra'v6),  Nicolas.  BomatChilpancingo, 
Mexico,  about  1787:  died  there,  April  22,  18.54. 
A  Mexican  general.  He  joined  the  revolutionist 
Morelos  in  May,  1811,  and  kept 'up  a  determined  resis- 
tance to  the  Spaniards  until  he  was  captured  in  1817.  Re- 
leased by  the  amnesty  of  1820,  he  joined  Iturbide  in  1821 ; 
but  he  declared  against  Iturbide's  enthronement,  was  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  republicans  who  overthrew  him,  and 
a  member  of  the  provisional  government  of  April,  ls23. 
He  became  vice-president  April  1, 1824.  Notwithstanding 
his  office  he  led  a  rebellion  against  the  president,  Vict<i- 
ria,  in  1827,  was  defeated  and  captured  at  Tulancingo, 
Jan.  8. 182S,  and  banished  for  several  years.  Under  Santa 
Anna  he  was  president  of  the  council  and  twice  acting 
president  (July,  1S39,  and  Oct.,  1842,  to  March,  1843).  In 
June,  1846,  he  became  vice-president  under  Paredes  ;  the 
latter  resigned  the  power  to  him.  July  28, 1848,  but  in  the 
universal  anarchy  which  prevailed  he  was  able  to  hold 
the  place  for  a  few  days  only. 
Bravo,  Eio.     [Sp.,  'wild  or  turbulent  river.'] 


bounded  by  Venezuela  and  British.  Dutch,  and 
French  Guiana  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on 
the  east,  Uruguay,  the  Ai-gentine  Republic, 
Paraguay,  and  Boli\ia  on  the  south,  and  Peru 
and  Colombia  on  the  west.  It  extends  lat.  5°  >'.-33' 
45'  S.,  long.  35'-74°  W.  The  southeastern  portion  is  moun- 
tainous. The  central,  northeastern,  and  western  parts 
ai-e  occupied  by  a  great  plateau,  with  the  low  plains  of 
the  Amazon  to  the  north,  and  those  of  the  Paraguay  to 
the  west.  North  of  the  Amazonian  plains  a  portion  of 
the  Guiana  plateau  is  included  in  Brazil.  The  mountain 
region  and  a  large  part  of  the  Amazonian  basin  are  cov- 
ered with  forest :  the  remainder  is  more  or  less  open  land. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries, 
ParanA  and  Sao  Francisco,  with  the  Uruguay  and  Para- 
guay on  the  frontiers.  Brazil  is  verj-  rich  in  agricultural 
resources,  and  exports  coffee,  sugar,  hides,  rubber,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  etc.  It  contains  20  states,  and  the  federal 
district  of  Rio.  Its  government  is  a  federal  republic 
with  a  president  and  a  congress  consisting  of  a  senate  of 
63  membersand  a  chamberof  212  deputies.  The  prev.iil- 
ing  religion  is  Roman  CathoUc,  and  the  prevailing  lan- 
guage Portuguese.  The  inhabitants areBrazilians,  Indianr 


negros,  mixed  races,  and  colonists  from  Germany,  Italy,  •D_«„i,;__i  j„„    T«»,«  noVa 

and  Switzeriand.    Brazil  was  discovered  by  Vicente  Yailez  Breckonridge,  or  BreCkmridgC,  JOhn  Oabe 

PinzonJan.  26,1500,  and  independently  by  the  Portuguese     Born  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  Jan.  21,  1821:  di 


Cabral  in  the  same  year.  As  the  coast  was  in  the  hemi- 
sphere which,  by  the  Pope's  dictum,  had  been  assigned  to 
Portugal,  it  was  claimed  and  colonized  by  the  Portuguese. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  exiled  Portuguese  royal  fam- 
ily in  the  Napoleonic  period.  Its  independence  was  pro- 
claimed in  1822.  .\n  empire  was  formed,  and  Dom  Pedro, 
son  of  the  Portuguese  king,  became  the  first  emperor. 
He  was  compelled  to  resign  in  1831  infavor  of  his  son,  Pedro 
II.  Brazil  was  in  1865-70  allied  with  the  Argentine  Re- 
public and  Uruguay  against  the  dictator  Lopez  of  Para- 
guay, who  was  defeated.  She  abolished  slaverj-  1871-88. 
By  the  revolution  of  Nov.  15  and  16,  1889.  the  empire 
was  overthrown,  the  imperial  family  compelled  to  leave 
Brazil,  and  a  provisional  government  under  Fonseca  was 
established.    A  national  congress  was  summoned  in  189<), 


France,  March  25,  1593:  killed  in  the  Huron 
country,  March  16,  1649.  A  noted  French 
Jesuit,  missionary  among  the  Huron  Indians 
in  Canada.  In  a  combat  between  the  Hurons  and  Iro- 
quois, he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  latter  and  was  put  to 
death  by  them.  He  translated  the  catechism  into  the 
Huron  language. 
Brechin  (brech'n).  A  town  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  South  Esk  23  miles 
northeast  of  Dirndee.  It  has  a  cathedral,  an  ancient 
round  tower,  and  a  castle.    Population  (1891),  8,955. 

Breckenridge  (brek'en-rij).  or  Breckinridge 

(brek'in-rij).  John.  Born  in  Augusta  County, 
Va..  Dee.  2.  1760 :  died  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  Dec. 
14,  1806.  An  American  politician.  He  was  ad. 
mitted  to  the  bar  in  17S5 ;  became  attorney-general  of 
Kentucky  in  1795 ;  served  in  the  State  legislature  1797- 
1800 :  drafted,  in  a  meeting  with  Jefferson  and  Nicholas 
at  Monticello  in  179S,  the  Kentucky  Resolutions,  which 
were  adopted  on  his  motion  by  the  Kentucky  legislature, 
Nov.  10, 179S ;  was  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky' 
1801-05,  and  was  attorney-general  in  President  Jefferson's 
cabinet  from  Aug.  7, 1805,  until  his  death. 

Cabell. 

died 
at  Lexington,  Ky..  May' 17,  1875.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  general,  grandson  of  John 
Breckenridge.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  1851- 
1855 ;  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  1857-61 ;  candi- 
date of  the  Southern  Democrats  for  President  in  1S60: 
United  States  senator  from  Kentucky  1861;  joined  the 
Confederate  army  ;  was  promoted  major-general  Aug.  5, 
1862  :  commanded  the  reserve  at  Shiloh  April  6-7,  1862  ; 
made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Baton  Rouge  in  Aug., 
1862  :  commanded  the  right  wing  of  Bragg's  army  at  Mur- 
freesboro  Dec.  31,  1862 ;  was  at  Chickaroauga  Sept.  19-20, 
1863,  and  at  Chattanooga  Nov.  •23--25,  1863 ;  defeated  Gen- 
eral Sigel  near  Newmarket  May  15, 1864 ;  was  with  General 
Lee  at  Cold  Harbor  June  3, 1864 ;  was  defeated  by  Geo- 


Breckenridge,  John  Cabell 

enl  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  Sept.,  18W  ; 
defeated  (General  (Jilleni  in  Kast  Tennessee  Nov.  12,  IbtA  ; 
was  in  the  battle  near  Nashville  Dec.  l.'j.  1864  ;  and  was 
(.'oiiftMlerate  secretary  of  war  from  .Ian.  until  April,  18<>.'i 


181 


Brescia 


at  Rome,  and  later  was  one  of  the  consuls  of  the  Koman 
Rcpulilic.      His  chief  works  are  •' Topopiralla  flsica  della 
.^ ^ ^  __     .  ._    ,___, t'ampaina  "  U"'-***).  "Instittlzi^mi  ceolopiche  "  (1M>),  etc. 

Brecknock  (brok'nok)  Beacons.     The  high-  Breitenfeld,  Battles  of,  «'•  Leipsic,  Battles 

"     ■       •'  ■■       "of.     1.  A  victory  Kainoil  by -Kl.OUU  S-.veiU-.s  and 

Saxiiiis  iiuiiiT  (iiistavus  Ailolphus  over  40,(1(10 
Iinjjcrialists  umler  Tilly.  iScpt.  17.  IG^il,  at  Brei- 
teiil'eki,  a  small  place  near  Leipsic. — 2.  A  victory 
of  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson  over  the  Im- 
perialists iinderPiccolomini.Nov.  J(X.S,  ),l(>4i>. 

Breithaupt    (brit'honpt),    Joachim   Justus. 

Born  at  Nordheim,  Hannover,  liermany,  l(i.")h: 
lied  at  Klosterberf;,  near  Mapdebtirg,  Germany, 


mathematics  at  Ragusa,  and  then  at  the  CoIIeRio  Nazareno  Brendan,  or  Brenainn,  Saint .     Bom  at  Tralee, 


est  peaks  of  South  Wales,  5  miles  south  of 

'     Brecon.     Heiglit,  2.910  feet. 

I  Brecon  (brek'on).  The  capital  of  Brecknock- 
shire, Wales,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Honddu  and  Usk  30  wiles  west  by  south  of 

I     Hereford.     It  was  the  birthplace  oi  Mrs.  Sid- 

I     dons.     Population  (1891),  5.794. 
Brecon,  or  Brecknock.     A  county  in  South 

Wales.  Ijinp  between  Radnor  on  the  north, 
Kadnor  and  Hereford  on  the  east,  Monmouth 
Mild  Glamorgan  on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  and 
Caermarthen  on  the  west.  Area.  719  square 
miles.  Population  (1K91),  .57.031. 
Breda  (bra-dii').  A  town  and  fortress  in  the 
province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  26 
miles  sovitheast  of  Rotterdam.  It  was  taken  liy 
Maurice  of  Nassau  in  l.sno,  by  Spinola  in  1U2.S,  by  Heiny 
of  Orange  in  ItWT,  and  by  Dumouriez  in  1793.  The  French 
were  expelled  in  1813.  Population  (1889),  coniniuiie, 
22,54n. 

Breda,  Compromise  of.  In  the  history  of  the 
Netherlands,  a  league  between  the  Protestants 
and  the  Catholics,  composed  chiefly  of  the  lesser 
nobility,  organized  by  Philip  Mariiix  of  St. 
Aldegonde  and  others  in  1566  for  the  purpose 
of  opposing  the  Intjuisition  and  prot  "'  '^' 
political  liberties  of  the  country  aga: 
encroachments  of  Philip  H.  a  deputation  of  three 
bandred  nobles,  headed  by  Count  Brederode.  presented 
to  the  duchess  regent,  Margaret  of  Parroa,  .\pril .%  1660. 
at  Brussels,  a  petition  wliich  requested  the  abolition  of 
the  royal  edicts  pertaining  to  the  Inquisition.    See  Gueux. 

Breda,  Declaration  of.  A  manifesto  by  Charles 
II.  of  England,  issued  from  Breda,  April  4, 1660. 
He  jiroclaimed  a  general  amnesty. 

Breda,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at  Breda 
July  31,  1667,  between  England  and  Holland, 
France,  and  Denmark.  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
were  continued  to  England,  .\cadia  to  France,  Surinam  to 
Holland. 

Brederoo  (bra'de-ro),  Gerbrand  Adriaanzoon. 

Bornat  Amsterdam  in  1585:  died  there.  Kil^.  .\n 
early  Dutch  drainatist.  His  work,  mostly  dramatic, 
includes  the  tragiccimcdies  "Rodderijk  enile  .\lphonsus" 
(1611)  and  "Griatie  "  (ICI-J),  and  several  comedicf^,  among 
them  "Ilet  Moortje  (llilO),  after  the  "Eunuclius"  of 
Terence,  and  '■  Spaan.sche  Brabaiider  Jerolimo  "  (1618).  the 
last  considered  his  principal  work. 

Bredow  (bra'do).  Gabriel  Gottfried.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dee.  14,  1773:  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
Sept.  5,  1814.  A  German  historian,  professor 
of  history  in  Helmstedt  (1804).  He  wrote  "Merk- 
wiirdige  Begebenheiten  aus  der  allgemeiricn  Weltge- 
schichte  "  (181(J),  "  Lehrbuch  der  Weltgeschichte  "  (1810), 
etc. 

Breed's  Hill.  An  eminence  in  Charle-stowii, 
Mass.,  connected  with  Bunker  Hill,  and  forti- 
fied by  Prescott  on  the  occasion  of  the  battle 
of  Juno  17,  177.5. 


A  German  i.ietistic  theologian.     ■'r-'Y"'"^\ 


County  Kerry,  in  4^4 :  tiied  iu  577.  An  Irish 
monk,  a  contemporary  of  8t.  Brendan  of  Birr, 
ami  called  "Son  of  Finnloga"  or  St.  Brendan 
of  Clonfert  to  tlistin^iiish  him.  After  conipletinK 
his  studies  at  Tuain  Ik-  set  furth  on  the  expedition  knuwn 
as  the  ■■Navigation  of  st.  Bremhin."  Accordint  to  the 
legendar>'  account  of  liig  travels,  he  set  sail  with  others 
to  seek  the  terrestrial  paradise  which  was  6upi>o!ied  to 
exist  In  an  island  of  the  Atlantic.  Various  miracles  are 
related  of  the  voyape.  hut  they  are  always  connected  with 
the  great  island  where  the  nionks  art-  said  to  have  landed. 
The  leifend  was  current  in  the  time  of  C'olumhurt  and  long 
after,  and  many  connected  St.  Brendan's  island  with  the 
newly  discovered  America.  Uis  name  is  variously  spelled 
lirandoHj  Borondan,  etc.    He  is  commemorated  on  May  16. 


He  bec.-ime  court  preacher   and  consistorial  councilor  Brendel  (bren  del),  i  ranZ.      ISoni  at  htOlberg, 

at  Meiniugen,  itiSS ;  pastor  and  professor  of  theology  at  in  the  Uarz,  Prussia.  iSov.  26.  1811:  died  at 

Erfurt,  iftsT ;  and  professor  of  theology  at  Halle,  1601.  Leipsic,    Nov.  2:5.    1868.     A   German   musical 

Breithorn  (brit'horn).     A  mountain  of  the  Va-  critic.    He  wrote  ■•  Gcschicht*;  der  .Mnsik   in  Italien, 

lais  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Italy,  south  of  Zer-  FraTikreich  und  Deutschland  •■(1852X  "  Musik  der  (iegen- 

niatf.      Height,  13,()85  feet.          "  wart "(l.si4),  articles  in  the  "Neue  Zeitschrilt,"  etc. 

Breitmann  (brit'miin),  Hans.    A  pseudonym  Brenets  (bre-iia'),  Lac  des.     A  .small  lake  in 

of  Charles  Godfrey  Leland. 
Bremen    (breiu'en;    (i.    pron.    bril'men),    F. 

Breme  (brain ^  A  state  of  the  German  Empire.  Brenner  (bren'ner).     The  lowest  pass  over  the 


the  .lura,  formed  by  the  Doubs  in  its  upper 
course,  near  Le  Locle,  Switzerland. 


It  comprises  the  city  ot  Bremen,  with  a  small  adjoin- 
ing territory,  and  the  outlying  districts  of  Vegesack  and 
Breraerhaven.  It  is  a  rcpuldic,  with  a  senate  of  1(3  mem. 
bers,  and  a  Convent  of  150  burgesses  (Burgerschaft).  It 
has  1  member  in  the  Bundesrat,  and  1  in  the  Reichstag. 


purpose     The  prevailing  religion  is  I'rotestant.    Area,  99  square  BrenneviUe   (bren-vel')    (Normandy),    ] 
■ting  the     mi''^^''-    Population  (liHim    224,S8i  ,        .,  of.     A  battle,  Aug.  20.  1119,  in  which  H( 

inst  the  Bremen  (brem  en ;  G.  pron.  bra  men)     A  free     „j.  K„„land  dkeated  Louis  VI.  of  Franc 


city  of  Germany,  fonninj;  with  its  territory 
a  state  of  the  German  Empire  :  next  to  Ham- 
burg, the  chief  seaport  in  Germany.  It  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Weser,  34  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  US^b' 
N.,  long.  8^  49  E.  It  has  a  larjre  trade  in  grain,  tobacco, 
wool,  cotton,  oil,  etc.,  and  extensive  ship-building  and 
tobacco  manufactures.  Its  port,  Brenierhaven,  is  con- 
nected by  the  North  German  Lloyd  with  New  Y(jrk,  South 
America,  ete.,  by  the  Hansa  Company  with  India,  and 
regularly  with  Hull,  Leith.  etc.  Hremen  was  founded  as 
early  as  788  by  Chiu-les  the  Great.  It  became  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  about  M04  ;  freed  itself  from  tin-  episcopal  rule  in 
the  14th  century  ;  and  joined  the  Iluiiseatic  League,  but 
was  several  times  expelled  and  reaMmitiid.  Its  position 
as  a  free  imperial  city  was  finally  ai-kiiowlcdged  in  104h. 
In  IBIO  it  was  incorporated  with  France,  but  regained  its 
independence  in  1813,  and  became  successively  a  member 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  the  North  German  Con- 
federation, and  the  German  Empire.  Its  constitution 
dates  from  184S>.  It  joined  the  Zollverein  in  188S.  The 
Rathaus  is  for  the  most  part  of  the  15th  century,  though 
the  picturesque  soutliwest  facade  dates  from  1009.  This 
favade  is  supported  on  12  Doric  columns,  and  is  character- 
ized by  its  very  ornate  oriel  windows  and  gable.  The 
statues  of  the  emperor,  the  electors,  etc.,  between  the  win- 
dows, are  medieval.  Tliereisa  flue  great  hall,  with  paint- 
ings and  colored  glass.  On  the  west  side  is  the  Rats- 
keller,  or  municipal  wine-cellar  (celebrated  in  literature), 
demrated    with    excelhnt    fresros.     Topulation     (lit()0». 

ii;;(.4iH, 
Bremen,  Duchy  of.  A  former  dneliy  of  Ger- 
many, which  lay  between  the  lower  Kibe  and 
lower  Weser.  It  consisted  largely  of  the  archbishop- 
ric of  Bremen  and  ^■erden,  and  now  belongs  to  the  province 
of  Ilannover.  Prussia.  It  was  ai-tjuiied  by  Sweden  in  1&4S, 
and  by  Hannover  in  1719. 


Bregaglia(bra-giil'.vii),  Val.  A  valley  in  north-  Bremer  (bram'er),  Frederika.   Bornat  Tuorla 


em  Italy  an<l  the  canton  of  Orisons,  Switzer- 
land, it  is  travei'sed  by  the  upper  course  of 
the  Mera. 

Breeenz  (bra-ghents').  [L.  lirifitiiiti\im.']  The 
capital  of  Vorarlberg,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated at  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Constance, 
in  lat.  47°  30'  N.,  long.  9°  4.")'  E. :  the  Roman 
Rrigantium.  It  is  on  the  site  of  a  Roman  camp. 
Poiiulation  (ISDO),  commune,  G,739. 

Bregenzerwald  (bra-gen'tser-vald).  [G.,  'for- 
est of  Bregoiiz.']  A  mountainous  region  in 
nortliern  Vorarlberg,  belonging  to  the  group  of 
the  Vorarlberg  Algau  Aljis. 

Brehm  (bram ),  Alfred  Edmund.  Born  at  Ken- 
thendorf,  near  Neiistailt-aii-der-l  Irla,  (ierinanv, 
Feb.  2,  1829:  died  tlicre,  Nov.  11,  1KH4.  A  Ger- 
rann  naturalist  and  traveler,  lie esUilplislieil,  after 
lb«7,thel!orlin  Aquarium  (opened  1889).  Ili8»orl<8  include 
"Relsfskizzen  aus  Noriinst^ifriku  "(IH^t.'t),  "  Das  Leben  der 
VlJKel  '•  (IMiiMU),  "Thierli-lien  "  (IHtl'Mlil),  etc. 

Breisach  (bri-ziich'),  orBrisach  (bre-zilch'),  or 
Alt-Brei8acll(iilt'bri-ziich').  A  town  in  tlie  cir- 
cle of  Freiburg,  Baden,  on  tlie  Rhine,  situated 
at  tlio  foot  of  the  Kaiserstnhl  13  miles  west  of 
Freiburg:  the  Koman  Moiis  Brisiacus,  Brisa- 
CUin.  It  was  lon^t  an  iinportnnt  Austrian  fortress,  and  has 
several  times  been  iield  l»y  tlie  French. 

Breisgau  (bns'gou).  An  old  district  of  soutli- 
ern  Germany,  corresponding  practically  to  the 
districts  of  Freiburg  and  Liirrach  in  soutliern 
Baden:  a  pos.session  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg 
since  the  later  middle  ages.  liy  the  treaty  of  Lwni- 
villc  it  was  ceded  to  the  Duke  of  Modena  (1801).  In  ISllfi 
the  Kreater  part  was  ce(led  to  lia<lvn  and  a  part  to  Wur- 
tcnibrru',  and  Hatleii  acquiri'd  all  in  isin. 

Breislak  (bris'lalo,  Scipione.  Born  at  Rome, 
174H:  died  at  Milan,  Feb.  ir>,  182().  An  Italian 
geologist.    He  was  protensor  of  natural  plilloBophy  and 


near  Abo,  in  Finland,  Aug.  17.  1801:  died  at 
Arsta,  near  Stockholm,  Deo.  31,  186.").  A  noted 
Swedish  novelist,  a  few  ycMs  after  her  birth  the 
family  removed  to  Stockholm,  and  sliortly  afterward  to  an 
estate  at  Arsta  near  by,  where,  with  the  exception  of  two 
years  spent  in  the  United  States,  whitller  she  went  in  1840. 
a  short  time  iu  Engluiid  on  her  return,  ami  a  snbse<iuent 
sojourn  of  five  years  on  the  (_'ontinent  and  in  Palestine, 
she  subsequently  lived.  She  was  a  proliMc  writer.  Her 
first  novel,  "Teckningar  ur  HvurdaRslifvet  '("^ketehesof 
Every-day  Life,"  1828),  is  a  deseription  of  miiliile-class  life 
In  Sweden.  It  was  followed  l»y  others  in  the  same  vein, 
notably  "  Kamlljen  II. "("The  II.  Family  '  ),  "  I'resldentcns 
Dottrar"  ("The  President's  Daughters*'),  ''Orannarna" 
("The  Neighbors"),  "  Axel  och  Anna  "("Axel  and  ,\nna"). 
"Hemmet"("The  Ilome  "),  "  Nina."  She  was  the  author, 
besides,  of  several  books  of  travel:  anionf;  them  "Hem- 
men  1  nya  Verlden"  ("Homes  In  the  -New  World,"  18.^:0. 
which  contains  her  impressions  of  Amerira.  Her  later 
works,  like  "Ucrtha"  ami  "Syskonllf,"  embody  her  opin 
Ions  on  pbllanthrojiy,  rellKion,  and  the  equal  rlRhts  of 
women.  .Several  of  her  works  appeared  Hlmultaneously 
In  Swedish  and  English,  and  numerous  others  have  been 
lranshit>'d. 

Bremerhaven  (brem'er-ho-ven),  or  Bremer- 

hafen(bra'iiier-hii-fen).  Aseaportin  tlie  state 
of  Bremen,  Gerinaiiv,  situnteil  on  the  Weser 
iu  lat.  X\°  3,3'  X.,  loiig.  8°  34'  K.  It  Is  niplilly  In- 
creasing in  size.  It  contains  elalHtrate  docks  nnil  woik- 
sliopa  of  the  .North  Oennan  l.loyd  Steamship  Company. 
I'opulatl.in  (ISOO).  1(1,111. 
Brenda.     See   Trail,  Uniiiln. 

Brendan   (bren'dan),  or  Brenainn,  ofMirr. 

Sainl.  Born  at  Birr,  now  I'ursonslown,  King's 
County,  Irehinil,  49(1  { f) :  died  Nov.  28.  .">7.3.  An 
Irish  monk.  He  was  a  disclnle  of  St  FInnlan  of  <'b)n- 
ard;  was  a  friind  of  St.  Idluinbn,  to  whom  he  is  sniil  to 
have  recommended  H  V  as  a  place  of  exile  ;  and  foundcil  the 
monastery  of  llirr  about  'Mt.  St.  Colnmlia  Is  reprcHentr.l 
to  have  seen  at  Brendan's  death  "  heaven  open  anil  choirs 
of  angels  descending  "  to  meet  his  soul.  He  is  c<unniemo 
rated  on  Nov.  29. 


main  chain  of  the  Alps.  It  is  situated  in  Tyrol  about 
2.'>  miles  south  of  Innsbruck  :  has  been  used  since  lU)n)an 
times:  is  traversed  by  a  railway  (since  1807);  and  is  the 
main  line  of  travel  between  Italy  and  Germany.     Height, 

4,-18.1  feet. 

Battle 

em'V  I. 
e. 
Brennoralt,  or  The  Discontented  Colonel. 

A  tragedy  by  Sir.Iohn  Suckling,  written  iu  lt)39. 
printed  in  1(>4G. 

Brennus  (breu'us).  [L.  Breniiiui,  Gr.  Bpivvof, 
rei)r.  an  Old  Celtic  name  which  has  V)een  iden- 
tified with  the  W.  Bran  (W.  and  Ir.  bran  =  E. 
rarot).]  In  legendary  history,  a  leader  of  the 
Senonian  Gaids  who  overran  Italy  and  cap- 
tured Rome  390  (f)  B.  C.  With  an  army  of  about 
"0,000  men  be  defeated  a  Roman  army  of  about  40,000  in 
the  battle  of  the  Allia,  and  plundered  and  burnt  Rome, 
which  had  been  abandoned  oy  its  inhabitants,  with  the 
exception  of  eighty  priests  and  old  patricians,  whom  the 
Gauls  massacred.  After  an  unsuccessful  night  attack, 
repulsed  by  the  valor  of  Manliug  Capitollnus.  who  was 
awakened  by  the  geese  of  .luno,  he  besieged  the  Capitol 
six  months,  till  bought  olf  by  the  garrison  with  1,000 
poinids  of  gold  According  to  a  late  legend,  when  the 
gold  was  being  weighed  a  Roman  tribime  remonstrated 
against  the  u?e  of  false  weights  by  the  Gauls,  Brennus 
threw  his  sword  into  the  scale,  with  the  famous  exclama- 
tion, "  vae  vietis  !  "  (*'  woe  to  the  contjuered  I  ").  His  real 
name  was  probably  Brenhiii^  Cymrian  for  *king.'  or  Braily 
a  proper  name  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Welsh  historj-. 

Brennus.  A  Gallic  leader  who  invaded  Greece, 
in  279  II.  c,  with  an  army  of  I'lO.OOO  foot 
anil  til, 000  liorse.  Having  dislodged  20,U00  Greeks 
from  the  pass  of  Thermopyhe  by  the  secret  path  over 
tite  mountains  followed  two  hundred  ye.ara  before  by  the 
Persians,  he  advanced  with  40,isiO  men  against  Delphi, 
where  lie  was  repulsed  by  about  -l.lKKi  Delphians,  He  Is 
said  to  have  put  himself  tti  death,  unable  to  survive  his 
defeat. 

Brenta  (bren'til).  A  river  in  northeastern  Italy 
which  rises  in  the  southern  part  of  the  TjtoJ, 
and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice:  the  ancient 
Medoacus  Major.     Length.  108  miles. 

Brentano  (bren-tii'no).  Clemens.    Born  at 

Frankfort -on-thi'-Main,(iermany,  Sept.  8, 1778: 
died  at  AsclialTenbiirg,  Bavaria,  July  28,  1842. 
A  German  romantic  poet  and  novelist,  brother 
of  Klizal)eth  (Bettina)  von  Arniin.  Fivm  1797  tc 
1800  he  studied  at  .leiia.  He  afterward  frequently  changed 
his  aliodc  In  Berlin,  ISl.'i  to  ISIS,  he  became  a  strict 
Catholic,  and  in  the  latter  year  entered  the  cloister  at  Oill- 
men.  Subsequently  he  lived  in  various  places,  but  leil  the 
life  of  a  1-i-cliise,  In  conjunction  with  his  brother-in-law, 
Achlni  von  Arnini,  he  lompiUxl  the  collection  of  folk- 
songs iinbllnbed,  I8(Xl-08,  under  the  title  IK'S  Kiiaben 
Wunderhorn  '("The  Boy's  Wonder-Horn  "),  He  was  the 
author  of  a  number  of  dnunas,  lyrics,  und  tales.  Chief 
among  the  liuit  are  the  "Gescblchte  vom  braven  Kasperl 
und  schonen  Annerl  "("History of  the  Good  Kasperl  und 
the  Fair  Ainierl,"  isi"),  ami  "Gockel,  Illnkel  unit  Gucke- 
leia  "  (ls;!8).  His  collccleil  works.  "  Gesaml'nelte  .Schrll- 
ten,"  appeared  in  0  v^ilnmes  (Fntnkfort,  18f»l-f>r»). 

Brentano,  Elizabeth.    See  Aniim,  ron. 

Brentford  ilireiit 'ford).  A  town  in  Middlesex, 
Knv'laiiil.  situated  on  the  Tlinmes  9  miles  west 
<tf  London.  Hi-re  Kdnnnnl  "  Inmsldc  '  defeated  the 
Danes.  .Mav,  llUli,  and  Prince  Rupert  defcaleil  the  I'nrlU- 
mentarlani  under  Holies,  Nov.  IJ,  IW.'.  Population  (IStll), 
i:i,7:iO. 

Brentford,  T^wo  Kings  of.    Two  characters 

which  alwiiys  appear  together  tind  do  exactly 
the  same  things,  in  BncKingham's  farce  "The 
Reheai'sal."  It  is  not  known  what  particular  piny,  If 
any,  suggested  them,  but  tlicy  have  passed  into  a  b>  w-oril. 

Brera  ibni'i'iii.  Tin-  name  given  to  the  "Pal- 
ace of  Sciences  and  Arls"nt  Milan.  Ii  cnntnins 
a  noteil  art  gallery,  anil  the  Breru  l.ibmry.  fotntded  in 
1770,  wltli  ubout  Kf),i«K>  volumes, 

Brescia  (bre'sliii).  A  province  in  l>oml>nrdy, 
Itnlv.  Area,  1,845  8<iuarc  miles.  Population 
(1891),  487,812. 


Brescia 

Brescia.  [L.  Brixia.]  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
iut-e  of  Brescia,  Italv,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  in  lat.  45°  32'  N.,  long.  10=  13'  E. :  the 
Gallic  Brixia.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  woolen,  silk, 
weapons,  etc.  It  was  originally  a  Gallic  and  later  a  Roman 
town,  and  was  wealthy  and  important  till  its  sack  by  Gaston 
de  Foix  in  1512.  Till  1797  it  was  under  Venetian  rule.  It  took 
part  in  the  revolutionary  movements  of  1M8^9,  and  was 
bombarded  and  taken  by  the  Austrian?  in  1&4V>.  The  Duomo 
Vecchio,  or  old  cathedral,  is  a  circular  church  with  a  rec- 
tangular porch,  perhaps  as  old  as  the  7th  century,  and  of 
umch  arcliitectural  interest  as  a  more  probable  prototype 
than  San  Vitale  at  Ravenna  of  the  circular  churches  of 
northern  Europe.  The  diameter  is  125  feet ;  that  of  the 
nave,  with  its  lofty  dome  resting  on  eight  plain  round 
arches,  65.  There  is  also  a  Roman  temple,  which  now 
serves  as  the  Museo  Antico.  It  is  Corinthian,  on  a  high 
basement,  with  a  picturesque  portico  of  twelve  columns 
and  four  piers  in  front.  There  are  three  shallow  cellas.  side 
by  side  :  that  in  the  middle  projects  beyond  the  others,  and 
is  preceded  by  ahexastyle  porch,  while  each  sideceUa  has 
two  columns  between  square  piers.  This  temple  is  re- 
markable in  having  the  portico  on  one  of  its  long  sides. 
It  was  dedicated  by  Vespasian  in  a.  1>.  72,  and  one  of  the 
cellas  was  sacred  to  Hercules.  Population  (1901),  com- 
mune. 70,614. 

Bresil.     See  Bra:il. 

Breslau  (bres'lou).  [Pol.  Wroclaw  or  Wracis- 
lawa.  L.  Wratislavia.']  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Ohlau  with  the  Oder,  in  lat.  51°  7'  N.. 
long.  17°  3'  E.  It  is  the  second  city  of  Prussia,  and  is 
one  of  the  chief  commercial  centers  in  Germany,  having 
trade  in  grain,  wool  timber,  metals,  cloth,  etc.,  and  maim- 
factures  of  cloth,  spirits,  etc.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
university,  Rathaus.  Stadthaus  (with  library  and  collec- 
tions), etc.  It  was  a  town  as  early  as  IttOO  A.  D.,  and  w.as 
the  capital  of  the  medieval  duciiy  of  Silesia.  It  came 
under  Bohemian  rule  in  1335.  and  passed  with  Bohemia 
to  the  Hapsburgs.  In  1741  it  was  captured  by  Frederick 
the  Great,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  French 
1806-07.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  uprising  against  the 
French  in  1S13.  The  cathedral  is  in  the  main  of  the  14th 
century,  with  earlier  choir  and  later  vestibule.  It  pos- 
sesses a  great  number  of  chapels,  several  of  them  very 
richly  ornamented  with  sculpture  and  containing  fine 
tombs  with  statues  and  reliefs,  besides  brasses  and  paint- 
ings.    Population  (19lH.l).  422,738. 

Breslau.  A  governmental  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia.  Prussia.  Population  (1890), 
1.599,232. 

Breslau,  Peace  of.  Lord  Hyndford,  represent- 
ing the  Queen  of  Hungary,  Maria  'Theresa, 
signed  June  11,  1742,  with  Podewilz,  the  Prus- 
sian minister,  the  preliminaries  of  a  treaty 
concluded  at  Berlin,  July  28,  1742.  Austria 
ceded  Silesia  to  Prussia. 

Bressant  (bre-s6n'),  Jean  Baptiste  Prosper. 

Born  at  Chalons-sur-.Saone.  France,  Oct.  24, 
1815 :  (lied  at  Nemours,  Jan.  22. 1886.  A  French 
comedian. 

Bresse  (bres).  A  former  district  of  eastern 
France,  h'ing  east  of  the  Saone,  and  comprised 
in  the  department  of  Ain.  its  chief  city  was  Bourg. 
Bresse  formed  part  of  the  Burgundian  kingdom ;  passed 
to  the  house  of  Savoy  1272-1402  ;  and  was  ceded  by  Savoy 
to  France  ItjOL  It  formed  p:irt  of  the  general  government 
of  Burg\indy. 

Bresson  (bre-s6n'),  Charles,  Comte.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1798:  died  at  Naples,  Nov.  2.  1847.  A 
French  diplomatist.  He  was  first  secretary  of  lega- 
tion at  London  about  1829  ;  chai'g6  d'affaires  at  Berlin 
1833 ;  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1S34  ;  and  ambassador  at 
Madrid  1841,  and  at  Naples  1S47,  where  he  committed 
suicide.  He  negotiated  at  Madrid,  1846.  the  double  French- 
Spanish  ui:uTiage  of  Queen  Isabella  and  of  her  sister. 

Bressuire  (bre-swer').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sfevres,  France,  45  mUes  south  of 
Angers.  It  has  a  medieval  castle  and  church. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,723. 

Brest  (brest).  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Finistfere,  France,  situated  on  the  Roads  of 
Brest  in  lat.  48°  24'  N.,  long.  4°  29'  W.  it  is 
the  principal  naval  port  of  France,  and  a  strong  fortress.  It 
has  a  large  roadstead,  a  commercial  harbor,  and  a  militarj' 
harbor  with  a  famous  swing-bridge,  a  castle  and  large 
quays  and  docks,  and  is  the  terminus  of  a  transatlantic 
cable  (to  Duxbury,  Massachusetts).  It  figured  in  the 
Hundred  Years'  War,  resisted  an  English  attack  in  1513, 
was  developed  by  Richelieu,  and  was  fortified  by  Vauban. 
The  English  were  defeated  here  by  the  French  in  1694, 
and  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  English  fleet  under 
Howe  in  17D4.    Population  (1!K)1),  commune,  81,948. 

Brest-Litovski  (brest-le-tov'ski),  Pol.  Brzesc 
Litewski.  A  city  in  the  government  of  Grodno, 
situated  on  the  river  Bug  in  lat.  52°  8'  N.,  long. 
23°  40'  E.     Population,  4.5.137. 

Bretagne  (bre-tany').  The  French  name  of 
Brittaiiri. 

Breteuii  (bre-tfey').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise.  France,  18  miles  south  of  Amiens. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,108. 

Bret  Harte.    See  Hnrte. 

Bretigny  (bre-ten-yi'),  Treaty  or  Peace  of. 
A  treaty  concluded  at  Bretigny,  near  Chartres, 
France,  May  8.  1360,  between  England  and 
France.  England  renounced  its  claims  to  the  French 
crown,  Maine,  Anjou,  Normandy,  and  Touraine,  and  re- 


182 

leased  King  John  of  France.  France  permitted  England 
to  retain  Gascony,  tJuiemte,  Poitou,  Ponthieu,  Calais,  etc., 
and  paid  3,0U0,0()0  gold  crowns. 

Breton  (bre-ton'),  Bmile  Ad^lard.    Born  at 

Courrieres,  France,  March  8, 1831:  died  Nov.  2t;, 
1902.  A  French  landscape-painter,  brother  and 
pupil  of  Jules  Breton.  He  left  the  army  to  piu^ue 
his  studies  in  art.  and  was  decorated  with  the  cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  in  187x.  His  favorite  subjects  were  X\\- 
tiinm.  Winter,  Twilii^ht,  and  Sunset, 

Breton,  Jules  Adolphe  Aiin6  Louis.   Bom  at 

CouiTit^res,  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  May  1,  1827. 
A  noted  French  genre  painter.  He  is  a  pupil  of 
Drolling  and  of  Devigne,  and  has  devoted  himself  to  the 
representation  of  incidents  taken  from  the  life  of  the 
peasantry.  He  was  in  1861  decorated  with  the  cross  and 
in  issfl  became  a  commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
Among  his  best-known  paintings  are  "  Le  retour  des  mois- 
sonneurs  "  (1853),  "Les  glaneuses  "  (1855),  "La  benedic- 
tion des  bles"(lS57),  "Latin  de  la  journ^e  "  (1865),  etc. 
He  has  written  poems,  and  an  autobiography  entitled 
"  Vie  d'un  artiste,  art  et  nature  "  (1S90). 

Breton  (brit'on),  Nicholas.  Bom  at  London 
about  1545:  died  about  1626.  An  English  poet 
and  prose-writer,  a  stepson  of  George  Gas- 
coigne.     He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

Breton  (bre-ton'),  Raymond.  Bom  at  Aux- 
erre,  1609 :  died  at  Caen,  1679.  A  French  Do- 
minican missionary.  From  1635  to  1643  he  was  in  the 
French  West  Indies,  most  of  the  time  living  among  the 
Caribs.  He  published  several  works  on  their  language 
and  customs,  and  his  manuscripts  were  largely  used  l»y 
Rochefort  and  others. 

Breton  de  los  Herreros,  Manuel.    See  Her- 

rcriis. 
Bretons  (bret'onz).     The  natives  of  Brittany. 
Bretschneider  (bret-shni'der),  Karl  Gottlieb. 

Born  at  Gersdorf,  Saxony.  Feb.  11,  1776:  died 
at  Gotha,  Germany,  Jan.  22,  1848.  A  German 
Protestant  theologian,  general  superintendent 
at  Gotha  (1816). 

Bretten  (bret'ten).  A  small  town  in  Baden, 
15  miles  east  of  Karlsruhe:  the  birthplace  of 
Melanchthon. 

Breval  (brev'al),  John  Durant.  Born  at  West- 
minster (? )  about  1680 :  died  at  Paris.  Jan.,  1738. 
An  English  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wasof  French 
descent,  but  wrote  much  under  the  name  of  Joseph  Gay. 
He  attacked  Pope  under  this  pseudonym,  and  is  in  return 
held  up  to  ridicule  in  the  "Dunciad." 

Brevent  (bra-von').  A  summit  of  the  Alps  of 
Mont  Blanc,  northwest  of  Chamonix.  Height, 
8.285  feet. 

Breviarium  Alaricanum  (bre-^-i-a'ri-um  a-lar- 
i-ka'num).  [L.,  'short  code  of  Alaric.']  A 
code  of  Roman  law,  compiled  in  .506  a.  d.  by 
direction  of  Alaric  II.,  king  of  the  Visigoths. 

Brewer,  Antony.  Lived  about  1655.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatic  writer.  He  wrote  "The  Love-sick 
King,  etc."  (1655),  which  was  reprinted  as  "The  Perjured 
Xuu."  He  is  better  known,  however,  from  the  fact  that 
"Lingua,  or  the  Combat  of  the  Five  Senses,  etc."  (1607), 
and  ''The  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton  " (ItiOS),  were  formerly 
ascribed  to  him.  "The  Country  Girl"  (lt;47),  signed 
*'  T.  B.,"  has  also  been  erroneously  identified  as  his. 

Brewer  of  Ghent.     See  Artevdde,  Jacob  van. 

Brewster  (bro'ster).  Sir  David.  Bom  at  Jed- 
burgh, Scotland,  Dec.  11.  1781 :  died  at  Aller- 
by,  Montrose.  Scotland.  Feb.  10,  1868.  A  cele- 
brated Scotch  ^ysicist.  noted  especially  for 
discoveries  in  regard  to  the  polarization  of 
light.  He  invented  the  kaleidoscope  in  1816  ;  perfected 
the  stereoscope  1849-50 ;  and  improved  the  lighthouse 
system.  He  wTote  a  "  Treatise  on  Optics"  (1831),  "  More 
Worlds  than  One"  (1854),  "Memoirs,  etc.,  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  "  (1855),  etc.  In  1S38  he  became  principal  of  the 
united  college  of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  the  uni- 
versfty  of  St.  .Andrews. 

Brewster,  William.  Born  at  Scrooby,  Not- 
tinghamshire, England,  about  1.560  (1564?): 
died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  10,  1644.  One 
of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  in  New 
England.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  a  short  time  at 
the  rniversity  of  Cambridge;  was  employed,  1584-87,  in 
the  service  of  William  Davison,  ambassador  to  the  Low 
Countries,  whom  he  accompanied  abroad  ;  was  keeper  of 
the  post-office  at  Scrooby  1594-16*-)7 ;  p.articipated  in  the 
unsuccessful  attempt  of  the  Brownist  congregation  at 
Scrooby  to  escape  to  Holland,  1607:  removed  with  the 
congregation  to  Leyden  in  1609 ;  sailed  in  the  ilaytlower 
in  1620 ;  and  became  ruling  elder  in  the  church  at  New 
Plymouth,  as  he  had  been  in  Leyden. 

Brialmont  (bre-al-mon' ),  Henri  Alexis.  Bom 
May  25.  1821 :  dietl  July  21.  1903.  A  noted 
Belgian  general  and  writer  on  military  affairs. 
His  works  include  "Considerations  politiques  et  mili- 
taires  sur  la  Belgique  "  (1851-52),  "  Precis  d'ai-t  militaire  " 
(1854),   "Histoire  du  due  de  Wellington"  (1856-57),  etc. 

Briana  (bri-a'nii).  The  owner  of  a  strong  cas- 
tle in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene."  who  could 
not  obtain  the  love  of  Crudor  unless  she  made 
him  a  mantle  of  "beards  of  knights  and  locks 
of  ladies."  No  one  was  allowed  to  pass  with- 
out pa\-ing  this  toll. 

Brian  Borohma  (bri'an  bo-ro'ma)  or  Boru 
(bo-rb').    [It.  Brian  na  boromi,  Brian  the  trib- 


Bridgeport 

ute.]  Born  926:  killed  at  Clontarf,  Ireland, 
Good  Friday,  1014.  A  noted  Irish  king.  He 
became  sovereign  of  Munster  in  978  (?>,  and 
principal  king  of  Ireland  in  1002. 

Brian  Boroihme  (Brian  Boru),  or  The  Maid 
of  Erin.  A  play  by  James  .Sheridan  Kaowles, 
1811,  adapted  from  an  earlier  work  of  the  same 
name. 

Brianpon  i  lne-ou-s6n' ).  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Alpes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Durance  near  Mont  Genevre  and  the  Italian 
frontier,  in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  6°  35'  E. :  the 
Roman  Brigantium.  It  is  an  important  strate- 
gic point,  and  a  fortress  of  the  first  class.  Pop- 
ulation (1891).  commune,  6, .580. 

Brianza  (bre-iin'dza).  A  district  in  northern 
Italy,  between  the  Lake  of  Coiuo  and  the  Lake 
of  Leeco.     It  is  noted  for  its  fertility. 

Briareus  (bri-a'rf-us).  [Gr.  B/)«ipeuf.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  son  of  Uranus  and  6e,  a 
monster  with  a  hundred  arms.  Also  called 
^gseoii. 

Brice,  Saint.  Bom  at  Tours:  died  there,  Nov. 
13,  444.  A  French  prelate,  made  bishop  of 
Tours  on  the  death  of  St.  Martin.  He  is  com- 
memorated on  Nov.  13.  On  St.  Brice's  day,  1002,  there 
was  a  massacre  of  the  Danes  in  England  by  order  of 
Ethelred. 

Briceno  (bre-tha'no),  Kamon.  Bom  at  Santi- 
ago, 1814.  A  Chilian  bibliopliilist  and  author. 
In  1&40  he  was  chosen  professor  of  philosophy  and  natural 
law  in  the  Chilian  University,  and  in  1&<M  director  of  the 
National  Library.  He  has  held  various  judicial  offices 
Besides  books  on  law  and  philosophy  he  has  published 
"  Estadistica  Bibliografica  de  la  Literatura  Chilena."  Hia 
private  library  is  one  of  the  largest  in  South  America. 

Brick  (brikl,  Jefferson.  A  correspondent  of 
a  New  York  journal  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit."  He  is  of  excessively  mild  and 
youthful  aspect,  but  bloodthirsty  in  the  ex- 
treme in  his  political  views. 

Bridal  of  Triermain,  The.    A  poem  by  Scott, 

published  in  1813. 

Bridal  Veil  Fall.  A  noted  fall  in  the  Yosemite 
Valley,  California.  The  height  of  the  main  fall  is 
630  fee't,  and  that  of  the  cascades  about  300  feet.  The 
total  fall  (nearly  vertical)  is  about  900  feet. 

Bride,  Saint.     See  Bridget. 

Bride  of  Abydos,  The.'  1.  A  poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  a  Turkish  tale,  published  in  1813.— 2. 
A  melodrama  adapted  from  the  poem  by  Di- 
mond,  produced  about  1819. 

Bride  of  the  Sea.  A  name  poetically  given  to 
Venice,  from  the  medieval  ceremony  by  which 
the  city  was  wedded  to  the  Adriatic. 

Bride  of  Lammermoor,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1819.  See  Askton, 
Lucy.  Several  plays  have  been  written  on  the  subject, 
notably  one  by  J.  \V.  Cole  under  the  name  of  "John  Wil- 
liam Calcraft,"  called  "The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  and 
one  by  Merivale,  called  "Ravenswood."  See  also  Lucia 
di  Lammermoor. 

Bridewell  (brid'wel).  [From  St.  Bride's,  or 
Bridijct's.  well,  a  spring  of  supposed  miracu- 
lous powers,  in  the  vicinity.]  A  celebrated 
London  prison,  or  house  of  detention,  most  of 
which  was  demolished  in  1863.  it  was  founded 
upon  a  favorite  palace  of  Henrj'  vm.,  which  stood  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Fleet  between  Blackfriars  and  Whitefriars. 
There  was  a  roval  residence  here  as  early  as  the  rejgn  of 
Henry  III.,  if  not  in  that  of  John.  Henry  VIII.  is  said  to 
have  rebuilt  the  palace,  and  he  and  Katharine  lived  there 
when  the  cardinals  sat  on  the  divorce  in  Blackfriars  op- 
posite. In  1553  Edward  VI.  gave  his  father's  palace  of 
Bridewell  to  the  city  of  London  for  a  workhouse,  and  for- 
mulated the  system  of  municipal  charity.  It  later  became  a 
temporal^' prison  or  house  of  detention,  with  which  use  its 
name  is  especially  familiar.  In  old  views  and  maps  it 
appears  as  a  castellated  building  of  some  architectural 
pretensions.  'The  name  has  become  a  generic  term  for  a 
house  of  correction,  or  lockup. 

Bridgeman  (brij'man),  Lucinda.  A  vulgar 
ci '  V  irirl  in  Cumberland's  "Fashionable  Lover." 
Bridgenorth,  or  Bridgnorth  (bri.i'north).  A 
parliamentarvand  municipal  borough  in  Shrop- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Sevem  18  miles 
southeast  of  Shrewsbury.  Its  castle  was  taken  by 
Henry  I.  in  1102,  by  Henrj-  li.  in  1157,  and  by  the  Parlia- 
mentarians in  1646.  Population  (1891),  5,723. 
Bridgenorth,  Alice.  The  principal  female 
character  in  Scott's  "Peveril  of  the  Peak." 
Bridge  of  Sighs.  1 .  A  bridge  in  Venice  which 
spans  the  Rio  della  Paglia,  and  connects  the 
ducal  palace  with  the  Carceri,  oi  prisons.  The 
bridge  dates  from  1597 :  it  is  an  elliptical  arch,  32  feet 
almve  the  water,  im  losed  at  the  siiles  and  arched  over- 
head. It  contains  two  separate  passages,  through  which 
prisoners  were  led  for  trial  or  judgment.  See  Tombs,  The. 
2.  A  poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  composed  in  1844. 
Bridgeport  (bri.i'.p6rt).  A  city,  the  capital  of 
I'airfi'ld  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  ^n 
inlet  of  Long  Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  11'  N., 
long.  73°  12'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing 
cities  in  the  State.  Formerly  called  Sen-field.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  70,996. 


Bridget 

Bridget  (brij'ct  K  Brigit,  or  Bride  0mA).  Salnr. 
[Ir.  £ri(jil,  Mid.  Ir.  Briijhid  (ML.  Briyida, 
BrigilUi).  from  au  OCelt.  'Briijiiiiti,  rcpr.  by 
lAj-Brigdiitin,  the  name  of  a  Celtii-  goililess.] 
Died  at  Kildare,  Ireland,  Fell.  1,  r)23.  A  pa- 
tron saint  of  Ireland.  According  to  .in  ancient  Irish 
account  of  her  life,  she  was  born  at  Fochart  (now  Kaughcr) 
in  453  A.  !>.,  and  was  the  daughter  <>f  Dubhthacli  by  his 
buudmaid  Urotsech  or  Broiceseach.  .^he  ul.litined  her  free- 
dom through  the  intervention  of  tlie  Kni«  ot  Leinster.  wlio 
was  impressed  by  her  piety,  and  became  tlie  founder  of 
a  nunnen-,  in  the  shadow  of  which  tlie  present  town  of 
Kildare  sprang  up.     She  is  commemorated  on  Feb.  1. 

A  goddess  called  IJrigit.  poetess  and  seeress,  worshipped 
by  the  poets  of  ancient  Eriun ;  that  she  was  dauKliter 
of  the  Irisli  god  known  as  Dagda  the  Great;  and  that  she 
had  two  sisters  who  were  also  called  Brigit.  the  one  the 
patroness  of  the  healing  art,  and  the  other  of  smith-work. 
1  his  means,  in  other  words,  that  the  Goidels  formerly 
worshipped  a  .Minerva  called  Brigit,  who  presided  over 
the  three  chief  professions  known  in  Erinn  ;  to  her  prov- 
ince in  fact  might  be  said  to  belong  just  what  Ca;sar 
terms  operum  atque  artiflciorum  initia. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Ueatbendom,  p.  74. 

Bridget,  Saint,  of  Sweden.     See  Birgitta. 

Bridgeton  (brij'ton).  The  capital  of  Cumber- 
land County,  Mew  Jersey,  situated  on  Cohansey 
Creek  36  miles  south  of  Philadelphia.  It  has 
manufactures  of  iron,  woolens,  and  glass  Pop- 
ulation (lilOO).  13.913. 

3ridgetOWn  (brij'toun).  The  capital  of  Bar- 
bados, West  Indies,  situated  on  the  south%vest- 
em  coast  in  lat.  13°  6'  M.,  long.  59°  37'  W. 
Population  (1891),  21,000. 

Bridgewater,  Duke  of.    See  EyerUm. 

Bridgewater  (brij'wa-t^rj.  a  town  in  Ply- 
mouth County,  Massachusetts,  26  miles  south 
of  Boston,  it  is  the  seat  of  a  State  Normal 
School.     Popiiliition  (1900).  .5,806. 

Bridgewater,  Battle  of.     See  Lnndy's  Lane. 

Bridgewater  House.  The  town  residence  of 
the  Karl  of  EUesmere,  London,  built  1847-49 
on  the  site  of  Cleveland  House.  fVheckr, 
Familiar  Allusions. 

Bridgewater  Madonna,  The.  The  small  paint- 
ing by  Raphael  (1.512)  in  Bridgewater  House, 
London.  The  Child  lies  on  the  Virgin's  knees 
and  clutches  her  veil. 

Bridgewater  Treatises.  A  series  of  treatises 
written  incompliance  with  the  termsof  the  will 
of  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater, -who  died  in  1829.  He 
left  jtb.tMXi  to  be  paid  to  the  author  of  the  best  treatise  on 
*'  The  Power,  Wisdom,  and  Goodness  of  God,  as  nianifesteil 
in  the  Creation."  Tliose  with  whom  the  selection  of  the 
author  was  left  decided  to  give  the  subject  to  eight  per- 
Bons  for  separate  treatises.  These  were  '"  'the  Adajitatiun 
ol  External  Nature  to  the  Moral  and  IiitclleLiu.il  C-Mi^ti. 
tution  of  -Man  "(Thomas  Chalmers,  18.'J3),  "Cheniistry,  Me- 
teorology, and  Digestion"  (William  Prout,  1834),  "  History, 
Habits,  and  Instincts  of  Animals  ";Kirliy,  183:")),  "(Jeology 
and  Mineralogy"  (Dean  liuckl-ind.  1*36),  "The  Hand,  as 
evincing  Design  "  (.Sir  Charles  Bell,  1833). '■  The  Adaptatioti 
of  External  Nature  to  the  Physical  Cotulition  of  Man" 
(J.  Kidd.  .M.  D.,  18;'3),  ''Astronomy  and  tieneral  Physics  ' 
I  Whewell,  1833),  "Animal  and  Vegetable  Physiology " 
(P.  M.  Koget,  iL  D.,  18S4). 

Sridgman  (brij'man),  Frederick  Arthur. 
Bom  at  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  1847.  An  American 
genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  L.  G^i'ome,  resident  in 
Paris.      ni>  sub.ici-|s  m-i-  chiefly  Eastern. 

Bridgman,  Laura  Dewey.    Horn  .it  Hanover, 

N.  H.,  Dec.  21.  1829:  died  at  Soulli  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  24.  18K9.  \  blind  deaf-mute  noted 
in  connection  with  educational  methods  for 
unfortunates  of  her  class.  Having  h.st  sight  and 
hearing  and  having  been  [tartiallydeiirivcd  of  the  senses  of 
taste  and  smell  by  scarlet  fevi  r  at  thiee  years 4»f  age,  she 
was  plaee<l  in  the  Blind  Asylum  at  South  Boston,  at  the  age 
of  eight,  where  she  was  td  urated  by  means  of  a  raised  alpha- 
bet devised  tiy  the  j»rincipal.  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe. 

-Bridgwater  (brij'wa-ter),  or  Bridgewater.    A 

seaport  in  Somersetshire,  Eii(^htnd,  siliialccl  <.ii 
the  Parret,  near  its  inonlh.  29  miles  siMilhwest 
of  Bristol.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Ulake.  Near  It  Is 
Sedgemoor.  It  was  taken  by  the  Royalists  in  HH3,  ami  bv 
the  Parliamentarians  in  IW.'i.  Itdeelared  for  .Monmouth 
In  Ita...     Population  (1891),  12,429. 

Bridlington  (brid'lini;-ton,  now  ])ron.  locally 
ber'linK-lon).  [Also  Brilliuglini  and  Hurling- 
ton,  according  to  the  coiTupled  j)ronunciatioii; 
ME.  Bridliiiglon.]  A  town  in  \(irksliire,  Eng- 
land, 23  miles  north  ot  Hull.  Bridlint;ton  yuay, 
a  watering-place,  lies  on  the  coast.  Total  pop- 
ulation (1891),  8,910. 

Iridoie  (l>re-dwii').  ['BiidleRoose.']  A  naive 
and  placidly  ifjnorant  judge  in  Kiibelais's"  (iar- 
gaiitua  and  Pantagruel,"  who  decides  causes 
by  tneans  <if  dice.  This  he  considers  the  most  natu- 
ral method.  The  character  Is  a  trenchant  satire  on  judicial 
Drocoedings  tif  the  day. 

Srid'0iS0n(bre-dwii-'/'.Au').  ['Bridlec;osliiig.']  A 
pretentious  jttdge  in  ''Le  MarinKc  de  Figaro," 
by  Beaumarchais,  taken  from  the  Bridoio  o£ 
Kabelais. 


183 

Bridport  (brid'port).  A  seaport  and  munici- 
pal and  parliamentary  borough  in  Dorsetshire, 
Eni;land,  situated  14  iniles  west  of  Dorchester. 
Population  (1891),  6,611. 

Brie  (bre).  Au  ancient  territorj*  of  northern 
France,  situated  east  of  Paris.  It  is  a  level  re- 
gion, noted  for  its  corn,  dairy  products,  and  especially  for 
it«  cheese.  It  was  divided  into  the  Brie  Franjaise  (in  lie. 
de  IVanee),  w  hose  capital  w  as  Brie-Comte-Kobert,  and  the 
Brie  Chainpenoise  (in  Champagne).  The  latter  was  sub- 
divi.lcd  into  Uaute-Brie,  capital  Meaux;  Basse-Brie,  cap- 
ital Provins;  and  BriePouilleuse.eapiUl  Chateau-Thierry. 
It  was  a  county  under  the  successors  of  Charlemagne. 
Later  it  generally  followed  the  fortunes  of  Champagne. 

Brieg  (breu).  A  city  in  the  pro\'ince  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  28  miles  south- 
east of  Breslau.  It  has  a  Renaissance  castle  of 
the  princes  of  Brieg.    Population  (1890),  20,1.54. 

Brieg.  A  small  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Rhone  at  the  eastern  tenninus  of  the  railway. 

Briel  (brel).  or  Brielle(bre-el'),  or  Brill  (bril). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  South  Holland, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  tlie  Maas  14  iniles 
west  of  Rotterilam.  It  was  tiUien  from  Spain  by  the 
"  Water-Beggiirs  "  underWilliam  de  la  Marck,  April  1.  Iij72. 

Brienne,  or   Brienne-le-Chateau  (bre-en'le- 

shii-to').  A  town  in  tlie  di-partiiicnt  of  Aiibe, 
France,  23  miles  northeast  of  Troves.  It  con- 
tained, until  1790,  a  military  school  which  'was  attended 
by  Napoleon  177i>-81.  Here.  Jan.  '29,  1814,  Napoleon  de- 
feated the  .\llies  under  Blucher. 

Brienne,  John  de.     Titular  king  of  Jerusa- 

l.-ii.   1210-2.-1. 

Brienne,  Lom^nie  de.    See  LomHie. 

Brienz  (bre  ents').  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  at  the  northeast- 
ern extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 

Brienz,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  .Switzerland,  east  of  the  Lake  of  Thun. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Aare.  Length,  8f  miles. 
Breadth,  3  miles. 

Brier  Creek.  A  river  in  eastern  Georgia  which 
.joins  the  Savannah  River  .57  miles  southeast  of 
Augusta.  Here,  March  3,  1779,  the  British  un- 
der General  Provost  defeated  the  Americans 
under  General  Ashe. 

Brierly  (bri'er-li).  Bob.  The  Ticket-of-Leave 
Man  in  "Tom  Taylor's  play  of  that  name. 

Brigadore  (brig'a-dor).  The  horse  of  Sir  Guyon 
ill  Spenser's"  Faerie Queene,"  named  from  I?ri- 
gliadoro,  the  horse  of  Orlando  in  Boiardo's  "  Or- 
lando Innamorato." 

Brigantes  (bri-gan'tez).  A  tribe  of  Britain 
which  in  the  1st  century  A.  D.  occupied  the 
region  north  of  the  Huinber.     See  Briijanlia. 

Brigantia  (bri-gan'shi-ii).  The  kingdom  of  the 
BriRaiitcs.     See  the  extract. 

To  the  north  of  the  Coritavi  stretched  ft  confederacy  or 
collection  of  kingdoms  to  which  the  Konians  applied  the 
single  name  of  "Brigantia."  We  Ilrst  hear  of  these 
confederated  states  about  the  year  A.  L.  60,  when  their 
combined  territories  extended  on  one  coast  from  Flam- 
borough  Head  to  the  Firth  of  F'orth,  and  on  the  other 
from  the  Dee  or  Mersey  to  the  valleys  on  the  upper  shore 
of  theSolway.  "A  line."  says  Mr.  .Skene,  "drawn  from 
the  Solway  Firth  across  the  island  to  the  eastern  sea  ex- 
actly separates  thegreat  nation  oflhe  Brigantes  from  the 
tribes  on  the  north,  the  'Gadeni  'and  the  'Otadeni ':  but 
this  is  obviously  an  artitleial  separation,  as  it  closely  fol- 
lows the  line  of  Hadrian's  Wall :  otherwise  it  would  imply 
that  the  southern  boundary  of  these  barbarian  tribes  was 
precisely  on  a  line  where  nature  tiresents  no  physiciU  de- 
niareatinii.  "  Klltm,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  236 

Brigantia.     The  ancient  name  of  Bre^ienz. 
Brigantinus  LaCUS  (brig-an-ti'nus  hl'kus). 

The  Kciiiiaii  iKiiiie  of  the  Lake  of  Constance. 
Brigantium.     'I'ho  Koman  name  <if  Bregenz. 

Briggs  (brigz),  Charles  Augustus.     Born  at 

New  York,  .Tan.  l.'i,  is41.  An  American  theo- 
lopiaii.  H.  stniliid  at  I'nlon  Theological  Seminary, 
New  York  lity.  l.slil-tB,  and  at  the  fidverslty  ..f  Her. 
lln,  Oernniny.  18«»i-(ai ;  became  pastor  ol  a  Presbyterian 
church  at  Uoselle,  .New  Jersey,  In  1.H70.  and  In  1.S74  be. 
came  professor  of  Hebrew  and  the  cognate  languages  in 
I'nlon  Theological  Seminary.  In  18sn  he  became  a  inem. 
her  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "  I'resbyterlan  Review." 
His  works  include  '  BIbllial  Slnrly  "  (188.1),  "American 
I'resbyterianism"  (188,'.),". Messianic  Prophecy" (188«),  etc. 
Ills  advanced  vlev*'8ln  biblical  erlticlsm,  with  certain  doc. 
trinal  views,  subjected  hlin  to  atrlalfoi  heresy  18in."  '.a, 
which  resulted  In  his  conilemnatlon  and  suspension  by 
the  General  Assembly.     He  was  ordained  a  priest  of  the 

K|dseo|ial  t'hnicll  In  \Kf.i. 

Briggs,  Charles  Frederick.     Born  at  Nan- 

liieket,  Mass.,  1S()4  :  died  at  Brociklyn,  N.  Y.. 
.Tune  211.  1877.  .\n  Aiiierican  journalist  and 
author.  He  wrote  the  novels  "Harry  Franco:  a  Tale 
ol  the  Great  Panic  "  (1839),  "Trippings  ol  Tom  Pepper  " 
(1847).  eir, 
briggs,  Henry.  Born  at  Warley  ^Vood,  Halifax. 
Yorksliin-.  V>\>..  ITitil:  .lien  at  "Oxl'i.rd,  F.nijlnnd, 
.Tan.  26,  1631.  A  noted  English  mathematician, 
the  inventor  of  the  •'  ciniimon  "  system  of  loga- 
rithms.    See  Siipii  r.     He  was  professor  ol  geoni 


Bril 

etry  at  Gresham  College.  London.  I,i96-1620,  and  SavUlan 
pnifesstjr  of  astrttnomy  at  Oxford  1020-1631. 

Brighella.  In  old  Italian  comedy,  a  Berga- 
mask  tyjie. 

Bright  (bril  1.  Jesse  D.  Born  at  Norwich.  N.  Y., 
Dee.  18,  1812:  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  20, 
187:5.  An  American  politician.  Democratic 
United  States  senator  from  Indiana  184:5-62. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  for  disloy- 
alty, Feb.  5,  1862. 

Bright,  John.  Born  at  GreenTjank,  near  Hoeh- 
dale,  in  Lancashire.  England,  Nov.  16,  1811: 
died  there,  March  27,  1889.  A  distinguished 
English  Liberal  statesman  and  orator.  He  wag 
an  agitator  for  the  Anti-Corn-Law  League  183S--16:  first 
entered  Parliament  in  1843:  was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  18tls-70  :  chancellor  of  the  dnehy  of  Lancaster 
187:t-74  and  1880-82  ;  and  became  lord  rector  of  the  I  nl- 
versity  of  Glasgow  in  1883.  Author  td  "  Speeches  on  I*ar- 
lianientarv  Keform  "  (lhti7),  "Speeches  on  l)uestions  of 
Public  Policy" (18«9),  "Speeches  on  Public  Affairs  "(ise9). 

Bright,  Richard.  Born  at  Bristol,  England, 
Sept.28,  17S9:  died  at  London, Dec.  IG,  18.58.  A 
noted  English  physician.  In  1827  he  published  "  Re- 
ports of  ^tedical  Cases,"  in  which  he  traced  to  its  source 
in  the  kidneys  the  mor'bid  condition  named  for  him 
"  Bright's  disease." 

Brighton  (bri'ton),  formerly Brighthelmston. 
A  city  and  watering-place  in  Sussex,  England, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  50°  50' 
N.,  long.  0°  8'  W. :  the  leading  seaside  resort 
in  Great  Britain.  Among  its  chief  features  are  the 
Royal  Pavilion  (founded  l>y  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George 
IV.)  1784).  the  Esplanade,  New  Pier,  Aquarium,  etc.  It 
was  developed  in  the  second  half  of  the  18th  century. 
Population  (I'.ml),  123,47a 

Brighton.  Formerly  a  town  in  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts 4  miles  west  of  Boston,  since  1874  the 
2:5th  ward  of  Boston. 

Brigit.     See  Bridget. 

Brigliadoro  (brel-yii-do'ro).  ['Golden  bridle.'] 
The  iiaiiie  of  Orlando's  horse  in  Boiardo's  "  Or- 
lando Innamorato." 

Brignoles  (bren-yol').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var.iii  Provence,  France,  23  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Toulon.     Popidation  (1891),  4,811. 

Brignoli  (bren-yo'le),  PaSQUale.  Born  in  Italy 
aboiit  1.S23:  died  at  New  York.  Oct.  29.  1884. 
An  Italian  tenor  sitiger.  After  singing  with  marked 
success  in  the  princiiial  cities  of  Europe,  he  came  to  New 
York  in  185.^,  where  he  achieved  his  highest  reputatitm. 

Brihaddevata  (bri-had-d.a'va-tii).  An  ancient 
Sanskril  work  :is('ril)ed  to  Shannaka.  Itsobjcct 
i...  to  specify  the  deity  for  each  verse  of  the  Rigveda-  In 
so  doing  it  supports  its  views  with  many  legends. 

Brihaspati  (brihas-pa'ti).  ['Lord  ot  devo- 
tion.'J  In  V'edic  mythology,  a  god  in  whom 
the  activity  of  the  pious  man  toward  the  gods 
is  personified.  Brihaspati  is  the  prayer,  saciiilcer, 
priest,  intercessor  for  men  with  the  gods,  ami  their  protec- 
tor against  the  wicked.  He  apjtears  as  the  prototype  ui  the 
priest,  and  is  calleil  the  purohita,  or  "house-priest,"  of 
the  gods.  The  Brahma  of  the  later  Triad  is  a  develop. 
nient  of  this  conception. 

Brihatkatha  (bri-hat'ka-thii).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
ii:iiiirc,  till'  "  (ileal  Xarralion,"  a  collection 
of  t;ilLS  by  Gunadhya,  stated  by  Somadeva  to 
be  the  source  of  his  Kathasaritsaf;ara  (which 
see).  The  Brihatkatha  Is  believed  to  go  back  to  the  Ist 
or  2d  centui-y  of  the  christian  era.  but  no  manuscript  ol  It 
has  yet  been  published.  Important  eviilenee  of  its  char. 
acter  is  afforded  by  the  tw<i  works  foninleil  upon  it,  the 
ttrilnitkatlntnianjari  and  Katlnuiaritsagara. 

Brihatkathamanjari   (bri-hat-ka-tha-man'ja- 

re).  In  Sanskrit  lilei-ature,  the  "tireat  Blossom- 
dusterof  Tales,"  a  collection  of  tales  by  K.slie- 
meiidra  Vyasadasa,  based  on  the  Briliatkutha. 
Ita  date  Is  not  far  from  1037  A.  I>.  Fart  of  It  has  been 
given  in  text  and  translation  by  Sylvain  Levi  in  the  "  Jour, 
nal  Asiathiue," 

Brihatsanhita  (bri-liat-san'hi-tii).  In  .Snii- 
skiit  litiniture,  tlio  "Great  Collection."  an  as- 
trolo|,'ical  work  by  Varaha  Miliira,  who  is  be- 
lieved to  have  nourished  about  the  beginning 
"f  the  (ilh  centnrv  A.  I>. 

Brihtnoth  (bri.-iri'milh).  Died  991.  An  eal- 
ddinwiii  ot  the  East  Saxons.  He  was  the  xm. in-law 
of  (he  ealdornntn  .Klfgar  whom  he  succeeded  alH>ut  I>.'iS- 
Hc  iiiatle  lavish  grants  to  ecclesliwllcal  founilatlons.  espe- 
cially to  (he  monasteries  of  Ely  and  Rjimsey,  and  fell  In 
battle  against  the  Northmen  near  &laldon  In  9(11. 

Brihtwald  (bricht'wiild).  Died  in  .Tan..  731. 
.\rrlibishop  of  Canterbury.  Ho  was  of  noble  imren- 
tjige,  but  neither  (he  place  nor  the  year  of  his  birth  la 
known.  He  was  elevated  to  the  see  o(  ("'anterhilry  In 
(192,  In  7o.Mie  presided  over  a  conm-il  near  tile  river  Mihl, 
at  which  a  eornpn>mlse  was  effected  between  Willrith.  (ho 
exiled  .\reh)>lshopor  Viu'k,  anil  theKlngof  Nurthnmbrla. 

Brihuega  (liri!-wa'(;ii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  tJiiiidalajara,  New  Castile,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Tnjuna  :51  miles  norllieast  of  Mailrid. 
Here,  Die.,  ITlo,  the  French  umlcr  the  Due  de  \'cndOiua 
defeated  the  Allies  under  l.ord  Stanhope. 

Bril  (brel).  Paul.  Uorn  nt  Aiitwer]i  about  1.5.54: 
died  at  K'oiiie,  l(i'2(i.  A  Flemish  painter,  noted 
espiiially  for  landscapes. 


Brillat-Savarin 

Brillat-Savarin  (bre-ya'  ^a-va-ran').  An- 
thelme.  Born  at  Belley,  Aiu,  Fianee,  April  1. 
1755 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  :;.  182().  A  Freuch 
writer,  an  authority  on  gastronomy,  author  of 
' '  Physiologie  du  gout"  ( ' ' Physiology  of  Taste,'' 
1825).  etc. 

Brilon  l  bre '  ion) .  An  ancient  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  22  miles  east  of 
Arnsbcrj;. 

Brinckman  (l>rink'man).  Baron  Karl  Gustaf. 
Born  at  Branukyrka,  near  Stockholm,  Swe- 
den, Feb.  24,  1764 :  died  at  Stockholm,  Dec. 
25, 1847  (Jan.  10,  1848  ?).  A  Swedish  diploma- 
tist and  poet.  He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym  "Sel- 
mar." 

Brindisi  (breu'de-se).  [L.  Briiitdisitim.  Britn- 
(liisinm,  Cir.  Bpivrcaiov,  BpnTr/aiov.'}  A  seaport 
in  the  province  of  Lecee,  Italv,  situated  on 
the  Adriatic  in  lat.  40°  39'  Ni.  long.  18°  E. 
It  is  a  station  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company,  and 
has  steamer  connection  also  with  Greece,  the  Levant,  and 
Adriatic  ports.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  a  castle  of  Fred- 
erick II.,  the  ruined  church  of  San  Giovanni,  and  a  Roman 
column,  one  of  two  which  stood  on  a  point  in  the  harbor. 
The  capital  is  carved  with  figures  of  divinities.  These 
columns  may  have  marked  the  end  of  the  Appian  Way.  or 
have  served  to  hold  lights  for  the  guidance  of  shipping. 
Brundisium  was  colonized  by  Tarentum,  was  acquired  by 
Rome  about  267  B.  c,  and  became  a  Roman  naval  station. 
It  was  the  terminus  of  the  Appian  Way,  and  the  usual 
starting-point  for  Greece  and  the  East.  In  49  B,  c,  it  was 
besieged  by  C^sar,  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Pacuvius  and 
the  place  of  Vergil's  death.  It  was  a  frequent  rendezvous 
of  the  Crusaders.  In  1348  it  was  destroyed,  and  again  in 
14f>S,  by  an  earthquake.     Population.  14.000, 

Brink  (brink),  Bernhard  Egidius  Conrad 
ten.  Bomat  Amsterdam.  Jan.  12, 1S41:  died  at 
Strasburg.  Jan.  29,  1892.  A  philologist,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  in  English  literature 
and  language.  He  was  professor  of  modern  languages 
at  Marburg  1870-73.  and  of  English  at  Strasburg  1873-92. 
His  works  include  "Chaucer"  (Vol.  I.  1870),  "Geschichte 
der  Englischen  Literatur"  (1877-89),  etc, 

Brinton  (brin'ton),  Daniel  Garrison.  Born  in 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  May  13, 1837 :  died  at  At- 
lantic City,-N.  J.,  July  31,  1899.  An  American 
surgeon  and  ethnologist.  He  was  professor  of  eth- 
nologyandarchfeologyin  thePbiladelphia  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  and  of  American  archieology  and  linguistics 
ill  the  Fniversity  of  Pennsvlvania,  Uis  works  include 
•■  The  Myths  of  the  New  World,  etc."  (18i;^l,  •■  Abnriginal 
American  Authors  and  their  Productions,  vtw"  (18-3),  etc 

BrinvilUers  (bran-vil-ya')-  Marquise  de 
^Marie  d'Aubray).  Born  about  1630  (?):  ex- 
ecuted at  Paris,  July  16,  1676.  A  noted  French 
oriminal.  She  married  in  1651  the  Marquis  de  Brinvil- 
liers,  from  whom  she  obtained  a  separation  after  he  had 
squandered  his  fortune.  She  was  instructetl  in  the  use  of 
a  subtle  poison,  supposed  to  have  been  aqua  tofana.  by 
her  lover  Jean  ISaptiste  de  Gaudin,  Seigneur  de  Salute 
Croi.x,  with  which  she  poisoned  her  father  and  other  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  in  order  to  obtain  possession  of  the 
inheritance.  The  crimes  were  discovered  in  consequence 
of  the  accidental  poisoning  of  Sainte  Croix  in  1672,  and 
she  was  executed  at  Paris. 

Brion  (bre-6n' ).  Pedro  Luis.  Bom  in  the  Dutch 
island  of  Curasao,  1783:  died  there,  Sept.  27, 
1821.  An  admiral  of  the  Colombian  navy.  He 
joined  Bolivar  in  1812,  and  commanded  the  patriot  fleet  in 
the  Venezuelan  and  Colombian  revolutions;  in  1815  and 
1816  he  furnished  the  vessels  andarms  with  whichBolivar 
recommenced  the  war.  He  was  president  of  the  council 
which  condemned  General  Piar  to  death  at  Angostura, 
Oct.,  1817, 

Brioude  (bre-6d').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Loire,  France,  in  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  long.  3° 
23'  E. :  the  ancient  Brivas.  There  is  a  noted  bridge 
at  Vieille-Brioude.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,928. 

Erisac  (bre-sak'),  Charles.  The  elder  brother 
in  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  (?)  play  of  that 
name.  He  is  a  bookworm  despised  by  his  father,  who 
proposes  to  make  his  younger  son  Eustace  his  heir  and 
marry  him  to  Angelina,  Charles,  however,  sees  her,  and, 
love  working  a  total  cnange  in  him,  shows  himself  to  be 
a  strong  and  manly  lover, 

Brisac,  Eustace.  The  younger  brother  in  Flet- 
cher and  Massinger's  (?)  "Elder  Brother."  At 
first  a  fop,  he  redeems  his  character. 

Brisach.     See  Jireisach. 

Brisbane  (briz'ban).  The  capital  of  Queens- 
land, in  Australia,  situated  on  the  river  Bris- 
bane, 25  miles  from  Moreton  Bay,  about  lat.  27° 
20'  S.,  long.  153°  E,  It  exports  wool,  cotton,  gold, 
hides,  etc.  Until  1S42  it  was  a  penal  colony.  It  became 
the  capital  in  1859.    Population  (1891),  4S.73S. 

Brisbane  (briz'ban).  Sir  Thomas  Makdougall. 
Born  at  Brisbane  House,  Largs  in  A\Tshire, 
Scotland.  July  23,  1773:  died  there,  Jan.  27, 
1860.  A  British  general  and  astronomer,  gov- 
ernor of  Mew  South  Wales  1821-25.  He  served 
in  Flanders  1793-95,  in  the  West  Indies  1795-98,  in  the 
Peninsula  in  1812,  and  in  Canada  in  1813. 

Briseis  (bri-se'is).  Hippodameia,  the  daughter 
i.f  Briseus,  the  cause  of  the  quarrel  between 
.\ehilles  and  Agamemnon. 

Brisk  (brisk).  Fastidious.  A  pert,  petulant, 
and  lively  fop  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "Every 


184 

Man  out  of  his  Humour,"     He  is  devoted  to  the 
court,  and  fantastiL'aily  fjisbionable. 

Brisson  (bre-soiV),  Eugene  Henri.  Bom  at 
Bourges,  July  31,  1835.  A  French  republican 
statesman,  ^e  was  chosen  president  of  the  chamber 
in  ls81. 1883,  and  1896;  and  was  prime  minister  from  April 
6. 1885,  to  Jan.7, 1886,  and  from  June  28, 1898,  to  Oct.  25, 1898. 

Brisson  (bre-s6n'),  Mathurin  Jacques.  Born 
at  Fontenay-le-Comte,  Vendue,  France,  April 
30, 1 723 :  died  at  Boissy ,  near  Versail  les,  France. 
June  23,  1806.  A  noted  French  physicist  and 
ornithologist,  appointed  professor  at  the  fieoles 
Centrales   in   Paris  in  1796. 

Brissot  (bre-so'),  Jean  Pierre,  sumamed  de 
'Warville.  Born  at  Ouarxille,  near  Chartres, 
France,  Jan.  14, 17.54 :  guillotined  at  Paris,  Oct. 
31,  1793.  A  French  politician  and  writer.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  and  Conven- 
tiun,  and  a  Girondist  leader. 

Brissotins  (F.  bre-so-tan').     See  Glroyidists. 

Bristed  (bris'ted),  Charles  Astor.  Born  at 
New  York,  Oct.  6,  1820:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Jan.  15,  1874.  .-Vu  American  author,  son 
of  John  Bristed.  He  published  ■■  Five  Years  in  an 
English  University  "  (1852),  "  The  Upper  Ten  Thousand  of 
New  York  "  (1S52),  etc.  He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 
"Carl  Benson," 

Bristed,  John.  Born  in  Dorsetshire,  England, 
1778:  died  at  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  Feb.  23,1855. 
An  Anglo-American  clergyman  and  author.  He 
came  to  New  York  in  1806,  and*  married  (1820)  a  daughter 
of  John  Jacob  Astor.  From  1829-13  he  was  rector  at  Bris- 
tol, Rhode  Island.  He  wrote  "  Resources  of  the  United 
.States  "(1818),  etc. 

Bristol  (bris'tol).  [Formerly  Bristoic,  Bristowe; 
ME.  Bristow.f  A  seaport,  city,  and  coimty-bor- 
ough  in  Somerset  and  Gloucester,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Frome  and  Avon,  near  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, in  lat,  51°  27'  N,,  long.  2°  36'  W.  it  has  a 
large  foreign  trade,  especially  with  America,  and  manu- 
factures of  sugar,  tobacco,  leather,  cotton,  boots,  glass, 
etc.  Bristol  Cathedral  is  of  the  14th  century,  with  rebuilt 
modern  nave.  It  is  small,  and  chiefly  notable  in  that  its 
aisles  are  of  the  same  height  as  the  nave,  which  thus  has 
no  clearstory,  and  for  its  superb  Norman  chapter-house, 
which  is  rectangular  in  plan  and  exhibits  admirable  mold- 
ings and  interlacing  arcades.  Bristol  became  important 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  the  second  seaport  of  Eng- 
land down  to  the  18th  centur>*,  and  one  of  the  chief  seats 
of  the  slave-trade.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  it  was 
made  a  county.  It  was  taken  by  Prince  Rupert  in  1643, 
and  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1645.  It  was  the  scene  of 
great  riots  in  1831.  A  noted  musical  festival  is  held  tri* 
ennially  here,  lasting  four  days:  the  first  cue  was  held 
in  1873.    Population  (1901).  ;r.;8,842. 

Bristol.  A  town  and  port  of  entry  in  Bristol 
County,  Rhode  Lslaud,  situated  on  Narragan- 
sett  Bay  13  miles  south-southeast  of  Provi- 
dence.    Population  (1900).  6.901. 

Bristol.  A  borough  in  Bucks  Coiuity,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  tlie  Delaware  River  19  miles 
northeast  of- Philadelphia,  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  carpets  and  iron  goods.  Population 
(1900),  7.104. 

Bristol  Boy,  The.    Thomas  Chatterton. 

Bristol  Channel.  An  arm  of  the  ocean  lying 
lietween  Wales  and  Monmouthshire  on  the 
north,  and  southwestern  England  on  the  east 
and  south,  it  extends  from  the  estuarj'  of  the  Severn 
westward  to  the  soutliwestern  points  of  England  and  of 
\\ales. 

Bristowe  (Bristol)  Merchant,  The.  A  play 
by  Ford  and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1624 :  probably 
an  alteration  of  Day's  "Bristol  Tragedy." 

Bristowe  Tragedy,  The,  or  the  DeatH  of  Sir 
Charles  Bawdin.  One  of  the  Rowley  poems 
by  Chatterton,  the  first  one  separately  printed. 
It  was  written  in  1768  and  printed  in  1772.  See 
Chatterton. 

Britain  (brit'an  or  brit'n).  [ME.  BrUnine, 
Brctaiiiic.  etc..  OF.  Bretagnc,  L.  Britannia.'] 
The  English  equivalent  for  Britannia  ;  Great 
Britain,  in  Arthurian  romance  "  Britain  "  always  means 
Brittany  (Bretagne)  :  England  is  called  Logris  or  Logria, 
The  word  "Britain,"  in  the  mouth  of  an  Englishman,  is 
reserved  either  for  artificial  poetry,  for  the  dialect  of  for- 
eign politics,  or  for  the  conciliation  of  Scottish  hearers. 
Before  England  and  Scotland  were  united,  the  name 
"Briton,"  as  including  Englishmen,  was  altogether  un- 
heard of.  Freeman,  Hist,  Essays,  I.  165. 

Britain  (brit'an  or  brit'n),  Benjamin,  or  Lit- 
tle. In  Charle?  Dickens's  story  "  The  Battle 
of  Life,"  at  first  a  servant,  afterward  landlord, 
of  the  Nutmeg  Grater  Inn.  He  is  very  small, 
and  announces  himself  as  knowing  and  caring 
for  absolutely  nothing. 

Britanni  (bri-tan'i).  [LL.  Britanni,  Briiones.'] 
A  Celtic  people  in  the  northwest  part  of  Gaul, 
first  mentioned  in  this  location  by  Sidonius 
Apollonius.  According  to  Jordanes  they  were  leagued 
with  the  Romans  against  the  West  Goths.  Gregory  of 
Tours  makes  them  subject  to  the  neighboring  tYanks. 
They  were  called  by  the  Franks  Breton;  by  Latin  writers 
after  the  ,'.th  centiiry,  Britanni,  Britones.  and  their  land 
Britannia  Ci^marina,  modern  Bretagne,  Brittany.    They 


British  India 

were,  in  all  probability,  the  descendants  of  theDumnonii 
whose  original  home  had  been  the  southwestern  part  of 
Britain,  whence  they  had  been  driven  out  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons, 
Britannia  (bri-tan'i-a).  [L.  Britannia,  more 
correctly  Brittania,  (Jr.  BpcTTavia,  from  Britan- 
ni, more  correctly  Brittani,  Gr.  Bpcrravoi,  Bpe- 
ravoi.']  In  ancient  geogi-aphy  (after  the  time 
of  Csesar).  the  name  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain,  and  specifically  of  the  southern  part  of 
the  island :  in  modern  times,  a  poetical  name 
of  the  LTnited  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

However  they  were  first  constituted,  the  Roman  divi- 
sions of  Britain  are  the  great  territorial  landmarks  of  our 
historj'.  The  country,  before  its  conquest,  was  parcelled 
out  among  dirt erent  tribes. who  had  come  in  on  everj  side, 
and  were  struggling  in  the  centre  for  supremacy.  The 
Romans  seem  to  have  disregarded  the  limits  of  the  exist- 
ing kingdoms  and  the  more  natui"al  features  of  mountain 
chains.  Apparently,  they  took  rivers  as  their  landmarks. 
Britannia  Piinia,  the  first  province,  was  the  district 
south  of  the  Thames,  the  Saxon  Wessex  under  Egbert; 
Flavia  CBes<ariensis,  between  the  Severn  and  the  sea,  was 
the  Mercian  kingdom  of  Offa;  Britannia  Secunda,  west  of 
the  Severn,  comprised  Wales  and  the  Welsh  Marches ;. 
M.axima  Csesariensis,  between  the  Humber  and  the  Tyne, 
is  the  Northumbrian  province  of  Deira  ;  and  Valentia, 
whose  northern  boundarj"  was  between  the  Frith  of  Forth 
and  the  Clyde,  embraced  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland  and 
Northumberland,  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng,,  I,  40. 

Britannia  Prima.    See  Britannia. 
Britannia  Secunda.   A  Roman  province  neaily 
corresponding  to  Wales.     See  Britannia. 

Britannia  Tubular  Bridge.  A  famous  rail- 
way bridge  across  Menai  Strait,  Wales,  built, 
by  Robert  Stephenson  between  1846  and  1850. 
It  consists  of  two  parallel  rectangular  tunnels  of  wrought 
iron,  supported  by  three  piers  between  the  two  shore  piers. 
Tlie  central  to»  er  is  230  feet  liigb.  The  total  length  ia 
l,tt40  icet  ;  that  of  each  of  the  central  spans,  460  feet. 

Britannicae  Insulae  ( bri  -  tan '  i  -  se  in '  sii  -  le). 
[L.]  In  ancient  geography  (before  the  time  of 
Ciesar),  the  name  of  the  British  Islands  Albion 
(Great  Britain)  and  leme  (Ireland). 

Britannicus  (bri-tan'i-kus),  originally  Clau- 
dius Tiberius  Germanicus.  Born  about  42; 
A.  D. :  died  at  Rome,  55  a.  d.  A  son  of  the 
emperor  Claudius  and  Messalina.  He  was  heir 
apparent  to  the  throne  till  the  intrigues  of  his  stepmother, 
Agrippina,  and  her  paramour,  the  freedman  Pallas,  se- 
cured from  Claudius  the  precedence  for  Nero,  Agrippina's 
son  by  a  former  marriage.  He  was  poisoned  at  a  banquet 
by  Nero,  whose  mother  had  sought  to'work  upon  the  fears, 
of  her  rebellious  son  by  threatening  to  bring  the  claims- 
of  Britannicus  before  the  soldiery. 

British  America.  That  part  of  North  America. 
(with  the  exception  of  Alaska)  which  lies  north 
of  the  United  States.  It  comprises  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  and  Newfoundland,  In  a  wider  sense  the  name 
includes  also  the  Bermudas,  British  West  Indies,  Balize, 
British  Guiana,  and  the  Falkland  islands, 

British  Baluchistan.  A  British  chief  commis- 
sionership  in  Asia,  formed  in  1887  out  of  dis- 
tricts in  southeastern  Afghanistan. 

British  Burma.    See  Burma. 

British  Central  Africa.    See  C.  J.,  British. 

British  Columbia.  A  province  in  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  lying  between  the  Northwest 
Territory  north,  Athabasca  and  Alberta  east, 
the  United  States  south,  and  Alaska  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  west,  in  lat.  49°-60°  N.  The  capi- 
tal is  Victoria.  It  includes  Vancouver  and  Qaeen  Char- 
lotte islands.  It  has  a  lieutenantgovernor  and  legisla- 
tive assembly,  and  sends  6  members  to  the  Dominion 
House  of  Commons,  and  3  lueiubers  to  the  Senate.  Area,. 
383,300  square  miles.     Population  (1901),  178.fi.i7. 

British  East  Africa.    See  J-:((st  Africa,  British. 
British  East  Africa  Company,  mperial.    A 

British  commercial  company,  developed  from 
the  British  East  Africa  -\ssociation,  and  char- 
tered in  1888.  Its  head  was  Sir  William  Mackinnon. 
The  territory  of  the  company  (about  200,000  square  miles) 
lay  within  the  newly  acquired  British  "sphere  of  in- 
fluence" of  East  Africa,  northeast  of  Victoria  Nyauza- 
The  company  had  extended  its  operations  into  Uganda, 
but  in  1892  it  decided  to  abandon  that  region,  and  in  1896 
it  surrendered  its  charter  to  the  British  government. 

British  Empire.  .\  collective  term  for  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
with  its  colonies  and  dependencies.  Area  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  India,  and  colonies,  9,180,700  stiaare 
miles:  population,  345,282,960,  Area  of  protectorates  and 
spheres  of  inrtuence,  2,240,400;  population,  36,122,000. 
Grand  total  of  British  Emphe :  area,  11,421,100  sqtiart 
miles :  population,  381.404,960, 

British  Guiana.    See  Guiana. 

British  Honduras,  or  Balize  (ba-lez').  A 
crown  colony  of  Great  Britain,  lying  between 
Yucatan  on  the  north,  the  Caribbean  Sea  on 
the  east,  and  Guatemala  on  the  south  and  west. 
Capital,  Balize.  It  exports  mahogany,  logwood,  fruit, 
sugar,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  wood-cutters  from  Jamaica 
at  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and  since  1870  hils  been  a 
crown  c.lonv  i.t  Great  Britain,  Area,  7,562  squaie  miles. 
P..puhiti.iii  (1891),  31,471. 

British  India.     See  India. 


British  Legion 

Britisll  Legion.  A  body  of  British  troops,  c-om- 
mainled  by  C  olonel  Evaus,  which  tought  lor 
Queen  Isabella  of  Spain  against  the  Carlists, 

British  Museum.  A  celebrated  museum  at 
Great  Kusscll  street,  Bloomsbury.  l.oudon. 
founded  in  17')3.  it  contains  collections  of  antiquities, 
drawines  prints  and  a  libiarj- of  2.()00.oOO  volumes,  5.VW'i 
i"s  and  45,0,^  charters.  The  growth  of  the  British 
Jliiseum  has  been  very  rapid,  llontague  House  wasBrst 
employed  in  1753  when  room  was  needed  for  ''ir  U->n8 
Sloanen  library  ami  collections,  w'hlch  were  bought  for  the 
nominal  price  ..f  £20.0O0,  raised  by  a  lottery  The  coUee- 
Son  was  opened  to  the  public  Jan.,  1759.  ihe  Hailelan 
manuscripts,  purchased  in  1755,  and  the  royal  lll>rar>-^ 
tareely  taken  from  the  monasteries  by  Henry  )  III.,  and 
«5  000  volumes  given  by  George  III.  and  George  I\  raised 
the  library  to  a  position  of  great  importance.  Ihe  new 
building,  designed  by  Sir  Robert  Smirke  and  completed 
bv  his  brother  Sydney  Smirke,  was  commenced  soon  after 
Uie  beginning  ..f  the  nineteenth  century.  In  1816  the  Llyii. 
marWe'  were  bought  for  the  sum  ..t  .t:i.-v,00O.  The  first 
creat  Egyptian  accpiisition  consisted  of  the  objects  taken 
with  tlle  Krench  -.mny  in  1801.  In  18M  tlie  Rosetta  Stone 
and  sevend  sarcopliugi  were  exhibited.  A  litt  e  later  tlie 
collection  of  Sir  Gardiner  Wilkinson  was  added.  The  As- 
syrian, Babylonian,  coin,  and  Greek  vase  collections  are  un- 
Questionably  the  best  in  any  cont«mporary  museum,  the 
natund  history  collections  have  been  removed  to  the  .Mu- 
seum of  Natural  Hist.iry  at  Soutll  Kensington.  The  pres- 
ent building,  finished  in  1S47,  is  one  of  the  best  structures 
of  the  "Classic  Revival."  The  annual  increase  of  the  li- 
brary is  about  4ii,o<w  volumes.  Modern  English  publica- 
tions arc  added  free  of  expense  by  a  pri^lege  shared  with 
the  universities,  of  receiving  gratis  a  copy  of  every  book 
entered  at  Stationers'  Hall. 

British  North  Borneo.  A  British  colonial  pos- 
session in  the  island  of  Borneo.  It  is  a  protec- 
torate under  the  British  .North  Borneo  Company  (charier 
Eranted  1881).  It  produces  tobacco,  timlier  rice,  sago. 
colTee,  gums,  etc.  The  chief  towii^  is  Sandakan.  Arc.% 
31,10b' square  miles.     I'opiilalion,  175,1100. 

British  South  Africa  Company.  A  British 
commercial  company  chartered  in  lhb9  tor  tlie 
exploitation  of  Matabeleland  and  the  neighbor- 
ing regions.  The  leader  was  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes.  The 
coropany  has  built  Fort  Salisbury,  and  developed  Mas  lu- 
Mland  to  so.ne  extent.  Its  territory  has  been  extended 
to  include  British  Central  Africa  (north  of  the  Zambesi, 
with  the  exception  of  Nyassaland.  In  1S93  the  company 
put  down  a  Matabele  rising  under  the  chief  Lobengula. 

Brito  Freire  (bre'tij  fra're)  Francisco  de 
Born  at  Corucbe,  Alemtejo,  about  1620:  died  at 
Lisbon,  Nov.  8,  1692.  A  Portuguese  admiral, 
administrator,  and  historian.  He  was  captain- 
neneral  of  Pernarabuco  from  1061  to  l(i«,  and  wrote  the 
"Nova  Lnsitania,"  an  Incomplete  history  of  the  wars  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  Portuguese  in  Brazil. 

Britomartis  (brit-o-miir'tis).  [Gr.  Bpirdmpv'c. 
the  sweet  maiden  (?).]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
oey  a  Cretan  divinitv  of  hunters  and  tishermeii. 
The  'legends  concerning"  her  are  various.  According  to 
one  to  escape  from  the  pursuit  of  .Minos  she  threw  hcr- 
leU'among  the  fishermen's  nets  in  the  sea.  and  was  res- 
cued and  made  a  deity  by  Artemis. 
2.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,  a  lemale 
knight,  personifying  chastity. 

Britons  (brit'onz).  [ME.  Jiritiin.  lirutiin,  etc.. 
OF.  Breton,  a" Briton,  usually  a  Breton  or  na- 
tive of  Brittany  in  France,  from  ML.  Bntt)(ii-), 
pi  Brj<<)«c.5,lj- /*'•''"'"">  Britons.]  The  natives 
of  Great  Britain ;  especially,  the  original  Celtic 
inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Briton. 

So  lately  as  James  the  Second's  time,  a  Britmi  still 
meant  a  Welshman  ;  and  we  believe  that,  exact  y  a  cen- 
tury back,  the  (anions  declaration  of  George  the  1  hird  that 
he '■Kloricil  in  the  name,"  not  of  EnghsliiiiaM.  but  ..f 
Briton,"  was  looked  upon  by  many  oi  In-  ^nij-ns  as  a 
wicked  machination  of  the  Scotchman  I"'  . 

Freeman,  Ili^i    I      '.>'    '•  H'-'- 


Brittany.or  Britanny  (brit'a-m),  F.  Bretagne. 

[Yromh.  Kritanni.     tive  Uritamii,  I!nl(iii>.\    A 

former  government  of  France,  capital  Kennes, 

the  Roman  Arinorica.    It  is  bounded  by  the  English 

Channel  on  the  north,  Normandy,  Maine,  and  Anj.m  on  lb.- 

east,  Poltxin  on  the  south,  and  the  ocean  on  the  sonthwrht 

and  west.     It  is  traversed  by  hills  and  low  mountani»(llie 

Montagues  d'Arn'c,  Montagues  Noires,  etc.),  and   is  di- 

Tided  into  Basse  Bretagne  in  thi-   west,  and  Haute- lire- 

tagne    In    the    east.      It    comprises    five    departinenls 

FlnUtire,  Cdtesdu-Nord,   Morbihan,  Ille.et-\  ilalne.  and 

Lolre-Infdrleure.     The  vernacular  language  la  the  Breton. 

Brittany  is  noted  tor  its  mcgalithic  monuments  (dolmens, 

menhirs,  and  cromlechs).     A  large  part  of  the  people  are 

sailors  an.l  llshcrmen.     Brittany  was  inhabited  by  the  \  c- 

netl  and  other  Gallic  tribes,  and  formed  a  part  of  l.ilgdn- 

aensis  under  the  Romans.     It  received  the  name  of  Lesser 

or  l.lttlc  Uritain  or  Brittany  (Britannia  Minor ;  als*.  Brltan- 

ida  Cismarina)  In  allusion  to  the  Greater  r.ntaln  across 

Ihe  Channel,  fr..m  which  it  received  colonists  (from  t  orn- 

wall)  driven  nut  by  the   Anglo  Saxons.     The   Kankish 

khigs  talleil  lo  retain  a  permanent  hold  on  the  country. 

In  the  0th  century  It  beciime  independent,  and  was  ruled 

by  counts  and  dukes.     In  the  12th  century  II  passed  by 

marriage    to    Geottrey,    son   of    Henrv   11.   of   l.uglaniL 

In  12M  It  became  a  lief  .if  France,  and  soon  after  nasseil 

under  the  rule  of  dukes  of  the  Dri-ux  family      It  was 

united  to  France  by  the  marriages  of  Anne  (hidress  of 

Brittany)  with  Charles  VIII.  of  Franco  in  1401,  and  with 

Louis  .XII    In  1400.     It  was  ftnally   incorporated   wilh 

Franco  in  1BS2.     During  the  Revolution  and  later  It  was 

>  center  of  royalist  feeling.    Compare  Chouan. 


185 

Brittle  (brit'l),  Barnaby.  The  husband  of 
Mrs.  Brittle  in  Beitcrtous  play  "  The  Amorous 
Widow,"  a  sort  of  George  Dandin:  played  by 
Charles  Macklin  at  Coveiit  Garden. 

Brittle,  Mrs.  A  character  in  Bcttertou  s  play 
'•Tlic  Amorous  Widow."  It  was  chosen  by  Mre. 
Bracegirdle  and  Mrs.  lildlleld  as  a  test  of  their  popiihirity 
with  the  public  and  superiority  of  method. 

Britton.  An  early  suimiiary  of  English  law, 
written  in  French,"probablv  in  the  13th  century. 
A  MS.  is  in  existence.  It  was  llrsi  printed  in  London  about 
15.'iO.  Seldeu  and  others  thought  it  an  abridgment  of 
Bracton.  ^ 

Britton  (brit'n).  Colonel.  The  lover  of  Isa- 
bella in  Mrs.  Cintlivie's  comedy  "The  Wonder, 
a  W'oman  keeps  a  Secret."  It  is  to  keep  the 
secret  of  Colonel  Britton  and  Isabella  that  \  lo- 
laiite  ncarlv  loses  her  own  lover. 

Britton,  John.  Born  at  Kingston-St. -Michael, 
Wiltsliiri',  England,  July  7,  1771:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  1,  1857.  An  English  antiquary.  His 
works  include  "The  Beauties  of  Wiltshire"  (1801-2.5), 
"Architectural  Anli<inities  of  llreat  Britain"  (18n5--J(.), 
"  Cathedral  Antiquities  of  F.ngland  '  (Lsl4-3;i),  etc. 

Brive,  or  Brives  (brOv),  or  Brives-la-Gail- 
larde  (brev'lii-gii-yard').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Corri^ze,  France,  situated  on  the 
Correze  in  lat.  4.^°  !)'  N.,  long.  1°  3.^'  E.  it  has 
an  important  trade  in  truffles.  It  is  the  birthplace  ..t 
Carilinal  Dubois  and  Marshal  Brune.  Population  (1891). 
commune,  10,S03. 

Brixen (briks'en).  It. Bressanone (bres-sa-uo  - 
ne).  A  town  in  T\to1,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eisak  40  miles  south  of  Innsbruck. 
It  is  an  important  strategic  point,  and  was  the  capital  of 
au  ecclesLastical  principality  till  1803.  Population  (189iJ), 
5.243. 

Brixham  (briks'am).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Devonshire.  England,  23  miles  south  of 
E.xtter,  on  the  English  Channel.  Population 
(1891),  6,224. 

Brizeux  (bre-z6'),  Julien  Auguste  Pelage. 

Born  at  Lorient.  Sept.  12.  ISO.'):  died  at  Mont- 
pellier.  May,  1858.  A  French  idyllic  poet.  His 
works  include  "Marie."  "La  fleur  d'or,"  "Pri- 
mel  et  Nola,"  "Le  Telen  Arvor,"  etc. 

Broach  (broch),  or  Bharuch  (bhii-roch').  A 
district  in  the  northern  di\'ision,  Bombay,  Brit- 
ish India.  Area,  l,4li3  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891).  341,490. 

Broach.  The  capital  of  Broach  district,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Nerbudda  30  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  was  stormed  by  the  British 
in  1772  and  in  1803.     Population  (1891),  40.1(i8. 

Broad  Bottom  Administration.     In  British 

history,  an  e|>itlict  given  to  thePelham  admin- 
istration (1744-.')4),  because  it  was  formed  by  a 
coalition  of  parties. 

Broad  River.  A  river  in  North  and  South  Car- 
olina which  rises  in.tlie  Blue  Ridge,  uniting  at 
Columbia  with  the  Saluda  to  form  the  Conga- 
ree.     Length,  over  200  miles. 

Broadstairs  ( brad'starz).  A  watering-place  in 
Kent.  Eiighind,  K!  miles  east -northeast  of  Can- 
terliury.      Population  (1891),  5,2G6. 

Broadway  (brad-wil').  The  principal  business 
street  of  New  York,  extending  from  Bowling 
Green  northward  to  Central  Park  for  about  5 
miles.  It  crosses,  diagonally.  Fifth  avemie  at  Twenty- 
third  street.  Sixth  avenue  at  Thirty-fourth  street,  and 
Seventh  avenue  at  Forty-third  street.  From  the  (  ential 
Park  Eighth  avenue  and  Fifty  ninth  street,  its  continua- 
tion to  One  Hundred  and  FiftylUth  street  follows  mostly 
the  old  lilooiningdale  road,  and  is  called  the  Boulevard. 
From  One  Hundred  and  Seventh  street  It  18 identical  with 


Eleventh  avenue 


r.ieveni.11  a>Lniie.  ,  j. 

Brobdingnag  (brob'ding-nag),  or  Brobdignag 

1  brob'dig-Miig).    A  country  described  in  Swift  s 
"Gulliver's  Travels,"  famous  for  Ihe  gigantic 
sizi^  of  the  inhabitants  and  of  all  objects. 
Brock  (brok).  Sir  Isaac.     Horn   in  tinernsey, 
Uct.t),  17li9;  killed  at  tjucenstown.CaniKla,  Oct 


13  1812.  A  British  inn.!or-geiicral.  Uecaptured 
General  HnH's  army  at  Delioll,  Aug.  Id,  1812.  F..r  this 
exploit  be  was  knighled. 


expioll   ne  «an  hiiiKii',-".  ,,     ,      /,  \ 

Brocken(brok'cii).orBlocksberg(bloks  bcro). 

The  cliii'f  summit  of  llic  Haiz  .Moiiiitain8,  and 
the  highesl  iiioiinlain  in  northern  Germanv, 
situated  in  the  province  of  Saxoiiv,  Prussia,  m 
lat.  51°  48' N.,  long.  10°2(i'E. :  thoKoman  Mons 
Bructeriis.  It  is  the  traditional  meeting-place  of  the 
witches  on  Walpurgls  Night,  and  Is  famoun  (or  the  opti- 
cal  phenomenon  called  the  '•specter  of  the  Brockcn. 

Height,  3,74,-,  feet.  „....,  ij 

Brockhaus  (bn.k'hous),  Fnednch  Arnold. 

liuin  at  Dorliiniiid.GcrMiaiiy,  Miiv  4,  \iil:  .bed 
at  Lcipsii',  Aug.  '-'0.  1823.  .\  I  ieniinn  publisher, 
the   foutiiler  of  llie   linn   of  F.   A.   Brockhniis 

at  Lcipsic.     He  purchased  (1 opyrighl  of  the 

••( 'on  viTs.it  ion  s-Lcxikcin"  in  1808. 

Brockhaus,  Hermann.  Born  at  Amsterdam, 
Jan.  28,  1806:  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  5,  187*.    A 


Broglie,  Comte  Victor  Maurice  de 
German  Orientalist,  son  of  Friedrich  Arnold 
Brockhaus.     He  was  the  editor  of  Ersch  and  r.rubers 
"  Allgemeine  Encyklopadie"  after  1S51>,  and  also  •■(  van- 
(rus  Persian  and  Sanskrit  worke. 

Brockton  (brok'ton).  A  city  in  Plymouth 
Countv,  Massachusetts,  20  miles  south  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Formerlv  called  Siirth  Uridgeicatcr.  Popula- 
tion I  I'.iilli),  40,0(53. 

Brockville  (brok'-vil).  A  town  and  port  of 
entry  in  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  in  lat.  44°  34'  N.,  long.  75°  45'  ^N . 
Population  (1901),  8,940. 

Broderip  (brod'np).  William  John.    Born  at 

Bristol,  Englami,  Nov.  21, 1789:  died  at  London, 
Feb.  27,  18,j9.  An  English  lawyer  and  natural- 
ist, secretarv  of  the  Geological  Society.  He  was 
the  author  of  ■numerous  scientiflc  books  and  papers,  in- 
ehnling  zoological  articles  in  the  ■'Penny  Cyelop.x-dia. 
•English  Cyclopadia."  and  "Pl-ocecdings  and  Iransac- 
tions  of  the  Zt)blogica)  Society  " ;  also  "  Zoological  Recre- 
ations "  ( 1S47).  "  Leaves  from  the  Note  Book  of  a  Natu- 
ralist "(1852),  etc. 

Brodhead  (brod'hed),  John  Eomeyn.  Bom 
at  Pliihulelphia,  Jan.  2,  1814:  died  at  New 
York,  May  fi,  1873.  Ai\  American  historian.^ 
He  wrote  "  Historv  of  the  State  of  New  York" 
(18.-,3,  1871).  ■  .     „   „.  D 

Brodie  (brO'di),  Sir  Benjamin  Collins.    Born 

at  Winterslow,  Wilts,  England.  June  9,  1.83: 
died  at  Broome  Park,  Surrey,  England,  Oct.  21, 
1862.  Au  eminent  English  surgeon,  surgeon 
to  St.  George's  Hospital  (1822).  His  works  in- 
clude "Pathological  and  Surgical  Observations  on  the 
Diseases  of  the  Joints  "  (1818),  "  Psychological  Inquu-ies 
(l!>54-<i-J),  etc.  ,  ,        1      i. 

Brody  (bro'di).  «A  town  in  the  crownland  ot 
Galicia.  Au.stria-Hungary, inlat.  50°  8'  N.,  long.  . 
'2.5°  9'  E. :  an  important  trading  center.  Its  in- 
habitants are  in  great  part  Hebrews  (hence  iU  nick- 
name ■■  the  German  Jerusalem  ").  It  was  a  free  commer- 
cial citv  1779-1S79.     Population  (1890),  l,,,.:i4. 

Brodzinski  (brod-zins'ke),  Kazimierz.  Born 

at  Krolowka,  near  Bochnia,  Galicia,  March  8, 
1791  :  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  10,  1835.  A  PoUsh 
soldier,  poet,  and  scholar,  professor  of  esthetics 
at  the  Universitv  of  Warsaw.  He  serveil  in  the 
Russian  campaign  of  1S12  and  in  thf  campaign  of  1S1.1, 
and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  1842-14. 

Broek  (br<>k).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  7 miles  north- 
cast  of  Amsterdam:  famous  for  its  neatness. 

Broekhuizen  ibn.k'lioi-zcn),  Jan  van,  Latin- 
ized BrOUkhUSiuS,  Janus.  Horn  at  Amster- 
dam, Nov.  20,  lf)49:  died  near  Amsterdam,  Dee. 
15  1707.  A  Dutch  poet  and  classical  scholar. 
He  edited  ••  Propertius"  (1702),  -TibuUus" 
(1708),  and  published  Latin  poems  ("  Carmina," 
l(i84). 

BrofferiO  (brof-fa're-6),  Angelo.  Born  at  Cas- 
tclimovo.  nearAsti,  Italy.  Dec.  '24.  1802:  diedat 
Verbanella.  near  Lago  Maggiore.  Italy,  May  2«3. 
I8(i().  An  Italian  poet  anil  iniblicist.  His  works 
include  ••Canzoiii  Pieinonte.'ii  "  (0th  ed.  1S;'«),  druuas,  a 
history  of  Piedmont  (1S41V-62),  etc. 

Broglie    (broly'),   Achille   Charles    Leonce 

Victor,  Due  de.  Bern  at  Paris,  Nov.  28,  1785: 
died  at  Paris,  .Ian.  25,  1870.  A  French  states- 
man and  peer  of  France,  a  son  ot  Claude  Victor, 
Prince  lie  Broglie.  Ho  was  minister  of  the  interior 
and  of  public  worship  and  Instruction  1>>S0.  and  minister 
of  foreign  atfalrB<)ct.,Il5.<2.- April,  1834, and  Nov., 1S;M,-Feb., 
I8:ill.  He  married  (ISlt.)  Alberline,  daughter  of  Madame 
de  Slael. 

Broglie,  Duchesse  de  i  Albertine  Ida  Ousta- 

vinedeStael>.  Horn  at  Paris.  1797:  di.il  Sept. 
22,1838.  Daughter  of  Madame  do  Stael,  aud 
w'ife  ot  Achille  Charles  Leonce  Victor  de  Bro- 
glie. she  wrote  moral  and  religious  essays,  collected 
after  her  death  under  the  title  of  "  tVagmeiita  sur  dlvera 
snjcts  de  religion  et  de  morale  "  (1S40). 

Broglie,  Claude  Victor,  Prince  de.    Born  at 

Paris,  1757:  died  at  Paris,  June  27,  I7!H.  A 
French  )iolitiiinn,  son  of  Viclor  Francois  do 
Broglie.  He  wa<  president  of  Ihel'onstltnent  Assembly 
in  1791  aud  afterward  became  adjutant  general  In  the  army 
of  the  Rhine.  Having  refused  lo  recognize  Ihe  decree  of 
Aug.  10,  1792.  be  was  sent  to  the  gnlllotlue  by  the  reTO- 
lutlonury  tribunal.  r.        j  d 

Broglie,  Francois  Marie,  first  Due  de.    Born 

at  Paris,  Jan.  11,  l(i71:  died  at  Broglie,  !•  ranee, 
May  22,  1745.  .\  iiiarslial  "f  France,  son  of 
Coi'nte  Viclor  Maurice  .Ic  Hmj^li"'. 

Broglie,  Jacques  Victor  Albert.  Due  de.  Bom 

1S21:  died  1901  A  Friiich  statesinaiK  pub- 
licist, and  historian,  son  ot  Achille  Charles 
Leonce  Victor  de  Hroglie.  Ho  was  ambasaador  U> 
Ixmdon  In  1871.  and  nreinler  ls7:»-74  an.n877  ^}>^<^f 
work  18  "L'Egllse  et  rempire  romaln  au  4<-  slecle    (1850). 

Broelie    Comte  Victor   Maurice   de.    B<>n> 

lt;39 :  ilieil  Aug.  4.  17'27.  A  ninrslinl  of  _!•  rance, 
distinguished  in  the  wars  ot  Louis  XIV. 


Broglie,  Victor  Francois,  Due  de 

Broglie,  Victor  Frangois,  Due  de.  Born  Oct. 
111.  ITIS:  died  at  iliiiister,  Germany,  March  29, 
180-t.  A  marshal  of  France,  son  of  Francois 
Marie  Je  Broglie.  He  fought  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War.  at  Hastenbeck  and  Rossbuch.  commaiuled  at  the 
battle  of  Bergen,  1759,  and  was  appointed  minister  of  war 
by  Louis  XVI,  At  the  outbreak  of  tlie  Revolution.  1789. 
he  was  ill  command  of  the  troops  stationed  at  Paris  for 
the  maintenance  of  order,  but  their  adoption  of  the  cause 
of  the  Revolution  led  him  to  emigrate  about  1790.  He 
commanded  a  body  of  emigrants  in  the  campaign  of  179'2, 
orfjanized  a  corps  of  emigrants  for  the  English  ser%'ice  in 
1794,  and  on  the  dissolution  of  this  corps  joined  the  Rus- 
sian service  in  1797. 

Brogni  ( bron'ye  \  Jean  Allarmet  de.  Bom  at 
Brogni,  Savoy.  1342:  died  at  Koine,  Feb.  16, 
1426,  An  eminent  French  cardinal.  He  was 
president  of  the  Council  of  Constance,  141.V17,  and  as  such 
pronounced  the  sentence  of  the  council  upon  John  Huss. 

BrohanCbro-on';.  Augustine  Suzanne.    Bom 

at  Paris,  Jan. 29, 1807:  dicil  Aug.  17. 1887.  Anoted 
French  actress,  known  on  the  stage  as  Suzanne. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  as  Dorine  in 
•'Tartufe.'  She  was  a  soci^taire  of  the  Oom^die  Fran- 
^aise,  and  was  an  e\tremel.v  graceful,  adroit,  and  original 
actress,  but  ill  health  compelled  her  to  retire  at  thirty-9ve. 

Brohan,  Emilie  Madeleine.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Oct.  21.  1833:  died  there,  Feb.  25,  1900.  A 
French  actress,  known  on  the  stage  as  Made- 
leine :  the  younger  daughter  of  Suzanne  Brohan. 
.She  married  Mario  Fchard  in  1854.  from  whom  she  was 
divorced  in  18-^.  She  was  a  beautiful,  flnislied.  and  co- 
quettish actresi.     She  retired  from  the  stage  in  l»8o. 

Brohan,  Josephine  Felicite  Augustine.  Bern 
Dec.  2,  1824:  died  Feb.  16,  1893.  A  French  ac- 
tress and  dramatic  writer,  known  on  the  stage 
as  Augustine,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Suzanne  Bro- 
han, and  was  a  remarkably  versatile  and  brilliant  actress. 
She  succeeded  Rachel  at  the  Conservatoire,  and  retired  in 
1868.    She  married  M.  Gheest,  Belgian  minister  to  France. 

Broke  (bruk).  Sir  Philip  Bowes  Vere.  Bom 
at  Broke  HaU.  near  Ipswich.  England.  Sept.  9, 
1776:  died  at  London.  Jan.  2.  1841.  A  British 
rear-admiral.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Naval 
Academy  in  Portsmouth  Dockyard  ;  became  a  commander 
in  1799,  and  a  captain  in  18*:)1;  and  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  frigate  Shannon  in  1806.  While  cruising  oif 
Boston,  he  sent  a  challenge  to  Captain  Lawrence  of  the 
American  frigate  Chesapeake  to  fight  an  engagement. 
The  Chesapeake,  -which  stood  out  to  sea  before  the  chal- 
lenge could  be  delivered,  was  captured  after  an  engage- 
ment of  fifteen  minutes,  June  1,  1813. 

Broken  Heart,  The.  A  tragedy  bv  Ford,  acted 
at  Bhickfriars  in  1629,  printed  in  1633, 

Bromberg  Oirom'bero),  Pol.  Bydgoszcz  (bid'- 
goshch).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Pi'us- 
sia,  situated  on  the  Brahe,  and  on  the  canal 
between  the  Oder  and  Vistula,  in  lat.  53°  9'  X.. 
long.  18°  E.  It  Is  a  commercially  important 
place.     Poptilation  (1890 ^  commune,  41.399. 

Bromberg.  A  governmental  district  in  the 
province  of  Posen,  Prussia.  Population  (1890). 
62.5.21,5. 

Brome  i  brom).  Alexander.  Bom  in  1620 :  died 
June  30. 1666.  An  English  attorney  and  royal- 
ist poet.  He  wrote  "  Songs  and  Poems  "  (1661 ;  second, 
enlarged  edition  I664),  and  a  comedy,  "  The  Cunning 
Lovers  "  (1654).  He  edited  t'.vo  volumes  of  Richard  Brome's 
plays,  but  is  not  known  to  be  related  to  him. 

Brome,  Richard.  Died  1652  (?).  An  English 
dramatist,  in  his  early  years  the  servant  of  Ben 
Jonson.  Of  his  life  and  death  little  is  known.  Among 
his  numerous  pl.ays  are  "The  City  Wit,  or  the  Woman 
Wears  the  Breeches,"  "  The  Northern  Lass  "(printed  1632). 
"The  Sparagus  Garden"  (acted  1635.  printed  1640X  "The 
Antipodes"  (acted  1638,  printed  1640),  "A  Jovial  Crew, 
or  the  Merry  Beggars  "(acted  1641,  printed  1652). 

Bromla  (bro'mi-a).  The  scolding,  ill-tempered 
wife  of  Sosia.  who  is  slave  of  Araphitrj'on,  in 
Dryilen's  "Amphitryon." 

Bromley  (bram'li).  A  town  in  Kent,  England. 
10  miles  southeast  of  London.  Near  it  are  Haves 
Place  andChiselhurst.  Populatiou(1891),21,685. 

Brompton  ibromp'ton).  A  district  of  London, 
S.  W.  It  lies  between  Kensington  and  Pimlico. 
south  of  Hyde  Park.  The  South  Kensington 
Museum  is  in  Brompton. 

Bromsebro  (brem'se-bro).  A  village  in  the  liin 
of  Kalmar.  Sweden.  Here,  Aug.,  1645,  a  treaty  was 
concluded  between  Sweden  and  Denmark,  by  which  the 
latter  renounced  Jemtland,  the  island  of  Gotliland,  etc. 

Bromsgrove  (bromz'grov).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Worcestershire,  Englaud,  12  miles 
southwest  of  Birmingham.  Population  (1891), 
7.934. 

Brondsted  (bren'sted),  Peter  Olaf.  Bom  at 
Frueriug,  near  Horsens,  in  Jutland,  Nov,  17. 
1780:  died  at  Copenhagen.  June  26,  1842,  A 
noted  Danish  archseologist, professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Copenhagen, 

Brongiuart  (bron-nyar'),  Adolphe  Theo- 
phile.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1801:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb,  19,  1876.  A  French  botanist,  son  of 
Alexandre  Brongniart,  professor  at  the  Jardiu 


186 

des  Plantes.  He  wrote  "Essai  d'une  classification  na- 
turelle  des  champignons  "  (1S25),  "  Histoire  des  vegetaux 
fossiles  "  (1&2S),  ■'  Prodrome  d'une  histoire  des  vegetans 
fossiles  "  (18-S),  "  M^moire  sur  la  structure  et  les  fonctions 
des  feuilles  "  (1871),  etc. 

Brongniart,  Alexandre.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
5,  1770:  died  there,  Oct.  7.  1847.  A  noted 
French  mineralogist,  chemist,  and  geologist, 
son  of  Alexandre  Tlieodore  Brongniart.  He  be- 
came professor  of  natural  history  at  the  l^cole  Centrale  de 
Quatre  Nations  in  1797 :  professor  of  mineralogy  at  the 
Museum  of  NatunU  History  at  Paris  in  1822;  and'director 
of  the  porcelain  manufactory  at  S&\Tes  in  180O.  He  wrote 
"Essai  d'une  classification  naturelle  des  reptiles "  (I8O0X 
"Traite  ^lementaire  de  min^ralogie  "  (1S07),  "Traite  des 
arts  ceramiques,  etc."  (1845),  etc. 

Bronte  (bron'te).  Anne:  pseudonym  Acton 
Bell,  Bom  at  Thornton,  Yorkshire,  England. 
1820 :  died  at  Scarborough,  England,  May  28. 
1849.  An  English  novelist  and  poet,  sister  of 
Charlotte  Bronte.  She  wrote  "Agnes  Grey"  (1S47), 
"  The  Tenant  of  Wildf ell  Hall  "  (1S4S 1,  and  -  Poems "  (1S46, 
by   -Currer,  EULs,  and  Acton  Bell"). 

Bronte,  Charlotte  (later  Mrs.  NichoUs) :  pseu- 
donym Currer  Bell.  Bom  at  Thornton,  York- 
shire, England.  April  21, 1816 ;  died  at  Haworth, 
Yorkshire,  England,  March  31,  1855,  A  famous 
English  novelist,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Patrick 
Bronte,  curate  of  Thornton  and  lat«r  of  Haworth,  with 
whom  most  of  her  life  was  spent.  She  wrote  '•J.-me 
Eyre  "(1847),  "Shu-ley  "  (1849),  "  Villette  "  (1853X  "The 
Professor"  (1855),  and  published  poems  (1S46)  conjointly 
with  "Ellis  "  .and  "Acton  Bell." 

Bronte,  Emily:  pseudonym  Ellis  Bell,  Bom 
at  Thornton,  Yorkshire,  England,  1818:  died  at 
Haworth.  England,  Dec.  19,  1848.  An  English 
novelist  and  poet,  sister  of  Charlotte  Bronte, 
she  was  the  author  of  "  Wuthering  Heights  "  (1846),  and 
"  Poems  "  (with  her  sisters). 

Bronte  (bron'te).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  at  the  western  base 
of  Mount  Etna  20  miles  northwest  of  Catania. 
Population.  16,000. 

Bronte,  Duke  of.     A  title  of  Lord  Nelson. 

Brontes  (bron'tez).  [Gr.  Bpoirz/f.]  One  of  the 
Cyclopes  (which  see). 

Brooch  of  Vulcan,  The.  A  name  given  to 
Chaucer's  "Complaint  of  Mars." 

Brook  (bruk).  Master.  The  name  assumed  by 
Ford,  in  Shakspere's  ''Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor," for  the  purpose  of  fooling  Falstaflf,  who  is 
in  love  with  Mrs.  Ford  and  reports  progress  to 
Master  Brook. 

Brooke,  or  Broke  (bruk),  Arthur.  Died  1563. 
An  English  writer,  author  of '  •  The  Tragical  His- 
tory of  Eomeus  and  Juliett"  (published  1562), 
translated  from  a  French  version  of  the  work 
of  Bandello.  From  this  book  the  plot  of  Shak- 
spere's "Eomeo  and  Juliet"  was  taken, 

Brooke,  Celia.  The  sister  of  Dorothea  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  ''Middlemarch."  she  is  a 
pretty,  practical  girl  whose  common  sense  protestsagainst 
the  somewhat  ideal  philanthropy  of  Dorothea. 

Brooke,  Dorothea.  The  heroine  of  George 
Eliot's  novel  "  Middlemarch."  she  has  a  passionate 
ideal  nature  which  demands  expression  in  work  which 
shall  be  of  permanent  benefit  to  others.  She  mistakenly 
marries  a  dried-up  pedant,  Casaubon,  who  hinders  insteaii 
of  helps  her,  and  after  his  death  abandons  her  high  but 
vague  ideal  and  marries  a  man  who  only  satisfies  the  com- 
mon yearning  of  womanhood.  She  sinks  into  a  happy  oti- 
scurity  with  all  her  rare  gifts  unused.  See  Casaubon  and 
Ladi^aw. 

Brooke,  Mrs.  (Frances  Moore).  Bom  1724 : 
died  at  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  Jan.  23  (26?), 
1789,  An  English  novelist,  poet,  and  dramatist. 
She  was  the  wife  of  Rev.  John  Brooke,  D,  D,,  rector  of 
Colney,  Norfolk,  and  chaplain  to  the  garrison  at  Quebec, 
where  they  for  a  time  resided.  Her  works  include  "The 
History  of  Lady  Julia  Mandeville  "  (1763).  "  History  of 
Emilv  Montagu  "  (1769),  "  The  Excursion  "  (1777),  eU-. 

Brooke,  Henry.  Died  Jan.  24.  1619.  The  tenth 
Lord  Cobham,  tried  and  convicted  (1603)  with 
Raleigh  and  others  on  the  charge  of  conspiring 
to  place  Arabella  Stuart  on  the  throne.  He  was 
led  to  the  scaffold,  but  was  reprieved  and  sent  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  remained  till  1617.  It  is  said  that  he 
died  in  poverty  at  the  house  of  his  laundress. 

Brooke,  Henry.  Bom  at  Rantavan.  County 
Cavan.  Ireland,  about  1703:  died  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  10,  1783.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and 
poet.  He  wrote  "  The  Fool  of  Qualitv"  (a  novel, 
1766-68),  "Gustavus  Vasa"  (drama^  1739),  etc. 

Brooke,  Sir  James,  Rajah  of  Sarawak.  Born 
at  Benares,  April  29,  1803:  died  at  Burrator, 
Devonshire,  England,  June  11,  1868.  .\n  Eng- 
lish adventurer.  He  was  rajah  of  Siirawak.  Borneo, 
1841-63,  and  governor  of  Labuan  under  the  British  govern- 
ment 1848-52 ;  and  suppressed  phacy  in  the  East  Indian 
archipelago, 

Brooke,  Stopford  Augustus.    Bom  at  Letter- 

kenuy,  (,'ounty  Domgal,  Ireland,  Nov.  14, 
1832,  An  English  clergyman  and  vrriter.  He 
became  curate  of  St.  Matthe'w,  Marylebone,  London,  in 
1857;  curate  of  Kensington  in  1860;  ministerof  St.  James's 
Chapel,  York  street,  in  1866;  minister  of  Bedford  Chapel, 


Brooks,  William  Thomas  Harbaugh 

Bloumsbury,  in  1876;  and  chaplain  in  ordin:u7  to  the 
queen  in  1872,  In  1880  he  left  the  Church  of  England  in 
order  to  join  the  Unitarians.  He  has  written  "Sermons 
Preached  in  St.  James's  Chapel  "(1868),  "Christ  in  Modern 
Life"  (1S72),  "Theology  in  the  English  Poets,— Cowper 
Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  and  Burns  "  (1874),  "Sermons 
Preached  in  St.  James's  Chapel,  .'Second  Series"  (18741 
"  English  Literature  "  (1876X  "  MSton  "  (1879),  etc. 
Brook  Farm.  A  farm  at  West  Roxbui-y,  near 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  the  scene  of  an  ex- 
periment in  agriculture  and  education  by  the 
"Brook  Farm  Association,"  of  which  the  "cMef 
founders  (1841)  were  Ripley,  Hawthorne,  C.  A. 
Dana,   and  others.     Fourierism  was  introduced  in 

1844,  the  "  Brook  Farm   Phalanx "  was  incorporated  in 

1845,  and  the  organization  dissolved  in  1S47. 
Brookline   ibruk'lin)       A    to«-n    in    Norfolk 

Countv.  Massachusetts.  4  miles  southwest  of 
Boston.  Population  (1900).  .19,935, 
Brooklyn  ibnik'lin).  One  of  the  boroughs  of 
the  new  municipality  of  New  York,  situated  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  on  the 
East  River  and  New  York  Bay.  in  lat.  40°  42'  N., 
long.  73°  59'  W.  (See  Xeic  Tork:)  its  busmess 
interests  have  always  been  largely  connected  with  those  of 
New  York.  It  is  called  the  "City  of  Churches"  (among 
them  are  St.  Ann's,  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Paul's,  Plymoutli 
Church,  Church  of  the  Pilgrims.  St  Augustine),  It  has 
large  docks  and  basins  (Erie,  Atlantic  Dock,  etc.),  and  con- 
tains a  United  States  navy-yard.  Brooklyn  was  settled 
about  1637,  and  was  at  first  called  Brfukelen.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  battle  of  l>jng  Island  (1776).  It  was  uicorpor. 
ated  in  1834.  Williamsburg  and  Bushwick  were  annexed 
iu  1455.     Population,  borough  (1900);  1,166,582. 

Brooklyn  Bridge.  A  large  suspension-bridge 
over  the  East  River,  uniting  the  boroughs  of 
Manhattan  and  Brooklyn  in  New  York  city. 
The  preliminary  work  was  begun  in  1867,  and  the  brid'ge 
was  completed  in  1884,  The  bridge  crosses  the  river  by* 
single  span  1.595i  feet  long  and  135  feet  above  high  water 
in  the  middle,  suspended  from  two  massive  piere  on  the  op- 
posite sides.  The  piers  measure  59  by  140  feet  at  the  water 
level,  and  40  by  121^1  feet  at  the  summit,  and  are  277  feet 
high.  Beyond  the  piers,  on  both  banks,  the  bridge  is  con- 
tinued on  an  easy  incline,  partly  suspended  and  partly  of 
masonry  arches  and  steel  trusses,  until  the  street-level  is 
reached.  The  total  length  is  5,989  feet.  There  are  four  main 
cables  of  steel  wires,  each  15|  inches  in  diameter.  The 
width  of  the  bridge  is  85  feet,  which  is  subdivided  into  two 
driveways  and  two  railway-tracks,  between  which  is  a  prom- 
enade  for  pedestrians.  It  was  planned  and  constructed  by 
the  Eoeblings. 

Brooks  (bruks),  Charles  William  Shirley. 

Bom  at  London,  April  29,  1816:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  23,  1874.  An  English  novelist,  jour- 
nalist, and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  a  contrib- 
utor to  "  Punch  "  after  1851,  and  its  editor  after  1870,  Hia 
chief  works  are  "The  Creole,  or  Love's  Fetters"  (acted 
1847),  and  the  novels  ".\spen  Court  "  (1855),  "  The  Gordlan 
Knot  "  (1860),  "The  Silver  Cord  "(1861),  •'  Sooner  or  Later" 
(1S6S), 

Brooks,  Charles  Timothy.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1813:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
June  14. 1883,  An  American  Unitarian  clergy- 
man and  author,  noted  chiefly  as  a  translator 

from  the  German. 

Brooks,  James  Gordon.  Bom  at  Claverack, 
N.  Y..  Sept.  3,  1801 :  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  20,  1841.  An  American  poet  and  journal- 
ist. He  married  iliss  Mary  Elizabeth  Aiken  (pseudo- 
nym "Xoma")in  1828,  together  with  whom  he  pubUsheda 
volume  of  poems  entitled  "The  Rivals  of  Este,  and  ether 
Poems  "(1S29). 

Brooks,  John.  Born  at  Medford,  Mass.,  May 
31.  17.52:  died  March  1,  1825.  An  American 
Revolutionary  ofiScer  and  politician.  He  carried 
the  German  intrenchments  in  the  battle  of  Saratoga. 
From  1817-23  he  was  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

Brooks,  Mrs.  (Maria  Go'wen).  Born  at  Med- 
ford, Mass.,  about  1795:  died  at  Matanzas, 
Cuba,  Nov,  11,  1845.  An  American  poet,  au- 
thor of  "  Zophiel.  or  the  Bride  of  Seven" 
(1825),  etc.  She  was  known  as  Maria  del  Occi- 
dente,  a  sobriquet  given  her  by  Southey. 

Brooks,  Phillips.  Bom  at  Boston,  I)ec.  13, 
1S35 :  died  there.  Jan.  23.  1.S93.  A  bishop  of 
the  Episcopal  Church,  and  noted  puipit  orator. 
He  was  graduated  at  Har^-ard  College  in  18iJ5,  and  at  the 
Episcopal  Seminary  at  .\lexandria.  Virginia,  in  1859;  became 
rector  of  the  Church  of  the  .Advent,  Philadelphia,  in  18.^9, of 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  the  same  city  in  1S61, 
and  of  Trinity  Church.  Boston,  in  1870;  and  was  elected 
bishop  of  the  Episcopal  diocese  of  Massachusetts  in  1S91. 

Brooks,  Preston  Smith.  Born  in  Edgefield 
County.  S.  C.  Aug.  4.  1819:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  Jan.  27, 1857.  An  American  poli- 
tician, notorious  from  his  assault  on  Charles 
Sumner  in  the  senate-chamber  at  Washington, 
May  22,  1856.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  South  Carolina  1 8-53-57. 

Brooks,  William  Thomas  Harbaugh.    Bom 

at  New  Lisbon,  Oliio.  Jan.  2.^,  l.><21  ;  died  at 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  July  19.  1870.  An  American 
soldier.  He  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
the  Federal  army  in  1861,  was  commander  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Monongahela  1863-64,  and  led  the  10th  army 
corps  at  Swift's  Creek,  Drurj  s  Bluff,  Bermuda  Hundred, 
Cold  Harbor,  and  Petersburg. 


Brooks's  187  Brown  University 

SrOOks's  (briik'sez).      A   Loinlon   club   (Con-  Broughton,  Thomas.     Born  at  London,  Julv  5,  from  defici.  ncj  of  eiciting  puwer  aii.i  contended  thai 

servative)  established  in  1764  by  the  Duke  of     17u4:  .i,,,!  ..  B.-dtuiuster,  Eughtnd,  Dee.-.'l,  ^:.^"ll^';:::;::::i^!,^ZZ^,l^::Z^,l^]i:iJ^::, 

Koxborougli.  the  Uuke  ot  roitland,  and  others.      Iii4.     An    hljf^lish   dl\nne   ami    miscellaneous  ihuuffh  mmh  of  his  thenipeutic  practice  lias  since  been 

It  was  fornitily  :i  Kamini;  house  kipl  hy  Alrnack,  and  af-      writer.      He  wrote  the  lives  marked  "T  "  in  the  original  universally  adopted.     Ilu-I.  Xal.  Bioij. 

terward  by  "Brooks,  a  wmeniercliant  and  moneylender,'     edition  ol  the  "  BioKraphia  Britjinnica,' was  the  author  of  BrOWn,   Jolm,    "'if    Ossawatoiuie."       Bom    at 

for  whom  It  «^s  named.                                                            "An  Hist.Mical  IiictionaiT  of  all  Religions  from  the  Crea-  ■['orrinKton,   L'oiin.,  Mav  9,  1800:    executed  at 

Brooks  of  Sheftteld.      The    imaKinary  person     tion  of  the  World  to  the  I-reseiit  Tune    (1,42),  and  fur  (■i,i,,.iesto«ii    Va     Dec  ""    1859      A  celebrated 

iiiiikmI    1)V  Mr     Munlstone   when   sneakin"  of     ni»hed  the  words  tt.  the  muaical  drama  "Hercules,"  by  >-nanesiowu,   \  a.,  jjlc.  _.  looj.     A  leieuraieu 

n.iin((i    oj    Ml.    .uuMisuiiiL   niuu  sptaMu^  oi     jj  ,,„|,,|  American   abolitionist,    an  antislaverv  leader 

David  (  opperhehl,  m  his  pi-e.seuce.     Hence  fre-  gj^^j^j         j                g^      Broekhuizen,  Jan  in  Kansas  1S,^);W)8.      He  removed  with  his'parents  to 

,,uently  used  for  some  peraon  spoken  of  whose  name  it  ^^^i^ii^usius,   oouus.                                        ,  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^^_^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^  ^^^^^^^^^  _^_  i^  ^^ 

IS  not  convenient  to  mention.                                                     -Rrmiosa        ^  ...  Rr,,  ■ ,  and  in  l»)o  became  a  dealer  in  wool.     Having  conceived 
"(Juinion,  "  said  Mr.  Murdstone,  "take  care,   if  you  groussa.      net  itrHAd.  the  idea  of  hecomiim- the  lihenitor  of  the  ncirro  slaves  In 
please.    Somebody  s  sharp."    "Who  isV"  asked  the  gen-  BrOUSSOn  (bro-son  ),  Claude.      Horn  at  .Nimes,  the  .South,  he  cmiKnitfd  in  I8.S;-.  to  Kansas,  where  he  took 
lleman,  laughint'.     I  looked  up  quickly,  being  curious  to     Fiance,  1647:  died  at  Montpellier,  France,  Nov.  an  active  part  in  the  contest  against  the  pp.  slavery  party, 
know.    "(Inly  Urooks  of  .Sheltlcld, "  said  llr.  llurdstone.     4    1G98.     A  French  Protestant  tlieolotjian  and  He  taiijcd  in  Aug.,  ISiiC,  a  victory  at  ossawatoiuie  over 
I  was  quite  relieved  to  tlud  it  was  only  Brooks  of  Shef-      i, ,,.;„.    „„>  ,,,  ,i„„,l,  „„t..T>.;il>lv  f„r  i.,.1itif.nl  vbi  "  superior  number  of  Missourians  who  had  invaded  Kan- 
Held  ;  for  at  first  I  really  thought  it  was  I.                              .)"'  '**''  P"'  "  ''<^''",'  ostensit)l>  lor  political  lea-  ^^g  (w|,l.„ci-  the  surname  "  Ossawatomie  ■).    tin  the  night 
IHfkem,  David  Copperfleld,  ii.      sons.      He  wrote  "L'Ktatdes  n^form^s  de  France  "(1684),  of  (let.  1(1,  1859,  he  seized  the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
_.                                                  .'           "  I.ettres an  clergc  de  France"  (ItWr.),  "I.ettres  aux  Cath-  Vii-ginia,  at  the  head  of  a  small  band  of  followers,  wiln 
Sroome  >liromi,   William.     Born  at  Hasling-     oliques  R»)mains  "  (l(i89X  etc.  a  view  to  arming  the  negroes  and  inciting  a  servile  in- 
ton.   Cheshire.  Kugland,  May  3,  11)89:  died  at  BroUSSOnnet  (brii-so-na'),  Pierre  Marie  Au-  surrcctiou.     He  was  captured  Oct.  is,  was  tried  by  the 
Hath,  England,  Nov.  16, 174.-).    An  English  poet     guste.     Born  at  Montpellier,  France,  Feb.  28.  ^;;",';,™;'|'"J;;I^.J;  '^^'^'■^lill  ^"^^  ^''"^''  "'"*  """  "«""«<» 
and  divine.      He  assisted,  as  au  accomplished  Greek     1761:  died  at    Montpellier,  .Julv  27,   1807.     A  t>        '        x  v          d'         '  *   d-              t           it.- 
«;holar,  in  Pope's  translation  of  Homer    Having  remained      French   phvsician  and  naturali'st,  best  known  *J°^'  J"™-.    ^''™   "i^;"??"^'    Vriawo      'V 
allent  in  respect  to  the  indictment  of  Pope  s  originality     .,,,;,,  i,r,t-iiii"t  Scotland,  bept..  1810:    died  May   11.   1882.     .\ 
Implied  in  tlie  following  couplet  by  Henley.                        •p,„„„„^     T..'  -D^^,,^^,-    n,„„,. '■,.)      AJ,i,„  Scottish   physician   and    author,  son   of  John 

«  ,        ■.•  n         ,   .  .•  Brouwer,   or  iJrauwer   (brou  erj,  Adrian,    n,  „...  /iTii  ia-,a\     „■     x.-  ,       ,  -   .,    ..o 

"Popecanieoff  clean  with  Homer;  but  they  say  p  nt    OiuIptiju-iIp  ahoiit    1606   (?!■    iliedat      Brow  n  ( 1  <84-18.)8).     His  chief  work  is  the  "Hoi  le 

Broome  went  before,  and  kindly  swept  the  way,"  ^*""    ^^    V  ,,",.       '''^*"'V    t        }ll'  ^1}       -^       Subscciva; "  (18.58,  IttSl,  18»'2,  containing   '  Our  Dorb,"  and 

.   ,  .,  Antwerp,  Jan.,  1().18.     A  painter  of  the  1  lemish     "ilab  and  his  Friends":  the  latter  was  llrst  puMUhed  in 

he  was  given  a  place  m  the     Duuciad,  school.    His  chief  works  are  at  Munich  and  Dresden.      is.^iO 

"  Hibernian  politics,  O  Swift,  thy  doom.  He  studied  in  France,  and  died  in  the  hospital  at  Ant-  BrOWH    John   G.      Born  at   Durham.  England, 

And  Pope's,  translating  four  whole  years  with  Broome,"     werp.    The  subjects  of  Brouwer  are  similar  t.»  those  of     \,,y    \\    is^Jl       \ii  American  fiinire  and  eeiire 

which  was  altered,  after  a  reconciliation  had  taken  place,      Teniers,  whom  he  resembles,  although  a  much  stronger     '    :   V      '    ,',  '  Vew-PMlle  on  Tvne    at  Edit, 

»  '        '      and  more  skilful  m;ister.      Next  to  Hals  he  was  the     paiiivtr.     ue  stuaiea  at  .Newcastie-on-iyne,  ai  tuin- 

"Thvfate  greatest  technician  of  his  time.  burgh,  and  in  lSr.3  at  New  York.     F.lectcd  national  acad- 

And  Pope's,  ten  yeara  to  comment  aiid  translate."  BrOWdie  (brou'di),  John.     A  big,  good-natured     X'treet  b.'?'    ^e  is  noted  for  his  characteristic  pictures 

Diet.  Nat.  Bioi,.     Yoikshireman  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Nicholas  gj.^j,^  jjjgjjjjj^g      Born  at  Providence   R   I 
Broseley  (broz'li;.     A   town    in    Shropshire,     Nickleby."     He  marries  Matilda  Price.     See    ^j,,.;,  '^   ,7gy.  ,|i,:,i  q^.^   07,  \M\.     An  Ameri- 
westeru  England,  situated  on   the   Severn  13     /Vicf,  .l/<(/iWr(       t.      •        •      o      *        tj  *     can  merchant.    He  was  a  patron  of  Brown  University 

miles  southeast  of  Shrewsbury.  Population  isrown  (broun),  Benjamin  LrratZ.  Uom  at  (formerly  Rhode  Island  C. liege),  to  which  he  gave  in  the 
(1891),  4,926.  Lexington,  Ky.,  May  28,  1826:  died  at  St.  Louis,     aggregate  :?liio,uoo. 

BrOSSeS,  de.     Hee  DchrossiS.  Dec.   13,  1885.     Au    American   politician   and  BrO'Wn,  Robert.     Bom  at  Montrose,  Scotland, 

Brothers  (bruTH'erz),  Richard.  Born  at  PI  a-  .iournalist.  He  was  t'nited  states  senator  from  Missouri  Dec.  21,  1773:  died  at  London,  June  10,  IS.'iS. 
centia,  Newfoundland,  Dee.  2.'),  1757:  died  at  18ii3-67  ;  governor  of  Missouii  1871-7'2  ;  and  unsuccessful  A  British  botanist.  He  was  the  naturalist  of  Flinder's 
London.  Jan.  25,  1824.     An  English  religious     vV'e  il^tidL,,  fn  lo*"         "  Kepublicaus  for     Australian  expedition.  1801-0,5,  and  keeper  of  thebotanl- 

!•  iii  V  u  *;■  1 1  i,b>uit?iit  III  io/-.  ciil  ilt'D'U't  II  It'll  I  t>f  tilt?  i.(rittsli  Klu^t'iitii   iftcr  IV'7      He 

enthusiast  and  prophet.  He»-asanavalolflcer(lieu-  BrO'Wn,  Charles  Brockden.  Born  at  Philadel-  p„Mi,l„,i  "I'liMlromus  flora;  Nova!  Hollandiffi'dsro:  sup- 
tenant),  discharged  on  half  pay  m  1,SJ  He  prophesied  ,i  J  17  1771  ,j,l  p  ,  00  isio.  An  plement  18.io),  "fieneral  Kemarks  on  the  Botany  of 
among  other  things,  that  the  destruction  of  the  world      ';          .  ,-   ^       „  .      .     ,    ,     .  „..  ,      ,       T..rri  *nslralis  "  (ISU) 

would  take  place  in  179.5,  and  that  complete  restor.ation  of     American  novelist.      His  works  include      W  leland    t,'!^™' ",>''''  u,„.„  ;„  R„„.woll  n^t^nt 

the  Jews  would  take  place  in  1798,  with  himself  as  ruler     "f  The   Transformation  "  (1798),  "  Orm,.nd,  etc."  (17!»),   BrOWH,  TarletOn.      Botn  in  Barnwell  Ulstnct, 

atJerusalem.    He  was  finally  placed  in  conflnement  as  a     "Arthur  Mer\7n  "  (1800),  "Edgar  Huntley,  etc.     (ISOIX     S.  C,  1(.)4:  died  1846.      An  American  Kevolu- 

lunatlc.      He    wrote    "A    Revealed   Knowledge  of  the     etc.  _      ,  „    .  „  r,   <    ■     -n,  tionarv  soldier.     He  served  throughout  the  War  of 

Prophecies  and  Times  "  (1794).  etc.  BrO'Wll,  Ford  MadOX.     Born  at  Calais,  l  ranee,      Independence,  obtaining  the  rank  of  captjiin,  and  wrot« 

Brothers  The      l.    Hee  Adelphi. —  2.   A  play  by      1821:  died  at  London,  Oct.  6,  1893.      An  Eng-     "Memoirs"  pertaining  to  contemporary  events  in   the 

Shirlev,  licensed  in  1626.— 3.   Atragedybv  Ed-     Hsh  painter.     His  works  include  "WycUl,  etc."(1849X     Carolinas  (Privately  printed,  with  notes  by  Ch,u-le8  J. 

ward  Voung   pr-Hluced  in  17.52.-4,  Ac^nedy     ^^ ;;{^ta^\l^i;^:^&t"\:<^^7 rl^^^  Bro^rihomas  or  Tom.     Born  at  Shifnal,  in 

by  Kichai'dtiimberlaiid,  produced  in  17)9.  Feet "  (185J),  etc.  .Shropshire,   16ti:i:   died   at   London.  June   16, 

Brothers,  The.     A  political  club  ot  wits  and  Bro-wn,  George.     Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  29,     1704.      An  English  satirical  poet  and  prose- 

Rtatcsmen  established  in  London  m  liKi.    Swift     j.SlS:   died   at   Toronto,  Canada,  Mav  9,  1880.     writer.     A  collected  edition  of  his  works  was 

S;.HH;'?,!;^Mn;''r,!.hAh'«..S   I"  l"4it  was  merged  m  the     A  Canadian  politician  and  journalist.   Hefounded     published  in  1707-08. 

•B-^V'hirCoJ       i    7,;^<.H,r  h„   T«I,„  n,.o.,f„,.q     ""=    Toronto    •Globe"  in  1.S44;  entered  the  Dominion  Brown,  ThomaS.      Born  at  Kilinabreck.  Kirk- 

BrOther   Sam.      A    comedy  by  John  O.xenford      |l„use  of  Commons  u  18.51;  and  became  senator  in  1873.  ,,  ,7,!:;  ,lTi   bt77    «     ,tl,.„.1      T,.„     o     1T7H-    .llo.l 

from  a  German   play  by  Cxomer,  altered  by  Brown,  George  Loring.  Horn  Feb.  2, 1814  :  died    ^^K  t  )rnea     Lo  1  L   An 

fnl^87f"'«"';  "'"  '•  H-  ,^>;f  ^'"r-  rt"-"'  ^'",„.25,bS,s9^VnA,„ericanlandscape-pai.iter.     if^.^nilotri^h"  nh^ticit?  &plier-,*'-and 

of  se,|uel  to  "Our  American  Cousin."  Z--        .'      »      "     •  '        '  .'^••'**"'  *1''"^,''  •'1;  His  works  include   ".An    Inquiry    into  the   Relat  on  of 

■D '^,x t\.-  IT  /,    n-u--!— ■nff--j„   t„„„-i,  18.)(.     All  American  grammarian.    He  conducted  Cause  and  Etle.t    (1818),  "U-ctures  on   the  Physiology 

iJrOUCK6re  (  luo-kai    ),  OnarleS  Mane  JOSepn  ^„  „eademy  in  New  York  city  for  many  years.     He  wrote  of  the  Human  Mind  "  (18-20),      Poems  "  (I.SIM),    ■  Paradise 

Ghislainde.    Born  at  Bruges,  Belgiiim.  Jan.  18.  "institutes  of  English  Grammar"  (1823),   "First  Lines  of  of  Coquettes"  flSIi).  "The  Warlleud  "  (1817),   "Agnes'" 

1796;    (lied  April   2<l,  1860.     .V   B("lici:iii   iMilili-  English  nrammar"  (18-23).  "Grammar  of  English  Gram-  (1818),  "Emily '^  (lsI9),  etc.     Ue  is  chletiy  notalilc  from 

clan    iiiiiiist.r  of  wn-  18'J1-'!'^  inais"(18.o  r,i).  hissupport  of  Hume's  theory  of  causation. 

Brouckfere,  Henri  Marie  Joseph  Ghislainde.  Brown,  Henry  Kirke.  Born  1814:  died  July  10,  Brown    Thomas,  the  Younger     A  pseudo- 

Born  at  Bruges.  Belgium,  18(11:  died  at  Brus-     !««''•     ^^''  Amt-ncaii  sculptor.     His  works  include  nym  of  1  liomas  Moore,  under  which  ho  wrote 

«p|«   T,,.,    •>-,    IRDI        A  Rolrn-ii,  <tit,.sMnT,    lii-n       an  equestrian  statue  of  Wa.-hlngton  at  New  \ork.  of  the  "  Interci'i.led  Letters,  or  the  1  wopeuny  Post 

sets,  Jan.  -),  IMyi.     A  tselgian  statesman.  Uio-     a^.„i.ral  Scott  at  Wimbington,  etc.  H-i.- "  in  IHl'! 

ther  of  the  iireeeding,  premier  and  minister  of  'Rrniim     Taenh      Born   in   Bucks  County.  Pa..  t>              m      '  '    ^-            1       1/     1        -i.i 

f,>p,.i<r„  .,ff.,  vs  1850  V5                                                M  ^*  ,---°;     ,     ,  w     ,  •      ,        n  ,?'  v!\  Brown,  Tom.     S.""  under  //«<//»,«.  lliomns. 

loreign  <ill,uis  l».^^.).).                 Mav  9.  1 1 1.) :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  J<eb.  -j,'  y       tjx      See  /iVWr,i«i    I/arru 

Brougham  (brii'am  .,r  briim;  ong.  S...  brHC-h'-     .^4,'i„os.     An   Aiiieri.an  general.    In  isl.H  he  re  ij°^-  'wimlm      B.ir  1  in  Ireh  "  1   17^7  •'died 

am),  Henry  Peter  (Baron  Brougham  and    cciVed  an  appoint.oent  as  migadier-generai  m  th.- regnia.  Brown   wimam.    tior  1  m  m  lami,  1 .  i  /    (iiei 

VauX).      Burn  at   Edinbuigh,   Sep!.    19,    177S:  army,  havh.glK'en  pi. -vi.msly  in  the  militia.  He  was  placed  I'V"'''   I  >H''nos  A.M  es,  MilJ  J,  18,1, .      An  admiral 

riii.il  .it  f'ui,i„.«    Pra.ii.B    Mill- 7    l,K(W       A  i.i.ln  In  command  of  the  army  of  the  Niagani.  with  the  rank  ol  the  Argentine  navy.    He   emigrated    to  Amerlci 

uiiij  ai  i^aniKS,  name,  luav   (.  inu,-..      j\  i.i  le  ^^  major-general,  1814;  .leleated  General  Itlall  at  Chip-  with  his  family  when  a  child,  and  in  IsrJ  settled  at  liuenoi 

brateil    British   statesman,    orator,  .)urist,   and  pc»,„  j„iv  .5,  and  Iirnnimond  at  Lundy's  Lane  July  "r.,  Ayres.     In  the  war  with  Brazil.  18".'.5-'i7,  he  .lid  eilhlenl 

scientist.      He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Edin-  and  at  Fort  Erie  Sept.  17.  1814  ;  and  became  geiieral-iu-  service,  but  was  llmdly  defeated.     In  the  civil  war  of  181"-'- 

burgh   Review  "  in  ISir.!;  entered    Parliament   in   I8I11 ;  chief  of  tl]e  I'nitod  Stal.s  army  18;!1.  I..i4.',he  comman.led  the  tieet  of  lluenos  Ayres.  blocka. ling 

was  ( isci  for  ijneen  Caroline  lS"2ii-"21 ;  and  was  lord  BrO'Wn    Johu       Born  at  Kothbiiry,   Nortlium-  .M.mtcvhU-o. 

chancellor  of  Km."lar,d  ls:io-S4.  herlnii'd,    En. 'land,   Nov.    .5,   1715:"    (.oinmitted  Brown,  Mr.     A  pseudonym  of  William  Make- 

Brougham,  John.     Bom   at  Dublin,  Ireland,  f,„i,.i,|,.^  Sciil.   23,  1766.     An   English   clergy-  l""a'"e  Tliac"keray,  under  which  lie  wrote  Mr. 

May  9,  lsl4  :  died  at  New  Yolk,  June  7,  1880.  ^n^i^^  n,',,!  wVitor    author  of  "An  Estimate  of  lir.iwn's  hllers  to  a  young  man  about   town  in 

An  ri"isli-.\Miiri,"an  actor  and    jilaywright  j,,,,    ji,,„,„,rs    mid    Principles  of   the  Times"     "'' h  "  in  l.>^49. 

Broughton,  Baron.    Si-r  llciilion^r.  (I757_5s)  ptc                                                  BrO'Wn  Bess.    A  popular  name  of  the  English 

Broughton    (biii'ton),    Hugh.     Born  at  "wl-  ^j.^^,^'    JqJjjj'      Born   at    Carpow,    parish    of     regulation  Hint-lock  musket  toward  the  end  of 

bury,    parish  uf   B'isln.p's  Castle,    Shropshire,  AlHrii.'lliv,  in' Perthshire,  Scotlaiui,  17'22:  dii>d     th"  ISlh  century. 

England.  I.i49:  died  at    London,  .\ug.  4.   1612.  ,,,     H,,i|,|i"n"toii     Scotland.  Juno    19.    1787.     A   Brown,    JoneS,   and  RobinSOn,   The  Adven- 

An  English  divine  and  rabbinical  scholar.     He  s,.„ttish   biblical   scholar.     His  w.irks  Include  "A     tures  of.      .\   series  of  illnstral.'d   arli."les  by 

published  a  Scripture  chn.nol.igy  ami  genealogy,  enlllleii      |)|e(i..niry  of  the  lllble  "  (17(!1>).    'The  .Self-Intel  preling      Kiihard    Dovle.   begun   in    ""I'l h      and   I'OIll- 

thVA'Xb!'';VhH  Vl''n  ?^TiMl'''^V.n'■■n-^«  1,','whi^  ""'b'"  ('"»)■  "'*  Compen.llous  History  of  the  Vltish     ,,1,.|,.,1  forliis  publishersin  1.S54.   It  Isasallreontho 

hi^maltHn,  t,  ttillm^^^^^^^^^^  Chnrch.;s  "(1781:  new  edlthm  18"23).                                           Lu.ners  of  the' mld.lh-clas,    Kngllsbnian  abn.ad  ..r  a„ 

but  Ihe  Stat,,  of  ,l.parle.l  souls.     Ue  wa.!  satirized  by  lien  BlOWn,  John.      B  >ril  at   Bull.  le.  BervMcks  nr.',      h,  travels.     Anthony    in.lh.pe  pub  i.hed  In  mvi      riu- 

Jonson  In -V,.lpo,',"(l()OfO  and  the  ••Alchemist  "(1(110).  Scotland,  I7:i.):  died  at  London,  Oct.  1,,  1/88.      struggles  ..lllrown,  .lones.  and  hobiimm,    a  sU.ry  lllns 

Works  edited  by  l.igbtlo,.t(l(I«"2).  The    f.Hindir  of  the   "  Bninoiiian"  system    i,,      trale.l  i.y  Mlllals.                ,.....■         ,, 

Broughton,    Rhoda.      Bom   at    Segrwvd   Hall,  medicine.    He  published  (1787)  "  Observation,  .m  the  ^rown  tJmverSltv.    An  u.sl.tu  ion  of  loarill Ilg 

De„hi;,d,shii"e,  Wales,  Nov.  29,  1840.     An  Eng-      Pr.senI  System  of  s, ,  ai  taught  In  the  t'nlverslty  of     ^-tmHed  at    1  i"ov,,ynceKl.ode  Islam     founded 

lish  nnvelisl        v^hn  l,As  wrJlte>,  ""('oiTieth  on  ns  Edinburgh,"  directed  against  Or  Cullen,  and  (1780)  ••  Elc      in  1(64.      It  was  call.il  "  KI10.I0  Island  College  '  until 

llSll  novelist.      IMie  has  written       t  Olnottl  1111  as  n„^^„,„  j,^.,,,,,,,,,^.  •■  ,„  „,,|,.h  he  l,r..jecled  a  new  tliiv.r>of      IWII.     (Sc.  Br,„cn.  .Vi',"W.i..)     It  is  under  cnlnd  of  the 

a  flower      (18b(),   "  Ked    as    a    Kose    is  She  medicine.     He  divMe.l  dls«"ii»e«  Into  two  cUsres  sthenic     Baptists      It  has  ubi.ut  1100  Btu.lents  and  7U  InsHucloni. 

(1870),  "'  Nancy  "  ( 1873),  etc.  and  aathonic,  the  former  resulting  from  excess,  tile  latter     ami  a  library  of  about  IW,UUU  volumM. 


Browne,  Charles  Farrar 


188 


Browne  (brrMm).  Charles  Farrar:  pseudonym  Browning  (brou'ning),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Bar- 


Artemus  Ward.  Bom  at  Wateiford,  Maine, 
April  26,  1S34:  died  at  Southampton,  England, 
March  6,  1867.  An  American  humorist.  His 
chief  work  is". \rteraus  Ward:  His  Book  "  (1S62).  He  also 
wrote  '.^rtemus  Ward:  His  Travels"  (1865),  "Artemus 
Ward  in  U>ndun  "  (IStJT).  etc. 
Browne,  Count  George  de.  Born  at  Camas, 
Limerick,  June  15, 1698:  died  at  Riga,  Russia, 
Feb.  18, 1792.  An  Irish  adventurer.  He  entered 
the  Russian  service  in  1730:  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Polish,  French,  and  Turkish  wars;  was  captured  by  the 
Turks  and  three  times  sold  as  a  slave.  On  gaining  his 
(reedom  he  was  made  major-general  and  served  under 
L.icy  in  Finland,  and  in  the  8evn  Years'  Wiir  (as  lieuten- 
ant-general). He  was  made  field-mai'shiU  and  given  the 
chief  command  in  the  Danish  war,  by  Pet«r  III. 

Browne,  Hablot  Knight :  iiseudon\Tn  Phiz. 
Bomat  Kennington.  Sunev.  June  15, 1815:  died 
at  West  Brighton,  England.  July  8, 1882.  An 
English  artisi,  noted  especially  as  a  caricatur- 
ist .  He  is  best  known  from  his  illustrations  of  the  novels 
of  Dickens,  l.ever.  and  Ainsworth, 

Browne,  Henriette,  the  pseudonj-m  of  Sophie 
de  Bouteiller  (later  Madame  de  Saux).  Born 
at  Paris,  1829:  died  1901.  A  French  painter 
and  etcher.  Among  her  paintings  are  '  Consolation  " 
11861),  "Int^rieur  de  harem  a  Constantinople"  (ISOli, 
"  Ecolier  iM  aiJlite  h  Tanger  "  (1865),"  Danseuses  en  Nnliie 
(18li9l.  "  L:i  I'eiruilu-  ■  (18751.  etc. 

Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins.  Bom  at  Burton-upon- 
Trent.  England,  Jan.  21, 1705 :  died  at  Loudon, 
Feb.  14, 1760.  An  English  poet.  His  chief  poetical 
work  was  a  Latin  poem,  "  De  aninii  immortalitate  "  (1754). 

Browne,  John  Ross.  Born  in  Ireland,  1817: 
died  in  Oakland,  Cal..  Dec.  8, 1875.  An  Irish- 
American  traveler  and  humorist.  He  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1S6S-69.  He  wrote  "Yusef,  or 
the  Journey  of  the  Fragi :  a  Crusade  in  the  East "  (1853),  etc. 

Browne,  Junius  Henri.  Born  ut  Seneca  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  in  1833  :  died  at  New  York,  April  2, 1902. 
An  American  journalist  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  a  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
"Tribune"  in  the  Civil  War. 

Browne,  Count  Maximilian  Ulysses  von.  Born 
at  Basel,  Switzerland.  Oct.  23,  1705:  died  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  June  26.  1757.  An  Austrian 
field-marshal.  He  was  a  commander  in  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession  and  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was 
defeated  by  lYederick  the  Great  at  Lobositz  in  1766,  and 
at  Prague  in  1757. 

Browne,  Patrick.  Born  at  Woodstock,  County 
Mayo,  Ireland,  about  1720:  died  at  Rushbrook. 
same  county,  Aug.  29. 1790.  An  Irish  physician 
and  author.  He  was  twice  in  the  West  Indies,  residing 
several  years  at  Jamaica.  His  "Civil  and  Natural  History 
of  .Janiitica  '  was  jiiililislied  in  175(;  cid  ed.  1769). 


rett).  Bom  at  Co.xhoe  Hall,  Durham,  Eng- 
land, March  6,  1806:  died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
June  29,  18(51.  A  noted  English  poet.  She  was 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Edward  Moulton  (who  took  tlie 
name  of  Barrett  shortly  before  her  birth),  married  Roijert 
Browning  in  1846.  and  resided  in  Italy,  chiefly  at  Florence, 
during  the  remainder  of  her  life.  Author  of  "  Prome- 
theus Bound  and  Miscellaneous  Poems  "  (1833),  "  Seraphim 
and  Other  Poems  ■' (1838),  "Poems"  (1.144),  "  Casa  Guidi 
Windows"  (1861).  "Aurora  Leigh  "  (1S67),  "Poems  before 
Congress  "  (I860),  etc.  An  elaborate  edition  of  her  poetical 
works  w.as  publislied  at  New  York  in  1884. 

Browning,  Robert.  Born  at  Camberwell,  near 
London,  Mav  7,  1812:  died  at  Venice,  Italv. 
Dec.  12,  1889.  A  celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  educated  at  the  London  University.  In  1846  he 
married  Elizal>eth  Barrett,  during  whose  lifetime  he  re- 
sided chiefly  at  Florence.  After  her  death  in  1861  he 
lived  mainly  at  London  and  Venice.  His  chief  works  are 
"Par.acelsus"  (1836-36),  ".Strafford"  (1837),  "Sordello" 
(184(0.  "Bells  and  Pomegranates"  (1841-46,  inclutling 
"Pippa  Passes,"  "  King  Victor  and  King  Charles,"  "A  Blot 
in  the  'Scutcheon,"  "The  Return  of  the  Druses,"  "Co- 
lombe's  Birth(lav,"  "A  Soul's  Tragedy."  "  Luria"),  "Men 
and  Women"  (ISfiS).  "Dramatis  Personse "  (1864),  "The 
Ring  and  the  EtMjk  "  (1S6S-69),  "Balaustion's  Adventure" 
(1871),  "  Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau  "  (1871),  "Fifine  at 
the  Fair  "  (1872).  "  Red  Cotton  Xight-Cap  Country  "  (1873), 
"Aristophanes' Apology  "(1875),  "The Inn-Album  "(1870), 
"  The  ,\gamemnon  of  .-Esclriylus  "  (1877),  "  Dramatic  Idvls  " 
(1879),  "  Asolando  "  (1889). 

Brownists  (brou'nists).  The  followers  of  Rob- 
ert Browne  or  Brovm  (about  1550-1633),  a 
Puritan,  who  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  Independents  or  Congregationalists. 

BrownlOW  (broun'16).  Mr.  A  kind-hearted  and 
benevolent  old  gentleman,  the  protector  of 
Oliver  Twist,  in  Charles  Dickens's  novel  "  Oli- 
ver Twist." 

Brownlow,  William  G-annaway,  called  "Par- 
son Browulow."  Born  in  Wythe  County,  Va., 
Aug.  29,  1805:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn..  April 
29,  1877.  An  American  jom-nalist  and  politi- 
cian. Originally  an  itinerant  preacher  in  the  Methodist 
Church,  he  became  editor  of  the  Knoxville  "  Whig  "  in 
1839,  in  which,  although  an  advocate  of  slavery,  he  op- 
posed secession,  with  the  result  that  his  paper  was  sup- 
pressed by  the  (Confederate  government  in  1861.  He  was 
arrested  for  treason  Dec.  6,  1861,  but  was  released  and 
sent  inside  the  Union  lines  March  3.  1862 :  was  elected 
governor  of  Tennessee  in  1865,  and  reelected  in  1867;  and 
))ecame  United  States  senator  in  1869. 

Brownrigg  (broun'rig).  Elizabeth.  A  ncjtori- 
ous  murderess  liWng  in  England  in  the  middle 
of  the  18th  centurT;-.  She  was  hung,  and  her 
skeleton  is  still  preserved. 

Brcwnrigg  Papers,  The.  A  collection  of  es- 
savs  and  sketches  by  Douglas  Jerrold.  pub- 
lished in  1860. 


Browne,  or  Brown,  Robert.  Bom  at  Tolethorp.     nsnea  in  isou.  _  «v,^,„„  *j 

Rutlandshire.   England,  about   1.5.50:    died   at  Brown-Seciuard(broun'sa-kar'),  Charles  E(i- 

—     -      -     -         —     -        -        ouard.    Bom  at  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  April 

8,  1818:  died  at  Paris,  April  1,  1894.     A  noted 
French  physiologist.    He  studied  at  Paris,  was  placed 


Northampton.  England,  about  1633.  The  founder 

of  the  Brownist  sect,  which  developed  into  the 

Independents   or   Congi'egationalists.     He  was 

educated  at   Cambridge,  and  subsefjuently  preached  at 

Cambridge  and  elsewhere.     About  1580  he  organized  at 

Norwich  a  congregation  of  dissenters,  who  became  known 

as  Brownists,  an(i  who,  finding  themselves  persecuted  by 

the  ecclesiastical  authorities,  removed  in  a  l>ody  under 

his  leadership  to  Middleburg,  Holland,  in  1581.     He  left 

Holland  in  1583,  in  consequence  of  dissension  among  his  BrOWnSOn    (broun  '  SOn), 

followers,  became  master  of  Stamford  Grammar  School  in     Born     at     Stockbridge      Vt.      Sept 

1586,  and  in  1591  became  rector  of  Achurch  in  Northamp-     ^-    ,       .    riofrmt     Mich       A^'ril    17 

tonshire,  where  he  remained  until  his  death,  ^^^"-   ^'^   Detroit.    Mien.,    April    li, 

BrO'Wne,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  19, 
1605:  died  at  Norwich,  England.  Oct.  19.  1682. 
A  celebrated  English  physician  and  author.  He 


in  charge  of  a  hospital  for  the  paralyzed  and  epileptic  at 
London  in  1860,  was  professor  of  the  physiology  and  pa- 
thology of  the  nervous  system  in  Harvard  University  1S04- 
1869,  and  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  experimental  physi- 
ology in  the  College  de  France  in  1878.  He  has  pulilished 
numerous  works  and  papers  on  physiological  subjects. 

Orestes  Augustus. 

16,  1803: 
April  17,  1876.  An 
American  journalist  and  theologian.  At  first  a 
Presbyterian,  he  became  a  Universalist  minist«r  in  1826, 
a  Unitarian  preacher  in  1832,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  in 
1844. 


studied  at  Oxford(at  Broadga'te  Hall,  now  Pembroke  Col-  BroWUSVille  (broimz'\nl).     A  city,  the  capital 
,„-,^  ,■._._,„:_.  r,,j  J  T „...!,. ..,..-v      .,  J.     ^^^  Cameron  County,  southern  Texas,  situated 

on  the  Rio  Grande  23  miles  from  its  mouth.    It 

was  bombarded  bv  the  Mexicans.  May.  184(i. 

Population  (1900),"  6,305. 
Broykarre.     The  horse  of  Maugis  or  Malagigi 

in  the  old  romances:  the  next  best  horse  in 

the  world  to  Bayard. 
Bruce  (bros),  David.    See  David  II.,  King  of 

Scotland. 


lege),  Montpellier,  Padua,  and  Leyden  (where  hewas  made 
doctor  of  medicine  about  1633),  and  settled  at  Norwich 
in  1637.  He  was  knighted  Sept.,  1671.  His  works  include 
"Religio  Medici  "  (1643  :  two  unauthorized  editions  by 
Andrew  Croke  appeared  1642),  "  Pseudodoxia  Epidemica, 
or  Inquiry  into  Vulgar  Errors  "  (1646),  and  "Hydriotaphia, 
'  or  Urn  Burial  "and  "The  Cardan  of  Cyrus:  or  the  Quin- 
cnncial  Lozenge,  etc."  (1658).  "  Miscellany  Tracts"  and 
"Christian  M(»rals"  were  published  posthumously. 
Browne,  William.  Bom  at  Tavistock,  Devon- 
shire, 1.591 :  died  about  1(343.     An  English  poet. 


author  of  "Britannia's  Pastorals"  (1613-16),  Bruce  Edward.   Killed  near  Dundalk,  Ireland, 

"Shepherd's  Pipe"  (1614),  etc.  Oct.  5,  1318.     A  Scottish  adventurer,  vounger 

Bro-wne,  William  G-eorge.     Bom  at  London,    i,rother  of  Robert  Bruce  (1274-1329),  crowned 

July  25,  1768  :  killed  in  northern  Persia.  1813.    kjng  of  Ireland  in  1316. 

An  English  traveler  in  Africa  and  theOrient  g  ^  Kinnaird.   Scotland, 

SvriaaSOO).        ''  '°  ^      '^'^'^    Dec    14,  1730:  died  there,  April  27.  1794.     A 

Bfownell  (brou'nel).  Henry  Howard.    Bom 

at  Providence,  R.  I..  Feb.  6,  1S20  :  died  at  East 

Hartford,  Conn..  Oct.  31,  1872.     An  American 

poet.   His  works  include  " Poems "  (1847).  "Lyrics  of  a 

Day  "  (1864),  "  Wiu-  Lyrics  and  Other  Poems  "  (1866).  etc. 


celebrated  African  traveler.  He  successively  ex- 
plored SjTia,  the  Nile  Valley,  and  Abyssinia  (1768-73).  His 
"Travels  to  Discover  the  Sources  of  the  Nile,"  5  vol- 
umes,  appeared  in  1790.  He  reached  the  source  of  the 
Blue  Nile.  "  He  will  always  remain  the  poet,  and  his 
work  the  epic,  of  African  travel."    Diet.  Xat.  Biog. 

Born  Julv  20.  1811:    died  at 


Brownell,  Thomas  Church.,.  Bom  ^t  West- Bruce,^James^^^.^^  ^^^    ^^^  ^^^     ^  ^^^.^^ 


port,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1779:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  13.  1865.  A  bishop  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Hartford.  1824-31.  He  wrote  "  Religion  of  the 
Hearifeud  Lite"  (1839-40),  etc 


diplomatist  and  statesman,  eighth  Earl  of  Elgin 
and  twelfth  Earl  of  Kincardine.  He  was  governor- 
general  of  Canada  1846-54  :  special  envoy  to  China  and 
Japan  1857-59;  postmaster-general  1859-60;  and  gover- 
nor-general of  India  1862-63. 


Bruges 

Eruce,  Michael.  Born  at  Kinueswood.  Kin- 
ross-shire. Scotland.  March  27.  1746:  died  at 
Kinneswood,  July  6  (5?).  1767.  A  Scottish 
poet  and  school-teacher.  His  "Poems"  were 
published  by  John  Logan.  1770. 

Bruce,  or  Brus,  Robert  de,  sumamed  "  The 
Competitor."  Born  1210 :  died  at  Lochmabeu 
Castle,  Scotland,  1295.  A  Scottish  noble.  Lord 
of  Anuandale,  and  the  gi-andfather  of  King 
Robert  Bruce.  Hewas  one  of  the  fifteen  regents  of 
Scotland  dtu-ing  the  minority  of  Alexander  IH.,  and  the 
chief  rival  of  John  Baliol  for  the  Scottish  throne  in  the 
competition  at  Norh-ani  1291-92.  where,  as  arbiter,  Edward 
I.  of  England  decided  in  favor  of  Baliol. 

Bruce,  Robert  de.  Born  1253 :  died  1304.  A 
Scottish  noble,  father  of  King  Robert  Bruce. 
He  is  said  to  have  accompanied  Edward,  afterward  Ed. 
ward  I.,  in  the  Crusade  of  1269,  and  married  Marjory, 
countess  of  Carrick,  becoming  by  the  courtesy  of  Scotland 
earl  of  Carrick.  Hewas  appointed  constable'of  the  castle 
of  Carlisle  by  Edward  I.,  1295,  and  sided  with  the  English 
wlien  Baliol  attempted  to  assert  his  independence  of  Ed- 
ward I. 

Bruce,  Robert  de.  Bom  July  11.  1274:  died 
at  Cardross,  June  7,  1329.  A  famous  king  of 
Scotland.     See  Eoiert  I.  (of  Scotland). 

Bruce,  Thomas.  Bom  July  20.  1766.  died  at 
Paris.  Nov.  14,  1841.  A  British  noble,  seventh 
Earl  of  Elgin  and  eleventh  Earl  of  Kincardine. 
He  was  envoy  to  Constantinople  1799-1802.  and  removed 
from  Athens  to  England  the  "Elgin  marbles,"  purchased 
by  the  nation  in  1816,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum.  See 
Elgin  Marbles. 

Bruce,  or  Brus,  The.  A  poem  by  John  Bar- 
bour, on  the  subject  of  King  Robert  I.  of  Scot- 
land (1375).    See  Robert  I.  (of  Scotland). 

Bruce  Pryce,  Henry  Austin.  Bom  April  16, 
1815:  died  Feb.  25,  1895.  First  Baron  Aber- 
dare.  A  British  politician.  He  was  home  secre- 
tary 1868-73,  and  was  raised  to  tlie  peerage  in  1873,  and 
became  lord  president  of  the  council 

Bruch  (broch).  Max.  Born  at  Cologne,  Pras- 
sia,  Jan.  6,  1838.  An  eminent  German  com- 
poser. In  1880-83  he  was  director  of  the  Liverpool 
Philharmonic  Society.  His  works  include  the  operetta 
"Scherz,  List  und  Rache,"  the  opera  "Lorelei, '  "  Scenen 
aus  der  Frithjofssaga,"  "Odysseus,"  "Armineas,"  "Lied 
von  der  Glocke,"  "Kol  Nidrei  "  (for  violoncello),  etc. 

Bruck  (brok),  Karl  Lud'wig,  Baron.  Born  at 
Elberfeld,  Rhenish  Prussia,  Oct.  8,  1798 :  died 
April  23,  1860.  An  Austrian  statesman.  Hewas 
minister  of  commerce  and  public  works  1848-51,  and  min- 
ister of  finance  1856-60.  when,  "being  ungraciously  dis- 
misse(i,  he  committed  suicide.  He  was  one  of  the  chief 
foun(lers  of  the  Austrian  Lloyd's  at  Triest. 

Briickenau  (briik'e-nou).  A  watering-place  in 
Lower  Franconia.  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Sinn  in  lat.  50°  19'  N.,  long.  9°  47'  E.:  noted 
for  mineral  springs.  , 

Brucker  (brok'er ).  Jakob.  Bom  at  Augsburg, 
Bavaria,  Jan.  22,  1696  :  died  at  Augsburg,  Nov. 
26, 1770.  A  German  philosophical  writer,  rector 
of  the  school  in  Kaufbeuren,  and  later  pastor 
in  Augsburg.  His  chief  work  is  the  "Historia 
critiea  philosophise,  etc."  (1742-44). 

Bructeri  (bruk'te-ri).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Brwteri, 
Gr.  (Strabo)  ^povx-tp'n.'^  A  German  tribe 
which  appears  to  have  occupied  the  territory 
about  the  upper  Ems  and  on  both  sides  of  the 
Lippe.  strabo  divides  them  into  "  greater  "  and  "lesser." 
They  contributed  to  the  defeat  of  Varus  in  tlie  Teuto- 
burg  Forest,  and  took  part  in  the  rising  of  Civilis.  Their 
tribal  name  appears  as  late  as  the  8th  century.  They 
were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Franks. 

Brudenel  (brod'nel),  James  Thomas,  seventh 
E.arl  of  Cardigan.  Born  at  Hambleton.  Hamp- 
shire, England,  Oct.  16.  1797:  died  at  Deeue 
Park,  Northamptonshire,  England.  March  28, 
1868.  An  English  general,  commander  of  the 
"Light  Brigade"  in  the  charge  at  Balaklava, 
Oct.  25,  1854. 

Brueys  (brii-ii' ),  David  Augusta  de.    See  Fo- 

lapriit. 
Bruges  (bro'.iez:  F.  pron.  briizh).  [F.  Bruges, 
G.  Briigije,  D.  Flem.  Bruyne.  ML.  Brtigse.  OD. 
Brugge  or  Bniggeii,  Bridges.]  The  capital  of 
theprovince  of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated 
8  mUes  from  the  North  Sea  on  canals  (to  Ghent, 
the  North  Sea,  etc.),  in  lat.  51°  12'  N..  long.  3° 
13' E.  It  is  noted  for  its  laces.  It  was  an  important  town 
as  early  as  the  7th  century,  was  subject  to  the  counts  of 
Flanders  and  later  to  the'  dukes  of  Burgundy,  and  was 
a  leading  Hanseatic  city.  Its  most  brilliant  commercial 
period  was  from  the  13th  to  the  15lh  century  :  at  one  time 
it  was  the  commercial  center  of  Europe.  The  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece  was  established  at  Bruges  in  1430.  Bruges 
surrendered  to  the  Spanish  in  15S4,  and  was  bombarded 
by  the  Dutch  in  1704.  The  cathedral  of  Bruges  is  an  early- 
Pointed  structure  of  brick,  with  later  additions.  The  ex- 
terior, with  castellated  west  tower,  is  clumsy,  but  the 
interior  is  lofty  and  effective,  and  contains  many  fine 
paintings  (several  of  them  notable  examples  of  the  early 
Flemish  school),  good  16th-century  glass,  and  interesting 
brasses  and  other  monuments.  The  dimensions  .are  330 
by  120  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  174  ;  height  of  vaultuig, 
80.     Population  (1893),  4S,630. 


Brugg 

Brugg  (brog).     A  small  town  in  the  canton  of 

\argau,  Switzerland,  sitnated  on  the  Aari-  iu 

It.  47°  29'  N.,  lous;.  8°  12'  E.     It  wiis  called  the 

•  pjopheUTown  "  in  the  Retormatioii  (as  licing  the  birth- 

iilaieotmaiiy  theoluiJlaiis).      ,  „  ., 

Brugger  (hrog'tT).  Fnednch.     Born  at  Mu- 

nii'h  Jan.  13.  1><1.') :  iHimI  at  .Munich,  April  9, 
l^Tii.     A  (Ti-niiaii  s<'ul|itiir. 

Brugsch  (iir<jk.sh),  Heinrich  Karl.    Born  at 

Ik-rlin,  Feb.  18, 1827 :  died  there,  Sept.  10. 1894. 
.\  distiiisruished German  Eiryptologist.  Hisworks 
include  "Hieroglyphisih-demotischesWurtirhuch  '(1B«7- 
1SS2I;  also  "Reiselielii'hte  aiis  .XKypten  "  (1855),  "Monu- 
nielits  de  ri\Kvpte  "(1S57).  "Keoileil  de  liloiiunients  epop- 
tiiMis  '  (IStH-'ilO.  "<ieschifhte  Aio'p'ens  unter  den  Pha- 
rii'iii  n  "(1S77),  "  Dictiomiaire  geographique  de  rancienue 
t.:\hU  "  (1S79-S0X  etc. 

Briiill  (briU).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince. Prussia,  8  miles  south-southwest  of  Co- 
logne.    Near  it  is  the  royal  palace  of  Briihl. 

BjrShl,  Count  Heinrich  von.  Bom  at  Weissen- 
fels,  Prussia,  Aug.  13,  1700:  died  at  Dresden, 
Oct.  28, 1763.  A  Saxon  politician  under  Augus- 
tus III.  He  became  prime  minister  in  1747,  and  induced 
the  elector  Augustus  III.  to  take  sides  at'ainst  Prussia 
Id  the  Seven  Years'  War.  His  library  of  li2,U00  volumes 
forms  a  coDSi  Jerable  part  of  the  Royal  Library  at  Dresden. 

Bmlins  (brons),  Karl  Christian.  Born  at 
Ploen,  in Holstein,  Germany,  Nov.  22, 1830 :  died 
at  Leipsic,  July  2.5,  1881.  A  distinguished  Ger- 
man a.stronomer.  He  was  prof  essor  of  astronomy  and 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Leipsic,  and  was  especially 
noted  for  his  observations  and  for  the  discovery  of  several 
eomets.  He  wrote  "  Die  astronomische  Strahlenbrechung 
tnthrer  historischen  Entwickelung"(lSCl),  etc. 

Bruin  (bni'in,  prop,  broin).  [D.  bruin  =  E. 
broirii.]     The  bear  iu  '•Keynard  the  Fox." 

Bruin,  a  rough,  overbearing  man  in  Foote's 
play  "  The  Mayor  of  Garratt."  He  is  a  contrast 
to  the  henpecked 'Jerry  .Sneak.  Mrs.  Bruin  is  roughly 
treated  by  him. 

Brflles.     See  Sitcdiijii. 

Brulgruddery  (brul-gmd'cr-i),  Dennis.  In 
Colman  the  lounger's  comedy  ''John  Bull,"  an 
eccentric,  whimsical  Irishman,  the  host  of  the 
Bed  Cow.  He  has  married  "the  fat  widow  to  Mr. 
SUnnygauge. "  who  is  described  as  "a  waddling  woman 
wl'  a  mulberry  face." 

Bmmaire  (brU-mar').  [K.  (after  L.  'hnimii- 
rius),  from  brume,  fog.  from  L.  bruiiui,  winter.] 
The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Con- 
vention of  the  first  French  Republic  for  the  sec- 
ond month  of  the  year,  in  the  years  1,  2, 3,  .'i,  li,  7  it  be- 
gin Oct.  23,  and  ended  Nov.  -20;  in  years  4,  8,  9,  10,  11,  13. 
14  It  began  on  Oct.  23,  and  ended  Nov.  21 ;  and  in  year  12 
U  began  on  Oct.  24,  and  ended  Nov.  22. 

Bmmaire,  The  18th.  In  French  history.  Nov. 
9,  17!«»,  when  the  coup  d'etat  by  which  the  Di- 
rectory was  overthrown  was  commenced.  It 
was  completed  on  the  19tli  Bruiuaire. 

Brumath  (brii-miit'),  or  Brumpt  (brompt).  A 
town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situ- 
ated on  the  Zorn  11  miles  north  of  Strasburg: 

^the  ancient  Brucomagus.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  .5,.'')48. 

Brummell  (i>riim'el),  George  Bryan,  called 

Beau  Brummell.  l5oni  at  London.  .Tunc  7. 1778: 
died  at  (.;ucn,  France,  March  30.  1.S40.  An  Eng- 
lish gentleman  famous  as  a  leader  in  fashion- 
able society  in  London.  He  was  an  intimate  friend 
of  the  IMmeof  Wales  (George  IV.).  "who  it  is  said  on 
one  occasion  'began  to  blubber  when  told  that  Brummell 
did  not  like  the  cut  of  his  coat.'  .  .  .  lly  no  means  a 
top,  Brummell  was  never  extravagant  in  his  dres-,  which 
w«»chnractcri7.ed  rather  by  a  studied  moderation. "  (IHct. 
Sat.  hing.)  Losses  at  the  gajuing-table  forced  him  to  re- 
tire to  Calais  in  ISlll.  In  I'^io  he  was  appointed  con.sul  at 
Caen;  was  inii)riHoiR-d  for  delit  in  1k35  ;  and  after  ls37 
unklntoacorjditlon  of  imbecility,  and  died  in  an  :iii>lum. 

toun  (briiu),  Friederike  Sophie  Christiane. 

Bom  at  Griifeiitonna,  near  (ic.tlia.  Gcrinany, 
Jane  3.  17G5:  died  at  Copenliugen,  Maich  'J.'), 
18.S5.  A  German  poet  atid  writer  of  travels. 
Her  works  Include  poems  (IT'.r.,  isrj,  IsUO),  "  Prosalsche 
Sehriflen"  (1799-1801),"  EpiBoden  "  I1K07-18).  'ROmischei 
Leben"  (1833),  "  Briefe  auB  Koni  "(IKlfi).  etc. 
Brunanburh  (brrt'niln-borch).  A  place,  prob- 
ably in  Northunibria,  England,  where,  in  937, 
.^thelstan  defeated  \u{:i\  of  Ireland  and  Con- 
Htantine  of  Scotland.  .\  ballad  of  the  battle  is 
inserted  in  the  "Anglo-Suxon  Chroniide." 

Brunck  (bruhk),  Richard  Fran(;ois  Philippe. 

liorn  at  Strasbiirtr.   l>ee.  30,    17'_'0:    died  .I\ine 

12.  1803.  A  French  ilassieal  scholar.  H.'  pub- 
lished  "Analcctavetenim  pootarum  Ora'corum  "(I772-7«), 
and  edit lonsof  Aristophanes.  Vergil, Sophocles,  Plautus, etc. 

Brundisium  (brun-dish'i-um),  or  Brundusium 

(bmn  dii'zhi-um).  Tlio  ancient  name  of  I'.iin- 
disi. 

Bmne  (briin),  Guillaume  Marie  Anne.    Born 

at  Brives-la-CJaillarde,  Corivze,  Fi'ance.  March 

13,  1763:  killed  at  Avignon,  France,  Aug.  2, 
181.1.  A  marshal  of  Krani'e.  He  sei-ved  with  dl« 
ttnctinn  in  the  anny  of  Italy  1796-97 ;  and  commanded 
In  Switiorland,  Holland,  the  Vondio,  and  Italy,  1798-1801. 


189 

Brunehaut  (brUn-ho'),  oi  Brunehilde  (bHin- 

hild').  Died  til3  ..V.  I).  A  ijuccii  of  Austrasia. 
daughter  of  Athanagild.  king  of  the  Visigoths. 
.SheniaiTied  .Sigebert,  kirjg  of  Austrasia.  5«fl.  She  incited 
her  husband  to  make  war  on  his  brother  (.hilperic,  king 
of  Neustria.  who  had  muidered  his  wife  Oalsuinda  (Oale- 
swintha),  sister  of  Brunehaut.  in  order  to  csp.juse  his 
mistress  Fredegonda  (Fredegunde).  Sigebert  was  mur- 
dered in  575  by  Fredegonda,  and  Brunehaut  became  regent 
for  her  minor  son  Childebert.  .She  was  captured,  atu  r 
many  reverses  of  fortune,at  the  age  of  eighty.  byClothaire 
II..  who  Buttered  her  to  be  dragged  to  death  by  a  wild 
horse. 
Brunei  (br6-m').  [See /Joi-h^-o.]  A  sultanate 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Boi-neo,  placed 
under  British  protection  in  18.88.  Capital, 
Brunei.     Area,  about  3.000  smiare  miles. 

Brunei  ( bru-nel'  \  Isambard  Kingdom.  Born 
at  Portsmouth,  England,  April  9,  1806:  died 
at  Westminster,  England,  Sept.  Li,  1859.  An 
English  civil  engineer  and  naval  architect,  son 
of  Sir  Marc  Isambard  Brunei.  He  was  engineer 
of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  He  designed  the  Great 
Western  (1838),  the  Great  Britain  (1845),  the  Great  East- 
ern (18;*). 

Brunei,  sir  Marc  Isambard.    Bom  at  Hacque- 

ville,  Eure,  France,  April  2.'),  1709:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  12, 1849.  A  civil  engineer.  He  emigrated 
from  France  to  the  I'nited  States  in  1793  (where  he  de- 
signeil  and  built  the  Bowery  I'licater,  N  ew  \  ork) ;  was  ap- 
pointed chief  engineer  of  New  York ;  settled  in  Englanil 
in  1790;  completed  machinery  for  making  ships'  blocks  in 
1800  ;  and  constructed  the  Thames  tunnel  1825-43. 

Brunelleschi  (bro-nel-les'ke),  Filippo.  Born 
at  Florence,  Italy,  1379:  died  there,  April  16. 
144G.  A  noted  Italian  architect.  He  at  first 
studied  jewelry  ami  golilsmiths'  work,  and  later  exjieri- 
mented  with  mechanics,  constructing  clocks  and  machines 
of  all  sorts.  He  also  attenipte<l  sculpture.  In  1401  he  en- 
teral into  competition  with  Ghiborti  for  the  doors  of  the 
baptistery  at  Florence.  He  a.ssoeiati-d  himself  with  Don- 
atello,  and  about  1403  the  two  made  a  famous  visit  to 
Rome.  His  study  of  the  Roman  monuments  was  most 
exhaustive,  and  when  he  returned  to  Florence  he  had  re- 
constructed for  himself  the  entire  scheme  of  antic|ue  aichi- 
tectm-e.  He  built  the  famous  dome  of  Santa  Maria  d.l 
Fiore,  which  wasbcgunabout  1417.  The  vault  was  started 
in  1425  and  finished  in  1430.  Between  1445  and  UOl  the 
lantern  was  built  after  his  designs.  This  was  the  most 
important  structural  problem  of  the  15th  century.  Bru- 
nelleschi also  bnilt  the  chui-ch  of  San  Lorenzo  at  Florence, 
the  Badia  at  Fiesole,  the  cloister  of  .Santa  Croce,  that  of 
Santo  Spirito  (finished  from  his  designs  after  his  death), 
and  the  (':ipella  ilei  Pazzi,  also  the  Spedale  degli  Inno-. 
centi,  the  I'itti  Palace,  and  the  Pazzi  Palace. 

Brunello  (bro-nel'16).  A  thief  in  Boiardo's 
' '  Orlando  Innamorato  "  and  Ariosto's  "  Orlando 
Fnrioso."  He  was  of  mean  extraction,  but  was  made 
king  of  Tingitana  by  .\graniont  for  his  services,  and  after 
a  life  spent  in  theft  and  subtle  knaveiy  was  hanged. 

Brunet  (brii-na'),  Jacques  Charles.    Born  at 

Paris,  Nov.  2,  1780:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 
1.867.  A  noted  French  bibliographer.  lie  pub- 
lished a  supplement  to  the  bibliographical  dictioruuy  of 
Uuclos  (17!K)),  "Manuel  du  libraire  el  de  I'amatenr  de 
livrcs  " (1810  ;  6th  ed.  ise.i),  "  Recberches  bibliogiapliiciues 
et  criti<iues  sur  les  t^-ditions  originates  dea  cinq  livrcs  du 
roriKin  satiriiiue  do  Rabelais  "  (1S52),  etc. 

Brunetifere  (briin-tyar'),  Ferdinand.    Boru 

at  Toulon,  July  19,  1849.  A  French  editor  and 
critic.  He  began  his  studies  at  the  I,yc(!e  de  Marseilles, 
and  was  gradnateil  from  the  Lyciie  I/)Uis.le-lirand  in 
Paris.  In  1875  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  "Revue  de.j 
Dear  Mondea,"  of  which  he  is  now  the  editor-in-chief. 
In  188(»  ho  WJ18  api>ointed  lecturer  at  the  Ecole  Nor- 
male ;  in  1887  became  a  member i>t  the  Legion  of  Honor; 
and  in  IS'.l:!  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy.  H.> 
liublicati.ins  inclmie  "  Etudes  critiques  sur  I'bistoirc  de 
la  litt<!rature  franpaise  "  (live  series,  1.S80-93),  "  l.e  ro- 
m.an  naturaliste"  (1884),  "Histoire  et  Iltt^rature  "  (1,S84- 
188(1),  "tjuestions  de  critii|Uc"  (1SS'.I),  "  Nouvelles  ques. 
tions  de  critique  "(ISlKl);  and  more  recently  still,  "L'Evo- 
lution  des  genres  dans  rhisloire  de  la  litti^raturc"  and 
"L'Evolntion  de  la  i)o('sie  lyrictuo  iiu  dix-neuvK-me  sie- 
cle."  The  llrst  two  series  of'  the  '  Etudes  critiques"  and 
■'  Le  roman  naturaliste  "  havtr  been  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy.  In  addition  to  these  works,  Brunetliro  haa 
c<Iited  a'nnmber  of  tmoks  for  French  colleges. 
Brunhild  (briin'hild).  [MHG.  liriiiiliilt.  I'riin- 
liill,  Icel.  Jlriiiiliilitr.]  1.  In  the  Nibelungen- 
lied,  a  legendiirv  i|ueen  of  Island  (i.  r..  Isala-laiul 
in  the  Low  Couii(ries),  the  wifi>  cif  King  Gunther 
for  whom  she  is  won  bv  Siegfrii'd.  In  the  OM 
Norse  version  of  the  SlegfrleJ  legend,  llruiddld  is  a  Vab 
kyr  who  Is  won  by  .Sigurd  for  Ounnor. 
2.  See  Hru)i(liiiiit. 

Bruni  (bro'tie),  Leonardo,  snniamed  Aretino 

(frnm  his  birlliplace).  Horn  al  Are/.zo,  Italy. 
1369 :  ilied  at  Florence.  March  9,  1444.  A  noted 
Italian  man  of  letters  (a  i)upil  of  Emanuel  Cliry- 
sidoras),  apostolic  secretary,  and  chancellor  of 
Florence  1427-44.  He  wrote  "Hlstorliu-um  Fhu-entl. 
narumllbri  XII. "(141.5),  "  De  In  lloKalIco  advorsUBdothos 
gcsto  "  (1470),  "  Eplstolro  famlUares,"  and  a  novel,  "De 
amore  Guiscardl." 

Brilnig  (brUn'io).  A  pass  over  the  Alps,  eon- 
necting  Lucerne  with  Meiringen.  The  hlgheat 
I)oint  is  3,-_D5  feot.  It  Is  traversed  (since  1888-89)  by  a  rail- 
way. 

Brunkeberg  (brOn'ke-bero),    A  height  north  of 


Brunswick 

Stockholm.  Here,  Oct.,  1471,  the  Swedes  undet 
Sten  Sture  defeated  Christian  I.  of  Denmark. 
Brunn  (briin),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Worlitz,  in 
Anhalt.Geiauany.Jan.  23, 1822:  died  at  Munich, 
July  23, 1894.  A  German archieologist, professor 
of  archa'idogy  at  Munich.  His  works  include  "Ge- 
schichte  der  gricchischcn  Kunstler"  (18i3-59X  "  I  rillevi 
delle  urne  etruBche  "(l.s7o),  etc. 

Briinn  (briin),  Slav.  Bmo  (bfr'no).  The  capital 
of  Moravia,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  Spiel- 
berg between  the  Zwittawa  and  Schwarzawa, 
in  lat.  49°  12'  N.,  long.  16°  37'  E. :  one  of  the 
principal  manufacturing  towns  in  Austria.  It 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Hussites  in  14'28,  by 
King  Get)rge  of  Bohemia  in  14b7,  by  the  Swedes  in  1045, 
and  bv  the  Prussians  in  1742,  and  was  occupied  by  Napo. 
leon  in  1805,  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1866.  Population 
(19011),  108,944. 

Brunnen  (bron'nen).  [G.,  'springs.']  A  vil- 
lagi'  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne  1.5  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Lucerne.  Here,  in  131;>,  the  three 
Forest  C;iiitons  renewed  their  confederation. 

Brunner  (briin'ner),  Johann  Conrad.    Bom 

near  Schaflhausen,  Switzerland,  Jau.  16,  16.^3: 
(lied  at  Mannheim,  Baden,  Oct.  2.  1727.  A 
Geiinan  anatomist,  noted  for  researches  in  re- 
giu'd  to  the  pancreas  and  the  duodenum. 

Brunner,  Sebastian.    Born  at  Vieima,  Dec. 

10,  1814:  died  al  Wiihring.  near  Vienua,  Nov. 
26,  1893.  An  Austrian  man  of  letters  and  Uo- 
maii  t^atholic  theologian.  He  was  the  authorof  a  sa- 
tirical poem,  "  Nebeljungen  Lied  "  (184.5),  directed  against 
the  Hegelians,  and  other  poems,  sevenil  tales,  "Clemens 
Maria  Hofbaner  und  seine  Zeit "  (\S:^\  "Die  Kunstge- 
nossen  der  Klostcrzelle  "  (18*sJ),  etc. 

Brunnow  (bron'no).  Count  Philipp  von.  Born 
at  Dresden,  Aug.  31.  1797:  died  at  Darmstadt, 
German^',  April  12,  1875.  A  Russian  diploma- 
tist. He  was  ambassador  at  London  1&40-.54,  at  Frank- 
fort 1855,  at  Berlin  1850,  and  at  London  18.58-74. 

Bruno  (bro'uo),  surnamed  "The Great."  Born 
92.') :  died  at  Kheims,  France,  Oct.  11.  96.').  The 
brother  of  Otto  I.  of  Germany,  made  arch- 
bishop of  Cologne  and  duke  of  Lorraine  in  9;53. 

Bruno,  Saint.  Born  at  Queifurt,  Prussian 
Saxony,  about  970  :  killed  at  Braunsberg,  East 
Prussia,  Feb.  14,  1009.  A  German  prelate, 
called  "the  apostle  to  the  I'i'ussians." 

Bruno,  Saint.  Born  at  Cologne  about  1040: 
died  at  Delia  Torre,  Calabria.  Italy,  1101.  The 
founder  of  the  order  of  Carthusian  monks,  at 
Chartreuse,  near  Grenoble,  France,  about  1084. 

Bruno  (bro'no),  Giordano.  Born  at  Nola, 
Italy,  about  l.")48:  died  at  Home,  Feb.  17, 
1600.  An  Italian  philosoidier.  He  entered  the 
Dominican  order  at  Naples  in  1.563.  left  Italy  in  1576  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  his  disbelief  in  the  doctrines 
of  transubstantiation  and  of  the  lmn)aculatc  c»»nceptlon 
of  Mary,  w.as  at  Geneva  in  1577,  and  arrived  at  Paris  in 
1579.  In  1683  he  went  to  I.onilon,  where  some  of  bis  most 
important  works  were  written,  and  where  he  remained 
two  years  under  the  protection  of  the  French  ambassador. 
In  I.'i8(>-»S  he  lectured  at  the  I  niversity  of  W  itteidierg, 
and  subsequently  visiteii  other  cities  in  Germany,  France, 
and  Switzerland,  returidng  to  Italy  in  1692.  He  wim  ar- 
rested at  Naples,  May  '22, 1592.  by  order  of  the  Inquisition, 
and  was  burned  at  the  stake  as  a  heretic  in  the  Camno  del 
Fiori  at  Rome.  His  chief  wiu-ks  are  "Spaccio  delta  bestia 
trionfante  "  ("Expulsicui  of  the  Ti  lumpliant  Beast."  1584), 
"  1  iella  causa, princii)ioetnno"  (1.584),  'Dell' iudnl to,  uin 
vcrs..eiiioiiilt"(l.''Ki)."l)enjonadenumeroetflgura"(169i:. 

Bruno,  Leonardo.    See  Bruni. 

Bruns'wick    (brunz'wik).   G.   Braunsch'weig 

(lifoun'shviii).  .\  ducliy  of  northern  (ier- 
nianv,  and  state  of  the  German  Empire.  Capi- 
tal, ftrunswick  (Braunschweig).  It  is  mainly  sur- 
rotnided  by  the  Prussian  provinces  of  Hannover,  Saxony, 
and  Westphalia,  and  coin]iii.4es  3  main  detached  lH)r- 
tions  (the  Brunswick-Wolfeidtuttel- Ilelmstedt  division, 
lite  Blankeidiurg  division,  and  theGandersheim.Hol/niiu-  * 
den  di\ision).  and  also  ti  snuiUer  enclaves.  It  pnxluees 
coal.  iron,  marble,  salt,  copper,  lead,  etc..  and  has  nour- 
ishing agriculture.  The  government  is  a  In-redltary  con- 
stitutional monarchy  (Prime  Albert  of  Prussia  is  regent), 
with  a  chamber  tif  46  nujnbers.  Brunswick  has  2  mem- 
bers In  the  llundesrat  and  3  in  the  Keicbstag.  lb"  jsipu- 
lallon  is  Protestant.  Brunswick  lornieil  iiart  of  llie  realm 
of  t'liarles  the  Great  ami  |iart  of  the  iluchy  of  .Siaony. 
'ephey  |lhe  ilescendants  of  Henry  the  Lion|  held  Ibeir 
place  as  jirincesof  the  Kmplre,  no  longer  :is  ilukes  of  Sjix- 
ony,  but  as  dukes  of  Brunswick.  After  some  of  Ills 
usiial  dlvl8b)n9,  two  Brunsuick  prlnclpalilies  llnall)  liM)k 
thiir  place  on  the  map.  those  of  LnnebuiK  and  Wolfen- 
biittcl.  .  .  .  The  slmjde  ducal  title  rejnalned  with  the 
Brunswick  princes  of  the  other  line  "  ( AVcfiiinn,  Hist 
Geog..  l>.  21.H.)  The  duchy  «l  Brunsulck  sullered  se- 
verely from  the  Fnnch  in  the  Seven  Years'  War.  ««B 
occupied  by  the  French  In  ISOd,  was  annexed  In  the 
kingdom  oi'  Westphalia  in  lSii7,  and  was  restored  to  its 
duke  In  181.3.  It  ent4rcd  (he  Germanic  Confederation  in 
IS16.  Its  direct  line  of  rulers  liecanuMlllnct  In  ISM.  A 
regent  w-iw  chosen  In  18^.5.  Area.  1,424  Minare  milea. 
Popniallon  (Imm),  4i'.4.;i:a. 

Brunswick,  G.  Braunschweig.    The  .npital 

of  Brunswick,  sitinited  on  the  Ocker  in  lat. 
;'i2^  16'  N.,  long.  10°  32'  E.  It  has  mnnufac- 
lures  of  tobacco,  tagnr,  woolen  goods,  etc.     It  was  tba 


Brunswick 

hirthplace  of  Gauss  and  spulir,  and  the  place  of  Lessing's 
death.  It  was  founded  in  Sjl(.');  was  the  residence 
of  Henry  the  Linn ;  became  a  leading  Hanseatic  town ; 
passed  to  the  Wolfenbiittel  line  in  1B71 ;  and  became  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  in  1753.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  in- 
surrection in  1830.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  built  in  the  last 
quarter  of  the  12th  centur.v.  The  double  aisles  on  the 
south  side  are  of  the  14th  century  ;  those  of  the  north  side, 
with  twisted  columns,  of  the  15th.  'Ihe  walls  and  vaults  of 
the  choir  and  south  transciit  are  adorned  with  scriptural 
mural  paintings  dating  fioni  l-J-.!4.  There  are  many  inter- 
esting monumeuts,  including  .sculptured  medieval  tombs 
of  emperors  and  princes.  The  columned  crypt  is  spacious 
and  triapsidal.  The  ducal  palace  is  a  flm  modern  Re- 
naissance building  of  three  stories,  the  lowest  of  which 
is  rusticated  and  forms  a  basement.  The  chief  facaile, 
410  feet  long  and  110  high,  has  two  cid  pavilions  with 
engaged  Corinthian  columns  ;  ami  in  the  middle,  over  the 
entrance,  a  handsome  hexastyle  pt.rtico,  with  a  sculp- 
tured pediment.  Behind  the  jiedSnent  there  is  a  square 
attic,  on  which  is  a  quadriga  in  br-.iize.  Population  (1900), 
12.M77. 

Brunswick,   Duke   of   (Charles   Frederick 

William).  Born  at  Wolfenlnittel,  Germany, 
Oet.  9,  1735:  ilieil  A  Ottensen,  near  Altona, 
Germany,  Nov.  If,  1806.  Son  of  Charles,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  He  reignefl  1780-1S06  ;  commanded  the 
Prussian  and  A  ustrian  army  which  invaded  France  in 
1792,  anil  the  Prussian  army  at  the  battle  of  Auerstadt 
Oct.  14,  1.S06  where  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Charles  Frederick  Au- 
gustus William).  Born  at  Brunswick,  Oct. 
30,  1804:  died  at  Geneva.  Aug.  18,  1873.  Tlie 
eklcFC  son  of  Frederick  William,  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick. He  was  deposed  from  the  government 
ir,  1830. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Ferdinand).    Born  at 

Brunswick.  Jan.  1'2,  1721:  died  July  3,  1792. 
The  foiu-th  son  of  Ferdinand  Allicrt,  duke  of 
Brunswick.  He  was  a  field-marshal  in  the  Prussian 
service;  and  defeated  the  French  at  Crefeld  in  1758,  and 
at  Minden  Aug.  1,  1759. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Frederick  William). 

Born  at  Brunswick,  Oct.  9,  1771:  killed  at 
Quatre-Bras,  Belgium,  June  16,  1815.  The 
fourth  son  of  Charles  William  Ferdinand,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  He  reigned  1813-15.  He  commanded 
the  "Black  Brunswickers "  1809,  and  lived  in  England 
1809-13. 

Brunswick.  A  town  in  Cumberland  County, 
Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscoggin  25  miles 
northeast  of  Portland.  It  is  the  seat  of  Bow- 
doin  College.     Population  (1900),  6.806. 

Brunswick.  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  Glynn 
County,  Georgia,  72  miles  south-southwest  of 
Savannah.  It  exports  lumber,  cotton,  and 
naval  stores.     Population  (1900),  9,081. 

Brunswick-Liineburg  ( brunz' wik-lu'ne-boro). 

Line  of.  A  branch  of  the  house  of  Bruns- 
wick from  wliieh  the  reigning  house  of  Great 
Britain  is  descended. 

Brunswick-WolfenbiitteKbninz'wik-vol'fen- 

biit-tel).  Line  of.  A  branch  of  the  house  of 
Brunswick  from  which  the  late  reigning  house 
of  Brunswick  was  descended. 

Brunton  (bmn'ton),  Mrs.  (Mary  Balfour). 
Born  at  Barra,  Orkneys,  Nov.  1,  1778:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  19, 1818.  An  English  novelist, 
wife  of  Rev.  Alexander  Brunton.  She  wrote 
"  Self-Control"  (1810),  "  Discipline"  (1814),  etc. 

Brunton,  Louisa.  Born  1785  (?):  died  1860. 
An  Eitglish  actress.  She  became  countess  of  Craven 
in  1807,  when  she  left  the  stage.  She  was  remarkable  for 
her  beauty. 

Brusa,  orBroussa  (brb'sa).  The  capital  of  the 
vilayet  of  Khodavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  lat, 
40=  10'  N.,  long.  29°  E. :  the  ancient  Pnisa. 
It  produces  wine  and  fruits,  and  manufactures  tapestry 
and  carpets.  'I'here  are  noted  hot  springs  in  its  vicinity. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Bithynia  in  the  ^d  and  1st  centuries 
B.  c,  and  for  a  time  the  capital  of  the  Ottoman  empire, 
after  its  capture  by  Orkhan  in  13'.!0.    Pop.,  about  75,000. 

Brusasorci,  II.    See  lUccio. 

Brush,  Charles  Francis.     Born  at  Euclid, 

Ohio,  March  17, 1849.  An  American  electrician. 
He  is  the  inventor  of  the  Brush  dynamo-electric  machine 
and  the  Brush  electric  aic  lamp,  both  of  which  were  e.\- 
tensively  introduced  in  the  Vnited  States  in  1876. 

Brush  (brush),  George  de  Forest.     Bom  at 

Shell)yville,  Tenn.,  1855.  An  American  luiinter. 
He  was"  a  student  of  the  Academy  of  Design,  Xcw  York 
city,  from  1871-73,  and  from  1874-80  in  the  studio  of  Ge- 
rdme  in  Paris.  His  best-known  works  are  paintings  of 
American  Indian  subjects.  In  In-SS  In-  won  the  Hallgarten 
prize  at  the  National  Academy  E-\liilntii>n. 
Brussels (brus'elz).  [F.  BruxeUcx,  Sj).  Bni.tiUi.-:. 
G.  Ilriif^arl,  D.  "Cn/.«c/.]  The  capital  of  Bel- 
gium and  of  the  province  of  Brabant,  situated 
on  the  Senne  in  lat.  .50°  51'  N.,  long.  4° 
22'  E.  Besides  the  city  proper  it  comprisesten  suburbs. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  lace,  leather.  liTien, 
woolen  and  cotton  goods,  furniture,  bronzes,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  university.  Brussels  appears  in  history  in 
the  Sth  century,  and  i>ecame  important  in  the  middle 
ages.  It  had  a  brilliant  period  under  Charles  V.  and 
Philtp  II..  who  made  it  the  capital  of  the  Low  Countries, 


190 

and  was  the  scene  of  the  earliest  rising  against  the  Spanish 
in  156t).  It  was  the  capital  of  the  PYench  department  of 
Dyle  1794-1814,  and  alteiiiatcly  with  The  Hague  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Netherlands  1815-30.  In  the  latter  year  it 
was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Belgian  revolution. 
It  became  the  capital  of  Belgium  in  1S31.  It  has  been 
noted  latterly  as  an  art  center.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
an  imposing  monument  of  the  13th  centiuy,  with  later 
additions.  The  15th-century  west  front  is  flanked  by 
high  s<iu;u-e  towers,  and  has  the  vertical  lines  strongly 
marked  by  buttresses  and  paneling  ;  it  has  three  canopied 
portals,  a  large  central  traceried  window,  and  an  arcaded 
gable.  The  design  is  somewhat  dry  and  mechanical. 
The  interior  is  characterized  by  lofty  arches  with  cylin- 
drical pillars,  and  nmch  superb  glass,  medieval,  Kenais- 
sance,  and  modern.  The  five  windows  in  the  Chapel  of 
the  Sacrament  were  given  about  1540  by  the  emperor 
Charles  v.,  the  kings  of  France,  Portugal,  and  Hungary, 
and  the  Archduke  of  Austria.  The  noted  pulpit  by  Ver- 
bruggen  (1699)  is  called  the  tlu'one  of  St.  .Gudule;  it  is  a 
mass  of  elaborate  carving  in  wood  representing  the  ex- 
pulsion from  paradise,  with  many  birds  and  animals  amid 
the  profuse  foliage,  and  a  canopy  supported  by  angels  on 
which  stands  the  Virgin  destroying  the  serpent.  The 
dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  355  by  165  feet.  The 
Palais  de  la  Nation,  built  by  ilaria  Theresa  for  the  Council 
of  Brabant,  was  used  by  the  States-General  between  1817 
and  1830,  and  is  now  the  seat  of  the  Senate  and  Chamber 
of  Deputies.  It  is  a  handsome  building  with  a  portico  in 
whose  pediment  are  sculptures  exhibiting  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice.  The  tine  vestibule  is  adorned  with 
historical  statues,  and  the  halls  and  apartments  contain 
good  portraits  and  other  paintings.  The  Conservatoiiede 
Musique  et  de  D^Lt,lamation  was  established  in  1832  ;  it  was 
an  ortshoot  of  the  Ecole  RoyaU-  <lc  .Musitine  founded  in  1823. 
(Gruve.)    Population  (1900),  with  suOnibs,  .'i(il,782. 

Brussels  Conference,  a  convention  of  repre- 
sentatives from  Great  Britain.  France,  Ger- 
many, Italy,  Austria-Htmgary,  Belgium,  and 
Russia,  which  met  at  Brussels  in  Sept.,  1876 
(and  again  in  1877).  it  decided  to  establish  an  In- 
ternational African  Association  to  explore  and  civilize  cen- 
tral Africa,  and  provided  for  branch  national  committees. 
There  was  an  antislavery  conference  at  Brussels  in  1890. 

Brut  (brot).  [ME.  and  OP.,  orig.  same  as  AS. 
Bryt,  a  Briton.  See  Brutus  the  Trojan.']  A 
poetical  version  of  the  legendary  history  of  Brit - 
ain,  by  Layamon,  a  semi-Saxon  paraphrase  of 
the  French  "Roman  de  Brut"  of  Wace.  See 
Witci\  Its  subject  is  the  deeds  and  wanderings  of  the 
legendary  Brutus,  grandson  of  Ascanius,  great-grandson 
of  -Eneas,  and  king  of  Britain.  It  is  about  twice  the 
length  of  Wace 's  "Brut,"  containing  32,250  lines.  The  lat- 
ter is  thought  to  be  a  mere  versification  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth.  There  are  two  manuscripts  of  Layamon's 
poem,  both  in  the  British  Museum. 

Brute.     See  Brutus  the  Triijan. 

Brute  (brot).  Sir  John.  A  drunken,  roister- 
ing, rough  fellow  in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  ''The 
Provoked  Wife."  He  passes  tlirough  every  phase  of 
riot  and  debauchery,  and  is  unbearably  insolent  to  his 
"  provoked  wife,"  though  too  much  of  a  coward  to  resent 
her  consequent  actions. 

Brute   (brti-ta'),    Simon   Gabriel.    Born   at 

Rennes,  France,  March  20,  1779 :  died  June  26, 
1839.  A  French-American  prelate  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  bishop  of  Vincennes,  Indiana, 
1834-39. 

Bruttium(brut'i-um),  or  Bruttii  (brut'i-1).  In 
ancient  geography,  the  southernmost  division 
of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the  modern  provinces 
of  Reggio  and  Catanzaro :  originally  Bruthius 
or  Bruttiorum  Ager.    Now  called  Calabria. 

Brutus  (bro'tus).  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced .at  the  Comedie  Fran^aise  Dee.  11,  1730. 
Alfleri  wrote  two  tragedies  bearing  this  name  ("Marcus 
Brutus"  and  "Junius  Brutus"),  both  inspired  by  Voltaire 
(17S3).  Catherine  Bernard  also  produced  a  tragedy,  "  Bru- 
tus," at  the  Comedie  Fran?aise  Dec.  18,  1690. 

Brutus,  Decimus  Junius,  surnamed  Albinus. 

Executed 43 B.C.  A  Roman  general,  one  of  the 
assassins  of  .Julius  Ca'sar.  He  was  betrayi'd, 
and  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Mark  Antony. 
Brutus,  Lucius  Junius.  A  Roman  consul  in 
509  B.  C.  According  to  Ihe  (unhistorical)  legend,  he 
feigned  idiocy  (whence  the  name  linttiis,  stupid  :  prob- 
ably an  erroneous  etymology)  to  avoid  exciting  the  feiu- 
of  his  uncle  Tarquin  the  Pi-oud,  who  had  put  to  death 
the  elder  brother  of  Brutus  to  possess  himself  of  tluir 
wealth.  Tariplin,  alarmed  at  the  prodigy  of  a  serpent  ap- 
pearing in  the  royal  palace,  sent  his  sons  Titus  and  Arnns 
to  consult  the  oracle  at  Delphi.  They  took  with  them  for 
amusement  Brutus,  who  propitiated  the  priestess  willi  a 
hollow  staff  filled  with  gold.  When  the  oracle,  in  response 
to  an  inquiry  <if  Titus  and  Aruns  as  to  who  should  suc- 
ceed to  the  throne,  replied,  "He  who  first  kisses  his 
mother,"  Brutus  stnintded  to  the  ground  and  kissed  mo- 
ther earth.  Alter  the  outrage  on  Lucretia,  Brutus  threw 
off  his  ■iisguise,  expelled  the  Tarquins,  and  established  the 
repul'lic  .''.10(?).  While  consul  he  condemned  hisownsons 
Tit  n^  and  Tilierins  to  death  for  having  conspired  to  restore 
Taniuin.  He  led  in  607  (Y)  an  army  against  Tarquin,  who 
was  returning  to  Rome.  Brutus  and  Aruns  fell  in  the  bat- 
tle, pierced  by  each  other's  spears. 

Brutus,  Marcus  Junius  (adoptive  name  Quin- 

tus  Caepio  Brutus).  Bom  85  b.  c.  :  died  near 
Philiiipi,  Macedonia.  42  B.  c.  A  Roman  poli- 
tician and  scholar.  Originally  an  adherent  of  Pompey, 
he  went  over  to  Ciesar  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  in  48  ; 
was  governor  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  in  46,  and  preetar  urbamis 
in  44  ;  joined,  induced  by  Cassius,  in  the  assassination  of 
Caesar,  March  15,  44  ;  gathered  troops  in  Macedonia,  with 
which  he  joined  Cassius  in  Asia  Minor  in  42 ;  and  defeated 


Brython 

Octavianus  in  the  first  battle  of  Phjlippi  in  42,  while  Cassius 
was  defeated  by  Antony  and  connuitted  suicide  :  but  was 
defeated  in  a  second  battle  twenty  days  later,  and  fell 
upon  his  sword.  His  (second)  wife  Portia,  daughter  of 
Ciito  rticensis,  on  receiving  newsof  his  death,  committed 
suicide  by  swallowing  live  coals. 

Brutus  the  Trojan.    [ML.  Brutus,  of.  Brut, 

really  representing  AS.  Bryt.  a  Briton,  but 
confused  with  the  classical  name  Brutus.]  A 
fabulous  person,  according  to  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth the  graudson  of  ^Eneas  and  founder  of 
the  city  of  New  Troy  (London). 
Briix  (briiks),  or  Brix  (briks).  A  town  in  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Biela  45  miles  northwest  of 
Prague.     Population  (1890),  commune,  14,894. 

Bruy^re,  Jean  de  la.    See  La  Bruyirc. 
Bruyn  (broin),  Cornelius  de.     Bom  at  The 

Hague,  Holland,  1052:  died  at  Utrecht,  Hol- 
land, about  1719.  A  Dutch  traveleraud  painter. 
He  wiote  "Voyage  an  Levant,  etc."  (1698).  "Voyage  par 
la  Moscovie,  en  Perse,  etc."  (1711). 

Bruys,  or  Bruis  (brti-e'),  Pierre  de.     Burned 

at  the  stake  at  St.  Gilles,  France,  about  1126. 
A  French  religious   reformer.     His  followers 
were  called  Petrobrusians  (which  see). 
Bry,  or  Brie  (bre),  Theodore  de.    Born  at 

Lifege,  1528:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
1.598.  A  goldsmith,  engraver,  and  painter. 
About  1570  he  established  a  printing-  and  engraving-house 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  his  two  sons  assisting  him. 
They  illustrated  many  books,  but  are  best  known  for 
their  great  collection  of  travels,  of  which  there  are  difi'er- 
ent  editions  in  I.atiTi  and  German.  The  first  was  entitled 
"Collectiones  pcrcgrinationnni  in  Indiam  orientalem  et 
occideiitaleni  '  (Kraiikfort,  1590).  The  volumes  are  illus- 
tratfil  with  many  jtlates  from  De  Bry's  hand, 
Bryan  (bri'an),  Sir  Francis.  Died  at  Clonmel, 
Ireland,  Feb.  2,  1.550.  An  EnglLsh  poet,  sol- 
dier, and  diplomatist. 

Bryan,  William  Jennings.  Bom  at  Salem, Hi., 
March  19,  1860.  An  American  politician.  He 
served  two  tenns  in  Congress  as  Democratic 
representative  from  Nebraska,  and  later  en- 
gaged in  jom-nalism.  He  was  nominated  for  Presi. 
deni;  Ity  the  Demot  rats  and  Populists  in  189*),  and  again  in 
1900,  and  was  each  time  defeated.  , 

Bryanites  (bri'an-its).  A  Methodist  body,  also 
called  ''Bible  Christians," founded  by  a  Cornish 
preacher,  William  Bryan  (O'Bryan),  about  1815. 
Bryant  (bri'ant),  Jacob.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
England,  1715:  died  at  Cypenham,  near  Wind- 
sor, England,  Nov.  14,  1804.  An  English  anti- 
quary, author  of  "A  New  System  or  an  Analy- 
sis of  Ancient  Mythology"  (1774-76),  etc. 
Bryant,  William  CuUeii.  Born  at  Cumming- 
ton,  Mass..  Nov.  3,  1794:  died  at  New  York, 
June  12,  1878.  A  noted  American  poet  and 
journalist.  He  studied  at  Williams  College  1810-11 ; 
took  up  the  study  of  law  in  1812 ;  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Bridgewater  in  1815.  He  published  "  Thaiuitopsis  " 
in  1816 ;  printed  a  volume  of  poetrj'  in  1821 ;  gave  up  the 
practice  of  law  in  1S25  ;  was  appointed  to  a  place  on  the 
New  York  "Evening  Post"  in  1S26,  and  became  its  edi- 
tor in-chief  and  part  proprietor  in  1829.  He  published  a 
colK-Ltion  of  his  poems  in  1832,  which  was  reprinted  by  an 
Euizlish  publisher,  under  Washington  Irvitig's  auspices. 
<The  line  "The  British  soldier  trembles. "in  the  "Song  of 
Marion's  Men,"  w.as  changed  to  "The  foeman  trembles  in 
his  camp.")  As  editor  of  the  "  Evening  Post "  he  opposed 
the  extension  of  slavery  and  supported  the  Union.  He 
published  translations  of  the  Iliad  (1870),  and  the  Odys- 
sey (1871).  "Poetical  Works,"  edited  by  Parke  Godwin, 
18S3:  "Prose  Writings  "(including  lettersof  travel,  origi- 
nally contributed  to  the  "Evening  Post,"  and  orations 
and  addi-esses),  edited  by  Parke  Godwin,  1884. 
Bryce  (bris),  James.  Born  at  Belfast.  Ireland, 
Ma.v  10,  1S38.  A  noted  English  historian  and 
Liberal  politician.  He  became  regius  professor  of 
civil  law  in  Oxford  Vniversity  in  1870,  under  secretary  for 
foreign  affairs  in  1886.  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancas- 
ter in  1892  ;  and  president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  1894. 
Chief  works:  'The  Holy  Roman  Empire  '  (1864,  7th  ed. 
1877),  "  The  American  Commonwealth "  (1888,  3d  ed, 
1894-95). 

Brydges  tbrij'ez),  James.     Bom  Jan.  6,  1673: 

died  Aug.  9,  1744.  An  English  nobleman,  cre- 
ated first  duke  of  Chandos  in  1719. 

Brydges,  Sir  Samuel  Bgerton.  Bom  at  Woo- 
ton  House,  Kent,  England,  Nov.  30,  1762:  died 
near  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Sept.  8,  1837.  An 
English  lawyer,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  gene- 
alogist, member  of  Parliament  1812-18.  He  was 
the  author  of  poems,  novels,  "Censura  Literaria  "  (1805- 
1809),  "British  Bibliographer  "(1810-14),  " Res Literarise  " 
(1821-22),  ' '  Autobiography  "  (1834),  etc. 

Bryn  Ma'Wr  (Welsh,  brun  mour' ;  locally,  brin 
niiir',  or  mar'")  College.  --^^  noii-seetarian  col- 
lege for  women, organized  at  Bryn  Mav\T,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1885.  It  has  about  40  instructors  and  350 
students,  and  a  lilirary  of  about  27,000  volumes  and  7,001) 
pamplilets. 

Brython  (bri'thon).  [L.  Britones,  Brittones, 
Gr.  (Procopius)  B/)/77ui'fr,  AS.  Breteue,  Brettas, 
Briittus.]  The  name  applied  to  themselves  by 
the  Celts  of  southern  Britain  who  successfully 


Brython 

ri'sistcd  tlie  Teutouic  invaders  in  the  moun- 
tainous rcfiions  of  the  western  coast,  and  whose 
language  (Brythonefr)  is  suljsei|ueutl.v  found  in 
Wales,  Cumbria,  and  parts  of  Devon  and  Corn- 
wall. The  inline  is  ust-d  iiiterclianceiibly  with  Ciimry 
(Cumbri).  Gir:iltlus(l:;tlif('ntnry)iiiliis  "  Di-scripIinCam- 
briie"  uses  itntill'erently /i'/(,'/w«  IJntannu-a  ami  dimhriea, 

BrzeZcUiy  (bzlie-zha'uii).  A  town  in  Ualieia, 
Austria-Hungarv,  49  miles  southeast  of  Lem- 
berj;.    Population  (1890),  commune,  11,2J1. 

Bua  '  I'o'ii).  An  island  off  the  coast  of  Dalma- 
tia,  Austria-Hungarj-,  opposite  Trau,  in  lat.  43° 
30'  X.,  long.  16°  1.5'  E. :  the  ancient  Bavo  or 
Bote.  It  was  a  place  of  banishment  under  tlie 
Koinan  emperors. 

Bnache  (bU-iish' ).  Philippe.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 

7.  1700:  died  Jan.  "7,  177li.    A  French  geogra- 

her.   HIb  works  include  ''  Considerations  geugraphiqiies 

r(  physiques  sur  les  iiunvelles  dt^eouvertes  de  la  pninde 

niiT"(17531,  "Alius  pliy»i4Ue"(]7.'i4).  etc. 

Buache  de  la  Neuville  (bii-iish'  de  hi  ne-vel'), 

Jean  Nicolas.  Bcjru  at  LaXeuvillc-au-Pont, 
Marne,  France,  Feb.  1.5,  1741:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  21, 1825.  A  French  geographer,  nephew  of 
Philippe  Buache.  He  wrote  "  Geographie  cle- 
mentaire  ancienne  et  moderne"  (1709-72),  etc. 
BabastUS  (bii-bas'tus),  or  Bubastis  (bu-bas'- 
tis).  [Gr.  UnriiaBrnc,  li(ii'3a<77ii-,  Egypt.  Po-IiiiH, 
the  abode  of  Bast.]  A  city  of  ancient  Eg_\-jit. 
the  scriptural  Pi-Beseth  and  the  modern  Tel- 
Basta,  situated  on  the  Pelusiac  branch  of  the 
Nile,  in  lat.  30°  33'  X.,  long.  31°  30'  E.  it  was 
the  holy  city  of  the  E^ryjitian  goddess  Bast  or  Pasht  (Greek 
Bubastis),  wliuse  sacred  animal  was  the  cat. 

The  Twenty-second  Dynasty  (B.  c.  980)  chose  Bubastis 
for  lis  capital.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  given  many 
connucrors  to  Euypt.  Its  first  king,  tlie  .shishak  of  the 
Bible,  the  Sliashann  of  the  monuments,  took  an  anny  intc» 
Pllestine  and  cairied  away  the  treasures  of  the  Temple. 
Mariftte,  Outlines,  p.  58. 

Bubble  (bub'l).  A  servant  in  Cooke's  comedy 
"Greene's  Tu  Quoque."  He  becomes  rich,  and  un- 
dertakes to  appear  like  a  gentleman  by  using  the  aJfecta- 
Uons  of  society,  particularly  the  phrase  "Tu  Quoque," 
which  is  ever  in  his  mouth.  The  character  was  j^layed 
by  a  favorite  actor  named  ilreene  (hence  the  title  of  the 
pUy). 

Bubble,  Mississippi.     See  Mississippi  BidihU. 

Bubble,  South  Sea.     See  .S'««(/(  Sea  Bubbk. 

Bubi,  or  Booby  (bo'bi).     See  Etliiid. 

Bubona  (bu-bo'nji).  [LL.,  from  bos  (bar-),  ox.] 
In  Koman  mythology,  a  female  divinity,  pro- 
tectress of  cows  and  oxen. 

Bucaneers  (buk-a-nerz').  [From  F.  boucanicr, 
a  eurer  of  wild  meat,  a  pirate,  from  bouciiiur, 
Kmoke  meat,  from  Imiicaii,  a  place  for  smokiuK 
meat.]  A  gaiii?  of  adventurers  and  pirates 
which,  in  I  he  17th  century,  attained  an  almost 
national  iijiipr>rlance  in  the  West  Indies  and  on 
the  coasts  of  South  America.  It  had  its  nucleus  in 
the  English,  Kreneh,  and  Dutch  smugglers  who  carried  on 
a  clandestine  trade  witli  t  he  Spanish  island  of  Santo  Domin- 
go:  they  hunted  the  wild  cattle  there,  drying  the  meat 
over  (Ires  ;  and  gradually  they  formed  regular  settlements, 
not  only  on  Santo  Domingo  hut  on  many  of  the  smaller  isl- 
ands. As  they  became  stronger  they  began  to  prey  on 
I  Spanish  commerce.  In  10:10  theyseized  the  island  of  Tor- 
■  tuga  and  made  it  their  headquarters.  In  l(i.''>5  they  aided 
I  the  English  in  the  contguest  of  Jamaica,  and  this  became 
I  mother  center :  and  in  HMM  they  settled  the  liahamas. 
I  Under  their  celebrated  leader  M(trgan,  they  ravaged  the 
COftats  of  the  (fUlf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbcjin  Se:i,  and 
made  expeditions  inland  :  I'orto  Bello  was  sacked;  in  lUTl 
Morgan  crossed  the  isthmus  ari<l  burned  I'anama ;  and 
from  that  year  to  168.5  the  Bucaneers  practically  com- 
manded the  West  Indian  seas.  Their  immense  spoils 
were  divided  equally,  only  the  captain  of  a  ship  taking  a 
larger  share :  French,  Dutch,  English,  and  Germans  were 
banded  together,  their  <uily  Iioml  Iteiog  common  Interest 
and  hatred  of  the  Spaniariis.  In  lllao  they  again  crossed 
theisttimiis,  seized  some  Si>aliish  shi[is  in  the  I'acille,  and 
raided  the  western  coasts  of  Mexico.  Peru,  ami  Chile  for 
ieveral  years.  After  KUK)  the  war  lietween  France  and 
England  teinled  to  separate  the  pirates  of  these  two  na. 
tioiis,  and  the  Impoverisheil  coasts  couM  no  longer  sup- 
port their  excesses.  They  gradually  returned  to  the  West 
Inilies  and  I'.iirope,  and  were  drawii  Into  (he  armies  and 
navies  of  different  powers. 

Bucareli  y  Urzua  (biikii-ra'lc  e  or-thd'ii), 
Antonio  Maria.  Hnniat  Seville  .Ian.  24, 1717: 
died  at  Mexico,  Ajiril  9.  1779.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral anil  administrator.  From  nmi  to  1771  he  was 
ffovernor  of  Cuba,  anil  fnuii  1771  until  hlsdeath  viceroy  of 
New  Spain  (Mexico). 

Buccaneer  (buk-a-ner').  The.  A  poem  by 
Kichard  lleni-y  IJana,  first  jiublisheif  in  1827. 
The  scene  is  partly  laid  on  Block  Island. 

Bnccari  (biik-kii're).  .\  free  haven  in  Fiuiiie, 
Austria-IIuiigarv.  situated  on  the  Adriatic  In 
lat.  4.'iO  IS'  N..  louK.  14°  32'  E. 

BncentaUT  (bu-sen'tiir).      [From  Gr.  .^iV.  ox. 


and 


ci'Mtaiir:  but   also  said  to  be  a 


corruption  of  L.  iliin  iilnrutii,  of  two  hundred 
(oars),  or  of  Hiiciiilimi  ( =  biiziim  iV  urn),  f;olden 
bark.]  The  state  ship  of  the  Venetian  Repub- 
lic, used  in  the  ceremonv  of  wedding  the  Adri- 


191 

atic,  which  was  enjoined  upon  the  Venetians  by 
Pope  Alexander  III.  to  commemorate  the  Wctory 
of  the  Venetians  under  Doge  Sebastiano  Ziani 
over  the  fleet  of  Frederick  Barbarossa,  in  the 
12th  century.  On  Ascension  day  of  each  year  a  ring  was 
dropped  from  the  Bucentaur  into  the  Adriatic,  with  the 
words  "  We  espouse  tliee,  Sea,  in  token  of  true  and  last- 
ing  dominion.  '  The  ceremony  was  attended  by  the  en. 
tire  diplomatic  corps.  The  ship  perhaps  took  her  name 
from  the  figure  of  a  bucentaur  (head  of  a  man  and  body 
of  a  bull)  ill  her  bows.  Three  of  the  name  were  built. 
The  last  was  destroyed  by  the  Frencli  in  1798. 
Bucephalus  (bii-sef'a-lus).  [Gr.  liovKfpa'Mg,  ox- 
beaded,  lioi'K^^^.of,  the  name  of  Alexander's 
horse.]  The  favorite  horse  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  His  master  was  the  only  person  who 
could  ride  hjm.  He  accompanied  Alexander  through 
his  principal  campaigns,  and  was  buried  on  the  banks  of 
the  Uydaspes  with  great  pomp.  Bucephalus  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  name  applied  to  Thessalian  liorses  which 
were  branded  with  a  biill's  head. 

Bucer  (bu'.siT).  or  Butzer  (bot's^T).  Martin. 
[G.  7{K/cer,  NL.  Hiictriis,  whence  Jiiitcr.]  Huru 
at  Schlettstadt  in  Alsace,  1491:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge. England,  Feb.  28,  1551.  A  German 
theologian,  a  coadjutor  of  Luther.  Ue  became 
chaplain  to  the  eleelor  palatine  Frederick  in  1520,  and 
pastorat  Landstuhl  in  1.522 ;  married  the  former  nun  Eliza- 
tieth  Pallaas  in  1522;  became  pastor  of  St.  Auretia's  in 
Strasburg  in  1524  ;  refused  to  sign  the  Augsburg  Interim 
in  1548 ;  and  accepted,  at  the  invitation  of  l.'ranmer,  a  pro- 
fessorate of  theology  in  Camlu-idge  in  1540.  Ue  is  chiefly 
noted  for  his  efforts  to  unite  thedifierent  Protestant  bodies, 
especially  the  Lutherans  and  Zwiiiglians,  in  which  he  was 
but  partially  suceessfiil. 

Buch  (boeh).  Christian  Leopold  von.    Born 

at  Stolpe,  Prussia,  April  20,  1774:  died  iit  Ber- 
lin, March  4,  18.53.  A  celebrated  German  geol- 
ogist and  traveler.  His  works  include  "Geognos- 
tische  IJeobachtungen  auf  Iteisen  durch  Deiitschland  und 
Italien  "  (1802-09),  "  Physikalische  Beschreibiing  der  Caiia- 
risehen  Inseln  "(1825),  "Reise  durch  >'orwegen  und  Lapp- 
land  ■•  (1810),  etc. 
Buchan  (Imk'an),  David.  Born  1780:  died 
about  1.S39.  A  British  naval  commander  and 
.\rctic  explorer.  He  explored  the  Exploits  Kiver. 
.Newfoundland,  in  1811.  penetrating  IW)  miles  into  the  in- 
ti'iior  ;  e<>linnaiide<l  an  Arctic  expedition  in  181S,  reaching 
Spitzbeigeii  whh  the  Dorothea  and  the  Trent;  beeanie 
high  sh'-ritf  of  Newfiiuiidhind,  and  was  subsequently  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  captain  ;  and  was  lost  with  the  ship 
I'pton  C;istle.  flis  name  was  struck  from  the  list  of  liv- 
ing captains  in  1S39. 

Buchan,  or  Simpson  ( simp'son ) ,  Elspeth.  Born 

near  Ban  IT,  Scotland,  1738:  liiedncar  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  1791.  A  .Scottish  religious  enthusi- 
ast, she  was  the  daughter  of  John  .Simpson,  an  inn- 
keeper, and  married  lUibert  Buehaii,  a  potter,  from  whom 
she  separated.  She  removed  t^i  Glasgow  in  1781,  where 
she  beard  Hugh  White,  of  the  Relief  Church  at  Irvine, 
preach  in  1783,  with  the  result  that  shereinoved  to  Irvine 
and  converted  Mr.  White  to  the  belief  that  she  was  the 
woman  of  Revelation  xii.,  in  whom  the  light  of  t.'od  was 
restored  to  men,  and  that  he  was  the  man  child  she  had 
brought  forth.  They  with  others  of  the  so. called  "liu- 
cbanites  "  were  banished  from  Irvine  in  1784,  and  settled 
at  New  Cample,  where  they  enjoyed  community  of  goods 
and  person.     The  sect  beeanie  extinct  in  ls-18. 

Buchanan  (bu-kan'an),  Franklin.     Boi-n  at 

Baltimoie,  Md.,  Sept.  17,  1800:  died  May  11, 
1874.  An  American  naval  officer,  iuthe'Con- 
federato  service  18()l-()4.  He  commanded  the  Mer- 
rimac  in  Hampton  Ri>ads,  March  8,  18t!2 ;  and  was  de- 
feated by  F'arragut  in  .Mobile  Bay.  Aug.  5,  18(W. 

Buchanan,  George.  Born  at  Killcarn,  Stirling- 
shire, SiMithiiid,  l''i-b.,  l.'illCi:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  29,  l."iS2.  A  SiMitl  isli  historian  and  scholar, 
tutor  of  .Iinnes  VI.  ( l.'i7IH.  His  principal  works  are 
"De  jure  regni  apnd  Scot<.i8  "  (15791.  "  Keruni  Seotieariiin 
historia"(1682),  "Detection,  etc.  "(1671),  a  version  of  the 
Psalms,  translations  of  the  "  Medea  "  and  "  Alcestis,"  and 
the  dramas  "Baptistes,"  "  Jephthes,"  ote. 

Buchanan,  James.  Burn  at  Slony  Batter, 
Franklin  Count  v,  I'a.,  Aiiril  22,  179l":  died  at 
Wheatland,  LanVaslcr,  Pa.,  .lime  1.  I.SCkH.  The 
fifteenth  iiresidcnl  of  tlie  riiitcd  Slates,  He  was 
a  member  of  Congress  lS21-:n  ,  inlnlsterto  Russia  1s:ll-.'t3; 
United  Stales  senator  1833-15  :  secretary  of  state  ls4:—te  ; 
minister  to  Croat  Britain  lsf>:t-r^  ;  ami  president  18.'.7-«1. 
Ilepnblisheda  lislory  of  his  ailminlalralinii  ilsiMl), 

Buchanan,  Robert  Williams.    Born  .\ug.  18, 

IS4I ;  iliiMJ  .Imic  111,  I'.liil.  .\  Sc.iilish  poid  and 
prose  wrilcr.  His  jMiems  iiielilde  "Idyls  and  Legends 
otInverburir'(18«.'i),  "  London  I'oeiiia  "  (ItXKl),  "  Na|>idi'oii 
Fallen  "  (1871),  "The  City  "(  Dreams  "  (l.^KH),  "The  Wan- 
dering .lew  '  I18'.i;i).  He  has  published  a  number  of  plays, 
and  in  I87II  he  wrote  bis  first  novel,  "The  shadow  of  the 
Sword.  •  followed  liv  "  A  Child  of  Nature'  (lH79),etc. 

Buchanites  (buk'an-its).  See  Iiufhan,Eli:nbeth. 

Bucharest.     See  Jhthhnrisl. 

Buchez  ( bii-shii'),  Philippe  Joseph  Benjamin. 

Horn  at  Matagncla-l'dili-,  Niininr,  Hilgiuiii. 
March  31.  1791):  died  al  Hodez.  Fniiicc,  Aug. 
12,  18()."i.  A  I'lench  nniii  of  letters  and  politi- 
<'inli.  He  wnile  an  "lnlrinlilellon  ti  la  science  de  I'lils- 
toire  "(18.13),  "Kssal  dun  tralte  coinplet  de  phllosophle  " 
(18.S9I.  'Illstoirede  la  fornuiMon  de  la  mitlonallti'  fraii 
valse"  (1859),  and  eilited  "  Ilistolre  parleiiieiitiilre  de  la 
n^volutloii  fmnfalao"  (1833-38). 


Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan 

Bnchholz  (bdch'holls).  A  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  >^axonv,  ill  the  Erzgebirge  19  miles  south  of 
Cliemnitz.     Population  (is9iii.  7,'<08. 

Btichner  (biich'ner),  Alexander.     Born  at 

Darmstadt,  (iermany,  Oct.  'I't,  1827.  A  Ger- 
man man  of  letters,  brother  of  Georg  Biiehner. 
His  works  incluiie  '  Gesehichte  der  engllsehen  Poesie  " 

1 185,",),  ■•Fraiizosisehe  Litenitiiibibier  "(1S58I,  etc, 

Btichner,  Friedrich  Karl  Christian  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Darmstadt.  March  2.S.  1K24:  died  there, 
May  1, 1899.  .•XGennan  |ihysiciaii, physiologist, 
ami  materialistic  philosopher,  lirother  of  Georg 
BUihner.  His  chief  works  are  '■  KrafI  und  StolT  "  (1856, 
English  translation  "Force  and  Matter"!,  " Natur  und 
(iel,^t  "(Is67i,"l'bysiologischeBilder"(l8«li,"AusN"atur 
UM.l  WisM-n..,ehafl  "11882).  etc. 

Biiehner,  Georg.  Bom  at  Goddelan,  near 
Darmstadt,  (iermany,  Oct.  17.  1813:  died  at 
Zurich,  Switzerland.  Feb.  19,  1837.  A  German 
poet,  author  of  '•  Dantons  Tod  "  (183.^>),  brother 
of  the  preceding.  His  collected  works  were 
published  in  1879. 

Biiehner,  Luise.  Bom  June  12,  1821:  died  at 
1  lariiistadt ,  Germany,  Nov.  28, 1877.  A  German 
powt  and  novelist,  sister  of  Georg  Biiehner, 
noted  as  a  champion  of  the  rights  of  women. 
She  wrote  "Die  Frauen  und  ihr  Beruf  "  (18.5.5). 

Biiehner,  Max.  Born  in  Hamburg,  .\pril  25, 
ls4l).  A  noted  African  traveler.  He  made  a  tour 
of  the  world  in  1875  as  ship's  doctor.  In  1878  the  African 
.Association  of  Berlin  sent  him  to  Muatyamvo,  the  king  of 
Luiida,  east  of  Angola,  with  instructions  to  explore  the 
country  to  the  east  and  north  of  lunda.  He  reached  Mua- 
tyamvo,  and  spent  six  months  at  his  capital  ;  but  all  his 
elforts  to  go  beyond  proved  vain,  and  lie  returned.  At 
Malange  he  met  Pogge  and  Wissinaiin,  who  were  to  be 
more  fortunate  by  trying  the  northern  route  to  the  Bashi- 
laiige.  In  18S4  Buehner  accompanied  Nachtigal  to  West 
Africa,  and  was  active  in  the  annexation  of  Togolaud  and 
Kamerun.  .Ascunitorof  theEthnobigic  Museum  of  Munich 
he  made  (1888-90)  a  voyage  to  Australia  and  New  Guinea. 

Buchon  ( iiii-shoi'i' ),  Jean  Alexandre.    Born  at 

Meneti.ii-Salon,  Cher.   Fra ,    Mav  21,   1791: 

died  at  Paris.  April  29,  184<).  A  Frcueli  histo- 
rian. Ileedited  a  "Collection  des  chroniques  nationalcs 
franvaises  "(1824-29),  and  was  the  author  of  works  on  Greek 
history  and  other  topics. 

Buck  (buk),  Dudley.  Bom  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
March  10,  1839.  An  American  composer  and 
organist.  He  has  written  cantatas,  church 
music,  etc, 

Biickeburg  (bii'ke-bOro).  The  capital  of 
Seliauinburg-l.ippe,  Germany,  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Hannover.  Population  (1890), 
5, 18(). 

Buckeye  (buk'I).  A  popular  name  for  an  in- 
haliitant  ul'  I  lliio. 

Buckeye  State,  The.  A  popular  name  of  Ohio, 
from  the  iniiiiber  of  buckeyes  in  that  State. 

Buckhurst  (buk'herst).  Lord.  See  SackviUe, 
Tlnimtis. 

Buckingham  (buk'ing-am).  [ME.  liukyugehnm, 
liiilniiiiiinii.  A.S.  Biifciiiiia  hum.  dwelling  of  the 
Buccings  (descendants  of  Buccal]  A  town  in 
Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Ouse  in  lat.  .52°  N,,  long.  0°  58'  W.  lth»a  man- 
ufactures of  lace.     Pepulation  (1891).  :i,;i(M. 

Buckingham,  Dukes  of.  Sec  Si<ifforil,  niliers, 

anil  (.'/•.  iin'li-. 

Buckingham,  James  Silk.    Born  at  Flushing. 

near  Faliiioiilh,  England,  Aug.  25,  KSO:  died  at 
l.oiiiluii,  ,Iuiie  30,  ls.5.5.  All  English  traveler 
and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "Travels  in  Palestine. 
etc.  "(1822).  "TravelsinMesopotaniia, etc  "(1827), "Travels 
in  .Assyria,  Mediiuaini  Persia  "( 1829),  etc. 
Buckingham  Palace.  Tln^  London  residem-e 
of  llie  sovereign,  situateil  at  the  wi'slern  end  of 
St.  .lames's  Park.  It  wiis  settled  by  ael  ..f  Parliumeiit 
in  1775  ujioii  tjueeii  Charlotte,  and  was  lieme  known  as 
the  "  queen's  house.""  It  w;ls  remodeled  under  George 
IV.:  and  the  eastern  facade,  ball-room,  and  some  otlur 
IMrtions  wore  added  by  ytieen  Vietiiriii,  who  began  l<i 
occupy  it  ill  18:{7.  The  chief  fiieinle  is  3liil  feet  long,  but  Is 
arehitectunilly  uninteresting.  The  stale  apartments  are 
niagiiitleenlly  ailoriied  luul  furnished,  the  gniiid  slnireiise, 
the  throne  riHiin,  and  the  state  ball-room  being  espii'iiilly 
notable,  "I'liere  is  a  priceless  eolleetlon  of  French  buhl 
Hiid  other  furniture,  and  the  plctiircgallei^-  contains  a 
niimluT  of  lit, I  and  mo,lerii  masterpieees, 

Buckinghamshire  (bnk'ing-ain-shir),  Buck- 
inghc%m,  •"'  Bucks,     [.xs.  tiiifriiiiinliiiiiisrir.] 

A  county  of  England,  lying  between  North- 
ampton on  the  north.  Bedfordshire,  Herlford, 
and  .Middlesex  on  tin'  east.  Berkshire  on  the 
soiilh,  and  0\fordshire  on  the  west  It  is  nil 
iigrieiiltiiriil  county.  The  chief  town  ia  Bnck- 
iiigham.  Ari>a,  74(>  square  miles.  Population 
(1891).  18.5.190. 

Buckland   (buk'lan.l).  Francis   Trevelyan. 

Ituni  ,ii  tlxford,  l)ee,  17.  IS'JCi;  iljed  at  l.oii.lun, 
Dee.  19.  1.88(1.  All  English  natinalist,  son  of 
William  Biickliiiid,  noted  fur  researches  in  tisli- 
cilltlire.  He  wrote  "  CiirioslUes  of  Natural  History" 
(1867).  "Natural  Ulalory  of  British  Fishes"  (1881),  etc. 


Buckland,  William 

Buckiand,  William.  Bora  at  Tiverton,  Devon- 
shire. England.  Maivk  12.  1784:  died  at  Clap- 
ham,  near  London,  Aug.  15, 1856.  An  English 
geologist  and  clergyman,  appointed  dean  of 
Westminster  in  1S45.  Hischief  worksarcReliquise 
DUuviaiiEe,  etc."  (1S23),  and  the  Bridgewater  treatise  on 
••Ueulogj-  and  Mineralogy  "  (1836). 

Bucklaw  vlmk'la),  Laird  of.  Frank  Hay- 
ston,  the  dissipated  but  good-natured  suitor  of 
Lucy  Ashton  in  Scott's  "Bride  of  Lammer- 
moor.''  He  was  maiTied  to  her  by  her  mother's  machi- 
DatioDS,  and  was  thus  the  cause  of  the  tragedy  which  en- 
dued.    See  Ashton.  Lucii, 

Buckle  tbuk'l  1.  Henry  Thomas.    Born  at  Lee, 

Kent.  England.  Nov.  24,  1^21:  died  at  Damas- 
cus, Syria,  May  29,  1862.  An  English  his- 
torian. His  health  in  early  youth  was  delicate,  on  which 
account  he  was  educated  at  home,  chiefly  by  his  mother. 
In  1840,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  a  wealthy  ship-owner  in 
London,  he  inherited  an  ample  fortune  which  enabled 
him  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  liter.ir>'  pursuits.  In 
1857  he  published  the  first  volume  of  his  "History  of 
Civilization  in  England."  The  appearance  of  this  volume, 
which  is  characterized  by  vigor  of  style  and  boldness  of 
thought,  produced  a  sensation  in  Europe  and  America, 
and  raised  the  author  from  obscurity  to  fame.  The  spe- 
cial doctrine  which  it  sought  to  uphold  was  that  climate, 
soil,  food,  and  the  aspects  of  n:iture  are  the  determining 
factors  in  intellectual  progress.  A  second  volume,  infe- 
rior in  execution  and  interest,  appeared  In  1861. 

Buckner  (buk'ner).  Simon  Bolivar.    Born  in 

Hart  i/ounty,  Ky.,  April  1.  1823.  An  Ameri- 
can general,  in  the  Confederate  service  1861- 
1865.  He  surrendered  Fort  Donelson  to  Grant,  Feb.  16, 
1862,  after  the  escape  of  General  Floyd,  and  commanded  a 
corj»s  at  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19  and  20, 1863.  He  was  gover- 
norof  Kentucky  1SS7-91,  and  was  nominated  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident by  the  National  (Sound-money)  Democrats  in  1S06. 
Bucks'  bilks).  AbbI'e^-iationof  Buckitu/hanhshire. 

Buckstone  (bxik'ston),  John  Baldwin.  Bom 
at  Hoxton.  London,  Sept.  14,  1802:  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  London,  Oct.  31,  1S79.  An 
English  comedian  and  dramatist,  author  of 
numerous  plays. 

Bucktails  (buk'talz).  A  name  originally  given 
to  the  members  of  the  Tammany  Society  in 
New  York  city,  but  about  1817-26  extended  in 
its  application  to  members  of  that  faction  of 
the  Democratic-Republican  party  in  the  State 
which  opposed  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Bucolic  Mouth  of  the  Nile.  An  ancient  mouth 
of  the  Xile,  in  the  middle  of  the  Delta. 

Buczacz  vbo'chach).  A  town  in  eastera  Grali- 
cia,  Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  49°  4'  N..  long. 
25°  23'  E.  By  a  treaty  concluded  here  in  1672,  Poland 
ceded  the  Ukraine  and  Podolia  to  Turkev.  Population 
(lsoft>.  commune,  11,096. 

Budaeus.     i>ee  Bude^  Guillaume. 

Budapest  (bo 'da -pest:  Hung.  pron.  bo'do- 
pesht').  since  1872  the  official  name  of  the  unit- 
ed Buda  and  Pesth  or  Pest.  The  capital  of 
Hungary,  and  the  second  city  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  consisting  of  Buda  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Danube,  and  Pest  on  the  opposite  bank. 
The  Danube  is  crossed  here  by  a  suspension-bridge  and 
other  bridges.  The  city  contains  ten  municipal  districts. 
It  has  a  lai-ge  trade  in  grain,  wool,  hides,  etc.,  and  exten- 
sive manufactures.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  a  university, 
Buda  was  the  Roman  Aquincum,  and  Pest  was  a  Roman 
colony.  Buda  was  the  capital  of  Hungary  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  14th  centun.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1526, 
1529,  and  1^1.  The  Turks  were  expelled  in  1686.  In  1784 
Buda  again  became  the  capital.  Budapest  was  occupied 
by  the  Austrians  Jan.,  1&49.  The  Hungaiians  reentered 
Pest  in  April  and  stormed  Buda  in  May.  1&49.  The  Austri- 
ans nuccupied  both  places  .■\ng.,  1*49.  The  German  name 
of  Bu-Ui  is  Ofen.     Population  (1900),  7:12,3:^2. 

Budaun  (bo-da-on').  A  district  in  the  Rohil- 
eund  division,  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India.  Area,  2,017  square  miles.  Population 
flPOlV  925.598. 

Bnddeus  (bod-da'os),  Johann  Franz.  Bom  at 

Ai^klam.  Pi'ussia,  June  25, 1007:  diedatGotha, 
Germany,  Nov.  19,  1729.  A  Gei-man  Lutheran 
divine  and  scholar.  He  wrote  "  Historia  juris  na 
turw,  etc,"  (leO.'^X  "Elementa  ptulosophi^  instrumenta- 
lis"  (170:J),  "Historia  ecclesiastica  veteris  testamenti" 
(1709).  etc. 

Buddha (bo'da).  [Skt.,' the  enlightened.']  The 
title  of  Siddhartha  or  Gautama,  the  founder  of 
Bud<Ulism.  lYom  three  newly  discovered  inscriptions 
of  the  emperor  Asoka  it  follows  that  the  y7th  year  of  his 
reign  was  reckoned  as  the  2o7th  from  the  death  of  Bnddha. 
Hence  it  is  inferred  that  Buddha  died  between  482  and 
472  B.  c.  It  being  agreed  that  he  lived  to  be  eighty,  he 
was  bom  between  562  and  652  B.  c.  The  Buddhist  narra- 
tives of  his  life  are  overgrown  with  legend  and  myth. 
Senart  seeks  to  trace  in  them  the  histor>-  of  the  sun-hero. 
Oldenberg  finds  in  the  most  ancient  traditions  —those  of 
Ceylon  — at  least  definite  historical  outlines.  Siddhar- 
tha, as  Buddha  was  called  before  entering  upon  his  great 
mission,  was  bom  in  the  country  and  tribe  of  the  Sakh- 
yas.  at  the  foot  of  the  Xepalese  Himalayas.  His  father, 
f>uddhodana,  was  rather  a  great  and  wealthy  landowner 
than  a  king-  He  passed  his  youth  in  opulence  at  Kapila- 
vastu.  the  Sakhya  capital.  He  was  married  and  had  a 
son  Rahula,  who  became  a  member  of  his  order.  At  the 
ace  of  twenty-nine  he  left  parents,  wife,  and  only  son  for 


192 

the  spiritual  struggle  of  a  recluse.  After  seven  years  he 
believed  himself  pos.sessed  of  perfect  truth,  and  assumed 
the  title  of  £»(/JArt,  'the  enlightened.'  He  is  represented 
as  having  received  a  audden  illuminatiou  as  he  sat  under 
the  Bo-tree,  or  *  tree  of  knowledge,'  at  Bodhgaya  or  Bud- 
dha-Gaya.  For  twenty-eight  or,  as  later  narratives  give 
it,  forty-nine  days  he  was  variously  tempted  by  Mara. 
One  of  his  doubts  was  whether  to  keep  for  himself  the 
knowledge  won,  or  to  share  it.  Love  triumphed,  and  he 
began  to  preach,  at  tii-st  at  Benares.  For  forty-four  years 
he  preached  in  the  region  of  Benares  and  Behar.  Primi- 
tive Buddhism  is  only  to  be  gathered  by  inference  from 
the  literature  of  a  later  time.  Buddha  did  not  array  him- 
self against  the  old  religion.  The  doctrines  were  rather 
the  outgrowth  of  those  of  certain  Brahmauical  schools. 
His  especial  concern  was  salvation  from  sorrow,  and  so 
from  existence.  There  are  "four  noble  truths " :  (1)  ex- 
istence is  suffering ;  (2)  the  cause  of  pain  is  desire .  (3) 
cessation  of  pain  is  possible  through  the  suppression  of 
desire;  (4)  the  way  to  this  is  the  knowledge  and  obser- 
vance of  tiie  "good  law  "  of  Buddha.  The' end  is  Nin'ana, 
the  cessation  of  existence.  Buddhism  was  preached  in 
the  vulgar  tongue,  and  had  a  populai-  literature  and  an 
elaborately  organized  monastic  and  missionarj"  system. 
It  made  its  way  into  Afghanistan,  Bactriana,  Tibet,  and 
China.  It  passed  away  in  India  not  from  Brahman  per- 
secution, but  rather  from  internal  causes,  such  as  its  too 
abstract  nature,  too  morbid  view  of  life,  relaxed  discipline, 
and  overgrowth  of  monasticism.  and  also  because  Shivaism 
and  Vishnuism  employed  many  of  its  own  weapons  more 
effectively.  The  system  has  been  variously  modified  in 
dogma  and  rites  in  the  many  countries  to  which  it  has 
spread.  It  is  supposed  to  number  about  350,000,000  of 
adherents,  who  are  principally  in  Ceylon,  Tibet,  China, 
and  Japan. 

Buddha-Gaya  {bo  da-ga'a).  An  ancient  center 
of  Buddhism,  now  in  ruins,  in  the  Gaya  district, 
Bengal.  The  temple  is  a  celebrated  foundation  in  the 
Buddhist  faith.  It  is  a  quadrangular  pyramidal  struc- 
ture on  a  plain  raised  basement,  60  feet  square  and  160 
high.  The  exterior  faces  are  divided  into  piers,  and  orna- 
mented with  molded  bands  and  panels  forming  nine  stages 
or  stories,  and  surmounted  by  a  conical  finial.  In  the 
interior  is  a  cella  with  radiating  arches,  which  date  prob- 
ably from  a  14th-centU!-)'  restoration. 

Buddhists  O^o'dists).     Se?  Butldhn. 

Bude  i.b^i-da'j  (L.  Budaeus),  Guillaiime.    Bom 

at  Paris,  1467:  died  Aug.  23.  1540.  A  French 
scholar.  He  was  a  friend  of  Erasmus,  and  was  elevated 
by  Francis  I.  to  the  post  of  royal  librarian.  He  was  sus- 
pected of  favoring  Cidvinism.  He  wrote  an  excellent 
work  on  ancient  coins,  entitled  "De  Asse,  etc  "  (1514). 
Budgell  (buj'el),  Eustace.  Bom  at  St.  Thom- 
as, near  Exeter,  England,  Aug.  19.  1686:  com- 
mitted suicide  in  the  Thames,  near  London, 
May  4, 1737.  An  English  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  "was  called  to  the  bar,  but  his  association  ^vith  his 
cousin  Joseph  Addison  induced  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  literature.  He  contributed  thirty-seven  papers  to  the 
"Spectator,"  in  Addison's  stj-le.  He  wrote  many  pam- 
phlets of  a  politiciU  nature,  and  in  1733  started  "The 
Bee,"  a  weekly  periodical  which  ran  for  about  two  years. 
He  filled  a  number  of  positions  after  the  accession  of 
George  I.,  when  Addison  became  secretarj*  to  the  lord 
lieutenaut  of  Ireland,  being  at  various  times  chief  secre- 
tary to  the  lords  justices,  deputy  clerk  of  the  council, 
accountant-general,  and  member  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons.  He  fell  into  money  difficulties  which  affected 
liis  brain,  and  after  a  disgraceful  affair  connected  with 
the  disiippearance  of  some  bonds  belonging  to  the  estate 
of  Matthew  Tindal,  he  took  his  own  life.  He  left  a  natu- 
ral daughter,  Anne  Eustace,  who  went  upon  the  stage. 

Budweis  (bod'vis),  Czech  Budejowice.  A  city 
in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Moldau  in  lat.  48° 
oS'  X.,  long.  14°  27'  E.  It  has  a  cathedral. 
Population  (1890),  28,491. 

Buell  (bn'el),  Don  Carlos.  Bom  near  Mari- 
etta. Ohio,  March  23.  1818:  died  Nov.  19,  1898. 
An  American  general.  He  was  graduated  from  West 
Point  1841:  served  in  the  Mexican  war;  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  1861 ;  became 
major-jreneral  of  volunteers  1862;  arrived  at  Pittsburg 
Landins,  April  6. 1862,  in  time  to  contriimte  to  the  victory 
of  Grant  over  Beauregard  on  the  following  day :  drove 
General  Bragg  out  of  Kentucky  1862.  fiu'hting  the  indeci- 
sive battle  of  Perrjville  Oct.  8.  He  was  blamed  for  per- 
mittini:  General  Bragg  to  escape,  and  was  removed  from 
his  i.omuian'i,  Oct,  24,  1862. 

Buena  Vista  (bwa'na  v§s'ta).  [Sp..  *good 
s-iew.*]  A  place  in  the  state  of  Coahuila. 
Mexico,  6  miles  south  of  Saltillo.  Here.  Feb.  22-23, 
1S47,  5,000  Americans  under  General  Taylor  defeated  1.'  .000 
Mexicans  under  Santa  Anna.  Loss  <>f  Americans,  746;  of 
Mexicans,  about  2.00n. 

Buen  Ayre  (bwan  i'ra),  or  Bonaire  (bo-nar). 
[Sp.  andF.  respectively,  "good air.']  An  island 
in  the  Dutch  West  Indies,  situated  north  of 
Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  15'  X.,  long.  ^°  27'  W. 
Area.  129  square  miles.  Population  (1892), 
4.900. 

Buende  (bwan'de),  or  Ba-Buende  (ba^bwan'- 
de).     See  Kongo  hingnaffc. 

Bueno  da  Silva  (bwa'no  da  sel'va).  Bartholo- 
meu,  called  Anhanguera.  Born  in  Sao  Paulo 
about  1635 :  died  there  about  1695.  A  Brazilian 
explorer.  Inl6S2,at  theheadof  a  party  in  search  of  In- 
dian slaves  and  mines,  he  penetrated  to  Goyaz,  and  prob- 
ably beyond  the  .Araijnaya.  bringitii:  the  first  definite 
account  of  these  regions. 

Bueno  da  Silva,  Bartholomeu.  Born  in  Sao 
Paulo,  1670:  died  in  Ooyaz,  Sept.  19.  1740.  Son 
of  the  preceding:.  He  was  with  his  father  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  1682,  and  in  1722  was  sent  by  the  governor  of 


Bugenliagen 

Sao  Paulo  to  seek  tht  same  route.  He  was  absent  thre« 
years,  and  discovered  the  gold-minea  of  Goyaz.  In  17*8 
he  was  made  captain  of  the  Goyaz  colony. 
Buenos  Aires  (bwa'nos  i'rez :  Sp.  pron.  bwa'- 
nos  l'res^  [Sp.,  'good  airs.']  A  province  of 
theArgentine  Republic. lying  between  Cordoba, 
Santa  Fe,  Eutre  Rios,  and  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  on 
the  north,  the  ocean  on  the  east  and  south,  and 
the  territories  of  Pampa  and  Rio  Negro  on  the 
west.  Capital,  since  1882,  La  Plata,  "its  chief  in- 
dnstr>*  is  cattle-raising.  During  most  of  the  time  from  1827 
to  1862.  Buenos  Aires  was  separated  from  the  other  prov- 
inces. Area,  about  106,000  square  miles.  Population  (isasi 
about  800,0<X). 

Buenos  Aires.  The  capital  of  the  Argentine 
Confederation,  situated  on  the  estuair  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  in  lat.  34<*  36'  S..  long!  58°  22' 
W".  It  is  the  fli-st  city  of  South  America  in  size,  and  has 
the  greater  share  of  the  export  trade  of  the  countr>-.  and 
also  considerable  manufactures.  It  is  a  railway  teiTuinua 
of  importance.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  university,  and 
military  schooL  Buenos  Aires  was  settled  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1535;  abandoned;  and  resettled  in'lotO.  Tht- 
revolution  which  led  to  the  independence  of  the  republic 
began  there  in  ISIO.  Population  i.lsyS),  5oti,9S4  (including  \y_ 
suburbs).  ■ 

Buenos  Aires,  or  Colonies  of  the  Plata  (Colo-   ff 
nias  de  la  Plata  U     A  viceroyalty  established 

in  1776.  a!id  continued  tintil  the  revolution  of 
lt«10.  It  included  Buenos  Aires  (colonyX  Tucuman, 
Cuyo  (separated  from  Chile),  X'ruguay,  Pai-aguay,  and 
Charcas  or  Upper  Peru :  in  other  words,  all  now  included 
in  the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Bo- 
livia, with  the  former  Pacific  coast  of  Bolivia,  now  an- 
nexed to  Chile.  The  capital  was  Buenos  Aires. 
Buffalo  (buf'a-16).  A  city,  port  of  entry^  and 
chief  place  of  Erie  County.  Xew  York,  situ- 
ated on  Lake  Erie  in  lat.  42°  53'  X..  long.  78° 
^y  W. :  the  second  cityin  the  State.  Ithasagood 
harbor  protected  by  breakw  aters,  and  is  the  terminus  of 
the  Erie  Canal  and  an  important  railway-center.  It  i> 
connected  by  steamer  lines  with  ports  on  the  Great  Lake.<. 
It  has  a  large  trade  in  grain,  live  stock,  lumber,  coal,  ce- 
ment, and  salt,  and  manufactures  of  flour,  iron,  sieel. 
beer,  oil,  leather,  etc.  Bntfalo  was  founded  in  1801.  and 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  1832.  It  was  the  scene  of  exten- 
sive railroad  strikes  in  1892.     Pop.  (1900),  352,387. 

Buffalo  Bill.     See  Codifj  WUUam  Frederick. 

Buffier  ^biif-va'),  Claude.  Bom  in  Poland, 
May  25,  166l':  died  at  Paris.  May  17. 1737.  A 
French  g^rammarian,  philosopher,  and  littera- 
teur. 

Buffon  (bii-fon'),  Comte  de  (Georges  Louis 
Leclerc\  Bora  at  Montbard,C6te-d'Or.  France, 
Sept.  7.  1707:  died  at  Paris,  April  16, 1788.  A 
celebrated  French  naturalist.  He  was  the  son  of 
M.  Leclerc  de  Buflon.  a  counselor  of  the  parliament  of 
Bourgogne,  from  whom  he  inherited  a  competent  fortune. 
About  the  age  of  nineteen  he  traveled  in  Italy  in  company 
with  Lord  Kingston,  and  in  1740  published  a  translaiiou 
of  Newton's  "Treatise  on  Fluxions."  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris  in  1739,  and 
in  the  Bame  year  was  appointed  director  of  the  Jardin  di 
Roi,  the  present  Jardin  des  Plantes.  His  chief  work  is 
the  "Histoire  natm-tUe.  gen^rale  et  particuliere.  avec  la 
description  du  cabinet  du  roi."  the  first  three  volumes 
of  which  were  published  m  1749.  The  first  volume  con- 
tained "La  theorie  de  la  terre"  and  "Le  systeme  sur  la 
formation  des  planetes";  the  second,  "L'Histoire  ge- 
nerate des  aniiuaux"  and  "L'Histoire  particuliere  de 
ITiomme";  the  third,  a  •"Description  du  cabinet  du  roi  ' 
(by  Daubenton)  and  a  chapter  on  '■  Les  varietes  de  I'es- 
p^ce  humaine."  The  next  twelve  volumes  (17.'i5-67)  dealt 
with  the  history  of  quadrupeds.  Subsequently  he  pub- 
lished in  ten  volumes  "L'Histoire  naturelle  des  oiseaux 
et  des  mineravii "  (1771-S6).  besides  seven  volumes  of  '■  Sup- 
plements" (1774-^9).  Tlie  most  striking  of  the.se  is  the 
fifth  volume,  'Les  epoques  de  la  nature"  (1779).  Lace- 
P^de  completed  Bufion's  work  from  his  notes  by  publish- 
ing a  volume,  '■  Les  serpents,"  in  17S9.  The  credit  for  the 
six  volumes  on  "Les  poissons  et  les  cetaces"  (1799-1804) 
belongs  to  Lac^p^de  alone.  When  Buffon  was  admitted 
to  the  French  Academy  in  1753,  he  delivered  as  his  in- 
augural address  the  famous  "Discours  sur  le  style." 

Buffone  (bof-fo'ne),  Carlo,  An  impudent  glut- 
tonous jester  in  Ben  Jonson's  "Every Man  out 
of  his  Humour."  He  is  identified  with  Marston  by 
s*>me  critics ;  others  think  he  is  meant  for  Dekker. 

Buffoon,  Sir  Hercules.  See  Sir  Hercules  Buf- 
foon, under  Lacy,  John. 

Bug  (bog)»  or  Bog.  A  river  in  the  governments 
of  Podolia  and  Kherson,  Russia,  which  joins 
the  liman  of  the  Dnieper  30  miles  west  of  Kher- 
son: the  ancient  Hypanis.  Length,  abouf  400 
miles.     Navigable  fi-om  Voznesensk. 

Bug.  A  river  which  rises  in  Galicia  and  joins 
the  Vistula  in  Russian  Poland.  17  miles  north- 
west of  Warsaw.     Length,  about  500  miles. 

Bugeaud  de  la  Piconierie  (bii-zho'  de  la  pe- 
kon-re'),  Thomas  Robert,  Due  d'Isly.  Bom 
at  Limoges,  France.  Oct.  15, 1784:  died  at  Paris, 
June  10.  1849.  A  marshal  of  France,  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  served  in  Africa  lS;i6-47;  was  gov- 
ernor of  Algeria  1S40 ;  and  gained  the  \ictory  of  Isly, 
Morocco,  Aug.  14,  l&i4. 

Bugenhagen  (bo'gen-ha'gen).  Johann,  sur- 
named  Pomeranus.  or  Dr.  Pominer.    Bom  at 

Wollin.  Pomerania. Germany.  June  24. 14S5:  <lied 
at  Wittenberg,  Germany,  April  20, 1558.    AGer- 


Bugenhagen 

man  Reformer,  a  coadjutor  of  Luther  He  was 
pnachcr  aiiJ  (1020)  professor  of  biblical  exejiesis  at  Wit- 
tenberg.  He  organized  the  I'rotestant  Cliuicli  in  northern 
anil  central  Uernmiiy,  and  Denmark;  translateil  the  Bible 
into  I-ow  German,  and  published  "Interprelatio  in  11- 
brum  psalnioruni  "(1024),  etc. 

Bugey  (bii-zha').  An  ancient  ilistriet  of  eastern 
France,  Iviniij  north  and  west  of  the  Rhone,  and 
south  of  t'rauclie-Cointu :  eomprised  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aili.  It  formed  part  of  the  old  Burgun- 
aiiui  kingiioni,  was  ceded  to  .Savoy  U."J7-1344,  was  ceded 
by  Savoy  to  France  in  1001,  and  waa  made  part  of  the  gen- 
eral government  of  Burgundy. 

BnXge  (hog'tre  I,  Thomas.  Born  at  Coi)enlia),'en, 
Oct.  12,  1741) :  died  .June  15,  1815.  A  Danish 
astronomer  and  geograplier. 

Bugi  flio'si).     See  Knhriil. 

Bug  Jargal.     A  novel  by  Victor  Hugo.    Its  s;^iii- 


193 


Bundelkhand  Agency- 


Eastern  Rnmella,  with  Sofln  a.s  capital.    The  old  capital  Bulmer  (iml'miT).  Valentine.      The  Htulai 


wail  Tirnova.  The  g<ivemment  is  a  constilutioiuil  m<in 
arcliy,  under  a  iirince  and  legislative  chamber  (.Sohranje). 
The  inbabitants  are  Bulganaiis,  Turks,  etc.  Bidgitria  was 
Inchnled  in  the  ain-ient  Mcssia  anil  Thracia,  and  formed 
part  of  the  Roman  Empire.  It  was  colonized  about  the 
Uth  century  by  Bulgarians  (a  Slavicized  Finnish  (.'I  people). 
There  were  three  liulgaiian  kiiigiloms  sueeessively  in  th< 


Enrl  of  Hetheringtoii  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  "St.  Konau's  Well."  Ue  substitutes  himself 
for  his  supposed  bastard  brother  Francis  T>rrel,  the  real 
earl,  in  a  clandestine  marriage  with  Clara  Mowbray,  and 
later  endeavors  to  rob  Tyrrel  of  the  proofs  of  the  latter'a 
right  to  his  title 


middle  ages,  and  about  the  loth  century,  and  again  in  the  BulneS(bol'nes),  ManUSl.  Born  at  Conception, 

13th  century,  the  kingdom  had  a  wide  e.vtent.     It  was  Dec.  25, 1799:  died  at  Santiago,  Oct.  18, 1860.    A 

overthrown  by  the  lurks  about  the  end  ol  the  Hth  cen-  f'i,;i;!i,/.roT.n,.,.l  ..n.l  i,t.>t.  „.„   .,       ,     „     ^    . 

tury.      It  has  been  the  theater  of  many  struggles  in  re-  h',""^"/^""'' ''"',''','' l''''^""-     In  IS-'il  he  became 

cent  Russo-Iurkish  ware.     It  was  eon'tiluted  a  princi-  ''nBa(l'>-''--Keneral,  and  in  ls*> commanded  6.000  men  sent 

pality  by  tlic  treaty  of  &in  Stefano  and  the  foiigress  of  J,"'"''!'  •;":"'.'•'  ''™f  ',"  '^™-     V.'"  * '"^'T''^'*  ''"'royeil  the 

Berlin  (1S7S),  and  I'rince  Alexander  of  Batteubcrg  was  in-  l,>r  '■!»"',''  ?"'="',''*"'V''="",".-    "'^'  "■'*  "^""'■'^^  president  of 


i-'hile  in  IStl,  and  reelected  in  IM«.  serving  for  ten  years. 


stalled  in  IsTlt.    A  union  of  Eastern  Uumelia  with  Bulgaria —"^.'V'^JI',  i     /i        -n   •    j    ■   i-VTi-,t"V' —  ' 

waselfeeted  in  ls85.     A  warwitli  .Servia  occurred  in  1SS.\  I5UlOW(l>u  loj,  ±  rieancn  Wllnelm  VOH.    Uom 


t  is  the  revolt  of  the  Santo  Domingo  negroes.  The  Bulgaria  Blaek 
priTKipal  character,  giving  his  name  to  the  book,  is  a  •R,,i„,t,to'  Jitv!„  + 
negro  passionately  in  love  with  a  white  woman.  """ 

Bugres  (bo'grez).     A  name  commonly  given  in 
Brazil  to  the  Botoeudos  and  other  savage  In 


which  resulted  in  favor  of  Bulgaria.     Trince  Alexander  ill  Falkcnlierg,  .Mtmai'k,  Prus.-i;i.  IVli.  16,  17.")5: 

resigned  in  1880,  and  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Coburg  was  died  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  2.').  1816      A 

elected  in  1H87.    Area,  38,080  suuare  miles.     Population  ij .,;„„ ? i      U      .....        -  •  '    '"      ^ 

(IWiO),  3,7.«,1«0. 


Prussian  general.  He  defeated  Oudinot  at  Luckau 
and  Grossbeeren  and  Xey  at  Dennewitz  in  lsI3 ;  served 
with  distinction  at  Leipsic  in  1813,  at  L.ion  and  Mont- 
maitre  in  IS14,  and  at  \^■aterIoo  in  1816;  and  was  made 
Count  of  Dennewitz  in  1814. 

Biilow,  Hans  Guido  von.     Bom  at  Dresden, 

Jan.  S.  1S311 :  died  at  Cairo,  Egypt.  Feb.  12, 1894. 
A  famous  pianist,  conductor,  aud  composer.  He 
made  his  first  concert  tour  in  18.13,  and  in  1864  was  made 
conductor  of  the  Royal  Opera  and  director  of  the  Conser- 
vatory at  Munich.  He  held  many  important  positions, 
including  that  of  royal  court  kapellmeister  at  Hannover 
(1878),  ami  a  similar  po'-if  ion  with  the  Dukeof  Meiningen. 
He  was  director  at  Hamburg  ami  Berlin  from  1885. 

Biilow,  Karl  Eduard  von.  Bom  at  Berg, 
mar  Eilenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  17,  1803:  died 
at  Otlishansen,  Thnrgau,  Switzerland,  Sept. 
16,  18.53.  A  German  novelist  and  miscellane- 
ous WTiter.      He  wrote  "  Xovellenbucb,"  a  collection  ol 


. S.inii-  i\s  Biiliiaria. 

Bulgaria,  Great  nr  White.    A"  former  name 
of  thi>  legion  iietween  the  Kama  and  Volga. 
^„-    ^^liich  was  occupied  Ijy  Bulgarians. 

(liaiis.     It  is  also  applied  t<,  howling  monk"cirau<i"ifl  Bulgarians  (bul-g,a'ri-anz)      See  Bulgaria. 

priibablyconupted  from  some  aboriginal  word.  BulgariU    (bol -ga  nil),    ThaddeUS.      Bom    in 

Buhle{bo'Ie),Johann Gottlieb.  BornatBnms-    I-ithuaiiia,  1789:  died  at  Dorpat,  Russia,  Sept. 

wick,  Germanv,  Sept.  29,  1763:  died  at  Bruns-    ''^-  1*'^-     ^  Russian  novelist,  journalist,  aud 

wick,  Ang.  11.  1821.     A  Gorman  historian  of    seneral  writer.     His  chief  work  is  tlie  novel 

philosoi)hv.      He  wrote  "I.ehrbuch  der  Oeschichte  der  _"  |"' "^  "»8sian  (^il  Bias"  (1829). 

I'hilosophic  •' (17!K)-lsi>4),  "Oeschichte  der  neuern  Philos-  BulgarS.     See  llidf/aiiuiis. 

ophie"  (1800-05).  etc.  Bulgarus  (bul-ga'rus).     Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 

BuiKbo-el'), Bernardo.  BornmCataloniaabout    i,,  the   Uth  century:   dieil  1166.     An  Italian 

l+')(»:  died   at  the  Cu.xa  convent  iu  1.520.     A    jurist,  one  of  the  "Four  Doctors"  of  Bologna. 

S|.anish  Benedictine  monk.     In  14'.«  ho  was  chosen    His  chief  work  is  a  commentary,  '-Do  regulis 

with  e.jven  other  Benedictines  to  go  with  Columbus  to     juris." 

lli^paniola.     The  Pope  named  him  superior  and  apoatol-  -i'  *,     ,      -.  ^  t-.         ■     c^  ,  .        T^ 

ical  vicarof  the  N.w  World.   His  position  gave  him  nuich  Bull  (bul),  John.     Born  in  Somersetshire,  Eng- 

iulbience  at  ilispaniola,  where  he  acted  as  counselor;  I'Ut     land,  about  1563 

lie  sliowed  an  unrelenting  disposition  toward  the  Indians,     |;j    X6"*S      An  I'h 

and  joined  tl:e  nialcontents  who  opposed  Columbus.     In     nii'       "   *      ....    'i   "  iu      t?--       »j  ^  , 

u;.4  he  returned  to  .Spain  to  prefer  charges  against  him,     The  song  "  (_Tod  .savo  the  King"  was  wrongly 

and  he  was  long  a  most  dangerous  enemy  of  tlie  admiral,     attributed  to  hiiu. 

He  did  not  go  again  to  America,  but  was  made  abbot  of  Bull    John       Sit  Jitlni  BttU, 

the Cuxa convent.  Also  written  Boyte,  B„i/f,  B«,7,  and £»<;«.  Bull\bol),  "Ole  Bornemann.    Born  at  Bergen, 
Buitenzorg  (boi'ten-zorn).     The  cajutal  of  an     Norway,  Feb.  5,  ISli):  died  near  Bergen,  Ang.  Bulwer,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton,  first 

assist;iiit-residency  in  Java, Dutch  East  Indies,     17,1880.    A  Norwegian  violinist  and  composer,    liaiun  Lvtion.     See  I.i/iI'ni. 

30   miles  south   of  Batavia.     It   contains   the     He  came  five  times  to  America  between  1843  and  187».     Bulwer  iburwcr).  John       Lived   about   1654 

l.alace  of  the  governor-general,  and  botanical  Bull,  A  Young.    A  famous  painting  by  Paid   An  English  phvsician.     He  wrote  a  treatise  on  dac- 

gardens.  1  otter,   m   the   Royal  Gallery  at   The  Hague,     tylology,  entitled ""Chirologia,  or  the  Naturall  Limguage 

Buialance  (bo-na-lan'the).     A   town  in  the     Holland.    It  is  a  large  canv.as,  with  strong  light  effects    oi  the  Hand  "  (lim).  and '■  I'hilocophus,  or  the  Deafe  and 

pi-ovince  of  Cordova,  Spain,  25  miles  east  of    ™1  some  Jeticiency  in  half-tones,    pe  bull  is  grouped    1>'>'"1«  Ma,._s  Fraud,  etc."  (itMS) 

,      I  '      '         '  under  a  tree  with  a  cow,  a  ram,  a  sheep,  a  lami),  and  a  Bulwer,  William  Henry  Lytton  Earle,  Baron 

<iiTno\.i.  _,      ,  ,    ,,      ,  ,,     „         herdsman,  with  animals  in  the  distant  landscape.  t.    ,,•  ,     ,.    ,  ,,       . 

Bucharest,   or  Bucharest  (bo-ka-resf),  Ru-  Bull,  The.    See  Tiuinis. 

inaniau  Bucuresci,  or  Bukureshti.     ['City  of  BuU'ant   ('bii-lon'),    Jean.     Born   about   1515, 
delight.']     Till- capital  of  Rumania,_situated  111    probably  at  Ecmien:   died  Oct.   10,  1578.     A 

F'rench   architect.     Of  his  early  career  nothing  is 

known.     After  1570  he  became  architect  of  the  Tuileries, 

and   erected  the  pavilion  called   by  his  name.     In  the 

same  year  he  succeeded  Primaticcio  at  Fontainobleau. 
BuUcalf  (bul'kiif).    A  recruit  iu  Shakspere's 


one  hundred  tales  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  etc.,  pub- 
lished 1831-38. 

diodat  Antwerp,  March  12  or Bulti  (bul'te),  or  Bultistan  (bul-te-stiin'),  or 
,'lish  compo.ser  and  organi.st.    Baltistan  (biil-te-sliin'),  or  Little  Tibet.     A 

fornicr  state  in  central  Asia,  tributary  to 
Kaslimir,  situated  in  lat.  3.5°-35°  30'  N.,  long. 
75°-76°  E.  Chief  town,  Iskardo.  Area,  esti- 
mated, 12,000  square  miles. 


•He 


IV.,"  part  2. 


Bulle  (bill).  A  small  town  iu  tiie  canton  of 
Frilioui'g,  Switzerland,  13  miles  south  by  west 
of  Pribourg:  the  chief  place  in  Gruyf(re. 

Born  in 


a  plain  on  the  Dimbovitza,  lat.  44^  25'  N.,  Ion: 
2i>^  ()'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Hurope, 
and  has  important  conunerce  with  Austria  and  the  I'.alkan 
Peninsula.  It  contains  a  university,  govei-mnent  linild- 
iAgs,  and  cathedral.  Hiis  been  often  besieged  and  taken. 
Capital,  before  18tll,  of  Wallachia.  Population  (1899), 
282,071. 

Bokharest,  Treaty  of.    A  treaty  concluded 

May  2H,  Isll'.     jt  put  an  end  to  the  war  which  had 

been  carried  on  between  Russia  and  Turkey  since  1806,  -^    ,,  _      . 

an.l  esialdished  the  Pruth  and  the  Lower  D.inubu  as  the  BuUer  (bul'er),  Sir  Redvers  Henry 

boundary  Ijetween  the  two  countries.  ^'  .-       -     ,...,..      .,.■.-, 

Bukhtarma  (bokh-tiir'inii).  Alributary  of  tlie 
Irlisli,  iu  southern  Siberia. 

Bukowina(bo-ko-ve'nii).  A  duchy  and  crown- 
laud  of  the  Cisleitlian  division  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary. Capital,  Czeruowitz.  It  is  bounded  by  Cdicia 
on  the  north,  .Moldavia  east  and  south,  and  Transylvania, 
Hungary  proper,  and  llaliein  west,  it  is  occupied  in 
great  part  by  the  Carpathians.     It  sends  U  memliers  to  Bullet  (bii-la'),  Pierre.     Born  1639:  died  1716. 

ill^  SlZiiH •■""„'  '"h.oiI''".'  "'  •",  "'""''"■.'■    'V,"-  ,"="t    A  I'l-euch  architect ,  a  l,U],il  of  Frai,.;ois  lilondel 
ing  nationalities  aie  Kuthenian  and  Rnmanmn  ;  the  lead-     ..  ....'.'.'         ... 

Ing  religion  is  the  (Jreek  (nut  united).     Its  early  history 

III  obscure.     It  was  aeiiuired  from  'I'lukey  by  Austria  in 

1775,  and  became  a  irownland  in  1H4U.    Area,  4,03.1  .nquare 

miles.     Population  (ISIH)),  i;4ti,VJl. 

Bulacan  (bo-iii-kiin') 


D.illiug  and  Bulwer,  usually  known  as  Sir 
Henry  Bulwer.  Born  at  London,  F'eb.  13, 
18(11:  died  at  Naples,  May  23.  1872.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  j)olitician,  and  writer,  brother 
of  Lord  Lytton.  He  was  minister  to  Spain  1843-48, 
and  to  the  Inited  States  1849-,52  ;  negotiated  the  Bulwer- 
Claytou  Treaty  in  IS.W ;  was  minister  to  Tuscany  1852- 
is.ir,,  and  ambassadiu-  to  Turkey  1858-415.  He  wrote 
•llislorieal  Cliaraeters  "  (181.7),  etc. 


•  Bulwer-Clayton  Treaty.    A  treaty  between 


Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  con- 
cluded at  Washington  Aj)ril  19.  and  ratified 
July  4.  IS.iO.  Both  parties  pledged  themselves  to  re- 
8i>eet  the  neutrality  of  the  proposed  shij>-canal  across 
Central  America.  'Jreat  Britain  was  represented  by  Sir 
Henry  Bulwer,  the  fllited  States  by  .(.  M.  Clavton.  It 
was  abrogated  in  lOOI  by  the  HayPauneefoto'  Treat>. 
signed  at  Waslnngtnn  .Nov.  IS,  and  ralitled  by  the  Senate 
D.r.  II!. 


Devonshire  iu  1839.    .\  British  general.    Hescrved 

iu  China  1800,  the  Bid  Kiver  Eviiedition  1870,  the  Asbanti 

war  1873-74,  tlie  Kalllr  wir  1878,  tile  Zulu  war  1871),  the 

Boerwarl881.  tlie  Egyptian  war  18H2,  and  (he  Sudan  eani- 

paigiis  1814-85.      He  was   undir-seeretary    for    Ireland  t,"    T  "         t  _j.j.  -nj  jt>>       ^    -r     ^^ 

188i>-.87,  and  quartcrmastergeneral  1887  TO,  and  was  a|i-  -BUlWer    ii3rttOn,    lidward    KoDert    LSTttOH, 

polntedailjutant-general  Oct..  13TO.    In  1891  he  was  made     lii'^t  ll.irl  of  Lvttoii.     See  /.//^foH. 

lieutenant-general,  and  in  1890  was  cominnniler-in.ehlef  Bumble  (bum'hl).      A  fat  and  officious  beadle 

of  the  British  forces  111  South  Afrea.     Retired  1901.  •      ,.|        i        iv-    i  ■      ,.,>r  m     ■    .  ., 

Ill  (  liailes  Dickens  s  "Oliver  Twist."    From  his 

arrogant  self  importance  and  magnifying  of  his  parochial 

,     .  ,  "lllee  the  n.ird  "  liumbledom"  has  come  to  have  a  place 

He  constrncti  d.  after  the  jdans  of  his  master,  the  I'orte     'u  "le  language. 

Saint  Denis,  and  built  on  his  own  designs  the  I'orte  saint  Bumper  I  bllm'pi'rK  Sir  Harry.      A   character 


Martin  (H(74).     He  also  built  th 
Saint  Tliitiims  (rAiiuin,  iukI  iiiiul 

A  town  lu  Luzon  Phil- Buiiinger  (biii'ing-er),  Heinrich 


jHireli  of  the  ('liiirch  of 
tlie  decorations  of  twi 


Born  at 


ippine  Island.s   20  miles  northwest  of  iMauila.    Bremgarten.Aargau,Switzi-rlaiiil,.rulv  18,1501:  Bunce 
Population  (1887),  12,180.  ,li,,,,  „t  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Sept.  17,"  1575.     A  „"  'l'''.'-' 


l^licridaii's  •'  .Scj 

Bumpo,  or  Bumppo 

l.iiillin-sliH-l;i,„i 


•\   for  Scaiiilal." 

(bum'po).  Natty. 


U   ••  ^   •    „   ii' mill  ill, /juiicli,  Switzerland,  Si])t.  17,  1575.     \ 

PmIoE.';!  ■•  im  rf'  "rri  ^    „ry  ■        ,-        i  ii\i\»»   Reformer   and    historian,  successor   of 

Bulak  (bo-lak  ).     The  port  of  Cairo,  Egypt,  on    Jjwliii'li  at  Zurich 
the  Nile.     It  formerly  contained  the  National  Bullom(bO-lom').'   A  small  and  waning  tribe 

H,  i'ol'l"n"T'i'->^' « '•  ,-  ,  ""■"'   "'■   ^■"■'•■•^'   I^""""-   ^^'••'*'  Africa."  Their 

guiaia  (iio-la  l»).      ^5ee  l\.uha.  language  has  preserved  manyelementsolUantugrammar. 

Bulama  (bii-Ui'mil).      The  easleruinost  of  the    The  .Manipiiadlaleel  of  Uulloin.  spoken  al  Slierbro.  south 

liissagos  Islands,  west  of  Senegambia,  iu  lat.     ''' I'reitown,  forms  a  link  with  the  stronger  Tliune. 

11°  34'  N.,  long.  1.5°  33'  W.  Bull  Run  (lull  run).     A  small  river  iu  eastern 

Bulawayo  (Wi-Iii-wii'yo).    A  town  in  Matabele- 

jiiiiil,  South  Mi-ica,  about  lat.  20°  15'  S.,  long. 

..8^  ,10'   E,     It  contains  a  government  otilce,  schools, 

hotels   etc. 

Bulgaria  (bul-ga'ri-ii).  [F.  liiilfiarie,  O.  Sul- 
(jiiriiii,  Kuss.  lUilijiirhia,  etc,  ML.  [iulijarin, 
from  lliiliiiiriix  (■Eng.7i«/(/((r),  Ol'.iilg.  Jllii<i<iriii.  a 
Bulgarian.]  Aprineipalityof  Europe,  in  the  Bal- 
kan Peninsula.  It  Is  b.iumled  by  Huniania  (ihlelly 
separated  by  the  riannbe)  on  the  north,  the  Black  Sea  on 
the  cast,  Turkey  on  the  south,  and  Servia  on  the  west. 
It  Is  traversed  by  the  Balkans  from  we.<t  to  east.     The 


See 

John.    -\  pirate  in  Scott's  novel 

An  English  botcher 


I  liiins  I, 
I'irale.' 

Bunch (buTuli).  Barnaby, 
or  iniiider  of  old  clothes,  an  amusing  person, 
in  Webstei-'s  play  "  The  SVeakest  goeth  to  tlif 
Willi." 
Bunch,   Mother.     A   derisive   name   given   bj 
Tinea  to  .Mistress  Miniver,  an  alewife,  iu  Dek- 
ker's  '•Siitiro-masti.\."     The  name  was  used  for  the 
hypotlletieal  author  of  various  ItiHiks  of  Jests  In  1004  and 
Virginia,  which  .joins  the  ( Iccoquan  (a  tributary     '"'"'•  and  "  Mother  Bunch's  Fairy  Tales"  are  well  known, 
of  th(!  I'otomac)  25  tulles  soul  Invest  of  Washing-  Blincle,  John.     See  .fnliii  ISiiiiilf. 
ton.     Near  II  occurred  two  bailies  in  the  American  Civil  Bundahish  (.biin'dii-hi'sh).    [•The  beginning  of 
War.  (a)Tliei'onfeileratesundertheiinineiliatecoiniuand     the  creation.']      A  I'ahlnvi    theologienl   work, 
of  lleauregaril  {about  S1,oooi  defeated  the  Kederajs  under    treating  of  cosmogonv.  the  government  of  the 
McDowe    (about  js. 01)01,  Jiiy  21,  188  .      .oss  of  Kedera  B,     ...   ,ii  i         i     .i  V.   i   ..       i  i      .i 

2,1).'.2:  ofConf rates.  i.7.Vi    c.ill.d  hv  Confederates  the     "'"''•  '""'  .<'8chatology,  as  undersloo.!  by  the 

llrst  battle  of   Manassas,     (ft)  The  Confederates   under     •Mazdayasiiiaus, 

I.eo   (about    46,i«Hl)  defeated    the    Kederals   under    I'lipe  Bundclkhand    (bun-(lel-khund'),    or    Bundsl- 

*,f,'«'v.VM'*?}-*7i"''f''»'^!M.    If?,"';',''"';',"'''','.''?'':""    CUnd  (hun-d.d-kund'l.  Agency.     A  collection 

l,SI«X.CO;of.i,nfeilerates.8,400.    Calle,n,ythe.o„fedi.r-      „,-    „,„i^.,.    ^,,,,,,^    „„,l,.r7iTe    control    of    Britisll 

India,  lat.  24°-26°  N.,  long.  7,8°-81°  30'  E. 
Area,  10,214  siiuaro  miles.  Population  (1881), 
2.202,402. 


I.i>ss  of  Federals,  abi 
Called  by  the  Confede 

ates  tlie  B nil  battle  of   Mannssiut.     The  battle  ol  Aug. 

10  is  sometinifs  styled  the  battle  of  Qrovoton. 


surface  north  of  the  Balka'iis'"i8  ciiieli'y  a  pfalVi.    Th"c  prlVr-  Bulls  and  Bears.    A  farce  by  Gibber,  produced 
«ipallty  Is  composed  of  Bulgaria  (as  formed  in  1878)  and     iu  1715. 


Bundi  194 

Bundi  (bcin'de)      A  state  under  the  control  of  Bvmzlau  (bcints'lou).     A  town  in  the  province 
British  India   lat.  25°-26°  N.,  long.  76°  E.  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bober  25 

Bundschuh  ' '  See  Feat,-< lilts'  irar.  miles  west-northwest  of  Liegnitz  :  noted  for  its 

Bungay  (bu'ng'ga),  Friar.     A  famous  conjurer    brown  pottery.     Population  (1890),  commune, 
of  Kdward  IV. -s  time,  who  appears  as  Friar     12,921.  ^.     ,,..,-,    ,      ,        ,-   s  n       f 

Bacon's  assistant  in  "  The  Old  History  of  Fnar  Buol-Schauenstein  (bo  ol-shou  en-stin).  Count 
Bacon"  and  in  Greene's  "Friar  Bacon  and  Karl  Ferdinand  von.  Born  May  17,  1797: 
Friar  Bungav."  Bulwer  introduces  Friar  Bungay,  a  died  at  Vi.'uua,  Oct.  28,  I860.  Au  Austrian 
union  o£  necromancer,  raerry-andrew,  and  War,  in  liis  statesman  and  diplomatist,  premier  and  mm- 
novel  "  Tlie  Last  of  the  Barons."  _       ister  of  foreign  affairs  1852-59. 

Blingen  (bong'en).     The  name  of  a  street  in  Buonaccorso.     See  Accorso. 
Hamcliu  down  which  the  Pied  Piper  enticed  Buonafede  (bo-o-na-fa'de),  Appiano.    Born 
the   childi'en  with  his  music.    It  is  said  thatno     ^t  Coinaeehio,  in  Ferrara,  Italy,  Jan.  4,  1716: 


Burgh,  Hubert  de 


music  is  allowed  to  be  played  in  the  street  to  this  day. 
See  Hameln,  Pied  Piper  of. 
Bunhill  Fields  (bun'hilfeldz).  Aburial-ground 


died  at  Rome,  Dec.  17,  1793. 


torian  of  philosophy,  professor  of  theology  at 

t'OTdissenters,  situated  near  Finsbury  Square,  T>„n^a!l'  ^4..      £-„„  linnannrtf 
London,  opened  in  1665.  closed  in  1850.     It  is  iS°SSf(b6  6-n^.  rf^Jlfi 


now  a  public  garden.     Bunyan  and  Defoe  are 
buried  there.     Dickens's  Diet. 
Bunker  Hill  (bung'ker  hil).     An  elevation  in 
Charlestown  (Boston),  Mass.,  about  110  feet  in 
It  gives  name  to  the 


Buonarroti  (b6-6-nar-ro'te),  Filippo.     Born  at 

Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  11,  1761:  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
15,  1837.  Au  Italian  political  agitator,  impli- 
cated in  the  conspiracy  of  Babeuf  1796. 

Buonarroti,  Michelangelo.    See  Michelangelo. 

See  ISononcini. 


(1811),  and  later  (1814)  at  Konigsberg.  He  wrote 
**Vora  Bau  und  Leben  des  Gehirns  und  Ruckenmarks '* 
(1S19-25),  "Die  Physiologie  als  Erfahrungswissenschaft " 
(1820-40),  etc. 

Burdekin  (ber'de-kin).  A  river  in  Queensland, 
Australia,  whicli  flows  into  Upstart  Bav.  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  in  lat.  19°  40'  S.,  long.  147°  30'  E. 
Length,  about  3.50  miles. 

Burden  (ber'den),  Henry.  Born  atDimbJane, 
Scotland,  April  20,  1791:  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  19,  1871.  A  .Scotch- American  inventor. 
Hisinventionsincludea  cultivator  (1820),  the  hook-headed 
railway-spike  (1S40J,  a  machine  for  making  horseshoes 

„ ^^  ^.^„.     (1867),  etc. 

An  Italian  his-  Burder  (ber'der),  George.  Born  at  London, 
June  5;  1752:  died  at  Loudon,  May  29,  1832. 
An  English  clergyman  of  the  Independent 
denomination,  author  of  "Village  Sermons" 
(1799-1812). 

Burdett  (ber-def),  Sir  Francis.  Born  Jan.  25, 
1770 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  23,  1844.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  member  of  Parliament  for  West- 
minster 1807-37.  He  published  (1810)  in  Cobbetfs 
"Register"  a  speech  denying  the  right  of  the  Commons 
to  imprison  dehnquents,  and,  his  arrest  being  ordered, 
barricaded  his  house,  and  was  taken  only  after  four  days' 
resistance. 


height.     It  gives  name  to  the  famous  battle  fought  -RiinTinnpi^i' 

June  17    177f.   chiefly  at  Breed's  Hill,  Charlestown,  be-  S  ,T  -  /     V        rr<      t>  -,      t  ■      i 

tween  2  500  British  under  Howe  and  Pigott,  and  1.600  Bura  (bu'ra).      [Gr.  Bmpa.]     In  ancient  geog- 

Americans  under  Prescott,  assisted  by  Putnam  and  Stark,     raphy,  a  city  of  Acliaia,  Greece,  in  lat.  38°  10 

Thelossof  the  British  was^bout  1,050;  that  of  the  Ameri-     ts[_^   j^ng,    000  j^q'  E.,   destroyed  by  an   earth-  Burdett-CouttS  (ber-det'kiits'),  Angela  Geor- 

quake   in   373   B.    c.     It    joined    the  Achaean     gina,  Baroness.    Born  April  25, 1814.    An  Eug- 

lish  philanthropist,  daughter  of  Su-  Francis 
Biu'dett,  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1871.  She 
married  Mr.  Ashmead-Bartlett,  an  American, 
in  1881.     Coutts  was  lier  mother's  name. 


cans,  about  450,  including  Warren. 
Bunker    Hill   Monument,     A  monument  at    League  275"bT  c. 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  dedicated   June  Burano  (bo-ra'no).     A  town  on  an  island  in 

goon,   5  miles    northeast    01 


17,  1843,  the  sixty-eiglith  annivei'sary  of  the 
famous  Revolutiiiuary  battle.     It  is  a  quadrangu 


the  Venetian 
Venice. 


lar  tapering  tower  uf  granite  221  feet  high,  buUt  iii  the  g^j-bage  (ber'baj),  James.     Died  in  1597.    An  Burdette  (ber-def),  Robert  JoUCS.     Bom  at 
for,,,  of  an  obeUsk.  with  au  obtusely  pyramidal  apex.         '^'^^^^^^^^.^^^^  ^^Vi'the  first  builder  of  a  theater     Greensborough,  Pa.,  July  30,  184i.     An  Amer- 

in  England:    father  of  Kichard  Biu-bage.     He    iean  journalist  and. humorist,  formerly  editor 
was  originally  a  joiner.    In  157(5-77  he  erected  the  first     of  the  Burlington,  Iowa,  "  Havvkeve." 
buildins  specially  intended  tor  plays.     It  was  "betweeii  Burdigala  (ber-dig'a-la).      The  ancient  name  ot" 
Finsbury  Fields  and  the  public  road  from  Bishopsgate  and     r>„„,i°,,.-  " 

Cl,.^-o.Ut..Ii    "       Tf  ,„oc  rif    „fn<^,l     .1,1,1    woe    , -011.^(1    •  •  T'tlP  Til...         OOlU^^ilU.X. 


form  of  an  obelisk,  with  au  obtusely  pyramidal  apex. 

Bunner  (bun''er),  Henry  Cuyler.  Born  at 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  3,  1855:  died  at  Nutley, 
N.  J.,  May  11, 1896.  An  American  writer,  editor 
ot  "Puck"  1877-96.  He  published  "Airs  Irom 
Arcady"  (1884),  "Zadoc  Pine,  and  other  Stories,"  "The 
Midge,"  two  series  of  "Short  Sixes,"  etc. 

Bunsen  (bou'zen).  Christian  Karl  Josias, 
Baron  von,  sometitnes  styled  Chevalier  Bun- 
sen.  Born  at  Corbach,  Waldeck,  Germany, 
Aug.  25,  1791:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  28, 
1860.  A  distinguished  German  scholar  and  di- 
plomatist. He  was  secretary  of  legation,  charge  d'af- 
faires, and  minister  at  Rome  1818-38,  and  minister  to 
Switzerland  1839-11,  and  to  England  1841-54.  He  wrote 
".Egyptens  Stelle  in  der  Weltgeschichte"  (1846,"  Egypt's 
Place  in  Universal  History"),  "Die  Basiliken  des  christ- 
lichen  Rom  "  (1S43),  "  Ignatius  von  Antiochien  "  (1847). 
"Hippolytus  und  seine  Zeit "  (1852-63,  'Hippolytus  and 
his  Age,"  1851),  "Die  Zeichen  der  Zeit "(1855,  "Signs  of 
the  Times,"  1855-5ti),  "  Gott  in  der  Geschichte  "  (1857-58, 
"God  in  History  "),  "  Bibelwerk  fur  die  Genieinde  "(1858- 
1870),  "Die  Verfassung  der  Kirche  der  Zukunft"  (1845, 
"The  Constitution  of  the  Church  of  the  Future"). 

Bunsen,  Robert  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Gcittingen, 
Germany,  March  31,  1811 :  died  at  Heidelberg, 
Aug.  16,"  1899.  A  noted  German  chemist,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  Heidelberg  since  1852. 
He  was  best  known  from  his  researches  in  spectrum  anal- 
ysis (with  Kirchhoff,  i860),  and  was  the  inventor  of  the 
"  Bunsi-n  burner."  "Bunsen  pump,"  "Bunsen  battery," 
etc.     He  discovered  the  metals  ciesium  and  ruljidium. 

Bunthorne  (bun'thorn).    An   extremely  eom- 


Shoreditch."    It  was  of  wood,  and  was  called "  The  The-  .„       ,  ,,.      a       ..     /\  t>      j  ^i,     j 

atre."    The  material  was  removed  to  the  Bankside  in  1598  BUrdWan    (bur(l-wan   ),  _or   iSaraWan   (,barQ- 
and  was  rebuilt  as  the  Globe  Theatre.    The  Curtain  was 
put  up  near  The  Theatre  soon  after  the  latter  was  opened, 
and  Burbage  was  instrumental  in  the  conversion  of  a  large 
house  at  Blackfriars  into  Blackfriars  Theatre  about  ^'ov., 

io9t;. 
Burbage,  Richard.  Born  in  1567  (?) :  died  in 
1619.  A  noted  EngUsh  actor,  son  of  James 
Burbage  (died  1597).  He  made  his  fame  at  the  Black- 
friars and  tlie  Globe  of  which,  with  his  brother  and  sister, 
he  was  proprietor,  and  played  the  greatest  pai-ts  in  all  the 
best  plays  produced  at  the  time.  Shakspere  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lord  Chamberlain's  Company,  playing  at  Black- 
friars at  this  time,  and  had  some  part  in  the  prolit  of  the  ij,,_„  /i,^;,.fi\ 
house,  as  also  a  little  later  in  the  Globe ;  but  Burbage  ap-  onig  (  uoi  u;. 


wiin').  1.  A  division  of  Bengal,  British  India. 
Area,  13,855  square  miles.  Population,  7,393,- 
954.-2.  A  district  in  that  division.  Ai-ea,  2,697 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,391,880.— 
3.  The  chief  town  of  that  district,  56  miles 
northwest  of  Calcutta.  Population  (1891),  34,- 
477. 
Burford  (Taer'ford).  A  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  16  rniles  west-northwest  of  Oxford 
Near  by,  in  754,  Cuthred,  king  of  Wessex,  defeated  .Ethel- 
bald,  king  of  ilercia. 

A  town  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ihle  14  miles 
northeast  of  Magdeburg.  It  is  noted  for  its 
cloth  manufactures,  built  up  by  French  Prot- 
estant exiles.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
17,572. 


p,lrently  had  the  lion's  share.  There  is  no  authentic  ac- 
count of  any  intimacy  with  Shakspere  till  after  1594. 
iiurbage  seems  to  have  been  the  original  Hamlet,  Lear, 
and  Othello.  He  excelled  in  tragedy,  and  was  held  in  the 
very  highest  esteem  by  authors  and  public  :  he  was  even 
sometimes  introduced  into  plays  in  his  own  proper  per-  , 

son.    Many  poems  and  tributes  were  written  in  his  mem-  BUTgdorf  (borg'dorf),  F.  BerthOUd  (ber-to') 
ory.    Besides  his  fame  as  an  actor  he  w'as  known  as  a     ^  j  j    ^^^^  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  sit- 

tninter.    In  1613  the  Globe  Theatre  burned  down,  and  he  ,         n      tt.  i.i       -i        '      n         t     c -o 

irirrowly  escaped  with  his  life  uated  on  the  Lmme  12  miles  northeast  of  Bern 

Burbon(be'r'bon).  A  knight,  intended  for  Hem'i     "was  the  seat  of  Pestalozzi's  school  1800-1804 
IV.  of  France,  in  Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene."  _".opi^=''*;''.^  4     ,  ^J,  x^'^.    ,  ,  ^      t,     '     . 

He  is  assailed  bv  a  mob,  but  escapes  and  also  Burger  (burg  er),  Gottfried  August.     Born  at 


rescues  his  mistress. 


monplace  youth  in  Gilbert  and  Sullivan's  opera  Burchard   (ber' chiird),   Samuel   Dickinson. 

"Patience,''  who   adojits    the   most   extrava-     -  ■       "        """     ■        ""  ■'    '       ■ 

gantly  esthetic  and  lackadaisical  style  in  order 

to  please  the  ladies :  a  satire  on  a  folly  of  the 

day. 
Bunting   (bun'ting).     The  name  of  the  Pied 

Piper  in  the  legend  of  that  name.   See  Hameln, 

Pied  Fipcr  of. 
Bunting,  Jabez.    Born   at  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, May  13,  1779:  died  at  London,  June  16, 

1858.     An  eminent  elergjTnan  of  the  English 

Wesleyan  Church.  He  was  received  into  full  con- 
nection'with  the  ministry  in  1803;  became  senior  secre- 
tary of  the  Missionary  Society  in  1833  :  and  was  president 

of  the  Theological  Institute  1834-68.     He  established  the 

principle  of  associating  laymen  with  the  clergy  in  the 

managenient  of  the  Wesleyan  Church. 
Bunyan   (buu'yan),  John.      Born  at  Elstow, 

near  Bedford,  England:  baptized  Nov.  30, 1628: 

died  at  London.  Aug.  31,  1688.    A  celebrated 

English  writer.     He  was  the  son  of  a  tinker;  received 

a  meager  education ;  adopted  his  father's  trade ;  served  as 

a  soldier,  proliably  in  the  Parliamentary  army,  from  1644 

to  l<i46  ;  and  inai-ried  in  1648  or  1(^9.     In  1653  lie  joined  a 

nonconformist  body  at  Bedford,  whither  he  remold  prob- 
He  was  appointed  a  preacher  by  his  core- 


Born  at  Steuben,  N.'Y.,  Sept.  6, 1812:  diedat  Sar- 
atoga, N.  y.,  Sept.  25, 1891.  An  American  Pres- 
byterian clergyman.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Thirteenth 
Street  ITesbytefi'an  Church,  New  York  city,  1839-79,  and 
of  the  Murray  Hill  Presbyterian  Church  1880-86.  He 
gained  notoriety  in  the  presidential  canvass  of  1884  by  an 
alliterative  expression  used  in  a  speech  on  Oct.  29,  when, 
with  a  large  company  of  clergymen,  he  made  a  call  on 
James  G.  Blaine,  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency, at  the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel.  It  occurs  in  the  sen- 
tence, "  We  are  Republicans,  and  don't  propose  to  leave 
our  party  and  identify  ourselves  with  the  party  whose  an- 
tecedents have  been  rum^  Romanimn.  and  rehdlion^"  3,uti 
was  made  the  most  of  in  Roman  Catholic  circles  by  the 
Democratic  managers. 


Molmerswende,  near  Harzgerode,  Germany, 
1747 :  died  at  Giittiugen,  1794.  A  noted  German 
poet.  His  father  was  a  clergyman  atMolnierswende.  He 
studied  Law  at  Gottingen.  Afterward  he  was  an  official  at 
Altgleichen,  later  docent  and  subsequently  professor  at  the 
llniversity  of  Gottingen.  His  life,  in  pai-t,  the  result  of  his 
own  indiscretions,  was  unhappy  and  at  times  even  miser- 
able. He  was  the  authorof  numerous  ballads,  songs,  and 
sonnets.  Foremost  among  his  poems  is  the  ballad  "Le- 
nore,"  which  originally  appeared  in  the  Gottingen  "Mu- 
senalnianach"  (1774).  He  also  wrote  the  ballads  "Das 
Lied  vom  braven  Mann  "  ("  The  Song  of  the  Brave  Man." 
1776),  "  Der  Kaiser  und  der  Abt"  ("The  Emperor  and  the 
Alihot,"  178.i),  "Der  wilde  Jiiger  "  ("The  Wild  Hunts- 
man," 17S6).  He  was  the  most  important  poet  of  the  so- 
called  Gottinger  Dichterbund,  or  "  poetical  brotherhood." 
His  collected  works,  "Sanimtliohe  Schriften,"  appeared 
in  4  volumes  (Gottingen,  1796-9S). 


Burchell(ber'chel),Mr.  The  name uniler which  Burgess   (ber'jes),   Edward.     Born  at  West 


Sir  William  ThornhUl,  a  character  in  Gold- 
smith's novel  "The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  dis- 
penses joys  and  sorrows  as  a  beingf  rom  another 
sphere.  He  was  noted  for  his  habitof  crying  out  "fudge  " 
if  anything  displeased  him. 

Burckhardt  (bork'hiirt).  JohannKarl.    Born 

at  Leipsic,  April  30,  1773:  died  at  Paris,  June 
22,  1825.     A  German  astronomer,  in  charge  of 


Sandwich,  Mass.,  June  30,  1848 :  died  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  July  12,  1891.  A  noted  American 
designer  of  yachts.  He  established  himself  as  a  naval 
architect  and  yacht^broker  in  Boston  in  1683,  and  was  (lie 
designer  of  the  sloop  Puritan  whicli  defe:ited  the  English 
cutter  Genesta  in  the  races  for  the  America's  cup  in  lyS.''), 
of  the  Mayflower  which  defeated  the  English  (j.alatea  in 
1886,  and  of  the  Volunteer  which  defeated  the  English 
Thistle  in  1887. 


ably  in  165; 

ligionists  in  1657,  and  as  such  traveled  throughout  all  the 

midland  counties.    He  \ffis  arrested  in  lOllO  at  Lower  Sam-  BuTCkhardt,  JohanU  Ludwig.      I 

sell  by  Uarlington,  near  Bedford. under  the  statutes  against     sanne     Switzerland,   Xov.    24,    171 

nonconformists,  and,  with  a  brief  interval  in  11166,  was  de-      -  '—  ^  -     

tained  in  prison  at  Bedford  until  1672,  when  those  statutes 
were  suspended  by  t'harles  II.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
by  the  crown  May  9,  1672,  and  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life  was  pastor  of  the  nonconformist  congregation  at 
Bedford.  During  his  imprisonment  he  wrote  part  of  his 
celebrated  allegory  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  which  ap 


„_ .    ,       ,_        '.\rabic  Proverbs"  (1831),  etc. 

peared  in  1678  (second  part  1684).  A  complete  collection  Burdach  (bor'dach),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at 
othiswritings,editedhySainuclWilson,appearedinl730,  Leinsic,  June  12,  1776:  died  at  Konigsberg, 
and  contains,  besides  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  a  number  p.,,o„;„  t,,i„  ir  iVi7  '  A  rjpminTinlivsinlncriJt 
of  works,  including  "Grace  Abounding,  etc.,"  "TheHoly  Prussia,  July  lb,  1»4/.  AUerman  pnysioiogist, 
War,"  and  "  Life  and  Death  of  Mr.  Badman."  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Dorpat 


the  observatory  of  the  Ecole  Militaire  in  Paris  Burgess,  Thomas.     Born   at  Odiham,  Hamp- 

1807-25.    He  published  lunar  tables  (1812),  etc.     ghire,  England,  Nov.  18,  1756:   died  at  Salis- 

^^  -^     ■•—^-      " '^--      ijuj,y_   England,    Feb.    19,    1837.      Au   English 

clergyman,  bishop  of  St.  David's  and  later  of 

Salisburv.     He  wi'ote  "  Considerations  on  the 

Abolition  of  Slavery"  (1789),  etc. 
1817;an'     -'    " .- =-  x-..,.. „,,i,  .  „,  _         .     .  .._... 

trav 
(IS29), 


Born  at  Lau- 

84:    died   at 

Cairo,  Egypt,  Oct.  17.  1817.     A  noted  Swiss 

traveler.    He  visited  the  Orient,  Egypt,  and  Nubia,  1810- 


and  wrote"  Travels  in  Nubia  "  (1819).  an  account  of  Burgh  (borg  or  berg),  Hubert  de.  Died  at  Ban 
■avels  n  Syria  .and  the  Holy  Land  (1822),  in  Arabia  ,  .if^  a„,„^„  -p.,™!,,,,,!  nr„,r  lo  i.-iri  ^nV„tr 
,  "Notes  on  the  Bedouins  and  Wahabys"  (1830),     Stead,  Surrey,  England,  May  12,  1.43.     An  Lug 


lish  statesman.  Hewasappointed  chamberlain  to  the 
king  about  1201,  in  which  year  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
a  body  of  knights  to  guard  the  Welsh  march.  On  the  au- 
thority of  Ralph  ot  Coggeshall,  who  has  been  followed  by 
Shakspere  (King  .Iohn,iv.  1,  2.),  he  was  castellan  of  Falaise 
when  Aithur  of  Brittany  was  captured  at  Mirabel  in  120i 


Burgh,  Hubert  de 

was  iutmsted  with  the  custody  of  the  prince's  person, 
fend  refused  to  obey  an  order  of  Artliur'a  uncli^  King 
John  of  EnKl;uid,  to  put  out  the  prince's  eyes.  Hu  was  a 
partizan  of  tlicltiiic  at  Runnymede  in  I'ilS,  in  wllich  year 
lie  lirst  appears  as  justiciar,  and  is  mentioned  in  the  great 
charter  as  one  of  the  magnates  of  tlie  realm  jy  whose  ad- 
Tice  it  was  granted.  He  gained  a  decisive  naval  victory 
OTer  Eustace  the  Monk  in  1217,  which  forced  Lxiuis  to  con- 
elude  the  treaty  of  Lambeth  (Sept.  11,  1217)  and  evacuate 
England.  He  became  regent  for  Heniy  III.  in  1219,  and 
remained  his  chief  minister  1228-32. 

Burgh  (bur'o),  James.  Born  at  M.idderty, 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  171-i:  died  Aug.  '2(>,  177."). 
A  Scottish  misecllaucous  ■miter.  He  wTOte 
'•  Britain's Kemembraneer" (1745),  "Dignity of 
Human  Nature"  (17.54),  etc. 

Burghas.     See  Bourgas. 

Burghers  (ber'g^rz).  A  body  of  Presbjrterians 
iu  Sc-othind,  constituting  one  of  the  divisions 
of  the  early  Secession  Church.  This  church  be- 
came divided  in  1747  into  the  Associate  Synod,  or  liurgliers, 
and  the  tJeneral  Associate  Synod,  or  Antilmrghers,  on  the 
lawfulness  of  accepting' the  oath  then  rL-qiiircd  to  be  taken 
by  the  burgesses  in  Edniburyh.  Glasgow,  and  Perth.  See 
Antiburffh''r. 

Burghley,  or  Burleigh,  Lord.    See  Cecil. 

Burgkmair  (bork'mir),  Hans.  Born  at  Augs- 
burg, Germany,  1473 :  died  about  1531.  A  Ger- 
man painter  aud  engraver,  probably  a  pupil  of 
Albrecht  Diirer.  His  most  noted  work  is  a  tri- 
nmphal  procession  of  Maximilian  I. 

Bnrgoa  (bor-go'a),  Francisco  de.  Born  in 
Oaxaca  about  16U5:  died  16(S1.  A  Mexican  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  He  took  the  Do- 
minican habit  in  lfJ20,'was  twice  provincial,  represented 
the  order  at  Rome  in  1056,  acted  for  the  Inquisitioii,  and 
during  his  later  years  was  guardian  of  Huaxolotitlan  and 
Other  convents.  His  "Geograficadescripcion  ,  .  .  dccsta 
Provincia  de  Predicadores  de  Antiquera"  is  a  chronicle  of 
his  order  in  Oaxaca,  of  great  historical  value.  Like  his  other 
liistorical  and  biographical  works,  it  is  now  very  rare. 

Burgos  (bor'gos).  A  province  in  Old  Castile, 
Spain.  Ai'ea,  5,GoO  square  miles.  Population 
(1887).  338,55L 

Burgos,  Iberiau  Briga.  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Burgos,  Spain,  situated  ou  the  Arlan- 
zon  in  lat.  42°  21'  N.,  long.  3°  42'  W.  its  chief 
building  is  the  cathedral :  it  also  contains  a  ruined  castle, 
town  hall,  and  several  churches,  and  is  noted  as  the  birth- 
place of  theCid.  It  was  founded  at  the  end  of  the  9th  cen- 
tur>',  and  was  for  a  long  time  the  capit;il  of  Castile,  and  the 
rival  of  Toleilo.  Marshal  Soultgained  avictory  here  over 
the  Spaniards,  Nov.  10,  1808,  and  it  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  Wellington  in  1812.  It  had  fornterly  a  uni- 
versity. 'I'he  cathedral,  in  the  main  of  middle-Pointed 
architecture,  is  notable  for  its  graceful  twin  western  spires 
of  openwork,  ."i'X)  feet  high,  its  rich  octagonal  central 
lailtum,  ami  the  pinnacled  crown  of  the  (Jondestablc 
Chapel,  behind  the  apse.  This  richly  sculptured  chapel 
contains  the  tombs  of  the  Constable  of  Castile,  Don  Pedro 
de  Velasco,  and  his  wife.  There  is  a  large  cloister  of 
Pointed  work,  with  much  iigure-  and  foliage-sculpture 
comiibrable  with  the  best  French.  Population  (1887), 
8I,80L 

Burgos,  La'WS  of.  A  system  of  laws  for  the 
regulation  of  Indian  labor  in  America,  j)roinul- 
gated  at  Burgos,  Spain,  Dee.  27,  1">12.  The 
Dominicans  of  Hisjianiola  had  represented  that  the  In- 
dians were  very  badly  treated  :  the  colonists  opposed  the 
monks,  and  the  junta  appointed  to  consider  the  question 
framed  these  laws.  They  provided  that  the  Indian  labor- 
ers sliould  have  houses,  ground  for  culture,  and  reli;:iou8 
instruction,  with  a  peso  of  gold  annually  to  buy  clothes  : 
those  in  tlie  mines  to  work  only  live  consecutive  months, 
and  to  have  official  inspectors.  The  laws  caused  much 
diss:itisfaction. 

Burgojme  (b6r-goin'),  John.  Bom  about  1722: 
(lieu  at  London,  Juno  4,  17U2.  An  English 
lieutenant-geiier.-il  and  dramatist.  Heconnnanded 
the  British  army  which  invaded  New  York  1777  ;  was  de- 
feated at  Stillwater,  Sept.  19  and  Oct.  7,  1777 ;  and  sur- 
rendered with  5,791  troops  to  Gates  at  Saratoga,  Oct.  17, 
1"77.  In  1782  he  was  made  commander-in  chief  in  Ire- 
land, and  In  1787  was  one  of  tlie  managers  of  the  impeach- 
ment of  Warren  Hastings,  He  wrote  satires  directed 
against  the  admitdstration  of  Pitt  (the  greater  part  of  the 
"Westminster  Guide"),  "The  U>rd  of  the  -Manor"  (1780, 
the  libretto  of  a  comic  opera),  "  The  Heiress"  (1786,  a  com- 
edy which  was  very  successful),  etc. 

Burgoyne,  Sir  John  Fox.     Bom  July  24,  1782 : 

died  lit  Ldinlon,  Oct.  7,  IH71.  An  lOiiglish  en- 
gineer, the  illegitimalo  sou  of  General  John 
Burgoyne  (1722-1)2).  He  was  commanding  engineer 
of  the  expedition  to  New  Orleans  1814  ;  chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Public  Works  In  Ireland  18.'U-I5  ;  ami  inspector- 
general  of  fortillcatlons  In  England  1815-08.  He  was  sent 
to  Constantinople  to  report  on  the  defense  of  Turkey 
18.M;  contlucted  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  Oct.,  1K,'4,-Keb,. 
18.'>5 ;  was  created  a  baronet  18,')fi ;  waa  constalde  of  the 
Tower  of  London  18r,5-7I  :  and  became  n  tli-Id-nmrshul 
18B8.     Author  of  "IMlr  Defensive  Forces  "  (l,S<i8).  etc. 

Burgschmiet  (biirg'.shmet),  Jakob  Daniel. 
Born  at  NuietMberg,  Bavaria,  Oct.  11,  I7!)G: 
died  at  Ntiremberg,  Martrli  7,  I8.')8.  A  noted 
German  sculptor.  His  chief  works  arc  statues  of  AI- 
bn  cbt  DiirtT.  Melanchthon  (at  Nnremtierg),  Ueethoven 
(at  Honn),  Charles  IV.  (at  Prague),  Lutller(nl  MohmX  etc. 

Burg-Steinfurt.    See  .•<tciiiftirt. 

Burgundian(bcr-gun'di-au).'  1.  Oneof  theBnr- 
gundii  or  Hurgnudionos,  a  Geriiianic  (Gutliic) 
tribe  which  settled  in  (jaul  and  founded  the 


195 

■kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the  5th  century. — 2. 
A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  succes- 
sively a  kingdom  aud  a  duchy  of  western 
Europe, varying  greatly  iu  extent,  part  of  wnich 
finally  became  the  province  of  Burgundy  iu 
eastern  France.     See  ISnrquMly. 

Burgundian  Dynasty  ( 1095-1383).    A  reigning 

house  of  Portugal  which  referred  its  origin  to 
Henri,  grandson  of  Kobert,  lirst  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. Henri  w.a8  appointed  count  of  Portugal  by  .\1- 
phonsi)  VI.  king  of  Leon,  C;istile,  and  Galicia,  in  1094,  and 
was  in  1112  succeeded  by  his  son,  Atfonso  L,who  erected 
Portugal  into  an  independent  kingdom  in  1139,  The  le- 
gitimate line  of  the  house  of  Burgundy  became  extinct  in 
1383  with  the  death  of  Ferdinand  I ,  and  was  succeeded  in 
1385  by  an  illeglliniate  branch,  the  house  of  Avis.  An  il- 
legitimate branch  of  the  latter  house,  the  house  of  Bn>- 
ganza,  acceded  to  the  throne  in  10:0.  and  was  followed  in 
lS53by  the  present  reigning  house,  the  house  of  Brag.niza- 
Colmrg.  The  sovereigns  of  the  house  of  Burgundy  were  : 
Henri  of  Burgundy,  11194-1112;  Atfonso  I. ,1112-85;  Sancho 
I.,11S.S-1211 ;  Alfonso II., 1211-23; Sanchon.,1223-^8;  Alfon- 
so III., 1248-79  ;  Diniz,  1279-13'25 ;  Atfonso  IV.,  1325-67 ;  Pe- 
dro, 1357-()7  ;  Ferdinand  I.,  1367-S3. 
Burgundy(b6r'gun-di).  [¥.13oiirijn(ine,lt.  Bor- 
i/oi/KK,  Sp.  Bnrgoila,  G.  Burf/und,  SIL.  Burfiun- 
dia,  from  LL.  Bm-ginidii,  also  Biirguudiones,  a 
Germanic  tribe.  See  Biirijiindidn.']  A  geo- 
graphical division  in  western  Europe,  whose 
limits  and  character  have  varied  gi'eatly.  For 
the  principal  significations  of  the  name,  see  the 
extract. 

I.  'I'he  kingdom  of  Burgundy  (regnum  Burgundionum), 
founded  A.  I).  40fi,  occupying  the  whole  valley  of  the 
.Saone  and  lower  Rh(me  from  Dijon  to  the  Mediterranean, 
and  including  also  the  western  half  of  Switzerland.  It 
w.as  destroyed  by  the  sons  of  Clovis  in  .\.  D.  534. 

II.  Tile  kingdom  of  Burgundy  (regnum  Burgnndia:),  men- 
tioned occasionally  under  the  Merovingian  kiugsaaasep- 
anite  principality,  confined  witliin  boundaries  appiu-ently 
somewhat  narrower  than  those  of  the  older  kingdom  Last 
named. 

III.  The  kingdom  of  Provence  or  Burgundy  (regnam 
Provincia;  sen  Bnrgundi;c)  —  also,  though  less  accurately, 
called  the  kingdom  of  Cis-Jurane  Burgundy— was  founded 
by  Boso  in  A.  I'.  879,  and  included  Provence,  Dauphin^, 
the  southern  part  of  Savoy,  and  the  country  between  the 
S.aone  and  the  .Jura. 

IV.  The  kingdom  of  Trans-,Tnrane  Burgundy  (regnum 
lureuse,  Burgnndia  Transim-ensis),  founded  by  Riiduli  in 
A.  D.  888,  recoginzed  in  the  same  year  by  the  emperor 
Arrmlf,  included  the  northern  part  of  Savoy,  and  all  Swit- 
zerland between  the  Keuss  and  the  Jura. 

V.  The  kingdom  of  Burgundy  or  Arlesfregimm  Burgnn- 
di:e,  reginim  Arelatcnse),  formed  by  the  union,  under 
Conrad  the  Pacific,  in  A.  P.  937,  of  the  kingdoms  de- 
scribed above  as  III.  and  IV.  On  the  death,  inlO;i2,  of 
the  hist  independent  king,  Rudcdt  III ,  it  came,  partly  by 
betinest,  partly  by  conquest,  into  the  hands  of  the  em- 
peror Conrad  il.  (the  Salic),  and  thenceforward  formed  a 
part  of  the  empire.  In  the  thirteenth  century.  France 
began  to  absorb  it,  bit  by  bit.  and  has  now  (since  the  an- 
nexation of  Savoy  in  1861)  acquired  all  except  the  Swiss 
portion. 

VI.  The  Lesser  Duchy  (Burgumlia  Minor)  (Klein  Bur- 
gund)  corresponded  very  nearly  with  what  is  now  S\wt- 
zerland  west  of  the  Reuss,  including  the  "Valais.  It  was 
Trans-Jurane  Burgundy  (IV.)  viimu  the  parts  of  Savoy 
which  had  belonged  to  that  kingdom.  It  disappears 
from  history  after  the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Zahrin- 
gen  in  the  thirteenth  century.  Legally  it  was  jiart  of  tlio 
empire  till  A.  P.  IftlS,  though  practically  independent 
long  before  that  date. 

VII.  The  Free  County  or  Palatinate  of  Burgundy 
(Franche-Comte)  (Freigrafschaft)  (called  also  Upper  Bur- 
gundy), to  whiili  the  name  of  Cis-.Iurane  Burgundy  origi- 
nally and  properly  belonged,  lay  between  the  Saone  and 
the  Jura,  It  fomieil  a  part  of  III.  and  V.,  and  was  there- 
fore a  lief  of  tlie  empire.  Tlio  French  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy were  invested  with  it  in  A.  i>.  1384.  Its  capital, 
the  Imperial  city  of  Besanyon,  was  given  to  Spain  in  1651, 
and  by  the  treaties  of  Nimwegen,  1(178-79,  it  was  ceded 
to  the  crown  of  France. 

VIII.  The  landgraviate  of  Burgundy  ([.andgrafschafi) 
was  in  [  what  Is  now  ]  western  Switzerland,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Aar,  between  Thun  and  Solothurn.  It  was  a  part  of 
the  Lesser  Duchy  (VI. ),  and,  like  It,  is  hardly  mentioned 
after  the  thirteenth  century. 

I.V,  The  circle  of  Burgundy  (KrelsBurgund),  an  adminis- 
trative division  of  the  empire,  was  establlsheil  by  Charles 
V.  In  1.MS,  and  Included  the  Free  (\umly  of  Bui-gundy 
(VII.)  and  the  seventeen  provinces  of  the  Netheil.ands, 
which  Charles  Inherited  from  his  grandmother  Mary, 
daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold. 

Jamta  llri/c;  Holy  Rom.  Emp.  Appendix,  p.  447. 

X.  Tlie  Duchv  of  Burgundy  (lower  Burgundy),  a  great 
French  lief  held  liv  various  Carlovinglan  and  Capetian 
princes,  and  ceiled  bvJohu  the  Gooillobls  son.  Philip  the 
Bold.  Its  capital  was  Dijon.  Flamlers  and  the  County 
of  Burgundy  were  unite<l  to  It  in  l:iM.  II  was  ruled  by 
Philip  the  Bolil  i:;0:l-nn4:  hy  John  the  Fearless  HOI- 
1419;  by  Pblllp  the  Good  m9-ii7;  and  by  Charles  the  B.ild 
14(57-77.  I'lider  the  two  latter  It  was  greatly  extende.I 
In  BelgllMU  and  eastern  ami  central  Frame,  and  liecann> 
one  of  the  most  powerful  monanhlis  of  F.urope.  (In  the 
death  of  Charles  the  Bold  (1477)  the  duchy  proper  passed 
(1479)  to  France.  The  other  possessions  — Fmm-he-Comt*' 
aud  Low  ColMilrles  — passed  by  the  marriage  of  Mary 
(daught<:rand  successorof  ('lmrli'stheB(pld)to  thehouseof 
Ilaiistturg.  (i\tu\\>i\rii  MaxhniliiinJ'hnrlr^  ttir  Itold.)  The 
Duchy  of  Burgundy  proper  bocanie  a  province  and  great 
government  of  France.  It  lay  between  Champagne  on  the 
north,  Franche-Coint*^  and  Savoy  on  the  ea-st,  Danphlne 
nml  l.yimnals  on  the  south,  and  B^mrlMmnals,  Nlvenmls, 
ami  Orleanals  on  tlio  west,  and  corrcspomled  to  the  de- 
partments CAte-d'Or,  Sa»^ne•et-U^l'e,  Alii,  and  a  part  of 
Vonnc.    The  region  Is  famous  for  its  wines. 


Burleigh,  William  Henry 

Burgundy,  Duchess  of.    See  Mary. 
Burgundy,  Dukes  of.    See  CliarUa  the  Bold, 

JiiliK  the  Fiiirh.ss,  I'liiUp  the  Bold,  Philip  tlie- 

tititid,  etc. 

Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore.  A  poem  by  Charles 
Wolfe,  published  in  a  collection  of  his  works  in 
1825, 

Buriats  (bii'ri-ats).  A  Mongolian  people  liv- 
ing cliiefly  in  the  governmeut  of  Irkutsk  and 
the  Trans-Baikal  teriitorv,  Siberia.  Thev  are 
Buddhists.     They  number  about  208,000." 

Buridan  (bur'i-dan ;  F.  pron.  bii-re-doii'),  Jean. 
Died  after  13.58.  A  French  nomiualistic  phi- 
losopher. He  was  a  native  of  Bt'thune,  Artois.  He 
studied  under  William  of  Occam,  and  lectured  on  phi- 
losophy in  the  I'niversity  of  Paris,  of  wbleb  he  became 
rector.  He  was  a  noted  logician,  and  is  p"»pularly  but 
inc<jrrectly  regarded  as  the  author  of  the  sophism  known 
as  "Buridan's  .\8S,"  which  was  used  by  the  schoolmen  to 
demonstrate  the  inability  of  the  will  to  act  between  two 
equally  po"  erful  motives.  According  to  this  sophism  an 
ass  Jilaced  between  two  equidistant  and  equally  attractive 
bundles  of  hay  would  starve  to  death  for  want  of  a  reason 
to  determine  its  chi.'ice  between  the  two  bundles, 

Burke  (l"i'k)..Sdanus.  Born  at  tJalway,  Ire- 
land, June  10,  1743  ;  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
March  30,  1802.  An  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician. He  became  a  judge  of  the  State  Supreme  Court 
in  1778,  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  .South 
Carolina  1789-91,  and  wrote  *' Consider.itions  upon  the 
Order  of  Cincinnati  "  (1783),  a  pamphlet  denouncing  that 
order. 

Burke,  Charles.  Boi-n  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  27,  IS22:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  10, 
1854.  A  comedian.  He  was  the  sou  of  Thomas 
Burke,  an  Irish  actor,  and  Cornelia  Thomas, 
who  afterward  married  Joseph  Jefferson. 

Burke,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Dublin,  probably 
Jan.  12,  1729  (N.  S.);  died  at  Beaconsfield, 
England,  July  9,  1797.  A  celebrated  British 
statesman,  orator,  and  writer.  He  was  graduated 
ot  I'rinlty  College,  Dublin,  in  1748 ;  became  a  member  of 
Parliament  in  17tJ(i ;  delivered  his  speech  on  American 
taxation  in  1774 ;  was  paymaster-general  and  privy  coun- 
cilor 1782-53;  and  conducted  the  impeachment  of  War- 
ren Hastings  1787-95,  when  he  resigned  his  seat  in  Par- 
liament. His  chief  works  are  ".\  Vindication  of  Natural 
Society  "  (175(i),  "  .\  Philosophical  Enquiry  into  the  Origin 
of  our  Ideas  of  the  Sublime  and  the  Beautiful "  (1750), 
"Thoughts  on  the  Causes  of  the  Present  Discontents'* 
(1770),  "  Speech  on  Conciliation  with  America "  (17T5\ 
"Kellections  on  the  Revolution  in  France"  (1790),  and 
four  letters  on  the  subject  of  "a  regicide  peace"  with 
France,  which  appeared  in  1796  and  1797  'the  publica- 
tion of  a  collection  of  his  w<irks  was  begun,  with  his  ap- 
prov;d,  in  1792,  and  was  concluded  in  1827. 

Burke,  Sir  John  Bernard.  Born  at  London, 
lSl,"i:  died  at  Dublin,  Dec.  13,  1892.  An  Eng- 
lish genealogist,  Ulster  king  at  arms.  Ue  was 
editor  of  "Burke's  Peerage"  (established  by  his  father, 
John  Burke,  18:51),  and  anthor  of  "History- of  the  Landed 
Gentry"  (IS4:0,  etc. 

Burke,  John  Daly.  Died  near  Campbell's 
Bridge,  Va.,  April  11, 1808.  An  Irish-American 
historian.  He  emigrated  from  Ireland  to  America  iu 
1797,  and  eventually  settled  in  Petersburg,  ^'irginia,  where 
he  (levoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  law  and  to  litera- 
ture He  was  killed  by  F'ellx  Coquebert  in  a  duel  arising 
frt-'Tu  a  politiral  dispute.  Author  of  "  History  of  Virginia 
fnim  Its  1  il  St  Settlement  to  IsOl  "  (1804). 

Burke,  Robert  O'Hara.  Born  at  St.  Clerans, 
Galway,  Ireland,  18"20:  died  in  Australia,  Juno 
'28, 1801.  An  -Vustralian  explorer.  lie  was  succes- 
sively a  captain  In  the  Austrian  army,  member  of  the  Irish 
constaltnlary,  and  inspector  of  police  in  Victoria.  Austra- 
lia, whitlier  he  emigrated  in  ISf'S.  He  traversed  with 
M'ills  the  Australian  continent  18('pO-61,  and  died  of  star- 
vation on  the  return  jtuirtoy. 

Biirkel  (biir'kel),  Heinrich.  Rom  at  Pinna- 
sens,  Bavaria.  May  29,  1802:  died  at  Munich, 
Juno  10,  1809.  A  (Jerman  painter  of  land- 
sciipes  and  genre  scones. 

Burkersdorf  (biir'kers-<lorf).  A  village  situ- 
ated 4  miles  southwest  of  Schweidnitz,  m  Sile- 
sia, Prussia.  Here.  July  21. 1762.  Frederickthe 
Great  of  Prussia  repulsed  the  Austrians  under 
Marshal  Dnun. 

Burlamaqui  (bUr-l!i-mii-ke').  Jean  Jactiues. 
ISorn  at  (ienova,  July  24,  1694:  died  at  Geneva, 
April  3,  1748.  A  noted  Swiss  jurist,  professor 
of  law  at  Geneva.  Ho  wrote  "Pl■inci^>es  du 
droit  naturel"  (1747),  "  E^rincipes  du  droit  poli- 
1i<iue"  (17.'a),  etc 

Burleigh  (b.'r'li),  or  Burghley,  Baron.    See 

Burleigh,  XiOrd.  A  ohiiractcr  in  Mr.  PufPs 
triigedy  "The  Spanish  .Arinada,"  rehearsed  in 
Sheridan's  "('ntic."  He  his  not  a  »onl  to  say,  but 
conllnes  himself  to  the  mcriutnible  noil  by  which  ho 
exiueSHCs  volumes  according  to  .Mr.  I*U|T. 

Burleigh  (lor'li).  Lord  of.  See  Lord  of  Bur- 
t(„iii. 

Burleigh,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Wood- 
stock, Ciuiii.,  Feb.  2.  1812:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  March  18.  1871.  An  Aiuencan  poet, 
journalist,  and  uboIitioniHt. 


Burley,  John  Balfour  of 
Burley  iber'li),  John  Balfour  of.  See  Balfour. 

Burley,  Walter.  Born  iu  1274  or  1275:  died 
probably  in  1345.  An  English  schoolman,  sur- 
named  "The  Plain  Doctor."  He  studied  first  at 
Oxford,  then  at  P.^ris,  where  he  became  a  pupil  of  Duns 
8i:otus.  He  was  appointed  almoner  to  the  Princess  Phi- 
lippa  of  Hainault  about  1327,  and  subsequently  became 
tutor  to  the  Black  Prince.  He  wrote  numerous  philo- 
sophical treatises  and  commentaries  on  the  classics,  most 
of  which  have  remained  in  manuscript.  His  printed 
works  include  "Devitaet  moribus  philosophorum  "(prob- 
ably published  at  Cologne  in  14C7),  and  "Tractatus  de 
materia  et  forma  "  (Oxford,  looO). 

Burlingame  (ber'ling-gam).  Anson.  Bom  at 
New  Berlin.  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1S20:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  23.  1870.  An  American 
diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  representative 
to  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1855-61 ;  ambassador  to 
China  18l>l-67 ;  and  negotiated,  as  special  ambassador  from 
China,  treaties  with  the  United  States,  England,  Demnaik, 
Sweden,  Holland,  and  Prussia. 

Burlington  (ber'ling-ton).     See  Bridlington. 

Burlington.  A  city  (capital  of  Des  Moines 
County,  Iowa)  situated  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver, 
in  lat.'40°  48'  N.,  long.  91°  10'  W.  It  is  an  im- 
portant railway  center,  and  has  large  and  varied 
manufactures.    Population  (1900),  23,201.  _ 

Burlington.  A  city  and  port  of  entry  in  Ver- 
mont, situated  on  Lake  Champlain  in  lat.  44° 
29'  N.,  lont'-  73°  14'  W.     It  has  a  large  trade  in 


196 

school.  From  1857  to  1858  he  was  associated  with  Rossetti, 
Morris,  and  others  in  painting  the  Arthurian  legends  at 
Oxford,  In  1861  he  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  house 
of  Morris  and  Company,  and  he  made  many  designs  for 
decorative  work.  He  was  au  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  1S85-93.    In  1894  he  was  made  a  baronet. 

Burnes    (bemz),  Sir  Alexander.     Bom   at 

Montrose,  Scotland,  May  16,  180.3:  killed  at 
Kabul,  Afghanistan,  Nov.  2,  1841.  A  British 
geographer,  and  traveler  in  central  Asia. 
Burnet  (ber'net),  Gilbert.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  18,  1643 :  died  at  London,  March 
17.  1715.  A  British  prelate,  historian,  and 
theologian.     He  accompanied  William  III.  from  Hol- 


Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 

year.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  at  Kilmarnock 
in  1786,  on  which  occasion  he  changed  the  spelling  of  his 
family  name  to  Burn^.  In  1786  he'  paid  a  Nisit  to  Edin- 
burirh,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  society  of  the  Duch- 
ess of  Gordon,  Lord  Mouboddo,  Robertson,  Blair,  Gregory, 
Adam  Feru'iison,  and  Eraser  Tj-tler,  and  where  a  secoiid 
edition  of  his  poems  was  iiublished  by  Creech  in  tht  next 
year.  In  1788  he  married  Jane  Armour,  by  whom  he  h:ui 
previously  had  several  children.  He  took  a  farm  at  Ellis- 
land  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1789  became  an  officer  in  the 
excise.  In  1791  he  removed  to  Dumfries,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  literature  and  to  the  duties  of  his  utfice 
as  an  exciseman.  Here  also  appeared  in  1793  the  third 
edition  of  his  poems.  A  collective  edition  of  his  works 
was  edited  by  Currie  iu  1800,  and  another  by  Cunningham 


16S1,  1715),  ''A  History  of  his  own  Time"  (edited  by  his 
son,  1723,  1734),  "Exposition  of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles" 
(1699). 

Burnet,  Thomas.  Born  at  Croft,  Yorkshire, 
England,  about  1635:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
27.  1715.  An  English  author.  He  became  fellow 
of  Christ's  College  in  1657,  and  master  of  the  (ITiai-ter- 

house  in  1685.  He  is  noted  chiefly  as  the  author  of  "  Tel-  .^  ..  .,  j/i.-  f'-'i  a\ 
luris  Theoria  Sacra,"  etc.  (1681),  remarkable  for  its  vivid  iSUmUSiana  ( Dernt  i  lana)^ 
imagery  and  pure  Latinity,  in  which  he  attempts  to  prove 
that  the  earth  originally  resembled  an  egg,  that  at  the 
deluge  the  shell  was  crushed  and  the  waters  rushed  out, 
that  the  fragments  of  the  shell  formed  the  mountains 
and  that  the  equator  was  diverted  from  its  original  coin- 
cidence with  the  ecliptic.    IHct._Jiaf.  Bwg. 


lumber,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Bumett  (ber-nef),  Mrs.  (Frances  HodgSOn*. 

Vermont.     Population  (1900),  18,640,  Bom  at  Manchester,  England,  Nov.  24,  1S49. 

Burlington.  A  city  and  port  of  entry  in  Bur-  An  English-American  novelist.  She  has  written 
lino-ton  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  "ThatLasso'Lowries'  (1876),  "Haworth's"  (1878  . 
ir  ?  -D^'JiQ,,,;!,..  „„,.;iL„.,f  .^'■  Pliilorlol  Isiaua"  (1880),  "A  Fair  Barbarian  "  (1881),  "Through  One 
Delaware  River  19  miles  nor  heast  O.  Philadel-  administration"  (1882),  -LittleLord  Fanntlerov"  (1886), 
phia.  It  was  bombarded  by  the  British  m  "TheOnelkuewbest  of  AU"  (1893),  "  ALady  ofQimlity  ' 
1776,      Population  ( 1900),  7.392,  (1H96),  etc.    She  m.arried  Stephen  Townesend  in  1900, 

Burlington  Arcade.     A  covered  pathway  be-  Burnett    (ber'net),  James,   Lord   Monboddo. 
tweeu  Piccadilly  au(J  Burlington  Gardens.     It     Born  at  Monboddo,  Kincardineshire,  in  Oct. 


has  shops  on  each  side  for  all  kinds  of  small 
wares, 

Burlington  House,  Old.  A  house  standing  be- 
tween Bond  street  and  Saekville  street,  Lon- 
don, It  was  built  by  Richard  Boyle,  Lord  Burlington, 
1695-1753,  It  was  pinihased  for  the  nation,  1854,  from  the 
Cavendishes  for  £140,000,  including  the  Gardens,  upon 
which  three  new  edifices  h,ave  been  erected,  effacing  all 
the  artistic  featm-es  of  the  old  house,  Nearest  to  Picca- 
dilly, and  on  the  site  of  the  famous  gateway  and  curved 
colonnade,  pulled  down  in  1808,  rises  Xew  Burlington 
~  ■   '    ;  rooms  for  the  meetings  and  man- 


House  (1872),  containing  looiiis  lor  iiic  iiicciuiss  aiiu  lujii-  '  /I  ■    ,    -  ,      i^l_       l"  T>  4.    oi' 

agement  of  learned  societies-the  Royal,  Geological,  and  Bumey  (ber  ni),    CharlCS.^^  Born   at   Shrews- 
chemical  east  of  the  entrance  ;  the  .\ntiquarian.  Astro-     bury,  England,  April  7   ■'"■^'"     ''     ■'     -^  ■""- 


nomical,  and  Linnean  on  the  west  of  it.     Old  Burlington 
House  itself  was  in  1868  handed  over  to  the  Royal  .Acad- 
emy,    Murray,  Handbook  of  London,  p,  58. 
Burma,  or  Bunnah  (ber'ma).     A  former  king 


in  1834, 
land  to  "England  in  1688  as  his  chaplain,  and  was  made  Burnside  (bern'sid).  Ambrose  Everett.  Bom 
bishop  of  Salisbury  in  1689.  His  chief  w_orks  -ire  a  "His-  ,  Liberty.  Indiana.  May  23, 1824 :  died  at  Bris- 
tory  of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  England    (16,9,      "  ,    t^   t     o      *    lo   looi    '    a       \  •  i 

-     —  -■■  ••      tol,  R,  I,,  Sept.  13. 1881.     An  American  general 

and  politician.  He  captured  Roanoke  Island  Feb.  8, 
and  Newberii  March  14, 1862  ;  fought  at  Antietam  ,Sepl, 
17  ;  Commanded  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Nov.  10,  I562,- 
Jan, 23,1863;  was  defeated  at  Fredericksburg  Dec,  13,1862; 
was  besieged  at  Knoxville  1863 ;  served  under  Grant 
18t^4 ;  was  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1867-69 ;  and  was 
United  States  senator  1875-81, 

A  seaport  and  wa- 
tering-i^lace  in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  Firth  of  Forth  8  miles  north  of  Edinbm'gh, 
Population  (1891),  4,692. 
Burow  (bo'ro).  Julie.  Born  at  Kydullen.  Prus- 
sia, Feb.  24,  1806:  died  at  Bromberg,  Prussia, 
Feb.  19, 1868.  A  German  novelist.  ,She  wrote 
"  Aus  dem  I,eben  eines  Glucklichen  "  (1852), "  Johann  Kep- 
ler "  (1857-65),  etc. 

Um"  Burr  (ber),  Aaron.  Born  at  Fairfield.  Conn., 
Jan,  4. 171(3 :  died  Sept.  24.  1757.  An  American 
clergj-man,  president  of  the  College  of  New 
Jersey  174S-57. 
Burr,  Aaron.  Bom  at  Newark,  N.  J. ,  Feb.  6, 
1756:  died  at  Port  Eichmond,  Sfaten  Island, 
N.  Y..  Sept.  14, 1836.  An  American  politician, 
son  of  Aaron  Bun-  (171(>-57).  He  seived  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Canada  expedition  in  1775,  at  Monmouth 
in  1778  ;  began  the  practice  of  law  in  New  York  in  1783 ; 
was  United  States  senator  from  New  York  1791-97 ;  and 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  1801-05.  He  killed 
Alexander  Hamilton  in  a  duel  July,  1804.  an  event  which 
destroyed  his  political  prospects.  About  1805  he  conceived 
the  plan,  as  was  subsequently  charged  at  his  trial,  of  con- 
quering Texas,  perhaps  Mexico,  and  of  establishing  a  re- 
public at  the  South,  with  New  Orleans  as  the  capital,  of 
which  he  should  be  the  president  By  the  aid  of  Blen- 
nerhasset  and  others  he  was  enabled  to  purchase  a  vast 
tract  of  laud  on  the  Washita  River,  which  was  to  serve  as 
the  starting-point  of  an  expedition  to  be  led  by  him  in 
person.  He  was  arrested  in  Mississippi  Territory  Jan,  14, 
1807,  was  indicted  for  treason  at  Richniond,  Virginia,  May 
22,  and  was  acquitted  Sept.  1. 


or  Nov,,  1714  :  died  at  Edinburgh,  May  26, 1799, 
A  Scottish  judge.  He  became  sheriff  of  Kincardine- 
shire iu  1764,  and  in  1767  became  an  ordinary  lord  of  ses- 
sion, on  which  occasion  he  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  Mon- 
boddo, Author  of  "Of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Lan- 
guage" (1773-92),  and  "Ancient  Metaphysics"  (1779-99). 
Burnett  Prizes.  Prizes  awarded  every  forty 
years,  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  Mr.  Bur- 
nett, a  Scottish  gentleman  (1729-84),  for  the 
best  essays  on  the  Christian  evidences.  Lec- 
tureships now  take  the  place  of  the  assays. 


dom  in  southeastern  Asia  now  a.  part  of  the  ^^~^^  ^^\^{^^^{ii%orn  at  Lynn,  Norfolk, 
Bntish  empire  and  a  chief  coinmissionership,  "p";^^* '.  r)pc  4  17i7-  died  at  Dentford  Dee 
It  is  divided  into_  Lower  Burma  (the  former  British  Bur-     England,  Dec.  4    1  0       died  at  Depttoid    Dee 


1726:  died  at  Chelsea 
near  London,  April  12, 1814.  An  English  eom- 
poserandhistorian  of  music.  He  was  the  father 
of  Madame  d'Arblay.     He  wrote  a  ''Histoiy  of  Burrhus,  or  BumiS  (bur'us).  Afranius.  Killed 


ma)  and  Upper  Burma  (the  recently  annexed  kingdom). 
It  is  bounded  by  Assam  and  China  on  the  north,  China,  the 
Shan  States,  and  Slam  on  the  cast,  the  Bay  of  Bengal  on  the 
west,  and  India  on  the  northwest.  It  is  hilly  and  mouu 
tainous,  and  is  rich  in  minerals, 
etc.    The  subdivisions  of  Lower 


and  Tenasserim,  Buddhism  is  the  prevailing  religion, 
the  kingdom  having  been  a  Buddhist  monarchy  from  the 
middle  ages.  Lower  Bmrna  was  conquered  by  the  British 
1824-26  and  in  1852,  and  Upper  Burma  was  annexed  in 
1886,  in  consequence  of  the  niisgovernmentof  the  last  king, 
Thebaw  (dethroned  1885),  Totiaarea,171,430squareroiles: 
of  Upper  Burma,  83,473  square  miles ;  of  Lower  Burma, 
87,957  s.iuare  miles.  Total  population  (1891),  7,605,660: 
of  Upper  Burma,  2,946,933  ;  of  Lower  Burma,  4,658,627. 

Burma,  British.    See  Burma. 

Burma,  Lower.     That  part  of  Burma  formerly 

called  British  Burma. 
Burma,  Upper.     That  part  of  Burma  which 

was  independent  down  to  1886. 

Burmeister  (bor'mis-ter),  Hermann.  Born  at 
Stralsund,  Prussia,  Jan.  15,  1807:  died  at  Bue- 
nos Ayres.  May  1, 1892.  A  Prussian  naturalist. 
He  was  professor  at  Berlin  and  subsequently  at  Halle, 
and  represented  the  latter  university  in  the  National 
Assembly  in  1848  ;  subsequently  he  was  a  member  of  the 
first  Prussian  chamber.  From  1850  to  1852  he  traveled  in 
Brazil,  and  in  1861  went  to  Buenos  Ajtcs,  where  he  was 
director  of  the  National  Museum  until  his  death.  He 
published  several  well-known  handbooks  of  zoology  and 
entomology,  besides  the  "  Uebersicht  der  Thiere  Brasi- 
liens"  (2  vols,  1854-56),  and  numerous  scientific  papers, 
especially  on  the  Tertiary  and  Quaternary  mammalia  of 


28,  1817.  An  English  classical  scholar,  son  of 
Charles  Burnev.  He  is  noted  chiefly  as  the  collector 
of  the  Eumey  Libniry,  which  was  purchased  by  Parlia- 
ment for  £13.500  and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum, 

Its  exports  are  rice,  teak,  Barney,  Frances.     See  Arblay,  Madame  d'. 

?,"™^^",^'ei":,f„l"'  Burnev    James.    Bom  175of'  died  N 


Nov.   17, 


1821.  An  English  naval  officer  and  author. 
He  entered  the  na\-y  in  17ti4,  attained  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  served  in  America  and  India.  He  was  with  Cook  ou 
his  third  voyage,  1776-79.  After  1784  he  retired  on  half 
pay  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  principal 
works  are  "A  Chronological  History  of  the  Discoveries 
in  the  South  Sea  or  Pacific  Ocean  '  (5  vols.  4to,  1803-17), 
"History  of  the  Buccaneers  of  Atcerica  '  (1816),  and  "A 
Chronological  History  of  North  Eastern  Voj  ages  of  Dis- 
covery" (1816). 

Burnley  (bem'le).  A  manufactitring  town  in 
Lancashire,  Eugland,  situated  on  the  river 
Burn  21  miles  north  of  Manchester.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  97.044 

Bumouf  (biir-nof),  Einile  Louis.  Bom  at 
Valognes,  Manche,  France,  Aug.  25,  1821.  A 
noted  French  philologist,  distinguished  as  an 
archaeologist  and  Ckientalist.  He  was  collaborator 
with  Leupol  on  a  Sanskrit-French  dictionary  (1863-65). 

Burnouf,  Eugfene.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  12, 
1801:  died  at  Paris,  May  28,  1852.  A  French 
Orientalist,  son  of  Jean  Louis  Bumouf,  cele- 
brated for  researches  in  the  Zend  language. 
His  chief  works  are  "Commentaire  surle  Yai;na"  (183.5), 
"  Introduction  k  I'histoire  du  Bouddhisme  indien  "  (1845), 
Le  lotus  de  la  bonne  loi,  traduit  du  Sanscrit "  (1862). 


1844.     A  noted  French  philologist.     He  wrote 


ArgL-ntnia. 

Burmese  Wars.  The  wars  (1)  of  1824-26,  (2)  of  Burnouf,  Jean  Louis.  Born  at  Trville.  Manche. 
1852,  which  the  British  waged  with  Burma,  and  France,  Sept.  14,  1775:  died  at  Paris,  May  8 
which  resulted  in  the  cession  of  Lower  Burma.       ~    '  .  _ 

See  Burma. 

Bume-Jones  (bern'jonz').  Sir  Edward.  Bom 
at  Birmingham,  England,  Aug,  28,  1833  :  died 
at  London.  June  17, 1898.  An  English  painter. 
He  was  a  student  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  with  Wil- 
liam Morris  and  Swinburne,  the  latter  of  whom  dedi- 
cated to  him  his  first  volume  of  poems.     He  went  to 


62  (63  Ha.  D.  a  Eoman  officer.  He  was  ap- 
pointed sole  pretorian  prefect  by  Claudius  in  52,  and  was, 
together  with  Seneca,  intrusted  with  the  education  of 
Nero.  By  his  influence  with  the  pretorhin  guards  he  se- 
cured the  undisputed  succession  of  his  pupil  in  54.  Hav- 
ing offended  the  latter  by  his  sternness  and  virtue,,  he 
was  put  to  death  by  poison, 

Burritt  (bur'it).Elihu,  suraamed  "  The  Learned 
Blacksmith."  Born  at  New  Britain.  Conn,,  Dec. 
8,  1811 :  died  there.  March  7, 1879.  A  social  re- 
former and  linguist,  a  blacksmith  by  trade. 
He  was  an  advocate  of  the  abolition  of  war,  and  wrote 
•'Sparks  from  the  Anvil"  (1848),  "Olive  Leaves  "  (1853), 
"Thoughts  and  Things  at  Home  and. -Vbroad" (1854),  etc. 

Burroughs  (bm-'oz),  George.  Died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Aug,  19, 1692,  An  American  clergyman. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1670,  and  served 
as  pastor  at  Falmouth  (Portland),  Maine,  and  at  Salem, 
He  was  accused  of  having  bewitched  one  Mary  Wolcott, 
and  was  condemned  on  the  evidence  of  confessed  witches, 
who  affirmed  that  he  had  attended  witch-meetings  with 
them.  He  moved  many  to  tears  by  his  last  words  at  his 
execution,  but  Cotton  Mather,  who  was  sitting  on  horse- 
back in  the  crowd,  reminded  the  people  that  Satan  often 
assumes  the  appearance  of  an  angel  of  light. 

Burroughs,  John.  Bom  at  Eoxbtiry,  N.  Y., 
April  3, 1837.  An  American  essayist.  He  has 
written  "  Wake-Robin  "  (1870),  "Winter  Sunshine  "(1873), 
"Birds  and  Poets"  (1875),  "Pepacton"  (1881),  "Fresh 
Fields  "  (1884),  '•  Signs  and  Seasons  "  (18S6),  etc 

Burroughs,  William.  Born  near  Philadelphia, 
Oct.6, 17S5:  died  near  Portland,  Maine,  Sept. 
5, 1813,  An  American  naval  officer,  in  com- 
mand of  the  Enterprise  he  captured  the  British  brig 
Boxer,  near  Portland,  Maine,  Sept,  5,  1813.  Both  com- 
manders fell  in  the  action, 

Burslem  (bers'lem).  A  town  in  Staflfordshire, 
England,  17  miles  north  of  Stafford.  It- is  the 
chief  town  of  the  potteries  district,  and  contains  the 
Wedgwood  Institute.     Population  (1891),  30,862. 


M(5thode  pour  (!tudier  la  langue  grecque"  (1814),  "M(;-  Burton  (ber'ton),  John  Hill.     Born  at  Aber- 


thode  pour  ^tudier  la  langue  latine"  (1840),  translation  of 
Tacitus  (1827-33),  etc. 
Burns  (bernz ),  Robert.  Bom  at  AUoway.  near 
A\T.  Scotland,  Jan,  25,  1759:  died  at  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  July  21.  1796.  A  famous  Scottish 
lyric  poet.     Hewas  the  eldest  son  of  William  Burness 


deen,  Scotland,  Aug.  22,  1809:  died  at  Morton 
House,  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  9, 1881.  A  Scot- 
tish historian  and  jurist.  His  chief  works  are  "A 
History  of  Scotland  from  Agricola's  Invasion  to  the  Re- 
bellion of  1745"  (1853-70),  "A  History  of  the  Reign  of 
Queen  Anne  "  (1880), 


mill     mo     11131.    ,v,iiiiii&     VI     ^.v^u...,        »*,-    ,,.,Mv    .T*        1  ,  i  lu   ^wL',         .LAcnua  iiic  ciu^ov    oxjim    v.    ,,.t..u...  i.«..,„w,-  -. 1^ .      .         .  '_  J     Tl  .  T>  »■    "D 

London  in  1856,  and  became  a  pupil   of  Dante  Gabriel  or  Burnes.  a  nurseryman,  whose  ancestors  had  long  been  Burton,  Sir  KlCharCl  X  ranClS.     Horn  at  isar- 

Eossetti,  whose  manner  he  imitated  for  several  years ;  farmers  in  Kincardineshire,  and  Agnes,  the  daughter  of  a     Jjam  House,  Hertfordshire,  England.  March  19, 

but  he  soon  formed  a  stvle  of  his  own,  inclining  more  to  Cairick  farmer.     He  received  a  meager  education,  and  in      icoi.    A\pA    at    TrieSt     Austria     Oct     '^0     1890. 

idealism  and  abstract  beauty  than  to  realism,  and  became  1783,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother  Gilbert,  rented  a       ,        ;    \  \_i„_„_  „„  i '„,„l,'fi„  J.^t^r.\ttlr,x-o\.^ 

one  of  the  chief  exponents  in  England  of  the  romantic  farm  at  Mossgiel,  whither  he  removed  in  the  following     A  noted  explorer  ana  proline  wnrer  oi  irav  eis. 


Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 


197 
Feb.  13,  1821 : 


Bute,  Marquis  of 


After  serving  in  the  East  Indian  army  he  went  in  1863  to 
Mect-a.  His  ''First  Footsteps  in  Eastern  Africa  "  (1856) 
were  in  1854,  when  he  accompanied  Speke  to  Harrai'.  In 
1858  he  was  asain  in  East  Africa  witli  Speiie,  and  dis- 
covered Lalte  Tanganyika,  while  Speke  discovered  Lake 
Victoria.  In  1801  he  was  in  West  Africa  as  BritisliTon- 
sul  at  Fernando  I'o ;  ascended  the  peak  of  Kamerun ; 
and  spent  three  months  at  tlie  court  of  Dahomey.  To 
the  end  of  his  life  he  continued  in  the  consular  service  ; 
at  Santos,  Brazil  (lsi',4);  at  Damascus  (18tl8-72)  ;  at  Triest, 
where  lie  diuil  (1872-90).  Hf  the  more  than  thirty  vol- 
umes  publislied  by  him,  the  principal  are  "Personal  Narra- 
tive of  a  Filirrimage  to  El  iledinah  and  Meccah  "  (1855), 
Lake  Kesions  of  Central  Afric^"  (1860),  "A  Mission  to  Buschmanu  (bosh'nian),  Karl  Eduard. 


at  Dresden,  Feb.  13,  1821 :  died  Nov.  16,  1899.  Bussang  (bii-sou')    A  town  in  the  department 
A  German  .iournalist  and  man  of  letters.  Hewas     of  Vosges,  France,  27  miles  southeast  of  EpinaL 
employed  by  Bismarck  in  the  de]iartment  of  state.    His     It  is  noted  for  its  mineral  springs, 
works  include  "8chleswii;-Holsteinische  Briefe '■  (1854),  Buggey  (bus'i),   Benjamin.     Born  at  Canton, 

JIass.,  March  1,  17."i7-  died  at  Koxbury,  near 
Boston,  Jan.  13,  lHi'2.  An  American  merchant, 
founder  of  the  "Bussey  Institution,"  a  college 


the  King  of  Dahomey  "  (1864).  •'  Explorations  of  the  High 
lands  of  Brazil."  etc.   (1808),    "Gold  Jlines  of  Midian ' 
(1878),  and  a  literal  version  of  the  "Arabian  Nights." 
Burton,  Robert.     Bom  at  Lindley,  Leieester- 
sliire,  Feb.  S,  l.')T7:  died  at  Oxford  (?),  Jan-  25, 


Graf  Bismarck  nnd  seine  Ixute  "  (1S781,  etc 

Biisching  ( biish  'i ng) ,  Anton  Friedrlch.  Born  at 
Stadthagen,  in  Schaumburg-Lippe,  Germany, 
Sept.  27,  172-1;  died  at  Berlin,  May  28,  1793. 
A  noted  German  geogi-apher.  His  chief  work  is 
'■  Erdbcschreibung  "  (1754-92,  "  Description  of  the  Globe  ": 
translated  in  part  into  English,  1702). 

Born 
at  Magdeburg,  Feb.  14,  1805:  died  at  Berlin, 
April  21, 1880.  A  Prussian  philologist.  He  spent 
a  year  in  Mexico,  1827-28,  and  on  his  rettirn  was  associ- 
ated with  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  in  philological  work. 
After  1832  he  was  employed  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Librai^, 
eventually  becoming  librarian.  After  the  death  of  Wil- 
helm von  Humboldt,  Bilschmann  was  engaged  by  Alex- 
ander von  Humboldt,  assisting  him  in  the  preparation  of 


UUO.  A  noteil  English  writer.  He  entered  the 
I'niversity  of  Oxford  in  1593,  was  elected  student  of 
Christ  Church  in  1599,  and  became  rector  of  Segrave, 
Leicestershire,  in  1028.  He  was  the  author  of  the  famous 
"  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  "  (which  see). 

Burton,  William  Evans.  Bom  at  London, 
Sept.  24,  1804:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  10, 
1860.  An  English  comedian,  theatrical  man- 
ager, and  writer.      He  came  to  America  in  1834,  and 

made  his  first  professional  appearance  in  September  of  ,■,..,-,■.  « -l      i_    -i.     /••■••     i  -  / 

that  year  at  the  Arch  Street  Theater,  Philadelphia,  in  Busnire_  (bo-sher'),  or  AbUSnenr  (a-bo-sher 


of  agriculture  and  horticidture  connected  with 
Harvard  University,  opened  near  Boston  1869- 
1870. 

Bussorah.    See  Bas)((. 

Bussy  (bii-se'),  Comte  de  (Roger  de  Rabutin), 

called  Bussy-Rabutin.  Bom  at  Epiry,  Niver- 
uais,  France,  April  13,  1618:  died  at  Autun, 
France,  April  9,  1693.  A  French  soldier  and 
man  of  letters,  author  of  "Histoire  amoureuse 
desGaules"(1665),  "M^moires"  (1696),  "Let- 

___    __ ^^ tres"(1697). 

Kosmos"Tndothei^vo7k3!"°His"prYucipal7in'^^^^^^  Bussyd'AmboiS  (bii-se' don-bwa').     A  tragedy 


writings  are  "Ueber  die  aztekischen  Ortsnamen  "  (1853), 
"Die  Spiiren  der  aztekischen  Sprache  ira  nordlichen 
Mexico"  (1859,  2  vols.),  several  works  on  the  Apache  and 
Athapascan  languages,  and  "Grammatik  der  sonorischen 
Sprachen  "  (1804-ti9).  He  edited  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt's 
"ITeber  die  Kawisprache,"  the  third  volume  being  his 
own  work. 


which  city  he  lived  fourteen  years.  In  1837  he  started 
"The  Gentleman's  Magazine."  In  1848  he  came  to  New 
York.  With  others  he  organized  the  American  Shakspe- 
rian  Club  in  1852. 

Burton  Junior.  A  pseudonym  once  used  by 
Charles  Lamb  in  the  "  Reflector,"  in  au  article 
entitled  "On  the  Melancholy  of  Tailors." 

Burton-on-Trent  (ber'ton-on-trenf).  [ME. 
Biirtciii, Burton  iiji  o  Treii  i,  AS.  Bi/rtfin.}  A  town 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Trent 
11  miles  southwest  of  Derby.  It  is  noted  for  the 
brewing  of  pale  ale,  stout,  etc.,  in  the  establishments  of 
Bass  and  .^llsopp.    Population  (1901i,  60,380. 

Burtscbeid  (bort'shid).  [L.  Porcetiim,  F.  Bor- 
ntlcl  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Pi-ussia, 
H  miles  southeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  is  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  oloth  and  needles,  and  for  its  min- 
eral springs.  It  has  also  an  old  Benedictine  monastery. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  13,388. 

Buru.     See  Bocroc. 

Bury  (ber'i) 
ough  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
^i^%r  Irwell  8  miles  north  of  Manchester.     Its 
chief  industries  are  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen 
(the  latter  introduced  under  Edward  III.).     Population 

(1901).  .'.8.02H. 

#ury,  Ange  Henri  Blaze  de.  See  Blme  de 
Biini. 

Bury,  Richard  de.  Born  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds in  1281:  died  at  Auckland,  England, 
1345.  An  English  ]jrelate  and  scholar.  Hewasthe 
BOn  of  .Sirliichard  Aungerville,  and  received  his  name  from 
his  birthplace.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  became  a  Ben- 
edictine monk  at  Dvuham.  He  was  tutor  to  Edward  of 
Windsor  (afterwanl  Edward  III.),  became  dean  of  Wells 
In  1333,  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Durham  in  the  sanie 
year,  and  was  ai»pointed  high  chancellor  of  England  in 
1384.  He  founded  a  library  at  Oxford  in  coimection  with 
Durham  College,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  collect- 
ing and  preserving  books,  entitled  "Philobiblon,"  which 
was  ttrst  printed  at  Cologne  in  1473. 

Bury  Fair.  A  play  by  Thomas  Shadwell,  pro- 
duced about  1690.  it  is  an  imitation  of  Moliere's 
"  Lcs  Pr^cieuses  Ridicules.  " 

Bury  Saint  Edmunds  (ber'i  sant  ed'mundz). 

A  town  in  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the 
Lark  in  lat.  52°  15'  N.,  long.O°  43'  E.  It  con- 
tains the  ruins  of  a  Benedictine  abbey  founded  by  Canute, 
the  abbey  gateway,  Norman  tower,  and  several  churches. 
The  Roman  Villa  Faiistini  was  i)robably  here.  It  is  the 
capital  of  East  Anglia,  and  has  been  the  seat  of  several 
parliaments.  It  was  also  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  St. 
Edmund.     Populati.)n  (1891),  16,6:i0. 

Bus  (biis),  C6sar  de.  Born  at  Cavaillon,  Vau- 
cluse,  France,  Feb.  3,  1544:  died  at  A\ngnon, 
France,  April  15,  1G07.  A  French  priest, 
founder  of  the  "Congregation  of  the  Chris- 
tian Doctrine."  Ho  wrote  "  Instructions  fa- 
mili{'res"(1666),  etc. 

Busaco  (l)0-S!i'ko).  A  hamlet  in  Boira,  Portu- 
gal, 17  miles  northeast  of  Coimbra.  Here,  Sept. 
27,  1810,  the  British  and  Portuguese  under  Wellington 
defeated  tlie  French  under  Massbna.  The  loss  of  the 
French  was  about  4,.500  ;  of  the  Allies,  l,.'ilKI. 

Busbec,  'IV  Busbecq  (biis-bok'),  or  Busbecqu^ 
(Latini/.edBusbequius),  AugierGhislainde. 

Boi'ii   at  Coiiiiiies,    l''landiTs,  l.')22:   died   near 


or  Bushahr  (bo-shilr').     A  seaport  in  Farsis- 
tan,  southern  Persia,  situated  on  the  Persian 


by  Chapman,  published  in  1607.  The  allusions  in 
it  to  the  knights  of  James  I.,  and  to  Elizabeth  as  an  "  old 
iiueeii,"  forbid  a  date  earlier  than  1003  ;  and  the  statement 
in  i.  2,  "  'T  is  Leap  Year,"  which  must  apply  to  the  date  of 
production,  fixes  the  th'st  representation  at  1604  (Ftatu). 
D'Urfey  produced  a  play,  adapted  from  Chapman's,  witll 
this  title  in  1091. 

Bussy  d'Ambois,  The  Revenge  of.  A  sequel 
to  "Bussy  d'Ambois,"  by  Chapman,  published 
in  1613. 


Gulf  in  lat.  28°  .59'  N.,  long.  50°  :jO'  E.   It  is  an  Bustamante(bos-ta-miin'te),  Anastasio.  Born 


important  commercial  center,  and  a  station  of  the  Britisli 
Indian  Steam  Navigation  Company.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  Dec,  1850.  Population,  about  15,000. 
Bushiri  bin  Salim  (bo-she're  bin  sa-lem').  A 
mulatto  Arab  of  East  Africa,  head  of  the  Arab 
war  against  the  Germans  1888-89.  Bushiri  was 
born  about  1834,  and  owned  a  plantation  at  Pangani  when 
the  Germans  annexed  that  region.  In  May,  1889,  he  was 
beaten  by  Captain  Wissmann ;  in  June  he  captured 
Mpwapwaand  induced  the  Maflti  tribe  to  attack  the  Ger- 
mans ;  in  Oct.  he  again  lost  a  battle  with  the  Germans, 
and  fled  to  the  Ngirru  mountains.  There  he  was  captured 
by  the  natives,  and  in  December  hanged  by  the  Germans 
at  Pangani. 

Bushman  Land  (biish'man  land),  Great.  A 
region  in  the  northwestern  part  of  (I'ape  Colony, 
South  Africa,  in  lat.  29°-30°  S.,  long.  19°-21°  E. 

,  .  J         1-  t        -u  It  is  inhabited  chieflv  by  Bushmen. 

A  town  and  parliamentary  bor-  gushmen  (bush'men).  [Tr.  From  S.  African  D. 

Bo»ji  small.}  An  Airican  race.  hQQ  Hottentot, 
Klioikhoiii,  and  Pijfimics.  The  Bushmen  are  also 
called  San,  and  Th.  ILihn  proposes  this  name  for  all  the 
Bushmen,  as  ir/a'i"^/(oi7US  applied  to  the  Ht)ttentots.  The 
San  language  is  evidently  a  sister  branch  of  theKhoikhoin, 
but  poorer  and  less  regular  in  graiuniatic  forms,  while 
richer  in  clicks.  The  dialects  diverge  considerably.  The 
Bushmen  are  known  by  dilferent  names,  according  to  the 
Bantu  tribes  on  whose  skirts  they  live.  Thus  the  Araa-Xosa 
call  them  Aba-tua  ;  the  Ba-suto,  Ba-rua,  Ba-tua,  Ba-ktia, 
Ba-tskua,  is  the  name  most  generally  given  to  the  Pyg- 
mies and  Bushmen  from  Galla-land  to  the  Cape,  and 
would,  it  seems,  be  the  best  name  for  the  whole  race. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Pygmies  and  Bushmen  also 
speak  the  dialects  of  their  Bantu  neighbors,  most  of  the 


at  Tiquilpau,  Michoaean,  July  27,  1780:  died 
at  San  Miguel  Allende,  in  Guanajuato,  Feb. 
6,  1853.  A  Mexican  politician  and  soldier.  He 
entered  the  Spanish  army  in  1808,  and  served  against  the 
early  revolutionists.  Joining  Iturbide  in  1821,  he  com- 
manded a  division  in  the  march  on  Mexico,  and  was  a 
meralier  of  the  provisional  junta.  The  fall  of  Iturbide 
(1823)  forced  him  into  retirement,  but  in  1828  he  was  elected 
vice-president  under  Guerrero,  conunanding  the  army. 
Soon  after  he  revolted  against  Guerrero,  heading  the  Cen- 
tralist party,  and  its  success  made  him  acting  president 
of  Mexico.  Santa  Anna  declared  against  him  (18:i2).  and 
after  a  bloody  war  Bustamaute  was  deposed  (Dec.)  and 
banished.  After  Santa  Anna  was  captured  by  the  Texans. 
Bustamante  was  called  back  and  elected  president  of 
Mexico  (1837).  There  was  a  brief  war  with  lYance  in 
1838,  and  new  disorders  which  broke  out  in  1839  forced 
Bustiimante  to  give  up  the  presidency  to  .S:mta  Anna 
(1841).    He  served  in  the  army  until  ls48. 

Bustamante,  Carlos  Maria.    Born  in  Oajaca, 

Nov.  4,  1774:  died  at  Mexico,  Sept.  21,  1848. 
A  Mexican  statesman  and  histcm'ian.  He  com- 
nuinded  a  regiment  under  Morelos  (1M2),  was  captured 
and  imprisoned  at  Vera  Cruz,  but  was  releaseil  by  Santa 
Anna  and  marched  with  him  to  the  capital  (1821).  There- 
after he  took  an  active  part  in  political  life.  His  liistori- 
cal  works  are  of  great  importance  for  the  revolutionary 
aiul  modern  period:  the  best-known  is  "Cuadro  liistirico 
de  la  revolucion  de  la  America  mejicana." 

BustamanteyGuerra(b6s-tii-miin'teegar'ra), 
Jose.  Born  about  1750 :  died  about  1822.  A 
Spanish  naval  officer  and  administrator,  from 
March,  1811,  to  March,  1818,  captaiu-geueral  of 


-^     -  _  Guatemala. 

Pygmy  vocabularies  given  by  travelers  are  Bantu.  -The  Bustan  (bos-tiin').  [Pers.  (from  In,  fragrance, 
pr  nc  pal  Bushmen  tribes  are  the  Ba-Bumantsu  m  Ba-  •",.,,,>  .  1  ,  n  iT,  *i„^..^,.  .,..,..lt,„  o  ,Vloo,.  ;,. 
sutoland:  the  Ba-Lala  in  Bechuanaland;    the  Ma-Denas-     auu  stdii,  place),  '  a  flower-garden,  a  plaeein 

which  grow  fragrant  fruits,  an  orchard.  J 


sutolaiid;  the  Ba-Lala  in  Bechuanalaii  . 
Sana,  serfs  of  the  Ba-Mangwato,  of  Chuana  stock ;  the 
Ma-Sarwa  in  the  Kalahai-i  desert ;  the  Ba-Kankala  in  the 
Kunene  valley;  and  the  Ba-Kasekele  northeast  of  them. 
It  is  not  yet  settled  whether  the  Ba-Kuise,  Ba-Kuando, 
.and  Ba-Koroka  near  Mossamedes,  southern  Angola,  are 
Bushmen  or  degenerated  Bantu  uegroes. 
Bushnell  (biish'nel),  Horace.  Born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  April  14,  1802:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Feb.  17.  1876.  A  distinguished  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  theologian.  He  preached 
at  Hartford  1833-.59.  His  works  include  "  God  in  Christ" 
(1819),  "Christ  in  Theology  "  (1861),  "Nature  and  the  Su- 
pernatural "  (1S58),  "  Vicarious  .Sacrillcc  "  (1805),  etc. 

Bushy  (biish'i),  Sir  John.    A  follower  of  the 

king  in  Shakspiere's  "King  Richard  II." 
Busirane  (bu-si-ran').  An  enchanter,  in  Spen- 
sei-'s  "Faerie  Queene,"  who  imprisoned  Amo- 
retta,  whom  he  kept  in  most  grievous  torment : 
named  from  I'.usiris. 
Busiris(bii-si'ris).  [Gr.  Boi'im/«f.]  l.Amythical 
king  of  Egypt  who  sacrificed  each  year  to  the 
gods,  to  insure  the  cessation  of  a  famine,  one 
stranger  who  had  set  foot  on  his  shores.  Hercules 
was  seized  by  him,  and  would  have  fallen  a  victim  hail  he 
not  liroken  his  bonils  and  .slain  liusiris  with  his  club.  Bu- 
siris  in  Milton,  who  follows  other  writers,  is  the  name 
given  to  the  I'haraoh  who  was  drowned  in  the  Kcd  Seiu 
Paradine  Lost.  i.  ;iot!. 

2.  A  tragedy  liy  Di'.  Young,  author  of  "Night 
Thoughts."  "  It 'was  ])rodiiced  in  1719. 


Rouen,  France,  Oct.  28,  1.592.     A  Flemish  di- 
plomatist and  scholar,  ambassador  of   Fenli-  Busiris,  luodern  Abusir  (ii-bii-sor').    Inaneient 
mind  I.  at  Constantinople.  geography,  a  town  in  the  Delta,  Egj-pt,  near 

Busby  (buz'lii),  Richard.      Born  at  Lutton  or    the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile. 
Sutton,  Lincolnshire,  Englnnil.  Sept.  22,  Ui06:  Bussa  (bfis'sii).     A  place  situated  on  the  Niger, 
died  Ajiril  6,  1(;95.     A  noted  English  teacher,     in  West  Africa,  about  lat.  10°  N.     Mungo  Park 
head-master  of  Westminster  School  1640.  lost  his  life  there. 

Busca  (bijs'kii).  A  towii  in  the  province  of  Bussahir,  Bassahir  (bus-sii-her'),  or  Bisser 
Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Maira  (bis'ser).  A  feudatory  stale  connected  with 
9  miles  northwest  of  (''uneo.  the    lieutenant-governorship    of    the    Pan.iab, 

Busch(blish),  Julius  Hermann  MoritZ.  Born     British  India,  in  lat.  31°-32°  N.,  long.  78°  E. 


The 
name  of  several  Persian  works,  among  which 
the  "Bustan"  (or  tree-gai'xien)  of  Sadi  is  the 
most  famous. 
Busto  Arsizio  (bos'to  ar-set'se-6).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Jlilan,  Italy,  19  miles  north- 
west of  Jlilan.     I'opulation,  9,000. 

Busy  (biz'i),  Zeal-of-the-Land,  known  as  Rab- 
bi Busy.  An  unctuous,  gormandizing  Puritan, 
of  gross  ignoranco  and  a  scorn  of  culture,  iu 
Ben  .lunson's  play  "Bartholomew  Fair." 

Busybody  (biz'i-bod  i).  The.  A  pseudonym 
used  by  l5eii,iamin  Franklin  in  a  series  of  arti- 
cles written  in  1728. 

Busybody,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre, 
jiroduced  and  ])rinted  in  1709.  In  this  pl.ay  Miir- 
I)lot  is  first  introduced.  The  plot  is  p.artly  from  Jonson's 
*'  Devil  is  an  Ass."  A  secoiul  part,  called  "  Marplot,  or  the 
Second  Part  of  the  Busybody,"  was  produced  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre  in  1710.  Henry  Woodward  altered  it  and  called 
it"  .Marplot  in  Lisbon." 

Butades.     See  Dilnitiiiter^. 

Butcher  (i)uch'er).  The  Bloody.  An  epithet 
applied  to  the  Duke  of  Cumbei-land,  from  his 
crueltvin  suppressing  the  .lacobite  rising  after 
the  ba'ttle  of  Culloden,  1746. 

Bute  (biit).  An  island  situated  in  the  Firth 
of  Clyde,  south  of  Argyll  and  west  of  Ayr- 
shire," in  the  comity  of  Bute.  Its  chief  town  is 
Rothesay.  Length",  15J  miles.  Area,  GO  square 
miles. 

Bute,  or  Buteshire  (biit'shir).    A  county  In 

SeotlniKl.  It  comprises  the  islands  of  Bute,  Arran,  Inch- 
maniock.  Great  ('umbrae.  Little  Cmnbrae,  and  Holy  Isle. 
Its  capital  is  liothesay.  Area,  218  muaic  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1.^91),  18,4111. 

Bute,  Earl  of.     Sec  Stuart,  John. 

Bute,  Marquis  of.  See  Stuart,  John  Patrick 
t'rifliton. 


Bute,  Kyles  of 

Bnte,  Kyles  of.  A  strait  between  the  island  of 
Bute  and  Argyllshhe,  Scotland. 

Buthrotnm  (.bu-thro'tiun),  modern  Butrinto 
(bo-treu'to).  In  ancient  geography,  a  seaport 
in  Epirus.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Heleuus,  son  of  Priam. 

Butkhak  (bot'khiik),  or  Boothauk  vbot'hak). 
A  pass  in  the  mountains  of  Afghanistan,  east 
of  Kabul. 

Butler  (but'ler ),  Alban.  Born  at  Appletree, 
Northampton,  England.  1711 :  died  at  St.  Omer, 
France,  May  15, 1773.  An  English  Roman  Cath- 
olic hagiographer.  He  ■nrote  ■■Lives  of  the 
Fathers,  Martvi'S,  and  other  principal  Saints" 
(17.36-.59),  ere." 

Butler,  Andrew  Pickens.  Bom  in  Edgefield 
District,  S.  C,  Nov.  17,  1796:  died  near  Edge- 
field Court  House,  S.  C,  May  2.5,  18J7.  An 
American  politician.  United  States  senator 
fi'oin  South  Carolina  lSJ6-o7. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  at  Kinder- 
hook  Landing,  N.  Y.,  Dee.  17.  1795:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  S,  1858.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician,  attoruey-genei^al  of  the  United  States 
1833-38.  and  acting  secretary  of  war  1836-37. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  at  Deer- 
field,  N.  H.,Nov.  5,  1818:  died  at  Washington, 
Jan.  11, 1893.  An  American  lawver,  politician, 
and  general.  He  commanded  the  Amiy  of  the  James; 
was  defeated  at  Eii:  Bethel.  June  10, 1S61 :  captured  Ports 
Hatteras  and  Chuk,  Aug.,  1S61 ;  and  was  military  governor 
of  .\ew  Orleans  ilay-Dec,  mSi.  In  1861  he  was  "bottled 
up"  at  Bermuda  Hundred  by  the  enemy  (a  historic  phrase 
used  by  General  B:irnard,  Grant's  chief  of  engineers).  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1867-75  and 
1877-79 :  governor  of  Massachusetts  1S53  ;  and  candidate 
of  the  Anti- Monopoly.  Xation.il  Greenback-Labor,  and 
People's  parties  for  President  in  ISSi.  In  IStil  he  refused 
to  deliver  up  slaves  who  had  come  within  his  liues,  saying 
they  were  "contraband  of  war";  hence  arose  the  desig- 
nation "  contr.ibands  "  for  slaves. 

Butler,  Ctarles.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  14, 
1750 :  died  at  London,  June  2,  1832.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist,  Roman  Catholic  historian,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  nephew  of  Alban  Butler. 
His  works  include  "Horse  Biblicse  "  (1797-1807).  "Horse 
juridicse  subsecivje"  (IStM),  "  Keminiscences  "  {lS22-'2'7). 
etc. 

Butler,  Lady  fElizabeth  Southerden  Thomp- 
son). Bom  at  Lausanne,  bwitzerlaud,  in  lS4i. 
An  EngUsh  artist,  chietly  noted  as  a  painter  of 
militarv  subjects.  Among  her  pictures  are  "  Missing  " 
(1S73),  " The  Roll  CaU  "  (lS7i),  "Balaklava "  (.1876),  " Inker- 
man  "  (1S77).  "  Evicted  "  U890),  etc. 

Butler,  James.  Born  at  Clerkenwell,  England, 
Oct.  19,  1610 :  died  at  Kingston  Hall,  Dorset- 
shire, England,  July  21,  1688.  The  fii-st  Duke 
of  Ormonde.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Butler,  Vis- 
count Thurles,  and  became  earl  of  Ormonde  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  in  les-i.  He  was  the  friend  and  conti- 
deiitial  adviser  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford  ;  was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  the  army  in  Ireland  iu  ll>41 ;  defeated 
the  Irish  rebels  at  Killsalghen,  KiLrush.  and  Koss;  and 
became  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1644.  After  the  exe- 
cution of  Charles  I.  he  attached  himself  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  II.,  whom  he  accompanied  into  exile.  At  the  Res- 
toration he  was  created  duke  of  Ormonde  and  lord  high 
steward  or  England.  He  was  restored  in  166-i  to  the  lord 
lieutenancy  of  Ireland,  a  p-)st  which  he  retained,  with  au 
interruption  of  seven  years,  until  1685. 

Butler,  James,  Cuke  of  Ormonde.  Born  in 
Dublin  Castle,  April  29,  1665:  died  Nov.  16, 
1745.  An  Irish  statesman.  He  was  the  sou  of  the 
Earl  of  Ossory,  and  became  duke  of  Ormonde  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  James  Butler  (1610-58),  He  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  the  same  year,  and 
commanded  the  Life  Guards  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne 
in  1690.  In  1712  he  succeeded  Marlborough  in  the  con- 
duct of  the  campaign  in  Flanders.  In  accordance  with 
secret  instructions  from  the  ministrji  he  declined  to  co- 
operate with  the  Allies  against  the  French,  on  which 
account  he  was  impeached  by  the  Whigs  in  1715.  He  Heg 
to  France,  was  attainted,  and  in  1719  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition fitted  out  by  Spain  against  England  in  behalf  of 
the  I*retender:  the  expedition  was  dispersed  by  a  storm. 

Butler,  James.  Born  in  Prince  WiUiam  Coun- 
ty, Va. :  died  at  Cloud's  Creek,  S.  C,  1781.  An 
American  patriot  in  the  Revolutionary  W;ir. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  partizan  warfare'with  the 
British,  and  was  killed  in  the  massacre  at  Cloud's  Creek- 

Butler,  John.  Born  in  Connecticut:  died  at 
Niagara,  1794.  An  American  Tory  commander 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  made  deputy 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  by  the  British  at  the 
begiiming  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  led  a  force  of 
900  Indians  and  200  loyalists,  which  desolated  the  infant 
settlement  of  Wyoming  in  li,8,  in  the  so-called  "Wyoming 
massacre."  After  the  war  he  fled  to  Canada,  and  his  es- 
tates were  confiseated ;  but  he  was  rewarded  by  the 
British  government  with  the  office  of  Indian  agent,  5,000 
acres  of  land,  and  a  salary  and  pension  of  ^,5<J0  a  year. 

Butler,  Joseph.  Born  at  Wantage,  Berkshire, 
England,  May  18.  1692:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Jtme  16, 1752.  An  English  prelate  and  theolo- 
gian, made  bishop  of  Bristol  in  1738,  and  of 
Durham  in  1750.  His  most  noted  work  is  the  "Anal- 
ogy of  Religion,  Natural  and  Revealed,  to  the  Constitu- 
tion and  Course  of  Mature  "  (173t>X 


198 

Butler,  Reuben.  In  Scott's  novel ' '  The  Heart 
of  Mid-Lothian,"  a  weak  and  sensitive  minister 
of  the  Scottish  Church,  who  marries  Jeanie 
Deans. 

Butler,  Samuel.  Born  at  Strensham,  Worces- 
tershire, England,  Feb.,  1612:  died  at  Lon- 
don. Sept  25. 1680.  An  English  poet.  He  is  said 
to  have  studied  for  a  short  time  at  Cambridge  about  1627 ; 
wasattend.^mt  to  Elizabeth,  countess  of  Kent,  about  16-28, 
in  whose  house  he  met  John  Selden:  and  served  as  clerk 
or  attendant  to  a  succession  of  coimtry  gentlemen,  in- 
cluding the  Presbyterian  Sir  Samuel  Luke,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  original  of  Hudibras.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Hudibras  "  (1663-78),  a  heroic-comic  poem  satirizing 
Puritanism. 

Butler,  Samuel.  Born  at  Kenilworth,  War- 
wickshire, England,  Jan.  30,  1774 :  died  at  Ee- 
cleshall  Castle,  Staffordshire.  England,  Dec.  4, 
1839.  An  English  prelate  and  classical  scholar, 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry. 

Butler,  Walter.  Died  near  Seiiomdorf,  Wiir- 
temberg,  1634.  An  Irish  adventurer  in  the 
imperial  service  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  an 
accomplice  iu  the  assassination  of  Wallenstein. 

Butler, WilliamAllen.  Bomat Albanv,N. Y., 
Feb.  20,  1825:  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  9, 
1902.  An  American  lawyer  and  poet,  son  of 
Benjamin  Franklin  Butler  (1795-1858).  Hevias 
graduated  at  the  Tniversity  of  the  City  of  New  York  in 
1843 ;  studied  law  with  his  father ;  and  took  up  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  N  ew  York  city.  He  was  the  author  of  "Xo- 
thingtoWear:  anEpisodeinCityLife"  (1857),etc.,■'T«oMil- 
lions  "  (1858),  ■'General  Average"  (1860),  and  other  poems. 

Butler,  "William  Archer.  Bora  at  Annerville, 
near  Clonmel.  Iieland,  about  1814:  died  July  5, 
1848.  An  Irish  clergyman  and  philosophical 
and  theological  writer,  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Dublin.  His  works 
include  "  Sermons  "  (1849),  "  Letters  on  the  Development 
of  Christian  Doctrine  "  (1850X  "  Lectures  on  the  History 
of  Ancient  Philosophy'"  U850),  etc. 

Butler,  William  Orlando.  Bom  in  Jessamine 
County,  Ky.,  17iil:  died  at  CarroUton,  Ky., 
Aug.  6,  1880.  Au  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  commanded  the 
army  in  Mexico,  Feb.-May,  1848 ;  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress 1839-43 ;  and  was  Democratic  candidate  for  Vice- 
President  in  1S48. 

Buto  (bii'to).  An  Egj-ptian  divinity,  identified 
by  the  Greeks  with  Leto :  the  eponymous  god- 
dess of  Buto  or  Butos,  a  town  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Nile  delta. 

Buton  (bo-ton'),  or  Boeton,  or  Bouton.  An 
island  in  the  East  Indies,  southeast  of  Celebes, 
in  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  123°  E.,  belonging  to  the 
Netherlands.  Area,  estimated,  1,700  square 
miles. 

Butt  (but),  Isaac.  Born  at  Glenfin,  Donegal, 
L-eland,  Sept.  6.  1813:  died  near  Dimdrum, 
Coimty  Dublin,  May  5,  1879.  An  Irish  lawyer 
and  politician.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1852,  as  mem- 
ber for  Harwich,  and  was  leader  of  the  Home  Rule  party 
1871-77.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of  Italy  from 
the  Abdication  of  Napoleon  I."  (1860),  etc. 

Butte  (but),  or  Butte  City.  A  city  in  Silver 
Bow  County,  Montana,  situated  in  the  heart  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  lat.  46°  3'  N.,  long. 
112°  27' W.  It  contains  the  Anaconda  and  many  other 
mines,  and  produces  large  quantities  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper.    Population  (1900),  30,470. 

Buttermere  (but'er-mer).  A  small  lake  in  the 
Lake  District  of  England,  situated  6  miles 
southwest  of  Derwentwater. 

Buttes  (biit),  Les.  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Neuchatel,Switzerland,situated  20 miles  south- 
west of  Neuehatel.  It  is  noted  for  its  position, 
inclosed  by  mountains. 

Buttington  (but'ing-ton).  A  place  in  Mont- 
gomery, Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn  8  miles 
north  of  Montgomery.  Here,  in  894,  the  Eng- 
lish under  the  ealdorman  ^thelred  defeated 
the  Danes. 

Biittisholz  (biit'tis-holts).  A  village  in  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  11 
miles  northwest  of  Lucerne.  Here,  in  1375,  the 
Swiss  peasants  defeated  and  slew  3,000  English  under 
Ingelram  de  Coney :  their  bodies  were  btmed  in  the 
'•  Englanderhiibel "'(Englishman's  mounds 

Buttmann  (bot'man),  Philipp  Earl.  Bom  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Maiu,  Gei'many,  Dec.  5, 1764: 
died  at  Berlin,  June  21, 1829.  A  noted  German 
philologist.  His  works  include  •■Griechisehe 
Grammatik"  (1792), "  Schulgrammatik"  (1816), 
'■Lexilogus"(1818). 

Button  (but'n).  Sir  Thomas.  Died  1634.  An 
English  navigator.  He  commanded  an  expedition  to 
search  for  the  northwest  passage,  1612-13,  on  which  he 
explored  for  the  first  time  the  coasts  of  Hudson  Bay,  and 
named  Nelson  River,  New  Wales,  and  Button  s  Bay. 

Butts  (huts),  Sir  William.  Died  Nov.  22, 
1.545.  An  English  physician.  He  was  born  in 
Norfolk,  and  was'educated  at  Cambridge,  being  admitted 
to  the  degree  of  IL  D.  in  1518.    He  subsequently  became 


Byng,  George 

physician  in  ordinar>-  to  Heurj*  VIIT.    He  appears  as  one 
of  the  characters  in  Shaksperes  "Henry  VIII. "  (v.  2). 

Buturlin  (bo-tor-len'),  Dmitri  Petro'sitch. 
Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  1790:  died  near  St 
P«tersburg.  Oct.  21,  1849.  A  Russian  military 
writer.  His  works  include  *'  Relation  de  la  campagne 
en  Italic  1799  "  (1810X  "  Tableau  de  la  campagne  de  181S 
en  AHemagne  "  (1815),  etc. 

Bazar,  or  Baxar  (buk-sar').  A  town  in  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  60  miles  east-northeast  of 
Benares.  Here,  Oct.  23. 1764,  the  British  force  (7,000) 
under  Hector  Munro  defeated  the  native  army  (4(>,00O). 
The  loss  of  the  latter  was  over  6,000. 

Buxho'wden  (boks-hev'den),  Count  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Magnustlial.  island 
of  Mobn,  Baltic  Sea,  Sept.  25  (N.  S.),  1750: 
died  at  Lohde,  Esthonia,  Russia,  Sept.  4  (N.  S.), 
1811.  A  Russian  general,  distinguished  in  the 
campaigns  in  Poland  and  Sweden.  He  com- 
manded the  Russian  left  wing  at  Austerlitz. 

Buxton  (buks'ton).  Atown  and  watering-place 
in  Derbyshire,  England,  situated  20  miles  south- 
east of  Manchester.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral 
springs.  Its  chief  structure  is  the  "Crescent,"  and  the 
objects  of  interest  in  the  vicinity  are  Poole's  Hole  (stalac- 
tite cave).  Diamond  Hill,  and  the  clilf  Chee  Tor.  Popu- 
lation (1S9H,  7.41:4. 

Buxton,  Charles.  Born  Nov.  18,  1823 :  died 
Aug.  10.  1871.  An  English  politician  and  phi- 
lanthropist, son  of  Sir  Thomas  FoweU  Buxton. 
He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  1843 ;  be- 
came a  partner  in  the  brewery  of  'Truman,  Hanbury  and 
Co.,  London,  in  1845  ;  was  member  of  Parliament  for  New. 
port,  Isle  of  Wiglit,  1857-59.  for  Maidstone  16.^9-65,  and  for 
East  Surrey  18i;5-71.  He  edited  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  Thomas 
Powell  Bujcton"  (1848X  "Slavery  and  Freedom  in  the 
British  West  Indies  "  ,18C0),  etc. 

Buxton,  Jedediah.  Boi'n  at  Ehnton,  Derby- 
shire, England,  March  20,  1705:  died  there, 
1772.  An  English  mathematical  prodigy.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  schoolmaster,  but  remained  throughout 
life  a  farm  laborer,  because  of  incapacity  to  acquire  an 
education,  his  mind  being  occupied  by  an  absorbing  pas- 
sion for  mental  calculations. 

Buxton,  Sir  Thomas  Fowell.  Bom  April  1, 
1786:  died  Feb.  19.  1845.  An  English  philan- 
thropist. He  was  an  advocate  of  the  abolition  of  sla- 
veiy,  and  was  parliamentary  leader  of  the  autislavery 
parly  alter  1824. 

Buxtorf,  or  Buxtorflf  (boks'torf),  Johann,  the 
elder.  Born  at  Kamen,  Westphalia.  Germany, 
Dec.  25, 15(>4 :  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Sept. 
13,1629.  AGerman  Protestant  theologian,  noted 
as  a,  Hebraist.  He  was  professor  at  Basel  1591-1629. 
His  chief  works  are  ■*  Manuale  hebraicum  et  chaldaicum  * 
(1602).  "  Lexicon  hebraicum  et  chaldaicum  "  (1607),  "  Bib? 
lia  hebraica  rabbinica '  (1618-19). 

Buxtorf,  or  Buxtorff,  Johann,  the  younger. 
Born  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Aug.  13, 1599:  died 
at  Basel,  Aug.  16.  1664.  A  German  Hebraist, 
son  of  Johann  Buxtorf. 

Buyides  (bii'yi-dez),  or  Bo'Wides.  A  Pei-sian 
dynasty  of  the  10th  and  11th  centuries,  over- 
thrown about  1055. 

Buzfuz  (buz'fuz).  Sergeant.  In  Charles  Dick- 
ens's ■■Pickwick  Papers,"  the  pompous  and 
brutal  coimsel  for  Mi's.  Bardell  in  the  Bardell- 
Pickwick  breach-of-pi'omise  suit. 

Buzzard  (buz'ard),  Mr.  Justice.  A  character 
in  Fielding's  '■  Amelia"  whose  "ignorance  of 
law  is  as  great  as  his  readiness  to  take  a 
bribe." 

Buzzard's  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
lying  southeast  of  Massachusetts.  It  is  separated 
from  Vineyard  Sound  by  the  Elizabeth  Islands.  Length, 
30  miles.    Breadth,  5-10  miles. 

Byblis  (bib'Us).  In  classical  mythology,  the 
daughter  of  Miletus  and  sister  of  Caunus. 
From  her  tears  arose  the  fountain  of  Byblis. 

Byblos  (bib'los).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Phenicia.  It  was  tributarj-  to  Assyria.  See 
Gebal. 

Byblos.  A  town  in  the  Delta,  Egypt,  south  of 
Bubastis. 

Bycorne.    See  Chiclieiaehe. 

Bye  Plot  (bl  plot),  or  Surprise  Plot.  A  con- 
spiracy in  1603  to  seize  the  person  of  James  I. 
of  England,  and  extort  certain  religious  con- 
cessions. Its  members  were  Markham,  Brooke, 
Lord  Grev  of  Wilton,  and  others. 

Byerly  Turk  (bi'er-li  terk).  The.  One  of  the 
three  Oriental  horses  from  which  all  names 
in  the  stud-book  trace  descent.  See  Barley's 
Arabian  and  Godolphin  Barb.  He  was  ridden  by  a 
Captain  Byerly  in  the  first  Irish  campaign  of  King  Wil- 
liam in.,  1689.  Nothing  more  seems  to  be  known  of  hia 
origin.  From  him  springs  the  Herod  family  of  thorough- 
breds. 

Byles  fbilz).  Ma'ther.  Bora  at  Boston.  March 
26.  1706:   died   at  Boston,  Jidy  5,  1788.     An 

•  American  cle^g^^nan  and  poet,  pastor  of  the 
HoUis  Street  CSiurch  at  Boston_  1733-76.  He 
was  imprisoned  as  a  Tory  in  1777. 

B3rng  (bing),  (Jeorge.    See  Torrington,  Viscount, 


Byng,  John 

i  Byng,  John.  Bom  170-t:  executed  in  Ports- 
mouth harbor,  Euglaud,  March  14,  1757.  A 
British  admiral,  son  of  Viscount  Tomngton. 
He  was  unsuccessful  in  an  expedition  to'relieve  Minorca, 
which  was  threatened  by  a  French  fleet  under  the  Duke 
of  Richelieu  in  175C;  and  at  the  instance  <>f  the  ministry, 
whose  inetfectual  war  policy  had  remierod  it  unpopular, 
was  tried  by  a  court  martial,  and  found  guilty  of  neglect 
of  duty.  He  was  shot  in  spite  of  the  unanimous  recom- 
mendation to  mercy  by  the  court,  whicli  deplored  that 
the  ai-ticle  of  war  under  which  he  was  condemned  ad- 
mitted of  no  mitigation  of  punishment,  even  if  the  crime 
were  committed  by  a  mere  error  of  judgment. 

Byr  (biir),  Robert.  The  name  under  which  Karl 
Kobert  Emmerich  Bayer  wrote,  and  by  which 
he  was  frequently  known. 

Byrd  (bferd),  William.  Born  at  Westover, 
Va.,  March  28  (10?),  1674:  died  there,  Aug. 
26,  1744.  An  American  lawyer.  He  was  educated 
in  England  ;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  ; 
atddied  in  the  Netherlands ;  visited  the  court  of  France ; 
was  chosen  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society ;  was  receiver-gen- 
eral of  the  revenue  in  Virginia ;  was  tlu-ee  times  colonial 
agent  in  England;  was  for  thirty-seven  years  member 
and  finaUy  president  of  the  council  of  the  colony  ;  and  in 
1?2S  waa  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  fix  the 
boundary  between  Virginia  and  Korth  Carolina,  an  ac- 
count of  which  is  contained  in  the  so-called  "  Westover 
ilanuscripts"  (Petersburg,  1S41),  written  by  him. 

Byrgius  (ber'ji-us),  Justus,  Latinized  from 
Jobst  Biirgi  (biir'gi).  Born  at  Lichtensteig, 
St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  Feb.  28,  1552:  died  at 
Cassel,  Germany,  Jan.  31,  1632.  A  Swiss  in- 
ventor and  mathematician.  He  published  loga- 
rithmic tables  (1620),  and  constructed  a  celestial  globe, 
sector,  etc. 

Byrom  (bi'rom),  John.  Bom  Feb.  29,  1692,  at 
Kersall  Cell,  Broughton,  near  Manchester:  died 
Sept.  26, 1763.  An  English  poet  and  stenogra- 
pher. He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.of  which 
he  became  a  fellow  in  1714.  He  invented  a  system  of 
shorthand  which  was  published  in  17G7  under  the  title 
"  The  Univei"sal  English  Shorthand. "  A  collective  edition 
of  his  poems,  the  most  notable  of  which  are  "Colin  to 
Phoebe,  *' Three  Black  Crows,"  and  "Figg  and  Sutton," 
appeared  at  Manchester  in  177iJ. 


199 

Byron.     Bee  Biron. 

Byron  (in'ron),  George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord. 

Born  at  London,  Jan.  22.  17S8:  died  at  Mis- 
solonghi,  Greece,  April  19,  1824.  A  cele- 
brated English  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Byron, 
captain  in  the  Guards,  by  his  second  wife  Catherine  Gor- 
don. His  family  traced  its  origin  back  to  the  Norman 
conquest.  He  was  born  with  a  malformation  of  both  feet. 
His  mother,  who  had  been  deserted  by  her  husband,  re- 
sided with  her  son  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  17l)l-it8.  On 
the  death  of  his  grandunclu  William,  fifth  Lord  Byron, 
in  the  latter  year,  he  inherited  his  titles  and  estate,  in- 
cluding Newstead  Abbey.  He  subsequently  studied  at 
Harrow  and  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degcee  of 
M.  A.  in  1808.  In  1807  he  published  "Hours  of  Idle- 
ness," which  elicited  adverse  criticism  from  a  writer  in  the 
"Edinburgh  Review,"  probably  Lord  Brougham.  Byron 
responded  with  the  satire  "English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers"  (1800),  which  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion. In  1809-11  be  traveled  in  Portutral.  Spain,  Turkey, 
and  Greece,  and  in  1812  published  the  Ihst  two  cantos 
of  "Childe  Harold,"  the  others  appeal  in;:  in  KSIO  and  1818. 
In  1815  he  married  iliss  Anne  Isabella  ililbankt;,  by  whom 
he  became,  in  181t>.  the  father  of  Augusta  Ada  (afterward 
Countess  of  Lovelace),  and  who  left  him  for  some  unex- 
plained reason  in  1810.  He  abandoned  England  in  1810,  and 
in  this  year  met  at  Geneva  iliss  Clairmont,  who  bore  him, 
in  1817,  an  illegitimate  child,  Allegra,  who  was  placed  by 
him  in  a  Roman  Catholic  convent  at  Bagna-Cavallo,  near 
Ravenna,  where  she  died  in  1822.  In  181!)  he  mct,at  Venice, 
Teresa,  Countess  Guiccioli,  with  whom  he  maintained  a 
liaison  during  the  remainder  of  his  residence  in  Italy.  He 
subsequently  lived  at  Ravenna,  Pisa,  and  Genoa,  taking  an 
active  interest  in  the  revolutionary  movement  of  the  Car- 
bonari. In  1823  he  joined  the  Greek  insurgents  at  Cepha- 
lonia,  and  in  the  following  year  became  the  commander- 
in-chief  at  Missolonghi,  where  he  died  of  a  fever.  Besides 
the  titles  already  mentioned,  his  works  include  "The 
Giaour  "  (1813),  *'  The  Bride  of  Abydos  "  (1813),  "  The  Cor- 
sair" (1814),  "Lara"  (1814),  "Hebrew  Melodies"  (1815), 
"Poems  by  Lord  Byron"  (1816).  "Prisoner  of  Chillon,  and 
other  Poems  "  (1816), "  Manfred  "  (1817) ,  "  Mazeppa  "(1819). 
"Marino  Faliero  "  (1820).  "The  TwoFoscari  "and  "Cain" 
(one  volume,  18-21),  "The  Deformed  Transformed  "  (1824), 
"Don  Juan"  (1819-24),  etc.  "Life  and  Works"  pub- 
lished by  Murray  (1832-35).  See  Moore's  "  Life  of  Byron" 
(1830),  Gait,  "Life  of  Byron"  (2d  ed.  1830),  Trelawney, 
'Recollections  of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and  Byron" 
(1858),  and  Guiccioli,  Comtesse  de,  "Lord  Byron  jug6  pur 
les  temoins  de  sa  vie  "  (1868). 


Byzantium 

Byron,  Harriet.  An  effected  orphan,  attached 
to  ISir  Charlbs  GraudisoTi,  and  the  principal 
writer  of  the  letters,  in  Kichardson's  novel  of 
that  name. 

Byron,  John.  Born  Nov.  8,  1723:  died  April 
10,  1786.  A  British  naval  officer,  second  son 
of  William,  foiu'th  Lord  Bjtou.  He  entered  the 
navy  when  a  boy,  and  in  1740  waa  niidi^hipman  of  the 
Wager  in  Anson's  squadron  which  was  wrecked  near  Cape 
Horn.  From  1764  to  176*.;  he  commanded  two  vessels  in 
a  voyage  of  exphuation  anmnd  the  world;  but  !»eyond 
the  curious  observations  on  the  Indians  of  Patagonia  and 
the  discovery  of  some  small  islands  in  the  Paoitic  he  ac- 
complished little.  lie  was  gnvenior  of  Xewfoundland 
1769-72;  became  vice-admiral  in  1778;  and  on  July  6, 
1779,  bad  an  engai^ement  with  the  French  fleet  of  D'Estaing 
off  (jrenada,  West  Iiidie.-^,  but  was  defeat*  d. 

Byron's  Conspiracy,  and  Byron's  Tragedy. 

Two  plays  by  Chapman,  produced  in  ItiOf), 
printed  in  1608:  they  may  be  regarded  as  one. 
They  were  reprinted  during  the  autlior's  lifetime,  with 
revisions,  in  1625.  Charles,  duke  of  Biron  (who  was  ex- 
ecuted in  1602),  is  represented  in  these  plays  as  a  self-con 
fident  braggart  of  "boundless  vainglory." 

Byrsa  (ber'sU*.  [Gr,  Bifjaa.']  The  citadel  of 
Carthage. 

Bytown  (bi'touu).  The  former  name  of  Ottawa, 
Canada. 

Byzantine  Empire.    See  Eastern  Empire. 

Byzantine  Historians.    A  collective  term  for 

the  Greek  historians  of  the  Eastern  Empire. 
The  most  important  were  Zosimus,  Procopius,  Agathias, 
Constantino  Porphyrogenitus,  Anna  Comnena,  Joannes 
Cinnamus,  Nicetas,  etc. 
Byzantium  (bi-zan'tium).  [Gr.  Bvi^dvrtov,']  In 
ancient  geography, 'a  Greek  city  built  on  the 
eastern  part  of  the  site  of  Constantinople,  iu 
which  it  was  merged  in  330  a.  d.  it  was  noted 
for  its  control  of  the  corn-trade  and  for  fisheries.  It  was 
founded  I)y  Megarians  in  the  7th  century  B.  C,  and  waa 
recolonized  after  the  battle  of  Platsea  (479  b.  c).  Alei- 
biades  conquered  it  in  408  B.  0.,  and  Lysander  in  405  B.  c. 
In  330  B.  c.  it  was  besieged  by  Philip  of  Macedon  and 
relieved  by  Phoeion,  and  again  besieged  and  taken  by  Sevc- 
rus  194-i;»6  A.  I).    .See  Constantinople. 


aaba.  See  Kaaba. 
Caaguas  (ka-a-gwas')»  or 
Caas  (ka-as').  [*Forest- 
meu/J  A  horde  of  wild 
South  Amerieau  Indians  liv- 
ing on  the  river  Parana  in 
northwestern  Paraguay  and 
^  the  adjacent  parts  of  Brazil. 
They  are  the  degraded  remains  of  Guarani  tribes.  Dur- 
ing the  ISth  century  they  sometimes  took  ref nge  in  the 
Jesuit  missions  of  Paraguay  from  the  oppressions  of  the 
slave-huTiters  of  Sao  Paulo ;  but  they  subsequently  renewed 
their  wild  life.     Very  little  is  known  of  them. 

CaamaSo  (ka-a-ma'nyo),  Jose  Maria  Placido. 

Born  at  Guayaquil,  Oct.  5,  1838.  An  Ecua- 
dorian statesman,  in  1SS2  he  was  banished  for  con- 
spiring against  the  dictator  Veintimilla.  From  Peru  he 
led  an  expedition  against  Guayaquil,  I880,  which  was 
eventually  successful.  The  downfall  of  Veintimilla  fol- 
lowed. Caamano  was  made  president  ad  interim  Oct,  11, 
1883,  and  was  regularly  elected  president  Feb.  17,  1SS4. 
holding  the  office  until  June  30,  ISSS.  lu  1S89  and  1890 
he  wa3  minister  to  \A'ashiugton. 

Caas.     See  Caaguas. 

Cabades  (ka-ba'dez),  or  Cavades  (ka-va'dez), 
Pers.  Kobad  (ko-bad').  King  of  Persia.  See 
Sassanids, 

Cabal  (ka-bal'),  The,  An  tmpopular  ministry 
of  Charles  11.,  consisting  of  Clifford,  Ashley. 
Buekingliam,  Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the 
initials  of  whose  names  happened  to  compose 
the  word.     It  held  office  16G7  to  1673. 

Caballero  y  de  la  Torre  (kii-bal-ya'ro  e  da  la 
tor're),  Jose  Agustin.  Born  at  Havana,  Feb., 
1771:  died  there,  April  6,  1S35.  A  Cuban  edu- 
cator and  noted  pulpit  orator.  He  studied  at  the 
Seminary  of  San  Cai'los  and  the  Havana  University,  and 
was  long  the  director  of  the  former  institution  and  lec- 
turer on  philosophy. 

Caballero  y  Gongora  (ka-bal-ya'ro  e  gon'g^- 
ra),  Antonio.  A  Spanish  prelate  who  in  1780 
■was  archbishop  of  Santa  F6  (New  Granada) 
and  made  an  attempt  to  conciliate  the  rebels 
in  the  south.  He  was  appointed  viceroy,  and  ruled  New 
Granada  from  1782  to  17S9,  uniting  the  religious,  militaiy, 
and  civil  powers. 

Cabanagem  (ka-bii-na'zham),  or  Cabanos 
(ka-ba'nosh).  [Pg.,  *  cottagers,'  from  ca- 
hanaj  a  hut.]  The  name  given  in  Brazil  to 
the  rebels  who,  from  1833  to  1836,  ovei-ran  the 
Amazon  valley.  The  abdication  of  Pedro  I.  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  rumor  that  the  regency  desired  to  turn  Brazil 
over  to  Portugal.  Certain  liberal  leaders  in  Pani  took  ad- 
vantage of  this  report,  called  to  their  aid  the  ignorant 
Indian  and  mulatto  population,  murdered  the  president, 
and  committed  many  atrocities.  Matters  went  from  bad 
to  worse  until  the  whole  province  was  in  a  state  of  anarchy 
and  ParA  was  abandoned  by  the  whites.  The  rebellion 
was  subdued  by  Andrea  in  1S36. 

Cabanas  (ka-ban'yas),  Trinidad.  Bom  in  Hon- 
duras about  1802:  died  Jan.  8, 1871.  A  Central 
American  general.  He  was  an  officer  with  Morazan, 
and  an  upholder  of  Central  American  unity.  In  lSi4  he 
aided  in  the  defense  of  Leon,  Nicaragua,  against  Malespin, 
and  in  18i5  he  led  the  Salvadorian  troops  which  attempted 
to  overthrow  Malespin.  He  was  made  president  of  Hon- 
duras Slarch  1,  1852.  An  attempt  to  interfere  with  the 
affairs  of  Guatemala  led  to  his  deposition  by  Guatemalan 
troops  aided  by  revolutionists  of  Honduras.  July,  lSo5.  He 
fled  to  Salvador  and  remained  in  exile  several  years. 

Cabanel  (ka-ba-nel'),  Alexandre.  Born  at 
Montpellier,  France,  Sept.  28,  1823:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  23,  1889.  A  noted  French  histori- 
cal, genre,  and  portrait  painter,  a  pupil  of  Pieot. 
He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1S45,  a  medal  of  the 
second  class  in  1852,  a  medal  of  the  first  class  in  1855.  and 
medals  of  honor  in  1865, 1867,  and  1878.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  1863,  and  was  professor  in  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts. 

Cabanis  (ka-ba-nes').  A  historical  novel  re- 
lating to  the  times  of  Frederick  the  Great,  by 
Wilhelm  Haring  (pseudonym  **Wilibald  Alex- 
is^'). 1832. 

Cabanis  (ka-ba-nes'),  Pierre  Jean  George. 
Born  at  Cosnac,  Charente-Inferiem'e,  France, 
June  5, 1757:  died  near  Meulan,  France,  May  5, 
1808.  AnotedFrenchphysicist  and  philosopher. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Rapports  du  physique  et  du moral 
de  rhomme  "  (1802).  In  this  work  he  discussed  systemat- 
ically the  relations  of  soul  and  body,  with  materialistic 
conclusions.  He  regarded  the  physical  and  the  psychical 
as  the  same  thing  looked  at  from  different  points  of  view, 
and  the  soul  not  as  a  being,  but  as  a  faculty. 


Cabarrus  (ka-ba-rii'),  Comte  PranQois  de. 
Born  at  Bayonne,  France,  1752 :  died  at  8e^'ille^ 
Spain,  April  27, 1810.  A  Spanish  financier,  of 
French  origin.  He  ^as  minister  of  finance 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  1808-10. 

Cabega  de  Vaca.    fSee  Cabc::a  de  Vaco. 

Cabel  (kii-bel'),  Mme.  (Marie  Jos^phe  Dreul- 
lette).  Born  at  Liege,  Belgium,  Jan.  31.  1827. 
A  Belgian  opera-singer.  Jleyerbeer  wrote  for 
her  the  part  of  Catherine  in  "L'£toile  du 
Nord,"  and  also  that  of  Dinorah. 

Cabes  (kii'bes),  or  Gabes  (ga'bes),  Gulf  of. 
An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  south  of  Tunis, 
in  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  10°-11°  E.:  the  ancient 
Syrtis  Minor.  There  is  a  town  of  the  same 
name  situated  on  the  gulf,  with  about  8,000 
inhabitants. 

Cabestaing  (ka-bes-tah'j,  or  Cabestan  (ka-bes- 
toii'),  Guillaume  de,  A  Provencal  poet  ac- 
cording to  Papon,  Roussillonuais  according  to 
Millot.  He  lived  towaid  the  end  of  the  12th  century, 
and  was  killed  from  jealousy  by  Raymond  of  KoussiUon. 
According  to  the  legend,  Raym^iud  caused  his  wife  to  eat. 
unwittingly,  of  Cabestaing's  heart.  When  she  learned 
what  she  had  done  she  declared  that  her  lips,  which  had 
tasted  such  noble  food,  should  touch  no  other,  and  died  of 
starvation.  Seven  of  his  poems,  reflecting  a  pure  and  in- 
tense passion,  have  been  preserved. 

Cabet  (ka-ba'),  Etienne.  Born  at  Dijon,  Jan. 
1, 17S8 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.  8, 1S56.  A 
French  communist.  He  was  an  advocate  by  profes- 
sion ;  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1831 ; 
founded  "  Le  Populaire  **  in  1833  ;  and  fled  to  England  in 
1S34  in  order  to  escape  punishment  on  account  of  an  ar- 
ticle which  he  had  published  in  that  journal.  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  consequence  of  the  amnesty  of  1839. 
He  wrote  "Histoire  populaire  de  la  revolution  frau<;aise 
de  17S9  a  1830,"  "Voyage  en  Icarie,  roman  philosophique 
et  social  "  (1840).  He  established  a  communistic  settle- 
ment, called  Icarie,  in  Texas  in  1848)  which  was  removed 
to  >;auvoo,  Hlinois,  in  1850.     See  icaria. 

Cabeza  del  Buey  (ka-ba'tha  del  bo-a').  A  small 
town  situated  in  the  province  of  Badajoz,  Spain, 
in  lat.  38^40'  X..  long.  5°  17'  W. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca  (ka-ba'thii  da  va'ka),  Alvar 
Nunez.  Born  at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  Spain, 
probably  in  1490:  died  at  Se\'ille  after  1560. 
A  Spanish  soldier,  in  152S  he  was  comptroller  and 
royal  treasurer  with  the  exptdition  of  Pa:uphilo  de  Nar- 
vaez  to  Florida.  He  and  three  others  were  the  only  ones 
who  escaped  from  shipwreck  and  the  savages  ;  after  liv- 
ing for  years  among  the  Indians,  they  reached  the  Span- 
ish settlements  in  nortliern  Mexico  in  April,  15^6.  Cabeza 
de  Vaca  returned  to  Spain  in  1537.  and  in  1&40  he  w  as  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Paraguay.  He  sailed  with  400  men, 
lauded  on  the  coast  of  southern  Brazil,  and  marched  over- 
land to  Asuncion,  the  journey  occupying  nearly  a  year.  In 
1M3  he  explored  the  upper  JParaguay.  Ou  April  25,  15-14, 
he  was  deposed  and  imprisoned  by  the  colonists  for  alleged 
aibitrary  acts.  Sent  to  Spain  the  next  year,  he  was  tried 
by  the  Council  of  the  Indies  and  sentenced  to  be  banished 
to  Oran,  Africa ;  but  he  was  subsequently  recalled  by  the 
king,  received  a  pension,  and  was  made  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Seville.  While  his  case  was  pending  before 
the  ComicU  of  the  Indies  he  published  two  works:  one, 
*' Naufragios,  peregrinaciones  y  milagros,"  describing  bis 
Florida  adventures,  and  the  other,  **Cummentarios,"  relat- 
ing to  his  administration  in  Paraguay.  Both  were  written 
for  hisown  justiflcation  ;  but,  making  allowances  for  this, 
they  are  of  great  historical  value.  There  are  modern  edi- 
tions in  several  languages. 

Cabinda,  or  Kabinda  (ka-ben'da).  A  town 
and  harbor  of  Portuguese  West  Africa,  situated 
a  few  miles  north  of  the  Kongo  estuary,  in  lat. 
5°  30'  S.,  long.  12^  10'  E.  it  is  the  capital  of  the 
Kongo  district  of  the  province  of  Angola,  and  is  a  favorite 
rendezvous  of  American  whalers.  It  has  developed  rap- 
idly since  1885,  and  especially  since  the  introduction  of  a 
high  tariff  in  the  Kongo  State.  In  the  native  language  the 
country  and  people  are  called  K<joyo.  They  have  no  head 
chief,  but  numerous  petty  chiefs^  called  kings.  See  Kongo 
^nA^Angola, 

Cabiri,  or  Kaoeiri  (ka-bi'ri).  [Gr.  Kdi3Eipoi, 
the  mighty  ones.]  1.  The  seven  planets  wor- 
shiped by  the  Phenicians.  Their  father  was 
called  Syduk  ('justice')- — 2.  In  Greek  mj^hol- 
ogy,  certain  beneficent  deities  of  whose  charac- 
teristics little  is  known,  worshiped  in  parts  of 
Greece  and  in  the  islands  of  Imbros,  Lemnos, 
and  Samothrace.  They  are  possibly  connected  with 
the  Cabiri  of  Phenicia.  To  botli  were  ascribed  the  inven- 
tion of  arts,  especialiyof  ship-building,  navigation,  and  the 
working  of  iron.  Their  rites  were  secret.  ThemyBteries 
of  the  Cabiri  of  Samotlirace  were  regarded  as  inferior  only 
200 


to  the  Eleusinian  in  sanctity.  The  initiated  were  supposed 
to  receive  special  protection  against  mishaps,  especially 
by  sea. 

Cable  (ka'bl),  George  Washington.    Born  at 

New  Orleans,  Oct.  12, 1844.  An  American  novel- 
ist, noted  especially  for  descriptions  of  Creole 
life  in  Louisiana.  He  has  written  "Old  Creole  Days" 
(1S79),  •'The  Grandissimes "  (ISSO),  "Madame  Delphiue," 
•*Dr.  Sevier"  (1SS4),  etc. 

Caboche  (kn-bosh'),  Simonet.  The  leader  of 
a  band  of  rulhans  in  the  service  of  the  Duke 
of  Biu-gundy  diuing  the  civil  war  between  the 
Armagnacs  and  the  Burgundians. 

Cabot  (kab'ot),  George.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Dec.  3,  1751":  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April  18, 
1823.  An  American  politician.  He  was  X'nited 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1791-96,  and  president 
of  the  Hartford  Convention  in  1814. 

Cabot,  Jolm,  It.  Giovanni  Caboto,  Sp,  Gaboto. 

An  Italian  navigator  in  the  English  service. 
He  was  probably  a  native  of  Genoa  or  its  neighborhood, 
and  in  1476  became  a  citizen  of  Venice  after  a  residence 
of  fifteen  years.  He  subsequently  removed  to  Bristol, 
England.  Believing  that  a  northwest  passage  would 
shorten  the  route  to  India,  he  determined  to  imdertake  an 
expedition  in  search  of  such  a  passage,  and  in  1496  ob-  ? 
tained  from  Henry  VII.  a  patent  for  the  discovery,  at  his 
own  expense,  of  unknown  lands  in  the  eastern,  western, 
or  northern  seas.  He  set  sail  from  Bristol  in  May,  1497, 
in  company  with  his  sons,  andretumedin  July  of  the  same 
year.  The  e.xpeditiou  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  Cape 
Breton  Island  and  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  spring  of  1498  he 
made  a  second  voyage  (north  to  Labrador  C-)>  south  to  30°X 
on  which  he  died  (:). 

Cabot,  Sebastian.  Bom  at  Bristol,  England,  (?) 
1474:  died  at  London  in  1557.  A  celebrated 
explorer,  second  son  of  John  Cabot.  He  probably 
accompanied  his  father  in  the  vuyage  of  1497,  when  the 
shore  of  Xorth  America  was  discovered  (his  name  ap- 
pears ^vith  his  father's  in  the  petition  to  Henrj' VII.);  and 
it  is  probable  that  he  was  with  him  also  in  the  voyage  of 
1498,  In  1517,  it  is  said  (probably  erroneously),  he  went 
in  search  of  a  northwest  passage,visiting  Hudson  Strait  and 
penetrating  as  far  north  as  lat.  67' 30';  and  later  was  on  the 
northeast  coast  of  South  America  and  in  the  West  Indies 
with  an  English  ship.  Invited  by  Charles  V.  to  Spain,  he 
was  made  grand  pilot  of  Castile  (1519),  and  commanded 
four  ships  which  left  San  Lucar  April  3,  1526.  The  io- 
teniion  was  to  sail  to  the  Moluccas  by  the  Strait  of  ila-^ 
gellan,  but,  lacking  provisions,  he  landed  on  the  coast  of  ^ 
Krazil.  where  he  had  some  encounters  with  the  Portu- 
guese; thence  sailed  southward,  discovered  the  river 
Vruyuay,  and  erected  a  fort  there ;  discovered  and  as- 
cended the  Paranil ;  and  explored  the  lower  Paraguay  lo 
the  present  site  of  Asuncion.  Convinced  of  the  import 
tance  of  this  region,  and  joined  by  Diego  Garcia,  be  re- 
linquished the  VLtyage  to  the  Moluccas  and  despatched  a 
ship  to  Spain  for  reinforcements;  meanwliile  he  estab- 
lished himself  at  the  fort  of  Espirito  Santo  on  the  ParanA 
(lat.  32'  50'  S.).  Not  receiving  aid  fromSpain.  he  returned 
in  1530,  leaving  a  garrison  at  Espu-ito  Santo.  Cabot  re- 
mained in  the  service  of  Spain  until  the  end  of  1546,  when 
he  returned  to  England.  Edward  Vl.  gave  him  a  pension, 
and  he  was  interested  in  various  explorations  in  the  Bal- 
tic ;  in  1555  he  was  made  life  governor  of  the  Company  of 
Merchant  Adventurers  destined  to  trade  with  Russia.  A 
map  of  the  world  published  in  1544  is  ascribed  to  Cabot. 

CabOTirg  (ka-bor').  A  watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Calvados,  France,  situated  on 
the  English  Channel  14  miles  northeast  of  Caen, 

Cabral  (ka-bral'),  Pedro  Alvares :  early  writ- 
ers abbreviate  the  name  to  Pedral'varez  or 
Pedralvez.  Born  about  1460:  died  about  1526. 
A  Portuguese  navigator.  After  Vasco  da  Gama  re- 
turned from  India  (1499),  Cabral  was  put  in  command  of 
a  fleet  destined  to  follow  up  Gama  s  discoveries.  Leav- 
ing Lisbon  March  9,  1500.  he  followed  his  instructions 
and  kept  far  out  in  the  Atlantic :  by  this  means  he  dis- 
covered the  coast  of  Brazil  near  lat.  16'  20  S.  (April  22, 
1500).  This  was  two  months  after  Vicente  Yanez  Pinion 
had  discovered  the  northeast  coast.  Cabral  took  posses- 
sion for  Portugal  of  the  new  land,  which  he  called  Santa 
Cruz.  Sending  back  a  ship  with  the  tidings,  he  continued 
his  voyage  3Iay  2.  On  May  ti  he  lost  four  ships  in  a 
storm ;  with  the  rest  he  reached  Mozambique  and  finally 
Calicut,  where  he  erected  a  fort ;  this  was  destroyed  by 
Samorim,  and  Cabral  then  made  an  alliance  with  the  sover- 
eign of  Cochin.  Loading  his  vessels  with  spices,  he  re- 
turned, losing  one  ship  by  the  way,  and  arrived  at  Lisbon 
July  23,  1501.     Nothing  is  known  of  his  subsequent  life. 

Cabrera  (ka-bra'ra).  One  of  the  Balearic  Isl- 
ands, situated  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  9  miles 
south  of  Majorca.    It  is  a  penal  settlement. 

Cabrera,  Don  Ramon, ^ount  of  Morella.  Bom 
at  Tortosa,  Catalonia,  Spain.  Aug.  31.  ISIO: 
died  atWentworth,  near  Haines.  England,  May 
24, 1877.  A  Spanish  guerrilla  chief.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  church,  and  had  received  the  minor  onlers, 


{ 


Cabrera,  Don  Ramon 

when  in  1S33  the  civil  war  broke  out  between  the  Christi- 
nos  and  the  Carlists,  the  latter  of  whom  he  joined.  He 
toolv  Valencia  in  la37  ;  surprised  Morella  in  1839;  was 
created  countol  Morella  by  Don  Carlos  in  ls3ii ;  was  driven 


201 

caTe  under  the  Aventine  backward,  so  that  their  footsteps 
would  not  sliow  the  du-ection  in  which  they  had  gone ; 
but  Hercules  found  them  by  their  lowing,  and  dew  the 
thief. 


across  the  French  frontier  in  isin ;  instigated  an  unsuc-  CadalsO  (ka-dal'so),  or  CadanalSO  (ka-ua-al 


cessful  Carlist  rebellion  in  ISlb-lU;  and  recognized  Al- 
fonso as  king  of  .Spain  in  1S75. 

Cabrera  Bobadilla  Cer  da  y  Mendoza  ( kii-ina'  - 

rii  bo-bil-THel'yii  tber'dii  e  mcii-do'thii),  LuiS 

Geronymo  de,  I'ourth  Count  of  Chinehon.  Bom 

111  Madrid  about  1590:  died  near  that  city,  Oct. 

28,1647.  A  Spanish  administrator.  From  Jan., 

1629,  to  Dee.  18,  1639,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru. 
Cabrera  y  Bobadilla,  Diego  Lopez  Pacheco. 

See  Lope::  Facluca  Cabrcrn  ij  Jiubadilhi. 
Cabul.     See  Kabul. 
Cacafogo   (kak-a-fo'go).     In   Fletcher's   play 

••Eule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife,"  a  cowardly, 

bullying,  and  rich  usurer.    He  has  been  said  to  be  a  -P' '%  V^""'",' •■  i   -<-,\ 

riirec't  copy  of  Falstafl,  but  his  lack  of  courage  is  the  only  Caddee  (kad-da^) 

resemblance. 

Cacama  (ka'ka-mii),  or  Cacamatzin  (kii-ka- 

miit-sen'),  orCaminatzin  (,kii-me-uat-sen').  or 

Cacumazin  (ka-ko-ma-theu').  An  Aztec  In- 
dian, nephew  of  Montezuma  II.     He  became  chief 

ol  Tezcuco  in  1516.   llontezumasenthim  tuCortes  (lolil), 

IDViting  the  latter  to  Jlexlco.     After  Montezuma's  seizure 

by  Cortes  (151i)},  Cacama  planned  an  armed  resistance,  but 

was  arrested  by  emissaries  of  the  monarch  and  brought 

captive  to  the  Spaniards.    He  was  killed  on  the  noche 

triste.  July  1,  1520. 
Cacana.     See  Calchaquis. 
Caccamo  (kak-ka'mo).     A  town  situated  on  the 

northern  coast  of  Sicily  23  miles  southeast  of 

Palermo.     Population,  8,000. 
Caccini  (ka-ohe'ne),  Giulio.     Born  at  Rome, 

1558  (?);  died  at  Florence,  1G40.     An  Italian 

singer  and  composer,  known  as  Giulio  Komani. 

He  wrote,  with  Rinuccini  and  Peri,  tlie  musical  dramas 

•'D.afne  "  (1594)  and  "Euridice  "  (liaiu).  These  first  at- 
tempts to  make  music  dramatic  led  directly  to  the  modern 

opera.    He  composed  a  number  of  other  works,  among 

which  is  "Le  Nuove  Musiehe,"  a  collection  of  madrigals, 

etc.    See  Alterati  and  Daphne. 
Caceres  (ka'tha-res).    A  province  in  Estrema- 

dura,  western  Spain.  Area,  8,013  square  miles. 

Population  (1887).  339,793. 

Caceres.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ca- 
ceres, Spain,  situated  in  lat.  39°  27'  N.,  long. 

go  24'  W.  :  the  ancient  Castra  Cisecilla  (whence 

the  modern  name).    It  contains  Roman  and  Moorish 

anti(|uities,  and  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Allies 

(1706).     Population  (1S87).  14,880. 

Caceres,  Andres  Avelino.  Bom  at  Ayacucho, 
Nov.  11,  1838.  A  Peruvian  general  and  states- 
man. He  Wiis  colonel  and  afterward  general  in  the 
Chilean  war  (187SI-83),  and  after  the  taking  of  Lima  was 
second  vice-president  in  the  provisional  Calilcron  govern 

.    -        T-.  .     1-1  . 1  .1  _. I.  „: ,.,.: ..1    I^.T  *l-.r.  J  '1-,i1  ...nil?   .>»i(1    (Vit 


Caecilius 

was  sacked  by  the  English  under  the  Earl  of  Essex  in 
1506.  It  was  nnsnccessfnlly  attacked  by  the  English  in 
1025  and  1702,  wa.s  invested  bv  the  French  1810-12,  anil 
was  held  by  tlie  Frencli  1823-28.  The  revolution  <if  18(58 
commenced  here  in  September.  Population  (1897),  70,177. 
Gades,  or  Cadiz,  which  has  kept  its  name  and  its  un- 
broken ytosition  as  a  great  city  from  an  earlier  time  tlian 
any  other  city  in  Europe.  E.  A.  Frreman. 

Cadineia(kad-me'ya).  [Gr.  Ka<!^E/a.]  The  cita- 
del or  acropolis  of  Thebes  in  Boeotia,  named 
from  its  mythical  founder,  the  hero  (iadmus. 
Two  Frankish  towers  of  some  importance  now  stand  on 
the  summit  of  the  low  hill.  The  only  remains  of  the  an- 
cient fortifications  consist  of  a  stretcli  of  ruinous  Cyclopean 
wall  on  the  north  side,  and  fragments  of  more  recent  walls 

---     ,-,  -  ., on  the  southeastern  slope. 

of  Portugal,  the  coast  of  Africa  as  tar  as  the  Gambia  from  QadmeianS  (kad-me'yanz).     See  the  extract. 

1455  to  1450.  in  which  latter  year  he  discovered  the  Cape  ^"y.xAxi.yii.a^c  \  j  ..      / 

The  Cadnieians  were  the  Grajco-Pluenician  race  (their 
name  merely  signifying  "  the  Easterns  ")  who  in  the  ante- 
Trojan  times  occupied  the  country  which  was  afterwards 
called  Bteotia.     Hence  the  Greek  tragedians,  in  plays  of 


SO),  Jose  de.  Born  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Oct.  o, 
1741 :  died  at  Gibraltar,  Spain,  Feb.  27, 1782.  A 
Spanish  poet,  killed  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar. 
His  works  include  a  tragedy,  "  Sancho  Garcia"  (1771),  a 
satire,  "Los  eruditos  4  la  violeta "  (1772),  "Poeslas" 
(1773),  "Las  cartas  marruecas "  (1794),  etc. 

Cada  Mosto,  or  Ga  Da  Mosto  (kii  dii  mos'to), 
Alois  or  Luigi  da.  Burn  at  Venice  about 
1432:  died  at  Venice  about  1480.  An  Italian 
navigator.    He  e.\plored,  in  the  service  of  Prince  Henry 


Verd  islands.    Author  of  "  El  libro  de  la  prima  naviga- 
zione  per  oceano  a  leterre  de'  Nigri  de  la  Bassa  .Ethio- 


A  name  given  to  a  league 

("Gotteshaus-Bund")  formed  in  the  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  in  1396,  to  oppose  internal  misgov- 
ernment. 

Caddo  (ka'do).  [From  the  Caddo  Kdede, 
chief.]  A  confederacy  of  the  Caddoan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians.  It  consisted  of  many 
tribes,  of  wliicli  the  following  have  been  identified  :  Kado 
hadacho,  Nada.aku.  Aienai,  N,ibaidatu,  Nasliidosb,Yatasi, 
i'owanl,  Nakohodotse,  Aish,  and  Hadai.  Its  former  habi- 
tat was  northwestern  Louisiana  and  eastern  Te.\as  ;  now, 
the  Quapaw  reservation,  Indian  Territory.     See  Caddoan. 

Caddoan  (kii'do-an).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  liidians,  named  after  its  lead 


which  ancient  Thebes  is  the  scene,  invariably  speak  of  the 
Thebans  as  Kaojislot.       Rawlimon,  Herod.,  I.  L  56,  note. 

Cadmus  (kad'mus).  [Gr.  Kd(5/;or.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  son  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phenieia,  and 
Telephassa.  He  was  the  reputed  founder  of  Thebes 
in  BcEotia,  and  the  introducer  of  the  letters  of  the  Greek 
alphabet. 

These  "  Phoenician  letters '  were  also  called  the  "  Cad- 
mean  letters,"  having  been  introduced,  according  to  a 
Greek  legend,  which  is  repeatedly  quoted  by  Herodotus, 
by  Cadmus  the  Tyrian  when  he  sailed  for  Greece  in  search 
of  Europa.  It  is  plain  that  Cadmus  and  Europa  are  merely 
epoiiymic  names,  Cadmus  meaning  in  Semitic  speech 
"  the  man  of  the  East,"  while  Europa  is  the  damsel  who 
personifies  "the  West."        Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  U.  19. 


ing  division,  Caddo.    Its  former  habitat  was  in  parts 

of  North  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  In-   _     ,     ,  .  c,        r-     7     7      7      i 

dian  Territory,  the  northern  group  of  the  sU)ck  having  CadodaqUlOUX.     See  Kudo  liadar/io. 
been  entirely  surrounded  by  Siouan  tribes,  and  the  mid-  Cadorna  (kii-dor'na),  Raffaele.   Born  at  Milan, 
die  group  by  the  Siouan  and  Shoshoneaii.    Its  divisions,    ^^j-      j;    j     ^  Turin,  Feb.  6,  1897.     An  Italian 
beginning  at  the  north,  are  as  follows :  Arik.ara  (a  tribe),    -"^ -^        w^ii  ux   ^  , 

Pawnee  tthe  middle  group,  a  confederacy),  Kitcai  (a  tribe), 
Wichita  (a  confederacy),  and  Caddo  (a  confederacy).  Its 
tribes,  especially  the  Pawnee,  have  been  foes  to  the  Da- 
kota or  Sioux  for  many  generations ;  consequently  their 
men  have  served  as  scouts  in  the  United  States  army 
during  wars  against  the  Dakot.a.  All  of  this  stock,  except 
the  Arikara,  are  now  in  the  Indian  Territory  and  Okla- 
homa.   They  number  about  2,250. 

Caddociues.     See  Kado  hadaclio. 

Cade  (kad),  John,  called  Jack  Cade.     Born 


general.  He  commanded  the  troops  of  Victor  Emman- 
uel in  the  occupation  of  the  States  of  the  Cliurch  in  1870. 
He  occupied  Civitk  Vecchia  Sept.  16,  and  Rome  Sept.  20, 
1870.    In  l>-77  he  retired. 

Cadoudal  (ka-do-dal'),  Georges.  Born  near 
Auray,  Morbihan,  France,  Jan.  1,  1771:  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  June  25,  1804.  A  celebrated 
French  Chouan  partizan  and  royalist  conspir- 
ator, leader  of  the  rising  of  1799.     He  was  im- 


m  Ireland:  killed  near  Heathtield,  in  Sussex,     plicated  with  Pichegi-u  in  1803, 
England,  July  12, 1450.     The  leader  in  '•  Cade's  Cadsand,  or  Kadzand  (kati-zaud  ) 
a  rising  chiefly  of  Kentishmen,  in 


Rebellion, 

May  and  Jime,  1450.  The  rebels  defeated  the  royal 
forces  at  Seven  Oaks,  June  27,  and  entered  London  July 
2.  On  July  3  they  put  Lord  Say  to  death.  In  a  few 
days  the  rebellion  was  suppressed.  Cade  is  said  to  have 
been  called  ilortimer  by  his  followers,  and  to  have  been 
regarded  by  them  as  a  cousin  of  the  Duke  of  York.  He 
is  introduced  by  Shakspere  in  the  second  part  of  "Henry 
VI."  as  a  reckless,  ferocious,  and  vulgarly  important  rebel. 


ment.    Dr.  Calderon  being  seized  by  the  Chileans  .and  the  fJoJell  (ka-del'),  Robert.     Born  at  Coekenzie 


first  vice-president  driven  into  Bolivia,  General  Ciiceres 
became  the  constitutional  chief  of  Peru.  He  held  out 
against  the  Chileans,  and  refused  to  acknowledge  Iglesias 
whom  they  had  made  president.  Attempting  to  take 
Lima  (Aug.,  1884),  CAceres  was  repulsed  after  a  Idoody 
street  fight.  Raising  a  larger  force,  he  entered  the  city. 
Dec.  1,  1885,  and  persuaded    Iglesias  to  j-efer  the  presi 


dential  question  to  a  general  election.^    TWs^resuUed^in  Cadenabbia  (kii-de-nab'be-a).    A  small  town  in 


favor  of  CAceres.  who  was  inaugurated  presi' 
June  3, 1886.  Succeeded  by  Berniudez.  Aug.  10.  IS'.m,  Gen 
eral  CAceres  soon  after  went  to  Europe  as  Peru\iai)  miniS' 
t«r  to  France  and  England.    Reelected  president  1894. 


northe 
Lake  Como 


A  village 

ill  Zealaiid,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Schelde,  14  miles  northeast  of  Bruges. 
Here  in  1337  the  English  defeated  the  Count  of 
Flanders. 

Cad'Wal.     See  Ari-iragus,  2. 

Cadwalader,  George,  Gent.    A  pseudonym  of 

(Tcc.rtte  Biibb  Dodiugton. 

Cad-walader,  or  Cadwallader  (kad-wal'a-der), 
suruamed  "  The  Blessed."  Died  probably  m 
664.  A  British  king.  He  was  the  son  of  Cadwallon, 
king  of  Gwyiiedd,  whom  he  succeeded  in  634.  He  obtained 
great  fame  by  the  heroic  exploits  which  he  perfiumed  in 
tlie  defense  of  Wales  against  the  Saxons,  and  holds  a  high 
place  in  Welsh  tradition  and  poetry.  According  to  the 
prophecy  of  Merlin,  he  is  one  day  to  return  to  the  world 
to  expel  the  Saxon  from  the  land.  He  came  in  time  to  be 
regarded  as  a  saiut  (hence  his  surname  of  ' '  The  Blessed  "). 
■ru  Italy,  situated  on  the  wt^tcrn  bank  of  Qad-wallader  (kad-wol'a-der).  A  character  in 
Jomo  15  miles  northeast  of  Como.    It  is  a    poote's  play  "The  Author."  Th 


East  Lothian,  Dec.  16, 1788 :  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  20,  1849.  A  Scottish  publisher  and  book- 
seller. He  was  a  partner  of  Constable  from  1811  until 
the  failure  of  the  firm,  and  a  business  associate  and  friend 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  He  became  the  publisher  of  Scott's 
works  ill  1826, 


ftivorite  resort. 


Cacha  (ka'ehii).     An  ancient  Peruvian  temple  CadenUS   (ka-de'nus).      The  name   by   which 
situated  in  the  Vilca-Maya  valley  south   of 
Cuzco.     It  is  believed  to  antedate  the  Inca  empire,  and 
is  connected  with  some  curious  legends;  though  now  in 
ruins,  it  shows  traces  of  having  been  built  in  two  stories. 

Oachar  (ka-chiir').  A  district  in  Assam,  British 
India.  Area,  3,750  square  miles.  Populatiou 
(1881),  313,858. 

Cacheo  (kii-sha'o).  A  Portuguese  settlement 
in  Senegambia,  West  Africa,  situated  near  the 
coast  in  lat.  12°  20'  N.,  long.  16°  30'  W. 

Cacbibos,  or  Cashibos  (kii-she'bos).  An  In- 
dian tribe  or  horde  of  eastern  Peru,  on  the 
upper  Ucayale  River.  They  are  very  savage,  constant 
enemies  of  the  whites  and  of  neiglllioring  tribes,  and  can- 
nibals :  it  is  said  that  they  eat  their  own  relatives  after 
death,  and  that  they  make  war  to  procure  human  food. 
Probably  the  accounts  of  their  ferocity  are  exaggerated, 
the  tribe  being  very  imperfectly  known.  They  are  not 
numerous. 

Cachoeira  (ka-sho-ii'rii).  A  town  in  the  state 
ol  Bahia,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Para- 
guassii  50  miles  northwest  of  Bahia.  Popula- 
tion about  4,000. 

Cacos(ka'k6s).  [Sp., 'pickpockets.']  The  nick- 
name given  to  a  political  party  of  Guatemala 
which  originated  in  1820.  Its  members  favored 
complete  separation  from  Spain,  and  a  republican  form 
of  government  with  essential  eiiuality  to  all,  Tliis  was 
the  germ  of  the  Servile  party  of  later  years.  Their  oppo- 
nents, called  ISacux  or  Uazistan,  were  opposed  to  equality. 
Cacns  is  also  the  name  of  a  political  party  in  Haiti. 
Cacus  (ka'kus).  In  Roman  mythology,  a  giant 
and  son  of  Vidcan,  living  near  the  spot  on 
which  Rome  was  built.  He  stole  from  Hercules 
some  oJ  the  cattle  of  Geryon,  dragging  them  into  his 


Dean  Swift  calls  himself  in  his  poem  "  Cade- 
nus  and  Vanessa"  (1726).  The  name  is  an 
anagram  of  decanuf:  (dean). 

Cader  IdriS  (kad'er  id'ris).  A  mountain  in 
northwestern  Wales,  near  Dolgelly,  noted  for 
its  extensive  view.     Height,  2,898  feet. 

Caderousse  (kad-ros').  A  noted  character  in 
Dumas's  novel  "Le  Comte  de  Monte  Cristo." 

Caciesia  (ka-de'zbiii,).  A  place  situated  near 
Cufa,  in  Irak-Arab'i,  Asiatic  Turkey.  Here,  in 
636  A.  I).,  the  Saracens  under  Sa'd  ilm  Abi  Wakkas  de- 
feated the  Persians  (1211,000)  under  Rustem. 

Cadijah.     See  KadijuU. 

Cadillac  (kii-de-viik'),  Antoine  de  la  Mothe. 

Died  about  1720.  A  Freucli  .•(iiiimnuder  and 
pioneer  in  New  France.  He  was  commander  of 
Michilimackinac  1694-97,  founded  Detroit  in  1701,  and  was 
governor  of  Louisiana  1711-17. 

Cadiueios  (kii-de- wa'y  liz ),  or  Cadigues,  or  Cadi- 

heos.  A  branch  of  the  Guaycunis  Iiiditiiis 
(which  sec).  At  the  present  lime  Brazilians 
commonly  use  this  name  fur  the  whole  tribe. 

Cadiz  (kiVdiz;  Sp.  proii.  kil'Tileth).  [Pg.  ('<'- 
dix.'\  A  province  in  .\mhilusia,  Spain.  Area, 
2,809  sriuare  miles.     Population  (1887),  429,381. 

Cadiz,  former  Eng.  Cales.  A  seaport,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  sitiiated 
on  a  naiTow  neck  ol'  laud,  mi  the  Atlantic,  in 
lat.  3(;°  31'  N.,  long.  (i°  17'  W. :  tlie  (ireek  tia- 
deira  and  the  Roman  Gades.  It  is  an  important 
commercial  city,  and  is  noted  for  its  export  of  slierry. 
It  has  two  cathedrals,  a  Capuchin  convent,  a  hospital, 
etc.  (For  early  historv,  sec  Gadc».)  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Goths,  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1262,  and 


This  play  was  stopped 
tiy  the  lord  ehamberlain  at  the  request  of  Mr.  .Aprice,  a 
friend  of  Foote,  who  was  imitated  and  ridiculed  in  this 
part,  especially  in  a  habit  he  had  of  sucking  his  wrist 
as  he  talked. 

Cad-wallader,  Rev.  Mr.  The  rector  of  Mid- 
dlemarch  in  tJeorge  Eliot's  novel  of  that  name. 
He  exasperates  his  wife,  a  clever,  keen,  epigrammatic 
woman,  by  his  good  temper.  He  would  even  speak  well 
of  his  bishop,  "  though  unnatural  in  a  beneficed  clergy- 
man." 

Cad'Wallader.  A  misanthropic  character  in 
SiiKillelt's  "Peregrine  Pickle." 

Cad-wallon  { k  ad-wa  1'  on ) ,  or  Caed'walla,  or  Cad- 
walader. Died  634.  A  British  king  of  Gwyn- 
eild,  wliieli  was  probably  coextensive  with 
Ncirth  Wales.  He  invaded  Northumbria  in  6'29,  but 
was  repulsed  by  Eadwine  near  Morpeth.  In  i;3:t,  in  alliance 
with  I'enda,  king  of  the  Mercians,  he  totally  defeated  the 
Northumbrians  at  Ileathficld,  near  Doncaster,  Eadwine  and 
his  son  Osfrid  being  among  the  slain.  He  was  defeated 
by  Oswald,  the  nephew  of  Eadwine,  at  the  battle  of  Hcvell- 
felth,  on  tlu'  Deniseburn,  in  635,  and  was  killed  in  the 
llight, 

Cadwallon.  The  minstrel  of  Gwenwyn  in 
Scott's  novel  "The  Betrothed."  He  disguises 
himself  as  Renault  Vidal  to  prosecute  a  revenge,  for  which 
he  is  executed. 

Caecilia  gens  (se-sil'i-il.ienz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  iilclicinii  clan  or  hoiise  whose  family  names 
under  tlie  republic  were  Bassus,  Denter,  Metel- 
lus,  Niger.  Pinna,  and  Rtifus. 

Caeciliiis   (se-sil'i-us).  sumamed   Calactlnus 

I  kiil-nk-ti'nus)  and,  erroneously. Callantianus 
(ka-hiii-ti-a'nus).  A  Hellenistic  .low  of  Ca- 
iacle  in  Sicily  (whence  his  surname),  named 
Archagathus.' naturalized  at  Rome,  wliere  he 
took  the  name  of  his  patron,  one  of  the  Motelli. 


Caecilius 


He  enjoyed  a  very  hijli  repute  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  CaBSar,  Don. 

Cicero  anil  Augustus,  hut  his  numerous  works  are  all  lost, 

with  the  exception  o£  a  few  fragments. 

Caecilius  Statius.  A  Romau  eomie  poet,  a 
member  by  birth  of  the  Celtic  tribe  of  the  In- 
sulirians,  brought  as  a  prisoner  to  Kome  about 
200  B.  C.  His  comedies  were  adaptations  of  Attic  origi- 
nals.    Fragments  of  them  are  extant  (ed.  Riijbecl<,  1873). 

CJsdmon  (kad'mon),  or  (corruptly)  Cedmon, 
Saiut.  nourished  about  670.  An  Anglo-Saxon 
(Northumbrian)  poet,  the  reputed  author  of 
metrical  paraphrases  of  tlie  Old  Testament. 
He  became  late  in  life  an  inmate  of  the  monastery  at 
Whitby,  under  the  abbess  Hild.  According  to  the  ac- 
<:ouTit  given  by  Bede  ("Ecclesiastical  History  "),  he  was  an 
unlearned  man,  especially  lacking  in  poetical  talent  until 
he  was  commanded  in  a  dream  to  sing  "tlie  beginning  of 
created  things."  The  miraculous  gift  tlius  bestowed  upon 
him  was  fostered  by  Hild,  and  he  produced  metrical  para- 
phrases of  Genesis  and  other  parts  of  the  Bible.  He  was 
celebrated  as  a  saint  on  Feb.  11  (10?  12?).  It  has  been 
doul)teJ  whether  he  is  a  real  personage. 

■Caelia,  or  Coelia,  gens  (se'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient 
Rome,  a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family 
names  were  Caldus  and  Rutus.  The  first  member 
of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  C.  Cselius 
Caldus,  94  B.  c. 

•Cjelian  (se'li-an),  The.  [L.  Cselius  mo7is.i  The 
southeastern  "hill  of  the  group  of  Seven.  Hills 
of  ancient  Rome,  adjoining  the  Palatine,  and 
between  the  Aventine  and  the  Esquiline.    The 


202 
The  father  of  Olivia  in  Mrs.  Cow- 


9  a  ira 


where  he  was  arrested  and  condemned  to  death,  but  his 
,      ,        r:","7"ci     1      i-  u      1  „.  .1  "  sentence  was  commuted  to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  the 

ley's  ••Bold  Stroke  tor  a  ±^lus  band.  fortress  of  San  Leone,  wliere  he  died. 

Caesar,  Sir  Julius.     Born  at  Tottenham,  Eng-  (jagnoia  (kan-yo'la),  Luigi.     Born  at  Milan, 

,.      ,     -""ifi  A-n     Ti^Tiorh«b     miner     nt        t  ^        ,a     i --.^o        i-     J       i.    T         °   '  y..     i  A  i, 

June  y,  lii]2:  died  at  Inverigo,  Italy,  Aug.  14, 


land,  1558:  died  1636.     An  English  jurist  of 
Italian   extraction,    appointed  master  of  the 
rolls  in  1614. 
Caesarea  (sez-a-re'ii).     In  ancient  geography,  a 


1833.  An  Italian  architect.  His  chief  works  are 
two  triumphal  arches  at  Milan,  "Arco  della 
pace"  and  "Porta  di  Marengo." 


seaport  of  Palestine,  situated  on  the  Medit^er-  ergots  (ka-goz').   A  people  of  uncertain  origin 
rauean  in  lat.  o2°  3.3    N.,  long.  34    54_  ^\'J^\'^     living  in  Gaseony  and  B6arn  in  France,  and  it 


00 

modern  Kaisariyeli.  It  was  erected  by  Herod  I.,  in 
the  first  decennium  B.  c,  on  the  site  of  the  former  Tunis 
Stratonis,  on  the  line  of  the  great  road  from  Tyre  to  Egypt, 
between  Jaffa  and  Dora,  and  named  in  honor  of  Augustus. 
Its  full  name  was  Csesarea  Sebaste,  from  the  name  of  the 
harbor.     Herod  adorned  the  city  with  many  magnificent 

buildings.    It  became  the  residence  of  the  Koman  gover-     ^^^^^^^      aj,.l.    l^^    ^^^^^  . 
nors  in  Palestine,  and  was  mostly  mhabited  by  a  foreign   n'^\>'^-^'n!^\"-^\"^o'i^^"l-\ 
population  hostile  to  the  Jews.   Here  broke  out  the  Jewish  uaaeu  (Ka-an  J,  jsamuei, 
war  under  the  governor  Gessins  Florus.    Vespasian  gave 
it  the  name  of  Colonia  prima  Flaviana.    It  is  often  men- 
tioned in  the  New  Testament  (Acts  viii.  40,  ix.  30,  x.  1,  xxi. 
9,  xxiv.  17,  etc.).    About  200  A.  i>.  it  became  the  residence 
of  a  bishop,  and  possessed  a  Christian  school  at  which  Ori- 
gen  taught.    It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  church  historian 
Eusebius  (died  342).    The  modern  Kaisariyeli  is  a  desolate 
place  of  rums. 
Caesarea.     In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Cap- 
padocia,  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  41'  N.,  long. 
35°  20'  E.:    the  modern  Kaisariyeh.     It  was 
formerly  called  Mazaca.     Population  of  mod- 
ern town,  about  40,000. 


Lateran  lies  on  its  widely  extending  eastern  Caesarea  Philippi  (fi-lip'i)-    In  ancient  geogra- 
slope.  phy,  a  town  in  northern  Palestine,  situated  at 

'Caen  (koh).     The  capital  of  the  department  of     the  foot  of  Mount  Hermon.     The  modern  vil- 
Calvados,  France,  situated  on  the  Ome  in  lat.     lage  is  called  Banias,  formerly  Paneas. 
49°  11' N.,  long.  0°  22' W.   It  has  a  large  import  trade  Caesar  in  Egypt.     A  tragedy  by  Gibber,  pro- 
in  timber,  etc.,  and  exports  Caen  stone,  rape-on,  daij-y  pro-     dueed  at  Drury  Lane  Dec.  9,  1724,  published 

1728.  It  was  taken  from  Massinger  and  Fletcher's 
"The  False  One"  and  Corneille's  "Lallort  de  Pomp^e." 
Caesarion  (sf-za'ri-on).  A  son  of  Cleopati-a 
and  (jirobably)  Julius  Cajsar.  He  ts'as  exe- 
cuted bv  order  of  Augustus. 


ducts,  etc.  It  has  imp'ortant  manufactures.  It  is  tlie  seat 
of  a  university.  Caen  was  developed  by  Williain  the  Con- 
■queror.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1346  and  1417.  and 
retaken  by  the  French  in  1460.  It  suffered  in  the  Hugue- 
not wars,  and  was  a  Girondist  center  in  1793.  Abbatie  aux 
Dames,  or  Trinitii.  A  great  Romanesque  church  founded 
by  Queen  Matilda  (10fj6),  with  3  large  recessed  port,als, 
arcaded  facade,  and  square  Hanking  towers,  and  later  cen- 
tral lantern.  The  solemn  interior,  with  its  superposed 
tiers  of  round  arches,  presents  one  of  the  most  uniform 
examples  of  Xorman  architecture.  Abhaye  aux  Uomraes, 
or  St.  ttienne,  dedicated  by  William  the  Conqueror  in 
1077,  but,  especially  in  its  exterior,  much  modilied  later. 
The  six  spires  and  the  central  lantern  form  one  of  the 
most  elfective  groups  of  this  nature  :  they  and  the  choir 
show  the  Norman  lancets.  The  plain  and  massive  nave 
dates  from  the  Conqueror.  The  church  is  349  feet  long  ; 
the  vaulting  68.1  feet  high.  Population  (189i),  45,201. 

Caepio  (se'pi-6),  Quintus  Servilius.  Lived 
about  100  B.  c.  A  Roman  consul  (106).  As 
proconsul  in  Gaul  (105)  he  was  defeated  with 
Mallius  by  the  Cimbri. 

Caere  (se're),  earlier  Agylla  (a-jil'a).  [Gr. 
KaipF-a,Kaipr/;  "Ayv2.'Aa.'\  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Etruria,  Italy,  situated  25  miles  north- 
west'of  Rome.  Its  site  is  occupied  by  the  mod- 
ern village  of  Cervetere  noted  for  Etruscan 
Tuins. 

The  primitive  name  of  Csere  was  Agylla,  the  "round 
town,"  which  indicates  that  it  was  originally  a  Phoenician 
settlement.  ,  An  ancient  tradition,  preserved  by  Dionysius 
of  Halicarnassus,  Strabo,  and  Pliny,  affirmed  that  Agylla 
was  a  "  Pelaagian  "  city  prior  to  the  Etruscan  conquest. 
Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  74,  note. 

Caerleon  (kar-le'on).  A  town  in  Jlonmouth- 
shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Usk  3  miles 
northeast  of  Newport :  the  Roman  Isca  Silurum. 
It  was  important  in  the  Roman  period,  and  is 
the  traditional  seat  of  King  Ai^thur's  court. 

Caermarthen.     See  Carmarthen. 

Caernarvon.     See  Carnarvon. 

Caesar  (se'zar),  Caius  Julius.  [ME.  Cesar, 
OF.  Cesar,  F.  Cesar,  It.  Ccsare,  G.  Casar,  etc., 
L.  Cxsar.^  Born  July  12,  100  B.  c.  (according 
to  Mommsen,  102);  killed  at  Rome,  March  15, 
44  B.  c.  A  famous  Roman  general,  statesman, 
orator,  and  writer.  He  served  at  Mytilene  in  80; 
was  captured  by  pirates  in  76  ;  and  was  made  questor  in 
■68,  curule  edile  in  65,  pontifex  maximus  in  63,  pretor  in 
'62,  and  propretor  in  Spain  in  61.  He  formed  the  "  first 
triumvirate  "  with  Ponipey  and  Crassus  in  60  ;  was  consul 
in  59,  and  proconsul  in  Gaul  and  Illyricum  in  58  ;  defeated 
the  Helvetii  and  Aiiovistus  in  58,  and  the  Belg£ein57;  in- 
vaded Britain  in  55  and  54  ;  crossed  the  Rliine  in  55  and  53  ; 
defeated  Vercingetorix  in  52 ;  and  crossed  the  Rubicon  and   Casliari 

commenced  the  civil  war  in  49.     He  was  dictator  in  4!1,  48.      „p  o k 

47,  46,  45  ;  defeated  Pompey  at  Pharsalia  in  48  ;  ended  the 
Alexandrine  war  in  47;  and  defeated  Pharnaces  at  Zela 
in  47,  and  the  Pompeians  at  Thapsus  in  46,  and  at  Munda 
in  45.  He  reformed  the  calendar  in  46.  Feb.  15,  44,  he 
refused  the  diadem.  He  was  assassinated  by  Brutus,  Cas- 
sius,  and  others  in  the  senate-house  March  15.  The  "  Com- 
mentaries "  (or  Memoirs)  of  Ca'sar,  the  only  one  of  his  lit- 
■erary  works  extant,  contain  the  history  of  the  first  seven 
years  of  the  Gallic  war,  in  seven  books,  and  three  books 
of  a  history  of  the  civil  war.  The  name  Csesar  was  assumed 
by  all  male  members  of  the  Julian  dynasty,  and  after  them 
Sjy  the  successive  emperors,  as  inseparable  from  the  impe- 
rial dignity.  It  thus  became  the  source  of  the  German 
Kaiser  and  the  Russian  Tsar  or  Czar.  After  the  death  of 
Hadrian  the  title  Csesar  was  specifically  assigned  to  those 
•^vho  were  designated  by  the  emperors  as  their  successors 
and  associated  with  them  in  the  government.  See  .4  k- 
ijustus. 


the  Basque  Provinces  in  Spain.  They  are  consid- 
ered a  degraded  race,  and  before  1793  were  without  po- 
litical and  social  rights. 

Caha'wba  (ka-ha'ba).  A  river  of  Alabama  which 
joins  the  Alabama  River  8  miles  southwest  of 
Selma.     Lengthj^ about  200  miles. 

Bom  at  Metz,  Lor- 
raine, Aug.  4.  1796:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1862. 
A  French  Hebraist,  author  of  a  translation  of 
the  Old  Testament' into  French  (1841-53). 

Cahensly  Agitation,  The.  An  agitation  car- 
ried on  in  1H91  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
for  the  purpose  of  induciugthe  Pope  to  appoint 
bishops  and  priests  of  their  own  nationality  for 
the  Roman  Catholic  immigrants  in  the  United 
States:  so  called  from  a  memorial  addressed 
by  Herr  Cahensly  and  other  Europeans  to  the 
Vatican. 

Cahita  (ka-he'ta).  A  division  of  the  Piman 
stockof  North  American  Indians,  inhabiting  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Sonora  and  the  north- 
western coast  of  Sinaloa,  fi^om  lat.  28°  to  25° 
30'  N.,  with  settlements  mainly  in  the  lower  val- 
leys of  the  Yaqui,  Fuerte,  and  Mayo  rivers. 
It  embraces  the  Yaki  (Sp.  Yaqui).  .Mayo,  Tehueco,  and 
Vacoregue  tribes,  which  subsist  by  agriculture  and  fish- 
ing. The  Vaki  and  Mayo,  particularly  the  former,  are 
almost  continually  at  war  with  the  Mexican  government. 
Population,  V'aki,  13,600;  Mayo,  about  7,000:  that  of  the 
remaining  tribes  is  small.     See  Piinan. 

Cahokia.     See  Illinois. 


Caesarodunum   (sez-a-ro-du'num).      ['Cffisar's  QajjQj-g  (ka.or').   The  capital  of  the  department 


fort.']  The  Roman  name  of  Tom^s. 
Caesars,  City  of  the.  A  mythical  South  Ameri- 
can city,  reputed  »f  great  size  and  wealth, 
which  report  located  near  the  eastern  base  of 
the  Andes,  somewhere  south  of  lat.  37°.  By 
some  it  was  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  a  man 
named  Cesar  who  about  1530  left  Cabot's  fort  of  Espirito 
Santo  on  the  Parani,  and  never  returned.  Others  con- 
nected it  with  the  crew  of  a  Spanish  ship  which  was 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia.    In  the  16th  and  17th 


of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the  river  Lot  in  lat. 
44°  27'  N.,  long.  1°  24'  E. :  the  ancient  Divona, 
or  Civitas  Cadurcorum.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
ruined  medieval  ramparts,  and  the  ruined  palace  of  John 
XXII.  The  bridge  over  the  Lot,  of  the  14th  century,  is  a 
strikingly  picturesque  monument  spanned  by  three  towers, 
the  two  outer  of  which  are  machicolated.  It  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Quercy,  and  had  formerly  a  university. 
Population  (1891),  15,369. 
Cahroc.     See  Karak. 


centuries  many  expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it,  and  Caianhas  (ka'va-fas).     [Possibly  from  Babylo- 

man  qepii,  watchman.]  ine  surname  ot  Jo- 
seph, Jewish  high  priest  27  (18  ?)-36  A.  D.,  noted 
in  New  Testa  meuthistorv:  son-in-law  of  Annas. 


even  to  the  end  of  the  18th  century  the  legend  was  re- 
garded by  many  as  true. 

Caesars,  Era  of.    See  S2>ain,  Era  of. 

Cat.     See  Kaf.  AcofEee-house  Caicos,  or  CaycOS  (ki'kos).     Fom-  islands  in 

the  Bahama  group,  situated  about  lat.  21°  30'- 


Cafe  Procope  (ka-fa'  pro-kop'). 

opposite  the  Com^die  Fran^aise,  frequented  by 

the  wits  in  the  18th  century. 
Caffa,  or  KafFa.     See  Feodosin. 
Caffarelli  (ka-fa-rel'le),  Francois  Marie  Au- 

guste.   Born  at  Falga.  Haute-Garonne,  France 

Oct.  7,  1766:  died  at  Leschelles,  Aisne,  France 

Jan.  23,  1849. 

Caffarelli  du  Falga. 
Caffarelli  ( kaf -fa-rel'le),  called  Gaetano  Ma- 

jorano.      Born  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Italv, 

April  16,  1703 :    died  at  Naples,  Nov.  30,  1783. 

A  noted  Italian  singer. 

Caffarelli  du  Falga  (ka-fa-rel'le  dii  fiil-ga'). 


22°  N.,  long.'  71°'  30'-72°  W.    They  are  imder 
the  government  of  Jamaica.   Population  (1891), 
1,784. 
Caieta.  The  ancient  name  of  Gaeta  (which  see). 
^  ^^o^^v,.»^o  ^^...^^   *»,.„^„    Caifung-Fu.     See  Kaifunff-Fu, 
A"Fren°ch ''generairbro'therof  faille.     See  LacmUe  ,  „         ,  . 

^  '  Caillet(ka-ya'),Guillaume.  A  French  peasant 

who  assumed  the  name  of  Jacques  Bonhomme, 
and  was  leader  of  the  Jacquerie  in  1358. 
Cailliaud  (kii-yo').  Frederic.    Born  at  Nantes, 
France,  June"  9,  1787:  died  at  Nantes,  May  1, 
1869.     A  French  traveler  in  Egypt  and  Nubia. 


Louis  Marie  Joseph  Masdmilien.    Born  at  Caillie,  or  Caille  (kii-ya'),  Rene.     Born  at 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  Feb.  13,  1756:     Mauze,  Poitou,  France,  Sept.  19,  1(99:  died  at 


Falga, 

died  near  Acre,  Syria,  April  27, 1799.  A  French 
general,  commander  of  the  engineer  corps  in 
the  Egyptian  campaign. 

Caffi  (kaf 'fe),  Ippolito.  Born  at  Belluno,  Italy, 
1814:  killed  in  the  battle  of  Lissa,  July  20, 
1806.     An  Italian  painter. 

Caffraria.     See  Euffraria. 

Caffristan.     See  Kafiristan, 

Cagliari,  or  Caliari,  Paolo.    See  Veronese. 

Cagliari  (kiil-ya're).  A  province  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  Italy.  Ai'ea, 
5,204  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  450,820. 
A  seaport,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  ot  Ca- 
gliari in  lat.  39°  13'  N.,  long.  9°  7'  E. :  the 
Roman  Caralis  or  Carales.  it  contains  a  cathe- 
dral, castle,  university,  museum,  Roman  amphitlieater, 
and  other  antiquities.  Population  (1891),  estuuated, 
42,1100. 

Cagliostro  (kal-yos'tro).  Count  Alessandro  di : 
the  assumed  liame  of  Giuseppe  Balsamo. 
Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  June  2,  1743:  died  at 


Paris,  May  8,  1838.  A  French  traveler  in  cen- 
tral Africa.  He  penetrated  to  Timbuktu  in 
18^28. 

CailloUX.     See  Caijitse. 

Cain  (kau).  [Heb. ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  The 
eldest  son  of  Adam  and  Eve,  and  the  murderer 
of  his  brother  Abel,  according  to  the  account  in 
Genesis.  He  was  condemned  to  be  a  fugitive 
for  his  sin. 

Cain,  a  Mystery.  A  dramatic  poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  published  in  1821.  It  was  written  at 
Ravenna. 

Caine  (kan),  Thomas  Henry  Hall.  Born  at 
Runcorn.  Cheshire,  England,  in  1853.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  known  as  Hall  Caine.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Sonnets  of  Three  Centuries  "(1882),"  Recollec- 
tions of  Rossetti"  (1882),  "The  Shadow  of  a  Crime"  (1S8S), 
"Tlie  Deemster"  (1887),  "The  Manxman"  (1893),  "The 
Cliristian  "  (1897),  "  The  Eternal  City  "  (1901).  "  The  Deem- 
ster" was  dramatized  (as  "  Ben-ma'-Chree ")  in  1889, 
"The  Manxman"  in  1895,  and  "The  Christian  '  in  1898. 

Cainites  (kan'itz).  A  Gnostic  sect  of  the  2d 
centm-y.  which  reverenced  Cain,  Esau,  Korah, 
and  Judas  Iscariot. 


San  Leone,  in  Urbino,  Italy,  Aug.  26,  1795.   An  --7 -■--■::■.—.:---- y-c.     (;f.,^;ii„„n     TIie  first 

Italian  adventurer,  noton'ous  for  his  imposi-  Qa  ira  (sa  e-ra  )      [F.,    '*  .^L^fff^L  J-  of  the 

tionsin  Russia,  Paris,  the  East,  and  elsewhere,  popular  song  which  -was  the  offspring  of  the 

Among  other  adventures  he  was  involved  in  the  afliair  of  French  Revolution.     It  was  probably  first  sung  m 

the  diamond  necklace  in  Pai-is,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  1789  by  the  insurgents  as  they  marched  to  V  ersauies^ 

Bastille,  but  escaped.    He  visited  England,  and  was  there  (Grove.)    The  nuisic  was  that  of  a  contre-dance  wnicn  n  as 

imprisoned  in  the  Fleet.    On  emerging  he  went  to  Rome,  extremely  popular  under  the  name  ' 


'Carillon  national.' 


Qa  ira 

It  was  composed  by  a  drummer  in  the  orchestra  of  the 
4)pcni,  named  Becourt,  and  was  a  great  favorite  with  Marie 
Antoinette.  The  words  were  suggested  liy  Lafayette  to 
Ladr^,  a  street-singer ;  he  remembered  them  from  heai-ing 
Franklin  say  at  vaiious  stagesof  the  American  Revolution, 
when  asked  for  news."9a  ira,  Va  ira. '  There  are  tive  verses 
with  different  refrains,  becoming  more  ferocious  as  the 
Kevolutiou  progressed,  one  of  which  was : 
'■  Ah  !  <;a  ira,  ija  ira,  ca  ira  '. 

Les  aristocrat'  a  la  lanterne  ; 

Ah  1  ta  ira,  ?a  ira,  <:a  ira  ! 

Les  aristocrat'  on  les  pendra '  '* 

Oaird  (kard),  Edward.  Born  1835.  A  Scottish 
metaphysician,  brother  of  John  Caird.  He  was 
educated  atBallioI  College,  Oxford,  and  became  fellowand 
tutor  at  Merton  in  1S64,  prufessor  of  moral  pbilnsoiiby  at 
(ilasgow  University  in  1866,  and  master  of  Balliol,  Oxford, 
in  1S93.  Among  hisworks  are  "A  Critical  Account  of  the 
Philosophy  of  Kant"  (1877),  "  Hegel  "  (18S3),  "Social  Phi- 
lijsopliy  and  Religion  of  Comte  "  (1SS5),  'The  Evolution  of 
Religion"  (Gittord  Lectures,  St.  Andrews,  1890-92). 

Oaird  (kard),  John.  Born  at  Greenoek,  Scot- 
land, 1820  (1823?):  died  July  30,  1898.  A 
Scottish  clergyman  and  pulpit  orator.  He  uccame 
professor  ot  lUviuity  in  the  Vniversit.v  of  Glasgow  in  1862, 
and  principal  of  the  university  in  1873.  His  wurUs  in- 
clude "An  Introduction  to  tlie  Philosophy  of  KeliL'ion" 
(1880),  "Religions  of  India:  Bralimaiiism,  Buddhism" 
(I8S1).  '  Spinoza'   (1880),  etc. 

Cairnes  (karnz),  John  Elliott,  Born  at  Castle 
Bellingham,CountyLouth,Ireland,Dec.26,1823: 
died  near  London,  July  8, 1875.  A  noted  British 
political  economist.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
Dolitical  economy  in  University  College,  London,  in  1860. 
Bis  works  include  "Character  and  Logical  Method  of 
Pohtical  Economy'  (1857),  "Essays  in  Political  Economy" 
(1873),  "Political  Essays ■'(1373),  "Some Leading  Principles 
of  I'olitical  Economy  JSewly  Explained'  (1874),  etc. 

Cairns  (karnz),  Hugh  MacCalmont,  first  Earl 
Cairns.  Born  at  Culdra,  Down,  Ireland,  Dec, 
1819 :  died  at  Bournemouth,  Hants,  England, 
April  2,  1885.  An  English  statesman.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1852,  and  was  lord  chancellor  in  the 
Disraeli  administration,  186Sand  1874-80. 

Cairo  (ki'ro).  [Ar.  M<t<;r-cl-Qdhira.  F.  Le  Caire.'] 
The  capital  of  Eg}T)t,  situated  ]  mile  east  of  the 
Nile,  in  lat.  30°  3'  N.,  long.  31°  16'  E.  It  has  im- 
portant  transit  trade,  and  is  the  starting-point  for  tours  to 
neighboring  pyramids,  the  sites  of  Memphisaud  Heliopolis 
(In  the  vicinity),  and  the  upper  Nile.  It.s  chief  suburb  is 
Bulak.  It  was  founded  by  the  Fatimitc  califs  about  970,  and 
made  the  capital.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1617,  was 
held  by  the  French  1798-1801,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1882.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  massacre  of  the  Mame- 
lukes in  1811.  It  contains  a  number  of  noted  mosques : 
Mosqw:  of  Akbar,  a  square,  picturesquely  ornamented 
building  surmounted  by  a  pointed  dome  covered  with  ara- 
besques, now  appropriated  to  the  dances  of  the  howling 
dervishes.  The  square  minaret  over  one  angle  rises  in  re- 
cessed stages,  and  the  entrance-porch  is  formed  by  a  high 
trifoliate  arch.  The  whole  interior  is  colored  in  dark  and 
light  horizontal  bands.  Mosqw  cf  El-Azhar,  founded  in 
970.  but  for  the  most  part  rebuilt  at  various  subsequent 
tinies  It  has  sis  minarets.  It  is  remarkable  :is  the  chief 
existing  Mohammedan  university.  The  divisions  of  the 
interior  surround  a  large  central  court  encircled  by 
pointed  arcades  The  siwan,  or  sanctuary,  used  for  in- 
struction, consists  of  nine  aisles  formed  by  3S0  columns 
of  ancient  and  Christian  provenience.  Several  subordinate 
mosques  or  chapels  are  included  in  the  main  foundation. 
ilosqut  0/  Et-Gouri,  one  of  the  most  picttu'esque  monu- 
ments in  the  city.  It  was  built  about  1513.  Mosque  of 
Sultan  Hassan,  ranking  as  one  of  the  chief  monuments  of 
Mohammedan  architecture.  It  was  completed  in  1360  A.  I*. 
The  exterior,  built  of  stones  taken  from  the  Pyramids,  con- 
aistr  of  a  massive  wall  about  113  feet  high,  inclosing  an  area 
ol  irregular  form,  and  surmounted  by  two  lofty  minarets 
and  the  pointed  brick  dome  of  the  sultan's  mausoleum. 
The  top  ot  the  wall  is  corbeled  out  about  6  feet  in  succes- 
sive  ranges  of  dentils',  forming  a  cornice,  and  its  face  is 
diversified  by  panels,  arches,  and  Ajiraez  windows,  all 
used  sparingly.  The  great  minaret  is  280  feet  high.  The 
interior  court  measures  105  by  117  feet,  and  contains  two 
fountain-pavilions.  In  the  middle  of  each  side  of  the 
court  opens  a  magnificent  pointed  arch.  That  on  the  east, 
90  feet  high  and  deep  and  69  in  span,  is  the  largest.  At  the 
back  of  this  recess  are  the  miinhar  (pulpit)  and  mihrnb 
(place  ot  direction  of  prayer),  and  from  it  opens  the  mau- 
Boleum.  The  entrance-porch  is  a  large  archway  curiously 
covered  in  by  corbeling  out  the  sides  for  part  of  its  rise, 
and  then  thiowingasmall  pointed  arch  over  the  opening; 
its  piers  are  ornamented  with  rich  vertical  bands  and 
angle-columns,  and  with  paneling.  Tomh-Mosqui'  of  Kait 
Bey,  built  about  1470,  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  architec- 
ture in  Cairo.  Tombs  of  the  Califs,  so  called,  properly  of 
the  Circassian  Mamelukes,  a  number  of  comparatively 
small  mosque-tomlis  of  the  15th century,  grouped  together 
about  the  Tomb-Mosque  of  Kait  Bey.  They  are  important 
in  Arabic  architecture  fot  their  angularly  pointed  stone 
domes  covered  with  geometric  ornament  in  relief,  with 
small  windows  in  the  low  drum :  for  their  windows,  consist- 
ing of  a  group  of  two  or  three  slender  round-headed  arches 
surinounted  by  one  or  three  circular  openings  arranged 
pyramidally ;  and  for  th3  flue,  massive  pointed  arches  usual 
in  the  lowest  story.  Some  ot  them  show  incrustations  ot 
the  beautiful  colored  porcelain  tiles  for  which  the  older 
Arabic  monuments  of  Cairo  are  famous.  Tombs  of  the 
Manuiukes,  so  called,  an  extensive  group  of  mos(iue- 
tombs  on  tiio  southe.ast  side  of  the  city.  'They  belong  to 
the  period  of  tlie  Baharite  sultans,  and  though  ruinous  are 
architecturally  notable  for  their  fine  masonry  and  beauti- 
ful fluted  or  chevroned  pointed  domes,  and  for  their  grace- 
ful polygonal  minarets,  which  rise  in  recessed  stages. 
Mosque  of  Amm, the  oldest  mosque  in  Egypt  (founded  Ut3 
A-D.),  anda  remarkable  Mohammedan  nionnment.  The 
tncloaure  is  350  feet  square,  with  exterior  walls  of  brick. 
The  entrance  is  on  the  west ;  here  a  single  range  of  arcades 


203 


Calancha 


borders  the  central  court  .while  on  the  north  there  are  three  marshal.     For  about  six  mouths  in  1760  he  was  viceroy  <i'f 

ranges,  on  the  south  four,  and  on  the  east  side,  which  is  interim  of  Mexico. 

tlie  sanctuary,  six  ranges.    There  are  in  all  229  columns.  Cakchitjuels,  or  Cackchi(lUels(kak-ehe-kels'). 

-  .v,„„„j  „„.!„,..., „,„„„;„.„,!  A  ti-iije  of  Indians  of  the  JIayo  stock,  inhabit- 


The  arches  are  round  or  keel-shaped,  and  a  few  are  pointed. 
SUometer^a  monument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  the  >'ile, 
on  the  island  of  Roda.  The  present  Kilometer  dates  from 
about  860  A.  D. ;  it  is  a  chamber  about  IS  feet  si|uare,  origi- 
nally domed,  in  each  side  of  which  there  is  a  niche  covered 
with  a  pointed  arch,  an  important  example  of  tlie  early  use 
of  this  form.  In  the  middle  stands  a  pillar  divided  into  17 
colli  ts  of  about  21  fo  inches.  Population  (1897),  670,002. 
Cairo  (ka'ro).  A  city  in  Alexander  County,  111., 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers,  it  was  nearly  ilcstroyed  by  an  inun- 
dation in  IS.'iS.  The  Ohio  is  here  crossed  by  a  railway 
bridge.     Population  (I'loni,  12„=i06. 

Caites,  or  Caetes,  or  Cahet6s  (ka-e-taz')- 
[Probably  from  the  Tupi  Cad,  forest,  and 
cte,  real,  true,  i.  e.  'true  forest-d'wellers.']  A 
tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians,  of  the  Tupl  race, 
which  in  the  IGtb  century  occupied  much  of 
the  eastern  coast  region  north  of  the  Sao  Fran- 
cisco, in  Pernambuoo,  Rio  Grande  do  Norte, 
Parahyba,  and  Ceara.  They  were  very  powerful 
and  warlike,  and  were  cannibals.  They  dwelt  in  fixed 
villages,  practised  a  little  agriculture,  and  were  skilful 


ing  central  and  northern  Guatemala.  They  ap- 
pear  to  have  been  an  ortshoot  of  their  neighbors,  the 
Quiches,  whom  they  closely  resembled  in  manners  and 
customs.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  were  divided 
into  the  Cakchiquels  proper  and  a  northern  and  weaker 
branch.  theZutugils.  The  fonner  had  their  capital  at  Pati- 
namit,  near  the  present  city  of  Guatemala ;  the  latter  were 
at  Atitlan,  and  in  1524  they  were  at  war  with  Patinamit. 

Cakes,  Land  of.     A  name  given  to  Scotland, 
which  is  famous  for  its  oatmeal  cakes. 

Calabar  (kal-a-biir'  or,  more  correctly,  kii-la- 
biir'),  Old.  A  country  situated  between  the 
Cross  and  Rio  del  Rey  rivers,  in  the  British  Oil 
Rivers  Protectorate,  West  Africa,  named  after 
the  Old  Calabar  River.  The  importance  and  wealth 
of  this  district  are  due  to  the  palm-oil  which  is  produced 
on  the  banks  of  the  river.  The'Cross  River  is  navigable 
for  some  distance.  Duketown,  the  residence  of  the  Brit- 
ish consul,  has  about  10,000  population,  the  neighboring 
Creektown  about  5,000,  all  belonging  to  the  Elik  tribe. 
They  are  semi-civilized  and  semi-Christianized.  The  cli- 
mate is  very  insalubrious.  New  Calabar  is  a  branch  of  the 
Miger ;  also  a  town  near  its  mouth, 
hunters.  In  1604  they  murdered  the  Bishop  of  Bahia  n„-\„-u.„n  (kii-la-bo'thol  A  citv  in  the  state 
who  were    shipwrecked  on  Ulieir  OaiaDOZO  (h.a  la  DO  ino;.      A  ciiy  in  uie  sraie 


and  his  companions, 

coasts,  and  they  long  carried  on  war  with  the  colonists. 

As  a  tribe  they  are  now  extinct. 

Caithness  (kath'nes).  A  eoimty  in  northern 
Scotland,  lying  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  Pentland  Firth  on  the  nQrth,  the  North 
Sea  on  the  east  and  southeast,  and  Sutherland 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  chiefly  level.  The  chief 
towns  are  Thurso  and  Wick.  Area,  686  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  37,177. 

CaiUS  (ka'yus),  or  Galus  (ga'yus). 
the  first  part  of  the  3d  century  A.  D 
tian  controversialist. 


of  Miranda,  Venezuela,  situated  on  the  river 
Guarico.    it  was  founded  in  1730,  and  during  the  Vene- 
zuelan revolution  was  a  central  post  of  the  royalist  Boves. 
It  is  the  seat  o£  a  bishopric.     Population  (1893),  about 
6,000. 
Calabria  (ka-la'bri-ii).     The  name  given  imtil 
aliout  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest  in  the 
11th  century  to  the  southeastern  part  of  Italy 
(the  heel). 
Lived  in  Calabria.     The  name  given  in  the  later  middle 
A  Chris-     ages  and  in  modern  times  to  the  southwestern 
part  of  It  aly  (the  toe).    It  comprises  the  provinces  Co- 


CaiuS  (ka'jTis),  or  Gains  (ga'yus),  Saint.    Born     senza,  Catanzaro,  and  Reggio.  The  surface  is  mountainous, 
in  Dalmatia:  died   April  22,   296.     Bishop  of  Calactinus.     See  Cxcihus. 
Rome  283-296.     The  Roman  Church  commem-    '^"^■'^    ,i-.  lol,^       T„   «»„ 


orates  his  death  on  April  22. 
Cains.     The  assumed  name  of  Kent  in  Shak- 

spere's  "King  Lear." 
Cains,  Dr.      A  French  doi^or  in  Shakspere's 

"Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 
Cains  (kez)  (probably  Latinized  from  Kay  or 

Keye ),  John.     Born  at  Norwich,  England,  Oct. 

6,  1510:   died  at  London,  July  29,  1573.     An 

eminent  Eii.glish  physician  and  scholar,  founder 

of  Cains  (^'ollege  at  Cambridge  in  1558. 


Calah  (ka'liih).  In  Gen.  s.  10,  12,  a  place 
mentioned  as  one  of  the  four  cities  founded  by 
Asur,  the  ancestor  of  the  AssjTians.  It  is  the 
Assyrian  city  called  in  the  inscriptions  Kalliu,  now  repre- 
sented by  the  ruins  of  Nimrud,  about  20  miles  north  of 
the  ruins  of  Nineveh  (Kuyunjik),  situated  on  an  irregular 
wedge  of  land  formed  by  the  Tigris  and  the  I  pper  Zab. 
According  to  the  Assyrian  monuments  it  was  founded  by 
Shalmaneser  I.  about  1300  B.  c.  His  successors  abandoned 
it  tor  Nineveh.  Asurnazirpal  (8S4-S60)  rebuilt  it  and 
erected  a  royal  palace  in  it,  known  as  the  northwest  pal- 
ace: others  were  built  by  his  successors.  The  last  Assyr- 
ian king,  Asur-etil-ilani-ukiiini,  also  built  a  palace  there. 


Cains  Cestins^(kk'yusses't^us),  Pyramid  of^  Calahorra  (kii-m-c^^a)  Celtiterii^^ 


A  massive  sepiilchral  monument  of  brick  and 
stone,  at  Rome,  114  feet  high,  incrusted  with 
white  marble.  Each  side  of  the  base  measures  90  feet. 
The  small  burial-chamber  is  painted  with  arabesques.  The 
pyramid  is  of  the  time  of  Augustus. 

Cains  ,kez)  College.  See  GotivUle  and  Cains 
College. 

Cains  Gracchus  (ka'yus  grak'us).  A  tragedy 
by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1815  at 
Belfast.  He  afterward  revised  it,  and  it  was  brought 
out  by  Macready  at  Covent  Garden  in  1823. 

Cajamarca,  or  Caxamarca  (ka-Ha-mar'ka).  A 
department  of  northern  Peru,  bordering  on 
Ecuador.  It  is  occupied  almost  wholly  by  the 
Cordilleras.  Area,  14.188  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1876),  213,391. 

Cajamarca,  or  Caxamarca.  A  city  of  Peru,  the 
capital  of  the  province  and  department  of  the 
same  name.  Itwasanancientlndian  cityof  thelncas. 
In  1532  it  probably  had  about  10,000  inhabitants.  The  In- 
cas  had  erected  baths  near  it,  and  it  was  one  of  their 
favorite  resorts.  Here  Atahualpa  had  his  headquarters 
during  the  war  with  Huascar,  1530-^2 ;  here  he  was  seized 
by  Pizarro  Nov.  16, 153'2,  and  executed  Aug.  29, 1633.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  12,000, 


ris  Nassica.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Lo- 
grouo,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Cidaco,  near  the 
Ebro,  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.,  long.  2°  4'  W.  It  is 
noted  for  its  resistance  in  the  Sertorian  war,  72  B.  c.,  and 
as  the  birthplace  of  Quintilian  and  (probably)  of  Pruden- 
tius.     It  has  a  cathedral.     Population  (1887),  8.821. 

Calais  (kal'is;  F.  pron.  k;i-la').  [Formerly 
spelled  Callis ;  ME.  Calct/s,  Kahijis,  from  OF. 
Caleis,  Calais  (F.  Calais),  ML.  Calesiu7>i.'i  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
Prance,  situated  on  tlie  narrowest  part  of  the 
Strait  of  Dover,  in  lat.  50°  57'  N.,  long.  1°  51' 
E.  It  is  a  strong  fortress,  and  a  center  of  passenger 
traffic  between  England  and  the  Continent,  and  is  on  the 
great  railway  and  packet  route  between  London  and  Paris. 
It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  trade  in  timber,  etc.  Its  com- 
mercial and  manufacturing  portion  (annexed  in  1885)  is 
St.-Pierre-lf's-Calais.  Calais  was  taken  by  Edward  HI., 
after  a  celebrated  siege,  in  1347,  and  retaken  by  the  Duke 
of  Guise  in  1558.  The  Spaniards  held  it  1696-98.  Louis 
XVIII.  landed  there  in  1814      Population   (19011,59,793. 

Calais  (kal'is).  A  city  and  seaport  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  St. 
Croix  River  in  lat.  45°  11'  N.,  long.  67°  17'  W. 
Its  chief  industry  is  the  lumber  trade.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  7,65.'). 


Cajetan  (kaj'c-tan).  or  Cajetanns  (kaj-e-ta  -  Calamatta   (kii-m-mitt'ta),   Louis.     Born   at 
nus)(TommasodeVio).   BoruatGaeta,  Italy,     civita  Vecchia,  Italv,  Julv  12,  1802:  died  at 
Feb.  20,  1469:  died  at  Rome,  Aug- 9,  1534.     An     Milan,  March  8,  lsii9'.     A  French  engraver. 
Italian  cardintil  and  scholar,  a  papal  legate  at  Calame  (kii-liim'),  Alexandre.  Born  at  "Vovay, 
Augsburg  in  1518.     He  summoned  Lulhcr  be-     Switzerland,  May  28.   1810:  died  at  Mentone 


fore  his  tribunal.  He  became  bishop  of  Gaeta 
(Cajeta,  whence  his  surname)  in  1519. 
Cajigal  (kii-ho-giir  or  kii-ne-giil'),  Jnan  Man- 
uel. Born  at  Cadiz,  1757 :  died  at  Guanabacoa, 
Cuba,  Nov.  26, 1823.  A  Siiaiiish  general,  nephew 
of  (Tcncral  Cajigal  yMoiisnra  to.  From  1799  he  was 
stationed  in  Venezuela,  where  he  acted  against  the  revo- 
lutionists, 1810-16,  and  was  acting  captain-general  fioni 

1813.  He  was  defeated  by  Bolivar  at  Caraboho,  May  2,s, 

1814,  but  contributed  to  the  successes  ot  the  royalists  in 
called  to  Spain  in  1816,  he  was  made  lieutenant 


France,  March  17,  1864.  A  Swiss  landscape- 
painter,  noted  for  representations  of  Alpine 
scenery  and  of  the  ruins  of  Ptestum. 
Calamianes  (kii-lii-me-ii'nes).  A  group  of  isl- 
ands in  the  Philiiipiiie  Archipelago,  about  lat. 
12°  N.,  long.  120°  E.  With  the  northern  part  ot  Pala- 
wan (hey  form  the  province  of  Calamianes.  Area,  1,832 
square  miles. 

Calamities  of  Authors.  A  work  by  I.  D'Israeli, 

published  in  1812. 

Born  at  Lon- 


1815.       Rtt;itiieu  lu  i3jfi»iii  111   if  IV.,  liv-  .-......,..".. ^     ,  ,       ..  .,       Til  J  T>        —      ..i.      T  «-. 

general.     From  Aug.,  1819,  to  .March.  1821,  he  was  captain-  Calamy  (kiUn-mi),  Edmuna.     Bom   at    IjOn- 
general  of  Cuba  during  a  period  of  great  disorder.  i],,,,    ].Vli  ,  ](i(')0:  (lied  at  London,  Oct.  29,  1666. 

Cajigal  de  la  Vega  (kit-ne-giU' da  la  va'gii),     ■ 

Francisco  Antonio,  Marquis  of  Casa-Cajigal. 
Born  at  Santauder,  Feb.  5,  1695:  died  there, 
Api'il  30, 1777.  A  Spanish  general  and  admin- 
istrator. He  was  military  commandant  ot  Caracas,  gov- 
ernor ot  Santiago  de  Cuba  17:S8-5-l,  and  of  Havana  1747-60. 
For  his  defense  against  Lord  Vernon's  English  fleet  (.Inly 
1,  1741)  he  was  made  brigadier,  and  subsequently  fleld- 


An  English  rresbyterian  clergyman. 

Calamy,  Edmund".  Born  at  London,  April  5, 
lli71 :  died  June  3,  1732.  An  English  nonconfor- 
mist clergvmaii,  grandson  of  Edmund  Calamy. 

Calancha.  (kii-liin'chii),  Antonio  de  la.    Bom 

!it   Chuquisaca.   1584:  diod  at  Lima,  March  1, 
1654.    A  Peruvian  Augustine  monk.    Hewasreo- 


Calancha 

tor  of  the  College  of  San  Ildefonso  at  Lima,  and  held 
various  offices.  His  "  Cronica  Moralizada  del  Ordeu  de 
San  Agustin  en  el  Pern"  (Barcelona,  ISSS)  gives  much  in- 
formation on  thehistor>-and  ethnology  of  South  America. 

Calandrino  (.ka-lan-dre'uo).  The  subject  of  a 
stoiy  in  Boceaecio's  •'Decameron.'"  He  is  very 
unfortunate  and  very  amusing. 

Calantha  (ka-lan'thil).  In  Ford's  tragedy  "The 
Broken  Heart,"  the  daughter  of  Amyclas,  the 
king  of  Laconia.  She  drops  dead  of  a  broken  heart 
after  an  extraordinary  scene  in  a  ball-room  dui-ing  which. 
with  apparent  calm  and  while  contiruing  her  dance,  she 
listens  to  the  announcement  of  the  deaths,  one  after  an- 
other, ol  her  father,  lover,  and  brother. 

Calapooya  (kal-a-po'ya).  A  division  of  the 
KaUipooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  a  number  of  bands,  formerly  on  the 
watershed  bet-sveen  the  Willamette  and  Ump- 


204 

anatomist.  His  chief  works  are  "Icones  anatomicje" 
(lS0t-14i  '"Esplicatio  iconum  anatomicarum"(l!J02-14). 

Caldara  (kal-da'rii),  Antonio.  Born  at  Venice, 
1678:  died  at  Venice,  Dec.  28, 1763.  An  Italian 
composer  of  operas  and  oratorios. 

Caldara,  Polidoro,  sumamed  da  Caravaggio. 
Born  at  Caravaggio,  near  Milan,  about  149.5: 
killed  at  ilessina,  1543.     An  Italian  painter,  a 

ajupil  of  Raphael, 
aldas  (kiil'das),  Francisco  Jose  de.  Bom  at 
Popayan,  Colombia,  li71:  died  at  Bogota,  Oct. 
29,1816.  A  Colombian  naturalist.  He  made  impor- 
tant studies  in  botany  and  geography,  traveling  for  some 
time  with  Huml»oldt  and  Bonpland.  In  1805  he  was  made 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Bogota.  When  the  revolu- 
tion of  ISIO  broke  out  he  became  chief  of  engineers  in  the 
patriot  army,  but  was  not  actively  engaged  in  the  field. 
The  Spaniards  captured  him  in  1816,  and  he  was  shot. 


qua  rivers,  in  Oregon.  They  are  now  on  Grande  Caldas  Barboza  (kal'das  bar-bo 'za),  Do- 
Eonde  reservation.  They  numbered  22  in  1S90.  Also  C(ri-  mingOS.  Bom  at  Eio  de  Janeiro  about  1740 : 
ipoa,  CaUahpoetcah,  CaUopipa  Callapooha,  Cathlapooya,  j;^^  jjg^j  Lisbon,  Portugal,  Nov.  9,  1800.  A 
CUlapponyea,  Eatap^oyah,  Kallapuya.      ^^^^  ^^  ^^_     Brazilian_  poet.     He  was  a  mulatto,  ths. illegitimate 


Galas   (ka-las'  or  kii-la'),  Jean.     x>oru  ai_  ija-     (.^jjj  jjf  J,  Po'rtuguese  and  of  a  slave  woman  from  Africa, 
caparede,  Languedoe,  prance,  March  19,  1698:     over  t«c  hundred  of  his  lyrics  are  estant. 
broken   on  the  -svheel   at_ Toulouse,   France.  Cai^ejja,    Brant    Pontes    (kal-da'ra    brant 


March  9, 1762.  A  French  Protestant  merchant 
at  Toulouse,  a  victim  of  religious  fanaticism. 
He  was  judicially  murdered  on  the  baseless  charge  of 
having  put  his  eldest  son  (a  suicide)  to  death  to  prevent 
him  from  becoming  a  Roman  Catholic. 
Calatafimi  (ka-la-ta-fe'me).  A  town  in  western 
Sicily,  situated  32  miles  southwest  of  Palermo. 
The  ruins  of  the  ancient  Segesta  are  in  the  vicinitj-.  Near 
here.  May  1.5,  1860,  Garibaldi  with  about  2.000  men  de- 
feated 3,600  Neapolitans  under  Landi.  The  ton n  was 
taken  \pi  il  '22,  Sai,  bv  the  Saracens  who  gave  it  its  name 
(Kalat-al-tiiiii).     Population  (1881).  10,419. 


Calhoun 

eleven  plays  and  seventy  (or  seventy-three)  sacramental 
autos  which  forms  the  b;isis  for  a  proper  knowledge  of  his 
works.  One  hundred  and  fifteen  plays  printed  as  his  by 
the  cupidity  of  booksellers  have  no  claim  whatever  to  bis 
name.  His  "  Comedias  de  Capa  y  Espada  "  ("Comedies  of 
the  Cloak  and  Sword  " :  which  see)  are  peculiarly  charac- 
teristic,  and  about  thirty  of  these  can  be  enumerated. 
Among  them  are  '"  La  Dama  Duende  "  ("  The  FaiiT  Lady  '\ 
"ilejor  Esta  que  Estaba"("T  is  Better  th.an  it  Was"X 
*'  Peor  Esta  que  Estaba  "  ("  "T  is  Worse  than  it  Was  "),  and 
"  Astrologo  Fingido  "  ("  The  Mock  Astrologer  ").  Dr>-den 
used  this  last  in  his  ""An  Evening's  Love,  or  The  Mock 
Astrologer. "  Among  his  plays  are  ■'  El  Magico  ?rodigioso ' 
("The  Wonder-working  Magician  "),  "La  Devociou  de  la 
Cruz"("The  Devotion.'!  the  Cross  "),  'El  Principe  Con- 
stante"(-'The  Constant  Prince").'' VidaesSueilo"("Life 
is  a  Dream"),  "El  Mayor  Encanto  Amor"  ('-No  Magic 
like  Love"),  "Las  Armas  de  la  Hermosura"  ("The 
Weapons  of  Beauty  "),  and  many  others. 

Calderon,  Bridge  of.    See  Puente  de  Calderon. 

Calderwood  ikalMer-wud),  David.  Bom, 
probably  at  Dalkeith,  Scotland,  157.5:  died  at 
Jedburgh,  Scotland,  Oct.  29,  1650.  A  Scottish 
clergjTnau  and  church  historian.  His  chief  works 
are  "The  Altar  of  Damascus  "  (1621 :  also  in  Latin,  1623), 
"History  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland  "  (16T»). 

Caldiero  (kal-de-a'ro).  A  village  in  northern 
Italy,  8  miles  east  of  Verona.  Here,  Nov.  12, 1796, 
the  'Austrians  under  Alvinczy  repulsed  Napoleon,  and 
Oct.  29-31,  1806,  the  archduke  Charles  of  Austria  re- 
pulsed Massena. 

Caldwell  (kald'wel),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Lam- 
ington,  N.  J.,  April  21,  17i3:  died  at  Chapel 
Hill,  N.  C,  Jan.  27, 1835.  An  American  clergy, 
man  and  educator.  He  became  president  of 
the  Unirersitv  of  North  Carolina  in  1801. 


pou'tas),  Felisberto,  Marquis  of  Barbacena 
Bora  near  Marianna,  Minas  Geraes.  Sept.  19. 
1772 :  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  13,  1841.  A 
Brazilian  soldier  and  statesman.  In  1823  he  was  a 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly ;  in  1826  was  chosen 
senator;  in  Jan.,  1827,  assumed  command  of  the  Brazil- 
ian array  in  I'ruguay,  but  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
ltuzaing6.  Feb.  20,  1827,  and  soon  after  relieved  ;  in  1828 
accompanied  the  young  Queen  of  Portugal,  Maria  n. .  to 
Europe,  and  defen.ledherrights  there  with  greatdecision  Caldwell.  A  town  and  summer  resort  m  east- 
and  skill ;  and  from  Dec.,  1829,  to  Oct,  1830,  was  prime  era  New  York,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of 
™'"'5'<*''-  Lake  George,  53  miles  north  of  Albanv.     Forts 


Calatayud  (ka-la-ta-yoTH').     4  town  in  the  Calder  (kal'der).    A  river  in  the  West  Riding    (jporge  and  WilUam  Henry  were  situated  here 
province  of  Saragossa,  Spam,  situated  on  the     of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Aire  at    in  tijg  2Sth  centurv 
river  Jalon  in  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  1°  41'  W.     Castleford,  9  miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  Length,  {jaleb  (ka'leb).     [Heb. ;  of  uncertain  meaning. 


It  was  built  by  Moors  in  the  Sth  ceuturj'.  and  is  in  the 

center  of  a  noted  hemp  district.    It  is  near  the  ancient  n   ij        c_  •D«v«-* 

Bilbilis   (the  birthplace  of  Martial),  and  has  a  castle.   l/aiQer,  Ciir  XfcODeri 

Population  (1S87),  11,055. 
Calatrava  la  Vieja  (ka-la-tra'va  la  ve-a'na), 

or   Old   Calatrava.     A  ruined  city  of  New 

Castile,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiana  north 

of  Ciudad  Real.     It  was  an  important  mediev.al  for- 
tress, and  seat  of  the  Calatrava  Order  of  Knights,  founded 

in  the  12th  centurj-  lor  the  defense  of  the  frontier  against 

the  Moors  (it  became  an  order  of  merit  in  1808). 
Calaveras  (kal-a-va'ras)  Grove.  The  northera- 


about  40  miles 

Bom  at  Elgin.  Scotland, 
Julv  2;  1745  (O.  S.):  died  at  Holt,  Hampshire, 
England,  Aug.  31,  1818.  A  British  ailmiral. 
He  served  ^vith  distinction  as  captain  of  the  fleet  at  Cape 
St.  Vincent  in  1797,  aud  commanded  against  Villeneuve 
in  the  summer  of  1805. 
Caldera  (kal-da'ra).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Atacama,  Chile,  in  lat.  27°  3'  S.,  long.  70° 
53'  "W. :  the  distributing-point   of    a  mineral 


See  the  extract  below.]  A  Hebrew  leader  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest  of  Canaan.  He  was 
one  of  those  who  were  sent  as  spies  into  the 
land  of  Canaan. 

Often,  with  names  of  this  kind,  El  was  omitted,  Irham 
being  used  instead  of  Irhamd ;  CaUb  instead  of  Catbd, 
This  last  name,  singular  as  it  is,  neeil  not  create  any  sur- 
prise, for  "Dog  of  El"  was  an  energetic  way  of  express- 
ing the  faithful  attachment  of  a  tribe  to  the  God  to 
which  it  had  devoted  itself, 

Reiian.  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  L  89. 


district.    PopulaHon,  about  3.000. 

most ''rove  of  tfieCalifornian  big  trees,  reached  Calderon  (kal -da -ron),   franciSCO   Uarcia.  Caleb.     The  witch  in '•  The  Seven  Champions 

from  Stockton.     It  contains  about  one  hundred  large    Born  at  Ai-eqmpa,  1*34.     A  Peruvian  lawyer     of  Christendom."    Caleb  had  kiUed  the  parents 

trees,  among  them  the 'Mother  of  the  Forest,  "315  feet  in     and  Statesman.     '  •  '     '   '' 

height  and  61  in  girth. 
CalaynOS  (ka-li'nos).    A  tragedy  by  George  H. 

Boker,  produced  in  England  in  1^18,  and  revived 

in  America  by  Barrett  in  1883. 
Calaynos,  the  Moor.  One  of  the  oldest  Spanish 

ballads,  in  which  the  French  paladins  appear 

associated    with    various    fabulous     Spanish 

heroes. 
Calcasieu   (kal'ka-shii).     A  river  in  western 

Louisiana  which  flows  through  Lake  Calcasieu 

into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  29°  46'  N.,  long. 

93°  20'  W.     Length,  about  200  miles. 
Calchaquis  (kiil-chii-kez').     A  tribe  of  South 

American  Indians  which  formerly  occupied  a 


In  186<  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  of  the  voung  Samt  George  and  brought  him  up. 

and  in  1868  became  mmister  01  the  treasury.    After  the  n„-i-y.    •    .  nhnr.nctpr  in  Drvden's  satire  '•  41)«a- 

ChUiims  occupied  Lima  (ISSP,  and  President  Pierola  had  ^aiCD.     A  cnaracrer  in  i^yaen  s  »aiire     --iosa- 

fled,  the  citizens  elected  Calderon  provisional  president  lom  and  Aetutopbel.       He  is  intended  for  Lord  Grey 

of  Peru,  a  choice  which  was  af  terw.-u-d  ratified  bv  Congress,  of  Wark,  one  of  the  adherents  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth. 

He  attempted  to  treat  with  the  Chilians  and  to  secure  the  The  latter  had  a  notorious  intrigue  with  Lord  Grey's  wife. 

interference  of  the  United  States.    To  prevent  this  the  Caleb  Quotem.     See  Quotem. 

Chilians  seized  him  and  sent  him  to  Valparaiso,  where  he  Caleb  WilUamS.     A  novel  bv  William  Godwin. 

was  confined  until  the  close  of  the  war.    He  returned  to     „  ,v.k„t 1  ;^   i-oi      ^  ,  u  «—,■,■         •    .,. 

Lima  in  1886,  and  was  made  president  of  the  senate.    He  P}!^'^,^'^^^  1°   \ '  ^Z.    '^aleb  Wil  lams  is  the  secretary 

was  influential  in  arranging  the  Grace  contract  bv  which  "'  Falkland:  his  insatiable  curiosity  finds  out  the  secret 

the  finances  of  Peru  w5re  put  on  a  better  footiiig.    He  ?«  his  master,  (bee  Falkland.)  tolman  the  Younger  based 
has  published  a  "Dictionary  of  Peruvian  Legislation.* 

Calderon,  Serafin  Es'tebanez.    Bom  at  Mala- 
ga.   ' ' 

poet  1 

y  Moriscos"  (1338), 
■  Escenas  Andaluzas  " 


his  ''Iron  Chest  "  on  this  uoveL 
Caled.     See  KItalid. 
^Spa£  180?^i?d  Fe"b  TlS6-r"  1  Spr^'^h  Caledonia  (kal-e-do'ni-a).     [L.  Caledonia,  also 
.t  SoveUst      i:^;e  ihe'nl-ver-c&no'^     CV,?,rfo»f«,  C«?^</o»<V,,  Gr.  Ka>^^ona,  from  Cale, 

doiin,  CaUdonn,  Calydonii,  also  Caledoiies,  Cali- 
dones,  Gr.  Ka/.iidoiioi,  the  name  of  the  inhabi- 
tants.] A  name  given  by  the  Roman  writers 
to  the  northern  portion  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain:  now  used  as  a  poetical  designation  of 
Scotland. 


*Las  Poesias  del  Solitario" 

'  (1847),  etc 


(1833), 


region  of  What  is  now  northwestern  Argentina,  q^-^^^^^^  (kal'de-ron).' PhiUp  Hermogenes. 
in  the  vicimty  of  Catamarca.  They  were  power-  R„^ntp„:Hpr«  TV>nop  Mnv^  1^S3- died  Auril 
ful  opponents  of  the  first  Spanish  colonists  who  entered  i'°™^J\°"l?'^S^*T^°'^^*^--^^-^/' ■''^"'''.- "^f '^^P"' 
this  district  from  ChUe.  The  Jesuit  missionaries  called  30.1898.  An  Enghshpaiuter.of  Spanish  descent, 
their  language  Calamarefio  or  Cacana,  but  all  records  of  CalderOn  the  CoUrtier.  A  romance  from 
this  tongue  appear  to  be  lost,  and  the  tribe  is  extinct.  Spanish  historv,  bv  Bulwer  Lvtton,  published  Caledonian  Canal.     A  canal  in  Scotland  con- 

Calchas  (kai'kas).    [GrT.  Kd>.xac.~\    In  Greek  le-    jji  x838.  '       "  "  neeting  the  Nuith  Sea -with  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 

gend,  the  wisest  soothsaver  who  accompanied  riolJorn-n   Ao  la  'Rarca  rVnl'dp-rnTi-   Sn   nron       I'  esten'ds  from  Inverness  through  a  chain  of  lakes  to 
|e  expedition  against  "Troy.     He  was.,  son  ,f  "ft^X^^^^^l^ejfrPs  ^^^^^^^.^la:^^:'^'V^    The 

Inghs).     Born  in  Scotland  about  1810  (f).     A     three  princes  disguised  as  Calenders,  or  begging 

Scottish-Amencanwriter,  wife  of  Senor  Calde-     -  -        •        —■      •     -■      ^-.  ...'—.   ""^ .  ° 

ron  de  la  Barca,  a  Spanish  diplomatist:  author 

of  "Life  in  Mexico"  (1843),  etc. 


Thestor  of  Mycenw  or  Megara.  According  to  the  oracle 
he  must  die  wh'^n  he  met  a  soothsayer  wiser  than  him- 
self ;  this  happened  when  he  met  Mopsus  at  Claros.  He 
is  introduced  in  Shakspere's  "  lYoilus  and  Cressida. " 

Calcraft  (kal'kraft),  John  William.    A  pseu 


drid.  Jan.  17, 1600 :  died  there.  May  25, 1681.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was 
educated  first  by  the  Jesuits  and  then  at  Salamanca,  be- 
ing graduated  from  the  latter  university  in  1619.  He  had 
already  some  reputation  as  a  dramatic  writer.  In  1620 
and  1622  he  gained  the  praise  of  Lope  de  Vega  and  the 
only  prize  in  poetical  contests.  Until  1630  he  served  in 
the"  army  at  various  times,  but  continued  writing.  In 
1636  he  was  patronized  by  Philip  IV.,  and  was  formally 
attached  to  the  court,  furnishing  drajnas  for  the  royal 


douym  of  John  William  Cole,  under  which  Calderon  de  la  Barca,  Pedro.  Bora  at  Ma 
he  produced  "The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  a  -  ■ '  ''  '-  -"""  3-  .^i  Ar__.i-  ..^o, 
drama,  in  1822.  and  other  works. 
Calcutta  (kal-kut'a).  [Hind.  Kalikata,  prob. 
orig.  Edlighdt,  referring  to  a  shrine  of  the  god- 
dess Kali  in  the  vicinity .]  The  capital  of  British 
India  and  of  Bengal,  situated  on  the  Hugli  in 
lat.  22°  33'  N.,  long.  88°  23'  E.  It  is  the  chief  com- 
mercial center  of  Asia.  Its  cvports  and  manufactures  are 
opium,  tea,  jute,  grain,  indigo,  iron,  oil-seeds,  cotton,  etc 
Among  the  principal  objects  of  interest  are  Fort  William, 
Government  House,  an  arsenal,  a  university.  Botanical 
Gardens,  a  Sanskrit  college,  and  various  other  institu- 
tions. It  is  the  seat  of  numerous  learned  societies.  It 
was  founded  as  an  East  India  Company  factor}-  in  1686, 
and  originally  called  Fort  William.  It  was  attacked  by 
Surajah  Dowliih  in  1756.  and  was  the  scene  of  the  tragedy 
of  the  Black  Hole  (which  see).  It  was  retaken  by  Clive 
in  1757,  and  bucamethe  capital  in  1773.  Population  (1891), 
■with  suburbs,  741,1-14. 

Caldani  (kai-da'ne).  Leopoldo  Marc- Antonio. 
Born  at  Bologna,  Italv,  N.iv,  21,  1725  :  died  at 
Padua,  Italy,  Dec.  24."  1813.    A  noted  Italian 


dervishes,  in  ''The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments."    They  have  but  one  eye  each. 

Oalepine  (kal'e-pen),  Sir.  A  knight  in  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  Queene"  who  saves  a  child  from 
a  bear  by  squeezing  the  latter  to  death. 

Calepino  (ka-la-pe'no),  Ambrogio.  Bom  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  June  6,  1435 :  died  at  Bergamo, 
Nov.  30,  1511.  An  Italian  lexicographer.  He 
compiled  a  Latin-Italian  dictionarv- (published  1502X  which 
passed  through  many  editions,  and  became,  after  success 
sive  enlargements,  in  1590  a  polyglot  of  eleven  languages, 
Facciolati  reduced  this  number  to  seven  in  his  edition 
(171S). 


theaters.     He  fought  through  the  campaign   of    1640,  Caleti   (kal'e-ti),  or  Caletes    (kal'e-tez>.     All 

From  this  time  he  wrote  both  secular  a.jd  religious  plays  ancient  Belgio  tribe  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of 

and  autos  for  the  church,  retaining  a  controlhng  influence  _                 _,»                     -,  ^            -.-,  --,  ^    ^ 

over  whatever  related  to  the  drama.    In  I60I  he  entered  Rouen.     They  opposed  Ca?sar  o2-ol  B.  C. 

a  religious  brotherhood.    In  1663  he  was  created  chap-  Caleva,  or  Calleva   (kal    e-va).      An  impor- 

lain  of  honor  to  the  king,  and  also  became  a  priest  of  the  XAut  town  in  ancient  Britain:  the  modem  SU- 

Congregation  of  Saint  Peter,  and  .afterward  its  head,  an  „>.„<-+«- 

office  which  he  held  till  his  death.      Notwithstanding    J^"'^-'^^'-  .        .  .    _„  .     ,,, ,,    /-^^o/lo 

these  religious  duties,  he  did  not  cease  from  writing  Calgary  (kal  ga-n).  Atown  m-\lberta.  tanaOa. 

lor  the  thrater,  besides  which,  during  thirty-seven  years.  It  is  a  trading  center  on  the  Canadian  Pacilie 

he  composed  the  Corpus  Christi  plays  which  were  per-  Eailwav. 

formed  every  year  in  the  cathedrals  of  Toledo  Seville,  p-Tu-,,,1 '/i-oi  >,xt,'1    TaIiti  PalH-oroll       'Rom  in 

and  Granada!  Hisextraordinarypopnlarity  continued  till  CalhOUn  (kal-hon  ),  John  UalCl'WeU.     Born  in 

his  death.    He  himself  madea  listof  one  hundred  and  Abbeville  Distnct,  b.  C,  March  lb,  ll^-.  aiea 


Calhoun 


at  Washington,  March  31,  1850.  A  noted  Amer- 
ican statesman.  He  was  of  Irish  extraction  was 
ffrtdualed  at  Yale  Collegein  1801,  studied  law  at  the  Litch- 
S<Co..nectica<)  Law  School,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
isoj  and  coininunccd  practice  at  Abbeville.  He  was  a 
mcmbei  of  the  State  general  assembly  lsOS^9;  was 
fh'cted  a  representative  to  Congress  from  South  Carolina 
hv  the  War  Democrats  in  1811,  and  retained  his  seat  un- 
til 1817,  when  he  became  secretary  of  war  in  President 
Monroe's  cabinet.  He  was  Vice-President  of  the  Lnuted 
Ks  18>'6-32 ;  was  United  States  senator  1832-13 ;  and 
w4  Lc.-e"tary  of  state  under  President  Tyler  1844-16 
when  he  was  reelected  to  the  Senate,  of  which  lie  remained 
a  member  until  his  death.  A  strenuous  defender  of  the 
instiintion  of  slavery,  he  was  the  author  of  the  doctrine 
of  miUiilcation,  according  to  which  each  State  has  the 
ri"ht  to  reject  any  act  of  Congress  which  it  may  consider 
unconstitutional.  Thisdoctrine  was  declared  by  the  legis- 
lature  of  South  Carolina  in  1829,  in  a  document,  nialnly 
drawn  up  by  biin,  known  as  the  "  South  Carolina  Exposi- 
tion ■'  He  was  one  of  the  chief  instruments  m  securing 
the  annexation  of  Texas.  His  works,  with  memoir  were 
published  by  Kichard  K.  Cralle  (1853-54),  and  include  a 
treatise  "Un  the  Constitution  and  Government  of  the 
United  States." 

Oali  (ka-le').  A  town  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  department 
of  Cauca,  situated  north  of  Popayau.  Popula- 
tion (1892),  about  10,000. 

Caliban  (Isal'i-ban).  In  Shakspere's  "Tem- 
uest,"  a  deformed  and  repulsive  slave.  He  is  a 
monster  generated  by  a  devil  and  a  witch,  with  a  sensual 
and  malicious  nature,  educated  by  Pi-ospero. 

If  the  depth  of  an  impression  made  by  an  imaginary 
character  may  be  gauged  by  the  literature  which  that 
character  calls  forth,  then  must  Hamlet  and  Falstaft  ad- 
mit Caliban  to  a  place  between  them.  An  eminent  Pro- 
fessor (Wilson)  has  devoted  a  stout  octavo  volume  to  the 
proof  that  in  Caliban  we  lind  the  exact  "link  which,  iii 
any  scheme  of  Evolution,  is  "inissing"  between  Man  and 
the  Anthropoids;  the  late  and  honoured  Mr.  Robert 
Brownin"  has  given  utterance  to  the  theological  specula- 
tions which  he  imagined  might  have  visited  Caliban  s 
dftrkened  and  lonely  soul ;  and  a  brilliant  Membej-  of  the 
French  Institute,  of  world-wide  fame,  has  written  a  jibilo- 
aophical  drama  bearing  the  name  of  "Caliban."  -No  other 
unreal  character,  except  the  two  I  have  mentioned,  Ham- 
let and  FalstaS,  has  called  forth  such  noteworthy  or  such 
voluminous  tributes.         Furiiess,  Shak.  Var.,  Pref.,  vui. 

Caliban.  A  philosophical  drama  by  Kenan, 
published  in  1878  as  a  continuation  of  "  The 
Tempest."  Caliban,  a  socialist  and  revolutionist,  over- 
throws Prospero  and  occupies  the  latter's  place  and  palace. 
He  then  comes  to  sympathize  with  property-owners  and 
protects  Prospero.  The  drama  is  keenly  satirical. 
Caliban.  A  pseudonym  of  Auguste  Einile  Ber- 
gerat. 

Caliban  upon  Setebos,  or  Natural  Theology 
in  the  Island.     A  poem  by  Robert  Browning, 
published  in  "Dramatis  Personas"  (1864). 
Caliburn.    See  ExcaUhur. 

Calicut   (kal'i-kut),    or    Kolikod   (kol'i-kod). 
[Hind.  EolikOdu.]     A  seaport  in  the  Malabar 
district.  Madi-as,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Indian  Ocean  in  lat.  11°  15'  N.,  long.  75°  49'  E. 
It  was  the  first  Indian  port  visited  by  Vasco  da  Gama  in 
149S.    It  was  destroyed  by  Tippu  Saib  in  1789,  and  ceded  to 
the  Brilish  in  1792.     Population  (1891),  66,078. 
Oalidore  (kal'i-dor).     A  knight  in   Spenser  s 
"Faerie  Queene,"  the  type  of  courtesy.     He  is 
modeled  upon  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 
Calif  (ka'lif).     [From  Ar.  kalafa,  to  leave  be- 
hind.]     The  title  given  to  the  successor  of 
Mohammed,  meaning  '  successor,' '  lieutenant,' 
'vicegerent,'  or  '  deputy.'     He  is  vested  with  abso- 
lute authority  in  all  matters  of  state,  both  civil  and  reli- 
gious, as  long  as  he  rules  in  conformity  with  the  law  of  the 
Koijin  and  the  tradition.    The  calif  must  be  a  man,  an 
adult,  sane,  a  free  man,  a  learned  divine,  a  powerful  ruler, 
a  just  person,  and  one  ot  the  Koreish  (the  tribe  to  winch 
the  prophet  himself  belonged).    The  Shiites  (the  schis- 
matics of  Islam)  also  demand  that  he  should  be  a  descen- 
dant from  the  prophet's  family.     After  the  first  five  califs, 
who  according  to  some  Mohammedan  authorities,  were 
alone  entitled  to  the  title,  the  others  being  merely  Amirs, 
or  governors,  the  califate  passed  over  to  the  Ommiads, 
who,  14  in  number,  reigned  661-750  in  Damascus,    They 
were  succeeded  by  the  Abbassides,  with  37  califs,  reigning 
750-1258  in  Bagdad.     After  their  temporal  power  had  been 
overthrown  by  Halak Khan,  125S,descendant3of  the  Abb.as- 
•Ides  resided  for  three  centuries  in  Egypt,  and  asserted 
their  claim  to  the  spiritual  power.    In  1517  the  califate 
paused  over  through  one  descendant  of  the  Abbassides  to 
8flim  I.,  the  ninth  of  the  present  Ottoman  dynasty  of 
Turkish  sultans,  and  is  still  vested  In  the  sultan  of  the 
Uttomaii  emjiire. 

Calife  de  Bagdad (ka-lef  de  bag-dad' ),  Le.  An 
oiicrii  bv  B.>ioldieu,  words  by  St.  Just,  first 
liroduccd  in  Paris  Sept.  16,  1800. 

California  (kal-i-for'ni-ii).  [Sp.  California  (IGth 
century),  applied  first  to  what  is  now  called 
Lower  California.  Origin  uncertain:  said  to  be 
from  California,  a  feigned  island  abounding  in 
gold  and  precious  stones,  described  in  a  Span- 
ish romance,  "Las  Sergus  de  Esplandian,' 
published  in  1510.]  One  of  the  Pacific  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Itextends  from  lat. 
32'  30-42°  N.,  long.  114''-124°  26'  W.,  and  is  bounded  by  Ore- 
gon on  the  north,  Nevada  and  Arizona  on  the  east,  Lower 
California  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west.  The 
Bierra  Nevada  and  Coast  ranges  traverse  it,  and  it  is  famous 


205 

for  picturesque  scenery  (Yosemite,  etc.).    Besides  gold, 
(luicksilver,  lead,  and  silver,  it  produces  various  other 
minerals,  petroleum,  etc.  Among  its  other  important  pro- 
ducts are  wheat,  barley,  wool,  grapes  and  other  fruit  wine 
brandy,  homy,  and  t  iinber.    Its  capital  is  Sacramento,  and 
its  chief  city  San  I'rancisco.    It  has  57  counties,  'the  coast 
was  explored  Ijy  Cabrillo  in  1642,  and  by  Drake  1578-i9.    It 
was  settled  by'Spanish  missionaries  in  the  17tli  century 
and  from  1822  was  part  of  the  Mexican  state.    In  1846-47 
it  was  occupied  by  American  troops,  and  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  in  1848.    tiold  was  discovered  m  El  Dorado 
County  on  Jan,  24,  1848.    It  was  admitted  to  the  Imon 
in  1850.    Length,  776  miles.    Area,  158,360  square  miles. 
Population  (19UU),  1,485,003. 
California,  Gulf  of.     An  arm  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  lying  between  the  peninsula  ot  Liower 
California  on  the  west  and  the  Mexican  states 
of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  on  t'ne  east.    Length,  about 
700  miles;  breadth  at  the  entrance,  150  miles.  It  receives 
the  river  Colorado  at  its  head. 

California,  Lower,  or  Old.  [Sp.  Baja  or  Vie- 
la,  California.']  A  peninsula  of  North  Amer- 
ica, projecting  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  forming 
a  teiTitory  of  Mexico.  It  was  discovered  by  Ximenes 
in  1534  was  explored  by  Cortes  in  1535,  and  settled  by  the 
Spaniards  in  the  last  piU't  of  the  17th  century.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  and  its  climate  dry.  Area,  59,91fS 
scpiare  miles.  Length,  about  7'JO  miles.  Population  (1895), 
42,287 


Callirihoe 


Caligula  (ka-lig'u-la)  (Caius  Caesar).  [Ca- 
lii/ula  is  a  nickname  from  L.  caluix,  the  foot- 
dress  of  the  common  soldiers,  worn  by  him  when 
he  was  with  the  army  as  a  boy.]  Born  at  An- 
tium,  Italy,  Aug.  31,  1'2  A.  D. :  killed  at  Eome, 
Jan.  24,  41.  The  third  emperor  of  Eome,  37^1 
A.  D.,  youngest  son  of  Germanicus,  the  nephew 
of  Tiberius,  and  Agrippina.  He  succeeded  Tiberius, 
whose  death  he  had  caused  or  accelerated.  The  begin- 
ning of  his  reign  was  marked  by  great  moderation,  but 
his  savage  and  voluptuous  nature  soon  revealed  itself,  and 
the  rest  of  his  career  was  mai'ked  by  cruelty  and  licen- 
tiousness little  short  of  madness.  He  is  said  to  have  ex- 
claimed in  a  fit  of  vexation,  "  Would  that  the  Roman  peo- 
ple had  only  one  head  !  "  He  had  himself  worshiped  as  a 
god  and  raised  his  horse  to  the  consulship.  He  invaded 
Gaul  in  40.  He  was  assassinated  by  Cassius  Chorea,  Cor- 
nelius Sabinus,  and  others. 
Caligula.  A  tragedy  by  Crowne,  printed  in 
169K. 

Calila  and  Dimna.    See  EaUlah. 

Calipoa.    See  Calapooya. 

Calipolis  (ka-lip'6-lis).  The  wife  of  Muly  Ma- 
hamet  in  Peele's  play  "The  Battle  of  Alcazar.'' 
During  a  famine  her  husband  presents  her  with  a  bit  of 
meat,  stolen  from  a  lioness,  on  his  bloody  sword,  with 
these  words:  "Feed  then  and  faint  not,  fair  Calipolis. 
Pistol  ridicules  this  line  in  "2  Hem-y  IV.,"  ii.  4. 

CalippUS.     See  Callijipus. 

Calista  (ka-lis'ta).  1.  The  "Fair  Penitent  "in 
liowe's  plav  of  that  name.  She  is  the  proud,  fierce 
wife  of  a  forgiving  husband,  Altamont,  and  loves  "that 
haughty  gallant,  gay  Lothario,"  who  has  seduced  her. 
After  the  latter's  death  her  sense  of  guilt  induces  her  to 
kill  herself  though  Doian  remarks  that  she  was  more 
angry  at  being  found  out  than  sorry  for  what  had  hap- 
pened. 

2  The  faithful  wife  of  Oleander  in  Fletcher 
and  Massinger's  play  "The  Lover's  Progress.' 
Her  struggle  with  her  unfortunate  passion  tor 
Lysander  affords  a  powerful  scene.— 3.  One  of 
the  principal  characters  in  Massinger's  "  Guar- 
dian."—4.  The  queen's  woman  in  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Talisman."     She  is  wily  and  intriguing. 

Calixtines  (ka-liks'tins).  [ML.  Calixtini,  a  sect 
so  called:  referred  to  calij:,  a  cup,  the  cup  of 
the  eueharist;  in  form  as  if  from  Calirtii.'!,  a 
proper  name.]  A  sect  of  Hussites  in  B.  .Iirmi.i. 
They  published  their  confession  in  1421,  the  leading  arti- 
cle c5f  which  was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  (cattx) 
as  well  as  ot  the  bread  ill  the  Lord's  Supper,  from  which 
they  were  also  called  Utntquists  (L,  uterijiie,  both). 
CalixtUS  I.  (ka-liks'tus),  or  Callistus  (ka-lis'- 
tus).  Killed  2'23.  Bishop  of  Kome.  He  suc- 
ceeded Zephyrinus  as  bishop  in  218  a.  D.  He  is 
commemorated  in  the  Roman  Church  on  Oct.  14. 
CalixtUS  II.  (Guido  of  Burgundy).  Died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  12,  1124.  Po,ie  1119-24.  He  con- 
<dndod  the  Concordat  of  Worms  with  Henry  V ., 

Caiixtus  III.  (Alfonso  Borgia).  Born  in 
Spain  about  1378:  died  Aug.  (),  1458.  Pope 
1455-58.  He  attempted  fruitlessly  a  crusade 
against  the  Turks. 

Caliyuga.     See  KaU-yuoa. 

Callahpoewah.     See  Calajwoi/a. 

Callander  (karan-d6r).  A  sma  1  t^wn  in 
I'crthshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Teitli  Id 
miles  northwest  of  Stirling.  It  is  a  tourist 
center.  ,      .  .  . 

Callao  (kill-lii'o  or  kal-yii'6).  1.  A  sojvport  in 
Peru,  situated  in  lat.  12°  4'  S.,  long  - 1°  8  W., 
6  miles  west  of  Lima  on  the  Bay  of  Callao :  tlie 
cliief  port  of  Peru.  On  Oct.  28, 1746,  it  was  swept  away 
bv  an  earthquake-wave,  the  result  of  the  shock  which 
destroyed  Lima ;  4,600  people  perished,  and  a  frigate  and 
nineteen  other  vessels  were  stranded.    San  Felipe  Castle 


was  planned  by  M.  Godiii  and  completed  about^  1765 ;  it 
was  the  last  point  occupied  by  the  Spaniards  lii  South 
America,  being  finally  taken  Jan.  19, 1826.  The  castle  was 
important  in  aU  later  Peruvian  wais.  Callao  wf.  ''o'". 
barded  by  a  Spanish  fleet  May  2, 1866,  and  by  the  Chileans 
in  1S8U.  It  exports  wool,  guano,  bark,  etc.  Population 
(1890),  35,492. 

2.  A  coast  department  of  Peru,  capital  Callao, 
recently  separated  from  Lima.  It  comprises 
only  the  city  and  suburbs. 

Callapipa.     See  Cakqwoya. 

Callapooha.    See  Calapooya. 

Callaway  (kai'a-wa),  Henry.  Bom  m  Eng- 
land, Jan.  17,  lSl7:  died  March  27,  1890.  An 
English  missionary  in  Africa.  He  was  a  successful 
physician  until  1854,  when  he  went  to  South  Africa  to 
assist  Bishop  Colenso  in  his  work  among  the  Zulus.  In 
1868  he  founded  the  Spring  Vale  mission  station  ;  in  1874 
he  became  bishop  of  Independent  Kaffraria,  and  founded 
the  settlement  of  I'nitata,  He  is  noted  as  a  folklorist. 
Principal  works,  "  Nnrseiy  Tales  of  the  Zulus"  and  "The 
Religious  System  of  the  Amazulu"  (1868-71). 

Callcott  (kal'kot),  Sir  Augustus  Wall.  B_orn 
at  Kensington,  near  London,  Feb.  20,  1779: 
died  at  Kensington,  Nov.  25,  1844.  An  English 
landscape-painter. 

Callcott,  John  Wall.  Bom  at  Kensington, 
near  London,  Nov.  20,  1766:  died  near  Bristol, 
May  15, 1821.  An  English  composer  of  glees, 
catches,  etc.,  brother  of  Sir  Augustus  Wall 
Callcott.  He  published  a  "  Musical  Grammar" 
(1806). 

Callcott,  Lady  (Maria  Dundas,  later  Mrs. 
Graham).  Born  at  Papcastle,  near  Cocker- 
mouth,  in  1785  :  died  at  Kensington,  near  Lon- 
don, Nov.  21,  1842.  An  English  writer,  wife 
of  Sir  Augustus  Wall  Callcott. 
Calleja  del  Key  (kiil-ya'Ha  del  ray'),  Felix 
Maria.  Born  at  Medina  del  Campo,  Old  Cas- 
tile, 1750:  died  at  Cadiz,  1820.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral. In  1789  he  was  sent  to  Mexico.  In  1810  he  was  a 
brigadier,  commanding  at  San  Luis  Potosi.  Soon  altei 
Hidalgo  revolted  he  marched  against  him,  defeated  him 
at  Acuico,  near  Queretaro,  Nov.  7,  and  on  Jan.  17, 1811,  won 
a  great  victory  over  him  at  the  bridge  of  Calderon,  near 
Guadalajara.  His  measures  for  repressing  the  revolution 
were  very  cruel,  scoresofhisprisoneis  being  shot.  Called  to 
the  capital,  he  was  sent  against  Morelos,  whom  he  besieged 
in  Cnautia  from  Feb.  17  to  May  2,  finally  obtaining  a  bar- 
ren victory,  as  Morelos  and  his  army  escaped.  On  Dec.  29, 
1812  he  was  made  niilit.ary  commandant  ot  Mexico  City, 
and  from  M:u-ch  4,  1813,  to  Sept.  19,  1816,  he  was  viceroy. 
Callernish  (ka-lfer'nish).  A  region  in  the  island 
of  Lewis,  Hebrides,  Scotland.  It  is  noted  for  its 
ancient  stone  circles. 

Callias(kal'i-as),  Peace  of.  Apeace,  concluded 
at  Sparta  in  June,  371  B.  C,  between  Athena 
and  Sparta,  including  their  allies,  from  which, 
however,  Thebes  was  excluded.  It  took  its  n.ame 
from  Callias,  one  of  the  Athenian  envoys,  prominent  in 
the  conferences. 

Calliferes  Bonnevue  (kal-yar'  bon-vii'),  Louis 
Hector.  Bom  ill  France,  1639:  died  at  Que- 
bec, May  26,  1703.  A  French  colonial  politi- 
cian, goVernor  of  Montreal  1684,  and  of  Can- 
ada 1699. 

Calligrapher  (ka-lig'ra-fer),  The.  A  sm'uamo 
of  Tliecidosius  II.,  given  to  him  on  account  of 
his  skill  in  illuminating  manuscripts. 
Callimachus  (ka-lim'a-kus).  [Gr.  KaKlinaxo^ .] 
Lived  before  396  B.  c.  An  artist  of  antiquity, 
accoriHug  to  tradition  the  inventor  of  the  Co- 
rinthian column. 

Callimachus.     Born  at  Cyrene :  died  about  240 
».  o.     A  famous  Alexandrian  critic,  gramma- 
rian, and  poet,  chief  librarian  of  the  Alexan- 
drian Library.  „  „  ,.        ,-         a 
Callinicus  (kal-i-ni'kus)  of  Heliopplis.    An 

Egyjitian  architect  who  is  commonly  hold  to  be 
the  inventor  of  the  Greek  fire,  the  secret  of 
whose  composition  has  been  lost.  He  is  said  to 
have  destroyed  by  this  fire  a  Saracen  fleet  which  attacked 
(\Mi8tantinoi>le  ab<mt  670  A.  D.  -,      .   r,        i 

Callinus  (ka-li'nus).  [Gr.  V.a7Xivoc.-]  A  Greek 
iioet  of  Ephesus,  of  uncertain  date  (lived  jier- 
haps  about  730-670  B.  c),  probably  the  farst 
known  writer  of  elegiacs,  the  invention  ot 
which  was  ancientlv atl ributed  to  Ai'chiloclnis. 
The  longest  fragment  a'ssigned  to  him  has  by  sonw  been 
thouiihttobetheworkof  Tyrliuus. 
Calliope  (ka-U'o-jie).  [Gr.  Ka7Jii6nv.i  1.  m 
Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  epic  poetry. 
She  is  represented  with  a  tablet  and  stylus. 
See  Mmcs.—2.  An  asteroid  (No.  22)  discovered 
by  Hind  at  London,  Nov.  16,  1852. 
Callippus,or  Calippus  (ka-lip'us).  [Gr.  l^aUm- 
micor  K,i//T77o,;.]  Born  at  Cyzicus,  Asia  Minor: 
lived  in  the  4tli  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  astron- 
omer. He  instituted  the  "Callippic"  cycle  of  '?e  years, 
forinc.l  by  quadrupling  the  Metonic  cycle  (19  years)  and 
subtracting  one  day.  ,-    it       a    -i       a 

Callirrhoe    (ka-lir'o-e).     [Gr.  T^an,pp6„.^     A 
historic  fountain   in  Athens,   architecturaUy 


Callirrhoe 

adorned  and  provided  with  conduits  by  Pisis- 
tratus,  the  use  of  whose  water  was  prescribed  for 
ceremonial  rites.  From  the  earliest  study  of  Athenian 
topography,  this  fountain  has  been  identified  with  the 
copious  spring  still  flowing  in  the  bed  of  the  Ilissus,  near 
the  temple  of  Olympian  Zeus.  Dorpfeld,  however,  has 
lately  demonstrated  the  probability  that  this  identifica- 
tion is  incorrect,  and  that  the  fountain  was  in  fact  situ- 
ated at  the  southwest  angle  of  the  Areopagus,  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  Agora.  While  the  evidence  is  still  incomplete, 
excavation  has  revealed  a  water-conduit  of  the  Pisistratid 
epoch  ending  at  the  site  indicated,  which  accords  with 
literary  testimony. 

Callirrlioe.  In  Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Alc- 
miBon .  She  persuaded  her  husband  to  procure  for  her 
the  peplum  and  necklace  of  Harmonia,  and  thus  caused  his 
death,  which  was  avenged  by  his  sons.  See  Alcmmon  and 
Harinoina. 

Callisthenes  (ka-lis'the-nez).  [Gr.  'KaTjuadhni^.'] 
Born  at  Olynthus,  Macedonia :  died  about  328 
B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  a  cousin  and  pupil 
of  Aristotle,  and  a  companion  of  Alexancier 
the  Great  in  Asia.  He  incurred  Alexander's  ill  will, 
and  was  probably  put  to  death  by  his  order. 

Callisto  (ka-lis'to).  [6r.  Ka/JuoTu.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  an  Arcadian  huntress,  a  companion 
of  Artemis,  beloved  of  Zeus  and  transformed  by 
him  into  a  she  bear.  In  this  form  she  was  slain  by 
Artemis  in  the  chase.  She  was  placed  among  the  stai-s  as 
the  constellation  Arctos  (Bear). 

CallistratUS(ka-lis'tra-tus).  [Gr.Kn/Utcrrparof.] 
An  Athenian  orator.  He  commanded  with  Chabrias 
and  Timotheus  the  forces  which  were  despatched  to  the 
assistance  of  Thebes  against  Sparta  in  378,  and  executed 
a  number  of  embassies.  In  366  he  delivered  a  speech  on 
the  loss  of  Oropus,  which  is  said  to  have  determined  De- 
mosthenes to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  oratory.  He 
was  sentenced  to  death  for  political  reasons  in  361,  as  a 
result  of  which  he  went  into  exile.  He  subsequently 
returned,  and  was  put  to  death.  He  is  said  to  have 
founded  the  city  of  Datum,  afterward  Philippi,  during  his 
exile. 

CallistratUS.  A  Greek  grammai-ian  who  lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  2d  century  B.  c.  He  was 
the  author  of  commentaries  on  the  major  poets  of  Greece, 
which  were  held  in  considerable  repute  by  the  ancients, 
but  which  are  now  lost.  He  is  said  on  doubtful  authority 
to  have  been  the  first  to  acquaint  the  .Samians  with  the 
alphabet  of  twenty-four  letters. 

CallistratUS.  A  Roman  jurist  who  lived  about 
the  beginning  of  the  3d  century  A.  D.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  a  pupil  of  Papinian  and  to  have  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  Alexander  Severus.  He  is  known 
chiefly  on  account  of  the  numerous  extracts  from  his  works 
in  the  "Digest"  of  Justinian.  None  of  his  works  is  ex- 
tant. 

Callot  (ka-16'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Naney,France, 
1592  :  died  at  Nancy,  March  28,  163.5.  A  French 
engraver  andpaiuter. 

Call  to  the  Unconverted.  A  religious  work 
bv  Eichard  Baxter,  published  in  1657,  known 
as  •■  Baxter's  Call." 

Calmar.     See  Ealmar. 

Calmet  (kal-ma'),  Dom  Augustin.  Born  at 
Mesnil-la-Horgne,  near  Toul,  France,  Feb.  26, 
1672 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1757.  A  noted 
French  Benedictine  scholar  and  biblical  critic. 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works,  including  "Com- 
mentaire  sur  tons  les  livres  de  I'Ancien  et  du  Noaveau 
Testament"  (1707-16),  a  "  Dictionnaire  historique,  critique 
et  chronologique  de  la  Bible  "  (172-2-28). 

Calmon  (kal-mou').  Marc  Antoine.  Born  at 
Tamni^s,  Dordogne,  France,  March  3,  1815: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  13,  1890.  A  French  politi- 
cian and  political  economist.  He  was  chosen  life 
senator  in  1875.  He  published  "Histoire  parlementaire 
des  finances  de  la  restauration  "  (1868-70),  etc. 

Calmon  du  Pin  e  Almeida  (kal-mon'  dii  pan' 
e  al-ma'dii),  Miguel.  Born  at  Santo  Amaro, 
Bahia,  Dec.  22,  1796:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Oct.  5,  1865.  A  Brazilian  statesman.  He  was 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly  1822  ;  several  times 
deputy ;  senator  from  1840  ;  minister  in  many  govern- 
ments, and  premier  in  IStO  and  1843.  From  1844  to  1847  he 
was  special  envoy  in  Europe.  In  1849  he  was  created  vis- 
count, and  in  1834  marquis  of  Abrantes. 

Calmucks.     See  Ealmucks. 

Calne  (kan).  A  town  in  Wiltshire,  England, 
16  miles  east-northeast  of  Bath.  Population 
(1891),  3,495. 

Calneh  (kal'ne).  One  of  the  four  cities  of 
Nimrod  in  Shinar,  or  Babylonia  (Gen.  x.  10), 
which  as  yet  has  not  been  identified,  it  is  to  be 
distinguished  from  Calneh  of  Amos  vi.  2,  and  the  Caino 
of  Isa.  X.  9,  which  perhaps  lefer  to  one  and  the  same  city, 
identified  by  some  with  the  Kullani  mentioned  in  the  As- 
sjTian  inscriptions  as  having  been  conquered  738  B.  o.  by 
Tiulath-Pileser  III.,  and  now  represented  by  the  ruins  nf 
Kiiilaiihu  abuut  six  miles  from  Arpad. 

Calo-Joannes  (kal-6-j6-an'ez),  or  Joannes  II. 

Comnenus.  [Gr.  Ka/.o-lDoi>r?;f  6  Ko//i7/jdf.] 
Boru  1088:  died  April  8.  1143.  B.vzantine  em- 
peror from  Aug.  15.  1118,  to  April  8,  1143:  son 
of  Alexis  I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  carried  on 
successful  wars  against  the  Turks  and  Servians,  and  in  1137 
added  Armenia  Minor  to  the  Greek  empire.  He  conceived 
the  project  of  conquering  the  Latin  kuigdoms  of  Jerusa- 
lem and  Antioch,  and  entered  Cilicia  with  an  army,  where 


206 

he  died  from  a  wound  by  a  poisoned  arrow  in  the  hand, 
accidentally  inflicted  while  Imar-huntinj;. 

Calonne  (kii-lon'),  Charles  Alexandre  de. 
Born  at  Douai,  France,  Jan.  20,  1734 :  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  30,  1802.  A  noted  French  courtier 
and  politician,  comptroller-general  of  finance 
1783-87. 

Calov  (ka'lof),  Latinized  Calovius  (ka-16'- 
vi-us)  (originally  Kalau),  Abraham.  Bom 
at  Mohrungen,  Prussia,  April  10,  1012 :  died  at 
Wittenberg,  Germany,  Feb.  25,  1686.  A  Ger- 
man Lutheran  theologian  and  polemic  wTiter. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Systema  loeorum  theolo- 
gicorum"  (1665-77). 

Calpe  (kal'pe).  [Gr.  Kd^.-^.]  The  ancient 
name  of  the  rock  of  Gibraltar,  one  of  the  Pil- 
lars of  Hercules.     See  Abt/la. 

Calpee.    See  Ealpi. 

Calprenede.    See  La  Calprenede. 

Calpurnia  (kal-per'ni-a).  Daughter  of  L.  Cal- 
purnius  Piso  Ca?soninus,  and  last  wife  of  Julius 
Csesar,  whom  she  married  59  B.  c.  She  ap- 
pears in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "  Julius  Cesar." 

Calpurnia  gens  (kal-per'ni-a  jenz).  In  an- 
cient Rome,  a  plebeian  elan  or  house  which 
claimed  to  be  descended  from  Calpus,  the 
third  son  of  Numa.  Its  family  names  nnder  the  re- 
public were  Bestia,  Bibulus,  Flamma,  and  Piso.  The  first 
member  of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was 
C.  Calpurnius  Piso  (180  E.  c). 

Calpumius  (kal-per'ni-us),  Titus  (or  Caius), 
sui'named  Siculus  ('the  Sicilian").  A  Latin 
pastoral  poet  who  lived  about  the  time  of 
Xero.  Seven  eclogues,  a  panegyric  ("De  laude  Pisonis  "), 
and  two  fragments  of  bucolic  poems  are  attributed  to 
him.  Four  other  eclogues  formerly  regarded  as  his  are 
now  referred  to  Xemesianus,  a  poet  once  thought  to  be 
identical  with  Calpurnius. 

Caltanissetta  (kal-ta-ne-set'ta).  A  province 
in  Sieilv.  Area,  1,263  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  308,673. 

Caltanissetta.  The  capital  of  the  pro\'iuee  of 
Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  26' 
N.,  long.  14°  7'  E.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  estimated,  35,000. 

CaltonHill(kartohhil).  A  height  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Edinburgh. 

Calumet  (kal'ii-met).  A  town  in  Houghton 
County,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula  of  Michigan.  It  is  noted  for  its 
copper-mines. 

Calumet,  or  Calumick  (kal'u-mik).  A  river 
in  northwestern  Indiana,  and  in  Cook  County, 
Illinois.  It  flows  into  Lake  Michigan  by  two  mouths, 
one  near  Chicago,  the  other  in  Lake  County,  Indiana. 

Calvados  (kal-va-dos' ).  A  department  in  Nor- 
mandy, France,  Ij-ing  between  the  English 
Channel  on  the  north,  Eure  on  the  east,  Orne 
on  the  south,  and  Manche  on  the  west  and 
south.  Its  capital  is  Caen.  Area,  2,132  square 
mUes.     Population  (1891),  428.945. 

Calvaert,  or  Calvart  (kal-vart' ;  F.  pron.  kal- 
var'j,  Denis,  called  Dionisio  Fiammingo. 
Born  at  Antwei-p,  1556:  died  at  Bologna.  Italy, 
March  17,  1619.  A  Flemish  painter  belonging 
to  the  Bolognese  school.  His  best  works  are 
at  Bologna. 

Calvary  (kal'va-ri).  l.  A  word  occurring  in 
the  New  Testament  (Luke  xxiii.  33),  adopting 
the  colraria  by  which  the  Vulgate  translates 
the  Greek  kraiiioi),  which  itself  is  the  render- 
ing of  the  Aramean  golgotha,  skull:  it  is  not  a 
proper  name.  The  popular  name  "Mount  Calvary  " 
is  not  warranted  by  any  statement  in  the  gospels  as  being 
that  of  the  place  of  the  Crucifixion. 

2.  The  name  of  the  English  version  of  Spohr's 
oratorio  "The  Saviour's  Last  Hours"'  ("Des 
Heilandes  letzte  Stunden").  first  given  in  1835, 
in  England  in  1839. 

Calv6  (kal-va'),  Madame  fEmma  de  Roquer). 
Born  at  Decazeville,  Aveyron.  France,  in  1866.  A 
distingiushed  soprano  opera-singer,  of  French 
and  Spanish  parentage.  She  studied  in  Paris  under 
Marches!  and  others,  and  made  her  d^but  in  opera  at  the 
Theatre  de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  1882,  as  Marguerite  in 
Gounod's  "Faust."  She  played  in  Paiis  in  1SS4 ;  made  a  ti-ur 
in  Italy;  returned  to  Paris ;  made  a  European  tour  (Ru&si;^ 
Italy,  Belgium,  England,  Spain)  ;  and  came  to  America 
in  1893-94,  1865-96,  1896-97,  1899-1900.  Among  her  pop- 
ular rides  in  America  are  Carmen  and  Santuzza  in  "Caval- 
leria  Rusticana."    Her  home  is  at  Cabrieres  in  .\veyron. 

Calverley  (kal' ver-li).  A  ruined  gamester, 
brutally  cruel  to  his  wife  and  children,  in  "The 
Yorkshire  Tragedy,"  once  attributed  to  Shak- 
spere.  The  story  is  that  of  a  real  person  of 
that  name. 

Calverley,  Charles  Stuart.  Bom  at  Hartley, 
Worcestershire,  Dec.  23,  1831:  died  at  Loudon, 
Feb.  17,  1884.  An  English  barrister  and  poet. 
In  1852  he  resumed  his  family  name,  Calverley,  which  his 
grandfather  had  changed  to  Blayds  in  1807.     He  wrote 


Calypso 

verse  and  translations  (1S62,  1866,  1869).  and  a  volume  ot 
humorous  verse,  parodies,  etc.,  "Fly  Leaves,"  in  1,872 

Calvert  (kal 'vert),  Cecilius  or  Cecil,  Lord 
Baltimore.  Born  about  1605:  died  at  London, 
Nov.  30,  1675.  The  first  proprietor  of  Maryl 
land.  He  was  the  son  of  George  Calvert,  mentioned  be- 
low, who,  having  applied  for  a  grant  of  land  in  northern 
Virginia,  died  before  the  charter  had  p.assed  the  great 
seal,  in  consequence  of  which  it  was  issued  in  the  name 
of  his  heir  Cecil,  June  20, 1632.  In  Nov.,  1633,  he  sent  an 
expedition  of  colonists  under  his  brother  Leonard  to  the 
new  domain,  which  was  named  Miu-yland  by  Charles  I.  in 
honor  of  his  queen.  He  married  about  1623  Anne  Arundel, 
whose  name  is  borne  by  one  of  the  counties  of  Maryland.' 

Calvert,  George,  Lord  Baltimore.  Born  at 
Kipling.  Yorkshire,  about  1580 :  died  AprU  15, 
1632.  The  founder  of  Maryland.  He  entered  Par- 
liament in  1609,  and  became  secretary  of  state  in  1619,  a 
post  which  he  resigned  in  1625,  on  declaring  his  conver- 
sion to  the  Rom.an  Catholic  faith.  He  was  at  his  resig- 
nation raised  to  the  Irish  peerage  as  Baron  Baltimore. 
WhUe  secretarj'  of  state  he  obtained  from  James  I.  a  grant 
of  land,  called  "the  province  of  Avalon,  in  Newfoundland, 
where  in  1621  he  established  the  settlement  of  Ferrj'land. 
He  paid  two  visits  to  the  colony  between  1627  and  1629, 
which  convinced  him  of  the  unsuitability  of  the  climate, 
whereupon  he  applied  for  a  grant  of  land  (the  present 
Maryland)  in  northern  Virginia,  the  charter  of  which,  as 
he  died  before  it  had  passed  the  great  seal,  \^as  issued  in 
the  name  of  his  son  Cecil  in  1632. 

Calvert,  George  Henry.  Bom  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Jan.  2,  1803:  died  at  Newport,  R.  L,  May 
24,  1889.  An  American  journalist,  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Calvert,  Leonard.  Born  about  1606  :  died  June 
9,  1647.  The  first  governor  of  Maryland.  He 
was  the  brother  of  Cecil  Calvert,  second  Lord  Baltimore, 
by  whom  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  colonists  who 
set  sail  from  Cowes  Nov.  22,  1633,  and  founded  St.  Man-'s 
March  27,  1634.  His  claim  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Kent 
Island  was  opposed  by  Claiborne  whom  he  reduced  to 
submission  in  H>47. 

Calves'  Head  Club.  A  club  said  to  have  been 
instituted  in  ridicule  of  the  memory  of  Charles 
I.  It  is  first  noticed  in  a  tract  reprinted  in  the  "  Harleian 
Miscellany,"  called  "The  Secret  History  of  the  Calves* 
Head  Club,"  etc.,  undertaking  to  show  how  this  club  met 
for  some  years,  1093-97,  on  the  anniversarj'  of  the  king's 
death.  An  ax  was  reverenced,  and  a  dish  of  calves'  heads 
represented  the  king  and  his  friends.  It  seems  to  have 
met  in  secret  after  the  Restoration  and  till  1734,  when 
some  ill  will  was  excited  against  it,  and  riots  were  said  to 
have  ensued. 

Calvi  (kal've).  A  fortified  port  on  the  western 
coast  of  Corsica,  in  lat.  42°  35'  N.,  long.  8°  46'  E. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1794. 

Cal'Vln  (kal'vin),  John,  originally,  in  French, 
Jean  Chauvin,  or  Cauvin,  or  Caulvin.    [L. 

Johannes  Cahiiiiis,  G.  Johann  Cahiii,  It.  Gio- 
ranni  Cahino;  L.  Cah-iiuis,  from  cah'us,  bald.] 
Born  at  Noyon,  Picardy,  France,  Jtdy  10,  1509: 
died  at  Geneva,  May  27,  1564.  A  celebrated 
Protestant  reformer  and  theologian.  He  studied 
at  Paris,  Orleans,  and  Bourges ;  embraced  the  Reformation 
about  1528 ;  was  banished  from  Paris  in  1533  ;  published  his 
"Institutes  "  (which  see)  at  Basel  in  1536 ;  fled  to  Genera 
in  1536  ;  and  was  banished  in  1538,  and  returned  in  1541. 
He  had  a  controversy  with  Bolsec  in  1551.  and  with  Ser- 
vetus  in  1553  (see  Servetus),  and  founded  the  Academy  of 
Geneva  in  1559. 

Calvo  (kal'vo).  Baldassarre.      One   of   the 

principal  characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel 
"Romola." 
Calvo,  Carlos.  Born  Feb.  26,  1824 :  died  May 
4,  1893.  An  Argentine  historian.  He  resided 
for  many  years  at  Paris,  where  most  of  his  works  were  pub- 
lished. These  include  important  treatises  on  international 
law,  the  "Coleccion  de  Iratados  de  la  America  Latina,"  also 
published  in  French  and  continued  in  a  second  series  as 
"Analeshistoricosde  la  revolucionen  la  America  Latina." 

Calvo,  Mariano  Enrique.  Born  at  Sucre  about 
1795:  died  at  Cochabamba,  1842.  A  Boli'rian 
politician.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  confederation 
of  Peru  and  Bolivia.  1836-39.  In  1840  he  attempted  a  re- 
volt against  President  Velasco,  an<l  was  imprisoned. 

Calvus    (kal'vus),   Caius    Licinius  Macer. 

Born  May  28.  82  B.  c. :  died  about  47  B.  c.  A 
Roman  poet  and  forensic  orator. 

Calydon  (kal'i-don).  [Gr.  Ka/i(i(Jr.]  In  ancient 
geogi'aphy.  a  city  of  ..Etolia,  Greece,  situated 
near  the  river  Evenus  in  lat.  38°  24'  N.,  long. 
21°  34'  E.  It  is  the  legendary  scene  of  the  hunt  of  the 
Calydonian  boar  (which  see). 

Calydon.  A  great  forest  celebrated  in  the  Ar- 
thm-ian  romances.  It  was  supposed  to  be  in 
the  north  of  England. 

Calydonian  Hunt.  In  Greek  legend ,  the  chase 
of  a  savage  boar  which  the  goddess  Ai'temis.  in 
punishment  for  a  neglect  of  sacrifice  by  (Eneus, 
king  of  C^alydon  in  iEtolia.  sent  to  ravage  his 
country.  The  boar  was  pursued  by  Meleager  and  a  band  || 
of  heroes,  and  was  slain  by  him.  In  some  accounts  Ata-  !■ 
lante,  who  was  beloved  of  Meleager,  joined  the  hunt  and 
inflicted  the  first  wound. 

Calypso  (ka-lip's6).  [Gr.  KaAci/ru.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  nymph  li^•ing  in  the  island  of  Ogy- 
gia,  who  detained  Ulysses  for  seven  years.  She 
promised  him  perpetual  youth  and  immortality  if  he 
would  remain  w^ith  her. 


Cam 

Cam  (kail),  Sp.  Cano  (ka'no),  DiogO.    Lived  in 

the  last  part  of  the  15th  century.  A  Portu- 
guese navigator.  He  explored  the  West  Afri- 
can coast  to  the  Kougo  1484-85. 
Cam  (kam),  or  Granta  (gran'tji).  A  river  in 
Cambridgeshire,  England,  whieii  joins  the  Uuse 
Zi  miles  south  of  Ely.  Length,  about  40  miles. 
See  Cambridge. 

Camden,  writing  in  1586,  recognises  the  Cam  as  well  as 
the  Granta ;  *'  By  what  name  writers  termed  this  River, 
His  a  question  :  some  call  it  Granta,  others  Camus/*  On 
Speed's  map  of  Cambridgeshii-e  (lUlO)  the  name  Cam  oc- 
curs alone,  written  twice,  once  above,  and  once  below, 
Cambridge  ;  Milton  personihes  it  as  a  river-god  in  "Lyci- 
das'(l«38): 

"Next  Camus,  reverend  sire,  went  footing  slow. 
His  mantle  hairy  and  his  bonnet  sedge, 
In\vrought  with  figures  dim,  and  on  tiie  edge 
Like  to  that  sanguine  flower  inscribed  with  woe  ; " 
and  on  Loggan's  map  of  Cambridge  (l(i8S)  the  words  The 
Jiiver  Cam  are  written  out  in  full,  without  any  other  des- 
ignation.    On  the  other  hand,  so  late  as  1702,  an  Act  of 
I'arliameut  for  improving  the  navigation  speaks  of  the 
River  Cliam,  alias  the  Grant,        Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  H. 

Camacho  (ka-ma'cho).  A  rich  but  unfortunate 
man  in  one  of  the  episodes  in  "Don  Quixote." 
He  is  chflated  out  of  his  bride,  Qulteria,  just  as  he  has 
provided  a  great  feast  for  his  wedding  ;  hence  the  phrase 
Camacho'8  wedding  is  used  to  signify  great  but  useless 
show  and  expenditure. 

It  is  like  Camacbo's  wedding  in  Don  Quixote,  where 
Sancho  ladled  out  whole  pullets  and  fat  geese  from  the 
floup-kettles  at  a  pull.  Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  150, 

Camaiiohe.     See  Coma>tckc. 

Camaralzaman,  Prince.    See  Badoum. 

Camarao  (kii-ma-ran'),  Antonio  Felippe. 
Born  in  Rio  Grande  do  Norte  about  1580 :  died 
there  in  1648.  A  Brazilian  Indian,  chief  of  the 
Potyguare.s  tribe.  His  Indian  name  Poty  ('  shrimp ') 
was  translated  into  the  Portuguese  Camardo  when  he  was 
baptized.  He  joined  the  Portuguese  in  the  wars  against 
the  Dutch  of  Pernanibuco,  and  made  several  destructive 
raids  into  the  Dutch  territory.  His  wife,  Clara,  always 
accompanied  liim  and  fouglit  by  his  side,  and  she  is  a 
favorite  heroine  of  Brazilian  history.  On  Aug.  2:i  and  '24, 
1636,  Camarao  and  liis  Indians  defeated  a  regular  Dutch 
force  under  Artichotsky. 

Camarao,  Diogo  Pinheiro.  Dates  of  birth  and 
death  not  recorded.  A  Brazilian  Indian, 
nephew  of  Antonio  Felippe  Camarao.  He  w.as 
one  of  the  Indian  allies  of  the  Portuguese  in  their  wars 
with  the  Dutch,  and  ou  the  death  of  his  uncle  in  1C4S 
succeeded  him  in  command  of  the  Potyguares  tribe. 

Camargo  (ka-miir-go'}  (Marie  Anne  Cuppi). 
Born  at  Brussels,  April  15,  1710:  died  at  Paris, 
April  20,  1770.     A  celebrated  French  dancer. 

Camargo  (kti-miir'go),  Diego  MufiOZ.  Born  at 
Tlascala  about  1523:  date  of  death  not  recorded. 
A  Mexican,  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  a  Span- 
iard by  an  Indian  mother,  in  1585  he  flnislied  an 
account  of  Mexican  aboriginal  history  and  customs,  and 
of  the  conquest.  It  was  first  published,  in  a  faulty  French 
translation,  in  the  "  Nouvelles  annates  des  voyages  "  ( 1845). 

Camargo,  Sergio.  Born  at  Tiravitoba,  1833. 
A  statesman  of  Colombia.  He  studied  law,  but  en- 
tered the  army,  attained  the  highest  militai-y  rank,  and  was 
commander-in-chief  and  secretary  of  war.  He  was  several 
times  representative  and  senator  in  the  Colombian  con- 
gross,  president  of  the  -state  of  Boyaca,  and  in  1877  presi- 
dent ad  interim  of  Colombia. 

Camargue  (ka-marg'),  La.  An  island  in  the 
department  of  Bouches-du-Khoue,  France, 
formed  by  the  bifurcation  of  the  Rhone. 
Length,  28  miles.  Area,  about  300  square 
miles. 

Oamarina(kam-a-ri'na).  [Gr.Kafxapiva.'\  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  ou  the  southern  coast  of 
Sicily,  45  miles  southwest  of  Syracuse.  It  was 
founded  as  a  Syracusan  colony  599  B.  G. ;  a  Roman  fleet  was 
wrecked  near  here,  255  B.  c. 

The  first  destruction  of  Camarina  took  place  within  46 
years  of  its  foundation,  B.  c.  553.  It  had  revolted  from 
Syracuse,  and  on  being  reduced  was  razed  to  the  ground 
(Thucyd.  vi.  5).  On  the  cession  of  the  site  to  the  Oeloans, 
ilippocrates  rebuilt  the  town,  which  was  a  second  time 
destroyed  by  Gelo,  about  B.  c.  484.  The  date  and  circum- 
stances of  its  later  re-establishnicnt  are  uncertain.  They 
fali.however,  into  the  time  of  Pindar,  who  speaks  of  Cama- 
riuii  as  newly  founded.     Rau'tins(ja,  Herod.,  IV.  127,  note. 

Cambac^r^s  (koii-bii-sa-ras'),  Jean  Jacques 
Regis  de.  Born  at  MontpeUier,  France,  Oct. 
1«,  1753:  died  at  Paris,  March  8, 1824.  A  French 
statesman  aud  jurist.  He  Ijecame  a  member  of  the 
Convention  in  1792  ;  picsidentof  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  in  179),  and  of  the  Five  Hundred  in  1796;  minister 
of  justice  in  1799 ;  2d  consul  in  1799 ;  and  arch  chancellor 
of  the  empire  in  1804.  He  was  made  duke  of  Parma  in 
1SU8.     He  published  "Projet  du  code  civil  "  (1796). 

Camballo  (kam-bal'o).  The  second  son  of 
Cambuscan  in  Chaucer's  "  Squire's  Tale."  He 
is  introduced  by  Spenser,  who  calls  him  Cam- 
bel,  in  the  "Faerie  Queene." 

Cambaluc  (kam-ba-lok').  The  name  given  by 
Marco  Polo  to  Khambalu  or  Khan  baligli,  a 
Mongol  designation  of  the  city  of  Tatu,  now 
the  Tatar  portion  of  Peking  (which  see). 


207 

Cambay  (kam-ba').  A  state  LnGuzerat,  India. 
It  is  under  British  protection.  Area,  350  square 
miles. 

Cambay,  or  Kambay  (kam-ba').  [Hind.  Kham- 
bliat.2  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Cambaj',  sit- 
uated on  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  in  lat.  22^  20'  N., 
long.  72^  32'  E.  it  was  formerly  an  important  com- 
mercial city,  and  the  reputed  Hindu  capital  of  western 
India  in  the  jth  century  A.  1).    Population,  about  30,000. 

Cambay,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  lying  west  of  British  India,  in  lat.  21°- 
22°  20'  N. 

Oambebas,  or  Campevas  (kam-sa'bas  or  kam- 
pa'viis).  A  moderu  name  for  the  Omaguas 
Indians  (which  see). 

Cambel.     See  Camballo. 

Cambert  (kon-bar'),  Robert.  Born  at  Pari.s 
in  1028:  died  at  Loudon  in  1G77.  The  earliest 
composer  of  French  opera.  He  was  associated  with 
the  Abb6  Perrin  in  the  production  of  French  opera  for  32 
years,  after  which,  Perrin  having  lost  the  Academic 
through  the  influence  of  Lully,  he  went  to  England  and 
became  "Master  of  the  ilusic  to  Charles  II."  Among 
his  operas  are  '■  La  Pastorale,"  which  was  the  first  French 
opera,  "Pomone"  (1671),  etc. 

Camberwell  (kam'ber-wel).  A  borough  (mu- 
nicipal) of  Loudon,  .situated  south  of  the 
Thames.     Population  (1891),  235,312. 

Cambina  (kam-bi'na).  A  daughter  of  the  fairy 
Agape  in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene."  She  has 
magic  powers,  and  in  the  end  marries  Camballo, 
or  Cambel.  ' 

Cambini  (kiim-be'ne),  Giovanni    Giuseppe. 

Born  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  Feb.  13,  1740 :  died  at 
the  Bicetre,  near  Paris,  in  1825.     An  Italian 
violinist,  and  composer  of  symphonies,  quar- 
tets, etc. 
Cambodia  (kam-bo'di-ii),  or  Camboja,  or  Kam- 

boja(kam-b6'ja).  [Malay  A((/«//o/t(.J  A  depen- 
dency of  France  in  southeastern  Asia,  bounded 
by  Siam  on  the  northvi-est  and  uorth,  Annam 
on  the  east,  French  Cochin-Chiiia  on  the  south- 
east, and  the  Gulf  of  Siam  ou  the  southwest. 
Its  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it  is  traversed  by  the 
Mekong.  Pnom-Penh  is  its  capital,  and  its  seaport  is 
Kampot.  It  was  formerly  a  kingdom  of  large  extent,  but 
became  a  protectorate  under  French  rule  in  1803,  and  is 
now  united  with  other  French  dependencies  in  Indo- 
China.  Aiea,  38,600  square  miles.  Population,  about 
1,500,000. 

Cambodia  River.    See  Mekong. 

Cambon  (koii-boii'),  Joseph.  Born  at  Mont- 
peUier, Frauce,  June  17,  1754:  died  at  Brus- 
sels, Feb.  15,  1820.  A  French  revolutionist. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  of 
the  Convention  in  1792,  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  in  1793. 

Camboricum  (kam-bor'i-kum),  or  Cambori- 
tum.  The  Roman  name  of  an  ancient  town 
which  occupied  tho  site  of  the  modern  Cam- 
bridge, Eugland.     See  Cambridge. 

Camboricum  was  without  doubt  a  very  important  town, 
which  commanded  the  southern  fens.  It  had  three  forts 
or  citadels,  the  principal  of  which  occupied  the  district 
called  the  Castle-end  in  the  modern  town  of  Cambridge, 
and  appears  to  have  had  a  bridge  over  the  Cam  or  Granta ; 
of  the  others,  one  st^od  below  the  town,  at  Chesterton,  and 
the  other  above  it,  at  Granchester.      Wri(/ht,  Celt,  p.  135. 

Camborne  (kam 'born).  A  mining  town  in 
Cornwall,  England,  situated  12  miles  south- 
west of  Truro.     Population  (1891),  14,700. 

Cambrai,  or  Cambray  (kam-bra';  F.  prou. 
koh-bra').  [Rom. 6'aH(er«c«;M,  later  Camaracus; 
G.  Camerik  or  Kambrijk,  LL.  Camardcitm,']  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  Frauce,  on 
the  Sehelde  in  lat.  50°  10'  N.,  long.  3°  14'  E. 
It  has  been  long  noted  for  the  manufactm-e  of  cambrics, 
which  dcT-ived  their  name  from  it.  It  is  a  fortress,  and 
contains  a  cathedral  aud  citadel.  It  was  finally  acquired 
by  France  in  1678.  lYnelon  and  Dubois  were  archbishops 
of  Cambrai.    Population  of  comnmne  (1891),  24,122. 

Cambray,  League  of.  An  alliance  between 
Louis  XII.  of  -ti-anco,  the  emperor  Maximilian 
I.,  Ferdinand  "the  Catholic"  of  Spain,  and 
Pope  Julius  11.,  formed  here,  Dec.  10,  1508,  the 
object  of  which  was  tho  partition  of  the  Ve- 
netian territories. 

Cambray,  Peace  of.  A  peace  negotiated  at 
(Jambray,  Aug.  5,  1529,  between  Francis  I.  of 
Frauce  and  Chnrii  s  V.  France  ah:uidoned  Italy  to 
the  emperor  and  r'-lini[nishi-d  li«-r  rliiini  In  suzerainty  over 
Flamlersand  .*\rl(tis,  iicrtiiletn  lliednchyoi  Burgundy  was 
recognized,  ralhd  "  La  paix  tics  dames  "(■  Ladies'  Peace'), 
because  tlio  preliminaries  were  conducted  by  Louisc,mother 
of  FranciS'I.,  and  .Margaret,  aunt  of  Charles  V. 

Cambria  (kam'bri-U).  The  Latin  name  of 
Wales. 

Cambrian  Shakspere.  A  name  given  to  Ed- 
ward Williams. 

Cambridge  (kam'brij).  [ME.  Cnmbrigge,  Cam- 
brii/,Caiiti  hrigge;  earlier  llriuitcliriggc,(lraiinlc- 
briggc,  AS.  Uratitabrycg,Grantaubnjcg,  'bridge 
of  (the  river)  Granta';  L.  Cantabrigia.    bee 


Cambyses  I. 

Cam."]  The  capital  of  Cambridgeshire,  Eng. 
land,  situated  on  the  Cam  iu  lat.  52°  12'  N., 
long.  0°  G'  E.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  famous  university 
(which  see).  Cambridge  is  probably  on  the  site  of  a  British, 
town  and  of  the  Roman  Caniboritum.  It  had  a  castle  (now 
destroyed),  founded  by  William  the  Conqueror.  Popula- 
tion (1S91),  36,983. 

Cambridge.  A  city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  separated  from  Boston  by  the 
Charles  River,  and  practically  a  suburb  of  Bos- 
ton. It  is  the  seat  of  Harvard  University.  It  has  in, 
its  manufacturing  quarters  (East  Cambridge,  Cambridge- 
port)  manufactures  of  iron,  etc.  It  was  founded  by  Eng- 
lish colonists  under  Winthrop  in  1630,  and  called  at  first 
Newtown  ,  its  name  was  changed  to  Cambridge  after  the 
founding  of  Harvard  College,  in  honor  of  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, where  some  of  the  early  colonists  were  graduated. 
It  was  occupied  by  the  American  army  1775-76.  Incorpo- 
rated as  a  city  1846.    Population  (lnou),  :11.SS6. 

Cambridge  (kam'brij)  (Adolphus  Frederick), 
Duke  of.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  24,  li  74 :  died 
July  8,  1850.  An  EngUsh  general,  youngest  son 
of  George  III.  He  was  viceroy  of  Hannover 
1831-37. 

Cambridge  (George  William  Frederick 
Charles),  Duke  of.  Bom  at  London,  March  26, 
1819-.  An  English  general,  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge.  He  served  at  Ahna  and  Inkerman  in  1864,. 
and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  1856-95. 

Cambridge,  University  of.    A  celebrated  tmi- 

versity  at  Cambridge,  England,  it  was  a  center  of 
learning  in  the  12th  century,  and  in  1231  Henry  III.  issued 
writs  for  the  regulation  of  Cambridge  "  clerks."  It  con- 
tains twenty  colleges  :  St.  Peter's,  founded  as  a  hospital 
in  1257,  converted  into  a  college  by  Hugh  de  Balsham. 
1280-86 ;  Clare,  by  Richard  Badew  iu  lo2o  as  University 
Hall,  refounded  by  the  Countess  of  Clare  in  1369;  Pem- 
broke, by  the  Countess  of  Pembroke  in  1347 ;  Gonville- 
and  Caius,  by  Gonville  in  1348  and  Cains  in  1558;  Trinity- 
Hall,  by  Bateman  in  1350 ;  Corpus  Christi,  or  Benet  Col- 
lege, by  Cambridge  gilds  in  1352  ;  King's,  by  Henry  VI.  in 
1441 ;  Queens',  l)y  Margaret  of  Anjou  in  1448  and  Eliza- 
beth Woodviile  in  1465 ;  St.  Catherine's,  by  Woodlark  in 
1473;  Jesus,  by  Alcock  in  1496;  Christ's,  by  William  Bing- 
ham as  a  school  in  143J,  refounded  by  Jlargaret  Beaufort, 
mother  of  Henry  VII.,  in  1505  ;  St.  John's,  founded  as  a 
hospital  in  ll.iS,  refounded  in  1511  by  Margaret  Beaufort;: 
JIagdalene,  established  as  a  hostel  for  stmients  in  1428, 
given  to  Lord  Audley  who  founded  it  as  a  coUege  in  1519 ; 
Trinity,  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1546  on  several  earlier  founda- 
tions ;  Emmanuel,  by  Mildmay  in  1584  ;  Sidney  Sussex,  by 
tlie  Countess  of  .Sussex  iir  1595 ;  Downing,  by  Sir  George 
Downing,  died  1749  (charter  in  1800)  ;  Ayerst  Hall,  lounded 
in  1884,  "  to  provide  an  economical  education  for  theo- 
logical students  and  others"  ;  Cavendish  College,  in  1873,. 
by  an  association,  for  younger  students ;  Sehvyn  College,, 
in  1882,  in  memory  of  George  Augustus  Sehvyn.  (See  these- 
names.)  Tlie  university  library  contains  aliout  500.000  vol- 
umes, 6,723  manuscripts  ;  the  library  of  Trinity  College,. 
90,000  volumes.  It  has  about  3,000"  inidergraduatp  stu- 
dents and  130  instructors,  exclusive  of  college  lectureis. 

Cambridge  Platform.  A  declaration  of  prin- 
ciples respecting  chiu-eh  government  aud  doc- 
trine adopted  by  a  synod,  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Congregational  churches  of 
New  England,  held  at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1648. 

Cambridgeport  (kilm'brij-port).  A  manufac- 
turing district  of  the  city  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, lying  on  the  Charles  Kiver,  opposite- 
Boston,  li  miles  west  of  the  state-house. 

Cambridgeshire  (kam'brij -shir),  or  Cam- 
bridge. An  eastern  county  of  England,  lying: 
between  Lincoln  ou  the  north,  Norfolk  ana 
Suffolk  on  the  east,  Essex  and  Hertford  on  the 
south,  aud  Northampton,  Huntingdon,  and  Bed- 
ford on  tlie  west,  it  is  divided  int«  Cambridge  proper 
and  the  Isle  of  Ely  ;  it  forms  part  of  the  fen  country  which 
was  largely  reclaimed  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries.  It 
formed  part  of  East  .\nglia,  and  was  included  in  the  Dane- 
law. It  was  celebrated  for  its  resistance  to  William  the 
t'onqueror,  and  sideil  with  Piu-liament  in  the  17th  century. 
Itcnritains  K< in  remains.  Area, 859 squaremiles.  Popu- 
lation (1S!)I),  l,vs,i)(il. 

Cambronne  (kou-bron'),  Covint  Pierre  Jacques- 
£tienne.  Born  at  St.  Sebastieu,  near  Nautes, 
France,  Dec.  26,  1770:  died  at  Nantes,  Jan.  8, 
1H42.  A  celeVu'utcd  Freiicli  geiieriil.  He  f(uight 
against  the  Vendcaii.-,  participated  as  cnh'uel  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1812  and  1813,  acronipanicd  Napolcim  to  l;lba, 
was  made  lieu  tenant -general  and  admitted  to  tlu-Cli;imber  . 
of  Peers  dtn'ing  the  Hundred  Days,  and  commatided  a  di- 
vision of  the  Imperial  tituird  at  Waterloo.  He  is  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  ex|u'ession  "La  garde  nicin't  ct  ne  se 
rend  pas  "("The  guard  dies,  but  nevir  surrenders"),  in- 
correelly  said  to  have  been  used  by  him  at  Waterloo  whea 
askr<l  In  surrender. 

Cambuscan  (kam-bus-kan'  or  kam-hus'kan). 
A  Tatar  king  iu  Chaucer's  "  Tho  Squire's 
Tale,''  who  liad  most  wonderful  magical  pos- 
sessions—  a  ring,  a  glass,  a  sword,  and  a  brazen 
horse.  Ho  is  the  ftither  of  Canace,  Camballo, 
and  Algarsife.    Chauccrdid  not  finish  the  story. 

Cambuskenneth  (kam-bus-ken'eth)  Abbey. 
An  aliliey  situated  near  Stirling,  Scotland. 
Near  here,  1297,  took  place  tho  battle  of  Stir- 
ling.   See  fttirliiig,  Uatllc  of. 

Cambyses  (kam-bi'sez)  I.  [Old  Pers.  Kabyjiya, 
which  is  thought  to  be  derived  from  the  San- 


Cambyses  I. 

skrit  l;ab.  to  praise,  and  iiji.  speaker.  The 
Greeks  inserted  the  euphonic  m  before  the  b. 
An  Aryan  people  existed  in  the  northwest  corner 
of  India  under  the  name  of  Kambojn,  which  has 
smTived  as  the  name  of  a  country  bordering 
on  Siara.J  A  Persian  king  whose  historical 
character  is  doubtful,  in  the  genealogy  of  Xerxes,  as 
given  by  Herodotus,  both  he  and  his  son  Cjtus  are  omitted, 
and  Diodorus,  "'here  he  gives  this  name,  seems  to  mean 
the  father  of  Cjtus  the  Great.  On  the  other  tiand,  a  Cam- 
byses is  mentioned  whose  sister  was  the  ancestress  in  the 
fourth  degree  of  one  of  the  seven  conspirators.  Possibly 
Cambyses  I.  was  one  of  the  sons  of  The.spes  (on  the  cu- 
ueifrtrin  monuments  Chlshpaish),  and  grandson  of  Ach<e- 
nit-nes. 
Cambyses  II.  Tbe  son  and  successor  of  Cynis 
I.,  and  father  of  Cjtus  n.,  called  '•  The  Great." 
According  to  Herodotus  he  was  merely  a  Persian  noble- 
man, but  Xenophon  states  that  he  was  king  of  the  coun- 
try, and  his  statement  is  contirmed  by  native  records. 

Cambyses  III.  The  son  and  successor  of  Cy- 
rus the  Great.  529-522  B.  C.  He  is  depicted  as 
despotic  and  tyi-annical.  He  defeated  Psammctichus  III. 
(called  by  the  Greeks  Psammenit),  king  of  Egypt,  in  the 
battle  of  Pelusium  (o'lo  B,  c. ),  and  incorporated  that  country 
in  the  Persian  empire.  Hise.xpeditions  against  Ammonand 
Ethiopia  were  unfortunate.  While  he  was  devastating 
Egypt,  an  impostor  assuming  the  name  of  his  brother 
Bardiya  (called  by  the  Greeks  Smerdis)  who  was  secretly 
assassinated  at  Cambyses'siustigation,  forced  him  to  return 
to  Persia,  but  he  died  on  the  way  from  a  wound  inliicted 
by  himself. 

Cambyses,  King  of  Persia.  A  play  by  Thomas 
Piiston,  written  as  early  as  1561.  "in  allusion  to 
a  p:i~sage  in  it, '  Cambyses  vein  *  has,  in  consequence  of  its 
being  cited  b,v  Shakspere,  become  proverbial  for  rant, 
[butj  the  language  of  the  play  is  in  no  instance  specially 
obnoxious  to  this  charge."     Ward. 

Camden  (kam'den).  Atown  in  Kershaw  County, 
South  Carolina,  near  the  "Wateree  River  32  miles 
northeast  of  Columbia.  Here.  Aug.  16,  1780,  the 
British  under  Cornwallis  defeated  the  Americans  under 
Gates:  thelossof  the  Americans  was  about  2,000.  including 
Df  Kalb.  Near  here,  at  Hobkirks  Hill,  Apiil  25,  ITSl,  the 
British  under  Rawdon  defeated  the  Americans  under 
Greene.  The  first  battleisalsocalledthebattleof  Sanders' 
Creek. 

Camden.  A  city  and  port  of  entry,  capital  of 
Camden  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  River  opposite  Philadelphia.  It  is  a 
railway  center,  and  is  noted  for  its  manufactures 
and  ship-liuikling.     Population  (1900),  75,935. 

Camden,  Sari.    See  Pratt,  Charles. 

Camden  (.kam'den).  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don. May  2,  1551:  died  at  Chiselhurst,  Kent. 
Xov.  9,  1623.  A  noted  English  historian  and 
antiquary.  His  chief  works  are  "Britannia"  (15S0). 
"Annates  rerum  .\nglicarum  et  Hibernicarum  regnante 
ElizrOtetha  "  (101;.). 

Camden  Society.  An  English  historical  soci- 
ety formed  in  1S3S  for  the  publication  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  English  history :  named  from 
William  Camden. 

Camden  Town.  A  northern  quarter  of  Lon- 
don, eaist  of  Regenfs  Park,  "[it]  takes  its  name 
from  the  first  Earl  of  Camden, who  acquired  large  property 
here  by  his  maiTiage  with  Miss  Geffreys."    Uarc,  I.  221. 

Camel,  Battle  of  the.  Fought  at  Basra,  656. 
Calif  Ali  defeated  the  rebels  Talha,  Zobair, 
and  Ayesha  (the  latter  being  present  on  a 
camel). 

Camelford  <  kam'el-ford).  A  towTi  in  Cornwall, 
England,  situated  15  miles  west  of  Launeeston. 
It  is  one  of  the  places  identified  as  the  Camelot  of  the  Ar- 
thurian cycle,  and  a  traditional  scene  of  the  final  battle 
between  Arthur  and  Modred. 

Camelon  (kam'el-ou),  in  Scotland.  See  the 
extract. 

At  Camelon,  on  the  Firth  of  Forth,  we  found  the  site  of 
the  battle  that  closed  the  career  of  the  historical  Arthur  in 
537.  Stuart  Glennie,  Arthurian  Localities,  iii.  2. 

Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-0-  or  kam"e-lo-par'da- 
lis).  The  Camelopard,  a  northern  constellation 
formed  by  Bartsch  and  named  by  Hevelius. 
It  is  situated  between  Cepheus,  Perseus,  Ursa  Major  and 
iliniir,  and  Draco.  As  given  by  Hevelius,  the  name  was 
<';uiK-Ii)pardalus. 

Camelot  (kam'e-lot).  A  legendary  spot  in  Eng- 
land where  Arthur  was  said  to  have  had  his 
palace  and  coiu't,  and  where  the  Round  Table 
was.     Shakspere  alludes  to  it  in  "  Lear,"  ii.  2,  79. 

"Goose,  if  I  had  you  upon  Sarura  plain, 
I'd  drive  ye  cackling  home  to  Camelot.*' 

This  is  supposed  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  great 
quantities  of  geese  were  bred  on  the  moors  near  Camelot 
in  Somersetshire.  Capell  maintained  that  Camelot  was. 
or  was  near.  Winchester.  Caxton  locates  it  in  Wales. 
Tennvson  alludes  to  it  in  "The  Lady  of  Shalott"  and  in 
the  '■  IdyUs." 

Camel's  Hump.  One  of  the  chief  peaks  of  the 
Green  Jlountains.Vermont.  It  is  west  of  Mont- 
pelier.    Height,  4,088  feet. 

Camenae  (ka-me'ne).  In  Italian  mythology,  four 
prophetic  di\-iuities .  by  Roman  poets  identi- 
fied with  the  Muses. 

Oamenz.     See  Kamem. 


208 

Camerarius  (ka-ma-ra're-os)  (Liebhard),  Joa- 
chim. [L.. 'Chamberlain.']  Born  at  Bamberg, 
Bavaria,  April  12,  1.500:  died  at  Leipsic,  April 
17, 1574.  A  German  scholar,  author  of  a  life  of 
Melanchthon(1556),  and  editor  of  Melanchthon's 
letters  (1569). 

Camerarius,  Rudolf  Jakob.  Bom  at  Tubin- 
gen, Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  12,1665:  died  at  Tubin- 
gen, Sept.  11,  1721.  A  German  physician  and 
botanist,  author  of  "De  sexu  plantarum  epis- 
tola"  (1694),  etc. 

Camerino  (ka-ma-re'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Macerata,  Italy,  in  lat.  43°  9'  N.,  long. 
13°  5'  E.  It  was  the  ancient  Camerinum.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  the  Papal  States  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tur\. 

Cameron  (kanl'e-rgn),  James  Donald.    Bom 

at  Middletown,  l)auphin  County,  Pa.,  May  14. 
1833.  An  American  politician.'  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1S52,  was  president  of  the  Northern  Central 
Railway  Company  of  Pennsylvania  1563-74,  and  was  secre- 
tary of  war  under  President  Grant  May  22,  lS76,-March 
o,  1^77,  when  he  was  elected  a  United  States  senator  from 
Pennsylvania  as  a  Republican. 

Cameron,  John.  Bom  at  Glasgow  about  1579 : 
died  at  Montauban,  France,  1625.  A  Scot- 
tish theologian,  an  advocate  of  "passive  obedi- 
ence. '  He  became  profes=or  of  divinity  at  Saumur.  and 
later  at  Montauban.  His  followers  in  France  were  called 
Cameronites  (which  see). 

Cameron,  Richard.  Born  at  Falkland,  Fife- 
shire,  "Scotland:  killed  near  Aird's  Moss,  Avr- 
shire,  Scotland,  July  20,  1680.  A  noted  Scot- 
tish Presbrterian  minister,  and  leader  of  the 
Covenanters.  His  followers,  a  sect  of  Scottish 
dissenters,  were  caUedra/He;'o«(a»iS  (which  see) 

Cameron,  Simon.  Born  in  Lancaster  Countr, 
Pa.,  March  8,  1799:  died  there,  June  26,  1889. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  in  1S45  elected 
United  States  senator  for  Pennsylvania  to  succeed  Bu- 
chanan, who  had  been  appointed  secretary  of  state  by  Pres- 
ident Polk.  His  term  expired  March  4,  iS49.  During  his 
term  of  office  he  acted  w-ith  the  Democratic  party;  but 
having  about  ISoo  identified  himself  with  the  People's 
party,  he  was  in  1S56  returned  to  the  Senate  as  a  Repub- 
lican. He  was  secretary  of  war  in  the  cabinet  of  Lincoln. 
March  4, 1861. ^an.  11, 1862,  when  he  was  appointed  United 
States  minister  to  Russia,  a  post  which  he  resigned  the 
following  year.  He  served  as  senator  from  Pennsylvania 
1S66-77,  when  he  resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
.lames  Donald  Cameron. 

Cameron,  Verney  Lovett.    Born  July  i,  1844 : 

died  March  26.  18;)4.  A  noted  English  explorer. 
As  a  n.aval  officer  be  was  chosen  in  1872,  b.v  the  Koyal 
Geographical  Society,  to  lead  an  expedition  in  search  of 
Livingstone.  In  March,  1S73,  he  started  from  Bagamoyo. 
In  Unyanyembe  he  met  Livingstone's  body,  but  proceeded 
to  Lake  Tanganyika.  His  two  European  assistants  died 
soon,  and  he  had  to  carry  on  his  explorations  alone.  He 
circumnavigated  the  Tanganyika,  discovered  the  Luknga, 
and  made  his  way  through  Urua  and  southern  Liinda  to 
Benguella  and  Loanda,  where  he  arrived  in  Nov.,  1S"5.  He 
was  the  first  explorer  to  cross  Africa  from  east  to  west. 
His  *'  .Across  Africa  '  appeared  in  1S76.  In  1S7S  he  made  a 
railroad  survey  in  Asia  ilinor  and  Persia,  riince  18S7  he 
lectured  and  wrote  on  antislavery. 

Cameronians  (kam-e-ro'ni-anz).  1.  The  fol- 
lowers of  Richard  Cameron  in  Scotland.  They 
refused  to  accept  the  indulgence  granted  to  the  Presby- 
terian clergy  in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest 
by  so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recognize  his 
ecclesiastical  authority.  They  were  known  at  first  as  The 
Societies,  but  were  afterward  organized  as  the  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of  which  in  1376 
was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of  British 
infantry,  from  its  ha^-ing  been  oiigiually  com- 
posed of  the  Cameronians  who  flocked  to  Edin- 
burgh during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Their  nu- 
cleus consisted  of  the  men  who  fought  under  Richard 
Cameron  at  .bird's  Moss  in  1650,  when  he  was  killed. 

Cameronites  (kam'e-ron-its).  A  group  of 
French  Protestants,  jirofessing  a  modified  Cal- 
■vinism,  led  by  John  Cameron,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, professor  of  theology  at  Saumur  and  else- 
where. They  were  condemned  bv  the  Svnod 
of  Dort. 

Cameroon  Ri'ver.     See  Kamerun  Elver. 

Cameroons.    See  Kamerun. 

Games  (ka-mes').  A  wild  tribe  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 
They  arose  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  from  the  mix- 
ture of  Indian  hordes  with  fugitive  negro  and  mulatto 
slaves.  .\t  one  time  they  were  very  numerous,  and  dan- 
gerous enemies  of  the  whites.  A  few  hundred  only  re- 
main, in  tlie  western  part  of  the  state. 

Camilla  (ka-mil'a).  [L.  Com/Wa.]  1.  Avirgin 
warrior  queen  of  the  Yolscians.  daughter  of 
King  Metabus  of  Privernum.  She  figvu-es  in 
Vergil's  ^Eneid.  She  came  to  the  assistance  of 
Turnus,  and  was  treacherously  slain  by  Aruns. 
—  2.  A  lady  in  Lyiy's  "Euphues"  with  whom 
Phiiautus  falls  in  love. —  3.  An  opera  by  Owen 
McSwiney,  translated  from  the  Italian  in  1706. 
— 4.  A  novel  by  Madame  d'Arblay,  published 
in  1796. 


Campaign,  The 

Camille  (kii-mel').  The  sister  of  the  three 
Horatii  in  Corneille's  tragedy  "Les  Horaces." 
she  denounces  Rome  when  she  finds  that  her  lover  baa 
been  killed  by  her  brothers. 

Camille.  An  EngMsh  version  of  the  French 
play  "La  dame  aux  Camillas."  The  Marguerite  of 
the  French  play  is  Camille  in  this.   See  Dame  aux  cam/liat. 

Camillo  (ka-mil'6).  1.  A  .Sicilian  noble  in 
Sbakspere's  "Winter's  Tale."  He  saves  Polix- 
enes  and  induces  Leontes  to  protect  Florizel 
and  Perdita.—  2.  The  husband  of  Vittoria  Co- 
romboua  in  Webster's  tragedy  "The  White 
Devil." — 3.  A  character  in Dryden's play  "The 
Assignation." 

Camillus  (ka-mil'us).  1.  A  newspaper  pseu- 
don.\-m  of  Fisher  Ames. — 2.  A  pseudonym  of 
Alexander  Hamilton. 

Camillus,  Marcus  Furius.    Died  365  b.  c.   a 

Roman  general.     He  was  several  times  dictator,  took 
Veil  in  .•;96  (392),  and  after  the  sack  of  Rome  by  Brcnnus      \1, 
in  390  (388)  defeated  the  Gauls.  W 

Caminha(ka-men'ya).  Pedro  Vazde.  APortu-  " 
guese  who  accompanied  Pedro  Alvares  Cabral 
in  1500  as  secretary  of  the  proposed  factory  at 
Calicut.  He  wrote  a  letter,  still  preserved  in  Lisbon, 
which  is  the  oldest  extant  description  of  the  discover)-  of 
Brazil.  This  was  first  published  by  MuiSoz.  1790,  and 
there  are  subsequent  editions.  Caminha  probably  per- 
ished in  the  massacre  at  Calicut,  Dec.  16,  1500. 

Camisards  (kam'i-zardz).  A  name  given  to 
the  French  Protestants  of  the  Cevennes  who 
took  up  arms  in  defense  of  their  ci-sil  and  re- 
ligious liberties  early  in  the  18th  century:  so 
called  fi'om  the  white  blouses  worn  by  the  jpeas- 
ants  who  were  the  chief  actors  in  the  insurrec- 
tion. 

Camlan,  Battle  of.  A  battle  which  took  place 
in  Cornwall  about  537.  in  which  both  Arthur 
and  his  nephew  Modred  fell  in  single  combat. 

Cammin.     See  Kammin. 

Camoens  (in  Portuguese  spelling,  Camoes) 
(kam'o-ens;  Pg.  pron.  ka-mon'esh),  Luiz  de. 
Born  at  Lisbon,?)  in  1524  (?) :  died  at  Lisbon, 
.June  10,  1580.  A  celebrated  Portuguese  poet. 
He  was  of  gentle  birth,  and  was  educated  at  Coimbra.  On 
leaving  college  he  returned  to  Lisbon,  and  quickly  became 
accustomed  to  court  life  and  manners.  His  romantic  pas-  LX 
sion  for  Donna  Caterina  de  .\taide,  a  high-born  lady  in  at-  m 
tendance  on  the  queen,  nith  the  jealousy  of  another  lover  H 
and  the  dislike  of  her  father,  was  one  of  the  principal 
reasons  for  his  banishment  from  Lisbon  about  1547.  In 
l.ioO  he,  having  joined  the  army  of  Africa,  lost  the  sight 
of  his  right  eye  in  a  naval  engagement  at  Ceuta.  After  a 
careless  and  somewhat  dissolute  period,  he  was  cast  into 
prison  in  1553  for  wounding  one  of  the  king's  equerries  in 
a  street  fracas.  He  was  pardoned  on  condition  of  his  im- 
mediate embarkation  for  India.  He  reached  Goa  in  the 
same  year.  He  joined  several  naval  expeditions,  and  on 
his  return  to  Goa  he  devoted  his  pen  to  the  exposure  of 
the  abuses  so  rife  in  the  East,  and  became  very  unpopular 
in  consequence.  After  seventeen  years  of  adventure  and 
suffering  from  persecution  and  imprisonment  in  Goa, 
Macao,  Mozambique,  and  Sofala,  he  was  allowed  to  re- 
turn to  Portugal  in  1570.  '•  He  lived  poor  and  neglected, 
and  sc  died, "  is  said  to  have  been  placed  on  a  marble  tablet 
to  his  memory  on  the  wall  of  the  church  of  the  convent  of 
Santa  Anna,  both  church  and  tablet  having  been  destroyed 
hy  earthquake  in  1775.  His  great  epic.  "Os  Lusiadas" 
("TheLusiad":  which  seeX written  during  his  banishment, 
and  perfected  in  his  humble  home  in  Xis)K)n,  w.as  first 
published  in  1572.  Its  success  was  great,  and  a  second 
edition  was  published  in  the  same  year :  but  this  only 
added  to  the  malice  with  which  he  was  regartled  at  court, 
and  when  in  1578  the  young  king  Dom  Sebastian  went 
to  Africa  on  his  fatal  expedition.  Bernardes,  a  couitier 
and  poet,  was  selected  to  go  with  him  and  sing  his  tri-  it 
umphs.  After  the  defeat  and  death  of  the  king ''Camo-  m 
ens  went  as  one  dreaming."  Thirtj'-eight  editions  of  the  m 
"Lusiad'  were  published  in  Lisbon  before  1700.  There  ^ 
are  translations  in  nearly  every  European  langu.age.  The 
first  English  translation  was  by  Sir  Richard  Fanshawe, 
1655.  Mickle's  translation  appeared  in  1776.  Musgrave's 
in  1S26.  Quillinan's  (five  cantos)  in  1853,  Sir  Thomas 
Mitchell's  in  1854.  Camoenss  influence  and  efforts  pre- 
served the  Portuguese  language  from  destruction  during 
the  period  of  the  Sp;inish  occupation,  when  the  language 
of  the  court  was  Castilian.  His  minor  works,  or  "Rimas," 
were  sonnets,  comedies,  eclogues,  ballads,  and  epigrams. 

Camonica  (ka-mon'e-kii),  Val.  The  valley  of 
the  Oglio  in  its  upper  course,  in  Lombardy, 
Italy,  north  of  the  Lago  d'Iseo. 

Camp,  The.  A  play  by  Tickell,  attributed  to 
Sheridan,  produced  in  1778.  Doran,  Acnals, 
II.  137. 

Campagna  (kam-pan'ya).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Salerno,  situated  19  miles  east  of  Sa- 
lerno.    Population,  6.000. 

Campagna  di  Roma  (kam-pan'ya  de  ro'ma). 
A  laigt  plain  in  Italy,  surrounding  Rome,  lying 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Sabine 
and  Alban  Mountains.  It  coiresponds  in  great  part 
to  the  ancient  Latium.  It  is  of  volcanic  formation,  and 
has  been  for  centuries  noted  for  its  malarious  climate, 
thiiugh  in  antiquity  it  was  covered  with  villas  and  towns 
and  wa.s  brought  to  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  It  has 
been  reclaimed  in  part. 

Campaign,  The.  A  poem  by  Addison  celebrat- 
ing the  battle  of  Blenheim,  published  in  1704. 


Campan 

Campan  (kou-pou').  A  town  iu  the  Jepart- 
meut  of  Hautes-PyreuSes,  situated  ou  the  river 
AUour  18  miles  southeast  of  Tarbes.  It  is 
noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

■Campan,  Madame  (Jeanne  Lomse  Henriette 

Genest).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  (i,  175:2:  died  at 
Mantes,  France,  March  16,  1822.  A  French 
teacher,  she  was,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  appointed  reader 
to  the  three  daughters  of  Louis  XV.,  was  for  neaily  twenty 
years  first  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Maiie  Antoinette, 
and  narrowly  escaped  during  the  storming  of  the  Tuiler- 
ies  by  the  mob,  Aug.  10,  1792.  After  the  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre, she  opened  a  boarding-school  for  young  ladies  at 
Saint-CJermain,  and  in  1806  was  appointed  by  Napoleon 
superintendent  of  the  school  at  Ecouen  for  daughters, 
sisters,  and  nieces  of  officers  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  a  post 
which  she  held  till  the  abolition  of  the  school  by  the  Bour- 
bons. She  wrote  '•  Memoires  sur  la  vie  privi^e  de  Marie 
Antoinette"  (1S'J2),  etc. 

-Gampanerthal,  or  Kampanerthal  (kam-pa'- 
ner-tiil}.  A  work  ou  the  immortality  of  the 
Boul,  by  Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter,  published 
in  1797:  named  from  a  picturesque  valley  of 
the  upper  Adorn'  iu  the  Pyrenees. 

■Campania  (kam-pa'ui-a).  [Qr-KafiTravla.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Italy,  lymg  be- 
tween LStium  ou  the  uorthwe.st,  Samuium  on 
the  north  and  east,  Lucania  ou  the  southeast, 
and  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  west,  its  origi- 
nal inhabitants  were  probably  of  Oscan  or  Ausonian  race; 
it  was  settled  later  by  the  Greeks, and  submitted  to  Home 
840  B.  c.  It  is  noted  for  its  fertility  and  products.  It 
contained  the  ancient  cities  C'uma;,  Capua,  liaiie,  Puteoli. 
Herculaneum,  Pompeii,  etc.  The  modern  compartimento 
of  Campania  comprises  the  provinces  AvelIino,Benevento, 
Caserta,  Xapoli,  and  Salerno. 

Campanile  of  Giotto.  A  famous  tower  at 
Florence,  Italy,  begun  by  Giotto  in  1334,  and 
after  his  death,  in  1337,  continued  by  Andrea 
Pisano.  it  is  square  in  plan,  37^  feet  to  a  side,  and  275^ 
feet  high,  and  is  divided  by  string-courses  into  five  stories, 
the  two  lowest  of  which  are  practically  solid ;  the  two  mid- 
dle ones  have  each,  on  each  face,  two  canopied  and  tracer- 
led  windows ;  and  the  highest,  about  twice  as  high  as  any 
■of  those  below,  has  one  large  beautifully  decorated  and 
traceried  window  in  each  face,  and  a  bold  cornice.  The 
"Whole  exterior  of  the  tower  is  incrusted  with  colored 
marbles  arranged  in  panels.  The  basement  is  suri-ounded 
by  two  ranges  of  reliefs,  the  lower  in  hexagonal,  the  upper 
in  diamond-shaped  panels,  by  Giotto,  Andrea  Pisano,  and 
Luca  della  Robbia.  The  subjects  include  the  Creation, 
the  Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Cardinal  Virtues,  and  the  Works 
ol  Mercy.  These  reliefs  are  famous  for  their  naive  but 
wonderfully  effective  presentation  of  their  story.  Above  is 
a  I'ange  of  large  statues  in  niches.  This  campanile  is  the 
finest  example  of  the  Italian  Priinteil  style,  of  which  it  em- 
bodies ail  the  \  irtnes,  while  imssessingsonie  of  its  defects. 

Campanile  of  St.  Mark's.  A  sqtiare  tower  iu 
Venice,  measuring  42  feet  to  a  side,  and  323 
feet  high  to  the  angel  at  the  apex  of  the  py- 
ramidal spire.  It  was  be'_'un  about  1)00,  but  the  arcaded 
belfry,  with  the  square  die  and  pyranjid  above,  dates  only 
from  the  Itith  century.  Despite  its  celebrity,  it  was  ugly  : 
the  lower  part  was  a  practically  plain  mass  of  lirickwork, 
and  the  lielfry  was  crushed  liv  the  superstructure.  It  col- 
laiisccl  .Tuly  14,  1902. 

Campanini  (kam-pa-ne'ne),  Italo.  Born  at 
Parma.  June  29,  1846:  died  near  there.  Nov. 
23,1896.  A  noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  first 
attracted  attention  in  1871  at  Bologna.  In  1872  he  first 
appeared  in  England,  and  was  subsequently  successful  in 
8t  Petersburi:  and  Moscow,  and  in  Ameiica. 

Campas  (kam'piis).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in  east- 
ern Peru,  a  branch  of  the  Antis,  if  not  the  same 
as  that  tribe.     See  Antis. 

Oampaspe  (kam-pas'pe).  The  favorite  concu- 
bine of  Alexander.  Slie  Is  said  to  have  been 
the  model  of  the  famous  Venus  Anadyoiuene 
of  Apelles.     Also  J'ciiiciisti;  Fdcdtc 

Campbell  (kam'bel;  Se.  pron.  kaui'oi),  Alex- 
ander, [The  name  Ciimpbcll,  more  currcctly 
spelled  Cambcll,  is  fvomGa.el. Caimbeiil.  lit. '  wry- 
mouth,'  from  cam,  wry,  and  beiil,  mouth.]  Born 
near  Ballymena,  in  the  county  of  Antrim,  Ire- 
land, Sept.  12,  1788:  died  at  Bethany,  W.  Va., 
March  4,  1866.  A  olcrgyiiiaii,  founder  (about 
1827)  of  the  "Disciples  of  Christ,"  nicknamed 
"Campbellites."  He  came  to  America  in  1800.  He 
established  the  "Christian  Baptist"  in  1823,  which  was 
merged  in  1830  in  the  "Millennial  Harbinger." 

Campbell,  Archibald,  second  Eari  of  Ai'gyll. 

Killed  at  Floddcn,  1513.  Son  of  the  first  Kai'l 
of  Argyll.  He  became  master  of  the  royal  houschoUl 
in  1494,  and  shared  with  the  Earl  of  Lennox  the  command 
of  the  right  wing  of  the  Scottish  army  at  the  ballle  of 
Flr.dden,  Sept.  0,  1.S13,  in  which  engagement  he  was 
kille.l. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  fouith  Earl  of  Argyll. 

l>ied  ImH.  Graiulson  of  the  second  Earl  of 
Argyll,  and  a  leading  supporter  of  the  Kcfor- 
mation.  Ho  connnanded  the  right  wing  of  the  Scottish 
army  at  the  l)attle  of  IMnkic  in  1.^)47,  an<l  in  the  following 
■year  rendered  important  service  at  the  siege  of  Hadding. 
ton.  He  embraced  the  Reformation,  and  was  a  warm 
supporter  of  Knox,  whom  he  entertained  at  Castle  Camp- 
bell in  1666. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  fifth  Earl  of  Argvll. 
Dicil  Sept.  12,  ir)73.     Son  of  the  fourth  Earl'  of 

f.-14 


209 


Campion 


Argyll,  and  a  supporter  of  Mary  Queeu  of  Scots.  Campbeirs  Station.    A  village  in  Tennessee, 

Quefn  of  Scots,  w,js  a  party  to  the  nmrdir  of  Darnley  anJ     ?ouVdeVa?etu"defltgs\'re"l'"  ^'^'"''  ''"'''""'  *"' 

the  m,arrnige  of  Bothwell,  and  commanded  the  queen  s  n  n  ■■     '       '^'•^•"■i^v. 

forces  at  Langside,M.ayi:i,15G8.  He  made  his  submission  vampC  (Kara  pe),  Joachim  Hcinrich.  Born  at 
to  the  Earl  of  Moray  in  1569,  and  in  1572  was  appointed  Deensen,  in  Brimswiek,  Germany  June  29  1740- 
lord  hwh  chancellor                 .  ,  ^,    -^     ,         ,  ^  died  near  Brunswick,  Oct.  22,  1818.    A  German 

Campbell,  ^Archibald,  eighth  Earl  and  fii^t  lexicographer  and  Witer  of  juveniles,  m!  wTk, 
Marquis  of  Argyll.  Beheaded  at  Edinburgh,  include  •■  Robinson  derJUngere"  (1779)  ■•  Die  Entdeckung 
May  27,  1661.    A  Scottish  nobleman.     He  sided     ^o"  Amerika  '  (1781),  a  German  dictionary  (1807-11),  etc 

with  the  Covenanters  ;  became  marquis  in  1641 ;  and  was  CampechO  (kiim-pa'cha),  or  Camneachv  (kam- 

deteated  by  Montrose  inl&JS.    He  sided  with  Chiu-les  IL  tib'..|,h^      A  st-ifo  r,f  M^ii.,  '^f'"'V*''*V;,  X  ^i^-*'" 

after  the  death  of  Charles  I, but  submitted  latertoCrom-  P*^  ,  '''•  ^  f-tateot  Mexico,  formingthe  south- 
welL    At  the  Kcstoratiu]]  he  was  executed  for  treason.         western   part    ot   the   peuinsula   of   Yucatan. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  ninth  Earl  of  Argyll.  Area,  21,797  square  miles.  Population  (1895;, 
Beheaded  at  Edinburgh,  June  30,  1685.     Son     90,4.-58. 

of  the  eighth  Earl  of  Argyll.  He  supported  the  Campeche.  [Native  name.]  A  seaport,  the 
Royalists  inthe  civil  wars,  and  Charles  II.  after  the  Res-     capital  of  the  state  of  Campeche,  situated  on 


toration.  He  was  obliged  to  leave  Scotland  at  the  end 
of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  on  the  charge  of  treason.  He 
landed  in  .Sc«itland  in  1085  to  take  part  in  Moinnouth*3 
rising,  and  was  exeiiited  for  treason. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  first  Duke  of  Argyll. 
Died  Sept.  20  (28?),  1703.  Son  of  the  ninth 
Earl  of  Argyll,  created  duke  1701.  He  favored 
the  Revolution,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
offered  the  Scottish  crown  to  William  and  Mary  at  Lon- 
don in  1689. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  third  Duke  of  Argyll. 
Bom  at  Petersham,  Sun-ey,  in  June,  1682  :  died 


the  Bay  of  Campeche  iu  lat.  19°  51'  N.,  long 
90°  33'  W.     Its  exports  are  logwood,  wax,  etc.    It  was 
an  old  Indian  town,  and  was  discovered  by  Francisco  Her- 
nandez de  Cordova  in  1517,  and  was  named  by  him  San 
Lazaro.    Population  (1896),  16,631. 

Campeche,  or  Campeachy,  Gulf  or  Bay  of. 

A  name  given  to  the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf 
of  Me.xico. 

Campeggio  (kam-pej'6),  Lorenzo.  Born  at 
Bologna,  1472:  died  at  Kome,  July  19,  1539. 
An   Italian  cardinal,  legate  to  England  1519 


April  15,  1761.     A  Scottish  statesman,  brother  and  1528,  bishop  of  Salisbury  and  archbishop 

of  the  second  Duke  of  Ai'gyll.    He  was  a  firm  sup-  of  Bologna.     He  presided  at  the  Diet  of  Ratisbon     In 

porter  of  Walpole,  by  whom  he  was  intrusted  with  the  1528  he  was  associated  with  Wolsey  in  hearing  the  divorce 

chief  management  of  .Scotch  affairs.  Hewasappointedlord  suit  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England  against  Catherine  of  Ara- 

keeper  of  the  privy  seal  in  1725,  and  keeper  of  the  great  gon. 

seal  in  1734  which  latter  post  he  occupied  until  his  death.  Campeuhout,  Francois  Van.    Born  at  Brussels 

Ca,mpbell,  Colm.  first  Karl  ot  Argyll.     Died  in  1780:  died  there  in  1848.  A  Belgian  musician. 

A   Scottish   nobleman,   created   earl  m  His  fame  chiefly  rests  on  the  "Brabangoune,"  the  Belgian 


1493.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  created  earl  in 
1457.  He  was  one  of  the  conspirators  against 
James  III.  iu  1487. 
Campbell,  Colin,  Baron  Clyde.  Born  at  Glas- 
gow, Oct.  20,  1792 :  died  at  Chatham,  England, 
Aug.  14.  1863.  A  British  field-marshal.  He 
served  with  distinction  at  Chillianwalla  and  Gujerat,  1849, 
and  at  the  Abua  and  Balaklava,  1854  ;  w.as  commander-in- 


national  air,  which  he  composed  in  1830. 

Campenon  (koh-pe-n6h'),  Francois  Nicolas 
Vincent.  Born  in  Guadeloupe,  French  West 
Indies,  March  29,  1772:  died  near  Paris,  Nov. 
24,  1843.     A  French  poet  and  general  wiiter. 


He  wrote  "Voyage  de  Grenoble  k  Chamb(5ry  "  (1795  :  pros 

, , ^ and  verse),  "  L'Enfant  prodigue  "  (1811),  etc. 

chief  in  Bengal  in  1867;  rescued  Havelock  and  Outran)  at  Camnpr  (kam'tipri    Piotor      Ttnrn    nt   T  ov,lo., 
LucknowandthenrelievedCawnpore.andrecapturedLuck-     W^^,^}^A^lSt\^^^<^l^^  T^     ^  ^\   1-ejden, 
now  in  1858.    He  was  made  aK.  C.  B.  in  iS49,and  was  ele-     ij^etherlands.  May  11, 1(22  :  died  at  The  Hague. 
"       "  Netherlands,  April  7, 1789.     A  Dutch  physician 

and  anatomist,  noted  for  researches  in  compar- 
ative anatomy. 

Camperdown  ( kam-per-doun ' ) .  D.  Camperduin 
(kiim-per-ihiiii').  A  village  in  the  Netherlands, 
situated  27  miles  uorth-uorthwest  of  Amster- 
dam. Off  here,  Oct.  11, 1797,  the  English  fleet  under  Dun- 
can defeated  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Winter.    Loss  of 

Campbell,  George  Douglas,  eighth  Duke  of  Z"^'^'':^''^'^'-V'''^!''T'^^^^^^^^^ 

Argyll.    Born  April  30. 1823:  died  April  24, 1900.   t-amperdown.     Sec   ( ,Hmu,_  (battle-ship) 
A  Scottish  statesman  and  writer.     He  was  lord  Campero  ( kam-pa  ro),Narcisp.     Born  at -Tojo. 

now  IU  Argentina,  in  181.x  A  Boli\ian  soldier 
ami  statesman.  In  1872  he  was  minister  of  w.ar  for  a 
short  time.    When  the  war  with  Chile  broke  out  (1879) 


vated  to  the  peerjige  as  Baron  Clyde  of  Clydesdale  in  1868. 
Campbell,  George.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  25,  1719:  died  there,  April  6,  1796. 
A  Scottish  theologian  and  philosophical  ^vriter. 
He  was  ordained  in  1748,  became  minister  at  Aberdeen  in 
1757,  and  in  1759  was  appointed  principal  of  Marischal 
College.  His  chief  works  are  "  Dissertation  on  Miracles  " 
(1762),  "Philosophy of  Rhetoric"  (1776),  and  "Translation 
of  the  Gospels"  (1789). 


privy  seal  1853-55:  postmaster. general  1855-.58:  lord  privy 
seal  1859-60;  secretary  for  Inilia  180H-74  ;  and  lord  privy 
seal  IK80-SI.  His  chief  works  include  'The  Rei^n  of 
Law  "  (18i;«),  "  Scotland  as  It  Was  and  as  It  Is  ■  (1887). 
Campbell,  John,  second  Duke  of  Ai-gyll.  Born 
1678:  died  1743.  AScottishgeueraland  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Argyll.  He  took 
part  in  effecting  the  union;  commanded  at  Slu'iiltnuiir 
in  1716  ;  and  sided  at  diltilrnt  times  witii  Ibc  \Vbi^-s  a[ld 
Tories.    He  was  created  duke  of  Krcenw  ich  in  1719. 

Campbell,  John,  Baron  Campbell.  Born  near 
L!upar,  Fife,  Scotland,  Sept.  15,  1779:  died  at 
London,  June  23,  1861.     A  British  jiuust,  pol 


he  raised  an  army  in  southern  Bolivia,  but  was  unable  to 
reach  Tarapaca  before  the  Chileans  conquered  that  piov- 
ince  of  Peru.  After  the  fall  of  Daza  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  Bolivia  (April  9,  1880),  took  command  of  the  al- 
lied Bolivian  and  Peruvian  armies  .at  Tacua,  Peru,  and 
was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Tacna  (May  2(i,  1880).  His 
term  ended  Aug.  1,  18S4. 

Camphausen  (kiimp'liou-zen),  Ludolf.  Born 
at  Hiinshoveu,  near  Aachen,  Prussia.  Jan.  3. 
1803:  died  at  Cologne,  Dec.  3.  18U0.  A  Prus- 
sian politician,  president  of  the  ministry  1848. 


tieiaii,  and  author     He  became  chief  justice  of  the  Camphausen.  Otto.  Boru  at  Huushoven,  near 
Queens  Bench  m  1860.  and  was  lord  chancellor  of  Eng-  *  -.     •    .  .       .  '  »«t.»i 

land  1859-61.     He  wrote  "Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors  " 
(1845-48),  "  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  "  (1849-57),  etc. 

Campbell,  Sir  Neil.     Born  May  1, 1776:  died  in 

Sierra  Leone,  Africa,  Aug.  14,1827.     A  British 

officer,  commissioner  during  Napoleon's  stay  at 

Elba,  1814-15. 
Campbell,  Thomas.     Born  at  Glasgow,  July  27, 

1777:  died  at  Boiilogne,  France,  Juno  b5,  1844.  «:'";"/;";'„'  'I';';'."      ,,    .         x  t.-  1    t>   <•  -1 

A  British  poet,  critics  and  miscellaneous  wiiter.  Camphuysen  (kamp  hoi-z..,,).  Dirk  Rafaelsz 

He  was  lord  rector  of  the  University  of  Glasgow  1827-29.      '^""'  •"   '■otKuiu 


Aachen,  Pru.ssia,  Oct.  21,  1812:  died  May  17, 
1896.     A  Pru.ssiaii  politician,  brother  of  Ltidolf 

Camphausen.  He  was  Prussian  minister  of  finance  18(i9- 
1S7,S,  and  vi<-e.presidi'nt  of  the  Prussian  ministry  1873-78. 

Camphausen,  Wilhelm.    Born  at  Diisseldorf, 

PiMissia,  Feb.  8,  1818:  died  tliere,  June  16, 1885. 
A  German  historical  and  battle  painter  of  the 
Diisseldorf  school. 


His  works  include  "Pleasures  of  Hojie  "(179it),  "Gertrude 
of  Wyoming"  (1809),  ■Specimens  of  the  Critisli  Poets" 
(1819),  short  lyrii-s("Lo(hiers  Warning,"  "  llohenlinden," 
"Mariners  of  England,"  "  I'.attle  of  the  Baltic,"  etc.). 

Campbell,  Lord  William.    l)i(  <l  Sepi.  5,  1778. 

A  younger  brotlier  of  the  fitlli  Duke  of  Argyll, 
colonial  govornoi-  of  South  C'aroliiui  1775-76. 

Campbell  Island.  [Discovered  by  Captain  11a- 
zelliurgli  (if  t  lie  whaler  Perseverance, and  naiued 
by  him  tor  the  business  house  in  Sydney  which 
he  represented.]  A  small  island  in  the"  South- 
ern Ocean,  south  of  New  Zealand. 

Campbellites  (kam'bel-its).  1.  A  nickname 
of  the  "Discijiles  of  Clu'ist,"  a  denomination 
founded  by  llie  Rev.  Alexander  Campbell. 
The  ( 'anipbellites  wei'C  also  called  Siir  IJj/lits. 
— 2.  The  followi'fs  of  (he  Rev.  John  McLeod 
Campbell,  a  minister  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, who.  when  dei)Osed  in  1831  for  teacliing 
the  universality  of  the  atoni'iuent.  founded  a 
separate  congregation. 


Netherlands,    I.5,S6:    died  at 
Dokkum,  Friesland,  July   9,  1627.      A  Dutch 

aiainter,  religions  poet,  and  theologian. 
ampi  (kiim'iie).  Bernardino.     Born   at  Cre- 
mona. Italy.  1.522  :  died  after  1590.     .\n  Italian 
painter.      His  (diief  work  is  the  cupola  iu  the 
('Inirch  of  San  tiisinondo  at  Creinoiui. 

Campi,  GiuliO.  Boru  at  Cremona.  Italv,  about 
1500:  died  1572.  An  Italian  ))ainter.  His  best 
works  are  at  Cremona  and  Mantua. 

Campinas  (koh-po'njis).  A  town  iu  the  state 
of  Sao  Paulo,  southein  Brazil,  65  miles  north- 
west of  Sao  Paulo,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  lailroad.     Pop.  (1888).  ai)out  35,000. 

Campine  (koi'i-pen').  A  regicui  in  the  provinces 
of  .Antwerp  and  Limburg,  Belgium. 

Campion  (kam'i)i-oii),  Edmund.  Born  at  Lon- 
don. Jan.  25,  1540:  executed  at  Tyburn,  Dec. 
1.  1581.  An  English  Jesuit  and  scholar,  con- 
demned on  a  charge  of  high  treason.  He  >vas 
one  <if  the  most  prominent  of  the  Jesuit  mission.iries  in 
Englaud. 


Uampistron 

Oampistron(kon-pes-tr6n'),  Jean  Galbert  de. 
Boru  at  Toulouse,  1656:  died  May  11,  1723.  A 
French  dramatic  poet,  a  follower  of  Racine. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Virgiuie"  (1683),  '*Acis  et  Gala- 
t^e"  (1686:  an  opera),  "Andronic"  (1886),  "Tiridate" 
(1«91),  etc. 

He  pushed  to  an  extreme  the  softness  and  almost  effemi- 
nacy of  subject  and  treatment  which  made  Corneille  con- 
temptuously speak  of  his  younger  rival  and  his  pai'ty  as 
"Les  Doucereux."  Saint^bury,  French  Lit.,  p.  305. 

Campobasso  (kam-p6-bas's6).  A  province  iu 
the  Abruzzi  and  Molise,  Italy.  It  was  formerly 
called  Molise.  Area,  1,691  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  377,396. 

OampobaSSO.  [It., 'low  field.']  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Campobasso,  Italy,  situated  in 
lat.  41°  34'  N.,  long.  14°  40'  E.  It  is  noted  for 
its  manufactures  of  cutlery.  Population,  13,000. 

Campobasso,  Nicolo.  Lived  about  1477.  A 
Neapolitan  militarv  adventurer  in  the  service 
of  Charles  the  Bold. 

Oampobello  di  Licata  (kam-po-bel'lo  de  le- 
kii'ta).  [It.  Caw^X' fte'/o,  fair  field.]  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Girgeuti,  Sicily,  situated  21 
miles  east-southeast  of  Girgenti.  It  is  noted 
for  sulphm--mines.     Population,  7,000. 

Oampobello  di  Mazzara  (kam-po-bel'lo  de 
mat-sa'rii).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Tra- 
pani,  Sicily,  situated  42  miles  southwest  of 
Palermo.  There  are  famous  quarries  in  the 
vicinity.     Population,  6,000. 

Campo-Formlo  (kiim-po-for'me-o),  or  Campo- 
formido  (kam-p6-for-me'd6).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Udine,  in  northeastern  Italy,  6  miles 
southwest  of  Udine.  Here,  Oct.  17,  1797,  a  treaty 
was  concluded  between  France  and  Austria-  Austria 
ceded  the  Belgian  provinces,  recognized  the  Cisalpine 
Republic,  and  received  the  greater  part  of  the  Venetian 
tenitories ;  France  retained  the  Ionian  Islands.  By  se- 
cret articles  France  was  to  receive  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine. 

Campomanes  (kiiiu-po-ma'nes),  Conde  Pedro 
Rodriguez  de.  Horn  in  Asturias,  Spain,  Jidv 
1,  1723:  lUed  Feb.  3,  1802.  A  Spanish  states- 
man and  political  economist,  president  of  the 
council  1788.  Hewrote  "Discurso  sobre  el  fomento  de 
la  industria  popular  "  (1774),  "Discurso  sobre  la  educacion 
popular,  etc."  (1775). 

Campos(kam'pos).  [Pg.,'fields,"pastures.'  See 
( 'timpos  dos  Goi'tac(i:;es.~i  A  seaport  in  the  state 
of  Kiode  Janeiro,  Brazil,  situatednearthemouth 
of  the  Parahyba.     Pop.  (1888),  about  40,000. 

Campos  (kam'pos),  Martinez.  Born  at  Sego- 
via, Dec.  14,  1834 :  died  at  Zarauz,  near  San 
Sebastian,  Sept.  23,  1900.  A  Spanish  general. 
He  served  in  Morocco ;  was  sent  to  Cuba  in  1864  as  colonel ; 
and  in  1870  returned  to  Spain  to  help  to  suppress  the  Car- 
lists,and  was  made  a  brigadier-^'eneral.  On  the  abdication 
of  King  Amadeo  he  supported  the  republic,  was  put  on  the 
retired  list,  and  soon  after  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  con- 
spiracy. He  was  soon  released  and  placed  in  command  of 
the  3d"  division  of  the  Army  of  the  North  against  the  Car- 
lists.  From  1S77  to  187l>  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Spanish  forces  i  n  Cuba.  He  was  sent  to  Cuba  in  April,  1895, 
as  governor-general :  Itut  was  recalled  in  January,  1896. 

Campo  Santo  (kam'po  san'to).  [It.,  'sacred 
field,' i.  e.  cemetery.]  A  cemetery.  That  of  Pisa, 
Italy,  is  notable.  The'present  structure  was  begun  in  1278 
by  Giovanni  Pisano. 

Campos  de  Vacaria  (kam'posh  de  va-ka-re'a). 
[Pg.,  'cattle-pastures.']  An  elevated  open  re- 
gion in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  inland  from  the  moun- 
tains. It  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Brazilian 
plateau,  and  as  yet  it  is  very  thinly  settled. 

Campos  dos  Goitacazes  (kam'posh  dosh goi-ta- 
ka'zesh).  An  open  region  on  the  banks  of  the 
Parahyba  River,  northeast  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil.  The  region  was  so  called  ('  fields  of  the  Goitaca- 
zes ')  on  account  of  the  Goyatacas  Indians  who  formerly 
occupied  it.  The  name  passed  to  a  city  on  the  Parahyba, 
abbreviated  to  Campos. 

Campos  dos  Parecls  (kam'posh  dosh  pa-re- 
sesh').  An  open  region  in  western  Brazil,  east  of 
the  Guapore  and  Madeira  rivers,  forming  a  por- 
tion of  the  Brazilian  plateau,  about  3.000  feet 
above  sea-level,  it  was  so  called  on  account  of  the 
Parecis  Indians,  who  inhabit  a  part  of  it,  and  were  formerly 
very  powerful.  The  Campos  dos  Parecls  were  visited  by 
the  Portuguese  as  early  as  1720,  but  the  region  is  still  very 
imperfectly  known. 

Campsie  Fells.  A  region  near  Stirling  in 
Scotland. 

Campus  Martius  (kam'pus  mar'ti-us).  [L., 
'field  of  Mars.']  A  historic  area  of  ancient 
Rome,  lying  between  the  Pineian,  Quii-inal.  and 
Capitoline  hills  and  the  Tiber.  Throughout  the 
early  history  of  Rome  this  plain  remained  free  of  build- 
ings, and  was  used  for  popular  assemblies  and  military 
exercises.  During  the  reign  of  Augustus  it  had  become 
encroached  upon  from  the  south  by  the  building  up  of  the 
Haminian  Meadows,  and  from  the  east  by  public  and  other 
buildings  on  the  Via  Cata,  corresponding  closely  to  the 
modern  Corso.  Under  Augustus,  however,  a  great  extent 
of  the  plain  still  remained  free,  and  served  for  chariot-  and 


210 


Candiac 


horseraces,  ball- playing,  and  other  athletic  sports ;  it  was  Canandaigua  Lake.    A  lake  in  western  New 

surrounded  by  the  finest  monuments  of  the  city,  and  pre-     York.     Length,  15  miles. 

sented  an  imposing  spectacle.    I^y|JJ^w  occupied  by  the  Qananore,  or  CaiUianore.     See  Kananur 

Canara.    See  Kunaru. 


most  important  quarter  of  modern  Rome. 

Camulodunum.     See  Colchester. 

Camus  (ka-mii' ),  Armand  Gaston 
Paris,  April  2,  1740:  died  Nov.  2,  1804.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  was  deputy  to  the  States- 
General  in  1789,  and  to  the  Convention  in  1792 ;  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1796.  He  wrote 
Lettres  siu"  la  profession  d'avocat"  (1772-77),  etc. 


Bom  at  Canaris  (kiin-ya'rez).  [Quichua.]  A  power- 
ful  race  of  Indians  who,  for  several  centuriea 
before  the  conquest,  occupied  the  coast  valleys 
of  what  is  now  western  Ecuador.  They  were  con- 
quered by  the  Inca  Tupac  Yupanqui  about  1450.  During 
the  conquest  they  sided  with  the  Spaniards. 


Cana  (ka'na).   In  New  Testament  history,  a  vU-  Canaris,  or  Kanajris  (ka-na'ris),  Constantine, 


lage  of  Galilee,  Palestine,  the  scene  of  two  of 
Christ's  miracles.  It  has  been  identified  with  Kefr- 
Kenna,  and  with  Kana-el-Jelil  (both  near  Nazareth). 

Cana,  Marriage  at.     See  Marriage  at  Cana. 

Canaan  (ka'nan).  1.  The  fourth  son  of  Ham 
(Gen.  is.  25  ff.,  x.  6-15). —  2.  More  frequently, 
•  Land  of  Canaan'  (Gen.  xi.  31,  xii.  5 ;  Isa.  xxiii. 
11 ;  Zeph.  ii.  5,  etc.-  interpt«ted  to  mean  '  low- 
land,' from  Semitic  Icand,  to  humble,  subdue), 
generally  denoting  in  the  Old  Testament  the 
country  west  of  the  Jordan  and  the  Dead  Sea 
to  the  Mediterranean.  As  the  name  "  lowland  "  would 
indicate,  originally  it  comprised  only  the  strip  of  land, 
from  10  to  15  miles  in  breadth  and  150  in  length,  shut  in 
between  the  Lebanon  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  extend- 
ing from  the  Bayof  Antioch  to  the  promontoryof  theCar- 
mel,  i.  e.  southern  Phenicia.  To  this  maritime  plain  of  the 
Pheniciausand  Philistines  p.assages  like  Isa.  xxiii.  11,  Zeph. 
ii.  5  refer.  Later  the  name  was  extended  to  the  whole 
west-Jordanic  territory.  Thus  also  in  the  Tel-el-Amarna 
tablets,  which  date  back  a  century  before  the  exodus,  A'l- 
luikk,  or  Canaan,  denotes  the  district  between  the  cities  of 
Philistia  and  the  country  northward  of  Gebal  (Byblos). 
Ihe  Egyptians  named  it  the  land  of  Ke/t.  or  the  "palm," 
of  which  the  Greek  ^ou-i^  (see  Pfienkia)  is  a  translation. 
3.  The  non-lsraelitish  inhabitants  of  Palestine 
(more  frequently  iu  the  plm-al,  "the  Canaan- 
ites").  The  origin  and  affinities  of  the  various 
tribes  are  still  disputed. 

Canaanites  (ka'nan-its).     See  Canaan. 

Canace  (kan'a-se).  [Gr.  Karaw/.]  1.  In  Greek 
legend,  a  daughter  of  jEolus  and  Enarete,  put 
to  death  on  account  of  her  illicit  love  for  her 
brother  Jlacareus.  She  is  introduced  in  Gower's 
"  Confessio  Am.antis  "  (book  iii. ),  from  Ovid.  Chaucer  re- 
fers to  the  story  in  the  introduction  to  his  "  Man  of  Law's 
Tale." 

2.  The  daughter  of  Cambusean  iu  Chaucer's 
"  Squire's  Tale." 

Canada  (kan'a-da).  Dominion  of.  A  confed- 
eration    \        ■  ■     ' 

It  is  bounded 
of  Labrador  i 

States  on  the  south,  and  the  PaciSc  and  Alaska  on  the 
west.  It  comprises  Quebec,  (.tntario,  New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Manitoba,  British 
Columbia,  and  the  Northwest  Territories  (with  Assini- 
boia,  Saskatchewan,  Athabasca,  and  Alberta).  The  Amer- 
ican Arctic  islands  are  sometimes  included  with  the  Do- 
minion. Its  chief  physical  features  are  the  St.  Lawrence 
vaUey,  the  Saskatchewan  and  Mackenzie  river  systems 
(with  their  numerous  lai  ge  lakes.  Great  Bear,  Great  slave, 
Athabasca,  Winnipeg,  etc.).  Hudson  Bay,  the  great  plains, 
the  "Height  of  Land,"  Labrador  plateau,  and  the  Rocky 
and  Cascade  mountains.  Mt.  Logan,  in  lat.  60^  :^4  X.,  26 
miles  to  the  northeast  of  Mt.  St.  Elias,  is  said  to  have  an 
elevation  of  19,514  feet.  Its  capital  is  Ottawa,  and  its 
government  consists  of  a  governor-general  and  Parliament 
(Senate  and  House  of  Commons).  It  exports  timber, 
cheese,  wheat,  coal,  cattle,  etc.  Canada  was  explored  by 
Cartier  l,'^34-35.  It  was  permanently  settled  at  Quebec  in 
160S  by  the  French,  and  called  ^e\v  France.  It  was  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  in  1763.  The  Americans  attacked  it  un- 
successfully in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Unsuccessful  rebellion  1S37-38.  The  provinces  reunited 
in  1841.  and  the  confederation  was  formed  in  1867.  The 
Red  River  Rebellion,  under  Louis  Riel,  took  place  in  18ti9- 


Boru  at  Ipsara,  Greek  Archipelago,  1790 :  died 
Sept.  15, 1877.  A  Greek  admiral  and  politician. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Greek  war  for  indepen- 
dence (1821-25),  represented  Ipsara  in  the  Greek  national 
convention  iu  1827,  and  was  several  times  minister  of 
marine  and  president  of  the  cabinet. 

Canary  Islands,  or  Canaries  (ka-na'riz).  [Sp. 
Cunarias:  so  called  from  Gran  Canaria,  one  of 
the  principal  islands  o£  the  group,  L.  Canaria 
insula,  dog  island,  so  named  with  reference 
to  the  dogs  found  there.]  A  group  of  island* 
in  the  Atlantic,  lying  northwest  of  Africa,  in. 
lat.  27°-30°  N.,  long.  13°-18°  30'  W.  They  be- 
long to  Spain  and  form  a  separate'province.  The  islands, 
are  Tenerifle,  Gran  Canaria,  Palma,  Fuerteventura,  Lan- 
zarote,  Goniera,  and  Hierro  (Ferro).  The  products  are 
wine,  sugar,  and  cochineal.  The  capital  is  Santa  Cruz  de; 
Santiago,  the  language  Spanish,  and  the  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  They  are  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Fortunate 
The  original  inhabitants,  the  Guanches,  are  now 
The  islands  were  acquired  by  Spain  in  the  15th 
Area,  2,808   square   iiiiles.     Population   (1887V 


Islands, 
extinct, 
century. 
•J'.ll  ,fi25. 

Canby 


(kan'bi),  Edward  Richard   Sprigg. 

Born' in  Kentucky,  1819:  died  at  the  "Lava 
Beds,"  northern  California,  April  11,  1873.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war 
1846-48;  commanded  the  forces  in  New  Mexico  1861-62; 
repelled  the  incursion  into  New  Mexico  of  the  Confeder- 
ate general  Henry  Sibley  in  February,  1S62  ;  commanded 
the  United  States  troops  in  New  York  city  and  harbor  dur- 
ing the  draft  riots  of  July,  1863 ;  succeeded  General  BaokB, 
as  commander  of  the  army  in  Louisiana  and  of  the  depart- 
ments west  of  the  Mississippi  River  1864 ;  captured  Mobile 
April  12,  1865;  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  iu  the 
regular  army  .luly  28,  1866,  having  previously  obtained 
the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  treacher- 
ously killed  by  Modoc  Indians  during  a  conference. 

Cancale  (kon-kal').  A  seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  llle-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on  St. 
Michael's  Bay  10  miles  east-northeast  of  St. 
Malo.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,578. 

kou'). 
oehija 
tjhina,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Siam  in  lat.  10* 
15'  N.,  long.  104°  50'  E. 

Cancer  (kan'ser).  [L., 'acrab.']  Aconstella- 
tion  and  also  a  sign  of  the  zodiac,  represented 
by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  showing  the  limits 
of  the  Sim's  eoui'se  north  ward  in  simimer ;  hence, 
the  sign  of  the  summer  solstice.     Marked  2d. 

Cancha-Rayada  (kiin'cha-ra-ya'dii).  A  plain 
just  north  of  the  city  of  Talea,  ChUe.  On  March 
28, 1814,  a  division  of  the'patriot  army  was  defeated  there, 
and  on  March  19,  1S18,  the  army  commanded  by  Generals 
San  Martin  and  O'Higgins  was  defeated  at  the  same  place 
by  a  night  attack  of  the  Spanish  troops  under  General 
Osorio.    It  derived  its  name  from  a  racing-track  forhoi-ses. 

Cancrin  (kan-kreu').  Count  Georg.  Born  at 
Hanau,  Prussia,  Dec.  8, 1774 :  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Sept.  22,  1845.  A  Russian  general  of  in- 
fantry, and  politician,  minister  of  finance  1823- 
1844.  He  wrote  a  romance  "  Dagobert,  Geschichte  att» 
dem  jetzigen  Freiheitskrieg  "  (1796),  and  economic  works. 


la   (Kan  a-ua;,  iromimou  oi.  ^  conieu-  ^^  j        Population  (1891),  commune,  6,5? 

n  ot  provinces  in  British  J^orth  America.  «„„„„„  ,l-^;.,  \.^.,'\  A,.  v^-r,a  ITan  iVinlr  \ 

>unded  by  the  Arctic  on  the  north,  the  department  CancaO  (l-au-kou  ).  01  Kang-Kao  (j^Mg^ 

rador  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  the   United  [Chin.  Ua  TiaH.]      A  seaport  in  I  rench  C' 


d  the  second  Riel  rebellion  in  1S85.     In  1886  the   CandaCO  (kan'da-se).       [Gr.  KavdaKr/.^      A  he- 


1870,  M\ 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway  was  ojKned.     Area,  3,653,946 

square  miles.    Population  (19011,  .'i,371,315. 

Canadian  River.  A  river  in  New  Mexico, 
northern  Texas,  Oklahoma,  and  the  Indian 
Territory,  which  rises  in  New  Mexico,  and 
joins  the  Arkansas  25  miles  south  of  Tahle- 
quah.  Length.  800-900  miles.  Its  chief  affluent  is  the 
North  Fork,  in  Indian  Territory,    length,  about  600  miles. 

Canaletto  (ka-nii-let'to),  or  Oanale  (ka-nii'le), 


reditary  appellation  of  the  queens  of  Meroe,  in 
Upper  Nubia,  like  the  name  Pharaoh  applied 
to  the  older  Eg\-ptian  kings.  Specifically  — (a)  Ac- 
cording to  an  old  tradition,  the  Queen  of  Sheba  who  visited 
Solomon.  (6)  A  queen  of  Meroe  who  invaded  Egypt  22 
B.  c.  and  captured  Elephantine,  Syene,  and  Philw.  She 
was  defeated  by  the  Roman  general  Petronius  near  Psel- 
cha,  renewed  the  attack,  and  was  again  defeated  by  him. 
(c)  The  Queen  of  Ethiopia  whose  high  treasurer  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity  by  Philip,  30  A.  D.    Acts  viu.  27. 

Antonio.    Born  at  Venice,  Oct.  18,  1697:  died  Candahar.     See  Kandahar. 

there,  Aug.  20, 1768.     -An  Italian  painter,  noted  Candamo    (kan-da^^mo),    FranciscO    Banzes, 


chiefly  for  his  pictures  of  Venice.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  his  father,  Rinaldo  Canale,  a  scene-painter.  He  lived 
for  a  time  in  England.  He  was  the  first  painter  to  use 
the  camera  obscura. 

Canalizo  (ka-na-le'tho),  "Valentin.  Bom  at 
Monterey  about  1797:  died  after  1847.  A  Mexi- 
can soldier.  From  Dec,  1843,  to  June,  1844,  he  was  act- 
ing president  dtiring  the  absence  of  Santa  Anna.  Again 
made  acting  president  in  Sept.,  1844,  hewjis  impeached 


Born  at  Sabugo,  Spain,  1662;  died  1709.     A 
Spanish  poet   and  dramatist.     His  ''Poesias 
comicas"  were  published  in  1772. 
Candaules  (kan-da'lez),  or  MjTSilus  (mer-si'- 
lus).     [Gr.  Kav6ai'M/r  or  ilvpai?j)i:'i     The  last 
Heracleid  king  of  Lydia,  slain  by  Gyges  who 
succeeded  him.     See  (ri/aes. 
Candeish.     See  Ehandesh. 
for  arbitrary  p'roceediTigs,  and"  banished  (May,  1845).    He   Caudia  (kan'di-al,  Gr.  Megalokastron  (meg'- 
was  allowed  to  return,  and  served  in  the  war  with  the      ;.  ,-  i.Xc'(-,>rtT,\    "A  coQr,r,i.t   thA  panitol  nf  Hrete* 
United  States,  commanding  the  cavalry  at  Cerro  Gordo,      a-lo-kas  tron).     A  seaport,  the  Capital  01  Urete, 
April  17,  1S47,  and  the  whole  army  in  the  subsequent     Situated  on  the  northern  coast  m  lat.  do    Zl 
retreat.  N.,  long.  25°  7'  E.    It  was  founded  by  Saracens.    It 

Canandaigua  (kan-an-da'gwii).     A  village  and     was  taken  from  Venice  by  the  Tmks  in  1669. 
town  iu  western  New  York'^  situated  at  the  Candia.     See  Crete. 

northern  end  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  25  miles  Candiac  (kou-de-ak'),  Jean  Louis  Philippe 
southeast  of  Rochester.  Population  (1900),  Elisabeth  Montcalm  de.  Born  at  Chateau 
village,  6,151.  de  Candiac,  Ciard,  France,  Nov.  7,  1719:  dieo 


Candiac 

at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1726.  The  younger  brother 
of  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm.  He  was  noted  for 
his  remarkable  precocity,  based  upon  an  extraordinary 
memory. 

Candide  (koii-ded'),  ou  L'Optimisme  (o  lop- 
te-mezm').  A  piiilosophieal  novel  by  Voltaire, 
published  in  1759.  It  is  named  from  its  hero,  wlio 
bears  all  the  worst  ills  of  life  with  a  cool,  philosophical 
iuditference,  luufiliiiig  at  its  miseries.  (See  Pangloss.)  A 
second  part  followed,  with  the  same  name,  by  au  anony- 
mous writer. 

Written  ostensibly  to  ridicule  philosophical  optimism, 
and  on  the  spur  given  to  pessimist  theories  by  the  Lisbon 
earthquake,  Candide  is  really  as  comprehensive  as  it  is 
desultory.  Keligion,  political  government,  national  pe- 
culiarities, human  weakness,  ambition,  love,  loyalty,  all 
come  in  for  the  unfailing  sneer.  The  moral,  wherever 
there  is  a  moral,  is,  "be  tolerant,  and  cultivez  voire  jar- 
di/i,  that  is  to  say,  do  whatsoever  work  you  have  to  tio 
diligently.  Saiiltsbury,  I'rench  Lit.,  p.  423. 

Candolle  (kon-dol'),  Alphonse  Louis  Pierre 
PyramUS  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  L>8, 1806:  died 
April  4, 1893.  A  Swigs  botanist,  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  Geneva,  son  of  Augustin  de  Can- 
dolle. He  continued  his  father's  "Prodroraus"(lS6S-S3: 
assisted  by  his  son  Anne  Casimir  Pyramus.  born  at  Ge- 
neva, Feb.  -IG,  1836).  and  wrote  'Geoiiraphie  botaniqnerai- 
sonnee'  (lS55),"Origiiie  des  plantus  i-ultivees  '  (1883i.  etc. 

Candolle,  Augustin  Pyramus  de.  Bom  at  Ge- 
neva, Feb.  4,  1778:  died  at  Geneva,  Sept.  9, 
1841.  A  celebrated  Swiss  botanist,  professor 
at  the  Academy  of  Moutpellier  1810,  and  at 
Geneva  1816-41,  and  the  principal  founder  of 
the  natural  system  of  botany.  His  works  include 
"Regni  vegetabilis  systema  naturale  "  (1818-21),  "  Pro- 
droraus  systematis  naturalis  regni  vegetabilis  "  (1824-73), 
'■Th^orie  ^l^meiitaire  de  la  botanique'"  (1813),  etc. 

Candour  (kan'dor),  lilrs.  A  slanderous  woman 
with  an  affectation  of  frank  amiability,  in 
Sheridan's  comedy  "The  School  for  Scandal." 
Her  name  has  become  a  byword. 

Candy.     See  Kandy. 

Cane.     See  Scala,  Delia. 

Canea  (ka-ne'ii),  or  Khania  (ka-ne'a).  A  sea- 
port ou  the  northern  coast  of  Crete,  in  lat.  3.^° 
30'  N.,  long.  24°  1'  E. :  probably  the  ancient 
Cydouia.     It  is  the  chief  seaport  in  the  island. 

Canete  (kan-ya'te),  Marquis  of.  See  Hurtado 
de  ilendosa. 

Canga-Arguelles  (kang'ga  ar-gwel'yes),  Jos6. 
Born  in  Asturias,  Spain,  about  1770:  died  1843. 
A  Spanish  statesman  and  writer  on  finance, 
minister  ot  finance  1820-21. 

Cange,  Du.     See  Du  Vange. 

Canidia  (ka-nid'i-a).  A  Neapolitan  hetsera  be- 
loved by  Horace.  She  deserted  him,  and  he  reviled 
her  as  an  old  sorceress.    Her  real  name  was  Gratidia. 

Canidius  (ka-nid'i-us).  Lieutenant-general  to 
Antony  in  Shakspere's  "  Antony  and  Cleopa- 
tra." 

GanigOU  (ka-ne-go').  A  mountain  of  Prance, 
in  the  department  of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales. 
Height,  9,135  feet. 

Canina  (ka-ne'na),  Luigi.  Born  at  Casale, 
Piedmont,  Italy,  Oct.  23,  1795:  died  at  Flor- 
ence, Oct.  17,  1856.  An  Italian  archaeologist 
and  architect. 

Oaninefates,  or  Canninefates  (ka-nin-e-fa'- 
tez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Vunninefates,  (Pliny)  Caniie- 
ne/atei.]  A  German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by 
Tacitus,  on  the  North  Sea,  to  the  north  of  the 
Ehine  delta,  closely  related  to  the  Batavi,  their 
neighbors  on  the  south.  They  were  subjugated  to 
the  Romans  by  Tiberius,  but  took  part  in  the  rising  of 
Civilis.  With  the  Batavi  they  were  originally  a  part  of  the 
Chatti.  They  were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Salic 
Franks. 

Canino,  Prince  of.  See  Bonaparte,  Charles  Lu- 
oieii. 

Oanisius  (kU-ne'se-us),  Petrus  (Latinized  from 
De  Hond).  Born  at  Nimeguen,  Netherlands, 
May  8,  1.524:  died  at  Fribourg,  Switzerland, 
Dec.  21, 1597.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and  scholar, 
first  provincial  of  the  order  in  Germany  (1556). 

Canis  Major  (ka'nis  nia'jor).  [L.]  Tli('(ir,'at 
Dog,  a  constellation  following  Orion,  and  con- 
taining the  great  white  star  Sirius,  the  brightest 
in  the  heavens. 

Canis  Minor  (ka'nis  rai'nor).  [L.]  The  Little 
Dog,  a  small  ancient  constellation  following 
Arion  and  south  of  Gemini.  It  contains  the 
star  Procyon,  of  the  first  magnitude. 

Canitz  (ka'nits),  Friedrich  Rudolf  Ludwig 
von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  27,  16.54:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  11,  1699.  A  Prussian  poet  and 
politician. 

Cfanna  (kan'a).  A  small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  lying  southwest  nf  Skye  and  north- 
west of  Rum. 

Cannae  (kan'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  soutii  o(  the  river 
Aufidus.     Near  here,  216  B.  c.  (and  north  of  the  river). 


211 

Hannibal  with  about  60,000  men  nearly  annihilated  the 

Koman  army  of  about  80,000-90,000  under  VaiTo  and  ^mi- 
lius  Paulus. 

Cannanore.    See  Kananur. 

Cannes  (kiin).  [ML.  Camui.]  A  seaport  in  the 
depai-tnii.-nt  of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situ- 
ated IS  miles  southwest  (if  Nice:  one  of  the  chief 
health-resorts  on  the  Riviera,  on  account  of  its  mild  winter 
climate.  Its  reputation  was  built  up  by  Lord  Brougham, 
who  settled  there  in  1S34  (and  died  there  in  1868),  Napoleon 
landed  near  there  from  Elba,  March  1,  1815.  Popuhition 
(1891),  commune,  19,983. 

Canning  (kan'ing),  Charles  John,  Earl  Can- 
ning. Born  at  Brompton,  near  London,  Dec. 
14,  1812:  died  at  Loudon,  June  17,  1862.  An 
English  statesman,  son  of  George  Canning.  He 
was  postmaster-general  1853-55,  and  governor-general  of 
India  1866-62. 

Canning,  George.  Boni  at  London,  April  11, 
1770 :  died  at  Chiswick,  near  Loudon,  Aug.  8, 
1827.  A  celebrated  English  statesman  and 
orator.  He  entered  Parliament  1794.  He  was  secretary 
for  foreign  affairs  1807-09,  president  of  the  Board  of  Con- 
trol 1810-20,  secretary  for  foreign  affairs  1822-27,  and  pre- 
mier 1827. 

Canning,  Stratford,  Viscount  Stratford  de 
Eedclifi'e.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1786:  died 
Aug.  14,  1880.  An  English  diplomatist,  cousin 
of  George  Canning.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  ami 
Cambridge ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1807  ;  be- 
came lirst  secretary  at  Constantinople  in  1808,  and  min- 
ister plenipotenti:uy  at  Constantinople  1810-12 ;  negoti- 
ated the  treaty  of  Bukharest  in  1812 ;  was  minister  to 
Switzerland  1814-18 ;  sat  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna ;  was 
minister  to  the  United  States  1820-24  ,  was  sent  on  a  pre- 
liminary mission  to  St.  Petersburg  1824-26;  was  ambassa- 
dor at  Constantinople  1825-29;  was  member  of  Parlia- 
ment 1828-41  ;  was  sent  on  various  special  missions,  and 
was  ambassador  at  Constantinople  1841-58.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  in  1852.  His  essays  and  a  memoir  were  pub- 
lished by  Dean  Stanley  in  1881. 

Cannock  (kan'ok).  An  iron-manufacturing 
town  in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  near 
Walsall. 

Cannstatt.or  Canstadt  (kiin'stat).  A  town  in 
the  Neekar  eu-cle,Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar  2|  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart,  it  is 
noted  for  trade  and  manufactures  and  its  warm  mineral 
springs.    Population  (1»90),  conmmne,  20,2(>5. 

Cano  (kii'no),  Alonso.  Born  at  Granada,  Spam, 
March  19,  1601 :  cUed  at  Granada,  Oct.  5.  1667. 
A  noted  Spanish  painter,  seulptoi-,  and  archi- 
tect.    His  best  works  are  at  Granada. 

Cano,  Diego.    See  Cam,  Dio<jo. 

Cano,  Juan  Sebastian  del.  Born  at  Gueta- 
ria,  in  Guipuzcoa,  about  1460 :  died  Aug.  4, 
1526.  A  Spanish  navigator.  After  commanding  a 
ship  in  tile  Mediterranean,  in  1519  he  was  made  captain 
of  the  C'oncepcion,  one  of  the  shijis  in  the  fleet  of  Magel- 
lan (which  see).  After  the  deatli  of  ilagellan,  Carabello  was 
put  in  command,  but  was  soon  deposed,  and  Cano  took 
his  place.  He  reached  the  Moluccas,  loaded  his  two  re- 
maining ships  with  spices,  and  Anally  in  one  of  them  (the 
Victoria)  arrived  at  Spain  Sept.  6,  1522,  by  way  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  being  thus  the  fii-st  circunmavigator 
of  the  globe.  He  was  second  in  command  in  the  expeili- 
tion  of  Loaisa,  destined  to  follow  the  same  track.  Leaving 
Spain  July  24, 1625,  they  encountered  severe  storms  on 
the  t>outh  American  coast  and  in  the  Pacific  ;  sickness 
appeared  in  the  vessels,  Loaisa  perished,  and  Cano  took 
command,  but  died  less  than  a  week  after. 

Cano,  or  Canus  (ka'nus),  Melchior.  Born  at 
Tarraneou,  Spain,  1523:  died  at  Toledo,  Spain, 
Sept.  30,  1560.  A  Spanish  Dominican  theolo- 
gian, a  bitter  antagonist  of  the  Jesuits,  and  an 
influential  counselor  of  Philip  IL  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  Alcala  and  Salamanca,  bishop  of  the  Canaries, 
and  provincial  of  Castile. 

Canobbio  (kii-nob'bo-o).  A  small  town  in 
northern  Italy,  on  the  western  shore  of  Lago 
Maggiore. 

CanoeirOS  (kii-no-a'ros).  [Pg.,  'canoe-men.'] 
The  name  given  by  Brazilians  to  a  horde  of  In- 
dians on  the  Ujiper  Toeantins.  They  are  very 
savage,  have  no  fixed  villages,  but  wander  about  the  riv- 
ers and  forests,  sub.sisting  on  fish  and  game,  and  on  the 
flesh  of  cattle  and  horses  stolen  from  the  whites. 

Canon  (kii'nou),  Hans  (Johann  von  Straschi- 

ripka).  Bornat  Vienna,  March  13,  1829:  died 
there,  Sept.  12,  1885.  A  genre,  historical,  and 
portrait  painter,  a  puiiil  of  Waldmiiller.  From 
1848-66  he  was  a  cavalry  officer  in  the  Austrian  ainiy. 
From  1860-69  he  lived  in  Karlsruhe,  then  in  .Stuttgart,  and 
llrially  settled  in  Vienna  where  he  became  professor  iti 
the  Academy.  He  imitated  especially  Tintoretto  ami  Ti- 
tian, and  was  one  ot  the  best  portrait-painters  of  his 
time. 

Canonbury  Tower.  A  building  in  London, 
formerly  I  lie  resort  and  lodging-placo  of  many 
literniy  men. 

Canongate  (kan'on-gat).  The  principal  thor- 
oiigiifare  in  the  Old  Town  of  Edinburgh.  The 
little  burgh  of  the  Canongate  grew  around  the  abbey  of 
Ilolyrood,  which  is  about  a  mile  east  of  the  castle,  in  the 
12th  century,  soon  after  the  founding  of  the  abliey.  The 
street  run  from  that  point,  bearing  dilFerent  names  at 
various  parts  of  its  course.  Scott  laid  the  scene  of  his 
"Chronicles  of  the  Canongate"  there. 

Canonicus  (ka-nou'i-kus).     Died  June  4,  1647. 


Cantabria 

A  chief  of  the  Narragansett  Indians.  Alarmed 
by  the  alhance  of  the  colonists  at  Plymouth  with  his  en- 
emy Massasoit,  he  sent  Governor  Bradford  in  Jan.,  1622,  a 
hostile  message  consisting  of  a  bundle  of  arrows  wrapped 
in  a  rattlesnake's  skin,  but  did  not  follow  up  the  threat 
implied  in  this  messagewhen  Bradford  promptly  returned 
the  rattlesnake's  skin  stuffed  with  powder  and  ball.  He 
gave  to  Roger  Williams  the  land  on  which  the  town  ot 
Providence  was  founded  in  1630 ;  and  acknowledged  the 
sovereignty  of  Britain  in  a  treaty  concluded  April  19, 1(>44. 

Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chau- 
cer's ■'  Canterl>iu-y  Tales."  it  exposes  the  tricks  of 
the  alchemists.  Ashmole  in  his  "'I'heatruni  Chemicum  " 
quotes  the  whole  poem,  with  the  prologue,  under  the  im- 
pression, apparently,  that  Chaucer  was  an  adept  in  the 
art,  and  wrote  in  its  favor.  The  canoti  is  a  ragged  alche- 
mist who  has  no  gold  but  what  he  gets  by  trickery,  and 
he  and  his  hungry  yeoman  join  the  Canterbury  pilgrims 
to  practise  their  thieving  arts  upon  them. 

Canopic  Mouth  of  the  Nile.  [From  Canopus.'\ 
An  ancient  branch  of  the  Nile,  the  western- 
most of  the  important  mouths. 

Canopus  (ka-no'pus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kdvti-of,  a 
town  in  Lower  Egypt.]  The  brightest  star  but 
one  in  the  heavens,  one  magnitude  brighter 
than  Arcturus,  and  only  half  a  magnitude  fainter 
than  .Sirius ;  a  Argus  or  a  Carinte.  It  is  situated  in 
one  of  the  steering-paddles  of  Argo,  about  35'  south  of 
Suius  and  about  the  same  distance  east  of  Achernar.  It  is 
of  a  white  or  yellowish  color,  and  is  conspicuous  in  Flor- 
ida in  winter. 

Canopus,  or  Canobus  (ka-no'bus).  [Gr.  Kdi'u- 
Tof  or  Kai'u/iof.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  sea- 
port of  Egypt,  15  miles  northeast  of  Alexandi-ia. 
It  had  considerable  trade  and  wealth. 

Canosa  (kii-no'sa).  A  town  (the  ancient  Canu- 
sium)  in  the  pr<«-iuee  of  Bari,  Italy,  in  lat.  41° 
13'  N.,  long.  16*4'  E.  It  contains  relics  of  theEo- 
nian  town,  and  near  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Canna;. 
It  was  an  important  Apulian  city,  and  subject  to  Home  318 
B.  c.    Population,  18,000. 

Canossa  (ka-nos'sa).  A  ruined  castle  south- 
west of  Reggio  nelF  Emilia.  Italy,  it  is  celebrated 
as  the  scene  of  the  penance  of  the  emperor  Henry  IV.  be- 
fore Pope  Gregory  VII.,  Jan.,  1077. 

Cano'va  (kii-no'vii),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Possa- 
gno,  near  Tre  vise,  Nov.  1, 1757:  died  at  Venice, 
Oct.  13,  1822.  A  celebrated  Italian  sculptor. 
At  seventeen  he  made  the  statue  of  Orpheus  and  Eurydice 
for  Falieri,  which  brought  him  commissions  for  Apollo 
and  Daphne  and  Dfiedalus  and  Icarus.  In  1779  he  obtained 
a  pension  from  the  municipality  of  Venice,  and  went  to 
Rome.  Histii-st  work  of  importance  in  Rome  was  Theseus 
and  Minotaur.  For  the  remainder  of  his  life  he  was  es- 
tablished in  Rome,  although  he  made  various  journeys  in 
Europe,  and  was  tliree  times  in  Paris  —  twice  to  execute 
commissions  for  Napoleon  I.  and  his  family,  and  once, 
after  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  on  a  mission  from  the  Pope 
to  recover  the  works  of  art  taken  from  Italy  by  the  em- 
peror. At  this  time  he  was  called  to  London  to  pronounce 
upon  the  artistic  importance  of  the  Elgin  Marbles.  He 
was  very  successful  in  the  business  of  his  profession,  and 
organized  a  system  of  reproducing  liis  models  mechanically 
which  enabled  him  to  produce  a  vast  amount  of  work. 
Among  his  most  celebrated  productions  are  the  Perseus 
of  the  Belvedere,  made  to  replace  the  Apollo  Belvedere 
while  the  latter  was  in  Paris ;  the  two  boxers  Krcugas 
and  Damoxenes,  also  in  the  Belvedere;  the  Venus  which 
stood  on  the  pedestal  of  the  Medici  Venus  when  the 
latter  was  taken  to  Paris ;  the  Cupid  and  Psyche  of  the 
Louvre;  Paris  of  the  Glyptothek,  Munich  ;  Hercules  and 
Lichas,  in  Venice ;  and  the  great  group  of  Theseus  and  ihe 
Centaur  which  was  suggested  by  a  metope  of  the  Parthe- 
non :  it  is  in  a  specially  designed  temple  at  Vienniu  At 
the  end  of  his  life  Canova  projected  the  temple  of  Pos- 
sagno,  in  wliich  he  combined  the  characteristics  of  the 
Pantheon  and  Parthenon,  and  even  modeled  some  of  the 
metopes  before  his  death. 

Canovai  (kii-u6-vii'e ).  Stanislao.  Born  at 
Florence,  March  27,  1740:  ilied  at  Florence, 
Nov.  17,  1811.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  mathe- 
matician, and  historian,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Parma. 

Cdnovas  del  Castillo  (kii'no-viis  del  kiis-tel'- 
yo),  Antonio.  Born  at  Malaga,  Spain,  Feb.  8, 
1828:  assassinated  at  Santa  Agueda,  near  Vi- 
toria,  Aug.  8,  1897.  A  Spauisli  Conservative 
statesman.    He  was  a  number  of  times  premier. 

Canrobert  (koii-ro-biir'),  Fran(;ois  Certain. 

BoriiatSt. Ceri?,Lot,  France,  June  27, 1809:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1895.  A  marshal  of  France. 
He  coninianded  the  French  forces  in  the  Crimea  1854-65; 
served  at  Magenta  and  Solferinoin  1^,'>9;  commanded  the 
6th  army  corps  in  1870 ;  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Metz, 
Oct.  27,  1870.     Ue  Itecaine  senator  in  1876. 

Canso  (kan'so).  Cape.  The  headland  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Canso  Strait,  or  Gut  of  Canso.  The  sea  pas- 
sago  which  seiHirates  tin'  mainland  of  Nova 
Scotia  from  t.'ape  Breton.  'Wiaili,  about  24 miles. 

Canstadt,  or  Canstatt.    See  Caniistatt. 

Cantabria (kan-ta'bri-ii).  [L.,  named  from  the 
CaiiUihri.  a  tribe  whicli  inhabited  it.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  coimtry  in  Hispania  Tar- 
raconensis,  coiTesponding  nearly  to  thv>  mod- 
ern provinces  Oviedo,  Santander,  Vizcaya.  and 
Guipuzcoa.  The  name  was  restricted  later  to  the  west- 
ern portion.    The  Cantabri  resisted  Rome  until  19  B.  a 


Cantabrian  Mountains 

Cantabrian  (kan-ta'bri-an)  Mountains.    A 

range  of  mountains  in  northern  Spain,  extend- 
ing from  the  Pyrenees  westward  to  Cape  Fin- 
isterre.     Highest  peaks,  over  8,000  feet. 

Cantacuzenus  (kan'ta-ku-ze'nus).  or  Canta- 
cuzene  (kan  ta-ku-zen').  Joannes.  Born  at 
Constantinople"  after  1300:  died  1383  (?).  A 
Bvzantine  emperos  and  historian.  He  was  chief 
minister  under  Andronicus  HI.  1328-11,  and  reigiied 
1347-54.     He  wiote  a  history  of  the  period  1320-67. 

Cantagallo  (kan-ta-gal'lp).  A  small  town  m 
the  state  of  Kio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  situated 
80  miles  northeast  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  a  railroad. 

Cantal  (koh-tiil')-  A  department  of  France, 
Ijing  between  Puy-de-D6me  on  the  north, 
Haute-Loire  on  the  east,  tiozhve  on  the  south- 
east, Aveyi-on  on  the  south,  and  Correze  and 
Lot  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  U)  the  former 
Haute-Auvergne.  Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Capital, 
Aurillac.  Area,  2,217  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
239,601,  „.  , 

Cantarini  (kiiu-ta-re'ne).  Simone,  surnamed 
II  Pesarese  and  da  Pesaro.  Born  at  Oro- 
pezza,  near  Pesaro,  Italy,  1612 :  died  at  Verona, 
Italy,  164S.  An  Italian  painter  and  etcher,  a 
pupil  of  Guido  Reni.  _ 

C^ntemir  (kan'te-mer),  Antiochus,  or  Con- 
Stantine  Demetrius.  Born  at  Constantinople, 
Sept.  21.  l~Oi):  died  April  11,  1744.  A  Russian 
poet,  diplomatist,  and  author,  son  of  Demetrius 
Cantemir.  noted  for  his  satires  and  translations 
into  Russian. 

Cantemir,  Demetrius.     Born  Oct.  26,  1673: 

died  Aug.  23.  1723.  A  Moldavian  historian. 
He  was  appointed  hospodar  of  Moldavia  by  the  Porte  in 
1710  ;  formed  a  treaty  with  Peter  the  Great  :n  1711,  accord- 
ing to  which  Moldavia  was  declared  independent  of  the 
Porte  and  placed  under  the  protection  of  Russia ;  and  was 
driven  from  Moldavia,  and  received  in  compensation  ex- 
tensive domains  in  the  Ukraine  from  Peter  the  Great.  He 
wrote  "  Growth  and  Decline  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  "  (in 
Latin),  which  has  not  been  printed  in  the  original,  but 
has  been  published  in  several  translations. 

Canterac  (kau-te-rak'),  Jose.  Born  in  France 
about  1775:  died  at  Madrid,  1835.  A  general 
in  the  Spanish  army.  He  was  sent  in  1815  (then  a 
brigadier-general)  with  Morillo  to  America  ;  went  to  Peru 
(1S18),  and  fought  several  campaigns  with  La  Serna  in 
Charcas  ;  led  the  military  cabal  which  deposed  the  vice- 
roy Pezuela  at  Lima  and  put  La  Serna  in  his  place  (Jan. 
2a,  1821) ;  in  1824  opposed  the  march  of  Bolivar ;  was  de- 
feated  in  the  cavalry  engagement  of  Junin  (Aug.  6) ;  and 
in  the  final  battle  of  Ayacucho  (Dec.  9.  1824)  commanded 
the  reserve.  He  was  shot  while  trying  to  suppress  a  mu- 
tiny at  Madrid. 

Canterbury  ikan'ter-ber-i).  [ME.  Canterburij, 
Cauntirbijrii,  etc.,  AS.  Cantwaraburh  (dat.  Cant- 
warabyn'ijj,  the  borough  of  the  Keutmen ; 
gen.  pi.  of  Cantware,  Keutmen,  and  hurlt,  bor- 
ough, citv.]  A  city  in  Kent,  England,  situated 
on  the  Stour  in  lat.  51°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.: 
the  Roman  Durovernum  and  Saxon  Cantwara- 
byrig.  its  cliief  objects  of  interest  are  the  cathedral,  St. 
Martin's  Church,  St.  Dunstan's  Church,  remains  of  the  cas- 
tle, the  monastery  of  St.  Augustine,  and  many  old  houses. 
It  is  on  the  site  of  a  British  village,  and  was  a  Roman 
military  station  and  a  Kentish  town.  Augustine  here  in 
600  became  the  first  archbishop.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
Danes  in  1011.  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  the  11th  cen- 
tury. The  existing  choir  was  built  by  William  of  Sens, 
France,  after  1174,  and  the  Perpendicular  nave,  transepts, 
and  great  central  tower  are  of  the  15th  century.     In  plan 


1017,  after  Edmund's  death.  He  mai-ried  Emma  (.Slfgifu) 
the  widow  of  Jithelred  ;  visited  Denmark  1019-20 :  made 
a  pilgrimage  to  Rome  1026-27;  and  conquered  Norway  in 
1028.  His  early  career  was  marked  by  great  barbarity,  but 
after  the  conquest  of  England  was  completed  his  reign  was 
that  of  a  statesman  and  patriot,  and  he  became  one  of  the 
wisest  as  well  as  mightiest  rulers  of  his  age. 


212  Capel,  Arthur 

known  to  exist.    The  Chaucer  Society  (Furnivall)  has 

printed  six  of  the  best  of  them  in  parallel  columns.     These 

are  the  EUesmere,  belonging  to  Lord  Ellesmere ;  the  Hen- 

gwrt,  belonging  to  Mr.  William  W.  E.  Wynne  of  Peni- 

arth ;  the  Petworth,  belonging  to  Lord  Leconfleld ;  and 

one  from  each  of  the  Chaucer  collections  at  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  British  Museum.     The  Haileian  manu-  _  . 

script  from  the  British  Museum,  first  edited  by  Wright  CanZO{kan  dzo).  A  small  town  in  northern  Italy, 

for  Ihe  Percy  Society,  was  afterward  reprinted.     Two     gjtuated  10  miles  east-northeast  of  Como. 

editions  were  published  by  Caxton,  the  first  thought  to  fi„--,_Vin  IVA  o-iia-bo')      Died   1496      A   Cnrih 

have  been  printed  in  1476,  the  second  about  six  years  CaonaDO  (15.1-O-na  DO  ).     JJiea  IIMD.     At.  ant), 

later  from  a  better  maimscript.     Wynken  de  Worde  pub-      """—■"  "t   M!.fr„n,ia    Haiti    wh^MT, 

lished  an  edition  in  1496  and  another  in  1498 ;  Richard 

Pynson,  one  in  1493  and  again  in  1526.     In  1632  William 

Thynne  made  an  attempt  to  collect  all  Chaucer's  works, 

both  prose  and  verse,  in  one  volume.     It  was  printed  by 

Godfray,  and  for  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  was  the 

standard  text  of  the  "Canterbury  Tales."    After  this  they 

were  included  in  all  the  edit  ions  of  Chaucer.  (See  Chaucer. ) 

Professor  Skeat  has  edited  some  of  the  separate  poems. 

The    "Canterbury  Tales"  are:   The  General  Prologue, 

The  Knight's  Tale.  The  Miller's  Tale,  The  Reeve's  Tale, 

The  Cook's  Tale,  The  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  The  Shipman's 

Tale,  The  Prioress's  Tale,  Chaucer's  Tale  of  Su-  Thopas, 

Chaucer's  Tale  of  Melibeus,  The  Monk's  Tide,  The  Nun's 

Priest's  Tale,  The  Doctor's  Tale,  The  Pardoner's  Tale, 

The   Wife   of  Bath's  Tale,  The  Friar's  Tale,  The  Sum- 

moner's  Tale.   The  Clerk's  Tale,  The  Merchant's  Tale, 

The  Squire's  Tale,  The  Franklin's  Tale,  The  Second  Nun's 

Tale.  The  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  The  Manciple's  Tale, 

and  The  Parson's  Tale.     They  were  modernized  by  several 

hands  and  published  by  Tonson  in  1741.    Much  of  the 

work  was  done  by  Ogle  (who  started  it),  also  by  Samuel 

Boyse,  Henry  Burke,  and  Jeremiah  Markland.  The  edi- 
tion was  not  completed  when  Ogle  died  in  1746.      It 

was  taken  up  by  Rev.  William  Lipscomb  in  1792. 

brought  out  a  version  of  The  Pardoner's  Tale,  the  rest 

following.  In  1795  the  whole  edition  was  published,  in- 
cluding Tonsou's  edition.      The   General  Prologue  was 

modernized  by  Betterton,  and  posthumously  published 

in  1712. 
Canticles  (kan'ti-klz).  See  Song  of  Solomon. 
Cantii  (kan'ti-i).  [L.  Cantii,  Gr.  Kamo^]  A 
Celtic  people,  a  branch  of  the  Belgse,  who  in- 
habited the  whole  southeastern  coast  region  of 
Britain  between  the  Thames  and  the  Channel, 
where  thej-  are  located  by  Ca?sar.     See  Kent. 

Cantillon  "(kon-te-yoh' ),  Pierre  Joseph.  Born 
at  Wavre,  Belgium,  1788 :  died  at  Brussels,  July 
13, 1869.  A  French  soldier,  tried  and  acquitted 
for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington in  1815. 

Cantire,     See  Kin  tyre. 

Cantium  (kan'ti-um).  [From  the  Cantii.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  part  of  Britain  corre- 
sponding to  the  modern  Kent. 

Canton  (kan'ton),  John.  Bom  at  Stroud, 
Gloucestershire,  England,  July  31,  1718:  died 
March  22,  1772  An  English  natural  philoso- 
pher, noted  for  investigations  in  regard  to  elec- 
tricity. 

Canton  (kan-ton'),  Chinese  Yang-Ching,  or 
K'Wang-ChO'W  Fu.  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kwang-tung,  China,  on  the 
Pearl  River,  situated  in  lat.  23°  6'  N.,  long.  113° 
17'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  commercial  cities  of 
the  country  ;  its  leading  exports  are  tea,  silk,  sugar,  etc. 
It  contains  a  large  population  in  river  craft.  Its  trade 
with  Portugal  began  as  early  as  1517.  It  was  sacked  by 
the  Tatars  about  1650.  The  English  factory  was  built 
in  1680.  Canton  was  one  of  the  five  treaty  ports  in  1842. 
In  1857  it  was  captured  by  the  ^Anglo-French  forces  and 
held  until  1861.    Population  (1896),  about  2,000,000. 

Canton  (kan'ton).  The  capital  of  StarkCounty, 
Ohio.  It  is  about  50  miles  south-southeast  of 
Cleveland,  and   has  extensive  manufactures. 


the  cathedral  is  long  and  naiTow,  with  double  transepts.     Population    ( 1900),  30,667 

The  interior  is  light  and  impressive.    The  choir  is  raised  Canton    (kan-ton')    Ri'Ver,    Cllin.   ChU-Kiang 


several  feet,  and  separated  from  the  nave  by  a  sculptured 
15th-century  screen.  The  columns,  arcades,  vaulting,  and 
chevet  are  very  similar  in  character  to  those  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens,  which  supplied  the  model.  Some  of  the  glass 
of  the  deambulatory  is  of  the  13th  century.  The  portion 
of  the  choir  behind  the  altar  contains  several  fine  altar- 
tombs  of  early  archbishops,  and  the  tombs  of  Henry  IV. 
and  the  Black  Prince.  At  the  extreme  east  end  is  a  beauti- 
ful circular  chapel  called  the  Corona.  The  crypt  is  very 
large,  and  early  Norman  in  style.  The  Perpendicular 
cloisters  are  ornate  and  picturesque.  The  dimensions  of 
the  cathedi-al  are  614  by  71  feet ;  the  height  of  the  nave- 
vaulting  8#,  and  of  the  central  tower  235.  St.  Martin's  is 
called  the  "Mother  Church  of  England."  The  original 
foundation  was  no  doubt  pre-Saxon,  and  there  are  Roman 
bricks  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  walls.  The  upper  parts  of 
,  quaint,  ivy-clad  structure  are  much  later 


(•Pearl  River').  The  name  given  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  river  Pih-Kiang,  in  southern  China. 
About  40  miles  below  Canton  it  becomes  the 
estuary  Boca  Tigris. 

Cantu  "(kan-to'),  Cesare.  Born  Dec.  2,  1805: 
died  March  11,  1895.  An  Italian  historian, 
novelist,  and  poet.  His  works  include  "Maigherita 
Pusterla"  (1837:  a  historical  romance),  "Storia  univer- 
sale "  (1837),  "  Storia  degli  Italiani"  (1864),  etc. 

Cantwell  (kant'wel),  Dr.  The  hj-pocrite  in 
Bickerstaff's  "Hypocrite."  The  character  is 
taken  with  alterations  from  Gibber's  "Non 
Juror,"  in  which  he  is  called  "Dr.  Wolf." 

Canusium.     See  Canosa 


the  long,  low, 

Population  (1891),  23,026.  ,  _  Cauute  (ka-niit'),  or  Cuut,  or  Knut  (knot), 

Canterbury.     UntU   18(6,  a  province  m  the     gm-uamed  "The  Great."     [AS.  CniV,  ML.  Ca- 

nutus.}  Born  about  994 :  died  at  Shaftesbury, 
Nov.  12,  1035.  A  famous  king  of  England, 
Denmark,  and  Norway,  yoiiuger  sou  of  Sweyu. 
king  of  Denmark.  He  was  baptized  before  1013,  re- 
ceiving the  baptismal  name  of  Lambert;  invaded  England 


South  Island.  New  Zealand. 

Canterbury,  Viscount.    See  Sutton. 
Canterbury  College.     An  ancient  college  of 

Oxford  University.  It  was  founded  by  Simon  Islip, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  1361  or  1362.  John  Wyclif 
was  the  second  w.arden.  It  was  disbanded  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  \TII.,  and  the  last  remains  of  its  buildings  were 
demolished  in  1775. 

Canterbury  Tales,  The.  A  work  by  Chaucer 
(c.  1340-1400),  consisting  of  twenty-two  tales  in 
verse,  with  two  in  prose,  told  by  twenty-thi-ee 
pilgrims  out  of  the  twenty-nine  who  meet  at 
the  Tabard  Inn  in  Southwark,  on  their  way  to 
the  shrine  of  Thomas  a  Becket  at  Canterbury. 
About  fifty  manuscripts  of  the  "Canterbury  Tales"  are 


cacique  of  Maguana,  Haiti,  who  in  1493  mas- 
sacred the  Spaniards  who  had  been  left  by  Co- 
lumbus at  Fort  Navidad.  in  1494  he  headed  the 
general  league  against  the  whites,  which  was  opposed  by 
Columbus  at  the  battle  of  the  Vega  Re.al  (April  25.  1495). 
He  was  captiu-ed  and  sent  to  Spain,  but  died  on  the  voyage. 

Caora  (ka'6-rii).  A  river  described  by  old  trav- 
elers (in  Hakluyt),  near  which  lived  a  people 
whose  heads  gi'ew  in  theii'  breasts  below  their 
shoulders. 

Capa  y  Espada  (ka''pa  e  es-pa'da),  Comedias 
de.  [Sp.,' Comedies  of  Cloak  and  Sword.']  A 
class  of  plays  written  by  Calderon  and  Lope  de 
Vega.  They  were  so  called  from  the  national  dress  of 
the  chief  per.sonages,  which  was  that  of  the  better  class 
of  society,  excluding  royal  personages  and  the  humbler 
classes.    Their  main  principles  are  gallantry  and  intrigue. 

Capability  BrO'Wn.  A  nickname  given  to  Lan- 
celot Brown,  an  English  landscape-gardener 
(1715-73). 
He  Capac  (ka'piik),  or  Ccapac  Yupanciui  (ka'piik 
■  yo-pan'ke).  [(juiehua  ccapnc,  great,  rich  ;  yu- 
panqni,  notable.]  The  fifth  sovereign  of  the 
Inca  line  of  Peru,  who  reigned  in  the  second 
quarter  of  the  14th  century. 

Capdenac  (kiip-de-nak').  A  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lot  near  Figeac.  It  was  an  important  place 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  possibly  the  Roman 
Uxellodunuin. 

Cape,  The.  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  also, 
Cape  Colony. 

Cape  Ereton  (brit'on  or  bret'on).  .An  island 
belonging  to  Nova  Scotia,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Canso  Strait.  It  exports  coal,  iron, 
etc.  Its  chief  town,  is  Sydrey.  It  was  settled  by  the 
French  and  called  He  Royale,  and  contained  the  fortress 
of  Louisburg.  It  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and 
united  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1820.  Length,  110  miles.  Ai'ea, 
3,120  square  miles. 

Capece-Latro  (ka-pa'ehe-la'tro),  Giuseppe. 
Bom  at  Naples,  Sept.  23,  1744:  died  Nov.  2, 
1836.  A  Neapolitan  prelate,  archbishop  of  Ta- 
rentum,  and  state  minister  1806-15. 

Cape  Coast  Castle.  A  British  fort  and  native 
town  of  the  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa.  The  fort 
was  taken  from  the  Portuguese  by  the  English  in  1664. 
Population,  about  5,000,  belonging  to  the  Fanti  tribe. 

Cape  Cod.  l.  A  sandy  peninsula  in  south- 
eastern Massachusetts,  forming  Barnstable 
County.  It  was  discovered  by  Gosnold  in 
1602.  Length,  about  65  miles.— 2.  The  termi- 
nating point  of  the  Cape  Cod  peninsula,  in  lat. 
42°  3'  N.,  long.  70°  15'  W. 

Cape  Cod  Bay.  A  bay  lying  between  the  Cape 
Cod  peninsula  on  the  east  and  south,  and  Ply- 
mouth County,  Massachusetts,  on  the  west. 

Cape  Colony.  A  British  colonial  possession  in 
South  Africa.  It  is  bounded  by  German  Southwest 
Afi-ica,  Bechuanuland,  Orange  River  Colony,  and  Basuto- 
land  on  the  north.  Natal  on  the  cast,  and  the  ocean  on 
the  south  and  west.  It  is  traversed  from  west  to  east  by 
ranges  of  mountains— the  Swartebergen,  Roggeveldt, 
Nieuwveldt,  Sneeuwbergen,  etc.  Its  chief  river  is  the 
Orange.  It  exports  wool,  ostrich  feathers,  hides,  diamonds, 
ete.,  and  grazing  is  the  leadiTig  industry.  It  contains  the 
provinces  North  Western,  Western,  South  Western.  Mid- 
land, South  Eastern,  Eastern,  North  Eastern,  and  Griqua- 
land  West  (anjiexed  1880).  Its  capitiil  is  Cape  Town,  and 
about  75  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  native  (Kafir.  Hot- 
tentot, Malay) ;  the  remainder  are  European,  of  English, 
Dutch,  and  French  descent.  The  leading  church  is  the 
Dutch  Reformed,  with  Church  of  England,  Wesleyan,  etc. 
English,  (;:ape  Dutch,  Kalir,  Hottentot,  and  Bushman  are 
spoken.  It  has  a  governor  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  a 
Parliament  consisting  of  a  legislative  council  and  legis- 
lative assembly.  It  was  colonized  by  the  Dutch  in  KSl, 
and  received  a  French  immigration  in  1687.  The  Dutch 
East  India  Company  abandoned  it  in  1795,  and  it  was 
occupied  by  the  British.  It  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  m 
1802,  but  regained  by  the  British  in  1806.  It  sutfered 
from  various  Kafir  wars  and  troubles  with  the  Boers.  It 
received  a  constitution  in  1850.  but  had  no  responsible 
government  till  1872.  The  colony  was  at  war  with  the 
Zulus  in  1879,  and  with  the  Boers  of  the  Transvaal  in 
1880-81.  In  1894  Pondoland  was  annexed.  Area,  esti- 
mated, 276,775  square  miles  (including  the  Transkei,  Tem- 
buland.  East  Griqualand.  etc.).  Population  (1891),  1,787,- 
960  ;  of  Cape  Colony  proper,  9.n6,486. 


„itli  Sweyn  in  1013;  succeeded  his  father  (by  election  of  (Jape  Fear,  etc.      See  Fear,  (  ape,  etc. 
the  Danish  peers)  as  king  in  England,  Feb.,  1014,  his  bro-  rjorjefieue  (kiin-feg'),  Jean  BaptlstC  HonOie 
thor  Harold  ascending  the  Danish  throne;  was  defeated   '-'.^1'^^"=,^       Rnrn     nt    M'lrseilles     1802:    died 
by  .Ethelied,  who  was  recalled  by  the  English  "witan,"     RaVmOnd.       Bom    at    iUaiseiilCS,   ipo„. 
and  returned  to  Denmark  in  the  same  year ;  again  invaded 
England  with  a  large  force  in  1016  ;  besieged  London,  May, 
1016;  defeated  the  English  under  Edmund  (who  had  suc- 
ceeded .Etheh-ed)at  Assandun ;  divided  the  kingdom  with 
Edmund,  at  a  conference  held  on  the  isle  of  olney  in  the 
Severn,  retaining  the  northern  part  of  the  kingdom  and 
leaving  Wessex  to  Edmund;  and  was  chosen  sole  king. 


Raymond.     „       ,   ,..    • 

at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1872.  A  French  historian. 
His  works  include  "Histoire  de  PhiUppe  Auguste  " (1829), 
•■  Histoire  de  la  restauration  "  (1831-33),  etc. 

CapeHaytien.     See  Cop  Haitien.  ^   -„,n. 

Capel   (kap'el),   Arthur.      Bora  about   1610. 
executed  March  9,  1649.    An  English  Royalist,. 


Capel,  Arthur 

made  Lord  Capel  of  Hadham  Aug.  6.  1641. 
He  served  Charles  I.  in  various  ofiices,  aiilitaiy  ami  civil, 
during  the  struggle  with  Parliament  anU  in  1&49  was  ar- 
rested and  condemned  to  death, 

Oapel,  Arthur.  Boru  Jan.,  1631:  died  July, 
1683.  An  English  statesman,  the  eldest  son 
of  Arthur,  Lord  Capel,  made  Viscount  Maiden 
and  Earl  of  Essex  April  20,  1661.  He  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  Denmark  1670 ;  became  lord 
Beutenant  of  Ireland  Feb.,  lti"2  (recalleii  Ajiril  -28.  1677) ; 
and  was  made  head  of  the  treasury  commission  1679  (re- 
sJKued  Nov.  19,  1679).  He  was  arrested  for  complicity  in 
the  Rye  House  Plot  and  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he 
probably  committed  suicide. 

(^pell  (kap'el),  Edward.  Born  at  Throston, 
Suffolk,  England.  1713:  died  at  Loudon,  Feb. 
24,  1781.  An  English  Shaksperian  critic.  He 
was  appointed  deputy  inspector  of  plays  in  1737,  and  was 
the  author  of  "  Prolusions,  or  Select  Pieces  of  Ancient 
Poetry  "  (1760).  an  edition  ot  Shakspere  (1768),  "  Notes  and 
Vf,riou8  Readings  of  .Shakspere  "  (first  pjirt  1774  :  whole 
1783X  "  The  School  of  Shakspere  "  (1783),  etc. 

Capella  (ka-pel'a).  [L.,  'the  She-goat.']  A 
star,  the  fifth  in  the  heavens  in  order  of  bright- 
ness. It  is  situated  in  the  left  shoulder  of  Auriga,  in 
front  of  the  Great  Bear,  nearly  on  a  line  with  the  two 
northernmost  of  the  seven  stars  forming  Charles's  Wain  ; 
and  it  is  easily  recognized  by  the  proximity  of  "the  Kids," 
three  stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude  forming  an  isosceles 
triangle.  The  color  of  Capella  is  nearly  the  same  as  that 
of  the  sun. 

Oapella,  Martianus  Mineus  Felix.  Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  .5th  centuiy  (?)  A.  D.  A 
writer  of  northern  Africa  (Carthage),  iiis  chief 
work  is  an  allegorical  encyclopedia  of  the  liberal  arts 
("Satyra  de  nuptiis  Philologiie  et  Mercurii"),  in  nine 
books. 

Oapello,  or  Cappello  (kiip-perio).  Bianca. 
Born  at  Venice  about  1.548:  died  at  the  castle 
Poggio  di  Cajano,  Oct.  11,  1587  (?).  An  Italian 
adventui'ess  belonging  to  a  noble  Venetian 
family.  She  eloped  with  Buonaventuri  in  1563;  mar- 
ried Francesco,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  in  1078  ;  and  was 
recognized  as  grand  duchess  in  1579. 

Capello,  Hermenegildo  Augusto  de  Brito. 

Born  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  1839.  A  naval 
officer  and  African  explorer.  He  was  sent  with 
Robert  Ivens  and  Major  Serpa  Pinto,  by  the  Portuguese 
government  in  1877,  to  e.vplore  Angola,  They  separated 
from  Serpa  Pinto,  and  explored  the  Kuangu  basin  from 
its  head  waters  to  the  Yaka  country.  This  journey  is 
described  in  "From  Benguella  to  Vacca "  (1881).  In 
1884,  again  in  the  service  of  the  government,  they  crossed 
the  continent  from  Portuguese  West  Africa  to  Portuguese 
East  Africa.  Starting  from  Mossamedes,  they  succes- 
sively explored  Amboella,  the  Upper  Zambesi  valley  up 
to  its  watershed  with  the  Kongo-Lu.alaba ;  traversed 
Msidi's  kingdom;  joined  again  the  Zambesi  at  Zumbo, 
and  readied  the  east  coast  at  Quilimane  in  May,  1885. 
Their  "  De  Angola  4  Contra-Costa  "  appeared  in  1886. 

Cape  May.  1.  The  southernmost  point  of  New 
Jersey,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware 
Bay,  in  lat.  38°  .56'  N.,  long.  74°  57'  W.— 2. 
A  city  and  watering-place  at  the  soutliern  ex- 
tremity of  New  Jersey,  in  Cape  May  County. 
Also  called  Cape  City",  and  Cape  Island  City. 
Popidation  (1900).  2,257. 

Cape  of  Storms,  Pg.  Cabo  Tormentoso.  The 
name  first  given  by  Dias,  in  1486,  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

Caper  (ka'per).  A  "high  fantastical''  charac- 
ter in  Allingham's  comedy  "  Who  Wins,  or  The 
Widow's  Choice,"  made  elaborately  nonsensi- 
cal by  Liston. 

Cape  River.  The  Segovia  or  Wanx  River,  on 
the  northern  boundary  of  Nicaragna. 

Capernaum  (ka-per'na-um).  [Aram.,  'village 
of  Nahum.']  In  the  time  of  Christ,  an  impor- 
tant place  on  the  western  shore  ot  the  Sea  of 
Galilee,  about  an  hour  distant  from  where  the 
Jordan  falls  into  the  sea.  It  was  the  scene  of  many 
Incidents  and  acts  in  the  life  of  Christ,  and  is  sometimes 
called  "his  own  city  "(Mat.  ix.  1).  It  had  a  Roman  gar- 
rison (Mat.  viii.  5  if.).  It  is  identified  by  most  arclueolo- 
gists  with  the  modern  ruins  of  Tel  Hum,  by  some  with 
Khan  Minyeh. 

Capet  (kii'pet;  F.  pron.  ka-pii').  A  surname  of 
tile  kings  of  France,  commencing  with  Hugh 
Capet,  987. 

Capet,  Hugh.     See  Huyh  CapH. 

Capetians  (ka-pe'shianz).  [F.  Capitiens.']  A 
royal  family  reigning  over  Prance  as  the  3d 
dynasty,  987-132S.  Ojllateral  branches  were  the 
ducal  house  of  Burgundy,  and  the  houses  of  Anjou,  Bour- 
bon, and  Valoifl. 

Cape  Town  (kap  toun).  The  capital  of  Cape 
Colony,  South  Africa,  situated  on  Table  Bay 
at  the  foot  of  Table  Mountain,  in  lat.  33°  56'  S., 
long.  18°  26'  E.  it  is  an  important  seaport;  its  chief 
buildings  are  the  houses  of  Parliament.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Dutch  in  1('.51.     Population  (I.S91),  r,l,2.'il. 

Cape  Verd,  or  Verde  (kap  verd).  ['Green 
cape.']  The  westernmost  point  of  Africa,  in 
Seiiegaiubia,  in  lat.  14°  43'  N.,  long.  17°  30'  W. 

Cape  Verd,  or  Verde,  Islands.  [I'g.  Hhas  do 
Calm  Verde.}  A  group  of  islands  lying  in  the 
Atlantic,  west  of  Cape  Verd,  belonging  to  Por- 


213 

tugal.  The  chief  islands  are  Santiago,  Fogo.  Sao  Antao, 
Brava,  and  Sao  Nicolao.  They  are  mountainous  and  vid- 
canic.  The  capital  of  the  islands  is  PorUi  Praya.  They 
were  discovered  and  colonized  by  the  Portuguese  in  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  Area,  l,48(t  square  miles. 
Population,  mostly  negroes,  about  111,000. 
Capgrave  (kap'grav),  John.  Born  at  Lvnu, 
Norfolk,  England,  April  21,  1393:  died  at 
Lynn,  Aug.  12,  1464.  An  English  historian, 
provincial  of  the  Augustiuiau  order  in  Eng- 
land. He  wrote  a  "Chronicle  of  England,"  from  the 
creation  to  A.  n.  1417,  "Liber  de  Illustribus  Henricis" 
('Book  of  the  Illustrious  Henrys').  "A  Guide  to  the 
Antiquities  of  Rome,"  and  other  historical  and  theologi- 
cal works  in  Latin.  The  chronicle  and  the  lives  of  the 
Henrys  were  published  in  the  Bolls  Series  (ed.  F.  C. 
Hingeston,  1858). 

Caph  (kaf).  [Ar.,  'the  hand.']  The  bright 
third-magnitude,  slightly  variable  and  spectro- 
scopically  interesting  star  ji  Cassiopeia^.  The 
Artil^ic  name  refers,  however,  to  a  different  form  of  the  con- 
stellation from  that  represented  on  our  modern  star-maps, 
which  show  the  star  as  on  the  framework  of  the  lady's 
chair. 

Cap  Haitien  (kap  a-e-te-an'),  or  Cape  Hay- 
tien  (kap  ha'ti-en).  A  seaport  in  northern 
Haiti,  in  lat.  19°  46'  N..  long.  72°  11'  W.  it 
was  bombarded  by  the  British  in  1865.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 29,000.  Formerly  called  Guarico,  Cap  Frani;ais,  Le 
Cap,  etc. 

Caphis  (kii'fis).  A  servant  of  Timon's  credi- 
tors, in  Shakspere's  "  Timon  of  Athens." 

Caphtor  (kaf-tor').  The  name  of  a  country  in 
the  Old  Testament,  mentioned  as  the  starting- 
point  in  the  migrations  of  the  Philistines, 
whence  they  are  also  called  Caphtorim  (Dent, 
ii.  23,  Jer.  xlvii.  4,  Amos  ix.  7) :  formerly  identi- 
fied with  Cappadocia  or  Cyprus,  but  considered 
by  most  modern  scholars  as  identical  with  Crete. 
This  view  is  favored  by  many  passages  in  which  the  Philis- 
tines are  called  Cretans  (Cherethites)  (lizek.  xxv.  16,  Zeph. 
ii.  5, 1  Sam.  xxx.  14),  and  it  is  supported  by  ancient  writers 
who  connected  the  Philistines  with  the  island  of  Crete. 
In  Gen.  x.  14  the  Caphtorim  are  enumerated  among  the 
descendants  of  Egypt  (Mizraim),  and  it  is  therefore  as- 
sumed that  a  portion  of  the  Philistines  emigrated  from 
Crete  by  way  of  Egypt  to  Palestine. 

Capistrano  (ka-pes-tra'no),  or  Capistran  (ka- 
)(is-triin'),  Giovanni  di  (L.  Johannes  Capis- 
tranus),  Saint.  Born  at  Capistrano,  in  the 
Abruzzi,  Italy,  June  24.  1386  :  died  at  Illock,  in 
Slavonia,  Oct.  23,  1456.  An  Italian  monk  of 
the  order  of  St.  Francis.  He  distinguished  himself 
by  his  preachings  against  the  Hussite  heresy  in  Bohemia 
and  Moravia,  and  in  14.")6  led  an  army  of  crusaders  to  the 
relief  of  Belgrad  which  was  besieged  by  Mohammed  II. 
Author  of  "Speculum  conscientire." 

Capitaine  Fracasse  (ka-pe-tan'  fra-kas'),  Le. 
A  novel  liy  Theophile  Gautier.  The  title  of  the 
book  is  the  stage  name  adopted  by  De  Sigognac,  the  hero, 
on  joining  a  company  of  strolling  players. 

Capitan  (Sp.  pron.  kii-pe-tan' ;  F.  pron.  ka-pe- 
tou').  [Sp.,  'captain.']  A  character  of  ridic- 
ulous bravado,  introduced  coi.'\'entionally  in 
early  Italian  comedy,  probably  originating  in  the 
"Miles  Gloriosus"  of  Plautus,  and  introduced 
in  French  comedy  prior  to  Moli^re.  He  came 
upon  the  stage  ofdy  to  bluster,  and  talked  of  murder  and 
bloodshed,  but  submitted  with  great  meekness  to  puiush- 
ment.  When  Charles  V.  entered  Italy  a  Spanish  capitan 
was  introduced  who  dealt  in  Spanish  bravado  and  kicked 
out  the  Italian  capitan :  when  the  Spanish  influence 
ceased  in  Italy,  the  capitan  was  turned  into  Scaramouch, 
who  was  still  a  coward  {I.  Disraeli):  hence  the  name 
was  given  to  a  person  who  behaved  in  this  manner. 

Capitanasses.    See  (JnomUuja. 

Capitanata.    See  Foggia. 

Capito  (ka'pe-to)  (originally  Kopfel),  Wolf- 
gang Fabricius.  Born  at  Hagenau,  Alsace, 
1478 :  died  at  Strasburg.  Nov.,  1541.  A  ("ierraau 
divine,  a  coadjutor  of  Luther.  lie  becmie  preacher 
in  1513  at  Basel,  and  removed  in  1519  to  Main/,,  wliere 
he  became  chancellor  to  Albert,  elector  and  aiclil)isliop 
of  Mayence.  In  1523  he  went  to  Strasburg,  wliero  be  be- 
came  the  local  leader  of  the  Reformatitui.  He  was  the 
chief  author  of  the  "Confessio  'I'etraiiolitana,"  ami  de- 
voted himself  to  the  conciliation  of  the  Lutherans  ami  the 
Swiss  refoi'iuer.s. 

Capitol,  The.  [Ij-  aijntoliiDH,  from  cnpul, 
head.]  1.  In  ancient  Roman  liistory,  that 
part  of  the  Capitoline  Hill  wliich  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Temple  of  Jiiiiiter  Ojitimus.  See 
Rome. —  2.  As  generally  ap]>rcliended,  the 
Piazza  del  (^amiiidoglio  on  the  Capitoline 
Hill,  Rome,  with  Iho  palaces  which  face  it  on 
three  siilcs.  The  i>iazza  is  approached  on  (ho  north- 
west by  a  wide,  monunn'Mtal  ttight  of  steps  from  the  Piazza 
Araceli  in  fi-ont.  oi»pH-,ite  tin-  I'.iliiee  of  the  Semitor,  and 
tlanktMl  l)y  the  I'alazzo  dei  Cnnservatori  and  the  Capito. 
line  Museum.  This  area,  occupying  the  depression  be- 
tween the  citadel  and  the  site  of  theCapitidine  temple,  is 
the  historic  center  of  Rome.  Here  Romulus,  acconling 
to  tradition,  founde<l  his  asylum,  and  the  earliest  public 
assemblies  met.  In  the  11th  cetitnr>',  upon  the  revival 
of  old  memories,  it  again  became  the  mmiicipal  center, 
as  the  resideiu'e  of  the  prefect  and  the  seat  of  popular 
meetings ;  aiu)  hero,  iti  the  old  Palace  of  the  Senator,  I'e- 
trarch  was  crowned  in  1341,  and  in  1347  Rlcnzi  was  estab- 
lished as  tribune  of  the  people.    The  present  Palace  of 


Capperonnier 

the  Senator  was  founded  at  the  end  of  the  14th  century 
by  Boniface  IX.  Tlie  existing  facade,  with  its  Corinthian 
pilasters  and  double  ttight  of  steps,  as  well  as  those  of 
the  flanking  palaces,  is  based  on  designs  by  Michelan- 
gelo. In  the  center  of  the  Piazza  del  C'ampidoglio  stands 
the  noted  ancient  bronze  equestrian  statue  of  Mai-cns  Au- 
relius,  which  originally  stooii  in  the  Forum  Romanum, 
then  near  the  Lateran,  and  has  occupied  its  present  posi- 
tion since  1538. 

3.  The  seat  of  the  National  Congi'ess,  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  founded  in  1793,  and  completed 
according  to  the  original  designs  in  1830,  but 
since  enlarged  to  over  double  its  original  area. 
It  consists  of  a  central  cruciform  building  crowned  by  a 
great  dome,  and  connected  at  each  end  by  galleries  with 
a  large  rectangular  wing,  one  of  which  contains  the  Sen- 
ate-chamber, and  the  other  the  Hall  of  Representatives. 
The  style  is  Renaissance,  based  on  English  models,  the 
dome  being  inspired  by  that  of  St.  Paul's.  The  elevation 
exhibits  a  single  main  story,  with  an  attic,  over  a  high 
rusticated  basement.  The  great  feature  of  the  exterior 
is  the  porticos  of  the  central  building  and  of  the  two 
wings,  with  their  fine  flights  of  steps.  These  porticos 
comprise  148  Corinthian  columns  30  feet  high  exclusive 
of  their  high  square  pedestals.  The  dome  is  287.',  feet 
high  to  the  top  of  the  statue  above  the  lantern,  and  94 
in  interior  diameter ;  it  is  very  impressive  in  effect, 
though  unfortunately  built  of  cast-iron  in  imitation  of 
stone.  It  rises  from  a  circular  drum,  and  is  encircled  by 
a  fine  Corinthian  colonnade  supporting  a  gallery.  Be- 
neath the  dome  is  a  monumental  hall  called  the  Rotunda, 
adorned  with  works  of  art  relating  to  American  history. 
The  total  length  ot  the  Capitol,  north  and  south,  is  751 
feet. 

Capitoline  Hill,  The.  One  of  the  seven  hills 
of  ancient  Rome,  northwest  of  the  Palatine,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  it  constituted  the 
citadel  of  the  city  after  the  construction  of  the  Servian 
wall.  Its  southwestern  summit  was  the  famed  Tarpeian 
Rock ;  on  its  northeastern  summit  rose  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Capitolinus.  The  modern  Capitol  stands  between 
the  two  summits.  From  the  Capitoline  the  Forum  Ro- 
manum extends  its  long,  narrow  area  toward  the  south- 
east, skirting  the  northern  foot  of  the  Palatine. 

Capitoline  Museum.  One  of  the  chief  muse- 
ums of  antiquities  of  Rome,  it  was  founded  in 
1471  by  Sixtus  IV'.,  who  presented  the  papal  collections 
to  the  Roman  people,  and  designated  the  Capitol  as  the 
place  where  the  art- treasures  of  Rome  should  be  preserved. 
The  museum  was  greatly  enriched  by  Clement  XII.  and 
Benedict  XIV.  The  collections  now  occupy  the  palace 
on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  Piazza  del  Campidoglio  and 
the  Palazzo  del  Senatore,  which  was  built  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury from  modified  designs  of  Michelangelo.  Among  the 
most  noted  of  the  antiquities  of  the  Capitoline  Museum 
are  the  colossal  statue  of  Mars  in  armor,  the  Dying  Gaul, 
the  Satyr  of  Praxiteles,  the  Centaurs  by  Aristeas  and 
Papias,  and  the  Capitoline  Venus  (after  Praxiteles). 

Capitolinus  (kap"i-t6-li'nus),  Julius.  Lived 
perhaps  about  300  A.  D.  A  Roman  historian, 
one  of  the  writers  of  the  Augustan  Histoiy 
(which  see). 

Capmany  (kap-mii'ne),  Montpalau  y  Antonio 
de.  Born  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Nov.  24,  1742: 
died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Nov.  14,  1813.  A  Spanish 
antiquarian,  historian,  philologist,  and  critic. 

Capodistria  (ka-po-des'tre-ii).  A  town  in  Kiis- 
tenland,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  an  island 
8  miles  south  of  Triest.  It  has  a  cathedral  and 
salt-works.   Populat ion ( 1890 ),comiMune.  10.706. 

Capod'Istria(kii'p6des'tre-a),orCapodistrias 
(kii-p6-des'tre-as),  Augustin.  Born  1778:  died 
in  Corfu,  May,  1857.  A  brother  of  Giovanni 
Capo  d'Istria,  pro\nsional  piesident  of  Greece 
1831-32. 

Capo  d'Istria,  or  Capodistrias,  Count  Gio- 
vanni Anton.  Born  at  Corfu,  Feb.  11,  1776: 
killed  at  Xauplia,  Greece,  Oct.  !>,  1831.  Presi- 
dent of  Greece.  He  entered  the  Russian  service  in 
1809,  representeti  Russia  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna  from 
1814  to  1815,  and  was  Russian  secretary  of  foreign  affairs 
from  1816  to  1822.  Dismissed  from  the  Russian  service, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  cause  of  Greek  independence  ; 
was  elected  president  of  Greece  through  the  intluence  of 
the  Russian  party  in  1827 ;  and  served  from  1828  to  1831. 
when  he  was  assassinated  by  the  brothers  Constantineand 
George  Mavromichalis. 

Cappadocia  (kap-a-do'shiii).  [Gr.  Kan-TndoKia.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  country  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  lying  west  of  the  Euphra- 
tes, north  of  Cilicia,  and  east  of  Lycaonia;  in 
a  wider  sense,  the  territory  in  Asia  Minor  be- 
tween the  lower  Halys  and  Euphiates,  and 
the  Taurus  and  the  Eu.xine  :  an  elevated  table- 
land intersected  by  mountain-chains,  it  con- 
stituted under  the  Persians  two  satrapies,  afterwaid  two 
indepeiulent  monarchies  :  Cappailocia  on  the  Poutus,  later 
calletl  Pontus ;  ami  Capjiadoeia  near  the  Taurus,  called 
Great  t'appadocia,  the  later  Cap]jadocia  in  a  muTower 
sense.  In  17  A.  r>.  Cappatlocia  became  a  Hxinan  province. 
It  had  then  only  four  cities  :  Mazacu,  near  Jlount  .\rgreU8. 
the  residence  of  the  Cappadocian  kitigs,  later  called  Eu- 
sebia,  and  by  the  Romans  Cnjsjxrea,  the  episcopal  see  of 
St.  Basil  (modern  Kaisariyeh);  Tyana;  Garsauni,  the  later 
Archelais:  and  Ariaratheia.  of  its  other  cities  may  be 
mentioned  SamosatA,  Myssa.  and  Nazianzus,  the  birth- 
places or  seats  of  celebrated  ecclesiastics. 

Cappel  (kiip'pel).  A  village  in  Switzerlaiul. 
Sec  Kiijiftit. 

Capperonnier  (kiip-ron-ya'),  Claude.  Born  at 
Montdidier,  France,  May  1. 1671 :  died  at  Paris, 


Capperonnier 

July  24,  1744.  A  French  olassical  scholar.  He 
\vrote  "Traits  de  Tancienne  prononciation  de  la  langue 
grecque"  (1703),  etc.;  and  edited  Quintilian  (1726). 

Gapponi  (kap-po'ne),  Gino,  Marchese.  Born  at 
Florence,  Sept.  14,  1792 :  died  at  Florence,  Feb. 
3,  1876.  A  noted  Florentine  historian,  stetes- 
man,  and  scholar,  prime  minister  of  Tuscany 
1848.  He  -nrote  ''Storia  della  repubblica  di 
FIrenze"  (1875),  etc. 

Gapraja  (ka-pra'ya).  An  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Ge- 
noa, Italy,  situated  northeast  of  Corsica,  in  lat. 
43°  2'  N. ,  long.  9°  50'  E.  It  was  anciently  called 
Capraria. 

Caprara,  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Bolo- 
gna, Italy,  May  29,  1733 :  died  at  Paris,  Juno  21, 
1810.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  diplomatist, 
bishop  of  Milan.  He  negotiated  the  concordat 
at  Paris  in  1801. 

Caprarola  i  ka-pra-rd'la).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  31  miles  north  of 
Eoiue.  It  contains  the  Farnese  palace.  Pop- 
ulation, 5.000. 

Caprera  (kil-pra'ra),  or  Cabrera  (ka-bra'ra). 
An  island  uorth  of  Sardinia,  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Sassari,  Ital_v,  situated  in  lat.  41° 
14'  N.,  long.  9="  28'  E.  It  was  the  usual  resi- 
dence of  Garibaldi  in  1854-82. 

Capri  (ka'pre).  A  small  island  of  Italy,  off  the 
•coast  of  Campania,  19  miles  south  of  Naples: 
the  ancient  Capra?.  It  is  a  favorite  resort 'for  tour- 
ists and  artists  on  account  of  its  picturesque  and  bold 
scenery.  Among  the  points  of  interest  are  the  towns  of 
Capii  and  ,\nacapri.  the  Blue  Grotto,  and  the  Villa  di 
Tiberio.  It  wus  the  f.ivorite  residence  of  Augustus,  and  is 
especially  famous  as  the  abode  of  Tiberius  in  the  last  half 
of  his  reign  and  the  scene  of  his  licentious  orgies.  Highest 
point,  Monte  Solaro  (1,920  feet).    Population,  about  4,900. 

Capricornus  (kap-ri-k6r'nus).  [L.,  'goat- 
horned.']  An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
lietween  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius ;  also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice. It  is  represented  on  ancient  monuments  by  the 
figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore  part  like  a 
goat  and  the  hind  part  like  a  fish.    Its  symbol  is  Y]- 

Caprivi  (ka-pre've)  de  Caprara  de  Montecu- 
COli,  Georg  Leo  von.  Bom  at  Charlotteubmg, 
Feb.24,1831 :  died  Feb. 6, 1899.  Anoted  German 
statesman,  chancellor  of  the  empire  1890-94.  He 
"was  educated  at  the  Werdersche  Gymnasiiuu  at  Berlin, and 
April  1,  1S49,  entered  the  Kaiser-Franz-Grenadier  regi- 
ment, becoming  second  lieutenant  Sept.  19,  1S50.  He  en- 
tered the  military  academy  and  became  first  lieutenant  In 
1859,  and  in  1S61  captain  in  the  general  staff.  He  rose 
rapidly  in  rank,  and  in  1883  was  made  chief  of  the  ad- 
miralty, and  accomplished  important  results  in  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  German  navy.  For  his  efficiency  in  this 
service  he  was  promoted  by  Emperor  William  II.  (July  10, 
1888)  to  be  commanding  general  of  the  10th  army  corps  in 
Hannover,  and  later  was  made  general  of  infantry.  On 
the  fall  of  Bismarck  (March  20,  1890),  Caprivi  succeeded 
him  as  imperial  chancellor,  president  of  the  Prussian  min- 
istry, and  imperial  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  He  secured 
Heligoland  from  England  in  exchange  for  German  claims 
in  Zanzibar  and  Witu  July,  1890,  strengthened  the  colonial 
policy,  renewed  the  Triple  Alliance  June,  1891,  and  con- 
eluded  important  commercial  treaties.  He  was  made  a 
eount  Dec.  18.  1891.  He  resigned  the  presidency  of  the 
Prussian  ministry  in  March,  1892,  and  retired  from  the 
imperial  chancellorship  and  the  ministry  of  foreign  af- 
f,lirs  Oct.  2U,  1894. 

Captain,  l .  An  EngMsh  line-of-battle  ship  of  72 
guns.  She  served  in  the  Mediterranean  squadron  of  Lord 
Hood  before  Corsica  in  1794-95  ;  was  flag-ship  of  Commo- 
dore Nelson  in  1796;  served  in  the  battle  off  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent, Feb.  14,  1797;  and  was  burned  March  22,  1813. 
2.  One  of  the  earliest  English  armored  turret- 
ships,  laimehed  March  29,  1869.  she  had  an  all- 
round  water-line  belt  10  and  7  inches  thick,  low  free- 
board, and  two  turrets  on  the  upper  deck  120  feet  apart. 
Tonnage,  4,272.  She  foundered  off  Cape  Finisterre  with 
500  men,  Sept.  6,  1870. 

Captain,  The.  1.  A  play  by  Fletcher  and  an- 
other, produced  about  1613,  printed  in  the  folio 
of  1(347.  Fleay  suggests  .Jonson;  Bullen  thinks 
there  are  traces  of  Middleton's  hand. —  2.  A 
bragging,  coarse  ruffian  in  Middleton's  play 
"The  Pho?ui.x." 

Captain,  The  Copper.    See  Perez,  Michael. 

Captain  Jack.    See  Jack. 

Captain  Right.    See  Sight. 

Captain  Eock.    See  Rock. 

Capua  (kap'u-ii).  An  ancient  city  of  Campa- 
nia, Italy,  17  miles  north  of  Naples,  famous  for 
its  wealth  and  liLSUry.  it  was  founded  by  the  Etrus- 
cans, was  taken  by  the  Samnites  in  423  n.  c,  and  came  un- 
der Roman  rule  about  340  B.  c.  It  opened  its  gates  to 
Hannibal  in  21(3  B.  c.  (whose  army  wintered  there  210-215). 
In  211  B.  c.  it  was  retaken  by  the  Romans,  and  severely 
punished.  It  afterward  flourished  until  sacked  by  Gen- 
seric  in  456  A.  D.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in 
840,  and  its  inhabitants  colonized  modern  Capua.  Its  site 
is  occupied  by  the  village  of  Santa  Maria  di  Capua  Vetere. 
It  contains  the  ruins  of  a  triumphiil  arch  and  of  a  Roman 
amphitheater  which  dates  from  the  early  empire.  In 
the  early  middle  ages  it  was  fortified  as  a  citadel,  and 
has  suffered  from  sieges.    It  was  an  imposing  monument, 


214 

much  resembling  the  Boman  Colosseuin,  and  nearly  as 
large.  The  axes  of  the  outer  ellipse  are  557  and  458  feet ; 
of  the  arena,  250  and  150  feet. 
Capua  (ka'po-a).  A  town  in  Italy,  on  the  Vol- 
turno,  situated  2  miles  north  of  ancient  Capua, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Casiliuum.  it  wm 
colonized  from  ancient  Capua  in  the  9th  century.  It  has 
a  cathedral,  and  a  museum  with  antiquities.  Csesar Borgia 
attacked  it  in  l.'iOl.  Near  it  is  the  t«ttle-field  of  the  Vol- 
turno,  1860.  It  was  taken  by  the  Piedmontese,  Nov., 
1860.    Population,  12,000. 

Capuchins  (kap'u-ehinz).  A  mendicant  order 
of  Franciscan  monks,  foimded  in  Italy  in  1528 
by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named  from  the  long 
pointed  capoueh  or  cowl  which  is  the  distin- 
guishing mark  of  their  dress.  According  to  the 
statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  op  in  1529,  the  monks  were 
to  live  by  hegt^ing;  they  were  not  to  use  gold  or  silver  or 
sUk  in  the  decoration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices  were 
to  be  of  pewter.  The  Capucliins  .are  most  numerous  in 
Austria.  In  the  United  States  tiiey  have  convents  in  the 
dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and  New 
York.     See  Franciscans. 

Capuchin  (kap'u-chiu).  The.  A  play  by  Poote, 
produced  in  1776.  it  was  an  alteration  of  the  notori- 
ous "Trip  to  Calais, "  which  was  stopped  by  the  public 
censor. 

Capucius  (ka-pu'shius).  In  Shakspere's  "Henry 
VIII.,"  an  ambassador  from  Charles  V. 

Capulet  (kap'u-let).  In  Shakspere's  "Romeo 
and  Juliet,"  a  coarse,  jorial  old  man  with  a 
passionate  temper,  the  father  of  Juliet.  Tlie 
expression  "the  tomb  of  the  Capulets  "  is  not  in  Shak- 
spere;  it  occurs  in  Burke's  letter  to  Matthew  Smith  — 
and  as  "  the  family  vault "'  "  of  all  the  Capulets  "  in  his 
"Ketlections  on  the  RevoUUion  in  France,"  III.  349. 

Capuletti  ed  i  Montecchi  (kii-po-let'te  ed  § 
mou-tek'ke),  I;  [It.,'  The  Capulets  and  Monta- 
gues.'] An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  produced  in 
Venice  in  1830 :  a  musical  version  of  "  Romeo 
and  Juliet." 

CaquetiOS  (ka-ka-te'6s),  or  Caquesios.  An  In- 
dian tribe  which,  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century,  occupied  the  coast  of  Venezuela  from 
La  Guayra  to  Lake  Maraeaybo,  together  with 
the  neighboring  islands.  They  received  the  first 
Spanish  explorers  as  friends,  but  were  soon  enslaved  and 
carried  away,  and  by  1545  none  was  left  on  the  coasts. 
There  were  other  Indians  of  the  same  name  and  probably 
of  the  same  race  in  the  highlands  south  of  Coro,  and  on 
the  llanos  to  the  rivers  Sarare  and  Apur6. 

Carabas  (kar'a-bas),  Marquis  of.  The  master 
for  whom  "Puss  in  Boots"  performs  such 
prodigies  in  Perrault's  tale  "Le  GhsX  Bott^" 
("Pussin  Boots").  The  name  is  used  proverbially 
for  a  pretentious  aristocrat  who  refuses  to  march  with  his 
age.  The  Marquis  of  Carabas  in  Disraeli's  "Vivian  Grey  " 
is  intended  for  the  Marquis  of  Clanricarde. 

Carabaya.    See  Camraya. 

Carabobo  (ka-ril-bo'bo).  A  state  in  Venezuela, 
bordering  on  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Its  capital  is 
Valencia.  Area,  2,984  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  198,021. 

Carabobo.  A  'plain  south  of  Valencia,  Vene- 
zuela, in  the  same  valley.  Here,  on  May  28, 1814, 
Bolivar  with  5,000  men  defeated  the  Spanish  captain-gen- 
er.al  Cajigal  with  6,000  men.  On  June  24,  1821,  Bolivar 
won  a  second  victory  on  the  same  plain  over  the  Spanish 
ai'my  of  La  Torre.  This  was  the  last  Spanish  force  of  con- 
sequence in  Venezuela,  and  the  victory  secured  the  inde- 
pendence of  northwestern  South  America. 

Caracalla  (kar-a-kal'a),  or  Caracallus  (kar-a- 
kal'us)  (Marcus  Aufelius  Antoninus,  origi- 
nally Bassianus).  [Caracalla,  a  nickname 
given  him  on  account  of  the  long  Gaulish 
hooded  coat  or  tunic  which  he  introduced.] 
Boi'n  at  Lyons,  April  4  or  6, 188  A.  D. :  died  near 
Edessa,  Mesopotamia,  April  8,  217  a.  d.  Em- 
peror of  Rome,  son  of  Septimius  Severus. 
Having  become  joint  emperor  of  Rome  with  his  brother 
Geta  in  211,  he  murdered  the  latter  with  many  of  his 
friends,  including  the  jurist  Papinian,  and  made  himself 
sole  emperor  in  212.  He  extended  by  the  Con-^tUutio  An- 
toniana  the  full  citizenship  to  all  free  inhabitants  of  the 
empire,  in  order  to  increase  the  produce  of  the  succession 
duty  of  five  per  cent,  which  Augustus  had  imposed  on 
the  property  of  citizens.  He  was  murdered  on  a  plunder- 
ing expedition  against  the  Parthians. 

It  had  hitherto  been  the  peculiar  felicity  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  in  the  worst  of  times  the  consolation,  that  the 
virtue  of  the  emperors  was  active,  and  their  vice  indo- 
lent. Augustus,  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Marcus  visited 
their  extensive  dominions  in  person,  and  their  progress 
was  marked  by  acts  of  wisdom  and  beneficence.  The 
tyranny  of  Tiberius,  Xero,  and  Domitian,  who  resided 
almost  constantly  at  Rome,  or  in  the  adjacent  villas,  was 
confined  to  the  senatorial  and  equestrian  orders.  But 
Caracalla  was  the  common  enemy  of  mankind.  He  left 
the  capital  (and  he  never  returned  to  it)  about  a  year  after 
the  murder  of  Geta.  The  rest  of  his  reign  was  spent 
in  the  several  provinces  of  the  empire,  particularly  those 
of  the  east,  and  every  province  was  by  turns  the  scene  of 
his  rapine  and  cruelty.       Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  I.  160. 

Caracalla,  Baths  of.    See  Baths  of  Caracalla. 

Caracaras(ka-ra-ka-ras').  [Guarany, 'hawks.'] 
A  horde  of  South  American  Indians,  of  the 
Tupi-Guarany  race,  who,  in  the  16th  century, 
lived  on  the  western  side  of  the  river  Parang, 


Caravagglo 

about  lat.  32°  S.  Later  they  retreated  northward 
into  the  Chaco  region,  and  became  extinct,  or  were  amal- 
gamated with  other  tribes. 
Caracas  (ka-rS'kas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Vene- 
zuela, which  formerly  occupied  the  valleys 
about  the  present  city  of  Caracas.  They  had 
large  villages,  and  appear*  to  have  been  agriculturists, 
with  some  skill  in  weaving  hammocks,  making  gold  orna- 
ments, etc.  They  kept  up  a  long  and  brave  resistance 
to  the  whites.  As  a  tribe  they  were  probably  destroyed 
before  the  end  of  the  Kith  century. 

Caracas  (ka-ra'kas).  The  capital  of  Venezuela 
and  of  the  federal  district,  situated  in  lat.  10° 
32'  N.,  long.  67°  4'  W.,  near  the  coast,  it  is  an 
important  commercial  center,  and  contains  a  cathedral 
and  university.  It  was  founded  in  1567,  and  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  in  1812.  Its  seaport  is  La  Guayra.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  72,429. 

Caracas,  Province  of.  A  colonial  province 
which  embi-aced  approximately  the  present 
states  of  Miranda,  Zamora,  Venezuela,  and  Cara- 
bobo. The  captain-generalcy  of  Venezuela,  formed  in 
1751,  was  coHjmottly  called  Caracas,  from  the  capital,  juat 
sbs  New  Spain  was  called  Mexico. 

Caracci.     See  Carracci. 

Caraccioli  (kii-ra'eho-le),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Naples  about  1748 :  hanged  near  Naples,  1799. 
A  Neapolitan  aitmiral.  commander  of  the  navy 
of  the  Parthenopean  Republic,  1799,  condemned 
to  death  b_v  order  of  the  junta. 

Car&ctacus  (ka-rak'ta-kus),  or  Caradoc  (kar'- 
a-dok).  Flourished  about  50  A.  D.  A  British 
king,  son  of  Cimo-belin ,  king  of  the  Trinobantes. 
His  capital  was  Camtilodunum  (CtJchester).  He  was  chief 
of  the  Catuvellauni  (which  see),  and  resisted  the  Romans 
(under  Aulus  Plantius,  Ostorius  Scapula,  and,  for  a  short 
time,  theemperorClautlius)for  about  nine  years.  Finally 
defeated,  he  took  refuge  among  the  Brigantes,  but  was 
delivered  by  Cartismandua,  their  queen,  to  the  Romans, 
and  was  sent  to  Roma  Claudius  granted  him  his  life  and 
his  faniily. 

CaractacUS.  1.  A  tragedy  by  J.  R.  Planch^, 
an  alteration  of  Fletcher's  "fionduoa."  It  was 
prodi>eed  in  1837. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  WUliami 
JIason,  published  in  1759. 

Caraetdres  de  Theophraste,  Les.  See  La 
Brmjere. 

Caraculianibo(ka-ra-k6-le-am'bo).  A  mythical 
giant  whom  Don  (Quixote  proposes  to  conquer. 

Caradoc  (kar'a-dok>.     See  Varactacus.  • 

Caradoc,  or  Cradock.  A  knight  of  the  Round! 
Table,  in  the  Arthm-ian  cycle  of  romance.  He 
had  the  only  chaste  wife  in  the  court.  The  story  of  the 
magic  mantle  which  she  alone  could  wear  is  told  in  "The 
Boy  and  the  Mantle  "  (which  see). 

Carafa  (ka-ra'fa>,  Michele.  Bom  at  Naples. 
Nov.  28,  178.5:  died  at  Paris,  July  26,  1872.  An 
Italian  composer  of  operas,  author  of  "  Le  Soli- 
taire" (1822),  "Masaniello"  (1827),  etc. 

Carajas  (ka-ra-zhas').  A  tribe  of  Indians 
dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river  Aragtiaya, 
in  the  states  of  Goyaz  and  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil. 
They  number  at  least  several  thousand,  are  uncivilized, 
but  friendly  to  the  whites.  They  speak  a  language  very 
different  from  the  dialects  of  the  surrounding  tribes.  The 
Caraj:iS  live  in  villages,  and  are  agriculturists  and  fisher- 
men. The  Carajais,  Javahais,  and  Chimbioas  a»-e  branch 
tribes  in  the  same  region. 

Caraman.    See  Karaman. 

Caramania.     See  Karamania. 

Caramurii.    See  Alrares,  Diogo. 

Caramurn  (ka-ra-mo-ro').  The  nicknamegiven 
to  a  political  party  in  Brazil  which,  after  the 
abdication  of  the  emperor  Pedro  I.  in  1831, 
sought  to  secure  his  restoration.  The  name,  if 
not  virtually  adopted  by  the  party,  became  their  common 
designation,  and  is  used  by  historians.  After  the  death 
of  the  ex-emperor  most  of  the  members  of  the  Caramurd 
party  joined  the  conservatives. 

Carathis  (kar'a-this).  The  mother  of  Vathek, 
in  Beckford's  "Vathek,"  an  adept  in  judicial 
astrology. 

Carausius  (ka-ra'si-us),  Marcus  Aurelius  Va- 
lerius. Died  293  A.  D.  A  Roman  insurgent. 
He  was  a  Menapian  or  Belgo-German  by  birth,  and  in  his 
youth  is  siiid  to  have  been  a  pilot.  In  286  he  distinguished 
himself  in  the  campaign  of  the  Augustus  Maximian  against 
the  revolted  Bagaudre  in  Gaul,  and  was  about  this  period 
intrusted  with  the  enterprise  of  suppressing  the  Prankish 
and  Saxon  pirates  who  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Britain  and 
Gaul.  Suspected  of  acting  in  collusion  with  the  pirates, 
orders  were  issued  for  his  execution,  whereupon  he  made 
himself  master  of  Britain  and  part  of  Gaul  in  287,  and  as- 
sumed the  title  of  Augustus.  He  was  recognized  as  a 
colleague  in  the  government  of  the  empire  by  the  Au- 
gusti  Maximian  anil  Diocletian  in  290.  On  the  appoint- 
ment of  Galerins  and  Constantius  Chlorus  as  Ctesars  in 
292,  the  latter  undei-took  a  campaign  against  Carausius, 
who  was  assassinated  in  the  following  year  by  his  chief 
minister,  Allectus. 

Caravaca  (kii-ra-va'ka).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia.  Spain,  situated  on  the  river 
Caravaca  in  lat.  38°  4'  N.,  long.  1°  53'  W. 
Population  (1887),  15,053. 

Caravaggio  (kii-ra-vad'jo).  A  town  in  the 
pro\-ince  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  situated  22  miles 
east  of  Milan.     Population,  6,000. 


Caravaggio,  da 
Caravaggio,  da.  ^^ee  Caldai-u,  PoUdoro. 
Caravaggio,  da  (Michelangelo  Amerighi  or 
Merighi).  Born  at  Caravaggio,  near  Milan, 
1569:  died  near  Porto  Ereole,  Italy,  1609.  An 
Italian  painter  belonging  to  the  naturalistic 
school.  His  most  not^d  work  is  the  '■  Entombment  of 
(  hrist  "  (in  the  Vatican).  After  painting  many  important 
pictures  in  Rome,  he  fled  to  Naples  to  escape  justice  for 
the  homicide  of  a  companion. 

Oaravaya  (ka-ra-va'yii),  or  Carabaya  (kii-rii- 
lia'yii).  [A  corruption  of  CoUahuaija,  the  Qui- 
ehiia  name.]  A  province  of  eastern  Peru,  iu 
the  department  of  Puno.  Gold  was  discovered 
there  about  1543,  and  for  a  century  the  mines  of  this  re- 
gion were  famous.  Its  towns,  especially  Sandia,  San  Ga- 
han,  and  San  Juan  del  Oro,  were  important.  In  1767  they 
were  all  destroyed  by  the  Chuncho  Indians,  not  a  Spaniard 
being  left  east  of  the  .-Vndes.  The  region  is  now  almost 
unknown,  being  frequented  only  by  cinchoaa-Gollectors. 
Area,  1:^,000  squai-e  miles. 

Caravellas  (kii-ra-va'las).  A  seaport-  in  the 
state  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  in  lat.  17°  43'  S.,  long. 
39°  14'  W.     Population,  about  5,000. 

Carbajal  (ka-Ba-Hal'),  or  Carvajal  (kar-va- 
Hal'),  Francisco.  Born  in  Aravalo,  1464:  died 
near  Cuzco,  Peru,  April  10,  1548.  A  Spanish 
soldier  in  South  America.  In  1528  he  went  to 
Mexico,  and  in  1530  Cortes  sent  him  with  others  to  aid 
Pizarro  in  I'eru.  As  lleld-marshal  under  Vaca  de  Castro, 
he  directed  the  battle  of  Chupas,  where  the  younger  Al- 
niagro  was  overtlu-own.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
struggle  of  GonziUo  Pizarro  against  Gasca,  was  captured 
at  the  battle  of  Sacsahuana  April  9,  1548,  and  condemned 
to  death. 

Oarberry  Hill  (kar'ber-i  hil).  A  place  near 
Musselburgh.  Mid-Lothian,  Scotland.  Here,  in 
June,  1567,  Lord  Home  dispersed  Bothwell'a  forces,  and 
took  prisoner  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

Carbonari  (kiir-bo-na'ri).  [It.,  pi.  of  carbonaro, 
from  L.  carhoiiariiis,  a  charcoal-burner,  a  col- 
lier.] A  secret  society  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  during  the  reign  of  Mui'at  (1808-15) 
by  republicans  and  others  dissatisfied  with  the 
French  rule.  They  were  originally  refugees  among  the 
mountains  of  the  Abruzzi  provinces,  and  took  their  name 
from  the  mountain  charcoal-burners.  Their  aim  was  to 
iree  their  country  from  foreign  domination.  After  havhig 
aided  the  .\ustrians  in  the  expulsion  of  the  French,  the 
organization  spread  over  all  Italy  as  the  champions  of  the 
National  Liberal  cause  against  the  reactionary  govern- 
ments. At  one  time  the  Carbonari  numbered  several  hun- 
dred thousand  adherents.  They  were  concerned  in  the 
various  revolutions  of  the  times  until  crushed  out  by  the 
Austrian  power  in  Italy.  About  1820  they  spread  into 
France,  and  played  an  important  part  in  French  politics 
until  the  revolution  of  1830. 

Oarbondale  (kar'bon-dal).  A  city  iu  Lacka- 
wanna County,  nortboastem  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated 15  miles  northeast  of  Scranton.  It  is 
thecenter  of  rieheoal-fields.  Population  (1900), 
13,.J36. 

Carcajente,  or  Oarcagente  (kar-ka-neu'te).  A 
town  iu  the  province  of  Valencia,  Spain, 
tuated  on  the  river  Juear  25  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Valencia.  It  has  linen,  woolen, 
and  silk  manufactures.  Population  (1887), 
12,. 503. 

Carcassonne  (kar-ka-son').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  .\ude,  France,  situated  on  the 
Aude  iu  lat.  43°  13'  N.,  long.  2°  20'  E. :  the 
ancient  Carcaso.  it  consists  of  two  parts,  the  Upper 
Town  (la  cit^)  and  the  Lower  Town.  The  Upper  Town, 
now  practically  abandoned  for  the  more  convenient  site 
below,  is  in  its  entirety  one  of  the  most  remarkable  monu- 
ments of  the  middle  ages  existing.  In  plan  it  is  square, 
about  a  mile  in  circuit,  inclosed  by  two  lines  of  walls  with 
flfty-four  towers,  all  of  admirable  masonry,  and  retaining 
in  their  approaches,  their  gates,  battlements,  etc.,  all  the 
defensive  devices  evolved  Ijy  medieval  military  engineers. 
Part  of  the  inner  walls  and  towers  dates  from  the  Visi- 
gothic  rule  in  the  5th  century ;  the  greater  portion  is  of 
the  12th  century,  and  the  remainder  of  the  reign  of  St. 
Louis.  On  one  side  rises  a  powerful  castle  or  citadel. 
The  battleraented  Church  of  St.  Nflzaire  has  a  lU>manesque 
nave,  and  a  very  light  and  beautiful  Pointed  choir,  with 
splendid  glass.  This  unicjue  fm-tress  was  thoroughly  re- 
stored by  Napoleon  III.  It  was  a  Roman  town,  anil  was 
niled  later  by  the  West  Ooths.  It  was  an  Albigensiati 
stronghold,  and  was  sacked  by  the  Black  I'rince  in  1355. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  28,235. 

Car-cay.  The  most  northeasterly  ramilication 
of  the  Sierra  Madre,  lying  due  west  from  Cor- 
ralitos  in  Chihuahua.  It  is  a  rugged  and  wild 
chain,  difficult  of  access. 

Carchemish  (kilr'kem-ish).  The  ancient  capi- 
tal of  the  Ilittites.  it  was  formerly  Idontilled  with 
Circi-sshun  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a  fortified  place 
near  where  the  Chaboras  empties  into  the  Euplirates. 
Later  excavations  brought  out  its  identity  with  the 
Qargamts  of  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  (I''.gypti:in  lUinriiu- 
7»e<lia).  situ.ated  on  tfie  right  bank  of  flic  KMptiriite.H  n.irtli- 
wesf  of  the  river  Sit]  nr,  and  now  represented  ti>  tlic  rniiisnf 
Jerabliis.  The  city  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I.,  1110  II.  o.  Shalraaneserll.,  in  858,  and  Sargon, 
In  717,  subjected  this  capital  i)f  the  Hittites,  and  placed 
an  Assyrian  governor  in  it.  In  605  n.  c.  the  buttle  be- 
tween Nebuchadnezzar  and  Necho  of  F.gypt  took  place 
ander  Us  walls  (.ler.  xlvi.  2,  2  Chron.  xxxv.  '20),  in  which 
Egypt  was  thoroughly  defeated  by  western  Asia. 


215 

To  Mr.  Skene,  tor  many  years  the  English  consul  at 
Aleppo,  is  due  the  credit  of  arst  discovering  the  true  site 
of  the  old  Hittite  .capital  rCarchemislil.  On  the  western 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  luidway  oetween  Birejik  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Sajur.  rises  an  artiticial  mound  of  earth, 
under  which  ruins  and  sculptured  blocks  of  stone  had 
been  found  from  time  to  time.  It  was  known  as  Jerabliis, 
or  Kalaat  Jerabliis,  "  the  fortress  of  Jerablfls.'  s.ometimes 
wronuly  written  Jeiabis;  and  in  the  name  of  JeralJliis 
Mr.  .Skene  had  no  dilHculty  in  recognising  an  Arab  cor- 
ruption of  Hierapolis.  In  the  Roman  age  the  name  of 
Hierapolis  or  "Holy  City"  had  been  transferred  to  Its 
neighbour  Membij,  which  inherited  the  traditions  and 
religious  fame  of  the  older  Carchemish ;  but  when  the 
triumph  of  Christianity  in  Syria  brought  with  it  the  fall 
of  the  great  temple  of  Membij.  the  name  disappeared 
from  the  later  city,  and  was  remembered  only  in  connec- 
tion with  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Carchemish. 

Sayce,  Hittit«s,  p.  9». 

Cardale  ( kar'dal ),  John  Bate.  Bom  at  London, 

Nov.  7, 1802:  died  at  London,  July  18, 1S77.  An 
English  lawyer,  first  apostle  of  the  Catholic 
Apostolic  Church  (irvingites),  and  author  of  nu- 
merous (anonymous)  controversial  andreligious 
works. 

Cardan.     See  Cardano. 

Cardano  (kar-dii'no),  or  Cardan  (kiir'dan),  Gi- 
rolamo.  Born  at  Pa  via,  Italy,  Sept.  24,  1501 : 
died  at  Rome,  Sept.  21.  1.576.  A  noted  Italian 
physician,  mathematician,  philosopher,  and  as- 
trologer, natural  son  of  Faeio  Cardan,  a  Milan- 
ese jurist. 

Cardanus.     See  Cardano. 

Cardenas  (kiir'da-nas).  A  seaport  in  northern 
CJuba,  situated  25  miles  east  of  Matanzas.  It 
exports  sugar.  An  engagement  occuiTed  here 
May  11,  1898,  between  the  Spanish  shore 
batteries  and  gunboats  and  Several  United 
States  vessels.     Population  (1899),  21,940. 

Cardenio  (Sp.  pron.  kar-da'ue-6).  An  intel- 
lectual madman,  crazed  by  disappointed  love, 
with  lucid  intervals,  in  an  episode  of  Cervan- 
tes's  "Don  Quixote."  He  is  introduced  in  Col- 
man's  "Mountaineers"  as  Oetavian,  and  also 
in  D'Urfe's  "Don  Qui.xote." 

Cardenio,  The  History  of.  A  play  entered 
on  the  "Stationers'  Register"  in  16.53  as  by 
'■  Fletcher  and  Shakspere.  It  is  said  to  be  identified 
with  the  lost  play  'Cardano'  or  *  Cardenia,'  acted  at  court 
in  1613."  Late  seventeenth  century  entries  in  the  "Sta- 
tionei-s'  Register  "  carry  no  authority  as  far  as  Shakspere 
is  concerned.     BuUen,  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Cardiff  (kiir'dif).  A  seaport  iuGlamorganshh-e, 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Taff,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  51°  28'  N.,  long.  3°  10'  W.  it  is  noted  for  its 
export  of  coal  and  iron,  and  contains  large  docks  and  a 
noted  castle.  It  has  greatly  increased  in  late  years.  It 
was  tile  place  of  imprisonment  of  Robert  of  Normandy, 
1106-34.     Population  (1,^91),  128,849. 

Cardigan  (kiir'di-gau ).  A  seaport  and  the  chief 
town  of  Cardiganshire,  Wales,  situated  on  the 
Teifi  in  lat.  52°  6'  N.,  long.  4°  39'  W.  It  is 
called  Aberteifi  bv  the  Welsh.  Population 
(1891),  3,447. 

Cardigan,  Earl  of.  See  Bnidend,  James  Thomas. 

Cardigan  Bay.  -An  arm  of  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel, (in  the  western  coast  of  Wales. 

Cardiganshire  (kiir'di-gan-shirV  or  Cardigan. 
A  eoiinty  in  South  Wales,  lying  between  Meri- 
oneth Oil  the  north,  Montgomery,  Radnor,  and 
Brecknock  on  the  east,  Carmarthen  and  Pem- 
broke on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  Bay  on  the 
west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  693 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  62,596. 

Cardim  (kar-deng'),  Fernao.  Born  at  Vienna 
do  Alvito,  Alemtejo,  1.540 :  died  at  Bahia,  Bra- 
zil, Jan.  27,  1625.  A  Portu'Tuese  .Tesuit,  pro- 
vincial of  Brazil  1604-08.  lie  wrote  a  narra- 
tive of  his  travels,  first  published  at  Lisbon  in 
1847. 

Cardinal  (kar-de-niir),  Pierre.  Bom  at  the 
beginning  of  the  13th  century :  died  about 
13()5.  A  French  troubadour,  especially  noted 
for  his  satirical  powers:  " the  Juvenal  of  the 
Provencals."    Sisniondi. 

Cardinal  College.    See  Christ  church. 

Cardis,  or  Kardis  (kiir'disi.  Treaty  of.     A 

treaty  of  peace  concluded  at  t'aidis,  an  estate 
on  the  borders  of  Livonia  and  Esthonia,  be- 
tween Russia  and  Sweden,  in  1661.  Russia  re- 
stored Dorpat  and  other  places. 
Cardona  (kilr-do'nil).  A  fortified  town  iu  the 
province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  in  lat.  41°  55'  N.. 
long.  1°  38'  E.  Tliero  is  a  remarkable  hill  of 
roek-sall  in  the  vicinity. 

Cardonnel  (kar-don'el),  Adam  de.     Died  at 

Wesi minster.  Fob.  2?,  1719.  The  secretary 
and  frii^iid  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  ex- 
pelled frotn  the  House  of  Commons  for  corrup- 
tion, Feb.  19,  1712. 
Cardross  (kiir'dros).  A  town  in  Duml)arton, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  ('lyde  3  miles  north- 


Carey,  Henry 

west  of  Dumbarton.  Robert  Bruce  died  there, 
June  7,  1329. 

Carducci  (kiir-do'chi),  Giosu^.  Born  at  Baldi- 
castello,  Tuscany,  July  27,  1836.  A  noted 
Italian  poet,  since  1861  professor  of  Italian 
literature  at  the  University  of  Bologna. 

Carducho  (kiir-do'cho),  or  "Carducci  (kar-d6'- 
che),VincenZO.  Born  at  Florence.  1568(1.560?): 
died  at  Madrid,  Spain,  about  1638.  An  Italian 
painter,  patronized  by  Philip  III.  and  Philip 
IV.  of  Spain.  His  chief  works  are  in  Spain. 
He  wrote  "De  las  excelenoias  de  la  pintura," 
etc.  (1633). 

Carduel.     See  CarduHc. 

Cardwell  (kard'wel).  Edward.  Bom  at  Black- 
burn, Lancashire,  178( :  died  at  O.xford,  Eng- 
land, May  23, 1861.  An  English  clergyman  and 
cliiirch  historian.  He  was  appointed  select  preacher 
to  the  University  of  Oxford  in  ltt23,  Camden  professor  of 
ancient  history  in  1826,  and  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall  in 
18,;i.  He  wrote  "Documentary  Annals  of  the  Reformed 
Cli.irch  of  England  "  (1839),  etc. 

Cardwell,  Edward,  Viscount  Cardwell.  Born 
at  Liverpool.  July  24,  1813:  died  at  Torquay, 
Feb.  15,  1886.  .-Vu  English  statesman,  nephew 
of  Edward  Cardwell.  He  was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  1852-55,  secretary  for  Ireland  1859-61,  chan- 
cellor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1861-€4,  colonial  secre- 
tary lS04-t36,  and  secretary  for  war  1868-74. 

Careless  (kar'les).  l.  The  friend  of  Mellefont 
in  Congreve's  "Double  Dealer":  a  gay  gallant 
who  makes  love  to  Lady  Pliant. —  2.  A  suitor 
of  Lady  Dainty  in  Cibber's  "Double  Gallant." 
"A  fellow  that  's  wise  enough  to  be  but  half  in  love,  and 
makes  his  whole  life  a  studied  idleness." 
3.  The  friend  of  Charles  Surface  iu  Sheridan's 
"  School  for  Scandal."  It  is  he  who  says  of  the  por- 
trait of  Sir  Oliver  in  the  auction  scene  :  "An  unforgiving 
eye,  and  a  damned  disinheriting  countenance." 

Careless,  Colonel.  The  gay,  light-headed  lover 
of  Kuth  iu  Sir  R.  Howard's  play  "The  Com- 
mittee." The  play  was  slightly  altered  and  produced 
by  T.  Knight  as  "The  Honest  Thieves."  Careless  is  the 
same  in  both  plays. 

Careless  Husband,  The.  A  brilliant  comedy 
by  Cibber,  produced  in  1704,  printed  in  1705. 
See  Easy,  ,sir  Charles. 

Careless  Lovers,  The.  A  comedy  by  Ravens- 
croft,  produced  in  1673. 

Carelia.    See  Karelia. 

Careme  (ka-ram'),  Marie  Antoine.  Bora  at 
Paris,  June  8,  1784:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1833. 
A  celebrated  French  cook  He  wTote  "  Le  pa- 
tissier  pittoresque"  (1815),  etc. 

Carew  (ka-ro'),  Bamfylde  Moore.  Born  at 
Bickley,  near 'Tiverton,  in  July,  1693:  died  per- 
haps in  1770.  A  noted  English  vagabond.  He 
ran  away  from  school,  joined  a  band  of  gipsies,  and  was 
eventually  .chosen  king  or  chief  of  the  gipsies.  Con- 
victed of  vagrancy,  he  was  transported  to  Mary-land, 
whence  he  escaped  and  returned  to  Eiiglund.  lie  is  said 
to  have  accompanied  the  Pretender  to  Carlisle  and  Derby. 

Carew,  George.  Born  in  England,  May  29, 
1555:  diedatLoudon,  March  27, 1629.  An  Eng- 
lish soldierand  statesman,  son  of  George  Carew, 
dean  of  Windsor,  created  Baron  Carew  June  4, 
1605,  and  Earl  of  Totnes  Feb.  5,  1626.  He  served 
in  Ireland  from  1574  ;  became  sherilf  of  Carlow  1583,  and 
master  of  ordnance  in  Ireland  1688  ;  was  apjiointed  lieu- 
tenant-general of  ordnance  in  England  1592 ;  and  played 
an  influential  part  in  Ireland  (in  various  offices)  from  1599 
until  1603,  especially  during  the  rebellion  of  the  Earl  of 
Tyrone.  He  left  a  valuable  collection  of  letters  and  manu- 
scripts relating  to  such  affairs. 

Carew,  Richard.  Born  at  East  Antony,  Corn- 
wall, July  17,  1555:  died  there,  Nov.  6,  1620. 
An  English  poet  and  antiquarian,  high  sheriff 
of  Cornwall  1586,  and  member  of  Parliament : 
author  of  tlie  "Survey  of  Cornwall"  (1602!,  etc. 

Carew,  Thomas.  Born  about  1598:  died,  prob- 
ably at  London,  about  1639.  An  English  poet, 
son  of  Sir  Matthew  Carew  (died  1618).  He  studied 
(but  was  not  graduated)  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
and  afterward  led  an  idle  and  wandering  life,  serving  for 
a  time  as  secretary  to  Sir  Ibidlcy  Carlcton,  ambassador  at 
Venice,  Turin,  ami  the  States,  and  later  about  the  court 
of  Charles  I.  Ho  wrote  "Cmlum  Hritannicilm,"  a  miuk 
(performed  at  Whitehall,  Feb.  18, 1634),  and  various  sniiUler 

jiieces. 

Carey   (ka'ii),  George    Saville:  pseudonym 

Paul  Tell-Truth.  liorn  1743;  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1807.  Am  I'.nglish  poet,  son  of  Henry 
Carey.  He  was  a  printer  by  trade,  and  for  a  time  on 
actor.  Ho  wrote  "The  Inociilator,"  a  comedy  (published 
1766),  "Liberty  Chastized,  or  Patriotism  in  Chains" 
(17(W),  "The  Nut  Blown  Maid"  (1770),  " Shakespeare's 
Jubilee,  a  Maaiiie  "  (1769),  "The  Old  Women  Weather- 
wise,  all  Infcrlude"  (1770),  "Balnea,  or  History  of  all  the 
ropular  Watering-places  of  Kngland  "  (1799),  etc, 
Carey,  Henry.  Born  near  the  end  of  the  17th 
century:  died  at  London  (probably  by  his  own 
hand),  Oct.  4,  1743.  An  English  poot  and  com- 
poser of  musical  farces,  illegitimate  son  of 
George  Savillo,  marquis  of  Halifax.  He  was  the 
reputed  author  of  "God  Save  the  King, 'and  author  of  the 


Carey,  Henry 

ballad  "Sally  in  our  Alley/'  "Namby-Pamby."  "The  Con- 
trivan«;es  " (acted  1715),  "Hanging  an-i  ^liiniau'e,"  a  faice 
(1722),  "Poems"  (1727),  "Chrononbnt.mtlinl.jnos,"  a  bur- 
lesque (acted  Feb.  22,  1734),  "A  Musical  Uciitui-y,  or  a 
hundred  English  Ballads,"  etc. 

Carey,  Henry  Charles.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Dee.  15,  1793:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  13, 
1879.  An  American  political  economist,  sou 
of  Matthew  Carey,  noted  as  an  advocate  of 
protection.  His  chief  works  are  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Rate  of  Wages'  (1835),  expanded  in  'Principles  of  Politi- 
cal Economy"  (1S37-40),  "Credit  System  in  Fi-ance,  Great 
Britain,  and  the  United  States"  (1833),  "The  Past,  the 
Present,  and  the  Future*  (1848),  "Harmony  of  Interests" 
(1852),  "The  Slave  Trade."  etc.  (1853),  "Principles  of  So- 
cial Science  "  (1858-69),  "  Unity  of  Law  "  (1873). 

Carey,  James.  Born  at  Dublin,  1845:  assassi- 
nated July  29, 1883.  An  Irish  political  assassin. 
He  was  a  bricklayer  and  builder  by  tr.-ide,  and  a  town 
councilorof  Dublin  (1SS2).  He  became  oneof  the  leaders 
of  the  Irish  "  Invincibles  "  in  1881,  and  wjis  an  accomplice 
in  the  assassination  of  Air.  T.  H.  Burke  and  Lord  Fred- 
erick Cavendish  in  Phoenix  Park.  He  was  arrested  Jan. 
13, 1883,  and  turned  Queen's  evidence.  In  order  to  escape 
the  vengeance  of  the  "Invincibles"  he  was  secretly  shipped 
for  the  Cape  on  the  Kinfauns  Castle,  July  6,  lS83,'under 
the  name  of  Power ;  but  his  plan  of  escape  was  discovered, 
and  he  was  followed  on  board  the  ship  by  Patrick  O'Don- 
nell,  who  shot  him  before  the  vessel  reached  its  destination, 

Carey,  Mathe'W.  Born  at  Dublin,  Jan.  28, 
1760:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  16,  1839.  An 
Irish-American  publicist  and  bookseller,  the 
son  of  a  Dublin  baker.  He  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Franklin  in  1779,  established  "The  Volunteer's  Jour- 
nal" in  1783,  and  was  prosecuted  and  imprisoned,  as  the 
proprietor  of  that  paper,  in  1784.  In  the  same  year  he 
emigrated  to  Philadelphia,  and  with  the  financial  aid  of 
Lafayette  established  "The  Pennsylvania  Herald'  (first 
number  Jan.  25,  17.S5) ;  later  he  became  connected  with 
the  "Columbia  Magazine  '  and  the  "American  Museum," 
and  conducted  an  extensive  publishing  business.  He 
wrote  "  Essays  on  Political  Economy  "  (18'22X  "  Letters  on 
the  Colonization  Society,"  "  Female  AVages  and  Female 
Oppression ''  (1835),  etc. 

Carey,  William.  Bom  at  Paulerspury,  North- 
amptonshire, Aug.  17,  1761:  died  at  Seram- 
pore,  India,  June  9, 1834.  An  English  Oriental- 
ist, and  missionary  in  British  India  from  1794. 
He  was  the  author  of  grammars  of  Mahratta  (1805),  San- 
skrit (1806),  Panjabi  (1812),  Telinga  (1814),  dictionaries  of 
Mahratta  (1810),  Beng41i  (1818),  etc. 

Carfax  (kiir'faks).  [From  ML.  quadrifurcus, 
having  four  forks.]  In  Oxford,  England,  the 
junction  of  Cornmarket  street.  Queen  street, 
St.  Aldgate's,  and  High  street. 

Cargill  (kar-gil'),  Donald.  Born  at  Rattray, 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  1619 :  executed  at 
Edinburgh,  July  27, 1681.  A  Scotch  Covenanting 
preacher,  condemned  to  death  for  high  treason. 

Carheil(ka-ray'),Etiennede.  Diedafter  1721. 
A  French  Jesuit,  missionary  among  the  Hiu'ons 
and  Iroquois  in  Canada. 

Caria  (ka'ri-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  divi- 
sion of  Asia  Minor,  lying  between  Lydia  on  the 
north,  Phrygia  and  Lycia  on  the  east,  and 
the  ^gean  Sea  on  the  south  and  west.  The  Me- 
ander, a  noted  river,  flows  through  it.  Its  chief  towns 
were  Miletus,  Halicarnassus,  and  Cnidus.  The  early  in- 
habitants were  Haraitic,  and  the  Greeks  formed  colonies 
on  the  coasts.     Its  princes  became  tributary  to  Persia. 

Caria  was  anciently  the  whole  country  from  Caunns  on 
the  south  to  the  mouth  of  the  MEeander'on  the  west  coast. 
It  extended  inland  at  least  as  far  as  Carura,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Lycus  with  the  Meander.  The  chain  of  Cad- 
mus (Baba  Dagh)  formed,  apparently,  its  eastern  boun- 
dary. In  process  of  time  the  greater  part  of  the  coast  was 
occupied  by  the  Greeks.  The  peninsula  of  Cnidus.  with 
the  tract  above  it  known  as  the  Bybassian  Chersonese, 
was  colonised  by  Dorians,  as  was  the  southern  shore  of  the 
Ceramic  Gulf,  from  Myndus  to  Ceranius.  Mere  to  the 
north  the  coast  was  seized  upon  by  the  Ionian  Greeks, 
who  seem  to  have  possessed  themselves  of  the  entire  sea- 
board from  the  Hermus  to  the  furthest  recess  of  the  Sinus 
lassius.  Still  the  Carians  retained  some  portions  of  the 
coast,  and  were  able  to  furnish  to  the  navy  of  Xerxes  a 
fleet  of  seventy  ships  Rawhmon,  Herod.,  I.  383. 

Cariaco  (ka-re-a'ko).  A  seaport  town  in  north- 
eastern Venezuela,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cariaco,  in  lat  10°  30'  N.,  long.  63° 
41'  W.  Iris  also  called  San  Felipe  de  Austria. 
Population,  about  7,000. 

Caribana  (ka-ri-ba'nii).  The  name  given  on 
some  maps  of  the  16th  century  to  Guiana,  or  the 
region  between  the  Amazon'and  the  Orinoco, 
sometimes  including  a  portion  of  Venezuela. 
It  was  evidently  derived  from  the  Carib  IndLans  who  in- 
habited these  coasts. 

Caribbean  Sea  (kar-i-be'an  se).  An  arm  of  the 
Atlantic  lying  between  tlie  Greater  Antilles  on 
the  north,  Caribbee  islands  on  the  east.  South 
America  on  the  south,  and  Yucatan  and  (Cen- 
tral America  on  the  west.  It  is  connected 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Yucatan  channel. 

Oaribbees  (kar'i-bez),  or  Caribbee  Islands. 
[From  the  Spanish  Caribe,  a  Carib.]  A  general 
name  for  the  chain  of  islands  on  the  eastern 
Kide  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  forming  a  portion 
of  the  West  Indies. 


216 

Caribs  (kar'ibz).  [From  Carihd  or  Carina,  the 
name  which  they  gave  to  themselves,  meaning 
'people.']  A  powerful  and  warlike  tribe  of 
Indians  who,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  oc- 
cupied portions  of  Guiana  and  the  lower  Ori- 
noco and  had  conquered  the  Windward  or  Carib- 
bee islands  from  the  Arawaks.  There  was  little 
tribal  union,  and  the  authority  of  the  chiefs  was  nominal. 
,\t  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  practised  agriculture. 
Columbus  first  encountered  these  Indians  at  Guadeloupe, 
and  had  a  battle  with  thetu  at  Santa  Cruz  (1493).  The 
.Spanish  courts  condemned  them  to  slavery,  but  they  were 
little  molested,  probably  because  they  could  not  be  forced 
to  work.  The  French  and  English  occupations  of  the 
Caribbee  islands  led  to  long  wars  with  these  Indians: 
their  last  stronghold  was  in  St.  Vincent,  where  some  of 
them  became  mixed  with  fugitive  negro  slaves,  giving 
rise  to  the  race  called  "  black  Caribs."  After  a  bloody  war 
with  the  English,  the  surviving  Caribs,  to  the  number  of 
5,000,  were  transported  from  St.  Vincent,  to  the  island  of 
Kuatan,  near  the  coast  of  Honduras  (1796).  Thence  they 
passed  over  to  Honduras  and  Nicaragua,  where  their  de- 
scendants, mostly  "  black  Caribs,"  now  live.  A  few  were 
allowed  to  return  to  St.  Vincent  where  they  have  a  reser- 
vation, and  there  are  a  few  more  in  other  islands.  Some 
thousands  remain  in  a  semi-wild  state  in  Guiana  and  Ven- 
ezuela. In  French  Guiana  they  .are  called  Galibis.  The 
name  Carib  was  applied  by  the  Spaniards  to  any  Indians 
whom  they  regarded  as  cannibals  or  very  savage.  The 
word  cannibal  or  canibai,  in  various  languages,  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  Caribd, 

Carignan  (ka-reu-yon').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  12  miles  south- 
east of  Sedan.  The  French  were  repulsed  here  by  the 
Prussians,  Aug.  31,  1870. 

Carignano  (ka-ren-ya'no).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po 
11  miles  south  of  Turin.     It  manufactures  silk, 

Carijos  (ka-re.zhos').  A  tribe  of  Indians  of 
the  Tupi  race,  formerly  inhabiting  the  eoas.t 
region  of  southern  Brazil,  in  vi'hat  is  now  the 
state  of  Santa  Catharina. 

Carilef  (kar'i-lef),  William  de,  Saint.  Died 
Jan.  2,  1096.  An  English  ecclesiastic  and 
statesman,  made  bishop  of  Durham  by  William 
the  Conqueror  in  1080.  He  was  influential  in  eccle- 
siastical and  civil  affairs  (especially  as  an  antagonist  of 
Lanfranc  and  Anselm)  during  the  reigns  of  William  I.  and 
William  II,,  and  took  an  important  part  in  the  building  of 
the  cathedral  of  Durham. 

Carillo  (ka-rel'yo),  Braulio.  Bom  at  Cartago, 
1800:  murdered  at  San  Miguel,  Salvador,  1845. 
A  Costa  Rican  statesman.  He  was  president  of 
Costa  Rica  1835-37,  and  again  1838-April,  1842,  when  he 
was  overthrown  and  banished  by  Morazan. 

Carimata.orKarimata  (ka-re-mii'ta).  Islands. 
A  group  of  small  islands  lying  west  of  Borneo, 
in  lat.  1°  30'  S.,  long.  108°  50'  E.  They  are 
under  Dutch  rule. 

Carimata,  or  Karimata,  Strait.  A  strait  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Borneo  and  Billiton, 

Carino  (ka-re'no).  1.  In  Guarini's  "Pastor 
Fido,"  a  courtier.  He  contrasts  the  corruption  of  the 
town  with  the  .\rcadian  simplicity  of  the  other  characters, 
2.  The  father  of  Zenocia  in  Fletcher  and  Mas- 
singer's  "  Custom  of  the  Country." 

Carinola  (ka-re-no'la).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italv,  situated  in  lat.  41°  12' 
N..  long.  13°  58'  E.  " 

Carintma  (ka-rin'thi-a).  [G.  Earnten;  from 
L.  Carni  (which  see).]  A  crownland  of  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  it  is 
bounded  by  Salzburg  and  Styria  on  the  north,  Styria  on  the 
east,  (Jarniola,  Kustenland,  and  Italy  on  the  south,  and  the 
Tyrol  on  the  west.  It  is  very  mountainous,  containing  the 
Carnic  and  Noric  Alps,  and  is  traversed  from  west  to  east 
by  the  Drave.  Its  capital  is  Klagenfurt.  It  lias  10  repre- 
sentatives in  the  Austrian  Reichsral,  anil  a  Landtag  of  37 
members.  About  70  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  Ger- 
mans, about  30  per  cent.  Slovenes  ;  the  great  inajiirity  are 
Roman  Catholic.  Carinthia  wasa  part  of  tlie  ancient  Nori- 
cura.  It  was  colonized  by  Slavs,  and  was  part  of  Cliarles 
the  Great's  empire.  It  became  a  mark  and  a  duchy.  Styria 
w.aa  separated  irom  it  in  1180.  It  was  acquired  by  Bohe- 
mia in  1269,  united  with  Gorz  in  1286.  and  acquired  by 
Austria  in  1335.  In  1849  it  became  a  crownland.  .Aroa, 
4,005  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  361,008. 

Carinus  (ka-ri'nus),  Marcus  Aurelius.  Died 
near  Margum,  in  Moesia,  285  A.  D.  Roman 
emperor  283-285,  elder  son  of  Cams.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  western  provinces,  with  the 
titles  of  Csesar  and  Imperator,  on  the  departure  of  his 
father  and  brother  (Nunierianus)  in  282  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Persians,  in  the  course  of  which  Carus  died 
(283),  leaving  the  two  brothers  joint  emperors.  Nume- 
rianus  died  soon  after,  and  the  army  of  Asia  proclaimed 
Diocletian  emperor.  A  decisive  battle  was  fought  in  285 
near  Margum,  in  Mcesia,  in  which  Carinus  was  victorious. 
He  was,  however,  killed  in  the  moment  of  triumph  by  his 
own  oflicers. 

Caripunas  (ka-re-po'nils).  [In  Tupi,  'white 
men  of  the  water.']  A  horde  of  Brazilian  In- 
dians on  the  river  Madeira,  especially  about 
the  rapids.  They  are  hunters  and  flshermen,  wan- 
dering in  the  forests,  and  often  attacking  travelers.  In 
number  they  probably  do  not  exceed,  at  present,  one 
or  two  thousand.  The  Caripunas  are  exceptionally  light- 
colored  for  Indians,  hardly  darker  than  many  Europeans. 
Their  language  bears  little  relation  to  that  of  surround- 


Carlisle 

ing  tribes.  They  call  themselves  Mannu.  The  namfr  1 
Caripuna  has  been  applied  to  other  wandering  hordes  in  | 
vaiious  parts  of  the  Amazon  valley.  j 

Cariris.     See  Kiriris. 

Carisbrooke  (kar'is-bruk).  A  village  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  1  mile  south  of  New- 
port.    It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  castle. 

Carisbrooke  Castle.  An  ancient  castle  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  the  place  of  captivity 
of  Charles  I.,  1647-48.  it  is  of  Saxon  foundation; 
but  of  the  existing  remains  the  keep  is  Norman,  most  of 
the  towers  and  main  walls  are  of  the  13th  century,  and 
the  outworks  and  chief  residential  buildings  were  added 
or  remodeled  under  Queen  Elizabeth,  The  castle  is  now 
ruinous,  but  extensive  and  exceedingly  picturesque,  with 
ivy-clad  towers  and  ramparts. 

Carker  (kar'ker),  James.  The  manager  in  the 
offices  of  Dombey  and  Son,  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  that  name.  He  is  "sly  of  manner,  shai-p  of  tooth, 
soft  of  foot,  watchful  of  eye,  oily  of  tongue,  cruel  of 
heart,  nice  of  habit."  He  induces  Edith,  the  second  wift 
of  Dombey.  to  elope  with  him,  to  revenge  herself  on  hei 
husband.  He  is  killed  while  trying  to  escape  from  I)om> 
bey,  having  been  deceived  and  balked  by  Edith. 

Carl  (karl).  [G.  Carl,  Earl,  MHG.  Earl.  Earely 
OHG.  Cliaral,  Chard,  ML.  Carolus,  Earolus, 
Earulus,  Earlus,  OF.  Charles,  whence  ME.  and 
E.  Charles;  from  OH(j.  charal,  charel,  MHG. 
karl,  a  man.]     See  Charles. 

Carlee.     See  Earli. 

Carlell  (kar-lel'),  Lodo'Wick.  An  English  dram- 
atist of  the  first  half  of  the  17th  century.  He 
Wits  the  reputed  author  of  "  The  Deser\'ing  Favourite,"  a 
tragicomedy  (1629),  "  Arviragus  and  PhUicia.  "  a  tragi- 
comedy (1639),  "  The  Passionate  Lover  "  (1655),  "  i'he  Fool 
would  be  a  Favourite,  or  the  Discreet  Lover  "  (1657),  "Os- 
mund, the  Great  Turk,"  a  tragedy  (1657),  "Heraelius, 
Emperor  of  the  East "(1664),  and  "The  Spartan  Ladies" 
(lost). 

Carlen  (kar-lan'),  Madame  (Emilia  Smith 
Flygare).  Born  at  Stromstad,  Sweden.  Aug. 
8,  1807:  died  at  Stockholm,  Feb.  5,  1892.  A 
Swedish  novelist.  Her  works  include  "Waldem.ir 
Klein"  (1838),  "Gustav  Lindorm"  (1839),  "Rosen  pi 
Tistelbn  "  (1842),  etc. 

Carlen,  Johan  Gabriel.  Born  in  Westgotland, 
Sweden,  July  9' 1814:  died  at  Stockholm,  July 
6,  1875.  A  Swedish  poet  and  author,  second 
husband  of  Madame  Carlen.  He  wrote  "  Romanser 
ur  Svenska  Volklifvet"  (1846,  "Romances  of  Swedish 
Life  "),  etc, 

Carleton  (karl'ton),  George.  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  18th  century.  An  English 
officer,  a  captain  of  artillery :  author  of  the 
"  Military  Memoirs,  1672-1713,"  often  regarded 
as  the  work  of  Defoe. 

Carleton,  Guy.  Born  at  Strabane,  Ireland, 
Sept.  3,  1724:  died  at  Stubbings,  near  Maiden- 
head, Nov.  10.  1808.  An  English  soldier  and 
administrator,  created  Baron  Dorchester  Aug. 
21.  1786.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  June  18, 
1757  :  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Louisburg;  was  wounded 
(then  colonel)  at  the  capture  of  Quebec;  served  at  the- 
siege  of  Belleisle  1761,  and  at  the  siege  of  Havana  1762; 
was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Quebec  Sept.  24, 
1766,  and  governor  Jan.  10,  1775;  took  command  of  the 
British  troops  in  Canada;  defended  Quebec  successfully 
against  the  American  forces,  Dec,  1775,  -  May,  1776 ;  cap- 
tured Crown  Point,  Oct.,  1776  ;  was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral Aug.,  1777  ;  succeeded  Sir  Henry  Clinton  as  com- 
mander-in-chief in  America.  Feb.  23,  1782,  arriving  in 
New  York  May  5.  and  evacuating  the  city  Nov.  25, 1783 ; 
atid  was  again  appointed  governor  of  Quebec,  April  11, 
1786.    He  resigned  the  governorship  in  1796. 

Carleton,  William.  Bom  at  Prillisk.  T\Tone, 
Ireland.  1794:  died  at  Dublin,  Jan.  30."  1869. 
An  Irish  novelist,  a  delineator  of  Irish  charac- 
ter and  life.  He  wrote  "Traits  and  Stories  of  the 
Irish  Peasantry  "  (1830),  "Tales  of  Ireland  "  (1834),  "Far- 
doroughga  the  Miser"  (1839),  "Valentine  M'Clutchy'" 
(1846),  etc. 

Carli  (kar'le).  or  Carli-Rubbi  (-rob'be).  Count 
Giovanni  Rinaldo.  Born  at  Capodistria, 
near  'Triest,  April  11,  1720:  died  at  Milan, 
Feb.  22,  1795.  An  Italian  political  economist 
and  antiquary.  His  chief  works  are  "Delle  monete 
e  deir  istituzione  delle  zeccl.e  d'ltalia  "  (1750-60),  "Delle 
antichiti  italiche  "  (1788-91),  "  Lettere  Amtricane  "  (1780- 
1781),  etc. 

Carlino  (kar-le'no).  Carlo  Antonio  Berti- 
nazzi.  Born  at  Turin.  1713:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  7,  1783.  An  Italian  pautomimist  and  im- 
pro-visator. 

Carlisle,  Earls  of.    See  Howard. 

Carlisle  (kiir-lil').  [Formerly  also  Carlile,  Car- 
hlle.  Carlcil,  ME.  Carlile,  Earlile,  British  Caer 
Lucl,  from  caer,  city,  and  Luel,  from  LL.  Ltigu- 
vallum.  LiKjuvallium,  or  LngnhulUa,  the  Roman 
name.]  The  capital  of  Cumberland,  England, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Caldew,  Peteril, 
and  Eden,  in  lat.  .54°  .54'  N.,  long.  2°  55'  W, 
It  is  an  important  railway  center,  and  has  manufactures 
of  iron  and  cotton.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  castle, 
and  near  it  is  the  end  of  the  Roman  wall.  The  cathedral, 
as  it  now  stands,  is  almost  wholly  of  the  14th  century. 
The  Norman  nave  was  burned  in  the  13th  century,  except 
the  two  bays  nearest  the  transept,  which  have  since  con- 


Carlisle 

Stituted  the  entire  nave.  The  fine  choir  is  in  tht  Deco- 
rated style,  witn  a  remarkably  lar^'e  and  hamlsome  Per- 
pendicular east  window  (50  by  SO  feL-t).  The  stalls  are 
of  the  15th  ct'iitury,  with  contemporaneous  paintings  on 
their  backs.  It  wjis  an  important  Roman  town  ;  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Danes  about  875;  and  was  rebuilt  by  William 
II.  Bruce  besieged  it  unsuccessfully  in  1315.  and  it  was 
the  place  of  imprisonment  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  in  15CS. 
It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in 
1645.  and  by  the  Young  Pretender  in  1745.  Population 
(1891),  39,170. 

Carlisle.  The  capital  of  Cumberland  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  17  miles  \yest-southwest 
of  Hamsblirg.  it  is  the  seat  of  Dickinson  College,  and 
was  bombarded  by  the  Confederates  July  1,  18t>3.  Popu- 
lation (inoiii    '.t.fi'26. 

Carlisle  (kar-lil'),  John  Griffin.  Born  in  Ken- 
ton County,  Ky.,  Sept.  5,  1835.  An  American 
statesman.  His  family  came  from  near  Culpeper  in 
Virginia.  In  1855  he  went  to  Covington,  Kentucky,  to  study 
law,  supporting  himself  as  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1S5S,  and  in  1SG6  entered 
the  State  senate  of  Kentucky.  He  served  his  term,  and 
was  reelected,  but  resigned.  In  1876  he  was  elected  to 
the  45th  Congress,  and  remained  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives until  his  promotion  to  the  Senate  in  1890  as 
successor  to  Senator  Beck.  He  was  speaker  of  the  House 
1883-89.  He  was  appointed  secretai-y  of  the  treasury  by 
President  Cleveland,  March  4,  1S93. 

Carlists  (liar'lists),  The.  In  Spanish  history, 
the  partizans  of  the  pretender  Bon  Carlos,  bro- 
ther of  Ferdinand  VII.,  and  subsequent  claim- 
ants under  his  title.  Ferdinand  repealed  in  1829  the 
Salic  law  of  succession,  introduced  by  Philip  V.  in  1713, 
in  accordance  with  which  females  could  inherit  the  throne 
only  in  case  of  the  total  extinction  of  the  male  line;  and 
by  a  decree  of  March,  1830,  established  the  old  Castilian 
law,  in  accordance  with  which  the  daughters  and  giand- 
daughters  of  the  king  take  precedence  of  his  brothers  and 
nephews.  Ferdinand  died  Sept.  29,  1833.  without  male 
issue,  and  the  throne  descended  to  his  minor  daughter 
Isabella  Maria  II.,  who  was  placed  under  the  regency  of 
her  mother  Donna  Maria  Christina.  Carlos,  who  was  heir 
presumptive  to  the  throne  under  the  Salic  law,  refused  to 
recogJiizc  the  pragmatic  sanction,  and  inaugurated,  with 
the  aid  of  the  Clericals  or  Absolutists,  a  civil  war  which 
lasted  from  1833  to  1840.  (See  Cristinos.)  He  resigned 
his  claim  in  1845  to  his  son  Don  Curios,  Duke  of  Monte- 
molin,  who  entered  Spain  with  3,000  men  in  1860.  but  was 
defeated  at  Tortosa,  and  made  prisoner.  His  claim  de- 
scended to  his  nephew  Don  Carlos  (III.),  who,  after  sev- 
eral short-lived  risings  in  his  name,  headed  a  formidable 
insurrection  from  1873  to  1876. 

Carlo  Buffone.    See  Bnffone. 

Carlo  Khan  (kar'lo  kiin).  A  nickname  given 
to  Charles  James  Fox,  occasioned  by  the  intro- 
duction of  bis  India  bill  into  Parliament  in  1783. 

Carlos (kar'los),  [See  Charles-.^  1.  The  treach- 
erous younger  brother  of  Biron  in  Southeme's 
play  **Isabella." — 2.  An  apathetic  pedant  in 
{Jibber's  comedy  "Love  Makes  a  Man."  He  is 
transformed  by  love  into  an  enthusiastic  and 
manly  fellow. 

Carlos  (kiir'los),  Don.  Born  at  Valladolid. 
Spain,  July  8,  1545:  died  at  Madrid,  July  24, 
15G8.  Eldest  son  of  Philip  II,  of  Spain  and 
Maria  of  Portugal.  He  received  the  homage  of  the 
estates  of  Castile  as  crown  prince  in  1560.  In  1567, 
angered  hy  the  appointment  of  the  Duke  of  Alva  to  the 
governorship  of  the  Netherlands,  he  struck  at  the  duke 
with  a  poniard  in  the  presence  of  the  king.  Having 
laid  plans  to  escape  from  Spain,  he  was  apprehended  by 
bis  father,  Jan.  18,  15(i8.  and  a  commission  was  appointed 
to  investigate  his  conduct.  He  died  in  prisiDu  a  few- 
months  after,  the  manner  of  his  death  being  invidved 
in  mystery.  Tragedies  with  Don  Carlos  as  subject  have 
been  written  by  Otway  (lt)7(i).  De  Campistrun  (lfi8:i),  De 
rh«.iii«_-r(l>'.t),  Schiller{1787).  and  others.    i>w  Don  Carlos. 

Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Maria  Jos^  Isidoro  de 
Bourbon).  Born  March  29,  1788:  died  at  Tri- 
est,  Austria-Hungary,  March  10,  1855.  A  pre- 
tender to  the  throne  of  Spain,  second  son  of 
Charles  IV.,  and  brother  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
He  was  in  1808  compelled  by  Napoleon  to  renounce,  with 
his  brother,  the  right  to  the  Spanish  succession,  and  was 
detained  with  his  brother  at  Valenyay  till  1814.  He  be- 
came after  the  restoration  heir  presumptive  to  the  tliroiie, 
but  was  deprived  of  this  position  by  tlie  abolition  of  the 
Salic  law  through  the  pragmatic  sancticin  of  March  2H, 
1830,  and  by  the  birth  of  the  infanta  Maria  Isabella,  Oct. 
10, 1830.  On  the  death  of  Ferdinand.  Sept.  20,  18;i:i,  he 
was  proclaimed  king  by  the  clerical  party,  and  was  rec- 
ognized by  the  pretender  I>om  Miguel  of  I'ortugal.  Re- 
sistiince  being  made  hopeless  by  the  Quadruple  Treaty, 
concluded  at  London,  April  22. 1834,  between  Spain,  I'ortu- 
gal, England,  antl  France,  for  tlie]nn7)nse  of  evpellint;  the 
two  pretenriers  from  the  Sii;inish  pciiiiisiil:i.  lit-  t.iiibaiked 
for  FiUgland  .Func  1,  ls;il.  Ih:  rrtnniftl  t.)Spain,  houtver, 
and  appeared  at  the  headquarters  of  tlie  Absolutist  or 
('jirlist  insurgents  in  Navarre,  July  10, 1834,  but  was  forced 
by  tile  capture  of  his  army  by  Oenenil  ICspartero  to  seek 
refuge  a<:rn83  the  FrtMich  border,  Sei)t.  14,  1839.  He  re- 
signed his  claims  to  his  s<.mi  Don  (.'arlos.  May  18,  184.\ 
and  iiasiimed  the  title  of  Count  de  Molina. 

Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Luis  Fernando  de  Bour- 
bon). Bom  at,  Mndri.I.  .bin.  :tl.  ISIS:  .lird 
at  Triest,  Austri;i-]Iiiiii;:iry,  .Jan.  lit,  ISOl.  101- 
dest  son  of  Don  Carlos  (17SK-18.')r>),  culled  Count 
of  Montemolin.  pretender  to  the  Mirone  IM')- 
IftGl.   He  headed  an  unsuccessfid  risiiiir  in  IStiO. 

Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Maria  de  los  Dolores 
Juan  Isidoro  Jos6  Francisco,  Unke  of  i\Ia- 


217 


Carmel 


drid^     Bom  Mareh  80, 184S.   A  pretender  to  the     wit  and  beauty.      she  married  Thomas  Carlile.  at 
Spamsh  throne,  nj;phew  of  Don  Carlos  (1818-     T^^v^,0^  r!^,H^.U^  ^^  u....ou^s  were 


Spain  July  __, 

measure  of  success  till  after  the  fall  of  the  republic  aud 
the  proclaiiiatiou  of  Alfonso  XII.  Tolosa,  the  last  Car- 
list  stronRholil,  fell  in  Jan.,  1876.  Since  the  death  of  Al- 
fonso XII.  Don  Carlos  has  not  prosecuted  his  claims  in 
the  field. 

Carlos,  Don.  The  piineipal  character  in  Cor- 
neille's  comedy  "Don  Sanehe  d'Ai'agon."  He 
is  really  Don  Sanehe,  the  heir  to  the  throne. 

Carlos,  Don.  The  extravagant  and  profligate 
husband  of  Victoria  in  Mrs.  Cowley's  comedy 
'•  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband."  She  strikes 
a  bold  stroke  and  regains  him. 

Carlota  (kar-lo'tii).     See  Charlotte. 

Carlota  Joaquina  (kiir-lo'tii  zho-a-ke'na)  of 
Bourbon.  Born  at  Madrid,  April  25,  1775: 
died  near  Lisbon,  1830.  A  queen  of  Portugal, 
daughter  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain.  She  married 
in  1790  Jo.ao,  infante  of  Portugal,  afterward  Jo.\o  VI.  In 
1807  she  fled  with  the  royal  family  of  Portugal  to  Brazil, 
and  remained  there  until  lb21.  She  encouraged  the  in- 
trigues of  her  favorite  son,  Dom  Miguel,  who  in  1828 
usurped  the  crown. 

Carlovingian  (kiir-lo-vin'ji-an)  Cycle.  A  group 
of  medieval  poems  dealing  with  the  exploits  of 
Charles  the  Great  and  his  nobles. 

Carlovingians.     See  CaroUiujians. 

Carlovitz,  or  Carlowltz.    See  KarJowitz. 

Carlow  (kar'lo).  An  inland  county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland.  It  is  an  important  dairy  country. 
Area,  349  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
40,936. 

Carlow,  Ir.  Catherlogh  (kath'er-loch).  The 
cajiital  of  the  county  of  Carlow,  Ireland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Barrow  in  lat.  52°  51'  N.,  long.  6° 
56'  W.  It  was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1650, 
and  was  the  scene  of  an  insurgent  defeat  in  1798.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  U,619. 

Carlowitz  (kar'16-vits).  Peace  of.  A  peace 
concluded  Jan.  26, 1699,  for  twenty-five  years, 
between  Austria,  Poland,  Russia,  Venice,  and 
Turkey,  by  the  mediation  of  England  and  the 
Netherlands.    Austria  received  the  portion  of  Hungary 


brother  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  From  1831  to  1843  he 
was  traveling  physician,  first  to  Lady  Clare,  and  then  to 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  In  1852  he  married,  and  after 
the  death  of  his  wife  (1854)  resided  in  Edmbiu-gli.  He 
published  a  translation  of  Dante's  "'Inferno  "  (1849). 

Carlyle,  Joseph  Dacre.     Born   at   Carlisle, 

England,  IT.'iy :  died  at  Xewcastle-upon-T^Tie, 
England,  April  12,  1804.  An  English  Oriental- 
ist. He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge  University,  pro- 
fessor of  Arabic  in  1795,  and  chancellor  of  Carlisle  in  1793. 
He  published  "Specimens  of  Arabic  Poetry"  (1796), 
"Poems,  suggested  chiefly  by  scenes  in  Asia  Minor, 
Syria,  and  Greece  "  (1805). 
Carlyle,  Thomas.  Born  at  Ecclefeehan,  Dum- 
friesshire, Dec.  4,  1795  :  died  at  Chelsea,  Lon- 
don, Feb.  4,  1881.  A  celebrated  Scottish  es- 
sayist and  historian.  He  was  educated  at  Annan 
Grammar  School  and  Edinburgh  University  (which  he 
entered  in  the  fall  of  1809) :  became  mathematical  tutor 
at  Annan  in  1814,  and  schoolmaster  at  Kirkcaldy,  with  Ir- 
ving, in  1816  ;  removed  to  Edinburgh,  Dec,  1819,  to  study 
law.  supporting  himself  by  giving  lessons  in  mathemat- 
ics and  by  writing  for  encyclopedias ;  became  tutor  of 
Charles  and  Arthur  BuUer  in  the  spring  of  1822 ;  visited 
London  and  Paris  1824-25 ;  miuried  Jane  Baillie  Welsh, 
Oct.  17,  1826,  and  resided  at  Comely  Bank,  Edinljuvgh ; 
removed  May,  1828,  to  Craigenputtoch,  where  he  remained 
until  1834  ;  and  settled  at  5  (now  24)  Cheyne  Row,  Chelsea, 
June  10, 1834.  He  was  elected  rectorof  Edinburgh  t  niver- 
sity,  dchvering  the  usual  address,  April  2,  1866 ;  and  in 
1874  he  received  the  Prussian  Order  of  Merit.  He  pub- 
lished a  large  number  of  essays  and  brief  articles,  a 
"Life  of  Schiller"  (in  the  "London  Magazine"  1S23-24, 
and  separately  1825),  a  translation  of  Goethe's  "  Wilhelm 
Meister"  (1824),  a  translation  of  Legendre  s  "Elements of 
Geometry  and  Trigonometry  "  (1824),  "  Specimens  of  Ger- 
man Romance  "  (1827),  "Sartor  Resartus  "  (in  "  Fraser's 
Magazine  "  1833-;i4,  and  sepai-ately,  Boston,  1835 ;  English 
ed.  1838),  "The  French  Revolution  "  (1837),  "Chartism" 
(1839),  "Heroes  and  Hero-worship"  (1841),  "Past  and 
Present  "  (1843),"  Oliver  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches  '' 
(1845),  "Latter-day  Pamphlets"  (1850),  "Life  of  John 
Sterling  "  (1851),  "  History  of  Fiederick  the  Great  "  (1858- 
1865).  His  complete  works  were  published,  1872-74,  in 
thirty-seven  volumes :  "People's  Edition."  1871.  "Remi- 
niscences," edited  hy  Froude  (1881).  Life  by  Froude. 
"Thomas  Carlyle  :  A  History  of  the  First  Forty  Years  of 
his  Life  "  (1S82). 


between  the  Danube  and  Theiss,  and  was  allowed  to  ap-  Carmagnola  (kiir-man-yo'la).     A  town  in  the 

propriate Transylvania;  Russia  received  Azoff;  Poland  re^  province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mella 

gained  Podolia  and  the  Ukraine;  and  i/enice  retained  the  r_                                 j         .' i       ..   r.,      •         , 

jjQfgjj^  l.j  miles  south-southeast  of   lurin.    it  was  the 

birthplace  of  Bussone,  associated  with  the  "  Carmagnole  " 

The  treaty  of  Carlowitz  is  memorable,  not  only  on  ac-  according  to  one  version  of  its  origin, 

count  of  the  magnitude  of  the  territorial  change  which  it  Carmagnola,   originallv  FrancesCO    BuSSOnO. 

ratified  ;  not  only  because  it  mi^ks  the  period  when  men  j^^j.^  .,,  Carmagnola, Italy. about  1390:  executed 

ceased  to  dread  the  Ottoman  Empire  as  an  aggressive  . -.-      .       -»r       -   i  i.j.-i       *      t*    i-               i    **■ 

power ;  but,  also,  because  it  was  then  that  the  Porte  and  i^t  \  emce,  May  o,  1432.    An  Italian  COndottiere, 

Russia  took  part,  for  the  first  time,  in  a  general  Emopean  in  the  service  of  Milan  aud  \  enice. 

Congress;  and  because,  by  admitting  to  that  congress  the  Carmagnolc  (kar-mii-nyol').  La.       A  song  and 

representatives  of  England  and  Holland,  neitherof  which  j            popular  iluring  the  French  Revolution. 

i  to  the  war,  both  the  Sultan  and  the  ,.   „.,„,',   f.,,  _   ....  „    ,,.,.^  ....      ,,.. 


states  was  a  party  to  the  war.  both 
Czar  thus  admitted  the  principle  of  intervention  of  the 
European  powers,  one  with  another,  for  the  sake  of  the 
general  good.    Creasy,  Hist,  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  p.  319. 

Carlsbad.    See  Karlsbnd. 
Carlsburg.     See  Enrlxburi/. 
Carlscrona.     See  KdrJst.rcim. 
Carlshamn.     See  KinislHniin. 

Carlson  (karl'sou).  Fredrik  Ferdinand.  Born 


It  rivaled  "Ca  ira."  The  tunc  originated  in  I*rovence. 
and  was  probably  a  country-dance  tune.  It  was  adapted 
to  a  patriotic  song  written  in  Aug.  or  Sept.,  1792.  The 
original  song  was  military  only,  and  not  the  bloody  "  Car- 
magnole des  lioyalistea  "  of  1793.  The  last  lines  of  the 
stanzas  in  all  the  versions,  however,  were 

"  Dansons  la  Carmagnole, 
Vive  le  son.  vive  le  son  ! 
Dansons  la  Carmagnole, 
Vive  le  son  du  canon ! " 


...  ^I'land,  S»»>'l^i;.  J''"c  J^-  '^*11=.  ;litHl  at  Carmania  (kiir-ma'ni-ii).  The  ancient  name 
Stockholm,  March  18,  18s,.  A  Swedish  histo-  ^,j,  ,^  ^^^^^  ;,,  soutlicril' Persia,  now  called  Kir- 
nan  and  politician.     He  was  minister  of  eecle- 


maii. 
Carmarthen, i>r  Caerniarthen(kar-miir'Tiien). 

The  capital  of  Carmartlienshire,  Wales,  situ- 
ateil  on  the  Towy  in  lat.  51°  51'  N.,  long.  4* 
22'  \V.:  said  to  be  the  Roman  Mariduuum. 
P<ipuliitioii  (1891),  10,338. 


siastical  affairs  1863-70  and  1875-78. 

Carlsruhe.     See  Karlsruhe. 

Carlstad.     See  Karlstad. 

Carlstadt.     See  Karlstadt. 

Carlton   (karl'ton).   The.     A  London  club  es 
tablished  in  1832.     It  is  a  political  cln^  strictly ^^^^^^^^^  Carmarthenshire'  "(k'iU-miir'THen-sllir).       A 
servative,  founded  by  the  Duke  of  \\  cllington.    Itheldlts      ♦..,.,-   w...,,i.  ax-.,i,...    i 1...1    i...  , ..,...); 


llrst  meeting  in  1831.    Its  present  house  is  at  94  Pall  Mall, 
S.  W. 
Carlton  House.     A  house  formerly  staiulingiu 
what  is  now  Carlton  House  Terrace,  London. 
It  was  built  for  Henry  Boyle,  Lord  Carlton,  in  1709,  and  in 


1732  was  occupied  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  afterwanl  Carmel  (kiir'mel). 
by  the  prince  regent  (George  IV  )  It  was  removed  in  ,„^,„„t,u„-ridgc  in 
1827  to  make  room  for  Waterloo  Place.  t- 


Carluke  (kiir'lok).     A  mining  town  in  Lanark- 
shire. S<-otlaiid,  southeasl  of  (ilasgow. 

Carlyle  (kilr-lil'),  Alexander._   Horn  at  Pres- 

tonpaiis,  Scotland,  Jan.  26,  li22:  died  at  In- 
veresk,  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  25,  1805.  A 
Scotch  clergyman,  minister  at  Inveresk  from 
1748  until  his  death.  He  wrotoan  "Autobiography" 
(edited  bv  .Tohn  Hill  liurt.>M,  ISUO),  some  political  and 
other  liampblets,  etc.  He  wa.n  a  man  of  genial  character, 
and  the  intimate  friend  of  Uiimc,  Smollett,  and  other 
Scottish  men  of  letters,  ilia  patronage  of  the  theater  was 
a  ranae  of  scandal  in  tlie  Si'ollish  Church. 

Carlyle,  Jane  Baillie  Welsh.    Bom  at  Ilad- 

diiigt(Ui,  Scollaiiil,  .Inly  14,  1801  :  died  while 
driving  in  Hyde  Park.  London,  April  21.1866. 
She  was  thedaughti'r  of  John  Welsh,  a  sur- 
geon of   Haddington,  and  was  noted  for  her 


county  of  South  Wales,  liouiided  by  Cardigan 
on  the  iiorlli,  Brecknock  and  Glamorgan  ou 
tlie  east,  Carmarthen  Bay  on  the  south,  aud 
Pembroke  on  the  west.  Area,  929  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  130,574. 

[Heb.,  'park'  (?).]  1.  A 
Pah'stiiie  which  branches  off 
roll!  the  niiiuntaiiis  of  Samaria,  and  stretches 
in  a  long  lino  to  the  iiorlhwi'st  toward  the 
Mediterranean,  it  fell  within  the  lot  of  the  tribe  of 
Asher.  and  is  frctiuently  mentione<l  in  the  Old  Testament. 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  of  the  deeds  of  the  twtt  great 
prophets  Elijah  and  Elisha.  The  imninlain  Is  formeil  of 
haril  gi-ay  limestone  with  mtdulcs  and  veins  of  flint, 
abounds  in  caves,  and  is  coveretl  with  a  rich  vegetation. 
The  highest  part  of  the  mountain,  its  northwestern  end, 
rises  1.742  feet  above  the  sea.  Its  grottoes  were  the 
abodes  of  Christian  hermits  from  the  early  times  of  Chris- 
tianlty.  In  1207  they  were  organized  into  the  onler  of 
Carmelites,  and  (heir  monastery  in  situated  480  feet  alxn-e 
tho sea,  where  the  moiintiin  alopes  down  to  aprominilory 
In  the  direcliim  of  the  se.a. 

2.  A  city  ill  the  mountains  of  .Tudah  (.Jo.sh.  xv. 
55).  The  modern  ruins  of  Kunnul  are  situated 
about  seven  miles  below  Hebron,  in  a  slightly 
southeast  direction. 


Carmen 

Carmen  (kar'men'l.  1.  A  story  by  Prosper 
Merimee,  publisbed  iu  1847.  —  2.  An  opera 
(words  by  Meilhac  and  Halfvy)  founded  on 
M^rim^e's  story,  with  music  by  Bizet,  first  pro- 
duced at  the  Op^ra  Comique,  March  3. 1875. 

Carmen  Seculare  (kiir'men  sek-u-la're).  [L., 
'secular  hymn.']  A  hymn  composed  by  Horace 
on  the  occasion  of  the  "Secular Games,"  17 B.C. 

Carmen  Sylva  (kar'men  sU'vii).  The  pseu- 
donym of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eumania. 

Carmontel,  or  Carmontelle  (kar-mon-tel') 
(Louis  Carrogis).  Born  at  Paris.  Aug.  25, 1717: 
died  there.  Dee.  26, 1806.  A  French  dramatist, 
author  of  "Proverbes  dramatiques"  (1768- 
1811),  "Theatre  de  campagne"  (1775). 

Carnac  (kiir-nak').  [ML.  Carnacus,  prob.  fi-om 
*C(inui.-<,  sing,  of  Cariii,  name  of  a  GaUo-Ligu- 
rian  tribe.]  1.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  situated  18  miles  southeast 
of  Lorient.  It  is  famous  for  its  ancient  remains,  in- 
cliuling  tlie  menhirs,  or  prehistoric  upright  stones,  com- 
posing three  groups  arranged  in  rows  or  avenues,  and 
numbering  in  all  about  1,000.  The  stones  are  unworlied 
blocks  of  granite,  hoary  with  lichens,  set  in  the  ground 
at  their  smaller  ends,  and  some  of  them  16  feet  high. 
The  object  of  these  remarkable  monuments  is  unknown  : 
they  were  not  sepulchral.  Many  tumuli,  dolmens,  and 
other  similar  monuments  exist  in  the  neighborhood, 
abounding  in  remains  of  the  age  of  polished  stoue.   Popu- 

-  lation  (1S91),  commune,  2,901. 
2.  See  Eaniak. 

Carnarvon,  or  Caernarvon  (kar-nar'von).  The 
chief  to-n-n  of  Carnarvonshire,  Wales:  a  sea- 
port and  watering-place.  It  is  situated  on  the  Menai 
Strait,  in  lat.  53°  9  N.,  long.  4°  17  W.  It  is  near  the  Eo- 
man  station  Segontium,  and  contains  a  castle,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  surviving  medieval  strongholds.  It  was  found- 
ed by  Edward  L  toward  the  end  of  the  13th  century.  Its 
hattlemented  towers  are  polygonal,  each  surmounted  by 
a  slender  turret  of  similar  form.  The  castle  has  been  in 
part  restored,  and  contains  some  public  offices.  Popula- 
tion (1S911,  9,804. 

Carnarvon,  Earl  of.     See  Dormer  and  Herbert. 

Carnarvonsllire  (kiir-nar'von-shir).  A  county 
in  North  Wales,  lying  between  Beaumaris  Bay 
on  the  north,  Denbigh  on  the  east,  Merioneth 
and  Cardigan  Bay  on  the  south,  and  the  Menai 
Strait  and  Irish  Sea  on  the  west,  its  surface  is 
mountainous,  as  it  contains  the  Snowdon  range.  It  has 
rich  mineral  deposits,  particularly  slate.  Area,  577  square 
miles.    Population  (1S91),  118,2-25. 

Carnatic,  or  Kamatic  (kar-nat'ik),  The.  A 
name  formerly  given  to  a  country  on  the  east- 
em  coast  of  British  India,  extending  from  Cape 
Comorin  to  about  lat.  16^  N.  It  is  now  included 
in  the  governorship  of  Madras.  It  was  governed  in  the 
18th  century  bv  the  nawab  at  Arcot,  who  was  vassal  to 
the  Xizam  of  Hyderabad.  It  passed  under  British  admin- 
istration about  ISOl ;  the  last  nawab  died  in  1853. 

Carnaval  de  Venise  (kar-na-viir  de  ve-nez'). 
[F.,  'Carnival  of  Venice.']  A  popular  air 
heard  by  Paganini  in  Venice,  which  he  embroi- 
dered with  a  series  of  burlesque  variations,  and 
which  became  a  favorite  all  over  the  world. 
Ambroise  Thomas  introduced  the  air  in  the  overture  to 
his  opera  to  which  he  gave  the  same  name,  and  which  he 
produced  Dec.  9, 1853. 

Came  (kar-na'),  Louis  Marcien,  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Quimper,  France,  Feb.  17.  1804:  died 
at  Quimper,  Feb.  12,  1876.  A  French  publicist. 
His  works  include  "Etudes  sur  ITiistotre  du  gouverne- 
ment  representatil  en  France  de  1789  ii  184S"(1S55X  etc 

Carneades  (kar-ne'a-dez).  Born  at  Cyrene 
about  213  B.  c. :  died  129  B.  C.  A  Greek  skep- 
tical philosopher  and  rhetorician,  called  the 
founder  of  the  third  or  Xew  Academy. 

Carnegie  (kar-ne'gi),  Andrew.  Born  at  Dun- 
fermline, Scotland,  Nov.  25,  1837.  A  Scotch- 
American  steel-manufacturer.  His  father  was  a 
weaver.  In  1843  he  emigrated  to  the  United  .States,  went 
to  Pittsburg,  acquired  wealth  by  various  speculative  op- 
erations, and  established  iron  and  steel  works  which  have 
become  the  largest  in  the  world.  He  has  written  "Round 
the  World  "  (1SS4),  "  Triumphant  Democracy  "  (1886).  etc. 

Carneia  (kar-ne'ya).  {Gi.  Kdpveia.']  A  Spartan 
festival,  lasting  9  days,  in  the  month  of  August. 

The  Cameian  festival  fell  in  the  Spartan  month  Carneius, 
the  Athenian  Metageitnion,  corresponding  nearly  to  our 
August.  It  was  held  in  honour  of  Apollo  Carneius,  a  deity 
■worshipped  from  very  ancient  times  in  the  Peloponnese, 
especially  at  Amyclas.  Miiller  (Orchom..  p.  327)  supposes 
this  worship  to  have  been  brought  to  Amyclie  from 
Thebes  by  the  Jilgida?.  It  appears  certainly  to  have  been 
anterior  to  the  Dorian  conquest  (Dorians,  vol.  i.  pp.  373- 
375,  E-  T.).  llie  Spartan  festival  is  said  to  have  been  in- 
stituted B.  C.  676  (Athen.  xiv.  p.  635,  E.;  Euseb.  Chron. 
Can.  pars  L  c.  33).  It  was  of  a  warlike  character,  like  the 
Athenian  Boedromia.      Ratdinsoii,  Herod.,  IV.  167,  note. 

Carneiro  de  Campos  (kar-na'ro  de  kam'pgs), 
Jose  Joaq.llim,  Marquis  of  Caravellas.  Bom 
at  Bahia.  ilarch  4. 1768:  died  at  Eio  de  Janeiro, 
Sept.  8,  1836.  A  Brazilian  statesman.  He  was 
one  of  three  regents  chosen  in  April,  1831,  to  govern  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Pedro  II. 

Carneiro  Leao  (kar-na'ro  la -an'),  Honorio 
Hermeto.    Born  at  Jacahy,  Minas  Geraes,  Jan. 


218 

11, 1801:  died  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Sept.  3,  1856. 
A  Brazilian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice 
Sept.,  lS32,-March,  1833 ;  prime  minister  from  Jan.  20, 
1843,  to  Feb.,  1844 ;  president  successively  of  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro and  Pernambuco;  envoy  to  the  Platine  States;  and 
again  prime  ministerfrom  Dec.  5, 1854.  until  his  death.  He 
w.as  marquis  of  Parani  fi-om  Dec,  1854. 

Carni  (kSr'ni).  In  ancient  history,  an  Alpine 
tribe  (probably  Celtic)  inhabiting  the  moun- 
tainous region  between  Venetia  and  Noricuni: 
conquered  by  the  Roman  Scaurus,  115  B.  c. 

Camic  Alps  (kar'nik  alps).  [L.  Carnicus,  Gr. 
KapviKoc,  from  Canii.'\  A  division  of  the  Alps  in 
northeastern  Italy,  and  in  Carinthia  and  Tyrol. 

Camicer  (kar-ne-thar'),  Ramon.  Born  atTar- 
rega,  in  Lerida,  Spain,  Oct.  24.  1789:  died  at 
Madrid,  March  17,  1855.  A  Spanish  composer 
of  operas,  songs,  and  church  music.  His  best 
opera  is  "El  Colon"  (1831). 

Carnifex  Ferry  (kar'ni-feks  fer'i).  A  place 
near  Gaidey  Eiver,  Nicholas  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia. Here,  Sept.  10,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Eose- 
crans  rep'ilsed  the  Confederates  under  Floyd. 

Carniola  (kar-ni-6'la).  [G.  Erain.l  A  crown- 
land  of  the  Cislei than  division  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary. It  is  bounded  by  Cai-inthia  and  Styria  on  the 
north,  Croatia  on  the  east,  Croatia,  Fiume,  and  Kusten- 
land  on  the  south,  and  Kiistenland  on  the  west.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  traversed  by  the  Julian  and  Carnic 
Alps,  and  the  Save  valley  Mes  in  the  north.  It  has  mines 
of  coal,  quicksilver,  iron,  and  manganese.  It  has  11 
representatives  in  the  .Austrian  Eeichsrat,  and  a  Landtag 
of  'M  members.  Its  capital  is  Laibach.  Ihe  pre\ailing 
religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  The  vast  majority  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Slovenes,  with  some  thousands  of  Germans 
and  Croats.  It  was  comprised  in  the  ancient  Noricum 
and  Pannonia.  Colonized  by  Slovenes  and  conquered  by 
Charles  the  Great.  It  was  a  medieval  mark  and  duchy, 
and  has  been  ruled  by  the  house  of  Hapsblu^j  since  12S2. 
It  was  a  part  of  the  lllyrian  provinces  under  Napoleon, 
and  was  restored  to  Austria  in  1814.  It  became  a  crown- 
landinl849.  Area,  3,856  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
498,958. 

Camot  (kar-no'),  Lazare  Hippolyte.  Born 
at  St.  (Dmer,  France,  -\pril  6.  1801 :  ilied  at 
Paris,  March  16,  1888.  A  French  politician 
and  publicist,  son  of  Lazare  Nicolas  Margue- 
rite Camot.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction 
1S4S,  was  member  of  the  Corps  L^gislatif  1863-69,  and  be- 
came life  senator  in  1875. 

Camot,  Lazare  Nicolas  Marguerite.  Born 
at  Nolay,  Burgundy,  France.  May  13.  1753 : 
died  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Aug.  3,  1823.  A 
celebrated  French  statesman,,  strategist,  and 
man  of  science.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Legislative 
Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  1792,  and  served 
with  great  distinction  as  war  minister  1793-95,  his  suc- 
cessful labors  winning  him  the  popular  title  of  "organ- 
izer of  victory."  He  was  a  member  of  the  Directory  1795- 
1797;  tribune  1802-07;  governor  of  Antwerp  1814 :  and  min- 
ister of  the  interior  under  Napoleon,  1S15.  He  wrote 
"  Sur  la  metaphysique  du  calcul  infinitesimal "  (1797),  etc. 

Camot,  Marie  Frangois  Sadi.  Bom  at  Li- 
moges, Aug.  11,  1837:  died  at  Lyons,  June  24, 
1894.  -\  French  statesman,  son  of  Lazare 
Hippolyte  Camot.  He  became  prefect  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine- Inferieure  and  member  of  the  National  As- 
sembly in  1871 ;  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
in  1876 ;  became  under  secretary  of  state  in  the  depiu-t- 
ment  of  public  works,  Aug.  26, 1878 :  and  minister  of  pub- 
lic works  under  Ferry  Sept.  23,  ISSO.  He  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Chamber  1883^  ;  minister  of  finance  1^85-86 ; 
and  was  elected  presidetit  of  the  republic  Dec.  3, 1887. 
He  was  assassinated  by  an  anarchist. 

Camot,  Nicolas  Leonard  Sadi.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  1,  1796 :  died  there,  Aug.  24,  1832. 
A  noted  French  physicist.  His  most  noted  work  is 
"Reflexions  sur  la  puissance  motrice  du  feu  et  les  ma- 
chines propres  ^  developper  cette  puissance"  (1824X  fa- 
mous in  the  history  of  mcwem  physics. 

Carnutes  (kar-nu'tez).  or  Camuti  (-ti).  An 
ancient  tribe  of  central  Gaul,  living  in  the 
vicinity  of  Orleans  and  Chartres.  They  were 
at  war  with  Csesar  52-51  B.  c. 

Car  of  Juggernaut.     See  Juggernaut. 

Carolan  (kiir'o-Ian),  Turlogh.  Born  at  New- 
town, near  Nobber,  Westmeath,  Ireland,  about 
1670.  died  March  25.  1738.  An  Irish  itinerant 
minstrel. 

Carolina  (kar-o-li'na).  [Fem.  of  ML.  Carolus, 
Charles.  See  Caro/i«e.]  See  Xorth  Carolina 
and  South  Carolina. 

Carolina  Maria  (kii-ro-le'na  ma-re'S).  Queen 
of  Naples.  Bom  at  Vienna.  Aug.  13,  1752: 
died  at  Schonbmnn,  near  Vienna.  Sept.  8, 
1814.  A  daughter  of  Francis  I.,  emperor  of 
Germany,  and  wife  of  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples. 
She  caused  Acton's  appointment  as  prime  min- 
ister in  1784. 

Caroline  (kar'o-Un) .  Amelia  Elizabeth.  [NL. 
Carolina:  see  Caroliyia.'}  Born  May  17,  1768: 
died  Aug.  7, 1821.  Queen  of  George  tV.  of  Eng- 
land, and  second  daughter  of  Charles  William 
Ferdinand,  duke  of  Brunswick,  and  Augusta, 
sister   of  George   IH.     she  married  George,  then 


Carpathus 

prince  of  Wales,  April  8,  1705 ;  was  abandoned  by  the 
prince  in  1796  (a  formal  separation);  lived  in  retirement 
until  1S13 ;  traveled  abroad  18l;>-20  ;  returned  to  England 
Jiuie  5, 1S20 ;  and  was  accused  of  adultery  and  tried  before 
the  House  of  Lords,  Aug..  1620.  The  trial  was  abandoned 
Nov.  10, 1820.  Her  domestic  troubles  and  trial  played  an 
important  part  in  English  politics.  Throughout  she  had 
strung  popular  support- 
Car  oline  Matilda.  Bom  at  London,  July  22, 
1751 :  died  at  Alle,  Germany,  May  11,  1775. 
Queen  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  wife  of  Chris- 
tian Xn.,  and  youngest  child  of  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales.  She  was  married  Nov.  8. 1766;  be- 
came  involved  in  an  amour  with  Struensee,  cotut  physi. 
cian  (later  created,  through  her  influence  and  the  imbecility 
of  the  king,  a  count  and  raised  to  the  most  influential  po- 
sition in  the  state),  and  in  various  political  coraidications; 
and  was  arrested  with  Struensee  and  others  on  the  night 
of  Jan.  16-17,  1772,  and  banished. 

Caroline,  Wilhelmina.  Born  March  1,  1683: 
died  Nov.  20, 1737.  Queen  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  wife  of  George  H.,  and  daughter  of 
John  Frederick,  margrave  of  Brandenburg- 
Ansbach.  She  married  George,  then  electoral  prince 
of  Hanover,  Sept.  2, 1705;  went  to  England  on  the  acces. 
sion  of  George  I.;  ascended  the  throne  June  11,  1727; 
took  an  active  part  in  politics,  and  was  a  firm  supporter 
of  Walpole ;  and  several  times  acted  as  regent  during  the 
absence  of  the  king.  Her  bitter  hostility  toward  her 
eldest  son,  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  was  notoriotis. 
She  is  introduced  by  Sir  "Walter  Scott  in  "The  Heart  of 
Mid-Lothian,"  where  Jeanie  Deans  has  an  interview  with 
her  at  Richmond. 

Carolines  (kar'o-linz),  or  Caroline  Islands. 

An  archipelago  in  the  Pacific,  in  lat.  3°-ll° 
N..  long.  137°-163°  E.  The  name  includes  usually  the 
Pelew  Islands.  The  chief  islands  are  Yap,  Ponape,  Strong 
Island,  Babel-thonap,  and  Rout.  Its  inhabitants  are  Poly- 
nesians. Tne  dispute  between  Spain  and  Germany  in  1885 
regarding  Yap  was  settled  iu  favor  of  Spain.  Purchased 
by  (rermany  in  189<) 

Carolingia,  or  Karolingia  (kar-o-Un'ji-a).  A 
name  given  to  the  western  kingdom  of  the 
Franks,  the  nucleus  of  the  modem  France. 

Carolingians  (kar-o-lin'ji-anz),  or  Carlovln- 
glans  (kiir-lo-vin'ji-anz).  [F.  Carloeingiens, 
G.  Earolinger.']  A  royal  house  descended  from 
Prankish  lords  in  -^.ustrasia  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. It  furnished  the  2d  dynasty  of  French  kings 
(751-987),  a  dynasty  of  German  emperors  and  kings  (75^ 
911),  and  a  dynasty  of  Italian  sovereigns  (774-961). 

Carolus  Duran.    See  Duron. 

Caron,  or  Carron  (ka-r6n'),  Franciscus.  Born 
in  Holland,  of  French  parents:  died  1674.  A 
navigator.  He  went  to  Japan  in  his  youth,  became 
a  member  of  the  Dutch  Council  of  the  Indies,  was  ap- 
pointed director-general  of  the  French  commerce  in  India 
by  Colbert  in  1666,  and  was  drowned  near  Lisbon  in  1674 
as  he  was  returning  to  France  from  the  East,  Author  of 
a  "  Description  of  Japan  "  (Dutch),  1636. 

Caron  (ka-roh'),  Rene  £douard.    Bom  in  Ste. 

-Ajine,  Cote  de  Beaupre,  Canada,  1800:  diedDec 
13,1876.  A  Canadian  politician  and  jurist.  He 
became  judge  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  in  1853,  served 
as  commissioner  for  codifying  the  laws  of  Lower  Canada 
in  1857,  and  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
province  of  Quebec  in  February,  1873,  which  post  he  re- 
tained until  his  death- 

Caroor.    See  Karur. 

Carouge  (ka-rozh').  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
(Jeneva,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Arve  ad- 

d'oining  Geneva.  Population  (1888).  5,703. 
arpaccio  (kar-pa'cho),  Vittore.  Born  in  Is- 
tria.  1450  (?):  died  after  1-522.  A  Venetian 
painter.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  the  elder  Vivarini,  and  afterward  of  Gentile  BeUinL 
He  is  reported  to  have  accompanied  BeUini  to  Constanti. 
nople,  to  which  experience  may  be  attributed  his  fondness 
for  Oriental  costumes  in  his  pictures.  The  great  series  of 
suV^jects  from  the  life  of  St.  Ursula,  in  the  academy  at 
Venice,  gives  the  best  as  well  as  the  most  favorable  con- 
ception of  his  work  executed  after  1490.  The  series  of 
pictures  in  San  Giorgio  degli  Schiavoni  which  Ruskin 
has  made  so  prominent  was  painted  by  the  order  of  the 
Hospice  of  St.  George,  1502-08. 

Carpani  (kar-pa'ne),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Vil- 
lalbese,  near  Milan,  Jan.  28.  1752  :  died  at  Vien- 
na, Jan.  22,  1825.  An  Italian  librettist  and  mu- 
sical WTiter.  He  published  "La  Haydine"  (a 
work  on  Haydn,  1812). 

Carpathian' (kar-pa'thi-an)  Mountains.  [G. 
Karpaten.  L.  'Carpaies,  Gr.  Ivap-d-;?r  (Ptol- 
emy).] A  mountain  system  in  central  Europe. 
It  extends  from  Presburg  in  Austria-Hungary  in  a  semi- 
circle, separating  Hungary  and  Tran5ylv.ania  on  one  side 
from  Moravia,  Silesia,  Galicia,  Bukowina,  and  Rumania  on 
the  other.  Its  chief  divisions  are  the  West  Carpathians 
(or  Beskiden),  the  Central  Carpathians  (containing  the 
Titra  Mountains,  Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  — 8.737  feet).  East 
Carpathians  (Ostbeskiden),  and  Transylvanian  Alps  (Ne- 
goi,  8,.320  feet).     It  is  noted  for  mineral  wealth. 

Carpathian  Sea,  L.  Carpathium  Mare  (kar- 
pa'thi-umma're).  The  ancient  name  for  a  small 
part  of  the  ^gean  Sea  h-ing  north  of  Carpathus. 

Carpathus  (kar'pa-thus),or  Karpathos(-thos). 
[Gr.  K(ip-oeof.]  "An  island  in  the  .^gean  Sea 
southwest  of  Rhodes :  the  modem  Skarpanto 
or  Karpathos.  It  belongs  to  Turkey.  In  ancient 
times  it  was  under  Bliodian  rule.    Length,  32  miles. 


I 


Carpeaux 

Carpeaux  (kiir-pO'),  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at 

Vali'ueieimfS,  j'rauce,  May  11,  1827:  died  at 
the  Castle  of  Beoon,  near  Asuieres,  Oct.  11, 
187.3.  A  noted  French  sculptor.  He  studied  first 
at  the  ilcole  d'Arehitecture  of  Valenciennes,  and  later 
went  to  Paris  where  he  remained  until  1S44.  He  was  as- 
sociated with  Chapu  and  Charles  Gamier,  and  was  a  pupil 
of  Kude  and  Duret.  In  1853  he  made  the  bas-relief  of 
the  "Submission  of  Abd-el-Kadir"  (which  secured  for  him 
the  interest  of  Napoleon  III.)  for  the  pavilion  de  Rohan 
du  Louvre;  Sept.  9, 1S54,  he  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome 
with  "Hector  and  Astyanax."  Most  of  his  works  are  in 
Paris. 

Carpentaria  (kar-pen-tii'ri-ii),  Gulf  of.  A  gulf 
whicli  indents  the  northern  coast  of  Australia, 
west  of  Cape  York  peninsula.  Width,  300-400 
miles.  Named  (1644)  for  Captain  Pieter  Car- 
penter. 

Carpenter  (kilr'pen-ter),  Lant.  Born  at  Kid- 
derminster, Sept.  2, 1780:  drowned  off  the  Ital- 
ian coast  (probably  washed  overboard),  April 
5,  1840.  An  English  Unitarian  clergyman,  pas- 
tor at  Exeter  1805-17,  and  subsequently  at 
Bristol.  He  wrote  an  "Introduction  to  the  Geography 
of  the  New  Testament  "  (1806),  a  **  Harmony,  a  synoptical 
arrangement  of  the  Gospels"  (1835),  etc. 

Carpenter,  Mary.  Born  at  Exeter,  April  3, 
1807:  died  at  Bristol,  June  14,  1877.  An  Eng- 
lish philanthropist  and  writer,  eldest  child  of 
Rev.  Lant  Carpenter,  and  sister  of  William 
Benjamin  Carpenter.  She  founded  a  girls'  school  at 
Bristol  in  1S29  ;  established  various  societies  and  schools 
for  the  poor,  and  reformatories  ;  visited  India  1866-67,  to 
study  the  education  of  Indian  women  1868-69,  when  slie 
tool^  charge  of  a  female  normal  scliool  at  Bombay  1869-70, 
and  lor  the  last  time  1875-76 ;  and  visited  the  United 
States  and  Canada  in  1873,  speaking  on  prison  reform. 

Carpenter,  Matthew  Hale.  Born  at  More- 
town,  Vt.,  Dec.  22,  1824:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Feb.  24,  1881.  An  American  politician 
and  lawyer.  United  States  senator  from  Wis- 
consin 1869-75  and  1879-81. 

Carpenter,  William  Benjamin.  Born  at  Exe- 
ter, Oct.  29,  1813:  died  at  London,  Nov.  19, 
1885.  A  noted  English  naturalist,  eldest  son 
of  Rev.  Lant  Carpenter.  He  studied  medicine  at 
University  College,  London,  and  at  the  Edinburgh  Medi 
cal  School,  graduating  at  the  latter  institution  ;  became 
Fullerian  professor  of  physiology  at  the  Royal  Institution 
(184-1),  Fellowof  the  Royal  Society  (1844),  professorof  foren- 
sic medicine  at  University  College,  lecturer  on  geology 
at  the  British  Museum,  principal  of  University  Hall 
(1851-59),  and  registrar  of  the  University  of  London  (1856- 
1879).  He  took  part  as  naturalist  in  several  expeditions 
for  deep-sea  exploration  -  in  the  Lightning  (1868),  between 
the  north  of  Ireland  and  the  Faroe  Islands  ;  in  the  Porcu- 
pine (1869-70):  in  the  Shearwater  (1871),  between  Great 
Britain  and  Portugal :  and  in  the  Challenger  (1872-76).  He 
published  numerous  papers  on  physiological  and  zoologi- 
cal topics,  including  "The  Principles  of  General  and  Com- 
parative Physiology"  (1839:  "Comparative  Physiology" 
separately  published  1854),  "A  Popular  Cyclopedia  of 
Science  "  (1843),  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Fora- 
ininifera"(lS62),  "The  Microscope  and  its  Revelations  " 
(185(1),  "The  Principles  of  Mental  Physiology  "  (1874),  etc. 

Oarpentras  (kar-pon-tras').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vaucluse,  southeastern  France 
(the  ancient  Carpentoracte),  on  the  river  Au- 
zon  15  miles  northeast  of  Avignon.  It  contains 
many  antiquities.     Population  (1891),  9,778. 

Carpi  (kar'pe).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Mo- 
dena,  Italy,  situated  10  miles  north-northwest 
of  Modena.  Its  cathedral  was  built  by  Peruzzi  in  1B20, 
and  is  interesting  as  based  on  Bramante's  design  for  St. 
Peter's.  A  fragment  in  the  sanctuary,  with  some  curious 
sculpture,  belongs  to  the  original  cathedral  of  the  11th 
century.    Population,  6,00o. 

Carpi.  A  village  in  the  province  of  Verona, 
Ita^,  situated  on  the  Adige  28  miles  southeast 
of  Verona.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of 
Prince  Eugene  over  the  French  under  Catinat 
in  1701. 

Carpini  (kar-pe'ue),  Giovanni  Piano.    Born 

at  Plan  del  Carpini,  near  Perugia,  about  1200. 

An    Italian  Franciscan,   papal  legate  to  the 

Khan  of  Tatary  1245^7.     He   wrote  "Liber 

.     Tartarorum"  (ed.  by  d'Avezac  1838). 

Carpio,  Bernardo  del.  See  Bernardo  del  Carpio. 

Garpocrates  (kiir-pok'ra-tez),  or  Carpocras 
(kiir'po-kras).  Lived  probably  in  the  reign  of 
Hadrian  (117-138  A.  D.).  A  celebrated  Alex- 
andrian Gnostic.     See  Carpncratians. 

Garpocratians  (kar-po-kra'shianz).  A  sect  of 
Gnostics  of  the  2d  century,  followers  of  Car- 
pncrates  or  Carpocras  of  Alexaixlria. 

Oarpzov  (karp'tsof),  Benedict.  Born  at  Bran- 
di'nl)urg,  Germany,  Oct.  22,  1565:  died  at  Wit- 
tenberg, Germany,  Nov.  26,  1624.  A  noted 
(jerman  .jurist. 

Oarpzov,  Benedict.  Bom  at  Wittenberg,  Ger- 
many, Mav  27,  lfJ95:  died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  30, 
1666.  A  (German  .jurist,  son  of  Benedict  Carp- 
zov.  He  wrote  "Definitiones  forenses"  (1638), 
"Practicanovareruni  criminalium"  (163!!),  etc. 

Oarpzov,  Benedict  Gottlob.    Born  at  Dresden, 


219 

Sept.  26,  1679:  died  at  LUbeck,  Germany,  April 
7,  1767.     A  German  theologian. 

Carquin(kar-ken').  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  south  of  Car- 
quinez  Straits,  California,  and  eastward  to  the 
mouth  of  San  Joaquin  River.     See  Costanoan. 

Garr  (kar),  or  Ker,  Robert.  Died  July,  1645. 
A  British  politician,  of  Scotch  birth,  created 
Viscount  Rochester  March  25, 1611,  and  Earl  of 
Somerset  Nov.  3,  1613.  He  came  to  England  as  a 
page  of  James  I.;  became  a  favorite  of  the  king;  was 
"  the  first  .Scotchman  promoted  by  .lames  to  a  seat  in  the 
English  House  of  Lords";  fell  in  love  with  Lady  Essex 
who,  with  the  aid  of  the  king,  procured  a  divorce  from 
her  husband  and  married  Carr  (then  Earl  of  Somerset),  Dec. 
26, 1613;  was  implicated  in  the  poisoning  by  Lady  Essex 
of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  who  had  at  first  promoted  their 
intrigue,  but  later  opposed  their  marriage  ;  and  was  tried 
and  condemned  to  death  in  1615,  but  was  finally  pardoned. 
The  prosecution  was  conducted  by  Bacon  as  attorney- 
general. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  in  Northumberland, 
England:  died  at  Bristol, England,  June  1, 1667. 
A  British  commissioner  in  New  England  Ln 
1664.  With  NicoUs  he  took  New  Amsterdam 
fi'om  the  Dutch  (1664),  and  named  it  New  York. 

Carracci  (kiir-ra'che),  or  Garacci  (ka-ra'che), 
Agostino.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  16, 
1558 :  died  at  Parma,  Italy,  March  22,  1602. 
An  Italian  engraver  and  painter  of  the  Bo- 
lognese  school,  brother  of  Annibale  Carracci. 

Carracci,  Annibale.  Born  at  Bologna,  Nov.  3, 
1560:  died  at  Rome,  July  15,  1609.  An  Italian 
painter  of  the  Bolognese  school,  a  pupil  of  his 
cousin  Lodovico  Carracci.  In  1580  he  went  to  Par- 
ma to  study  the  works  of  Correggio,  and  in  1600  deco- 
rated the  ceiling  of  a  gallery  in  the  Famese  palace,  which 
was  declared  by  Poussin  to  excel  all  other  works  but 
those  of  Raphael.  He  was  associated  with  his  cousin 
Lodovico  in  conducting  the  academy  at  Bologna. 

Carracci,  Lodovico.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
April  21,  1555:  died  at  Bologna,  Nov.  1.3,  1619. 
An  Italian  painter,  founder  of  the  Bolognese 
school,  noted  as  a  teacher.  The  best  pupils  of 
his  school  were  Domenichino  and  Guido.  His 
chief  works  are  at  Bologna. 

Carrara  (kar-rii'ra).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Massa-e-Carrara,  Italy,  in  lat.  44°  5'  N., 
long.  10°  6'  E.  It  is  famous  for  the  neighbor- 
ing quaiTies  of  marble.     Population,  11,000. 

Garrasco  (ka-ras'ko;  Sp.  pron.  kiir-riis'ko), 
Samson,  Sp.  Sanson.  A  bachelor  or  licenti- 
ate in  Cervantes's  ' '  Don  Quixote,"  who  played 
piaetical  jokes. 

Carratala  (kiir-ra-ta-la'),  JosI,  Born  at  Ali- 
cante, Dec.  14,  1781:  died  at  Madrid,  1854.  A 
Spanish  general,  in  1816  he  went  with  Morillo  to 
Venezuela,  passed  thence  to  Peru,  and  fought  against  the 
revolutionists  there,  1819-24,  attaining  the  rank  of  field- 
marshal.  In  1833  he  connnunded  the  forces  in  Tarragona 
against  the  Carlists,  and  shortly  after  he  fought  against 
them  in  Biscay.  In  March.  1835,  he  wa£  made  captain- 
general  of  Estremadura,  and  he  subsequently  held  the 
same  office  in  Valencia,  Murcia,  and  Old  Castile.  In  1840 
he  was  named  senator  and  minister  of  war,  and  his  rank 
was  raised  to  lieutenant-general. 

Carr6  (kil-ra'),  Michel.  Born  at  Paris,  1819: 
died  tlicre,  June  27,  1872.  A  French  drama- 
tist and  librettist  for  vaudevilles  and  comic 
operas.  He  collaborated  with  Jules  Barbier 
after  1849. 

Carrel  (ka-rel').  Nicolas  Armand.  Bom  at 
Rouen,  France,  May  8, 1800:  died  at  St.  Mand6, 
near  Paris,  July  24,  1836.  A  French  journalist 
and  republican  leader.  He  was  editor  of  the  "  Na- 
tional "  at  Paris,  1830-36,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  a 
duel  July  22,  1836. 

Carreno  de  Miranda  (kiir-ra'nyo  da  me-riin'- 
dii),  Juan.  Born  at  Aviles,  in  Asturias,  Spain, 
Marcli  25,  1614:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept.,  1685.  A 
Spanish  painter,  chiefly  of  portraits  and  reli- 
gious compositions. 

Carrera  (kiir-ra'rii),  Jos6  Miguel  de.  Born  at 
Santiago,  Oct.  15,  1785:  died  at  Mendoza,  in 
the  Argentine,  Sept.  4,  1821.  A  Chilean  revo- 
lutionist. In  1811,  with  his  brothers,  Juan  .Tos(^  and 
Luis,  he  headed  the  revolt  against  the  Spaniartls  which 
had  already  broken  out^  and  became  the  first  president  of 
Chile.  He  was  deposed  in  favor  of  O'lliggins  In  181:1,  and 
though  the  rivals  joined  forces  in  1814,  they  wore  <lefeated 
by  the  Spaniards  at  the  battle  of  Rancagua  (Oct.  2,  1814), 
(iirvora  fled  to  Bui^nos  Ayrcs,  and  In  1815  went  to  the 
United  States.  He  returned  in  1816,  liut  was  forbidden  to 
proceeil  to  Chile.  Driven  in  l.s21  to  take  refuge  aiming 
the  Indians,  he  was  betrayed  by  his  own  men  and  shot  jia 
a  rebel. 

Oarrera,  Rafael.  Born  in  Guatemala  City, 
1815:  died  there,  April  4,  1865.  A  (iuatcnialan 
revolutionist  of  mixed  white  and  Indian  blood. 
He  joined  the  revolt  against  the  Federal  party  of  Central 
America  in  1837,  became  commamlor  of  the  Guatemalan 
insurgents,  and  1844-48  was  president  of  Guatemala.  In 
1H52  he  was  reelecteii,  ami  In  1854  he  was  made  president 
for  life,  and  practically  dictator. 

Carrey  (ka-ra'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Troycs, 
1646 :  died  1726.     A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of 


Garron 

Lebrun.  He  made  numerous  joiu-neye  to  the  Orient,  dur. 
ing  one  of  which  he  executed  a  series  of  sketches  from  the 
Parthenon,  then  (Nov.,  1674)  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion. These  drawings,  preserve<l  in  the  Bibliotht-que  Na- 
tionalein  Paris,  have  been  invaluable  to  students  of  Greek 
art.   Carrey  also  assisted  Lebrun  in  his  great  compositions. 

Carrhae  (kar'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  Mesoi».tamia,  inlaf.36°52'  N..  long. 39°  2' E. 
It  is  usually  identifledwilh  the  scriptural  Haran, or  Harran. 
Near  here,  63  B.  o.,  the  Roman  triumvir  Crassus  suffered 
a  decisive  defeat  at  the  hauls  of  the  Parthians,  by  whom 
he  was  shortly  after  killed  in  an  interview  with  one  of 
their  satraps. 

Garrick(kar'ik).  The  southern  district  of  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland.     It  is  south  of  the  Doon. 

Carrick,  Earl  of.     See  Bruce,  Robert  de. 

CarrickfergUS  (kar-ik-fer'gus).  A  seaport  in 
Ulster,  Ireland,  situated  on  Belfast  Lough  9 
miles  northeast  of  Belfast.  it  forms  a  county 
(with  the  adjacent  districts,  inclosed  by  Antrim).  The 
leading  industries  are  fisheries  and  cheese  manufacture. 
William  III.  landed  here  in  1690,  and  it  was  captured  by 
the  French  in  1760.  The  castle,  a  splendid  Norman  for- 
tress, was  built  by  De  Courcy  in  1178,  and  is  now  occupied 
by  a  royal  garrison.  It  stands  ou  a  rock,  with  water  on 
three  sides.  The  entrance  is  by  a  gateway  flanked  by 
semicircular  towers  and  defended  by  portcullis  and  other 
medieval  devices.  The  donjon  is  an  enormous  square 
tower  of  five  stories.    Population  (1891),  8,923. 

Garrick's  Ford.  A  place  on  the  Cheat  River, 
in  Tucker  County,  West  Virginia.  Here,  July 
14,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Morris  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates under  Garnett. 

Carrier.     See  Talidli. 

Carrier  (kiir-ya ' ),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Yo- 
let,  near  Aurillac,  France,  1756  :  guillotined  at 
Paris,  Dec.  16,  1794.  A  French  revolutionist, 
deputy  to  the  (Convention  in  1792,  notorious  for 
his  cruelty  in  the  revolutionary  tribunal  at 
Nantes  1793-94. 

Carriere(kar-yar'),MoritZ.  Born  March  5, 1817: 
died  Jan.  19,  1895.  A  German  philosopher  and 
writer  on  esthetics,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Giessen. 

Carries  (kilr-ias'),  Jean.  Born  about  1856 :  died 
July  1, 1894.  A  noted  French  sculptor.  He  first 
exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1892  :  on  the  opening  day  he  re- 
ceived the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  a  stoneware  in  which  many  of  his  best  elfecta 
were  produced. 

Carrillo  de  Mendoza  y  Pimentel  (kiir-rel'yo 
da  men-do'thii  e  pe-men-tel'),  Diego,  Count 
of  Priego  and  Marquis  of  Gelves.  Born  about 
1560:  died  after  1627.  A  Spanish  general  and 
administrator,  the  second  son  of  the  Mai-quis 
of  Tavara.  He  was  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico)  from 
Sept.  21,  1621.  In  1623  he  had  a  quarrel  with  the  arch- 
bishop on  questions  of  jurisdiction  :  this  resulted  in  the 
triumph  of  the  archbishop,  and  the  viceroy  was  deposed 
and  imprisoged  by  the  audience  Jan.,  1624.  He  returned 
to  Spain  in  1626.  i 

Carrington,  Lord.    See  Primrose,  ^r  Archibald 

(1617-97). 

Carrington  (kar'ing-ton),  Richard  Christo- 
pher. Born  at  Chelsea,  England,  May  26, 1826 : 
died  at  Churt,  Surrey,  Nov.  27, 1875.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  was  noteil  for  his  observations  of  the 
minor  planets,  fixed  stars,  an<l  the  sun,  raaile  chiefly  at  his 
private  observatory  at  Red  Hill,  near  Eeigate,  Surrey, 

Carrion  (kar-re-6u'),  Geronimo.  An  Ecuado- 
rian politician,  elected  president  of  the  re- 
public Aug.  4,  1865.  In  Jan.,  1866,  he  joined  with 
Chile  and  Peru  in  the  defensive  alliance  against  Spain. 
After  being  subjected  to  a  vote  of  censure  by  Congress, 
he  resigned  Nov.,  1867. 

Carrizo  Indians.    See  ( 'omecrudo. 

Carroll  (kar'ol),Charles,"of  CarroUton."  Bom 
at  jVnnapolis"  Md.,  Sept.  20,  1737:  died  at  Bal- 
timore, Nov.  14,  1832.  An  American  patriot, 
a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Maryland 
1789-91. 

Carroll,  John.  Born  at  Upper  Marlborough, 
Md.,  Jan.  8,  17.35:  died  at  6eorgeto>vn,  D.  C., 
Dec.  3,  1815.  An  American  archbishop  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  was  edueateil  in  Bel- 
gium; was  ordained  priest  in  1759;  and  was  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  in  St.  Omer  and  ti^ge  1769-71.  In  1771 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Society  of  Jesus;  and  on  the  sup- 
pression of  that  society  on  the  Continent  in  177;i  he  went 
to  England,  and  came  to  America  in  1774.  With  Charles 
Carroll,  Samuel  Chase,  and  Benjamin  Franklin  he  was  sent 
by  the  Continental  Congress  on  a  political  mission  to 
Canada  (1776),  In  1784,  at  the  request  of  Franklin,  he 
was  appointed  superior  of  dergy  in  the  United  States. 
In  1790  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Baltimore,  and  in 
1,S08  was  iivatcd  ar.lilpisbop  of  Baltiniore.  He  founded 
Georgetown  College  (1788-91).  Among  his  writings  are  "An 
Aildress  to  the  Roman  Catliolies  i.f  ihe  United  States  of 
.\niericn,"  "  A  Concise  View  of  the  Principal  Points  of  Con- 
troversy liet  ween  the  Protestant  and  Roman  Churches,"  etc 

Carroll,  Lewis.  A  pseudonym  of  Charles  Lut- 
wid^cc  Diidgsoii. 

CarroUton  (kar'gl-ton).  A  former  town  in 
Louisiana.     It  is  iiow  a  part  of  New  Orleans. 

Garron  (Icar'on).  1.  A  river  in  Stirlingshire, 
Scotland,  which  flows  into  the  Firth  of  Forth 


Carron 

10  miles  southeast  of  Stirling.  At  one  time  it 
was  the  northern  boimdarv  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire.—  2.  A  village  on  the  river  Carron.  9  miles 
southeast  of  Stirling,  it  is  noted  for  its  iron-works : 
the  first  carronades  were  cast  here  in  1779. 

Carrousel,  Arc  du.  See  Arc  de  liiomphe  du 
('arro'i<i  I. 

Carrousel  >  kar-6-zel'), Place  du.  [F.  carrou.<el. 
a  tilt  or  tilting-match,  It.  carosello,  from  garo- 
sello,  a  festival  or  tournament.]  The  space 
extending  along  the  eastern  court  of  the  Tui- 
leries,  and  inclosed  by  the  buildings  of  the  Old 
and  New  Louvre.  It  was  originallj-  the  space  be- 
tween the  eastern  facade  of  the  Tuiieries  and  the  enceinte 
of  Ch-irles  V. ,  which  was  laid  out  about  1600  as  a  garden 
called  the  •■Pai-terre  de  Mademoiselle"  in  honor  of  Made- 
moiselle Montpensier,  who  then  lived  in  the  Tuiieries. 
In  the  reign  of  Louis  Xr\'.  a  great  carrousel  or  tilt,  which 
surpassed  all  preWous  ones,  was  held  here  Jane  5  and  S. 
166:i,  and  the  place  was  called  Place  du  Carrousel,  and 
has  since  kept  that  name.  All  sorts  of  knightly  games 
were  played  by  the  king,  his  guests,  and  courtiers,  in  cos- 
tumes of  all  nations.  As  late  as  1S50  the  space  between 
the  old  city  fosse  and  the  Louvre  was  still  occupied  by 
streets  and  houses.  When  the  northern  gallerv'  was  built 
between  the  two  palaces  (the  Old  and  New  Louvre  ?X  under 
Napoleon  III.,  the  entire  space  was  cleared,  and  is  now 
called  Place  du  CarrouseL 

Carruthers  (ka-ro'therz),  Bobert,  Born  at 
Dumfries,  Nov.  5, 1799 :  died  at  Inverness.  May 
26.  1S7S.  A  Scottish  journalist  and  man  of  let- 
ters, editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "  Inverness 
Courier,'''  He  was  the  biographer  and  editor  of  Pope, 
and  the  compiler,  with  Robert  Chambers,  of  "  Chambers's 
Cyclopedia  of  English  Literature."  etc. 

Carse  of  Gowrie.    See  Goin-k. 

Carson  (kiir'son).  Christopher,  usually  called 
"Kit"  Carson.  Bom  in  Madison  Countv.  Kv.. 
Dee.  24.  1S09 :  died  at  Fort  Lynn,  Col.,  May  23, 
1S6S.  An  American  trapper,  guide,  soldier,  and 
Indian  agent  in  New  Mexico. 

Carson  City.  The  capital  of  Nevada,  situated 
in  lat.  39°  10'  N.,  long.  119°  46'  W.  There  are 
gold- and  silver-mines  in  the  \icinit}".  Popula- 
tion 1 1900),  2,100. 

Carstares(kar-starz'), 'William.  BomatCath- 
cart,  near  Glasgow,  Feb.  11. 1649:  tiled  Dec.  28, 
171-5.  A  noted  Scottish  Presbyterian  di\-ine. 
He  was  ch.aplain  to  'William,  prince"  of  Orange,  1686, 
royal  chaplain  1688-1715,  principal  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  1703,  and  four  times  moderator  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

Cartagena,  orOarthagena  (kiir-ta-  (tha)  je'na ; 
Sp.  pron.  kar-ta-Ha'nii).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mureia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  lat.  37°  36'  N..  long.  0°  56'  W.:  the 
ancient  Carthago  Nova.  There  are  mines  of  copper, 
lead,  etc.,  in  the  neighborhood.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and 
an  excellent  harbor.  It  exports  barilla-  It  was  colonized 
by  the  Carthaginians,  and  captured  by  Scipio  Africanus 
in  209  B.  c.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  and  retaken  by 
Berwick  in  1706.  It  was  held  by  the  Intransigentists 
1873-74.     Population   (1897),  86,245. 

Cartagena.  A  seaport  city  of  Colombia,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Bolivar,  on  a  low  island 
between  the  Caribbean  .Sea  and  the  Bay  of  Car- 
tagena. It  was  founded  in  1533  by  Pedro  de  Heredia.  and 
was  long  the  principal  port  and  stronghold  of  this  part  of 
Spanish  America.  Several  times  taken  and  sacked  by  cor- 
sairs, it  was  fortified  in  the  ISth  century  at  an  expense  of 
859,000,000,  and  in  1741  resisted  the  attack  of  Vernon.  It 
was  the  first  New  Granadan  city  to  declare  for  indepen- 
dence, and  in  1815  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  after  a  four 
months'  siege  in  which  nearly  all  the  garrison  and  inhabi- 
tants perished :  for  this  it  received  the  title  of  the  *'  Heroic 
City."    Population  (18921,  12,(500. 

Cartagena  de  las  Indias  (kar-ta-Ha'nii  da  las 
en'de-as).  [Sp.,  'Cartagena  of  the  Indies.'] 
The  name  used,  during  the  colonial  period, 
for  the  city  of  Cartagena  in  New  Granada,  now 
in  Colombia,  to  distinguish  it  from  Cartagena 
in  Spain. 

CartagO  (kar-ta'go).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Cauea,  Kepublie  of  Colombia,  in  lat.  4°  50' 
N.,  long.  76°  10'  \^.    Pop.  (1897),  about  14,000. 

Cartage.  A  town  in  Costa  Rica,  Central  Amer- 
ica, situated  13  miles  east-southeast  of  San 
Jose.  It  is  frequentlv  -s-isited  by  earthquakes. 
Population  (1888),  4,o75. 

Cartaphilus.     See  Wandering  Jeic. 

Cartas  de  Indias  (kar'tas  da  en'de-as).  A  col- 
lection of  letters  from  early  Spanish  explorers, 
published  by  the  Spanish  government  at  Ma- 
drid, 1877.  Some  of  those  from  Columbus.  Ves- 
pucci, and  others  are  given  in  facsimile. 

Carte  (kart),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Clifton-upou- 
Dunsmoor,  'Warwickshire.  England.  April. 
1686 :  died  near  Abingdon.  England,  April  2. 
1754.  An  English  scholar  and  historian.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "Life  of  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde  "  (1736), 
an  important  history  of  England  to  1654  (1747-55),  etc 
He  was  a  strong  Jacobite, 

Cartel  (kar-tel')  Combination.  In  Germon 
politics,  the  temporary  union  in  the  Reichstag 
about  1887  of  the  members  of  the  Grerman  Con- 


220 

servative.  National  Liberal,  and  Imperialist 
parties. 

Carter  (kar'ter),  Elizabeth.  Bora  at  Deal.  Dec. 
16. 1717 :  died  at  London.  Feb.  19, 1806.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  translator,  and  miscellaneous  wi-iter. 
she  is  best  Ijnown  for  her  friendship  for  Dr.  Johnson, 
which  lasted  for  fifty  years.  Her  letters  to  MrB.  Vesej", 
Mrs.  Montagu,  and  Miss  Catharine  Talbot  were  collected 
and  printed  in  seven  volumes  1809-17. 

Carter,  Franklin.  Bom  at  Waterbmy,  Conn.. 
Sept.  30.  1637.  An  American  educator.  He  was 
graduated  from  Williams  College  in  1862.  From  1865  to 
186S  he  was  professor  of  Latin  and  French  at  Williams, 
from  1868  to  1872  of  Latin  only.  From  1872  to  1881  he  was 
professor  of  German  at  Yale  College.  He  was  president 
of  Williams  College  1881-1901. 

Carter,  Henry.  The  original  name  of  Frank 
Leslie,  changed  by  act  of  the  legislature  in  1S49. 
See  Leslie.  Franl: 

Carteret  (kar'ter-et).  Sir  George.  Bom  at  St. 
Ouen.  Jersey,  between  1609-17:  died  Jan.,  1680. 
An  English  sailor  and  royalist  politician,  a 
nephew  of  Sir  Philip  de  Carteret,  He  became  cap- 
tain in  the  navy  in  1633.  and  comptrollerof  the  navy  in  16;^: 
supported  actively  the  royalist  cause,  and  was  appointed 
by  the  king  lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey  (from  which  he 
expelled  the  Parliamentary  governor)  and  vice-admiral 
(Dec.  13, 1644);  was  granted  by  Charles  11.  ■'  acertain  island 
and  adjacent  islets  in  America  in  perpetual  inheritance, 
to  be  called  New  Jersey  " ;  surrendered  Dec.  12, 1651,  and 
went  to  France  and  obtained  a  command  in  the  French 
navy  ;  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastille  Aug.-Dec,  1657 ; 
retmned  to  England  at  the  Restoration ;  was  treasurer  of 
the  navy-  1661-67 ;  and  was  suspended  from  the  House  of 
Commons  for  mismanagement  of  the  funds  of  the  navy, 
Dec.  10, 1669.  He  was  one  of  the  original  proprietors  of 
Carolina,  and,  with  Lord  Berkeley,  was  granted  the  land 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware,  named  in  his 
honor  New  Jersey. 

Carteret,  John,  Lord.  Bom  April  22,  1690: 
died  at  Bath.  Jan.  2,  1763.  An  English  states- 
man, son  of  the  tirst  Baron  Carteret.  He  became 
Baron  Carteret  Sept.  22, 1695,  and  Earl  Granville  (through 
the  death  of  his  mother)  Oct.  18, 1744.  He  was  appointed 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Sweden  in  1719 ;  mediated 
a  peace  between  Sweden,  Prussia,  and  Hanover  in  1720 ; 
attended  as  ambassador  extraordinarj-  the  congresses  of 
Brunswick  and  Cambray  in  1720  ;  was  appointed  secretary 
of  state  for  the  southern  province  luider  Walpole,  March 
5,  1721 ;  became  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  April  3,  1724, 
retiring  1730 ;  was  an  active  opponent  of  Walpole,  moving 
Feb.  13,  1741,  in  the  House  of  Lords,  that  the  king  be.  re- 
quested to  remove  him  from  his  "'presence  and  counsels 
for  ever " ;  became  secretary  of  state  for  the  northern 
province  Feb.  12, 1742,  under  Lord  Wilmiugton ;  resigned 
Nov.  24.  1744 ;  and  attempted  unsuccessfully  to  form  a 
ministiy  Feb.,  1746. 

Carteret,  Philip.  Died  at  Southampton,  Eng- 
land. July  21,  1796.  An  English  rear-admiral 
and  explorer  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  He  was 
lieutenant  of  the  Dolphin  in  Byron's  erpedition.  1764-66  ; 
commanded  the  Swallow  in  the  expedition  under  Wallis 
to  the  southern  hemisphere,  1766-69 ;  and  discovered  Pit- 
cairn  Island  (July  2,  1767).  Osnabnrg,  Gower's  Island, 
Simpson's  Island.  'Carteret's  Island,  Wallis's  Island,  and 
others.  His  "  Journal  "  was  published  iu  Hawkesworth's 
"  Voyages  "  (1773). 

Carteret,  Sir  Philip  de.  Born  on  the  island 
of  Jersey,  Feb.,  1584:  died  in  Jersey,  Aug.  23, 
1643,  An  English  royalist,  seigneur  of  St,  Ouen, 
•Jersey,  and  of  Sark,  and  lieutenant-governor 
of  Jersey,  which  he  held  for  the  kmg  until 
his  death. 

Cartesius.    See  Descortes. 

Carthage  (kar'thaj).  [L.  Carthago,  Phen.  Kar- 
tliadaslit.  New  Town,  as  opposed  to  the  mother 
city  Tyre,  or  to  the  older  colony  of  Utica  (from 
Phen.  atiq,  old)  which  was  situated  to  the  north- 
east, about  17  miles  from  Carthage.]  An  an- 
cient city  and  state  in  northern  Africa,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  36°  52'  N.,  long. 
10°  18'  E.,  a  few  miles  northeast  of  modem 
Tunis,  and  not  far  from  Utica.  It  was  founded 
by  Pheuicians  in  the  middle  of  the  9th  centurj-  (?).  It  was 
a  great  commercial  and  colonizing  center  as  early  as  the 
6th  centtiry  B.  c,  and  was  one  of  the  lai-gest  cities  of  anti- 
quity. It  had  two  harbors,  a  naval  and  a  mercantile.  Its 
first  treaty  with  Kome  was  made  in  509  B.  c.  It  was  de- 
feated at  Himera  in  Sicily  in  480,  and  overthrew  Selinus 
and  other  Sicilian  cities  about  400.  It  was  the  rival  of 
Syracuse  under  Dionysius.  Agathocles,  etc.  At  the  height 
of  its  power  it  had  possessions  in  Sicily.  Corsica,  Sardinia, 
northern  Africa,  and  Spain.  Its  wars  with  Some  have  the 
following  dates :  First  Punic  War,  264-241 ;  Second  Punic 
War,  218-201 ;  Third  Pnnic  War.  149-146.  It  was  recolo- 
nized  as  a  Roman  city  by  Cains  Gracchus  and  successfully 
by  Augustas  in  29  (T)  B.  c. ;  was  taken  by  the  Vandals  in 
439  A.  D. :  and  was  retaken  by  Belisarius  in  533.  It  was 
an  important  center  of  Latin  Christianity.  The  Saracens 
destroyed  it  about  697.  At  present  some  cisterns,  broken 
arches  of  an  aqueduct,  and  the  Roman  Catholic  monastery 
of  St.  Louis  mark  the  siteof  the  former  rival  of  Rome,  See 
Punic  Wars, 

Carthage.  The  capital  of  Jasper  Coimty, 
southwestern  Missouri.  Near  here,  July  5,  1861, 
was  fought  the  battle  between  the  Federals  Cl,-=>00)  under 
Sign  and  the  Confederates  (3.500-5.000)  under  Governor 
Jackson.    Population  (1900).  9,416. 

Carthagena.    See  Cartagena. 
Carthago  (kar-tha'go).     The  Roman  name  of 
Carthage. 


Carus,  Karl  Gustav 

Carthago  Nova  (no'vS).  The  Roman  name  of 
Caitageua.  Spain.  ^ 

Cartier  i  kiir-tya ' ) ,  Sir  George  Etienne.  Bom 
at  St.  Antoine,  Lower  Canada.  Sept.  6,  1814: 
died  at  London.  May  20.  1873.  A  French-Ca- 
nadian lawyer  and  politician.  He  became  provin- 
cial secret-ary  in  ia55 ;  attorney-general  for  Lower  Canada 
in  lS,i6 ;  and  premier  in  1858.  He  was  the  author  of  "  0 
Canada,  mon  pays,  mes  amours  "  and  other  popular  songs. 

Cartier  (kiir-tya'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  St.  Malo, 
France,  Dec.  31,  1494  :  died  after  1-5-52.  A  cele- 
brated French  narigator.  He  made  three  voyages 
to  Canada.  In  the  first  (l.=>34)  he  explored  the  Gulf  of  St 
Laivrence ;  in  the  second  (1535)  he  s.ailed  up  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  Montreal :  and  in  the  third  (1541-12)  he  made 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  at  colonization  in  Canada. 

Cartismanduaikar-tis-man'du-a).  A  queen  of 
the  Brigaiites  in  the  time  of  Ciaiidius.  She  fa- 
vored the  Romans,  and  was  forced  to  seek  an 
asylum  in  their  camp. 

Cartoons  of  Raphael.  Drawings  executed  in 
1515-16.  for  Leo  X..  to  be  reproduced  in 
Flemish  tapestry.  They  were  long  in  Hampton  Couit 
Palace,  and  are  now  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
London.  One  of  the  two  sets  of  tapestries  made  from 
them  is  in  the  Vatican,  the  other  in  the  Old  Museum, 
Berlin.  The  cartoons  are  seven  in  number:  Christ'^ 
Charge  to  Peter,  Death  of  Ananias.  Peter  and  John  Heal- 
ing the  Cripple,  Paul  and  Barnabas  at  Lvstra.  Elymas 
Struck  Blind.  Paul  Preaching  at  Athens.  The  Draught 
of  Fishes.  In  composition  and  vigor  of  drawing  they  are 
among  Raphael's  best  works. 

Cartouche  (kar-tosh'),  Louis  Dominique. 
Bom  at  Paris  about  1693:  broken  on  the 
wheel  at  Chatelet,  France.  Nov.  28.  1721.  A 
celebrated  Parisian  robber.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
wine  merchant,  and  was  stolen  by  gipsies,  from  whom  he 
learned  rascality.  He  established  himself  in  Paris,  and 
after  a  short  period  of  senice  in  the  army  formed  & 
famous  band  of  robbers.  His  history  was  extremely  pop- 
ular, and  was  the  foundation  of  various  plays. 

Cartwright  (kart '  rit).  Edmund.  Bom  at 
Mamham.  Nottingham.  England.  April  24, 1743: 
died  at  Hastings,  England.  Oct.  30.  1S23.  An 
English  clergyman  and  mechanician,  the  re- 
puted inventor  of  the  power-loom.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  University  College,  Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College  in  1764,  curate  of  Brampton,  and 
rector  of  Goadby  Marwood,  Leicestershire,  iu  1799.  In 
1784,  during  a  visit  to  Artnright's  cotton-miUs  at  Crom- 
ford,  the  idea  of  a  weaving-machine,  according  to  the  ac- 
count given  by  him,  occurred  to  hira.  His  lirst  patent 
was  taken  out  April  4,  1785,  and  this  was  followed  by 
others,  on  improvements,  on  Oct  30,  1786,  and  Aug.  18. 
1787.  He  also  patented  (1789)  a  wool-carding  machine, 
and  (1797)  a  steam-engine  in  which  alcohol  was  used,  and 
assisted  Robert  Fulton  in  his  experiments  with  steam- 
boats.   He  w-as  the  brother  of  John  Cartwright. 

Cartwright,  John.  Bom  at  Mamham,  Not- 
tingham. England,  Sept.  17,  1740:  died  at 
London,  Sept.  23.  1824.  An  English  radical 
politician  and  publicist,  sumamed  "the  Father 
of  Reform,''  an  advocate  of  parliamentary  re- 
form and  of  the  abolition  of  slaveiy:  brother 
of  Edmund  Cartwright.  He  was  the  author  of  "A 
Letter  to  Edmund  Burke,  controverting  the  Principles  of 
American  Government  laid  down  in  his  lately  published 
Speech  on  American  Taxation  "U775),  and  of  other  politi- 
cal paniphlets- 

Cart-wright,  Peter.  Born  in  .Amherst  County, 
Va..  Sept.  1. 1785:  died  at  Pleasant  Plains,  HI., 
Sept.  25,  1872.  An  American  circuit  preacher 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Cartwright,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Hertfordshire, 
England.  1.535:  died  at  'Warwick,  Dec.  27. 1603. 
-■i.  cele'orated  English  Puritan  clergyman,  con- 
troversialist, and  scholar. 

Cart'Wright,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Northampton, 
Sept.  1,  1634:  died  at  Dublin,  April  15,  1689. 
An  English  prelate,  prebendary  of  Wells  and 
of  Durham,  dean  of  Ripon,  and  (1686)  bishop 
of  Chester. 

Cart'Wright,  'William.  Born  at  Northway, 
near  Tewkesburv.  England,  Sept..  1611;  died 
at  Oxford,  England,  Nov.  29,  1643.  An  Eng- 
lish divine  and  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of  an 
innkeeper  at  Cirencester,  a  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  a  member  of  the  Council  of  War  in  1642,  and 
junior  proctor  of  the  university  in  1643.  He  wrote  "The 
Ordinaiy."  "The  Royal  Slave,  a  Tragi-Comedy. "  -The 
Lady- Errant,  a  Tragi-Comedy,"  and  '■  The  Siege.'or  Love's 
Convert, "  etc.    His  plays  and  poems  were  collected  in  1651. 

Carupano  (ka-ro'pa-no).  A  seaport  in  the 
state  of  Bei-mudez.  '\>nezuela.  in  lat.  10°  40' 
N.,  long.  63°  18'  "W.     Population.  12.000. 

Cams  (ka'ros).  Julius  Viktor.  Bom  at  Leip- 
sic.  Aug.  25.  1823 :  died  there.  March  10.  1903. 
-A.  noted  German  zoologist.  He  was  cnsiodian  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomyat  Oxford  (1541^-51 1, pro- 
fessor of  comparative  anatomy  at  Leipsic  •  lS53-li'03),  and 
Professor  Wyville  Thomson's  substitute  at  Edinburgh 
(1873-74).  His  works  include  "Zur  nahem  Kenntnis  des 
Generationswechsels"  (1849),  -'System  der  tierischen 
Morpholoirie  "  '1S53),  "  Icones  zootomicse  "  (1857),  etc. 

Cams,  Karl  Gustav.  Born  at  Leipsic.  Jan. 
o.  1789:  died  at  Dresden.  July  28.  1869.  .-V 
German   physiologist    and    psychologist.     His 


Cams,  Karl  Gustav  221 

•woi ks  include  "Lehrbuchder  Zootomie'  (1818),  "Grund-  Casabianca  (kii-za-bvan'ka),  LouiS.  Born  at 
ziige  der  vergleichenden  Anatomie  und  Physiologie "  Bastia,  Corsica,  about  1755:  killed  oflE  Abukir, 
(1828).  "Uber  den  Blutkreislauf  der  Insekten"  (1827),  r,,..,,*  '  >,,„  i  i  too  a  Frpiiph  nival  officer 
S.vnflesuniren  uber  PsvcholoKie "  (1831).  "Psyche,  etc.-     f«>Pt'  ^ug.  1.  i.Jh.       a.  J?  renca  ua\ai  omtti. 

In  compuny  with  his  son  (Giacomo  Jocante  Casablanca) 
he  perished  with  his  ship,  L'Orient,  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile.   Tins  event  is  tlie  subject  of  a  poem  by  Mrs.  Hemans. 


''Vorlesungen  Uber  Psychologie 

Oarus  (ka'rus),  Marcus  Aurelius, 


(1831),  "Psyche,  etc' 
Born  in 


^:!^.efr^;=^r*^^™::of Rn;n«^  Casa_de  Contratacion  de  la^  Indias  (ka'sa 


phou ,  Mesopotamia,  283.  Emperor  of  Kome  28: 
283.  He  was  prefect  of  the  Pretorian  Guard  under  Pro- 
bus,  and  was  elevated  to  the  throne  by  the  soldiers  on 
tlie'murder  of  Piobus  at  Slrmium.  He  was  killed  (accord- 
ins  to  one  account  by  lightning)  on  an  expedition  against 
(Ik-  Parthians,  as  he  was  about  to  push  his  conquests 
across  the  Tigris. 

Carvalbo  (kar-viil'yij)  Paes  de  Andrade  aiiz 
de  an-diii'de),  Mahiiel  de. 


died  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  18, 18.55.  A  Bra 
zilian  politician.  He  was  elected  temporaiy  president 
ot  Pernambuco  Dec,  1823,  and  durin;;  the  succeeding  year 
headed  arevolt  against  the  enipemr  Pedro  I.,  proclaiming 
(July  i,  1824)  a  republic  with  tlic  name  of  the  Confedera- 
cao  do  Equador.  Tlie  revolt  was  put  down  in  October, 
and  Carvalho  escaped  to  England,  He  returned  to  Brazil, 
and  was  a  senator  from  1835. 

Carvell  (kar'vel),  Nicholas.  Died  1.566.  An 
English  poet,  reputed  author  of  two  poems  in 
the  "Mirror  for  Magistrates." 

Carver  (kiir'ver),  John.  Born  iu  England, 
about  1375:  died  at  Pl^-mouth,  Mass.,  April, 
1621.  One  of  the  leaders  of  the  "  ]?ilgrira 
Fathers,"  and  first  governor  of  Plj-mouth  Col- 
ony, 1620-21.  He  took  refuge  in  Holland  about  liiOS, 
was  deacon  in  Kobinson's  cliurch  at  Leyden,  and  was 
agent  for  the  Puritan  emigrants  to  New  England. 

Carver,  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Stillwater,  Conn.. 
1732:    died   at   London,  Jan.    31,    1780.      An 


dil  kou-tra-tii-the-on'  da  lasen'de-iiz),  or  Coun- 
cil of  Seville.  [Sp.,  '  house  of  commerce  with 
the  Indies,'  Coimejo  de  Hcvilla.']  An  office  es- 
tablished at  Seville  in  1503  for  the  regulation 
of  commerce  with  the  Indies.  It  maintained  the 
strict  Spanish  monopoly  of  American  commerce  which  was 
one  of  the  principal  causes  of  complaint  in  the  colonies. 

^o'^'"e-r*°'^A  ^P'^"  Casa  d'oro  (ka'sa  do'ro).  [It., 'house  of  gold.'] 
A  Venetian  medieval  (1-tth  century)  palace.  It 
has  been  marred  by  restoration.  It  has  three  stories,  di- 
vided vertically  into  two  divisions.  The  left-hand  divi- 
sion has  in  the  lowest  stoi-y  five  open  arches,  the  middle 
one  round,  and  in  the  two  upper  ones  most  rich  and 
graceful  foliated  arcades  set  between  larger  arches.  The 
right-hand  division  consists  of  ornamented  paneling,  also 
set  between  decorated  arches.  Above  there  is  a  pictu- 
resque cresting  in  marble.  To  beauty  of  form  this  facade 
adds  great  and  diversified  charm  of  color  in  its  incrusted 
and  inlaid  marbles. 
Casa    Grande  (ka'sii   griiu'da).     [Sp.,    'great 


the  region  beyond  the  Mississippi.  To  find  a 
northern  passage  to  the  Pacific,  he  started  from  Boston, 
June,  ITtiti,  explored  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
proceeded  as  far  west  as  the  sources  of  the  St.  Pierre,  re- 
turning in  1768.  Ill  1769  he  went  to  England.  He  pub- 
lished "  Travels  to  the  Interior  Parts  of  North  America," 
including  an  account  of  the  manners,  customs,  languages, 
etc.,  of  the  Indians  (1778),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation 
.  i(  the  Tobacco-plant "  (1771)),  etc. 
CarviliUS  (kar-vil'i-us),  Spurius.  A  Roman 
freedman,  noted  as  one  of  the  fii'st  to  open  a 


public  school  at  Rome,  and  as  the  arranger  of  Oasamanza  (ka-zii-man'za),  or 
the  Roman  alphabet.     See  the  extract.  (ka-zii-mons').     A  river  in  Senei 


alphabet 

K  disappeared  from  use  at  a  very  early  date,  being  rep- 
r'-sented  by  C  instead.  Later,  when  the  need  appeared 
fnr  a  distinction  between  the  smooth  (tenuis)  and  mid- 
He  (media)  gutturals,  the  freedman  of  Sp.  Carvilius,  cos. 
.'.20  234  and  526/228,  invented  the  sign  G  by  slightly  alter- 
ing the  0,  and  put  it  in  the  place  of  the  almost  unneces- 
sary and  little  used  Z,  which  was  only  restored  (together 
with  Y)in  the  time  of  Cicero,  and  was  then  placed  at  the 
end  of  the  alphabet.  Thus  the  alphabet  of  Carvilius  like- 
wise consisted  of  twenty-one  letters. 
TeiM  aiid  Schwabc,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.by  G.C.W.Warr), 

(I.  127. 

Carvin  (kar-van').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  Fnance,  situ- 
ated 11  miles  south-southwest  of  Lille.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune.  8,000. 

Cary  (ka'ri),  Alice.  Born  near  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  April  20,  1820:  died  at  New  York,  Feb. 
12,  1871.  An  American  author.  Her  works  in- 
clude poems,  novels,  sketches  of  Western  life,  "  Clover- 
nook  Papers"  (1851-53),  •■Clovernook  Children  "  (1864). 

Gary,  sir  Henry.     Died  Sept. ^1633.     An  Eng- 


Casiri 

London.  July  12,  1614.  A  famous  classical 
scholar  and  Protestant  theologian,  of  French 
(Oascou)  origin.  He  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Ge- 
neva 1582-96,  and  of  languages  at  Alontpellier  1596-ltioO ; 
librarian  to  the  king,  in  Paris,  1601-10 ;  and  from  that 
time  until  his  deatli  a  prebendary  of  Canterbury  and  a 
pensioner  of  King  James.  He  published  commentaries 
on  Athenieus,  Tileophrastua  (with  a  Latin  translation), 
Suetonius,  etc.,  and  "  Ephemerides,"  a  journal  of  hia 
studies. 
Casaubon,  Meric.  Born  at  Geneva,  Aug.  14, 
1599 :  died  at  O.vford,  England,  July  14,  1671. 
A  divine  and  classical  scholar,  son  of  Isaac 
Casaubon,  resident  in  England  after  1611.  He 
published  a  large  number  of  works,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant is  an  edition  of  his  father's  "Ephemerides." 

Casbin.    See  Kushiu. 

Casca  (kas'kii),Publius  Servilius.  Died  after 
42  B.  c.  One  of  the  assassins  of  Julius  Cipsar 
(44  B.  c),  and  the  first  of  them  to  strike  a  blow. 

Cascade  Mountains.  A  range  of  mountains  in 
C)regiiii,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia, 
nearly  parallel  to  the  Pacific.  It  is  connected  with 
the  .sierra  Nevada  on  the  south.  It  contains  many  ex- 
tinct volcanoes.  Among  its  chief  peaks  are  Mounts  Pitt, 
Scott,  Three  Sisters,  Jerterson,  Hood.  Baker,  St,  Helen's, 
^  -    .  _  and  Taconia  (or  Rainier),  the  highest  (14,444  feet). 

house.']    A  ruin  of  an  ancient  Pima  village  on  Qascate  delle  Marmore,  or  Falls  of  the  Ve- 

the  south  bank  ot  the  Gila  River,  m  .Arizona,     h^q      y^e  Marmore. 

80  miles  northwest  of   Tucson.      Its  aborigi-  q^^^^  Ba,y  (kas'ko  ba).    A  bay  on  the  south- 

fMvano  ).  ern  coast  of  Maine,  extending  from  Cape  Eliz- 

abeth,  near  Portland,  northeastward  for  about 
20  miles.  It  abounds  in  islands. 
Case  is  Altered,  The.  A  comedy  of  intrigue, 
Ijy  Ben  Jonsou,  acted  by  1599,  based  on  two 
plays  by  Plautus,  the ' '  Aulularia  "  and  the  "  Cap- 
tivi." 

Caserta  (ka-ser'ta).  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  17  miles  north-northeast 
of  Naples.  It  contains  a  royal  palace,  begun  1752  iu 
emulation  of  \'ersaiiles  and  La  Granja.  and  one  of  the 
finest  palaces  in  Europe.  The  plan  is  a  rectangle;  the 
facade  is  780  feet  long  aud  125  high,  with  two  stories  and 
an  attic  above  a  basement.  Population  (1891),  estimated, 
commune,  36,iXK). 
Caserta.  A  province  in  Campania,  Italy:  the 
former  Terra  di  Lavoro.     Area,  2,033  square 

miles.     Population  (1891),  734,884. 

Africa,  which' flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  60  Cases,  Las.     See  Las  Cases. 
miles  south  of  the  Gambia.  Cashan.     See  hashan. 

Casas  (ka'sas),  Bartolome  de  las.  Born  at  Cashel  (kash'el).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Tip- 
Seville,  1474:  died  at  Madrid,  July,  1566.  A  perary,  Ireland,  inlat.o2° 31' N.,  long.  7°  o3' W. 
Snanish  DnmiTiir.fln  cplehrntpd  ns  rt  defender  The  "rock  of  Cashel "  is  a  limestone  formation,  about  300 
bpanisli  Ltommicau,  celebiatea  as  a  aeienuei  ^^^^  j_^  heisiii.  On  its  summit  are  the  ruins  of  a  Gothic 
ot  the  Indians  against  their  Spanish  conquer-  cathedral  (I2th  century),  castle,  abbey,  chapel,  and  round 
ors.  He  went  to  Hispaniola  in  1502,  accompanied  Velas-  tower, 
quez  during  the  conquest  of  Cuba,  and  became  a  curate   Cashgar.      See  Kashgav. 


nal  name  is  Swano-Ki  ('house  of 
Casa  Guidi  (kii'sa  gwe'de)  Windows. 
poem  by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1851. 
Named  from  the  Casa  Guidi,  a  house  in  Florence  where 
the  authoress  resided  during  the  composition  of  the  poem. 


American  soMieTTmr  tr^eleiT^-x^Torer  1>f  Casalejka  -  z^^^^ 


(mon-fer-ra'to).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Alessandria,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  38  miles 
east  of  Turin,  it  was  the  old  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
Monferrato.  It  has  a  cathedral,  founded  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury by  the  Lombards.  Population,  17,000. 
Casalmaggiore  (ka-ziil'mad-jo're).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Cremona,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Po  22  miles  southeast  of  Cremona.  Here 
Francesco  Sforza  defeated  the  Venetians  in 
1448. 

Casamance 


Senegambia,  West 


there.  In  1514  he  began  to  preach  against  the  system  of  QashibOS.  Same  as  'Cackibo^. 
Indian  slavery ;  and  in  1515  went  to  Spam  to  intercede  ri„„i,tl„*.«  ^^-  i.-.. 
for  the  Indians  with  Ferdinand.  By  Cardinal  Ximenes 
hewas  named  "Protector  of  the  Indians,"  with  consider- 
able powers,  and  returned  to  Hispaniola  in  1516.  He 
again  visited  Spain  to  urge  his  views  on  Charles  V.;  at- 
tempted to  plant  a  colony  on  the  coast  of  Cumaiii,  which 
was  destroyed  by  the  Indians  (1621);  took  the  Domin- 
ican habit  at  Santo  Domingo  (1522),  and  remained  in  re- 
tirement for  eight  years  ;  and  Anally  returned  to  Spain, 
From  1,'j44  to  1547  he  was  bishop  of  Chiapa  in  Mexico, 
He  published  "  Breuissima  relacion  de  la  destruycion  tie 
las  Indias  "("  Destruction  of  the  Indias,"  Seville,  15,"j2), 
"  Histariade  las  Indias  "  (published  1875,  but  well  known 
before  by  manuscript  copies),  etc. 


lish   statesman,   son  of  Sir  Edward  Cary  of  Casas  Grandes  (kii'siis  griiii'des).    [Sp., 'great 


Berkhamstead  and  Aldenham,  Hertfordshire, 
created  Viscount  Falkland  in  the  Scottish 
peerage,  Nov.  10,  1G'20. 

Gary,  Henry  Francis.  Bom  at  Gibraltar, 
Dec.  5.  1772:  died  at  London,  Aug.  14,  1844. 
An  English  poet  and  scholar,  chiefly  known 
as  the  translator  ot  Dante.  He  studied  at  Christ 
f'hurch,  Oxford  ;  became  vicar  of  Abbot's  Bromley,  staf- 
forilshire,  in  1796  ;  removed  to  the  living  of  Kingsliury, 
Warwickshire, in  1800 ;  became  reader  at  Berkeley  (.'hapel. 
London,  in  1807 ;  and  was  appointed  assistant  keejier  of 
printed  books  at  the  British  Museum  in  1826,  resigning  in 
1837.  His  translation  of  the  "Inferno"  of  Dante  was 
pubHshed  in  1805,  and  the  whole  was  completed  in  1812. 

Cary,  Lucius,  Viscount  Falklaml.  Born  at 
Burford,  Oxfordsliire,  England,  about  1610: 
killed  at  the  first  battle  of  Newbury,  Sept.  20, 
1643.  An  Englisli  politician  and  litterateur. 
He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1640,  and  secretary  of 
state  in  1641.    He  sided  with  the  Royalists  in  1642. 

Cary,  Phoebe.  Bom  near  (Cincinnati,  (Jliio, 
Sc|il.  4,  1S24:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  31, 
1871.  An  American  author,  sister  of  Alice 
Oary.  she  wrote  "Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Love" 
(1868),  etc.,  and  was  the  author  of  the  hymn  "One  .Sweetly 
Solemn  Thought." 

Casa  (kii'sii),  Giovanni  della.     Bom  at  Mu-  n„„„,,- 

gello,  near  Florence,  Juno  2S,  1,503:  died  at  ^asauDon 
Rome,  Nov.  14,  1556.  An  Italian  poet  and  '^'eorge  i.i 
ecclesiastic,  clerk  of  the  eliamber  to  Pope 
Paul  HI.,  and  charged  with  various  diplo- 
matic duties:  author  of  "Galatoo"  (poem  on 
etiquette.  1.5.58,  1752).  His  collected  works 
were  published  in  1707. 


houses.']  An  extensive  ruin  in  northwestern 
Sonora,  about  120  miles  south  of  the  United 
States  boundary  line  in  New  Mexico.  The  set- 
tlement appears  to  have  been  considerable,  and  to  have 
contained  as  many  as  4,000  souls  at  least.  The  edifices 
were  of  large  adobe  with  very  thick  walls  and  as  many  as 
four  and  perhaps  five  stories.  The  pottery  accompanying 
the  ruins  and  all  the  artifacts  show  an  advance  in  culture 
beyond  the  Indians  of  New  Mexico.  Concerning  its  in 
habitants  nothing  is  known,  except  that  they  had  disap- 
peared long  previous  to  the  discovery  of  the  ruins  by  the 
Spaniards  in  KMI.  At  that  time  the  site  was  occupied 
by  a  tribe  called  Sumas,  which  has  since  diaappeareil 
also.  A  mile  south  of  the  ruins  there  is  a  vilhige  of  .Mex 
ican  inhabitants  numbering  about  1,000  souls.  Tlie  name 
(^asas  Grandes  is  also  given  to  various  aimilar  ruins  in 
nortliern  Mexico. 
Casati  (ka-sil'le),  Gaetano.  Born  at  Lesmo, 
Italy,  IS38:  died  at  Conio,  March  7,  1902.  An 
Italian  soldier  and  Africiiii  explorer.  In  isTiithe 
Italian  .Society  lor  Commercial  Kxiiloralion  sent  iiim  to 
the  basin  of  the  Bahr-el  Gliuzal.  «  li^  re  he  arnveil  in  ISSIl. 
After  exploring  the  country  of  the  Nyam-Nyam  and  thi' 
Mcmbutto,  he  joined  Endn  Pasha  and  Dr.  Junker  in  1.MK3, 
In  1KH6  Kabrega,  to  whom  Einin  had  sent  him  on  a  mission, 
detained  liini  In  semi-captivilv.  Stanleys  an  ival,  in  l«8i), 
set  him  free.  His  reports  wen-  puMislied  in  "  Bolletlno 
ilellu  .Societfi  d'i;3pli>ni/,l..ii.-  '  i1s,k:ihh).  His  "Died 
Alilli  in  Hqnatiiria"  iippian  il  in  l.y.ll, 

(kii-sii'lion),  Rev.  Edward.     In 

eorge  l^liot's  "Middloniarch,"  the  liusliaiid  of 
Dorotliea  Brooke,     she  marries  him  in  the  billet  llial 


Cashmere.     See  Knslimir. 

Casilear  (kas'i-ler),  John  W.  Bom  at  New 
York,  June  25,  1811 :  died  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  18, 1893.  A  landscape-painter.  Ue 
began  to  study  engraving  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  in  1831 
was  an  engraver  of  bank-notes.  In  1840and  1857  he  went  to 
Europe  to  study  oil-painting.  He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  iu  1851. 

Casilinum  (kas-i-li'num).     See  Capua. 

Casimir  (kas'i-mer)  I.  [G.  Kasimir,  Pol.  7i(i--i- 
>«({»■.-.]  Died  Nov.  28,  1058.  King  of  Poland 
1040-58,  surnamed  ''The  Peaceful"  and  "The 
Monk."  He  was  the  son  of  Miecislas  II.  and  Rixa,  a 
German  princess.  On  the  death  of  his  father  (lOlU)  his 
mother  became  regent,  but  was  obliged  to  flee  from  an  out- 
break of  uiitional  hatred,  aroused  by  the  favoritism  which 
she  displayrd  toward  her  countrymen.  He  was  reciUltHl 
1040,  fKini'iiiTinaiiy,  where  he  was  living  in  retii-ement  de- 
votf.l  to  religions  exercises.  He  restored  Christianity, 
wtiit'h  bad  lueii  hotly  jiersecuted  during  Ills  absence,  and 
added  ,M;isovia  and  Breslau  to  Polanil.  He  is  called  "  the 
restorer  of  I'olaml," 

Casimir  II.  Horn  1138:  died  May  4, 1194.  King 
of  Poland  1177-94,  surnamed  "The  Just."  He 
organized  the  Polish  senate,  which  consisted  of  bishops, 
palatines,  and  castellans,  and  introduced  laws  protecting 
the  peiusants  against  the  nobles. 

Casimir  III.  Born  1309:  died  Nov.  8,  1370. 
King  of  Poland  1333-70,  surnamed  "The 
Great,"  son  of  Vladislav  Lokietek.  He  promul- 
gateil  a  double  code  of  laws  forOreat  and  Little  Poland  iu 
l'M7,  jirojected  tlie  l^nivcrslty  of  Cracow  in  lati4,  and  made 
coniiuests  In  Silesia,  Russia,  and  LItliuania-  Anituig  his 
mistresses  was  a  Jewess,  Esther,  who  Is  supiiosed  to  have 
seiuied  llic  humane  protcclloii  which,  at  this  time,  was 
acconlrd  to  lur  people  in  Polanil. 

Casimir  IV.  Bom  Nov. '29, 1427:  died  at  Grodno, 
Poland,  June  7,  1492.  King  ol  Poland  1447-92, 
brother  of  Wladislaw  111.  Ite  carried  on  n  war  of 
fourteen  years  against  the  leiitonii-  knights,  whicll  was 
terminated  in  1466  by  the  peace  of  1  horn,  and  which  gave 
Poland  possession  of  West  Prussia,  with  suzerainty  over 
r.ast  PniHsia. 


,,,^ ^^, ^ ^ Casimir-P6rier,  Jean,    s^'o  PMcr. 

his  high  and  noMe'l.kX  SV  nil's'e''\ie'r'i'i^^^^^  Casiri  (kii-se're).  Michacl.     Born  at   Tripoli, 

and  generous  intellectual  life,  but  finds  him  to  be  only  a  .Syria,   1710:  died  at  Madrid,  March   12,   1791, 

timid,  selfalisorbcd  pedant.                        ,...,..,  A  Maronite  Orientalist.     He  became  chief  librarian 

Casaubon    (ka-sa'bon;    1'.    pron.    ka-zo-bon  ),  of  the  Escorlal  In  .Si>ain  in  1763.    Hlschlefworki8"Blbllo- 

Isaac,      Born  at  Geneva,  Feb.  18,  1559:  died  at  theca  arablco-hispana  eseurialensls "  (1760-70). 


Casius 

Casius  (ka'si-us).  [L.  CaMus  moiis,  Gr.  Kaaiov 
opog;  now  El  Kas.']  The  ancient  name  of  the 
mountainous  region  south  of  Antioeh.  See  the 
extract. 

The  mountain  region  varied  in  its  elevation  from  about 
5,001)  feet  in  the  north,  where  it  was  known  as  Casius  auJ 
Bargylus,  to  above  9,tX)0  feet  in  the  south,  where  Lebanon 
cuhninates  in  the  snow>'  peak  of  M.akniel. 

Raidinson,  Phcenicia,  p.  -J. 

Caslon  (kas'lon),  William.  Born  at  Cradiey, 
Worcestershire,  1692:  died  at  Bethnal  Green, 
Jan.  23, 1766.  A  London  type-founder,  famous 
for  his  skill  as  a  type-cutter.  He  established  an 
important  business  which  was  carried  on  in  partnei-ship 
with  his  son  William,  and  after  his  death  by  the  latter 
alone, 

Caspar  (kas'par).  A  huntsman  who  sells  him- 
self to  Zimeel,  the  black  huntsman,  in  Weber's 
opera  "Der  Freischiitz." 

Caspar  Hauser.     See  Hauser,  Kaspnr. 

Caspe  (kas'pe).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  river  Guada- 
lupe Ln  lat,  41°  13'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  W.  Popu- 
lation (1S87),  8,439. 

Caspian  Sea  (kas'pi-an  se).  [L.  Mare  Caspium, 
or  Mare  Hyrcanium,  Gr.  Kaa-nia  6d'.aaaa,  Kac- 
-lov  -i'/-a)og;  from  L.  Cas2>ii.  Gr.  KdoTrioi,  dwell- 
ers on  the  coast.]  A  salt  inland  sea  on  the 
boundary  between  Eiu'ope  and  Asia,  bounded 
by  Russian  territory  on  the  west,  north,  and 
east,  and  by  Persia  on  the  south.  It  is  the  largest 
inland  sea  in  the  world.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Volga,  Ural,  Kuma,  Einba,  Terek,  Kur,  Atrek,  and  Setid. 
It  has  no  outlet  There  is  a  Russian  fleet  upon  it.  and 
steamers  connecting  with  the  Transcaspian  Kailway.  It 
is  83  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Black  Sea,  Length.  680 
miles.  Greatest  width,  about  270  miles.  Area,  about 
169.000  square  miles. 

CaSQUets  (kas'kets).  A  group  of  dangerous 
rocks  in  the  English  Channel,  8  mdes  west  of 
Alderney.  They  are  the  traditional  scene  of 
the  shipwreck  of  Prince  William  in  1120. 

Cass  (kas),  Lewis.  Born  at  Exeter,  N.  H., 
Oct.  9,  1782:  died  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  June  17, 
1866.  An  American  statesman  and  soldier. 
He  served  in  the  war  of  1S12-13.  He  was  governor  of 
ilicliigan  Territoiy  1S13-31,  secretary  of  war  lS31-3t;,  min- 
ister to  France  1S36-42,  United  States  senator  ISjr^-IS, 
Democratic  candidate  for  President  1S48.  United  States 
senator  1S19-57,  and  secretary  of  state  lSo7-60.  He  wrote 
'•Inquirv  respecting  the  History,  etc.,  of  the  Indians" 
(1^23). 

Cassaba.     See  Kassaba. 

Cassagnac.     See  Granier  de  Cassagnac. 

Cassander  (ka-san'der).  [Gr.  Kdaaavdpo^.l 
B'jrn  about  3.54  B.  c:  died  297.  The  son  of 
Antipater.  He  became  chiliarch  in  321 ;  waged  war 
with  Alexander  3  successorsafter  319:  and  received  Mace- 
donia and  Greece  after  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  301. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  or  Alexandra  (al-eg- 

zan'dra).  [Gr.  Kaaadvdpa,  F.  CassaHdre.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  prophetess,  the  daughter  of 
Priam  and  Hecuba.  By  command  of  Apollo  (whose 
advances  she  had  repelled),  her  predictions,  though  true, 
were  always  discredited.  She  was  enslaved  by  .-Vgamem- 
non  after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Cassandra.  The  westernmost  peninsula  of 
Chalcidiee:  the  ancient  Pallene. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  Gulf  of.  The  modem 
name  of  the  Toronaie  Gulf. 

Cassandre  (ka-soh'dr).  [P., 'Cassandra.']  A 
romance  by  La  Calprenede. 

Cassange,  or  Kasanji.     See  ilbangala. 

Cassano  (kas-sa'no).  1.  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italy,  18  miles  southwest  of  Bari. 
— 2.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Milan,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Adda  16  miles  east-northeast 
of  Milan.  Here,  Aug.  16.  1705,  the  French  under  Ven- 
ddme  defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Prince  Eugene ; 
and  April  27, 1799,  the  Austrians  and  Russians  under  Suva- 
roff  defeated  the  French  under  Moreau. 
3.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cosenza,  Italv,  in 
lat.  39^  47'  X.,  long.  16°  19'  E.  It  has  sulphur- 
baths.     Population,  7,000. 

Cassel,  or  Kassel  (kas'sel).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Fulda  in  lat.  51°  18'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  E. : 
the  Roman  CasteUum  Menapionmi,  ChaseUa. 
It  consists  of  the  Altstadt,  the  Ober-Xeustadt,  and  the  Un- 
ter-Keusladt-  It  contains  a  noted  pictm-e-gallery  and  the 
electoral  palace.  Near  it  are  the  palace  and  park  of  Wil- 
helnishohe.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  electoral  Hesse, 
and  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia  1807-13. 
Population  (1900),  commune,  106,001. 

Cassel  (ka-sel').     A  town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  20  miles  south  of  Dunkirk:  the 
.   Roman    Castellum    Morinorum,      Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,931. 

Cassel,  Battles  of.  Victories  gained  at  Cassel, 
France :  («)  By  Robert  the  Friesian  over  Philip 
of  Prance  in  1071.  (6)  By  Philip  VI.  of  France 
over  the  Flemings  in  1328.  (c)  By  the  French 
over  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  1677. 

Cassia  gens  (kash'ia  jenz).     In  ancient  Borne, 


222 

a  clan  or  house,  originally  patrician,  afterward 
plebeian.  Its  family  names  under  the  republic  were 
Longinus,  Hemina,  Parmensis,  Kavilla,  Sabaco,  Vai-us. 
and  ^'iscellinus. 

Cassianus  i,kas-i-a'nus),  called  Johannes  Mas- 
siliensis  ("of  Massilia"),  or  Eremita  ("the 
eremite").  Born  about  360  A.  D.:  died  after 
433  (about  448?).  A  recluse  and  Semi-Pelagian 
theologian.  He  founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Victor, 
near  ilarseilles,  and  was  a  diligent  promoter  of  monasti- 
cism. 

Cassibelaunus.    See  Cassivellaimus. 

Cassini(It.  pron.  kas-se'ne;  P. pron.  ka-se-ne'), 
Giovanni  Domenico.  Born  at  Perinaldo,  near 
Nice.  June  8,  162.3 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14, 1712. 
An  Italian  astronomer,  director  of  the  obser- 
vatorv  at  Paris.  He  discovered  four  satellites 
of  Saturn  1671,  1672,  1684  (two). 

Cassini,  Jacq.ues.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb,  18, 1677: 
died  at  Thury,  in  France,  April  16,  1756.  A 
French  astronomer,  son  of  Giovanni  Domenico 
Cassini  whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Paris  in  1712.  He  is  chiefly  known 
by  his  labors  in  relation  to  the  determination  of  the  figure 
of  the  earth. 

Cassini,  Jacques  Dominique,  Comte  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  June  30,  1748:  died  at  Paris  (?),  Oct. 
18,  1845.  A  French  astronomer,  son  of  (Cassini 
de  Thury  whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Paris  in  1784.  He  resigned  in 
1793.  He  completed  his  father's  map  of  France 
(1793). 

Cassini  de  Thury  (de  tli-re'),  Cesar  Frangois. 
Born  at  Paris,  June  17,  1714:  died  Sept,  4,  l/s4, 
A  French  astronomer,  son  of  Jacques  Cassini 
whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Paris  in  1756.  He  commenced  a  topo- 
graphical map  of  Prance,  which  was  completed 
by  his  son. 

Cassino  (kas-se'no),  formerly  San  Germane 
(san  jer-mii'no).  A  town  in  the  pro\-iuce  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  about  45  miles  northwest  of  Na- 
ples, on  the  Rapido  near  the  site  of  the  Roman 
CasLnum,  It  has  a  ruined  amphitheater.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,000. 

Cassino,  Monte.     See  Monte  Cassino. 

Cassio  (kash'io).  Michael.  The  lieutenant  of 
Othello  in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Othello":  a 
somewhat  weak  but  honorable  man,  caused  by  the  device 
of  lago  to  be  the  object  of  Othello's  jealousy.    See  la<jo. 

Cassiodorus  (kasi-o-do'rus),  Magnus  Aure- 
lius.  Boru  at  SoyUaceum,  southern  Italy,  about 
468 :  died  at  Viviers,  in  Calabria,  about  560, 
An  Italian  statesman  and  historian.  He  was  an 
administrative  ofiicer  under  Odoacer  Theodoric  and  his 
successors,  and  became  a  monk  at  Viviei^  alx>ut  538.  His 
state  papers  and  works  were  published  liy  Garet  (1679). 

Cassiopeia  (kas  i-0-pe'ya), or  Cassie'peia  (kas - 

i-e-pe'ya).  [Gr.  iiacatd-eia  or  'Kaccu-cia.'\  1. 
In  classical  mrthology,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  an 
Ethiopian  king,  and  mother  of  Andromeda. 
She  was  ti-ansferred  to  the  heavens  as  a  con- 
stellation.— 2.  A  beautiful  cireumpolar  con- 
stellation, supposed  to  represent  the  wife  of 
Cepheus  seated  in  a  chair  and  holding  up  both 
arms,  it  contains  thirty  stars  brighter  than  the  sixth 
magnitude,  and  is  always  found  opposite  the  Great  Bear 
on  the  other  side  of  the  pole-star.  In  this  constellation 
appeared  in  1572  a  temporary  star  brighter  than  Venus  at 
its  brightest. 

Cassiquiare  (kas-se-ke-a'ra),  or  Cassiquiari 
(-re),  or  Casiquiare.  Ariver  in  southern  Ven- 
ezuela. It  diverges  from  the  Orinoco  20  miles  west  of 
Esmeralda,  and  joins  the  Rio  Xegro  in  lat.  2'  >'.,  long. 
67°  40'  W..  thus  cotmecting  the  Orinoco  system  with  that 
of  the  Amazon.  The  current  is  from  the  Orinoco  to  the 
Negro.     Length,  about  190  mUes. 

Cassiterides  (kas-i-ter'i-dez),  [Gr.  Kaacmpi- 
<Sff,  from  naaairepoq,  tin.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  "tin islands,"  generally  identified  with 
the  ScUly  Islands.  By  Elton  they  are  identified 
with  the  islands  near  Vigo  in  Spain. 

Cassius,  Dion.     See  lH<m  Ca.ssius. 

Cassius  Longinus  (kash'iuslon-ji'nus),  Caius. 
Died  near  Philippi,  Macedonia,  42  B,  c.  A 
Roman  general  and  politician.  He  was  distin- 
guished in  the  Parthian  war  53-51 ;  was  the  leading  con- 
spirator against  Julius  Csesar  in  44  ;  commanded  in  .>yria 
and  .\sia  44— 12  ;  and  was  defeated  by  Antony  at  Philippi 
in  42  and  killed  himself. 

Cassius  Parmensis  (kash'ius  par-men'sis), 
Titus.  Bom  at  Parma,  Italy  (whence  his  sur- 
name): executed  at  Athens,  by  order  of  Octa- 
vius,  about  30  B.  c.  A  Roman  poet,  one  of  the 
conspirators  against  Julius  Cassar.  • 

Cassivellaunus  (kas'i-ve-la'nus).  Flourished 
about  50  B.  c.  A  British  prince,  ruler  of  the 
CatuveUauni  (occupying,  approximately,  mod- 
ern Hertfordshire,  Buckinghamshire,  and  Berk- 
shire), a  local  conqueror  and  opponent  of  the 
Romans,  conquei^d  by  Caesar. 


Castellamare  di  Stabia 

Castagnette  (kas-tan-yef ),  Captain.  In  Ernest 
L'Epine's  novel  of  the  same  name  (1862),  a 
character  remarkable  for  having  an  artificial 
stomach. 

Castagno  (kas-tan'yo),  Andrea  or  Andriuo 
del.  Bom  in  the  en\-irons  of  Florence,  1390: 
died  of  the  plague  at  Florence,  Aug.  19,  1457. 
A  Florentine  painter,  in  1454  he  was  called  to  Rome 
by  Pope  Nicholas  V.  to  take  part  in  the  decoration  of  the 
stanze  of  the  Vatican.  He  was  a  draftsman  rather  than 
a  painter,  and  his  work  is  characterized  by  a  certain  bru- 
tality of  style. 

Castahana.     See  Comanche. 

Castaigne  (kas-tan'),  Andre.  A  contemporary- 
French  painter,  bom  at  Angouleme.  He  is  es- 
pecially noted  as  an  illustrator. 

Castaldi  (kas-tal'de).  Pamfilo.  An  Italian 
printer  and  physician  of  the  middle  of  the  loth 
century,  supposed  by  some  Italians  to  have 
been  the  inventor  of  printing. 

Castalia  (kas-ta'li-a).  [Gr.  Kaara/.m.]  An  an- 
cient fountain  on  tHe  slope  of  Mount  Parnassus, 
Greece,  sacred  to  the  Muses  and  ApoUo. 

The  Castalian  spring  may  be  distinctly  recognized,  from 
this  passage  and  the  description  of  Pausanius  (X.  viiL 
Sec.  5).  in  the  modern  fountain  of  Aio  JannL  It  lies  at 
the  base  of  the  precipices  of  Parnassus,  vn  the  right  of 
the  road  by  which  alone  Delphi  can  be  approached  from 
the  east,  at  the  mouth  of  a  ravine  which  separates  the  two 
great  Delpliian  peaks.  Rawlimon,  Herod.,  IV.  29L 

Castalides  (kas-tal'i-dez).  [L., 'Castalia.']  A 
poetical  name  for  the  Muses. 

Castaly  (kas'ta-li).  An  English  form  of  Cas- 
talia. 

Castanheda  (kas-tan-ya'da),  Fernao  Lopes 
de.  Born  at  Santarem  about  1500:  died  at 
Coimbra,  March  23,  1559.  A  Portuguese  his- 
torian. In  1528  he  went  with  his  father  to  India,  where 
he  resided  20  years.  His  "  Historia  do  descobrimento  e 
conquista  da  India  pelos  Portuguezes""  appeared  in  parts 
from  1551  to  1561  (incomplete). 

Castanos  (kas-tan'yos),  Francisco  Xavler  de, 

Duke  of  Bavlen.  Born  at  Madrid  (?),  April 
22,  1756:  died  at  Macb-id,  Sept.  24,  1852,  A 
Spanish  general.  He  defeated  the  French  at  Baylen 
July,  1803,  was  defeated  by  them  at  Tudela  Nov.,  1806^ 
and  served  with  distinction  under  Wellington  at  Vitto- 
ria  16ly.  He  became  the  guardian  of  Queen  Isabella  iD 
1S13. 

Castara  (kas-ta'ra).  A  collection  of  poems 
in  praise  of  Lucy  Herbert,  issued  anonj-mously 
bv  William  Habington  in  1634.  He  had  mar- 
ried her  between  1630  and  1633. 

Caste.     A  play  by  T.  W.  Robertson  (1867). 

Casteggio  (kas-ted'jo).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pavia,  northern  Italy,  12  miles  south  of 
Pavia.  Near  here  were  fought  the  two  battles  of  M05 
tebello  (18')0  and  1859),  which  see. 

Castelar  (kas-ta-lar').  Emilio.  Bom  at  Cadiz, 
Spain,  Sept.  8,  1832:  died  at  San  Pedro  de  Pi- 
natar,  Murcia,  May  25,  1899,  A  noted  Spanish 
statesman,  orator,  and  author.  He  fled  from  Spain 
after  the  risin,-  of  1866 :  became  a  republican  leader  in  1868 ; 
and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1873.  and  president 
of  the  executive  Sept.,  1873,-Jan..  1874.  His  wor^  include 
*'  La  civilizacion  eu  los  cinco  primeros  siglos  del  cristian- 
ismo  "  (1865X  *■  Cuestiones  politicas,  etc."  (1870),  "  Discur- 
sos  parlanieiitarios '  (1871),  "  Historia  del  movimiento  re- 
publicano"  (1875),  etc, 

Castel  del  Monte  (kas-tel'  del  mon'te).  A 
town  in  Italy,  19  miles  east  of  Aquila.  It  con- 
tains a  castle,  a  hunting-seat  of  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  one  of  the  most  splendid  medieval  monuments  in 
Italy.  The  plan  is  octagonal,  with  8  hexagonal  towers 
of  tine  masonry.  The  windows  are  pointed  and  round- 
arched  ;  the  ribs  of  the  vaulted  halls  are  received  by  triple 
vaulting-shafts  of  marble. 

Castelfidardo  (kas-tel'fe-dar'do).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Ancona,  Italy,  10  mUes  south  of 
Ancona.  Near  here,  SepL  18, 1860,  the  Italians  under 
Cialdini  defeated  the  papal  troops  under  Lamoriciere. 

Castelfranco  (kas-tel  fran'ko).  Atowninthe 
province  of  "Treviso.  Italy,  northwest  of  Venice. 
Here.  Nov.  23,  1S05,  the  French  tinder  St.  Cyr  defeated  the 
Austrians  under  Prince  Rohan. 

Castell  (kas'tel  1.  Edmund.  Bom  at  East  Hat- 
ley,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  1606:  died  at 
Higham  Gobion,  in  Bedfordshire,  1685.  A  noted 
English  Orientalist,  canon  of  Canterbury  and 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge.  His  chief 
work  is  a  "  Lexicon  heptaglotton,  Hebraicum,  Chaldai- 
cum.  S>Tiac»im,  Samaritanum,  ^thiopicum,  Arabicum 
conjunctim  et  Persicum  separatim  "  (1669). 

Oastellammare  del  Golfo  (kas-tel  la-ma 're  del 

gol'fo).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Trapani, 
Sicily,  on  the  Gulf  of  Castellammare  27  miles 
west-southwest  of  Palermo.  It  was  formerly 
the  seaport  of  Segesta.  Population,  14,000. 
Castellammare  di  Stabia  (kiis-tel  la-ma're  de 
stii'be-ii).  A  city  in  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay 
of  Naples  15  miles  southeast  of  Naples,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Stabise  (which  see).  It 
is  noted  as  a  watering-place.  Near  here,  lf99,  the  French 
under  General  Macdonald  defeated  the  Anglo-Neapolitan 
army.    Population  (1881).  22,207;  of  commune,  33,102. 


i 


Castellanos 

OastellanOS  (kas-tel-yii'nos),  Juan  de.  Bom 
at  Seville  early  in  the  16th  eentiii-y.  A  Spanish 
curate  and  poet.  He  passed  most  of  his  life  at  Tunja, 
New  Granada.  He  wrote  "Elefe'ias  de  varones  ilustres 
de  las  Indias,"  a  versified  account  of  tlie  e.vploits  of 
e.arly  Spanish  conquerors  in  America.  It  has  considerable 
poetical  and  historical  value.  (Part  I.,  Madrid,  l.'.8H  ;  re- 
printed with  parts  II.  and  HI.  in  the  "  Biblioteca  de  Au- 
tores  Esp-auoles,"  Madrid,  1847  to  1850.) 

Castelli  (kas-tel'le),  or  Castello  (kas-tel'16), 
Bernardo.  Bom  near  Genoa,  Italy,  1557 :  died 
W29.     A  Genoese  painter. 

Castelli,  Ignaz  Franz.  Bom  at  Vienna,  March 
t).  1781 :  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  5, 1862.  An  Aus- 
trian dramatist,  poet,  and  journalist. 

Oastelli,  or  Castello,  Valerio.    Born  at  Genoa, 


223 

of  the  peninsula.  Castile  proper  comprised  Old  Cas- 
tile, containing  the  modern  provinces  of  Santander,  Bur- 
gos, Palencia,  Valladolid,  Logrofto,  Segovia,  Soria,  and 
Avila;  and  New  Castile,  souih  of  Old  Castile,  containing 
the  modern  provinces  of  Madrid,  Toledo,  Guadalajara, 
Cuenca,  and  Uiudad  Keal.  It  fell  under  Moorish  rule; 
was  governed  by  counts  under  the  supremacy  of  Asturias 
and  Leon ;  and  was  annexed  by  Sancho  of  Navarre  (102(>- 
103.>),who  gave  Castile  to  his  son  Ferdinand  I.  in  1033.  Leon 
was  united  to  Castile  in  1037,  separated  in  1065,  and  re- 
united under  Alfonso  VI.  in  1072,  who  also  annexed  Ga- 
licia.  Afterward  Castile  and  Leon  were  separated,  but 
were  Anally  reunited  under  Ferdinand  III.  in  1230,  who 
conquered  large  parts  of  southern  Spain,  Seville,  Cor- 
dova, etc.,  from  the  Moors.  Other  noted  kings  were  Al- 
fonso X.  and  Pedro  the  Cruel.  Isabella  of  Castile  married 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon  in  1409,  and  became  queen  of  Cas- 
tile in  1474.  Ferdinand  became  king  of  Aragon  in  1479, 
and  thenceforth  Castile  and  Aragon  were  united.  See 
Spam. 

[Sp.   CastiUa  la  Nueva.']     See 


Italy,  1625:  died  at  Genoa,  1659.     A  Genoese 

painter,  particularly  of  battle-scenes :  son  of  Castile,  New, 

Bernardo  Castelli.  ( 'astilc. 

Oastello  (kas-tel'lo),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur-  Oastile,  Old, 

named  II   Bergamasco.     Born   at  Bergamo,  Cantile. 

Italy,  about  1500:  died  at  Madrid  about  1570.  CastiUa  (kas-tel'yii),  Ramon.     Born  at  Tara- 

An  Italian  historical  painter.  paed,Aug.30, 1796:  diednearthatplace,May30, 

Oastellon  (kas-tel-yon').     A  province  in  Va-  i867.     A  Peruvian  general  and  statesman.    H 


[Sp.    CastiUa   la    Vieja.']      See 


leneia,  eastern  Spain,  l.^ing  between  Teruel  and 
Tarragona  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Valencia  on  the  south,  and  Teruel  on 
the  west.  Area,  2,446  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  292,437. 

Oastellon,  Francisco.  Born  about  1815 :  died 
Sept.  2,  1855.  A  Nicaraguan  revolutionist.  In 
1863  he  headed  a  revolt  of  the  liberal  party  at  Leon,  was 
defeated,  and  fled  to  Honduras,  but  returned  in  June,  1854, 
assumed  the  title  of  "provisional  director,"  and  for  a  time 
reduced  the  government  of  President  Chamorro  to  the  city 
of  Granada.  It  was  by  his  invitation  that  Walker  ciune 
from  the  United  States  ostensibly  to  aid  the  liberals.  In 
the  midst  of  these  struggles  Castellon  died  of  cholera. 

Oastellon  de  la  Plana.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Castellon,  situated  4  mdes  from 
the  coast,  in  lat.  39°  .57'  N.,  long.  0^  5'  W. 
It  is  in  a  fertile  plain  (la  Plana).  Population, 
(1887),  25,193. 

Oastelnau  (kiis-tel-no'),  Francis,  Count.  Born 
at  London,  1812:  died  at  Melbourne,  Australia, 
Feb.  4,  1880.  A  French  traveler.  He  visited  the 
Canadian  lakes,  the  United  States,  and  Mexico,  1837-41. 
In  1S43  he  went  to  South  America  as  chief  of  a  gov- 
ernment scientific  expedition  which  exploreil  central  and 
western  Brazil,  Bolivia,  Peru,  and  the  Amazon.  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  1S47,  and  was  subsequently  consul 
'  "■  ,  and  consul- 


atBallia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  Singapor-, .  .,     _ 

general  at  Melbourne.     He  publishcil  "  ExpMition  dans   CaStlllejOS  (kas-tel-ya  HOS). 


les  parties  centrales  de  I'AmSrique  du  sud  "  (Paris,  0  v. 
Svo,  18r"iO-51:  the  last  volume,  on  Bolivia,  by  his  assistant, 
M.  Weddell ;    an  atlas  and  scientific  supplements  were 
publislied  later). 
Castelnau,  Michel  de,  Sieur  de  la  Mauvissiere. 


joined  the  patriots  in  1821 ;  was  exiled  in  1836,  but  re- 
turned in  1838 ;  and  was  president  of  Peru  1845-51.  In 
1854  he  headed  the  insurgents  in  aouthern  Peru;  took 
the  title  of  provisional  president,  June  1.  1854  ;  decreed 
the  emancipation  of  slaves  and  the  abolition  of  Indian 
tribute;  defeated  Echeniquc's  army  at  La  Palma,  near 
Lima,  Jan.  .'">,  18r>5  ;  and  was  regularly  reelected  president 
for  four  years,  .Inly  14,  1855. 

CastiUa  del  Oro  (kas-tel'ya  del  o'ro),  or  Cas- 
tilia  del  Oro.  ['  Golden  Castile.']  A  name 
first  applied  by  Columbus  to  the  northern  coast 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  which  he  visited  in 
1502.  In  1508  it  was  officially  made  the  name  of  a  prov- 
ince ceded  to  Xicuesa,  extending  from  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios, 
now  in  Honduras,  to  theGulf  of  Darien,  the  inland  extent 
being  unknown.  By  the  failure  of  Ojeda  (1510),  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  Amei-ica  from  the  Gulf  of  Darien  to 
Cape  de  la  Vela  was  added  to  it.  Early  maps  often  use 
the  name  CastiUa  del  Oro  for  this  latter  region,  embracing 
what  is  now  northern  Colombia  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
isthmus ;  and  this  mi-take  has  been  adopted  by  Helps 
and  other  modern  authors,  who  distinguished  the 
original  CastiUa  del  Oro  as  CastiUa  Nueva,  or  New 
Castile. 

Castillejo  (kas-tel-ya'Ho),  Cristoval  de.  Born 
at  Ciudad  Eodrigo,  Spain,  about  1494:  died  at 
Vienna,  June  12,  1556.  A  Spanish  poet.  He 
was  secretary  to  Don  Ferdinand,  brother  of  the  emperor 
Charles  \'.,  for  upward  of  thirty  years. 

A  place  in  north- 


ern Morocco.  Near  here,  Jan.  1, 1860,  the  Moors  were 
defeated  by  General  Prim,  who  received  as  a  reward  the 
title  of  Marquis  of  Castillejos. 

Castillo  (kas-tel'yo),  Bemal  Diaz  del.    See 

Ilia::  del  Castillo,  Bemal. 


Born  at  Mauvissifere   Toiiraine,  France   about  Qastillo,  Diego  Enriquez  de.    Born  at  Segovia, 

1520:  died  at  JomviUe,  Haute-Mame,  France,  Spafn:  lived  al.out  1475.  A  Spanish  chronicler; 

1592.     A  French  diplomatist.    He  was  ambassador  ^^^        j  "Annals  of  the  Keign  of  Henry  IV., 

to  England  1574-S4;  and  wrote  "M(!mou'es    for  the  per-  , .-.   7,  » /,^„Mwl,p,l  17^7> 

iod  1669-70  (published  1621).  „      ir,^      (PUDll^hf  d  1'8/ ).                       _ 

Castelnaudary  (kiis-tel-no-dii-re').  A  town  in  CastiUon-sur-Dordogne  (kas-te-you  sur-dor- 
the  department  of  Aude,  France,  31  miles  dOny').  A  towniu  the  department  ot  Gironde, 
southeast  of  Toulouse,  au  important  trading  Prance,  situated  on  the  Dordogne  2b  miles 
center  on  the  canal  of  Languedoc.  It  suffered  east  of  Bordeaux.  Here,  in  1463,  the  French  defeated 
during  the  Albigensian  crusade  in  the  13th  century,  and  the  English  under  Talbot  (the  last  battle  of  the  Hundred 
was  burned  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1365.     Near  it,  on  Sept.      Years'  W  ar). 

1,  1632,  the  royalists  under  Schomberg  defeated  the  Duke  CastilloS    (kas-tel'yos),    loS    treS.       [Sp.,  'the 
of  Montmorency.    Population  (1891),  10,059.  three  castles.']      A  mountain  cluster  in  uorth- 

Castelnuovo  (kiis'tel-no-o  yo)  A  seaport  m  ^^^  Chihuahua,  to  which  the  Apache  chief  Vic- 
Dalmatia,  on  the  Bocche  di  Cattaro  13  miles  ^^^.j^  retreated  in  tlie  fall  of  1880,  and  where  ho 
northwest  of  Cattaro.         and  his  band  were  exterminated  by  the  Mexi- 

OastelSarrasin(kas-tel  sar-ra-zan  ).    A  town     ean  troops  under  Colonel  Terrazas. 
m  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Garoiine,  1  ranee,   Qa,stine  (kas-ten').   A  port  of  entrv  and  watei'- 
13  miles  west  of  Montauban.     It  has  a  "oted    ;„      j^ce  in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  situated 
church.     Population  (1891),  commune,  7,-7-        on  Penobscot  Bay  30  miles  south  of  Bangor. 

Castighone  (kas-tel-yo  ne)    Count  Carlo  Ot-     population  (1890/,  9S7. 

tavio.     Born  at  Milan    1784:   died  at  (xenoa,  cystine  (kiis-ten'),  or  Castin  (kas-tati'),  Vin- 
,n  Italian  ph.lologis^t  aiKl  an-  3^  -      '- 


Born  at 
April  10,  1849.     An 


tiquary.  He  was  the  coadjutor  of  Mai  in  the 
editing  of  the  Gothic  version  of  the  Scriptures, 
lH19-:i9. 

Castiglione,  Giovanni  Benedetto,  called   II 

Grecnetto,  and  Benedetto.     Born  at  Genoa, 

Italy,  Kilt;:  died  ;it   Mantua,  Italy,    1670.     An 

Italian  paiutor  (particuhirly  of  animal  life)  and 

etcher. 
Castiglione  delle  Stiviere  (kiis-tel-yo'ne  del' 

le  ste-ve-a're) 

Mantua,  Italy, 

Here,  Aug.  6,  1796,  the  French  under  Bonaparte  defeated 

the  Anstrians  under  Wurniser  ;  Angereau  received  after- 
ward the  title  of  Due  de  Castiglione.  Population  of  com- 

nnuie,  5,2.M. 

Castiglione  Fiorentino  ( kiis-tel-yo'ne  fe-6-ren- 
to'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Arezzo, 
Italy,  10  miles  south  of  Arezzo:  noted  for  silk- 
culture. 

Castile  (kaa-tel').     [Sp.  CastiUa,  F.  CfistiUr,  It. 
Custi<iHa,    G.    Castilien:    so    named  from   the  Castle  Dangerous, 
number  of  its  frontier  castles.]     An  old  king-     inihlishcd  in  1831. 
dom  of  Spain,  in  the  northern  and  central  part  Castle  Douglas.      A 


de.     Born  at  Oleron,  France,  in 


1650:  died  there  about  1722.  A  French  soldier. 
He  went  to  Canada  in  166!),  and  established  a  trading 
house  at  Penobscot  (Castine)  in  1687,  where  he  married 
the  daughter  of  the  Penoliscot  chief.  He  captured  Penin- 
(luld  at  the  head  of  200  Indians  in  1696.  In  1706  he  as- 
sisted in  defending  Port  Koyal,  and  was  wouniled  there  in 
1707.  His  .son,  who  succeeded  him  as  commander  of  the 
Penoliscnts,  was  taken  as  a  prisoner  to  lioston  in  1721. 

Castle  (kas'l),  The.  Specifically,  Dublin Castlr, 
,         -      .  „     es|i<'ci;illv  as  thu  seat  of  govenimeiit. 

A   town   m   the   province   of  Castle  ofAsia.     H^'i^  Danlaiullrs. 
92  miles  northvvest  ot  Mantua    Qastlebar  (  kas-l-biir').     Tho  cai)ilal  of  County 

Mayo,  Ireland,  in  lat.  .53°  52'  N.,  long.  9^  18' 

W.  Itwastiikenby  the  French  and  Irish  Aug.  27, 1798,  in 
the  battle  called  "the  Race  ot  Castlebar,"  in  which  Gen- 
erals Lake  and  Hutchinson,  with  2.»ixi  Irish  ndlltia,  a  large 
body  of  yeomanry,  and  Lord  Itodcii's  fcMciblcs,  were  routed, 
Aug.  26,  1798,  by  General  llumliert,  with  about  I,0<K)  Irish 
insurgents  and  800  Fremli  troops,  the  latter  of  whom  bad 
landed  at  Killala,  Aug.  17.  llnnd>crt  took  M  guns  and 
2()0  prisoiuTs.     //«"',  Diet.  Eng.  Hist. 

A  talo  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
town   in  Kirkcudbright, 


Castriota 

Scotland,  17  miles  southwest  of  Dumfries.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  2,870. 

Castleford  (kas'1-ford).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Aire  9  miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  Population 
(1891),  14,143. 

Castle  Garden.  A  circular  building  situated 
on  the  Battery,  New  York.  It  was  built  in  1805  as 
a  fort,  and  was  called  Fort  Clinton.  In  1822  it  was  granted 
to  the  State.  It  was  for  some  years  used  as  an  opera-house 
(Jenny  Lind  first  sang  there),  and  civic  receptions  were 
held  there.  l-Yom  1855  till  1S91  it  was  used  as  a  place  of 
reception  for  immigrants,  but  the  immigrant  station  has 
been  transferred  to  the  Barge  Office,  and  thence  to  Ellis 
Island,  and  the  building  is  now  in  possession  of  the  munici- 
pal government,  and  has  been  converted  into  an  aquarium. 

Castlemain,  Countess  of.  See  VilUers,  Bar- 
bara. 

Castlemain,  Earl  of.     See  Palmer,  Roger. 

Castlemaine  (kas'1-man).     A  borough  in  the  • 
gold  region   of  Victoria,  Australia,  75  miles- 
northwest  of  Melbourne.     Population  (1891), 
5,982. 

Castle  of  Europe.     See  Dardanelles. 

Castle  of  Indolence,  The.    A  poem  by  James 

Thomson,  published  in  1748. 
Castle  of  Otranto  (o-triiu'to).     A  romance  by 

Horace  Walpolc,  published  in  1765. 
Castle  Eackrent.    A  story  by  Miss  Edgeworth, 

published  in  1800.    in  it  the  trials  and  dilHculties  of 

landlord  and  tenant  are  described  with  sympathy  and 

dramatic  force. 

Castlereagh  (kas-l-ra').  Viscount.  See  Stew- 
art, Rohirt. 

Castle  of  Sanf  Angelo.    See  Sunt'  Angela. 
Castle  of  the  Seven  Towers.  See  the  extract. 

.\s  the  eye  passes  St.  Stefano  an  imposing  block  of  gray 
walls  and  feudal-looking  battlements  comes  into  the  vi- 
sion. This  is  the  Castle  of  the  Seven  Towers,  where  it  was 
the  usual  custom  of  the  Porte  to  incarcerate  the  minister 
of  a  foreign  power  upon  declaration  of  war. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  261. 

Castle  Spectre,  The.  A  play  by  -'Monk" 
Lewis,  produced  in  1797. 

Castleton  (kas'1-ton).  A  town  in  the  Peak, 
Derbyshire,  EngJaiid,  12  miles  west  of  Shef- 
field.    It  is  the  site  of  Peveril  Castle. 

Castletown  (kas'1-toun).  A  town  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  on  the  southern  coast,  the  former  capital 
of  the  island.     It  contains  Castle  Eushen. 

Castlewood  (kas'l-wud),  Colonel  Francis  Es- 
mond, Lord.  The  second  Lord  Castlewood 
in  Thackeray's  novel  "Henry  Esmond,''  the 
father  of  Beatrix  and  Francis.  He  is  a  drunken 
sensualist  who  ill-treats  and  insults  his  wife,  spoils  his 
children,  gambles  away  his  property,  and  is  kUled  in  a 
duel. 

Castlewood,  Lady.  The  mother  of  Beatrix 
Esmond,  and  wife  of  the  second  Lord  Castle- 
wood, in  Thackeray's  "  Hemy  Esmond."  She 
afterward  marries  Henry  Esmond. 

Castor  (kas'tor).  [Gr.  Kdffrup.]  In  Greek  and 
Roman  mythology,  the  tvpin  brother  of  Pollux, 
regarded  as  the  son  of  Zeus  and  Leda,  wife  of 
Tyudareus,  king  of  Spai-ta,  or  of  Tyndareus 
and  Leda:  noted  for  his  skill  in  the  management 
of  horses.  According  to  one  version  of  the  legend,  Zeus 
assumed  the  form  of  a  swan.  Two  eggs  were  pi\>duccd  by 
Leda  from  one  of  which  came  Castor  and  Clytienmestni, 
from  the  otlier  Pollux  and  Helen.  The  l)i<)scuri  (Castor 
and  Pollnx)were  the  heroes  of  many  adventures,  and  were 
worshiped  as  diviiutiea,  particularly  by  Dorians  and  at 
Rome.  They  were  jdaced  in  the  heavens  as  a  constella- 
tion.   See  also  Dioscuri. 

Castor  (kiis'tgr).  [L.,  from  Gr.  udmup,  a 
beaver:  a  word  of  Eastern  origin.]  Among 
French  Canadians,  one  of  the  party  which  called 
itself  Ihe  National  party,  the  beaver  being  the 
national  enil)l('ni  of  Caiiinla. 

Castor  and  Pollux  (kas'tor  and  pol'nks).  The 
constellation  of  the  Twins,  or  tiemini;  also, 
the  zodiacal  sign  named  from  that  constella- 
tion, although  tho  latter  has  moved  completely 
out  of  till'  former.  Castor,  a  Oeminorum,  is  a  green- 
ish star  of  the  magnitude  1.6.  the  more  nortlierly  of  tho 
two  that  lie  near  together  in  tile  head  of  the  Twins.  Pol- 
lux, fi  tietninoruTn,  isa  very  yellow  star  of  the  nntgnitude 
1.2,  the  more  soulberly  of  the  same  pair. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  House  of.   Sec  rompeii. 

Castores.     Sec  lH^'Sruri. 

Gastrin   (kns-nen'),  Matthias  Alexander. 

Born  at  Tervola.  near  TonnNl,  Finland.  Dec.  2, 
1813:  died  at  Helsingfois,  Finland,  May  7, 
1852.  A  Finnish  philologist  and  traveler  in 
Lapland,  northern  Russia,  and  Siberia.  He 
published  a  Swetlish  translation  of  the  "Ka- 
Icvala"  (1841).  etc. 
Castres  (kiis'tr).  A  city  in  the  department  of 
Turn,  Fr.LUce,  on  the  river  Agonl  39  miles  east 
of  Toulouse.  It  has  a  eathedr.al,  a  college,  and  iinpor- 
tjint  mamifacturesof  textiles.  It  was  au  Alblgenslau  and 
later  a  Huguenot  stronghold.  Population  (1891).  com- 
mune, 27,60;(. 

Oastriota.or  Castriot, George.  Bee Scandcrbeg. 


Castro,  Alfonso  y 

Castro  (kas'tro),  Alfonso  y.  Born  at  Zamora. 
Spain,  1495:  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  11,  155s.  A 
celebrated  Franciscan  theologian  and  preacher. 
He  pf-eached  at  Bruges  and  Salamanca ;  represented  the 
Spanish  church  at  the  first  session  of  the  Council  of 
Trent ;  was  one  of  the  chaplains  of  Charles  V. ;  accom- 
panied Pllilip  II.  to  England  in  1554  as  counselor  and 
spiritual  director,  and  opposed  the  e3rtreme  measures  of 
the  English  Catholics,  strenuously  condemning  the  burn- 
ing of  heretics ;  and  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Compos- 
telia  1557,  His  most  noted  work  is  his  treatise  "  .Adversus 
Ha;reces'    (Paris,  15:34). 

Castro.CristovalVaca  de.   See  Facade  Castro. 

Castro,  Guillen  de.  Bora  at  Valencia,  Spain. 
1.569:  died  at  Madrid,  July  28, 1631.  A  Spanish 
dramatist.  His  chief  plav  is  "Las  Mocedades 
'.el  Old," 

Castro,  Ines  de.  Killed  at  Coimbra,  1355.  The 
favorite  of  Pedro,  son  of  Alfonso  IV.  of  Portu- 
gal. He  married  her  after  the  death  of  his  wife.  She 
was  murdered  b.v  order  of  Alfonso,  to  prevent  the  conse- 
quences of  an  uneriual  union.  Her  tragical  storj'  has 
been  celebrated  by  novelists  and  poets,  but  her  character 
has  been  much  softened. 

€astro,  Joao  de.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Feb.  7, 1500: 
ilied  at  Ormuz,  Persia,  June  6.  1.54,S.  A  Por- 
tuguese naval  commander,  governor  in  India 
in  1545, 

Castro,  Dr.  Jose  Maria.  Bom  Sept.  1, 1818:  died 
April  4.  1893.  A  Costa  Rican  statesman,  ^^ee- 
president  of  Costa  Rica  in  1846.  and  president 
1847-49.  He  was  again  president  from  1866toXov.,  1868, 
when  he  was  overturned  by  Jimenez. 

Castro,  Lope  Garcia  de.  Governor  and  cap- 
tain-general of  Peru  Sept..  1564.- Nov.,  1569. 

Castro,  Manuel  Fernandez  de.     See  Feman- 

(ie:  de  Cantro.  Manuel. 

Castro,  Paolo  de  (Latinized  Paulus  Cas- 
trensis).  Died  at  Padua,  Italy,  about  1441. 
An  Italian  student  of  civil  and  canon  law,  pro- 
fessor successively  in  Florence,  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara,  and  Padua. 

Castro  del  Eio  (kas'tro  del  re'6).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Cordova.  Spain,  situated  on  the 
river  Guadajoz  22  miles  southeast  of  Cordova. 
Popidation  (1887),  11.290. 

Castrogiovanni  (kas'tro-jo-van'ne).  A  town 
in  the  pro\-ince  of  Caltanissetta.  Sieilv,  in  lat. 
37°  33'  N.,  long.  14°  17'  E. :  the  ancient  Enna 
or  Henna.  It  is  situated  on  a  height  in  the  center  of 
the  island.  It  has  a  cathedral,  c^tle.  and  ruined  citadel, 
and  was  anciently  a  seat  of  the  worship  of  Demeter.  It 
was  taken  by  the  S.iracens  in  the  9th  century,  and  by  the 
Xormans  in  the  11th  century.  (See  Enna.)  Population, 
IS.  wo 

Castro  Marim  (kas'tro  ma-ren').  A  town  in 
Algarve,  Portugal,  on  the  Guadiana  opposite 
the  Spanish  Ayamonte.  The  Castle  of  theTemplars  is 
a  great  triple  medieval  stronghold  crowning  a  mighty  rock. 
The  middle  fortress  has  a  quadrangular  court  with  luassive 
walls  and  covered  way,  and  a  huge  square  keep. 

Castroreale  (kas'tro-ra-a'le).  A  town  in  the 
{.roviuce  of  Messina,  Sicily,  22  miles  southwest 
of  Messina.   Population  (1881),  commune,  8810. 

Castro  y  Figueroa  Salazar  (kas'tro  §  fe-ga- 
ro'a  sa-la-thar'),  Pedro  de.  Said  to  have  been 
a  native  of  Spanish  America :  died  in  the  citv 
of  Mexico,  Aug.  22.  1741.  A  Spanish  soldier 
and  administrator,  Duke  of  La  Conquista  and 
Marquis  of  Gracia  Real.  From  Aug.  17,  1740, 
until  his  deatt  he  was  %-iceroy  of  Mexico. 

Caswell  (kaz'wel).  Richard.     Born  in  Marv- 
laud,  Aug.  3.  1729:   died  in  North  Carolina, 
Nov.,  1789.     An  American  Revolutionary  poll 
tician  and  soldier,  governor  of  North  Carolina 
1777-79  and  17.84-87. 

Cat  (kat),  Christopher,  Flourished  1703-33. 
The  keeper  of  a  tavern,  "The  Cat  and  Fiddle," 
in  Shiie  Lane  near  Temple  Bar,  London.  He 
is  noted  as  the  entertainer  of  the  Kit-Cat  Club 
(which  see). 

Catacombs  of  Bome.  Catacombs  in  Rome 
lying  for  the  most  part  wHthiu  a  circle  of  3 
miles  from  the  modern  walls.  The  length  of  the 
galleries  is  estimated  at  about  600  miles,  the  greater  part 
of  which  is  still  unexplored.  The  vast  network  of  subter- 
ranean passages  and  chambers  is  now  held  to  have  been 
formed,  chiefly  between  the  2d  and  the  6th  centur*-,  ex- 
pressly for  the  burial  of  Christians.  Many  of  the  chambers 
were  later  used  as  chapels.  The  Catacombs  are  the  source 
of  many  sculptures,  paintings,  and  inscriptions  of  high 
importance  in  Christian  archseology. 

Catalan  (kat'a-lan).  [Cat.  Catalan.  Sp.  Cata- 
lano:  see  Catalonia.']  A  Romance  language 
spoken  in  Catalonia,  and  closely  allied  to  Span- 
ish, from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  its  consonant 
combinations  and  terminations,  a  result  of  the 
loss  of  vowels. 

Catalani  (ka-ta-la'ne),  Angelica.  Bom  at 
Sinigaglia,  Italy,  in  Oct.,  1779 :  died  of  cholera 
at  Paris,  June  12,  1849.  An  Italian  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  1796.  at  Venice,  and  had 
a  successful  career  of  thirty  years.  She  married  M.  Vala- 
bregue  of  the  French  embassy  when  in  Portugal  in  1804. 


224 

Catalauni  (kat-a-la'ni),  or  Catelauni  (kat-e- 
hi'ni  I.  An  ancient  people  of  Belgica  Seeunda. 
Their  name  survives  in  the  modern  Chalons. 

Catalaunian  Fields  ;kat-a-la'ni-an  feldz).  [L. 
Cainpi  Catalaunici.]  A  plain  near  Chalons-sm-- 
Marne,  famous  for  the  victory  (451  A.  D.)  of 
Aetius  and  the  Gothic  king  Theodoric  I.  over 
Attila.     .See  CJidlons. 

Catalaunian  Plain.     See  Catalaunian  Fields. 

Catalogue  of  Women.    See  Eoisp. 

Catalonia  (kat-a-lo'ni-ii).  [F.  Catalogne,  Sp. 
Cataluna,  Pg.  Catalunha,  ML.  Catalonia,  earlier 
•Goi.'io/anya. from  Go?*!, Goths. andj?<jni,  Alans, 
by  whom  it  was  occupied  in  the  5th  century.] 
A  former  province  in  northeastern  Spain,  com- 
prising the  present  provinces  of  Lerida.Gerona, 
Barcelona,  and  Tarragona,  its  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, and  it  is  the  leading  agricultural  and  manufacturing 
district  of  Spain.  The  language  is  Catalan.  It  is  the  an- 
cient Hispania  Tarraconensis.  It  was  overrun  by  the  Alani, 
Goths,  and  (the  southern  part)  by  the  Saracens.  It  formed 
part  of  the  Spanish  mark,  and  was  united  to  Aragon  in  1137. 
It  has  been  the  scene  in  modem  history  of  various  insur- 
rections. In  1714  it  was  conquered  after  a  long  struggle  by 
Philip  v.,  and  deprived  of  its  constitution. 

Catamarca  (ka-ta-mar'ka).  1.  An  Andine prov- 
ince in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  lying  east  of  Chile  and  north  of 
Rioja.  It  produces  copper,  cotton,  etc.  Area, 
31,500  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  90,187. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  this  province,  in  lat.  28° 
28'  S.,  long.  66°  17'  W.     Population,  7,500. 

Catamareno.     See  Calchaquis. 

Catania  (ka-ta'ne-a).  A  province  of  Sicily, 
Italy.  It  includes  Mount  Etna.  Area,  1.917 
square  miles.     Popidation  (1891),  641,000. 

Catania.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sieilv,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Catania 
in  lat.  37°  28'  N.,  long.  15°  4'  E.:  the  ancient 
Catana.  It  is  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Etna,  in  the  fertile 
plain  of  Catania.  It  has  commerce  in  sulphur,  grain,  wine, 
cotton,  etc.,  and  mantifactures  of  silli,  cotton,  etc.  It  con- 
tains a  cathedral,  university.  Benedictine  monasteiy,  and 
notable  antiquities.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Bellini,  It 
was  f..iunded  by  Chalcidians  from  Naxos  about  730  B.  c; 
submitted  to  Rome  in  263  B.  c,  becoming  an  important 
Koman  town  ;  and  was  devastated  by  lava  streams  in  121 
B.  c,  and  by  earthquakes  in  1169  and  1693.  It  contains  an 
ancient  theater,  with  Eoman  superstructure  on  Greek 
foundations.  The  cavea  is  semicircular,  facing  south ;  it 
has  t«-o  horizontal  dividing  passages,  and  an  arcade  at 
the  top.  The  lowest  range  of  seats  is  divided  by  radial 
stairways  into  9  cunei;  the  middle  range  has  \-2  tiers 
of  seats.  The  diameter  is  317  feet  Population  (1901), 
commune,  149,295. 

Catanzaro  (ka-tan-dza'ro).  1.  A  province  in 
Calabria.  Italy:  formerly  called  Calabria  TJl- 
teriore  II.  Area.  2.030  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  457,660.-2.  The  capital  of  this 
province,  situated  in  lat.  38°  .55'  N.,  long.  16° 
39'  E.  It  has  a  castle,  cathedral,  and  museum, 
and  some  manufactures.  PopiUation  (1891), 
commune.  30.000. 

Catarina  Comaro  (ka-ta-re'nii  kor-na'ro).  An 
opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Naples  in 
1,844.     This  was  his  last  opera. 

Catawba  (ka-ta'ba).  or  Great  Catawba.  A 
river  iu  North  and  South  Carolina,  called  the 
Wateree  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  which 
unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form  the  Santee 
31  miles  southeast  of  Columbia.  Total  length, 
about  300  miles. 

Catawbas.     See  Eataba. 

Cateau-Cambresis  (ka-to'kon-brii-ze'),  Le.  A 
mauufactiuingtowninthedepartment  of  Nord, 
France,  18  miles  south  of  Valenciennes:  Latin. 
Castrum  Cameracense.  it  is  the  birthplace  of  Xlor 
tier.  Here.  .April  17, 1794,  the  .Austrians  under  the  Prince 
of  Coburg,  and,  April  26.  under  Schwartzenberg,  defeated 
the  French,    Population  (1891),  commune,  10,544. 

Cateau-Cambresis,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  be- 
tween France,  England,  and  Spain,  April  2-3, 
loo9.  France  retained  Calais.  France  and  .Spain  re- 
stored most  of  their  conquests, 

Catel  (ka-tel'),  Franz.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb. 
22,  1778:  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  19,  18.56.  A  Ger- 
man painter,  distinguished  especially  for  land- 
scapes. 

Catesby  (kats'bi),  Mark.  Bom  in  London  (f) 
about  1679:  died  in  London,  Dee.  23, 1749,  An 
English  naturalist.  He  made  in  in2  a  voyage  to  Vir- 
ginia, whence  he  returned  in  1719  with  a  rich  collection 
of  plants.  He  made  a  second  voyage  to  America  in  1722, 
explored  the  lower  part  of  South  Carolina.  lived  some 
time  among  the  Indians  at  Fort  Moore  on  the  Savannah 
JRiver,  made  excursions  into  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  after 
a  visit  to  the  Bahama  Islands  returned  to  England  in  1726. 
He  published  "The  ^atural  History  of  Carolina,  Florida, 
and  the  Bahama  Islands"  (1731-43),  "Hortns  Britanno- 
Americanus,  or  a  Collection  of  S5  Curious  Trees  and 
Shrubs,  the  Production  of  Xorth  America,  adapted  to  the 
Climate  and  Soil  of  Great  Britain"  (1737),  "On  the  Mi- 
gration of  Birds  "  (1747),  etc 

Catha.     See  Comanche. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  Saint.  [Also  Katha- 


Catharine  de'  Ricci 

rine,  Eatlierine ;  ME.  Katherine,  Katerin,  F. 
Catherine;  Sp.  Catarina,  Pg.  Catharina,  It.  Cat 
erina,U-,.  Catharina,hGT.Ka0apin/,  from  xaSapof , 
clear,  pme.]  According  to  tradition,  a  martyr 
of  the  primitive  church,  tortured  on  the  wheel 
and  beheaded  at  Alexandria  by  order  of  the  em- 
peror Maximian,  Nov.  25,  307!  According  to  some 
accounts  the  torture  was  prevented  by  a  miracle.  The 
wheel  became  her  symbol.  She  is  commemorated  on 
Nov.  25. 

Catharine    (kath'a-rin)    I,,    or  Catherine 

(kath'e-rin).  Born  at  Jakobstadt,  Courland, 
Russia.  AprU  15,  1679  (?) :  died  at  St.  Petere- 
burg.  May  17,  1727.  Empress  of  Russia,  she 
married  Peter  the  Great  in  1707  ;  was  acknowledged  as  his 
wife  in  1712 ;  was  crowned  as  his  empress  in  1724 ;  and 
reigned  1725-27.  She  was  of  obscure  origin ;  was  brought 
up  in  the  family  of  a  Protestant  minister  at  Marienbuig, 
named  Gliick  ;  married  a  Swedish  dragoon  ;  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Russians  at  the  capture  of  Marienburg,  Aug 
23,  1702 ;  and  eventually  became  the  serf  of  Prince  Men- 
shikoff.  in  whose  house  she  attracted  the  attention  of 
Peter  the  Great,  who  made  her  his  mistress  in  1703.  She 
rescued  him.  by  bribing  the  Turkish  grand  vizir,  in  1711. 
from  a  dangerous  position  on  the  Pruth,  when  with  an 
army  of  3S,0tX»  men  he  was  surrounded  by  200,000  Turks. 
During  her  reign  she  was  led  chiefly  by  the  influence  of 
Menshikoff.  She  founded  the  Russian  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, and  fitted  out  the  naval  exploring  expedition  un- 
der Bering.  r 

Catharine  II.,  or  Catherine.  Bom  at  Stettin,  I 
Prussia.  Mav  2,  1729:  died  at  St.  Petersbui^,  I 
Nov.  17,  1796.  Empress  of  Russia  1762-96, 
daughter  of  the  Prince  of  Anhalt-Zerbst.  She 
married  in  1745  the  empress  Elizabeth's  nephew,  who  as- 
cended the  throne  Jan.  5,  176-2,  as  Peter  IIL  With  the 
assistance  of  her  paramour  Gregorv  cirlolf,  the  hetmau 
Razumovski.  Count  Panin,  and  Princess  Dashkotf,  she 
brought  about  the  deposition  of  Peter  (who  was  put  t-j 
death  in  prison),  and  usurped  the  throne  in  July,  1762. 
She  participated  in  the  partitions  of  Poland  1772, 1 793,  and 
1795 ;  concluded  with  the  Turks  in  1774  the  peace  of  Kut- 
chuk-Kainardji,  by  which  Russia  acquired  Kinburn,  Azov, 
Yenikale,  Kertch,  and  both  Kabardas  ;  and  in  1792  signed 
the  peace  of  Jassy,  by  which  Russia  acquired  Otchakov  and 
the  country  between  the  Bug  and  Dniester ;  and  incorpo- 
rated Courland  in  1795.  She  improved  the  admiuistration 
of  the  empire,  introduced  a  new  code  of  laws,  and  en- 
couraged art  and  literature.  She  has  been  called  ''the 
Semiramisof  the  ;North,"and  Voltaire  said,  with  reference 
to  her,  "Light  now  comes  from  the  >"orth," 

No  sovereign  since  Ivan  the  Terrible  had  extended  the 
frontiers  of  the  Empire  by  such  vast  conquests.  She  had 
given  Russia  for  boundaries  the  Niemen,  the  Dniester, 
and  the  Black  Sea.     Kambaud,  History-  of  liussia,  II.  127. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Aragon,  Queen  of 
England.  Born  at  Alcala  de  Henares,  Spain, 
Dec.  15  or  16,  1485:  died  at  Kimbolton,  Hunt- 
ingdon, England,  Jan.  7.  1536.  A  queen  of 
England.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  of  Spain  ;  married  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales,  in 
1501 :  married  Henry  VIII.  in  1509 ;  and  became  the  mother 
of  ilary  (who  subsequently  ascended  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land) in  1516.  About  1527  Henry,  who  was  iufatuat^ 
with  Anne  BolejTi,  began  to  take  measures  to  secure  a 
divorce ;  and  in  1533.  application  having  been  made  in 
vain  to  the  Pope,  the  marriage  was  declared  void  by  Cran- 
mer,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Bologna,  Saint. 
Born  at  Bologna.  Italy,  Sept.  8,  1413:  died  at 
Bologna,  March  9, 1463.  An  Italian  saint,  lady 
of  honor  to  Margaret  d'Este.  and  later  abbess 
of  the  Clarisses.     Canonized  in  1492. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Braganza.  Bom 
at  the  castle  of  VUla  Vi^-osa,  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo.  Poi-tugal.  Nov.  25,  1638 :  died  in 
Portugal,  Dec.  31,  1705.  A  daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Braganza,  wife  of  Charles  II.  of  Eng- 
land, whom  she  married  May  31,  1662. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  "of  Genoa,  Saint 
(Catharine  Fieschi).  Bom  at  Genoa,  Italy, 
1447:  died  at  Genoa,  Sept.  14,  1510.  Anitalian 
nun,  famous  for  her  charitable  deeds  dui-ing  a 
visitation  of  the  plague.     Canonized  1737. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  de'  Medici  (de  ma'- 
de-che).  Born  at  Florence,  1519:  died  at  Blois, 
France,  Jan.  5,  1589.  Queen  of  France,  regent 
dui'ing  the  minority  of  Charles  IX.,  1560-63. 
She  was  the  daughter  of"  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  duke  of  Vr- 
bino.  She  married  in  1533  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (Henry 
IL,  1547-59),  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  irancis 
n.  (1559-60),  Charles  LS.  (1560-74X  and  Henr)'  III.  (1574- 
15S9).  During  her  regency,  by  the  policy  of  attemptiug 
to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between  the  Huguenots  and 
the  Catholic  party  of  the  Guises,  in  accordance  with  which 
she  intrigued  alternately  with  both  parties,  she  precipi- 
tated  in  1562  the  so-called  Wars  of  the  Huguenots,  which, 
with  interruptions,  devastated  France  until  1596 ;  and,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  her  daughter  Marguerite 
of  Valois  with  Henry  of  Xavarre,  prevailed  upon  Cliarles 
to  give  the  order  for  the  massacre  of  St,  Bartholomew, 
Aug.  24,  1572.  She  is  said  to  have  plunged  her  children 
into  licentiousness  and  dissipation,  in  order,  by  unfitting 
them  for  mental  exertion,  to  retain  her  ascendancy  over 
them  ;  and  had  till  her  death  .'Ui  important  though  some- 
times concealed  share  in  the  intrigues  and  party  contests 
which  distracted  France. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  de'  Bicci  (da  re'che), 
Saint.  Born  at  Florence,  1522:  died  Feb.  2, 
1589.    An  Italian  saint.    She  took  the  veil  among  the 


Catharine  de'  Bicci 

Doininicannunsat  Prato.  Tuscany,  in  10^5,  and  waa  made 
pt-rpetuaJ  prioress  at  the  age  of  tweiity-ftve.  she  was 
canonized  in  1740  and  is  coniniemorated  on  the  13th  of 
Fehiuary. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Siena,  Saiut. 
Bom  at  Sieua,  Italy,  March  '2'),  1347 :  died  at 
Bome,  April  29, 1380.  An  Italian  saint.  She  aa- 
BUined  the  liabitof  the  third  order  of  St.  Dominic  in  1365, 
and  obtained  so  great  a  fame  for  sanctity  that  she  was 
enabled  to  mediate  a  peace  between  the  Florentines  and 
Pope  Urban  VI,  in  1378.  .she  was  canonized  in  1401,  and 
is  commemorated  on  April  30. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Sweden,  Saint. 
Born  1331 :  died  in  Sweden,  March  24,  1381.  A 
Swedish  saint.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Saint 
Birgitta,  whom  she  succeeded  as  abbess  of 
Wadstena. 

Catharine  of  France,  or  of  Valois.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  27,  1401 :  died  at  Bermondsey,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  3,  1438.  A  queen  of  England,  daugh- 
ter of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Henry 
V.  of  England,  whom  she  married  in  1420.  She 
married  Owen  Tudor  about  1425  (?). 

Catharine  Archipelago.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

Catharine  Howard.     See  Howard,  Catharine. 

Catharine  Parr.     See  Parr,  Catharine. 

Cathay  (ka-tha').  The  name  given  by  Marco 
Polo  to  a  region  in  eastern  Asia,  supposed  to 
be  northern  China.  It  was  one  of  the  countries  which 
Columbus  expected  to  reach  by  sailing  westward,  and 
more  than  once  he  believed  that  he  waa  near  it. 

The  Persian  name  Cathay,  and  its  Russian  formof  Kitai, 
is  of  modern  origin ;  it  is  altered  from  Ki-tah,  the  race 
which  ruled  northern  China  in  the  tenth  century,  and  is 
quite  unknown  to  the  people  it  designates. 

WUliain^,  Middle  Kingdom,  I.  4. 

Oathcart  (kath-karf),  Sir  George.  Born  at 
London,  May  12,  1794-  killed  at  Inkermau, 
Crimea,  Nov.  5,  1854.  A  British  general,  third 
son  of  the  first  Earl  Cathcart.  He  served  in  the 
campaigns  of  1813-15,  being  in  all  the  important  battles  ; 
was  appointed  governor  and  commander-in-chief  at  the 
Cape.  Jan  ,  1862,  ended  the  Katlir  war  1852-63;  and  in 
1854  was  sent  as  commander  of  the  fourth  division  to  the 
I'rimea,  with  a  dormant  commission  to  supersede  Lord 
Raglan  in  case  of  accident  to  the  latter.  He  wrote  "  Com- 
iiiL'ntaries"  (1850)  on  the  war  in  Kussia  and  Germany  in 
isli  and  1813. 

Cathcart,  William  Shaw.  Born  at  Peter- 
sham, Sept.  17,  1755:  died  at  Cartside,  near 
Glasgow,  June  16,  1843.  A  British  general  and 
diplomatist,  tenth  Baron  Cathcart  in  the  Scot- 
tish peerage,  created  Viscount  (Nov.  3,  1807) 
and  Earl  (July  16,  1814)  Cathcart  in  the  peer- 
age of  the  United  Kingdom.  He  served  in  the 
Revolutionary  War  1777-80,  and  at  the  bombardment  of 
Copenhagen  1807.     He  was  ambassador  to  Kussia  1812-14, 

Cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  The.  A  poem  by 
James  Russell  Lowell,  published  in  18G9. 

Cathelineau  (kat-le-no'),  Jacques.  Born  at 
Pin-en-Mauges,  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  Jan. 
5,  1759:  died  at  St.  Plorent,  France,  July  11, 
1793  A  French  royalist,  leader  of  the  Ven- 
deans  in  1793. 

Catherine.     See  Catharine  and  Katharine. 

Oathlamet  (kath-la'met),  or  Katlamat.  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  Their  former 
habitat  was  Oregon  and  Washington  on  both  sides  of  the 
Columbia  River,  near  its  month.    See  Chinookan. 

Cathlapooya.     See  Calapooiju. 

Catholicon  Angliciun.  An  English-Latin  dic- 
tionary, compiled  about  1483.  it  was  edited  by  Mr. 
Sidney  J.  H.  Herrtage  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
In  1881.  He  believes  it  to  have  been  compiled  in  the 
East  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  The  name  "Catholicon  "  was 
first  used  for  such  a  work  in  a  Latin  grammar  and  die. 
tionary  written  by  Giovanni  del  BaDii,  a  Geimese  monk, 
frequently  called  Jannensis.  It  was  finished  in  1280,  and 
the  first  edition  was  printed  by  Gutenberg  in  1400, 

Catholic  Majesty.  A  title  of  the  kings  of  Spain, 
assumed  at  times  after  the  Council  of  Toledo, 
and  permanently  since  the  time  of  Ferdinand 
"the  Catholic"  1474-1516. 

Cathos  (kii-tos').  A  female  eliaracter  in  Mo- 
liero's  "  Les  Pr^cieuscs  Ridicules,"  who  assumes 
the  name  Aininte.  she  affects  the  fashionable  senti- 
mentality of  les  prOcieases.  and  is  finally  taken  in  by  a 
valet  who  adopts  the  same  style  with  greater  success. 

Catilina  (kat-i-li'nii),  E.  Catiline  (kat'i-lin), 

Lucius  Sergius.  feorn  about  108  li.  c. :  killed 
at  Ftesulae,  Italy,  62  B.  c.  A  Roman  jHilitician 
and  conspirator.  Ho  waa  of  an  ancient  lint  impov- 
erished pati-ieian  family.  As  a  partlzan  of  Snlla  he  ren- 
dered himself  infamous  by  his  comjilicity  in  the  hunoi-s 
of  the  proscription,  destroying  with  his  own  hand  his 
brother-in-law,  ()  (Jajcilius.  He  was  pretor  in  (i8.  and 
governor  of  Africa  in  87.  After  an  abortive  attcmj)!,  in 
conjunction  with  P.  Autronius,  to  murder  the  consuls 
elect  for  05,  with  a  view  to  seizing  the  fasces,  and  after 
an  unsuccessful  candidacy  in  the  consular  elections  of  ot, 
he  organized  a  wide-spread  conspiracy  against  the  rejuiit- 
llc.  whose  object  is  said  to  have  been  the  cancellation  of 
debta,  the  proscription  of  the  wealtliy,  ami  the  distribu- 
tion among  the  conspli'ators  of  all  olHcea  of  honor  and 
emolument.  It  was  defeated  by  the  vigilance  and  elo- 
C— 15 


quence  of  Cicero,  who  was  then  consul.  The  rebellion 
having  broken  out  in  Etruria,  Oct.  27,  Cicero  pronounced 
in  the  senate,  Nov.  8,  his  first  oration  against  Catiline, 
which  caused  the  latter  to  leave  the  city.  On  Nov,  9  Cic- 
ero delivered  in  the  Forum  his  second  Catilinian  oration, 
in  which  he  acquainted  the  pettple  with  the  events  in  the 
senate  and  the  departure  of  Catiline  from  Rome.  On  Dec. 
3  documentai'y  evidence  of  the  conspiracy  was  obtained 
from  an  embassy  of  Allobroges,  which  had  been  tampered 
with  by  the  Catilinarians  ;  and  in  the  evening  Cicero  de- 
livered in  the  Forum  his  third  oration,  in  which  he  ac- 
quainted the  people  with  the  events  of  the  day  and 
the  seizure  of  the  conspirators  left  in  Rome.  On  Dec.  5 
Cicero  delivered  in  the  senate  his  fourth  oration,  which 
was  followed  by  the  execution  in  prison  of  Lentulus, 
Cethegus,  Statilius,  and  Galinius.  Meanwhile  Catiline 
had  assumed  command  of  the  revolutioniu-y  force,  which 
amounted  to  about  two  legions,  but  was  overtaken  by  the 
army  of  the  senate  as  he  was  attempting  to  escape  into 
Gaul,  and  was  defeated  and  slain  in  the  battle  which  en- 
sued, 

CatiUne's  Conspiracies.  1.  A  play  by  Ste- 
phen Gosson,  written  liefore  1579.  It  was  acted, 
but  not  printed. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Robert  Wil- 
son and  Henry  Chettle,  perhaps  a  revised  ver- 
sion of  Gosson's  play  (1598,  Henslow). 

Catiline's  Conspiracy.  A  tragedy  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  produced  in  1611.  Catiline  is  made  inhu- 
manly ferocious  in  this  play. 

Cat  Island  (kat  i'land),  or  San  Salvador  (san 
siil-vii-dor').  An  island  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Bahama  group.  West  Indies,  long  iden- 
tified vnih  Guanahani,  Columbus's  first  landfall. 

Catley  (kat'li),  Ann.  Born  near  Tower  Hill, 
London,  in  1745:  died  at  Ealing.  Dee.  14,  1789. 
An  English  siliger.  she  was  the  daughterof  a  hackney- 
coachman.  In  17(Hshe  appeared  at  Vauxhall,  andfrom  this 
time  her  beauty  and  voice  made  her  not  only  successful 
but  notorious.  In  1784  she  made  her  last  appearance, 
having  then  become  the  wife  of  ilajor-Gcneral  Francis 
Lascelles.  The  ladies  eagerly  copied  her  dress,  and  to 
be  "Catleyfied"  was  to  be  dressed  becomingly, 

Catlin  (kat'lin),  George.  Born  at  Wilkesbarre, 
Pa.,  June  26,  1796:  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 
Dec.  23,  1872.  An  American  artist,  anil  trav- 
eler among  the  North  American  Indians  anrl  in 
Europe.  His  chief  work  is  "Illustrations  of  the  Man- 
ners, Customs,  and  Condition  of  the  North  .American  In- 
dians "  (1841).  He  painted  more  than  5011  portraits  of 
Indians  from  life,  a  unique  and  valuable  collection,  now 
in  the  United  States  National  Museum  at  Washington. 

Catmandoo.     See  Ehatmandu. 
Cat  Nation.    See  Erie. 

Cato  (ka'to).     A  tragedy  by  Addison,  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London,  1713. 
Cato.     A  pseudonym  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 
Cato  Major.     See  De  Senectute. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius,  surnamed  Uticensis 
(from  Utiea,  the  place  of  his  death).  Born  at 
Rome,  95  B.  c. :  committed  suicide  at  Utica, 
North  Africa,  46  B.  c.  A  Roman  patriot  and 
Stoic  philosopher,  great-grandson  of  Cato  the 
Censor.  He  fought  under  Gellius  Publicola  against 
Spartacus  in  72,  served  as  military  tribune  in  Macedonia 
in  07,  and  was  questor  in  65,  tribune  of  the  people  in  02, 
and  pietijr  in  54.  He  supported  Cicero  against  the  Cati- 
linarians, and  aided  with  Pompey  against  Cjesar  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  40.  After  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia  he  retired  to  Utica,  where  he  put  himself  to  death 
on  receiving  intelligence  of  the  victory  of  Cajsar  at  Thap- 
sus. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius,  surnamed  "The  Cen- 
sor," and  Priscus.  Born  at  Tusculum,  Italy, 
234  B.  c:  died  149  B.  c.  A  Roman  statesman, 
general,  and  writer.  He  was  questor  under  Scipio 
in  204  :  consul  in  195  i  served  in  Spain  in  104,  and  against 
Antiochus  in  101 ;  waa  censor  in  184  ;  and  was  ambassador 
to  Carthage  in  150,  He  sought  to  restore  the  Integrity 
of  morals  and  the  simplicity  (»f  manners  prevalent  in  the 
early  days  of  the  republic,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  insti- 
gators of  the  third  Punic  war,  in  his  eifort  to  incite  Ui 
which  he  for  years  closed  every  speech  in  the  Semite  with 
the  words,  "  Cetcrum  censeo  Carthaginem  esse  delendam." 
He  wrote  "De  re  rustica"  (ed.  Keil,  1882),  and  "Origines" 
(extant  in  fragments), 

Cato  Street  Conspiracy,orThistlewood  Con- 
spiracy. In  British  history,  a  conspiracy  un- 
der the  lead  of  .Arthur  Thistle  wooii.wliich  aimed 
to  assassinate  Cast lereagli  iiinl  oilier  ministers. 
The  plot  was  discovei-eil  Feb,  2;l,  1820,  at  the  rendezvous, 
Cato  street,  near  Kdgeware  load,  London, 

Cats  (kats),  Jakob.  Horn  at  Broinversliaveii, 
Holland,  1577:  died  1660.  A  Dutch  poet.  Ho 
studied  at  Leyden  ami  Orli^ans,  whcro  he  received  a  doc- 
tor's degree,  and  waa  subsequently  advocate  in  The  Hague 
and  in  Middelburg.  Ill  10,36  he  waa  made  pensionary  of 
Holland.  Ho  died  on  his  estate  near  Scheveningcn. 
"  Kather  Cats,"  as  be  was  alfectionately  called,  was  for 
generations  the  favorite  poet  of  the  people.  His  *'  Ilon- 
welij.k"  ("Fiilelity ")  aiqieared  in  1025,  ".Spleglul  van 
den  Ouden  en  Nieuwen  Tijilt "  ('■  Mirror  of  the  Old  and 
New  Time  ")  in  1632,  "Trouriiigh  "  ("'Wedding  Ring")  in 
1037, 

Catskill  (kats'kil).  A  town  in  Greene  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  .30  miles  south  ot  jUbany.    Population 

(litOO),  vill;ige,  .5,484. 

Catskill  Mountains.    A  group  of  mountains 

in  soiillieaslerii  New  York,  westof  the  Hudson, 


Caucasians 

in  Greene,  Ulster,  and  Delaware  counties,  be- 
longing to  the  .Appalachian  system.  They  are 
noted  for  picturesque  eeenery,  and  contain  many  fre- 
quented summer  resorts.  Among  the  chief  summits  are 
Slide  Mountain  (the  highest  point,  4,205  feet),  Kaalerskill 
Higli  Peak  (Mount  Lincoln),  Overlook  Mountain,  Hunter 
ilountain.     Also  called  KaUbcnjs,  cte, 

Catskin's  Garland,  or  The  Wandering 
Young  Gentlewoman.  A  ballad,  the  English 
form  in  which  the  story  of  "  Cinderella  "  is  pre- 
served. The  heroine  is  made  a  scullery-maid 
and  reduced  to  dress  in  catskins. 

Cattack.     See  Cuttack. 

Cattako.    See  Comanche. 

Cattaro  (kiit'ta-ro),  Slav.  Kotor  or  KotuT.  A 
seaport  in  Dalmatia,  situated  on  the  Bocclie  di 
Cattaro  in  lat.  42°  25'  N.,  long.  18°  46'  E. : 
probably  the  Roman  Ascrivium.  it  is  famous  for 
its  picturesque  situation.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  is 
strongly  fortified.  It  was  ceded  finally  to  Austria,  1814. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,435, 

Cattegat,  or  Kattegat  (kat'e-gat).  A  sea  pas- 
sage which  separates  Sweden  from  Jutland, 
and  connects  the  Skager  Rack  with  the  Baltic 
through  the  Sound  and  the  Great  and  Little 
Belts.  Length,  about  150  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  85  miles. 

Cattermole  (kat'er-mol),  G«orge.  Bom  at 
Dickleborough,  Norfolk,  England,  Aug,  8, 
1800 :  died  at  Clapham,  near  London,  July  24, 
1868.  Aji  English  painter,  one  of  the  earliest 
English  water-eolorists.  He  illustrated  the 
"Waverley  Novels."  His  subjects  were  chiefly 
medieval. 

Catti.     See  Chatti. 

Cattywar,  or  Kattywar.     See  Kathiawar. 

Catullus  (ka-tul'us),  Caius  Valerius.  Bom 
at  Verona,  Italy,  87  (?)  B.  c. :  died  about  54  B.  c. 
A  celebrated  Roman  poet.  Concerning  his  personal 
hiatory  little  is  known,  except  that  he  came  to  Rome  at  an 
early  age ;  that  he  enjoyed  the  society  of  the  most  cele- 
brated men  of  his  day,  including  Cicero,  Ca?3ar,  and  Pollio, 
and  that  he  was  probably  possessed  of  a  moderate  inde- 
pendence, although  vicious  and  expensive  habits  reduced 
him  to  pecuniary  diSieulties,  He  ia  remarkable  for  the 
versatility  of  his  genius,  for  the  liveliness  of  his  concep- 
tion,andforhi3felicityof  expression.  According  to  Apu- 
leius  the  real  name  of  Lesbia,  who  forms  the  theme  of 
most  of  his  amatory  poems,  was  Clodia  ;  and  some  critics 
have,  though  apparently  erroneously,  identified  her  with 
the  sister  of  the  demagogue  Clodiua  slain  by  MIlo.  His 
extant  works  are  116  poems,  lyric,  epigrammatic,  elegiac, 
etc. 

Catulus(kat'u-lus),  Caius  Lutatius.  A  Roman 

general.  He  was  ehoaen  consul  for  the  year  2^2  B.  c. 
When  he  entered  ottice  the  first  Punic  war  had  been  waged 
since  264  :  and  the  senate,  discouraged  liy  numerous  losses, 
had  abandoned  the  war  at  sea.  He  obtained  command  of 
a  tieet  built  by  wealthy  patriots  at  Rome,  and  241  gained 
the  decisive  \ict017  at  the  .Egadian  Islands  which  resulted 
in  a  favorable  treaty  of  peace. 

Catulus,  Quintus  Lutatius.  Born  about  152 
B.  c:  clied  87  B.  c.  A  Roman  general.  He  was 
consul  with  Alariua  102  B,  c, ,  and  was  associated  with  him 
ill  the  victory  over  the  Cimbri,  at  Vercella),  in  101  B.  c. 
He  joined  .Sulla  in  the  civil  war,  and,  having  in  conse- 
quence been  proscribed  by  Marius,  committed  suicide 
87  B.  c. 

Catulus,  Quintus  Lutatius.  Died  60  b.  c. 
A  Roman  politician,  son  of  (Quintus  Lutatius 
Catulus.  He  was  consul  78  B,  C.  and  censor  65  K,  c. 
He  was  a  strong  supporter  of  Cicero  against  the  Catili- 
narian  conspiracy,  63  B.  c. 

Caturiges  (ka-tfi'ri-jez).  [L.  (Cassar)  Caturiges, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  KoTdvpiyec,  (Strabo)  Kardpiyet^ 
pi.  of  Caturix,  lit.  'war-chief.']  A  Celtic  tribe 
which  dwelt  among  the  Cottian  Alps. 

Catuvellauni  (kat-u-vel-l&'ni).  An  ancient 
British  peo]ile  who  lived  in  the  region  of 
Hereford  and  Bedford,  west  of  the  Trinoban- 
tes  and  Iceiii.  The  Catuvellaunian  state  was  a  cen- 
tral kingdom  formed,  or  greatly  extended,  by  the  con- 
imeats  of  Cassivellaunus.  There  are  various  tonns  of 
the  name. 

Caub  (koub).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hesse- 
Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  above 
Oberwesel.  The  passage  of  the  Rhine  was 
eiTected  here  by  Bliicher,  Jan.  1,  1814. 

Cauca  (koii'kii).  The  largest  department  of  Co- 
lombia, forming  the  western  ami  southern  part. 
Capital,  Popavan.  Area,  257,462  square  miles. 
Population  (estimated,  1892),  700,0(10.  Portions 
are  claiiiieii  by  Brazil  and  Ecuador. 

Cauca.  A  river  in  Colombia,  between  the  cen- 
tral and  western  Cordilleras  of  the  .Vndes,  join- 
ing the  river  Magdaleiia  about  l»t.  9°  N. 
Length,  over  600  miles. 

Caucasia  (ka-ka'giii).  A  general  name  for  the 
C.'iiieasus  region. 

Caucasians  ykil-ka'sianz  or  kfi-kash'ianz). 
[AIL.  (V/KCrt.smHJ  (L.  Ciniciinii),  from  (ir.  Kai ko- 
ffof.]  In  Elumenbaeli's  ethnological  system, 
the  highest  t.v^ie  of  the  human  family,  including 
nearly  all  Europeans,  the  Circassians,  Armeni- 


Caucasians 

ans,  Persians,  Hindus,  Jews.  etc.  He  Rave  this 
name  to  the  race  because  he  regarded  a  skull  he  had  ob- 
tained from  the  Caucasus  as  the  standard  of  the  humau 

type- 
Caucasus  (ka'ka-sus).  A  general  government 
of  the  Russian  empire,  lying  north  of  Persia 
and  Asiatic  Turkey,  east  of  the  Black  Sea,  and 
Tvest  of  the  Caspian.  It  comprises  the  northern 
Caacasus,  including  the  governments  or  provinces  of  .Stav- 
ropol, Kuban,  and  Terek :  and  Tr:inscaucasi:i,  including 
Daghestan,  Kutais,  Tiflis,  Baku.  Yelissavetpol,  Kars,  and 
Erivan.  Its  chief  cities  are  Tiflis  and  Vladikavkaz.  Old 
divisions  were  Georgia,  Mingrelisi,  Imeritia,  Svanetia,  etc. 
The  inhabitants  are  Russians,  Armenians,  Tatars,  Geor- 
gians. Mingrelians,  Imeritians,  Ossets.  many  mountaineer 
tribes,  etc.  The  chief  natural  features  of  the  region  .ire 
the  Caucasus  Mountains  and  the  rivers  Kur.  Rion,  Kuban, 
and  Terek.  Georgiawasannexedin  ISOl.  The  Russian  war 
of  subjugation  of  the  mountain  tribes  continued  many 
years.  Shamyl  was  subdued  in  lSo9.  The  Tcherkesses 
submitted  in  1S64.  Russian  Armenia  was  annexed  in 
1878.     Area,  182,457  square  miles.     Fop.  (1S97),  9,723,553. 

Caucasus.  [F.  Caucase.  G.  Kaulasiis.']  A 
mountain  system  in  Russia,  between  the  Black 
and  Caspian  seas,  extending  southeast  and 
northwest,  often  taken  as  the  conventional 
boundary  betweeti  Kiirope  and  Asia.  The  chief 
summits  are  Elbruz  (IS.oSti  feet)  and  Kazbek.  There  are 
numerous  passes,  some  of  them  reaching  an  elevation  of 
10,000-ll.l.tOO  feet.  The  glaciers  riv.al  those  of  the  Alps, 
but  lakes  are  almost  eutu-ely  wanting.  Length  of  the  sys- 
tem, about  S(.Ki  miles  ;  greatest  width,  about  120  miles.  It 
has  been  very  important  historically  as  a  barrier  to  migra- 
tions. "  It  has  also  preserved  .  .  .  fragments  of  the 
different  peoples  who  from  time  to  time  have  passed  by 
it,  or  who  have  been  driven  by  conquest  into  it  from  the 
lowei  country.''      Bryce,  Transcaucasia  and  Ararat,  p.  51. 

Cauchy  (ko-she'),  Augustin  Louis.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Aug.  21,  17S9:  died  at  Paris,  May  23, 
1857.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician  and 
poet.  His  works  include  a  memoir,  "  Sur  la  th^orie  des 
ondes  *  (1^15),  "  Cours  d'analyse  "  (1821),  "  Lemons  sur  le 
calcul  dilierentiel '  (1826),  •'  Sur  I'application  du  calcul  de 
residus,  etc."  (1827),  etc, 

Caudebec  (kod-bek').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  on  the  Seine 
20  miles  west-northwest  of  Rouen :  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Pays  de  Caux.  It  contains  a 
noted  church  of  the  1.5th  centurj-.  Population 
(1891),  commune.  2..336. 

Caudel3ec-les-Elbeuf  (kod-bek '  la-zel-bef ' ) .  A 
manufacturingtown  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
Inferieure,  France,  near  Elbeuf  on  the  Seine, 
south  of  Rouen.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
10,434. 

Caudi  (ka-6-de').  [Origin  untnown.]  A  deity 
of  the  Tehuas  or  Taos  of  New  Mexico,  whose 
worship  played  a  part  in  the  incantations  that 
preceded  the  uprising  of  the  Pueblos  in  IGSO. 

Caudine  Forks  (ka'din  forks),  L.  Furculae 
Caudinse  (fer'ku-le  ka-di'ne).  Two  passes  in 
the  mountains  of  ancient  Samnium,  Italy,  lead- 
ing to  an  inclosed  valley,  identified  with  the 
Val  d'Arpaja  (f ),  or  probably  with  the  valley  of 
the  Iselero.  Here.  321  e.  c,  the  Romans  under  the 
consuls  Sp.  P.  Albinus  and  T.  Veturius  were  forced  t« 
surrender  to  the  Samnites  under  Pontius.  The  Romans 
were  forced  to  swear  to  a  treaty  of  peace,  and  to  give  tiOO 
Roman  equites  as  hostages,  while  the  whole  Roman  army 
was  sent  undtfr  the  yoke.  The  P.oman  senate  refused  to 
approve  the  treaty,  and  delivered  the  consuls  to  the  Sam- 
nites.  who  refused  to  accept  them. 

Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures,  Mrs.  A  series  of 
lectures  (by  Douglas  Jerrold)  inflicted  by  Mrs. 
Caudle  upon  Mr.  Caudle  after  they  had  gone  to 
bed  and  the  curtains  were  drawn  for  the  night. 

Caudry  (ko-dre')-  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  17  miles  south-southwest  of 
Valenciennes.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
8.045. 

Caulaincourt  (ko-lan-kor'),  Armand  Augus- 
tin Louis  de,  Duke  of  Vicenza.  Born  at  Cau- 
laincourt, Somme,  France,  Dee.  9,  1772:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1827.  A  French  diplomatist 
and  general.  He  was  ambassador  to  Russia  1807-11, 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1S13-14  and  1315. 

Caulfeild  (kai'feld),  James.  Born  at  Dublin, 
Aug.  18,  1728:  died  Aug.  4,  1799.  An  Irish 
statesman,  fourth  Viscount  and  first  Earl  of 
Charlemont. 

Caulfield:  James.  Born  Feb.  ll,  1764:  died  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  London,  April  22, 1826. 
An  English  print-seller  and  writer,  especially 
noted  as  a  collector  of  engraved  portraits. 

Caulier  (ko-lya'),  Madeleine.  Died  July  24, 
1712.  A  French  peasant  girl  noted  for  bravery 
during  the  siege  of  LiUe.  On  Sept.  8, 1708.  she  car- 
ried an  important  order  from  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  to 
Marshal  BoufHers,  commander  of  the  besieged  army.  She 
was  permitted,  as  a  reward,  to  enlist  in  a  regiment  of  dra- 
goons, and  fell  in  the  battle  of  Denaiu. 

Caulonia  (ka-16'ni-a).  [Gr.  Kav/.dvor  Kav/luw'a.] 
An  ancient  Achtean  town,  probably  on  the  site 
of  modem  Castelvetere.  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat. 
38°  27'  N.,  long.  16°  25'  E. 


226 

Caumont  (ko-mon').  Aldrick  Isidore  Ferdi- 
nand. Bom  at  St.  Vineent-Cramesnil,  Seine- 
Inferieure,  France,  May  15,  1825.  A  French 
jurist  and  political  economist.  His  chief  work 
is  ■'  Dictiounaire  universelde  droit  commercial 
maritime"  (18.55-69). 

Caumont,  Ajrcisse  de.  Born  at  Bayeux,  France, 
Aug.  28,  1802 :  died  at  Caen,  France,  April  15, 
1873.     A  French  archaeologist. 

Caussade  (ko-sad').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Taru-et-Garonne.  France,  13  miles  north- 
east of  Montauban.  It  was  a  Huguenot  strong- 
hold.    Population  (1891),  commime,  3,747. 

Causses  (kos),  The.  [F.c/)(/«-r,  limestone.]  A 
gi'oup  of  limestone  plateaus  in  the  department 
of  Lozere  and  the  vicinity,  southern  France, 
near  the  head  waters  of  the  Tarn. 

Caussin  de  Perceval  (ko-saii'  de  pers-val'i, 
Armand  Pierre.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  13, 1795: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  15, 1871.  A  French  Oriental- 
ist and  historian,  a  traveler  in  Syria,  and  (1822) 
professor  of  Arabic  at  the  College  of  France. 
He  was  a  son  of  J.  J.  A.  Caussin  de  Perceval.  He  wrote 
"Essais  sur  i'histoire  des  Arabes"  (1847),  etc. 

Caussin  de  Perceval,  Jean  Jacques  Antoine. 

Born  at  Montdidier,  France,  June  24,  1759  : 
died  July  29,  1835.  A  French  Orientalist  and 
historian.  His  best-known  works  are  transla- 
tions fi'om  Greek  and  Arabic. 

Caustic  (kas'tik),  Colonel.  A  character  in  the 
"Lounger,"  a  periodical  published  by  Henry 
Alaekenzie  17Sa-86. 

Cauterets  (kot-ra').  A  watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Hautes-PjTenees,  France,  28 
miles  southwest  of  Tarbes.  Elevation,  3,055 
feet.     It  has  hot  sulphur  springs. 

Caution  (ka'shon),  Mrs.  A  character  inWych- 
erley's  "Gentleman  Dancing-Master." 

Cautionary  Towns.  A  name  given  to  the  four 
towDsiutheXetherlands — Briel,  Flushing,  Wal- 
cheren,  Rammekens — held  1585-1616  by  Eng- 
land as  security  for  pa\Tnent  due. 

Cautley  (kat'li).  Sir  Pfoby  Thomas.  Born  at 
Stratford  St.  Mary's,  Suffolk,  1802:  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  London,  Jan.  25,  1871.  An 
English  colonel  of  engineers  in  India,  and  pa- 
leontologist. He  was  especially  noted  as  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  construction  of  the  Ganges  canal,  1843-54. 
He  e-xplofed  as  a  geologist  the  Sivjilik  range,  making 
large  collections  of  fossils  which  he  presented  to  the 
British  Museum.  He  published  numerous  papers  ou  scien- 
tiHc  (chiefly  paleontological)  topics. 

Cauvery,  or  Cavery.    See  Edvcri. 

Caux,  Marchioness  de.    See  Patti,  Adelina. 

Caux  (ku).  A  territory  in  Normandy,  France, 
comprised  in  the  department  of  Seine-Iuf^ri- 
eure,  and  situated  north  of  the  Seine,  bordering 
the  English  Channel.  Its  chief  town  is  Caude- 
bec. 

Cava  (kii'vii),  La.  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Salerno.  Italy,  26  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
The  Benedictine  abbey  of  La  TrinitJi  contains  a  remarka- 
ble collection  of  parchments,  paper  MSS.,  etc.  The  town 
is  a  favorite  pleasure-resort.    Population,  (3,CKX». 

Cavaignac  (ka-van-yak'),  Eleonore  Louis 
Grodefroy.  Bom  at  Paris,  1801 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  5, 1845.  A  French  journalist  and  republi- 
can politician,  son  of  J.  B.  Cavaignac.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  events  of  1830,  1832.  and  1834. 

Cavaignac,  Eugene  Louis,  ^orn  at  Paris,  Oct. 
15,  1802:  died  at  Om-nes,  near  F16e,  Sarthe, 
France,  Oct.  28,  1857.  A  French  general,  son 
of  J.  B.  Cavaignac.  He  served  in  Algeria  1832-48; 
was  governor  of  Algeria  in  1S4S ;  became  minister  of  war. 
May,  1848;  suppressed  the  insurrection  at  Paris  as  mili- 
tary dictator,  June  23-26 ;  was  chief  of  the  executive.  June- 
Dec  ,  1848 ;  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  presi- 
dent. Dec.  1848. 

Cavaignac,  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Gourdon, 
Lot,  France,  1/62:  died  at  Brussels,  March  24, 
1829.  A  French  revolutionist,  deputy  to  the 
Convention  in  1792. 

Cavaillon  (ka-va-y6h' ).  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse,  France,  on  the  Durance  12 
miles  southeast  of  Avignon :  the  ancient  Ca- 
bellio.  It  contains  a  medieval  cathedral,  and  the  re- 
mains of  an  ancient  triumphal  arch.  Population  (1891). 
commune,  9,077. 

Cavalcanti  (ka-val-kiin'te),  Guido.  Born  at 
Florence  about  1240:  died  at  Florence,  Aug., 
1300.  A  Florentine  poet  and  philosopher,  a 
friend  of  Dante. 

Cavalese  (ka-va-la'se).  The  chief  place  in  the 
Ficmme  valley,  southern  Tyrol,  south-south- 
east of  Botzen. 

Cavalier  (ka-va-lya'),  Jean.  Born  at  Ribaute, 
near  Anduze,  Gard,  France,  between  1679-81: 
died  at  C!l|elsea,  near  London,  May,  1740.  A 
French  general,  leader  of  the  Camisardsin  the 
C^vennes  1702-04. 


Cavendish,  Thomas 

CavaUeri  (ka-va-le-a're),  or  Cavalleri,  Buena- 
ventura. Born  at  Jlilan,  1598:  died  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  Dee.  3,  1647.  An  Italian  mathe- 
matician, celebrated  as  the  inventor  of  the 
geometrical  "method  of  indivisibles.''  His  chief 
work  is  "  Geometria  indivisibilium  coutluuorum  uova 
quadam  ratione  promota. " 

Cavall  (ka-va)').     King  Arthur's  dog. 

Cavalleria  Kusticana  (kii-viil-la-re'a  rus-te- 
kii'nii).  [It., 'rustic  gallantry.']  An  opera  by 
Mascagni,  first  played  in  Rorue  Mav  IS.  1890." 

Cavalli  (ka-val'le),'  Pietro  Francesco  (origi- 
nally Caletti-Bnini).  Bom  at  Crema.  Italy, 
1599  or  1000:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  14,  1676. 
An  Italian  composer,  organist,  and  chapel-mas- 
ter. He  began  to  compose  operas  in  1637,  and  continued  to 
produce  them  for 32  years.  Amongthem  are  "Giasone" 
(1655),"  Serse  "(1660),  "  Ercole  amante  "  (1662).  Heisnow 
considered  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  the  "Da  Capo," 
which  was  long  attributed  to  ScarlattL 

Cavan  (kav'an)  1.  A  county  in  Ulster,  lie- 
land.  l\ing  between  Fermanagh  and  Mou- 
aghan  on  the  north,  Monaghan  and  Meath  on 
the  east,  Meath,  Westmeath,  and  Longford  on 
the  south,  and  Longford  and  Leitrim  on  the 
west.  Area,  746  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  111,917.-2.  The  capital  of  the  county 
of  Cavan,  in  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  7°  22'  W. 

Cave  (kav).  Edward.  Born  at  Newton,  War- 
wickshire, England.  Feb.  27, 1691:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  10,  1754.  A  noted  English  printer 
and  bookseller.  In  1731  he  started  a  printing K)fBce  at 
London  under  the  name  of  "R.  Newton,"'  and  founded  the 
"  Gentleman"s  Magazine,"'  which  he  edited  under  the  pseu- 
donym 'Sylvanus  Urban, Gent."'  He  began  in  17:^2  the 
publication  of  regular  reports  of  parliamentary  debates, 
based  ou  the  memorv-  of  reporters  who  had  listened  to  the 
speeches,  and  put  in  proper  literary  shape  by  William 
Guthrie  and.  after  him.  for  several  years,  by  Dr.  Johnson. 
This  publication  of  these  reports  brought 'upon  him  the 
censure  of  Parliament. 

Cave,  The.     See  Jdullam.  Cave  of. 

Cave,  'William.  Bom  at  Pickwell,  Leicester- 
shire, England.  1637:  died  at  "Windsor,  Eng- 
land, July  4, 1713.  A  noted  English  di%'ine  and 
patristic  scholar. 

Cavea,U(ka-v6').  [F., 'small  (wine)  cellar.']  A 
Parisian  literary  and  con"vivial  club,  founded  in 
1729,  dissolvedin  1739,  and  refounded  iu  1806 
and  1834:  named  from  a  tavern  "Caveau." 

Cavedoni  (ka-v;i-d6'ne),  Celestino.  Bom  at 
Levizzano  Rangoue,  near  Modena,  Italy,  May 
18,  1795:  died  at  Modena,  Nov.  20,  1865.  An 
Italian  archaeologist  and  numismatist. 

Cavelier  (ka-ve-lva').  Pierre  Jules.  Bom  Aug. 
30, 1814 :  died  Jan.  28, 1894.  A  French  sculptor. 
His  chief  works  are  "Penelope"'  (1849),  "Truth,"  •  Abi- 
lard.""  '■  Cornelia  ""  fall  at  Paris),  etc. 

Cavendish  (kav'n-dish  or  kan  'dish).   The  name 

under  which  Henrv  Jones  wrote  on  whist,  etc. 

Cavendish,  Lord  "Frederick  Charles.    Bom 

at  Eastboui-ne,  Nov.  30, 1836 :  died  May  6,  1882. 
The  second  son  of  William  Cavendish,  seventh 
DiLke  of  Devonshire.  He  was  private  secretar)'  to 
Lord  Granville  1859-04 ;  member  of  Parliament  1865-82 ; 
private  secretary  to  Mr.  Gladstone,  July.  1S72,  to  Aug.,  1873; 
financial  secretary  of  the  treasury  1880-82  ;  and  successorto 
W.  G.  Forster.as  chief  secretary  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, May.  1S82.  Hewas  assassinated  with  Under-Secretary 
Biu-ke  while  they  were  walking  in  Phcenix  Park,  Dublin. 

Cavendish,  Georgiana.  Born  Jtme  9,  1757: 
died  at  London,  March  30, 1806.  Eldest  daugh- 
ter of  the  fii'st  Earl  Spencer,  and  wife  of  the 
fif  th  Duke  of  Devonshire,famous  for  her  beauty, 
wit,  and  social  influence. 

Cavendish,  Henry.  Bom  at  Nice,  Oct.  10, 1731 : 
died  at  London,  March  10  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.), 
1810.  A  celebrated  English  chemist  and  physi- 
cist, eldest  son  of  Lord  Charles  Cavendish, 
third  son  of  the  second  Duke  of  Devonshire. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge  1750-.53.  but  did  not  take  his 
degree.  He  discovered  nitric  acid,  and  was  the  first  who, 
by  inductive  experiments,  combined  o.\ygen  and  hydro- 
gen into  water.  He  published  numerous  scientific  papers, 
including  "Experiments  on  .A  ir,  by  Henry  Cavendish,  Esq.," 
in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions ""  of  the  Koyal  Society, 
of  which  he  became  a  member  in  17G0. 

Cavendish,  Spencer  Compton.  Born  July  23, 
1833.  Eighth  Duke  of  Devonshire :  known  till 
his  father's  death,  Dec.  21,  1891,  by  the  courtesy 
title  of  Marquis  of  Hartiugton.  He  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  entered  Piurliamcnt  as 
a  member  for  North  Lancashire  in  1857.  He  has  held  vari- 
ous offices  in  the  Liberal  ministries  of  his  time,  and  from 
1S75  to  1880  was  leader  of  his  party  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. The  position  of  prime  minister  was  offered  to  him 
by  the  Queen  in  1880.  but  was  declined.  Since  the  seces- 
sion of  Liberals  caused  by  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home  Rule  Bill 
in  1886,  he  has  been  the  recognized  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Unionist  partv.     Lord  president  of  the  council  1895-. 

Cavendish,  Thomas.  Born  in  the  parish  of 
Trimlay  .St.  Martin.  Suffolk.  England,  about 
15.55:  tiled  at  sea  in  the  South  Atlantic,  June. 
1592.  A  noted  English  navigator  and  free- 
booter.   In  1585  he  commanded  a  ship  in  the  fleet  of 


Cavendish,  Thomas  227  Ceballos  Cortes  y  Calderon 

Kichard  GreDville,  sent  by  Raleigh  to  Virginia.    On  July  ship  in  1860 ;  secretly  supported  the  expedition  of  Oari.  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  southern  Fiance,  24  miles 

21  1586  he  sailed  from  Plymouth  with  thiee  small  vessels,  baldi  against  Sicily  in  the  same  year ;  and  achieved  the  uortheast  of   Montauban.     Population  (1891), 

the  Desire,  the  Content,  and  the  Hugh  Gallant  (which  nnitication  of  Italy,  except  Venice  and  the  Patnmonmm  ,.,,„.,,,.,,,„    4  o,;r 

was  sunk  in  the  PaciBc);  touched  at  Africa  and  Brazil ;  Petri   u.Rler  the  scepter  <^  Victor  Enim.anuel  in  IhUl.  „      ,        Marniiiip  Hp  CMar+hp  Mar<Tiif>ritP  Ai^ 

passed  the  Strait  of  MageUau,  .Jan.,  15S7 ;  ravaged  the  Cawdor  (kaMor),  or  Caldei  (kal'tler).    A  par-  t/ayius,Marquisede  (Marine  marguerite  06 

shoresof  Spanish  South  America  and  Mexico,  taking  many  jsh  in  Nairn   auii  Inverness,  Scotland,  5  miles  VUletteJ.     Born  m  1  oitou,  !■  ranee,  llii.i :  .IrhI 

vessels;  and  on  Nov.  14,  1.W7.  captured  a  ship  from  the  „„,,,i,„„„f  „f  l>J,,i,.„      PawHrir  flMRtle  is  the  tra-  April  1.'),  1729.    A  French  court  laiiv and  author. 

Philippines  with  an  immense  booty.    He  then  crossed  the  .southwest  ot  IMaii  n.    (.av,  ''^^^^"f  "1,  f,,^""^,  ""^^^  she  was  the  niece  of  .Madame  de  Maintenin,  under  whose 

Pacihc,  and  returned  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  IJood  Hope,  dltioual   scene  ot   the   murder    01    JJuncan    DJ  protection  she  was  educated  at  the  court  of  Louis  .\IV., 

reaching  EngUnd  Sept.  10,  158S.    This  was  the  second  Macl)cth,  1(I40.  and  married,  1080,  the  .Maniuis  de  Caylus,  who  died  1704. 

circumnavigation  of  the  world.     Cavendish  undertook  a  rij,™jQ_     ThanS    Of      In    Shakspere's    "Mac-  She  left  a  work,  much  admired  for  its  iiaivel<;  and  beauty 

similar  voyage  in  1591  with  Hve  ships;  but,  after  enduring  ,     ,,    „  ,',     ,,,.,,„,,„,.„,„  trnntlpmnn"  whose  rank  "'  s'jlc.  which  was  edited  by  Voltaire.  1770,  under  the 

great  hardships,  he  was  unable  to  pass  the  Strait  of  Ma-  "jeth,        a  pi uspei  ous  gentleman     wnose  I auK  ^.^^^  ?. ^^^^^.^^^.^^  ^^  lladame  Jo  Caylus." 

Kellan     His  ships  were  scattered,  and  he  died  while  at-  was  promised  to  Macbeth  by  the  witches.    He  (-,„_■.„_  f<„_4.„  j.  /  A-nT.^  nion/lo  -DTiiliT^np  ^a 

tempting  to  return.     Only  a  few  of  his  crew  ever  reached  was  executed  by  order  of  Duncan  for  treason.     He  died  l/ayiUS,  l^omxe  ue  tiiJine  V^iaUQB  rnilippe  QB 

England.  nobly  :  "nothing  in  his  life  liecamc  him  like  the  leaving  TUDiereSJ.     Horn  at   I'aris,  Oct.  31.  1()92:  died 

Cavendish   Sir  William      Born  at  Cavendish,  it."    Steevens  remarks  that  his  behavior  corresponds  in  at  Paris,  Seiit.  5,  ITU.").     A   French  archieolo- 

Suffolk^  aboiit  1505:   died  Oct.  25,  1^57.    An  t:^tiS^t^^T:":;;^l^.X''--S:^i:':^u"::Z  ^-t,  son  of  the  Ma..,.dse  de  Caylus. 

English    politician,    treasurer    of    the    royal  could  not  faU  of  having  the  desired  effect  on  an  audience  Caymans   (ki-inanz  ).     [iTom  caymrtii,  alliga- 

chamber  under  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  and  many  of  whom  were  eye-witnesses  to  the  severity  of  that  tor:  '/Uligator  Islands.']     Three  islands  in  the 

Marv.     He  was  a  vounger  brother  of  George  justice."    The  Thane  of  Cawdor  does  not  appear  upon  the  Caribbean  Sea.  northwest  of  Jamaica,  to  which 

Cavendish,  biographer  of  Wolsev.  ^I"^'l^^l'i''/l'u^!^'^/.M'"„'^pl'JX,ii^,^r^b,,  „KrM  ^^^y  l^^long.    Grand  Cayman,  the  Largest.is  situated  in 

Cavendish    Wniiam.     Born   l.yJ2:   died   Dee.  ^'f  ^P°?^e  <kan-por  )   or  Cawnpur  (kan-i,or    .  lat.  lo- 20' N.riong.  sr  20  V.    Area  of  group.  225  square 

9V  ifiTfl       An  YwiiT,  =f,t.>.irivin    anil  writer  ^  district   in  the  AUahabad  division.  North-  miles.    Population (l8;il), 4,919. 

2o,  10<fa.  An  l^iiglish  s  .itesman  and  wi iter  ^.p^,,.^^  Provinces,  British  India.  Area.  2,363  Cayster  (ka-is't*r),  or  CaystrUS  (ka-is'trus). 
created  earl  of  Newca,stle  March  ^  1628,  and  ^  ^j,^.^  Population  (1891),  1,209.695.  1,,  aru  ieiit  geogra  ,hv,  a  river  in  Lydia,  Asia 
^r^fth??.rTnrof  Waffs'jSsii'; iendired ImpSt  Cawnpore,  or  CawnpuT..  A  city  in  the  North-  Minor,  which  flo^-s'into  the  ,-Egean  Sea  35  miles 
military8eivicestotheUo.valistcauseduriugtheci\ilwar;  western  Pro\nuees,  British  India,  situated  on  south-southeast  of  Smyrna:  now  called  Out- 
fought asa  volunteer  at  Marston  Moor;  and  left  England  the  Ganges  in  lat.  26°  28'  N.,  long.  80°  30'  E.  shuk  Mendere  (Little  Meander).  Length,  over 
Id  HM4,  returning  at  the  Restoration.     He  wrote  poems,  jt  is  an  important  military  station.     Here,  in  the  Sepoy  ](X)  guiles 

•everal  plays,  and  two  works  on  horsemanship  entitled  mutiny (Juneand  July,  1857),theEuropeans(many  women  p_„„_„    /{-s  ,rK',r;n        rPl       olon    rnimnna  1      A 

"La  m(?thode  ct  invention  nouvelle  de  dresser  les  che-  and  children)  were  massacred  by  the  mutineers  under  tiayuga   (Ka-yo  ga;.      L^'-i    ais,o    vayugui.}     a 

vaux  "  (Antwerp,  1657).  and  "  A  New  Method  and  E.xtraor.  >j,i„;,  .sahih.     Population  (1891),  including  cantonment,  tribe  ot  North  American  Indians.    The  name  is 

dinary  Invention  todress  Horses  and  work  them, according  1S8.712.  derived  from  that  which  they  gave  themselves,  '*0w6-u- 

to  Nature,  etc."  (16<>7).     He  was  a  skilful  horse-trainer.  Caxamarca      See  Vtnaintircd  gweh-o-n6," 'people  of  the  miieky  land,' referring  to  the 

Cavendish,  William       Died    March   3    1626.  Caxton  (kaks'ton),  Pisistraius.     The  princi-  'S^$^:^:^^:\l^^!;t^j:^j::^];!^^ 

Second  son  ot   Sir  William  Cavendish   by  his  p;,i  character  in  "The  Ca.xtons,"  by  Biilwer.  from  the  true  tribal  name.    This  tribe  was  the  smallest 

third  wife  (afterward  Countess  of  Shrewsbury),  Under  this  name  Bulwer  Lytton  wrote  "Mv  of  the  Iioiiuois  Confederacy.    They  arc  now  distributed 

created  first  earl  of  Devonshire  Aug.  2,  1618.  Novel"  (the  sequel  to"  The  Caxtons")  and  other  hctwecn  Indian  T.iritoiy,  Wisconsin,  and  Ont^irio,  Can- 

Oavendish,  William.     Born  Jan.  25, 1640:  died  works  ada,  and  lhe,r  total  number  isabout  l  300     bee  7ro?uow 

at  London",  Aug!  Ib!  1707.     An  English  noble-  cTxton.  William.     Born  in  Kent  about  1422:  ^^^^^^f'^,^%l%J^^\r/^^\l^''^-^^'S 

man,  eldest  son  of  the  third  Earl  of  Devon-  died  at  Westminster,  1491.     The  first  English  w     ,.      .,'  .     .,        t^i    n           f "'     ^".n 

shire  (died  1684),  created  first  duke  of  Devon-  j,,inter.    He  was  flrst  apprenticed  .0  a  Loiidon  mercer,  l-JtTl^:oZ^''''',^t^^'^'''.S^r'2ZZ 

shire  and  marquis  of  Hartiugton  Alay  12,  1694.  Robert  Large  (Lord  Mayor  of  London  1439-10),  and  after  y^^^^h  2  miles.    The  chief  town  on  it  is  Ithaca. 

Heerected  Chatswortli  (1687-1706),  the  famous  Ij'^XntK.lrl'r^of^hls'a'^pre^Kmp  a^ToV  Ca^pse  (ka.-yiis'),  or  Cailloux  (ka-lyo'  or  kii- 

seat  ot  the  diiki'S  of  De\  onshire.  established  himself  as  a  mercer,  becoming  about  1405  gov-  yo'),  or  WllletpOO  (wil-cl-po  ).      [PI.,  also  (  ((- 

Cavendish,  William.     Bornli20:  died  at  Spa,  ernorof  the  English  Association  of  Merchant  Adventurers  ijuscs.^     The  leatling  tribe  of  the  Waiilatpuan 

Oct.    3,    1764.     An    English    statesman,   fourth  in  that  city.    In  1409  he  began  to  translate  into  English  „toek  ot  North  American  Imlians.    Their  fonner 

Duke  of  Devonshire,  lord  lieutenant  and  gov-  the  "  Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troye  "  (completed  in  1471  ,,abitat  was  the  region  between  the  Des  Chutes  River  and 

ernor-general  of  Ireland  1755  (as  Marquil  of  :,'i"L%\'?L^°^^"rc?hi."irfriln  thf^rt  ."^^^  ""=,  TS-  ■^"'"■'""'"''  'I'v*'?"'  "J''  "'^»,r'/n'  v' u  w 

Tj      ..°.               ..,    T,         K     „!,„.,   l,„    c,„i„„,l„,l  copiesol  ine  DOOK  SCI  niniseii  10  leain  iiie  ,ui  01   111!  unt.  and  Yakima  counties,  \N  a.shington,  south  ot  the  \akima 

Hartmgtou  until  Dec.  5,   when  he   succeeded  The '•Recueil,"theflrstprintedEnghshbook,pi"lial)ly  ap-  jjj,,,,,.     xhere  are  41,5  individuals  presumably  of  Cayusc 

to    the   dukedom),   and    prime    minister  Nov.,  pearedinl474,andmayhavebeenprinteaeitheratCologne  i,io„,|  on  the  Umatilla  reservation.     f.^e  WttiUfitpuan. 

IT-'ifi-ATiiv    1757  or  at  the  press  of  Colard  Mansion  in  Bruges.     In  14.6  he  p         ,,,.;...,, ,     Ta»n„pQ   Anfm'np  Marip 

l/Ob,-Maj,  1/0  .                                    f  r.       t    -^^o  completedand  had  printed  (liyMansion?)a  translationof  ^azaies  ^ka-/.-la^  ),  Jacques  iUltOine  marie 

Cavendish  College.     A  college  of  Cambridge  a  French  version  of  the  "Ludus.Scacchorum"  of. I.deCes-  de.     Born  at  Cnnade,  Haute-Garonne,  I  ranee. 

University,  founded  in  1873,  opened  in  1876,  Bolis,underthe  title  "The  name  and  Playeof  the  Chesse"  Feb.  1,  1758:  died  at  Eiigalin,  Gers,  France, 

and  reconstituted  in  1888.  —the  second  printed  English  hook.  He  left  Bruges  in  1476,  jj^y  24, 1805.     A  French  politician  and  orator, 

Cave  of  Adullam.     See  .UluVam.  ^^^^^:S^Z:'^;;^^Ji^S^ ^Z^Sy  --oyalist  advocate  in  the  National  Assembly  of 

Cave  of  Macnpelah.      See  Marlipelall.  engaged  in  translating  and  printing  with  several  assis-  1/89. 

Cave    of    Mammon.       The    dwelling-plaee    of  tants,  among  whom  was  Wynkyn  deWoide,  his  successor.  Cazembe    (kii-zem'be).      A   country  in    Central 

Mammon,    described   in    the   second    book   of  Caxtons  (kaks'toiiz),  The.     A  novel  by  Buhver  Africa,  north  of  Lake   Bangweolo:    so  called 

Spimsor's  "  Faerie  t,)iieene."  Lytton,  first  published  auouymousl}' in  "Black-  fnun  the  title  of  the  ruler.     It  is  included  in 

Cave  of  Trophonius.     See  Trophoniua.  wood's  Magazine"  in  1848,  in  book  form  in  t),,'  British  South  Africa  Company's  territory. 

Cave  of  the  Winds.     A  recess  behind  the  falls  18.50.                                                                       .  Cazenovia  (kaz-o-no'vi-ii).    A  town  and  village 

of  Niagara,  between  them  and  the  wall  of  rock:  Cayamb6(ka-yam-ba').    A  volcano  in  Ecuador,  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  18  miles  soutn- 

often  visited  bv  tourists.  Height,  19,187  feet  (Whymper).  cast  of  Syracuse,    it  is  the  seat  ot  a  Methodist  sem 

Caverne de  rflomme  Mort.     [P.,'cave  of  the  Cayap6s  (kii-yii-pos').     A  tribe  of  Indians  of  inarv.    Population  (I'.ioo).  village,  1,K19;  town,  3,sso. 

deadman.'l     See  the  e.'itract.  central  Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters  Cazin    (ka-zaii').    Jean    Charles.      Born    at 

....       •  .L     ,.       .    •  .•       ..I,-  Ti  of    tho   vivf'v    Arnciiava    westward    in    Miitlo  Sainer.  Pas-de-Calais.  1S41 :  ilic<t  at  Nice, March 

Forthedcterminationof  the  characteristics  of  this  Ibe-  01    me    iivti    /viat,u<iya,    >ve»i«aiu    in    lu.uui  •                 ,    1   .,;.(„    „     .    ,-    ,     ,.,   , 

riau  or  Acmitanian  nice  no  more  typical  sepulchre  can  be  Grosso  and  southward  m  Sao  Paulo.    IJuring  the  -'.  1™!-  A  r  leiicli  iniiHir.    He  studied  with  l.ei-oq 

selected  than  the  celebrated  Caverne  de  1'  Homme  Mort  in  18th  century  they  often  attacked  travelers  on  the  way  to  de  Boisban.lran,   ami  afterwanl  with  the  I'rerapliaellte 

the  Department  ot  the  L..?.i;re.  ...  In  this  cave  some  fifty  CuyabA.    A"few  thousand  at  most  remain  in  a  wild  state,  s.ho.il  in  England.    Aiu.iiig  lji,«  pi.-turcs  are  "  La  fulte  en 

persons  must  have  been  interred,  and  in  fifteen  cases  the  By  their  language  they  are  classed,  doubtfully,  with  the  EgM.te'   (1877),  "  Le  vo.\^ii:e  de  lohle     (187H),  "-'tc. 

Bkelet-jiis  have  been  so  well  preserved  aa  to  admit  ot  ae-  Botoeudos.  CaZOtte    (kii-zof),   JaCQUeS.     Born   at    Dljon, 

curate  measurement,  and  even  of  the  determination  of  CayCOS.     See  Caicos.  France,  Oct.  17,  1719:  (lied  at  Paris.  .Sept.  25, 

""^ '"•                                           ^"i''"''' '^■'i""'^'P- "*•  Cayenne  (ka-yon'  or  ki-eu').     A  seaport  and  1792.    A  French  man  ofletters.    His  works  include 

Oavery,  or  Cauyery.     See  Kdvn-i.  ^\^^.  capital  of  French  Guiana,  situated  on  the  "Olivier'  (I7ti:i),  "Le  diable  amouieui "  (1771),  "Le  lord 

Oaviana  (ka-ve-a'nii),  or  Cavianna  (kii-ve-  islandof  (Cayenne  in  lat.  4°  56'  N.,  long.  52°  Impr.miptu'  (1772),  etc.    lie  was  arrested  by  the  rovolu- 

ii'nil).      An  uuinhabited  delta  island  in  Brazil,  od^  ^y      Political  prisoners  have  been  banished  there  at  '"""">'  '"bunai  and  guiii.itmea.^ 

situated  at  tflie  mouth  of  the  Amazon  under  the  Bcveral'perio.ls  in  French  hisL.iT,  but  at  present  only  col.  ^^apac  3f  UpanqiU.     See  yipac  X  Hy.«Hr/l(l. 

equator,  in  long.  .50°  W.     Length,  50  miles.  ored  convicts  are  sent.     Population,  about  10,000  OeadCla,  !Miint       bee  (  ««((.                 ,          „       ., 

Cavledes   (kii-ve-a'THas),  Eloi  Temlstocles.  Cayenne        A   nume   often    given   to   trench  Ceari  (se-a-ra    .      A  state  in  eastern  Brazil, 

Born  at  Rancagua,  1849.     A  Chilian  .iournalisl  Guiana.                                      .,.,        ^       „  lyitig  between  the  Allan  u;  Ocean  on  the  north, 

and  author.    Among  his  works  arc  "  Viva  San  .Mian  - "  Cayes  (ka),  or  AuX  Cayes  (o  ka),  or  Les  Cayes  Kio  (,rande  do  Norte  and     aruhyba  on  the  east, 

anovel,and"La8l8laadoJuanFernandez,'thcre8Ultof  a  (la  ka).     A  seaport   on  the  southern  coast  ot  Pernambuco  on  the  south,  and  Piaiihy  on  the 

voyage  made  in  1883.  Haiti,  in  lat.  18°  25' N.,  loiig.  73°  30' W.    Popu-  west.     Area,  40. 2.):i  square  miles,     i'opuhition 

OavlW  Cka-ve-ta').      A  fortified  town  of  the  lation,  est imateil.  8,000.  (1S8K),  about  950,000. 

island  of  Luzon,  in  the  Philippines,  situated  Cayla   (kalli'),  Comtesse  du   (Z06  Victoire  Ceawlin  (ke-ou'liu).     Died  593.     A  king  of  the 

on  the  Bay  of  Manila  about  10  miles  southwest  Talon).    Born  at  BouUay-Thicrry,  iioar  Dreii.\,  West   Saxons,   son   of  Cynric  wliom   he   suc- 

of  the  city  of  Manila.     Near  it  a  Spanish  fieet  France,  Aug.  5,  1785:   died  at  St.  Ouen,  near  ceeiled  in  560.     lie  took  jmrt  in  the  battle  of  Beran- 

was  defeated  by  a  United  States  squadron  un-  Paris,   March  19,   1852.     A  favorite  of  Louis  ''>•'«, (''""i'^^y  "''V'V'I' J^,''''''7u'''''^\''u!'''*l'i 'l''lf!'.! 

j„    n               1         ,\i           i\Ti      .    ,.    Ai    ,.1    luou  i-TriiV       ill                    »  f.        1-      1  ,.,  II,  /  1U'1A^  u1,,>  and  defeated  .t.tlieberht,  kng  of  Kent,  at  W  imbledon  In 

der  Commodore  (Adiuiral)  Dewey,  May  1,  1898.  XVllI.  of  France.     After  Ins  death  (1824)  she  ^^^.  ,!,,,„„,„,,  „,r,.„  u,,,);,,  kings  „t  Deorhnm  In  (.77;  wu 

CaVOUr,  Count  dl  (CamillO  BenSO).     Born  at  became  a  imtroiiessiifagriciillure  and  industry.  ,|,.fcnled  In  r.s3  by  the  lirllons ;  and  in  M'l  was  driven 

Turin,   Aug.    10,  1810:   died  at  Turin,   Juno  6,  Cayley  (kii'li).   Arthur.      Born  Aug.  16,  1821:     fmni  Ids  throne  by  a  popular  revolt 

1861.     A  celebrated  Italian  statesman.     Heen-  died  .fan.  2(1,  189."i.    .\  noted  Knglisli  malhemati-  Ceballos  (tha-biiryos),  Juan  Bautista.     Born 

tered  the  Sardinian  Parliament  In  1848;  waa  a  member  of  1.;,,^.     Ue  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  Diiraiigo,  181 1  :  dieil  iitler  1.''54.     A  Mexican 

DAzcglios  cabinet  1860  5'.; ;  became  prime  minister  In  ,^  j^j,  was  called  to  the  bar  In  1811),  and  became  Saille-  mr\sl.      He  was  a  member  of  Congress,  and  In  1S.'.2  was 

186'i ;  jolne.l  the  alliance  of  the  western  powers  and  Tur-  ^i,,,,  nrofe»»(.r  of  pure  mathematics  in  the  I'nlvonilty  of     ,„„,i„  ..resl.lent  of  the  Supreme  Court.    <in  the  reslgnn- 

keyagainst  Russia  in  185;, ;  sent  In  the  same  year  a  c.in.  Cuni.ndg.' In  180:i.  tlou  of  Arista  he  was  ch.»en   president  n.(  inlrnm  of 

tingcnt  of  15,000  Sardinian  troops  under  La  Marmora  to  fj,„ig„  CharlOS  Bagot.      Horn  near  St.  Peters-     Mexico,  Jan.  tl,  18f.:.,  an.l  was  given  extraordinary  power. 

the  l>imea;  represented  Sardinia  at  the  Congress  ot  "''J'^^J'',*',"    ,,"^,°,7^,  *   ,      .      ,    .     „  i„„     n,.„    a  f,i,.  ii,,-...,  n,.,„i)i«  In  i  naiL'neil  mi  Feb  7 

Paris  In  IStio;  formed  an  alliance  with  Napoleon  III.  bmg,   -'uly  9,    I82.i:    died    at^    London,   Dee.  6,     '"■; ''\'^f '"™'^.''''' 'V^'*- 'Y' "";7,,':  ,,::,',•,-,- I.- m- 

against  Austria  at  Plomblires  in  IS.IS ;  carried  on,  with  1883.     An  English  poet,  brother  of  Arthur  Cay-  CeballoS  Cort6s  y  Oalderon  (tha-hal  \os  koi- 

the  assistance  of  the  French,  a  successful  war  against  ]py    {],(,    niat heinat ician,    known    chiefly    as    a     tn-^'  >■    kiil-ila-nni' ).  PedrO    de;   ulteii   written 

Austria  In  18.59,  and  in  the  same  year  resigned  the  pre-  ,„' _„i,,,._  ,,f  i)„,,if,  ZevallOS.      Bom  »'  Cadiz,  .luile  '29,  1  715  :  died 

miership,  dissatislli'.l  with  the  terms  of  peace  Imposed  u  aiisi.iu  1  01  I'liuie.                  •      .1        1           .„      ^      „ii'„„,l^,„,    rion    -Xi   1T7H       A  Knuiiiub  irnnnml 

by  Napoleon  at  viiiafranca.    He  resumci  the  premier-  Caylus  (ka-lUs').     A  town  in  the  department     at  Cordova,  Dec.  20, 1/  <8.    A  bpanish  general. 


Ceballos  Cortes  y  Calderon 

In  1756  he  was  made  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres  ;  forced 
the  suiTender  of  the  Portuguese  fort  at  Colonia  de 
Sacramento,  taking  2(i  English  vessels,  Nov.  2,  1762;  re- 
turned to  Spain  in  1767;  was  appointed  first  viceroy  of 
Buenos  Ayres  in  1776;  took  Santa  Cathiu-ina  from  the 
Portuguese,  Feb.,  1777 ;  retook  and  destroyed  the  Colonia 
de  Sacramento,  which  had  reverted  to  the  Portuguese  by 
the  peace  of  1763 ;  and  returned  to  Spaiu  in  1778. 

Cebalrai  (se-bal'ra-e).  fAr.  !:alb  al-ru'i,  the 
sliepherd's  dog.]  The  foiu-th-maguitude  star 
S  Serpeutis,  in  the  head  of  the  creature. 

Cebes  (se'bez).  [Gr.  Kf/5??f.]  Lived  at  Thebes, 
Boeotia,  5th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  friend  and  pupil  of  Socrates.  He  is  one 
of  the  interlocutors  in  Plato's  "Phsedo."  Three  works 
were  ascribed  to  him,  one  of  which,  nu'af  ("The  Pic- 
ture "),  is  a  philosophical  explanation  of  a  table  symboli- 
cally representing  the  dangers  and  vicissitudes  of  life. 

Cebola.    See  ZnKi. 

Cebollita  (tha-bol-ye'tii).  [Sp., 'little  ouiou.'] 
A  ranch  in  central  New  Mexico,  south  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad.  Some  of  the  most 
interesting  ancient  ruins  in  the  Southwest  are  found  in 
the  valley  in  which  the  ranch  is  situated. 

Cebrian  y  Agustin  (sii-bre-an'  e  a-gos-ten'), 
Pedro  de,  count  of  Fuenclara,  Grandee  of 
Spain,  etc.  A  Spanish  administrator  of  the 
18th  century.  From  Nov.  3, 1742,  to  July  9, 1746.  he  was 
viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico),  Subsequently  he  was 
Spanish  ambassador  to  Vienna. 

Cebli  (se-bo'),  or  Zebli  (ze-b6';  Sp.  pron.,  in 
both  spellings,  tha-bo').  An  island  in  the  Phil- 
ippines, in  lat.  9°  30'-ll°  N.,  long.  123°-124° 
E.  Length,  135  miles.  Area  of  pro\-ince  (in- 
cluding adjacent  islands),  1,813  square  miles. 

Cecil  (ses'il  or  sis'il),  Robert.  Bom  at 
Westminster  (?)  about  1563:  died  at  Marl- 
borough, May  24,  1612.  An  English  states- 
man, son  of  William  Cecil,  Lord  Burghley,  by 
his  second  wife  (Mildred,  daughter  of  Sir  An- 
thony Cooke),  created  earl  of  Salisbury  May  4, 
160.5. 

Cecil,  Lord  Robert.    See  Salisburi/,  Marquis  of. 

Cecil,  Thomas.  Born  May  5,  1542 :  died  Feb. 
7,  1622.  An  English  nobleman,  eldest  son  of 
William  Cecil,  Lord  Burghley,  by  his  first  wife, 
created  first  earl  of  Exeter  May  4,  1605. 

Cecil,  William.  Born  at  Bom-n,  Lincolnshire, 
Sept.  13,  1520 :  died  at  London,  Aug.  4,  1598. 
A  celebrated  English  statesman,  son  of  Richard 
Cecil  of  Burleigh,  Northamptonshire,  created 
baron  of  Burghley  Feb.  25,  1571,  He  studied 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  lo35-ll,  but  did  not  take 
a  degree ;  was  entered  as  a  student  at  Gray's  Inn,  May, 
iri41;  married  Mary  Cheke  (died  Feb.  22,  1644),  sister  of 
John  Cheke.  the  celebrated  scholar.  May  5, 1542  ;  and  took 
as  his  second  wife  Mildred,  daughter  of  Sir  Anthony 
Cooke,  Dec.  21,  1545.  In  Nov.,  1547,  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment, and  in  the  same  year  became  secretary  to  Somerset, 
who  was  then  protector;  and  when  his  patron  fell  (1548) 
was  committed  to  the  Tower,  where  he  remained  for  two 
months.  He  was  appointed  a  secretary  of  state,  Sept.  5, 
1550,  and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  occupied  a  position  of 
great  influence  successively  under  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth.  It  was  as  chief  minister  to  Elizabeth  for 
forty  years  that  he  won  his  great  fame. 

Cecilia  (se-sil'i-a).  A  novel  by  Madame  d'Ar- 
blay,  published'in  1782. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  Died  at  Rome,  230.  A  Christian 
martyr.  According  to  the  legend,  she  was  compelled, 
in  spite  of  avow  of  celibacy,  to  marry  a  young  nobleman, 
Valerian.  She  succeeded  in  converting  him  to  her  views 
and  also  to  Christianity,  for  which  they  suffered  death. 
She  has  generally  been  considered  the  patron  saint  of 
music,  particularly  church  music,  and  is  represented  iu 
art  as  singing  and  playing  on  some  musical  instrument, 
or  as  listening  to  the  music  of  an  angel  who  has  been 
drawn  from  heaven  by  her  harmony.  Dryden  alludes  to 
this  in  his  "Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day."  Her  story  is  also 
told  by  Chaucer  in  the  Second  Nun's  Tale,  one  of  the  '*  Can- 
terbury Tales."  In  the  Roman  and  Anglican  calendars 
her  feast  is  celebrated  on  Nov.  22. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  One  of  the  finest  paintings  of 
Raphael,  in  the  Aceademia  at  Bologna,  Italy. 
The  beautiful  figure  of  the  saint,  richly  clad,  occupies  the 
middle  of  the  picture  ;  she  listens  entranced  to  the  heav- 
enly choir  of  angels  above  her,  while  discarded  earthly 
musical  instruments  lie  at  her  feet. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the 
Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  The  saint  is  playing  on  a 
harpsichord  and  singing,  attended  by  four  angels.  It  is 
in  reality  a  portrait  of  the  painter's  second  wife,  Helene 
Fourment. 

Cecilia,  Story  of  Saint.  Five  celebrated  fres- 
cos by  Domenichino,  iu  San  Luigi  dei  Fran- 
ces!, Rome.  The  subjects  are  the  saint  distributing 
her  clotnes  among  the  poor,  her  contempt  for  idols,  her 
martyrdom,  her  reception  of  the  martyr's  crown,  and  her 
assumption.  There  are  no  better  examples  of  Domeni- 
chino's  somewhat  cold  and  academical  style. 

Oecropia  (se-kr6'pi-a).  The  widow  of  the 
younger  brother  of  King  Basilius  in  Sidney's 
romance  "Arcadia." 

Cecrops  (se'krops).  [Gr.  KfKpoi/i.]  In  Athe- 
nian tradition,  the  first  king  of  Athens,  and  the 
introducer  of  civilization  into  Greece.  He  was 
at  first  regarded  as  autochthonous,  and  as  a  being  whose 


228 

upper  half  was  human  and  the  lower  half  a  dragon ;  later 
he  was  represented  to  be  of  Egyptian  origin. 

Cedar  Creek  (se'dar  krek).  A  stream  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  Virginia,  which  joins  the 
Shenandoah  4  miles  from  Strasburg.  Here,  Oct. 
19,  l»t>4,  the  Confederates  under  Early  surprised  the  Fed- 
erals under  Wright.  Later  in  the  day  the  Confederates 
were  defeated  by  Sheridan.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  5,995  ;  of 
tlie  Confederates,  4,200.   See  Sheridan  and  Sheridan  s  Ride. 

Cedar  Falls  (se'dar  falz).  A  city  in  Black 
Hawk  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Cedar 
River  99  miles  west  of  Dubuque  Population 
(1900),  5,319. 

Cedar  Keys  (se'diir  kez).  A  seaport  in  Levy 
Countv,  Florida,  on  the  Gulf  of  Me.xico  in  lat. 
29°  7'"N.,  long.  83°  2'  W.  it  is  on  Way  Key  and 
Atsena  OtU  Key.  It  has  a  trade  in  sponges,  fish,  turtles, 
etc. 

Cedar  Mountain  (se'dar  moun'tan).  A  hiU 
2  miles  west  of  MitclieH's  Station,  Culpeper 
County,  Virginia.  Here,  Aug.  9,  1862,  the  Confeder- 
ates (20,000-25,000)  under  "Stonewall"  Jackson  defeated 
part  of  Pope's  army  (7,500)  under  Banks.  Loss  of  the 
Confederates,  1,307  ;  of  the  Federals,  1,400. 

Cedar  Rapids  (se'dar  rap'idz).  A  city  in  Linn 
Count}',  eastern  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Red  Ce- 
dar River  in  lat.  41°  .58'  N.,  long.  91°  43'  W. 
It  is  a  railwav, trading,  and  manufacturing  cen- 
ter.    Population  (1900),  25,656. 

Cedd  (ked),  or  Cedda  (ked'dii),  Saint.  Born 
in  Northumbria:  died  Oct.  26,  664.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  saint,  bishop  of  the  East  Sax- 
ons. 

Cedmon.     See  Ca^dmon. 

Cedric  of  Rotherwood  (ked'rik  ov  roTH'er- 

wii(l),  or  Cedric  the  Saxon.  The  guardian  of 
Rowena  iu  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "Ivan- 
hoe." 

Cedron.     See  Eedron. 

Cefalu  (eha-fa-16').  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Palermo,  Sicily,  in  lat.  38°  1'  N.,  long.  14°  4' 
E. :  the  ancient  Cephaloedium  or  Cephaloedis. 
It  has  a  cathedi-al  and  a  ruined  castle.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Arabs  in  the  9th  century.  The  cathedral,  founded 
in  1131  by  King  Roger,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  Sicilian  monu- 
ments. The  front,  of  Norman  character,  has  a  triple  porch 
between  two  four-tiered  towers,  a  beautiful  sculptured 
portal,  and  pointed  arcades  with  tooth-molding.  The 
nave  has  cylindrical  columns  and  wooden  roof  ;  the  aisles 
are  vaulted.  Choir  and  apse  are  lined  with  magnificent 
mosaics  on  gold  ground  ;  the  semidome  of  the  apse  is  oc- 
cupied by  a  colossal  half-figure  of  the  Saviour.  On  the 
north  side  of  the  cathedral  there  is  a  beautiful  cloister  of 
the  type  of  that  at  Monreale.    Population,  12,000. 

Celadon  (sel'a-don).  1.  A  witty,  inconstant 
gallant  in  Dryden's  play"  SecretLove,  or  The 
Maiden  Queen."  He  marries  the  flirt  Florimel,  with 
the  understanding  that  they  may  each  have  their  own  way 
after  marriage. 

2.  The  lover  of  the  beautiful  Astr^e  (Astrea) 
in  D'Urfe's  romance  "  Astr^e."  His  is  one  of 
the  stock  names  for  a  lover  in  the  French  dra- 
ma.—  3.  A  sort  of  generic  name  in  pastoral 
poetry  for  a  rustic  lover,  as  Chloe  is  for  his  mis- 
tress.—  4.  A  character  in  Thomson's  "Seasons." 

Celaenae  (se-le'ne).  [Gv.Ke'/.mvai.]  An  ancient 
city  of  Phrygia,  once  of  great  size  and  impor- 
tance. It  became  a  royal  residence  in  the 
time  of  Xerxes. 

The  site  of  Celsenae,  unknown  until  within  these  few 
years,  has  been  determinately  fixed  by  Mr.  Hamilton 
(Asia  Minor,  vol.  i.,  pp.  498-500).  It  is  the  modern  Dee- 
nair  (lat.  38°  3 ,  long.  30°  20 ).  This  town,  which  abounds 
in  remains  of  high  antiquity,  is  situated  near  the  source 
of  the  southern  or  main  stream  of  the  Msander,  and  in 
all  respects  corresponds  to  the  accounts  left  of  the  an- 
cient Celsense.  Rawlimon,  Herod.,  IV.  28,  note. 

Celaeno  (se-le'no).  [Gr.  KeT.mvu.']  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  one  of  the  Harpies  (see  Har- 
pies) ;  also,  a  Pleiad,  a  daughter  of  Atlas  and 
Pleione, 

Celaeno.  [L.  Celseno.  Gr.  K£?.aiv&.  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione.]  The  6|-mag- 
nitude  star  16  Pleiadum,  barely  visible  with 
the  naked  eye. 

Celakovsky.    See  C--e?«Ao!fsi-y. 

Celano,  Lake  of.    See  Fucino. 

Celebes  (sel'e-bes).  [From  the  name  of  a  na- 
tive people.]  The  third  in  size  of  the  East 
India  Islands,  situated  east  of  Borneo,  about 
lat.  l°45'-5°45'  S.,  long.  118°  45'-125°  E. :  a 
Dutch  possession,  it  is  very  irregular  in  shape,  with 
four  large  peninsulas.  Its  chief  export  is  coffee.  The 
principal  tribes  are  the  Bugis,  Macassars,  and  Alfuras. 
ilenad"  is  the  seat  of  the  Dutch  resident.  Celebes  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  century ;  they 
were  expelled  by  the  Dutch  in  1660.  Area,  ''1,470  square 
miles.     Population,  estimated,  1,500.00,^, 

Celeste  (sa-lesf)  (Celeste-Elliott),  Madame. 
Born  at  Paris,  1814  (?)  :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  12, 
1882.  An  actress  and  noted  dancer,  she  began 
her  professional  career,  in  the  latter  capacity,  at  the  Bow- 
ery Theater,  New  York,  Oct.,  1827,  and  afterward  danced 
and  acted  chiefly  in  Loudon,  visiting  America  a  second 
time  1834-37. 


Cellini 

Celestial  Empire,  The.  In  western  countries, 
a  popular  name  for  the  Chinese  empire,  translat- 
ing the  Chinese  "  Tien  Chao"  ('Heavenly  Dy- 
nasty'). 

Celestials  (se-les'tialz).  The.  The  Chinese: 
fmm  "tlie  Celestial  Empire"  (which  see). 

Celestina  (Sp.  tha-les-te'na).  A  Spanish  prose 
di'ama  iu  twenty-one  acts,  or  parts,  originally 
called  "The  Tragicomedy  of  Calisto  and  Meli- 
ba?a."  Though,  from  its  length  and  structure,  it  can 
never  have  been  represented,  its  dramatic  spirit  and 
movement  have  left  traces  that  are  not  to  be  mistaken  of 
their  influence  on  the  national  drama  ever  since. 

The  first  act,  which  is  much  the  longest,  was  probably 
written  by  Rodrigo  Cota,  of  Toledo,  and  in  that  case  we 
may  safely  assume  that  it  was  produced  about  14S0. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  L  235, 

Celestine  (sel'es-tin)  I.,  or  Coelestine  (sel'es- 
tin),  Saint.  Died  at  Rome,  432,  Bishop  of 
Rome  422—132.  He  convoked  the  Council  of  Ephesus, 
which  in  431  condemned  the  heresy  of  Nestorius,  and  is 
said  by  some  to  have  sent  St.  Patrick  to  Ireland  and  Pal- 
ladius  to  Scotland,  although  it  is  not  clear  that  either  of 
these  missionaries  had  any  connection  with  Rome.  He  is 
commemorated  on  April  6. 

Celestine  II.,  or  Coelestine  (Guide  di  Cas- 

tello).  Died  at  Rome,  March.  1144.  Pope  1143- 
1144.     He  absolved  Louis  VII.  of  France. 

Celestine  III.,  or  Coelestine  (Giacinto  Or- 

Sini).  Born  about  1106:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  8, 
1198.  Pope  1191-98.  He  crowned  Henry  VI.  of 
Germany  in  1191,  and  confirmed  the  Teutonic  Order  in 
1192. 

Celestine  IV.  (Goffredo  Castiglione).  Died 
Oct.  10,  1241.  Pope,  elected  Sept.  22.  1241.  He 
reigned  only  18  days. 

Celestine  V.,  Saint  (Pietro  di  Murrhone). 
Born  in  central  Italy  about  1215 :  died  at  the 
castle  Fumone,  in  the  Campagna,  Italy,  May 
19,  1296.  He  founded  the  order  of  the  Celestines  about 
1254,  and  was  elected  pope,  at  the  age  of  eighty,  July, 
1294.  Being  unfitted  for  this  exalted  station  by  his  pre- 
vious  life  as  a  hermit  and  consequent  ignorance  of  the 
world,  he  abdicated,  Dec,  1294,  and  was  imprisoned  at 
Fumone  by  Boniface  VIII.,  who  feared  that,  if  left  at 
liberty,  he  might  become  the  occasion  of  schism. 

Celia  (se'li-ii).  [Fem.  of  L.  Cf«««.]  1.  A  char- 
acter in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene," mother  of 
Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity.  She  lived  in  the 
hospice  called  Holiness. —  2.  In  Shakspere's 
comedy  "As  you  LUie  it," the  cousin  and  de- 
voted friend  of  Rosalind,  and  daughter  of  the 
usurping  Didie  Frederick,  she  masquerades  with 
Rosabnd  in  the  forest  of  Arden,  in  the  disguise  of  Aliena, 
a  shepherdess. 

3.  A  straightforward,  affectionate  English  girl, 
with  no  squeamishness,  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletchei-'s  play  "  The  Humorous  Lieutenant," 
made  love  to  by  both  Antigonus  and  his  son 
Demetrius.  She  disguises  as  Enanthe. —  4.  The 
wife  of  Corvinoin  Jonson's  "Volpone." — 5.  A 
very  young  girl  in  Wliitehead's  "  School  for 
Lovers."  The  part  was  written  for  Mrs.  Cibber, 
then  over  fifty  years  old. 

Celimene(sa-ie-man').  1.  An  artificial,  coquet- 
tish, but  charming  and  sparkling  tine  lady  in 
Moliere's  comedy  "Le  Misanthrope."  She  makes 
Acaste  and  Clitandre  both  believe  she  loves  them,  bat 
finally  consents  to  marry  the  "Misanthrope,"  Alceste, 
though  declining  to  seclude  herself  from  the  world  with 
him.  whereupon  he  rejects  her.  Her  name  is  applied  pro- 
verbially to  a  coquette. 

2.  A  character  in  Moliere's  "Les  Precieuses 
Ridicules,"  who  has  nothing  to  say. 

Cellamare  (chel-la-ma're).  Prince  of  (Antonio 
Giudice,Duke  of  Giovenazza).  Born  at  Naples, 
1657:  died  at  Seville,  Spain,  May  16,  1733.  A 
Spanish  general  and  diplomatist,  ambassador 
to  France  1715-18. 

Cells  (tsel'le).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Aller  22  miles 
northeast  of  Hannover.  It  has  an  ancient  ducal 
castle.     Poyjulation  (1890),  commune,  18,901. 

Cellini  (chel-le'ne),  Benvenuto.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  Nov.  10,  1500:  died  Feb.  13,  1571. 
A  famous  Italian  sculptor  and  worker  in  gold 
and  silver.  He  studied  with  Michelangelo  Bindlnelli, 
father  of  the  sculptor  Bandinelli,  and  Marcone  the  gold- 
smith. From  1516-17  he  worked  in  Pisa.  In  1617  he  re- 
turned to  Florence,  where  he  met  Torregiano  (see  Torre- 
fjiano),  who  tried  to  secure  him  for  his  work  in  England. 
Benvenuto's  loy,alty  to  Michelangelo,  however,  prevented 
the  engagement.  From  1.523-10  he  was  in  Rome,  occupied 
entirely  with  his  work  as  goldsmith.  In  May,  1527,  oc- 
curred the  siege  and  sack  of  Rome  by  the  troops  of  the 
Constable  de  Bourbon,  in  which  Cellini  assisted  in  the  de- 
fense of  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  claimed  to  have  killed 
Bourbon  and  wounded  the  Prince  of  Orange.  At  the  in- 
stigation of  Pier  Luigi  Farnese,  bastard  of  Paul  III.,  he 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  Oct.,  1538. 
The  account  of  his  escape,  Dec,  1539,  is  the  greatest  mar- 
vel of  his  marvelous  autobiography.  From  1540-14  he 
sojourned  in  France  at  the  court  of  Francis  I.  He  had 
his  atelier  in  the  Petit  Nesle.  (See  Petit  Sesle.)  At  this 
time  his  tU-st  attempts  at  sculpture  were  made,  the  chief 
being  the  Nymph  of  Fontaineblean.    From  1644  to  hifl 


Cellini 

death  in  liiTl  he  served  Cosimo  I.  and  the  Medici  family 
in  Florence.  His  story  of  the  casting  of  the  Persens  of 
tlie  Loggia  dei  Lanzi  at  this  time  has  phiyed  a  great  rOle 
in  literature.  His  autobiography,  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  Italian  classics,  ciiculated  in  M.S.  until  it  was  printed 
in  17^0.  It  was  translated  into  German  by  Goethe.  The 
latest  English  translation  is  by  J.  A.  Symonds. 

Celman,  Miguel  Juarez.    See  Juarez  Celinau. 

Celsius  (sel'si-us  or  .^el'sliius).  Anders.  Born 
at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Nov.  •27,  1701 :  died  at  Up- 
sala,  April  2.5,  1744.  A  Swedish  astronomer, 
nephew  of  Olaf  Celsius,  professor  of  astronomy 
at  Upsala.  He  iutrodueed,  about  1742,  the 
ceutifjrade  or  Celsius  thermometer. 

Celsius,  Olaf.  Born  July  19,  1G70:  died  at 
Upsala,  Sweden,  June  24,  175G.  A  Swedish 
botanist,  unele  of  Anders  Celsius.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  and  Oriental  language  in  the  University 
ot  Upsala,  and  rendered  liimself  famous  by  his  researches 
in  regard  to  the  plants  mentioned  in  the  Scriptures.  He 
was  the  instructor  and  patron  of  Linnieus. 

Celsius,  Olaf.  Born  at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Dee. 
15,  1716:  died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  Feb.  15,  1794. 
A  Swedish  historian,  son  of  Olaf  Celsius  (1670- 
1756).  He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University 
of  I  psala  in  1747,  and  bishop  of  Lund  in  1777.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  "  ' 
XIV.  (1774). 

Celsus  (s< 

A.  D.  A  Platonist  philosopher.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  famous  treatise  against  Ohristianity,  'WiiGyji 
.\wvo(  ("  True  Discourse  "),  the  substance  of  w  hicb  is  pre- 
served in  the  "Contra  Celsum  "  by  Origen. 

Celsus,  Aulus  (or  Aurelius)  Cornelius.  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  ceutm-y  A.  D.  A 
Roman  WTiter,  author  of  a  comprehensive  en- 
cyclopedia treating  of  farming,  medicine,  mil- 
itary art,  oratory,  jiu-isprudence,  and  philos- 
ophy. *'0f  this  only  the  eight  books  de  medicina  have 
come  down  to  us,  being  b.  ti-13  of  the  complete  work,  the 
only  one  of  this  kind  in  the  good  age  of  Koman  literatm-e. 
In  those  Celsus  gives  an  account  of  the  whole  medical 
system  of  the  time,  writing  as  a  layman  and  following 
chiefly  Hippukrates  and  Asklepiades,  with  sound  judg- 
ment and  in  simple,  pure  diction.  The  parts  dealing  with 
surgery  are  especially  valuable ;  ne.vt  to  these  the  diag- 
nosis of  internal  ni.aladie8."  Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of 
Kom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  NS'arr),  II.  22. 

Celsus.  or  Cellach  (kel'lach).  Saint.  Born 
1079:  died  at  Ardpatrick,  Munster,  Ireland, 
April  1,  1129.  An  Irish  ecclesiastic,  archbishop 
of  Armagh  after  1104. 

Celtiberi.    See  Celtibcria. 

Celtiberia  (sel-ti-be'ri-ii).  [From  the  Celtiberi. 
bee  the  def.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  region 
in 

western 

Cuenca,  and  Burgos :  in  an  extended  application 
nearly  identical  with  Hispania  Citerior.  TheCel- 
tiberi  (Celtiberians)  were  thought  to  be  a  mixture  of  the 
indigenous  Iberians  and  iTivading  Celts  from  Gaul  (whence 
their  name).  They  ottered  a  vigorous  resistance  to  Rome, 
and  were  Unally  subdued  after  72  B.  c.  Among  their  chief 
towns  were  Numantia  and  Segobriga. 

Celtica  (sel'ti-kii).  The  central  division  of 
Transalpine  GauV,  according  to  the  threefold 
division  of  the  Gauls  by  Julius  Ca?sar  (Gauls 
or  Celts,  Aquitaniaiis,  Belgians).  It  coincided 
with  the  province  of  Lugdunensis,  except  that  it  ex- 
tended southwestward  to  the  Garonne. 

Celts,  or  Kelts  (selts,  kelts).     [L.  CcUie,  ivam 


229 


Cephalus 


counts  are  probably  exaggerated.    InlMO  theCenipoalans  CentO  Novcllc  Anticho  (chen'to  no-vel'le  an- 


gave  Cortes  a  friendly  reception,  and  some  of  their  chiefs 
marched  with  him  to  Mexico.  The  inhabitants  were  re- 
moved to  a  mission  village  near  Jalapa  about  ItiUO,  and 
the  original  site  of  Cempoala  is  now  uncertain,  though 
there  is  a  village  with  the  same  name.  Also  written  Cem- 
poafla.  Cevipoal,  Ctnnituhxtal,  or  Zuj/i]tual, 
Cenci  (chen'che),  Beatrice.  Born  at  Rome. 
Feb.  12, 1577:  executed  at  Kome,  Sept.  11, 1599. 
The  daughter  of  Francesco  Cenci,  a  Koman 
nobleman,  and  Ersilia  Santa-Croce.  Her  father, 
a  dissipated  and  passionate  man,  treated  his  family  with 
such  severity  that  Iiis  second  w  ife  Lucrezia  Petroni,  his 
eldest  son  Giacomu,  lieatrice,  and  the  two  younger  sons 
liernardo  and  I'aolo,  piocured  his  nnuder  at  the  palace 
of  Pctcella  in  the  kingdom  of  Kaples,  Sept.  9,  1698.     For 


te'ke).  [ll.,  'one  hundred  old  tales.']  A  col- 
lection of  tales  from  ancient  and  medieval 
history,  the  romances  of  chivalry,  and  the  fabli- 
aux of  the  trouveres,  made  iu  Italy  about  the 
end  of  the  Kith  century. 

Central  Africa,  British.    The  British  sphere 

of  influence  north  of  the  Zambesi.  The  total 
area  is  about  500,000  square  miles;  the  total 
native  population,  about  3,000,000. 
Central  Ajnerica.  A  name  applied  collectively 
to  the  live  republics  of  Guatemala.  Hondu- 
ras, Salvador,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Eica. 


this  crime  Luel■ezi:^  Giacomo,  and  Beatrice  were  hanged  Central  India  Agency.     The  official  name  for 
at  Home,  Sept.  H,  1;>99,  and  Bernardo  was  condemned  to  .... 

the  galleys  for  life,  being,  however,  pardoned  March  20, 


a  collection  of  native  states  in  India,  under  the 
control  of  Great  Britain,  situated  between 
Kajputana  and  the  Northwestern  Provinces  on 
the  north,  and  the  Central  Provinces  on  the 
south.  Chief  states,  Gwalior,  Indur,  Bhopal, 
Rewa.  Area,  77,808  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  10,318,812. 


I6U6.  Paolo  died  shortly  after  the  murder.  At  the  trial 
Beatrice's  counsel,  in  order  to  justify  the  murder,  accused 
Francesco,  apparently  without  foundation,  of  having  at- 
tempted the  commission  of  incest  upon  his  client,  which 
has  placed  her  in  tiie  light  of  a  martyr.  Her  tragic  end 
and  her  patrician  birth  have  made  her  a  favorite  theme 
in  poetry  and  ;u-t.     She  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a  .... 

tragedy  by  Shelley,  "  The  Cenci  "  (1819),  and  of  a  painting  Centralists  (sen'tral-ists).      [Sp.  CentraUsUis.} 


by  Guido  Reni,  in  the  Barberini  palace,  Kome. 

Ceneda.    See  Vitiorio. 
of  Gustavus  I.  (l74.i-53)  and  a  history  of  Eric  Qenimagni  (sen-i-mag'ni).     [L.  (Ca!sar).]     A 
4).     He  was  ennobled  in  1 1  Ob.  vv,Aix*xA**6^"  v  t-        /        l     .^      ,       „„A 

sel'sus).     Lived  in  the  2d  (?)  century     ^-^-'tie  people    ocated  by  Cicsarin  the  eastern 
--    ' ■'     coast  region  ot  Britain,  north  of  the  Thames. 

Cenis,  Mont.    See  Mout  Cenis. 

Cenomani  (sen-o-ma'ni).  [L.  (Csesar)  Ceyio- 
iiiaiii,  Gr.  (Polybius)  Ktro/idiw,]  A  Celtic  peo- 
ple, a  part  of  the  army  of  Bellovesus,  who  with 
his  sanction  crossed  the  Alps  under  a  legendary 
leader,  Etitovius,  and  settled  north  of  the  Po 
about  Brescia  and  Verona  according  to  the  de- 
tailed account  of  Liv}'.  They  were  a  branch  of  the  Central  Park 
Aulerci.  Their  original  seat  in  Gaul,  where  they  are 
called  Aulerci  Cenomani,  was  on  the  Sarthe  near  Le 
Mans.  The  Aulerci  were  included  among  the  tribes  con- 
stituting the  .Armorici. 

Centaur.    See  Centaurm. 

Centaurus  (seu-ta'rus).  [L.,  'the  Centaur.'] 
Au  ancient  southern  constellation,  situated  be- 
tween iVrgo  and  Scorpio,  pictured  to  represent 
a  centaur  holding  a  Bacchic  wand,  its  brightest 
star,  a  Centauri,  is  the  third  brightest  in  the  heavens, 
being  a  quarter  of  a  magnitude  brighter  than  Arcturus. 
It  is  of  a  reddish  color.  Its  second  star,  0,  a  white  star, 
is  about  as  bright  as  Betelgeuze,  and  is  reckoned  the 
eleventh  in  the  heavens  in  order  of  brightness.  The  two 
stars  are  situated  near-  each  other  on  the  parallel  of  00^ 
south,  a  little  east  of  the  Southern  Cross.  Centaurus  has, 
besides,  two  stars  of  the  second  magnitude  and  seven  of 

W~~-  ''      ^'^       V-'     4.*^*i"     ^    1  '  ^.1         tne  third,  and  is  a  splendid  constellation. 

Spain  corresponding  to  the  modern  s^uth-  ^     ^j^     '(saut'lii).     An  ancient  town  situated 

stern  Aragon  and  the  greater  part  ot^  bona,     ^^^^,  ^^^  present  Frontera,  in  Ta 


\xbasco,  south- 


ern Mexico  :  scene  of  the  first  victorvof  Cortes, 
1519. 

Centlivre  (sent-liv'er  or  sent-le'ver),  Susan- 
nah. Born  in  Ireland  (f),  of  English  ptirents, 
about  1667:  died  at  Loudon,  Dec.  1,  1723.  An 
English  actress  and  dramatist,  she  is  said  to  have 
beeii  the  daughter  ot  a  Mr.  Freeman,  of  Lincolnshire, 
who  removed  to  Ireland  shortly  before  her  bU'th.  About 
170(1  she  married  Joseph  Centlivre,  chief  cook  to  Queen 
Anne  and  George  I.  Among  her  numerous  plays  are 
"The  Platonic  Lady"  (acted  17U0),  "The  Busybody" 
(acted  1709),  "A  Gotham  Election"  (published  1716:  2d 
ed.,  1737,  entitled  "Hnmonrs  of  Elections"),  "A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife'  (aile.l  171.S). 


Gr.  Ki'/.Tai,  a  name  at  first  vaguely  applied  to  a  Cent  Nouvelles  Nouvelles  (son  no-vel'  no- 
vel'). [F., 'one hundred  new  tales.']  An  old 
French  collection  of  tales,  first  printed  in  folio, 
by  Verard,  without  date,  from  a  manuscript  of 
the  year  1456.     Dunloji. 


Western  people,  afterward  the  regular  dosig 
nation  of  the  Celtic  race.  Origin  unknown.] 
The  peoples  which  speak  languages  akin  to 
those  of  Wales,  Ireland,  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, and  Brittany,  and  constitute  a  branch  or 
principal  division  of  the  Indo-European  fami- 
lies. Formerly  these  peoples  occupied,  partly  or  wholly, 
I'Yance,  .Spain,  northern  Italy,  the  western  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  Britisll  islands.  Of  the  remaining  Celtic 
languages  and  peoples  there  are  two  chief  ilivisions.  viz., 
the  GriitheUc,  comprising  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland, 
the  Irish,  and  the  .Man.x,  and  the  Cijinric,  comprising  the 
Welsh  and  Bretons;  the  CoruMt,  of  Cornwall,  related  to 
the  latter,  is  only  recently  extinct 

Amalgamation  of  race  has  since  been  effected  to  a  cer- 
tain extent ;  but  still  in  many  parts  of  Wales,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland  the  mass  ot  the  population  is  mainly  or  en- 
tirely Celtic.  FourCelticdialects— the  Manx,  the  Gaelic, 
the  Erse  and  the  Welsh  — arespoken  in  our  country  :  and 
the  pure  Celtic  type  survives  alike  in  the  I'.rettins,  the 
Wclsli.  the  native  Irish,  the  people  of  the  Isle  of  .Man, 
and  the  Scottish  Highlanders,  of  whom  the  two  former 
represent  the  Cimhric,  and  the  three  latter  the  non-Cini- 
bric  branch  of  the  nation.       Itairlin-inn,  Heroil ,  III.  Isii. 

The  Celts  appear  to  have  crossed  to  Britain  from  lielgic 
Gaul  In  the  neolithic  age  a  race  indistinguishalde  from 
that  of  the  British  round  barrows  occupied  Belgium. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  81 


A  political  party  in  Mexico  which  began 
1823,  was  reorganized  in  1837,  and  has  ever 
since  been  prominent.  The  Centralists  favor  a 
single  centralized  republican  government,  and  are  op- 
posed by  tlie  Federalists,  who  desire  autonomy  of  the 
states.  The  struggles  for  ascendancy  of  these  two  parties 
have  caused  most  of  the  civil  wars  which  have  desolated 
Mexico.  Temporarily  each  of  the  parties  or  branches  of 
them  have  been  known  by  other  names.  Santa  Anna 
was  long  the  leading  spirit  of  the  Centralists.  Centralist 
and  Federalist  parties  have  been  prominent  in  the  affairs 
of  other  Spanish-American  countries,  notably  Argentina, 
\  enezuela,  and  Central  America,  but  they  are  commonly 
distinguished  by  other  names. 

.     The   principal   park  in    New 

York,  extending  from  59th  street  to  110th  street, 
and  tiom  Fifth  avenue  to  Eighth  avenue.  It  was 
designed  bv  nimsted  and  Vaux,  and  contains,  besides  nu- 
merous drives,  the  Mall,  the  Croton  Beservoirs,  Cleopatra's 
Needle  (the  I  Mielisk ',  the  Metropolitan  Art  Museum,  etc. 
Length,  21  miles.  Area,  840  acres. 
Central  Provinces.  A  chief-commissionership 
of  Britisll  India,  lat.  18°-24°  N.,  long.  77°-84°  E. 
It  contains  four  divisions  :  Nagpur,  Jabalpur,  Nerbudda, 
and  Chaiisgarh.  Its  chief  town  is  Nagpur.  Area,  se,501 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  10,784,294.  Cunuocted 
with  the  Central  Provinces  are  15  vassal  states ;  Bastar, 
Bamra,  Patna,  etc.  Area,  29,436  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1S91),  2,1(10,611. 

Centuripe  (chen-to're-pe),  or  Centorbi  (chen- 
tor'be).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Catania, 
Sicily,  20  miles  northwest  of  Catania:  the  an- 
cient Centui'i])K.  It  has  Roman  antiquities.  It  was 
destroyed  by  the  emperor  F'rederick  II.  in  1233.  Popu- 
lation, S,IMX 

CentUlT^  White.  A  nickname  given  to  John 
White  (1.590-1645).  from  his  work  "First 
Ccnturv  of  Scamialous  Malignant  Priests, 
etc." 

Cenii  (sa-no')-  The  name  given  about  1515  to 
a  region  on  the  northern  coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica, about  midway  belween  Darieii  and  Carta- 
gena. Enciso,  sent  from  Darien  to  comiuer  it  Of'16), 
tried  to  treat  with  the  Indians,  but  afterMaixl  ravaged 
their  country.  A  second  expedition,  sent  soon  after,  under 
Becen'a,  was  entirely  destroyed  by  the  natives. 

Ceos  (se'os),  orKea  (kil'a).  [Gr.  Kiuf  or  K/a.] 
An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  situated  in  the 
..Egean  Sea  13  miles  southeast  of  Attica:  the 
modern  Zoa,  or  Tzia.  It  formerly  contained 
four  cities,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Simon- 
ides  and  Bacchvlides.     It  belongs  to  Greece. 


The  Cent  Nouvelles  Nouvelles  are  to  all  intents  and  CeOS.     The  capital  of  the  island  of  Ceos. 

purposes  prose  laldiaux.  They  have  the  full  licence  of  CcnWalh  (kan'walch).  Lived  about  043-672. 
that  chass  of  composition,  its  sparkling  fun,  its  truth  t..  ;^,,„  ,,^  ^■y,„.,rilfi,  whom  ho  succeeded  as  king  of 
the  conditions  of  ordinary  human  life.     .Many  of  them  are     ,,,,..., ^i  *.;..v,,.,.;  in  (U't 

taken  from  the  work  ..f  the  Italian  novelist-s,  but  all  are     »he  ^  est^h.ixol  s  in  (>4.(.  ^  „,      , 

handled  in  a  thoroughly  original  manner.    The  style  is  Cepeda  (tlia-Jia  Tlla),  DiegO.     Bom  at  Torde 
perhajis  the  best  of  all  the  late  mediaeval  prose  works,  "  " 

being  clear,  precise,  and  definite  without  the  least  aji- 


pearance  of  baldness  or  dryness. 

SainUbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  US. 

Cento  (chen'to).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Ferrara,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Reno  17  miles 
north  of  Bologna.     Population,  5,000. 

Centoatl  (tlien-to-atl').  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
luytliology,  the  goddess  (according  to  .some  au- 
thorities ii  god)  of  maize,  and  consetiuently  of 
agriculture.  Ilcr  princijial  feast  was  in  the  fourth 
Mexican  month  (April-May),  and  she  was  also  honored  in 
the  eleveiilh  month  (Sept.).  She  was  one  of  the  patrons 
of  childbirth.  The  ollerings  nnide  to  her  were  generally 
grain  and  fruits.  .Some  authorities  identify  this  goddess 
with  Cihnatcnatl,  Tiiizoltcotl,  etc.  Also  written  CiiUcull, 
III,  Tzhil'iilt. 


Even  the  life  of  Christ  was  put  together  in  Homeric 


Cemetery  Ridge.    A  low  ridge  near  Gettys-  Centones  Homerici  (sen-tVnez  ho-mer'i-si) 

burg,  celebrattMl  in  the  battle  of  that  name.  '''^'^  "^•^  ^^"■"  '' 

Cempoala  (tham-po-il'Ul).  An  ancient  town  of 
the  Totonac  Indians  of  Mexico,  not  far  from 
the  present  site  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  a  little  back 
from  the  coast,  it  is  described  as  a  city  of  23.0(X)  in- 
habitants, with  many  palaces  and  temples;  but  these  ac- 


siilas  about  1495:  died  at  Valladolid,  1549  or 
1550.  A  Spanish  .judge.  He  wiisoidor  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  and  snlisequently  one  of  the  royal  audience  whioii 
accompanied  the  vicen>y  Blasco  Nufiez  Vela  to  Peru 
(1644).  There  he  led  the  judges  in  their  opposition  to 
Vela,  imprisoned  him,  joined  Gonz:Uo  Pizurro,  and  look 
part  in  the  liattle  of  Anaqulto.  where  the  viceroy  was  killc<l 
(Jan.  18,  i:i40).  Foreseeing  Piiarro's  defeat,  he  deserted 
him  on  the  baltle-tleld  of  Sacsahuana  (April  s,  l.'>48),  was 
sent  to  be  tried  in  Spain,  and,  it  is  said,  poisoned  himself 
iu  prison. 

Oephalonia  (sef-a-lo'ni-ji),  ancient  Cephalle- 

nia  (sef-a-le'ni-ii),  modern  Gr.  Kephallenia. 
[Gr.  Kt^aX/v/waor  Kf<)a/.;/i'/a.]  One  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  west  of  t.reece,  forming  a  uomarchy  of 
Greece,     its  surface  is  mountainous.    lis  capital  is  Ar- 

fostoli.  The  island  »iis  called  by  U.mier  Same  otSaimn. 
t  became  subject  to  Rome  in  IW)  lie,  and  later  came 
under  Byzanlim-,  Venetian,  and  Turkish  rule,  and  a  lliil- 
ish  protcctorat.'.  .VK'a,  2C..'.  ».|Uare  ndlea.  Length.  30 
miles.     Population  (1h;h;),  :(I.077. 


hexameters,  called  I'enUines  itomerici,  which  were  at-  CephaluS  (sef'a-liis).  [Or.  K/<?o?.Of.]  In  Greek 
tributed  U>  the  Empress  Emioeia,  and  thought  worthy  of  niylliologv,  the  son  of  Deion  and  niomede,  and 
being  printed  by  Ahlus  (l&oi),  and  Stephens  (1608),  but  ^^-^  husbiind  of  Procris  or  Procue  whom  ho  ae- 
apparently  '^^1^^;^^^^'^^:^^^  „„,,  Lit..  I.  i,s3.     cidentally  slew  while  hunting. 


Cephas 

Oephas  (se'fas).  [Aram..  '  a  roek-;  Gr.  KToof.] 
A  surname  given  bv  Christ  to  Simon  :  rendered 
in  Greek  Uirpog  ( '  a  rock  ')>  in  Latin  Petrus,  and 
in  English  Peter. 

Cepheus  (se'fiis).  [Gr.  K;^rfif-]  1.  A  king  of 
Ethiopia,  son  of  Belus,  husband  of  Cassiopeia, 
and  father  of  Andromeda, — 2.  One  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 

Cepheus.  One  of  the  ancient  northern  constel- 
lations, preceding  Cassiopeia,  it  is  figured  to  rep- 
resent the  Ethiopian  king  Cepheus  wearing  a  tiara  and 
having  his  arms  somewhat  extended.  Its  brightest  stars 
are  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Cephissus  (se-fis'us).  [Gr.  KJ;piaaoc.2  In  an- 
cient geography:  (a)  A  river  in  Phoeis  and 
Boeotia,  Greece,  flowing  into  Lake  Copais  (To- 
polias).  (6)  A  river  in  Attica,  Greece,  flowing 
through  the  plain  of  Athens  into  the  Saronic 
Gulf,  (c)  A  river  of  Attica,  Greece,  flowing 
through  the  plain  of  Eleusis  into  the  Gulf  of 
Eleusis. 

Ceracchi  (cha-rak'ke),  Giuseppe.  Bom  in  Cor- 
sica about  1760:  executed  at  Paris,  Jan,  30  (?), 
1801.  An  Italian  sculptor,  conspirator  agaiust 
the  life  of  Xapoleon  1800. 

Ceram  (se-ram' ;  Pg.  pron.  se-ran'),  or  Zeram, 
or  Serang,  or  Ceiram  (Pg.  prou.  sa-raii'). 
An  island  of  the  Moluccas.  East  Lidies,  lat.  3°- 
3=>  30'  S.,  long.  12S=-131°  E.  its  inhabitants  are 
Malays  and  Alfuras.  It  is  under  Dutch  sovereignty. 
Area,  6,605  square  miles.    Population,  about  100,000. 

OeramiCUS  (ser-a-mi'kus).  {Gt.  KtpaficiKoc.^ 
A  large  area  on  the  northwest  side  of  ancient 
Athens :  so  named  from  the  early  gathering  in 
it  of  the  potters,  who  stUl  affect  it,  attracted 
by  the  presence  of  water  and  excellent  clay. 
Itwasdividedintotwoparts:  the  Inner  Ceramicus.  within 


230 

the  title  of  King  of  the  West  Saxons  in  519, 
and  became  ancestor  of  the  EngUsh  royal  line. 
He  defeated  the  Britons  at  Charford  in  519 :  was  himself 
defeated  at  Mount  Badon.  or  Badbury.  in  Dorsetshire,  in 
520 ;  and  conquered  the  Isle  of  Wight" in  530. 
Cerdicsford  (ker'diks-ford).  The  scene  of  the 
victory  of  Cerdic  and  Cymric  over  the  Britons 


Cesnola 

to  Mexico  by  Jalapa.  The  pass  was  carried  bj 
the  American  forces,  after  a  severe  battle.  Anril 
17-lS,  1847,  ^ 

Cerro  Largo  (ther'ro  lar'go).  [Sp,,  'wide  monn. 
tain.']  A  department  in  northeastern  Uruenav 


Capital,  Melo.   Area.  5,840  square  mUes,   Pop- 

in  519-:  usually  identified  with  Charford  (which  fi^^lZ  ^^fl^'  ^.^?"^f ''^f  V  •       , 

,;pp^  -^  *•  Certaldo   (cher-tal'do).     A  town  m  the  prov- 


ee). 

Cerdo  (ser'do).  Bom  in  Syria:  lived  about 
137  A.  D.  A  Gnostic  teacher,  founder  of  a  sect 
named  from  him  Cerdouians  (which  see) 

Cerdonians  (ser-do'ni-anz).     A 
of  the   2d  centui-y,  named  from 
Cerdo.    They  held  that  there  were  two  first  causes,  one 
good  (the  unlvnown  father  of  Jesus  Christ)  and  one  evil 
(the  Creator  revealed  in  the  law  and  the  prophets),  and 
that  one  was  not  subject  or  inferior  to  the  other. 

Ceres  (se'rez).  1.  In  old  Italian  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  grain  and  harvest,  later  identi- 
fied by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek  Demeter. 
See  Demeter.~2.  An  asteroid  (No.  1)  discov- 
ered by  Piazzi  at  Palermo  Jan.  1,  1801. 

Ceres.  An  antique  statue  in  black  and  white 
marble,  in  the  Glyptothek  at  Munich.  The  head, 
arms,  and  feet  are  w'hite ;  the  very  thin  draperies  are  in 
polished  black  marble. 

Ceret  (sa-ra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Pyrenees-Orientales,  France,  situated  on  the 
Tech  17  mUes  southwest  of  Perpignan.  it  was 
the  scene  of  a  Spanish  victory  over  the  French  April  20, 

1793,  and  of  a  French  victor)-  over  the  Spanish  April  30, 

1794.  Population  (1891),  commune,  3.S28. 
Ceridwen.  In  Welsh  fairy  lore,  a  deity,  de- 
graded into  a  sorceress,  who  presides  over  a 
mystical  caldron,  and  has  a  fight  in  which 
she  and  her  foe  assume  different  shapes  at 
pleasure. 


the  walls,  traversed  by  the  Dromos  street  from  the  bipylon   Cerignola  (cha-ren-yo'la).     A  towTi  in  the  prov 


Gate,  and  including  the  Agora  ;  and  the  Outer  Ceramicus, 
continuing  the  first  division  outside  of  the  walls.  The 
Outer  Ceramicus  became  a  favorite  place  of  burial  for  the 
Athenians,  and  here  were  interred  those  honored  with  a 
public  fuueraL  The  tombs  were  ranged  beside  and  near 
the  various  roads  which  radiated  from  the  Dipylon  Gate. 


inceof  Foggia,  Italy,  in  lat.  41°  16'  N.,  lon;^ 
15°  53'  E.    Here,  .April  28, 1503,  the  Spanish  army  (about 
6,300)  under  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  defeated  the  French 
(6,000)  under  the  Due  de  Nemours.  Loss  of  ftench,  3,000- 
4,000.     Population,  22,000. 


Little  trace  of  them  remains,  except  of  the  unique  group  CeiigO  (cher-e'go).  modem  Gr.  Kytherion 
upon  and  nearthe  inception  of  the  Sacred  Way  to  Elensis :  Que  of  the  Ionian  islands,  situated  8-10  miles 
a  group  which  was  preserved  by  bemg  buned  m  «3  B.  c,     3<,„,(^  „f  Laoonia,  Greece :  the  ancient  Cythera. 

It  contained  a  shiine  of  Aphrodite.     Area,  107 

square  miles. 
Cerimon  (ser'i-mon).     A  physician  of  Ephesus 

who  saves  the  life  of  Thaisa,  in  Shakspere's 

"  Pericles." 


in  the  siege-agger  of  Sulla,  and  contains  historical  and 
plastic  memorials  of  very  high  value,  among  them  the 
sculptured  monument  of  Dexileos,  who  fell  before  Corinth 
in  393  B.  c,  and  tombs  of  Euphrosyne,  Hegeso,  Aristion, 
Demetria,  and  Pamphile. 

CeraunianMountaillS(se-ra'ni-anmoun'tanz). 


[Gr.  rd  Kepah.a  dp,,  L   Ceraunii  ,»o,,t€S.i    In  Cerinthians  (se-rin'thi-anz).     A  sect  of  early 
ancient  ffeosTSTinv :   («)  a  ranee  of  TnniiTitaina     ,         .  ■        i^ ,,  ^    ■  „„-.',  c^iij 


ancient  geography:  (o)  a  range  of  moimtains 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Caucasus  system: 
exact  position  undetermined.  (6)  A  chain  of 
mountains  in  northwestern  Epirus,  terminating 
in  the  promontory  Aeroceraunia  (which  see). 

Cerberus  (s^r'be-ms),  [Gr.  KfpJepof,]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  watch-dog  at  the  entrance 
to  the  infernal  regions,  offspring  of  Typhaon 
and  Echidna:  usually  represented  with  three 
heads,  a  serpent's  tail,  and  a  mane  of  serpents' 
heads, 

Cercinitis  (ser-si-ni'tis).  [Gr,  KepKivi-i^  ''•''"ii?,] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  lake  or  enlargement 
of  the  river  Strymon  (in  Macedonia),  near  its 
mouth :  the  modem  Takinos. 

Cercops  (ser'kops).  [Gr.  Kfp»j^.]  1.  An  an- 
cient Greek  Orphic  poet,  said  to  have  been  the 
author  of  a  poem,  "The  Descent  into  Hades,'-' 
also  attributed  to  Prodicus  of  Samos  and  others. 


heretics,  followers  of  Cerinthus, 
CerinthUS  (sf-rin'thus).     Bom  in  Egypt :  lived 
probably  in  the  latter  part  of  the  1st  century 
A.  D,     A  Gnostic  teacher,  founder  of  the  hereti- 
cal sect  of  the  Cerinthians  or  Merinthians. 

Cerinthus  was  the  first,  of  whose  tenets  we  have  any 
distinct  statement,  who.  admitting  the  truth  of  Chris- 
tianity, attempted  to  incorporate  with  it  foreign  and  Ori- 
ental tenets.  Cerinthus  was  of  Jewish  descent,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  Judjeo-PIatonic  school  of  Alexandria.  His 
system  was  a  singular  and  apparently  incongruous  fusion 
of  Jewish,  Christian,  and  Oriental  notions.  He  did  not, 
like  Simon  or  Menander,  invest  himself  in  a  sacred  and 
mysterious  character,  though  he  pretended  to  angelic 
revelations.  Like  all  the  Orientals,  his  imagination  was 
haunted  with  the  notion  of  the  malignity  of  matter ;  and 
his  object  seems  to  have  been  to  keep'both  the  primal 
Being  and  the  Christ  uninfected  with  its  contagion.  The 
Creator  of  the  material  world,  therefore,  was  a  secondary 
being,—  an  angel  or  angels  ;  as  Cerinthtis  seems  to  have 
adhered  to  the  Jewish,  and  did  not  adopt  the  Orient.al 
language.  Milman,  Hist  of  Christianitv,  II.  59. 


—  2.  A  Greek  poet  of  Miletus,  a  eontem)iorary 

of  Hesiod,    Tolumapoemonthewarof.Egimius,king  Ceiisoles  (sa-re-zol').  It.  Ceresole  (cher-e-z6 


of  the  Dorians,  against  the  Lapithie  (also  attributed  to 
Hesiod),  is  by  some  assigned. 

Cerda  (ther'da),  Tomas  Antonio  Manrique 
de  la,  Count  of  Paredes  and  Marquis  of  La 
Laguna.  Born  about  1620:  died  1688.  A  Span- 
ish administrator.  He  was  a  member  of  the  royal 
council,  and  from  1680  to  1686  viceroy  of  Sew  Spain  (Mex- 
ico). During  his  term  the  bucaneers  sjicked  Vera  O112 
(May,  16S3),  and  committed  other  ravages. 


le),  A  \-iUage  in  Piedmont,  Italy,  13  miles 
northwest  of  Alba,  Here,  April  H,  1544,  the  French 
under  the  Due  d'Enghien  defeated  the  Imperialists  and 
Spaniards  under  the  ilaniuis  of  Gnasto.  Loss  of  the  Im- 
perialist army,  about  12,000. 
Cema  (ther'na),  Vicente.  A  Guatemalan  gen- 
eral. He  was  elected  president  of  Guatemala,  assuming 
the  office  May  24,  1865  ;  was  reelected  in  1869,  and  held 
the  office  until  June  29,  1871,  when  he  was  defeated  and 


^f±  S-r?^l°TtlS.H^^J.^endoza,  Gaspar  ^l^T^.^Q^'^^  ..eient  geography,  an  isl 


de  la.  Born  about  1030:  died  1697.  A  Span- 
ish administrator,  in  less  he  was  created  count  of 
Galve  and  made  viceroy  of  Mexico,  holding  the  oiBce  from 
Nov.,  1688,  to  July,  1695.  He  sent  expeditions  against  the 
French  of  Santo  Domingo  and  Louisiana,  1690-91,  and  in 
1694  Pensacola,  Florida,  was  founded  by  his  orders.  He 
returned  to  Spain  in  May,  1696. 

Cerdagne  (ser-dany'),  Sp.  La  Cerdana  (ther- 
dan'yii).  An  ancient  countship  on  both  sides 
of  the  eastern  Pyrenees.  Part  of  it  is  now  in  the 
department  of  Pyr^n^es-Orientales  in  France,  and  p.art  is 
in  Spain.  It  followed  in  the  later  middle  ages  the  for- 
tunes of  Catalonia,  and  then  of  Aragon.    It  was  released 


and  west  of  Africa,  discovered  and  colonized 
by  the  Carthaginian  Hanno:  perhaps  the  mod- 
em Arguin, 

Cerciueira  e  Silva,  Ignacio  Accioli  de.    See 

Accioli. 

Cerro  de  Pasco  (ther'ro  da  pas'ko),  or  Pasco. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Junin,  Peru, 
in  lat,  10°  55'  S.,  long.  76°  W. :  14,280  feet 
above  the  sea ,  It  owes  its  existence  to  the  celebrated 
silver-mines  of  the  vicinity,  long  among  the  most  produc- 


ince  of  Florence,  Italy,  17  miles  oouthwest  of 
Florence.  It  is  the  place  of  the  birth  and 
death  of  Boccaccio. 
Gnostic  sect  ^^^Osa  (cher-to'sa).  [It.,  'Carthusian  Monas- 
its  founder  ^^^y-i  ^  former  Carthusian  monasterv  at 
Pavia,  Italy,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splen- 
did existing.  The  church,  founded  in  1398,  contains 
the  tomb  of  Gian  Galeazzo  ViscontL 

Cervantes  Saayedra  (ser-van'tez:  Sp.  pron. 
ther-van'tes  sa-a-va'dra),  Miguel  de.  Born  at 
Alcala  de  Henares,  about  20  miles  from  Madrid, 
Oct.  9  ( ?),  1547 :  died  at  Madrid,  April  23, 1616.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  poet  and  novelist.  His  pa- 
rents were  poor,  but  of  a  noble  family.  It  is  conjectured 
that  he  was  educated  at  Alcaic  and  at  the  University  ol 
Salamanca :  little  is  known  of  his  early  years,  however,  ex- 
cept that  he  wrote  verses  when  ver>*  young.  In  157o  he 
served  as  chamberlain  in  the  household  of  Monsieur  Aqua- 
viva  (who  was  afterward  cardinal)  in  Eome.  He  soon  left 
Eome  and  volunteered  as  a  common  soldier  in  the  expe- 
dition commanded  by  Don  John  of  Austria  and  organized 
by  the  Pope  and  the  state  of  Venice  against  the  Turks. 
In  1571  he  was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Lepantok 
losing  the  use  of  hisleft  hand  and  arm  for  life.  He  was 
honorably  discharged  in  1575.  He  was  captured  in  re- 
turning to  Spain  and  passed  five  years  in  slavery  in  Algiers, 
but  was  finally  ransomed  by  his  family  and  by  "religious 
charity  "  in  1580.  Being  depressed  by" adversity  and  with- 
out  means  or  friends,  he  reenlisted  and  served  in  Portugal 
and  the  Azores.  In  15S4  he  had  returned  and  was  mar- 
ried. After  this  he  lived  much  at  Madrid,  w  here  he  began 
to  earn  his  living  by  authorship,  at  first  by  wTiting  playa. 
lu  15SS  he  went  to  Seville,  where  he  lived,  with  some  inter- 
ruptions, until  about  159S.  Here  he  was  extremely  poor, 
and  was  even  imprisoned  as  being  indebted  to  the  govern- 
ment. .\fter  this  there  is  a  tradition  that  he  was  sent  by 
the  grand  prior  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  in  La  Mancha  to 
coUect  rents  due  the  monastery  in  Argamasilla.  The  debt- 
ors persecuted  and  imprisoned  him,  and  it  is  said  that 
here,  in  indignation  and  in  prison,  he  began  to  write  *'Don 
Quixote."  In  1603  he  went  to  Valladolid.  where  he  lived 
poorly  as  a  sort  of  general  agent  and  amanuensis.  Here 
he  prepared  the  first  part  of  "  Don  QuLxote"  for  the  press, 
and  printed  it  at  Madrid  in  1605  :  here  he  returned  in 
1606.  In  1615  he  published  the  second  part  of  "Don 
Quixote."  There  was  then  a  difference  between  the  Eng- 
lish calendar  and  the  Spanish  of  ten  days;  hence  he  did 
not,  as  has  been  asserted,  die  on  the  same  day  with  Sbak- 
spere  (though  on  the  same  date).  His  chief  vvork  is  ■'  Don 
Quixote"  (1605  and  1615).  .\mnng  his  other  works  are 
"Galatea,  an  Eclogue"  (1584).  ;•  Xovelas  Exemplares" 
(*'  Tw,.-lve  Instructive  or  Moral  Tales,"  1613),  and  "  Viage 
del  Parnaso"  (■' Journey  to  Parnassus,"  1614).  "Persiles 
and  Sii-'ismunda,  a  Northern  Romance,"  was  published 
by  his  widow  in  1617.  He  wrote  "  twenty  or  thirty  plays  ' 
according  to  his  own  accouut,  some  of  which  are  pre- 
served ;  but  his  genius  did  not  lie  in  that  direction.  See 
Don  'Quixote. 

Cervera  Y  Topete  (thar-va'ra  e  to-pa'ta), 
Pascual,  Count  de  Jerez  and  Marquis  de 
Santa  Ava.  Bom  about  1833,  in  the  province 
of  Cadiz.  A  Spanish  vice-admiral.  He  entered 
the  naval  academy  at  San  Fernando  in  1851,  and  served  in 
Morocco,  and  in  the  Cuban  rebellion  1868-78.  He  was  re- 
called from  Cuba  to  hold  the  office  of  minister  of  marine. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  the  United  States  he  sailed 
from  the  Cape  Verde  Islands  with  four  cruisers  and  three 
torpedo-boat  destroyers  April  29, 1898,  entered  the  harlwr 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba  May  19,  and  lost  his  entire  fleet  off 
that  p,»rt  July  3,  it  an  attempt  to  force  his  w-ay  throu(^ 
.\<imiral  Sampson's  blockading  squadron. 

Cervin,  Mont.     See  Matterhom. 

Cesari  (cha'sa-re\  Antonio.  Bom  at  Verona, 
Italy,  Jan.  16,  1760 :  died  at  Ravenna,  Italy, 
Oct.  1,  1828.  An  Italian  philologist.  He  w'a» 
the  author  of  a  new  edition  of  "  Vocabolario  della  Crus- 
ca  "  (1806-09).  "  Bellezze  di  Dante  "  (1S24-2Q,  translations 
of  Terence  (1816)  and  of  Cicero's  Epistles  (1826-31),  etc. 

Cesari,  Giuseppe:  called II  Cavaliere  d'Arpi- 
no,  and  II  Giuseppino.  Bom  at  Rome  about 
1570:  died  at  Rome  about  1640.  An  Italian 
painter.  His  chief  works  are  frescos  at  the 
Capitol,  Rome. 

Cesarotti(che-sa-rot'te),  Melchiore.  Bom  at 
Padua,  Italy,  May  15,  1730  :  died  Nov,  4,  1808. 
An  Italian  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
His  works  include  a  translation  of  Ossian  (1763),  "  Saggio 
sulla  filosofia  delle  lingue"  (1785),  etc 

Cesena  (ehe-sa'na),  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Forli,  Italy,  20  miles  south  of  Ravenna :  the  an- 
cient Csesena,  it  has  a  cathedral,  an  interesting  brick 
structure  of  the  14th  century,  following  the  tv-pe  of  the 
cathedral  of  Florence.  It  contains  sculptures  "of  tmusual 
excellence,  of  the  school  of  Donatello,  especially  a  St.  John 
and  a  St.  Leonard.     Poptllation,  11,000, 


from  homage  to  France  in  125S.  was  acquired  by  France   J""""'  Vi      j  ,   -  ,  j  -     o  xt       , 

in  1462,  and  was  restored  to  Aragon  in  1493.     The  part  to  ^^rro  trOrdO  (ser  ro  gor  do ;  Sp.  pron.  ther  ro 
the  north  of  the  Pyrenees  was  ceded  to  France  in  1659.  '^~"       "" 


Cerdic  (ker'dik).  Died  534,  A  Saxon  ealdor- 
man  who  founded  a  settlement  on  the  coast 
of  Hampshire,  England,  in  495  a.  d.,  assumed 


tive  in  the  world,  and  still  verv  rich.     Population  (18S9V   -T""  "  T  'fF'^'^-  .5°.P""»"°'>>  V'ir'.    -  «   ,  j- 

about  14,000.  '■°^*  Cesnola  (ehes-no'la).  Count  Lnigi  Palma  dl. 

Bom  at  Rivarolo,  near  Turin,  July  29, 1832.    An 
Italian-American  archaeologist.    He  was  appointed 


gor'do).  [Sp.,  'big  mountain.']  A  pass  by 
the  side  of  the  Rio  del  Plan,  between  Vera  Craz 
and  Jalapa,  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  through 
which  passes  the  principal  road  from  the  coast 


United  States  constd  at  Cyprus,  and  while  occupying  this 
post  undertook  a  series  of  excavations,  which  resulted 
in  the  discovery  of  a  large  number  of  antiqtiities.  The 
coUection  was  purchased  in  1873  by  the  iletropolitar 


Cesnola 

Museum  (New  York),  of  which  he  became  director  in  1879. 
Author  of  "Cyprus  :  its  Ancient  Cities,  Tombs,  and  Tem- 
ples '  (1S77).  and  ''The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art" 
(1S82).     See  Qiprus. 

Q^spedes  (tbils'pe-THas  or  sas'pe-THiis),  Carlos 
Manuel  de.  Born  at  Bayamo,  April  18,  1819: 
dii-'d  March  22,  1874.  A  Cuban  revolutionist. 
In  1868  he  headed  an  armed  revolt  which  spread  until 
nearly  the  whole  island,  except  the  coast  towns,  had  de- 
clared against  the  Spaniards.  A  congress  of  the  revolu- 
tionists declared  Cuba  independent,  and  elected  Cespe- 
des  president  (18i>9).  Driven  at  hist  to  the  mountains, 
C^spedes  was  shot  wliile  resisting  capture, 

OSspedes,  Pablo  de.  Born  at  Cordova,  Sjiaiu, 
1538:  died  at  Cordova,  July  '26,  1008.  A  Span- 
ish painter,  poet,  sculptor,  and  architect,  noted 
as  a  colorist.  Fragments  of  his  poem  "Arte  de 
la  pintura"  were  piiblislied  in  1649. 

Oetewayo.     See  Vcttiwuyo. 

Cethegus   (se-the'gus),  Marcus  Cornelius. 

i)ied  lyO  B.  c.  A  Roman  general.  He  was  curule 
edile  213,  pretor  211,  censor  209,  and  consul  204.  In 
the  next  year  he  commanded  as  proconsul  in  Cisalpine 
Qaul,  where,  with  the  aid  of  the  pretor  Quintilius  Varus. 
he  defeated  the  Carthaginian  general  Mago,  brother  of 
Hannibal, 

Cetinje,  or  Cetigne.     See  Cetlinjc. 

Oette  (set).  A  seaport  in  the  department  of 
H6rault,  France,  situated  on  a  tongue_  of  laud 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Etang  de 
Thau,  in  lat.  43°  25'  N.,  long.  3°  41'  E.  it  is  an 
Important  commercial  center.  It  exports  wines,  brandies, 
and  salt.  Its  port  was  founded  in  the  17th  century.  Top- 
ulation  (1891),  commune,  30,541. 

Oettinje  (chet-teu'ya),  or  Cetinje,  orCettigno 
(ehet-ten'yo),  or  Cetigne  (che-teu'yii),  or 
Cettin  (tset-teu'),  or  Zetinje.  The  capital  of 
Montenegro,  lat,  42°  26'  N,,  long,  18°  59'  E.  It 
contains  the  palace  and  some  institutions. 
Population,  about  2,000. 

Oettiwayo  (set-i-wa'yo),  or  Ketshwayo  (ka- 
chwa'yo).  A  Zulu  chief,  elected  at  Ulundi  in 
1873.  In  1878  he  rebelled  against  British  suzerainty.  In 
the  war  which  followed  a  British  regiment  was  annihi- 
lated by  the  Zulus  at  Isandula,  1S79  ;  but  General  Wolse, 
ley  defeated  and  captured  Cettiwayo  the  same  ye;u-.  Until 
1882  Cettiwayo  was  held  captive  in  Cape  Colony.  Owing 
to  the  efforts  of  a  party  which  had  formed  in  his  favor 
among  friends  of  the  Zulus  in  South  Africa  and  in  Great 
Britain,  he  was  transferred  to  England,  where  he  was 
lionized.  England  tried  to  reinstate  him  as  king  of  the 
Zulus,  but  he  had  lost  his  prestige.  Beset  on  all  sides  by 
hostile  chiefs,  iie  had  to  seek  refuge  in  British  ten-itoi-y. 
More  captive  than  free,  he  was  kept  at  Ekove  until  1884, 
when  he  died. 

OetUS  (se'tus).  [L.,' whale.']  A  southern  con- 
stellation, the  Whale,  in  advance  of  Orion. 
It  was  anciently  pictured  aa  some  kind  of  marine  animal, 
possibly  a  seal. 

Geuta  (su'  til ;  Sp,  pron.  tha'd-ta),  Moorish 
Sebta.  [From  Ar.  septa,  seven :  from  its  Ro- 
man name  ad  Heptem  Fratiea.J  A  fortified 
town  belonging  to  Spain,  situated  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Morocco,  opposite  Gibraltar,  in 
lat.  35°  54'  N.,  long,  5°  17'  W.  It  is  amilitaryand 
penal  station,  and  is  built  on  the  ancient  Abyla,  one  of  the 
range  '".Septem  Fratres."  It  was  taken  byBclisarius  in 
634,  by  the  West  Goths  in  018,  by  the  Arabs  about  709, 
and  from  the  Moors  by  Portugal  in  1415.  It  passed  to 
Spain  in  1580. 

Oevallos  (tha-val'yos),  Pedro Fermin.  Born  at 

Ambato  about  1814.  An  EiMiadoriau  historian. 
He  is  a  lawyei',  has  held  high  judicial  posts,  and  was  sen- 
ator in  1807.  His  most  imp'irtant  work  is  '*Resiimen  de 
la  historia  del  Ecuador,"  in  5  volumes. 

Oevedale   (che-ve-da'le),  Monte,  or  Zufall 

(tso'fiil),  or  Fiirkelen  (fUr'ke-len).  A  peak  of 
the  Ortler  Alps,  on  the  borders  of  Tyrol  and 
Italy.     Height,  12,378  feet. 

C6vennes  (sa-ven').  A  former  province  of 
FrMnce,intho  northeastern  part  of  Languedoc. 

06vennes,  Les.  [<>r.  ro  litjifuvuv  opug  (Sirabo), 
L.  Ccbciiiia  mons :  a  Celtic  name. J  A  moun- 
tain-chain in  southern  Frani'O.  The  Ciivcnnes 
proper  extend  from  the  Canal-du-.Mi<li  northward,  includ- 
ing the  mountains  of  Vivarais,  or  ncntliern  Cevemies,  to 
the  Canal-du-Centre,  department  of  Saiuie  ct-Lolre.  They 
aeparato  the  basins  of  the  Loire  and  Garonne  from  those 
of  the  Hh^ne  and  3a6ne,  and  are  conlinned  norlhwartl  by 
Ihe  mountains  of  Lyonmiis  andChanilais  to  the  plateau  of 
I.aiigrcs.  They  are  celcljrated  as  a  stionjjlinld  nt  llic  Prot- 
estants ami  Cainisards.  The  highest  peak  is  Me/i-ne  (5,750 
feet).     Mont  I'ilat,  northern  Ct^vennes,  is  4,705  feet  high. 

Ceylon  (se-lon'  or  si-Ion').  [F.  Cri//«H,  ancient 
Taprobanc :  from  the  Pali  Siliim  for  Sihalam,  the 
land  of  the  Siidialas  (the  Aryan  iiihabilnnts  of 
Ceylon).]  An  island  in  the  Inditui  Occ-nii,  a 
crown  colony  of  Great  Bi-iluin,  soulh  of  Hiinlu- 
stan,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Gulf  of 
Manaar  and  Palk  Sti'ait.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
south,  and  produces  coffee,  cinchona  bark,  tea,  ciiuni- 
mon,  cacao,  etc.  It  is  celebrated  for  piecioup  stones. 
The  chief  towns  are  Colombo.  Galle, Trinconudco,  Kantiy, 
and  .Jaffna.  The  leading  races  are  Singhalese,  Kandy- 
ans,  Tamils,  Moormen,  and  Vcddahs.  It  is  rnlcd  by  a 
governor  an<l  executive  and  legislative  councils.  In  an- 
cient times  it  was  governed  by  dlKerent  native  dynasties. 
The  Portuguese  t4)ok  possession  of  it  in  the  10th  century. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Dutch  about  1668,  and  by  the 


231 

British  1795-96,  and  was  formally  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
in  1802.  The  last  king  of  Kandy  was  deposed  in  1815. 
Are:^  j.',,3:-i3  Square  miles.    Population  (1891),  3,008,400. 

Ceyx  (se'iks).  [Gr.  lv//i'^.]  The  son  of  Heospho- 
ros,  or  the  Morning  Star,  and  the  njanph  Phi- 
lonis :  the  husband  of  Alcyone  or  Halkyonc, 
daughter  of  the  Thessalian  ..5]olus.  The  pair 
were  arrogant  enough  to  style  themselves  Zeus  and  Hera, 
and  were  accordingly  changed  respectively  by  Zeus  into 
bU-ds  of  the  same  mime,  adiver  and  akinglisher.  Another 
story  confused  Ceyx  with  a  king  of  Trachis,  and  dwelt  on 
the  tender  love  of  the  pair  for  each  other.  Ceyx  is 
drowned  at  sea,  and  Alcyone  finds  his  body  cast  upon 
his  native  shore.  The  gods  take  pity  on  her  grief,  and 
change  the  husband  and  wife  into  kingfishers  (alcyones), 
whose  alfectiuu  for  each  other  in  the  pairing  season  was 
proverbial.  (Seyfert,  Diet,  of  Classical  Antiquities,  p.  127.) 
Their  story  is  told  in  Chaucer's  "  Death  of  Blanche."  It  is 
conjectured  that  it  was  an  independent  production  af- 
terward abridged  and  inserted  as  an  episode  in  "  The 
Death  of  Blanche."  Of  the  original  nothing  is  in  exis- 
tence. 

Chablais  (sha-bla').  A  former  province  of 
Savoy,  since  1860  the  arrondissement  of  Tho- 
non,  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France. 

Chablis  (sha-ble').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  11  miles  east  of  Auxerre, 
noted  for  the  wines  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

Chabot  (shii-bo'),  Admiral  of  France.  A 
tragedy  by  Chapman  and  Shirley,  licensed  in 
1G35,  printed  in  1G39. 

Chabot,  Francois.  Born  at  St.-Geniez,  Avey- 
ron,  France,  1759:  guillotined  at  Paris,  April 
5, 1794.  A  French  revolutionist,  a  member  of 
the  Convention  in  1792. 

Chabot,  Philippe  de,  Comte  de  Charny  et  de 
Busau9ois.  Born  about  1480 :  died  June  1, 
1543.  A  French  general,  admiral  of  France. 
He  successfully  defended  Marseilles  against  the  Imperi- 
alists in  1524,  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pavia  in 
1525,  and  on  his  release  was  appointed  admii-al  to  succeed 
Bonnivet,  who  was  killed  in  tlie  action.  He  was  sent  to 
Italy  in  1529  to  negotiate  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of 
Cambrai  by  Charles  V.  In  1535  he  had  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  war  against  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  conquered  parts  of  Savoy  and  Piedmont,  Ijut 
inciu-red  censure  for  not  having  properly  followed  up  his 
victories.  He  was  in  1541  convicted  of  fraud  against  tiie 
national  treasury,  on  charges  preferred  by  the  constable 
-Montmorency,  but  was  pardoned  by  the  king.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  to  suggest  the  colonization  of  Can- 
ada.    Also  called  Admiral  de  Briun. 

Chabrias  (ka'bri-as).  [Gr.  Xa/i/j/af.]  Killed 
near  Chios,  357  B.  c.  An  Athenian  general. 
Being  in  388  sent  to  the  assistance  of  Evagoras  of  Cyprus 
against  the  Persians,  he  landed  on  the  way  in  ^gina, 
and  gained  by  an  ambuscade  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Spartan  general  Gorgopas,  who  fell  in  battle.  In  378,  in 
a  campaign  against  Agesilaus,  he  acquired  great  celebrity 
by  the  adoption  of  a  new  manwuver,  which  consisted  in 
receiving  the  enemy's  attack  with  speai's  presented  and 
shields  resting  on  one  knee.  In  370  he  gained  a  decisive 
naval  victory  over  the  Lacedaemonians  at  I^axos.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Social  War,  357,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Athenian  fleet,  which  cooperated  with  the 
army  under  Chares.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Chios 
in  the  same  year. 

Chabrillan  ( sha-bre-yoi'i' ),  Comtesse  de  More- 
ton  de  (Celeste  Venard),  surnanud  Moga- 
•lor.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  27, 1824.  A  French 
actress  and  writer  of  novels,  operettas,  vaude- 
villes, etc. 

Chaca  (cha'kii),  Canon  de.    A  long  gorge  or 

valley  in  western  New  Mexico,  now  deserted, 
but  containing  large  and  well-preserved  ancient 
ruins.  The  Pueblo  Ilonito,  Pueblo  del  Arroyo,  etc.,  are 
among  the  most  ititeresting  specimens  of  ancient  Indian 
architecture  known  in  the  Southwest. 
Chacabuco  (chii-ka-bo'ko).  A  pass  in  the  trans- 
verse spur  of  the  Andes,  on  the  northern  side 
of  the  plain  of  Smilingo,  Chile.  During  the  war 
for  independence,  tJeneral  San  Alartin's  army,  which  had 
marched  over  the  Andes,  found  this  pass  stiongly  defended 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Maruto.  It  was  carried  by  a  bay- 
onet charge  led  by  OeneriJ  t>'Higgins,  Feb.  12, 1817,  thus 
o]M.ning  the  way  for  the  patriots  to  Santiago. 

Chacatos.    See  Clioctaw. 

Chachapoyas  (ehii-ehii-po'yils).  1.  A  region 
of  tiiicifiit  Peru,  nearly  corresponding  to  the 
pre.sent  ilcjiartment  of  Amazonas.  The  inhal)!- 
tants  were  noted  for  their  wiuiike  spirit  and  Intelligence  ; 
they  were  comiuered  by  the  Inciisaftera  long  war.  Alonso 
de  Alvarado  was  sent  Ivy  Pizarro  to  reduce  tills  district  in 
1536,  and  was  made  gnvernor  of  it. 

2.  A  proviiic-r  of  Peru,  in  the  department  of 
Amazonas.  ('n|iilnl,  ('linchn|ioyas.  Previous  to 
1.832  it  was  miirli  birLrer.     < 'li;iili;ipi>yas  Ijorders  on  the 

gorge  of  the  I  pper  .MaiaT ,  and  the  surface  is  nmch 

broken.  Area,  about  4,300  stplare  miles.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

3.  A  city  of  nortlicrn  Porn,  capital  of  the  prov- 
iiK'o  of  the  same  ntinie,  in  the  department  of 
Amazonas,  and  episcopal  city  of  the  diocese  of 
Chtii'hapoyas.  It  was  founded  In  1540  by  Alonso  do 
Alvarado,  who  called  it  Ciudatl  do  la  Frontera.  I'opulation, 
about  5,iH)0. 

Chac-]yiool,Chaak-Mool,orChackmool(shiik- 

miir).  A  traditional  chief  or  "king"  of  the 
Maya  Indians  of  Yucatan.  The  name  was  given  by 
Lo  Plongcon  to  a  statue  discovered  by  him  in  1876  at  the 


Chagres 

rained  city  of  Chichen-Itza  in  eastern  Yucatan,  and  sup- 
posed to  represent  this  chief ;  but  archaeologists  are  not 
in  accord  as  to  this  identity,  and  the  statue  is  of  Mexican 
rather  than  of  Vncatec  type.  It  was  appropriated  by  the 
Alexicau  government,  and  is  now  in  the  National  Museum 
at  Mexico. 

Chaco  (chii'ko),  or  Chacu  (chii'ko).  Gran. 
[From  the  Quichiia  c/(r(c«,  the  animals  driven 
together  by  a  cordon  of  hunters:  in  allusion  to 
the  numerous  Indian  tribes  of  this  region.] 
A  vast  tract  of  land  in  South  America,  extend- 
ing fi'om  the  Paraguay  to  the  Bolivian  high- 
lauds,  between  lat.  20°  and  29°  S.  it  is  a  low  plain, 
generally  open,  with  a  few  isolated  hills,  and  portions  are 
flooded  every  year ;  the  great  rivers  Pilcomayo  and  Ber- 
mejo  pass  through  it  to  the  P.araguay.  The  Chaco  region 
is  divided  between  Argentimi,  Paraguay,  and  Bolivia;  the 
greater  part  is  very  imperfectly  known,  and  inhabited 
only  by  savage  tribes  of  Indians.  Since  1870  considerable 
settlements  have  been  made  in  the  Argentine  Chaco.  In 
the  17th  century  the  name  Chaco  included  the  plains  aa 
far  north  as  lat.  10'  S. 

Chacon  y  Castellon  (chii-kou'  e  kiis-tel-you'), 
Luis.  Born  at  Havana,  Cuba,  about  1670 :  died 
there  in  1716.  A  Cuban  soldier.  From  1699  until 
his  death  he  was  governor  of  the  Morro  Castle  at  Havana, 
and  during  this  time  he  was  thrice  ad  interim  captain- 
general  of  the  island  (Dec,  1702,  to  May  13,  1706 ;  July  8, 
17.17,  to  Jan.  18,  1708 ;  and  Feb.  18,  1711,  to  Feb.  4,  1713).  ■ 
In  1707  he  led  an  expedition  against  the  English  colonies 
in  Carolina. 

Chaco  Stock.     See  Guaycurii  Stock. 

Chacta'WS.     See  CliiictaH:v. 

Chad  (chad),  or  Ceadda  (kead'da),  Satnt. 
Died  March  2,  672.  An  English  ecclesiastic, 
a  Northimibrian  by  birth,  educated  at  Lindis- 
farne  under  St.  Aidan.  He  was  made  abbot  of 
L.astinghanr  in  Deira  (004),  bishop  of  York,  and  later  of 
Mercia.    He  established  the  latter  see  at  Lichfield. 

Chad  (chad).  [F.  Tchad,  G.  Tscltad.]  A  fresh- 
water lake  in  the  Sudan,  central  Africa,  about 
lat.  12°  30'-14°  30'  N.  it  hiis  no  outlet.  Its  chief 
tributary  is  the  Shari.  Length,  about  140  mites.  It  has 
been  explored  by  Nachtigal,  Ilarth,  and  others.  Also 
written  Tsad, 

Chadband  (ehad'band),  Rev.  Mr.    A  fat  and 

hypocritical  miui.st  r,  much  given  to  platitudes, 
in  Charles  Dickens's  "Bleak  House."  He  is  "in 
the  ministry,"  but  is  *'  attached  to  no  particular  denomi- 
nation." He  haa  "  a  general  appearance  of  having  a  good 
deal  of  train-oil  in  his  system." 

Chadbourne  (chad'bern),  Paul  Ansel.    Born 

at  North  Berwick,  Maine,  Oct.  21,  1823:  died 
at  New  York,  Feb.  23, 1883.  An  American  edu- 
cator. He  was  the  first  president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College  at  Amherst  in  1807  ;  president  of  the 
I'niversity  of  Wisconsin  1807-70;  president  of  Williams 
College  1872-81 ;  and  again  president  of  the  Agricultural 
College  in  1882.   He  wrote  "  Matui-al  Theology  "  (1867).  etc. 

Chaderton  (chad'er-ton),  Laurence.    Born  at 

bees  Hall,  Oldham,  Lancashire,  about  1536: 
died  at  Cambridge,  Nov.  13, 1640.  An  English 
Puritan  divine,  a  graduate  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  first  master  of  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, 158-4-1622.  He  served  on  the  Cambridge 
committee  for  drawing  up  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible. 

Chad's  Ford  (chadz  ford).     See  Brandi/wine. 

Chaereas  and  Callirrhoe  (ke're-as  and  ka-lir'- 

o-e).  An  old  Greek  romtince  by  Chariton 
Aphrodisiensis,  only  a  part  of  which  is  extant. 

Charit4>n  of  Aphrodisias  is  the  feigned  name  of  the 
erotic  novelist  to  wliom  we  owe  the  romance  of  Chtvr«aa 
and  Callirrhoe.  He  pretends  to  have  been  the  secretary 
of  Aihenagoras,  who  is  mentioned  by  Thncyditles  as  a 
Syracusan  orator,  the  opponent  of  Hermoerates  ;  and  the 
daughter  of  the  latter  is  the  heroine  of  the  piece.  Tlie 
romance  is  less  known  by  its  merits  than  by  the  very 
elaborate  commentary  of  which  D'Grville  made  it  the 
vehicle  and  excuse.  The  age  of  the  author  is  not  ascer- 
tained, l)ut  it  seems  to  us,  from  internal  evidence,  that  it 
belongs  to  the  same  scboid  as  tlie  ronnuice  of  Achilles 
Tatius,  ami  was  pethaps  sut^gested  liy  it,  \\e  have  a  re- 
vival in  the  tomb,  with  liai>pier  results  than  that  of  Juliet, 
and  the  nsinil  intervention  of  robbers. 

K.  O.  itutlLr,  Hist,  of  the  Lit,  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  360. 

UDonatdsoiu) 

Chseronea  (ker-o-ne'ji),  or  Chaeroneia  (ker-o- 

ne'yii).  [Gr.  Xa(/«jr«a.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  western  Ba'otia,  Greece,  in  lat.  38° 
29'  N.,  long.  22°  50'  E.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Plutarch.  Here,  338  li!  c,  Philip  of  Macedon  detrntcd 
the  Bieotlaits  atid  Athenians;  and  in  so  n.  c.  Sulla,  with 
30,00o-10,0t)0  men,  defeated  the  army  of  .Mitlnidateg  (about 
110,000)  under  Archelails. 

Chaffee  (chafe),  Adna  Romanza.  Born  at  Or- 
well. I ).,  .\priri4,  1S42.  .\ii  .\iri(ri(  an  general. 
He  entered  the  army  as  a  private  July  22, 1801 ;  servi  d  in 
the  Civil  and  Spaidsli-Amerlean  wars;  was  asslgneil  to 
tile  command  of  the  I'liiteil  Stales  forces  for  the  relief  of 
the  Utdlod  States  legation  at  Peking.  June  24,  1(100,  an.l 
entereil  the  city  Aug.  14.  He  wiu  nondnated  major-gen- 
eral Fell.  6,  lOCl. 

Chagres  (chii'gres).  1.  A  river  in  the  Isthmus 
of  I'tiuiiraa,  Colombia,  which  flows  into  the 
Caribbean  Sea  at  Ihe  town  of  Chagres.  The 
line  of  the  (incomplete)  Panama  Canal  follows 
the  valley  of  the  Chagres. —  2.  A  seaport  in 
Colombia,  12  miles  southwest  of  Aspiuwall. 


Chahta 

Chahta.     See  Choctaw. 

Chaille-Long  (sha-ya'lon),  Charles.  Born  at 
Priucess  Anne,  Somerset  County,  Md.,  July  2, 
1842.  An  American  soldier.  He  served  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  American  Civil  "War,  attaining  the  rank  of  captain  ; 
and  in  1869 received  an  appointment  as  lieutenant-colonel 
iiitheEgyptian  armj-.  Hewas  made  chief  of  start"  toGeneral 
Gordon  in  1874,  and  in  the  same  year  was  emplu.ved  on  a 
diplomatic  and  geographical  mission  to  the  interior  of  Af- 
rica. He  resigned  his  comn)ission  in  the  Egyptian  service 
in  1877,  and  in  1887  was  appointed  United  States  consul- 
general  and  secretarv  of  legation  in  Corea.  He  has  pub- 
lished "Central  Africa  "  (1876)  and  "The  Three  Prophets 
—  Chinese  Gordon,  the  Mahdi,  and  Arabi  Pasha"  (1884). 
Chaimas,  or  Chaymas  (chi'maz).  An  Indian 
tribe  of  eastern  "Venezuela,  between  the  Cu- 
mani  coast  and  the  Orinoco.  They  are  of  the  Carib 
stock,  and  were  formerly  numerous  and  powerful,  resisting 
the  Spanish  invaders  with  great  bravery.  In  thelGthand 
17th  centuriefc  most  of  the  survivors  were  gathered  iDto 
mission  villages,  and  their  descendants  are  now  mingled 
with  other  tribes. 
Chaitanya  (chi-tan'ya).  Born  at  Nadiya,  in 
Bengal,  1485:  died  152/.  The  founder  of  a  sect 
of  Vaishnavas  found  in  Bengal.  His  first  principle 
was  that  all  the  faithiul  worshipers  of  Krishna  (Vishnu) 
were  to  be  treated  as  equals.  Caste  was  to  be  subordi- 
nated to  faith  in  Krishna.  "The  mercy  of  God,"  said 
Chaitanya,  "regards  neither  tribe  nor  family."  Whde  the 
Vedic  hymns  and  Brahmanas  rely  on  works  (karma),  and 
the  Upanishads  on  abstract  meditation  and  divine  know- 
ledge, as  the  path  to  blessedness,  Chaitanya  found  it  in 
intense  devotion,  displayed  by  complete  union  of  the 
spirit  with  Krishna.  He  disappeared  mysteriously  in  1527, 
at*  the  age  of  forty-two.  His  followers  came  to  regard 
him  as  Krishna  incarnate,  and  his  disciples  Advaita  and 
Hityananda  as  manifestations  of  portions  of  the  same 
deity.  These  three  leaders  are  therefore  called  the  three 
great  lords  (Prabhus).  They  form  the  triad  of  this  phase 
of  Vaishnavism. 

Chaka  (cha'ka).     See  Zulu. 

Chalcedon  (kal-se'don).  [Gr.  Xa/.Kr/duv.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  town  in  Bithynia,  situated 
on  the  Bosporus  opposite  Byzantium,  it  was 
founded  by  Megarian  colonists  about  685  B.  c.  The  fourth 
ecumenical  council,  at  which  Eutychianism  was  con- 
demned, was  held  there  in  451  A.  D.  It  was  convoked  by 
the  emperoi  Marcianus,  and  was  attended  by  630  bishops 
(mostly  from  the  Orient),  the  legates  of  Pope  Leo  I.,  and 
the  commissioners  of  the  emperor.  It  assembled  origi- 
nally at  J^icaea  in  Sept.,  451,  but  was  on  account  of  its 
turbulence  transfeiTed  to  Chalcedon  in  order  that  the  im- 
perial court  and  senate  might  attend  in  person.  It  con- 
demned the  Robber  Council  (Eutychian)of  Epliesus(449), 
and  adopted  an  orthodo.x  confession  of  faith. 

Chalkedon  was  called  the  city  of  the  blind,  because  its 
founders  passed  by  the  then  unoccupied  site  of  Byzan- 
tium. Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  277. 

Chalchihuitlicue (ehal "ehe-we-tle'kwe).  ['Pet- 
ticoat of  blue-stones.']  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
mythology,  the  goddess  of  water,  and  the  wife 
01  companion  of  Tlaloc.  She  had  many  other 
names. 

Ohalcidice  (kal-sid'i-se).  [Gr.  XaA/vfd/jc?/.]  In 
ancient  geography,  the  chief  peninsula  of 
Macedonia,  terminating  in  the  three  smaller 
peninsulas  of  Pallene,  Sithonia,  and  Acte,  pro- 
jecting into  the  ^gean  Sea.  It  was  settled  by 
Euboeans  about  the  7th  century  B.  C.  Its  chief 
town  was  Olynthus. 

Chalcidius  (kal-sid'i-us).  Lived  in  the  6th  (or 
4tht)  century  A.  B.  A  Platonic  philosopher, 
author  of  a  Latin  translation  of  and  commen- 
tary- on  the  first  part  of  Plato's  "Timaeus." 

Chalcis(kal'sis).  [Gr.  XoXttf.]  The  chief  town 
ot  Eubcea,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Euripus  34 
miles  north  of  Athens :  the  modern  Egripo,  or 
Negropont.  It  was  subdued  by  Athens  in  5U6  B.  c, 
and  was  an  important  trading  and  colonizim^  center. 
Population  (1889),  commune,  15,713. 

Chalcis  had  been  one  of  the  most  important  cities  in 
Greece  It  was  said  to  have  been  originally  a  colony  from 
Athens  (Strab.  x.  p  651),  but  shortly  acquired  complete 
independence.  In  a  war  which  it  had  maintained  with 
Eretria,  some  considerable  time  before  this,  all  Greece 
had  been  concerned  on  the  one  side  or  the  other  (Thucyd. 
1  15,  and  infra,  ch.  99).  Few  cities  sent  out  so  many  or 
such  distant  colonies.  The  whole  peninsula  situated  be- 
tween the  Thermaic  and  Stryraonic  gulfs  acquired  the 
name  of  Chalcidice,  from  the  number  of  Chakidean  set- 
tlements (Thucyd  passim).  Seriphus,  Peparethus,  and 
others  ol  the  Cyclades,  were  Chalcidean  (Seym.  Chius,  1. 
585)  In  Italy  and  Sicily,  the  colonies  of  Chalcis  exceeded 
in  number  those  of  any  other  state.  Kaxos,  Leontini, 
Catana,  Zancl6,  Rhegium,  and  Cuma  were  among  them. 
Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  275,  not«. 

Chalco  (chal'ko).  A  village  of  Mexico,  on  the 
east  side  of  Lake  Chalco,  about  20  miles  south- 
east of  Mexico  City.  Before  the  Spanish  conquest 
Chalco  was  one  of  the  most  important  pueblos  of  the 
Mexican  valley. 

Chalcondyles  (kal-kon'di-lez),  01-  Chalcocon- 
dyles  (kal-ko-kon'di-lez),  or  Chalcondylas 
(kal-kou'di-las).  Demetrius.  Born  at  Athens 
about  1424  (1428*):  died  at  MUan,  1511.  A 
Greek  grammarian,  teacher  of  Greek  iu  Peru- 
gia, Eome,  and  elsewhere  in  Italy,  and  in  Flor- 
ence. He  wrote  a  Greek  grammar  entitled  "  Erotemata  " 
(1493?),  and  edited  Homer  (1488),  Isocrates  (1433),  and 
Suidas  (1499). 


232 

Chalcondyles,  Laonicus  or  Nicolas.    Born  at 

Athens :  tiled  about  14G4.  A  Byzantine  histo- 
rian, ambassador  of  John  VII.  Palseologus  to 
the  Sultan  Murad  II.  during  the  siege  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1446.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the 
Byzantine  empire  1297-1462  (ed.  by  Bekker 
1843). 

Chaldea  (kal-de'a).  [In  the  Old  Testament 
Kasclim,  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Kaldu  for 
Kasliiiii  (by  the  phonetic  law  of  the  change  of 
a  sibilant  before  a  dental  to  ()•  The  etymol- 
ogy of  the  name  is  still  uncertain:  some  sug- 
gest the  Assyrian  stem  kasadii,  to  conquer,  so 
that  it  would  mean  'the  countiy  of  the  con- 
querors.'] In  the  older  inscriptions,  middle 
Babylonia,  the  tract  south  of  the  city  of  Baby- 
lon in  the  direction  toward  the  Persian  Gulf : 
other  portions  of  the  country  were  designated 
Akkad,  Sumir,  etc.  Later  the  name  KiUdu  (like 
"  Land  of  Kasdim "  in  Jer.  xxiv.  5,  Ezek.  xii.  13)  was  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  country  of  Babylonia,  i.  e.  the  terri- 
tory bounded  on  the  north  by  .\ssyria,  on  the  south  by  the 
Syrian  desert  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  the  east  by  £lam, 
and  on  the  west  by  Syria.  It  is  not  certain  to  which  family 
of  men  the  Chaldeans  belonged,  but  some  have  supposed 
that  they  were  a  mixed  race  composed  of  Babylonians  and 
Kassites  or  Cossseans. 

Chaldean  Empire.     The  Babylonian  Empire. 

Chaleurs  (sha-lorz'),  or  Chaletur  (shii-ler'). 
Bay  of.  [F.  chaleur,  heat:  named  by  J.  Car- 
tier  (1584)  from  its  warmth.]  .Aji  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  Ipug  between  Quebec  on 
the  north  and  New  Brunswick  on  the ,  south. 
Length,  90  miles.     Greatest  width,  20  miles. 

Chalgrove  (chal'grov).  A  village  in  Oxford- 
shire, England,  7  miles  southeast  of  Oxford. 
Here,  June  18,  1643,  Prince  Rupert  defeated  the  Parlia- 
mentaiians.    Hampden  was  mortally  wounded. 

Chalkis.     See  Chalets. 

Chalkley  (chak'li),  Thomas.  Born  at  London, 
March  3,  1675:  died  in  Tortola,  West  Indies, 
Sept. 4, 1741.  An  itinerant  preacher  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends.  He  visited  the  American  colonies 
in  1098,  1700,  1710,  and  a  few  years  before  his  death  es- 
taldished  a  residence  near  Philadelphia. 

Chalkstone  (chak'ston).  Lord.  A  character 
in  Garrick's  play  "Lethe"  which  he  himself 
made  famous. 

Challcuchima  (chal-ko-che'ma),  or  Chalicu- 
Chima(eha-le-k6-che'ma).  A  Peruvian  Indian, 
said  to  have  been  a  native  of  Quito  and  uncle 
of  Atahualpa.  He  was  one  of  that  Inca's  generals  in 
the  war  with  Huascar.  and  after  Atahualpa  had  been  im- 
prisoned by  the  Spaniards,  Challcuchima  was  induced  to 
visit  him  at  Cajamarca.  He  was  seized,  kept  a  captive 
during  the  subsequent  march  of  the  Spaniards,  and  tinally 
burned  alive  near  Cuzco  on  the  charge  that  he  was  incit- 
ing an  Indian  insurrection  (Nov.,  1533). 

Challemel-Lacour  (shal-mel'la-kor'),  Paul 
Amand.     Bom  at  Avrauches,  France,  May  19, 

1827  :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  26,  1896.  A  French 
publicist  and  politician.  He  was  a  deputy  1872, 
senator  1876,  ambassador  to  England  18S0-S2,  and  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs  1883  ;  was  reelected  senator  in  1885 : 
and  became  president  of  the  Senate  in  1893. 

Challenger  Expedition.    A  British  scientific 

expedition,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Wyville 
Thomson,  tor  the  exploration  of  the  deep  sea, 
undertaken  on  board  her  Majesty's  ship  Chal-, 
longer,  1872-76. 

Challis  (ehal'is),  James.  Bom  at  Braintree, 
Essex,  Dec.  12,  1803:  died  at  Cambridge,  Dec. 
3, 1882  An  English  astronomer  and  physicist, 
Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  (ISStj),  and  di- 
rector of  the  observatory  (until  1861)  at  Cam- 
bridge University. 

Challoner  (chal'on-er),  Richard.  Bom  at 
Lewes,  Sussex,  Sept.  29, 1691:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  12,  1781.  Aji  English  Roman  Catholic 
divine,  made  bishop  of  Debra  in  1740,  and 
^^car  apostolic  of  London  in  1758.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  English  College  at  Douai,  and  was  professor 
of  philosophy  there  1713-20,  and  vice-president  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  1720-30,  returning  to  London  in  the 
latteryear.  He  published  a  large  number  of  polenjical  and 
theological  works,  including  "The  Rheims  iS'ew  Testa- 
ment and  the  Douay  Bible,  with  Annotations  "  (1749-50). 
His  version  of  the  Douay  Bible  is  substantially  that  since 
used  by  English-speaking  Catholics. 

Chalmers  (cha'merz),  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  March  29,  1759:  died  at 
London,  Deo.  10, 1834.  A  Scottish  biographer, 
editor,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  isbest  known 
as  the  editor  of  the  "General  Biographical  Dictionary" 
(1812-14),  based  on  the  "New  and  General  Biographic:-! 
Dictionary  "  of  Tooke,  Nares,  and  Beloe. 

Chalmers,  George.  Bom  at  Fochabers,  Elgin- 
shire, Scotland,  1742:  died  at  London,  May  31, 
1825.  A  British  historian  and  antiquary,  author 
of  "  Caledonia  "  ( 1807-24). ' '  Life  of  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots"  (181S),  and  numerous  other  works. 

Chalmers,  Thomas.  Born  at  East  Anstruther. 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  March  17,  1780:   died  at 


Chamberlain,  Joseph 

Momingside,  near  Edinburgh,  May  31, 1847.  A 
celebrated  Scottish  divine  and  author.  He  was 
minister  at  Glasgow  1815-23 ;  professor  of  moral  philoso. 
phy  at  St.  Andrews  1823-28,  and  of  divinity  at  Edinburgh 
1828-43 ;  and  leader  in  the  secession  of  1843  from  the 
Church  of  Scotland.  He  wrote  "Discourses  on  Astron- 
omy "(1817),  "Political  Economy  " (1832),  "Natural  The- 
ology "  (1823),  "  Institutes  of  Theology  "  (1847-49),  etc. 
Chalone  (cha-lo'na).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  formerly  resided  at  and  near  San 
Antonio  and  San  Miguel  missions,  California,  where  they 
numbered  about  2,600  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century, 
but  only  12  families  were  identified  in  1889.  From  these 
and  from  the  Rumsen  were  taken  one  half  of  the  neophytes 
of  Soledad  mission,  about  which  the  Chalone  had  been 
settled  in  seven  villages.    See  Salinan. 

Chaloner  (ehal'on-er).  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at 
London,  1521:  died  there,  Oct.  14,  1565.  An 
English  statesman  and  writer.  He  was  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand,  1558 ;  later  to  Philip 
IL  at  Courtray ;  and  to  Spain,  1561.  He  translated  into 
English  the  homilies  of  St.  John  Chrysostom  (1644),  Eras- 
mus's "  Praise  of  Folie  "  (1549),  etc. 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  1561 :  died  Nov. 
17, 1615.  An  English  naturalist,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding. He  wrote  "A  Short  Discourse  of  the  most  rare 
Vertue  of  Nitre  "  (1584).  He  opened  the  first  alum-mines 
in  England,  at  Belman  Bank,  Guisborough,  about  1600. 

Chaloner,  Thomas.  Born  at  Steeple  Claydon, 
Buekinghamslnre,  1595:  died  at  Middelburg, 
Zeeland,  1661.  A  regicide,  third  son  of  the 
younger  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner.  He  acted  as  one 
of  the  judges  of  Charles  I.,  1648,  and  was  prominent  in 
Parliament  nntU  the  Restoration,  when  he  fled  to  the 
Low  Countries. 

Chalons-SUr-Marne  (sha-16n'siir-marn').  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Marne,  P'ranee,' 
situated  on  the  Marne  in  lat.  48°  58'  N.,  long. 
4°  21'  E. :  the  ancient  Catalaunum  (whence  the 
modern  name)  or  Diu-ocatalaunirm.  it  is  the  seat 
of  a  bishopric.  It  exports  champagne,  and  was  formerly 
famous  for  its  woolen  cloth.  According  to  tradition  the 
great  battle  in  451,  in  which  Aetius  defeated  Attila  and  hia 
Huns,  took  place  near  Chalons  :  "but  there  is  good  reason 
to  think  that  it  was  fought  fifty  miles  distant  from  t'ha- 
lons-sur-ilame,  and  that  it  would  be  more  correctly  named 
the  battle  of  Troyes,  or,  to  speak  with  complete  accuracy, 
the  battle  of  Mery-sur-Seine"  (Hodr/kin).  The  camp  of 
Chalons  was  established  in  the  neighborhood  by  Napoleon 
III.  in  1857,  and  is  now  used  for  manoeuvers.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  Allies  in  1814  and  1815,  and  by  the  Ger- 
mans in  1870.  The  cathedral  of  ChMons  is  an  interesting 
monument,  chiefly  of  the  13th  century,  with  eifective  and 
lofty  interior.  Thewestfrontisof  the  17th  century.  The 
facade  of  the  north  transept,  with  its  sculptured  and  cano- 
pied portal,  has  much  beauty,  and  the  tracery  and  but- 
tresses are  admirable.  Population  (1891),  commune,  25,863. 

Chalon-SUr-Saone  (sha-16n'siir-s6n').  A  city 
in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France, 
situated  on  the  Saone  in  lat.  46°  48'  N.,  long. 
4°52'E.:  the  ancient  Cabillonum  or Caballinum. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  center 
and  has  an  ancient  cathedral  (of  St.  Vincent).  It  was  the 
seat  of  important  church  couBcils  in  the  early  middk- 
ages.  Later  it  was  the  capital  of  the  county  of  Chalonnais. 
Population  (1891),  24,686.    Also  CMlons-sur-SaAne. 

Chalus  (sha-liis'),  or  Chaluz.  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Haute-Yienne,  France,  20  miles 
southwest  of  Limoges.  Richard  I.  of  England 
was  mortally  wounded  at  the  siege  of  its  castle 
in  1199. 

Chalybaus  (eha-le-ba'6s),  Heinrich  Moritz. 
Born  at  Pfaffroda,  Saxony,  July  3,  1796:  died 
at  Dresden,  Sept.  22,  1862".  A  German  philo- 
sophical writer,  professor  at  Kiel  (1839). 

Chalybes  (kal'i-bez).  [Gr.  Xd/iiv*f.]  In  an- 
cient history :  (a)  A  people  in  Pontus,  near  the 
Black  Sea,  noted  as  workers  in  iron.  (6)  A 
people  living  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Eu- 
phrates. 

Cham  (kam),  pseudonym  of  Comte  Am^d6e 
de  Noe  (a-ma-da' de  no-a').  [F.  for  'Ham.'] 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,  1819 :  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  5,  1879.  A  French  caricaturist,  noted 
for  his  illustrations  in  "Charivari,"  etc. 

Chamavi  (ka-ma'\i).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Ghamavi, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  'K.afiavoi.']  A  German  tribe,  ac- 
cording to  I'aeitus  originally  in  the  Rhine  re- 
gion north  of  the  Lippe,  but  "later  further  east- 
ward, adjoining  the  Brueteri.  Julian,  in  the  4th 
century,  found  them  again  on  the  lower  Rhine,  and  drove 
them  back  from  the  western  side  to  the  territory  after- 
ward called  Hamaland.  They  were  ultimately  merged  in 
the  Franks. 

Chamba  (cham  '  ba).  A  feudatorv  state  in 
British  India,  in  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  loiig.  76°  E., 
under  the  control  of  the  Panjab  government. 
Population  (1891),  124,032. 

Chambal  (chum-bul').  A  river  in  central  India 
which  rises  in  the  Vindhj'a  Mountains,  and 
flows  northeast  into  the  Jumna  below  Etawah. 
Length,  650  miles. 

Chamberlain  (cham'b^r-lan),  Joseph.  Bom 
at  Loudon,  July,  1836.  An  English  Radical  poli- 
tician, since  1886  a  leader  of  the  Liberal  Union- 
ists.   He  fvas  mayor  of  Birmingham  1873-76 ;  was  returned 


Chamberlain,  Joseph 

to  Parliament  from  Birmingham  in  1876;  was  president  of 
th,-  Board  of  Trade  ISsn-s?, ;  and  was  iiresi.l»i]t  ..i  the 
Lncimovernmcnt  Board  ISSfi,  and  col. Mii!dsuLr.Uir.vl89S 


Chamberlain,  Joshua  Lawrence.     Born  at 

Baugor,  Maine,  Sept.  8,  1S2S.  An  American 
pducator.  soldier,  and  politician.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Array  of  the  Potomac  1802^ ;  was  gov- 
ernor  of  Maine  lbG7-^70;  and  president  of  Bowdom  Col- 
lege 1871-83.  -     ,    T..  J      -D 

Chamberlayne (eham'ber-lan),  Edward.  Born 
at  Odingtou,  Gloucestershire,  Dec.  IS,  Iblb: 
died  at  Chelsea,  May,  1703.  An  English  wi-itei-. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford  (B.  A.  1638  MA  1641), 
tutor  of  Henry  Fitzroy,  illegitimate  son  of  Charles  II., 
and  also  to  Prince  George  of  Denmark,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  the  au  .or  of 
•'AoEliiB  Notitiic,  or  the  Present  State  of  England  (K>e9, 
anonymous:  the  21st  ed.,  1708,  hears  the  title  "Magna? 
Britannite  notitia,  or,  etc."),  a  handbook  of  English  so- 
ciety and  politics,  "England's  Wants"  (1667),  etc. 

Chamberlayne,  John.  Born  about  1666:  died 
1723  A  younger  sou  of  Edward  Chamberlayne. 
He  continued  his  father's  'Magna;  Britannia!  notitia," 
translated  Brandt's  "History  of  the  Reformation  in  the 
Low  Conntries,"  etc. 
Chamberlen  (cham'ber-len),  Hugh.  Born  at 
London  about  1630:  died  after  Nov.,  1720.  An 
English  physician  (physician  in  ordinary  to 
the  king,  1673),  celebrated  as  the  projector  of 
a  financial  scheme  designed  "to  make  Eng- 
land rich  and  hapjiy,"  based  on  the  issue  of  a 
large  quantity  of  bank-notes  on  the  security  ot 
landed  property.  „  ,       .  t. 

Chambers  (cham'berz),  Ephraim.  Born  at 
Kendal,  England,  about  1680  (?):  died  at  Lou- 
don, May  15,  1740.  Au  English  writer,  com- 
piler of  a  "Cyclopedia,  an  Universal  Dictionary 
of  Arts  and  Sciences"  (1728),  the  first  of  its 
kind  in  English.  „    ,  ,       „     ^,      , 

Chambers,  Robert.  Born  at  Peebles,  Scotland, 
July  10,  1802:  died  at  St.  Andrews,  March  1<, 
1871.  A  Scottish  publisher  (at  Edinburgh) 
and  writer.  He  was  the  author  of  "Illustrations  of 
the  Author  of  Waverley"  (182-2),  "Traditions  ot  Edin- 
burgh"  (1823),  "Walks  in  Edinburgh"  (1825),  "History of 
Uie  Rebellion  of  1715"  (1828).  "Biographical  Dictionaiy 
of  Eminent  Scotsmen"  (1832-34),  "Book  of  Days"  (1862- 
18(14)  "  Vestiges  of  the  Natural  History  of  Creation 
(1844':  anonymous),  etc.  The  last-named  work,  the  au- 
thorship of  which  was  not  discovered  until  1884,  was  an 
exposition  of  a  theory  of  development,  and  quickly  be- 
came famous  through  both  the  criticism  and  the  praise 
which  its  heterodox  views  aroused.  He  was  joint  editor 
of  "Chambers's  Journal,"  and  a  member  of  the  publishing 
ftrm  of  W.  and  R.  Chambers. 

Chambers,  Sir  William.     Born  at  Stockholm, 
1726:  died  at  London,  March  8, 1796.    A  British 
architect.     He  rebuilt  Somerset  House  in  London,  1775. 
Hejrrote  "A  Treatise  of  Civil  Architecture"  (1759). 
Chambers,  William.     Born  at  Peebles,  Scot- 
land, April  16,  1800:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May 
20,  1883.     A  Scottish  publisher  (head  of  the 
firm  of  W.  and  R.  Chambers)  and  writer,  brother 
of  Robert  Cliambers.     He  wrote  "  Things  as  they 
are  in  America"  (1854),  "History  of  Peebles"  (1864),  etc. 
Chambersburg  (oham'berz-berg).     A  borough, 
capital  of  Eranklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  49 
miles  southwest  of  Harrisburg.    It  was  burned  by 
the  Confederates  July  30, 1864.     Population  (19un),  8,864. 
Ohambertin  (shon-ber-tan')-     A  vineyard  m 
the  eoninniue  of  Gevrey,  8  miles  south-south- 
west of  Dijon,  France.     It  gives  its  name  to 
a  noted  red  Burgundy  wine. 
Chamb6ry(shon-ba-re').     lit.  Ciamieri.i    The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  m 
lat.  45°  34'  N. ,  long.  .'5°  .53'  E.     It  was  the  capital  of 
the  department  of  Mont  Blanc  1792-181.=.,  and  passed  with 
Savoy  from  Sardinia  to  France  in  1860.    Population  (1891), 
commune,  20,922.  , 

Chambezi  (cham-be'zi).  A  river  in  -eutral 
Africa,ri8ingastheChasi,andcontinuing(south 
and  west  of  Lake  Bangweolo)  as  the  Luapula  — 
the  head  waters  of  the  Kongo. 
Ohambord  (shoh-bor').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir-ot-Cher,  Prance,  11  miles  east 
of  Blois.     It  contains  a  famous  chateau,  built  by  Fran 


233 

given  to  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
181.5-16,  noted  for  its  reactionary  measui'es. 

Chambres  Ardentes  (shon'br  zar-dont').  [F., 
'  Fiery  Chambers.']  Extraordinary  French  tri- 
bunal's sometimes  convened  under  the  old  mon- 
archy for  the  trial  of  cases  of  malversation,  etc. 

Chambure  (shoh-biii'),  Auguste  Lepelletier 
de  Born  at  Vitteaux,  Burgiuidy,  trance, 
March  31,  1789:  died  at  Paris,  July  12, 1832.  A 
French  officer,  surnamed  "Lb  Liable  on  ac- 
count of  his  audacious  bravery. 

Chameleon  (ka-me'le-on).  The.  A  consteUa- 
tion  invented  by  Bayer,  situated  beneath  the 
feet  of  the  Centaur. 

Chamfort  (shou-for').  or  Champfort,  Seoas- 

tien  Roch  Nicolas.  Born  in  Auvergne,  France, 
al)out  1741:  died  at  Paris,  April ,13,  liOi.  A 
French  litterateur,  author  of  "Eloge  de  Mo- 
liere"  (1769),  the  plays  "Le  marehand  de 
Smyrne  "( 1770 ),"  Mustapha  et  Z6angir  "( 1776) , 

etc. 
Chamisso  (sha-mes's6),  Adelbert  von.    Born 

at  the  castle  of  Boncourt,  in  Champagne,  Jan. 
30  (27?),  1781:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  21,  1838. 
A  German  author  and  poet.  He  was  of  an  old 
French  family.  In  173C  his  parents,  who  had  left  France 
in  179U,  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  became  a  page  of  the 
queen  In  1793  he  entered  the  Prussian  army,  from 
whicli  he,  however,  retired  in  1808.  In  1815  he  accom- 
panied as  naturalist  the  exploring  expedition  of  Count 
ItomantsotI  in  a  journey  around  the  world.  He  was  subse- 
quently custodian  of  the  botanical  collections  m  Berlin. 
His  most  celebrated  prose  work,  "Peter  Schlemihls  wun- 
derbare  Geschichte"  ("The '^'onderful  History  of  Peter 
Schlemihl  ").  appeared  in   1814.      His  poetry  comprise' 


Ml 


coi8l,alargc  structure  illustrating  the  apphialiun  ot 
Renaissance  principles  to  a  French  medieval  typ.-.  I  lie 
most  striking  feature  is  the  six  huge  cyliiidn.al,  cone, 
roofed  towers,  60  feet  in  diameter,  with  diimated  ■loi- 
mer-windows  and  high  chimneys.  The.Liilral  tower 
contains  a  remarkable  double  spiral  stair,  s.i  devisni  that 
two  sets  of  persons  may  ascend  and  desceiut  at  the  same 
time  without  meeting ;  this  tower  is  surmounted  liy  an 
openwork  hmtern.  The  chateau  contains  440  ro.iins,  and 
the  stables  can  receive  l,-200  horses.   .    „,        ,         _ 

Chambord,  Gomte  de  (Henri  Charles  Fer- 
dinand Marie  Dieudonn6  d'Artois,  Due  do 

Bordeaux).  15<iru  at  Paris,  Sept.  29,  1820:  died 
at  Frohsdorf,  ii<-iir  Vienna,  Aug.  24,  18S3.  A 
Freiicli  Legiliiiiist  prince,  son  of  the  Due  d<' 
Berry,  and  grandson  of  Charles  X.,  styled  Due 
de  Bordeati.K  before  1830,  and  sometimes  called 
"Henri  V." 

Chambre  Introuvable  (shon'br  aii-tro-va  bl). 
[F., '  Uiidiscoverablc  Cliamber.']     A  nickname 


popular  songs,  ballads,  and  romances.  In  the  last  class 
are  included  the  long  poems  'Salas  y  Gomez,  "  Matteo 
Falcone,'  "Die  Retraite"("The  Retreat ").  Hiscollected 
works  appeared  first  at  Leipsic,  1836-49,  in  six  volumes. 

Chamonix  (shii-mo-ue'),  or  Chamouni  (sha- 
m6-ne'),or  Chamouny.  Avalley  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  at  the  foot  of 
Mont  Blanc,  watered  by  the  Arve.    it  is  a  cele- 
brated resort  for  tourists,  and  the  starting-point  for  ex- 
cursions to  Mont  Blanc,  the  Mer-de-Glace,  Montanyert, 
FlSgere,  Martigny,  etc.     Its  center  is  the  village  of  Cha- 
monix.   Length  of  valley,  12  miles.    Elevation,  3,445  feet 
It  was  explored  by  Pococke  and  'Wyndham  in  1743,  and 
later  by  Saussure  and  others. 
Chamont.     A  rough  and  extremely  fiery  young 
soldier  of  fortune,  the  brother  of  Monimia, 
"the  orphan,"  in  Otway's  tragedy  of  that  name. 
Chamorro  (eha-mor'ro),  Pruto.     Born  in  Gua- 
temala about  1810 :  died  near  Granada,  March 
12,  1855.     A  Nicaraguan  statesman.    From  April, 
1863,  until  his  death  he  was  president  of   Nicaragua. 
During  a  part  of  this  time  his  rule  was  limited  to  Granad.a, 
where  he  was  besieged  by  revolutionists. 
Champa  (eham'pii).     A  city  in  Anga,  the  pres- 
ent Bhagalpiir  or  near  it.     It  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Champa,  a  descendant  of  Yayati ;  but  was 
named  rather  from  its  abundant  champa  or  champaka 
trees  (Michelia   Champaka),  whence  it  was  also  called 
Mfilini,  'garlanded,'  from  its  being  surrounded  with  cham- 
paka trees  as  with  a  garland  (m(Ud). 

Champagne   (shou-piiny'),  or   Champaigne 

(shoh-pany'),  Philippe  de.  Born  at  Brussels, 
May  26,  1602:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  16(4.  A 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school.  His  best  works 
are  at  Paris,  Vincennes,  and  Vienna. 
Champagne  (sham-pan';  F  prou.  shon-piiny'). 
An  ancient  government  of  France.  It  was 
bounded  by  Belgium  on  the  north,  Lorraine  on  the  east, 
Franche-ComtiS  on  the  southeast.  Burgundy  on  the  south, 
and  OrWanais,  ile-de-France.  and  Picardy  on  tlie  west. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  wines.  Its  chief  city  is  Troyes.  It 
formed  the  modern  departments  of  Marue,  Haute-Maine, 
Aube,  Ardennes,  parts  of  Alsne,  Yoniic,  Seiiie-et-Marne^ 
and  Meuse.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  eountship  and 
one  of  the  great  fiefs  of  France.  Some  of  its  counts  were 
noted  as  poets.  Its  heiress  married  Philip  the  Fair  in 
1284.  It  was  annexed  to  France  in  1336.  and  incorporated 
witii  France  in  1301. 

Champagny  (shou-piin-ye'),  Francjois  Joseph 

Nomp^re  de.  Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  10,  1S04: 
died  May  4,  1882.  A  French  pulilicist,  sou  of 
the  first  Due  do  Cadore.  His  chief  work  is 
•'  L'llistdire  des  Cesai's"  (1S41-43). 

Champagny,  Jean  Baptiste Nompfere de,  lust 

'      ladore.   Born  at  Koaniie,  Loire,  1' ranee. 


ChampoUion  Pigeac,  Jean  Jacques 

of  the  Seine,  now  used  for  military  exercises. 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  battles  and  liistorical  episodes 
from  the  'Jtli  centmy,  and  of  festivals,  pageants,  exhibitions 
(of  1867, 1878),  etc.  Here  occurred,  July  14, 1790,  the  "  fete 
de  la  f^diration  "  ;  July  17. 1791,  an  attempt  at  insurrection 
("massactes  du  Champ-de-Mars  ") ;  and  June  8,  1794,  the 
"  fete  :i  TEtre  supreme." 
Champ  de  Mars.  [F., 'field  of  March.']  In 
early  French  institutional  history,  an  annual 
political  and  military  assembly,  held  in  March. 
The  time  of  meeting  was  changed  to  May  hi  the  8th  cen- 
tury, and  thereafterthese  assemblies  were  called  "  Champs 
de  Mai."  .,       . 

Champeaux  (shon-p6'),  Guillaume  de,  Latin- 
ized Campellensis.  Born  at  Champeaux, 
near  Meliin,  France,  toward  the  end  of  the  Uth 
century:  died  1121.  A  noted  French  scholas- 
tic philosopher,  au  opponent  of  Abelard,  who 
was  his  piqiil. 

Champfleury(shou-fle-re'),pseudonym  of  Jules 
Pleury-Husson.     Bom  at  Laon,  France,  Sept. 
10, 1821 :  died  at  Se\Tes,  Dec.  5, 1889.   A  French 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer.   His  works  in- 
clude "  Chien-Callou  "  (1847),  "  Les  bourgeois  de  Molin- 
chai't "  (18.'">4),  "  Histoire  de  la  caricature  "  (1865),  etc. 
Champigny  (shoh-peu-ye').     A  village  situated 
on  the  Marne  5  miles  east-southeast  of  Pans. 
Here  Nov.  30  and  Dec.  2,  1870,  occuiTed  battles  between 
the  Germans  and  the  French  under  Ducrot.    Loss  of  the 
<ierinans,  over  5,000;  of  the  French,  10,000  to  12,000. 
Champion  (cham'pi-on).  The.   A  journal  which 
first  appeared  in  1739,  edited  by  Henry  Fielding 
and  a  man  named  Ralph.    It  is  based  on  the  model 
of  the  "Spectator"  and  "Tatler."    Two  volumes  of  the 
paper  were  republished  in  1741.    It  ridiculed  the  Jacobite 
party. 
Champion's  Hill  (cham'pi-onz  hil).    A  locality 
in  Hinds  County.  Mississippi,  west  of  Jackson. 
Here,  May  16,  1863,"  the  Federals  (32,000)  under  Grant  de- 
feated the  Confederates  (about  26,000)  under  Pemberton. 
Loss  of  Federals,  2,457 ;  of  Confederates,  4,300.    Also  called 
battle  of  Baker's  Creek. 

Champion  of  the  Virgin.  An  epithet  bestowed 
on  St.  Cvril,  bishop  of  Alexandria  (oth  cen- 
tury), noted  as  an  opponent  of  Nestorianism. 

Champlain  (sham-plan';  F.  pron.  shon-plan'), 
Samuel  de.  Born  at  Brouage,  Saintonge, 
France,  1567:  died  at  Quebec,  Dec.  25,  1635. 
A  French  navigator  and  explorer.  He  made  ex- 
plorations In  Canada  and  New  England  lij03-07,  founded 
Quebec  1608,  and  discovered  Lake  Champlain  1609.  He 
wrote  "Des  sauvages"(1603),  "  Voyages "(1613, 1619, 1632). 
Complete  works  pulilished  1870. 


Due  doCiM,-.!,-.    ^ , ■    „, 

Aug.  4,  1756:  died  at  Paris,  July  3,  1834.  .A 
French  politician  and  diplomat.  He  was '.mhassa- 
dor  at  Vienna  1801-04,  minister  of  tlie  iideri  ■  .804-07, 
and  minister  of  foreign  atfaiis  1807  11. 

Champagny,  Louis  Alix  Nompfere  ae,  second 

Due  (In  ('adore.  Burn  .Jan.  12,  17!)('.:  died  at 
Boulogne,  France,  .Ian.  27,  1S70.  A  Fr.Mich 
politician,  son  of  the  first  Due  do  Cadore.  He 
was  ambassador  at  Rome  in  1861. 
Champaran  (chuin-pii-run').  A  district  in  tlie 
Piiliia,  division,  Beliar,  British  India.  Area, 
;i,'i;!l  siiuiire  miles,     l^ipulation,  1,500,000. 

Champ-de-Mars  (slioii'de-niiii's').   [F.,- field  of 

Mars':  L.  Campus  Mariius.}     A  large  siiuare  in 
the  quarter  Grenelle  of  Paris,  on  the  left  bank 


Samuel  de  Champlain  has  been  fitly  called  the  Father 
of  New  France.  In  him  were  embodied  her  religious  zeul 
and  romantic  spirit  of  adventure.  Before  the  close  of  his 
career,  purged  of  heresy,  she  took  the  posture  which  she 
held  to  the  day  of  her  death  — in  one  hand  the  crucitix,  in 
the  other  the  sword.  His  life,  full  of  significance,  is  the 
true  beginning  of  her  eventful  history. 

Parkman,  Pioneers  ot  France,  p.  166. 

Champlain  (sham-plan').  Lake.  [Named  for 
Samuel  de  Champlaiu.]  A  lake  between  Ver- 
mont and  New  York,  extending  from  White- 
hall, New  York,  to  St.  John's,  Canada.  Its  outlet 
is  the  Richelieu  or  Sorel  River  (into  the  SL  LaHTeiice),  and 
it  is  connected  with  the  Hudson  by  a  canaL  II  was  dis- 
covered by  Samuel  de  Champlain  in  1609.  On  Oct.  11, 1776, 
a  British  flotilla  defeated  the  Americans  under  Arnold. 
Sept.  11,  1814,  an  Ameiican  squadron  consisting  of  14  ves- 
sels of  all  classes,  carrying  so  guns  and  about  850  men, 
under  the  command  of  Captain  Macdonough,  defeated  a 
British  force  consisting  of  16  vessels  of  all  classes,  carry- 
ing 95  guns  and  aliont  1,000  men,  under  the  command  ot 
Captain  Downie,  which  suppm'ted  an  invasion  of  New  \  ork 
liy  Sir  George  Prevost.  A  precipitate  retreat  of  tlie  land 
force  succeeded  the  battle.  Length,  about  110  miles. 
Widtli,  ill  the  nortliern  part,  10  to  12  miles.  Elevation 
above  sea-level,  101  feet. 

Champlin  (champ'lin).  James  Tift.  Born  June 
9,  1811;  died  March  15,  1882.  An  American 
clergyman  and  teacher,  president  of  Colby 
l'iiiversilv(\Vaterville,  Maine)  1857-72. 

Champmesl6  (shoh-ma-la'),  Charles  Chevil- 

let,  Sieur  de.  Born  at  Paris,  l(i45:  died  there, 
Ajiril  22,  1701.     A  French  dramatic  author  and 

Champmesl6,  Marie  Desmares  de.    Born  at 

Rouen  in  l(i41  (l(i44  0:  I'ied  at  Auteuil,  May 
1 5, 1 698.  A  French  actress,  the  wife  of  Charles 
Cham))mesl(?. 

This  French  lady  was  the  original  Uermione,  Berenice, 
Monhnia.  ami  Pliedre.  These  were  wrillen  expressly  for 
her  liy  Racine  who  trained  her  exactly  as  Rochester  did 
Elizalieth  liai  ry,-  to  some  glory  on  the  stage,  and  to  aonie 
infamy  olf  it.  Ihfan,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  111. 


Champneys  (ehainp'niz),  William  Weldon. 

Bi.ni  at  London,  April  6.  1807:  died  at  l.ieh- 
tield,  Feb.  4,  187:5.  An  Kiiglisli  clergyman  and 
writer,  a  graduate  ot  Oxtord  (Braseiiose  Col- 
lege)   appointed  dc:iii  of  Lichfield  Nov.,  1868. 

Champollion  (sluiiii-)"d'i-oii:    F.  prou    shou- 
iHii  voii')  Pigeac,  Jean  Jacques.     Born  at 

Figeae,  Lot,  Franco,  Oct.  5,  17<8:  died  at  Fon- 
taiiiebleau,  France,  May  9,  iS67.  A  noted 
French  archffiologist,  brother  of  J.  F.Chanipol- 


Champollion  Figeac,  Jean  Jacques 

lion.  He  wrote  "AntiiiaiWs  de  Grenoble "  (ISO"),  "An- 
nales  ties Lagides " (1S19),  ''Paleographie  universelle,  etc." 
(1839-41),  •*  Le  palais  de  Fontainebleau  "  (1S67),  etc. 

Champollion,  Jean  Francois.  Born  at  Fi- 
geac, Lot,  France,  Dec.  23,  1790  :  died  at  Paris, 
March  4,  1832.  A  celebrated  Fiench  Oriental- 
ist, the  discoverer  of  the  key  to  the  Egyptian 
hierogh^jhic  inscriptions  (1822).  His  chief  works 
are  *■  Precis  du  systenie  lii6roglyphique"(lS2-i ),  ■  'Grammaire 
6gyptienne  '  (is;it>-^l),  "Dictiounaire  ^gj-ptlen  "(1841-44), 
"Monuments  de  TEgj-pte  et  de  la  Nubie"  (1835-45). 

Cliamps-Elysees(shon'za-le-za').  [F.,'Elysian 
Fields.']  .\ji  avenue,  and  the  gardens  surround- 
ing it,  in  Paris,  extending  from  the  Place  de 
la  Concorde  li  miles  to  the  Place  de  FEtoile, 
celebrated  as  a  place  of  public  resort.  It  was 
acquired  by  the  crown  in  1616,  and  ceded  to 
the  city  in  1S2S. 

Chamunda  (eha-mon'dii).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, an  emanation  of  the  goddess  Durga,  said 
to  have  been  so  named  byDurga  on  account  of 
her  destruction  of  the  two  demons  Chanda  and 
Munda. 

Chanak  Kalessi(cha-nak'  ka-les-se').  Atown 
in  Asiatic  Tui-kev,  on  the  Dardanelles.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,000  (f)." 

Chanakya  (cha'na-kya).  A  celebrated  Brah- 
man (the  ilachiavelli  of  India)  who  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Nanda  dy- 
nasty of  Magadha,  and  the  elevation  of  Chan- 
dragupta  to  their  throne,  in  315  B.  C.  A  work  upon 
morals  and  politics  called  "  Chanakyasutra  "  is  ascribed  to 
him  He  is  the  chief  character  in  the  drama  "  Mudrarak- 
shasa'  (which  see).  Other  names  of  Chanakya  are  Vish- 
Dugupta  and  KautUya. 

Cbanca  (ehau'kii).  Dr.  (believed  to  have  been 
Diego  Alvarez  Chanca).  A  Spanish  physi- 
cian, native  of  Seville,  who  accompanied  Co- 
lumbus on  his  second  voyage  in  1493.  He  wrote 
a  letter  to  the  cathedral  chapter  of  Seville,  giving  an 
account  of  what  he  saw,  and  this  is  one  of  the  main  his- 
torical authorities  for  the  voyage.  Nothing  is  known  of 
his  previous  or  subsequent  life. 

Chancas  ( chan'kaz).  An  ancient  Indian  nation 
of  Peru,  of  the  Quichua  race,  who  occupied 
the  valleys  of  the  Andes  between  tjie  Apuri- 
mac  and  the  llantaro.  About  the  year  1400  their 
king,  Usavalca,  made  war  on  the  Incas  of  Cuzco,  but  was 
defeated  in  two  great  battles  near  Cuzco  by  Pachaculec 
Yupanqui.  The  smrivoi-s  fled  eastward  to  the  Upper 
.Amazonian  plains,  where  some  of  the  modem  tribes  may 
be  their  descendants.  A  number  of  the  Peruvian  ruins 
are  ascribed  to  the  Chancas. 

Chancellor  (chan'sel-or),  Richard.  Died  Nov. 
10,  1.5.56.  An  English  na\-igator.  He  accompanied 
Roger  Bodenham  on  a  journey  to  Candia  and  Chio  in  1550. 
In  1553  he  became  captain  of  the  Edward  Bonaventure  and 
pilot-general  of  the  expedition  which  set  out  in  that  year 
under  the  command  of  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  in  search  of 
a  noittieast  passage  to  India.  Becoming  separated  from 
the  other  ships  of  the  expedition  in  a  gale  olf  the  Lofoden 
Islands,  he  pushed  on  alone  into  the  White  Sea,  whence 
he  made  his  way  overland  to  Moscow.  He  obtained  valu- 
able trade  concessions  from  the  Russian  court  in  behalf  of 
the  English,  which  led  to  the  organization  of  the  Muscovy 
Company  on  his  return  to  England  in  1554.  He  made  a  sec- 
ond visit  to  Moscow  in  1555,  and  was  shipwrecked  off  Pits- 
ligo,  on  the  coast  of  Aberdeenshire,  on  the  return  voyage. 
A  narrativeof  his  tirst  visit  to  Moscow,  written  by  Clement 
Adams,  was  published  in  Hakluyt's  "'Navigations."  and 
is  the  tirst  considerable  account  of  the  Russian  people  in 
the  English  language. 

Chancellors'Vllle  (ehan'Sel-orz-vil).  A  post- 
otliee  in  Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  55  miles 
northwest  of  Richmond.  Here,  May  2-J,  1S63,  the 
Confederates  (about  65,000)  under  Lee  defeated  the  Fed- 
erals (132,000)  under  Hooker.  Loss  of  the  Federals.  16,030 ; 
of  the  Com'ederates.  12,2S1  (including  *•  Stonewall  "  Jack- 
son). 

Chancery  Bane  (ehan'se-ri  Ian).  A  street  in 
London  leading  from  Fleet  street  to  Holborn, 
and  passing  by  the  Tuns  of  Court. 

Chances  (chan'sez),  The.  A  comedy  by  John 
Fletcher.  It  was  published  in  1647,  but  had  been  played 
before  1625.  The  plot  is  from  "La  Senora  Cornelia,"  a 
novel  by  CeiTantes.  The  Duke  of  Buckingham  produced 
an  alteration  of  it  in  16S2,  and  Garrick  brought  out  a  sec- 
ond alteration  in  1773.  In  1821  a  musical  drama  founded 
on  it.  called  "Don  John,  or  the  Two  Violettas,"  was  pro- 
duced.    The  origmal  play  had  two  Constantias. 

Chanda  (chan'da).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
name  of  the  goddess  Durga,  applied  especially 
to  her  incarnation  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing the  demon  Mahisha.  This  exploit,  which  is 
treated  in  a  section  of  the  Markandeyapurana,  is  particu- 
larly celebrated  in  Bengal  at  the  Durgapuja.  or  festival 
held  in  honor  of  the  goddess  toward  the  close  of  the  year 
(about  Oct-  tc  Nov.). 

Chanda  (chan'da).  1.  A  district  in  the  Xagpur 
dirision  of  the  Central  Provinces,  British  India, 
lat.  20°  N.,  long.  79°-80°E.  Area,  10,785  square 
miles. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  Chanda  district, 
in  lat.  19°  .57'  N.,  long.  79°  15'  E. 

Chandemagor  (chan-der-na-gor').  Atown  and 
territory  in  Hindustan,  situated  on  the  Hugli 
20  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  It  was  a  possession  of 
the  French,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Pondicherry  ;  was 


234 

taken  by  the  English  in  1757, 1793,  etc. ;  and  was  ceded 
finally  to  France  in  1816.  Area,  3 J  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (ISSs),  25,395. 

Chandipatha  (ehan-de-pat'ha).  [Skt.,  'read- 
ing or  text  regarding  Chandi.']  A  poem  of 
seven  huuilred  verses,  forming  an  episode  of 
the  Markandeyapurana.  It  celebrates  Diu'ga's 
victories  over  the  Asuias,  and  is  read  daily  in 
the  temple  of  that  goddess. 

Chandler  (chand'ler),  Zachariah,  Bom  at 
Bedford.  N.  H.,  Dec.  10.  1S13:  died  at  Chicago, 
Nov.  1, 1879.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  Michigan  1857-75 
and  1879,  and  secretary  of  the  interior  1875-77. 

Chandos  (chan'dos),  Sir  John.  Died  at  Mor- 
temer,  France,  Jan.  1,  1370.  An  English  sol- 
dier. He  served  at  the  siege  of  Cambrai,  at  O^cy,  and 
at  Poitiers  (where  he  saved  the  life  of  the  Black  Prince) ; 
was  appointed  regent  and  lieutenant  of  the  King  of  Eng- 
land in  France  about  1361,  and  constable  of  Guienne  in 
1362 ;  commanded  the  English  forces  at  the  battle  of  Au- 
ray  (Oct.  6,  1364),  and,  with  John  of  Gaunt,  the  EngUsh 
advance-guard  at  >avarette  '.\pril  3,  1367);  was  made 
seneschal  of  Poitiers  1369 ;  and  (Ued  from  the  effects  of  a 
wound  received  in  an  engagement  at  Lussac,  Dec.  31, 1369. 

Chandra  (ehan'dra).  [Skt.]  The  moon,  either 
as  a  planet  or  as  a  deity ;  hence,  any  eminent  or 
illustrious  person  (the  moon  being  regarded  as 
the  most  beautiful  of  planets). 

Chandragupta  (chan-dra-gop'ta).  [Skt.,  'the 
moon-protected.']  A  name  identified  by  Sir 
William  Jones  with  the  "Sandrokottos"  or 
"Sa'ndrokyptos"  of  the  Greek  historians  of 
Alexander.     See  Sandrocottos. 

Chandrakanta  (ehan-dra-kan'ta).  [Skt., 
■lovely  as  the  moon.']  A  fabulous  gem,  the 
moon-stone,  supposed  to  be  formed  from  the 
congelation  of  the  rays  of  the  moon,  and  to  dis- 
solve under  the  influence  of  its  light. 

Chandur  (chan-dor'),  or  Chandor  (chan-dor'). 
A  fortified  town  in  Bombay,  British  India,  in 
lat.  20°  20'  N.,  long.  74°  10'  E.  It  was  ceded 
to  the  British  in  1818. 

Chanes  (cha-nas').  A  South  American  Indian 
tribe  which  formerly  occupied  the  western  side 
of  the  river  Paraguay,  about  lat.  17°  S.  They 
were  probably  the  same  as  the  modem  Guanas  (which 
see).    There  was  another  tribe  of  this  name  in  Uruguay. 

Changamier  (shon-gar-nya'),  Nicolas  Anne 
Theudole.  Born  at  Autiin,  France,  April  20. 
1793 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1877.  A  French 
general.  He  was  distinguished  in  Algeria  1830-18 ;  was 
in  command  in  Paris  lS4i>-51 ;  was  banished  forhis  opposi- 
tion to  Louis  Napoleon  in  1852 ;  and  was  with  Bazaine  in 
Metz,  Oct.,  1S70.  He  became  a  deputy  in  1871,  and  a  life 
senator  in  1S75. 

Chang-Chau  (chang'ehou').  A  city  in  the 
pro\-ince  of  F^ikien,  China,  35  mUes  west  of 
Amoy.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the  sUk 
trade. 

Chang-Chau.  A  city  in  the  province  of  Ki- 
angsu.  China,  60  miles  southeast  of  Nanking. 

Change  Alley  (chanj  al'i).  An  alley  in 
Cornhill,  London,  formerly  Exchange  Alley, 
leading  into  Lombard  street.  "  It  was  the  chief 
centre  of  the  money  transactions  of  the  last  century,  when 
the  Stock  Exchange  was  held  here  at  'Jonathan's  Coffee 
House.'  It  was  the  great  scene  of  action  in  the  South 
Sea  Bubble  of  1720,  by  which  so  many  thousands  of  credu- 
lous persons  were  ruined.  Another  cotfee  house  in  this 
alley  which  played  a  great  part  in  the  same  time  of  excite- 
ment was  '  Garraway's,'  so  called  from  Garway,  its  original 
proprietor.  It  was  here  that  tea  was  first  sold  in  Lon- 
don."   Bare,  London,  I.  362. 

Changeling  (chanj '  ling),  The.  A  play  by 
Middleton  and  William  Kowlev,  acted  as  early 
as  1623. 

ChangOS  (chan'gos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  which, 
it  is  believed,  once  occupied  most  of  the  valleys 
of  the  Peruvian  coast.  According  to  tradition  they 
were  driven  southward  by  the  invasion  of  the  Chimus,  and 
subsequently  of  the  Incas,  and  took  refuge  on  the  desert 
coasts  between  lat.  22'  and  23°  S.  There  some  of  their 
descendants  remain,  but  their  language  is  lost.  They 
are  a  dwarf  race,  seldom  exceeding  five  feet  in  height,  and 
they  now  live  entirely  on  fish,  crustaceans,  and  seals. 
They  are  hospitable,  and  have  never  resisted  the  whites. 

Changsha   (chang-sha').      The  capital  of  the 

jiro\-inr-e  of  Hunan,  China,  on  the  river  Siang. 

Channel,  The.     See  EmjUslt  Channel. 

Channel  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  7-30 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Normandy,  France,  near 
the  Bay  of  St.  Male.  They  comprise  Jersey,  Guemsey, 
Aldemey,  Sark,  and  a  number  of  islets.  They  are  noted 
for  their  picturesque  scenery  and  mild  climate,  and  for 
their  breeds  of  cattle.  The  prevailing  language  is  old 
Norman  French.  They  came  under  Norman  rule  early  in 
the  10th  century,  and  were  Norman  and  English  after  1066. 
Thev  are  the  only  part  of  Normandy  which  remained  to  the 
English  after  1204.  Area,  75  square  miles.  Population 
(1591),  93,272. 

Channing  (ehan'ing),  Edward  Tyrrel.  Bom 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Dee.  12,  1790:  ilied  at  Cam- 
bridge,  Mass.,   Feb.   8,   1856.    An  American 


Chapeau  de  Faille 

scholar,  brother  of  William  EUery  Channing 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "NorUi 
American  Ee\-iew  "  in  1815. 
Channing,  William  Ellery.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I..  April  7,  1780:  died  at  Bennington,  Vt., 
(Jet.  2,  1842.  Au  American  clergyman,  writer, 
and  philanthropist,  one  of  the  chief  founders 
of  American  Unitarianism.  He  became  pastor  ol 
the  Federal  Street  Church,  Boston,  in  1803.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1848. 

Channing,  William  Ellery.     Bom  Nov.  29, 

ISls:  died  Dee.  23,  1901.  Au  American  poet, 
journalist,  and  general  writer,  nephew  of  Wil- 
liam EUery  Channing  (1780-1842). 
Chanson  de  Geste  (shou-s6n'  dfe  zhest').  [F., 
'song  of  heroic  deeds.']  The  name  given  to 
epic  or  narrative  poems  which  first  appeared 
in  France  about  the  beginning  of  the  11th  cen- 
turv'.  Nearly  all  the  best  date  from  the  12th  century. 
The' technical  definition  of  a  chanson  de  geste  is  '-a  nar- 
rative poem,  dealing  with  a  subject  coimected  with  French 
history,  written  in  verses  of  ten  or  twelve  syllables,  which 
verses  are  arranged  in  stanzas  of  arbitrary  length,  each 
stanza  possessing  a  distinguishing  assonance  or  rhyme  in 
the  last  syllable  of  each  line."  Saint^mry^  French  Lit.,iL 

Chanson  de  Roland  (shon-s6n'  de  ro-lon'),  or 
de  Ronce'vaux  (de  r6ns-vo').  [F.,  'song  of 
Roland,  or  of  Roncevaux.']  A  French  epic 
poem,  or  chanson  de  geste,  ascribed  to  Th6- 
roulde  or  Turoldus,  a  Norman  trouvere  (llth 
century  ?).  It  was  first  published  as  a  whole  by  M.  F. 
Michel m  1837.  TheOsford MS. givesitsearliestform.  The 
text  of  this  MS.  is  probably  that  of  the  end  of  the  llth 
century ;  the  date  of  the  MS.  probably  the  middle  of  the 
12th.  It  contains  about  4, (WO  lines,  and  is  the  story  of  the 
death  of  Roland  with  the  peers  of  Charlemagne  at  Ronce- 
vaux or  Roncesvalles,  and  Charlemagne's  vengeance. 

Chant  du  Depart  (shondii  da-par').  [F.,  'song 
of  departure.']  A  popular  French  military  song 
by  Marie  Joseph  Chenier. 

Chantabon  (shan-ta-bun').  A  city  in  Siam, 
situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Siam  150  miles  south- 
east of  Bangkok.  Population  (estimated),  30,- 
000. 

Chantal  (shon-tal'),  Jeanne  Frangoise  Fr^ 
miot,  Baronne  de.  Bom  at  Dijon,  France,  Jan. 
23, 1572:  died  at  Moulins,  France,  Dec.  13,  1(>4I. 
A  French  devotee,  fouuder  of  the  Order  of  the 
Visitation  at  Annecy  in  1610. 

Chanticleer  (chan'ti-klsr).  [Also  accom.  chant- 
it-clear  (B.  Jonson),  ME.  chanteclere,  chaunte- 
cleer,  OF.  Chantecler,  the  name  of  the  cock  in 
the  epic  of  Renart  (Reynard  the  Fox) ;  from 
chanter,  sing,  and  cler,  clear:  so  called  from  the 
clearness  or  loudness  of  his  voice  in  crowing.] 
1.  The  cock  in"Reinecke  Fuchs."  — 2.  .The 
cock  who  is  the  hero  of  the  Nun's  Priest's  Talo 
in  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales." 

Chantilly  (shon-te-ye').  g\  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  23  miles  north-northeast 
of  Pans.  It  has  noted  lace  manufactures,  is  the  place 
of  the  races  of  the  French  Jockey  Club,  and  contains  a 
Renaissance  castle,  formerly  the  property  of  the  family 
Montmorency,  later  of  the  family  Conde,  of  the  Due  d'Au- 
male,  and  now  (by  gift  of  the  Due  d'Aumale)  of  the  F'rench 
Institute.  It  was  rebuilt  by  a  Montmorency  in  the  16th 
century,  and  transformed  into  a  magnificent  palace  by  the 
Great  Conde  in  the  17th.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,23L 

Chantilly  (shan- til' i).  A  village  in  Fairfax 
County.  VirgLnia,  20  miles  west  of  Washington. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle.  Sept.  1, 1862,  between  the  Con- 
federates under  Jackson,  and  a  part  of  Pope's  army  under 
Reno,  Stevens,  and  Keamy  (the  two  latter  were  killed). 
Loss  of  the  Federals,  1,300 ;  of  the  Confederates,  SOO. 

Chantry  (chan'tri).  Sir  Francis  Legatt.  Bom 
near  Norton,  Derbyshire.  April  7,  1781:  died 
Nov.  25,  1842.  A  noted  English  sculptor  and 
portrait-painter.  He  is  known  chiefly  for  his  portrait 
sculpture,  his  sitters  including  many  of  the  most  distin- 
guished men  of  his  time.  The  greater  part  of  his  property 
was  left  to  the  Royal  Academy  to  make  provision  for  its 
president  and  to  establish  a  fund  for  the  purchase  of  the 
most  valuable  work  in  sculpture  and  painting  executed  in 
Great  Britain  by  artists  of  any  nation. 

Chanzy  (shon-ze'),  Antoine  Eugene  Alfred. 
Born  at  Nouart,  Ardennes.  France,  March  18, 
1823:  died  at  Chalons-sur-Mame,  France,  Jan. 
4,  1883.  A  French  general.  He  became  comman- 
der of  division  in  Oct.,  1870,  and  of  the  2d  Army  of  the 
Loire  in  Dec,  1870;  was  distinguished  in  the  battles  near 
Orleans,  Dec,  1870  ;  was  defeated  at  Le  Mans,  Jan.  10-12, 
1871 ;  and  became  governor-general  of  -Algeria  in  1873. 

Chaos  (shii'os)  or  Bird  Islands  (berdi'landz). 

A  group  of  small  islands  in  Algoa  Bay,  Cape 

Colony,  South  Africa. 
Cbapala  (cha-pa'la).     A  lake  situated  chiefly 

iu  the  state  of  Jalisco,  Mexico,  in  lat.  20°  30' 

N.,  long,  about  102°-103°  W.     Area,  over  1,300 

square  miles. 

Chapeau  de  Faille  (sha-p6'  de  pay')-  [F-, 
'  straw  hat.']  A  noted  painting  by  Rubens,  in 
the  National  Gallery,  London,  it  is  a  half-lengtli 
portrait  of  a  yotmg  girl*  robed  in  black  velvet  and  crini- 


Chapeau  de  Faille 

«on  and  wearing  a  bioail-briinmed  plumed  hat  which 
shailes  the  face  completely,  yet  without  ubseuiiug  its 
brilliant  color.  ,,      -  t^  ^   -n,     • 

Ohapelain  (sUap-lau'),  Jean.  Born  at  Pans, 
Dec.  4,  1595:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1C74.  A 
French  poet  and  litterateur,  one  of  the  first 
members  of  the  French  Academy,  and  influen- 
tial in  determining  the  character  of  its  labors: 
author  of  "La  Pueelle"  (1656J. 

Chapel  Hill  (chap'el  hil).     A  ton-n  in  Orange 


235 

States  the  castle  was  stormed  by  General  Pillow,  .Sept. 
13, 1847.     The  emperor  Maximilian  made  Chapultepec  Ills 

Srincipal  piUace,  and  it  is  now  occupied  as  a  summer  resi- 
ence  of  the  president,  portions  being  still  reserved  for 
the  military  school  and  observatory.  The  hill  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  beautiful  park,  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Mexicans. 
Chara  (ka'rii).  [L.]  Properly,  the  name  of  the 
southern  of  the  two  dogs  in  the  constellation 
of  Canes  Venatici,  but  also  used  as  the  name 
of  the  fourth-magnitude  star  S  Canum. 


County,  North  Carolina,  25  miles  west-north-  Charaes  (chii-rii' es),  or  Xaraes,  or  Jaraes 


(Hii-rii'es).  [From  the  name  of  an  Lidiau  tribe 
possibly  the  modern  Guatos(wliieh  see).]  The 
name  given  in  maps  of  the  Kith  and  17th  cen- 
turies to  a  great  lake  near  the  center  of  South 
America,  represented  as  the  source  of  the  Para- 
guay. The  Upper  Paraguay  is  bordered  by  vast  plains 
which  ai'e  tlooded  every  year,  and  are  still  known  as  the 
Charaes  marshes  or  Hood-plains.  Probably  the  story  of  the 
lake  originated  with  them,  but  some  suppose  that  it  re- 
ferred to  one  of  the  small  lakes  which  communicate  with 
the  Paraguay  on  t  he  western  side,  bet  ween  lat.!?"  and  19° 30. 
The  Charaes  marshes  cover  S0,U0(J  square  miles,  and  are 
now  uninhabited. 


'■  The  Conspiracy  and  Tragedy  of  Charles,  Duke  of  Byron  ' 
(1608),  "May  Day-  (1611),  "The  Widow's  Tears"  (1012), 
'•Cffisar  and  Pompev '    (1(331),   "Alphonsus,  Emperor  of 


west  of  Raleigh.   It  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
of  Nortli  Caroiina  (founded  1789).     Population 
C1900),  l,i«i!l. 
Chaplin  (chap'lin).  Charles.     Born  at  Les  An- 
uelys,  Eure,  France,  June  S,  1825:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  30,  1S91.    A  painter  and  engraver,  of  Eng- 
lish parentage,  naturalized  in  France.    Hewas  a 
pupil  of  Drolling     He  obtained  a  medal  of  the  second 
class  in  1852,  and  a  medal  in  1865. 
Chaplin,  Jeremiah.     Born  at  Kowley,  Mass., 
Jan  2,  1776 :  died  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  May  7, 
1841.    An  American   Baptist   clergyman   and 
educator,  first  president  of  Waterville  College  CharaloiS  (cha-ra-lwii').     In  Massiugor  and 
(Maine)    1821-33.  Field's  "Fatal  Dowry,"  a  character  of  dignity 

Chapman    ("chap"' man),   George.     Born   near    and  noble  daring. 

Hitehin,  Hertfordshire,   about   1559:   died   at  Charasiab  (chii-rii-se-iib').    A  place  in  Afghan- 
Loudon,  in  theparishof  St.  Giles-iu-the-Fields,     istaii,  10-12  miles  south  of  Kabul.     Here,  Oct. 
May  12,  1634.     An  English  poet  and  dramatist,     6,  1879,  the  British  under  General  Baker  de- 
ehicfiy  celebrated  for  his  translation  of  Homer,     feated  the  Afghans. 
Be  is  said  to  have  studied  at  Oxford  and  afterward  at  Charbar.     See  Chubar. 

Cambridge  He  lived  in  straitened  circumstances  but  QJiarcaS  (chtir'kas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  south- 
was  intimate  with  Jonson,  iletcher,  and  other  great  men  ^""■^Y,  ,.^  .  .  .  ,,  ,,  r-  11  1  if 
Of  the  time  Among  his  dramatic  works  are  "The  Blind  em  Bolivia,  principally  m  the  highlands  of 
•Beggar  of  Alexandria"  (printed  In  1698),  "All  Fools"  Chuquisaca.  They  are  a  branch  of  the  AyraarA  or 
(produced  in  lo98,  printed  in  1605),  "Eastward  Ho  CoUa  stock,  and  like  other  tribes  of  the  family  are  now 
with  Jonson  and  Marston  (printed  1605),  "The  Gentleman  partially  civilized  and  Christianized. 
Usher'  (1606),  "  Monsieur  d  Ohve "  (1606),  "  Bussy  d  Am-  CharcaS  (char'kiis).  A  portion  of  the  old  vice- 
bolB"  (1607),  "The  Keveuge  of_ Bussy  d'AmboisJ'jlGis).     ,.(,yalty  of  Peru,  nearly  coiTesponding  to  the 

modern  Boli'via.  It  was  formed  into  an  audiencia  in 
1559,  with  four  auditors  or  judges,  who  resided  at  Chu- 
quisaca and  were  responsible  to  the  viceroy  at  Lima. 
Tlie  desert  of  Atacama,  with  its  ports,  was  included  in 
Charcas,  and  it  extended  eastward  to  Paraguay  and  south- 
ward to  Tucuman.  In  1776  it  was  annexed  as  a  province 
to  tlie  new  viceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Charcas  was 
also  called  Upper  Peru. 

Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  29,  1825:  died  Aug.  16,  1893.  A 
noted  French  physician.  He  was  particulai-ly  noted 
for  his  treatment  of  nervous  and  mental  diseases  and  for 
his  experiments  in  hypnotism  and  mental  suggestion  at 
tlie  Salpetriere,  where  he  founded  a  clinic  for  nervous 
diseases  in  1880.  He  published  a  number  of  works  on  the 
diseases  of  old  age,  insanity,  hysteria,  etc. 

Ghardin,  Jean  Baptiste  Simeon.     Born  at 

Paris,  Nuv.  2,  1699:  dird  there.  Dee.  6,  1779. 
A  French  painter,  famous  for  his  work  in  still 
life.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Aeadem)'  in  1728. 
Charente  (shil-ronf).  1.  A  river  in  western 
France  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  14 
miles  south  of  La  Rochelle.  Length,  over  200 
miles. —  2.  A  department  of  western  France, 
lying  between  Deux-S6vres  and  Vienue  on  the 
north,  flaute-Vienne  on  llic  east,  Dordogne  on 
the  east  and  south,  and  Charonte-lnfericure 
on  the  south  and  west.  It  is  formed  chiefly  from 
the  ancient  Angoumois.  It  exjiorts  brandy  (cognac),  etc. 
Capital,  Angoukhne.  Area,  2,294  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1801),  :)i»,2.'ili. 

Charente-Inf^rieure  (shii-rout'  aii-fa-ro-er'). 
A  depart riii-iit  in  western  France,  lying  be- 
tween VendOe  and  Deu.\-S6vres  on  tlie  north, 
Charente  and  Dordogne  on  the  east,  Gironde 
on  the  south,  and  the  river  Gironde  and  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  It  is  nearly  idenlical  with 
the* ancient  Sai'ntongu  and  Aunis.  Capital,  l.a  Kocllelle. 
Area,  2,63^  square  miles.     Population  (189l),  -156,202. 

Charenton-le-Pont  (shii-roii-tou'le-poh').     A 

towu  in  the  di'iiaitiueiit  of  Seine,  France,  sit- 
uated  on   the   Mnriie    IJ    miles    southeast   of 


Cffisar  and  Poiiipey '    (1631),   "Alphonsus,  Emper 
Germany  (published  in  1654,  after  his  death),  "The  Ball 
with  iShirley    (1639),    "Tragedy  of   Chabot,    Admiral  of 
France"  with  .Shirley  (1639).    He  completed  Marlowe's 
fragment  of  "Hero  and  Leander"  in  1698.    The  hrst  part 
of  his  translation  of  the  Iliad  was  published  in  1698;  the 
whole  was  not  issued  before  1609  (entered  on  the  "  Sta- 
tioners Register  "  in  1611)     The  transl.ition  of  the  Odys-  rju -_„->.    /oi,j,,.-ko">     .Tpan    MaTtitl 
sey  was  entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Register"  in  1614.   WnarCOt    (snai  ko  ),   dean   lYiarDin, 
Flnallj,  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  were  issued  together  with 
the  date  1616  on  Chapman's  portrait  prefixed.   About  1624 
he  issued  his  translation  oi  the  "Batrachomyomachia ' 
(•  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice"). 
Chapman,  John  Gadsby.    Bom  at  Alexandria , 
Va.,  in  1808:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July  (i, 
1890.   An  American  jiainter,  etcher,  and  wood- 
engraver.     He  was  elected  national  academi- 
cian in  1836,  and  lived  in  Kome  1848-90. 

Chappe  d'Auteroche  (shap  dot-rosh'),  Jean. 
Born  at  Mauriac,  Cantal,  France,  March  2, 
1722:  died  at  San  Ljjiear,  California,  Aug.  1, 
1709.  A  French  astronomer.  He  observed  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus  at  Tobolsk  in  1761  ("Voyage  en  siberie," 
1768),  and  went  to  Califoniia  in  1769  to  observe  another 
transit  ("Voyage  de  la  Californie, "  1772),  but  died  soon 
after  his  arrival 

Chaptal  (shap-tal'),  Jean  Antoine,  Comte  de 

Chanteloup     Born  at  Nogaret,  Loz6re,  France, 

June  5,  1756:   died  at  Paris,  July  30,  1832.     A 

noted   French  chemist  and  politician,  minis- 
ter of   the   interior  1800-04.     He  wrote  "Le  per- 

lectioniiement  des   arts  chimiques  en   France"   (1800), 

"Chimie  appliqu^e  au.\  arts  "  (1806),  etc. 
Chapter  Coffee  House.    A  London  colTee-house 

situated  at  the  corner  of  Chapter-house  Court, 

on  the  south  side  of  Paternoster  Row,  noted  in 

the  18th  century  as  the  resort  of  men  of  letters. 

It  was  famous  for  its  punch,  pamphlets,  and  good  supply 

Ot  newspapers.     It  was  closed  as  a  coffee-house  ill  18.S4, 

and  then  altered  to  a  tavern.     Tiinbit. 
Ohapu  (ehii-pii'  or  sliii-i)<)').    A  seaport  in  the 

province  of  Che-Kiang,  China,  situated  on  the 

estuary  of  the  Tsien-tang  55  miles  northwest 

ot  Ningpo:  the  port  of  llang-cliow 

Important  trade 

were  stormed  by 
Chapultepec     (chii-poi-te-pek')-       [Ntihuatl 


.     „  ,,  ,  Paris.     Populiiliou  (1891),  commune,  15,306. 

10  port  of  llang-cliow.    It  has  an  Chares(ka'rez).  [Gr.Xup«.]  Diedat  Sigeum(?), 

esTieclally  with  .laiian.     The  heights   y******^^  v  /    '-.,.^,         i        a        a.i        • 

the  British,  May  18, 1842.  in  Troas,  betore  324  B.  C.     An  Atlieiiian  gen- 

■  '■  ' '■  ernl,  pri)iiiiiient  ill  tlie  wars  t'roiii  367-338  n.  ('. 


'  hill  of  the  grasshoppers.']  A  rocky  eminence  Chares, 
about  3  miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Me.xieo. 
About  1245,  when  it  was  suiTOunded  by  swamps,  it  was 
occupied  by  the  Aztecs,  and  subsequently  an  aipicduct 
from  tlie  hill  furnished  water  to  Mexico.  It  Is  said  by 
some  historians  that  the  Azt«c  monarclis  had  a  summer 
residence  at  ('li.apuUcnec,  but  this  has  been  denied  by 
recent  investigatoia.  Like  all  places  strong  In  positiun 
and  111  natural  resources,  it  was  the  sUo  of  some  kind  of 
worship,  but  no  buildings  of  any  kind  were  erected  there 

firevlous  to  the  16th  ccntui-y.  At  the  fool  .if  the  hill  ]iiid 
n  the  park  there  are  srime  interesting  vestiges  of  rock- 
carvings,  whicli  (latefrom  the  tli-at  deceiininm  of  the  16th 
century.  Aliout  1785  the  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Ualvez,  began 
the  erection  of  a  palace  on  the  Chapultepec  hill.  This 
was  made  hi  the  form  of  a  fort  or  castle,  and  was.  In  fact, 
Intended  for  a  stronghold  as  well  as  a  summer  residence. 
The  building  remained  unfinished  until  after  the  revolu- 
tion. Under  the  republicTa  portion  was  used  for  a  mili- 
tary school,  and  the  National  Astronomical  Observatiiry 
was  erected  on  the  hill.    During  the  wiu-  with  the  United 


IJiirii  at  Liiidus,  Rlnidcs:  lived  about 
290-280  u.  c.  A  Rliodiaii  sculptur,  a  pupil  of 
Lysippus  (see  _/,//,«;)/)(«),  and  scnliitor  of  the 
Colossus  of  Rhodes :  the  foundei'  of  the  Rhodiim 
school.  The  Colossus  of  Rhodes  was  made  to  com- 
memorate tlio  suecessful  defcMse  of  that  place  against 
Dcmetilus  Pollorcetcs  In  304  it.  c.  It  required  12  years 
(or  its  completion,  and  cost  $.170,000.  It  was  iiroliably 
finished  before  -280  II.  c.  It  represented  the  Khodfan  sun- 
god,  Helios;  was  over  106  feet  high  ;  and  was  consid.-ied 
one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  olil  World.  It«  artl.«tlc 
qualities  are  unknown.  It  Is  said  to  have  been  made 
fnim  the  engines  of  war  which  Demetrius  was  obliged 
to  abandon. 

Charette  de  la  Contrie  (shli-rot'  d6  IB.  kfln- 
tre'),  Frangois  Athanase,    Born  at  CoutTe, 

Loire-Iiifericiire,  Friiiiee,  April  21,  1703:  died 
at  Nantes,  France,  March  29,  1796.  A  leader 
of  the  Vendean  insurgents  against  the  French 


Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances 

republic.  He  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  force  of 
insurgents  in  1793;  gained  a  number  of  victories  over  the 
republicans  1793-94 ;  signed  a  treaty  of  peace,  Feb.  15, 
1795,  which  he  soon  violated ;  suffered  a  decisive  defeat 
at  St.  Cyr,  March  25,  1796;  and,  being  taken  prisoner 
shortly  after,  was  executed  at  Kantes. 

Charford  (chiir'fqrd).  A  place  in  Hampshire, 
England,  on  the  Lower  Avon,  where  Cerdie  de- 
feated the  Britons  in  519:  identified  with  the 
ancient  Cerdiesford. 

Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade.  A  poem  by 
Tennyson,  written  in  the  meter  of  Drayton's 
"Battle  of  Agiucourt."  It  commemorates  the 
heroic  charge  at  Balaklava.    See  Lifili  t  Brigade. 

Chariclea  (kar-i-kle'jl).  The  heroine  of  Helio- 
doiiis's  novel  ".^ithiopica."  See  Tlieagenes  and 
Chariclea. 

Charing  Cross  (ehar'ing  kros).  A  cross  in 
memory  of  ti'ueen  Eleanor,  erected  by  Edward  I., 
IJ  miles  west-southwest  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 
It  was  demolished  by  the  Long  Parliament  in  1647,  and 
restored  by  the  South  Eastern  Railway  Company  in  1865. 
In  tniveling  northward  to  join  her  husband  in  Scotland, 
Eleanor  was  seized  with  a  fever  at  Hardeby.  near  Grantham 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  died  there  >'ov.  29, 1290.  Edward  I. 
followed  her  corpse  in  person  during  a  thirteen  days* 
progress  from  Grantham  "10  "Westminster  Abbey  ;  and 
wherever  the  royal  bier  rested,  at  the  end  of  each  stage, 
a  memorial  cross  was  erected.  Thirteen  of  these  monu- 
ments once  existed :  those  of  Northampton  and  "A'altham 
still  remain. 

Charioteer  or  Wagoner,  The.    See  Auriga. 

Charis  (ka '  ris).  [Gr.  Xap/f,  L.  Gratia,  E. 
c;c(H't'.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  personifica- 
tion of  grace  and  beauty:  also  regarded  as  a 
triad,  the  three  Charites.     See  Graces. 

In  the  Iliad  Charis  is  the  name  given  to  the  spouse  of 
Hephaestus  (383) :  in  the  Odyssey,  according  to  a  certain 
portion  of  it,  it  is  Aphrodite.  Moreover  charis  seems  in 
the  latter  poem  to  have  multiplied  into  Charites  (known 
also  to  the  Iliad,  267),  and  these  have  further  subsided 
into  handmaids  to  Aiihro.lite  (Od.  5(H  and  194).  It  would 
therefore  appear  that  Hepbaistus  in  the  Iliad  had  mar- 
ried one  who  was  the  handmaid  to  hisOdyssean  wife,  and 
the  Chorizontes  thought  the  relation  was  an  awkward 
one.  Geddes,  Problems  of  the  Homeric  Poems,  p.  54. 

Charisi  (cha-re'ze),  Judah  ben  Solomon.    A 

Jewish  poet  who  lived  in  the  13tli  century  in 
Spain.  Among  his  works  most  known  are  his  50  Maka- 
mat  under  the  title  of  "Tachkemoni "  ("Wisdom  Town  "X 
a  Hebrew  counterpart  to  the  Arabic  poems  of  Hariri. 

Charity  (shii-re-ta'),  La.  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre,  France,  situated  on  the 
Loire  15  miles  north-northwest  of  Nevers. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  5,443. 

Charites  (kar'i-tez).     See  Charis  and  Graces. 

Chariton  (char'i-ton).  A  river  in  southern 
Iowa  and  northern  Missouri,  which  joins  the 
Missouri  60  miles  northwest  of  Jefferson  City. 
Length,  about  200  luiles. 

Chariton  of  Aphrodisias  (kar'i-ton  ov  af-ro- 

dis'i-as).  [Gr.  X<v«ruj'.]  Probably  the  as- 
.sumed  name  of  the  Greek  authtu"  of  the  romance 
"Chajroas  and  Callirrhiic."  ( wliich  see).  Called 
Aplirodisiensis  (of  Aphrodisias). 

Charlatan  (shiir-lii-tou'),  Le.  A  novel  by  Bal- 
zac, written  in  1830. 

Charlemagne  (chiir'le-man;  F.  pron.  sharl- 
miiuy';,  or  Charles  the  Great.  [G.  A"<j/-/  der 
Grosse,  It.  Cuitu  Mhi/kh,  ML.  Caroliis  Magiiu.f.'\ 
Born  at  Liege  (Ingelheim,  Aachen  (f),  Salzburg 
(Bavaria)?), Api-il  2,  742  or  747 :  died  at  Aachen, 
Germany,  Jan.  28,  814.  A  great  king  of  the 
Franks  and  emperor  of  the  Romans.  He  was  the 
son  of  Pepin  the  Short,  king  of  the  Franks,  on  whose 
lieath  In  768  he  accedetl  to  the  throne  conjointly  with  a 
brother  Karlman.  He  usurped  the  entire  government  on 
the  ileath  of  the  latter  in  771.  In  772  he  began  a  war 
against  the  Saxons,  the  most  notable  events  of  which 
were  the  storming  of  Eiesburg,  the  destruction  of  the 
Irminsul,  the  May-tleld  at  Paderboni  (777),  ami  the  sul>- 
mlssion  of  the  Saxon  leader  Wittekind  (78,'>),  and  wliicli  re- 
sulted in  804  in  the  complete  subjiigallon  an.l  chiistian- 
Izatlon  of  Saxony.  In  773, at  the  inslaiue  of  the  I'.'pe,  lie 
made  war  ui>oii  Di'siderius,  king  of  the  Lombards,  who 
had  occupied  the  Pentjipolis  and  was  threatening  Rome. 
He  captured  the  Lombard  capital,  Pavia,  in  774,  ami  the 
same  year  incorporated  the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards 
with  that  of  the  Franks,  In  778  he  made  an  expedition  , 
against  the  Arabs  in  Spain,  which  terminiited  in  the  de- 
struction of  the  Fraiikish  rear-guard  under  Roland  at 
Roiicevaux.  He  subdued  Itavaria  In  788  ;  conquered  the 
Avars  791-796;  was  crowneil  cinneror  at  St.  Peter's.  Dec. 
25,  sm :  and  In  Sil8-8in  defeated  the  Itnncs,  wli..m  hi'  com- 
pelled to  retire  behind  the  Eider.  Mis  king.!. 'in,  for  the 
protection  of  which  he  erected  In  the  border  dislrietsthe 
so-called  marks  or  margravates,  extended  at  the  close  of 
his  reign  from  the  Ebro  to  the  Kaab,  and  from  the  Elder 
to  the  Uarlgliano.  He  resl.led  chiefly  at  Alx-la-Cliapellu, 
and  by  bis  patronage  of  letters  altiacte.l  to  his  court 
the  scholars  Eglnhanl.  Paul  \\  arneli  ie.l,  and  Alculn,  the 
last-mentl.tned  of  whom  wrote  an  account  of  his  life  en- 
tille.l  "  Vila  raroll  Magiil," 

Charlemagne.    A  tragedy  in  five  acts  by  Le- 

mircier,  first  played  at  the  Th<?iltre  Frniiyais, 
.Imic  27,  1816. 

Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances.  A  series 
of  medieval  romances  having  Cliarlemagno  or 


Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances 


236 


Charles  I.  or  VTI. 


some  one  of  his  twelve  peers  or  paladins  as  a     son  of  Louis  le  D^boniiaire:  as  king  of  France,     X\TII.  He  received  at  birth  the  name  of  Charles  Philippe 
center.    The  Prankish  heroic  ballads  were  reduced  to     reckoned  as  Charles  I.     Louis  died  in  840,  alter  di-     and  the  title  of  Comte  d'Artois.    He  joined  the  ruvalist 


writing  by  the  order  of  Charlemagne,  and  from  these  simi- 
lar ballads  were  written  about  himself  and  his  warriors. 
These  chansons  de  geste  were  arranged  as  cyclic  poems 
in  the  13th  century,  and  may  be  divided  into  three  groups  ; 
the  "Geste  of  the  King"  (Charlemagne),  tiie  "Geste  of 
Provence  or  of  Garin  de  Montglane,"  and  the  "  Geste  of 
Doon  or  Doolin  of  Mayence.'  These  are  all  composed  of 
many  parts,  but  may  be  described,  as  a  whole,  as  a  mythi- 
cal history  of  Charlemagne,  his  peers,  and  the  wai-s  they 
undertook.  The  names  and  number  of  the  peers  vary, 
but  Koland  and  Oliver  are  included  in  each  of  the  series. 
About  890  a  monk  of  St.  Gall  wrote  a  clu-onicle  called  "  De 
Gestis  Karoli  Magni,"'*  and  another  was  written  by  Bene- 


viding  his  empire  among  his  sons  Lothaire,  Louis,  and 
Charles,  the  last  of  whom  received  all  of  France  Ijing 
H  est  of  the  Khone.  Lothaire  having  claimed  the  preemi- 
nence, his  brothers  united  against  him,  defeated  him  at 
FontenayJune  25, 841,  and  compelled  him  to  accept  the 
treaty  of  Verdun,  concluded  in  Aug.,  S43.  In  S75,  on 
the  death  of  Louis  II.  of  Italy  without  issue,  Charles  in- 
vaded Italy,  and  after  defeating  the  army  of  his  brother 
Louis,  the  rightful  heir  of  Louis  II.,  was  crowned  emperor 
by  Pope  John  Vni.  at  Rome  Dec.  25,  875,  During  his 
reign  France  was  ravaged  by  the  Normans,  who  sacked 
Bordeaux,  Tours.  Rouen,  Orleans,  and  other  cities,  includ- 
ing some  quarters  of  Paris. 


diet,  a  monk  of  St.  Andre,  in  968.    "The  Pseudo-Chronicle  r!i,oTipc     TTT       <!iinnTnPfl    "Tho    Vet"    fV     7« 
of  Turpin  ■•  was  constructed  from  the  chansons :  it  was      "_„    ^    '^rV..  ".„,    ^___    oon      j.-^j    _i %;.  - 


written  in  Latin  by  various  hands  from  liKiO  to  1150,  and 
was  believed  to  be  a  genuine  history.  The  first  prose  ver- 
sion of  Carolingian  romance  was  the  "Keali  di  Francia  " 
(*■  Priuces  of  France  "),  written  in  Tuscan,  early  in  the  14th 
century.  The  first  printed  French  prose  version  of  the 
cycle  was  that  of  Bagnyon,  1478.  It  became  very  popular. 
The  chronicle  of  Turpin,  however,  was  reduced  to  prose 
early  in  the  13th  century.  Among  these  romances  are 
"Fierabras,"  "Garin  de  Montglane'  ("Guerin  de  Mont- 
glave"),  "Galien  leRhetore,"  'ililles  et  Amys'  ("Amiles 
et  Amys'"),  " Ogier  le  Danois."  "Doon  or  Doolin  of  May- 
ence," "Quatre  Filz  Aymou  "  ('Four  Sons  of  Aymon '). 
"  ilaugis  d' Aigremont,"  "Huon  of  Bordeaux,"  and  others 
of  widely  differing  dates. 

Charlemont  (sharl-mon').  A  fortress  on  the 
Belgian  frontier,  near  Givet, Ardennes,  France. 
See  aivet. 

Charlemont,  Viscount  and  Earl  of.  See 
r'iii{iici<i. 

Charleroi  (sbar-le-m-a').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Sam- 
bre  31  miles  south  of  Brussels.  It  is  the  center 
of  a  coal-  and  iron-mining  district,  and  has  manufactures 
of  iron,  glass,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  indus- 
trial tosvns  in  Belgium.  It  was  fortified  by  Vauban.  In 
1794  it  was  captured  by  the  French.  Population  (1893), 
22.062. 

Charles  (charlz)  I.  [L.  Carolus,  F.  Charles,  It. 
Carlo,  Sp.Pg.  Carlos.  G.  Earl.   SeeCarf.]   Bom 


Gros  6.  der  Dicke).  Born  839:  died  at  Nei 
dingeu,  Swabia,  Jan.  13,  888.  King  of  France 
and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  son  of  Louis  the 
German :  as  king  of  France,  reckoned  as  Charles 
n.  Louis  died  876,  after  dividing  his  kingdom  among 
his  sons  Carloraan.  Louis,  and  Charles.  His  brothers  dy- 
ing without  lawful  issue,  Charles  inherited  their  portions. 

He  was  crowned  emperor  in  SSI,  and  in  SS5  became  king  _      .  *        - 

or  regent  of  France,  whose  heir,  Charles  the  Simple,  was  a     Of  the    Holy  Eoman  Empire,   son   of  John   of 
minor.    In  Sept.,  SS6,  he  concluded  a  himiiliating  treaty     "'''        *^'  «-r^.        .         — 

with  the  Xorthmen  at  P.aris.  He  was  deposed  by  Arnulf 
of  Cariiithia  in  s87. 


emigration  of  1789.  In  1795,  baring  obtained  ships  aud 
men  from  England,  he  commanded  an  expedition  which 
was  to  land  on  the  coast  of  Brittany  and  join  the  Vendean 
chief  Charette,  but  which  resulted  in  failure  through  the 
cowardice  of  its  leader,  who  did  not  venture  to  attempt  a 
landing.  He  entered  Paris  with  the  Allies  in  April,  1814, 
and  Sept.  16,  1624,  succeeded  his  brother  Louis  XVIIL 
His  government,  whose  policy  was  dictated  by  the  eccle- 
siastical party,  became  extremely  unpopular.  After  the 
defeat  of  the  ministries  of  ^■illcIe'and  Martignac  the  king 
formed  an  extreme  royalist  ministiT  under  the  Prince 
de  Polignac,  Aug.  8,  1829.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies 
voted  in  ilarch,  1830,  an  address  hostile  to  the  ministers, 
who,  appealing  to  the  country,  were  defeated.  Besolving 
on  a  coup  d'etat,  the  king  and  ministry  issued,  July  2«, 
1830,  a  body  of  ordinances  which  restricted  the  freedom 
of  the  press,  established  a  new  mode  of  election,  and  de- 
clared the  recent  elections  illegal.  As  a  consequence  the 
so-called  July  revolution,  which  lasted  from  July  27-29, 
broke  out,  in  the  course  of  which  Charles  was  expelled 
from  the  throne. 

Charles  IV.    Bom  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  May  14, 
1310:  died  at  Prague,  Xov.  29,  1378.     Emperor 


Luxemburg,  king  of  Bohemia.  He  reigned 
1347-78.  and  published  the  Golden  BuU  (which 
see) in  1356, 


Charles  III.,  sumamed  "The  Simple"  (F.  le  rf^''^'"  ^^?'''  ^  .  r.,.     .  -c,     .        t,  .  „ 

Sinqjle,  or  le  Sot).     Born  Sept.  17,  879:  died  at  V,^arles  V.    Bom  at  Ghent,  Flanders,  Feb.  24, 
Peronne,  France,  Oct.  7. 929.   A  king  of  France,     ,  ""=  °^^'^  ^^  luste,  near  Plaeencia.  Estrema- 


son  of  Louis  "the  Stammerer."  He  was  crowned 
in  893  by  his  partizans  in  opposition  to  Eudes,  who  had 
been  elected  king  by  tlie  nobles  in  888  during  his  minority  ; 
and  on  the  death  of  the  latter  in  898  became  sole  king. 
In  911  he  ceded  Noimandy  to  Eollo. 
Charles  IV.,  sumamed  "The  Fair"  (F.  le 
Bel).  Born  1294:  died  at  Vincennes,  near 
Paris,  1328.  A  king  of  Prance,  youngest  son 
of  Philip  "the  Fair."  He  reigned  1322-28.  His  sister 
Isabella  was  married  to  Edwaid  II.  of  England,  with  whom 
he  was  at  war  concerning  the  homage  for  the  duchy  of 
Guienne.  Isabella  having  been  sent  to  France  to  nego- 
tiate the  question,  he  permitted  her  to  perfect  prepara- 
tions for  the  dethi'onement  of  Edward. 


tl?.:^^iT^'^'^:'^^''l]^^^''lZ\i\}T'.lf  Cliarles^V.,  sumamed    "The    Wise"   (F.     le 


at  London,  Jan.  30,  1649.  A  king  of  England, 
second  son  of  James  I.  He  became  prince  of 
Wales  in  1616,  and  in  1623,  accompanied  by  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham,  presented  in  person  an  inelfectual  suit  at 
the  court  of  Madrid  for  the  hand  of  the  infanta  Maria, 
He  acceded  to  the  tlirone  on  the  death  of  his  father  in 
1625,  aud  in  the  same  year  married  Henrietta  Maria  of 
France.  He  retained  in  office  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
his  father's  unpopular  minister,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  became  involved  in  adispute  with  Parliamentaraount-    -,,   -  __:_ 

ing  in  substance  to  a  question  of  sovereignty.  He  granted  UnErleS  VI,,  sui'na^ed 
the  Petition  of  Right,  June  7, 1628.  On  the' assassination 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  in  August  following,  he 
made  Laud  and  Wentworth  his  chief  advisers.  He  gov- 
erned without  Parliament  from  Hi.iO  to  1640,  meeting  the 
expenses  of  government  by  forced  loans,  poundage  and 
tonnage,  ship-money,  and  other  extraordinarj'  means  of 
revenue.  His  ecclesiastical  policy,  which  looked,  among 
other  things,  to  the  introduction  "of  the  Episcopal  liturgj- 
in  Scotland,  provoked  the  adoption  by  the  Scots  of  the 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  Feb.  28, 163S,  and  the  out- 
break of  a  civil  war,  which  terminated  without  a  battle 
in  the  Pacification  of  Dunse  or  Berwick,  June  IS,  1639. 
The  war  having  broken  out  anew  in  1640,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  summon  Parliament,  which  met  Kov.  3,  16iO. 
This  Parliament,  the  so-called  Long  Parliament,  impeached 
Laud  and  Wentworth  (who  had  been  created  Earl  of 
Strafford),  and  proceeded  to  the  redress  of  grievances. 
The  House  of  Commons  having  ordered  the  publication 
of  the  Grand  Remonstrance,  Dec.  14,  1641,  he  replied  by 


Sof/c).  Born  at  Vincennes,  near  Paris,  Jan.  21, 
1337 :  died  at  Vincennes,  Sept.  16,  13S0.  King 
of  France,  son  of  John  n.  He  reigned  l36t-80.  He 
was  lieutenant-general  or  regent  of  France,  1356-60,  dur- 
ing the  captivity  of  his  father  in  England.  During  his 
reign  France  recovered  nearly  all  the  territorj-  that  had 
been  conquered  by  Edward  III.,  except  Calais  and  Bor- 
deaux. He  was  a  patron  of  learning,  and  founded  the 
Royal  Libran^of  Paris. 

The  "Well-Beloved" 
{F.le  Bien-Aime).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  3,  1368: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  21,  1422.  King  of  France, 
son  of  Charles  V.  He  reigned  1380-1422.  Being  a 
minor  at  his  accession,  the  regency  was  conducted  by  his 
uncles  the  dukes  of  Anjou,  Buigundy,  and  Berry.  He  de- 
feated the  Flemings  under  Philip  van  .Artevelde  at  Rose- 

becque  Nov.  27, 1382.    In  13SS  he  assumed  the  govern-  Qharles  VI.     Born  Oct.  1, 1685:  died  at  Vienna, 
ment.     Becoming  deranged  m  1392,  a  dispute  forpo-ver       -  v.     «i-     L^^^^a. 

arose  between  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  and  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, the  king's  brother.  The  ascendancy  was  gained  by 
the  former,  who  died  1404.  His  son  Jean  procured  the 
murder  of  the  Duke  of  Orlt^ans (1407),  which  provoked  civil 
war,  the  so-called  war  of  the  Burgundians  and  .\rmagnacs. 


dura,  Spain,  Sept.  21, 1558.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Eoman  Empire.  He  was  the  son  of  Philip  of  Bur- 
gundy by  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and 
was  the  grandson  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  He  be- 
came king  of  Spain  (as  Charles  I.)  in  1516,  was  elected 
emperor  in  1519,  and  was  crowned  at  Aji-la-Chapelle  in 
1520.  He  attended  the  diet  at  Worms  1521,  defeated 
Francis  I.  at  Pavia  15-5.  concluded  (with  him)  the  peace 
of  Cambray  162J,  held  the  diet  at  Augsburg  153u,  conquered 
Tunis  1535.  made  a  fruitless  invasion  of  Provence  in  153fi- 
1537,  conducted  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Al- 
giers in  1541,  concluded  with  JYancis  I.  of  France  the 
peace  of  Crespy  in  VAi,  defeated  the  forces  of  the  Smal- 
kaldic  League  at  Muhlberg  in  1547,  was  attacked  by  Mau- 
rice  of  Saxony  1551.  and  forced  to  conclude  the  convention 
of  Passau  in  1552,  and  concluded  with  the  Protestants  the 
peace  of  Augsburg  in  1555.  He  abdicated  the  government 
of  the  Xethei  lands  (1555)  and  of  Spain  (1556)  in  favor  of 
his  son.  Philip  II.,  and  that  of  Germany  (1556)  in  favor  of 
his  brother,  Ferdinand  I.,  to  whom  at  the  beginning  of  his 
reign  he  had  relinquished  the  sole  sovereignty  over  the 
hereditary  Austrian  dominions,  and  who  had  inaugurated 
Hapsburg  rule  in  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  In  the  reign  of 
Charles  V.  the  Spaniards  conquered  Mexico  and  Peru. 
He  subsequently  lived  in  the  monastery  of  Yuste  in 
Spain.  The  portraits  of  this  emperor  are :  (a)  A  portrait 
by  Titian  (1548),  in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  (J) 
A  famous  portrait  by  Titian  (1533),  in  the  Eoyal  Museum 
at  Madrid,  (c)  An  equestrian  portrait  by  Titian,  in  the 
Eoyal  Museum  at  Madrid.  This  is  held  bv  many  to  be 
the  flnest  portrait  ever  painted,  (d)  .\  portrait  by  Titian, 
in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Madrid.  The  emperor  is  por- 
trayed in  his  privacy,  with  the  marks  of  Ulness  and  care 
on  his  face. 


impeaching  and  attempting  to  arrest  (Jan.  4, 1642)  Ave  of  Charles  VII.,  sumamed  "The  Victorious  "  (F. 


Oct.  20,  1740.  Emperoi  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire,  son  of  Leopold  I.  He  reigned  lTil-40.  He 
issued  his  pragmatic  sanction  (which  see)  in  1713,  and 
was  pretender  to  the  throne  of  Spain  (as  Charles  III. :  see 
Spanish  Succession,  War  o/)  1700-14. 

Henry  V.  of  England  invaded  the  country,  and  Oct.  25,   Charlp<!  VTI   (Karl   Alhrprhtl     Born  at  Rnis. 

I41.S,  defeated  the  French  at  Agincourt.    Supported  by  ^''e'^^^S  VXl.  ^Ji.ari  Aiprecni).    isorn  at  iSnis- 

Quecn  Isabella,  the  Burgundians  concluded  at  Troyes 
May  21. 1420,  a  treaty  with  Henry  V.,  according  to  which  he 
was  to  be  king  of  France  on  the  death  of  Charles. 


the  Parliamentary  leaders,  failing  in  which  he  left  Lou 
don.  Jan.  10,  1642.  He  raised  the  royal  standard  at  Xot- 
tingham.  Aug.  22, 1642 ;  suffered  a  decisive  defeat  at  the 
hands  of  the  Parliamentary  forces  under  Fairfax  at  Nase- 
by,  June  14,  1645  ;  delivered  himself  to  the  Scottish  army 
at  Newark,  May  5, 1646  ;  was  surrendered  to  Parliament, 
Jan.  30,  1647  ;  was  tried  for  treason,  Jan.  20-27, 1649,  and 
was  executed  at  Whitehall.  See  Stuart. 
Charles  II.  Bom  at  St.  James's  Palace,  Lon- 
don, May  29, 1630 :  died  at  St.  James's,  Feb.  6, 
1685.  A  king  of  England,  son  of  Charles  I. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Royalist  forces 
in  the  western  counties  of  England  in  the  civil  war,  and 


le  Victoriei(x).  Bora  at  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1403: 
died  at  Mehun-sur-YeTre.  near  Bourges,  France, 
July  22, 1461.     King  of  France,  son  of  Charles 


sels,  Aug.  6,  1697:  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  20, 
1745.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,son 
of  Maximilian  Emmanuel,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1726.  A  claimant  of  the 
Austrian  inheritance,  he  participated  in  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession,  which  broke  out  in  1740,  was  pro- 
claimed king  of  Bohemia  in  1741,  and  was  crowned  em- 
peror in  1742.    He  died  during  the  war. 


\  1.  He  reigned  1422-61.  At  his  accession  he  found  a  nuarloo  T  Rnm  Ar,T.il  of)  IR-IQ  TTIt,^  .^f  P„ 
rival  in  Henry  VI.  of  England,  who  claimed  the  throne  by  «-'ianeS  1.  JJora  April  -U,  l^dy.  King  of  «u- 
virtue  of  the  treaty  of  Troyes  (see  the  preceding  article),  mama,  son  or  the  Pnnce  ot  Hohenzollem.  He 
The  English  were  masters  of  the  country  north  of  the  was  elected  prince  of  Rumania  in  1866,  and 
Loire,  including  the  capital,  and  in  1428  invested  Orleans,     proclaimed  king  in  1881 

which  was  delivered  by  Joan  of  Arc  in  1429.    He  was  rft.««i««  t    i  ■ .  -.j;  o    „•'        o       y-a      7     tt- 

cowned  atKheims  in  1429,  and  entered  Paris  in  1437.    He  CharleS  I.,  king  of  Spain.      See  Charles  V.,  em- 

effected  a  reconciliation  between  the  Armagnac  and  Bur-     peror. 

gundian  factions,  and  regained  all  of  France  from  the   Cbailes   H,     Bom  Nov.  6,  1661:  died   Nov.  1 


English,  except  Calais. 


after  the  decisive  victorj-  of  the  Parliamentary  army  at  nharW  VTTT       Rrirn  at  ^■n^hn^^^^   Vranoo,   TimA 
Kaseby  left  England  March  2,  1&46,  living  during  his  esQe  Vft^Ti^S  ^  T^^A     fj'^^.^^^^^^^e, -trance,  June 

■■"    ■    -  -----     HewasproclaTmedking     30,  UiO :  died  at  Amboise,  April  /,  1498.    King 


chiefly  in  France  and  Holland.  , ^ 

at  Edinburgh  Feb.  5, 16i9 ;  arrived  in  the  firth  of  Cr<> 
marty  June  16,  1650 ;  was  crowned  at  Scone  Jan.  1, 1651 ; 
was  totally  defeated  by  Cromwell  at  Worcester  Sept.  3, 
1651 ;  and  escaped,  after  numerous  adventures,  to  Fecamp, 
Uoi-mandy,  Oct  16,  1651.  Owing  to  the  influence  of  Gen- 
eral Monk,  he  was  proclaimed  king  at  Westminster  May 
8, 1660 :  entered  London  May  29, 1660 ;  and  was  crowned 
April  23, 1661.  He  married  Catherine  of  Braganza  May 
20, 1662.  He  assented  at  his  restoration  to  the  abolition 
of  the  feudal  rights  of  knight  senioe.  wardship,  and  pur- 
veyance, in  consideration  of  a  yearly  income  to  the  crown 
of  £1,200.000.  and  to  an  act  of  indemnity  for  all  political 
offenses  committed  between  Jan.  1,  1637,  and  June  24, 
1660,  from  the  operation  of  which  act,  however,  the  regi- 
cides were  excluded. 

Charles  I.,  sumamed  "The  Great."  See  Cliarle- 
magne. 

Charles  (charlz;  F.  pron.  sharl)  II.,  sumamed 
"The  Bald"  (F.  UChauve,G.derKahle).   Bora 


of  France,  son  of  Louis  XI.  He  reigned  1483-98. 
He  invaded  Italy  in  1494  with  a  view  to  conquering  Na- 
ples, which  he  entered  1495.  Ferdinand  of  Aragon, 
Maximilian,  and  the  Italian  powers  having  united  against 
him,  he  left  the  Duke  of  Montpensier  with  a  strong  force 
in  Naples  and  returned  to  France  with  the  remainder  of 
his  armv.  defeating  on  the  way  the  numerically  superior 
allies  at  Fomuovo,  July  6,  1495.  The  French  were  soon 
after  expelled  from  Naples  by  the  Spaniards. 
Charles  IX.  Born  at  St  ' 
near  Paris,  June  27,  1550:  died  at  VineenneS; 
near  Paris,  May  30,  1574.  King  of  France,  the 
second  son  of  Henry  11.  He  reigned  1560-74.  Being 
a  minor  at  his  accession,  he  was  placed  under  the  regency 
of  his  mother,  Catharine  de"  Medici.  He  was  declared 
of  age  in  1563.  but  the  policy  of  the  government  contin- 
ued to  be  dictated  by  his  mother,  under  whose  influence 
he  consented  to  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug.  24, 
15' 


1(00.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  IV.  He 
reigned  lt>66-1700.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Hapsburg  line 
in  Spain,  and  his  death  was  the  signal  for  the  outbreak  of 
the  so-called  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  See  Spatviih 
Succession,  War  o/. 

Charles  III.  Bom  Jan.  20,  1716:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Dee.  14, 1788.  King  of  Spain,  second  son  of 
Philip  Y,  He  was  king  of  the  Two  SicUies  1735-59,  and 
king  of  Spain  1759-88.  He  sided  with  France  in  the 
Seven  Years"  War  and  in  the  American  war  of  indepen- 
dence. In  1767  he  expelled  the  Jesuits  from  Spain  and 
all  its  dependencies. 


at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  June  13,  823:  died  Charles  X.  Bora  at  Versailles,  France,  Oct.  9, 
near  Mont  Ceuis,  Alps,  Oct.  6,  877.  King  of  1757 :  died  at  Gorz.  Austria,  Nov.  6, 1836.  King 
France  and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  yoimger     of  France  1824-30,  younger  brother  of  Louis 


.^T^f^'^rli^^l-I^  Charles  IV.  Bom  at  Naples,  Nov.  12,  1748: 
died  in  Italy,  Jan.  19, 1819.  King  of  Spain,  son 
of  Charles  III.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1788. 
He  was  completely  under  the  influence  of  his  wife,  Maria 
Louisa  Theresa  of  Parma,  who  in  1792  elevated  her  favor- 
ite Godoy  to  the  post  of  prime  minister.  A  revolution 
having  been  provoked  bj  the  incompetence  of  the  minis- 
ter. Napoleon  embraced  the  opportunity  to  expel  iu  1808 
the  house  of  Bourbon  from  Spain. 

Charles  I.  or  VII.  (Swerkerson).    Died  1167 

(1168?).  King  of  Sweden.  He  succeeded  his  father, 
Swerkerl..  askingof  Gothland  in  1155,  and  in  1161  assumed 
the  government  of  Sweden  also.    l"he  primacy  of  Ipsala 


Charles  I.  or  VII. 

)na  established  in  his  reigu  (1104).  Although  the  first 
hiatoriciil  Swedish  king  of  the  name  of  Charles,  he  is  com- 
monly styled  the  seventh,  in  accordance  with  the  Swedish 
t  chronicler  Johan  Magnus,  who  inserts  six  mythical  Idogs 
of  that  name  before  him. 

Charles  VIII.  (Knutsson).    Bom  1409:  died 

1470.  King  ol:  Sweden,  elected  in  1448.  He  was 
occupied  in  almost  continuous  warfare  against  the  Danes, 
by  whom  he  was  twice  expelled  from  the  government. 
Charles  IX.  Born  Oct.  4,  1550:  died  at  Nyko- 
ping,  Sweden,  Oct.  30,  1611.  King  of  Sweden, 
fourth  son  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  He  reigned 
1604-11. 

Charles  X.  Gustavus.    Bom  at  Nj-kOping, 
Sweden,  Nov.  8,  lij'2'2:    died  at   Gothenburg, 
I    Sweden,  Feb.  13,   1660.     King  of  Sweden,  a 
1    cousin  of  Queen  Christina.     He  reigned  i(i54-60; 
'     defeated  the  Poles  near  Warsaw  in  1(350 ;  invaded  i)en- 
'     mark  in  ItioS ;  and  unsuccessfully  besieged  Copenhagen 
iWiS-6a. 
Charles   XI.      Born   Nov.   24,   1655:    died   at 
Stockholm,  April  5,  1697.    King  of  Sweden,  son 
of  Charles  X.:  reigned  1660-97. 
Charles  XII.     Born   at  Stockholm,  June   27, 
1(582:   killed  at  Prederikshald,  Norway,  Dee. 
11,  1718.     A  celebrated  king  of  Sweden,  son  of 
Charles  XL     He  reigned  1697-1718;  invaded  Denmark 
ID  170C ;  defeated  the  Russians  at  Narva,  Nov.  30, 1700 ;  de- 
feated the  Saxons  and  Poles  1701-00;  was  defeated  by 
Peter  the  Great  at  Pultowa,  July  «.  1701) ;  escaped  into 
Turkey.  1709  ;  and  returned  to  Sweden  in  1714. 
Charles  XIII.     Bora  Oct.  7,  1748 :  died  Feb.  5, 
1818.     King  of  Sweden  (1809-18)  and  Norway, 
second  son  of  Adolphus  Frederick.    He  took  part 
fn  the  revolution  of  1772  ;  was  regent  1792-96 ;  and  became 
king  of  Norway  in  1814. 

Charles  XIV.  John  (originally  Jean  Baptists 

Jules  Bernadotte).  Born  at  Pan,  France, 
Jan.  26,  1764 :  died  at  Stockholm,  March  8, 1844. 
King  of  Sweden  and  Norway  1818-44.  He  was  a 
French  general  1794-1809  ;  was  French  minister  of  war  in 
1799,  became  a  marshal  of  France  in  ISO!  ;  served  with 
distinction  at  Austerlitz  in  1»05  ;  was  elected  crown 
prince  of  Sweden  in  ISIO  ;  and  connnanded  the  "  ai-my  of 
the  North  "  against  Napoleon  in  1813. 

Charles  XV.  Born  at  Stockholm,  May  3, 1826 : 
died  at  Malmo,  Sweden,  Sept.  18,  1872.  King 
of  Sweden  and  Norway,  son  of  Oscar  I.  He 
reigned  1859-72. 

Charles  I.  Frederick  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  March  6,  1823:  died 
Oct.  6,  1891.  King  of  Wiirtemberg.  He  succeeded 
bis  father  (William  I.)  in  1864.  He  sided  with  Austria  in 
1866,  and  with  Prussia  1870-71.  He  joined  the  new  (Jer- 
uKin  Empire  in  1871. 

Charles  I.  (of  Anjou).  Born  1220 :  died  at  Fog- 
gia,  Italy,  1285.  King  of  Naples  and  Sicily, 
brother  of  Louis  IX.  of  France.  At  the  invitation 
of  the  Pope  he  attacked  Manfred,  king  of  Naples,  who  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  the  battle  of  Beneveuto,  Feb.  26, 
1266,  and  ascended  his  throne.  He  defeated  and  captured 
CD  Lago  di  Celano,  between  Scurcola  and  Tagliacozzo,  Aug. 
23,  1268,  Conradin,  who  claimed  Naples  as  the  son  and 
heh  of  Conrad  IV.  His  tyraimy  and  extortion  provoked 
a  rebellion  in  Sicily  (see  Sicilian  Vespers)  in  1282,  which 
cost  him  that  island, 

Charles  III.  (of  Durazzo).  Born  1345:  died 
at  Buda,  Hiuigary,  1386.  A  king  of  Naples. 
Instigated  by  Pope  Urban  VI ,  he  attacked  Joanna  I., 
queen  of  Naples,  whom  he  put  to  death,  and  whose  throne 
he  ascended  1382.  He  was  chosen  king  of  Hungary  1385. 
and  was  killed  at  Buda  in  the  following  year. 

Charles  II.,  surnamed  "  The  Bad"  (F.  k:  Mau- 
vais).  Born  1332:  died  1387.  King  of  Navarre 
1349-87. 

Charles,  Archduke  of  Austria.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Sept.  5,  1771 :  died  April  30,  1847.  Au 
Austrian  general,  third  son  of  the  German  em- 
peror Leopold  IL  He  was  distinguished  as  cora- 
manderof  the  Khine  armies,  1796  and  1799;  defeated  Mas- 
»6na  at  Caldiero  in  1805 ;  defeated  Napoletni  at  Aspern, 
May,  1809  .  and  was  defeated  by  him  at  VVagram,  July  f>-6, 
1SU9 

Charles,  G.  Karl  Theodor  Maximilian  Au- 

?USt,  Prince  of  Bavaria.  Born  at  Munich, 
uly  7,  1795:  tiled  near  Tegernseo,  Bavaria, 
Aug.  16, 1875.  A  Bavarian  general,  son  of  King 
Maximilian  I.  He  was  commander  of  the  Ba- 
varian contingent  in  1866. 
Charles, surnamed  "The Bold "(F.^cTrm^airc). 
Born  at  Di.jon,  Franco,  Nov.  10,  1433:  killed  at 
Nancy,  Franco,  Jan.  5,  1477.  Duko  of  Bur- 
gundy 1467-77,  son  of  Philip  tho  Good.  He  was 
called  at  first  Comte  de  Charolais.  He  conquered  Lor- 
raine in  147f» ;  and  was  defeated  by  the  Swiss  at  (Jrandson 
March  3,  and  at  iMorat  June  22, 1476,  and  at  Nancy  J  an.  f», 
1477 

Charles  V.,  Leopold.  Born  at  Vienna,  April 
5,  1643:  died  at  Vols,  Austria,  April  18,  1690. 
An  Austrian  general,  titular  duke  of  Ijorraine. 
He  was  distinguished  at  the  relief  of  Vienmi  in  1683,  and 
defeated  the  Turks  at  Har3:^ny  (or  Moliiics)  in  1687. 

Charles,  Mrs.  Andrew  (Elizabeth  Rundle). 

Born  about  1826:  died  Mnivli  29, 1H96.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  general  writer.  Her  works  include 
"Chruuiclesof  theSchonberg-CottaFan)ily"(1863),  "  Diary 


237 

of  Mrs.  Kittv  Trevvlvan  "  (1864),  "  Draytoiis  and  Dave- 
nants"  (1866),  "Winifred  Bertram"  (1866),  "Against  the 
Stream  "  (1873),  "Lapsed  but  not  Lost  "  (1881),  etc. 

Charles.  A  wrestler  in  Shakspere's  "As  you 
Like  it." 

Charles.  A  river  in  Worcester,  Middlesex,  and 
Norfolk  counties,  Massachusetts,  which  flows 
into  Boston  Harbor  at  Boston  (separating  Cam- 
bridge).    Length,  about  75  miles. 

Charles  Albert.  Bom  Oct.,  1798:  died  at 
Oporto,  Portugal,  July  28,  1849.  King  of  Sar- 
dinia 1831^9.  He  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
movement  for  Italian  independence  in  1S48,  was  defeated 
by  the  Austrians  at  Custozza  in  the  same  year,  and  abdi- 
cated after  his  decisive  defeat  at  Novara,  March  23, 1849. 

Charles  Augustus.  Bom  Sept.  3,  1757:  died 
at  Gradifz,  near  Torgau,  Prussia,  June  14, 
1828.  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 
He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  in  1775 ;  belonged  to  the 
confederacy  of  the  Rhine  1806-13  ;  and  was  created  grand 
duke  in  1815.  He  formed  the  friendship  of  Goethe  in  1775. 

Charles  de  Blois  (sbiirl  de  blwii),  or  de  Cha- 
tillon  (de  shii-te-yoii').  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Auray,  1364.  Duke  of  Brittany,  nephew  of 
Philip  VI.  of  France,  and  claimant  to  the 
duchy  of  Brittany. 

Charles    Edward    Louis    Philip    Casimir, 

siu'named  "  The  Young  Pretender."  Born  at 
Rome,  Dec.  31,  1720:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31, 
1788.  The  eldest  son  of  the  ChevaUer  de  St. 
George  (called  James  lU.  by  his  Jacobite  par- 
tizans)  and  Princess  Clementine,  daughter  of 
Prince  James  Sobieski.  He  sailed  for  Scotland 
July  13,  1745,  to  head  an  insurrection  for  the  recovery 
of  the  13ritish  crown  for  his  father,  and  landed  in  the 
Hebrides  Aug.  2.  The  Highlanders  flocked  to  his  stan- 
dard, and  he  marched  to  Edinburgh,  defeated  the  forces 
sent  against  him  at  Prestonpans,  captured  Carlisle,  and 
marched  upon  London  ;  but  after  reaching  Derby  he  was 
forced  to  retreat,  and  was  utterly  routed  at  Culloden, 
April  16,  1746. 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.  surnamed  "  The  Great." 
Born  at  Kivoli,  ItalyJ  Jan.  12,  1.562 :  died  at 
Savigliano,  Piedmont,  Jidy  26,  1630.  Duke  of 
Savoy  1.580-1630.     He  acquired  Saluzzoin  1601. 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.  (Charles  Emmanuel  III., 
Duke  of  Savoy).  Born  at  Turin,  April  27, 1701 : 
died  Feb.  19,  1773.  King  of  Sardinia  1730-73 : 
as  Duke  of  Savoy,  Charles  Emmanuel  III.  He 
defeated  the  Austrians  at  Guastalla,  1734. 

Charles  Emmanuel  II.  Born  May  24, 1751 : 
died  at  Rome,  Oct.  6,  1819.  King  of  Sardinia. 
He  ascended  the  throne  Oct.  16, 1796,  and  abdi- 
cated June  4,  1802. 

Charles  Grandison  (chiirlz  gran'di-son),  Sir. 
A  novel  by  Samuel  Richardson,  published  in 
1753.     See  Grandison,  Sir  Charles. 

Charles  Martel  (mar-tel')  ("The  Hammer"). 
Born  about  690 :  died  at  (Juierzy-sur-Oise, 
France,  Oct.  22,  741.  Duke  of  Austrasia,  son 
of  P6pin  d'Heristal.  He  became  mayor  of  the  pal- 
ace in  719,  and  defeated  the  Saracens  between  Poitiers  and 
Tours  in  732. 

Charles  Robert.  King  of  Hungary  from  about 
1309  till  1342.  He  belonged  to  the  house  of 
Anjou. 

Charles  City  Cross  Roads.  See  Fraijser's  Farm. 

Charleston  (chiirlz'ton).  A  seaport,  capital 
of  Charleston  County,  South  Carolina,  situated 
on  a  peninsula  between  the  Ashley  and  Cooper 
rivers,  in  hit.  32°  46'  N.,  long.  79°  56'  VV. 
It  has  a  large  harbor  (defended  l)y  Forts  Sumter,  Moul- 
trie, and  Castle  Pinckncy),  and  is  one  of  the  chief  com- 
mercial cities  of  the  South.  It  exports  cotton,  rice, 
phosphate,  naval  stores,  fertilizers,  etc.  It  was  founded 
in  1680.  A  British  attack  on  Sullivan's  Island  was  re- 
pulsed by  Moultrie  June  28, 1776.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
attackeil  in  1779.  and  was  besieged  by  niiiton  and  taken  in 
May,  1780.  Chai'leston  was  the  center  of  the  nullitlca- 
tion  movement  of  1832-;i3.  It  was  the  place  of  meeting  of 
the  Democratic  National  Convention  of  1860.  The  Seces- 
sion Ordinance  was  passed  here  Dec.  20, 1860,  and  the  bom- 
bardment of  Fort  Sumter,  April  12, 1861,  by  the  Confeder- 
ates began  the  Civil  War.  (See  Fort  Sumter.)  The  town 
was  evacuated  by  the  tlonfederates  Feb.  17,  1865.  It  was 
visited  by  an  eartlniuake  Aug.  31,1886.  Population  (1900), 
6r.,8n7. 

Charleston,  soinotimes  called  Kanawha  (ka- 

na'wii).  .  The  capita)  of  West  Virginia  and  of 
Kanawha  County,  situated  on  the  Great  Ka- 
nawlni  Wiver  44  miles  from  its  month.  It  has 
o.xtiMisive  salt-works  and  coal-mines.  Po))ula- 
tion  (lllll'.l),  11,11119. 
Charlestown  Ichiirlz'toun).  A  lormer  city, 
now  till'  Cliarlcsdnvn  district  of  Boston,  sepa- 
rnti'ii  I'riiin  Boston  by  the  Charles  River.  It 
contains  the  State  prison,  a  United  States  navy-yard,  and 
lUinki-r  Hill  inoniiment.  It  was  settled  In  1629,  was  bin  iii-d 
bv  tin-  Iliitisb  June  17,  177r,,  and  was  incorporated  wilb 
Bo<toii  ill  1H74. 

Charles  Town.  The  capital  of  Jefferson  Coun- 
ty, West  Virginia,  H  miles  southwest  of  Har- 
per's Ferry,  and  5.'1  miles  northwest  of  Wash- 
ington. John  Brown  was  executed  here  Dec. 
2,  18.59.     Population  (1900),  2,392. 


Charlottesville 

Charleville  (shiir-le-vel').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  department  of  Ardennes,  France, 
situated  on  the  Meuse  1  mile  north  of  M6- 
zieres,  and  practically  a  part  of  that  town. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  17,390. 

Charlevoix  (sh!lr-le-\^va'),  Pierre  FrauQois 

Xavier  de.  Born  at  Saint  t^uentin,  France, 
Oct.  29,  1682:  died  at  La  Flfeche,  France,  Feb. 
1, 1761.  A  French  Jesuit  missionary  and  his- 
torian. In  1720  he  visited  the  missions  of  Canada, 
where  he  traveled  extensively.  Descending  the  Missis- 
sippi in  1721,  he  went  from  Louisiana  to  Santo  Domingo, 
returning  to  France  in  Dec,  1722.  He  subsequently  trav- 
eled in  Italy.  His  "  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France  "  con- 
tains the  account  of  his  voyages  and  a  history  of  the  Cana- 
dian and  Louisiana  missions.  He  also  wrote  well-known 
historical  works  on  Santo  Domingo,  Paraguay,  and  Japan. 

Charlies  (chlir'liz).  A  nickname  given  to  the 
night-watchmen  of  London  about  1(}40,  from 
King  Charles  I.,  who  improved  the  police  system. 

Charlieu  (shiir-lye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire,  France,  41  miles  northwest  of 
Lyons.     Population  (1891),  commune,  5,247. 

Charlotte  (shiir'lot).  [F.  Charlotte,  It.  Carlotta, 
Sp.  Pg.  Carlota,  G.  Charlotte;  from  Charles.} 
1.  In  Fielding's  "Mock  Doctor,"  the  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Jasper,  who  pretends  to  be  dumb  to 
avoid  a  marriage  with  Dapper.  Her  prototii-jie 
in  Moliere's  "M^decin  Malgr^  Lui "  is  called 
Luciude. — 2.  In  Bickerstaffe's  "H\-pocrite,"  a 
lively,  giddy  girl  who  finally  maiTies  Darnley, 
though  she  has  been  promised  to  Cantwell 
the  Hypocrite.  In  Moliere's  "Tartufe,"  from 
which  the  play  is  taken,  she  is  called  Mari- 
anne.— 3.  The  domestic  and  simple  wife  of 
Albert,  and  the  object  of  the  affections  of  Wer- 
ther,  in  Goethe's  "  Sorrows  of  Werther."  She 
is  tho  portrait  of  a  person  named  Lotte  Buff, 
and  is  also  called  Lotte  in  the  novel. —  4.  In 
Cibbci-'s  comedy  "  The  Refusal,  or  The  La- 
dies' Philosophy,"  the  daughter  of  Sir  Gilbert 
Wrangle  and  sister  of  Sophronia,  courted  by 
Frankly,  with  whom  she  is  in  love. 

Charlotte  (Marie  Charlotte  Am61ie  Auguste 
Victoire  Clementine  Leopoldine*.  Born  at 
Laekon.nt-ar  Brussels,  June  7,  184U.  Empress 
of  Mexico.  She  is  the  only  daughter  of  Leopold  I. 
of  Belgium,  and  Louise,  princess  of  Orleans ;  and  married, 
July  27,  1857,  Maximilian,  archduke  of  Austria,  whom,  on 
his  acceptance  of  the  imperial  crown  (1864),  she  accom- 
panied to  Mexico.  She  was  sent  by  Maximilian  in  1866 
to  Napoleon  III.  and  Pius  LX.  to  secure  assistance  against 
the  republicans.  Failing  in  her  mission,  and  foreseeing 
the  fall  of  her  husband,  she  became  hopelessly  insane,  and 
has  been  conllned  since  1879  in  the  care  of  her  family  near 
Brussels. 

Charlotte.  The  capital  of  Mecklenburg  Coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  in  hit.  35°  12'  N.,  long.  80° 
52'  W.  The  "Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence" (which  seo)  was  passed  here, 
May,  1775.     Population  (1900).  18,091. 

Charlotte  Amalie  (shiir-lot'  a-mii'lye).  The 
seaport  of  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  in  the 
West  Indies.     Pn|inlaHon,   about  10,000. 

Charlotte,  Aunt.  A  pseudonym  of  Mary  Char- 
lotte Yon^e. 

Charlotte  Augusta,  Princess.  Bom  at  Carl- 
ton House,  London,  Jan.  7,  1796:  died  at 
Claremont,  Surrey,  England,  Nov.  5,  1817. 
Only  daughter  of  (ieorgo  IV.  and  Caroline  of 
BrunswicK,  wife  of  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe- 
Cobui'g  (later  King  of  the  Belgians^,  whom 
she  married  May  2,  1816. 

Charlotte  Elizabeth.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
('Iiarlotte  Elizabeth  (Brown  Phelaii)  Tonna. 

Charlotte  Sophia.  Born  1744 :  died  at  Kew, 
Nov.  17,  1818.  Youngest  daughter  of  Charles 
Lewis,  brother  of  Freilcric,  duke  of  Mecklcn- 
bnrg-Strcl  it  z,  and  wife  of  (ieorge  HI.  of  England. 

Charlottenburg  (shiir-lof  ten-born).  [Named 
from  Sophia  Cliarlotte,  wife  of  Frederick  I.] 
A  city  in  tho  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Spree  3  miles  west  of  Berlin. 
It  is  a  municipality,  but  is  practically  a  part  of  Berlin. 
It  contains  ii  royal  palace,  tile  inausoleiim  uf  the  recent 
Ilolien/olli-rns,  a  technical  high  school,  and  a  royal  porce- 
lain factory.  The  royal  palace  is  an  extensive  group  of 
buildings  built  in  1«!I9  and  later.  The  lotal  frontiigo 
reaches  l,6f>0  feet.  The  centnil  part  Is  sunnounted  hy 
nil  impressive  dome,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  in  tho 
Louis  XV.  style.  Tlic  ajiartments  of  Queen  Ixiuise  are  iu 
the  Louis  ,\\'I.  style.  Connected  with  (be  ]ialace  is  tho 
mausoleum,  with  boric  interior,  in  which  are  buried  Fred- 
erick Williiini  111.  and  t)iucii  l.ouise.  and  the  emperor 
W'illiam  I.  and  empre.is  Augusta.  Tlie  altiu'-toinhsof  the 
lll-st  two,  with  recumbent  llgiires  by  Ranch,  are  justly  ad- 
mired. The  city  is  on  the  siteof  the  earlier  i.iet2ow.  Pop- 
iilalioii   iMtiHi).  lS!i,2'.Hl. 

Charlottesville  (shSr'lots-vil).  A  city  in  Al- 
lieinarle  County,  Virginia,  (>5  miles  nortliwest 
of  Wichmond:  tlie  seat  of  the  University  of 
Virginia.  (See  l'iriiima,l'Hivcrsity  of.)  Popu- 
lation ( 1900),  6,449.' 


238 

France  (ML.  Cartiisia),  near  the  seat  of  the  orig. 
monastery  of  the  order,  called  distinctively  La 
Grande  Chartreuse.']  A  Carthusian  monastery 
(later  a  hospital,  and  a  school  for  boys)  in  Lon- 
don, fotmded  in  1371  by  Sir  Walter  Manny  and 
the  Bishop  of  Xorthburgh.    At  the  dissolution  the 


Charlottetovm 

Oharlottetown  (shar'lot-toun).  A  seaport 
and  the  capital  of  Prince  Edward  Island. 
Canada,  in  lat.  4t)=  14'  N.,  long.  63°  7'  W. 
Population  (I'Mlj,  12,US0. 

Charmian  (chiir'mi-an).  Cleopatra's  favorite 
waiting-woman  in  Shakspere's  "Antony  and 
Cleopatra."  She  kills  herself  after  Cleopatra's 
death. 

Charmides  (kar'mi-dez).  [Gr.  Xa/j/iidw.]  A 
dialogue  of  Plato,  the  naiTation  by  Socrates 
of  a  conversation  on  the  subject  of  temper- 
ance (moderation  or  practical  "wisdom)  be- 
tween himself,  Charmides  (a  beautiful  youth 
renowned  for  his  moderation),  Critias,  and 
Cheerephon   which  took  place  in  Athens  at  the     ^^^^  ^^  ^_^^^.,^  ^_^^^_.^^^ 

Palaestra  of  Taureas    near  tije  P«rclj^  of  the  charter  Oak,  The.  A  tree  celebrated  in  Amer- 
Kiug  Arehon,  immethately  after  the  battle  ot  •""■'>"■ ''^•-  v^"'^,  '■"■w  .  .  .    .  ,  . 


Chasse 

Chartreuse   (shar-trez').  La  Grande.     The 

leading  Carthusian  monastery,  situated  13 
miles  northeast  of  Grenoble,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isere,  France.  It  was  founded  by  St. 
Bruno  about   1084.     It  gives  name  to  the  li- 

queur  Chartreuse,  manufactured  there. 

charter  House  was  given  by  Henry  Vm.  to  Sir  Thomas  ChartreUSe    de    Panne    (shar-trez'  de  parm), 

Audley,  and  passed  through  various  hands  to  Sir  Thomas     j^g^      _;^  mj^.gj  ^y  Stendhal  (Bevle),  published 

Sutton,  who  inlWlendoweditasachantyunderthenanie     •      loog  "^  \      .      "r 

of  the  Hospital  of  SL  James.    This  foundation  long  ex-  ^ti  iooa.  o       „        , 

isted  as  a  hospital  for  decayed  gentlemen  and  a  school  for  CharUaeS.      See  Maruaes. 

boys.    The  school  was  transferred  to  Godalming,  Surrey,   Charybdls  (ka-rib  '  dis).      [Gr.  Xdpt',i(5(f.]     In 

in  1S72  and  the  premises  are  now  occupied  by  the  school     eireek  mvthologv,  a  sea-monster  which  three 

of  the  Merchant  Taylors  Company.     1  he  bmldmgs  are  tor  -•  &•  ' .        .  ,    , .     . 

the  most  part  ot  the  early  16th  century,  and  the  great  hall 

is  one  of  tlie  finest  architectm-al  interiors  of  that  time.   The 

great  staircase,  great  chamber,  chapel,  and  cloister  are 

also  of  much  interest 


Potidaea,  from  which  Socrates  had  just  re 
turned.  Charmides  was  an  Athenian,  son  of  Glaucon, 
cousin  of  Critias,  and  uncle  of  ?lato. 
Charmouth  (char'mouth).  A  village  on  the 
coast  of  Dorsetshire,  England,  2  miles  north- 
east of  LjTne  Regis.  It  is  usually  identified  with 
Carrum,  the"  scene  of  a  victorj-  of  the  Danes  over  Egbert  in 
833.  ^thelwulf  was  defeated  here  by  the  Danes  in  S40  or 
842(0. 


iean  (legendary)  history,  which  formerly  stood 
in  Hartford,  Connecticut.  According  to  tradition, 
when  Governor  Andros  came  to  Hartford  in  ItiST  to  demand 
of  the  Assembly  the  surrender  of  the  colonial  charter, 


times  a  day  sucks  in  the  sea  and  discharges  it 
again  in  a  terrible  whirlpool :  depicted  as  a 
maiden  above,  but  ending  below  in  the  body  of 
a  fish  begirt  with  hideous  dogs.  Opposite  her  was  the 
other  monster  Scylla.  In  later  times  they  were  placed 
in  the  Straits  of  Messina,  Scylla  being  identified  with  a 
projecting  rock  on  the  Italian  side.  The  name  of  Charyb- 
dls is  derived  by  some  from  Semitic  Ifur  obed,  'hole  of  per- 
dition, abyss.' 


the  debate  in  that  body  over  the  governors  demand  was  CharylliS  (ka-ril'is).  In  Spenser's  "Colin 
prolonged  beyond  daylight,  when  suddenly  the  lights  Clout  's  Come  Home  Again,"  a  character  in- 
were  e.Mtinguished,  and  in  the  darkness  a  patriot,  Captain     tended  for  Ladv  Anne  Compton,  one  of  the  six 

^^  adsworth,  escaped  with  the  charter  r.nd  hid  It  in  a  hoi-      ,         ,,  »  i."     t   i       o    „    „„    „*  a  in .„.., 

low  oak.    There  is,  however,  no  contemporary  record  of     daughters  of  .Sir  John  bpeuser  of  Althorpe. 
this  event    The  Charter  Oak  was  overthrown  by  a  stonn  Chasdai  ben  IsaaC  ben    Shaphrut   (ehas-di 


in  1856. 


Ohamock  (char'nok),  Stephen.    Born  at  Lon-  chartier  (shiir-tva'),  Alain.     Born  at  Baveux 


don,  1628:  died  at' London,  July  27,  1680.  An 
English  nonconformist  clergyman,  a  graduate 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge:  author  of 
"A  Treatise  on  the  Excellence  and  Attributes 
of  God,"  etc. 

Charnwood  Forest  (eharu'wud  for'est).  A 
forest  iu  the  northwestern  part  of  Leicester- 
shire, England. 

Charolais,  or  CharoUais  (sha-ro-la').    A  for- 


France,  about  1392:  died  about  1430  or  1433 
(Gaston  Paris).  A  famous  French  poet  and 
man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "Le  quadrilogue  invec- 
tif,"  "L'Esp^rance,"  '"La  belle  dame  sans  mercy,"  and 
numerous  other  works.  His  poetry  consists  mainly  of  al- 
legorical and  controversial  love-poems  and  moral  verse. 
He  is  best  known  by  the  story  that  Margaret  of  Scotland 
stooped  and  kissed  his  lips  while  he  Lay  asleep,  to  the 
astonishment  of  the  attendants,  for  the  poetry  and  viitu- 
ous  sentiments  that  had  issued  from  them. 


mer  county  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Chartists  (char'tists).     A  body  of  political  re- 


Saone-et-Loire. 

Charolais,  Comte  de.     See  Charles  the  Bold. 

CharoUes  (slili-rol').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saoue-et-Loire,  France,  in  lat.  46° 
26'  N.,  long.  4°  18'  E.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  Charolais.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,246. 

Charon  (ka'ron).  [Gr.  Xdpuv.'\  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  "ferryman,  a  son  of  Erebus,  who 
transported  the  souls  of  the  dead  (whose  bod- 
ies had  been  buried)  over  the  rivers  of  the 
lower  world.  His  fee  was  an  obolus  or  danace,  and 
this  coin  was  placed  for  him  in  the  mouth  of  the  dead 
previous  to  buriaL 

Charondas(ka-ron'das).  IGt.  Xapdivdac.']  Born 
at  Catana,  Sicily :  lived  about  500  B.  c.  A 
Sicilian  lawgiver  who  legislated  for  the  cities 
of  (^halcidiau  origin  in  Sicily  and  Italy. 

Charon's  staircase.    See  the  extract. 

At  the  middle  point  of  the  (Greek)  stage,  some  steps  — 
known  as  "Charon's  staircase,"  because  the  ghost  some- 
times comes  up  by  thein  — lead  down  into  what  we  should 
call  the  pit.  The  Greeks  call  it  the  orchestra  or  dancing- 
place.  Jetib,  Gr.  Lit.,  p.  76. 

Charras  (sha-ra'),  Jean  Baptiste  Adolphe. 
Born  at  Pfalzburg,  Lorraine,  Jan.  7, 1810:  died 
at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Jan.  23,  1865.  A  noted 
French  military  writer.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"Histoire  de  la  campagne  de  1815"  (1857). 

Charridre  (sha-ryar'),  Madame  de  Saint-Hya- 
cinthe  de  (Isabelle  Agnfes  V'an  Tuyll).  Born 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  1746 :  died  near  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  Dec.  27,  1805.  A  French 
authoress  who  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 
Abbe  de  la  Tour.  Her  chief  works  are  "Let- 
tres  neufohateloises"  (1784),  "CaUste,  ou  let- 
tres  ^erites  de  Lausaime"  (1786). 

Charron  (shii-r6h'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1541 :   died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1603.     A  noted 


formers  (chiefly  working-men)  that  sprang  up 
in  England  about  the  year  1838.  The  Chartists  ad- 
vocated as  their  leading  principles  universal  sutfrage,  the 
abolition  of  the  property  qualification  for  a  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment, annual  parliaments,  equal  representation,  payment 
of  members  of  Parliament,  and  vote  by  ballot,  all  of  which 
they  demanded  as  constituting  the  "people's  charter." 
The  members  of  the  extreme  section  of  the  party,  which 
favored  an  appeal  to  arms  or  popular  risings  if  the  charter 
could  not  be  obtained  by  legitimate  means,  were  called 
"physical-force  men."  The  Chartists  disappeared  as  a 
p.arty  after  1849.     Also  Charterists. 


beui'zak  beu  shap-rot').  AJewish  statesman 
and  physician  iu  Cordova,  Spain,  915-970,  body 
physician  and  minister  of  finance  under  the 
caUfsAbd-er-RahmanULandAl-Hakim.  He  was 
appointed  by  them  -Va*'i  (prince,  head)  over  the  Jews  in 
the  califate.  He  was  a  generous  promoter  of  literature, 
and  translated  the  botanical  work  of  Dioscorides  from 
Latin  into  Arabic.  His  correspondence  with  Joseph,  the 
Jewish  king  of  the  Khazar  kingdom,  near  the  Caspian 
Sea,  is  extant. 

Chase  (chas).  Philander.  Born  at  Cornish, 
N.  H.,  Dee.  14,  1775:  died  at  Robin's  Nest,  HI., 
Sept.  20, 1852.  An  American  missionary  bishop 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  and  Jubilee  College, 
Illinois. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland.  Bom  at  Cornish, 
N.  H.,  Jan.  13,  180s :  lUed  at  New;  York,  May 
7,  1873.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist, 
nephew  of  Philander  Chase.  He  was  United  states 
senator  from  Ohio  1^9-55 ;  governor  of  Ohio  18o4>-60 ; 
secretary  of  the  treasury  18til-04;  and  chief  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  1864-73. 


_,       .       ,  ,-'  ^,-,s  -rij  J  mi.  T3         Chase,   Samuel.      Born  in  Somerset  Countv, 

Charton (shar-ton'),  Edouard  Thomas.  Bom  ",,.,,'     ,    .     -^    -    -       -.   .  -        _„-.•.' 


at  Sens,  Yonne,  France,  May  11,  1807:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  28,  1890.  A  French  author.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1848,  and  to  the 
National  Assembly  at  Bordeaux  and  Versailles  in  1871, 
and  became  a  senator  in  1878.     He  founded  the  "  Magasin 


Maryland,  April  17,  1741:  died  Jvme  19,  1811. 
An  American  jurist,  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  He  was  appointed  associate 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1796 ;  was  impeached  for 
misdemeanor  1804  ;  and  was  acquitted  18U5. 


French  philosopher  and  Roman  Catholic  theo-  <^res,  Cojn^  ±^^TV^^Z 

raent  of  Orleanais,  and  partly  corresponding 


logian.  His  works  include  "  Traite  des  trois 
verit(5s"  (1594),  •'  Traite  de  la  sagesse"  (1601), 
etc. 

Chamias  (cha-ro'as).    The  name  usually  given 
to  a  numerous  race  of  Indians  who,  in  the  16th 


century,  occupied  the  region  on  both  sides  of  Chartres  (sliiirtr).  Due  de  (Robert  Philippe 


the  river  Uruguay,  rangiug  to  the  Parana  and 
the  southern  coast.  The  Bohanes,  Minuanes,  Yaros, 
and  Guenoas  were  subtribes:  but  all  these  names  are 
sometimes  applied  to  the  whole  group.  The  Chairuas 
were  a  dark  race,  apparently  allied  to  the  Chaco  tribes. 
They  were  wandering  hunters  and  robbers,  very  savage 
and  treacherous,  and  waged  a  destructive  war  on  the 
Spaniards.  Soils,  the  discoverer  of  the  Plata,  was  killed 
by  them.  They  fought  principally  with  the  bolas  or 
weighted  lasso;  later  they  became  skilful  horsemen. 
About  1750  they  were  partly  subdued  and  formed  into 
villages.  The  modem  Gauchos  of  Uruguay  have  much 
Charrua  blood,  and  portions  of  the  race  remain  in  a  nearly 
pure  state.  Th^  are  much  employed  as  soldiers  and 
herdsmen. 

Charter.  The  Great.     See  Magna  Charta. 

Charterhouse  (chiU-'ter-hous).  [A  corruption 
of  Chartreuse ;  orig.  the  name  of  a  village  in 


Illustration  "  (1853),  and'"  Le  Chase,  William  Merritt.     Bom  at  Franklin, 
"     "  lud.,  Nov.  1,  1849.     An  American  painter  of 

portraits,  still  lU'e,  and  landscapes.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the  schools  of  the  National  Academy  of  New 
York.  In  1871  he  went  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  had  some 
success  as  a  portrait-painter,  and  in  1872  to  Germauy, 
where  he  studied  under  PUoty  at  Munich,  retoi-ning  to 
New  York  in  18TS.  He  is  a  member  of  the  National 
Academy,  has  been  president  of  the  Society  of  American 
Artists,  and  the  recipient  of  nianj'  honors  at  home  afid 
abroad. 

f,n,S"j:Ut,?!;;:;<=l,'fr.'AJi:'i,:H^'."ir''e''?o'^SlLS",t  Chasldlm  (cha-se'dlm)  or  Assideans,    [Heb., 

•pious  ones,  pietists.']  A  party  which  arose 
among  the  Jews  during  the  period  of  the  Macca- 
bean  struggles.  Its  object  was  the  defense  and  main- 
tenance of  the  Jewish  law  in  all  ilsparticulars  against  the 
encroachments  of  Greek  customs  (Hellenism).  It  is  not 
improbable  that  they  were  the  forerunners  of  the  Essenes. 
In  modern  times  a  similar  sect  has  spread  among  the 
Jews  of  eastern  Europe  and  the  Orient,  which  is  supposed 
to  have  originated  with  a  certain  Israel  Baal  Shem  in  the 
ISth  century.  They  strive  after  a  closer  communion  with 
God  by  means  of  the  Kabbalah  ('mysticism')  and  the 
mediation  of  a  rabbi  or  zaddik  ('just  man')  whom  they 
believe  to  be  a  special  favorite  of  God,  and  to  be  endowed 
with  the  power  of  performing  miracles  by  prayer. 
Chasles  (shal),  Michel.  Born  at  fipernon, 
Eure-et-Loir,  France,  Nov.  15,  1793:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  19,1880.  A  celebratedFrench geom- 
eter, professor  at  the  Ecole  Poh-technique,  and 
later  at  the  Sorbonne.  He  was  the  author  of  "Aper^u 
historique  surl'origine  et  le  d^veloppement  des  m^thodes 
en  geomiStrie,  etc."  (1837),  "Traits  de  geometrie  8up6- 
rieure"  (1852),  "Traiti  des  sections  coniques"  (1866), 
"  Rapport  sur  les  progrfes  ae  la  g^iomt^trie  "(1870),  etc.  He 
was  the  victim  of  a  literary  forgery  (by  Irene  Lucas)  in 
1867,  being  persuaded  of  the  genuineness  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  forged  letters  of  Pascal,  Dante,  Shakspere,  and 
others,  tin  those  of  P.ascal  he  made  a  report  to  the 
Academy. 

Chasles,  Victor  Euphemion  Philarete.   Bom 

at  Maiiivilliers,  near  Chartres,  France,  Oct.  8, 
1798:  died  at  Venice,  July  18,  1873.  A  French 
literary  critic,  novelist,  and  general  writer. 
His  essavs  have  been  collected  in  eleven  vol- 
umes, under  the  title  "Etudes  de  Utt^ratm-e 
compar6e." 


Pittoresque"  (1833).  the 

Tour  du  Monde  "  (186()).  Author  of  "Les  voyageurs  an. 
ciens  et  modernes  "  (1855-rS7),  etc. 
Chartres  (shartr).  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  on  the  Eure 
48  miles  southwest  of  Paris :  the  ancient  Au- 
tricum,  later  Carnutum.  It  has  a  large  trade  in 
grain,  and  is  famous  for  its  cathedral,  one  of  the  great 
churches  of  the  world,  built  in  the  12th  and  13th  centu- 
ries, and  notable  for  both  beauty  and  solidity.  The  old- 
est part  is  the  west  front,  with  three  admir: 
tured  portals,  and  south  tower  and  spire  considered  the 
finest  of  thel.'type.  The  elegant  and  ornate  north  spire 
is  much  later.  The  great  triple  porches  of  the  transepts, 
covered  with  sculptui-e,  are  matchless.  The  interior  is 
simple,  but  of  most  impressive  dignity.  Over  160  of  the 
great  windows  retain  their  13th-century  glass,  forming  a 
display  of  jeweled  color  unequaled  elsewhere.  Other 
remarkable  features  are  the  rose  of  the  west  front,  and 
the  series  of  sculptures  of  the  life  of  Christ  and  of  the 
Virgin,  framed  in  the  richest  Flamboyant  tracery,  which 
adorns  the  exterior  of  the  choir-screen.  Chartres  was  the 
capital  of  the  Carimtes,  and  a  center  of  Druid  worship.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  county  and  later  duchy  of  Chartres 
and  capital  of  Beauce.  Henry  IV.  w*;is  crowned  here  king 
of  France  in  1594.  It  was  taken  by  the  Germans,  Oct., 
1870.     Population  (1891).  commune,  23,108. 


to  the  department  of  Eure-et-Loir.  Capital, 
Chartres.  It  was  united  to  Champagne  1125-52,  and 
was  purchased  by  St.  Louis  in  1234.  It  was  afterward  a 
duchy  and  a  royal  appanagi 


Louis  Eugfene  Ferdinand  d'Orleans).  Born 
at  Paris,  Nov.  9,  1840.  A  French  priuce, 
yovmger  brother  of  the  Comte  de  Paris,  and 
grandson  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  served  in  the 
Italian  army  1859,  and  on  General  McClellan's  staff  1861- 
1882.  After  the  revolution  of  Sept.  4,  1870,  he  returned 
incognito  to  France,  served  under  an  assumed  name  in 
General  Chanzy's  army,  and  in  1871,  when  the  National 
Assembly  revoked  the  law  banishing  the  Orleans  family, 
was  appointed  major.  He  became  colonel  in  1878,  and 
was  in  command  of  the  12th  Chasseurs,  stationed  at 
Eouen,  when  by  the  decree  of  Feb.  24,  1883,  he  was  sus- 
pended from  the  active  list :  by  the  law  of  June  23, 1886,  ,  -,,  T»  -J  TT  J  -1  -D 
he  was  expelled  from  the  array.     He  married  Franijoise  ChaSSC    (shas-sa  ),    Da'Via     HenariK,     Haron 


Marie  Anielie  of  Orleans,  June  11, 1863,  and  has  issue  two 
daughters  and  two  sons.  Prince  Henri  Philippe  Marie  and 
Prince  Jean  Pierre  Clement  Maiie  (born  at  Paii.'^.  Sept,  4, 
1874). 


Born  at"  Thiel,  Netherlands,  March  18,  1765: 
died  at  Breda,  Netherlands,  May  2,  1849.  A 
Dutch  general.     He  was  distinguished  in  the  French 


Chasse  239  Chaucer,  Greoffrey 

service  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and  in  the  Dutch  ser-  Henry  H.  was  issued  here  in  1551.  Population  (1801),  maUfactors,  but  occasionally  persons  of  a  better  class  were 
vice  at  Waterloo  in  IS15,  and  at  Antwerij  1830-32.     From      commune.  6,523.  cunHucd  in  it. 

his  predikction  for  attacking  with  the  bayonet,  lie  was  chateaubriant,  Comtessc  de  (Fiancoise  de  Chatelet,  Le  Petit.    [F.,' the  little  fort.']    An 

mcknun.td  by  the  soldiers  ■•General  Bayonet.                        p^.^j_     ^^.^.^^  .^,^^,1^  j^^,,.   ^,j^,^,  .^^  Ohutfaubn-  uudent  fortres.s  in  Paris,  situated  ou  the  left 
Chasseloup-Laubat    (shas-Io     lo-ba  ),   Fran-    ^,^^^  France,  Uet.  10,  VMl.     A  mistress  of  i'ran-  ''auk  of  the  Seine,  near  the  Hotel-Dieu,  used 
gois,  Marqius  de.      Bom  at  St.  borum,  Cha-     ^j^  ^     )^i,i„  ^^  i.-j-anee  for  a  prison.     It  was  destroyed  In  1782. 
rente-Iuf^rieure  France,  Aug.  18, 17u-l:  died  at  Chateau-Chinon  (shii-to'she-noii').    A  town  in  Chatelet,  Marquise  du.     See  Du  Chdtelet. 
Pans,  Oct.  10,  18diJ.     A  Ijrenth  military  eugi-    ti,g  department  of  Nifevre,  France,  20  mUes  Chatellerault  (shii-tel-r6').    A  town  in  the  de- 
Beer,   distinguished    m   the   campaigns  fi'om.   west-northwest  of  Autuu.  parlmeiit  of  Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the 
1792-181L.            ,.T4.-       -rwji^r        Chateau  de  Meillant  (shii-to'd^- ma-yon').    A  Vienne   19  miles  northeast  of  Poitiers:   the 
Chasseloup-Laubat,    JUStm    Prudent,    Mar-     .^.^^.^j^  .^^  y,    ^Ymand  Moutrond,  France,  now  a  medieval- Castrum   lleraldi.     it  is  noted  for  iu 
^"'^  •ie-,„;?,°^'"  "•■  ^"';'*'  ISOL:   died  at  Pans,     seat  of  the  Due  de  Jlortemart.    It  is  of  very  ancient  nianufactures  of  cutlery  and  ttrearms.   Population  (1891). 
Dec.  1(,  1863.    A  I  reueh  general  and  poUtlCian,     foundation,  but  received  its  present  great  development  in  Jil""""''^'' -•'^r-,       v        a    x            •      r^      .     r. 
son  of  Francois  de  Chasseloup-Laubat.                   tlie  tlorid  Pointed  style  at  the  end  of  the  15th  and  the  lie-  l/natnam  (cliat  am).     A  tovni  m  Kent,  Ji,ng- 
f'l.ocoolAiin  T.aiiTiat     Tno+iTi  TJannliSrm   Sam-     ginning  of  the  16th  centurj'.    It  resembles  the  Jlaison  de  land,  adjoining  Kochester  Oil  the  Jlcdwav,  25 

^Ud  Ser.  Comu'de    X^^^^^^^^  ^o^oTai^d^dTm^^s^^.-Ji'^rfs  '.no^t^  Seruranfor'.;'^^  ^'f  -f'-;',"^-«^  f  '^T''''^   ^'  I?  "T  °/  '"5 

I.    1     \i      „lton   iwA-^.r     i„f-4-        ,;ll        l\ti,...l,  roo's  ana  uormers,  anu  lis  inosl  picturesque  anu  ornat*,  chief  military  stations  and  naval  arsenals  in  England,  and 

Italy,  ilareh  29,  IbOo  :  died  at  \  ersaiUes,  Maieli,  court.    The  interior  is  richly  ntted  out  and  decorated  in  js  st,u„Kiy  fmiiiied  (by  the  "L-hatham  Lines  ")     Its  royal 

1873.     A  French  politician,  son  of  Frauijois  de  the  style  of  tlie  architecture.  dockyard  (fotindcd  l.y  Queen  Elizabetli)  contains  exten- 

Chasseloup-Laubat,  minister  of  marine  and  the  Chateaudun  (shii-to-dun').     A  town  in  the  de-  sivedocks,  wharves,  mills,  etc.    It  contains  also  eitensive 

colonies  18.59-67.  partment  of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situated  on  '>iy"''!'^'\«  {"''  infantry,  artillerj-,  and  engineets.    It  was 

Ohassepot    (shas-p6'),    Antoine    Alphonse.  the  Loir  30  miles  west-northwest  of  Orleans:  f^l^^!L»\lm^tnl                                      " 

Born  at  Mutzig,  Alsace,  May  4, 1833.     AFreneh  the  Roman  Cast  rodunum.  Itcontainsacastleofthe  Chatham     AtowTi  in  Kent  County   Ontario 

mechanic,   inventor    of    the    Chassepot  rifle,  'i;™Jir,X"'^;;y-7"'^„J' "^^^^  Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames  45  miles  easti 

adopted  for  the  French  army  m  1868.  Chateau  Ga    lard  (shft6'  ^  vSr-T      V  e'ele'  "ortl'-ast  of  Detroit.     Population  (1901),  9,.i68. 

Chasta  Costa  (cha'sta  kos'ta).     A  tribe  of  the  ^K^ruin  iK^r  Les  A^dehs'^E^^^^   France"  Chatham,  Earl  of.     See  rut. 

Pacilic  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  „  /'.^  ^ i ff  30(1  tV et  thLt^hf^MrZ     .1             mI  Chatham  Islands.     A  gi'oup  of  islands  in  the 

North  Ainerican  Indians.    They  formerly  lived  in  ?i^fo,'^|;\!?,i:.r^*/„I'S:Lln,'a^rrs-t.aktryVhl'.'^  I'-'ilic  Ocean    about  lat,  4i{s.,  long.  176°  W., 

.bout  36  viUages  along  the  upper  l.ogue  Kiver,  Oiegon,  Augustus  of  France  in  1204.    The  castle  proper  represents  Connected  politically  with  New  Zealand.     The 

and  are  now  on  the  sile  z  reservation,  Oregon.     Iheii-  in  plan  acircleof  waved  outline,  of  very  massivemasonry.  chief  islands  are  Chatham,  or  Wairikaori,  and  Pitt.    They 

dialect  dilfers  but  slightly  from  that  of  the  iutu  and  outside  rise  flanking  towers,  and  on  the  river  side  of  tlie  were  discovered  by  Lieutenant  Broui.'lu..n  in  the  English 

other  tribes  on  the  lower  Kogue  Kiver.     bee  Atliapascan.  ^j^^,^,  stands  the  huge  cylindrical  donjon,  with  waUa  15  sliip  fhatliam  in  17i)l.     Area,  375  square  mUes.     Popula- 

Chaste  Maid  in  Cheapside,  A.    A  play  liy    feet  thick.  ti..n,  about  iw. 

Middletou,  acted  about  Dec.  25,  1612  (Fleay),  Chateau-GrOntier  (shii-to'gou-tya').  A  town  in  Chatillon  (shii-te-yon').  In  Shakspere's  "King 
printed  in  1630.  the  department  of  Mayenne,  France,  situated     John,''  an  ambassador  from  France. 

Chastel,  Jean.     See  Chdtel,  Jean.  on  the  Mayenne  in  lat."  47°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  42'  Chatillon-SUr-Seine  (sha-te-you'sUr-sau').     A 

Chastelain  (shat-lan'),  or.  Chastsllain,  W.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  Vendean  victory, Oct.  town  in  the  department  of  (iote-d'Or,  France, 
Georges.  Born  near  Alost,  Flanders,  about  27,  1793.  Population  (1891),  commune,  7,281.  situated  on  the  .Seine  44  miles  northwest  of 
140.J:  died  at  Valenciennes  (?),  Feb.  or  March,  ChateaUguay  (sha-to-ga'),  Sieur  de.  See  Le-  Dijon.  It  was  an  important  town  in  the  middle  ages. 
1475.     A  Flemish  chronicler  and  poet,  author     iiiiiijnc,  Aiituiiic.  It  was  the  liii_thplace  of  ilarmunt.    Population  (ISJI), 

of  "Chronique  des  dues  de   Burgoyne,"  etc.  Chateaulin  (shii-to-lau').     A  town  in  the  de-  p^sHi'i'I'J^^'il";.  «,.;,,«  r>««^„„„  „,.  r<„„P.,-., 

His  collected  works  were  ecUted  by  KerN^ni  de  partment  of  Finistere,  France,  14  miles  north  Chatlllon-Sur-Seme  Congress  or  Conference 
Lettenhove,  1863-66.  "  'of  (^uimper,  on  the  A^ne.    Population  (1891),     C'b  tM^rf^  ISU      t'J     .^"7     i  k       ''"'' 

Ohastelard  (shiit-liir')  Pierre  de  Boscosel  de.    «,mmune,  3,677.  ^  , ..  ^.    .    _,^    ^  ^        .   ^^     ^n^t:^y!^^Lj:^^l^^.h^'^k 

Born  in  Dauphine,  France,  about  lu40:  exe-  Chateaurenault  (slia-to-re-no').    Atownmthe     with  the  boundaries  of  iTiiL    The  negotiations  came  to 
cuted  at  the  Tolbooth,   Edinburgh,    1563.     A     department  of  Lmlre-et-Loire,  France,  19  miles     notliing  in  consequence  of  the  attitude  of  Kapoleon. 
French  poet  at  the  com-t  of  Francis  11.  and    northeast  of  Tours.     Population  (1891),  com-  Chatimacha.     See  Chiliiimchuii. 
Mary  Queen  of   Scots,  a  descendant  of  the     mune,  4,397.  Chat  Moss  (chat  mos).     A  peat  bog  in  Lanca- 

Chevalier  Bayard.     He  was  a  page  in  the  household  ChateaurouX  (sha-to-ro').     The  capital  of  the     shire,Euglaud,  between  Manchester  and  Liver- 
of  the  constalile"  Montmorency,  and  afterward  in  that  of     department  of  Indre,  France,  situated  on  the     pool.    A  railway  was  built  across  it  by  George  Stephen- 
Marshal  bainviUe.     Wlien  Mary  went  to  Scotland  after     'ludre  in  lat    46°  50' N     long    1°  4"''  E      It  has     son,  I82S-30.    Area,  about  6,000  acres, 
the  death  of  her  husband    in  1561,  Chaslelard  followed      n,an„factures  of  coarse  cloth,  woolen  goodi  etc.'    It  con-   Chatrian  (shii-t re-y oil'),  Alexandre.  See  £rci-- 
her  in    hetram  of  IJaniville  who  escorted  her     He  was      ^^j,,^  ,|,^  p„^,.^„  ^^  g^  Andrew.     Population  (1891),  com-      m,un,.CI„ltr,an. 

violently  in  love  with  lier,  and  she  amused  herself  with      ,„,,„,.  .,■>  r..^,  '  ^        "  -,,      .  ii.    ,    i     i   /     ,   n  n       mi  ^      ^    *, 

hira  and  his  amorous  verses.    He  went  back  to  Franco,      '"""'■' -*■"-•'•        _      ,  ■,•«,..  ,      ChatSWOrth  (chats  wtrth).     The    seat  of   the 

but  returned  in  lo63.    His  love  for  her  was  not  without  ChateaUTOUX,  UUChesse  de  (Mane  Anne  de     Duke  of  Devonshire,  situated  on  the  Derwent 

encouragement.     He  was  twice  discovered  in  her  bed-     Mailly,  Maniuise  do  la  Tournelle).    Born  Oct.,     about  3A  miles  uortlieast  of  Bakewell    Derbv- 

chaml.er  ;  slie  pardoned  liim  tile  first  olfcnse.  hut  for  tlie      1717.  ,i,(,,i  .^j  p.^.j^    Dgg    g    I744.     A  mistress     shire,   England       Tliis  imuosini;  Renaissance  DHlac"e. 

second  sacriHced  linn  mercilessly  to  public  opinion,  and        ,,        .     ■>-■■,      ,-,.,<<  ?i!,  ,   '.  7     '^  ,       inn,  iinposiiij  Renaissance  palace, 

he  was  taken  to  the  Tolbooth  and  hung  ot  Louis  A  \  .,  1  i4J-44.  600  feet  long,  was  begun  in  loss.     1  he  interior  is  lavi.^hly 

-,,      '.,      j.i  ,io-i"  11-11  Chateau-Thierrv    (sha-to'tvar-re'"^        Wj     Cnfi-     adorned  with  painting  and  scuhiture,  and  contains  a  splen- 

Ohastelard.  Atragedy by  Swinburne, pubUshed  ^trumncZ^fu7^     A  town  in  the  denartnuift     ''"'  ^■■"-'^'i""  "«  <lr"»i"8''  ^i'  ''-c  "id  mastei^,  some  line 

in  ISU.).  niim  iiicoaorui.i     a  lown  in  tne  aepartmint     ,,1,1  „nd  mmlcrn  paintings,  a  Venus  l.y  Tlmrwaldsen.  and 

Chasteler    (shat-la'),    Jean     Gabriel    Joseph     ot^s^e,    trance,    situated  on   the    Marne   .lO     Canova's  Napoleon,  Madame  Lctitia,  and  Endyn.ion.     The 

41lio»-f    MnVn.ii.,   <1n       Tr>iii    nt    M^iIUmU     ii.T^,,.     miles  east  by  north  ot  Pans.     In  l.lUt;  it  was  nised     formal  gardens  are  famous.    They  contain  elaborate  foun- 

AlDert,  Marqvus  au.     i^iMU   at    .Malbais,  null      ^^  ^  duchy  by  Charles  IX.    It  contains  a  mined  casllc,      tains  and  fine  cunservatoiies. 

Mous,  lielgium,  Jan.  _-,  1(03:  died  at  Venice,  built  by  Charles  Martel  (,').  It  was  the  biithplace  of  Ui  ChattahOOChee  (cliat -a-ho 'die).  A  river  in 
Slav  7,  1825.  An  Austrian  general,  distin-  Fontaine.  Here,  Fell.  12. 1814.  Napoleon  defeated  tlie  IJus-  (_io(ir"ia  which  forms  iiirl  of  its  western  boiin 
guished  at  Wattignies  1793,  in  Italy  1799,  and     sians  and  Prussians      Population  (l^Jl).  communes  6,8(B.      ,1      .^  ^^^i   u„i,^.^  ,,„1;  t,,„  i,iii„t   {„  ,■„,.,„  £,,3 

m  the  Tyrol  1800,  1805,  and  1809.  Chatel  (shiS-te    )  Ferdinand Toussaint  Fran-    Appalachicola  at  the  southwestern  e.xtremity 
Chastellam.     See  ChasMain.  QOIS.     Born  at  Gannat,  Allier,  France,  .Ian.  9,     ^i  \\w  State       Lencfh   over  500  miles      It  is 

Ohastellux   (shiit-lii'),  Frantjois   Jean,  Mar-     179.):  died  at  Pans,  Feb.  13,  1H5(.     A  French     ,i,ivi,Mble  to  ColumlVus '(over  200  miles) 
quis  de.     Bom  at  Paris,  1734:   tUed  at  Paris,     r<^!'Ki<';;s  relormer.     He  wrote  "Protession  ,le  Chattanooga  (chat-a-no'gii).      The  capital  of 
6ct.  28,  178H.     A  French  general  and  author,     foi  de  I'^glise  catli..  nine  Iranvaise'  (1831)  et.'.     i],.„,ii,ou  County,  ■iVnnessec,  situated  on  the 

HeservedlntheSevenYears'andAmericaiiRevolntiunaiy  Chatel,  or  Chastel  (sha-tel  ),  Jean.  Born  Tennessee  Kivef  in  lat.  3.->°  4'  N.,  long.  85° 
wars.    His  cliief  works  are  "  De  la  ftllciUS  publi.iue       about  1.57o:  executed  at  Pans,  Dec.  29,  1;>94.      i<,/    w      ..  .     .        i    »  i  .  i 

(1772),  "  Voyages  dans  lAmSrlque  Scptentrionale  ■  (ITSti).      a  French  f'lnatie  who  attemnte  1  to  asqassiniite      '•'  .  *^  •  .„",  's,  ""   inip<>rlant  railway  and  commercial 
»,.     /  XT   i-        J         u        I'  .;v  I  ttntn  lanatio  wno  aiterapieuro  assassinate     eenter,  with  trade  in  lumber  and  grain,  and  manufactures 

Chat,  Nation  du.     See  hne.  Henry  IV.,  Dec.  27,  1594.  of  iron,  steel,  machinery,  cotton,  etc.     It  was  a  strategic 

Chateaubriand   (shii-to-bre-on'),    Francois  Chatelain  (shiit-laii'),  Heli.     Born  at  Morat,     point  in  tlie  civil  war.    Pojiulatlon  (luiini,  ao.isj. 
Ben6  AugUSte,  Vicorate  de.  Bornat  St.  Malo,     Switzerland,  1859.    A  Swiss-American  Alricaii-  Chattanooga.  Battle  of.     A  series  of  pngage- 
France,  Seiit.  14,  1768 :  died   at  Paris,  July  4,     ist.    He  came  Ui  the  United  stales  in  1883,  and  went  to     meiits  near  ChattaiKinga,  Nov.  23-25,  1863.    The 
1848.     A  celebrated  French  author  and  states-     Angola  in  issl  a»  inissionary  linguist.     He  became  jihi-     ••ederals  (about  iai.(«Ki)  under  (iraiit  defeated  the  Con- 
man.      He  entered  the  army  inl78«;  traveled  in  A.neiica      l;''».«i''t  »'  "  l'"it';.l  stales  scientillc  expedition  to  «  est       ederates  (40  MK)^^^^^^ 

1T»1  11'  ■  «,.ived  ill  til,-  foviiiist  nrmv  at  Tlii,,iivill,.  in  Si.n  Africaln  188U.  am  Un  ted  Sta  es  coimnerc  a  agent  n  18111.  "■•''."  •  of  l  onle.lerales,  ,s,i.s4  (6.142  pi  isoneri,).  t.ee  further 
Un,Ve;,^7»2Tand  "ll.,se?;fentl"e;^ilaated';o'E^  Uc  has  published  ■■tirammatlca  do  Kimbnndu  •  (Iss,.),   „'"'''- '';;^'"'  ''","'""'."  ""''  ''  'T;,':^'2,o"'''-R 

where  in  1797  he  publlslied  "  Essal  historbine,  politique  "Orundzuge  des  Kimlinndu"  (1800),  "tolk-tales  of  An-  ChattertOH  (chat  er-toii  I,  ThOmas.  Born  at 
etmond  surlos  rbvolutions  ancienneaet  modernes,  etc."     ""'      (ISW),  ele.  Bristol,    England,    Nov.   20,    li.i2:    comniitted 

He  returned  U)  France  in  1800,  and,  liaving  been  converted  Chatelain  de  CoUCy  et  de  la  dame  de  Fayel,  suicide  at  London,  Aug.  25,  1770.  An  English 
by  the  dealli  of  his  mother  from  inlldellty  to  the  Koinan  Histoire  du.  A  I'lviic-li  n.innri.e.  ,,1  whi.li  tlie  poet,  famous  for  his  preeocilv  and  lor  his  liter- 
Catliolic  faith,  nulilislied   in    1802  a  brilliant   eulogy  of  i         ■..  i        .  .i      i        •  '        ■  .  ,..*,.,■,, 

Christianity,  entitled  "  Le  gc'nie  du  christlanlsme.'^    In     Personages  were  real,  written  iibout  the  begin-     ary  iinpostlires.     See  hmvlvji  fiHrns. 
1SU.H  he  was  appointed  liy  Napoleon  Bonaiiaite  secretary     Iiingof  the  l.ith  century.    It  was  pilldlslied  w  il  h   Chattl  (kat'i),  or  Cattl  (kat  i).     [L.  (TacituS) 
of  legation   at   Home,   and   In   Nov.  of   the  same  year     a  modern  Version  ill  1829  bv  M.  Crapelet.     See      ( 7(((//i,  tir.  (Sirabo)  .Xnrro;.]    A  tiermaii  tribe,  a 
nilnister  to  the  republle  of  Valais,  a  post  which  he  re-      ,  ViMci/.  "  branehof  the  Suevi,  lirsl  nienli.ined  bv  Strabo. 

!lfi';t;;np  ;S;Sr  li:  ,1!::   hur;  mpK  Stlu^d"^  Chatelet  (slmt-la'),  Le  Grand.    [F... '  the  great     Tliey  ..iginally  ..copied  the  Tannns  .eg,,,,,  nju.h  of  the 
Buonnparti  et  des  llouilmns."    Ue  was  created  a  peer  of     fort .']     An  ancient  fortress  lii  Paris,  situated      ^""". """  "/J'  "ssl«i'cd  bv  Urns,  s  t,.  i  he    11  i  ,  Itory  of 
France  in  1815,  w,ia  ambassador  at  L.,ndon  in  1822,  and     „n  the  right   bank  of  the  Seilio,  on  the  present         ^l  PS  .dm       h\  I  I'l'i  1  V,  ,'   '  b    nn.Mb-  W 
was  minister  of  foreign  altairs  1S23-24.     «-'■'-  'I'"-     Place  d,rchatelet,  used  for  <t  prison  iiud  for      o^k  ,a    '         i  ^  llni  ^    ,^^^^^^^ 

"E^^Tlsi^T'-f^^^^^^^^^  "ui,oidrc"di  ffi     -^^"•"•ts  of  justice  tlntil    1802,  wAen  it  was  de-     down'  l„,o  the  .sd  ce.dury,  in  Inquen.  conillc  with  th,; 

iti^^Llir^^snr-rr^'lch'ez'^lsa'^^  stroyed.     Its  origin  „  verv  ob.cure.     It  was  at  llrst     ,f 'nr  inlV.ld'tHl"  "7„o^u,l^;"i;ri,.!;':,' Ilu  C  a',  i" 

Ju  dernier    des    Ahenccrages "  (1826),   and   ■•  Mllniolrcs     simply  a  tower  commanding  ll,e  northern  approach  lo  the        "''';,,  ,,c,n,,,ln^">l^^^^^^ 

d'oatre-tombe "  (1849-50).  city.     There  was  piolmbly  a  wooden  lower  here  as  early  as         \,  ,''",T  ,",.'.,,,v'      t    ,    .,  n  n,  ni^a    i      iol.l  I.Vi-m.rv 

Chateaubriant  (shii-to-bre-of,').     A    town    in     n„  The  e^lie.    inent  .,,  is  in  a  O.ar.c.  ,i,   L,.ni;  le     |;;,       ,^';,„''t  H  ..«,;;;'' a,!;;.!'' whlch'kp"p^^^^ 
th,.  department  of  Loire-Inferieure.  France,  on     i^rZ  tr^nl  aV,d  K'e;;;:ils!.,r,;,l;^,X^K;,;■;,,r,?     '""-•«'••  ccnW  "'  J 

the  Chere  3o  miles  norlh-iiortlieast  of  Nantes,  the  m,.at  terrllilei,rl>.onB..l  theiibl  World.  The  prisoners  Ohaucer  (clia  ser).  Qeoffrey.  [ME.  tliniiccr,  lit. 
It  has  a  castle.    An  edict  against  the  Protestants,  by     were  generally  of  the  more  or  less  helpless  class  of  city      'Shoemaker,' from UF.  c/mufier,  ML. Od/ocariiw, 


Chaucer,  Geoffrey 

caleiarius,  a  shoemaker,  from  L.  calceus,  cahhis, 
a  shoe.]  Bom  at  London  about  1340:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  25,  1400.  A  celebrated  English 
poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  well-to-do  London  vintner,  John 
Chaucer.  He  was  liberally  educated,  but  there  is  no  cer- 
tain evidence  that  he  was  a  student  at  either  O.xioid  or 
Cambridge.  In  the  year  1357  he  is  twice  mentioned  as 
being  in  the  service  of  Prince  Lionel,  tlie  second  son  of 
Edward  IIL  In  1359  he  was  with  the  king's  array  in  Brit- 
tany, where  he  was  taken  prisoner.  According  to  his  own 
statement,  iTi  1386,  he  bore  ai'ms  for  twenty-seven  years. 
In  13(i7  he  is  described  as  a  valet  of  the  king^  household 
("  dilectusvalettus  noster  ").  About  this  time  it  is  thouglit 
that  he  married  Philippa  Roet,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Sir 
Payne  Roet,  the  king  at  arms  for  Guienne,  and  a  native  of 
Hainault,  who  came  to  England  in  tlie  train  of  Queen  Phi- 
lippa probably  in  1328-  (Morley.)  By  1374  Chaucer  h.ad  been 
raised  to  a  lligher  rank,  sent  on  royal  embassies  to  Italy, 
etc.,  and  called  "Esquire"  inofficial  records.  He  was  also 
madecoraptroUerof  the  customsof  wools,  skins,  and  tanned 
hides  in  London,  and  received  other  grants,4nissions,  and 
pensions,  John  of  Gaunt,  the  younger  brother  of  Prince 
Lionel,  became  the  patron  of  Chaucer:  in  1396  married 
for  his  third  wife  Catherine  Swinford,  a  widow,  who  had 
been  his  mistress,  and  who  was  the  sister  of  Chaucer's  wife, 
t'roni  1374  to  1386  Chaucer  lived  in  the  Gate-house  of  Aid- 
gate.  In  1378  he  was  sent  again  to  It,aly,  after  which  he  was 
apparently  closely  conHned  by  his  business  to  London  till 
1385,  when  he  was  .allowed  to  have  a  deputy  in  the  office  of 
comptroller  ot  customs  of  wool,  etc.  In  1386  he  was  elected 
knigllt  of  the  shire  for  Kent,  but  was  dismissed  from  all 
his  various  offices  and  became  poor  before  the  end  of  the 
year.  By  1399,  liowever,  he  had,  through  the  patronage  of 
Henry  IV.,  the  recently  crowned  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  a 
sufficient  income,  and  took  a  fifty-three  years'  lease  of 
a  house  on  the  spot  in  Westminster  where  Henry  VII. 's 
chapel  now  stands :  here,  however,  he  lived  less  than  a 
year.  Among  his  works  are  —  Genuine  works  before 
1380:  "Iroilus  and  Cressida,"  "The  Translation  of  Boe- 
thius  on  the  Consolation  of  Philosophy,"  "The  Dream  of 
Chaucer"  (about  1369),  "The  Assembly  of  Fowls,"  "Of 
Queen  .\nelida  and  False  Arcite,"  "The  House  of  Fame," 
"Chaucer's  A.  B.  C,  called  La  Pri^re  de  nostre  Dame."  — 
Genuine  works  after  1380:  "The  Canterbui-y  Tales,"  "The 
Legend  of  Good  Women,"  "The  Conclusions  of  the  Astro- 
labe," "The  Complaint  of  Mai-s,"  "Good  Counsel  of  Chau- 
cer," "Lenvoye  to  Scogan,"  "Chaucer  unto  his  Empty 
Purse,"  "Chaucer's  Words  unto  llis  own  Scrivener."  — 
Genuine  works, dates  unknown :  "The  Complaint  of  Mars," 
"  The  Complaint  of  Venus"  (a  translation  —  Skeat),  "The 
Former  Age,"  "  How  Pity  is  Dead  and  Blu-ied  in  a  Gentle 
Heart."—  Doubtful  works:  "The  Romaunt  of  the  Rose," 
"Orison  to  the  Holy  Vu'gin,"  "An  Amorous  Complaint." 
—  Spurious  works:  "A  Goodly  Ballade  of  Chaucer,"  "The 
Flower  of  Courtesy,  with  a  Ballade,"  "La  Belle  Dame  sans 
Mercy,"  "  Tlie  Assemblyof  Ladies,"  "A  Praise  of  Women," 
"The  Testament  of  Love,"  "The  Lamentation  of  Mary 
Magdalen,"  "The  Remedy  of  Love,"  "A  Ballade  in  Com- 
mendation of  our  Lady,"  "The  Plowman's  Tale,"  "Balade 
de  bon  Consail,"  "Against  Women  Unconstant,"  "The 
Craft  ol  Lovers,  a  Ballade,"  "The  Ten  Commandments 
of  Love,"  "The  Nine  Ladies  Worthy,"  "Alone  Walking," 
"Jacke  Upland,"  "The  Tale  of  Gamelin,"  "The  Prologue, 
or  the  Merry  Adventures  of  the  Pardoner  and  Tapster  at 
the  Inn  at  Canterbury,"  "The  Merchant's  Second  Tale,  or 
the  History  of  Beryn,"  "The  Testament  and  Complaint  of 
Cressida '■  (by  Robert  Henryson,  about  1490X  "The  Com- 
plaint ot  the  Black  Knight"  (by  Lydgate,  first  half  of  the 
15th  century),  "The  Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale  "  (about 
1400,  perhaps,  but  uncertain),  "The  Letter  of  Cupid"  (by 
Occleve,  1402),  "The  Court  of  Love  "  (about  1500),  "Chau- 
cer's Dream,'  "The  Isle  of  Ladies  (about  1450),  and 
"The  Flower  and  the  Leaf"  (about  1420).    Lmuisbury. 

Chaucer,  Thomas.  Born  about  1367:  died  March 
14,  1434.  An  English  statesman,  probably  eld- 
est son  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer.  He  was  chief  butler 
of  Richard  II.,  constable  of  Wallingfonl  Castle,  steward 
of  the  honors  ot  Wallingford  and  St.  Valery  and  of  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds,  successor  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer  as  for- 
ester of  North  Petherton  Park,  Somersetshire,  and  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  1400-31.  He  was  cliosen  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1407,  1410.  1411,  and  1414.  He  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 

Chaucer  of  France,  The.  A  name  given  to 
element  Marot. 

Chaucer's  Dream.  1.  A  name  once  given  to 
"  The  Book  of  the  Duchess,"  in  which  the  poet 
relates  his  dream. —  2.  The  title  of  an  inde- 
pendent poem,  first  printed  by  Thomas  Speght 
in  the  1597  edition  of  the  works  of  Chaucer. 
He  prefixed  to  it  a  note  saying :  "That  which  heretofore 
hath  gone  under  the  name  of  his  Dreame,  is  the  Book  of 
the  Duchesse  ;  on  the  death  of  Blanche,  Duchesse  of  Lan- 
caster." 

There  is  no  extant  MS.  ol  this  poem  earlier  than  one  at 
Longleat  of  about  1650.  If  the  poem  be  Chaucer's,  it  is  in 
a  late  copy,  with  corruptions  of  the  text,  and  was  an  early 
work  ol  his.    I  leave  its  authenticity  in  question. 

Marley,  Eng.  Writers,  V.  166. 

Chaucer  Society,  The.  A  society  founded  by 
Mr.  Furnivall  in  1867  for  the  purpose  of  fur- 
nishing to  scholars  material  (manuscripts, 
early  texts,  etc.)  relating  to  Chaucer  which 
was  not  accessible  to  the  public,  and  of  facili- 
tating collation. 

Chauci  (ka'si).  [L.  (Pliny)  Climici,  Gr.  (Strabo) 
Xai'KOi.]  A  German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by 
Strabo,  in  the  region  along  the  North  Sea,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Weser  from  the  Ems  to  the 
Elbe.  Plijiy  divides  them  into  "greater"and  "lesser." 
They  were  brought  by  Drusus  and  Tiberius  into  subjec- 
tion to  the  Romans.  'The  name  disappears  early  in  the5th 
century.      They  were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Saxons. 

Chaudes-Aigues    (shod-zag').      A    watering- 


240 

place  in  the  department  of  Cantal,  France,  lat. 
44°  50'  N.,  long.  3^^  E. :  the  Koman  Calentes 
AquiB.     It  is  noted  for  its  hot  springs. 

Chaudi6re(sh6-dyar').  [F.,' caldron.']  Ariver 
in  (Quebec,  Canada,  which  joins  the  St.  Lawrence 
7  miles  aboveQuebee.   Length,  about  120miles. 

Chaudi^re  Falls.  1.  A  cataract  in  the  Chau- 
diere  River,  near  its  mouth.  Height,  about  100 
feet. —  2.  A  cataract  in  the  Ottawa  Kiver,  near 
Ottawa.     Height,  about  40  feet. 

Chaudi^re  Lake.  An  expanson  of  the  Ottawa 
Kiver,  on  which  Ottawa  is  situated. 

Chauffeurs  (sho-fer'),  or  Garrotteurs  (gii-ro- 
ter').  [F., 'burners' or 'garroters.']  A  band 
of  French  brigands,  organized  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Johann  Biickler,  sui-named  '"  Sohinder- 
hannes,"  which  during  the  Reign  of  Terror  in- 
fested the  forests  of  Argferes,  near  Chartres,  and 
which  was  dispersed  by  the  considate  in  1803 : 
so  called  from  the  practice  of  garroting  their 
\'ictims,  or  of  burning  {chauffer)  their  feet  to 
maivc  them  reveal  their  treasures. 

Chauliac  (sho-lyak'),  or  Cauliac  (ko-lyak'), 
or  Chaulieu  (sho-lye'),  Gui  de.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  14th  century.  A  French 
siu'geon,  physician  at  Lyons  and  later  at  Avi- 
gnon. He  wrote  a  noted  treatise  on  surgery,  long  an 
authority,  "Inventorium,  sivecollectorium partis  chii-ur- 
gicalis  medicinaa"  (published  14S9  or  1490).  He  has  left 
a  description  of  the  great  plague  of  1348. 

Chaulieu  (sho-lye'),  Guillaume  Amfrye  de. 

Born  at  Fonteuay,  Eure,  France,  1639:  died 
at  Paris,  Jime  27,  1720.  A  French  poet  and 
ecclesiastic,  a  member  of  the  libertine  society 
of  the  Temple  (and  called  the  "Anacreon  of 
the  Temple  ").  He  was  the  author  of  ligllt  verses  of  an 
occasional  character.  His  work  is  closely  associated  with 
that  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Fare. 

Chaumette(sh6-met'),  Pierre  Gaspard.  Born 
at  Nevers,  France,  May  24,  1763:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  April  13,  1794.  A  French  revolu- 
tionist, appointed  attorney  of  the  commime 
of  Paris  in  1792. 

Chaumiere  (sho-myar')  Indienne,  La.  [F., 
'The  Indian  Cottage.']  A  philosophical  tale 
by  Bernardin  de  St.  Pierre  (1791). 

Chaumonot  (sho-mo-no'),  Pierre  Marie  Jo- 
seph. Born  near  Chatillon-sur-Seine,  France, 
1611:  died  at  Lorette,  near  Quebec,  Canada, 
Feb.  21,  1693.  A  French  Jesuit  missionary' 
among  the  Indians  of  Canada.  He  arrived  at  Que- 
bec 1039,  and  resided  among  the  Hurons  until  they  were 
dispersed  by  the  Iroquois  about  1650.  He  left  a  grammar 
of  the  Huron  language,  which  was  published  by  the  Lit- 
erary and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec  in  1835. 

Chaumont  (sh6-m6h').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  be- 
tween the  Marne  and  Suize  in  lat.  48°  7'  N., 
long.  5°  7'  E.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Bassigny. 
A  treaty  was  made  here  between  the  Allies,  March  9, 1814. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  13,280. 

Chaiimont,  Treaty  of.  An  offensive  and  de- 
fensive alliance  against  Napoleon  I.,  concluded 
here  between  Austria,  Great  Britain,  Prussia, 
and  Russia,  March  9,  1814. 

Chauncy,  or  Chauncey  (chan'si  or  chau'si), 
Charles.  Born  in  Hertfordshire,  England, 
1592:  died  Feb.  19,  1672.  The  second  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  College.  After  having  held  a  pro. 
fessorate  first  of  Hebrew,  then  of  Greek,  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  he  became  vicar  of  Ware  in  1627.  He 
emigrated  to  New  England  in  1638,  became  a  pastor  in 
Scituate,  Massachusetts,  about  1641,  and  president  of 
Harvard  College  in  1054. 

Chauncey,  Isaac.  Born  at  Black  Rock,  Conn., 
Feb.  20,  1772:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan. 
27,  1840.  An  American  naval  officer.  He  served 
under  Commodores  Preble  and  Rodgers  in  the  war  with 
Tripoli  1804-05,  became  captain  in  1806,  and  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  naval  forces  on  the  northern  lakes  (ex- 
cept Charaplain)  in  1812.  He  carried  General  Dearborn's 
army  to  York  (Toronto)  in  April,  1813,  and  in  October  de- 
feated an  English  fleet  of  seven  vessels,  capturing  five, 
on  Lake  Ontario, 

Chauny  (sho-ne').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Oise  18  miles  west  of  Laon.  There  are  noted 
glass  manufactures  at  St.  Gobain,  in  the  neighborhood. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  9,315. 

Chaussard  (sho-siir'),  Pierre  Jean  Baptiste. 

Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1766:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
9,  1823.  A  French  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  French  Revolu- 
tion, whose  tlieories  he  advocated  in  the  public  prints 
under  the  pen-name  of  Publicola. 

Chautauotua  (sha-ta'kwa).  A  village  and  sum- 
mer resort  situated  on  Chautauqua  Lake,  in 
western  New  York:  noted  as  the  seat,  since 
1874,  of  the  Chautauqua  Assembly.  Popula- 
tion, town  (19001,  3,:590. 

Chautauqua  Lake.  A  lake  in  western  New 
York,  8  miles  from  Lake  Erie      Its  outlet.  Cone 


Cheapside 

wango  Creek,  empties  into  Alleghany  River.  Length,  '8 
miles.     Height  above  sea-level,  1,290  feet. 

Chautauciua  Literary  and  Scientific  Circle. 

An  association  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
home  reading  and  study,  founded  in  1878  by 
Bishop  John  H.Vincent 'of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  It  was  an  outgrowth  of  the  Chau- 
tauqua summer  assemblies.    Its  organ  is  "  The 

.  Chautauquan." 

Chauveau  (sh6-v6'),  Pierre  Joseph  Olivier. 
Born  at  Quebec,  May  30,  1820 :  died  there,  April 
4,  1890.  A  Canadian  politician  and  man  of 
letters,  premier  of  Quebec  1867-73.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  novel,  "  Charles  Guerin"  (18.53),  etc. 

Chauveau-Lagarde  (sho-vo'la-gard'),  Claude 
Frangois  de.  Born  at  Chartres,  France,  Jan. 
21, 1756:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1841.  A  French 
advocate,  noted  as  the  defender  of  Miranda, 
Marie  Antoinette,  Charlotte  Corday,  and  Bris- 
sot. 

Chauvenet  (sho-ve-na'),  William.  Bom  at 
MiUord,  Pa.,  May  24,  1819:  died  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  Dec.  13, 1870.  An  American  mathema- 
tician, professor  in  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  1845-59. 

Chaux-de-FondS  (sh6-de-f6n'),  La.  A  to-wn  in 
the  canton  of  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  situated 
in  a  valley  of  the  Jura  10  mUes  northwest  of 
Neuchatel.  It  has  manufactures  of  watches 
and  clocks.     Population  (1888),  25,835. 

Cha'vantes  (sha-van'tes).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Brazil,  occupying  most  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  of  Goyaz,  between  the  rivers  Tocan- 
tins  and  Al'aguaya.  They  were  formerly  very  pow- 
erful,  and  are  still  numerous,  having  several  large  vil- 
lages. Very  savage  and  warlike,  they  have  only  recently 
admitted  some  intercourse  with  the  whites :  for  years 
they  were  the  terror  of  the  neighboring  settlements  and 
of  travelers.  These  Indians  are  generally  classed  with 
the  Crens  or  Botocudo  stock,  believed  to  be  the  most  an. 
cient  in  Brazil. 

Chaves  (sha'ves).  A  tovsTi  in  the  province  o£ 
Traz-os-Montes,  Portugal,  in  lat.  41°  45'  N., 
long.  7°  33'  W.  :  the  Roman  Aquaj  Flavire.  It 
containshot  saline  springs.  Population  (1878), 
6,524. 

Chaves  (cha'ves),  Francisco  de.  A  Spanish 
knigllt  who  went  to  America  and  was  with  Pi- 
zarro  in  the  conquest  of  Peru  (1532-33).  He  was 
one  of  those  who  protested  against  the  death  of  Atahualpa. 
Subsequently  he  became  one  of  Pizairo's  most  trusted 
captains,  and  about  1539  was  sent  to  settle  Concbucaa. 
He  was  assassinated  with  Pizarroat  Lima,  June  26, 154L 

Chaves  (sha'ves).  Marquis  de  (Manoel  de 
Silveira  Pinto  de  Fonseca,  Count  of  Ama- 
ranto).  Born  at  Villareal  in  Portugal :  died  at 
Lisbon,  March  7, 1830.  A  Portuguese  general 
and  absolutist  politician  (1823-28). 

Chaves  (cha'ves),  Nuflo  de.  Bom  at  Truxillo, 
Estremadura,  about  1510:  died  in  the  Gran 
Chaco,  1568.  A  Spanish  soldier.  He  went  with 
Cabeza  de  Vaca  to  Paraguay,  marching  overland  from  the 
Brazilian  coast  to  Asuncion,  1541-12;  took  part  in  the 
deposition  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca  ;  and  thereafter  was  a  lead- 
ing and  very  turbulent  spirit  in  the  affairs  of  Paraguay. 

Chazars  (elia'zarz),  or  Khazars,  Kingdom  of 
the.  A  Turanian  power  in  southern  Russia  in 
the  first  half  of  the  middle  ages.  It  extended  at 
its  greatest  expansion  from  the  Caspian  and  lower  Volga 
westward  to  the  Dnieper.  It  was  at  its  height  in  the  9th 
century.  For  a  time  the  kings  of  this  people  professed 
Judaism,  their  subjects  following  them.  It  is  thought  by 
some  tli.at  the  modern  Jews  of  southern  Russia  are  their 
descendants. 

Chazelles  (sha-zel'),  Jean  Mathieu  de.    Born 

at  Lyons,  France,  July  24, 1657 :  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  16, 1710.  A  French  mathematician,  astron- 
omer, and  chartogi-apher,  professor  of  hydrog- 
raphy at  Marseilles. 

Cheadle  (che'dl).  A  town  in  Cheshire,  England, 
5  miles  south  of  Manchester.  Population  ( 1891 ), 
8,252. 

Cheapside  (chep'sid).  [ME.  chepe,  market.] 
The  central,  east-and-west  thoroughfare  of  the 
City  of  London,  originally  a  large  open  com- 
mon in  the  course  of  Watling  street  where  the 
markets  and  public  assemblies  were  held.  Dif- 
ferent kinds  of  wares  were  sold  separately,  and  the  names 
were  perpetuated  in  the  streets  which  were  built  up 
where  the  old  booths  had  stood.  In  the  middle  ages 
Chepe  was  the  great  street  of  the  retail  trade.  It  was 
built  with  the  finest  houses  in  the  city,  and  well  supplied 
with  churches,  the  principal  one  being  St.  ilary  le  Bow, 
so  called  from  its  great  vault  or  bow,  on  the  south  side. 
On  the  south  side  also  was  the  stone  gallery  from  wliich 
royalty  reviewed  the  tournaments  which  were  held  here. 
There  were  two  crosses  in  Cliepe  :  the  principal  one  was 
erected  by  Edward  I.  to  mai'li  tiie  resting-place  of  his 
queen,  Eleanor  of  Castile.  (See  Charing  Cross.)  The  high- 
way ran  through  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  market- 
place, and  became  known  as  Cheapside.  Before  the  fire 
in  1660  it  was  twice  as  wide  as  the  present  street,  and  was 
lined  with  houses  five  stories  high,  each  story  projecting 
over  the  one  below,  and  with  higli  gables.  (!:heapside  Is 
59  feet  above  tide-water. 


I 


I 


Cheatham 

Cheatham  (che'tam),  Benjamin  Franklin. 
Born  at  Nashville,  Tuau.,  Oct.  -'U,  l-^l'U :  diecl 
there,  Sept.  4,  1886.  A  Confederate  major- 
general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  entered  the 
Confederate  army  in  18iil,  and  lought  at  Belmont,  Shiloh, 
Chiclianiauga,  Chattanooga,  and  elsewhere. 

Cheat  River  (ehet  riv'er).  A  river  in  West 
Virginia  wiiicli  joins  the  Monongahela  52  miles 
south  of  Pittsburg.  Total  length,  about  laO 
miles. 

Cheats  (ehets),  The.  A  oomedy  by  John  Wil- 
son, written  in  KiO'J  This  play  was  t>'ni|)oiarily  sup- 
pressed, it  is  thouglit  on  account  of  its  ridicule  of  some 
prominent  nonconformist  in  the  part  ot  Scini)le. 

Cheats  of  Scapin  (chets  ov  ska-paii').  The.    A 

fan-e  by  Otway,  acted  in  1C77.  It  was  taken 
from  Moliere's""Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin." 

Chebar  (ke'bar).  Mentioned  in  Ezek.  i.  3  as 
a  river  in  the  "  land  of  the  Chaldeans,"  on  tlie 
banks  of  which  the  Jewish  exiles  lived.  The 
river  or  canal  is  as  yet  not  identified  with  any  of  the  nu- 
merous canals  of  Babylonia  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform 
Inscriptions.  The  view,  held  formerly,  that  it  was  the 
Baroe  as  iiabor,  a  river  which  joins  the  Euphrates  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Circessium,  is  now,  for  philological 
and  gcograpliical  reasons,  generally  abandoned. 

Cheddar  Cliffs  (ched'Sr  klifz).     A  picturesque 

froup  of  limestone  cliffs  in  the  Mendip  Hills, 
omersetshire,  England,  near  Wells.  Height, 
5()0  feet. 

Chedorlaomer  (ke-dor-la-o'm^r).  A  king  of 
Elam  who,  according  to  Gen.  siv.,  in  the  time 
of  Abraham,  with  his  thi-eo  tributary  kings 
Amraphel  of  Shinar  (Shumir  of  the  inscrip- 
tions), Arioehof  Ellasar  (Larsa),  and  Tidal  of 
Goyim,  invaded  Pale.stiue  and  subdued  the 
five  kings  of  Siddim  (around  the  Dead  Sea). 
For  twelve  years  they  remained  in  subjection  ;  in  the 
thirteenth  year  they  rebelled,  whereupon  Chedorlaomer 
came  again  with  his  three  allies  and  defeated  the  five 
kings,  pillaging  the  whole  country  and  carrying  away 
with  him  Lot,  the  nephew  of  -\brahara.  According  to 
the  Assyrian  monuments,  Elamite  kings  con(}Uered  Bul»y- 
lonia  and  reigned  over  it  during  the  period  between 
2300  and  207ti  B.  c.  Among  the  Elamite  kings  mentioned 
are  Kudur-Mabuk  and  Kudur-Nahundn.  The  first  calls 
himself  "conqueror  of  the  Westland."  Chedorlaomer, 
or,  as  the  name  would  have  been  read  in  the  ancient  Ela- 
mite language,  Kudnr-L:igamar,  may  be  put  about  20i)0 
B.  0.  Lagamar  is,  as  ascertained  by  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions, the  name  of  an  Elamite  deity,  and  Kudur  probably 
raean-s  'servant.' 

Oh6dotel  (sha-do-tel').  Lived  about  IGOO. 
A  French  navigator  and  explorer  in  (_'anad,'t. 
Having  been  selected  to  guide  the  expedition  of  the 
Marquis  de  la  Roche  to  New  France,  he  landed,  in  l.'>98, 
flfty  men  on  Sable  Island,  whom  on  his  return  from  an 
exploring  expedition  along  the  coast  of  Acadia  he  was 
com|>elled  by  stress  of  weather  to  abandon.  He  was 
sent  to  their  rescue  by  the  Parliament  of  Rouen  in  1605, 
but  recovered  only  twelve  men,  all  that  survived. 

Cheduba  (ehed'ubii).  An  island  in  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  west  of  Arakan,  British  India,  in 
lat.  18°  oO'  N.,  long.  93°  40'  E.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Burmese  in  1824.  Area,  240  square 
miles. 

Cheeryble  (cher'i-bl),  Frank.  The  nephew  of 
Cliarles  and  Edwin  Cheeryble  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens's novel  ''  Nicholas  Nicklebv."  He  marries 
Kate  Nicklebv. 

Cheeryble  Brothers,  The  (Charles  and  Ed- 
win). Twin  brothers,  mcrcluiiits,  in  Charles 
Dickens's  story  "Nicholas  Nickleby."  They  are 
liberal,  simpb-'-mindcd  and  uobl.;-  heaited,  and  are  friends 
and  patrons  of  Niclii'l-.n  .Nicklr).>'.  The  originals  of  these 
characters  .-u'e  said  to  have  bren  the  Grant  brothers,  cot- 
tonapinners,  near  Manchester. 

Chefoo.     See  Cliifii. 

Chefren.    See  Khafra. 

Cheggs  (chegz),  Mr.  A  market-gardoner  in 
Charles  Dickens's  "  Old  Curiosity  Shop,"  the 
Buccessful  rival  of  Dick  Swiveller  in  the  affec- 
tions of  Sopliy  Waekles. 

ChehaliS  (che-lia'liz),  or  TsihaliS.  A  collec- 
tive name  applied  to  several  tribes  of  the 
Salishan  stock  of  North  American  Imlians, 
living  on  Chehalis  River  and  Slioahvaler  Hay, 
Washington.  They  now  number  13.').  and  iire 
on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  Washington.  See 
Sniisluin. 

Oheke  (chok).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
England,  June  1(1,  l."il4:  died  at  London,  .Sept. 
13,  l'),')?.  A  noted  English  (ireek  scholar,  tutor 
to  Edward  VI.  He  studied  at  Cambridge  (St,  .Tohu's 
College);  was  professor  of  Creek  there  IMO-fil  ;  was 
appointed  tutor  \o  I'rinci-  Edward  l.''4l  ;  was  knighted 
1&62  ;  and  became  a  cbamherbiin  of  the  exehe(|ner  Aug., 
1552,  and  a  sccretar}' of  state  June,  l.''».'.:i.  He  was  a  zeal- 
ous Protestant  and  partizan  of  Lntly  .lam*  Grey,  antl  on 
Mary's  accession  was  accused  of  treason  and  eotumitted 
to  the  Towor,  .Tuly  27,  V^W^\  but  was  pardoned  Sept.  13. 
15f>4,  and  permitted  to  travel  abroad.  In  1550  he  was 
arrested  near  Antwerp,  brought  to  England,  ami  again 
thrown  into  the  Tower,  where  he  was  induced  to  renounce 
his  Protestant  beliefs.  He  wrote  numerous  ^orks  In 
Latin  and  English. 


241 

Che-kiang  (ehe-kyang').  A  maritime  prov- 
ince of  cliina,  lying  between  Kiaug-su  on  the 
north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  east,  Fu-kien  on 
the  south,  and  Ngan-hui  and  Kiang-si  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Hang-chau ;  treaty  port,  Ning-po.  The 
chief  foreign  i  x|MUt  is  bilk  Area,  39,150  square  miles. 
Popnlatiou  (ISIW),  about  11,843,000. 

Chelamela(chel-a-me'Ia).  A  former  division  or 
band  of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of  North  jUner- 
ican  ImUans,  probably  ou  Long  Tom  creek, 
Oregon.  Also  Lii-matie,  and  Lomj  Tom  Imiiaits. 
See  Kalapooian. 

Chelard   (she-liir'),  Hippolyte  Andr^  Jean 

Baptiste.  Burn  at  Paris.  Fel).  1,  178;t:  died 
at  Weimar,  tiermauy,  Feb.  12, 1861.  A  French 
composer,  author  of  the  operas  "Macbeth" 
(1827:  text  bv  Rouget  de  Lisle),  "  Hermanns- 
schlacht"  (183o),  etc. 

Cheliff,  or  Ch61if.     See  Shelif 

Chelius  (cha'le-iis),  Maximilian  Joseph  von. 

Born  at  Mannheim.  Baden,  Jan.  Itj,  17!)4:  died 
at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  Aug.  17,  1S7G.  A  noted 
German  siu'geon.  He  ■wrote  "  Handbuch  der 
Chirurgie"  (1822),  etc. 

Chelles  (shel),  Jean  de.  A  French  architect 
and  sculptor.  He  constructed  in  1257  the  south- 
ern portal  of  Notre  Dame  de  Paris  as  it  exists 
to-rlay. 

Chelmsford  (chcmz'ford).  The  capital  of  Es- 
sex, England,  situated  on  the  Chelmer  28  miles 
northeast  of  London.    Popidation  (1891),  11,008. 

Chelmsford,  Baron.    See  Tlusiger. 

Chelouels.     See  Xachi. 

Chelsea  (chel'si).  [Formerly  Cheh-ey,  Clwlchith, 
ME.  Vhclchith,  AS.  Cdchijth,  also,  as  the  name 
of  another  place,  Ccalchyth,  lit.  'Chalkport.'] 
A  borough  (municipal)  of  London,  situated 
north  of  the  Thames,  3  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Paul's.  It  b;us  lieen  tile  residence  of  many  celebrati-d 
piople,  including  More,  Elizabeth,  Steele,  Swift,  Walpole. 
liossetti,  Oeorge  Eliot,  and  larlvle.  It  contains  tin- 
Chelsea  Hospital  for  invalid  soltliers,  designed  by  Wren, 
built  188'2-90.     P.>pulati..n  ttmV),  90.272. 

Chelsea.  A  city  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachu- 
setts, 3  miles  northeast  of  Boston,  separated 
from  Charlestown  by  the  Mystic  River.  It  h.as 
m;inuf;utureaof  tiles,  pottery,  etc.  It  was  settled  as  Win- 
nisiuHnet  in  1030,  was  separated  from  Boston  in  173S,  and 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1857.  Population  (1900), 
:«,07'2. 

Chelsea  Village.  A  part  of  New  York:  a  sec- 
tion, originally  the  farm  of  Clement  C.  Moore, 
lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  city.  Chelsea  Square, 
lying  between  Ninth  and  Tenth  avenues  and  "JOth  and 
2l8t  streets,  still  nnu'ks  part  of  its  site.  The  GenenU 
Theological  Seminary  occupies  the  square. 

Cheltenham  (chelt'n-am).  A  watering-place 
in  Cjloucestershire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Chelt  8  miles  northeast  of  Gloucester,  it  con- 
tains Cheltenham  College  and  other  educational  institu- 
tions. Mineral  spi'ings  were  discovered  there  in  1710.  It 
has  been  a  f  ashitinable  resort  since  tiie  visit  of  George  III. 
in  1788.     Population  (1891),  42,014. 

Chelukamanche.    Sec  Lakmiut. 
Chelyuskin,  Cape.    See  Srvcro. 

Chemakum.     See  Cliinmkiim. 

Chemawawa.    See  ciwmchiufi. 

Chemehuevi  (shem-ii-hwii've).  The  southern- 
most of  the  Piute  tribes  of  North  American 
Indians.  Its  habitat  foimeiiy  was  west  of  the  great 
bend  of  the  Rio  Colorado  in  ^'evada  and  California,  and 
on  the  east  bank  of  that  river  in  Arizona,  between  Bill 
Williams  Fork  and  the  Needles.  They  are  now  attached 
to  tlie  Colorado  Itiver  Indian  agency,  Arizona,  and  ntnu- 
ber  about  100.  (See  ritite. )  Their  own  name  is  Tantatcax. 
Also  Chnitawawa,  Vfdmihuahmt,  Gcniguch,  Jcniyuich, 
Siiiwjttect',  Tc niqufch. 

ChemillS  (she-me-ya').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  20  miles  south- 
west of  Angers.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4.467. 

Chemnitz  (chem'nits).  A  city  in  the  district 
of  Zwii-kan,  kiiigdnin  of  Saxony,  situated  on 
the  Chemnitz  in  lat.  .W"  .W  N.,  long.  12°  .V)'  E. 
It  is  the  chief  manufacturing  city  in  Haxiiny.  ami  one  of 
the  most  important  in  Germany.  It  exports  its  nninufac- 
tured  goods  largely  to  the  I'nlted  States.  Its  nuiimfac. 
turcs  inclmle  gloves,  stockings,  machinery,  cotlojis.  and 
woolens.  It  wa.s  a  free  Imperial  city  l;ilh-17th  centuries. 
Population  (I'liioi.  '.!oii..-,.<i. 

Chemnitz,  Bogislav  Philipp  von.    Horn   ai 

Stettin,  (ieriiiany,  .May  !l.  lliD.'i:  died  at  Hall- 
stad,  Sweden,  May  17,  l(17s.  A  (ierman  histo- 
rian, councilorand  liisloringrapherof  Chrislina 
of  Sweden.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Martin  t^hemnltz. 
He  wrote  "De  ratione  status  In  Iniperlo  nontro  Uoinnno. 
Gerniaidi'o,  etc,"  (IC^IO).  "Iter  koiiigllche  schwedlsche  in 
Dcutachlund  gefulntr  Krifg  "  (lills). 

Chemnitz,  or  Kemnitz,  Martin.  Born  nt  Treu- 

enbrietzen,  Brandenliurg,  Germany.  Nov.  (I, 
l.')22:  died  at  Brtinswick,  Germany,  April  8,  l.Wi. 
A  noted  ttermaii  Lutlieran  theologinn.  super- 
intendent at  Brunswick   after  1567.     Uo  wrote 


Chenonceaux 

"  Theologiffi  Jesuitarum  prwcipua  capita  "  (1562). "  Examen 
conciliiTridentini'  (l.'.05-73),"LociTheologici"(l!i91),etc 

Chenmitzer  (ehein'nit-ser>,  Ivan  Ivanovitch. 

Horn  in  .•\rchangel.  Jan.  16(X.  S.).  174.5:  died 
at  .Smyrna,  March  20, 1784.  A  Russian  fabidist : 
fabli's"pul)li.shed  1778-81  (ed  by  Grot  1873). 
Chemosh  (ke'mosh).  The  prii'icipal  deitj-,  or 
Baal.of  theMoabites.  InJudgesxi  24Chemo8halso 
appears  as  the  national  god  of  .Amnion.  I'nder  SolomoB 
his  worship  was  introduced  in  Judah.  but  was  abolished 
by  Josiah  (1  Ki.  xi.  7,  2  lii.  xxiii.  13). 

Chemsian.    See  T.iim.sUmn. 

Chemulpo(ehe-mul'po).  A  treaty  port  of  Korea, 
lear  Seoul.  It  is  the  most  important  of  the 
treaty  ports. 

Chenab,  or  Chinab  (che-nab').  The  central 
river  of  the  Paujab,  British  India,  which  unites 
with  the  Sutlej  to  form  the  Panjnad  (an  eastern 
affluent  of  the  Indus),  in  lat.  29°  25'  N.,  long. 
71°  7i'  E.     Length,  about  750  miles. 

Chenango  (she-nang'go).  A  tributary  of  the 
Susiini'hanua,  which  it  joins  at  Binghamton, 
New  York.     Length,  about  100  miles. 

Chenavard  (sbe-na-var' ),  Paul  Joseph.  Born 
Dec.  9,  1808  :  died  April  12, 1895.  A  French  his- 
torical painter,  a  pupil  of  Delacroix  and  Ingres. 
He  executed  a  series  of  cartoons  for  the  Pan- 
theon in  F'aris. 

Chenedoll6  (shan-do-la'),  Charles  Julien 
Pioult  de.  Born  at  Vire  in  1769 :  died  1833. 
A  Frencli  poet. 

Cli^nedoU^  was  in  production,  if  not  in  publication,  for 
lie  published  late  in  life,  a  jirecursor  of  Laniaitine,  much 
of  whose  style  and  manner  may  be  found  in  him, 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  403. 

Chen^e  (sha-na').  A  manufacturing  suburb  of 
Liege,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Vesdre  and  Ourthe.     Population  (1890),  7,043. 

Chenevix  (cheu'o-viks),  Richard.  Born  in  Ire- 
land (ut  French  parentage),  1774:  died  April 
5,  1830.  A  chemist,  mineralogist,  and  man  of 
letters,  fellow  of  the  Roy.al  Society  1801,  and 
Copley  medalist  1,S03.  Besides  numerous  scientiflo 
papers,  he  WTote  "Mantuan  Revels  "(a  comedy),  "Henry 
the  Seventh  "  (a  tragedy),  and  poems. 

Ch^nier  (sha-nyii'),  Andr6  Marie  de.   Bom  at 

Constantinople,  Oct.  30,  1702 ;  guillotined  at 
Paris,  July  25, 1794.  A  celebrated  French  poet, 
son  of  Louis  Ch^nier.  According  to  Sainte-Beuva 
he  is  the  greatest  writer  in  French  classic  verse  since  the 
(lays  of  Racine  and  Boileau.  He  went  to  the  College  de  Na- 
varre in  France;  was  in  the  army  in  1782  ;  in  Switzerland 
and  Italy  1783-84;  in  Paris  1784-87;  secretary  to  the  French 
embassy  in  London  till  1790  ;  and  finally  reverted  to  liter- 
ary occitpations  and  studies  in  Paris.  Only  two  poetical 
compositions  of  Cht^nier  were  published  during  his  life- 
time, "Le  jell  de  paume  h  David  peiutre  "  (suggested  by 
the  great  painter's  "  Serment  du  jeu  de  paume").  and 
"Ilynme  aux  soldats  de  Chateauvieux."  His  pamphlet 
directed  against  the  .Tacobin  club.  "  Avis  ail  peiiple  fran- 
9ai8  siir  ses  vi^rit:ibles  ennemis,"  brought  him  a  medal  of 
recognition  from  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland,  (.'ht^uier's 
plain  words  in  political  matters  led  to  his  inscription  on 
the  exile  list,  bin  be  seems  to  have  been  of  assistance  to 
Maleaherbes  in  preparing  the  defense  of  Louis  XN'I.,  and 
to  the  king  himself  in  preparing  the  latter's  appeal  to  the 
people.  JIarcli  7,  1794,  he  was  accused  of  sheltering  a 
jiolitical  criminal,  and  was  sent  to  prison.  On  the  7thTher- 
liiidor  he  was  one  of  twenty-four  guillotined  on  a  charge 
of  prison  conspiracy.  "La  jeiine  captive"  wiis  published 
.Ian.  9.  179.S  in  the  ''  DtV-ade  pbilosopliique,"witli  reprints 
in  "  L  Alinanach  des  muses  "  and  "  Le  magasin  encyclopi^. 
diqiio."  'La  jeune  'J'arentine"  came  out  in  the  "Mer- 
cure"  of  March  'i'i,  1801.  In  a  note  to  t^hitteaubriand's 
"G(5nie  du  cliristianisnie"  several  passages  were  quoted 
from  the  "Elegies."  tlther  fragments  were  inserted  by 
Fayolle  in  his  "Melanges  litteniires"  (IblO).  The  tlrs't 
complete  edit  ion  of  chenier's  works  was  made  by  Liittuiche 
in  1819,  the  second  by  1).  C.  Robert,  the  third  and  fourth 
again  by  Latouche  In  l,'^:t3  ami  1839  respectively,  llecq 
de  Foiiqni.res  publi.slied  the  first  critical  edition  in  1802. 
and  the  seicnd  in  187'2.  An  iudiltercnt  edition  wiis  given 
bytJahriel  deChenier  in  ls74.  Ilecqde  i'ouqiiii'respointeU 
out  ita  sliortcoiniugs  in  his  '' Uocumeiits  nouveaux  sur 
Andr»i  Cht^nier"  (1S7&).  lie  also  pnblislietl  in  1881  a  re. 
vised  and  enlarged  edition  of  t'lieuicr's  "(Eiivres  en 
prose,"  based  on  the  version  of  Hugo  and  Lacroix  In  1810; 
and  tinally  gave  the  results  of  bis  latest  research  in  his 
"  Li'tlres  critiques  d'.Andre  Chciiier  "  (^.^r^l). 
Ch6nier,  Louis  de.  Born  at  Montforf,  Franco. 
1723:  died  at  Paris,  May  2.'),  1796.  A  French 
liisloriatl.  Ho  resided  at  Ctaistantinople  for  many  vears, 
and  was  consul-general  there  until  1704.  His  w.irks  in. 
dilile  ■*  Kecberchcs  hlstoriqncs  sur  les  Maurcs  cl  I'litslolre 
de  reiiqiiie  de  \laroc"  (I7S7),  "Resolutions  de  lemidru 
Ottoman,  etc   "(17.89),  etc. 

Chdnier,  Marie  Joseph  de.  Born  at  Constan- 
tiiiopli',  .Vug.  '.'8,  1764:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1^11.  A  Flench  ))oet.  son  of  Louis  Ch(5nier. 
He  wi-ote  the  tnigedy  "Chiu-lea  IX  "  (17811).  the  song 
"Chant  dn  depart."  "Tlb6re,"  etc.    ills  complete  works 

were  publish.'d  1821  2(1. 

Chenonceauxishe-nrtii-so').  A  village  in  the  de- 
imrlmeiit  of  Indri'-et-Loire,  France,  situated 
on  the  Clier  19  miles  southeast  of  Tours.  It  is 
fninons  for  the  easlle  bnlll  under  Fmne<ds  I  in  a  grace- 
ful Itenal«!*iince  style,  to  which  plcturesqiieness  Is  iidiled 
by  the  iiitpMlnctlon  of  medieval  nnind,  cone-niofed  tow- 
ers    The  beautiful  chapel  has  tine  glass,  and  the  oM  fur- 


Cbenonceaux 

niture  and  ornament  of  the  interior  remain  in  great  part. 
A  unique  feature  is  the  bridge  over  the  Cher,  covered 
with  a  range  of  buildings. 

Chenooks.     See  Clnnoois. 

Cheops  (.ke'ops).     [6r.  Xcoip.']     See  Eliiifii. 

Chepenafa  (ehe-pe'na-fa).  [PL]  The  Mary 
Kiver  Indians,  or  Marysville  Indians,  a  band  of 
the  Lakmiut  division  of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on 
the  forks  of  St.  Mary  creek,  neai-  Corvallis,  Oregon,  and 
are  now  on  Grande  Ronde  reservation.  Thev  numbered 
28  in  1S90.     See  Lakmmt. 

Chephren.     See  Khafra. 

Chepman  (chep'man),  Walter.  Bom  about 
1473 :  died  about  1538.  A  printer  and  mer- 
chant of  Edinburgh,  the  earliest  Scottish  printer 
with  the  exception  of  Andrew  Myllar. 

Chepstow  (ohep'sto).  A  town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Wye  13  miles 
northwest  of  Bristol,  it  contains  the  ruins  of  Chep- 
stow Castle,  a  fortress  of  the  13th  and  14tli  centuries,  with 
high  walls  and  massive  cylindrical  towers.  There  are 
four  interior  courts.    Population  (1891),  3,378. 

Cher  (shar).  A  river  of  France  which  joins 
the  Loire  near  Tours.  Length,  215  miles ;  navi- 
gable 74  miles. 

Cher.  A  department  of  France,  lying  between 
Loiret  on  the  north,  Nievre  on  the  east,  AUier 
and  Creuse  on  the  south,  and  ludre  and  Loir- 
et-Cher  on  the  west.  Capital,  Boui'ges.  it  is  a 
leading  industrial  department,  and  is  formed  from  parts 
of  Berry  and  tlie  Bourbonnais.  Area,  2,780  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  359,276. 

Cherasco  (ka-ras'ko).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Ctmeo,  Italy,  near  the  junction  of  the  Stura 
and  Tanaro,  30  miles  south  of  Turin. 

Cherasco,  Armistice  of.  An  armistice  con- 
cluded between  Napoleon  and  Victor  Amadeus 
III.  of  Sardinia,  April  29,  1796.  A  definite 
peace  followed,  May  15,  1796,  making  great 
concessions  to  France. 

Cherasco,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  of  peace,  signed 
April  6,  1631,  which  confirmed  the  treaty  of 
Eatisbon,  concluded  between  Richelieu  and 
Ferdinand  II.  in  1630.  The  latter  invested  the  Duke 
of  Nevers  with  Mantua  and  Montferrat.  Savoy  received 
concessions.  The  treaty  ended  the  war  of  the  Mantuan 
Succession. 

Cherbourg  (sher'berg;  F.  pron.  shar-bor').  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Manche,  France, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  49°  39' 
N. ,  long.  1°  38'  W.  It  is  the  third  naval  port  of  France, 
and  is  a  strong  fortress.  It  has  a  roadstead  protected  by  a 
long  dike,  a  commercial  harbor  and  a  naval  Iiarbor.and  con- 
tains extensive  docks,  an  arsenal,  and  naval  establishments 
It  is  the  Roman  Coriallum,  Cjesarisburguni.  After  various 
English  occupations  it  was  permanently  held  by  France 
from  1450.  It  was  planned  as  a  naval  station  by  Vauban,  and 
the  works  weie  encouraged  by  Napoleon  I.  and  completed 
by  Napoleon  III.  The  fortifications  were  destroyed  by  the 
English  in  1758.    Population  (1891),  commune,  38,554. 

Cherbuliez  (shar-bii-lya'),  Antoine  Elisee. 
Born  at  Geneva,  July  29,  1797 ;  died  at  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  March  14,  1869.  A  Swiss  politi- 
cal economist,  author  of  "L'Utilitaire,"  etc. 

Cherbuliez    (shar-bfi-lya'),  Charles   Victor. 

Born  at  Geneva,  July  19,  1829:  died  at  Combs, 
near  Melun,  July  1,  1899.  A  French  novelist 
and  critic.  He  began  life  as  a  teacher,  but  resigned  his 
professorship  and  traveled  extensively  in  the  East.  On  his 
return  he  published  in  the  form  of  a  novel  the  result  of  his 
studies  in  archeology.  The  first  edition  was  called  "A 
propos  d'un  cheval "  (1860),  and  the  second  "  Un  cheval 
de  Phidias  "  (1864).  Two  other  works  of  a  similar  character, 
"Le  prince  Vitale"  (1864)  and  "Le  grand  oeuvre  "  (1867), 
embody  his  views  on  the  origin,  transformation,  and  des- 
tiny of  this  globe.  In  the  "  Revue  dea  Deux  Mundes  " 
he  published  a  long  series  of  novels,  including  "  Le  comte 
Kostia  •'  (1863),  " Paule  "ilivi  "  (1S64), "  Le  roman  d'  une  hon- 
n6tefemme"(1864).  "Prosper  Randoce  " (1868),  "  L'Aven- 
ture  de  Ladislas  Bolski"  (1869),  "La  revanche  de  Joseph 
Noirel"  (1872),  ■' Meta  Holdenis '  (1873),  "Le  flanciS  de 
mie.  Saint-Maur"  (1876),  "Samuel  Brohl  et  Cie  "  (1877), 
"  L'IdiSe  de  Jean  Teterol  "  (1878),  "Amours  fragiles  "  (1880), 
"  Noirs  et  rouges  "  (1881),  "  La  fernie  du  Choquart "  (18S3) 
"  Olivier  Maugant  '•  (1885),  "  La  bete  "  (1887),  "  La  vocation 
du  Comte  Ghislain"  (1888),  "Unegageure  "(1890).  Among 
his  productions  in  most  recent  years  are  "  L'Art  et  la  na. 
ture"(" Revue  des  Deux  llondes,"  1891)  and  "Le  secret 
du  pr6cepteur"(ibid.,  1892-93).  Both  over  his  own  name 
and  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  G.  Valbert,  Cherbuliez 
also  contributed  to  the  same  review  several  papers  on 
foreign  politics  and  historical  literature.  These  articles 
have  been  collected  in  part  and  published  as  "  L'AlIe- 
magne  politique  depuis  la  paix  de  Prague"  (1870),  "L'Es- 
pagne  politique  "  (1874), "  Homnies  et  choses  d'Allemagne  " 
(1877).  "  Hommes  et  choses  du  temps  present "  (1883),  and 
"Profits  strangers"  (1889).  His  art  criticisms  in  tlie 
"Temps"  give  an  account  of  the  annual  art  exhibit  in 
Paris,  the  Salon  of  1872.  They  have  been  published  sep- 
arately under  the  title  "Etudes  de  litt^rature  et  d"art" 
(1873).  Two  novels  of  Cherbuliez  have  been  dramatized, 
"Samuel  Brohl"  (1879)  and  "L'Aventure  de  Ladislas 
Bolski "  (1879),  but  neither  scored  as  a  play  the  success 
attained  in  the  original  form.  Cherbuliez  was  a  distant 
relative  of  J.  J.  Rousseau.  He  took  out  papers  as  a 
Frenchman  after  1870.  He  was  elected  into  the  French 
Academy  Dec.  8,  1881. 

Gherchel,  or  Cherchell  (sher-shel' ).  A  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Algiers,  Algeria,  situated 


242 

on  the  Mediterranean  54  miles  west  by  south 
of  Algiers.  Population  (1891),  commune,  8,786. 
Cherentes,  or  Xerentes  (sha-ren'taz).  An  In- 
dian tribe  of  Brazil,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
river  Tocantins,  in  Goyaz,  southern  Maranhao, 
and  portions  of  Piauhy  and  Bahia.  They  are 
closely  allied  to  the  Chavantes  (which  see),  and  are  evi- 
dently an  offspring  of  that  tribe.  Like  them,  they  are 
very  savage  and  wai  like.  Their  numbers  are  now  greatly 
reduced. 

Cheri  (sha-re';,  Rose  (Rose  Marie  Cizos). 

Bom  at  Etampes,  France,  Oct.  27,  1824:  died  at 
Passy,  near  Paris,  Sept.  22,  1861.  A  celebrated 
French  comedian.  She  first  appeared  at  the  Gymnase 
llai-ch  30,  1842.  In  1846  the  role  of  Clarisse  Hailowe 
placed  her  in  the  first  rank  of  lier  profession.  In  ilay, 
1847,  she  married  il.  Lemoine  Montigny,  but  continued 
to  play  under  the  name  of  Kose  CherL 

Cheribon,  or  Sheribon  (sher'i-bon).  A  sea- 
port on  the  northern  coast  of  Java,  Butch  East 
Indies,  lat.  6°  45'  S.,  long.  108°  35'  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated  at  11,000. 

Cherokee  (eher-6-ke'),  native  Tsalaki.  [PL, 
also  Clicrok-ees.]  An  important  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  The  name  means  '  upland  field,' 
the  tribe  being  peculiarly  upland  :  they  may  have  so  desig- 
nated themselves  to  their  first  European  visitors.  They 
are  probably  the  people  known  traditionally  to  the  Dela- 
wares  as  Talligewi,  a  powerful  body  which  once  occupied 
the  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Allegheny  rivers,  and  afterward 
was  driven  south  by  the  Delawares  and  Iroquois.  When 
first  known  to  Europeans  their  center  was  in  the  southern 
Alleghanies,  and  they  occupied  the  mountains  of  southern 
Virginia.  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and 
Tennessee.  Their  chief  settlements  were  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  Savannah  and  Tennessee  rivers,  and  were  re- 
spectively called  Elati  Tsalaki,  or  Lower  Cherokee,  and 
Atali  Tsalaki,  or  Upper  Cherokee,  speaking  two  different 
dialects.  As  the  white  settlements  pressed  upon  them 
tliey  retreated  westward,  until  by  the  treaty  of  1836  they 
sold  .all  their  remaining  country,  and  the  main  body  re- 
moved to  a  tract  assigned  to  them  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
A  considerable  number  remained  behind,  and,  gradually 
concentrating  in  western  North  Carolina,  are  now  known 
as  the  eastern  band  of  Cherokees,  numbering  about  2.iXh;i. 
Those  in  the  Indian  Territory  number  about  17,000.  Both 
divisions  have  a  large  admLsture  of  foreign  blood.  See 
Iroquoian. 

Cherry  (cher'i).  [A  nickname  of  C/irtW?;^.]  1. 
The  daughter  of  the  landlord  Boniface  in  Par- 
quhai-'s  "Beaux'  Stratagem." — 2.  The  nick- 
name of  Ch  arity  Pecksniff  in  Dickens's  • '  Martin 
Chuzzlewit." 

Chersiphrou  (ker'si-fron).  [Gr.  Xefiai(ppuv.'\ 
Born  at  Cnossus,  Crete :  flourished  about  576 
B.  0.  The  first  architect  of  the  -Artemisiou  at 
Ephesus.  He  was  associated  with  his  son  Sletagenes, 
and  with  Theodorus.  The  Artemision  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty  yeai-s  in  building,  and  was  finished  about  4n6 
B.  c.  This  building  was  later  destroyed  by  Hre,  and  rebuilt 
about  the  time  of  Alexander  by  Dinocrates. 

Cherso  (ker'so).  1.  -An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belongingto  Kustenland,  Austria-Hungarj', 
inlat.44°40'-45°10'N.,long.l4°30'E.  Length, 
40  miles. — 2.  The  chief  town  on  the  Island  of 
Cherso.    Population  (1890),  commune,  8,280. 

Cherson.     See  Kherson. 

Chersonesus  (ker-so-ne'sus),  or  Chersonese 
(ker'so-nes  or  -nez).  [Gr.  x^P<^"'^''l<^>K,  a  penin- 
sula.] The  Greek  name  for  a  peninsula,  it  was 
specifically  applied  to  the  following :  (a)  Chersonesus 
Aurea,  the  modern  peninsula  of  Malacca.  (&)  Chersone- 
sus Cimbrica,  the  modern  peninsula  of  Jutland  (Den- 
mark), (c)  Chersonesus  Taurica  or  Scythica,  the  modern 
Crimea  (Russia),  (rf)  Cliersouesus  Thracica,  the  modern 
peninsula  of  Gallipoli,  between  the  Hellespont  and  the 
Gulf  of  ileias. 

Chertsey  (ches'i  or  chert'si).  [AS.  Certes  ey, 
Ceortes  ig  or  eg,  Ceort's  island.]  A  to^vn  in  Sur- 
rey, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  22  miles 
southwest  of  London,  it  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  South  Saxons.  It  contained  a  Benedictine  monastery 
founded  in  the  7th  century. 

Cherub,  The.     See  Wiljer,  Bella. 

Cherubin  de  la  Ronda  (sha-rii-ban'  de  la  ron'- 
da),  Don.  The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca  (which 
see)  in  Le  Sage's  novel  of  that  name. 

In  this  work  [Le  Sage's  "The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca"], 
Don  Cherubim,  the  Bachelor  of  Salamanca,  is  placed  in  all 
different  situations  of  life  —  a  plan  which  gives  scope  to 
the  author  for  satire  as  various  as  the  classes  of  men 
with  whom  his  hero  at  different  times  associates.  The 
first  part,  in  which  he  appears  as  a  tutor,  is  by  much  the 
most  novel  and  entertaining. 

DuiUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  478. 

Cherubin  (sha-rii-ban').  A  page  in  "Le  Mari- 
age  de  Figaro,"  by  Beaumarchais.  Timid  before 
the  Countess  Almaviva,  he  is  extremely  forward  witli  Su- 
zanne. In  "La  M^re  Coupable"  he  has  overcome  this 
weakness,  and  is  proved  to  be  the  rival  of  Almaviva,  the 
father  of  his  supposed  son  Leon,  and  the  cause  of  the 
"guUty  mother's"  tears. 

Cherubini  (ka-ro-be'ne),  Maria  Luigi  Carlo 
Zenobio  Salvatore.  Born  at  Florence,  Sept, 
14,  1760:  died  at  Paris,  March  15,  1842.  A 
celebrated  Italian  composer.  He  studied  under 
Sarti  at  Bologna,  and  finally  established  himself  in  Paris 
in  1788.    His  works  include  the  operas  "  Armida"  (1782), 


Chester 

"La Finta  Principessa " (1786),  ' ' Iflgenia  in  AuUde " (1787), 
"Demophon"  (178S),  "Lodoiska"  (1791),  "M^dSe"(1797l 
"Les  deux  journ^es"  ("  Der  Wassertrager,"  1800),  "Fa- 
niska  "  (ls06),  "  All  Baba  "  (originally  '  ■  K.oukourgi  "  (1793), 
produced  in  1833),  "Requiem  in  C"  (1817),  "Requiem  in 
D  "  (1836).  He  also  wTote  many  motets,  masses,  string- 
quartets,  one-act  operas,  etc. 

Cherusci  (ke-ms'i).  [L.  (Ca?sar)  Cherusci,  Gr. 
(Strabo)  X?!povaKoi.'\^  A  German  tribe,  in  the 
time  of  Cfesar  dwelling  about  the  middle  Weser 
in  ten-itory  extending  as  far  east  as  the  Elbe. 
They  were  subjugated  to  the  Romans  by  Drusus  and  Ti- 
berius, but  rose  against  Varus  under  the  leadership  of 
their  own  countryman,  Arminius,  In  the  time  of  Taci- 
tus they  had  sunk  into  comparative  unimportance.  The 
name  disappears  early  in  the  5th  century.  They  ultimately 
became  a  constituent  part  of  tlie  Saxons. 

Cher'vin  (sher-vari'),  Nicolas.  Bom  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhoiie,  France,  Oct.  6,  1783:  died 
at  Bourbonne-les-Bains,  Haute-Marne,  France, 
1843.  A  French  physician.  He  is  noted  for  re- 
searches in  regaid  to  yellow  lever,  on  which  he  published 
several  inonograplis.  He  also  wrote  "  Recherclies  m^dico- 
philosopliiques  sur  les  causes  de  la  polygamic  dans  lee 
pays  cliauds"  (1812). 

Cherwell  (cher'wel).  A  small  river  in  Eng- 
land, which  joins  the  Thames  at  Oxford. 

Chesapeake  (ches'a-pek).  The.  -An  American 
frigate  of  38  guns,  built  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  in 
1799.  During  the  campaign  of  1812  she  cruised  in  .South 
American  waters.  In  May,  1813,  she  returned  to  Boston, 
and  was  placed  under  the  command  of  Captain  James 
Lawrence.  The  ship  was  repaired  and  remauned  under 
his  direction,  but  he  was  obliged  to  make  up  his  crew  of 
very  unsatisfactory  material.  The  British  frigate  Shan- 
non, thirty-eiglit  guns  rating,  commanded  by  Captain 
Philip  Vere  Broke,  was  at  this  time  cruising  off  Boston 
harbor.  Broke  had  brought  his  ship  to  a  high  state  of 
efficiency.  On  June  1,  1813,  the  Chesapeake  sailed  out  of 
Boston  harbor,  the  Shannon  being  in  sight  in  the  ofhng. 
The  battle  occurred  six  leagues  east  of  Boston  Ught  Im. 
mediately  after  opening  fire  both  ships  fell  aboard,  and 
Captain  Lawrence  was  mortally  wounded.  He  was  car- 
ried below  exclaiming  "Don't  give  up  the  ship!"  Cap- 
tain Broke  boiirded  the  Chesapeake,  and  at  6.05  p.  M., 
fifteen  minutes  after  the  first  gun  was  fixed,  her  flag  wa& 
struck. 

Chesapeake  Bay  (ches'a-pek  ba).  An  inlet  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  Virginia  and  Maryland. 
It  enters  the  .A.tlantic  between  capes  Charles  and'Heniy. 
Its  chief  affluents  are  tlie  Susquehanna,  Patapsco,  Poto- 
mac, York,  Rappahannock,  and  James.  It  was  first  ex- 
plored by  Captain  John  Smith  in  1608.  Length,  about  200 
miles.     Breadth,  4—10  miles. 

Chesebro  (chez'bro),  Caroline.  Born  at  Can- 
andaigua,  N.  Y.,  March  30,  1825:  died  at  Pier- 
mont,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  16,  1S73.  .An  American 
novelist,  author  of  "Dreamland  by  Daylight" 
(1851),  etc. 

Cheselden  (ches'el-den),  WilUam.  Born  at 
Somerby,  Leicestershire,  Oct.  19,  1688:  died 
at  Bath,  April  10,  1752.  A  noted  English  sur- 
geon. He  was  celebrated  for  liis  "lateral  operation  for 
the  stone  "  and  for  operations  upon  the  eye.  He  wrote 
"The  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body  "  (1713),  "  Treatise  on 
the  High  Operation  for  the  Stone  "  (1723),  "  Osteographia, 
or  the  Anatomy  of  the  Bones"  (1733).  A  short  paper 
(Phil.  Trans.,  XXXV.  447)  upon  the  case  of  a  boy  who  was 
born  blind  and  was  couched  at  about  thirteen  years  of 
age  has  been  much  quoted  by  psychologists. 

Chesham  (chesh'am).  A  town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  28  miles  northwest  of  London. 
Population  (1891),  8,018. 

Cheshire  (ehesh'ir),  or  Chester  (ches'ter),  A 
maritime  county  in  western  England,  lying 
between  Lancashire  on  the  north,  Yorkshire 
on  the  northeast,  Derby  and  Stafford  on  the 
east,  Stafford  and  Shropshire  on  the  south, 
and  Wales  and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west.  its. 
surface  is  generally  level,  and  its  leading  pursuit  is  dairy- 
farming.  'I'he  chief  city  is  Chester.  It  was  made  a  county- 
palatine  by  William  theConqueror.  The  palatinate  court 
was  abolished  in  1830.  Area,  1,027  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  730,058. 

Chesil  Bank  (ches'il  bangk).  A  long  bar  on 
the  English  coast  between  Portland  and  Brid 
port . 

Cheskaya,  Gulf  of.    See  TcJwskaya. 

Chesne,  Andre  du.    See  Duchesne,  Andre. 

Chesney  (ches'ni),  Francis  Rawdon.  Bom 
at  Annalong,  Coimty  Down,  Ireland,  March  16, 
1789 :  died  at  Mourne,  County  Down,  Jan.  30, 
1872.  A  British  general  and  engineer.  He  ex- 
amined the  isthmus  of  Suez  in  1830,  and  demonstrated 
the  feasibility  of  a  canal  across  it  (his  report  serving  later 
as  the  starting-point  of  De  Lesseps) ,  explored  the  v.alley 
of  the  Euphrates  in  1831 ;  and  later  (1835-36)  established 
an  overland  route  to  India,  He  commanded  the  aitillery 
at  the  station  at  Hongkong,  China,  1S43-17.  He  publislied 
an  account  of  the  *•  Expedition  for  the  Survey  of  the  Rivers 
Euphrates  and  Tigris  "  (1850),  etc. 

Chester  (ches'ter).  [From  L.  castra,  camp. 
It  was  the  camp  of  the  20th  legion.]  'The  cap- 
ital of  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Dee 
15  miles  south-southeast  of  Liverpool:  the  Bo- 
man  Deva  and  Castra,  and  the  Celtic  Caer- 
leon.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cheese,  etc.  It  con- 
tains lyany  Roman  antiquities,  and  is  notably  medieval 
in  appearance.  It  has  a  cathedral  which  presents  every- 
variety  of  English  medieval  architecture,  from  the  Nor* 


Chester 

man  to  the  last  Perpendicular.  It  has  recently  been  well 
restored.  Ihe  exterior  is  mai-ked  by  its  line  ranges  of 
windows  and  its  square  central  tower.  The  interior  is 
very  elteetive,  the  various  architectural  styles  grouping  in 
Bucb  manner  as  to  contrast  agrceahly.  The  nave  has  mod- 
em fan-vaulting  in  oak.  The  south  transept  is  as  large 
as  the  choil'.  while  the  Nornmn  ni-.rth  transept  is  very 
amall.  The  choir  is  of  the  I3tb  century;  its  15th-century 
■tails  are  elaborately  canopied  and  pinnacled.  The  Lady 
cbapel  is  an  excellent  example  of  Early  English.  The 
dimensions  of  the  cathedral  ai-e  355  by  75  feet :  length  of 
transepts,  200 ;  height  of  vaulting,  78.  The  cloister  is  Per- 
pendicular: the  rectangular  chapter-house  and  the  refec- 
tory are  Early  English.  Ciiester  was  an  important  Roman 
military  station,  was  destroyed  by  Jithelf  rith  of  Xorthum- 
bria  in  ti07,  and  was  rebuilt  by  .Ethelrtaed.  It  surren- 
dered to  William  the  Conqueror  in  1070,  was  long  be- 
aieged  by  the  Parliamentarians,  and  was  taken  by  them  in 
1646.     Population  (1891),  37,105. 

The  name  of  Chester  alone  proves  its  Roman  antiquity  ; 
It  also  proves  its  importance,  as  having  come  to  be  known 
as  the  city  or  the  camp  emphatically.  Still  the  name  is 
historicaliy  a  contraction.  The  Roman  Deva  became  in 
later  times  the  C'ivita^  Le'jiouum,  the  Caerllcon  of  the 
Welsh,  the  Lcijeceaster  (in  several  different  spellings)  of 
the  English.  Both  names,  it  will  be  seen,  Welsh  and 
Euglish,  translate  Civitas  Legimium,  the  two  tongues, 
according  to  their  several  habits,  placing  the  qualifying 
word  first  in  the  English  name  and  last  in  the  Welsh. 
And  here  we  have  to  distinguish  our  Caerlleon,  our  Leffe- 
ucuter,  from  other  places  which  might  easily  be  con- 
founded with  them.  The  name  of  Caerlleon  on  the  Dee 
is  simply  the  same  as  Caerlleon  on  the  Usk,  and  Welsh 
writers  naturally  speak  of  Chester  as  Caerlleon. 

K.  A.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns  and  Districts,  p.  231. 

Chester.  A  eit y  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  ou  the  Delaware  12  miles  south- 
west of  Pliiladelphia.  it  has  important  manufac- 
tures of  cottons  and  woolens,  and  is  especially  noted  for 
it.s  -lIipvard^.  It  was  settled  by  Swedes  in  1643.  Popu- 
bit il:iOu|,  33,988. 

Chester,  Battle  of.  A  battle  in  which  ^thel- 
frith  of  Northumbiia  defeated  (613  [607?])  the 
Cyrnry  of  Strathclyde  under  Broemael,  prince 
of  PowyS.  As  a  result  he  annexed  Chester  and  the 
surrouTiding  district,  thus  sundering  theCymryof  Strath- 
clyde from  those  of  Wales.  A  thousand  Cymric  monks, 
wht  prayed  on  the  field  of  battle  for  their  countrymen, 
were  killed  by  the  ordei  of  .Ethelfrith. 

Chester,  Joseph  Lemuel.  Bom  at  Norwich, 
Conn.,  April  30,  1821:  died  at  London,  May  26, 
1882.  A  noted  American  genealogist,  resident 
in  England  after  1858.  He  engaged  in  various  occu- 
pations (teacher,  clerk,  commissioner  of  deeds,  journal- 
isl),  and  was  aide-de-camp  with  the  rank  of  colonel  to 
the  governor  of  Pennsylvania  (1855-58).  His  genealogi- 
cal work  was  begun  in  England,  "yet  when  he  died  he 
had  no  superior  as  a  genealogist  among  English-speaking 

fieople  {Diet.  Sat.  Biof/.).  He  compiled  the  "llatricu- 
alions  at  the  University  of  Oxford,"  "The  Marriage,  liap- 
tismal,  and  Burial  Registers  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Peter, 
Westminster '(1876),  etc. 

Chesterfield  (ches'ter-feld).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Derbyshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
rivers  Kothcr  and  Hipper  11  miles  south  of 
Sheffield.     Population  (1891),  13,242. 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of.    See  stanhaiic. 

Chesterfield  Inlet.  An  arm  of  Hudson  Bay 
in  British  America,  about  lal.  64°  N.,  long.  91°- 
97°  W.  Length,  200  miles.  Greatest  breadth, 
about  2.T  miles. 

Chester-le-Street  (ehes'ter-le-stret).  A  toivn 
in  Durham,  England.  6  miles  north  of  Durham : 
the  lioman  Coiidereum,  and  later  Cuneceastre. 

Chester  Plays,  The.  A  "collection  of  mys- 
teries" foundeil  upon  "scriptural  sub.jects," 
formerly  represented  by  the  gilds  of  Chester 
at  Whitsuntide.  They  were  twenty-four  in  number, 
and  were  played  during  three  days. 

According  to  the  proclamation  for  the  holding  of  these 
plays  made  in  the  year  1533,  they  were  devised  "  of  old 
time  by  one  sir  Henry  Francis.  s{)me  time  monk  of  this 
monastery  dissolved,"  .  .  .  "which  plays  were  (in  the 
14th  century)  devised  to  the  honor  of  Cod  by  .John  .\rti- 
way  ...  to  be  brought  forth,  declared  and  jilaycd."  etc. 
...  A  note,  written  in  a  later  hand,  adds  to  the  MS.  copy 
of  this  proclamation  written  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  that  Sir  John  Arnway  was  mayor  of  Chester  in 
1:127-S.  at  which  time  these  plays  were  written  by  Randal 
Higgenet,  a  monk  of  Chester  Abbey,  and  played  openly 
in  Whitsun  week,  Randal  Higgenet  is  (uie  <»f  the  cor- 
ruptioME,  of  the  name  of  Randulph  or  Ralph  Higden,  au- 
thor of  the  "'Polychron icon."  .  .  .  There  are  several  MSS. 
of  the  Chester  Slysleries.  none  early.  A  MS.  belonging 
to  the  Puke  of  Devonshire  is  dated  1581.  A  MS.  once 
possess  m1  by  ilr  Heber  was  dated  1592.  The  two  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum  are  dated  1600  and  KWJ";  that  at 
Oxfoid  is  dated  l(i04  A  specimen  of  these  Chester  .Mys- 
teri.'S  was  printed  in  I818  by  Mr.  Markland  for  the  mem- 
bcis  of  the  Roxburghe  Club,  and  in  1831  these  and  other 
Myslei'ies,  then  unpublished,  were  described  by  Mr.  (Sil- 
lier in  his  "  IIis(oi-y  ol  Dramatic  Literature";  hut  the  only 
ctnnplete  ptiblication  of  them  has  been  that  nnide  for  the 
Shakespeare  Society  in  1843,  when  they  were  edited  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Wright. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  IV.  70-80. 

Chestes.     See  Saslemi. 

Chetco  (chet'ko).  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  divi- 
sion of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  formerly  lived  in  nine  villages 
along  Chetco  River  and  a  tributary  in  Oregon,  and  are  now 
on  tlic  Siletz  reservation,  Oregcni.    See  Athapascan, 

Chetemacha,    See  ChitiiiKu-lKin. 


243 

Chetlessentun.     See  Tcetlestcan, 

Chettle   (chet'l),  Henry.     Died  about  1607. 

An  EugUsh  dramatist  and  pamphleteer,  son  of 

a  dyer  of  London,  and  a  stationer  by  trade. 

He  was  the  author  or  joint  author  of  a  lai'ge 

number  of  plays. 

Chetwood  (chet'wud),  William  Rufus.    Died 

.Marcli  3,  1766.  An  English  tlramatist,  book- 
seller, aiul  prom])ter  at  Driiry  Lane  Theatre. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "  General  TXlstory  of  the  Stage  " 
(17-ts)),  several  dramatic  pieces,  etc. 
Chevalier  (she-vii-lya'},  Michel.  Bom  at  Li- 
moges. France.  Jan.  13.  1806:  ilied  at  Montpel- 
lier,  France,  Nov.  28,  1879.  A  noted  French 
jiolitical  economist.  His  works  include  "Lettres 
sur  r.\m6rique  du  Xord  "  (1836).  "  Des  interets  mat^riels 
en  France"  (1838),  **Cours  d'dcomunie  politique"  (1842- 
1850),  "Essaisdepolitiiiue  industrielle  "(1843),  "La  liberty 
aux   Etats-Unis,"  seveiid  works  on  Mexico,  etc. 

Chevalier  a  I'flpee  (she-va-lya/  ii  la-pa'),  Le. 

A  French  romance  of  the  12th  century,  erro- 
neously ascribed  to  Chrestien  de  Troyes. 

Chevalier  au  Cygne  (she-vii-lya'  6  seny'),  Le. 

[F., '  The  Knight  of  the  Swan."']  The  title  of  a 
group  of  chansons  the  members  of  which  bear 
the  separate  headings  "Antioehe,"  '"Les  Ch6- 
tifs,"  ''LesEnfances  de  Godefroy."  etc.  "Antio- 
ehe, "the  first  of  these,  which  describes  the  exploits  of  the 
Christian  host,  first  in  attacking  and  then  in  defending 
that  city,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  the  chansons,  and  is  jjrob- 
ably  in  its  original  form  not  much  later  than  the  events  it 
..escribes,  lieing  written  by  an  eye-witness.  Saintsbury, 
French  Lit,,  p.  2ti. 

Chevalier  de  Maison-Rouge  (sbe-va-lya'  de 
ma-Z(m'rozh'),  Le.  [F.,  'The  Knight  of  the 
Red  House.']  A  historical  novel  by  Alexandre 
Dumas,  published  in  1846. 

Chevalier  de  Saint  George  (she-vii-lya'  de 
sail  zhorzh).  A  title  assumed  by  James  Stuart, 
the  Old  Pretender. 

Chevalier  d'Harmental  (she-va'lya  dar-mon- 
tiil'),  Le.  A  romance  by  Alexandre  Dumas, 
published  in  1843.  He  wrote  in  collaboration  with 
Auguste  Maquet,  and  these  two  authors  produced  a  play 
in  184".i  with  the  same  title.  D'Harmental  is  the  type  of 
exaggerated  honor. 

Cheverel  (shev'e-rel).  Sir  Christopher  and 
Lady.  "Two  of  the  principal  characters  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  "  Mr.  Gilfil's  Love-Story." 

Cheverus  (shev'e-rtis ;  F.  pron.  she-%Tiis'),  Jean 

Louis  Anne  IVTadeleine  Lefebvre  de.    Pjorn 

at  Mayenne,  France,  Jan.  28,  1768 :  died  at 
Bordeaux,  Prance,  July  19,  1836.  A  French 
prelate,  first  Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  1808,  archbishop  of  Bordeaux  1827,  and 
cardinal  1836. 
Oheves  (ciievz),  Langdon.  Bom  at  Rocky  River, 
S.  C,  Sept.  17,  1776:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
June  25,  18.57.  An  American  politician.  He  en- 
tered the  House  of  RepresenUatiTes  in  1811,  was  speaker 
1814-15,  and  was  president  of  the  National  I^ank  181&-22. 

Cheveux  Relev6s.    See  Ottawa. 

Cheviot  Hills  (ehev'i-ot,  or  chiv'i-pt,  hilz).  A 
mountain-range  in  Xoi'tliumberlantl,  Englaiui, 
and  in  Ko.xburghsliire,  (Scotlaml.  The  highest 
peak  is  Cheviot  Hill  (2,i:7()  feet).  Length,  :!5  miles.  These 
liills  are  celebrated  in  liistoiy  and  romance. 

Chevreul  (she-\Ter),  Michel  Eugfene.  Born 
at  Angers,  France,  Aug.  31, 1786:  died  at  Paris, 
April  9,  1889.  A  celebrated  French  chemist. 
He  was  chemist  at  the  Gobelins  factory  1824-S9,  an<l  pro- 
fessor at  the  iluseum  of  Natural  History  I8;lU-S:i.  His 
scientific  works  are  numerous  and  iinpoi'tant. 

Chevreuse  (she-vrUz'),  Duchesse  de  (Marie 

de  Rohan).  Born  Dec,  KiOO:  died  at  Gagny. 
near  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1679.  A  Frencli  political 
intriguer,  she  was  the  daughlerof  Hercule  de  Rohan, 
due  de  Montbazon,  and  was  the  wife  first  of  Charles 
d'.-Vlbert,  due  de  Luynes,  and,  after  his  death,  of  the  Due 
de  Chevreuse.  She  was  one  of  the  most  formidable  ene- 
mies at  court  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  by  whom  she  was. 
however,  eventually  forced  to  leave  France,  (hi  the  deat  b 
of  Louis  XIII.  she  returned,  but  was  eiddly  received  by 
the  queen  regent,  Anne  of  Austria.  Having  acted  in 
concert  with  Cardinal  de  Retz  against  Mazarfn,  she  was  a 
second  tinn-  sent  into  exile. 
Chevy  Chase  (chev'i  chas).  A  famous  old 
English  ballad  which  recounts  tlie  incidents  of 
the  battle  of  Ollcrburn,  though  not  wilh  the 
exactness  of  the  Scotch  ballad  "The  Battle  of 
Otterbiirn."  which  is  historical.  The  name  is 
variously  explained. 

In  the  warfare  ag.ninst  English  settlements  In  France 
such  a  raid  was  called  by  the  I'Yeneh  allies  vt  Scotland  a 
c/icvauclti'e,  and.  by  a  connnon  nrocess.  that  name  was 
corrupted  Into  Chevy  Chase.  It  lives  yet  among  school- 
boys as  a  "chivy."  Now,  since  there  are  in  Northumber- 
land Cheviot  Hhls  aa  well  as  an  (itterburn,  (^hevy  Chase 
was  Interpreted  Into  Ibc  Hunting  of  the  Cheviot.  The 
old  ballad  of  the  ■  Battle  of  Ollerlinrn."  or  "Chevy 
Chase"--  the  battle  of  the  ctteearieh'*e  which  was  its  cause 
—  was  therefore  recast  as,  "The  Hunting  of  the  Cheviot," 
always  with  some  confused  sense  of  identity  between  one 
incident  and  the  other.  (In  the  oblest  extant  version  of 
"Chevy  Chase,"  the  name  means  "the  Cheviot  hunting. 


Chiapas 

ground."  This  version  is  in  a  manuscript  in  the  Ashmo. 
lean  Collection  at  Oxford.  It  was  printed  by  Thomas 
Heame,  in  the  year  1719,  in  his  preface  to  an  editiou  ol 
W'illiam  of  Newbury's  "Chronicle."  Its  dale  seems  to  be 
about  1500,  and  if  not  the  original,  it  is  much  nearer  to 
the  original  than  the  version  given  in  Percy's  "Reliques.*' 
— Xote.]  The  battle  of  otterburu  is  au  incident  miiuitely 
described  by  Froissart,  but  there  is  no  record  whatever  of 
any  simihu:  battle  that  arose  out  of  a  Hunting  on  the 
Cheviots.  Mortey,  English  Writers,  VI.  233. 

Cheyenne  (shi-en').  [Pi.,  also  Chcyeuties;  from 
a  Siouau  word  meaning  'enemies.']  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians  that  claim  lands 
watered  by  the  north  and  south  forks  of  the 
Platte  River.  About  1800  they  lived  in  the  Black  HiHs 
and  on  the  Cheyenne  River  of  Dakota.  They  arc  divided 
into  Northern  or  Upper  Cheyennes.  now  on  the  'Tongue 
River  reservation  in  eastern  Montana,  and  Southern  Chey- 
eimes,  at  the  Cheyenne  ami  Arapaho  agency,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. Others  !U-e  at  Pine  Ridge  agency.  South  Dakota, 
and  altogether  they  immber  3,026.    See  Alynquian. 

Cheyenne,  or  Sheyenne,  or  Shyenne.    A  river 

in  5,'cirtli  Dakota  which  joins  the  Ked  River  of 
the  North  12  miles  north  of  Fargo.  Length, 
about  350  miles. 
Cheyenne.  The  capital  of  Wyoming,  situated 
in  hit.  41°  7'  N.,  long.  104°  50'  W.  it  is  an  im- 
portant station  on  the  Union  Pacific  and  other  railroads, 
and  the  headquai-ters  of  large  cattle  companies.  Its  ele- 
vation above  sea-level  is  6,000  feet.  Population  (1900), 
14,(187. 

Cheyne  (chan),  George.  Born  at  Methliek, 
Aberdeen.shire,  1671:  (.lied  at  Bath,  April  13, 
1743.  A  noted  British  physician.  He  wrote  "A 
New  Theory  of  Fevers  "  (1702),  "Observations  on  the  Gout " 
(1720),  "The  English  Jlalady.  Hypochondria"  (1733),  etc. 
He  began  and  carried  on  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
London. 

Chezy  (sha-ze'),  Antoine  Leonard  de.    Bom 

at  Neuilly,  France,  Jan.  15, 1773 :  died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  31,  1832.     A  noted   French   Orientalist, 
author   of   various  translations   from  Persian 
and  Sanskrit,  etc. 
Chezy,  Mme.  de  (Wilhebnine  Christiane  von 

Klencke).  Bom  at  Berlin,  Jan.  26,  1783:  died 
near  Geneva,  1856.  A  Gennan  poet  and  nov- 
elist, wife  of  A.  L.  de  Ch6zy,  and  granddaugh- 
ter of  Karschin. 

Chezy,  Wilhelm  von.  Bom  at  Paris,  March 
21,  ls06:  died  at  Vienna,  March  14,  1865.  A 
German  novelist  and  genera)  writer,  sou  of 
A.  L.  de  Chezy. 

Chhandogya  (chan-do'gya).  In  Sanski-it  litera- 
ture, an  Lpanishad(  which  see)  of  the  Samaveda. 
The  name  means  literally  'relating  to  the  chhandi)gas' 
(meter-singers),  chanters  of  the  Samaveda.  and  so  (as  noun) 
their  doctrine.  Its  object  is  to  explain  the  various  mean- 
ings which  the  sacred  syllable  Om  (which  see)  may  as- 
sume in  the  mind  of  the  devotee  till  at  last  the  liighest  is 
reached,  viz.,  Brahman  the  Absolute. 

Chhatisgarh  (chut-tes-giir').  A  division  of 
the  Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated 
about  lat.  20°-23°  N.,  long.  81°-«3°  E.  Area, 
24,204  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  3,115,- 
997. 

Chiabrera  (ke-ii-bra'rii),  Gabriello.    Born  at 

Savona,  Italy,  June  8,  1.552:  died  at  Savoua, 
Get.  14,  1637.     An  Italian  lyric  poet. 

Chiaja  (k(j-!i'yii),  La.  [It.  diiaja,  a  dial.  form,= 
.Sicilian  chia;::a  for  ]>ia::za,  place,  plaza.]  A 
fashionable  drive  in  modern  Naples,  extending 
ab(nit  a  mile  along  the  coast  between  the  open 
Villa  Naziomile  (a  public  park)  and  hotels  and 
other  handsome  biuldings  on  the  other  side.  It 
begins  at  the  Largo  Vittoria.  Its  full  name  is 
the  "  Riviera  di  Chiaja." 

Chiana  tke-ii'nii).  A  liver  in  Tuscany,  Italv. 
It  is  coiulucle(l  by  engineering  works  partly 
into  the  .\riio,  partly  into  Ihe  Tiber. 

Chiana,  Val  di.  The  level  and  fruitful  valley 
of  Ihe  ('hiana,  near  Chiusi. 

Chianti  (ke-iln'te).  A  mountain  gi-ouji  near 
Siena,  Italy.  It  gives  name  to  eelebrjited 
wines. 

Chiapa,  Bishop  of.  The  title  of  Bartolomi?  de 
las  Casas,  1544-47.  It  is  often  used  in  speaking 
of  Iiim. 

Chiapanecs  (che-ii-pii-neks').  or  Chapanecs 

(cliii-pii-neUs'),  orChapas(cliii'piis).  [  rroba- 
bly  from  fluiiKi.  their  name  for  Ihe  red  macaw, 
which  was  the  totem  or  emblem  of  the  tribe.] 
A  race  of  Indians  forinerlv  powerful  iu  that 
part  of  southern  Mexico  wliich  now  forms  the 
state  of  Chiapas.  They  had  considerable  and  well- 
built  towns,  priictised  agriruKiire,  bad  nnide  some  ad- 
vances in  mechanic  arts,  and  understood  picture-writing. 
The  chlapaiu-cs  were  never  conquered  by  the  Aztecs,  but 
were  easily  rednceil  by  the  Spaniards.  Remains  of  the 
tribe  exist  In  central  Chiapas,  and  still  sjieak  their  own 
language.  The  .Mnng((es  t>f  .N icarag[ni  and  the  Guetares 
of  c,>sta  Rica  seem  to  lie  ancient  olfshoots  of  this  race, 
Chiapas  (che-ii'piis).  The  sonlheasternmost 
state  of  Mexico,  lying  between  Tabasco  on  the 
north,  Guatemala  on  the  eaet,  the  Gulf  of  Te- 


Chiapas 

huantepec  on  the  soutli,  and  Vera  Cruz  anJ 
Oaxaca  on  the  Trest.  The  limits  with  Guatemala  are 
di-;piited.  Chiapas  contains  aDtiqiiities  (at  Palenqut-,  etr.). 
Capital,  Tuitla  GutiiiTez.  Area  (ulainied,  1894).  29,725 
square  miles.     Population  (1685),  313  678. 

Chiaramonte  (ke-a-ra-mon'te).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  S^Taeuse,  Sicily,  30  miles  west  of 
Syracuse.     Population,  9,000. 

Cliiari  (ke-a're).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brescia,  nortliem  Italy,  14  miles  west  of  Bres- 
cia. Here.  Sept,  1, 1701,  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  defeated 
the  French  and  Spaniards  under  ViUeroi.  Population, 
6,U0O. 

Chiavari  (ke-a'va-re).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Ital.v,  21  miles  southeast  of 
Genoa.     It  has  varied  manufactures. 

Chiaveima  (ke-a-ven'na).  [h.  ClavenniijG. 
Vldven  or  Clefen.'\  A  town  in  the  pro%-ince  of 
Sondrio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mera  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  Val  Bregaglia,  in  lat.  46°  19'  \., 
long.  9°  24'  E.  It  is  at  the  junction  of  the 
mutes  over  the  Spliigen  and  Maloj'a. 

Chibchacum.    See  Bochini. 

Chibclias  ( oheb'ehas),  orMuyscas  (mo-es'kas). 
A  tribe  of  South  American  Cidiaus  which,  pre- 
vious to  the  conquest,  occupied  the  highlands 
east  of  the  Magdalena.  from  the  head  waters 
of  that  river  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  de  llerida. 
They  were  powerful  and  had  attained  some  degree  of  civ- 
iliz.ition,  living  in  large  towns  and  obeying  iixed  though 
unwritten  laws.  They  were  skilful  weavers,  potters,  and 
goldsmiths,  and  practised  agriculture,  planting  maize, 
quinoa,  potatoes,  and  cotton.  Their  chiefs  were  heredi- 
tar>'  in  the  female  line,  had  absolute  power,  and  were 
treated  with  great  ceremony.  The  Chibchas  believed  in 
a  Supreme  Being,  but  worshiped  the  sun,  stars,  and  other 
natural  objects.  In  1537,  while  they  were  engaged  in  a 
civil  war,  the  Spaniards  under  Quesada  reached  their 
country.  They  were  quickly  conquered,  and  those  who 
survived  enslavement  and  persecution  adopted  the  Span- 
ish language  and  customs.  Their  descendants,  mixed  with 
EiU"opean  blood,  form  a  large  part  of  the  present  popula- 
tion of  Colombia.  The  word  Chibcha,  applied  to  this 
tribe,  is  properly  the  name  of  their  language.  They  called 
themselves  ilmi&ca,  i.  e.  'men.' 

Chibokwe,  or  Ba-Chibokwe  (bii-che-bo'kwe). 

St-e  Kioko. 

Chicaca.    See  Chicasa. 

Chicacole.     See  Cicacole. 

ChicagD  (shi-ka'go).  A  city  of  Cook  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan  in  lat.  41° 
50'  X.,  long.  87°  37'  W.  it  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
State,  and  the  second  city  in  the  United  States.  Its  chief 
quarters  are  the  North.  South,  and  West  Sides.  It  has  a 
vast  commerce  by  many  railroads  and  by  the  lake,  and 
exports  wheat,  meat,  manufactured  goods,  etc.  It  has 
manufactures  of  lumber,  iron,  steel,  furniture,  clothing, 
tobacco,  liquors,  agricultural  implements,  leather,  etc. 
Among  its  largest  industries  are  beef-packing  and  pork- 
packing.  It  is  the  seat  of  Chicago  University,  and  of  sev- 
eral theological  seminaries  and  other  institutions,  and  has 
important  libraries  and  art  collections.  The  site  was  vis- 
ited by  Marquette  in  1673.  Fort  Dearborn  was  built  in 
1S04,  evacuated  in  1S12,  and  rebuilt  in  1816.  Chicago  was 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  1837.  Two  thousand  one  hun- 
dred acres  were  burned,  with  a  loss  of  over  $190.0)0,000  (?),  in 
the  great  fire  of  Oct.  S-10, 1S71.  Owing  to  its  position  it  has 
been  the  place  of  meeting  of  many  national  political  con- 
ventions. It  was  the  scene  of  an  anarchist  riot  COld  Hay- 
market)  May  4,  188t>.  llje  most  important  recent  event 
in  its  histoi'v  was  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in 
1893,  la-sting'from  May  1  to  Oct.  30.  Population  (1900,i, 
1,698,575. 

Chicago,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learnmgin  Chicaico.  situated  between  56th  and 
.59th  streets.  It  has  an  endowment  of  $6,000,000 
(contributed  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Rockefeller  and 
others).  It  hasabout  2.500  students.  200  instruc- 
tors, and  a  library  of  about  350.000  volumes. 

Chicaneau  (she-ka-no').  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  the  comedy  "Les  Plaideurs,"  by 
Racine.  He  is  a  tradesman  with  a  mania  for  going  to  law, 
and  is  the  type  of  the  captious,  litigious  plaintiif,  as  his 
name  implies. 

Chicasa  (chik'a-sa),  or  Chickesaw(chik'e-sa). 
[PL,  also  CliicX-esaws.'i  A  large  tribe  or  sub- 
division of  North  American  Indians,  chiefly  of 
Mississippi.  In  the  ISth  centurj-  their  villages  were 
about  Pontotoc  County,  and  their  main  landing-place  on 
the  Mississippi  River  was  at  the  present  site  of  ^lemphis, 
Tennessee,  from  which  there  was  a  trail  leO  miles  long 
to  their  villages.  Theynow  number  about  3,500,  and  are 
at  the  Union  agency,  Indian  Territory.  Also  Chicaca, 
Chicaho,  Ckicksaic,  Chickagaw.     See  iluskhfijean. 

Chichele  (ehieh'e-le),  orChicheley  (chich'e-li). 
Henry.  Born  at  Higham  Ferrers,  Northamp- 
ton, England,  about  1362:  died  at  Canterbur.v, 
England,  April  12,  1443.  An  English  prelate, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbur.v  Feb.  19, 
1414.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  and  founded 
All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1437. 

Chichen-Itza  (che-chan'et'za),  or  Chichen. 
A  ruined  city  of  northern  Yucatan,  18  miles 
southwest  of  Valladolid.  Some  of  the  remains  indi- 
cate very  large  buildings  with  elaborate  sculptures,  wall- 
paintings,  and  hieroglyphics.  There  is  a  pyramid  550  feet 
square  and  still  70  feet  high.  The  Cllichen-Itza  ruins  are 
connected  with  ancient  Maya  traditions.    They  have  been 


244 

known  since  the  conquest,  and  have  been  studied  in  mod- 
ern times  by  Charnay,  Le  Plongeon,  and  other  archseolo- 
gisls.  Le  Plongeon  discovered  there  the  remarkable 
statue  which  he  called  C^ac-mool  (which  see). 
Chichester  (chieh'es-ter).  [li.  Cissse  Castrum, 
AS.  Cissanceaster :  the  Roman  Regnum,  de- 
stroyed in  the  5th  century  by  Ella,  and  restored 
by  his  son,  Cissa,  king  of  Sussex,  from  whom 
it  was  named.]  A  city  in  Sussex,  England,  14 
miles  northeast  of  Portsmouth.  It  contains  a  noted 
cathedral,  for  the  most  part  a  Norman  building  of  the  12th 
and  13th  centuries,  showing  many  details,  as  the  paired 
lancets  surmounted  by  quatrefoils  of  the  central  tower, 
which  might  have  been  transported  bodily  from  Normandy. 
The  tall,  slender  spire  awkwardly  placed  on  this  tower  is 
later.  The  interior  has  double  aisles  and  narrow  uave, 
and  ver>'  beautiful  carved  choir-stalls.  There  are  Perpen- 
dicular cloisters,  and  a  late,  detached  bell-tower.  The 
dimensions  are  410  by  91  feet;  width  of  transepts.  131; 
height  of  nave,  62.  The  town  was  refounded  by  Cissa  in 
the  6th  century.    Population  (1891),  7,842. 

Chichester,  Arthur.  Bom  at  Rawleigh,  near 
Barnstable.  England.  May,  15G3:  died  Feb.  19, 
1625.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  sec- 
ond son  of  Sir  John  Chichester  of  Rawleigh, 
made  Lord  Chichester  of  Belfast,  in  the  Irish 
peerage. Feb.  23.  1613.  Hewas  appointed  governor  of 
Carrickfergus  and  sergeant-major  general  of  the  English 
army  in  Ireland,  and  was  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  from 
Feb.'  3,  1605,  to  Nov.  29,  1614.  After  his  recall  he  was  ap- 
pointed lord  treasurer  of  Ireland. 

Chichevache  (ME.  chech-e-vaeh';  mod.  F. 
shesh-vash';.  [ME.,  as  if  from  an  (DF.  *chiche- 
rache,  lean  cow  (from  chiclte,  poor,  lean,  and 
lache  (L.  vacca),  a  cow);  but  this  is  a  per- 
version of  the  OF.  form  cliicheface,  chinche- 
face  (also  chinchefache,  simulating  lache,  a 
CO  w),  lit. '  ugly  face.']  A  fabled  beast  which  de- 
voured patient  and  submissive  wives.  Thefable, 
of  Old  French  origin,  became  a  favorite  with  Middle  Eng- 
lish writers,  who  made  the  beast  a  lean  cow  (see  etymolo- 
gyX  and  ascribed  her  leanness  to  the  scarcity  of  her  pecu- 
liar diet.  They  added  another  beast  named  Bicome  (^By- 
coriie)  (literally,  'two-homed"),  who  lived  only  on  patient 
and  submissive  husbands,  and  was  in  consequence  always 
fat.  Lydgate  wrote  a  poem  called  "Bycorne  and  Chiche- 
vache." 

Chichilticale  (che-chel-te-ka'le).  [Acorruption 
of  the  Nahuatl  chichiltic-calli,  red  house.]  A 
name  given  by  the  Mexican  Indians  who  fol- 
lowed Fray  Marcos  of  Nizza  to  New  Mexico  in 
1539  and  Coronado  in  1540,  to  a  ruined  structure 
buUt  of  red  earth  or  clay,  near  the  banks  of  the 
Gila.  It  has  been  supposed  that  it  was  the  Casa  Grande, 
but  in  all  probabilit}'  it  was  some  ancient  ruin  near  the 
site  of  new  Fort  Grant,  in  Arizona,  along  the  slopes  of 
Mount  Graham. 

Chichimecs  (che-che-maks'),  or  Chichimecas, 
or  Chichimecos.  [Nahuatl  of  Mexico :  deriva- 
tion doubtful,  but  possibly  from  chichiltic,  red, 
and  mecayotl,  generation.]  .An  ancient  term 
used  to  designate  indiscriminately  wild  and  dan- 
gerous tribes  of  Indians.  It  was  also  an  honorific 
title,  any  warrior  who  distinguished  himself  by  particular 
ferocity  being  termed  a  chichiniecatl.  The  name  has  re- 
mained in  American  Spanish.  Misunderstood  folk-lore 
has  given  rise  to  the  belief  in  the  immigration  into  Mexico 
of  a  numerous  tribe  of  barbarians  under  this  name  at 
some  vei-y  ancient  time. 

Chick  (chik),  Mrs.  Louisa,  Mr.  Dombey's  sis- 
ter in  Charles  Dickens's  "  Dombey  and  Son," 
a  weak  and  self-satisfied  woman  who  urged 
the  fading  Mrs.  Dombey  to  "make  an  effort.'' 

Chickahominy  (ehik-a-hom'i-ni).  A  river  in 
Virginia  which  joins  the  James  about  40  miles 
southeast  of  Richmond.  Length,  about  75  miles. 
Near  it  were  fought  the  battles  of  Fair  Oaks.  Mechanics- 
ville,  Gaines's  MUl.  Savage's  Station,  and  Frayser's  Farm, 
ls62  ;  and  Cold  Harbor,  1S64.  See  Fair  Oaks^ Seven  Days' 
Battles,  C'dd  Harbor. 

Chickahominy,  Battles  of  the.     See  Sei-e» 

JJai/s'  Buttles,  Fair  Oaks. 
Chickamauga  (chik-a-ma'ga).  A  smaU  river 
which  joins  the  Tennessee  about  7  miles  above 
Chattanooga.  Near  it,  Sept.  19,  20, 1863,  the  Confeder- 
ates ^about  50,000)  under  Bragg  defeated  the  Federals 
(55,000-60,000)  under  Kosecrans.  Loss  of  the  Federals, 
15,&51 ;  of  the  Confederates,  17,801. 

Chickamauga,  Bock  of.  A  name  given  to  Gen- 
ei-al  Thomas,  commander  of  the  Federal  left 
■wing  at  Chickamauga,  for  his  stubborn  defense 
of  his  position  in  that  battle. 

Chickasa'WS.     See  Chicasa. 

Chickasaw  Bluffs  (chik'a-sa  blufs),  or  Bayou 
(bi'o).  A  place  near  Vieksburg.  Mississippi. 
Here,  Dec.  29,  1862,  the  Federals  under  Sherman  were  re- 
pulsed by  the  Confederates.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  1,9"29 ; 
of  the  Confederates,  207. 

Chickenstalker  (chik'en-sta-ker),  Mrs.  An 
old  shopkeeper  in  Dickens's  story  "  The 
Chimes." 

Chickesa'w.    See  Chicasa. 

Chicksaw.    See  Chicasa. 

Chickweed.     See  Smallweed,  Bartholomeio. 

Chiclana  (che-kla'na).     A  town  in  the  province 


Childebert 

i>f  Cadiz,  Spain,  12  miles  southeast  of  Cadiz. 
Population  (1887),  12,»18. 

Chicomecoatl  (che-ko-me-ko-iitl').  ['  Seven  ser- 
pents.'] In  Mexican  (Nahuatl)  mytholog.v.  the 
goddess  of  abundance  and  provisions.  By  some 
she  has  been  identified  with  Centoatl,  the  goddess  of 
maize  :  both  were  worshiped  at  the  period  of  sowing,  and 
offerings  of  fruits  and  seeds  were  made  to  them. 

Chicomoztoc  (ehe-ko-moth-tok').  [Nahuatl, 
lit.  ■  seven  caves-Q  A  mythical  place  where 
the  various  branches  of  "the  Nahuatl  tribe 
are  said  to  have  come  out  of  the  center  of 
the  earth,  or  to  have  separated.  The  tradition 
is  not  quite  clear  in  regard  to  the  real  mythological  sig- 
nificance of  the  spot. 

Chicopee  (chik'o-pe).  A  city  of  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Chicopee  River  with  the  Connecticut, 
4  miles  north  of  Springfield,  it  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  goods,  arms,  cutlery,  etc.  Population  (1900), 
10.167. 

Chiemsee  (chem'za).  The  largest  lake  in  Ba- 
varia, 40  miles  southeast  of  Munich,  noted  for 
its  fish.  Its  outlet  is  the  Mz  (into  the  Inn,  thence  to 
the  Danube).     Length,  7J  miles. 

Chieri  (ke-a're).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  8  miles  southeast  of  Turin:  the 
ancient  Carea.  It  has  a  noted  Gothic  church. 
It  was  a  medieval  republic.   Population,  9,000. 

Chieti  (ke-a'te).  1.  A  province  of  eastern 
Italv,  f ormerlv  called  Abruzzo  Citeriore.  Area. 
1,138  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  348,805. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Chieti, 
Italy,  in  lat.  42°  20'  N..  long.  14°  10'  E. :  the 
ancient  Teate  Marrucinorum.  The  order  of  the 
Teatines  was  fotmded  here  in  the  16th  century. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  25,000. 

Chiffinch  (ehif'finch),  Master  Thomas.  A 
Llrinking  and  intriguing  minister  to  the  plea- 
sures of  King  Charles,  in  Scott's  novel  "Pev- 
eril  of  the  Peak." 

Chi-fu,  or  Chefoo  (ehe-fo').  native  Yen-tai.  .-1 
seaport  town  in  the  province  of  Shan-tung, 
China,  in  lat.  37°  32'  N..  long.  121°  22'  E.  It 
is  a  distributing  center  of  foreign  manufactured  goods, 
and  exports  straw  braid,  pulse,  and  silk.  A  convention 
between  China  and  Great  Britain  was  signed  here  in  1876. 
Population,  32,500. 

Chigi,  Fabio.     See  Alexander  Til.,  Pope. 

Chignecto  Bay  (shig-nek'to  ba).  An  arm  at 
the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Chigwell  (ehig'wei).  A  parish  in  the  cotmty 
of  Essex,  Enrfand,  northeast  of  London. 

Chihuahua  (ehe-wa'wa).  1.  A  state  of  north- 
ern Mexico,  lying  between  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  on  the  north,  Coahuila  on  the  east,  Du- 
rango  on  the  south,  and  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  on 
the  west,  it  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  is 
rich  in  minera'  wealth,  especially  silver.  Area,  89,278 
square  miles.  Population  (1895),  266.831. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Chihuahua,  in  lat. 
28°  40'  N..  long.  106°  30'  -SV.  It  was  founded  in  1706. 
It  contains  a  cathedral.     Population  (1895),  18.521. 

Chikishliar  (che-kesh-lyar').  A  port  in  the 
Transcaspian  Territory  of  Russia,  situated  on 
the  southeastern  shore  of  the  Caspian  near  the 
Persian  frontier. 

Chilan  Balam  (che-liin'  ba-lam'),  or  Chilam 
Balam.  A  priest  of  the  Maya  Indians  of  Yuca- 
tan, who  is  supposed  to  have  died  about  1430. 
He  is  reputed  author  of  several  Maya  writings  which  have 
come  down  to  us  and  are  known  as  the  books  of  Childn 
Balam,  and  it  is  said  that  he  foretold  the  coming  of  the 
Spaniards.  Many  of  the  narrative  songs  still  found  among 
the  Indians  arp  also  attributed  to  him. 

Chilcat  (chirkat)orChilcats(-katz).  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians.  Their  habitat  is  on  Chilcat 
River  and  Bay  and  Chilcoot  River,  in  Alaska,  extending 
into  British  Columbia.    They  number  988.    See  Kolusckan. 

Child  (child),  Francis  James.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton. 1825:  died  Sept.  11.  1896.  An  .American 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  College,  and  »_a5 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  oratory  there  from  Isol  tdl  1876, 
when  he  became  professor  of  English  literature.  ^His  ' 
most  important  work  is  an  edition  of  "English  and  Scot- 
tish Ballads  '  which  he  first  brought  out  in  l»57-Oi»  in  8 
volmues. 

Child,  Mrs.  (Lydia  Maria  Francis).    Bom  at 

Medforcl.  Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1802.  died  at  "rt'ay 
land,  Mass..  Oct.  20, 1880.  An  American  -writer, 
noted  as  a  supporter  of  the  abolition  move- 
ment. She  was  editor  of  the  "National  jVnti  Slavery 
Standard  "  1840-43,  and  assistant  editor  till  1S44.  Her 
works  include  "  The  Rebels  "  (1822),  "  The  American  Fru- 
gal Housewife"  (1829,  a  33d  ed.  in  1&'.5).  "Flowers  for 
Children"  (1811  16),  "Looking  toward  Sunset"  (ISIM), 
■'  Miria,  a  Romance  of  the  Bepublic  '  (1867),  etc.,  besides 
her  '■  Appeal  for  that  Class  of  Americans  called  Africans  " 
(IS3S),  which  treated  much  comment. 
Childebert  (eitil'de-bert ;  F.  pron.  shel-de-bar') 
I.  Born  about  495 :  died  558.  Son  of  Clovis, 
king  of  the  Franks,  whom  he  succeeded  (as 
king  of  Paris)  in  511.  He  inherited  (524)  part  of  the 
dominions  of  his  brother  Chlodomir  of  Orltons,  and  in 


Childebert 


and 


245       . 

58,949  square  miles.     Population  (1896),  about 

29.400.nno. 

Chi-li,  Gulf  of.     See  P(-chi-li. 

CMlianwalla.     See  Cliilliamcalla.  , 

Chilka  (ehil'kii),  Lake.  A  lagoon  of  India,  in 
Orissa,  near  tiie  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Chilian  (chel-yiiu').  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
iuee  of  Nuble,  Chile,  about  lat.  36°  3o  S.,  long. 
72°  10'  W.  There  are  luineral  springs  in  the 
vicinity.     Population  (,lb0-2)   about  L'5,000. 

Chillianwalla,  or  CMlianwalla  (chil  i-an- 
wal'a).  A  town  in  the  Panjab,  Bntish  India, 
near'the  river  Jhelum,  in  lat.  32°  4.5'  N..  long. 
73°  35'  E.  Here.  Jan.,  1S*9,  a  battle  occurred  between 
the  British  army  (aljout  la.liuO).  under  Lord  liou({li,  and  the 
Sikhs  (about  23,ik:iu).  It  was  technically  a  British  victory. 
-„-  -  ,      Loss  of  the  British  force,  2,-100. 

^!^:'^r?^^St  Chillicothe  (chil-i-koth'e).  A  city  and  the 
eounty-.seat  of  Ross  County,  southern  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  Scioto  45  miles  south  of  Co- 
lumbus. It  was  the  State  capital  until  1810. 
Population  (1900),  12.976. 
Chillingham  (chil'ing-am).  A  village  in  the 
northern  part  of  Nortliumberland,  England, 
11  miles  nortliwest  of  Alnwick. 

Chillingwortli  (chU'ing-werth),  Roger.    The 

injured  and  malicious  husband  of  Hester 
PryiiiKf  ill  Hawthorne's  romance  "The  Scar- 
let Letter.'' 

CWiders('ohirderzy,Robert  Caesar.  Bom  1838:  Chillingwortli,  William.     Born  at   O.vford, 
died  Julv25,  1876.    An  English  Orientalist,  an-    England,  Oct.,  1602:  died  at  Chichester,  Lug- 

■-       -     -    -    "■     ■  '■      '        land,  Jan.  30, 1644.    A  noted  English  divine  and 

controversialist.  He  wa.s  (iraduated  at  Uxlord  (B.  A. 
1020),  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity  College  162^  was  con- 
verted to  Komaiiism  about  1630,  returned  to  Protestant- 
ism lUM,  was  made  a  chancellor  of  Salisbury  103S,  and 
became  a  mcmher  of  the  Koyalist  army.  He  w.as  captured 
by  \V:Uler  at  Arundel  Castle,  Dec.  9,  1643.  The  most  fa- 
mous of  his  works  is  "The  Keligion  of  Protestants,  a  Safe 
Way  to  Salvation,  etc."  (ItiST). 


conlunction  with  his  brother  Clothaire  I.  of  S,.iss(>ns 
his  nephew  Thcudebert  L  of  Austrasia  conquered  part  ol 
Huiguiiily  iu  634  and  part  of  Provence  in  536. 
Childebert  II.  Born  570:  died  596.  Son  of 
Sigebert  I.  of  Austrasia  by  the  'West-Gothic 
nrincess  Brunehaut.  Having  remained  under  the 
teeency  of  his  mother,  575-r.85,  he  attempted,  on  reach- 
Ux  his  jnajority,  to  deprive  the  young  son  of  iredegunde 
of  Neustrim  Clothaire  II.,  of  his  kingdom,  but  was  himself 
sigmdly  defeated  by  Fredegunde.  ,,.,,,       ,    ,  , 

CWlde  Harold's  Pilgrimage  (child  har  pldz 
pil'gri-maj).  A  poem  by  Lord  Byron,  of  which 
the  first  and  second  cantos  were  published  Jn 
1811,  the  third  in  1816,  and  the  fourth  in  1817. 

Childeric  (chil'de-rik  ;  F.  pron.  shel-de-rek')  I. 
Died  481.  Father  of  Clovis,  and  Prankish  king 
from  about  458.  He  sustained  friendly  relations  with 
the  Romans;  who  assisted  him  against  the  West  Goth- 
the  Alamanni,  and  the  Saxons.  His  tomb  was  discovere 
at  Tournai  in  1653,  and  contained,  among  other  things, 
his  seal-ring  and  a  number  of  gold  bees,  which  latter  had 
oresumably  served  to  ornament  his  mantle,  and  which 
suggested  to  Napoleon  I.  the  adoption  of  the  bee  aa  an 
imperial  emblem. 

Ohilde  Roland.    See  Roland. 

Childers,  Flying.    See  Fliihifj  Chdders. 

Childers,  Hugh  Culling  Eardley.  Born  at 
London,  June  25,  1827:  died  Jan.  29,  1896.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
186S-n,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  l!-72-T;!.  sec- 
retary for  war  1SS0-.52,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1S82- 
l*.i.i,  and  home  secretary jii  IbSO. 


thor  of  '"'Pali-English  Dictionary"  (1875).  etc. 

Child  of  Nature,  The.  A  play  by  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald,  produceil  at  Covent  Garden  Nov.  28, 1(88. 
It  is  taken  from  Madame  de  Genlis.  ,.      , 

Child  of  the  Sea.  The  legendary  Amadis  de 
Gaul,  who,  being  illegitimate,  was  set  adrift 
upon  the  sea  in  his  cradle  by  his  mother  to 
hide  her  shame. 


Children  (chil'dren),  John  George.    Born  at  Chillip  (chil'ip),  Mr.     Amild  and  gentle  bttle 
Tutibridge,  England,  May  18,  1777:  died  at  Hal- ,..^r...r, fi„i^  ,„rv,„„i..„ 

stead  Place,  Kent,  Jan.  1,  1852.     An  English 

physicist   and  naturalist,  best  known  for  his  ChiUon  (she-yon') 

experiments  in  electricity.     He  was  a  secretary  of    '       '    ^'-'-'^       --* 

the  Royal  Society  1826-27  and  1830-37,  and  was  libnuian 

in  the  department  of  antiquities  in  the  British  Museum 

181B-40. 

Children  in  the  "Wood,  or  Babes  in  the  "Wood. 

jVn  old  English  ballad,  of  unknown  authorship, 
preserved  in  Ritsoii's,  Percy's,  and  other  col- 
lections. The  ballad  was  entered  in  the  "Stationers' 
Begister"  in  1;)95.  In  1601  a  play  was  published  "  of  a 
young  child  murthered  in  a  wood  by  two  rufflns  with  the 
consent  of  his  iinklc."  The  plot  of  this  play  was  undoubt- 
edly derived  from  the  ItiUi.an.  and  the  ballad  may  have 
been  produceil  from  the  same  source.     Child. 


doctor  who  attended  Mrs.  Copperfield,  in  Charles 
Dickens's  "David  Copperfield." 

-yon').     A  castle  in  Vaud,  Switzer- 

iand,"at\he  eastern  end  of  Lake  Geneva.  Itcov- 
ers  an  isolated  rock  on  the  edge  of  the  lake,  and  is  a 
very  picturesque  combination  of  semicircular  and  square 
towers  and  machicolated  curtains  grouped  about  a  higher 
central  tower.  It  is  famous  in  literature  and  song  (Byron), 
especially  as  the  prison  of  Bonnivard  (1530-36),  a  defende-r 
of  Swiss  liberties  .against  the  Duke  of  Savoy  in  the  16th 
century.  The  castle  is  of  very  early  foundation,  though, 
as  it  now  stands,  essentially  of  the  13th  century.  Some  of 
the  rooms  preserve  curious  wooden  ceilings,  and  the  mas- 
sive ribbed  vaulting  of  the  two-aisled  dungeon-crypt  is 
impressive.  It  was  taken  by  the  Bernese  in  1536,  and  was 
useil  for  a  state  prison  in  the  18th  century,  and  later  as  an 
arsenal. 


Children  of  the  Mist.    A  band  of  Highland  Chilmari  (chil-mii're),  Hindustani  Chalaman 

outlaws   in   Scott's   "Legend    of    Montrose."     -■■•-'--      a  .„,„.,..,..,„  ,i,. ,f„.T,„„„. 

There  is  a  famous  picture  with  this  title  by 

Landseer. 
Childs  (childz),  George  "William.     Born  at 

Baltimore,  Md.,  May  12.  ls29 :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  3,  1.S94.     An  American  publisher 

and  iihilanthropist.     Publisher  of  the  "  Public 

Ledger  "ill  Philadelphia  1864-94. 
Chile  (chil'e;  Sp.  lu-cui.  che'li),  or  Chili  (chil'i). 

[Probably  from  the  t^uichua  cliiri,  cold.]      A 

republic  of  South  America,  capital  Santiago, 

l>'ing  between  Peru  on  the  north,  Bolivia  and 

t'he  Argentine  Kepublic  on  the  east. 


iind  the 


(chal-ii-ma'ro).  Atowninthe  districtof  Kun 
pur,  Bengiil,  British  India,  in  lat.  25°  25'  N., 
long.  89°  40'  E.,  on  the  Brahmaputra.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  religious  and  commercial  festival. 
Ohilo6  (che-16-a').  1.  A  southern  produce 
of  Chile,  including  the  island  of  Chilo^  and 
the  islands  to  lat.  47°  S.  Area,  3,995  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  79,514.— 2.  An  is- 
land in  the  province  of  Chilo6,  west  of  the 
mainland,  cUscovi'red  by  the  Spaniards  in  1.558. 
Length,  120  miles.  Greatest  width,  40  miles. 
The  chief  town  of  island  and  pro\-inco  is  An- 
cud,  or  San  Carl 


Chimihuahua 

origin  (according  to  Hesiod,  a  daughter  of  Ty- 
phaon  and  Echidna),  having  the  fore  part  thai 
of  a  lion,  the  middle  that  of  a  goat,  and  the  hind 
part  that  of  adragoii:  also  represented  ashaving 
three  heads — a  lion's,  a  goat's,  ami  a  dragon's. 
It  was  often  shown  in  art  as  having  a  goat's  head  in  the 
middle  of  the  back  and  a  dragon  s  head  at  the  end  of  the 
fail.     It  dwelt  in  Lycia,  and  was  slain  by  Bellerophon. 
Chimakuan  (chim-a-k6'an).    A  linguistic  stock 
lit    Xorth  American   Indians,  embracing  the 
Chimakum  (from  which  it  is  named)  and  Qui- 
leute  tribes.    It  formerly  occupied  the  western  coast 
of  Puget  Sound,  from  Port  Townsend  to  Port  Ludlow,  and 
a  small  area  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  Washington,  thirty 
miles  below  Cape  Flattery,  about  Quileute  Kivcr.    They 
are  the  remnant  of  a  once  powerful  body  which  occupied 
the  entire  coast  region  from  Port  Townsend  to  the  Qui- 
leute  country  on  the  Pacific,  the  Salishan  tribes  separating 
the  two  Chimakuan  branches  being  intrudei-s.     They  are 
now  confined  to  reservations  in  Washington,  and  number 
about  300. 
Chimakum    (chim'ii-kum),     more    correctlv 
Tsemakum  (tsem'ii-kum).     A  tribe  of  North 
American   Indians   which    formerly   occupied 
the   coast  of  Puget  Sound,  Washington,  from 
Port  Townsend  to  Port  Ludlow.    Their  wars  with 
their  Salishan  neighbors  early  reduced  their  number,  and 
in  1853  they  amounted  to  only  90  souls,  living  in  about 
15  lodges :  subsequentlv  placed  on  the  Skokomish  reser- 
vation, Washington.    They  aie  now  practically  extinct. 
See  Chijnakuan. 
Chimalak'We   (chi-miil'ii-kwa).      A  tribe   of 
Xorth  American  Indians  formerly  living  on  New 
Kiver,  a  tributary  of  the  Trinity,  California. 
It  was  once  a  comparatively  populous  tribe,  but  chiefly 
through  constant  aggression  by  the  Hupa,  who  exacted  an 
annual  tribute,  was  overpowered  and  as  a  tribe  became 
extinct.     See  Cftimarikan, 

Chimalpain  Quautlehuanitzln  (che-miil-iiin' 
l,\vii-o-tle-w:i-ne-tsen'),  Juan  Bautista  de 

San  Anton  Mufion.  Lived  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  16th  century.  A  Mexican  Indian,  a  de- 
scendant of  the  chiefs  of  Amecameca.  He  was 
educated  by  the  Franciscans,  and  taught  in  their  college 
of  Santiago  Tlatelolco.  He  wrote  several  works  on  ancient 
Aztec  history,  and  is  said  to  have  written  one  on  the  con- 
quest :  these  are  known  only  in  manuscript.  The  "  His- 
t.iria  delas  Conqui-stas  de  Hernarido  Cort4-s,"  attributed  to 
liiiii,  is  merely  a  translation  of  rSimara. 

CMmalpopoca  (clie-nuil-po-po'ka).  The  third 
ruler  of  ancient  Mexico,  from  1417  to  1428,  or 
according  to  other  chronologies  from  1410  to 
1422.  He  was  the  brother  of  his  predecessor,  Huitzili- 
huitl.  He  interfered  in  a  quarrel  of  riv.al  Tepanec  chiefs, 
was  seized  by  one  of  them,  Maxtla,  and  committed  suicide 
while  in  confinement. 

Chimanos.     See  Jioiianas. 

Chimarikan  (chim-a-re'kan).  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  comprising 
the  Chiraariko  and  Chimalakwe  tribes,  former- 
ly living  on  Trinity  and  New  rivers.  Trinity 
Count V.  California.  They  were  once  comparatively 
numero'us,  but  constant  ..pjiression  by  the  Hupa  Indians, 
as  well  as  by  the  early  white  settlers,  has  resulte<l  in  their 
extinction  as  tribes, 

ChimarikO  (chim-a-re'ko).  A  tribe  ot  North 
American  Indians  which  formerly  inhabited 
the  banks  of  Trinity  Kiver,  California,  from 
Burnt  Ranch  northward  to  the  junction  of  the 
north  and  south  forks.  It  was  reduced  to  aliout  six 
individuals  in  1876,  and  is  now  pi-obably  extinct.  See 
Chitnanhail. 

Chimay  (she-ma').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Haiiiaut,  Belgium.  32  miles  southeast  of  Mnns. 
Place  of  Froissart's  death.  Population  ( 18901, 
:i,:!Os. 


Paciiic  Ocean  on  the  .s.mth  and  wesi.    it  lun.  Chilon  (ki'lon),  or  Chilo  (ki'lo).    [Gr.  Xh7.<...  ,  Qhimay,  Princesse  de  (Jeanne  Marie  Ignace 


23  provinces:  Aconeagini,  Antofagasta,  Arauco,  Atacama, 
Bi..i.io,cnutin,Clhlcpe,  ColehaKna,Concepcion,  Coqnlmbo, 
Curiro,  Linares,  Llanquilme.  Malleco,  Maule,  Nuble, 
O  lliiigins,  Santiago.  Tucna,  Talca,  Tarapacil,  Valdivia, 
and  Valparaiso,  and  one  ti-rritory.  .Magallanes.  It  lies 
between  the  crest  of  the  Andes  on  the  east  and  tlic  1 
flc  on  the  west;    in  the 


Xi'Auv.'i  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  tho  6th  cen- 
tury B.  0.  A  Spartan,  one  of  the  "  Seven 
Sages"  of  Greece.  nowasephorcponymosat.Sparla 
556  II.  C,  and  is  said  to  have  died  of  joy  caused  by  the  vie- 
t,.i-v  of  bis  son  in  lioxiiiL'  at  the  Olympic  games. 
Mldeson  trie  easi  ami  uic  i  aci-      ''"X"'  nis  son  in  iio.viiii,  .".  ine     ij     i      »  ir;,.,,  ,,f 

n..rthern  part  portions  east  of  ChllperiC  («-hil  pe-rik)  I.     Died  .ih4.     King  ot 

'-'-'  Neustria  .561-584.     lie  murdered  his  second  wife,  the 

West-Hothii:  princess  (ialeswintha,  sister  of  Brunehaut  of 
Austrasia,  in  orih-r  to  nian-y  his  mistress  Fredegunde, 
thereby  bringingon  a  war  » ith  the  husband  of  Brunehaut, 
his  brother  Sigebert  I.  of  Austmsla. 
Chiltem  Hills  (chil'tern  hilz).  A  range  of  low 
chalk  hills  in  Oxfordshire,  Bucks,  Uertlordshire, 

and  Hedf..rdsliire,  Hngliind. 
Chiltem  Hundreds  (chil'ternhun'dredz).  The 
three  hun.lnds  of  Stoke,  Dcsborough,  and  Bn- 
denhani,  in  Buckinghaiiishire.  The  stewnnbliipof 
the  Chiltcrn  Hundreds  (originally  an  ofilce  elmig,d  with 
the  suppression  of  tho  robbers  who  infested  the  t  blltern 
Hills)  is  a  iioinlnal  ofilce,  conferred  upon  a  member  ot 
Paillanient  who  wishes  to  resign  his  seat,  such  resignallon 
being  impossible  unless  the  meinlier  is  disqiinlllled  by  the 

acceptance  of  a  place  of  ho -and  profit  under  the  crown. 

or  by  s.>ine  other  cause.     The  place  is  In  the  gift  of  the 
ehaiieill.ir  of  the  exchequer. 

Chilula  (ehil'ii-lil).  A  division  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  formerly  lived  In  Humboldt 
County,  California,  but  were  removed  to  tho  Hupa  res.r- 
vat Ion  and  absorbed.     See  H'fttKjx-lriin.         ,      ,     ,,        , 

Chim8era(ki-iue'ril).  [Gr.  Xi/wpn.]  In  (.reek 
mythology,  a  fire-breathing  monster  of  divine 


the  western  Andes  are  included.  The  mountains  ram- 
ify, connecting  with  a  lower  eoast-cliain,  anil  includ- 
ing extensive  plains  and  valleys.  It  exports  niter,  copper, 
silver,  wold,  wheat,  etc.  The  government  Is  a  republic 
under  a  president  and  Congress  (Senate  and  Chamber  of 
Deputies).  The  prevailing  religion  Is  Roman  Catholic. 
The  language  is  Spanish,  and  the  inhabitants  are  chielly 
of  Spanish  descent.  The  name  Chile  was  applied  by  tho 
natives  only  to  the  valley  of  Aconcagua,  including  ()ul- 
lota;  It  was  extended  by  the  Spaniards  to  all  their  con- 
quests south  of  the  Atacama  desert.  During  the  17th 
century  the  government  of  Chile  included  considerable 
tracts  east  of  the  Andes.  After  the  revolution  conquests 
were  extended  south  into  Patagonia,  and  by  treaty  with 
Argentina  the  region  was  divided  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, the  boundary  being  the  Andes.  Chile  ac(|Ulrcd 
Atacama  and  a  portion  of  s.iuthern  I'eru  by  the  war  of 
1879-83,  waged  against  Peru  and  Bolivia.  It  wiw  invaded 
by  Almagro  In  l.wr,;  and  was  first  settled  by  Valdlvin 
in  1511.  I/Ulg  wars  wilh  the  Aranialiiaiis  followed, 
ludi  liendenee  was  llnallv  declared  Feb.  lli,  IHIH.  Area, 
■  .  1  -J:i  siinare  miles.  I'opulatlon  (1806),  •.>.7PJ,U5. 
Chi-li  (cho-16).  .\  province  of  northern  China, 
lying  between  Mongolia  on  the  north,  tho  Gulf 
of  Chi-li  and  Sliaii-(  iing  mi  the  east,  Shan-tung 
and  lio-nan  on  the  south,  and  Slmn-si  on  the 
west.     Chief  cities,  Peking,  Tientsin.    Area, 


Th6r6se  de  Cabarrus).    i!"iu  at  .Saragassa, 

Spain,  .lulv  31,  1773:  died  at  Brussels,  Belgium, 
.Ian.  15,  is:i5.  The  daughter  of  tho  Comte  (le 
Cabarrus,  married  at  an  early  age  to  the  Martiuis 
de  Fontenay,  who  obtained  ii  divorce  from  ner 
in  1793.  In  the  siune  year  she  made  the  acquaintance 
at  Bordeaux  of  ralllcn,  whom  she  miirrleil,  and  on  »  hose 
career  In  the  Convention  she  exercised  a  profonnd  Influ- 
ence. Having pnKiireil  a divorie  fnun  Talllen  In  Istri  she 
married  In  1S(»  the  Comte  deCiirainan,  who  suhsequoutly 
iiccame  lu-lnce  of  Chimay. 

Chimay.  Principality  of.    A  small  jirincipal- 

itv  ill  llninault.  It  passed  in  1S04  to  the 
present  |iossessors  (French  family  De  Kiquet 
do  Caraiiian). 

Chimborazo  (chim-bO-rii'zo;  Sp.  pron.  cliem- 
bo-rii'llio).  A  province  of  western  Ecuador. 
IV.puliition.  r22,300. 

Chimborazo.  ttne  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
llic  Audi's,  situated  in  I'.eiiador  in  lal.  1°  30' 
S  long.  79°  W.  II  w.us  nearly  ascended  by  Humboldt 
111  1802,  and  wasascendeil  by  Wliympcr  In  Uvso. 
(Wliyin|ier\  '.'0.41)8  feet;  height  above  the  plain  < 
aboiit  l-J.OllOfeeU  _,       -.,,,,  ,  i  c 

Chim6ne  (sho-nuin').  The  faithful  .laughter  of 
Hon  Gomes  in  Coriieillo's  tragedy  "  Tho  Cid. 

Chimes,  The.  Dickens's  Christmas  story  for 
1S44. 

Chimihuahua.     Sec  rhrmrhurvi. 


Height 
of  IJllltO, 


Chimmesyan 

Chinmiesyail  (ehim'ma-se-an).  [From  the 
name  of  the  Ts'emsian  tribe,  signifying  '  on  the 
Ksian  (Skeena)  river/]  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians  inhabiting  the  region 
of  the  Nasse  and  Skeena  rivers,  British  Colum- 
bia, and  nearly  all  the  Pacific  islands  near  the 
coast  between  lat.  52°15'and55^X.  it  embraces 
the  Nasqa  and  Ts'emsian  or  TsimshLin  divisions,  which 
comprise  a  ntzmber  of  tribes.  The  estimated  number  is 
5,000.  In  IS^T  about  1,000  removed  to  Annette  Island,  60 
miles  north  of  the  southern  boondar)*  of  Abtaka,  where  they 
are  making  rapid  progress  in  civilization. 

Chimsian.     See  Tsimshian, 

Cliiinu  (che'mo),  also  as  pi.  Chimus.  [From 
the  title  of  their  sovereign.]  An  ancient  civi- 
lized nation  of  the  Peruvian  coast-valleys,  be- 
tween lat.  3°  and  11°  S.  They  were  entirely  distinct 
from  the  Incas  in  language,  architecture,  and  customs.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition  they  came  from  beyond  sea,  and  drove 
out  the  savages  who  had  occupied  this  region. 

OMmu.  The  name  given  by  archaeologists  to 
the  ruins  of  the  capital  and  chief  city  of  the 
Chimu  people,  on  the  sea-shore  about  4  miles 
north  of  Truxillo,  Peru.  The  remains  cover  a  space 
15  miles  long  and  5  or  6  broad,  and  embrace  the  walls  of 
vast  palaces  and  temples,  some  of  them  ornamented  with 
arabesque  work  and  paintings.  An  aqueduct  many  miles 
long  supplied  the  city  with  water,  whiL-h  was  received  in 
large  reservoirs.  There  are  several  sepulchral  mounds 
irum  which  many  objects  of  interest  have  been  obtained. 

China (chi'na).  [F. Chine, Sp.Pg. Chi)ia,lt. Cina, 
ML.  CA/wa,  *s7?(fl,Ar.^/H;  in  Gr.,asthenameof  the 
people,  llvai,  Q'lvat  (Ptolemy),  a  name  of  imiden- 
tihed  Eastern  origin.  Another  name  kno^\"n  to 
the  ancients  was  L.  Stricu,  Or.  2^p/K/;  (Ptolemy), 
from  L,  Seres,  Gr.  2^pff,  the  people.  In  later 
times  Cathay  {Kitai).  Chinese  designations, 
Chung  Kicoh  ('Middle  Kingdom'),  Chung  Hica 
Kicoh  (*AIiddle  Flowery  Kingdom'),  etc.]  The 
most  important  division  of  the  Chinese  empire, 
extending  from  about  lat.  18°  X.  to  Mongolia 
and  Manchuria  on  the  north,  it  comprises  18 
provinces:  Chihli,  Shantung.  Shansi,  Shensi,  Kansu,  Ho- 
nan,  Anhwel.  Kiangsu,  Chekiang,  Fuhkien,  Kiangsi,  Hu- 
peh,  Hunan.  Sz'chuen,  Kweichow,  Yunnan.  Kwangsi. 
Kwangtung.  The  capital  is  Peking.  The  sm^ace.  except 
in  part  in  the  northeast,  is  largely  mountainous,  with 
many  of  the  summits  attaining  an  elevation  of  10,000- 
11.<X),)  feet.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Peiho,  Hwangho, 
Vangtsz*  Kiaug,  Min,  and  Pearl.  The  leading  products 
are  rice,  tea,  silk,  cotton,  sugar,  pulse,  cereals,  tobacco, 
coal.  ii"on,  copper,  etc.  The  chief  exports  are  tea,  silk, 
straw  goods,  porcelain,  etc.  The  government  is  adminis- 
tered by  viceroys  of  provinces,  who  report  to  the  central 
autocratic  power  at  Peking.  The  principal  religions  ai-e 
Siuism,  Buddhism,  and  Taoism:  the  philosophical  system 
known  as  Confucianism  is  sometimes  erroneously  classed 
with  them.  The  Chinese  assign  a  fabulously  early  origin 
to  their  nation.  Among  the  semi-m>-tbical  kings  is  Fuhi. 
From  about  the  era  of  Confucius  (in  the  tjth  century  B.  c.) 
the  dates  become  more  trustworthy.  In  theSdcentmyB.  c. 
was  the  Tsin  dynasty  which  built  the  Great  Wall.  To  it 
succeeded  the  Han  dynasty  when  the  empire  was  consoli- 
dated. Buddhism  was  introduced  in  the  1st  century  A.  i>. 
Soon  after  the  empire  became  disorganized,  but  was  again 
consolidated  about  600.  There  followed  a  brilliant  period, 
especially  in  literature,  interrupted  by  Tatar  attacks. 
Jenghiz  Khan  occupied  the  northern  portion  of  the  em- 
pire in  1215,  and  the  Mongol  dynasty  was  fully  established 
by  Kublai  Khan  in  12S0.  The  Ming  dynasty  followed  in 
1368.  In  the  16th  century  Portugal  obtained  a  foothold  at 
Macao.  The  present  Manchu  dynasty  of  Tsing  acceded  in 
1644.  The  empire  attained  a  westward  extension  in  the 
18th  century.  The  Opium  War  with  Great  Britain  began 
in  1840,  and  ended  in  1842  with  the  cession  of  Hong-Kong 
and  the  openingof  certain  ti-eatj- ports :  ports  were  opened 
to  France  and  the  ITnited  States  in  1844.  The  TaipiuL' 
rebelli' tn  (which  see)  broke  out  in  1850,  and  was  suppressed 
in  1864.  MeanwhUe  Anglo-French  wars  in  18ot>-58  and 
1859-W  resulted  in  the  victory  of  the  allies.  China  ceded 
the  Amur  country  to  Russia  in  1S58.  In  18S1  she  recov- 
ered Kuldja  from  Russia.  War  with  France  1884-85  ter- 
minated in  favor  of  the  P'rench.  In  18W  disturbances  in 
Korea,  whither  Chinese  and  Japanese  troops  were  de- 
spatched, led  to  the  seizure  of  the  Korean  government  by 
Japan  and  a  war  (declared  July  31)  between  that  country 
and  China  in  which  the  latter  was  completely  defeated 
on  land  and  sea.  A  treaty  of  peace,  which  included  the 
payment  of  a  heavy  indemnitj'  by  China,  the  cession  of 
Formosa,  the  independence  of  Korea,  and  other  conces- 
sions, was  signed  April  16,  1S95.  Toward  the  end  of  1899 
an  uprising  headed  by  the  Boxers  (which  see)  against  na- 
tive Christians  and  foreigners  began,  which  resulted,  in 
June,  liHMl,  in  an  attack  upon  the  foreign  Ugations  in 
Peking,  and  the  murder  of  the  Japanese  secretary  of  le-' 
gati'iu  and  the  German  minister.  Baron  von  Ketteler. 
The  legations  were  besieged  and  cut  off  from  communi- 
cation with  the  outside  world.  Their  relief  was  at  once 
undertaken  by  their  governments.  The  first  expedition 
under  Admiral  Seymour  (June  10-26)  from  Tientsin  was 
unsuccessful,  and  a  second  one  was  organized.  The  Taku 
forts  were  taken  June  17;  Tientsin  was  recapture<i  July 
14;  and  Peking  was  captured  Aul'.  14.  Area  of  China 
proper,  estimated,  1.500,000  square  miles  ;  wiih  the  terri- 
tory of  .Sin-Tsiani;.  sometimes  recognized  as  a  lyth  prov- 
ince. alMJut  2,100,WH1  square  miles  :' population,  34S,000,- 
001).  Area  oi  the  whole  empire,  4,218.401  square  miles; 
popnhitinn  (1896),  estimated,  428,908,206. 

Chinalaph  (she-na-laf).    The  ancient  name  of 

tlio  Sli^-liff. 
OMnandega   (che-nan-da'ga).      A  town  in 

Nicaragua.  Central  America,  situated  about  20 

miles  northwest  of  Leon.     Population  (1SS9), 

8,000. 


246 
Chinantecs  (che-nan-teks'),  or  Chinantlas 

(che-naut'las).  An  ancient  tribe  of  Mexican 
Indians  who  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  occu- 
pied the  Sierra  Madi-e  Mountains,  about  200 
miles  southeast  of  Mexico  City.  They  had  little 
civilization,  but  were  bold  warriors,  using  long  lances 
tipped  with  ob.°idian  or  copper.  They  had  been  con- 
quered by  the  Aztecs,  and,  anxious  to  avenge  theirwrongs, 
they  sent  two  thousand  warriors  to  aid  Cortes  in  the  siege 
of  Mexico.  The  Chinantecs  are  now  amalgamated  with 
other  tribes.  Their  language,  which  was  very  harsh  and 
guttural,  has  been  preserved  only  in  the  "  Doctrina  "  of  the 
missionary  Barreda,  pubUshed  in  1730. 

CHuiantla  (che-nant'la).  The  ancient  name 
for  the  mountainous  region  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  present  state  of  Oajaea,  Mexico, 
occupied  by  the  Chinautec  Indians. 

China  Sea  (chi'na  se).  ThSt  part  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  which  is  included  between  China,  Indo- 
China,  Borneo,  the  Philippines,  and  Formosa. 
Its  chief  indentations  are  the  guh's  of  Siam  and  Tongking. 
It  is  noted  for  its  typhoons,  and  notorious  for  piracy. 
.Sometimes  the  name  is  used  to  include  also  the  i'ellow 
Sea. 

Chincha  Islands  (chin'cha  or,  as  Sp.,  chen'cha 
i'landz).  Three  small  islands  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lima,  Peru,  in  lat.  13°  40'  S.,  long. 
76°  20'  W.,  12  miles  from  Pisco,  long  noted  for 
their  guano  deposits,  now  exhausted. 

Chinchas  (ehen'ehaz).  An  ancient  people  of 
Peru  who  occupied  the  coast  valleys  south  of 
the  Chimu  people,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present 
site  of  Lima.  They  were  of  Quichua  origin,  and  had 
attained  a  considerable  degree  of  civiliziition  before  they 
were  conquered  by  the  Inca  Tupac  Yupanqui,  about  1450. 
Their  renowned  temples  of  Rimac  and  Pachacamac 
(which  see)  were  preserved  by  the  conquerors  and  held 
in  great  veneration.  The  cemeteries  of  the  Chinchas  were 
of  vast  extent,  the  dead  being  buried  in  a  sitting  position 
m  baskets  or  sacks.  Owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  climate 
these  bodies  were  naturally  desiccated :  many  have  been 
exhumed,  and  are  the  so-called  "Peruvian  mummies"  of 
the  museums. 

Chinchaycocha  (chen-chi-ko'cha),  or  Laguna 
de  Jnnin  or  Reyes.  A  lake  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Junin,  Peru,  in  lat.  10°  50'  S.,  long. 
75°  40'  W. 

Chinchay-suyu  (chen-chi-so'yo),  or  Chinclia- 
SUyU  (chen-cha-so'yo).  A  great  province  of 
the  Inea  empire  of  Peru,  comprising  the  re- 
gion north  of  Cuzco,  including  eventuallj'  Quito 
and  the  region  of  the  Upper  Maraiion. 

Chinchero  (chen-eha'ro).  A  village  about  15 
miles  north  of  Cuzco,  Peru,  it  was  an  ancient 
country-seat  of  the  Incas,  and  Vira-Cocha  built  a  palace 
there.  The  walls  of  thi^  with  the  surrounding  buildings, 
remain  in  an  almost  perfect  state. 

Chincliew,  or  Chinchu,  or  Chincheu  (chin- 

chu').  1.  A  name  given  to  the  city  of  Chang- 
chau,  in  Fu-kien,  China,  50  miles  northeast  of 
Amoy  :  formerly  an  important  port,  and  prob- 
ably identical  with  the  medieval  Zaitun  or  Zay- 
ton. — 2.  A  name  given  by  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  (and  formerly  by  the  English)  to 
Chau^-chau  (which  see),  southwest  of  Amoy. 

Chincnilla  (ehen-cherya).  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Aibacete,  Spain,  lat.  38°  54'  N.,  long. 
1°  43'  W. 

Chinchon  (ehen-chon ' ).  A  small  town  in  Spain, 
southeast  of  Madiid. 

Chinchon,  Count  of.  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
(.(lO/tra  Bobadilla  Cerda  y Mtitdoca. 

Chinchon  (chen-chon'),  Ana,  Countess  of. 
Born  at  Astorga,  Castile,  in  1576 :  died  at  Car- 
tagena, Dec,  1639.  A  Spanish  lady,  daughter 
of  the  eighth  Marquis  of  Asto»*ga.  She  manied 
Don  Luis  de  Velasco,  marquis  of  Salinas,  twice  viceroy  of 
Mexico  and  once  of  Peru  ;  and,  after  his  death,  Don  Luis 
Geronymo  de  Cabrera,  count  of  Chinchon,  who  was  ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  Peru  in  1&29.  During  her  second  resi- 
dence in  Lima  she  was  attacked  with  a  tertian  ague,  and 
was  cured  by  some  powdered  Peruvian  bark  which  had 
been  sent  to  her  physician  by  the  corregidor  of  Loxa,  Don 
Juan  Lopez  de  Canizares,  When  the  countess  embarked 
for  Spain  she  carried  a  quantity  of  the  b;irk  with  her. 
She  died  on  the  voj'age,  at  Caitatrena,  Dec,  1039,  hut  it 
was  through  her  cure  that  the  cinchona  bark  was  first  in- 
troduced into  Europe.  In  honor  of  her  Linnaeus  named  the 
genus  of  quinine-beaiing  plants  Cinchona,  or,  as  it  should 
have  been  written,  Chinchona. 

Chindwara  (chind-wa'ra).  1.  A  district  in 
the  Nerbudda  division  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
British  India,  situated  about  lat.  22°  X.,  long. 
79°  E.  Area,  4,630  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  407,494.-2.  The  chief  town  of  the 
district  of  Chindwara. 

Chinese  (chi-nes'  or  -uez').  [From  CJiina  and 
-€se;  =F.  chinois  =  Sp.  t*/n«o  =  Pg.  chin€Z  =  G. 
chinesischj  etc.]  1.  sing,  and  j)!.  (plural  also 
formerly  Chineses).  A  native  or  natives  of 
China;  specifically,  a  member  or  members  of 
the  principal  indigenous  race  of  China  proper, 
as  distinguished  from  other  Mongoloids,  such 
as  the  Mauehus,  the  present  ruling  race  in  the 
Ctdnese  empire. —  2.  The  language  of  China. 


Chinsura 

It  is  a  monosyllabic  tongue,  and  on  this  ground  is  gener- 
ally classed  with  the  other  languages  ot"  the  same  character 
in  southeastern  Asia,  in  Further  India  and  the  Himalayas, 
as  constituting  the  monosyllabic  family.  It  exists  in  many 
dialects,  of  which  the  so-called  Mandarin  is  the  leading 
and  official  one.  It  is  composed  of  only  about  500  words, 
as  we  should  distinguish  them  in  writing,  all  of  them 
ending  in  a  vowel-sound  or  in  a  nasal,  although  some  of  the 
dialects  still  retain  final  mutes,  lost  in  Mandarin.  This 
small  body  of  words,  however,  is  raised  to  1.5»X)  by  ditf  er- 
ences  of  the  tone  of  tterance,  as  rising,  falling,  even, 
abrupt,  and  so  on.  The  language  is  without  inflection,  and 
even  without  distinction  of  parts  of  speech  ;  but  words  are 
classed  as  "full"  or  "empty,"  according  as  they  are  used 
with  their  full  meaning  or  as  auxiliaries  in  forming 
phrases :  like  our  tciU  and  have  in  **  I  will  it,"  *'  they  have 
it,"  on  the  one  han<|^  and  in  "they  icill  hate  seen  it," on 
the  other.  Chinese  records  go  back  to  about  2O00  B.  c,  and 
the  literature  is  immense  and  varied.  The  mode  of 
writing  is  by  signs  that  represent  each  a  single  wot^in 
one  of  its  senses  or  in  a  certain  set  of  senses:  The  signs 
are  of  ideographic  or  hieroglyphic  origin  ;  but  the  greater 
part  of  them  at  present  are  compoun<i  and  many  contaiu 
aphonetic  elementalongwithan ideographic.  Theynum- 
ber  in  the  dictionaries  about  40,000 ;  but  only  the  smaller 
part  of  these  are  in  current  and  familiar  use.  They  are 
written  iu  perpendicular  columns,  and  the  col imins  follow 
one  another  from  right  to  left.  The  language  and  mode 
of  writing  have  been  carried  to  the  neighboring  nations  that 
have  received  their  culture  from  China,  especially  Japan, 
Corea,  and  Annam,  and  have  been  more  or  less  borrowed 
or  adopted  by  such  nations. 

Chinese  Umpire.  An  empire  of  Asia,  bounded 
by  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north,  the  Pacific  on 
the  east,  Tongking  and  India  on  the  south,  and 
the  Pamirs  and  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  west. 
It  includes  China  proper,  or  the  eighteen  provinces,  and 
its  dependencies,  Manchuria,  Mongolia,  Tibet,  Eastern 
Turkestan,  and  Dzungaria,  The  independence  of  Korea 
is  now  acknowledged.     See  China. 

Chinese  Gordon.    See  Gordon. 

Chinese  Tatary.  A  name  given  vaguely  to  a 
vast  region  in  the  northern  and  north^vestem 
parts  of  the  Chinese  empire,  including  Mongo- 
lia, Dzungaria.  Eastern  Turkestan:  sometimes 
restricted  to  Eastern  Turkestan, 

Chinese  Turkestan.  A  dependency  of  China, 
sometimes  called  Little  Bokhara,  or  East  Ttir- 
kestan  (^-hich  see). 

Ching-h.ai  (ching-hi'),  or  Chin-hae  (chin-hi'). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Chekiaug,  China, 
12  miles  northeast  of  Ningpo.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1841. 

Chingiz  Khan.     See  Jenghiz  Khan. 

Chingleput  (chmg-gle-puf),  or  Chengalpatt. 

1.  A  district  of  India,  in  Madi-as. —  2.  The 
chief  tovm  of  the  district,  situated  35  miles 
southwest  of  Madras.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1751,  by  Clive  in  1752,  and  was  besieged  by  Hyder  All 

Chingii  River.    See  Xingii. 

Chin-kiang  (chin-ke-ang').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiangsu,  China,  iu  lat.  32°  10'  X.,  long. 
119°  28'  E.,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Grand  Canal  with  the  Yangtsz'.  It  is  a  treaty 
port.  It  was  taken  bv  the  English  Julv  21, 
1842.     Population.  13.5,000. 

Cllingtu(ching-td').  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Szechuen,  China,  situated  on  the  river  Min- 
Kian^r. 

Chin-India.    See  Jndo-China. 

Chinon  (she-noh').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Vi- 
enne  2G  miles  southwest  of  Tours,  it  contains  a 
ruined  castle,  a  royal  residence  from  the  12th  centurj'  to 
the  reign  of  HenrjIV.  The  remains  occupy  a  large  rock- 
pL\tforra.  The  exterior  walls  are  ruinous,  except  the  high 
towers.  The  royal  apartments  are  chiefly  of  the  12th  cen- 
iusy,  and  include  armory,  kitchen  and  other  commons, 
the  king's  room,  the  great  hall,  where  Charles  VII.  first 
saw  Jeanne  d'Arc.  etc.  The  great  keep  is  of  the  lath  cen- 
tury. Chinon  has  a  considerable  trade.  Population  (1S91X 
commune,  6.119. 

Chinook  (chi-nuk')j  or  Tchinuk,  or  Tsinuk. 
[PL,  also  Chinooks.']  The  principal  tribe  of 
the  Lower  Chinook  division  of  North  American 
Indians.  Its  former  habitat  was  from  Gray  s  Bay,  Wash- 
ington, on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River  to  its  mouth, 
and  the  strip  of  coast  northward  as  far  as  and  including 
Shoalwater  Bay.  There  were  100  left  in  ls57.  There  still 
remain  three  or  four  families  about  six  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.     See  Chinookan, 

Chinookan  (cM-nuk'an).  [From  Chinook  and 
-</«.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  Xorth  American 
Indians,  named  after  the  Chinook,  the  leading 
tribe.  Their  former  habitat  was  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton, on  both  sides  of  the  Colombia  River  from  the  Dalles, 
about  200  miles  from  its  mouth,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
along  the  coast  in  both  directions,  northward  nearly  to 

.the  northern  extremity  of  Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington, 
and  southward  to  about  Tillamook  Head,  Oregon,  20  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River.  The  stock  is  di- 
vided into  Tpper  and  Lower  Chinook.  The  principal 
tribes  remaining  are  the  Artsmilsh,  Chinook,  and  Clatsop 
of  the  Lower  Chinook;  and  the  Cathlamet,  Clackama, 
Wasco,  and  Watlala  of  the  Upper  Chinook.  They  number 
between  500  and  600,  and  are  now  chiefly  on  reservations 
in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Chinsura  (ehln-so'rii).  A  town  in  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  24  miles  north 


Chlnsura 

of  Calcutta:  the  seat  of  HukH  College,  it  was 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1650,  and  ceiK'd  u>  the  English  in 
1824     It  is  now  included  in  Hugli  (wliich  see). 

Cluntamani(cLiiu-ta'ina-iii).  lu  Sanskrit  folk- 
lore, a  "  tliought  jewel " :  a  jewel  that  possesses 
the  majijic  power  of  securiug  that  to  which  the 
possessor  has  directed  his  thoughts ;  the  philoso- 
pher's stone.  The  word  appears  in  the  names 
of  a  number  of  manuals  and  commentaries. 
See  Abliidli'ina-rliDita/iKini. 

Cbioggia  (ke-od'ja),  or  Chiozza  (ke-ot'sa).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  island  of  Chioggia,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,  15  miles  south  of  Venice.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Genoese  in  1379.  They  were  de- 
feated in  1380  bv  the  Venetians.  Population, 
20,000. 

Chios  (ki'os),  or  Scio  (si'o  or  she'6).  [Turk. 
Sakt-Adussi.2  An  island  in  the  iEgean  Sea, 
west  of  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  20'  N.,  long. 
26"  E. ,  formerly  celebrated  for  its  ■.vines  and 
fips.  It  lorras  part  ot  the  vilayet  .Tesairi-Balu-i-Setld, 
llirkey-  It  was  settled  by  lonians  ;  joined  the  Athenian 
Confederation  al)out  477  if.  c. ;  revolted  412  ;  came  under 
Roman  tloraitjion  in  the  2d  century  B.  c. ;  and  was  con- 
quered by  the  (ieiiocse  in  the  14th  century,  and  by  the 
Turks  in  the  Kith  century.  It  was  the  scene  of  massacres 
by  the  Turks  in  1S22,  and  was  visited  by  earthquakes  in 
IMl  and  1882.  Length,  32  miles.  Breadth,  8-18  miles. 
Population,  about  30,000. 

Chios,  or  Kastro.  The  chief  town  of  the  island 
ot  Chios,  situated  on  the  east  coast.  It  is  one  of 
the  places  which  claimed  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Homer. 
It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  eartluiuakes  in  ISSl. 

Chippawa  (ehip'a-wii),  or  Chippewa  (ehip'e- 
wii),  A  manufacturing  village  in  Welland 
County.  Ontario,  Canada,  21  miles  northwest 
of  Buffalo.  Here,  July  6,  1814,  the  Americans  (1,9(X3) 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Scott  defeated  the 
British  (2,100)  under  Riall.  Loss  of  the  Americans,  SSfi; 
of  the  British.  .503. 

Chippendale  (chip'en-dal).  Thomas.  Flour- 
ished nbout  1700.  A  noteil  Kiiglish  furniture- 
maker.  His  business  was  carried  on  in  London. 
His  work  is  hea\nev  in  design  and  less  tasteful 
than  that  i)f  Sheraton  and  other  later  cabinet- 
makers. 

Chippenham  (ehip'n-am).  Atown  in  Wiltshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  12  miles  north- 
east of  Bath  It  has  trade  in  grain  and  cheese, 
and  manufactures  cloth,  etc.  Population  (1891), 
4,618. 

Chippewa.     See  OJihwa. 

Chippewa  (chip'e-wa),  or  Ojibway  (o-jib'wii). 
A  river  of  Wisconsin  which  joins  the  Missis- 
sippi 04  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Length, 
over  200  miles. 

Chippewa Fallsfchip'e-wa falz).  A lumbercity 
in  Cliip]ipw:i  {'oimtv.  western  Wisconsin,  situ- 
ated on  Cliipp.-wa 'Kiver.     Pop.  (1900),  S.094. 

Chippeways.    Sie  Ojibwa. 

Chipping  Wycombe.    See  Wycombe. 

Chiquimnla  (che-ke-m6'lii).  The  capital  of  a 
department  of  (he  same  name  in  Guatemala, 
Central  America,  situated  62  miles  northeast 
of  Guatemala.     Po|iulation  (1893),  est.,  12,502. 

Chiquimula  Isthmus.  The  narrow  portion  of 
Central  America,  between  the  Bay  of  Honduras 
and  the  Pacific. 

Chiquinquira  (che-ken-ke-rii').  Atown  in  the 
sliito  />f  Boyaca,  Colombia,  north  of  Bogota. 
It  is  noted  for  a  shrine  of  the  Virgin  which  has  been 
visited  by  80,000  pilgrims  in  one  year.  Population,  about 
12,000. 

Chiquitos  (che-ke'tos).  [.Sp.,' little.'  The  first 
whites  who  visited  their  country  observed  that 
the  houses  had  very  low  doors,  and  erronooiisly 
supposed  that  these  Indians  were  below  tlio 
medium  size  (hence  the  name).]  A  numerous 
race  of  Indians  in  northeastern  Bolivia,  on 
the  lowlands  bordering  t)ie  affluents  of  the 
Madeira  and  the  Paraguay.  They  were  gathered 
into  mission  villages  in  the  17tll  century,  and  were  readily 
civilized  Tile  ("liiiiultos  spoke  a  peculiar  language,  and 
were  a  gentle  race,  practising  agriculture.  Thry  were 
divided  into  a  great  number  of  sniitribes,  and  had  no 
general  chief,  other  tribes  were  joined  to  them  in  the 
mission  villages,  and  adopted  their  language.  Ttie  lie- 
Scendants  of  all  these  are  th<;  modern  Chiifuit^is  of  the 
same  region,  mnnl>ering  abmit  20,000.  Most  of  thom 
elill  sp.  :ik  tlicirown  language. 

Chiricahui  (che-ro-kii'we).  [Opata.  properly 
CVrj/) «(-(■(//( H(,turkey-iuoiintiiiii;  (vomrliiliiii,  liir- 
koy,  anil  rahiii,  moiinlaiii.]  A  ;uoiiiit.'iiM-r:iiige 
of  southeastern  Arizona,  soul  h  of  the  Southi'rn 
Pacific  Hailroad.  Dniing  the  wars  with  the  Apaches, 
and  earlier,  the  Chiticahui  were  the  refuge  and  «trt»ng- 
hold  of  some  of  the  wildest  bands,  and  they  gave  their 
name  to  tlwit  band  of  the  tribo  which  has  become  famous 
In  thcoutbri-aks  since  1880.     See  Apachm. 

Ohiriguanos  (slie-re-gwii'nosi.  or  Xiriguanos, 
or  Siriguanos,  or  Chirihuanos  (slie-re-wii- 
nos').     An  Indian  tribe  of  Bolivia,  of  the  Tupi 


247 

stock.  They  inhabited  the  lowlands  and  valleys  south 
and  east  of  the  present  site  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  .Sierra,  and 
were  partially  conquered  by  the  lucas  of  Peru  about  14dO. 
In  1572  they  repulsed  an  invasion  of  the  Spaniards  under 
the  viceroy  Toledo.  They  were  Christianized  in  the  18th 
century,  and  their  descendants,  to  the  number  of  15,000 
or  more,  inhabit  the  eastern  highlands  of  Bolivia,  in  the 
provinces  of  Santa  r:ruz  de  la  Sierra  and  Chuquisaca. 

Chiriqui  (clie-re-ke').  A  lagoon  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  west  of 
Aspinwall. 

Chiron,  or  Cheiron  (M'ron).  [Gr.  Xtipuv."] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a  centaur,  son  of  Kronos 
and  Philyra.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Apollo  and  .Artemis, 
the  fricnd'and  protector  of  Peleus,  and  the  instructor  of 
Achilles.  He  was  renowned  for  his  wisdom  and  skill  in 
medicine,  hunting,  music,  and  prophecy.  He  dwelt  on 
Mount'Pelion,  and  on  his  death  was  placed  by  Zeus  among 
the  stars. 

Chiron.    A  son  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the  Goths, 

in  Sliakspere's  (?)  "  Titus  Andronicus." 

Chisedec.     See  itontaiinais. 

Chiselhurst  (ehiz'l-herst).  A  village  in  Kent, 
Liiglaud,  9  miles  south  of  London.  It  was 
the  residence  of  Napoleon  HI.  1871-73,  and  of 
Eugenie  until  1880. 

Chisleu  (kis-lii').  The  ninth  month  of  the  He- 
brew year,  coi'responding  to  November-Decem- 
ber, mentioned  in  Zach.  vii.  1 ;  Neb.  i.  1 ;  1  Mac. 
i.  54  and  iv.  .59;  2  Mac.  i.  9,  18,  x.  5.  in  Assyro- 
Babylonian,  from  wliich  the  Hebrew  names  of  the  months 
are  derived,  it  is  Kidiniu  or  Chislev  (K.  V.).  The  name  is 
explained  by  Haupt  to  mean  'month  of  wrath,'  by  Frieil. 
Delitzscli  'month  of  clouds." 

Chiswick  (chiz'ik).  A  suburb  of  London,  in 
Middlesex,  situated  on  the  Thames  6  miles  west 
of  Charing  Cross.     Population  (1891),  21,964. 

Chiswick  House.  A  villa  belonging  to  the 
Luke  of  Devonshire,  situated  at  Chiswick. 
Fox  died  here  in  1806,  and  Canning  in  1827. 

Chitimachan  (shet-i-mash'an).  [Choctaw, 
'  they  possess  cooking-vessels.']  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  represented 
by  the  Shetimasha,  a  once  populous  and  pow- 
erful tribe  which  inhabited  the  shores  of  Grand 
or  Chetimashes  Lake,  and  bayous  Plaquemine 
and  Lafom'che,  Louisiana.  In  1718,  after  a  treaty 
with  the  French,  l>y  whom  they  were  overcome,  they  re- 
moved to  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Lafourche  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, near  the  present  Donaldsonville,  where  their  vil- 
lage still  existed  in  1784.  The  remnants  of  the  tribe, 
abi.'Ul  r.o  lialf-breeds,  are  now  on  Bayou  Plaquemine  and 
at  rliaii-nt.in,  St.  Mary's  parish,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
Bayou  Teche. 

Chitradurg  (cliit-ra-dorg'),  or  Chitteldrug 

(chit-tel-drog').  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Chitradurg,  in  Maisur,  British  India,  in  lat. 
14°  13'  N.,  long.  70°  23'  E.  It  contains  a  re- 
markable rock-fortress.  It  was  besieged  by 
Hyder  Ali  in  1776,  and  taken  by  him  in  1779. 
Chitrakuta  (chit-ra-ko'ta).  ['Bright  peak.'] 
A  hill  and  district,  the  modern  Chitrakote  or 
(.'hatareot,  in  lat.  2.5°  12'  N.,  long.  80°  47'  E. 
It  was  the  first  habitation  of  Rama  and  Lakshra.ana  in 
their  exile  after  leaving  Ayodhya,  and,  as  the  holiest  sjiot 
of  the  worshipers  of  itama,  was  crowded  with  temples 
and  shrines. 

Chitral  (chit-riir).  l.  A  small  state  under  the 
supremacy  of  Cashmere,  about  lat.  36°  N., 
long.  72°  E. —  2.  A  town  in  the  state,  on  the 
Kunar  (or  Kashgar)  River. 

Chittagong  (chit-ta-gong').  1.  A  division  in 
eastern  Bengal,  British  India.  Area,  12.118 
scjuaro  miles.  Population  (1881),  3, .574,048. — 
C.  A  district  in  the  Chittagong  division,  in  lat. 
21°-23°  N.,  long.  91°  30'-92°  E.  Area.  2,063 
square  miles.  Population  ■;  1891),  1,2911,107. — 
3.  A  seaport  and  chief  town  of  the  Chittagong 
district,  situated  on  the  Karnafuli  in  lat.  22° 
20'  N.,  long.  91°  50'  E.  It  has  considerable 
trade.  Also  called  Islamahad.  Population 
(1891),  24.069. 

Chittagong  Hill  Tracts.  A  district  in  theChit- 
la^diig  division,  I'.ciigal,  Hriti.sh  India,  east  of 
tli<'  Chittngong  district.  Area.  5,419  squtiro 
milos.      Population  (1891),  1II7,2.SI). 

Chittenden  (chit'en-den),  Martin.  Born  at 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  Klarch  12.  1700:  diedatWil- 
liston,  Vt.,  Sept.  5,  1840.  An  American  poli- 
tieiaii,  governor  of  Vermont  1813-15.  He  was 
a  son  of  Thomas  Chittenden. 

Chittenden,  Thomas.    Korn  at  East  (iuilford. 

Conn.,  .Ian.  »>,  17:iO;  (lieil  at  Williston,  Vt.. 
Aug.  25.  1797.  .An  .Vmorican  politician,  gov- 
ernor of  Vermont  1790-!)7. 

Chittim  (kit'im).     See  Killim. 

Chitty  (ehit'i),  Joseph.  Born  1770:  died  at 
Loiiclcin,  Keb.  17,  IMl.  .\  noted  English  legal 
writer  and  sjieeial  phailer.  His  works  include 
"  A  Treatise  on  Bills  of  Kxeliaugc  "  (17im),  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Law  iif  Nations"(181'2),  "  A  Treatise  on  Criminal  Law" 
(1810),  "A  'I'reatlse  on  Commercial  Law  "(1818),  "Reports 


Chocos 

of  Cases  on  Practice  and  Pleading,  with  Notes  "  (1820-23), 
"On  Commercial  Contracts  "  (1823X  "A  Treatise  on  Medi- 
cal Jurisprudence  "  (1834),  etc. 

Chiusa  San  Michele  (ke-o'sa  san  me-ka'le). 
A  village  11  miles  northeast  of  Turin,  Italy, 
formerly  called  the  "Gates  of  Lombardy."  It 
has  a  noted  Benedictine  abbey. 

Chiusi  (ke-6'se).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Siena,  Italy,  in  lat.  43°  2'  N.,  long.  11°  57'  E. : 
the  ancient Clusium  (whence  the  modem  name ), 
originally  Camars.  it  has  a  cathedral  and  a  museum 
of  Etruscan  antiquities.  It  contains  an  Etruscan  necrop- 
olis, of  great  extent  and  variety,  remarkable  especially 
for  its  architectural  monuments,  which  are  cut  from  the 
rock,  tier  over  tier,  in  the  form  of  houses  with  beams  and 
rafters.  One  tomb  has  a  circular  chamber  25  feet  in  di- 
ameter,  with  a  massive  column  in  the  middle.  Many 
tombs  consist  of  several  chambers,  and  .some  are  painted 
with  curious  friezes  representing  games,  dancing,  a  feast, 
etc.  Many  painted  vases,  milTors,  bronzes,  etc.,  liave  been 
found.  The  town  was  one  of  the  twelve  confederated 
Etruscan  cities,  and  the  residence  of  Lars  Porseuna. 

Chivasso  (ke-vas's6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  15  miles 
northeast  of  Turin.  Its  fortifications  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  French  in  1S04. 

Chivery  (chiv'e-ri),  John.  "  The  sentimental 
son  of  a  tui'nkey  "  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Little 
Dorrit."  He  passed  his  time  in  composing  heartbreak- 
ing epitaphs.  He  was  very  weak  and  small,  but  "great 
of  soul,  poetical,  expansive,  faithful,"  and  in  love  with 
Little  Dorrit. 

Chladni  (ehiud'ne),  Ernst  Florens  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Wittenberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  3U,  17.")(); 
tlied  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  April  4, 1827.  A  Ger- 
man physicist,  noted  for  his  discoveries  in 
acoustics.  His  works  include  "  Entdeckmigen  fiber 
die  Theorie  des  Klanges"  (180-2),  "Die  Akustik"  (1802), 
"  irber  Fcuermeteore  "  (1819),  etc. 

Chloe  (klo'e).  [Gr.  XXor/,  the  verdant  or 
blooming.]  1.  A  country  maiden  in  love 
with  Daphnis,  in  the  Greek  romance  "Daphnis 
and  Chloe,"  written  in  the  4th  or  5th  century. 
—  2.  A.shepherdess  in  Sidney's"Areadia." — 3. 
The  ambitious  wife  of  an  honest,  commonplace 
citizen  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "The  Poet- 
aster."—  4.  A  wanton  shepherdess  inFletehei-'s 
"  Faithful  Shepherdess,"  intended  as  a  con- 
trast to  the  chaste  Clorin. 

Chlopicki  (chlo-pits'ke),  Jozef.  Born  in  Ga- 
licia,  March  24,  1771:  died  at  Cracow,  Sept.  30, 
1854.  A  Polish  general.  He  fought  on  the  side  of 
the  French  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  joined  the  Russian 
service  in  1815,  but  resigned  in  1818.  lie  acted  as  dicta- 
tor Dec.  .%  1830,-Jan.  23,  1831,  in  the  revolution  which 
broke  out  at  Warsaw  Nov.  29,  1830.  Having  resigned  in 
deference  to  the  opposition  ai'oused  by  his  policy,  which 
sought  to  attain  the  objects  of  the  revitlution  by  dipK>- 
macy  rather  than  by  war,  he  fought  with  distinction 
aeaiiist  the  Russians  until  wounded  in  Feb.,  1S31. 

Chloris  (klo'ris).  [Gr.  X/w/j/f:  x'^"l>"ii  pale, 
]ialliil.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess 
of  llowers,  wife  of  Zephyrus:  identified  with 
t  he  Roman  Flora. —  2.  In  Greek  legend,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Amphion  and  Niobe,  who  with  her  bro- 
ther Amyclas  escaped  when  the  other  children 
of  Niobe  were  slain  by  A])ollo  and  Artemis. 
In  her  terror  she  turned  perfectly  white  (whence  her 
name).     Another  name  for  her  was  Meliboea. 

Chlothar.     See  Clolnin'. 

Chmielnicki(chmyel-uits'ke),  Bogdan.    Born 

l.~i9;i:  died  Aug.  25,  1057.  A  Cossack  lietnian 
of  Polish  descent,  leader  of  the  Cossack  revolt 
about  1648. 

Choate  (diot),  Rufus.  Bom  at  Essex,  Mass., 
Oct.  1,  1799:  died  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  July 
13, 1859.  Adistinguished  -Vmerican  lawyer,  ora- 
tor, and  statesman.  He  was  gnuluateil  at  Dartmouth 
in  1S18,  was  admllte<l  to  the  bar  in  1S2:!.  was  elect  id  a 
rei)ri'sentative  to  Congress  from  Massachusetts  In  1830, 
and  was  reelected  in  18e2,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  is:vl. 
In  1841  he  became  the  successor  in  tile  Senate  of  Daniel 
Webster,  wlio  accepted  the  ortlce  of  secretary  of  state 
under  President  Harrison.  He  reiuaineti  in  the  Senate 
until  184r>,  when  Webster  was  reelected. 

Chochocois.     See  Slitixlioko. 

Chochone.     See  .s/io.vAohi. 

Ch0c6  (<'lio-ko').  A  province  of  the  Spanish 
viceroyalty  of  New  (iranada,  einl>raein'_'  the 
Atrato  valley  and  the  region  westward  to  tho 
Pacilic.     It  forms  a  portion  of  the  present  de- 

jiartment  of  (\'iui'a. 

Chocolate,  Paso  de.    See  Pn.io  dc  Chocolntc. 

Chocolatidre,  La  Belle.  The  portrait  by  Jean 
Etienno  Lioturd  of  Annette  Beldauf,  a  servant 
in  a  Vienna,  cafe.  She  married  the  Prince  of 
Dielriehstein.  The  picture  is  in  the  Dresden 
-allery. 

Chocorua  (ch6-k6r'i'i-ii).  One  of  the  principal 
outlying  peaks  of  the'White  Mountains  in  New 
Hamiisliire,  north  of  Lake  Winnepesaukco, 
Height,  3..508  feet. 

Chocos  (cho-kos').  A  race  of  South  American 
Indians  in  western  Colombia.    They  wore  formerly 


Chocos  2iS  Chowanoc 

scattered  over  the  region  from  the  isthmus  of  Panama  Choisy-lC-Roi  (shwa-ze'le-rwa').     A  subtirb  of 
southward  probably  to  lat.  4'  ^^,  occupying  the  Pacific     Paris,  situated  on  the  Seine  7+  miles  south  of 

"  ^  —'—•■■■  the  city.     Population  (1891),  commune,  8,449. 

Choke  (ehok),  Greneral  CjmiS.      In  Dickens's 
"Martin  Chuzzlewit,"  an  American,  "one  of  Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates 


coast,  the  Atrato  v^Uley,  and  extending  eastward  in  some 
places  to  the  Cauca,    It  is  probable  that  other  and  more 
warlike  tribes  were  interspersed  over  the  same  region. 
They  were  divided  into  many  small  tribes,  and  their  houses, 
instead  of  being  gathered  into  villages,  were  often  scat- 
tered singly  through  the  forests.    It  is  said  that  in  the     ,.,-,,,„,„„„,,  „„  uniTi 
marshy  Atrato  valley  they  lived  in  trees.  The  descendants   -V"  ,      .     ^"^     ipii 
of  the  Chocos  aie  either  civilized  or  lead  a  miserable  es-   l/HOlenC  JUan,  1116, 
istence  in  the  marshy  forests. 


the  most  remarkable  men  in  the  country/'  en- 

ountered  by  Martin  Chuzzlewit. 

tioleric  Man,  The.     ^^play  by  Kiehard  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1774. 


These  are  the  people  of  Chief  Joseph,  who,  during  the  Nee 
Perce  war,  ordered  his  men  not  to  molest  any  white  non- 
corabatauts,  including  women  and  children  as  well  as  men. 
The  Chopunnish  on  the  Xez  Perc^  reser\'ation,  Idaho, 
number  1,515.     See  Shahaptian  and  Tu^hepaw. 

See  Ly- 


si  era  tes, 
Chorazin  (ko-ra'zin).     In  New  Testament  ge- 
ography, a  city  of  Palestine,  situated  near  the 
northwestern  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  2^ 
Choctaw  (chok'ta),  or  Chacatos,  or  ChactaWS,  Choles(ch6'lesi.     A  tribe  of  American  Indians     miles  north  of  Tel  Hum :  the  modern  Kerazeh. 


or  Chahta.  A  large  tribe  or  division  of  North 
American  Indians,  whose  chief  habitat  in  his- 
toric times  was  the  middle  and  north  of  Missis- 
sippi. They  were  engaged  on  both  sides  in  the  French 
and  English  contests  ending  with  17(i3.  They  compressed 
the  heads  of  male  infants,  whence  the  term  "riatheads  "  or 
"Tetes  plates,"  used  for  them  by  early  writers  (not  to  be 
confounded  with  the  Flatheads  of  the  Salishan  stock). 
Their  present  lands  are  in  the  southeast  angle  of  Indian 
Territury.  They  number  about  18,000:  9,!)9«  of  them  are 
stated  tt.'  be  of  pure  blood.     See  iluskhojeaa, 

Choczin.     See  Cliotin. 

Chodzko  (chodz'ko),  Alexander.  Born  July 
11,  1804:  died  Dec.  20,  1891.  A  Polish  poet, 
Orientalist,  and  Sla\-ie  scholar.  His  works  in- 
clude "Grammairepersane"' (1852),  translations 
from  the  Persian  and  Old  Slavic,  etc. 

Chodzko,  Leonard  Jacob.     Bom  at  Oborek, 

near  Wilna,  Russia,  Nov.  6,  1800:  died  at  Poi- 
tiers, France,  March  12,  1871.     A  Polish  his- 


in  southeastern  Guatemala.  After  the  Spanish  con- 
quest they  abandoned  their  homes,  and  led  a  wandering 
life  in  the  mountains  and  forests.  In  the  17th  century 
some  of  them  were  induced  to  live  in  mission  villages,  and 
they  gradually  became  amalgamated  with  the  Spanish- 
speaking  population.  Some  Indians  called  Choles,  proba- 
bly of  the  same  sttick,  now  live  in  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Cholet  (sho-la').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  33  miles  southwest  of 
Angers.  It  has  considerable  trade  in  cattle,  and  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  linen.  It  was  the  scene  of  various 
conflicts  in  the  Vendean  wars,  including  a  Vendean  defeat, 
Oct.  17,  1793.     Population  (1891),  commune,  16,891. 

Chollup  f  ehol'up),  Major  Hannibal.  In  Dick- 
ens's "  Martin  Chuzzlewit."  an  American,  a 
worshiper  of  freedom,  lynch-law,  and  slavery. 

Cholmondeley  (ehum'li),  George.  Died  May 
7,  1733.  The  second  Earl  of  Cholmondeley,  an 
English  general  and  poet. 

North  American   Indians,  formerly  on  lower 
San  Joaquin  Kiver,  California.    See  Mariposan. 
Cholula  (cho-lii'la).    [Nahuatl  of  central  Mexi- 
co, probably.]     A  considerable  Indian  town  of 


of  the    Maya   stock,  formerly  very  numerous  Choris  (cho'ris),  Ludwig.   Born  at  Yekaterino- 

slaff,  Russia,  March  22,  1795:  murdered  near 


t^raire,  etc."  (1835-37),  etc. 

Choephori  (k6-ef'9-ri).  The.  [Gr.  Xo;7(;iopo;, per- 
sons offering  A'oo',  or  libations,  to  the  dead.]  A 
ti'agedy  of  3ischylus:  so  named  from  the  cho- 
rus bearing  vessels  witli  offerings  to  the  tomb 
of  Agamemnon.  In  it  Orestes  returns  to  Argos  to 
avenge  the  murder  of  his  father  Agamemnon,  and  slays 
his  mother  Clytemnestra  and  her  paramour  -Egisthus. 

Chcerilus  (ker'i-lus).  [Gr.  \oipi7.o^  or  Xoipi'/.- 
/.oc.]  1.  An  Athenian  tragic  poet,  a  contem- 
porary of  ^-Eschylus. — 2.  A  Samian  poet  of  the 
5th  century  B.  c. 

Choerilas  (of  Samos  also),  a  younger  contemporary  of 
Herodotus,  and  said  by  Plutarch  to  have  been  intimate 
with  Lysander,  is  remarkable  for  having  attempted  a  great 
novelty  — to  relate  in  the  epic  form  the  very  subject  with 
which  Herodotus  founded  Greek  history.  His  Perseis  sang 
the  struggle  of  Hellenedom  with  Persia. 

ilahajfy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  147. 

Choi.    See  Kiwi. 

Choiseul  (shwa-zel'),  Cesar,  Due  de,  Sieur  du 
Plessis-Praslin.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1598: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  23, 1675.  A  French  general. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  La  Rochelle  1628, 
served  in  Piedmont  1636-4.T,  became  marshal  1(>45.  and 
gained  the  decisive  victoiy  of  Trancheron  over  the  Span- 
iards 1648.  He  commanded  the  royal  forces  in  the  war 
of  the  Fronde,  and  defeated  Turenne  at  Kethel  in  1660. 
He  was  created  duke  1663.     Also  known  as  ilarshal  du 

ri, 


Jalapa,  Mexico,  March  22,  1828.  A  Russian 
traveler  and  painter.  He  illustrated  the  works  "  Voy- 
age pittoresque  autour  du  monde"  (1821-23),  "Vues  et 
paysages  des  regions  ^quinoxiales  "  (1826). 

Cfhorizontes  (ko-ri-zon'tez).  [Gr.  Xopi'fovTtc, 
the  separators.]  The  separatists,  a  party  among 
the  older  critics  who  maintained  that  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey  were  by  different  authors  and  be- 
longed to  different  ages. 

Chorley  (chor'li).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England.  8  miles  southeast  of  Pres- 
ton.    Population  (1891),  23,082. 

Chorley  (chor'li),  Henry  Fothergill.  Bom  at 
Blackley  Hurst,  near  Billinge,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  15,  1808:  died  at  London,  Feb.  16, 
1872.  An  English  journalist,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, and  poet,  musical  critic  and  reviewer  for 
the  London  "  Atlienjeum."  His  works  include 
"llodera  German  Music"  (1854),  and  "Thirty  Years' 
Musical  Recollections  "(1862) ;  also  a  number  of  unsuccess- 
ful novels,  including  "Koccabella,"  which  was  published 
under  the  pseudonym  "Paul  Bell,"  and  several  dramas, 
among  them  "Old  Love  and  New  Fortune." 

Choron  (sho-roii' ),  Alexandre  Etienne.  Bom 
at  Caen,  France,  Oct.  21,  1771 :  died  at  Paris, 
June  29,  1834.  A  French  musical  writer, 
teacher,  and  composer.  He  wrote  "  Principes 
de  composition  des  ^coles  d'ltalie"  (1808),  etc. 
Chorrillos  (chor-iel'yos).  A  coast  city  and 
noted  watering-place  of  Peru,  30  miles  south- 
east of  Lima.  Here  the  Peruvians  under  Iglesias  and 
Caceres  were  defeated  by  the  Chilians  Jan.  13,1881,  Iglesias 

„- -„  surrendering  with  5,000  men.    Population,  about  3,000. 

roneously  called  the  "Pjramid  of  Cholula,"  was  probably  Chort  (chort).    fAr.]    The  third-magnitude  Star 

a  very  ancient  settlement  erected  on  an  artiflcml  basis  of     /)  pfritauri 

sun-dried  brick,  with  a  second  platform  of  lesser  extent     t  "-.euiauii. 

and  gi-eater  elevation,  and  a  central  mound,  the  average  l/UOSroeS.     see  Jin»«roH. 

elevation  of  which  is  now  170  feet.    Of  the  fate  of  this  Chota  (cho'tii),  or  Chutia,  Nagpur  (cho'te-a 

prehistoric  settlement  there  are  not  even  definite  tradi-     nag-por').     Adi-sision  in  Bengal,  British  India, 


Mexico,  inhabited,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest, 
by  an  independent  tribe  of  Nahuatl  Indians. 
It  lies  about  60  miles  southeast  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  about 
15  miles  from  the  foot  of  the  great  volcano  on  the  east, 
and,  in  a  direct  line,  5  or  6  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Pue* 
bla.  The  town  of  Cholula  had,  iu  1894,  6,766  iuhubi- 
tants,  and  the  surrounding  villages  contain  nearly  five 
times  that  number.  All  those  villages  except  two  are 
modem.  Previous  to  the  16th  cenlury  Cholula  had  a 
population  of  not  over  25,000  souls,  and  these  were  con- 
gregated in  the  central  settlement.    The  tall  mound,  er- 


Choiseul, 


tions.  There  are,  besides  the  great  mound,  several  other 
sites  of  ruins  in  and  around  Cholula.  The  average  eleva- 
tion of  the  district  above  the  sea-level  is  7,000  feet. 

Chonos  Archipelago  (cho'nos  ar-ki-pel'a-go). 
A  group  of  about  120  islands  on  the  coast  of 
Chile,  between  lats.  44°  and  47°  S. 

Chons.     See  Khons. 

Chontales   (chon-ta'les).      A  department  of 
Nicaragua,  Central  America,  east  of  Lake  Ni- 
caragua, noted  for  its  mineral  wealth. 
Choiseul- Amboise,    Etienne  Chontals  (chon-talz' ),  or  Chontallis  (chon-tal'- 


FranQOis,  Due  de.  Born  June  28,  1719:  died 
at  Paris,  May  7,  1785.  A  French  statesman. 
He  entered  the  "army  in  his  youth,  and  in  1759  obtained 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  Through  the  influence  of 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  mistress  of  Louis  XV.,  he  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  Rome  in  1756.  Some  months  after 
this  appointment  he  succeeded  the  AbbS  Bernis  as  ambas- 
sador to  Vienna.  In  Nov.,  1758,  he  was  appointed  min- 
ister and  created  Due  de  ChoiseiU  (having  hitherto  been 

known  as  Comte  de  Stainville).    On  his  accession  to  oHice    _^ .  .        t-ajx-j,.   'P.-n^n^i-o 

he  continued  the  alliance  of  France  with  Maria  Theresa  Cnopin  (sho-pan  ),  rreaenc  ±ran?01S 


yes),  or  Chontales  (chon-ta'les).  [Nahuatl, 
'strangers," foreigners.']  The  name  given  in 
southern  Mexico,  Guatemala,  and  Nicaragua 
to  various  Indian  tribes  which  are  not  ethni- 
cally related,  but  were  originally  distinguished 
by  the  Nahuatls  as  different  from  themselves. 
Most  of  them  are  now  known  to  ethnologists  by 
other  names. 

Bom 


of  Austria  in  the  Seven  Years'  War.  He  sought  to  prose- 
cute hostilities  against  England  with  vigor  in  Europe,  to 
the  neglect  of  the  proper  defense  of  the  colonies :  a  policy 
which  resulted  in  the  loss  of  Canada  and  Cape  Breton 
Island  to  England,  and  of  Louisiana  to  Sp.ain,  at  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1763.  He  negotiated  the  "  Family  Compact  " 
between  the  Bourbon  sovereigns  of  F'rance,  Spain,  and  the 
Two  Sicilies  in  1761,  and  in  1761  expelled  the  Jesuits  from 
France.  He  was  dismissed  from  oflice  in  1770  through  the 
influence  of  the  king's  new  mistress,  Madame  du  Barry. 

Choiseul-Gouffier,  Comte  de  (Marie  Gabriel 
riorent  Augnste  de  Ohoiseul-Gouffier). 
Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  27,  1752 :  died  at  Aachen, 
Germany,  June  20, 1817.  A  French  diplomatist 
and  arehseologist.  His  chief  work  is  "  Voyage 
pittoresque  de  la  Grfece"  (1782,  new  ed.  1841). 

Cftioiseul-Praslin  (-prii-lan'),  Comte  Horace 
Eugene  Antoine  de.    Born  Feb.  23.  1837.    A 

French  statesman.  He  was  elected  representative 
of  Seine-et-Mame  to  the  National  Assembly  Feb.,  1871 ; 
the  same  year,  in  March,  he  was  sent  to  Italy  as  minister 
plenipotentiary,  where  he  remained  till  Js'ovember.  He  is 
a  republican,  and  supported  Thiers.     In  1880  he  was  sec- 


at  Zelazowa-Wola,  near  Warsaw,  Poland,  March 
1,  1809:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1849.  A  cele- 
brated Polish  composer  and  pianist.  His  lather 
was  French,  his  mother  a  Pole.  His  earliest  compositions 
were  dances,  mazurkas,  polonaises,  etc.  At  nineteen  he 
was  a  finished  virtuoso.  His  mastei-s  were  a  Bohemian, 
Zwyny,  and  Eisner,  the  director  of  the  School  of  Music  at 
Warsaw.  He  began  at  this  age,  with  his  two  concertos 
and  some  smaller  works,  to  give  concerts  in  Vienna,  .Mu- 
nich, and  P.aris.  In  the  latter  place  he  settled.  In  1837 
beganhis  romantic  connectionwithGeorge  Sand.  In  1838 
she  took  him  to  Majorca  for  his  health,  and  nursed  him 
there.    She  depicted  him  as  "Prince  Karol "  in  her  novel 


lying  south  of  Behar.  Area,  26,966  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  4,628.792. 

Chota,  or  Chutia,  Nagpur  Tributary  States. 
A  collective  name  for  the  seven  states  Udai- 
pur,  Sirguja,  Gangpur,  Bonai,  Koria,  Chang 
and  Bhakar,  situated  west  of  the  Chota  Nagpur 
division.  Area,  16,054  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  883,359  (chiefly  aboriginal  tribes). 

Chotin  (eho-ten'),  or  Chocim  (eho'chim),  or 
Khotin  (eho-ten').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  in  lat.  48°  33'  N.,  long.  26°  28'  E. 
The  Turks  were  defeated  here  by  the  Poles  in  1621  and 
1673,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1739  and  1769.  Population, 
20,070. 

Chotusitz  (eho'to-zits),  Czech.  Chotusice.     A 

village  near  Czaslau,  Bohemia,  45  miles  south- 
east of  Prague.  Here,  May  17,  1742,  the  Prussians 
under  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Charles  of  Lorraine.     Also  called  battle  of  Czaslau. 

Chotzim.     See  Chotin. 

Chouans  (sho'anz;  F.  pron.  shij-on').  [Per- 
haps from  Jean  Cottereau,  called  Choiian,  one 
of  their  leaders :  Choiian  being  a  corruption  of 
chat-huant,  a  screech-owl.]  During  the  French 
Revolution,  a  name  given  to  the  royalist  insur- 
gents of  Brittany. 

Chouans,  Les.  A  novel  by  Balzac,  published  in 
1829 :  properly  "  Le  dernier  Chouan."  It  has 
been  dramatized. 

Chouman.     See  Comanche. 


LucreziaFloriani,"asa  "high-flown,  consumptive,  and   ChOUtCaU   (sho-to'),  AugUSte.       Bom   at  New 


exasperating  nuisance."  She  left  him  after  a  friendship  of 
eight  years,  and  he  lived  in  retirement,  giving  lessons  and 
composing.  His  works  include  two  concertos  for  piano 
and  orchestra,  and  27  etudes,  62  mazurkas,  and  many  pre- 
ludes, nocturnes,  rondos,  etc.,  and  16  Polish  songs.  Grove. 
Chcptank  (chop'tangk).  A  river  and  estuary 
in  eastern  Maryland  which  flows  into  Chesa- 
peake Bay  about  25  miles  southeast  of  Annap- 
olis. Length,  about  100  miles.  It  is  navigable 
for  45  miles. 


retary  of  state  in  the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs.  He  has  rn,^^,,^^;^!,  /„-i,^  ^„„';,,u\  /n.  'KTimonii  r-i^im' 
been  sevenal  times  reelected  to  the  legislature,  and  in  1S8-  ChopunniSh  (cho-pun  ish),  or  NimapU  (mm 
was  sent  on  a  botanical  mission  to  Ceylon  and  the  United     a-po),or  NeZ  Perce(na  per-sa   ),or  bbanaptan 


States. 

Choisy  (shwa-ze').  FranQois  Timoleon  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  16,  1644:  died  Oct.  2,  1724. 
A  French  ecclesiastic  and  litterateur.  His  works 
include  "  Histoire  de  France  sous  les  rfegties  de  Saint  Louis, 
de  Philippe  de  Valois,  etc."  (1750),  "Histoire  de  madame 
la  comtesse  des  Barres"  (1733).  "  M^moires  pour  servir  a 
tliistoire  de  Louis  XIV."  (1727),  etc 


(sha-hap'tan),  or  Sahaptin  (sii-hap'tiu). 


leading  tribe  of  the  Shahaptian  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  Their  former  habitat  (in  1804) 
was  western  Idaho,  northeastern  Oregon,  and  southeast- 
em  'Washington,  on  the  lower  Snake  River  and  its  tributa- 
ries. They  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  head  waters 
of  the  Missouri.  Of  late  years  the  Nez  Perct  ('  pierced 
nose ")  have  not  pierced  the  nose  for  ornamental  purposes. 


Orleans,  1739:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb. 
24,  1829.  One  of  the  founders  of  St.  Louis. 
With  his  brother  Pierre,  he  joined  in  August,  1763,  the 
expedition  of  Laclede  to  establish  the  fur-trade  in  the 
region  watered  by  the  Missouri  and  its  tributaries ;  and 
was  in  command  of  a  party  which,  Feb.  15,  1764,  began 
the  tstablif-hniL-iit  of  a  trading-post  called  .St.  Louis  on 
the  sitt.  i..i  till  present  city  of  that  name  in  Missouri. 
Chouteau,  Pierre.  Bom  at  New  Orleans,  1749  : 
died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  9,  1849.  An  Ameri- 
can pioneer.  He  was  associated  with  his  brother,  Au- 
gnste Chouteau,  in  the  founding  of  St.  Louis  in  1764. 
The  Chouteau,  Pierre.      Born   at    St.    Louis,  Jan. 


19,  17'~9 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Sept.  8,  1865.  An 
American  fur-trader,  son  of  Pierre  Chouteau. 
Cho'wanoc  (cho-wan'ok  I.  [Algonquian, '  South- 
landers.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
formerly  on  the  Chowan  River  in  northeast- 
ern North  Carolina.    'When  first  known,  1684-SE  they 


Chowanoc 

were  the  leading  tribe  in  tli;it  legion.  Tliey  joined  in  the 
Tu8cai-ora  outbreak  in  1711,  ami  afterward  the  survivors, 
about  ;i40  in  number,  were  settled  on  a  snmll  reservation 
on  Bennett's  creek.  Also  Chou'atwck.  See /ry^uowH. 
Cbrestien  (kra-te-ah'),  Florent.  Born  at  Or- 
leans, France,  1541 :  died  at  Vendome,  France, 
1596.  A  French  satirist,  composer  of  Latin 
verse,  and  oue  of  the  authors  of  the  ''Satyre 
Meuippee"  (whieh  see). 

Chrestien,  or  Chretien,  de  Troyes  (de  trwa). 
Bora  at  Trojes  (?),  France,  about  1140-50: 
died  before  1191  (?).  A  noted  French  poet 
(trouv^i'e)  attached  to  the  courts  of  Hainault 
and  (Jhampague  and  of  Philip  of  Alsace,  count 
of  Flanders.  Little  is  known  of  his  life  beyond  the 
lact  that  he  was  under  the  patronage  of  Mary,  daughter 
ot  king  Louis  VIL,  who  was  raarried  in  lltyi  to  Uenry  I  , 
count  of  Champagne.  He  was  among  the  first  trouvt^rcs 
U)  write  alter  the  model  set  by  the  troubadours  in  southern 
France,  and  in  his  Arthurian  legends  he  set  forth  the  theo- 
ries ot  love  as  accepted  by  the  noble  ladies  of  his  day.  His 
extant  Arthurian  works  are  "  Le  Chevalier  k  la  Charrette,' 
taken  from  a  prose  '  Lancelot  du  Lac '(concluded  by  Geof- 
frey de  Jjgny,  or  Godefroy  de  Lagny),  "Le  Chevalier  au 
Lyon,  (attributed  by  the  Abb(S  de  la  Rue  to  VVace),  "Erec 
and  Enide'  (the  same  legend  that  Tennyson  used  in  the 

•  Idylls  of  the  King"),  "Le  ronun  de  Cligfes  or  Cliget," 

•  Percevale  '  (a  work  continued  by  successive  versifiers  to 
the  extent  ot  some  fifty  thousand  lines,  and  probably  repre- 
senting in  part  a  work  of  Robert  de  Borron)  He  also  trans- 
lated Ovid,  and  wrote  a  poem  on  "  William  the  Conqueror." 

Chriemhild.     See  KrUmhild. 

Christ  (krist).  [L.  Christus,  Gr.  Xf^iardc  (6  Xpia- 
TOi,  the  Anointed).]  The  Anointed  One,  the 
Greek  translation  of  Messiah  (Hebrew  mdil'li) : 
a  title  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth. 


249 


Christison 


Christian  II.     Bom  at  Nvborg,  Denmark,  July  Christian,  Fletcher.     Lived  in  the  last  half  of 


2,  14S1 :  dii'd  at  Kallundborg,  Denmark,  Jan. 
25, 15.59  Kingof  Denmark  and  Norway  1513-23, 
surnamcd  "  The  Cruel,"  son  of  John  whom  he 
succeeded.  He  married  Isabella,  sister  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  in  1516.  He  con(|uered  Sweden  in  1520  ;  but 
by  his  massacre  of  the  Swedish  nobility  at  Stockholm  the 
same  year  provoked  an  uprising  under  Gustavus  Vasa, 
which  resulted  in  the  liberation  of  Sweden.  He  was  de- 
po.sed  in  IbrA.  and  driven  out  of  Denmark.  He  made  a 
descent  on  Norway  iii  1.'.31,  but  was  captured  in  1632  and 
detained  in  prison  till  his  death. 

Christian  III.     Born   1.502:  died  at  Kolding, 
Denmark,  Jan.  1,  1559.     King  of  Denmark  and 

Norway  1534-59.     He  introduced  the  Reformation  into  Christian  CiCCrO, 

Denmark  and  Norway,destroyed  the  influence  of  the  Ilanse     *j..^ 

towns  in  his  dominions,  and  reduced  Norway  to  a  province.    «,     •' j.-  tt 

Christian  IV.    Boru  at  Frederiksboig,  Den-  Wiristian  Hero, 
mark,  April  12,  1577:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  J?' ''.'■''■-'  I'4'^"^'"^.^  '"  '■'"}■ 
28,  1648.    King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1588-  Christiama  (kris-te-a   ne-a). 
1648,  son  of  Frederick  11.    He  carried  on  a  success- 
ful  war  against  Sweden  1611-13.     As  duke  of  Holstein  he 
was  invited  in  1625,  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  to  take  the 
lead  in  the  rising  of  the  Protestants  in  northern  tJeriuany. 
He  was  defeated  by  Tilly  at  Lutter  am  Barenberpe,  in 
Brunswick,  Aug.,  1626.  and  forced  to  accept  the  peace  of 
Liibeck  May,  162!t,     In  a  secoiul  war  with  Sweden,  begun 
1643,  and  concluded  Aug.,  1646,  by  the  peace  of  Bronise- 
bro,  he  lost  the  Norwegian  districts  of  Jemtl.and  and  Her- 
jeland,  and  the  islands  of  tiolhland  and  Osel,  and  was 
forced  to  make  other  important  concessions.     He  pro- 


the  18th  century.  Master's  mate  and  leader 
of  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty,  younger  bro- 
ther of  Edward  Christian.  SeeJiouiiti/.  After  the 
ship  reached  Tahiti,  what  became  of  Christian  is  not 
known  :  according  to  Adams,  the  surviving  mutineer 
found  on  Pitcairn  Island,  he  was  murdered  by  the  Tahi- 
tians.  It  is  possible  that  he  escaped  and  returned  ti> 
England. 

Christiana  (kris-ti-an'il).  [Fem.  of  Christian.'] 
The  wife  of  Christian,  and  the  chief  female 
character  in  the  second  part  of  Buuyan's  "Pil- 
grim's Progress."  She  also  left  the  "City  of  De- 
struction after  Christian's  flight. 

An  epithet  given  to  Lactan- 


The.      A  work  by  Richard 

[Named  from 
Christian  IV.  of  Denmark.]  The  capital  of 
Norway,  and  the  chief  seaport  and  city  of  the 
country,  situated  on  Christiania  Fjord  in  lat. 
59°  55'  N.,  long.  10°  44'  E.  it  has  a  large  foreign 
and  coasting  trade,  and  exports  lumber,  fish,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  university,  it  takes  the  place  of  the  old 
medieval  and  commercial  town  Oslo,  and  was  founded 
by  Christian  IV.  in  1624.    Population  (1900),  227.026. 


Christiania.     A  diocese  (stlft)  in  southeastern 
Norway, 
moted  commerce  and  entelprise,  founded  the  Danish  "set-   Christiania  Fjord  (kris-te-a'ne-a  fyord).      An 
tiement  at  Tranquebar  in  the  East  Indies,  and  by  his      „„         v  ,1  J  i..       s„,,fl,„™  ,.n'i,ai   nf  Nor- 

courageand  magnanimity  acquired  in  a  high  degree  the  ^"'^  °^  "Jf  ^^f' "'^  .'1?  soutnern  toast  or  f^or- 
favor  of  his  subjects.  The  well-known  ballad  "King  Kris-  '"''l.Vi  south  ot  Christiania.  It  IS  very  pictu- 
tian  stood  by  the  lofty  Mast"  commemorates  his  heroism      re.sijue.     Length,  about  ,50  miles. 

in  the  sea-flght  with  the  .Swedes  before  Kiel,  July,  1644.      Christian  of  TrOVeS.     See  Chicstien  de  Troi/es. 

Christabel  (kns'ta-bel).     1.  The  daughter  of  Christian  V.     Born  April  15,  1646:    died  at  Christiansand  (kris' te-an-sand).     A  diocese 


the  king  who  secretly  betrothed  herself  to  Si 
Cauline,  in  the  old  ballad  of  that  name.  The  king 
discovered  it,  and  Sir  Cauliiie  performed  prodigies  of  valor 
tu  win  her  He  was  at  length  killed  while  freeing  her 
Irom  the  soldan,  and  she  "  burste  her  gentle  hearte  in 
Iwayne  " 

2.  The  heroine  of  Coleridge's  poem  ot  that 
name,  published  in  1816.  The  gentle  and  pious 
daughtei  of  Sir  Leoline,  she  is  induced  by  a  powerful 
gpell  to  bring  into  her  father's  castle  the  enchantress  who 
calU  herself  the  Lady  Geraldine. 

Christ  k  la  Faille.  [F.,  'of  the  straw.']  A 
painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Museum  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium.  It  represents  the  dead  Christ  lying 
on  a  stone  bench  covered  with  straw,  supported  by  Joseph 
ot  Arlniathea,  with  the  Virgin,  St.  John,  and  the  Magda- 
len grieving  On  the  side  panels  are  St.  John  the  Apostle 
and  a  Virgin  and  Child. 

Christ  among  the  Doctors.  A  highly  esteemed 

paiutiug  by  Ingres,  in  the  Mus6e  Municipal  at 

Moiitauban,  France. 
Christ  bearing  the  Cross.  A  celebrated  statue 

by  Michelangelo,  in  Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva, 

Rome. 
Christchurcb   (krist 'chferch).     A    seaport    in 

Hampshire,  England,  situated  at  the  junction 


Copenhagen,  Aug.  25, 1699.     King  of  Denmark     (s,iitj  in  southern  Norway, 
and  Norway  1670-99,  son  of  Frederick  IIL     He  Christiansand.     [Named  from  Christian  IV.  of 

Denmark.]     A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 


c:u"ried  on  an  unsuccessful  war  against  Sweden  1675-79, 
and  published  in  1083  a  code  which  bears  his  name. 

Christian  VI.     Born  Nov.  30,  1699  :  died  Aug. 

6,  1746.     King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1730- 

1746,  son  of  Frederick  IV.    He  was  completely  under 

the  influence  of  his  wife,  Sophie  Magdidene  of  Branden- 

burg-Kuhnbach,  who  squandered  his  revenue  in  magnifi- 
cent building  operations,  including  the  palace  of  Chris- 

tlansborg. 
Christian  VII.     Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  29,  Christianstad  (kris'te-an-stad) 

1749:  died  at  Kendsburg,  Holstein,  March  13,     southern  extremity  of  Sweden. 


diocese  of  Christiansand,  situated  on  Chris- 
tiausaud  Fjord  in  lat.  58°  10'  N.,  long.  7°  5s'  E. 
It  has  a  good  harbor  and  a  large  trade,  and  contjtins  a 
cathedral.  It  was  I'uuiuled  by  Christiau  IV.  Population 
(1891),  12,541. 

Christian  Seneca.    An  epithet  given  to  Joseph 

Hall  (1.-174-1650). 

A  ten  at  the 
Area,  2,507 


1808.      King  of  Denmark  and  Norway   17GG-     sijuare  miles.     Population  (1893),  218,752. 
1808,  and  Duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein :  son  of  Christianstad.     [Named  from  Christian  IV.  of 


Frederick  V.  by  Louisa,  daughter  of  George  II. 
of  England.  Christian's  reason  having  become  im- 
paired as  a  consequence  of  dissipation,  the  royal  physi- 
cian in  ordinary,  Struensec,  supported  by  tlic  queen, 
Caroline  Matilda,  sister  of  George  III.  of  Englainl,  ob- 


tained, through  his  appointment  i^.,  1770  as  prime  uiiuis-  Christiansted    (kris' te-iin-sted), 
ter,  the  paramount  mUuence  in  the  government,     Stru-   »'"*»''•".'*"'>•"»"•    v  t      f   ti       ■   1 

ensee  was  deprived  of  power  Jan.  17,  1772,  and  put  to     ( Oas  siii).      A  seaport  01    tile  islai 


.-prived  ot  power  Jan.  17,  1772,  and  put 
death  (while  the  queen  was  banished)  by  the  qneen-dow- 
ager  and  the  minister  Ove  Uctegh-liuldberg.  The  crown 
prince  Frederick  assumed  the  government  April  14,  17S4, 
and  had  liiniself  declared  regent. 


Ot  the  Avon  and  Stour,  20  miles  southeast  of  Christian  VIII.     Boru  at  Copenhagen,  Sept. 


Southampton.     It  contains   a  priory   church. 

Populatiou  (1891),  3,994. 
Christchurch.    A  city  in  New  Zealand,  situated 

in  the  county  of  Selwyn,  South  Island,  in  lat. 

43°  35'  S.,  long.  172°  35'  E.     Its  haven  is  Port 

Lyttelton.     Populatiou  (1891),  with  suburbs, 

47,846. 

Christ  Church.  Oue  of  the  largest  and  most  fash- 
ionable colleges  of  O.xJ'ord  University,  founded 

in  1.525  by  Cardinal  Wolsey  as  Cardiual  College, 

remodeled  as  Kiug  Henry  VIII. 's  College  in 

1532.  and  refounded  as  Christ  Church  by  Henry 

VIlT.  iu  1.54().      The  fine  Perpendicular  gateway  to  the 

great  quadrangle  ("Tom  Quad"),  which  is  the  largest  In 

Oxford,  opens  beneath  the  Tom  Tower,  whose  upper  stage  ^V"'"'"!!''  "^^  ■"- ""•'^^'"■* 

was  built  by  Wren  in  1682.    On  the  south  sideof  thequad-  l/uriStian  lA.     I'm 

tangle  Is  the  beautiful  Perpendicular  hall,  116  by  40  feet, 

and  50  high  to  the  carved  oak  ceiling.     It  pcissrsses  many 

fine  old  and  niudrn)  portraits. 

Christ  Crucified  between  the  Two  Thieves. 

A  famous  fresco  by  Fra  Augelico,  in  the  Con- 
vent of  .San  Marco.  Florcuci'.  The  mourning  spec- 
tators Include  the  most  prominenl  figures  of  the  church, 
and  particularly  of  the  ot<ler  of  St.  Dominic. 

Christ,  Entombment  of.    A  noted  painting  by 

Titian,  in  I  lie  Louvre,  Paris. 
Christian  (kris'tiau).    [L.  Christianus,  Gr.  Xpm- 

riai'O!,,  F.  Chrtsltin,  Chretien,  It.  S|).  Pg.  ('ri.i- 

tiinio,  G.  Dan.   C'/(i'(s/i((«.]     The  heio  of  Bun- 
van's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress"  (which  sec). 
Christian   (kris'tian)  I.     Born    1426:   died   at 

Co|icnliagnn.  May  Si,  1481.     King  ot  Denmark, 

the  founder  of  the  house  of  (lldenburg  in  Deii- 

mai'k.      He  was  a  son  of  Theodoiic,  cniint  r,f  Oldriiliin-g, 

and  Ucdwlg,  heiress  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein.     He  wa.H 

elected  111  1448  to  succeed  Christopher  111.,  who  hail  died 

the  same  year  without  Issue,  and  was  crowned  king  of 

Norway  In  1450.     lie  took  possession  of  the  governnu'iit 

ot  Sweden  in  14.^7,  but  was  expelled  from  the  country  by 

Slen  Sture  In  1470.      He  was  elected  duke  of  Schleswig 

and  count  of  Uolstoin  1460,  and  founded  the  University  of 

Copenhagen  Juue  1,  1479. 


18,  1786  :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  20,  1848 
King  of  Denmark  1839-48,  and  Duke  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein and  Laueuburg  :  eldest  son  of 
Frederick,  stepbrother  of  Christiau  VII.  He 
was  governor  of  Norway  when  the  peace  of  Kiel,  con- 
cluded Jan.  14,  1814,  which  ceded  Norway  to  Sweden,  was 
repudiated  by  the  Norwegians,  Jan.  28,  1814.  lie  cauie 
forward  as  the  champion  of  the  natioiuU  independence, 
collected  an  army  ot  12,000  men,  convened  a  diet  at  ICids- 
wold  April  10,  which  adopted  a  constitution  May  17,  and 
was  proclaimed  king  of  Norway  under  the  title  of  Chris- 
tian I.  May  19,  1814.  Unable,  however,  to  maintain  his 
position  against  the  Swedes,  supported  by  the  allied 
powers,  he  concluded  a  truce  at  Moss  Aug.  14,  and  relin- 
quished the  crown  Oct.  111.  1814  He  issued  a  proclama- 
tion July  8,  1846,  in  which  he  declared  Schleawlg  and 
Holstein  to  be  indlssolubly  milted  to  Denmark. 

u  nenr  Schleswig,  Ajiril  8, 
1K18.  King  of  Dfiiiniirk,  fourth  son  of  Fred- 
erick, liuki^  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
•  iliicksburg.  He  succeeded  Frederick  VII.  .Nov.  1.6, 
I«i;:i.  He  proclaimed  himself  sovereign  of  Schlchwig  and 
llolstiiii,  till*  stii-ccssiini  to  which  duchies  was  claimed  by 
Piiiii-e  I'niitrii-k  of  Somlcrbnrg-Augnstcnburg,  who  was 
siipiinrtcil  by  Ibcliihabiliints,  and  on  Nov.  18,  lsr,.'t,  he  rail- 
tied  a  constitution  liii-orpoiatlng Schleswig  with  Denmark. 
'The  Schleswig-Holstein  dispute  finally  Invulved  him  In  a 
war  with  Prussia  and  Austria,  whosi;  forces  invadcil 
Schleswig  Feb.  1,  1861,  and  afli'r  an  obstinate  rcslstaiiee 
occupied  Jutland,    liy  the  treaty  of  Oct.  30,  l»r-l,  Chrlhtlan 

formally  renounced  all  claims  Ui  Schleswig,  Holstein.  and  Christina,  Maria. 
Laucnburg.     ■•     ■       ■         •*  ■■  '     -,,.-,...  1- -i 

June  3, 184: 

1844);  George  I.,  king  of  tileece  (I'orn  Dee.  24,  184.",);  lliig 
mar,  dowager  empress  of  KuhhIu  (burn  Nov.  20,  1847^; 
Thyra,  duchess  of  Cumberland  (born  Sept.  20,  lb6.t); 
Prince  Waldemar  (born  Oct.  27,  1868). 
Christian.  Died  at  Tusculum,  Italy,  Aug.  25, 
lis:!.  A  (iernian  prelale,  made  archbishop  of 
Mainz  Si'pt.,  1165,  general  of  Frederick  Bar- 
bai'ossa  iu  Itnlv  1167-83. 

Christian,  Edward.    Died  at  Cambridge,  Eiig- 

hiiid,  .\liiicli  '29,  1.S23.  Au  English  jurist,  pro- 
fessor of  laws  ill  Downing  College,  Cumbridge, 
and  chief  justice  of  the  Isle  of  Ely. 


Denmark.]  The  capital  of  the  lien  of  Christian- 
stad, Sweden,  situated  near  the  Baltic  in  lat. 
56°  N.,  long.  14°  12'  E.  its  seaport  is  Ahus.  It  was 
founded  by  Clu-istian  IV.  of  Denmark.  Population  (189ti), 
10,070. 

or  Bassin 

id  of  Santa 
Cruz,  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  45'  N., 
long.  G-1^  41'  \v'.  It  is  tin-  sctit  ol  the  DaniM. 
governor-general.     Populatiou,  about  5,000. 

Christiansund  (kris'te-an-sond).  A  seaport  in 
the  amt  of  Romsdal,  Norway,  built  on  four 
islands  in  lat.  (>3°  10'  N.,  long.  7°  45'  E.  It 
exports  fish.     Poptilution  (1891),  10,130. 

Christian  Vergil.  An  epithet  given  to  Marco 
Cirolauio  Villa  ( 1490f-15(i6). 

Christias  (kris'ti-as).  -Vu  epic  poem  on  the 
life  of  Christ,  written  in  Latin  (1535)  by  Marco 
Uirolamo  Vida. 

Christie  (kris'ti),  Alexander.    Bom  at  Edin- 

biirgli,  1.S07:  ilied  .\hiy  .">,  1860.  A  Scottish 
painter,  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Scot- 
tish Academy  iu  1.S48. 
Christina  (kris-te'nii).  Born  at  Stockholm.  Dec. 
18,  1()2():  died  at  Rouie,  April  19,  1689.  (jueen 
of  Sweden,  daughter  of  (.itistavus  II.  Adolphus, 
whom  she  succeeded  in  1632  under  a  regency 
composed  of  the  live  chief  ollicersof  the  crown, 
assumed  the  government  in  1(^14,  terminated  by  the 


She 

treaty  of  Bromsebro  in  ltt46  the  war  which  had  been 
waged  against  Dcnniiirk  since  lli4;t,  and  c^nitrary  to  the 
advice  of  Oxeimtierna  hastened  the  conclusion  of  peace  in 
Germany.  Having  In  1649  secured  the  election  of  her 
cousin  Charlea  Gustavus  as  her  successor,  she  abdicated 
the  throne  in  1664,  and  shortly  after  embraced  the  Koman 
Catholic  faith  She  eventually  settled  in  Rome,  where 
she  patronized  men  of  letters  and  science,  and  colleeteil 
a  library  which  wa.s  purchased  alter  her  death  by  Pope 
Ale\and'er  VIII. 

See  Maria  Christiiia. 


lurg.     He  has  Issue  Crown  Prince  Frederick  (born  nij-jgiing    jg    Pisan    (kres-t(>n'    de    pe-zoi'i'). 

.'5^;^;/':;!V?"''^';^:'"::::;',:;','?'t^l'!"'^i"::]^!"it^  i^"n ,"  \vnice  „i,oui  i363:  did  after  i43i. 


A  writer  of  Italian  iinientagc  (dauglilcT  of 
Thomas  de  Pisan,  councilor  of  the  Venetian 
roi>ublic  and  astrologer  of  Chnrles  V.),  edu- 
cated in  Paris,  she  wrote  "Le  llvre  de»  faicta  ct 
bonnes  moenrs  de  Charlea  V,"  and  many  poems. 

Christines.    See  ChsHiios. 

Christison(kris'ti-8oii).SirRobert.  Bom  July 
IS,  1797:  died  Jan.  23.  1SS2.  A  noted  Scottish 
physician,  lie  was  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence 
ut  Edinburgh  1822  32,  and  of  materia  mcdlca  and  thera. 
peutlos  1832-77.     He  received  a  baronetcy  In  187L 


Christmas  Carol,  The 

Christmas  Carol,  The.  A  Christmas  tale  by 
Charles  Biekens,  which  appeai'ed  in  1843. 

Christmas  Island  (kris'mas  i'land).  1.  A 
smallisland  in  the  Pacific, in  lat.  1°  o7'N.,long. 
157°  28' W.  It  is  a  British  possession. —  2.  A 
small  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about  lat.  10° 
31'  S. ,  long.  10.3°  33'  E.  It  is  a  British  possession. 

Christophe,  or  Cristophe  (kres-tof),  Henri. 
Born  Oct.  6,  1767:  died  Oct.  8,  1820.  A  negro 
of  Haiti.  He  took  part  in  the  revolution  of  1790,  and 
became  the  most  trusted  general  of  Toussaint  Louvertiu-e, 
serving  against  the  French.  Subsequently  he  commamied 
under  Oessalines  in  the  black  republic  of  northern  Haiti, 
and  succeeded  him  in  1806.  War  with  Potion  followed 
during  several  years.  In  ISll  Christophe  was  proclaimed 
king  of  Haiti,  and  was  cro\vned  .Tune  2  as  Henri  I.  His 
wars  with  the  republic  of  the  south,  and  rebellions  caused 
by  his  tyranny,  brought  about  his  downfall.  Attacked  by 
the  rebels,  he  shot  himself  at  Port  au  Prince. 

Christopher  (kris'to-fer),  Saint.  [L.  Christo- 
2>liiiri(S,  Or.  Xp(CTro(j>opof>  Christ-bearer;  It.  Ccfs- 
toforo,  F.  Christophe,  Sp.  Cristoml,  Pg.  Chris- 
tovao,  G.  Christoph.'\  A  martyr  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  Syria,  and  to  have 
been  of  prodigious  height  and  strength.  As  a  penance 
for  having  been  a  servant  of  the  devil,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  task  of  carrying  pilgrims  across  a  river  where 
there  was  no  bridge.  Clu-ist  came  to  the  river  one  day  in 
the  form  of  a  child  and  asked  to  be  carried  over,  but  his 
weight  grew  heavier  and  heavier  till  his  bearer  was  nearly 
broken  down  in  the  midst  of  the  stream.  Wlien  they 
reached  the  shore,  "Jlarvel  not,"said  the  child,  "tor with 
me  thou  hast  borne  the  sins  of  all  the  world."  Christo- 
pher is  usually  represented  as  bearing  the  infant  Christ 
and  leaning  upon  a  great  staff.  The  Roman  and  Angli- 
can churches  celebrate  his  festival  on  July  25  ;  the  Greek 
Church  on  May  9. 

Christopulos  (kris-top'6-los),  Athanasios. 
Born  at  Kastoria,  European  Turkey,  1772:  died 
in  Wallaehia,  Jan.  29, 1847.  A  Greek  lyric  poet. 
His  Ij-ries  were  published  in  Paris  1833  and  1841. 

Christ's  College  (krists  kol'ej).  A  college  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  England,  founded 
in  1.505  by  JIargaret,  countess  of  Richmond. 
The  Tudor  arms  remain  over  the  gateway,  but  the  build- 
ings were  renovated  in  the  18th  centiuy.  The  giirdens 
are  celebrated  for  their  beauty. 

Christ's  Hospital.  Aeelebrated  school,  former- 
ly in  Newgate  street,  London,  known  astheBlue 
Coat  School  from  the  ancient  dress  of  the  schol- 
ars, which  is  still  retained.  It  was  founded  by  Ed- 
ward VI. on  the  site  of  the  monastery  of  Gray  Friars,  given 
by  Henry  VIII.  to  the  city  near  the  end  of  his  reign  for  the 
relief  of  the  poor.  The  school  was  moved  lo  Horsham, 
Sussex,  in  1902. 

Christy  (kris'ti),  Henry.  Born  at  Kingston  on 
the  Thames,  July  26,  1810 :  died  at  La  Palisse, 
France,  May  4.  1865.  An  English  ethnologist, 
noted  especially  for  his  exploration  of  the 
caves  in  the  valley  of  the  Vezere,  in  southern 
France.  He  began  the  preparation  of  a  work  containing 
the  results  of  his  investigations,  which  was  completed, 
after  his  death,  by  M.  Lartet  and  Professor  Rupert-Jones, 
under  the  title  "Reliquije  Aquitanicae:  being  Contribu- 
tions to  the  ,\rchfeology  and  Paljeontologyof  P6rigord  and 
the  adjacent  Provinces  of  Southern  France." 

Chrodegang  (kro'de-gang),  or   Godegrand 

(go'de-graud).  Saint.  Died  at  Metz,  March  0, 
766.  A  bishop  of  Metz.  He  was  a  native  of  Hasb.i- 
nia  fBelgian  Limburg),  and  was  descended  from  a  distin- 
guished family  among  the  Ripuarian  Franks.  He  was  ap- 
pointed  bishop  of  -Metz  by  Pepin  the  Short  in  742,  con- 
ducted the  Pope  on  a  journey  from  Rome  to  Gaul  in  753, 
and  in  764  brought  from  Rome  the  relics  which  had  been 
presented  l)y  the  Pope  to  the  churches  and  monasteries  of 
Gaul.  He  is  the  author  of  the  "Vita  Canonica,"a  rule 
boiTOwed  in  part  from  that  of  St.  Benedict,  and  of  which 
there  are  two  versions — an  older  one  intended  for  the 
cathedral  of  Metz,  and  a  more  recent  one,  intended  for  the 
church  in  general. 
Chronicle  of  Paros.  An  important  Greek  his- 
torical inscription  found  in  the  island  of  Paros, 
and  now  preserved  among  the  Arundelian  mar- 
bles at  O.xf  ord.  it  extended  originally  from  the  mythi- 
cal reign  of  Cecrops,  king  of  Athens,  taken  as  B.  c.  15S2, 
to  the  archonship  of  Diogenetus,  B.  c.  264 ;  but  the  end  is 
now  lost,  and  the  surviving  part  extends  only  to  B.  c.  355. 
The  chronicle  embraces  an  outline  of  Greek  history,  with 
especial  attention  to  festivals,  poetry,  and  music.  Politi- 
cal and  military  events  are  less  carefully  recorded,  many 
of  importance  being  omitted  entirely. 

Chronicle  of  the  Cid.    See  cuh 

Chronicle  of  the  Elings  of  England  from  the 
Time  of  the  Romans'  Government  unto  the 
Death  of  King  James.  The  principal  work  of 
Sir  Richard  Baker.  It  was  published  in  1643,  and  its 
popuLarity  is  attested  by  its  many  editions,  a  ninth  ap- 
pearing in  1696.  It  was  continued  by  another  to  the  time 
of  George  I.,  and  issued  in  1730. 

Chronicles  (kron'i-klz).  Two  books  of  the 
Old  Testament,  supplementary  to  the  books  of 
Kings.  They  formed  originally  one  book,  the  division 
into  two  having  been  made  for  convenience  in  the  LXX. 
The  name  Chronica  (Eng.  Chronicles),  which  is  given  in 
some  copies  of  the  Vulgate,  appears  to  d.ate  from  Jerome. 
In  the  LXX  they  are  called  TrapaAecTroiLiei'a  ('omitted 
things'),  and  in  the  Hebrew  "Journals  "  or  diaries.  They 
probably  consist  of  materials  which  may  have  been  in  part 
collected  by  Ezra,  and  were  revised  about  the  second  half 
of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  by  another,  probably  a  Levite. 


250 

Chronicles  of  the  Canongate.  [See  Canon- 
gate.']  A  collection  of  stories  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  The  first  series,  published  in  1827,  includes  "The 
Highland  Widow,"  "Two  Drovers,  '  and  "The  Surgeon's 
Daughter."  The  second  series  ("The  Fair  .Maid  of  Perth") 
was  published  in  1S28.  The  tales  are  supposed  to  be  nar- 
rated by  Mr.  Chrystal  Crof  Langr)',  to  whom  they  are  told  by 
Mrs.  Baliol. 

Chronicles  of  the  Schonberg-Cotta  Family 

(shen'berg-kot'tii  fam'i-li).  A  historical  novel 
by  Mrs.  Charles,  published  in  1863. 

Chrononhotonthologos  (ki'o-non'ho-ton-thol'- 
6-gos).  A  bmlesque  by  Henry  Carey,  "the 
inost  tragical  tragedy  ever  yet  tragedized,"  first 
performed  in  1734.  It  was  imitated  to  some  degree 
from. Fielding's  play  "Tom  Thumb."  Chrononliotonthol- 
ogos  is  the  King  of  Queerummania.  His  name  is  occa- 
sionally used  as  a  nickname  for  any  particularly  bombastic 
and  inflated  talker.    See  Aldiboront^phoscophornio. 

Chrudim  (chrb'dim).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Chi'udinka  in  lat.  49°  57'  N.,  long. 
15°  47'  E.     Population  (1890),  12,128. 

Chrysal  (kris/al),  or  the  Adventures  of  a 
Guinea.  A  novel  by  Charles  Johnstone,  pub- 
lished in  1760.  Clirysal  is  an  elementary  spirit  whose 
abode  is  in  a  piece  of  gold  converted  into  a  guinea.  In 
that  form  the  spirit  passes  from  man  to  man,  and  takes 
accurate  note  of  tlie  different  scenes  of  which  it  becomes 
a  witness.     Tuckentian,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fict.,  p.  240. 

Chrysalde  (kre-zilld').  A  character  in  Moliere's 
comedy  "L'fieole  des  femmes." 

Chrysale  (kre-zal').  A  good,  stupid  citizen  of 
the  middle  class,  the  husband  of  Philaminte, 
in  Moliere's  comedy  "  Les  femmes  savantes." 
See  Philaminte. 

Chiysaor  (kri-sa'6r  or  kris'a-6r).  [Gr.  Xpr- 
adup.']  1.  In  classical  myttology,  a  son  of 
Poseidon  and  Medusa,  and  father  (by  Callir- 
rhoe)  of  the  three-headed  Geryones  and  Echid- 
na. He  sprang  forth  from  the  head  of  Medusa 
when  Perseus  cut  it  ofl'. — 2.  The  sword  of 
Artegal,  in  Spenser's  ''Faerie  Queene." 

Chryseis  (kri-se'is).  [Gr.  XpiOT/if.]  In  Ho- 
meric legend,  Astynome,  the  daughter  of  Chry- 
ses,  seized  as  a  slave  by  Agamemnon.  When 
the  king  refused  to  give  her  up,  Chryses  prayed  to  .-V polio 
for  vengeance,  and  the  god  sent  a  plague  upon  the  camp 
of  the  Greeks,  which  was  not  stayed  until  the  maiden  was 
taken  back  to  her  father  by  Odysseus. 

Chryses  (kri'sez).  [Gr.  X|Oii(T//<:.]  In  Homeric 
legend,  a  priest  of  Apollo  at  Chrysa. 

Chrysippus(kri-sip'us).  [Gr.  XpiOTTTTrof.]  Born 
at  Soli,  Cilicia,  280  B.  c. :  died  at  Athens,  207 
B.  c.  A  Greek  Stoic  philosopher,  a  disciple  of 
Cleanthes.  He  invented  the  logical  argument  called 
sorites,  and  was,  next  to  Zeno,  the  most  eminent  philoso- 
pher of  his  sect.  He  is  said  to  have  died  from  an  im- 
moderate fit  of  laughter  on  seeing  an  ass  eating  some  figs 
destined  for  his  own  supper.  "'Give  him  a  bumper  of 
wine,'  he  cried  to  the  old*woman  who  attended  him,  and 
was  so  amused  by  the  incident  that  he  sank  under  the  ex- 
haustion of  his  own  merriment."  K.  0.  Midler,  Hist,  of 
the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  27.    (Dotmhhon.) 

Chrysoloras  (kris-o-16'ras),  Manuel.  [Gr. 
MoT'ow}?.  6  Xpi'cjo/.upaf.]  Born  at  Constantino- 
ple (?)  about  1355:  died  at  Constance,  Ger- 
many, April  15,  1415.  A  celebrated  Greek 
scholar,  teacher  of  Greek  in  Italy.  Many  distin- 
guished scholars  were  his  pupils.  He  wrote  "Erotemata 
sive  Qufestiones,"  one  of  the  first  Greek  gr.ammara  used  in 
Italy. 

Chrysopolis  (kri-sop'o-lis).  [Gr.  Xpi«Tci/To/l(f, 
golden  eit}'.]  An  ancient  town  on  the  site  of 
the  modern  Scutari,  in  Asia  Minor. 

Chrysostom  (kris'os-tom  or  kris-os'tom).  Saint 
John.  [Gr.  xptJtToiTro/iof,  golden-mouthed.] 
Born  at  Antioch,  Syria,  probably  in  347  a.  d.  : 
died  near  Comana,  Cappadocia,  Sept.  4,  407. 
A  celebrated  father  of  the  Greek  Church.  He 
was  preacher  and  prelate  at  .-Vntioch,  was  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 398-404,  and  was  e.xiled  to  Cappadocia  404- 
407.  The  chief  editions  of  his  works  are  the  "Benedic- 
tine" (13  vols.  fol.  1718),  and  that  of  the  AbbiS  Migiie  (13 
vols.  1863).  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Greek  Church  on 
Jan.  27  and  Nov.  13,  in  the  Roman  Church  on  Jan.  27. 

The  last  of  the  great  Christian  sophists  who  came  forth 
from  the  schools  of  heathen  rhetoric  was  John,  the  son  of 
Secundus,  a  general  in  the  imperial  army,jWho  is  gener- 
ally known  by  the  surname  Chrysostomus,  given  to  him, 
as  to  the  eminent  sophist  Dio  Cocceianus,  on  account  of 
his  golden  eloquence.  He  was  born  at  Antioch,  about 
A.  D.  347,  and  was  taught  rlietoric  in  his  native  city  by 
Libanius,  who  would  gladly  have  established  him  in  his 
sciiool  as  his  assistant  and  successor,  if  Chrysostom  had 
not  been  drawn  away  from  secular  pursuits  by  his  reli- 
gious convictions. 

K.  0.  Miaier,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  341. 

[{Doncddsoiu) 

Chrysostome  (kris'os-tom).  A  character  in 
Cervautes's  "Don  Quixote,"  a  learned  man 
who  died  for  love. 

Chrzanowski(chzha-nov'ske), Adalbert.  Born 

in  the  waywodeship  of  Cracow,  1788:  died  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1861.  A  Polish  general  in  the 
revolution  of  1830-31.     He  was  commander  of 


Chupas 

the  Sardinian  army  in  the  Novara  campaign, 
1849. 
Chuana  (chwa'na).  A  Bantu  nation  of  South 
Africa,  embracing  many  tribes,  and  oeeupying 
not  only  British  Beehuanaland.  but  part  of 
the  Transvaal.  The  language  is  called  Se-chuana,  and 
differs  but  dialectally  from  Se-Suto.  The  Bechuana  are 
darker,  less  tall  and  brave,  but  more  progressive  than  the 
Zulus.  They  build  round  houses  with  verand.as,  and  wear 
a  kaross.  The  western  Bechuana  are  rather  pastoral 
than  agricultural.  The  principal  eastern  tribes  are  the 
Basuto,  Ba-tlaka,  Ba-Mapela,  Ba-Pedi ;  the  western  are 
the  Ba  Hlapi,  Ba-Tlaro(Kuruman),  Ea-Roloiig  (ilafeking), 
Ba-Ngwaketsi  and  Ba-Kuena  (Moiopolole),  Ba-Mangwato, 
between  Ngami  and  Limpopo  (Khama's  people). 

Chuapa  (cho-a'pa),  or  Choapa  (cho-a'pa).  A 
river  in  Chile  which  separates  Coquimbo  from 
Aconcagua,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  100 
miles  north  of  Valparaiso.     Length,  120  miles. 

Chubar  (cho-bar'),  or   Charbar   (chiir-biir'). 

1 .  A  bav  on  the  southern  coast  of  Persia,  in 
lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  60°  30'  E.— 2.  A  port  on 
the  Bay  of  Chubar. 

Chubb  (chub),  Thomas.  Bom  at  East  Ham- 
ham,  near  Salisbury,  England,  Sept.  29,  1679: 
tlied  at  Salisbury,  Feb.  8,  1747.  A  mechanic 
apprenticed  to  a  glove-maker,  and  later  assis- 
tant to  a  tallow-chandler  of  Salisbury,  noted 
as  a  deistical  writer.  Of  his  various  controversial 
tracts  the  best-known  is  that  entitled  "The  True  Gospel 
of  Jesus  Chi'ist  Asserted  "  (1738). 

Chuchacas.     See  Ktresan. 

Chucuito,orChucuyto,orChuc|,uito(ch6-kwe'- 
to).  A  town  in  southern  Peru,  situated  on  Lake 
Titicaca  15  miles  southeast  of  Pimo.  Vnder  the 
Incas  this  was  the  most  important  town  of  theCoUati,  and 
ancient  ruins  still  exist  near  it.  Population,  estimated  at 
5,CK)0. 

Chudleigh  (chud'le).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  8  miles  southwest  of  Exeter. 

Chudleigh,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  entrance  of 
Hudson  Strait,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Labra- 
dor. 

Chuffey  (chuf'i).  The  superannuated  clerk  who 
saves  the  life  of  old  Anthony  Chuzzlewit  in 
Dickens's  "Martin  Chuzzlewit." 

Chukiang  (cho-ke-ang').  Same  as  Pearl  River, 
in  China. 

Chumaia  (cho-mi'a).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  in  Eden  valley  and  on  the 
Middle  Eel  River,  Califoi-nia.     See  YuMan. 

Chumanas.     See  Jmnanas. 

Chumashan  (cho'mash-an).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians.  It  embraces  a  num- 
ber of  coast  tribes  formerly  residing  at  and  about  the 
seats  of  the  missions  of  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Bar- 
b.ara,  Santa  Ifiez,  Purissima,  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  Cali- 
fornia, and  also  upon  the  islands  of  Santa  Rosa  and  Santn 
Cruz,  and  such  other  of  the  Santa  Barbara  islands  as  were 
permanently  inhabited.  Only  about  40  individuals  of  the 
once  populous  stock  survived  in  1884  :  of  these  about  20 
live  near  the  outskirts  of  San  Buenaventura.  Chumash, 
from  which  the  stock  name  is  derived,  is  the  native  name 
of  the  Santa  Rosa  islanders. 

Chumawa  (cho-ma'wa).  An  almost  extinct 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  See  Palaih- 
n  ill  an. 

Chumbaba.     See  Klmmbaba. 

Chumbul  (chum-bul').     See  Chambal. 

Chun  (tchon),  Karl.  Born  Oct.  1,  1852.  A 
German  zoologist. 

Chunar  (chun-ar'),  or  Chunarghur  (chun- 
iir'ger).  A  fortified  town  in  the  district  of  Mir- 
zaptu',  Northwestern  Provinces,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Ganges  19  miles  southwest  of 
Benares.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1763.  The 
treaty  of  Chunar  between  Hastings  and  the  Nabob  of 
Oudh  was  concluded  in  17S1. 

Chunchos  (chon'ehos).  1.  A  tribe  of  Indians 
in  eastern  Peru  and  northern  Bolivia,  about 
the  head  waters  of  the  Madre  de  Dios  and  Hua!- 
laga.  They  have  retained  their  independence,  and  are 
implacable  enemies  of  the  whites.  Their  language  is  lit- 
tle known,  but  is  said  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  neigh- 
boring Antis  or  Campas,  with  whom  some  writers  identify 
them. 

2.  The  name  given  by  Tschudi  to  one  of  the 
three  great  aboriginal  "races  which  he  supposed 
to  have  inhabited  Peru  from  very  ancient  times. 
The  others  were  the  Quichuas  and  -AymarSs.  By  this 
classification  the  name  would  include  not  only  the  Chun- 
chos proper,  but  a  great  number  of  savage  tribes,  princi- 
pally east  of  the  Andes. 

Chungking  (chung-keng').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Szechuen,  China,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Kialing  with  the  Yangtsz'. 

Chungu  (chou'go),orBa-Ohungu  (bii-ohon'go). 
A  Bantu  tribe  settled  on  the  highland  between 
Lakes  Nyassa  and  Tanganyika,  central  Africa. 

Chupas  (cho'piis).  An'elevated  plain  west  of 
Guamanga  (now  Ayacucho),  Peru,  about  niid- 
wav  between  Cuzeo  and  Lima.  Here  the  younger 
.Mmagro  was  finally  beaten  by  the  royalist  forces  under 
Vaca  de  Castro,  Sept.  16,  1542.    See  Almagro,  Diego  de. 


Chupra 

Chupra  (chup'ra).     The  capital  of  the  district 

of  Sarau.  Behar,  British  Imlia,  situated  near 

,   the  iimction  of  the  Gogi'a  aud  Gauges  iu  lat. 

'   25°  40'  N.,  long.  84°  40'  E.     Population  (1891), 

57,3.')-'. 

Chuquisaca  (cho-lie-sii'kii).   A  southeastern  de- 
partment of  Bolivia.    Ai-ea,  39,871  square  miles.  Churchill. 


251 

was  Conservative  member  of  Parliament  for  Woodstock 
1874-S3,  when  he  w;is  leturned  for  Soulh  Padilington.  He 
was  reelected  for  South  Paddincton  in  ISiiU  and  in  18'J2, 
was  secretary  for  India  in  Lord  Salisbury's  first  ministry 
(.lune,  IssS.^anuaiy,  1880),  and  in  Salisbury's  second  min- 
istry was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the 
House  of  Commons  from  July  to  December,  1880.  He 
married  iliss  Jerome  of  New  York  in  1874. 


Cicacole 

judges  who  condemned  Gonzalo  Pizarro  and  Carvajal  to 
d,  ath.  From  Jan.,  1550,  to  Sept.,  1551,  he  governed  Peru 
us  president  of  the  audience. 

Cibals  (sib'a-le).  or  Cibalis  (-lis).  In  ancient 
f,'eography,  a  town  in  I'aunonia,  near  the  mod- 
ern Esseg  in  Slavouia.  Here,  in  314,  Constan- 
tino defeated  Licinius. 


A  river  in  Britisli  America  whicii  Cibao   (se-bii'o).    [Probably  from  the   Indian 


flows  through  various  lalies  into  Hudson  Bay, 
about  lat.   58°  40'  N.,  long.  95°  W.     Length, 
about  7U0  miles.     Also  called  MissiniiipjM,  Emj- 
lish,  aud  Beaver. 
Church  Island  (Utah).     Bee^Antelope  Ishutd. 


Population  (1893),  estimated,  1186,710, 
Chuquisaca  (city).     See  Sucre. 
Chuquito.    See  Chucvito. 

Chur  (cior).    See  Cnirc.  

Church  (eherch),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Duxbury,  Churchyard  (ch6rch'yiird),  Thomas.    Bom  at 

Mass.,  1639:  died  at  Little  Compton,  K.  I.,  Jan.  t^hrewsbory,  England,  about  152(1 :  died  April, 

17,1718.    An  American  soldier.    He  took  part  in  ""^'       '     '^     '    '         '       '" " 

Kini!  Philip's  war,  including  the  swamp  fight  with  the  Nar- 
mgansetts,  Dec.  19, 1C7.''),  and  was  in  command  of  the  party 


wrichhinite.lKinj;PhiIiptodeathAuK.12,1676.  Unacrhis 
direction  and  fi-om  his  notes  his  son  Thomas  compiled 
"  Enlcrtainiiit;  l'assiij;is  relating  to  Philip's  War"  (171U). 

Church,  Frederick  Edwin.  Bom  at  Harti'ord, 

Conn..  May  4,  lS2(i:  died  at  Nevr  Yorls,  April 
7,  1900.  a"  noted  American  landscape-painter, 
a  pupil  of  Thomas  Cole.  His  best-known  works  are 
"  Niagara  Falls  from  the  Canadian  .Shore  "  (1857  :  in  th<> 
Corcoran  Gallery,  Washington),  "The  Heart  of  the  An- 
des" (IS.V.n,  "  I'otopaxi  "  (1802),  etc. 

Church,  Frederick  Stuart.    Bom  at  Grand 

Kapids,  Mii-h.,  1841.     An  American  painter. 
Church,  Sir  Richard.     Born  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland.  1784:  died  at  Athens,  Greece, 
March  20,   1873.      A  British   soldier,  long   a 
military  commander  aud  official  in  the  Greek  Churruas. 


word  eiha,  a  stone  or  rock.]  A  mountainous 
region  in  the  central  part  of  the  island  of  Santo 
Domingo.  At  the  time  of  the  coniiuest  it  was  included 
in  the  province  of  Magnana,  governed  by  t'aonabo.  The 
Indians  told  Columbus  that  gold  w.as  found  there,  and  he 
supposed  it  to  be  the  Cipango  (JapaiO  of  Marco  Polo. 
Ojcda  entered  this  region  in  Marcti,  1494,  and  a  consider- 
able amount  of  gold  was  obtained  tllere. 

1(304.     An  EngUsh  poet  and  miscellaneous  "wri-  Gibber  (sib'er),  or  Cibert  (se'btrt),  Caius  Ga- 
ter,  and  soldier.     He  was  the  author  of  numerous     briel.     Born  at  Flensborg,  in  Holstein,  1(130: 
""  '     " —         died  at  London,  1700.     A  Danish  sculptoi,  resi- 
dent in  England,  the  father  of  Colley  Cibbcr. 


tracts  and  broadsides,  "  The  VVorthines  of  Wales,'a  poem 
(15S7).  "  The  Legend  of  Shore's  Wife  "  (in  the  1663  edition 


of  Baldwins  " Mirror  for  Magistrates "),  his  bi-st-known  Qj^^jer,  Cofley.     Born  at  London,  N6v.  G,  1G71 : 
poem,  "Churchyards  Challenge,   a  collection  of  probc  and  wiy"*;*,  v/uiicj.  t---  —  - 

verse  (1693),  etc.     As  a  soldier  he  served  in  Scotland,  Ire-      oied  tliere,   Uec.   1-,   1(0/.      .i 


service.  He  served  as  ensign  in  the  Egyptian  campaign 
of  1801 ;  became  captain  in  the  Corsican  Kangers  1SU6 ; 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Maida,  and  took  part  in  the 
defense  of  Capri  and  (as  assistant  quartermaster-general) 
In  various  actions  in  the  loniau  Islands;  and  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel  of  a  Greek  infantry  regiment 
In  1812.  Wlien  the  Greek  revolution  began,  he  joined  the 
InsurgeTits  (March  7,  1827),  and  possessed  great  intluence 
as  a  leader  of  the  movement  and  as  a  military  commander. 
He  also  took  part  in  the  revolution  ot  1843.  In  that  year 
ho  was  appointed  senator,  and  in  1854  general  in  the 
Greek  army. 

Church,  Sanford  Elias.  Born  at  Milford,  N.  Y., 
April  18,  1815:  died  at  Albion,  N.  Y.,  May  14, 
1880.  An  Americau  jurist  and  politician.  He 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  1851-54,  and  chief 
justice  of  the  State  Court  of  Appeals  1871-80. 

Churchill  (eherch'il),  Arabella.  Born  1648: 
died  1730.  Eklest  daughter  of  Sir  Winston 
Chm-cliill  of  Wootton  B'assett,  Wiltshire,  and 
elder  sister  of  John  Churchill,  duke  of  Marl- 
borough :  a  mistress  of  James  II. 

Churchill,  Charles.  Born  at  Westminster, 
Feb..  1731:  died  on  a  risit  to  Boulogne,  Xov. 


(1693), 
land,  the  Low  Countries,  France,  and  elsewhere, 

Thomas  Churchyard  was  an  inferior  sort  of  Gascoigne, 
who  led  a  much  longer  if  less  eventful  life.  He  was 
about  the  Court  for  the  greater  part  ot  the  century,  and 
had  a  habit  of  calling  his  little  books,  which  were  numer- 
ous, and  written  both  in  verse  and  prose,  by  alliterative 
titles  playing  on  his  own  name  such  as  "Churchyard's 
Chips,"  "Churchyard'sChoice,"andso forth.  Hewasaper- 
son  of  no  great  literary  power,  and  chiefly  noteworthy  be- 
cause of  his  long  life  after  contributing  to  Tottels  "  Mis- 
cellany, "which  makes  him  a  link  lietwccn  the  old  literature 
and  the  new.     Saint^bury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  18. 

Same  as  Cliarruas. 
Churubusco  (ch6-ro-bos'k6).     A  village  about 


An  English  actor 
and  dramatist,  son  of  the  sculptor  C.  G.  Cibber 
by  his  second  wile,  Jane  Colley.  He  began  his 
career  as  an  actor  about  1690,  his  first  recorded  appearance 
being  iu  1691  at  the  Theatre  R^)yal,  and  snbseqnciuly 
played  a  large  number  of  pai'ts,  of  many  of  which  he  was 
the  original.  Among  his  plays  are  "Love's  Last  Shift" 
(1094),  "She  Would  and  She  Would  Not"  (1702),  "The 
Careless  Husband"  (acted  1704),  "The  Double  Gallant" 
(1707),  "The Provoked  Husband  "(1728),  "The  Non-Juror" 
(acted  1717),  etc.  He  altered  and  adapted  "Richard  III." 
and  "  King  Leai","  and  other  plays,  the  former  keeping  the 
stage  for  a  centiu-y.  Iu  17:10  he  was  appointed  poet 
laureate.  Pope  attacke<l  him  niuler  the  name  of  "Dul- 
ness"  in  the  "Dunciad"  (1741).  His  "Apology  for  hifl 
Life"  was  published  in  1740. 


.')  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Mexico.   During  the  Gibber,  Sirs.  (Susannah  Maria  Arne).    Bom 


Me.tican  war,  Aug.  20,  1847  (after  the  battle  of  Contreras, 
which  see),  about  8,0U0  Initeil  States  troops  under  Scott 
defeated  there  a  force  of  20,00ii-25,0l»  Mexicans  under 
Santa  Aima.  An  old  convent  in  the  village,  garrisoned  by 
about  80O  Mexican  troops  under  General  Pedro  ^laria 
Anaya,  was  attacked  by  about  6,000  t'nited  States  soldiers 
under  Generals  'Twiggs,  Smith,  and  Worth.  The  strong 
convent  walls  served  as  a  fortress,  and  it  was  only  carried 
after  a  severe  battle,  the  anmiunition  of  the  defenders 
being  exhausted.  The  losses  were  :  United  States,  1,053 ; 
Mexico,  about  7,000  (including  the  battle  of  ContrerasX 

Ghurwalden  (chor'viil-den).  A  town,  noted  as 
a  health-resort,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, 5  miles  south  of  Coire. 

Ghusan  (chii-siin').  The  largest  island  of  the 
tjhusan  group,  situated  in  the  China  Sea  in 
lat.  30°  10'  N.,  long,  122°  10'  E.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1840  aud  1860.  Capital, 
Tiug-hai, 


at  London,  Feb.,  1714:  died  at  Westminster, 
Jan.  30,  1766.  A  noted  English  actress  and 
singer,  wife  of  Theophilus  Cibber  and  sister  of 
Thomas  Arne.  Her  Urst  appearance  was  at  the  Hay- 
mai-ket  in  1732,  in  the  opera  "  Amelia  "  by  Lunipc,  ami  her 
reputation  was  for  several  yciU-s  ciuejly  founilcd  upon  her 
singing.  In  17:10  she  made  herdt^but  as  a  tragic  actress  in 
the'  part  of  Zarah,  in  Hill's  version  of  Voltaii-e's  "Zaire," 
and  lapidly  became  famous. 

Gibber,  Theophilus.    Born  Nov.  20, 1703:  per- 

isheil  in  a  shipwreck  in  the  Irish  Channel,  Oct., 
1758.  An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of 
Colley  Cibber.  lie  wrote  "The  Ixiver  "(1730),  "Patie 
and  Peggy,  or  the  Fair  Foundling  "  (1730),  "  The  Uai-lot'a 
Progress,  or  the  Ridotto  al  Fresco"  (1733),  "'Ihe  Auction  " 
(1757),  etc.  Uepublishedanallcration  of  "Henry  \'I."  In 
April,  1734,  he  married  Susamiah  Maria  Ar-ne,  afterward 
famous  as  an  actress.  She  abaiuloned  bim  a  few  years 
later.    Cibber  was  a  man  of  unsavory  reputation. 


whicli  Chusan  is  the  chief. 
Chutia  Nagpur.    See  Chota  Nagpur^^ 


Churchill,  rector  of  Rainham,  Essex.    He  w^rs  or- 
dained a  priest  in  1766,  ancl  became  curate  at  Rainham,  and 


Sep; 
1761),  with  whom  he  had  contracted  a  Fleet  marriage  at 
the  age  of  seventeen  ;  and  thereafter  devoted  himself  to 
literature,  becoming  famous  as  a  satirist  through  liis  "  Kos- 
ciad"  (1701) (which  sec).  He  also  published  "The  A)iology: 
addressed  to  the  Critical  Reviewers"  (1761),  "Night;  an 
Epistle  to  Robert  Lloyd"  (1762),  "The  Ghost,"  in  whicll 
Johnson  is  ridiculed  in  coiuiection  with  the  Cock  Lane 


Chusan  Archipelago.   The  group  of  islands  of  Cibob6  (se-bo-ba').     [Tehua  of  northern  New 
■       '  '   "  Me.xico.]     A   mythical   place,  probably   some 

spring  or  lagoon  iu  soutliern  Colorado,  where, 
according  to  the  traditions  of  Ihe  Tehuas,  their 
ancestors  issued  from  the  interior  of  the  earth 
to  begin  their  wanderings  over  its  surface.  It 
is  the  mythical  cradle  of  the  tribe. 


i,  1764.      An    English   poet,   son   of  Charles  Chutterpur    (chul-ter-por'),    or    Chattrpur 


(chat-tr-jior').    Acitv  in  Buudelkhaiid,  British 
Imlia,  iu  lat.  24°  52'  N.,  long.  79°  38'  E. 


in  1758  of  St.  J*)hn's,  Westminster  ;  was  for  a  time  a  teacher   -_,       '.' ,       '    *",..'"_     *.'..,    .r,'       r/^„    .    '-i      m 
In  various  schools',  was  separated  from  his  wife  (Feb.,  ChuUlchupa  (cho-we-cho  pa).      [Opata.]      The 


wihlandscarcely  explored  region  of  the  sources  Cibola  (so'bd-lii).     [Origin  unknown.]     The 


of  the  Yaqui  Kiver  iu  the  Sierra  Madre,  near 
the  confines  of  Sonora  an<l  Chihuahua,  Me.xico 
Chuzzle'wit(cluiz'l-wit),  Anthony.  The  shrewd 
and  cunning  falhcr  of  Jonas,  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens's "  Martin  Cliuzzlewit." 


ghost  (1762-6:1),  "Ihe  Prophecy  of  ianune;  a  .Scots  Pas-  pv„„_ip~i4.  Tnnaa  An  nnscnmulous  selfish 
Uiral  "  (176:1),  "The  Duellist,"  an  a.s8ault  on  the  enemies  t-nuZZiewiT;,  JOnaS.  An  unsciupuious,  seiusu, 
ot  Wilkes  (176:t),  "The  Author  "  (1763),  "  Gotham,"  a  poet-     and  overreaching  lellow,  tlie  cousin  ot  Martin 


aud  son  of  Anthony  Cliuzzlewit,  iu  Charles 
Dickens's  "  Martin  Cliuzzlewit."'  His  slyness, 
selfish  ignorance,  and  brutality  finally  culmi- 
nate in  murder. 

Chuzzlcwit,  Martin,  The  grandfather  of  Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit,  iu  Charles  Dickens's  novel  of 
that  name. 

Chuzzle'Wit,  Martin.     A.  young  architect,  the 


leal  statement  of  his  political  opinions  (1764),  "ThcCandi' 
date  "(1764),  etc.  He  was  a  friend  of  Wilkes,  and  a  co- 
laborer  with  him  on  the  "North  Briton." 
Churchill,  John,  first  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
Born  at  Aslie,  Musbury,  Devonshirti,  probably 
June  24,  Hi.'iD:  iliedm-ai'  Windsor,  June  Ki,  1722. 
A  famous  Engiisli  i^i-jMTal  and  statesman.  He 
served  for  a  lime  a.s  p;c.;c  of  honor  to  the  Diike  of  York 
(afterward  James  11),  and  in  lt^i7  obtained  a  commission 
asensigii  in  the  F(tot  Guards,  IK- served  under  Monmouth 
in  the  French  army  in  Haiidcrs  in  1672  and  subsetiuently, 
and  commanded  under  Feversham  at  Sedgeiimor  in  168,'). 
He  joined  William  of  Orange  in  Nov.,  1688,  was  made  earl  of 
Marlborough  in  1689,  served  on  the  Continent  ami  in  Ire- 
land 1689-91,  and  in  1692  was  removed  from  his  ollices  and 
Imprisoned  for  compheity  in  .lacobite  intrigues.  He  was 
restored  to  favor  by  Wiili-.mi  III.  in  1698,  anil  was  ai 
pointed  commander-in-chief  in  Holland  in  1701,  and  caj 
tain-general  of  all  the  British  forces  in  1702.  During  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  which  broke  out  in  1701,  he 
was,  with  Eugene  of  Savoy  and  neinsiiis,  pensionary  of 
Holland,  a  leading  spirit  of  the  i^raiid  alliance  of  the 
naval  powers  ami  the  emperor  against  France.  He  con- 
ducted a  successful  camp.iign  against  the  French  in  1702, 
was  created  duke  of  Marlborough  in  1702,  shared  witli     8(>ma,  _  ^  *.,-,* 

Eugene  the  vlctol7  of  Blenheim  in  171M,  defeated  Vllleroi   Cialdiui    (chiil-de  uo),  EnHCO,  UukO  Ot  (jnetn. 
atRamiUlcs   In  1706,  and  in  conjunction  with  Kiigene     H,,,.,,    at   ('astel vetro.   Moih'lin,  Italy,   Aug.    8, 


ime  given  by  Fray  Marcos  of  Nizza  to  the 
duster  of  villages  occupied  by  the  Ziuii  tribe  in 
1539.  He  heard  the  word  in  Sonora,  and  it  may 
ha.ve  been  a  corruption  of  Shiuima,  the  Zuui 
name  for  the  I'ango  held  by  that  tribe. 

Gibot  (sd-bo' ),  Francjois  Barthelemy  Michel 

Edouard.  Born  at  I'aris,  F.'b.  11,  171»il:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  10,  1877.  A  French  painter, 
noted  especially  for  historical  subjects  and  land- 
scapes. 

Gibot,  Pierre  Martial.  Born  at  Limoges, 
France,  1727  :  died  at  I'eking,  China,  Aug.  8, 
1780.  A  French  Jesuit,  missionary  in  China. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  dissertations'and  treatises, 
compi-ised  in  the  "  .\U-moires  concernant  I'histoire  dcs  let- 
tres,  sciences  et  arts  de  la  Chine." 


liriiicipal  cliarartor  ■"  Charles  Dickens 8  novel  cibrario  (che-bril'i-e-o),  Count  Giovanni  An- 


of  that  name.  At  Urst  dissipated,  by  dint  of  many 
hard  knocks  from  forlunc,  especially  in  his  dreary  Ameri- 
can adventures  with  ilark  Tajdey  in  search  ot  wealth,  he 
reforms  and  becomes  the  heir  ot  his  rich  grandfather. 

Chuzzlewit,  Mrs.  Jonas.    See  I'eekmi  iff. 

Chyavana  (chya-vil'na).     In  Sanskrit  mythol 


tonio  Luigi.  Born  at  Turin,  Feb.  23,  1,S02: 
died  al  SiiTo,  Brescia,  Italy,  Oct.  1,  1870.  An 
llali:in  jiirisl,  liistorian,  and  politician,  cabinet 
minister  lS,')2-5(>.  He  wrote  "Storiaddla  monarchladl 
Savitia  "  (1840-17),  "Grigini  e  progress!  delle  institn/.ioid 
Iclla  iniMiarchia  di  Savoia"  (1864-li5X  "Delia  economia 


of^,  a  Kishi  whom,  when  old,  the  Ashvins  made  ji:;!;;',  ■:;;::i'-;ii;;[i,;'\5r:v^;'L,vt;:: 

againayoulh.     This  germ,  all  that  is  found  In  the  W:v  ,j,i,j/i.,.;n.      r(i,..   KiiiviM.']     An  ancient 

lllgvedl^  is  variously  developed  In  sUnlcs  of  (  hyavana  ,,, '„  ,,fl)i, ,...„;„  A,iiii  Minor  the  modern  Klior. 
(the  later  form  for  tlie  earlier  Chyavana)  iu  the  Sbata-  •"»  "  <>'  ^  '"  >  K'"'  Asia  Minor,  the  mo  U  1  II  Iv  or- 
pathaBrahmanaandthc  Maliabharata,aimdivoof  which     zuin :  called    (  ihi/ra    Mdi/IKI,   to   distingiilsll   it 


(til 

path.,  ^ .- 

is  to  explain  how  the  Ashvins  came  lo  share  libations  of 


f:ained  the  victories  of  Oudenanle  in  1708  and  Malplaquet 
n  1709.  He  was  deprived  of  his  command  in  1711,  in  con- 
sequence ot  the  fall  of  the  Whig  ministry  and  the  acccs- 
Blon  to  power  of  the  Tories.  See  life  by  Coxe  (:J  vols. 
1S1S.19). 

Churchill,  Randolph  Henry  Spencer  (colled 


1811 :  died  at  Leghorn,  Sept.  8,  lSi)2.      An  Ital 
ian  general,   politician,  and  diplomatist.     He 
served   with  dislinction  iu  the   campaigns  of 
]8(!0-(;i,  and  was  ambassador  to  France  1870- 

1870  and  l.SSO-81 


Lord  Randolph  (Aurchill).  B"rn  Feb.  13,  Cian(;a(the-iin'thii),Andresde.  A  Spanish  law 
1S4S):  died  at  Loudon,  Jan.  24,  189,5.  An  Eng-  ycr,  a  native  of  I'eiialiel  in  the  dioeeso  of  Pa- 
lish politician,  second  son  of  the  sixth  Duke  Icncia.  Ho  went  with  Gnsca  to  Pern  In  l.MO.  was 
of  Marlborough,     lie  entered  Parliament  In  1874.     Ho    made  amember  of  the  audience  there,and  was  one  of  the 


from  a  smaller  town  of  the  same  name  iu 
I'lunphvlin.  Us  ruins  eominlse  an  odeum,  17r.  (cet  in 
dlameler,  with  thirteen  tiers  of  seals  visible  above  ground. 
The  front  wall  is  mdeworthy,  and  Is prnclieally  complete: 
It  has  live  arched  doorways  belneen  twii  squaro  ones. 
There  Is  also  an  aneieni  thealcr  ..f  .soiiu'  sire  an<l  eonsld- 
orabh'  Interest,  and  a  stadium,  in  pari  excavated  from  a 
hillside  Tliere  arc  twenly-om-  Hers  of  seals  in  marble, 
which  remain  in  place  ai-onnd  111.-  enrvod  end.  There  was 
am.Miunu-nlal  cnlranee,  consisGng.il  ihreelofly  arches, 

Cicacole  (sik-a-kol'),oiChicacole(chik-a-kc"d'). 

A  town  ill  the  dislrict  of  tinn.iain,  Aladrns, 
British  India,  sitiiateil  on  the  NagnvuUi  in  lat. 
1,8°  20'  N.,  loug.  83°  52'  E. 


Cicely  Homespun 

Cicely  Homespun.    See  Humoipuii. 

Cicero.  A  surname  given  to  Johann,  elector 
of  Brandenburg  1486-99,  on  account  of  his  elo- 
quence. 

Cicero  (sis'e-ro),  Marcus  Tullius.  Born  at  Ar- 
pinum,  Italy,  Jan.  3.  106  B.  c. :  assassinated 
near  Formife,  Ital}-,  Dec.  7,  43  B.  c.  A  cele- 
brated Roman  orator,  philosopher,  and  states- 
man. He  served  in  the  Social  War  in  89 ;  traveled  in 
Greece  and  Asia  79-77 ;  was  questor  in  Sicily  in  75 ;  ac- 
cused Ven-es  in  70 ;  was  edile  in  69 ;  pretor  66 ;  and  as 
consul  suppressed  Catiline's  conspiracy  in  63.  He  was 
banished  in  5S,  living  in  Thessalonica,  and  was  recalled 
in  57.  He  was  proconsul  of  Cilicia  51-50 ;  joined  the 
Pompeians  in  49 ;  lived  at  Brundisiunl,  Sept.,  48, -Sept., 
47;  pronounced  the  Philippics  against  Antony  44-13; 
and  was  proscribed  by  the  second  Triumvirate  and  slain 
in  43.  Of  his  orations  57  are  extant  (with  fragments 
of  20  more),  including  "Against  Verres"  (sis  speeches,  70 
B.  c.  :  five  of  these  were  never  delivered),  ".\gainst  Cati- 
line "  (four  speeches,  63  B.  c.  ;  see  Catiline),  "  For  Archias  " 
(62  B.  C),  "Against  Piso  "  (55  B.  C),  "  For  Milo  "  (52  B.  C), 

" For  Marceiius ■■  (46  Bc.),  and  "Philippics ••((vhich  see).  Qid  Hamet  Benengcli.      See  Benengeli,    Cicl 

His  other  works  include  "Ehetonca,    "De  oratore,    "De       r»  ,  a       •  at 

republica,"  "Delegibus,"  "De  flnibus  bonorura  et  malo- 

runi,"  "Tusculanie  disputationes,"  "De  natura  deoruni," 

"Cato  major,"  "De  divinatione,"  "Lielius,"  "De  otiiciis  " 

(see  these  titles),  etc.     There  are,  besides,  four  collections 

of  his  correspondence.    He  also  wrote  poetry,  including 

an  epic  on  Marius. 

Cicero,  Quintus  Tullius.  Bom  about  102  b.  c.  : 
killed  43  B.  c.  A  Roman  commander,  younger 
brother  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  distinguished 
in  Gaul  in  54. 


252 

lines,  and  is  a  bold  and  spirited  exhibition  of  national 
peculiarities  in  the  chivalrous  times  of  Spain.  It  was 
printed  first  by  Sanchez  in  the  flrst  volume  of  his  "  Poesias 
Castellanas  Anteriores  al  Siglo  X.V."  (Madrid,  1779-9U). 
Tic/mor. 

2.  An  old  poetical  Spanish  chronicle  ( "  Cronica 
Rimada  de  las  Cosas  de  Espana  "),  nearly  the 
whole  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  history  of  the 
Cid.  It  is  later  than  the  "Poema  del  Cid,"  and  was  flrst 
published  by  llichel  in  the  "  Jalirbiicher  der  Literatur." 
Vol.  CXV.,  at  Vienna  in  1846.  Both  these  poems  seem 
built  up  from  older  ballads. 

3.  The  "Chronicle  of  the  Cid," date  unknown, 
printed  in  1512,  the  same  in  substance  with  the 
history  of  the  Cid  in  the  "General  Chronicle  of 
the  Historv  of  Spain"  composed  and  compiled 
by  Alfonso  the  Wise  about  1260.— 4.  A  Spanish 
tragedy  ( "  Las  mocedades  del  Cid  Campeador") 
by  Guillen  de  Castro.  It  appeared  in  1618. —  5. 
A  French  tragedy  ("Le  Cid")  by  Pierre  Cor- 
neille,  represented  in  1636. 


Cicero's  younger  brother,  Quintus  (a.  652/102-711  43), 
took  much  interest  in  literature,  especially  in   poetrj'. 


Hariict. 

Cieneguilla  (the-a-na-gel'ya).  [Sp.,  'little 
marsh.']  A  place  12  miles  west  or  west-south- 
west of  Sauta  F6,  in  New  Mexico.  Near  it  are 
the  ruins  of  an  important  ancient  pueblo  of  the 
Tanos. 

CienfuegOS  (the-en-fwa'gos).  A  seaport  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cuba,  in  lat.  22°  12'  N., 
long.  80  35'  W.  it  exports  molasses,  sugar,  etc.  On 
May  11,  1898,  a  flght  occurred  here  Ijt-tween  American 
vessels  and  Spanish  troops  w  bile  men  of  the  former  were 
cutting  cables.     Population  (iKy.ii.  3(l,03S 


and  seems  to  have  resembled  his  brother  in  facility  of  CiOIlfuegOS,    NicasiO    Al'7areZ    dC.       Bom    at 
„...„„  „*.„..,„.j         1. ..._,..__     T,.     jxadi-id,  Dec.  14,  1764:  died  at  Orthez,  France, 

July,  1809.  A  Spanish  poet  and  dramatist. 
His  poems  were  published  in  1798. 
CienfuegOS  y  Jovellanos  (the-en-fwa'gos  e 
Ho-vel-ya'nos),  Jose.  Born  at  Gigon,  Asturias, 
Spain,  1768:  died  at  Madrid,  1825.  A  Spanish 
general.  He  was  a  cadet  in  1777,  served  in  the  French 
wars,  and  from  April,  1S16,  to  the  end  of  1819  w.as  cap. 
tain-general  of  Cuba.  In  1822  he  was  minister  of  war,  and 
at  the  time  of  bis  death  councilor  of  war  and  lieutenant- 
general  and  iiirector-general  of  artillery. 

A  small  tomi  in  the  prov. 


composition,  but  he  never  attained  any  distinction.  'He 
undertook  an  annalistic  work,  and  translated  tragedies  of 
Sopbokles  and  the  like.  We  possess  by  him  the  Cora- 
mentariolum  petitionis,  a  missive  addressed  to  his  brother 
Marcus,  composed  early  in  69i.t;64,  and  a  few  letters. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  G.  C.  W. 

[Warr),  I.  324. 


Cicogna  (che-kon'ya),  Emmanuele  Antonio. 

Boi'n  at  Venice,  Jan.  17,  1789:  died  at  Venice, 
Feb.  22, 1868.     An  Italian  historian  and  arch»- 
ologist.     He  wrote  ''Delle  inscrizioni  Vene- 
ziane"  (1824-53),  etc. 
Cicognara   (che-kon-ya'ra).  Count  Leopoldo.  V^^^a  (the-a'tha) 


Born  at  Ferrara,  Italy,  Nov.  17,  1767:  died  at 
Venice,  March  5,  1834.  An  Italian  antiquarian 
and  diplomatist,  author  of  "Storia  delta  seul- 
tura"  (1813-18),  etc. 
Cid  (sid;  Sp.  pron.  theTH),  The:  called  also  El 
Campeador  (kam-pe-a-dor')  (Ruy  or  Rodrigo 
Diaz  de  Bivar).  [Cid,  Sp.,  representing  Ar. 
i<ryi/i(l,  master:  el  Campeador,  Sp.,  the  cham- 
pion or  challenger.]  Bom  at  the  castle  of 
Bivar,  near  Burgos,  Spain,  about  1040:  died 
at  Valencia,  Spain,  July,  1099.  The  principal 
national  hero  of  Spain,  famous  for  his  exploits 
in  the  wars  ■with  the  Moors. 


iuce  of  Murcia,  Spain,  near  the  Segura  north- 
west of  Murcia. 

Cieza  de  Leon  (the-a'tha  da  la-6n'),  Pedro  de. 
Born  at  Llerena,  Spain,  1518  :  died  at  Seville, 
1560.  A  Spanish  soldier,  author  of  the  "Co- 
r6nica  del  Peru."  From  about  1534  to  1652  he  was 
with  the  Spanish  annies  in  America,  serving  in  New 
Granada  and  Peru  and  traveling  extensively.  His  "Co- 
r(inica,"  or  history,  of  Peru  was  commenced  in  IMl,  and 
consisted  of  four  parts.  Part  1,  a  general  description  of 
the  country,  was  published  in  1553;  and  part  2,  with  a  por- 
tion of  part  3,  in  modern  times  ;  other  portions  .ire  known 
in  MS.,  but  several  books  are  lost.  Cieza  de  Leon  is  one 
of  the  best  authorities  on  the  early  history  of  Peru  and  the 
customs  of  the  lucas. 


The  title  of  Ci'd,  by  which  he  is  almost  always  known    Cignaui  (chen-ya'ne).    Count  Carlo.     Born   at 

"" -■  *-  *• '-  '■■■ '" '   ■•'     Bologna,  Italy,  May  15,  1628:  died  at  Forli, 

Italy,  Sept.  6,  1719.  An  Italian  painter  of  the 
Bolognese  school.  His  chief  work  is  an  "As- 
sumption of  the  Virgin,"  painted  in  the  cupola 
of  the  cathedral  at  Forli. 


is  often  said  to  have  come  to  him  from  the  remarkable 
circumstance  that  five  Moorish  kings  or  chiefs  acknow- 
ledged hira  in  one  battle  as  their  Seid,  or  their  lord  and 
conqueror ;  and  the  title  of  Campeador,  or  Champion, 
by  which  he  is  hardly  less  known,  though  it  is  commonly 

assumed  to  have  been  given  to  hira  as  a  leader  of  the      -_ 

armies  of  Sancho  the  Second,  has  long  since  been  used  Cignaroli  (chen-vS-ro'le),  GioVanni  BettinO 
almost  exclusively  as  a  mere  popular  expression  of  the     V^°         X  c;   i  xr  t^    i      T^(-      i-     i 

admiration  of  his  countiymen  for  his  exploits  against  the  ?™^  ^'  balo,  near  \erona,  Italy,  1,06:  died  at 
Moors.  At  any  rate,  from  a  very  early  period  he  has  been  \  erona,  Dec.  1,  1770.  An  Italian  painter  of 
called  El  Cid  Campeador,  or  The  Lord  Champion.  the  Venetian  school.     In  1769  he  became  di- 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit,  1. 12.     rector  of  the  Academy  at  Verona. 
In  this  critical  age  we  are  frequently  obliged  to  aban-  CigUav  (se-gwi'),  orHieueT(e-gwav').    The  In- 
H,.n  with  regret  the  most  charming  traditions  of  our     dian  name  for  a  portion  of  the  eastern  part  of 


childhood's  histories;  and  the  Cid  has  not  been  spared. 
A  special  book  has  been  written  by  an  eminent  Orientalist 
to  prove  that  the  redoubtable  Challenger  was  by  no 
means  the  hero  he  was  supposed  to  be:  that  he  was 
treacherous  and  cruel,  a  violator  of  altars,  and  a  breaker 


the  island  of  Santo  Domingo,  bordering  on  Sa- 
mana  Bay.  it  was  first  visited  by  Columbus  in  1493. 
The  natives  were  warlike,  and  resisted  the  Spaniards  for 
some  years. 


of  his  own  good  faith^    Professor  Dozy  maintains  that  the  CihuaCOhuatl    (se-wa*k6- wa'tl).      fNahuati. 


Tdmantic  history  of  the  Cid  is  a  tissue  of  inventions,  and 
he  has  written  an  account  of  "the  real  Cid"  to  counteract 
these  misleading  narratives.  He  founds  his  criticisms 
mainly  on  the  Arabic  hi5tt)rians,  in  whom,  despite  their 
national  and  relitrious  bias,  he  places  as  blind  a  reliance 
as  less  learned  people  have  placed  in  the  Chronicle  of  the 
Cid.  Yet  it  is  surprising  how  trifling  are  the  differences 
that  can  be  detected  between  his  "real  Cid"  and  that  ro- 
mantic Chronicle  of  the  Cid,  the  substance  of  which  was 
compiled  by  Alfonso  the  Learned  only  half  a  century 
after  the  Cid's  death,  and  which  Robert  Southey  trans- 
lated into  English  in  1805  with  such  skill  and  charm  of 
style  that  his  version  has  ever  since  been  almost  as  much 
a  classic  as  the  original.  Every  one  can  separate  for  him- 
self the  obviously  legendary  incidents  in  the  delightful 
old  Chronicle  without  any  assistance  from  the  Arabic 


'  snake- woman.']  1.  In  Mexican  (Xahtiatl) 
mythology,  Tonantzin  (*onr  mother'),  the  first 
mother  of  mankind,  who  begat  twins,  male  and 
female,  from  which  sprang  the  human  race. 
According  to  Sahagun  she  was  the  goddess  of  adverse 
things  —  poverty,  toil,  sickness,  etc.— and  the  patroness  of 
medicine  and  abortion.  Also  written  Cihuatcoatl,  Cioa- 
coaU,  CivacoaU,  etc. 

2.  The  title  of  the  Mexican  civil  head  chief,  it 
has  lately  been  suggested  that  his  title  may  have  been 
Cihua-coatly  which  would  siirnify  *  twin  woman.  The  civil 
head  of  the  Mexican  tribe  was  elective  as  well  as  the  war 
chief,  and  had,  like  the  latter,  religious  functions  con- 
nected with  his  administrative  duties. 


historians,  who  deal  chiefly  with  one  period  alone  of  the  Clllcia    (si-lish'iii).      [Gr.   Ki?JKia.']     In  ancient 


Cid  s  career;  and  the  best  popular  account  of  the  hero,  in 
discriminating  hands  and  with  due  allowances,  is  still 
Southey's  fascinating  Chronicle.  The  Cid  of  the  t'hron- 
icle  is  not  at  all  the  same  as  the  Cid  of  the  Romances; 
and  while  we  cheerfully  abandon  the  latter  immaculate 
personage,  we  may  still  believe  in  the  former. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  iloors,  p.  192. 

Cid,  Romances  of  the.  1.  A  Spanish  poem 
('* Poema  del  Cid")  composed  by  an  unkno\^^^ 
author  about  1200.     it  consists  of  more  than  3,000 


geogi-aphy,  a  province  in  southeastern  Asia 
Minor,  separated  by  the  Taurus  from  Lycaonia 
and  Cappadocia  on  the  north,  and  by  the  Ama- 
nus  from  Syria  on  the  east,  and  extending  to- 
ward the  sea.  During  the  Syrian  period  many  Greeks 
and  Jews  settled  In  Cilicia.  It  was  repeatedly  nivaded  by 
the  Assyrian  kings,  and  was  successively  under  Persian, 
Macedonian,  SjTian,  and  Roman  dominion.  The  dreaded 
Cilician  pirates  were  subdued  by  Porapey  67  B,  C.  The 
capital  was  Tarsus. 


Cimmerian  Bosporus 

Cilli  (tsii'le),  Slovenian  Celje.  A  town  in 
St>Tia,  Austria-Hungarv,  on  the  Sann  in  lat 
46°  U'  K,  long.  15°  15'  E. :  the  Koman  Claudia 
Celeja,  founded  by  Claudius.  It  is  a  summer  re- 
sort. It  was  governed  bv  counts  in  the  later 
middle  ages.     Population  (1890),  6,264. 

Cimabue  (che-ma-bo'a),  Giovanni.  Bom  at 
Florence,  1240:  died  there,  about  1302.  A  noted 
Italian  painter,  called  "  The  Father  of  Modem 
Painting."  He  is  mentioned  as  a  forerunner  of  Giotto 
by  Dante,  who  thereby  gives  occasion  to  his  own  anony- 
mous commentator,  ivriting  in  1334,  to  make  some  re- 
maiks  upon  Cimabue's  fame  and  ambition,  quoted  by 
Vasaii.  Cimabue  pi-actised  painting  on  wall-panels  and 
mosaics.  The  works  accredited  to  him  are  simplv  as- 
sumed by  Yasari  without  coiToborating  testimony.  They 
consist  of :  («)  Several  large  Madonnas  on  panels  with  gold 
grounds.  The  most  celebrated  is  that  in  the  chapel  of 
the  Rucellai  family  in  Santa  Maria  Novella  in  Florence. 
There  is  another  in  the  Louvre,  and  another  in  the  Ac- 
cademia  at  Florence.  They  are  effective  from  their  mild 
solemnity  and  simple  color,  which  is  lively  and  clear  In 
the  flesh-tints,  (p)  Frescos  in  the  Church  of  San  Fran- 
cisco d'Assisi,  quite  similar  to  the  panels,  but  slighterand 
more  decorative,  (c)  Mosaics  in  the  apse  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Pisa,  the  only  work  well  authenticated  as  his  by 
original  documents,  and  probably  his  last. 

Cima  di  Jazzi  (che'mii  de  yat'se).  A  moun- 
tain of  the  Valais  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Italy, 
east  of  Zermatt.     Height,  12,526  feet. 

Cimarosa  (che-ma-ro'sa),  Domenico,  Born  at 
Aversa,  near  Naples,  Dec.  17,  1749:  died  at 
Venice,  Jan.  11,  1801.  An  Italian  composer  of 
opera.  His  chief  opera  is  "II  matrimonio  se- 
greto  "  {"  The  Secret  Mai-riage,"  1792). 

Cimarron  (se-ma-ron').  [Sp.,  *wild.*]  A  name 
given  to  the  Canadian  River  in  northern  New 
Mexico  (Rio  Cimarron). 

Cimarrones  (the-ma-ro'nes).  [Sp.  cimarron^ 
untamed;  whence  ultimately  E.  moroon^  «/«- 
rooner.']  A  name  given  in  the  Spanish  colonies 
of  America  to  fugitive  slaves ;  in  particular, 
the  bands  of  fugitive  negroes  who  collected  on 
the  isthmus  of  Panama  about  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century.  They  numbered  many  hundred,  built 
walled  towns,  attacked  the  Spanish  settlements,  robbed 
treasure- trains,  and  made  their  name  a  terror  in  all  parts 
of  the  isthmus.  I'nder  their  chief  or  "king,"  Bayauo, 
they  resisted  the  forces  of  Pedro  de  Ursua  for  two  years, 
but  were  at  length  obliged  to  submit.  They  soon  revolt- 
ed. In  1572  they  joined  forces  with  the  Euglish  adventurer 
Drake,  and  for  many  years  they  aided  the  bucaneers  in 
their  descents  on  the  isthmus.  Finally  they  became  amal- 
gamated with  the  Indian  tribes. 

Cimbebasie.    See  y donga. 

Cimbri(sim'bri).  [L.,  Gr.  K//i/3po;.]  An  ancient 
people  of  central  Europe,  of  uncertain  local 
habitation  and  ethnographical  position.  They 
pushed  into  the  Roman  provinces  in  113  B.  C,  and  in  com- 
pany with  the  Teutons  and  Gauls  engaged  with  and  de- 
feated Roman  armies  in  southern  Gaul  and  elsewhere(the 
most  notable  defeat  being  that  of  Csepio  and  Mallius  in 
105  B.C.)  until  101  B.  c.  when  they  were  defeated  and 
virtually  exterminated  by  Marius  on  the  Randian  fields  in 
northern  Italy.  The  peninsula  of  Jutland  was  named  from 
them  the  Cimbric  Chersonese. 

Cinunarians.     See  Cimmerians. 

Cimmeria  (si-me'ri-a).  [Gr.  Kifi^epia."]  The 
coimtry  of  the  Cimmerians  (which  see),  fabled 
to  be  a  place  of  perpetual  darkness. 

-Eschylus  places  Cimmeria  in  close  proximity  to  the 
Palus  Mieotis  and  the  Bosph"rus ;  and  herein  the  time 
of  Herodotus  were  still  existing  a  number  of  names  re- 
calling the  fact  of  the  former  settlement  in  these  regions 
of  the  Cimmerian  nation.         Bauiitison^  Herod.,  III.  179. 

Cimmerian  Bosporus  (si-me'ri-an  bos'po-rus). 
The  strait  between  the  Black  Sea  and  tlie  Sea 
of  Azofi".  The  Crimean  side  was  colonized  by  a  Greek 
expedition  from  Miletus  in  438  B.  c.  It  flourished  until 
absorbed  in  the  dominions  of  Mithridates,  and  fur  some 
centuries  afterward  experienced  vicissitudes  of  hardship 
and  prosperity.  Relations  which  became  intimate  were 
early  established  with  Athens,  which  sent  her  oil,  jewelry, 
and  works  of  industrial  art  in  return  for  Crimean  wheat. 
The  chief  city  was  Panticapa?um,  the  modern  Kertch,  the 
center  of  the  highly  important  archpeological  discoveries 
which  have  been  yielded  by  this  region  as  well  as  by  the 
territory  around  it.  The  first  systematic  excavations  were 
made  in  1S16.  Since  1832  explorations  have  been  regularly 
conducted  by  the  imperial  government,  and  their  results, 
rich  in  Greek  industrial  antiquities,  are  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum  in  St.  Petersburg.  The  architectural  remains 
ure  scanty,  perhaps  the  chief  of  them  being  the  fine  revet- 
ment, in  quarrj'-faced  ashler  with  mai"gin -draft,  of  the  so- 
called  Tumulus  of  the  Czar  at  Kertch.  The  sculpture 
found,  too,  is  scanty  in  quantity,  late  in  date,  and  poor  in 
style.  The  great  archa'ological  wealth  of  the  region  lies 
in  its  abundant  burial  tumuli  and  catacombs.  It  was  the 
practice  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  to  burywith  their  dead 
a  large  part  of  their  possessions;  hence  the  remarkable 
harvest  of  jewelrj-,  vases,  implements,  and  even  textile 
fabrics  and  a  pair  of  woman's  leather  boots,  found  in  these 
graves.  Little  or  nothing  discovered  isolderthan  the  4th 
century  B.  c. ;  the  finest  specimens  of  jewelrj'  and  pottery 
are  Athenian,  and  include  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
work  known  in  their  classes.  Many  of  the  vases  are  dec- 
orated in  brilliant  polychrome;  others  have  gilded  orna- 
ment, and  others  bear  figures  in  relief.  The  work  of  local 
manufacture  is  inferior  in  style,  though  much  of  it  is 
verj'  beautiful,  and  with  the  advance  of  time  Scjrthian  in- 
fluence increases.  Some  of  the  tomb-chambers  bear  inter- 
esting mural  paintings. 


Cimmerians 

Cimmerians  (si-tue'ri-auz),  or  Cimmarians  (si- 

ma'ii-auz;.  [Gr.  Kififiiptot.']  A  ju-oplt'  lUvcU- 
'  ing  noi'th  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Azoff 
(moderu  South  Kussia),  known  already  to  Ho- 
rnfr.  Herodotus  speaks  of  "Cimmerian  cities,"and  says 
that  the  strait  which  uiiite-i  the  Azotf  Sea  to  the  Black  Sea 
was  called  Cunmerian  Busporiis.  In  the  7th  century, 
pressed  by  the  .Scythians,  the  Cimmerians  invaded  tlie 
kluK^uiu  of  Lydia  m  Asia  ilinor,  and  were  merged,  as  it 
seems,  in  other  nations.  Their  invasion  of  Lydia  under 
King  Gyges  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Ksarhaddon 
(tfsO-OtiS  B.  c.)  and  Asurbanipal  (OOK-il^O),  where  they  are 
called  Uitnir.  The  Armenians  call  Cappadocia  Gainir, 
which  is  probably  a  reminiscence  of  the  Cimmerian  inva- 
sioQ  in  Lydia  and  Asia  Alinor.  Theii-  name  has  also  sur- 
vived in  the  modern  Crimea.  In  the  Old  Testament  they 
are  mentioned  by  the  name  of  Gumer  (Gen.  x,  2).  Also 
Kimnu-naiii. 

Cimmerii  (si-me'ri-i).  See  CimtneriaHS, 
Cimon  (si'mou).  [Gr.  Kifjuv.']  Died  at  Citium, 
Cyprus.  449  B.C.  A  celebrated  Athenian  com- 
mander, sou  of  Miltiade.s.  He  defeated  the  Persians 
ou  sea  and  land  by  the  Eurjmedon  in  4t>ij,  reduced  Thasos 
111463,  and  was  ostracized  about  459— 154^'.')- 

Cimon.  BoruatCleonie,  iuChalcidiee.  A  Greek 
painter,  famous  in  antiquity.  He  is  mentioned 
in  two  epigi'ams  of  Simouides. 

Ginaloa.     See  iStnaloa. 

Cincinnati  tsin-si-ua  '  ti).  [Originally  called 
Losnntictlle  (said  to  he  from  X(icking)  os 
('mouth')  anil  {'opposite')  ville,  'town  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Licking');  later  named 
from  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,]  The  capital 
ot  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  in  lat. 
39°  0'  X.,  long.  84^" 27'  W. :  the  second  city  of 
Ohio  and  largest  of  the  Ohio  valley,  surnamed 
"  The  Queen  City."  it  has  an  extensive  trade  by 
railroa'l  and  river.  *Amonj?  its  leading  industries  are 
pitrk-packinK,  manufactures  of  iron,  furniture,  malt 
liquors  and  distilled  liquors.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  ^Y:\'m 
and  tobacco.  Its  snimrbs  are  Covinjiton  and  Newport  (in 
KfJitucky).  It  was  founilt-d  in  17f*8,  and  incorporated  as 
a  dty  in  1«14.     Population  (1900),  325,902. 

Cincinnati,  Society  of  the.  An  association 
founded  by  the  regular  officers  of  the  Conti- 
nental aiTuy  at  the  quarters  of  Baron  Steuben 
ou  the  Hudson  Kiver,  in  1783.  its  name,  derived 
Jrum  the  Koman  dictator  L.  Quinctius  ('incinnatus,  was 
adopted  in  allusion  to  the  approaching  change  from  mili- 
tary to  civil  pursuits.  Its  chief  immediate  objects  were 
Xfi  raise  a  fund  for  the  relief  of  the  widows  and  orphans  of 
those  who  fell  in  the  Kevolutionary  War,  and  to  promote  a 
closer  political  union  between  the  States.  Its  members 
were  to  consist  of  the  officers  of  the  Continental  army  and 
of  their  eldest  male  descendants,  in  failure  of  which  col- 
lateral descendants  were  to  lie  eligible  for  membership.  It 
was  divided  into  State  societies,  including  a  brancli  so- 
ciety in  France.  It  met  with  considerable  opposition  on 
account  of  its  alleged  aristocratic  tendencies.     Its  first 

B resident  was  George  Washington,  who  was  succeeded  by 
lamilton  and  the  Pinckneys.  Of  its  State  societies  six 
survive.  The  branch  society  in  France,  which  was  organ- 
lied  under  the  most  favorable  auspices,  was  dispersed  by 
the  revolution  of  1792. 

Oincinnatus(sin-si-na'tus), Lucius  Quinctius. 

Born  about  519  B.  C.  A  Koman  legendary  hero. 
He  was  consul  suttectus  4tK),  and  distinguished  himself  as 
an  opponent  of  the  plebeiansin  the  struggle  lietween  them 
and  the  patricians,  AU'l-AbA.  In  43^  a  Koman  army  under 
L  Miuucins  having  been  surrounded  by  the  /Kquians  in 
a  defile  of  .Mount  Algidus,  he  was  named  dictator  liy  the 
aeiiate,  whose  deputies,  despatched  to  inform  him  of  his 
Appointment,  found  hiiii  digging  in  the  field  on  his  farm 
beyond  the  Tiber.  He  gaineil  a  complete  victory  over 
the  .(Equians,  and  laid  down  the  dictatorship  after  the 
lapse  ol  only  sixteen  days.  Jn  430,  at  the  age  of  eighty, 
he  was  appornteil  dictator  to  oppose  the  traitor  .Si>uriu8 
Melius,  who  was  defeated  and  slain.  The  details  of  his 
Btorj  vary. 

Ginco  de  Mayo  (thon'ko  da  mii'yo),  Battle  of 
the.  [.Sp-,  Miith  of  May.']  The  liaiue  given 
by  Mexicans  to  an  action  I'ouglit  May  5,  1802, 
before  Puebla,  in  which  the  Fremdi  under 
General  Lorence^  were  defeated  by  tlie  Mexi- 
cans. Thif  hattio  did  not  prevent  the  establishment 
o(  an  empire  two  years  later,  but  it  was  regarded  as  a 
ffreat  national  triumph,  ami  the  anniversuii  is  still  cele- 
brated 

Cinderella  (sin-de-rerjl).  [F.  Ccudrillou,  G. 
Aschcuhriklcl  or  AschrnpiittcL]  In  a  noted  fairy 
tale,  a  beaut  if  ul  girl  whoactsashousehold  drudge 
to  her  Htepniother  and  sisters.  The  prince  of  the 
country  falls  in  love  with  her  at  a  ball  which  she  attends 
dressed  by  her  fairy  grjdiuothcr  in  magic  ilnei'y  which  will 
vanish  at  midnight,  lleeing  from  the  palace  as  the  clock 
strikes,  she  loses  one  tiny  glass  slipper,  by  means  of  wjiicli. 
as  it  would  tit  no  one  cIkc,  the  prince  tlnds  and  marries 
her  In  the  (lerinan  version,  instead  of  the  fairy  god- 
mother two  white  doves  i)efriend  her,  and  her  gnlilLMi 
slipper  is  caught,  as  she  runs  from  the  palace,  by  pitch 
spread,  by  order  of  the  prince,  on  the  staircase.  The  story 
Is  of  vei-y  ancient,  probably  Kantern,  origin.  It  is  men- 
Doned  in  German  literature  in  the  Kith  century,  and  a 
similar  legend  is  told  in  Kgypt  of  Khodopis  and  Psanimeti* 
chua  In  France,  I'errault  and  Madame  d'Aunoy  include 
It  in  then-  " Fiiiry  Tales"  as  "Cendrillon"  and  '*Finette 
Cendroi,'  and  (Jrimm  also  gives  It  tn  his  "Household 
Tales.  '  There  are  many  FCnglish  versions,  and  It  Is  founil 
in  various  forms  In  alniust  every  language  in  Kurope.  i'he 
glass  slipper  of  the  Lnglish  version  should  be  nfurslipper. 
the  mistake  arising  in  the  translation  of  vair  ('fur')  as  if 
wrre(  glass'). 


253 

Cineas(sin'e-as).  IGr.  Ktviag.l  Died,  probably 
in  Sicily,  about  277  B.  c.  A  Thessalian  politi- 
cian in  the  service  of  PyiThus,  king  of  Epirus : 
ambassador  to  Koine  after  the  battle  of  Hera- 
clea,  280. 

Cinna  (siu'a),  or  La  Cl^mence  d'Auguste  (la 

kla-mons'  do-gust'}-  A  tragedyby  1'.  t_'orneille, 
produced  in  1640.  An  anonymous  tragedy  called 
"Cinna's  Conspiracy"  was  taken  from  this  and  played  at 
Drury  Lane  in  17  la.     Defoe  attributed  it  to  Cibher. 

Cinna,  Lucius  Cornelius.   1.  JSlain  in  a  mutiny 

at  Brumiisium,  Italy,  84  B.  C.  A  Eoman  gen- 
eral and  statesman,  celebrated  as  a  leader  of 
the  popular  party  and  an  opponent  of  Sulla. 
lie  was  consul  with'Octavius  in  87,  with  ilarius  in  SO, 
and  with  (Jaibo  8.>-S4. 

2.   A  son  of  the  preceding,  pretor  in  44  B.  C, 
and  brother-in-law  of  Ctesar.     Though  he  did 
not  join  the  conspirators  against  Ctesar,  he  ap- 
proved of  their  act. 
Cinna,  Caius  Helvius.  A  Roman  poet,  a  friend 

of  Catullus.  On  the  occasion  of  the  funeral  of  Julius 
Ccesar  he  was  slain  by  the  populace,  who  mistook  him  for 
Lucius  Cornelius  Cinna. 
Cinnamon  (sin'a-mon),  Land  of.  [Sp.  Tierra 
de  CtiHclo.']  A  name  given  by  the  early  Span- 
ish conquerors  of  Pern  to  a  region  east  of  the 
Andes,  in  the  forest-covered  plains  about  the 
Napo,  where  there  were  trees  with  aromatic 
bark.  Gonzalorizarroled  an  expedition  into  it  in  1541, and 
returned  after  two  yeius  of  terrible  sutfering.  Orellana, 
deserting  him  there,  became  the  discoverer  of  the  Ama- 
zon. The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1552,  but  the  re- 
gion  is  still  a  wilderness. 

Cinnamus,  or  Cinamus,  or  Sinnamus  (sin'a- 

mus),  Joannes.  [Ur.  Kiwafwcy  or  K/i'fluoc.] 
Lived  in  the  12th  century.  A  distinguished 
Byzantine  historian,  a  notary  of  the  emperor 
Manuel  Comuenus.  lie  was  the  author  of  a  history 
of  the  period  lllS-70,  covering  the  reign  of  Maimel  (to  the 
end  of  the  siege  of  Iconiuin)  and  that  of  his  father  Calo- 
Johannes. 
Cino  da  Pistoja  {che'no  da  pes-to'yii),  origi- 
nally Guittoncino  Sinibaldi.  Born  at  Pis- 
toja, Italy,  1270:  died  at  Pistoja.  Dec.  24. 133G. 
An  Italian  jurist  and  poet,  author  of  a  com- 
mentary on  the  Justinian  Code,  "Hime" 
(published  18G4),  etc. 

Cinq-Mars,  ou  une  Conjuration  sous  Louis 
XIII,  1.  A  historical  novel  by  De  Viguy  (pub- 
lished 1826),  founded  on  the  life  of  Ciuq- 
Mai's. —  2.  An  opera  by  Gounod,  tirst  produced 
at  Paris,  April  5,  1877. 

Cinq-Mars  (san-miir'),  Marquis   de  (Henri 

Coiffier  de  Ruze).  Born  i02U:  died  at  Lyons, 
France,  I8ept.  12,  1(>42.  A  Freneh  courtier. 
He  was  at  the  age  of  eighteen  introduced  to  the  court 
by  Richelieu,  and,  gaining  the  favor  of  Louis  XIU.,  rose 
quiciily  to  the  posts  of  grand  master  of  the  wardrobe  and 
grand  master  of  the  horse.  Richelieu  having  refused  to 
countenance  his  claim  to  a  seat  in  the  royal  council  and 
his  aspiration  lo  the  hand  of  Maria  de  Gonzaga,  i>rincess 
of  Mantua,  Cinq-Mars  formed  a  conspiracy  against  the 
cardinal,  in  the  eituise  of  which  he  entered  into  treason- 
able communication  with  Spain;  and  with  his  fellow- 
conspirator,  the  youthful  De  Thou,  was  beheaded  at  Lyons. 
Cinque  Ports  (singk  ports).  [F.,*  Five  Ports.'] 
A  collective  name  for  the  five  Knglish  channel 
ports :  Hastings,  Komney,  Ilythe,  Dover,  Sand- 
wich. Winchclsea  and  Rye  were  added  later.  They 
furnished  the  chief  naval  contingent  until  the  time  of 
lienry  VII.  Most  of  their  especial  privileges  have  been 
;ilM.Ushed.     They  are  goveined  by  a  lord  warden. 

Cinthia.    s.-e  Cipifhui. 

Cinthio.     >^>-o  Oiralrfty  Giovanni, 

Cintra  (seh'trii).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  15  miles  northwest  of  Lis- 
bon. It  contains :  (a)  The  Cork  Conwiit,  founded  by  the 
viceroy  of  India,  iJom  Jo.tode  Castro.  It  consists  of  about 
twenty  cells,  each  about  live  feet  sijuare.  which  as  well  as 
the  refectory  are  in  part  excavated  from  the  rock,  and  are 
lined  with  cork  to  exclude  danij)ne.ss.  (/>)  A  MonrtAh 
Castle,  an  extensive  foilillcatiou  on  the  hill  above  the 
town,  inclosing  a  ruined  mos<iUe  with  traces  of  ornament 
in  color,  and  a  s^Hcalled  bath,  a  curious  vaulted  reservoir 
50  feet  long.  'I'he  inclosed  space  is  now  a  royal  park  and 
garilen.  (c)  The  I'alav'  <'/  the  Penii,  on  the  summit  of  the 
high,  steep  hill,  origlmdly  a  convent,  but  given  the  as- 
pect of  a  medicvid  castle  when  remodeled  as  a  royal  resi- 
dence. The  interesting  monastic  cloister  and  chapel  re- 
nnifn;  the  carved  rercdos  in  alabaster  is  beautiful.  (*/) 
The  Iloyal  Palace,  founded  by  the  Moors,  altered  and 
added  to  later,  and  Ilnishttd  about  I.''iihJ.  Theexteriorpre- 
sents  a  picturesque  combination  of  Moorish  and  Toinled 
features,  and  is  especially  characterized  by  the  two  enor- 
mous conical  chimneys  of  the  kitchens.  There  are  some 
Interesting  rooms,  in  which  historic  scenea  have  been  en- 
acted. 

Cintra.  Convention  of.  A  convention  con- 
eluded  Aug.  :tO,  ISOH,  between  the  French  un- 
der Junot  and  the  Knglish.  By  its  provisions 
the  French  evucuated  Portugal,  and  were  con- 
veyed to  Fi'Miu-e  in  Knglish  vessels. 

Cinyumuh,    See  THHittjan. 

Clone,  Andrea  di.     See  Orcngna. 

Ciotat  (se-6  tii'),  La.     A  seaport  in  the  depart- 


Cirencester 

ment  of  Bouehes-du-Khoue,  France,  situated  on 
the  Mediten-anean  15  miles  southeast  of  Mar- 
seilles.    Population  (1891),  commune,  12,223. 

Cipango  (si-pang'go),  or  Zumpango  (zum- 
paug'go).  The  name  given  in  ^larco  Polo's 
narrative  to  an  island  or  islands  east  of  Asia, 
supposed  to  be  the  modern  Japan.  Columbus 
imagined  that  the  West  Indies  were  outlying 
portions  of  it. 

Cipas,  Kingdom  of.   New  Granada.   See  Zipas. 

Cipias  (tse'pe-iis).  A  former  Lidiau  tribe  of 
eastern  Aiizona.  Its  exact  location  is  unknown  as 
yet,  but  the  name  is  mentioned  by  Spanish  authors  in  the 
17th  and  Ibth  centuries.  The  Zufiis  also  have  traditions 
concerning  the  Cipias,  and  call  them  Tzipiakwe.  The 
tribe  is  doubtless  e-Vtinct. 

Circars  (ser-kiirz'),  Northern.    A  non-official 

designation  for  five  ancient  circars  (districts) 
in  the  northern  part  of  Madras,  British  India, 
in  lat.  16^-20°  N. 
Circassia  (ser-kash'ia).  [F.  Circassie^  NL.  Cir- 
caasuij  (jr.  Jscherkessien ;  Buss.  Zcmbja  CherkC' 
sov,  Circassian  land  ;  t'hcrkts,  a  Circassian.]  A 
region  in  the  Caucasus,  Russia,  lying  between 
the  river  Kuban  on  the  north,  the  land  of  the 
Lesghians  on  the  east,  Mingrelia  ou  the  south, 
and  the  Black  Sea  on  the  west.  It  includes  Great 
and  Little  Kabarda,  the  countries  of  the  Abkhasians  and 
Tsherkessians  (Circassians).  It  was  incorporated  with 
Russia  in  Vi'ZM.  The  Circassians  emigrated  in  laige  num- 
bers about  18(i4. 

Circe  (ser'se).  [Gr.  KZ/jk^.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, an  enchantress,  daughter  of  Helios  by 
Perse,  living  in  the  island  of  ^a^a.  Odysseus  in 
his  wanderings  came  to  her  home,  and  was  induced  lo  re- 
main a  jear  with  her.  she  metamorphosed  some  of  his 
companions  into  swine.  Before  she  would  let  him  depart 
she  sent  him  to  the  lower  world  lu  consult  the  seer  Teire- 
sias. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  34)  discovered  by  Chacor- 
nae  at  Paris  April  6,  1855. 

Circeii  (ser-se'yi).  [Gr.  KtpKoiov.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated 
near  the  sea  57  miles  southeast  of  Kome.  It 
belonged  to  the  Latin  League  340  b.  c. 

Circeio  (cher-cha'yo).  A  promontory  or  iso- 
lated rock  on  the  western  coast  of  Italy,  near 
Terracina;  the  ancient  Circeius  Mons,  or  Cir- 
cieum  Promontorium.  it  was  a  frequented  resort  in 
ancient  times.  It  has  some  antiquities  of  the  iiomaa 
town  Circeii,  and  abounds  in  grottoes. 

Circleville  (ser'kl-vil).  A  city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Pickaway  County,  Ohio,  situated  ou  the 
Scioto  2G  miles  south  of  Columbus,  it  is  on  the 
site  of  an  aboriginal  circular  fortification  (whence  the 
name).     I'opulatiun  (IDOU),  (J,!)1H. 

Circumcellions  (sir-kum-sel'ionz).  [From  L. 
circum,  around,  and  celUiy  ceil. J  A  party  of 
Douatists  in  northern  Africa,  chiefly  peasants, 
in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries:  so  called  because 
they  wandered  about  in  bands  from  place  to 
place.  They  persistently  courted  death,  wantoidy  in- 
sulting pagans,  and  challenging  all  they  met  to  kill  them, 
looking  upon  such  a  death  jis  nnirtyrdom.  1  hey  sniqMjrted 
themselves  by  plunder,  and  connnittcd  so  man>  acts  of 
violence,  aggravated  by  their  religious  dilferences  fi-oni 
the  oithi>do.\,  that  soldiery  often  had  to  be  emjiloyed 
against  them.  They  were  not  entirely  extinct  till  about 
tlie  elose  of  the  .'itli  century. 

Circumlocution  Office.  Tlie  name  by  which 
Dickens  in  "Little  Dorrit"  satirizes  the  red 
tape  of  the  pulilic-olhee  system  in  Knglaud. 

Circus  Maximus  (ser'kus  mak'si-mus).  The 
great  Konuin  eircus  which  occupied  the  hol- 
low between  the  Palatine  and  the  Avcntine 
hills.  According  to  tradition,  tlie  site  was  already  used 
for  athletic  exhibitions  and  provided  with  wooden  8eat« 
under  'i'ar((Uinius  I'riscua.  I'nder  i'lesar  and  Augustus  it 
was  llrst  largely  built  of  stone,  and  splendidly  adorned. 
The  present  obelisks  of  the  ria/.Zii  del  I'opolo  and  of  the 
Ljiteran  ornamented  its  snina.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Neio, 
and  again  by  Domitian  and  Trajan,  and  in  itsllnal  foini  is 
said  to  have  acc<)niniodatcd  3^f>,0(.)0  spectattii-s.  The  site 
is  for  the  most  part  covered  with  modern  structuix>s,  and 
the  remains  are  scanty.  Some  of  the  vaulted  substructions 
which  upheld  the  seats  survive,  and  there  are  considera- 
ble ruins  about  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin  of  the  cttrcneji, 
or  peiiB,  from  which  the  racera  were  started.  The  length 
of  the  arena  was  '2.2o0  feet. 

Circus  of  Romulus  or  Maxentius.    A  Komau 

circus  Imilt  in  .*U  I  a.  d.,  llie  most  perfect  an- 
cient circus  surviving.  Ii  Is  l,&>4)  feet  hmg  and  -itio 
wide.  The  outer  wall  rcnndns  almost  complete,  and  (he 
central  spina,  sitii  feet  long,  can  be  traceil  throughout 
At  the  west  end,  between  two  towers,  are  the  chief  en- 
trance and  twelve  pens  {carceren)  for  competing  chailotA; 
tlie  east  end  la  semicircular. 

Cirencester  (sis'e-t^r),  orCicester,  ISiK.  Cire- 

ccstrt,  i'ncintrCf  Circtcfj  ete.,  AS.  CircncvasU^rj 
Cifrencctistcr^  Cijnivfdsttrj  irom  "CyrcHjlt.  Cori' 
Ileum,  and  ceantrr,  city.]  A  town  in  iilouces- 
tershire,  England,  nituated  on  tlie  river  Churn 
IG  miles  southenst  ()f  (iloueester:  tlie  lu>nuiii 
Corineum  or  Durocornovium.  It  has  a  largo 
trade  in  wool.     Population  (1891),  7,441. 


Civil  War,  American 

mont  and  Fletcher's  "Knight  of  the  Bumiiif 
Pestle"  by  Elkanah  Settlef  ^ 

City  Wit,  The,  or  the  Woman  wears  the 
A  comeily  1)y  K.  Brome.  played 
published  iu  1G53  by  A.  Brome. 

The  official  name  of  Angos- 


Breeches. 

about  KBU 


Cirey  254 

Clrey  (se-ra')-     A  chateau  on  the  borders  of     philosopher  residing  in  London  to  his  friends 
Champagne  and  Lorraine,  which  Voltaire  fitted     in  the  East,"  published  in  1762. 
up  iu  1734,  and  where  he  lived  with  Madame  Citlahua,  or  Citlahuatzln.     See  Cuitlahuci. 
du  Chatelet  and,  occasionally,  her  husband.       Cittadella  (chet-tii-del'la).  A  small  town  iu  the 
Cirrha  (sir'a).     In  ancient  geography,  the  sea-    province  of  Padua,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
port  of  Crissa   (with  which   it  is  often  con-    the  Brentalla  16  miles  north-northwest  of  Pa-  Ciudad  Bollvar 
founded),  m  Phoeis,  Greece.     It  was  destroyed     dua.     It  has  a  cathedral.  tura  iwhich  see) 

on  account  of  sacrilege  in  the  Sacred  War  about  Citta  della  Pieve  (chet-ta'  del'la  pe-a've).  Ciudad  de  la  Frontera  (the-o-raiiTH'  da  la 
DbjB   c.  A  town  m  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  in     fron-t;l'r;i).     [Sp.,' city  of  the  frontier '1     The 

Cirta  (ser'ta).     [Gr.  K/pra;  Phen.,  'the  city.']     lat.  42°  57' N.,  long.  12°  E. :  the  birthplace  of     -—'-  L  F,,  i- .^i  oi^iue  nonnei.  j     ine 

An  ancient  city  of  the  Massylii,  in  Numidia,  Perugino.  It  has  a  cathedral. 
Africa,  in  lat.  36°  21'  N.,  loug.  6°  35'  E.,  noted  Citta  di  Castello  (chet-ta'  de  kas-tel'16).  A 
as  a  fortress:  the  modern  Constantine  (which  town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  situ- 
see).  It  was  restored  by  Constantine  the  Great,  ated  on  the  Tiber  26  miles  north  of  Perugia,  it  is 
Cisalpine  Republic.  [L.  Cisalpinus,  irora  CIS,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tiferaum  Tiberinum,  destroyed 
on  this  side,  aud  JInes,  Alps,  adi.  Jlviinis  byTotilain  the  Oth  century  a.  d.  It  has  a  cathedral,  com- 
Alpine.]  The  state  formed  bv  Napoleon  Bona-  J!""""' P»""=«.  ^f^'^f'^'.^-f^^^^Z\  f  P"^"»"'  f;**- 
parte  in  northern  Italy  in  1797,  including  the  Clttaducale  (chet-ta-do-ka  le).  A  small  town 
previously  formed  Cispadane  and  Transpadane     i^'  ^^  ^''^'o^nl  °t    '""'^'  ^^'■'^^'  '"  ^''^-  ^~°  2^' 

republics,  south  and  north  of  the  Po,  with  MUan  «•<.■;•#      v      ,u-*  ^••,      ,  „  -  ..^  ^..  , 

for  its  capital,    it  was  abolished  in  1799.  restoreri  in  9iJ*^  ,  Yecchia  (chet-ta   yek  ke-a),  or  Citta 


1800,  and  in  1802  was  reconstituted  as  the  Italian  Repub- 
lie. 


old 


part  of  Malta,  6  miles  west  of  Valetta.     It  ■ 

Cisleithania  (sis-H-tha'ni-a  or  sis-li-ta'ne-ii),     formerly  the  capital. 
or  the  Cisleithan  Division.    A  name  given  City  Gallant,  The.    See  Green's  Tit  Quoqiie. 
popularly  (not  officially)  to  those  crownlands  City  Heiress,   The.    A   play   by  Mi's.  Aphi-a 
of  Austria-Hungary  which  are  represented  in     Behu,  copied  from  Middleton's  "A  Mad  World, 
the  Austrian  Beichsrat:  so  named  from  the     My  Masters,"  produced  in  1682. 
river  Leitha,   part  of  the  boundary  between  City  Madam,  The.    A  comedy  by  Massinger, 
Austria  and  Hungary,    it  comprises  Lower  Austria,     licensed  in  1632,  printed  in  1658.     it  stiU  keeps 
Upper  Austri.T,  S.alzburg,  Styria,  Carinthia,  Camiola,  Kiis-     "'^  stage  in  a  modern  version  entitled  "Riches."   Fleay 

tenland,  Tyrol  and  Vorailberg,  Bohenii.%  Moravia,  Sile-      "■'-'"  *'-'  ' ■     "      "  "     •  ■• 

sia,  Galicia,  Bulsowina,  Dalmatia.    Population  dsgoi,  23,- 
895,413. 

Cisneros  (thes-na'ros),  Diego.  A  Spanish 
Geronymite  friar  who  went  to  Lima,  Peru, 
about  1785,  and  resided  there  until  his  death  in 
1812.  He  had  been  confessor  of  the  princess  Maria  Luisa 
(afterward  queen),  and  her  influence  gave  him  the  pro- 
tection of  the  viceroys.  While  attending  to  the  business 
of  his  order  he  opened  a  liind  of  Ijookstore,  a  small  circle 
of  advanced  thinkers  gathered  about  him,  and  after  en- 
countering great  opposition  they  succeeded  in  introducing 
marked  reforms  in  the  universities  and  schools,  and  in 
giving  greater  liberty  to  the  press.  They  constantly  op- 
posed tlie  Inquisition.     Fray  Diego's  library,  bequeathed 


ancient  name  of  the  city  of  Chaehapovas,  Peru. 
Ciudad  de  los  Reyes  (the-o-TniiTH'  da  16s  ra'- 
yes).  [Sp.,  'city  of  the  kinsjs.'J  The  name 
given  by  Pizarro  to  the  eapitarof  Peru,  founded 
by  him  in  1535.  It  was  long  the  official  appellation,  but 
was  gradually  supplanted  by  the  name  Lima,  and  was  scl. 
dom  used  after  the  17th  century. 
Ciudadela  (the-o-thii-tha'la).  A  town  in  Min- 
orca, Balearic  Islands,  Spain:  the  former  capi- 
tal. It  contains  a  cathedral,  of  the  14th  century,  consist- 
ing  of  a  single  Pointed  nave,  lofty  and  spacious  though 

. ^ ,_ ,,    „.    >,i„„a,     J^'ki  "ifli  a  square  tower  crowned  by  an  octagonal  spire 

Notabile  (no-ta'be-le).     A  city  in  the  central  Ciudad  Guzman  (the-o-THiiSH'  goth-man'),  or 


A  comedy  by  Jasper  Mayne, 


thinks  that  Jonson  wrote  it.    Giflord  mentions  an 
comedy  known  as  "  The  Cure  of  Pride." 

City  Match,  The. 

produced  iu  16311 

City  Night-Cap,  The.  A  play  by  Robert  Dav- 
enport, printed  in  1661.  It  was  adapted  by 
Mrs.  Behn  as  "The  Amorous  Prince  "in  1671. 

City  of  a  Hundred  Towers.    Pa^ia,  Italy. 

City  of  Brotherly  Love.  -A.  nickname  of" Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania  (named  from  FhUadel- 
phia  in  Asia  Minor;  Gr.  ^i/Md(:?.<piia,  city  of 
Philadelphus,  but  taken  as  (j>i'Aa6e/^ia,  brotherlv 
love).  _ 

Brooklyn,  New  York:   so 


Ohalkedon  was  called  the  city  of  the  blind,  because  its 
founders  passed  by  the  then  unoccupied  site  of  Byzan- 
tium. Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  IU.  277. 


to  the  univers'ity,  became  th'e  nucleus  of  the'  magniflcent  City  of  ChUTCheS, 
public  library  of  Lima. 

Cisneros  y  Latorre,  Baltazar  Hidalgo  de. 

See  HidaUjo  de  Cisneros  y  LiitDrn . 

Cispadane  (sis-pa'dan)  Republic.  [FromL. 
CIS,  on  this  side,  and  Padiis,  the  river  Po,  adj. 
Padaiiiis.]  A  republic  formed  in  1796  by  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  out  of  the  dominions  of  Bolo- 
gna, Ferrara,  Modena,aud  Reggio,andmodeled 
on  that  of  France.  In  1797  it  was  merged  with 
the  Transpadane  Republic  in  the  new  Cisal- 
pine Repulilic. 

Cisplatine  (sis-pla'tin) Province.  [Sp.Pg.Pm- 
vineia  Cisplatiiia.']  The  official  name  of  Uru- 
guay during  the  last  five  years  of  its  union 
with  Brazil  (1823  to  1828).  Before  and  after  this 
time  it  was  sometimes  called  the  Cisplatine  State  (Estado 
Cisplatino).     See  Estado  Oriental. 

Cissey(se-sa'),  Ernest  Louis  Octave  Courtot 
de.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1811:  died  at  Paris, 
June  15,  1882.  A  French  general  and  politi- 
cian.    He  served  with  distinction  in  Algeria,  in  the  Cri-  .  

mea,  in  the  Franco-German  war,  and  in  the  war  against   City  of  Palaces,  The. 
i874?6°™"°^'  ^^^    ^^  "^^  minister  of  war  1871-73  and  City  of  the  BUnd. 

Cis-Sutlej  (sis-sut'lej)  States.  A  name  former- 
ly given  to  a  territorial  division  of  Briti.-h  India, 
south  of  the  Sutlej.  The  states  are  now  incor- 
porated in  the  Panjab. 

Citania  (se-ta'ne-a).  A  prehistoric  village  near 
Braga,  in  the  province  of  Douro,  Portugal,  it 
is  probably  Celtic,  and  has  recently  been  excavated.  There 
are  a  number  of  circular  buildings,  with  granite  walls, 
about  2IJ  feet  in  diameter,  and  some  of  rectangular  plan' 
Streets  and  buildings  are  paved,  and  rooflng  tifes  .%bound 
The  circular  structures  had  conical  roofs.  Two  buildings 
have  been  .-estored  as  specimens. 

Citeaux  (se-to').  A  -i-illage  in  the  department 
of  Cote-d'Or,  France,  12  miles  south  of  Dijon. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  abbey,  founded  1098, 
the  headquarters  formerly  of  the  Cistercian 
order. 

Cithaeron  (si-the'ron).     [Gr.  KSaipuv.']    In  an- 
cient geography,  a  range  of  mountains  separat-  City  of  Victory.     Cairo,  Egypt, 
ing  Boeotia  from  Megaris  and  Attica,  it  was  eel-  City  Point  (sit'i  point).    A  village  in  Virginia, 
ebrated  in  Greek  legend,  and  was  sacred  to  Zeus  and  to     situated  at   the  junction  of  the   Appomattox 
Dionysus.    Itis  now  called  £fa(ra.  with  the  James,  22  miles  southeast  of  Rich- 

/i-?.??'  ^"■^-      ^    ^^^"^   ^y  Arthur    Murphy    moud.     It  was  a  base  of  supplies  and  opera- 

i.V.     '■  -c--  r-n    „  •     ■  ,  t'ons  in  tlie  Civil  War. 

Citizen  King.  [V.  Bmjntoyen.-]  A  name  of  City  Politiques  (sit'i  pol-i-teks').  A  comedy 
Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French,  who  affected  by  Crowne  (1683)  in  which  the  Whigs  are  ridi- 
popularitv.  _  culed,  and  Shaftesbui-y,  Gates,  and  Sir  William 

T    T   S        "^Jieva.     An  occasional  epithet  of    Jones  are  exhibited,  the  last  in  the  character 

fuiii„f:°"f  iv"'-iTT     ,j   mi.        ,„,_      .  °^  Bartoline.     Geneste  gives  the  first  edition 

Citizen  of  the  World,  The.    The  signature  of    as  1688. 
OUver  Goldsmith  in  "Letters  from  a  Chinese  City  Ramble,  The.    A  play  adapted  from  Beau- 


Zapotlan  el  Grande  (tha-po-tlan  el  gi'iin'de). 
A  city  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  of  Ja- 
lisco, Mexico.  Population  (1894),  23,205. 
Ciudad  Real  (the-6-THiiTH'  ra-iil').  [Sp., 'royal 
city.']  1.  A  province  iu  southern  Spain,  lying 
between  Toledo  on  the  north, Cuenca  and  A'lba- 
cete  on  the  east,  Jaen  and  Cordova  on  the  south, 
aud  Badajoz  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  t. 
the  ancient  La  Mancha.  It  is  rich  in  metals.  Area,  7,84» 
square  miles.  Population  (1887).  292,291. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  pro\-ince  of  Ciudad  Real, 
m  lat.  38°  .58'  N.,  long.  3°  58'  W.  Here,  March 27 
1809,  the  French  under  Sebastiani  defeated  the  Spaniards 
under  Urbino.     Population  (1887),  14,702. 

Ciudad  Real.      A  city  in  Mexico.    See  -San 

( 'rislolKil. 
Ciudad  Rodrigo  (the-6-THaTH'  roTH-re'go).  A 
town  and  fortress  in  the  province  of  Salaman- 
ca, western  Spain,  situated  on  the  Agueda  48 
miles  southwest  of  Salamanca,  it  has  a  cathe- 
dral, founded  in  1190,  which  retains  much  excellent  early 
Pointed  work  with  Romanesque  decorative  sculpture. 
The  vaulting  is  in  part  domical,  witli  ogives.  The  pic- 
turcsque  cloister  is  of  13th-century  arcliitecture  on  one 
side,  and  Flamboyant  on  the  others.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1706,  by  the  French  in  1707,  and  by  the  French 
(under  MassiSna)  July,  1810.  It  was  invested  bv  Welling. 
ton  Jan.  8,  1812,  and  stormed  Jan.  19,  1812.  (Wellington 
was  created  by  Spain  duke  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo.)  Popula- 
tion (1887),  8,330. 


jailed  on  account  of  the  large  number  of  its 
churches. 
City  of  Destruction,    in  Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's 
Pi-ogi-ess,"  the  starting-point  of  Christian  in 

CitVoTDreadful  Night,  The.    A  poem  by  H\?F^^,!r.^;'"-Tf,!?,^to?V,?°J°fp'^'^'^\^''^1?" 
James  Thomson,  published  first  in  tlie  "Na-     VoW '^'''-;?i£,'^7'i'.^-^'^'?,'^  ^l^*^"*' J""?,^.'' 
tional  Reformer"  in  187-1.     The  title  was  given  also 
to  a  volume  of  stories  by  Rudyard  Kipling,  one  of  which 
gives  its  name  to  the  book. 

City  of  Elms.  New  Haven,  Connecticut :  so 
named  from  the  numerous  ehns  which  shade 
its  streets 

City  of  God,  Of  the,  L.  De  Civitate  Dei.  A 
celebrated  work  by  St.  Augustine,  WTitten  413- 
426,  aud  treating  of  the  Christian  chm-eh. 

City  of  Magnificent  Distances.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, on  account  of  its  wide  avenues  aud  fine 
vistas. 

City  of  Oaks.    Raleigh,  North  CaroUna. 

~"       -      -  -         Calcutta. 

See  the  extract. 


A  poem  by  John  Wilson, 


City  of  the  Plague. 

published  in  1816. 

City  of  the  Prophet.  Medina,  Ara'.jia,  to  which 
Mohammed  fled  from  Mecca  in  622. 

City  of  the  Straits.  Detroit,  Michigan:  so 
named  from  its  geogi'aphical  situation. 

City  of  the  Sun.     Baalbec  (which  see). 

City  of  the  Violated  Treaty.  Limerick,  Ire- 
land: so  named  on  account  of  the  frequent  in- 
fringements of  the  "  Pacification  of  Limerick," 
concluded  at  Limerick  in  1691. 

City  of  the  Violet  Crown.  An  epithet  applied 
to  Athens,  the  violet  being  the  symbol  of  that 
citv. 


1S67.  A  French  surgeon,  the  discoverer  of  the 
operation  of  lithotrity.  He  wrote  "  De  la  litho- 
tritie"  (1827),  etc. 

Civilis  (si-vi'lis),  Claudius.  A  leader  of  the 
Batavian  revolt  against  Rome  69-70  A.  D.  He 
was  defeated  by  Cerealis  in  70. 

Civllistas  (the-ve-les'tiis).  'The  name  given  in 
Peru  to  those  who  oppose  the  union  of  military 
and  civil  power  in  the  chief  magistrate  and 
generally  object  to  the  election  of  army  officere 
to  the  presidency.  .Since  1800  the  CivUistas  liave  be- 
come a  well-detined  political  party.  They  call  theii-oppo- 
nents  fililitaristas  or  Militares. 

Civil  War,  The.  The  war  between  Charles  I. 
of  England  and  the  party  of  Parliament. 
Civil  War,  American,  or  The  War  of  Seces- 
sion. A  civil  war  iu  the  United  States.  1861-65. 
Its  chief  causes  were  the  antishivery  agitation  and  the 
development  of  the  doctrine  of  .State  sovereignty.  The 
former  had  been  gaining  force  since  the  ilissouri  Compro- 
mise, and  especially  since  the  Wilmot  proviso,  the  Mexican 
war,  the  Omnibus  Bill,  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska  trouble 
(see  these  titles).  The  latter  found  expression  in  the  Ken- 
tucky resolutions,  nullification,  and  especially  in  the  teach- 
ings of  Calhoun.  The  immediate  occasion  of  the  war  was 
the  election  of  Lincoln  in  IstiO,  whiA  was  followed  by 
the  secession  of  11  States  (see  Confederate  Slater).  Lead- 
ing events- In  1861:  Fort  Sumter  fired  on  (April  12); 
suiTenderof  Fort  Sumter  (AprU  13);  President  Lincoln's 
call  for  volunteers  (April  15) ;  battles  of  Bull  Run  (July  21) 
and  Wilson's  Creek  (Aug.  10) ;  seizure  of  JIason  and  Sli- 
dell— "the  Trent  affair  "  (Nov.  8).— In  1862:  Battle  of 
Mill  Spring  (Jan.  19);  capture  of  Fort  Henry  (Feb.  0); 
battle  and  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  (Feb.  13-16)  ;  battle 
of  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac  (March  9)  ;  capture  of  New- 
bern  (March  14)  ;  battle  of  Shiloh  (AprU  8,  7) ,  siege  of 
Yorktown  (April-May)  ;  passage  of  the  New  Orleans  forts 
(April  24)  ;  battles  of  Williamsburg  (Jlav  6)  and  Fair  Oaks 
(May  31,  June  1);  Seven  Days'  Battles— MechanicsvUle, 
Gaines's  Mill.  Frayser's  Farm,  Malvern  (June  25-,lulv  1); 
battles  of  Cedar  Mountain  (Aug.  9),  (2d)  Bull  Run  (Aug. 
30),  Chantilly  (Sept.  1),  South  Mountain  (Sept.  14),  Antie- 
tam  (Sept.  17),  luka(Sept.  19),  Corinth  (Oct.  4),  Fredericks- 
burg (Dec.  13),  and  Murfreesboio  (Dec.  31-Jan.  2, 186;^).— 
In  186;^:  Emancipation  Proclamation  (Jan.  1);  battle  of 
Chancellorsville{May  1-4) ;  Vicksburg  campaign  —  battles 
of  Grand  Gulf  (April  29,  May  3),  Raj-mond  (May  12),  Jack- 
son  (May  14),  and  Champion's  Hill  (May  16),  and  the  fall 
of  Vicksburg  (July  4);  battles  of  Gettysburg  (July  1-3), 
Chickamauga  (Sept.  19,  20),  and  Chattanooga  ;Xov.  23-25). 
—  In  1864;  Battles  of  the  Wilderness  and  Spottsylvania 
(May  5-7,  etc.);  battles  of  Shei-man's  advance  in  northern 
Georgia  (May  and  June) ;  battleof  Cold  Harbor  (June  1-3); 
defeat  of  the  Alabama  by  the  Kearsarge  (June  19)  ;  battles 
of  Atlanta  (July  20,  22) ;  naval  victory  at  Mobile<Aug.  6); 


Civil  War,  American 


255 


■isher  (Jan.  1,^) ;  l>:ittle5  of  ClairvaUX  (klar-v6 
unville  (Maruh  19-21),  and     ,,,„„,  ,,f    a,,i.,     p.. 

fioiiiattux  (Ai)ril  9) ;  siuren-     Aube  dJ  miles  sou 


battles  of  Winchester  (Sept.  19)  and  Cedar  Creek  (Oct.  19) ; 
reelection  of  Lincoln  (Nov.  ») ;  marcli  through  Georgia 
to  the  sea  (Nov. -Dec.) ;  battle  of  Nashville  (Dec.  15,  1(3). — 
In  1865:  Surrender  of  Fort  Fisher  (.Ian.  l.'>) ; 
Averysboro  (March  IC),  Benton 
Five  Forks  (April  1) ;  surrende 
surrender  of  Lee's  army  at  Appi 

der  of  Johnston's  ;U'iny  (April  20);  andtlie  suiTender  of 
Kirby  Smith  (ilay  2t;).  Tlie  theater  of  the  war  was  mainly 
in  tlie  .*>ontherii  and  boidrr  States.  The  Federal  army 
numbertd  about  1,(NI(),U(I(I  at  tlie  close  of  the  war,  and 
the  tnuiilier  of  Confederates  enrolled  ilurin;;  the  war  was 
pr'il);ilily  aiiiint  the  .'^ame.  The  Federal  losses  amounted 
I..  ab..nt  :(i;o,i)rifi ;  those  of  the  Confederates  to  about 
:«hi.iKio. 

Civil  Wars  in  France, 

Draytou  (1598). 
Civis  (siv'is).     [L.,  'a  citizen.'] 

iivru  of    Sir  Henry   Eussell    in 
••  Times  "  (1842-49). 
Civitcl  Castellana   (ohe-ve-tii'  kiis-tel-la'na). 

A  town  in  the  pruvince  of  Rome,  Italy,  27 mile 


nally  a  comedienne,  she  became  a  tragedienne  and  enjoyed 
extraordinai-y  jHipularity.     She  died  in  old  age,  poor  and 
for;,'utleM.     lier  "Memoires"  were  published  in  1790. 
)         " 


Claretie 

wrote  "Poems  descriptive  of  Rural  Life  and  Scenery" 
(1,S20),  "The  VillaKe  Minstrel  "(lb21X  "Shepherd's  Calen- 
dar"f"""^  ~    ■ 


(1S27),  and  "  The  Kural  Muse  "  (1836). 

A  village  in  the  depart-  Clare,  Richard  de,  or  Richard  Strongbo-w, 


A  play  by  Dekker  and 
The  pseudo- 


Died  1176.  The  seeond  Earl  of  Peinbr<ike  and 
Strifrnl.  In  .May,  H7u.  he  went  to  Ireland  with  a  stioiig 
force  to  aid  Dermol,  king  of  Leinster,  who  had  been 
driven  from  his  kinL:dc,m,  and  captured  Waterford  and 
Dublin.  He  married  E\a,  daughter  of  Dermot,  and  be- 
came Kovernor  of  Ireland  in  117;;. 

Clare,  Richard  de.    Born  Aug.  4,  1222:  died 

near  Canterbiu-y,  Jnly  1.").  1262.  A  powerful 
Knglish  noble,  eighth  Earl  of  Clare,  also  Earl 
of  Hertford  and  Earl  of  Gloucester. 
Clare  College.  A  college  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  founded  as  University  Hall  in  1326, 
and  refounded  (as  Clare  Hall)  in'i;i")9  bv  Eliza- 
beth de  Clare  (or  de  Burgli).  The  "college 
buildings  were  begtm  in  163K. 


1 


auce,  situated  on  the  river 

theast  of  Troyes.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  Cistercian  abbey,  whose  first  abbot  was  St. 
Bernai-d,  1116.  The  abbey  buildings  are  now  used  for  a 
prison. 

Clallam  (k-lal'am).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  formerly  living  on  the  south  side  of 
Puget  Sound,  Washington,  and  on  the  southern 
end  of  Vancouver  Island.  They  now  number  351 
souls,  and  are  on  the  l*uyallup  reservation,  Washington. 
See  Sali^han. 

Clamcoet.     See  Karankawan. 
the    Lmdon  Clamecy  (klam-se').    A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nievre,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Beuvrou  with  the  Yonne.  in  lat.  47°  28'  N.,  long. 

3°  31'  E.     Population  (1891),  commune,  5,318.  Clare  Island.    \  small  island  on  the  west  coast 
„,        ,  leeKhinmtli.  of  Ireland.    It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  Clew  Bay,  and 

Clandestine  Marriage,  The.    A  play  by  Gar-    forms  part  ot  the  county  of  Jiayo. 

riek  and  Colman,  produced  Feb.  20,  1766.  It  Claremont  (klar'mont).  A  manufacturing 
was  largely  taken  from  an  unprinted  farce,  "Tlie  False  town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire  situ- 
toncord     by  the  Kev.  James  Townley  (17(«).  ated  on  the  Connecticut  River  45  niiles  north- 

Uiap  (klapK  Thomas.    Born  at  Seituate,  Mass.,     west  of  Concord.     Population  (1900)  (i  498 
^""^.,;«'  V"  ,  '^"'^  "^^  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  Claremont.     A  palace  at  Esher,  Surre'v,  Eng- 
/,  Itbi.    An  American  clergyman  and  educator,     land,  about  14  miles  southwest  of  London,  built 
president  (rector)  of  \  ale  College  1740-66.    He     by  Lord  Clive  in  1768.    It  was  the  residence  of  Prince 

- -  -r , ^T^^  pastor  at  Windham,  Connecticut,  172()-40.      Leopold  of  Sa.xe-Coburg  (later  king  of  the  Belgians)  and 

Ci\ritelladelTrontO(che-ve-tel'ladeltron't6).  Clapar^de  ,(kl;i-pa-rad'),  Jean   Louis   Ren€     Princess  charlotte,  and  of  Louis  Plnlippe  ISiS-SO. 

A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Teramo,  Italv,     Antoine  Edouard.    Born   at  Geneva,  April  Clarence  (klar'eus),  Dukes  of.    ['UF..  Clarence, 

8  miles  northwest  of  Teramo.     It  was  the  last    -"'i  1'''32:   died  at  Siena,  Italy,  May  31,  1870.     fr'nn  OF.  CUireiiee ;  said  to  be  from  the  MGr 

place  to  surrender  to  the  Italians  in  1861.  A  noted  Swiss  naturalist. 

Clackama  (klak'ii-ma).     A  large  tribe  of  the  Clapham  (klap'am).     A  southwestern  suburb 

Upper  Chinook  division  of  North   American    '^^  Loudon,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 

Incuaus.    They  formerly  resided  in  eleven  villages  on     Thames  about4inilesfroni Westminster  Bridge. 

and  about  a  river  of  tlie  same  name,  an  eastern  branch  of     ^^^  houses  surround  a  common  about  ;r20  acres  in  e-Xtent, 

the  Willamette,  in  Clackamas  County,  Oregon.     Tlljjreaie     °"^';^  •''  favorite  location  for  fairs  which  were  abolished  in 

69  of  this  tribe  at  Grande  Konde  agency,  Oregon.     See     1J^73.     Wal/ord. 

Chinookaii. 

Clackmannan 

county 

and  south  of  Perthshii-e.    Ai-ea,  48  miles.    Pop 


north  of  Rome,  on  the  site  of  the  Etriiscau  city  S}^?^®*:^,^!'',^-,'"™""'' 

Falerii.  " 

Civitd,  di  Penne.    See  Penne. 
Civitavecchia,  or  Civiti  Vecchia  (ehe-ve-tii' 

vek'ke-ii).  [It.,  '  old  town.']  A  seaport  in  the 
pro\Hnce  of  Rome,  Italj',  on  the  Mediterranean 
m  lat.  42°  9'  N.,  long.  11°  48'  E. :  the  ancient 
Centum  Ccllie,  or  Portus  Trajani.  its  port  was 
constructed  by  Tnijan.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  9th  century.     Population,  9.000. 


KXa/ju'rCa  (It.  Cliiarenza.  a  once  important  port 
in  Peloponnesus,  which  gave  his  ducal  title  to 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Prince  of  Achaia).  and  to 
have  come  into  England  through  Philijipa,  wife 
of  Edward  III.  It  was  first  given  to  Lionel, 
third  son  of  Edward  III.  (Chamlers.)']  See 
PlaiiUii/eiict,  and   W'ilUaiii  IT' 


ulation  (1891),  28,432.-2.  The  county-seat  of 
the  county  of  Clackmannan,  situated  7  miles 
east  of  Stirling. 

Claes  (kliiz),  Balthazar.  A  philosopher  in 
Balzac's  novel  "La  recherche  de  I'absolu." 
He  gives  up  his  life  to  a  search  for  the  philosopher's 
stone,  and  is  the  victim  of  his  devotion  to  science. 

Clahociuaht.     See  Tlaol-iriaht. 

Claiborne  (kla'bom),  orClayborne,  William. 
Born  in  Westmoreland,  England,  1.58!>  (?) :  died 
in  Virginia,  1676  ('?).  An  American  colonial 
politician.  He  emigrated  to  Virginia  in  1621,  and  in 
1626  became  secretary  of  state  for  the  colony.     As  tli 


mise"(1864),  "La  Fanclionnette "  (1856),  "Madame  Gti- 
goire  "  (1861),  etc. 

Clapperton  (klap'er-tou),  Hugh.  Born  at  An- 
nan, Scotland,  1788:  died  at  Sakkatu,  Africa, 
April  13,  1827.  An  African  traveler.  He  was  a 
lieutenant  in  the  navy  when  Dr.  Oudney  and  Deuham 
started,  in  1822,  on  their  exploration  of  the  Sudan.  He 
accompanied  them,  and  returned  with  Denham  in  1824. 
In  the  same  year,  as  commander,  he  proceeded,  with  Lan'- 
der  and  three  other  assistants,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Niger, 
and  esplored  its  course  up  to  Sakkatu.  The  "Journal" 
of  this  expedition  was  published  in  1829. 

Clara  (klar'a).  [L.  clam,  bright,  illustrious: 
It.  Chjara,  %_Pg.  Clara,  F.  Claire.]     1.  The 


agent  of  Cloberry  and  Company  of  London,  he  established     Hvacinthe  of  Molifirn's  "PmirViorioadA  «!r.nT^;,i 
.  trading.post  in  Kent  Island  in.  1631.  .The  tradi.^-post     .^^^twa/s  "  Cheats  ^l  ScapTn  "-I.^The  lEve 


became  tlie  nucleus  of  a  nourishing  settlement,  which  ill       c  n      ^■^        j        <-, 

1632  sent  a  Ijurgess  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia.     ^^  ''  erdmand  in  Sheridan's  ' '  Duenna." 
It  was  later  (1634)  claimed  by  Leonard  Calvert,  go\  ernor  Clara,  Saint.     The  founder  of  the  order  of  Cla- 
of  .Maryl.ind,  as  a  part  of  that  colony,  and  was  long  a  sub-     risses  (which  see) 

Jectof  disputes  resulting  in  some  bloodshed.    On  the  eio-  r<i '  '  „'„^ /,  ,-     ■■i/\     nv      i         /\j.-l.  rr    m    ■ 

cation  of  Charles  I,  Maryland  and  Virginia  proclaimed  <-'iarac  (Kla-rak  ),  Onarles  Uthon  rrcderic 
Charles  II.,  whereupon  Claiborne,  at  his  own  request,  was  Jean  BaptlSte,  Conite  de.  Born  at  Paris, 
In  1051  apiwinted  by  Parliament  member  of  a  connnission  .lime  Iti,  1777:  died  1.S47.  A  French  antiouarv 
to  reduce  those  colonies.  The  commissioners  reached  nnH  npfiat  nutli.,,.  ..f  '*  AT,,^-.'...  .t..  .j^.i.lr^t.,..!^  .... 
Virginia  at  the  head  of  an  English  expedition  in  March,  ff "  '^,^'  '','"'"'„,,„.,,•'-  .  sculpture  au- 
1652,  overthrew  the  Cavalier  government,  ami  established  "  .'  i.  "^°''<"''"''  ( 18-6-0.'J),  etc. 
a  Koundhead  government  with  Kichard  Bennet  as  gov.  ClarcheU  (klar'chen).      [G.,  dim.  of  Clara."]     A 

siiiipln  cottage  girl  in  Goethe's  tragedy  "Eg- 
mont,"  in  love  with  that  hero.  She  takes  poisou 
when  lie  dies. 
Clare  (klar).  A  maritime  county  of  Munster, 
Ireland,  lying  between  Galway  on  the  north, 
Tipperary  on  tho  east.  Limerick  on  the  south, 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  tho  west.  The  county 
town  is  Ennis.     Area,  l,2t)4  square  miles. 

(181)1),  12I,4H;!. 


emor  and  Claiborne  as  secretary  of  state.  In  16.'J8,  how 
ever,  the  province  was  restored  to  Lord  Baltimore  by  the 
commonwealth. 


Claiborne,  William  Charles  Cole.    Born  in 

Sussex  County,  Virginia,  1775:  died  at  New 
Orleans,  Nov.  23, 1817.  An  Anua-ican  politician. 
He  was  governor  of  Mississippi  Territory  1802-04,  of  tho 
territory  of  Orleans  1804-12,  and  of  tlie  State  of  Ixiuisiana 
1812-16.  He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in 
1816,  but  died  before  taking  liis  seat. 


Clairac  (kla-riik').     A  town  in  tho  ilepartment  Clare,  Earls  of.     See  FiUijihhon  and  Nollcs. 
o(   Lot-et-Garonne,   France,   situated   on   the  Clare,  Ada.     Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  1836: 


Population 


larv  precocity  of  his  genius.    At  six  ye.u-s  Clare,  Lady  Clare  de 

aid  to  have  iinderetood  LHopitals  treatise      u|,.  \\?„if,„.\j.,    i,i.,^.   , 
ds;  at  twelve  he  read  before  tlie  Academy      ^,    **'","  •  '^'-''}^  "  1""" 


died  at  New  York,  March  4,  1874.  Tho  pseu- 
donym and  stage  nsime  of  Jane  McElhenuuy, 
an  actress  and  writer. 
Clare,  Ada.  The  friend  and  cliarge  of  Esther 
.Siuuiiiersoii  in  Cliaiies  Dickens's  "Bleak 
llousi'."     .She  marries  Richard  Carstone. 

An  English  heiress  in 


Lot  56  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux 
(1891).  commune.  :i,M2. 

01airaut,orClairault(kla-r6'), Alexis  Claude, 

Boi-n   at   I'aris,  .\hiy   13,  1713:    diid   at    l-;iris, 
May   17,    170.j.      A  celebrated   Freiicli  in;ithe- 
niati<-i:Mi.      He  was  famous  both  for  tlie  strength  and 
the  cxtiaordiiiary  precocity  of  his  genius, 
of  age  he  is  sai*    '     '  '       '       '  ' 

on  infinitesimals;  at  iweive  lie  reau  oeiore  me  Academy 
of  Sciences  a  paper  on  certain  curves  which  he  liad  (lis- 
covered ;  and  at  eighteen  he  became  a  member  of  tl: 

Academy.    Among  his  liest-known  works  is  his  analytical  Clare    'P.H^flhpt.li  Hb      Died  Nov  4   rifiO 
study  of  the  problem  "of  the  three  bodies,"  and  tlie  ap.      ,  ,^„.,' .■r."^^"^.  „.•  ,^-,,.   jr.i„  ,°iV.  .'  .^, 
plication  of  its  results  to  the  study  of  the  moon  and  of 
Ilalley's  comet.      He  also  wrote   "  Rechcrclies    sur  les 
combes  ii  double  ecuirbiire  "  (1731),  "Thijorie  de  la  llgiire 
de  la  teiTe"(I743),  "Theoric  ilula  lune,"  eto  (1".'.2X  "  Ke- 
cheiches  sur  les  cum6tes  des  anniScs  1631,  1607,  1682  et 
17.iO"(1760),  etc. 
Clairfait.      See  ('Ini'in/f. 

Clairon  (kiri-ron').  dlaire  Hippolyte  Josfephe 

Legris  de  Latude,  called  Mile.  Born  mar 
Conde,  in  llainault,  172!!:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18,  1803.    A  celebrated  French  actress.     Orlgl- 


and  Prince  of  Wales  Island.    Length,  100  miles. 

Clarendon  (klar'en-don),  Earls  of.  See  Bi/de 
and  J'illii  rs. 

Clarendon.  A  hunting-lodge  near  Salisbtuy. 
England,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  Constitu- 
tions of  Clarendon.  See  Clarendon,  Conatitu- 
tions  of. 

Clarendon,  Assize  of.    An  English  ordinance 

issued  iu  1166  (12  lien.  H.),  which  introduced 
changes  in  the  administration  of  justice. 
Clarendon,  Constitutions  of.  Ordinances 
adopted  at  the  Council  of  Clarendon  in  1164,  with 
a  view  to  fixing  the  limits  between  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  courts,  and  to 
abolishing  abuses  due  to  the  encroachments  of 
tlie  Vatican.  They  provide  that  "disputes  about  ad- 
vowBons  and  jircsentatinns  shall  be  tried  by  the  King's 
Ccmrt;  that  criuiiiitms  clerks  sbidl  be  tried  by  the  king's 
courts,  unless  the  justice  sends  the  case  t4>  the  ecclesi- 
astical courtvS,  and  clerks  thus  convicted  shiUI  be  punished 
as  laymen  ;  that  no  clergyman  shall  quit  the  reidm  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  king ;  that  appeals  from  ecclesias- 
tical courts  shall  go  to  the  king,  and,  unless  he  consents 
that  tliey  shall  go  further,  tlie  disputes  are  to  he  teniii. 
nated  by  his  order  in  the  court  of  the  archbisliop;  iliat 
no  tenant-in-chief  or  minister  of  the  king  shall  be  excom- 
municated without  the  consent  of  the  king;  that  clergy 
shall  hold  their  lands  as  tenaiits-in-chief,  and  perform  all 
duties  and  attend  the  King's  Court  with  the  other  tenants- 
in-chief ;  that  elect  ions  of  ai-chbisliops,  bisliops,  and  abbots 
shall  take  place  by  orderof  the  king  in  the  King's  chapel, 
and  that  the  man  elected  shall  do  homage  for  his  lands 
before  he  is  consecrated  ;  and  that  sons  of  villeins  shidl 
not  be  consecrated  without  the  consent  of  their  lords" 
(>lc/fin(/  ami  JiaitMniit;  Kng.  I'olit^  History,  p.  24X 

Popuiatioii  Clarendon,  Council  of.  A  council  held  in  1164. 

It  was  occasioned  by  tlie  opposition  i»f  I'homas  Ilccket  to 
the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  Henry  II.,  and  comprised  the 
king,  the  archbishops  of  Canlerluiry  and  York,  eleven 
bishops,  fortyof  the  bigbernoliilily,  and  numerous  biuxnia. 
It  enacted  the  so-called  ('i.ii^litutions  of  Clarendon,  "a 
sort  I tf  code  or  concordat,  in  sixteen  cllaptci-8,  which  in- 
cluded not  merely  a  syslem  of  tiellnlte  rules  to  regulate 
the  disposal  of  the  criminal  clergy  "  (the  principal  point 
at  issue),  "but  a  mcthotlof  proceeding  by  which  all  i|Uar- 


rels  that  arose  between  the  clergy  and  laity  niiglit  ho  sat- 
isfactorily heiu-d  and  determintMl  "  (Stubbg,  Karly  Pliuita- 

gcilets). 

m  "Marniioii,"tooblaiii  Clarendon  Press.     A  printing  ostablishmeut 


whose  hand  Marmiou  ruins  her  lover,  Ralph 

'     Willoi 

Tho 

third  daughUr  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  ninth  Earl 
of  Clare.  She  was  married  tlirce  times  — llrst  to  John  de 
Burgh,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Ulster,  and  after  his 
death  to  Theobald,  I>ord  Verdon,  and  again  to  Robert 
Damory,  baron  of  Arnioy.  she  was  the  founder  of  Clare 
College,  Cambridge  (orig'inally  Ciiiversity  Ilidl). 
Clare,  John.  Born  at  Heliistone,  near  I'e- 
lorl.cn.ugli,  England,  Julv  13,  1793:  died  at 
Northani|doii,    Enghind,    ^lay    20,   1S64.       An 

English  I I,  son  uf  a  jioor  laborer:  surnamed 

"The   >Iorthamptoiishire  Peasant  Poet."    He 


Oxlonl,  England,  in  which  the  university 
has  the  preponderating  inftui'uce.  It  was  foumlnl 
partly  with  iirollts  from  tlie  ci*pvright  of  Clarendon's 
"History  ot  the  Kebollion." 
Clarens  (.klii-roi'i').  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Valid,  Switzerland,  situated  on  Lake  Geneva 
near  its  eastern  extremity,  northwest  of  Mon- 
treux.  It  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  Eonsseau's 
"Noiivelle  Hehiise." 

Claretie  (kliir-ie').  Ars^ne  Amaud,  called 

Jules.  Born  111  Liuiogis,  France,  1  >ic.  3,  1840. 
A  French  novelist  ami  journalist.  He  kw  In  turn 
war  corresiwiident  and  dnimatle  critic,  and  was  appointed 
director  of  the  Theatre  t'Tnii^ais  on  the  death  of  M. 


Claretie 

Perrin.  He  waa  war  coiTespondent  of  the  "Rappel  "  and 
the  "Opinion  >'ationaJe  "  in  1S70-71,  and  wrute  several 
books  on  the  war.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Academy 
in  1>S9.  His  works  include  "  Un  assassin,"  or  "Robert 
Burat  ••  (lS6ii),  "  ilonsieur  le  ilinistre  "  (1S82).  "  Le  Prince 
ZUah  ••  (18»4),  "Puyjoli "  (1S90),  and  other  volumes. 

Clari  (kla'ie),  Giovanni  Carlo  Maria.    Born 


256 

Albemarle  County,  Va.,  Nov.  19,  1752:  died  at 
Locust   Grove,  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  Feb.  13, 
181S.     An  American  general  in  the  wars  against 
the  Indians  1777-82. 
Clark,  Sir  James. 

Scotland, 

England,  

He  was  physician  in  ordinary  to  the  queen  from"l8.3".   He 


Classis 

cies,  Xord,  France,  Oct.  17,  1765:  died  at  Nen- 
viller.  France,   Oct.  28,   1818.     A  marshal  of 
Irauce,  minister  of  war  1815-17. 
Clarke,  Hyde.     Born  at  London,  Dec.  14, 1815: 


at  Pisa,  Italy,  IGGS):  died  probalily  about  17-15. 
An  Italian  composer.  His  chief  work  is  a  col- 
lection of  vocal  duets  and  trios  (1720). 

Clari.    An  opera  by  Halevy,  first  produced  at 
Paris,  Dec.  9,  1828.  '  «,      ,     t        •    <-,      ,  i 

Clari.  the  Maid  of  Milan.  An  opera  by  Sii-  ^}!-^^'  Lewis  Gaylord.  ^  Bom  at  Otiseo,  N.  T, , 
Henry  Bishop,  brought  out  Mav  8,  1823.  In  it  \*'^'^ '  .'^^'^  '^'^  Piermont,  N.  1 ..  Nov.  3. 1873.  An 
"Home,  Sweet  Home"  (words  by  John  Howard  Payne)  American  journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the 
was  first  introduced.  "Knickerbocker  Magazine "  1834-59. 

Claribel  (klar'i-bel).  [L.  e?<n-HS,  bright,  and  6f/-  Clark,  Rev.  T.  The  pseudonym  of  John  Gait. 
/»s-,  fair.]  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  the  Clark  University.  A  non-sectarian  institu- 
chosen  bride  of  Phaon.  She  is  traduced  bv  Philemon,     tion  opened  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts    in 

n^i^'^nn/phn.™  ^^'"'-'  *1"'*'"^  '"'"  ""  "•'"  ^"^^  '1^"'™<*'  1S87.    It  was  named  for  Jonas  Clark 

poisons  mieinon.     n.  4.  intended  rather  for  the  pror 

Oiaribel,  Sir.     In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene."  ordinary  collegiate  education 

Z':.%!'°'-'-'  ^'^!^>  who  had  a  fray  about  the  Clark,  or  Clarke,  WilUam.    Born  in  Virginia, 

f^!f^^!r„'^l  ''fil^^'^l'X'^^'^^'^S^^.  ^^.-  ''}''?■■  'l-'i  ^'  «'•  Louis,  Mo.,  SefTl.' 


ir  James.  Born  at  Cullen,  Banffshire,  died  there,  March  1.  1895.  An  En'gUshenkieer 
'  W  oq'  l^'-n  '-  'Ifi^.t  .^f  g^^t  ?^'^'  ^"^-,1  PtUologist.  His  works  include  "A  New  an™ 
,  June  29,  ]b,0.      A  British  physician.     prehensiveDictionaryoftheEnglisliLaneuage"08,'«)  and 


,,,.-,  ^    -    I'angua^'e"(18,'«),aiid 

numerous  philological  and  ethnological  treatises. 


wrote  "The  Induence  of  Climate  in  the  Prevention  and  Clarke  Jamps  Trppman  'Rom  at  ■fTon/^,.o• 
Cure  of  Chronic  Diseases  "(1S29),  "Treatise  on  Puhnonary  li  CT  '  A  .t^  f  i*?n  r  "^  ■  ™  at  Hanover, 
Consumption  "  (1S35),  etc.  i>.il.,  Apiil  i,   iSlU:  dice 


lied  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
Mass.,  June  8,  1888.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergyman,  theologian,  and  miscellaneous  au- 
thor. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1829,  preached  at 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  1S3S-40,  and  founded  at  Boston  in 
ISil  the  Church  of  the  Disciples,  of  which  he  was  pastor 
until  his  death.  His  works  include  "  Christian  Doctrine 
of  Forgiveness  "  (IS52),  "Christian  Doctrine  of  Prayer" 
(1S54),  "Orthodoxy,  its  Truths  and  Errors"  (18B6).  "Ten 
Great  Religions  ■■  (1S71),  etc. 


the   combat  is   "stinted' 
iv.  9. 
Clarice  (klar'is ;  F.  pron.  kla-res' ;  It.  pron.  kla- 
re'che).    [F.  for  Clarissa.]    The  sister  of  Huon 
of  Bordeaux  in  the  early  French  and  Italian  ro- 
mances.    She  marries  Binaldo. 


1838.  An  American  commander  and  explorer, 
brother  of  G.  K.  Clark.  He  was  associated  with 
Lewis  in  the  command  of  an  exploring  expedition  from  St. 
Louis  to  the  mouth  of  theColumbi:i,  ISOi-OU.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Missouri  Territory  1S13-21.  and  w.as  superinten- 
^^  dent  of  Indian  alfaii-s  in  St.  Louis  till  his  death. 

Clariden(kia-re'renYoi"Glariden(glii-),Pass.  ^Jf^,^'t^^|^^?  9®°T^?'    ■^°™e-'^i*'''^^' -i?^^ 
A  glacier  pass  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  leading  from     ' '"'   "       ""        "..i— ..i    ^  .,-  e  ie^.i       i..  t7.___. 

the  Maderaner  Thai  to  Staehelberg  in  Glarus. 
Elevation,  9,843  feet. 
Claridiana  (kla-rid-i-an'a).  1.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  "The  Mirror  of  Knight- 
hood." After  much  turmoil  and  fighting  she  marries  the 
Knight  of  the  Sun  who  waa  also  loved  by  "the  fair  Linda- 
brides.' 
2.  The  enchanted  queen  in  Mendoza's  Spanish 

£lay  "  Querer  Por  Solo  Querer"  ("  To  Love  for 
lOve's  Sake"),  translated  by  Sir  Eichard  Fau- 
shawe. 


intended  rather  for  the  promotion  of  rlslarch  "ian  to  Clarke,  John.    Born  in  Bedfordshire,  England, 

Ocj:.  8,  1609:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  20, 

1676.  An  English  physician,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  Rhode  Island."  He  was  driven  from  Massa- 
chusetts in  16.38,  and  was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  Aquid- 
neck  (Rhode  Island)  from  the  Indians.  In  1639  he  wa» 
one  of  the  founders  of  >Je>vport,  where  he  became  pastor 


lied  at  York,  England,  Nov.  6. 1878.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar,  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  and  fel- 
low and  tutor  of  Trinity  College.  He  was  the  edi- 
tor, with  Mr.  Glover  (Vol.  I.)  and  Mr.  Aldis  Wright,  of  the 
"Cambridge'  Shakspere  (1863-66),  and,  with  Mr.  Wright, 
of  the  " Globe  "  Sliakspeie,  and  author  of  works  of  trai el 
("Gazpacho,"  "The  Peloponnesus,"  etc.)  and  of  poems, 
"A  SciUe  of  Lyrics,"  etc. 

Clark,  William  Tiemey.  Bom  at  Bristol, 
England,  Aug.  23,  1783:  died  Sept.  22,  1852. 
A   noted  English   civil   engineer.     He  was  the 


of  the  B  iptist  church  founded  in  1644. 

Clarke,  John  Sleeper  (real  name  Jolin  Clarke 
Sleeper).  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  3. 
1833  :  died  at  Surbiton-on-Thames,  England, 
Sept.  25,  1899.  An  American  comedian.  He 
made  his  first  appearance  in  Boston  in  1831.  He  m.arried 
Asia,  daughter  of  Junius  Booth,  in  1859.  In  1864  he  un- 
deit.jok  tlie  niinagemeiit  of  the  Winter  Garden  Tlieater 
with  \Villiam  Stuart  and  Edivin  Booth  :  this  he  gave  up 
in  1367.  Ill  1863.  with  Edwin  Booth,  he  bought  the  Walnut 
Street  Theater  in  Philadelphia.  In  1K68  they  obtained 
the  lease  of  tlie  Boston  Tlieater.  In  Oct.,  186",  he  ap. 
peared  in  London,  where,  with  brief  interruptions,  he 
remained.  In  1872  he  became  proprietor  of  the  Charing 
Cross  Theater,  afterward  managing  tlie  Havmarket.  His 
poct*)r  Pangloss,  Ollapod,  Major  Wellington  de  Boots,  and 
Salem  Scndder  were  successful. 


down  18S5X  and  of  the  suspension-bridge  over  the  Danube, 

Claridoro(klar-i-d6'r6).  The  rival  of  Felisbravo     '"'"'"'£t^'^''i?"^V'"f  ''*?^*     ^ 
in  Mendoza's  Spanish  play  "Querer  Por  Solo  Y^?;'?' Trifles Gaylord.     Born  at  Otiseo,  N.  Y., 
Querer"  ("To  Love  for  Love's  Sake"),  trans-  ,':  ^iied  June  12.  1841.     An  American  poet 

lated  by  Sir  Richard  Fanshawe.  ^''^  journahst,  t  wm  brother  of  L.  G.  Clark.   He 

Clarin  (klar'iu),  or  Clarinda  (kla-rin'da).  The     "''■°*f.  /^"''•'"'f''*  ^°''  ^^^  "Knickerbocker  " 
trustedjiandmaid  of  Queen  Radigund  iji  Spen-  J.pioushed  1844). 


builder  of  the  old  Hammersmith  suspension-bridge  (taken  Clarke,  MacDonald.     Born   at  New  London, 


mi 
Clarinda  (kla-rin'da) 
Carniola  in  Massiuger's  play  "The  Maid  of 
Honour." — 2.  In  Fletcher's  "Lovei-'s  Pro 
gress,"  the  adroit  and  unscrupulous  waiting 


Wesleyan  clergyman  and  biblical  scholar.  He 
wrote  "  Commentary  on  the  Holy  Bible "  (1810-26),  etc. 
From  ISOS  to  1818  he  was  occupied  in  editing  Rymer's 
"  Ftedera. " 


Conn.,  June  18, 1798 :  died  at  New  York,  March 
5,  1842.  An  American  poet,  called,  on  account 
of  his  eccentricities,  "  The  Mad  Poet."  a  num- 
ber of  collections  of  his  poems  have  been  published,  in- 
cluding "A  Review  of  the  Eve  of  Eternitj-,  and  other 
Poems  "(1820),  "The  Elixir  of  Moonshine,  by  the  Mad  Poet" 
(1822X  "The  Gossip"  (1826),  "Poetic  Sketches"  (1826), 
"The  Belles  of  Broadway"  (l833),  and  "Poems"  (1836). 

Clarke,  Marcus  Andrew  Hyslop.  Born  at 
Kensington,  London,  April  24,  1846:  died  at 
Melboui'ue,  Australia,  Aug.  2, 1881.  An  Austra- 
lian journalist  and  novelist.  He  went  to  Victoria 
in  1S63.  His  principal  work,  a  novel,  "For  the  Term  of 
his  Natural  Life,"  was  published  in  1874. 


woman  of  CaUsta. — 3.  In  Thomas  Shadwell's  Clarke,  Sir  Alured.    Bom  about  1745 :  died  at  Cla,rke,  Mary  Anne.     Born  at  London  in  1776: 


comedy  "  The  Virtuoso,"  a  niece  of  the  Virtu- 
oso, in  love  with  Lougvil. —  4.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Mi-s.  Centlivre's  play  "  The 
Beau's  Duel,"  in  love  with  Colonel  Manly. — 
5.  The  niece  of  Sir  Solomon  Sadlife  in  Cibber's 
comedy  "The  Double  Gallant."  She  "blows 
cold  and  hot "  upon  the  passion  of  Clerimont. 
Clarlngton  (klar'ing-ton),  Sir  Arthur.  Aprof- 
ligate,    heartless,   and    avaricious    wretch    in 

"The  Witch  of  Edmonton,"  by  Dekker,  Ford,  Clarke,  Charles  Cowden.     Born  at 
and  others.  near  London,  Dec.  15,   1787:  died  ai 


Llangollen,  Wales,  Sept.  16,  1832.     An  En<^lish  ■  '"'^'^  ^'  Boidogne,  June  21,  18.52.     An  English 


Clarissa  (kla-ris'a).  The  wife  of  Gripe  the 
money-scrivener  in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "The 
Confederacy."  She  is  a  sparkling,  luiurious 
woman  with  a  great  admiration  for  the  uobUity 
and  gentry. 

Clarissa  Harlowe  (kla-ris's  hiir'lo).  A  novel 
by  Samuel  Richardson  (published  1748) :  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  heroine. 

Clarisses  (kla-res'),  Les.  A  religious  sister- 
hood of  the  order  of  Sainte-Claire,  founded  in 
1212. 

Clark  (kliirk),  Abraham.  [The  surnames  Clark, 
Clarke,  Clerk,  Clerke  are  from  dark,  clerk,  a 
learned  man,  a  writer,  a  reader.]  Born  at 
EUzabethtown,  N.  J.,  Feb.  15,  1726:  died  at 
Bahway,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1794.  An  American 
patriot,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

Clark,  Alvan.  Born  at  Ashfield,  Mass..  March 
8, 1808:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Aug.  19, 1887. 
An  American  optician,  famous  as  a  manufac- 
turer of  telescopes  (at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts). He  was  originally  an  engraver  and  portrait-paint- 
er. The  tirm  of  .\lvan  Clark  and  Sons  was  founded  in 
1&46.  He  made  telescopes  for  the  l'  niversity  of  Mississippi 
(object-glass  1S\  inches  :  finally  purchased  by  the  I'niver- 
sitj  of  Chicago),  the  Cniversity  of  Virginia  (26  inches), 
the  United  States  Naval  Observatoiy  at  Washington  (26 
inches),  the  observatory  at  Pulkowa  (30  inches),  the  Lick 
Observatory  (36  inches),  and  others. 

Clark,  Sir  Andrew.  Born  Oct.  28,  1826 :  died 
Nov.  6,  1893  An  eminent  Scotch  physician. 
He  resided  in  London. 

Clark,  or  Claxke,  George  Rogers.    Born  in 


soldier,  appointed  field-marshal  on  the  aeces 
sion  of  William  IV.  He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel 
under  Howe  in  New  York  1776;  succeeded  John  Bur- 
goyne  as  master-general  of  the  Hessian  troops  ;  was  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Jamaica  1782-90;  was  stationed  at 
Quebec  1791-93  ;  went  to  India  in  1795  ;  took  part  in  the 
capture  of  Cape  Colony  in  Sept.  of  the  same  year ;  and 
succeeded  Sir  Robert  Abercromby  as  commander-in-chief 
in  India  May  17,  1798 

Enfield, 
at  Genoa 
Italy,  March  13,  1877.  An  English  man  of  let 
ters,  publisher  (a  partner  of  Alfred  Novello) 
and  lecturer  on  Shakspere  and  other  di'amatic 
poets.  He  married  Mary  Victoria,  daughter  of  Vincent 
Novello,  July  5, 1828.  He  began  to  lecture  on  Shakspere, 
Chaucer,  and  other  poets  and  dramatists  in  1834,  and  con- 
tinued this  career  until  18.-i6.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Tales 
from  Chaucer " (1833),  "Riches of  Chaucer  " ( 1835),  " Shak- 
speare  Characters  "  (1803),  "Molifere  Characters  "(1865), 
etc.,  and  joint  author  with  his  wife  of  the  "  Shakspeare 
Key  :  unlocking  the  treasures  of  his  stvle,"  etc.  (1879).  edi- 
tions of  Shakspere,  "  Red  illections  of  Writers  '  


woman  of  obscure  origin,  mistress  of  the  Duke 
of  1  ork.  She  became  notorious  from  the  public  scandals 
which  grew  out  of  her  connection  with  the  duke.  She 
wrote  "  The  Rival  Princes  "  (the  dukes  of  York  and  Kent). 
She  was  condemned  to  nine  montlis'  imprisonment  for 
libel  in  1813.    After  1815  she  lived  in  Paris. 

Clarke,  Samuel.  Born  at  Noi-wich,  England, 
Oct.  11,  1675 :  died  at  London,  May  17,  1729. 
A  celebrated  English  divine  and  metaphysical 
writer,  son  of  an  alderman  of  Norwich.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Cambridge  (Caius  College),  and  was  succes- 
sively  rector  of  Drayton,  near  Norwich  ;  of  St.  Bennet'a, 
London,  in  1706  ;  and  of  St.  James's,  Westminster,  in  1709. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  chaplains  of  Queen  Anne.  His  most 
celebrated  work  is  his  "Boyle  Lectures"  (1704-05),  pub- 
lished as  "A  Discom-se  concerning  the  Being  and  .attri- 
butes of  God,  the  Obligations  of  Natural  Religion,  and  the 
Truth  and  Certainty  of  the  Christian  Revelation,  in  answer 
to  Mr.  Hobbes,  Spinoza,  etc."  His  metaphysical  argu- 
ment for  the  existence  of  God  is  especially  famous,  and  he 
also  holds  a  high  place  in  the  history  of  the  science  of 
ethics. 

Clarke,  William.    See  Clark. 


tlons  of  shakspere,  "  Recollections  of  Writers '  (1878),  etc.    >;,      ,     !    ".  '  «,      .     .    _ 

Clarke,  Mrs.  iMary  Victoria  Novello,  usually  Clarke  s  River,  or  Clarke  s  Fork  of  the  Colum_ 


known  as  Mrs.  CJowden  Clarke  >.  Born  a"t 
London,  June  22,  1809:  died  at  Genoa,  Jan. 
12,  1898.  An  English  Shaksperian  scholar  and 
author,  wife  of  C.  C.  Clarke.  She  published  '  The 
Complete  Concordance  to  Shakspere  "  (1846).  w  hich  was 
compiled  during  the  assiduous  labor  of  sixteen  years  (it 


bia  River.  [XamedforCajitain  William  Clarke.] 
A  river  in  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Washington, 
formed  by  the  Bitter  Root  and  Flathead  rivers 
near  the  Horse  Plain,  Montana.  It  joins  the 
Columbia  in  lat.  49°  3'  N.  Total  length,  in- 
cluding head  stream,  about  700  miles. 


does  not  contain  the  words  of  the  sonnets  and  poemsX  Clarkp-'Wllit.fiplH        Sbp   TTIn 
"The  Girlhood  of  Shakspere's  Heroines"  (1850)r"Tlie  ii,      ,        '^,,\^?r,         .mJ 


--pere's  Heroines"  (1850), 
Iron  Cousin,"  a  novel  (1854),  "  Memorial  Sonnets  '  (18S8>, 
and  other  works. 

Clarke,  Edward  Daniel.  Bom  at  Willingdon, 
Sussex,  England.  June  5.  1769:  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1822.  An  English  traveler  and 
mineralogist,  appointed  professor  of  mineral- 
ogy at  Cambridge  in  1808,  and  librarian  in 
1817.  His  works  include  "Travels  in  Various  Countries  Classis  (klas'is). 
of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa "  (1810-23),  and  numerous 
scientific  papers.  He  made  important  collections  of  min- 
erals (purchased  by  the  University  of  Cambridge),  manu- 
scripts, coins,  etc.  He  brought  to  England  the  so-called 
"Ceres,"  a  colossal  statue  (;rcist.iph..riis'.  found  at  Eleu- 
sis  by  "Whelerin  lt;7t!,  and  now  in  the  FitzwiUiam  Museum. 

Clarke,  Henri   Jacques  Guillaume,  Comte 
d'Hiinebourg,  Due  de  Feltre.    Bom  at  Landre- 


Hichl. 


Clarkson  (kliirk'son),  Thomas.  Born  at  Wis- 
lieaeh,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  March  28, 
1760 :  died  at  Pla^-ford  Hall,  near  Ipswich, 
England,  Sept.  26, 1846.  An  English  abolition- 
ist, occupied  as  pamphleteer  and  agitator  1786- 
1794.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Abolition  of 
the  Slave  Trade"  (1808),  etc. 

[L.]     See  the  quotation. 

The  town  of  Ravenna  was  already  three  miles  distant 
from  the  sea  (no  doubt  owing  to  a  jirevious  alteration  of 
the  coast  line),  but  he  EAugustusl  improved  the  then  exist- 
ing harbour,  to  which  he  gave  the  appropriate  name  of 
Cta^fns,  and  connected  it  with  the  old  town  by  a  causeway, 
about  which  clustered  another  intermediate  town  called 
Cspjtarea,  Classis,  then,  in  the  days  of  the  Roman  em- 
perors, was  a  busy  port  and  arsenal  —  Wapping  and  Chat- 


Olassis 

:  ifiam  combined  — capable  of  atforiiing  anchorage  to  250 
I  vessel?,  resounding  with  all  the  iiuises  of  men  "  whose  cry 
'    is  in  tbeir  ships."    Go  to  it  now,  and  you  find  one  of  the 

loneliest  of  all  lonely  luooi-s,  not  a  house,  scarcely  a  cot- 
I    tage  in  sight :  oidy  the  glorious  church  of  San  Apollinare 

In  Classe,  which,  reared  in  the  sixth  century  by  command 
I  of  Justinian,  still  stmids,  though  the  bases  of  its  columns 
1    are  green  with  damp,  yet  rich  in  the  unfaded  beauty  of 

Its  mosaics,  Hodijkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  435. 

Clatsop  (klat'sop).  A  tiibe  of  the  Lower  Chi- 
uook  division  of  North  American  In<lians. 
They  formerly  lived  at  Cape  Adams,  on  the  south  side  of 
I  Columbia  River,  Oregon,  up  that  river  to  Tongue  Point, 
and  southward,  along  the  Pacific  coast,  nearly  to  Tillamook 
Head,  Oregon.  There  are  still  a  few  survivors  residing 
atwut  six  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  t'olumbia  River 
in  Oregon,  and  also  a  few  on  the  Grande  Roude  reserva- 
tion in  the  same  State.    See  Chiiwokan. 

Claude  (klad  j  F.  prou.  klod),  Jean.  [F.  Claude, 
from  h.  Claudius.]  Born  at  La  Sauvetat,  near 
Agen,  France,  1619 :  died  at  The  Hague,  Nether- 
lauds,  Jan.  13,  1087.  Acelebrated  French  Prot- 
estant clergyman  and  controversialist.  He  was 
pastor  of  La  Treyne,  then  at  Saint-Affrique,  and  then  at 
jfimes  where  he  was  also  professor  of  theology,  and  in  10(U 
was  prohibited  from  exercising  his  ecclesiastical  functions. 
Id  liW2  he  was  appointed  pastor  and  professor  of  theology 
at  Montauban,  but  was  suspended  in  IGOO.  He  retired  t^ 
Holland  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "  Defense  de  la  reformation  "  (1673). 

Claude  d'Abbeville  (Mod  dab-vel')-  I>ied  at 
Rouen,  1616.  A  French  Capuchin,  a  native  of 
Abb'^ville.  From  1612  to  1614  he  was  a  missionary  in  the 
French  colony  of  Maranhuo,  in  Brazil.  Hia  "Histoire  de 
la  mission  des  p^res  Capucins  en  I'lsle  de  Maragnan  " 

i Paris,  1614)  is  of  great  historical  and  ethnological  value. 
t  is  now  very  rare.  There  is  a  modern  Portuguese  trans- 
lation (Maranhao,  1874). 
Claude  Lonain  (klad  lo-ran':  F.  pron.klod  lo- 
raii')  (real  name,  Claude  Gelee  or  Gellee). 
Born  at  Chamagne,  Vosges.  France,  1600 :  died 
at  Rome,  Nov.  21,  1682.  A  celebrated  French 
landscape-painter.  Taken  in  1613  to  Rome  by  a  rela- 
tive, he  went  thence  to  Naples,  where  he  spent  two  years  as 
a  pupil  of  Godfrey  Wals,  a  painter  from  Cologne,  t'roni 
1619  to  1625  he  lived  in  Rome,  working  as  an  apprentice 
and  valet  to  Agostino  Tassi,  who  was  employed  by  the 
C^dinal  di  Montalto  to  decorate  his  palace.  After  this 
he  returned  to  Lon'aine  by  Venice  and  the  Tyrol.  At 
Nancy  he  found  employment  in  decorating  the  Chapelle 
4eB  Carmes,  for  Duke  Charles  III.,  with  figures  and  archi- 
tectural ornaments,  until  the  middle  of  the  year  1627, 
when  he  returned  to  Rome  to  remain  for  the  rest  of  his 
life  By  1634  Claude  had  become  a  celebrity  in  Rome,  and 
had  painted  many  pictures.  The  "  Liber  Veritatis,"  a  col- 
lection of  two  hundred  outline  drawings  of  his  paintings 
(later  engraved  and  published)  was  begun  about  1634  and 
finished  March  25,  1675.  The  "Claude  Lorrain  mirror  "is 
80  called  from  the  fancied  similarity  of  its  efiects  to  his 
pictures 

Claudet  (klo-da'),  Antoine  Francois  Jean. 

Born  at  Lyons,  France,  Au^.  12,  1797:  died  at 
London, Dec,  27,1867.  A  French  photographer, 
resident  m  Lomhjn  after  1829 :  noted  for  his 
improvements  and  inventions  in  photo<:;raphic 
apparatus  and  processes. 

Claudia  (kla'di-a).  [L.,  fem.  of  Claudius.']  A 
conimr.n  Roman  female  name. 

Claudia  gens  (kla'di-a  jenz).  Li  ancient  Rome, 
a  plebeian  and  patrician  clan  or  house.  The 
patrician  Claudil  were  of  Sabine  origin,  and  came  to 
Rome  :.04  B.  C.  Their  surnames  were  Csecus,  Caudex, 
Centho,  Crassus,  Pulcher,  Regillensis,  and  Sabinus.  The 
surnames  of  the  plebeian  Olaudii  were  Asellus,  ('anina, 
Centumalus,  Cicero,  Flamen,  and  Marcellus. 

Claudian  (kla'di-un).     See  Claudiftniis. 

Claudianus  (kla-ili-a'nus),  Claudius,  iiorn  at 
Alexandria,  Ef^ypt,  probably  al»<>ut  ;t6'>  A.  d.: 
died  about  408  (*?).  A  noted  Latin  p.M-t.  ne  w:is 
tlie  panegyrist  of  Stilicho,  Theodosins,  Honorius,  and 
cjtliers  Uc  wrote  panegyrics,  epithalainia,  "  De  raptu 
HiuSLTpiiiii',"  etc. 

Claudia  Quinta  (kU'di-ji  kwin'tji).  In  Roman 
legend,  a  woman,  probably  the  sister  of  Appius 
•Claudius  Pulcher.  in  '-'0<t  b.  c,  when  the  whip  con- 
veying the  image  of  Cybele  stuck  fast  in  a  shallow  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber  and  the  soothsayers  announced  that 
only  a  chaste  woman  could  move  it,  she  cleared  hcrHulf 
from  an  accusation  of  incontinency  by  stcpphig  f<»r\vard 
from  among  tlie  matrons  who  had  accoinpaiiu-d  .Hcipit*  to 
receive  the  image,  and  towing  the  vcswrl  to  Koine. 

OlaudiO  (klii'di-o;.  l.  A  youu^;  Florentine  in 
love  witli  Hero,  in  Shakspere's  ''Mucli  Ado 
about  Nothiu;^."  lie  falls  too  easily  into  belief 
in  Hero's  dishonor. —  2.  The  lover  <tf  Juliet  in 
ShakspereN  "  Measure  for  Measnre."  According 
to  an  old  law,  newly  put  in  UiVVM^  he  la  about  U*  bt-  exe- 
cuted fiir  hia  intercourse  with  her,  thmigli  ho  coIl^ider8 
hlmseif  her  husband.     He  is  saveii  by  his  .sister  Isiil)ella. 

Claudius  (kla'di-us)  I.  (Tiberius  Claudius 
Drusus  Nero  Germanicus).    [L.,  Mame';  It. 

Sp.  Claudto,  F.  i'laudf!.]  Horn  at  Lugduutim, 
Gaul,  Aug.  1,  10  B.  c. :  died  54  A.  d.  Emperor 
of  Rome  41-54.  He  was  tho  grandson  of  Tiberius 
Claudius  Neroand  Livil^  who  afterward  married  AuguHtuw, 
and  son  of  Druaus  anil  Antonia,  the  daughter  of  Marc  An- 
tony, llcing  feeble  In  mind  and  body,  lu;  was  excluded 
from  public  affairs  by  liis  prL'decenHor,  although  tho  empty 
honor  of  a  consulship  wiis  tiest^iwcd  on  him  in  '.i7  by  his 
nephew  Caligula,  oti  whose  murder  in  41  he  was  proclaimed 
€mperorby  the  pretorian  guards.    Naturally  of  a  mild  and 


257 

amiable  disposition, his  accession  was  signalized  by  actaof 
clemency  and  justice,  which,  however,  under  the  influence 
of  his  third  wife,  the  infamous  Valeria  Messalina,  and  his 
favorites,  thefreedmen  Narcissus,  I'allas,  and  others,  were 
subsequently  obscured  by  cruelty  and  bloodshed.  He  vis- 
ited Britain  in  43.  In  41t,  after  the  execution  of  Messalina, 
who,  during  his  absence  at  Ostiu,  had  contracted  a  public 
marriage  with  t'aiua  Silus.  he  married  his  niece  Agrip- 
pina  the  younger.  .She  persuaded  him  to  set  aside  his  own 
son  Britannicus.  and  to  adopt  her  sou  by  a  former  mar- 
riage, L.  Donntius,  as  his  successor.  Repenting  of  this 
step  soon  after,  he  was  poisoned  l)y  Agrippina,  and  L. 
Domitius  ascended  the  throne  under  the  name  of  Nero. 
The  famous  Claudian  aqueduct  in  Rome  is  named  for 
him. 

Claudius  II.   (Marcus  Aurelius  Claudius, 

surnamed  Gothicus).     Born   in    Danlania   or 


Clazomense 

lutionary  politieian  and  financier,  French  min- 
ister of  tinanee  in  1792.  He  was  identified  with  the 
Oirondins,  and  on  their  fall  was  accused  and  aiTcsted  and 
brought  before  tlie  Revolutionary  tribunal.  He  commit- 
ted suicide  in  prison. 

Clavigero  (kia-ve-na'ro),  Francisco  Xavier 

(Saverio).  Bom  atVera Cruz,  17:31:  die<l  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  178".  AMexiean  Jesuit  historian. 
He  taught  rhetoric  and  philosophy  in  the  principal  Jesuit 
colleges  of  Mexico,  and  after  the  expulsion  of  his  ordcir 
(1767)  founded  an  academy  at  Bologna,  His  "Storia  An- 
tica  del  Messico"  (Cesena,  ITHO)  includes  the  Aztec  period 
of  Mexican  histoi-y  and  the  conquest,  and  had  an  immediate 
and  wide  success.  It  was  translated  into  various  lan- 
guages. His  •'  storia  della  California  "  was  published  after 
his  death  (Venice,  17by). 


Illyria,   214:  died  at  Sirmium,   Pannonia,  270  Clavigo  (klii-ve'go;.  Atragedy  by  Goethe,  pub- 

A.b.    Emperor  of  Kotne  2G8-270.    He  defeated  lished  Junel,  1774.    See  Clarijo  y  Fajardo,  Jose, 

the  AJamanui  in  northern  Italy  in  268,  and  de-  Clavljo,  Don.      An  accomplished  cavalier  in 

feated  the  Goths  near  Na'issus,  Moesia,  in  269.  "Don  Quixote,"  who  was  metamor])hosed  into  a 

Claudius.     1.  The  King  of  Denmark  and  uncle  erocodileand  wasdisenehanted  by  Don  Quixote. 

of  Hamlet  in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Hamlet."—  Clavijo,  Ruy  Gonzalez  de.    Born  at  Madrid: 

2.  Aservantof  Brutus  in  Shakspere's  "Julius  died  at  Madrid,  1412.      A    Spanish   dijilomat 


and  traveler  in  the  Orient,  ambassador  of 
Henry  HI.  of  Castile  to  Tamerlane  1403-06. 
He  wrote  '^Historia  del  ^sm  Tamerlan  6  Itin- 
erario,"  etc.  (printed  1582). 


Cseaav 
Claudius,    Appius,   sumamed   Caecus   (*  the 

Blind').  Died  after  280  B.  C.  A  Roman  states- 
man. He  was  censor  312-308,  and  consul  307  and  296. 
He  commenced  the  Appian  Way  and  completed  the  Ap- 
pian  a(iueduct.  From  him  Roman  jurisprudence,  orat^jry, 
grammar,  and  Latin  prose  date  their  beginning.  He 
abolished  the  limitation  of  the  full  right  of  citizenship  to 
landed  proprietors. 

Claudius  (klou'de-os),  Matthias.  Born  in 
Keinfeld,  in  Holstein,  Aug.  15,  1740:  died  at 
Hamburg,  Jan.  21,  1815.  A  German  poet. 
He  studied  at  Jena,  and  settled  afterward  in  Wandsbeck, 
near  Altona,  where,  under  the  name  of  Asmus,  he  pul>- 

lished  a  weekly  periodical,  "Der  Wandsbecker  Bote."    He   rn««,*i«c:«  /irV^  ».r.  i.t,.',.a\    t»1    Air»A«.»        r<i.. 
was  the  author  of  numerous  lyrics,  some  of  which  have   ClaVllenO  (kla-ve-lan  Jo),  El  AllgeiO.       [bp. 
become  genuine  folk-songs.    A  collection  of  his  works     'the  Winged  pin- (or  peg-)  timber.  J  Ihewooden 
with  the  title  "Asmus  omnia  sua  secum  portans,  oder     horse  used  by  Don  Quixote.     It  was  managed 
Sammtliche  Werke  des  Wandsbecker  Boten"  appeared  at     y^y  ^  vv'ooden  pin  in  its  forehead. 


Clavijo  y  Fajardo  (kla-ve'HO  e  fa-Hiir'dot. 
Jos6.  Born  in  the  Canary  Islands  about 
1730:  died  at  Madrid,  1806.  A  Spanish  cfli- 
eial  (curator  of  the  royal  archives),  journalist, 
and  translator  of  Biiffon.  He  is  known  chiefly 
from  his  quarrel  (1764)  with  Beaumarchais  on  account 
of  the  latt^r's  sister.  He  was  forct-d  to  sign  an  acknow- 
ledgment  of  wrong-doing  which  cost  him  his  honor  and 
his  official  position.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a  tra- 
gedy by  Goethe.     See  Beaumarchais. 


Uu.s^ia  lHGl-0*2and  1863-^9. 

Madison 


Claudius  of  Turin.     Died  839.     A  bishop  of 
Turin.      He  was  a  Spaniard  by  birth,  was  a  pupil  of 
Felix 
Louis 

vow  possessed  any  peculiar  merit,  that  Kome  was  the 
special  seat  of  penitence  and  absolution,  and  that  any 
special  power  of  loosing  and  binding  had  been  given  to 

Peter,  and  rejected  the  worship  of  images  and  relics.    _.  -,  ^  •      td       i     *        n         *~     t- 

Author  of  "Apolugeticum   at<iue  Rescriptum   advcrsus  Clay,  Green._    Bp^l  ^^  ^*??y*^^^,^l^  Countv,  \  a.. 


and  I'liited  stjitts  minister  t 

f""-.  ,?« .'""^  f  Spaniard  by  birth,  was  a  pupil  of  qj       Clement  Claibome.     Bora  iu  Madiso 

ix  of  Urgel,  and  was  appointed  liishnp  of  Turin  by  "''"'ji  v-i^-iiiv-iiu  yiciuyj"*"  ^       n       .1 

His  le  D(Sbonnaire  in  820.     He  denied  that  the  monastic     County,  Ala.,  Ihl'J  :  died  near  niuitsviU.\  Ala 

Jan.  3,  188L'.  An  American  ])olitician.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  Alabama  18.54-()1. 
and  a  Confederate  senator  and  secret  agent 


Theutmiruin  Ahbatem, 
to  exist. 


no  copy  of  which  is  now  known 


Claudius  Pulcher  (kla'di-uspul'ker),  Appius. 

Died  in  Euboea.  40  B.  c.     A  Roman  i)olitieian, 

l)rotlier  of  the  demagogue  Clodius. 
ClaUS  (klaz),  Santa.     See  XifholdK,  Saint. 

Clausel  (klo-zel'),  Bertrand,  Comte.__Boin  at 
MirepoLx,  Ariege,  Fiance,  Dec.  I'J,  177:2 :  died 
at  Seeourieu,  near  Toulouse,  France,  April  L'l, 
1842.  A  marshal  of  France.  Ho  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  especially  in  Sijain  ISlu- 
1813,  and  was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1835-37. 

Clausen  (klou'zeu),  Henrik  Nikolai.     Born 

at  Maril)o,  Denmark,  Ajiril  2-*,  17!t;!:  died  at 
CopeuliagcD,  March  28,  1877.  A  Danish  tlieo- 
logiau.  He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Copenhagen 
1S22-70,  and  state  councilor  ISIS-.ll.  His  works  include 
"Katholicisinens  og  Protestant i»riii'ns  Kirkeforfatniiig 
Lareog  Ritus"(l826,  "Church  (irKiiiiization,  Ductrine.and 
Kitual  of  Catholicialu  and  I'lolc.^taMti.-^ni"),  etc. 

Clausenburg.    Sec  Kiausiiihunj. 
Clausewitz  (klon'ze-vits).  Karl  von.  Born  at 


Aug'.  14,  1757:  died  Oct.  31,  1826.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  defended  Fort  Meigs  against 
a  British  force  in  1813. 

Clay,  Henry.  Born  in  Hanover  County,  near 
Richmond,  Va.,  April  12,  1777:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  June  29,  18.52.  A  celebrated 
American  statesman  and  orator.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Kentucky  18otM)7  and  1810-11;  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1811-21  ami  1S23-25 
(serving  as  speaker  1811-14.  l.sir,-20,  and  1823-2.'>) ;  was 
peace  commissioner  at  Ghent  in  1S14  ;  was  candidate  for 
the  Tresidency  in  1824  ;  was  secretary  of  Btattil82f>-29;  was 
United  States  senator  lS31-)2  and  1849-62  ;  was  Whig  can- 
didate ft>r  the  rresidencyin  1832  and  1844  ;  was  the  chief  de- 
signer of  the  "  Missouri  Compromise  "  of  1820,  and  of  the 
compromise  of  1H.',0 ;  and  was  the  atithor  of  the  compriK 
iiiise  taiitf  tif  18.*«.  Comjilete  works,  with  biography, 
edited  by  Oulton  (1807). 

Clay,  James,  Born  at  London,  1805:  died  at 
Brighton,  Kngland,  1873.  An  English  author- 
ity on  whist,  author  of  "A  Treati-se  on  the 
Game  of  Whist  by  J.  (".,"  affixed  to  Baldwin's 

'   "Laws  of  Sliort"Whist"  (18t)4).      He  was   a 


Burg   I'nissia,  .June   1,  1780:  died  at  Breslau,     mciuber  of  rnrliament  from  1847  until  1873. 
Prussia,  Nov.  IG,  1831.     A  Prussian  officr  an.l  Claybome,  William.     See  Ctiiibornc. 
military  writer.      He  wrote  ••  injeisicht  desFeldzugs  Clay  CrOSS  (Ula  kros) 
von  1813,"  etc.  (1814),  "  llinterlassene  Werkc  "(Is32-.i7,  in 
eluding  "  Voni  Kriege,"  "Der  Feldzug  von  li90  in  Ital 


ien,"etc.). 

Clausius(klou'zr-os), Rudolf  Julius  Emanuel. 

Born  at  Kiislin, Pomenmia,  l'nis.sia,.laii.  2.  ISL'J: 
died  at  Bonn,  Aug.  24, 1888.  A  celebrated  (jer- 
man  physicist.   He  became  professor  of  physics  In  the 


A  coal-  and  iron-min- 
ing center  in  Derbyshire,  Kngland,  about  4 
miles  south  of  Chesterlield. 
Claypole  (Ula'poD,  Noah.  Mr.  Soweiberry's 
a|ipi'oiitici',  a  charity  lioy  and  afterward  a  tliief. 
a  character  in  Charles  Dickens's '"Oliver  Twist." 
Ho  marries  Charlotte,  Mrs.  Sowerberry's  ser- 
vant. 


liiiversityoflionn  in  lbGl^a  i«istwldch  he  relaniediintl  _,,,,-  ,  p„,,i  t-.-  Born  at  Briiees  Bol- 
his  .leath  Author  of  "  Die  mechanisclle  Warructheorie"  tilays  ( lU.is),  raUl  Jean,  corn  ai  uruges,  l>l  1 
(2ded.  I87il-»l),  "i'birdaa\Ve8ender\Varmc"(ls:.7),an.i  gumi,  ^ov.  2i,  IMS):  died  nt  Brussels,  I'eli. 
"  Die  rotentialfiinktion  uiid  lias  potential"  (18611).  !l,    1<H1I).      ,\   iSelgiau  inariiie-paintor,  pupil    of 

Clausthal,  "r  Klausthal  (khms'liil).     A  town     (iu.lin. 
in  llie  pidvincc  of  llanniiver,  Prussia,  situated  Clayton   (kla'lon),   John.     Born   at   Fulhani, 
in  the  Ilarz  Mountains  44  miles  southeast  of     I'.nglaiiil,  1()'.I3:   ilied  in  Virginia.  Doc.  l."),  1773. 


Hannover.  It  is  noted  f.u-  its  silver-  and  lead-mines, 
and  is  the  scat  of  the  mining  authorities  of  the  region. 
I'.ipulat.ion  (ISIKl),  coniinuue,  8,7311. 
Claveret  (klilv-rii'),  Jean.  Born  at  Orlc'^ans, 
1.5!)0  :  diiil  Kititi.  A  French  poet,  chielly  notiible 
as  an  adversary  and  would-lu'  rival  of  ( 'orneille. 
He  wrote  a  "Lottro  contre  le  siour  Corneille, 
soi-disant  atiteiir  dii  Cid,"  etc 


All  Kiiglish-.\nuricaii  botanist.  The  genus 
Clitilloiiiii  was  naiiicd  ill  his  honor. 

Clayton,  John  Middleton.    B.nu  at  Dagsbor- 

ough,  Sussi'X  Couiity,  Del..  .Inly  "24,  1796:  died 
at  Dover,  Del.,  Nov.  P.  18.'ii;.  An  Ameriiaii 
]iolitician.  Ho  was  t'niled  stales  senator  from  Dela- 
ware 1821>-:i7  ls4r>-4!t.  and  Ivf.i-Mi.  .\s  secrot.irv  of  stale, 
lH4()-r.o.  he  negotiated  the  Ilulwer  flayton  treaty. 


Claverhouse,  John  Graham  of.   See  Graham.  Olayton-Bulwer  Treaty.    See  Hiilu;r-Clayion 

.liihii  I'viiitii. 

Clavidre  (klii-wur'),  Etienne.     Born  at  Gone-  Clazomenae  (kla-zom'e-ne).     [Gr.  KJ.nCo/ifi'n'.] 
va,  .Ian.  27,  1735:  died  Doo.  8,  1793.   A  Revo-    Au  uucieut  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situated 


Clazomens 


258 


Clement's  Inn 


about  20  miles  southwest  of  Smypa,  .ear  the  Clem.epeau(Ma-mon-.6;)  Eugene.    Bo™        Clement  ^11  >£gidius  Nuflos)     Antipope 


modem  Viirla.     It  was  the  birthplace  of  Anax 
agoras. 

Cleante  (kla-ont')-  [F.]  1.  The  lover  of  An- 
gelique  inJIoUere's  "Malade  Imaginaire."' — 2. 
The  brother-in-law  of  Orgon,  and  brother  of 
Elmire,  in  Moliere's  ' '  Tartuf  e. "  He  is  as  genu- 
inely good  as  Tartufe  is  hypocritical. — 3.  The 
son  of  Harpagon  in  Moliere's  "L'Avare."  He 
is  in  love  with  Mariaue. 

Cleanthe  (kle-an'thej.  The  sister  of  Siphas 
iu  Fletchers  "Mad  Lover." 

Oleanthes  (kle-an'thez).  [Gr.  K/.fave«.]  Bom 
at  Assos,  Asia  Minor,  about  300  B.C. :  died  at 
Athens  about  220.  A  Greek  Stoic  philosopher, 
a  disciple  and  the  successor  of  Zeno. 

Cleanthes.  1.  The  friend  of  Cleomenes,  and 
captain  of  Ptolemy's  guard,  in  Dryden's  tragedy 
"Cleomenes."  — 2.  The  son  of  Leonides  in 
"The  Old  Law,"  a  play  by  Massinger,  Middle- 
ton,  and  Rowley:  a  model  of  filial  piety  and 
tenderness. 

Cleanthis  (kle-an'this).  A  Tvaiting-woman  to 
Aleraena,  and  wife  of  Sosia,  in  Moliere's  '-Am- 

dihitrvon." 
lear"  (.kler).  Cape.     The  southernmost  pomt 
of  Ireland,  situated  ou  the  island  of  Clear  in 
lat.  51°  26'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  W. 

Clearchus  (kle-ar'kus).  [Gr.  K/^apxog.']  Bom 
at  Sparta:  executed  by  Artaxerses,  401  B.  c. 
A  Lacedaemonian  general.  He  fought  under  lliii- 
daius  at  the  battle  of  Cjzicus  «0.  In  408  his  tjTannous 
conduct  as  harmost  during  the  siege  of  Byzantium  by  the 
Atlieuiaus  led  to  the  surrender  of  the  city  by  the  inhabi- 
tants during  his  absence  in  Asia,  whither  he  had  gone  to 
collect  a  force  to  raise  the  siege.  In  406  he  fought  under 
Callicratidas  at  the  battle  of  Arginnsse.  After  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war  he  persuaded  the  ephor  to  send  hiin  as 
general  to  Thrace  to  protect  the  Greeks  against  the  na- 
tives ;  and,  having  proceeded  thither  in  spite  of  an  order 
for  his  recall  which  overtook  him  on  the  way,  was  con- 
demned to  death.  Defeated  by  a  force  sent  against  him 
under  Panthoides,  he  Hed  to  Cyrus  the  Younger,  under 
whom  he  commanded  a  body  of  Greek  merceuaries  in  the 
expedition  against  .\rtaxerxes,  401.  .\fter  the  battle  of 
Cunaxa,  in  which  Cyrus  was  killed,  he  was  treacherously 
seized,  with  four  other  Grecian  gener-als,  by  Tissaphernes 
at  a  conference,  and  sent  to  Irtaserxes,  who  ordered  them 
to  be  put  to  death.  The  surriiing  Greeks,  however,  hav- 
ing chosen  new  generals,  accomplished  the  famous  retreat 
known  as  the  "Ketreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand. "  See  Jeno- 
pfuin.  Anabasis. 

Cleaveland.     See  Cleveland. 

Cleaveland   (klev'land),  Parker.     Born    at 
lev,  Mass.,  Jan'.'  15,  liSO:  died  at  Bruns- 


Mouiileron-en-Pareds,  Vendee,  France,  Sept 
28,  l&ll.  A  French  radical  politician.  He  studied 
medicine  in  P:iris,  entered  the  National  Assembly  in  18V1, 
became  president  of  the  municipal  council  of  Paris  in 
1875.  and  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1S76. 
In  18S7  he  declined  an  invitation  to  form  a  ministry.  He 
sulf  ered  i»  the  general  wreck  of  French  politicians  caused 
by  the  Panama  scandal  in  1S92,  and  failed  of  reelection  in 
1893. 

Clemens   (klem'enz).  Samuel   Langhome: 

pseudonym  Mark  Twain.  Bom  at  Florida, 
Mo.,  Xov.  30.1S35.  Anoted  American  humorist. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  at  the  age  of  thirteen; 
became  a  pilot  on  the  Mississippi  in  1857 :  went  to  >'e. 
vada  in  IStil,  and  became  city  editor  of  the  'Enterprise  " 
in  ViTeiinia  City  in  1862;  removed  to  San  Francisco  in 
1865  •  visited  the  Sandwich  Ishmds  in  1866 ;  and  traveled 
in  Europe  and  the  East  in  1S67.  He  resides  in  Hartford, 
Connecticut.  In  1884  he  established  at  Xew  York  the 
publishing-house  of  C.  L.  Webster  and  Co.  His  works  in- 
clude "The  Innocents  Abroad'  (1869),  "Houghing  It" 
(1872X  "-4  Tramp  .Abroad"  (1880).  "Jumping  Frog,  etc' 
(1867X  "The  Gilded  Age,"  conjointly  with  C.  D.  W  arner 
(1873-  this  has  been  successfullv  dramatized!,  "Adven- 
tures of  Tom  Sawyer  "  (1876),  ' '  Adventures  of  H  uckleberry 
Finn ■■  (1884),  "A  Yankee  at  the  Court  of  King  .Arthur" 
(1889),  "  Puddnhead  WUson  "  (1893-94  (serially)  and  1895), 
"  Personal  RecoUectiuns  of  Joan  of  Arc  '  (1896) ,  "  Follow- 
ing the  Equat'-r"tl^97X 
Clement  (klem'ent)  I.,  Saint:  also  called 
Clemens  Romaius  (kle'menz  ro-ma'nus) 
(•the  Eoman').     [U  Clemens,  merciful,  mild 


1424-29.  He  resigned  in  1429,  thus  tei-minat- 
ing  the  great  'U'estem  schism. 
Clement 'VIII.  Jppolito  Aldobrandini).  Bom 
at  Fano.  Italy,  1536:  died  March  5, 1605.  Pope 
1.592-1605.  He  absolved  Henry  lY.  of  France  in 
1595.  and  ordered  a  revised  edition  (the  "  Clem- 
entine") of  the  Vulgate  in  1592. 

Clement  IX.  (Giulio  Rospigliosi).     Bom  at 

Pistoja,  Italy,  1600 :  died  Dec.  9.  1669.  Pope 
1667-69.  He  mediated  in  166S  the  peace  of  Aixla.Cha- 
pelle  between  Louis  5IV.  and  Spain,  and  the  "  Pax  C1&. 
mentina,"  which  brought  the  Jansenist  controversy  to  ^ 
temporary  conclusion. 

Clement  X.  ^Emilio  Altieri">.  Bom  at  Rome, 
July  13,  1590 :  died  July  22.  1676.  Pope  1670-76. 
He  was  eighty  years  old  at  his  election,  and  was  completely 
under  the  influence  of  his  relative  Cardinal  Paluzzi.  Dur- 
ing his  pontificate  commenced  the  controversy  with  Louis 
XIV.  concerning  the  enjoyment,  during  vacancy,  of  epis- 
copal revenues  and  benefices,  and  the  right  of  appoint- 
ment to  such  vacancies, 

Clement  XI.  (Giovanni  Francesco  Albani). 

Born  at  Pesaro.  Italy,  July  22. 1649:  died  March 
19.  1721.  Pope  1700-21."  He  was  at  war  with  the 
emperor  Joseph  L  1708-09.  and  published  bulls  directed 
against  the  Jansenists :  "  Vineam  Domini  "(1705)  and  "  Tni- 
genitns"(I713). 

Clement  XII.  (Lorenzo  Corsini).    Born  1652: 

died  Feb.  0.  1740.  Pope  1730-40.  He  con- 
demned the  Freemasons  in  1738. 


It.  Sp.   ciemente,   F.  Clement,   G.  Clemens.^  Clement XIII.  (Carlo  della  Torre  diEezzoni- 


CO).  Born  at  Venice,  March,  1693:  died  Feb., 
1769.  Pope  175S-69.  He  was  elected  through  the 
influence  of  the  Jesuits,  in  whose  favor  he  issued  a  bull  on 
their  expulsion  from  Portugal  and  France.  In  176S  the 
French  seized  Avignon,  and  the  Neapolitans  Benevento. 

Clement  XI'V.  (Giovanni  'Vincenzo  Antonio 

Ganganelli).  Born  at  St.  Arcangelo.  near 
Kimini.  Italy,  Oct.  31,  1705:  died  Sept.  22. 1774. 
Pope  1769-74.  He  suppressed  the  order  of  Jesuits  by 
the  brief  "Dominus  ac  Kedemptor  nostcr"  (1773),  and 
founded  the  Clementine  Museum  at  the  Vatican. 

Bom  at  Beze, 
A 

French  historian,  a  Benedictine  of  Saint-Maur. 
He  compiled  from  the  tables  of  Maurice  d'.Antine  the  im- 
portant chronological  work  "L'Art  de  verifier  les  dates 
des  faits  historiques  depuis  la  naissance  de  Jesus-Christ ' 
(new  revised  and  improved  edition  1754-87). 


Row 

wick,  Maine,  Oct.  15,  1858.  An  American 
mineralogist.  He  was  professor  in  Bowdoin  CoUege  Clement  IH.  (Guibert).  DiedatRavenna.Italy, 
(Maine)  IsS-^SS.  He  wrote  "  Mineralogy  and  Geology  "  1100.  An  archbishop  of  Ravenna,  elected  pope 
(1816),  etc  (antipope),  through  the  influence  of  the  emperor 

Cleaver  (kle'ver),  Fanny.     A  deformed  little     HenrvlV.,inlOSO.    After  having  been  erpelled  from 
dolls'   dressmaker,   called    ''Jennv  "VTren,"  in     Eome,"he  made  his  submission  to  Paschal  II.  in  1099. 
Charles  Dickens's  "  Our  Mutual  Friend."  "My  Clement  in.(Paolo  ScolariX    Bom  at  Rome, 
back's  bad  and  my  legs  are  queer,"  is  her  frequent  excuse.     Died  March,  1191.     Pope  1187-91.     He  preached 

1    „,..^    ..i.—n.-.-    .4.ic..r:Kac    hoi-clf   With    Hitrnitv  «s    "the  -  .       .    . .       .^  _    — . 


Lived  in  the  1st  century  A.  D. :  died  probably 
about  100.  A  bishop  of  Rome :  according  to  the 
common  tradition,  the  third  bishop  of  Rome 
after  St.  Peter.  Nothing  is  known  with  certainty 
concerning  his  personal  history,  except  that  he  was  a 
prominent  presbyter  of  the  Christian  congregation  at 
Eome  immediately  after  the  apostolical  age.  He  is  by 
some  identified  with  the  Clement  mentioned  by  Paul  in 
Phil  iv.  3  as  his  feUow.laborer,  by  others  with  the  con- 
sul Flavins  Clemens  who  was  put  to  death  by  Domitian 
on  a  charge  of  atheism.    Tradition  has  reckoned  him 

among   the  martyrs;   but   according   to  Eusebius  and   ^  ,-        .  ,,  ,-         ■  ,^   t" -„„j„      ■««,.„  ot  Tl 

Jerome,  he  died  a  natural  death  in  the  third  year  of  the  Clement  (kla-mon  ),  FranQOlS.  Bora  at  « 
reign  of  Trajan.  Sumerous  writings,  most  of  which  aie  near  Dijon,  France,  li  14:  died  March.  l(9d, 
evidently  spurious,  have  been  attributed  to  him.    Tlie     —  -  -  •         ■  "         -■■   ■■  ...-.■.•« r 

most  celebrated  among  these  are  two  "Epistles  to  the 
Corinthians,"  which  were  held  in  the  greatest  esteem  by 
the  early  Christians.     They  disappeared  from  the  Western 

Church  after  the  5th  centur),  and  were  rediscovered  in  the       ^^„  ^^,^^^  ,^^  ^^  ^„. 

Codex  Alexandrinus  (a  present  from  Cjrillus  Lucaris  to  pYlmoiit""Trn"nlllpq"caired  Clemens  non  Papa 
Charles  L)  by  Patricius  Junius  (Patrick  Young),  who  Ulemeni,  jacques,  caiieu  v/iemeus  uuii  iajw 
published  them  at  Oxford  in  1633,    Another  MS.  was  dis-     to   distinguish   him  from  Pope  Clement  Vii. 
covered  hv  Philotheos  Bryennios  in  the  convent  library 
of  the  iiatriarch  of  Jerusalem,  and  published  in  1875. 

Clement  II.  ^Suidgar).  Died  at  Pesaro,  Italy, 
Oct.  9,  1047.     Pope  1046-47. 


and  she  always  'describes  herself  with  dignity  as  "the 
pei-son  of  the  house." 

Cleef  (klaf),  Jan  van.  Bom  at  Venlo.  Nether- 
lauds,  1646:  died  at  Ghent,  Belgium,  Dec.  18, 

•  1716.     A  Flemish  painter. 

Cleef  (klaf),  or  Cleve,  Joost  or  Joas  van.  Bom 
at  Antwerp  about  14(9:  died  about  1550.  A 
Flemish  portrait-painter,  suraamed  ''Zotte" 
I  'crazy').     He  died  insane. 

Cleishbotham  (kiesh'bo?H-am),  Jedediah. 
The  assumed  compiler  of  the  "Tales  of  My 
Landlord,"  by  "Walter  Scott.  A  "Peter  Pat- 
tieson"  is  credited  with  the  authorship. 

Cleistlienes(klis'the-nez),orClisthenes(klis'- 

the-nez).  [Gr.  K««7tffi')jf.]  An  Athenian  poli- 
tician, son  of  Megacles,  and  grandson  of  Cleis- 
thenes  of  Sicyon.  He  developed  in  a  democratic 
spirit  the  constitution  of  Solon  (adopted  594  R  c.)  by  sub- 
stituting ten  new  lor  four  old  tribes,  withaview  to  break 


Died  before  1558.  A  once  celebrated  Flemish 
composer,  principally  of  sacred  musicj  chief 
chapel-master  to  the" emperor  Charles  V. 
Clement,  Jacques.  Bom  at  Sorbon,  Ardennes, 
France,  about  1565 :  killed  at  St.  Cloud,  France. 
Aug.  1, 1589.  Afanaticalmonkwhoassassinated 
Henry  IH.,  with  the  consent  and  aid  of  his  re- 
ligiotis  superior  and  other  members  of  the 
••League,"  Aug.  1.  1589.  He  was  slain  on  the 
spot,  and  was  honored  as  a  martvr  by  th» 
church. 


the  third  Crusade  against  the  Saracens,  who  under  Saladin  Clement,  Jean  Pierre.     Bom  at  Draguignan, 
had  retaken  Jerusalem,  Oct.  3, 1187.  y^^   France,  June  2,  1809:  died  at  Paris.  Nov. 

Clement  W.  (Guy  Foulciues).  Bora  at  St.Gilles 
on  the  Rhone,  France :  died  at  Viterbo,  Italy, 


Nov. '29,  1268.  Pope  1265-68.  He  held  a  high  po- 
sition at  the  court  of  Louis  IX.,  when  the  death  of  his  wife 
led  him  to  enter  the  church.    He  became  bishop  of  Puy 


8,  1870.  AFrenchpoUtical  economist  and  his- 
torian, member  of  the  French  Institute.  His 
works  include  "Histoire  de  la  vie  et  de  I'administration 
de  Colbert"  fl846X  "Le  gouvemement  de  Lotus  XIV." 
(184S),  "Jacques  Ceeur  et  Charles  VLL"  (1853),  etc. 


1256,  archbishopof>arbonnel-i>9,  cardinal  1262,  andwas  „,+    Justice      -\  citv  magistrate  m   Ben 
on  a  journey  to  England  as  papal  legate  when  he  was  ele-  Uiemeiii,,  u  uaoiuc.  TT^,T„n„r  " 

vatedto  the  see  of  Eome,  1265,     He  favored  Charles  of     Jonsons  ••Every  Manm  his  Humour. 
Anjou  in  his  conquest  of  Naples,  which  was  ruled  by  Man-   Clement  (kla  ment),  KnUt  JungDOml.     liom 
fred,  the  illegitimate  son  of  the  emperor  Frederick  II,,     ^  Ajnrum,  Schleswig.  Dec.  4. 1803 :  died  at  Ber- 
and  which  had  been  granted  to  Charles  by  the  preceding  -  -     -  - 

pontitf,  Urban  l^^ 


Clement  "V.  (Bertrand  d'Agoust).  Bom  near 
Bordeaux,  France,  about  1264:  died  at  Roque- 
mam^e,  in  Languedoc,  France,  April  20,  1314. 


in  Amrum,  Schleswig. 

gen,  N.  J.,  Oct.  7,  1873.  A  Danish  historian, 
resident  in  the  Tnited  States  after  1866.  He 
wrote  •'Die  nordgei^manische  Welt"  (1840), 
•'Die  Lebens-  und Leidensgeschichte  der  Prie- 
(1845),  etc. 


Pope  130.5-14.    He  was  elected  through  the  influence  p.^V-ip^/pn+i    nf    Alp-jrandria    (TltUS 

of  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  to  please  whom  he  removed  Olement     t^^em  ent;    or    Aiexanorid,  ^|"^ 

?he  papal  residence  to  Avigion  ta  1309,  and  dissolved  the  FlaVlUS  ClemenS),  Born,  probably  at  AtIu.u^. 

order  of  Templars  in  131-2.  about  150  A.  D.:  died  m  Palestine  about  220, 


order  01  Templars  ... 

A  father  of  the  primitive  chm-ch.  head  of  the 
catechetical  school  at  Alexandria  190-203.  and 
one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  founders  of  the 
Alexandi^ian  school  of  theology. 

See  Clement  L,  Bishop  of 
compelied  the  Spartans  to' withdraw  arid  "sent  Isagoras     »'^'""i'""JiLY^^  3  Rome.  ,     ,    „      .       t.  * -d 

intoexUe.    He  ii  said  to  have  established  the  ostracism,  ClementVII.(CountKObertOHieneyai.  ooin  Qjgjjjenti  (Ua-men'te),  MUZIO.    Bom  at  Rome, 
or  power  of  the  sovereign  popular  assembly  to  decree,     about  1342 :  died  at  Avignon,  bept.,  ldM4.     -.-in  -  ,.       .    „     .... 

without  process  of  law,  by  means  of  a  secret  ballot,  the    antipope  elected  1378  in  opposition  to  L  rban 
banishment  of  any  citizen  who  endangered  the  public     yj 

'""''^'  -        —     ,i;p,i  Clement  VH.  (Giulio  de'  Medici).    Born  at 

Florence  about  1475 :  died  at  Rome,  Sept.,  lo34. 


ing  up  the  ijifluence  of  the  land-owning  aristocracy,  the     oruei  01  leujpi  t,„„„  „.^„,  t; 

new  tribes  being  composed  not  of  contiguous  demes  or  Clement  VI.  (Pierre  RogcD.     Born  near  Li 

local  communities,  but  of  demes  scattered  about  the  moges,  TTrance,  1292 :  died  at  V  lUeneuve  d  -i^i- 

countrv  and  interspersed  with  those  of  other  tribes.    He  ^^q^    France    Dec,  1352.     Pope  1342-52.     He 

was  expelled  in  507  by  Is-igoras,  leader  of  the  aristocratic     fta^jjighed  the  jubilee  for  every  fifty  years,  and  purchased     

party,  aided  by  a  Spartan  army  under  aeomenes;  but  ^^           ;„  jj^g.    During  his  pontificate  Cola  di  Rienzi  fjioment  of  Rome 

was  recalled  in  the  5.ame  year  by  the  populace,  which  f-ttlmoted  to  reestablish  the  republic  at  Rome.                   L-iemeni  OI  ivome. 


Cleland  (kle'land).  John.  Bom  1709 
Jan.  23.  1789.  "  An  Eilglish  -writer.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  notorious  novel  "Fanny  Hill,  or  the 
Memoirs  of  a  Woman  of  Pleasure"  (1748-50),  and  "Me- 
mohs  of  a  Coxcomb"  (1751).  He  was  consul  at  Smyrna. 
and  in  1736  was  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company 
at  Bombay.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  wrote  for 
the  stage  and  also  dabbled  in  philology. 

Clelia  (kle'li-a).  or  Clelie  (kla-le').  A  romance 
by  Mademois'elle  de  Seudery,  published  in  1656, 
named  from  its  heroine. 


1752;  died  at  Evesham.  March  9.  1><32.  An 
Italian  pianist  and  composer,  resident  in 
England  after  1770.  His  principal  work  is  a 
series  of  piano  studies,  "  Gradus  ad  Pamas- 

Pope  1523-34.    He  was  the  iUegitimate  son  of  Giuliano  ffip^p-ti-i  ('klem-en-t«'na),  Lady.    An  ItaUan 
de- Medici,  and  cousin  of  Leo  X.   He  entered  into  a  league  Vie™entina  (Kiem-eu  i^^u^A  Xi*ujf^.^^^^^^  ^^^_ 
with  France,  Venetia,  and  Milan   against  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  and  in  15-.;7  Eome  was  stormed  and  sacked  tjy 


the  troops  of  the  constable  de  Bourbon  and  Clement  made 
prisoner.  He  was  released  and  fled  to  Orvieto  D?c  9, 
1627,  but  concluded  a  peace  with  Charles  m  1529,  and 
crowned  him  emperor  at  Bologna  in  1530.  He  forbade 
(1534)  the  divorce  of  Henry  VIIL  of  England  from  Catha- 
rine of  Aragon. 


lady  passionately  in  love  -with  Sir  Charles  Gran- 
dison.  in  Richardson's  novel  of  that  name,  when 
she  fears  that  her  relatives  will  separate  her  from  him, 
she  takes  the  decided  step  of  going  mad.  Sir  Charles,  how- 
ever, marries  Miss  Byron. 
Clement's  Inn.  --^  inn  of  court  in  London, 
situated  at  the  entrance  of  Wyeh  street,  at  the 


Clement's  Inn 

west  of  the  New  Law  Courts.  It  was  formerly  in- 
tended for  the  use  of  patients  wlio  came  tu  use  tlie  wa- 
ters of  St.  Clements  Well,  which  was  near.  Dugdale 
s|)eaks  of  it  as  beinj;  in  existence  in  the  reipi  of  F.dward 
1 1.  as  an  inn  of  chancer^'.  Shakspere  speaks  of  it  as  the 
home  of  "  Master  Shallow." 

Clennell  (klen'el),  Luke.  Burn  at  Ulgham, 
near  Morpeth,  Northuiubi'rlaud.  Eughiiid,  April 
8,  1781 :  died  Feb.  9,  1840.  An  English  painter 
;irid  wood-engraver,  an  apprentice  and  pupil  of 
Thomas  Bewick.  His  best-known  painting  is  the 
"  Waterloo  Charge."  For  many  years  before  his  death  he 
was  insane. 

Cleobis  (kle'o-bis).     [Gr.  K?.fo^(f.]     See  Biton. 

CleobulUS(kle-o-bii'lus).  [Gr.K/KdiSov'Ang.]  Born 
!it  Lindus,  Rhodes :  died  probably  after  560  B.  c. 
(.)ue  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece,  the  reputed 
author  of  various  riddles  and  songs. 

Cleofas  (kle'o-fas),  Don.  A  high-spirited  Span- 
ish student  in  IJe  Sage's  novel  ''Le  diable  boi- 
teux."  Asmodeus  exhibits  to  him  the  fortunes  of  the 
inmates  of  the  houses  of  -Madrid  by  unroofing  them.  .See 
Asmodeus  and  Diable  boiteux,  Le. 

OUomad^s  (kla-6-ma-das'),  Adventures  of. 

An  early  French  poem  (about  tlie  end  of  the 
13th  century),  also  known  as  "Le  eheval  de 
fust"  {'the  Wooden  Horse'),  byAdenes  le  Roi. 
Its  central  incident  is  the  introduction  of  a  wooden  horse, 
like  that  in  the  "Arabian  Nights."  which  transi)orts  its  rider 
whithersoever  he  wishes  to  go.  The  puem,  nntwithstaTid- 
ing  its  lengtli  (20,000  lines),  enjoyed  very  great  popularity. 

CleombrotUS  (kle-om'bro-tus)  I.  [Gr.  lO.co/Jiipn- 
rof.j  Killed  at  Leuctra,  371  B.C.  A  king  of 
Sparta  380-371.  He  waged  war  with  the  "The- 
bans,  anil  was  defeated  by  them  at  Leuctra. 

Cleomedes  (kle-o-mo'dez).  [Gr.  K'/jo/ir/ir/^.l  A 
Greek  astronomer  whose  birthplace,  residence, 
and  era  are  unknown.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  astron- 
omy and  cosmography,  entitled  "The  Circular  Theory  of 
the  Heavenly  Bodies,"  in  which  he  maintains  that  the 
earth  is  spherical,  that  the  number  of  the  fixed  stars  is 
infinite,  and  that  the  moon's  notation  on  its  axis  is  per- 
formed in  tlie  same  time  as  its  synodical  revolution  about 
the  earth.  His  treatise  contixins  also  the  first  notice  of 
the  theory  of  atmospherical  refraction. 

Cleomenes  (kle-om'e-nez)  I.  [Gr.  K'Aeo/XEVT/^.'i 
King  of  Sparta  from  about  519-491  B.  c.  He  ex- 
pelled Hippias  from  Athens  in  510. 

Cleomenes  III.  King  of  Sparta  236-220  B.  C. 
He  abolished  the  ephorate  225,  waged  war  with  the  Achsean 
League  and  Macedonia  225-221,  and  was  defeated  at  Sel- 
lasia  221. 

Cleomenes.  A  Sicilian  noble  jn  Shakspere's 
"Winter's  Tale." 

Cleomenes,  or  The  Spartan  Hero.    A  play  by 

Dryden.  Part  of  the  fifth  act  is  by  Southcrne. 
It  was  acted  in  1692. 

Cleon  (kle'on).  [Gr.  K'/Juv.'i  Killed  at  Am- 
phipolis,  Macedon,  422  B.  c.  An  Athenian  dem- 
agogue. Coming  forward  shortly  after  the  death  of 
Pericles  as  leader  of  the  democratic  party,  he  violently  op- 
posed Nicias.  the  head  of  the  aristocratic  party,  who  ad- 
vocated peace  witli  .Spai-ta  and  the  conclusion  of  the  I'elo- 
ponnesian  war.  Havini,' 'oNdurted  a  successful  expedition 
against  the  Spartans  at  I'ylos  in  425,  he  was  in  -122  intrusted 
with  tile  comniand  nf  an  expedition  destined  to  act  against 
Brasidas  in  Chalcidice.  He  was  defeated  by  the  latter  at 
Amphipolis,  and  fell  in  the  flight.  He  was  s.atirized  by 
Aristophanes  in  the  "  Knights  "  (425),  and  in  other  plays. 

Cleon.  In  Shakspere's  "Pericles,"  the  governor 
of  Tharsus,  burned  to  death  to  revenge  the 
supposed  murder  of  Marina. 

Cleonte  (kla-ohf).  Tlie  lover  of  Lucille  in 
Molier<''s  coinciiy  "  Le  bourgeois  gentilhomiiu'." 

Cleopatra (klo-o-pa'trii).  [Gr. K/fomir^i.]  Born 
at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  69  B.  c. :  died  at  Alexan- 
dria, 30  B.C.  The  last  (jueen  of  Egypt,  daugli- 
ter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes.  She  was  joint  ruler  with 
her  brother  Ptolemy  from  61  to  19,  when  she  was  ex- 
pelled by  him.  Her  reinstatement  in  48  by  Ciesar  gave 
rise  to  war  between  Ctesar  and  Ptolemy.  TIic  latter  was 
defeated  and  killed.  an<l  his  younger  brothei'  was  elevated 
to  the  throne  in  his  stead.  Cleopatra  lived  with  Ciesar 
at  Rome  from  4(1  to  44,  and  had  by  him  a  son,  Ctcsarion, 
who  was  afterward  put  to  death  by  Octaviaims.  She  re- 
turned to  Egypt  on  the  murder  ()f  ('lesar,  and  in  the  civil 
war  which  ensued  sided  with  the  Triumvirate.  Ant*>ny 
having  been  appointed  ruler  of  Asia  and  the  F.ast,  she 
visited  him  at  Tarsus  in  41,  making  a  voyage  of  extratu'di- 
nary  splendor  and  niagriillcence  up  tlie  Cyilnus.  She 
gained  by  her  eharnis  a  complete  aseendaiiey  over  him. 
On  Ijer  account  he  divorced  his  wife  Oetavia,  the  sister  of 
OctavianilB,  in  32.  Octavianus  declared  war  against  her 
in  31.  The  fleet  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  was  defeated  in 
the  same  year  at  tlie  battle  of  Actium,  which  was  decided 
by  the  night  of  Cleopatra,  who  was  followed  by  Antony. 
After  the  death  of  Antony,  who  kllleil  himself  <hi  hearing 
a  false  report  of  her  death,  she  jioisoned  herself  to  avoiii 
being  exbiliited  in  Rome  at  the  triumph  of  (Ictavianus. 
According'  to  the  popular  belief,  she  ajiplied  to  her  bosom 
an  asp  that  had  been  secretly  conveyed  t^i  her  in  a  basket 
of  figs.  She  had  three  cllihlren  by  Antony.  Besides  ex- 
traordinary clianns  of  person,  she  possessed  an  active  and 
cultivated  mind,  and  is  said  to  have  been  able  to  converse 
in  seven  languages.  Shakspere's  portrait  of  her  in  his 
'*  Antony  and  Cleopatra"  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
of  his  creations. 

If  Cleopatra's  death  had  been  caused  by  any  serpent,  tlio 
email  viper  would  rather  have  been  chosen  tlian  the  large 
asp ;  but  the  stiry  is  disproved  by  her  having  decked  her- 


259 

self  in  "the  royal  ornaments,"  and  being  found  dead 
"  without  any  mark  of  suspicion  of  poison  on  her  body." 
Death  from  a  serpent's  bite  could  not  have  been  mistaken  ; 
and  her  vanity  would  not  have  allowed  her  to  choose  one 
which  would  have  disllgured  her  in  so  frightful  a  manner. 
Other  poisons  were  well  understood  and  easy  of  access, 
and  no  boy  would  have  ventui'ed  to  ciu'l-y  an  asp  in  a  bas- 
ket of  tigs,  some  of  wliieh  he  even  olfered  to  the  guards 
as  he  passed;  and  Plutarch  (Vit.  Anton.)  shows  that  the 
story  of  (he  asp  was  doubted.  Nor  is  the  statue  carried 
in  Augustus'  triumph  which  had  an  asp  upon  it  any  proof 
of  his  belief  in  it,  since  that  snake  was  the  emblem  of 
Egyptian  royalty  ;  the  statue  (or  the  crown)  of  Cleopatra 
could  not  have  been  without  one,  and  this  was  probably 
the  origin  of  tlie  whole  story.    IG.  W. ) 

liaidinsoHy  Herod.,  II.  123,  note. 

Cleopatra's  Needles.  A  pair  of  Egj-ptian  obe- 
lisks of  pink  granite  'which  were  transported- 
from  Heliopolis  to  Alexandi-ia  in  the  eighteenth 
year  of  Augustus.  One  of  them  was  taken  to  London 
and  set  up  on  the  Thames  embankment  in  1S7S,  and  the 
other  was  soon  after  brought  to  New  York  and  erected  in 
Central  Park.  The  latter  is  67  feet  high  to  its  sharp  apex, 
and  7  feet  7  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base.  It  stands  on 
a  m.assive  cube  of  granite,  on  which  it  is  supported  by  four 
great  lironze  crabs,  imitating  the  ancient  originals.  It 
is  covered  on  all  its  faces  with  deeply  incised  hieroglyphs, 
which  present  the  names  of  Thothmes  III.,  Kameses  II., 
and  Seti  II.  (lGth-14th  centuries  B.  c). 

Cleopatre  (kla-6-pa'tr).  A  play  by  Sardou 
(with  Moreau).  It  was  written  for  Sarah  Bern- 
hardt, and  produced  in  1890. 

Cleophon  (kle'o-fon).  [Gr.  KAra^ui'.]  Died  405 
B.  c.  An  Athenian  demagogue,  said  to  have 
been  of  Thracian  origin .  He  opposed  the  oligarchical 
party,  and  successfully  used  his  influence  to  prevent  peace 
with  Sparta  after  the  battles  of  Cyzicus  (410),  Arginusie 
(40tl),  and  ..Egospotami  (405).  He  was  put  to  death  in 
405  by  the  Athenian  council. 

Cleopolis  (kle-op'o-lis).  A  name  given  by 
Spenser  in  his  "Faerie  Queene"  to  the  city  of 
London. 

Clerc,  Jean  Le.     See  Le  Clere,  Jean. 

Clerc  (klar),  Laurent.  Bom  at  La  Balme. 
Is6re,  France,  Dec.  26,  1785  :  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  18,  1869.  A  deaf-mute,  one  of  the 
founders,  with  Gallaudet,  of  the  asylum  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford  in  1817. 

Clerfayt  (klcr-fa'),  or  Clairfait,  Comte  de 
(Frangois   S6bastien   Charles   Joseph    de 

Croix).  Born  at  Bruille,  Haiuaut,  Low  Coun- 
tries, Oct.  14,  1733 :  died  at  Vienna,  July  19, 
1798.  An  Austrian  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Turkish  war  1788-91,  and  at  Aldenhoven  and 
Neerwinden  1793,  and  defeated  Jourdan  at  Hochst  Oct. 
11,  1795. 

Clericis  Laicos  (kler'i-sis  la'i-kos).  The  open- 
ing words  of  a  bull  published  by  Pope  Boniface 
VIII.  Feb.  25,  1296.  1 1  forbade  the  clergy  to  pay  ta.xes 
on  church  property  w  itliont  the  consent  of  the  Holy  See. 
It  was  abrogated  by  Clement  V.  in  1311. 

ClerigO  (kla're-go).  [Sp.,  'clergyman.']  The 
name  by  which  Bartolonie  de  las  Casas  speaks 
of  himself  in  his  writings.  The  term  is  often 
applied  to  him  by  Spanish  and  English  histo- 
rians. 

Clerimond  (kler'i-mond).  The  sister  of  Fer- 
rtigiis  the  giant  in  "  Valentine  and  Orson."  She 
niiirries  Valentine. 

Clerimont  (kU'r'i-mont).  1.  A  gay  friend  of 
Sir  Dauphine  in  Ben  Jonsou's  "Epicoene,  ortlie 
Silent  Woman." — 2.  The  lover  of  Clarinda  in 
Cibber's  comedy  "  The  Double  Gallant."  Ho 
assists  Atall  and  Ciireless  in  their  schemes. 

Clerk  (kliirk),  John.  [For  the  surname  Clerk, 
see  Clark.'}  Born  at  Penicuik,  Scotland,  Dec. 
10,  1728 :  died  at  Eldin,  near  Edinburgh,  Mav 
10,  1812.  A  Scottish  merchant  of  Edinburgh". 
He  was  the  author  of  an  "Essay  on  Naval  Tactics '  (17i'o  : 
second  and  third  parts  1797)  which  gave  rise  to  a  healed 
controversy,  due  to  the  claim  of  the  author,  suppoitr.l  by 
Professor  Playfair  and  others,  that  his  plans  (\\  liieh  u  -re 
circulated  in  manuscript  before  publieation)  had  been 
adopted  by  Ailmiral  Kodiicy  at  Dominica,  April  12,  1782. 

Gierke  (kliirU),  Charles.  Bom  1741:  died  in 
Kanudiatkn,,  .\iig.  22,  1779.  A  British  navi- 
gator. He  served  with  Cook,  and  coniiiijindcd 
the  sr(uadron  after  Cook's  death  in  1779. 

Clerken'well  (kler'ken-wel).  ['Clerks'  well'; 
Ij.  I'liHs  fhricdrum  :  so  calU^d  becatis(>  it  was  a 
place  of  assembly  of  the  parish  clerks  of  Lon- 
don.] A  district  in  London  lying  north  of  the 
city  pro)>er.  it  formerly  bureau  evil  reputation,  clerk- 
enwell  Green  was  in  the  I7th  century  surrotinded  by  tine 
mansions,  and.  aiiKUig  many  other  noted  men,  Isaac  Wal- 
ton lived  there.      I'opiilatloii  of  civil  parish  (1-91),  (ir.,8.S5. 

Clerk-Maxwell    (kliirk - umks ' wel ),    James. 

Born  at  Edinburgli,  Nov.  13,  1831:  died  Nov.  5, 
1879.  A  celebrated  Scotdi  jihysicist.  He  was 
professor  of  natural  phllosojihy  in  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen,  lH5(i-(J0:  was  pmfessor  of  physics  and  astron- 
omy in  King's  College,  l.oiidon,  18(i0-G5;  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  experimental  jdiysics  in  the  fniversity  of  Cam. 
bridge  In  I87I.  His  works  iiudude  "Essay  on  the  Stability 
of  Motion  of  Saturn's  Kings"  (18.17),  "'rheor>'  of  Heat" 
(1871),  "  Rlectricity  and  Magnetlsro'  (1873),  "AIalt<jr  aud 
Molloii '  (1870).  etc. 


Cleveland,  John 

Clerk's  Tale,  The.    A  tale  told  by  the  Oxford 

student  in  t'haucer's  "Canterbury  Tales."  It 
is  founded  upon  Boccaccio's  story  of  Griselda 
(which  see). 

Clermont  (kler-mon')-  A  former  county  in 
France,  in  the  government  of  Ile-de-France.  It 
was  situated  north  of  Paris.  Capital,  Cler- 
mont-en-Beauvoisis. 

Clermont,  Council  of.  A  council  (1095)  con- 
vened by  Pope  Urban  II.  at  Clermont-FeiTaud. 
It  was  attended  by  4  archbishops,  22.'>  bishops,  and  an  im- 
mense number  of  lower  clergy  and  laity.  It  proclaimed 
thj  first  Crusade,  forbade  the  investiture  of  bishops  by 
the  laity  and  the  assumption  of  feudal  obligations  to  lay- 
men by  the  clergy,  and  excoiumunicated  Philip  I.  of 
France,  who  had  repudiated  his  queen  Bertha,  daughter 
of  Robert  the  Kriesian,  and  espoused  Bertrada,  the  wife  of 
Fulk  of  Anjou. 

Clermont,  The.  The  steamboat  used  by  Rob- 
ert Fullou  on  his  first  trip  from  New  York  to 
Albany  in  1807,  in  the  beginning  of  steam  na'vi- 
gation. 

Clermont  d'Ambois.    See  Amhois,  cV. 

Clermont-de-l'Oise  (kler-mon'de-lwiiz'),  or 
Clermont-en-Beauvoisis  (-on-b6-\Tvii-ze').  A 

town  in  the  department  of  Oise,  France,  35 
miles  north  of  Paris.  It  is  noted  for  its  ancient 
hotel  de  ville,  also  for  its  castle,  and  Church  of  St.  Samson. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  5,017. 

Clermont-Ferrand  (kler-mon'fe-ron'),  or 
Clermont.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Puy-de-D6me,  France,  in  hit.  45°  46'  N.,  long. 
3°  6'  E. :  the  (jallic  Augustouemetum  (later 
Averni),  the  chief  town  of  the  region  after 
the  overthrow ot  Gergovia.  The  first  Crusade  was 
preached  here  at  the  council  in  1095.  The  town  was  the 
birthplace  of  Gregory  of  'Tom's  ('.'),  Pascal,  and  Delille.  It 
contains  a  museum,  a  university,  the  Church  of  Notre- 
Dame-du-Port  (Roinanesciue),  and  a  Gothic  cathedral  of 
the  13th  century,  built  in  a  pure  Northern  style.  The 
north  portal  bears  excellent  sculptures,  and  both  tran- 
septs possess  fine  roses.  The  vaulting  of  the  nave  is  over 
100  feet  high,  and  the  glass  is  of  great  lieauty.  Popula- 
tion (1901).  .12,017. 

Clermont -L'Herault  (kler-moii'la-ro'),  or 
Clermont-de-Lod6ve  ( -de-16-dav' ).  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Herault,  in  southern  France, 
23  miles  west  of  Moijtpellier.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  5,079. 

C16ry  (kla-re'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Jardy, 
near  Versailles,  France,  May  11,  1759:  died  at 
Hietzing,  near  Vienna,  May  27,  1809.  An  at- 
tendant of  Louis  XVI.  in  his  captivitv,  1792- 
1793.     He  published  a  "Journal"  (1798). 

Cleslnger  (kla-zan-zha'),  Jean  Baptiste  Au- 

gUSte.  Born  at  Besan(,'on,  France,  Oct.  22, 
1814:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1883.  A  French 
sculptor.  His  works  include  "Girl  Bitten  by 
a  Serpent"  (1847),  "Cleopatra  before  Ca;sar" 
(1809),  etc. 

ClcTedon  (klev '  don).  A  watering-place  in 
Somersetshire,  England,  west  of  Bristol  on  the 
Bristol  Channel.     PopiUatiou  (1891),  5,418. 

Cle'Veland  (klev'land).  A  mountainous  district 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, noted  principally  for  its  iron-mines  and 
foundries. 

Cleveland.  A  lake  port,  capital  of  Cuyahoga 
County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  month  "of  the 
Cuyalioga  Iviver  aud  on  Lake  Erie  in  lat.  41° 
31'  N.,  long.  81"=  42'  W.  it  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
.state,  a  great  railioad  and  steamboat  center,  and  the 
Beat  of  Adelliert  College  and  of  the  Case  School.  Its  chief 
'export  is  coal,  and  il  has  large  iron  and  steel  inanufaclnreB 
and  oil-iellneries.  It  was  settled  in  1791),  and  was  ineor- 
Iiolated  as  a  lity  in  lM:)e       l',,)iolation  (19(101,  :t81,7H8. 

Cleveland,  Captain  Clement.    The  pirate  in 

Scott's  novel  oi  llint  naine. 

Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter.     Born  at  Salem, 

.Mass.,  De,-.  :),  1.SII2:  died  at  Philadelidiia, 
Aug.  18,  186<).  An  American  author  and  edu- 
cator. He  published  a  "Compendium  of  Eng- 
lish Literaliir<>"  (1,8,50),  a  "  Compendium  of 
American  ijileriitnre  "  (1858),  etc. 

Cleveland,  Duchess  of.  See  ViUicrs,  Barbara. 
Cleveland,  Grover.     Horn  at  Caldwell,  Essex 

Co.,  N.  .1.,  Miircli  18,  ]8:i7.  An  Anioricnn  states- 
man. President  of  the  United  Slates  1885-89 
and  1893-97.  He  studied  law  in  Biiiralo,  and  in  1869 
was  admitted  to  (he  bar;  was  assistant  district  attorney  of 
Erie  County  isua  Wi ;  was  defeated  fm  district  attorney  in 
1815;  was  slieritf  of  Erie  Count.\  1871-74  ;  was  Demoeratlc 
mayor  of  Bittfalo  in  1882  ;  was  elected  as  Democratic  ean- 
dhlate  for  governor  <>(  New  V(»rk  in  1882;  served  as  gov- 
ernor 1883-84  ;  waaeheted  President  oftlie  I'nilod  .States 
in  1884  :  served  as  President  l.s*j5-89 ;  advocated  a  reduc- 
tion of  the  tarilf  in  his  message  to  Congre.-'S  in  Iti-e.,  1887  ; 
was  defeateil  an  Deniociatie  eanditlate  for  the  jireBldeney 
in  1888 :  was  reelected  President  in  1802  ;  and  in  1893  con- 
vened an  extra  session  of  Congress,  which  repealed  the 
purchasing  clause  of  the  so-called  .Sherman  Silver  Hill. 

Cleveland,  John.  Born  ;it  Loughborough,  Lei- 
cestershire, .Imu%  16i:i.  died  Apil  '29,  1658. 
All  English  poet,  an  active  Royalist  during  the 


Cleveland,  John 

civil  war,  and  a  satirist  of  the  Parliamentary 
party.  He  was  graduated  (B.  A.)  at  Christ s  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1631,  and  was  elected  fellow  of  ,St.  John's 
College  in  1634.  He  joined  the  Royalist  army  at  Oxford, 
and  was  made  judge-advocate,  remaining  with  the  garri- 
sonol  Newark  nntilits  surrender.  In  1656  he  was  arrested 
and  imprisoned  at  Yarmouth,  but  was  soon  released  by 
ordei  of  Cromwell.    His  poems  were  collected  in  1661. 

Clevenger  (klev'eu-jer),  Shobal  Vail.  Bom  at 

Middletown,  Ohio,  1812:  died  at  sea,  Sept.  23, 
1S43      An  American  sculptor. 

Cleves  (klevz).  [F.  Cleves,  D.  Kleef,  G.  Kleve.'] 
An  ancient  duchy  of  Germany,  lying  along  the 
lower  Khine  below  Cologne,  it  was  united  with 
Mark  about  1400,  and  soon  after  raised  to  a  duchy.  Cleves. 
Juhch,  ana  Berg  were  united  in  1521.  The  extinction  of 
the  Cleves  line  in  1609,  and  the  outbreak  of  the  "Contest 
ot  the  Julich  Succession,"  resulted  in  1666  in  the  cession 
of  Cleves,  with  Mark,  to  Brandenburg.  In  1801  the  part 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  in  1803  aud  1806  the 
othei  portions,  were  ceded  to  PYance  by  Prussia.  After  the 
downfall  of  Napoleon,  the  duchy,  with  the  exception  ipf 
lands  bordering  on  the  Maas  and  some  districts  toward  the 
north,  was  restored  to  Prussia,  and  now  forms  part  of  the 
circle  ot  Dusseldorf. 

Cleves.  [G.  Kleve,  D.  Eleef,  F.  Cleves.']  A  town 
in  the  RhineProvince,  Prussia,  in  lat.51°47'  N., 
long.  6°  9'  E.,  near  the  Dutch  frontier,  it  has  a 
chalybeate  spring,  and  contains  the  former  palace  of 
Schwanenburg  and  a  collegiate  church.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  ancient  duchy  of  Cleves.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  10,409. 

Cloves,  Princesse  de.     See  I'rincesse  cle  Cleves. 

Clew  Bay  l  klii  ba).  A  small  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Ireland,  in 
County  Mavo. 

Clichy-la-Gfarenne  (kle-she'lii-ga-ren').  A 
manufacturing  suburb  of  Paris,  situated  on  the 
Seine  1  mile  north  of  the  fortifications.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  30,698. 

Clifford  (klif  ord),  George.  Born  at  Brougham 
Castle,  Westmoreland,  Aug.  8,  15.58:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  30,  1605.  An  English  naval  com- 
mander, third  Earl  of  Cumberland.  He  fltted 
out  and  commanded  a  number  of  bucaneering  expeditions 
against  the  Spaniards  in  South  America,  the  largest  of 
which  consisted  of  twenty  ships  and  was  undertaken  in 
1598.  This  expedition  plundered  San  Juan  de  Puerto  Rico 
in  June,  but  failed  to  intercept  the  annual  Spanish  treasure 
fleet,  and  returned  to  England  in  Oct.,  1598. 

Clifford,  Paul.     See  Paul  Clifford. 

Clifford,  Rosamond,  surnamed  "The  Fair." 
Died  about  1176.  A  daughter  of  Walter  de 
Clifford  (son  of  Richard  Fitz  Ponce,  ancestor 
of  the  great  Clifford  family),  and  mistress  of 
Henry  II.  of  England,  she  appears  to  have  been 
publicly  acknowledged  by  Henry  as  his  mistress  about 
1175,  and  on  her  death  was  interred  in  Godstow  nunneiy. 
It  is  said  that  Hugli,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  visited 
Godstow  in  1191,  was  offended  at  the  sight  of  her  richly 
adorned  tomb  in  the  middle  of  the  church  choir  before 
the  altar,  and  caused  its  removal,  probably  to  the  chapter- 
house .According  to  a  popular  legend,  which  has  no 
foundation  in  fact,  Henry  built  a  labyrinth  or  maze  to 
conceal  her  from  Queen  Eleanor,  who  discovered  her  by 
means  of  a  sillien  clue  and  put  her  to  death.  She  is  com- 
monly, though  erroneously,  stated  to  have  been  the 
mother  of  William  Longsword  and  Geoffrey,  archbishop 
of  York. 

Clifford,  Thomas.  Born  at  Ugbrooke,  near  Exe- 
ter, England,  Aug.  1,  1630:  died  Sept.,  1673. 
An  English  politician,  created  firstLord  Clifford 
of  Chudleigh  April  22,  1672.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  "Cabal"  1667-73.     See  Cabal. 

Clifford,  Sir  Thomas.  The  lover  of  Julia  in 
Sheridan  Knowles's  play  "The  Hunchback." 

Clifford,  William  Kingdon.  Born  at  Exeter, 
Euglauil,  Jlay  4,  1845 :  died  at  Madeira,  March 
3,  1879.     A  noted  English  mathematician  and 

ghilosophical  writer.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Trinity 
ollege,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Trinity  1868-71 ;  and  pru- 
fessoi  of  applied  mathematics  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, 1871.  His  works  include  "  Lectures  and  Essays '  (1879 : 
ed.  by  t.  Pollock  and  L.  Stephen),  "  Mathematical  Frag- 
ments" (1881),  "Mathematical  Papers"  (1882:  ed.  by  R. 
Tucker),  "Common  Sense  of  the  Exact  Sciences"  (1885: 
ed  and  in  part  written  by  K.  Pearson),  and  "  Elements  of 
Dynamics." 

Clifford  Pyncheon.     See  Pyncheon,  Clifford. 

Clifford's  Inn.  One  of  the  inns  of  chancery 
in  London,  named  from  Robert  de  Clifford  of 
the  time  of  Edward  II.  It  was  originally  alaw school, 
and  was  first  used  for  this  purpose  in  the  ISth  year  of 
Edward  III      Waljord. 

Clifton  (klif'ton).  A  watering-place  and  suburb 
of  Bristol,  Gloucestershire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Avon  1  mile  west  of  Bristol.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  hot  mineral  springs. 

Clifton  Springs  (klif'ton  springz).  A  village 
and  health-resort  in  Ontario  County,  New  York, 
29  miles  west  of  Auburn.  It  contains  medicinal 
a)rings  and  a  water-cure  establishment. 

Olim,  or  Clym  (klim),  of  the  Clough.  A  cele- 
brated archer  often  mentioned  in  the  legends 
of  Robin  Hood. 

Clinch  (clinch).  A  river  of  southwestern  Vir- 
ginia and  eastern  Tennessee,   it  unites  with  the 


260 

Holston  to  form  the  Tennessee  at  Kingston,  Tennessee. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Clincher  (klin'cher).  A  character  in  Farquhar's 
comedy  "The  Constant  Couple,"  also  in  "Sir 
Harry  Wildair,"  its  sequel:  a  pert  London  pren- 
tice turned  beau,  and  affecting  travel. 

Clinias  (klin'i-as).  [Gr.  K/lf(w'af.]  1.  Killed 
at  the  battle  of  Coronea  447  B.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian commander,  father  of  Alcibiades,  distin- 
guished at  Artemisium  480. —  2.  Lived  about 
400  B.  c.  A  Tarentine  noted  as  a  Pythagorean 
philosopher  and  friend  of  Plato. 

Clink  (klingk),  The.  A  prison  which  was  sit- 
uated at  one  end  of  Bankside,  London.  It  be- 
longed to  the  "  Liberty  of  the  Clink,"  a  part  of  the  manor 
of  Southwark  not  included  in  the  grant  to  the  city  of  Lon- 
don and  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Winches- 
ter. The  prison  was  for  the  delinquents  of  this  manor.  It 
was  burned  down  in  the  riots  of  17bO. 

Clinker  (kling'ker),  Humphrey.  A  workhouse 
boy  in  Smollett's  "Humphrey  Clinker."  He 
turns  out  to  be  a  natui'al  son  of  Mr.  Bramble,  into  whose 
service  he  has  entered. 

Clint  (klint),  Alfred.  Bom  at  London,  March 
22,  1807  :  died  at  London,  March  22, 1883.  An 
English  marine-painter,  son  of  George  Clint. 

Clint,  George.  Born  at  London,  April  12, 
1770  :  died  at  London,  May  10, 1854.  An  Eng- 
lish portrait-painter  and  engraver,  son  of  a 
London  hair-dresser.  He  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1821,  and  re- 
signed in  1836. 

Clinton.  A  city  in  Clinton  County,  Iowa,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mississippi  River  29  miles  north- 
east of  Davenport.  It  has  an  extensive  lum- 
ber trade.     Population  (1900),  22,698. 

Clinton.  A  manufacturing  town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Nashua 
River  33  miles  west  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  13,667. 

Clinton.  A  village  in  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  8  miles  southwest  of  Utica :  the  seat  of 
Hamilton  College.     Population  (1900),  1.340. 

Clinton  (klin'tou),  De  Witt.  Born  at  Little 
Britain,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  March  2,  1769: 
died  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  Feb.  11, 1828.  AnAmeri- 
can  lawyer  and  statesman,  son  of  James  CUu- 
ton  (173(5-1812).  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
New  York  1802  ;  mayor  of  New  York  1803-07,  1809-10, 
and  1811-15,  and  lieutenant-governor  1811-13 ;  candidate 
for  President  1812;  and  governor  1817-23  and  1825-28. 
He  was  the  chief  promoter  of  the  Erie  Canal  (constructed 
1S17-25). 

CUnton,  Edward  Fiennes  de.  Born  1512: 
died  Jan.  16,  1585.  The  ninth  Lord  Clinton 
and  Saye,  created  earl  of  Lincoln  May  4, 1572. 
As  a  royal  ward  he  was  married,  about  1530,  to  Elizabeth 
Blount,  widow  of  Gilbert,  Lord  Talboys,  and  mistress  of 
Henry  VIII.  He  served  in  the  naval  expedition  to  Scot- 
land in  1544 ;  commanded  the  fleet  sent  to  Scotland  in 
1547  ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Boulogne  ;  and  became 
lord  high  admiral  May  14,  1550,  an  office  which  he  held, 
with  an  interruption  at  the  beginning  of  Mary's  reign, 
until  his  death.  lu  1557  he  commanded,  with  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke,  the  English  contingent  sent  to  the  support 
of  the  .Spaniards  at  St.  Quentin. 

Clinton,  George.  Died  July  10,  1761.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral  and  colonial  governor,  second  son 
of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Lincoln.  He  was  governor 
of  Newfoundland  1732-41,  and  of  New  Y'ork 
1741-51. 

Clinton,  George.  Born  at  Little  Britain,  Ulster 
County,  N.  Y.,  July  26,  1739:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  April  20,  1812.  An  American 
statesman  and  general,  son  of  Charles  Clinton 
(1690-1773).  He  was  governor  of  New  York 
1777-95  and  1801-04,andVice-President  1805-12. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry.  Born  about  1738:  died  at 
Gibraltar,  Dec.  23,  1795.  An  English  general. 
He  entered  the  British  army  in  1751 ;  arrived  with  Gener- 
als Howe  and  Burgoyne  at  Boston  in  May,  1775  ;  fought  at 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  in  June,  1775 ;  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Long  Island  in  Aug.,  1776 ;  stormed  Forts 
Clinton  and  Montgomei-y  in  Oct.,  1777 ;  succeeded  Howe 
as  commander-in-chief  in  1778 ;  captured  Charleston  in 
Mav,  1780  ;  and  resigned  his  command  to  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
in  1782. 

Clinton,  Henry  Fynes.  Born  at  Gamston,  Not- 
tinghamshire, Jan.  14,  1781 :  died  at  Welwyn, 
Oct.  24, 1852.  An  English  classical  scholar  and 
chronologist.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  1S03,  and  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1806-26. 
He  wrote  "  Fasti  Hellenlci "  and  "  Fasti  Roniani, '  standard 
works  on  the  civil  and  literai-y  chronology  of  Greece  and 
of  Rome  and  Constantinople.  He  also  prepared  an  epit- 
ome of  the  chronology  of  Greece,  and  one  of  that  of  Rome 
(published  posthumously). 

Clinton,  James.  Bom  in  Ulster  Countv,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  9,  1736 :  died  at  Little  Britain,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
22,  1812.  An  American  general,  son  of  Charles 
Clinton  (1690-1773).  He  defended  Fort  Clinton  un- 
successfully in  Oct.,  1777,  against  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and 
took  part  in  Sullivan's  expedition  against  the  Indians  in 
1779. 

Clio  (kli'6).  [Gr.  K/ttdj,  from  ulutiv,  k^siv,  cele- 


Clive.  Robert 

brate.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  Tiia- 
tory :  usually  represented  in  a  sitting  attitude, 
holding  an  open  roll  of  papyrus. 

Clio.  A  pseudonym  of  Addison,  formed  from 
his  siguatm-es  "  C,"  "L.,"  "I.,"  aud  "0."in 
the  "  Spectator":  perhaps  the  initials  of  Chel- 
sea, London,  Islington,  and  the  "  Office." 

Clissa,  or  Klissa  (klis'.s;i).  A  fortified  \-illage 
and  strategic  jjoint  in  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, 8  miles  northeast  of  Spalato.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,775. 

Clissau,     See  Klissoiv. 

Clissold  (klis'old),  Augustus.  Bom  near 
Stroud,  Gloucestershire,  about  1797:  died  at 
Tunbridge  Wells,  England,  Oct.  30,  1882.  A 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  identified 
after  1840  (when  he  withdrew  from  the  minis- 
try) with  Swedeuborgianism.  He  translated  Swe- 
denborg's  "Principia  Reruni  Naturalium,"and  published 
numerous  works  in  support  of  his  doctrines. 

Cllsson  (kles-soii').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Loire-Inf^rieure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Sevre  16  miles  southeast  of  Nantes.  It  has 
a  ruined  castle.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2,916. 

Clisson,  Olivier  de.  Born  in  Bretagne  about 
1332 :  died  at  Josseliu,  in  Bretagne,  April  24, 
1407.  A  constable  of  France.  He  became  com- 
panion in  arms  of  Du  Guesclin  in  1370,  and  constable  in  1380. 
and  commanded  the  vanguard  at  the  battle  of  Rosbecq. 
He  was  eventually  deprived  of  his  honors,  but  left  a  repu- 
tation for  great  military  ability. 

Clitandre  ou  I'innocence  delivr^e  (kle-ton'dr 
6  le-no-sous'  da-le-vra').  A  tragicomedy  by 
P.  Corneille,  produced  in  1630.  The  name  Cli- 
tandre (who  is  the  lover  in  this  play)  is  frequently  given 
to  the  lover  in  old  French  comedy. 

Clitandre  (kle-toii'dr).  1.  A  man  of  sense  and 
sijirit  who  makes  fun  of  the  "pedants"  in  Mo- 
liere's  "Les  femmes  savantes,"  and  loves  Hen- 
riette.  —  2.  The  lover  of  Ang^lique  in  Moliere's 
comedy  "George  Dandin." — 3.  In  Moliere's 
play  "  Le  misanthrope,"  a  delightful  marquis,  a 
lover  of  Ci51imene. — 4.  The  lover  of  Lucinde 
in  Moliere's  "L' Amour  miSdecin."  He  pretends 
to  be  a  doctor  to  cure  her. 

Clitheroe  (klith'e-ro).  A  municipal  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  Lancashire,  England, 
situated  on  th.e  Ribble  28  miles  north  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  cotton  manufactures,  print- 
works, etc.     Population  (1891),  10,815. 

Clitomachus  (kli-tom'a-kus),  originally  Has- 
drubal  (has'dro-bal).  [Gr.  K?.e(rd/;a^'Of.]  Born 
before  186  B.  c. :  died  after  111  B.  c.  A  Cartha- 
ginian philosopher.  He  settled  at  Athens  before  146, 
and  succeeded  Carneades  as  leader  of  the  New  Academy 
in  129. 

Cliton  (kle-ton').  The  valet  of  Doraute  in  Cor- 
neille's  "Le  menteiu'"  and  its  sequel:  a  witty, 
intelligent  rascal. 

Clitophon.     See  Leucippe. 

Clitor  (kli'tor).  [Gr.  K'AciTop.']  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  in  lat.  37" 
.54'  N.,long.  22°  7'  E. 

Clitumnus  (kli-tum'nus).  A  river  of  Umbria, 
Italy,  affluent  of  the  Tinia:  the  modern  Cli- 
tumno.  It  is  celebrated  (especially  through  the 
descriptions  of  the  younger  Pliny)  for  its  sanc- 
tity and  beauty. 

cuius,  or  Cleitus  (kli'tus)  (Gr.  W.i'itoq),  sur- 
named Melas  (Gr.  MfAof)  ('the  Black ').  Died 
at  Maracanda,  Sogdiana,  328  B.  c.  A  Macedo- 
nian general,  a  friend  of  Alexander,  whose  life 
he  saved  at  Granieus  in  334,  and  by  whom  he 
was  slain  in  a  drimken  brawl  at  a  banquet. 

Clitus.  In  Shakspere's  "Julius  Caesar,"  a  ser- 
vant of  Brutus. 

Clive  (kliv),  Mrs.  (Caroline  Meysey-Wigley). 
Born  at  London,  June  24,  1801 :  died  (from  ac- 
cidental burning)  at  Whitfield  in  Hereford- 
shire, July  13,  1878.  An  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  "  Paul  Ferroll,"  a  sensational  novel, 
and  other  stories  and  poems. 

Clive,  Catherine  or  Kitty  ( Catherine  Raftor ). 
Born  in  1711 :  died  at  London,  Dee.  6,  1785.  An 
actress,  the  daughter  of  an  Irish  gentleman, 
William  Raftor.  After  a  youth  of  obscurity  and  pov- 
erty she  came  to  the  notice  of  CoUey  Cibber,  who  was 
manager  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  He  gave  her  a  position 
in  1727,  and  by  1731  she  had  established  a  reputation  as  a 
comic  actress.  She  retired  from  the  stage  on  April  24, 
1769.  She  was  in  Garrick's  company  from  1746.  She  early 
married  George  Clive,  a  barrister,  but  they  separated  by 
mutual  consent.  Her  forte  was  rattling  comedy  and  op- 
eratic farce.  After  her  retirement  from  the  stage  she 
lived  for  many  years  in  a  house  which  Walpole  gave  her, 
near  Strawberry  Hill,  and  which  he  called  Cliveden.  She 
wrote  some  small  dramatic  sketches,  only  one  of  which_ 
"  The  Rehearsal,  or  Boys  in  Petticoats,"  was  printed  (Vib'ii. 

Clive,  Robert,  Baron  Clive  of  Plassey.  Born 
at  Styche,  Shropshire,  England,  Sept.  29, 1725 : 


Clive,  Eobert 

committed  suicide  at  London,  Nov.  22,  1774. 
An  English  general  and  statesman.  He  was  the 
BOD  of  an  impoverished  uountrj-  s<iuxre,  and  in  1743  was 
appointed  a  writer  in  the  service  vl  the  East  India  Com- 
Mny  at  Sladras.  War  having  broken  out  between  the 
French  and  the  British  in  India  in  1744,  he  applied  for 
mod  obtained  an  ensign's  commission  in  the  company's 
wrvice  in  1747.  and  in  1748  (the  closinR  year  of  the 
war)  served  under  Admiral  Boscawen  at  the  unsuciess- 
fttl  siege  of  Pondiiherry.  Inuring  a  second  war  with 
the  French  (1751-M)  he  captured  Arcot,  and  success- 
lully  defended  it  ag.iiiist  a  largely  superior  force  of 
French  and  natives  under  Raja  .Sahib.  He  visited  Eng- 
land 1753-55,  when  he  returned  to  India  as  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Fort  St.  David.  In  1750  he  commanded  an 
expedition  against  Suraj  ud  Dowhih,  nawab  of  Bengal,  to 
avenge  the  tragedy  of  the  Black  Hole  at  Calcutta.  He 
defeated  the  uawab  near  Calcutta  (1757),  and,  after  a 
ihort  interval  of  peace,  inflicted  upon  biin  a  decisive  de- 
feat at  Plassey  June  23,  1757,  whereupon  he  deposed  the 
nawab  and  elevated  Mir  Jather  to  the  throne.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  Bengal  in  1758  ;  defeated  the  Dutch 
Dear  Chiusura  in  1759  ;  and,  owing  to  ill  health,  returiied 
to  England  in  1760,  in  which  year  he  was  raised  to  the 
Irish  peerage  as  Baron  Clive  of  Flassey.  He  was  governor 
of  Bengal  a  second  time  1765-67,  when  he  resigned  on 
account  of  the  broken-down  condition  of  his  health.  His 
official  conduct  subsequently  became  the  subject  of  par- 
liamentary inquiry,  which  resulted  practically  in  his  favor 
in  1773. 

OloarCa  Maxtma  (klo-a'ka  mak'si-ma).  [L., 
'  the  largest  drain.']  The  chief  drain  of  ancient 
Borne,  built  by  Tarquinius  Priscus  about  600 
B.  C,  and  still  serving  its  pui-pose.  The  outlet  on 
the  Tiber  is  an  arch  12  feet  high  with  three  concentric 
tiers  of  massive  voussoirs,  admirably  fitted  without  ce- 
ment 

Clodion  (klo-dyoh'),  Claude  Michel.  Born 
at  Nancy,  France,  Dee.  20,  173S:  died  March 
2y,  1814.     A  French  sculptor. 

ClodiUS  (kl6'di-us).  Another  form  of  Claudius 
(which  see). 

Clodpate  (klod'pat;,  Justice.  A  coarse  rustic 
justice  in  Shadwell's  comedy  "Epsom  Wells.'' 
He  is  public-spirited,  but  a  hater  of  London. 

Cloe,     See  Chlue. 

Clcelia  (kle'li-a).  In  Roman  legend,  a  maiden 
of  Rome,  delivered  as  a  hostage  to  Porsena 
508  (?)  B.  c.  She  escaped  by  swimming  across 
the  Tiber. 

Clcelia   (kle'U-a),  or  Cluilia,  gens   (klo-il'i-a 

ienz^  In  ancient  Rome,  a  patrician  clan  or 
lOuse  of  Alban  origin,  said  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  Clolius,  a  companion  of  yEneas. 
According  to  trailition,  the  last  king  of  Alba  was  C. 
Guilius  or  Clcelius,  who  led  an  army  against  Rome  in  the 
reigu  of  Tullus  Hostilius. 

Clofesho.  [AS.  Clofcs  ho  or  hou,  appar.  '  C'lof 's 
Point.']  In  early  English  history,  the  meeting- 
place  of  several  ecclesiastical  councils  in  the 
8th  and  9th  centuries:  identical  perhaps  with 
Cliff,  in  Kent. 

Clogher  (kloch'er).  A  village  in  Tyrone,  Ire- 
land, 52  miles  southwest  of  Belfast,  it  has  a 
cathedral,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest 
Irish  bishojirics. 

Cloister  and  the  Hearth,  The.    A  historical 

novel  by  Charles  Readc,  published  in  18(51.  The 
hero  is  the  supposed  father  of  Erasmus,  and 
the  scenes  are  mainly  in  Holland  and  Italy. 

Clonfert  (klon-ferf).  A  town  in  County  Gal- 
way,  Ireland,  42  miles  east  of  Gal  way,  formerly 
the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest  Irish  bishoprics. 

Clonmel  (klon-mel').  [Ir.,' vale  of  honey.']  A 
municipal  and  parliamentary  borough  in  Coun- 
ties Walerford  and  Tipperary,  Ireland,  situated 
on  the  Suir  25  miles  northwest  of  Waterford. 
It  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  .Sterne  and  Lady  Bless- 
ington.     Population  (1881),  8,480. 

Clontarf  (klon-tiirf).  A  small  eastern  suburb 
of  Dublin,  Ireland.  Here,  April  23, 1014,  Brian  Bo- 
rohma,  king  of  Ireland,  defeated  the  Danes  and  the  rebels 
of  Leinster. 

Clootz,  or  Cloots  ( klots ),  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron. 
Born  at  Val-de-(Jracc,  near  ( 'loves,  Prussia, 
June  24,  17.55 :  guillotined  at  Pari.s,  .March  24, 
1794.  A  French  revolutionary  enthusiast  who 
assumed  the  name  "  Aiiacharsis"  and  the  title 
"orator  of  the  human  race."  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Convention  in  1792.  See  Aiiiichdrsis. 

Cloridano  (klo-re-dii'no).  The  friend  of  Medoi-o 
in  Ariosto's  "Orlamlo  Furioso."  They  venture  into 
the  held  of  battle  to  hnd  among  the  heaps  of  slain  the 
body  ut  theil  lord. 

Clorinda  (kl6-rin'da).  An  Amazonian  leader 
in  the  ".lerusalem  ^Delivered"  of  Tasso.  She  la 
of  acknowledged  prowess  in  the  intldel  army,  and  Is  be- 
loved by  Tnncred,  but  cares  oidy  for  the  glories  of  war. 
Tancred  kills  her  unwittingly  in  a  night  attju-k,  and  gives 
her  Christian  baptism  before  she  exi)ire8. 

Cloris  (klo'ris).  .\  character  in  Buckingham's 
farce  "The  Rehearsal."  She  drowns  herself 
because  Prince  Prettyman  marries  old  Joan. 

Closse  (klos),  Raphael  Lambert.    Born  near 

Tours,  France,  about  1020:  died  at  Jlontreal, 
Canada,  Feb.  6,  1C62.     A  French  soldier  in  the 


261 

Indian  wars  in  Canada.  He  came  out  with  Maison- 
neuve,  governor  of  Montreal,  in  lti42,  and  became  sergeant- 
major  of  the  garrison  and  notary  public.  He  was  acting 
governor  of  .Montreal  during  the  aljsence  of  Maisonneuve 
in  1655,  and  was  invested  w  ith  the  tlef  of  St.  Lambeth  in 
1658.    He  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Irociuuis. 

Closterman  (klos'ter-miin),  John  (G.  Johann 

Klostermann).  BornatOsnabriick.IlaniKivcr, 
lt).)6:  died  at  London,  1713.  A  German  portrait- 
painter,  resident  in  England  after  1681. 
Oloster-Seven  (klos'ter-sev'n),  or  Kloster- 
Zeven  (klos'ter-tsa'ven),  Convention  of.  A 
compact  concluded  at  Zeven  (a  WUage  in  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  24  miles  northeast  of  Bremen), 
Sept.  8,  1757,  between  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land and  the  Due  de  Richelieu,  the  French 
commander.  By  its  tei-ms  the  Hanoverian 
army  was  dispersed. 

Clot  (klo),  Antoine  Barth^lemy,  known  as 
Clot  Bey.  Born  at  Grenoble,  Fiance,  Nov. 
7.  1793:  died  at  Marseilles,  Aug.  28,  1868.  A 
French  physician,  chief  physician  to  Mehemet 
Ali  in  Egypt  1822-49.  He  wrote  "De  la  peste 
obsei-v^e  en  figj-pte"  (1840),  etc. 

Clotaire  (klo-tar')  I.  G.  Chlothar  (chlo'tiir). 
Bora  497 :  died  561.  King  of  the  Franks,  fourth 
son  of  Clovis  I.  On  the  death  of  Clovis  in  511,  his  em- 
pire was  divided  among  his  sons,  Theodoric  receiving 
Austrasia.Clodomir  Orlt^ans,  Childebcrt  Paris, and  Clotaire 
Soissons.  Clotaire  succeetled,  partly  by  violence,  partly 
by  inheritance,  in  reuniting  the  dominions  of  his  father, 
over  which  he  ruled  558-561.    Also  Ctothaire. 

Clotaire  II.,  G.  Chlothar.  Born  584:  died  at 
Paris,  628.  King  of  the  Franks,  son  of  Chil- 
peric  I.,  of  Soissons,  and  Fredegonda.  He  was 
f<mr  months  old  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  .584.  The 
regency  was  conducted  by  his  mother,  who  became  in- 
volved in  a  protracted  war  with  Brunehilde  of  Austrasia 
and  Burgund.v.  The  latter  was.  in  613,  betrayed  by  the 
nobles  of  Burgundy  into  the  hands  of  Clotaire,  who  put 
her  to  death,  and  possessed  himself  of  her  dominions, 
thus  reuniting  under  his  sway  the  empire  of  Clovis. 

Cloten  (klo'ten).  In  Shakspere's  "  Cymbe- 
line,"  the  queen's  son  by  a  former  husband. 
He  is  rejected  by  Imogen.  In  the  earlier  part  of  the  play 
(written  later)  he  is  a  foolish  and  malicious  braggart ;  but 
in  the  fourth  act,  which  Ijelongs  to  an  earlier  version,  he 
is  not  deticient  in  manliness. 

Clotho  (klo'tho).  [Gr.  K/.tjeu,  the  spinner, 
from  K/.uden',  spin.]  In  Greek  mythology,  that 
one  of  the  three  Moirai  or  Fates  who  spins  the 
thread  of  life.     See  Fates. 

Clotilda  (klo-til'dii).  Saint,  G.  Chlothilde 
(chlo-tel'de).  Born  about  475:  died  at  Tours, 
France,  545.  Queen  of  the  Franks,  daughter 
of  Chilperie,  king  of  the  Burgundians.  Her 
father,  mother,  and  two  brothers  were  murdered  by  her 
uncle  Gundebald,  joint  king  of  the  Burgundians,  by 
whom  she  was  educated  in  the  Christian  faith.  .She  niai-- 
ried,  493,  Clovis  I.,  king  of  the  Franks,  whose  conversion 
from  paganism  is  said  to  have  been  accomplished  chiefly 
thi-ough  her  instrumentality.  The  Roman  ChlU"ch  com- 
memorates her  on  June  3. 

Clotilda.  Died  531.  Daughter  of  St.  Clotilda. 
She  married  Amalaric,  king  of  the  Visigoths. 

Clotilde,  Sainte.  A  church  in  Paris,  in  tlie 
Pointed  style  of  the  I4th  century,  begun  in  1846. 
It  has  lofty'pierced  spires.  The  facade  has  three  large 
sculptured  doorways,  and  the  interior  is  effective,  and 
possesses  good  sculptures  and  paintings.  The  church 
measures  330  by  105  feet,  and  85  from  vault  to  pavement. 

Cloud  (klo).  Saint.  Clodvald  or  Chlodvald, 
youngest  son  of  Clodomir,  the  son  of  Clovis. 
lie  became  a  monk.     See  Saint  CluKtl. 

Cloudeslie,  William  of.    See  William. 

Clouds  (kloudz).  The.  [L.  -Vk/«'.v,  Gr.  ai  Nf^f?.o/.] 
.\  famous  coiiiedy  liy  .\ristoiihanes.  strep.siades 
('Turncoat')  sends  his  spendthrift  sun  I'heidijiiiidrsto  the 
plirontistery  (' thinking-Hliop)  of  Socrates,  who  aiipcars 
as  a  sophisst,  to  he  refi>rmed  by  training  in  rhetoric. 
PheiilippidcH  refuses  to  go;  so  Strepsiailes  goes  himself, 
anil  tlnds  S(tcrat(-s  swinging  in  a  basket  observing  the  sun 
and  ether.  Socrates  sum  mi  ins  the  Clunds,  his  new  deities, 
and  undertakes  to  make  a  sophist  of  him  and  free  him 
from  the  religion  of  his  fathers.  Cnfortunate  results  of 
ills  new  knowledge  show  Strepsiades  his  elTor,  and  he 
abandons  Socrates  and  sets  the  phrontistery  on  lire. 

Clouet  (klij-a'),  Frantjois,  coniinonly  called 
Janet.  Born  at  Tours  alimit  150(1:  ilieil  1571  (f). 
.\  French  ]iaiiiter,  son  and  pupil  of  .lean  Clouet 
(14H5  f- 1.542  f).  He  received  letters  of  naturaliia 
tion  from  Francis  I.  in  1541  when  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  painter  to  the  king,  and  he  held  the  same  oltlee  under 
Henry  II.  and  Charles  I.\.  His  works  include  a  portrait 
of  the  dauphin  Francois  at  Antweri>  (I''21),  a  full  length 
portrait  of  llenry  Il.inthe  Louvre  (almiit  l.V>.s),  and  a  p^ir- 
trait  of  Elizabeth  of  Austria  In  the  l.ouvre  (about  1670). 

Olough  (kluf),  Arthur  Hugh.  Born  at  Liver- 
pool, Jan.  1,  1819:  dii'd  at  Florence,  Nov.  13. 
1861.  An  English  poet  and  author.  He  went  to 
Rugby  in  1829,  and  was  much  inlluencoil  by  Aniold,  with 
whom  ho  was  a  favorite.  In  1837  he  went  to  Oxford; 
accepted  the  headship  of  (Tnlversity  Hall,  l.ondon,  in  lH41t ; 
In  1H52  came  to  America;  and  in  l.s,'i4  was  married  In 
England  to  the  daughter  of  Sanniel  Smith  of  Combe 
House,  .Surrey.  In  18511  his  health  began  to  fall.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  Hothlc  of  Tober-na-Vuollch"  (origi* 


Clwyd 

nally  Toper-na-Fuosich,  1848),  "  Amb.irvalia, "  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Thomas  Burbidge  (1841t),  with  other  poems,  etc. 

Clout,  Colin.     See  Colin  Clout. 

Clove  and  Orange.  .\n  inseparable  pair  of 
co.xcombs  in  .Imisoii's  "Every  Man  out  of  his 
Humour."  orange  is  the  more  humorous  of  the  two; 
his  small  portion  of  juice  being  siiueezed  out,  Clove  serves 
to  stick  him  with  conuuendations. 

Clovelly  (klO-vel'i).  A  village  in  Devonshire, 
England,  on  Barnstable  Bay  16  miles  south- 
west of  Barnstable.  It  is  noted  for  its  pictu- 
resque appearance  and  the  beauty  of  its  en- 
virons. 

Cloveshoo.     See  Clofesho. 

Clovio  (kl6've-6),  Gfiulio,  surnamed  Macedo. 
Born  at  Grizana,  in  t'loatia,  149.^:  died  at 
Rome,  1578.     An  Italian  miniaturist. 

Clovis  (klo'Ws)  I.,  G.  Chlodwlg  (chl6d'\-iG). 
[LL.  Clocis,  a  reduced  torm  {Ludovicus  being 
a  fuller  form)  of  UHG.  Chlodotiiy,  Chlodiciy, 
Hlodwig,  G.  Lmlwig  (whence  also  F.  Louis,  E. 
iewis).]  Born  about  465:  died  at  Paris,  511. 
The  founder  of  the  Merovingian  line  of  Frank- 
ish  kings.  He  succeeded  his  father  Childeric  as  king  of 
the  Salic  Franks  in  481 ;  defeated  Syagrius  near  Soissons 
in  486 ;  married  the  Christian  princess  Clotilda  in  493 ; 
defeated  tlie  Alamanni  (not,  as  is  wrongly  stated,  at  Tolbi- 
acum  or  Ziilpich)  in  496;  was  baptized  by  Kemigius  the 
same  year,  in  fulfilment,  it  is  said,  of  a  vow  made  at  this 
battle  ;  defeated  the  Burgundians  in  500 ;  fixed  his  court 
at  Paris  507;  and  defeated  the  West  Goths  at  Voiilon  near 
Poitiers,  in  507. 

Clowes  (klouz),  John.  Bom  at  Manchester, 
England,  Oct.  31,  1743:  died  at  Leamington, 
England,  May  29,  1831.  A  clergj-man  of  the 
Church  of  England,  rector  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Manchester,  and  an  influential  supporter  of 
Swedenborgianism.  He  translated  Sweden- 
borg's  treatise  "On  the  Worship  and  Love  of 
God"  (1816). 

Cloyne  (kloin).  A  small  town  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland,  15  miles  east  of  Cork.  It  was 
formerly  an  episcopal  see,  of  which  Bishop 
Berkeley  was  one  of  the  incumbents. 

Club,  The.  A  body  of  malcontents  in  the  Scot- 
tish Parliament  1(389-90.  Its  chief  members 
were  Montgomery,  Ross,  and  Anuaudale. 

Clugny.     See  Clunij. 

Clumsy  (klum'zi).  Sir  Tunbelly.  A  country 
gentleman  in  Vanbrugh's  play  "  The  Relapse  " : 
a  coarse,  unwieldy  boor,  the  father  of  Miss 
Hoyden.  He  is  retained  in  Sheridan's  "Trip  to 
Scai-borough,"an  adaptationof  "The Relapse." 

Clunch  (klunch).  The  husband  of  Old  Madge 
in  Peele's  "Old  Wives'  Tale."  He  leads  home 
three  lost  travelers,  and  she  tells  them  a  tale. 

Cluny,  or  Clugny  (kUi-ne').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Saone-et -Loire,  France,  11 
miles  northwest  of  Macon.  It  is  celebrated  for  ita 
Benedictine  abbey,  founded  in  the  10th  century,  and 
from  which  the  monks  were  expelled  in  17^9.  The  abbey 
church,  now  in  ruins,  was  once  the  greatest  in  Europe, 
and  was  sui'passed  among  cathedrals  only  by  the  old  St, 
Peter's,  which  was  larger  by  a  few  feet.  It  was  of  mas- 
sive and  imjiosing  Romanesitue,  with  seven  towers,  double 
aisles,  and  double  transepts.  It  was  wrecked  in  the 
Revolution,  and  now  only  one  south  transept,  with  ita 
great  tower,  remains,  with  two  rich  chapels.  .Some  of 
the  other  abbey  buildings  have  been  remodeled  and 
used  for  other  i>urpose.s.  A  normal  school  was  founded 
here  in  lSt)5.     Poi>nlation  (1891),  commune,  4,073. 

Cluny,  Hotel  de.  A  former  palace  of  the  ab- 
bots of  Cluny,  situated  on  the  Boulevard  St.- 
Michel,  Paris.  It  v,i\s  built  in  the  15th  century  on  a 
part  of  the  Palais  des  Therines,  and  became  the  property 
of  the  stat^;  in  1S43:  a  museum  of  medieval  antiuuitlcs. 
called  the  "Musee  de  I'iiotel  de  Cluny,"  was  jilaced  on 
exhibition  in  1844. 

Cluseret  (kbi-ze  ni').  Gustave  Paul.    Bom 

1823:  died  1900.  A  Fi-eiich  oflicer  and  com- 
munist. He  served  on  (leneral  McClellans  stati  in 
1H62,  becoming  a  lirigadier-generHl;  edited  the  "  New 
Nation"  in  New  York  lHCi4;  was  war  minister  of  the 
Commune  In  Paris  April  4-30,  1871  ;  lied  to  Englainl  and 
Mexico;  was  ciinilcnnied  to  death  by  a  militnr>  tribtmal 
in  1872;  and  waiumnestird  and  relnrnc'l  to  Paris  in  1880. 

Cluses  (kliiz).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Savoie,  France,  situated  ou  the  Arvo 
24  miles  southeast  of  Geneva.  Populatiou 
(1891),  2,126. 

Clusium  (klii'shium).  The  Roman  name  of 
( 'liiusi. 

Clutterbuck( kbit 'er-buk).  Captain  Cuthbert. 

The  name  under  which  Scott  as.suined  t^>  eilit 
"The  Monastery,"  "The  Abbot,"  and  "The 
Fortunes  of  Nigel.'' 

Cluver  (kid'ver),  or  CluveriUS  (-klo-ve'ri-us), 
PhiUpp.  Bornal  Daiil/.ic.Hermany, 15811;  died 
at  Li  yilen,  Netherlands,  102:!.  A  noted  Gerniuu 
geograjilier.  lie  wrote  "Introductlo  In  univeraam  gco- 
gniphlam, "  etc.  (1028),  and  other  worka. 

Olwyd  (klii'id).  A  small  river  in  North  Wales 
wliich  Hows  into  the  Irish  Sea  at  Rhyl,  north 
of  St.  Asaph. 


Clyde 

Clyde  (klid;.  A  river  in  Scotland  which  is 
merged  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde  near  Greenock. 
It  forms  four  falls  near  Lanark.  Length,  96 
miles  ;  navigable  to  Glasgow. 

Clyde,  Baroil.     See  Campbell,  Colin. 

Clyde,  Firth  of.  The  estuary  formed  by  the 
river  Clyde  below  Greenock  (below  Glasgow 
according  to  some)  and  by  Loch  Long,  it  enters 
the  Irish  Sea  between  the  Mull  of  Kintyre  and  Kirkcolm 
Point.  It  has  many  watering-places  and  ship-building 
yai'ds  on  its  banks,  and  contains  the  ishmds  of  Bute, 
Arran,  etc.    Its  greatest  width  is  37  miles. 

Clymene  (klim'e-ne).  [Gr.  K/i'/Uvt/.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  daughter  of  Oeeanus  and 
Tethys,  wife  of  lapetus,  and  mother  of  Atlas 
and  Prometheus. —  2.  Planetoid  104. 

Clymer  (kli'mer),  George.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1739:  died  .at  Morrisville,  Bucks  County, 
Pa.,  Jan.  23,  1813.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, and  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
17S". 

Clym  of  the  Clough.    See  Clim. 
Cljrtemnestra,  or  Clytaenmestra    (klit-em- 

nes'trii).  IGr.K'/.vrai/ji'ia-pa.^  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Tyndareus  and  Leda,  and  wife 
of  Agamemnon.  She  was  seduced  by  ^gisthus  dur- 
ing the  absence  of  her  husband  as  leader  of  the  expedi- 
tion against  Troy.  According  to  the  version  of  the  legend 
most  commonly  adopted  liy  the  tragic  poets,  she  slew  her 
husband  in  the  hath  on  his  return  from  Troy,  partly  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  her  adultery  and  partly  from 
jealousy  of  Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam,  whom  at  the 
taking  of  Troy  Agamenmon  had  received  as  his  prize,  and 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons.  She  and  her  paramour  were 
in  turn  put  to  death  by  her  son  Orestes. 

Clytie  (kli'te),  or  Clytia  (klish'i-a).  [Gr. 
K/.tTii?.]  In  classical  mythology,  a  nymph  be- 
loved by  Apollo,  and  metamorphosed  into  a 
heliotrope. 

Cnidus  (ni'dus).  [Gr.  KWtSof.]  An  ancient  city 
of  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the  coast  in 
lat.  36°  -10'  N.,  long.  27°  20'  E.  it  was  settled  by 
the  Lacedsemonians,  and  was  a  seat  of  worship  of  Aphro- 
dite. On  its  site  are,  among  other  ruins,  tliose  of  an  ancient 
theater.  The  cavea  is  400  feet  in  diameter,  with  36  tiers 
of  seats  divided  by  2  precinctions,  and  survives  almost 
perfect.  There  are  considerable  remains  of  the  stage 
structure.  Near  here,  in  394  B.  c,  the  Athenians  under 
Conon  defeated  the  Lacedsemonians. 

CnOSUS,  or  GnosUS  (no'sus),  later  Cnossus,  or 
GnOSSUS  (nos'us).  [Gr.  Kvuad;,  Tvuao;,  Tiua- 
mi:.]  The  ancient  capital  of  Crete,  in  lat.  35° 
20'  N.,  long.  2.5°  9'  E.,  celebrated  in  the  legends 
of  Zeus,  ilinos,  Diedalus,  and  others :  the  mod- 
ern Makro  Teikho. 

Cnut  (knot).     See  Canute. 

Coahuila  (ko-a-we'la),  or  Coahuila  de  Sara- 
goza  (da  sa-ra-go'tha).  A  state  in  northern 
Mexico,  lying  between  Texas  on  the  north, 
Texas,  Tamaulii)as,  and  Nuevo  Leon  on  the 
east,  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Zacatecas  on  the 
south,  and  Chihuahua  and  Durango  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Saltillo.  Area,  59,296  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  235,638. 

Coahuiltecan  (ko-a-wel'ta-kan).  or  Tejano 
(ta-Hu'no).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  It  occupied  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  in  Coahuila  (from  which  it 
was  named),  Nuevo  Leon,  and  Tamaulipas  in  Me.\ico.  It 
formerly  comprised  about  25  tribes,  but  all  are  extinct 
save  the  Coraecrudo,  Cotoname,  and  Pakawa.  These  are 
represented  by  a  score  or  more  individuals,  mainly  Come- 
crudo,  only  a  few  of  whom  speak  their  native  tongue. 

Coalbrookdale  (kol'bruk-dal).  A  coal-  and 
iron-producing  region  in  Shropshire,  England, 
near  the  Severn. 

Coalitions  against  France,  during  the  Napo- 
leonic period.  They  were  the  following :  The 
first  (1793-97)  consisted  of  England  and  all  the  Continental 
powers  e.vcept  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark.  Bonaparte 
won  the  battles  of  ilillesimo,  Moudovi,  Lodi,  Arcole,  etc., 
and  dictated  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio,  Oct.  17,  1797. 
The  second  (1799-1801)  consisted  of  Russia,  Austria,  Eng- 
land, Portugal,  Naples,  and  Tiukey.  Bonaparte  won  the 
l)attles  of  ilontebello  and  Marengo  ;  and  Moreau,  those  of 
Hochstadt,  Hohenlinden,  and  Traun.  Peace  was  con- 
cluded at  LuncSville  Feb.  9,  ISOl.  The  third  (1806)  con- 
sisted of  England,  Austria,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Naples 
against  France.  Napoleon  won  the  battle  of  Auster- 
litz.  and  dictated  the  peace  of  Presburg  Dec.  20,  1805. 
The  fourth  (1806-1807)  consisted  of  Prussia,  Russia,  Eng- 
land, and  Sweden.  Napoleon  won  the  battles  of  Jena  and 
Auerstadt,  Eylau,  and  Friedland,  and  dictated  the  peace 
of  Tilsit,  July,  1807.  The  fifth  (1809)  consisted  of  Austria 
and  England,  which  latter  country  furnished  a  subsidy 
of  100,000,000  francs.  Napoleon  was  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  .\spern  and  Essling,  gained  the  victory  of  VTagram, 
and  dictated  the  peace  of  Vienna.  Oct.  14.  1809.  The 
sixth  (1813-15)  consisted  of  Russia,  Sweden,  Austria,  Eng- 
land, and  Prussia.  Napoleon  lost  the  decisive  battles  of 
Leipsic  and  Waterloo. 

Coan  (ko'an),  Titus.  Born  at  Killingworth, 
Conn.,  Feb.  1,  1801:  died  at  Hilo,  Hawaii, 
Dec.  1,  1882.  An  American  missionary  in  Ha- 
waii 1835-82. 

Coanaco  (ko-a-na'ko),  or  Coanacatzfn  (ko-a- 


262 

na-kat-sen').  Born  about  1495 :  died  after  1521. 
An  Aztec  chief,  son  of  Nezahualpilli,  lord  of 
Tezeuco,  and  brother  of  Cacama,  who  was 
seized  by  Cortes  in  1520.  CortfSs  put  another  bro- 
ther, Cuicuitzcatl,  in  Cacama's  place,  but  Coanaco  claimed 
the  chieftainship  of  Tezeuco,  and  after  the  utKhe  trute 
he  was  upiield  by  the  Mexican  sovereigris.  lie  seized 
and  massacred  a  body  of  Spaniards  who  were  passing 
througli  Tezcucan  tenitnry,  l>iit  on  the  approach  ot  Cortes 
(DcL-.,  1520)he  fled  to  Mexiiii,  \\  liere  he  assisted  in  the  de- 
fense.    He  was  captured  witli  (iuatemotzin.  Aug.  13, 1521. 

Coanza  (ko-an'zii),  orKuanza  (kwiiu'za).  A 
river  in  western  Africa  which  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  9°  15'  S.  Length,  about 
600  miles. 

Coari,  or  Coary  (ko-ii-re').  A  river  of  Brazil 
which  joins  the  Amazon  from  the  south  in 
about  long.  63°  30'  W. 

Coast  Range  (kost  ranj),  or  Coast  Mountains 

(kost  moun'tanz).  1.  A  series  of  mountain- 
chains  extending  nearly  through  the  western 
part  of  California,  nearly  parallel  with  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  Width,  30-40  miles.  The  highest 
peak  is  Mount  San  Bernardino  (11,500  feet). — 
2.  A  range  of  low  mountains  in  northwestern 
Oregon,  parallel  with  the  Pacific  Ocean. —  3. 
The  mountains  of  southeastern  Brazil,  border- 
ing on  the  Atlantic  (Pg.  Serra  do  Mar). 

Coatbridge  ( kot '  bri j ) .  A  town  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  9  miles  east  of  Glasgow.  Its  lead- 
ing industry  is  iron  manufacture.  Population, 
(1S91).  29,996. 

Coatlan.     See  Coatlkue. 

Coatlicue  (ko-a-tle'kwe),  Cohuatlicue,  or  Co- 
atlantona.  ['Serpent petticoat.']  In  Mexican 
(Nahuatl)  mj-thology,  the  mother  of  Huitzilo- 
pochtli.  She  was  a  woman  of  Tulla  who,  seeing  a  feathery 
white  ball  float  down  from  the  sky,  hid  it  in  her  bosom  ; 
shortly  after  she  gave  birth  to  the  war-god,  fully  grown 
and  armed,  who  attacked  the  enemies  of  his  mother. 
According  to  another  legend,  Coatlicue  was  the  wife  of 
MixcoatL  The  flower-dealers  of  Mexico  annually  made 
offerings  of  .the  early  spring  flowers  to  this  goddess,  or  to 
another  of  the  same  name.  Also  written  Coatlycue,  CocU- 
hjace,  Coatlan,  Coatlaiitonan,  etc. 

Coatzacoalcos  (ko-at-sa-ko-al'kos),  or  Goatza- 
coalcos  (go-at-sa-ko-iil'kos).  A  river  in  the 
isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  Mexico,  which  flows 
into  the  GuLf  of  Mexico  in  lat.  18°  8'  N.,  long. 
94°  20'  W.     Length,  about  150  miles. 

Cob  (kob),  Oliver.  An  illiterate  water-carrier 
in  Ben  Jonson's  play  "Every  Man  in  his  Hu- 
mour." Before  water  from  the  New  River  was  brought 
into  London  the  city  was  chiefly  supplied  from  conduits, 
generally  erected  by  rich  citizens.  Water  was  carried 
from  these  by  men  called  "tankard-bearers."  and  sold. 
Cob  was  one  of  these,  and  gave  a  sort  of  notoriety  to  his 
class  from  his  positiouin  Jonson's  play. 

Coban  (ko-ban').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Alta  Verapaz,  Guatemala,  in  lat.  15° 45' 
N.,  long.  90°  15'  W.     Population  (1889),  18,000. 

Cobb  (kob),  Howell.  Bom  at  Cherry  Hill,  Ga., 
Sept.  7,  1815 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  9,  1868. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Georgia  1843-51  and  1855-57  (speaker  1849-51), 
governor  of  Georgia  1851-53,  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1857-60,  and  president  of  the  Confederate  Congress  lS61-«2. 

Cobb,  James.  Born  in  1756:  died  in  1818.  An 
English  playwright,  author  of  numerous  come- 
dies, oijeras,  etc. 

Cobb,  Sylvanus.  Bom  at  Norway,  Maine,  July, 
1799:  died  at  East  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  31, 
1866.  An  American  Universalist  clergyman 
and  writer.  He  became  in  1838  editor  of  the  "  Christian 
Freeman,"  which  position  he  occupied  upward  of  twenty 
years.  Author  of  "The  New  Testament,  with  Explana- 
tory Notes  "  (1864),  etc. 

Cobb,  Sylvanus,  Jr.  Born  at  WatersiUe, 
Maine,  1823:  died  at  Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  July 
20,  1887.  An  American  miscellaneous  writer, 
son  of  Sylvanus  Cobb.  He  wrote  "The  King's 
Talisman"  (1851),  "The  Patriot  Cruiser"  (1869),  "Ben 
Earned" (1864),  etc. 

Cobbe  (kob),  Frances  Power.  Born  at  Dublin, 
Dec.  4,  1822.  An  English  author  and  philan- 
thropist. She  has  written  "An  Essay  on  Intuitive 
Morals "(1855-57),  "Broken  Lights "(1864),  "Darwinism  in 
Morals,  and  Other  Essays"  (l872),  "The  Hopes  of  the 
Hum  an  Race  "(1874),  "The  Moral  Aspects  of  Vivisection  " 
(1875),  "The  Duties  of  Women"  (1880),  "The  Scientific 
Spirit  of  the  Age  "  (18S8),  etc. 

Cobbett  (kob'et),  William.  Born  at  Farnham, 
Surrey,  England,  March  9, 1762:  died  near  Farn- 
ham, June  18, 1835.  A  noted  English  political 
writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a  peasant,  obtained  a  meager 
education,  enlisted  in  the  anny  about  1783,  obtained  his 
discharge  about  1791,  and  in  1792  emigrated  to  America. 
From  1797  to  1799  he  published  at  Philadelphia  "  Porcu- 
pine'sGazette,"  a  Federalist  daily  newspaper.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1800.  In  January,  1802,  he  began  at  London 
the  publication  of  "Cobbett's  Weekly  Political  Register," 
which,  with  trifling  interruptions,  was  continued  until  his 
death  ;  and  in  1803  began  to  publish  the  "  Parliamentary 
Debates,"  which  in  1812  passed  into  the  hands  of  T.  C. 


Cocadrille 

Hansard.  He  at  first  supported  the  government,  aut 
about  1804  joined  the  opposition,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  several  times  flned  for  libel,  and  in  1810  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  for  two  years.  He  waselectcii  to  i*:iiliu 
meiit  as  member  for  Oldham  in  1832,  and  again  in  1834. 
Author  of  "  Porcupine  s  Works  "(1801-02),  "A  Grammar  of 
the  English  Language  "  (1818),  a  grammar  and  a  diction- 
ary of  the  French  language,  "Cottage  Economy"  (1821X 
"Tlie  Emigrant's  Guide"  (1828),  "Advice  to  Young  Men 
and,  incidentally,  to  Young  Women"  (1830),  etc. 

Cobbler  of  Preston,  The.  A  musical  farce  by 
Charles  Johnson,  founded  on  the  adventures  of 
Christopher  Sly  in  Shakspere's  "Taming  of  the 
Shrew."  it  was  first  acted  in  1716,  and  altered  and  pro- 
duced with  music  in  1817.  Another  was  produced  by 
Christopher  Bullock  at  about  the  same  time. 

Cobbold  (kob'old),  Thomas  Spencer.  Born 
at  Ipswich,  England,  in  1828:  died  at  London, 
March  20,  1886.  An  English  naturalist,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  of  worms  parasitic  on 
man  and  animals.  He  was  appointed  lecturer  on 
botany  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  London,  1867 ;  on  zoology  at 
the  Middlesex  Hospit.al,  1861 ;  and  on  geology  at  the  Brit- 
ish  Museum,  1868.  In  1873  he  became  prof«ssor  of  bot- 
any, and  later  of  helminthology,  at  the  Royal  Veterinaiy 
College. 

Cobden  (kob'den),  Richard.  Born  at  Hey- 
shott,  near  Midhurst,  Sussex,  England,  June 
3,  1804:  died  at  London,  April  2,  1865.  An 
English  statesman  and  political  economist,  es- 
pecially noted  as  an  advocate  of  free  trade  and 
of  peace,  and  as  the  chief  supporter  of  the 
Anti-Corn-Law  League  1839-46.  He  began,  in  part- 
nership with  others,  the  business  of  calico-printing  in 
1831  ;  entered  Parliament  in  1841  ;  visited  the  United 
States  in  1854  ;  and  negotiated  an  important  commercial 
treaty  between  England  and  France  1859-60.  During  the 
Civil  War  in  the  United  States  he  was  a  supporter  of  the 
cause  of  the  North.  His  "  Political  Writings  "  were  pub- 
lished in  1867 ;  his  "  Speeches  on  Questions  of  Public 
Policy  "  (ed.  Bright  and  Rogers)  in  1870. 

Cobden  Club.  An  association  for  the  promul- 
gation of  free-trade  doctrines,  founded  in  Lon- 
don in  1866. 

Cobham  (kob'am),  Eleanor.  Died  1443  (f). 
The  second  wife  of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Glou- 
cester. She  had  dealings  with  Roger  Bolingbroke,  who 
professed  the  black  art,  and  was  tried  for  a  conspiracy  to 
kill  the  king  by  magic,  that  her  husband  might  have  the 
crown.  She  was  imprisoned  and  sentenced  to  perambu- 
late the  streets  for  three  days  bareheaded  with  a  burning 
taper  in  her  hand.  She  was  afterward  imprisoned  in 
Chester  Castle,  Kenilworth,  and  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  is 
said  to  have  remained  in  Peel  Castle  till  her  death.  She 
is  referred  to  in  Shakspere's  2  Henry  VI.  it  3. 

Cobham,  Lord.  See  Brooke,  Henry,  and  Old- 
castle,  Sir  John. 

Cobi  (ko'be).     See  Gobi. 

Oobija  (ko-be'Ha),  or  Puerto  Lamar  (pwer'to 
la-mar').  A  seaport  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in 
lat.  22°  34'  S.,  long.  70°  17'  W.  it  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Bolivian  province  of  Atacama,  but  has 
been  held  by  Chile  since  1879. 

Coblenz,  or  Koblenz,  or  Coblentz  (ko'blents). 
[L.  jfZ  Co«/fHe«te«, referring  to  the  junction  here 
of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle.]  The  capital  of  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  at  its  junction  with  the  Mo- 
selle, in  lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  E.  it  has  an 
important  trade  in  w-ine,  manufactures,  and  champagne. 
It  is  a  strong  fortress,  and  contains  the  Church  of  St. 
Castor,  a  palace,  and  several  fine  promenades  and  bridges. 
It  was  a  Roman  station,  and  later  a  fort,  and  suffered  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War  and  in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  For 
a  few  years  it  was  the  residence  of  the  Elector  of  Treves, 
before  its  occupation  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  became  a 
rendezvous  of  the  French  ^migrSs  in  1792,  and  was  granted 
to  Prussia  in  1815.     Population  (1890),  commune,  32,664. 

Cobourg,  or  Coburg  (ko'berg).  A  lake  port  in 
Northumberland  Coimty,  Ontario,  Canada,  sit- 
uated on  Lake  Ontario  65  miles  east-northeast 
of  Toronto.  It  is  the  seat  of  Victoria  College 
(Wesleyan).     Population  (1901),  4,239. 

Coburg  (ko'borg),  G.  Koburg  (ko'boro).  [F. 
Cobourg.']  1.  Aduchy  of  Germany, nowforming 
with  Gotha  the  state  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. — 
2.  A  city  in  the  duchy,  and  alternately  with 
Gotha  its  capital,  situated  in  the  vallej'  of  the 
Itz,  in  lat.  50°  15'  N.,  long.  10°  58'  E.  It  is  noted 
for  its  old  castle  (at  one  tim«  the  residence  of  Luther),  and 
the  palace  of  Ehrenburg.     Population  (1890),  17,lu6. 

Coburg,  or  Saxe-Coburg(ziiks-k6'b6rG), Prince 
of  (Friedrich  Josias).  Born  1737:  died  Feb., 
1815.  An  Austrian  general.  He  commanded  against 
the  Turks  in  1789,  and  against  the  French  1793-94,  was 
victorious  at  Neerwinden  in  1793,  and  was  defeated  at 
Fleurus  1794. 

Coburg  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Australia,  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Car- 
pentaria. 

Cobweb  (kob'web).  A  fairy  in  Shakspere's 
"  Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Cocadrille  (ko'ka-dril).  [One  of  the  early 
forms  of  crocodile.']  A  fabulous  monster  foimd 
in  the  island  of  Silha,  according  to  Sir  John 
Mandeville.  He  describes  it  as  having  four 
feet  and  short  thighs,  and  great  nails  like  talons. 


Cocaigne,  The  Land  of 

'Cocaigne,  The  Land  of.    See  Codaignr. 

-Cocamas  (ko-kii'mas).  Au  ludiau  tribe  of 
eastern  Poni.  They  live  mainly  on  the  southern 
side  of  the  Amazon,  near  the  frontiers  of  Brazil.  ISy  lan- 
guage and  customs  they  appear  to  be  of  the  great  Tupi 
race,  prohably  witli  some  admixture  of  other  tribes.  They 
are  agricultural,  have  long  been  on  friendly  terms  with 
the  whites,  and  are  rapidly  l)ecoming  amalgamated  with 
the  semi-civilized  country  population. 

Ciocanada  (ko-ka-na'dii).  A  seaport  in  the  Uo- 
davery  district,  Madras,  Britisli  India,  in  lat. 
17°1'"N.,  long.  82°  17'  E. 

Cocceians  (kok-se'anz).  The  followers  of  John 
Coeeeius  or  Kocli"(  1603-69),  jirofessor  of  the- 
ology at  Leyden,  Holland,  who  foimded  the 
80-ealled  '•  Federal"  school  of  theology.  He  be- 
lieved that  the  whole  history  of  the  Christian  church  to 
all  time  was  preliyured  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  so  op- 
posed the  Voetians. 

Cfocceius  (kok-tsa'yos),  Johannes  (originally 

Koch  or  Koken).  Born  at  Bremen,  Aug.  9, 
1603:  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  Nov.  5, 1669. 
A  Dutch  Hebraist  and  theologian.  He  became 
professor  of  biblical  philology  at  the  Academy  of  Bremen 
in  1629,  professor  at  the  University  of  Franeker  in  1636, 
and  professor  of  dogmatics  at  Leyden  in  1650.  He  wrote 
"Lexicon  et  commentarius  sermonis  Heb.  et  Chald.  Vet. 
Test."  (166!>),  ".Sunnna  doctrime"  (1648),  etc. 

With  all  its  defects,  the  Federal  theology  of  Coeeeius  is 
the  most  important  attempt,  in  the  older  Protestant  the- 
ology, to  do  justice  to  the  historical  development  of  reve- 
lation. W.  R.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  373. 

'Coccia  (kot'chil),  Carlo.  Born  at  Naples, 
April  14,  1789  :  died  at  Novara,  Italy,  April 
13,  1873.  Au  Italian  composer  of  operas,  can- 
tatas, and  masses.  He  visited  London  in  1820,  where 
he  was  an  operatic  conductor  and  also  professor  of  com- 
position at  the  Royal  Academy,  returning  to  Italy  in 
1828.     He  again  visited  England  in  1835. 

Cochabamba  (ko-eha-biim'bii).  1.  A  central 
department  of  Bolivia.  Area,  21.333  square 
miles.  Population  (1893),  est.,  360,220.-2. 
The  capital  of  this  department,  in  lat.  17°  25' 
S.,  long.  66°  10'  W.     Population,  about  25,000. 

Ciochem  (ko'ehem).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Pro\'inci'.  Prussia,  situated  ou  the  Moselle  25 
miles  southwest  of  Cobleuz.     It  has  a  castle. 

Cocherel  (kosh-rel').  A  hamlet  12  miles  east 
of  Evreux,  France.  Hero  in  1364  the  French 
under  Bertrand  du  Guescliu  defeated  the  forces 
of  England  and  Navarre. 

Oochet  (ko-shii'),  Jean  Benoit  Desire.    Born 

at  San%ic,  near  Havi'e,  France,  March  7.  1812: 
died  at  Rouen,  France,  Juno  1,  1875.  A  French 
archiBologist,  best  known  from  his  explorations 
in  Normandy. 
Cochimi  (ko-che-me').  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  Th^y  inhabited  a  region  in 
Lower  California  from  26°  to  al)out  31°  N.  lat. 
See  yionriii. 

Cochin  (ko-.shan'),  Charles  Nicolas.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  22,  1715:  died  at  Paris,  April  29, 
1790.     A  French  engraver  and  art  critic.     He 

wrote  "  Voyace  d'ltalie  "  (17.58),  etc. 

Cochin,  Pierre  Suzanne  Augustin.    Born  at 

Paris,  bee.  12.  1823:  died  at  Versailles,  France, 
March  15,  1872,  A  French  publicist  and  econ- 
omist. 

Cochin  (ko-chen' or  ko'ehin).  1.  A  feudatory 
state  under  the  protection  of  Madras,  British 
India,  situated  about  lat.  10°  30'  N.,  long.  76° 
30'  E.  Area,  1,362  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  722,906.-2.  A  .seaport  in  the  Malabar 
district,  Madras,  British  Inilia,  in  lat.  9°  58'  N., 
long.  76°  14'  E.  it  was  settled  by  the  I'ortuguese  in 
1.103,  aTid  was  lluM  by  the  Dutch  from  1663  to  1796. 

Cochin  China  (ko'ehin  chi'iiii).  A  name  some- 
times used  vaguely  as  lu'arly  identical  with 
Anuam,  properly  restricted  to  the  eastern  or 
maritime  part  of  Aniuim. 

Cochin  China,  French  or  Lower.   A  French 

colony  l.viiig  lietween  (Jauilxidia  and  Anuam 
on  the  liortli,  the  China  Sea  on  the  southeast, 
and  the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  tlu^  west.  It  includes  the 
delta  of  the  Mekong.  It  was  ceded  to  France  in  1862 
(province  of  Vinli-Long  1883).  Its  chief  product  is  rice. 
Capital.  .Saigon.  Area,  23,082  square  miles.  Population 
(1801).  2,iai,-iKi. 

Cochitemi.    See  Cochiii. 

Cochiti  (.ko-che-te').  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  inhabiting  a  pueblo  of  the  same 
name  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Uio  (frando, 
27  miles  southwcsf  of  Sante  Fe,  New  Mexico. 
The  inhaliitanlK  fornnrly  successively  occupied  the  I'o- 
trero  ile  las  Vai-:is,  I  lie  I'otreroSan  Miguel,  the  now  ruined 
pueldo  of  Cuuiiu,  and  tile  I'olrem  Viejo.  Number,  268. 
Cochiti  is  tb.-  aboriginal  name  ot  llie  pueblo.  The  tribe 
has  also  been  called  Cucliili-iin.  (Uichiliiw.    See  Keriimn. 

Cochitino.    See  Cochiti. 

Cochituate  (ko-ohit'u-at).  Lake.  A  small  lake 
in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  17  miles 
west  of  Boston.  It  is  one  of  the  sources  of  Bos- 
ton's water-supply. 


263 


Cocoa-tree  Club 


wife  (1708)  of  Patrick  Coekbiiru.  a  clergyman, 
she  wrote  "Agnes  deCiistro"  (acted  ItiiHi),  "Fatal  "Friend- 
ship "  (acted  1098),  "  Love  at  a  Loss,"  a  comedy  (17iX>),  and 
■'Revolutions  of  Sweden  "  (acted  1706).  In  1702  she  pub. 
lished  an  anonymous  defense  of  Locke's  philosophizing 
against  tlie  ch.arge  of  materialism,  and  later  advocated  the 
ethical  views  of  Clarke 


Cochlaeus  (ko-kle'us),  Johannes  (Dobenek). 
Born  at  Wendelsteiu,  near  Nuremberg,  1479 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Jan.  10,  1552.  A  German  Ro- 
man Catholic  theologian  and  controversialist. 
He  became  secretary  to  l)uke  George  of  Saxony  in  15-28, 
and  canon  at  Breslau  in  1539.  He  was  associated  at  the 
diet  of  Augsburg  (15.'i0)  \ 
the  composition  of  the 

fession ;  and.  'tn  the  de —  ^. , o .  n  -  -r-r- 

leading  opponent  of  tlie  Reformation.  19,  18o3.     An  English  admiral.     He  served  at 

Cochrane   (kok'ran),   John    Dundas.      Born     the  reduction  of  Martinique  in  1809,and  assisted 
1780.  died  at  Valencia,  Venezuela.   Aug.    12,     at  the  capture  of  Washington  in  1814. 
1825.    A  British  traveler  in  Russia  and  Siberia  Cockburn.   Henry   Thomas,   Lord.     Born    at 
1820-23.     He  vvTote  a  "Narrative  of  a  Pedes-    Edinburgii  (?),  Oct.  2lj,  1779:  died  at  Bonaly, 


iS^I;>S;,^f"S^'^.S"i:^n'  Cockburn.-Sir  George.     Born  at  London.  April 

I  death  of  Eck,  was  regarded  as  the     --■   li  '2:  died  at    Leamington.  England,  Aug. 

,,    .  .-  Ilk     -I  w.-io  A,,   1.^ i;  ,1.    .,.i...:_..i         TT, 


trian  Journey  through  Russia   and   Siberian 
Tartary"  (1824). 

Cochrane,  Thomas.  Born  at  Annstield,  in 
Lanarkshire,  Dec.  14,  1775:  died  at  Kensing- 
ton, England,  Oct.  31,  1860.     A  Scottish  noble 


near  Edinburgh,  April  26,  1854.  A  Scottish 
jurist,  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  1834,  and  a  lord  of  judiciary  in  1837. 
His  autobiogi'aphy  ("Memorials  of  his  Time") 
was  published  in  1856. 


(tenth  Earl  of  Dundonald)  and  British  naval  Cocker  (kok'er).  Ed'Ward.     Born  probably _i_M 


commanoler.    He  was  appointed  vice-admiral  Nov.  '23, 

18-11,  admiral   llarch  21,  1851,  and  rear-admiral  of  the 

United  Kingdom  Oct.  23,  1854.     On  May  6,  1801,  in  the 

Speedy,  a  small  and  poorly  armed  vessel  with  54  men,  he 

captured  the  Spanish  frigate  Elgamo  of  600  tons  and  319 

men.     He  entered  Parliament  in  1806.     On  April  11, 1809, 

he  attacked  a  French  tleet  in  Ai.K  roads,  and  destroyed 

four  of  the  enemy's  vessels.     In  Fub.,  1814,  Cochrane  was 

accused  of  complicity  in  originating  a  fraudulent  report   _      ,  /i     i  /  %  tt  t-i         ■   i.     i     i       » 

of  Napoleon's  death  for  speculative  purposes,  and,  though  OOCKCram  (tok  ram ),  Uemy.  i  lourisheil  aliout 

he  claimed  to  be  entu-ely  innocent,  was  imprisoned  for     the  middle  of  tiie  17th  eentui'}-.     An  English 

a  year,  fined,  and  e.\pelled  from  the  na\7  and  from  the     scholar  (of  whose  life  nothing  is  known),  au- 

House  ot  Commons.     His  constituents  stood  by  him,  and      .,  ,,  .;      „      ,  mihlislied  dictionarv  of  the  F.iio'- 

at  once  returned  him  again  to  Parliament.    Accepting  an     tuoi  ot  tue  nist  puDlisneu  UK  nonai  j  ot  tue  tng- 

invitation  to  organize  the  infant  navy  of  Chile,  he  reached     lish  language.    The  book  is  entitled   "The  English 

Valparaiso  Nov.,  1818.    During  the  subsequent  campaigns,      Dictionarie,  or  a  New  Inteiyreter  of  Hard  English  Words" 


Northamptonshire,  England,  1631:  died  1675. 
An  English  engraver  and  teacher  of  writing  and 
arithmetic,  and  collector  of  manuscripts.  He 
was  the  author  of  various  works  on  calligraphy,  arithme- 
tic ("  Tut4)r  to  Arithmetic  "  (1664),  "Compleat  .Arithme- 
tician "  (before  1669),  "Arithmetic,"  edited  by  John  Hawk- 
ins (1678),  etc.),  etc.  The  supposition  that  the  famuus 
ai'itlunetic  is  a  forgery  by  Hawkins  has  been  abandoned. 


with  only  one  frigate  and  a  few  old  vessels,  he  managed  to 
neutralize  the  powerful  Spanish  squadron ;  took  V'aldi- 
via  in  F'eb.,  18'20 ;  transported  San  Martin's  army  to  Peru  ; 
blockaded  Callao,  and  performed  the  feat  of  cutting  out  a 
Spanish  frigate  from  under  the  guns  of  the  castle  (Nov. 
5,  1820),  and  contributed  greatly  to  the  capture  of  Lima. 
Owing  to  quarrels  with  San  Martin  and  the  Chilian  au- 
thorities, he  left  their  service,  and  from  March,  182:!,  to 
1826  commanded  the  Brazilian  navy  :  during  this  time  he 
recovered  Bahia  and  ilaranbao  from  the  Portuguese.  Ac. 
cused  of  insubordination,  he  resigned.  In  1827  and  1828 
he  commanded  the  Greek  navy,  but  accomplished  nothing. 
In  1832  he  was  virtually  exonerated  from  the  charges  on 
which  he  had  been  imprisoned  in  1814,  and  was  restoreii 
to  the  Order  of  the  Bath  and  to  his  rank  in  the  Britisli 
navy. 

Cochut  (ko-shii'),  Andr6.  Born  at  Paris,  1812 : 
died  there,  Jan.  18,  1890.     A  French  publicist. 

Cock,  The.  A  famous  tavern  in  Fleet  street, 
London,  opposite  the  Temple.  It  still  retains  dec- 
orations of  the  period  of  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century 


(1623  ? ;  2d  ed.  16'26 ;  12th  ed.,  revised  and  enlarged  by  an- 
other's hand,  1670). 

Cockerell  (kok'tr-el),  Charles  Robert.    Bom 

at  London.  April 28, 1788:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
17,  1863.  A  noted  English  architect.  He  became 
architect  of  tlie  Bank  of  England  in  183:^,  and  was  professor 
of  architecture  in  the  Royal  .Academy  1840-57.  He  com- 
pleted the  Hanover  Chapel  in  Kegent  street  in  1825,  built 
the  Taylor  Buildings  at  Oxford  1841—12,  and  designed  nu- 
merous other  public  and  private  buildings.  Author  of 
"Ancient  Sculptures  in  Lincoln  Cathedral  "  (1848),  "Ico- 
nography of  the  West  Front  of  Wells  Cathedral "  (1861),  "  A 
Descriptive  Account  of  the  Sculptures  of  the  West  FYont 
of  Wells  Cathedral  "  (1862),  etc. 
Cockermouth  (kok'er-mouth).  A  town  and 
parliamentary  borough  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  contiueixce  of  the  Cocker 
and  Derwent,  25  miles  southwest  of  Carlisle. 
It  was  tlio  liirthplace  of  Wordsworth.  Popu- 
lation (1891).  5,464. 


^TkarMolmlo""™''''''''''  "  '"  ""''  "'^^"'  ^^"""T"""'"  Cock  Lane  Ghost.     A  noted  imposture  perpe- 
■jrica  -  """"'=  '•■  „._„;„ t  rii,„,,       trated  in  1762  in  Cock  Laue,  Smithfield,  Lon- 

!ock  and  the  Fox.  The.    A  version  of  Cha.t-    .^^^^  ,^y  .^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^,  p^^,.^^^^;,  ^^___,  ,^;^  daughter 


Cock  and  the  Fox,  The, 

cer's  "  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,"  by  Dryden. 
Cockaigne,  Cocagne  (ko-kan').     [Also  Cocl-- 
ayne,  etc.,  in  various  archaic  forms,  after  ME. 
Cockaigne,  cokaygne,  cockagnc,  cokai/iie,  cocaigne, 


etc.,  from  OP.  cocaigne,  cokaignc,  coquaignc,  co- 


(eleven  years  old).  Knoekiugs  and  other  strange  noises 
were  heard,  and  a  'luminous  lady,  "  supposed  to  be  the 
ghost  of  a  Mrs.  Kent,  was  seen.  Dr.  .lohnson,  among 
others,  visited  the  house,  and  w:is  nudiciously  attacked 
for  his  credulity  by  Churchill  in  his  long  poem  "The 
-    .^.,  -        /      n       "         f-  Ghost."  ■  Parsons  Wiis  pilloried. 

cai,v,nc,  qnoqmungne  i.  cocagne  {=bpcucar,a,  Coctigdemoy  (kok'1-de-moi).     An  adroit  and 
=  Pg.  0H«,«/,«  =  It.  cocagna    cucagna,   now     ..^^.^^j    ,  trickster    i.i    M 
cuccagmi),  pt'oht,  advantage,  abundatico,  a  tmie     j,^^j^.,^  (^^ourtezun." 

of  abundance;  imijs  ,U  cocagne    Land   of  to-  c,,  ^loft  (kok'loft),  Pindar.     The  pseudonym 
cagne  (It.  -'Cocagna,  as  we  say   Lubb.'rland    ;     ^,j,  ^y^^yj,^  j,.^.;    ,  ';„  ..  salmagundi.^ 

r'ri"'''-'''?.' *,''?. 3"''"^^°';.?l"l!.''V.l,':u''".V.'.!''''  Cockney   School,   The.      A    name    derisively 

iven  by  soino  Englisli  critics  to  a  set  of  writers 


Marstou's    play   "The 


Florio) ;  ML.  Coeania,  an  imaginary  country  of 
luxury  and  idleness;  prob.  lit.  'Cake-land.' 
Usually  associated  with  cocknei/,  but  there  is 
no  original  connection.]  A  fabled  land  of 
perfect  happiness  and  luxury,  intended  to  rid- 
icule the  stories  of  the  mythical  Avaloii,  an 
isle  in  the  west,  prevalent  in  medieval  times. 
Its  houses  were  built  of  good  tilings  to  eat;  roast  geese 
went  slowly  down  the  streets,  turning  themselves  and  in- 
viting the  passers-by  to  eat  them  ;  buttered  larks  fell  in 
profusion  ;  tliu  shingles  of  the  houses  even  were  of  cake ; 
and  the  rivers  ran  wine.  The  English  poets  of  the  16th 
centni-y  called  it  Lubberlaml. 

Cockburn  (ko'lu'rn),  sir  Alexander  James 

Edmund.  Born  Dec.  24,  1S02:  dic.l  al  London, 
Nov.  21,  1S80.  A  noted  British  jurist  of  Scotch 
descent,  lord  chief  justice  of  Eughind.  He  was 
graduated  at  Trinity  Hall.  Cambridge,  where  he  became  a 
fellow  in  1829 ;  entered  Parliament  an  a  Liberal  in  1847  ; 
was  attorney-general  1851-l'"eb.,  18,52,  and  again  Dee.,  1852,- 
Nov.,  1866  ;  and  became  chief  justice  of  theCommon  Pleas 
In  1866,  and  lord  chief  justice  of  England  June  21,  1851). 
As  the  representativo  of  the  British  governmenl  al  the 
Alabama  arbitration  at  Geneva,  he  dissented  from  the 
award,  holding  that  in  the  ciise  of  the  Klorida  and  that  ot 
the  Shenandoali  the  responsibility  of  his  government  had 
not  been  [iruvi-d 

Cockburn,  Mrs.  (Alicia,  or  Alison,  Ruther- 
ford). Born  at  Fairnalee,  Sidkirksliire,  aliiiul 
1712:  died  at  Edinburgh,   Nov.   22,    1794.     A 


inclmling  Huzlitt,  Shelley,  Keats,  Leigh  Hunt, 
and  others.  Leigh  Hunt  wivs  the  shining  light 
of  this  coterie. 
Cockpit  (kok'pit),  The.  1.  A  Loudon  theater 
which  si  ood  in  a  narrow  court,  called  Pitt  Place, 
formerly  Cockpit  alley,  running  out  of  Drury 
Lane.  It  was  erected  about  1615,  but  pulled  dtiwn  by 
a  mob  in  1617.  A  second  theater  was  built  here,  called 
tlie  Phujni.\.  This  again  gave  place  to  the  lirury  l.ane 
Theatre. 
2.  See  the  extract. 

The  Master  of  the  Kolls  was  at  thai  time  the  presiding 
.Tudge  of  Appeal  at  the  Privy  Council,  which  was  eoiii 
nionly  spoken  of  as  "the  Cockpit,"  because  it  sat  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Cockpit  at  \N'hitehaIl. 

Gn-i-Utc,  Memoirs,  II.  70,  iioto. 

Cock'WOOd  (kok'wiid),  Lady.  In  Etheregc's 
comedy  "She  Would  if  She  t'ould,"  a  female 
Tartute  who  hides  a  disgraceful  intrigue  under 
a  gi'eat  pretense  id'  religious  devotion. 

Cocles  (ko'klez).  Horatius.  A  Komau  legen- 
dary hero  wlio  with  Spurius  Lartius  and  Titus 
lli'i'iuinius  detendi'd  the  Stiblician  bridge  at 
Home  agaiusl  the  entire  Etruscan  army  under 
Lais  Porsena  (.508 f  B.  c). 

Coco  (kb'ko).  A  tribo  of  North  American  In- 
lians.     See    Ittacapan. 


Scottish  l>-rie  poet,  author  of  "The  Flowers  of  Cocoa-tree  Club.     A  noted  Loiulou  club  which 

the  Forest"  ("I've  Seen  the  Smiling  of  Forlune 
Beguiling"),  and  other  songs. 

Cockburn,  Mrs.  (Catherine  Trotter).    Born 

at   London,  Aug.  16,  l(i"'.>:  ilied  May    11.  174!". 
Au  Englisli  dramatist  and  philosophical  writer. 


was  the  Tory  Cocoa-tree  Chocolate-house  of 
(ijuei'ii  Anne's  reis;n.  at  64  St.  James  street. 
It  was  eiinverted  int^i  a  gaming-house  and  a  club,  proba. 
Illy  before  1746,  when  the  house  was  the  headquarters  of 
tin-  .laeobite  parly,  and  the  resort  of  the  wits  of  the  time. 
TimliK. 


Coco-Maricopas  264  Coimbatore 

Coco-Maricopas.    See  Murkopas.  Coelestin.    See  CeUsthw.  Cofan,  James  Henrv     Bom  at  Northarr,T^t« 

Cocopa  (ko'ko-pa).      [PI.,   also   Cofo/jfls.]     A  Coelestius  (se-les'tius).    AcoUaboratorof  Pela-     Mass.,  Sept.  6,  1S06-  died  at  Easton    pT^  p^k' 

tribe  of  North  American  Indians.    They  live  in  gius:  a  native  of  Ireland  (Bretagne?).    He  was     6,1873.     An  American  mathpniatioianpTii,! 

Lower  California  from  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  River  to  Condemned  as  a  heretic  by  a  council  at  Carthage  in  412      teoroloeist    OT^eVsor  oT  n,«t  W,rt,^„  ,  °'®" 

near  the  Gjla.    See  1  u»m/(.  but  was  acquitted  by  Pope  Zosimus  in  417.    He  is  said  to     ;'^"'"*"BiS't,proiessorot  mathematics  and  as- 

COCOS.     See  Keeling  Islands.  have  been  ordained  preshyter  at  Ephesus  some  time  be-      , ',9,?°,™^  ^    ijatayette  College,  Eastou.    He  wrote 

Cocospera  (ko-ko-spa'rii).     [From  the  Pima:  tween  412  and  417.  „,p,!.™.f,i^„i!.f  i'°['''^Jt,^''"'5P''!''<' '' <185'^)' '*"'!  »th 

•  plao?  of  the  dogs.']   A  piak  in  Sonora,  Mex^eo,  Coele-Syria,  or  Cele-Syria  (se'le-sir'i-a).    [Cxr.     "'fZ^SL'tZ^^Uy  "  fSr'etr'  ^""^  '""°"^ "  ^"^ 

forming  a  part  of  one  of  the  western  ramifiea-  Ko//.;?  iiyjm.  Hollow  Syria.]     A  valley  in  Syria,  Coffin   Lonff  Tom      A  sailnv  l„  ^^^,,0^=,  > 

tions  of  the  Sierra  Madre.  lying  between  the  Libanus  and  the  Anti-Li-     -"^e'  PiU.t  •'  Cooper's  novel 

Cocu  Imaginaire,  Le.     See  Sganarelle.  banus,  and  watered   by  the  Leontes  and  the  Co?a1nirpaTiii  CL-n  o-,.l   t„vi,   5  k„  '^   tut-  v     , 

CocytUS  (ko-si'tus).    [Gr.  Ka,Jr6c,  from  .^«^rif,  Orontes.  b5™  S™t^  1817^^  T^'  ,^i<=^^!f 

wafling.]     1.  A  river  in  Epirus,  a  tributary  of  Coelho  (ko-el'yo),  Duarte  de  Albuquerque,     Alinm>^Ll' lue^m^n  Tn^^ 

the  Acheron:  the  modern  Vuvos.- 2.  In  clas-  (^ount  of  Pernambuco  and  Marquis  of  Basto.     pretiZt  "f  the  cabin,^t  ise?  b",  minister  of  t^.V  ,>?.r™' 

sical  mythology,  a  river  of  Hades,  a  tributary  Born  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  22,  1591 :  died  at  Madrid,     1868-70,  minister  of  foreien  aitalrs  1877-78,  minister  of  the 

of  the  Acheron.  Sept.  24,  1658.      The  eldest   son   of  Jorge  de     '"'<="<"' lS79-«o,  and  Rumanian  ambassador  at  Paris  I88O- 

Codazzi  (ko-dat'se),  AgUStin.     Born  at  Lugo,  Albuquerque  Coelho.    in  1627  he  was  made  gover-     dfvie "  nm'^rpf/." °"'°"'^  ***  '"  ^^'"'^'"^  "^  <!«  '»  «»>- 

nearFerrara,Italy,1792:diedinColombia,1859.  "<"■  of  Pernambuco,  a  position  which  he  had,  by  feudal  p„„i,A;     n-        ^/t-^     t. 

An  en<rineer  and  fi-eo<^-anhpr  in  thp  imrthpr,  J?^- 'n''""«.d  froiu  his  fatlier.    He  was  driven  out  by  the  Coghettl     (ko-get'te),    FrancesCO.     Bora    at 

f„  ,    *a     *l^       ^-    ^   &        ui-  1     ]     .t7    ■  Dutch  invasion  of  1630,  and  in  1639  went  to  Spain,  resid-     Bergamo,  Italy,  Oct.  4    1804-    died  at  Romp 

part  of  South  America.     He  published  at  Pans  ing  at  iladrid,  where  he  published  his -Memoriasdiarias     Amfl  'H    ISTi       Ar^  Tt=  i»^\;a;,?tf„    ^."°'^!' 

in   1841  "Eesumen  de  la  Geografia  de  Vene-  de  la  guerra  del  BrazU  ■' in  1654.  C^nt^^t^J        An  Italian  painter.    His  best- 

^--uela,"  ^  Coelho,   Gon?alo.      A    Portuguese    navigator    laZm  '''"' '°  *^' ^''"'^'^'' '° 

Coddington  (kod'mg-ton),  William.     Born  in     who,  m  1488,  commanded  a  ship  on  the  coast  Coffia  Hatsann   AlVinM,!.!  th^.'„„s  i,-  '  •■     -i 
Lincolnshire,  England,   1601 :    died   in   Rhode     of  Senegambia.     It  has  been  supposed  that  he  had     ha^^bll)      A  sto,  v   h,  "  tIp    EX^      ^''>.f'> 
Island,  Nov.  1,  1678.     An  English  colonist  in     charge  of  "the  expedition  of  I601  to  explore  the  coast  of     i-„L^t   •  !,''',  ^'"^  Arabian  Nights' 

America,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  oolmiv  of     ?'''"''•  ^"K°^  ""'^  "^^re  is  no  proof.    It  seems  certain,     f-ntertamments,     ot   a  poor  rope-maker  who 

]<t£^^^-^^^^^^^  'i^'i::^^^s^t!^^^^s^^^±  ^i' '  '^-^"-■^'^  "^  ^  '^"^^  ^^'^'  ^-^^  ''-°-- 

Code  Fr^dlric  (ktd 'fra-da-rek').  A  codification  -  ?^l^n'd''^  Sr'j.7"hit1hfps^^af  ■w'rtLla"ftwo''ott?s'^  C°gia  Houssam  (hos'siim).  The  captain  of  the 
of  the  laws  of  Prussia  made  bv  Frederick  the  "i'.'^P*  "^""  ^^™e  Amerigo  Vespucci  for  commander  or  .  ^^TH,^  ™  .  ^V  -"^  '^"'^  *''*'  Forty  Thieves," 
Great  in  1751  pilot,  separated  from  Coelho  and  returned  to  Lisbon  in     in    "The    Al-abian    Nights'    Entertainments" 

Code  Napoleon  (kod  na-po-la-on').    A  compi.  mSV'I^ne^^T,  "li^n^d^iu'ia^fVo'thli^^'fu^!    t^h^X".f^'  °^'"''  ^"'"' ''"'  «°"fi'l'^"<^''  °f 

latiou  of  the  laws  of  France  made  under  the  'her  is  known  of  him.                                                      r<  ™       /i  -        -i /% 

auspices  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  first  consul  Coelho,  Jorge  de  Albuquerque.  BomatOlin-  cognac  (ton- j^k  ).  A  town  m  the  department 
and  emperor,  promulgated  1804-10.  it  is  founded  ^^'  Pernambuco,  April  23, 1539 :  died,  probably  00  ^'?ai"<^nt<'./  ranee,  situated  on  the  Charente 
on  the  civil  law,  and  has  been  largely  copied  in  other  at  Lisbon,  some  time  after  1596.  A  Portuguese  -^  ™nes  west  ot  Angouleme:  the  ancient  Con- 
countries  where  the  civU  law  prevaUs.  soldier,  second  son  of  Duarte  Coelho  PeJeira              v*"^"  ^^^  middle  ages  Coniaeus,  later  Coi- 

Code  Noir  (kod  nwar).     [F.,  -black  code. 'J    An  From  ISeo  to  156.5  he  was  commander  of  the  Portuguese     i^^V'  I' '^  the  center  of  the  brandy  trade  of  the  region, 

edict  of  Louis  XTV.  of  France  in  1685    regit-  'orces  in  Pernambuco,  under  his  brother,  the  second  dona-     l^opulation  (1891),  commune,  17,392. 

lating  the  West  Indian  colonies  and  the  c5n-  cfnt!,'red\T?hP  Vn''rf-  ''^7r«"ch  corsairs  in  ir.as ;  was  Cognac,  Holy  League  of.    A  league  concluded 

dition  and  treatment  of  negro  slaves  and  freed  o^At^tXi^'l Au|. ^"  ts^S)!  ^L' t  tlTS              May  22  1526,  between  Pope  Clement  VH., Fran- 

negroes.  brother  inherited  the  captaincy  of  Pernambuco                     '^'^  ^-  ^^ ''  ™liee,  Milan,  and  Venice,  against  the 

Code  of  1650.  A  code  of  laws  compiled  for  the  Coelho  de  Albuquerque  (ko-el'vo  de  al-bo-  ''^f^.l""',*^'"^'''*^^'^:  Henry  viii.  was  in  sympathy 
colony  of  Connecticut  by  Roger  Ludlow:  some-     ker'ke),  Duarte.     Born  at   Olind'a,  Peruam-    Leaiue        ''^'"''  " '^"'  "*""*  "'^  Clementine 

times  called  i«f7/o,r'sC<w?f.  bueo,  1537:  died  in  Fez,  Africa,  about  1.579.  Coeniard  (kon  vHrM    TTir^nnl^a      R„.     at 

Code  Of  Justinian,  Theodosius.  See  Justinian,  The  eldest  son  of  Duarte  Coelho  Pereira.  He  oo^°807-  died  Feb  6  18^^^  A^^;pn^rH  p  t"^' 
Theodosius.  inherited  the  captaincy  of  Pernambuco  in  1564,  and  gov!     i^"',  Awl'.if.fJ^         ?         f"        a  ^''^f^  theatri- 

Codbn  (kod'Un),  Tom.    A  cynical  exhibitor  of     5™'=;' "'  Pe>-sonally  from  \xo  to  1572.    Returning  to  Por-  ^'^^  dnectoi  and  writer  of  vaudevilles. 

^^^^oS^iC^'  -^^-'-  ^^^-^-^-^  ^^tLs^:^^:^,^'-  --  ^iJ:^il^°'^^r^r^S^^r^:^ 

Codogno  (^o-d^'nyof.-  A  town  in  the  province  ''re^atte^a^?rlJ^^b^;coXt°I5y''A  Us^b^^hTr  "H^ip^p^-fZ "'^^  ^"  ''°'"^""'^"°''  ^^^^ 
It   ^  tre^hS'mirket'LrCrn'ptn'pf '""•     P/>.''t"g-- soldier.    He  was  th'e  flrstl  r'earcoch^  Co|oleto  (ko  goXt^).'    A  town  in  the  province 

jUuilt:tooo""'^' '"'  ^'^^"^^'^^  ''''''^'-  sw  iz  rt^^Thi^^xnr'Lrwh™;'  '^.  ''::i:r^j^k'  th'''  ?  *'^  t^''^  ^? 

Codrington(kod'ring-ton),  Sir  Edward  Born  ^tfoyed  a  French  trading  establishment.  In  April,  1534,  J^.®?,  ,  ^^"^'h  ,"'■>  sometimes  claimed  as  the 
April  27,  1770:  died  at  London    Anril  "s    18=;i  '^  new  captaincy  of  Pernambuco  was  granted  to  him     birthplace  of  Columbus. 

AnotpdFnAi^hTiniiral      «   .  ',        .       v'  and  his  heirs  in  perpetuity,  and  he  speedily  made  it  the  CogoUudo    (ko-gol-vo'Do),   DiegO    Looez    de 

AnoteclLnglishadmiial.     He  took  part  m  the  battle     most  fiourishing  colony  in  Brazil.    Olinda,  his  capital,     ASninish   Pranciscnn  w  ,n  iiv-prl  it^  -vf,  ,„? 
of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  180.5,  as  commander  of  the  Orion  ■      was  founded  in  1636.  »  >..«pii.ai,     A  opanisn  J<ranciscan  Who  lived  in  Vucatan 

Tn'^*,!."'  V;«'^'^«'"  Chesapeake  BayandatNew  Orleans  Coelica  (se'li-ka).  A  collection  of  short  poems  i^rr-  ,  ?*T^r  qi/irtf r/>f  the  17th  century.  His. 
n  1814;  became  vice-admiial  1821,  and  admiral  of  the  of  diflpvpnt  1p"n<,t)w  \.^r  W^^nZ  r„„  "ii  l™*""?  "Histona  de  Yucathan"  (fol.,  Madrid,  1688)is  a  chief  au- 
blue  1837 ;  and  commanded  the  allied  fleet  at  Navarino  ?,  "i°<^yent  lengths,  by  i  ulke  GreviUe  (Lord  thority  on  the  history  of  that  country  down  to  1655  A 
Oct.  20,  1S27.  iSrooKe).     It  appeared  in  a  folio  volume  eon-     second  edition  bears  the  title  "Los  tres  siglos  de  la  domi- 

Codrington,  Sir  Henry  John.    Bom  1808-  died     taining  other  poems  in  1633.  nacion  espailola  en  Yucatan"  (2  vols.,  Campeche  and 

Aug.  4,  1877.     A  British  admiral,  third  son  of  Coello  (ko-el'yo),  Alonso  Sanchez.     Born  at  -,     "      "''•;7**^-   ,      ,,    , 

Admiral  Sir  Edward  Codrington.    He  took  part     Beuifayro.  near  Valencia,  Spain,  about  1520(f)  •  '^^OgSWell  (kogz  wel),  Joseph  Green.     Born  at 

ascommanderof  the  Talbot,  in  the  bombardment  of  Acre      died  at  Madrid,  1590.     A  Spanish  painter   es-  ^P**"'"^"'  Mass.,  Sept.  27,   1786:  died  at  Cam- 

Nov.  4,1840;  became  a  rcir-adrairal  in  1857;  was  admiral     pecially  noted  for  his  portraits.  '  bridge,  Mass.,   Nov.   26.    1871.     An  American 

SafTnTsw^and  adm  ra'of'S'flee?  18?I  ^^""'"'"^  "'■  Coello,  Claudio.     BorA  at  Madrid,  1621:  died  ^'''ifif/- d  fsli^f,  ^^''T'.  "f  .»'°"''I°8yj'nd  geology 

Codrington,SirWilliamJohn.''BornNov.26,    elSte^ ^''"^ '"'  '"''•    ^  'P'^'^^"  '^"*''"-  ^-'>^"  lo^o^antfha;;arMfssfcZ1;^s,'^ 

1804:    died  at  Heckfield,   Hampshire,  Aug.   4,   n*^*^' Pf,'?'';'^-.,        .„.  1823;  edited  the  "New  York  Review";  was  appointed 

1884.     A  British  general,  second  son  of  Adtiiirn     <^Oen  (kon),  Jan  PieterSZOOn.     Born  at  Hooru,  superintendent  of  the  Astor  Library,  New  York,  in  1S48; 

Sir  Edward  Codi^ngton.    He  served  in  the  Crtaean     -^"therlands,   Jan.  8,  1587:   died   at   Batavia.  »°^«s'gn«d  as  superintendent  in  1861,  and  as  trustee  in 

war,  commanding  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  the  Alma,     •'*^'''  Sept.  20,  1629.     A  Dutch  official,  gover-  p„i,'    „.«.    /t^  ,,„,/„»%        .     .  , 

and  a  division  at  Inkerman,  and  succeeded  Sir  .lames     nor-general  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  1618-''3  ^'"'a'Sset   (Ko-Uas  et).     A   town  and   summer 

m?^''rp."„?^in;i?'"i?°''r'!?:'''J'=*  '"  ">«  •^"'"^'^  Nov.  11,     He  founded  Batavia  in  1619  '  '''"S"/*  m  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 

Snl-n^l'Ze'^afa-nl^gl'e-ra^^^^^^^^^^^^  CcEUT  (ker),  Jacques.   Born  at  Bourges,  France,  ""^t^ZT'^^Tl'l  ""r^th  '^''\'  ''''''''''' 

ment  in  1867,  and  was  governor  of  Gibraltar  1859-66  about   1400:  died  in  Chios,  Nov.  25,  1456      A  ?^  isOx'on.Minots  Ledge  lighthouse  lies  1  mile  off 

C0drus(k6'drns).    [Gr.  Ko<>pof.]    The  la Aing    noted  French  financier,  aiid  merchant  in  tht  CohMkV'i)'Ferlnan^^^^^^^^  04 

"I'^IHT^I^   '■^'^■''''^   (according   to   tradition)     Levant.    He  had  charge  of  the  coinage  and  flnancial  18^°     d^ed  June  °5    1898       AnotpTfV^ 

about  1068  B.  C.  affairs  of  the  state  from  about  1430,  and  effected  important  {°7°  ;,•"/"„?"' /,?■       A  noted  German 

Cody  (ko'di),  William    Frederick       Bom    i,i      "-eforms.     He  was  imprisoned  1451-65  on  the  false  charge  ''':;*'^"'*.*'  P^.^f^*^?"^  OfJ^^JPy  at  Breslau^ 

Scott Countv  Iowa  Ppb  4  ilif   a  „  ,  ^    "'  ■"" '"«  poisoned  AgmSs  sorei.  *    Cohnheim  kon'him  ,  Juhus  Friedrich.  Bora 

scou  .  Sdel;™  a,'"  i^^  Coeur  d'Alene  (ker  da-lan').  [F.,'  awl-heart.']  a*  I^^'nmin,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  July  20,  1839: 
aat  h;  contracted  with  the  Kansas  S"flcTilwL  to  ^"^  ^°^"''"  ^"^^  '^^"g  chiefly  in  northern  Idaho.  J'<",1  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  14,  1884.  A  German  pa- 
supply  its  laborers  with  buffalo  meat ;  in  eighteen  months  ?-"<^5' 8've  name  to  a  lake,  river,  and  range  of  mountains  thologist,  noted  especially  for  discoveries  in 
he  kUled  4,280  buffaloes.  In  1872  he  was  elected  a  mem-  ),", ,"""' tk  ■  '  l"  ^f?"  '^7  ""^^bered  427.  See  Sa-  regard  to  pus-colTiuseles.  He  became  professor  of 
?.w°,Vif  Nebraska  legislature.  In  1883  he  organized  the  '"•'""'■  Iheirname  for  themselves  13  SHtswish.  pathology  and  pathological  anatomy  at  Kiel  in  1868  at 
Wild  West,  an  e.vhibition  of  life  on  the  frontier.  Coeur  de  LlOn  (ker  de  le-6h').  [F  '  lion'=  Breslau  in  1872,  and  at  Leipsic  in  1878. 
Goehoorn  (ko'horn),  or  Cohorn  (ko'horn),  heart,'  •lion-hearted.']  A  surname  given  on  Cohoes  (ko-hoz').  A  city  in  Albany  County, 
1  ^°?,.7i*"-v  fo™  near  Leeuwarden,  Fries-  account  of  their  valor  to  Richard  I.  of  England  New  York,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
land,  1041:  died  at  The  Hague,  Netherlands,  and  Louis  VIII.  of  France.  Mohawk  with  the  Hudson,  8  miles  north  of 
pouTi'  /»  '  V,  t\  \  I  military  engineer,  Coffee-House  Politician,  The.  A  comedy  by  Albany,  it  has  roUing-mills  and  manufactures  of  ho- 
caiiea  T,ne  Liuten  Vanhorn,  inventor  of  the  Henry  Fielding,  published  in  1730  siery  and  underwear.  Its  water-power  is  derived  from 
coehorn   1674.      He  wrote  "Nieuwe  Vesting-  CofSn   (kof'in),   Sir  Isaac      Born   at  Boston  ''"=  Cohoes  Falls,  to  leet  in  height.    Population  (19001, 

CoT  Sl7c7.  "^I^f """"'"  "'''^-  f^T'  TiJ^!"]  '"''''  -.England,  July  23'  Coilk  (koi'la) :  Latinized  from  Kyle.     A  region 

8^W(:f  J&)^ln'-Search  of  a  Wife.     A    lnlks'^^T:^r^t;ln:Ttmru^^^^^^     Z^^'"'-  '^°"^'^"'  '^^^^•^^^^^^^  '"^  ^"™^'* 

novel    by    Hannah    More,  published    in     1809.  the  na^•y  in  1773,  and   became  commander  in  178L    In  r*„ilti;:*„„   /,  -    •       ,       .-   ,,  -it-   •     t.    i. 

The  name  is  often  applied  to  any  bachelor  de-  ^'^*  *"=  ™"  accused  of  signing  a  false  muster,  tried  by  I'Oimbatore  (ko-im-ba-tor  ),  or  Koimbatur 

sirous  of  marrviiKT  joirt-martial,  found  guilty,  and  dismissed  from  the  navy,     ("tor).      1.  A  district  m  Madras,  British  India, 

'  ^'  but  was  reinstated.  Situated  about  lat.  10°  30'-12°  N.,  long.  77°- 


Coimbatore 

78°  E.  Area.  7.860  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  2,004,.>-3!t.— 2.  The  capital  of  this  .lis- 
triet,  gituateil  on  the  river  Novel  in  lat.  10° 
59'  N.,  long.  77°  E.     Population  (18911,  46,383. 

Coimbra  (ko-em'braj.  The  capital  of  the  <lis- 
trict  of  Coimbra,  in  Beira,  Portugal,  situated 
(near  the  ancient  Conimbrica)  on  the  Mou- 
dego  in  lat.  40°  12'  N.,  long.  8°  25'  W.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  only  university  in  Portugal,  transferred 
here  in  1308  from  Lisbon  (where  it  was  founded  in  1290), 
and  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Ines  de  Castro  in 
1355.  It  contains  the  Convent  of  Santa  Cruz,  with  the 
tombs  of  Alfonso  Henriques  and  .Sancho  I.,  an  old  and  a 
new  cathedraJ,  and  a  tine  library  building  connected  with 
the  university.    Population  (ISjOO),  est.,  17,329. 

Ooimbra.  A  Brazilian  frontier  fort  and  settle- 
ment on  the  river  Paraguay  in  lat.  19°  55'  S. 
It  was  founded  in  1775.  repulsed  an  attack  of  the  Span- 
iards in  taoi,  and  was  talien  by  the  Paraguayans  in  Dec, 
1864. 

Coin  (ko-en').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  Spain,  20  miles  west  of  Malaga.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  9,825. 

Coire  (kwar),  G.  Chur  (chor).  [It.  Coira,  Ro- 
mansh  Cueru.]  'The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Plessur, 
near  the  Rhine,  in  lat.  46°  51'  N.,  long.  9°  31'  E. : 
the  Roman  Curia  Rhwtorum.  It  is  a  very  old  town, 
and  contains  a  cathedral,  an  episcopal  palace,  and  some 
Roman  antiquities.  The  cathedral  is  a  venerable  struc- 
ture, in  parts  as  old  as  the  8th  century,  with  a  still  older 
crypt    Population  (1888),  9,380. 

Cojutepec  (ko-Ho-te-pek'),  or  Cojutepeque 

(kd-Ho-te-pa'kl).  A  town  in  San  Salvador, 
Central  America,  10  miles  northeast  of  San 
Salvador.     Popidation,  about  10,000. 

Cokayne  (ko-kan'),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Maple- 
ton,  Derbyshire,  Jan.  21,  1587:  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1638.  An  English  lexicographer,  author 
of  an  English-Greek  lexicon  containing  deriva- 
tions and  definitions  of  "  all  the  words  in  the 
New  Testament"  (1658).  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford (Corpus  Christi  College),  but  did  not  take  a  degree. 
During  the  latter  pai-t  of  his  life  he  lived  in  London 
under  the  name  of  Browne. 

Coke  (kok,  originally  kuk),  Sir  Edward.  [The 
surname  Coke  is  another  form  (archaic  spell- 
ing) of  Cook,  orig.  designating  a  cook.]  Born 
at  Mileham,  Norfolk,  England,  Feb.  1,  1552 : 
died  at  Stoke  Pogis,  Sept.  3,  1634.  A  noted 
English  jurist.  He  was  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons 1592-93,  attorney-general  1593-94,  chief  justice  of 
the  Coranion  Pleas  I60*>,  and  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  1613.  He  came  into  conflict  with  the  king  and 
Bacon  on  matters  touching  the  royal  prerogative,  espe. 
cially  the  right  of  granting  coniraendams,  and  was  re- 
moved from  the  bench  Nov.  15,  ItilG.  Among  the  noted 
cases  which  he  conducted  as  prosecutor  are  those  of  Es- 
sex and  Southampton  in  1601,  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in 
lt)03  (in  which  he  disgraced  himself  by  the  brutality  of 
hip  language),  and  of  the  gunpowder  plotters  in  lt»05.  In 
the  later  part  of  his  life  he  rendered  notalile  service,  in 
Parliament,  to  the  cause  of  English  freedom,  his  last 
important  speech  being  a  direct  attack  on  Buckingham. 
His  chief  works  are  his  "Reports"  (1600-15)  and  his 
"Institutes."  which  consist  of  a  reprint  and  trunslation 
of  Littleton  s  "  Tenures  "  with  a  commentary  (pojiuhirly 
known  as  '"Coke  upon  Littleton");  the  text  of  v;tri"us 
statutes  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  time  of  James  I.,  with 
a  commentary;  a  treatise  on  criminal  law  ;  and  a  treatise 
on  the  jurisdiction  of  the  ditferent  law-courts. 

Coke,  Thomas.  Born  at  Brecon,  South  Wales, 
Sept.  9,  1747:  died  at  sea,  May  2,  1814.  A 
British  preacher  and  missionary,  first  bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (1784).  He 
wrote  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Holy  Scriptures" 
(1807),  "History  of  the  West  Indies"  (1808), 
etc. 

Coke,  Thomas  William.  Born  May  4,  1752 : 
died  at  Longford  Hall,  Derbyshire,  .June  30, 
1842.  An  English  nobleman  and  Whig  poli- 
tician, created  earl  of  Leicester  of  Holkliam 
and  Viscount  Coke  Aug.  12,  1837.  He  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  Wenman,  and  assumed  the  name  Coke 
on  succeeding  t^>  the  estate  of  his  maternal  inicle, 
Thomas  Coke,  earl  of  Leicester.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  improvements  in  agriculture  on  his  estates  about 
Holkliam,  Norfolk,  especially  in  the  breeds  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs. 

Cokes  (koks),  Bartholomew.   A  foolish  yoiing 

squire  in  Jonson's  comedy  "Bartholomew  Fair." 

Cokes  is  unqm-stionably  the  most  finished  pi(;ture  nf  a 
simpletoti  that  the  mimetic  art  ever  produced.  With  Buf- 
flcicnt  natural  powers  to  take  from  us  all  sense  of  nneasi- 
.  ness  at  his  exposure,  he  is  forever  wantoning  on  the 
verge  of  imbecility.  His  childish  but  insatiiihle  curios- 
ity, his  eagerness  to  possess  every  object  within  his 
reach,  his  total  abandonment  of  himself  Ut  every  amuse- 
ment that  offers,  his  incapacity  of  receiving  more  than 
one  of  two  events  at  a  time,  with  his  anxious  fears  that 
the  other  will  escape  him,  joined  to  the  usual  concom- 
itants of  follyi  selllshness,  cunning,  and  occasional  tits 
of  obstinacy. 

Qifford,  Notes  to  Jonson  (Bartholomew  Fair),  II-  210. 

Colada  (ko-lii'THil).    [Sp.]    The  second  sword 
of  the  Cid. 
Colapui.     See  KiiUuijnir. 


265 
Colban  (kol'biin),  Madame  (Adolfine  Marie 

Schmidt).      Born  Dee.   18.   1S14:  .lied  March 
27.  1SS4.      A  Norwegian  novelist.     Her  works  in- 
clude "Tre  NoveUer  "  (1873X  "Tre  nye  >'oveUer"(1875), 
"Jeg  lever"  (1877),  "Cleopatra"  (1880),  etc. 
Colberg.     See  Knlbcri/. 

Colbert  (kol-bar'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Rheims,  France,  Aug.  29,  1619 :  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  6,  1683.  A  noted  French  statesman.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  merchant  of  Rheims,  entered  the  service 
of  Cardinal  Mazarin  in  1648,  and  in  1661.  on  the  death  of 
Mazarin,  was  appointed  by  Ix)nisXIV.  minister  of  linance, 
a  post  which  he  held  until  his  death.  He  introduced  ex- 
tensive fiscal  reforms,  as  a  result  of  which  the  income 
of  the  government  was  neaily  trebled ;  and  encouraged 
commerce  and  the  industries  by  imposing  a  protective 
tariff,  by  the  building  of  canals,  and  by  the  planting  of 
colonies.  Hefounded  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions(l(i03), 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  (1666),  and  other  institutions  for 
the  promotion  of  art  and  science. 

Colbert,  Jean  Baptiste,  Marquis  de  Seignelav. 
Born  at  Paris,  1651:  died  Nov.  3,  1690.  A 
French  official,  minister  of  marine:  son  of  J. 
B.  Colbert. 

Colbome  (kol'born).  Sir  John.  Born  at  Lynd- 
hurst,  Hampshire,  Feb.  16,  1778:  died  »t  Tor- 
quay, Devonshire,  April  17,  1863.  An  English 
general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1794;  served  under 
Wellington  in  Portugal,  France,  and  Spain  1809-14  ;  fought 
with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  \N  aterloo  in  1815 ;  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-governor  of  Guernsey  in  1825;  and  in 
1830  became  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada,  a  post 
which  he  resigned  on  being  promoted  to  lieutenant-general 
in  1838.  He  returned  to  England  in  1839,  after  having  in 
the  mean  time  quelled  the  Canadian  rebellion,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Seaton  of 
Seaton  in  Devonshire.  He  was  promoted  general  in  1854. 
was  commander  of  the  forces' in  Ireland  185.'MiO,  and  was 
cieated  field-marshal  in  1860. 

Colbrand  (kol'brand),  or  Coldbrand  (kold'- 
brand)-  A  Danish  giant,  slain  by  tiuy  of  War- 
wick. There  is  some  slight  foundation  of  fact 
in  this  legend.     See  Gui/  of  fTarwicl: 

Colburn  (kol'bera),  Warren.  Born  at  Ded- 
ham,  Mass.,  March  1,  1793:  died  at  Lowell, 
Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1833.  An  American  mathe- 
matician, best  known  as  a  writer  on  arithmetic. 

Colburn,  Zerah.  Born  at  Cabot,  Vt.,  Sept.  1, 
1804:  died  ut  Noi-wich,  Vt.,  March  2, 1840.  An 
American,  celebrated  during  his  boyhood  as  an 
arithmetical  prodigy. 

Colby  (kol'bi)  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  at  Waterville,  Maine,  it  was 
organized  in  1820,  and  previous  to  1867  was  called  Water- 
ville College.     It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Baptists. 

Colcampata  (kol-kilm-pii'tii).  [Quiehua,  'ter- 
race of  the  granaries.']  A  series  of  artificial 
teiTaces  at  the  foot  of  the  Saesaliuaman  hill, 
north  of  and  overlooking  the  city  of  Cuzco, 
Peru.  Under  the  Inca  sovereigns  they  were  a  sort  of 
sacred  garden :  eveiy  year  the  Inca  himself  broke  the  soil 
there  as  a  signal  that  the  season  of  planting  had  com- 
menced, and  there  he  plucked  the  first  ears  of  the  h:ir- 
vest.  These  ceremonies  were  celebrated  by  festivals. 
The  Colcampata  palace  was  at  the  base  of  the  terraces, 
and  portions  of  it  remain  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 

Colchester  (kol'ches-ter).  A  town  in  Esse.x, 
England,  situated  on  the  Colne  in  lat.  51°  54' 
N.,  long.  0°  54' E. :  the  Roman  Camulodunum. 
and  the  Anglo-Saxon  Colneceaster.  It  has  long 
been  famous  for  its  oyster-fishery,  and  contains  many 
Roman  antiquities,  including  Rtmian  walls.  It  has  a 
castle  and  the  ruins  of  SI.  Botolph's  I'riory  and  of  a  Bene- 
dictine monastery.  The  castle  is  the  most  powerful  Nor- 
man military  structure  in  England.  The  dimensions  of 
the  keep  are  168  by  126  feet,  and  iU*  walls  vary  in  thickness 
from  11  to  30  feet.  In  one  portion  of  the  walls  appears 
Roman  herring-bone  work  in  brick.  The  chapel  is  now  a 
museum  of  Roman  antiquities.  Camulodnnuni  was  the  ear- 
liest Roman  colony  in  l'>ritain,  and  was  destroyed  by  the 
Icerd,  but  rebuilt.  Later  it  became  a  stronghold,  and  was 
taken  by  Fairfax  in  1618.     Population  (1891),  34,5f)li. 

The  grand  city  of  Caniulodntntm.  or,  as  it  is  called  in 
the  Itinerary,  Camalodutnim.  tlu-  capital  of  the  British 
princes  after  they  had  subndtted  to  the  Romans,  and  the 
first  Roman  city  in  the  island  which  was  honoured  with 
the  rank  of  a  colonia.  History  speaks  of  its  temples  and 
public  buildings;  and  if,  at  an  early  period  of  its  history, 
it  was  exposed  to  attack  without  walls  of  defence,  that 
want  was  so  well  supplied  at  a  subsequent  period,  that 
the  ponderous  masoiu'y  of  its  walls  has  endureii  to  the 
present  day,  and  ought  never  U\  have  allowed  anybody  to 
hesitate  in  placing  the  site  of  this  ancient  city  at  Col- 
ehcBt4>r.  Wriffhl,  Celt,  p.  134. 

Colchester,  Baron.    See  Abbot,  Charles. 

Colchis  (kol'kis).  [Gr.  Ko^i/r.]  In  ancient 
gcograiihy,  a  country  in  Asia,  lying  between 
the  Caucasus  on  the  north,  Iberia  on  the  east, 
Armenia  on  the  south.  I'onlus  on  the  soulli- 
west.  and  the  Etixine  on  the  west :  the  moilern 
Mingrclia.  It  was  the  legendary  land  of  Medea  and 
the  Oolden  Fleece,  and  its  inhabitants  were  famous  for 
the  niaiinfactnre  of  linen. 

Colcur  (kol'kiir).  Born  in  Araucania  aV)out 
1555:  died  at  Santa  Cruz  de  Coya,  1.598.  An 
Araueanian  Indian  of  Chile,  grandson  of  the 
celebrated  chief  Caupolican.  He  was  caclqne  of 
Aneol,  and  one  of  the  most  determined  foes  of  the  Span- 


Cole,  John  William 

iards.  In  1592  lie  w.as  elected  toqui  or  war-chief  of  the- 
nation.     He  was  killed  in  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Coya. 

Coldbath  Fields  (kold'bath  feldz).  A  pan 
of  Middlesex  from  which  the  great  Coldbath 
Fields  prison  took  its  name.  The  original  house  of 
correction  here  was  built  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  It 
was  overcrowded  and  was  closed  in  1^. 

Col  de  Balme  (kol  do  biilm).  A  notably  pic- 
turesque Alpine  pass  on  the  route  between 
Chamonix  in  France  and  Martigny  in  Switzer- 
land.    Elevation,  7,225  feet. 

Colden  (kol 'den),  Cadwallader.  Born  at 
Dunse,  Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1088 :  died  on  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1776.  A  Scotch-Ameri- 
can physician,  botanist,  mathematician,  and 
politician,  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York 
1761-76.  He  introduced  the  Linnean  system  into  Amer- 
ica, and  furnished  Linnaeus  (who  named  the  genus  OUdenia 
for  him)  with  descriptions  of  several  hundred  American 
plants.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations 
of  Canada'  (1727),  and  several  medical  works. 

Colden,  Cadwallader  David.  Born  near 
Flushin^^  Long  Island,  April  4,  1769:  died  at 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Feb.  7,  1834.  An  Americaa 
lawyer  and  politician,  grandson  of  C.  Colden. 

Col  de  Tenda  (kol  de  ten'da).  A  pass  in  the 
mountains  of  northwestern  Italy,  near  France, 
30  miles  northeast  of  Monaco,  it  is  often  taken  as 
the  boundary  between  the  Maritime  Alps  and  the  Apen- 
nines.    Elevation,  6,195  feet. 

Cold  Harbour  (kold  hiir'bor).  [Also  Cole-Har- 
hiiiir:  corrupted  ('()«?  i/«/ftoKr.]  Avery  ancient 
building  in  the  parish  of  Allhallows  the  Less, 
near  the  Thames,  stow  gives  a  long  account  of  the 
various  merchant  princes  and  great  men  through  whose 
hands  it  passed  till  it  came  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  who 
in  1553  cliaitged  its  name  to  Shrewsbury  House ;  the  next 
earl  "  took  it  down,  and  in  place  thereof  builded  a  number 
of  small  tenements,  now  lettenont  for  great  rents  to  peo- 
ple of  all  sorts-"  It  was  at  this  time  a  sanctuary  for 
delit4.)rs,  gamesters,  etc- ;  hence  the  phrase  "To  take  sanc- 
tuary in  Cold  Harbour." 

Cold  Harbor.  A  place  in  Hanover  County, 
Virginia,  9  miles  east-northeast  of  Richmond, 
situated  near  the  Chickahominj-.  It  was  the  scene 
of  two  battles  during-the  Civil  War :  the  first,  fought  J  une 
27,  1862,  is  better  known  as  the  battle  of  Gaines's  Mill 
(which  see) ;  the  second  was  fought  June  3,  1S64,  and  the 
Confederates  (50,000-fi9,000)  under  Lee  defeated  the  Fed- 
erals (150,000)  under  Grant,  Losses  (June  1-12):  of  Fed- 
erals, 14,931 ;  of  Confederates,  1,700. 

Coldingham  (kol'ding-am).  A  \-illage  of  Ber- 
wickshire, Scotland,  10  miles  northwest  of  Ber- 
wick. It  contained  a  famous  priory,  burned  by 
the  Danes  about  870. 

Coldstream  (kold'strem).  A  small  town  in 
Berwickshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tweed 
12  miles  southwest  of  Berwick. 

Coldstream  Guards.    A  regiment  of  British 

foot-guards,  first  enrolled  by  General  Monk  at 
Coldstream  1659-00. 

Coldstream  (kold'strem).   Lady  Catharine. 

A  Scottish  woman   of  quality  in  Foote's   play 
"  The  Maid  of  Bath  " :  a  shrewd  old  woman  who 
tries  her  hand  at  match-making. 
Coldstream,  Sir  Charles.    A  hmguid  man  of 

fasliioii  in  M;illiows's  farce  "Used  l"p." 

Col  du  Bonhonune  (  kol  diibo-nom').  [F., "good- 
man's  neck.']  1.  tine  of  the  chief  jiasses  over 
the  Vo.sges  Mountains  on  the  frontier  of  France 
and  Alsace  southwest  of  Markirch.  Elevation, 
3,084  feet.— 2.  A  pass  in  the  Alps,  south  of 
Mont  Blanc,  on  the  route  between  Chamonix  and 
('otirniiiyetirfin  Italy).     Elevation,  7.680  feet. 

Col  du  Mont-Iseran  (kol  dii  moht-ez-ron'). 
A  (lass  ill  the  soul hcastcrii  Alps,  between  the 
u|qicr  viillcv  of  the  IsOre  and  that  of  the  Arc. 
Elevation.  9.0,85  feet. 

Coldwater  ( kold' wa '  t^r).  The  capital  of  Branch 
County,  in  southern  Michigan,  situated  on  Cold- 
water  River  in  lat.  41°  57'  N.,  long.  85°  W. 
Population  (19l)i)i,  (i,216. 

Cole  (kol),  George.  Born  at  Portsmouth,  Eng- 
land, 181(1:  ilicd  at  London,  Sept.  7,  1883.  Au 
English  laiidsiniic-paiuter. 

Cole,  Sir  Henry.  Born  at  Bath,  July  15,  1808: 
died  at  London,  -April  18,  1882.  An  English 
oflicial.  He  was  a  senior  assistant  keeper  of  the  rec- 
ords 18.18,  became  secretary  of  the  conmiiltee  on  penny 
postage  In  1838,  edited  the  "Journal  of  Design"  184!)-52. 
was  a  member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  great 
exhibition  of  1851,  was  the  chief  nuimiger  of  the  exhibi- 
tions of  1871-74,  became  secretaiy  of  the  School  of  Design 
In  1851,  and  waa  secretary  of  the  department  of  practical 
art  18,52-73.  He  published,  under  I  lie  pseudonym  of  "Felix 
Summerly,"  "The  Home  Treiusury"  (1843-44),  "Pleasure 
Excursions  to  Crovdon  "  (1S16I,  "Westminster  Abbey' 
(1842),  "Cant.rbnry  "( 184:0,"  Hampton  t^'ourt"  (1S43I,  etc. 

Cole,  John  William :  pseudonym  John  Wil- 
liam Calcraft.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writ4'r.  He  has  written  "Russia  and  the  Russians" 
(18.54),  "  Life  anil  Theatrical  Times  of  Charles  Kean  '  (IMOJr 
and  "The  Bride  of  Lammermoor."  a  drama. 


Cole,  King 

Cole,  King.     See  A'imj  Cole. 

Cole,  Mrs.  A  character  played  by  Foote  in  his 
comedy  ''The  Mirror,''  a  procuress  whose  pre- 
tended reformation  was  intended  as  a  slur  on 
the  Methodists.  She  refers  to  her  friend  Dr.  Squintum, 
which  gave  great  otfense,  as  lie  was  at  once  identified  with 
George  Whitetleld.  Slie  was  a  real  person,  a  "Mother 
Douglass." 

Cole  Thomas.  Born  at  Bolton-le-Moors,  Lan- 
cashire, England,  Feb.  1,  1801 :  died  at  Catskill, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  11,  1848.  A  noted  American  land- 
scape-painter. He  came  with  his  father  to  the  [Tnited 
States  in  1819,  settled  in  Ohio,  and  in  1825  removed  to  New 
Yoi  k.  He  aspired  to  he  a  painter  of  large  historioiil,  or  ra- 
ther allegorical,  landscapes;  and  some  of  his  productions  in 
this  line  (as,  for  instance,  those  in  the  New  York  Histoii- 
cal  Society's  rooms)  will  .always  secure  him  a  respectable 
place  among  the  followers  of  the  old  school.  He  was  a 
great  lover  of  the  Catskills  and  White  ilountains. 

Cole,  Timothy.  Born  at  London,  April  6, 1852. 
A  noted  American  wood-engraver,  and  leatier  of 
the  new  school  of  wood-engraving.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  "Old  Italian  Masters," begun  in  1883,  pub- 
lished in  1892  (text  by  W.  J.  Stillman). 

Cole,  Vicat.  Born  1833  :  died  April  6, 1893.  An 
English  landscape-painter. 

Cole,  William.  Born  at  Little  Abington,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Aug.  3,  1714:  died  at  Milton,  near 
Cambridge,  Dec.  16,  1782.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  antiquary,  an  authority  on  the  anti- 
quities of  Cambridge  and  Cambridgeshire.  His 
manuscripts  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

Colebrooke  (korbnik),  Henry  Thomas.  Born 
at  Loudon,  June  15,  1765:  died  at  London, 
March  10,  1837.  An  English  Orientalist,  cele- 
brated as  the  pioneer  of  the  modern  study  of 
Sanskrit. 

Coleman  (kol'man),  Lyman.  Born  at  Middle- 
tiekl,  Mass.,  June  l-t,  1796 :  died  at  Easton,  Pa., 
March  16, 1882.  An  American  educatorand  theo- 
logical writer,  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  at 
Lafayette  College  1861-68,  and  of  Latin  1868-82. 

Colenso  (k6-len's6),  John  William.  Born  at 
St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  Jan.  24,  1S14:  died  at 
Durban,  Natal,  June  20,  18S3.  Au  English  di- 
vine, appointed  bishop  of  Natal  in  IS.'jS.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  was  tutor  in  St.  John's  Col- 
lege 1842-16.  From  that  date  until  1853  he  was  vicar 
of  Forncett  St.  Mary  in  Norfolk.  He  published  elemen- 
tary treatises  on  ai-ithmetic  and  algebr.a,  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, works  on  the  Zulu  language,  a  "Commentary  on 
St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans  '  (18B1),  "The  Penta- 
teuch and  Book  of  .Joshua  Critically  E-\amined  "(1862-79), 
etc.  His  writings  on  the  Old  Testament,  in  which  lie  took 
very  advanced  critical  ground,  awakened  great  and  bitter 
opposition ;  he  was  excommunicated  by  Bishop  Gray,  met- 
ropolitan of  Cape  Town  (a  proceeding  afterward  declared 
to  be  null  and  void),  and  was  subjected  to  attacks  from 
m;iny  quurters. 

Coleone,  Bartolommeo.    See  CoUeoni. 

Colepeper  (kol'peper),  John.  Died  in  Eng- 
land, J  une  11,  1660.  An  English  royalist  poli- 
tician, first  Lord  Colepeper,  son  of  Sir  John 
Colepeper  of  Wigsell,  Sussex.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Long  Pai'Uament  in  1640  ;  took  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings against  Stratford  ;  supported  the  episcopacy  and 
opposed  the  Scottish  demand  for  religious  union  ;  became 
a  privy  councilor  and  chancellor  of  the  excliequer  Jan. 
2,  1642  ;  and  was  thenceforth  an  influential  adviser  of  the 
king.  He  followed  Charles  to  York  ;  fought  at  the  battle 
of  Edgehill ;  became  master  of  the  rolls  Jan.  28, 1643  ;  and 
accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  (Charles  II.)  to  France 
in  164(1.  He  remained  until  his  death  a  councilor  and 
active  riuppurter  of  tlie  prince. 

Colepepper,  Captain  John.  A  bully  and  mur- 
derer in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 
He  is  sometimes  known  as  Peppercul. 

Coleraine  (kol-ran').  A  municipal  borough  in 
County  Londonderry,  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
Bann  in  lat.  55°  8'  N.,  long.  6°  41'  W.  It  is 
noted  for  its  Uneu  manufactures.  Population 
(1891),  6,845. 

Coleridge  (kol'rij),  Derwent.  Born  at  Kes- 
wick, England,  Sept.  14,  1800:  died  at  Torquay, 
April  2,  1883.  Au  English  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, son  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  He  was 
master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Helston,  Cornwall,  1825- 
1840;  principal  of  St.  Mark's  College,  Chelsea,  1841-64  • 
and  reitiir  of  Hauwell  1864-80. 

Coleridge,  Hartley.  Born  at  Clevedon,  Somer- 
setshire, Sept.  19,  1796 :  died  at  Rydal,  West- 
moreland, Jan.  6,  1849.  An  English  poet  and 
man  of  letters,  sou  of  Samuel  Taylor  (,'oleridge. 
He  published  "  Biographia  borealis  "  (1833),  republished  as 
"Worthies  of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire"  (1836),  and  an 
edition  of  Massinger  and  Ford  (1840).  etc.  His  poetical 
and  prose  remains  were  edited  Ijy  his  brother  Derwent 
Coleridge  in  1851.  His  life  was  one  of  misfortune,  due  to 
an  exceptionally  sensitive,  shy,  and  inett'ectual  character. 

Coleridge,  Henry  Nelson.  Born  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  Englaud,  Oct.  25,  1798:  died  Jan.  26, 
1843.  Au  English  lawyer  and  man  of  letters, 
nephew  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  and  hus- 
band of  Sara  Coleridge.  He  became  his  uncle's  lit- 
erary executor,  and  edited  several  of  his  works,  besides 
publishing  his  "Table  Talk. " 


266 

Coleridge,  Herbert.  Bom  at  Hampstead,  Eng- 
land, Uct.  7,  1830:  died  at  London,  April  23, 
1861.  Au  English  lawyer  and  philologist,  son 
of  Henry  Nelson  Coleridge,  and  grandson  of 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  He  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nal promoters  and  practically  the  first  general  editor  of 
the  dictionary  at  first  designed  by  the  Philological  Society 
to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  Johnson's  and  Rich;udson's, 
but  which  in  the  hands  of  later  editors  has  developed  into 
the  "  ^evf  English  Dictionary,  on  Historical  Principles," 
in  process  of  publication  since  1884. 

Coleridge,  John  Duke,  Baron  Coleridge.  Born 
Dec.  3,  1820:  died  Juno  14,  1894.  Au  English 
.im-ist,  son  of  Sir  John  Taylor  Coleridge.  He 
became  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in 
1873,  and  lord  chief  justice  of  England  in  1880. 

Coleridge,  Sir  John  Taylor.  Born  at  Tiverton, 
England,  1790 :  died  at  Ottery  St,  Mary,  Feb. 
11, 1876.  An  English  jurist,  nephew  of  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge,  justice  of  the  Kiug's  Bench 
183.5-58.  He  edited  Blaokstone's  ''Commen- 
taries" (1825). 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor.  Born  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  Devonshii'e,  Englaud,  Oct.  21,  1772:  died 
at  Highgate,  London,  July  25,  1834.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  philosopher,  and  literary  critic.  He 
studied,  with  a  short  interruption,  at  Cambridge  1791-94, 
when  he  left  without  a  degree.  Soon  after  this  he  formed, 
with  Southey,  George  Burnett,  and  others,  the  project  of 
establishing  a  communistic  society  on  the  Susquehanna 
River,  a  scheme  which  was  never  executed  owing  to  want 
of  funds.  He  married  Sara  Fricker,  the  sister  of  Southey's 
wife,  in  1795 ;  and  in  the  same  year  settled  at  Bristol, 
where  the  first  volume  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1796. 
He  began  in  1796  the  publication  of  a  weekly  periodical, 
entitled  "'The  Watchman,"  of  which  only  ten  numbers 
appeared.  In  1798  he  published,  in  conjunction  with 
Wordsworth,  the  "Lyrical  Ballads,"contributing  the  "An- 
cient Mariner,"  the  "  Nightingale,"  and  two  scenes  from 
' '  Osorio  "  (afterward  ' '  Remorse  ").  In  1798  he  accepted  an 
annuity  of  £150  from  the  brothers  Josiah  and  Thomas 
Wedgwood,  and  in  the  same  year  went  to  Germany,  where 
he  studied  physiology  and  philosophy  some  months  at  the 
University  of  Gottingen.  lie  returned  to  England  in  1799, 
and  in  1800  settled  at  Keswick,  the  home  of  Southey  and 
Wordsworth.  He  was  secretary  to  the  governor  of  Malta 
1804-05.  Subsequently,  owing  to  domestic  difficulties, 
aggravated  by  his  habit  of  taking  opium,  he  separated 
from  Ids  wife  and  went  to  London,  where  he  lectured  to 
fashionable  audiences  on  Shakspere,  the  fine  arts,  and 
cognate  subjects.  In  1816  he  became  the  guest  of  Mr. 
Gillman,  a  physician  of  London,  in  whose  house  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  Among  his  works  are  "Remorse,  a 
Tragedy"  (1813),  " Christabel  "  (1816),  "Biographia  Lite- 
raria"  (1817),  "Aids  to  Reflection  in  the  Formation  of  a 
Manly  Character  "  (1825),  etc.  "  Literary  Remains  "  edited 
by  H,  N.  Coleridge  (183(>-39),  complete  works  edited  by 
Shedd  (1853-54). 

Coleridge,  Sara.  Born  at  Greta  Hall,  near 
Keswick,  England,  Dee.  22,  1802 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  3, 1852.  An  English  writer,  daughter 
of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  and  wife  (1829)  of 
Henry  Nelson  Coleridge.  She  Is  best  known 
as  the  editor,  after  her  husband's  death,  of  her 
father's  ^vritings. 

Coles  (kolz),  Co'wper  Phipps.  Bom  1819:  lost 
at  sea,  Sept.  7,  1870.  Au  English  naval  officer 
who  served  with  distinction  at  Sebastopol  in 
1854.  He  gave  much  attention  to  the  construction  of 
turreted  ships,  and  claimed  to  be  the  originator  (a  claim 
disproved  in  favor  of  Ericsson  and  others)  of  the  monitor 
type  of  iron-clad  ships.  He  lost  his  life  by  the  capsizing 
of  the  Captain  (a  ship  of  this  class  constructed  under  his 
own  supervision)  in  a  gale  off  Cape  Finisterre,  in  which 
523  persons  were  drowned. 

Coles,  Edward.  Born  in  Albemarle  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  15,  1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July 
7,  1868.  An  American  politician,  governor  of 
Illinois  1823-26.  He  prevented,  after  a  bitter  and  pro- 
tr.acted  struggle,  the  pro-slavery  party  from  obt^iining 
control  of  the  State, 

Coles,  Elisha.  Bom  at  Wolverhampton,  Eng- 
land, about  1640:  died  at  Galway,  Ireland,  Dec. 
20,  1680.  An  English  school-teacher,  stenog- 
rapher, and  lexicographer.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
work  on  shorthand  (1674),  "An  English  Dictiomu-y,  ex- 
plaining the  dirticult  terms  that  are  used  in  divinity,  etc." 
(1676:  and  several  subsequent  editions),  "A  Dictionary, 
English-Latin  and  Latin-English  "  (1677 :  and  several  later 
editions),  etc. 

Colet  (kol'et),  John.  Born  at  London,  1466: 
died  at  London,  Sept,  16,  1519.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish theologian  and  classical  scholar,  dean  of 
St.  Paul's  (1505),  and  founder  of  St.  Paul's 
School  (1512).  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Erasmus 
and  More,  and  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  "new 
learning"  and  indirectly  of  the  Reformation. 

Colet  (ko-lii'),  Madame  (Louise  Rivoil).  Born 
at  Aix,  France,  Sept.  15,  1810:  died  at  Paris, 
March  8,  1876.  A  French  poet,  novelist,  and 
general  wi'iter.  Her  works  include  "Les  fleurs  du 
midi"  (1837),  "Lui,  roman  contemporain  "  (1859),  "Les 
devotes  clu  grand  monde  "  (1873),  etc. 

Colfax  (kol'faks),  Schuyler.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  23,  1823:  died  at  Mankato,  Minn., 
Jan.  13,  1885.  An  American  statesman,  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States  1869-73.  He  was 
member  (Republican)  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1855-69, 


CoUe,  Charles 

and  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  1863-69,  He 
was  implicated  in  the  Credit  Mobilier  scandal  in  1873, 
but  denied  the  truth  of  the  charges  brought  against  him. 

Colico  (kol'e-ko).  A  town  in  northern  Italy, 
on  Lake  Como,  situated  near  its  northern  ex- 
tremity 27  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Coligny,  or  Coligni  (ko-len-ye'  or  ko-len'ye), 
Gaspard  de.  Born  at  ChatiUon-sur-Loing, 
France,  Feb.  16,  1517:  killed  at  Paris,  Aug.  24, 
1572.  A  celebrated  French  general  and  Hugue- 
not leader,  son  of  Gaspard  de  Coligny,  marshal 
of  France.  He  was  presented  at  the  court  of  Francis  I. 
by  his  micle  the  constable  Anne  de  Montmorency  in  1537, 
was  knighted  by  Cond^  on  the  field  of  C^risoUes  in  1544, 
became  admiral  of  France  in  1552,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
of  war  by  the  Spaniiu-ds  at  St,  Quentin  in  1557.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  openly  embraced  Calvinism,  and,  taking 
advantage  of  his  official  position,  made  several  attempt* 
to  establish  colonies  in  America  as  places  of  refuge  for 
the  Huguenots,  including  the  expedition  of  Jean  Ribault 
in  1562  and  thatof  Laudonni^re in  1564.  Civil  war  having 
broken  out  in  1562,  he  was  chosen  second  in  command  of 
the  Huguenot  forces.  The  murder  of  the  Prince  of  Cond6 
after  the  battle  of  Jarnac  (1569)  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  Huguenot  party  until  superseded  by  Henry  of  Navarre, 
in  whose  name  he  fought  the  disastrous  battle  of  Mon- 
contour  the  same  year.  His  victory  over  the  Catholics  at 
Arnay-le-Duc  June  27, 1570,  however, residted  in  the  peace 
of  St,  Germain,  concluded  .\ug.  8, 1570,  On  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  of  Henry  of  Navarre  with  Margaret  of  Valois, 
sister  of  Charles  IX.,  he  visited  Paris,  where,  although 
treated  with  apparent  cordiality  by  the  king,  he  was  mur- 
dered in  his  chamber  in  the  presence  of  the  Duke  of  Guise, 
falling  as  the  first  victim  of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. 

Colima(k6-le'ma).  1.  A  state  in  Mexico,  lying 
between  Jalisco  on  the  north,  Michoaean  on 
the  east,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 
Area,  2,704  square  miles.  Population  (1895), 
55,677. — 2.  The  capital  of  this  state,  in  lat. 
19°  12'  N.,  long.  103°  40'  W.  Population  (1895), 
19,305. —  3.  A  volcano  in  the  state  of  Jalisco, 
Mexico,  situated  about  40  miles  northeast  of 
the  city  of  Colima.  It  was  in  eruption  in  1869,  in 
1881,  and  since  1890.  Height,  about  12,750  feet. 
—  4.  A  nevado,orsnowymountain,on  the  boun- 
dary of  Colima  and  Jalisco.  Height,  14,364  feet. 

Colimas  (ko-le'miiz).  [PI.]  -An  Indian  tribe 
of  New  Granada,  which  lived  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Magdalena  River  and  in  the  valley  of  the 
Rio  Negro  northwest  of  the  present  site  of 
Bogota.  They  had  little  civilization,  but  built  fixed 
villages.  The  Colimas,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  were 
in  alliance  with  the  Musos,  Paniquitas,  and  other  tribes 
against  their  common  enemies,  the  Chibchas;  probably 
these  tribes  were  ethnologically  related.  They  resisted 
the  Spaniards  fiercely,  and  were  soon  destroyed. 

Colin  Clout  (kol'iu  klout).  A  poem  by  Skel- 
ton:  a  satire  against  the  clergy  of  his  time. 

Colin  Clout 's  Come  Home  Again.   A  poem  by 

Edmund  .Spenser,  published  1595.  Spenser  took 
the  name  from  Skelton,  and  called  himself  Colin  Clout  in 
all  his  poems.  Colin  Clout  is  also  a  character  in  Gay'a 
pastoral  "The  Shepherd's  Week." 

Colins  (ko-lan'),  Alexander.  Born  at  Mechlin, 
Belgium,  1526:  died  at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Aug. 
17,  1612.  A  Flemish  sculptor.  His  best  works 
are  at  Innsbruck  (mausoleum  of  Maximilian 
I.,  etc.).  His  works  in  wood  and  in  ivory  are 
also  noted. 

Coll  (kol).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  lying  west  of  Mull. 
Length,  13  miles. 

CoUa  (kol'yii).  [From  the  Indian  tribe  of  the 
same  name.]  A  province  of  the  Inca  empire 
of  Peru,  lying  south  of  Cuzco,  and  embracing  a 
portion  of  the  Titicaca  basin.  It  eon-esponded 
to  the  modem  Collao  (which  see). 

CoUamer  (kol'a-mer),  Jacob.  Bom  at  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  1792:  died  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  Nov.  9, 
1865.  An  American  politician,  postmaster- 
general  1849-50,  and  United  States  senator 
from  Vermont  1855-65. 

Collao  (kol-yil'o).  A  region  in  southern  Peru, 
embracing  the  Peruvian  portion  of  the  Titi- 
caca basin.  The  name  is  also  extended  to  adjacent 
parts  of  Bolivia.  The  Collao  consists  of  elevated  plains 
and  hilly  lands,  nowhere  less  than  12,000  feet  above  the  sea. 
It  is  limited  on  the  east  and  west  by  two  great  chains  of 
the  Andean  system,  and  northward  the  Vilcanota  cross- 
range  separates  it  from  the  basin  of  Cuzco.  The  greater 
part  of  the  Peruvian  department  of  Puno  is  included  in 
the  Collao. 

Collappohyea.     See  Cnlapooya. 

Collas  (kol'yiiz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Bolivia, 
now  known  as  Aymar4s  (which  see). 

CoUa-suyu  (kol'Va-so'yo).  ['Region  of  the 
CoUa.']  A  name  given  by  the  Incas  to  the 
southern  quarter  of  their  empire,  embracing  the 
highlands  of  Bolivia,  and  Peru  south  of  Cuzco. 

CoUe  (kol'le).  A  small  town  in  Tuscany,  Italy, 
situated  northwest  of  Siena. 

Colle  (ko-la'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris,  1709: 
died  there,  Nov.  3, 1783.  A  French  song-writer 
and  (b'amatist. 


CoUe,  Rafaello  dal 


267 


CoUe  (kol'le),  Rafaello  dal,  or  Rafaellino 

dal  Born  at  or  near  Sau  Sepolero,  Tuscany, 
about  UUO:  died  about  1540 (J).  An  Italian 
painter,  pupil  of  Kaphael  (whence  his  surname 
Kafaellino).  „^    „   ., 

Colleen  Bawn  (kol'enban),The,or  The  Brides 
of  Garry-Owen.  A  play  by  Dion  BouL-icaiilt, 
founded  on  Gerald  Griffin's  novel  "The  Col- 
legians." It  was  first  played  on  Sept.  10, 1860.  A  novel 
Willi  this  t itlo  was  published  in  1801.    .See  CoUegittiis,  The. 

College  de  France  (ko-lazh'  de  frons),  or  Col- 

Itee  Royal.  An  institution  of  learning  founded 
bv  Francis  I.  in  1529.  it  was  desigiied  to  promote 
tUe  more  advanced  tendencies  of  the  time,  and  to  coun- 
teract the  scliolasticisni  of  the  university.  It  at  m-st  con- 
sisted of  four  cliairs  for  instruction  in  Orceli  and  llilMiw. 
Later  were  added  medicine,  mathematics,  philns>.ph.v  (in 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.),  eloquence,  botany,  Arabic  (lU-iiiy 
III  ),  and  Syriac  (Louis  XIII.).  In  1789  there  were  18 
chairs  ;  in  1835  there  were  24  chairs,  riiere  are  about  40 
at  the  present  time.  The  College  Royal,  or  College  de 
France,  was  at  first  dependent  upon  the  university  for 
lecture-rooms.  In  1610  a  new  building  was  commenced, 
whicll  lias  been  finished  in  the  present  century. 
College  Mazarin  (ko-lazh' ma-zii-ran').^  A  col- 
lege in  Paris,  founded  by  Jlazann,  March  0, 
1661.  He  endowed  It,  and  gave  it  his  library  of  40,000 
volumes.  The  building  was  erected  on  the  site  of  tlie 
Tour  de  Nesle  by  the  architect  Le  Van,  and  was  llnished 
in  IBi'  In  1674  the  new  college  was  incorporated  m  the 
university  Its  object  was  the  gratuitous  instruction  and 
sustenance  of  sixty  sons  of  gentlemen  living  in  the  four 
newly  acquired  provinces,  Piguerol.  Alsace,  La  tlandre, 
and  Eoussillon ;  hence  its  name  "College  des  Quatre  Na- 
tions ■■  (•  College  of  the  Four  Nations'). 

College  of  the  Four  Nations.    See  College 
College  "of  William  and  Mary.    See  WMiam 

and  Mani  Coikgc.  

Collegians  (ko-le'ji-anz).   The.     A  nove    by 
Gerald  Griffin,    issued  anonymously  m   l»-y. 
In  1861  an  edition  was  produced,  illustrated  by  Fhiz,  and 
called  "Tlie  Colleen  Bawu,  or  The  Collegian  3  Wife,     see 
Colleen  Bawn, 
CoUegiantS  (ko-le'ji-ants).  A  sect  founded  near 
Leyden,  Holland,  in  1619,  the  societies  of  which 
are  called  ailhyfra.      ihe  sect  spread  rapidly  in  the 
Netherlands,  an. I  is  still  luaintained  tliere  and  m  Hanover. 
OoUeoni  (kol-la-6'ne),  or  Ooleone  (ko-lil-o'ne), 
Bartolommeo.    Born  at  Solza,  near  Bergamo, 
1400:  ilied  Nov.  4,  1475.     A  noted  Italian  mer- 
cenary comm.ander,  the  foremost  tactician  and 
disciplinarian  of  the  15th  century.    He  was  of  an 
ancient  and  noble  family  which  exercised  a  minor  sover- 
eiirntv  over  the  province  of  Bergamo.     He  served  in  his 
youtli  under  the  principal  condottieri.  or  mercenary  gen- 
erals  of  the  time  ;  and  in  wars  between  Milan  and  \  enice 
followed  his  advantage  by  serving  either  side  at  discre- 
tion    The  Viscontl  of  llilan  cast  him  into  prison,  and 
the  Council  of  Ten  at  Venice  conspired  for  his  assiissma- 
tion      In  14.-.4  he  finally  became  generalissimo  ol  the  land 
forces  of  Venice,  and  retained  this  post  until  liis  death. 
He  was  a  nation  of  the  arts.     The  most  notable  works 
which  celebrate  Ills  greatness  are  the  statue  by  V  errocchio 
and  Li-oiiardi  in  Venice,  the  best  equestrian  statue  in  ex- 
istence (see  yerrucchio  and  Leupardi) :  the  castle  of  Mai- 
paaa,  near  Bergamo,  with  its  frescos;  and  the  (  ol  eoiii 
chSpel  in  the  Alta  Citta  at  Bei-gamo,  with  the  tombs  of 
Bartolommeo  and  his  daughter  Medea.   Thestatue  by  Ver- 
rocchio  stands  before  San  liiovannl  e  Paolo  in  \  enlce.     It 
was  cast  in  1490,  and  is  the  second  equestrian  statue  of  the 
Italian  Kenaissance.     It  cliaracterizes  with  striking  nat- 
uralism the  haughty  and  formidable  niercenaiy  soldier. 
Tlie  rich  marble  pedestal  has  Corinthian  columns  and  en- 
tablature i    T  1  It 

Collet  (kol'et),  John.  Born  at  London  about 
1725;  died  at  Chelsea,  Aug.  6,  1780.  An  hiig- 
lisli  painter,  chiefly  of  humorous  scenes  troin 
low  life.  _  ^  « 

Colleton  (kol'o-ton),  James.  Governor  of 
South  Carolina  KWtVOO.  lie  received  with  his  ap- 
pointment the  dignity  of  landgrave  and  48,0()U  acres  o 
land.  He  attempted  in  vain  to  enforce  the  recogriltion 
o(  Loekes  constitution  by  the  colonial  parliament,  lie 
was  depuse.l  ami  banished  by  the  colonists  on  the  procla- 
mation o!  William  and  Mary,  W.M. 

CoUetta  (kol-let'tii),  Pietro.     Born  at  Naples, 
Jan.  -S.i.  1775:  died  at  Florence,  Nov.  11,  IK.(.s. 
A  Nealiolitan  general.    He  was  made  inlcndanl  of 
Calabria  by  Murat  in  180S,  obtained  Ihe  rank  ol  g.rieral 
in  isr.'  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  eonstitntional  party 
under  the  lionihons,  and  on  the  outbreak  ol  Ihe  revolu- 
tion of  18-20  was  sent  as  viceroy  to  Sicily,     lie  was  named 
minister  o(  war  in  Feb.,  1821,  but  was  banished    liiougli 
Austrian  intervention  and  retired  to  Horence      He  wrote 
"Storia  del  reame  di  Napoli  17:i4-1826    (18a4). 
CoUibertS  (kol-e-liar'J.     A  d.-siiisrd  rhi'c  for- 
merly existing  in  several  partsof  France, after- 
ward cliii'llv  found  ill  Poitoii,  where  they  lived 
in  boats  on  the  rivers,  but  now  nearly  extinct. 
Collier  (kol'yer),  Arthur.     Born  at  Langford 
Magna,  Wiltshire,   Oct.   12,   16.S0:    died  there, 
1732.     An  English  clergyman  and  metaphysi- 
cal writer,  rector  of  Langford  after  1704.    His 
chief  work  is  his  -Clavis  Universalis,  or  a  New  Inquiry 
Into  Truth,  being  a  Demonstration  of  tlic  Non-existence 
or  Impossibility  of  an  Kxternal  World     (lil;0,  in  which 
he  propounds  a  subjective  idealism  closely  resembling 
that  of  Berkeley 


Collier  Jeremy.  Born  at  Stow-cum-Qui,  Cam- 
Ini.h'cshire.  Sept.  23,  1650:  died  at  London. 
April  26,  1726.  An  English  nonjuring  cler- 
gyman, celebrated  as  a  controversialist.  Uc 
was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  107;!,  «;as  rector  ")  Anip- 
ton  in  Sultolk  1679-Sri,  and  removed  to  London  in  t he  lat- 
ter year,  where  ho  was  for  some  time  lecturer  at  Oray  s 
Inn.  A  political  pamphlet  in  which  he  maintained  that  the 
withdrawal  of  the  king  was  not  an  abdication,  and  that 
the  throne  w;is  not  vacant,  caused  his  imprisonment  for  a 
short  time  in  Newgate  in  lOSS,  and  in  1692  he  was  again 
imprisoned,  for  political  reasons.  In  1090  he  with  two 
other  nonjuring  clergymen,  attended  Sir  Jo  in  frieml 
and  Sir  William  I'arkyns  (who  were  condemned  to  dea m 
as  conspirators  against  the  life  of  WiUiam)  to  the  scafi.dd 
and  absolved  them,  and,  having  concealed  liimseU  to  avoid 
arrest,  was  outlawed  (July  2).  He  wrote  a  large  number 
of  controversial  pamphlets,  a  "Historical,  Geographical 
Genealogical,  and  I'oetical  Dictionary  "(1701-21),  a  learned 
"Ecclesiastical  History  of  Great  Britain  .  .  .  to  the  End 
of  the  Reign  of  Charles  II."  (1708-14),  and  the  famous 
■•Short  View  of  the  Immorality  and  Profaneness  of  the 
English  Stage  ■  (1008).  The  last  work  was  a  vigorous  at- 
tack upon  the  coai-seness  of  the  contemporary  theater, 
and  produced  a  great  impression,  forcing  from  Dryden  a 
confession  of  fault  and  a  declaration  of  repentance,  and 
unwiUingrecot'iiitionfromother  dramatists,  and  initiating 

a  reformation. 
Collier,  John  Payne.     Born  at  London,  Jan. 
11,  1789;  died  at  Maideniead,  Sept.  li,  1883. 
An  English  journalist,  lawyer,  and  Shakspe- 
rian  critic.     He  was  a  reporter  for  the  "Times"  1809- 
1821  and  parliamentary  reporter,  dramatic  and  literary 
critic    and  editorial  writer  for  the  "  Morning  Chronicle 
1821-47      In  1S47  he  was  appouited  secretai-y  of  the  royal 
commission  on  the  British  Museum,  and  continued  in 
that  ofiice  until  1860,  when  he  returned  to  Maidenhead. 
He  published  a  new  edition  of  Dodsley  s      Uld  1  lays 
(1826-27),  a  "History  of  English   Dramatic  Poetry  and 
Annals  of  the  Stage  "  (1831),  an  edition  of  .Shakspere  (1S4-.- 
1844)  "Shakespeare's  Library  "  (1844),  "ABookeof  llox- 
burghe  Ballads ■•  (1847),  "Extracts  from  the  Registers  of 
the    Stationers'    Company"    (1848-49),     'The    Dramatic 
Works  of  Thomas  Hey  wood"  (1850-61),  "The  Works  of 
Edmund  Spenser "  (1862),  a  "Biographical  and  Critical 
Account  of  the  Rarest  Books  in  the  English  Language 
(1865),  "An  Old  Mall's  Diary— Forty  Years  Ago    (IS,  l-i2), 
an  edition  of  Shakspeie  (1876-78).    His  able  and  useful 
work  on  the  older  English  literature  is  marred  and  brought 
under  general  suspicion  by  a  series  of  literary  frauds 
which  he  committed,  of  which  the  most  notable  is  his  use 
and  defense  of  spurious  annotations  "by  a  seventeenth 
century  hand  "  which  he  professed  to  have  found  on  the 
margin  of  a  copy  of  the  second  folio  Shakspere  originally 
belonging  to  one  "  Thomas  Perkins,"  and  since  known  as 
the  "Perkins  Folio." 

Colline  Gate  (kol'in  gat).  [L.  porta  colUm.} 
A  gate  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  ancient 
Rome.  Near  here,  Nov.,  82  B.  C,  Sulla  defeated 
the  Sainnites  under  Pontius. 
Collingwood  (kol'ing-wud),  Cuthbert.  Born 
at  Newcastlc-on-Tyne,  Sept.  26,  Ir.M:  died  at 
sea  near  Port  Mahon,  Balearic  Islands,  March 
7,  1810.  A  noted  English  admiral,  created 
Lord  CoUingWOod  in  1805.  He  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant  for  his  services,  with  a  party  of  seamen  at  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Uill ;  was  promoted  to  commander  (suc- 
ceeding Nelson)  in  1779  ;  served  with  distinction  in  com- 
mand 5f  the  Excellent  in  the  battle  otf  Cape  St.  V  incent 
Feb  14  1797 ;  became  rear-admiral  in  1799,  with  a  com- 
mand in  the  Channel  Heet,  and  vice-admiral  m  1804  ;  was 
second  in  comniand  at  the  battle  of  linfalgar,  and  on 
Nelson's  death,  in  that  action,  succeeded  to  the  chief 
command. 

CoUinffWOOd.     A  lake  port  in  Simcoe  County, 

Ontario,  Canada,   situated  on  Georgian  Bay, 

Lake  Huron,  72  miles  northwest  ot    loronto. 

Population  (1901),  .''..755. 

CollingWOOd.     A  northeastern  suburb  of  Mol- 

boiirne,  Australia.  ,  n     .. 

Collins  (kol'iiiz),  Anthony.  Born  at  Hostou  or 
Isleworth,  near  London,  June  21,  16<0:  i  letl 
at  London,  Dec  13,  1729.  A  noted  English 
deist,  a  .Usciple  and  friend  ot  .lohn  L,t«^2"'' 
He  published  "An  Essay  Concerning  the  Use  of  Rea- 
son  ''  (1707),  "  Priestcraft  in  Perfection  (IW)  a  Dls. 
coursJ  on  Fieethinking  "  (1713),  „" *  ''"-"Pl;^^"l  '-^ 
quiry  C.meorning  Human  Liberty  (1715),  A  l>'a^"""?, 
'In  the  Grounds  and  Reasons  of  the  Christian  Religion 

Collins,'"  Charles  Allston.     Born  'it  llamp- 

sh-ad,    near    I don,  Jan.    25,    1828 ;    died   at^ 

London,  April  9,  1873.  An  English  painter  (ol 
the  Preraphaeliti^  school)  and  writer,  brother 
of  William  Wilkio  Collins.  He  married  the 
voUMger  dnuKliter  of  Charles  Dickens. 
Collins,  John.  Horn  at  Bath  F.nglaml,  about 
1742:  dii'd  at  Birmingham.  England,  May  ., 
1808.    All  Knj;lisli  actor  and  jioet. 

Collins,  Mortimer.    Bont  =^l..l''-^"'?;f,!'',l":.':f" 

land,  .hi„e  '211,  1S27:  died  at  Knowl  IIill,  Berk- 
shire .lulv  '28, 187().  An  English  novelist,  poet, 
and  misc'ellaneous  writer.  He  was  malhematical 
master  of  tjueen  Elizabeth's  College,  Guernsey,  18  .0(.')--.(l, 
and  after  IWB  was  occupied  with  llterarv  work  at  his 

?e  den«'  at  knowl  Hill.  "%>'»':!'?•£;.'.'&  Z« 
Rhvmos"  (186.6),  "Sweet  Anno  Page  (IWW),  "Ih"  1"" 
orstnuigo  Meetings,  and  Other  Poems  \l871),  "The  So- 
cret  of  Long  Life  "  (1871),  etc. 

Collins,  Rev.  Mr.     A  character  m  Jane  Aus- 


Collyer,  Robert 

ten's  novel  ''I'ridc  and  Prejudice."     He  is  a 
self-conceited  Iiiady. 

Collins,  William.  Born  at  Chichester,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  2.1,  1721  :  died  there,  June  12,  1759. 
An  English  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  hatter  who 
was  twice  mayor  of  Chichester  ;  studied  at  Winchester 
and  at  O.xford,  where  he  was  graduated  B.  A.  Nov.  18, 
174.!  •  and  about  1746  went  to  London  to  follow  literature 
as  a  profession.  The  later  years  of  his  life  were  ob- 
scured by  insanity.  He  published  "Persian  Eclogues^ 
(1742  :  republished  as  "  Oriental  Eclogues '  1757),  "  Odes 
(1746)  etc  His  works  have  been  edited  by  J.  Langhorne 
(1765)',  Mrs.  Karbauld  (1707),  A.  Dyce  (1827),  and  others. 


Collins,  William.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  8, 
1788  :  died  at  London.  Feb.  17,  1847.  A  noted 
English  landseajie  and  figure  painter,  father  of 
William  Wilkie  Collins. 

Collins,  William  Wilkie.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  8,  1824:  died  there.  Sept.  23,  1889.  ^An 
English  novelist,  son  of  William  Collins  (1788- 
1847):  author  of  "  The  Dead  Secret  "  (1857). 
"The  Woman  in  White"  (1860),  "No  Name" 
(1862),  "Armadale"  (1866),  "  The  Moonstone" 
(1868),  "The  New  Magdalen  "(1873),  "Manand 
Wife"  (1870),  etc.  "No  Thoroughfare,"  in 
collaboration  with  Charles _Dickens,  appeared 
as  a  Christmas  story  in  1867. 
Collinson  (kol'in-son),  James.  Bom  at  Mans- 
field, Nottinghamsliire,  about  1825:  died  April, 
1881.  An  English  painter,  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood, 
which  he  abandoned  about  1850.  His  work 
was  unimportant.  ,       ,  ,.n 

Collinson,  Peter.  Born  in  Westmoreland  (f), 
England,  Jan.  14,  1694;  died  in  Esse.x,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  11,  1768.  An  English  botanist  and 
natural  philosopher.  .       ,       ,        _* 

Collioure  (ko-lvor').  A  town  m  the  depart- 
ment ot  Pvrihides-Orientales,  France,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  15  miles  southeast  of  Per- 
pignan.  It  has  a  castle  and  considerable  trade 
in  cork.     Poptdation  (1891),  commune,  3,411. 

Colin  (keln),  (Jeorg  Friedrich  Wilibald  Fer- 
dinand von.  P-orii  at  Orlinghaiisen,  Lippe, 
Germanv,  1766:  died  at  Berlin,  May  31,  1820. 
A  German  publicist.  His  works  include  "  V  er- 
traute  Briefe,"  etc.  (1807-4)9),  "  Neue  Feuer- 
bi'iinde"  (1807-OS),  etc. 

CoUombet  ( ko-lon-bii ' ) ,  Francois  Zenon.  Bom 
at  Sieges,  Jura,  France,  March  2S,  1808 :  died  at 
Lyons,  Oct.  16,  1.S53.  A  French  Roman  Catho- 
lic historian  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  "  His- 
toire  de  St.  Jerome"  (1844),  and  many  other 
historical  and  critical  works. 

CoUop  Monday  (kol'op  mnn'da).  The  day 
before  Shrove  Tuesdav ;  nameil  from  the  cus- 
tom of  eating  coUops'of  salted  meat  and  eggs 
on  that  day.  „    ,   ,„  t> 

CoUoredo  (kol-lo-nVdo),  Rudolf  von.  Born 
Nov.  2.  1585  :  died  Jan.  '24,  1657.  An  Austrian 
S'eiicral  in  the  Thirtv  Years'  War.  As  fleld-mor- 
Sial  of  the  imperial  arniyhc  successfully  defended  l>rague 
against  the  Swedes  in  U.4S.  ,^,j\ 

CoUoredo-Mansfeld  (kol-lo-ra  do-mans  fe  d), 
HieronymUS,  Count  von.  Born  at  \\etzlar, 
(iermanv.  March  30,  1775-  died  at  \ieniia, 
July  23,' 1822.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  campaign  of  1813. 

Colloredo-Mels  (mcls)  und  Wallsee  (viil  sa). 

Count  Joseph  Maria  von.  Bom  at  Regens- 
burg,  Bavaria.  Srjd.  11,  1735:  died  Nov.  '.O, 
1818.  An  .\ustriiili  general.  He  fought  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was  minister  of 
.stale  and  conterince.  and  director  of  the  council  ol  war 

Coiiot^d'Herbois  (ko-16'der-bwii'),  Jean  Ma- 
rie Born  at  Paris  about  17;)0;  died  in  t  av- 
enne,  South  America,  Jan.  8,  1796.  A  French 
actor  and  revolutionist,  notorious  for  his  bru- 
talitv  He  was  deputy  to  the  Convention  In  1792,  audi 
meinlierofthec.unmilteeof  Public  Safetyin  179a  In  Nov, 
171W.  he  was  sent  with  Inuclu'  as  judge  to  Ly.ms,  by  R"bj»- 
Pierre,  and  executed  his  commission  with  great  ernelir. 
An  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  his  life  wa.s  ina.ie  May  .3, 
1791.  Having  become  hostile  to  Robespierre  r-  i"  'J"' '•'» 
successful  conspiracy  against  him  (9  '  I"',""''''",'' '"',"" 
nevertheleaa  expelled  from  the  ('onventi..n  (April,  1.95) 
und  transported.     He  published  "  Almanaeh  .lu  pOre  1.0- 

Co'llyer"(kol'yt'r),  Joseph.  Bom  at  London, 
Sent  U,  1748:  .lied  Dec.  24.  1827.  A  noted 
l-.u'disli  engraver,  member  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
ciuv.  and  en-raver  to  Queen  Cliarlotl.e. 

Coliyer,  Robert.  Born  at  Keighley.  Vorksliirc. 
England,  Dec.  8,  1S23.  An  Amenean  Unita- 
rian clercvman.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  blacksmith 
about  I.s;i7  ;en,lgrated  to  Ihe  I  lilted  States  in  !«;«•«;<: 
tied  at  Shoemakerlown,  IVimsylvanni,  where  he  foloMojl 
I  etr  de    tahaminer-n.aker;jo 

iS;  1  eVanie  a  missionary  to  (^hlcago  where  in  Isooho 
founded  the  I'nltv  clmreh;  an.l  in  1.S79  became  pastor  of 
tl  "  '  1  irc  of  t  le  M.'ssliilt '"  N''»'  Vorkcity.  Hewroje  "  Na- 
tiiro  alTl  ile"  (1S66).  "The  LUe  that  Now  Is  '  (1871),  otc 


Colman,  George 

Colman  (kol'man),  George,  the  elder.  Bom 
at  Florence,  Italy,  l7o'2:  died  at  Paddington, 
London,  Aug.  14.  1794.  An  English  dramatist. 
His  father,  who  was  envoy  at  the  court  of  Tuscany,  died  in 
2733,  and  his  raother  then  brought  him  to  London.  Wil- 
liam Pulteney, afterward  Earl  of  Bath, underttiok  tliecharge 
of  him  and  sent  him  to  Westminster  School.  He  went  to 
Oxford,wherehewas  giaduatt-d  from  Christ  Church  in  1755, 
and,  having  been  previously  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  the  same  year.  An  Intimacy  with 
Garrick  and  a  natural  taste  for  literature  interfered  with 
his  legal  work,  and  he  produced  a  number  of  plays  (at  first 
anonymously)  with  the  asgistance  of  Garrick,  who  played 
in  them.  In  connection  with  the  latter  he  wrote  "The 
Clandestine  Marriage,"and  a  coolness  arose  between  them 
as  to  Garrick 's  part  in  the  cast.  In  1767,  having  received 
two  accessions  of  fortune,  he  bought  a  fourth  share  in  the 
Covent  Garden  Theatre.  This  completely  alienated  Gar- 
rick, and  annoyed  his  friends,  who  wished  him  to  continue 
in  the  law.  He  became  acting  manager.  In  1774  he  re- 
signed the  management,  and  in  1776,  having  been  recon- 
ciled to  Garrick,  he  bought  the  Haymarket  Theatre  from 
Foote.  In  1785  he  had  a  stroke  of  paralysis,  and  finally  grew 
so  feeble  in  mind  that  he  was  put  under  restraint  at  Pad- 
dington, where  he  died.  He  brought  out  alterations  of 
many  old  plays,  most  of  which  were  successful.  Among 
his  own  plays  are  "  Polly  Honeycomb  "  (1760),  "Tlie  Jeal- 
ous Wife"  (1761X  "The  Clandestine  Marriage  "  (with  Gar- 
rick, in  1776).  In  177S  lie  brought  out  an  edition  of 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  His  dramatic  and  miscellaneous 
works  have  never  been  completely  collected. 

Colman,  George,  the  younger.  Bom  Oct.  21, 
1702:  died  at  London,' Oct.  26,  183(3.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  sou  of  G.  Colman  the  elder.  He 
took  charge  of  the  Haymarket  when  his  father's  health 
failed,  but  he  became  involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties 
and  was  obliged  to  live  within  the  rules  of  the  King's 
Bench.  He  was  released  Ity  George  IV.,  who  appointed  him 
lieutenant  of  the  Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  a  dignity  which  he 
sold.  The  lord  chamberlain  made  him  examiner  of  plays, 
in  which  position  he  was  extremely  illiberal.  Among  his 
best-known  plays  are  "  The  Poor  Gentleman  "  (1802), '  'John 
Bull "(1805),  "The  Heir-at-Law  " (1808).  He  also  wrote  a 
good  deal  of  popular  humorous  poetry,  including  "My 
Nightgown  and  Slippers  "  (1797),  "  Broad  Grins  "  (18o2),  and 
"Poetical  Vagaries"  (1812).  He  frequently  wrote  under 
the  name  of  "Arthur  Griffinhoofe." 

Colman,  Samuel.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine, 
1832.  An  American  landscape-painter,  a  pupil 
of  A.  B.  Durand. 

Colmar  (kol-mar'),  or  Kolmar  (kol'mar).  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  situated  on  the  Lauch  39  miles  south- 
west of  Strasburg.  it  contains  a  museum  (formerly  a 
Dominican  monastery),  and  has  large  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton. It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city ;  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1673;  was  ceded  to  them  in  1678:  and  in  the 
Revolution  was  made  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
Huut-Rhin.  In  1871  it  again  became  a  German  city.  Pop- 
ulation (1S90),  commune,  30,399. 

Colne  (koln).  A  town  in  Lancashire,  England, 
26  miles  north  of  Manchester,  it  formerly  manu- 
factured  woolen  goods,  an  industry  which  has  given  place 
to  cotton  manufacture.  Population  (1891),  including  Mars- 
den,  16.77-1. 

Colney  Hatch  (kol'ni  hach).  A  village  in  Mid- 
dlesex, about  6  miles  north  of  London,  in  which 
is  the  Colney  Hatch  Lunatic  Asylum,  founded 
in  1851. 

Colocolo  (ko-lo-ko'lo).  Born  about  1490:  killed 
in  the  battle  of  C^uiapo.  1560  (according  to 
some  authorities,  he  died  about  1570).  An 
Araucanian  chief  of  southern  Chile,  celebrated 
in  the  *'Araneana"  of  Ercilla.  Probably  Ercil- 
la's  verses  gave  him  undue  prominence. 

Colocotronis.     See  Kolokotrouls. 

Cologna-Veneta  (ko-lon'ya-va-na'tii).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Verona,*  Italy,  20  miles  south- 
east of  Verona. 

Cologne  (ko-lon'),  G.  Koln  (keln).  1.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  government  district  of  Cologne,  situ- 
ated on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rhine  in  lat.  50° 
57'  N.,  long.  6°  57'  E. :  the  Roman  Colonia 
Agrippina.  "it  is  the  largest  city  of  the  Rhine  Province, 
a  fortress  of  the  lirst  class,  the  center  of  the  Rhine  trade, 
and  one  of  the  principal  commercial  places  in  Germany. 
It  has  manufactures  of  eau  de  Cologne,  sugar,  tobacco, 
etc.  The  principal  objects  of  interest  are,  besides  the 
cathedral  (see  below),  the  Ringstrasse,  the  Iron  Bridge, 
the  Municipal  and  Archiepiscopal  Museums,  the  Museum 
of  Industrial  Art,  the  Rathaus  (Hansa-Saal :  see  below), 
the  monument  of  Frederick  William  III.,  and  the  churches 
of  the  Minorites,  Gross  St.  Martin,  St.  Maria  im  Capitol,  St. 
George,  St.  Severin,  St.  Peter,  St.  Cecilia,  Apostles,  St. 
Pantaleon,  St.  Gereon,  St.  Ursula  (see  below),  St.  An- 
dreas, Jesuits,  and  St.  Cunibert.  The  cathedral,  one  of 
the  great  buildings  of  the  world,  was  begun  in  1248  on 
the  site  of  an  earlier  church,  and  was  completed  only 
in  1880,  after  being  wholly  neglected  from  the  15th  cen- 
tur>-  until  1823.  Its  design  was  inspired  by  the  cathe- 
dral of  Amiens,  and  all  that  is  best  in  its  architecture  is 
French,  while  the  less  admirable  features  are  indige- 
nous. The  cathedral  has  double  aisles,  with  polygonal 
chevet.  projecting  transepts,  and  two  enormous  towers 
and  spires  at  the  west  end.  These,  with  the  fa(;ade,  have 
been  completed  according  to  the  original  design  of  the 
14th  century,  which  still  exists.  The  towers  and  spires 
are  so  huge  as  to  dwarf  the  vast  cathedral.  The  facade 
has  three  great  gabled  portals  filled  with  sculpture,  and 
two  tiers  of  huge  canopied  and  traceried  windows,  to 
which  the  towers  add  two  more  stages  beneath  the 
springing  of  the  spires.  The  effect  is  somewhat  mechan- 
ical, and  inferior  to  the  best  French  facades.    Tlie  tran- 


268 

sept-fa^ades  are  of  modern  design,  with  rich  tracery  and 
arcading,  and  triple  portals,  sculptured  and  canopied. 
The  upper  part  is  too  narrow,  and  its  elaborate  tracery 
does  not  fill  the  place  of  the  great  roses  of  French  churches. 
The  interior  is  exceedingly  impressive :  it  is  notable  forits 
splendid  glass,  much  of  it  modern,  but  much  of  the  13th. 
14th,  15th,  and  16th,  centuries.  The  fine  choir-stalls  are 
of  the  15th  ceutmy-  The  canopied  statues  supported  on 
consoles  on  the  pillars  of  the  nave  are  architecturally  a 
defect  The  choir-chapels  are  of  great  beauty,  and  con- 
tain some  admu-able  paintings  and  sculptures.  The  ca- 
thedral is  468  feet  long ;  its  area.  91,464  square  feet.  The 
nave  is  48  feet  wide  and  145  high.  The  western  spires 
measure  51*2  feet,  and  were,  until  the  completion  of  the 
cathedral  of  Ulm,  the  loftiest  existing.  The  Rathaus, 
or  town  hall,  is  an  interesting  monument  built  between 
the  14th  and  16th  centuries  on  Roman  foundations. 
The  main  structure  is  of  the  14th  century,  battlemented, 
with  high  roof  and  traceried  windows ;  the  picturesque 
tower  and  low  spire  are  of  the  15th.  The  Renaissance 
portico,  in  two  arcaded  stages  with  engaged  Corinthian 
columns,  is  an  admirable  example  of  the  loc;U  architectural 
development.  The  great  Hansa-Sj^  isadorned  with  good 
statues  of  medieval  heroes,  and  with  the  emblazoned  arms 
of  patricians,  burgomasters,  and  gilds.  The  Church  of 
St.  Ursula  is  a  very  early  foundation  in  honor  of  the  11,000 
martyred  virgins,  but  often  remodeled.  The  simple  Pointed 
choir  has  recently  been  restored  to  its  original  form.  There 
are  curious  old  paintings  of  the  legend  of  the  virgins ;  and 
in  the  treasury,  whose  walls  are  covered  with  elaborate 
patterns  formed  of  the  bones  of  the  virgins,  are  preserved 
the  beautiful  Romanesque  shrine  of  St.  Ursula,  and  a  great 
number  of  other  reliquaries  in  the  form  of  female  heads  and 
busts.  Cologne  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Ln:»ii,  Oppidum 
Ubiorum,  and  a  Roman  colony  founded  by  Agrippina  in  51 
or  50  A.  i>.  Later  it  belonged  to  the  Frankish  empire, 
and  in  the  I3th  century  became  a  Hanseatic  town,  and  one 
of  the  principal  commercial  centers  in  Germany.  It  was 
a  free  imperial  city,  and  is  noted  in  the  development  of 
German  architecture  and  painting.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794,  and  was  granted  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  commune,  372.229. 

2.  A  government  district  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia.  Population  (1890),  826.827. 
Cologne,  Electorate  of.  A  former  archbishop- 
ric and  electorate  of  the  German  Empire,  it  ex- 
tended mainly  along  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  north 
and  south  of  Cologne.  It  was  made  an  archbishopric  by 
Charles  the  Great  in  785,  acquired  the  duchy  of  Westphalia 
in  1180,  was  confirmed  one  of  the  seven  electorates  in  1356, 
and  was  secularized  in  1801.  In  1801  the  portion  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine  liecame  French  territory  :  that  on 
the  right  bank  passed  in  1S(I3  to  Hesse-Darmstadt,  etc. 
The  laigLT  p;u't  was  grunted  t<i  Prussia  1814-15. 

Cologne,  Three  Kings  of.  In  medieval  legend, 
the  three  magi  who  followed  the  Star  of  Bethle- 
hem from  the  East  to  lay  gifts  before  the  infant 
Jesus.  TheirnameswereGaspar,Melchior,and Balthazar. 
It  is  claimed  that  their  bones  are  deposited  in  (.'ologne 
Cathedral.  "The  three  days  after  New  Year's  day  bear 
their  names  in  the  calendar,  and  their  memory  is  pre- 
served in  the  feast  of  the  tliree  holy  Kings — ihe  Epi- 
phany. "    Chambers. 

Colomb  (ko-16n'),  or  Columb,  Michel.    Bom 

at  Saint-Paul-de-L^on,inBretague,  about  1440: 
died  1512.  The  first  great  sculptorof  the  French 
Renaissance.  At  a  very  early  age  he  went  to  Dijon.  He 
settled  at  Tours  1460-61.  In  1472  he  received  from  Louis 
XI.  an  order  for  a  bas-relief  destined  for  the  Abbaye  of 
Saint-Michel-en  I'Herme,  destroyed  in  1569.  His  most 
important  work  is  the  tomb  of  Francis  II.,  due  de  Bre- 
tagne,  and  his  wife.  Marguerite  de  Foix,  begun  about  1502 
by  the  order  of  Anne,  queen  of  Louis  XII.,  and  finished 
in  1507.     It  is  now  in  the  cathedral  of  Nantes. 

Colomba  (ko-16n'ba).  A  story  by  Prosper  M^- 
rimee,  published  in  1830. 

Colombey  (ko-16n-ba')-  A  place  in  Lorraine  4^ 
miles  east  of  Metz.  Near  it  occurred  the  battle  of 
Colorabey-Nouilly,  Aug.  14,  1870,  in  which  the  Germans 
under  Steinmetz  checked  the  French  under  Bazaiue  The 
German  loss  was  4,906;  that  of  the  French,  3,608.  Also 
called  battle  of  Courcelles,  and  of  Borny. 

Colombia  (ko-lom'be-ji).  The  name  was  first 
given  in  1811  to  what  is  now  Venezuela,  it  was 
proposed  by  General  Fi-aucisco  Miranda.  It  was  after- 
ward extended  to  the  confederation  of  Venezuela,  S'ew 
Granada,  and  Quito,  and  w:is  dropped  when  the  union  was 
dissolved.  Later  the  old  region  of  New  Granada  renewed 
the  name. 

Colombia,  Republic  of.  [Formerly  United 
States  of  Colombia,  Sp.  EsUidos  Unidos  de  Co- 
lombia;  named  after  Columbus  (It.  Colombo).'] 
A  republic  of  South  America,  lying  between 
the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north,  Venezuela  and 
Brazil  on  the  east,  Ecuador  on  the  south,  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Costa  Rica  on  the  west. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Andes,  and  is  rich  in  agricultural  and 
mineral  products.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Magdalena  and 
the  affluents  of  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco.  Among  its  chief 
products  are  gold,  silver,  and  coffee.  The  prevailing  lan- 
guage is  Spanish,  and  the  prevailing  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  It  is  divided  into  nine  departments :  Antioquia, 
Bolivar,  Boyaci,  Cauca,  Cundinamarca.  Magdalena,  Pana- 
ma, Santander,  Tolima.  Its  capital  is  Bogota.  The  gov- 
ernment is  republican,  the  executive  power  being  vested 
in  a  president,  and  the  legislative  in  a  senate  and  chamber 
of  representatives.  The  Spanish  power  was  established 
here  inthefirsthalf  of  thel6th  centurj-,  and  independence 
was  proclaimed  in  1811.  In  1819  this  territorj-,  with  Vene- 
zuela and  Ecuador,  formed  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  from 
which  Venezuela  and  Ecuador  withdrew  in  1831.  In  1831 
the  republic  of  New  (Jranada  was  founded,  in  1863  the 
name  "United  States  of  Colombia"  was  adopted,  and  in 
1886  the  present  constitution  was  formed.  Area,  504,773 
square  miles.    Population  (1881),  estimated, 3,878,600. 

Colombo  (ko-lom'bo).     A  seaport  and  the  eapi- 


Colorado 

tal  of  Ceylon,  situated  on  the  western  coast  ia 
lat.  6°  55'  N.,  long.  79*=  55'  E.  it  was  fortified  by 
the  Portuguese  in  1517,  was  taken  from  them  by  the 
Dutch  in  1656,  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1796,  and  is  now 
an  important  coaling-station.  Population  (1S91),  126,926. 
Colon  (ko-lon').     See  Aspimcall. 

Colonel  Chabert  (ko-lo-nel'  sha-bar'),  Le.    A 

story  by  Balzac,  written  in  1832. 

Colonel'  Jack,  History  of.  A  tale  by  Defoe, 
published  in  1722.  The  hero  is  a  pickpocket 
who  winds  up  his  checkered  career  as  a  virtu- 
ous Virginia  planter. 

Colonia,  or  Colonia  del  Sacramento  (kd-lo'- 
ne-ii  del  siik-ra-meu'to).  A  seaport  in  Uruguay, 
situated  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  opposite  Buenos 
Ayres. 

Colonia  Agrippina  (ko-16'ni-a  ag-ri-pi'na).  See 
Cologne. 

Colonization  Society,  See  American  Coloni- 
zation Societif. 

Colonna  (ko-lon'na).  A  promontory  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Attica,  Greece:  the 
ancient  Sunium. 

Colonna  (ko-lon'na),  Fabio,  L.  Fabius  Co- 
lumna.  Bom  at  Naples,  1567:  died  at  Na- 
ples about  1640-50.  A  Neapolitan  scholar  and 
botanist,  author  of  various  botanical  works. 
He  is  considered  the  creator  of  genera  in  botany. 

Colonna,  Fabrizio.  Died  at  Naples,  1520.  An 
Italian  military  leader,  lord  high  constable  of 
Naples. 

Colonna,  Marco  Antonio.  Bom  1535:  died 
Aug.  1,  1584.  An  Italian  commander,  duke  of 
Paliano.  He  tommanded  the  papal  contingent  in  1571 
at  the  battle  of  Lepanto,  in  which  the  allied  Spanish,  Ve- 
netian, and  papal  fleets  under  Don  John  of  Austria  gained 
a  decisive  victory  over  the  Turks,  He  was  viceroy  of 
Sicily  when  he  died. 

Colonna,  Prospero.  Born  1452 :  died  1523.  An 
Italian  general.  He  commanded  the  united  imperial 
and  papal  forces  in  Lombardy  against  Francis  I,  of  tYance 
1521,  and  in  conjunction  with  Ueorg  von  Freundsberg  de- 
feated Marshal  Lautrec  at  Bicoque  1522. 

Colonna,  Vittoria.  Born  at  Marino,  near 
Rome,  1490:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  25,  1547.  A 
celebrated  Italian  poet,  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Fabrizio  Colonna.  grand  constable  of  Naples,  by  his  mar- 
riage with  Agnesina  di  Montefeltro,  daughter  of  Federi- 
go,  duke  of  Urbino.  She  was  betrothed  when  four  years 
old  to  a  boy  of  the  same  age,  the  only  son  of  the  Marchese 
di  Pescara.  In  their  nineteenth  year  they  were  marrieii 
at  Ischia.  Pescara  died  in  Nov.,  1525.  His  wife  survived 
him  twenty-two  years,  spent  partly  at  Ischia,  in  convents 
at  Orvieto  and  Viterbo,  and,  finally,  in  semi-monastic  se* 
elusion  at  Kome.  She  was  the  center  of  a  group  of  cele- 
brated men  of  letters  and  ai-tists,  of  whom  the  foremost 
was  Michelangelo.  Her  poems  consisted  mainly  of  sonnets 
to  the  memory  of  her  husband,  or  on  sacred  and  moral 
subjects.  Michelangelo  preserved  a  lai-ge  number  of 
them,  and  composed  several  madrigals  and  sonnets  under 
her  influence.  Vittoria  is  the  only  woman  who  is  known 
to  have  touched  the  heart  of  the  great  sculptor. 

Colonsay  (koron-sa).  An  island  of  the  Inner 
Hebrides,  in  the  county  of  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  west  of  Jura  and  north  of  Islay. 
It  is  noted  for  its  ecclesiastical  antiquities. 
Length,  8  miles.  

Colonus  (ko-lo'nus),  The  WMte  Hill  of,  or 
KolonOS  Hippies  (ko-16'nos  hip'i-os).  A  sit« 
about  1|  miles  northwest  of  Athens,  north  of 
the  Academy  on  the  banks  of  the  Cephissus.  It 
is  the  birthplace  of  Sophocles,  and  is  immortalized  by  his 
description  in  the  "(Edipus at  Colonus."  Upon  thehillnow 
stand  the  tombs  of  two  noted  archaeologists,  Ottfried 
Muller  and  Charles  Lenormant. 

Colorado  (kol-o-ra'do).  [Named  from  the  Col- 
orado River.]  One  of  the  United  States  of 
North  America,  lying  between  Wyoming  and 
Nebraska  on  the  north,  Nebraska  and  Kan- 
sas on  the  east.  Oklahoma  and  New  Mexico  on 
the  south,  and  Utah  on  the  west,  it  is  traversed 
by  the  Ri.icky  Mountains  in  the  center  aud  west,  the  foot- 
hills of  which  descend  to  the  eastern  "Great  Plains." 
Many  of  the  highest  and  best^known  summits  of  tbe 
Rocky  Mountains  (Pike's  Peak,  Long's  Peak,  Sierra  Blanca, 
Mountiiin  of  the  Holy  Cross)  are  in  tliis  State,  which  is 
also  rifted  by  deep  caions  (Arkansas,  Gunnison,  Mancos). 
Its  leading  indusfries  are  mining  (yold,  silver,  lead,  etc.) 
and  stock-raising,  and  it  is  noted  as  a  health-resort.  Id 
the  production  of  silver  and  lead  it  ranks  as  the  first  State 
of  the  Union.  It  has  58  counties,  sends  '2.  senators  and  3 
representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  5  electoral  votes. 
Capital,  Denver.  Its  territory  formed  part  of  tbe  Louisi- 
ana purchase  and  part  of  tlie  country  acquired  fmm  Mex- 
ico. Gold  was  discovered  in  185S;  the  Territory  wa^  or- 
ganized in  1801,  and  was  admitted  as  a  State  in  187fi. 
Called  the  Centennial  State.  Area,  103,91i5  square  niilt-s. 
Population  (1900),  539,700. 

Colorado,  Sp.  Rio  Colorado.     [Sp.,  'colored' 

(i.  e.  red)  'river.']  1.  A  river  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Grand  and  Green  rivers  in  south- 
eastern Utah.  It  flows  thiough  Utah  and  Arizona, 
and  separates  Arizona  from  Nevada  and  California.  It 
empties  into  the  Gulf  of  California,  in  Lower  Califor- 
nia, about  lat.  32"  X.  It  is  famous  for  its  caiions,  of 
which  the  most  celebrated,  the  Grand  Caflon,  situated 
in  the  middle  course  of  the  river,  and  exDlored  by  the 


Colorado 


269 


Columbus,  Diego 

.„d  Viceroy  in  ^l^-i....^;^^^^^ 


called  Colorado  of  the  W  est 


In  IT'.e  hy  luptaiii  Robert  uraj,  »" 
called  Colorado  of  tne  « est.  .  Lewis  aud  Clark  1801-05.  d„„„„  r„„ntv    Mi>- 


«.««s..=asss3  lisiiii^isi 


Argentine  Republic  which  flows  into  the  At- 
ffi  Ocean  about  lat.  39°  50'.  S.,  long.  62°  10 
W.     Length,  about  620  miles. 

Coiorados  (kd-lo-ra'dos).    [Sp., 'the  Reds.'] 

l:;if  fe  ^tull^d  on  the  Ly.us.     It  was  the 
,..-it  of  a  primitive  Christian  church. 

^  '''   ll  V^toas  an  (T.  Flavins  Sabinus)  in  72 
frtd  for  4oS  years  the  seat  of  gladiatoria 

'^\,^^^Z^^rB:^o^&^^^^:'r.  J;;i;^bian university.  Auni-BUyium^ 

concrete      ^ J',\'°fi™'m„3Teiaborate  system  o£  chamberE^      )-"   ?„„rtical.  dental,  and  graduate 
L^nt^ell-aVa-y'lVtu'e-^SSfa-ges  and  later  as  buUd- 

ffi^TLin^ent     Born  near  Troyes, 
!---  l^^et^gn  !^  Hen^  U.  (154T-59), 

noted  as  a  litl^o}?"^,'"* p-trick     Born  at  Dum- 
Colquhoun   f°-^°Slarch  if  1745:  died  at  Lon- 
barton.  t'cotland .March  14,  i-  ^ 


.r;^t'?s;^:^^'ti^e^:i;oiMissouri.pop- 

2'"a' borudf'i^  Lancaster  County,  Pennsyl- 
vanta  s~ted  ..n  the  Susquehanna  River  4 
;,^^s;outheas.  of  H^nrisburg^  It .s arnnjpoUa,,. 
lumber-market  and  seat  of  n.uuufactuies. 

^:"^h^^::;ital  of  south  Caroima^  ^^U^ 
Count V,  situated  on  the  ^ongaree  Rn  er  u    at 
34°  X.-,  long.  81°  2'  W.      >t.'^«- -»  ..^m   tl  eSa,\- 
sitv  of  South  Carolina  Ifoun.le.l  ui  l«*}  ■  "V.^e  of  its  occn- 

?^!^j;jri^s'^r;^"S'"^o;Xtion(i.o.., 

i'^The  capital  of  Maurv  County,  Tennessen 
of^ash^^lle.     Population  (1900),  0,0.... 
Columbia      An  American  sloop  yacht,  the  sue- 

Slnmrock  II.    Her  dimensions  are:  length  on 
"-Hne,  89  feet  7i  inches;  length  over  all. 
m  fee   4  inches:  beam,  24  feet  2  inches. 
Columbia,  British.     See  Bnti.h  Columbia 
CoCb  a  District  of.    See  Di^Mct  of  Colum- 


chants  of  I'alos,  three  i*"""'  "X'^^j^"' ,3  pa.to,  com- 
.Santa  Maria  a.  Hagsnp  and  the^^^^ 

raanded  reapectivel>  b>  \  icenie  lanctiju 

fjs.'i,^uV;riVaior)^ivt'Vi?r|^^^^ 

Sa^^vJdor  one  of  the  Bahamas,  but  «'"'=h,»»^,f  "^ 
certSn.     He  lauded  and  took  possession  ?°r*^„^"''- il^. 

^•^a'vidaTin  thtl'aVd  of  a  friendly;  chief.    On  Jan.  ^ 

was  ■-/'"f'l  «^\'*,/a3     cX'd  to  court,  he  was  received 
^w^'Tl^'grllfhon^or^  privileges  eonhrn^dam^ 

r?.'lf¥ept'%%"m  ^Xh^'lV^essSs  rd"l,«K,  men: 
lina^Na'.rd'ad'^'Hi  LtXti^ ks  c^Whad  aU  been 

^y;;iilse'at^:^'::,;in'^ui5clionottheIndian.^ 

149«l  teavhit  his  brothers  in  charge.     He  was  well  re- 
"wed   b^  the  «>vereign_s.   and  the  charges  dismissed. 


j^^'T",  "rr-Xi   1820      A  London  police  magis 

about  "«"'«,lJ.?«^\^riimS  resided  in  |.ndon, 
of  Glasgow  1782-^  ami  ^"-^  niagistrate.  He  pub- 
where  he  ''«'-';?"=  „\'',r'  p,f|i„e  of  the  Metropolis,  etc. 
Usheda  "T;r,«a"?.^°",'''fhe  PoDUlatfo..,  Wealth,   Tower 

lulv  19  1814:  died  at  Harttord,  Jan.  10,  l»o.. 
Hartford  in  1852.  „v,-_i-„    p.nlpb       Horn   at 

Colton  (kol  ton),  Charles  Caie^ 
Salisbury,  England  ab.mt  l'^-^^  ^i„.gy. 
tainebleau,  Apnl  -»,  i»->-  ^. ,  .  °  .  Cambridge 
man  and  writer.  "«  -- ^j,,«^''i^^'^e?ersl?l  He 
(King's  t^oUf?'^);,*"'',  S='^'uliUed  \Lidein  preference 
led  an  eccentric  b'e,  a  d  co'",u,i',e  ,  ,j^,,^j  ..  Lacon, 


(jiSuU^l^sHy.    Aninstitntionotlea^^ 
imrht  the  citv  of  New  York.    It  comprises  an  aca- 

^^'^The  Uw  school  was  opened  in  l^-f    I"  """3", 

brary  contains  about  250,000  volumes.    It  has  about  MU  j,_ ^^^^.^^  „^  ^ept  mru.er  »V,"",','.m'ilh'oT7he'6rinoco 

English  pantomime.  that  the  lai"^ '»  P  ...,,„,„>;,,,„  i,  ,1,,,  terrestrial  paiadise . 


Xfter  mt^h  del^I;^s^Ud  on  a  Uiird  vSyige  O.ay  :<0j 
fS  i'nwhich  he\ept  farther  south,  discovered  Trui.dad 


author  of  "  Ship  and  Sho  e     (183o^,  etc     ^^^ 
Columba  (ko- urn  ba^^  bamt      Bon.^  ^^  ^^^^^ 

^^l^;i!/^:S.^;£c>lticmis.onao^ 
^L^^irht'fZXlf   tt  ^nastery  of   lona 

nl'h  -mis  h -S  -^^l'-  '"  '"^^  """^  *■"■'  °'  ""T 


English  pantomime.  „„f„„^ll     S'of^Ws"m;■^«VeVe',dso  is  the 'terrestrial  pa. adise^ 

P«lnmbretes(k6-lom-bra'tes).  Agroupofsmall    n^.        .  ..  .. 

°voSc  rocks  in^he  Mediterranean    east  of    ,,,, 

7.         •  •        !«*■      QQO   f^A'    M        loll".    ^'      "i"^      ■'^'' 

and  went  to  England  in  <8?,^,"t'i'^i5;^-,;  ;„  ,J<):i,  after  the 
brother's  project  l'"'^  '■"^.^„',^/  '^ yig"  but  followed 
admiral  had  sailed  on  » '^,,f,\'-°,'~t  "Viiving  at  Isabella 

niiral.     He  was  witli  ni»  ^      ^.,,^^  ,j.„,  ,.c 

J^^-  ■ttl^rs^illggletK.rPorras  at  Jamaica  lie  w;. 
wounded.     Alter  the  admiral  8 


iif  this  river,  wiieic  iiio"  lo  v..^  — . —  ■ 

»,rt  some  other  later  reports,  have  been  supposed  to 

hISeate  tenpora iTaberrati™  Sf  mind,  cause/ ty^'.'';''. 

ness     »■    A n^  ™^'«  '■'cached  Santo  Domingo,  »hleh  had 

V  ' V as'ro' al'comi^issioner.     lie  J'-'l'"- ^ ,^-;  -■["'i^SIV^ 

"■',;'d:ri^t'oin^e;r,irc^;?vD,:r?.;rrt.s"^,^ 


E?£ESSSl|^lti^ 


kath  he  seems  lo  have 
A-Celtic  missionary;^  0^  ^^^^T^U,,,!"^.  fwS^  ^t 


T^mr  seiirr^-SSd^^oi.  a».  a.  lengU.  tJun. 
''*'!  1"s?nahXv  7  V^     Q.u.ei  ^bella,  who  had  al- 

remaining  days  in  J"'--^  .J^';  "'i;^  1^  eon    U  "  ^  a  nelJ 
that  the  regions  >hscoMi<-d     >  mn    c    1 
continent,  always  supiK.sing  them  to  In  portions 


,,,,,    ,,(,.       .     -  ,      liorn  at  or    continent,  always  Bnpi^.^...K -  ■. 

riSr!^"i;u7^^ewen.to..rU^              ;t";.:co.npanied  him  in  .ho  second  voyage 
■      married  and  had  a  son,  I'li-'  .  •  


(ounded  on  the  known  M  '"  "' >    '.^,1    |,e  proposed  t"    ""'"'"^'^'  p„i-.„    -nipffo       Horn  probably 

,„|ght  be  -'<^'»,f  ''y  "''^^^  , r.xi."  "ion  in  tb'at  dlrec  ColumbUS.  N".  ColOn    DiegO.  ,  '         „p„ 

the  l'ortugueso.kingt.,inakea...xi^_^.,^^^__,  ^,„^,^^,.,  ,„,    ,_^  Lisbon  uboijt  '    l*!-  ''"!'  ;;;„,„(  Christopher 

Toledo,  I-  cb.  -o.    l.>-o. 


Columbia  ^ko-lum'bi-ii).^ 


.,1   01.     'Lwsh  missionary  in  France,  Swil-    ^ri^S;^'^^"-'^^^"^^^'::^:^:^^ 

Luxeuil(Vosges)aboUtMHl-.9..,aiii.^^^^^^___^,_, {tsetr  !^^,l;;uh'^;.o  ..;^-;;l.--;;;;;'i'i;' J^;  KililJ.i 

(11»»),  and  Colnmbiis  ''>''  »'  \,",'rvU.w  w  Ih  Ihesiivereigns 
Vlien  he  obtained  a  pcr-s-m  '"'^  "J\^,;,  '"„„„.,  which  lie 
tttt;ranada.  Tlie  ">;«•"'''': .'i^"  '"(us d '  bulashewas 
demanded  in  ca.eof  8"";;^'»'«"  '  ' ,  ^  ,"cTl«t  ellort  with 
about  leaving  (iranada  lis  fr  ui  s  mane  an  ^^^^  ^^^^^ 

th..iueen,  he  was  rec.  U-.  .  a  ■  1  ^    Aprn^  demamls  of 

and  .pieen  signed  a  i mp  r  '"  """^  ^^^  (or  himself  and 
S^I;y,'ru:^r;u"l5t.lo*rog.o„7;£icUen.lghtdUcover. 


l^S^^^r     \?,:aL"vc!r^Vnportantsalinon.llsheries. 


, .  1  >  ,,,.  i.T7i.v>  Oueen  Isabella  made  him  a  piigo 
Columbus.  In  "'•  ••••"•  r'-ni-uiwl  until  alter  his 
,a  the  Spanish  '""'^'Z  Z^^,J,T7^i>^«<'  adnilnil  of 
fathers  death.  He  ^"^  ' '  VT,'"' „,,i  da  but  without  the 
the  Indies  and  ^"vj:^;^;,; . ,',"';". «"lomingo,  July  10, 
title  of  ''".^'y- ,„?,,„',„.  aims  of  Jurlsilietion,  amldi*. 
UOll;  but  the  eonllu  I  11.  '■'■"  •    ,       .„i,i„„  »„  un- 

Batlsfaclion  w  th  l''  /"'  •,,;X  "e"nt  to  eon.,ner  Cuba  in 
einy  one.     \  elas.|ne7.,  ;'''""•,  ",X  ■  the  establishment 
';"'^'7"^;ence"..'ato'^^^^^^^^^ 
t  ;\U  tho"  gh,  in  a  vi.it  W  Spain,  ho  obtalu«l  new  favors 


Columbus,  Diego 

n520X  he  was  finally  called  back  by  the  Council  of  the 
iLdies  in  1523  to  answer  charges  against  him.  His  wife 
was  left  in  chari,'e  of  the  government ;  but  Diego  fulUiwed 
the  court,  vainly  seeliing  redi-ess,  until  his  death. 

Columbus,  Ferdinand,  Sp.  Ferdinando  Co- 
lon. Bora  in  Cordova,  Aug.  15,  1488:  died 
at  Se\nlle.  July  12,  1539.  An  illegitimate  son 
of  Christopher  Columbus  and  Dona  Beatrix 
Heuriquez,  a  lady  o£  Cordova.  He  was  made  page 
of  Queen  Isabella  in  149S.  was  with  his  father  on  tlje 
fourth  voyage,  lo02-O4 ;  and  by  the  admiral's  will  received 
an  ample  income,  afterward  increased  by  royal  grants. 
He  amassed  a  library  of  over  20,000  volumes,  which 
passed  by  will  to  the  cathedral  chapter  of  Seville,  where 
it  was  known  as  the  "Colombiua":  only  about  4,000  vol- 
umes remain.  A  history  of  the  Indies  by  him  is  lost,  as 
is  the  original  Spanish  of  his  biography  of  his  father, 
which  was  used  by  Las  Casas. 

Columbus,  Sp.  Colon  (ko-lou'),  Luis.  Born  at 
Santo  Domingo,  15J1  or  1522 :  died  in  Oran, 
Africa,  Feb.  3, 1572.  A  son  of  Diego  and  grand- 
son of  Christopher  Columbus.  In  1536  he  gave  up 
all  claims  to  the  title  of  viceroy,  receiving  in  return  the 
island  of  Jamaica  in  flet,  a  large  pension,  lauds  in  Veragua, 
and  the  titles  of  Duke  of  Vei-aj-iia  and  Marquis  of  Jamaica. 
He  was  captain.general  of  Hispaniola  1540-51.  He  was 
imprisoned  in  1559  for  having  three  wives,  and  in  1565 
banished  to  Oran.  For  descent  of  the  titles,  see  F'era- 
gua,  Ihikes  oj. 

Columbus.  1.  The  capital  of  Ohio,  and  of 
Frankliu  County,  situated  on  the  Scioto  River 
in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  long.  83°  3'  W.  It  is  an  impor- 
tant railway  center  and  manufacturing  place,  and  is  re- 
m.irkable  for  its  State  capitol  and  other  public  buildings. 
It  was  made  the  State  capital  in  1816.  Population  (1900), 
125,560. 

2.  The  capital  of  Muscogee  County,  Georgia, 
situated  on  the  Chattahoochee  River  in  lat.  32° 
28'  N.,  long.  85°  5'  W.  It  has  manufactures  of 
iron  and  steel.  Population  (1900).  17,614.-3. 
The  capital  of  Bartholomew  Countv  in  southern 
central  Indiana.  Population  (1900),  8,130.— 
4.  A  city  in  western  Kentucky,  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  River  16  miles  south  of  Cairo. 
It  was  a  strategic  point  of  the  Confederates  in 
1861-<;2. — 5.  Thecounty-seat  of  Lowndes  Coun- 
tv. eastern  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Tom- 
bigbee  River  in  lat.  33°  31'  N.,  long.  88°  28'  W. 
Population  (1900),  6,484. 

Columella  (kol-u-mel'la).  Lucius  Junius  Mo- 
deratus.  Born  at  Cadiz,  Spain :  lived  about 
40  A.  D.  A  Roman  writer  on  agriculture.  He 
wrote  "De  re  rustica,"  in  twelve  books  (edited  by  Schnei- 
der in  the  "Scriptores  rei  rusticse,"  17941,  and  an  earlier 
work  on  the  same  subject,  of  wliich  one  book,  "De  Arbo- 
ribus,''  is  extant. 

Column  of  July,  F.  Colonne  de  Juillet  (ko- 
lon'  de  zhiie-ya').  A  monument  in  Paris, 
France,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  Bastille  in 
1840,  in  honor  of  the  citizens  killed  in  the  at- 
tacks on  the  royal  government  in  1830.  it  is  a 
Corinthian  column  of  bronze,  13  feet  in  diameter,  rising 
from  a  square  base  and  marble  substructure,  and  capped 
by  a  gilded  statue  of  the  winged  Genius  of  Liberty.  Its 
totiil  height  is  154  feet. 

Column  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  or  Antonine 
Column.  A  monument  in  the  Piazza  Colonna. 
Rome,  erected  in  174  A.  D.  in  honor  of  the  cam- 
paigns against  the  Marcomanni.  It  reproduces 
the  tj-peof  the  Column  of  Trajan,  and  consists  of  aRoman 
Doric  column  of  marble  raised  on  a  square  pedestal,  the 
total  height,  witliout  the  statue  of  St.  Paul  of  Sixtus  V., 
being  123  feet.  The  shaft  is  sculptured  in  a  spiral  of  20 
turns,  with  reliefs  of  the  wars  it  commemorates. 

Column  of  the  Congress,  F.  Colonne  du  Con- 
grfes  (ko-lon'  dii  kon-gi'a').  A  monument 
erected  in  Brussels,  Belgium,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  Belgian  constitutional  congress  of 
1831.  It  is  a  Roman  Doric  column  147  feet  high,  on  the 
summit  of  which  stands  a  statue  of  Leopold  I.  Reliefs 
on  the  pede.^tal  represent  the  Belgian  provinces.  At  the 
angles  stand  four  female  figures  in  bronze,  personifying 
types  of  liberty. 

Column  of  Trajan.  A  monument  in  Rome, 
dedicated  in  114  a.  d.  in  honor  of  the  emperor. 
It  is  a  Roman  Doric  column  of  marble,  on  a  square  base- 
ment, the  total  height,  exclusive  of  the  present  statue  of 
St.  Peter,  being  127i  feet.  The  base  bears  reliefs  of  war- 
like trophies  and  an  inscription  ;  the  entire  shaft  is  occu- 
pied hy  vigorous  and  lifelike  reliefs  ascending  in  a  spiral, 
representing  Trajan's  campaigns.  The  reliefs  contaiu 
about  2,500  human  figures,  besides  those  of  animals  and 
inanimate  objects. 

Column  of  Vendome  (von-dom'),  F.  Colonne 
Vendome.  A  monument  in  the  Place  Ven- 
dome, Paris,  France.  It  is  a  Roman  Doric  column 
ot  masonry  incased  in  bronze,  in  design  imitating  the 
Column  of  Trajan  at  Rome,  and  was  erected  by  .Napoleon  I. 
in  honor  of  his  victories  over  the  Russians  and  Austrians 
in  1805.  The  shaft  is  encircled  with  reliefs  referring  to 
the  campaigns  in  question,  ascending  in  a  spiral,  tlie 
height  of  the  figures  being  3  feet.  The  column  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  figure  of  the  emperor.  Its  height  is  142  feet, 
and  its  diameter  13  feet.  It  was  overthrown  by  the  Com- 
mune in  1871.  but  was  restored  in  1875. 

Columns  of  Hercules.    See  PUJars  of  Hercules. 

Columns  of  St.  Mark  and  St.  Theodore.  Two 

columns  in  Venice,  situated  at  the  end  of  the 


270 

Piazzetta  toward  the  Grand  Canal.  The  massive 
plain  cyUndrical  shafts  are  of  gmuite,  the  western  pink, 
the  eastern  gray,  resting  on  spreading,  stepped  bases. 
The  capitals  are  ascribed  to  a  Lombai'd  architect.  The 
figure  of  St.  Tlieodore,  with  his  crocodUe,  was  erected  on 
the  western  column  in  1329.  The  eastern  column  bears 
the  famous  winged  lion  of  St.  Mark,  in  bronze,  with  eyes 
inlaid  in  precious  stones.  The  existing  lion  is  of  the  15th 
century. 
Col'Tille  (kol'vil).  A  name,  of  European  ori- 
gin, applied  to  a  SaUshan  tribe  formerly  dwell- 
ing near  Kettle  Falls  on  the  upper  Columbia 
River,  near  the  Canadian  boundary.  The  tribe 
now  numbers  247  persons,  dwelling  on  the  Puyallup  reser- 
vation, Washington.     See  Salishan, 

Col'well  (kol'wel),  Stephen.  Born  in  Brooke 
County,  West  Va.,  March  25,  1800:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  15,  1871.  An  American 
merchant,  economist,  and  general  writer.  He 
wrote  "Ways  and  Means  of  Payment"  (1859), 
etc. 

Coma  Berenices  (ko'mii  ber-e-ni'sez).  [L., 
'hair  of  Berenice.'  See  Berenice.']  An  ancient 
asterism  (though  not  one  of  the  48  constella- 
tions of  Hipparchus)  situated  north  of  Virgo 
and  between  Bootes  and  Leo,  and  supposed  to 
represent  the  famous  amber  hair  of  Berenice, 
the  -svife  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes. 

Comacchio  (ko-mak'ke-6).  A  town  in  thf 
prnrince  of  Ferrara.  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Adriatic  29  miles  southeast  of  Ferrara.  Popu- 
lation, 7,000. 

Comana  (ko-ma'na).  [Gr.  rd  Ko/zaia.]  1.  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Cappadocia.  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  the  river  Sarus.  It  was  noted 
for  its  temple  to  Ma,  the  moon-goddess.  Also  called 
Chryse  ('the  Golden'). 

2.  In  ancient  geographv,  a  citv  of  Pontus,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  about  lat.  40°" 20'  N.,  long.  36° 
50'  E.  It  was  perhaps  a  colony  of  the  Cappadocian  city, 
and  it  was  Siicred  to  the  same  goddess.  The  modern  Gu- 
menek  is  on  its  site. 

Comanche  iko-man'che),  or  Camanche  (ka- 
man'che).  [PL,  also  Comaiiche.i:]  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  well  known  for  their 
martial  character.  According  to  tradition  and  lin- 
guistic evidence  they  were  formerly  neighbors  of  the 
Shoshoni  in  Wyoming.  In  1724  they  were  on  upper  Kan- 
sas River,  and  later  were  south  of  Red  River.  Texas,  this 
southward  extension  doubtless  being  due  to  pressure  by 
Siouan  tribes.  Theil-  later  territory  was  the  extensive 
plains  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  into  Indian 
Territory  and  Texas  as  far  as  long.  97',  although  they 
raided  the  country  from  Kansas  southward  as  far  as  Du- 
rango,  .Mexico  (a  distance  of  800  miles).  They  agreed  to 
go  upon  a  reservation  in  IS^iS,  at  which  date  they  num- 
bered about  2,500,  The  Comanche  now  on  the  Kiowa,  Co- 
manche, and  Wichita  reservation,  Oklahoma,  number  153. 
Their  own  name  is  Xiftn,  •  people.'  Covuinche.  a  name  of 
unknown  signification,  was  first  applied  by  the  Spanish 
Mexicans,  while  the  French  form,  Padottca.  is  adapted 
from  their  .sionx  name.  They  also  have  been  known  as 
Ckouman^  Comande,  Eaumains,  Xeum.  Padouca,  and  Pa- 
duca.    See  Shoshonean. 

Comande.     See  Comanche. 

Comayagua(k6-ma-ya'g^va).  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Comayagua,  Honduras,  situated 
on  the  river  Humaya  in  lat.  14°  28'  N.,  long. 
87°  39'  W.  It  was  the  capital  of  Honduras  until  ISSO. 
Popidation,  about  5,000.  In  colonial  times  it  had  18,000 
inhabitants,  but  it  was  burned  in  1827,  and  has  never  fully 
recovered. 

Combaconum,     See  Etimbhal:onam. 

Combe  (kom),  Andre'W.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  27,  1797 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  9,  1847. 
A  Scottish  physician  and  wi'iter  on  physiology 
and  phrenology.  He  founded,  with  his  brother  George 
Combe  and  others,  the  "  Phrenological  Magazine  "  (1823), 
of  which  he  remained  proprietor  untQ  1837. 

Combe,  George.  Born  at  Edinburgh.  Oct.  21, 
1788:  died  at  Moor  Park,  Famham,  England. 
Aug.  14,  1858.  A  Scottish  phrenologist :  chief 
work  "An  Essay  on  the  Constitution  of  Man" 
(1828). 

Combe,  William.  Bom  at  Bristol,  England. 
1741:  died  at  Lambeth,  June  19.  1823.  An 
English  writer,  author  of  "Dr.  S^Titax."  He 
was  the  godson  <or  natural  son)  of  a  London  alderman ; 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford  (where,  however,  he  did 
not  take  a  degree) ;  entered  the  law  ;  led  for  some  time 
the  life  of  an  adventurer,  being  successively  a  soldier,  a 
waiter,  a  lieutenant,  and  a  cook  ;  and  for  the  last  43  ye.ars 
of  his  life  resided  within  the  rules  of  the  King's  Bench 
debtors'  prison.  He  published  a  large  number  of  works, 
including  "  The  Diaboliad,  a  poem  dedicated  to  the  worst 
man  (Simon,  Lord  Irnham)  in  His  Majesty's  Dominions  " 
(1776),  "The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  in  Endaud  "  (1790). 
"The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  search  of  the  Picturesque" 
(a  poem  first  published  in  the  "Poetical  Magazine,"  and 
republished  1S12),  etc. 

Comberback,  Silas  Tomkjms.  The  name 
under  wliich  Coleridge  enlisted  in  the  15th  Dra- 
goons. 

Combermere,  Viscount.    See  Cotton. 

Comecrudo  (ko-ma-kro'do).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  live  on  the  lower  Rio 
Grande   at  Las  Prietas,  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 


Comines 

Of  the  25  survivors  in  l&feO  but  seven  spoke  their  native 
tongue.  The  name  is  said  to  signify  '  raw  eaters '  (Sp. 
come-crud'j),  in  allusion  to  their  practice  of  cannibalism. 
Also  called  CarrUos.     See  Ci>ahmiteean. 

Comedie  Fran^aise  (ko-ma-de'  fion-saz').  La. 
The  official  name  of  the  Theatre  Fran^ais.  The 
Comedie  Frangaise  practically  had  its  beginning  in  the 
Theatre  de  1  Hotel  Bourgogue,  established  in  1.552  and 
made  theatre  royal  under  Henry  III.  in  1588 :  it  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  The;itre  du  Marais  in  1600.  A  few  years  after- 
ward the  company  of  Molii-re  was  established  in  the  great 
hall  of  the  Hotel  Bourbon.  In  1660  the  Hotel  Bourbon  was 
torn  down,  and  in  1661  Moliere  was  transferred  to  the 
theater  of  the  Palais  Royal,  In  1673  Moliere  died ;  his 
company  was  disbanded  and  went  to  the  Theatre  Gu(^n^- 
gaud,  in  16S0  there  were  three  companies  in  Paris  —  that 
of  the  Hotel  Bonrgogne,  that  of  the  Marais,  and  the  com- 
pany of  Moliere  in  the  Theatre  tJuen^gaud  :  the  two  latter 
were  amalgamated  Oct.  21,  1680,  and  the  Comedie  Fran- 
faise  organized  by  lettre  de  cachet  of  Louis  XIV.  as 
"L'Hotel  des  Comediens  du  Roi  entretenus  par  Sa  Ma- 
jesty," The  Comedie  Fran^aise  migrated  frequently,  la 
1689  it  had  its  home  in  the  Rue  des  Fosses  St.  Germain 
des  Pr^s  (Rue  de  r.\ncienne  Comedie):  it  was  here  and  in 
this  year  that  it  first  took  the  title  of  Comedie  Fran^aise. 
In  1770  it  removed  to  the  Tuileries,  and  in  1782  the  com- 
pany played  in  what  is  now  the  Odeon.  It  was  suppressed 
in  the  Revolution  in  1793,  and  reconstituted  by  Napoleon, 
then  first  consul,  and  established  in  the  Theatre  Frau^ais. 
See  Theatre  Fran.-ais. 

Comedie  Humaine  (ko-ma-de'  ii-man'),  La. 
A  collection  of  Balzac's  novels,  arranged  and 
connected  with  laborious  classification  by  him- 
self to  form  what  he  called  a  "complete  soci- 
ety," the  same  persons  and  their  relatives  ap- 
pearing and  reappearing.  "Each  novel  is  in  fact 
a  page  of  the  great  work,  which  would  be  incomplete  with- 
out it."  It  is  a  picture  of  the  maimers  and  morals  of 
his  own  time. 

Comedy  of  Errors,  The.  A  play  by  Shak- 
spere,  acted  at  iTray's  Inn,  Dec.  28,  1594.  Itg 
real  title  is  "  Errors."  Itis  thought  thatanother  version 
not  entirely  by  Shakspere  was  acted  about  1590.  The  origi- 
nal plot  was  probably  suggested  by  Plautus's  •'  Mensechmi " 
and  "  Amphitryon,"  and  more  directly  by  the  "  History  of 
Error  "  acted  by  the  chapel  children  in  1J76.  (Fleay.y 
The  plot  consists  in  the  extraordinary  series  of  mistakes 
arising  from  the  likeness  between  twin  brother^  both 
named  .Antijiholus,  and  the  likeness  between  their  two 
servants,  named  Dromio. 

Comely  Bank  (kum'li  bangk).   See  the  extract. 

The  Carlyles.  at  the  period  of  Thomas's  famous  visit  to 
Jeffrey  in  tJeorge  Street,  wtre  living  at  Comely  Bank,  in 
one  of  a  row  of  two-storied,  uninteresting  houses,  calling 
themselves  "  villa  residences,"  at  the  northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh, quite  out  of  town  even  now,  and  facing  a  green 
caUed  Stockbridge  Public  Park.  Carlyles  cottage  is 
numbered  21. 

Hutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  65. 

Comenius  (ko-me'ni-us)  (originally  Komen- 
sky),  Johann  Amos.  Born  at  Nivnitz  or, 
more  probablv,  at  Ungarisch-Brod,  Moravia, 
March  28,  1592  :  died  in  Holland.  Nov.  15. 1670. 
A  noted  Czechic  theologian  and  educational 
reformer.  He  studied  theolOL-y  at  Herborn  and  Heidel- 
berg, and  in  1618  became  pastor  of  a  congregation  of 
Moravian  Brethren  at  Fulnek.  Expelled  by  an  imperial 
mandate  of  1621,  which  banished  all  Protestant  pastors 
from  Bohemia,  he  eventually  settled  at  Lissa,  Poland, 
where  he  supported  himself  by  teaching.  In  1642  he 
went  to  Sweiteu,  where,  at  the  invitation  of  the  chancel- 
lor .\xel  Oxenstjerna,  he  prepared  a  plan  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  educational  system  of  the  countrj-.  He  was 
in  1648  elected  bishop  of  the  .Moravian  Church  at  Lissa, 
where,  with  an  interruption  of  four  years  spent  at  S&ros- 
Patak,  Hungary,  he  remained  until  1657,  when  Lissa  was 
pillaged  and  burned  by  the  Poles.  He  subsequently  set- 
tled at  Amsterdam,  -\niong  his  works  are  "  Janua  lin- 
guarum  reserata,"  "Orbis  pictus,"  and  ''Didactics  magna 
sen  omnes  omnia  docendi  artiflcium." 

Comical  Gallant,  The,  or  the  Amours  of  Sir 
John  Falstaflf.  -^n  alteration  of  •  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  "  bv  John  Dennis,  plaved  in 
1702. 

Comical  Lovers,  The,  or  Marriage  k  la 
Mode.  A  comedy  by  Gibber,  produced  and 
printed  in  1707.  It  is  made  from  the  comic  scenes  of 
Drj'den's  "  Secret  Love  "  and  "  Marriage  a  la  Mode. " 

Coiaical  Revenge,  The,  or  Love  in  a  Tub. 

A  comedy  liy  Sir  George  Etheredge,  produced  in 
1G64.     It"  was  published  in  the  same  year. 

Comines,  or  Commines  (ko-men').  A  town  on 
the  Lys  10  miles  north  of  LiUe.  situated  partly 
in  the"  department  of  Nord,  France,  and  partly 
in'VVest  Flanders,  Belgium,  Population  (1891), 
7,422. 

Comines,  or  Commines,  or  Comynes,  Philippe 
de.  Born  at  Comines,  near  LiUe.  France  (or  at 
Renescure,  near  Hazebrouck),  about  1445 :  died 
at  Argenton,  Deux-Se\Tes,  France.  Oct.  18. 
1511.  A  noted  French  statesman  and  historian. 
He  entered  the  service  of  Charles  the  Bold,  and  then  went 
over  to  Louis  XL,  in  whose  household  he  rose  to  the  dig- 
nity of  confidant  and  counselor.  In  1486  he  was  arrested 
for  political  reasons  and  imprisoned  for  over  two  years. 
At  the  command  of  Charles  ^^II.  he  was  arrested  again 
later  on.  and  exiled  for  ten  years.  After  serving  his  time, 
he  returned  to  court  only  to  fall  into  disgrace.  Finally  he 
retired  into  private  life  and  wrote  his  "Memoires."  The 
"Cronique  et  hystoire  faicte  et  composee  par  messire 
Philippe  de  Comines  "  (Paris,  i524)  was  written  from  14S8 
to  1493.    It  deals  with  the  history  of  France  between  1464, 


Comines 

r,  "jcn  Coraines  came  to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bold, 
and  14&<,  'he  date  of  the  drath  of  Louis  XI.  The  sequel, 
"Croniquesdu  roy  Charles  huytiesiue  "  (Paris,  lOW),  was 
written  later  than  1497.  and  contains  notes  on  the  wars 
waned  by  Charles  VIII.  between  H'M  and  1498.  Complete 
editions  have  been  made  by  Denis  Sauvase  (l.'iiJ'J),  Gode- 
froy  C.Wj),  r^englet-Dufresnoy  (1747),  Mademoiselle  Du- 
poiit  (1840-47),  and  R.  Chantelauze  (Issl). 
Comitan  (ko-me-tiUi'),  or  Comitlan  (ko-met- 
lau').  A  town  in  the  state  of  Chiapas,  south- 
.■rii  Me.Kieo.  in  lat.  1(5°  ')'  N.,  long.  92°  25'  W. 
I'opulation  (1889),  7,0(10. 

Comity  des  Etudes  du  Haut  Congo.    See  /«- 

tiri«itioiiiil  Africtiii  Association. 

Comitimn  (ko-mish'ium).  [L.,' place  of  assem- 
bly.'] A  paved  area  in  aueieut  Rome,  between 
the  nortlieastern  side  of  the  Forum  Horaanum 
and  the  Curia,  where  the  Comitia  Curiata,  or 
assembly  of  the  patricians,  met,  and  where  tlie 
most  important  legal  cases  were  tried.  It  was 
surrounded  with  a  barrier  liy  TuUus  Hostilius.  On  the 
Comitium  stood  the  original  rontra,  or  official  speakers' 
platform,  and  close  to  it  was  the  ifnecoslatis,  the  platform 
prttvided  for  foreign  envoys. 

Cominagene(kora-a-je'ue).  [Gr.Ko/i/iayriv^.']  In 
ancient  geograpliy,  a  district  in  northern  Syria, 
between  the  Euphrates  on  the  east  and  Cilieia 
on  the  west.  It  was  at  one  time  tributary  to  the  As- 
syrian empire,  and  was  an  independent  kingdom  from 
6.i  B.  C.-17  A.  D.  It  is  called  Kummuh  in  the  .\8syrian 
cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Commander  of  the  Faithful.  [Ar.  Emir-al- 
mtCmiiiin.']  A  title  of  tlie  califs,  first  assumed 
bv  Omar  G34-4544. 

Commemoration  Ode.  An  ode  by  James  Rus- 
sell Lowell  in  memory  of  the  members  of  Har- 
vard College  who  hail  served  in  the  Civil  War, 
read  at  the  memorial  e.xercises  at  Cambridge 
in  1865. 

Commendation  of  Our  Lady.  A  ballade  once 
attributed  to  Chaucer,  but  erroneously.  It  is  not 
written  in  ballade  form.  Tyrwhitt  thinks  there  is  evidence 
that  I.ydgate  may  have  written  it. 

Commentaries,  Caesar's.    See  Cxsar,  Julius. 

Commercy  (ko-mer-se').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  20  miles  east  of  Bar-le-Duc.  It  has  a 
castle.     Population  (1891),  commune,  7.483. 

Commissary  (kom'i-sa-ri).  The.  A  comedy  by 
Footf,  produced  in  17G5. 

Committee  (ko-mit'e),  The.  A  cometly  by  Sir 
K.  Howard,  printed  in  HiCiS.  Evelyn  saw  it  played 
in  1662.  It  was  revised  by  T.  Knight  and  produced  as 
"The  Honest  Thieves  "  in  1797. 

Commode  (ko-mod').  A  play  by  Thomas  Cor- 
iiiilie,  played  for  Louis  XIV.  at  the  Louvre  in 
lii.lll. 

Commodian.    See  Commodiamis. 

Commodiauus  (ko-md-di-a'uus).  A  Christian 
poet  of  the  lirst  half  of  the  3d  ceniiury.  Two 
poems  by  himarc  extant,  •*  Instrnctiones  LX.XX  ailversus 
getitium  deos,"  and  "Carmen  .Vpulo^;etieuni,"' a  defense 
of  Christianity. 

Commodus  (kom'6-dus),  Lucivs  .5!lius  Au- 
relius  (also  Marcus  Antoninus).     Boin  at 

Lanuvium,  Italy,  Aug.  31,  Itil  A.  D.:  killed 
at  Rome,  Dec.  31,  192.  Kmperor  of  Rome  180- 
192,  son  of  Marcus  Aurelius  whom  ho  suc- 
ceeded. He  bought  peace  of  tlie  Germans  at  the  price 
of  a  tribute,  and,  intrusting  the  direction  of  the  govern- 
ment to  favorites (Peienriis,  clcander,  Lajtus,  and  delec- 
tus), aband(»ned  himself  to  dissipation  and  cruelty.  He 
put  to  death  his  wife  Crispina  and  nearly  all  the  public 
men  who  had  risen  to  eminence  under  his  father,  is  said 
to  have  appeared  as  a  gladiator  in  the  amphitheater  over 
seven  hundred  times  against  defenseless  opponents,  antl 
to  have  elaime<l  divine  honors,  apjiearing  in  public  a-s 
Hercules  and  demanding  to  be  wtpisltiped  as  sueh.  He 
was  strangled  by  the  atlilete  Narcissus,  who  was  intro- 
duced into  his  sleeping-apartment  by  lonspirators,  chief 
of  whom  was  tlie  einperor's  mistress,  .\lareia. 

Common  (kom' on),  DoL  In  Ben  Jonsoii'scora- 
edy  "Tlie  ."Mcliemi.st,"  the  mistress  of  Subtle. 

Common  Sense.  .-^  ptimiihlet  by  Thomas  I'ainis 
piiblisliiMl  in  I'liilailelpliia  .Ian.  1,  ]77(i.  It  advo- 
cated  entire  separation  from  Kngland,  and  its  argiinu-nta 
fell  in  with  the  prevailing  current  of  feeling,  and  swept 
waverers  along  with  it.  It  is  ileseritied  by  Washington  as 
"workhig  a  powerful  change  in  the  minds  of  many  men  " 
(Works,  III.  ■.!7i-,). 

Commonwealth  of  England,  The.  The  des- 
ignation applied  otiicially  lo  the  form  of  gov- 
ernment existing  in  Kngland  from  the  abolition 
of  the  nionanrhy  in  Feb.,  1()49,  after  {\\y  execu- 
tion of  Charles  [.,  till  the  eslablisliineiil  of  the 
protectorate  under  Cromwell  in  Dec,  llj.'i3,  but 
often  loosely  used  of  the  whole  interval  from 
the  death  of  Charles  I.  to  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II.  in  May,  IGGO.  During  thefoimer  period, 
or  that  of  the  real  commonwealth,  the  government  was 
vesteil  in  a  Council  of  State,  composed  of  members  of  the 
House  of  Coininons,  and  the  House  of  Lords  was  abolished. 

Communes,  Seven.    See  Scitc  Comuiii. 
Communes,  Thirteen.    See  Tredici  Comuni. 


271 

Comnena,  Anna.    See  Ainnt  Cohdhhk. 
Comnenus  (kom-ne'nus),  House  of  (The  Com- 

neni).  [Mtjr.  Koui7/iw.]  An  illustriou.s  By- 
zantine family,  probably  of  Italian  origin,  which 
acijuired  historical  importance  in  the  lOth  cen- 
tury, and  from  which  descended  six  emperors 
of  the  East,  all  the  emperors  of  Trebizond,  and 
many  statesmen,  generals,  and  authors.  See 
Alexius  I.,  Alciiu.i  II.,  Aiiilronicus  I.,  Isaac  I.. 
^faullel  /.,  and  Anna  Comnena. 
Como  (ko'mo).     [F.  Cihne,  It.  ('onto,  L.  Cnmum.'] 

1.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Como,  Italy, 
situated  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Lake 
of  Como,  2.5  miles  north-northwest  of  Milan,  it 
is  picturesquely  situated,  has  a  noted  cathedr.d,  and  man- 
ufactures silk.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the  tlnest  in  northern 
Italy,  was  begun  in  ia96  in  an  excellent  I'ointed  style,  eon- 
tinned  in  that  of  the  early  Renaissance,  and  completed  in 
the  more  ornate  Renaissance  of  the  16tli  century.  The 
front  has  round-arched  doors,  a  fine  rose,  delicate  sculp- 
ture, and  rich  pinnacles.  The  Renaissance  north  doorway 
is  notable.  The  nave  is  Pointed,  with  good  vaulting  ;  the 
circuhir  choir  is  classical.  There  are  many  beautiful  fres- 
cos, by  Quini  and  Ferrari.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
elder  I'liny,  the  younger  Pliny,  and  Volta.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  35,000. 

2.  A  pro\ince  in  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering 
on  Switzerland.  Area,  1,091  scjuare  miles. 
Population  (ISOl),  .'■m."),G82. 

Como,  Lake  of,  It.  Lago  di  Como  (lii'go  de 

ko'mo),  F.  Lac  de  Come  (Uik  de  kom).  It.  Co- 
mersee  (ko'mer-za).  A  lake  of  northern  Italy, 
near  the  Swiss  border:  the  Roman  Lacus  Larius. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  river  Ailda,  and  is  famous  for  its 
beauty.  It  is  surrounded  by  mountjltns,  and  its  shores 
are  bordered  with  villas.  At  Bellaggio  it  is  divided  into 
the  Lake  of  Corao  (proper)  and  the  Lake  of  Lecco,  Length, 
30  miles.    Greatest  width.  2J  miles.    Depth,  1,330  feet. 

Comonfort  (ko-mon-forf),  Ignacio.     Born  at 

Puebla,  March  12,  1812:  died  near  Guanajuato, 
Nov.  13,  1803.  A  Mexican  soldier  and  states- 
man. He  joined  the  revolt  against  Santa  Anna,  April, 
1354 ;  was  secretary  of  wai-  under  Alvarez,  Oct.,  1855, 
and  on  the  retirement  of  that  leader  became  acting  presi- 
dent: under  the  constitution  of  .b'eb.,  1S57,  was  elected 
constitutional  president,  assuming  office  Dec.  1, 1857.  As 
acting  president  he  crushed  a  series  of  revolts  led  by  the 
church  and  conservative  parties.  Soon  after  his  regular 
election  ho  tacitly  encouraged  the  project  of  a  dictator- 
sliip  ;  was  deposed  after  hard  hghting,  and  fled  the  coun- 
try in  Feb.,  18.^»S.  He  returned  in  1862,  took  a  prominent 
p.art  against  the  French  invasion,  and  was  killed  by  irreg- 
ular troops  or  bandits. 

Comorin  (kom'o-rin).  Cape.  The  southern  ex- 
tremity of  peumsular  India,  situated  in  lat. 
8°  5' N.,  long.  77°30'E. 

Comom.     See  Knmorn. 

Comoro  (kom'o-ro)  Islands,  or  Comores.    A 

group  of  small  islands  in  the  Mozambique  Chan- 
nel, in  lat.  11°- 13°  S.,  long.  43°-45°  E.  The  chief 
islands  are  Great  Comoro,  Anjuaii  (Johanna),  .Moliilla, 
and  Mayotte  (the  last  a  French  possession).  All  the  isl- 
ands were  taken  under  French  protection  in  1886.  The 
population  is  partly  Arab,  partly  Malagasy.  Population, 
about  6(1,(1(10. 

Compagnia  della  Calza  (kom-piin-ye'a  del'lil 

kiil'tsii).  [It., 'Cdiiipany  of  the  Stocking':  so 
named  from  a  ptirticular  stocking  wliicii  the 
members  wore. J  A  society  which  existed  in 
Italy  during  the  l.'itli  and  Kith  centuries,  for 
the  production  of  public  and  private  entertain- 
ments, as  games,  feasts,  and  theatrictil  repre- 
sentations. In  the  course  of  time  this  society  be- 
came divided  into  different  fraternities,  as  the  Compagnia 
del  Floridi,  Sempiterni,  etc.,  each  of  wliieli  was  governed 
by  particular  laws  and  otlleers,  and  the  members  distin- 
guished by  a  certain  habit.  Duntop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction, 
II-  -iw. 

Company  (kum'pa-ni),  John.  A  nickname  for 
the  East  India  Company,  originating  in  India. 

Compass  (kum'pas).  A  soldier  and  scholar  in 
lien  .lonson's  comedy  "The  Magnetic  Ijady," 
"one  well  read  in  Men  and  Manners." 

Compi^gne  (k(;)n-pyany').  A  town  in  the  de- 
Ijartment  of  Uise,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise 
45  miles  northeast  of  Paris:  the  ancient  Ciiin- 
pendium.  It  was  noted  as  a  favorite  royal  residence,  and 
its  chief  building  is  the  royal  palace,  a  large  structure 
founded  in  Merovingian  tlinns  and  rebuilt  in  the  reign 
of  Ixiuis  X.V.  and  later.  The  interior  is  especially  note- 
worthy for  the  furniture  ami  decoration  of  the  apartments 
fitted  out  under  Napoleon  I.,  and  contiilns  ii  collection  of 
moilern  paintings.  At  Compii-'gne,  in  14:10,  .loan  of  Arc 
was  taken  iirisoner.  The  town  has  been  the  seat  of  sev- 
eral councils.     I'opulation  (18111),  coinmiine,  14,498. 

Complaint  of  Mars.  A  poem  byCliancer,  writ- 
ten probably  after  13S0.  It  is  full  of  aslronoinleal 
allusions,  and  contains  the  story  of  "'the  broclie  "  which 
Vulcan  wrought  at  Thebes.  If  is  supposed  to  In-  sung  on 
St.  Valentine's  day  by  a  bird.  A  "Complaint  of  Venus'*  has 
been  appended  to  it,  ■  The  latter  Is  of  a  totally  ditferent 
character,  and  is  a  translation  from  the  French  of  Sir  tit  eg 
de  Grailiison  (.SAi'r/cr/l,  It  Is  probable  that  the  Venus  in 
both  poems  refers  to  (be  princi'ss  Isabel  of  Spain. 

Complaint  of  Philomene,  The.    A  ]ioem  by 

Cieoi'ge  (Jnseoigne,  begun  in  l."iG2,  but  not  com- 
pleteil  until  1.57G. 


Comus 
Complaint  of  Venus,  The.  A  poem  by  Chaucer, 

transhited  by  biin  late  in  life  from  the  French 
<if  (Traiuisoii.  It  is  made  up  of  three  independent  bal- 
lades ;  the  title  was  given  by  the  copyists  as  a  counterpart 
to  the  "Complaint  of  Mars,"  to  which  it  is  appended. 

Complaint  to  his  Purse.  A  poem  by  Chaucer, 
allribiite(l  to  Deeleve.  It  was  printed  before 
the  l.')32  edition. 

Complaint  to  Pity.  A  poem  by  Chaucer,  printed 
before  b'i32.  ami  proliablv  written  about  1367. 

Complete  Angler,  The.    A  celebrated  work 

by  Izaak  Walton,  iiublished  in  1G.13. 
CompOStela.     See  .^iintiorio  de  CumjiostiUa. 

Compostela  (koin-pos-ta'lii),  Diego  Evelino 

de.  Born  at  Santiago  de  Oinipostela.  1G35 : 
died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Aug.  27.  1704.  A  Span- 
ish prelate.  He  taught  theology  in  the  I'niversity  of 
Valladolid.  and  was  vicar  of  various  parishes  in  Spain. 
In  1685  lie  was  naieed  bishop  of  Cuba  and  Florida,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Compromise  of  1850.     See  Omnibus  Bill. 

Compton  (komp'tou),  Henry.  Bom  at  Comp- 
ton  Wynyates,  Warwickshire,  1632 :  died  at 
Fulham,  near  London,  July  7,  1713.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  London,  and  youngest 
son  of  Spencer  Compton,  second  earl  of  North- 
ampton. He  studied  at  Oxford  (Queen's  College)  and 
at  Cambridge ;  was  installed  canon  of  Christ  Churchill 
1669  ;  became  bishop  of  Oxford  in  1674,  and  bishop  of 
London  in  1675 ;  anil  was  charged  with  the  education  of 
Mai-y  and  Anne  (later  queens),  daughters  of  James,  duke 
of  York  (.lames  II.).  After  the  accession  of  James  lie  was 
tried  before  Lord  Chancellor  Jeffreys,  as  head  of  the  high 
court  of  ecclesiastical  commission,  for  disobeying  the 
king  (in  refusing  to  suspend  John  .Sharp,  dean  of  Nor- 
wich), and  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his  episcopal 
functions  ;  but  was  reinstated  in  16S8.  He  was  a  vigorous 
opponent  of  Catholicism  and  an  influential  supporter  of 
William  III- 

Compton,  Spencer.  Born  May,  1601 :  killed 
in  the  battle  of  Hopton  Heath,  March  19,  1G43. 
The  second  Earl  of  Northampton,  a  partizan 
of  Charles  I.  in  his  struggle  with  Parliament. 
He  served  actively  in  the  king's  army,  commanding  the  roy- 
alist forces  at  Hopton  Heath,  where  lie  was  slain. 

Compton,  Spencer.  Born  about  1673 :  died 
July  2, 1743.  An  English  politician,  tliird  son 
of  the  third  Earl  of  Northampton,  created  Vis- 
count Pevensey  and  earl  of  Wilmington  in 
1730.  He  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commoiia 
Miuch  17,  17ir),  and  reelected  Oct.  11,  172'2.  lu  Feb.,  1742, 
he  was  appointed  lirst  lord  of  the  treasury. 

Comtat  d'A'Vignon  (k6u-tii'  dU-ven-you')  and 
Comtat-Venaissin (-ve-na-saii').  Twoancient 
territories  of  southern  France,  hing  between 
Dauphine  on  the  north,  Provence  on  the  east, 
the  Durance  on  the  south,  and  the  Rhone  on  the 
west.  They  were  ceded  to  the  popes  in  the  Kith  century, 
and  were  united  to  France  in  1791.  They  correspond  nearly 
to  the  department  of  \'aueltise- 

Comte  (kont),  Isidore  Auguste  Marie  Fran- 

Sois  Xa'T'ier.  Born  at  Jlontpellier.  France, 
an.  19, 1798 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  5, 1857.  A  cele- 
brated French  philosopher,  founder  of  positiv- 
ism. He  studied  two  years  at  the  Kcole  Polytechnique 
in  Paris  (having  been  admitteit  in  lsl4),  and  about  1818 
became  the  friend  and  disciple  of  Saint-Simon,  wliose 
doctrines  he  undertook  to  e.\pound  in  a  work  entitled 
"Systenie  de  politique  positive"  in  1822.  This  frleinl- 
ship  tei  ininatcd  in  ,a  complete  estrangement  in  1824.  lie 
was  tnt*)r  at  the  Kcole  I'olyteebniqne  IS.'i'J-ol.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Cours  de  pliilosopliie  positive  "  (1830-12),  and 
"Cateehisme  positiviste"  (185*2). 

Comte  de  Boursoufle  tkoi'it  de  biir-so'il),  Le. 

A  comedy  by  Volt  a  ire,  lirst  produced  as"(^ujind 
est-ce  ([n'on  me  marie?"  It  was  privately  played  for 
the  lirst  time  under  that  title  at  the  Chateau  de  Circ}  in 
li.'il,  and  again  in  1747  at  theChateau  d'.Vnet.  It  was  pro- 
duced at  the  OdiHiii  as  "Le  Comte  de  lloiirsoutle  in  1862 
as  a  posthumous  play  of  \'oHaire.  It  was  really  made  from 
the  tiroader  parts  of  N'anbrugh's  "  Uehnise."  Ilie  Coint« 
de  Hoursontle  is  a  liallici/ed  Lord  Fopplugtoil. 

Comte  de  Monte-Cristo  (koiit  de  mon'te- 
kres'to),  Le.  A  novel  by  Alexandre  Dninas, 
published  in  1844  :  so  named  from  its  hero. 

Comte  Cry  (kont  6-re'j,  Le.  An  opera  by  Uos- 
sini  (words  by  Scribe  and  Deleslre-Poirson), 
produced  in  French  at  Paris  Aug.  20,  1828.  and 
in  Ittilian  at  l>ondoti  Feb.  2.S.  1829.  and  in  French 
.June  20,  1849.  Both  words  and  iiiusic  were  adapta- 
tions of  works  by  the  same  authors  written  some  years 
before. 

Comtesse  d'Escarbagnas  (kAii-tes'  des-kiir- 

biin-yils'),La.  AconicdybyMoliere,  lirst  played 
for  tiiekiiigal  Saiiil-tieriniiin  in  1691.  The  iiext 
year  it  was  played  In  Paris  on  F"cb.  2.  It  is  a  study  of 
provincial  manners. 

Comtesse  de  Rudolstadt  (kdii-tes'  d^  rii-dol- 
sliit').  La.  -^  novel  by  (ieorge  Sand,  a  sequel 
to  "Cotistielo,"  )mblislieil  in  1841. 

Comus  (ko'iuns).  [*•■'•  K''i""C.]  In  later  clas- 
sical mythology,  the  god  of  mirth,  represented 
as  a  winged  youth. 


Comus 


272 


X/Omus.  A  mask  by  Milton,  presented  at  Ludlow  Concha,  Manuel  de  la,  Marques  de  Duero. 
Castle  Sept.  29, 1634,  before  the  Earl  of  Bridge-  Born  at  Cordoba,  Argentina,  April  25,  1808: 
water.  Itwaanriuted  in  1637,  and  in  his  works  in  1646.  killed  at  the  battle  of  Muro,  Spain,  June  28, 
Milton  is  said  to  be  indebted  to  Fletcher's  "Faithful  1874.  A  Spanish  general,  brother  of  Jos6  de  la 
Shepherdess"  for  the  lyrical  portions,  and  for  its  central     rjoncli-t 

sitnation  to  Peele's  "Old  Wives'  Tale."    George  Colmau  « „i,  '™o    r^■,^^f^f      Qorv,*:*  oo  KV.no^/.//  rulfnf 

the  elder  produced  an  alteration  of  it  at  Covent  Garden  Conchagua,  Gulf  Of.      bame  abiv>»sefff,(r«(/ o/. 
in  1773.  Conchobar  (kon-cho  bar),     bee  the  extract. 

Comyn  (kum'iu),  Alexander.  Died  in  1289. 
The  second  Eari  of  Buchan,  constable  of  Scot- 
land. 


Comyn,  John,  the  elder.     Died  about  1300.    A 

Scottish  noble,  lord  of  Badenoch,  and  claimant 

to  the  Scottish  throne. 
Comyn,  John.     Died  1306.     A  Scottish  noble 

and  claimant  to  the  throne,  son  of  John  ComjTi  Qonchos  (kon'chos).      [Sp.,   *Sb 

the  e  der :  surnamed  **  The  Red."   He  was  mur-    ^^.^^^^^  ^^^^^^j      ^^^^^  ^^.-^     ^  ^^^^. 

dered  by  Kobert  Bruce.  •         ^.  .,      .       '      , 

Conachar  (kon'a-eUar).     The  son  of  the  chief 

of  Clan  Quhele  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  '*Fair  Maid 

of  Perth."    After  becoming  the  chief  himself 

he  realized  that  he  was  a  coward,  and  killed 

himself  in  despair. 
'Conaire  (ko-nar').     See  the  extract. 

A  description  of  Corinac's  person,  on  the  occasion  of  his 
entering  a  great  assembly  in  state,  tells  us  that  the  equal 
of  his  form  had  never  l)een  seen,  except  that  of  Conaij-e 
the  Great,  of  Conchobar  son  of  Nessa,  or  of  Aengus  son 
of  the  Dagda.  It  is  remarkable  that  tlie  ancient  writer 
should  mention  these  tlu-ee,  as  they  are  adumbrations 
of  the  same  god  as  Corraac.  Thus  I  may  here  say,  with 
out  aiiti 
Aengus    . 

aider  and  protector  of  the  sun-hero  Diarmait.  while  Co- 
naire was  the  subject  of  one  of  the  most  famous  epic  sto- 
ries in  Irish  literature.  The  plot  centers  in  Conaire's 
tragic  death,  which  is  brought  about  by  the  fairies  of 
Erinn,  through  the  instrumentality  of  outlaws  coming 
from  the  sea  and  following  the  lead  of  a  sort  of  cyclops 
called  Ingc^I,  said  to  have  been  a  big,  rough,  horrid  mon- 
ster with  only  one  eye,  which  was,  however,  wider  than  an 
OS-hide,  blacker  than  the  back  of  a  beetle,  and  provided 
with  no  less  than  three  pupils.  The  death  of  Conaire  at 
his  hands  is  one  of  the  Celtic  renderings  of  the  storj'  which 
in  its  Greek  form  describes  the  treatment  of  Zeus  by  Ty- 
pho.  Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  135. 


In  another  cycle  of  stories,  which  may  be  called  I'lto- 
nian,  the  Celtic  Zeus  finds  his  representative  in  Concho- 
bar mac  Nessa,  or  Conor  son  of  Nessa,  king  of  Ulster. 
...  As  in  Cormac's  case,  a  highly  coloured  picture  is 
drawn  of  his  reign,  which  the  Euhemerists  synchronize 
with  the  time  of  Christ,  boldly  fixing  the  Ultoniaa  king's 
death  on  the  day  of  the  crucifixion. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  136. 

Shell  river '(?); 
which  rises  in 
southern  Chihuahua  and  empties  into  the  Rio 
Grande  from  the  south,  opposite  Presidio  del 
Norte  in  Texas.  The  name  was  given  to  the  river  on 
account  of  the  many  shells  found  on  its  shores.  The  tribe 
of  Conches  afterward  derived  its  name  from  the  stream, 

Conchos  (kon'chos).  [So  called  from  the  Bio 
Couchos.']  A  roving  Indian  tribe  of  southern 
Chihuahua  and  in  part  of  Coahuila,  Mexico,  of 
a  low  degi'ee  of  culture.  Asatribeithasdisappeared, 
as  has  also  the  language,  almost  totally.  The  Conchos 
were  converted,  in  tlie  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  by 
Fray  Alonzo  de  la  Oliva.  They  were  first  met  with  about 
15G4  by  Francisco  de  Ibarra.     They  were  always  of  a  mild 


-  -  and  tractable  disposition, 

icipating  the  remjirks  to  be  presently  made  on  the  n«„«i«-«p-ip    ('Vofi-svpryh-rpM     T.fl        Thfi    old 
',  to  whom  I  have  alluded,  that  he  w:is  the  constant  ^OnCXergeriO    (kon-syerzU-re  ;,   IjO.       ine    Oia 

prison  ot  the  Palais  de  Justice  m  Pans.  When 
the  palace,  which  was  originally  fortified,  was  inhabited 
by  the  kings  of  France,  the  part  of  the  building  contain- 
ing the  home  of  the  concierge  of  the  palace  received  this 
name.  Distinguished  personages  occupied  this  oflSce, 
which,  in  1348,  was  called  the  "concierge-bailli."  It  ex- 
isted till  the  Revolution,  and  was  one  of  great  responsibil- 
ity. Among  other  things,  the  concierge  bad  charge  of  all 
royal  prisoner's.  The  Coneiergerie  became  widely  known 
during  the  Keign  of  Terror.  Tliree  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  prisoners  were  butchered  there  in  one  week.  The 
cell  occupied  by  Marie  Antoinette  was  destroyed  by  the 
Communists  in  1871,  but  the  prison  still  exists. 

Conant  (ko'nant),  Mi^.  (Hannah  Chaplin).  ConcinL  Concino.    See  Ancre,  Marquis  d' 

-        "i-s.  Mass..  in  1809:  died  at  Bi'ook-  Concord  (kong'kord.     1.  The  capital  of  New 


Born  at  Danvers,  Mass.,  in  1809 :  died  at  Brook- 
lyn. N.  Y.,  Feb.  18, 1865.  An  American  writer, 
wife  of  T.  J.  Conant.  Her  chief  work  is  a 
'■  History  of  the  English  Bible  "  (1856). 
Conant,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  at  Brandon, 
Vt.,  Dec.  13,  1802:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
April  30,  1891.  An  American  Baptist  clergy- 
man and  biblical  critic.  He  translated  Gesenius's 
Hebrew  grammar  (1S30),  and  published  annotated  versions 
of  "Job"(1857),  "Matthew"  (1880),  " Genesis " (1868, 1873), 
"  New  Testament,  Common  Version  revised  "  (1871),  "  His- 
torical Books  of  the  Old  Testament  "(1884),  etc. 

Concan,  or  Konkan  (kon'kan).  North  and 
South.  A  maritime  region  of  Bombay,  Brit- 
ish India.    It  extends  from  Goa  to  the  mouth  of  the 


Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Merrimae  In  lat. 
43°  13'  N.,  long.  71°  30'  W.  It  has  manufactures 
of  wagons,  harnesses,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  granite, 
leather,  etc.  From  1733  to  17ti5  it  was  called  Kumford.  It 
hecame  a  uiiy  in  1853.  Population  (1900),  19,632. 
2.  A  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Concord  River  17  miles 
northwest  of  Boston,  it  was  the  residence  of  Emer- 
son. Hawthorne,  Thoreau,  and  other  men  of  letters.  The 
bridge  over  Concord  River  was  the  scene,  April  19,  1775, 
of  an  engagement  between  British  and  Provincial  troops 
it)  the  War  of  Independence.  (See  Concord,  Battle  of,  and 
Lfxhigton.)  Concord  was  the  center  of  the  "Tran- 
scendental "  movement  alxmt  1835-40,  and  later  the  seat  of 
tlie  "Concord  School  of  Philosophy."    Population  (1900), 


Daman,  along  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  covers  the  modern  ConCOrd  (Mass.),  Battle  of.     One  of  the  open 


districts  of  Thanah  and  Ratnagiri. 

Concarneau  (kon-kiir-no').  A  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Finistfere,  France,  12  miles 
southeast  of  Quimper.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,991. 

Concepcion  (kon-sep'shon;  Sp.  pron.  kon-thep- 
the-6n').  1.  Aprovinceof  Chile, situatedabout 
lat.  37°  S.  Its  principal  product  is  wheat. 
Area,  3,535  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
223,850. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  above  province, 
situated  on  the  river  Biobio  in  lat.  36°  50'  S., 
long.  73°  6'  W.  It  is  an  important  trading  place, 
through  its  seaport,  Talcahuano.  It  has  been  several  times 
destroyed  by  earthquakes.    Population  (1885),  24,00*. 

3.  A  town  in  Paraguay.     Population,  9,953. 

Concepcion  del  Uruguay  (del  o-ro-gwi').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine 
Republic.     Population,  10,000. 

Conceptistas  (kon-tbep-tes'tiis).  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

At  that  time,  and  very  much  under  the  leading  influ- 
ence of  Ledesma,  there  was  a  well-known  party  in  Spanish 
literature  called  the  "Conceptistas";  —  a  sect  composed 


iug  skirmishes  of  tlie  American  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. A  body  of  800  British  soldiers  under  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Smith  and  Major  Pitcairn,  detailed  to 
destroy  military  stores  at  Concord,  met  here,  on  April 
19,  1775,  after  a  slight  engagement  at  Lexington  (which 
see),  an  armed  force  of  300  Provincial  troops  under 
Colonel  B.arrett  and  Major  Bnttrick.  After  a  brisk  fusil- 
lade, in  which  several  on  both  sides  were  killed  and 
wounded,  the  British  retreated  toward  Boston  by  way  of 
Lexington,  being  harassed  by  the  Provincials  on  the  road 
till  the  retreat  became  a  rout. 

Concord,  Tempi?  of.     See  Girgenti. 

Concordat  of  1801,  The.  An  agi-ei-ment  con- 
cluded July  15,  1801,  between  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte (then  first  consul)  and  Pius  VII.  it  rees- 
tablished the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  France,  and 
granted  to  the  government  the  right  of  appointing  arch- 
bishops and  bishoj)S,  who  were  to  be  contirnied  by  the 
Pope.     It  went  into  operation  on  .April  8,  1802. 

Concordat  of  1855,  The.  An  agreement  con- 
eluded  at  Vienna,  Aug.  18,  1855,  between  Fran- 
cis Joseph  of  Austria  and  Pius  IX.  It  gave  the 
clergy  control  of  public  instruction,  and  placed  cases  of  the 
canon  law.  especially  marriage  affairs,  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  ecclesiastical  courts.   It  was  abrogated  in  July,  1870. 


in  a  consideraljle    degree,    of   mystics,   who   expressed  Concordat  Of  FranciS  I.,  The.     A  convention 


themselves  in  metaphors  and  puns,  alike  in  the  pulpit 
and  in  poetry,  and  whose  influence  was  so  extensive  that 
traces  of  it  may  be  found  in  many  of  the  principal  writers 
of  the  time,  including  Quevedo  and  Lope  de  Vega.  Of 
this  school  of  the  Conceptistas,  though  t)uevedo  was  ttie 
more  brilliant  master,  Ledesnia  wa.s  the  original  head. 

Ticlmnr,  .Span.  Lit,  III.  15. 

Concha  (kon'cha),  JoseGutierrez  de  la.  Born 


concluded  in  1516  between  Francis  I.  of  France 
and  Leo  X.  it  replaced  the  pragmatic  sanction  of 
Bourges,  a  modification  of  the  reformatory  decrees  of  the 
Council  of  Basel,  which  had  been  ailoi)te.l  at  the  Assembly 
of  Bourges  in  1438,  but  which  had  never  been  recognized 
by  the  Pope.  It  reestablished  the  annats,  referred  the 
causae  majores  to  Rome,  and  gave  to  the  king  the  right  of 
nominating  bishops. 


at  Cordoba,  Argentina,  June  4,  1809 :  died  at  Concordat   of   Worms,   The.     A   convention 


Madrid,  Spain,  Nov.  5,  1895.  A  Spanish  gen 
eral  and  statesman.  He  went  to  Spain  while  still 
a  child,  entered  the  army,  and  attaineil  the  grade  of  mar- 
shal. He  was  captain-general  of  the  Basque  Provinces 
1843-46,  three  times  captain-general  of  Cuba  (1849-52, 
1864-59,  and  1874-75),  was  made  senator  in  1860,  minister 
to  France  1862,  minister  of  war  1863,  and  was  president 
of  the  senate  1864-68.  In  Sept.,  1868,  yueen  Isabella,  then 
in  France,  appointed  him  president  of  the  council,  with 
full  powers,  but  he  was  immediately  forced  to  resign  by 
the  revolution  which  overthrew  the  mouarcby. 


concluded  in  1122  between  the  emperor  Henry 
V.  and  Calixtus  II.  The  main  point  at  issue  between 
the  emperors  and  the  popes,  the  matter  of  the  election  of 
bi.-ihops  and  abbots,  was  settled  in  favor  of  the  spiritual 
jiower,  the  concordat  providing  that  the  investiture  .should 
be  conferred,  not  with  the  ring  and  stall,  but  with  the 
scepter.  It  was  provided  that  the  election  should  take 
place  in  the  presence  of  the  emperor  or  his  representa- 
tives; that  investiture  by  the  emperor  should  precede 
consecration  ;  and  that  ecclesiastics  holding  secular  bene- 
fices should  perform  feudal  services.    This  instrument 


Gond6,  Princesse  de 

put  an  end  to  the  contest  regarding  investiture  between 
the  emperor  and  the  Pope,  and  became  a  fundamental 
ordinance  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Concordia  (kon-kor'di-a).  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, the  goddess  of  concord.  There  were  sev- 
ei'al  temples  to  her  in  Rome. 

Concordia,  Marquis  de  la.    See  Abascal. 
Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la.    See  La 

Coiidiiiiiine. 

Conde  (kou-da'),  or  Oonde-sur-Noireau  (kon- 
da'siii'-nwii-ro').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  Normandy,  France,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Noireau  and  Drouance  25 
miles  southwest  of  Caen.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,764. 

Cond§,  or  Conde-sur-l'Escaut  (kon-da'siir-les- 
ko').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Hayne 
and  Schelde  8  miles  north  of  Valenciennes.  It 
gave  name  to  the  princes  of  Cond^,  and  was  noted  for  its 
many  sieges.     Population  (1S91),  commune,  4,772. 

Cond6,  Prince  de  (Henri  I.  de  Bourbon). 

Born  at  Ferte-sous-Jouarre,  Dec.  7,  1552: 
poisoned  at  St.-Jean-d'Ang^ly,  France,  March 
5,  1588.  A  French  Protestant  leader,  son  of 
the  first  Prince  de  Conde. 
Cond6,  Prince  de  (Henri  II.  de  Bourbon). 
Born  at  St.-Jean-d'Ang61v,  France,  Sept.  1, 
1588:  died  at  Paris,  Dec,  1646.  Son  of  Henri 
I.,  prince  de  Cond^,  and  father  of  "  The  Great 
Conde."  He  headed  a  revolt  against  the  regency  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Louis  XIII.,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  was  imprisoned  three  years  at  Vincennes.  He  subse- 
quently became  a  partizan  of  Richelieu. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Henri  Jules  de  Bourbon). 

Born  at  Paris,  Julv  29,  1643:  died  at  Paris, 
April  1,  1709.  Only  son  of  "The  Great  Cond(?." 
He  served  with  distinction  at  the  siege  of  Tournay  in  1667, 
and  in  1674  participated  in  the  battle  of  SenetTe,  on  which 
occasion  he  is  said  to  have  saved  his  father's  life. 

Conde  (kon'da),  Jose  Antonio.  Born  at  Para- 
leja,  Cuenca,  about  3765:  died  at  Madrid,  Oct. 
20,  1820.  A  Spanish  Orientalist  and  historian. 
He  studied  at  the  ITniversity  of  AlcalA,  and  obtained  a 
subordinate  position  in  the  Royal  Library.  Having  in 
1808  identified  himself  with  the  French  party,  he  waa 
soon  after  promoted  to  librarian  in  chief  by  Joseph  Bona- 
parte. He  was  exiled  on  the  departure  of  the  French, 
but  returned  in  181s  or  1.S19.  His  chief  work  is  "  Historia 
de  la  dominacion  de  los  Arabes  en  Espai)a  "  (1820-21). 

Cond6  (kon-da'),  first  Prince  de  (Louis  I.  de 
Bourbon).  Born  at  Vendome,  May  7,  1530: 
died  March  13,1569.  A  French  general,  younger 
brother  of  Antoine  de  Bourbon,  king  of  Na- 
varre. He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Amboise,  the  object  of  which  was  to  remove  Francis 
II.  from  the  influence  of  the  Guises.  At  the  accession  of 
Charles  IX.  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Picardy  by 
Catherine  de'  Medici.  On  the  massacre  of  the  Huguenots 
at  Vassy  by  the  Duke  of  Guise  in  1562,  he  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  a  Huguenot  army,  with  the  result  that  he 
was,  after  some  preliminary  successes,  captured  at  the 
battle  of  Dreux,  being,  however,  liberated  in  1563  by  the 
treaty  of  Amboise.  He  was  captured  at  the  battle  of 
Jarnac,  wlien,  after  having  surrendered  his  sword,  he  waa 
treacherously  shot  by  a  Catholic  officer. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Louis  II.  de  Bourbon), 

called  "The  GreatCond^."  Born  at  Paris,  Sept. 
8,  1621 :  died  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Dec. 
11,  1686.  A  celebrated  French  general,  called 
during  the  lifetime  of  his  father  (Henri  II.)  the 
Due  (I'Enghien.  He  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Rocroi 
May  19, 1643,  the  Imi»erialists  at  Nordlingen  Aug.  3.  1645, 
and  the  .Spaniards  at  Lens  Aug.  20.  1648.  In  the  war  of  the 
Fronde  lie  was  at  fli-st  loyal  to  the  regency,  but  subse- 
quently joined  the  Fronde.  He  defeated  the  army  of  the 
court  at  Bl^neau  April  7, 1652,  obtained  in  the  same  year  the 
chief  command  of  the  Spanish  army  in  the  war  against 
France,  was  condemned  as  a  traitor  by  the  Parliament  of 
Paris,  but  was  pardoned  and  restored  to  his  dignities  by 
the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  in  Hi59.  He  conquered  Franche- 
Comtii  in  1668,  fought  a  drawn  battle  with  the  Prince  of 
Orange  at  Seneffe  in  1674.  and  succeeded  Turenne  as  com- 
mander of  the  JU-my  of  the  Rhine  in  1675. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Louis  Joseph  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  9,  1736:  died  at 
Paris,  May  13,  1818.  A  French  general,  son 
of  Louis  Henri,  duke  of  Bourbon.  He  entered 
the  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Seven  Years'  War,  be- 
came lieutenant-general  in  1758,  and  won  a  victory  at 
Johannisberg  in  1762.  During  the  popular  agitation 
which  preceded  the  French  Revolution  he  strenuously 
opposed  all  measures  designed  to  limit  the  privileges  of 
the  nobility  and  the  clergy.  He  emigrated  in  1789,  and 
organized  a  corps  of  emigrants,  with  which  he  joined  the 
Austrian  army  in  1792.  After  the  peace  of  Campo-For- 
inioin  1797  he  served  with  his  corps  in  the  Russian  army 
until  the  withdrawal  of  Paul  I.  from  the  coalition  against 
F'rance  in  ISOO,  when  he  reentereil  the  Austrian  service. 
Conipelled  by  the  peace  of  Lun^ville  to  disband  his  corps, 
he  retired  to  England,  whence  he  returned  to  France  on 
the  restoration  in  1814.  Author  of  VEssai  sur  la  vie  du 
graiiil  Cond^  "  (1806). 

CondS,  Princesse  de  (Louise  Adelaide  de 

Bourbon).  Bom  at  Chantilly,  France,  Oct. 
5,  1757  :  died  at  Paris,  March  10. 1824.  Daugh- 
ter of  Louis  Joseph  de  Bourbon   (1736-1818). 


Cond6,  Princesse  de 


273 


oh»  hpcame  al.l.ess  of  Re.niremoiit  in  1780,  emigrated  at 

Snanishl'alhul  of  unknown  authorship.  Bowrin« 
i?,!d  i  .ckhnrt  t..,,,8lal.a  it,  a„a  Disraeli  vfvole  a  tragedy 
vvithtias  subject  and  title  111  1S3«.  ,,^,, 

Condell  (k  in'del),  Henry.    Diod,  at  Fulham 

Kn-'la.  .1  I>ee.,  1627.  An  English  actor  am 
one  of  the  two' editors  of  the  first  loho  edtt  on 
of  Sli'iksiiere's  vlavs.    He  was  a  niemlicr  of  tlie  U.rH 

?he  B^'Jrba^e's  il,  the  Globe  Theatre  in  1599.     He  is  men- 

tioiied  iuShaksiiereswiU.  i„t-R.jt 

Pnnrlpll   HenrV.      Boru  in  lioi  :  died  at  iSat- 

^terS  "June  '4-  im.      An   English  viohnis 

and  eorariQger.    He  wrote  overtures,  glees,  incidental 

An  English  bookseller  and  v;ritev.     He  edited 
-The  Modern  Traveler"  (182:>-29i,  etc. 

Condillac  (kon-de-yiik'),  Etienne  Boirnot  de. 
Born  at  Grenoble  France  «ept.  30,  lao :  died 
nearBeaugencY,  France,  Ang.  3,  I'^O-  Anoted 
French  philosopher,  a  leading  advocate  of 
Bensualism  His  works  include  "Essai  siir  l^origine 
dts  con  ai"an  "s  humaines  '  (1746),  •"ft-aUe  des  sy. 
limpa"  (1749)  ■•Trait*  des  sensations  (lio4),  tours 
^Slides''  (1709),  "Le  commerce  et  le  gouvernement 
fme)"  La  logique"  (1781X  "Langue  des  calculs     (1798). 

Condom  (kon-don').     A  town  in  the  depart- 

L^Jotif cathedral,  'po^pulation  (1891),  coiu- 

Cmdorcamui, Jos6 Gabriel,  i^^ee Tupac Aman,. 

CoSdS  (koii-doi-sa'),  Marciuis  de  (Mane 
Jean  litoine  Nicolas  Caritat).  Born  at 
Rlbemont,  near  St.  tiuentin,  France,  ^«^Pt;  1  ; 
1743  •  died  at  Bourg-la-Keme,  near  Pans,  March 
98  1794  A  celebrated  French  philosopher 
and  mathematician.     He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Legis- 

y       •   1,,  ,„,,  llU  to  save  his  life.     Ue  found  shelter  with 
hiad     >e  V         t^     He  thin  left  the  city,  but  was  arrest- 
?,1  ,>t  ( Yimart  near  Hours;-la- Heine,  and  imprisoned.  1  he 
next  mo  ning  h"  was  found  dead,  probably  from  poison, 
nfcontr  luted  to  the  "  EncyclopMie,"  and  wrote     E- 
nuisse  dun  tableau  historique  des   progres  de  1  espru 
humain  '  (17941,  and  v.arious  mathematical  works. 
Oonduitt  (kun'dit)    John     Bom  at  L?ndon 
lUSS:   died  there,  May  -'3,  1(37.     An  ^«f]^'l 
financier  and  economist,  the  s"e<=f,f.!^  "'  '^'^ 
Isaac  Newton  as  master  of  the  mint(l/27),  and 
his  iieiiliew  bv  marriage. 
Conecte    or  bonnecte   (ko-nekf  ,  Thomas 

Burned  at  Rome,  1434.  A  French  (  urniclilc 
monk,  famous  as  a  preacher  of  moral  retorin^ 
"t^ong  the  clergy  and  laity.  Ho  was  put  to 
death  on  a  charge  of  heresy. 
ConestOga  (kon-es-to'gil).  [PL,  also  Cohc»(o- 
Z  ■p.*ple  of  the  forked  root-poles.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  forinerly  lu- 
ng in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  onthe^lower 
Susquehanna  River  and  at  the  head  of  Chesa- 
neake  Bay.    In  1675  they  held  land  on  the  eastern  bank 

iSxai^i's:;;^^:^'!"^  c:;^^:?^:7.^f;;«fg 

ot  the  Dulcll  ""''"","''    jg    warring  cont  nuously  with 

SHSSS^e«;^Xnir-^Je?- 

quoisan,!  return  to'the  Su»c,uehanna.     .See_yrog„,Hn,.. 

Conewango  Creek  (kou-e-wong  go  krek).    a 

s°mTn  ill  vvesterii  New  York  and  IV>'!'^vVai»a. 
It  is  tlu-  outlet  ot  Chautau.iua  Lake,  and  ioms  the  Allc- 
ffhtuv  Rlvir  at  Warren,  t'eiiusylvania. 
ConeV  Island  (ko'ni  i'land).  A  seaside  resort 
at  t'fe  scmthwestern  extremity  ot  Long  Island, 
10  miles  south  of  New  York.  It  comprises  the 
ManhaHali,  B.igl.t"..,  and  West  End  beaches,  and  has 
been  devi-loped  since  ISil.  , 

"Vr  n   ;  1     giv^n^to  Vt  poliTi..al  league  fonn..,} 
Pornaml^co,  Brazil,  in. H.w,..theob... 


league  formed  at  Chiuandega,  Nicaragua,  July 
07  1842  bv  the  delegates  ot  Nicaragua,  Hou- 
diiras  and'Salvador.     It  was  the  result  of  an  attempt 

1  tie  regarded  l.ythestates  that  it  never  liadauj  I.0I1I1C.U 
•tfeet  Uter  a  year  or  two  it  was  discontinued  This 
atrUve' attJnipt*  is  often  called  the  •■l'act«  de  Chinan- 

Confederacv  The.  A  comedy  by  Sir  John 
Vuiibrif'h  prod.u  ed  ( )ct.  30,  1705.  It  is  a  play  of 
cont  iv  nee  ...  i..trigue,  and  is  said  to  be  adapted  from 
i,  .',.c '.u",  s  "  .^lo.lisl.  Citizens  ■• ,-  B..urBeo.s  a  la  mode   ) 

Confederate  States  of  f^fenca.    A  conftd^ 

cracv  <.f  .■l,-v..n  Slates  wlucli  seeded  fiom  the 
United  States  in  1860  and  1801  an.l  formed  a 
"■overnment.    The  legislative  iwwer  was  veste.l  In  a 

S?i-iieW/^r«^;^a 

Carolina,  Uec.  20,  1800;  Mississippi,  Jan  9,  IsClHorwa, 
Inn  10-  Alabama.  .Ian.  11;  Geoi-gia,  Jan.  19 .  Louisiana, 
J  1  "  -'e-  Texai  Feb.  1;  meeting  of  provisional  congress, 
iiontiome^rAlabania.  Feb.  4 ;.  "^"P"-"  °' S'^^^es^ 
constitution,  Feb.  8;  '"^''K"'-"''""  f! V^ft  llLxander  H. 
.IpT.t  Jefferson  Davis  and  \  ice-ITesiUent  Aiexanuei  xi. 
s'el.henrFT  18,  1801 ;  adoption  of  a  permanent  const  • 

S5o;^twS'^?ii3-S 

186-2  ;  tin  d  a.ijouniment  of  congress  Marc    ?8. 1805    m 

A,  H^V"865.■^e  eleven  seceding  States  were  readmit. 
TecUo  tl'ie  t  n  on  from  l.sO.1  to  1870.     Compal'c  Ci«(  »  or. 

Confederation,  Articles  of.  In  United  states 
Ws?o.  Mhe  coi'upact  or  constitution  adop  ..1  by 
the  Continental  Congi-ess  in  1-  -  -.and  latihe. 
bv  the  separate  colonies  withm  the  nc.vt  toui 

o  wai   niakere.inisitionsup.)nlheseparate^tatesfortli«^ 

r,uoSor?he  ino^iey.necessary  f.,r,m..om,  e.,,^ 

late  the  value  of  coin,  control  the  ?""'■»' ".'^''^  [.■„,„„ 

Uiad  no  power  to  enforce  its  1"V;»  »l«i''   ''!,;\'     ^by  H    " 
f.-U  into  contempt,  and  on  March  4,  l'*-'''f,     ','"): 

a  ion  under  the  provisi,.ns  of  the  present  (  onstitutlou. 


Conkling 

of  Shantung),  China,  .^.'.0  or  551  B.  c. :  died  478 
c      A  celebrated  Chinese  philosopher,    lie 

I... I  (~. oi„ot,.i.^,iabiit  i.unoverisheu family. 


latlon  UMUer  i..e  i,,",.o „„....-. 

PnnfPBQion  d'un  Enfant  du  Siecle,  La.    L*  •> 
^°The  Sss^on  of  aChild  of  the  Century. 
A  prose  work  by  Alfred  de  Musset,  pub  ished 
in  1836.    In  it  he  says  he  '=n-''^''™rs  to  show  how  1^ 

rifr^fSi^^SSp.^-".-'-----'^- 

puii.t  ...U  I..  ..thiTsa  \v;iv  '<(  .Mnpi', 

,  .      ,,  lui.lwl  into  i;i  books;  the  llrst  10  treat 

^''11;     ^"r„"n.„«  o       i"      e  of  ms  conversi,.,,,  of  the 
of  the  bad  actn.ns  oi     is  1     ,  -j.^     ,,,,t  3  „ro 

!:rin?el^^r;ion^  ?^'J,eg!nnS^;oMhe  book  of  Oenesi. 

ronfessions   Les.     An  autol.iograplii.'al  work 

1       I  ^,,!   Hc.iues  K.iusseau.     It  is  in  12  volumes, 

l^^V'^h^h'weri:  wri/^n  ,it  Wo.;t.on,, England,  17«i-t>,, 


B    c.     A  ceieoraicu  <.^iiiiic»c  pu.iv/oYi'-,--    .■■■ 

was  descended  from  an  ill"«'i»?»>;"' ''''P»^"f '^;^,f:f "  >J 
and  in.his  youth  was  successively  keeper  of  stores  ana 
8     e  in  endent  of  parks  and  herds  to  the  chief  of  the  die- 
U  ct  i  1  which  he  lived.    In  his  twenty-second  yc^^r  ''e  be- 
came  a  teacher,  and  in  his  Bftysecond  was  made  eh  ef 
magistrate  of  the  city  of  t  hung-tu.     lie  wa^  subsequent  > 
appointed  minister  of  crime  by  the  Marquis  of  Lu,  but  11. 
his  liftysLvth  year  retired  from  ottice  in  conBequence  ot 
the  intrigues  of  a  neighboring  prince.     Alter  ""rlecn 
years  of  travel  he  returned  in  48a  to  Lu,  where  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  completing  his  literary  "I'dertak- 
ii.gs  and  in  teaching.     .\mo,.g  the  ""■?"°",^.  ""^^^V 
trii.uted  to  him.  the  niost  notable  are  the     Chun-isew 
■111,1  til,'  "Four  Books." 
Congaree  (koug-ga-re').     A  river   iu  South 
Camlina,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Broad 
aud  Saluda  rivers  at  Columbia.     It  unites  with 
tlic  Wateree  to  form  the  Santee. 
Conger  ( kon'ger),  Edwin  Hurd.  Born  in  Knox 
(■o.Tlll.,March7, 1843.    An  .\m.Ticaii  i.olitician 
and'  diplomat .     He  was  a  Kepul.liean  member  of  ton- 
CTess  lt«"oi    a„,l  minister  to  Brazil  1891-93,- and  was 
£ain  app"  lite     .Minister  to  Brazil  189T,  but  was  trau8- 
fjn-e  1  to  01      a  1898.     He  was  in  Peking  dur.ng  the  siege 
of  the  legi  i.'ns  and  conduet.-,!  the  n.gotia  ions  on  the 
p.,rt  ..f  the  I'nited  States  after  the  capture  of  the  cit>  by 
the  allies  (A.lg.  14,  1900).  .    .       ,  .  i, 

Congleton  (kong'gl-ton).  A mumcipa  borough 
in  Cheshire,  Enghiiid,  situated  on  tlie  river 
Dane  -1  miles  s,.uth  of  il^'"-^^>»'^t5.r"s  lead- 
in"  industrv  is  the  manulacture  ot  silk.     1  opu- 

CongieS  B^oil^See  Par,.eUJBenry  Broole. 
Coneo      S,-.-  hoi„io.  and  Kontjo  f^taje. 
Congo   or  Congo' Grande.     See  SaoSahndor. 
CoSgO  Frangais  (kon-g6'  froh-sa').  See  houyo, 

cSeve  (kong'pv),  Richard  Born  at 
Leamington,  En-land,  Sept._  ■*•  J^^^  .  di.  d  at 
Hampstead,  Englan.l,  July  ■>.  1B99.  An  Eng- 
lish essayist  and  philosophical  writer. 

Congreve.  WilUam.  Born  at  Bardsey,  near 
Leeds,  England,  1670  (baptized  1-eb.  10):  died 
at  Loi'ido.*:  Jan.  19,  1729.  An  English  drama- 
tist   one  of  the  greatest  writers  ot  comody. 

fellows)  and  at  Tr  liity  College,  Uub  in.  Af  er  a  uriei 
nerhd  devoted  to  the  study  of  law,  he  applied  himself 
?hiellv  to  literature  until  abo.it  17.«i,  but  after  tins  year 

wrote  litUe  or  nothing..  Ue  Jllled  -■-.^■■■;  "»"';P"^,'^':,  .'^ 
flees- that  of  eoinnissioner  for  licensing  hackney -coailie^ 

fmm  JnW,  1095,  to  Oct.,  1707 ;  that  of  commissioner  of 
we  licenses  from  Uec,  1705,  to  D'^«-..1714 ;  Ji'^.  "  .».  ,^"^ 
secreUu-y  for  Jamaica  from  1714.  His  pia>^  '"^  "''"  .,'.JS 
Old  Zbelor"  (acte-d  Jan.,  10i)3X  •'1 '•;,.»"::!;,'•;  '•l^»«/„. 
(Nov.,  1693),  "I/>ve  for  Love  •(April,  1"?^  ,  -  ^,w  ?  lie 
ngB-ide'-a097).and"TheWayo  iheWorld    (  .i>'^^ 


Th 
at 


at  Pornamouco,  13111/...,  IU  ■  ■-■•  -     , 

of  throwing  olT  allegiance  to  the  emperor  and 
fistablishiii"  a  r.-p\iblic.  The  revolt  was  proclaimed 
bf  anuel  'le"c-arvalho  IMes  de  A,..lr,.d,- a.ul  hi,  as.„  L 
aje,  on  July  2  1824  K>°,f-;,;,,^;:':;,,'„rlr acting 
^r""^7en?.  '"'l^'he  rev^.itionisls  we7e  eom.nered  after  some 

Co'ifederacl<;n'centro-Americana.(k6n-fa- 

»lla-r!l-the-6n'  then'ti-o-a-ma-re-ka  iia).  [.•?[>■< 
'Central- American  Confederation.']  A  political 

C— 18 


6  of  which  w.:rc  wr.tlc....^"---,^-— :-;;--„,„, 
and  6  at  D""I>'''i^;,';;!:'j;'ufViot™e  pub  ished  till  180... 

aiUAudienceofth.LS,,..»;.^ 

(.;^-:^n:;^c:'lt.     establU.    iin^.^^ 

sS^;ilS^];X-^^L»:KJS^^^ 

Oonflans  (kon-ilon').  Treaty  of.    -V  i'.'  »'>  > " 
:ni,"i.«Mk.-."-i-.-...i"i.   I, 'v...-»»ar"'-. 

l.v  tl.o  tvi'atv  of  Peroniie,  14t)».       .      ,  -  , 


Lwes  his  p\a«  he  wrote  a  novel  (^liis  first  liteniry  work) 
„,l»l,i" Incognita,  or  Love  ami  Duty  reconcile.!  ,  a 
reply  to  Je  -emy  (^^IHers  attack  ..pon  him  in  his  work  on 

he  n  morility  of  the  stage,  called  "A.mendmcntsof  Mr 
i'„n ier's  False  and  Imperfect  t-itations"  ;  a..d  a  few  pio- 

og.es^mltiinKlrt,u,\opera-^    ThetU-stco^^^ 

.M,u  wmkB  was  nublishe.l  by  dm  111  1, 1".  He  Is  celelirateu 
«  .^eii^A  for  the  b     lianc/of  his  style  ami  the  wit  and 

■  i.  r  ^  his  dialogues.  His  work  is  marred  ,y  the  .Umost 
total  absence  of   line   moral  feeling,  as  well   lui  b>  Uie 

Con«eve"'sirwlmam:  Born  at  Woolwich. 
FmSl'Mav  21  177:::  died  at  Toulouse, 
F  ruce  M;.y-10,  l-'^iH.  An  English  engineer, 
best  known  as  the  inventor  ot  the  {.ongreNo 
rocket       He  was  apiH.lntc.l,  April,  1814,  coniptr..ller  of 

^-revo      lie  ,' .ibllshed  a  number  of  works  on  econou.leal 

and  lechn.,logleia  topics. 
floTii      See  i'lon'o.  .,   ,    ,. 

CoSihOS  (ko-ne'bos).     A  tribe  of   ludians  m 
"Scrii  Peru,  inhabiting  a  region  on  the  mid- 

lilo  .•oiirsi,  of  the  rivir  rcayale. 

B,.„iaiiiiii  llisi-aeli,  i.tiblishcl  in  lh44. 

;  'U  9'  An  i-:..^:lish  classical  «'•l'«l'»■^  »  f";^- 
7,1  .  ..f  ()xr.,r.l,  wh.re  he  became,  >•> ,  f'"*'  l"^" 
foss  r  of   the   Lutin  language   aii.l    literal "fO. 

Ii:?:ll.  ',m  ..mon  -•>  •™|;-;';V  tile  "Mioi^l^f 
noir-..f  .-K»chylus(18l>),  in.     tloi'     u  1,  ^^ 

il;:;;l;?^!:^SVirS!!mn'll.d  fir  meter  of  VergT. 

'■  fm  1,1  ■•  (l.-^io),  an  cdilioii  of  \ergll,  ete. 

CoUoi^k.;n;i^--;)La^;^^,,l;'::^tEng: 

;-:^!';a^'dlslHr!;0  miles  BOiiihwcs.  of  Amble. 

d;inS'(u::i::;u-.S:^-- ^n^^- 
^nn  N  Y^  Oct.  30,  1S29:  died  at  New\ork 

.\,!nl'  IS  1H88.     An  American  politician.     H,- 


Conkling 


274 


Constable,  Henry 


member  of  Congress  (Republican;  from  New  York  Conon  (ko'non') 
t-ti3  and  18ti5-07,  unil  was  L'liited  States  senator  from      ■      r'v^.Vnc    aftoi. 
>•  York  1S«7-81,  when  he  resigned  iu  consequence  of  a  >- \piusj,  alter 


1859-63 

New  York  18117-81,  when  he  resigned  m  consequent 
dispute  with  President  Gartteld  concerning  the  Federal 
patronage  in  the  Stati-  of  New  York,  which  he  and  his  col- 
league, Thomas  C.  Phltt,  claimed  the  right  to  control.  The 
President  having  apiiointed  William  H.  Robertson,  an  op- 
ponent of  (.'onkling,  to  the  coUectorshipof  the  port  of  New 
York,  the  latter  opposed  the  confirmation  of  the  appoint- 
ment by  the  Senate,  on  the  ground  that  he  and  his  col- 
league had  not  been  consulted  by  the  President  as  to  the 
disposition  of  the  collectorship.  On  the  confirmation  of 
the  appointment,  both  lie  and  his  colleague  resigned  their 
seats  with  a  view  to  administering  a  rebuke  to  the  Presi- 
dent by  securing  a  prompt  reelection,  but  were  defeated 
by  Warner  ililler  and  Elbridge  G.  Lapham. 
Conn,  The  Shauglirauu  in  Dion  Boueieault's 
play  of  that  name :   a  gay,  careless  good-for- 


mander. 


[Gr.  Kduuv.]    Died,  probably    one  of  the  founders  of  the  French  Academy,  of 
ter  392  B.  c.     An  Athenian  corn-    which  he  was  secretary  1634-75. 
He  served  in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  defeated  Coniing  (kon'ring),  Hermann.     Bom  at  Nor- 

den,  East   Friesland,   Kov.   9,   1606:    died   at 

Helmstedt,  Brunswick, Dec.  12, 1681.  AGerman 
physician,  scholar,  writer  on  jurisprudence, 
and  miscellaneous  author.  He  became  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  at  Helmstedt  1632,  of  medicine  l«:i6, 
and  later  of  politics.  In  1660  he  became  privy  councilor 
of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick.  He  was  (IBuS)  private  physi- 
cian of  Chai-les  X.  Gustavus  of  Sweden.  He  wrote  "De 
origine  juris Germanici"  (1643),  " Exercitationes  de  repub- 
lica  Germanica  "  (1675),  etc. 


the  Spartan  fleet  off  Cnidus  in  394,  and  restored  the  forti- 
fications of  Athens  and  the  Pirteus  in  393. 

Conoy  (ko'noi).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  as  Piscataway,  living  in 
1634  on  the  Piscataway  River  iu  Maryland.  Its 
name  is  derived  from  a  word  meaning  'long.' 
See  Ahjonquian. 

Conq.ueror  (koug'ker-or),  The.  A  popular  sur- 
name of  WUliam  I.  oi  England. 


Conquest  (kong'kwest),  Mrs.     A  character  in  Consalvi  (kou-siil've),  Ercole.     Born  at  Borne, 


nothing. 
Conn  (kon).  Lough. 

Ii-eland. 


A  lake  in  County  Mayo, 


Connaught  (kon'at).   [Ir.  CcmnacM.-]  The  west-  nLn.^a^^fT-^,T^t^<irr     m  ' 

ernmost  province  of  Ireland,  lying  between  the  °°^,?!Jjf  p^^'ffe  "  -^^"''^'"' 

Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north  and  west,  Ulster  ri„_~  J  ' ,, /„„]",    t       pajt      /-■„     „j        t 

and  Leinster  on  the  east,  and  Munste;  on  the  ^^S^^'V!^      f^  -^    ^-      ^^    -  Conradus,   from 


June  S,  1757:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  24,  1824.     A 

Roman  cardinal  and  statesman.    Hewas  secretarj 

of  state  to  Pius  VII.  18U0-<JG  and  1814-23,  and  concluded  a 

v^,- ,.-i.;.,i    '4.  ■  11     1  ^   n      k"  ^     "    •   ^'      Concordat  with  Napoleon  in  1801. 

^^w    1      J      t"     •■     "TrT?--  ^oon""""'^  Conscience   (koii-syons'),  Hendrik.     Born  at 

by  Washington  Irving,  pubhshedm  1829.  .    Antwerp,  Dec.  3,  1812:     '■    '        -'  * 


Gibber's  comedy  ''Love's  Last  Stake, 
Conquest  of  Granada,  The.    1.  The  second 

title  of  "Almanzor  and  Almahyde"  by  Dryden 


south.  It  comprises  the  counties  Galway,  ilayo,  Sligo, 
Roscommon,  and  Leitrim.  It  ceased  to  be  a  kingdom  and 
was  divided  into  counties  in  1590.  Population  (1891), 
724,774. 

Connecticut  (ko-net'i-kut).  A  state  in  New 
England,  and  one  of  the  13  original  States  of  the 
American  Union,  lying  between  Massachusetts 
on  the  north,  Rhode  Island  on  the  east.  Long 
Island  Sound  on  the  south,  and  New  York  on 
the  west,  it  is  divided  into  8  coimties,  and  has  5 
representatives,  2  senators,  and  7  electoral  votes.    Its  sur-  Conrad 


'liuonrat,  It.  Conrado,  Corrado, 
Sp.  Conrado,  G.  Konrad,  AS.  Ceiired :  'bold  in 
counsel.']  Died  Dee.  23,  918.  King  of  Germany 
911-918.  On  the  extinction  of  the  Carolingian  house  in 
Germany  with  the  death  of  Louis  the  Child  in  911,  the 
election  fell  upon  Conrad,  duke  of  Franconia.  During  his 
reign  the  country  was  invaded  by  the  Danes,  Slavs,  and 
Magyars,  and  he  was  constantly  at  war  witli  his  own  sub- 
jects in  a  vain  endeavor  to  enforce  the  recognition  of  his 
sovereignty,  especially  from  Henry,  duke  of  Saxony,  son 
of  (.)tto  the  Illustrious. 


face  is  hilly.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Thames,  Connecti 
cut,  and  Housatonic,  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  being 
its  most  fertile  region.  Its  chief  agricultural  products  are 
cereals  and  tobacco,  and  its  leading  manufactures  are  hard- 
ware, firearms,  silks,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  and  clocks. 
The  capital  is  Hartford.  It  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  at 
Hartford  in  16:J3,  and  by  Massachusetts  colonists  in  the 
Connecticut  v.alley  in  1633-36.  Separate  English  colonies 
were  formed  at  t,aybrook  between  1036  and  1644,  and  at 
New  Haven  iu  1638.  Charles  11.  granted  a  charter  to  the 
Connecticut  and  New  Haven  colonies  in  1062,  and  their 
union  was  soon  after  completed.  The  present  constitu- 
tion was  adopted  in  1818.  The  Pequot  wfc  occurred  in 
1637.  The  State  is  often  nicknamed  the  "Nutmeg  State," 
from  an  alleged  custom  of  its  merchants  of  manufacturing 
nutmegs  out  of  wood ;  also  called  the  '*  Land  of  .Steady 
Habits,"  from  the  stringency  of  the  so-called  "Blue  Laws," 
which  enjoined  a  rigid  code  of  morals  on  its  inhabitants. 
Area,  4,990  square  mUes.     Population  (1900),  908,420. 

Connecticut  River.  [Ind.  Quonek-tacat,  long 
river.]  A  river  of  New  England,  which  rises 
in  northern  New  Hampshire,  separates  Ver- 
mont from  New  Hampshire,  tiows  through  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Couueeticut,  and  empties  into 
Long  Island  Sound  at  Saybrook,  in  lat.  41°  16' 
N.,  long.  72°  21'  "W.  On  it  are  situated  Northampton, 
Holyoke,  Springfield,  Hartford,  and  Middletown.  Length, 
about  6o0  miles  ;  navigable  for  small  vessels  to  Hartford. 

Connellsville  (kou'elz-\il).  A  borough  of  Fay- 
ette County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Youghiogheny  River  58  miles  southeast  of  Pitts- 
burg. It  is  noted  foi-  its  coke  manufacture. 
Population  (1900),  7,160. 

Connemara  (kou-e-ma'ra).  A  district  in  the 
western  part  of  Galway,  Ireland,  noted  for  its 
picturesque  scenery. 

Conner  (kon'er),  David.  Bom  at  Harrisbuig, 
Pa.,  about  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  20,  1856.  An  American  naval  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812  and  in 
the  Mexican  war. 

Connoisseur  (kon-i-siir'  or  -ser'),  The. 


II.      Died  at  Utrecht,  June  4,  1039. 


King  of  Germany  1024-39,  and  Roman  emperor 

called  "The  Salian":  founder  of  the  Franco- 

uian  or  Salian  dynasty.      He  marched  into  Italy  n'"""  ^"""'        ■rrn.- 

1026,  brought  the  rebellious"  cities  of  Pavia  and  B.avenna  UOnSCience    WmgS, 


to  submission,  and  was  crowned  emperor  at  Rome  102i 
He  put  down  a  rebellion  of  his  stepson  Ernst,  duke  of 
Swabia,  1025-30,  made  an  inroad  into  Hungary  1030,  re- 
gained Lusatia  from  the  Poles  1031,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Burgundy  (i.  e.,  the  kingdom  of  Al'les)  1033-34. 
He  marched  into  Italy  a  second  time  1036,  but  was  com- 
pelled by  the  successful  opposition  of  Milan  to  acknow- 
ledge by  the  constitution  of  May  28,  1037.  the  hereditary 


died  at  Brussels,  Sept. 
10,1883.  A  Flemish  novelist.  He  was  first  a  teacher, 
then  entered  the  army  as  a  volunteer.  In  liv45  he  became 
professor  at  the  University  of  Ghent,  and  in  1868  custodian 
of  the  Wiertz  Museum  in  Brussels.  In  1837  appeared  his 
first  novel  (the  first,  also,  in  modern  Flemish).  "In't  Won- 
derjaer  1566"  ("In  the  Year  of  Marvels  1566").  It  was 
followed,  the  same  year,  by  "Phantazy,"  a  volume  of 
short  stories,  and  in  1838  by  the  novel  "De  leeuw  van 
Vlaandereu"  ("The  Lion  of  Flanders").  In  1841  he  was 
made  secretai-y  of  the  Academy  of  Arts  at  -\ntwerp,  which 
position  he  held  until  1864.  In  1857  he  became  a  civil 
official  in  Courtray.  His  most  celebrated  works  are  sto- 
ries of  Flemish  life.  Among  them  are  "  Hoe  men  schilder 
wordt"  ("How  One  becomes  a  Painter,"  1843),  "  De  arme 
edelman  "  ("  The  Poor  Nobleman,"  1851),  "Het  geluk  van 
ryktezyn"(" The  Good  Fortune  to  be  Rich,"  1S5S).  More 
recent  are,  among  others,  "De  burgemeester  van  Luik" 
("  The  Burgomaster  of  Li^ge"),  "De  jungeDokter"  ("The 
Y'oung  Doctor"),  "Benjamin  van  Vlaanderen,"  the  last 
from  1880. 

A  faction  of  the  Whig 


party  in  Massachusetts  who  were  opposed  to 
the   Cotton  Whigs   on  the   slavery  question, 
about  1850. 
Conscious  Lovers,  The.    A  comedy  by  Steele, 

produced  in  1722.  it  was  taken  from  Terence's  "An- 
uria." In  this  pl.iy  Steele  attempted  to  free  the  stage 
from  its  indecencies. 


of  tliToownorn^o"''™  ''"f^' "'■"■">*"'  '"'^<'  immediately  ConSCnSUS  GeneVCHSis  (kon-sen'sus  jen-  e 


Conrad  III.  Born  1093:  died  at  Bamberg, 
Germany,  Feb.  15,  1152.  King  of  Germany 
1138-52,  founder  of  the  Hohenstaufen  dynasty. 
He  was  elected  in  an  irregular  manner  by  the  party  op- 
posed to  the  house  of  Saxony,  which  gave  rise  to  a  war 
with  the  rival  candidate  Henry  the  Proud,  duke  of  Saxony 
and  Bavaria.  The  war  was  continued  after  Henry's  death 
(1139)  by  his  brother  Welf  VI..  whence  arose  the  party 


ven'si.s).  A  confession  of  faith,  drawn  up  by 
Calvin,  which  was  dedicated  by  the  pastors  of 
Geneva  to  the  syndics  and  council  of  the  city, 
Jan.  1,  1552.  It  was  occasioned  by  Calvin's  dispute 
with  Bolsec,  who  denied  the  doctrine  of  reprobation,  and 
was  designed  to  unite  the  Swiss  churches  on  the  subject 
of  predestination,  but  failed  to  acquire  symbolical  author- 
ity outside  Geneva. 


names  of  the  Ghibellines  (Italian  coiTuption  of  the  name  CoUSCnSUS    TigUrinUS    (kon-sen'sus   tig-u-ri'- 
"'    "  '      '    '         "   "'   ' "        '      '"    "■  "  nus).     A  confession  of  faith  drawn  up  in  1549 

at  Zurich  (L.  Tigurium)  by  Calvin,  in  concert 
with  BulUnger  and  the  pastors  of  Zurich,  for 
the  purpose  of  uniting  the  Swiss  churches  on 
the  doctrine  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  It  was  pub- 
lished iu  1551,  and  was  adopted  by  all  the  Re- 
formed cantons  except  Bern. 


of  the  Hohenstaufen  castle  Waiblingen)  and  the  Welfs  or 
Guelphs.  Conrad  defeated  Welf  at  Weinsberg  in  1140,  and 
took  part  (1147— 19)  in  the  second  Crusade. 
Conrad  IV.  Bom  at  Andria,  Italv,  April  25  (or 
27),  1228 :  died  at  Lavello,  Italy,  May  21,  1254. 
King  of  Germany,  second  son  of  Frederick  II. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1250.  The  imperial  crown 
was  contested  by  William,  count  of  Holland,  who  main 


tained  himself  by  the  aid  of  the  Guelphs,  In  1261  Conrad  Conservative  Club,  The.  A  London  political 
undertook  an  expedition  into  Italy  to  enforce  his  right  of  club  established  in  1840.  The  number  of  mem- 
succession  to  the  crown  of  the  Two  Sicilies.    He  is  said  to  ]-,^j.j^  jg  l  •>()i) 

have  died  of  poison,  leaving  his  infant  son  Conradin  as  the  >^       '     '      '7.    *    t»    _.        mi_          c^        m 

last  lieir  of  his  race.     The  throne  w.as  occupied  as  regent  Conservative  Party,  The.      See  Tones. 


odical  begun  on  Jan.  31,  1754,  by  George  Col- 
man  the  elder  and  Bonnell  Thornton,  and 
continued  weekly  for  three  years,  in  this  peri- 
odical in  17.56  appeared  the  first  piiblications  of  William 
Cowper.     His  first  paper  was  on  "  Keeping  a  Secret, " 

Connor  (kon'or),  or  O'Connor  (6-kon'or),  Ber- 
nard.    Born  iu  the  county  of  Kerry,  Ireland, 

about  1666:  died  at  Loudon,  Oct.,  1698.     An 

Irish  physician  and  historian.     He  was  the  author 

of  "  Dissertationes  Medico- Physicie  "  (169oX  "  Evangelitnn 

Medici,"  etc.  (1097)  (written  to  prove  that  the  miracles  of 

Christ  and  Ms 

grounds' 

h; 

cian 

medical  discoveries  at  Oxford,  and  acquired  a  higli  repu 

tation  as  a  practitioner. 
ConnubiO  (kon-no'be-6).     [It., 'marriage.']     In 

Sardinian  politics,  the  imion  of  the  left -center  f,  a     /i      '     a\ 

faction  (under  Rattazzi),  in  the  chamber,  with    ;?,  H?:„Li„?"=  u  i 

the  right-center  (under  Cavour),  about  1852  '        "   """"^  " 

Conolly(kon'ol 


by  his  illegitimate  brother  Manfred.    See  Mati/red. 

Conrad  (kon'rad),  Karl  Emanuel.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  March  30,  1810 :  died  at  Cologne,  July 
12,  1873.  A  German  architectural  painter  and 
aquarellist.  His  chief  work  is  the  ''  Cathedral 
of  Cologne  "  (in  the  Vatican). 
A  peri-  Conrad,  Marquis  of  (Tyre  and  ?)  Montferrat. 


Died  at  Tyre,  April  28,  1192.  A  famous  Cru- 
sader. He  successfully  defended  Tyre  against  Saladin 
in  1187;  married  Isabella,  a  younger  daughter  of  Amalric 
I.  of  Jerusalem,  in  1190;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  by 
the  hand  of  an  assassin  h.ad  just  been  elected  king  of 
Jerusalem. 

Conrad  (kon'rad),  Robert  Taylor.  Born  at 
Philadelphia.  June  10,  1810 :  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  27,  1858.  An  American  jurist  and 
dramatist.  He  published  the  tragedy  of  "Ayl- 
mere  "  in  1852. 


Considerant  (kon-se-da-roii'),  Victor.  Bom 
Oct.  12,  1808:  died  Dee.  27,  1893.  A  French 
socialist,  a  disciple  of  Fourier.  He  was  accused 
of  high  treason  in  1849,  and  fled  to  Belgium  ;  from  there  he 
went  to  Texas,  where  (after  returning  once  to  Brussels) 
he  sought  to  establish  a  socialistic  society  near  San  Anto- 
nio. He  returned  to  France  in  1869.  His  works  include 
"La  destini^e  sociale  "  (1834-3S),  etc. 

Consolato  del  Mare  (kon-so-lii'to  del  ma're). 
[It.,  lit. 'consulate  of  the  sea.']  A  code  of  mar- 
itime law,  supposed  to  be  a  compilation  of  the 
law  and  trading  customs  of  various  Italian 
cities,  as  Venice,  Genoa,  Pisa,  and  Amalfi, 
together  with  those  of  the  cities  with  which 
they  traded,  as  Barcelona,  Marseilles,  etc.  Its 
precise  date  is  unknown,  but  a  Spanish  edition  of  it  was 
published  at  Barcelona  at  the  end  of  the  13th  or  the  be- 
ginning of  the  14th  century.  It  has  formed  the  basis  of 
most  of  the  subsequent  compilations  of  maritime  law. 


gist  of  the  New  York  Geological  Survey  1838-11.  His  works 
include  "Fossil  Shells  of  the  Tertiary  Formations  of 
North  America"  (1832),  "Paleontology  of  the  State  of 
New  York  "  (1838-40). 

A  follower  of  Don  John 
in  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing": 
the  bastard  brother  of  Don  Pedro. 


Jonolly(kon'ol-i),  John.  Born  at  Market  Rasen,  r^„"J7^Zl  "\°^?^^- °^^°''  'T^i\    -« 
Lineolnshire,"England,  May  27,  1794:  died  at  Conradin(kon  ra-den)  ( Conrad  V.).  Born 

Hanwell,  near  London,  March  5, 1866.  An  Eng-  ^f  "jlsli"*.  ?.<'™'n°^Vo«>?'''''^-1'  ^^fi  ''l'-'' 

lish  physician.     He  was  professor  of  the  practice  of  *  ^,^^1^1'  r*??*-  ~h  f*^^,-    P.f''^^  ^"^^Z^- , 

medicine  in  University  College,  London,  1828-30,  and  di-  ?*  Conrad  IV..  and  last  of  the  Hohenstaufen. 

rector  of  the  insane  asylum  at  Hanwell  1839-44,  where  he  ,'."  ';"*  •"*  f'»"«'^  ">  "o  attempt  to  recover  the  Two  Sici- 

introduced  the  principle  of  "  non-restraint  '  (t.  c,  the  aban-  i'"^ ,'.''°™  '"''  usurper  Charles  of  Anjou  ;  was  captured  at 

donment  of  restraint  by  strait-waistcoats  and  the  like)  lai-'liacMzo;  and  was  executed. 

in  the  care  of  the  patients.    His  humanitarian  labors  were  Conrart  (kon-rar'),  Valentin.     Born  at  Paris, 

widely  influential.  1603 :  died  Sept.  23, 1675.    A  French  litterateur. 


Scottish  publisher,  founder  of  the  "Edinburgh 
Review"  (1802),  and  publisher  of  most  of  the 
works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  from  1805  until  he 
became  bankmpt  in  1826.  The  failure  of  Constable 
and  Co..  with  that  of  James  Ballantyne  and  Co.,  printers, 
involved  Scott  in  a  loss  of  ,£120,000.  He  edited  the  "Chron- 
icle of  F^ife,being  the  Diary  of  John  Lamont  of  Newton  from 
1649  to  1072  "(181 0),  and  wrote  a  "  Memoir  of  GeorgeHeriot " 
beheaded  Constable,  Henry.  Born  at  Newark,  England, 
puke_ot  Suabia,  son  1,502:  died  at  Lifege,  Belgium,  Oct.  9,  1613.  Ad 
English  poet,  son  of  Sir  Robert  Constable  of 
Newark.  He  was  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College)  in  1580 ;  became  a  Roman  Catholic ;  and  for  the 
greater  part  of  his  later  life  resided  in  Paris  occupied  with 
political  affairs,  and  especially  with  schemes  for  promot- 
ing the  interests  of  Catholicism.    In  1603  he  came  to  Lon- 


Constable,  Henry 

don,  and  was  for  a  short  time  confined  in  the  Tower.  He 
published  in  1592  a  collection  of  23  sonnets  entitled  "Di- 
ana :  the  Praises  of  his  Mistress  in  certaine  sweete  Son- 
nets by  H.  L'." 

Constable,  John.  Bom  at  East  Borgholt,  iu 
Suffolk,  England,  June  11, 1776:  died  at  London, 
March  30,  1S37.  A  noted  English  landscape- 
painter.  His  father  was  a  miller.  In  1799  he  became 
a  student  at  the  Royal  Academy ;  in  1802  exhibited  his 
first  picture;  in  1819  became  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy;  and  in  1829  became  a  royal  academician.  He 
was  thoroughly  English:  no  foreign  master  intluenccd 
him,  and  rustic  life  furnished  his  inspiration  and  material. 
He  obtained  little  recognition  in  his  own  country  during 
his  lifetime,  but  was  highly  appreciated  in  France,  where 
his  work  produced  a  notable  elfect. 

Constance  (kon'stans).  [ME.  Cu.stance.  OF. 
Ciistunce,  F.  Constance,  Sp.  Costcn^o,  ('ii.itaii:ii, 
Pg.  Constnncia,  It.  Costama,  G.  Cun.it<in;:c,  L. 
Constantia,  lit.  'constancy.']  1.  In  Chaucer's 
"Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  the  unjustly  accused 
daughter  of  the  Roman  einjjeror.  .She  is  cleared 
and  married  to  King  Alia. —  2.  In  Shakspere's 
"King  John,"  the  mother  of  Ai-thur,  duke  of 
Bretagne. — 3.  The  Northern  Lass,  in  Bromc's' 
play  of  that  name. — 4.  The  daughter  of  None- 
such, in  love  with  Loveby,  in  Dryden's  play 
"The  Wild  Gallant."— 5.  The  daughter  of 
Pondlove  in  Sheridan  Knowles's  comedy  "The 
Love  Chase."  Her  love-affair  with  Wildrake  is 
not  unlike  that  of  Benedick  and  Beatrice. —  6. 
The  daughter  of  the  Provost  of  Bruges,  in  G. 
W.  Lovell's  play  of  that  name.  She  goes  mad 
and  dies  when  legally  proved  to  be  a  serf. 

Constance,  or  Custance,  Dame  Christian.  A 
rich  and  beautiful  widow  iu  Udall's  play  ■ '  Kalph 
Roister  Bolster." 

Constance  de  Beverley.    See  Beverley. 

Constance.  The  soutfieastemmost  district  of 
Baden,  Area,  1,609  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  281,770. 

Constance,  G.  Konstanz  (kon'stants),  some- 
times Kostnitz  (kost'iiits).  A  city  of  Badeu. 
situated  on  Lake  Constance,  at  its  outlet  into 
the  Untersee  arm.  in  lat.  47°  38'  N.,long.  9° 
11'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  its  merchants' 
hall  (Kaufhaus).  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  tlie  11th, 
but  rebuilt  early  in  the  16th  century.  Tiie  conspicuous 
tower  and  spire  are  modem.  The  doors  of  the  chief  en- 
trance bear  remarkable  carvings  of  the  life  of  Christ  in  20 
oaken  panels  dating  from  1470.  The  richly  sculptured 
stalls  aie  of  the  same  date.  There  are  other  interesting 
eculptures,  and  a  handsome  fragment  of  the  cloister.  In 
the  0th  century  Constance  became  the  seat  of  a  bishopi-ic, 
which  was  suppressed  in  1802.  It  was  an  iniperi.il  city 
in  the  middle  ages,  but  was  annexed  to  Austria  about 
1548,  and  was  <:eded  to  Baden  in  1805.  Here  Huss  (1415) 
and  .lerome  of  Prague  (1416)diedat  the  stake.  Population 
(isub),  commune,  10,2:i5. 

Constance,  Council  of.  An  important  council 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  held  1414-18. 
its  objects  were  the  healing  of  the  papal  schism,  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Bohemian  heresy,  and  the  reformation  of 
the  church.  It  condemned  to  death  Huss  in  1416,  aud 
.lerome  of  Prague  in  1410,  and  elected  Martin  V.  as  pope  in 
1417. 

Constance,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  of  peace  con- 
cluded between  Frederick  Barbarossa  aud  the 
Lombard  League  in  1183,  at  the  expiration  of 
the  truce  established  after  the  defeat  of  the  em- 
peror at  Legliano  in  1176.  Frederick  renounced  all 
the  regalian  rights  which  he  claimed  in  the  cities  of  the 
League,  including  those  of  levying  war,  erecting  fortiflca. 
tions,  and  atlministeriug  civil  and  criminal  justice.  The 
cities  acknowledged  the  overlordship  of  the  emperor, 
which  can'ied  wltti  it  the  iibligation  to  furnish  the  cus- 
tomary tributes  of  i>rovision  during  his  residence  in  Italy, 
to  suitor  the  chief  magistrates  in  every  city  to  receive  the 
Investltaro  of  ofllce  from  an  imperial  legate,  and  to  ac- 
cept In  every  city  an  imperial  Judge  of  appeal  in  civil 
causes. 

Constance,  Lake  of,  G.  Bodensee  (bO'den-za). 

A  lake  lying  between  Switzerland,  Baden, 
Wuitemberg,  Bavaria,  aud  Vorarlljorg:  the 
Latin  Brigantinus  Lacus.  The  north westeni  nar- 
rowed arm  is  frequently  known  as  the  ('berlingersee  ;  the 
westeni  arm  is  culled  the  Unt^'rsee  or  Zellersee.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  Rhine.  Length,  4(i  miles;  gruatest 
bre;idlb,  t}-8  miles.  Area,  208  square  miles.  Elevation 
abovi-  sea-level,  1.300  feet.     Depth,  900  feet. 

Constancio  (koh-stfin'se-o),  Francisco  Solano. 
Born  at  Lisbon,  1777:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  '1\. 
1846.  A  Portuguese  physician  niid  auttuir. 
He  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  North  Amei-lca; 
was  iliplomatic  agent  of  Portugal  in  Paris  1»20 ;  and  was 
minister  to  Washington  1822-21).  .Subsei|uently  lie  resided 
in  Paris.  Constancio's  works  itre  now  little  esteemed. 
The  best-known  arc  his  "Novo  diccionario  critico  e  ety. 
mologico  da  lingua  Pnrtugucza"  (18:i8  and  1844)  and 
"  Hlsiorla  do  Brasil "  (2  vols.  Is:!'.'). 

Constans  (kon'stanz)  I.,  Flavins  Julius. 
Born  about  320:  died  iioiir  IHTberis  (Helena), 
Gaul,  3:')0.  Roman  emperor,  youngest  of  the 
three  sons  of  Constantine  the  Great  and 
Fausta.  lie  received,  in  the  division  of  the  empire  In 
837.  Italy,  Africa,  and  western  Illyricum.  In  S4l),  hav. 
Ing  successfully  resisted  the  invasion  of  his  brother  Con- 


275 

stantine,  who  fell  in  battle,  he  madehlmself  master  of  the 
wliole  West.     In  ;i5'i  Magnentins  usurped  the  throne,  and 

Constans  was  shiin  by  his  emissaries. 

Constans  II.,  Flavins  Heraclius  (originally 

HeracliusU  Born  Nov.  7.  6311;  killed  iit  Syra- 
cuse, July  1.),  COS.  Emperor  of  the  East  641- 
668,  son  of  Constantine  III.  In  his  reign  the  Sara- 
cens conquered  Rhodes,  and  the  Lonibiirds  most  of  the 
Byzantine  dominions  in  northern  Italy.  He  favored  the 
Monolhelites,  ami,  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  the  contro. 
versy  between  them  and  the  orthodox,  issued  an  edict 
which  forbade  all  religit)us  discussion. 

Constans.  The  grandfather  of  King  Arthur, 
celebrated  in  the  Arthurian  romances. 

Constant  (kon'stant).  The  lover  of  Lady  Brute 
iu  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "  The  Provoked  Wife." 

Constant  (k6n-ston'),"Jean  Joseph  Benjamin. 

Born  at  Paris.  .Tune  10. 184.'i:  .lied  t  h.i-f.  May  26. 
1902.  A  French  painter.  UestudiclutulerCabaiulat 
the  Ecoledes  Beaux  Arts.and  in  IHOl)  exhibited  his  flrstjiic- 
ture,  "Hamlet  etleUoi,"  at  tile  .Salon.  He  exhibited  "Trop 
tard"  (1870),  ".Samson  et  Delilah "  (1K72), "  Houchersmaures 
a  Tanger "(1873),  •Carrcfour  k  Tanger"  (1874),  "Mohanied 
II.,  le  29  Mai.  1453"  (18781,  "Favorite  de  lemir"  (1879), 
"La  vengeance  du  cherif '   (l.-iK.',!,  •■  \'ictrlx  '  CS'.tO),  etf 

Constant   de  Bebecque,  Henri   Benjamin. 

Bom  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Oct.  25,  1767: 
died  at  Paris,  Dee.  8,  1830.  A  French  political 
writer,  orator,  and  politician.  He  settled  in  1795 
at  Paris  as  the  protege  of  ^ladanie  de  Stael.  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Tribunate  1799-1*02,  when  he  was  lianished 
by  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  HeretiU'ned  in  1814,  but  accepted 
office  under  Napoleon  dui'ing  the  Hundred  Days,  with  the 
result  that  on  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  he  was  again 
compelled  to  go  into  exile,  whence  he  returned  in  1810. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1819-30. 
His  chief  works  are  "Cours  de  politique  coustitution- 
nelle  "  (1818-20)  and  "  De  la  religion  consid^ril'e  dans  sa 
source,  sa  forme  et  son  developpement  "  (182,3-25). 

Constantina  (kou-stiiu-te'uii).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Seville,  Spain.  Population  (1887), 
11,953. 

Constantino  (kon'stan-tin)  I.  (Flavins  Vale- 
rius AureliusConstantinus),  suruamed  "The 
Great."  Boi'U  probably  at  Naissus  (Nissa), 
Upper  Mo^sia,  iu  Feb.,  272  a.  d.  :  died  at  Nico- 
media,  Bithynia,  May  22,  337.  Roman  emperor. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  tlie  Augustus  Constantius  Chlorus 
by  his  first  wife  Helena,  and  was  appointed  ctesar  at  the 
death  of  his  father  in  306.  About  3o8  he  was  recognizeit 
as  Augustus  by  the  Augustus  Maximian,  whose  daughter 
Fausta  he  married  (his  first  wife  having  died).  In  310 
(:109?)  he  put  to  death  Maximian,  who  was  implicated  in  a 
plot  to  excite  a  rebellion  among  his  subjects.  He  de. 
feated  in  312,  near  Rome,  the  Augustus  Maxentius,  who 
was  killed  iu  the  pursuit.  Before  this  battle,  according  to 
tradition,  tlie  sign  of  a  cross  appeared  in  tlie  heavens,  with 
the  inscripyon,  "  In  hoc  signo  viiices,"  wiiich  induced  hiiii 
to  adopt  the  laliarum  as  his  standard.  In  323  he  became 
sole  Augustus  by  a  decisive  victory  at  Chrysopolis  (.Scu- 
tari) over  his  colleague  Lieinius,  who  subsequently  sur- 
rendered and  was  treacherously  murdered.  He  caused 
Christianity  to  be  recognized  by  the  state,  convened  the 
Council  of  Nice  in  325,  and  in  ;J:iO  inaugurated  Constanti- 
nople as  the  capital  of  the  Roman  Empire.  In  324  he  put 
todeathhis  eldest  son  Crispus  for  high  treason,  .\ccording 
to  a  tradition,  whicli  appears  to  be  without  historical  foun- 
dation, Crispus  was  tlie  \ie(iin  of  an  intrigue  on  the  part 
of  his  stepiiioliier  Fausta,  wlio  was  siUlotated  in  a  batli  as 
soon  as  I'oiistantine  discovereil  the  innoix-ncc  of  Crispus. 

Constantine  II.  (Flavius  Claudius  Constan- 

tinus).  Born  at  Aries,  Gaul,  Aug.  7.  312:  killed 
near  Aquileia,  Italy,  340.  Emperor  of  Rome, 
second  son  of  (I'onstantiue  the  Great.  He  received, 
in  the  division  of  the  empire  in  337  between  the  three  sons 
of  Constantine,  Gaul,  Britain,  Spain,  and  part  of  Africa, 
Being  dissiltistled  with  his  share,  he  invaded  the  doniin. 
ions  of  his  luother  Constans,  but  was  defeated  and  killed 
at  Aiiuileia  in  :{4n. 

Constantine   IV.    iFlavius   Constantinus>, 

suruamed  Pogonatus  ( '  tlio  BoanU'd').  Hied 
685.  Empcriir  uf  the  East  (il)S-6,S5,  son  of  Cmi- 
stans  II.  Ili-rcimlsedfbymeanaof  the  recently  invented 
Greek  tlre)tlie  SaracenslietorcCon8tantinojiIeU72-07»,  and 
assembled  in  tWO  the  sixth  general  council  at  Constanti- 
nople, by  which  the  Monothelites  were  condenintid  and 
peace  restored  to  the  church. 

Constantine  V.,  snrnamed  Copronymus  (ko- 

pr.iiri-miis).  IJorn  at  •Constant  iiiopli'.  719: 
died  oil  .Selymliria,  Thrace,  Se)it.  14,  775. 
Emperor  of  the  East  741-775,  sun  of  Leo  III. 
He  defeated  In  743  Artavasdes.  who  had  uhim  ped  the  gov- 
ernment, and  assembled  a  council  in  754  which  condemned 
the  worship  of  images. 

Constantine   VI.    (Flavius   Constantinus*. 

Bom  771:  killed  at  t'onstaiitimiple  aliout  797. 
Byzantine  emperor  780-797.  the  last  of  the  Isaii- 
rian  emperors.  He  was  the  son  of  I.eo  I\'.,  whom  he 
succeedecl  under  the  regency  of  his  mother  Irene.  During 
his  reign  a  council  held  at  Mcica  In  7H7  restored  (he  wor- 
ship f>f  images.  He  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  bis  mother, 
who  usuni'd  the  government. 

Constantine  VII.,  suruamed  Porphyrogenitus 

(purli -ro-.jen'i-tiis)  Cliorn  in  the  imridc '). 
Born  905:  poisoned  Nov.  b"i,  9."i9.  Hyzunline 
emperor,  son  of  Leo  VI.  whom  he  succeeded 
911.  Tlie  government  was  usurped  in  019  by  Romanus 
LecapenUH.whoadministereil  it  —Constantine being  nomi- 
nally Ills  colleague  — till  944,  when  he  was  deposed  by  his 
own  son,  and  ('onstaiitine  became  solo  ruler.  He  was 
noted  for  humanity  and  for  his  success  In  arms,  chlelly 


Constantinople 

against  the  -Arabs  in  Syria.  He  was  poisoned  bv  his  sod 
and  successor,  Romanus  II.  He  was  a  liberal  patron  of 
learning,  and  hiin&elf  holds  a  high  rank  in  literature  as 
tile  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  goveniment  and  one  on 
tile  themes  or  provinces  of  the  empire  ("  De  adminis- 
traiido  imperio"and  "lie  theniatibus"X  and  other  works. 

Constantino  XIII.  Palaeologus.  [Gr.  o  na'/.ai6- 

/.o;«f.]  Horn  1394:  died  .Abiy  29,  1453.  By- 
zantine emperor  144*-."i3,  the  last  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  He  was  killed  at  the  taking 
of  the  city  by  Mohammed  II. 

Constantino  I.  Died  879.  A  king  of  Scotland 
(mirth  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde),  reigning  at 
Scone  after  S63. 

Constantine  II.  Died  952.  A  king  of  Scot- 
land (north  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde)  from  900 
to  943.  when  he  resigned  the  throne  to  Malcolm, 
grandson  of  Constantine  I. 

Constantino  Nikolayevitch  (son  of  Nicliolas). 
Born  at  St.  Petersbui-o-,  Sept.  21,  1827:  died 
Jan.  24,  1892,  Grand  Duke  of  Russia,  younger 
brother  of  the  czar  Alexander  II.  He  com- 
manded the  lleet  in  the  Baltic  1854-55,  and 
was  govornor  of  Poland  1862-63. 

Constantine  Pavlovltch  (sun  of  Paul).  Bom 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Jlay  8,  1779:  died  at  Vitebsk, 
Russia,  .lune  27,  1831.  A  grand  duke  of  Rus- 
sia, younger  lirother  of  the  czar  -Ale.vauder  I. 
He  served  with  distinction  under  Suvarotf  in  Italy  in 
1T99,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  .\usterlitz  1805,  accom- 
panied Alexander  I.  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-14,  and  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Poland  in  1815.  He 
married  in  1820  a  Polish  lady,  the  Countess  Johanna 
(irudzinska,  having  obtained  a  divorce  from  his  first  wife, 
the  I'rincess  Juliana  of  S;ixe-Coburg :  and  renounced  his 
right  of  succession  to  the  Russian  throne  Jan,  26,  1822. 
His  strict  military  rule  provoked  an  insurrection  in  Poland 
(Nov.  29.  1830).  In  the  war  which  followed  he  played  a 
Kubonlinate  part,  and  retired  to  Vitebsk,  where  he  died 
of  cholera. 

Constantine  (k6n-st6n-ten').  The  eastern- 
most department  of  Algeria,  lying  between  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  north.  Tiuiis  on  the  east, 
and  Algieis  on  the  west.  Area,  73,929  square 
miles.     Population  (1891).  1,714,539. 

Constantino,  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated  iu  lat.  36°  21' 
N..  long.  6°  35'  E. :  the  ancient  Cirta.  The  sea. 
port  for  its  foreign  trade  is  Philiiipeville.  Constantine  is 
a  i^reat  trading  center,  especially  for  grain.  It  was  re- 
built by  Constantine,  and  was  captured  by  the  French 
1837.    Population  (1891),  commune,  40,681. 

Constantinople  (kon-stan-ti-no'pl).  Turk. 
Stambul  (stiim-bol'),  or   Istambul  (is-tiim- 

biil').  [(Jr.  KurfrraiTirou  n-(}/((;.  city  of  Constan- 
tine ;  Turk.  ( 'onstantinieli ;  the  ordinary  Turkish 
name  is  Stambul  or  Istambul,  a  corruption  of 
the  Greek  uc  rijv  —d^jv,  'into  the  city.']  The 
capital  of  the  Ottomtin  empire,  situated  in  Eu- 
ropean Turkey  iu  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  28°  .59'  E., 
on  the  Bosporus,  the  Golden  Rom,  and  the 
Sea  of  Marmora,  it  is  the  chief  commercial  center 
of  the  Levant,  aud  since  1888  has  had  railroad  connection 
with  the  rest  of  Europe.  It  contains  the  sultan's  palace 
(seraglio),  and  is  noted  for  its  mosques  (see  below).  Its 
chief  sections  arc  Pera,  tialata,  Stambul  (or  Constantino, 
pie  proper),  and  Scutari  (the  latter  celebrated  in  history 
for  its  military  hospitals  during  the  Crimean  war).  Iii330 
\.  i>.  Constantine  the  Great  made  Byzantium  fsee  Byzan- 
tium) the  capital  of  the  Koinan  Empire,  and  tlie  city  was 
henceforth  called  Constantinople.  From  395  Constanti- 
nople was  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  (Eastern)  Empire. 
It  was  repeatedly  besieged  by  the  Saracens  ;  and  was  tjikeii 
by  the  Uttins  in  12o:i  and  1204,  by  Iklichael  PalKidogiis  in 
12(31,  and  by  the  Turks  May  29,  14.'.:!.  Tcherm/an  Sfrai. 
the  chief  of  the  imperial  palaces,  finished  in  1807  by  Ali- 
duI-Aziz  in  the  style  of  the  new  Turkish  Kenaissanoe.  It 
is  a  building  of  great  size,  of  iiiArble,  of  a  luxury  aud  niag- 
nlficence  in  its  interior  decoration  and  arrangement 
which  are  unexcelled  in  Europe,  and  almost  surpass  be- 
lief. Its  chief  fa^aile,  about  2,400  feet  Kuig,  is  mirrored  in 
the  BoBTiorns.  .See  also  liajaa't,  Mom/w  t\f ;  trt-iir,  Church 
uf  St.:  hrtrriuir  o/  tht  1,001  Coftiwiiw;  Suyhin.  Church  iif 
Snnia  ;  Suln'inan,  .I/.«;hi-  ../,  Population  (1886),  873,6<i6  ; 
with  suburbs,  upward  o(  1,000,000. 

The  dominion  of  the  iild  Rome  had  come  of  Itself;  Its 
dominion  was  thecllect,  not  of  any  settled  plan,  but  of  the 
silent  working  of  historical  causes.  The  first  chief  «hn 
fenced  ill  the  Palatine  with  a  wall  did  not  ilrcani  that  his 
hill. fortress  would  liccome  the  head  of  the  world.  He  did 
not  dream  that  It  would  become  the  bead  of  Italy,  or  even 
theheadofljillum.  But  the  prince  who  fenced  in  the  New 
Koine,  the  prince  who  bade  Byr.aiitlnm  grow  into  Conslan- 
tinoiile,  dl(l  design  that  his  younger  Koine  should  fulfil  the 
inissliuithat  hail  passed  away  froiii  theehhr  Ktuiie.  He  de- 
signed that  it  should  fulfil  it  more  thoroughly  llniii  Milan, 
or  Trier,  or  Nikonudeia  could  (ullll  it  And  bis  will  has 
been  carried  out.  lie  called  into  being  a  cll.v  wliiih,  while 
other  cities  have  risen  and  fallen,  liai.  (or  fifteen  hundred 
years,  in  whatever  hands,  remained  the  seat  of  Imperial 
rule  ;  a  citv  which,  as  long  as  Eilnqie  and  Asia,  as  long  as 
land  and  sea,  keep  their  places,  must  reiuain  the  seal  of 
Imperial  rule.  The  other  c.ipilalsof  Ennipe  seem  by  her 
side  things  of  yesterda),  creations  of  accident.  Sonic 
chance  a  few  ceiitiirlis  back  made  them  seals  of  govern- 
ment till  some  other  chance  may  cease  to  make  them  seatf 
of  government.  But  the  city  of  Constantine  abides,  and 
must  abide,  (iver  and  over  again  has  the  possessiiui  of 
that  city  prolongetl  the  duration  of  powers  which  must 
ollierwise  have  crumbled  away.     In  the  hands  of  Ritman, 


Constantinople 

Frank,  Greek,  and  Turk,  her  Imperial  mission  has  never 
left  her.  The  eternity  of  the  elder  Rome  is  the  eternity 
of  a  moral  iulluence  :  the  eternity  of  the  younger  Kome  is 
the  eternity  of  a  city  and  fortress  fixed  on  a  spot  which 
nature  itself  had  destined  to  be  the  seat  of  the  empire  of 
two  worlds.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  25L 

Constantinople,  Conference  of.  A  conference 
of  the  six  great  powers  and  Turkey  for  the 
purpose  of  preventing  war  between  Turkey  and 
Russia,  which  was  championing  the  cause  of 
the  Christian  insurgents  in  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula. The  conference  was  formally  opened  Dec.  23. 1876, 
after  a  preUminarj'  conference  between  the  great  powers 
(Det;.  11-21).  The  powers  demanded  of  the  Fort«  admin- 
istrative autonomy  tmder  Christian  governors  for  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Bulgaria ;  and  proposed  the  erection  of 
an  international  commission  with  power  to  enforce  by 
arms  the  decisions  of  the  conference.  These  demands 
Were  rejected  by  the  Turks  Jan.  18, 1877,  whereupon  the 
conference  dissolved,  .Tan.  20. 

Constantinople,  Councils  of.    These  councils 

include  :  (a)  The  second  ecumt-nical  cotincil.  convened 
here  by  the  emperor  Theodosius  381  A.  D.  Its  chief  object 
was  the  settlement  of  the  .\rian  difficulties.  (5)  The  flfth 
ecumenical  council,  convened  by  Justinian  553.  Its  object 
was  the  condemnation  of  the  "three  chapters."  (c)  The 
sisth  ecumenical  council,  held  6S0-6S1.  Its  object  was 
the  condemnation  of  the  Monothelites.  (d)  The  eighth 
ecumenical  council,  held  869.  Its  object  was  thecondem* 
nation  of  Photius. 

Constantius  (kon-stan'shius)  I.,  Flavius  Va- 
lerius, surnamed  ChloniS  (" the  Pale").  Boru 
probably  250  a.  d.  :  died  at  York,  England.  July 
25,  306.  Emperor  of  Rome,  father  of  Constaii- 
tine  the  Great.  March  1,  292,  the  joint  emperors,  or 
Augusti,  Diocletian  and  Maximian  associated  with  them- 
selves Constantius  Chlorus  and  Galerius  as  junior  part- 
ners under  the  title  of  Caesars.  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain 
were  allotted  to  the  former,  who  was  required  to  repu- 
diate his  wife  Helena  and  marry  Theodora,  the  daughter 
of  Maximian.  After  the  abdication  of  Diocletian  and 
Maximian  in  305,  he  ruled  as  -\u;.,^ustus,  or  joint  emperor, 
with  Galerius  until  his  death  in  Britain  white  on  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Picts. 

Constantius  II.,  Flavius  Julius.     Born  at 

Sirmium,  Pannonia.  Aug.  (5.  317:  died  at  Mop- 
socrene,  CUieia,  Xov.  3.  361.  Roman  emperor, 
third  son  of  Constantine  the  Great  (second  son 
by  his  second  wife  Fausta).  The  win  of  Constan- 
tine the  Great  divided  the  empire  among  his  three  sons 
Constantine,  Constantius,  and  Constans  under  the  title  of 
.-Vugusti.  and  his  nephews  Dalmatius  and  Uannibalianus 
under  the  titles  of  Caesar  and  ^obilissimus.  respectively. 
On  the  death  of  Constantine  in  337  Constantius  ordered,  or 
permitted,  the  murder  of  Dalmatius  and  Hannibalianus, 
and  the  empire  was  redivided  between  himself  and  his 
brothers.  Constantine  received  Gaul,  .Spain,  Britain,  and 
part  of  Africa;  Constantius  Thrace.  Macedonia,  Greece, 
the  .-i.siatic  provinces,  and  Egypt;  and  Constans  Italy, 
western  Illyricnm,  and  the  rest  of  Africa.  In  340  Con- 
stans repelled  an  invasion  of  Constantine,  who  fell  in 
battle,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  West;  but  was 
himself  deposed  and  slain  in  3->0  by  the  usurper  Magnen- 
tius,  Constantius  made  war  in  351  on  the  latter,  whom 
he  defeated  at  Mnrsa.  on  the  Drave.  in  :^1,  and  in  Gaul  in 
353,  after  w-hich  he  was  master  of  the  whole  empire.  He  ap- 
pointed his  cousin  Julian  Csesar  and  commander  in  Gaul 
355,  and  visited  Rome  357.  He  favored  the  Arians,  and 
banished  the  orthodox  bishops.  He  died  while  marching 
to  attack  Jolian,  who  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  by 
his  soldiers. 

Constant  Maid.Tlie.  Aplayby  Shirley, printed 
in  1640  (reprinted  in  1667  with  the  second  title 
"Love  will  find  out  the  Way"). 

Constanza  (kon-stan'za).  A  gay  and  sportive 
girl,  in  iliddleton's  "Spanish  Gipsy,"  who  fol- 
lows her  father  into  exile  disguised  as  a  gipsy, 
Pretiosa:  a  sort  of  Rosalind. 

Constellation.  A  vessel  of  the  United  States 
navy,  she  was  built  in  1798,  and  under  command  of  Com- 
modore Truxton  in  1799  captured  the  French  Insorgente. 

Constituent  Assembly.  See  National  Assembly. 

Constitution  i k^m-sti-tu'shon)  (Old  Iron- 
sides). An  Araerioan  frigate  of  1,576  tons  and 
44  guns  rating  (actual  armament  32  long  24- 
pounders  and  20  32-pounder  carronades),  built 
at  Boston  in  1797.  The  United  States  and  President 
were  sister  shins  of  the  same  rating.  Her  first  commander 
was  Captain  Isaac  Hull.  At  the  declaration  of  war,  June 
18, 1812,  the  Constitution  was  at  .Annapolis.  July  17  she 
fell  in  with  a  squadron  composed  of  .Shannon  (as  guns), 
Africa  (61),  .Eolus  (S2),  Behidera  (36),  and  Guerri^re  (38), 
commanded  by  Commodore  Philip  Vere  Broke.  Her  es- 
cape from  this  fleet,  in  a  chase  wliich  lasted  three  days  in 
an  almost  dead  calm,  is  considered  one  of  the  greatest 
feats  of  seamanship  of  the  war.  Aug.  19,  1812.  in  lat.  41' 
41'  N.,  long.  55'  48'  W.,  she  fought  the  Guerriere.  The 
battle  lasted  from  5  to  7  P.  M.,  when  the  Guerriere  surren- 
dered and  was  burned.  The  Constitution  returned  to 
Boston;  Captain  Hull  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Captain  Bainbridgeof  the  Constellation.  She  sailed  from 
Boston  Oct.  26,  1812,  and  Dec.  29  fell  in  with  the  frigate 
Java  (38  gunsX  Captain  Lambert,  off  the  coast  of  Brazil  in 
lat.  13°  6'  S.,  long.  31'  W.  The  battle  lasted  from  2  to 
5  p.  M.,  when  the  Java  surrendered.  Feb.  20.  1815,  she 
fought  and  captured  the  Cyane  and  Levant  (20  and  ISguns). 
SepL,lS30,it  was  proposed  by  the  secretary  of  the  na\-y  to 
dismantle  the  ship  and  sell  her.  This  excited  much  public 
indignation, which  found  expression  in  the  poem  "*  Hdlron- 
sides.'by  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  Sept.  16, 1830.  She 
was  afterward  used  as  a  school-ship,  iater  for  a  receiving- 
ship  at  Portsmouth.  N .  H.,  and  in  1897  was  taken  to  Boston. 

Constitution  Hill.     An  elevation  near  Buck- 


276 

ingham  Palace,  London.  Three  attempts  upon  the 
life  of  Queen  Victoria  have  been  made  here  by  insane  or 
idiotic  persons  in  1840,  1^2,  and  1849.     Hare, 

Constitution  of  the  United  States.  See  Fed- 
eral Constitution. 

Consuelo  (kon-s6-a'16;  F.  pron.  kon-su-a'lo). 
A  novel  by  George  Sand,  published  in  1842. 

Consulate,  The.  in  French  history,  the  gov- 
ernment which  existed  Nov.  9,  1799. -May  18. 
1804.  Napoleon  was  First  Consul,  and  his  associates 
were  Canibaceres  and  Lebrun.    See  XapoUon. 

Contarini,  Gasparo.  Born  at  Venice  Oct.  16. 
1483 :  died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  24, 1542.  An 
Italian  cardinal  (1535),  bishop  of  Bologna,  and 
diplomatist.  He  was  papal  legate  at  the  Diet  of  Rails- 
bon,  where  he  endeavored  to  effect  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  Protestants  and  Catholics. 

Contarini,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Venice,  1549: 
died  there,  1005.  A  Venetian  painter.  He 
went  to  Vienna  in  1580.  where  he  practised  por- 
trait-painting. 

Contarini  Fleming.  A  psychological  romance 
by  Benjamin  Disraeli,  published  in  1S32. 

C()ntention  between  the  two  Famous  Houses 

of  York  and  Lancaster.  See  Henry  VI.,  sec- 
ond and  third  parts. 

Conte  Ory  (kon'te  6're),  II.     See  Comte  Ory. 

Contes  Drolaticjues  (kout  dro-la-tek').  [F., 
•  Humorous  Tales.']  A  collection  of  stories  by 
Balzac,  written  in  the  manner  and  orthography 
of  the  16th  century.  They  are  extremely  broad,  in 
the  style  of  Rabelais,  being  "written  for  the  diversion 
of  the  Pantagruelists  and  no  others."  They  came  out  in 
three  parts.  In  1832,  1833,  and  1837. 

Conti  (kon-te),  Prince  de  (Armand  de  Bour- 
b()n).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  11.  1629:  died  at 
Pezenas,  France,  Feb.  21,  1666.  Younger 
brother  of  "The  Great  Conde,"'  and  founder  of 
the  house  of  Conti.  He  took  part  in  the  wars  of  the 
Fronde,  at  first  with  the  ■  *  old  Fronde  "  against  his  brother, 
and  later  with  the  "  young  Fronde  "  In  company  with  his 
brother,  with  whom  he  was  arrested  in  1650.  He  was 
finally  reconciled  to  the  court,  and  married  a  niece  of 
CiU-dinal  Mazarin.  In  the  Spanish  war  (16.54)  he  captured 
Villafranca  andPuycerda,  and  in  1657  commanded  tmsnc- 
cessfully  in  Italy.  He  was  a  man  of  weak  character,  en- 
tirely under  the  control  of  his  sister,  the  Duchesse  de 
Longueville. 

Conti,  Prince  de  iFran(;ois  Louis  de  Bour- 
bon). Bom  at  Paris.  April  30, 1664:  died  Feb. 
22.  1709.  A  distinguished  French  general,  son 
of  the  Prince  de  Conti  (1629-66). 

Continental  Congress.  A  legislative  bodv 
representing  the  colonies  of  North»America". 
Wliat  is  known  as  the  first  Continental  Congress,  with 
delegates  from  all  the  colonies  but  Georgia,  met  m  Phila- 
delphia Sept,  6,  1774,  and  lasted  until  Oct.  26,  1774 ;  the 
second,  in  which  all  were  represented,  met  in  Philadelphia 
May  10, 1775,  and  adjourned  Dec.  12,  1776;  the  third  met 
in  Baltimore  Dec.  20, 1776,  and  lasted  until  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  went  into  operation  March  1,  1781.  The 
Congress  declared  independence,  carried  on  the  war,  and 
in  many  respects  governed  the  country. 

Continental  Divide.    See  Dinde. 

Contrat  Social  <  kdn-tra'  s6-se-al').  [F., 'Social 
Contract.']  A  political  work  by  J.  J.  Rous- 
seau, published  in  1762.  The  influence  of  this  book 
on  the  literature  and  life  of  the  period  was  remarkable. 
Its  theories  were  at  the  foundation  of  Jacobin  politics. 

Contreras  (kon-tra'ras).  A  hamlet  of  Mexico, 
about  8  miles  southwest  of  the  citv  of  Mexico' 
Here,  Aug.  19-20,  1847,  the  Ameiicans  under 
Scott  defeated  the  Mexicans.  See,  further, 
Cliuriibitsco. 

Contreras,  Pedro  Moya  de.  See  Moya  y  Con- 
treras. 

Contreras,  Rodrigo  de.  Bom  at  Segovia  about 
1495:  died,  probably  in  Peru,  after  1557.  A 
Spanish  cavalier  who  married  the  daughter  of 
Pedrarias,  and  in  1-531  was  appointed  govei-nor 
of  Nicaragua.  He  sent  an  expedition  which  explored 
Lake  Nicaragua  and  its  outlet,  and  reached  >"ombre  de 
Dios  by  that  route.  There  the  men  were  seized  by  the 
governor,  Robles,  who  tried  to  appropriate  the  region  dis- 
covered, but  was  driven  out.  Subsequently  Contreras  got 
into  disputes  with  the  bishop  and  with  the  Audience  of 
the  Confines.  Charges  were  made  against  him,  and  his 
encomiendas  were  confiscated  (1549).  After  vainly  seek- 
ing redress  in  Spain,  he  went  to  Peru. 

Contrexeville  (kon-treg-za-vel').  A  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Vosges.  PVance,  26 
miles  west  of  £pinal. 

Convention,   The.      See  Xational   Convention, 

The. 

Conway  (kon'wa),  or  Aberconway  (ab'er-kon- 
wa).  A  town  in  Carnarvonshire,  North  Wales, 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Conway,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  It  is  noted  for  its  wall  and 
castle,  a  highly  picturesque  fortress  with  an  admirable 
group  of  8  cylindrical  towers,  built  in  1284  by  Edward  I. 
The  towers  were  originally  surmounted  by  cylindrical  tur- 
rets, four  of  which  surviva  The  banqueting-hall  was  a 
fine  room  130  feet  long.  Queen  Eleanor's  oraton- possesses 
a  graceful  oriel-window.    Population  (1891)i  3,467. 


Cook,  Edward  Button 

Conway.  1.  A  small  river  in  North  Wales 
which  flows  into  Beaumaris  Bay.  It  is  noted 
for  its  scenery.  —  2.  A  township  in  Carroll 
County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Saco 
56  miles  northeast  of  Concord.  It  contains  the 
summer  resort  of  North  Conway.  Population 
(1900).  3.154. 

Conway,  Frederick  B.  Bom  at  Clifton,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  10.  1819 :  died  at  Manchester,  Mass., 
Sept.  7, 1874.  An  English  actor.  He  first  appeared 
on  the  American  stage  as  Charles  Surface  in  1850.  In  1852 
he  married  Miss  Crocker,  a  sister  of  Mrs.  D.  P.  Bowers. 

Conway,  Henry  Sejrmour.  Bom  1721 :  died  at 
London,  Oct.  12.  1795.  An  English  soldier  and 
AVhig  politician,  second  son  of  the  first  Lord 
Conway,  brother  of  Francis  Seymour  Conway, 
marquis  of  Hertford,  and  cousin  of  Horace 
Walpole.  He  early  entered  the  army ;  was  a  member  of 
Parliament  1741-84 ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Fontenoy 
as  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  Ciunberland,  and  in  the 
battle  of  Culloden ;  became  secretary  to  the  lord  lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland  (Lord  Hartington)  1754  ;  was  promoted  ma- 
jor-general 1756  ;  commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition 
against  Kochefort  1757  ;  became  secretary  of  state  under 
Rockingham  1765;  moved  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act 
Feb.,  1766;  retained  his  office  under  the  Earl  of  Chatham; 
resigned  Jan.,  1768,  and  was  appointed  field-marshal  Oct 
12, 1793.  He  was  a  vigorous  opponent  of  the  policy  of  the 
British  government  toward  the  American  colonies. 

Conway,  Hugh.  The  pseudonym  of  Frederick 
John  Fargus. 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel.  Bom  in  Stafford 
County.  Va.,  March  17,  1832.  An  American 
clergjTuan  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  became 
a  Methodist  minister  in  1850,  but  subsequently  joined  the 
Vnitarian  denomination,  and  was  for  a  time  pastor  of  a 
Unitarian  church  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 
He  was  minister  of  the  South  Place  Religious  Society  in 
London  1363-84.  Author  of  "The  Rejected  Stone"  (1861), 
"Testimonies  concerning  Slavery"  (1S64X  "The  Earth- 
ward Pilgrimage  "  a870). "  Christianity  "  (1876),  •  Idols  and 
Ideals  "  (1877), "  Demonology  and  Devil-Lore  "  (1878), "  Tho- 
mas Carlyle  "  (ISSl),  etc. 

Conway,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Ireland,  Feb.  27, 
1733:  died  about  1800.  A  general  in  the  Ameri- 
can service  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  in- 
trigued with  members  of  the  board  of  war  and  other  influ- 
ential persons  1777-78  to  have  Washington  superseded  by 
Gates  — the  so-called  "  Conway  Cabal."  He  was  afterward 
made  governor  of  Pondicherry  and  the  French  settlements 
in  Hindustan. 

Conway  Cabal.     See  under  Comray,  Thomas. 

Conybeare  ikun'i-bar).  John.  Bom  at  Pinhoe, 
near  Exeter,  England,  Jan.  31.  1692:  died  at 
Bath,  England,  July  31,  1755.  An  English  di- 
vine, bishop  of  Bristol.  He  wrote  a  noted  polemical 
work,  "  A  Defence  of  Revealed  Religion  "  (1732X  directed 
against  Tindal. 

Conybeare,  John  Josias.  Bom  at  London,  June, 
1779 ;  died  at  Blaekheath,  near  London,  June 
10, 1824.  An  English  divine,  scholar,  and  scien- 
tific writer.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  where  he  be- 
came professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in  1807,  and  professor  of 
poetry  in  1812.  He  was  also  vicar  of  Batheaston  in  Somer- 
setshire. His  works  include  papers  on  chemistry  and 
geology,  and  *'  Illustrations  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry,"  edited 
after  his  death  by  his  brother  William. 

Conybeare,  William  Daniel.  Bom  at  London, 

June  7,  1787:  died  at  Itehenstoke,  near  Ports- 
mouth, Aug.  12, 1857.  An  English  geologist  and 
divine,  younger  brother  of  J.  J.  Conybeare,  ap- 
pointed dean  of  Llandaff  in  1844.  He  published 
notable  papers  on  various  geological  and  pale- 
ontological  topics. 

Cony-Catcher  (ko'ni-  or  kun'i-kach'er).  Cuth- 
bert.  The  pseudonym  under  which  was  written, 
in  1592,  '-The  Defence  of  Conny-Catching," 
an  attack  on  Robert  Greene  and  his  several 
books  on  "Conny-catching,"  etc.  It  is  thought 
that  Greene  himself  wrote  it. 

Conyngton  (kon'ing-ton),  Richard.  Died  1330. 
An  English  schoolman,  a  graduate  of  Oxford, 
chosen  in  1310  provincial  of  the  Franciscan 
order  in  England.  His  best-known  work  is  a 
commentary  on  the  "  Sentences"  of  Peter  Lom- 
bard. 

Cooch  Behar.     See  Kuch  Behnr. 

Cookj,kuki.  Charles.  Bom  at  London,  May 
31.  1787:  died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland.  Feb. 
21.1858.  An  English  clergyman,  oneof  the  foun- 
ders of  Methodism  in  France  and  Switzerland. 

Cook,  Clarence  Chatham.  Born  at  Dorchester, 
Mass..  Sept.  8.  Is2s  :  died  at  Fishkill  Landing. 
N.  v..  June  2.  19Q0.  An  American  journal- 
ist and  writer  on  art.  He  also  wrote  "  The  Central 
Park"  (1868),  the  text  of  a  heliotype  reproduction  of 
Diirer's  "  Life  of  the  Virgin  "  (1874),  "  The  House  Beau- 
tiful"  (1878),  and  edited,  with  notes,  the  translation  of 
Lubke's  *'  History  of  Art,"  7th  German  edition  (1678). 

Cook,  Edward  Dutton.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
30.  1829:  died  there,  Sept.  11,  1883.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  general  writer,  dramatic 
critic  for  the  '-Pall  Mall  Gazette"  and  the 
"World,'-  and  contributor  to  the  first  two  vol- 


Cook,  Edward  Dutton  277 

umes  of  the  '■Dieticjnarv  of  Nutioual  Biofrra-  Cooke,  Sir  William  Fothergill.  Bornat  Eal- 
phv."  He  published  ■■  Paul  "Foster's  Diiughter"  (18t;i),  ing,  Middlesex,  1«UG:  died  Juue  2o,  It''!';  ■^" 
''The  Trials  of  ihe 'rredgold8"ci8U4),  and  vurious  other  English  electrician,  the  associate  of  W  heat- 
Dovels  und  works  on  the  stage.  ,,„,.,     stoue  from  18:57  till  1843  in  perfecting  the  elec- 

Oook,  Eliza,   ^oru  at  Loudon  about  1818:  thed     jj.;^  tgiegj-aph, 


Coote,  Sir  Eyre 

cn8e8"(1858-eiX  cousis'lng  of  bioRraiihies  of  noted  per- 
suns  who  were  eiluc;ited  or  ineuriMtrated  at  Ciiliibridge 
liilversity. 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore.  Bom  at  Buriiug- 
lon,  X.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1789 :  died  at  Cooperstown, 
N.  y.,  Sept.  14,  18.51.     An  American  novelist. 


'^     ^^  -r^-,1       -lir-       Til  O        i      OO      10Qn  '■^^^    LC10« !  ill-Ill.  _    ,  .N .     X.,    OCUl.    it,    10.71.        AH    J\lUKllVail    inj*eiini. 

at  Thornton  Hill,  \\  imbledon,  bept.  JJ,  ISSJ.   (Jook   Islands  (kiik  i'land*),  or  Hervey  Isl-     Ho  was  the  son  of  William  Cooper,  who  in  1788  founded 


An  English  poet.  She  wrote  for  various  English 
periodicals,  and  in  1840  published  ".Melaia,  and  other 
Poems.'  In  1849  she  began  to  publish  "Eliza  Coolts 
Journal,'  intended  to  advance  mental  culture.  Among 
her  hoolis  are  ". Jottings  from  my  Journal"  (1860)  and 
•■Sew  Echoes'  (ISW)  ;  and  among  her  single  poems  are 
"The  old  Ami-rhair,"  "  O  why  does  the  white  man  follow 
mypathr  •  The  Old  Faim  Gate,""01d  Songs,"  etc. 
Cook,  JamOS.  Born  at  Marton,  Yorkshire,  Oct. 
27,  1728:  killed  in  Hawaii,  Feb.  14,  1779.  A 
celebrated  English  navigator,  the  son  of  a 
'Yorkshire  farm-laborer.  He  entered  the  navy 
able  seaman  in  1755;  was  appointed  m;Uiter 
cur>  in  175'.l,  and  sailed  for  America,  wl: 
cupied  in  surveying  the  channel  of  th( 
and  became  marine  surveyor  of  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land and  Labrador  in  170.'i.  In  May,  17t«,  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  and  placed  in  command  of  the  En- 
deavour which  carried  a  party  of  scientists  to  Tahiti  to 
observe  the  transit  of  Verms.  Dui'ing  this  voyage,  whicti 
lasted  from  Aug.  25,  17iiS,  to  June  1-2,  1771,  New  Zealand 
was  explored,  and  the  east  coast  of  Austndia.  Cooli  was 
raised  to  the  ranii  of  commander  Aug.,  1771,  and  on  July 
13,  1772,  started  with  two  ships,  the  Resolution  (which  he 


ands  (lur'vi  i'laudz).  "An  archipelago  in  the 
Soutli  Pacific,  in  lat.  18°-22°  S.,  long.  157°- 
103°  W.  The  group,  consisting  of  6  principal  islands, 
was  discovered  liy  Captain  Cook  in  1773,  and  was  annexed 
by  Great  Britain  in  ISSS.  The  natives  have  been  con- 
verted to  Christianity  since  1823.  The  chief  island  is 
R,aratonga,  with  a  jiopulation  of  3,000. 

CookkOO-OOSe.     See  Kksuh. 

Cook's  Peak  ikiiks  pek).  A  prominent  peak, 
s,:!;in  feet  high,  in  Grant  County,  Ne'w  Mexico, 
rth  of  Di-ming. 


the  settlement  of  Cooperstown  on  Otsego  Lake,  removing 
thither  with  his  family  in  1790.  In  1803  he  entered  Vale 
College,  where  he  remained  three  years.  He  became  a 
midsliipman  in  tlienavyin  Isfis,  married  .Susan  UeLancey 
in  IsU,  and  in  the  same  year  resigned  his  comntiBEiou  in 
the  navy.  In  1821  he  pulilished  anonymously  a  novel,  en- 
titled "Precaution,"  which  attracted  "some  attention.  In 
1821  he  published  "The  Spy,"  wliieli  met  with  a  success 
unprecedented  in  American  litenitiire.  His  chief  novels 
are  "The  Spy  "  (ISUl),  "The  Pioneers  "  (ls23),  "'I'he  Pilot" 
(1823),  "The  Last  ■  if  the  llohieans "  (182«),  "The  Prairie  " 
(1x27),  "The  Patlilinder"  (1840),  and  "The  Dcerslaycr" 
(1S41). 


jiter  of  the  Mer-  Cook's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Canter-  Cooper,  John.  Born  at  Bath  before  1810:  died 
liere  he  was  oc-  )j„ry  Tales."  It  is  an  untlnished  poem,  and  a  spurious  jj  Tuu'bridge  Wells,  July  13, 1870.  An  English 
e  ht    Lawrence;      e,Kii„g  was  added  to  it  in  the  folio  of  1087.     This  ending      „„^„„  b  '         J        ' 


ending     

consisted  of  only  12  lines,  and  was  rejected  by  Urry  or  his 
successors.  He  added,  however,  "  The  Tale  of  Gainelin." 
which  followed  "Tlie  Cook  s  Tale,"  and  has  been  generally 
asserted  to  be  also  told  by  the  cook  ;  this  is  not  now  con- 
sidered to  be  l)y  Chaucer.  (See  Oamehtn*)  The  cook  was 
Roger  or  Hodge  of  Ware,  who  went  with  the  pilgrirns  and 
was  the  only  man  save  the  miller  who  became  drunk  on 
the  way.    Thestoiyof  "The  Cook's  Tale"  is  that  of  Perkin 

--, -  Revelour,  an  idle,  riotous  London  prentice. 

commanded)and  the  Adventure,  on  another  voyage  of  ex-  g   ^  Strait  (kiik  strat).     A  sea  passage  sepa- 
p  orat  on   n  the  Pacitlc,  which  lasted  for  the  Resolution)   """?•  „  ,,  „\t^„,,,  t,i„,„i  f,.„m  tha  i;«„tl.  Talnn.l 
until  July  29,  1775,  and  during  which  an  attempt  was     rating  tlio  ^o^th  Island  trom  the  bouth  Island, 
made  to  discover  the  rejiorted  great  southern  continent.     New  Zealand.     It  was  discovered  by  Captain 
and  New  Caledonia  was  discovered.    On  Aug.  9, 1775,  ho     Cook  in  1709.     Greatest  width,  80  miles, 
became  captain,  and  on  July  1-2, 1776,  began  his  last  yoy-  (-,      •,    .„    .    n„«„Tnhpr      A    farce    bv    William 
age  with  the  Resolution  (which  he  again  commanded),   V^Ol  3,8    8,    V/UCUmDer.     A    larte    uy    vYiui,im 
and  the  Discovery  under  Captain  Charles  Clerke.    The     Blanchard  JerroM,  first  phi \  ed  in  I«ol. 
object  of  the  expedition  was  to  discover  a  passage  from  Cooley  (kci'li),  ThomaS   Mclntyre.     Born  at 
the  Pacific  round  the  north  of  America.     During  his     Attica,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  6,  1824:  died  Sept.  12.  1898. 
northwiu-d  voyage  the  Sandwich  Islands  were  rediscovered      .         .  ' ,  ^„^L 
(1778),  and  shortly  after  his  return  to  them  (Jan.,  1779)  he     ^  noreu  jurist, 
was  murdered  by  the  natives  in  revenge  for  a  flogging      became  professor 
administered  to  one  of  them  for  thieving. 
Cook,  Mount.     The  highest  peak  in  New  Zea- 
land, situated  on  the  western  side  of  South 
Island.    It  was  first  ascended  in  1882.    Height, 
12,360  feet. 

Cooke  ( kiik ),  Edward  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Mai'cli  27,  isll:  died  near  Timbridge 
Wells,  Jan.  4, 1880.  An  English  marine-painter. 

Cooke,  George  Frederick.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, England,  April  17,  1756:  died  at  New 
York,  Sept.  26,  1811.     An  English  actor.     He 

flrst  appeared  on  the  stage  in  1776  at  Brentford.    His      -  „.„.  _     ,  -l  ■    t^-    j      ■.  t 

principal  parts  were  Richard  III.,  lago,  and  Shylock.  Sir  Cooley,  William  DeSDOrOUgh. .  Died  at  Lon- 
Giles  Overreach,  Sir  Archy  McSarcasm,  and  Sir  Pertinax  ,j,j,,^  March  1,  1883.  An  English  geographer, 
McSycophaiit-  author  of  various  works  on  the  history  of  geo- 

Cooke,  Hesiod.    A  nickname  of  Thomas  Cooke.    j^TaphieaWiscovery,  especially  in  Africa. 

Cooke,  John  Esten.     Born  at  Winchester,  Va.,  Coolidge  (kii'lij),  Susan.    A  pseudonym  of  Sa- 
Nov.  3,  1830  :  died  in  Clarke  County,  Va.,  Sept.    ^ah  Cliauncey  Woolsey. 
27,1880.    An  American  novelist.    Ho  wrote  stories  Q^omassie.     See  KiiniasKi. 

Silk 
St. 

(186U), 

"  Virginia:  a  History  of  the  People  "(1883),  He  also  wrote  noted  English  statesman,  souof  Sir  John  Cooper 
the  life  of  Stonewall  Jack.son(ls(i3)  and  of  General  R.  E.  ^  --  -■  .     .   „ 

Lee  (1871),  besides  a  number  of  stories,  sketches,  and 
verses, 
Cooke,  Josiah Parsons.  Born  at  Boston, Mass., 


actor. 

Cooper,  Peter.  Bom  at  New  York,  Feb.  12, 1791: 
died  at  New  York,  April  4, 1883.  An  American 
inventor,  manufacturer,  and  philanthropist. 
He  w.TS  the  son  of  a  hatter,  obtained  a  meager  education, 
and  learned  the  trade  of  a  carriage-maker.  He  conducted 
with  success  various  coniniercial  anil  industriiU  enter- 
prises, including  the  establishment  of  the  Cant<m  Iron 
Works  at  Canton,  Manland,  in  ls;iO,  which  resulted  in 
the  accumul.ation  iif  a  fortune.  In  1S76  he  was  Greenback 
canilidate  f.>r  l'iv,ident.  Ue  is,  however,  chielly  known 
as  the  founderuf  tlie  (  ooper  I'nion  (which  see),  the  corner- 
sume  of  whicli  was  laid  in  ISM,  and  which  was  completed 
five  years  later. 

Cooper,  Samuel.  Born  at  Loudon.  1609:  died 
there.  May  5,  1072.  A  noted  English  miniatu- 
rist, called  by  Walpole  "  Van  dye  k  in  little." 
He  was  a  pupil  of  his  iincl(>  John  Hoskins. 

Cooper,  Susan  Fenimore.    Born  1813:  died 

1859 :  was  in  18(M  electe.l  justice  r,f  the  Supreme  Court  of  ^'^'■-  31  ■  ^^'^-i-     '^'^  American  writer,  daughter 

the  State  to  All  a  vacancy  ;  was  chief  justice  1868-09  ;  was  ot  J.  V  .  (ooper. 

reelected  for  afnll  term  of  eight  years  in  1869;  retired  Coopcr,  ThomaS.     Born  at  Leicester.  England, 

from  the  bench  in  1886;  became  professor  of  c.iistitMti.inal  jyxarch  20, 1805:  died  at  Lincoln,  Julv  15, 1892. 

and  administrative  law  m  the  University  of  MirbiKiiii  in  i  „  fn  .lioi,  ,.i,.,»f;i.f    oI-q^i;^   ^.n^t  <i.°,.1  ooflm,. 

1S81.  and  subsequently  became  professor  of  Ani.ri.  ;,n  his-  An  English  chartist    skeptic,poet.  and  author. 

tory,lectnreron  constitutional  law.and  dean  of  lb.- S.li.i„l  He  lectured  on  political  and  liistorical  subjects    and  m 

of  Political  Science.  He  was  chairman  of  the  ITnit.-.l  states  1859  lie  liecame  a  Baptist  preacher     He  wrote  ■'  I  he  1  ur- 

Commissioners  of  Interstate  Commerce.     His  chief  works  gatoryof  buicides    (184o),  his  autobiography  in  1»2,  etc. 

are  "A  Treatise  on  the  Constitutional  Limitations  which  Cooper,  ThomaS  Sidney.    Born  at  Canterbury, 

restupon  the  Legislative  Power  of  the  St:ites  of  the  .Vmeri-  Kii"'I:iiid   Sept   "Hi    ISO!!:  died  there,  Feb  7  190'*' 

can  Union  "  (18GS),  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Taxation  '  ,    '",■'      ,.'  ,    ,'    -'."i ',.    ,- ,  ,,;,„,,io  .,„.l"  In,,  I'c,!.,..  .1' 

(18-6),  "A  Treatise  upon  Wrongs  and  their  Remedies"  Am  English  j.aiuler  hI  annuals  and  landscapes. 

(Vol.  I.,  1878),  and  "The  General  I-rinciples  of  Constitu-  Cooper,  Thomas   Thom'TlUe.      Born  at  Bisli- 
llis     tional  Law  in  the  United  States  "  (1880). 


Oct.  12,  1827:  dieil  at  Newport,  K.  I.,  Sept.  3, 
1894.  A  distinguished  American  chemist,  pro- 
fessor of  cliiiiii-.ir\  .-it  Harvard  from  18.50.     Ho 

published  "  Kl.  i i    '  i  i  li,i„i,-al  Physics  "  (I,'56fl),  "  First 

Principles  of  ili.i,iir;,l  lMnlo»ophy '' (1S68),  "  The  .New 
Chemistry  "(1872:  revised  1884),  "Chemical  and  Physical 
Researches  "(1881),  etc. 

Cooke,  Rose  Terry.  Bom  at  West  Hartford, 
Feb.  17,  1827:  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  July 
18,  1892.  An  American  author.  She  married 
Rollin  II.  Cooke  in  1,S73.  Among  her  works  are  "Poems 
by  Rfise  Terry"  (1860X  "Somebody's  Neighbors"  (issl), 
"Steadta-Ht.  a  novel  (18.'i9),  "Poems  by  Rose  Terry  Cooke, 
complete'  (1888).  Her  most  characteristic  short  stories 
wore  those  ot  New  England  rural  life. 

Cooke,  Thomas.  Born  at  Braintroo,  Esse.\, 
Dec.  10,  1703;  died  at  Lambeth,  Dec.  20,  17.50. 
An  Englisli  writer,  best  known  as  the  autlior 
of  a  translation  of  Hesiod  (from  which  he  ob- 
tained tlio  nickname  of  "Hesiod  Cooke").  He 
also  published  translations  of  Terence  and  other  Latin 
and  Greek  authors,  a  i)oem  entitled  "The  Battle  of  the 
Poets'  (which,  willi  some  criticisms  of  Pojic's  Greek, 
brought  drtwn  upon  liiin  the  wrath  of  that  poet^  who  ridi- 
culed him  in  the  "Dunciad"),  and  various  dramatic 
works.  He  succeeded  Amhurst  in  the  editorship  of  "  The 
Craftsman." 

Cooke,  Thomas  Potter.  Born  at  London,  April 
23,  nsO;  iUimI  at  London,  April  10,  1864.  An 
Eiiglisli  ai'lor,  noted  for  liis  performance  of 
Long  Tom  Conin  in  the  "Pilot,"  and  William 
in  "  lilacli-Evcil  Susan." 

Cooke    Thomas  Simpson.    Bom  at  Dublin, 

1782:  died  :it  London,  Feb.  20,  1848.  A  musi- 
cal composer  and  singer.  He  was  the  principal 
tenor  at  the  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  and  took  entire  charge 
of  the  music  there  In  1821.  Among  the  many  works  ho 
composed  or  adapted,  "Ixive's  Ritornella,"  a  song  from 
"  The  Brigand,"  is  his  best-known  composition. 


opweaimouth,  England,  Sept.  13.  1839:  died 
at  Bamo,  Burma,  April  24,  1878.  An  English 
traveler  in  Australia,  India,  China,  and  Tibet. 
He  was  murdered  by  a  Sepoy  of  his  guard. 
Cooper.  A  river  in  South  Carolina,  uniting 
with  the  A.shley  at  Charleston  to  form  Charles- 
ton harbor.  Length,  about  40  miles. 
Cooper's  Hill.  A  poem  by  Sir  John  Denham, 
flrst  published  in  1(542,  aiid  published  in  its 
final  form  in  1005.  Pope,  who  imitated  Denham, 
also  wrote   in    praise   of  "  Cooper's  Hill "   in  his  poem 

,....«..,  .jw..—  •  ■.. j-~-      "  Windsor  i-'urest." 

of  Rockborne,  Hampshire,  created  Baron  Ash-  CooperstOWn  (ko'perz-toun  or  kup'i'rz-toun). 
ley  in  1601,  and  first  earl  of  Shaftesbury  and  A  village  and  summer  resort,  in  Otsego  County, 
Baron  Cooper  of  Pawlet  in  1072.  At  first  he  sup-  central  Now  York,  situated  on  Otsego  Lake  02 
ported  the  cause  of  Charles  I.,  but  in  1644  went  over  to  miles  west  of  Albany.  It  was  founded  by  tho 
the  Parliamentary  side,  was  appointed  lleld-marshal  with  fntherof  J.  F.  Cooper.  Population  (liHlll),  2,3t>8. 
thecoinmandof  a  brigade  of  horse  and  foot  Aug.  3,  W4,   QoOper  TJuion.      An   institution  in    New   York 


took  an  active  part  in  the  struggle,  capturing  Corfe 
Castle  April,  1046.  He  was  an  adherent  of  Cromwell  in 
the  pari  laments  of  1&')3  and  1054,  but  soon  broke  with  him 
and  remained  an  active  suiPiiorter  of  the  Parliamentary 
cause,  opposing  Lambert  and  Fleetwood  ami  aiding  Monk, 
After  the  Restoration  he  eontinueil  t<i  take  a  prominent 
part  in  political  ntfaira.  Ho  wasaniemberof  the  "Cabal," 
and  became  lord  chancellor  Nov.  17,  1672.  but  was  dis- 
missed from  olllce  Nov.  «,  1673.  tYom  that  time  he  was 
the  leader  of  the  Parliamentary  oppositicui  to  the  court 
party,  and  a  prominent  supporter  of  the  anti-Calhcdic 
agitation.  He  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  high  treason, 
and  acquitted.  Laterhe  Joined  the  .Monmouth  conspiracy, 
and  fled  the  country.  He  was  active  in  colonial  atfairs, 
and  was  one  of  the  nine  to  whom  Carolina  was  granted, 
March  '24,  KKU.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  that  Locke 
drew  up  a  constitution  for  that  colony  (1669). 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley.    Born  at  London, 

Feb.  20,  1071:  died  at  Naples,  Fell.  15,  1713. 
An  English  moralist,  third  enri  of  Shiiftesbury : 
author  of  "Characteristics  of  Men,  Manners, 
Opinions,  and  Times"  (1711).  In  this  are  Included 
a  "Letter  concerning  Enthusiasm,"  "Si'iisus  Communis  : 
an  Essay  eoneerning  Wit  and  Humour,"  "An  Enciulrycon- 
cornlng  Virtue,"  etc. 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley.    Born  at  London, 

April  'is,  IHOI  :  died  at   I'cilkcstone.  Kent,  Oct. 


ndod  by  Peter  Cooper  for  the  instruc- 
tlie   working-classes   of    New   York, 


city,  fouii 

tion    of 

opened  in  1859.    The  plan  of  education  jiroviles  for 

free  schools,  reailing-nHuns,  lecture-courses,  art  galleries 

anil  collections.    Also  called  Cooper  Imlituie. 

Coorg.     See  Kuril. 

Coornhert    (korn'hert).  Dirk  Volkerszoon. 

Born  at  Amsterdam,  1522:  dieil  at  Goiida,  1.590. 
A  Dutch  author  and  poet.  After  1540  he  lived  In 
Haarlem  as  an  engraver  and  etcher,  and  became  (I.'Hil) 
there  notary  and  secretary  to  the  burgomaster.  Against 
religions  freedom,  the  great  question  of  the  day, he  w  role  a 
vast  number  of  tracts  and  pamphlets,  many  of  which  have, 
besides,  a  pollticid  character.  In  this  eoimecllon  he  was 
in  l.'>07  imprisoned  and  then  banished :  several  times 
afterward  he  was  forced  to  tiee.  He  llnally  si'lllwl  In 
Gouda.  Hisprineipal  prose  work,  "Zoilekunsl,  dat  is  Wol- 
levens  Kiliist  "  ("  Ethics,  that  is  the  Art  of  «  ell  Living  "), 
appeared  in  1586.  Among  his  poetical  works  are  "  Abra- 
hams I'ytgang  "  ("The  Death  of  Abraham"),  "  Comoilio 
van  do  Hllnde  van  .Ierlcho"(" Comedy  of  Ihe  Blind  Man 
ot  .lerleho  ").  In  his  prose  writings,  iiartlcnlarlv,  he  iiiay 
b«  said  to  have  establishe.!,  with  .Marnix  de  SI.  Aldogondo, 
the  literary  language  of  Holland. 

Coos.     See  Kiinan. 

Coosa.     See  Creek. 


1,1885.   AiiotedEiigliishphilauthropist.  seventh  Cooga,"(kii'sii)    "a 'river  in  Georgia  and  Aln- 
oarl  of  Shaftesbury.    He  ontorcd  Parllaniontaslxuil     i„.,.,„    i'.„.„>;,. 


Ashley  In  18'26,  and  succeeded  to  tho  eorlilom  on  tho  <loat  1 
of  his  father  In  ie5L  He  was  a  promoter  of  many  phllan 
throplc  projects,  and  was  president  of  ihc  British  and 
Foreign  lllble  Soclotv^he  Evangelical  Alliance,  etc. 

Cooper,  Charles  Henry.    Horn  at  (Jri'ai  Mai- 

liiw,    Bucks.    England.   March    20,    1S(18:    did 


hniiia.  formed  by  Ihe  .iiinction  of  the   Oosto- 
iiaiila  and  Etowiih  at  linme.  (ieorgiu.    It  unites 
with  the  Tallapoosa  l<i  form  the  Alnlnimn  8  miles  north 
of  Montgomery.     Length,  about  aMIinlles. 
Coosadi.     See  Kmi-inli. 

Cooshatties.    See  idxisdH. 


March  21,   ISOO.     An    Englisli  biogriiiiher  ami  Cootanie.     See  hilunnhnn. 

antiqiiarv,  a  lawyer  bv  profession,  rcsi.leiit  in  Coote  (kiit).  Sir  EvTe.    Born  at  Ash  Hill. County 

Cambridge.     UU "chief  work  is  "Athonio  Cantabrigi-     Limerick,  Ireliind,  1.20:  died  at  .Madras,  AprU 


Ooote,  Sir  Eyre  278  Coquimbo 

26,1783.     A  British  general,  distinguished  for  Copenhagen,  Battle^of.   A  victory  game^^^^         ?*;!^°.'°  J^.h  £In  i?,'„5''  ^"'^^^   ^^^°  ^°'  ^' 
his  services  in  India.     He  went 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  Calcutta  : 
captain)  at  the  battle  of  Flassey  ;  and  wa 
tenant-colonel  in  Jan.,  175'.l.    In  this  year  1; 
of  the  troops  in  the  Madras  Presjdenc 


French  under  Lally  at  Wandewash  Jan, 
tured  Pondicherry  Jan.,  1701,  pattins  an  end  to  the  French 
power  in  India.  From  1762  till  1769  he  resided  in  Eng- 
land, returning  to  India  in  the  latter  year  as  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Madras  Presidency,  an  office  which  he  re- 
signed in  1770,  again  returning  to  England.  He  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  India  in  April,  and  pro- 
moted lieutenant-general  in  Aug.,  1777.  In  March,  1779, 
he  assumed  command  in  Calcutta,  and  on  July  1,  17S1, 
at  Porto  Novo,  with  a  force  consisting  of  2,000  Europeans 
and  6,000  Sepoys,  defeated  Hyder  All  with  an  army  of 
40,000  men. 

Coote,  Sir  Eyre.    Born  1762 :  died  about  1824. 
A  British  soldier,  nephew  of  Sir  Eyre  Coote 


siai  May  24,  1543.      The  founder   of  inoderu     of  Neeker  and  of  Madame  de  Stael. 
astronomy.    He  was  probably  of  German  descent.    He  Coptic  (kop'tik).      [NL.   Copticus,  ML.  Cophti._ 

'     "- Copts.]    The  language  of  the  Copts,  descended 


entered  the  University  of  Cracow  in  1491,  studied  law 

at  Bologna  1495-1500.  was  appointed  canon  of  the  cliap- 

ter  of  Frauenburg  in   1497,  lectured  on  astronomy  at 

Rome  in  1500,   studied  medicine  at  Padua  about  1501, 

and  became  doctor  de^yretorum  at  Ferrara  in  1503.    The 

rest  of  his  life  was  spent  chiefly  at  Frauenburg  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties  as  canon  and  in  the  praQtice  of 

medicine.      He  published  in  1543  an  exposition  of  his 

system  of  astronomy,  which  has  since  received  the  name 

of  the  Copernican,  in  a  treatise  entitled  "  De  orbium  coe- 

lestium  revolutionibus." 
the  noted  general  in 'India.    He  served  as  ensign  Cophetua   (ko-fet'u-ii).      In    ballad   poetry,   a 
in  the  battle  of  Brooklyn  and  in  other  campaigns  of  the    legendary  African  king  who  wooed  and  raar- 
Revolutionary  War  until  the  surrender  of  Yorktown;  be-    j.jgj  Penelophon,  a  beggar  maid.      The  ballad  is 
came  major-general  and  commander  of  Uover  m  179S;  ^^^.^jj  j^  percy's  "Reliques."     It  has  various  titles, 

led  an  expedition  to  cut  .">% sluices  at  Ostend,  and  was    f„^^j„^  jg  jj,u(,ed  to  by  Shakspere  (who  calls  the  girl  CoptOS  (kop'tos).      _ 

tS,^:t  Tol  'L^dTn'\t  "^^^Z^^^^l^    f  ™fs&U"m'  o^nTh/X"ct.  "^°"''^°"  '''^  """  '''''■     ^^'^^  Seogr.pty.  city  of  Egypt,  situated  on 
'^i^Z^^^^'^i^^S^^^^l^^^^t^i^^^  OoS^   &-^-p6').;,  The    capital.^of    the    the  Nile  m  lat.  26°  N. :  the  modern  Kobt  or 
He  was  dismissed  from  the  army  on  a  charge  of  indecent    province  ot  Atacama,  Chile,  m  lat.  ^i"  M    b., 
conduct.  long.  70°  22'  W.     It  is  the  center  of  a  mining 

Coote,  Richard.    Born  1636:  died  at  New  York,    i-egion.     Population  (1891),  about  12,000. 
March  5, 1701.    An  English  official,  created  first  Q^piggtou    (kop'lz-ton),    Edward.      Born    at 
earl  of  Bellamont,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,    Oifvvell,  Devonshire','  England,  Feb.   2,   1776: 
Nov.  2.  1689.     He  was  appointed  colonial  governor  of    died  near  Chepstow,  England,  Oct.   14,  1849. 
New  Engjand  in  1695,  with  a  fPecial^  mission  to  suppress    j^EngligJi  prelate  and  author,  appointed  pro- 

'"'""'        "^"^     fessor  of  poetry  at  Oxford  in  1802,  and  bishojj 

of  LlandafE  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's  in  1828.   He 
wrote  "Prffilectioues"  (1813),  "Enquiry  into 
,      the  Doctrines  of   Necessity  and  Predestina- 
A  peninsula    tiou"(1821),  etc. 


piracy.  He,  with  others,  fitted  out  the  Adventure  for  Cap- 
tain Kidd,  who  wiis  given  special  powers  to  arrest  pirates. 
Kidd's  own  piratical  acts  led  Bellamont  to  arrest  him  at 
Boston,  where  he  had  come  undera  promise  of  safety,  and 
send  him  to  England  for  trial.  See  Kidd. 
Copacabana   (ko-pa-ka-Ba'na). 


in  the  southern  part  of  Lake  Titicaca,  crossed  Q^^i^y  (kop'U),  Sir  Godfrey.  Died  at  London 
by  the  boundary  Ime  between  Peru  and  Bolivia,  i^iyog.  An  English  baronet,  donator  of  a 
It  is  trapezoidal  in  form,  high  and  rocky,  and  joined  to  „  ,  ..  /•ino  ..;„  t,.,,„(-  f„-  fl,B  Rnvnl  Snciptv 
the  mainland  by  a  very  naiTow  isthmus.  Its  ai-ea  may  be  tuud  ot  i.  iUU  m  trust  lor  tne  Itoyai  society 
60  square  miles.  Copacabana  was  a  sacred  place  of  the  of  London  for  improving  natural  knowledge. 
Incas,  connected  with  some  jof  their  earliest  traditions,  The  first  award  was  made  in  1731,  the  second  in  1734.  In 
and  contains  many  interesting  ruins  of  temples  and  other  1736  the  bequest  was  converted  into  a  gold  medal  to  be 
buildings.    In  modern  times  it  has  been  celebrated  for    awarded  annually. 

its  chapel  with  a  supposed  miraculous  painting  of  the  Copley    John    Singleton,       Born    at    Boston, 
Virgin,  which  is  yearly  visited  by  thousands  of  pilgrims.      Mass.,  July  3,  1737 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  9, 


Copan  (ko-piin').  An  ancient  ruined  city  of 
northwestern  Honduras,  on  the  Copan  River. 
The  remains  are  of  unknown  antiquity  and  very  exten- 
sive, stretching  for  about  two  miles  along  the  river.  The 
buildings  are  of  stone,  embracing  a  temple  over  600  feet 
long,  with  many  sculptured  figures.  The  Copan  ruins 
take  their  name  from  a  modern  town  to  the  east  of  them. 
This  was  an  Indian  stronghold,  and  was  taken  after  a  fierce 
struggle  by  the  Spaniards  under  Hernando  de  Chaves  in 
1530. 

Cope,  Edward  Drinker.  Born  at  Philadelphia 
July  28,  1840     "'    '        '  \  . 

1897.  A  noted  American  biologist  and  paleon- 
tologist, professor  of  geology  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  professor  of  natural  sci- 
ences in  Haverford  College  1864-67,  and  subsequently 
became  paleontologist  to  the  United  States  Geological 


1815.  A  noted  Anglo-American  painter  of 
portraits  and  historical  pieces.  His  parents  (Rich- 
ard Copley  and  Mary  Singleton)  were  natives  of  Ireland 
of  English  origin.       His  bilth  took  place  immediately 

after  the  arrival  of  his  parents  in  America.      He  began,      .  , .       „  j.    a  i  j        tt  jl 

with  very  little  instruction,  to  paint  portraits     While   Coquelin,  EmCSt  Alexandre  HonOre 


from  the  ancient  Egyptian  (of  the  Hamitie 
family  of  languages),  and  used  in  Egypt  till 
within  the  last  two  centiu-ies,  but  now  super- 
seded as  a  liWng  language  by  Arabic.  The  two 
chief  dialects  are  the  Memphitic  and  Thebaic.  It  is  still 
the  liturgical  language  of  the  Coptic  (Egyptian  ilonophy- 
site)  Church,  but  the  lections  are  read  in  Arabic  as  well  as 
Coptic. 

The  ancient  Egyptian  language  was  nothing  but  Coptic 
written  m  hieroglyphs,  or  rather  Coptic  was  but  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Pharaohs  transcribed  in  Greek  characters. 
Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  167. 

[Gr.  KoTTTiSf  or  KoTrrti.]     In 


Keft. 

Copts  (kopts).  [Also  written  Copht  {ML.  Cophti, 
pi.);  vernacular  Kubt,  Eubti,  Ai:  Qoht,  Kibti. 
Origin  uncertain:  variously  referred  to  Gr. 
AlyvTTToQ,  Egypt;  or  to  Gr.  KonriJc,  Konru,  mod. 
Koht  or  Keft,  an  ancient  tovm  of  Egypt,  near 
Thebes;  or  to  Gr.  'laKw/3m/f,  Jacobite.]  The 
native  Egyptians;  the  Egyptian  Christians,  es- 
pecially those  of  the  sect  of  Monophysites.  The 
Copts  are  descendants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians,  and  for- 
merly spoke  the  Coptic  language.  After  the  Council  of 
Chalcedon  (A.  I).  451)  the  majority  of  Egyptian  Christians 
separated  from  the  orthodox  church,  and  have  ever  since 
had  their  own  succession  of  patriarchs.  Their  number  is 
now  very  small.  The  Abyssinian  or  Ethiopic  Church  is  a 
part  of  the  Coptic  communion,  and  its  abuua  or  metran  is 
always  chosen  and  consecrated  by  the  Coptic  patriarch. 

Coquelin  (kok-lai'),  Benoit  Constant.  Born 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Jan.  23,  1841.  A  noted 
French  actor.  He  made  his  fii'st  appearance  at  the 
Theatre  Fran^ais  in  1860,  and  became  sociStaire  in  1864. 
His  greatest  success  has  been  in  French  classic  comedy. 
He  is  also  celebrated  as  a  reciter  of  poetry.  He  has  pub- 
lished various  works  in  relation  to  poetry  and  the  dramatic 
art :  "  L'Art  et  le  com(5dien  "  (1»80),  "  Molifere  et  le  mis- 
antixrope  ■'  (1881),  "  L'es  com^diens  par  un  com^dien " 
(1882),  "  Tartuf  e  "  (1884),  "  L'Art  de  dire  le  monologue  " 

(18S4  :  with  his  brother),  etc.  

Bom 


still  in  Boston  he  sent  works  (among  them  the  "Boy 
with  Squirrel ")  to  the  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  Ar- 
tists in  London,  and  in  1767  wiis  made  a  m^ber  of  that 
society  at  the  suggestion  of  Benjamin  West.  In  1774 
he  went  to  Europe,  passing  through  London  to  Rome, 
died  at  Philadelphia,  April  12,  and  visited  Germany,  the  >;etherlands,  and  Paris,  return- 
■  -  ing  to  London  at  the  end  of  the  year  1775,  where  he  estab- 
lished himself.  In  1776  he  exhibited  a  conversjition  or  por- 
trait group.  In  1777  he  was  made  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  in  1779  a  full  member.  One  of  his  most 
important  works  is  the  "Death  of  Lord  Chatham,"  lor 
which  he  refused  1,500  guineas,  and  exhibited  it  privately. 


Survey.  He  discovered  a  very  large  number  of  species  of  p.„„1ott  TnbTi  SirnrlAtOTi  Born  at  Boston 
extinct  and  recent  vertebrata.  His  works  include  ".'^y-  V.P^^yNr  o,  i°^  ,  r^H  ;f  vJ,„lL,  1  n„t' 
nopsis  of  the  Extinct  Cetaeea  of  the  United  States ''(1867-    Mass.,   May  21,  li/2:    died  m  England,   Oct 


nopsls  of  the  Extinct  Cetaeea  of  the  United  States  '  (1867- 
1868),  •'  Systematic  .Arrangement  ot  the  Extinct  Batraihia, 
Reptilia,  and  Aves  of  North  America  "  (1869-70),  "  Relation 
of  Man  to  Tertiary  Mammalia  "  (1875),  "Origin  of  the  Fit- 
test," etc.,  besides  numerous  elaborate  memoirs  on  the 
extinct  vertebrates  of  North  America,  principally  of  the 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  deposits. 
Copehan  (ko-pa'hau).  [From  k<ipiii,  stream  or 
river.]  -\  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,embracingthe  Patvrin  and  Wintu  tribes 


12,  1863.  A  distinguished  English  jurist  and 
statesman,  son  of  J.  S.  Copley  (1737-1815), 
created  Baron  Lyndhurst  in  1827.  He  w:is  grad- 
uated at  Cambridge  University  (Trinity  College),  became 
a  "  traveling  fellow  "  of  the  university,  and  visited  the 
United  States  in  1795-96.  He  rose  rapidly  .at  the  bar,  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1818,  became  solicitor-general  June, 
1S19,  was  attorney-general  1824-26,  and  was  lord  chan- 
cellor 1827-30,  1S34,  and  1841-45. 


(which  see),  with  their  numerous  branches,  in  Copmanhurst,  The  Clerk  of.    Friar  Tuck,  in 

California.    Its  habitat  extended  from  Mount  Shasta     the  Kobin  Hood  stories. 

to  Suisuii  and  San  Pablo  bays,  being  bounded  on  the  east  Coppee  (ko-pa'),  FranCOiS  Edouard  Joachim 

by  the  Sacramento  and  lower  Pitt  river-valleys,  and  on     (called  FranCOis)     Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1842. 


(called  FranQois) 

A  French  writer.  Ue  made  his  reputation  first  as  a 
poet,  afterward  writing  for  the  stage.  He  was  made  in 
1878  archiviste  of  the  Comedie  Fran<;aise,  and  was  elected 
to  the  Academy  in  1884.  He  was  made  oflicer  of  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor  in  1888.     He  has  published  a  number  of 


at*Boulogne-sm--Mer,  May  16, 1848.  A  French 
actor,  brother  of  Benoit  Constant  Coquelin. 
He  made  his  debut  at  the  Od^on,  but  in  1868  joined  nis 
brother  at  the  Francais,  and  was  made  soci^taire  in  1879. 
He  plays  nearly  all  the  comic  parts  in  the  older  plays,  and 
in  modern  comedy  such  parts  as  Frederic  in  "L'Ami 
Fritz,"  and  LUrich  in  "  Le  sphinx."  He  has  written,  under 
the  name  of  Pirouette  as  well  as  his  own,  various  mono- 
logues or  books  on  the  subject  of  monologues,  as  "  Le 
monologue  moderne  "  (1881),  "  La  vie  humoristique  "  (1883), 
"Pirouette"  (1888),  etc. 
Coquelin,  Jean.  Born  Dec.  1, 1865.  A  French 
actor,  son  of  Benoit  Constant  Coquelin.  He  has 
adopted  his  father's  roles,  making  his  first  appearance  at 
the  ComSdie  Francjaise  Nov.  20,  1890. 

Coquerel  (kok-rel'),  Athanase  Josu6.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  June  16,  1820:  died  at  Fismes, 
Marne,  France,  July  24,  1875.  A  French  Prot- 
estant clergyman,  and  theological  and  historical 
writer,  son  of  A. L.C.  Coquerel.  He  wrote  "Jean 
Calas  et  sa  famille"  (1858),  "Libres  Etudes" 
(1867),  etc. 

Coquerel,  Athanase  Laurent  Charles.  Born 
at  Paris,  Aug.  27,  1795 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1868.  A  French  Protestant  clergyman  (in  Jer- 
sey, Amsterdam,  Leyden,  Utrecht,  and  Paris) 
and  theological  writer.  Hewasa  member  of  the  Con- 
stituent and  Legislative  assemlilies  (1848-J9).  He  wrote 
"  Biographic  sacree, "etc.  (1825-26),"  Orthodoxie moderne  " 
(1842),  "  Christologie  "  (1858),  eto. 


volumes  of  poems,  prose  sketches,  "and  romances.     Among  CoqUCrel,  CharleS  AugUStin.     Bom  at  Paris, 
his  plays  are  "Le  passant"  (1869),  J^'Fais  ce  que  dois"     April  17,  1797:  died  at  Paris,  Feb   1,  1851.     A 


the  west  by  an  iiTegular  line  extending  from  San  Pablo 

Bay  to  Clear  Creek,  .fohn's  Peidi,  the  coast- range,  and  the 

head  waters  of  the  Trinity  and  Klamath  rivers. 
Copeland  (kop'land),  Ralph.    Born  atWood- 

plumpton.  Lancashire,  1837.     A  British  a,stron- 

omer,  professor  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh 

and  astronomer  royal  to  Scotland. 
Copenhagen  (k(3-pen-ha'gen).     [Dan.  Ejiihen- 

Ikh'ii,  G.  Kiipe)ih<i(ien,  F.  Copeiihague :  '  cheap- 
haven,' i.  e.' trade-harbor.' Sir  George  Stephens     -r-- -        .  .... 

uses  the  Eng.  form  (7/(e(7j)i«f/7(ot!PH.]  Thecapital  Coppee,  Henry.     Born  Oct.,  1821:  died  March  Coques,   or  Cocx  (kok),   Gonzales.     Born  at 

of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  island  ot  Zealand     22    1895.      -An  educator  and  author.     He  was    Antwerp,  1614 :  died  at  Antwerp,  April  18, 1684. 

assistant  professor  of  geography,  history,  and  ethics  at     A  Flemish  portrait-painter,  noted  for  his  family 
West  Point  1850-55 ;  professor  of  English  litorature  in  the     groups 


and  the  adjoining  island  of  Amager.  on  the  strait 
of  the  Sound  and  the  Kalvebodstrand.  in  lat.  55° 
41'  N.,  long.  12°  35'  E. :  the  Konian  Hafnia. 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  Denmark.  It  has  a  large 
trade  in  grain,  wool,  butter,  leather,  etc.,  and  some  manu- 
factures of  machinery,  porcelain,  etc.  It  contains  the 
Royal  Picture-gallery,  Christianborg  Palace  (Royal  Libra- 
ry), the  National  Theater,  the  Thorwaldsen  Museum,  the 
Prinsens  Palais  (with  the  Museum  of  Northern  Antiqui- 
ties, Ethnographical  Museum,  etc.),  the  Vor  Fruekirke, 

and  the  Univei-sity.     The  city  was  founded  in  the  12tli    --.rx---    - --.^ j  .-,  j?  ,  7 

century,  and  became  the  capital  in  1443.     It  developed  Copperfield,  DaVld.      See  JJanri  Lopperpcld. 
greatly  in  the  17th  centurj',  but  sutlered  from  the  battle  Copper  Indians.      See  Ahtena 
of  the  North  in  ISoi.    It  was  bombarded  by  the  English  rnnriormiTio  1  U-nn'Ar  mini 
under  Cathcart Sept.  2-.5.1S(n.    Population  (1901  i,37.M.2;i5;   t-Oppemune  ( Kop  er-min). 
with  suburbs,  476,806. 


University  of  Pennsylvania  185.5-66 ;  president  of  Lehigh  p*l,-,,,-n'  _i.  /kn-kp  var'l    OllillaiimP       Born  in 
University  1866-75,  when  he  exchanged  this  position  for   OOqUlliart  (KO-ke-yar_ ),  UUliiaume.    ^^i"  '," 


the  chair  of  history.  He  was  made  a  regent  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  in  1874,  and  published  "Elements  of 
Logic  "  (1857),  "  Elements  of  Rhetoric  "  (18591,  "  Lectures 
on  English  Literature  '  (1872).  He  al.^io  publislied  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arab-Moors  "  (1881), 
besides  various  works  on  military  drill,  etc. 
Copper  Captain,  The.    See  Fere:,  Michael 


A  river  in  British 
America  which  flows  into  an  inlet  of  the  Arctic 


Champagne,  France:  died  about  1490.  AFrench 
poet,  author  of  "  Les  droits  nouveaux,"  in  octo- 
syllabic  verse,  and  other  poems.  Complete 
works  published  1847. 

Coquimbo  (ko-kem'bo).  1.  A  province  of 
northern  Chile,  lying  between  Atacama  on  the 
north,  Ai'gentine  Confederation  on  the  east, 
Aconcagua  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  west.  Its  chief  product  is  copper. 
Area,  12,905  square  miles.     Population  (1891), 


Coquimbo 


191,901.-2.  The 
of  the  province  of 
long.  71°  20'  W. 
Cor  daroli  (k6r 


eroii. 

L'ieut 


of  Charlus.']    Ayellowish  star  ot  the  third  mag-     ^„j  statues,  and  a  gallery  or  paintings. 

nitude,  below  and  behind  the  tail  of  the  Great  Qgjgyjj^    (kOr-si'ra).       [tjr.    KipKvfja    (He 

Bear,  designated  by  Flamsteed  as^  12  Canuiu     xhue.),   or   KopKiJM   (Strabo).]     The   aue 

»""ie  for  Corfu.  „,.„„.   Cordova  (kor'do-va),  officially  C6rdolia  (kor'- 

Jordara  (kor-da'ra)   GlullO  Cesare.     Bern  at  ^^^_^^^_    V^,.    cordo„>.]     1.   The  capital  of  the 
Alessandiia,  Italy,  Dec  1..  liU4:  died  at  Ales-  .j^^.^  „f  Cordova,   Spain,  situated  ou  the 

sandria,  May  b,  l-8o      An  Italian  poet,  and     {^^j^ji^j.^ui.-ii.  ;„  ,„(.  37°  52'  N.,  long.  4°  50" 


Venaticorum,  but  treated  as  a  constellation  on     „.^,^g  jo,.  Corfu 

the  globe  of  Seuex  (London,  1740),  and  by  some  Qordara 

other  English  astronomers. 
Cor    Hydrae  (kdr  M'di^e).      [L.,'the  heart  of 

Hydra.']     A  star  of  the  second  magnitude,  in 

the  southern  constellation  Hydra. 
CorLeoniS(k6rle-6'uis).     [L.,  'the  heart  of  the 

lion.']     Another  name  for  Kegulus.  a  star  of 

the  lirst  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Leo. 
Cor  Scorpionis  (kor  sk6r-pi-6'nis).     [L., 'the 

heart  of  the  scorpion.']     Another  name  for  An- 

tares,  a  star  of  the  iirst  magnitude  in  the  zodi- 
acal constellation  Scorpio. 
Cora  (ko'ra).    In  Sheriiian's  "Pizarro,"  the  wife 

of  Alonzo','  the  commander  of  Ataliba's  troops. 
Cora.    See  Con. 
Cora  (ko'rii).      [PI.,  also  Coras.^     A  division 

of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 

embracing  the  Cora  proper  and  a  number  of 

lesser  tribes.    They  inhabit  the  territory  contiguous  to 

the  Kio  de  San  Pedro,  extending  from  the  Kio  Grande  de 

Santiago  to  lat.  2:r,  and  long.  VM'  to  10r>°  W.  (except  a 

small  area  occupied  by  the  Huicliola),  in  the  Sierra  de 


Coree 

to  Cuba  with  Velasquez  in  1.^.11,  acquired  wealth  there, 
and  in  Feb.,  1517,  conunandeU  an  expedition  of  a  vea. 
eels  with  110  men,  dtlcd  out  as  a  private  speculation. 
.Sailing  westward,  he  discovered  Yucatan,  followed  the 
coast  around  to  beyond  I'aiupeche,  and  noticed  many  sigiu 
of  a  higher  civilization  than  liad  before  been  found  in 
America.  At  Cliaiupotan  C'<5rdoba  was  severely  wounded 
in  a  flght  with  the  Indians,  lie  crossed  over  to  Florida, 
thence  returned  to  Cuba,  and  died  of  his  wounds  shortly 
after. 

llv  Cdrdoba  (kor - 


historiographer  of  the  Jesuits. 
CordatUS  (k6r-da'tus).  A  character  in  Jon- 
sou's  coiiK'dy  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour" 
who  Willi  Mitis  performs  the  part  of  a  critic  with 
explanation  and  comment,  always  present  on 
the  scene,  but  stauding  aside. 

Corday  d'Armans  ikor-da'  dar-moii'),  Mane 
Anne  Charlotte  (best  knowu  as  Charlotte 

Corday;.  Born  at  St.  Saturuin,  Urne.  France, 
July  27,  1768:  died  at  Paris,  July  17,  17U3.  A 
French  heroine.  .She  was  of  noble  birth  ;  was  edu- 
cated in  a  convent  at  Caen ;  and,  inllucncea  by  the  writ- 
in-8  ot  the  phUosoplKs,  especially  Voltaire  and  the  Abbe 
Kaynal,  embraced  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. Filled  with  horror  at  the  excesses  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror,  she  repaired  to  Paris  July  1,  179a ;  and  July  13, 
1793,  having  gained  admission  to  the  chamber  of  .Marat, 
the  most  bloodthirsty  of  the  Terrorists,  stalibe<l  him  to 
death  while  in  his  bath.  She  was  tried  by  the  Revolu- 
tionary tribunal,  and  was  sent  to  the  guillotine. 


iiayarit)  ialisco,'Mexico.     Although  hostile,  they  are  agri-  Cordelia    (kor-de  '  liii).       [F.    Vnnlilic]       The 

culturists.     Estimated  number, -20,000.    See  Pmwn.  youn"cst  daughter  of'King  Lear  in  Shakspere's 

Coral  Sea  (kor'al  se).     That  (lart  of  the  Pacific     trj^gp^y  of  ,,i,.it  name.    She  offends  him  by  the  lack 

Ocean   e-\tondiug  from  Australia  to  the  New     ^f  violeiice  in  her  protestations  of  love  for  him,  and  he 


Hebrides. 

Coram  (ko'ram),  Thomas.  Born  at  Lyme 
Regis,  England,  about  1(368:  died  at  London, 
March  29,  1751.  An  English  philunthropist. 
Ho  established  the  hospital  for  foundlings  in 
Loudon  in  1740. 

Corambis  (ko-ram'bis).  The  name  of  Polonius 
ill  the  first  quarto  Hamlet  (1603).  In  the  fierman 
play  (•'  Fratricide  Punished  ")  supposed  to  be  the  ground- 
work of  the  1G03  quarto,  it  is  spelled  Corambus. 

Coranine.    See  Cvnc. 

Coray  (ko-ra' ),  Adamantios.  Born  at  Smyrna, 
April  7,  1748:  died  at  Paris,  April  6,  183;i.  A 
noted  Greek  scholar.  He  endeavored  to  bring  about 
the  political  regeneration  of  Greece  by  means  of  e.luca- 
tion  ,  and  with  this  object  in  view  published  excellent 
editions  ol  the  Greek  authors,  which  have  been  collected 
in  the  "Bibliotheque  helWnique,"  1805-'2(i. 

Corazon(k6-ra-th6n').    [Sp., 'heart.']    Amoun-     

tain  in  the  Andes  of  Ecuador,  15,871  feet  high     United 
(Whymper). 

The  mountain  Corazon  has  received  its  name  from  a  re- 
semblance it  is  supposed  to  have  to  a  heart.  It  is  a  i]rom- 
inent  object  from  Slachachi,  placed  almost  exactly  mid- 
way between  Atacazo  and  Illiniza. 

H'AvmBer,  Travels  amongst  the  Great   Andes  of  the 

[Equator,  p.  108. 

Corbeil  (kor-bay')-  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Essonne  and  Seine  17  miles  south 
of  Paris.  It  has  a  large  trade.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,184. 
Corbenic.  In  the  "  Romance  of  the  Graal,"  the 
castle  built  as  a  shrine  for  the  Holy  Graal  by 
the  leper  king  Galafres  after  he  has  been  eon- 
verted  and  christened  Aljihasan. 
Corbet  (kdr'bet),  Bichard.  Bom  at  Elwell, 
Surrev,  1582:  died  at  Norwich,  England,  July 
28,  1635.  An  English  prelate  and  poet,  elected 
bishop  of  Oxford  in  1624,  and  translated  to  the 
see  of  Norwich  in  1632.  Ue  was  an  intimate  friend 
of  Ben  Jonson,  and  was  noted  for  his  convivial  habits.  The 
first  collected  edition  of  his  poelns  was  published  In  lti47; 
some  ot  them  were  published  separately  in  1I»4H,  under 
the  title  "Poetica  Stroimita." 
Oorbett  (kor'bet),  Boston.  Born  at  London, 
1K32.  The  slayer  of  the  assassin  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  lie  came  to  the  United  states  in  183li,  and  took 
the  name  of  "Boston"  from  the  city  in  which  he  wa.i  bap- 
tiziil.  He  enllsteil  In  the  12th  regiment  of  New  y..rk  State 
militia,  and  later  wan  a  sergeant  in  the  Kith  New  \  ork 
cavalry.     In  disobeilieme  of  orders,  he  fired  upon  John 


disinherits  her.  When,  however,  he  is  ill-treated,  mad 
dened,  and  turned  out  by  his  elder  daughters,  to  whom 
he  had  given  everything,  she  comes  with  an  army  to 
dethrone  them,  but  is  taken  captive,  and  is  killed  in 


Iqiuvi 
W. :  the  Punic  Karta-tuba,  and  the  Roman 
Corduba  or  Patricia.  It  is  famous  for  its  manufac- 
tures of  leather  and  of  silverwaie.  It  contains  many 
Moorish  antiquities,  and  is  celebrated  lor  its  cathedral. 
(See  below.)  it  was  rebuilt  after  its  partial  destruction 
byCffisar,  and  colonized.  Itwas  the  birlhplife  of  Seneca, 
Lucan,  and  Averroes,  and  from  7M  to  1031  was  the  capital 
of  the  western  c;dilate.  It  was  the  most  famous  center 
of  learning  and  literature  in  western  Europe  in  the  middle 
ages,  and  had  about  1,000,000  inhabitants.  It  wa-s  taken 
by  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  in  123U.  and  was  stormed  by 
the  French  under  Dujiont  in  180S.  The  cathedral,  the  old 
mosiiuo  of  Abd-er-Rahman  I.,  was  begun  in  the  8tll  cen- 
tury, and  finished  in  lOol.  In  plan  it  is  nearly  square, 
with  18  ranges  of  columns,  many  of  them  antique,  sup- 
porting low  horseshoe-arcades,  above  which  a  second  tier 
of  arches  carries  the  modernized  vaulting.  The  original 
Moorish  mihral)  and  its  successor  remain,  and  present 
wonderful  examples  of  decoration  in  sculiiture  and  mosaic. 
In  the  middle  of  the  mosiiue  a  rich  Renaissance  choir  was 
built  in  1526,  but  the  interpolation  is  lost  in  the  vastness 
of  the  structure.  There  are  many  admirable  Sloorish 
doors,  and  other  features,  all  together  making  this  remark 
able  building  one  of  the  llnest  existing  speeiiuens  of  Mo- 
hammedan archilectni  e.  The  beautiful  Court  of  Oranges, 
on  the  north,  forma  the  cloister  of  the  cathedral.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  S.'i.fiH. 

2.  A  province  in  Andalusia,  Spain.  Area, 
5,190  sijuare  miles.  Population  (1887),  420,714. 
3.  See  Cordiihii. 


prison.     Lear  in  a  last  outburst  kills  the  slave  who  hung   fj-.j-^g^    DiCKO  FemandeZ  de.      See  Feniail 
her,  and  dies  upon  her  body.  wv/*  »»y  .  •»,  ^^o 

A  small  town  in  the  depart 


Cordes  (kord). 

ment  of  Tarn,  France,  15  miles  northwest  of 
.\lbi.      It  has  interesting  medieval  ramparts 
anil  buildings. 
Cordifere  (kor-dyar' ),  La  Belle.  [F. , '  The  Beau- 


'/<'.-  (/(■  Ciinl'i 

Cordova,  Francisco  Hernandez  de.     Bora 

about  1475:  died  at  Leon,  Nicaragua,  March, 
1526.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  explorer.  In  1.114 
he  went  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  with  Pedrarias,  and 

.w.wu.u^ -.. —   ,, •       .       T     ,/      in  l.'i24  was  sent  by  him  to  take  possession  of  Nicaragua  in 

tiful  Kope-maker.']  A  surname  of  Louise  Labe  defiance  of  the  rights  of  the  discoverer.  Oil  Gonzalez  de 
r«PB  Tnbp)  wife  of  one  Perrin,  a  rope-maker.  Avila.  Cordova  founded  Granada,  Leon,  and  other  tovtns, 
( see  Laoej,  WIIL  oi  one  f^^' "  '  re.,  '  r,„;lillcra  explored  the  lake,  and  found  its  outlet.  He  sent  his  lieu- 
Cordilleras  (kor-dil-ya  ra/.).  LfP-  tiiiailicra,  ^P_^__^  Hernando  de  Soto,  against  Gil  Gonzalez  in  Hon- 
■A.  chain  or  ridge  of  mountains,  tormerly  also  a  jm-^a;  but  on  the  arrival  of  Cort<5s  in  Honduras  sought 
lou"  St  raight,  elevated  tract  of  land.]  A  name  to  transfer  his  allegiance  to  him,  and  subsequently  tried 
■mnlied  to  various  portions  of  the  central  to  set  up  an  independent  government  pedrw-ias,  hear- 
.ippucQ    lo    ^°"""''    V"         ..  J,      Cordi\-     ing  of  the  defection,  came  to  Nicaragua,  seized  CordoTa. 

mountain  systems  of  Ameijca,  as  tne  ^-oruii      ,,„»,  ,,,,j  ^im  beheaded, 
leras 


Born  at 
16,  14;")3: 
A  cele- 
The  Great 
Captain."  lie  served  with  distinction  in  the  wars  against 
Portugal  and   the   Moors,   and   conducted  the   negotia- 
tions whi.  h  tinally  resulted  in  the  union  of  Granada  with 
Castile.     In  1 1'.lf'  he  expelled  the  French  from  Naples,  for 
which  seiviie  he  was  created  duke  of  Sanf  Angelo  by 
Ferdinand  II.     lie  conquered  Gstia  for  the  Pope  in  K'17, 
and  15(12-03  defended  liarlettJi  against  the  French,  whom 
he  ilefeated  at  Cerignola  and  on  the  OarigUano  in  150:). 

2:  died 
onisi, 
portance 
.jy  Ills  marriage  wlili  me  oaugnier  oi  rresiucnt  Itelzn. 
The  revolutionists  who  drove  out  Bellil  in  I8.V1  proclaimed 
Cordova  in  his  place,  and  he  held  the  position  until  18.'*, 
when  he  was  depi>sed  by  another  outbreak.  His  rule  was 
humane,  but  he  sliowed  little  energy.  He  was  sliot  dui- 
iug  the  dlsonlers  ol  Khiji. 

Cordova,  Pedro  de.  Born  in  1483 :  died  at 
Suiitn  niimiiigo.  June  28,  1525.  A  Spanish  Do- 
minican, vic'ar  of  the  iirst  colony  of  his  order  in 
Hispaiiiola  in  1510.  He  and  his  companions  preached 
against  Imlian  slavery  In  l.Ml,  and  in  ir.l2  Oonlova  went 
to  Siiain  to  meet  the  junta  which  was  employed  in  fnuu- 
ing  new  laws  with  relation  to  the  services  of  the  Indians. 
In  l.'il3  he  sent  a  missionary  colony  to  the  coast  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  when  the  missionaries  were  killc.l  in  1615,  Cor- 
dova went  himself  !•>  establish  another  colony,    lie  » as 

whenthl8m"ovenientoccurred,..rwhetiurlt»asanatfalr      a  friend  of  Ij.s  lasa^. 

of  a  year  or  was  spread  over  ihousands  of  years.     All  ..f  CordOVa  y  FlgUeroa   (kor'do-Vtt  e  le-gll-ro  h). 

ndea  of  the  Equator  rise  (uil  of,  or  upon  and     pedro   dC.       IS'TM    :it  Concepcioii,  1(192:    died 


Amor 
the  Audi 

the  Andes),  

Mexico  and  further  nortli.      For  convenience,  it  is  now 
agreed  among  physical  geographers  to  call  the  complex 
of  ranges  embraced  between  and  including  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  their  extension 
north  into  British Columbiih  tin:  CordilUmii :  those  ranges 
occupying  a  similar  continental  position  in  South  America 
are  called  simply  the  Andes,     The  entire  western  moun- 
tain side  of  the  continent  of  North  America  is  called  tl- 
CvrdUle 
men 
bcsid 
her 
little, 
length  ami  elevation. 

In  course  of  time  it  became  apparent  that  the  two 
"parallel  Cordilleras,"  which  according  to  geographers 
are  the  great  feature  of  the  country,  do  not  exist.  The 
axis  of  the  Andes  of  F.cuador,  part  of  the  backbone  of 
South  America,  runs  neariy  north  and  south;  and  towards 
the  western  edge  of  the  main  chain  there  in  a  sequence 
of  peaks  more  or  less  In  a  line  with  each  other.  On  the 
east  of  these  summits  there  is  a  succession  of  basins,  of 
different  dimensions  ami  at  various  elevations,  and  the 
nearest  mountains  on  the  eastern  side  occur  at  irremdar 
distances.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  one  great  valley  III 
the  interior  of  Ecuador.  'Ihe  mountains  Pasodioa  and 
Eumlnahul  arc  the  only  two  whichlie  ;«irniM  to  the  others 
on  the  western  sblo.  The  main  chain  ui  the  Andes  was 
created  by  upheaval  at  some  remotedate.hnt  no  onccan  say 


the  Great  An 

above,  the  main  chain. 

Whymjier,  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator,  p.  336. 


there,  lirobablv  nfli  r  1770.  .\('liilenn  hislonnn. 
He  was  a  soldier, 'served  in  Arainailla,  anil  was  alcjUde  of 
Concepcion  alioul  171"  His'  lllstoria  .leChile  ■  huludis 
the  colHluesI  and  silllement  to  1717,  and  was  the  imisl 
complete  historv  of  Ihe  country  up  t"  its  date.  Ihe 
manuscript  was  preserved  at  Madriil.  and  it  was  iirst  pub- 
lished from  a  copy  In  the  "Ck)lccclon  de  Uistoriadore*  de 


Wilkes  Booth  at  the  time  ot  his  capture  (April  211,  lbe.p.  .   .       ,,       ,,-,.-;n       i       a    ,„.,^vii.,.n    in   thn 

and  killed  him.     For  this  he  was  eourt-inartialed.     He  C6rdoba   (kor'<lo-lia).      1.    A    piovime    in    tMO 
afterward  became  insane,  and  was  confined  in  an  asylum      \,.(,|,|,|iiu,    Ri.piiblic,   silwated    ahiuil     lat.    JU 
in  Kansas.  ■50'-3,3''S.  long.  62°-66°  W,   Area,  60,(100  squaro 

Corbie  (kor-be').  A     town  in  the  d<'partmeiil     miles.       t'opulation  (18U5),   351,745.— 2.  The     .._ __ 

of  Somnie,  Franco,  situated  on  the  Sommo  10     capital  of  the  above  province,  sitiiateil  on  Ihe     chile.' 

miles  east  of  Amiens.     Population  (1891),  com-     Pnmoro  in  lat   31°  2-r  H.,  long.  (>4°  13'  26    W.  Corea.     See  A'wmj. 

(observntorv).    n  is  an  Important  c.mmercinl  cent.  r.  Coreal  (ko-ni-iil').  FranClSCO.     ,\!;^._!'_;|".',^;j|,P,; 

and  the  seat  of  n  university  ami  national  otweivalorv.     ponded  tothe  "N  oyiigeaux  liiiic' 

Population  (1887),  35,771,  „        „         ,,     ,       ,-     publisheil   in   Paris    172(.     Tin 

3.  A  t  own  in  the  state  ot  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  55 

miles  west  of  Vera  Cruz.     Pojiuliilion,  O.nOO. 

C6rdoba,  or  Cordova,  Francisco  Hernandez 

(or  Fernandez)  de.  Unto  of  liirlh  unkiiown: 
died  at  Santo  Espiritii,  Cuba,  May  or  .lune, 
1517.    A  Spanish  soldier  and  explorer.    Ho  wont 


miiiio,  4,782. 

Corbould  (kor'bold),  Henry.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  11,  1787:  died  at  Kobertsbridgo,  Sussex, 
Dec  9,  1844.  An  English  landscape-  anil  min- 
iature-painter and  book-illustrator,  son  of  Rich- 
ard Corbould. 

Corbould,  Richard.  Bom  at  London,  April 
18,  1757;  died  at  London,  July  26,  1831.  An 
English  painter  and  book-illustrator. 


iiidesOccidentjiles,' 
puhlislieil  111  l-iiris  ii-<.  The  auUior  claimed  to 
liave  boon  horn  In  Cartagena  in  llUS,  and  t.i  have  tnivWed 
over  nearly  all  of  Spanish  anil  I'ortnguese  America.  Tli» 
work  Is  generally  believed  to  be  llclltiuus. 
Coree  (ko're).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians formerlv  occupying  the  peninsula  south 
of  the  Neuse  kiver,  North  Carolina.    The  name 


Coree 

proliablv  means  '  they  are  separate.  They  joined  in  the 
outbreak  of  1711,  and  the  survivors  were  settled  in  Hyde 
County,  North  Carolina,  until  they  became  extinct.  Also 
called  Coraniiu.     See  li-aqiunan. 

Corelli  (ko-rel'i),  Marie.  Bom  in  England  in 
18G4.  A  British  ncivt-list.  She  is  of  Italian  and 
Scotch  jKuentage.  and  was  adopted  in  her  infancy  by 
Charles  Mackay,  the  poet.  She  has  written  "A  Romance 
of  Two  Worlds"  (1886),  "Thelma"  (1887),  "Ardath" 
(ISS'.i),  ■Barabbas"  (1893),  "The  Mighty  Atom  "  (1896), 
"Th.-  Master  liiristian"  (1900).  etc. 

Corentyn  (ko-ren-tin').  [(V;)-o»(y«  of  the  Dutch 
colonists.]  A  river  of  South  America  which 
separates  British  and  Dutch  Guiana.  It  flows 
iiitci  the--  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  fi°N.,  long.  57°  W.  Length, 
40it  inilis;  navigalde  150  miles. 

Corfe  Castle  (korf  kas'l).  A  castle  in  Dorset, 
England,  18  miles  east  of  Dorchester.  It  was 
the  scene,  of  the  mui'der  of  Edward  the  Martyr 
in  079. 

Corflniuia(k6r-fiu'i-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  iu  central  Italy,  near  the  modern  Sol- 
mona.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  Peligni,  and  of  the  con- 
federates in  the  Social  War  (90-88  B.  C). 

Corfu  (kor-fo').  1.  A  nomarchy  of  Greece, 
comprising  Corfu,  Paxo,  etc.'  Area,  288 
square  miles.  Population  (1896),  94,686. — 2. 
Tlie  northernmost  and  largest  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  situated  west  of  Albania:  tlie  ancient 
Corcyra  or  Kerk\Ta.  Its  surface  is  mountainous, 
and  its  principal  expuvts  are  olives  and  wine.  Length, 
40  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  20  miles. 
3.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Corfu,  on  the  eastern 
coast  in  lat.  39°  37'  N.,  long.  19°  56'  E. :  the 
ancient  CorcjTa  or  Kerkyra.  It  has  steam  commu- 
nication with  Mediterranean  ports.  Corfu  was  colonized 
by  Corinth  in  734  b.  c.  It  defeated  Corinth,  in  the  first 
recorded  naval  battle,  in  685  B.  c.  ;  was  an  ally  of  Athens 
in  the  Peloponnesian  war;  was  conquered  by  Rome  in 
229  B.  c,  and  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  1386.  The 
Island  formed  part  of  the  Ionian  Republic  from  1815  to 
1864.  The  town  was  defended  by  the  Venetians  against 
the  Turks  in  1716.     Population  (1889),  commune,  28,372. 

Cori  (ko're).  A  town  iu  the  province  of  Rome, 
Italy,  situated  30  miles  southeast  of  Rome :  the 
ancient  Cora.  It  contains  many  Roman  antiquities, 
including  Corinthian  columns,  fragments  of  walls,  and  a 
temple  of  Hercules,  so  called,  a  Roman-Doric  structure 
of  the  time  of  Sulla,  of  unusual  grace  and  artistic  feeling. 
The  entire  prostyle  portico  (prostasis)  of  4  by  3  columns 
remains,  with  its  entablature  and  low  pediment.  The 
shafts,  with  20  flutes,  have  a  height  of  7  diameters  with- 
out base  or  capital ;  triglyphs  occupy  the  angles  of  the 
frieze,  in  Greek  fashion.  The  doorway  of  the  cella  is 
richly  framed  and  ornamented. 

Cbrin  (ko'rin).  A  shepherd  in  Shakspere's 
comedy  "As  you  Like  it." 

Oorineus.     See  Gogmnf/off. 

Corinium  (ko-rin'i-um).  An  important  town 
in  ancient  Britain :  the  modern  Cirencester. 

Corinna  (ko-rin'a).  [Gr.  Kiipivm.']  Born  at 
Tauagra,  Boeotia,  ijreece :  lived  in  the  first  part 
of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  lyric  poet, 
sometimes  called  a  Theban  from  her  long  resi- 
dence in  Thebes.  She  wjis  a  contemporary  and  in- 
structor of  Pindar,  from  whom  she  is  said  to  have  won 
the  prize  five  times  at  the  public  games.  A  few  frag- 
ments of  her  poems  have  been  preserved.  "There  were 
three  of  the  name  of  Corinna,  all  skilled  in  letters.  One 
was  of  Thebes,  one  of  Thespis,  and  the  third  of  Corinth. 
The  last  lived  at  the  time,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  favourite,  of  Ovid ;  but;  the  most  famous  was  she  who. 
in  a  trial  of  poetry,  conquered  the  great  poet  Pindar.  Her 
glory  seems  to  have  been  fuUy  established  by  the  public 
memorial  of  her  picture  exhibited  in  her  native  city,  and 
adorned  with  a  symbol  of  her  victory.  Pausanias,  who 
saw  it,  supposes  her  to  have  been  one  of  the  hjindsomest 
women  of  her  age.  Time  has  left  us  only  a  few  scraps 
of  Oorinna's  poetry."    Orlando  Furioso,  bk.  xx.,  note. 

Corinna.  A  name  given  by  Dryden  to  Mrs. 
Thomas  with  whom  he  had  a  correspondence. 
She  fell  into  distress  and  became  one  of  Curll's 
autliors,  furnishing  him  with  a  fictitious  ac- 
cotint  of  Diydi-n's  funeral. 

Corinna  ou  I'ltalie  (ko-ren'  6  le-tii-le').  [F., 
'  Corinne  or  Italy.']  A  novel  by  Madame  de 
Stael,  published  in  1807. 

Corinth  (kor'inth).  [Gr.  Kdpii'ffof,  L.  Corin- 
fliiis.~\  A  city  of  Greece,  situated  near  the 
Isthmus  and  Gulf  of  Corinth  in  lat.  37°  54'  N., 
long.  22°  .52'  E.:  the  modern  Gortho.  it  was 
originally  called  Ephyre  (EtfriipTj),  and  was  noted  in  ancient 
times  as  a  center  of  commerce,  literature,  and  art.  It 
was  founded  about  1350  B.  c. ;  was  conquered  by  the  Dori- 
ans iu  the  11th  century ;  colonized  Corcyra  and  Syracuse 
in  734  ;  prospered  under  the  tyrant  Periander  about  600; 
sided  with  Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  war  against 
Athens,  and  later  (395-387)  engaged  in  the  "Corinthian 
war"  against  Sparta;  was  defeated  by  Sparta  in  394  ;  was 
held  by  the  Macedonians  until  243,  when  it  joined  the 
Achtean  League,  of  which  it  was  the  capital;  was  captured. 
Backed,  and  burned  by  the  Romans,  under  Alummius,  in 
146 ;  and  was  rebuilt  by  Julius  Ca?sar  iu  46  B.  c.  In  modern 
times  it  has  been  taken  and  retaken  by  Turks  and  Vene- 
tians, was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1858,  and  was 
rebuilt  on  a  site  3  miles  distant  (New  Corinth).  Popula- 
tion (1889),  commune,  11,150. 

Corinth.  A  city  in  northeastern  Mississip- 
pi, 90  miles  east  by  south  of  Memphis.     It  was 


280 

an  important  strategic  point  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Federals  under  Halleck  May,  1862,  and 
evacuated  by  the  Confederates  under  Beauregard  May  29. 
Here,  Oct.  3,  4,  the  Federals  (over  20,000)  under  Rosecrans 
defeated  the  Confederates  (28,000)  under  Van  Dom  and 
Price.  Reported  loss  of  the  Federals,  2,620 ;  of  the  Con- 
federates, 4,838.     Population  (1900),  3,661. 

Corinth,  Gulf  of.     See  Lepanto,  Gulf  of. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  which 
connects  the  Morea  with  central  Greece. 
It  is  now  pierced  by  a  canal.  Width,  4-8 
miles. 

Corinthia  (ko-rin'thi-il).  In  ancient  geogra- 
pliy,  a  division  of  Greece,  lying  between  the 
Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  north,  Megaris  on  the 
northeast,  the  Saronic  Gulf  on  the  east,  Argo- 
lis  on  the  south,  and  Argolis  and  Sicyonia  on 
the  west. 

Corinthians  (ko-rin'thi-anz),  First  and  Second 
Epistles  to  the.  Epistles  of  Paul,  of  which 
the  first  was  composed  at  Ephesus  in  the  spring 
of  57,  and  the  second  at  some  place  in  Mace- 
donia in  the  summer  or  autumn  of  the  same 
year. 

doriolanus  (k6"ri-o-la'nus),  the  surname  of 
CnaSUS  (less  correctly  Caius)  Marcius.  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  centui-y  B.  c.  A 
Roman  legendary  hero,  represented  as  the 
champion  of  the  patricians,  and  afterward  as 
leader  of  the  Volscians  against  Rome.  He  was 
the  conqueror  of  the  Volscian  Corioli  (whence 
his  surname). 

Coriolanus.  1 .  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  pro- 
duced probably  in  1608,  and  founded  on  North's 
"Plutarch."  In  the  play  the  mother  of  Caius  (Cnfeus) 
Marcius  Coriolanus  is  Volumnia,  not  Veturia,  and  his  wife 
is  Virgilia,  not  Volumnia  as  in  the  original.  John  Dennis 
produced  a  play  in  1705  founded  on  "Coriolanus,"  which 
he  called  "The  Invader  of  his  Coimtry,  or  the  Fatal  Re- 
sentment." 

2.  A  tragedy  by  James  Thomson,  left  in  man- 
uscript by  him,  brought  upon  the  stage  by  Sir 
George  Littleton.  It  was  published  iu  1748  or 
1749. 

Corioli  (ko-ri'o-li).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium.  Italy.  It  gave  name  to  Coriolanus, 
by  whom  it  was  conquered  493  (?)  B.  c.  Its  exact  site  is 
unknown,  but  is  probably  at  Monte-Giove,  near  Ariccia. 

Corisca.  In  Guarini's  •'  Pastor  Fido,"  a  woman 
ruined  by  town  life,  contrasted  with  the  Arca- 
dian maidens. 

Oqritavi  (ko-ri-ta'vi),  or  Coritani  (ko-ri-ta'- 
ni).  An  ancient  British  tribe  which  occupied 
territory  that  included  the  modern  Lincoln 
and  Leicester. 

Strabo  also,  speaking  of  the  Coritavi,  a  British  tribe  in 
Lincolnshire,  after  mentioning  their  yellow  hair,  says, 
"to  show  how  t.all  they  are,  I  saw  myself  some  of  their 
young  men  at  Rome,  and  they  were  taller  by  six  inches 
than  any  one  else  in  the  city."      /.  Taylor,  .\ryans,  p.  76. 

Cork  (kork).  1.  The  southernmost  county  of 
Munster,  Ireland,  it  lies  between  Limerick  on  the 
north,  Tipperary  on  the  northeast,  W^aterford  on  the  east, 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south,  and  Kerry  on  the  west. 
It  is  the  largest  county  of  Ireland,  having  an  area  of  2,890 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  438,432. 
2.  A  city,  capital  of  the  above  county,  situated 
on  the  Lee,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  51°  54'  N., 
long.  8°  28'  W.  Its  lower  port  is  Queenstown.  It  is 
tlie  third  city  in  Ireland,  exports  butter,  live  stuck,  provi- 
sions,  leather,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  Queen's  College.  It 
was  founded  about  600;  was  fortified  by  the  Danes;  was 
surrendered  by  its  king  to  Henry  II.  in  1172  ;  and  was  be- 
sieged ami  taken  by  Cromwell  in  1649,  and  by  Marlborough 
in  1690.     Population  (1.901).  99,693. 

Cork,  Earls  of.    See  Boi/le. 

Corleone  (kor-la-d'ne).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Palermo,  Sicily.  21  miles  south  of  Pa- 
lermo.    Population,  l.'),000. 

Corliss  (kor'lis),  George  Henry.  Born  at  Eas- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1S17:  died  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  21, 1888.  An  American  inventor  and 
manufaetiu'cr,  noted  as  a  designer  of  steam- 
engines.  He  first  patented  improvements  in 
engines  in  1849. 

Cormac  (kor'mak).  Born  836:  died  908.  A 
king  of  Cashel,  Ireland,  who  reigned  900-908. 
He  perished  in  a  battle  on  the  site  of  the  present  Bally- 
moon,  in  the  latter  year.  A  glossary  of  Irish  words  called 
"SanasChormaic,"  "the  most  venerable  moiunnent  of  the 
literature  of  Munster  and  the  earliest  Irish  dictionary," 
is  attributed  to  him. 

The  oldest  extant  fragment  of  the  glossary  is  in  the 
"Book  of  Leinster,"a  manuscript  of  about  A.  D.  1200,  and 
the  oldest  complete  manuscript  (Royal  Irish  Academy, 
H.  and  S.  No.  224,  s.  3167)  is  of  the  15th  century.  Some 
Irish  writers  state  that  the  glossary  was  part  of  a  large 
work  known  as  "Saltair  Chaisil."  This  has  been  gener- 
ally attributed  to  Cormac,  but  there  are  no  safe  gromids 
for  believing  it  to  be  his,  or  indeed  for  regarding  it  as 
anything  but  an  ancient  collection  of  transcripts  such  as 
the  existing  "Lebor  na  HuidrL"  The  "SanasChormaic" 
was  first  printed  by  Whitley  Stokes  in  1862. 

Die.  Nat.  Blog.,  XII.  221. 

Cormac  Mac  Art.    Died  260.    A  king  of  Ire- 


Cornelius 

land  218-254,  grandson  of  Conn  of  the  Hun- 
dred Battles. 

Cormenin  (kor-me-nan'),  Vicomte  de  (Louis 
Marie  de  la  Haye).  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  6, 
1788 ;  died  at  Paris,  May  6, 1868.  A  noted  French 
jurist  and  political  writer.  He  was  the  author  of 
numerous  books  and  pamphlets,  including  "  (Questions  de 
droit  administratif  "  (1822),  "  Etudes  sur  les  oratemre  par- 
lementaires  "  (1S3S),  etc. 

Cormontaigne  (kor-mon-tany),  Louis  de.  Born 
1695:  died  in  Lorraine,  Oct.  20,  1752.  A  French 
military  engineer.  .  His  works  were  published 
1806-09". 

Cornaro  (kor-na'ro),  Caterina.  Born  at  Venice, 
1454 :  cUed  at  Venice,  July  5,  1510.  Queen  of 
Cj'prus.  She  married  in  1472  James  of  Lusignan,  king 
of  Cyprus,  on  whose  death  in  1473  she  succeeded  to  the 
throne.  She  abdicated  in  favor  of  the  Republic  of  Venice 
in  1489. 

Cornaro,  Caterina,  at  Venice.  A  sumptuous 
painting  by  Hans  Makart,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery at  Berlin.  The  Queen  of  Cyprus,  enthroned,  re- 
ceives the  homage  of  Venetian  patricians.  There  is  evi- 
dent aim  to  reproduce  Titian's  grouping  and  splendor  of 
color. 

Cornbury,  Viscount.    See  Byde. 

Corneille  (kor-nay'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Rouen, 
June  6, 1606:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  1, 1684.  Acele- 
bratedFrenchdramatist.  Hewas  graduated withhigh 
honors  from  the  Jesuit  College  of  his  native  city,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  June  18, 1624.  His  first 
comedy,  "  M^lite,"  was  intrusted  to  a  comedian  who  put  it 
on  the  stage  between  1628  and  1630,  and  scored  a  marked 
success.  Corneille  immediately  wrote  a  second  play,  "  Cli- 
tandre,"this  time  a  tragicomedy  of  most  extravagant  and 
absurd  nature,  produced  about  1631  or  1632.  Thereupon  he 
made  a  return  to  pure  comedy  with  "  La  veuve"  (1633),  "La 
galerie  du  palais  "  (1633),  "  La  suivante  "  (1634),  "  La  place 
royale"  (1634),  and  "L'lllusion  comique"  (1636).  This 
series  was  interrupted  by  the  tr.agedy  "M^d^e'  (1635),  bar- 
ring which  Corneille  passes  at  once  from  simple  comedy 
to  sublime  tragedy.  "Le  Cid."  appearing  toward  the  close 
of  1036  or  the  beginning  of  1637,  marks  a  new  era  in  the 
history  of  the  French  stage.  This  masterpiece  failed,  nev- 
ertheless, to  secure  universal  recognition,  and  was  the 
cause  of  the  famous  "  querelle  du  Cid  "  raised  by  the  French 
Academy.  The  year  1(>40  witnessed  the  production  of  two 
new  tragedies,  "  Horace  "  and  "  Cinna."  "  Polyeucte,"  fre- 
quently looked  upon  as  Corneille's  greatest  work,  was 
produced  in  1642.  "La  mort  de  Pomp^e"  and  Corneille's 
finest  comedy,  "Lementeur,"  appeared  in  1642,"  Theodore" 
and  "La  suite  du  menteur"  in  1645,  and  "Riodogune"  in 
1646.  Corneille  issued  "  H^raclius  "  in  1647,  "Androm^de  ' 
and  '  Don  Sanche  d'Aragon  "  in  1650,  "  Nicom^de  "  in  1651, 
and  "  Pertharite  "  in  1653.  This  last  play  was  not  a  success, 
and  Corneille  ceased  to  ^vrite  for  the  stage  for  six  or  seven 
years,  concentrating  his  energies  on  rendering  "  L'lmi- 
tation  de  J^sus-Christ "  into  verse  (1651-56).  In  1659  he 
was  induced  to  return  to  the  old  work,  and  brought  out 
"CEdipe,"  "La  toison  d'or,"  and  "Sertorius"  (1662),  "So- 
phonisbe  "  (1663),  and  "  Othon  "  (1664).  His  works  during 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  deserve  mention  simply  for  the 
name  of  their  author:  they  are  "Agesilas"  (1666),  ".\t- 
tila  "  (1667),  "  Tite  et  Berenice  "  (1670),  "  PulchSrie  "  (1672), 
and  "Sur^na"  (1674).  Corneille  ranks  with  Descartes  as 
the  first  to  free  the  French  language  and  thought  from  the 
restrictions  due  to  Greek  and  Latin  influences. 

Corneille,  Thomas.  Born  at  Rouen,  Aug.  20, 
1625:  diedatLesAndelys,Dee. 8,1709.  AFrench 
dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  younger 
brother  of  Pierre  Corneille.  His  plays  (which  imm- 
ber  over 40)  include  "Ariane"  (1672),  "Lefestin  de  Pierre" 
(1673),  "Le  comte  d'Essex"  (1678),  etc. 

Cornelia  (kor-ne'liS).  [L.,  fem.  of  Cornelins; 
It.  Cornelia,  F.  Conielie,  G.  Co7-n€lia.'\  Lived 
in  the  2d  century  B.  c.  A  Roman  matron, 
daughter  of  the  elder  Scipio  Africanus,  wife 
of  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus,  and  mother 
of  the  tribunes  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus: 
celebrated  for  her  accomplishments  and  vir- 
tues. 

Cornelia  gens  (k6r-ne'li-a  jenz).  A  celebrated 
patrician  and  plebeian  clan  or  house  in  an- 
cient Rome.  The  patrician  family  names  previous 
to  the  empire  were  Arvina,  Blasio,  Cethegus,  Cinna,  Cos- 
sus,  DolabeUa.  Lentulus.  Malnginensis,  Mammula,  Meren- 
da,  Merula,  Ruftnus,  Scapula,  Scipio,  Sisenna,  and  Sulla. 
The  pleljeian  family  names  were  Balbus  and  Gallus. 

Cornelian  Laws,  L.  Leges  Corneliae  (le'jez 
kor-ne'li-e).  The  body  of  laws  introduced  at 
Rome  by  the  dictator  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  about 
80  B.  c,  with  a  view  to  restoring  the  aristo- 
cratic form  of  government,  whose  integi-ity  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  democratic  legislation 
of  the  Gracchi  and  of  Marius. 

Cornelius  (k6r-ne'lius).  [L.;  It.Hp.Vg.Comelio, 
F.  Cornelius,  G.  Cornelius.']  A  Roman  centurion, 
stationed  at  Cfesarea,  whom  Peter,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  special  revelation,  received  into 
the  communion  of  the  Christian  church  direct- 
ly by  baptism,  without  circumcision  (Acts  x.). 

Cornelius.  Born  at  Rome :  died  at  Civita 
Veechia,  253.  Elected  bishop  in  March,  251,  to 
succeed  Fabianus.  The  Novatians  having  refused  to 
recognize  his  election,  and  having  chosen  their  leader  No- 
vatianus  in  his  stead,  Cornelius  convened  a  council  at 
Rome  in  251,  which  confirmed  his  election.  He  was  ban- 
ished by  the  emperor  Gallus  to  Civita  Veechia,  where, 
according  to  some  (late)  accounts,  he  suffered  martyrdom. 


Cornelius 

Cornelius.  1.  A  courtier  in  Shakspere's  tra- 
gedy "Hamlet." — 2.  A  physician  in  Shak- 
spere's play  "  Cymbeline." — 3.  The  friend  of 
p^austus  in  Marlowe's  plav  "Dr.  Faustus." 

Cornelius  (kor-na'le-os),  Karl  Adolf.  Bom  at 
Wiirzbui'g,  Bavaria,  March  I'J,  1819.  A  German 
historian.  He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  Uni- 
Tersity  of  Bonn  in  1854,  and  in  the  University  of  Munich 
in  1856.  His  woiksincluile"Gesohichtt-de3  niunsterischen 
Anfrnhrs"  (186.T-C0).  "  Kurfurst  Sioritz  vnn  Saihsen  ge- 
gennher  der  Furstenverschworung  im  .Iidiru  1550-51" 
(18(i7),  etc. 

Cornelius  Nepos.    See  JVe/xw. 
Cornelius,  Peter  von.      Born  at  DUsseldorf, 
Prussia,  Sept.  23,  1783  :  died  at  Berlin,  March 

6,  1867.  A  German  painter,  leader  of  the  new 
school  of  German  art.  He  worlied  in  Rome  1811-11), 
and  in  the  latter  year  toolc  charge  of  tlie  academy  at 
Dijsseldorf.  From  1825-41  lie  labored  chiefly  at  Munich, 
and  after  1S41  at  Berlin.  IJis  chief  works  are  frescos  in  the 
Glyptothek  and  Ludwigskii-che  in  Munich,  and  cartoons 
lor  the  Canipo  Santo  in  Berlin. 

Cornell  (kor-nel'),  Ezra.  Born  at  Westchester 
Landing,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  11,  1807  :  died  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  9,  1874.  An  American  philanthro- 
pist. He  followed  the  occupation  of; -mechanic  and 
miller  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  182S-U,  and  subsequently  amassed 
a  fortune,  chiefly  as  a  contractor  for  the  erection  of  tele- 
graph lines.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Assembly  iii 
1862  and  1863,  and  was  a  raeraberof  the  State  Senate  18G4- 
1867.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  founder  of  CorneU  Uni- 
versity (which  see). 

Cornell  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  its  curriculum  com- 
prises courses  in  .arts,  literature,  jdiilosophy,  science,  agri- 
culture, civil  and  mechanical  engineering,  history,  political 
science,  etc.,  and  extended  graduate  cuurses.  It  was 
(oanded  by  Ezra  Cornell  (see  above),  and  was  opened  in 
1888     Its  library  contains  about  21J,000  volumes. 

Cornelys  (kor-na'lis),  Theresa.  Bom  at  Venice 
in  1723  :  died  in  the  Fleet  Prison,  Aug.  19, 1797. 
A  noted  manager  of  public  assemblies  in  Car- 
lisle House,  London.     At  one  time  she  had  the  di- 

"rection  of  all  the  theaters  in  the  Austrian  Netherlands. 
Besides  the  management  of  balls,  concerts,  and  masquer- 
ades, she  also  sang.  Slie  fell  into  obscurity  after  a  note 
rious  life,  and  under  the  name  of  Mrs.  Smith  sold  ass's 
milk  at  Kni^htsbridge  for  some  time  before  her  death. 
Diet.  Xat.  Biog. 

Cometo   (kor-na'to),  or  Corneto-Tarquinia. 

A  town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  44 
miles  northwest  of  Rome.  It  contains  a  castle, 
palace,  and  many  Etruscan  and  Roman  antiquities.  Re. 
markable  EtruscaTi  tombs  and  the  site  of  the  old  city  of 
Tarquinii  are  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop. 
Population,  4,000. 

Cornhert,  Dirk.    See  Coomhcrt. 

Cornhill  (koin'hil).  One  of  the  principal  Lon- 
don streets,  once  a  corn-market.  "The  two  great 
ornaments  of  medisevsd  Cornhill  were  the  Tun,  a  round- 
bouse  or  temporary  prison,  and  the  Standard,  a  water 
conduit,  and  point  of  measurement'  (the  latter  was  in 
use  in  the  second  year  of  Henry  v.). 

Comiani  (kor-ne-ii'ne),  Count  Gio'vanni  Bat- 
tista.  Born  at  Orzi-Nuovi,  near  Brescia, 
Italy,  Feb.  28,  1742:  died  at  Orzi-Nuo\-i,  Nov. 

7,  1813.  An  Italian  literary  historian  and 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  "  I  secoli  della  Icttera- 
tura  italiana"  (1804-13). 

Corniche  (kor-nesh').  La,  It.  Cornice  (kor- 
ne'che).  ['The  cornice.']  A  celebrated  coast- 
road  along  the  Riviera  of  France  and  Italy  from 
Nice  to  Genoa. 

Comimont  (kor-ne-m6n').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment iif  Vosges,  France,  22  miles  south- 
east of  Epinal.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,821. 

Corning  (kor'ning).  A  city  in  Steuben  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Chemung  River 
13  miles  west  of  Elmira.  Population  (1900). 
11,0()1. 

Com-La'w  Rhymer.  Ebenezer  Elliott,  author 
of  "  Corn-Law  Kliymes." 

Corn-La'WS,  The.  In  English  history,  a  series 
of  laws,  extending  from  143(5  to  1842,  regulating 
the  home  and  foreign  grain-trade  of  England. 
Until  the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws,  the  grain-trade,  both 
export  and  import,  was  the  subject  of  rlaborate  and 
vai-ying  legislation,  which  corislsteii  in  levying  protective 
or  prohibitory  duties,  or  in  iinposhig  restrictive  conditions, 
or  in  granting  government  l)ounties  for  the  encourage. 
ment  of  exportation.  After  a  jirolonged  agitation  for  the 
repeal  of  the  corn-law»  by  the  Anli-Corn-Law  League  (or- 
ganized in  1830),  Parliament  in  ISlfi,  under  the  ministry 
of  Sir  Robert  I'eel,  p.ossed  an  act  for  a  large  immediate 
reduction  of  the  duty  on  imported  grain,  and  providing 
tor  a  merely  nominal  duty  after  l->49,  wliicll  was  subse- 
quently entirely  removed. 

Corno,  Monte.     See  Gr(in  Snsxo  d'llalia. 

Cornouaille  (kor-uo-iiy').  A  part  of  Brittany, 
Prance,  in  the  vicinity  of  Quinipcr. 

Cornu  (kor-nii'),  S6bastien  Melchior.  Bom 
at  Lyons.  France,  1804:  died  at  Jjoiigpont, 
Seine-et-Oisc.  Franco,  Oct.,  1870.  A  French 
painter,  a  impil  of  Ingres. 

Comutus  (kor-nii'tus),  or  Phurnutus,  Lucius 


281 

Annaeus.  Bom  at  Leptis,  Libya :  died  after  68 
A.  D.  A  Roman  Stoic  philosopher,  and  com- 
mentator on  Aristotle. 

Corn'Wall  (kom'wal).  [ME.  Cormcalc,  Curn- 
icayli,  AS.  Coritteculas,  Cornwall,  prop,  the 
name  of  its  inhabitants,  from  Corn-,  repr.  a 
Celtic  name,  and  weatas,  foreigners,  i.  e.  Celts 
(hence  H'aks).]  1.  The  southwestern  county 
of  England,  lying  between  Devonshire  on  the 
east  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  west,  and 
south.  Its  chief  industries  are  mining  (tin,  copper, 
china-clay)  and  fishing  (principally  for  pUchards).  It  con- 
tains many  antiquities.  It  was  conquered  from  the  Brit- 
ons by  the  West  Sasuus  from  the  sth  to  the  luth  century, 
and  was  made  a  duchy  and  appanageof  the  princes  of  Wales 
in  1337.  In  early  times  it  was  called  West  Wales.  Area, 
including  the  Scilly  Islands,  1,357  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  322,571. 

2.  A  port  of  entry  In  Ontario, Canada,  situated  on 
the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  frontier  of  New 
York,about  lat.45°N.  Population(1901),(),704. 

Corn'Wall.  The  husband  of  Regan  in  Shak- 
spere's tragedy  "King  Lear":  a  "gloomy,  la- 
conic, and  powerful"  man,  inflexible  in  his  de- 
cisions. 

Cornwall,  Barry.     See  Procter,  Bryan  Waller. 

Cornwall,  Earl  of.    See  PUuitammt. 

Cornwallis  (korn-wol'is),  Caroline  Frances. 
Born  in  178C:  died  at  Lidwells,  in  Kent,  Jan. 
8,  1858.  An  English  wi-iter,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Cornwallis,  rector  of  Wittersham  and  El- 
ham  in  Kent,  she  wrote  "Philosophical  Theories  and 
Philosophical  Experience,  by  a  Pariah"  (184 "2),  and  other 
works  in  the  series  entitled  "Small  Books  On  Great  Sub- 
jects."   Her  "Letters"  were  published  in  1864. 

Corn'Wallis,  Charles.  Born  at  London,  Dec. 
31,  1738:  died  at  Ghazipur,  British  India,  Oct. 
5,  1805.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  the 
second  Earl  Cornwallis,  created  Marquis  Corn- 
wallis Aug.  15,  1792.  He  entered  the  army  in  1756 ; 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Minden,  Vellinghausen,  Wil- 
hehustadt,  and  others  (175S-6'2) ;  was  elected  member  of 
Parliament  in  J.an. ,  1760,  and  entered  the  House  of  Lords  in 
June,  1763.  where  he  acted  with  the  Whigs ;  and  was  chief 
justice  in  eyre  south  of  the  Trent  1766-69.  In  1775  he  was 
promoted  major-general,  ami  in  Feb.,  1776,  was  sent  with 
seven  regiments  to  reinforce  the  English  army  in  America. 
He  joined  Sir  William  Howe  at  Halifax,  and  served  under 
him  in  the  campaign  on  Long  Island  and  al)out  New  York. 
lu  Sept.,  1777,  he  gained  tire  battle  of  Brandywine  and 
occupied  Philadelphia,  ami  in  April,  1778,  was  promoted 
lieutenant-general  and  appointed  second  in  command  to 
Sir  Heni7  Clinton,  then  commander-in-chief  in  America. 
At  Camden,  Aug.  16, 1780,  he  defeated  General  Gates ;  won 
the  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House  llarch  15,  1781 ;  and 
surrendered  t^^  Washington  at  Yorktown  Oct.  10, 17&I.  He 
was  appointed  governor-general  of  India  and  commander- 
in-chief  in  Feb.,  1786;  waged  successful  war  with  Tippu 
.Saib  1791-92;  and  resigned  his  offices  in  1793  and  returned 
to  England.  In  1795  he  was  api)Ointed  master-general  of 
the  ordnance, with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet;  and  was  viceroy 
and  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland  from  May,  179.S,  till  his 
resignation,  F'eb.,  1801,  suppressing  the  rebellion  of  the 
former  year.  The  treaty  of  Anuens  was  negotiated  by  him 
in  1802,  and  in  1805  he  again  went  to  India  as  governor- 
general  and  commander-in-chief. 

Corn'wall-on-the-Hudson  (korn'wal  -  on  -  Tne- 

hud'soii).  A  town  and  summer  resort  in  Or- 
ange County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hud- 
son north  of  West  Point. 

Coro,  or  Santa  Ana  de  Coro  (san'ta  an'ya  da 
ko'ro).  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Falcon, 
Venezuela,  situated  n(>ar  the  Bay  of  Coro  in 
lat.  11°  27'  N.,  long.  69°  48'  W.  It  was  founded 
in  1527,  and  until  l.')76  was  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Venezuela.  Population  (1892), 
about  9,000. 

Coroados  (ko-ro-a'd^s).  The  name  ^iven  to  sev- 
eral <liirci'eMt  Indian  hordes  in  Brazil,  (n)  A  wan- 
dering tribe  in  western  Sao  Paulo,  Parana,  and  Itio  (Jrande 
do  Sul.  They  were  formerly  numerous  and  powerful,  but 
are  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousands.  I'ntil  very  recently 
they  have  kept  up  a  predatory  war  with  the  whites.  The 
name  in  this  case  is  Portuguese,  meaning  'tonsured,' and 
refers  to  their  custom  of  removing  the  hair  from  the  top 
of  the  head,  leaving  u  ring  around  the  i-ix)u  u.  (''»  A  tribi- 
of  Matto  (irosso,  living  mainly  on  the  Upper  Sao  Lourem.!*) 
River.  They  are  probably  the  remains  i)f  the  poweifiil 
tribe  known  in  the  18th  century  as  CoroAs  or  Acroas.  tlic 
name  having  been  corrupted  to  its  present  form.  These 
Indians,  now  reducetl  tx)  a  few  hundreds,  have  (Ixed  vil- 
lages and  practise  agriculture.  They  have  frequently 
raided  the  settlements  of  .Mutto  Orosso,  hut  in  l.'<87  made 
peace  with  the  whites,  (c)  A  horde  on  the  Paraliyba 
River,  allied  to  the  Puris. 

Coromandel  Coast  (kor-o-man'ilel  kost).    A 

iininc  aiiplic'd  tolliat  p:irt  of  tliceastern  sea- 
lioard  of  tlie  Indian  peninsula  which  lies  be- 
tween Caliinere  Point  (lat.  10°  17'  N.)  and  the 
months  of  the  Krishna  (I.'')°45' N.). 

Corombona  (ko-rom-bo'nii),  Vittorla.    The 

"while  devil"  in  Webster's  tragedy  of  that 
name.  Having  fascinated  the  Dnke  of  Bracchiano,  she 
renounces  everything  for  pleasure.  At  her  Instigation  he 
procures  the  deaths  of  her  husband  and  the  duchess. 
She  is  brought  before  the  Trllmnal  and  arraigned  for  these 
murders,  but  her  guilt  la  not  proved,  and  she  retires  to 
a  house  of  Convertltes  from  which  Bracchiano  Bcorotly 


Corpus  Christi  College 

takes  her  and  marries  her.  He  is  shortly  poisoned  by  the 
emissiu-ies  of  the  (ireat  Duke,  and  she  is  stabbed  by  her 
brother  Klamineo  in  revenge  for  Bracchiano  s  failure  to 
advance  him,  he  having  instigated  his  sister  to  her  course 
of  conduct  to  that  end.  The  trial  scene  is  one  of  great 
power.  "Step  by  step,  like  a  soldier  brought  to  bay  with 
tiis  back  against  a  wall,  she  defends  herself,  refuting  and 
defying  advocates  and  judges,  incapable  of  blenchmg  or 
quailing,  clear  in  mind,  ready  in  word,  amid  insults  and 
proofs,  even  menaced  with  death  on  the  scaffold."  Taine, 
English  Literature,  I.  286. 

Corona  (ko-ro'na),  De.  [L.,  *on  the  crown'; 
Gr.  Tzifi'i  IrKpumv.']  An  oration  by  Demosthe- 
nes, delivered  330  B.  c.     See  Demosthenes. 

Corona  Australis  (ko-ro'na  as-tra'Us).  [L., 
'  the  southern  crown.']  An  ancient  southern 
constellation,  about  the  knee  of  Sagittarius, 
represented  by  a  garland. 

Corona  Borealis  (ko-ro'nii  bo-rf-a'lis).  [L., 
•  the  northern  crown.']  An  ancient  northern 
constellation,  between  Hercules  and  Bootes, 
represented  by  a  garland  and  two  streamers. 

Coronado  (ko-ro-na'THo),  Carolina.    Born  at 

Almeiidralejo,  Badajoz,  Spain,  1S23.  A  Span- 
ish poet  and  novelist.  She  married  Horatio 
J.  PeiTV,  an  American,  about  1840. 

Coronado,  Francisco  Vasquez  de.    Bom  at 

Salamanca  about  1500:  died  in  Mexico  after 
1542.  A  Spanish  soldier.  Probably  he  went  to 
Mexico  in  1535  with  the  viceroy  ^leudoza,  who  in  1539  ap- 
pointed him  governor  of  NuevaGalicia.  In  1540  he  headed 
an  expedition  to  the  north  in  search  of  Cibola  and  the 
Seven  Cities,  penetrating  to  what  is  now  New  Mexico, 
and  perhaps  to  Kansas.  He  returned  with  only  a  remnant 
of  his  force. 

Coronado,  Juan  Vasquez  de.  Bora  at  Sala- 
manca about  1525:  drowned  at  sea,  Oct.,  1565. 
A  Spanisli  administrator.  He  went  to  Guatemala 
in  15.^)0 ;  was  made  alcalde  mayor  of  San  Salvador  and 
Honduras  and,  later,  of  Nicaragua,  and  in  1502  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  same  oflice  in  Cost;r  Rica.  He  explored 
the  whole  counti-y,  and  founded  Cartago  in  1563.  In  l.'i64 
he  went  to  Spain,  where,  in  recognition  of  his  work,  he 
was  named  heredifai-y  captain-general  of  Costa  Rica.  He 
wjis  shipwrecked  and  drowned  while  returning. 

Coronation  (kor-o-na'shon).  The.  A  play,  li- 
censed 1635  as  by  Shirley,  and  claimed  by  him 
as  his  own  in  a  list  of  his  plays  published  by 
him  in  1652.  On  the  title-page  of  its  first  edition, 
printed  1640,  it  was  attributed  to  Fletcher,  and  is  included 
in  the  earlier  editions  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  works. 
{Ward.)  There  is  no  reason  for  supposing  that  Fletcher 
had  any  hand  in  it.    Sullen. 

Coronation  Gulf.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
in  British  America,  south  of  WoUaston  Land 
and  west  of  Kent  Peninsula. 

Coronea  (kor-o-ne'a).  [Gr.  Kopurfm.]  In  an- 
cient geographv,  a  small  town  in  Boeotia, 
Greece,  situated  west  of  Lake  Copais.  It  was 
famous  for  two  battles,  in  one  of  which  (447  B.  c.)  the 
Ikeotians  defeated  the  Athenians,  and  in  the  other  (394 
B.  0.)  the  Spartans  under  Agesilaus  defeated  the  Thebans 
and  other  allied  Greeks. 

Coronelli  (ko-ro-nol'le),  Marco  Vincenzo. 

Born  at  Ravenna,  Atig.  10,  1650:  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Dec,  1718.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and 
geographer,  cosmographer  of  the  Venetian  Re- 
public, professor  of  geography  at  Venice,  and 
general  of  the  Minorite  order.  He  published  a 
large  number  of  maps  and  geographical  works,  and  founded 
the  Accadeniia  degli  ,\rgonauti. 

Corot  (ko-i-o'),  Jean  Baptiste  Camille.    Bom 

at  Paris,  July  28,  1796:  died  there,  Feb.  22, 
1875.  A  celebrated  French  landscape-painter. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Michallon  and  Bertin.  He  flrst  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  of  1827  ("  Vue  prise  h  Narni,"  "  La 
Campagne  de  Rome  ").  Among  his  most  remarkable  pic- 
tures are  "  Vue  d'ltalie  "  (is:i4),  "  Souvenir  des  environs  <le 
Florence  "  (ls;i9),  "La  dansc  des  nymphes  "  (is.'il),  "Le 
Christ  au  Jardin  des  Oliviers  "  (1849).  ".Solell  couchant 
dans  le  Tvrol"  (1850),  ".Matin,"  "Solri^e"  (1S56X  "Sidcil 
couchanf'  (18ii7).  "Dante  et  Virgil  "  (18WX  "Orph<!e." 
"Le  repos  (1801),  "La  solitude  "  (1866),  "Pastorale" 
(1873X  "  Biljlis  "  and  "  I'laisirs  du  soir"  (1875),  etc. 

Corporal,  The  Little.    [F.  Ir  I'eiit  Cajwral.'i 

.\  iiiekiioine  of  Nnpiileon  1. 

Corporal  Trim.    See  Trim. 

Corporal  Violet.  [F.  Cajiorul  In  rioleti< .']  A 
iiiekiianie  (d'  .Najioleon  I.  The  name  was  given  by 
Ilia  friends  in  France  while  he  was  in  exile,  signifying 
their  llope  that  he  would  return  with  the  violets  in  the 
spring.  He  was  also  called  "Papa  la  VIoletto"  ("Papa 
VioU-t  "). 

Corpus  Christi  (k6r'pus  kris'te).  [L.,  'body  of 
Christ.']  A  seaport  anil  the  capital  of  Nueces 
Count  V,  Te.\as.  situated  on  Corpus  Christi  Bay 
in  Int.'  27°  49'  N.,  long.  97'^  21'  W.  I'opidatioii 
(1900),  4.703. 

Corpus  Christi  College.  1 .  A  colleee  of  Cam- 
bridge Universitv.  founded  in  13.52  bv  a  eora- 
binaliou  of  the  gilds  of  Corpus  Cliristi  and  the 
Blessed  Virgin  .Mary.  A  part  of  the  original 
buildings  remains.  .\lso  called  limit  CkUkjc. 
—  2.  A  college  id'  Oxford  Universitv,  founded 
in  1511)  by  Richard  Fox,  bishop  of  Winchester. 
Its  statutes  were  issued  in  1517. 


Corpus  Oliristi  Day 

Corpus  Ohristi  Day.  A  festival  of  the  Roman 
Church  in  honor  of  the  Consecrated  Host, 
founded  by  Pope  Urban  r\'.  in  1264.  it  is  held 
on  the  Thursday  after  Trinity  Sunday.  It  is  still  in  the 
English  calendar.  Keligious  plays  were  formerly  per- 
formed in  the  streets  by  ci^afts  or  trade  companies  on 
Corpus  Christi  Day  iu  England  and  also  on  the  Continent. 
Lope  de  \'e2;a  raised  them  to  a  high  level  in  Spain.  A 
Curpus  Christi  gild  was  formed  in  1408  in  York  to  celf- 
brate  the  day  with  a  procession,  but  this  had  nothing  to 
do  with  the  performance  of  the  plays.  See  Coventry  Plaij 8 
and  York  Plays. 

Corpus  Juris  (kor'pus  jo'ris).  [L.,  'the  body 
of  the  law.'J     See  the  extract. 

In  the  East  Justinian  created  the  so-called  Corpus  iurib. 
This  consists  of  two  principal  parts,  the  law  of  the  Jurists 
(ius  vetus)  and  the  Imperial  law  (ius  principaleX  the 
latter  of  which  was  first  executed  (a.  528  sq.  ;  revised  and 
remodelled  version  a.  534).  A  commission  was  appointed 
for  this  purpose,  the  chief  member  being  Ti-ibonianus 
(646).  The  constitutions  of  the  Emperors  were  again 
sifted  from  the  extant  collections  and  from  the  addi- 
tions thereto,  abri<lged  and  united  in  the  twelve  books 
of  the  Codex  lustinianus.  The  extracts  from  the  ius  vetus 
were  arranged  in  50  books  called  Digesta,  a.  530-533.  On 
the  basis  of  the  new  legislation  a  new  manual  was  like- 
wise elaborated  by  Tribonian,  Theophilos  and  Dorotheos, 
the  four  books  of  Institutiones,  chiefly  after  Gaius.  To 
these  collections  of  Justinian  were  added  subsequent  or- 
dinances, Novelise,  in  several  private  cuUectiuns,  from  a. 
533  to  about  the  end  of  the  century,  mostly  in  Greek. 
Though  Justinian,  in  causing  these  collections  to  be  made, 
besides  the  craving  to  imraprtalise  his  name,  was  gov- 
erned by  the  autocratic  idea  of  establishing  mechanical 
uniformity,  foreclosing  controversies  among  the  lawj-ers 
and  debarring  the  judge  from  the  exercise  of  his  individ- 
ual opinion,  still  it  was  he  who  rescued  the  treasures  of 
ancient  jurisprudence,  otherwise  doomed  to  destruction, 
rendered  possible  an  historical  treatment  of  Roman  law 
by  his  Digest,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  all  further  de- 
velopment of  that  law, 

Teuffel  and  Sckwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[IL  542. 

Corral  (kor-ral'),  Poinciano.  Born  in  Costa 
Rica  about  ISIO :  died  at  Granada,  Nicaragua, 
Nov.  8,  1855.  A  Central  American  general.  He 
defeated  Castellon  early  in  1855,  and  Walker  in  June  of 
that  year.  In  October  he  gave  in  his  adherence  to  Walker 
and  Rivas,  and  was  made  minister  of  war  ;  but  he  was  de- 
tected in  a  correspondence  with  the  legitimist  leaders, 
accused  by  Walker,  tried,  and  shot. 

Correa  da  Serra  (kor-ra'a  da  ser'ra),  Jos6 
Francisco.  Born  at  Serpa,  Portugal,  June  6, 
1750 :  died  at  Caldas  da  Rainha,  Portugal,  Sept. 
11,  1823.  A  Portuguese  naturalist,  historian, 
and  politician.  He  edited  the  first  three  vol- 
umes of  the  "Collec9ao  de  li^*^os  ineditos  da 
historia  Portugueza"  (1790-1816). 

Correggio  (kor-red'jo),  Antonio  Allegri  da. 

Born  at  OoiTeggio,  near  Modena,  Italy.  1494 : 
died  there,  March  5,  15S4.  A  famous  Italian 
painter  of  the  Lombard  school,  probably  a  pu- 
pil of  Francesco  Bianchi  at  Modena.  His  life  was 
passed  within  the  confines  of  Lombardy,  in  Correggio, 
Modena,  and  Parma.  It  is  more  than  doubtful  whether 
he  ever  visited  Rome.  "In  facility  of  handling,  in  abso- 
lute mastery  of  the  difficulties  of  foreshortening,  in  the 
management  of  light  and  shade  as  distributed  over  vast 
spaces  and  affecting  multitudes  of  figures,  this  great  mas- 
ter has  no  rival."    Perkins, 

Corr^ze  (kor-raz').  A  department  of  France, 
lying  between  Haute-Vienne  and  Creuse  on  the 
north,  Puy-de-D6me  and  Cantal  on  the  east, 
Lot  on  the  south,  and  Dordogne  on  the  west. 
It  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Limousin.  Cap- 
ital, Tulle.  Area,  2,265  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  328,119. 

Corrib  (kor'rib),  Lougll.  The  second  largest 
lake  in  Ireland,  situated  in  the  counties  of 
Galway  and  Mayo,  It  receives  the  waters  of 
Lough  Mask,  and  has  its  outlet  in  the  Corrib 
River, 

Corrichie  (kor-rich'i).  A  moor  situated  west 
of  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  It  was  the  scene  of  a 
victory  of  the  Earl  of  Moray  over  the  Earl  of 
Huntly  in  1562, 

Corrieiltes  (kor-re-eu'tes).  1.  A  province  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  lying  south  of  Para- 
guay and  west  of  Brazil  and  Uruguay.  Area, 
32.0*00  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  about 
220,000. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  above  province, 
situated  on  the  Parana  in  lat.  27°  29'  S.,  long. 
58°  49'  W.  It  has  some  river  trade.  Founded 
in  1588.     Population  (1889),  14,000. 

Corrievrekin  (kor-i-vrek'in),  or  Coryvreckan 

(-an).  A  dangerous  whirlpool  or  sound  be- 
tween Jura  and  Scarba,  off  the  coast  of  Argyll- 
shire, Scotland. 

Corril  (kor'il),  Daniel.  Bom  1777:  died  at 
Madras,  India,  Feb.  5,  1837,  An  English  mis- 
sionary in  India,  appointed  archdeacon  of  Cal- 
cutta in  1823,  and  first  bishop  of  Madras  in 
1835.  He  went  to  India  as  an  army  chaplain  in  1S06, 
and  from  the  first  added  the  labors  of  a  missionary  to  his 
official  duties.    He  founded  several  missions. 

Corry  (kor'i)      A  city  of  Erie  County,  Pennsyl- 


vania, situated  26  miles  southeast  of  Erie.  It 
has  been  developed  since  1861  by  the  discovery 
of  petroleum.     Population  (1900),  5,369. 

Corsair  (kor'sar),  The.  A  poem  by  Byi*on,  pub- 
lished in  1814. 

Corsairs.  [From  Pg.  corsay  a  course  or  cruise.] 
Sea-robbers,  ehietly  from  the  Barbary  coast, 
who  infested  the  MediteiTanean  for  many  cen- 
turies. 

From  the  days  when  Barbarossa  defied  the  whole 
strength  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  to  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  when  prizes  were  taken  by  Algerine 
rovers  under  the  guns,  so  to  say,  of  all  the  fleets  of  Europe, 
the  Corsairs  were  masters  of  the  narrow  seas,  and  dictated 
their  own  terms  to  all  comers.  Nothing  but  the  creation 
of  the  large  standing  navies  of  the  present  age  crippled 
them;  nothing  less  than  the  conquest  of  their  too  con- 
venient coasts  could  have  thoroughly  suppressed  them. 
During  these  three  centuries  they  levied  blackmail  upon 
all  who  had  any  trading  interest  in  the  Mediterranean. 
The  Venetians,  Genoese,  Pisans  in  older  days,  the  Eng- 
lish, French,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  and  American  Gov- 
ernments in  modem  times,  purchased  security  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  regular  tribute,  or  by  the  periodical  presenta- 
tion of  costly  gifts.  The  penalty  of  resistance  was  too  well 
known  to  need  exemplification.  Thousands  of  Christian 
slaves  in  the  bagnios  at  Algiers  bore  witness  to  the  conse- 
quences of  an  independent  policy.  So  long  as  the  nations 
of  Europe  continued  to  quarrel  among  themselves,  instead 
of  presenting  a  united  line  of  battle  to  the  enemy,  such 
humiliations  had  to  be  endured  ;  so  long  as  a  Corsair  raid 
upon  Spain  suited  the  policy  of  France ;  so  long  as  the 
Dutch,  in  their  jealousy  of  other  states,  could  declare  that 
Algiers  was  necessair  to  them,  there  was  no  chance  of  the 
plague  subsiding- ;  and  it  was  not  till  the  close  of  the  great 
Napoleonic  wars  that  the  Powers  agreed,  at  the  Congress 
of  Aix  la  Chapelle  in  ISIS,  to  act  together,  and  do  away 
with  the  scourge  of  Christendom.  And  even  then  little 
was  accomplished  till  France  combined  territorial  ag- 
grandizement with  the  role  of  a  cinlizing  influence. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Earbarj-  Corsairs,  p.  3. 

Corse  (kors),  John  Muaray.  Bom  at  Pitts- 
burg. Pa.,  April  25,  1835:  died  at  Winchester. 
April  27,  1S93.  An  American  general.  He 
entered  West  Point  in  1S53,  but  left  before  graduating, 
and  studied  law.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
entered  the  Union  army  as  a  major  of  volunteers.  He 
commanded  a  division  at  Memphis:  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  in  1863  ;  served  in  the  Chattanooga  cam- 
paiuTi ;  participated  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and 
Missionary  Ridge ;  "  held  the  fort"  at  Allatoona,  against 
a  largely  superior  force  of  the  enemy,  Oct.  5,  18t>4 :  was 
made  brevet  major-general  in  1S64  ;  and  commanded  a 
division  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea.  He  was  collector 
of  internal  revenue  at  Chicago  1867-69,  and  was  subse- 
quently postmaster  of  Boston. 

Cor  Serpentis  (kor  ser-pen'tis).  [L.  (NL.), 
'the  heart  of  the  serpent':  cor  =  E.  heart.'] 
The  second-magnitude  star  a  Serpentis,  more 
often  called  VjutkaUtai. 

Corsica  (k6r'si-ka).  [F.  Corse.']  An  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  forming  a  department  of 
France:  the  Greek  Cymus  (Kiproc).  it  is  sepa- 
rated from  Sardinia  to  the  south  by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio, 
and  lies  about  50  miles  S.W,  of  Tuscany.  Its  surface  is 
mountainous,  its  highest  summit  being  Monte  Rotondo. 
It  exports  wine,  olive-oil,  timber,  etc.  The  capital  is 
Ajaccio,  and  the  chief  town  Bastia.  The  language  is 
Italian.  It  was  acquired  by  the  Romans  at  the  end  uf  the 
first  Punic  war,  and  was  held  successively  by  the  Vandals. 
Goths,  Franks,  Saracens,  and  Pisans,  and  ft-om  the  14tti 
century  by  the  Genoese.  It  was  acquired  by  France  in 
1768.  The  revolt  of  the  Corsican  Paoli  in  1793  placed  Cor- 
sica under  British  rule;  but  it  was  regained  by  France 
in  1796.  It  is  noted  for  its  vendettas.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Napoleon  I.  Length,  114  miles.  Width,  52  miles. 
Area,  3,377  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  2SS,596. 

Corsican  Brothers,  The.  A  translation  "by 
Boucicault  of  a  popular  French  play,  "Les 
fr^res  corses."  The  plot  turns  on  the  mys- 
terious sympathy  between  Louis  and  Fabian 
dei  Franchi,  who  are  twin  brothers. 

Corso  (kor'so).  One  of  the  principal  streets  of 
Rome.  It  extends  for  nearly  a  mile  from  the  Piazza  del 
Popolo,  and  is  the  chief  scene  of  the  annual  carnival. 

Corssen  (kors'sen)^  Wilhelm  Paul.  Bom  at 
Bremen,  Germany.  Jan.-O,  1820:  died  atLieh- 
terfelde,  near  Berlin,  June  18.  1875.  A  Ger- 
man philologist.  His  works  include  "Uber  Aussprache, 
Vokalismus,  und  Betonung  der  lateinischen  Sprache  " 
(1S5S-69).  "Kritische  Beitrage  zur  lateinischen  Formen- 
lehre  "  (1863),  etc. 

Cort  (kort),  Cornells.  Bom  at  Hoorn,  Nether- 
lands, after  1530:  died  at  Rome,  1578.  A 
Dutch  engraver.  His  works  include  noted  en- 
gra^nngs  after  Titian.  Raphael,  and  other 
masters. 

Cort  (kort),  Henry.  Bom  at  Lancaster,  Eng- 
land, 17-10:  died  ISOO.  An  English  iron-master, 
called  the  *'father  of  the  iron-trade."  He  was 
the  inventor  of  the  process  of  "puddling,"  and  of  the 
"puddle-rolls"  used  to  draw  out  the  puddled  ball  of  iron 
into  bars. 

Corte  (kor'te).  A  town  in  Corsica,  35  miles 
northeast  of  Ajaccio.  It  was  the  headquarters 
of  Paoli's  government  in  the  18th  century. 
Population  (1891),  commime,  5.029. 

Cortenuova  (kor-te-no-6'va).  A  village  in  the 
pro\"ince  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  about   32  miles 


Cort6s,  Sea  of 

east   of  ililan.     Here,  in  1237,  the   emperor 
Frederick  11,  defeated  the  Lombards. 
Cortereal  (kor-ta-ra-ar).  Gaspar.   Bom  about 

1450.  A  Portuguese  na\'igator.  He  explored 
Labrador  and  Newfoundland  in  1500,  and  in  1501  under- 
took a  second  voyage  to  the  same  regions,  in  the  course  of 
which  he  died. 
Cortes  (kor'tes).  [Sp., 'courts.']  1.  The  na- 
tional assembly  or  legislatui*e  of  Spain,  con- 
sisting of  a  senate  and  chamber  of  deputies. 
The  Senate  is  composed  of  not  over  360  members,  one  half 
princes  of  the  blood,  grandees,  and  certain  ex -officio  and 
nominated  members,  and  one  half  elected.  The  Chamber 
of  Deputies  is  composed  of  members  in  the  proportion  of 
one  for  ever>-  50,000  inhabitants,  elected  for  five  years. 
2.  The  parliament  or  legislature  of  Portugal. 
By  the  decree  of  1S95  it  consists  of  an  upper  house  of  90 
life  peers,  the  princes  of  the  blood  royal,  and  the  15  bishops 
of  the  continental  dioceses ;  and  a  lower  house  of  145  depu- 
ties, elected  by  the  people  for  4  years. 

Cortes  (kor-tas'),  or  Cortez  (kor'tez).  Her- 
nando, or  Hernan,  or  Fernando.     Bom  at 

Medellin,  Estremadura,  Spain,  1485:  died  at 
Castillejo  de  la  Cuesta,  near  Se^'ille,  Dec.  2, 
1547.  A  famous  Spanish  soldier,  the  conqueror 
of  Mexico.  In  1504  he  went  to  Espanola,  and  in  1511  to 
Cuba  where  he  married.  In  1518  Velasquez  gave  him 
command  of  12  vessels  and  508  soldiers,  destined  to  follow 
up  Grijalva's  Mexican  discoveries.  Suspecting  disloyalty, 
Velasquez  wished  to  recall  him  at  the  last  moment,  but 
Cortes  evaded  him  and  finally  left  Cuba  Feb.  IS,  1519. 
Rounding  Yucatan,  he  had  conflicts  \vith  the  Indians  of 
Tabasco;  landed  and  founded  Vera  Cruz  in  April :  and  in 
Aug,  began  his  march  to  Mexico  City,  notwithstanding  the 
remonstrances  of  the  messengers  of  Montezuma,  the  chief 
or  "emperor"  of  that  city.  Montezuma  did  not  directly 
resist  him,  but  he  had  to  fight  several  severe  battles  (Sept.) 
with  the  independent  Tlascalans.  who  eventually  joined 
him  with  a  large  force.  At  Cholula  (Oct.)  he  massacred  a 
great  number  of  natives  as  a  punishment  for  a  real  or  sup- 
posed conspiracy,  and  on  Xov.  8  marched  over  the  lake 
causeways  into  Mexico,  Montezuma  coming  out  to  meet 
him.  The  Spaniards  were  hospitably  lodged,  and  received 
rich  presents ;  but  on  the  rumor  of  an  uprising  Cortes  seized 
and  held  Montezuma  as  a  hostage.  Velas(iuez  having  sen^ 
Panfilo  de  Xarvaez  in  pursuit  of  Cortes,  the  latter  left  150 
men  under  Alvarado,  made  a  rapid  march,  defeated  and 
captured  Xarvaez  at  Cenipoala  May  28,  1520,  and  enlisted 
most  of  his  men.  On  his  return  he  found  the  Spaniards 
closely  besieged  by  the  Mexicans,  who  had  at  last  risen  in 
arms.  Cortes  and  his  men  were  allowed  to  march  in,  but 
the  fight  was  at  once  resumed.  The  captive  Montezuma 
was  killed  by  a  shower  of  stones  while  attempting  to  par- 
ley ;  and  on  the  night  of  June  30  the  Spaniai-ds  tried  to  leave 
the  citj-  secretly.  They  were  discovered,  and  lost  half  their 
force,  and  most  of  the  treasure  they  had  collected,  in  a 
fierce  battle  on  one  of  the  causeways  ;  still  hotly  pursued, 
they  fought  another  great  battle  at  Otumba  July  7,  finally 
escaping  into  Tlascala.  Here  Cortes  reorganized  his  army, 
receiving  many  Indian  allies  :  and,  aided  by  ships  which 
he  built  on  the  lakes,  began  tne  siege  of  Mexico  in  May, 
1521.  Under  Guatemotzin  the  cit>-  was  desperately  de- 
fended, and  most  of  it  was  leveled  with  the  ground  before 
it  was  taken :  Guatemotzin  was  captured  Aug.  13,  1521, 
After  this  success,  Cortes  was  empowered  by  the  emperor 
to  conquer  all  of  New  Spain,  and  in  1523  he  was  made 
governor.  Mesico  was  rebuilt.  Expeditions  were  sent  iu 
various  directions,  and  navigation  of  the  Pacific  com- 
menced. To  settle  disorders  in  Honduras.  Cortes  marched 
overland  to  that  region  (Oct.,  lo24,  to  April,  1526),  enduring 
terrible  sufferings.  During  this  long  absence  his  enemies 
gained  power:  he  was  deposed  from  the  governorship 
July,  1526,  and  in  1528  went  to  Spain  to  seek  redress.  Charles 
V.  received  him  with  high  honor  :  he  was  made  marquis 
of  the  Valley  of  Oasaca  (Mexico)  and  militarj'  captain-gen- 
eral of  Xew  Spain,  but  was  not  restored  to  the  governor- 
ship. His  first  wife  having  died,  he  married  a  lady  of  noble 
birth,  and  in  1530  returned  to  Mexico,  where  he  lived  in 
great  splendor  on  the  vast  estates  granted  to  him.  But 
the  machinations  of  his  enemies  continued;  his  explora- 
tions of  the  west  coast  (1533-39)  were  greatly  hampered ; 
and  in  15-10  he  again  went  to  Spain  to  seek  redress.  In  1541 
he  was  with  the  emperor  in  the  Algerine  campaign. 
Charles  refused  or  put  off  his  demands,  and.  despairing  of 
redress,  Cortes  was  about  going  back  to  Mexico,  when  he 
died.  His  honors,  by  failure  of  the  direct  line  with  his 
great-giundson,  have  passed  to  the  dukes  of  Terrauova  and 
Monteleone,  in  Sicily ;  his  Mexican  estates  have  several 
times  been  sequestrated,  but  portions  are  now  held  by  the 
heirs. 

Cortes,  Jos6  Domingo.    Born  about  1830:  died 

1884.  A  Chilean  author.  He  was  long  a  journalist, 
subsequently  attache  at  Brussels,  and  finally  government 
director  of  libraries  in  Bolivia.  Among  his  numerous 
biographical  and  historical  works  are  the  "Diccionario 
biogratlco  Americano."  '■Poetas  Americanos,"  "Historia 
de  Bolivia."  and  '*  Estadistica  bibliogriflca  de  Bolivia." 

Cortes,  Martin.  Born  in  Mexico,  1532:  died 
in  Spain,  Aug.  13,  1589.  The  legitimate  sod 
of  Hernando  Cortes.  He  went  to  Spain  in  1540.  was 
liberally  educated,  followed  the  court  of  Philip  II.  to 
Flanders  and  England,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the 
army.  He  inherited  the  title  of  Marques  del  Valle,  and 
most  of  the  Mexican  estates  were  restored  to  him.  In 
1562  he  went  to  Mexico,  where  he  lived  in  great  splendor 
until  July,  1566,  when  he  was  accused  of  conspiring  with 
the  brothers  Avila  to  make  himself  king.  (See  Aviia, 
Aloiizo  de.)  He  was  sent  to  Spain,  but  was  exonerated 
after  several  years.  His  illegitimate  brother,  of  the  same 
name,  was  involved  in  the  accusation  and  horribly  tor- 
tured. 

Cortes,  Sea  of.  A  name  given,  in  maps  and 
books  of  the  16th  century,  to  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, in  honor  of  Hernando  Cortes,  one  of  its 
first  explorers. 


Corteze,  II 

Oorteze  (kor-ta'ze),  II.  [It.,'  The  Courteous.'] 
A  famous  Italian  book  of  mauuers,  written  by 
Baldassare  Castiglioue.  It  was  translated  into 
Knglish  in  1561  by  Sii'  Thomas  Hoby. 

Cortina  (kor-te'uii).  The  chief  place 'in  the 
Val  Auipezzo,  southern  Tyrol,  near  the  Italian 
frontier. 

Cortland  (kort'land).  The  capital  of  Cortland 
C'oLiutv,  New  York.  32  miles  south  of  Syracuse. 
I'(.I)ulation  (1900),  9,014. 

Cortona  (kor-to'nii).  [L. ;  Gr.  KtipTuva.}  A 
town  in  the  prorince  of  Arezzo,  Italy,  50 
miles  southeast  of  Florence,  it  is  noted  for  its 
Etruscan  and  other  antiijuitjes,  and  its  ancient  walls.  It 
has  a  cathedral,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  I>uca  Signo- 
relli.  It  was  one  of  the  twelve  confederate  Etruscan 
cities. 

Gorufia,  Conde  de  la.  See  Mendo::a,  Loremo 
Sunrtz  de. 

Corunna  (ko-run'a),  Sp.  La  Coruna  (la  ko- 
ron'yii).  [!F.  La.  Cologne.]  A  province  in 
Galieia,  Spain,  lying  between  the  Atlantic  on 
the  north  and  west,  Lugo  on  the  east,  and 
Pontevedra  ou  the  south.  Area,  3,079  square 
miles.     Population  (1887),  613,792. 

Corvuma,  or  Conina,  La,  OE.  "The  Groyne." 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Corun- 
na, situated  in  lat.  43°  23'  N.,  long.  8°  25'  VV.: 
the  Roman  Brigantium  (in  the  middle  ages 
Coronium).  It  exports  cattle,  peat,  sardines,  etc.  It  was 
the  sailing-port  of  the  Amiada  in  1588 ;  was  taken  by 
Drake  in  1589;  and  was  the  scene,  Jan.  10,  180!>,  of  the 
battle  of  Corunna,  in  which  14,000  British  troops  under 
Sir  .lohn  Moore,  on  their  retreat  before  the  French,  de- 
feated -20,000  of  the  enemy  under  Soiilt.  The  British 
commander  was  killed,  but  the  defeat  of  the  French 
array  seciu-ed  the  retreat  of  his  army.  Population  (1887), 
37,251. 

Corvei,  or  Corvey  (kor'vi).  An  old  and  cele- 
brated German  Benedictine  abbey  about  li 
miles  from  Hoxter  on  the  Weser.  it  was  founded 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  the  Pious,  813,  by  his  uncles  Adelhard 
and  Wala.  Its  first  occupants  were  monks  from  Corbie 
(whence  the  name  Corbeia  Nova)  in  Picardy. 

Corvin-Wiersbitzki  (kor '  ven- vers  -bit  'ske), 
otto  Julius  Bernhard.  Born  at  Gumbinnen, 
Prussia,  Oct.  12,  1812 :  died  at  Wiesbaden, 
March  2,  1886.  A  German  politician,  journal- 
ist, and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  published 
"Illustrirte  Weltgesehichte  "  (1844-51),  etc. 

Corvino  (kor-ve'no).  A  merchant,  the  hus- 
band of  Celia,  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  Vol- 
poue":  a  mixture  "of  wittol,  fool,  and  knave." 
Out  of  pui-e  covetousness  he  falls  into  Mosea's 
plot  to  give  his  wife  up  to  Volpone. 

Corvinus,  Matthias.  See  Matthias  I.  Corvinus. 

Corvisart-Desmarets  (kor-ve-zar'da-mii-ra'), 
Baron  Jean  Nicolas  de.  Born  at  Dr^eourt, 
Ardenne.s,  Franco,  Feb.  15, 1755 :  died  at  Cour- 
bevoie,  near  Paris,  Sept.  18,  1821.  A  noted 
French  physician.  He  wrote  "  Essai  sur  los 
maladies  du  cceur,  etc."  (1808),  etc. 

Corvus  (kor'vus).  [L., 'a  raven.']  An  ancient 
southern  constellation,  the  Kaven.  It  presents 
a  characteristic  configuration  of  four  stars  of  tho 
second  or  third  magnitude. 

CorvTis,  Marcus  Valerius.    See  raierius. 

Corwin  (kor'win),  Thomas.  Born  in  Bourbon 
County,  Ky.,  July  29, 1794;  died  at  Waaliington, 
D.  C,  Dec.  18,  1865.  An  American  statesman 
and  orator.  He  entered  Congress  in  ls31.  lie  waa 
governor  of  Ohio  1840-J2,  Uniteil  States  8enat<ir  from 
Ohio  184r)-50,  secretary  of  the  treasury  IS.'iO-S.'i,  member 
of  Congress  1859-Hl.  and  United  States  minister  to  Mexico 
1861-61. 

Ooryate,  or  Coryat  (kor'y.at),  Thomas.    Born 

at  Odcombe,  Somerset,  altout  1577:  died  at 
Surat,  India,  Dec,  1(117.  An  English  traveler. 
He  made  a  Journey  tluongh  BYarice,  Savoy,  Italy.  Swit 
zerland,  and  other  countries  of  the  Continent  in  liu.)8,  an 
account  of  whirb  was  published  in  1611  under  the  title 
•'Coryat's  Crudities."  In  161-2  he  started  on  a  tonrof  the 
East,  and  visited  I'alestitie,  Persia,  and  India,  in  which 
last-named  country  he  fell  a  victim  to  disease. 

Corybantes  (kor-i-ban'to/,).  Tho  priests  of  tho 
goddess  Rhea  in  Phrygia,  whose  worship  they 
celebrated  by  orgiastic  dances. 

Corydon  (kor'i-don).  1.  A  shepherd  in  Ver- 
gil's seventh  eclogue,  andiii  Theocril  us;  Iicmcc. 
a  conventional  name  in  pa.storal  poetry  for  a 
shepherd  or  a  rustic  swain. —  2.  A  shei)herd  in 
Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  in  lovo  with  Pas- 
torella. —  3.  A  shoeimiker  of  Constantinople,  in 
Scott's  "Count  Robert  of  Paris."— 4.  A  shep- 
herd in  Spenser's  "Colin  Clout." 

Oorygaum.  A  place  south  of  Poona,  India,  tho 
scene  of  a  British  victory  over  tho  Mahrattas 
in  1818. 

Ooryvreckan.    See  Carrievrckm. 

Cos,  or  Kos  (kos).  [Gr.  K«r,  K6ur,  mod.  Gr. 
Kur;/( ;  \{.  Nliuil,-o,  Stiiiieliio.']  An  island  in  the 
.^gean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  west 


28a 

of  Asia  Minor  in  lat.  36°  50'  N.,  long.  27°  5'  E. 
It  is  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  Apelles,  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,and  Hippocrates,  and  also  for  its  vineyards. 
Area,  about  9.')  siniare  miles.  Topulation,  about  -20,000. 
Cosa  (ko'sii),  Juan  de  la.  Uate  of  birth  un- 
known: died  near  the  Bay  of  Cartagena,  Nov., 
1509.  A  Spanish  navigator,  one  of  the  most 
skilful  of  liis  time.  He  was  with  Columbus  in  the 
voyage  of  149:i  and  during  the  exploration  of  Cuba,  and 
he  made  at  least  Ave  voyages  to  the  northern  coast  of 
South  America;  viz.,  with  ojeda,  May,  149i»,  to  June, 
1500;  with  Bastidas,  Oct.,  1500,  to  Sept.,  l:>Qi:  in  com- 
mand of  successful  expeditions  in  search  of  gold,  etc., 
1504  to  1.".06,  and  1..07  to  1508 ;  and  Anally  with  Ojeda  in 
1509,  when  he  was  killed  by  the  Indians.  Of  La  Cosa's 
charts  two  or  three  have  come  down  to  us.  His  map  of 
the  New  World,  made  in  1500,  is  the  oldest  known.  It  is 
now  the  property  of  the  Spanish  government. 

Cosigiiina  (ko-se-gwe'na).  A  volcano  at  the 
extreme  western  end  of  Nicaragua,  situated  on 
a  peninsula  between  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca  and 
the  Pacific,  it  is  less  than  4,000  feet  high,  but  is  rc- 
raarkalfle  for  one  of  the  most  violent  eruptions  ever  re- 
corded. This  began  on  Jan.  20,  1835,  and  lasted  three 
days:  thecli»ud  of  ashes  darkened  the  country  for  a  dis- 
tance of  from  .=i0  to  100  miles  from  the  crater;  near  the 
base  they  Lay  several  feet  thick,  and  were  carried  by  the 
wind  to  Jamaica,  Oajuca  in  Mexico,  and  Bogota  in  Co- 
lombia. The  explosions  are  said  to  have  been  beard  in 
Mexico  City. 

Cosenza  (ko-sen'dzti).  1.  A  proTince  in  Ca- 
labria, Italy.  Also  called  Calabria  Citei-iore. 
Area,  2,568  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
464,510. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  39°  19'  N.,  long. 
16°  18'  E. ;  the  ancient  Consentia.  it  contains  a 
cathedral.  The  city  suiters  severely  from  earthquakes. 
Alaric  died  near  here  in  410.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
21 1,000, 

Cosette  (ko-sef).  In  Victor  Hugo's  "Les  Mi- 
serablcs,"  the  daughter  of  Fantine,  adopted  by 
Jean  Valjean.  Her  name  is  given  to  the  sec- 
ond part  of  the  story. 

Cosin  (kuz'in),  John.  Born  at  Nor\\dch,  Eng- 
land, Nov.  30,  1594:  died  at  London,  Jan.  15, 
1672.  A  noted  Knglish  divine  and  writer.  He 
was  appointed  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  in  1635, 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  I'nivei-sity  in  1639,  dean  of 
Peterborough  in  1640,  and  bishop  of  Durham  in  1660.  He 
was  a  churchman  of  the  school  of  Laud,  and  an  active 
Royalist  during  the  civil  war;  and  in  1644  was  obliged  t.i 
retire  to  Paris,  where  he  became  chaplain  to  the  house- 
hold of  Queen  llenrietta  Maiia.  After  the  Restoration  he 
returned  to  England,  and  rose  to  a  position  of  great  inliu- 
ence  in  the  church. 

Cosmas  (kos'mas)  and  Damian  (da'mi-an). 
Saints.  Two  mart\Ts  famous  in  the  Eastern 
Church.  They  worked  as  physicians  and  missionaries. 
They  were  martyred  in  Cilicia  under  Diocletian.  A  basil- 
ica was  built  in  their  honor  at  Constantinople  by  Justin- 
ian, and  one  at  Rome  by  Felix  II. 

Cosmas,  surnained  Indicopleustes.  [Or.  Knn- 
iiiir  Ivdino-'/nvTi/r  cihc  Indian  voyager').] 
Lived  in  the  6th  centurj-  A.  D.  An  Egyp- 
tian monk  and  traveler,  antluu'  of  a  work  on 
geography  and  theology,  "  Topographia  Chris- 
tiana." 

Cosmati  (kos-mS'te).  A  family  or  school  of 
.sculptors  in  Rome  who  originated  the  scheme 

of    il jr:ited     architecture    called     "Cosma- 

tesquo"  about  tho  middle  of  the  12th  century. 
It  flourished  for  more  than  160  years.  The  beauty  'of 
the  work  depends  mainly  upon  the  skilful  combination  of 
mosaics,  disks  of  porjihyi-y-.  and  many-colored  marldes 
found  among  the  ruin-^  of  Rome.  Tho  principal  members 
of  the  family  were  l*iero,  Odericus,  Giovanni,  Adeodatns, 
and  l'as(|nale.  Examples  of  their  work  are  the  Duomo  of 
Civita  C;istellana,  tlie  eloisteis  of  San  Paolo,  and  the  por- 
tico and  pulpit  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Cosmo.     See  Medici. 

Cosmos  (koz'mos).  [Gr.  Koa/wr;,  order.]  A 
■■|iliysical  description  of  the  universe"  by 
-Mexander  von  Humboldt,  published  1845-58. 

Cosmos  Club.  A  club  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
composed  chiefly  of  scientific  men,  organizecl 
in  1878.  The  club  is  located  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
Lafayette  Place  and  II  street,  in  the  hi>UBe  formerly  occu- 
pied l)y  Dolly  JIadison. 

Cossa  ikos'siil.  Luigi.  Bom  1831:  liied  1K9(). 
Ail  Ilaliiin  political  eccinomist,  professor  of  his 
science  at  I'avia  from  1S5H. 

Cossacks  (kos'aks).  [Siiid  to  be  of  Tatar  ori- 
gin.] A  military  iieojile  inhaliiting  the  steppes 
of  Kussia  along  tlie  lower  Don  and  about  the 
Dnieper,  and  in  lesser  nninbers  in  eastern  Rus- 
sia, Caucasia,  .Siberia,  and  elsewhi-re.  Their 
origin  is  uncertain,  but  their  nucleus  Is  supposed  to  have 
consisted  of  refugees  from  the  ancient  limits  of  Russia, 
forced  by  hostile  invasion  to  the  ailoption  of  a  military 
orgaidzation  or  order,  wliich  grew  into  a  more  or  less  free 
tribal  existence.  Their  irulependcTtt  spirit  lias  led  to 
numerous  unsnrcessfnl  revolts,  ending  in  their  subjec- 
tion, allhongli  they  retain  various  privlli-ges.  As  tight 
cavalry  lliey  form  an  element  In  the  Rnsslait  army  very 
valuable  in  skirniishlng  operations  and  In  the  protection 
of  the  frontiers  of  the  empire. 

Cossacks,  The.  A  novel  by  L.  Tolstoi,  published 
IS.VJ.    It  was  translateil  into  English  in  1878. 


Costello,  Dudley 
Cossacks,  Province  of  the  Don.     See  Don 

Ctissftrks,  I*roriiiir  nf' the. 

Cosse  vko-.sii'), Charles  de  (Comte  de  Brissac). 

Born  in  Arjou,  France,  about  1505:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  31,  i'liJ'S.  A  marshal  of  France. 
He  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Naples  in  1528,  served 
against  the  English  and  Imperialists  ill  Champague  and 
Flanders  1544-46,  anil  became  grand  master  of  the  artil- 
lery in  1547,  and  marshal  of  France  in  1550. 

Cosseans  (ko-se'anz).  A  wild  and  warlike 
people  formerly  iiiliabitiug  the  Zagros  Moun- 
tains northeast  of  Babylon.  They  are  mentioned 
by  Polybius,  Diodorus  Sicul'us,  Strabo,  and  others,  and 
are  probably  identical  with  the  Kaiht  or  Kai»hi  of  the 
cuneifoi-m  insciiptions.  About  the  year  1500  B.  a  they 
invaded  Babylonia,  ruling  the  country  for  several  centu- 
ries ;  and  as  late  as  the  time  of  Sennacherib  (705-681) 
an  expedition  against  them  is  recorded.  Possibly  they, 
and  not  the  Etliiopians,  are  meant  by  Cusb  (to  be  read 
Ca«h)  in  many  passages  of  the  (JId  'I'estiiment :  e.  g..  Gen. 
X.  7,  s,  where,  among  the  descendants  of  '*Cush."  Kim- 
rod  and  the  founders  of  other  Semitic  tribes  appear. 

Cossimbazar  (kos'sim-ba-ziir').  A  former  im- 
portant city  of  India,  near  Murshidabad. 

COSSOVO.     See  Kosovo. 

Cossutius  (ko-sii'shius).  A  Roman  architect 
who,  under  Antiochus  Epiphanes  (175  to  164), 
built  a  large  part  of  the  temple  of  Zeus  at 
Athens,  begun  in  the  time  of  Pisistratus  and 
finished  in  that  of  Hadrian. 

Costa  (kos'tii),  Claudio  Manuel  da.    Bom 

at  Carmo,  Minas  Geraes,  June  6,  1729:  died  at 
Villa  Rica  (now  Ouro  Preto),  1789.  A  Brazil- 
ian poet.  He  was  a  lawyer  in  Villa  Eica.  In  1789  he 
was  arrested  for  taking  part  in  the  conspiracy  of  I'i- 
radentes,  and  a  few  days  after  he  committed  suicide  in 
prison.  His  name  was  declared  infamous  and  his  goods 
were  confiscated,  but  his  sonnets  and  songs,  published 
long  after  his  death,  have  placed  him  in  the  first  tank 
among  Portuguese  poets. 

Costa,  Sir  Michael.  Bom  at  Naples,  Feb.  4, 
1810 :  died  at  West  Brighton,  England,  April 
29,  1884.  A  noted  musician,  composer  of 
operas,  oratorios,  ballets,  etc.,  and  musical 
director.  He  ivrote  the  oratorios  "Eli"(185,5X  "  Naa- 
man  "  (lS(i4),  ete.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  England. 

Costa  Cabral  (kos'tii  kii-briH').  Antonio  Ber- 
nardo da,  Duke  of  Tliomar.  Born  at  Fornos 
de  Algodres,  Beira,  Portugal,  May  9,  1803 :  died 
at  San  Juan  de  Flor,  Sept.  1,  1889.  A  Portu- 
guese statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice  and  ec- 
clesiastical affairs  1839-4*2,  and  of  the  interior  1842-16.   In 


against  his  tyranny  and  misgovernment. 


the  latter  year  he  was  <iverthrown  by  a  popular  uprising 

He  wa 
minister  again  1S49-51. 


pvas  prime 


Costa  Carvalho  (kos'tii  kiir-viil'yo),  Jos6  da. 
Boni  at  Penha,  Bahia,  Feb.  7,  1796 :  died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sept.  18.  1860.  A  Brazilian 
statesman.  He  w-as  a  member  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly of  ls-2*2,  and  dejiuty  in  sevei-al  successive  parlia- 
ments. At  tlrst  an  ardent  liberal,  he  went  over  to  the 
conservatives  in  1S38.  He  was  senator  from  1S39.  and  or- 
giuiized  the  conservative  cabinet  of  1M8.  This  ministry 
is  remarkable  in  .South  Ameriean  history  as  having  directed 
the  war  which  ended  in  the  downfall  of  Rosas.  Costa  <^ar- 
valho  was  successively  named  baron,  viscount,  and  mar- 
quis  of  Monte  Alegre. 

Costanoan  (kos-tii'no-iiii).  [From  Sp.  costano, 
coastman.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  whose  territory  extended  from 
the  Golden  Gate,  California,  to  a  point  below 
Monterev  Bay,  and  thence  to  the  mountains 
in  the  vicinity  of  Soledad  Mission.  Its  eastern 
boundary  followed  an  irregular  line  from  the  southern 
end  of  Salinas  Valley  toOilroy  Hot  Springs  and  the  upper 
waters  of  Conestimba  Creek  ;  thence  along  the  San  .Itm- 
qnintoits  mouth.  The  northern  boundai-y  was  fonaed 
by  Sulsun  Bay,  Caniulnez  Straits,  San  Pablo  imd  San 
Francisco  bays,  and  the  Gtdden  Gate.  Prior  to  the  Span- 
ish mission  period  the  stock  was  numerous,  consisting  of 
the  Ahwiuite,  Altjihmo,  Aullntjic,  Canplln,  Mutsun,  4>I- 
honu,  Romonan,  Rumseii,  Thamien,  and  Tulomo  tribes. 
There  were  about  30  survivors  at  Santa  Crur  and  Moii- 
tcroy  In  ISSS. 

Costard  (kos'tRrd).  A  character  in  Sliakspere's 
"Love's  Lalioiir  's  Lost,'"  a  clownish  peasant. 

CostaRica  (kos'tii  re'kii).  [Sp.,'tliirieli  coiust."] 
Tho  southernmost  of  the  republics  of  Ci'iilral 
America,  bounded  by  Nicaragua  on  the  north, 
the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  east.Coloniliia  on  the 
south,  and  IIk^  Pacific  on  tho  west  ami  south- 
west. Caiiital,  San  Jo8(^.  The  surface  Is  generally 
mount^iinons,  and  the  chief  export  iscolfec;.  The  language 
Is  Spanish  ;  the  religion  Is  Itoinan  Catholic  ;  and  the  gor- 
ernment  is  repnldieaii,  the  executive  being  n  president 
and  congress  eonsisllng  of  a  single  house.  Costa  Rlea 
was  tliscoveretl  hv  Colnmluis  In  1.''02.  Diego  tie  Nicuesa 
failed  ill  an  ntteliipt  to  eolonlie  il  In  1500.  The  llrat  set- 
tlement was  made  by  FninelHeo  Hernandez  In  1523.  and 
the  country  was  conouen-d  l.'''26~il6.  Iiidepcnilence  was 
declared  in  1821,  anil  the  lenitory  formed  p.-irl  of  the 
feili-ral  republic  i»f  i'eiitral  America  from  ls-23  to  I8.S9. 
Area(ollleial),  22,91)6  or.  by  planinieliic  calculation,  20,873 
sipiare  miles.     Population  (1892X  243,205. 

Costello  (kos-tel'o).  Dudley.  Born  in  Sussex. 
Englniul.  180.1:  died  at  London,  Sei>t.  30,  1865. 
A  British  soldier,  novelist,  journalist,  and  mis- 


Oostello,  Dudley 

cellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  "A  Tour  through  the 
Valley  of  the  Meuse,  with  the  Legends  o£  the  Walloou 
Country  and  the  Ardennes"  (li45X  'Piedmont  and  Italy, 
from  the  Alps  to  the  Tiber  "  (1S59-61),  etc.  He  served  as 
ensign  in  the  West  Indies,  retiring  on  half  pay  in  1S28 ; 
later  he  was  foreign  correspondent  of  the  "Morning  Her- 
ald" and  the  "Dally  News." 
Costello,  Louise  Stuart.  Bom  in  Ireland,  1799 : 
died  at  Boulogne,  April  24,  1870.  A  British 
writer  and  miniature-painter,  sister  of  Dudley 
Costello.  She  wrote  "Songs  of  a  Stranger"  (1825),  "A 
Summer  among  the  Bocages  and  Vines"  (1S40),  "Gabri- 
eUe,  or  Pictures  of  a  Reign  "  (1843),  "  The  Rose  Garden  of 
Persia"  (1S45),  etc. 

Coster,  or  Koster  (kos'ter),  Laurens  Janszoon. 
ILdiinns  60n  of  Jan,  surnamed  (D. )  Hosier, 
the  sexton.]  A  citizen  of  Haarlem  who,  ac- 
cording to  Hadriauus  Junius  in  his  ''Batavia" 
(1588),  invented  the  art  of  printing  with  mov- 
able types  about  1440  (?).  The  claims  of  Coster 
(whose  identity  is  uncertain)  to  tlie  discovery  have  been 
maintained  with  great  confidence  by  the  Dutch  and  in 
other  quarters,  but  are  probably  invalid.  See  GtOenbenj. 
There  is  no  mention  of  Coster  as  a  printer  earlier  than 
the  year  l.i.iO,  when  it  was  placed  on  a  pedigree  then  mad( 


284 


Cottouian  Library 


of  the  department  of  Manche.    Its  capital  was  Cou-     founded  the  "Horen    (1795),  and  the  "Angememe  Zei- 
tances.     It  was  settled  by  the  Normans  and  annexed  to      t"'f    (liHh),  at  Augsburg._  ,      t^    , 

Normandy  apparently  in  the  reign  of  the  second  Duke  of  UOttar  S  batUTday  Nlgnt.     A  poem  by  Kobert 
Normandy  (W  illiam  Longsword).  Burns,  fii'st  published  in  a  volume  of  poems  in 

Cotes  (kots),  Roger.   Born  at  Burbage,  Leices-     1786. 
tershire,  England.  July  10,  1682:  died  at  Cam-  Cottbus.     See  Kotthus. 
bridge,  England,  June  a,  1716.  A  noted  English  Cotteubam,  Earl  of.    See  Pepys,  Charles  Chris- 


mathematician.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College),  and  Plumian  professor  (1706)  of  astron- 
omy and  natural  philosophy  at  that  university.  He  was  a 
friend  of  Newton,  and  aided  him  in  preparing  the  edition 
of  the  "  Principia  "  which  appeared  in  1713.  for  which  he 
also  ^vrote  the  preface.  Their  correspondence  was  pub- 
lished in  1850.  He  published  only  one  scientific  treatise 
("Logometria")  during  his  life:  his  papers  were  edited 

by  Robert  Smith  and  published  in  1722.  ,«.■_.      t..  j. 

C6tes-du-Nord  (kot'dii-nor').     A  department  Cottm(ko-tan),  Madame  (Sophie  Risteau). 
in  Brittany,  France,  Mng  between  the  English     Bom  March  22.  luO:  died  at  Pans,  Aug.  2o, 


toiihtr. 

Cottereau  (kot-ro'),  Jean,  called  Jean  Chouan. 

Born  at  St.  Berthevin,  Mayenue,  France.  Oct. 
30,  1757:  kUled  near  Laval,  France,  July  29, 
1794.  Leader  of  the  insurgent  royalists  (C'hou- 
ans)  in  Brittanv  and  the  neighboring  regions 
in  1793-94. 


Channel  on  the  north,  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the 


1807.    A  French  novelist.    Her  best-loiown  work  is 
^    ,,     ,.,  .,      ■        .1  1  -ci-    ■  **  ''lillisabeth,  on  les  Exiles  en  Siberie"  (1806). 

east,  Morbihan  on  the  south,  and  Fmistere  on  Cottin,  Alaric.    A  nickname  given  to  Frederick 

the  Great  Viv  \  oltaire. 


the  west.  Its  leading  industries  are  the  raising  of 
horses  and  cattle,  fishing,  and  the  production  of  hemp  and 
flax.  Capital,  St  Brieuc.  Area,  2,659  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1S91),  618,662. 

Coteswold.     See  CotsiroM. 


for  Gerrit  Th'oraaszoon,  one  of  Coster's  descendants,  who  Cotgrave   (kot'grav),  Randle.     Bom  in   Che 


had  kept  an  inn  in  the  house  declared  to  be  the  birthplace 
of  the  art  of  printing.  Here  it  is  said  of  an  ancestor  who 
was  Coster's  son-in-law.  Thomas  Pieterzoon,  that  "his 
second  wife  was  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster's  daughter,  who 
brought  the  first  print  into  the  world  in  the  year  14i6.  ' 
The  figure  6  in  that  entry  has  been  partially  rubbed  out 
and  transformed  into  0.  Observation  of  tliis  fact  caused 
Dr.  Van  der  Linde  to  make  particular  search  in  the  archives 
of  the  town  and  church  of  Haarlem,  and  he  found,  extend- 
ing over  the  years  from  1441.  entries  of  payments  to  Lou- 
rens  Janszoon  Coster  (son  of  a  Jan  Coster  who  died  in 
1436),  for  oil  and  soap,  and  for  the  tallow  candles  bui-nt 


shire,  England :  died  about  1634.     An  English 
lexicographer,  author  of  a  French-English  ilic- 


Cottle  (kot'l ).  Amos  Simon.  Bom  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  about  1768  :  died  at  London, 
Sept.  28, 1800.  An  English  writer,  elder  brother 
of  Joseph  Cottle.  He  wrote  "  Icelandic  Poetry,  or  the 
Edda  of  Saemund  translated  into  English  Verse  "  (1797X 
and  other  puems. 


during  each  year  in  the  Town  H:U1.     After  1447.  Lourens  px+upT,       Qp'p  JTAVJ, 


dictionary  by  Robert  Sherwood ;  other  editions 
revised  and  enlarged  by  James  Howell,  in  1650, 
1660.  and  1673).  He  studied  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College),  and  later  became  secretary  to  William  Cecil, 
Lord  Burghley, 


Janszoon  Coster,  having  given  up  his  business  as  a  tallow 
chandler  to  his  sister,  Ghertruit,  Jan  Coster's  daughter, 
turned  tavern-keeper.  He  was  paid  in  1451  for  wine  sent 
to  the  burgomaster ;  in  1454  he  was  credited  with  seven- 
teen guilders  for  "  a  dinner  offered  to  the  Count  of  Ooster- 
vant.'on  the  8th  day  of  October,  1453,  at  Lou  Coster's  ";  in 
1475  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster  paid  a  fine  for  buyten  drinck- 
en  (drink  off  the  premises);  and  the  last  entry  is  that  in 
1483  he  paid  ferrj-toU  for  his  goods  when  he  left  the  town. 
The  books  of  an  old  Haarlem  dining  association,  the  Holy 
Christmas  Corporation,  represent  Lourens,  the  son  of  Jan 
Coster,  ■  '      '"■  '""'"  '"  """  '^'  *"       ' 

father 

due  appearance 

tained  also  the  inn,  as  a  successor  to  this  festive  inheri 
tauce.  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster,  the  man  first  credited  in 
Gerrit  Thomaszoons  pedigree  with  the  invention  of  prnit- 
iug.  was,  therefore,  tlrst  a  chandler,  then  a  prosperous 
tavern-keeper  ;  the  wine  vessels  cast  out  of  his  t.vpes  were 
the  old  pewter  flagons  proper  to  the  tavern  ;  and  this  man 
has  been  wrongly  confounded  with  Lourens  Janszoon, 
whose  name  was  not  Coster,  but  who  was  a  rich  wine 
merchant  and  innkeeper,  town  councillor,  sheriff,  trea- 
surer and  governor  of  the  Hospital,  who  died  in  1439. 

ilorley,  English  Writers,  VI.  279. 

Costigan  (kos'ti-gan).  Captain.  In  Thacke- 
ray's "Peudennis,"a  rakish,  shabby-genteel  old 
ex-army  oiBcer. 

Costigan,  Emily  or  Milly.      In   Thackeray's 
novel  "Pendennis," 
tiful  and  industrious 

theater,  with  whom  Arthur  Pendennis  falls_in 
love.      She  is  twenty-six,  he  eighteen, 


Cotin  (ko-tan'),  Charles. 


died  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1682.  A  French  preacher 
and  author.  He  was  councilor  and  almoner  to  the 
king,  and  became  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  May 
3, 1655.  Having  incurred  the  enmity  of  Boileau  by  criti- 
cizing with  great  asperity,  at  the  H6tel  de  Rambouillet, 
some  of  his  early  productions,  he  was  exposed  to  ridicule 
by  the  latter  and  l>y  Moliere,  who  satirized  him  in  "Les 


and  the  publisher  of  several  of  their  works. 
His  poetry  ("Malvern  Hills"  (1798X  "John  the  Baptist" 
(ISOl),  "Alfred"  (ISOl),  "The  Fall  of  Cambria"  (1809), 
"Messiah  "  (1S15)),  which  was  of  inferior  quality,  is  now 
known  chiefly  as  an  object  of  BjTon's  sarcasm.  He  also 
i\rote  "Early  Recollections,  chiefly  relating  to  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge  "  (1837). 
Born  at  Paris,  1604:  Cotton  (kot'nl,  Bartholomew  de.    An  English 


historian,  a  monk  of  Norwich.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  "  Historia  Anglicana  "  in  three  books,  of  which  the 
first  is  taken  literally  from  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  the  sec- 
ond (taken  in  part  from  Henry  of  Huntingdon)  comprises 
the  history  of  England  from  449  to  1298,  while  the  third 
is  an  abstract  and  continuation  of  the  "De  gestis  pontifl- 
cum  "  of  William  of  Malmesbury.     Diet.  Sat,  Biog. 


femmes  savantes"  under  the  character  of  Trissotin.    An-   Cotton,  Gharles.     Born  at  Beresford.  Stafford- 
thorof  "Poesies  chretiennes"  (1657).  shire,  England,  April  28,1630:  died  at  Westmin- 

ster,Feb.,  1687.  An  English  poet.best  known  as 
the  translator  of  Montaigne's  "Essays"  (1685). 
He  published  anonymously  "  Scarronides,  'or  the  First 
Book  of  Virgil  Travestie  "  (1664 :  reprinted  with  the  fourth 
book  in  1670),  a  translation  of  CorneiUe's  '= Horace  "  (1671), 
"A  Voyage  to  Ireland  in  Burlesque,'  a  poem  (1670),  a 
translation  of  Gerard's  "  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Espemon" 
(1670)  and  of  the  "  Commentaries  of  De  Montluc,  Marshal 
of  France  "  (1674X  a  "second  part"  (on  fly-fishing)  to  the 
fifth  edition  of  Walton's  "Complete  Angler"  (1676),  etc. 
A  collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  16S9. 


■,  inheriting  a  chair  in  the  Corporation  from  his  ,,..___  ,1.„t',,lo,^^  TnliTi  tSoll  TKctt,  nt  Xnr 
in  1436,  and  having  given  up  the  chair  in  1484,  with  Cotman  (kot  man),  John  bell.  Born  at  jsor- 
ppearance  in  1497  of  Gerrit  Thoraaszoon,  who  re-     wich,  England,  May  lb,  llbZ:  died  at  London, 

"     ■■     ■  .....=-«._».•„.-._,--..:      July  24,  1842.     An  English  landscape-painter 

and  etcher,  best  known  from  his  architectural 
drawings.  He  published  "Specimens  of  Norman  and 
Gothic  Architecture  in  the  County  of  Norfolk"  (1SI7 :  50 


plates),  ".K  Series  of  Etchings  illustrative  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Norfolk"  (1818:  60  plates),  etc. 
He  also  executed  the  plates  for  Dawson  Turners  "Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Normandy  "  (1822). 
Cotoname   (ko-to-na'ma).     A  former  tribe  of 
North    America: 
mouth  of  the  R 
present  Texas 
now  reside  at  La  Noria  Rancheria,  Hidalgo  County,  Texas, 
and  at  Las  Prietas  in  Tamaulipas,  Mexico.     See  Coahuil- 


and  prelate,  bishop  of  Calcutta  1858-66.  He  was 
appointed  in  1837  assistant  master  at  Rugby,  and  as  such 
figures  in  "Tom  Brown's  School-days." 


,"  a  Commonplace  but  beau-  ^^^    ^   (ko-to-paks' i;    Sp.  pron.  ko-to-pa'-  Cotton.  John.    Born  at  Derby,  England,  Dec.  4, 
L"^  ^fuf-foi^i™  PJTnf fJ     He).     A  vfjlcano  in  the  Andes,  situated  45  miles     1585 :  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1652.     A 

highest 

Reiss  in 


,  J  "     He).     A  volcano  in  the  Andes,  situated  45 
Her     southeast  of  Quito,  Ecuador,     it  is  the 
active  volcano  known,  and  was  first  ascended  by  ] 
1S72,  and  later  by  Stubel  in  1873,  and  Whymper  i 


stage  name  is  Fotberingay.  iS72,  and  later  by  Stubel  in  1873,  and  Whymper  in  1S8C. 

CoS'Way  (kos'wa),  Richard.     Born  at  Tiverton,      Noted  eruptions  occurred  in  1533,  1698,  1738,  1744,  1708, 
Devonshire,  1740 :  died  at  London,  July  4,  1821.     1S55. 1S77,  and  later     Height  (Whymper),  19,613  feet 
An  English  artist,  especially  noted  as  a  minia-  Cotrone  (ko-tro  na).   A  seaport  m  the  province 
ture-painter. 


of  Catanzaro,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ionian  Sea 
in  lat.  39°  8'  N.,  long.  17°  9'  E. :  the  ancient 
CrotonorCrotona.  it  contains  an  old  castle.  It  was 
colonized  by  Achseans  about  710  B.  c.,  and  became  one  of 
the  most  important  cities  of  Magna  Grsecia,  noted  for  its 
devotion  to  athletic  sports,  and  at  one  time  the  seat  of  the 
Pythagorean  school.  The  Crotoniats  destroyed  the  city 
of  Sybaris  in  510  B.  c,  but  were  defeated  by  the  Locrians 
at  the  river  Sagras  about  480  b.  c,  and  later  fell  to  Syra- 
cuse.   Crotona  was  colonized  by  the  Romans  104  B.  c. 


wold).  Hills.    A  range  of  hills  in  the  northern 


He  resided  during  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  in  London,  where  he  was  very  successful  in  the 
practice  of  Ids  art,  gaining  especially  the  patronage  of 
people  of  fashion. 

Cota  (ko'ta),  Rodrigo  Cola  de  (Maquaque). 

Bom  at  Toledo,  Spain:  lived  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury. A  Spanish  poet.  He  was  the  reputed  author 
of  the  first  act  of  the  romantic  drama  "Celestina"(14S0), 
of  the  satire  "  Coplas  de  Mingo  Revtllgo."  and  of  a  "  Dii- 

cTabanam^k6!tr-bti"i;'ma),orCotubanama  Cot?,7'oW,(kots;w_old),  or  Coteswold  (kots'- 
(ko-to-ba-nii'ma).  Died  at  Santo  Domingo, 
1504.  An  Indian  cacique  of  Higuey,  the  east- 
em  province  of  Haiti.  He  rose  against  the  Span- 
iards in  1502,  and  again  in  1504.  Finally  defeated,  he  took 
refuge  in  a  cave  in  the  island  of  Saona,  was  discovered, 
taken  to  Santo  Domingo,  and  hanged. 

Co'te-d'Or  (kot'dor').  A  department  in  Bur- 
gundy, France,  lying  between  Anbe  on  the 
north,  Haute-Mame  on  the  northeast,  Haute- 
Saone  and  Jura  on  the  east,  Saone-et-Loire  on 
the  south,  and  Yonne  and  Nievre  on  the  west. 
It  is  especially  noted  for  its  ivines,  the  vineyards  producing 


Puritan  clergyman  who  emigrated  from  Eng- 
land and  settled  in  Boston  in  1633,  sometimes 
called  "the  Patriarch  of  New  England."  He 
drew  up,  at  the  request  of  the  General  Court,  an  abstract 
of  the  laws  of  Moses,  entitled  "Moses,  his  Judicials," 
which  he  handed  to  the  court  in  October.  1636 ;  and  is  said 
to  have  introduced  in  New  England  the  practice  of  keep- 
ing the  Sabbath  from  Saturday  evening  to  that  of  Sunday. 
Cotton,  Sir  Robert  Bruce.  Born  at  Denton, 
Huntington,  England,  Jan.  22.  1571:  died  May 
6, 1631.  A  noted  English  antiquary,  a  gradu- 
ate of  Cambridge  (Jesus  College)  in  1585,famous 
as  the  founder  of  the  Cottonian  Library,  now  in 
the  British  Museum.  He  was  an  ardent  coUector  of 
manuscripts  in  many  languages,  coins,  and  antiquities 
of  all  kinds,  and  his  library  was  consulted  and  his  aid  ob- 
tained by  Bacon,  Jonson,  Speed,  Camden,  and  many  other 
men  of  learning  of  that  day.     His  collection  of  original 


part    of    Gloucestershire,    England,   extending     documents  became  so  great  as  to-be  regarded  as  a  source  of 

southwest    and     northeast.       Highest   point,     ' '"  *■■ "  "'•"  '"  *■"''  ''■"'■"  '"*" 

Cleeve  Hill,  1,134  feet. 

Cotswold  lion.     A  sheep. 

Cotta  (kot'ta),  Bernhard  von.  Born  at  ZiU- 
bach,  Germany,  Oct.  24,  1808:  died  at  Frei- 
berg, Saxony,  Sept.  14,  1879.  A  German  geol- 
ogist, professor  at  the  School  of  Mines  in 
Freiberg  1842-74.  His  works  Include  "Geognostische 
Wanderungen  ■■  (1836-38X  "Geologic  der  Gegenwart" 
(1866),  "Der  Altai"  (1871),  etc. 


danger  to  the  government,  and  after  he  had  fallen  into 
disfavor  at  court,  on  poUtical  grounds,  an  opportunity 
was  found  of  placing  his  library'  under  seal  (16'29).  and  he 
never  regained  possession  of  it.  His  son.  Sir  Thomas 
Cotton,  succeeded  in  obtaining  it,  and  it  remained  in  the 
famUy  (though  open  to  the  use  of  scholars  and.  in  17iXi, 
of  the  public)  until  1707,  when  it  was  purchased  by  the 
nation.  It  was  kept  at  various  places,  suffering  consider- 
able damage  by  fire  Oct.  23,  1731,  until  the  founding  of 
the  British  Museum  (1753),  when  it  was  transferred  to  that 
institution.  Cotton  was  knighted  in  1603,  and  created  a 
baronet  in  1611. 

Comber- 


wliTch'are  largely  situated  in  tlie  Cote-d'Or  iloiintains,  a  Cotta,  JohaiUl  Friedrich.     Bom  at  Tiibingen,   Cotton,  Sir  Stapleton,  first  Yiscoimt 

range  (height,  about  2,000  feet)  which  Jjrrasa  link  m  Wiirtemberg,  May  12,  1701:  died  at  Tiibingen,     mere.    BominDenbighshire.Wales.  Nov.,  1773: 


chain  of  elevations  connecting  the  Cayennes  with  the 
Vosces.  Capital,  Dijon.  Area.  3.3S3  square  miles.  Popu- 
hltion  (1^91),  376,866. 

Cotelier  (kot-lva'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Nimes,  1629:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12.  1686.  An 
eminent  French  Hellenist.  He  was  professor  of 
Greek  in  the  Roval  College  of  Paris  1676-86,  and  was  the 
author  of  "Moniimenta  Ecclesia  Grsecse"  (1677-86). 

Co'tentin  (ko-ton-tah').  An  ancient  territory 
in  Normandy,  France,  forming  the  larger  part 


Dec.  31,  1779.  A  German  theologian,  professor 
of  theology  and  history  at  Tiibfngen  1739-79. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Entwurf  "einer  ausfiihrlichen  Ku-chen- 
historie  des  Neuen  Testaments  "  (17(i8-73). 

Cotta,  Johann  Friedrich,  Baron  Cottendorf. 
Born  at  Stuttgart, 'Wiirtemberg.  April  27. 1764: 
died  at  Stuttgart.  Dec.  29,  1832.  A  German 
publisher,  the  friend  and  publisher  of  Goe- 
the, Schiller,  and  other  celebrated  writers.    He 


died  at  Clifton,  England,  Feb.  21,  1865.  A 
British  general,  distinguished  in  India,  and  in 
the  Peninsular  war,  especially  at  Salamanca 
1812.  He  was  governor  of  Barbados,  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Leeward  Islands  1817-20.  commander-in- 
chief  in  Ireland  1822-25,  and  commander-in-chief  in  India 
1825-30.    He  captured  Bhartpur  in  1826. 

Cottonian  Library.     See  Cotton,  Sir  Sobert 
Bruce. 


Cotys 

Cotys  (ko'tis),  or  Cotytto  (ko-tit'6).  [Gr.  Kd- 
T-i'c,  Ko7i'7r(J.]  In  Greek  mytliology,  a  Thraeian 
goddess.  Her  festival,  the  Cotyttia,was  riotous 
aud,later,liceiitious.  It  was  celebrated  on  hills. 

Cotys.  [Gr.  K(iri.f.]  Kiug  of  Thrace  382-358 
B.  c.     He  was  an  enemy  of  the  Athenians. 

Couch  (koueh),  Richard  Quillar.  Born  at  Pol- 
perro.  Cornwall,  England,  March  1-1,  1816:  died 
at  Penzance,  England,  May  8,  1863.  An  Eng- 
lish naturalist. 

Coucy  (kii-se'),  Raoul  or  Renaud  de,  known 
as  the  Chatelain  de  Coucy  (see  Coucy-le-Chd- 
tciiii).  A  chevalier  and  French  poet  who  is 
said  to  have  perished  about  1200  in  a  combat 
with  the  Saracens.  He  is  the  hero  of  a  popular  le- 
gend to  the  elfert  that  when  dying  he  ordet-ed  his  heart 
to  be  sent  to  his  mistress,  tlie  Lady  of  Fayel,  whose  Iius- 
band  intercepted  it  and  forced  her  to  eat  it  She  made  a 
vow  never  to  eat  again,  and  died  of  starvation.  See  Chdte- 
lain  de  Coucy. 

Coucy-le-Chateau  (ko-se'le-sha-to').  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  15 
miles  southwest  of  Laon.  It  is  noted  for  the 
ruins  of  its  feudal  castle. 

Coues  (kouz),  Elliott.  Bom  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Sept.  9,  1842 :  died  Dec.  25,  18{F9.  A 
noted  American  ornithologist  and  biologist. 
His  works  include  "Key  to  North  American  Birds"  (1st 
ed.  1872),  "Field  Ornitholosy "  (1874),  '■  Check-List  of 
North  American  Birds"  (1882),  etc.  He  contrihuted  the 
defliiitions  of  hiolngical  und  zoological  terms  to  "The  Cen- 
tury Dictionary"  (is8[>-91),  and  edited  Lewis  and  Clark's 
travels,  with  extended  notes  (1893). 

Coulanges  (ko-lonzh ' ) ,  Numa  Denis  Fustel  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  March  18,  1830.  A  French  his- 
torical writer.  His  works  include  "La  citi  antique" 
(1864).  "Histoire  des  institutions  politiques  de  I'ancienne 
France  "  (1876). 

Coulin  (kii'lin).  A  giant  in  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene." 

Coulmiers  (kol-mya').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  Prance,  13  miles  north- 
west of  Orleans.  Here,  Nov.  9,  1870,  the  French 
(80,1100)  under  Aurelle  de  l*aladines  defeated  the  first 
Bavarian  army  corps  (16,000)  under  General  Von  der  Tann. 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  1,.^00 ;  that  of  the  BavariaTis 
atout  1,:)00. 

Coulomb  (ko-lon'),  Charles   Augustin   de. 

Bom  at  Angouleme,  France,  June  11,  1736: 
died  at  Paris,  Aug.  23,  1806.  A  French  physi- 
cist, noted  for  experiments  on  friction  and  re- 
searches in  electricity  and  magnetism.  He 
invented  the  torsion  balance. 

Coulommiers  (ko-lom-mya').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Marne, France, situated 
on  the  Grand  Morin  33  miles  east  of  Paris. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,158. 

Council  Bluffs  (koun'sil  blufs).  The  capital 
of  Pottawattamie  County,  Iowa,  situated  on 
the  Missouri  River  opposite  Omaha.  It  is  an 
important  railway  and  trading  center.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  25,802. 

Council  of  Ancients.  In  French  history,  the 
upper  chamber  of  the  French  legislature 
(Corps  L(5gislatif)  under  the  constitution  of 
1795,  consisting  of  250  members,  each  at  least 
forty  years  old. 

Council  of  Basel.     See  Bnscl,  Council  of. 

Council  of  Blood,  The.  In  the  history  of  the 
Netherlands,  a  court  established  by  the  Duke 
of  Alva  to  suppress  the  popular  agitation 
against  tho  religious  and  political  tyranny  of 
Philip  II.  It  held  its  first  session  Sept.  2n,  l.'-i67,  and 
put  to  death  1,800  persons  in  less  than  three  months,  the 
counts  of  Egmont  and  of  Uoorn  being  among  its  victims 
(l.itiS). 

Yet,  strange  to  say,  this  tremendous  court .  .  .  had  not 
been  provided  with  even  a  nominal  authority  from  any 
source  whatever.  The  King  had  granted  it  no  letters 
patent  or  charter,  uor  had  even  the  Duke  of  Alva  thought 
it  worth  while  to  grant  any  commissions,  either  in  his  own 
name  or  hb  Captain-General,  to  any  of  the  members  com- 
posing the  board.  The  Blood-Council  was  merely  an  in- 
formal club,  of  which  tho  Duke  was  perpetual  president, 
while  the  other  members  were  all  appointed  by  himself. 
Afntl'-j/,  Dutch  liepublic. 

Council  of  Carthage,  Chalcedon,  etc.     See 

('(iiiliiKic  ('liiilccdiiii,  eti'. 

Council  of  Five  Hundred.  In  French  his- 
tory, during  tho  governnicnt  of  the  Directory 
(1795-99),  an  assembly  of  500  mcmbei's,  form- 
ing the  second  branch  of  the  legislative  body, 
the  first  branch  being  the  ('ounoil  of  Ancients. 

Council  of  Seville.     Seo  ('((fm  dr  Conlrdldcion. 

Council  of  State.  [I''.  rV)«,sr,v  iCpjnt.^  In 
Franco,  an  advisory  body  existing  from  early 
times,  but  developed  es))ecial!y  under  Philip 
IV.  (128.5-1314)  and  his  sons,  it  was  often  modi- 
fled,  particularly  in  1497,  and  in  lli:io  under  Kichelien,  and 
played  an  important  part  during  the  tltst  empire.  I'nder 
the  present  republican  government  it  comprises  (he  min- 
isters and  about  On  other  members,  part  of  whom  are 
nominated  by  the  president,  and  the  remainder  are 
elected  by  the  Legislative  Assembly.    Its  chief  duties  are 


285 

to  give  advice  upon  various  administrative  matters  and 
legislative  measures. 

Council  of  Ten.  In  the  ancient  republic  of 
Venice,  a  secret  tribunal  instituted  in  1310  and 
continuing  down  to  the  overthrow  of  the  re- 
public in  1797.  It  was  composed  at  first  of  10  and 
later  of  17  members^  and  exercised  unlimited  power  in 
the  supervision  of  interniU  and  external  atfaii's,  often 
with  great  rigur  and  oppressiveness. 

Council  of  the  Indies.  A  body  created  in 
loll,  by  King  Ferdinand,  for  the  regulation 
of  Spanish  colonial  affairs,  its  powers  were  con- 
flrnied  and  enlarged  by  Charles  V.  and  his  successors 
until  they  covered  evei-y  branch  of  administration.  It 
nominated  ami  removed  viceroys  and  governors,  bishops 
and  archbishops  ;  made  or  approved  all  laws  relating  to 
the  colonies,  appointed  tlie  audiences,  whicll  were  the 
supreme  courts  in  all  criminal  affairs,  and  was  itself  the 
last  court  of  appeal  in  civil  cases ;  regulated  the  condition 
of  the  Indians;  and,  in  fact,  represented  the  crown  in  all 
matters  relating  to  America  and  the  East  Indies.  Its  seat, 
after  the  first  few  years,  was  in  Madrid. 

Counter,  The.  Tlie  name  anciently  given  to 
two  prisons  under  the  rule  of  the  sheriffs  of 
London,  one  in  the  Poultry  and  one  in  Wood 
street.  There  was  another  in  Southwark  which  had 
the  same  name.  This  name  was  formerly  a  frequent  sub- 
ject of  jokes  and  puns.  Baret,  in  the  ".\lvearie"  (1.^73), 
speaks  of  one  who  had  been  imprisoned  as  singing  "  his 
counter-tenor,"  and  tiiere  are  various  similar  allusions  in 
the  ITth-century  dramatists. 

Covint  Fathom.    See  Ferdinand. 
Count  Julian.     A  tragedy  by  Walter  Savage 
Landor,  published  in  1812. 

His  [Lander's]  first  dram.atic  effort,  made  after  a  stormy 
and  ill-regulated  experience  of  fifteen  years,  was  the 
gloomy  but  magnificent  tragedy  of  "Count  Julian  "[1812]. 
Like  Shelley's  "Cenci,"  Byron's  "Manfred,"and  Coleridge's 
adaptation  of  "  Wallenstein,"  it  is  a  dramatic  poem  rather 
than  a  stage  drama  of  the  available  kind.  Compared  with 
kindred  productions  of  tlie  time,  however,  it  stands  like 
the  "Prometheus"  among  classic  plays;  and  as  an  expo- 
sition of  dramatic  force,  a  conception  of  the  highest  man- 
hood in  the  most  heroic  and  mournful  attitude, —  as  a 
presentmentof  impassioned  language,  pathetic  sentiment, 
and  stern  resolve, — it  is  an  impressive  and  undying  poem. 
St^dman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  41. 

Count  Robert  of  Paris.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1831.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the 
llth  century,  when  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  was  before  Con- 
stantinople at  the  liead  of  the  Crusaders.  Count  Robert 
was  a  French  Crusader,  one  of  the  most  famous  and  reck- 
less of  the  periotl. 

Country  Girl,  The.  1.  A  comedy  attributed 
to  Antony  Brewer,  produced  in  1()47.  John 
Leanerd  reprinted  it  in  1677,  under  the  title  of 
"  Country  Innocence,"  as  his  own. —  2.  An  al- 
teration of  Wychcrley's  comedy  "The  Country 
Wife  "  by  Garrick,  who  produced  it  in  1766. 

Country  House,  The.  A  comedy  by  Vanbrugh, 
produced  in  1705.  It  was  translated  from  the 
French  of  Dancourt. 

Country  Lasses,  or  The  Custom  of  the  Manor. 

A  i)lay  by  Charles  Johnson,  produced  in  1715. 
It  was  partly  taken  from  Fletcher  and  -Massinger's  "Cus- 
tom of  the  Country,"  and  Middleton's  "  A  Mad  World,  my 
blasters."  .lohn  Philip  Kend)le  used  it  in  his  "Farm 
House  "(1780),  and  Kendriek  in  "The  Lady  of  the  Manor." 

Country  Party.  In  English  history,  a  politi- 
cal party,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  which  op- 
posed tho  court  and  sympathized  with  the 
nonconformists.  It  developed  into  the  Peti- 
tioners, and  later  into  the  Whig  party. 

Country  Wife,  The.  A  comedy  by  Wychorley, 
produced  in  1673.  it  was  taken  from  Molitre's 
"  L'Ecolo  des  maris  "  and  "  (..'ficole  des  f emmes  "  ("  School 
for  Husbands,"  "School  for  Wives"). 

Country  Wit,  The.  A  comedy  by  Crowne,  pro- 
duced in  1675.  The  plot  was  partly  from  Mo- 
li^re's  "  Le  Sicilien." 

Coupar- Angus  (ko'piir-ang'gus).  A  to-wn  in 
Perthshire  and  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  situated 
northeast  of  Perth. 

Coupler  (kiip'lir),  Mrs.  A  match-maker  or  go- 
between  in  Vnnlirugh's  play  "The  Kelapso," 
and  in  Sheridan's  "Trip  to  Scarborough." 

Courbet  (kor-ba'),  Gustave.  Bi>rn  at  Ornaiis, 
Doubs,  France,  Juno  10,  1819:  died  at  La  Tour 
do  Peilz,  Vaud,  Svvitzm-land,  Dec.  31,  1877.  A 
celebriitiMJ  French  painter,  chief  of  the  realists. 
Ho  studied  theology  at  Besan^on,  but  abandoned  it  for  tho 
study  of  art,  which  he  pm-sued  at  Paris  under  Steuben 
and  Hesse.  He  was  especially  influence*!  by  the  Flemish 
and  Venetian  miuiters.  He  became  a  memiier  of  the  Com- 
mune in  1871,  and  directed  tile  destructioiutf  the  column  in 
the  Place  VendAme.  On  the  fall  of  the  Commune  he  was 
iniprisoned  for  six  months,  and  in  1S7.''>  was  condemned  to 
]iay  the  cost  of  reerecting  the  column. 

Courbevoie  (kiir-be-vwii').  A  town  in  tlie  de- 
partm<<nt  of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  1*  miles  northwest  of  the  fortilications 
of  P.aris'.     Population  (1891),  17,.597. 

CourcelleS  (kiir-sd').  .\  village  of  LoiTaine, 
sitiiatid  near  Metz.  For  battle  of  Courcelles, 
sec  Colonihri/. 

Courier  de  M6r6  (k8-rya'  id  ma-ra'),  Paul 
Louis.   Bom  at  Paris,  Jan. 4, 1772:  assassinat^'d 


Court  Mantel 

near  Vdretz,  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  Aug.  18, 
1825.  A  French  Hellenist  and  political  writer. 
He  studied  at  the  Artillery  School  in  Chalons,  and  served 
in  the  ai-niy  1792-18iiO.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  Italy, 
and  in  1812  returned  to  France  and  lived  upon  his  estate 
at  \eretz.  He  edited  Lougus  in  1810,  and  published 
"  Pamphlets  des  Pamphlets^'  (1824X  etc.  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1S34. 
Courland  (kor'land),  G.  Kurland  (kor'lUnd). 
[F.  Courlunde.']  A  government  of  Hussia,  the 
southernmost  of  the  Baltic  pro\-inces.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Riga  and  Livonia  (separated  by  the 
Duna)  on  the  north,  Vitebsk  (separated  by  the  Duna)  on 
the  east,  Kovno  on  the  south,  and  the  Baltic  on  the  west. 
Its  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  abounds  in  lakes,  but  in 
parts  is  hilly.  Three  fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Letts, 
but  the  land  proprietors  are  mainly  German.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Protestant.  Courland  came  under  the 
control  of  the  Teutonic  Order  in  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century ;  became  a  hereditary  duchy  and  fief  of  Poland 
in  l.iei  or  l.i62 ;  and  passed  to  Russia  in  1795.  It  is 
being  Russified  like  the  other  Baltic  provinces.  Cap- 
ital, Mitau.  Area,  10,635  square  miles.  Population 
(1S90),  693,300. 

On  the  western  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga  and  on  the 
Baltic,  the  Korses,  who  give  their  name  to  Courland,  are 
to  be  found.  Rambaud,  Russia,  I.  28. 

Courmayeur  (kor-ma-yer'),  or  CormajeuT. 

[It.  Coniiiii/iiiore.'}     A  village  in  northwestern 

Italy,  near  the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc. 
Cours  (kor).     A  town   in   the   department  of 

Rhone,  France,  33  miles  northwest  of  Lyons. 

It  manufactures  cloth.   Population  (1891),com- 

mune,  5,994. 
Course  of  Time,  The.     A  religious  poem  by 

Robert  Pollnk.  published  in  1827. 
Court  (kort).     In  Shakspere's  "Henry  V.,"  a 

soldier  in  the  king's  army. 
Court  (kor),  Antoine.     Born  at  Villeneuve-de- 

Berg,  Ard^che,  France,  May  17,  1696:  died  at 

Lausanne,  Switzerland,  June  15,1760.  A  French 

Protestant  clergyman,  the  chief  restorer  of  the 

Reformed  Church  in  France. 
Courtall  (kort'al).   .A.  man  of  gallantry  in  Mrs. 

Cowley's  comedy  "  The  Belle's  Stratagem." 
Court    and    City.     A   comedy  adapted    from 

Steele's  "Tender  Husband"  and  Jtrs.  Frances 

Sheridan's  "  Discovery,"  produced  by  Richard 

Brinsley  Peake. 
Court  Beggar,  The.   A  play  by  Richard  Brome, 

produced  in  1632,  printed  in  1653. 

Court  de;  Gebelin  (kiirde  zhab-lau'),  Antoine. 

Born  at  Niines,  France,  1725:  died  at  Paris, 
May  10,  1784.  A  noted  French  scholar,  son  of 
Antoine  Court.  His  works  include  "Le  monde  primi- 
tif  analyst  et  compari^  avec  le  monde  moderne '  (1775-81X 
"Atfaircs  de  rAiiglctcrrc  et  de  rAmc'rique  "  (177(1),  '■  Let- 
tre  sur  le  magn^tisme  animal"  (1783),  "Histoire  natu- 
relle  de  la  parole,  on  granimaire  universelle, "  etc. 

Courtenay  (k.rt'iifi),  Edward.     Born  about 

1526:  died  at  Padua,  Sept.,  1.550.  An  English 
noble,  the  Earl  of  Devonshire,  son  of  Henry 
Courtenay,  marquis  of  Exeter  and  earl  of 
Devonshire.  He  was  conimitte.l  to  the  Tower  with  his 
father  (see  Tleurij  Courtciiaii)  in  IKiS,  attainted  in  l.''>39, 
and  released  and  restoreil  in  blood  in  l.'».^,3.  Later  he  be- 
came an  aspirant  for  the  liainl  of  t)ueen  Slary.  and  on 
her  choosing  Philip  II.  turned  his  attention  to  the  Prin- 
cess Elizabeth,  lie  was  suspected  of  complicity  in 
Wyatt's  rebellion,  and  was  again  sent  to  the  Tower 
(l:>54),  but  was  rele;ised  on  parole  and  exiled. 

Courtenay,  Henry.  Born  about  1496:  beheaded 
on  Tower  Hill.  Dec.  9, 1538.  An  English  noble, 
earl  of  Devonshire  and  marquis  of  Exeter.  Ho 
was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  treason  in  Nov.,  LSSS,  tried, 
condemned,  and  executed. 

Courtenay,  William.  Born  at  Exeter.  Eng- 
land, aliout  1342 :  died  at  Maidstone,  Kent, 
July  31,  1396.  An  English  prelate,  archbislioj) 
of  Canterbury  1381-96.  fourth  son  of  Hugh 
Courtenay,  earl  of  Di'von,  and  Margaret  Boliun, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Hereford.  Ho  studied  at 
Oxford,  became  chancellor  of  the  university  in  1307,  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1370,  and  was  tninslaled 
to  the  see  of  London  in  1:!75.  He  was  lui  opponent  of 
Lotlanlisin  and  the  prosecutor  of  Wyclif.     Sec  it';/ct(r 

Courtes  Oreilles.     [F.,  '  short  ears.']     See  01- 

liiwa. 
Courtly    (kort  Mi).    Charles.     In  Dion  Bouei- 

cault's  comedy  ''London  Assurance,"  a  fash- 
ionabkl  young  man  about  town.  He  is  the  son  of 
Sir  llarcourt  Courtly,  who  persists  in  believing  him  a 
studious,  retiring  boy.  Charles  succeeds  in  securing  the 
heart  and  hand  of  the  heiress  who  has  been  promised  to 
his  father. 

Courtly,  Sir  Harcourt.    In  Dion  Boucicault's 

comeily  "  London  Assurance,"  an  eldi'rly  fop 
devoted  to  fashion,  and  betrothed  to  a  young 
heiress,  Graee  HarUaway.  who  finally  rejects 
him  and  marries  his  son  Charles. 

Courtly,  Sir  James.  In  Mrs.  CentliNTo's  com- 
edy "'riic  Basset -Table,"  a  gay,  airy,  witty,  and 
inconstant  gentleman,  devoted  to  gaining. 

Courtly  Nice,  Sir.     Sec  Sir  CnurOil  .\ice. 

Court  Mantel.     See  Boy  and  the  Mantle. 


Coiirtney  Melmoth 

Courtney  Melmoth.     See  Melmoth,  Coui-tney. 
Court  of  Lions.    A  celebrated  court  in  the  Al- 
bambra.     See  the  extract. 

Perhaps  the  most  celebrated  portion  of  the  entire  palace 
[Alhainbra]  is  the  Court  of  the  Lions,  which  occupies  a 
space  somewhat  smaller  than  that  of  the  Court  of  the 
ilyrtles.  One  hundred  and  twenty-eight  white  marble 
columns,  arranged  by  threes  and  fours  in  symmetrical 
fashion,  support  galleries  which  rise  to  no  very  lofty 
height;  but  the  extreme  gracefulness  and  elegance  of 
their  varied  capitals,  the  delicate  traceries,  the  remnants 
of  gold  and  colour,  the  raised  orange-shaped  cupolas,  the 
graceful  minarets,  the  innumerable  arches,  beautiful  in 
their  labyrinthine  design,  the  empty  basin  into  which  the 
twelve  stia  and  unnatural  "lions  "  once  poured  their  con- 
Slant  streams  of  cooling  waters,  the  alabaster  reservoir, 
constitute  a  whole  that  poetry  and  romance  have  lauded 
even  to  extravagance.      Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  227. 

Court  of  Love,  The.  A  poem  attributed  to 
Chaucer  by  Stowe,  and  inserted  in  the  1561  edi- 
tiou,  but  believed  to  be  of  later  orif^n . 

Courtois  (kor-twa' ),  Jacques,  It.  jacopo  Cor- 
tese:  called  le  Bourguignon,  It.  II  Borgo- 
gnone.  Born  at  St.  Hippolvte,  Doubs,  France. 
1621:  died  at  Eome,  Nov.  14,  1676.  A  French 
battle-painter.  In  1655  he  became  a  lay  bro- 
ther of  the  Jesuit  order,  and  thereafter  painted 
sacred  subjects. 

Courtois,  Gustavo  Claude  Etienne.  Born  at 
Pusey,  Haute-Saone,  France,  JIarch  18,  1852. 
A  French  painter,  especially  of  portraits:  a 
pupil  of  G^rome.  He  obtained  the  second  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1877,  and  a  gold  medal  and  the  decoration  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  at  the  exposition  of  1SS9. 

Court  Party.  In  English  history,  a  political 
party,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  11.,  which  sup- 
ported the  policy  of  the  court.  Its  successor 
■n-as  the  party  of  the  AbhoiTers,  and  later  the 
Tories. 

Courtrai,  or  Courtray  (kor-tra'),  Flem.  Kort- 
ryk  (kort'rik;.  A  cit}-  in  the  proWnce  of  West 
Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Lys  in  lat. 
50°  49'  N.,  long.  3°  15'  E. :  the  ancient  Corto- 
riacum.  It  manufactures  linen,  lace,  etc.,  and  contains 
a  noted  town  hall  (finished  in  ,1528)  and  the  Church  of 
Notre  Dame.  Here,  July  11,  1302,  20,(X10  Flemings  de- 
feated 47,000  French  under  Robert  of  Artois  in  the  "Bat- 
tle of  the  Spurs."  It  has  several  times  been  taken  by  the 
French.    Population  (1893).  31.319. 

Court  Secret,  The.  A  play  by  Shirley,  printed 
111  1633,  not  acted  till  after  the  Restoration. 

Courtship  of  Miles  Standish.  A  poem  by 
Loncjfellow,  published  in  1858.  See  Standish, 
Miles. 

Court    Theatre,   The.     A  theater  in  Sloane 

Square,  London.  It  was  opened  in  .Tan.,  1871,  for  the 
lighter  order  of  dramas.  The  building,  which  was  origi- 
nally erected  in  ISIS  a^  a  chapel,  replaced  an  older  theater. 

Cousin  (ko-zan'),  Jean.  Born  at  Soucy,  near 
Seus,  1501:  died  at  Sens  about  1590.  AFrench 
painter,  engraver,  and  sculptor,  noted  espe- 
cially for  his  paintings  on  glass  and  minia- 
tures. 

Cousin,  Victor.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28,  1792 : 
died  at  Cannes,  France,  Jan.  13,  1867.  A  noted 
French  philosopher  and  statesman.  He  began 
lectiu"ing  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1815;  traveled  in  Germany 
in  18X7;  was  deprived  ot  his  position  at  the  Sorbonne  for 
political  reasons  in  1820 ;  traveled  again  in  Germany  in 
1824,  and  was  arrested  at  Dresden  and  imprisoned  for  a 
short  time  at  Berlin;  regained  his  position  in  182S;  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Public  Instruction  in 
1830,  and  minister  of  public  instruction  in  1S40.  As  a 
philosopher  he  was  at  lii-st  a  follower  of  the  Scottish  psy- 
chological school,  but  later  under  German  influences  de- 
veloped a  kind  of  eclecticism.  His  works  include  "Frag- 
ments philosophiques  "  (1S2&-2S),  "Cours  d'histoire  de  la 
philosophie  "  (1S27-40),  "Cours  d'histoire  de  la  philosophic 
moderne"  (1841),  "Cours  d'histoire  de  la  philosophie  mo- 
rale an  X^IIIe  sifecle"  a840-41X  "Du  vrai,  du  beau,  et  du 
bien  "  (1S54),"  Des  pensees  de  Pascal "  (1S42),  '*  Madame  de 
I.ongueville"  (1853),  "Hlstoire  g^n^rale  de  la  philoso- 
phic "  (1864),  etc. 

Cousine  BeLte,  La.  A  novel  by  Balzac.  See 
liahac. 

Cousin  Michael  (kuz'n  mi'kel)  or  Michel.  A 
nickname  for  the  German  people. 

Cousin-Montauban  (k6-zan'm6nt-6-bon').  See 
t'alikao.  Comte  de. 

Cousin  Pons  (ko-zah'  pons),  Le.  A  novel  by 
Balzac.     See  Bahac. 

Cousins  (kuz'nz),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Exeter, 
England,  May  9,  1801:  died  at  London,  May  7, 
1SS7.     .\n  English  mezzotint  engraver. 

Coussemaker"(k6s-mU-kar' ),  Charles  Edmond 
Henri  de.  Bom  at  Bailleul.  Xord,  France, 
April  19,  1805 :  died  at  Lille,  Fi-ance,  Jan.  11, 
1876.  A  French  magistrate,  and  writer  on  the 
history  of  music.  His  works  include  "Histoire  de 
I'harmonie  an  moyen  Age  "  (1852),  "  Chants  popnlaires  des 
Flamands  de  France  "  (18.56),  "  L'Art  harmonique  au  Xlle 
et  Xllle  siecles  ■■  (1865),  etc. 

Coustou  (kos-to'),  Gruillaume,  Bom  at  Lyons, 
April  25, 1677:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  20,  1746.  A 
French  sculptor,  younger  brother  of  Nicholas 


286 

Coustou.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  sculpture  in  1697, 
and  was  sent  to  Rome.  He  became  celebrated  for  his  bold 
and  independent  style.  Among  his  works  are  the  alle- 
gorical figures  of  the  Ocean  and  the  Mediterranean  at 
Marly,  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Rhone  at  Lyons,  those 
of  Bacchus,  Minerva.  Hercules,  and  Pallas,andagreat  num- 
ber of  bas-reliefs.  His  son  Guillaunie  Coustou  (bom  1716 ; 
died  July  13, 1777)  was  also  a  sculptor  of  note. 

Coustou,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Lyons,  Jan.  9, 
165S:  died  at  Paris,  May  1,  1733.  A  French 
sculptor.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of  his  art  from  his 
father,  a  wood-caiTer,  and  at  eighteen  entered  the  atelier 
of  Coyzevox,  then  president  of  the  Academy  of  Painting 
and  S'culpture  in  Paris.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  sculp- 
ture in  1682,  and  went  to  Rome.  Among  his  works  are  a 
Descent  from  the  Cross,  at  Notre  Dame ;  the  colossal  Seine 
and  Marne.  in  the  Tuileries  Gardens;  and  many  statues  in 
the  Tuileries  and  Versailles.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  .Academy  m  1693. 

Coutances  (ko-tohs').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  40  miles  south  of  Cher- 
bourg: the  Roman  Constantia  (whence  the 
name).  It  has  a  noted  cathedral.one  of  the  chief  churches 
of  Normandy.  The  front  is  fine,  with  large  recessed 
portal,  great  traceried  window  opening  on  the  nave, 
graceful  arcades  and  rosettes,  and  the  tall  spires  charac- 
teristic of  Normandy.  There  is  a  high  central  tower  and 
lantern.  The  interior  is  beautifully  proportioned,  and 
the  vistas  formed  by  the  openings  of  the  choir-chapels 
are  highly  picturesque.  The  vaulting  and  decoi-ative  ar- 
cading  are  notably  good.  Coutances  was  the  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Cotentin,  aiid  suffered  in  the  Norman,  English,  and 
religious  wars.    Population  (1891),  commune,  8,145. 

Couthon  (ko-toh'),  Greorges.  Bom  at  Greet, 
near  Clermont.  France,  1756 :  guillotined  at 
Paris,  July  28.  1794.  A  French  revolutionist. 
He  was  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  In  1791,  and 
to  the  Convention  in  1792,  and  was  one  of  the  Triumvi- 
rate with  Robespierre  and  Saint-Just.  The  three  were 
executed  at  the  same  time. 

Coutras  (ko-tra').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  on  the  Dronne  25  miles 
east  of  Bordeaux.  Here,  Oct.  20, 1587,  a  victory  was 
gained  by  Henry  of  Navarre  over  the  Leaguers.  It  con- 
tained a  noted  castle,  now  destroyed.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,231. 

Coutts  (kots).  Thomas.  Bom  at  Edinburgh. 
Sept.  7.  1753  :  died  at  London,  Feb.  24.  1822. 
An  English  banker,  the  fotmder.  with  his 
brother  James,  of  the  London  banking-house  of 
Coutts  and  Co.  He  was  the  son  of  Lord  Provost  John 
Coutts  of  Edinburgh.  His  third  daughter,  Sophia,  m.ir. 
ried  Sir  Francis  Burdett. 

Couture  (ko-tur'),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Senlis. 
France,  Dec.  21,  1815:  died  near  Paris,  March 
30,  1879.  A  noted  French  painter,  a  pupil  of 
Gros  and  Delaroehe.  He  won  the  second  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1837.  He  first  exhibited  in  the  Salon  in  1840 
("  Jeune  Venetien  apres  une  orgie  ").  Among  his  works 
are  "L'Eiifant  prodigne,"  "  Une  veuve,"  "Le  retour  des 
champs"  (1843),  "Le  trouvere"  (1844),  "  Joconde  "  (1847), 
etc.  His  chief  work  is  "  Les  Romains  de  la  decadence  " 
(1847). 

Covent  Garden  (kuv'ent  gar'den).  [For  Con^ 
vent  Garden.2  A  space  in  London,  between 
the  Strand  and  Longacre,  which  as  early  as 
1222  was  the  convent  garden  belonging  to  the 
monks  of  St.  Peter,  Westminster,  it  was  origi- 
nally called  Frere  Pye  Garden.  {Hare.)  At  the  Dissolu- 
tion it  was  granted  with  neighboring  properties,  by  Ed- 
ward VI.,  to  Edward,  duke  of  Somerset.  After  his  at. 
tainder  in  1552  it  went  to  John,  earl  of  Bedford.  The 
square  was  laid  out  for  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  and 
partly  built  by  Inigo  Jones,  whose  church,  .St.  Paul's,  Cov- 
ent Garden,  still  remains.  The  holdings  of  the  Bedfords 
in  this  neighborhood  were  enormous.  Xt  one  time  its 
coffee-houses  and  taverns  became  the  fashionable  loung- 
ing-places  for  the  authors,  wits,  and  noted  men  of  the 
kingdom.  Dryden,  Otway,  Steele,  Fielding.  Peg  Wofflng- 
ton,  Kitty  Clive,  Samuel  Foote,  Booth,  Garrick,  and  others 
were  among  its  frequenters.    See  Covent  Garden  Market. 

Covent  Garden  Journal.  A  biweekly  peri- 
odical issued  in  Jan.,  1752.  by  Henry  Fielding, 
under  the  name  of  "  Sir  Alexander  Drawcansir. 
Knight,  Censor  of  Great  Britain."  It  was  dis- 
continued before  the  end  of  the  year. 

Covent  Garden  Market.  A  vegetable,  fruit, 
and  flower  market  held  in  Covent  Garden. 
The  space  began  to  be  used  for  this  purpose  early  in  the 
17th  century  by  the  venders  from  the  villages  near  by. 
The  market  finally  grew  into  a  recognized  institution, 
but  till  1S2S  it  was  an  unsightly  assemblage  of  sheds  and 
stalls.  About  that  time  the  Duke  of  Bedford  erected  the 
present  buildings.  In  lS-''9  a  flower-market  covered  with 
glass  was  built  on  the  south  side  of  the  opera-house. 

Covent  Garden  Theatre.  A  theater  in  Bow 
street,  Covent  Garden,  built  by  John  Rich,  the 
famous  harlequin  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Theatre,  in 
1731.  It  was  opened,  under  the  dormant  patent  granted 
by  Charles  II.  to  Sir  William  Davenant,  with  Congreve's 
comedy  "  The  Way  of  the  World, "  Dec.  7. 1732.  There  was 
no  first  appearance  at  this  house  of  any  importance  until 
that  of  Peg  WofBngton  in  "The  Recruiting  Officer,"  Nov. 
8, 1740.  In  1746  Garrick  played  here.  During  Rich's  man- 
agement pantomime  reigned  supreme.  Rich  died  in  1761, 
leaving  the  theater  to  his  son-in-law  John  Beard  the  vo- 
calist. In  1767  it  was  sold  to  George  Colman  the  elder, 
Harris,  Rutherford,  and  Powell  for  £60.000.  On  March  15, 
1773,  Goldsmith's  play  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer"  was 
brought  out  here.  In  1774  Harris  undertook  the  manage- 
ment alone.  In  1803  John  Kemble  bought  a  one-sixth 
share  in  the  patent-right  from  Harris  for  £22,000,  and 


Coviello 

became  manager.  In  Sept..  18(t8.  the  house  was  burned. 
Eight  months  later  it  was  rebuilt,  according  to  the  design 
of  SmirJvC  the  architect,  in  imitation  of  the  Parthenon  (the 
pediment  by  Haxman),  at  a  cost  of  £300, Ouo.  John  Philip 
Kemble  was  still  manager.  On  account  of  the  great  expense 
of  the  undertakingKemble  raised  the  price  of  admission  and 
built  an  extra  row  of  boxes  which  he  leased  for  £12,000  (?). 
This  brought  about  the  famous  Lt.  P.  (old  price)  riots,  which 
lasted  sixty -one  days  and  resulted  in  a  general  reduction. 
On  June  29,  1817,  John  Kemble  was  followed  by  Charles 
Kemble.  In  1822  the  theater  was  thrown  into  chancery. 
In  1847  it  commenced  a  new  career  as  "  The  Royal  Italian 
Opera  House,"  but  on  March  4,  IS.^6,  it  was  burned  down. 
It  was  rebuilt  and  the  present  house  opened  May  15, 
1858. 
Coventry  (kuv'en-tri)  A  city  in  Warwickshire, 
England.  17  miles  southeast  of  Birmingham. 
It  lias  manufactm-es  of  bicycles,  tricycles,  watches,  and 
ribbons,  and  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  woolens("Cov 
entry  true  blues  ").  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  churches  of 
St.  ilichael,  the  Trinity,  and  St.  John,  Christchurch,  and 
St.  Marj''s  Guildhall.  According  to  legend  it  obtained  its 
municipal  rights  from  Leofric  about  1044  by  the  ride  of 
Godiva.  {^ee  Godiea.)  It  was  formerly  celebrated  foi*  the 
Coventrj- mysterj- plays.    Population  (1901).  69.978. 

Coventry,  John.  Pseudonj-m  of  John  William- 
son Palmer. 

Coventry  Plays.  A  series  of  forty-two  religious 
plays  acted  at  Coventry  from  au  early  date  till 
about  1591.  The  first  mention  of  them  is  in  1416.  These 
plays  were  some  of  them  written  in  1468,  but  the  title  is 
thought  to  be  of  later  date.  This  title  terms  the  plays 
"Ludus  Coventrife  «.  Ludus  Corpus  Christi,"  and  Corpus 
Christi  plays  were  performed  at  Coventry  in  the  15th  and 
16th  centuries.  Clerical  authorship  is  suspected  in  many 
ofthem,fromthestyleof writingemployed.  (Ward.)  They 
are  far  more  regular  in  form  than  the  Chester  plays  (doubt- 
less written  for  tradesmen  by  tradesmen),  and  their  versi- 
fication and  diction  much  better.  They  are  to  be  classed 
among  the  mysteries,  although  they  contain  one  element 
of  the  moralities. 

Sir  William  Dugdale,  in  his  "History  of  Warwickshire,'' 
printed  in  1656,  speaks  of  the  Coventrj-  plays  as  "being 
acted  with  mighty  state  and  reverence  by  the  friars  of  this 
house,  who  had  theatres  for  the  several  scenes,  very  large 
and  high,  placed  upon  wheels  and  drawn  to  all  the  emi- 
nent parts  of  the  city,"  and  he  referred  to  the  Cotton  MS. 
for  authority  as  to  the  nature  of  their  plays.  The  series 
known  as  the  "  Coventry  Mysteries  "  may  possibly  have  be- 
longed to  the  Coventry  Grey  Friars,  and  the  Grey  Friars 
may  have  acted  in  the  streets  one  set  of  Mysteries,  the 
Guilds  another,  though  the  practical  difficulties  in  the^^vay 
of  believing  that  they  did  so  are  considerable.  Certain  it 
is  that  the  plays  now  called  "Coventry  Mysteries  "  are  not 
those  which  were  acted  by  the  t^uilds  of  Coventry. 

Morley.  English  Writers,  IV.  114. 

Coverdale  (kuv'er-dal).  Miles.     Bom  in  the 

North  Riding  of  Yorkshire  in  1488 :  died  in  Feb., 
1568.  The  first  translator  of  the  whole  Bible 
into  English.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  was  ordained 
priest  in  1514  at  Norwich,  and  joined  the  -\ustin  friars  at 
Cambridge.  About  1526  he  assumed  the  habit  of  a  secular 
priest,  and,  leaving  the  convent,  devoted  himself  to  evan- 
gelical preaching.  In  1531  he  took  his  degree  as  bachelor 
of  canon  law  at  Cambridge.  He  was  probably  on  the 
Continent  the  greater  part  of  the  time  until  1535.  In  this 
year  his  translation  of  the  Bil^le  from  Dutch  and  Latin  ap- 
peared with  a  dedication  to  Henry  vm.  In  1538  he  was  sent 
by  Cromwell  to  Paris  to  superintend  a  new  English  edition 
of  the  Bible.  This  was  known  as  "The  Great  Bible."  A 
second  "  Great  Bible,"  known  as  "Cranmer's  Bible  "  (1540), 
was  also  edited  by  him.  He  returned  from  Paris  in  1539, 
but  in  1540.  on  the  execution  of  Cromwell,  he  was  obliged 
to  leave  England,  and  shortly  after  married  Elizabeth 
Macheson.  This  repudiation  of  the  celibacy  of  the  priest- 
hood identified  him  with  the  Reformers.  He  lived  at  Tu- 
bingen for  a  short  time,  and  was  made  doctor  of  divinity. 
From  1543  to  1547  he  lived  at  Bergzabern  (Deux- Pouts)  as 
Lutheran  minister  and  schoolmaster.  In  1548  he  returned 
to  England, and  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king  through 
Cranmer's  influence.  In  1551  he  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Exeter,  of  which  oflice  he  was  deprived  in  1553  and  went 
again  to  Berczabern.  It  has  been  said  that  he  assisted  in 
preparing  the  Geneva  Bible.  In  15,59  we  find  him  again  in 
England.  In  1563  he  received  from  Cambridge  the  degree 
of  doctorof  divinity. and  obtained  tbelivingof  St.  Magnus, 
near  London  Bridge.  In  1.566  he  resigned  this  office  on  ac- 
count of  his  objection  to  the  enforced  strict  observance  of 
the  liturgy.  He  continued  preaching,  however,  and  was 
followed^by  crowds. 

Coverdale,  Miles.  The  relater  of  events  in 
Hawthorne's  "Blithedale Romance":  a  charac- 
ter which  has  many  points  of  intellectual  af- 
finitv  with  Hawthorne  himself. 

Coverley  (kuv'er-li).  Sir  Roger  de.  The  chief 
character  in  the  club  professing  to  write  the 
■■Spectator'":  an  English  country  gentleman. 
He  was  sketched  by  Steele  and  developed  by 
Addison. 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  is  not  to  be  described  by  any  pen 
but  that  of  Addison.  He  exhibits,  joined  to  a  perfect 
simplicity,  the  qualities  of  a  jnst,  honest,  useful  man, 
and  delightful  companion.  .  .  .  Addison  dwelt  with  ten- 
derness on  every  detail  regarding  him,  and  finally  described 
Sir  Roger's  death  to  prevent  any  less  reverential  pen  from 
trifling  with  his  hero. 

Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  162. 

Covielle  (ko-ve-el').  The  valet  of  Cl^onte  in 
Moliere's  comedy  "Le  bourgeois  gentil- 
homme."  His  subtle  inventions  win  the  hand 
of  Lucille  for  his  master. 

Coviello  (ko-ve-el'lo).  The  conventional  clown 
in  old  Italian  comedy. 


Covilham 

Coviltaam,  or  Covilhao  (ko-vel-yan'),  Pedro 
de.  Boru  at  Covilhao,  Portugal,  about  1450 : 
died  in  Abyssinia  about  1540  (t).  A  Portu- 
guese navifiator.  He  was  seat  by  John  JI.  of  Portu- 
gal to  Asia,  in  1487,  in  search  of  the  legendary  Prester 
John.  Having  visited  the  princip:U  towns  of  Abyssinia 
and  Malabar,  and  sent  lioine  a  report  of  his  journey,  he 
presented  himself  in  149iJ  at  the  court  of  Aleniinder, 
prince  of  Abyssinia,  wlio  treated  him  with  great  kindness, 
but  constrained  him  Ui  remain  in  the  country.  His  re- 
port is  said  to  liave  been  of  use  to  Vasco  da  Gania  in  the 


287 


Cozumel 


discovery  of  the  route  to  India  round  the  Capo  of  Good  Cowper,  William.   Died  Oct.  10, 1723.    An  Eng 


1,100  British  under  Tarleton.    The  loss  of  the  Americans  QoX,  Samuel  SulUvan.      Boru  at  ZanesVlUe, 

was  72  ;  that  of  the  British,  8iK)-900. "        -'•■•• 

Cowper  (ko'per  or  kou'pt-r),  Edward.  Born  in 
17T10:  died  at  Kensington,  Oct.  17,  1852.  An 
English  inventor  of  viirious  important  improve- 
ments in  printing  processes,  including  the  sys- 
tem of  iuking-rollers  and  (with  Applegath)  the 
foui'-cylinder  printing-machine.  He  became 
professor  of  mechanics  at  King's  College,  Lou- 
don, 


Hope. 

Oovilliao  (ko-vel-yan')-  -^  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Beira,  Portugal,  in  lat.  40°  19'  N.,  long. 
7°  31'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  cloth  manufactures. 
Population  C1H90),  17,562. 

Covington  (ktiv'ing-tou).  A  city  in  Kenton 
County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  River, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking,  opposite  Cincin- 
aflti.      It  has  manufactures  of  iron,  tobacco,  etc.,  and 

Is  connected    bv  a    suspension-bridge  witli  Cincinnati,  Cowper,  William, 
Population  (liWO).  42,9:i8.  ■      "      

Cowell  (kou'el),  Edward  Byles.  Born  Jan.  23. 
1820 :  died  Feb.  9,  19u3.  An  English  Sanskrit 
scholar,  appointed  professor  at  the  Presidency 
College,  Calcutta,  in  1864,  and  Sanskrit  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge,  England,  in  1867. 

Cowell,  John.  Born  at  Ernsborough,  Devon- 
shire, England,  1554  :  died  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  11,  1611.  An  English  jurist.  He  was 
regins  professor  of  civil  law  at  Cambridge  1594-1611, 
master  of  Trinity  Hall  in  1698,  and  vice-chancellor  of  the 
university  in  1(!03  and  1604,  He  was  the  author  of  a  legal 
dictionary  entitled  "The  Interpreter,  a  booke  containing 
the  signiflcation  of  words  .  .  .  mentioned  in  the  Law- 
writers  or  statutes,  etc."  (1607).  Certain  passages  in  the 
book  offended  both  the  Commons  and  the  king  ;  the 
author  was  summoned  before  tlie  council  iu  1610,  and  his 
dictionary  was  burned  by  the  common  liangman. 

Under  the  headiiig  "King"  Cowell  wrote:  "He  is 
above  the  law  by  his  atisolute  power,  and  though  for  the 
better  and  equal  coiu-se  in  making  laws,  he  do  admit  the 
Three  Estates  unto  Council,  yet  this  in  divers  learned 
men's  opinions  is  not  of  constraint,  but  of  his  own  benig- 
nity, or  by  reason  of  the  promise  made  upon  oath  at  tlie 
time  of  his  coronation." 

Adand  and  Raiisoiiw,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  84. 

Cowell,  Joseph  Leathley.  Born  near  Tor- 
quay, Aug.  7,  1792 :  died  near  London,  Nov. 
13,1863.   An  English  actor.    His  real  name  was  Wit- 


lisU  statesman  and  jurist,  created  Baron  Cowper 
of  Wingham,  Kent,  Nov.  9,  1706,  and  Viscount 
Ford%viche  and  Earl  CowTJer  March  18,  1718. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1695 ;  became  lord  keeper  and 
privy  councilor  in  1705:  served  on  the  commission  which 
drew  up  tlie  Act  of  Union  in  1706;  became  the  tlrst  lord 
high  chancellor  of  Great  Britain  May  4,  1707 ;  presided  at 
the  trial  of  Dr.  .Sacheverell  in  1710  ;  resigned  his  office  in 
Sept.,  1710 ;  was  reappointed  in  .Sept.,  1714  :  and  again  re- 
signed in  171^.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Born  at  Great  Berkliamp- 


Ohio,  Sept.  30.  1824:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 
10,  1889.  An  American  politician  and  diplo- 
matist. He  became  editor  of  the  Columbus,  Ohio. 
"Statesman  '  in  isr.s.and  gained  the  sobriquet  of  ".Sunset " 
Cox  by  an  extremely  rhetorical  description  of  a  sunset 
which  he  priute<l  in  that  journal.  He  was  a  Democratic 
member  ot  t:ongress  from  t>hio  1857-65;  from  New  York 
city  1869-73  and  1875-8;'» ;  was  United  States  minister  to 
Turkey  1885-86:  was,  on  his  return  to  New  York,  elected 
to  Congress  to  till  a  vacancy:  and  was  reelected  in  1888. 
Autlior  of  "A  Buckeye  Abroad  "  (1862),  "  Eight  Years  in 
Congress "(1866),  "I'hree  Decades  of  i'eaeral  Legislation  " 
(1886),  etc. 

Coxcie,  or  Gocxie  (kok'se),  or  Coxis,  Michael. 

Born  at  Mechlin,  Low  Countries,  1499:  died  at 
Mechlin,  March  5,  1.592.  A  Flemish  painter. 
His  best-known  work  is  a  copy  of  the  "Adoration  of  the 
Lamb"  by  the  brothers  Van  Eyck. 

Coxcomb  (kuks'kom).  The.  A  play  by  Beau- 
mont, Fletcher,  and  Rowley  (f),  produced  in 
1012  and  published  in  1647. 

CoXCOX.     See  the  e.xtract. 


tead,  Hertfordshire,  Nov.  15,  1731:  died  at 
East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  April  25. 1800.  A  cele- 
brated English  poet,  son  of  John  Cowper,  D.  D., 
rector  of  Great  Berkhampstead.  Hewas  educated 
at  Westminster  School,  where  he  remained  from  his  tenth 
to  his  eighteenth  year,  was  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple 
in  April,  1748,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  June,  1754. 
In  17,59  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  bankrupts. 
He  early  showed  symptoms  of  melancholia,  and  in  1763 
anxiety  with  regard  to  his  fitness  to  fill  an  office  which 
had  been  offered  him  brought  on  an  attack  of  suicidal 

mania  which  necessitated  a  temporary  confinement  in  a  COXC  (koks),  Arthur  Cleveland.  Born  at  Mend- 
private  asylum  at  St.  Albans.    In  June,_1765,  he  removed     jjajjj_  j^_  j_^  jji^y  IQ,  1818  :  died  July  20. 1896.  An 


The  Noah  of  the  Mexican  tribes  was  Coxcox,  who,  with 
his  wife  Xochiquetzal,  alone  escaped  the  deluge.  They 
took  refuge  in  the  hollow  trunk  of  a  cypress  (ahuehuete), 
which  floated  upon  tlie  water,  and  stopped  at  last  on  top 
of  a  mountain  of  Culhuacan.  They  had  many  children, 
but  all  of  them  were  dumb.  The  Great  Spirit  took  pity 
on  them,  and  sent  a  dove,  who  hastened  to  t«ach  them  to 
speak.  Fifteen  of  the  children  succeeded  in  grasping  the 
power  of  speech,  and  from  these  the  Toltecs  and  Aztecs 
are  descended.  Hale,  Story  of  Mexico,  p.  22. 


American  clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church.  He  became  assistant  bishop  of  western 
New  York  in  1863,  bishop  in  1865.  Author  of  "  Saul,  a  Mys- 
tery, and  Other  Poems"  (1845),  "  Hallowe  en,  a  Roniauut, 
with  Lays  Meditative  and  Devotional  "(1869X  "The  Ladyc 
Cliace'  (1878),  "Institutes  of  Christian  Historj- "  (1887),  etc. 


to  Huntingdon,  remaining  there,  in  the  family  of  the  Rev. 
Morley  Unwin,  until  1707,  when,  Unwin  Inning  ilicd,  lie 
removed  with  Mrs.  Unwin  to  Olney  in  Bnckin^-li;iinsliU-e, 
where  he  lived  until  Nov.,  1786,  removing  tlun  to  NWston, 
a  neighboring  village.  He  was  subject  to  repeated  attacks 
of  mental  disease,  which  sliowed  itself,  as  at  first,  in  a 

tendency  to  suicide  and  religious  melancholy,  and  in  his  -.-.,, 

later  years  became  a  permanent  condition  of  insanity,  Coxe    (koks),   Tench.       Born  at  Philadelphia, 

He  published  "  Anti-Thelyphthora,"  a  reply  to  a  defense  j£.^^.   ,>2    2755.  ^\\^^^\   at   Philadeliihia.  Julv    17. 

of    polygamy  so  named  (1781),   "Poems"  (1782),   "The  „,-,j        .       a, „„,.;,..,„  nolitical  economist  "    Ho 

Task,"  with  "Tirocinium,"  "John  Gilpin, ".and  an  "Epis-  l'^--*-      A".  ^'"•^,'Jl'*"   P?"  i*^,^'   ,   "ii.'^n   ',     7^ 

tie  to  Joseph  Hill"  (178.5),  "Homer's  Biad  and  Odyssey"  wrote  "  View  ot  the  United  States"  (li94),  etc. 

(1791),  "The  Power  of  Grace  Illustrated,  "  a  translation  of  QQxe    William.      Born    at    Loudon,   March  7, 

sixlettersfromVanLiertoJohn  Newton  (1792),  'IPoenis"  j^^y".   ^jjg^j   ^^   Bemerton,  Wiltshire,  England. 

'&^^-'^Ji%o^^X\Ji^Z  June  16, 1828.  AnEnglishclergyman.  historian. 

French  ol  Madame  Guyon  (1801),  a  translation  of  the  and  biographer.    He  was  appointed  rector  of  Bemer- 

Latin  and  Itidian  jjoems  of  Milton  (1808),  an  edition  of  ton  in  1788,  of  Stonrton  in  IsOii,  and  of  Fovant,  Wiltshire, 

Milton  (1810),  and  some  early  poems  (1825).  in  1811,  and  archdeacon  of  Wiltshire  in  1804.     He  wrote 

chett.    He  painted  portraits,  and  was  a  clever  and  popular  fjmr  (koks)   David        [The  surname  Cox  or  Coxe  "A  History  of  the  House  of  Austria"  (1807),  "Memoirs  of 

actor.     He  publislu-d  an  amusing  autobiography  in  1S44.      ;"f',,„fu^,.' t;"!,:,,  '  „fV',„.;-c  n  ,v.t.-nT,vmio  (d-pi.  S'r  Roljert  Walpole  "  (1798),  etc. 

His  daughter  Sidney  Frances  (Mrs.  H.  L.  Bateman)  was     IS  another  spelng  of  t  »</>.s,  a  p.itionymic    gen-  -                         '  Josenh  Stirline       Born  at  Birr 

itive)  form  of  t  oc/.-.l     Born  near  Birmingham,  yoyne  (.koinj,  josepn  oiiruag.     uoiu  ai  out, 

England,April  29,1783:  diedatHarborneHeatli,  King's  County,  Ireland,  1803:  died  at  London, 


(Mrs 

See  East  Cowes  and 


His  daughter  Sidney 

the  mother  of  Kate  Bateman. 

Cowes,  East  and  'West, 

If'cs-t  Cowes. 

Cowgate  (kou'gat).  The.  A  noted  and  once 
fashionable  street  in  Edinburgh  Old  Town. 
The  snburli  with  this  name,  situated  on  the  southern  side 
of  the  city  in  a  valley,  through  which  the  street  runs,  was 
first  inclosed  within  the  walls  in  1513. 

Cowichin  (kou'we-chin).  A  name  given  col- 
lectively to  those  Salishan  tribes  which  for- 
merly occupied  the  sotitheastern  side  of  Van- 
couver Island,  the  opposite  mainlaml,  and  the 
intervening  islands,  all  speaking  nearly  related 
dialects.  They  are  now  on  the  C!owichin  res- 
ervation, under  the  Fraser  River  agency,  Brit- 
ish Columbia.     See  S((Iishan. 

Cowley  (kou'li,  formerly  kii'li),  Abraham. 
Born  at  London,  1618:  died  at  Chertsey,  Sur- 
rey, July  28,  1667.  An  English  poet,  seventli 
and  posthumous  child  of  Thomas  Cowley,  a  sta- 
tioner. He  studied  at  Westminster  and  at  Cambridge 
(B.  A  1639,  M,  A.  1(142);  retired  to  Oxford  (St,  John's  Col- 
lege) in  1643  ;  identified  himself  with  the  Royalists,  and 
followed  the  quuen  to  France  in  1IH6,  where  he  remained 
In  the  service  of  the  exiled  court  until  16.56;  returned  to 
England  in  the  latter  year;  and  finally  settli-d  (I<;(;5t  at 
Chertsey.  He  enjoyed  during  his  lifetime  a  liigb  npnta- 
tion  as  a  poet,  which  rapidly  declined  after  hi.-*  death. 
The  first  collected  edition  of  his  wcnks  appeared  in  IWIH. 

Cowley,  Richard.  Sec  Wdltshij,  ildrriuis  of 
(second  Karl  of  Morningtoii). 

Cowley,  Mrs.  (Hannah  Parkhouse).    Bom  at 

Tiverton,  Devoiisliirc,  1743:  died  there,  Marcli 
11^  ISOy.  jVn  English  poet  and  ilramatisl, 
daiightc^r  of  a  bookseller  of  Tiverton,  ami  wife 
of  a  captain  in  the  service  of  the  East  India, 
Comjiuny.  she  was  the  author  of  "The  Runaway" 
(acted  Feb.,  177U),  "The  Belle's  .Stratagem"  (acted  Feb., 
1780),  "A  Hold  Stroke  f.u' a  llnshand  '  (acted  Feb.,  178:1), 
etc.  Under  the  psc-niloiiyni  "Anna  Matilda,"  which  hius 
become  a  synonym  (or  senlinienlality,  she  carried  on  a 
poetical  correspondence  in  the  "  World  "  with  IVibcrt 
Merry,  who  adopted  the  signature  "  liella  Crnsia." 

Cowlitz  (kou'lits).  A  tribe  of  Nortli  American 
Indians  whicli  formerly  lived  on  Cowlitz  River, 
at  its  mouth,  and  on  the  Columbia  River, Wash- 
ington. They  were  confederated  in  1853  with  the  Up- 
per Chehalis,  their  total  number  thou  being  about  \m. 
See  Saiishan. 

Oowpens  (kou'penz).  A  \-ilIage  in  Spartan- 
burg County,  northwestern  South  Carolina.  8 
miles  northeast  of  Spartanburg.  Here,  Jan.  17. 
1781,  the  .\niericans  (about  l.OiiO)  under  Morgan  defeated 


near  Birmingham,  June  7,18.59.  A  noted  Pinglish 
landscape-painter,  son  of  a  Birmingham  black- 
smith. Among  his  best-known  pictures  are  "Washing 
Day "(1843),  "The  Vale  of  Chvyd"  (1846),  "  I'eacB  and  War" 
(1846),  "Going  to  the  llay-fteld,"  ''The  Challenge"  (18.53), 
"The  Summit  of  the  M  >untain  "  (18.53),  etc. 
Cox,  Sii  George  William.  Born  at  Benares  in 
1827  :  died  at  Waliner,  Kent.  Feb.  9,  1902.  An 
English  clergyman  ami  historian.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Life  of  St."  Boniface  "{1853) ."  Tales  from  Greek  My- 
thology" (1861).  "A  Manual  ot  Mythology,  etc."  (1867), 
"The  Mythology  of  the  Aryan  Nations  "  (1870), "A  History 
ot  Greece"  (1874),  "A  lieneral  History  of  Greece  frimi  the 
Earliest  Perioil  to  the  Death  of  AlcxandertlieGreat"(1870), 
"  Ilislorv  of  the  Establishment  of  British  Rule  in  India  ' 
(issi).  "  liitni.lULti.m  to  the  .Science  of  Coniparntive  My- 
tliolofV  an. I  V,,\k  tore"  (1881).  "  Life  of  liislioji  Colenso  " 
(IHKX).'  Willi  hraiidi-  lir  published  "A  Dictionary  of 
Science  and  Literatiirr  '    I  lHi;2-72). 

Cox,  Jacob  Dolson.  Born  at  Montreal, Canada, 

Oct.  27,  1827:  dii'd  at  Magnolia,   Mass.,  Aug. 

4,  1900.     An  American  general  iiiid  politiciiiii. 

He  served  in  West  Virginia  1861-^)2,  at  Antietam  in  1H62, 

and  iu  Georgia  and  Tifiiiiessee  in  1864.     He  wa.s  governor 

of  Ohio  lH6l>-68,  and  secretary  of  tin;  interior  1H69-70. 
Cox,  Kenyon.     Born  at  Warren,  Ohio,  (_1ct.  27, 

18.56.      An   .Vmerican  painter,  son  of  (leneral 

Jacob  1).  Co.\.    Ho  studied  throe  years  at  the  Mc.Vlieken  Coyse'VOX   ( kwiis  -  voks '),    AntOiUO.      Born    at 


July  18,  1868.  An  Irish  humorist  and  play- 
wTiglit,  author  of  a  number  of  successful  farces 
and  other  works. 

Coyotero  (ko-yo-te'rO).  [So  called  from  their 
eatingthecoyote,  or  prairie  wolf.]  1.  The  Pinal 
Coyotero.  or  Tonto  Apaelie. — 2.  One  of  the 
four  subtribes  of  the  Giletio.  or  Gila  Apache: 
also  called  Sierra  Blanca  Ajiache,  or  White 
Mountain  Apache,  from  llieir  habitat.  These 
t\>yotero  are  a  mountain  tribe,  dwelling  southeast  of  the 
Pinal  Coyotero,  and  beyond  the  Gila  River.     See  Oilefio. 

Coypel  (kwii-pel'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aiiril  11,  16()1:  died  at  Paris.  Jan.  1,  1722.  A 
French  paint i-r,  son  of  Xocl  Coypel. 

Coypel,  Charles  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  11,  1094:  died  .lum-  14,  1752.     A  French 

d)aiiiter,  son  of  .\nloine  ("ov))el. 
oypel,  Noel.     Horn  at  Paris,  Dec.  25.  1628: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21,  1707.     A  Fivnch  painter, 
an  imitator  of  Poussin.     His  best-known  work  is  the 
"Martyrdom  of  St.  James."  in  Notre  Dame,  Paris. 

Coypel,  Noel  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  18, 
l(i92:  died  at  I'aris,  Dec.  14.  1734.  A  French 
l)ainler,  sti-pbrother  of  Antoine  Coypel. 


Art  School  in  Cincinnati.  In  1876  he  went  to  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1877  to  Paris,  where 
ho  studied  llrst  under  Carojus  Duran,  and  later  under  Ca- 
bancl  and  G(-rome,  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Aits,  where  he 
remuined  about  three  years.  In  ISSahe  established  himself 
in  New  Voi-k, 
Cox, Richard.  Born  at  Wliaddon,Biickingliam- 
sliire,  lOiigland,  1,500;  died  July  22,  15SL  An 
English  in-elate,  api>ointed  bishop  of  Ely  in 
1559.  He  was  translator  of  the  Acta  of  the  Apostles  and 
of  Paul's  F.platletothe  Romans  for  the  "Bishops'  Bible." 

Cox,  Samuel  Hanson.  Bom  at  K;ilnvay,  N.  J., 
Aug.  '-'o,  1793:  died  at  BroiiNVille,  Westchester 
County,  N.  v.,  Oct.  2,  1881.  An  American  Pres- 
bvterian  clergyman.  He  was  ordained  In  1817:  be- 
ca'me  pastor  of  the  Spring  Street  Church  in  New  York  in 
1821,  and  of  the  l.aight  Street  Church  In  1826;  and  professor 

In  1837  ho  becatne 


Lyons,  Sept.  29,  1640:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10. 
1720.  A  French  sculptor  of  Siianish  origin. 
He  went  to  Paris  and  entered  the  aleller  of  Leranibert, 
Ihe  celebrated  sculptor,  painter,  and  ])oet.  He  copleil 
many  antiques  in  marble,  among  them  the  Venus  di 
Medici  and  the  Castor  and  Pollux.  In  1667  he  was  called 
to  strasbmg  to  execute  the  <lecon»tion8  of  the  palact- 
o(  the  Cardinal  Prince  de  Fnrstenberg.  He  returned  to 
I'aris  ill  11171.  where  he  enjoyed  the  iiersonal  friendsldp 
of  l.ouls  -XIV.,  who  gave  him  large  ciunmissloiis  at  Ver- 
sailles, then  in  |iroce8S  o(  construction.  In  li'>57  he  made 
the  statue  ot  Louis  XIV.  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville;  also  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Ihe  king  for  the  city  ot  Itennes  In 
llrolagne.  In  17ol  he  made  the  two  winged  horses  for 
the  entrance  to  the  Tuileries  gardens.  Among  his  works 
are  portrait-statues  (CoiuW  at  Clianlllly.  the  Dauphine 
Adelaide  of  Savoie  as  Diane  Chas-seressc,  the  kneeling 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.  at  Notre  Dame),  the  tomb  of  Ma7. 
arin  in  the  fegllse  des  (Jnaire  Nations,  and  the  monument 
to  Colbert  at  Saint-Eustache. 


of  pasitoral  theology  at  .tubiirn  in  18:m. 

pastor  ot  the  First  Presbyterian  (^lureh  in  BriHiklyn,  N.  Y.  ,,        ,        .      >      mv.^        A     ^ „.1.»    l,v 

He  was  professor  of  ercbslastieal  history  for  many  years  Cozeners    (KUZ    n-erz),    1116.      A    comeoy    0> 

In  the  I'nion  Theological  Seminary,    In  1852  he  retired  Simuel  Foote.  Jiroduced  in  1774.    See  Aircastir. 

from  active  servi.e  in  the  chnr.h.but  frequently  preached  fjo,,.™-!  (ko-tlio-mal').    An  island  9  miles  east 

and  lectured.      He  favored  the  antlalavery  movement,  v^u^iiiuci  \              v„„„for,      i.  i.  a,  _,ii».  i„.,„  K..  - 

though  not  Its  extreme  measures,  and  took  a  strong  c.m-  ol  the  coast_^of  ^  ucatan.    It  is  24  niUes  long  b)   , 

servative  position  with  regar.l  to  the  .Southern  question,  wide,  low  and  flat,  and  bordered  by  reefs      ^J  hen  discov- 

He  was  a  line  and  powerful  orator.  ered  by  Grijalva  (iB18)  and  visited  by  Cortes  (1619),  It  was 


Cozumel 

inhabited  by  Maya  Indians,  and  remains  of  their  temples 
and  houses  still  exist.  At  present  the  island  has  no  per- 
manent inhabitants. 

Cozzens  (kuz'nz),  Frederick  Swartwout. 
Boru  at  New  York,  March  5,  1818:  died  at 
Brooklyn,  Dec.  23,  1869.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  was  for  many  years  a  wine- 
merchant  in  Sew  Yorlv  city,  and  published  in  connection 
with  his  business  a  trade  paper  called  *•  The  Wine  Press." 
He  wrote  the  "  Sparrowgrass  Papers  "  (13o6). 

Crab  (krab).  The  crusty  guardian  of  the  for- 
tune of  Buck  in  Foote's  comedy  "The  Eng- 
lishman returned  from  Paris." 

Crab.  The  dog  of  Launce  in  Shakspere's  "  Mer- 
chant of  Venice." 

Crabb  (krab),  George.  Bom  at  Palgrave,  Suf- 
folk, Dec.  8, 1778:  died  at  Hammersmith,  near 
London,  Dee.  4,  1851.  An  English  lawyer  and 
legal  and  miscellaneous  writer,  best  known  as 
the  author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  English  Svno- 
nymes"  (1816). 

Crabbe  (krab),  Greorge,  Bom  at  Aldeburgh, 
Suliolk,  Dec.  24,  17& :  died  at  Trowbridge, 
England,  Feb.  3, 1832.  An  English  poet.  After 
having  failed  as  a  surgeon  in  his  native  town,  he  re- 
moved in  1730  to  London,  where,  through  the  patronage  of 
Burlie,  he  was  rescued  from  extreme  poverty  and  enabled 
to  publish  "The  Library"  and  other  worlis,  whiclx  gave 
him  an  established  position  in  literature.  He  was  for  a 
number  of  years  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Kutland,  and  in 
1789  became  rector  of  Muston  and  .\llington.  His  chief 
worlis  are  "The  Library"  (1781),  "The  Village"  (17S3), 
"The  Newspaper"  (17S5),  "The  Parish  Register"  (1807), 
and  "  Tales  of  the  Hall  "  (1819). 

Crabeth  (kra'bet),  Dirk.  Bom  at  Gouda,  Ne- 
therlands :  died  about  1601.  A  Dutch  painter 
on  glass. 

Crabeth,  Wouter.  Bom  at  Gouda,  Nether- 
lands: died  about  1581.  A  Dutch  painter  on 
glass,  brother  of  Dirk  Crabeth. 

Crabshaw  (krab'sha),  Timothy.  In  Smollett's 
".Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,"  a  whipper-in,  plow- 
man, and  carter,  selected  as  a  squire  by  Sir 
Launcelot  when  on  his  knight-errant  expedi- 
tion He  rode  a  vicious  cart-horse  named 
Gilbert. 

Crabtree (krab'tre).  Amisehief-makerinSheri- 
dan's  comedy  "The  School  for  Scandal." 

Crabtree,  Cadwallader.  A  cynical  deaf  old 
man,  a  friend  of  Peregrine  Pickle,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  that  name. 

Cracow  (kra'kd).  [Pol.  Erakdtc,  G.  Kralau, 
F.  Cracovie,  Mli.  Cracovia ;  from  Kral'iis  {^): 
see  below.]  The  second  city  of  Galieia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rudowa  and  Vistula  in  lat.  50°  4'  N.,  long.  19° 
56'  E.,  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  the  Vistula. 
It  is  an  Important  commercial  center  and  a  fortress  of  the 
first  class.  It  contains  a  noted  castle,  cathedral  (see 
belowX  university,  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Franciscan 
and  Dominican  churches,  the  Tuclihans  (cloth-hall),  and 
the  Czartorj'ski  Museum.  Near  here  is  the  Kosciuszko 
Hill.  The  city  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  mj-thi- 
cal  Krakus.  It  was  the  capital  of  Poland  from  1320  to 
about  1609,  and  the  place  of  coronation  of  her  Ifings  till 
the  18th  century.  It  was  captured  by  the  Bohemians  in 
1039,  by  the  Mongols  in  1241,  by  the  Swedes  in  1C58  and 
1702,  and  by  the  Kussians  in  1768.  It  came  to  Austria  in 
the  last  partition  of  Poland  in  1795.  It  was  a  part  of  the 
duchy  of  Warsaw.  By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  it  was 
made  the  capital  of  the  Republic  of  Cracow,  On  the  in- 
surrection of  1846  it  was  annexed  to  Austria.  The  cathe- 
dral, consecrated  in  1369,  is  the  burial-place  of  the  kings 
and  national  heroes  of  Poland.  The  chapels  contain  a 
number  of  magnificent  monuments  and  notable  sculp- 
tures, among  them  a  Christ  Blessing,  by  Thorwaldsen 
In  the  middle  of  the  church  is  the  silver  shrine  of  St, 
Stanislaus,  supported  by  angels.  There  is  a  Romanesque 
crypt.     Population  (19i-«J(,  '.tl,323. 

Craddock  (krad'ok),  Charles  Egbert.     The 

pseudonym  of  Miss  Mary  N.  Murfree. 

Cradle  of  Liberty.    See  Fanfuil  Hall. 

Cradock  (krad'ok),  Sir.  A  knight  in  the  Ar- 
thurian legends :  the  only  one  in  the  whole 
court  whose  wife  was  chaste.  See  Boy  and  the 
Mil  n  tie. 

Craft  of  Lovers,  The.  A  poem  attributed  to 
Chaucer  by  Stowe,  but  now  denied  to  be  his. 

Crafts  (krafts),  Samuel  Chandler.  Bom  at 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  Oct.  6,  1768:  died  at  Crafts- 
bury,  Vt.,  Nov.  19,  1853,  An  American  politi- 
cian, governor  of  Vermont  1828-31. 

Crafts,  William.  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
Jan.  24, 1787:  died  at  Lebanon  Springs,  N. T., 
Sept.  23, 1826.     An  American  lawyer  and  poet. 

Craftsman  (krafts'man),  The.  A  political 
periodical,  originated  in  1726  by  Nicholas  Am- 
hurst  under  the  signature  of  "Caleb  D'Anvers 
of  Gray's  Inn."  Bolingbroke  and  Pulteney  joined 
their  forces  to  his,  and  it  gained  a  high  reputation  and 
proved  a  very  powerful  organ  of  the  opposition  to  Sir 
P^bert  Walpole. 

Craig,  Isa.     See  Knox,  Isa  C. 
Craig  (krag),  John.      Bom  about  1512:   died 
1600.    A  Scottish  reformer,  friend  and  sueces- 


288 

sor  of  Knox.  He  at  first  refused  to  publish  the  banns 
between  Queen  Marj"  and  Bothwell,  but  finally  consented. 
Craig,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  1538:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  26,  1608.  A  Scottish  jurist  bnd 
Latin  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  feudal 
law,  "Jus  feudale"  (1603),  still  a  standard  authority  in 
Scotland. 

Craigengelt  (kra-gen-gelt'),  Captain.  An  ad- 
venturer in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  '•  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor."  He  is  the  friend  of 
Frank  Hayston,  and  the  enemy  of  the  Master 
of  Ravensvrood. 

Craigenputtock  (kra-gen-put'oeh).  A  farm 
about  15  miles  from  Dumfries,  Scotland,  which 
for  some  years  was  the  home  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle.  It  belonged  to  ilrs.  Carlyle  before  her  marriage, 
and  in  May,  182S,  they  first  went  there  to  live,  leaving  it 
and  returning  from  time  to  time.  Here  much  of  Carlyle's 
most  brilliant  work  was  done. 

Craik  (krak),  George  Lillie.  Bom  at  Kenno- 
way,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  in  1798:  died  at  Bel- 
fast, June  25,  1866.  A  Scottish  historian  and 
general  writer,  appointed  professor  of  English 
literature  and  history  at  Queen's  College,  Bel- 
fast, in  1849.  Authorola'CompendlousHistoryofEng. 
lish  Literature  and  of  the  English  Language"  (1861),  etc. 

Craik,  Georgiana  Marian  (Mrs.  A.  W.  May). 
Born  at  London,  April,  1831:  died  at  St. 
Leonard's,  Nov.  1,  1895.  An  English  novelist, 
daughter  of  the  above.  Her  works  include  "River- 
stone "  (1867),  "Lost  and  Won"  (1859),  '■  Winifred's  Woo- 
ing" (1862),  "Mildred"  (1868),  "Sylria's  Choice "  (1874), 
"  Hilary's  Love-Storj-  "  (1880),  "Godfrey  Helstone  '•  (1884), 
"Patience  Holt"  (1891),  etc. 

Craik,  James.  Bom  in  Scotland,  1731:  died  in 
Fairfax  County,  Va.,  Feb.  6,  1814.  A  Scottish- 
American  physician.  He  accompanied  Washington 
in  the  expedition  against  the  French  and  Indians  in  1754 ; 
served  as  physician  under  General  Braddock  in  1755  ;  en- 
tered the  medical  service  of  the  Continental  :u'niy  1775  ; 
and  became  the  family  physician  of  Washington,  whom 
he  attended  in  his  last  illness.  On  his  authority  rests  the 
anecdote  of  the  Indian  chief  who,  at  Braddock's  defeat, 
discharged  his  rifle  fifteen  times  at  Washington  without 
effect,  and  who  years  after  made  a  long  journey  to  see  the 
man  whom  he  supposed  to  enjoy  a  charmed  existence. 

Craik,  Mrs.  (Dinah  Maria  Mulock),  usually 
known  as  Miss  Mulock.  Born  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  England,  1.S26:  died  at  Shortlands,  Kent. 
Oct.  12,  1887.  An  English  novelist  and  poet. 
She  was  the  author  of  "  The  Ogilvies  "  (1849),  "The  Head 
of  the  Family  "  (1851),  "Agatha's  Husband  "  (1852),  "John 
Halifax,  Gentleman"  (1857),  "A  Life  for  a  Life"  (1859), 
"A  Noble  Life"  (1866),  "A  Brave  Lady"  (1870),  "Han- 
nah "  (1871),  etc.  She  published  a  volum  of  poems 
in  1859,  and  "Thirty  Years'  Poems"  in  1881,  t.esides  many 
children's  books,  fairy  tales,  etc.  She  married  George 
Lillie  Craik,  Jr.,  in  1865. 

Crail  (kral).  A  seaport  of  Fifeshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  North  Sea  31  miles  northeast  of 
Edinburgh.  In  medieval  times  it  was  a  royal 
residence. 

Crailsheim  (krils'him).  A  town  in  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  jagst  48  miles  northeast 
of  Stuttgart. 

Cramer  (kra'mer),  Johann  Andreas.    Born  at 
Johstadt,  Saxony,  Jan.  27,  1723:  died  at  Kiel 
Holstein,  June  12,  1788. 
poet  and  pulpit  orator, 
were  published  1782-83, 
poems  1791. 

Cramer,  John  Baptist. 
Baden,  Feb.  24,  1771:  died  at  London,  April 
16,  1858.  A  composer  and  distinguished  pian- 
ist, son  of  Wilhelm  Cramer:  author  of  studies 
for  the  piano,  etc. 

Cramer,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Quedlin- 
burg,  Prussia,  March  7,  1752:  died  at  Kiel. 
Holstein,  Dec.  8,  1807.  A  German  writer,  son 
of  Johann  Andreas  Cramer. 

Cramer,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Mannheim,  1745: 
died  at  London,  ()ct.  5,  1799.  A  distinguished 
German  violinist,  resident  in  London  after 
1772. 

Crampel  (kron-pel').  Paul.  Bom  in  France, 
1863 :  died  April,  1891.  An  African  explorer. 
He  began  his  -\frican  career  in  1886,  under  S.  de  Brazza. 
In  1888-89  he  made  a  successful  journey  from  Madi\-ille, 
on  the  Ogowe  River,  through  the  Fan  country  to  Corisco 
Bay.  In  1S90  the  Comite  de  I'Afrique  Francaise  sent  him 
to  Lake  Chad  in  order  to  connect  the  French  Sahara  with 
the  French  Kongo.  At  the  head  of  30  Senegalese  soldiers 
and  250  carriers,  and  assisted  by  3  Europeans,  he  left  Stan- 
ley Pool  on  Aug.  15,  ISO"!  From  Bangi.  the  last  European 
post  on  the  Mobangi  River,  he  marched  northward  as  far 
as  El  Kuti,  between  lat.  9'  and  10'  N.  Here  he  was  aban- 
doned by  most  of  his  carriers,  and  while  attempting  to 
force  his  way  to  the  north  fell  a  victim  to  the  fanaticism 
of  the  Senoussi  Moslems.  Of  his  white  companions,  one 
died,  one  was  killed,  and  only  one,  N^bout,  escaped  to  the 
coast. 

Crampton's  Gap  (kramp'tonz  gap).  A  pass 
in  the  South  Mountain,  Maryland.  See  South 
MoKiifain. 

Cranach,  or  Kranach  (kran'ak  or  kra'nach), 


A  German  religious 
His  collected  poems 
and  his  posthumous 

Boru  at  Mannheim, 


Cranstoun 

or  Kronach  (kron'ak  or  kronach),  Lucas. 
Born  at  Kronach,  near  Bamberg,  Gennany* 
1472 :  died  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Oct.  16,  1553. 
A  noted  German  painter  and  engraver.  He  be- 
came iu  1504  court  painter  to  the  elector  Frederick  the 
Wise,  of  Saxony.  He  was  elected  burgomaster  of  Witten- 
bei-g  in  1537  and  in  1540.  His  best-known  works  are  altar- 
pieces  in  Weimar,  Wittenberg,  and  elsewhere. 

Cranach,  Lucas,  the  younger.  Bom  at  Witten- 
berg, Germany,  Oct.  4,  1515 :  died  at  Weimar, 
Jan.  25,  1586.  A  German  painter,  son  of  Lucas 
Cranach  (1472-1553). 

Cranbrook  (kran'bruk).  A  town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land. 

Cranbrook,  Earl   of.       See  Hardy,  Gathome. 

Cranch  (kranch),  Christopher  Pearse.  Born 
at  Alexandria,  Va..  March  8,  1813:  died  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  20, 1892.  An  American 
landscape-painter,  poet,  and  translator,  son  of 
William  Cranch.  He  entered  the  ministry,  but  re- 
tired in  1842  to  devote  himself  to  art.  Among  his  more 
noted  pictures  are  "  October  Afternoon  "  (1867),  "Venice" 
(1870),  "  Venetian  Fishing-boats  "  (1871).  He  published 
"Poems"  (1844),  "The  Bird  and  the  Bell,  etc."  (1875), 
"Ariel  and  Caliban"  (1887),  etc.,  and  prose  tales  for 
children,  which  he  illustrated. 

Cranch,  William.  Bora  at  Wevmouth,  Mass., 
JiUy  17,  1769:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Sept. 
1,  1855.  An  American  jurist,  chief  justice  of 
the  Circuit  Court  for  the  District  of  Columbia 
1805-55. 

Crane  (kran),  Ichabod.  A  country  schoolmas- 
ter in  Irvings  ' '  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow."  He 
is  the  lover  of  Caterina  Van  Tassel,  and  is  frightened  out  of 
the  country-side  and  the  way  of  his  rival  by  his  adventure 
with  the  latter  disguised  as  the  Headless  Horseman. 
"The  cognomen  of  Crane  was  not  inapplicable  to  his  per- 
son. He  was  taU,  but  exceedingly  lank,  with  narrow 
shoulders,  long  arms  and  legs,  hands  that  dangled  a  mile 
out  of  his  sleeves,  feet  that  might  have  served  for  shovels, 
and  his  whole  frame  most  loosely  hung  together.  His 
head  was  small,  and  flat  at  top,  with  huge  ears,  large  green 
glassy  eyes,  and  a  large  snipe  nose,  so  that  it  looked  like 
a  weathercock,  perched  upon  his  spindle  neck,  to  teU 
which  way  the  wind  blew.  To  see  him  striding  along  the 
profile  of  a  hill  on  a  windy  day,  with  his  clothes  bagging 
and  fluttering  about  him,  one  might  have  mistaken  him 
for  the  genius  of  famine  descending  upon  the  ejirth,  or 
some  scarecrow  eloped  from  a  corn-field."  Washington 
Ining,  The  Sketch-Book  (Sleepy  Hollow). 

Crane,  Walter.  Born  at  Liverpool,  1845.  An 
English  genre-painter,  best  known  by  his  illus- 
trations for  children's  books,  fairy  tales,  etc. 

Cranganore  ( kran -ga- nor').  A  port  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  British  India,  in  lat.  10°  14'  N., 
long.  76°  10'  E.  It  was  early  held  by  the  Portuguese, 
and  later  by  the  Dutch  (lOth-lSth  centuries).  It  is  the 
traditional  scene  of  the  labors  of  St.  Thomas. 

Cranmer  (kran'mer),  Thomas.  Bom  at  As- 
lacton,  Nottinghamshire,  July  2,  1489 :  died  at 
Oxford,  March  21. 1556.  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.  A.  in  1512  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1515.  In  1529 
he  obtained  the  favor  of  Henry  VIII.  by  proposing  that,  in 
order  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  an  appeal  to  Rome,  the 
question  of  the  king's  marriage  with  Catharine  of  Aragon 
should  be  referred  to  the  universities.  He  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king,  and  in  1530  accompanied  the  Earl  of 
Wiltshire  on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  in  reference  to  the  di- 
vorce. In  1532  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  emperor  in 
Gei-many,  and  in  the  same  year  infringed  the  rule  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  by  marrying  a  niece  of  Osiander. 
He  was  appointed  archbishop  of  (Tanterbury  in  1533,  and 
in  the  same  year  pronounced  the  marriage  of  Henry  with 
Catharine  of  Aragon  invalid.  He  abjured  his  allegiance 
to  Rome  in  1535,  became  a  member  of  the  regency  for 
Edward  VI.  in  1547,  and  iu  1548  was  head  of  the  commis- 
sion which  composed  the  first  English  prayer-book.  He 
invited  a  number  of  distinguished  foreign  Protestants  to 
settle  in  England,  including  Peter  Mart^,  Ochino,  Bucer, 
and  Alasco  the  Pole.  He  was  induced  by  Edward  VI.  in 
1553  to  sign  the  patent  which  settled  the  crown  on  Lady 
Jane  Grey  to  the  exclusion  of  Maiy  and  Elizabeth,  and 
was  in  consequence  committed  to  the  Tower  for  treason 
on  the  accession  of  Mar>-.  He  was  subsequently  tried  for 
heresy,  and  in  spite  of  numerous  recantations  (which  he 
repudiated  at  his  execution)  was  sentenced  to  the  stake. 

Crannon,  or  Cranon  (kian'on).  [Gr  Kpumuv, 
Kpnrur.]  In  ancient  geograph}-,  a  city  in  Thes- 
saly,  Greece,  about  10  mOes  southwest  of  La- 
rissa  (exact  site  not  known).  Here,  322  B.  C, 
Antipater  defeated  the  confederated  Greeks. 

Cranon  (called  also  Ephyra)  was  a  city  in  the  part  of 
Thessaly  known  as  Pelasgiotis  (Hecat.  Fr.  112 ;  Steph. 
Byz.  ad  voc).  It  stood  in  a  fertile  plain,  remarkable  alike 
for  its  cereal  crops  (Liv.  xlii.  64,  65)  and  for  its  pasturage 
(Theocr.  xvi.  38).  Its  exact  site  cannot  well  be  fixed  ;  but 
the  plain  in  which  it  stood  is  undoubtedly  that  which  lies 
southof  the  low  ridge  between  Larissa  and  Fersala  (Phar- 
salia),  watered  by  the  Enipeus.  or  Apidanus  (Fersaliti). 
Bawlinsorij  Herod.,  IIL  504,  note. 

Crans.     See  Ges. 

Cranston  (kranz'ton).  John.     Died  March  12. 

1680.     Cxoveraor  of  Rhode  Island  1678-80. 
Cranston,  Samuel.     Died  1727.     Governor  of 

Rhode  Island  1698-1727:  son  of  John  Cranston. 
Cranstoun  (kranz'ton).  Henry.     A   character 

in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem  "The  Lay  of  the 

Last  Jlinstrel."     He  personates  WQliam  of  Deloraine 


Cranstoun  289 

In  the  trial  by  combat,  and,  winning,  reconciles  the  Lady  oriRinator  — the  .-Eschyliis— of  political  comedy"  (Ma- 
ul Branlisome,  his  hereditary  foe,  to  his  marriage  with  her  hafii}.  The  titles  and  many  fragments  of  his  plays  have 
daughter  Margaret.  sui-vived.  ,.„,.,  ,      , 

Grantor  (kiau'tor).     [Gr.  Kiiivrup.}     Boru   at  CratippUS    (kra-tip  us).     [Gr.    K/jarwTroc.J     1. 
Soli,  Cilieia:  lived  about  3L'5  B.C.     A  pMloso-    Liveil  about  400  B.  c.     A  Greek  historian,  the 


pber  of  the  Old  Academy,  the  first  commenta- 
tor on  Plato.  He  wrote  a  treatise  -'On  Grief,"  from 
which  Cicero  bon'owed  extensively  in  his  "Tusculau  Dis- 
putations." 

Cranworth,  Baron.    See  lioi/c. 

Cranz,  or  Krantz  (ki-iints),  David.   Bom  1723 : 

died  at  Guadenfrei,  Silesia,  June  6,  1777.     A 

German  Moravian  historian.  He  became  secretary 

to  Count  Zinzendorf  in  1747,  was  afterward  sent  on  a 

mission  to  Greenland,  whence  he  returned  1762,  and  in 

1766  was  appointed  pastor  at  Rixdoi-f,  near  Berlin.    He 

wrote  "Historie  von  Grbnland  "  (1765),  and  "Alte  und  ri_„4.„i,,(.  /■v,.at'i  li,<j 

neue  BruderHistorie  oder  kurze  Geschichte  der  evan-  ^raiyius  t ki at.  i  luh 


continuator  of  the  liistory  of  Thucydides.— 
2.  Lived  about  45  B.  c.  A  Peripatetic  philoso- 
pher of  Mytilene.  He  was  the  friend  and  instructor 
of  Cicero,  who  accounted  him  one  of  the  first  philosophers 
of  the  Peripatetic  school.  He  accompanied  Pompey  in  his 
fliglit  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  and  endeavored  to 
comfort  and  rouse  him  by  engaging  him  in  philosophical 
discourse.  He  opened  a  school  at  Athens  about  48  B.  C., 
which  was  attended  by  many  eminent  Romans,  including 
Brutus  during  his  stay  in  Athens  after  the  murder  of 
Csesar.  He  is  thought  to  have  written  a  work  on  divina- 
tion. 

[Gr.  Kpiirti/lo?.]    A  Greek 


gelischen  Bruder-Unitiit"  (1771). 

Craon  (kron;.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  France,  18  miles  southwest  of  Laval. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,434. 

Craonne  (kra-on').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  France,  13  miles  southeast  of 
Laon.  Here,  March  7,  1814,  Napoleon  checked 
the  allied  army  under  Bliicher  and  Wiutzin- 
gerode. 

Crapaud  (kra-p6'),  Jean  or  Johnny.    [F.  cra- 

juiiid,  toad.]     A  nickname  for  a  Frenchman. 

Crashaw  (krash'a),  Richard.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1616  (1612,  Grosart):  died  1649.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  was  educated  at  Charter  House  and  at 
Cambridge,  where  in  1637  he  became  a  fellow  of  Peter- 


philoso])her,  an  elder  contemporary  of  Plato. 
He  w:is  a  disciple  of  Hcracleitus.  Plato  introduces  him 
as  the  principal  speaker  in  one  of  his  dialogues  (the"Craty- 
lus  "). 

Craufurd  (kra'fferd),  Quintin.  Born  at  Kil- 
winnock,  Scotland,  Sept.  22,  1743:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23,  1819.  A  Scottish  essayist,  long 
in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  and 
after  1780  (except  1791-1802)  resident  in  Paris. 
In  the  early  days  of  the  Revolution  he  was  a  friend  of  the 
French  royal  family,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  their 
attempt  to  escape  from  Paris.  He  wrote  "Sketches  re- 
lating chiefly  to  the  History,  Religion,  Learning,  and  Man- 
ners of  the  Hindoos  "  (17;)0),  "  Secret  History  of  the  King 
of  France,  and  his  Escape  from  Paris  in  June,  1701"  (first 
published  in  188.^),  "Essais  sur  la  littirature  fran^aise, 
etc."  (1803),  etc 


not  taking  the  covenant  in  1644,  and  was  driven  out  of  the 
country.  He  went  to  Rome,  having  joined  the  Roman 
Church.  A  canonry  at  Loretto  was  procured  for  liim  in 
1649.  There  were  suspicions  that  he  was  poisoned.  He 
belonged  to  the  anti-Puritan  school  which  included  Her- 
rick,  Carew,  and  Herbert.  His  secular  and  religious 
poems  were  collected  and  published  as  "  Steps  to  the 
Temple"  and  "The  Delights  of  the  Muses"  in  1646.     His 


house.     He  was,  however,  deprived  of  his  fellowship  for  Craufurd,  Robert.     Bom  May  5,  1764:  died  at 

'•■""•"  *" ■"""•  ■■■■  """  ""■"  "-"  ■'■'"'°"  " '  "■■'  Giudad  Kodrigo,  Jan.  24,  1812.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish general.  He  served  in  India  1790-92,  on  the  Con- 
tinent with  the  Austrians  until  1797,  with  Suvaroff  in 
Switzerland  in  1799,  in  South  America  in  1807,  and  in  the 
siege  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo  during  the  Peninsular  campaign. 
He  died  from  a  wound  received  while  leading  the  assault 
upon  a  breach. 

latest  religious  poems  were  publislied  in  1B52  and  called  Cravant    (krii-von'),   or    Crevant    (kre-voil'). 

"Carmen  Deo  Nostro."  ^^  village  in  the  department  of  Yonne,  France, 

CrassUS  (kras'us),  Lucius  LlCiniUS.     Bom  140     lo  miles  southeast  of  Auxene.    Here,  1423,  the 

B.  C. :  died  91  B.  C.    A  Roman  orator  and  states-     anjed  English  and  Burgundians  under  the  Earl  of  Salis- 

man.     He  was  consul  in  9.5,  and  censor  in  92.     bui-y  defeated  tlie  allied  French  and  Scotch. 

He  is  one  of  the  chief  speakers  in  Cicero's  Craven,  Countess  of.    See  Berkeleij,  Elizabeth. 

"De  Oratore."  Craven.     A  district  in   the  West   Riding  of 

Crassus  Dives   (dl'vez),   Marcus  Licinius.    Yorkshire. 

Born  probably  about  105  B.C.:   died  53  B.C.  Crawford    (kra'ford)^   Edmund    Thornton. 


A  Roman  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
under  Sulla  in  the  civil  war  with  Marias,  and  profited  by 
the  liberality  of  his  chief,  and  by  the  opportunities  wliich 
tile  war  offered  for  speculations  in  confiscated  property, 
to  amass  a  colossal  fortune,  which  he  utilized  to  further 
his  political  ambition.  He  suppressed  the  servile  insur- 
rection under  Spartacus  in  71,  was  elected  consul  with 
Pompey  in  70,  wiis  censor  in  65,  formed  with  Ciesar  and 
Pompey  the  First  Triumvirate  in  60,  was  elected  ctmsul 
with  Pompey  in  55,  obtained  (for  five  years)  the  province 
of  Syria  in  54,  and  in  53  undertook  an  expedition  against 
.  the  Parthians,  in  the  course  of  which  he  sulfered  a  terrible 
defeat  at  Carrhse  in  Mesopi:itamia.  He  was  treacherously 
killed  in  au  interview  with  a  Persian  satrap. 

Oratchit  (kraeh'it),  Bob.  Scrooge's  poor  olerk 
in  Charles  Dickens's  "Christinas  Carol":  a 
cheerful,  unselfish  fellow,  the  father  of  "  Tinv 
Tim." 

Cratchit,  Tim:  known  as  "  Tiny  Tim."  A  lit- 
tle cripple  in  l)ickens's  "Cliristnias  Carol." 

Crater  (kra'ter).  [L.,'avase';  from  Gr.  Kpar?//9.] 
An  ancient  southern  constellation,  south  of  Leo 


Born  at  Cowden,  near  Dalkeith,  Scotland.  1806 

died  at  Lasswade,  Scotland,  Sept.  27,  1885.     A 

noted  Scotch  painter  of  landscapes  and  marines. 

Crawford,  Francis  Marion.    Born  at  Lucca, 

Italy,  Aug.  2,  1S54.  An  American  novelist,  son 
of  Thomas  Crawford  the  sculptor.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge,  England,  and  later  at  Heidelberg  and  Rome, 
In  1879  he  went  to  India  and  editeil  the  Allahabad  "  In- 
dian Herald."  He  rettn-ned  to  America  in  1880,  and  has 
since  lived  chiefly  in  Italy.  His  novels  include  "Mr. 
Isaacs  "(1882),"  Dr.  Claudius  "(1S83), "  To  Leeward  "  (188,3), 
"ARoman  Singer"(1881),**An  American  Politician  "(1884), 
"Zoroaster"  (1885),  "A  Tale  of  a  Lonely  Parish"  (1886), 
"Saracinesca  (1887),  ".Marzio's  Crucifix"  (1887),  "Paul 
Patoff"  (1887),  "With  the  Immortals"  (1888),  "Greifen- 
stein  ■  (1889),  "Sanf  Ilario"  (1S89),  "A  Cigarette-Maker's 
Eomanco"(1890),"The\Vitcliof  Prague  "(1891),"  Kh.aled" 
(1S91)," The  Tlirec  Fates  " (1892), " The  Kalstons  " (ie9.5),etc. 

Crawford,  Nathaniel  Macon.  Bom  near  Lex- 
ington, Ga.,  March  22, 1811:  died  near  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  Oct.  27,  1871.  An  American  Baptist  cler- 
gyman and  eilucator. 


aiid  Virgo.     It  is  suppo.sed  to  represent  a  vase  Crawford,  Thomas.    Born  at  New  York,  March 


with  two  handles  and  a  base 

Crater,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1H47. 

Crater  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Oregon,  situated 
in  the  midst  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  wall  of  perpendicular  rock  (I.o<)0-2,000 
feet  high).  With  the  adjoining  district  it  is  included  in 
the  Oregon  National  Park. 

Craterus  (krat'e-rus).  [Gr.  Kparepdc.']  Killed 
in  Cappadocia,  :!21  B.  c.  A  Macedonian  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  under  Alexarulcr  the 
Great,  and  was  co-ruler  with  Anti[)ater  in  the  government 
of  .Macedonia,  Greece,  etc.,  323-321. 

Crates  (kra'tez).  [Gr.  K/)«rw.l  1.  An  Athe- 
nian comic  poet  who  flourished  atiout  440  b.  c. 
He  was  said  to  have  first  been  an  actor  in  the 
plays  of  Cratinus. — 2.  An  Athenian  (flourished 
about  270  B.  c),  the  pupil  and  successor  of 
Polerao  in  the  Academy.  The  fricnd.ihip  of  the  two 
was  famous  in  antic|Uity,  and  they  were  said  to  have  been 
buried  In  the  same  tomb. 

3.  Born  at  Mallus  in  Cilicia  :  lived  about  150 
B.  C.  A  Greek  grammarian,  founder  of  the 
Pergamone  school  of  grammar.  His  chief 
work  is  a  commentary  on  Homer,  of  which  a 
few  fragments  remain. —  4.  Born  in  Thobcs: 
lived  about  320  B.  o.  A  Greek  Cynic  pliilo.so- 
pher,  a  disciple  of  Diogenes. 

Cratinus  (kra-ti'nus).     [Gr.   KpnTimr.']     A  fa- 
mous Athenian  comic  poet  (about  .')20-423  B.C.). 
He  exhibited  twonty-ono  plays,  and  was  victor  nine  times, 
triumphing  once  over  Aristophanes.    He  was  "  the  real 
c— 19 


1814:  .lied  at  London,  Oct.  16,  18.'.7.  An 
American  sculptor.  His  works  include  "Armed  Lib- 
erty," bronze  doors  (all  in  Washington);  Beethoven,  bust 
of  Josiah  Quincy,  "Orpheus"  (all  in  Boston);  Washington 
(in  Richmonfl),  etc. 

Crawford,  William  Harris.    Bom  in  Nelson 

County,  Va.,  Feb.  24,  1772:  died  in  Elbert 
County, Ga.,  Sept.  15, 18;!4.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia  1807-13, 
minister  to  France  1813-15,  secretary  of  war  lsl.'i-16,  secre- 
tary of  the  treiiaury  1810-25,  and  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency 1824, 

Crawford  Notch.  A  pass  in  the  White  Monn- 
tuins,  soulliwcst  of  the  Presidentiiil  Range. 

Crawfordsville  (kra'fordz-vil).  A  city  and 
the  county-seat  of  Montgomery  County,  Indi- 
ana, 44  niilcs  northwest  of  Indianapolis:  the 
seat  of  Wulmsh  Collrge  (Presbyterian).  Pop- 
ulalinii  il!Ml()),  6,(i4!t. 

Crawfurd  (kra'ferd),  John.  Bom  in  Islay, 
Si-otland,  Aug.  13,  17H3:  died  at  London,  May 
11,1868.  A  British  Orientalist  and  ethnologist. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of  the  Imlian 
Archipelago"  (1820). 

Crawley  (kra'li).  The  name  of  a  well-known 
family  in  Thackerav's  novel  "Vanity  Fair." 
Sir  Pitt  Crawley,  the  heail  of  the  family,  Is  a  rich  but  sor- 
did old  man,  fond  of  low  society:  to  Ids  house  Becky 
Sharp  goes  as  governess.  She  makes  herself  so  attractive 
that  ho  otfera  to  marry  her,  when  she  la  obliged  to  ac- 
knowledge her  secret  marriage  with  Rawdon  Crawley, 
his  youngest  son.    The  latter  is  a  blackleg  and  a  gambler, 


Credit  Mobilier 

but  is  fond  of  his  wife  and  has  a  certain  honor  of  his  own. 
Mr.  Pitt  Crawley  is  a  prig  with  "hay-colored  whiskers 
and  straw-colored  hair."  '■  He  was  called  Miss  Crawley 
at  Eton,  where  his  younger  brother  Rawdon  used  to  lick 
him  violently."  The  second  Lady  Crawley,  a  p;de  and 
apathetic  woman,  is  a  contrast  to  her  sister-in-law,  the 
little,  eager,  active,  black-eyed  Mrs.  Bute  Crowley.  The 
Rev.  Bute  Crawley  is  a  "tall,  stately,  jolly,  shovel-hatted 
man,"  ahorse-racing  parson  whose  wife  writes  his  sermons 
for  him.  Miss  (Jrawley,  the  sister  of  Sir  Pitt  ami  the  Hev. 
Bute,  is  a  kind  atul  selfish,  worldly  and  generous  old 
woman,  "who  had  a  balance  at  her  banker's  which  would 
have  made  her  belovecl  anywhere." 

Crayer  (kri'yer),  Gaspar  de.  Bom  at  Ant- 
werp, Nov.  18,  1584:  died  at  Ghent,  Jan.  27, 
1669.  A  Flemish  painter.  His  best-knovm 
works  are  "St.  Catharine"  in  Ghent,  and  Ma- 
donnas in  Munich,  Vienna,  etc. 

Crayford  (kra'ford).  A  village  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, about  13  miles  southeast  of  London.  It 
is  usually  identified  with  Creccanford,  where 
in  457  (?)  Hengist  defeated  the  Britons. 

Crayon  (kra'on),  Geoflfrey,  Gent.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Washington  Irving  in  his  "  Sketch- 
Book,"  etc. 

Crazy  Castle.  The  nickname  of  Skelton  Castle, 
the  house  in  Yorkshire  of  John  Hall  Stevenson, 
who  wrote  a  series  of  broad  stories  which  he 
called  "Crazy  Tales."  Stevenson  was  the  kinsman 
of  Sterne,  and  the  Eugenius  of  "Tristram  Shandy."  "  One 
part  of  Crazj-  Castle  has  had  etf  ects  which  will  last  as  long 
as  English  literature.  It  had  a  library  richly  stored  in  old 
folio  learning,  and  also  in  the  amatory  reading  of  other 
days.  Every  page  of  'Tristram  Shandy'  bears  traces  of 
both  elements."    Bagehat,  Lit.  Studies,  II.  117. 

Creakle  (kre'kl),  Mr.  In  Charles  Dickens's 
"  DavidCojipcrfield,"  the  principal  of  the  school 
at  Salem  House  where  David  Copperfield  was 
sent :  a  man  of  fiery  temper  who  could  speak 
only  in  a  whisper. 

Creasy  (kre'si),  Sir  Edward  Shepherd.  Born 
atBexley,  Kent,  England,  Sept.  12,  1812:  died 
at  London,  Jan.  27,  1878.  An  English  histo- 
rian. His  works  include  "Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of 
the  World  "  (1852),  "Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
Constitution"  (1856),  "History  of  the  Ottoman  Turks' 
(1856),  etc. 

Creation  (kre-a'shon).  The.  1.  A  poem  by 
Blackmore,  ijublished  in  1712. — 2.  Au  oratorio 
by  Haydn,  produced  at  Vienna  1798. 

Cribillon  (kra-be-yon'),  Claude  Prosper  Jo- 
lyot  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1707 :  died  at 
Paris,  April  12,  1777.  A  French  novelist,  son 
of  P.  J.  de  Crebillon. 

Crebillon,  Prosper  Jolyot  de.    Born  at  Dijon, 

Fi-iince,  Jan.  13,  1(574:  died. at  Paris,  June  17, 
17()2.  A  noted  French  tragic  poet.  Ho  lived  long 
in  neglect  and  want,  was  appointed  censor  In  173.5,  and  re- 
ceived a  place  in  the  R^)yal  Library  in  1745.  In  1731  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Academy.  Uis  plays  include 
"La  niort  dcs  enfanta  de  Brutus,"  "  Idonn^-niie  "  (1705), 
"Atr(Se  ct  Thyeste"  (1707),  "Khadamiste  et  Z^nobie" 
(1711),  "Electre"  (170!)),  "Xcrxis"  (1714),  'Semiramis-" 
(1717),  "Pyrrhus"  (1726),  "Catilina"  (1749),  and  "Le  Tri- 
umvu'at"  (17."'3).  Another  |)lay,  "Cromwell,"  was  not 
coutpieted. 

Cr6cy  (kra-se),  or  Cressy  (kres'i).  A  village 
in  the  department  of  Somme,  northern  France, 
30  miles  northwest  of  Amiens.  Here,  Aug. 2(1, 1340, 
the  English  under  Edwiuil  III.  (about  30,0(¥>-»0,000)  de- 
feated the  French  army  under  Pliilip  VI.  (about  80,000). 
The  loss  of  the  Fremh  was  about  30,000. 

Credi  (kra'de),  Lorenzo  di.  Born  at  Florence, 
Italy,  1459:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  12,  1537. 
A  Florentine  painter.  Ue  was  originally  a  gold- 
smith, but  turned  to  painting,  which  he  studied  under  A. 
Verrocchio.  His  most  noted  painting  is  a  Nativity,  in  the 
academy  at  Florence. 

Crediton  (kre'di-ton).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
lOngland,  situated  on  the  Creedy  Smiles  north- 
west of  Kxeter.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  St. 
Bonifaci'.     Poi.ulatioii  (IS91).  4,207. 

Credit  Mobilier  (kred'it  mo-be'lier;  P.  pron. 
kiii-de'  nio-bo-lya')-  [1''..  lit.  'personal credit': 
n-i'dtt,  credit;  muhiUrr,  personal  (of  jiroperty), 
from  HioiiVc,  movable.]  1.  In  Frencli  history,  a 
banking  corporation  formed  in  1852,  under  the 
name  of  the  "Societe  Generale  du  Credit  Mo- 
bilier," with  a  capital  of  (iO, 0(10,001)  francs,  fop 
thi^  placing  of  loans,  handling  the  slocks  of 
all  oilier  coMi]>anies,nnd  the  transaction  of  a 
general  banking  business.  It  engaged  In  very  ex- 
tensive transactions,  buying,  selling,  antl  loaning  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  bring  into  one  organized  whole  all  the 
stocks  anil  ereilit  of  France,  and  was  apparently  in  n  moat 
prosperous  corulition  until  it  iirojHiHcd  \o  issni-  bomls  to 
the  amnnnt  of  240,000,000  francs.  This  amount  of  paper 
currency  frighteneil  llnanciers,  and  the  government  for- 
bade Its  Issue.  From  this  time  the  company  rapidly  de- 
clined, and  closed  lt«  altairs  in  1867,  with  great  loss  to  nil 
but  its  proprietors. 

2.  In  United  States  history,  a  similar  corpora- 
tion I'hartered  in  Pennsylvania  in  1863  with  a 
capital  of  $2,50O.')0O.  in  1867,  after  passing  into  new 
hnnds,and  Inereasini:  its  slock  to  St, 750,000,  It  became  a  new 
company  for  the  building  of  the  I'nion  raelll<!  Railroad. 


Credit  Mobilier 

For  a  few  years  it  paid  large  dividends,  and  its  stock  rose 
in  value,  "in  a  trial  in  Pennsylvania  in  1S72  as  to  the 
ownership  of  some  stock,  it  was  shown  that  certain  con- 
gressmen secretly  possessed  stock,  and  both  houses  of 
the  longress  that  met  in  December  of  that  year  ap- 
pointed committees  of  investigation.  Lhe  .Senate  com- 
mittee recommended  the  expulsion  of  one  member,  but 


290 

69  A.  D. ;  and  flourished  in  the  middle  ages.  The  cathedral 
was  begun  in  1107.  The  front,  in  alternate  courses  of 
reii  and  white  marble,  has  a  tine  doorway,  with  columns 
resting  on  lions ;  the  north  transept  has  a  similar  porch. 
The  interior  is  rich  in  good  frescos.  The  Lombard  bap- 
tistery is  octagonal,  with  arcaded  interior  and  an  octagonal 
font  of  red  marble.     Population  (1S91),  commune,  3»,00o. 


Creuznach 

is  here  still  Briseida,  or  rather  Briseis,  From  Guido  the 
story  passed  to  Boccaccio,  who  seems  himself  to  be  re- 
sponsible for  the  character  of  Pandarus,  and  from  Boccac- 
cio to  Chaucer.  "  LoUius,"  alluded  to  by  Chaucer,  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  misnomer. 

Saitit^buni,  note  in  Diyden's  Troilus  and  Cressida  (Scott's 

(ed.,  revised  lAi54). 


the  Senate  did  nothing.   The  House  committee  recora-  Cremome  Gardens.  A  former  place  of  amuse-  Cressid,  or  Creseide,  Testament  of,  ami  its  oon- 


nicnded  the  ejipulsion  of  two  of  its  members,  but  the 
House,  instead,  passed  resolutions  of  censure. 

Credner  t kiad'ner),  Hermann.  Bom  at  Gotha, 
Oct.  1.  1841.  A  noteJ  German  geologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsic  from  1870.  He  traveled  in  North 
-■Vmerica  lS6i-6S.  Among  his  scientiUc  publications  the 
TO'ist  notable  are  those  relating  to  glacial  problems. 

Credulous  (kred'u-lus),  Justice,  ami  Mrs. 

Bridget  (brij'et).  An  ignorant,  gooa-natured 
pair  in  Sheridan's  faree  -'St.  Patrick's  Day." 
I  liey  are  fooled  l>y  the  schemiug  lieutenant  who  marries 
their  daughter  Lauretta.  Mrs,  Bridget  is  a  kind  of  Mrs. 
Malaprop.  She  speaks  of  a  soldier  "  like  a  colossus,  with 
one  leg  at  Sew  York  and  the  other  at  Chelsea  Hospital" 
(St,  Patrick's  Day,  i.  2). 

Crae  (ki-e),  or  Cristineaux,  or  Knistmeaux. 
An  important  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
Avho  live  principallv  in  Manitoba  and  Assini- 
boia,  between  Ked  "Kiver  and  Lake  Winnipeg 
and  the  Saskatchewan  River.   See  Alnoiiqiiidn. 

Creech  (krech).  Thomas.  Bom  at  Blandford. 
Dorsetshire.  England,  ltw9:  committed  suicide, 
June.  1700.  An  English  writer,  translator  of 
"Lucretius"  (16S2). 

Creed,  Nicene.    See  Xicow  Creed. 

Creed,  The  Apostles".    See  Jposths'  Creed. 

Oreedmoor  (kred'mor).     A  village  in  Queen's 


ment  in  London,  situated  near  Battersea  BAdge  tinuation  The  Complaint  of  Creseide.  Poems 
north  of  the  Thames.  They  were  closed  in  1877.  by  Robert  Henry  son,  attributed  by  Stowe  (1561) 
Crens(kranz),orGuerens'(gwa-rauz').  [Boto-  to  Chaucer, 
cudo,  'old  ones,'  'ancients.']  The  name  given  Cressingham  (kres'iug-am).  Lady.  In  Mid- 
by  Von  Martius  to  the  e.xtensive  gi-oiip  of  Bra-  dletou's  play  "Anything  for  a  t^idet  Life."  a 
ziiian  Indians  to  which  the  Botocudos  belong,  whimsical  and  attractive  woman  whose  caprices 
See  Botocudos.  Some  ethnologists  call  them  Tapu-  are  accounted  for  by  her  desire  to  reconcile  her 
yos,  a  name  given  to  them  by  the  Tupis.  -All  the  tribes  husband  and  stepson  and  to  benefit  them  both, 
of  the  Crens  stock  are  savages  of  a  low  grade.  Among  CreSSWell  (kres'wel).  Sir  CreSSWell.  Born  at 
the  more  important  ones,  besides  the  Botocudos,  are ^he     >;e^,.i,s,ie,   England.    1794:    ilied  at   London, 


Carah6s,  Cay'ap^s,  Chavantes,  Cherentes,  and  Ges.  The 
stock  is  believed  to  he  the  most  ancient  in  Brazil,  and  it 
has  been  connected  with  the  human  remains  found  in 
caverns  with  the  bones  of  extinct  animals. 

Creole  State.     The  State  of  Louisiana. 

Creon  (ki-e'on).  [6r.  Kpfui-.]  1.  In  Greek 
legend,  a  king  of  Corinth,  father  of  Glauc 
or  Creusa,  the  wife  of  Jason. —  2.  A  king  of 
Thebes,  contemporary  with  CEdipns. 

Crepy-en-Laonnais (kia-pe'on-la-o-na'),  or 

Crespy.  A  \-illage  in  the  department  of  Aisne, 
Prance.  6  miles  northwest  of  Laon.  Here  was 
signed,  Sept.  18,  1544,  a  treaty  of  peace  between  Francis 
L  of  France  and  the  emperor  Charles  V.  The  former 
reu'  tunced  claims  to  Lorabardy,  Naples,  and  the  suzerainty 
of  Flanders  and  Artois ;  the  'latter  renounced  claims  to 
Burgundy. 


Coant7,  Xew  York,  si'tilated  on  Long  Island  13  Crescent  City.     Xew  Orleans:  so  named  from 


miles  east  of  New  York  city.  It  contains  the 
rifle-range  of  the  National  Rifle  Association. 
Creek,  or  Kreek  (krek).  [PL,  also  Creeks.l 
A  powerful  confederacy  of  North  Arnerican 
Imlians  which  in  historic  times  occupied  the 
greater  part  of  Alabama  and  Georgia.  The  con- 
federacy seems  to  have  existed  in  1540,  and  to  have  then 


its  position  on  a  bend  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Crescentinl  (kie-shen-te'ne),  Girolamo.    Bom 
at  Urbauia,  near  Urbino,  Ita1v,  17(5'J  :   died  at 
Naples,  April  24,  1846.      A      "  "  '  -    ■■ 

singer  (mezzo-soprano)  am.] 
sor  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music  at  Naples 
from  1816, 


braced  at  least  the  following  named  tribes  :   Abika  OreSCentlUS  (kres-sen  shius),  or  CenClUS  (sen  - 
~ "     '"       "  '  ""      shius).    Died998.    A  leader  of  the  popular  fac- 

tion at  Rome.  Having  obtained  the  dignity  of  consul 
9S0,  he  usurped  the  government,  and  announced  his  in- 
tention of  restoring  the  ancient  republic.  He  opposed 
Pope  Gregory  V.,  who  was  elected  through  the  influence 
of  the  emperor  Otto  III.,  and,  supported  by  the  Byzan- 
tine court,  put  forward  John  XVI.  as  antipope.  He  was 
wVsveA-'co's'tlVin  iife  and  monev  to  the  I'nited  States  defeated  by  Utto  at  St.  Angelo,  April  29,  9vlS,  and  put  to 
r>^™SeSt     The  Creek  -  Na™on"  now  holds  lands  in     de.ath.    According  to  the  legend  Crescenfus  was  revenged 


(or  Coosa),  Okf liski.  Kasi'hta,  and  Kawita ;  afterward  the 
Alibamu.  Hitehiti,  Koas;iti,  Taskigi,  Yuchi.  and  Yamasi. 
During  the  ISth  century  the  only  importiint  conflict  be- 
tween the  settlers  and  these  tribes  was  with  the  Ydmasi. 
which  was  instigated  by  the  Spaniards  ;  but  the  Creek 
war  in  1813-14  was  serious,  and  resulted  in  the  cession  to 
the  United  States  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Creek  land. 
Between  1835  and  1S43  occurred  the  Seminole  war,  which 


government 

Indian  Territory,  and  is  well  organized.  The  population, 
which  contains  many  of  mixed  blood,  is  H.bOO.  .\lso 
called  ilaskoki,  Muskoki,  Mascoffee,  3lobiliaH.  See  iluskho- 
geaii. 

Crefeld,  or  Krefeld  (kra'feld).  A  city  in  the 
Rhine  Pro\iuee,  Prussia.  12  miles  northwest  of 
Diisseldorf.  It  has  a  royal  textile  academy,  is  the 
chi-f  seat  of  the  velvet  and  silk  manufacture  of  Germany, 
and  exports  its  fabrics  largely  to  Great  Britain,  the  United  CreSCeUZl    (kre-shen'dze),    PistrO. 


by  his  widow  Stephania  or  Theodora,  who,  having  suc- 
ceeded in  gaining  the  confidence  and  the  love  of  the  em- 
peror, put  him  to  death  by  poison. 

There  he  (the  emperor)  put  the  rebel  Crescentius,  in 
whom  modern  enthusiasm  has  seen  a  patriotic  republi- 
can who,  reviving  the  institutions  of  Alberic,  had  ruled  as 
consul  or  senator,  sometimes  entitling  himself  Emperor. 
Bryce.  Holy  Roman  Empire. 


States,  etc.  It  was  acquired  by  Prussia  from  the  house 
of  Nassau  in  1702.  Here,  on  June  23,  17,i8,  Ferdinand  of 
Brunswick  defeated  the  JYench  under  the  Count  of  Cler- 
mo  It.     Population  (1900).  commune,  106,928. 

Creil  (kriiy).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  30  miles 
north  of  Paris.     Population  (1891),  commune, 

8.183, 


Bom  at 
Bologna.  Italy.  1230  :  died  at  Bologna.  1307  (?). 
An  Italian  writer  on  agriculture,  author  of 
"Opus  ruralium  commodorum"  (1471),  one  of 
the  tirst  of  printed  books,  etc. 
Crescimbeni  (kre-shem-ba'ne),  Giovanni 
Mario.  Bom  at  Macerata,  Italy,  Oct.  9.  1663: 
died  March  8,  1728.    An  Italian  poet  and  liter- 


Crelle   (k-rel'le),   August   Leopold.    Bom   at     ^■•y.l'i*^""^' """^  nVont  ^°''^^^rn?  "'l^n^torf; 
Eichwerder,  near  Wriezen,  Prussia,  March  11,     eadian  Academy  '  (1690) :  author  of     L'lstoria 


July  29,  1863.     An  English  jurist,  first  judge  of 
theEnglish  Divorce  Court  (1858>. 
Cressy.     See  Crecy. 

Crest  (krest).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Drcime,  southeastern  France,  situated  on  the 
Drome  15  miles  southeast  of  Valence.  Popula- 
tion (1891).  5.569. 

Creston  (kres'tonl.  A  manufacturing  town  iu 
Union  (bounty,  Iowa.  Popidation  (1900),  7.752. 
Creswick  (kres'wiki,  Thomas.  Born  at  Shef- 
field. England,  Feb.  5,  ISll :  died  at  Bayswat«r, 
London.  Dec.  28.  1869.  An  English  landscape- 
painter.  His  subjects  were  chiefly  English  ru- 
ral scenerv. 

Crete  (kret).  It.  Candia  (kan'di-a;  It.  pron. 
kan'de-a).  [Gr.  Kp/;-;;,  L.  Creta.F.  Candia; 
mod.  Gr.  Kriti,  Turk.  Kirit.]  An  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  situated  southeast  of  Greece 
and  southwest  of -Asia  Minor.  It  isa  pait  of  the 
celebrated  Italian  Turkish  empire,  but  since  December,  1898,  has  been  ad- 
1  nnmnoser  nrofps-  ministered  by  a  High  Commissioner  for  the  four  powers 
#  ^r  ?•„  of  VoJil^iic  France,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  and  Russia.  Its  surface  is 
^T  i.„^,n  JT  -,..i,.,M>.  mojtly  mountainous,  and  it  produces  wheat,  fruit,  wool, 
and  wine.  The  chief  towns  are  Khania  and  ilegalo  Kas- 
tron.  Its  inhabitants  are  mainly  of  Greek  descent.  Crete 
was  connected  with  legends  of  Zeus  and  Minos,  and  was 
celelirated  in  antiquity  for  its  laws.  It  was  subdued  by 
the  Romans  under  Mttellus  in  67  B.  c. ;  conqmnd  by 
Saracens  823;  and  later  was  a  part  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire. It  was  ceded  to  Venice  in  1204.  Its  conquest  by 
the  Turks  w,is  completed  in  1669.  Its  people  took  part  in 
the  Greek  war  of  independence.  The  government  was  ad- 
ministered by  Egypt  from  1830  to  1810.  The  island  has 
been  the  scene  of  many  revolts.  In  1896-97  an  etfort  was 
made  by  a  part  of  the  population,  aided  l.'y  Greek  troops, 
to  free  the  island  from  Turkish  rule  and  annex  it  to  Greece. 
This  was  opposed  by  the  great  powei-s,  who  established  a 
pacific  blockade  of  the  island.  As  a  result  of  defeat  in 
the  Greco-Turkish  war,  the  Greeks  were  obliged  to  with- 
dra*v.  Length,  155  miles.  Greatest  width,  3o  miles. 
Area,  3,326  square  miles.  Population,  294,192, 
Cretin  (kratan' ),  GuiUaume.  A  French  poet 
who  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  VIII.,  Louis 
XII.,  and  Francis  I. 

But  the  leader  of  the  whole  was  GuiUaume  Ci-^tin  (birth 
and  death  dates  uncertain),  whom  his  contemporaries  ex- 
tolled in  the  most  extravagant  fashion,  and  whom  a  single 
satirical  stroke  of  Rabelais  has  made  a  laughing-stock  for 
some  three  hundred  and  fifty  years.  The  rondeau  ascrilied 
to  Raminagrobis,  the  "vieux  poete  fran<;ais"  of  Pantagruel, 
is  Cretin's,  and  the  name  and  character  have  stuck.  Cre- 
tin was  not  worse  than  his  fellows ;  but  « hen  even  such 
a  man  as  Marot  could  call  him  apo^te  *oi/rerai>i,  Rabelais 
no  doubt  felt  it  time  to  protest  in  his  ow n  way. 

Sainitbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  165. 


1780 :  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  6,  1855.     A  German 
mathematician  and  engineer. 

Crema  (kra'ma).  A  town  iu  the  province  of 
Cremona,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Serio  24  miles 
southeast  of  Milan,  it  has  a  cathedral  and  an  ancient 
castle.  It  was  besieged  and  destroyed  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossain  1160.  t  Population,  8,000. 

Cremera  (krem'e-ra).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  of  Etruria  which  joins  the  Tiber 
a  few  miles  north  of  Rome.  It  is  the  traditional 
s.-.nc  of  the  defeat  of  the  Fabii  in  477  (?)  B.  C. 

Cremieux  (kra-mye'),  Isaac  Adolphe.  Born 
at  Nimes,  France,  April  30.  1796 :  died  at 
Passy,  Paris.  Feb.  10.  1880.  A  French  jurist 
ani  poUtieian,  of  Hebrew  descent,  minister  of 
justice  1848  and  1870-71.  He  was  appointed 
lit-  senator  in  1875. 

Crjmnitz.     See  Kremnit;. 

Cromona  (kre-mo'na;  It.  pron.  kra-mo'na). 
1.  A  province  of  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering 
o  1  the  Po.  It  has  manufactures  of  sUk.  Ai'ea, 
686  square  miles.  Population  (1881).  302,138. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  above  province,  situ- 
ated on  the  Po  in  lat.  4.5^  8'  N..  long.  10°  1'  E. 
It  contains  a  cathedral  (see  below),  the  Palazzo  Pnbblico, 
and  the  Torrazzo,  the  highest  tower  in  northern  Italy  (396 
feet).  It  has  important  silk  manufactures,  and  has  long 
been  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  violins  and  vio- 
las, in  which  the  Amati  family,  Stradivarius,  and  others, 
from  the  16th  to  the  18th  centui-y,  achieved  repu- 
tation. In  the  Ifith  century  it  had  a  school  of  art.  It 
is  an  ancient  Gallic  town;  was  colonized  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  219  B.  c. ;  was  destroyed  by  Vespasian's  troops 


della  volgar  poesia  "  (169S\  etc.  Creusa  (kre-u'sil).      In  classical  legend,  the 

Crespi   (kres'pe),   Giovanni  'Battista    called    daughter^f  Priam,  -'' -^^°;f  J'^^^f^^^tral 

II   (Serano   (from    his   bu'thplace).     Bor_n_  at  ^^^^^.^^^l^.l^.^J^^l'ZdChevln  the 

north.  Ailier  and  Puy-de-D6me  on  the  east, 
Correze  on  the  south,  and  Haute-Vienne  on  the 
west.  It  was  formed  from  the  ancient  Haute-Marche 
and  small  portions  of  Limousin,  Bombonnais,  I'oitou.  and 


Cerano,  Piedmont,  Italy,  1557:  died  at  Milan, 
1633.  An  Italian  painter.  His  best  works  are 
in  Milan. 

Crespi,  Giuseppe  Maria,  sumamed  Lo  Spa- 
gnuolo  ('the  Spaniard').  Born  at  Bologna, 
Italy.  1665:  died  at  Bologna,  July  16, 1747.  -An 
Italian  painter. 

Crespo  (kres'po),  Joaquin.  Bom  in  Miranda 
about  1845:  died  Ai'ril  17, 1S9 


Area,  2,150  square  miles.     Pop- 


Berri.     Capital,  Gueret. 
ulation  (1801),  -284,660. 

2.  A  river  in  central  France  which  joins  the 
...  Vieime. 

Ai'ril  17, 1S98.  A  Venezuelan  Creusot,  or  Creuzot  (kre-z6'),  Le.  A  to-wn  in 
politician.  He  succeeded  Guzman  Bl-anco  as  president  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  13 
(beingelectedashiscandidate)Feb.20,l»8-2,toKeb.20,18S6.  miles  southeast  of  Autun.  It  is  the  seat  of  Schnei- 
In  1892  he  headed  a  revolt  against  Palacio.  occupied  Caia-  der  andCo.s  iron-works,  and  has  other  extensive  manufac- 
cas  Oct.  7,lS92,and  soon  after  was  elected  president-  .\  new  tures  of  cast-iron,  steel,  manufactured  iron,  locomotives, 
constitution  was  adopted  Junc^  1893,  and  underjt  Crespo  etc  Population  (ISSl),  commune,  28^635. 
was  inaugurated  ]       ■'  --*  -*  --  ^.---t- ■..  -.on.  .      .^  —      .    ...-*, 

Crespy  ( kra- 

Cressid    (kres'iU),    or    uressiaa    (kccs    i-ua,.      and  poet.    He  was  appointed ; 
The  mythical  daughter  of  a  Trojan  priest  Cal-     ^^63,  and  three  years  later  was  transferred  to  Paris  where 
chas,  whose  infidelities  make  her  name  a  by-    he  became  intimate  with  Franklin,  with  whom  he  con- 


See  Troilus  and  Cres- 


word  for  faithlessness. 
sida. 

As  far  as  can  be  made  out,  the  invention  of  Cressid 
(called  by  him,  and  for  some  time  afterwards,  Briseida, 
and  so  identified  with  Homer's  Briseis)  belongs  to  Benoist 
de  Ste.  More,  a  trouvere  of  the  twelfth  century,  who  wrote 
a  Roman  de  Troieof  great  length,  as  well  as  a  verse  chroni- 
cle of  Normandy.  The  ston-  is  told  by  Benoist  in  no  small 
detail,  and  the  character  of  Briseida  (which  Dryden  has 
entirely  spoilt  bv  making  her  faithful)  is  well  indicated. 
After  Benoist,  Guido  delle  Colonne  reproduced  the  story  . 

inaverypopuIarLatin  work,  the HistoriaTrojana.   Cressid  UrCUZnaCD, 


eluded  a  treaty  of  commerce  between  Sweden  and  the 
United  States  April  3, 17S;J. 

Creuzer  (kroit'zer),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at 
JIarburg.  Prussia.  March  10.  1 .  71 :  died  at  Hei- 
delberg. Baden.  Feb.  16, 1858.  A  German  philol- 
ogist and  archaeologist,  appointed  professor  of 
philologyat  Marburg  in  1802.  and  at  geidelberg 
in  1807.  Hefoundedthe  Philological  Seminaryat  Heidel- 
berg in  l«o7.  His  chief  work  is  "  Symbolik  und  Mytholo- 
Eie  dtr  .ilteii  Volker,  besonders  der  Griechen"  (1810-12:. 
See  Kreiiziiacli. 


Creuzot,  Le 

CreuZOt,  Le.     S<'e  Crciisat. 

Cr^vant-sur-Yonne  (ki-a-voit'sUr-yon');  Battle 

of      Sec  Cniriiiit 

Crevaux  (kre-vd'),  Jules  Nicolas.    Born  at 

Lorquiu,  Lorraine,  April  1,  1847 :  died  iu  the 
Gran  Chaeo,  Boliria,  April  24, 18S2.  A  French 
surgeon  and  traveler.  In  1876,  being  stationed  in 
Frencli  Guiana,  he  began  explorations  in  the  interior,  twice 
crossing  to  the  Amazon ;  later  he  explored  the  Japur4 
branch  of  the  Amazon,  and  traveled  on  the  Orinoco.  In 
18S1  he  left  Buenos  Ayres  with  a  number  of  companions, 
having  planned  an  extended  trip  through  the  center  of 
South  America  -,  but  while  ascending  the  river  Pilcomayo 
all  the  company  but  two  were  killed  by  the  Indians.  The 
results  of  his  explorations  have  been  pulilisheil  in  the 
"  Tour  du  monde, "  and  in  the  "  proceedings  "  of  various  sci- 
entific societies. 
Crftvecoeur  (krav-ker').  A  former  fort  near 
Herzogenbuseh,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the 

d'lunctiou  of  the  Dieze  and  Mouse. 
rfevecoeur,  Hector  Saint-Jolm  de.  Born 
at  Caen,  France,  1731:  died  near  Pai-is,  1813. 
,  A  French  agriculturist.  He  emigrated  to  America 
in  1754,  and  settled  on  a  farm  near  Now  York.  In  17S0, 
while  about  to  sail  for  Europe,  he  was  arrested  at  New 
York  by  the  British  on  the  snsjiicion  of  being  a  spy,  and 
was  detained  several  months.  Keturning  from  Europe 
in  1783,  he  was  for  many  years  French  consul  at  New  York, 
and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Washington  and  Franklin. 
He  wrote  "Lettres  d'nn  cultivateur  am^ricain "  (178^, 
and  "  Voyage  dans  la  haute  Pennsylvanie  et  dans  I'^tat  de 
New  York"  (ISOI). 

Crftvecoevir,  Philippe  de.  Died  at  La  Bresle, 
near  Lyons,  France,  1494.  A  French  general. 
He  commanded  the  French  at  the  battle  of  Ouinegate 
(1479),  in  which  he  was  defeated  by  Maximilian  of  Austria 
with  a  large  force  of  Flemings;  and  became  marshal  of 
France  in  1492. 

Cr^vier  (kra-vya'),  Jean  Baptiste 
Born  at  Paris,  1G93 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec 
A  French  historian  and  man  of  letters, 
tinued  EoUin's  "Histoire  romaine,"  and  wrote 
des  erapereurs  jusqu'k  Constantin"  (1750-oG), 
ri'jue  frangaise  "  (17(35),  etc. 

Crevillente  (kra-vel-yen'ta).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Alicante,  Spain,  18  miles  south- 
west of  Alicante.     Popidation  (1887),  9,972. 

Crewe  (kro).  A  town  in  Cheshire,  England,  31 
miles  southeast  of  Liverpool.  It  is  an  important 
railway  center,  and  the  seat  of  manufactures  of  railway 
roUiuK-stock,  etc.     Population  (1S91),  28,761. 

Crawler  (kro'ler).  The  name  of  a  family  in 
Dickens's  "David  Copperfield."  The  Rev.  Hor- 
ace Crewler  is  a  poor  clergyman  with  a  large  family,  and 
a  wife  who  has  lost  the  use  of  her  legs— when  anytlnng 
annoys  or  excites  her  it  goes  to  her  legs  directly.  Sophy, 
the  fourth  daugliter,  is  an  unselfish  girl  who  finally  mar- 
ries Tommy  Traddles, 


291 

Btone,  in  which  the  latter  comes  out  ahead,  gives  its  name 

to  the  book.     "To  have  a  cricket  ou  the  hearth  is  the 

luckiest  thnig  in  the  world." 
Crieff  (ki-ef).     A  town  in  Perthshire,  Scotland, 

10  miles  west  of  Perth.     Population  (1891), 

4,901. 
Crillon  (kre-y6n'),  Louis  des  Balbes  de  Ber- 

ton  de.  Born  at  Mm's,  Provence,  France,  1.541: 
died  at  AWgnou,  France,  Dec.  2,  1G15.  A  cele- 
brated French  general,  called  "L'Homme  sans 
peur"  ('the  fearless').  He  fought  against  the  Hu- 
guenots in  the  civil  wars,  taking  part  in  the  battles  of 
Rouen,  IJreux,  St.  Denis,  Jarnac,  Jloncontour,  and  St. 
Jean  d'Angcly ;  served  as  a  Knight  of  ilalta  under  Don 
John  of  Austria  at  Lepanto  in  1571 ;  and  held  a  high  com- 
mand in  the  iirmy  of  Henry  III.  during  the  war  of  the 
League  1580-89.  -ifter  the  death  of  Henry  III.  he  entered 
the  service  of  Henry  IV.,  under  whom  he  fought  at  the 


Critias 

1901.  An  Italian  statesman.  Ue  studied  law,  and 
in  1840  settled  at  Naples.  He  served  as  a  major  under 
Garibaldi  at  Calatutlmi  in  18fi0  ;  was  returned  by  Palermo 
to  the  first  Italian  Parliament  in  1861 ;  became  jircsident 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876 ;  was  minister  of  the 
interior  1877-78;  and  wjis  prime  minister  1887-91,  and 
again  l«'.i3-9«. 
Crispin  (kris'pin),  Saint.  [L.  Crispinus,  Crix- 
l>!unii.f,  ha\'ing  curly  hair;  F.  Crispin,  On  pin. 
It.  Crispiiio,  Crispo,  Sp.  Vrispo.']  A  Christian 
martyr,  a  member  of  a  noble  Roman  family, 
who  with  his  brother  Crispinianus  fled  to  Sols- 
sons  and  took  up  the  trade  of  a  shoemaker.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  so  desirous  of  helping  the  poor  that  he 
stole  leather  to  make  shoos  for  them.  He  was  put  to  death 
about  287  by  being  thrown  into  a  ciddron  of  molted  lead. 
He  is  t  he  patron  saint  of  shoemakers.  His  day  iu  the  Roman 
and  Anultcau  churches  is  Oct.  25, 


battle  of  Ivry  in  1690,  and  from  whom  he  received  the  Crispin  (kris  piii ;  r  .  pron.  kres-pau  ).    An  im- 
■■" "  i)udent,  boasting,  and  witty  valet,  a  ready  assis- 

tant in  the  love-affairs  of  his  master:  a  conven- 
tional character  in  French  comedy,  introduced 
apparently  from  the  Italian  comedy  by  Poirson 
about  1654.  if  Poirson  was  not  creator  of  the  charac- 
ter, he  i)layed  it  remarkably,  and  his  costume  has  come 
down  U:t  this  time. 

Crispin,  Gilbert.  Died  about  1117.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar  and  prelate,  abbot  of  Westminster. 
Two  of  his  works  have  survived,  "Vita  Herluini,"  the 
chief  authority  for  the  early  history  of  Bee,  and  "Dispu- 
tatio  Judaei  cum  C'hristiano,"  a  dialogue  between  a  Jew 
and  the  author.     • 

A  comedy  by 


title  "'le  brave  des  braves." 

Crillon-Mahon  (kre-yoii'mii-on'),  Lonis  des 
Balbes  de  Berton,  Due  de.  Born  1718:  died  at 

Madrid,  1790.    A  French  general.    He  served  with 
distinction   at  Fontenoy  174,5,  and   in  the  Seven  Years' 
War.    Later  he  passed  into  the  .Spanish  service,  conquered 
Minorca  1782,  and  was  made  captain  of  the  Spanish  armies 
and  duke  of  Mahon.    His  ■'M<;moire8"were  puldislied  in 
1791. 
Crimea  (kri-fne'il).     [Euss.  Krym  or  Krim,  F. 
(';■(»(«'.]     A  peninsula  in  the  government  of 
Taurida,  southern  Russia,  nearly  surrounded 
by  the  Black  Sea  and  Sea  of  Azoff  •  the  ancient 
Tauriea  Chersonesus 
surface  is  a 
mountainous. 

and  Tatars.    l,,_ 

were  the  Cimmerians,  afterward  called  Taurians.  It  was 
the  seat  of  the  kingdom  of  Bosporus  (which  see),  and 
was  frequently  overrun  in  the  middle  ages.  It  became  a 
dependency  of  Turkey  in  1476.  was  annexed  to  Russia  in 
178!,  and  in  18.54-66  was  the  scene  of  the  Crimean  war 
(which  see).    Area,  9,92s  square  miles. 

^1°^,''  Crime  and  Punishment.  A  novel  by  Dostoyev- 

^^    °"     skv,  iiuldished  in  1800. 

Crimean  War.  A  war  waged  18.53-56  between  Crispino 
Russia  and  the  allied  forces  of  Turkey,  France, 
Great  Britain,  and  Sardinia.  It  arose  through  the 
demand  on  the  part  of  Russia  f.ir  a  protectorate  over  the 
Greek  subjects  of  the  sultan.  Among  its  leading  events 
are :  battle  of  Sinope  18.^3 ;  Russian  occupation  of  the 
Danubian  principalities  1854;  battle  of  the  Alma  Sept.  20, 
1854;  begiTining  of  the  siege  of  Sebastopul  Oct.,  1864, 
battle  of  Balaklava  Oct.  25 ;  battle  of  Inkennan  Nov.  6 ; 
attacks  on  Sebastopol  June,  1865 ;  battle  of  Tchernaya 
Aug.  16  ;  storming  the  Malakoff  Sept.  8  ;  fiUl  of  Sebastopol 
.3ept.  11 ;  and  the  capture  of  Kars  by  the  Russians  Nov, 
28,  1855.  The  war  was  closed,  and  its  issues  decided,  by 
the  treaty  of  Paris  (which  see).  March  :iO,  1856. 
Crimisus  (kri-mi'sus),  or  Crimissus  (kri-mis'- 
In  ancient  geography,  a  river  iu  western 


Louis. 

1,  1705. 
He  con- 


Marston's  play 
The   Dutch  Coiirtezan',''  a  sparkling,  lively, 
girl,  the  opposite  of  her  sister  Beatrice. 

Little  Crispinella  (though  even  less  choice  in  her  lan- 
guage than  Shakspere's  Beatrice)  is  one  of  the  most 
sparkling  figures  of  Elisabethfln  comedy,  and  in  adequate 
hands  would  prove  a  source  of  genuine  delight  to_  any 
audience.  Ward. 

e  la  Comare  (kres-pe'no  a  la  ko- 
mil're).  [It., 'The  Shoemaker  and  the  Fairy 
Godmother  ']  A  comic  opera  by  Luigi  Eieci, 
first  produced  at  Venice  in  1850.  Federico  Ricci 
assisted  his  brother  in  its  composition.  The  words  are  by 
Piave 
Crispinns  (kris-pi'nus).  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"  Poetaster,"  a  bad  poet  who  gives  its  title  to 
the  play.  He  is  intended  for  Marston,  with  whom  Jon- 
Sim  h.ad  a  quarrel  at  the  time.  "He  is  represented  as  a 
coiu'se-minded.  ill-conditioned  fellow,  albeit  of  gentle  pa- 
rentage, who,  like  the  bore  encountered  by  Horace  in  tlie 
Via  Sacra,  is  prepared  to  adopt  the  meanest  stratagems 
■n  order  to  gain  admittance  to  the  society  of  courtiers 
and  wits."    Bullen. 


Creyton    (kra'ton),   Paul.     A  pseudonym  of 

J.  T.  Trovfbridge. 
Cribb(krib),Tom.    Born  at  Hanham,  Glouces-  Crimmitschau,  or  Crimmitzschau  (krim'mit- 

tershire,  England,  July  8,  1781 :  died  at  Wool-     ghou).     A  manufacturing  town  in  Saxony,  sit- 


Sicily, probablv  near  Segesta.     Here,  339  b.  c.  TL  CrispUS  (kris'pus\  FlaviUS  JullUS.     Died  320 
moleon  with  11,000  men  defeated  70,000  Carthaginians.  '    -       t^'J.-"-- •-.■ „  .i..w  .,.„ot  „.,.i 


wieh.  May  11,  1848.  An  English  champion 
pugilist,  known  as  "the  Black  Diamond"  (from 
his  occupation  as  a  coal-porter). 

Cricca  (krek'ka).  In  Tomkis's  comedy  "Al- 
biiraazar,"  the  honest  servant  of  Pandolto. 

Crichan4s  (kre-shii-nas').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
the  state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  north  of  the 
Amazon,  near  the  Rio  Brauco.  They  aie  of  Carib 
stock.  As  aresultof  their  recent  struggles  with  the  Bra- 
zilian frontier  settlements,  they  have  been  almost  extc-r- 
niinated. 

Crichton  (kri'ton),  James  (styled  "The  Ad- 
mirable Crichton").  Born  in  Scotland,  Aug. 
19, 1.500 :  killed  at  Mantua,  Italy,  July  3, 1583  (?). 


shou). 

uated  ou  the  Pleisse  36  miles  south  of  Leipsic. 
Its  leading  industries  are  spinning  and  weav 
ing.     Population  (1890),  19,972 


D.  Eldest  son  of  Conslanllne  the  Great  and 
Minervina.  He  was  made  Cius.ar  iu  317,  and  consul  in 
318.  He  liistinguished  himself  in  a  campaign  against 
the  Franks  and  in  the  war  against  Liciiiiiis,  over  whom 
he  gained  a  great  naval  victory  in  the  Hellespont  in  323. 
He  was  put  to  deatli  by  his  father  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason. 


Crinan(kre'nan)  Canal.     A  canal  through  the  Crissa   (kris'ii),  or  Crisa  (kn  sa),  or  Cirrfia 


peninsula  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  connecting 
Loch  Fyno  with  the  ocean.     Length,  9  miles. 

Cringle,  Tom.     See  Scott,  Michml. 

Cringle  (kring'gl),  Tom.  The  pseudonym  of 
William  W:ilker,  in  his  works  on  Australia. 

Cripple  Creek  (krip'l  krek).  A  raining  town 
in  El  Paso  C'ounty,  Colorado,  about  30  miles 
southwest  of  Colorado  Springs,  at  the  base  of 
Pike's  Peak.      Population,  (1900),  10,147. 


ly,  i:)()U:  Kilieuaiivianiua,iiu,ij>,ui.ij.  o,  1..UUV'/-   „   .      ,        *■  ■r>_„„i,„_„'u       «,,„  i,\,;,  \f„:^  nf  thu 
A  Scottish  scholar  and  adventurer,  celebrated  Cripple  of  Fenchurcll.     bee  /•«,/•  Mmd  of  the 


for  his  extraordinary  accomplishments,  and 
attainments  in  the  "languages,  sciences,  and 
arts.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  started  upon  his 
on  the  Continent.  He  was  then  the  reputed  master  of 
twelve  languages.  He  enlisted  in  the  French  army  about 
1577.  In  1.579  ho  resigned  and  wont  to  Italy.  Here  many 
debates  both  public  and  private  wore  arranged  for  him. 
In  all  of  which  ho  was  victorious  except  with  llazzoni. 
He  wrote  Latin  odes  and  verses  witli  ease,  and  his  skill  as 
a  swordsman  was  highly  lauded.  In  1681  he  disputed 
with  the  professors  of  the  university  at  Padua  ou  their 
interpretation  of  Aristotle.  A  misadventure  led  to  his 
being  denounced  as  a  charlatan,  wlieri-upon  he  challenged 
the  university,  ottering  to  confute  their  Aristotelian  in- 
terpretations and  to  expose  Iheir  errors  in  mathematics. 
The  disputation  liuited  four  days,  and  Crichton  was  com 
pletely  successful.  lie  won  his  llrst  laurels  in  Mantua  by 
killing  in  a  duel  a  far-fanled  swonlsinan.  His  ilcalh  took 
place  there  in  a  miiliiigbt  sheet  allnek.  Crichton  Is  said 
tohaverocognizeil  the  leader  of  the  brawlers  as  his  pupil, 
the  son  of  the  Duke  of  Mantua,  and  having  drawn  his 
•word  upon  him  lo  have  nll.red  it  to  lihii  by  the  handle; 
whereupon  the  iiriiico  seized  it  ami  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart.  IKrt.  Xiif.  liiog. 
Crichton,  The.     A  London  artistic,  scientific, 

and  lltenirv  club,  establislied  in  1872. 
Crichton,    The   Admirable.      See    Crichton, 
Jatiirs. 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  The.  A  tale  by  Charles 

Dickens,   pulillslieil    in    1845.      The  siiiglnginatrh 
between  a  ten-kettle  and  a  cricket  on  a  carrier's  hearlb- 


A'./i7i((«(/r . 

Cripplegate  (krlp'1-gat),  or  Crepel-gate.    An 

travels  old  London  gate,  itwas  the  fourth  from  the  western 
end  of  the  wall.  The  original  gate  was  probably  built  by 
King  Alfred  when  he  restored  the  walls,  886  A.  1).  Stow 
says  that  in  lOUi,  when  the  body  of  Ldmund  the  Martyr, 
king  of  the  Kast  Angles,  was  borne  through  this  gate,  many 
lame  persons  who  wore  congregated  there  to  beg  rose  up- 
right and  were  cured  by  its  miraculous  Inlluence.  The 
postern  was  aftorwaid  a  prison  for  debtors  and  common 
trespassers.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1244  and  in  1491,  and  in  the 
nfteonth  year  of  Charles  IL  it  was  repaired  and  a  foot-pos- 
tern made.  I'he  rooms  over  the  gate  were  used  by  the 
city  wator-baililf.     Cripplegate  was  pulled  down  in  1760. 

Crish  Kringle.    See  ciiss  Kiuiitc. 

Crisp  ( krisp ),  Charles  Frederick.  Bom  at  Shcf- 

lield,Knglanil,.lan.29,lS45:dledatAtlanta,(ia., 
Oct.  23, 1890.  \n  American  iiollticiun.  Ileserved 
as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Confederate  army  In  the  Civil  War  ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  iu  1866;  was  ap|udnted  Bolicitor- 
genoral  of  the  southwestern  judicial  district  in  1872  ;  was 
reappolnti'd  for  a  t<-rm  of  four  years  in  1873 ;  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  Superior  Cnirt  of  the  same  district  In  1877  ; 
was  oleeted  by  the  general  assembly  to  the  same  otll'  ■  '■■ 


(sir'il).      [Gr.   \\picca,    \ipiaa,   Kf/v'".]     I"    »''' 
C'ient  geography,  a  city  of  Phocls.  Greece,  sit 
uatfMl  southwest  of  Delphi.     It  w.as  styled  by  Ho- 
mer '■  the  divine."     It  is  often  confounded  with  its  port, 
Cirrha. 

Criss  Kingle  (kris'  king'gl).  [Also  Ei-isn  Kin- 
<lle,  Kriss  Kringle;  corrupt  tonus  of  'Christ- 
kindci  (cf.  criss-cross  for  Clirist-craiis),  from  the 
G.'Clirist-kindel  or  "Christ-Linilliin  or  Christ- 
kimlchcn,  the  little  Christ -child,  dim.  of  Christ- 
kinil,  the  Clirlst-child.]     The  C'lirist-child. 

Cristineaux  (kres-ti-no').     See  Crrc. 

Cristinos  ikres-to'n<5s).  In  Spanish  history, 
the  partlzans  of  Donna  Maria  Christina  (Sp. 
Cristina).  regent  for  lier  daughter  Isabella  Ma- 
ria II.  183'l-40.  Ferdinand  VII ,  who  married  Chris 
Una  In  1821),  repealed  the  Salic  law  of  succession,  intro- 
duced by  Philip  V.  1713,  in  accordance  with  which  females 
could  luheiil  llie  thnine  only  In  case  of  thi;  total  exiinetlou 
of  the  male  Hue;  and  by  a  decree  of  March,  18;»0,  called 
the  pragmatic  sanction,  established  the  old  Castillan  law 
iu  accordance  with  which  the  danghtcm  and  granddaugh- 
ters of  Ihu  king  take  precedence  of  his  hrolhers  and  neph- 
ews. The  pragmatic  sanction  was  not  recogid^ed  by  the 
king's  brother,  Don  Carlos,  who,  snpporl<d  by  the  clericals 
or  absolutists,  began  a  civil  war  on  the  death  of  Ferdinand, 
18.33.     See  CarlMn. 

Crist6bal  Col6n(kris-t6'biil  ko-lon').  A  Span- 
ish armoi-i'd  ernisir.  bought  fi'om  tlie  Italian 
government,  of  (),S40  tons  displacomeiit  and  a. 
trial  speed  of  20  knots.  In  the  battle  of  Santiago, 
July  3, 1898,  under  captain  F.nillio  Dial'.  Morcu,  It  was  (ho 
last  SpiiiMi  ship  to  surreiidi  r,  boing  forced  ashore  liy  the 
Drooklvii  ind  I  he  Oregon  at  Itlo  laiiiuino. 


1878;  wasreeleetcd  Judgcfor  a  term  of  four  yenis  Inlivso;  firitnci  f  kri'tez  1  [Gr.  kiuTi/r,  a  judge. 1  A  innn 
^^^,t,^^Xy!^-S;^^:^r;^ll^'il:i^.^^^  7 -'^.Lght  l-td^nu.,,!  a,.d  a  stro,^  m.nd."  In 
gross:  and  was  sneaker  of  Iho  House  in  the  Fifty-second     Jonson's  liliiy  "Cynthia's  Kevels.     He Issupposed 


to  have  been  designed  by  Joiison  as  a  plcluro  of  lilnisolf. 

„,,,  ,„,.^., „ Horn  alt  Ribei-a,  Critias  (krit'l-as).      [Gr.   K/iTinf.]      An.Vlhc- 

Oct.  4,  1819:  died  at  Naples,  Aug.    11.    uuui  oiutor  and  politicuiu,  a  pupil  of  Socrates, 


and  Fifty-third  Congr 

Crispi  (kris'iie). Francesco, 

Sii-ilv 


Critias 

and  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  (404  B.  c.)  :  noted 
for  his  ilissolute  life,  rapacity,  and  cruelty.  He 
perished  in  the  battle  of  Muuychia.  Plato  introduces 
him  in  a  dialogue  (a  fragment)  which  bears  his  name. 

Critic  (krit'ik).  The.  A  farce  by  Richard 
Brinsley  Sheridan,  produced  Oct.  30,  1770.  It 
is  an  imitation  of  Buckingham's  "Rehearsal." 

Critjcon  (krit'i-kon).     See  the  extract. 

The  most  remarkable  work  of  Gracian,  however,  is  his 
•Criticon,"  published  in  three  parts,  between  1650  and 
1653  It  is  an  allegory  on  human  life,  and  gives  us  the 
adventures  of  CrUilus,  a  noble  Spaniai'd,  wrecked  on  the 
desert  island  ot  oaint  Helena,  where  he  Amis  a  solitiiry 
savage  who  knows  nothing  about  himself,  except  that  lie 
has  been  nursed  by  a  wild  beast.  After  much  communi- 
cation in  dumb  show,  they  are  able  to  understand  each 
other  in  Spanish,  and,  being  taken  from  the  island,  travel 
together  through  the  world,  talking  often  of  the  leading 
men  ol  their  time  in  Spain,  but  holding  intercourse  more 
with  allegorical  personages  than  with  one  another. 

Ticknar,  Span.  Lit,  III.  222. 

CriticUS.     See  Critis. 

Critique  de  L'Ecole  des  femmes  (kre-tek'  de 
la-kol'  da  fam).  A  brUliant  short  play  by  Mo- 
liere,  acted  in  1663.  It  introduces  contempo- 
rary society  criticizing  his  "Eeole  des  femmes." 

Critique  of  Pure  Reason.    [G.  Kritih  der  reinen 

V ernunft .'\  A  famous  philosophical  work  by 
Kant,  published  in  1781.  a  second  and  revised  edi- 
tion  appeared  in  1787:  the  later  editions  are  reprints  of  this. 
The  changes  introduced  in  the  second  edition  have  been 
the  occasion  ot  much  discussion  among  German  philoso- 
phers, many  maintaining  that  they  showan  essential  altera- 
tion of  Kant  s  doctrines.  Kant  himself,  however,  declared 
that  they  were  made  solely  to  secure  greater  clearness. 

CritO  (kri'to).  [Gr.  Kp/ruK.]  Lived  about  400 
B  C.  An  Athenian,  a  friend  and  follower  of 
Socrates.  He  is  a  prominent  character  in  the 
dialogue  by  Plato  named  for  him. 

Critolaus  (krit-o-la'iis).  [Gr.  Kp/rtJ^aof.]  1. 
Died  146  B.  c.  An  Achtean  demagogue,  last 
strategus  of  the  Achsean  League,  defeated  by 
Metellus  at  Scarphea  in  146. —  2.  A  Greek 
Peripatetic  philosopher  of  the  2d  century  B.  c. 

Crittenden  (krit'n-den),  George  Bibb.  Bom 
at  Russellville,  K.y.,' March  20,  1812:  died  at 
Danville,  Ky.,  Nov.  27,  1880.  An  American 
major-general,  son  of  J.  J.  Crittenden.  He  served 
throughout  the  Mexican  war.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  joined  the  Confederate  service  with  the  rank 
01  brigadier-general,  and  was  shortly  promoted  major- 
general.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  southeastern 
Kentucky  and  a  part  of  eastern  Tennessee  in  Nov.,  1861. 
He  was  defeated  at  Mill  Springs,  Jan.  19, 1862. 

Crittenden,  John  Jordan.  Born  in  Woodford 
County,  Ky.,  Sejit.  10,  1787:  died  near  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  July  26,  1863.  An  American  politi- 
cian. He  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  College  in 
1807,  and  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  181*2;  was  a  member  of  the  State 
House  of  Representatives  In  1810 ;  was  United  States 
senator  from  Kentucky  1817-19,  lS35--il ;  was  attorney- 
general  under  Harrison  and  Tyler  JIarch  5-.Sept-  13,  1841 ; 
was  United  States  senator  1842-48  ;  was  governor  of  Ken- 
tucky 1848-50 ,  was  attorney  general  under  President  Fill- 
more 1850-53;  was  United  States  senator  1855-61 ;  and  was 
niembei  of  Congress  (Unionist)  1861-63. 

Crittenden,  Thomas  Leonidas.  Born  at  Rus- 
sellville, Ky.,  Mav,  1819:  died  at  Annandale, 
Staten  Island,  N.Y.,  Oct.  23,  1893  An  Ameri- 
can general,  son  of  J.  J.  Crittenden.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war ;  became  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  the  Union  army  Oct.  27,  1861 ;  commanded  a  di- 
vision at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  April  6  and  7,  1862  ;  was  pro- 
moted major-general  July  17,  1S62  ;  commanded  a  corps 
at  the  battles  of  Stone  River  Dec.  31,  lS62,-.Ian.  3,  1863, 
and  Chiekamauga  Sept.  19-20,  1863 ;  and  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  March  2,  1867. 

Crittenden  Compromise.  A  measure  urged 
in  the  United  States  Senate  by  John  J.  Crit- 
tenden 1860-61,  providing  for  the  reestablish- 
ment  of  the  slave-line  of  36°  30'  N.,  and  for  the 
enforcing  of  the  fugitive-slave  laws. 

Croagh  Patrick  (kro'aeh  pat'rik),  or  Seek. 
A  motmtaiu  near  Westport,  County  Mayo,  Ire- 
land, noted  In  the  story  of  St.  Patrick. 

Croaker  (kro'ker),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A  strongly 
contrasted  pair  in  Goldsmith's  "The  Good-Na- 
tured  Man."  He  is  gifted  In  saying  sadly  the  most 
cuttin.g  things;  she  is  both  merry  and  spiteful. 

Croaker  and  Co.  The  pseudonym  under  which 
Joseph  Rodman  Drake  and  Fitz-Greene  Hal- 
leck  wrote  the  "Croaker  Pieces"  in  the  New 
York  "Evening  Post,"  1819. 

Croatia  (kro-a'shia).  [F.  Croatie,  G.  Eroatien, 
Russ.  Eroatsiya,  etc. ;  from  Croat,  F.  Croaie, 
G.  Kroate.~\  A  titular  kingdom  in  Austria-Hun- 
gary, which  with  Slavonia  forms  a  separate  divi- 
sion in  the  Hungarian  part  of  the  monarchy,  it 
is  bounded  by  Cariiiola,  Styria,  and  Hungary  (separated  by 
theDrave)on  the  north,  by  Slavonia  and  IJosniaon  the  east, 
by  Bosnia  and  Dalinatia  on  the  south,  and  by  the  Adriatic, 
Fiume,  and  Carniola  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Save  and  by  prolongations  of  the  Alps.  Its  soil  is  produc- 
tive.   Capital,  Agram.    The  inhabitants  are  priueipally 


292 

Croats.  Croatia  belonged  i  ri  great  part  to  the  Roman  prov. 
ince  of  Pannonia.  It  was  overrun  by  the  East  iioths;  was 
conquered  by  Justinian  ,  was  overrun  by  the  Avars ;  and 
was  settled  by  the  Croats  in  the  7th  century.  The  region 
was  at  first  called  Chrobatia.  The  dukes  rose  to  consid- 
erable power  in  the  loth  ceutuiy,  and  about  the  middle 
of  the  11th  century  the  ruler  figures  as  king  of  Croatia 
and  Dalmatia.  The  country  was  annexed  by  Hungary  in 
1091.  TheHapsburgs,  as  kings  of  Hungai-y,  began  to  rule 
in  1527,  but  their  dominion  was  long  contested  by  the 
Turks.  The  ban  of  Croatia,  Count  Jellachich,  was  in  re- 
bellion against  Hungary  184S-49.  (See  Croatia  and  Sta- 
vorua,  below,  and  Jeltachich.) 

Croatia,  Turkish.    The  northwestern  division 

of  Bosnia  (which  see). 

Croatia  and  Slavonia  (sla-v6'ni-a).  A  land 
of  the  Hungarian  division  of  the  Austro-Hun- 
garian  monarchy.  It  comprises  Croatia  and  .Slavonia, 
and  in  it  is  incorporated  the  chief  part  of  the  former  mili- 
tary frontier.  Capital,  Agram.  Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Slavs  of  the  Serbo-Croatian  race.  Their  religion  is  mainly 
Roman  Catholic  and  Greek.  It  sends  3  delegates  to  the 
upper  house  and  40  delegates  to  the  lower  house  of 
the  Hungarian  Reichstag,  and  has  a  Diet  (Landtag)  of  90 
members.  It  was  separated  from  Htmgary  and  made  a 
crownland  in  1849,  but  was  reunited  to  Hungary  in  1868- 
.\rea,  16,773  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  2,186,110. 

Croats  (kro'atz).  [See  Croatia.]  The  Slavonic 
race  which  inhabits  Croatia,  and  from  which  it 
takes  its  name. 

Crockett  (krok'et),  David.  Born  at  Lime- 
stone, Tenn.,  Aug.  17,  1786 :  killed  at  Fort 
Alamo,  San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  Texas,  March  6, 
1836.  An  American  pioneer,  hunter,  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee 
1827-31,  1833-36,  and  served  in  the  Texan  war.  He  pub- 
lished his  autobiography  in  1834.  He  was  a  fine  shot  and 
an  eccentric  humorist,  and  the  story  is  told  of  his  having 
treed  a  coon  which, when  he  recognized  Crockett,  called  out 
to  him:  "  Don't  shoot,  colonel ;  I'll  come  down,  as  I  know 
I'm  a  gone  coon."  This  story  was  originally  told  of  a 
Captain  Scott  who  was  a  famous  shot  {Scheie  de  Vere). 
Hotten  in  his  Slang  Dictionary  says  that  the  phrase  on- 
ginated  in  the  fact  that  "in  the  American  war"  a  spy 
dressed  in  racoon-skins  took  refuge  in  a  tree  and  ad- 
dressed an  English  ritlemaii  in  the  same  words. 

Crockett,  Samuel  Rutherford.  Bom  at  Little 
Duchrae,  near  New  Galloway,  Scotland,  in  18.59. 
A  Scotch  Presbyterian  minister  and  novelist. 
He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  and  at  the  New 
Theological  College,  Edinburgh ;  aiul  was  minister  of  the 
Free  Church  at  Penicuick  from  1886  until  he  resigned  his 
charge  to  devote  himself  to  authorship.  His  principal 
works  are  "The  Stickit  Minister  "  (1893),  "The  Raiders" 
(1894),  "The  Lilac  Sunhonnet"  (1894),  "Mart  Sir  Uchtred 
of  the  Hills"(1894),  "Play- Actress  "(1S94),  "The  Men  of  the 
Moss-Hags"  (1896),  "Bog-Myrtle  ami  Peat"  (1895),  "The 
Gray  Man '(1896),  "Sweetheart  Travellers"  (1896),  "Cleg 
Kelly"  (1896),  "A  G.alloway  Herd"  (1896),  "Lads  Love" 
(1897).  His  first  book  was  published  as  "  Dulce  Cor :  the 
Poems  of  Ford  Bereton." 
Crockford's  (krok'fordz).  A  famous  gaming 
club-house  at  No.  50  on  the  west  side  of  St. 
James  street,  London,  opposite  Wliite's.  It 
was  built  by  William  Crockford,  originally  a  fishmonger, 
in  1827.  He  is  said  to  have  made  a  large  fortune  by  gam- 
bling. He  died  May  24, 1844,  but  the  house  was  reopened 
in  1849  for  the  Military,  Naval,  and  Country  Service 
Club.  It  was  closed  again  in  1851.  It  was  for  several 
years  a  dining-house,  "'The  Wellington,"  and  is  now  the 
Devonshire  Club. 

Crocodile  (krok'o-dil).  Lady  Kitty.  In  Foote's 
"Trip  to  Calais,"  a  hypocritical,  intriguing 
woman  of  quality,  intended  to  satirize  the  no- 
torious Duchess  of  Kingston,  whose  trial  for 
bigamy  was  just  coming  on.  The  influence  of  the 
duchess  was  sufficient  to  atop  the  production  of  the  play. 
See  Trip  tu  CalaU. 

Crocodilopolis  (krok'''o-di-lop'o-lis).  [Gr. 
KpoKoiei'Auv  7t6aic,  city  of  crocodiles.]  1.  Ar- 
sinoe. —  2.  Athribis,  in  ancient  Egypt. 

Croesus (kre'sus).  [Gr.Kpoicroc.]  AkingofLydia, 
son  of  Alyattes  whom  he  succeeded  in  5(i0  b.  c. 
He  subjugated  the  Ionian,  jEolian,  and  other  neighboring 
peoples,  and  at  the  close  of  his  reign  ruled  over  the  region 
extending  fiom  the  northern  and  western  coasts  of  Asia 
Minor  to  the  Halys  on  the  east  and  the  Taurus  on  the 
south.  According  to  Herodotus,  he  was  visited  at  the 
height  of  his  power  by  Solon,  to  whom  he  exhibited  his 
innumerable  treasures,  and  who,  when  pressed  to  ac- 
knowledge him  as  the  happiest  of  mortals,  answered, 
"Account  no  man  happy  before  his  death."  Deceived  by 
a  response  of  the  oracle  at  Delphi  to  the  effect  that,  if  he 
marched  against  the  Persians,  he  would  overthrow  a  great 
empire,  he  made  war  in  546  upon  Cyrus,  by  whom  he  was 
defeated  in  the  same  year  near  Sardis  and  taken  prisoner. 
He  was,  according  to  Herodotus,  doomed  to  be  burned 
alive,  but  as  he  stood  upon  the  pyre  he  recalled  the  words 
of  Solon,  and  exclaimed  "Solon  !  Solon  !  Solon  ! "  De- 
sired by  Cyrus  to  state  upon  whom  he  was  calling,  he  re- 
lated  the  story  of  Solon,  which  moved  Cyrus  to  counter- 
mand the  order  for  his  execution,  and  to  bestow  upon  him 
distinguished  marks  of  favor. 

Croft  (kroft),  Herbert.  Born  at  Great  Thame, 
0.^ordshire,  Oct.  18,1603:  died  at  Hereford, 
May  18, 1691.  Bishop  of  Hereford.  He  was  origi- 
nally intended  for  the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood,  but 
eventually  took  holy  orders  in  the  Church  of  England, 
having  obtained  the  degree  of  B.  D.  at  Oxford  in  1636.  He 
becamechaplain  to  Charles  I.  about  1640,  canon  of  Windsor 
in  1641,  and  dean  of  Hereford  in  1644  ;  was  deprived  of  his 
preferments  during  the  Rebellion  (which  were  restored  tc 
him  on  the  accession  of  Charles  II.),  became  bishop  of 


Cromarty 

Hereford  in  1662,  and  was  dean  of  the  Chapel  Boyal 
1668-70.  His  chief  work  is  '  The  Naked  Truth,  or  the 
True  State  of  the  Primitive  Ohurch  "  (1675). 

Croft,  William.  Bora  at  Nether  Eatington, 
Warwickshire,  England,  1678:  died  at  London, 
Aug.  14, 1727.  An  English  composer  of  sacred 
music.  His  collection  of  anthems,  "Musioa 
Sacra,"  was  published  1724. 

Croftangry  (krof 'tang-gri),  Chrystal.  The 
imaginary  author  of  Scott's  "  Chronicles  of  the 
Canongate."  He  gives  his  autobiography  in 
some  of  the  iiitroc'uctory  chapters. 

Croghan  (ki-o'gan),  George.  Bom  near  Louis- 
%ille,  Ky.,  Nov,"  l'^.  1791:  died  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  8,  1849.  An  American  officer,  distin- 
guished at  the  defense  of  Forts  Meigs  and 
Stephenson,  1813. 

Croisic  (krwa-zek'),  Le.  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  department  of  Loire-Inf  6rieure, 
France,  16  miles  west  of  St.  Nazaire.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  2,418. 

Croix  (krwii),  Carlos  Francisco  de,  Marques  de- 
Croix.  Born  at  Lille,  in  Flanders,  1699:  died  at 
Valencia,  1786.  A  Spanish  general  and  adminis- 
trator. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  army ;  was 
commandant  at  Ceuta  and  Puerto  de  Santa  Maria,  captain- 
general  of  Galicia,  and  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico) 
from  Aug.,  1766,  to  Sept.,  1771.  His  administration  waa 
able  and  prosperous.  In  1770  he  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  captain-general  in  the  army.  After  his  return 
from  Mexico  he  was  made  viceroy  of  Valencia,  an  office 
which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Croix,  Teodoro  de.  Born  at  Lille,  Flanders, 
about  1730:  died  at  Madrid,  April  8,  1791.  A 
Spanish  soldier.  From  1766  to  1771  he  served  in 
Mexico  under  his  brother,  the  Viceroy  de  Croix,  as  com- 
mandant of  the  interior  provinces  and  of  Sonora.  From 
April,  1784,  to  -March,  1790,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  is 
known  as  an  upright,  kind-hearted,  and  religious  ruler- 
He  instituted  various  reforms  in  the  laws  affecting  the 
Indians. 

Croizette  (krwa-zef),  Sophie  Alexandrine 

Croisette,  called.  Born  JIareh  19,  1847:  died 
March  19,  1901.  A  noted  French  actress,  she 
was  admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  1867,  and  made  her 
d^but  in  1S69.  In  1873  she  was  made  an  associate  of  the 
Com6die  Fran^aise,  of  which  she  was  the  jexine  premiire. 
In  1881  she  retired  from  the  stage,  and  in  1885  married 
an  American  banker  named  Stern. 

Croke  (kruk),  or  Crocus  (kro'kus),  Kichard. 
Born  at  London,  probably  in  1489 ;  died  there, 
Aug.,  1558.  An  English  scholar  and  diplo- 
matist. He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cambridge  in 
1510 ;  studied  Greek  under  Grocyn  at  Oxford,  and  under 
Hieronymus  Aleander  at  Paris  (about  1513);  lectiu-ed  on 
Greek  at  Louvain,  Cologne(about  1515),  and  Leipsic(1515- 
1517) ;  began  to  lecture  on  Greek  at  Cambridge  in  1518 ;  waa 
ordained  priest  in  1519 ;  was  fellow  of  St.  John's  College  in 
1523;  was  sent  in  1529  by  Cranmer  to  Italy  to  collect  the 
opinion  of  Italian  canonists  in  reference  to  the  king'a 
divorce ;  became  rector  of  Long  Buckby,  Northampton- 
shire, in  1531;  and  was  subdean  of  King's  College,  Oxford, 
1532-45.  His  most  notable  publications  are  an  edition  of 
Ausonius  (1515),  and  a  translation  of  the  fourth  book  of 
Theodore  Gaza's  Greek  grammar  (1516). 

Croker  (kro'ker),  John  Wilson.  Bom  in  Gal- 
way,  Ireland,  Dec.  20,  1780:  died  at  Hampton, 
near  London,  Aug.  10,  1857.  A  British  poli- 
tician and  general  ■writer,  leading  contributor 
to  the  "Quarterly  Review"  after  1809:  editor 
of  Boswell's  "Life  of  Johnson"  (1831). 

Croker,  Thomas  Crofton.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ire- 
laud,  Jan.  15,  1798:  died  at  London,  Aug.  8, 
18.54.  An  Irish  antiquary.  He  wrote  "Researches 
in  the  South  of  Ireland  "  (1824),  "  The  Fairy  Legends  and 
Traditions  of  the  South  of  Ireland  "  (1826X  "The  Adven- 
tures of  Barney  Mahoney'*  (1852),  etc. 

Croly  (kro'li),  David  Goodman.  Born  at  New 

York,  Nov.  3,  1829 :  died  there,  April  29,  1889. 
A  journalist.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Keeon- 
struetion"  (1868),  a  "Primer  of  Positivism" 
(1876),  etc. 

Croly,  George.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Aug.,  1780 
(17K5f):  diedat  London,  Nov.  24, 1860.  An  Irish 
divine,  poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
His  chief  novel  is  "Salathiel"  (1827),  principal  poem, 
"  Paris  in  1815 "  (1817),  "Catiline,"  a  tragedy  (1822),  "Mars- 
ton,"  a  romance  (1S46),  "Life  and  Times  of  George  IV." 
(1830). 

Croly,  Jane  Cunningham.  Born  at  Market 
Harborough,  England,  Dee.  19,  1831:  died  at 
New  York,  Dec.  23,  1901.  A  writer  under  the 
name  of  "  Jennie  June,"  well  known  for  her  ef- 
forts for  the  advancement  of  women.  She  called 
together  the  Woman's  Congress  in  New  York  in  1856,  and 
in  1HG8  founded  "Sorosis,"  and  was  its  president  1S68-70 
and  1876-86.     She  marrieil  David  Goodman  Croly  in  1857. 

Cromarty  (krom'ar-ti).  1.  A  county  of  north- 
em  Scotland,  comprising  Cromarty  proper, 
situated  south  of  Cromarty  Firth,  and  10  de- 
tached portions  in  Ross-shire,  with  which  it  is 
united  for  most  purposes.  Area,  estimated, 
345  square  miles. —  2.  Chief  town  of  the  above 
county,  situated  on  Cromarty  Firth  16  miles 
northeastof  Inverness.  Population(1891), 1,308. 


Cromarty  Firth 

Cromarty  Firth  (fertli).  An  inlet  of  the  North 
Si'ii,  (_'Oiinefting  with  Moray  Firth,  and  nearly 
surrounded  l)y  Cromarty  and  Ross. 

Crome  (krdm),  John.  Born  at  Ijorwieh,  Eng- 
land, I)ee.  22,  17G8:  died  there,  April  22,  1821. 
A  noted  English  landseape-painter.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  poor  weaver,  and  bcKaii  life  as  a  doctor's  assis- 
tant, and  apprentice  to  a  coach-  and  sign-puintei.  He 
early  began  to  study  painting  directly  Ironi  nature  in  the 
environs  of  his  native  town  ;  later  found  an  opportunity 
to  study  drawing ;  and  obtained  entrance  to  a  nilgli- 
boriuK  collection  of  paintiiijjs,  where  he  found  some  good 
Flemish  pictures.  In  1803  he  created  the  Norwich  society 
of  Arts.  At  the  annual  exhibitions  of  this  society  he  ex- 
hibited many  of  his  works,  rarely  sending  them  to  the 
Boyal  Academy  at  London.  His  pupils  and  associates, 
among  whom  were  Stark  and  Cotman,  acquired  distinction, 
and  formed  with  him  the  "school  of  Norwich. 

Cromer,  Lord.     See  Bannr,,  Ereh,,^ 

Crompton  (kromp'ton),  Samuel.  Boruat  F.r- 
wood,  near  Bolton,  England,  Dec.  8,  l.o3 :  die_d 
at  Hall-in-the-Wood.  near  Bolton,  June  26, 1.82/ . 
An  Englisli  mechanic,  Inventor  of  the  spummg- 

mule  in  1779.  .      ,,     .   ,  i 

Cromwell  (krum'wel  orkrom'wel).  Adramahy 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1827.  This  was  his 
first  dramatic  venture,  and  was  not  intended 
to  be  acted.  .,_,,.,       „ 

Cromwell,  Henry.    Born  at  Huntingdon,  Eng- 
land Jan.  20, 1628 :  died  at  Soham,  Cambridge- 
shire, England,  March  23,  1674.     A  younger  son 
of  Oliver  Cromwell,  lord  depiUym  Ireland  lbo5- 
1657,  and  lord  lieutenant  1657-59. 
Cromwell,  Oliver.   Born  at  Huiitingdon,  Eng- 
land, April  25,1599:   died   at  Whitehall,  Lon- 
don, Sept.  3, 1658.     Lord  Protector  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
He  studied  at  Sidney  .Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1016-1., 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Huntingdon  in 
16-'8  and  in  IWOwas  returned  by  Cambridge  to  the  Short 
and' Long  Parliaments.      He  was  appointed  captain  of 
Parliamentary  horse  in  1642,  and  colonel  in  1W3.     In 
1B43,  by  enlisting  only  men  of  religion,  chiefly  Indepen- 
dents, he  organized  a  model  regiment  which,  on  account 
of  its  invincible  courage,  came  to  be  known  as  the  Iron- 
sides    He  fought  with  distinction  at  llarston  iloor  J  uly 
2   1W4,  and  at  the  second  battle  of  Newbury  Oct.  ■>,, 
1644  •  was  promoted  to  lieutenant-general,  on  the  reorgani- 
lation  (after  plans  furnished  by  him)  of  the  army,  in  June 
IWS  ;  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  Parliamei.taiy 
army  at  Naseby  June  14,  164.''.,  and  took  Basing  House 
Oct  14,  1645.    On  the  rupture  in  1647  between  the  army, 
which  was  controlled  by  the  Independents,  and  iarlia- 
ment,  which  was  controlled  by  the  Presbyterians  he  sided 
with  the  army,  ami  supported  the  measures  by  which 
the  Independents  obtained  control  of  Parliament.     He 
Bunpressed  an  insunection  in  Wales  in  1648,  defeated  the 
Scotch  royalists  at  Preston  Aug.  17-19,  1648,  and,  as  a 
member  of  the  High  Court,  signed  the  death-warrant 
of  Charles  1.  in  Jan.,  1649.     On  the  establishment  of  the 
Commonwealth  in  1W9  he  obtained,  by  virtue  of  his  posi- 
tion as  leader  of  the  Independents  and  ruling  spirit  in  the 
army  the  actual  control  of  the  government.     He  under- 
took an  expedition  against  Ireland  Aug.  16,  1649;  stormed 
Drogheda  Sept.  in,  l«4!i ;  was  appointed  captaingeneriU 
and  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  of  the  Common- 
wealth June  26,  1650;  defeated  the  Scotch  royalists  at 
Dunbar  Sept.  3,  1650,  and  at  Worcester  Sept.  3,  llial ; 
expelled  the  Rump  Parliament  April  20,  1653 ;  and  was 
appointed  by  the  council  of  officers  Lord  Protector  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
His  protectorate  was  marked  by  religious  toleration,  by 
advantageous  commercial  treaties  with  foreign  natn.ns, 
and  by  successful   wars  with  the  Dutch,  with   Algiers. 
Tunis,   and  Tripoli,   and  the   Spaniards.     See  CarlyleB 

"Letters  and  Speeches  of  ,"1!^'  ';r™"'''";  „,*"t!.!1.^ 
"Life  of  Cromwell,'  and  (iuiEot's  "History  of  the  Revo- 
lution "  and  "History  of  England  under  Cromwell. 

Cromwell,  Richard.  Bom  at  Huntingdon, 
England,  Oct.  4,  l(i26 :  cUed  at  Cheshunt,  near 
London,  .July  12,  1712.  Son  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, whom  he  siK'ceeded  as  Lord  Protector 
Sept.,  1658.     }io  resigned  May,  1659. 

Cromwell,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Essex.  Born  prob- 
ablv  about  14H5:  .tied  at  London,. July  28,  1;>4  I. 
An'English  statesman,  the  sonof  ablai-ksiiiiUi. 
He  served  in  his  youth  in  the  Krenoh  army  m  Italy,  and 

after  his  return  to  K.igland  *""''^<""  l^^-'^'y^'-,  }}"^Z 
appointed  collector  of  the  revenues  "' the  see  of  \  ork  by 
■VVolsey  in  1.M4  ;  became  a  member  of  Parllanient  in  1^.3  . 
was  appointed  privy  councilor  by  Henry  \  III.  in  1..J1  . 
and  was  made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  In  1..33.  In 
1535  he  was  appointed  vicar-genenil  of  the  king  to  carry 
Into  effect  the  Act  of  Supremacy.  In  which  capacity  he 
be"an  in  1.530  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries  and  the 
confiscation  of  their  J.roperly.  lie  ,'''.'' •"''"'"■■,''  Pr'^J' 
seal  in  153(1,  an.l  lord  high  chamberlam  of  Eng  and  in 
1539,  and  was  created  earl  of  Lssex  in  154".  J»  >•'•»  "I 
negotiated  the  maniage  of  Henry  VIII.  with  Anne  of 
Cleves,  which  to<,k  pl.i.e  in  Jan..  1.540.  Having  fallen 
under  the  kings  .lispleasure,  partly  on  account  of  his 
advocacy  of  this  marriage,  he  was  attainted  by  1  arlla- 
ment  and  beheailed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 


293 


Crowe,  Captain 


Cromwell,  The  Life  and  Death  of  Thomas, 

Lord.     An  anoiivmous  play,  priiitrd  in   Kil.i, 
atone  time  attributed  to  Shaksperc      It  was 
entered  on  the  Stationers'  Register  in  H.U'-. 
Cromwell  Surveying  the  Body  of  Charles 

I.  in  its  Coffin.     A  masterpiece  o1  Paul  Uela- 
roche,  in  tln'  -MusOe  at  Nimes.  Fnoii;''-      .      , 
Oronaca  (kr6n'a-k&),   Simone   PoUajuolo. 


Born  at  Florence,  1457:  died  1508.  An  Italian 
architect,  surnamed " U  Crouaca"  (•  the  clironi- 
cler ' )  from  his  habit  of  story-telling.  On  account 
of  some  misdemeanor  he  was  obliged  to  flee  from  Hor- 
ence  to  Rome,  where  he  busied  himself  with  the  antique 
monuments.  Returning  to  i'loi'euce,  he  completed  the 
Strozzi  Palace,  begun  by  Benedetto  da  Majano.  His  mas- 
terpiece (1504)  is  the  Church  of  San  Bartolommeo  in  San 
MiiViato  which  was  much  admired  by  Jlichelangelo.  He 
!j.so  built  the  great  hall  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio.  He  b&. 
came  a  disciple  of  Savonarola  

Cronholm(ki'ou'hoira),  Abraham  Peter.  Born 
at  Landskrona,  Sweden.  Oct.  22,  1809:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Mav  27, 1879.  A  Swedish  historian. 
His  chief  work  is  "Sveriges  Histona  under 
Oustaf  II.  Adolfs  regering"'  (1857-72). 

Cronstadt.     Hee  KronsUijIt. 

Cronus  (kro'nus),  or  Cronos  (-nos).  L^r. 
Kpoi'of.]  Ill  Greek  mythology,  a  Titan,  son  of 
Uranus  and  Ge.  At  the  instigation  of  his  mother, 
he  emasculated  his  father  for  ha\ing  thrown  the  ly- 
elopes  (who  were  likewise  the  children  of  I  ranus  and 
Ge)  into  Tartarus.  He  thereupon  usurped  the  govern- 
ment of  the  world,  which  had  hitherto  belonged  to  his 
father,  but  was  in  turn  dethroned  by  Zeus.  He  was  the 
husband  of  Rhea,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of  Hestia, 
Demeter,  Hera,  Hades,  Poseidon,  and  Zeus.  He  was  iden- 
tilled  with  Saturnus  by  the  Romans. 

Croo-boys  or  Croo-men.    See  Kru. 

Crook  (ki'iik),  George.  Born  near  Dayton,  Ohio, 

Sept.  8,  1828:  died  at  Chicago,  1)1.,  March  21, 
1890.    An  American  soldier.   He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1852,  and  entered  the  regular  army,  in  which  he 
attained  the  rank  of  major-general  April  0,  1888.    Sept. 
13  1861,  he  was  appointed  to  a  colonelcy  in  the  volunteer 
service,  in  which  he  rose  to  the  brevet  rank  of  niajor- 
geneial  July  IS,  1S64  ;  he  was  mustered  out  Jan.  15,  ISOO. 
He  commanded  the  national  forces  in  West  ^  irginia  in 
July  and  .\ug.,  1864  ;  was  in  the  engagements  at  Snicker  s 
Kerry  July  19,  and  Kernstown  July  24;  cooperated  with 
General  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  valley  from  Aug. 
till  Dec.  of  the  same  year;  was  in  the  battles  at  Ber- 
ryville,  Opequan,   Fisher's   Hill,  Strasburg,  and   Cedar 
Creek;  and  commanded  the  cavalry  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  Maich  26-April  9,  1865.     After  the  w'ar  he  did 
duty  among  the  hostile  Indians  in  Idaho  and  Arizona. 
After  the  massacre  of  General  Custer's  command  he  pur- 
sued  the  Sioux  to  Slim  Buttes,  Dakota,  where  he  defeated 
them.     In  1886  he  conducted  the  campaign  against  the 
Apaches  under  Geronimo,  whom  he  brought  to  a  stand 
near  San  Bernardino,  Mexico,  but  resigned  his  command 
before  the  conclusion  of  hostilities. 
Crooked  Island  (kriik'ed  i'land).     An  island 
of  the  Bahamas,  south  of  Wathng  Island. 
Crookes(kruks),  Sir  William.  Bom  at  London, 
June  17,  1832.     A  noted  English  chemist  and 
physicist.     He  discovered  thallium  in  1861,  and  in- 
vented the  radiometer  in  1874.    He  founded  the  "Chemi- 
cid  News"  in  1859,  has  edited  the  "Quarter  y  Journal  of 
Science"  since  1864,  and  has  published  "Select  Methods 
of  Chemical  Analysis  '  (1880),  etc.     Knighted  June,  1897. 

Crooks  (kriiks),  George  Richard.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Feb.  3,  1822:  died  at  Madison, 
N  J.,  Feb.  20,  1897.  An  American  journalist 
aiid  Methodist  clergyman.  He  pubUshed  with 
Schem  a  "Latin-English  Lexicon"  (1858). 

Croppies  (krop'i--!).  A  name  given  to  the  re- 
publican party  in  Ireland  in  1798,  who  wore 
their  hair  cropped  in  imitation  of  the  Irencli 
rovolutioiiists.  (/.c-A-.v.)  The  name  was  ap- 
plied to  tlic  Roundheads  lu  1642. 

dropredy  Bridge.  A  locality  near  Banbury 
Knglaud,  the  scene  of  a  li,';'.V;;l>^t  ;i'^f'^^'',t„«f  f^f 
Parliamentarians  under  Waller,  June  29.  1644. 

Cropsey(kr(.p'si).  Jasper  Francis.  Boruleb. 

18,  1823:  died  .liiiic  22,  1900.  An  American 
landsi'ape-painter,  a  pupil  of  Edward  Maury. 
He  eiilcrcd  the  National  Academy  in  ISul. 
Croquemitaine(kr6k-me-tau').  [From  crnqiwr, 
to  cat,  crunch.]  A  French  legendary  monster 
with  wliicli  iiur.ses  frighten  children.  L'Kpinc  in 
1803  published  a"l,(gende  deCroqucmitaine,"  a  romance 
relating  to  the  adventures  of  a  certain  Mitaine,  a  god- 
daughter of  Charleniilgne. 

Crosby  Hall  or  Place.  An  ancient  house  in 
Hishops.'atc  stri'et,  London.  The  site  was  leased 
from  Alice  Ashfleld,  prioress  of  St.  Helen's,  In  1466  hy  Sir 
John  Crosby,  a  gro.  er  and  lord  mayor.  He  bui  t  he 
beautiful  Golhic  palace  of  whicd.  the  banql,etlng-h.dl,  the 
throneroom  an.l  council  room  still  remain  in  Bishopsgate 
within.  Th..  hall  is  m.w  used  as  an  eatlnij-house,  and 
is  famous  for  its  beautiful  wooden  roof.  Ihe  mansion 
covered  a  large  part  of  what  Is  now  Crosby  Place  or 
Square.  Richard  of  Gloucester  lived  hero  at  the  death 
of  Edward  IV.,  and  here  held  his  levees  before  is  usurpa 
tl.m  of  the  crown.  It  «a»  afterward  bought  by  Sir  I  h""n'» 
More,  who  wrote  here  the  "Utopia  an.l  the  Life  of 
Ukhird  III."  Crosby  Hall  is  the  central  lea  uro  of  shak- 
sp.-re'B  London.  Shakspere  himself  had  a  resMence  In  the 
nelgllhorlloo.l.  It  is  one  of  the  very  few  m.-.lleval  dwell- 
Ing.honses  still  existing  in  Uinilon.  It  was  restored  In  1S.W, 
aller  having  been  used  l..r  various  purposes. 

Crosby  (kroz'bi),  Howard.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Feb.  27, 1826  :  died  there,  March  29, 1891. 
All  Ami'ricnii  Presbvterian  clergyman.  Ho  was 
graduafe.1  at  the  rnive'rsity  of  New  York  In  1844 ;  b.- 
came  professor  of  Greek  there  about  18.'.1  ;  was  pr<.fes8..r 
of  Gri'ek  In  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey, 
1859-83;  was  pastor  of  the  Fourfli  Avenue  Preshyterlau 
Charch  at  New  York  from  1863  untD  bU  death;  was  chan- 


cellor of  the  fniversity  of  New  York  1870-81;  ■was  a 
member  of  the  American  committee  for  the  reytfion  of 
the  New  Testament ;  and  was  one  of  the  chief  instru- 
ments in  elfecting  the  organization  (1877)  of  the  Society 
for  the  Prevention  of  Crime,  of  which  he  became  presi- 
dent. 


oeni. 

Crosland(kros'land),Mrs.(CamillaToulmin). 

Born  at  London,  June  9, 1812:  died  at  Dulwich, 
Feb.  16,  1895.     An  English  poet  and  writer. 

Cross  (kros),  Mrs.  (Mary  Ann,  or  Marian, 
Evans) :  pseudonym  George  EUot.     Born  at 
Arbury  Fann  (Chilvers  Colon),  Warvvickshire, 
Entdand,  Nov.    22,    1819:    died  at  4   Chej-ne 
Walk,  Chelsea,  London,  Dec.  22.  1880.     A  cele- 
brated English  novelist.    She  was  educated  at  Nun- 
eaton and  Coventry'.    In  1S41  she  moved  with  her  father 
(Robert  Evans,  agent  for  Mr.  Fl-ancis  Sewdigateof  Arbury 
Hall)  to  Coventry.     In  1851  she  became  assistant  editor  of 
"  The  Westminster  Review,"  and  retained  that  position  till 
18.53     She  livedwith  George  Henry  Lewes  from  1^54  until 
his  death  in  1878,  a  connection  which  they  regaided  as  a 
marriage.    On  ilay  6, 1880,  she  married  John  Walter  Cross 
under  the  name  of  Mary  Ann  Evans  Lewes.     She  died 
within  the  year,  and  was  buried  by  the  side  of  Ce.irge 
Henry  Uwes  in    Highgate  Cemetery.     She   published 
(anonymously  at  first,  afterward  under  her  real  naine) 
a  translation  of  Strauss's  "Life  of  Jesus    (1846),   'The  Es- 
sence of  Christianity  "  (translated  from  Feuerbach      by 
Marian  Evans"  in  1854),  and,  under  the  pseudon™  of 
George  Eliot,  "Seenes  of  Clerical  Life"  (18.58).  "Adam 
Bede"  (1859),  "The  Mill  on  the  Floss"  (I860),   "Sdaa 
Mamer,    the    Weaver   of    Raveloe"    (1861),   "Romola 
(18(J2-«3).  "Felix  Holt  the  Radical "(1866),  "The  Spanish 
Gypsy"  (a  poem,  1868),  "Agatha  "  (a  poem,  1868),     Mld- 
dlemarch,  a  study  of  Provincial  Life  '  (1871-72),      The 
Legend  of   Jubal,   and   Other   Poems"  (1874X   "Daniel 
Deronda"  (1876),  "Impressions  of  Theophrastus  Such 
(1879).     After  her  death  in  1883.  a  poem,  "How  Usa  loved 
the  King,"  was  published,  and  "Essays  and  Leaves  from 
a  Notebook"  in  1SS4.    Her  life  was  written  by  her  hus- 
band, John  Walter  Cross,  and  published  in  1884. 

Cross,  SirEichard  Assheton.  Bom  at  Red  Scar, 
Lancashire,  England,  May  30,  1823.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,home  secretary  1874-80  and  1885- 
1886  secretary  of  state  for  India  1886,  and  lord 
privy  seal  189'')-.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  viscount  in  1886. 

Crosse  (kros),  Andrew.     Bom  at  Broomfield, 
Somerset,  England,  June  17,  1(84:  died  there, 
July  6,  1855.     An  English  electrician,  iioted  for 
his  experiments  in  electro-crystallization. 
Cross  Keys  (kros  kez).     A  place  in  Rocking- 
ham County,  Virginia,  20  miles  northeast  of 
Staunton.     Here,  June  8.  1862,  a  battle  took  place  be- 
tween Jackson's  army  (about  8,uOO)  under  Ewell,  ami  the 
Federals  (about  18.000)  under  Fr.iniont.     The  loss  of  the 
Federals  was  620  ;  that  of  the  Confederates,  287. 
Croswell  (kroz'wel),  Ed^win.     Born  at  Cats- 
kill,  N.  Y.,  May  29,  1797:  died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Juno  13,  1871.     An  American  journalist 
and  politician.     He  was  editor  of  the  '  Albanj;  ArguB  ' 
1823-64,  and  a  member  of  the  "Albany  Regency. 
Croswell.   Harry.     Born  at  West  Hartford, 
Conn.,  June   16,   1778:   died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  March  13,  1858.     An  American  Beder- 
alist,  journalist,  and  clergyman,  uncle  of  Edwrn 
Ooswell.  .„  »T        •  T. 

Crotch  (kroeh),  "William.  Bom  at  ^o^wlch, 
England,  July  5,  1775:  died  at  Taunton,  Eng- 
land Dec  29",  1847.  An  English  composer,  or- 
ganist of  St  John's  College,  O.xford,  and  pro- 
fessor of  music  in  the  university,  and  later 
(1822)  principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
Crotchet  Castle  (krodi'et  kfts'l).  .  A  "oyel  by 

Thomas  Love  Peaco.'k.  published  in  18.U.  ^ 
Croton  (kriVton),  or  Crotona  (kro-to'nii).  [dr. 
Kp.irui'.]  The  ancient  name  of  Cotrona  (which 
sec).  There  is  a  Greek  temple  of  Hera  Laklnla  (Juno  of 
the  l.aklnian  promontory)  at  the  extremity  of  Capo  della 
Colonna.  This  famous  shrine  has  been  greatly  diunaged  by 
vandalism  and  earthquakes,  but  its  platform  of  masonry 
and  the  resultsof  cicavalions  supply  data  f..ia  piu-tlal  res- 
toration. Itwaaof  the  5th  century  li.  C.  Doric,  heiastyle 
with  14  columns  on  the  Hanks,  and  an  Interior  range  of 
4  columns  before  the  pronaos.  Some  of  the  marble  pedi- 
ment-sculptures have  been  found. 
Croton  A  river  of  southeastern  New  York 
which  joins  tho  Hudson  32  miles  north  of  New 
York  city,  which  it  supplios  with  water  through 
tho  Croton  aqueduct  (tho  old  one  was  opened 
for  uso  in  1842 :  tho  new  (and  chief)  one  was 
completed  in  1890^. 

Crousaz  (krii-zii').  Jean  Pierre  de.    Born  at 

Lau^nne.  Switzerland,  April  13,  1663:  diod 
March  "2  1748.  A  Swiss  philosopher  ami  miitn- 
eraaticiail.  Ills  chief  work  is  a  treall.o  "" ''*['=  "'l^ 
several  later  editi..ns).  He  was  a  vohnnlnous  but  not  an 
Important  writ.r. 

Crow,  or  Eaven.  The.'  See  Comis. 

Crowdero  (kr..u-.10'r<-.).  [\  humorous  name, 
l>om  .ro.--/,  n  tid.lle.]  .V  ,'  lanicter  "'  ButWs 
'•IIu,libriis":arKl.ller.an.ltlieleaderofthemob. 

Crowe  ( kro).  Captain.  A  whinisical.  impatient 
merchant  caj.tali.  in  Smollett's  "  Sir  Latincelot 
Greaves."  He  insists  upon  being  a  kmght  er- 
rant ■with  the  latter. 


Crowe,  Eyre  Evans 

Crowe,  Eyre  Evans.  Born  at  Redbridge,  South- 
uiuptou,  ilaieh  20.  1799-  died  at  London,  Feb. 
2.5,  18(58.  An  English  joui'nalist,  Wstorian,  and 
noTelist.  His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of 
France"  (5  vols.  1858-68). 

Crowe,  ilrs.  ( Catharine  Ann  Stevens\  Bom 

at  Borough  Green,  Kent,  EngUmd.  about  1800: 
died  iu  1876.  An  English  nTiter,  principally 
known  bv  her  writings  on  the  supernatural : 
author  of  "Night  Side  of  Nature"  (1848), 
"  Spiritualism  and  the  Age  we  Live  in  "  (1859), 
and  several  novels. 

Crowe,  iXrs     See  Bateman,  Kate  Josephine. 

Crowe,  William.  Bom  at  Midgeham,  Berk- 
shire, England,  in  1745:  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  9. 
1829.  An  English  elergjTnan  and  poet.  He  was 
eccentric,  bat  a  popular  preacher.  He  wrote  *•  Lewes- 
don  Hill'  (irss),  "A  Treatise  on  English  Versification  " 
(1S27),  and  published  several  volumes  of  sermons  and  ora- 
tions, etc. 

Crowfield  (kro'feld),  Ckristoplier.  An  occa- 
sional pseudonym  of  Sirs.  Harriet  Beecher 
St  owe. 

Crowley  (kroOi),  or  Crolej  or  Croleus,  Robert. 
Born  in  Gloucestershire,  1518  (?) :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jime  18, 1588.  An  English  author,  printer, 
and  divine.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  embraced  the 
doctrines  of  the  Refonnation.  and  about  1^9  set  up  a 
printing-press  at  Ely  Keots,  Holbom.  which  he  conducted 
three  years.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Hereford  15o9-t>7.  and 
vicar  oi  St.  LawTence  JewTy,  London,  1576-78.  His  typo- 
graphical fame  rests  chiefly  on  three  impressions  which 
he  made  in  1550  of  the  "  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman."  His 
most  notable  works  are  "An  Informacion  and  Peticion 
agaynst  the  Oppressours  of  the  Pore  Commons  of  this 
Realme  "  (IMS).  "The  Voyce  of  the  Laste  Trumpet,  etc." 
(1549X  "The  Way  to  Wealth,  etc."  (1550),  "  Pleasure  and 
Payne,  Heaven  and  Hell ;  Remember  these  Foure,  and  all 
shiUl  be  Well "  (1551),  and  '■  One  and  Thyrtye  Epigrammes  " 
(155UX 

Crown,  Oration  on  the.  [Gr.  nrpi  are<pavov ;  L. 
de  corotta.']  The  most  celebrated  oration  of 
Demosthenes,  delivered  in  330  B.  C.  Ctesiphonhad 
proposed  that  Demosthenes  should  be  publicly  crowned 
with  a  golden  cro^vn,  as  a  reward  for  public  services  ren- 
dered aiter  the  battle  of  Chreronea,  and  for  this  was  in- 
dicted by  -Eschines  as  the  proposer  of  an  illegal  act.  In 
the  oration  Demosthenes  defended  his  own  acts  and  char- 
acter and  attacked  Jlschines,  who  was  defeated. 

Crown  Diamonds.  The  English  version  of 
Auber's  "Les  Diamants  de  la  Couronne"  (1844). 

Orown  Point  (kroun  point).  A  town  in  Essex 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain  90  miles  north  of  .\lbauy.  It  was  strongly 
fortified  in  the  last  century,  was  abandoned  by  the  French 
in  1759,  and  was  taken  from  the  British  by  the  Americans 
under  Warner,  May,  1775.  Popnlatinf  il"ooi.  2.112. 

Crowne  (kroun),  John.  Died  in  1703  (?).  An 
English  dramatist,  .\mong  other  plays  he  wrote 
"The  Country  Wit "  (1675),  '  City  Polititiues  "  (played  about 
1683),  "  Sir  Courtly  Xice,  or  It  Cannot  be  "  (1685),  "  The 
Married  Beau,  etc."  (1694),  etc  Some  of  his  plays  held 
the  stage  for  a  century. 

CrOWQIlill  (kro'kwil),  Alfred.  The  pseudonvin 
of  Alfred  Henry  Forrester,  an  English  humor- 
ist and  artist.  Charles  Robert  Forrester,  his 
brother,  also  used  it  1826-44.     See  Forrester. 

Crows.     See  Absaroha 

Crowther  (kro'THer).  Samuel  Adjai.  Bora 
in  Yoi-uba :  died  in  1891.  The  first  uegi-o  bishop 
of  the  Church  of  England.  He  was  c^irried  off  and 
sold  into  slavery  in  1S21.  With  many  others  he  was  frt-ed 
by  a  British  man-of-war  in  1S22,  and  landed  at  Sierra 
Leone,  where  he  attended  school  and  soon  distinguished 
himself.  His  higher  education  he  received  in  Eiigland. 
He  accompanied  the  first  and  second  Niger  expeditions, 
and  published  an  account  of  the  latter.  In  186t  he  was  or- 
dained '•  Bishop  of  the  Niger,"  and  proved  himself  worthy 
of  the  office.  His  books  in  and  on  the  -Niger  languages 
give  him  a  prominent  place  among  African  linguists. 

Croydon  (kroi'don).  [In  Doomsday  Croindene. 
chalk  hill.]  A  suburb  of  London,  in  Surrey, 
England,  10  miles  south  of  London.  It  has  a 
ruined  palace  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury, 
used  bv  them  from  the  Conquest  until  1757. 
Population  ^1901),  133,885. 

Croyland  (kroi'land),  or  Crowland  (kro'ljind). 
A  town  in  the  southern  part  of  Lincolnshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Welland  8  miles  north- 
east of  Peterborough.  It  contains  the  ruins  of 
a  famous  abbey  founded  by  ^thelbald  of  Mereia 
in  the  8th  century. 

Croysado  (kroi-sii'do).  The  Great.  In  Butler's 
"  Hudibras,"  a  character  intended  for  Lord 
Fairfa.x. 

Crucifixion,  The.  Of  the  paintings  of  this  sub- 
ject the  following  are  among  the  most  notable: 
(a)  A  large  painting  by  Lucas  Cranach  in  the  Stadtkirche 
at  Weimar.  Germany.  It  contains  portraits  of  the  artist 
and  of  Luther  and  Melanchthon  on  the  right,  and  on  the 
left  Christ  overcomes  Satan  in  the  form  of  a  Protean  mon- 
ster, (ft)  A  small  painting  by  Albert  Diirer  (1.5(>;),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden,  (c)  Xn  impressive  painting  by  Man- 
tegna,  in  the  Lou\Te,  Paris.  Christ  is  between  the  two 
thieves ;  St.  John  and  the  holy  women  wait  in  grief  on 
the  left,  and  a  body  of  soldiers  cast  lots  for  the  garment 
CD  the  right.    This  picture  is  part  of  the  predella  of  the 


294 

altarpiece  of  San  Zenone,  Verona ;  two  other  parts  are  in 
the  iiusee  at  Tours,  (d)  A  noted  painting  l>y  Van  Dyck, 
in  St.  -Michael's,  at  Ghent.  Beliiium.  -\  mounted  soldier 
holds  out  the  sponge  to  Christ  with  his  speai-;  St.  John 
and  the  iJarys  are  grouped  below,  and  angels  appear 
above,  (e)  A  p'ainting  called  "Le  coupde  lance, "by  Rubens, 
in  the  museum  at  -\ntwerp,  Belgium.  The  time  is  even- 
ing; the  three  crosses  stand  side  by  side  on  JJount  t'al- 
vary.  Christ  is  already  dead,  and  a  mounted  soldier  is 
piercing  his  side  with  a  spear.  The  three  Marys  and  St, 
.'ohn  are  grouped  at  the  foot  of  the  cross.  This  is  said  to 
be  the  most  carefully  finished  painting  exeeut*sl  by  Ru- 
bens. (/)  A  fresco  of  Perugino,  in  the  chapter-house  of 
Santa  Maria  Maddalena  dei  Pazzi,  Horence.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts  by  architectural  framework.  In  the  cen- 
tral part,  beneath  the  crucified  Christ,  are  the  two  Marys ; 
on  the  right  are  Sts.  John  and  Bernard ;  on  the  left  is  an 
impressive  figure  of  the  Virgin,  with  St.  Benedict,  {'j)  A 
painting  by  Tintoret.  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Rocco,  at  Ven- 
ice.   It  is  this  painter's  masterpiece. 

Cruciger  (krot'sic-er),  or  Creuziger  (kroit'sio- 
er),  or  Creutzinger  (kroit'sing-er),  Kaspar. 
Born  at  Leipsic,  Jan,  1,  1504:  died  at  Witten- 
berg, Germany,  Nov.  16, 1548.  A  Geiman  Prot- 
estant theologian,  a  co-worker  with  Luther  in 
the  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  became  a  preacher 
at  Wittenberg  in  1528,  and  professor  of  philosophy  (later 
of  theology)  in  the  university. 

Cruden  (kro'den),  Alexander.  Born  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  May  31,  1701 :  died  at  London. 
Nov.  1,  1770.  A  London  bookseller,  author  of  a 
famous  "Concordance  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  " 
(1737).  He  was  eccentric  to  the  verge  of  insanity.  He 
believed  himself  to  have  been  specially  appointed  by  God 
to  correct  the  morals  of  the  British  nation,  and  accord- 
ingly assumed  the  title  of  ".\lexander  the  Corrector" 
(probably  suggested  to  him  by  his  work  as  corrector  of  the 
press). 

Crudor  (kro'dor),  Sir.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene."  a  knight  who  insists  that  Briana  shall 
supply  him  with  enough  hair,  consisting  of  la- 
dies' curls  and  knights'  beards,  to  pnrfle  his 
cloak  before  he  ■will  marry  her.  Sir  Calidore 
overthrows  him,  and  her  raid  on  the  passers-by 
is  stopped. 

Cruel  Brother,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Sir  William 
Davenant,  printed  in  1630. 

Cruel  Gift,  The.     A  tragedy  by  Mrs,  Centlivre, 

airiiJuced  in  li  16. 
ruikshank  (knik'shank),  George.  Born  at 
London,  Sept.  27.  1792:  died  Feb.  1,  1878.  A 
noted  English  artist  and  caricaturist.  He  was 
the  son  of  Isaac  Cruikshank,  who  was  also  a  Ci\ricaturist, 
He  began  his  career  as  an  illustrator  of  children's  bijoks, 
and  his  satirical  genius  tii-st  found  expression  in  "The 
Scourge,  "a  periodical  published  between  lSll-16.  Atthis 
time  his  caricatures  were  in  the  style  of  Gilliay,  but 
about  1819  he  began  to  illustrate  books  and  developed  a 
styleof  his  own.  Among  his  caricaturesthose  of  Napoleon, 
the  impostures  of  Joanna  Southcott,  the  corn-laws,  the 
domestic  infelicities  of  the  regent  and  his  wife,  etc.,  are 
noted.  In  1S27  William  Hone  issued  a  collection  of  Cruik- 
shank's  caricatures  in  connection  with  the  latter  scandal, 
which  he  called  "Eacetise  and  Miscellanies."  Some  of 
his  best  illustrations  were  for  Scott  and  for  a  translation 
of  German  fairy  tales.  In  1823  he  issued  his  designs  for 
Chamisso's  "Peter  Schlemihl."  His  arrangement  with 
Dickens  began  with  "Sketches  by  Boz"  in  lS:i6.  He  de- 
signed also  for  Richard  Bentley  (1837-43)  and  Harrison 
Ainsworth  (1836-^4).  "The  Bottle  "(eight  plates,  1847)  and 
"The  Drunkard's  Children  "  (eight  plates,  1S4S)  were  the 
first  products  of  his  satirical  crusade  against  drunkenness. 
He  continued  to  produce  etchings,  etc.,  in  rapid  and  bril- 
liant succession  till  his  eighty-third  year:  three  years 
after  this  he  died-  He  wrote  variouspamphlets  and  squibs 
and  started  several  magazines  of  his  own,  and  in  his  later 
years  undertook  to  paint  in  oils.  His  most  celebrated 
effort  in  this  line  is  a  large  picture  called  "The  Wor- 
ship of  Bacchus,  or  the  Drinking  Customs  of  Society" 
(1362).     The  painting  is  in  the  National  Gallery. 

Cruikshank,  (Isaac)  Robert.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  27.  1789:  died  March  13,  1856.  An 
English  caricaturist  and  miniature-painter, 
elder  brother  of  George  Ci'uikshank. 

Cruikshank.William  Cumberland.    Bom  at 

Edinburgh  in  1745:  died  at  London,  June  27, 
1800.  A  Scottish  anatomist.  He  wrote  "Anat- 
omy of  the  Absorbent  Vessels"  (1786),  etc, 

Cruillas,  Marquis  of.    See  Monserrat,  Joaquin. 

Crummies  (krum'lz),  Vincent.  In  Charles 
Dickens's  "Nicholas  Nickleby,"  an  eccentric 
actor  and  manager  in  a  cheap  theatrical  com- 
pany. He  is  the  father  of  two  boys  and  a  girl,  also  in 
the  profession  :  the  last  is  the  "  infant  phenomenon." 

Cruncher  (kmn'cher),  Jerry.  Man  of  all  work 
at  Tellson's  banking-house,  who  spent  his 
nights  as  a  "resurrection  man"  ■  a  characterin 
Charles  Dickens's  "Tale  of  Two  CiHes." 

Crupp  (krup),  Mrs.  In  Charles  Dickens's  "Da- 
vid (,'opperfield."  David's  landlady.  She  is  af- 
flicted with  "spazzums." 

Crusades,  The.  In  medieval  history,  a  number 
of  expeditions  undertaken  by  the  Christians  ol 
Europe  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Land  from 
the  Mohammedans.  The  crusading  spirit  was  aroused 
throughout  Europe  in  1095  by  the  preaching  of  the  monk 
Peter  the  Hermit,  who  with  Walter  the  Penniless  set  out 
in  lofl^i  with  an  immense  rabble,  which  was  for  the  most 
part  destroyed  on  the  way.    The  first  Crusade,  properly 


Cruz  y  Goyeneche 

so  called,  under  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  1096-?i9,  resulted  in 
the  capture  of  Jerusalem  and  the  establisiiment  of  a 
Christian  kingdom  in  Palestine  ;  the  second,  1147-*9, 
preached  by  St.  Bernard,  was  unsuccessful ;  the  third, 
1189-92,  led  by  the  princes  Frederick  Biirbarossa  of  Ger- 
many, Richard  the  Lion-hearted  of  England,  and  Philip 
Augustus  of  France,  failed  to  recover  Jerusalem,  which 
the  Mussulmans  had  taken  in  11S7;  the  fourth,  1202-04, 
ended  in  the  establishment  of  a  Latin  empire  at  Constan- 
tinople, under  Count  Baldwin  of  Flanders ;  the  fifth,  1228- 
1229,  under  the  emperor  Frederick  IL.  the  sixth,  1248-50, 
under  St,  Louis  (Louis  IX-  of  France),  and  the  seventh 
and  last,  1270-72,  also  under  St.  Louis,  we)e  all  unsuceess- 
fuL  There  were  other  expeditions  called  crusades,  in- 
cluding, in  1212,  "the  children's  crusade,"  in  which  many 
thous:inds  perished  by  shipwreck  or  were  enslaved. 

Cruse  (kru-sa').  Christian  Frederic.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  1794 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  5, 
18()5.  An  American  Episcopalian  clergi.Tnan 
and  scholar.  He  translated  Eusebius's  ''Ec- 
clesiastical History"  (1833). 

Crusenstolpe  (kr6'zen-stol-pe),  Magnus  Ja- 
kob. Born  at  Jiinkoping,  Sweden,  March  11, 
1795:  died  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  18,  1865.  A 
Swedish  publicist,  historical  writer,  and  nov- 
elist. His  works  include  the  historical  novel 
"Morianen"  (1840-44),  etc, 

Cmsius  (kro'zf-6s).  Christian  August.  Boi-n 
at  Leuna,  near  Merseburg.  Prussia,  Jan.  10, 
1715:  died  at  Leipsic.  Oct.  18, 1775.  A  German 
philosopher  and  theologian,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Leipsic.  He  was  noted  as  an  oppo- 
nent of  the  Wolfian  school. 

Crusoe,  Robinson.     See  Robinson  Cnisoe. 

Crustumerium  (krus-tu-me'ri-um).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  a 
few  miles  northeast  of  Eome.  J 

Cruveilhier   (kru-va-ya'),    Jean.     Bora  at   ■ 
Limoges,  France,  Feb.  9.  1791:    died  at  Jus-     * 
sac,  Haute-Vienne,  France,  March  6,  1874,     A 
French  physician  and  anatomist.      His  chief 
work  is  "Anatomie  pathologique  du  corps  hu- 
main"  (1828-42). 

Cruvelli (kro-vel'le)  (Criiwell),  Sophie.  Bom 
at  Bielefeld,  Prtissia,  March  12,  1826.  A  Ger- 
man singer.  Her  family  was  originally  Italian,  she 
was  successful  in  Vienna,  and  later  in  Paris  and  Lontlon. 
In  lSo4  she  appeared  at  the  Grand  Opera  in  Paris,  and 
won  much  applause  in  Verdi's  "Sicilian  Vespers,"  which 
was  written  for  her.  In  1856  she  married  ^ron  Vizier, 
and  left  the  stage. 

Crux  (kruks).  [L.,  'a  cross.']  The  Southern 
Ooss,  the  most  celebrated  constellation  of 
the  southern  heavens.  It  was  erected  into  a  con- 
stellation by  Royer  in  1679,  but  was  often  spoken  of  as  a 
cross  before :  there  even  seems  to  be  an  obscure  allusion 
to  it  in  Dante.  It  is  situated  south  of  the  western  p.art 
of  Centaujus,  east  of  the  keel  of  Argo,  It  is  a  small 
constellation  of  four  chief  stars  arranged  in  the  form  of 
a  cross.  Its  brightest  star,  the  southernmost,  is  of  about 
the  first  magnitude ;  the  eastern,  half  a  magnitude  fainter ; 
the  northern,  of  about  the  second  magnitude  :  and  the 
western,  of  tlie  third  magnitude  and  faint.  The  constel- 
lation owes  its  striking  effect  to  its  compression  :  for  it 
subtends  only  about  6'  from  north  to  south,  and  still  lesa 
from  east  to  west.  It  looks  more  like  a  kite  than  a  ci^ss. 
All  four  stars  are  white  except  the  northernmost,  which 
is  of  a  clear  orange-color.  It  contains  a  fifth  star  oi  the 
fourth  magnitude,  which  is  very  red, 

Cruz  (kroth),  Jose  Maria  de  la.  Bom  at  Cou- 
eepcion,  April  21,  1801 :  died  near  the  same 
place,  Nov.  23,  1875.  A  Chilian  general.  As  a 
boy  he  was  a  cadet  in  the  revolutionary  army,  serving  in 
most  of  the  campaigns.  He  rapidly  rose  in  rank  :  became 
general  of  di\ision  in  1839 ;  was  twice  minister  of  w  ai  and 
marine;  was  chief  of  staff  in  the  Peruvian  campaign  of 
1838,  and  held  various  other  important  positions.  In 
1S51  he  was  the  libei-al  candidate  for  president,  but  his 
opponent.  General  Montt,  was  elected-  General  Cruz  then 
headed  a  revolt  in  the  southern  provinces,  but  was  finally 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Loncomitla,  Dec.  8,  1851.  He 
was  p,ardoned,  and  thereafter  lived  in  retirement  on  his 
estate. 

Cruz,  Juana  Ines  de  la.  Bom  at  Mexico,  Nov. 
12.  16.51:  died  at  Mexico,  April  17,  1695.  A 
Mexican  poet,  a  nun  of  the  Convent  of  San  Gr^- 
ronimo:  sometimes  called  "The  Tenth  Muse." 

Cruz,  Kamon  de  la.  Bora  at  Madrid.  1731: 
died  after  1791.  A  Spanish  dramatist.  His 
chief  works  are  farces. 

Cruz,  San  Juan  de  la.  Bom  at  Fontiveros, 
Old  Castile.  Spain,  1542 :  died  at  LTjeda,  Spain, 
Dec.  14,  i591.  A  Spanish  mystical  poet  and 
prose-writer.  He  belonged  to  the  Carmelite  order. 
He  became  prior  at  Granada,  and  later  vicar-provincial 
for  Andalusia. 

Cruz  y  Goyeneche  (kroth  e  go-ya-na'che), 
Luis  de  la.  Bom  at  Concepcion,  Aug.  25, 
1708:  died  Oct.  14.  1828.  A  Chilian  general. 
During  the  colonial  period  he  held  important  civil  offices, 
and  in  1806  made,  at  his  own  expense,  an  exploration  of 
the  -\ndes-  His  report  of  this  journey  was  published  in 
the  Angelis  collection  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  1835.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolution  of  1810;  and  com- 
manded a  division  of  the  patriot  army,  but  was  captured 
and  imprisoned  until  released  by  the  victories  of  1S17. 
Subsequently  he  was  commandant  at  Talca,  and,  during 
the  absence  of  O'Higgins.  acting  president  of  Chile  ;  took 
part  in  the  Peruvian  campaign,  and  received  the  title  of 


Cruz  y  Goyeneche 


Brand  marshal  from  Peru  ;  was  a  nieinljer  of  the  consti^ 
uent  coiiKiess  of  chile  in  182tj,  and  was  uumster  of  manne 
at  the  timeof  hisduath. 

Cry  of  the  Children,  The.    A  poem  by  Mrs. 

BrnwiiinK.  .  ,     , 

Crystal  Palace.  A  building  of  iron  and  glass, 
erected  in  Hydo  Park,  London,  for  the  great 
exhibition  of  1851,  and  reereeted  at  byden- 
ham.  near  London,  185'2-53,  opened  1S.)4.  It  was 
desiened  by  Sir  Joseph  Paxtoii,  and  is  used  for  popular 
Mncerts  and  other  entertainments,  as  well  as  a  perma- 
nent  exhibition  of  the  art  and  culture  of  various  no.  9. 
The  nave  is  1,«0S  feet  long,  the  centra^  transept  J^JO  by 
ion  feet  and  17r.  hieh,  and  the  south  transept  312  feet 
lo'nc  A  corresponding  north  transept  was  burned  in 
ISBB  The  great  nave,  adorned  with  plants  and  statues 
Presents  a  unique  vista.  On  either  side  are  ranged 
?„TtB,  in  whieii  are  repro.lueed  the  architecture  and 
sculpture  of  different  civilizations.  In  ls:.3  a  similar 
but  much  smaller  building  called  the  Crystal  H»l»f «;',f 
erected  for  the  Worlds  [•'air  in  New  York,  on  .Mxth  Me- 
nus b.;tween  40th  and  42d  streets.    The  ground  is  now  a 

dsabaTchob'o),  Hung.  B6k6s-Csaba  (ba'kash- 
ciro)*o).  A  town  in  the  county  ot  B^k^s,  Hun- 
gary, in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  21°  8'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  34,:243.  ^.y,.,„       -R^^ 

Csokonai  (cho'ko-noi),  Vitez  Mihaly.  Born 
at  Debreezin,  Hungary,  Nov.  1/,  l//3:diea 
there,  Jan.  28,  1805.  A  Hungarian  poet.  His 
works  include  "  Jhigyar-Musa"  (1797),  "  Oorottya,  amock- 
heroic  poem  (18(M),  ■•.\nacreontic  Poems    (1SIJ3),  etc. 

Csoma  (eho'mo),  Alexander,  Hiiug.  Csoma 
Sandor.  Born  at  Kciros,  Transylvania,  April 
4  1784 :  died  at  Darjiling,  in  the  Himalayas, 
April  11, 1842.  A  Hungariau  traveler  and  plii- 
lolocist.  He  began  his  travels  in  central  Asia  in  1820; 
and  resided  in  Kanam,  Tibet,  1H27-30.  In  1831  he  went 
to  Calcutta.  He  published  a  "Til)etan-English  Diction- 
MT"  (1834),  a  "Grammar  of   the   Tibetan    Language 

Otesi'as  '(te'shias).  [Gr.  Krvmof.]  Born  at 
Cnidus,  Caria,  Asia  Minor:  died  after  308  B.C. 
A  Greek  historian,  physician  at  the  court  ot 
Artaxerxes  Muemon.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Persia 
aUaaiKi)  in  24  books,  fragments  of  which  are  extant,  and 
k  treatise  on  India  Cl.S.-a),  Parts  of  which  a  so  sui-v.vo. 
There  are  meager  abridgments  of  both  works  by  Photius. 


Ctesias,  an  alistract  of  whose  works  is  preserved  by 
Photius,  is  very  frequently  quoted  by  ancient  authors. 
He  was  a  Greek  physician  who  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion led  against  Artaxerxes  by  his  brother,  the  younger 
Cvrus     Though  a  few  ye?js  younger,  he  was  contempo- 
rarv  with  Herodotus :  his  testimony  therefore  brings  the 
series  of  evidences  up  to  the  very  time  of  our  author. 
Ctesias.  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Persians  at 
the  battle  of  Cunaxa,  was  detained  at  the  court  of  Arta- 
xeries,  as  physician,  during  seventeen  years;  and  it  seenis 
that  with  the  hope  of  recommending  himself  to  the  fa>  our 
of  "the  great  king,"  and  of  obtaining  his  own  f!«dom,  he 
undertook  to  compose  a  history  «'  Persia  wilu  he  ex- 
nress  and  avowed  design  of  impeaching  the  authority  ol 
lleriKlotus,  whom,  in  no  very  courteous  terras  he  accuses 
of  many  falsifications.      The  jealousy  and  malice  of  a  lit. 
tie  mind  are  apparent  in  these  accusations.   Nothing  can 
be  much  more  inane  than  the  fragments  that  are  pre- 
Berved  of  this  author's  two  works  -  his  History  of  Persia 
and  his  Indian  History;  yet,  though  possessing  I'ttl'- in- 
trinsic value,  they  serve  an  important  purpose  in  furnish- 
ing very  explicit  evidence  of  the  genuineness  and  gen- 
eral authenticity  of  the  work  which  Ctesias  laboured    o 
depreciate.     If  the  account  given  by  Herodotus  of  1  cr- 
iian  alfairs  had  been  altogether  untrue,  his  rival  wa  tol 
neither  the  will  nor  the  means  to  expose  the  imposition. 
But  while,  like  Plutarch,  he  cavils  at  minor  points,  ho 
leaves  the  substance  of  "- -^^^Jjy.t^lirSktp.- '287. 

Ctesibius  (te-9ib'i-us).  [Gr.  '<^7>°fi„'f,'"'" 
at  Alexandria :  lived  probably  about  2.)0  B.  c. 
An  Aloxatidrian  physicist  noted  for  Ins  me- 
chanical inventions.  He  is  said  to  have  invented  a 
clepsydra,  a  hydraulic  organ,  and  other  mechanical  con- 
?rrvance?and  to  have  llrst  applied  the  expansive  force 
ot  air  as  a  motive  power,  , .     n      t,    „„ 

Ctesiphon  (tes'i-fon).  [Or.  kr/z-T/^u...]  In  an- 
cient geographv,  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tigris,  opposite  Seleucia,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Bagdad.  Itwasoneof  thecbief  cities. .f 
the  Parthian  and  later  Persian  kingdoms.  Its  Bite  Is  now 
occupied  by  rnina. 

What  encounigement  the  art*  found  '«"'  h'»  ''^•'o* 
roes  I.)  patronage  we  may  learn  from  the  re.i  a  ns  of  the 
great  palace  he  erecte.l  at  Ctesiphon  .  .  he  mii 
arch  of  this  wonderful  structure  Is  Hf.  feet  liiKh,  ,2  fi>t 
wide  and  ir,  feet  deep.  Although  nothing  now  exists  o 
Ul  fab  cc-  hut  the  facade,  we  may  j.i.lge  from  this  what 
must  have  been  the  9?7.e  and  beauty  ..1  the  structure  be- 
fore it  had  been  destroyed  by  time  and  war. 

nrnjamin,  ,Story  of  Persia,  p.  2,11. 

Ctesiphon.  [Or.  Kr;/«-,v:M'.]  Lived  in  the  4(h 
ceiil  urv  u.  C.  All  Atliciiian  who  proposed  that 
Di'iuos'tlienes  sliould  bi^  lioiiore<l  with  a  crown, 
and  for  tliis  was  prosecuted  by  /lOschines  and 
defended  by  Doinosthonos.  See  (.rowii,  Oration 
nil  the.  „         .     1  TvT 

Ouaray  (kwil-ri')-  [Tigtia  name  of  central  New 
Mexic'..!  A  village  (pueblo)  of  Tigua  l.idians, 
situated  in  Valencia  County,  New  Moxu'",  on 
the  southern  edge  of  the  salt-basin  of  the  Man- 
zano.    It  was  abandoned  In  1672  on  account  of  the  hos- 


295 

tility  of  the  Apaches.  The  ruins  of  a  lai-ge  ch"","}"' »'»■•,', 
stand  by  the  side  of  those  of  the  village.  The  Mieeion  ..I 
Cnarav  was  founded  about  1640. 

Cuauhtemoc.    See  Ouatcmnt~iii. 

Cuba  (ku'bil;  Sp.   pron.   ko'ba).      [Of  "ft'™ 
origin.     See  Cbaiiacau.}     An  island  (the  lar- 
g,.st  in  the  West  Indies)  situated  m  lat.  IJ 
00'-23°  10'  N..  long.  74°  7'-84°  :.8'  W     north 
of  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  southeast  of  the  bull 
of  Mexico.     It  is  separated  from  Florida  on  the  north 
by  the  Strait  of  Florida,  from  Haiti  on  the  east  'ly    he 
Windward  Pa*sa:;e,  and  from  Yucatan  on  the  west  by  the 
Cliannel  of  Yucatan.    It  U  traversed  from  east  to  west  by 
in.Mintains.    Its  leading  industries  are  the  raising  of  sugar 
and  lobaeco.     The  inllulntants  are  chiefly  of  Spanish  and 
African  descent ;  the  establi.shed  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic, and  the  prevailing  language  is  Spanish,    from  its  drs- 
covery  until  1898  it  belonged  to  Spain,  forming  with  lis 
dependencies  a  caplaincy-wneral,  and  sending,  alter  IS, », 
deputies  to  the  S,,anish  CnU-.     Capital,  Havana.    It  was 
dis.overcd  bv  Collllulins  in  0.t..ber,  1492  (and  nnnH-d  by 
him  .liiana) ;  was  ,onqne,  .-,1  by  lb.-  Spaniards  in  loll ;  "as 
held  by  the  Engli-.h  17«2-ti3 ;    was  the  ..bject  of  yarn.us 
fllilnistering  expe.litions  from  1849;  and  was  the  scene  of 
rebellions  1808-78  and  1896-98.    In  1898  it  was  freed  frmn 
Spanish  domination  by  the  act  of  the  1  nited  States,    see 
Sriinixl'-Ainericui   tVar.     It  was  proclaimed  a  republic 
Miv  "0   190"'      Slavery  wa^  abolished  m  1880.     Leiigtn. 
7,;o  miles.     Average  width,  Co  miles.     Area,  44,000  square 
miles.      Population  (1899),  1,572,797, 
Cubanacan  (ko-ba-nii-kan').     A  region,  or  pos- 
sibly a  village,  in  tiie  interior  ot  Cuba:  so  called 
bv  the  Lucavan  Indians  wlio  were  with  Colum- 
biis  when  lie  discovered  the  island.    From  the  simi- 
larity of  sounds,  Cidumbiis.  supposing  himself  to  be  on  the 
,oast  of  Asia,  inw.:ined  that  this  must  be  the  city  of  Ku- 
bid  Kli  ni    tlif  Tatiir  sovereign  spoken  of  by  Marco  lolo. 

Cubango' (ko-bang'go),  or  Tonke  (ton'ke).  A 
river  in  southern  Africa  which  flows  into  Lake 
Ngami.  „        .     „  ^ 

Cubas,  Antonio  Garcia.  See  Goma  Cubas. 
Cubillo  (ko-i'.el'yo),  Alvaro  de  Aragon.     a 

Spanish  dramatic  poet,  born  in  Grenada  toward 
the  end  of  the  16th  centiu-y.  He  was  a  volumi- 
nous writer  and  successful  dramatist. 
Cuchan  (kii-chiin').  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  in  California  near  and  above  the 
junction  of  the  Gila  Eiver  with  the  Colorado. 
The  number  attached  to  the  Mission  agency  in  Cal''ornia 
is  997,  and  at  the  San  Carios  agency  in  Arizona  291.  Also 
called  Yumu.oT  Umah.     Sec  Yniium. 

Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale,  The.  A  poem 
which  appeared  in  the  printed  editions  ot  Chau- 
cer of  the  Kith  century.  When  first  printed  it 
had  following  it  a  ballade  with  an  envoy.  There  is  no- 
thing to  indicate  that  they  are  by  the  same  person.  l>r- 
whitt,  who  considered  the  poem  Chaucer  s,  could  not 
accept  the  ballade.  The  weight  o'  evidence  is  against 
Chaucers  authorship  of  the  poem.  In  the  Bodleian  Ms 
it  is  called  "The  i;ok,;  .,f  Ci.pide  God  of  I«ve  ;  another 
MS  isheaded  "Lihc  Cnpi.linis."  ^  » 'B  ba.sed  on  a  po£ 
ular  superstition  that  he  will  be  happy  in  love  dur  ng 
the  year  who  hears  the  nightingale  before  he  hears  the 
cuckoo.  —      ,     ^  1    i 

Cucuta  (ko'ko-ta),  San  Jos6  de.    A  t^own  .n 

Saiihinder,  Coloinliia,  sitiiate.l  about  tat.  /  3U 
N.,  near  the  frontier  of  Venezuela.  Popula- 
tion (1802),  about  0,000.  „  ^  , 
Cuddalore  (kud-da-16r'),  or  Gudaluj.  A  sea- 
port in  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ponnar,  in 
lat.  11°  44'  N.,  long.  70°  45'  E.  Itwastakcnby 
the  French  in  17S8,  by  the  English  in  1700,  and  retaken 
bv  the  Krench  in  1782  ;  was  the  scene  of  a  repulse  of  the 
English  ill  nsi;  and  was  finally  acquired  by  the  English 
in  ITor,. 
Cuddapah.  See  Kadapa  ,  ,  ...  .  „ 
Cuddy  (kud'i),  1.  A  shepherd  with  whom 
Colin  Clout  conducts  his  arguments  m  bpon- 
ser's  '•Shepherd's  Calendar."— a.  A  sheplierd 
in  lovo  with  Buxoma  in  Gay's  "Shepherds 
Wi^ek."— 3.  The  name  given  to  an  ass  or  a 

CudiiMkud'lip)  Mrs.  (Annie  Thomas).    Born 

at  AMliorough,  Suffolk,  Kugland,  Oct.  -:>,  IM.IK, 
An  En"lisli  novelist,  she  married,  1807,  the  Rev, 
Pender  Hodge  Cudlip,  then  curate-  of  Yealnipton,  ater 
vicar  of  Sparkwell,  Devonshire.  Her  first  novel,  Ihu 
Cross  ol  Honour,"  appeared  In  Isftf. 
Cudworth  (kud'werlh).  Ralph.  Born  a  .\ller, 
S^Huorset,  Kugland,  l(il7:  ,hc,  Int  Cnmluulge, 
England,  .Tune  20,  1088.  An  English  i.hiloso- 
pher  and  divine.  Ho  became  In  UU.^  reglus  professor 
It  Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  a  position  which  ■«  ™tlllned 
until  his  ileath.  Ills  chief  works  are  "  Ir ue  IntollcetuiU 
!;;»;;■,„  of  the  universe-  (l;i78)  "Treatise  concerning 
Eternal  and  Immutable  Morality    (\ti\).  . 

Cuenca   (kwan'kil).      1.    A   province   in   Now 
(JasliUs  Spain,  lying  between  Guadalajara  on 
the  norlli,  Toruel  and  Valencia   on   the   east, 
Albacete  on   the   south,  Ciudad   Kenl  and   lo- 
edo  on  the  west,  and  Ma.lri.l  on  the  northwest 


Culenborg 

erature.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Ciulist*  in  .1874.  Most  o» 
the  interior  of  the  cathedral  is  of  early-Pointed  architec- 
ture, with  finely  sculptu.ed  capitals,  two  rose-windows 
in  the  transepts,  and  much  good  glass.  Ihe  chapels  ana 
furniture  are  of  Renaissance  work  Jasper  of  great  beauty 
and  variety  is  profusely  used  for  oroament.     Population 

s'^The  capital  of  Azuay,  Ecuador,  situated  in 
lat.  2°  50'  S. ,  long.  79°  lO"'  W.  It  contains  a  ca- 
thedral. Properly  .Snii(<(  . Ilia  de  C'Mcnca.  Pop- 
nlation  (1892),  about  ^'i.OOO. 
Cuernavaca  (kwer-im-vii'ka).  The  capital  ot 
the  state  of  Morelos.  Mexico,  47  miles  south  of 
the  city  of  Mexico.  It  was  an  ancient  Indian  town. 
was  captured  by  Cort<?8  before  the  siege  of  Mex'V"' ."";! 
became  bis  favorite  residence.  The  emperor  Maximilian 
had  a  countiy-seat  here.     Population  (1H9..   ».aM. 

Cueva,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la.  See  Fer- 

naiiiUzdclaCiiira.  ,,,.,.. 

Cueva  Henriauez  Arias  de  Saavedra  (kwa  va 

en-re'keth  ii're-iis  dii  sa-ii-va'lira),  Baltazar 
de  la  ( "ount  of  Castellar  and  Marquis  of  .\I;il;i- 
.r„„.  'Born  at  Madrid.  1626:  died  there,  April  3, 
1080.  A  younger  sou  of  the  seventh  Duke  of 
Albutiuernue.  His  titles  came  to  him  by  marriage. 
He  held  various  important  posts,  was  ambassador  to  Ger- 
many, councilor  of  state  and  afterward  of  the  Indies,  and 
from  Aug,,  1074.  to  July,  1078,  viceroy  of  Peru.  Chile,  and 
Tierra  Fiime.  His  rule  was  prosperous,  and  he  reinltted 
large  surplus  revenues  to  .Spain  ;  but  an  attempt  to  relax 
the  commercial  monopolies  caused  an  outcry  against  him. 
He  was  ordered  to  turn  over  the  government  to  the  Bishop 
of  Lima,  and  was  held  in  light  captivity  during  nearly  two 
years  while  the  charges  against  him  were  tried.  In  the 
end  he  was  exonerated,  returned  to  Spain,  and  resumed 
his  seat  in  the  Indian  council.until  his  death 


Area    0,72.')  sriuare  miles.     Population  (18H7), 
242.024.— 2.  T-  ■   '    '"      ■' """ 


..J  .  „  ..,  —^  hie  caiiital  of  the  above  iirovince, 
s.tuared  oil  the  Jucar  in  lat.  40^  4'  N.,  long, 
2°  14'  \V.  It  has  a  celebrated  cathedral  and  was  for- 
merly the  scat  ot  silver  manufactures,  and  noted  In  111- 


ins  au»L  111  fcuv  ^iiui»u  .,^«, ^ 

Cueva  (kwa'vil),  Juan  de  la.     Born  at  Seville, 
Spain,  about  1550 :  died  about  1608.  A  Spanish 
poet.     His  works  include  "Prunera  parte  de  las  come- 
dias  y  tragedias  "  (158;i-88^  "  I.a  couquista  de  la  B^tica 
(1803X  "Ejemplar  poctico' (1606). 

Cuevas  de  Vera  (kwa'viis  dii  va  ra).  A  tovvn 
in  the  province  of  Almeria,  Spain.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  20,027. 

Cufa  (ko'fii).  In  medieval  history,  a  city  on 
the  Euphrates,  near  Ctesiphon :  a  leading  eity 
of  the  califato  in  the  7th  and  8th  centuries. 

Cuffey.     A  name  given  to  negroes. 

Cugerni.     See  Gitgcnii. 

Cuicatlan  (kwe-kiit-liin').  A  nyer  in  south- 
ern Mexico,  in  the  state  of  Oaoaca;  the  Kio 
Grande  de  Cuicatlan. 

Cuicatecos  (kwe-kil-ta'kos).  [From  Isahuatl 
Ciiinill.  tlie  dance.]  A  native  tribe  of  the  pres- 
ent state  of  Oajaca  in  Mexico.  They  speak  a 
languago  distinct  from  the  Nahuatl. 

Cuitlahuatzin  (kwet-lii-wiit-zen  ),  or  Citla- 
huatzin.  Born  about  1470:  died  at  Mexico, 
Sept.  or  Oct.,  1.520.  A  younger  brother  of 
Montezuma  II.,  tlie  Aztec  sovereign.  After  Monte- 
zuma had  been  seized  by  the  Spaniards  (1520).  •  ""l"''"''  ; 
zin  was  for  a  lime  in  their  powfi.  He  was  releaseil  and 
inmudiateh  organized  an  attack  on  the  Spanish  quttrlera, 
11,  which  .Montezuma  himself  was  killed.  Cnitlahualzin 
directed  the  Aztec  forces  during  the  Spanish  retreat  and 
soon  after  was  elected  sovereign  in  Montezuma  s  place. 
Ue  died  of  a  pestilence  a  few  Keeks  after 

Cuiacius  (ku-ja'shius)  (Jacques  de  Cujas). 

Born  at  Toulouse,  France,  1522:  died  at  Bour- 
ges,  France,  Oct.  4,  1590.  A  celebrated  1-  rench 
iurist.  He  studied  under  Arnaud  Kerrler  at  the  fnl- 
vcrsity  of  TouU.uso,  where  in  l.'.-17  he  began  a  course  of 
bistruction  on  the  Institutes  ot  Justinian.  In  l..f...  ho 
was  called  to  the  Cniversity  of  Bourges,  «-bcllcc  he  re- 
moved t.)  Valence  ill  l.'.B7.  After  several  changes  ho 
returned  in  1577  to  Bourges,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  Institutes  of 
Justinian,  the  Pandects  and  Decretals,  Including  emen- 
dations of  the  text  o(  legal  and  oilier  manuscripts  iln.ler 
the  title  of  "Observatlones  et  emendatlones.  An  Ineonl- 
plele  cdlectlon  of  his  writings,  edited  by  himself,  waa 
pnbli-hed  in  1.'.77.  The  llrst  complete  edition  was  pub- 
lished by  Fabrot  ill  1«.>8. 

Cnias  (kii-zhiis'),  Jacques  de.     See  Cujaeius. 

Cujavia  (ku-jil'vi-li).  A  <livision  of  the  ancient 
kile'doni  of  Poland,  situated  north  and  east  of 
(ii-.'Tit  Poland  and  west  of  Masovia.  It  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  Vistula,  south  and  west  of  1  horn  It 
belongs  parily  to  ITussIa  and  partly  lo  Russian  1  oland 
It  was  annexed  to  the  kingdom  ol  Poland  early  In  tlia 
14lh  century 

Culdee  (kul'de).  [From  ML.  Ciildci.  pi.,  also  in 
accom.  form  C.-/iW</,  as  if  '  worshipers  of  (.od 
(from  L.  colrrc,  worship,  and  ileus,  a  go.l) ;  a  so, 
more  exactlv,  Ju'ldri.  lulrdn.  from  Ir.  cnlede 
(=  (!ael.  ,-iiiitri<rli).  n  Culd.'c,  appnr.  from  cede, 
servant,  and  De.  of  (iod,  g.'ii.  of  IHa.  (.od.]  A 
member  of  a  fraternity  of  priests,  constitutiuK 
an  irreguTar  monastic  order,  existing  in  hcot- 
Innd,  and  in  smaller  numbers  in  Ireland  and 
Wales,  from  the  9th  or  UUli  to  the  14th  or  l.dh 

Oulebra(k»-la'brii).  [Sp.,'snake.'j  A  valley 
in  iiciilliern  New  Mexico,  near  the  eiv.iliius  or 
Ccili.railo;  also,  the  surrounding  mountains. 

Culenborg.     See  KuiUnbunj. 


Culiacan 

Onliacan  (ko-le-a-kan').  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  river 
of  the  same  name,  in  lat.  24°  50'  N.,  long.  107° 
20'  W.,  on  the  site  of  the  Aztec  city  Hucicol- 
huacan.     Population  (1895),  14,205. 

Cullen  (kul'en).  A  town  in  Banffshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  Moray  Firth. 

Cullen,  Paul.  Born  in  County  KUdare,  Ireland, 
April  27,  1803 :  died  at  Dublin.  Oct.  24,  1878. 
An  Ii-ish  prelate,  appointed  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh in  1849,  of  DubUn  in  1852,  and  cardinal 
priest  in  1866. 

Cfullen,  William.  Bom  at  Hamilton,  Scotland, 
April  15,  1710 :  died  near  Edinbiirgh,  Feb.  5, 
1790.     A  Scottish  physician  and  chemist. 

Cullera  (kol-ya'ra).  A  port  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Jucar  23 
miles  south-southeast  of  Valencia.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  11,713. 

Culloden  (ku-16'den),  or  Drummossie  (drum- 
mos'i),  Moor.  A'  moor  about  5  miles  east  of 
Inverness,  Scotland.  Here,  April  le  (0.  S.),  27 (X.  S.), 
1746,  the  Royalists  (about  10, 1.  KX))  under  the  Duke  of  Cumber* 
land  defeated  tlie  liiglilanders  (about  6,CK»)  under  Charles 
Edward,  the  Young  Pretender. 

Cullum  (kul'um),  George  Washington.  Born 
at  IS^evr  York,  Feb.  25,  1809 :  died  there,  Feb. 
28,  1892.  An  American  soldier  and  military 
writer.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  in  1S33,  and  entered  the  engineer  corps; 
was  employed  in  a  number  of  engineering  operations  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  including  the  fortification  of  Nash- 
viile,  Tenn.,  in  1S&4 ;  and  was  superintendent  of  the 
United  States  Military  Academy  Sept.  8,  1864,  to  .\ug.  2a, 
1S66.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  March  13,  1S65. 
He  published  "  Biographical  Register  of  the  Officers  and 
Graduates  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point  ■■  (1868). 

Cully  (kul'i).  Sir  Nicholas.  A  foolish,  gulli- 
ble knight  In  Etherege's  comedy  "The  Comi- 
cal Revenge,  or  Love  in  a  Tub." 

Culm.     See  Kulm. 

Culpeper  (kul'pep-er),  John.  A  colonial  poli- 
tician. He  headed  an  insiurection  in  Xorth  Carolina  in 
1678,  which  deposed  the  president  and  deputies  of  the  pro- 
prietaries, and  establislied  a  new  government. 

Culpeper,  or  Colepeper,  Lord  Thomas.  Died 
in  England  in  1719.  A  colonial  governor  of 
Virginia.  In  conjunction  with  Lord  Arlington  he  re- 
ceived in  1673  from  Charles  II.  a  grant  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  of  which  he  acted  as  governor  16S0-.83. 

Culpeper,  or  Fairfax.  The  capital  of  Culpeper 
Countv,  Virginia,  62  miles  west-southwest  of 
"Washington.    Population  (1900),  1,618. 

Culprit  Pay,  The.  A  poem  by  Joseph  Rodman 
Drake,  written  in  1816.  It  relates  the  adven- 
tures of  a  fairy  who  expiates  his  sin  in  loving  a 
mortal  maid. 

Culross  (kul-ros').  A  village  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  near 
Dunfermline. 

Cumae  (kti'me).  [Gr.  'K.vfii,  Kovfiai.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Campania, 
Italy,  10  miles  west  of  Naples.  It  was  founded  by 
a  Greeii  colony  from  Cyme,  in  Euboea,  about  1000  B.  c, 
was  one  of  the  chief  Greek  cities  of  Italy  untU  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c,  and  became  a  Roman  municipiura  in  338  B.  c.  It 
contained  the  cavern  of  the  "Cumsean  Sibyl,"  and  has 
some  remnants  of  antiquity,  including  a  Roman  amphi- 
theater, imperfectly  excavated,  but  displaying  21  tiers  of 
seats.  The  a-\es  of  the  greater  ellipse  are  315  and  255  feet, 
of  the  arena  240  and  180  feet.  Its  inhabitants  founded 
Kaples  and  Pozzuoli. 

The  very  precise  statement  of  Eusebias,  who  assigns  the 
foundation  of  Cumae  to  the  year  1050  B.C.,  cannot  perhaps 
be  accepted  as  historical,  but  there  is  no  reason  for  dis- 
trusting the  tradition  recorded  by  Strabo  that  Cumae  was 
the  earliest  Greek  settlement  in  either  Sicily  or  Italy. 

/.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  11.  133. 

Cumani  (ko-ma-na'),  or  Santa  Ines  de  Cu- 
mana  (san'ta  e-nes'  da  ko-ma-na').  A  seaport 
in  Bermudez,  Venezuela,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Manzanares,  in  lat,  10°  27'  N.,long. 
64°  11'  W.  It  was  founded  by  missionaries  in  1512, 
abandoned  and  refounded  by  Gonzalez  Ocampo  in  1520 
(as  Toledo  la  Nueva),  and  is  the  oldest  European  city  in 
South  America.  It  has  suffered  greatly  from  earthquakes. 
Population  (1891),  12,057. 

Cumanas  (ko-mii-nas'),  Cumanagotos  (ko-ma- 
na-go'toz),  or  Oumanacotos.  An  Indian  tribe 
of  northern  Venezuela,  dwelling  to  the  west  of 
Cumand.  They  formerly  occupied  several  hundred 
milesof  thecoast,  including  CumanA,  and  extended  inland 
among  the  mountains.  Much  of  the  earlier  history  of 
Venezuela  consists  of  the  efforts  of  the  missionaries  to 
civilize  these  Indians,  and  their  struggles  wltU  the  Spanish 
slave-hunters.  The  Cumanas  were  related  by  language  to 
the  Carib  stock,  had  Used  villages,  practised  agriculture, 
and  were  bold  and  skilful  warriors.  Most  of  them  are 
now  civilized,  and  have  been  merged  in  the  country  popu- 
lation of  Venezuela. 

Cumania  (ku-ma'ni-a),  or  Kumania  (ko-ma'- 
ni-a).  Great.  A  district  in  Hungary,  beyond 
the  Theiss,now  included  in  the  county  Jazygien- 
Gross-Kumanien-Szolnok. 


296 

Cumania,  Little.  A  district  of  Hungary,  this 
side  the  Theiss.  comprising  several  detached 
divisions,  now  included  in  the  county  Pest- 
Pilis-S61t-Klein-Kumanien. 

Cumans  (ku'manz).  A  Ugric  tribe  which  in- 
vaded Himgarv'  in  the  lltli  (?)  century,  it  was 
subdued  and  Christianized  by  the  Hungarians  in  the  13th 
century,  and  is  now  Magyarized. 

Cumberland  (kum'ber-land).  1.  A  county  in 
northwestern-  England,  lying  between  Solway 
Firth  and  Scotland  on  the  north,  Northumber- 
land and  Durham  on  the  east,  Westmoreland 
and  Lancashire  on  the  southeast  and  south, 
and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west.  Its  surface  is  moun- 
tainous in  the  soutliwest  and  east,  and  low  in  the  north. 
The  southwestern  district  is  celebrated  for  its  picturesque 
scentiy  (Lakes  I'llswater.  Bassentlnvaite,  Derwentwater, 
Thirlmere,  etc.).  It  has  mines  of  lead,  iron,  coal,  plumbago, 
and  other  minerals.  Capital,  Carlisle.  AJca,  1,515  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  266,550. 

2.  The  capital  of  Alleghanv  Countv,  Marvland, 
situated  on  the  Potomac  "in  lat.  "39°  3"9'  N., 
long.  78°  47'  W.  The  Cumberland  coal  region  lies 
to  the  west.  The  city  has  some  trade,  and  manufactures 
of  iron  and  glass.    Population  (1900),  17,128. 

3.  A  southern  tributary  of  the  Ohio.  It  rises  in 
the  Cumberland  Mountains,  in  eastern  Kentucky,  flows 
through  Kentucky  and  Middle  Tennessee,  reenters  Ken- 
tucky,  and  joins  the  Ohio  at  Sniithland,  43  miles  east  of 
Cairo,  Length,  600-650  miles ;  navigable  to  Nashville 
(nearly  200  miles). 

Cumberland,  Army  of  the.  A  Union  army  in 
the  American  Civil  War.  it  was  orgiinized  in  1861 
by  Don  Carlos  Euell,  commander  of  the  department  of  the 
Ohio,  and  was  originally  known  as  the  Army  of  the  Ohio. 
On  the  erection  of  the  department  of  the  Cumberland,  Oct. 
24,  1862,  under  the  command  of  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  it  was 
transferred  to  that  department,  and  was  renamed  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland.  Rosecrans  relieved  Buell  of  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  at  LouisvUle,  Kentucky,  Oct.  30,  1862  ; 
took  up  his  headquarters  in  Nashville,  Tennessee,  in  Nov., 
1862 ;  defeated  Bragg  at  Stone  River,  Dec.  3Uan,  3, 1862- 
1863  (which  gave  htm  possession  of  ilurfreesboro) ;  drove 
Bragg  from  Middle  Tennessee  in  a  nine  days'  campaign 
around  TuUahoma,  June  24-July  3, 1S63  ;  and  was  defeated 
by  Bragg  at  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19-20, 1863.  The  depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  was  made  part  of  the  military 
division  of  the  Mississippi,  under  command  of  General 
Grant,  in  Oct.,  1863,  when  Rosecrans  was  relieved  of  com- 
mand by  George  H.  Thomas,  and  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland ceased  to  be  an  independent  command. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of.  See  Ernst  A  mjust,  King 
of  Jliitnidicr. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of,  William  Augustus. 

Born  at  London,  AprU  15,  1721 :  died  at  Wind- 
sor, England,  Oct.  31,  1765.  An  English  gen- 
eral, younger  son  of  George  II.  He  fought  at  Det- 
tingen  in  1743 ;  commanded  at  Fontenoy  in  1745,  and  at 
C^olloden  in  1746  ;  was  defeated  at  Lawfeld  in  1747,  and  at 
Hastenbeck  in  1757  ;  and  concluded  the  Convention  of 
Closter-Seven  in  1757. 

Cumberland,  Prince  of.  The  title  formerly 
bestowed  on  the  successor  to  the  crown  of  Scot- 
land when  declared  in  the  king's  lifetime.  The 
crown  was  originally  not  hereditarj".  The  title  is  given  to 
Malcolm  in  "  Macbeth  "  by  his  father  Duncan. 

Cumberland,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  July 
15,  1631:  died  at  Peterborough,  England,  Oct. 
9,  1718.  An  English  divine  and  moral  philoso- 
pher. His  chief  work  is  "  De  legibus  naturae," 
etc.  (1672). 

Cumberland,  Richard.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Ent'land,  Feb.  19,  1732:  died  at  Tunbridge 
"Wells,  May  7,  1811.  An  English  dramatist, 
great-grandson  of  Richard  Cumberland.  His 
plays  include  "  The  Brothers  "  (1769).  "  The  West-Indian  " 
(17711,  "The  Fashionable  Lover "  (1772),  "The  Wheel  of 
Fortune  "  (1795),  etc. 

Cumberland,  The.  A  United  States  sloop  of  30 
guns.  She  was  sunk  by  the  Confederate  iron-clad  ram 
Merrimac  O'irginia)  on  March  8,  1862,  off  Newport  News, 
Hampton  Roads,  Virginia.  She  went  down  with  all  on 
board  and  her  colors  flying,  and  most  of  her  crew  perished. 
Her  commander  was  Lieutenant  George  U.  Monis. 

Cumberland  Gap.  A  pass  in  the  Cumberland 
Mountains,  situated  on  the  border  between 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  45  miles  northeast  of 
Knoxville.  It  was  an  important  strategic  point 
in  the  Civil  "War.     Elevation,  1,665  feet. 

Cumberland  Mountains.  A  range  in  the  Ap- 
palachian system,  separating  Kentucky  from 
Virginia,  and  e-Vtending  southwesterly  through 
eastern  Tennessee.  "Width,  about  50  miles. 
The  region  is  rich  in  minerals. 

Cumberland  Peninsula.  The  eastern  part  of 
Baffin  Land,  in  the  Arctic  regions,  bordering 
on  Davis  Strait. 

Cumbrae,  or  Ctimbray  (kum-bra').  Great  and 
Little.  Two  islands  belonging  to  Buteshire, 
Scotland,  situated  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde  south- 
east of  Bute. 

Cumbre  Pass.    See  XJspallata  Pass. 

Cumbria  (kum'bri-a).  In  early  British  history, 
the  Cymric  lands  between  the  Clyde  and  the 
Ribble,  in  the  west  of  the  island ;  or,  the  south- 
em  portion  of  that  region. 


Cunningham 

Gumming  (kum'ing),  John.  Born  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland,  Nov.  10,  1807:  died  at  London, 
July  5, 1881.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  writer. 
His  works  include  "Apocalyptic  Sketches"  (1849),  "The 
Great  Tribulation  "(1859), "Destiny  of  Nations  "(18W),  etc. 

Cumming,  Roualeyn  George  Gordon.    Bom 

March  15,  1820:  died  at  Fort  Augustus,  Inver- 
ness, Scotland,  March  24,  1S66.  A  Scottish 
traveler  and  sportsman,  surnamed  "the  Lion- 
hunter."  He  lived  in  South  Africa  1843-18.  and  wrote 
"Five  Years  of  a  Hunter'sLife  iu  the  Far  Interior  of  South 
Africa"  (1850). 

Cummins  (kum'inz),  George  David.  Born  near 
Smyrna,  Del.,  Dec.  11,  1822:  died  at  Luther- 
vUle,  Md.,  June  26, 1876.  An  American  clergy- 
man. He  left  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1873, 
and  became  the  first  bishop  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal 
Church. 

Cummins,  Maria  Susanna.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  April  9,  1827:  died  at  Dorchester,  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  1,  1866.  An  American  novelist.  She 
wrote  "The  Lamplighter"  (1853),  etc. 

Cumnock (kum'nok ;  local  pron.  kum'nok),01d. 
A  town  in  Ayr.'^hire,  Scotland. 

Cumnor  Hall  (kum'nor  hal).  An  old  manor- 
house  in  the  environs  of  Oxford,  now  in  mins. 
Scott  made  it  famous  as  Cumnor  Place  in  "Kenilworth." 
W.  .1.  Meickle  wrote  a  V,:illad  called  "Cumnor  Hall, "whicb 
is  a  lament  for  .\niy  Robsart. 

Cunard  (ku-nard').  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Hali- 
fax, Nova  Scotia,  1787 :  died  at  London,  April 
28,  1865.  A  ciril  engineer  and  merchant, 
founder  of  the  Cunard  line  of  steamships.  The 
first  voyage  was  made  by  the  Britannia  from  Liverpool 
to  Bostou,  July  4-19,  1840.  Cunard  was  made  a  baronet 
in  1859. 

Cunaxa  (Im-nak'sa).  [Gr.  Koirsfa.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  place  near  the  Euphrates,  prob- 
ably about  75  miles  northwest  of  Babylon. 
Here,  401  B.  c,  a  battle  took  place  between  Artax'erxes, 
king  of  Persia  (with  400,000-1,000,000  men),  and  C?yrus 
the  younger  (with  100,000  Asiatics  aided  by  1.3,000  Greeks). 
Cyrus  was  defeated  and  slain  ;  the  Greek  contingent  was 
successful.     See  Anabasis, 

Cunctator  (ktmgk-ta'tor).  [L.,  'the  delayer.'] 
A  surname  of  (juintus  Fabius  Maximus,  given 
him  on  account  of  his  cautious  military  tactics 
against  Hannibal. 

Cundinamarca  (kon-de-na-mar'ka).  A  depart- 
ment in  the  eastern  central  part  of  Colombia. 
Its  capital  is  Bosrota.  Area,  79,678  square  miles. 
Population  (1892).  595,000. 

Cundwah.     See  KhaiuUva. 

Cimego  (ko-na'go),  Domenico.  Bom  at  Verona, 
Italy,  1727 :  died  at  Rome  in  1794.  An  Italian 
engraver.  His  most  noted  work  is  an  engraving  of 
Michelangelo's  "  Last  Judgment." 

Cunegond  (G.  Kunigunde),  Saint.   DiedMarch 

3,  1038.  Wife  of  the  emperor  Henry  11.  According 
to  the  legend  she  disproved  a  charge  of  conjugal  infidelity 
by  passing  unhurt  through  an  ordeal  of  fire.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband  in  1024  she  retired  to  the  cloister  of 
Kaufungcn,  nearCasseL 

Cunegonde  (kii-na-g6nd').  In  Voltaire's  novel 
"  Candide,"  the  priestess  of  Candide. 

Cimene  (ko-na'ne).  A  river  in  western  Africa 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of  Cape 
Frio.     Length,  about  600  miles  (?). 

Cuneo  (ko-na'o).  A  province  in  Piedmont, 
Italv.  Area,  2,882  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  653,632. 

Ctmeo,  or  Coni  (ko'ne).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Gesso  and  Stura  in  lat.  44°  24'  N., 
long.  7°  32'  E.  Population  (1891),  commune. 
29,000. 

Cimha  Barbosa  (kon'ya  bar-bo'za),  Januario. 
Bora  at  Kiode  Janeiro,  Jidy  10, 1780:  died  there, 
Feb.  22,  1846.  .\  Brazilian  priest,  author,  and 
politician.  Hewasarenownedpulpit  orator,  and  taught 
philosophy  with  success.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
advocates  of  Brazilian  independence ;  was  several  times 
chosen  deputy;  edited  thegovernment  journal;  wasdirec- 
tor  of  the  national  librarj-,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Instituto  Historico  e  Geographico  ;  and  was  widely  known 
as  a  journalist  and  a  poet,  generally  in  the  satirical  vein.  His 
best-known  poems  are  "Nicteroy  "  and  "'Garinipeiros, "' 

Cunha  Mattos  (kon'ya  mat'tos),  Raymundo 
Jose  da.  Born  at  Faro,  Algarve,  Portugal, 
Nov.  2,  1776:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  March  2, 
1839.  A  Portuguese-Brazilian  soldier  and  au- 
thor. He  joined  an  artillery  regiment  in  1790 ;  served 
under  General  Forbes  in  the  Roussillon  campaign ;  was 
stationed  on  the  island  of  Sao  Thom^,  near  the  African 
coast,  1798-1816;  and  went  to  Brazil  in  1817.  He  became 
field-marshal  in  1834.  He  published  accounts  of  his  travels 
in  Brazil ;  historical  works  on  Sao  Thom^,  Minas  Geraes, 
and  Goyaz  ;  a  digest  of  military  law ;  an  account  of  the 
attack  and  defense  of  the  city  of  Porto ;  and  many  papers 
and  maps,  all  of  great  value.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Brazilian  Instituto  Historico  e  Geographico. 

Cunningham  (kun'ing-am),  or  Cunninghame. 
The  northern  division  of  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
north  of  the  Irvine. 


Cunningham,  i^ir  Alexander 
Cunningham  (kuu'iiiK-iim),  Sii;  Alexander. 

Born  Jan.  23,  1814:  dieii  Nov.  2S,  18;i3.  An 
Knglisli  military  engineer  and  arclja?ologist. 
son  of  Allan  Cunninfrbani.  He  sei-veil  in  India 
1S34-8-"..  Hi.s  works  incUuie  "  An  Essay  on  the  Arian  (»r- 
ilcr  of  Architi'Ctme  "  (1^411),  "  Ladak.  Physical.  Statistical, 
and  Historical "  (lisJO),  "Book  of  Indian  Eras"  (1883),  etc. 
Cunningham,  Allan.  Born  at  Keir,  Dnm- 
friesshire,  Scotland,  Pec.  7,  1784:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  30,  1842.  A  Scottish  poet  and  gen- 
eral writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  stone-mason  ; 
went  to  London  in  1810,  and  liccanie  a  reporter  and  a  writer 
on  the  "  Literary  Gazette  "  ;  and  in  1814  l)ecanie  secret:uy 
to  tlie  sculptor  Chantrey.  a  position  which  lie  retained 
niitil  his  death.  He  wrote  "Traditional  'J'ales  of  the 
Peasantry  "  (1822),  "The  .Sony's  of  Scotland,  Ancient  and 
Modern "  (1825),  "  Lives  of  tlie  ilost  Eminent  British 
Painters,  Sculptors,  and  Architects"  (1829-33),  several 
romances,  etc. 

Cunningham,  Peter.    Bom  at  London.  April 

1,  1810:  died  at  St.  Albans,  England,  May  18, 
1869.  An  English  antiquary  and  litti5ratenr, 
son  of  Allan  Cunningham.  Hemote  a  "Handbook 
o(  London"  (1849),  and  edited  the  works  of  Drummond, 
Goldsniitii,  etc. 

Cunningham,  William.  Born  at  Hamilton, 
Scotland,  Oct.  2,  1805 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dee. 
14, 1861.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  theologian, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Free  Church.  Hebe- 
came  professor  of  theology  in  the  Free  Church  College  in 
1843,  professor  of  church  histoi-y  in  1846,  and  principal  in 
lf^47.     He  wrote  "Historic  Theology  "(1862),  etc. 

Cunobeline   (kii'no-be-lin),   or   Cunobelinus 

(-li'nus).  A  semi-mythical  king  of  the  Silures, 
the  father  of  Caractacus.  He  is  often  confused  with 
Cymbeline,  whose  adventures  are  related  by  Shakspere, 
wlio  Ijoirowcd  the  name  from  Holinshed. 


297  Curtana 

Cupid  in  Waiting.      A  comedy  by  William  Curiosities  of  Literature,  The.    A  w 

Hlancliard  .h-rroM,  produced  July  17,  1871.  Isaac  D'Israi-li.    It  was  issued  anonymously, 

Cupid's  Revenge.  A  play  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher.  It  was  acted  in  1«12,  and  published  in  ICIO. 
It  was  attributeil,  Imt  wronstly,  to  Fletcher  alone.  Fleay 
thinks  that  N.  Field  also  assisted  in  iU  It  resembles  Sid- 
ney's "Arcadia"  in  some  respects. 

Cura  (ko'rii ),  Ciudad  de  or  Villa  de.    A  town 

in  northern  Venezuela,  southwest  of  Caracas. 
Curagao  (ko-rii-sa'6),  or  Curazao,  or  Curapoa 

(kij-ra-so'ii).     1.  Au  island  of  the  Dutch  West 

Indies,  situated  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  north  of 

Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  20'  N.,  long.  69°  W.    It 

exports  salt,  and  gives  its  name  to  a  litiueur.     It  was 

settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  lfi27,  and  was  taken  by  the 

Dutch  in  16.14.  Area,  210  square  miles.   Population  (1892), 

27,2.'i4. 

2.  A  Dutch  colony,  comprising  all  the  Dutch  Curir(kTHT,"ldm'und!'    Born  in  1675:   died  at 

Antilles    Capital, Willemstad.Area,438  square  i^ondon,  Dec.  11.  1747.     A  notorious  London 

miles.     Population  (1890),  4o,162.  bookseller.     He  lived  by  piratical  puWishim.-,  and  he 

Curan  (ktu-'an).     In  Shakspere's  "KingLear,'  achieved  a  reputation  for  issuing  obscene  literature  which 


work  by 

. .  the  first 

volume  in  1791,  a  second  in  179:i,  a  third  in  1817,  a  fourth 
and  flfth  in  1K23,  and  a  sixth  and  last  in  1824. 

Curious  Impertinent,  The.     An  episode  in 

Cervantes's  "  Don  C^ui.xote.''  Crowne  wrote  a  play, 
*'  The  Married  Beau,  or  Tlie  Curious  Impertinent,"  the 
plot  of  which  is  taken  from  this. 
Curium  (ku'ri-um).  [Gr.  Koipiov.]  An  ancient 
city  of  Cj^irus,  west  of  the  river  Lycus,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Aigives.  its  ruins  con- 
tain a  rhenician  temple,  remarkable  especially  for  its 
crypt  of  four  rock-hewn  chambers,  about  23  feet  in  diam- 
eter, connected  by  doors  and  a  gallery.  The  objects  in 
gold  and  silver  constituting  the  'Treasure  of  Curium," 
in  the  iletropolitun  Museum,  New  York,  were  found  iu 
these  chambers. 

Curius  Dentatus,  Manius.    See  Dentatm. 


a  coui'tier. 

Curate  of  Los  Palacios  (los  pa-la'the-6a).  The 
Spanish  historian  ^Viidros  Bernaldez. 

Curci  (kor'clic).  Carlo  Maria.  Born  at  Na- 
ples, Sept.  4,  1809:  died  at  Villa  Careggi,  near 
Florence,  June  8,  1891.  A  Roman  Catholic 
theologian  and  writer  on  church  politics.  He 
entereii  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  in  1826,  and  was  editor  of 
the  "CiviltJl  cattolica"  18.0O-.',3.  He  was  in  1877  expelled 
from  his  order  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  policy 
of  the  Pope  toward  the  Italian  government.  He  subse- 
quently recanted,  however,  and  was  restored  to  member- 
ship in  the  order.  He  published  "  Lezioni  esegeticlie  e 
morali  sojira  i  quattro  evangeli "  (1874-76),  "  II  moderno 
dissidio  tra  la  Chiesa  e  I'ltalia '  (1877),  "La  nuova  It.alia 
ed  i  vecchi  zelanti "  (1881),  etc. 


^,e?,«,'^.5^=i>>'''Vi  r.r„.il';.,l''„£!'°.^^5"^  Cure  de  Meudon  (kii-rii'  de  me-do.i'),  Le.    A 


(kon'de-so'yo).  The  western  quarter  of  the  Inca 
empire  of  Peru,  extending  from  Cuzco  west  and 
southwest  to  the  coast.  It  derived  its  name  from 
Cunti.  a  small  region  just  west  of  Ciizco,  which  was  early 
conquered  by  the  Incas. 
Cup  (kup),  The.  A  poetical  drama  by  Lord 
Tennyson,  brought  out  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre, 
London,  in  1881. 

Cupar  (ko'par),  or  Cupar-Fife  (-fif ).    A  town 

in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  ou  the  Eden  27 
miles  north  of  Edinburgh.  Population  (1891), 
4,0.56. 

Cupid  (kvi'pid).  [L.  Cupido,  a  personification 
of  cupido  (cupidin-),  desire,  passion,  from  cu- 
pere,  desire.]     In  Roman  mythology,  the  god 


(kii- 

name  often  given  to  Rabelais.     He  had  a  charge 
at  Meudon  in  his  later  years. 

Cure  for  a  Cuckold.  A  play  by  Webster,  as- 
sisted by  Rowley,  published"in  1661.  (  Ward.) 
Fleay  thinks  it  was  probably  by  Middleton  and 
Rowley. 

Cures  (Im'rez).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
the  Sabines,  24  miles  northeast  of  Rome,  iu  the 


was  the  origin  of  the  word  Curllicisin.  in  1710  he  had  a 
quarrel  with  Pope,  who  pilloried  him  in  the  "Dunciad." 
He  published  a  number  of  standard  works,  however;  but 
of  his  biographies  Arbuthnot  said  they  had  added  a  new 
terror  to  death. 

Curragh  (kur'riieh  or  kur'rii),  or  The  Curragh 

of  Koldare  (kil-dar').  A  plain  in  County  Kil- 
dare,  Ireland,  27  miles  southwest  of  Dublin.  It 
is  the  property  of  the  crown,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  military 
camp  and  of  a  celebrated  race-course. 
Curran  (kur'an),  John  Philpot.  Born  at 
Newmarket,  (bounty  Cork,  Ireland,  July  24, 
1750:  died  at  Brompton,  near  London,  Oct.  14, 
1817.  A  noted  Irish  orator.  He  studied  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  and  at  tli:'  Middle  Temple,  London, 
and  in  1775  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  b;ir.  In  1783  he 
entered  the  Irish  Parliament,  where  he  joined  the  oppo- 
sition, of  which  Grattan  was  the  leader.  When  the  gov- 
ernment instituted  its  bloody  series  of  prosecutions 
against  the  leaders  of  the  Irish  insurrection  of  1798.  he 
appeared  for  the  prisoners  in  iieaiiy  every  case,  and  con- 
ducted the  defense  with  extraordinary  boldness  and  abil- 
ity. He  was  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland  18<k;-14,  when 
he  retired  to  private  life.  See  "  Life  of  Curran,"  by  his 
son,  W.  H.  Curran  (1819);  "Curran  and  his  Contempora- 
ries," by  Charles  Phillips  (1818) ;  and  "  Curran's  .speeches  " 
(1800). 


vicinity  of  the  modern  Correse :  a  legendary  Current  River  (kur'ent  riv'fer).      A  river  in 


city  of  Numa  and  Tatius 
Curetes  (kn-re'tez).  In  Greek  mythology,  at- 
tendants of  Zeus,  properly  in  Crete:  often 
wrongly  identified  with  the  C!orybantes,  the  Ca- 
biri,  etc 


of  love,  identified  with  the  Greek  Eros,  the  son  Cureton  (kiir^tou),  William.  ^Born  at  West 
of  Hennes  (Mercury)  and  Aphrodite  (Venus). 
He  is  generally  represented  as  a  beautiful  boy  with  wings, 
carrying  a  bow  and  a  quiver  of  arrows,  and  is  often  spoken 
of  as  blind  or  blindfoblcd.  The  name  is  often  givtMi  in 
art  to  figures  of  children,  with  or  without  wings,  intro- 
duced, sometimes  in  considerable  number,  as  a  motive  of 
decoration,  and  with  Uttle  or  no  mythological  allusion. 

Cupid,  The  Letter  of.    A  poem  by  Hocclcve 

(Occleve)  dated  1402,  two  years  after  Chaucei-'s 
death:  attributed  in  the  1532  edition  to  Chau- 


Cupid  and  Psyche  (si'ke).  An  episode  in  the 
"Goldeu  Ass"  of  Apuleius.  The  beauty  of  Psycho, 
the  youngest  of  three  daughters  of  a  certain  king,  and  the 
homage  paid  to  it,  arouse  the  wrath  of  Venus,  who  com- 
mands Cupid  to  avenge  her.  In  the  attempt  he  falls  in 
love  with  Psyche :  she  is  borne  to  a  lovely  valley  where 
every  night  Cupid,  always  invisible,  visits  her  and  com- 
mands her  not  to  attempt  to  see  him.  Urged  by  her  sis- 
ters and  by  her  own  curiosity,  she  violates  this  command, 
and  is  abandoned  by  the  god.  After  toilsome  wanderings 
In  search  of  her  lover,  and  many  sutferings,  she  is  endowed 
with  immortality  by  Jupiter  and  united  to  Cupid  forever. 

Whatever  may  be  the  concealed  meaning  of  the  alle- 
gory, the  story  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  is  cei-tainly  a  beaut  if  ul 
fiction.  Of  this,  the  ininiber  of  translations  and  imita- 
tions may  be  considered  as  a  proof.     Mr.   Rose,  in  the 

notes  to  his  vcrsi A  Partenopex  dc  Blois,  has  pointed 

out  its  striking  resemblance  to  that  romance,  as  also 
to  the  Three  Calendal's,  and  to  one  of  the  Persian  Tales. 
The  prohibition  of  Cupid,  and  the  transgression  of  Psyche, 
has  Buggesteil  the  Serpentin  Vert  of  Mad.  d*.\ulnoy  ;  in- 
deed the  labours  to  which  Psyche  is  siibjccteil  seem  to 
be  the  origin  of  all  fairy  tales,  particularly  liraciensc  et 
Percinet.  TIu^  whole  story  lias  also  been  beaut  if  ully  versi- 
fied by  .Marino  in  his  poem  I'Adoiie.  Cnpid  is  ihtr.»lured 
In  the  fourth  book  relating  it  for  the  aninsiincnt  of  Adonis, 
and  he  tells  it  in  such  a  maiiner  a-s  toffu'in  tlie  nio.st  phras- 
ing episode  of  that  deliglitful  jjoeni,  I  need  not  mention 
the  well-known  iniitalion  by  I'niitalne,  nor  the  drama  of 
Psyche,  which  was  pcrfoiiiicd  with  the  ulinost  magnill- 
cence  at  Paris  in  1670,  and  is  usually  published  in  the 
works  of  Molil-rc,  but  was  in  fact  the  ellort  of  the  united 
genius  of  that  author,  Corneille.  ()iiiuanlt,  and  l.ulli.  Nen- 
have  the  tine  arts  less  contriliuted  to  the  cnibellisliment 
of  this  fable:  the  man'iagc  of  (Jiiiiid  and  Psyche  has  fur- 
nished llaphael  with  a  series  of  paintings  which  are 
among  tlio  (Incst  of  his  wt)rks,  and  which  adoni  the  walls 
Of  the  Karnese  Palace  in  the  vicinity  of  Uorne. 

DuiUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  110. 

Cupid  and  Psyche.  An  antique  copy  in  mar- 
ble, in  the  Capitol,  Rome,  of  a  Greek  original 
of  Hellenistic  date,  representing  a  boy  anil  a 
girl  embracing.  Cupid  is  nude,  Psyche  draped 
from  the  hips  down. 


bury,  Shropshire,  England,  1808:  died  June 
17,  1804.  An  English  Orientalist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  position  in  the  Bodleian  Library  in  1834  ;  un- 
dertook the  cataloguing  of  Arabic  books  and  M.SS.  in  the 
British  Museum  in  1837  (the  first  part  of  the  catalogue 
appeared  in  1846);  and  became  chaplain  to  the  queen  in 
1847,  and  canon  of  WestmLiister  and  pastor  of  St.  Marga 
ret's  in  1849.  He  is  best  known  from  his  work  in  cbissify- 
ing  and,  in  part,  editing  tlie  iniportantcoUection  of  Syriac 
MSS.  obtained  by  the  British  .Museum  from  the  monas- 
teries of  Nitria  1841-43.  His  most  important  discovery 
was  a  M.S.  of  the  "  Epistles  of  Ignatius  to  Pcdycarp,  ' 
which  he  edited  in  1845.     He  also  discovered  parts  of 


southeastern  Missouri  which  joins  the  Black 
River  near  Pocahontas,  Randolph  County, 
northeastern  Arkansas.  Length,  over  200 
miles. 

Currer  Bell.     See  Bell,  Currer. 

Currie  (kur'i),  James.  Born  at  Kirkpatrick- 
Fleming,  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Jlay  31.1756: 
died  at  Sidmouth,  England,  Aug.  31,  1805.  A 
Scottish  phvsician.  He  wrote  "  Medical  Reports  on 
the  Effects  of  Water,"  etc.  (179"-lS0.'i),  and  edited  Bunis's 
works  (1800). 

Cursa  (ker'sii).  [Ar.  al-kursa,  the  chair  or 
throne.]  Tlie  third-maguitude  star  ji  Eridaui, 
situatetl  at  the  beginning  of  the  river,  very 
near  Orion. 

Curse  of  Kehama,  The.    A  poem  by  Southey, 

first  published  in  1810. 


Syriac  vcrsi.>n  of  the  gospels,  differing  from  the  Peshito  p,,__„  _f  Srotlnnrt    Tbp      The  name  (riven  to 
■      ,w  known  as  the 'Curelonian  Gospels."         l/UrSC  01  iiCOlianQ,  ine.      ini    naniL   t,neii  w 

" '    liaiiionils  111  playing-cards,    ■rt..— 


version,  and  I 
Curiitii  (kii-ri-a'shi-i).     In  Roman  legend, 
three  brothers  from  Alba  Longa,  who  fought 
against  the  three  Iforatii.     See  lloriilii. 

Curicancha(ko-rc-kiin'ch!i),orCoricancha(ko- 

re-kiin'clia).  [(juichua,  'court  of  :;oM.'J  The 
great  temple  called  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at 
Cuzco,  Peru.  According  to  tradition  it  was  founded 
by  Uanco  Capac.  It  was  probably  used  as  a  palace  by 
the  earlier  Incas.  and  was  later  turned  into  a  temple. 
The  great  monarch  Inca  Vn]ianqui  adorned  the  interior 
with  gold.  The  temple  opened  on  a  large  8i|ilare  :  it  was 
290  feet  long  by  .i2  feet  broad,  and  included  the  principal 
temple,  various  minor  rooms,  and  the  garilen  of  golden 
flowers.  The  inte'rior  was  jiartly  lined  with  thin  gold. 
An  elliptical  gold  plate  on  the  wall  was  an  emblem  of 
the  deity,  and  it  was  flanked  by  gold  and  silver  plates 
representing  the  sun  and  moon.  The  roof  was  an  elab- 
orate thatch.  The  temple  was  partly  ilespoiled  by  order 
of  Atahnaliia  to  satisfy  the  Spanish  deniaml  for  gold  ;  the 

Spaniards  e iileled  its  destruction,  and  the  church  and 

convent  of  Santo  Ihpiningo  were  built  on  the  site.  Por- 
tions of  the  <iriginal  walls  are  still  visible,  forming  part 
of  the  convent  structure. 
Curic6  (kii-re-ko').  1.  A  province  of  Chile, 
south  of  Colchagua.  Area,  2,913  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  104,909.-2.  The  eaiiital  of 
the  above  jirovince.  I'opulation  (1S91),  about 
13.000. 

Curio  (ku'ri-6),  Caius  Scribonius.    1.  Died 

53  15.  c.  A  Roniaii  general  anil  ]ioliticiaii. 
He  was  the  flret  Riuiian  general  to  reach  the  Danube  in 
Mensia.  about  73  H,  0. 

2.  Killed  at  Utica,  Africa,  49  B.  c.  Sou  of 
(^aiiis  Scribonius  Curio:  a  partizan  of  Cresar  in 
th<^  civil  war. 
Curio.  A  gentleman  in  attendauce  on  the 
Duke  of  Illyria,  iu  Shakspere's  "Twelfth 
Night." 


the  nine  of  diaiiioinls  in  playing-cards.  There 
are  various  cxplanationsot  the  name  "a  probable  one  traces 
it  to  the  groups  of  nine  lozenges  iu  the  coat  of  arms  of  the 
Dalrymple  family,  one  of  the  members  of  which,  the  Mas- 
ter (afterward  Karl)  of  Stair,  played  an  important  part  iu 
the  massacre  of  (ilencoo. 

Cursor,  Papirius.    See  rapiriws  Cursor. 

Cursor  Mundi  (ker'sor  mun'di).  [L.,  'the 
runnir  or  courier  of  tlio  world';  translated  in 
one  MH.  .MS.  'the  Cursuro  the  world,' in  another 
'the  Cours  of  the  werlile.'  The  last  expresses 
the  real  intention  of  the  title.]  A  poem 
written  about  1320,  and  founded  on  Ciednion'a 
para|>brase  of  Gi'uesis.  It  ran  through  the  course 
of  the  world  from  the  creation  to  doomsday.  The  whole 
poem  has  been  printed  by  the  Early  Kliglisli  Text  .society 
(ed.  by  Dr.  Riihard  Morris). 

Curtain  (ker'tan).  The.  A  London  playhouse 
established  in  Slioreditch  in  157li.  It  is  ihonght 
that  shakspere  acted  here  in  his  own  jilays.  It  remained 
open  nntll  the  accession  of  Charles  I.,  after  which  the 
drama  gave  way  to  exhibilions  of  athlelic  feats.  II  Is 
said  that  It  was  called  The  Curtain  biiaiise  herethe  green 
curtain  wiis  first  used;  in  11178  Aubrey  e.dls  II  "The 
(Ireeii  I'urlain.  '  The  name  is  still  maintained  In  "Cur- 
tain Itoad."  Tbo  Church  of  SI.  James  stands  near  the 
site,  ami  a  staiueil-glass  window  was  placed  at  its  west 
end  in  ISSO  to  coniinemoratc  the  lussociallou  with  Shak- 
spere. 

Curtain  Lectures.    Sen  Caudtr. 

Curtana  (ker-ia'nii),  Courtain  (kOr-tiin'),  or 

Curtein  ( Uer-tan' ).  [l ..  nirliis,  broken,  short- 
ened.] The  name  originally  given  to  the  sword 
of  Roland,  of  which,  according  to  the  tradition, 
(ho  point  was  brokiMi  olT  in  testing  it.  The  name 
Is  also  given  lo  the  pointless  sword  carried  before  the 
kings  of  F.ngland  at  their  cor^mation,  and  cmblemalieally 
considered  as  the  sword  of  mercy.  It  Is  also  called  the 
swuril  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 


Curtatone  298 

Curtatone   (kdr-ta-to'ne).      A  village   in  the  lat.  42°  56'  N.,  long.  17°  10'  E.     It  contains  a 

provmee   of   Mantua,  Italy,  4  miles  west   of  cathedral.    Population  (1S90),  fomuume,  6  097 

Mantua.      Here   May  29,  1848,  about  19,000  Austrians  CurZOn  (ker'zou),  George  Nathaniel.     liorn 

under  Iladetzky  defeated  r^o,)OH^oooitalia,,s.  at   Kedleston,- England     Jan.    11     1S59       aS 

Curtin(ker'tin),  Andrew  Gregg.  BornatBelle-    T?...^K.,i.  .,*..^,.^ ^.,...,  .„.,,,:  ;-,    .   ioj-'-      ^w 

foute.  Pa.,  April  22,  1817:   died  Oct.  7,  1894. 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  Peunsvl- 


Cuthah. 


vania  1S61-67,  minister  to  Russia  1869-72,  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1881-87. 
Curtis  (ker'tis).     [The  name  Curtis,  also  Cur- 
tiss,  Curtice,  represents  ME.  curteis,  courteis. 
now  courteous.']     A  character 


London  in  the  autumn  of  1844,  and  in  1845  was  very  sue. 
cessful  as  Bianoa.  In  December,  ls46,  she  appeared  as 
Romeo  at  the  Haymarliet,  lier  sister  .Susan  playing  Juliet 
Slie  reappeai-ed  in  America,  Oct.  8, 1S49,  at  the  old  Broad- 
way Theater,  New  York,  as  .Mrs.  Haller.  Her  principal 
chiiracters  were  Romeo,  VVolsey,  Hamlet,  and  Claude 
Melnotte.  In  1862  she  announced  her  intention  of  retir- 
ing from  the  stage,  but  occasionally  acted  until  her  last 
illness.  Meir  Merrilies  and  Kancy  .Sykes  were  her  strong. 
_       _     est  melodramatic  parts. 

Persian  Question,"  and  "  Problems  of  the  Far  Cushman,  Eobert.       Born  in  England    about 

1580:    died   in    England,   1625.      An    English 

hee  Alexander  John,  Prmee  of  Rumania,    merchant, one  of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth 


English  statesman  and  publicist.  He  was  under 
Secretary  of  state  for  India  1891-92 ;  under-secretary  for 
foreign  affairs  1895-98  ;  was  appointed  Viceroy  of  India  in 
1898  and  was  created  Baron  Curzon  of  Kedleston  in 
18IIS.  He  has  written  "Russia  in  Central  Asia,"  "  Persia 
and  til     "-  -■       "       -^    .  . 

East." 

Cusa, 


now  courteous.]     A  character  in  Shakspere's  KIT  (l-f,',-i\    Z  K,.7-r,7J  n       -'     T  w-,     '    "^T 
--i^.::.I'^«^-'"?olt>^?_  Shrew."    Xhlp.t  ^i^u",  ^^^:tny^STc^r^:^%'Z'ic?'t:  (^^^i. 


w.as  originally  described  in  the  dramatis  persona;  as  a 
serving-man,  but  it  is  now  played  as  an  old  woman,  the 
housekeeper  of  Petruchio. 

Curtis,  Benjamin  Robbins.  Born  at  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1809:  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Sept.  15,  1874.     An  American  jurist,  as- 


laus  (originally  Nikolas  Chrypflfs  or  Krebs).  Cusis  (ku'sis) 
Born  at  Kues,  near  Trier,  Germanv,  1401:  died    .Mandeville's 
at  Todi,  Umbria,  Italy,  Aug.  11,  1461.     A  noted 
ecclesiastic  and  philosophical  writer,  appointed 
cardinal  in  1448.    His  chief  philosophical  work 
is  "De  doeta  ignorantia." 


soeiate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Cush  (kush).     [Gr.  Xoiif.]     In  the  Old  Testa 


Court  1851-57:  brutlicr  of  G.  T.  Curtis.  He  pub. 
lished'Mieports  of  Cases  in  the  Circuit  Courts  of  the  U.  S." 
(1854),  "Decisions  nl  tlic  supreme  Court,"  "Digest  of  the 
Decisions  of  the  .Supreme  Court"  (to  1854),  etc. 

Curtis,  George  Ticknor.    Born  at  Watertown, 

Mass.,  Nov.  28,  1812 :  died  at  New  York,  March 
28,  1894.  An  American  lawyer  and  legal  wri- 
ter. His  works  include  "The  Law  of  Copyright  "  (1847), 
"The  Law  of  Patents"  (1849,  4th  ed.  1873), "Life  of  Daniel 
Webster  "  (1855-58),  "  Last  Years  of  Daniel  Webster  "  (1 S78), 
"  A  History  of  the  Origin,  Formation,  and  Adoption  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States"  (18.55-68),  "Constitu- 
tional  History  of  the  United  States,"  etc.  (1892,  VoL  I). 

Curtis,  George  William.  Born  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  24,  1824:  died  on  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  31,  1892.  A  noted  American  jour- 
nalist, orator,  publicist,  and  author.  He  lived  In 
the  community  at  Brook  Farm, remaining  there  28  months ; 
traveled  abroad  1848-50  ;  on  his  return  in  the  latter  year 
became  connected  with  the  New  York  "Tribune";  was 
connected  with  "Putnam's  Monthly"  1852-67;  and  be- 
came editor  of  the  "Easy  Chair"  ("Harper's  Magazine") 
in  1854,  and  in  1863  of  "  Harper's  Weekly  "(founded  1857). 
He  was  an  influential  advocate  of  civil-service  reform.  In 
1871  he  was  appointed  by  Grant  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  draw  up  rules  for  the  regulation  of  the  civil  service, 
but  resigned  on  account  of  differences  with  the  President! 
He  was  president  of  th«  New  York  .State  Civil  .Service 
League  in  1880,  and  of  the  National  Civil  Service  Reform 
League  from  its  foundation  until  his  death.  He  wrote 
"Nile  Notes  of  a  Howadji "  (1851),  "  Howadji  In  Syria" 
(18.52),  "Lotus-Eating"  (18.52),  "Potiph.ar  Papers"  (18,53), 
"Prue  and  I "(1856),  "Trumps"  (1862),  "From  the  Easy 
Chan-"  (1891),  "Washington  Irving"  (1891). 

Curtise  (kor-tes').  The  little  hound  in  the  tale 
of  "Reinecke  Fuchs." 

Curtius  (kor'tse-os),  Emst.  Born  at  Liibeek, 
Germany,  Sept.  2,  1814  :  died  July  12,  1896.  A 
noted  German  archasologist  and  historian,  pro 


ment :  (a)  The  eldest  son  of  Ham.  (6)  A  geographical 
and  ethnographical  term  usually  rendered  Elhktpia  in  the 
Vulgate  and  Septuagint.  Cush  correspondeil  probably 
to  Upper  Egypt  and  northern  Nubia,  including,  perhaps, 
part  of  Abyssinia  and  southern  Arabia.    Also  Kush. 

The  southern  zone  is  described    before  the  middle. 
•The  sons  of  Ham,"  it  is  said,  "were  Cush,  and  Mizraim, 


A  fabulous  country  in  Sir  John 
Voiage  and  Travaile."  The  peo- 
ple of  this  country  have  but  one  foot,  so  large  that  it  casts 
a  shadow  over  the  whole  body  when  used  as  a  protection 
from  tlie  sun,  and  with  this  one  foot  they  make  wonderful 
speed. 

Cust  (kust),  Robert  Needham.  Born  at  Cbck- 
ayne-Hatley,  Bedfordshire,  England,  1821.  A 
noted  Orientalist  and  Africanist.  He  entered  the 
civil  service  of  India  in  1843,  and  retired  in  1869.  Since 
that  date  he  has  resided  in  London.  His  principal  works 
are  "Sketch  of  the  Modern  Languages  of  the  East  In- 
dies "  (1878),  "  Linguistic  and  Oriental  Essays  "  (1880-91), 
'•  Sketch  of  the  Modern  Languages  of  Africa  "  (1883),"  Notes 
on  Missionary  Subjects  "  (1887),  "Africa  Rediviva  "  (1891X 


and  Pliut,  and  Canaan."    Cush  embraces  not  only  the  l/UStance.     See  Constance 


Ethiop: 

was  inhabited  for  the  most  part  by  a  white  race  whose 
physical  characteristics  connect  them  with  the  Egyptians 
(p.  51).  .  .  .  The  name  Cmh  was  of  Egyptian  origin. 
Kash  vaguely  denoted  the  country  which  lay  between  the 
First  Cataract  and  the  mountains  of  Abyssinia,  and  from 
the  reign  of  Thothmes  I.  to  the  fall  of  the  Twentieth 
Egyptian  Dynasty  the  eldest  son  of  the  Egyptian  monarch 
bore  the  title  of  "Royal  Son"  or  Prince  of  Kash.  In  the 
reign  of  Meneptah,  the  Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus,  one  of 
these  Princes  of  Kash  had  the  name  of  Mes,  and  may  thus 
have  originated  the  Jewish  legend  reported  by  Josephus 
according  to  which  Moses,  the  adopted  son  of  an  Egyp- 
tian princess,  conquered  the  land  of  Cush  (p.  143].  .  .  . 
Kas  or  Cush  was  thus,  properly  speaking,  the  region 
known  as  Ethiopia  to  the  geographers  of  Greece  and 
Rome.  But  it  was  only  by  degrees  that  the  name  came  to 
cover  so  wide  an  extent  of  country.  ..It  the  outset  it  de- 
noted only  a  small  district  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
Second  Cataract.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T. ,  p  144 


Cu&hmg    (kush'ing),    Caleb.     Born   at   Salis- 
bury, Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1800:  died  at  Newbury-  ~     .. 
port,  Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1879.     An  American  iuris't,  Custine  (kus-ten'),  Adam  Philippe  de,  Count. 


was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1861,  and  was  assigned  to 
duty  as  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  cavalry.  He  led 
a  brigade  of  volunteers  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  July 
1-3,  1803 ;  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  division  of 
'  avalry  in  the  volunteer  sei-vice  Sept.  30,  1864,  and  took 
part  in  the  Richmond  campaign  in  1864,  in  the  Shenan- 
doah campaign  from  1864-65,  and  in  the  pursuit  of  Lee's 
array  :ifter  tlie  evacuation  of  Richmond  in  1866.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service,  with  the  rank  of 
major-general,  in  1866,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general, 
in  the  regular  army.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expe- 
dition to  the  Black  Hills  in  1874.  He  led  with  his  regi- 
ment  General  Terry's  column  in  the  expedition  against 
the  Sioux  Indians  in  1876.  Coming  upon  a  large  Indian 
encampment  on  the  Little  Big  Horn  River,  Montana,  he 
divided  his  reghnent  into  several  detachments,  one  of 
which  under  Major  Reno  was  ordered  to  attack  the  enemy 
in  the  rear,  while  he  himself  advanced  with  five  compa- 
nies  in  front.  Major  Reno  was  driven  back,  and  the  In- 
dians concentrated  upon  Custer,  who  was  killed  together 
with  his  whole  force. 


politician,  and  diplomatist.  He  was  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1835^3,  United  States  com- 
missioner to  China  1843-44,  colonel  and  brigadier-general 
in  the  Mexican  war  1847,  attorney-general  1863-57,  counsel 
before  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  in  Geneva  1871-72  and 
minister  to  Spain  1874-77. 


fessor  in  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1863.  Cnqhinir    futlior   <S+oo^o 
Hisworksinclude"Peloponnesos"(1861-62),  "Gricchisch-  V"Sning,    JLiUtner    Jjteams, 


Geschichte"  (1857-67,  English  translation  by  Ward  18«s 
1873),  "Die  lonier  vor  der  ionischen  Wanderung  "  (ls66) 
"Attische  Stndien"  (1863-64),  etc. 
Curtius,  Georg.     Born  at  Liibeek,  Germany, 


Born   at  Lunen- 
burg,  Mass.,  June  22,  1803:   died  at  Boston, 
June  22,  1856.     An  American  lawyer.     His  best, 
'Rules  of  Proceeding*  and  Debate 

ilioo"     /  I  tJ  I  .,    .       I. 1.^., 


Born  at  Metz,  Feb.  4, 1740:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Aug.  28,  1793.  A  noted  French  soldier.  He 
fought  under  Soubise  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was 
quartermaster-general  of  the  French  forces  in  America 
1 778-83,  being  present  at  the  surrender  of  Yorktown,  'Vir- 
ginia, 1781.  He  was  deputed  to  the  .States-General  in  1789, 
and  in  1792  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  army. 
He  took  Spires  Sept.  29,  and  Mainz  Oct.  21,  1792;  but 
failing  in  the  campaign  of  1793  to  relieve  Mainz,  which 
had  been  recaptured  by  the  Allies,  he  was  executed  on  the 
charge  of  consphing  to  effect  a  counter-revolution. 


known  works  are 
_  Deliberative  Assemblies 

April   10,  1820:    died  at  Hermsdorf,  Germauyj 
Aug.  12,  1885.     A  German  philologist,  brother  „     .. 

of  Ernst  Curtius,  professor  of  classical  philol-  Cushmg,   Thomas.    Born   at    Boston,   Mass., 

ogy  at  Leipsie  from  1862.    He  wrote  "Griechische    March  24,1725  :  died  Feb.  28,  1788.   An  Amer-    CustineT" Ve  "^^ote  ?' Mt^m^i^-er  eT-^waees"" 
Schulgrainmatik     (1862),  "Grundzuge  der  grieohischen    lean  politician,  speaker  of  the   Massachusetts     etc    n8.301    "T,!,  R,.=»io  o„  ^s'!0'W1ai5^    „?.,  ' 


Mann-,1"^  nnd  "i»„.„.i  p'**^^'  ^nown  as  "Cushing's  Custine,  Marquis  Astolphe  de.  Born  at  Nieder- 
tdfes"  (1866"  "'"^  ^™"""'  °^  I"=e'^'^'"™  Assem-    wilier  (Meurthe),  France,  March  18, 1790:  died 

near  Pan,  France,  Sept.  29,  1857.     A  French 
■vvriter  and  traveler,  grandson  of  Adam  P.  de 


etc.  (1830),  "La  Russie  en  1839'' 


(1843),  etc. 
Parke. 

,       il:  died 

at  Arlington  House,  Fairfax  County,  Virginia, 

Oct.  10,  1857.     An  American  writer,  adopted 

son  of  George  Washington. 

„       .    ,„.  Justom  of  the  Country,  The.     A  play  by 

,,--       ,o.o      ,•    ,  Born  in  Wiscon-    Fletcher  and  Massinger,  produced  before  1628 

D?;   ^r'l874       A        A         Wasnington,   D.  C.,     and  printed  in  1647.    It  is  partly  from  a  story  of  Cer- 

J-'ec.    It,    18/4.     An    American    naval    officer,     vantes  and  partly  from  a  story  in  Cintliio's  "Hecatom- 

noted  on  account  of  his  exploit  in  blowing  up     nilthi."    "Love  makes  a  Man,""l)y  Cibber,  and  "Country 

the   Confederate   irou-elad  ram   Albemarle    at  ^^-''''f^'"  by  Charles  Johnson,  were  partly  taken  from  it. 

Plymouth,  North  Carolina,  on  the  night  of  Oct    Custom  of  the  Country,  The.     A  play  by  Mrs. 

e  iriven  bv    ^7,  1804.     See  Alhemarle.  1"''"*''^^'!;  P™4"'='5'1   "^  l^l-''-    «  was  originally  a 

to  a  mvthi^  Cushites  (kush'its).    The  descendants  of  Cush :     ^"^-:^?"^-^"^':f"i"l  l*""*''"  ^^'d,  doubtfully,  to 


that  It  could  be  closed  only  by  the  sacrifice  of  Rome's     I       .       '  -f '*^-^  •  .Ql^"  ^^  Scituate,  Sept.  13,  1810. 

greatest  treasure.     The  people  were  at  a  loss  to  inteipret     An  American  jurist,    appointed   associate  jus-      „ „..  v>,^^.ni„   ,,  «oi,„jiii,i,ij 

the  oracle  when  Marcus  Curtius,  a  noble  youth,  stepped     tice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1789    Cnqtom    nf  the    fnimfrtr 

forwardand,decIaring  that  the  state  possessed  no  greater  Cushinff   William  Barlrpr      t> -■-  vir",  „   „     VS^wm    01    tne    UOUntry, 

treasure  than  a  brave  citizen  in  arms,  leaped,  mounted  on  "'^°"M».Si   »» iiudm  Ud.rjier. 
his  steed  and  in  full  armor,  into  the  chasm,  which  closed 
after  him. 

Curtius  Rufus,  Quintus.    A  Roman  historian, 

of  the  time  of  Claudius,  author  of  a  history  of 

Alexander  the  Great. 
Curupira  (ko-ro-pe'ra).     The  name  given  bj 

Brazilian  Indians  of  the  Tupi  race  to  a  mythi. 

eal  being,  generally  described  as  a  dwarfish 

man  having  his  feet  turned  backward.     He  is 

said  to  wander  in  the  woods,  where  he  kills  and  devours 

persons  who  are  lost.     The  hunter  who  finds  his  tracks 

and  tries  to  run  away  from  him  is  deceived  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  footprints,  and  hastens  to  his  own  destruction 

The  Curupira  myth  is  found  in  all  p.arts  of  Brazil,  is  very 

ancient,  and  is  connected  with  many  goblin  tales  some 

of  which  have  been  published.  ' 


farce  called 

..       •    u    1  -4.      A       £  ^  '^ '      be  founded  on  one  of  Sinbad's  voyag:es. 

tlie  inhabitants  of  Cush.    in  Gen.  x.  6,  Cush  appears  Custozza  (kos-tod'za),  or  Custoza  (kos-tot'sa) 
,n  v„.c„  7  n.,,,..  ,„.,  =.„..,      A  village  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  11 


as  the  first  son  of  Ham,  while  in  verse  7  Dedan  and"  Seba 
.AralJic  tribes,  are  enumerated  among  the  descendants  of 
Cush.  and  in  verse  8  Nimrod,  who  is  represented  as  the 
founder  of  the  Babylonian  kingdom,  appears  as  the  son  of 
Cush.  There  are  evidently  two  kinds  of  Cushites  in  the 
Old  Testament,  either  two  different  races,  or  at  least  differ- 
ent settlements.  The  first  are  identical  with  the  Kash, 
Ki<ih,  or  Kesk  of  the  Egyptian  monuments,  a  name  desig. 
nating  a  reddish  or  redilish-brownish  people  living  be- 


miles  southwest  of  Verona,  it  was  the  scene  of 
two  battles:  (1)  On  July  2.5,  1848,  the  Austrians  (about 
33,000)  under  Radetzky  defeated  the  Sardinians  (about 
26,000)  under  King  Charles  Albeit.  (2)  On  June  24,  1866, 
the  Austrians  (75,000?)  under  the  archduke  Albert  de- 
feated the  Italians  (130,000?)  under  'Victor  Emmanuel. 
Custrin.     See  KHstrin. 


Curvett0(ker-vet'6).  Anoldlibertine,affecting    tween  Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and  betweeuThTNile  and  the  Cutch      See  Kachh 
youth,  in  Middleton  s  play  "  Blurt,  Master  Con-    5,";"  •  '"  ","^  Assyrian  inscriptions  called  Kusu  or  MUuchu.  Cutch  GiiTifJawa       See  Knrhh  C .nilnrn 
-.    .      .      -  -  The  Greek  name  KMowV,  cmnrised  oriirinallv  the  dark-  ii"I'f'l,*'H^-43'.^3..      txe  Aaclllltruri(laia. 

A  city  m  Babylonia  whence 


stable.''  He  is  the  butt  of  many  practical  jokes. 
Curwen  (ker' wen),  John.  Born  at  Heckmond- 
wike,  Yorkshire,  England,  Nov.  14,  1816:  died 
at  Heaton  Mersey,  near  Manchester,  England, 
May  26,  1880,      '-■••■       •       '-?•-' 


frit      V.         V      "■"-'."'''■■  ^..0.^1  ij/ii. Mia  ^.aiicii   au^u  ur  muuCflU.     Illirph    (■i-llTlfla  tTQ 

The  Greek  name  Ethiopia  comprised  originally  the  dark-  «,,z£„ir}r- 'fi^' 
coloredpeoplesofthesoutherncountriesof  AfricaandAsia  '-'Uinan  (Icu  ttia) 


at  large;  later  it  was  confined  to  tlie  Nile  territory  south  of 
Egypt.  The  other  division  of  the  Cushites  is  to  be  looked 
tor  in  the  East,  and  is  perhaps  identical  witli  the  Kashi  or 
Knssi  of  the  inscriptions.     See  Cosseaiis. 


May  26,  1880.     An  English  teacher  of  singing  „'  "' '"«  "'^"'Pt' 

by  the  tonic  sol-fa  system.  Cushman  (kush'man).  Charlotte  Saunders 

Born  in  Boston.  JuTv  23,  1816:  died  in  Boston, 


Ourzola  (kijr'dzo-la).  1.  An  island  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  belonging  to  Dalmatia.  situated 
near  lat.  43°  N.  Length,  about  30  miles.— 2. 
The  chief  town  of  the  above  island,  situated  in 


Feb.  S.  18/6.  An  American  actress.  She  first  ap- 
peared at  Xew  Orleans,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  as  L.ady  Mac- 
beth. She  acted  with  Macready  in  New  York  l.s42-4:i,  and 
in  Boston  in  1844.    She  played  at  the  Princess's  Theatre  in 


Shalmaneser  IV.  (727-722  B.  c.)  brought  colo- 
nists into  Samaria  (2Ki.  xvii.  24).  These  Cutheans, 
mingling  with  other  peoples,  became  the  progenitors  of 
the  Samaritans.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  the  city  is 
often  mentioned  under  the  name  of  Kittu.  It  was  situated 
a  little  to  the  east  of  Babylon,  and  is  now  represented  by 
the  ruins  of  Tel  Ibrahim.  The  statement  (2  Ki.  xvii  30) 
that  the  principal  god  of  the  Cutheans  was  Ner'.'al  (the 
god  of  war)  is  confirmed  by  the  inscriptions.  Nebuejiad- 
nezzar  (6(t4-561)  records  that  he  restored  the  temple  of 
Nergal  in  the  city  of  Cuthah. 


Cuthbert 

Outhbert,(kuth;bert)    Samt 


299 


CynthtiB 


Died  at  Fame, 
/Uiuuciu  '>'^"""  ~--,-'o„  ce-       i  noted  Euglish 

T^^rk  i  udlK  aud  b.sUopof  Lmdistarue  ^^ienca  situated 
Cutler '  (kut'ler),  Manasseh.     Born  at  Ki  - 
^^l^ci>^-5iJn;r  ele.r.>-an     one   of    the 

^^l^ii^  :.S^-:"-ii-  '^^  ^'^''^  ^'^'- 

k-™  171'J-J2. 
Cutpurse  (kut'pers),  Moll. 


s5»stj'Siin:isa,;t!rsisK;  "^JSJ;  ?ipS^';S'=I}?^ 


"""■"•     -        A  region  ol   Sp.m.U   S-uiU 


Wales:  The  origin  o£  the  name  is  uukuowu. 
some  connect  it'vith  W.  aimmer,  a  couiiuenc-e 
:rwate?";  of.  aler,  ,K«r-.]  The  name  given 
tn  themselves  by  the  Welsli.    In  its  wider  appl.ca- 

CTnaeginiSisiii-e-ji'rus).    [Or  Kr^aoeW  ]    An 
Atlieman  suldh-r,  brother  of  .Escliylus.    Ue  dU- 

rhrse'i  ind  t  vi,  g  sd™5  'one  of  their  triremes  lo  pr«. 


fort.u,e-teUer,  «ce.ver  o.  »  o^u  i*--  J' «,,.  "she  is 
*riti,.g8.  and  nearly  iil»*5^  '•™^  who  used  tobacco.  Slie 
said  to  hav.  been  the  first  woman  wlw  us  ^^  ^^  ^^^ 

was  introduced  by  .""^'^  f '?^"_„"ter>  in  their  play  "The 
roS?G'il""'''FK'ralso1ro1ucVs"her  „?  h.s  play 

"  Amends  for  Ladies.  „,.  TTci+alr      1 

pointed  i..,i''63^,':;ji  ^;?:J^  ^:irtrin;^in;u'^' 

"The  Guardian,    ^"^  was  wruien  i  ;__  j^^l 

of  Wnce  Charles  as  he  passed  througn^  ^ 

Cuttle   (kut'l),  Captam  Edward     in 

LTt^lolSn^'^^^ld^retir^^  -ilo^v'ith  a  book  in 
salt-looking      »  ^  j^.^^^  ^j  S^,  e,i,3_ 

sionsis     >n  -pr^deric     Born  at  Mont- 

Cuvier  <kn-vya  ),  ireaeric.  .  ^ 

bollard.  Doubs,  France,  June  /<,  I'liJ 
OBuaiu.   xyu         .  ^  French  natunillbt, 

at  Strasburg,  J"lynrt'ecame  director  of  the  menage- 

-S^e'.^?SI?t^sffi^;^.^^?-S,:i- 
^^tTwUh^^yF^'-^''^'^''^^'^  """""'' 

des  man 

Cuvier, 
Frederic  uagODer^.  ^.  "'^^y.-ji^a  at  Pan 

T^^'^h  '^3"'' A  "tlebr'a  d  French  natural 
fsr^he'fcm.;ieiM,{  the  science  of  eompara  ive 
ktt^my':Hew,isedncatedatthe^^.-a^^^^^ 

^^"^^^^^^'"^  ^'^•^!,  "?iv;s! 

as 

^H^';;rim'^of'='-;^>;'"^™;:^;,;;;;:^'fheAcademyof 

de  France  in  1800,  P.'^^'P'^,',";;'' '^.'^^/fVhe  In.perial  University 
Sciences  inl8o;i,  and  '^f'""''''!  ";.„(.{.', T  |,v  Napoleon  in 
?n'l8(W;  wasappmntedcounc  io   of  su^^^  P^,    „ 

1814;  was  admitted  «",;"®  ;JihcIntcriorl8i:i-3-2.  received 
president  of  the  '^onin'itlee  ^  th  ^f/^  ,';  ,'J,,  superintendent 
tlie  title  of  baron  in  f  20  •  «"»  P  ■  ,g.,2-,  was  made 
of  Ihe  Kaculty  ..  P™  ^l m  of  Uo  Mn  8-2.5;  a.,d  was  ere- 
grand  officer  of  the  ^''^f  "'  ','.'1  "u  i  "hief  works  are  "  I.e 
^tcl  a  peer  fJ'\<}"^lZimtlKinX»."  1817VAnatnmie 
rigneanimal  (  f,?."*';}";.,, .^'l.e,  sur  les  ossements  fos- 
S7"';i',^'81  I'-mst^ren'^aYu  e  le  des^.uss 
siles    (1812), .  "''"",, a, Tjdi      Cuvier  was  a  persistent 

r^^.'inTrriiire^.'.uri-y.T'^^ 

Lamarck  and  (icllruv  Saint-llilane. 

Xiluatc'l' -  t^river  Cuyaba.     Popuh.tion 
('lH!)2),  about  20,(100. 


^^?^T:'al!r Vm^O  f:;t  ^>ov;  ^a-level^ 
ir  contains  a  cathedral    several  conveiHs   e^^^^Itjas 

-^rfi^g^  s  !^^S}z ''''''"'  '""^ '"  ''^■ 

cSrsirakst-^^/r-Sg  of  the  Medes 

Jn   W4  B    C       In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  l"s  nanie 

Sledia's  power  and  greatnes^.    -Utei  repei     t        ,ua„„e 
of  the  Scythian  n'vasion,  he  captured  (MSB.  '^  ^„^ 

with  Nabopolassar,  viceroy  of  ^^.^^''^'^i^e  west  Cyasa-     , - 

''-'™r^rdl™eniraTd"thus'<?Xded  his  domfnion  ,.^^^_      (-gee  Cy^osaryes.l    A  sect  of 

^^:i^^^Yf^,^^^Z^<=^^'^^^  °J^et  philosophers  foumled  by  Antis  henes 
lSv^s^t!,U  ha^'irdfsist^  o',?l'^o°u"n?of°an"cUpse  which  ,£  Athe'nS  (born  about  444  ,3.  C.),  _^>/o^^OUght 
took  place  during  the  battle  (68:.). 


in  his  essay  upon  ;*"*;J°-J;t^rd'^"eoverer  of  the  name  en- 
Grimm  Pjaced  h,m  in  the  «'h  centu  >      1.  ^     j,„;j„g  of 

«~-^  Aelteage  ^--  ^  « ---^1^  - 


tOOK  place  uiii—B -_-        ■  _  T       ri-ppV 

PTThplP  fsib'e-le),  or  Rhea  (re'a).      In  (jreeK 

mythology,  the  wife  of  Cronos  (Saturnus)  and 

mSher  ot'the  Olympian  gods:    hence  called 

S,fl  "  (Ireat  Mother  of  tbe  Gods."     The  onginal 

^^eoSoZlpwasPhry.iaCA^JiMh^^^He^ 

were  called  ^o'^bantes  and  li«  festiv.U^  ^  |>  „,„,. 

with  wild  dances  and  »'|'^^"'^,^^!^' "  ghe    ."s  conceived  as 
ing  music  of  drums  and  cy™''^'^^    ^he  "Jis  c 

traversing  the  mountains  in  a  "n^"'"  '"^^  ^Ji„,_,  ,he 

From  Asia  her  worship  came  to  G,eec«,iu "e.Unto  Rome, 


?Uv:}^^Zet=^chings  of  Socrates^ 
wh.ise  pupil  be  \vas.    The  chief  doctrines  of  tbe  Cynics 

about  with  him. 


=fHsmm^l^  <iis^SSrKti,,f=?t^^ 


wnereinejiics",'^"''", •7—,  "„",,„,,_,.     The  oak  pine,  and 
holia,  were  celebrated  in  ^^r  bono,      lie  o>K,  P      .^  ^^_ 

lion  were  sacred  to  her     She  >'  "^'^^'^  /i^'^  head  and  a 

Sdtr:r'=^"n£,'tbe  l!;s?rrer:sed  in  her  rites,  in 

her  hand.    See  also /I  (ys. 


:s  com.ne  caracicre»^o„^B-.  ■•--.,  gj  [y^elle      i,er  hand,    see  aiso /..y..  v /  A.,    f vnm  ki'- 

ration  with  (;eoflroy  St.  Hilaire)     uistoir  p.,TpladeS  (sik'la-dez).      [Gr.  KvKAaSe;,  from  m 

gd6nc  Dagobert.       «-         ^.^_^,  ^^,   ^^^-^^     trZt^e  belief  tbat  they  formed  a  "ng  about 

Uelos.      Among  the  1,e,ter  known. s,,„e^Am^^^^^ 

■^:^^S!:^^^^^.}li^fI^::l^S%    KJIngUhe  Trojan  war  a.;;^  tlu.  war  aga.,.t 


Thohes      Hee  Epir'cyelc.     Among  these  poems  are 
jycle),  and  the     1  ib'""*    "','   ,,.„„„„.,  ts  of  these  poems 


cycle),  » - 

to  the  Tlieban  cycle) 
arc  extant. 


s    ano  iiie     ,,i».p,"..-    s   --     ■      - 
A  few  fragments  of  these  poems 

pez). 


arc  extant.  «      ,  /  -  1.1,-; 

Cyclops  (si'klops),  or  Cyclopes  Z';-^   .j^,   , 

l(!r  111  K;'/.?.<J7r£f,therouMd-ey(Ml.l  ln(.riiKm> 

,  i,  V  a  race  of  one-eyed  giar,ts.  represented 
i„tl,f 'Homeric  cycle  of  legends  as  b.cil.an 
-.liepherds.     See  Pohiphcmus. 

.l*^  of  ri  cia,  Asia  Minor,  which  flows  into 
iIk  Mediterranean  S<.a  about  12  miles  south 
of  Tarsus:  now  called  Tersus.  ,-    ,     v  i 

,.ru  coast  of  Crete,  near  the  site  ot  the  moaorn 

(g^^S'nu:r\L.,'theSwan..]    Anancjent 

no^hcrn    constellation    representing    a    bird 

ealledTswan  by  Ovid  and  others,  and  now 

always  so  considered 


^r;;^dwi4asanau::rr.:^Horculeeandpos- 

of  the  Asomalin  and  the  British  and  American  schools  ot 

/.  /  in  •>il  i.iilp'j  southeast  of  Lanssa.     Here, 

ii,-fi-it id  Philip  V.  of  Macedon. 

Cvnosira  si-M.Vsn'ril).  [Gr.  KvvocovpA,  dogs 
tail  1  1  In  Greek  mythology,  a  nymph  of 
Ida,  and  nurse  of  Zeus  metainorpbosecl  in  o 
the  constellation  Ursa  Minor.- 2  Ihe  con- 
s tellation  of  the  Little  Bear,  c^ontaimng  the 
star  which  is  now,  but  was  not  then  the  pole- 
star  which  forms  the  tin  of  the  tail)  and  thus 
often  the  object  to  whicl  the  eyes  ot  mariners 

(S^la^^'tl-a)-  1.  One  at  the  names  of 
.Wmis  or  Diana,  the  moon-goddess,  der. v.  d 
fioni  Mount  Cvntlius  in  Delus,  her  birthplace. 
Tlfe.n'e  is  given  in  Spenser's  "Colin  Clout  sCome  Home 

name,  llatlers  her  in   •  C, nth.a  s  R«ve Is.  <,:,,„,, ,,t 

2.  In  Congivve's  "  Double  Dealer.  1.  «  PI'"  ' 
fine  lady,  the  daughter  of  Lord  and  Lad>  Pli- 
ant in  love  with  MiUefont. 
P^thiana,%in-thi-a'na).  The  county-seat  of 
°i^m  ort'ouMlv.  KcMlucky.  sitnateA  on  ilie 
Soiith  MckiMg  Kiver  48  miles  -"">  "f  VT  ; 

;iS^i-.n?^^-,,!'i8.-r«'K,;j^i^»|^^ 
fe--;!:d:n^r^^^^^^^ 

t  Apollo, 
'led 


Gynuria 

Cyuuria  (si-nu'ri-a).  [Gr.  Kwovpia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Argolis. 
It  probably  corresponded  to  the  region  near  the 
modern  Astros. 

♦  Cyimria,  or  Cynosuria,  as  it  is  called  by  Thucydides  (iv. 

56  and  v.  41).  was  the  border  territory  between  Sparta  and 
Argos  upon  the  coast.  It  was  a  small  tract  consisting  of 
a  single  v;illey  (that  of  Luku)  and  of  the  adjoining  hills ; 
but  it  was  of  great  importance,  as  commanding  the  passes 
which  formed  the  natural  communication  between  the 
two  countries.  Hence  it  was  for  so  long  a  time  an  object 
of  contention  between  them.  Rome  finally  adjudged  it  to 
Argolis.  Hawliiison,  Herod.,  IV.  313,  note. 

Cyparissus  (sip-a-ris'us).  [Gr.  Kv77ap/G(7o^.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  youth,  a  son  of  Telephus. 
He  accidentally  killed  his  favorite  stag,  and  was  so  over- 
come with  grief  that  Apollo  metamorphosed  him  into  a 
cypress. 

Cypria  (sip'ri-a),  or  Cyprian  Lays  (sip'ri-au 
laz).  One  of  the  poems  of  the  Trojan  cycle, 
anciently  attributed  to  Homer,  and  later  to 
Stasiuus,  or  Hegesias,  or  Hegesinus:  so  named 
either  from  the  home  of  the  author  (Cyprus),  or 
because  it  celebrated  the  Cyprian  Aphrodite. 
It  served  as  an  introduction  to  the  Hiad,  relating  the 
first  nine  years  of  the  siege  of  Troy. 

Cyprian  (sip'ri-an),  Saint  (Thascius  Csecilius 
Cyprianus).  [L.  C'l/prianus,  of  Cj-prus.]  Be- 
headed at  Carthage,  Sept.  14,  258.  An  ecclesi- 
astic and  martjT  of  the  African  Church,  elected 
"bishop  of  Carthage  in  248.  He  was  converted  to 
Christianity  at  an  advanced  age.  His  festival  was  origi- 
nally kept  on  Holy  Cross  Day,  and  was  transft- rred  to  .Sept, 
16.  Iht;  present  English  calendar  gives  him  Sept.  26, 
which  was  at  one  time  also  given  to  another  8aiut  Cyprian 
of  Antioch,  the  magician. 

Cyprus  (si'prus).  [Gr.  KvTrpog,  F.  Chypre,  G. 
Cypern,  It.  Cipro,  Turk.  Kibris.']  One  of  the 
largest  islands  of  the  Mediterranean,  situated 
in  its  eastern  corner,  south  of  Cilicia,  with  the 
range  of  the  Lebanon  on  the  east  and  that  of 
Taurus  on  the  north.  Its  name  is  supposed  to  be  de- 
rived from  its  rich  mines  of  copper  (Gr.  Kvnfioq).  It  was 
celebrated  in  antiquity  as  the  birthplace  and  favorite 
abode  of  Aphrodite,  and  was  famous  for  its  beauty  and 
wealth,  but  also  for  its  licentiousness.  It  was  early  settled 
by  Phenicians,  who  were  followed  by  Greeks.  Its  princi- 
pal cities  were  Paphos  on  the  western  coast  (a  center  of  the 
cult  of  Aphrodite),  Salamis  on  the  eastern,  Cition  on  the 
southeastern,  and  Amathus  on  the  southern.  In  the  center 
of  the  island  were  the  Phenician  mining  cities  Tamassus 
and  Idalium,  with  the  celebrated  grove  of  Aphrodite.  For 
a  time  Cyprus  was  tributary  to  Assyria.  Its  name  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions  is  Yattian,  and  Sargon  (722-705  B.  c.) 
relates  that  seven  kings  from  this  island  (probably  the 
chiefs  of  the  Phenician  colonies)  brought  him  costly  gifts 
and  '"kissed  his  feet,"  i.  e.  acknowledged  his  sovereignty. 
He  in  turn  presented  them  with  a  marble  stele  containing 
afuU-Iength  sculptured  portraitof  himself,  and  an  inscrip- 
tion commemorating  his  principal  deeds.  This  monument 
was  found  in  1846,  well  preserved,  near  Larnaka  (the  an- 
cient Cition),  and  is  at  present  in  the  Royal  Museum  of 
Berlin.  Cyprus  was  in  succession  subject  to  Persia,  Mace- 
don,  and  Egypt,  and  in  57  b.  c.  became  a  Roman  province. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  belonged  alternately  to  the  Byzantine 
empire  and  the  Saracens,  and  from  1192  formed  a  kingdom 
ruled  by  the  house  of  Lusignan.  In  14S9CaterinaCornaro 
transferred  the  sovereignty  to  Venice.  In  1571  it  was  taken 
by  the  Turks.  C)-prus  is  administered  by  England, according 
to  a  convention  between  Turkey  and  England  in  1S78.  Its 
chief  officer  is  a  high  commissioner,  and  there  is  partial 
self-government.  Capital,Nicosia.  Area,3,5S4  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  209,286.  In  1869  Lang  discovered  a  bilin- 
gual inscription,  in  Cypriote  and  Phenician  writing,  which 
supplied  the  key  to  the  ancient  Cypriote  alphabet.  Opinions 
on  the  source  and  origin  of  this  ancient  alphabet,  which  is 
syllabic,  are  divided.  Dr.  Deeke,  for  instan>je,  deri\  es  it 
from  the  A ssyro- Babylonian  cuneiform  alphabet,  which  is 
also  syllabic;  while  Professor  Say  ce,  followed  by  W.Wright, 
would  see  its  ultimate  source  in  the  supposed  Hittite  hie- 
rogb'phic  inscriptions  found  throughout  Asia  Mjuof.  (See 
Hittites.)  Cyprus  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  New 
Testament  (Acts  iv.  36,  xiii.  4).  and  is  often  referred  to  in 
the  Old  Testament  by  the  name  of  Chittim  (which  see).  A 
large  number  of  antiquities  were  unearthed  there  by  Gen- 
eral di  Cesnola,  which  are  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Mu- 
seum, New  York.  His  explorations  have  been  the  subject 
of  much  discussion  and  skepticism. 

Cypselus(sip'se-lus).  [Gr.  Ki'V^Aoc.]  A  tyrant 
of  Corinth  about  655-625  b.  c. 

Cyrenaica  (sir-e-na'i-kii),  or  Pentapolis  (pen- 
tap'o-lis).  In  ancient  geography,  a  country  in 
northern  Africa,  lying  between  the  Mediterra- 
nean on  the  north,  Marmarica  on  the  east, 
the  desert  on  the  south,  and  Syrtls  Major  on  the 
west.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  the  modern  Barca,  vnd 
was  noted  for  its  fertility.  It  was  settled  by  Theri..ns 
about  631 B.  c. ;  was  subject  to  Egypt  from  321 E.  c. ;  formed 
with  Crete  a  Roman  province  in  67  B,  c. ;  and  was  ruined  by 
invasions  of  Persians  and  Saracens  in  the  7th  centuiy  a.  h. 

Cyrenaics  (si-re-na'iks).  [From  Kvp^wy,  Gy- 
rene.] A  school  of  Greek  hedonistic  philoso- 
phers, founded  by  Aristippus  of  Cyrene,  a  dis- 
ciple of  Socrates. 

Cyxene  (si-re'ne).  [Gr.  Kvp^.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  nymph,  mother  of  Aristseus. 

Cyrene.  [Gr.  Kvprp>//.']  in  ancient  geography, 
the  principal  city  of  C,>Tenaica,  situated  about 
10  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  32°  45' 


300 

N..  long.  21°  50'  E.  it  was  founded  by  Therians, 
under  Battus,  about  631  B.  C.  (see  Cyrenaica\  and  was  a 
seatof  Greek  learning  and  culture.  The  modern  Ghrennah, 
on  its  site,  contains  many  antiquities.  It  was  the  birth* 
place  of  Aiistippus,  Eratosthenes,  and  other  celebrated 
men. 
Cyril  (sir'il),  Saint,  of  Alexandria.  [L.  Cyril- 
his,  Gr.  Ki-pi?./u}Cy  lordly.]  Born  at  Alexandria : 
died  at  Alexandria,  June,  444.  An  ecclesiastic 
and  theologian.  He  succeeded  his  uncle  Theophilus 
as  archbishop  of  Alexandria  in  41'2.  Animated  by  an  in- 
temperate zeal  for  the  cause  of  orthodoxy,  he  despoiled 
the  Novatians  of  their  church  property,  aud  expelled  the 
Jews  from  the  city.  He  is  said  to  have  instigat^id  his 
monks  to  murder  the  pagan  philosopher  Hypatia  (415  7). 
He  began  in  42S  to  oppose  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  and 
in  431  presided  over  the  Council  of  Ephesus,  at  which 
Nestorius  was  condemned  as  a  heretic.  His  works,  chiefly 
controversial,  were  edited  by  Aubert  in  163S.  He  is  com- 
memorated as  a  saint  in  the  Greek,  Roman,  and  Anglican 
churches  on  Jan.  28. 

Cyril,  Saint,  of  Jerusalem.  Bom  at  or  near  Jeru- 
salem about  315 :  died  about  386.  An  ecclesiastic 
and  orthodox  controversialist.  He  succeeded  Maxi- 
mus  as  bishop  of  Jerusalem  in  350.  He  carried  on  a  contro- 
versy with  Acacius,  an  Arian  bishop  of  Caesarea,  who  pro- 
cured his  deposition  In  357.  After  various  changes  of 
fortune,  he  was  finally  restored  in  3S1.  His  works,  which 
consist  chiefly  of  catechetical  lectures,  were  edited  by 
Toutt^e  in  1720. 

Cyril,  Saint  (or  Constantine).  Born  at  Thes- 
salouica  about  820:  died  Feb.  14,  869  (?).  A 
scholar  and  prelate,  sumamed  "the  Apostle 
of  the  Slavs."  He  engaged  with  his  brother  Methodius 
in  missionary  labors  among  the  Moravians,  Bulgarians, 
and  other  Slavic  nations.  He  introduced  the  *'  Cyrilhc  " 
alphabet  into  the  Old  Slavic  language. 

Cyril  Lucar  (Cyrillus  Lucaris).  Born  in 
Crete,  1572 :  strangled  at  Constantinople,  1638. 
A  reforming  prelate  of  the  Greek  Church.  He 
became  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  1621,  and  sent  the 
"Codex  Alexandrinus  "  to  England  in  1628. 

Cyropsedia  (si^ro-pe-di'a),  The.  [Gr.  Kvpov 
-aidela,  the  education  of  Cyrus.]  A  work  of 
Xenophon,  in  eight  books,  describing  the  edu- 
cation of  Cyrus,  the  founder  of  the  Persian 
empire,  his  great  deeds,  and  his  dying  advice  to 
bis  sons  and  ministers. 

Education  of  Cyrus  [Cyropsedia],  a  very  diffuse  polit- 
ical novel,  in  which  he  sets  forth  his  ideal  picture  as  a 
biography  of  the  older  and  greater  Cjtus,  iu  opposition  to 
the  dreams  of  Plato  and  other  theoretical  politicians  of 
the  day.  This  work,  which  is  the  longest  and  most  am- 
bitious of  Xenophon's  writings,  but  consequently  the  most 
tedious  and  the  least  read,  seems  to  be  our  earliest  speci- 
men of  a  romance  in  Greek  prose  literature. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  280. 

Cyrrhestica  (si-res'ti-k|i).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  region  in  northern  Syria,  west  of  the 
Euphrates  and  south  of  Commagene. 

Cyrus  (si'ms).  [Gr.  Kvpog;  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment Koresh;  in  the  eimeiform  inscriptions 
Kurash,  Kurshu;  OPers.  Kuros.^  Died  529  B.  c. 
The  founder  of  the  Persian  empire,  called 
"The  Great."  His  bhth  and  early  youth  are  sur- 
rounded by  myths  and  legends  (see  Mandane).  The  in- 
formation obtained  from  the  inscriptions,  among  them  a 
cylinder  of  C>tus  himself  discovered  in  the  ruins  of  Baby- 
lon and  Sepharvaim  (Sippara),  combined  with  the  accounts 
of  the  Greek  historians  (Herodotus,  Xenophon,  and  Ctesi- 
phon),  may  be  summarized  as  follows  :  He  calls  himself 
on  his  cylinder  son  of  Cambyses,  grandson  of  Cyrus  aud 
great-grandson  of  Shishpish  (Theispes),  "Kings  of  An- 
shan."  Anshan  is  evidently  identical  with  Auzan,  the  plain 
of  Susa,  and  stands  for  Elara,  which  was  conquered  by 
Theispes,  the  son  of  Achsemenes,  founder  of  the  dynasty. 
In  M'J  CjTUs,  after  conquering  Ecbatana,  dethroned  Asty- 
ages,  king  of  Media,  and  united  Media  with  "Persia.  He 
then  directed  his  arms  against  the  Lydian  kingdom  of 
Croesus  (who  made  an  otfenslve  and  defensive  alliance 
with  Nabonidus.  king  of  Babylouia,  and  Amasis,  king  of 
Egypt),  defeated  him,  and  captured  the  capital  Sardis. 
The  ensuing  years  Cyrus  used  for  consolidating  his  power 
in  the  conquered  countries.  In  53S  he  marched  with  a 
great  army  into  Babylonia.  Sepharvaim  (Sippara)  was 
captured  without  fighting;  Kabonidus,  who  defended  it, 
fled;  and  two  days  afterward  Babylon  itself,  which  was 
held  by  Nabonidus's  son  Belshazzar,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  conqueror,  likewise  "without  battle  and  fight,"  as  he 
records.  According  to  Eusebius,  Nabonidus  after  the  fall 
of  Babylon  fortified  himself  in  Borsippa;  the  city  was  be- 
sieged "by  Cyrus;  and  after  it  had  capitulated  he  treated  it 
and  Nabonidus  himself  with,  mercy,  allowing  the  latter  to 
make  his  residence  in  Carmania.  It  is  certain  that  he 
showed  great  generosity  aud  consideration  to  the  con- 
quered capital  (Babylon),  sparing  its  inhabitants  and  their 
religious  feelings  :  he  even  represented  himself  as  having 
been  called  by  Merodach  (Marduk).  the  god  of  the  city,  to 
avenge  his  neglect  at  the  hands  of  the  preceding  kings. 
CjTus's  attitude  to  the  Jewish  esilesin  Babylouia  is  known 
from  the  Old  Testament  (Ezra  i.).  He  permitted  them  to 
return  to  their  own  countrj',  rebuild  Jerusalem,  and  re- 
store the  temple,  and  even  returned  to  them  the  vessels 
of  the  temple  which  were  caiTied  away  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar. His  death,  like  his  birtli,  is  somewhat  slu-ouded  m 
legend.  The  most  common  view  is  that  he  fell  in  battle 
with  the  Messagetes  on  the  river  Jaxartes. 

There  is  much  reason  to  believe  that  the  tomb  of  Cyrus 
still  exists  at  Murg-Aub,  the  ancient  Pasargadie.  On  a 
square  base,  composed  of  immense  blocks  of  beautiful 
white  marble,  rising  in  steps,  stands  a  structure  so  closely 
resembUng  the  description  of  Arrian,  that  it  seems  scarcely 


Czechs 

possible  to  doubt  its  being  the  tomb  which  in  Alexander's 
time  contained  the  body  of  Cyrus.  It  is  a  quadrangular 
house,  or  rather  chamber,  built  of  huge  blocks  of  marble, 

5  feet  thick,  which  are  shaped  at  the  top  into  a  sloping 
roof.  Internally  the  chamber  is  10  feet  long,  7  wide,  and 
8  high.  There  are  holes  in  the  marble  floor,  which  seem 
to  have  admitted  the  fastenings  of  a  sarcophagus.  The 
tomb  stands  in  an  area  marked  out  by  pillars,  whereon 
occurs  repeatedly  the  inscription  (written  both  in  Persian 
aud  in  the  so-called  Median),  "I  am  Cyrus  the  king,  the 
Achsemenian."  Rauiuuon,  Herod.,  I.  333,  note. 

Cyrus,  sumamed  "  The  Younger."  Died  401 B.  c, 
Son  of  Darius  Nothus,  king  of  Persia,  and  Pa- 
rysatis.  He  sought  to  overthrow  his  brother  Artaxenes, 
attacked  him  with  the  aid  of  the  ten  thousand  Greeks(see 
Anabai^is),  and  perished  on  the  battle-field  of  Cunaxa. 

Cyrus,  Le  Repos  de.    See  Bepos. 
Cyrus,  Les  Voyages  de.    See  Voyages. 
Cytherea  isith-e-re'a),  or  Cythera  (si-the'ra). 

[Gr.  KvOipeia,  Ki-^z/p//,  from  KvOT/pa,  Cythera.] 
In  classical  mythology,  surnames  of  Aphrodite, 
from  the  island  of  Cythera,  or  from  Cythera  in 
Crete. 

Cythna  (sith'na),  A  character  in  Shelley's 
poem  '*The  Revolt  of  Islam." 

Cyzicus  (siz'i-kus),  or  Cyzicum  (-kum).  [Gr. 
Kvi^iKoc.']  In  ancient  geography,  the  peninsula 
projecting  from  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  into  the 
Sea  of  Marmora ;  also,  the  Greek  town  on  its 
isthmus.  Among  its  ruins  are:  (a)  A  Koman  amphi- 
theater of  the  2d  century  a.  d.  The  ruins  still  rise  to  a 
height  of  65  feet,  built  of  rubble  faced  with  rusticated 
masonry  in  granite.  There  aie  32  arched  entrances  in  the 
lower  story.  The  longer  axis  of  the  ellipse  is  325  feet 
(6)  A  temple  of  Hadrian,  dedicated  A.  D.  167,  and  greatly 
admired  in  antiquity.     It  was  a  Corinthian  peripteros  of 

6  by  15  columns,  of  whit«  marble.  The  cella  was  small, 
without  pronaos  or  opisthodomos :  there  were  4  interior 
rows  of  columns  in  front,  and  2  behind.  The  temple 
measured  112  by  301  feet;  the  cella  70  by  140.  The  col- 
umns were  7  feet  in  base-diameter  and  70  high  (the  high- 
est of  any  classical  temple).  The  pediments  and  the  cella 
were  richly  adorned,  (c)  An  ancient  theater,  apparently 
contemporaneous  with  the  amphitheater,  iu  paii.  built  up 
of  rough  masonry  and  faced  with  marble.  The  diameter 
is  328  feet. 

Czacki  (ehats'ke).  Tadeusz.  Bom  at  Poryck, 
VoUiynia,  Poland,  Aug.  28, 1765:  died  at  Dubno, 
Volhynia,  Feb.  8,  1813.  A  Polish  -vvTiter,  and 
promoter  of  education  in  Poland.  His  cMef 
work  is  one  on  the  laws  of  Lithuania  and  Po- 
land (ISOO). 

Czajkowski  (chl-kov'ske),  Micha]  Bom 
1808:  died  1886.  A  Polish  novelist,  and  gen- 
eral in  the  Turkish  service.  His  works  include 
"Wemyhora"  (1838),  and  other  novels  of 
Ukranian  and  Cossack  life. 

Czamiecki  (cbam-yets '  ke),  or  Czamecki, 
Stefan.  Born  in  Poland,  1599  :  died  at  Soko- 
lowka,  Volhynia,  Poland,  1665.  A  Polish  gen- 
eral, distinguished  in  the  war  against  the 
Swedes  1655-5S,  and  in  that  against  the  Rus- 
sians and  Cossacks  1660-65. 

Czars  of  Russia,  The.  The  first  independent 
Russian  prince  to  assume  the  title  of  czar  was 
Ivan  rV.,  "the  Terrible,"  who  was  crowned 
czar  of  Moscow  in  1547,  The  following  rulers  of 
Russia  have  borne  the  title  czar  or  czarina:  Ivan  IV., 
1533-84 ;  Feodor  L,  15S4-9S ;  Boris,  159S-1605 ;  Basil,  160&- 
1613;  Michael  (Bomanofif),  1613-45;  Alexis,  1&15-76;  Feo- 
dor, 1676-82  ;  IvanV.  and  Peter  I.,  1682-89;  Peter  L,  1689- 
1725;  Catharine  I..  1725-27;  Peter  II..  1727-30;  Anne, 
1730-40;  Ivan  VI.,  1740^1;  Ehzabeth,  1741-62;  Peter 
III.,  Catharine  II..  1762-96;  Paul  I.,  1796-1801;  Alexan- 
der I.,  1801-25;  Nicholas  I.,  1825-55;  Alexander  U.,  1855- 
1S81;  Alexander  III.,  1881-94;  Nicholas  I L,  1S94-. 

Czartoryski  (char-to -ris'ke),  Prince  Adam 
Casimir.  Born  about  1734 :  died  at  Sieniawa, 
Galieia,  Austria,  March  19,  1822.  A  PoUsh 
politician  and  general,  a  candidate  for  the 
Polish  throne  in  1763. 

Czartoryski,  Prince  Adam  George.  Bom  at 
Warsaw,  Jan.  14,  1770 :  died  at  Montfermeil, 
near  Paris,  July  16,  1861.  A  PoUsh  general 
and  politician,  sou  of  A.  C.  Czartoryski.  Be  was 
in  the  Russian  ministry  of  foreign  affairs  1802-05,  and  was 
president  of  the  Polish  provisional  government  in  1S30, 
and  of  tlie  national  government  in  1S31. 

Czartoryski,  Princess  Isabella  (Countess  of 
Plemming).  Bom  at  AVarsaw  about  1746: 
died  at  Wysock,  Galieia,  Austria,  June  17, 
1835.  A  Polish  writer  and  patriot,  wife  of  A. 
C.  Czartoryski. 

Czaslan  (chas'lou).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  44  miles  southeast  of 
Prague.     For  battle  of  Czaslau,  see  Chotusit-, 

Czecns  (chechs  or  cheks).  [Also  written  Cscchf 
Tsech,  Tschecli  (prop.,  according  to  the  orig., 
*CneJch),  from  Bohem.  (Czech)  CheJch  (the  first 
letter  beingcA  (also  written  c),pron.  ch,  and  the 
last  kh,  pron.  ch)  =  Russ.  CJielhii  —  Slov.  Cheh 
=  Upper  Serbian  Cheklt,  Lower  Sorbian  Tselch 
(whence  Hung.  Cseh),  a  Czech.]  The  members 
of  the  most  westerly  branch  of  the  great  Slavic 
family  of  races,  the  term  including  the  Bohe- 


Czechs 

tnians,  or  Czechs  proper,  the  Moravians,  and  the 
Slovaks.  They  number  nearly  7,000,000,  ami 
live  chiefly  in  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  northern 
Hiint;ary. 

Czegled  (tse'glad).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Pest,  Hungary,  43  miles  southeast  of  Buda- 
pest.    Poi)uIation  (1890),  27,.548. 

Czelakowski,  or  Celakovsky  (ehe-la-kov'ske), 

Frantisek  Ladislav.  Born  at  Strakonitz.  Bo- 
hemia, .\rarch  7.  1799:  died  at  Prague,  Aug.  .5, 
1852.  A  Bohemian  poet  and  philologist.  He 
published  "  Centifolia  "  (1840),  collection  of 
Slavic  folk-songs  (1822-27),  etc. 
Czenstochowa  (chens-t6-eh6' vii).  [Buss. 
TavhniiftdclKnc,  (i.  C^enstochaii.'}  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Piotrkow,  Poland,  situated 
on  the  Warta  in  lat.  50°  50'  N.,  long.  19°  5'  E. 
It  has  a  noted  monastery.  It  was  successfully  defenrted 
against  the  Swedes  in  1655.    Population  (1890),  27,032. 


301 

Czermak  (cher'miik),  Jaroslaw.  Born  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  Aug.  1,  1831 :  died  at  Paris, 
Ajiril  L'3,  1878.  A  Bohemian  historical  painter, 
brother  of  J.  N.  Czermak.  His  best-known 
works  are  paintings  of  life  in  Montenegi'o  an<i 
Herzegovina. 

Czermak,  Johann  Nepomuk.  Born  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  .June  17,  1S28:  died  at  Leipsie,  Sept. 
16,  1873.  A  noted  Bohemian  physiologist.  He 
introduced  the  use  of  the  laryngoscope. 

Czernowitz  (cher'no- vits),"  or  Czemowice 
(cher-no-vit'se).  The  capital  of  Bukowina, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Pruth,  in  lat. 
48°  17'  N.,  long.  25°  57'  K.  it  has  considerable 
trade  and  manufocturcs.  and  contains  a  university,  an-hi- 
^P'|™P''I  Polai^^e.and  Greek  cathedral.    Population  (laOO), 

Czerny  (eher'ne),  George,  or  Kara  George 
("Black  George"),  originally  George  Petro- 


niurdered 

Th"  Ser- 

the  Turks 


Czuczor 

Vitch.  Born  in  Servia  about  177() 
near  Semendria,  Servia,  July,  1817 
vian  leader  in  the  rising  against 
IS04  :  driviMi  from  .Servia  in  1813. 

Czerny,  Karl.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb.  21, 1791 : 
died  at  Vienna,  July  15,  1857.     An  Austrian 

jiianist  and  composer. 

CzolgOSZ  (ehid'gosh),  Leon  F.  Bom  at  Detroit 
111  1873:  executed  at  Auburn.  X.  Y.,  Oct.  29, 
1901.  An  American  assassin,  of  Polish  origin. 
Inlliienced  by  anarchistic  teaching,  he  shot  President 
M.  kuiley  in  the  Temj.le  of  Music  of  the  Pan-American 
Exposition  at  Buffalo,  .N.  Y.,  .Sept.  6,  1901. 

Czuczor  (tso'tsor),  Gergely.  Born  at  And6d, 
Neutra,  Hungary,  Dec.  17,  1800:  died  at  Pest, 
Sept.  9,  1866.  A  Hungarian  poet  and  lexicog- 
rapher. His  best-known  poems  are  "Battle 
of  Augsburg"  (1824),  and  "Diet  of  Arad" 
(1828). 


S: 


"^'M 


ui- 


:>l    I!      iHii 


,;i,:  ■■\i.MM;,i!in,ll\  m!  i.i  ifll'MlVlliUir,,  /    .        "11    f/M 


abaiba  (da-bi'ba),  orDabay- 
be  (da-bi'ba),  or  Davaive 
^dii-vj'va),  or  Abibe  (ii-be'- 
be).  A  name  given  in  the 
earlypart  of  the  16th  century 
to  a  region  south  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  somewhere 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Atrato 
River.  It  was  probably  the  appel- 
lation of  a  chief,  or  his  title,  transferred  by  the  Spaniards 
to  the  territory  over  which  he  ruled.  According  to  re- 
ports Dabaiba  contained  a  temple  lined  with  gold,  where 
human  sacrifices  were  made.  Balboa  vainly  searched  for 
this  temple  in  1312  and  1515,  and  it  was  long  an  object 
of  the  Sp.anish  expeditions. 
Dabbat  (dab'bat).  [Ar.  ddHbatu  'l-ard,  the  rep- 
tUe  of  the  earth.]  In  Mohammedan  belief,  "a 
monster  who  shall  arise  in  the  last  day,  and 
shall  cry  unto  the  people  of  the  earth  that  man- 
kind have  not  believed  in  the  revelations  of 
God."  According  to  the  traditions  he  will  be  the  third 
sign  of  the  coming  resurrection,  and  will  come  forth  from 
the  mountain  of  Sufah.  Hughes,  Diet,  of  Islam. 
Dabih  (da'be).  [Ar.  sa'd-aJ-ddbih,  the  slayer's 
lucky  star:  "Fortuna  maetantis"  of  Ulugh 
Beigh.]  The  third-magnitude  star  /3  Capri- 
comi.  Originally  the  Arabs  applied  the  name 
to  the  two  stars  a  and  ji. 
Dablon  (da-bl6n'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Dieppe, 
France,  1618:  died  at  Quebec,  Sept.  20,  1697. 
A  French  Jesuit  missionary.  He  arrived  in  New 
France  in  1655,  accompanied  Druillettes  in  16C1,  was  with 
Marquette  on  Lake  Superior  in  166S,  and  was  appointed 
superior  of  the  missions  of  the  Upper  Lakes  in  1670.  He 
edited  the  "  Relation  "  of  1671-72,  and  compiled  an  ac- 
count of  Marquette's  journey  (published  in  the  "  Discov- 
ery and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  by  John 
Qilmary  Shea,  1S53X 
Dacca  (dak.'a),  or  Dhaka  (dha'ta).  1.  A  divi- 
sion in  eastern  Bengal,  British  India.  Area, 
15,000  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  9,844,- 
127. —  2.  A  district  in  the  above  division.  Area, 
2,797 square  miles.  Population  (1891),  2,420,656. 
— 3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Dacca,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Buriganga  in  lat.  23°  44'  N., 
long.  90°  22'  E,  it  was  formerly  of  great  importance, 
being  for  many  years  the  chief  city  of  Bengal.  It  was  noted 
for  its  muslin  manufactures.  Population  (1891),  82,321. 
Dachstein  (dach'stin).  One  of  the  chief  peaks 
of  the  North  Limestone  Alps,  in  the  Salzkam- 
mergut,  Austria-Himgarv,  about  18  miles  south 
of  Ischl.  Height,  9.830  feet.  It  is  one  of  the 
highest  peaks  of  this  group. 
Dacia  (da'shi-a).  [L.  Dacia,  Gr.  Aania;  from 
Dad,  6r.  Aaml,  AaKoi,  Saoi,  the  inhabitants.] 

1.  A  province  of  the  Roman  Empire,  lying 
between  the  Carpathian  Mountains  on  the 
north,  the  Theiss  on  the  west,  the  Danube 
on  the  south,  and  the  Dniester  on  the  cast. 
It  corresponded  to  modem  Kumania,  Transylvania,  part 
of  Hungary,  and  perhaps  also  Bukowina.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  the  Get«  or  Daci.  It  was  invaded  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  335  B.  c,  by  Lysimachus  about  392 
B.  c,  and  its  people  defeated  the  generals  of  Domitian 
81-96  A.  D.  It  was  conquered  by  Trajan  in  101  and  suc- 
ceeding years,  and  made  a  Boman  province.  It  was  aban- 
doned by  the  Romans  in  the  reign  of  Aurelian,  270-275. 

Trajan  now  formed  the  lands  between  the  Theiss  and  the 
Danube,  the  Dniester  and  the  Carpathian  Mountains,  into 
the  Roman  province  of  Dacia.  The  last  province  to  he 
won  was  the  tirst  to  be  given  up ;  for  Aurelian  withdrew 
from  it,  and  transferred  its  name  to  the  iloesian  land  im- 
mediately south  of  the  Danube. 

Freeman,  Hist  Geog.,  p.  70. 

Cut  off,  as  It  has  been  for  so  many  ages,  from  all  Roman 
influences,  forming,  as  it  has  done,  one  of  the  great  high- 
ways of  barbarian  migration,  a  large  pari  of  Dacia,  namely 
the  modern  Rouman  principality,  still  keeps  its  Roman 
language  no  less  than  Spain  and  Gaul.  In  one  way  the 
land  is  Ui  this  day  more  Roman  than  Spain  or  Gaul,  as  its 
people  still  call  themselves  by  the  Roman  name. 

Freeman,  Hist  Geog.,  p.  71. 

2.  A  diocese  in  the  northern  part  of  the  later 
Roman  prefecture  of  Illyricum  (Servia  and 
w>  stern  Bulgaria). 

Dacier  (dii-sya'),  Andre.  Bom  at  Castres, 
France,  Apri"l  6.  1651:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  18, 
1722.  A  French  classical  scholar  and  acade- 
mician. He  translated  (for  the  use  of  the 
Dauphin)  Valerius  Flaecus,  Horace,  Epicte- 
tus,  Aristotle's  "Poetics,"  etc. 


Dacier,  Madame  (Anne  Tanneguy-Lef^vre). 

Bom  at  Saumur.  France,  March,  1654 :  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  17, 1720.  A  French  classical  scholar, 
wife  of  Andre  Dacier.  She  translated  the  Iliad. 
(1699),  the  Odyssey  (1708),  and  other  Greek 
and  Latin  classics. 

Da  Costa  (da  kos'ta),  Izaak.  Bom  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  14,  1798:  died  at  Leyden,  Neth- 
erlands, April  28,  1860.  A  Dutch  poet  and 
Protestant  theologian.  His  works  include  "  Prome- 
theus "  (1820),  "  Poezli "  (1S21-22),  "  Feestliederen  "  (1S2S). 
'*Hagar"  (1S40),  and  various  historical  and  theological 
treatises 

Dacota.     See  Dakota. 

Dacre,  Lord.    See  Fiennes. 

Dacres  (da'kerz).  Sir  Richard  James.  Bom 
1799  :  died  at  Brighton,  England,  Dec.  6,  1886. 
A  British  field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  (Mmean 
war,  C'  -mraanding  the  royal  horse-artillery  at  the  battle 
of  the  .\lma,  and  the  .artiller)-  at  the  battle  of  Balaklava. 

Dacres,  Sir  Sidney  Colpoys.  Bom  at  Totnes, 
Devon,  Jan.  9,  1805 :  died  at  Brighton,  March 
8,  1884.  A  British  admiral.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1817 ;  became  a  captain  in  1840 ;  commanded  the  &ins 
Pareil  in  the  operations  before  Sevastopol,  including  the 
bomku-dment  of  Oct  17,  1864;  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  port  of  Balaklava  Oct.  27.  1854;  and  was  apjwinted 
captain  of  the  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1859,  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  Channel  in  1863,  first  sea  lord  in 
IStJS,  and  admiral  in  1870. 

Dactyls  (dak'tilz),  or  Dactyli  (dak'ti-li),  or 
Daktyloi  (-loi).  [Gr.  SdKnvoi.'i  In  classical 
mythology,  supernatural  and  magical  beings 
living  on  Mount  Ida  in  Phrygia,  the  discover- 
ers of  iron  and  copper  and  of  the  art  of  work- 
ing them.  They  were  transferred,  in  the  legends,  to 
Mount  Ida  in  Crete,  and  were  there  identified  with  the 
Curetes,  Corj-bautes,  etc.  Their  number,  originally  three, 
was  increased,  in  various  account«  of  tliem,  to  ten,  and 
even  to  one  hundred. 

Dadu.     See  Bamman. 

Daedalus(de'da-lus  or  ded'a-lus).  [GT.Aa!6a?j}c.] 
In  Greek  legend,  an  Athenian,  son  of  Metion  and 
grandson  of  Erecbtheus.  He  was  regarded  as  the  per- 
sonification of  all  handicrafts  and  of  art,  and  as  such  was 
worshiped  by  artists'  gilds  in  various  places,  especially  in 
Attica,  and  was  a  central  flgure  in  various  myths.  "He 
was  said  to  have  made  various  improvements  in  the  fine 
arts,  including  architecture,  and  to  have  invented  many 
mechanical  appliances,  as  the  as,  the  awl,  and  the  bevel. 
For  the  murder  of  his  nephew  Tales,  of  whose  inventive 
skill  he  was  jealous,  he  was  driven  to  Crete,  where  he  con- 
structed the  famous  labjTinth,  in  which  he,  with  his  son 
Icarus,  was  confined  for  furnishing  the  clue  of  it  to  Ari- 
adne. (In  another  legend  a  difterent  account  ijf  his  im- 
prisonment is  given.)  Escaping,  he  and  Icarus  fled  over 
sea  on  wings  of  wax  which  he  had  made.  Icarus  soared 
too  near  the  sun,  his  wings  melted,  and  he  fell  into  the 
sea,  which  was  called  for  him  the  Icarian.  Many  archaic 
wooden  images  were,  in  historic  timesi,  believed  to  be  the 
work  of  Diedalus. 

Daegsastan,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  in 
603  by  the  Northumbrian  king  ^thelfrith  over 
the  Scots  under  Aidan,  near  the  river  Tees  (?). 

Daendels  (dan'dels),  Herman  Willem.  Bom 
at  Hattem,  Gelderiaud,  Netherlands,  Oct.  21, 
1702:  died  on  the  Gold  Coast,  Africa,  May  2, 
1818.  A  Dutch  general,  and  governor-general 
of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  1808-11.  He  took  part 
in  the  revolutionarj'  agitation  in  the  Netherlands  in  1787, 
and  was  obliged  to  seek  refuge  in  France.  In  1793  he 
aided  Dumouriez  in  the  expedition  against  Holland,  as 
colonel  of  a  body  of  foreign  volunteers ;  and  in  1794  served 
with  Pichegru  as  general  of  brigade.  After  this  camp.iign 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  Batarian  Republic  as  lieu- 
tenant-general, and  in  1799  commanded  a  division  in  the 
successful  resistance  to  the  Anglo-Russian  invasion.  In 
1S06  he  entered  the  service  of  the  King  of  Holland,  and 
was  made  marshal  in  1807.  He  served  also  in  the  Russian 
campaign  in  1812,  and  in  1814  was  made  governor  of  the 
Dutch  colonies  on  the  Gold  Coast. 

Dafirah(da-fe'ra).  [Ar.  a!-dafirah,  the  tuft  of 
hair  at  the  end  of  an  animal's  tail.]  A  rarely 
used  name  for  the  star  j3  Leonis,  usually  known 
as  Dei/ebola. 

Da  Gama,  Vasco.     See  Gama.  Vasco  da. 

Daggerwood,  Sylvester.  See  Sylvester  Dag- 
iji  rn-find. 

Daggett  (dag'et),  Da'Tid.  Bom  at  Attlebor- 
ough,  Mass.,  Dec.  31, 1764:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  April  12,  1851.  An  American  jurist. 
United  States  senator  from  Connecticut  1813- 
1819. 


Daggett,  Naphtali.  Bom  at  Attleborough, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8,  1727:  died  at  NewHaven,  Conn., 
Nov.  25, 1780.  An  American  clergyman,  presi- 
dent pro  tempore  of  Yale  College  1766^67. 

Daghestan  (da-ges-tan').  [Turk.,  'mountain- 
land.']  A  province  of  the  Caucasus,  Russia, 
bordering  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  chief  town  is 
Derbent  It  submitted  to  Russia  in  1859,  and  was  the 
scene  of  an  insurrection  1877-78.  Area,  11,332  square  miles. 
Population  (1S92),  6119,380. 

Dagnan-Bouveret  (diin-yon'bov-ra'),  Pas- 
cale  Adolphe  Jean.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  7, 
1852.  A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Gerome. 
He  obtained  the  second  grand  prts  de  Rome  in  1876.  His 
picliu-es  first  appeared  in  the  .Salon  in  1877.  He  has  ob- 
tained several  medalsi  one  of  the  first  class  in  1880. 

Dago  (da'go).  [Said  to  be  a  corruption  by 
American  and  English  sailors  of  the  frequent. 
Sp.  name  Diego  (=  E.  Jacl;  James,  ult.  LL. 
Jaeohus):  applied  from  its  frequency  to  the 
whole  class  of  Spaniards.]  Originally,  one 
bom  of  Spanish  parents,  especially  in"  Loui- 
siana: used  as  a  proper  name,  and  now  ex- 
tended to  Spaniards,  Portuguese,  and  Italians 
in  general.     [U.  S.] 

Dago  (da'go).  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  near  the 
southern  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  be- 
longing to  Esthonia,  Rtissia. 

Dagobert  (dag'6-bert:  F.  pron.  da-go-bar') 
I.  Born  about  602:  died  638.  King  of  the 
Franks,  son  of  Clotaire  H.,  by  whom  he  was 
appointed  king  of  Austrasia  in  622.  and  whom 
he  succeeded  as  king  of  the  Franks  in  628. 
He  founded  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis,  and  reduced  to  writ- 
mg  the  customary  laws  of  the  barbarian  tribes  in  his 
kingdom.  During'  his  reign  the  empire  of  the  Franks 
attained  a  wide  extent,  namely,  from  the  \Veser  to  the 
Pyrenees,  and  from  the  Western  Ocean  to  the  frontiers  of 
Bohemia. 

Dagobert,  Chanson  du  roi.  [F., '  Song  of  King 
Dagobert.']  A  popular  French  song  concern- 
ing King  Dagobert  I.  and  his  favorite  counsel- 
or, Saint  Eloi.  it  was  in  existence  before  the  revolu- 
tion of  1789.  It  is  a  satirical  series  of  couplets  sung  to  a 
hunting  chorus,  and  has  been  modified  to  suit  various 
political  epochs.  In  1814  it  became  immensely  popular 
on  account  of  the  verses  against  Napoleon  and  the  Rus- 
sian campaign.  It  was  forbidden  by  the  police,  but  was 
revived  on  the  return  of  the  Bourbons,  Every  other 
stanza  begins  "Le  bon  roi  Dagobert." 

Dagon  (da'gon).  A  deity  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament  as  the  national  god  of  the 
Philistines,  and  as  worshiped  especially  in  Gaza 
and  Ashdod  (Judges  xvi.  23.  and  1  Sam.  v.). 
The  name  is  usually  derived  from  Hebrew  dag  (fish),  and 
it  is  assumed  that  Dagon  was  depicted  as  half  man  and 
half  fish,  and  had  his  female  counterpart  in  Derketo,  who 
was  worshiped  in  Ashkelon  (Ascalon).  1  Sam.  v.  4  would 
seem  to  favor  this  view.  On  the  other  hand,  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  mythology  also  knows  a  divinity  Dagan  ;  but  there 
he  is,  etymologically  at  least,  not  connected  with  the 
fish,  as  the  AssjTian  word  for  fish  is  not  dag  but  nun ; 
the  meaning  of  the  name  Daijan  has  Lot  as  yet  been  de- 
termined. At  the  same  time  the  Babylonian  historian 
Berosus  gives  an  account  of  such  a  being,  half  man  and 
half  fish,  underthe  name  Oannes,  who  in  the  beginning  of 
historj'  emerged  at  intervals  from  the  sea  and  taught  the 
Babylonians  civilization.  This  Oannes  of  Berosus  isiden- 
titied  by  some  scholars  with  Ea  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian 
pantheon,  the  goil  of  the  ocean;  and  is  conceived  as  a 
human  figure  with  the  skin  of  a  fish  on  his  shoulders  as 
a  garment,  a  representation  of  which  is  often  met  on  the 
early  monuments.  In  Phenicia  the  name  of  the  god 
was  connected  with  dagan.  corn,  and  is  accordingly  ren- 
dered into  Greek  in  the  fragments  of  Philo  Byblius  by 
(TITOS.  Dagon  was  then  considered  as  the  god  of  agricul. 
tme,  a  function  which  is  also  emphasized  in  the  Oannes 
of  Berosus. 

Dagonet  (dag'o-net),  orDagnenet  (dag'e-net), 
Sir,  In  Arthurian  romances,  the  fool  of  King 
Arthur,  who  "loved  him  passing  well  and 
made  him  knight  with  his  own  hands."  He  was 
buffeted  and  knocked  about  a  good  deal,  and  is  frequently 
alluded  to  by  the  dramatists  of  Shakspere's  time  and 
later. 

Daguerre  (da-gar'),  Louis  Jacques  Mand6. 
Born  at  Cormeilles,  Seine-et-<Jise,  Nov.  18, 
1789:  died  at  Petit-Brie-sur-Mame,  July  12, 
1851.  A  French  painter,  and  inventor  (with 
Nidpce)  of  the  daguerreotype  process.  He  was 
at  first  In  the  internal  revenue  service,  then  devoted  him- 
self to  scene-paintinir,  in  which  he  attained  celebrity, 
and  in  1822,  with  Ronton,  opened  the  Diorama  in  Paris 


icath  ill  1833.   Diigucrresperfecteii  process  was  nahna  (liiiH'iia),  01*  Delina  (<laii'nii).    A  large  Dakiki,  Abu  MansuT  Muhanunad.     Lived 


Daguerre 

fburned  1339).  In  the  successful  study  of  the  problem  of 
obtainint;  pcrmauent  pictures  by  the  ;iciiun  of  sunlight 
he  was  anticipated  by  UicSphure  Nicpce,  who  began  liis 
investigatiuns  in  IS14,  and  communicated  some  of  his  re- 
sults to  Daguerre,  who  was  then  occupied  with  the  sub- 
ject,  in  laM:  the  two  woriicd  togctljer  from  1829  until 
>  iepce's  death  in  1833.  Daguerre's  perfected  process  was 
communicated  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  by  Arago,  Jan. 
a.  lS3i). 

D'Aguesseau.    See  Aguesseuu. 

Dahak.     See  Az)d  Viihaka. 

Dahl  (diil))  Conrad.  Born  near  Trondhjem, 
Norway,  June  i:4.  1S43.  A  Norwegian  poet 
and  novelist,  pastor  in  Bergen  after  1873.  He 
is  best  known  for  his  representation  of  Norwe- 
gian peasant  life. 

Dahl,  Johann  Kristen  Clausen.  Born  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  Feli.  '24,  17SS  :  ,Vu(\  at  Dres- 
den, Oet.  14,  l<So7.  A  Norwegian  landscape- 
painter. 

Dahl,  Michael.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  Sweden, 
in  16.36:  died  at  Loudon,  Oct.  20,  1743.  A 
Swedish  portrait-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the 
Danish  painter  Klocker,  and  in  lli8S  settled  at  London, 


303 


Dalecarlia 


is  the  author  of  several  romances :  the  principal  one,  warred  with  the  gods  and  interfered  with  sacri- 
•■  Der  Kampi  urn  Rom  "  C  I'lie  Struggle  f.rr  Rome  ")   ap-     g^.^g .   Titans. 

pearedinlsTii,  in  four  volumes;  "odhins  i'rost "(' Odin's  -pj  :  (i\-i.\n')  fpl  T  A  Nioxitie  tribe  of  the 
Consolation  "J  in  ISSU.  Ue  has  written,  also,  a  number  of  i^ajO  (Od-JO  .  L^^LJ  A  iMgnUC  tnoe  01  ine 
dramas,  among  them  "  ilarkgrat  Rudeger  von  Bechela-  eastern  budan,  southeast  of  the  Kuka,  with 
ren  '  (itsia).  whom  they  have  some  remote  affinity. 


unexplored  desert  in  southern  central  Arabia, 
extending  from  Ne.jd  to  Hadraraaut. 
Dahomey  (dii-ho'mi).  A  French  dependency 
in  West  Africa,  capital  Porto  Novo,  extending 
from  the  Slave  Coast  inland  to  the  Kreneh  mili- 
tary territories.  On  the  west  it  borders  on  the  Tngo ; 
on  the  east.  oi.  Lagos  and  northern  Nigeria.  'I'lie  Kri-nch 
occupied  the  coast  in  IS.'il,  anil  in  lsO-1  annexed  tin-  whole 
kimidomof  Dahomey.  I'ntil  1900  the  kingdom  of  Abomey 
w;Li  allowed  to  exist,  but  in  that  year  the  king  was  seized 
and  exiled  to  the  Kongo.    The  colony  is  administered  ' 


bout  lOtJO  A.  I).  A  Persian  poet,  from  Tus 
or  Bokhara,  author  of  many  odes  and  sonnets. 
Dakiki  had  completed  a  thousand  disticbs  of  the  Book  of 
Kings  when  he  was  murdered.  Firdusi  represents  him  aa 
appe;iring  to  him  in  a  dream,  and  asking  him  to  incorpo- 
rate in  ,\is  work  the  fi-agment.  To  Dakiki  l-"irdusi  ascribed 
the  portion  of  the  Shahnamali  relating  to  Gushtasp  and 
Zartusht  (Zoroaster). 
Dakota  (dti-ko'tii).  [From  the  Dakota  Indians.] 
A  tornicr  territory  of  the  United  States.  See 
Xortli  Dakota  and  South  Dakota. 


low  and  mdiealthy.  The  chief  export  is  palm-oil.  The 
Dahomeyans  are  intelli^'ent,  active,  and  pidite.  The  heca- 
toml)s  of  human  victinis  for  which  they  are  notorious  are 
line  to  their  superstition  ratlier  than  to  their  cruelty.  The 
D.diomeyans  are  alsocalbd  Fr-n.  Their  language  is  closely 
allied  to  Ewe.     Area,  (iO,000  square  miles.     Population, 

_ ^ -.  - --     about  1,000.000. 

where  heacijuired  an  extensive  patronage  among  the  no-  Dahra  (dii'rii).     A  mountainous  region  in  north- 


a  governor  with  an  administrative  council.     The  land  is  Dakota  (dii-ko'ta).      [PI.,  also  Dakotas  :    'eon- 


bility  and  at  court.  He  painted  the  portraits  of  the  prin 
cess  (afterward  queen)  .\nne  and  I'rince  George,  the  por- 
trait of  Ch;irles  XI.  of  Sweden  at  Windsor,  and  the  series 
of  portraits  of  admirals  at  Hampton  Court. 

Dahl,  Vladimir  Ivanovitch:  pseudonym  Ko- 
sak  Luganski.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  ISOl : 
died  at  Moscow,  Nov.  3, 1872.  A  Russian  nov- 
elist, philologist,  and  litterateur.  He  published 
a  "Dictionary  of  the  Living  Russian  Tongue" 
(1861-60),  etc. 

Dahlak,  or  Dahlac  (dii-lak'),  or  Dahalak 
(dii-hii-liik').  [Ar.  .Sn/e).]  A  group  of  islands 
in  the  Red  Sea,  off  the  seaport  of  Massowa, 
now  belonging  to  Italy. 

Dahlbom  (diil'bom),  Anders  Gustaf.  Bom  at 
Forssa,  East  Gothland,  Sweden,  March  3, 1806  : 
died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  May  3,  1859.  A  Swedish 
entomologist.  His  chief  work  is  "  Hymenop- 
tera  europeea  prsecipue  borealia"  (1845). 

Dahlgren  (dal'gren),  John  Adolf.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  13,  1809:  died  at  Wasliing- 
ton,  D.  C,  -July  12,  1870.  A  noted  American 
rear-admiral,     ffe  became  lieutenant  in  1S37,  and  was 


ern  -\lgeria,  situated  about  hit.  36°  15'  N.,  long. 
0°-l°  E.  In  its  caverns  about  .=^00-600  Kabyles  were 
suffocated  by  order  of  the  French  commander  Colonel 
relissii-r  in  1845. 

Daidalos.     See  Dsedalui. 

Daille  (dii-ya').  Latinized  DallaeUS  (da-le'us), 
Jean,  Born  at  Chatellerault,  France,  Jan.  6, 
1594:  died  at  Charenton,  near  Paris,  April 
15,  1670.  A  French  Protestant  divine  and  con- 
troversialist, a  voluminous  writer.  His  chief  work 
is  "Traite  de  I'eniploi  des  saints  p^res  pour  le  jugenient 
des  dilferends  qui  sont  aujourd'hui  en  la  religion '  (1632 : 
Latin  trans.  1656). 

Daily  Courant,  The.  The  first  British  daily 
paper.     It  was  begun  March  11,  1702. 

Daimbert(daii-bar'),orDagobert(dii-g6-bar'). 
Died  in  Sicily,  1107.  First  Latin  patriarch  of 
Jerusalem.  He  became  archbishop  id  Pisa  in  1092,  and 
commanded  the  Pisan  and  Genoese  army  in  the  first  Cru- 
sade,   lie  was  elected  patriarch  of  Jerusalem  in  1099. 

Daimiel  (di-me-eV).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Ciu<lad  Real,  Spain,  situated  20  miles  north- 
east of  Ciudad  Real.    Population  (1887),  11,508 


assigned  to  ordnance  duty  at  Washington  in  1847,    While  Daimio  (di'myo).      [Chino-Jap.,  '  great  name.'] 
-  •   -.  The  title  of  the  chief  feudal  barons  or  territo 


th'  re  he  introduced  important  improvements  in  the  naval 
armament,  including  a  gun  of  his  own  invention,  which 
bears  his  name.  He  became  commander  in  1855  ;  made 
in  1S57  an  experimental  cruise  with  the  sloop  of  war 
Plymouth,  to  test  the  practicability  of  employing  his 
eleven-inch  gun  at  sea  ;  resumed  command  of  the  ord- 
nance department  at  Washington  in  1858  ;  was  made  chief 
of  the  bureau  of  ordnance  July  18,  1862  ;  became  rear- 
admiral  Feb.  7,  1863  ;  and  in  July  following  was  placed 
In  command  of  the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron. 
He  conducted  the  naval  operations  in  Charleston  harbor 
wbich  Ijegan  July  10,  186.3,  and  ended  Sept.  7,  1863,  in  the 
course  of  which,  in  cooperation  with  the  land  forces  un- 
der General  GiUmore,  he  took  Morris  Island  and  Fort 
Wagner,  and  silenced  Fort  Sumter,  but  failed  to  capture 
Charleston.  He  led  a  successful  expedition  up  the  St. 
John's  River  in  Feb.,  1864,  to  aid  in  throwing  a  military 
force  into  Florida,  cooperated  w  itli  Sherman  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Savannah  Dec.  21,  and  entered  Charleston  with 
General  Schimmelpfennig  on  its  evacuation  in  Feb.,  1865. 
Ue  published  various  technical  works, 

Dahlgren  (dal'gren),  Karl  Fredrik.  Bom  at 
Steus-Bruk,  near  N()iTk()[)ing,  Sweden,  June 
20,  1791:  died  at  Stockholm,  May  2,  1844.  A 
Swedish  poet,  novelist,  and  humorist.  His 
complete  works  were  published  1847-52. 

Dahlmann  (dal'miln),  Friedrich  Christoph. 

Burn  at  Wisinar,  Meeklenburg-Schweriii,  May 
13,1785:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Dee.  5,1860. 
A  noted  German  historian  and  statesman,  ap- 
pointed professor  at  Kiel  in  1812,  at  Gottingon 
in  1829,  and  at  Bonn  iti  1842.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  1848-49.  His  works 
Include  "  tiuellenkunoe  der  deutschen  Oescliichte  "  (18;jo), 
"Geschichte  von  Danemark"  (1840-43),  "Geschichte  der 
engliscben  Revolution  "  (1844),  "  Geschicbte  der  franzo- 
stschrn  Revolution  "(1845),  etc. 

Dahlstjerna   (diil-sher'nii),  Gunno  Eurelius. 

Born  at  Ohr,  Dalsland,  Sweden,  Sept.  7.  Ii;6!  : 
died  in  Pomerania.  Sept.  7,  1709.  A  Swedisli 
poet.  His  best-known  work  is  "  Kungaskald" 
(l(i97),  a  heroic  poem  on  Charles  XII.  and  Peter 
tlie  Great. 
Dahn  (diin),  Felix.  Born  at  Ilnmburg,  Feb. 
9,  1834.  A  (.ieriiian  historitin  and  poet.  He 
studied  history  and  imisprudence  at  Muidcb  and  Berlin. 
In  18,'i7  be  l)ccame  ilocent  in  the  faculty  of  law  nt  the 
University  of  .Muidcb,  and  in  1862  was  made  professor. 
The  succeeding  year  be  went  In  the  same  capacity  to 


federated.']  A  division  of  the  Siouan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  composed  of  the 
Dakota  proper  and  the  Assiniboiu.  Their  former 
habitat  was  in  Montana  and  the  adjacent  part  of  the 
Northwest  Territory  of  British  North  America,  as  well  as 
in  North  and  South  Dakota  and  Minnesota.  The  Dakota 
proper,  or  Sioux,  were  originally  in  seven  gentes,  whence 
the  name  by  ^vhich  they  sometimes  call  themselves,  Otceti 
Cakowin  ('The  Seven'Council  fires').  These  seven  gen- 
tes have  become  the  primary  divisions  of  the  Dakota,  and 
are  as  follows:  Mdewakantonwan,  Waqpekute,  sisitonwan, 
\\'a<ipetonwan,  Ihafiktonwan,  Ihanktonwanua,  and  Titon- 
wan.  The  Mdewakantonwan  were  the  original  Isanyati 
or  Santee,  but  at  present  the  Waqpekute  also  are  called  by 
that  name.  These  original  divisions  have  developed  into 
at  least  126,  excluding  those  of  the  Waqpekute,  which  have 
not  been  acquired.  The  present  number  of  the  Dakota  is 
28,449.  and  the  Assiniboin  number  3,008.  (See  Siouan.)  Also 
Dakvfalu 

Dalayrac  (dii-la-riik'),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Muret, 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  June  13,  1753 :  died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  27,  1809.  A  noted  French  com- 
poser of  comic  operas.  His  works  include  "  Le 
petit  souper"  (1781).  "  Le  corsaire"(1783),  "  Nina  "  (17S«), 
"  Le  p'oete  et  le  musicien  "  (1809),  etc. 

Dalbeattie  (dal-be'te).  A  town  in  Kirkcud- 
bright, Scotland,  situated  13  miles  southwest 
of  Dumfries.     Population  (18911,  3.149. 

Dalberg  (diil'berG),  Emmerich  Joseph.  Born 
at  Mainz,  Hesse,  May  30,  1773:  died  at  Herns- 
heim,  near  Worms,  April  27,  1833.  A  peer  of 
France,  son  of  Baron  Wolfgang  Heribert  Dal- 
berg. He  was  created  duke  of  Dalberg  by  Na- 
poleon in  1810,  and  peer  by  Louis  XVIII.  in  1815. 


rial  nobles  of  Japan,  vassals  of  the  mikado:  Dalberg,  Karl  Theodor  Anton  Maria  von 


distinguished  from  shomio  ('little  name'), 
the  title  given  to  the  hatamoto,  or  vassals  of 
the  shogun.  Though  exercising  independent  author- 
ity in  their  own  domains,  the  daimios  acknowdedged  the 
mikado  as  the  legitimate  ruler  of  the  whole  country. 
During  the  Tokugawa  shoguniite  (1603-1868)  the  daimios 
gradually  became  subject  to  the  shoguns,  who  compelleil 
them  to  live  in  Yedo,  with  their  families  and  a  certiiin 
number  of  their  retainers,  for  six  months  of  every  year, 
and  on  their  departure  for  their  own  provinces  to  leave 
their  families  as  hostagiis.  Tlie  number  of  daindos  dif- 
fered at  ditferent  times,  according  to  tlie  fortunes  of  war 
and  the  caprice  of  the  shoguns.  Just  before  the  abolition 
of  the  shogunate  there  were  2.1,''.,  arranged  in  five  classes, 
with  incomes  ranging  from  10,000  to  l,027,lXJ(l  kc.ku  of  rice 
per  annum.  In  1871  the  daimicJS  surrendered  tlieir  lands 
and  privileges  to  the  mikado,  who  granted  pensions  pro- 
portioned to  their  respective  revenues,  and  relieved  them 
of  the  support  of  the  samurai,  their  military  retainers. 
These  pensions  have  since  been  commuted  into  active 
bonds,  redeemable  by  government  within  thirty  years  from 
date  of  issue.  The  title  has  been  abolished,  and  that  of 
kuwazohu  bestowed  upon  court  and  territorial  nobles 
alike. 

Dainty  (dan'ti).  Lady. 

lous  line  lady  in  C:ildiei-'s  comedy 

tjallaiit."      "Dogs,  doctors,   and  monkeys  are 

her  favorites.''     .Slie  is  cciurted  liy  Careless. 

■Daircell,<irTaircell,  or  Moiling.  Died  696.  An 

Irish  saint.  According  t4i  an  Irish  account  of  his  life, 
he  WiUi  the  illegitimate  son  of  Faelan,  a  farmer  at  Luaehair 
(now  Slicvc  Lougher),  near  Castle  Island,  Kerry.  His 
mother,  when  she  found  herself  about  to  give  birth  to  a 
child,  lied  to  the  wilderness,  where  she  was  prevented 
from  strangling  her  new-born  babe  only  by  a  dove  sent 
from  heaven,  which  Happed  Its  wings  in  her  face.  He 
was  educateil  by  St.  Blenilan  of  ("lonfert,  »h.>  gave  him 
the  name  of  Daircell  ('gathering '),,iu  allusion  to  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  dove  "gathered  "  him  to  her  with  her 
wings.  Once,  when  collecting  alms  for  St.  Brendan's 
Church,  he  was  attacked  by  a  band  of  robbers,  who  threat- 
ened to  kill  him.  He  made  bis  escape  by  making  three 
leaps.  In  which  he  passed  over  the  whob'  nf  Louglier  and 
landed  in  the  third  inclosure  of  the  chui.b,  whereupon 
ho  rei  elved  the  name  of  Moiling  (from  liifir.  leaps)  of 
Lougher,  Ur  tonuded  the  eburch  of  Teeh  .Moiling,  or  .st, 
Mullens,  at  Itoss  Broc  CO,  and  is  the  reputed  author  of  a 
Latin  manuscript  of  the  (our  gospels,  preserved  In  Trinity 
College,  Dublin 


■Wiirzburg.     In  1.872  he  became  professor  of  law  at  the  Daisy   (dfi'/.i),    SolomOH.      The  bell-ringer  of 


University  of  Kcinigsberg,  and  in  18h8  at  llreslau.  Ills  most 
Important  works  are,  in  history,  "Hie  Ktinlge  der  Germa- 
nen"  ("The  Kings  of  the  Germans."  1861-72,  6  vols.),  "  I'r- 
eeschichte  der  germnnischen  und  romanischen  Volker" 
("Priinitlvo  History  of  the  Germanic  and  Romance  Peo- 
ples,' 1878  following) ;  In  law,  "  Die  \'ornunft  Im  liecht" 
("  Iteflson  in  Law,"  l.S"'.)).  A  volume  of  poems,  "Oc- 
dlchte,"  appeared  In  18"'7,  and  a  second  collection  in  1873  ; 
"lialladeiiund  Lieder  "("Hallaclsand  Songs  ")  in  1878,  Ue 


Chigwell 

Rndi; 

eves. 
Daisy    Miller    (da'zi    mil'^-rV     A    novel    by 

Ili'iiry  James,  published  in  1878. 
Daitya  (<lit'ya).      ['Son  of  Diti.']      In  Hindu 

mythology,  ii'race  of  demons  and  giants  who 


Born  at  Hernsheiiii,  near  Worms,  Hesse.  Felv 
8,  1744:    died   at  Katisbon,  Bavaria,   Feb.   10, 
1817.     A  German  prince,  prelate,  and  littera- 
teur, last  archbishop-elector  of  Mainz.   He  was 
prince-primate  of   the  Confederation  of    the 
Rhine  1806-13. 
Dalby  (dal'bi).  Isaac.      Bom  in  Gloucester- 
shire, England.  1744:  died  at  Farnliam,  Surrey, 
Knglaiid,  Feb.  3,  1824.     An  English  mathema- 
tician, employed  in  the  survey  of  England  after 
1791. 
Dale  (dal),  David.   Born  at  Stewarton,  Ayrshire, 
Jan.  6,  1739:  died  at  Glasgow,  March  17,  1806. 
A    Scottish  philanthropist.      Ho  was  the  founder 
and  first  proprietor  of   the  Lanark  mills,  since  made 
famous  by  their  connection   with    his    son-in-law,  the 
sociiUist  Robert  Owen.     About  1770  he  retired  from  the 
established  church  of  Scotland,  and  founded  a  new  emu- 
munion  on  congregational  principles,  known  as  the  Old 
Independents,  id   which   he  was  chief  pastor.    He  was 
notecl  as  a  mnnitlcent  benefactor  of  the  poor. 
A  fashionable,  frivo-  Dale  (dal )_.  Richard.     B..r..iiear  Norfolk,  Va 
The  Double     Nov.  6.  li.iO:  died  at  Philiidel)ihin,  Feb..  18'26. 
An  American  commodore.     He  served  as  first  lieu- 
tenant under  I'aul  Jones  on    the  lion  Uomme  Richard 
In  the  battle  with  the  Serapis,  Sept.  2;!,  1771),  and  cime 
inanded  a  .si|uadron  in  the  Mediterranean  lsol-02.  during  , 
the  bcstilities  wltbTrinuli. 

Dale,  Robert  William.  Born  Dec.  1, 182!):  died 

March  13,  1895.  .\ii  English  Congregational 
clergyman  and  author,  ne  became  associate  pastor 
of  tlie'CongregatiomU  t'hnrcli  at  Carr's  Lane,  Birmingham, 
In  18,^:i,  and  scde  pastor  in  1861),  He  was  for  a  numlier  of 
years  editor  of  the  "Congregationallst,"  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  Congregational  Inion  of  Kngland  and  Wales 
lS(;s-6li.  In  1877  he  delivered  at  Vale  Ccdiege  a  series  of 
lectures  on  preai-bing  (the  llrst  F.nglishmau  aiipolnled  to 
the  Lyman  licceher  Lectureship),  lie  has  written  "  I'hc 
Jewl»li  Temple  and  the  Christian  Church  "(186.3),  ".Sor- 
mons  on  the  Ten  Commandments"  (1871),  and  "The 
Alimement  "(ls7l),  etc.  . 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  at  Masulipatam.  Brit- 
ish India.  11)19.  \  colonial  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. He  became  marshal  of  Virginia  In  Idol),  and  In 
1611  succeeded  De  la  W  arr  as  governor,  being  relieved  by 
Sir  Thinnas  Gates  ill  the  ,same  year,  lie  was  governor 
a  second  time  1614-16,  when  he  returned  to  England, 
taking  Willi  bim  rboimus  Hidle  and  Uolfc's  wife  roca- 
hontas,  Iliv  administraticns,  which  were  cllaracleri7ed 
by  great  severltv,  were  attended  by  order  and  prosperity. 

Dalecarlia  (<iii-le-kiir'h'-ii),  Sw.  Dalarna(dii'- 
liir-iiii).  A  former  province  of  Sweden,  corre- 
sponding to  Hie  liien  of  Koppaiberg  or  Fahliin. 
Its  surface  Is  monnlalnoua.  Its  people  took  the  leading 
part  In  the  Independenec  movement  under  Gustavus  N  asa. 


Ill     ('li:irlis      Dickens's    "  Harnaby 
1  rusty  little   fellow  wlio  seems  nil 


Dal-Elf 

Dal-Elf  (dal'elf')-  A  river  formed  by  the  miion 
of  the  Oster  and  "Wester  Dal-Elf,  which  flows 
into  the  G-ulf  of  Bothnia  oS  miles  north  of  Up- 
.sala.     Lengthy  about  250  miles. 

D'Alembert.     See  Ahmbert. 

Dalgarno  ( dal-gar'no),  George.  Born  at  Aber- 
deen. Scotland,  about  1627:  died  at  Oxford. 
England,  Aug.  28,  1687.  A  British  scholar  and 
writer,  inventor  of  a  deaf-mute  alphabet.  He 
wrote  ^'Deaf  and  Dumb  Man's  Tutor"  a680), 
etc. 

Dalgarno,  Lord.  A  malevolent  young  man  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Fortunes  of  Nigel."  He  is 
the  secret  enemy  of  Xigel  and  the  favorite  of  Priace 
Charles.  Having  heartlessly  betrayed  the  Lady  Hermione, 
he  is  compelled  by  the  king  to  do  her  justice.  After 
leaving  coort  in  disguise,  he  is  murdered. 

Dalgetty  (dal'get-i;,  Captain  Dugald,  A  sol- 
dier of  fortune  in  Scott's  "Legend  of  ilon- 
trose."  He  has  been  a  divinity  student  in  his  youth, 
and  is  now  a  mercenary.  He  is  courageous,  and  not  un- 
trustworthy if  well  paid.  The  original  is  said  to  have 
been  a  man  named  Munro  who  belonged  to  a  band  of 
Scotch  and  English  auxiliaries  in  Swinemiinde  (1630). 

Dalhousie  (dal-hou'zi).  Earls  of.    See  Ramsai/. 

Dallas  (da'le-as).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Ainieria,  southern  Spain,  situated  west  of  Al- 
meria.     Population  (1887),  6,254. 

Dalida  (dal'i-da).     See  the  extract. 

The  Dalila  of  the  Book  of  Judges  is  throughout "  Dalila  " 
intheVulgate,but  is  ''Dalida'"  in  Chaucer,  and  "Dalida  "is 
the  form  used  in  Wyclif  s  Bible.  Chaucer  uses  the  form 
"Dalida"  in  the  "Monk's  Tale"  and  in  "The  Book  of  the 
Duchess."  It  is  not,  perhaps,  without  significance  that 
"  Dalida"  was  the  form  ust-d  in  "  The  Court  of  Love.'* 

M(rrley,  Eng.  Writers,  V.  305. 

Dalin  (da'lin),  Olof  von.  Bom  at  Vinberga.  in 
Halland,  Sweden,  Aug.  29, 1708:  died  at  Drott- 
ningholm,  Aug.  12,  1763.  A  Swedish  histo- 
rian and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman.  He 
studied  at  Lund,  and  subsequently  entered  one  of  the 
public  offices  in  Stockholm.  He  began  Ms  literary  career 
by  the  publication  of  a  weekly  journal,  "  Den  Svenska 
Argus  "("The  Swedish  Argus"),  modeled  after  the  "Spec- 
tator," which  he  issued  anonymously  173:i-S4.  This  was 
followed  by  "Taukar  om  Kxitiker"  ("Thoughts  about 
Critics"),  and,  after  his  return  from  a  tour  through  Ger- 
many and  France,  by  the  satiric  prose  allegory  "Sagan 
om  Hasten"  ("'The  Story  of  the  Horse"),  and  the  satiric 
pnera  "Aprilverk  om  var  herrliga  tid"  ("April-work  of 
Our  Glorious  Time  ").  A  didactic  epos,"  Svenska  Friheten," 
appeared  in  1742.  In  1751  he  was  made  tutor  to  the 
crown  prince,  and  ennobled.  In  1753  he  was  made  privy 
councilor.  In  1756,  suspected  of  being  concerned  in  the 
revolution  of  that  year,  he  was  banished  the  courts  but 
returned  in  1761.  During  this  period  he  was  engaged 
upon  his  principal  work,  "Svea  RikesHistoria"("  History 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Sweden  "),  which  extends  down  to  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.  His  collected  literary 
works,  "Samlade  Vitterhetsarbeten,"  appeared  in  1767,  in 
6  vols.;  "Svea  Rikes  Historia,"  in  4  vols.,  1747-62. 

Dalkeith  (dal-keth').  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Edinburgh.  Scotland,  situated  between  the 
north  and  south  E^.  6i-  miles  southeast  of 
Edinburgh.  Dalkeith  Palace  (the  residence  of  the 
Duke  of  Buccleuch)  is  in  the  vicinity.  Population  (1S91), 
7,035. 

Dall  (dal),  William  Healey.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  21, 1S45.  An  American  natxiralist. 
He  took  part  in  the  international  telegraph  expedition  in 
186.1 ;  was  assistant  to  the  United  States  Coast  Survey 
ISn-JisO ;  and  was  p;Ueontologist  to  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  lSi4-s6.  His  wi.rks  include  "  Alaska  and 
its  Resources"  (1S70),  "Scientific  Results  of  the  Explora- 
tion of  Alaska  by  the  Parties  under  the  Chaise  of  W.  H. 
Dall "  (1S76),  etc. 

Dallseus.     See  DaiUe,  Jean. 

Dallas  I  dal'as).  1.  A  village  tn  Paulding  County, 
northwt.'Stern  Georgia,  situated  30  miles  north- 
Tvest  of  Atlanta.  Near  here,  at  New  Hope  Church, 
Pickett's  Mill,  Pumpkin  Vine  Creek,  etc.,  there  was  con- 
tinued fighting  between  the  Federals  under  Sherman  and 
the  Confederates  under  Johnston.  May  25-'29,  1864. 
2.  The  capital  of  Dallas  County,  in  northern 
Texas,  situated  on  the  Trinity  River.  It  has 
increased  verj-  rapidly,  and  is  a  railroad  center,  with 
important  trade  and  manufactures.  Population  (1900), 
42.638- 

Dallas  (dal'as),  Alexander  James.    Born  in 

Jamaica,  June  21. 1*59:  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J.. 
Jan.  16,  1817.  An  American  statesman,  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1S14-16.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
Scottish  physician  resident  in  Jamaica.  Having  studied 
law  in  England,  he  emigrated  from  Jamaica  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1783 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  17»5  :  served  for 
a  number  of  years  as  secretary  of  the  commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania;  was  attorney  for  the  eastern  district  of 
Pennsylvania  1801-14 ;  and  was  secretary  of  the  United 
States  treasury  1S14-16,  discharging  (1S15-16)  also  the  func- 
tions of  secretary  of  war.  During  his  administration  of 
the  treasury  department  a  new  national  bank  was  incor- 
porated (April  8,  1S16X  consistent  with  recommendations 
submitted  by  him  to  Congress.  He  published  "Reports 
of  Cases  ruled  and  adjudged  by  the  Courts  of  the  United 
States  and  of  Pennsylvania,  before  and  since  the  Revolu- 
tion" (1790-1807),  "Features  of  Jay's  Treaty"  (1795).  and 
"Exposition  of  the  Causes  and  Character  of  the  War  of 
isi-2-i:.." 
Dallas,  George  MiflBin.  Bom  at  Philadelphia. 
July  10,   1792:  died  at  Philadelphia.  Dee.  31. 


304 

1864.  An  American  statesman,  son  of  Alex- 
ander James  Dallas.  He  was  Uoited  States  senator 
from  Pennsylvania  lbol-33,  minister  to  Russia  1837-39, 
Vice-President  uf  the  United  States  1845-49,  and  minister 
to  England  lS-".6-0L 

Dallas,  Robert  Charles.  Bom  at  Kingston. 
Jamaica.  1754::  died  at  Ste.-Adresse,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov.  20.  1824.  A  British  author.  He 
was  educated  in  England ;  returned,  on  coming  of  age,  to 
Jamaica  to  take  possession  of  the  estates  left  him  by  his 
father  ;  and  eventually  settled  in  England.  He  is  noted 
chiefly  for  his  intimacy  with  Byron,  to  whom  he  gave  lit- 
erary advice,  and  for  whom  he  acted  as  agent  in  dealings 
with  publishers.  He  wrote  "Recollections  of  the  Life  of 
Lord  Byron  from  the  vear  18i»S  to  the  end  of  1814,"  which 
was  edited  by  his  son'A-  R.  C.  Dallas  in  1824  (?). 

Dalles  (daiz).  [F.  dalle,  a  flagstone,  slab.]  A 
succession  of  rapids  in  the  Columbia  River, 
near  the  city  of  The  Dalles :  also  the  neighboring 
heights  (see  the  quotation).  "The  Dalles,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  [Cascade]  range,  [have]  an  eleva- 
tion of  only  about  100  feet.  At  the  Dalles  —  so  named 
on  account  of  the  great,  broad,  flat  plates  or  sheets  of 
lava  which  are  there  well  exhibited  on  and  near  the  river  — 
is  the  beginning,  in  this  direction,  of  the  volcanic  plateau 
of  the  Columbia."  (J.  D.  Whitney,  iaEncyc.  Brit.,  XXIIL 
800,)  Dalles  is  also  the  name  for  cascades  in  the  Wis- 
consin River,  and  in  the  St.  Louis  River  in  Minnesota. 

Dalles,  The.  A  city,  capital  of  Wasco  County, 
Oregon,  situated  near  the  Dalles  or  cataract  of 
the  Columbia,  72  miles  east  of  Portland.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  3.r>42. 

Balling  and  Bulwer,  Baron.    See  Buhcer. 
Dallmeyer  (dal'mi-er  l  Johann  Heinrlch.  Bom 

atLoxten,  near  Versmold,  Westphalia,  Sept.  6, 
1830:  died  Dec.  30,  1883.  A  German  optician. 
He  came  to  England  in  ISol;  became  a  manufacturer  of 
telescopes  at  London  in  lSo9 ;  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  .Society  in  1861:  and  patented  a  single 
wide-angle  photographic  lens  in  1S04.  Author  of  "On 
the  Choice  and  Use  of  Photograpliic  Lenses, "' 

Dair  Ongaro  (dal ong'ga-io). Francesco.  Born 
at  Mausue,  Treviso,  Italy,  IfeOS :  died  at  Naples. 
Jan.  10,  1873.  An  Italian  poet,  novelist,  and 
political  agitator.  His  ''Xovelle  veechie  e 
nuove''  were  published  in  1869. 

Dalmatia (dal-ma'shi-a).  [G.  Balmatierij  F.  BaJ- 
matk.']  A  crownland  and  titular  kingdom  in 
the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungaiy.  It 
is  bounded  by  Croatia  on  the  north,  Bosnia,  Herzegovina, 
and  Montenegro  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Atliiatic  on  the 
south  and  west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  many 
islands  lie  along  the  coast.  The  leading  occupations  cf  its 
inhabitants  are  fishing,  seafaring,  ship-building,  raising 
live  stock,  and  the  production  of  wine  and  olives.  Capital, 
Zara.  It  sends  llmembers  to  the  Austrian  Eeichsrat,  and 
has  a  Diet  of  43  members.  The  prevailing  religion  is 
Roman  Catholic.  A  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Serbo-Croatian s,  and  there  are  many  Italians  on  the  coast. 
Dalmatia  formed  part  of  the  Roman  diocese  of  Ulyricum. 
It  was  overrun  by  the  Goths  and  Avars,  and  in  the  7th 
century  by  the  Slavs.  A  Croatian  kingdom  of  Dalmatia 
existed  in  the  11th  centurj'.  From  the  11th  century  Dal- 
matia fluctuated  between  Hungary  and  Venice  until  finally 
the  greater  part  became  Venetian.  By  the  treaty  of 
Campo-Formio  in  1797  it  was  given  to  Austria ;  in  ISOo  it 
was  ceded  to  France,  and  wasretroceded  to  Austria  in  18U. 
It  was  the  scene  of  insurrections  1S69-70,  and  in  ISSL 
Area,  4,940  square  miles.     Population  (1S90),  5-27,426. 

The  earlier  Hlyrian  war  is  recorded  in  the  second  book 
of  Polybios.  Appian  has  a  special  book  on  the  IlljTian 
wars.  In  him  (chap,  xi.)  we  get  our  first  notice  of  Dalma- 
tia as  such:  the  name  is  not  to  be  found  in  Polybios. 
There  is  also  a  shorter  notice  in  Strabo. 

Freeman^  Hist.  Essays,  III.  30,  note. 

Dalou  (da-lo'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  31, 
1838:  died  there,  April  15, 1902.  AFrenchsculp- 
tor.  He  studied  underDuret  at  the  Erole  des  Beaux  .\rts, 
and  assisted  Carpeaux.  H  e  sent  !us  firet  work  to  the  Salon 
in  1S67.  On  account  of  complicity  with  the  Commune  in 
1871  he  was  obliged  to  leave  Paris,  and  went  to  London, 
where  he  was  appointed  professor  of  sculpture  at  South 
Kensington.  He  returned  toParis,andwas  associated  with 
Aub£5  (see  Aiihi)  in  competition  for  the  monument  to  the 
Constitutional  Assembly.  Their  scheme  was  unsuccess- 
ful,liut  Dalou's  sketrh  fora  reliefupon  thedesiirn  attracted 
theattentionof  Gambetta  and  Turquet,  and  was  developed 
into  the  great  bas-relief  of  Mirabeau  and  De  Dreux-Brez^ 
in  the  National  Assembly,  which  won  the  medal  of  honor 
in  the  Salon  of  188:3.  It  was  accompanied  by  another  bas- 
relief  called  "  Le  triomphe  de  la  r^publique,"  now  in  the 
Hotel  de  Ville.  His  project  of  the  monument  to  the  re- 
public in  the  Place  de  la  Republique  won  the  second  prize, 
and  was  ordered  by  the  state  for  La  Place  des  Nations. 

Dalriada.  1.  A  former  narae  for  a  district  in 
the  northern  part  of  Antrim.  Ireland,  now  called 
**The  Route." — 2.  A  former  name  for  that 
part  of  Argyllshire.  Scotland,  settled  by  Dalriad 
Scots  from  Ireland  in  498.  The  Dalriad  Scots  and 
Picts  were  united  in  one  kingdom  by  Kenneth  MacAlpin 
about  846. 

Dairy  (dal-n').  A  small  town  in  Ayrshire. 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Garnock  21  miles 
southwest  of  Glasgow. 

Dalrymple  (dal-rim'pli.  Alexander.    Bom  at 

New  Hailes.  near  Edinbiu-gh,  July  24,  1737: 
died  June  19.  180S.  A  Scottish  hydrographer. 
He  became  a  writer  in  the  East  India  Company's  ser- 
vice in  1752,  and  in  17&'2  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  London,  with  instructions  to  open  the  trade  with 
Sulu.  He  returned  to  England  in  1765,  and  was  appointed 
hydrographer  to  the  East  India  Company  in  1779,  and 


Dalyell 

hydrographer  to  the  admiralty  in  1795.  Author  of  "Ac- 
count of  Discoveries  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  before 
1764  "  (1767),  "  Historical  Collection  of  South  Sea  Voy. 
ages  "  (1770-71),  etc. 
Dalrymple,  Sir  David,  Lord  Hailes.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  Oct.  2s.  1726:  died  Nov.  29,  1792. 
An  eminent  Scottish  judge  and  author.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Utrecht ;  was  admitted  to  the 
Scottish  bar  in  174S ;  was  raised  to  the  bench  of  the  Court 
of  Session  with  the  title  of  Lord  Hailes  in  1766;  and  in 
1776  became  a  judge  of  the  justiciary  or  criminal  court. 
His  most  notable  works  are  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Secon* 
dar>'  Causes  which  Mr.  Gibbon  has  assigned  to  the  Rapid 
Growth  of  Christianity"  (17S6),  and  "Annals  of  Scotland" 
(from  Malcolm  Canmore  to  Robert  L,  1776  :  continued  to 
the  accession  of  the  house  of  Stuart.  1779). 

Dalrymple,  Sir  James,  first  Viscount  Stair. 
Bom  in  Carrick.  in  May.  1619 :  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  2.5.  1695.  A  Scottish  lawyer  and 
statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
buj^h :  became  professor  of  logic,  morals,  and  politics  in 
the  Tniversitj-  of  Glasgow  in  lt>41 ;  was  admitted  to  the 
Scottish  bar  in  1&48 ;  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Sessions  by  Cromwell  in  1657;  was  reappointed  by 
Charles  II.  in  1661 ;  became  president  of  the  court  in  1670 ; 
was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  Parliament  in  1672 ;  fled  in 
16S2  to  Holland  to  avoid  the  consequences  of  refusing  to 
take  the  test  oath ;  supported  AVilliam  of  Orange  in  1688; 
was  created  Viscount  Stair,  Lord  Glenlace  and  Stranraer,  in 
1690.  His  chief  work  is  "Institutions  of  the  Law  of  Scot- 
land "  (16S1). 

Dalrjrmple,  Sir  John,  first  Earl  of  Stair.  Born 
in  1G4S  :  died  Jan.  8,  1707,  A  Scottish  lawyer 
and  statesman,  son  of  Sir  James  Dalr^Tuple. 
He  was  admitted  to  theScottish  bar  in  1672;  was  appoint- 
ed king's  advocate  by  James  II.  in  1685;  supported  in 
16SS  the  cause  of  William  of  Orange,  whose  chief  adviser 
in  Scottish  affairs  he  became  ;  was  sworn  privy  councilor 
under  Queen  Anne  in  1702 ;  and  was  created  earl  of  Stair 
in  1703.  He  is  noted  chiefly  for  his  connection  with  the 
massacre  of  the  Macdonalds  of  Glencoe,  which  was  under- 
taken by  his  advice  in  1692. 

Dalrymple,  Jolin,  second  Earl  of  Stair.  Bom 
at  Edinbui'gh.  July  20.  1673 :  died  there,  May  9, 
1747.  A  Scottish  general  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  educated  at  Leyden  ;  is  said  to  have  served  in  various 
subordinate  grades  thronghout  the  wars  of  William  HI. 
in  Flanders;  became  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough in  1703;  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  siege  of 
Lille  and  at  the  battle  of  ilalplaquet ;  was  commissioned 
general  in  1712 ;  was  appointed  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  Paris  in  171n ;  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  ambassador  in 
1719;  was  recalled  in  1720;  was  created  field-mai'shal  in 
1742;  and  was  made  general  of  the  marines  in  1746.  He  J 
is  noted  chiefly  for  the  princely  style  in  which  he  sup-  fl 
ported  his  mission  at  Paris,  and  for  the  comprehensive  ■ 
and  invaluable  information  which  he  remitt^  in  his  de. 
spatches  concerning  the  secret  intrigues  of  the  French 
court  and  of  the  friends  of  the  Pretender. 

Dalsland  (dals'land).  A  district  in  thelaenof  M 
ElfsTiorg,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Norwegian  ^ 
fi*ontier. 

Dalton  (dal'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Whit- 
field County,  northwestern  Georgia,  situated 
28  miles  southeast  of  Chattanooga.  Xear  here. 
May  9,  ISfrl,  an  engagement  took  place  between  part  of 
Sherman's  army  and  the  CouteUerates.  Population  (1900), 
4.315. 

Dalton,  John.  Bom  at  Dean  (?),  Cumberland, 
in  1709:  died  at  Worcester,  July  22, 1763.  An 
English  poet  and  divine.  He  took  the  degree  of 
B.  A.  at  Oxford  in  173<),  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1734;  was 
appointed  a  canon  of  Worcester  cathedral  in  1748.  and 
about  the  same  time  obtained  the  rectorj'  of  St.  MM7--at- 
Hill,  London.  His  most  notable  work  is  an  adaptation  of 
Milton's  "Comus"  for  the  stage,  which  was  published  in 
173S,  under  the  title  "Comus,  a  Mask,  now  adapted  to  the 
Stage,  as  altered  from  Milton's  Mask." 

Dalton,  John.  Born  at  Eaglesfield.  Cumber- 
land, Sept.  6.  1766:  died  July  27,  1S44.  An 
English  chemist  and  natural  philosopher.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  poor  weaver;  acquired  an  education 
chiefly  by  private  study  :  began  to  teach  in  1778 ;  was  in 
1793  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy  in  New  College,  Manchester  (which  was  re- 
moved to  York  in  1799);  became  a  member  of  the  Liter- 
:iry  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester  in  1794  ;  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1S22;  and  was 
chosen  corresponding  member  of  the  Paris  Academy  of 
.Sciences  in  1S16,  and  foreign  associate  in  1S30.  He  per- 
fected about  1S04  the  atomic  theor)-,  which  he  propounded 
in  ISIO  in  a  work  entitled  "A  New  System  of  Chemical 
Philosophy."  He  suffered  from  color-blindness,  and  on 
Oct.  31, 1794,  read  a  paper  before  the  Manchester  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society,  in  which  he  gives  the  earliest 
account  of  that  peculiarity,  which  is  known  from  him  as 
Daltonism. 

Dalton,  John  Call.  Bora  at  Chelmsford.  JIass., 
Feb.  2.  1S25:  died  at  Xew  York  city,  Feb.  12, 
1889.  An  American  physiologist.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  in  the  College  of  "Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  New  York  city  IS.t.s-83,  and  was  emeritus  pro- 
fessor and  president  of  the  college  from  lfe8:i  until  his 
death.  He  wrote  a  "Treatise  on  Human  Physiology" 
(1S59),  a  "Treatise  on  Phvsiology  and  Hygiene  "  (186S).  etc. 

DalyelKdal-verxorDal^elKdal-zer). Thomas. 

Born  about  1599 :  died  Aug.  23. 1685.  A  British 
freneral.  He  participated  in  the  Royalist  rebellion  in  the 
highlands  of  Scotland  in  1654  ;  entered  the  Russian  service 
about  16:>5;returnedtoEngIand  on  the  invitation  of  Charles 
11.  in  1665 ;  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Scotland 
in  1666;  was  sworn  a  privT,- councilor  in  1667;  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1678 ;  and  in  IGSl  was  commissioned  to  enroll  the 
celebrated  regiment  of  the  Scots  Greys. 


Dalzel 

Dalzel  (dal-zel'),  Andrew.  Boru  at  Kirkliston, 
Linlithgowshire,  Oct.  0,  1742:  died  Dec.  8, 
180(3.  A  Scottish  classical  scholar.  He  studied 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  :  was  for  some  yeai-s  tutor 
in  the  Lauderdale  family;  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek 
in  Edinburgh  University  in  1772;  assisted  in  tlle  founding 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinbiirtrli  in  1783;  and  became 
principal  clerk  to  the  General  Assembly  in  17h9.  Author 
of  "  ' \va\eKTa' E\\T}t'iKa rjauofa  sive Collectanea Graica Mi- 
nora" (17S0),"  'Ai'aAcKTa'EAAijcoca  fxei^oya  give  Collectanea 
Grseca  Majora  "  (1805),  etc. 

Daman  (dii-mau'),  Pg.  Damao  (dii'man).    A 

seajiort  and  settlement  behmKiug  to  Portugal, 
situated  on  tlie  western  coast  of  India  80  miles 
north  of  Bombay,  it  was  acquired  by  Portugal  in 
I.'i.tS.    Population,  with  Diu,  etc.  (1SS7),  77,-l.i4. 

Daman.  A  region  on  the  border  of  British 
India  and  Afghanistan,  situated  between  the 
Indus  and  the  Suliman  Jlountains. 

Damara  (da-ma'ra).  [Fem.  dual  of  Hottentot 
daman  (a  term  of  abuse).]  The  name  of  two 
tribes  of  German  Southwest  Africa.  The  Cattle- 
Daniara  are  the  same  as  the  Herero  (which  see).  The 
Hill-Damara,  who  .are  subject  to  the  Hottentots  and  have 
adopted  their  language,  diJfer  from  them  in  race.  Some 
say  they  are  Bushmen,  but  they  seem  to  be  Bantu,  and 
related  to  the  Ovambo.  See  Khmkhoin,  and  German 
.S'juthicest  Africa. 

Damaraland  (dii-ma'rii-land).  A  region  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  German  dependency 
of  German  Southwest  Africa  (which  see).  Its 
recent  name  is  German  (Deutscli)  Damaraland.  The  Brit- 
i.sli  utlicials  witlulrew  from  tlie  territory  in  1&?0,  except 
from  Walflsch  Bay,  and  it  was  annexed  by  Germany  in 
ISSS. 

Damascenus,  Joannes.   See  John  of  Damascus. 
Damascenus,  Nicolaus.    See  Nicholas  of  Da- 

lUffsrtts. 

Damascius  (da-mash'i-us),  [Gr.  Aa/jdoKioc.'i  A 
Neoplatonist  of  the  6th  century  A.  D.  \yhen 
the  school  of  philosophy  at  Athens  was  closed  by  the  em- 
peror .lustinian  in  529,  he,  with  other  Neoplatonists,  emi- 
grated to  Persia. 

Damascus  (da-mas'kus).  [Heb, Dameseq,  Assyr. 
Uiiiia.squ,  Ar.  Dimi.iq  or  Esh  Sham.  F.  Damiis,~\ 
Formerly  the  capital  and  most  important  city 
of  Syria,  situated  in  the  fertile  valley  of  Coele- 
Syria,  east  of  the  Anti-Lebanon,  on  the  edge 
of  the  desert.  Ou  account  of  its  beautiful  fertile  sur- 
roundings, its  lofty  position,  and  its  richness  in  fresh 
water,  Damascus  has  been  praised  in  antiquity  and  in 
moiiern  times  as  the  "paradise  of  the  earth,"  "the  eye 
of  the  desert,"  and  '•  the  pearl  of  tlie  Orient."  Originally 
a  Hittite  city,  it  became  the  capital  of  Syria,  and  a  great 
part  of  the  countiy  was  called  by  its  name.  (For  its  hi.s- 
tory,  see  Aram.)  In  modern  times  it  liecame  prominent 
by  the  massacre  of  Christians  in  18C,0.  It  retained  a  certain 
importance  througli  all  the  periods  of  history,  and  is  even 
now  the  seat  of  the  Turkisli  wali  (governor),  and  has  a 
population  of  between  loii.oiio  ami  '150,000.  In  the  Obi 
Testament  the  name  of  Damascus  occurs  as  early  as  the 
history  of  Abraham  (Gen.  xiv.  15,  xv.  2).  After  the  time  of 
David,  Damascus  often  came  into  sharp  collision  with 
Israel.  In  the  New  Testament  Damascus  is  known  es- 
pecially from  the  history  of  Paul  (Acts  ix.). 

Damaskios.     See  Damnscius. 

Damasus  (dam'a-sus)  I.,  Saint.  Born  prob- 
aljly  aliiiut  :S06"(:!04  ?) :  died  384.  Bishop  of 
Rome  30(5-384.  His  election  was  contested  by  the 
deacon  Ursiiius,  who  was  expelled  by  force  of  arms,  fie 
opposed  Arianism,  which  was  condemned  in  two  synods 
at  R<ime,  one  in  3(18  and  atujther  in  370.  Ue  is  conimenio- 
rated  iis  a  saint  on  Dec.  H. 

Damaun.     See  Daman. 

Damayanti.  [Skt.]  The  wife  of  Nala,  and  the 
lieri)ine  of  the  tale  of  Nala  and  Damayanti,  an 
i-pisode  of  the  Mahabharata.    See  Xala. 

Dambach  (dUm'biiclil.  A  small  town  in 
.Msace,  situated  25  miles  southwest  of  Stras- 
burg. 

D'Amboise.    See  Amhoise. 

Dambolo  (diim-bo'lo),  or  Dambul  (diira-bol'). 

A  village  in  (Jeylon,  situated  about  40  miles 
northwest  of  Kan<ly.    It  is  noted  for  Buddhistic 

cave-temjiles. 

Dame  aux  Oam^lias  (diim  6  kii-mii-lyii').  La. 

[F.,  'Lady  of  tlu)  Camellias.']  A  novel  l)y 
Alexandre  Dumas  the  younger,  published  in 
1848,  and  dramatized  by"liira  in  18.')2.  The  Kng- 
iish  version  of  the  play  is  callcci  "Camille,"  and  that  is 
tlie  name  of  the  heroine.  Tlie  original  Krencti  character 
is  Marguerite  <Jaiitier, 

Dame  Blanche  (diim  blohsh).  La.    [F..  'The 

White  Liidy.']  A  eomic  opera  by  Boieldieii 
(librelte  by  Serilie),  first  produced  at  I'aris 
Dec.  10,  lH2."i.  It  was  played  in  English  ns 
"Tlie  While  Maid,"  .Ian.  2,"l827. 

Dame  Durden.    See  Dnnin). 

Damer  (dii'mer),  Anne  Sejrmour.     Born  in 

1749  :  died  May  28.  ISJS.  An  Kimlish  sculptor, 
daughter  of  Henry  Sevmour  Coinvay.  she  mar- 
ried .lohn  Damer  in  I7G7.  she  cxcmteti  in  178.^  twolieads, 
one  of  the  river  Thames  and  theottiernf  tlie  river  I  sis,  for 
a  bridge  nt  Henley,  near  her  futher's  bmiHc  at  Park  I'lace, 
which  have  been  much  admired,  sfic  also  produced  ii 
statue  of  George  III.  and  n  bust  of  Nelson. 
IDametas.     See  Damoetas. 


305 

Damian.     See  Cosmos. 

Damian  (da'mi-an).  1.  A  youth  in  Chaucer's 
" Merchant's  Taie"  in  tlie  "Canterbury  Tales." 
He  languishes  for  and  obtains  the  love  of  May, 
the  young  wife  of  old  January. —  2.  A  young 
squire  in  Scott's  "Ivanhoe,"  an  aspirant  for 
the  holy  Order  of  Templars. 

Damiarius  (da-mi-a'uus),  Peter  (Pietro  Dami- 

ani  or  Damiano).  Born  at  Ravenna,  Italv, 
1007:  died  at  Faeiiza,  Italy,  Feb.  23,  1072.  A 
Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic.  In  1035  he  became 
a  hermit  at  Fonte  Avellano,  near  Gubbio,  in  Umbria.  and 
was  soon  lieail  of  all  the  surrounding  hermits  and  monks. 
He  was  noted  for  his  asceticism,  and  established  a  system 
of  self-flagellation  which  was  later  extended  among  the 
monastic  orders  and  the  Flagellants.  He  was  al.sn  inllti 
ential  as  a  refonner,  condemning  simony  and  marriage  <if 
the  clergy.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Ostia  and  cardiniU  in 
1058,  and  was  the  adviser  and  censor  of  a  number  of  popes. 
His  works  include  epistles,  sermons,  lives  of  saints,  ascetic 
tracts,  and  poems. 

Damien  (da-myaii'  1  de  Veuster,  Joseph.  Born 

in  Belgium,  Jan.  3,  l,S4o.  A  Koninn  Catholic 
missionary  who  devoted  his  life  to  the  welfare 
of  the  lepers  in  the  government  hospital  on  the 
island  of  Molokai,  Hawaii.  He  fell  a  victim  to 
the  disease  April  15,  18s9. 

Damiens  (dii-myan'),  Eobert  Francois.  Born 
near  Arras,  France,  171.5:  executed  at  Palis, 
March  28,  17;i7.  A  man  of  low  character,  who 
had  been  both  a  soldierand  a  domestic  servant, 
who  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  the  life 
of  Louis  XV..  Jan.  5,  1757.  Damiens  approached 
the  king  at  Versailles,  as  he  was  entering  his  carriage,  and 
succeeded  in  stabbing  him.  The  punishment  inflicted 
upon  liim  was  most  brutal.  His  right  hand  was  burned  in 
a  slow  Are ;  his  flesh  was  torn  with  pincers  and  burned 
with  melted  lead ;  resin,  wax,  and  oil  were  poured  upon 
the  wounds;  and  he  was  torn  to  pieces  liy  four  horses. 

Damietta  (dam-i-et'tii).  [Ar.  Damidt.']  A  city 
of  Lower  Egypt,  situated  between  the  Damietta 
branch  of  the  Nile  and  Lake  Menzaleh,  7  miles 
from  its  mouth,  near  the  ancient  Tainiathis.  It 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1218-19,  and 
in  1249.     Population  (1897),  31,515. 

Damietta  branch.  The  chief  eastern  mouth 
of  the  Nile. 

Damiotti  (It.  pron.  da-me-ot'te).  Dr.  An  Ital- 
ian charlatan  who  exhibits  the  magic  mirror 
in  Scott's  "Aunt  Margaret's  Mirror." 

Damiri  (dii-me're),  or  Demiri  (de-me're),  Ke- 
mal  al-din  Mohammed  ibn  Isa.  Bom  at 
Cairo,  1341 :  died  at  Cairo,  1405.  An  Ai'abian 
jurist  and  naturalist,  author  of  a  "Life  of 
Animals." 

Damiron  (da-me-r6n'),  Jean  Philibert.    Bom 

at  Belleville,  Rhone,  France,  May  10,  17'J4:  dioil 
at  Paris,  Jan.  11, 18(52.  A  French  writer  on  phi- 
losophy, professor  of  the  history  of  pliilosophy 
in  the  Faenlte  des  Lettres,  Paris.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Essai  sur  I'histoire  de  la  philosopliie  en  France  an 
XIX"  siCcle " (1828),  "Cours  de  pliilosopliie  "(1831),"  Essai 
snr  I'histoire  de  la  philosophic  en  France  au  XVII«  siC- 
cle  "  (184(i),  etc. 

Damis  (dil-mes').  An  impetuous  youth  in  Mo- 
liere's  l>lay  "  Tartufe,"  the  son  of  Orgon. 

Damkina  (dam-ki'iiil).  [Akkad.,  '  lady  of  the 
earth.']  In  AssjTO-Babylonian  tnythology,  wife 
of  Ea,  the  god  of  the  ocean,  whose  center  of  wor- 
.ship  was  in  Eridii  (modern  Abu  Shah-rein),  in 
Damascius  Dauke, 

Damnation  de  Faust  (diim-na-sy6n'  d6  foust). 

La.  An  opera  or  dramatic  story  in  four  parts 
by  Berlioz,  first  |iroduced  at  Paris  in  184(5. 
Damocles  (dam'o-klez).  [Gr.  ,in//0K?.;;f.]  1. 
Lived  ill  the  (irst  lialf  of  the  4tb  century  B.  c. 
A  Syracusan,  a  courtier  of  Dioiiysius  tlie  elder. 
Cicero  relates  that  Damocles,  having  "extolled  tile  good 
fortune  of  Dionysiiis,  was  invited  liy  the  lyr:uit  to  taste 
this  royal  felicity,  and  that,  in  the  midst  of  a  splendid 
banquet  and  all  ttie  luxury  of  the  court,  on  looking  up  be 
beheld  above  his  licad  a  sword  suspended  by  a  single 
horse-hair. 

2.  The  king  of  Arcadia  in  Greene's  "Arcadia." 

See  Siphcstia. 

Damoda  (dii-mo'dii),  or  Damuda  (dii-mo'dii). 

A  river  of  Bengal,  India, wliicli  joins  the  Hiigli 
bel<i\v  Calcutta.     Length,  about  350  miles. 

Damoetas  (dn-me'tas).  [Gr.  JnHoiraf.]  A 
heidsman  in  Tlieocrltus  and  Vergil;  hence,  in 
pastoral  poetry,  a  rustic,  sir  I'liilip  Sidney  Inlro- 
ducea  in  his  "Arcadia"  a  f<«ili8h  country  clown  ny  that 
name,  which  afterward  seems  to  have  beciune  proverbial 
f..rt..!ly. 

Damon  (diX'mon).  [Gr.  ^<i//ur.]  1.  Lived  in  the 
liist  half  of  tiie  4th  century  B.  c.  A  Pytliago- 
rean  of  S\Tacuse,  celebrated  for  his  fricndsliip 
with  Pytliias  (or  Pliintias),  a  member  of  the 
same  sec*  Pythias  plotted  against  the  life  of  IMony. 
sins  I.  of  Syracuse,  and  wascoinlemne<l  to  die.  As  l*ythnui 
wished  t4)  arrange  his  affairs.  Damon  offered  to  placi?  him- 
self In  the  tyrant's  hands  as  his  sutistllute.  and  to  die 
In  his  stead  should  he  not  return  on  the  appointed  day. 
At  the  last  moment  PythinA  came  back,  and  Dlonysius 


Dan 

was  so  struck  by  the  fidelity  of  the  friends  that  he  par- 
doned the  olfender,  and  begged  to  be  admitted  iiitn  their 
fellowship. 

2.  A  goatherd  in  Vergil's  Eclogues;  her.ce,  in 
pastoral  poetrv,  a  rustic. 

Damon  and  fhillida  .fil'i-da).  A  pastoral 
farce  by  Cibber,  produced  iii  1729,  and  pub- 
lished tinonymously  :lio  same  year. 

Damon  andPithias  (iiith'i-as).  A  play  by 
Ricliaril  Edwards,  printed  iii  1571.  Its  main 
subject  is  tragic,  but  it  calls  itself  a  comedy. 
Ward. 

Damon  and  Pythias  (pith'i-as).    A  tragedy 

by  John  Banim  and  Richard  Lalor  Shell,  pro- 
duced in  l.''i21. 

Damoreau  (dii-mo-ro'),  Madame  (Laure  Cin- 
thie  Montalant:  also  known  as  Mademoiselle 
Cinti,  and  Cinti-Damoreau).  Born  at  Paris, 
Feb.  6,  LSOl :  died  at  ( 'hantilly,  France,  in  18G3. 
A  noted  Frencli  singer.  In  ISIO  she  made  her  Brst 
appearance  as  (.'Iieru  I  liri't  in  ■'  Le  Nozze  di  Figaro"  itl  Paris. 
In  1822  she  appeared  iti  L<indon,  and  inl^2tJ  at  the  Gram! 
Opera,  Paris.  From  this  time  she  sang  both  in  Europe 
and  the  United  States  with  assured  success  until  185(1, 
when  she  retired  from  the  stage.  In  1S34  she  was  made 
professor  of  singing  at  the  Conservatoire,  Paris. 

Damour.     See  Tamyras. 

Dampier  (dam'per),  William.  Born  at  East 
Coker,  .Somerset,  England,  June,  1652 :  died  at 
London,  March,  1715.  An  English  freebooter, 
explorer,  and  author.  His  seafaring  life  began  in 
lt'»OH,  and  until  lii91  he  led  a  life  of  the  wildest  adventure, 
generally  as  a  sailor  on  various  piratical  cruises  on  the 
western  coast  of  America  and  elsewhere.  During  this 
time  he  circumnavigated  the  globe.  In  1697  hepublislied 
his  "  Voyage  round  the  'World,"  and  this  was  supplement- 
ed by  a  second  volume  of  travels  in  ItJOO.  In  1099  he  was 
given  command  of  a  ship  in  which  he  again  went  round 
the  world,  e.xploring  the  coasts  of  Australia  and  New 
Guinea.  He  started  again  on  a  privateering  cruise  with 
two  ships  in  1703,  but  accomplished  little,  and  his  com- 
pany was  broken  up;  he  reached  England,  after  a  third 
circumnavigation,  1707.  Subsequently  he  was  pilot  of 
the  privateer  Duke,  and  again  went  round  the  world. 
Resides  his  travels  he  piOtlished  a  well  known  "  Discourse 
on  the  Winds."    The  following  were  named  for  him  : 

Dampier  Archipelago.  A  group  of  small  isl- 
ands situated  northwest  of  Australia,  about  lat. 
20°  30'  S.,  long.  116°-117°  E. 

Dampier  Island.  A  small  island  off  the  north- 
east coast  of  Papua. 

Dampier  Land.    A  maritime  district  in  west 

-Viistralia,  in  lat.  17°-1S°  S. 

Dampier  Strait.  1.  A  strait  on  the  northwest 
of  Pajiua,  separating  that  island  from  Wai- 
giu. —  2.  A  strait  on  the  northeast  of  Papua, 
separating  Papua  from  New  Brit;iin. 

Dampierre  (iloii-pyar' ),  Auguste  Henri  Mario 

Picot,  Marciuis  de.  Boru  at  Paris,  Aug.  19, 
17.56:  died  near  Vicogne,  Nord.  France,  May 
0,  1793.  A  French  revolutionary  general,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  campaigns  of  1792-93. 
Damply  (dam']ili),  Wido'W.  A  character  in 
Garrick's  play  "The  Miile  Coiiuette." 

Damrosch  (diim'rosh),  Leopold.  Bom  at  Po- 
seii,  Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1832 :  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  15,  1885.  A  noted  conductor,  solo  violin- 
ist, and  composer.  He  settled  in  New  'i'ork  in  1871, 
and  was  instrumental  In  the  establisliment  of  German 
opera  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York.  He 
was  its  director,  as  well  as  of  the  Onitono  and  Symphony 
societies  and  tile  .-Vrion,  until  his  death. 

Damrosch,  Walter.  Born  at  Breslan, Prussia, 
Jan.  30,  18()2.  Musician,  sou  of  the  above. 
He  has  boon  director  of  the  Oratorio  Society  and  (until 
1S98)  of  the  SymplKniy  Society,  and  an  operatic  conductor. 

Damsel  of  Brittany.  A  surnanie  of  Eleanor 
of  Hrillaiiy.  uiei'eot  King  .Tolinof  England,  and 
sister  of  Arllnir,  count  of  Brittany.  She  was 
imprisoned  by.Iolin,  and  died  1241. 

D'Am'Vllle  (diim'vil).  The  .\theist  in  Cyril 
Tourin'ur's  jilny  "  The  .-Vtheist's  Tragedy." 

Dan  (dan).  [Hib., '  judge.']  1.  A  son  of  Jacob 
bv  Billiiih.  tien.  xxx.  6. — 2.  A  Hebrew  tribe. 
'I'lle  portion  allotted  to  the  Danltes,  as  described  In  ,Io«h. 
xix.,  wiLs  the  small  but  fertile  hilly  tract  west  of  Benja- 
min and  northwest  of  .liidali  to  tlie  sea,  Incluiiing  tlie 
cities  of  .la)dio,  Ekrtm,  (^athrimmuii,  etc.  But  tbongli  the 
tribe  of  Dan  was  originally  luie  ()f  tlie  Hlrongest  numeri- 
cidly,  ctiunthig  r.2,iHKi  to  tv4,(Min,  It  was  not  equnl  t,)  the 
task  of  expelling  the  Aiunnmitcs,  and  later  the  Philistines, 
frtim  that  territory,  and  only  for  a  time  iirevailed  with  llio 
lielp  of  r.phralm  and  .hnlali.  In  consequence  of  this,  part 
of  the  tribe  inlgniled  to  the  extreme  luulh  of  the  conn- 
try,  and  conquered  llivcltyof  T.aish,  henceforlh called  Dan 
(see  below).  That  part  which  remained  in  the  south, 
fnun  which  the  hero  Samson  ilescemlcil,  disappeared  from 
liistory,  and  seems  to  have  been  absorlie<I  by  the  tribe  of 
Judali. 

3  The  city  formerly  called  Lnish,  and  named 
Dan  after  its  caiitiire  by  the  Danites.  It  is  sit- 
uateil  on  (he  slopi-s  uf  llennon,  not  far  froni  the  nu>ilern 
Banias  (still  calleil  rel-el-Ka.ll, '  hill  of  the  .ludge  ),  and 
Is  often  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  as  the  most 
northern  landmark  of  Palestine,  In  the  formula  "from 
Dan  to  Beersheba."  It  contained  a  sanctuary  with  an 
Imago  the  exact  nature  of  which  U  not  known.     At  the 


Dan 


306 


Homer  to  denote  the  Greeks  generally. 


division  of  the  liingdom  Jeroboam  put  up  there  one  of  the 

"calves."     It  is  first  mentioned  in  Gen.  xiv.  14  as  the 

place  at  which  Chedorlaomer,  king  of  Elam,  and  his  four  ■n.„.=jp_  ida-na  '  i-dezl 

aUies  were  overthrown  and  defeated  by  Abraham.    The  Uanames  ^aa   na        uez,;. 

occurrence  in  this  account  of  the  name  which  w.is  given  to 

the  place  many  centuries  later  is  variously  explained.     If 

the  Dan  of  Oen.  xiv.  is  identical  with  that  of  Judges  xviii., 

and  if  the  account  of  Gen.  xiv.  is  authentic,  the  name  Dan 

may  have  been  later  inserted  in  the  MS.  for  Laisb,  when 

the  latter  was  superseded  by  the  former. 


Daniel 

Cop  1346.  He  waged  almost  continuous  warwithGenoal348- 
1354.  He  wrote  "Chronicon  Venetum,"  a  Latin  chronicle 
of  Venice,  which  terminates  with  the  year  1339. 


(ii-i'ck  legend,  the  fifty  daughters  of  Danaus, 
by  whose  command  they  slew  their  husbands. 
Aeeording  to  later  writers,  they  were  eon- 
demned  in  Hades  to  pour  water  into  sieves. 
See  Ihniaus 


[Gr.  Aa..ai(ifc.]     In  Dandolo,  Enrico.     Born  at  Venice  about  1108: 

.-»Vi  ♦  i-i»>c«     nf     Till  11  mi  o  ...         .      .'.  ,  ■  .  -^  -../-.»_■  -i-i  A 


Dan.  A  riverTf'virginia' and  North  Carolina  Danakil  (da-na-kel').  A  Hamitic  tribe  of  the 
which  unites  with  the  Staunton  at  ClarksviUe,  Ethiopian  branch,  settled  in  the  and  region  be- 
Va..  to  form  the  Roanoke.  Length,  about  200  miles.'  tween  Abyssinia,  Massowa.  and  Ubock.  They 
TtoTio  i-fl5'T,<i1  OViarloo  An/lerBnTl  Born  at  claim  to  be  Arabs  and  Mohammedans,  but  are  really  pa- 
Dana  (da  na),UnarleS  iUiaerSOn.  ^orn  ai  Their  native  name  is  Afar.  Also  caUed  Z)a,i*aR 
Hinsdale,  N.H..  Aug.  8,  1819:  died  at  \\  est  Is-  fc  ,.,«!.  r  xi.  >  •  ■ 
land,  near  Glen  Cove,  L.  I.,  Uct.  17,  1897.  An  Danakil,  Country  of  the.  A  region  m  east- 
American  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He  was  en,  Africa  lynng  between  the  Red  Sea  on  the 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  Brook  Farm  Association  in  1842 ;  east  and  Abyssinia  on  the  west :  also  called 
was  connected  with  the  KewYr.rk"  Tribune"  1847-62;  was     J  fa,-  coiiiitn/. 

assiatantsecretaryof  war  1863:^;  and  became  editor  of  jj^  (dan'ii-us).      [Gr.    Aaraof.]     In   Greek 

the  \ew  York  "Sun    in  1868.     He  published 'Housenr.ld  *'«■""'**«    v  ■  <■  n  ^  j  j  c-r. 

Book  oTpoet.T"(18;n"etT;  and  edited,  with  Kipley,  the    legend,  a  son  of  Belus  and  grandson  of  Posei- 


"  American  Cyclopsedia." 

Dana,  Edward  Salisbury.  Born  at  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Nov.  16,  1849.  An  American  min- 
eralogist and  physicist,  son  of  J.  D.  Dana.  He 
was  assistant  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity until  1S90.  when  he  became  professor  of  physics. 

Dana,  Francis.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass.. 
June  13,  1743:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April 
25, 1811.  An  American  jurist,  diplomatist,  and 
politician,  son  of  Richard  Dana.  He  was  min- 
ister to  Russia  1781-83,  and  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts  1791-1806. 

Dana,  James Dwight.  BornatUtica,N.Y.,reb 


don,  the  founder  of  Argos,  and  ancestor  of  the 
Danai.     He  was  the  brother  of  ^gyptus. 

Danbury(dan'bu-ri).  A  city  in  Fairfield  County, 
Connecticut,  52  miles  northeast  of  New  York. 
It  is  noted  for  its  hat  manufactures.  It  was  burned  by 
the  British  in  1777.     Population  (1900),  16,537. 

Danby  (dan'bi),  Francis.  Born  at  Wexford  (?), 
Ireland,  Nov.  16,  1793:  died  at  Exmouth,  Eng- 
land, Feb.,  1861.  An  English  historical  and 
landscape  painter. 

Dance  (dans),  George.  1700-68.  An  English 
architect,  designer  of  the  Mansion  House,  Lon- 
don, in  1739. 


12,1813:  diedatNewHaven,Conn.,Aprill4,1895.  Dance,  George.    Born  about  1740 :  diedatLon 


A  noted  geologist  and  mineralogist,  professor  at 
Yale  from  1845.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1833 ;  trav- 
eled in  the  Mediterranean  as  mathematical  instructor  of 
midshipmeninthelnitedStatesnavy  1833-36;  was  assistant 
to  Professor  Silliman  at  Yale  1836-38 ;  and  took  part  in  the 
Wilkes  exploring  expedition  1838-42.  His  important  "  Re- 
port«"  of  the  expedition  (on  geology,  corals,  and  crusta- 
ceans) were  published  1846-54.  His  works  include  "Sys- 
tem of  Mineralogy  "  (1837),  "Manual  of  Geology"  (1863X 
"  Text  Book  of  Geology  for  Schools  and  Academies  "  (1864), 
"Corals  and  Coral  Islands"  (1872),  "Characteristics  of 
Volcanoes  "  (1890),  etc. 
Dana,  Richard.  Bom  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
July  7,  1700:  died  May  17,  1772.  An  American 
lawyer  and  patriot.  He  was  a  prominent  memberof 
the  iioston  bar,  and,  as  a  supporter  of  the  popular  cause, 
frequently  presided  over  the  Boston  town  meetings  be- 
tween 1763  and  1772,  and  otherwise  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  movements  which  preceded  the  Revolution. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1787:  died  at  Boston,  Feb.  2, 
1879.  An  American  poet  and  essayist,  son  of 
Francis  Dana.  He  studied  at  Harvard  1804-07  (ex- 
pelled in  the  latter  year) ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1811;  was  associate  editor  of  the  "North  American  Re- 
view "  1818-20  ;  and  conducted  the  serial  "  The  Idle  Man  " 
1821-22.  He  published  "  Buccaneer,  and  other  Poems" 
(1827),  etc.,  and  wrote  ten  lectures  on  the  characters  of 
Shakspere  and  delivered  them  in  1839-40.  He  published 
his  collected  works  in  prose  and  verse  in  1850. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Aug.  1,  1815 :  died  at  Rome,  Italy,  Jan. 
6,  1882.  An  American  jurist,  politician,  and 
author,  son  of  R.  H.  Dana  (1787-1879).  in  1834 
he  shipped  before  the  mast  for  a  voyage  on  the  Pacific  to 
restore  his  health.  From  this  voyage  came  "Two  Years 
Before  the  Mast"  (1840).  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Free-Soil  party  1848.  Among  his  other  works  are 
"  Tlie  Seamen's  Friend  "  (1841),  and  an  edition  of  Wheat> 
on's  "iiementsof  International  Law  "  (1866). 

Dana.  Samuel  Luther.  Born  at  Amherst, 
N.  H.,  July  11,  1795:  died  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
March  11,  1868.  An  American  chemist  and 
agricultural  writer.  He  was  employed  as  chemist  to 
the  Merrimac  Print  Works  at  Lowell  upward  of  thirty 
years,  and  invented  a  new  method  of  bleaching  cotton, 
which  was  generally  adopted. 

Danae  (dan'a-e).  [Gr.  Aavdi/.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  daughter  of  Acrisius  of  Argos,  and 
mother  of  Perseus  by  Zeus,  who  visited  her, 
while  she  was  shut  up  in  a  brazen  tower  by  her 
father,  in  the  form  of  a  shower  of  gold.  She  was 
shut  up  with  her  child  in  a  chest,  thrown  into  the  sea. 


don,  Jan.  14?  1825.  An  English  architect  and 
artist,  son  of  George  Dance.  He  designed  New- 
gate Prison,  London,  in  1770. 

Dance,  Nathaniel.  Bom  1734 :  died  at  Cam- 
borough  House,  near  Winchester,  England,  Oct. 
15,  1811.  An  EngUsh  painter,  son  of  George 
Dance  (died  1768). 

Dance  of  Death,  Dance  of  Macaber  (ma-ka- 
ber).  [F.  Dansc  Macabre.  L.  Chorea  Macha- 
bxorum.}  Originally,  a  kind  of  morality  or  al- 
legorical representation  intended  to  remind  the 


died  at  Constantinople,  June  14, 1205.  Doge  of 
Venice  1192-1205.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  Vene 
tians  and  Crusaders  in  the  capture  of  Constantinople 
1203  and  1204.  He  went  as  ambassador  to  the  Byzantine 
court  in  1173,  and  was  blinded  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Manuel. 

Dandolo,  Count  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Venice, 
Oct.  26.  1758:  died  there,  Dec.  13,  1819.  An 
Italian  chemist  and  economist.  He  wrote  "  Fonda- 
menti  della  flsico-chimica"  (1796),  "Discorsi  suUa  pasto- 
rizia,  etc."  (1806),  etc. 

Dane  (dan),  Nathan.  Born  at  Ipswich,  Mass., 
Dec.  27,  1752:  died  at  Beverley,  Mass..  Feb.  15, 
1835.  An  American  jurist.  He  drafted  the  ordi- 
nance relating  to  the  government  of  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  Ohio  1786-87,  and  published  "Abridgment  and 
Digest  of  .\merican  Law  "  (1823-29). 

Danelagh,  'ir  Danelaw  (dan'la).  [Also  Vane- 
l(i(/li,  Ddiidmie,  etc.,  after  ME.  or  ML.  transcrip- 
tions of  the  AS. ;  AS.  Dena  lagti,  law  of  the 
Danes:  Dena,  gen.  of  Dene,  the  Danes;  lagii, 
law.]  That  part  of  England  where  the  Danish 
influence  was  paramount  during  the  9th  and 
10th  centuries.  It  corresponded  to  the  modern  shires 
York,  Lincoln,  Nottingham,  Derby,  Leicester,  Rutland, 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  North- 
ampton, Buckingham,  Bedford,  and  Herts. 

Danes  (danz).  [From  ME.  Dane  (after  ML. 
Dani,  etc.).  Dene,  from  AS.  Dene,  pi.,  =D. 
Deen  =  G.  Dane,  etc.,  =  Icel.  Danir,  pl.,=Dan. 
Dane,]>\.  Daner,  also  Dan-sk  =  Svi.  Dan-sk ;  first 
in  LL.  Dani,  pi.;  lUt.  origin  unknown.]  The 
natives  of  Denmark.  They  were  first  described 
early  in  the  6th  century  as  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Cim- 
brian  peninsula,  in  territory  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Heruli,  whither,  according  to  Jordanes,  they  had  come 
from  Scandinavia.  The  Old  Danish  language  is  preserved 
in  numerous  runic  inscriptions,  the  oldest  of  which  date 
from  the  Viking  age  (700-1050),  and  in  literature  from  the 
13th  century.  Three  principal  dialectic  groups  are  dis- 
tiniiuished,  which  are  typically  represented  by  the  dialects 
of  .Scania  in  southern  Sweden,  Zealand,  and  Jutland.  The 
Zealand  dialect  became  the  literary  form  at  about  the  time 
of  the  Reformation,  from  which  period  modern  Danish 
dates. 


living  of  the  power  of  death.    It  originated  in  the  Danewerk    (dan'e-verk),    Dan.    Dannevirke. 


14th  century  in  Germany,  and  consisted  of  dialogues  be- 
tween Death  and  a  number  of  typical  followers,  which 
were  acted  in  or  near  churches  by  the  religious  orders. 
Soon  after  it  was  repeated  in  France.  It  became  extraor- 
dinarily popular,  and  was  treated  in  every  possible  way, 
in  pictures,  bas-reliefs,  tapestry,  etc.  Death  is  made 
grotesque  and  a  sort  of  "horrid  Harlequin,"  a  skeleton 
dancer  or  musician  playing  for  dancing,  leading  all  man- 
kind. A  dramatic  poem  which  grew  out  of  this  was 
imitated  in  Spain  in  1400  as  "  La  Danza  General  de  los 
Muertos."  In  1425  the  French,  having  illustrated  each 
verse,  had  the  whole  series  painted  on  the  wall  of  the 
churchyard  of  the  Slonastery  of  the  Innocents,  where  they 
acted  the  drama.  In  1430  the  poem  and  pictures  were 
produced  in  London,  and  not  long  after  at  Salisbury  (1460X 
Wortley  Hall  in  Gloucestershire,  and  other  places.  In 
Gennany  it  attained  its  greatest  popnlai-ity.  The  d 
was  acted  until  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century, 
when  the  pictures  became  the  maiu  point  of  interest. 
There  is  a  picture  of  this  kind  in  the  Marienkirche  at 
Liibeck,  and  one  was  on  the  cloister  wall  of  Klingenthal, 
a  convent  at  Basel,  both  of  the  14th  century :  the  latter 
disappeared  in  1806.  One  in  the  Campo  Santo  at  Pisa  is 
ascribed  to  Orcagna.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  XJ.  a  pro- 
cessional Dance  of  Death  was  painted  around  the  cloisters 
of  old  St.  Paul's  in  London.  Holbein  h:is  left  flfty-three 
sketches  for  engraving,  the  originals  of  which  are  in  St. 
these  he  called  "Imagines  Mortis";  they 


[' Danes' work.']  An  ancient  intrenchment  or 
wall  erected  by  King  Gottrik  in  the  9th  cen- 
tury as  a  protection  of  Denmark  against  inva- 
sion from  the  south.  It  extended  from  the  Schlei 
to  the  Treene.  It  was  strengthened  in  the  10th  century 
and  later,  and  was  captured  from  the  Danes  by  the  Prus- 
sians April  23, 1848. 

Dangeau  (doh-zho'),  Philippe  de  Courcillon, 

Marquis  de.  A  French  soldier,  aide-de-camp 
to  Louis  XIV.  whom  he  attended  in  all  his 
campaigns.  He  wrote  a  voluminous  journal,  covering 
the  period  from  1684  to  1720,  and  giving  in  minute  detail 
the  occurrences  and  the  etiquette  of  the  court  of  Louis, 
drama  Dangle  (dang'gl).  An  amateur  critic,  in  Sheri- 
dan's farce  "  The  Critic,"  whose  peculiarities 
are  agreeably  described  by  his  wife  in  the  first 
scene:  supposed  to  be  a  satii-e  on  Thomas 
Vaughan,  a  plajTvright. 

And  what  have  you  to  do  with  the  theatre,  Mr.  Dangle? 
Why  should  you  affect  the  character  of  a  critic  ?  I  have 
no  patience  with  you !  Haven't  you  made  yourself  the 
jest  of  .all  your  acquaintance  by  your  interference  in  mat- 
ters where  you  have  no  business  ?  Are  not  you  called  a 
theatrical  quidnunc,  and  a  mock  Jloecenas  to  second-hand 
authors?  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i. 


Petersburg --   „  , 

are,  however,  independent,  and  do  not  represent  a  dance. 

Lydgate  wrote  a  metrical  translation  of  the  poem  for  the  ,      .  , ,   n  •      a     j    jc  i 

chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  to  be  placed  under  the  pictures  in  Danican  (da-ne-kon  ),  FranQOlS  Anore,  usual- 


the "cloister.    Various  explanations  of  the  name  Macaber 
or  Macabre  have  been  given. 

The  name  "  Jtacabre  "  probably  arose  from  the  associa- 
tion of  this  subject  with  a  painting  that  illustrated  a 
thirteenth-century  legend  of  the  lesson  given  by  certain 
hideous  spectres  of  Death  to  three  noble  youths  when 
hunting  in  a  forest.  They  afterwards  arrived  at  the  cell 
of  St.  Macarius,  an  Egyptian  anchorite,  who  was  shown 
in  a  painting  by  Andrew  Oigagna  presenting  them  with 
one  hand  a  label  of  admonition  on  the  vaingloiy  of  life, 
and  with  the  other  hand  pointing  to  three  open  coffins. 
In  one  coffin  is  a  skeleton,  in  one  a  king. 

Morten,  English  Writers,  VI.  109. 


and  carried  by  the  waves  to  the  island  of  Seriphos.    From  a  n   -a      \ 

various  difflculties  she  was  in  the  end  rescued  by  Perseus  DanCOUTt  (don-kor  ),  (FloreUt  CartOn). 


Born 


and  brought  back  to  Greece.  Many  of  the  representa- 
tions of  her  in  art  are  famous.  Among  them  are  :  (a)  A 
painting  by  Rembrandt,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St. 
Petersburg.  Danae  lies,  undraped,  on  a  bed  covered  with 
green  silk ;  her  unloosed  girdle  has  fallen  to  the  floor. 
An  old  woman  is  in  attendance  behind  the  curtains.  (6) 
A  painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 


at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Nov.  1,  1661 :  died  at 
Courcelles-le-Roi,  Berry,  France,  Dec.  6,  1725. 
A  French  comedian  and  playwright.  His  plays 
deal  almost  exclusively  with  the  middle  class.  Among 
them  are  "Le  chevalier  h  la  mode"  (1687),  "Les  bour- 
geoises de  qualit(5 "  (1700),  "  Les  trois  cousins  "  (1700). 


She  reclines  smiling^on  her  couch,  whileCupid  before  her  DandiC  Dinmont.     See  Dinmont.  Dandie. 
holds  out  a  fold  of  the  drapery  over  her  knees  to  catch  t>„_  j;„    r"„^-,,«      cioo  r t-nrnp  DntiiJin 
the  golden  shower,     (c)  A  masterpiece  of  Titian  in  the  Dandin,  GCOrgO.     See  trcorge  Uanam. 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.     Danae  reclines  on  a  couch  Dandin  (don-dan'),  Perrin.     A  name  given  to 
while  the  golden  shower  falls  upon  her.    (d)  A  painting  io-norant  and  nrenosterous  judge  in  Racine's 

by  Titian,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at  Vienna.    Danae  lies,      »"  is'-^'i""-    ",V„';,,    •      t  o  Vr-ntalnp's   "  Fn- 
nide,  on  a  cushioned  couch;  the  golden  rain  f.iUs  from       'Les  plaideurs"  and   i°.  V^u  d       •     n!^H;„  » 
a  cloud  over  her,  in  which  the  face  and  hand  of  Jupiter     bles,"  taken  from  Rabelais's  "  Fernn  Uenain. 
appear.  An  old  woman  seeks  to  catch  some  of  the  shower  Dandolo  (dan'do-lo),  Andrea.    Born  1310 :  died 
in  a  dish.  Oct.  7, 13.54.    Doge  of  Venice  1343-54.    He  joined 

Danai  (dan'a-i),  or  Danaoi(-oi).    [Gr.  Aaraoi.]     in  1343  the  Crusade  proclaimed  by  Clement  \^.  against  the 
In  ancient  Greek  history,  the  Argives :  used  by     Turks,  which  ended  in  a  peace  advantageous  to  Venice  m 


Iv  known  as  Philidor.  Born  at  Dreux,  France, 
Sept.  7.  1726:  died  at  London,  Aug.  31,  1795. 
A  noted  French  chess-player  and  musical  com- 
Tioser,  author  of  "Analyse  du  jeu  des  tehees" 
(1777). 
Daniel  (dan'yel).  [Heb.,  'my  judge  is  God.'] 
One  of  the  prophets  of  the  Old  Testament. 
According  to  the  book  which  bears  his  name,  he  (prob- 
ably being  of  royal  or  noble  descent)  was  carried  off  c&\ 
five  to  Babylon  "in  the  third  year  of  Jehoiakiin  (605  B.  o. 
and  with  three  other  Israelilish  youths  of  noble  blooc . 
Hananiah,  Jlishael.  and  Azariah,  was  instructed  in  the  lan- 
guage and  learning  of  the  Babylonians  and  educated  for 
the  king's  service.  They  refrained  from  defiling  them- 
selves by  partaking  of  the  food  of  the  king.  Daniel  was 
especially  gifted  with  "underst.inding  in  all  visions  .and 
dreams,"  and  successflUly  exercised  this  gift  by  interpret- 
ing disquieting  dreams  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  the  mys- 
terious writing  on  the  wall  which  disturbed  the  revelry 
of  Belshazzar  (Dan.  v.  S).  At  the  accession  of  Darius  he 
was  made  "one  of  the  three  presidents"  of  the  empire. 
He  was  divinely  delivered  from  the  lions'  den  into  which 
he  was  thrown  for  refusing  to  obey  a  decree  of  the  king 
forbidding  any  one  to  ask  a  petition  of  God  or  man  for 
thirty  days  except  the  king.  He  was  still  prosperous  un- 
der Cyrus.  In  the  third  year  of  Cjtus  he  saw  the  vision 
on  the  bank  of  the  Tigris,  and  this  is  the  last  notice  about 
him  in  the  Old  Testament.  He  is  referred  to  by  Ezekiel 
as  a  pattern  of  righteousness  and  wisdom.  In  addition  to 
his  Hebrew  name,  a  Babylonian  one,  Belteshazzar  (which 
see),  was  given  him.  Legends  about  hini  grew  up.  as  in 
the  apocryphal  additions  t< 
his  name,         '       ,  -,-  ^  . 


the  biblical  book  which  bears 
Bel  and  the  Dragon, "  the  story  of  Susanna  and 


Daniel 

Daniel,  etc  According  to  Mohammedan  tradition,  Daniel 
retained  to  Palestine,  where  he  lield  tlie  govenmient  uf 
Syria,  and  tltially  died  at  Susa,  wliere  liis  tonilj  is  still 
shown,  and  is  visited  by  crowds  of  pilgTims. 

Daniel,  Book  of.  A  book  wtioh  iu  the  EukUsIi 
liible,  as  iu  all  other  trauslatious,  follows  Eze- 
kiel  as  the  fourt hot' the  fjreater  prophets,  while  iu 
the  origiual  Hebrew  Bible  it  has  its  place  iu  the 
third  division  of  the  (.'auou,  the  Hatnographa. 
It  is  generally  divided  into  two  pai-ts.  The  llrst,  chapters 
i,-vl.,  contains  historical  incidents  ;  the  second,  cliapters 
vii.-xii.,  visions,  chapters  ii.  4-vii..  inclusive,  are  written 
In  Aramaic ;  the  rest  in  Hebrew.  The  authenticity  and 
historical  character  of  the  book  were  early  c;Uled  iu  ques- 
tion. Porphyry,  in  his  discourses  against  the  Christians, 
and  most  modern  critics  relegate  the  book  in  its  present 
shape,  on  historical  and  linguistic  grounds,  to  the  period 
of  the  persecutions  of  Anliochus  Epiphanes  (about  107 
B.  C).  The  writer  exhibits  a  famili:u-ity  with  the  history 
of  that  period,  while  his  historical  references  to  the  time 
in  which  Daniel  is  supposed  to  have  lived  are  vague  and 
in  many  instances  incorrect :  as,  for  instance,  that  >'ebu- 
chadnezzar  was  the  father  of  Belshazzar,  that  the  latter  was 
the  last  Babylonian  king,  and  that  Darius,  and  not  Cyrus, 
was  the  successor  of  Nabonidus  in  the  rule  over  Babylonia. 
The  language  of  the  book  contains  numerous  Persian  and 
Greek  words  which  point  to  a  time  when  these  empires 
had  long  been  established.  The  object  of  the  author  may 
have  been  to  encourage  his  people  to  constancy  and  faith- 
fulness in  the  desperate  struggle  for  their  counti-y  and 
faith,  showing  then)  how  the  constiiucy  anil  lldelit>  of 
Daniel  and  his  three  companions  were  rewarded,  and  re- 
vealing to  them  the  glorious  future  which  is  to  follow 
their  present  sufterings.  This,  however,  does  not  exclude 
a  historical  basis  of  the  narratives  contained  in  the  book  ; 
and  it  is  not  impossible  that  a  Daniel  similar  to  the  one 
described  in  the  book  not  only  existed  during  the  exile, 
but  that  also  some  written  materials  were  extant  from  him, 
vhich  the  author  of  the  2d  century  cast,  together  with  the 
traditions,  into  a  literary  form,  with  a  special  view  to  the 
circumstances  of  his  own  time. 

Daniel  (dan-yel'),  Arnaud.     See  the  extract. 

Of  the  troubadours  themselves  none  is  mentioned  with 
higher  praise  than  Arnaut  Daniel.  Petrarch  calls  him 
if  ran  vmeKtro  d'utnore,  the  "great  master  of  love,  whose 
novel  and  beautiful  style  still  (i.  e.  about  the  middle  of 
the  fourteenth  centui-j')  does  honor  to  his  country  ";  and 
Dante,  in  his  philological  and  metrical  treatise  **De  vul- 
gari  eloquio."  dechu-es  himself  indebted  to  Arnaut  for  the 
structure  of  several  of  his  stanzas.  The  "sestina,"  for  in 
stance,  a  poem  of  six  verses  in  which  the  final  words  of 
tile  flrst  stanza  appear  in  inverted  order  in  all  the  others, 
is  an  invention  of  this  troubadour  adopted  by  Dante  and 
Petrarch,  and.  most  likely  through  the  medium  of  French 
models,  by  Jir.  Swinburne.     Hneffer,  Troubadours,  p.  45. 

Daniel,  Gabriel.  Boru  at  Roueu,  Frauce,  Feb. 
8,1649:  diedat  Paris,  Juue  23, 1728.  A  French 
Jesuit  historian  and  theologian,  atithor  of  a 
famous  "  Histoire  de  Frauce  "(1713),  etc. 

Daniel  (dii'ne-el),  Hermann  Adalbert.  Born 
at  Kothen,  Germany,  Nov.  IS,  1812:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  13,  1871.  A  German  geographer 
and  theologian.  He  wrote  "Thesaurus  hyni- 
nologieus"  (1841-56),  "Lehrbuch  der  Geogi-a- 
phie"  (1845),  etc. 

Daniel  (dau'yel),  Samuel.  Bom  probably 
near  Taunton,  Somerset,  England,  l.^t)2:  died 
at  Beekiugton,  Somerset,  Oct.  14,  KilO.  An 
English  poet  and  historian,  author  of  "Books 
of  the  Civil  Wars"  (1.595-1609),  "Musophilus  " 
(1599),  etc.;  in  prose,  "History  of  England" 
(1612).  Called  by  William  Browne  "The  Well- 
Ian  guaged  D." 

Daniel  Deronda  (dau'yel  de-ron'dii.).  A  novel 
by  (ioorge  Kliot.  It  appeared  in  eight  monthly  parts, 
begimnng  in  Kebruary,  187tl,  and  as  a  whole  in  1877.  The 
book  unfolds  the  author's  conceptions  of  social  growth, 
the  strength  of  tradition,  and  the  impelling  force  of  na- 
tionality.    See  Deronda. 

Daniell  (dau'yel),  John  Frederick.  Born  at 
London,  March  12,  1790:  died  at  London, 
March  13,  1845.  An  English  physicist  and 
chemist,  inventorof  aliygrometer  (about  1820). 
His  works  include  ".Metcor'bhigical  Essays"  (1823),  "In- 
troduction to  Chemical  Philosophy  "  (1839),  etc. 

Daniell,  Samuel.  Born  at  l.nuclon  in  1775 
(1777?):  died  in  Ceyli>n,  Dec,  1811.  An  Eng- 
lish artist  and  traveler,  brother  of  William 
Dauiell. 

Daniell,  Thomas.  Bom  1749 :  died  at  London, 
March  19,  1840.  An  English  landscape-painter 
and  engraver,  best  known  by  his  illustrations 
of  works  on  Eastern  sulijects. 

Danish  War,  The.  See  Schleswig-Hohtein  n'ar, 
Till. 

Danites  (dan'its).  1.  The  members  of  the  He- 
brew tribe  of  Dan.  See  Ihiti. — 2.  Tim  members 
of  a  secret  organization  in  the  Mormon  Church, 
who  are  sworn  to  sup]iort  the  heads  of  the 
church  in  everytliing  tliiif  they  say  or  do,  wlie- 
tlier  right  or  wrong. 

Dannat  (dan'at),  William  T.  Bora  at  New 
■york  in  1853.  An  American  figure-iiainter. 
lie  studied  at  Munich  and  Florence,  and  with  Miuikacsy 
at  Paris,  and  received  the  thirdelaSH  meilal  at  Paris  In 
Lss:). 

Dannecker  (diin'nek-er),  Johann  Heinrich 
von.    Bom  at  Waldenbuch,  near  Stuttgart, 


307 

Oct.  l.'i,  17.58:  died  tliere,  Dec.  8,  1841.  A  Ger- 
man sculptor.  In  1T71  he  entered  the  Karlsschule  at 
Stuttgart,  where  he  was  associated  with  .Schiller.  He  de- 
signed at  an  early  age  some  statues  of  children  and  cary- 
atides which  still  adorn  the  chateau  of  .Stuttgart  and 
Hohenbeim.  Appointed  court  simlptor  (17.S0)  to  Duke 
Charles  ..(  Wiirtiinberg,  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
studied  with  I'ajou.  In  178.T  he  went  to  Kome,  where  he 
met  Canova,  tioethe,  and  Herder.  His  statue  of  Ceres 
and  Bacchus  procured  him  admission  to  the  academies  of 
Milan  and  Btdoguiu  On  his  return  to  Stuttgart  (1790),  he 
was  appointed  professor  at  the  academy.  His  most  fa- 
mous work  is  a  statue  of  Ariadne  on  a  panther.  Among 
his  other  works  aix-  a  statue  of  Sappho,  a  bust  of  Schiller, 
a  bust  of  (iluck  (ISOiiX  etc. 

Dannemora,  or  Danemora  (liii-ne-mo'rii).    A 

small  parish  in  the  laen  of  Upsala,  Sweden, 
situated  28  miles  northeast  of  Upsala.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  irou-miues  (the  best  in  Swe- 
den). 

Dannemora  (dan-e-mo'ril).  A  town  in  Clinton 
County,  northeastern  N^evv  York,  situated  12 
miles  west  of  Plattsburg.  It  is  the  -seat  of 
Clinton  State  prison.    Population  (1900),  3.720. 

Danne'virke,  Dannewerk.    See  Dannet-rk. 

Dansville  (dauz'vili.     A  village  in  Livingston 


Danville 

was  one  of  his  contemp(.)rarie8  and  neighbors  at  Florence, 
"went  to  the  fniversity  {gtudio)  at  Bologna  and  then  at 
Paris,  and  in  other  partsof  the  world."  Boccaccio,  a  little 
later  in  point  of  time,  mentions  Incidentally  that  Danto 
visited  England  as  well  as  France  ;  and  Giovanni  da  Se- 
ravalle.  Bishop  of  Fermo,  writing  in  141(1,  states  posi- 
tively that  Dante  stutlied  the  liberal  arts  at  Padua  and 
Bologna,  and  theology  at  Oxford  and  Paris.  Some  indi- 
rect evidence  in  support  of  this  may  be  found  in  the  "  Dj- 
vina  Coinniedia,"  which  contains  a  description  of  the  coast 
of  Flanders,  an  allusion  to  Westminster  -Abbey,  and  sev- 
eral scattered  notices  of  English  atlairs.  A  close  reseni. 
blarice  has  also  been  traced  between  some  of  Dante's 
opinions  and  those  of  Roger  Bacon,  the  great  English 
philosojiher.  The  date  of  Dante's  undoubted  sojourn  at 
Paris  must  be  placed  either  between  the  years  l'J87  and 
1289,  or  between  1308  and  13H.  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  89. 

Dantds  (doh-tas'),  Bdmond.  The  Count  of 
Mcmte  Cristo,  in  Dumar-'s  novel  of  that  name. 
He  appears,  fcu'  the  furtherance  of  his  re- 
venge, as  Lord  Wilmore  and  the  Abb^  Busoni. 

Danti  (diin'te).  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Perugia: 
died  May  24, 1576.  An  Italian  goldsmith,  sculp- 
tor, military  arcliitcct,  and  poet.  He  made  the 
■*Decapitiition  of  St.  John  "  over  the  door  of  the  baptis- 
tery at  Horence,  and  the  statue  of  Pope  Julius  III.  at  Pe- 
rugia. 


County,  western   New  York,  situated  03  miles  Danton  (<lon-tdii'),  Georges  Jacques.     Born  at 


southeast  of  Butfalo.     It  is  the  seat  of  a  water- 
cure  estaljlishmeiit.     Poj.ulatiou  (1900),  3,633. 
Dantan  (doh-ton' ),  Antoine  Laurent.  Bom  at 

St.  Cloud,  Dec.  8, 1798:  died  there.  .May  31,1878. 
A  French  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Bosio. 
Dantan,  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec, 
1800:  died  at  Baden-Baden,  Sept.,  1869.  A 
French  sculptor,  brother  of  A.  L.  Dautan,  noted 
especially  for  grotesque  busts. 


t)ct.  28,  17.59:  guillo- 
.  17tl4.     A   celebrated 


Arcis-sur-Aube,  France^ 
fined   at   Paris,  April 

French  revolutionist.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
attack  on  the  Tuileries,  Aug.  10,  17!I2 ;  w:is  minister 
of  justice  in  Aug.  :  was  implicated  in  the  "September 
massacres";  moved  the  formation  of  the  Kevolutionary 
tribunal  March,  1793;  and  was  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Pulilic  Safety  April-Sept,  1793.  He  overthrew 
Hebert  and  his  party  with  the  aid  of  Robespierre,  and  was 
in  turn  overthrown  by  the  latter.  He  was  an  orator  of 
great  power. 


1*'      —  e,    —  — J  —  -       —  .-.  great  power 

Dantas  (dan'tiis),  Manuel  Pinto  de  Souza.  jj  j.  y^  j,,^  t^^'er).  A  negro  song  with 
Born  in  Bahia  about  182;> :  d,ed  Jan.  .%  1894.  ^^^^.  ^^,^^.^-^  ..V„„  „,  ,,e  way,  ole  Dan  Tufker"  • 
A   Brazilian   poiituMau    or   the    liberal    party.  -  .-•'.._.  — 

He  was  seuator  from  1.S7'.>,  minister  of  justice  in  1880,  and 
uf  the  interior  in  1H8'2,  urul  prime  miniBttr  fiom  June  ('., 


1884,  to  May  7, 1885.  He  lirou^Iit  foiward  a  Itill  for  enia 
eipatioii,  wliich,  thouyli  lo3t  at  the  time,  led  to  conipUte 
abolition  of  slavery  three  years  later. 
Dante  (dau'te;  It.  pron.  diin'te)  (originally Du- 
rante) Alighieri.  Born  at  Florence  in  May, 
1205:  died  at  Kavenua,  Italy,  Sept.  14,  i:(21. 
A  celebrated  Italian  poet.  His  father,  Alighiero 
degli  Alighieri,  was  of  an  ancient  family.  (The  name 
is  also  spelled  Aliiigeri,  Alaghieri,  Aligeri,  Alleghieri.) 
He  was  a  jurisconsult,  and  a  member  of  the  iiuelph 
party.  After  its  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Moutaperti,  he 
went  into  exile.  Dante,  sis  he  was  c;dle<l  after  the  Floren- 
tine fashion  of  abbreviation,  was,  however,  born  in  Flor- 
ence. In  the  ninth  year  of  his  age  he  (Irst  saw  Beatrice 
Portinari,  then  only  eight  years  old,  who  inspired  him 
with  that  romantic  passion,  or  as  some  tliink  impersonal 
and  platonic  love,  which  henarratesin  the"  Vita .Nuova" 
and  the  *'  Divina  Commedia."  Beatrice  was  married  in 
1287  to  Messer  Simone  de'  Bardi,  and  died  shortly  after,  at 
the  age  of  twenty-four.  Dante  expresses  no  disappoint- 
ment at  her  marriage,  and  seemato  have  had  no  desire  for 
any  intimate  relation  with  her.  About  two  years  after 
her  death  he  raai'ried  (lemma  Di>nati.     He  became  pas- 


said  to  refer  to  Captain  Daniel  Tucker  of  Vir- 
ginia, second  governor  of  Bermuda. 
Dantzic,  or  Dantsic  (dant'sik).  [G.  Danziyj 
Pol.  (hi'insk,  L.  <it<luitmn.'\  A  seaport,  capital 
of  the  province  of  West  Prussia.  Prussia,  situ- 
ated ou  the  Vistula  3  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
on  the  Mottlau  and  Radauue,  in  lat.  54°  21'  N., 
long,  18^39'  K.  It  contains  the  Altfitadt,  Rechtstadt, 
Vorstadt,  Niederstadt,  Langgarten,  and  the  Speieher  Isl- 
and, and  is  a  strong  fortress.  It  is  one  of  the  principal 
ports  of  Germany,  and  next  to  Odessa  has  the  largest  grain- 
trade  in  Europe.  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  R;itlian8, 
the  Exchange  (Artushof  or  Junkerhuf),  the  Church  of  St. 
Marj',  and  a  Franciscan  monasteo'  (with  a  museum).  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Pommerellen.  The  town 
is  mentioned  as  early  as  i*lt7.  It  passeii  to  the  Tt-utonic 
Order  about  1310.  and  for  a  time  was  a  Hanseatic  city. 
It  came  under  the  supremacy  of  Poland  In  1460,  but  re- 
tained a  large  amount  of  Independence.  By  the  second 
Sartitiitii  of  Poland  it  passed  to  ITussia  in  i793.  It  was 
esicged  and  taken  by  the  French  under  tefebvre  In  1807 ; 
was  made  a  commonwealtli  in  ISO"  :  was  besiege*!  by  the 
Allies  in  1»13,  and  taken  (1814)  after  an  eleven  munths' 
siege.     It  was  restoreil  to  l*russia  in  1814.     Population 


(liHKi).  conmiune.  I4ii,.')39. 
sionately  absorbed  in  the  love  of  country,  and  at  the  age  Danube  (dan'iib).  [G.  I>onau,  Hung.  Duna 
of  twenty-four  fought  on  the  snle  of  the  t.uelphs  at  the  ,  [),,„„,•, ,i<  l>ilnr  HnnuhiiK  dr  \nvni'Rmr  1 
battle  of  Campaldino.      He  w:i8  intrusted  with  several      ^.-    /'"'(HM^.s,    ln\vv    VtnniOiUii,   t,r.    Aoio^.i/or.J 


foreign  iniBsioiis,  uud  became  iiii  iini>ortaiit  factor  in  the 
KloreDtine  governnieiit.  Uis  political  ideas  changed  grail- 
ually,  and  from  being  an  ardent  liuetph  and  Florentine 
lie  became  "  the  first  Italian,"  as  has  been  said  ;  coTiceived 
a  plan  of  general  organization  for  the  ailvancenu-nt  of 
Italy;  and  endeavored  to  reconcile  llietinelphsand  tiliibel- 
lines.  (In  the  10th  of  June,  l:i(Hl,  Iiante  was  elected  one 
of  the  priors  of  Florence.  'Vhe  strnggles  arid  riots  of  the 
Bianchi  and  Neri  resnlted  in  the  liestruction  of  half  of 
lilorence,  Dante's  h4)U8e  being  pillaged  and  tlestroyed  in 
his  absence  at  Rome,  to  which  city  the  Bianchi  had  sent 
him  on  an  embassy.  The  Kerl  sncceeded  in  establisliing 
a  government  of  their  own,  and  passed  a  sentence  of  tem- 

forary  banishimnt  against  him  in  1302,     He  succeeded 
n  obtaining  aid  from  various  courts,  ea])ecially  from  Delia 


riio  hiTKCst  river  of  Europe  next  to  the  Volpa, 
foriiieii  l)y  the  union  of  tiie  Brej;  and  Brigaoh 
near  Donaiiesehinpen  in  southern  Bailen:  the 
Hoiiiaii  Daiiubiiis. or  (in  it.s  lower  eotirse)  Isfer. 
It  lliiws  through  Win-teniberg,  Bavaria,  and  Austria-Hun- 
gary; separates  Austria-Hungary  anil  Rumania  on  the 
north  from  .Serviaanit  Bulgaria  on  the  south  ;  and  empties 
into  the  lUack  .Sea  by  three  jirincipal  mouths,  about  lat. 
W  M-4^>'  •>[>■  N.  Navigable  to  llm.  Its  chief  trihutJirlea 
are,  un  the  right  bank,  the  I  Her.  I.ech,  Isar,  1  mi,  F.nus,  Kaah, 
Drnve.  Save.  Morava,  ami  Timok  ;  on  the  left  bank,  the 
AltuHihl.  Niuib,  Regen,  March,  Waag,  ()nin,  Theiss,  Temes, 
Sibyl,  .Muta,  Arjish,  Yalomitia,  Sereth.  and  lYillh.  Area 
of  basin,  alinut  ;tnn,000  s,|uarc  miles.     Length,  1.770  miles. 


.scaia,  lord  of  Verona,  his  frienii,  who  was  the  chief  of  Danube  Navigation  Commission,  Interna- 


the  Uliibeilines.  Tn  i:in3  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was 
made  to  take  possession  of  Florence,  and,  humiliated  by 
his  exile  ami  failures,  D.inle  « ithdrew  from  a  public  ca- 
reer, and  passed  the  rest  of  his  lite  iu  wandering  from  mie 
city  to  another,  watcliing,  and  endeavoring  to  guide,  the 
course  of  events  fn»m  various  retreats.  Kiinilly.  iu  l:fJO, 
he  went  to  Ravenna,  and  on  his  return  from  a  mission  to 
Venice  fell  ill,  and,  being  worn  out  by  failure  and  dis- 
appointment, dieil  at  the  age  of  tlttysix  years.  lie 
spent  the  years  from  1:)(U  to  l;ii»l  in  study,  and  all  his 
works  except  the  "Vita  .Nuova  were  written  In  solitary 
exile.  His  chief  work  is  the  "Divina  fouunedla  "(which 
Bee).  The  "Vita  -S'llova"  Is  practically  the  history  of  his 
love  for  iieatricc.  It  was  piol)ably  tlidsheil  in  IMl.  The 
"C'onvito,  '  or  Ban(|Uet,  is  almost  a  contlinnillou  uf  the 
"Vita  Nuova."  It  gives  much  Information  alxait  his  life, 
and  throws  light  on  the  '■  DIvlua  Conunedla.'  These 
were  written  in  Italian,  "  De  vulgari  eloc|Ulo  slve  idlo. 
mate"  is  a  Latin  treatise  on  the  Italian  language  or  vul- 
gar Idiom.  It  was  begun  in  Lint,  and  Is  alluded  to  in  tin 
"t'onvilo.  ■  "De  monarchia, "a  treatise  contjiiningDaut 


tional.  Aeomniissiou  apjioinleil  by  the  treaty 
of  I'aris  iu  IH.ll),  and  several  times  eontinued. 
It  has  great  authority  over  the  Danube  uuiutJis.  in  con- 
structing engineering  w<u'ks,  nniking  local  regulations, 
etc.,  and  to  a  less  extentover  the  Danube  as  far  up  as  the 
Iron  (Jatcs. 

Danubian  (da-nii'iii-ani  Principalities.    The 

former  ])riiu'i|iulitii's  of  .Mitliiu\i;t  uiid  Wnlla- 
iliin,  now  forming  (lie  kinf;doni  of  Unmania. 

D'Anvers  (dan'verz),  Caleb.  The  name  aa- 
suMiid  liy  IS'ieholas  .•\nihnrst  as  editor  of  "The 
Craftsman  "  { ITL'ti)  in  eoimection  with  Pulteney 
ami  BidiuKliroke. 

Danvers  (dnu'verz).  A  town  in  Kssex  County, 
M:i->n('hiiselts.  situated  l.'>  miles  northeast  of 
r.osli>M.     It  is  the  seal  of  the  State  insane  asy- 


lum,    l-opulation  (l!K)n),  8,542. 

creed  as  a  (Ihlbelline.  was  written  between  l:ilO  ami  i.ll  I.   D'AnvillS.      See   .\)lliHr. 
There  Is  a  famous  portrait  of  the  |>oet  lui  a  young  num.  Danvilleidan'vil ).     The  name  of  several  towns 
by  Giotto,  on  the  wall  of  the  liargello  in  Florence.     It  «  a-     ;„  ,  |„,  \]niU'i\  States.       (nl  A  city  and  the  cuintysoat 
Injured  by  time  and  vandalisni,  ai.d  has  been  t<K)  mmh         Vi.r„,iiiu„  County,  Illinois,  .Ituatwl  on  the  Vermilion 
restored  ;  fortunately,  a  tlTicing  of  I   was  nnide  be  ore    his     ji,,„/,„  ,,„   ^^.  ..  ^    ^         ^.-  yg-  „.     „  ,,  „  „|lwav  and 


by  an  Englishman,  and  this  tracing  bns  been  published  by 
the  Arundel  Society.  It  and  a  death-maik  are  the  only 
authentic  likenesses  of  Dante. 

There  are  fair  groumls  for  hellovlnu  that  ho  (D«ntel 
hlmaell  visited  Oxford.      Vlllanl  states  that  Dante,  who 


coal-mining  center,  r.ipulallon  (IIMIO),  U\.:tU.  ((.)  The 
county  sent  of  Boyle  County,  central  Kentucky.  S'.i  miles 
south  of  Krauklort.  r..pnlatlon  (11)00),  4,-.'8.'..  «•)  A  bor- 
ough ami  (be  county. seat  of  Montour  County,  I'ennsyl- 
vnnla,  sitnateil  on  the  north  branch  of  the  SuKqnehamtt 


Danville 

61  miles  north  of  HarrisTuirp.  It  is  noted  for  its  iron 
manut'iutures.  Population  (1900),  8,042.  (d)  A  city  in 
Pittsylvania  Comity,  Vii^inia,  situated  on  the  Dan  in  lat. 
3C°  :u'  y.,  lonj:.  79'  20'  W.  :  the  center  of  a  tobacco-giow- 
ing  ilistiict.     Poimlation  (1900),  16,520. 

Danzig,    See  Dantsic. 

Daphnae  (d.if'ne)  (town).     See  Daphne,  2. 

Daphne  (daf'ne).  [Gr.  Adpr/;,  the  laurel.]  1. 
In  (prreek  mytliolog\-,  a  nymph,  ilaughter  of  the 
river-god  Peueius,  or,  in  other  aceoiints,  of  La- 
dou.  an  Areadian.  Her  lover  Leueippus  pursued 
her  ill  woman's  clothing,  and  was  killed  l)y  the  njTnphs 
at  the  instigation  of  ApoUp.  When  the  god  in  turn  pur- 
sued her,  she  entreated  that  she  might  be  transformed 
into  the  bay-tree,  and  he  granted  her  petition. 

2.  The  first  Italian  opera,  as  distingtushed 
from  a  musical  drama.  It  was  produced  by  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Alterati  in  Florence,  in  a  private  house,  in 
1590.  The  music  was  by  Giulio  Caccini  and  Jacopo  Peri 
(who  both  invented  recitative),  the  words  by  Ottavio  Ei- 
imccini.  Opitz  made  a  GetTiian  translation  of  the  text, 
and  Heinrich  Schiitz  wrote  new  music  for  it.  This  was 
the  first  German  opera,  and  was  produced  .-Vpril  13.  16:27. 
at  Torgau,  at  the  court  of  the  elector  John  George  L 

3.  All  asteroid  (Xo.  41)  discovered  bv  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris,  May  22.  1856. 

Daphne,  l.  In  ancient  geography,  a  famous 
grove  and  sanctuary  of  Apollo,  situated  about 
5  miles  southwest  of  Antioeh,  Syria.  It  was 
established  by  Seleucus  Nicator. —  2.  A  town 
in  ancient  Eg^-pt.  about  25  miles  from  Pelu- 
sium :  the  Tahpenes  of  the  Bible,  and  the 
modem  Tel  Defenneh.  Its  site  has  recently 
been  explored.     Also  Daphnse. 

Daphni,  Convent  of.     See  Athens  (Greece). 

Daphnis  (daf'nis).  [Gr.  .iotJiif.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  shepherd,  son  of  Mercury  and  a 
Sicilian  m-mph.  He  was  protected  by  Diana,  and  loved 
the  chase.  Pan  gave  him  lessons  In  singing  and  on  the 
tlute,  and  the  Muses  endowed  him  with  a  love  of  poetry, 
and  he  is  said  to  have  originated  bucolic  poetry.  He  was 
turned  into  a  stone  according  to  one  legend;  according  to 
another  his  eyes  were  toni  out  by  a  n>-mph  for  his  infi- 
delity to  her,  and  he  threw  himself  in  despair  into  the 
sea.  In  ancient  pastoral  poetry  his  name  was  frequently 
given  to  shepherds. 

2.  A  gentle  shepherd  in  Beaumont  and  Fletch- 
ers play  "The  Faithful  Shepherdess."— 3. 
An  idyl  by  Gesner  (1756). 
Daphnis  and  Chloe  (klo'e).  A  Greek  pastoral 
romance  attributed  to  Longus  (4th  or  5th  cen- 
tury A.  D. ).  a  Greek  sophist,  it  recounts  the  loves 
and'pastoral  life  of  Daphnis,  foster-son  of  Lamon,  a  goal- 
herd,  and  Chloe,  foster-daughter  of  Dryas,  a  sheplierd. 
The  manuscript  of  Mont-Cassin,  taken  to  Florence,  does 
not  name  the  author.  It  is  known  principally  through 
the  French  version  of  Amyot  (1559),  revised  by  Courier. 
It  has  been  translated  and  imitated  in  all  'European 
languages.  Tasso's  "Aminta,"  Montemayor's  "  Diana," 
d'l'rfe's  "Sireine,"  St.  Pierre's  "Paul  and  Virginia,"  and 
AUan  Kamsay's  "Gentle  Shepherd"  are  founded  on  it. 

Da  Ponte  (da  pon'te),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Ce- 
neda.  near  Venice.  March  10. 1749:  diedat  Xew 
York.  Aug.  17,  1838.  An  Italian  librettist  and 
author.  He  wrote  the  words  to  Mozart's  "Fi- 
garo "  and  '•  Don  Giovanni." 

Dapper  (dap'er).  In  Ben.Jouson's  comedy  "The 
Alchemist,"  a  greedy  and  credulous  lawyers 
clerk  who  desires  a  ■•fly"(a  spirit  or  familiar) 
of  the  Alchemist  to  enable  him  to  cheat  at 
horse-races  by  giWng  him  prior  information. 

Dapperwit.  A  vain,  foolish,  and  boastful  rake 
in  Wycherley's  "Love  in  a  Wood." 

Dappes  (dap).  Vallee  des.  A  small  valley  in 
the  Jura,  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland.  It  was 
a  subject  of  dispute  between  France  and  Swit- 
zerland 1815-62. 

Dapple  (dap'l).  The  name  of  Sancho  Panza's 
ass  in  Cervantes's  romance  "Don  Quixote." 

Darab (Ja'iiii)).  or  Darabgherd (da-rab-gerd'), 

or  Darabjird  (da-riib-jerd').  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Farsistan,  Persia,  in  lat.  28°  55'  N., 
long.  54°  25'  E.  It  is  sometimes  identified  with 
the  ancient  Pasargadae. 

Daras  (da'ras).  An  ancient  town  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, situated  near  Nisibis.  It  was  a  frontier 
post  of  the  Eastern  Empire  against  Persia  in 
the  6th  century  A.  D. 

Darbhangah  (da-ban'ga),  or  Durbunga  (dur- 
bim'gii).  1.  A  district  in  Bengal,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  86°  E. 
Area,  3,335  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
2.633.447.-2.  The  capital  of  the  above  district. 
Population  (1891),  73.561. 

D'Arblay,  Madame.    See  Arblay. 

Darboy  ular-bwii'),  Georges.  Bom  at  Favl- 
Billot.  Haute-Marne,  France,  Jan.  16,  1813: 
shot  at  Paris,  May  24. 1871.  A  French  prelate, 
archbishop  of  Paris  1863-71.  He  was  arrested 
and  assassinated  by  the  Communists. 

Darby  (dar'bi),  John  Nelson.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don.Xov.  18.1800:  died  at  Bournemouth.  Hants, 
England,  April  28,  1882.     An  English  theologi- 


308 

cal  writer,  for  a  time  a  minister  of  the  Church 
of  England:  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  or  Darbyites.  See  Plymouth 
Brethren. 
Darby  and  Joan.  A  married  pair  who  are  said 
to  have  lived  in  the  18th  century  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  noted  traditionally  for 
their  long  and  happy  married  life.  There  is  a 
ballad  on  the  subject  called  "The  Happy  Old  Couple," 
supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Henry  Woodf  all,  though 
it  has  been  attributed  to  Prior.'  A  poem  "Dobson  and 
Joan,"  by  "Mr.  B.,"  is  published  with  Prior's  poems. 

Dare,  Jeanne.    See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Darcet  (dar-sa'),  Jean.  Born  Sept.  7,  1725: 
died  at  Paris.  Feb.  13,  1801.  A  French  chem- 
ist, director  of  the  manufactory  at  Sevres. 

Darcet,  Jean  Pierre  Joseph.  "  Bom  at  Paris. 
Aug.  31,  1777:  died  Aug.  2.  1844.  A  French 
chemist,  son  of  the  preceding.  He  effected 
improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  powder. 

Darcy  (dar'si),  Mr.  The  lover  of  Elizabeth 
Bennet,  in  Miss  Austen's  "Pride  and  Preju- 
dice."'    See  Bennet. 

Dardanelles  (dar-da-nelz')-  A  strait  connect- 
ing the  Sea  of  Marmora  with  the  ^gean  Sea, 
and  separating  the  peninsula  of  Gallipoli  from 
Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Hellespont,  it  is  de- 
fended by  castles  at  Tchanak-Kalessi  (known  as  the  Castle 
of  .Asia  :  see  extract  below),  Kilid-Bahr  (known  as  the  Cas- 
tle of  Europe),  and  at  the  jEgean  entrance.  It  was  crossed 
by  Xerxes  in  4S0  B.  c,  and  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  334  B.  c. 
The  passage  was  forced  by  the  British  fleet  under  Admiral 
Duckworth  in  1S07.  It  was  closed  against  foreign  men-of- 
war  by  stipulations  of  1S41,  1S56, 1871,  and  1S7S.  but  was 
passed  by  a  British  Heet  in  Feb.,lS7S.to  protect  Constanti- 
nople from  the  Russians.  In  1891  an  agreement  between 
Kussia  and  the  Porte  was  reached,  by  which  the  ships  of  the 
so-called  volunteer  fleet  of  Eussia,  bearing  the  flag  of  the 
merchant  marine,  are  allowed  free  passage  of  the  Darda- 
nelles: but  when  they  carrj-convictsorsoldiers,notice  of  this 
fact  must  he  given  to  the  Porte.  Length,  about  45  miles. 
Average  width,3to  4  miles;  narrowest  point,about  IJ  mUes. 
About  li  m.  below  the  western  point  of  that  bay  [Maito 
(Madytus)]  are  the  famous  Castles  of  the  Dard.-melles.  The 
castles.  Cha nak-kalesi\  the  earthenware  castle,  from  a  cel- 
ebrated manufacture,  or  Sidtanieh-kaie^,  on  the  Asiatic 
side  Ikuown  as  the  Castle  of  .Asia],  and  Ehili(H>ahri,  or 
Ehitidi-bahar  (the  lock  of  the  sea),  on  the  European  shore 
(known  as  the  Castle  of  Europe),  are  called  liy  the  Turks 
Boghazhissarlari,  and  by  the  Franks  the  Old  Castles  of 
Anatolia  and  Romuelia.  Chaitak-kalesi,  commonly  called 
Ihirdanelles,  is  a  town  of  2,000  houses,  on  a  flat  point  op- 
posite the  European  fort.  KhUid-bahn  is  built  on  the 
side  of  a  projecting  hill,  and  its  castle  is  of  less  importance 
than  that  of  Chanak-kaksi.  The  equipment  of  the  forts 
both  on  the  European  and  Asiatic  sides  has  recently  been 
entirely  reorganized.  On  the  Asiatic  side  the  fort  of  Sul- 
taiiieh  has  been  armed  with  Krupp  guns,  which  will  com- 
mand a  large  section  of  the  Straits  both  above  and  below 
the  town.  Some  distance  below  the  town  a  40-ton  Krupp 
gun  has  been  mounted  behind  earthworks.  Above  the 
town  are  also  batteries,  one  of  which  on  the  Xajara  Bour- 
nou  point  has  a  heavy  Krupp  gun.  On  the  European  side 
the  fort  of  Khilid-bahri,  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  steep 
hill,  has  15  large  Krupp  guns,  and  both  above  and  below 
it  are  newly-constructed  earthworks  heavily  armed.  The 
barrow  of  Hecuba,  or  Cyiwssema,  where  the  Athenians 
erected  a  trophy  after  their  victory  towards  the  end  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war  (Thucydides,  viiL),  is,  or  was,  close  to 
the  European  castle. 

Murray,  Handbook  for  Turkey,  etc.,  p.  128  (ed.  1878). 

Dardani  (dar'da-ni).  [Gr.  Adprfaiw.]  1.  An  an- 
cient Illyi-ian  people  of  the  southern  highland 
of  Moesia.  They  became  subject  to  the  Mace- 
donians under  the  Antigoni,  and  later  to  the 
Romans. — 2.  The  inhabitants  of  Dardania  (1), 
mentioned  in  the  Iliad. 

Dardania  (dar-da'ni-a),  or  Dardanice.    [Gr. 

SapSavia,  from  the  Dardani.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  a  territory  in  Mysia,  with  uncertain 
boundaries.  It  is  mentioned,  indefinitely,  in 
the  niad. —  2.  A  district  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Moesia.  It  was  made  a  province  by  Dio- 
cletian. 

Dardanius  (dar-da'ni-us).  Servant  to  Brutus 
in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Julius  Csesar." 

Dardanus  (dar'da-nus).  [Gr.  Aapdamc.']  In 
Greek  legends,  a  son  of  Zeus  and  Electra,  and 
mythical  ancestor  of  the  Trojans. 

Daxdanus,  or  Dardanrun  (-num).  [Gr.  MpSaiof 

or  lapdaroi-.']  In  ancient  geogi'aphy.  a  city  of 
Mysia.  Asia  ilinor.  sittiated  on  the  Hellespont 
about  9  miles  southwest  of  Abydos. 

Darden  (dar'den),  Miles.  Bom  in  North  Caro- 
lina, 1798:  died  in  Henderson  County,  Tenu., 
Jan.  23,  1857.  An  American  noted  for  his  size. 
His  height  was  7  feet  6  inches,  and  his  weight 
(at  death)  about  1.000  pounds. 

Dardistan  (dar-dis-tan').  ['Land  of  theDardu,' 
an  Aryanrace.]  A  region  in  central  Asia.  (See 
the  quotation.)  Also  Jahistan  (' land  of  the  reb- 
els'). 

Dardistan  appears  to  be  simply  a  convenient  but  some- 
what misleading  name  employed  by  our  geographers  to 
express  a  large  tract  inhabited  by  different  Aryan  races 
of  somewhat  similar  type.  It  includes  the  di'stricts  of 
Astor  and  Gilgit,  .  .  .  the  little  kingdoms  of  Hunza  and 


Darius  I. 

Xagar,  Yasin,  the  independent  republics  of  the  Indus  val- 
ley, and  other  countries  south  of  the  Hindu  Koosh. 

E.  F.  Enight,  Where  Three  Empires  Meet.  p.  258. 

Daredevil  (dar'dpv'l).  The  Atheist  in  Otway's 
comedy  of  that  name.  He  is  acowardly,  boastingfel- 
low,  who  when  in  danger  forgets  his  principles  and  says 
"two  dozen  paternosters  within  a  half  hour." 

Dares  (da'rez).  [Gr.  Jiopr/f.]  A  priest  of  He- 
phaestus in  Troy,  mentioned  in  the  Iliad.  The 
authorship  of  a  lost  work  on  the  fall  of  Trov,  a  pretended 
Latin  translation  of  which  was  written  about  the  5th  (?) 
century  A.  I),  was  attributed  to  him  in  antiquity. 

Dar-es-Salaam  (dar-es-sa-lam').  The  capital 
of  German  East  Africa,  it  has  an  excellent  har- 
bor, but  is  unhealthy.  It  rivals  Bagamoyo  as  a  meeting- 
place  of  the  caravans  from  the  lake  region.  It  was  ceded 
by  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  to  the  German  East  African  Com- 
pany in  1885. 

Dareste  de  la  Chavanne  (da-resf  de  la  sha- 
viin ' ) .  Antoine  Elisabeth  Cleophas.   Bom  at 

Paris,  Oct.  25,  1n2U:  died  at  Lucenav-les-Ai.\. 
France,  April  6,  1882.  A  French  historian,  au- 
thor of  ••  Histoire  de  France  "  (1865-73),  etc. 

Dar-fertit  (dar-fer-tef).  A  region  in  central 
-Africa,  south  of  Dartur. 

Darfur  i  dar'for).  or  Daxfor  (dar'for).  A  coun- 
try in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Sudan,  Africa, 
situated  about  lat.  8°-16°  X.,  long.  22°-28°  E. 
It  is  inhabited  by  negroes  and  Arabs,  and  the  religion 
is  Mohammedan.  Its  chief  towns  are  El-Fasher  and 
Kobeh.  It  was  conquered  and  annexed  to  Egypt  in  1874, 
but  revolted  in  1882.  Area,  estimated.  175.00<)  square 
miles.  Population,  variously  estimated  from  1.500,000  to 
4,000,000. 

Darfur  appears  to  have  reasserted  its  independence.  .  . . 

The  greater  part  of  .  .  .  Darfur  is  included  within  the 

sphere  of  influence  of  the  British  East  African  Company. 

Sttttt'gman's  Year-Book,  189^  p.  320. 

Dargaud  (dar-go'),  Jean  Marie.    Bom  at  Pa- 

rav  le-Monial.  Saone-et-Loire.  France,  Feb.  22. 
1800 :  died  Jan.  5.  1866.  A  French  historian 
and  litterateur.  His  chief  work  is  a  ''Histoire 
de  la  liberie  reUgieuse  en  France"  (1859). 
Dariel  Pass  (da-re-el'  pas).  The  chief  pass  in 
the  Caucasus  Mountains,  situated  in  the  central 
part  of  the  chain,  it  is  traversed  bv  a  military  road, 
the  route  between  Tiflis  and  Vladikavkaz.  It  is  probably 
the  ancient  Caucasian  or  Iberian  Gates.  Elevation,  about 
8,iX)0  feet. 

Darien  (da'ri-en).  A  seaport  in  Mcintosh 
Countv,  Georgia,  situated  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Altamaha  River  in  lat.  31°  22'  X.,  long.  81° 
26'  W.  It  exports  lumber.  Population  (1900). 
1,739.  ' 

Darien,  Colony  of.  An  nnsueeessful  Scottish 
Settlement  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  founded 
by  William  Patereon.  it  was  chartered  by  the  Scot- 
tish Parli:unent  inl(i9.T;  the  enterprise  was  begun  in  169S; 
and  the  settlement  was  abandoned  in  1700. 

Darien  (da'ri-en:  Sp.  pron.  da-re-en').  Gulf  of. 
A  branch  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  lying  north  of 
the  republic  of  Colombia  and  east  of  tlie  Isth- 
mus of  Panama.     See  I'rabd. 

Darien,  Isthmus  of.  See  Panama,  Isthmus  of. 
The  name  is  also  used,  in  a  restricted  sense,  for  that  por- 
tion of  the  Isthmus  of  Pan.ama  (or  Darien)  which  forms  a 
n.arrow  neck  between  the  Gulf  of  Darien  and  the  Gulf  of 
San  Miguel. 

Darinel  (dar'i-nel).  A  comic  shepherd,  a  char- 
acter introduced  into  ' '  Florisel  de  Xiquea,"  the 
tenth  book  of  "Amadis  de  Gaul."  He  strongly 
excited  the  rage  of  Cervantes. 

Darius  (da-ri'us)  I.  [Gr.  Aapeioc;  in  the  Old 
Testament  Darijaresh:  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions Daryarush  or  Daryamush ;  OPers.  Da- 
rayarush.'\  Son  of  Hystaspes,  and  fifth  in  the 
descent  from  Achiemenes.  He  succeeded  Cambvses 
on  the  Persian  throne  521-186,  after  defeating  the  Magian 
Gaumata,  w-ho  claimed  to  be  Bardiya  (the  Greek  Smeniis), 
brother  of  Cambvses.  A  record  of  his  reign  is  given  bv 
himself  in  the  long  trilingual  inscriptions  of  Behistnh 
(which  see).  Besides  the  revolt  in  Persia  itself,  caused 
by  the  impostor  Gaumata,  he  had  to  suppress  two  upris- 
ings in  Babylonia,  led  by  Nidintu-Bel  and  Arachu.  who 
gave  themselves  out  for  Nebuchadnezzar,  son  of  >"aboni- 
dus :  in  consequence  of  these  uprisings  he  caused  the 
fortifications  of  Babylon  to  be  torn  down.  The  other 
countries  also  fell  away  in  turn,  but  at  last  were  brought 
to  submission.  After  restoring  order  in  the  empire  he 
turned  his  attention  to  reorganization  and  reforms  of  the 
administration.  He  divided  the  whole  land  into  twenty 
satrapies,  introduced  regular  taxation  and  uniformity  of 
coinage,  constructed  roads,  and  founded  a  kind  of  postal 
system  by  placing  stations  and  relays  with  saddled  horses 
at  regular  intervals  on  the  road  between  Susa  and  Sardis. 
To  the  capitals  Susa  in  Elam,  Ecbatana  in  Media,  and 
Babylon,  he  added  Persepolis  in  Persia  proper,  which  was 
destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Great,  but  of  which  imposing 
ruins  have  survived.  On  account  of  his  attention  to  trade 
and  industry  he  was  called  "the  Huckster."  His  expedi- 
tion over  the  Bosporus  and  Danube  into  Scytbia  was  un- 
successful. Toward  the  East  he  extended  h'is  supremacy 
to  the  Indus,  and  compelled  Xorth  Africa  to  pay  him  trib. 
ute.  Vnder  him  began  also  the  great  struggle  between 
Persia  and  Greece  (battle  of  Marathon  in  490).  His  tomb 
is  hewn  in  the  rock  at  a  place  called  Nakkshi-Rustem,  near 
Persepolis,  and  is  adorned  with  sculptures  and  inscrip- 
tions complementing  those  of  Behistun.    Dnrius  I.  is  re- 


Darius  I. 

ferred  to  in  the  Old  Testament  in  connection  with  the 
building  of  the  temple  of  Zeruljbabel.  In  the  second  year 
tif  Ills  reign  he  alhjwed  the  resumi»tion  of  the  building, 
and  in  the  sixth  it  was  coniideted  (Ezra.  vi.  l.'i). 

Darius  II.,  sumamed  Nothus.  [Gr.  mVut;,  a 
bastard.]    Persian  kiiifr42.')  (4LM)-405(404)  B.C. 

Darius  III.,  surnamed  Codomannus.  The  last 
kinp  of  Persia,  336-330  b.  c,  whin  ho  was  de- 
throneil  by  Ale.xander  tlie  Great. 

Darjiling,"orDarjeeling(dar-jeI'iiig).  1.  A  dis- 
trict ill  the  Kajshahi  division,  Bengal,  British 
India,  situated  about  lat.  27°  X.,  long.  880-89° 
E.  Area,  1,164  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
223,314. — 2.  A  town  and  sanatorium  in  the 
above  district,  situated  in  lat.  27°  3'  X.,  long. 
88°  19'  E.  It  is  the  chief  health-station  in  Ben- 
i;al.     Elevation,  7,000  feet. 

Dark  and  Bloody  Ground,  The.  An  alleged 
translation  of  the  Indian  word  Kentucky,  and  a 
name  given  to  that  State  in  allusion  to  its  early 
associations  witli  Indian  warfare. 

Dark  Continent,  The.    Africa. 

Dark  Lady,  The.  -A  woman,  mentioned  in 
ShakspiTc's  later  sonnets,  who  has  been 
thought  to  be  Mary  Fitton.  a  maid  of  hoiiiu'  (in 
159.T)  to  (Jueen  Elizabeth.  She  was  the  mistress 
of  William  Herbert,  carl  of  Pembroke,  who  is  celebrated 
in  tlie  earlier  sonnets.  Others  have  suggested  Penelope, 
Lady  Rich. 

Darlaston  (diir'las-ton).  A  town  in  Stafford- 
shire, England,  4  miles  southeast  of  Wolver- 
hampton. It  is  noted  for  its  iron  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1891),  14.422, 

Darley  (diir'li),  Felix  Octavius  Carr.  Born  at 

Philadelphia,  .Tunc  23,  1822:  died  at  Claymont. 
Del.,  March  27,  1888.  An  American  artist, 
noted  as  an  illustrator.  He  illustrated  Judd's 
novel  "Margaret"  (1856),  and  the  works  of 
Dickens,  Cooper,  Irving,  etc. 
Darley  Arabian,  The.  One  of  the  three  East- 
ern stallions  from  which  all  horses  in  the  stud- 
book  trace  descent.  See  lii/rrhi  Tiirl:  and  (iii- 
dolphin  Biirb.  He  was  imported  about  1700  by  a  Mr. 
Darley,  of  \'ni-k.shire,  througll  his  brother,  an  English 
agent  in  the  Levant.  He  was  brought  from  .Meppo, 
which  has  always  been  the  point  of  export  for  full- 
blooded  Arab  horses,  and  was  probably  Keheilen  (the 
Arab  equivalent  of  "  thoroughbred,"  applied  to  all  hoi-ses 
bred  in  Al  Khaniish,  or  the  five  great  strains).  He  was 
the  sire  of  Flying  Childers  and  Bartlett's  Childers,  the 
Bire  of  Stiuiit,  the  sire  of  Marske,  the  sire  of  Eclipse,  the 
founder  of  the  chief  male  line  of  thoroughbreds. 

Darling  (diir'ling),  Grace.  Born  at  Bambor- 
ough,  Northumberland,  England,  Nov.  24, 181.5: 
died  Oct.  20,  1842.  An  English  heroine  who 
rescued  nine  persons  from  the  wreck  of  the 
"  Forfarshire"  steamer  near  Longstone  light- 
house. Fame  Islands,  Sept.  7,  1838. 

Darling,  l.  A  river  in  Australia  which  rises 
in  soutlieastcrn  Queensland,  flows  througli  Xew 
South  Wales,  and  ioins  the  Murray  in  lat.  34°  5' 
S  ,  long.  141°  53'  E.  Also  called  'Calcwatta  and 
liitrwan.  Length,  about  1,100  miles:  navig.a- 
ble  about  400  (?)  miles. —  2.  A  range  of  low 
mountains  in  western  Australia,  runningparal- 
lel  to  the  coast. 

Darlington  (diir'ling-ton),  William.  Bom  at 
Birmingham,  Pa.,  Apnl  28,  1782:  died  at  West 
Chester,  Pa.,  April  23,  1863.  An  American 
botanist  and  politician.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
as  a  Denjocrat  In  1S15.  and  again  in  1819  and  in  1821.  Ifo 
wrote  '•  Flora  Cestrica  "  (1837),  etc. 

Darlington.  A  town  in  Durham,  England,  sit- 
uateil  on  the  Skerne  18  miles  south  of  1  lurhani. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and  carpets,  and  was  the 
terniinns  of  the  Stockt4,n  and  Darlington  Railway,  the 
oldest  railway  in  the  world  (opened  in  IS'J.'i).  Toijulation 
CSiii),  :i8,n(io. 

Darmesteter  (diir-me-ste-tar'),  James.    Born 

March  2S,  1.S49:  died'  Oct,  19,  1894.  A  noted 
French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Iranian  lan- 
guages and  literature  at  the  College  de  France 
from  1HS5.  lie  was  the  author  of  numerous 
works  on  Oriental  subjects. 

Darmstadt  (diirm'stiit).  The  capital  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  liess((,  Germany,  situated  in 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hi  miles  s(nith  of 
Frank  fort-on-lh<'-Mai  11.  It  has  some  trade  anrl  man- 
ufactures, and  cnti(ains  a  castle  (with  a  large  library,  i)ic. 
ture-gallery,  ami  cntlectinns),  and  a  statue  and  colunni 
of  Ltinis  1.  It  passed  t<»  Hesse  ni  1471).  became  the  capi. 
tal  ill  ]5tl7,  and  greatly  deveUipol  under  the  grand  duke 
Louis  I.     i'opulatlon  (18110),  cdininune,  &.\88:i. 

Dam^tal  (diir-na-tiir),  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Scine-Infericure,  France,  situateil  on 
the  .\iibette  2J  miles  east  of  Houen,  Population 
(1891),  commune,  0,460. 

Darnley  (diini'li).  Lord  (Henry  Stuart).  Horn 

inEnt;Uind,  1541(1.'MCi.'):liill.dnr.'irl':diiibiMvh, 
Feb  9-10,  l.'i67.  Tbo  second  husband  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Earl  of  Lennox, 
and  wascniisin-german  to  Mary,  whiuii  he  married  .Inly  '.Ml, 
1565.    He  was  treated  at  llrst  with  much  kindness  by  ttie 


309 

queen,  who  promised  to  induce  the  Scottish  Parliament 
to  grant  him  a  crown  matrimonial ;  but  eventually  alien- 
ated her  atfections  by  his  stupidity,  insolence,  and  profli- 
gacy, and  especially  by  his  participation  in  the  murder 
of  her  favorite,  the  Italian  secretary  Kizzio  (March  9,  l.'.W.^). 
While  convalescent  from  an  attack  of  the  smallpox  he 
was  remiived  to  a  solitary  house  called  the  Kirk  of  F'ield, 
near  Edinburgh,  which  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder  by 
the  Earl  of  Bothwell.  apparently  with  the  queen's  know- 
ledge, on  the  night  of  Feb.  u-io,  15U7. 

Daroca  (dii-ro'kii).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saragossa,  Spain. 

Dar  Runga  (diir  ron'^ii).  A  negro  kingdom  and 
vassal  state  of  Wadai,  in  central  Africa,  situ- 
ated south  of  Wadai,  about  lat.  10°  X. 

Darshana  (diir'sha-na).  In  Hindu  philosophy, 
■'demonstration.''  Ihe  Shaddarshanas,  or  six  demon- 
strations, are  the  six  schools  of  Hindu  philosophy.  These 
are  the  Nyaya,  Vaishesluka,  Sankhya,  Yoga.  I'urvamima- 
risa,  rttaramimarisa. 

Dart  (diirt).  A  river  of  Devonshire,  England, 
about  35  miles  long,  rising  in  Dartmoor  and  flow- 
ing into  the  English  Channel.  Dartmouth  is  on 
its  estuary. 

Dartford  (diirt'ford).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Darent  15 
miles  southeast  of  Loudon.  Wat  Tyler's  re- 
bellion commenced  here  in  1381.  Population 
(1891),  11,962. 

Dartle  (dar'tl),  Rosa.  In  Charles  Dickens's 
"David  t'opporfield,''  Mrs.  Steerforth's  excit- 
able companion,  in  love  with  Steerforth.  She 
has  a  scar  on  her  face,  caused  by  Steerforth  in 
his  youth. 

Dartmoor  (diirfmiir).  A  granitic  moorland  re- 
gion in  Devonsliire,  England,  situated  north  of 
Plymouth.  It  abounds  in  British  antiquities,  and  is  the 
seat  of  u  military  prison  (opened  in  ISoy)  where  American 
seamen  were  detained  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  where  Frencli 
prisoners  of  war  were  contined  during  the  warswith  Napo- 
leon. Elevation,  about  1,.'>00  feet  aboVe  sea-level.  Length, 
2.^'  miles.     Breadth,  Ifi  miles. 

Dartmouth  (diirt'muth).  A  seaport  in  Devon- 
sliire, England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Dart  into  the  English  Channel,  26  miles  south  of 
Exeter,  It  was  an  important  seaport  in  the 
middle  ages.     Population  (1891),  6.038. 

Dartmouth  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  llanover,  Xew  Hampshire, 
founded  by  Eleazer  Wheelock.  it  was  eharured 
1769,  anil  opened  1770.  It  has  about  700  students  and  60 
instmctiirs,  and  a  libr.-iry  i>f  8S,iinO  \'.>liinies  and  20,000 
IKiNiiihlets.     It  i>  non-si-etarian.     See  L''<l>ic,  WiUiam. 

Dartmouth  College,  Case  of.  in  the  history 
of  American  jiiris]irudence,  a  case  which  de- 
rives great  importance  from  its  bearing  on 
the  law  of  corporations.  It  originated  in  a  dispute 
between  the  president  and  trustees  of  Uartmoilth  Cullege, 
The  former,  having  been  removed  from  oiHce  by  the  lat- 
ter, appealed  to  the  legislature  of  -New  Hampshire,  which 
passed  a  hill  aniuiniiiig  the  charier  of  the  college,  where- 
by a  new  corpnratii'ii  was  created  under  the  title  of 
Dartmouth  I'niversity,  the  property  of  the  coUcge  being 
vested  in  the  new  corpoi-utioii.  The  college  trustees 
brought  action  in  the  Court  of  Common  I'leas  in  1817  to 
recover  the  property.  The  case  came  by  appeal  before 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  I'nited  States,  which  in  1819 
rendered  a  decision  in  favor  of  the  trustees.  The  deci- 
sion held  that  a  charter  is  a  contract  between  the  state 
and  the  corporation  created  by  the  charter,  and  that,  as 
the  States  are  lirohibited  by  the  Cimstitution  from  pass- 
ing any  laws  impairing  the  obligations  of  contracts,  char- 
ters arc  unallenible  except  by  cmisent  of  the  cnrpora- 
tions  created  by  them.  The  idaiiititts  were  represented  by 
Daniel  Webster. 

Daru(da-rii'),Comte  Napoldon.  Biu'n  at  Paris, 
.June  11,  1807:  died  tlore,  Feb.  19,  1890.  A 
French  iiolilician,  sun  of  P.  .\.  Darn.  Hi-  wa^ 
vice-president  of  Ihe  Legislative  Assembly  18.',0-01,  and 
minister  of  foreign  altaiis  in  1870. 

Daru,  Comte  Pierre  Antoine  Noel  Bruno. 

Born  at  Monlpellier,  France,  .Ian.  12,  1707: 
died  at  Bedieville.  near  Meulan.  France,  Sept. 
5,  18'29.  A  French  slatesma'n  and  historian. 
He  was,  although  an  adherent  of  the  principles  of  the 
French  Uevolutiun,  iletained  in  prison  179;i-94  ;  became 
Intendant-gem-ral  nf  the  army  of  the  Danube  about  179.^  : 
became  councilor  of  slate  about  180,', :  became  minister  of 
state  in  1811  :  and  became  a  member  of  the  Chamber  ot 
Peers  in  1^19.  His  chief  work  is  "Ulstolrc  de  la  repub. 
Millie  de  Venlse"  (1819-21). 

Dar'war.     See  Dliiinnir. 
Darwen.     See  (her  Diinrni. 

Dar'win  ( diir' win),  Charles  Robert.     Bom  at 

Sliieusbury,  England,  Feb.  12,  1809:  died  at 
Down,  Kent,  .April  10,  \SS2.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist,  founder  of  the  "Darwinian" 
theory  of  evolution.  He  was  the  gnindson  of  Eras- 
mus Darwin:  studied  at  Edinburgh  ami  Cambridge;  was 
naturalist  to  H.  .M.  .S.  lleagle,  Ca|itain  Fill  Koy,  on  B  voy 
age  of  exploration  around  the  world  l-s:!!-:!!!:  married  his 
cousin  Ennna  Wedgwood  In  lM,t9  ;  and  In  1842  t4iok  up  Ills 
residence  In  the  secluded  village  of  Down,  In  Kent,  where 
he  devoted  himself  t<i  a  life  of  study  and  scientific  re- 
search. He  published  In  1,s.'>u  his  chief  work,  "On  thu 
tirlgin  of  Species  by  Means  of  Natural  Selection,  or  the 
PresiTVatiiiu  of  Favored  Kaces  In  the  struggle  for  Life,"  in 
which  he  propounded  his  thenry  of  biological  evolution, 
called  the  "  Darwinian  theory."    He  also  wrote  "Narrative 


Daubeny 

of  the  Surveying  Voyages  of  H.  SI.  S.  Adventure  and  Bea- 
gle" (published  as  VoL  III.  of  the  reports  of  Captains  Fitl 
Roy  and  King,  18:i9;  second  edition,  "Journal  of  Re- 
searches Into  the  .Natural  History  and  Geology  of  the  Coun- 
tries visited  during  the  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Heagle,"  1845; 
third,  "A  Katuralisfs  Voyage,"  I860),  "Zoology  of  the 
Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Beagle  '  (1840-43,  edited  by  Darwin), 
"The  Structure  and  Distribution  of  Coral  Reefs  "(first  part 
of  "The  tJeology  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Beagle,"  1842), 
"Geological  observations  on  the  Volcanic  Islands  visited, 
etc."(seciindpart"f  the  "Geology,  etc.,"  1844)."(;eological 
Observations  on  .South  America"  (third  part  of  the  "Ge- 
ology, etc.,"  l!!4(j),  "On  the  Various  Contrivances  by  which 
Orchids  are  fertilized  by  Insects,  etc."  (1862),  "  The  Move- 
ments and  Habits  of  Climbing  Plants  "  (186;.),  »'The  Vari- 
ation of  Animals  and  Plants  under  Domestication  "  (1868X 
"The  Descent  of  .Man.  and  .Selection  in  Relation  to  Sex  " 
(1871),  "The  F.xpresBi .f  (he  Emotions  in  Man  and  Ani- 
mals "  (18721,  "  liisiitivorous  Plants  "  (187.'i),  "The  EQecta 
of  Cross  ami  Self  Fcitiliz:itii,n  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom  " 
(1876),  "Diltereiit  F.irms  of  Flowers"  (1877),  "The  Power 
of  Movement  in  Plants  "  (ISSO),  ■'  The  Formation  of  Vegc- 
table  Mould  tbrnULrli  tin-  .Vcti'.n  of  Worms,  with  observa- 
tionson  tlieir  UaliitB"(is81),andanumberof  monographs, 
etc- 

Darwin,  Erasmus.  Born  at  Elston,  Notting- 
ham, England,  Dec.  12,  1731:  died  at  Derby, 
England,  April  18,  1802.  An  English  natu- 
ralist, and  ijoet,  grandfather  of  Charles  Dar- 
win. HewTote  the  poem  "The  Botanic  Garden  "  in  1781 ; 
the  second  part,  "Loves  of  the  Plants,"  appeared  in  1789; 
the  first  part,  "The  Economy  of  Vegetation,"  appeared  in 
1792.  This  w.as  satirized  in  the  'Anti-Jacobin,"  by  Canning, 
inthe"Loves  of  the  Triangles."  In  1794-96  he  published 
"Zoonomia,  or  the  Laws  of  Organic  Life,"  and  in  1799  "  Phy- 
tologia.  oi-  the  Philosophy  of  Agriculture  and  Gardening." 

Darwin,  Mount.  One  of  the  chief  peaks  in 
Tierr:i  del  Fuego,  in  Kinf;  Charles's  South 
Land.     Height.  6,800  feet. 

Dasent  (da'sent).  Sir  George  Webbe.    Bom 

in  St.  Vincent,  W.  I.,  1S20 :  died  near  Ascot, 
Berks,  June  11,  1896.  An  English  lawyer  and 
author,  best  known  as  a  student  of  Scandinavian 
literature:  from  184.')- 70  he  was  one  of  the  as- 
sistant editors  of  the  London  ''Times."  He 
published  a  translation  of  "The  Prose  or  Younger  Edtja  " 
(1S42),  "Popular  Tales  from  Ihe  N'orse  " (1S.'>9),  "Saga  of 
r.urill  Xjal"  (IsGl),  ■The  Vikings  of  the  Baltic"  (1875), 

Dash  (iliish).  La  Comtesse.  The  pseudonym  of 
(iabrielle  Anne  de  Cisternes  de  Coutiras,  Mar- 
quise lie  Saint-Mars.     See  Saint-Mars. 

Dashakumaracharita.  [Skt..  'the  adventures 
of  tlie  ten  princes.']  A  book  of  stories  by 
Daiidin. 

Dasharatha  (da-sha-ra'-tha).  In  Hindu  my- 
tholo^ry.  a  ]irince  uf  tlie  Solar  race,  son  of  Aja, 
a  descendant  of  Iksliwaku  and  king  of  Ayo- 
dhya.  of  his  three  wives,  Kaushalya  bore  Kama,  Kaikeyi 
BharatA.  and  Sumitra  Lakshmana  and  shatrughna.  Rama 
piu-took  of  half  the  nature  of  Vishnu.  Bharatji  of  a  quarter, 
and  the  other  two  shared  the  remaining  fourth, 

Dashur  ( dji-shiir' ).  A  locality  in  Egypt,  situated 
west  of  the  Nile  and  directly  south  ot  the  tireat 
Pyramids,  it  is  noted  for  its  pyramids,  two  of  stone 
and  two  of  unbunied  brick.  The  northernmost,  of  stone, 
is  of  remarkable  size,  measuring  about  700  feet  square, 
originally  72ii,  and  342J  feel  high,  now  .■(26.  There  is  a 
series  of  three  chambers  beneath  it.  The  sjdcsof  tiie  other 
stone  pyramid  are  built  in  two  angles,  like  a  eurb-roof. 
Most  of  the  exterior  easing  of  this  pyramid  remains,  and 
the  interior  chamber  beneath  it  is  so  feet  liigh, 

Dashwood  (dash'wud),  Elinor  and  Marianne. 

Two  sisters  in  Jliss  Austen's  novel  "Sense 
and  Sensibility."  Elinor  represents  "Sense," 
as  oiiposed  to  Marianne's  "  Sensibility."  or  ex- 
atrirerated  seutimenf, 

D'Asumar  (dii-sii-milr').  Count.  A  character 
in  Le  Saire's  "Oil  Bias." 

Datchery  (dacli'er-i  i.  Dick.  Amysterious  per- 
son with  white  hair  and  a  military  air  who  aji- 
pears  inexplicably  in  Cloisterhani,  in  Charles 
Dickens's  "  Jlystery  of  Edwin  Drood." 

Datban  (da'tlian).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
a  Iveiibenite  chieftain,  sun  of  Eliab,  who  joined 
the  ciinsiiiracv  of  Korah. 

Datis  ida'lis).  flir.  .iiir/r.]  A  Jledinn  general 
who,  with  .\rtapliernes,  commanded  the  army 
iif  Darius  whi<>h  was  defeated  al  Marathon. 

Datiya  i  dii'te-yii).  or  Datia  (dii'te-li).  A  town 
in  the  Bundelkhand,  British  India,  in  lnt.'-'f>°40' 
N.,  loni'.  78°  28'  K.     Pi>iiulation,  about  4.'),000. 

Daub  (liiniiO,  Karl.  Born  at  Cassel.  (ienunnv, 
.March  20,  170.">:  died  at  lleidellierg,  Ba.leii. 
Nov,  22,  lS3ti.  A  (lermnn  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, professor  of  theology  at  Heidelberg  from 
179.'),  His  works  include  "Lehrbuch  dir  Kniechellk' 
(1801),  "Tbeologunn-lia"(18lKl),  "  |iiedegni:iliMhe  Theolo- 
u-ie  J.-l/lger  Zeil  '  lIS-UI,  etc. 

Daubenton  (do-iion-ioii'i,  Louis  Jean  Marie. 
Born  at  Mont  bard,  CiMe-d'Or.  France,  Mav  29, 
171(i:  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 31, 1799(.Inn.  1, 1.800 r). 
A  noted  French  naturalist.  He  was  the  collal).ini. 
tor  of  Bullon  in  the  llrst  part  of  Ills  "HIstoIre  nalunlle.' 
and  author  uf  numerous  selentttic  treatises  and  mono- 
graphs, 

Daubeny  (dob'ne  or  dn'be-ni),  Charles  Giles 
Bridle.      Bom  at    Straiten,  Gloucestershire, 


Daubeny 

England,  Feb.  11, 1T95 :  died  Dec.  13, 1867.  An 
English  geologist  and  chemist :  chief  work,  "De- 
scription of  Volcanoes"  (1S26). 

D'Aubi^6,     See  Merle  iVAubigne. 

D'Aubigne,  Theodore  Agiippa.    See  Auhigm, 

Daubigny  (do-beu-yi').  Charles  Frangois, 
Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  15,  1817:  died  there.  Feb. 
19, 1S7S.  A  celebrated  French  landscape-paint- 
er, a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche.  in  1S3S  he  made 
his  d^but  at  the  Salon  with  a  view  of  Notre  Dame  and  the 
Isle  St.  Louis,  and  was  continuously  represented  in  the 
Salons,  except  those  of  184-2^6.  At  the  Salon  of  ls5u-ol 
he  exhibited  "The  Washerwomen  of  the  River  Oullins." 
"  The  Vintage,"  and  other  works,  which  created  a  sensa- 
tion among  artists  and  connoisseui's.  He  also  painted 
"  The  Harvest "  (1851-57X  "  The  Lake  of  Gylieu  "  (1S52-53), 
'The  Sluice  of  Optevoz  "  (1S55).  "The  Graves  of  Viller- 
viUe"  (1839),  'The  Banks  of  the  Oise"(1859).  etc.  July  15, 
1S59,  he  was  made  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

D  AubuSSOn.     See  Aiihnsson 

Daudet  (do  da').  Alphonse,  Born  at  Nlmes, 
May  13,  1840:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  16,  1897.  A 
French  humorist  and  novelist.  He  went  to  school 
at  Lyons,  and  then  sei-ved  a  tutorship  for  two  years.  In 
1S57  he  settled  in  Paris,  and  published  shortly  aftern  ard 
a  collection  of  poems,  "  Les  aniourt- uses."  The  "  Figaro  " 
published  his  account  of  a  tutors  hardships,  *'  Les  gneux 
de  province."  A  serif s of  papers  contributed  to  the  same 
journal  came  out  in  book  form  as  "Le  chaperon  rouge  " 
(1861).  A  second  collection  of  poems.  "  La  double  cuiiver- 
sion,"  was  published  in  1S.''9.  Daudet  wrote  his  "Lettres 
aur  Paris'"  to  "Le  Petit  iloniteur"  under  the  noiu  de 
plume  of  Jehan  de  lisle  in  1S65.  His  "Lettres  de  mon 
moulin,"  sigTie<J  with  the  name  Gaston-Marie.  were  ad- 
dressed to  " LEvt^nement "  in  1866.  Daudet's publications 
include  "Le  petit  cliose"  (1S68),  **  Lettres  a  un  absent" 
(1871X  "  Les  aventures  prodigieuses  de  Tartarin  de  Taras- 
con "  (1S72X  '^Les  petits  Robinsons  des  caves"  (1872), 
*'  Contes  du  lundi  "(1S73), " Contes  et  r^cits "(1873).  •* Robert 
Belmont "  (1S74), ' '  Les  femmes  d'artistes  "  (1874). "  Fromon  t 
jeune  et  Risler  aine'  (1874),  *'Jack"  (lS76),"Le  nabab" 
(1877)."Les  rois  en  eril"  (1879),  "Contes  choisis,  la  fantai- 
sie  etrhi3toire"(lS"9X  "Numa  Roumestan"(1881),  *'  Les 
cigognes"  (1883),  ''L'Evanijt-liste"  (18S3),  "Sapho"  (1SS4). 
"Tartarin  sur  les  Alpes  "  (1885),  "  La  belle  Nivernaise  " 
(1836),  "  Trente  ans  de  Paris  "  (1S87),  "  L'lramortel  *"  (1888). 
*'  Port  Tarascon  "  (1890).  Either  unassisted  or  in  collabo- 
ration with  others  he  dramatized  a  number  of  his  works, 
leaving  to  them  their  oricinal  title.  In  like  manner  he 
brought  out  "La  demifere  idole'  (1862)  "Les  absents" 
(1863X  "L'CFJllet  blanc  "  (18t>4).  "Le  frke  ain^- "' (1868), 
*'  L'Arlt'sienne  "  (1872),  '■  Lise  Taveniier  "  (1872),  and  finally 
" La  lutte  pour  la  vie," based  on  his  novel  " LInimortel." 

Daudet,  Louis  Marie  Ernest.    Bom  at  Nimes, 

France,  May  31,  1^37.  A  French  journalist, 
historian,  and  novelist,  brother  of  Alphonse 
Daudet.  He  wrote  "Histoire  des  conspirations  royal- 
istes  du  Midi,"  etc.  (1881),  "Histoire  de  la  restauration  " 
(1S82),  "  Histoire  de  I'^migration"  (1886-89),  etc.  Among 
his  numerous  novels  are  "Ther^se"  (1859),  "Fleur  de 
p6ch^"  (1872),  "Daniel  de  Kerfons"  (1878),  "Dolores" 
(1879),  "  D6froqu6  "  (1882),  "  GisMe  Rubens  "  (1887).  etc. 

Daudin  (do-dan'),  Frangois  Marie.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  25,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  1S04.  A 
noted  French  naturalist,  author  of  numerous 
"works  on  the  various  branches  of  zoology. 

Daughter  (da'ter).  The,  A  play  in  verse  by 
J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1836. 

Daughter  of  the  Regiment,  The.    See  iVle  du 

li'  <}tintiit. 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution.    A 

patriotic  society  organized  at  Washington, 
P.  C,  Oct.  11,  1890.  Any  woman  is  eligible  fur  mem- 
bership who  is  descended  from  a  man  or  woman,  of  rec- 
ognized patriotism,  who  rendered  material  aid  to  the 
cause  of  independence. 

Daughters  of  the  Revolution.     A  patriotic 

society  organized  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  20, 
1891.  Membership  is  restricted  to  women  who  are  lineal 
descendants  of  an  ancestor  who  was  in  actual  military  or 
naval  service  under  any  of  the  thirteen  colonies  or  States, 
or  of  the  Continental  Congress ;  or  are  descendants  of  one 
who  si^ed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  or  of  an  of- 
ficial who  actually  assisted  in  establishing  American  in- 
dependence and  became  liable  to  conviction  of  treason 
against  the  government  of  Great  Britain. 

Daulatabad.    See  Dowletabad. 

Daulatshah  (dou-lat-sha').  A  Persian  writer 
of  the  loth  century,  author  of  the  biography  of 
the  celebrated  poets  of  Persia. 

Daulis(da'lis).  [Gr.  Aai'/./f.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy,^ a  cityof  Phocis,  Greece,  situated  12  miles 
east  of  Delphi.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  myth  of  Tereus, 
Philomela,  and  Procae. 

Daumas  (do-mas'),  Melchior  Joseph  Eugene. 

Born  Sept.  4, 1803:  died  near  Bordeaux.  France, 
May  6,  1871.  A  French  general  and  diplomat, 
and  writer  on  Algeria.  He  was  consul  in  Algeria 
1S37-39,  and  was  occupied  with  important  administrative 
duties  during  the  stmesjle  with  Abd-el-Kadir.  He  wrote 
"  Le  Sahara  algerien, "  etc.  (1 W5X  "  Les  chevaux  du  Sahara 
et  les  mceurs  du  desert "  (.ith  ed.  1S5SX  etc. 

Daumer  (dou'mer),  (Jeorg  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  March  5.  1800:  died  at 
Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  Dec.  13,  1875.  A  German 
poet  and  philosophical  writer. 

Daumier  (do-mya'),  Honors.  Bom  at  Mar- 
seilles, Feb.  20,  1808:  died  Feb.  11.  1879.  A 
French  caricaturist.    His  father  was  a  glazier  who 


310 

published  a  small  volume   of  verses  in   1S23.     In  1832 

Honore  was  condemned  to  six  months'  imprisonment  for 
a  lithograph  disrespectful  to  Louis  Philippe.  He  subse- 
quently joined  "Charivari,"  founded  by  Philipon.  He  be- 
came completely  blind  between  ISoo  and  18(>o. 

Daun  (doun),  Count  Leopold  Joseph  Maria 
von.  Bora  at  Vienna,  Sept.  24,  1705 :  died  at 
Vienna,  Feb.  5,  1766.  A  noted  Austrian  field- 
marshal.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Turkish  war 
17:i7-3;).  and  in  the  Silesian  wars  1741-12,  1744-4.t;  defeated 
Frederick  the  Great  at  Koliu  in  1757,  and  at  Hochkirch  ir. 
17.">S  :  captured  Fink's  army  at  flaxen  in  1759  ;  and  was  de- 
feated by  Frederick  at  Tnrcrau  in  17iii>. 

Daunou  (do-no').  Pierre  Claude  Frangois. 

Born  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France,  Aug.  18. 1761: 
died  at  Paris,  June  20, 1840.  A  French  historian 
and  politician.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Convention  17'J2- 
1795,  tii-st  president  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795, 
and  a  member  of  the  Tribunate  lSiJ0-i:i2.  His  chief  work  is 
•' (.'oui-s  detudes  historiques "  (18iHt-49). 

Dauphine  (da'fin),  Sir  Eugene.  In  Ben  Jon- 
son's  comedy  ''Epicoene,orthe  Silent  Woman,'" 
the  lively  and  ingenious  nephew  of  Morose.  He 
concocts  the  plot  by  which  a  portion  of  his  uncles  money 
is  given  to  him  and  his  debts  are  paid.     See  Epicwne. 

Dauphine  (do-fe-na'),  E.  Dauphiny  (da'fi-ni). 

[ML.  IkJphinatns :  from  dauphin,  Pr.  daJfin,  a 
dolphin.  The  lords  of  the  province  bore  three 
dolphins  on  their  crest.]  An  ancient  prov- 
ince of  France,  bounded  by  the  Rhone  on  the 
■west  andnorth,  by  Savoy  on  the  north,  Piedmont 
on  the  east,  Provence  on  the  south,  and  Comtat- 
Venaissin  on  the  southwest,  its  tenitory formed  the 
departments  Isere,  Drome,  and  Hautes- Alpes.  Its  capital 
was  Grenoble.  Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  In 
the  middle  ages  it  belonged  to  the  kingdom  of  Aries. 
Later  the  counts  of  Vienne  became  prominent,  and  in  1349 
it  was  sold  to  France,  but  guai'ded  some  of  its  liberties  for 
many  years.    From  it  is  derived  the  title  of  the  dauphin. 

Daura  (dou'ra).     See  Ham^a. 

Daurat.     See  Doraf. 

Dauria  (da-o're-ii),  or  DaUT  (da-or').  A  region 
in  Trans-Baikal,  Siberia,  situated  southeast  of 
Lake  Baikal  on  the  Chinese  frontier. 

Davalos  (da-va'16s),  Gil  Eamirez.     Bom  at 

Baeza,  Castile,  about  1505  :  Llied  at  Riobamba, 
near  Quito,  after  1561.  ASpanishsoldier.  Hewent 
to  Peru  with  the  riceroy  Mendoza  in  1551,  was  corregidor 
of  Cuzco  in  1553,  and  was  expelled  from  the  city  by  Gir"n 
and  his  followers.  He  took  part  in  the  campaign  against  Gi- 
ron,  and  in  1556  was  made  justicia  mayor  of  Quito,  subdued 
the  Canaris  Indians  in  1557,  and  fruni  1558  tu  15tjl  wasgover- 
nor  01  Quij«  -s,  or  the  Land  uf  Cinnamon,  on  the  river  Xaho. 
He  fijimdt.i  there  Baeza,  Archid^-na,  and  other  towns. 

Davenant  tdav'e-nant),  Charles.  Born  1656: 
died  Nov.  6,  1714,  "An  English  writer  on  po- 
litical economy,  son  of  Sir  William  Davenant. 

Davenant,  or  D'Avenant,  Sir  William.  Born 

at  Oxford,  England,  Feb.,  1606:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  7, 1668.  An  English  poet  and  dram- 
atist. Oldys  is  chiefly  responsible  for  the  story  that 
Davenant  was  the  son  of  Shakspere,  which  seems  to  rest 
mainly  on  the  fact  that  the  latter  used  the  inn  of  John 
Davenant  (the  father  of  William)  at  Oxford  on  his  jour- 
neys to  and  from  Warwickshire.  About  16'20  Davenant 
became  page  to  the  Duchess  of  Richmond,  and  then  to 
Fulke  Greville,  Lord  Brooke.  In  162S,  after  the  murder  of 
Greville,  he  began  to  write  plays,  etc.  In  163S  he  was  made 
poet  laureate.  About  this  time  he  had  a  severe  illness 
which  resulted  in  the  loss  of  his  nose,  a  fact  frequently 
adverted  to  by  the  witty  writers  of  the  time.  He  was  man- 
ager of  Drury  Lane  Theatre  for  a  time,  but,  becoming  im- 
plicated in  the  various  intrigues  of  the  civil  war,  he  fled 
to  France.  Returning  in  1043,  he  was  knighted  at  the 
siege  of  Gloucester.  He  was  imprisoned  for  two  years  in 
the  Tower  for  political  offenses,  and  expected  to  be  hanged. 
While  there  he  published  "Gondibert  "(1651).  This  epic 
poem  consisted  of  fifteen  hundred  four-line  stanzas.  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  in  favor  at  court,  and  continued  to 
write  till  his  death.  Among  his  plays  are  "Albovine," 
published  in  1629.  "The  Cruel  Brother" (1630),  "The  Just 
Italian "  (Id'iO),  "The  Wits"  (1036),  "The  Unfortunate 
Lovers  "  (HH3).  '■  The  Siege  of  Rhodes  "  (1656\  "  Love  and 
Honor "  (1649),  -'Law  against  Lovers"  (played  in  1662), 
"The  Rivals  "  (played  in  16(>4),  etc.  He  produced  altera- 
tions of  "The  Tempest"  (with  Drjden,  1667) and  of  "Mac- 
beth" (printed  1674)  and  "Julius  Caesar. "_ 

Davenport  (dav'en-port).  A  city  and  the 
countv-seat  of  Scott  Conntv,  Iowa,  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  in  lat.  41°  *30'  X.,  long.  90^  38' 
W.,  opposite  Rock  Island.  It  is  an  important 
distributing  center.    Population  (1900),  3o,'254. 

Davenport,  Jolin.  Born  at  Coventry,  England, 
about  1598:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  March  13. 
1670.  A  Puritan  elergj-man  who  emigrated  to 
Boston  in  1637.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  New  Haven  colony  in  1638. 

Daventry  (dav'en-tri;  commonly  dan'tri).  A 
to^\Ti  in  Northamptonshire,  England.  12  miles 
west  of  Northampton.  Population  (1891). 3.939. 

D'Avezac.    See  Avezac. 

David  (da'vid).  [Heb., 'beloved  one.']  Thesec- 
ondkingof  Israel.  1055-1015  B.C.:  born  at  Bethle- 
hem, as  the  seventh  andyoungestsonof  Jesseof 
the  tribe  of  Judah.  About  the  age  of  18,  while  still  shep- 
herd of  his  father's  flocks,  he  was  secretly  anointed  king  of 
Israel  by  the  prophet  .Samuel.  Later  he  came  into  close  per- 
sonal relalionwith  Saul  the  king, but  incurredhis  bitter  en- 
mity.   The  Philistine  giant  Goliath  was  slain  by  David  in 


David  II. 

single  combat.  His  successes  and  the  praises  accorded 
to  him  by  the  people  aronsed  the  suspicion  and  the  jeal- 
ousy of  Saul  (whose  daughter  ilichai  he  mairied),  which 
subsequently  turned  into  deadly  hatred,  so  that  he  was 
often  in  jeopardy  of  his  life.  He  first  sought  refuge  with 
Samuel,  then  with  the  priests  in  Nob,  which  resiSted  in 
their  massacre  by  Saul,  and  was  finally  driven  to  seek 
safety  with  the  enemies  of  his  people,  the  Philistines. 
There  rallied  around  him  '"men  who  were  in  distress,  in 
debt,  and  discontented. "  At  the  head  of  these  freebooters 
or  outlaws  he  undertook  many  expeditions  and  fought 
many  skirmishes,  which  made  him  increasingly  popular 
with  the  people.  All  this  time  he  was  pursued  by  Saul, 
whose  mind  became  more  and  more  darkened:  twice  the 
king  came  into  his  power,  but  because  of  his  awe  of  the 
'■  anointed  of  the  Lord  '  he  did  not  avail  himself  of  these 
opportunities  (1  Sam.  xxiv.  4  ff.,  xxvi.  7  ff.).  He  was  com- 
pelled to  become  the  vassal  of  tlie  Philistine  king  Achish 
of  Gath,  who  gave  him  for  his  support  Ziklag  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Philistia.  From  here  he  undertook  expeditions 
against  the  nomadic  tribes  of  the  border,  while  Achish 
believed  that  they  were  directed  against  Israel  (1  Sam. 
xxvii.).  The  Philistines  gathered  a  large  army  against 
Israel.  In  the  battle  of  Gilboa  (which  see)  Saul  and  his 
host  lost  their  lives.  To  David,  who  was  then  about  thirty 
years  old,  the  crown  now  fell.  For  seven  and  a  half  year's 
his  reign  was  limited  to  Judah,  with  his  seat  at  Hebron, 
while  the  other  tribes  were  under  the  scepter  of  Ishbo- 
sheth,  son  of  Saul,  residing  in  Mahanaim,  east  of  the  Jor- 
dan. Ishbosheth,  however,  was  murdered,  and  all  tlie 
tribes  recognized  David  asking  :  over  the  whole  of  Israel  he 
reigned  for  thirty-three  years.  He  removed  his  residence 
from  Hebron  to  Jerusalem,  which  he  took  from  the  Jebu- 
sites,  and  there  established  himself  in  the"city  of  Davi.l,*" 
the  oldest  quarter  of  Jerusalem,  on  Mount  Zion.  Here  also 
the  temporary  sanctuaiy  was  put  up  (2  Sam.  vi.),  which 
made  the  city  the  political  and  religious  center  of  the  na- 
tion, and  gave  to  Davids  reign  a  genuine  royal  character. 
Through  a  series  of  successful  wars  against  the  Philis- 
tines, Ammonites,  Moabites,  Edomites,  Syrians,  Amale- 
kites,  etc.,  and  by  the  introduction  of  a  regular  adminis- 
tration and  organization  of  court  and  army,  he  became  the 
real  founder  of  the  monarchical  government  of  Israel.  The 
constitution  of  the  tribes  remained  intact,  but  the  militaiy 
organization  waa  a  national  one.  Each  tribe  sent  a  con- 
tingent of  men  (over  twenty  years  of  age)  to  the  national 
army,  which  stood  under  one  commander-in-chief,  Joab, 
David's  nephew.  The  body-guard  was  formed,  it  seems, 
of  foreigners,  the  Cherethites  and  Pelethites  (supposed  to 
be  Philistines).  The  nucleus  of  the  army  consisted  of  the 
band  of  heroes  {jribborim)  who  rallied  about  David  while 
he  was  still  an  exile.  The  king  presided  over  judicial 
cases,  and  was  surrounded  by  a  regular  staff  of  military 
and  administrative  counselors  and  officers.  David  was  also 
the  actual  founder  of  a  sanctifying,  divine  worship,  refining 
and  enrichirig  it  by  the  influence  of  music  and  psalmody. 
Ttffelast  perii.id  of  his  reign  was  much  darkened  by  national 
misfortunes  and  domestic  rebellions  — the  rebellion  of  his 
son  Absalom,  the  uprising  of  Sheba  ben  Bishri,  a  drought 
and  famine  lasting  three  years,  and  a  pestilence  induced 
by  the  counting  of  the  people.  Even  in  his  last  days, 
when  he  was  prostrated  with  the  infirmities  of  age,  his 
son  Adonijah  attempted  to  secure  the  succession  to  which 
David  had  appointed  Solomon.  This  rebellion,  however, 
like  all  the  others,  was  successfully  repressed,  and  David 
died  peacefully  at  the  age  of  seventy.  He  became  the  ideal 
king  of  Israel,  the  pattern  and  standard  by  which  all  suc- 
ceeding rulers  were  measured,  the  prototype  of  the  last 
perfect  ruler,  the  Messiah,  who  is  sometimes  simply  called 
Da\id.  As  regards  the  Psalms,  modern  criticism  denies 
him  the  authorship  of  many  psalms  bearing  in  the  bibli- 
cal Book  of  Psalms  the  superscription  *of  David."  But 
there  is  no  reason  for  entirely  disconnecting  David  from 
this  kind  of  Hebrew  poetry.  The  probability  is  that  not 
only  did  the  psalm-poetrj-  develop  and  flourish  under  his 
favor,  but  also  that  he  himself  composed  many  hymns. 

David,  or  Dewi,  Saint.  Died  in  601.  The  pa- 
tron saint  of  Wales.  He  was  bishop  of  MeneWa  (after- 
ward called  St.  Davids),  where  he  founded  a  monasterj". 
According  to  an  account  which  has  no  historical  founda- 
tion, he  was  appointed  metropolitan  archbishop  of  Wales 
at  a  synod  held  at  Brefl.  He  is  commemorated  as  a  saint 
on  the  1st  of  ilarch. 

David.  1.  A  colossal  statue  by  Miehelangelo,  in 
the  Accademia,  Florence.  The  youthful  hero  stands 
in  a  position  of  repose,  holding  his  sling  in  his  left  hand 
and  a  pebble  in  the  right.  The  form  is  still  undeveloped 
and  boyish,  but  full  of  power. 

2,  A  statue  by  Donatello.  in  the  Bargelio. 
Florence.  David  stands  resting,  nude,  with  his  shep- 
herd's hat  on  his  head,  and  his  left  foot  resting  on  the 
helmeted  head  of  Goliath,  whose  sword  he  still  holds. 

David.  The  name  given  to  Charlemagne  by 
Alcuin  in  the  learned  academy  established  at 
the  former's  coui't.     See  Flaeeus. 

David  I.  Died  at  Carlisle.England,May  24, 1153. 
King  of  Scotland,  son  of  Malcolm  Canmore.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Edgar  as  earl  or  prince  of  Cumbria 
in  1107,  and  ascended  the  throne  of  Scotland  on  the  death 
of  Alexander  I.  in  1124.  He  refused  to  recognize  Stephen 
as  king  of  England,  and  invaded  that  counfi-y  in  support 
of  the  claim  of  Mathilda  who  was  his  niece,  but  was  sig- 
nally defeated  at  the  Battle  of  the  Standard  at  Cutton  Moor, 
near  Norihallerton,  Aug.  22,  1138. 

David  II.  Born  at  Dunfermline.  Scotland, 
March  5,  1324:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  22, 1371. 
King  of  Scotland,  son  of  Robert  Bruce  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1329  under  the  regency  of  the 
Earl  of  Moray.  The  incompetent  Earl  of  Mar  having 
succeeded  to  the  regency  on  the  death  of  Moray  in  1332, 
the  kingdom  was  invaded  by  Edward  Baliol,  who  seized 
the  throne  with  the  assistance  of  Edward  III.  of  England. 
David  took  refuge  in  France  13;i4-41,  when  he  was  restored 
by  the  successes  of  his  adherents  Sir  Alexander  Murray  of 
Bothwell,  Robert  the  steward  of  Scotland,  and  Sir  "William 
the  knight  of  Liddesdale.  He  invaded  England  in  1S46, 
was  defeated  and  captured  at  NevillesCross,Oct.  17of  that 
year,  and  was  detained  in  captivity  until  13o7. 


David 

David.  A  small  town  in  the  United  States  of 
Colombra,  situated  on  the  Lsthmus  of  Panama, 
near  the  Pacific  coast  and  tiie  frontier  of  Costa 
Kiea. 

David  (dii-ved'),  F61icien  C6sar.  Boru  at  Ca- 
denet,  Vaueliise,  France,  Ajiril  13,  1810:  died 
at  St.  Germain,  near  Paris,  Aug.  29,  1876.  A 
French  composer.  He  early  became  a  disciple  of  St. 
Simon  and  of  Enfantin.  In  1833  he  went  to  the  E;ist.  He 
remained  in  obscurity  till  1844,  when  he  brought  out  his 
chief  work,  a  choral  symphony,  "  Le  desert." 

David (dii'ved),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Jan.  19, 1810:  died  near  Klosters,  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, .July  18,  1873.  A  noted  German  riolin- 
ist,  teacher,  and  composer,  leader  of  the  band  at 
the  Gewandhaus,  Leipsic,  183(5-73.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Joachim  and  Wilhelmj. 

David  (dii-ved'),  Jacques  Louis.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  31,  1748:  died  at  Brussels,  Dec. 
29,  1825.  A  historical  painter,  pupil  of  Bou- 
cher and  Vien,  and  founder  of  the  French  clas- 
sical school.  He  was  educated  at  the  College  des 
Quatre  Nations.  In  1775  he  won  the  ^and  prix  de  Rome 
after  three  unsuccessful  attempts,  and  remained  in  Rome 
until  1780,  when  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  elected 
associate  member  of  the  Academy  (full  member  in  1783). 
The  tirst  picture  composed  under  the  induenee  oi  his  clas- 
sical ideas  was  "Belisarius."  He  was  made  court  painter 
to  Louis  XVI.,  and  in  1784  painted  for  him  tiie  "  Horatii." 
He  entered  heartily  into  the  Revolution  ;  was  associated 
with  Robespierre ;  and  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king. 
After  Robespierre's  downfall  he  was  imprisoned  for  seven 
months.  On  his  release  he  painted  the  "  Rape  of  the 
Sabiries."     Napoleon  made  him  court  painter. 

David,  Pierre  Jean,  called  David  d' Angers. 

Born  at  Angers,  France,  March  12,  1789:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  5, 1856.  A  French  sculptor.  He 
executed  works  for  the  Pantheon  (Paris). 

David,  Toussaint  Bernard,  or  fimeric-David. 
Born  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  Aug.  20,  1755 :  died 
at  Paris,  April  2,  1839.  A  noted  French  ar- 
chseoloOTSt.  He  became  "docteur  en  droit"  at  Ai.x  in 
1775,  and  went  to  Paris  to  crmiplete  his  studies  in  juris- 
pi'udence.  A  prolonged  visit  to  Italy  developed  a  taste 
for  the  arts.  He  occupied  himself  with-  law,  business, 
and  archajological  studies  until  the  Revolution,  when  he 
escaped  death  by  flight  (1793).  After  the  l»th  Thermidor 
he  returned  to  Pai'is,  and  in  18'W  won  the  first  prize  of  the 
Institute  with  his  essay  on  the  causes  of  the  perfection  of 
sculpture  in  antiquity.  On  April  11,  1816,  he  was  elecfed 
member  of  the  Institute.  On  Oct.  14,  182.5,  he  was  called 
to  take  part  in  the  continuation  of  "  L'Histoire  littt-raire 
de  France."  His  principal  works  are  "Recherche  sur 
lart  statuaire,  consid^r^  chez  les  anciens  et  les  mo- 
dernes  "  (.Memoirs  of  1800),  "  Disci>urs  histori(|Ue  sur  la 
pelnture  moderne,"  "  Discours  historique  sur  la  gravure 
en  hois,"  "  Itiscuurs  histoiique  sur  la  sculjjture  franvaise, " 
*'  Histoire  de  la  peinture  au  moyen  Sge,"  etc. 

David  Copperfield  (da'vid  kop'er-feld).  A 
novel  by  Charles  Dickens,  it  came  out  in  twenty 
monthly  parts,  the  first  of  which  appeared  in  May,  1849. 
It  was  Dickens's  favorite  work :  in  it  he  portrayed  in 
many  important  scenes  his  own  history.  The  character 
from  whom  the  book  takes  its  name  is  a  timid  boy  re- 
duced to  stupidity  and  finally  to  desperation  by  a  cruel 
stepfather,  Mr.  Murdstone,  by  whom  also  his  mother,  a 
weak,  affectionate  woman,  is  crushed.  He  la  sent  at  ten 
years  of  age  to  a  wareliouse  in  London,  and  employed  in 
rough  work  at  a  tritling'  salary.  Unal)le  to  bear  this  life, 
he  runs  away  to  his  father's  aunt.  Miss  Betsey  Trot  wood, 
an  eccentric  but  kind-hearted  woman,  wln»  adopts  him. 
He  becomes  an  author,  and  marries  a  childish,  affection- 
ate little  woman,  Dora  Spenlow,  whom  he  calls  his  "child 
wife."     ,-\ftcr  her  death  he  marries  Agnes  Wickfteld. 

Da'Videis  (dii-vid'e-is).  An  epic  poem  byCow- 
ley,  on  the  subject  of  David,  king  of  the  He- 
brews, nublishi'd  in  16.56. 

David  Elginbrod.  A  novel  by  George  Mac- 
doiialil,  published  I'n  1863. 

David  Garrick  (gar'ik).  A  play  translated  by 
T.  W.  liobcrtson  from  a  French  plav,  "Sulli- 
van," in  18(>». 

David8(da'vidz').Tlioma3'WilliamRhy8.  Horn 

at  Colchester,  Englan<l,  May  12,  1843.  An  Kng- 
liah  lawyer  and  Orientalist.  He  studied  at  the  I'nl- 
versity  of  Breslau;  was  appointed  w'riler  in  the  Ceylon  civil 
service  in  18*Kj;  was  admitted  to  the  bur  in  1877  ;  and  be- 
came editor  of  the  ]i>urnal  of  the  I'ali  Text  Society  (1883), 
and  pntfessorof  Pali  and  Buddhist  lit<;ratnre  In  Cniversity 
College,  London.  Author  of  "On  the  Ancient  Cnltis  and 
Measures  of  Ci-ylon"  (1874),  "Buddhism  :  being  a  Sketch  of 
the  Life  and  Tivichings  of  (lautama  the  liu'ldha"  (1877),  etc. 

Davidson,  Harry.  Born  at  PhiUidilphia,  Pa., 
Marcdi  25,  I85H.  An  American  wnod-cn^rniver. 
Among  his  principal  works  are  "  Iwi-ael  "  (aflcr  Kcnyon 
Cox),  •'Canterbury  Cathedral"  (I'ennill),  "I'lic  (i.dden 
Gate'  (I'hicsiro  Kxposition,  after  Ca.Htaignc).  "An  <dd 
Mill'  (Oastaigne). 

Da'vid8on(da'vid-8on),LucretiaMaria.  Bornai 
Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  27,  18(18 :  ilicl  ,it  Platts- 
hurg,  Aug.  27, 1825.  An  American  jioet.  "Amir 
Khan  and  other  poems  "  was  i>nblished  in  1829. 

Davidson,  Margaret  Miller.  Born  at  Platts- 
burg, N.  v.,  March  26,  1823:  .lied  at  Saratoga, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  25,  1838.  An  American  poet,  sis- 
ter of  Lucretin  Maria  Davidson.  The  works  of 
the  two  sisters  were  published  in  1850. 

Da'Vidson,  Samuel.    Bom  near  Bally mena.Ire- 


311 

land,  1807:  died  April  1,  1898.  An  English 
biblical  scholar,  author  of  "Introduction  to 
the  Xew  Testament  "  (184H-51). 
Davidson,  William.  Bom  in  Lancaster  Coun- 
ty. Pa..  174();  killed  at  Cowan's  Ford.  Mecklen- 
burg County,  N.  C,  Feb.  1,  1781.  An  American 
brigadier-general  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  de- 
tached by  General  Greene  to  interrupt  the  passage  of  Corn- 
wallis  across  the  Catawba,  Jan.  31,  1781,  and  fell  in  the 
engagement  on  the  following  day. 

Davies  (da'viz),  Charles.  Born  at  Washing- 
ton, Jjitchfield  County,  Conn.,  Jan.  22,  1798: 
died  at  Fishkill  Landing,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  18,  1876. 
An  American  mathematician,  author  of  a  series 
of  mathematical  text-books.  Professor  at  Co- 
lumbia College  1857-65. 

Da'Vies,  John.  Born  at  Hereford,  1565  (?) :  died 
at  London,  1618  (buried  July  6).  An  English 
writing-master  and  poet.  Hewas  said  to  be  a  skil- 
ful penman,  and  some  specimens  of  his  work  are  pre- 
served. Among  his  works  are  "  .Mirum  in  Modum,"etc. 
(1002),  "  Microcosmos,"  etc.  (liufs).  "The  Wittes  Pilgrim- 
age "and  "The  Scourge  of  Volly  "  (IGIO  or  1011),  "Wit's 
Bedlam  "  (1017). 

Davies,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Tisbury,  Wiltshire, 
1569 (baptized  April  16):  died  Dec.  8, 1626.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  159.%  dis- 
barred in  1598,  and  readmitted  in  1(»1.  In  that  year  he 
was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Corfe  Castle.  In  1003  lie 
was  made  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  and  in  1000  suc- 
ceeded to  the  position  of  attorney-general  for  Ireland.  In 
1014  he  was  member  of  Parliament  for  >'ewcastle.under- 
Lyme.  For  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  he  was  a  sergeant- 
at-law  in  England.  He  was  made  chief  justice  in  10'20, 
but  died  before  taking  possession  of  the  office.  Among 
his  works  are  "Orchestra"  (on  dancing,  1590),  "  Nosce 
Teipsum  "  (1699X  "  Hymns  to  Astraa  '  (1699),  acrostics  to 
Queen  Elizabeth. 

Davies,  Samuel.  Bom  in  New  Castle  County, 
Del.,  Nov.  3,  1724:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
Feb.  4,  1761.  An  American  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman, president  of  the  College  of  Now  Jersey 
(Princeton)  1759-61. 

Davies,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1712:  died  at 
London,  May  5,  1785.  An  English  bookseller. 
He  tried  acting  from  time  to  time,  but  without  success. 
He  introduced  lloswell  to  Johnson  in  1703  :  the  latter  was 
particularly  kind  to  him.  He  republished  a  number  of 
old  authors,  including  William  Browne,  Sir  John  Davies, 
Lillo,  and  .Massinger.  In  1785  he  published  his  "  Dramatic 
Miscellanies." 

Daviess  (da'vis),  Joseph  Hamilton.    Born  in 

Bedford  County,  Va.,  Slarch  4,  1774:  died  near 
Tippecanoe,  Ind.,  Nov.  8,  1811.  An  American 
lawyer,  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Tip- 
pecanoe, Nov.  1,  1811. 

Davila  (da've-lii),  Enrico  Caterino.  Bom 
near  Padua,  Italy,  Oct.  30,  1576:  killed  near 
Verona,  Italy,  Aug.  8, 1631.  An  Italian  soldier 
and  historian.  His  ancestors,  from  uat,  bore  the  title 
of  (Nonstable  of  Cyprus;  and  from  this  islan<l  his  father 
was  driven  when  it  was  captured  by  the  Turks.  Davila. 
when  seven  years  of  :ige,  was  taken  t^)  France,  became  a 
page  of  Catharine  de*  Medici,  and  later  fought  in  the  civil 
wars  until  the  peace  of  1.^98.  He  was  appointed  govern4)r 
of  Crema  in  1598,  and  on  his  way  to  that  place  in  lO-'U  was 
assassinated  by  a  man  with  whom  he  hail  had  a  dispute 
about  post-hiirses.  His  chief  work  is  ".Storia  delle  guerre 
civili  di  Fruncia"(lo.fiO. 

Da'vila  y  Padilla  (dii've-lu  e  pii-THel'yii), 

Agustin.  Born  at  Mexico,  1.562 :  died  at  Santo 
Domingo,  1604.  A  Mexican  prelate  and  histo- 
rian. He  was  prior  of  the  Dominican  convent  at  Puebla 
de  loa  Angeles,  and  a  celebrated  lecturer  on  theology. 
From  1.^)99  until  his  death  hewas  bishop  of  Santo  Domingo. 
His  principal  work,  "  Historia  de  la  provinela  de  Santlauo 
de  .Mejico,  '  is  a  hisUiry  of  hist)rder  in  Mexico  and  Florida, 
with  mucliof  general  interest.  First  published  at  Madrid 
ir>90,  it  was  republished  at  Vallaibdiil  1(U4,  with  the  title 
"  Varia  historia  de  la  Nneva  F.spana  y  Floriila." 

Da'vin  (dii-vaii' ).  F61iX.  .\  ))seu<lonym  used  by 
Halznc  in  t!ie  jiitniductiou  to  the  "Etudes 
lihiliiHOplii(|ues." 

Da  Vinci,  Leonardo.    See  Vinci,  Leonardo  da. 

Davis  (da'vis),  Charles  Henry.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  .Ian.  Hi,  1SII7:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Feb.  18,  1877.  .\n  American  naval  ofli- 
cer.  He  entered  the  navy  in  18'i1,  obtnlned  the  rank  of 
commaniier  in  I8.'»4,  and  serve)!  as  chief  of  stair  and  eai»- 
tnln  of  the  Meet  In  the  expedition  umler  Diipont  which 
eaptureil  Port  Royal.  .South  i'arollini,  in  l.s4;i.  Having  in 
the  mean  time  been  placed  in  command  of  the  MisHlssippi 
guid>oat  flotilla,  be  gained  a  victory  over  a  i'onfederate 
flict  olt  Fort  Pillow,  May  10,  18112,  ami  another,  .lunc  «, 
1802,  before  Memidds.  whose  surrender  he  recelveil  nn 
the  same  day.  Ho  was  promoted  to  tin'  nmk  of  rear-ad- 
ndral  Feb.  7,  1803.  He  wrote  "The  Coast  Survey  iif  the 
Iriltiil  States  "(1H49),  and  "Narnitlvcof  the  .North  Polar 
Kxpeilillon  of  the  C.  S.  .S.  Polaris  '  (1876). 

Davis,  Da'vid.      Born   in   Cecil  Countv,  Md.. 

March  9,  1815:  died  at  Bloomingtoii,  Ilf.,  June 
26,  1886.  ,\ti  ,\mi'i'icaii  stalesmnn  and  .jurist. 
Ho  was  aasoc-late  Justlci!  of  the  ridl»Ml  States  Supremo 
Court  1802-77,  I'nlted  Stales  senator  fnmi  Illinois  1877- 
188:l,'and  acting  Vice  ITcslilent  1881-«.^ 

Davis,  Edwin  Hamilton.  Born  in  Kohs  Coun- 
ty, Ohio,  Jan.  22,  1811:  dieil  at  New  York,  May 
15,  1888.     An  American  physician  and  archa>- 


Davout 

ologist.  His  works  include  "  Monuments  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley"  (in  "Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Know, 
ledge,"  1848),  etc. 

Da'vis,  Garret.  Born  at  Mount  Stirling,  Ky., 
Sept.  10,  18U1:  died  at  Paris,  Ky.,  Sept.  22, 
1872.  An  American  politician.  United  States 
senator  from  Kentucky  181)1-72. 

Davis,  Henry.  Born  at  East  Hampton,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  15,  1771  :  died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  March 
8,  1S52.  Au  American  clergj-man  and  educa- 
tor, piesident  of  Middlebury  College  1809-17, 
and  of  Hamilton  College  1817-33. 

Davis,  Henry  Winter.  Bom  at  Annapolis, 
Md.,  Aug.  16,  1817:  died  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
Dec.  30,  1865.  An  American  politician.  Hewas 
a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Mar>'land  1855- 
1801  and  1S0.'M55.  Author  of  "  The  War  of  Ormuzd  and 
Aliriman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  "  (1852). 

Davis,  Jefferson.  Born  in  Chi'istian  County, 
K}-.,  June  3,  1808:  died  at  New  Orleans,  La., 
Dec.  6,  1889.  An  American  statesman.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1&28 ;  was  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Mississippi  1845-46;  served  in  the  Mex- 
ican war  1846-17  ;  was  I'nited  .States  senator  from  Mis- 
sissippi 1847-51 ;  was  secretai-j' of  war  1863-57  ;  was  I'rdted 
States  senator  1857-61 ;  resigned  his  seat  Jan.  21,  1861 ; 
was  inaugurated  provisional  president  of  the  Confederacy 
Feb.  18,  1801,  and  president  Feb.  22,  1862 ;  was  arrested 
near  Irwinsville,  Georgia,  May  10, 1805;  was  imprisoned  in 
Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia,  1865-67  ;  anil  was  amnestied 
1808.  He  wrote  "Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment" (1881). 

Davis,  Jefferson  C.  Born  in  Clarke  County, 
Ind.,  March  2,  1828:  died  Nov.  30,  1879.  A 
Union  general  in  the  American  Ci\il  War.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war  1846-47  ;  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Sumter  when  it  was  bombarded  by  the  Confe<lerates  April 
l'2-l;i,  1861 ;  commanded  a  division  at  Pea  Ridge  March 
7-8,  1862,  at  .Stone  liiver  Dec.  31,  1862,^an.  3,  18fl;i,  and 
at  Chickanmuga  Sept.  19-'20,  1863 ;  and  led  a  corps  in 
Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  in  1864. 

Davis,  or  Da'Vys,  John.  Born  at  Sandridge, 
Devonshire,  England,  about  1550  :  killed  in  the 
Strait  of  Malacca,  Dec.  29,  1605.  An  English 
navigator.  He  commanded  expeditions  in  search  of  the 
northwest  passage  In  l!i85,  1586,  and  1587,  on  the  first  of 
which  he  discovered  Davis  Strait.  He  discovered  the  Falk* 
land  Islands  in  1592.  He  t<M)k  service  in  1604  as  pilot  in  the 
Tiger,  Captain  Sir  F-dward  Miehelbome.  destineiifor  a  voy. 
age  to  the  East  Indies,  on  which  he  was  killed  by  Japa- 
nese pirates. 

Davis,  John.  Born  at  I'lvmouth.  Mass.,  Jan. 
25,  1761:  died  at  Boston,"  Jan.  14.  1847.  An 
American  .jurist.  He  was  appointed  comptroller  of 
the  United  States  trea.sury  in  1795,  and  in  1801  became 
judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court  in  Massacha- 
setts.  He  was  the  youngest  member  in  the  convention 
of  1789  which  ailoj)ted  the  Federal  constitution,  and  sur- 
vived all  the  other  membera. 

Da'vis,  John  Chandler  Bancroft.     Bom  at 

Worcestei',  Mass.,  Dec.  29,  1822.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist  and  diplomatist.  lie  was  agent  of  the 
United  Slates  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  1871-72,  and  min- 
ister to  GerEuany  1874-77. 

Davis,  Sir  John  Francis.  Born  at  London, 
1795  :  dieil  near  Bristol,  Nov.  13,  1890.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  and  writer  on  China,  author 
of  "The  Chinese"  (1836),  etc. 

Davis,  Richard  Harding.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Ajiril  18.  1.S64.  An  American  journalist 
anil  aullnir.  He  lia.H  wiitU'U  ••i;alleglier,  and  Other 
Stories'  (1891),  ■'Van  Bibber  and  Others"  (1S92X  "The 
West  from  a  Car  Window"  (189-2),  "Exiles,  and  Other 
Stories  "  (1894),  "Our  English  Cousins  "  (1894),  " Kulera 
of  the  Mediterranean  "  (ISIHX  "  Princess  Altne  "  (1895), 
"Cinderella,  and  Other  .stories"  (1896),  "Three  Oringoa 
In  Venezuela  and  Central  America  "  (1896),  "  .'^Idlers  of 
Fortune"  (lMt7),  etc. 

Davis,  Thomas  Osborne.    Born  nt  Mallow, 

Oct.  14,  1814:  died  at  Dublin,  Sept.  16,  1845. 
.An  Irish  ixiet  and  politician,  lie  graduated  at 
Trinity  College  In  l,s.SO :  was  admilled  to  the  biw  In  1S.S8; 
became  joint  editor  with  John  Dillon  of  the  "hublin 
Moridng  Register  "  in»1841 ;  and  founded,  with  Dutfv  and 
Dillon,  the  ••  -Nation  "  in  1»4'2.  He  joined  In  1.S.S9  the  Ke- 
peal  Asiociation,  within  which  organlrjition  he  fonmled 
the  party  of  Young  Ireland  in  opiiositlon  to  OConnell's 
leadership.  Ills  poems,  collected  after  his  death,  form  n 
Volume  of  Dultys  "  Librarj-  of  Ireland"  for  1846. 

Davison  (dii'vi- son),  William.  Died  about 
bills.  .\  British  di|ilonmtiBt.  Asa  secrelar)- of  stale 
be  procured  Kllzabeth  s  signature  to  the  death. warraitt  of 
\hiiy  (;uccn  o(  Scots  in  1587. 

Davis  Strait  (dii'vis  slnit).  An  arm  of  the  At- 
lantic, si'pai'iiliiig  (ireenlaiid  from  ('nniberlaiid 
Peninsula,  and  connecting  Ballin  Bay  with  the 
.Atliuilic.  Width  in  the  narrowest  part,  about 
■-'Oil  Miili's.  Nami'd  ri>rilsdiscoverer..lolin  Davis. 

D'AvolOS  (dav'ii-los).  In  Ford's  "Love's  iSacri- 
fice,"  the  duke's  secretary  (modeled  on  Sliak- 
spcrii's  lago),  n  sj)V  and  "  jiander  to  the  bad 
iiassions  of  others.' 

Davos  (dil'vog).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  oan- 
lon  of  (irisous,  Switzerland,  15  miles  south- 
east of  (^oire.  Its  chief  place  is  Davos-Platz. 
a  noted  health-resort  having  an  elevation  of 
5,000  feet. 

Davout    (dii-v<i')    (often   erroneouBly  written 


Davont 

Davoust),  Louis  Nicolas,  Due  d'Auerstadt 
aud  Priuce  d'Eckmiihl,  Bom  at  Annoux, 
Yoniie,  France,  May  10,  1770:  died  at  Paris, 
June  1,  1823.  A  noted  French  marshal.  He 
was  a  lieatenant  in  a  cavalry  regiment  in  17Sa ;  served 
as  chief  of  battalion  under  Dumouriez  1792-93  ;  was  brig- 
adier-general in  the  array  of  the  Moselle  ;  fought  under 
Pichegru  and  Moreau  in  the  army  of  the  Khine  ;  went  to 
Egypt  and  fought  with  distinction,  especially  at  Abukir ; 
was  made  genenil  of  division  in  1804 ;  and  fought  at  Aus- 
terlitz  (lsu.=>).  Auerstadt  (18U6),  Eckmuhl,  Wagram  (1809), 
and  in  the  Russian  campaign  (181'2).  He  was  minister  of 
war  during  the  "  Hundred  Days  "  in  l8l.'J.  He  became 
duke  of  Auerstadt  in  1808,  and  prince  of  Eckmuhl  iji  1^09. 

Davus  (da'\-us).  A  conventional  name  for  a 
slave  in  Latin  comedies. 

Davy  (da'vi).  Sir  Humphry.  Born  at  Pen- 
zance, Cornwall,  England,  Dec.  17.  1778:  died 
at  Geneva,  May  2!J,  1829.  A  eeleljrated  English 
chemist.  He  was  the  son  of  a  wood-carver  at  Penzance, 
studied  at  the  Penzance  gr.unraar-school,  and  finished  his 
education  under  the  Kev.  Dr.  Cardew  at  TYuro.  In  1795  he 
was  apprenticed  to  John  Bingham  Borlase,  a  prominent 
surgeon  at  Penzance.  He  was  appointed  an  assistant  in 
the  laboratory  of  Beddoes's  Pneumatic  Institution  at  Bris- 
tol in  1798  ;  became  assistant  lecturer  in  chemistry  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  London,  in  1801;  was  promoted  profes- 
sor in  1802  ;  was  made  director  of  the  laboratory  in  1805 ; 
discovered  the  decomposition  of  the  fixed  alkalis  in  1807  ; 
was  knighted  in  1S12 :  resigned  his  professorship  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1813;  invented  the  safety-lamp  in 
ISI.t;  was  created  a  baronet  in  1818;  and  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  in  1820.  His  cliief  works  are 
"Elements  of  Chemical  Philosophy"  (1S12),  and  "Ele- 
ments of  Agricultural  Chemistry  '  (1813). 

Davy  Jones.     See  Jones,  Davy. 

Daw  (da).  Sir  David.     A  foolish  baronet  in 

Cumberland's  "Wheel  of  Fortmie." 
Daw,    Sir    John.      In   Ben    Jonson's   comedy 

'•Epieoeue,  or  The  Silent  Woman,"  a  cowardly, 

foolish  coxcomb. 
Dawes  (daz),  Henry  Laurens.    Bom  at  Cum- 

iiiington,  Mass.,  Ui-t.SO,  1S16:  died  at  Pittsfield. 
Jlass.,  Feb.  5,  1903.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1857- 
1873,  and  Republican  U.  S.  senator  187.5-93. 

Dawes,  William  Rutter.  Born  at  London, 
JIareh  19,  1799:  died  at  Haddenham,  Bucks, 
Feb.  15,  1868.  An  English  astronomer.  He  w.as 
educated  at  the  Charter  House  school  1811-13  ;  settled  as  a 
surgeon  at  Liverpool  in  1826;  was  for  a  time 'pastor  of  An 
independent  congregation  at  Ormskirk,  Lancashire ;  had 
charge  (1839-44)  of  the  observatory  at  South  Villa,  Regent's 
Park,  London,  belonging  to  George  Bishop :  fitted  up  an 
observatory  at  Camden  Lodge,  near  Cranbrook,  Kent,  in 
1845  ;_  and  discovered  fifteen  new  double  st.irs  1840-59. 

Dawison  (da've-son),  Bogumil.  Born  at  War- 
saw, May  15,  1818:  died  near  Dresden,  Feb.  1, 
1872.  A  Polish  actor,  of  Hebrew  descent.  He 
first  appeared  in  America  in  1866.  He  at  one  time  played 
Othello  to  Edwin  Booth's  lago.  He  played  both  tragic 
and  comic  parts. 

Dawkins  (da'kinz).  John.  A  young  pickpocket 
in  the  emplov  of  Fngiu.  in  Charles  Dickens's 
"Oliver  Twist":  called  "the  Artful  Dodger" 
from  his  expertncss. 

Dawkins,  William  Boyd.  Born  at  Butting- 
ton,  Welshpool,  Montgomeryshire,  Wales,  Dee. 
26, 1838.  An  English  geologist  aud  paleontolo- 
gist, author  of  "Care-Hunting"  (187-i),  "Early 
Man  in  Britain"  (1880),  etc. 

Dawlish  (da'lish).  A  watering-place  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  English  Channel 
10  miles  south  of  Exeter.      Pop.  (1891),  4,210. 

Dawson(da'sou).  Amining  city  of  Yukon,  Cau- 
ada,  situated  on  the  Ytikon  River,  near  the 
Klondike  gold-fields.   Population  (1901),  9.142. 

Dawson  (da'son).  Bully.  A  notorious  London 
shai-per,  a  contemporary  of  Etherege,  living 
in  the  17th  centurv. 

Dawson,  Captain  James.  A  young  volunteer 
officer,  of  good  family,  in  the  service  of  the 
Young  Pretender.  He  was  hanged,  drawn,  and  quar- 
tered, and  his  heart  burned,  July  30,  1746.  for  treason. 
His  betrothed  wife  was  piesent,  and.  when  all  was  over, 
died  in  the  arms  of  a  friend.  Shenstone  made  this  the 
subject  of  a  ballad,  "Jemmy  Dawson." 

Dawson,  Sir  John  William,  Bom  at  Pietou, 
Nova  Scotia.  Oct.,  1820:  died  at  Montreal,  Nov. 
19, 1899.  A  Canadian  geologist  and  natm-alist. 
He  was  principal  of  McGill  College  and  Uni- 
versitv  1855-93.  His  works  include  "Acadian 
Geology"  (1855),  etc. 

Dax  (daks).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Laudes,  France,  situated  on  the  Adour  in  lat. 
43°  44'  N.,  long.  1°  3'  W. :  the  Roman  Aquro 
TarbellicfB,  or  Aquie.  It  is  a  noted  watering-place 
and  winter  resort,  an<l  is  celebrated  for  its  hot  baths.  It 
was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Tarbelli ;  was  conquered  by 
the  Goths,  Franks,  Vascons.  Charlemagne,  the  Normans, 
and  the  Saracens,  and  in  the  later  middle  ages  was  held 
by  the  English.     Population  (1891),  commune,  10.240. 

Day  (da),  Henry  Noble.  Born  at  Washington, 
Conn.,  Aug.  4.  1S08:  died  at  New  Haven. 
Conn.,  Jan.  12,  1890.  An  American  educator 
and  philosophical  writer.    He  became  professor  of 


312 

sacred  rhetoric  in  Western  Reserve  College  in  1S40,  and 
president  of  the  Ohio  Female  College  in  1854,  and  re- 
moved to  Kew  Haven  in  1864.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Jere- 
miah Day.  His  works  include  " Logic "  (11567),  "Ethics"' 
(1876),  "Ontology  "  (lb78),  etc. 

Day,  Jeremiah.  Born  at  New  Preston,  Conn., 
Aug.  3,  1773:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Aug. 
22,  1867.  An  American  mathematician,  presi- 
dent of  Yale  College  1817-16.  He  published 
an  "Algebra"  (1814),  "  Na^•igation  and  Sur- 
veying" (1817),  etc. 

Day,  John.  Lived  about  1600.  An  English 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  C:unbridge, 
and  from  1598  collaborated  with  Hanghton,  Chettle, 
Dekker,  and  others  in  numerous  plays,  all  of  which  re- 
mained unprinted  except  "The  Blind  Beggar  of  liethnal 
Green."  His  chief  work  is  "  The  Parliament  of  Bees  "  (1607). 

Day,  Mr.  In  Sir  R.  Howard's  play  "  The  Com- 
mittee," the  chairman  of  the  committee,  a  kind 
of  Tartufe,  under  the  thumb  of  his  wife. 

Day,  or  Daye,  Stephen.  Born  at  Loudon  about 
1610:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  22.  1G6S. 
A  pioneer  of  printing  in  New  England.  He  was 
one  of  three  pressmen  engaged  in  1638  by  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Glover  to  operate  a  printing  press  which  he  was  about  to 
introduce  into  the  colony  of  Massachusetts.  Glover  died 
on  tlie  voyage.  The  press  was  set  up  ki  the  house  of  Rev, 
Henry  Dunster,  first  president  of  Harvard  College.  The 
tirst  book  printed  in  the  British-American  colonies  was 
issued  from  it  in  1(>40  :  "The  whol^  Bookeof  Psalnies,  faith- 
fully translated  into  English  metre,"  See  Bay  Psalm  Booh 

Day,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  June  22, 1748 : 
died  Sept.  28,  1789.  An  English  author.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford  and  the  Middle  Temple,  and  in  1775 
was  admitted  tathe  b:ir.  Having  inherited  a  competent 
fortune,  he  did  not  seek  practice,  but  devoted  himself  to 
literature  and  to  the  study  of  philosophy.  He  married 
:M  iss  Esther  ilUnes  in  1778,  and  in  1781  settled  on  a  farm  at 
Anningsley.  Surrey,  where  he  wrote  his  chief  work,  "His- 
toiy  of  Sandford  aiid  Merton  "  (1783-89). 

Dayr-el-Bahari.    See  Dcr-d-Bahri. 

Dajrton  (da'ton).  1.  A  city  and  the  county- 
scat  of  Montgomery  County,  Ohio,  situated  on 
the  Great  Miami  River  48  miles  northeast  of 
Cincinnati.  It  has  manufaetm-es  of  railwav- 
cars.  paper,  stoves,  etc.  Population  (1900°), 
85.333.-2.  A  citv  in  Rhea  Count  v,  East  Ten- 
nessee.    Population  (1900),  2,004." 

Dayton,  Blias.  Born  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
July,  1737:  died  at  Elizabethtown,  July  17, 
1807.  An  American  revolutionary  officer.  He 
served  throughout  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Springfield,  ilonmouth,  Brandy- 
wine,  and  Yorktown.  After  the  war  he  was  made  major- 
general  of  militia  in  New  Jersey,  and  w.as  a  member  of 
the  Continental  Congress  1787-88. 

Dayton,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  16,  1760:  died  at  Elizabethtown, 
Oct.  9,  1824.  An  American  politician,  son  of 
Elias  Dayton.  He  was  speaker  of  the  national  House 
of  Representatives  17iK^;>9,  and  United  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  179&-1805. 

Dayton,  William  Lewis.  Born  at  Basking- 
ridge,  N.  J.,Feb.  17, 1807:  died  at  Paris.  France, 
Dee.  1,  1864.  An  American  jurist  and  states- 
man, nephew  of  Jonathan  Dayton.  Ue  was  asso- 
ciate judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey  1838-42, 
United  States  senator  fi-om  New  Jersey  1842-.^1,  R'epublican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  1856,  and  minister  to  France 
1861-64. 

Daza  (da'za).     A  tribe  of  the  Sahara. 

Daza(da'tha).  Hilarion.  Born  at  Sucre  about 
1838.  A  Bolivian  general  and  politician.  His 
father's  name,  which  he  dropped,  was  Grossoli.  From  1858  he 
took  part  in  various  revolutionary  disturbances  until  May, 
1876,  wlien  he  was  proclaimed  piesident  of  Bolivia.  Ow ing 
tiitheseizui-eof  AtacamahedecharedwaronChile.  March  1, 
1879,  and  in  April  joined  the  Peruvian  forces  at  Tacna  ;  but 
his  incompetence  and  cowardice  led  to  a  mutiny  of  the 
troops  (Dec.  27,  1879),  and  this  was  quickly  followed  by  a 
.revolution  at  La  Paz,  by  which  Campero  was  declareil  presi- 
dent.    He  was  killed  by  a  Bolivian  mob  Marcti  1,  1894. 

Dazzle  (daz'l).  In  Dion  Boueicault's  comedy 
"  London  Assurance,"  a  man  who  lives  by  his 
wits,  aud  cleverly  contrives  to  be  an  inrited 
guest  at  Oak  Hall,  t  lie  home  of  Squire  Harkaway. 

Deacon  (de'kn),  Thomas.  Born  in  1697:  died 
at  Manchester,  Feb.  10,  1753.  An  English  phy- 
sician and  nonjuriug  bishop.  He  became  a  priest 
in  1716,  settled  at  Manchester  as  a  physician  in  1719  or 
1720,  and  about  1733  was  consecrated  a  nonj  uring  bishop  by 
Bishop  ,\rchibald  Campbell.  He  published  "  The  Doctrine 
of  the  Church  of  Rome  com-erning  Purgatory  proved  to  be 
contrary  to  Catholic  Tradition  "  (1718),  "A  Full,  True,  and 
Compreliensive  View  of  Cliristianity  "  (1747),  etc. 

Dead  Heart,  The.  A  play  by  Watts  Phillips, 
jiroduced  in  18.59.  It  was  revised  b.v  Walter 
Herries  Pollock  for  Henry  Irving  in  1889. 

Dead  Sea  (ded  se).  [LL.  Hare  ilortuum,  Ai-. 
Bahr-Lut.  F.  Her  Morit,  G.  Todtes-Metr.]  A 
salt  lake  in  Palestine,  situated  16  miles  south- 
east of  Jerusalem  in  the  ancient  "  Vale  of  Sid- 
dim":  the  Lacus  Asphaltites  of  the  ancients, 
and  the  Sea  of  the  Plain  or  of  the  Arabah,  Salt 
Sea.  or  East  Sea  of  the  Scriptures.  Its  waters 
are  intensely  salt,  and  of  great  specific  gravity.  Its  prin- 
cipal tributary  is  the  Jordan,  but  it  has  no  outlet,  and  its 


Deane,  Charles 

surface  is  1.292  feet-belo«  the  level  of  the  Mediterranean. 
Length,  46  mues.  Width,  6  to  9.!  miles.  Depth  varies  from 
1,300  fet-t  to  :i  or  4  feet  in  the  shallowest  section. 
Dead  Souls.  A  novel  by  Gogol,  which  appeared 
in  1841.  He  began  to  write  it  in  1837,  and  left  it  unfin- 
ished, destroying  the  concluding  portions  in  a  fit  of  reli- 
gious mania.  A  certain  Dr.  Zahartchenko,  of  Kieff,  pub- 
lished in  1857  a  continuation  of  it.  An  English  transla- 
tion, entitled  "  Tchitchikotfs  Journeys,  or  Dead  Souls,"  by 
Isabel  F.  Hapgood,  was  published  in  New  York  in  1886. 

At  the  time  of  serfdom  a  Russian  proprietor's  fortune 
was  not  valued  according  to  the  extent  of  his  lands,  but 
according  to  the  number  of  male  serfs  which  were  held 
upon  them.  These  serfs  were  called  "souls."  .  .  .  The 
proprietor  paid  the  capitation  tax  for  all  the  souls  on  his 
domain ;  but  as  the  census  was  rarely  taken  it  happened 
that  he  had  long  to  pay  for  dead  serfs,  until  a  new  official 
revision  struck  them  out  from  among  the  number  of  the 
living.  It  is  easyto  see  what  these  dead  souls  must  have 
cost  a  proprietor  whose  lands  had  been  visited  by  famine, 
.  .  .  and  his  interest  in  getting  rid  of  them  will  be  expli- 
cable. What  seems  more  surprising  is  that  there  were 
people  ready  to  purchase  them. 

Z>up»j/,Great  Mastersof  Russian  Literature(trans.),p.84. 

Tchitchikotf,  the  hero  of  the  book,  an  ambitious  and  evil- 
minded  rascal,  made  this  proposition  to  himself  :  "I  will 
visit  the  most  remote  comers  of  Russia,  and  ask  the  good       ■ 
people  to  deduct  from  the  number  on  their  lists  every  serf     ■ 
who  has  died  since  the  last  census  was  taken.  Theyw'iUbe     ^ 
only  too  glad,  as  it  will  be  to  their  interest  to  yield  iiptome 
a  fictitious  property,  and  get  rid  of  paying  tlie  tax  upon  it. 
I  shall  have  my  purchase  registered  in  due  form,  and  no 
tribunal  will  imagine  that  I  require  it  to  legalize  a  sale  of 
dead  men.    Whenlhaveobtained  the  namesof  some  thou- 
sands of  serfs,  I  shall  carry  my  deeds  to  some  bank  in  St. 
Petersburg  or  Jloscow,  and  raise  a  large  sum  on  them. 
Then  I  shall  be  a  rich  man,  and  in  condition  to  buy  real 
peasants  in  flesh  and  blood." 

De  VogiU,  Russian  Novelists  (trans.),  p.  75. 

Deadwood  (ded'wud).  A  city,  and  the  county- 
.seat  of  Lawrence  Countv.  South  Dakota,  sit- 
uated in  the  Black  Hills  in  lat.  44°  21'  N.. 
long.  103°  43'  W.  it  is  an  important  trading  center 
and  mini  II  i:  town,  gold  and  silver  havingbeen  discovered  in 
the  vicinity  in  1874.    Population  (1900),  3,498. 

Deae  Matres  (de'e  ma'trez).  [L.,  lit.  'god- 
desses mothers.']      See  the  extract. 

We  now  come  to  a  class  of  divinities  which  have  a  pecu-       _ 
liar  interest  in  connection  with  the  early  historj'  of  our      J 
island,  the  deities  of  the  auxiliarj'  races  who  formed  so    ;H 
important  an  element  of  its  population.     Among  these       ■ 
we  must  place,  first,  a  class  of  deities  commonly  known  by 
the  title  of  the  deie  matres.    Altars  and  inscriptions  to 
thfee  deities  are  very  numerous  in  Belgic  Gaul  and  Ger- 
many, and  more  especially  along  the  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
where  they  are  often  called  matrons  instead  of  matres, 
and  they  seem  to  have  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  race. 
Not  more  than  one  altar  to  these  deities  has,  I  believe, 
been  found  in  Italy,  and  we  do  not  trace  them   in  the 
classic  writers.     When  the  de^  matres  are  figured  on  the 
altars  or  other  monuments,  they  are  always  represented 
as  three  females,  seated,  with  baskets  or  bowls  of  fruit 
on  their  knees,  which  were  probably  emblematical  of  the 
plenty  which  they  were  believed  to  distribute  to  mankind. 

fTiiffht,  Celt,  p.  eSl. 

Deak  (da'ak),  Ferencz.  Born  at  Sojtor.  Zala, 
Hungary,  Oct.  17,  1803:  died  at  Budapest,  Jan. 
29,  1876.  A  Himgarian  statesman.  He  entered 
the  Reichstag  in  1832;  was  ministerof  justice  in  1848;  and 
was  the  chief  instrument  in  the  construction  of  the  Aus- 
tro-Hungarian  monarchy  on  the  dualistic  basis  in  1867. 

Deal  (del).  A  seaport  and  sea-bathing  resort 
in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Downs  8 
miles  northeast  of  Dover,  it  was  formerly  one  of 
the  Cinque  Ports,  and  contains  Deal  Castle.  Near  here 
Julius  Csesar  is  supposed  to  have  made  his  first  landing 
in  55  B.  C.     Population  (1891),  8,898. 

De  Amicis  (de  a-me'ches),  Edmondo.  Born  at 
Oneglia,  Italy,  Oct.  21, 1846.  An  Italian  writer 
of  travels.  He  entered  the  Italian  army  in  1865,  ana 
fought  at  the  battle  of  Custozza  yi  1866.  After  the  cap- 
ture of  Rome  in  1870  by  the  troops  of  Victor  Emmanuel, 
he  retired  from  the  army  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  lit- 
erature. His  works  include  "  Ricordi  di  Londra  "  (1S74), 
"L'Olanda"  (1874),  " Marocco "  (187,5),  "Constantinople" 
(1877),  "Pagine  sparse" (1877),  "Ricordi  di  Parigi,"  etc. 

De  Amicitia  (de  am-i-sish'ia),  or  Laelius  (le'li- 
us).  [L.,'on  fi'iendship.']  A  treatise  by  Cicero, 
in  the  form  of  a  conversation  between  Lielius 
and  his  sons-in-law,  C.  Fannius  and  Q.  Mucins 
Scievola,  devoted  to  the  praise  of  friendship. 

Dean  (den),  Amos.  Born  at  Barnard,  Vt.,  Jan. 
16,  1803:  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  26,  1868. 
An  American  jurist.  He  became  chancellor  and  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  University  of  Iowa  in  1855.  He 
has  published  "Medical  Jurisprudence  "  (1854),  "Bryant 
and  .Stratton's  Commercial  Law  "  (1861),  etc. 

Dean,  Forest  of.  A  forest  in  Gloucestershire, 
England,  situated  between  the  lower  Wye  and 
the  Severn,  southwest  of  Gloucester,  it  is  in  j.art 
a  crownland,  and  is  noted  for  its  production  of  coal  and 
iron.    Its  chief  trees  are  oaks  and  beeches. 

Dean,  Julia.  Born  July  22,  1830:  died  at  New 
York,  March  6. 1868.  An  American  actress.  She 
first  appeared  at  the  Bowery  Theater  as  Julia  in  "The 
Hunchback,"  She  was  the  original  Norma  in  Epes  Sar- 
gent's ■■  Priestess."  and  also  the  original  Leonor  in  Boker's 
tragedy  "  Leonor  de  Guzman."  She  married  Dr.  Hayne  in 
185.",.  from  whom  she  was  divorced. 

Deane  (den),  Charles.  Born  at  Biddeford, 
Maine.  Nov.  10. 1813 :  died  at  Cambridge.  Mass., 
Nov.  13, 1889.     An  American  historical  student. 


Deane,  Charles 


Aff^r  havine  been  a  merchant  in  Boston  for  many  years, 
he  ret  Jed  "rora  business  in  ISM,  and  settled  at  CanibriJiJe^ 
Mr^  He  cTlected  a  valuable  library  of  books  relating 
to  e^rlyNe>^  England  history,  and  edited  "Bradford  s  H.s^ 
toiVof  Plymouth  PlanUtion"  (1S56),  •■■nmgflelda  Dis- 
SXse  of\^i.ginia  ■'  (1?60),  and  otW  "jstoru-al  documen^ 

Deane,  Henry.  Died  at  Lambeth,  Feb.  Id  IMi. 
Alchlii8''0P  of  Canterbury.  He  «as  chief  of  the  Eng- 
^h  commissioners  who  concluded  themaxnage  rea^J  be- 
tween  Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  \  II.  of  England,  and 
James  IV.  of  Scotland,  in  1.W2.  «  The 

Deane  Lucy.  In  George  Ehot's  novel  '  The 
Mm  on  tli^Floss,"  a  pretty,  amiable  girl,  the 
eonsiu  and  rival  of  MafTgie  Tulhver. 

Deane.  Richard.  Born  in  1610:  died  June  3, 
165:f.     An  English  admiral,  and  one  of  the  regi- 

Deine.  Silas.  Born  at  Groton,Coim.,Dec.24. 
1737:  died  at  Deal,  England,  Aug.  23,  1(89.  An 
American  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was 
fSate  from  Connecticut  to  the'continental  Congress 
tTrtre  and  was  sent  to  France  as  a  secret  financial  and 
DoiiTical  agent  in  1770.  Having  made  unauthorized  piom- 
ifes  to  inSf.ce  ftench  officers  to  join  the  American  service, 
he  was  recalled  by  Congress  in  111  I.  „;fi„„lU- 

Dean  of  St.  Patrick's  (Dublin).    SpecifieaU) , 
Jonathan  Swift.     HeeSinJI. 
Deans  (denz).  Douce  Davie.    A  cow-feeder  m 

SVott%  novel  "  The  Heart  of  Midlothian.'  He 
fs  the  father  of  .leanie  and  EtBe,  and  is  distracted  between 
his  religious  principles  as  an  ardent  Cameronmn  and  his 
desire  to  save  his  daughter  Elbe  s  life. 

Deans,  Efae  or  Euphemia.  In  Scott  s  "Heart 
of  Midlothian."  a  beautiful  and  erring  girl,  the 
h'llf-sister  of  Jeanie  Deans.  She  is  tried  for  the 
murder  of  her  illegitimate  child,  which  had  disappeared 
"he  will  make  no  confession,  and  is  sentenced  to  be 
h-  need  Through  the  efforts  of  her  sister  she  is  pardoned 
ai'  b  ii-hed  for'fourte«n  years.  She  flees  from  her  angry 
father  and  her  lover,  Staunton,  marries  her.  ,  She  is  edu- 
cated 'ad  iVecones  a  court  beauty,  and  tlnaUy,  after  ten 
Jears  of  social  success,  retires  from  the  world  on  account 
of  the  death  of  her  husband. 

Deans  Jeanie.  The  heroine  of  Scott's  novel 
•-rhe'  Heart  c;f  Midlothian, "  the  half-sister  of 
Effie  Deans.  In  her  devotion  to  hersister  she  w.alksall 
the  way  to  London  to  obtain  pardon  for  E  he  from  the 
nneen  Her  good  sense,  calm  heroism,  and  disintereshnl- 
ness  move  the  Duke  of  Argyll  to  procure  her  the  desu-ed 
interview,  which  is  successful. 

Dearborn  (der'bom),  Henry.  Born  at  Hamp- 
tnf;  \  H  ,Feb.'23,  1751:  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass., 
June  G,  1829.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  through  th^R!;yoIutio".;  "^f/.'^Jid 
tary  of  war  1801-09;  captured  York(loronto)in  ISU,  and 
was  minister  to  Portugal  in  iy22-24. 

Dearborn.  Henry  Alexander  Scainmell  Born 
at  Exeteis  N.  II.,  March  3,  1-83  died  at  Kox- 
burv,  Mass.,  July  29,  1851 .  An  American  poli- 
tician, son  of  Henry  Dearborn.  He  was  collector 
of  the  port  of  Boston  1812-29;  was  elected  o  the  Massa- 
ehusettr  legislature  in  1829 ;  became  a  State  senator  in 
58-  0  was  in  18  1  elected  to  Congress  -here  he  servedone 
erm;  and  wal^nade  adjutant-general  fM^^^cuis^^^^^^^^^^ 
IRT,  from  which  post  he  was  removed  in  184J  for  n.aj  ing 
funi'lsheT  arms  to  Rlmde  Island  during  Dorr's  rcbeUlom 
Hrwas  mayor  of  lloxbury  from  1817  un  il  his  death  He 
wrote   ••Internal  Improvements  and  Commerce  of  the 

DeathTBlanche.    See  Bool-  ofm  T>"c>^- 

Death  of  Caesar.  A  painting  by  Geroine  (18b< ), 
ill  the  <';illerv  <if  J.  J.  Astor,  New  York.  Ciesars 
boilvlicH  at  the  foot  of  Pompey's  statue;  the  conspirators, 
sirilbing  their  daggers,  aVe  grouped  in  th-j  '^X^^X  ' 
and  all  the  senat.MsT.ut  one  have  Ikd  from  their  seat*. 


313 

of  Jabin,  prophesied  for  him  «»««««?•  «f^  f^ul'^°"' 
siHiL'  of  tViumiih  after  the  v  dory  (Judges  v.).  This  song  is 
eontideiell  by  critics  to  be  one  of  the  most  ancient  pieces 
in  the  old  Testament. 


But  the  priestess  of  ArtemisBtiUcontinued  to  bewailed 
••  n  bee  •■  reminding  us  that  Deborah  or     Bee     w.as  uu 

?S^i^:^;;ok^^:.^^^«-S 

^l^the^me  form  as  that  which^b^onged..^ 


Deborah.    A  German  drama  by  S.  H.  Mosen- 
thal,  the  original  of  "Deah."'  t>,„.,^ 

De  Bow  (do  b5).  James  Dunwoody  Brown 

son.  Born  at  Charleston,  b.  C..  Jj^ly  li"  l^-^'  ; 
died  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J..  Feb.  2,,  180,  An 
A.uerican  journalist  and  statistician.  _  He  es- 
tablished "  De  Bow's  Commercial  Keview     in 

New  Orleans  in  1S4G.  

Debreczin  (de'bret-siu),  Magyar  Debreczen. 
A  royal  free  citv  situated  in  the  county  ot 
Hajduken,  Himgary,  in  lat.  47°  32'  Ny  long. 
'n°  37'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  places  in  Hungary, 
and  an  important  commercial  center,  having  four  annual 
fi^^^rs  and  a  noted  horse-market  It  contains  a  Protestiint 
•Xgc  and  in  1819  was  the  seat  of  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tioiiaV government.     Popul.ation  (1900).  7.S.0O6. 

Debrosses (de-bios'),  Charles.  Born  at  Dijon, 
Fnuice.  Feb.  17,  1709:  died  at  Pans  May  1,. 
1777  A  French  man  of  letters.  He  wrote 
•■Lettres  sur  Hereulaneum"  (1750),  "Lettres 
sur  ntalie."  etc. 

De  Brv,  Theodore.    See  Bry. 

Decameron  (de-kam'e-ron).  [It.  H  Decame- 
rotte;  from  Gr.  dina,  ten,  and  j/ufpa  day.J  A 
famous  collection  of  100  tales,  by  Boccaccio, 
Dublished  in  1353.  Of  these  tales  ten  are  represented 
'  .  ii...,.h  ,liv  for  ten  days  near  Florence,  during  the 
Vu"nc  oim'Tey  were  written  from  13M  to  1350,  and 
are  1  receded  by  a  masterly  description  of  the  plague  at 
Ilomice  They  range  from  the  pathetic  t«  the  grossly 
lieeiit  ous  ''There  are  few  works  which  have  had  an  equal 
,ll™e nee  on  literature  with  the  Decameron  of  Boccaccio 
Even  in  England  its  effects  were  powerful  Jf""  '' 
Cha  cer  adopted  the  notion  of  the  frame  m  "Inch  eh. s 
inclosed  his  tales,  and  the  gener-al  manner  of  his  stones, 
vTi  ein  some  instances,  as  we  have  seen  he  has  mere^^^^ 
viTsified  thenovelsof  theltali,an.  Inir.6«,Willi.im  paj li- 
ter Sed  many  of  Boccaccio's  stories  in  English,  in  ns 
wor^k  "ailed  Sie  ''palaceof  Pleasure.'  'This  tet  rai.s  ation 
contained  6i.\ty  novels,  ami  it  was  soon  followed  by  an 
Svoume,coraprehci,din!.'tluity-four  additional  tales 

Tl  ese^e  the  pages  of  win,  1.  shiikspeie  made  so  much 
■  iisf  fton,  l!u"t?n's  •  A..ato„,y  of  Melancholy  we  learn 
that  one  of  the  great  amusements  of  our  ancestors  wies 
readinrBoe'caecioalond,  an entertainmentof  which  theef- 
fSs  were  speedily  visible  in  the  literature  of  the  country. 
I>unlop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction,  II.  1-18, 


Declns 

22,  1820.  An  American  uaval  oflScer,  son  of 
Stephen  Decatur.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midship- 
man in  1798,  and  became  a  lieutenant  in  1799.  He  gamed 
Ss,  "lion  in  the  Tripolitan  war  by  surprismg  and  burn  ng 
n  the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  Feb.  1«,  1804.  the  frigate  PhiJa- 
delphia,  which  had  been  captured  by  the  enemy.  *of '"'s 
exploit  he  was  promoted  captain,  his  comnilssion  be  ng 
made  to  date  from  Feb.  1.'.,  ISIM.  At  the  beginning  of  he 
war  ot  1812  he  conm.anded  the  frigate  Inited  States  which 
captured  the  British  frigate  llacedonian  Oct  A  l»ljj. 
Attempting,  Jan.  15,  Isl.S.  to  leave  the  port  of  ^e»  \ork, 
which  Wiis  blockade.1  by  the  British,  his  vessel  the  I  resi- 
dent, was  pursued  by  four  British  vessels,  and  after  a  sharp 
eiiL^gement  with  the  Endymion  compelled  to  surrender 
He  comnnrnded  ui  1815  the  expedition  against  "'e  I^>  ?« 
Algiers  who  was  forced  to  renounce  all  claims  to  lnbut« 
n™,  the  rnite.1  States.  He  wai  killed  in  a  duel  with 
.lames  Barron.  _i. .       ..^  t^  a  oi.    Tif«« 

Decazes  (de-kUz'),  Ehe.  Due.  Bom  at  St.  Mar- 
tin-de-Laye.  Gironde,! ranee,  Sept.  ^f  1,80. 
died  at  DecazeviUe,  France,  Oct.  "i),  1860.  A 
French  iiirist  and  statesman.  Hebecaineminist«r 
of  police  'sept.  24,  1815,  and  premier  and  minister  of  the 
i  terior  in  1818.  He  resigne.l  in  1820,  and  became  ambassa- 
dor  at  London.  He  was  raised  to  a  Lered,  alT  dukedom 
in  the  same  year,  and  founded  Decazeville  about  18.' 


and  all  the  senaoirs  imi  oiiv;  luiv^  ..^v.  ..- ~ 

Death  of  General  Wolfe,  The.  A  pa, nting  by 

Sir  Beniaiiiin  West  (1771),  in  Orosvenc.r  House, 
Ddlldoll.  The  general  li.-s  on  the  ground  supported  and 
Buriouniled  by  soldiers,  one  of  whom  holds  the  union  Jack. 
In  U,e  distance  a  »oldi;-r  runs  toward  the  group,  bearing  a 
captured  French  Hag.  ,      i... -o    TI 

Death  of  Marlowe,  The_.    A  tragedy  by  R.  H. 

ll..i-nc,  publislioil  111  IS.li.  ,,     _  J 

Death's  Jest  Book  or  The  Fool  s  Tragedy. 

A  tragedy  by  T.  \j.  Heil.hies,  loibh^-hed  m  bsiO, 
tlie  year  afti-r  the  author's  death.  It  Is  the  true 
story" of  the  stabbing  of  a  duke  in  the  ISlh  centniT  by  hU 

DeathValley  (deth  val'i),  or  Amargosa  Des- 
ert (a-miir'go-sa  dez'OrtV  A  d.s«rt  rt-gion  in 
Invo  County,  eastern  Cnlifcniia,  near  the  Ne- 
va'da  froutior.  lying  100  feet  below  the  sea-lovel. 

Deauville  (dO-vOl').  A  watcring-plnce  m  the 
.M^rTimnl    of   Calvados,    France,    adjoining 

Debatable  Land.  A  region  on  the  border  of 
Fii.'lnidand  S.-i.tlaiid.  between  the  Esk  and 
Safk,  furniorly  rV.n, I  by  l^.th  kingdoms. 

Debbitch  (deb'ich),  Deborah.    In  Sn;  ^\altol 

S^;ott's  novel  "I'everil  of  the  Peak  "  the  gov- 
ernante  of  Ali.'o  Bri.lgeuorth.  She  was  co- 
■  luotlish  and  deiTitful. 

r»phit  nnd  Credit.     See  Soil  imd  lluhni. 

^^!SX^^).  [Heb.,'abeo.']  A  prophet- 
ess  ■iiol  iuilge  of  tsrael.  she  lived  (m  Mount  Enhndm. 
between  1  amah  and  Bethel.  She  summoned  Barak  to  ,  «■- 
UvM  the  tribes  under  her  iurlsdlctlon  from  the  tyranny 


The  seven  imaginary  ladies  and  three  gentlemen  whom 
Bocc.aceio  sup  oJed  to  shut  out  .the  hon-ors  of  the  great 
pCueo^Forence,  in  1:«8,  by  enjoying  themselves  in  a 
|S§en  with  a  ten-day  fea.st  of  st«ry-t«lling,  P;;'f  "'<'-; 
in  the  best  and  easiest,  though  nearly  the  fl'f.  I'?"'™ 

rose-among  their  hundred  tales  ""^.'^I'PI'^",'''  ^ a,  I  m 
iay  from  the  French  fabliaux,  from  >""'^»  ?,"*■;"« 
life  or  from  whatever  source  was  open  to  the  authoi. 
Even  the      achinery  in  which  the  tales  are  set  came 

■om  the  East,  and  had  existed  in  a  Latin  form  two  centu- 
ries before.  The  number  of  the  stories  "•'^o  was  per- 
haps  determined  by  the  previous  existence  of  the  C  ento 
Novelle  Antiche."  Murley,  English  \\  riters,  1.  ... 

Decamps  (de-kon'),  Alexandre  Gabriel.  Born 

at  Faris,  March  3,18(13:  di.'d  ua.s  the  resnlt  of 
an  accident)  at  Fontainebleau,  Aug.  — .  18Wi. 
A  noted  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Abel  tie 
Puiol.  He  visited  Greece  and  the  coast  of  Asia  In  182,. 
and'  all  his  later  work  exhibits  his  preference  for  Oriental 
subjects. 
De  Candolle.  See  Candolle. 
Decapolis  (de-kap'o-lis).  [Gr.  ^eKan6^,c,  the 
ten  cities.]  The  name  of  an  ancient  confed- 
eration of  cities  west  and  east  of  the  Jordan, 
inhabited  for  the  most  part  by  a  non-Jew- 
isli  ,„M,ulation  which  probably  enjoyed  certain 

!;:^\;^f;:mJ^;^^u;f:i!:;i^;ro,rH£BE 
^=aj::is^;!;h:p:|x;'?.si^ 

Oenusa  (lialasa). 
Decatur(de-ka't6r).    Tlie name oseyeral towns 
lunl  cities  in  the  U.iited  States,  the  principal  of 
which  are:    inl    A  citv  In   Moru-an  County,   northern 
Ala    .la    »aual.:lontheTcln,esscel>Ri^.■r.        •l;;;;;^ 

V Inols   -  t    ,>    '    on  the  Sancamon  Itlver  M  mile,  east  Ol 
Sprinineld      Population  (n«K)), -20  7r.4 
•npentnr    Steohen.     Born  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
17M     di'.d   of  Fninklord,   near    Fhibulelphia, 

""'"'■■:''  /^;;';on;^';nd"dT;::"i;d:;:;;:Ji'^;^  ^^ 

Xr^flS'llminande:;  a  -Juadron  on  the  OuaiSoupe 

station.     He  was  .llscharged  In  1801 


station,      lie  wa^  ill"' "'"I. 

Tlpeatiir  Stenhen.    Born  at  SinnepnxentMa.. 
jlin  11^79 :  Sied  near  Bladeusburg.  Md.,  March 


in  viie  Biiiiit;  j»-«.'>  "■■"  • ^ 

Decazes,  Louis  Charles  Elie  Amanieu,  Due. 

Born  at  Paris,  May  9, 1819:  died  at  his  Chateau 
La  Grave,  Gironde,  Sept,  IG,  1886.     A  French 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  Elie  Decazes.   He  was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1873-,,. 
DecazeviUe  (de-kiiz-vel').     A  town  in  tbe  de- 
partment of  AvevTon,  France,  m  lat.  44    33 
N     Ion"  ""  13'  E.     It  is  noted  for  iron  manu- 
factures; aud  is  the   center  of  the  Aveyron. 
coal-Uelds.   Population  (1891).  commune,  8^8,1. 
DeCcan(dek'kan),orDekhan(dek'haii).  [Hi.id. 
dal.sinn,  the  south.]      A  non-ofoeial  designa- 
tion for  the  peninsular  portion  of  India  lying 
south  of  the  river  Nerbudda,  between  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  on  the  east  and  the  Arabian  Sea  oa 
the  west ;   in  a  restricted  sense,  the  countrj' 
between  the  Nerbudda  on  the  north  and  the 
Krislina  on  the  south.  .     ,,,        ,,-  * 

Decebalus  (de-seb'a-lus).  [Gr.  AcK£,W^c,  chief 
or  king:  a  title  of  honor  among  the  Dacians, 
borne  by  several  of  their  kings.^  Died  about 
lOG  A  D  A  Dacian  king,  at  war  with  the  Ko- 
mans  in  the  reigns  of  Domitian  and  Trajan. 
Deceleia  (des-e-le'yii).  [Gr.  Ae/cf?.f,a.]  In  an- 
cieut  geography,  a  city  aud  strategic  point  in 
Altiea.  Greece,  situated  14  miles  northeast  of 
Athens.  Tt  was  occupied  by  the  Lacediemouiaus 
from  413  to  404  B.  c. 

Deeelca  was  situated  on  the  mountain-range  north  or 
AtlKns  (Pariies).  within  sight  of  the  city,  from  which  it 
w!«  distant "20  stades,  or  about  14  miles.    The  road  from 

Athens  to  Oropus  and  lanagi?  P»*^?;'   '";'"''%'  ";.,   _„,. 
Jiaidmson,  Uerod.,  111.  4,1,  note. 

Deceleian  "War  (des-e-le'yan  war).      A  name 

frequently  given  to  the  third  or  final  stage  of 

the  Peloponnesian  war,  on  account  of  the  oc- 

cuiiaticui  of  Deceleia.  ....  „   n 

Decemberide-.sem'b..r).[E..  the  enthmonth.'] 

That  nioutli  of  the  year  in  which  the  sun  touches 
the  tropic  of  Capricorn  at  the  winter  solstice, 
being  tlien  at  its  gi-eatest  distance  south  of 
the  e<|uator;  the  twelfth  and  last  month  ae- 
cordin-'to  the  modern  mode  of  reckoning  time, 
having  tliirty-one  days.  In  the  Roman  cal- 
endar it  was'tlie  tenth  month,  reckomug  from 
March.  Abbreviated  Drr. 
Decemvirate  (de-sem'vinit).  In  Roman  liis- 
t,,iv  I  lie  ,-oimiiissioIi  of  ten,  presided  over  Dy 
Aiiliius  Claudius,  sent  about  4r)0  B.  c.  to  tireece 
to  stiiilv  (ireek  law  and  codify  the  Roman  law. 
It  was  renewed  the  next  year,  anil  drew  up  the  Twe  ve 
Tables  (Which  see).  1  luring  its  existence  it  siiii.rMded 
piovlslonally  the  regular  machinery  of  f"";'""";'"'  '  '' 
was  ovcithn.wn  on  account  of  its  tyranny  by  a  popiibu 
inMirrcction.     ^ee  ro^ii/iiii. 

Deception  Island  (.le-sep'shon  i  and).   A  \  <- 

oaiiic  island  in  the  South  Shetland  group,  south 

I)'echamps"'(de-shon').  Adolphe.  Bora  at 
Melle  Belgium,  June  17.  180,:  died  near  Ma- 
nage (near  Brussels),  July  19.  187.').  A  Belgmn 
Ciitliolic  slatesinuii.  He  became  a  member  ol  the 
;."o,id  chamber  1S.S4,  governor  o<  the  l';."^"'^-  ■■'■;;>';;•;;; 
burg  1841.  and  lnlni»lir  of  imblic  «olks  184.i,  ami  »B» 
iiunisleiof  loreign  ullaiis  184.'.  41..  .iirll^ 

Dechamps,  Victor  Auguste.    Born  at  Mello, 

lIolgiuiiK  {)ec.C.,  ISUI:  di.d  a  Meehhn.  Se  t. 
OS  l,S.s:!  A  Belgian  Hedemnlorisl  and  I  Itra- 
,".„',ntniio  leader  brother  of  Adolphe  Dechamps. 
VlX^eaine  blHliI.  .  :.f  Nnniur  in  l-..r..arcl',blshopotMechlln 

In  18(17,  and  cardinal  In  18.5.  \  T>i«l. 

De  Charms,orDe  Charmes(deshur.nz  .Rich- 
ard n^nai  Philadel|ihia,  Oct.  17, 1790.  died 
af  I'lnlailclphin,  March  •JO,  18fi4  An  Anierieau 
Swedenborgiaii  clergviniin  and  niillior 

Decius  (de'shi-us).  daius  Messius  Quintus 
Traianus  Born  at  Bubalia,  Paniionia :  k ,1  ed 
in   ban  h-  will'  tl'e  Goths,  near  the  Danube. 


Decius 

251a.  D.  Emperorof  Rome  249-251.  Having  been 
sent  by  the  emperor  Philippusto  restore  subordination  in 
tlie  revolted  array  of  Moesia,  he  was  compelled  by  the 
army  to  assume  the  purple  and  march  against  Philippus, 
who  fell  in  battle  near  Verona  in  249.  He  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  251,  near  Abricium,  by  the  Goths,  who  had  in- 
vaded his  dominions.  During  his  reign  a  bloody  persecu* 
tion  of  the  Christians  took  place. 

Decius  Mus  (mus),  Publius.  1.  Killed  at  the 
battle  of  Vesuvius,  340  B.  c.  A  Roman  plebeian 
consul,  distinguished  in  the  first  Samnite  and 
Latin  wars. —  2.  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Senti- 
num,  295  B.  C.  A  Roman  consul,  son  of  Decius 
(died  340).— 3.  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Ascu- 
lum  (?),  279  B.  c.  A  Roman  consul,  son  of 
Decius  (died  295). 

De  civitate  Dei  (de  siv-i-ta'te  de'i).  [L.,'on 
the  city  of  God.']  A  celebrated  treatise  by 
Augustine.  Its  theme  is  the  permanence  of  the  City  of 
God,  "which  abidetb  forever":  a  thought  made  doubly 
impressive  by  the  overthrow  of  Rome,  the  "eternal  city," 
by  .\laric. 

Decize  (de-sez').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Xie\Te,  France,  situated  on  an  island  in  the 
Loire  18  miles  southeast  of  Nevers :  the  an- 
cient Deeetia.  It  has  a  ruined  chateau.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  4.977. 

Decken  (dek'ken).  Karl  Klaus  von  der.  Bom 
at  Kotzen,  Brandenburg,  Germany,  Aug.  8, 
1833:  died  IStjo.  An  African  explorer.  Until 
186il  he  was  in  the  military  service.  In  that  year  he  sailed 
from  Hamburg  to  East  Africa,  and  gave  the  rest  of  his 
life  and  means  to  the  explomtioii  of  what  is  now  British 
East  Africa.  His  first  attempt  was  fruitless.  On  his  sec- 
ond expedition,  lSt»l-62,  he  explored  Lake  Jipe  and  Kili- 
manjaro.  In  1S64  he  led  a  great  expedition  to  the  explo- 
ration of  the  Sabaki.  Tana,  and  .Tub  rivers.  On  the  lat- 
terlhe  and  almost  all  his  companions  were  killed  by  the 
Somalis.  His  material  was  published  in  "K.  K.  v.  der 
Deckens  Reisen  in  Ost-Afrika  "  (186^79).  His  collections 
\veie  given  to  the  National  Museum  of  Berlin. 

Decker.  Jeremias  de.    See  Dekker, 

Decker,  Thomas.    See  VcHcr. 

Declaration  of  Independence.  The  public 
act  by  %vhich  the  Continental  Congress  on 
July  4,  1776,  declared  the  American  colonies 
to  be  free  and  independent  of  Great  Britain. 
A  resolution  of  independence  was  offered  by  R.  H.  Lee, 
June  7,  1776.  The  committee  appointed  to  draft  the  dec- 
laration consisted  of  Jefferson,  fYanklin,  John  Adams, 
Roger  Sherman,  and  R.  R.  Livingston,  and  the  document 
was  written  for  the  most  part  by  Jefferson.  It  was  signed 
by  66  members. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  Mecklenburg. 

See  ilccklenburij  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Declaration  of  Right.  An  aifirmation  of  the 
ancient  constitutional  rights  of  the  English 
nation,  prepared  by  the  convention  of  the 
Commons,  assentedto  by  the  Lords,  and  by 
William  and  Mary  (who  thereupon  were  de- 
clared king  and  queen,  Feb.  13),  in  Feb..  1689. 
It  was  confirmed  by  Parliament  as  the  Bill  of 
Rights  in  Dec,  1689. 

Dfecle  (dakl),  lionel.  A  French  traveler  and 
ethnological  collector.  Accompanied  by  Ph.  de  La- 
laing.  he  started  in  July,  1891,  from  Mafeking,  Bechuana- 
land,  and  visited  Palapye,  shesheke,  failed  to  enter  the 
Ba-rotse  country,  returned  to  Matebele  and  Mashoua 
Land,  where  he  explored  the  subterranean  lakes  of 
Sinoya,  and  again  reached  the  Zambesi  on  his  way  to 
Nyassa,  1892.  Thence  he  proceeded  up  the  Shire  to 
Lakes  N'yassa  ami  Tanganyika  (1893),  and  came  out  by 
Zanzib.ir  (1894). 

Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.    A 

celebrated  history  by  Edward  Gibbon,  pub- 
lished 1776-88. 

De  consolatione  philosophiae  (de  kon-so-la- 
shi-o'ne  fil-o-so'fi-e).  [L.,  'on  the  consola- 
tion of  philosophy.']  A  celebrated  Latin  work 
in  prose  and  verse,  written  by  Boethius  about 
525  A.  D,  It  was  translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by  Alfred 
the  Great.  Chaucer  translated  it  into  English  prose  be- 
lore  138-2.    Caxton  published  it  in  1480.    See  Buethixis. 

Boethius  was  not  put  to  death  at  once,  but  was  kept 
nearly  a  year  in  prison.  After  his  condemnation  he  wrote 
that  famous  book,  "  The  Consolation  of  Philosophy,"  which 
is  the  only  one  of  all  his  works  that  still  finds  readers. 
It  is  not  exactly  a  literary  masterpiece,  but  as  a  book 
written  from  the  heart,  as  the  record  of  the  meditations 
by  which  a  brave  and  high-minded  man  consoled  him- 
self when,  fallen  suddenly  from  the  height  of  wealth  and 
power  to  the  lowest  abyss  of  misery,  he  was  looking  for- 
ward to  an  ignominious  death,  it  has  a  deep  interest,  and 
will  always  be  counted  among  the  world  s  classics.  It 
has  been  translated  into  every  language  in  Europe ;  and 
amongst  the  English  translators  have  been  King  Alfred, 
Chaucer  and,  we  are  told.  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  183. 

Decumates  Agri  (dek-u-ma'tez  ag'ri).  [L., 
from  deciima,  tithe:  tithe  lands.]  The  name 
given  by  the  Romans  to  the  lands  east  of  the 
Rhine  and  north  of  the  Danube.  About  the 
beginning  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.  they  were  in- 
corporated in  the  Roman  Empire  as  a  part  of 
Bheetia. 

We  have  seen  that  the  history  of  Rome  in  her  western 
provinces  was,  from  an  early  stage  of  the  Empire,  a 
struggle  with  the  Teutonic  nations  on  the  Rhine  and  the 


314 

Danube.  We  have  seen  that  all  attempts  at  serious  con- 
quest beyond  those  boundaries  came  to  nothing.  The 
Roman  possessions  beyond  the  two  great  rivers  were  mere 
outposts  for  the  better  security  of  the  land  within  the 
rivers.  The  district  beyond  them,  fenced  in  by  a  wall  and 
known  as  the  A^fri  Decumates,  was  hardly  more  than 
such  an  outlying  post  on  a  great  scale. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  84. 

Dedan  (de'dan).  [Heb.,  perhaps  'beloved,' 
'  darling.']  1.  A  son  of  Raamah,  son  of  Cush, 
son  of  Ham  (Gen.  x.  7),  and  his  descendants. 
—  2.  A  son  of  Jokshan,  grandson  of  Abraham 
and  Keturah  (Gen.  xxv.  3).  In  the  prophets  the 
Dedanites  are  referred  to  as  being  settled  now  in  Edom 
(Idumea),  now  on  the  Persian  Gulf.  Some  scholars(Gesen- 
ius,  \\  iner)  infer  that  the  Cushite  Dedanites  and  those 
from  Ketiu-ah  were  in  some  way  amalgamated  by  in- 
termarriage, and  formed  a  widely  spread  trading  tribe. 
There  are  still  ruins  of  a  city  in  the  northern  Hedjas  (see 
Arabia)  bearing  the  name  of  Dedan. 

Dedham  (ded'am).  The  capital  of  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  10  miles  south- 
west of  Boston.    Population  ( 1900),  7,457. 

Dedlock  (ded'lok).  Lady.  The  wife  of  Su- 
Leicester  Dedlock  in  Dickens's  novel  "Bleak 
House  ":  a  haughty  woman  of  fashion,  secretly 
consumed  with  terror,  shame,  and  remorse.  She 
has  an  illegitimate  child,  Esther  Summerson,  but  marries 
Sir  Leicester,  who  is  ignonint  of  her  history.  Her  secret 
becomes  known  to  Mr.  Tulkingliorn,  her  husband's  legal 
adviser,  who  tells  her  of  his  design  to  reveal  it  to  him. 
She  leaves  home  and  dies  from  exposure  and  remorse  at 
the  gate  of  the  graveyar<l  where  Captain  Hawdon,  the 
father  of  her  child,  is  buried. 

Dedlock,  Sir  Leicester.  An  extremely  cere- 
monious and  stately  old  baronet  in  Dickens's 
novel  '•  Bleak  House,"  He  is  perfectly  honorable, 
but  prejudiced  to  the  most  unreasonable  degree,  with  a 
genuine  atf ection  and  admiration  for  Lady  Dedlock. 

Dee  (de).  [L.  X)rt'«  (which  see).]  1.  A  river 
in  North  Wales  and  Cheshire,  flowing  past  Ches- 
ter into  the  Irish  Sea  northwest  of  Chester. 
Length,  90  miles. —  2.  A  river  in  Kincardine- 
shire and  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  flowing 
into  the  North  Sea  at  Aberdeen.  Length,  87 
miles. — 3.  Ariver  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Scot- 
land, which  flows  into  the  Solway  Firth  at 
Kirkcudbright  Bay.     Length,  48  miles. 

Dee,  John.  Born  at  London,  July  13, 1527 :  died 
in  Dec,  1608.  An  English  mathematician  and 
astrologer.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cambridge 
in  1&45 ;  was  appointed  one  of  the  foundation  fellows  of 
Trinity  College.  Cambridge,  in  1546  ;  lectured  on  the  Ele- 
ments of  Euclid  at  Paris  about  15.^0 ;  returned  to  England 
in  1551 ;  was  prosecuted  on  the  charge  of  magic  about  1.^55; 
gave  exhibitions  of  magic  at  the  courts  of  various  princes 
in  Poland  and  Bohemia  1583-68  ;  and  was  appointed  warden 
of  Manchester  College  in  1595.  He  was  patronized  by 
Queen  Elizabeth,  who  received  instruction  from  him  in  as- 
trology in  1564,  According  to  the  "-Athenae  Cantabrigien- 
ses  "  he  wrote  79  works,  most  of  which  have  never  been 
printed.  His  most  notable  work  is  "MonasHieroglyphica" 
(1564). 

Deeg,  or  Dig  (deg).  A  fortified  place  in  British 
India,  in  lat.  27°  25'  N..  long.  77°  15'  E.  it  was 
captured  by  the  British  in  1S04.  It  contains  a  palace 
built  by  Suraj  Mull  tow.ard  the  middle  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. The  portion  completed  is  about  7(X)  feet  square, 
and  is  traversed  by  a  garden  with  beautiful  architectural 
adornment.  The  north  pavilion  contains  a  fine  audience 
hall,  77  by  54*  feet,  divided  by  a  central  range  of  arches. 
An  adjoining  side  of  the  court  is  occupied  by  a  great  ball 
108  by  87  feet,  open  on  two  sides  and  including  four  ranges 
of  columns  with  arcades  edged  with  sharply  cut  cusps. 
The  cornices  are  particularly  noteworthy  :  they  are  wide- 
spreading,  often  double,  and  supported  by  very  richly 
sculptured  brackets. 

Deems  (demz),  Charles  Force.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Dec.  4,  1820:  died  at  New  York 
city,  Nov.  18,  1893.  An  American  clergyman 
and  writer,  pastor  of  the  Chiu-ch  of  the  Stran- 
gers in  New  York  city.  He  founded  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Christian  Philosophy  in  1.S81. 

Deep  River  (dep  riv'er).  A  river  of  North 
Carolina  which  unites  with  the  Haw  to  foi-m 
the  Cape  Fear  River  26  miles  southwest  of 
Raleigh.     Length,  over  100  miles. 

Deer  (der),  Old.  A  village  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  about  30  miles  north  of  Aberdeen. 
It  is  noted  for  an  ancient  manuscript  ("  Book  of  Deer  ") 
containing  St.  John's  gospel  and  parts  of  the  other  three, 
belonging  formerly  to  the  old  abbey,  and  now  in  the 
Cambridge  I'niversity  library. 

Deerfield  (der'feld).  A  towTi  in  Franklin  Cotm- 
ty.  Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Deerfield  River  with  the  Connecticut,  32 
miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  was  sacked  and 
burned  by  French  and  Indians  in  1704  ;  and  South  Deer- 
tleld  was  the  scene  of  the  "  Bloody  Brook  massacre"  in 
1675.     Population  (1900),  1,909. 

Deerfield  Ki'Ver.     A  small  western  tributary  of 

the  Connecticut  in  Massachusetts. 
Deerslayer   (der'sla''''&r),  The.     A  novel  by 

Cooper,  published  in  1841.     (See  Leatherstock- 

ing.)    It  is  the  first  of  the  " Leatherstocking 

Tales."  though  published  last. 
D66s,  or  D6s  (da'ash  or  dash).     The  capital  of 

the  county  of  Szolnok-Doboka,  in  Transylvania, 


De  Forest 

Hungary,  situated  on  the  Szamos  32miles  north- 
east  of  Klausenburg.    Population  (1890),  7,728 

Defarge  (de-fiirzh'),  Th6r6se.  In  Dickens's 
"Tale  of  Two  Cities,"  the  wife  of  Ernest  De- 
farge, the  keeper  of  a  wine-shop :  a  t^-pe  of  the 
remorseless  women  of  the  St.  Antoine  quarter 
during  the  French  Revolution. 

Defence  of  Poesie,  The.  The  title  given  to  Sir 
Phihp  Sidney's  "Apologie  for  Poetrie"  when 
printed  for  the  second  time  in  the  third  edition 
of  the  "Arcadia"  in  1.598. 

Defence  of  Poetry.  A  volume  in  verse  by  Isaac 
D'Israeli,  published  in  1790 :  his  first  work. 

Defender  (de-fen'der).  A  sloop-yacht  built  at 
Bristol,  R.  i..  by  the  HeiTeshoflis,  and  owned 
by  C.  Oliver  Iselin  and  others.  Her  length  on 
load  water-line  is  88.45  feet.  She  defeated 
Valk}Tie  HI.  in  competition  for  the  America's 
cup,  Sept.,  1895.     See  Valkyrie  III. 

Defender  of  the  Faith.  [L.  Fidei  Defensor.'] 
A  title  conferred  in  1521  by  Pope  Leo  X.  upon 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  in  recognition  of  the 
latter's  treatise  '•Assertio  septem  sacrament o- 
rum"  (1521),  retained  by  succeeding  English 
sovereigns. 

Defender  of  the  Faith  of  God.  A  title  as- 
sumed liy  Abd-cr-Rahman  in  929. 

Defenneh.     See  Tel  Defenneh. 

Defensa,  Partido  de  la.    See  Blancos. 

Deffand,  or  Deffant  (def-fon').  Marquise  du 
(Marie  de  Vichy-Chamrond).  Born  at  the 
Chateau  de  Chamrond,  France,  in  1697:  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1780.  A  witty  and  cynical 
Frenchwoman,  a  leader  in  Parisian  literary  and 
philosophical  circles.  She  w.as  married  to  the  Marquis 
du  Delfand  in  1718,  but  soon  separated  from  him  and  lived 
somewhat  notoriously.  In  1753  she  became  blind.  She 
is  noted  for  her  correspondence  with  Voltaire,  H^nault, 
Montesquieu,  Horace  Walpole,  and  other  great  men  of 
her  time. 

Defiance  (de-fi'ans).  A  city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Defiance  County,  northwestern  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  Maumee  50  miles  southwest  of 
Toledo.     Po]iulation  (1900),  7,579. 

De  finibus  (bonomm  et  malorum)  (de  fin'i-bus). 
[L,',  'of  the  boundaries  (of  good  and  evil).'] 
A  treatise  in  five  books  by  Cicero,  in  the  form 
of  a  dialogue,  consisting  in  a  presentation  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  Greek  schools  eonceming 
good  and  e'vil.     It  was  ■written  45  B.  c. 

De  Flores  (de  flo'rez).  In  Middleton's  play 
"The  Changeling," an  ill-favored,  broken  gen- 
tleman in  the  service  of  Vermandero,  the  fa- 
ther of  Beatrice-Joanna,  He  loves  Beatrice,  who 
loathes  him.  Trusting  in  his  devotion  and  poverty,  she 
induces  him  to  murder  Alonzo  de  Pivacquo,  to  whom  her 
father  has  betrothed  her  though  she  loves  Alsemero.  In 
a  powerful  scene  he  declares  to  her  that  she  shall  never 
marry  .\isemero  unless  she  first  yields  to  him.  He  never 
relents,  and  after  killing  Beatrice  dies  triumphant,  by  his 
own  hand,  when  the  double  discovery  of  the  liaison  and 
murder  is  made.  "He  is  a  study  worthy  to  be  classed 
with  lago,  and  inferior  only  to  lago  in  their  class." 
Saintsbury. 

Defoe  (sometimes  -written  De  Foe)  (de-fo'), 
Daniel.  Born  at  London,  probably  in  1661: 
died  at  London,  April  26,  1731.  A  celebrated 
English  novelist  and  political  writer.  Hisfather, 
whose  name  originally  was  Foe,  was  a  butcher  in  St. 
Giles,  Cripplegate.  Daniel  changed  it  to  De  Foe,  or  Defoe, 
about  1703.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life.  He  aban- 
doned the  idea  of  being  a  dissenting  minister,  went  into 
business  in  1685,  and  in  168S  was  with  King  William's 
army.  He  traveled  a  good  deal  on  the  Continent.  In 
1692  he  became  bankrupt,  but  afterward  paid  his  debts. 
He  then  secured  a  position  as  secretary  to  a  pantile  fac- 
tory, and  was  accountant  to  the  commissioners  on  glass 
duties.  From  1698  he  distinguished  himself  as  a  pam- 
phleteer  in  favor  of  William  III.'s  policy.  His  ironical 
treatise  "The  Shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters " in  1703 
occasioned  his  arrest,  and  he  was  sentenced  to  be  fined,  to 
stand  three  times  in  the  pillory,  and  to  be  "imprisoned 
during  the  Queen's  pleasure. "  During  this  imprisonment 
he  wrote  constantly,  and  began  his  "Review,"  a  newspaper 
issued  at  first  once,  after^vard  twice,  and  ultunately  thrice, 
a  week.  It  was  published  from  Feb.  19,  1704,  to  June  11, 
1713.  During  this  time  he  also  wrote  about  eighty  other 
works.  In  1704  he  was  released  and  went  to  St,  Edmund's 
Bury  and  then  back  to  London,  where  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  political  intrigue.  Finding  himself  generally  ob- 
jected to  as  a  time-server  and  turncoat,  he  made  an  apol- 
ogy, "An  Appeal  to  Honour  and  Justice"  (1715),  which 
did  not  remove  the  impression.  From  this  time  until  his 
death  he  wrote  industriously,"Robinson  Crtisoe  "  appear- 
ing in  1719.  Among  his  other  novels  are  "Life  and  .\dven. 
tures  of  Duncan  Campbell"  (1720X  "Captain  Singleton" 
(172ii),  *The  Fortunes  and  Misfortunes  of  Moll  Flanders" 
(1722),  "  Journal  of  the  Plague  "Vear"  (2d  ed.,  entitled 
"History  of  the  Plague,"  1722), "History  of  Colonel  Jack" 
(1722),  "Roxana  "(1724X  etc.  .Among  his  political  ivritings 
are  "The  True-Born  Englishman"  (1701),  "The  Shortest 
Way  with  the  Dissenters  "  (1703), "  Political  History  of  the 
the  Devil "  (1726),  etc.  See  his  Life  by  Minto  (1879),  in 
"English  Men  of  Letters  '  series. 

De  Forest  (de  for'est).  John  William.    Bom 

at  SejTnour,  Conn.,  March  31,  1826.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  soldier. 


1 


De  Forest 


315 


De  la  Ram6e 


Amonu  the 


to  address  himseU  directly  ^J^f  ™\t,';nt  nu-n  of  the 
Mpp„sc,l  KUests  are  *."■"«  "i''AVSaesc™uia.lt  .,f  the  K-reut 
day,  csreci^lly  ^l"^"""^*''"'"'"!  hi,S  ""«  "«  the  lea.h„B 


He  served  through  the  CWU  war  .rem  l^J^^J^^l^^^^^^^ 
Southwest,  and  with  J'heridan  '"  "     .         ^jom  18B5  to 

lCV"aeifu?Vv<nrt:hips,"  etc.  (1881),  and  tuany  .u.U- 


^"v;;i;;ywriun>;.  on  .;?"^S5^^ '■"' w'^ 

pass  all  lib  preaeceswirs,  ^,",^.." "".''„ j^ts "  pour  forth  an 
Tthe  ancients."    These^   earned  KU.Jt   ^^|»^^^,_ 

u„brol;enBtrea,no    4Uot^.".^-„^.^.,       ,.i^ 


ta^rsketches,  essays,  etc.  ^^^   ^ 

o,",rTOctho's'- Faust." 
De  G^rando.    St^  f"™'"^^'       ^„^,^  ;„  Lower 

Bavaria,    situated    ou    in  ,    ^,^  ^ple. 

-;^::X^  If  S"^or^;i&u.s.  Population 

(1K90),  6,250. 

De  GraSSe.      See  Grn«se.  ""',7"  The'extent  to  which  thisone  "'"^,";'f„-^-;.e choice 

DeHaaS.      See  nja>.  3^^„  ^t  Al-     ?o"lV?the%avaKesof.nne^^andespeeaU>^to 

Dehn  clan ).  Siegfried  Wimeuu.,^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^^    .     i^„....  ,„ „„.  „,.eck  of  the  grcav    ..    ,    ,._„ ,,, 

to.ia    Oermaiiy,  ^^^'^  -^[^— ^,,,ioe.\   ^^'riter 
AClJ^ne  t^usi^  worUs  in  the   royal 

Mirat   division   of  the   ^«""^j  ^    30°-31°  N.,  ,.,.    ...       .     .,,„  gth  eentmv  A.  D.,  an 

aUon  (1S91),16«,135.  _,.  .       ...   „w.6'ne    England,  extending  trom  tli.    nun. 
,    -rrux       \    vehffious  treatise 


second  part  U  -atediem  and  there  is  no^lj^^to^- 
that  Jliddleton  was  concernea  in  ii.  „  ^        ,^„„, 

"i",  of  London"  he  V^^i^"=^^'^,?:^^,,t^^i  HoV 
Hell''  in  the  same  y.-v'-^-  "'•»7,J^"  .The  Bellman  of 
before   1005,   and      ^orthnara   "o  ■  .     ,     j^    gecond 

London'  (1608)  •;  Linthornc  and  V.'![','^^'=S's  llornhook'; 
part  of  •Jl"^^„»»«»."'""rirr'  with  Middleton  (1611),.  "K 
neOO)  "The  Roarmg  Oirl,  '*""..,,,,, .71  "■The  Virpin 
Tenot  Good  the  I''^"  .s  m  it  0612).  ji"Lo„aon" 
Martyr,"  with  SlassniKcr  (lo22),   /'•  ''^'..r;.:,.,  pord,  was 

JSsiied  .1631)  "■;]-.;:;-,', ,^;Sfarr.hou.htio .« 

published  in,l?=6  (tlK  l)n>^»il   '  ..  „.((,,  I'ord  and 

Dekker's);   "The  «  itch  i.f  Ednion;™/^^^,,  j,,  jgjg .  a„J 

Kow 


li^:;;s?;^n.or;uoU.i-^-^;''gS'^"iur^.   V^^}^.-:.-,^,  WUch  „.  Edmonton,     -..^^  -„, 


be  te^t  W' which  S^-Kirom^'KnenU  S'Greek 
i,'o:tVwe^h^rse^  ho^tr^e"a'^?oportU  is  due  to  the 
Beignojop.usJ.._  ^^.^^^^  ,^^  ,,,  „,  a„,.  0....e.  IIL  ;Z85 


:ithBer„iciatof..nntheku«.i.™ 


^J\o  Thomaf ^  Kempis.  but  aboutjliich  jL,don,.^_^^^^      ^^ 


..dida!b^e-jjs=s»  ^i;::a^i^  ^^  -- » 

son,  the  famous  chancellor  otj^ne^i^^  ?.  4''"°"tei   01  ^^.  _    ^^    Hercules.      She  inadver- 


aon""the  famouscharicelior  01  uic  v....™-.^^-  .      J  ^j.jgij 

an  unidentified  .Tohn  '^^=™',^>^f  appears  as  that  of  the 
by  the  Benedictines),  "'."''V'^^rson  are  brought  forward 
aithor  in  one  manuscript    i  or  <erson     ^^^_^^^ 

a  number  of  early  iI»S-  ?."  ,„„; '  w  been  alleged  the  testi- 
?.?n  favour  of  Thonias  a  ^™^P'|^h^^'l'=i,  „,,„7„,  i„,i,,ding 
„,ony  of  many  ea,y  editions  bear ^^g^ 


"^' ■^'-  1 1"^'-  ^'Sus  and  Xl  U«a,  sister^  of 
a  daughter  of  CEneus  ^^^^^  '  ^^  i„.^dver. 

Meleager  and  wi  e   «I  ."^J^^^he  blood-steeped 
tently  clused  his  <>•;;;  '''>,f,';'at,er  having  told  her  tha 


1899  A^Spainter  and  writer  on  the-h^- 
orv'of  art.  .He  ^^!^^ l!'^'^^^^^'.!:^ 
principal  w;"■''^"l.V"'';' ^.^l  de  Sainte  llonique  (183s). 
Augustine,"  and  ';».'V  ?'„,„„prous  and  notable  works, 
As  a  hist..rian  he  published  numeroiis^nu^^^j^^  ^^,j^ 

especially  on  the  Kenaissance.    ««  «^,  ,V,,de  tome,  les 

Charles  Blanc  on  the     }}]^^'»":^^^l<'  iigsa).  •■Lagravure 

a-oles."    Ue  wrote  alf . ,  .^-j^  BJ^mle  des  Beunx.Arts,  etc." 
en  Italic "  (1883),  and   'LAtadLmieu 

(1891),  et<-.  .         „,.   Tierdinand  Victor 

Delacroix  /;1<'-I'i:^r,:;;^.^  ;ton.sniauri.e,  near 
Eugfene.  l:5,""'.«  •  ^^'^i  ed  at  Paris,  Aug.  13, 
i4^r'  Sel^F^l^b  Snter,  a  leader  onhe 
''tiantic  "  school.     Amoiig  his  .-^^  -e^^«-^ 


Meleager  and  wi  e   "^  .""\,^  the  blood-steeped     d'.Uger'  (I8i4  ,     "  -  - 

tently  clused  his  <!'■••""  byf';'^f,^';'?^,i?4  told  her  that  De  Lacy.     See  ^'"f     „        r„, 

shirt  of  Nessus  t-,  ';-;•"  .„"o  any  one  w'earing  it.   n  De  Laet,  Johannes.    Sf  •^"' 

a  numner  01  eaiy  -""' '  i:-':;,,ni8  has  been  allegeu  me  lean-     ^he  could  onipel  tnc    o^c  J  ^  ^^^  ^^j^j.^^^.       -pji-gQ;,  gay  (dil-a-go  a  Daj. 

general  tradition  from  hsovu.  times  (including  the     at   r-'"'!'  "T,^  ,'  Jed  French  actress.    She  went 

It  Europe,  w.ucl;..haB  led  a  great  mj^_^  in  hi-s  f^vmir.    It     18,0.  _A  celeb  ate'    It  ^^,^.    She  appeared  for  the 


SrEi^f«^  which  1-B  h=d  a  |^ea^u..o,..^  .-^^^^^^^ 

Sorhonne  itself)  to  <>'=«""  ,"i",„f  the  treatise  Do  Imita 
is  also  said  that  a  nianuscript  oii  .finilus  et 

lione  bears  these  '™„^%«,f' '"'je  Ke.npi3,1441'-,  and  that 
completus  per  "!»V'""J,nrnv  erasures  and  altendions 
in  this  manuscript  are  so  nwny'^'-^^  .,;„„!  autogra,,h. 
as  to  give  it  the  "PP^"?"^? :"  ,,  .„ccl  that  he  was  a  pro- 
Against  Thomas  a  '^"'"P'S '','",'£  co  lege  of  Deventer; 
fessed  calligrapheror  copyist  fm  the  >-      ,^^„  ^^^y  work, 

that  the  t:li'-''n"^''=,."iuLm  nostram  totaliter,  et  multos 

?nlrod.t«Lit,ofEurope^^II.ii.S>.3. 
Deimos  (.li'iuos)     [Gr.    n,        ear  ten  ^^,  P^  ^ 

sonified  m  the  Iliad,  'i"'!    '^'fji^^  ^j  Mars,  re- 
son  of  Ares  (Mars).]     A  sf  fli  te  o 
volving  about    ts  P"™.^!! '"Ji^JXed  bv  Pro- 


c.i...M=  ^-     ia.st  tinieOct. '2,  1816.         tv:„_,„  TranroiS   Aini6 

141'-,  and  that  .pjpipan  (do-zhou'),  Pierre  tran^ois  x^ 

Idaitendions  "f^^^^^l    Cointe.      Bon,  at  Aniu-ns,   1  i.nn  e, 
Auk.  10,  1780:. died 


U.l.a-go'a  ba).     An  inlet  of  the 
Indian   Uce^i,  .;u;|he^so.ithea^eni^coast  of 

Englishman  Owen  ,  hut  h)  ""i^'"™      jed  to  Portuga.1.    It 
rierre    X..u.„.    .^--     i^^i^jf  =^^^->-ing.heT™.svaalwi. 

^s^i'l'^i^-  Dei:X(ae-lo.'.r)^-nBa^ 

at  1  aus,  .Mau-n      ,  ^^^  Amiens,  France,  ^»^Pt- _  ,'  v,p„,,i,  03 


i^^rc^^l^^diejp'e^fi^e'anl'wr^ 

toire  g,;..6rale  '  ^^f  ^"P*^:^^,  {„htnn  (properlv  Jo- 

°.«^^^^^\h)      b'.^  a?  HiuSov?,  near  Bay- 

hann  Kalb).     f  "".,,.  ,70,.  .liednearCamden, 

|;;;;it;il^n!    Ueenterei«ieKrenchserWc.n.l,^^^^ 

th^ 
at 


'r -l:^' H  nsr  A  g^n^^^Vin  the  American     B;n^^-.'--S  ^^^  0^^'^.  - 
^kker   (dAvr),  Edua^  D0UWes.^_P  ;^^sare."l^e  OldGar.lenai.d 


)elambre  (il^lon'br),  oeau  ^ai.^^^"^._,- -"fi^j 
Born  at  Amiens  Fiance,  ^cpt^,  ^,^^^^,j^ 

at  Paris,  Aug.  l'-'',^^--- .„„a"ent   secretary  of 
fronomcr,  apPO'"t:f  '^  HrXsor  at  the-fcol- 

,he  I"''^""";;"  l^f'\'g^'7  Ss  works  include  "Uis- 
lf.ge  de  i  ranee  in   1^"'  ■„_^".. MiHh.Hles  analyti.|ues 

toire  de  l"f"-""'?"",^„'\run  arc  du  me'ridien  '  (17;.i9), 
p„nr  la    d^terniinatioi      un    arc  _.^.  j^.  , 

'•liase  du  systeme  .ni-^^'"'  '''f^^S.u-s  de  Dunkerqlie  et 
du  meridien  compris  «"":^.,>\^l^^™i'eV  s.iivaiiU-s  par  MM. 
Barcelone.  executee  en  1.  •-  l^^'^^,.   ^,te. 

M^chain  et  peiambre,  <=<- J.'^^'^^^'rgaretta  Wade 

"     -' unv,    I'a..    I'cb. 
,n   Auicn.-au   «..»r-  "  Aiiioiig   her 

-^-V:H:i*^:;^:cK;!.:^'^^-^ 


worK  oi   """"T,;;:, ,Vr  V  from  i^unv.n;  .lini 
learned  men  at  '^"'"f '''"■,'"  j^,.„  ,h,.  extract 

The  Deipnosophists  or   Mearn    1  guest. ,  ^^^^^^^ 
IB  a  pidyhlstorical  w"',''.V'-'',,?^ih^  and  put  Into  tlio  form 

books  in  the  library  »' *'  f,  '^"^^  !^,  «  i!!-''^''  ^'  '>"\?  ^""" 
of  a  dialogue,  or  series    flaloKU_  i^^  .__^      „, 

carrh^d  on  In  the  '■'"  »'^,  ";.„",|',  «  urlng  an  cntertalimient 
named  Larensnw  or  Laiir.  mms,  „,.„  twenty- 

prcdonued  through  "■^' {  f,"!' draw  upon  their  memory 
rilne  In  number,  '""'  '  V""^  f^l  l^ds  o  tlie  (e.u.t,  but  are 
for  <l"otations  suggested  ylneu  ,„„d«h.'d  wllh  ex 
expected  by  their  ente.ta  ncr  l<i  c  ,,r,„biced  am 

ee?pts  from  the  '-"  '"'  '"^^  "^',t  machinery  enable. 
r,Jl  when  "'^ ''<:™«'""  '7"-,,„ork  and  external  eohe- 
Atheiaens  to  K'vc  a  sort  of  t     ■;  «  J  ,  ,,,,  „oteb.K>k; 

rency  to  the  carefully  "™V>  i» ,  i ,,  ks  called  "  tlie  Doc 
but  a»  m  the  w;;"  '<'\'r:';i  I  U  rat  uc  "  the  ventilation  of 
tor "  and  "  the  I'ur-ui  ts  I;,™  ,,,;.,  „f  the  iKx.k.  The 
the  author's  learning  is  V'","  'V'VdlaloKues.  witli  a  con- 
work  begins,  like  several  of  1  l.ito  s  <"•"  «  ^  „,  ,d,.  „„e 
ve/»alloS  b^twe™  A'.'j';""'"  , at "»"  "he  discourses  of  the 
Timocrates,  to  «h»m  If  '^a";,^^, ,,,';„,,,,  extract;  and 
iTilime'Sme.  hrr"i!l.ts'the"supposed  dialogue,  in  order 


b.  excelled  in  «..oU  "'■Xa;;urediouse:""ue-alio  Imd 
taverns  "nd  suburl  a     |.    i -u'-i  '         ^,^,,,.  „,.,„„   •■  llie 

poetical  an>l..  """V,     .'d       I'llo:  published  an..nymon. ly 
(ientleCraft     (produceil  in  1-™-  I  ,     .   (j,.,dlc 

lirvix,  as  "•i^i-,, ^';;;-i,'y;';.^ )" .!  ll''K;,;.„na.us'' o<vm 

Ci  aft "),"  Bear  a  Brain    ('■.'.'.'■'•  ............ 


lir-r^as   ■•■Hie   Sf  icnnlke,;.  ^^;^^-ZZ^-^0;^.      h^^^  ^  Uumble  A, g>  ^"- 

mcm'ion,"and  ■■";<' ^VVP-'lV^rrlsT'  1"W '.  with  l>ay     „vni  Ouida.     Bo"'  »     '? '^>        .,,i,^,_  „(  Krcm-h 
,,,et,lcan.in;n.gh,.uV    '  :;,';.l',"M',',or's  I'ragedy''  (U-m      ,,;„.,,  i,.  KS40.__  ^n    •■  Pl''^ '  "'.,^,    .^,„„,,..  ,,8,;,), 


>,i.»,.>.- ,,.ri.     wii'lsb   Moor's  Tragedy"  (liKW). 

„nd  Hanghton,       "'' ,,'?''  he    oi.ed  in  lW>-2  in  a  play  hj 
With  Webster  and  <        "...rey    whldl  probaldy  appeared 

-^Fi;:^^;:o!r:^^;^.^Ji^ji;--ta;o'wr-^h 

hr^."'.'^^.  ■'ire'aS.riOK-  k„ow„  0.  the 


::\:Se?'' (i^sm  •••  ^^■■  c"^'"  '"•'"'•"  ^''^^"  '^- 

cosrSaiiraxlne"  (I^SO.  «":• 


De  la  Bive 

De  la  Rive.     See  La  Eive. 

Delaroche  (de-la-rosh'),  Paul  (Hippolyte'i. 
Boru  at  Paris,  July  17, 1797:  died  there,  Xov.  4, 
1856.  A  French  historical  and  portrait  paiuter. 
He  began  by  studying  landscape  under  Wat«let,  which  he 
gave  up  for  history  after  entering  the  studio  of  Baron  Gros. 
He  first  attracted  attention  by  his  picture  of  "  Juash  saved 
from  Death  by  Jehoshabetli "  (1S22).  He  received  the  gold 
medal  in  1S24,  became  knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in 
1828,  olBcer  in  1834,  member  of  the  Institute  in  1S32,  and 
professor  at  the  Academy  in  1833.  The  following  year  he 
went  t*.'  Italy,  and  on  his  return  painted  the  famous  hemi- 
cycle  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  At  the  time  of  his 
second  visit  in  July,  1S44,  he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  St.  Luke. 

Delarue  (de-la-rU'),  Gervais,  Abb^.  Bom  at 
Caen,  France,  1751 :  died  1835.  A  French  his- 
torian and  antiquarian,  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Caen.  He  wrote  "Essaishistoriquessurlcs 
bardes,  les  jongleurs  et  les  trouvSres  normands  et  anglo- 
normands"  (1834),  etc. 

De  la  Rue,  Warren.  Bom  in  Guernsey,  Chan- 
nel Islands.  Jan.  18, 1815:  died  at  London,  April 
2'_',  1889.  An  English  astronomer  and  physi- 
cist, best  known  for  the  application  of  pho- 
tography to  astronomy.  He  was  the  collaborator 
of  Balfour  Stewart  and  Loewy  in  "  Researches 
on  Solar  Physics." 

Delaunay  (d"e-16-na'),  Charles  Eugene.  Born 
at  Lusigny,  Aube,  France,  April  9,  1816: 
drowned  near  C'herbom-g,  France,  Aug.  5, 1872. 
A  French  astronomer,  author  of  "Th^orie  de 
la  Uine"  (1860-67),  etc. 

Delaunay,  Le  Vicomte.  See  Girardin,  Delphine 
de. 

De  Laimay,  Mademoiselle.     See  Stnai.  Bn- 

rt>tnn   lie. 

Delavigne  (de-la-veny'),  Jean  Frangois  Casi- 
Ttlir.  Born  at  Ha\Te,  France,  April  4.  1793: 
died  at  Lyons,  France,  Dec.  11, 1843.  A  French 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  began  his  studies  in  his  na- 
tive city,  and  completed  them  in  Paris.  .As  early  as  IsH 
he  attracted  the  attention  of  ^iapoleon  Bonaparte  by  his 
"  DitlijTambe  sur  la  naissance  du  roi  de  Rome."  He  com- 
peted twice,  but  without  success,  for  prizes  of  the  French 
Academy  :  his  subjects  were  in  1S13  "Charles  XII.  A  Xar- 
va,"  and  in  1S15  "  D^couverte  de  la  vaccine."  The  events 
connected  withNapoleon's  downfall  led  Delavigne  to  write 
three  elegies,  "  Les  Messeniennes."  Two  of  these,  viz. 
"Waterloo"  and  "La  devastation  du  musee."  were  sub- 
sequently published  with  an  article  "Sur  le  besoin  de 
s'unir  apres  le  depart  des  etrangers,"  and  in  this  form 
they  mdely  attracted  attention  and  favor.  "La  vie.et  la 
mort  de  Jeanne  d'Arc,"  "  Tyrt^e,"  "  Le  voyageur,"  "  A  N"a- 
pol6on,'  and  "Lord  Byron,"  were  well  received  in  1824, 
The  following  year  was  spent  in  Italy,  where  Delavigne 
wrote  the  "Nouvelles  5Iesseniennes."  After  the  stormy 
.  days  of  the  revolution  of  July,  ISSO,  he  composed  "La 
Parisienne,'  set  to  music  by  Auber;  also  the  "Dies  irae 
de  Kosciusko"  and  "La  Varsovienne."  In  1S43,  in  col- 
laboration with  his  brother  Germain,  Casimir  Delavigne 
wrote  the  libretto  to  Halevy's  opera  "Charles  W."  His 
contributions  to  the  stage  include  the  "  Vepres  siciliennes" 
(lSlil),"Les  comediens"(lS20).  "Le  paria"  (1821),  "L'Ecole 
des  vieilLards"  (1823),"  La  princesse  Aui'elie"  (182S),"  Ma- 
rino Faliero"  (1829),  "Louis  XI."  (1832),  "Les  enfants 
d'Edouard"  (1833).  "Don  Juan  d'Autriche"  (1835),  "I'ne 
f anrille  an  temps  de  Luther  '  (1836), "  La  popnlarite  "  (183S), 
"La  fllle  du  Cid  "  (1839),  and  "Le  conseiUer  rapporteur" 
(1840)  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  Feb.  24, 
1825.  His  works  were  edited  in  full  by  his  brother  in  1845, 
1855,  and  1863.  A  separate  reprint  of  his  poems  and  plays 
was  also  made  in  1S63. 

Delaware  (del'a-war).  [PI.,  also  Delawares.} 
A  di\-ision  of  the  North  American  Indians, 
classed  as  a  tribe,  but  in  many  respects  a  con- 
federacy. They  formerly  occupied  the  valley  of  the 
Delaware  River  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  greater  part  of 
New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  The  name  was  given  bv  the 
English  from  the  river  where  they  were  found,  their  coun- 
cil-Are being  near  the  site  of  Philadelphia.  They  call 
themselves  Lenni-Lenape  ('  original  men '  or  '  preeminent 
men  ').  The  French  called  them  Loups  (■  wolves '),  from 
their  chief  totemic  division.  In  1726  thev  refused  to  join 
the  Iroquois  in  a  war  upon  the  English,  and  were  stigma- 
tized by  the  Iroquois  as  "women."  In  1742  and  later  they 
were  pressed  successively  to  the  Susquehanna  and  Ohio 
rivers,  afterward  to  M  issouri  and  Arkans.is.  Most  of  them 
are  now  in  the  Indian  Territory,  connected  with  the  Chero- 
kees.    Their  number  is  about  1,700.    See  Algonquian. 

Delaware  (del'a-war).  1.  One  of  the  Jliddle 
States,  and,  next  to  Rhode  Island,  the  smallest 
State  of  the  American  Union,  lying  between 
Pennsylvania  outhe  north.  Delaware  River  and 
Bay  (separating  it  from  New  Jersey)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  and  Maryland  on 
the  south  and  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
but  hiUy  in  the  north.  The  leading  productions  are 
wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  fruit  (especially  peaches).    The 

,  State  is  divided  into  three  counties  ;  the" capital  is  Dover, 
and  the  chief  place  Wilmington.  It  sends  one  represen- 
tative and  two  senators  to  Congress,  and  has  3  electoral 
votes.  It  was  permanently  settled  by  Swedes  under  Peter 
Miuuit  in  1638;  passed  under  the  rule  of  the  Dutch  in 
165.5,  and  of  the  English  in  1664.  In  1682  it  became  united 
with  Pennsylvania ;  in  1703  it  received  a  separate  assem- 
bl.v,  but  had  a  governor  in  common  with  Pennsylvania 
until  the  Revolution,  It  is  one  of  the  thirteen  original 
States,  and  was  the  first  State  to  ratify  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, Dec.  7,  1787.  It  was  a  slave  State,  but  sided 
with  the  Union  in  the  war  of  1S61-65.  Area,  2,050  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  184,735.  \ 


316 

2.  A  river  of  the  United  States  which  rises  in 
Delaware  County,  New  York,  and  separates 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  on  the  west  from 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  on  the  east,  it  ex- 
pands into  Delaware  Bay  about  40  miles  below  Philadel- 
phia. On  its  banks  are  Trenton,  Easton,  Philadelphia, 
Camden,  Chester,  and  Wilmington.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill,  on  the  west.  Length,  350 
miles ;  navigable  for  ocean  steamships  to  Philadelphia  ; 
tidal  as  far  as  Trenton. 

■  3.  A  city  and  the  county-seat  of  Delaware 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Whetstone  (Olen- 
tangj-)  River  23  miles  north  of  Columbus.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  Pop- 
ulation (1900).  7,940. 

Delaware,  Lord.    See  Delaicarr. 

Delaware  Bay.  An  ai-m  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  estuary  of  the  Delaware  River,  which  sep- 
arates Delaware  from  New  Jersey,  its  entrance 
to  the  Atlantic,  between  Capes  May  and  Henlopen,  is 
about  13  miles  in  width.  Length,  about  fiS  miles.  Great- 
est width,  about  25  miles. 

Delaware  Water  Gap.  A  village  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Jlonroe  County,  Pennsylvania. 
65  miles  northwest  of  New  York.  Also,  the  name 
of  the  adjoining  gorge.  2  or  3  miles  in  length,  bv  which 
the  Delaware  River  passes  through  the  Kittatinny  Moun- 
tain (between  walls  1,400  feet  in  height). 

Delawarr,  or  Delaware,  Baron.    See  West. 

Delbriick  (del'bruki,  Martin  Friedrich  Ru- 
dolf. Bom  at  Berlin,  April  16,  1817:  died  there 
Feb.  1. 1903.  A  Prussian  statesman.  He  entered 
the  ministry  of  contmeree  in  1848.  and  was  president  of 
the  clianceiT  of  the  Xoith  German  Confederation  1867-70, 
and  of  the  imperial  chancery  1871-76. 

Delectable   Mountains,  The.     A  range   of 

mountains  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress," 
from  which  a  view  of  the  Celestial  City  is  to  be 
had.  They  are  "Emmanuel's  Land,"  and  the  sheep 
that  feed  on  them  are  those  for  whom  he  died.  .See 
Isa.  xx.\iii.  16,  17. 

Delemont  (de-la-mon'),  G.  Delsberg  (dels'- 
berG).  A  small  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Some  18  miles 
southwest  of  Basel. 

Delescluze  (de-la-kliiz').  Louis  Charles.  Born 
at  Dreus,  France,  Oct.  20.  1*09:  killed  at  the 
barricades,  Paris,  Jlay  28.  1871.  A  French 
journalist  and  political  agitator,  leader  of  the 
Commune  of  Paris  March-May,  1871. 

Delessert  (de-Ie-sar'), Baron  benjamin.  Bom 
at  Lyons,  Feb.  14,  1773 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
1,  1847.  A  French  naturalist  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  was  a  member  of  the  Chamtier  of  Deputies 
1817-38,  and  contributed  largely  to  the  introduction  of 
savings-banks  in  France.  He  was  a  collaborator  of  De 
Candolle  in  the  publication  of  "Icones  selects  planta- 
rum  "  (1820-46). 

Delfshaven  (delts-ha'ven),  or  Delftshaven 
(delfts-ha'ven).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
South  HoUand,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
Maas  2  miles  southwest  of  Rotterdam,  of 
which,  since  1886,  it  has  formed  a  part.  Here, 
July  22, 1020.  the  Pilgi'im  Fathers  embarked  for 
Southampton. 

Delft  (delft).  A  town  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Schie  5 
miles  southeast  of  The  Hague.  It  was  formerly 
celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  porcelain. 
It  contains  some  interesting  buildings,  the  old  and  new 
churches,  Prinsenhof  and  Stadhuis.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Grotius,  and  the  place  of  assassination  of  William  the 
Silent  in  15S4.    Population  (1894),  commune,  31,125. 

Delhi  (del'hi),  or  Dehli  (da'le).  1.  A  division 
in  the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  5,610  square 
miles.  Population,  1,907.984. — 2.  A  district  in 
the  above  division.  Ai-ea.  1.276  square  miles. 
Population,  643,515.-3.  The  capital  of  the  di- 
vision and  district  of  Delhi,  situated  on  the 
Jumna  in  lat.  28°  40'  N..  long.  77°  18'  E.  The 
city  of  Indraprastha  (which  see)  is  said  (.Mahabharata)  to 
have  b?en  built  near  the  site  of  Delhi  in  the  15th  century 
B.  c.  Delhi  was  capttu-ed  by  ilohammed  of  Ghor  in  1193 
A.  !>.,  and  a  few  years  later  became  the  capital  of  a  Mo- 
hammedan monarchy.  It  was  sacked  by  limur  in  1398, 
and  captured  by  Baber  in  1526.  Delhi  became  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Mogul  empire,  and  was  rebuilt  by  Shah  Jehim 
in  163S-5S.  It  was  siicked  by  Nadir  Shah  in  1739,  and 
occupied  by  the  British  under  Lake  in  1S03,  although  it 
continued  to  be  the  residence  of  the  titular  Grand  Mogul 
down  to  3857.  It  was  captured  by  the  Sepoy  mutineers 
May  11,  1857,  and  was  besieged  iii  June  by  the  British 
and  retaken  Sept.  20, 1857.  Among  the  notable  structures 
in  Delhi  are ;  (a)  The  tomb  of  Humayun  Shah,  completed 
by  his  successor  Akbar  in  the  second  half  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. The  plan  is  about  square ;  the  tomb-chamber  is 
octagonal,  with  great  canopied  portals  on  four  of  its  sides 
and  smaller  octagonal  chambers  on  the  four  others.  The 
central  space  is  covered  by  a  graceful  dome.  The  decora- 
tion is  much  simpler  than  that  of  the  later  Mogul  archi- 
tecture, consisting  chiefly  of  keeled  arcades  of  different 
sizes  framed  in  rectangular  pamels.  (&)  The  palace  built 
by  Shah  Jehan  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  It 
has  been  called  the  most  splendid  of  Oriental  palaces. 
The  massive  towered  wall  incloses  an  area  of  about  1.600 
by  3,200  feet.  The  main  entrance  opens  on  a  noble  vaulted 
hall  375  feet  loDg,  from  which  are  reached  in  successiou 


Delia  Crusca,  Accademia 

two  spacious  courts.  On  the  second  of  these  faces  the 
hall  of  public  audience,  an  open  arcaded  structure  with 
scalloped  arches  and  coupled  columns  in  the  exterior 
range.  On  another  court,  toward  the  river,  is  the  hall  of 
private  audience  (Dewan  i-Khas),  similar  to  the  first,  but 
with  square  piers  to  its  arches  and  beautiful  inlaying  in 
colored  stones.  On  the  river  side  stands  also  the  Rung- 
Mehal,  or  Painted  Hall,  an  admirable  structure,  which  in- 
cludes a  bath,  (c)  The  Jami  Musjid,  or  Great  Mosque, 
built  by  Shah  Jehan  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  centurj.  It 
is  very  large,  and  the  grouping  of  the  three  lofty  monu- 
mental gates  and  the  kiosked  angle  towers  of  its  court 
with  the  lofty  minarets,  the  great  entrance-arch,  and  the 
three  fine  bulbous  domes  of  the  sanctuary  produces  an 
unusually  impressive  architectural  effect.  The  court  is 
raised  on  a  high  basement,  and  is  surrounded  by  graceful 
open  arcades.  The  minarets  rise  from  the  ends  of  the 
facade  of  the  mos<|ue  proper,  and  between  them  and  the 
central  arch  there  are  on  each  side  five  fine  arcades  sur- 
mounted by  paneling  in  red  sandstone  and  white  marble. 
.Above  the  cornice  are  placed  a  range  of  close-set,  roimd- 
headed  battlements.     Population  (1891),  192,579. 

Delia  (de'li-ii).  [6r.  A^y/.ia.]  1 .  A  name  given 
to  Artemis,  from  the  island  of  Delos,  her  birth- 
place. Similarly  Apollo,  the  sun-god.  was 
called  Delias. — 2.  A  shepherdess  in  Vergil's 
Eclogues. 

Delian  Confederacy.  See  Delos,  Confederacy  of. 

Delight  of  Mankind.  An  epithet  of  the  em- 
peror Titu.s. 

Delilah (de-li'lS).  [Heb., -weak-'feeble';  Gr. 
Aa'/.i'/.r/.'}  A  woman  of  the  valley  of  Sorek,  mis- 
tress of  Samson.  She  discovered  the  secret  of 
Samson's  strength,  and  betrayed  him  to  the 
Philistines.     Judges  xvi. 

DeUlle,  or  Delisle  (de-lel').  Jacijues.  Bom  at 
Aigueperse.  Puv-de-D6me.  France,  June  22, 
1738:  died  at  Paris.  May  1, 1813.  A  French  di- 
dactic poet  and  translator.  His  works  include 
'•  Les  jardins  "  (1780),  ' '  La  pitie  "  (1803),  a  trans- 
lation of  Vergil's  Georgics  (1769),  etc. 

Jacques  Delille  and  his  extraordinary  jwpularity  form^ 
perhaps,  the  greatest  satire  on  the  taste  of  the  eighteenth 
century  in  France.  His  translation  of  the  Georgics  was 
supposed  to  make  him  the  equal  of  Virgil,  and  brought 
him  not  merely  fame,  but  solid  reward.  His  principal 
work  was  the  poem  of  "Les  Jardins."  which  he  followed 
up  with  others  of  a  not  dissimilar  kind.  Though  he  emi- 
grated he  did  not  lose  his  fame,  and  to  the  day  of  his 
death  was  considered  to  be  the  first  poet  of  Franc'e,  or  to 
share  that  honour  with  Lebrun-"  Pindare."  Delille  has 
expiated  his  popularity  by  a  full  half  century  of  contempt, 
and  his  work  is,  indeed,  valueless  as  poetry. 

Saintgbury,  French  Lit,  p.  398. 

Deliniers-Bremont.     See  Liniers  y  Bremont. 

Deliro  (de-le'ro).  A  character  in  Ben  Jonson's 
comedy  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour":  a 
good,  doting  citizen,  a  fellow  sincerely  in  love 
with  his  own  wife,  and  so  wrapt  with  a  conceit 
of  her  perfections  that  he  simply  holds  himself 
unworthy  of  her. 

Delisle  (de-lel':  often  Anglicized  to  de-lil'), 
Guillaume.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1675  :  died 
there,  Jan.  25,  1726.  A  French  scientist,  one  of 
the  founders  of  modern  geography. 

Delisle,  Joseph  Nicolas.  Sorn  at  Paris,  April 
4,  1688:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  11,  1768.  A  French 
astronomer,  brother  of  Guillaume  Delisle.  His 
works  include  "Memoires  pour  seirir  ii  I'histoire  et  au 
progres  de  I'astronomie."  etc.  (1738),  "  Memoire  sur  les 
nouvelles  decouveites  au  nord  de  la  Mer  du  Sud  "  (1752), 
etc. 

Delitzsch  (da'litsh).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lobber  12 
miles  north  of  Leipsic.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune. 8.949. 

Delitzsch,  Franz.  Born  at  Leipsie,  Feb.  23, 
1813 :  died  there,  March  4,  1890.  A  noted  Ger- 
man e.xegete  and  Hebraist.  He  became  professor 
of  theology  at  Rostock  in  1846,  at  Erlangen  in  1855,  and  at 
Leipsic  in  1867.  He  represented  strict  Lutheranism.  His 
numerous  works  include  commentaries  on  "Habakkuk" 
(',843),  "Genesis"  (1852),  "Hebrews"  (1857),  "Psalms" 
(1859-60),  "Job"  (1864),  etc.;  also  "Sakrament  des  wah- 
ren  Leibes  und  Blutes  Jesu  Christi "  (1844),  "  System  der 
biblischen  Psj-chologie  "  (1855X  etc. 

Delitzsch,  Friecirich.  Born  at  Erlangen,  Ba- 
varia. Sept.  3.  1850.  A  German  Assyriologist. 
son  of  Franz  Delitzsch,  appointed  professor  of 
Assvriologv  at  Leip.sic  m  1877,  at  Breslau  in 
1893.  and  at  Berlin  in  1B99.  His  works  include 
an  .\ss\-rian  grammar,  etc. 

Delium  (de'li-um).  [Gr.  A^^jor.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  place  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  coast  24  miles  north  of  Athens.  Here, 
424  B.  c,  the  Boeotians  defeated  the  Athenians. 

Delius  (de'U-us).  [Gr.  Ai;/(of.]  A  surname  of 
Apollo,  from  his  birthplace  in  Delos. 

Delius  (da'le-6s),  Nikolaus.  Bom  at  Bremen, 
Germany,  Sept.  19.  1813 :  <licd  at  Bonn.  Nov. 
18,  1888.  A  Gei-man  philologist  and  Shakspf- 
rian  scholar,  professor  at  Bonn  1855-80 :  author 
of  a  critical  edition  of  Shakspere  (1854-61  and 
1882).  etc. 

Delia  Crusca,  Accademia.  See  Accademia  deUa 
Crusca. 


Delia  Cruscan  School 

Delia  Cruscan  School  (del'a  krus'kan  skol). 
A  small  clique  of  Kuglish  poets  of  botli  sexes 
who  oriKinally  met  iu  Florence  about  1785. 
Their  proJuctiuns,  whicli  were  afft-cted  and  sentimental, 
were  publislied  in  England  in  ttie  "  World  "and  the  "  t)ra- 
cle.  "  They  were  attacked  by  Gifford  (1794-91))  in  "The 
Baviad  "  and  "The  Mieviad  "  (which  see).  Robert  Merry 
adopted  the  psendoiiyni  "Delia  Ci-usca,"  Mrs.  Hannah 
Cowley  "Aluia  ilatilda  "  (which  see),  and  Edward  Jerning- 
ham  "The  Bard."  These,  with  Edward  Ti)j)hani,  the  Rev. 
Charles  Este,  James  Boswell,  Mrs.  I'iozzi,  antl  othei-s, 
formed  the  school.  They  tooli  their  name  from  the  Flor- 
entine Accademia  della  Crusca  (which  see). 

Dellys  (dei-lez').  A  small  seaport  iu  Algeria, 
situated  east  of  Algier.s. 

Delmar  (ilel'miir).  Alexander.  Born  at  New 
York,  Aug.  U,  183G.  Au  Ajuericau  political 
eoouomist.  statistician,  and  mining  engineer. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  ".Social  Science  Review," and 
its  editor  from  18C4-6C.  In  1867  he  was  director  of  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  and  in  the  same  year  president  of  llie 
Washington  Statistical  Society.  His  works  include  "(lold 
Money  and  Paper  Money  "(180:^),  "Essays  on  Political  Econ- 
omy "  (1805),  ■'  What  is  Free  Trade?"  (IStiS). "  The  Resources, 
etc.,  of  Egypt  "  (1S74),  "  History  of  the  Precious  Metals" 
(1880),  -'A  History  of  -Money,  etc."  (1885),  etc. 

Delmonte  y  Tejada  (dal-mon'ta  e  ta-na'dii), 
Antonio.  Born  at  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros, 
Santo  Domingo.  Sept.  '29,  1783:  died  at  Hava- 
na, Nov.  19,  i861.  A  Spanisb-Amei'iean  liisto- 
rian.  Driven  from  his  country  in  1804  by  the  revolution- 
ists, he  resided  in  Havana  after  1800,  practising  law  and 
occupying  several  government  positions.  The  first  vol- 
ume only  of  his  ''Historia  de  Santo  Domingo  "was  pub- 
lished in  Havana  1853. 

Delolme  (de-l6im'),  Jean  Louis.    Born  at  (Je- 

neva,  1740:  died  iu  Switzerland,  July  16,  1806. 
A  Swiss  constitutional  writer.  Having  offended 
the  Genevan  government  by  the  publication  of  uijamphlet 
eu titled  "Exanien  destrois  points  des  droits,"  he  emigrated 
to  England,  where  he  lived  many  years.  lie  returned  to 
Switzerland  in  1775.  His  works  include  "Constitution  de 
rAngleterre"(1771),  of  which  an  English  translation,  pre- 
pared by  himself,  appeared  in  1775  as  "The  Constitution 
of  England." 

De  Long  (de  long),  George  Washington.  Born 

at  Now  York,  Aug.  22,  1844 :  died  in  Siberia, 
Oct.  30,  1881.  An  American  explorer.  He  was 
graduatecl  at  the  I'nited  States  Naval  Academy  in  ISG.'i, 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  1803,  and  of  lieu 
tenant-eoiu'niander  in  1879.  He  accompanied  raptain  1). 
L.  Braine  on  his  Arctic  expedition  in  1873.  Having  been 
appointed  to  the  eomniand  of  the  Jeanette,  fitted  out  by 
James  Gordon  Beiuiett,  Jr.,  for  a  three  years'  voyage  of 
exploration  in  the  Arctic  waters,  and  placed  under  the 
autliority  of  the  t'nited  States  government,  he  sailed  from 
San  Francisco,  July  8,  1879,  and  proceeded  to  Cape  Serdzc 
Kanien,  Siberia,  whence  he  steamed  northward  until  beset 
by  the  ice  in  about  71°  35'  N.,  75'  W. ,  Sept.  5,  1879.  The 
vessel  diifted  to  the  northwest,  and  was  crushed  in  77' 
15'  N.,  165^  E.,  June  13,  1881.  With  fourteen  others  he 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  Lena,  Siberia,  where  the  whole 
party  perished  of  cold  and  starvation,  except  two  men 
sent  forward  to  obtain  relief.  His  body  and  those  of 
his  companions  were  discovered  March  2;i,  1882,  by  chief 
Engineer  George  W.  Melville,  who  with  nine  companions 
had  been  detached  from  the  main  partyand  had  succeeded 
in  reaciiing  a  small  village  on  the  Lena. 

Deloraine  (del-o-ran'),  William  of.  In  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  poem  "  Lay  of  tlie  Last  Min- 
strel," a  borderer  and  trusty  vassal  of  the 
Buccleucli  family.  Ue  is  sent  by  the  Ladyc  of  Hrank- 
some  to  fetch  the  magic  book  from  the  tomb  of  Michael 
Scott,  the  wizard. 

Delord  (de-lor'),  Taxile.  Born  at  Avignon, 
France,  Nov.  2.1,  1815:  died  at  Paris,  May  16, 
1877.  A  French  journalist,  historian,  and  poli- 
tician. His  chief  work  is  a  "Histoiredu  second 
empire"  (ls(i,S-75). 

Delorme,  or  de  Lorme  (do  lorm),  Marion. 
Born  near  Chalons-sur-Marne,  France,  1611: 
said  to  have  died  at  Paris,  1650.  A  celebrated 
French  courtezan,  mistress  of  the  Marquis  de 
CinfJ-Mars.  In  1050  she  was  ordered  to  l)e  arrested  by 
Mazariii  for  her  complicity  in  the  Fronde,  and  was  found 
dead  by  the  otllcers.  This,  however,  is  thought  to  have 
been  a  ruse.  She  is  even  said  to  have  liveil  to  the  age  of 
137  years.  She  was  the  friend  of  Ninon  de  I'Enclos.  Victor 
Hugo  wrote  a  novel  with  her  name  as  title,  and  Bulwer 
intrnduccs  her  in  his  play  "  Richelieu  "  ;  she  was  also  the 
subject  of  a  drama,"  l.'imi- Mars  "  (l,s2il),  by  Alfred  lie  Vigny. 

DerOrme(delorm),Philibert.  Born  at  Lyons, 
1515 :  Jicii  at  Paris,  Jan.  8,  1570.  A  noted 
French  architect.  He  was  I'nurt  arcliitect  un- 
der Henry  U. 

Delos  (delos),  modem  6r.  Mikra  Dilos  ('lit- 
tle IJeios').  [Or.  Af/'/di;.']  The  smallest  island 
of  the  ('yclades,  situated  in  I  he  .Kge;in  Sea  iu 
lat.  37°  "23'  N.,  long.  2.5°  18'  E. :  the  ancient 
Astoria  or  Ortygia.  According  to  Greek  legends  It 
was  (friginally  a  tloating  islaiul,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Apollo  ami  Artemis.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  great  sanc- 
tuary in  honor  of  Apollo,  one  of  the  most  famous  religious 
foundations  of  antl(|ulty.  From  the  time  of  Solon,  Athens 
sent  an  annmd  embassy  to  the  l>elian  festival.  (See  ndo«, 
Cott/fderacit  it/.)  In  454  H.  c.  the  sacred  treasuie  of  Delos 
was  removed  to  the  Athenian  Acroiiolis.  The  island  was 
an  Athenian  dependency <lown  to  the  Macedonian  peiiod, 
when  it  liecame  semi-independerit,  and  in  the  2d  century 
B.  c.  It  again  became  subject  to  .\thens.  The  city  of  De- 
los was  made  a  free  port  by  the  Komaiis  and  developed 


317 

into  a  great  commercial  mart.  The  sanctuary  of  Apollo 
hits  been  excavated  by  the  French  school  at  Athens  since 
1873.  The  work  has  advanced  slowly,  and  is  not  yet 
complete ;  i)ut  it  has  been  pursued  with  little  interrup- 
tion, and  ranks  as  one  of  the  chief  achievements  of  its 
kind.  The  buildings  described  lie  for  the  most  part  within 
the  indo.sure  or  t<jmenos  of  Apollo,  which  is  of  tiapezi- 
foiin  shape,  and  about  050  feet  to  a  side.  In  addition  to 
the  interesting  finds  of  architecture  ami  sculpture,  ei)i- 
graphieal  discoveries  of  the  highest  importance  have  been 
made,  Iiearing  upon  history  and  p.arlicularly  upon  the 
ceremonial  and  administration  of  the  sanctuary. 

Delos,  Confederacy  of.    A  Hellenic  leagiie, 

formed  jiroliably  about  477  B.  c,  with  its  politi- 
cal center  at  Athens  and  its  treasury  at  Delos 
(removed  later  to  Athens).  It  was  formed  by 
Athens  and  various  other  maritime  states  (.Egina,  Me- 
gara,  Na.xos,  Thasos,  I.esbos,  Chios,  Samos,  etc.).  ilany  of 
them  were  soon  absorlied  by  Athens,  and  the  league  de- 
veloped into  an  Athenian  empire. 

Delpech  (del-pesh'),  Jacques  Matthieu.  Born 

al  Toulouse,  France,  aljout  17i5:  murilered  at 
Moutpellier.  France,  Oct.  29,  1832.  A  French 
surgeon,  author  of  "  Traits  de  I'orthomorphie  " 
(1828-29),  etc. 
Delphi  (derii),  modern  Kastri.  [Gr.  Af/^/.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  town  iu  Phocis,  Greece, 
situated  6  miles  from  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Parnassus:  the  seat  of  a 
world-renowned  oracle  of  P^'thian  Apollo,  the 
most  famous  of  antiquity.  The  oracle  was  of  pre- 
historic foundation,  and  was  still  respected  when  silenced 
byTheodosiusat  the.-ndof  the  4th  century  A.  b.  Thmu^'h 
the  gifts  of  states  atid  individuals  who  sought  or  b;id  oli- 
tjiined  the  aid  of  the  oi-aclc,  the  Delphic  sanctuary  became 
enormously  rich,  not  only  in  architecture  and  works  of 
art,  but  in  the  precious  metals.  Its  treasures  of  the  last 
kind  were  plundered  in  antiquity,  and  Nero  and  other 
emperors  robbed  it  of  an  almost  incredible  number  of 
statues  and  other  art  works.  There  is,  however,  reason 
to  hope  that  much  in  the  way  of  sculpture,  architecture, 
and  historical  inscriptions  will  be  found  by  the  French 
orticial  excavators  who  began  work  in  1892.  But  little  ex- 
ploration had  before  been  possible,  because  the  village  of 
Kastri  covered  the  site  of  the  sanctuary.  The  village  has 
now  been  removed,  preparatory  to  the  French  exploration. 
Besides  the  splendid  temple  of  Apollo,  the  inclosure  of 
the  sanctuai-y  contained  a  theater,  the  council-house,  the 
Lesche,  the  Portico  of  the  Athenians,  a  number  of  treasu- 
ries belonging  to  dilferent  states,  and  almost  innumerable 
statues  and  other  votive  offerings.  Buildings  only  second 
in  iinportitnce  were  range<l  outside  of  the  inclosure. 

Delpnin  Classics.  [From  L.  tldpliiiius,  a  dol- 
phin (whence  F.  (Idiiplihi).]  An  edition  of  the 
Latin  classics  prepared  by  order  of  Louis  XIV. 
for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin  ("In  usum  Del- 
phini,"  'for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin'):  lirst 
works  published  in  1674  under  direction  of  Bos- 
suet  and  Huet.  They  are  sometimes  called 
"daujihins." 

DelphinUS  (del-fi'nus).  [L., 'a dolphin.']  One 
of  the  ancient  constellations,  representing  a 
dolphin.     It  is  situated  east  of  Acjuila. 

Delpit(d(d-i)e'),  Albert.  Born  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  30,  1849:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1893.  A 
French  dramatist,  .iournalist,  and  poet.  Among 
his  plays  are  "Jean  J<u-Pied8'(ls75)  and  "Lcs  chevaliers 
de  la  patrie  "  (1873).  He  afterward  pviblished  a  nt)vel,  "  Le 
tils  de  Coralie  "  (which  was  successful  and  Wiia  drtlnia- 
tized  1,S79),  "be  pi-re  de  MiU'tial  '  (1881).  and  "  l,a  mar- 
i[tMse  "  (188'iX  "  Passioni^ment,"  a  ctmn-ily  tl889),  "  Columo 
datis  la  vie    and  "Tons  les  deux"  (18!I0). 

Delsarte    (dei-siirt'i,    Francois    Alexandre 

Nicolas  Ch6ri.  Horn  Dec.  19,  1811  :  ,licd 
July  19,  1871.  A  French  niiisician  and  teaclier, 
noted  for  his  studies  of  the  art  of  oratorical, 
musical,  and  dramatic  expression. 
Delta  idel'tii).  Any  tract  of  land,  inclosed  by 
till'  mouths  of  a  river,  in  shape  like  tlie  Greek 
letter  delta  (A);  specitically,  the  delta  of  the 
Nile. 

Ilerodotus  eonsiders  the  Delta  to  end  at  Hellopolls  til. 
7),  which  brings  the  point  of  the  Delta  nearly  opposite  the 
present  Shoobra.  Here  the  river  8e|)arated  Into  three 
branches,  the  Pelusiac  or  Bubastite  to  the  E.,  fheCanopic 
or  Heracleotic  to  the  \V.,  and  the  Sebemiytic,  which  ntn 
between  them,  continuing  in  the  siune  genenil  lino  of  di- 
rection northward  which  the  Nile  had  up  to  this  point, 
and  nierclng  the  Deltji  through  its  centre.  The  Tanitic, 
whicu  ran  out  of  the  Sebennytic,  was  at  first  the  same  as 
the  Busiritie,  but  afterwards  ru;:elved  the  inune  of  Tanitle, 
fl'om  the  city  of  Taids  (luiw  SanX  which  stiMid  lui  its  east- 
ern bank  ;  and  between  the  Taidtic  ami  Pelusiac  branches 
was  the  isle  of  Myecphoris,  which  Ileroilotus  says  wjia  op- 
posite Bubastls(li.  100).  The  Menileslan,  whicll  also  ran 
eastward  from  the  Sidiennytic,  passeil  by  the  nuidcrn 
town  of  Mansoorah,  ami  thence  nnining  by  Memles  (from 
which  it  was  called),  entered  the  sea  to  the  W.  of  the 
Tanitic.  The  Itolbitine  month  was  that  of  the  niodert) 
Ko8ett4i  branch,  as  the  liucidie  or  Phatiuetic  was  that  of 
Damletta,  and  the  lower  ]>art»  of  both  theao  branches  were 
artificial,  or  made  by  the  hand  of  nuu) ;  on  which  account, 
thougli  Ilerodotus 'mentions  seven,  he  confines  the  num- 
ber of  the  months  of  the  Nile  to  five.  These  twoartlfieial 
outlets  of  the  Nile  are  the  (udy  ones  now  rennilrdng,  the 
others  having  either  dl8ai)i)eared,  or  being  dry  in  most 
places  during  the  summer. 

Hairthuinn,  Herod.,  II.  26,  note. 

Deluc  (de-liik').  Guillaume  Antoine.    Bom  at 

Geneva,  1729:  dieil  at  (icn.-vn,  .Ian.  26,  1812. 
A  Swiss  naturalist,  brother  of  J.  A.  Deluc. 


Demetrius 

Deluc,  Jean  Andr6.  Bom  at  Geneva,  Feb.  8, 
1727:  died  at  Windsor,  England,  Nov.  8,  1817. 
A  Swiss  geologist  and  physicist.  His  works  in- 
elude  "Recherclies  surlesmoditicatiotisde  I'atmosph^re" 
(1772),  "  Lettres  physiciues  et  morales  sur  I'histoire  de  la 
teire"  (1778-80),  "Traite  ^lementaire  de  geologic "  (1809), 
etc. 

Delyannis  (de-li-iin'is),  or  Deliiannis,  Theo- 
dore. Born  at  Kala%Tyta,  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
inl82G.  A  Greek  statesman.  F-rom  1863  he  was  fre- 
quently iu  ofticc  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  finance,  or 
the  interior.  He  represented  Greece  at  the  Congress  of 
Berlin,  and  obtaineil  an  extension  of  Greek  territory  on  the 
Thessalian  frontier.  Ue  has  been  premier  1885-80, 1890-92, 
189.5-April,  1897. 

Demaratus  (dem-a-ra'tus).  [Gt.  Arifiaparo^.'] 
A  Spartan  king  oi'  the  Eui'N'pontid  line,  who 
reigned  from  al)Oiit  510  to  491  B.  c.  He  shared 
with  his  colleague  Cletuuenes  the  command  of  the  army 
sent  in  510  to  assist  the  Athenians  in  expelling  llippias. 
He  was  deposed  in  491  by  cleomenes.  who  elevated  l.eo- 
tychides  to  his  place.  The  lastyears  of  his  life  were  spent 
at  the  court  i.f  Xerxes,  whom  he  accompauied  on  the  ex- 
pedition against  Greece  in  481^80. 

Demas  (de'mas).  [Gr.  A!;,udr.  perhaps  a  contrac- 
tion of  AtJiiijTpMc,  Demeti'ius.]  A  companion, 
for  a  time,  of  St.  Paul.     See  2  Tim.  iv.  10.  11. 

Dema'vend  (dcm-ii-vend'),  orDama'vand(dam- 

a-v;ind' ).  An  extinct  volcano,  the  highest 
mountain  oftheElburz  range,  situated  in  north- 
ern Persia  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Teheran. 
Height,  18,200  feet,  or  19,400  (f)  feet. 

Dembea.     See  T::una. 

Dembe  Wielke  (dem'be  ve-el'ke).  A  village  in 
Poland,  situated  on  the  Vistula  near  Warsaw. 
Here,  March  31, 1831,  the  Poles  under  Skrzynecki  defeated 
the  Russians  under  Diebitsch-.sabalkanski. 

Dembinski  (dem-biu'ske),  Henryk.  Born  at 
or  near  (lacow.  May  3,  1791:  died  at  Paris, 
June  13,  18(>4.  A  Polisli  general.  He  served  in 
the  Polish  revolntiun  1830-31:  conductecl  a  celebrated  re- 
treat through  Lithuania  in  1831 :  was  commander  of  the 
Hungarians  in  1849;  and  lost  the  battles  of  K^polna  and 
Temesviir  in  1849. 

Demerara(dem-<--rii'ra),  orDemerary  (-ri).  1. 
A  river  in  British  Guiana  which  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  at  Georgetown.  Length,  about 
200  miles;  navigable  about  100  miles. — 2.  A 
county  of  British  Guiana,  formerly  a  separate 
colony. 

Demeter  (de-me'ter).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ar/fjfinip, 
Doric  Aa/jiiTiip,  usually  explained  as  for  *  l'r/fi>/rrip, 
from  J  rj,  =  Doric  <5o,  earth, and  fi'iTi]p=V..  mother; 
but  the  identification  of  (5a,  which  is  found  in- 
dependently only  in  ii  few  exclamatory  phrases, 
with  ;//,  eartli,  is  very  doubtful.]  In  ancient 
Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  vegetation 
and  of  useful  fruits,  protectress  of  social  order 
and  of  ujarriage :  one  of  the  great  Olymijiau 
deities,  she  is  usually  associated,  and  even  confoumled, 
in  legend  and  in  cult,  with  Iier  daughter  I'ersephone 
(Proserpine)  or  Kora,  whose  rape  by  Hades  (IMuto)  syni- 
Ixdizes  some  of  the  nmst  profotuul  phases  of  Il4-Ilenic  mys- 
ticisiti.  The  Romans  of  the  end  of  the  republic  and  cf 
the  empire  assimilated  to  the  Hellenic  conceptinn  of  De- 
meter  the  primitive  Italic  chthonlan  divinity  Ceres. 

Demeter  of  Cnidus.  A  Greek  statue  of  the 
si'liool  of  Sc(ii>as,  now  iu  the  British  Museum, 
London.     The  ligure  is  seated,  fully  draped. 

Demetrius  ide-me'tri-us)  L,  surname<I  Poli- 
orcetes  ( '  Taker  of  Cities,'  or  '  Besieger ').  [Gr. 
Sii/u/Tiiiiii;,  belonging  to  Demeter;  F.  Dt'iin'triiit:, 
Sp.  Pg.  Dcmctrio.]  Born  about  338  B.C.:  died 
at  Apamea.  Syria,  2S3  B.  c.  King  of  Macedonia 
294-287,  son  of  Antigonus.  He  liberated  Athensnnd 
Megara  in  :i07,  defeated  Ptolemy  in  300,  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged Ithoiles  306-3(14.  ami  was  defeated  at  Ipsus  in  301. 

Demetrius  II.     Died  ahout  229  B.  c.     King  of 

.M'.iccdonia.  son  of  Antigonus  Gonatas,whom  he 

succeeilcd  about  239. 
Demetrius  I.,  surnamcd  Soter  ('  the  Savior'). 

Horn    abimt    187  B.  c. :   killeil  about   150  B.  C. 

King  of  Syria  from  about  162  B.  c,  grandson 

of  ATitioi'hus  the  (irent. 

Demetrius  II..  surnamcd  Nicator.    Killed  at 

Tyre  aliiiut    1_5  B.  c.     King  of   Syria,   son  of 
|)cmctriu>  1. 
Demetrius  III.     King  of  Syria  94-88  B.  c,  sou 

lit  .\nliochus  llry|nis. 

Demetrius  I.,  Hirss.  Dmitri  or  Dimitri.   Killed 

at  Moscow,  May  17,  1606.  A  usurper  of  the 
throne  of  Hussia  1(505-00,  usually  called  Pseudo- 
Demetrius. 

Demetrius   II.    Munlered    Dec.   11,  IfilO.      A. 
usurper  of  the  throne  of  Hussia  1607-10. 

Demetrius.  1.  In  Shaksperc's  "Midsummer 
Nighl's  Dri>am,''  a  Grecian  gentleman,  in  lovo 
with  Ilermia. —  2.  In  Shaksperc's  (?)  "Titus 
Andronicus,''  a  son  of  Taniora,  queen  of  the 
(toths. —  3.  In  Shakspere's  "  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra," a  friend  of  Antonv. —  4.  "the  son  of 
the  king  in  Fletcher's  "tliunorous  Lieuten- 
ant," in  love  with  Celia. 


Demetrius  Fannius 

Demetrius  Fannius.  In  Ben  Jonson's  play 
•'The  Poetaster,"  a  shifty  "dresser  of  plays 
about  the  town  here,"  intended  to  humiliate 
Thomas  Dekker,  with  whom  Jonson  had  a 
quarrel. 

Demetrius  Phalereus  ('of  Phalerus').  Born  at 
Phalerus,  Attica,  345  B.  C. :  died  iu  Upper  Eg\-pt, 
283.  An  Athenian  orator  and  politician.  He  eu. 
tered  public  life  about  3'26  as  a  supporter  of  Phocion,  and 
in  317  was  placed  l)y  Phocion *s  succe?sor,  Cassaiider,  at  the 
head  of  the  administration  of  Athens.  Expelled  from 
Athens  in  307  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  he  retired  to  the 


318 

cellaneoiis  writer,  professor  at  the  Sorbonne. 

His  chief  worK  is  a  "  Histoire  de  la  litterature 

fr;inc;use"  (1851). 

De  Moivre.     See  Moine.       ^      „,    ^ 
Demonic  (<le-m6'ne-6),  II.    [It.,  'The Demon.'] 

An  opera  by  Rubinstein,  words  by  Wiskowa- 

toff  from  Lermontoff's  poem.    It  was  produced 

at  St.  Petersburg  Jan.  25, 1875.  and  at  London 

June  21,  1881. 
De  Montfort  (de  mont'fort).      A  tragedy  by 

Joanna  BaUlie,  produced  in  1800, 


court  of  Ptolemy  Lagi  at  Alexandria,  where  he  devoted  De  Morgan  (de  mor  gan),  AugUStUS.     Born  at 


himself  wholly  "to  literary  pursuits.  He  was  exiled  by 
Ptolemy's  successor  to  Upper  Egypt,  where  he  is  said  to 
have  died  of  the  bite  of  a  snake. 

Demidoff,  or  Demidov  (dem'e-dof),  Akinn. 
Died  about  1740.  A  Russian  manufacturer, 
son  ot  Kikita  Demidoff. 

Demidoff,  Prince  Anatol  Nikolaievitch.  Bom 
at  Moscow,  1812 :  died  at  Paris,  April  29,  1870. 
A  Russian  noble  and  philanthropist,  son  of  N. 
N.  Demidoff. 

Demidoff,  Nikita.  Bom  about  1665 :  died  after 
1720.  A  Russian  raamifaeturer,  founder  of  the 
family  of  Demidoff.  The  son  of  a  serf,  he  rose  into 
favor  under  Peter  the  Great  by  his  sliill  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  arms.  He  established  the  first  iron-foundry  iu 
Siberia  in  16J9,  and  received  a  patent  of  nobility  in  1720. 

Demidoff,  Count  Nikolai  Nikititch.    Bom  at 

St.  Petersburg  about  1773:  died  at  Florence, 
1828.     A  Russian  capitalist. 

Demidoff,  Paul  Grigoryevitch.  Bom  at  Reval, 
Russia,  1738 :  died  at  Moscow,  1781.  A  Russian 
scholar  and  patron  of  science. 

Demir-Hissar  (da-mer'his-sar').  ['Iron  Cas- 
tle.'] A  small  town  in  European  Turkey,  situ- 
ated about  50  miles  northeast  of  Salonika. 

Demme  (dem'me),  Hermann  Christopli  Gott- 
fried: pseudonym  Karl  Stille.  Born  at 
Miihlhausen,  Thuringia,  Germany,  Sept. 7, 1760: 
died  at  Altenburg,  Germany,  Dec.  26,  1822.  A 
German  poet  and  novelist,  author  of  "Pachter 
Martin  und  sein  Vater"  (1792-93),  etc. 

Demme,  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Born  at  Miihl- 
hausen, 'Thuringia,  March  20.  1801:  died  at 
Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  March  26, 1878.  A  German 
jmist,  son  of  H.  C.  G.  Demme.  He  wrote 
"  Bueh  der  Verbrechen "  (1851),  etc. 

Demmin  (dem'men).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Peene 
in  lat.  53°  54'  N.,  long,  13°  E.  It  is  an  ancient 
Wendish  town,  and  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  by 
Swedes  aud  Germans  in  the  17th  century.  Population 
(189U),  commune,  10,852. 

Democedes  (dem-os'e-dez).  Bom  at  Crotona, 
Magna  Grsecia,  Italy':  lived  in  the  second  half 
of  the  6th  century  B.  c.     A  Greek  physician. 

DemOChares  (de-mok'a-rez).  [Gr.  Ari/ioxapn;.'] 
An  Athenian  orator,  nephew  of  Demosthenes. 
He  came  forward  in  322  B.  c.  as  an  orator  of  the  anti- 
Macedonian  party,  and  after  the  restoration  of  democracy 
by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  in  307  became  the  leader  of  the 
popular  party.  He  was  several  times  expelled  by  the  anti- 
democratic party,  returning  the  last  tinte  in  2S7  or  286. 
He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Lysiraiichus  about  28^2,  and 
disappears  from  view  in  280. 

Democratic  party.  In  United  States  history, 
a  political  party  which  arose  about  1792.  it  was 
called  first  the  Republican,  later  the  Democratic-Kepub- 
lican,  and  afterward  simply  the  Democratic  party.  It  has 
opposed  a  strong  central  government,  and  has  generally 
favored  a  strict  construction  of  the  Constitution.  It  has 
controlled  the  executive  or  the  national  government  un- 
der the  following  administrations:  Jefferson's,  Madison's, 
Monroe's,  Jackson's.  Van  Buren's,  Polk's,  Pierce's,  Bu- 
chanan's, and  Cleveland's.  Its  principal  founder  was  Jef- 
ferson. It  may  be  regarded  as  the  successor  of  the  Anti- 
federalist  party. 

DemOCritus  (de-mok'ri-tus).  [Gr.  Ar/ft6KpiTo(.1 
Born  at  Abdera,  Thrace,  about  460  B.  c. :  died 
about  337  B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  surnamed 
•'The  Abderite"  aud  "The  Laughing  Philoso- 
pher.'' He  inherited  an  ample  fortune,  which  enabled 
Dim  to  visit  the  chief  countries  of  .\sia  and  Africa  in  pur- 
suit of  knowledge.  He  adopted  and  expanded  the  atomistic 
theory  of  Leucippus.  which  he  expounded  in  a  number  of 
works,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  of  a  cheerful  disposition,  which  prompted  him 


out  his  eyes  in  order  to  be  less  disturbed  in  his  philo 
sophical  speculations. 

DemOCritUS  Junior.  The  pseudonym  under 
which  Robert  Burton  published  his  "Anatomy 
of  Melancholy"  (1621). 

Demodocus  (de-mod'o-kus),  [Gr.  Ai?//(5<ioKOf.] 
In  the  Odyssey,  a  famous  bard  who,  during  the 
stay  of  IHysses  at  the  court  of  Alcinous,  de- 
lighted the  guests  by  recounting  the  feats  of 
the  Greeks  at  Troy  and  singing  the  amours  of 
Ares  and  Aphrodite. 

Demogeot  (dem-o-zho'),  Jacques  Claude. 
Bom  at  Paris,  July  5,  1808 :  died  there,  Jan. 
9,  1894.     A  French  literary  historian  and  mis- 


Denis,  Saint 

south,  and  Merioneth  and  Carnarvon  on  the 
west.  It  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  contains  prehistoric 
Roman  and  Celtic  antiquities.  Area,  6*>1  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  117,950. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  abo%-e  county,  situated  on 
the  Clwyd  22  miles  west  of  Chester.  It  has  a 
ruined  castle,  which  was  taken  by  the  Parlia- 
mentarians in  1645.  Population  (1891),  6.412. 
Denderah.,  orDendera  (den'der-a).  A  town  in 
Upper  Egj-pt,  situated  on  the  Xile  in  lat.  26"^  9' 
N.,  long.  "32°  39'  E. :  the  ancient  Tentyra  or 
Tentyris.  It  is  celebrateti  for  its  temple  of  Hathor, 
which,  notwithstanding  its  late  date  (it  was  begun  by  the 
11th  Ptolemy,  and  the  great  pronaos  was  added  only 
under  TiberiusX  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  buildings 
in  Egj-pt.  owing  to  its  almost  perfect  preservation,  even 
to  the  roof.  The  imposing  hexastyle  pronaos  has  four 
ranges  of  Hathoric  columns;  on  its  ceiling  is  a  noted 
sculptured  zodiac,  combining  Egyptian  and  classical  ele- 
ments. Xext  to  the  pronaos  is  a  hypostyle  hall  of  six  col- 
umns, from  which  three  chambers  open  on  each  side,  and 
beyond  this  is  a  vestibule  before  a  large  hall  in  which 
st^ds  an  isolated  cella.  This  hall  is  surrounded  by  a 
series  of  chambers,  one  of  which  in  the  middle  of  the 
back  wall  contained  the  emblematic  sistrum  of  the  god- 
dess- The  whole  interior  surface  is  sculptured,  the  art, 
however,  being  inferior.  On  the  roof  there  is  a  small  sii- 
chambered  temple  to  the  local  divinity  Osiris--\n. 

On  the  celebrated  zodiac  of  Dendera,  the  date  of  which 
is  believed  to  be  about  700  B.  c,  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  are 
exhibited  iu  a  primitive  pictorial  form,  which  leaves  no 
doubt  as  to  their  significance.     Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  7. 

Dendermonde  (den-der-m6n'de),F.  Termonde 
(ter-mond').  A  fortified  town  in  the  pro\ince 
of  East  Flanders.  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Dender  and  Schelde,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Brussels,  in  1667,  being  besieged  by  Louis 
XIV.,  the  town  was  defended  by  opening  its  sluices  and 
flooding  the  adjacent  country.  It  was  captured  by  Marl- 
borough in  1706,  and  by  the  French  in  1745.  Population 
(1890),  9,606. 

Dendin  (don-dan'),  Perrin.  An  ignorant  peas- 
ant, applied  to  as  a  judge,  in  Rabelais's  "  Pan- 
tagruel.'"  His  method  was  to  let  people  flght  till  they 
were  tired  of  it  — a  satire  on  lawyers  who  prefer  the  ruin 
of  their  client  to  the  slightest  concession.  He  loved  eating 
and  drinking,  and  settled  the  disputes  of  his  neighbors 
while  indulging  these  tastes. 
Deneb  (den'eb).  [Ar.  datiob,  the  tail.]  A  word 
used  as  the  name  of  several  stars,  in  reference 
to  their  situation  in  the  constellation  to  which 
they  respectively  belong.  The  principal  are 
the  following:  (a)  Deneb  Algedi  (deneb  alK-de). 
[-\T.  al-Jedi.  the  goat.)  The  third-magnitude  star  &  Cap- 
ricomi.  (b)  Deneb  Algenubi  (den  eb  al-je-nu  beX  [.*r. 
al-Jenubi,  the  southern.)  The  third-magnitude  star  tj 
Ceti,  at  the  root  of  the  monster's  tail,  (o)  Deneb-al-okab 
(den  eb-al-o-kab).  t.\r.  al-oqdb,  the  eagle.)  The  third- 
magnitude  star  s  Aquilae.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  c 
Aquila;,  close  by.  (rf)  Deneb  al-shemali  (den  eb  al-she- 
ma'le).  [Ar.  al-ietyuili.  the  northern.)  The  fourth-mag- 
nitude star  t  Ceti,  at  the  tip  of  the  northern  fluke  of  the 
monster's  tail  (e)  Deneb  Cygni  (den  eb  sign!).  [.-Ir.  and 
L.,  'the  tail  of  the  swiin.")  The  bright  second-magnitude 
star  a  Cygni.  otherwise  known  as  Arided.  (/)  Deneb 
Kaltos  (den  eb  ki'tos).  |-\r.  qitos  is  an  Araliic  trans- 
literation of  the  Gr.  «^T05.  L.  Cfti,  of  the  whale]  The 
third-magnitude  star  yS  Ceti,  at  the  tip  of  the  southern 
fluke  of  the  tail.  Otherwise  called  Diphdc. 
Denebola  (df-neb '  o  -la).  [Ar.  danab  al-'asad, 
the  tail  of  the  lion'.]  The  second-magnitude 
star  ,3  Leonis,  also  sometimes  called  Dafirah  and 
Serplia. 
Denham  (den'am).  Dixon.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  1. 1786:  died  in  Sierra  Leone,  May  8, 1828. 
An  African  explorer.  As  a  British  oflicer  he  took 
part  in  the  continental  wars  against  Xapoleon  I.  In  1821 
he  was  sent  to  Africa  with  Dr.  Oudney  and  Clapperton. 
From  Tripoli  they  went  over  Murzuk  and  Fezzan  to  L.ake 
Chad,  and  st.ayed  some  time  at  Kuka.  the  capital  of  Bomu. 
In  a  war  with  the  conquering  Fulbe,  Denham  was  taken 
prisoner,  but  contrived  to  escape.  After  exploring  the 
south  end  of  Lake  Chad,  he  accompanied  t  lapperton  to 
Sokoto,  and  retiuned  in  \SIA.  He  died  in  1828  as  lieuten- 
ant governor  of  Sierra  Leone. 
Denham,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Dublin,  1615 :  died 
at  Loudon,  in  March,  1669.  An  English  poet. 
He  took  up  arms  for  the  king  when  the  civU  war  began, 
and  was  made  governor  of  Farnham  Castle,  from  which 
he  was  driven  and  sent  a  prisoner  to  London.  His  for- 
tunes varied,  but  revived  at  the  Restoration.  He  was 
falsely  accused  in  1667  of  murdering  his  wife  by  a  poi- 
soned cup  of  chocolate.  Author  of  "  The  Sophy  "  (a  tm- 
gedy,  1642),  "Cooper's  Hill  "(a  poem,  1W2),  'Cato  Major" 
(from  Cicero,  1648).  etc. 

" '__  y    '       "\     A  seaport  in  the  province  of 

Alicante,  Spain,   situated   on  the   Mediterra- 

Valenciennes.    it  has  considerable  manufactures,  and     nean   in   lat.    38°   ^0'    N.,    long    0°  7'    E      It 

there  are  coal-mines  in  the  neighborhood.     Here  the     exports  raisms.     Population  (l»bi ).  ■i^-i';:^- . 

French  under  Marshal  Villars  defeated  the  Allies  under  Denina  (da-ne'na).  Carlo    GlOVaiUU    Jflana. 

Prince  Eugene,  July  24,  1712.    Population  (1891),  com-     -Q^ra  at  Revello.  near  Saluzzo,  Italv,  Feb.  28, 


Madura,  Madras,  June  27, 1806:  died  at  London 
March  18,  1871.  A  noted  EngUsh  mathemati- 
cian and  logician.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge 
and  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was  professor  of  mathematics  in 
London  University  1828-31.  and  in  University  College. 
London,  1836-66.  Author  of  "Elements  of  Arithmetic" 
(1831),  "Elementsof  Algebra  "  (1835).  "  Elementsof  Trigo- 
nometry "  (1837),  "Essay  on  Probabilities  "  (1838),  "  Differ- 
ential and  IntegnU  Calculus"  (1842),  "Formal  Logic" 
(1847),  and  "Budget  of  Paradoses  '  (1872). 

Demosthenes  (de-mos'the-nez).  [Gr.  Arjuoa- 
divng.']  Died  at  Syracuse,  '413  B.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian general.  In  425  he  defended  Pylos  against  the 
Spartans,  and  made  the  dispositions  by  which  the  enemy 
was  forced  to  capitulate,  although  the  glor>'  of  the  ex- 
ploit was  claimed  by  Cleon,  who  relieved  him  in  the  com- 
mand. He  commanded  under  Xicias  in  the  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  Syracuse  in  413.  Having  been  cap- 
tured in  the  retreat,  he  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  the 
SjTacusan  assembly. 

Demosthenes.  [Gr.  Aj^/zoo^evk.]  Born  at  Pie- 
ania.  Attica,  in  384  or  385  B.  c. :  died  in  322 
B.  C.  The  greatest  of  Greek  orators.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  pupil  of  the  orator  Isaeus,  and  entered 
public  life  as  a  speaker  in  the  popular  assembly  in  355.  In 
352  he  delivered  the  first  of  a  splendid  series  of  orations 
directed  against  the  encroachment  of  Philip  of  Macedon, 
three  of  which  are  specifically  denominated  "Philippics." 
In  346  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  embassy  which  con- 
cluded with  Philip  the  so-called  peace  of  Philocrates. 
As  Philip  immediately  after  broke  this  treaty.  Demos- 
thenes came  forward  as  the  leader  of  the  patriotic  party 
in  opposition  to  the  Macedonian,  which  was  headed  by 
.Eschines.  In  340  he  caused  a  fleet  to  he  sent  to  the  re- 
lief of  Byzantium,  which  was  besieged  by  Philip.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Amphictyonic  war,  he  persuaded  the 
Athenians  to  form  an  alliance  with  Thebes  against  Philip, 
who  defeated  the  allies  at  Chsronea  in  338.  and  usurped 
the  hegemony  of  (Greece.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  unsuccessful  rising  which  took  place  on  the  death  of 
Philip  in  336 ;  was  exiled  by  the  Macedonian  party  in  324  ; 
was  recalled  by  the  patriotic  party  on  the  outbreak  of  a 
fresh  rising  at  the  death  of  .\lexander  in  323 ;  and  on  the 
capture  of  Athens  by  Antipater  and  Oaterus  in  322  fled 
to  Calauria,  near  -Argolis,  where  he  took  poison  to  avoid 
capture.  His  chief  orations  are  three  "Philippics"  (351, 
344,  341),  three  "dlynthiacs"  (349,  349,  348),  "On  the 
Peace  "  (346),  "On  the  Embassy  "  (343),  "On  the  Aflairs  of 
the  Chersonese  "  (341),  "On  the  Crown "(330).  The  first 
printed  collective  edition  of  his  orations  is  that  published 
by  Aldus  at  Venice  in  15IM.  The  best  modern  editions 
are  those  liy  Bekker  (IS'23),  Sauppe  and  Baiter  (1841),  Din- 
dorf  (1846-61),  and  Whiston  (1859-68).  See  Schafer's 
"  Demosthenes  und  seine  Zeit "  (1856-58).  There  is  a  por- 
trait-statue of  Demosthenes,  one  of  the  finest  of  antiquity, 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  expression  of  the  close- 
bearded  face  is  anxious,  but  full  of  strength  and  high 
resolve.  I'he  position  is  easy,  the  clothing  a  full,  plainly 
draped  himation. 

Demotika,  or  Demotica  (de-mot'i-ka).  A 
town  in  Rumelia,  European  Turkey,  situated 
on  the  Maritza  23  miles  south  of  Adrianople. 
Population,  estimated,  8,000-10,000. 

Dempster  (demps'ter),  Janet.  A  woman.  In 
George  Eliot's  novel  "Janet's  Repentance," 
who  is  rescued  from  a  passion  for  drink  by  her 
friend  and  pa.stor. 

Dempster,  John.  Bom  at  Florida,  Fulton 
Countv,  N,  Y.,  Jan,  2,  1794:  died  at  Evanston, 
111,,  Nov,  28,  1863.  An  American  Methodist 
clergyman,  founder  of  biblical  institutes  at 
Concord,  Xew  Hampshire,  and  Evanston,  Illi- 
nois. 

Dempster,  Thomas.  Bora  at  Cliftbog,  Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland,  Aug.  23,  1579  (f):  died 
near  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  6,  1625.  A  Scottish 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  seminary  at 
Douay  and  at  the  Vniversity  of  Paris,  and  alxiut  1619  was 
appointed  professor  of  humanities  in  the  Vniversity  of 
Bologna.  Author  of  "Historia  ecclesiastica  gentis  Sco- 
torum  "  (1627). 

A  town  in  the  department 


to  laugh  at  the  follies  of  men  (lience  the  surname  "The  ^pnain  (de-nafl')       ..*.  ,.«,.*.  »"  . 

Laughing  Philosopher  >  _  According  to  tradition  he  put     ^^  jjord,  France,' situated  at  the   junction  of  Denia  (da'ne-a), 

the  SeUe  and   Schelde,  7  miles  southwest   of     "^        *" 


mune,  18,258. 

De  natura  deorum  (de  na-tu'rS  de-6'rum). 
[L.,  'on  the  nature  of  the  gods,']  Dialogues 
by  Cicero,  in  three  books,  treating  of  the  exis- 
tence, nature,  and  providence  of  the  gods 


1731:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5,  1813.  An  Italian 
historian.  He  was  professor  at  Turin  and  later  at  Ber- 
lin, became  university  librarian  at  Turin  in  1800,  and  was 
imperial  librarian  at  Paris  after  ls04.  He  wrote  "Istona 
delle  rivoluzioni  dltalia  "  (1769X  etc. 


Denbigh  (den'bi).'  1.  A  maritime  countv  of  Denis,orDenys(den'is;F.  de-ne  ),Samt^pos- 
North  Wales,  lying  between  the  Irish  Sea  and  tie  to  the  Gauls,  and  patron  samt  of  France, 
Flint  on  the  north,  Flint,  Chester,  and  Salop  beheaded,  according  to  the  legends,  at  Pans, 
on  the  east,  Montgomery  and  Merioneth  on  the    272  a.  d. 


Denis,  Jean  Ferdinand 
Denis(de-ne'),  Jean  Ferdinand.  Bornat  Paris, 
AUL'  13, 1798:  diedthere.  Au-.  'J,  1890.  AFreiich 
author.  He  traveled  in  .\merka  from  1816  to  ISil,  and 
subseciuently  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  with  the  oliject  of 
8tudyinK  the  literature  of  those  countries.  After  H>38  he 
wa8  ^prominently  connected  with  the  libraries  ol  Paris, 
r»De"iilIy  the  .Sainte  Oenevieve,  "f  which  he  became  con- 
ee^vator  in  1S41,  and  administrator  in  1866.  He  wrote  nu- 
Serous  works,  historic^d  and  descriptive,  on  B™^il  he 
Platine  States,  Guiana,  and  Portugal  and  on  the  literature 
of  Portugal  and  Spain  ;  also  a  great  number  of  biographi- 
cal and  historical  articles  for  various  encyclopedic  works, 
and  a  series  of  historical  novels. 

Denis,  Louise  (Mignot).  Born  about  1710 :  died 
in  1790.  The  iiifee,  compauion,  and  trieud  ot 
Voltaire.  In  1738  she  married  M.  Denis,  who  died  in 
1744  In  1754  she  returned  to  Voltaire's  house,  which  she 
kept  for  him  until  his  death  in  1778.  In  1779,  when  in 
her  seventieth  year,  she  married  a  Sieur  du  \  ivier,  who 
was  about  silty.  8he  wrote  several  works  and  a  play, 
"La coquette  punie,"  but  her  liteiar>- labors  are  forgotten 
in  the  memory  of  her  relation  to  Voltaire. 

Denis,  Saint,  Battle  of.    See  Snint-Denis. 

Denis  Duval  (deu'i.s  dii-val').  An  unfinished 
novel  by  Thackeray,  published  in  1864,  after 
his  death. 

Denison  (den'i-son).  A  city  in  Grayson  County, 
noXe™Texas,inlat.33°40'N..lonfi96O32'W 
It  has  a  large  trade.    Population  (1900 ),  11,80, 

DenizU  (den-iz-le' ),  or  Denislu  (den-is-le  ).  A 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  lat.  37°  4o  N.,  long, 
ogo  20'  E. 

Denman  (den'man),  Thomas,  first  Baron  Den- 
man^  Born  at  tondon,  Feb.  23.  1779 :  died  at 
Stoke  Albany,  Northampton,  England,  Sept. 
"''>  1854  A  noted  English  jurist.  He  defended 
Queen  Caroline  in  1820,  and  was  attorney-general  183l>-3-2, 
and  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King  s  Bench  1832-60. 

Denmark   (den'miirk).     ^AS.  De,i^me<irc    V 
Daiwmark,  Dan.  Danmarl;  G.  Dancmark,  Icel. 
Danmork,  march,  or  boundary,  of  the  Danes.] 
A  kingdom  in  northern  Europe,  comprising  part 
of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  and  a  group  of  isl- 
ands of  which  the  principal  are  Zealand,  Funen, 
Laaland,  Bornholm,  Falster,  Langeland,  and 
Moen.    Its  surface  is  generaUy  level.     The  capital  Is 
Copenhagen.    The  government  is  a  constitutional  heredi- 
tary monarihy,  with  a  Kigsdag  composed  of  an  upper 
house  (f^andsthing)  of  6«  members  and  a  lower  house 
(Folke  hing)  of  114  members.    The  establishe.l  religion  is 
Lutheran.     The  army  numbered  in  1901  (on  a  war  toot 
hig)  about  60,000.     Its  foreign  possessions  are  the  J  aroe 
Ishimls,  Iceland.  Greenland    south   of    latitude    ,3     N., 
and  Santa  Cm/..  St.  Thoma-s,  and  St.  John,  is  ands  torn,  iK 
the  Danish  West  Indies.     In  the  early  middle  ages  it  «u- 
famous  as  the  liome  of  pirates.    The  dillerent  l">jK'loms 
in  Denmark  became  consolidated   into  one  in  the   Jlli 
century.      During  this    period   Christianity   was   liitr.- 
duced,"  being  contlrmed   in   the   reign    of   Canute  (dlu 
103.«.),  wlio  reigneil  also  over  England  and  Norway.     It 
was  separated  from  the  other  kingiloms  after  Canute  s 
death.   Danish  conquests  extended  over  the  Baltic  \\  ends 
in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  and  for  short  periods  over 
Esthonia,  Runen,  and  various  German  districts.     Norway, 
Sweden,  and  Denmark  were  united  by  the  Inion  of  kalmar 
in  1397,  but  Sweden  was  Anally  separated  from  Denmark  in 
1523.     Protestantism  was  introiliu  ed  in  the  mnldle  of  tin- 
16th  century,  and  the  country  took  part,  on  the  Pridrativiil 
Bide,  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.     Dago,  Osel,  .and  (.otli- 
land  were  lost  to  Sweden  in  UUli,  as  were  also  tlie  Danish 
possessions  in  southern  Sweden  in  16.'.8.     Absolulc  power 
wag  obtained  by  the  kings  in  inOfl.     Denmark  bavnig  ii.s- 
sumeil  a  position  of  armed  neutrality  wilh  n-»peit  lo  i.uk 

land,  herlleetwasattaikedanililcteati-clby  Nils l«oi. 

and  in  1807  the  British  bombarded  Copenhagen.     Nonvu.s 
wa»cededtoSwcdcnlnl814.  (For  the  relations  with  Si-he». 
wig  and  Holstein,  see  those  names.)    Tim  Sehleswig-Mol- 
Btein  war  In  18i;4.  waged  unsuccessfully  by  Denmark  agamst 
Prussia  and  Austria,  resulted  In  the  loss  of  .Scbleswig- 
Holstein  and  I.anenburg.     The  present  constltullon  was 
adi.pted  in  l«l«i,  and  rii-ent  history  has  been  marked  hy  a 
constitutional  struggle  between  the  government  and  the 
pi-opl.'      Area  iiiiluding  tile  Faroe  Mauds,  1.1.289  Mpian' 
'nil's.    Pop.,  iiieludin.'  the  Faroe  Islands  (Uiull.  2.4C.4.'7ll. 
DennewitZ   (den'ne-vits).       A   village   in    the 
province   of   Bnimlenburg,    Prussiu,  41    miles 
801lthwc8t    of    Berlin.       Here    the    PiUsaians   under 
Bulow  with  the  aid  of  liUBslans  and  Swedes  under  lieriia- 
dotte,  defeated  the  French  army  under  -Ney,  Sept.  «,  1813. 
Dennie(deii'i).  Joseph.    Horn  at  Boston.JIass., 
Aug  30, 17r>8:  (lied  at  I'hiladclphia,  Jan.  (,  181-. 
AnAmericMii  iouniulist :  edited  the  "Portfolio" 
(in  Philadelpiiia)  1801-12. 
Dennis  (den'is).    1.   Servant  to  Oliver  in  Shak- 
siiiTo's  "As  you  I'iko  it."— 2.   A  hnngiiiaii  iii 
Dii'keuH's  novel  "  Bariiaby  Kudge." 
Dennis,  John.      Born  at  London,  l(i.'')7:    died 
Jan.  (!,  1734.     An  English  critic.     He  gradnnted  at 
Cambridge  with  the  degree  nf  It.  A.  in  1679,  and  devoted 
himself  t,)  literature.     He  wrote  a   number  of  Indlirer- 
ently  successful  plays,  but  is  chletly  remembered   as  a 
critic,  In  which  character  he  Incurred  the  enmity  of  1  ope, 
by   whom  he  was  ridiculed  in  the  "  Dune  ad.       Among 
the  collective  editions  ot  his  w,.rks  are  ■•Miscellanies  In 
Prose  and  Verso  '  (1693),  and  '■  Works    (1702). 

Denon  (de-non'),  Baidii  Dominique  Vivant. 

Born  at  Chiiloii-sur-SuAiie,  France,  Jan.  4. 
1747 :  died  at  Paris,  April  27,  18-Jf).  A  Freneli 
artist,  archteologist,  diplomatist,  and  adminis- 


319 


trator.  He  wrote  "  Voyage  dans  la  Basse  et  la  Hautc- 
fegypte  ■'  (1802),  "  Monuments  des  arts  du  desein,  etc. 

Dentatus  (den-ta'tus^,  Manius  (or  Marcus) 

Curius.  Lived  in  the  first  part  ot  the  M 
eenturv  B.  c.  A  Roman  tribune,  consul,  pre- 
tor.  and  censor,  celebrated  as  a  model  ot  the 
earlv  Roman  virtues  of  simplicity,  frugality, 
and  "patriotism.  He  defeated  Pyrrhus  m  1.-5. 
and  the  Saranites  and  Lucanians  m  2<4. 

Dent    Blanche   (don    blonsh).     [F.,   'white 

tooth']  -V  mountain  in  the  Alps  of  Valais, 
Switzi-rlaud.  situated  north  of  the  Matterhorn. 
Height.  14.318  feet.  ,^        , 

Dent  de  Jaman  (don  d6  zha-mon  ).  A  moun- 
tain in  Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  east  ot  tlie 
Lake  of  Geneva.     Height,  6.16.5  feet. 

Dent  de  VauUon  (don  di-  v6-ly6n' ).  A  peak  ot 
tlio  .lura,  in  Switzerland,  18  miles  northwest 
of  Lausanne.     Hei(;lit.  4,SS0  feet. 

Dent  du  Midi  (doft  dii  me-de').  [F,  south 
tooth  '1  A  mountain  in  the  canton  ot  Valais, 
Switzorhind,  situated  northwest  of  Martigny. 
Ili^ighf.  10,750  feet.  . 

D'Entrecasteaux  Channel  (don-tr-kas-to 

elian'cl).  A  strait  between  Tasmania  and 
Bruni  Island  to  the  south. 

D'Entrecasteaux  Islands.    A  group  of  small 

islands  lying  east  of  Papua,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain.  ^ . ,  ., 

D'Entrecasteaux  Point.  A  cape  at  the  sotith- 
western  e.xtreniity  of  Australia. 

Denver  (den'ver).  The  capital  of  Colorado  and 
of  Arapahoe  Countv,  situated  on  the  South 
Platte  in  lat.  39°  47'  N.,  long.  105°  W.  It  is  an 
important  railway  and  commercial  center,  and  has  large 
smSg-works.  It  was  llrst  settled  in  I'^^f'S.  ""^ ,•';'? 
become  noted  for  its  dry  climat*.  It  is  often  called  the 
"Queen  City  of  the  Plains."    Pop.  (1900),  133,869. 

Denzil  (den'zil),  Guy.  lu  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
poem  "  Rokeby,"  the  chief  of  a  maraudmgband 
made  up  from  both  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads. 

Deoband  (de'o-biind).  A  town  in  the  North- 
west Provinces  of  British  India.  Population 
(1891),  19,250.  ,    .  J   ..      ,-,      . 

De  Officiis (de  o-fish'i-is).  [L.,  'of  duties.']  A 
treatise  in  three  books,  by  Cicero,  on  moral  obli- 
aations,  written  about  44  B.  C.  ••  The  moral  views 
ire  those  of  a  practical  politician,  and  for  this  very  reason 
not  much  higher  than  the  conventional  Eoman  stan- 

D'fion,  Chevalier.    See  Eon,  Charles  Genemdve, 

etc. 

Deoprag.     Wee  Deiapniyaga. 

DeC)ratore(de  or-a-to're).  [L.,' of  the  orator.  ] 
A  rhetorical  work  bv  Cicero,  in  three  books, 
written  (55  B.  c.)  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  the 
principal  characters  being  L.  Crassus  and  M. 
Antoninus.  "The  work  is  far  from  attaining  the  dra- 
matic art  of  a  Platonic  dialogue ;  nevertheless  it  ranks 
with  the  most  flnished  productions  of  Cicero  on  account 
..f  its  varied  ccuitents  and  its  excellent  style. 

Deorham  (di-r.r'hiim).  At  this  place  (identi- 
fied with  Dereham,  Gloucestershire,  England) 
Ceawlin,  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  defeated  the 
Britons  in  577.  .     ,-,,.,      , 

Depazzi  (da-piid'ze).  A  character  m  Sliirley  s 
play  "The  Humorous  Courtier." 

The  outrageously  Idiotic  pepa7.li,  '»''""'•■, 't"''.',f,?,!'^!} 
endures  to  the  last  (after  he  has  been  »«o'■"'.'^■  "'""-."^h.. 
"four  or  live  several  deaths,"  not  one  of  which  he  can  be 
"got  to  accept"),  is  at  la«t  brought  to  saying  "I  forgive 
your  highness,  I."  ""^ 

Depew(de-pu').Chauncey  Mitchell.   Born  at 

Pw^kskill,  N.  Y.,  April  23.  1.H34.  An  American 
lawyer,  orator,  and  politician.  He  was  gra.lnatwl 
at  Yale  In  ls.-.li :  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Assembly 
1861  82  ;  was  secretary  ..f  staU-  for  New  York  18U3-0:..  and 
,1 1889  became  c.unsd  for  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
„"  ™ich  he  has  been  president  since  1885.  He  was  an 
unsuccessful  candl.late  t..rthe  Republuan  noininalloi  foi 
Pie~id.nl  in  18^8.     Klect«d  senator  from  New  \  ork  WMV. 

De  Peyster  (depis'tir),  Abraham.  Born  a 
New  Amsterdam  (New  York).  July  ^,  H'i«  :  d'cd 
at  New  York,  Aug.  HI,  1728.  ..\ii  Ameriran 
merchant  and  ofUcial,  son  of  Johannes  De 
Pnvsti-r.  He  was  mayor  of  New  Y'ork  imil-Or..  and 
ntU'rward  be.  ame  ihhf  Justice  of  the  province  and  pre«|. 
d'-i^rof  (1, '  kin"  s  ,o,„„il.     By  virtue  of  the  latte,-  post  he 

De  Peyster.  Arent  Schuyler.    Born  at  New 

York  June  •>7. 1736:  died  at  l)umfnes,SeotIaiid. 
Nov.,  183i;.  'A  Royalist  officer,  grandson  ol 
Abniham  De  Pevstl'r.  He  commanded  at  Detroit, 
Mackinac,  and  vario-us  nlaces  in  Ipper  Canada  during  the 
Ilev.dntio  lai-y  War,  and  by  bis  tact  an.l  e.uicllia  "l>  inou. 
lures  sm-e-eded  In  delaebing  (belndians  ..f  Ibe  Northwest 
;;-,™  the UVoMlVts  and  allying  .hem  with  (h,-  llritlsb. 

De  Peyster,  Johannes.    Bom  at   laarlemHoi- 

land:  died  nt  New  York  about  1685.  A  Du  ch 
colonist  in  New  Amsterdam,  where  he  settled 
in  1640. 


Derbent 
De  Peyster,  John  Watts.    Born  at  New  York, 


March  9,  1821.  An  American  military  and  his 
torical  writer.  His  works  include  a  "  History  of  the 
Life  of  Leonard  Torstenson  "  (1855),  "  History  of  Carau- 
sius,  the  Dutch  Augustus  and  Emperor  of  Britain  '  (1858), 
and  "The  Thirty  Yeius'  War:  With  Special  Reference  to 
the  Military  Operations  and  Inaaence  of  the  Swedes 
(1S&»). 

D'^pinay,  Madame.  See  £pina)j,  Madame  (l\ 
D6pit  amoureux  (da-pe'  ii-mo-r('').  Le.  [F., 
'The  Loving  Spite.']  A  comedy  by  Mohere, 
produced  at  Wontpellier  in  1654,  and  at  Paris 
in  1658.  It  was  not  printed  until  1063.  Many  authors 
have  adapted  and  rearranged  it.  The  subject  is  partly 
borrowed  from  "  I.'Interesse"  of  Nicolo  Secchi. 

Deposition  from  the  Cross,  with  the  Virgin, 
the  .Magdalen,  St.  John,  Joseph  of  Anmathea, 
and  Nicodemus.  A  painting  by  Penigino,  in 
the  Accademia.  Florence.  The  expression  and  dif- 
ferentiation of  character  in  the  group  of  mourners  is  mas- 
terly    The  ])ainting  is  among  Perugino's  best. 

Depping  (dep'ping).  Georges  Bernard.  Born 
at  Jliinster,  Germanv,  May  11.  1/84:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  5,  18.53.  A  French  historian,  of 
German  parentage.  He  wrote  "HUtoire  gcSn^rale  de 
IT.snagne '71811),  "Histoire  du  commerce  entrele Levant 
et  1-  Kir'.pe  ^  (1832), ' '  Histoire  de  la  Normandie  "  (1836),  etc 

Depr6s.     Hee  Jn.'^quin  Vespre::. 

Depretis  (da-pra'tes),  Agostino.  Born  at  Mez- 
zana-Corte-Bottaroni,  near  Stradella,  Italy, 
Jan.31, 1813:  died  there,  July '29, 1887.  An  Ital- 
ian statesman,  premier  187&-77,  1877-78,  1878- 
1879,  1881-86. 

De  Prie  (d^  pre),  Jaques.     A  supposed  beggar 
in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "The  Case  is  Altered. 
He  is  a  miser,  and  is  in  reality  Melun,  steward  to  the  old 
Chamont.    He  somewhat  resembles  Shylock,  loving  Iwth 
his  ducats  and  his  daughter. 

Deptford  (det'ford).  Formerly  a  tovm  in  Kent 
and  Surrey,  England,  now  a  borough  (munici- 
|iali  of  Lo"iidon,  situated  on  the  south  bankof 
the  Thames,  3A  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul's: 
long  noted  for  its  dockyard,  which  was  closed 
in  1H(;9. 

De  Quincey  (de  kwin'zi),  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Greenheys,  Manchester,  Aug.  15,  1/So:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  8,  1859.  An  English  essayist 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  De  Quincey,  a  wealthy  merchant,  who  died  about 
179''  He  was  sent  to  the  Manchester  grammar-school  In 
180l'  but  ran  away  in  the  following  year,  and.  after  a  pe- 
destrian tour  in  Wales,  lived  s..me  time  in  «««"'»  I"'^" 
crty  in  London.  He  subsequently  studied  at  (Jsford, 
without  taking  a  degree.  About  18ti8  he  made  the  at-- 
quaiX.ce  ot  Oderidt-e  a»-l  "  o^J^^V'h. -".eh  indueed 
him  to  settle  at  Orasmere.  He  married  Margaret  Simp- 
son In  181(1.  Some  years  later  he  lost  his  fortune,  and  in 
Wil  went  to  London  in  search  of  literary  w,.rk.  During 
his  stay  at  Oxf..rd  he  ha.l  contracted  the  habit  of  opium- 
eating,  which  grew  upon  him  to  such  an  extent  that  at 
one  time  he  took  340  grains  daily,  and  which  eventually 

disabled  him  from  protected  »l'I'"';""V;'il"  JlltTbcTMi; 
In  1821  he  made  his  experience  with  this  drug  the  basis 
of  a  narrative,  entitled  "  Confessions  of  an  English  0(^ium. 
Eater  "which  appeared  In  the  "Lomlon  M:igazine,    and 

which  est..biishe,i  his  reputation.  He  ^"''f.iri:;  j;,'";,';;;^,t 

much  for  "  lilackwood's  .Mag:izlne  and  the  Kd  nburgll 
Literary  (lazette, "  and  eventually  took  up  his  residence  at 
Edinburgh.  His  ;.Mly  separate  P"  .1..  atlons  were  K loMer 
heirn"  (1832),  and  "  l-gi.-  of  Political  Kconomj  jl844). 
Themosteomplet.' .■.Iliion  ot  1MB  works  appeared  ill  lS.^2-». 

Dera  Ghazi  Khan  (der'ii  phii-ze'  khiin)     1.  A 

district  in  tlie  llcrajat  division  of  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  west  of  the  Indus,  and  intersected 
bv  lat  30°  N.,  lour.  70°  30'  K.  Area,  a,600 
.souarc' miles.  Population  (1891),  409,96:5.-2. 
Tin-  chief  I  own  of  the  above  district,  on  the  In- 
dus in  lat.  30°  y  N.,  long.  70°  51'  E.  Popula- 
tion, with  cantonment  (1.891),  2. ,886. 

Dera  Ismail  Khan  (der'ii  es-mii-el'  khan).    1. 

\  district  ill  tlie  I  icrajat  division  of  the  1  anjab, 
iiritish  India,  intersected  by  Int.  32°  N.,  long. 
71°  E.  Area.  9,440  square  miles.  Population 
(1.S91)  486  201.  — 2.Tliechieftownoftlieabovo 
district,  near  the  Indus  in  lat.  31°  49'  N-.  ]""K- 
70"  55'  E.  Pop.,  with  cantonment  (1891),  U),.^84. 
Deraiat  (der-a-iiil').  A  division  in  the  raii.iab, 
Hriti-h  India.  Area,  17.681  square  miles. 
l',,pnlalioii  (lS8n,  1.137^572.        .... 

Derayeh  (de  ri'e).  or  Deraiyeh.     A  ruined 

town  in  Nejd,  Arabia,  situated  about  lat.  24° 
40'  N.,  long.  46°  '20'  E.  It  was  the  caiutal  of 
the  wiihabis  until  its  deslniclion  in  1M8. 

Derbe  (der'be).  [Gr.  .i'V>,<'<.]  1"  »''''>'•"*  «<""«" 
raphv,  a  town  of  Lycaouia,  Asia  Minor,  near 
the  r.order  of  Cilicia,  and  on  the  highway  from 
Cilicia  to  Iconium.  _     .        ..,      ,       ,,, 

Derbent  (der-bonf).  or  Derbend  (der-bend  ). 

A  sea,.ort   in   Dagheslan.   Kussia,  situated  on 
the  Caspian  Sea  in  lat.  42°  2'  N.,  long.  48°  16 
E      Near  here  comineme. the  Perhcnt  wall  ("(Caucasian 
wall"  or  "  Alexan.l.  r-s  wain.     The  town  was  taken  by 
7l..M,..,tr.il.  about  1 '20   and  by  the  Russians  in  1,!2  and 

u;^    and  waJ  1. 'rnmlTy  incorporated  with  Ku«ia  In  1813. 

Population  (181)1),  11,534. 


Derby 

Derby  (dfef'bi  or  dar'bi).  [Dan.  Deora-hy.l  1. 
Derbyshire,  a  midland  county  of  Eugland, 
lying  between  Cheshire  and  Yorkshire  on  the 
north,  Nottingham  and  Leicester  on  the  east, 
Leicester  on  the  south,  and  Cheshire  and  Staf- 
ford on  the  west,  it  is  noted  for  the  picturesque 
scenery  of  the  highlands,  or  High  Peak  region.  It  con- 
tains lead,  iron,  coal,  etc.  Area,  1,029  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  52S,033. 

2.  The  capital  of  Derbyshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Derwent  in  lat.  52°  56'  N.,  long.  1°  29' 
W.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk,  porcelain,  iron,  spar, 
cotton,  etc.  It  anciently  belonjred  to  Peveril,  son  of  Wil- 
liam I.,  and  was  one  of  the  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danes. 
It  was  the  southernmost  point  reached  by  the  Young 
Pretender  in  17-4.%  and  was  the  birthplace  of  .'>amuel  Rich- 
ardson. It  returns  two  members  to  Parliament.  Popula- 
tion (l^KU),  ](l.1.Ts.5. 

3  (der'bi).  A  city  (from  1894)  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  theNaugatuckwith  the  Housatonic,  9  miles 
west  of  New  Haven.  It  comprises  the  former 
towns  of  Derby  and  Birmingham.  Population, 
(1900),  7,930.  " 

Derby,  Earls  of.    See  Stanley. 

Derby  (der'bi).  Elias  Haskett.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Aug.  16,  1739:  died  at  Salem,  Sept.  8. 
1799.  An  American  merchant  in  the  India  and 
China  trade,  prominent  in  the  equipment  of  pri- 
vateers during  the  Eevolutionary  War. 

Derby,  Elias  Haskett.  Born  at  Salem.  Mass., 
Jan.  10,  li6G:  died  at  Londonderry.  N.  H., 
Sept.  16.  1826.  An  American  merchant,  son 
of  E.  H.  Derby  (1739-99).  He  introduced  me- 
rino sheep  into  the  United  States. 

Derby,  Elias  Haskett.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Sept.  24,  1S03:  died  at  Boston,  March  30,  1880. 
An  American  lawryer  and  writer,  son  of  E.  H. 
Derby  (1766-1826)". 

Derby,  George  Horatio :  pseudonym  John 
Phoenix.  Born  at  Dedliam,  Mass.,  April  3. 
1S23:  died  at  New  York.  May  15,  1861.  An 
American  soldier  and  humorist.  He  was  a  gradu- 
ate of  West  Point,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  after 
which  he  had  various  positions  in  the  topographical  bu- 
reau at  Washington,  finally  becoming  a  captain  of  engi- 
neers and  having  charge  of  lighthouse  construction  on  the 
southern  coast,  .\uthor  of  "  Phcenixiana "  (1855)  and 
*'  The  Squibob  Papers"  (1859). 

Derby,  Orville  Adelbert.  Born  at  Kelloggs- 
ville,  N.  Y..  July  23.  ISal.  An  American  geolo- 
gist, lie  was  graduated  at  Cornell  Vniversity,  and  was 
instructor  there  lS7a-75 ;  made  short  visits  to  Brazil 
1870  and  1871;  and  in  1875  took  a  place  on  the  Brazilian 
geological  commission.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  geological  and  geographical  work  in  Brazil,  act- 
ing on  various  commissions,  and  for  some  years  as  curator 
of  the  geological  department  of  the  national  museum. 
Since  1S86  he  has  been  chief  of  the  geographical  and  geo- 
logical survey  of  .S.ao  Paulo.  He  is  the  author  of  various 
papers  on  geology,  paleontology,  etc. 

Derby,  The.  A  race  for  three-year-olds  at  Ep- 
som, established  in  1780  by  the  Earl  of  Derby. 
The  first  Derby  was  won  by  Diomed,  the  property  of  Sir 
Charles  Bunbury;  afterward  sent  to  .America.  "Derby 
Day  "  is  the  last  Wednesday  of  May  (sometimes  the  first 
of  June).  It  is  the  great  Cockney  holiday,  and  30l).000 
people  are  supposed  to  go  to  the  Derby  each  year.  The 
Derby  has  been  twice  won  by  fillies :  in  ISUl  by  Eleanor 
and  in  1857  by  Blink  Bonny,  each  of  which  also  won  the 
Oaks  of  her  year.  The  course  is  now  Ik  miles,  wide  at  the 
start  and  with  steep  ascent,  then  level 'for  three  furlongs, 
descending  again  to  '*Tattenham  Comer,"  where  it  turns 
and  goes  straight  home.  The  "2,000  guineas,"  the  Derby, 
and  the  St.  Leger  constitute  the  "  triple  crown,"  which  has 
been  won  by  five  horses.  West  Australian,  Gladiatetu*,  Lord 
Lyon,  Ormonde,  and  Common.    Rice. 

Dercetas  (der'se-tas).  A  friend  of  Antony  in 
Shakspere's  "Antony  and  Cleopatra." 

Derceto  (der-se'to).  [6r.  AcpKE-u.]  The  prin- 
cipal Philistine  female  deity,  worshiped  es- 
pecially in  Ascalon.  she  was  represented  in  the  form 
of  a  woman  terminating  in  a  fish,  and  is  considered  the 
female  counterpart  of  Dagon.  She  was  a  nature  goddess. 
the  principle  of  generation  and  fertility,  and  con-esponds 
in  her  attributes  and  the  mode  of  her  worship  to  Ashtoreth 
(Astarte)  of  the  Canaanites  and  SjTians  (the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  Ishtar).    Also  Verketo.    See  At^rtiati^. 

Dereham  (der'am).  A  small  town  in  Norfolk, 
Eni;land,  16  miles  west  of  Norwich. 

Der-el-Bahri  (der-el-biih're),  or  Deir-el-Ba- 
hari  (dar-el-ba'ha-re).  A  locality  west  of 
Theljes,  Egj-pt,  near  the  western  bai'ik  of  the 
Nile,  famous  for  its  ruins.  Among  the  ruins  is  a 
tcTuple  built  by  Hatshepsu,  sister  of  Thothmes  II.  and  III. 
(about  1600  B.  c).  The  inelosure  is  preceded  by  a  dromos 
1.600  feet  long,  between  lines  of  sphinxes,  at  the  end  of 
which  rose  two  obelisks.  The  inner  court  is  entered  by  a 
fine  granite  pylon,  and  behind  it  is  the  temple  itself.  The 
plan  is  peculiar,  as  the  buildings  extend  up  the  slope  of 
the  mountain  in  stages  connected  by  flights  of  steps.  The 
masonry  is  of  a  beautiful  fine  limestone,  and  the  sculptures 
are  of  great  importance,  representing  especially  sacrificial 
scenes,  military  triumphs  and  captives,  and  paj-ment  of 
tribute.  A  number  of  the  inner  chambers  and  passages 
are  covered  with  pseudo-vaulting  of  stones  corbeled  out 
from  the  walls.  Here,  in  ISSl,  Maspero  made  by  chance 
a  remarknble  archaeological  discovery— that  of  a  number 


320 

of  mummies  of  the  Pharaohs,  including  those  of  some  of 
the  most  famous  of  Egvptian  kings,  among  them  Thoth- 
mes II.  and  Thothmes  III.,  the  conqueror  of  Assyria, 
Seti  I.,  and  the  great  Rameses  II.,  the  "Pharaoh  of  the 
Oppression."  These  mummies  ai-e  in  remarkable  preser- 
vation, and  supply  a  not  inadequate  picture  of  the  fea- 
tures of  the  sovereigns  in  life.  The  discovery  was  made 
through  a  quarrel  of  some  Arabs,  who  had  found  a  pit 
near  the  Sheikh  Abd-el-Gournah  hill,  and  were  surrep- 
titiously removing  the  contents.  The  mummies  had  evi- 
dently been  brought  from  the  roy;U  toml»s,  which  lie  at 
no  great  distance,  and  placed  in  this  pit  for  safety  during 
some  threatened  danger.  They  are  now  preserved  in  the 
Gizeh  iluseum,  Cairo.  .\  second  important  discovery  of 
concealed  mummies  was  made  in  1891. 
De  Republica  (de  re-pu'bli-kii).  [L.,  'of  the 
Kepublio.']  A  philosophical  political  treatise  in 
six  books,  by  Cicero,  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue 
between  Africanus  the  younger  (in  whose  gar- 
dens the  scene  is  laid),-C.  La^lius,  and  others. 
The  theme  is  the  best  form  of  government  and  the  duty 
of  the  citizen.  It  was  written  about  54-51  B.  C.  About 
one  third  of  it  has  survived. 

De  rerum  natura  (de  re'rum  na-tu'ra).  [L., 
•  of  the  nature  of  things.']  A  didactic  poem 
by  Lucretius. 

Dereyeh.     See  Derayeh. 

Derfllinger  (derf'fling-er),  Georg  von.  Bom  at 
Neuhoteu,  Upper  Austria.  March  10. 1606  :  died 
at  Gusow,  near  Kiistrin,  Prussia,  Feb.  4,  1695. 
A  Brandenburgian  general  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.  He  served  at  the  battles  of  Warsaw  (1656)  and 
Fehrbellin  (1675),  and  in  the  campaign  against  the  Swedes 
1678-79. 

Derg  (derG),  Lough.  1.  An  expansion  of  the 
Shannon,  separating  Connaught  from  Mun- 
ster,  Ireland.  Length,  about  24  miles. — 2.  A 
lake  in  County  Donegal,  Ulster,  Ireland,  6  miles 
east  of  Donegal.  It  contains  a  shrine,  St.  Patrick's 
Purgatorj',  situated  at  first  on  Saint's  Island,  but  now  on 
Station  Island.    Length,  about  3  miles. 

Derham  (der'am),  William.  Born  at  Stough- 
ton.  near  Worcester,  England,  Nov.  26,  1657 : 
died  at  Upminster,  near  London,  April  5,  1735. 
An  English  divine  and  natural  philosopher. 
His  chief  works  are  "Phvsieo-Theologv"  (1713). 
"Astro-Theology"  (1715),  "Christo-fheologv" 
(1730). 

Dermody  (der'mo-di),  Thomas.  Bom  at  En- 
nis.  County  Clare,  Ireland,  Jan.,  1775:  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  Loudon,  July  1.5,  1802.  An 
Irish  poet.  He  published  "Poems"  (17s)2),  "Poems, 
Moral  and  Descriptive"  (1800),  and  "Poems  on  Various 
Subjects  "  (1802).  His  works  were  published  as  "  The 
Harp  of  Erin"  in  1807. 

Dernier  Chouan  (der-nya'  sho-on'),  Le.  [F., 
'  The  Last  Chouan.']  A  novel  by  Balzac,  pub- 
lished in  1829:  sometimes  called  "Les  Chou- 
aus." 

Deronda  (de-ron'da).  Daniel.  The  hero  of 
George  Eliot's  novel  •'  Daniel  Deronda."  He  is 
a  Hebrew,  and  when  he  discovers  his  parentage  he  resolves 
to  devote  his  whole  life  to  restoring  the  Jewish  nation  to 
its  lost  political  position. 

Deroulede  (da-ro-liid'),  Paul.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  2,  1846.  A  noted  French  mau  of  letters 
and  politician.  In  1882  he  organized  the  League  of 
Patriots  (La  Ligue  des  Patriotes),  which  had  many  raiuifi- 
cations  throughout  France.  In  1884,  when  Boulajiger 
became  minister  of  war,  he  endeavored  to  excite  feeling 
against  Germany,  and  furthered  a  vigorous  foreign  policy. 
The  league  under  his  direction  gave  Boulanger  a  large 
majority  in  the  election  of  Jan.  27,  1889,  and  after  the 
condemnation  of  tlie  latter  Deroulede  was  elected  Boulan- 
gist  deputy. 

Derr  ((ier  or  dar),  or  Dehr.  A  town  in  Upper 
Egj-pt,  situated  on  the  Nile  about  lat.  22°  40' 
N. "  It  is  noted  for  a  small  rock-temple  of 
Rameses  11. 

Derry.     See  Londonderry. 

De  Ruyter.     See  Jinyter. 

Der'Went  (der'went).  The  name  of  several  riv- 
ers, as  follows:  (a)  A  river  of  Cumberland,  England, 
which  flows  itito  the  Irish  Sea  7  miles  north  of  Whitehaven. 
Length,  over  33  miles.  (0)  A  river  of  Derbyshire,  England, 
which  joins  the  Trent  7  miles  southeast  of  Derby.  It  is 
noted  for  its  scenen'.  Length,  about  50  miles,  (c)  A  river 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Ouse  15  miles 
southeast  of  York.  Length,  over  60  miles,  (d)  .\  river  in 
Tasmania  which  rises  in  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  flows  into  the 
ocean  a  short  distance  below  Hobart.    Length,  130  miles. 

Der'wentwater  (der'went-wa"ter).  One  of  the 
chief  lakes  in  the  Lake  District,  in  Cumberland, 
England,  l.'i'ing  directly  south  of  Keswick.  It 
is  an  expansion  of  the  river  Derwent.  Length, 
3  miles. 

Derwentwater,  Earl  of.    See  ItadcJiffe. 

Derzhavin,  Gabriel  Romano'vitch.    Bora  at 

Kazan.  Russia.  July  14,  1743:  died  at  Svanka, 
near  Novgorod,  Russia.  July  21  (N.  S.),  1816. 
A  Russian  lyrical  poet.  His  best-known  poem  is 
"Ode  to  God"  (1784),  besides  which  he  wrote  "Felicia," 
"  Monody  on  Prince  Mestcherski,"  "The  Nobleman,"  "The 
Taking  of  Ismail.""The  Taking  of  Warsaw,"etc.  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  1810-15. 
Desaguadero  (des-a-gwa-THa'ro).     1.  A  river 


Descent  from  the  Cross 

in  Boliria,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Titieaca,  which 
flows  into  Lake  Aullagas  (with  no  outlet). 
Length,  190  miles. — 2.  A  plateau  in  southern 
Peru  and  western  Bolivia,  a  depression  between 
two  ranges  of  the  Andes.  It  includes  Lakes  AuUagaa 
and  Titieaca.  Also  called  the  Titieaca  Basin,  or  Plateau 
of  Bolivia,  or  Altiplanicie.  It  is  the  highest  table-laud  in 
the  world  except  that  of  Tibet. 

Desaix  de  Veygoux  (de-sa'  de  va-go')  (or  Voy- 
goux),  Louis  Charles  Antoine.  Bora  at 
St.-Hilaire-d'Ayat,  near  Riom,  Puy-de-D6me, 
France,  Aug.  17,  1768:  killed  at  Marengo, 
Italy,  June  14,  1800.  A  noted  French  general. 
He  served  in  the  battle  of  the  PjTamids  1798,  conquered 
Upper  Egypt  1798-99,  and  decided  the  victory  at  Marengo. 

Desaugiers  (da-z6-zhya').  Marc  Antoine 
Madeleine.  Born  at  Frejus.Var.  France,  Nov. 
17,  1772 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  9, 1827.  A  French 
song-writer  and  author  of  vaude\'illes. 

Desault  (de-z6'),  Pierre  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Magny-Vernais,  Haute-Saone,  France,  Feb.  6, 
1744 :  died  at  Paris,  Jime  1,  1795.  A  French 
surgeon  and  anatomist. 

Desbarres  (da-bar'),  Joseph  Frederick  Walsh 
or  Wallet.  Born  1722:  died  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  Oct.  24,  1824.  An  English  officer  and 
hydrographer.  He  published  "Atlantic  Nejj- 
tuue"  (1777),  etc. 

Desbordes-Valmore  (da-bord'val-mor'),  Mar- 
celine  Felicite  Jos^phe.    Born  at  Douai,  Jime 

20,  1786:  died  July  23.  1859.  A  French  poet 
and  singer.  She  married  the  actor  Francois  Prosper 
Lanchantin,  who  was  called  ^'almore,  in  1817.  Her  poetry 
is  distinguished  for  sweetness  and  pathos,  without  attesta- 
tion. Author  of  "Elegies  et  romances"  (1818)  and  "E16-  M 
gies  et  poesies  nouvelles  "  (1824).  B 

Desborough  (dez'bur-o).  Colonel.    The  "bru-     * 
tally  ignorant "  brother-in-law  of  Cromwell  in 
Scott's  novel  "Woodstock." 

D'Escarbagnas,  Countess.    See  Comtesse  d'Es- 

carbatjnds. 

Descartes  (da-kart'),Rene(LatinizedRenatus  ^ 
Cartesius).  Born  at  La  Have,  Touraine.  ■ 
France,  March  31,  1.596:  died  a"t  Stockholm,  fl 
Feb.  11,  1650.  A  celebrated  French  philoso-  a 
pher,  founder  of  Cartesianism  and  of  modern  ^ 
philosophy  in  general.  He  was  graduated  at  seven- 
teen from  the  Jesuit  college  of  La  Fleche.  spent  five 
years  in  Paris  (1613-18),  and  then  roamed  about  in  search 
of  knowledge  in  Germany,  Italy,  Holland,  and  Poland. 
In  16'28  he  attended  the  siege  of  La  Rochelle  as  a  volun- 
teer. From  1629  to  1649  be  led  a  retired  life  in  Holland, 
spreading  and  defending  his  philosophical  ideas.  He 
finally  went  to  Stockholm  on  the  invitation  of  Queen 
Christina  of  Sweden ;  five  months  later  he  died  there  of 
pneumonia.  The  work  that  has  made  him  famous  as  a 
philosopher  is  a  short  treatise  entitled  "Discours  de  la 
methode  "  (Leyden.  1637).  It  was  published  in  French 
together  with  three  essays  in  support  of  his  theories. 
"La  dioptrique,"  "Les  met^ores,"  and  "La  g^om^tiie." 
In  it  he  revolutionized  the  science  of  thought.  Descartes 
himself  published  during  his  lifetime  "  Meditationes  de 
prima  philosophia  "  (Paris,  1641 ;  Amsterdam,  1042  ;  trans- 
lated into  French.  d647),  "Principia  philosophic"  (Am- 
sterdam, 1644),  "Traite  des  passions  de  I'ame"  (Amster- 
dam, 1(M9),  and  a  polemic  pamphlet  entitled  "Epistola 
Renati  Descartes  ad  Gisliertum  Voeitum"  (Amsterdam. 
1643).  After  his  death  his  friends  published  his  "De 
I'homme  "  (1664),  "  Trait(;  de  la  formation  du  foetus '  (16&)), 
'*Lemonde  on  traiti^  de  la  lumitre  de  Descartes"  (lti64). 
"Lettres"  (1657-67),  and  "Opuscula  posthuma,  physica 
et  mathematica"  (Amsterdam,  1701).  Descartes  raiiked 
among  the  foremost  mathematicians  of  his  day.  A  sep- 
arate reprint  was  made  of  his  geometrj',  and  the  work 
itself  was  translated  into  Latin  in  1649,  and  reedited  in 
1659  with  notes  and  comments.  In  this  form  it  consti- 
tuted a  classic  standard  throughout  Europe,  and  pre- 
sented an  entirely  new  basis  for  the  study  of  algebra  and  • 
geometry. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  1.  A  painting  by 
Sodoma  (Bazzi)  (15U4).  in  the  Accademia  at 
Siena,  Italy.  The  group  of  mourning  women  is  espe- 
cially admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  conception  and  exe- 
cution. 

2.  A  fine  painting  by  Gerard  David,  in  the 
Chapelle  du  Saint  Sang  at  Bruges,  Belgium. 
The  Virgin  and  Mary  Salome  are  grouped  with  St.  John 
about  the  body  of  Christ,  which  is  supported  by  Nicode- 
mus.  In  the  background  the  cross  is  seen.  The  Magda- 
len and  Joseph  of  Arimalhea  are  painted  on  the  wings. 

3.  A  noteworthy  painting  by  Cavazzola,  in  the 
Pinacoteea  at  Verona.  It  unites  the  naturalism 
of  the  15th  century  with  the  freedom  of  the  following 
period.  With  its  companion  pieces,  the  "Bearing of  the 
Cross  "  and  the  "Agony  in  the  Garden,"  it  is  the  painter's 
masterpiece. 

4.  A  painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Pinacoteea 
at  Parma,  Italy. —  5.  A  painting  by  Titian,  in 
the  Accademia,  Venice.  It  has  been  injured  by 
restoration,  but  shows  great  invention  and  power  of  ex- 
pression. It  is  remarkable  as  having  been  painted  in 
Titian's  ninety-ninth  year  (1576),  the  year  of  his  death. 
6.  A  painting  by  Rubens  (1614),  considered  his 
masterpiece,  in  Antwerp  catheiiral,  Belgium. 
The  liody  has  been  detached  and  is  being  lowered  by  men 
on  ladders;  it  is  received  below  by  St.  John,  beside  whom 
kneel  Mary  Salome  and  the  Magdalen.  The  Virgin  stands 
behind. 


Descbamps 

Deschamps  (da-shon'),  Eustache,  called  Mo- 
rel. Bom  at  Vertus,  Mame,  France,  in  the  first 
part  of  the  14th  centxiry.  A  French  poet.  He 
was  the  author  of  ballades  (1,175  in  number),  rondeaux, 
vlrelais,  etc. .  of  one  Ions  poem,  the  "Miroir  de  niaringe  "; 
and  of  "Art  de  dieter"  (a  treatise  on  l*'rench  rlietoric  and 
prosody), 

Deschamps  de  Saint  Amand,  Emile.  Born 
at  Bourses,  Feb.  20,  17U1 :  died  at  Versailles, 
April,  1871.     A  French  poet. 

Deschanel,  Emile  Augustin  Etienne  Martin. 

Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  14.  1S19.  A  French  writer 
and  jom'nalist.  In  1S42  lie  was  made  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Bourges,  and  shortly  after  occupied  the  same 
chair  at  Paris.  He  entered  jfJUrnalisTn  as  a  libeml,  and 
was  imprisoned  and  e.viled  in  18.51.  lie  returned  in  IS-'tQ, 
and  became  one  ot  the  editors  of  the  ".lournal  des  Debats.'* 
In  1876  he  was  elected  to  the  chamber  as  a  republican, 
and  in  18bl  he  was  elected  a  senator  for  life.  lie  has 
published  a  naml>er  of  anthol.igies  with  comments.  "  I.es 
courtisanes  grecques,"  "  Le  mal  qu'on  a  dit  des  femmes," 
•■  Le  bien  qu'on  a  dit  des  femmes,'  etc.  (1855-.'t8),  "  Lu  vie 
des  coniMiens'  (1860),  "Etudes  sur  Aristophane '  (18(!7). 
'■he  peuple  et  la  bourgeoisie"  (1881),  "Benjamin  Frank, 
lin '  (188-2).  From  1882  to  188C  he  published  his  lectures 
at  the  Colltrge  de  France,  called  "  Le  romanticism  des  clas- 
siques,'  much  enlarged  and  revised. 

Deschapelles  (da-sha-pel').  Bom  1780:  died 
1847.  A  celebrated  whist-player.  He  published 
a  treatise  on  whist  in  1S39. 

Descl6e  (da-kla').  Aimee  Olympe.  Born  Nov. 
18,  1836:  died  at  Paris,  Jlarch  9,  1874.  A  French 
actress.  She  e.xcelled  in  the  modern  dramas 
"Frou-Frou,"  "  Diane  de  Lys,"  etc. 

Desdemona  (dez-de-mo'na).  In  Shakspere's 
tr;igedy  "Othello,"  the  wife  of  Othello  the 
Moor,  "and  the  daughter  of  Brabantio,  a  Vene- 
tian senator.  Othello  smothers  her  in  an  outburst  of 
rage  produced  by  a  belief  in  her  unfaitlifulness,  carefully 
instilled  by  lago  According  to  Malone,  the  first  woman 
(name  unknown)  who  appeared  in  any  regular  drama  per- 
formed the  p.art  of  Desdemona. 

The  one  characteristic  which  belongs  to  Desdemona, 
that  highest  cliarm  of  the  womanly  nature,  which  lairo 
Dames  not,  because  he  knows  it  not  or  believes  not  in  it ; 
namely,  her  humility,  her  harmless  ingenuousness,  her 
modesty  and  innocence.  The  miiTor  of  this  soul  has  never 
been  darkened  by  the  breath  of  .an  impure  tliought ;  it  ab- 
hors her  to  speak  the  mere  word  of  sin  :  her  name  is  clear 
and  *'  fresh  as  Dian's  visage.'  The  genuineness  of  her  soul 
and  mind  culminates— and  this  is  the  highest  point  of 
her  nature— in  a  perfect  freedom  from  suspicion  too 
deeply  rooted  in  her  for  this  suspicious  world. 
Gervinus.  Shakespeare  Commentaries (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bunnett, 

[ed.  1880),  p.  610. 

Desden  con  el  desden,  El.  ['Disdain  met 
with  disdain.']  A  play  by  Moreto  (1G18-G9), 
the  idea  of  whicli  was  taken  from  Lope  de  Vega. 
It  is  not  known  when  it  was  first  produced,  but  it  is  si  ill 
played,  and  is  one  of  the  four  classical  pieces  of  the  older 
Spanish  drama.  Under  the  title  of  "  Donna  Itiana  "  it  is 
familiar  in  Germany,  and  in  1864  Mr.  Westland  Marston 
produced  it  under  the  same  name  in  England,  his  veision 
being  a  translation  of  that  of  Schreyvogel.  Moliere's  ver. 
sion,  "  La  princesse  d'Elide,"  wa-s  a  faihlre.  Count  Carlo 
Gozzi  produced  it  in  Italian  as  "La  Principessa  Filosolla 
o  il  Contraveleno  "  ("  The  Philosophical  Princess  or  the 
Antidote  "). 

Desdichado  (des-di-cha'do).  ['Disinherited.'] 
Ill  8it  Walter  Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoo,"  the  de- 
vice assumed  by  Ivanhoe  in  the  tournament  at 
Ashby. 

De  senectute  (de  sen-ek-tti'te),  orCato  Major 

(ka'tci  ma'jor).  [Ij.,'on  old  uge.'j  A  short 
treatise  by  Cicero,  in  the  form  of  a  conversa- 
tion, devoted  to  the  praise  (in  the  person  of 
Cato  the  censor)  of  old  age.  It  was  written 
4.')  or  44  B.  c. 

Desenzano  (da-sen-zii'no).  A  small  town  in 
nortlicrn  Italy,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of 
the  Lake  of  Garda.lG  miles  southeast  of  Brescia. 

Deseret  (de7,-6-ret').  The  name  of  Utah  in  its 
earlier  history,  under  which  various  attoiniits 
were  made  to  gain  for  it  admittance  to  the 
Union. 

Desertas  (da-ser'tiis).  Las.  A  group  of  small 
islaiiils  in  the  Atlantic,  lying  southeast  of 
Madrjr.-i. 

Deserted  Village,  The.    A  poem  by  Oliver 

Goldsmith,  begun  in  17(W  ami  imblished  in  1770. 
It  is  an  elegant  version  of  the  pojinlar  declamation  of  the 
tlnu  against  luxury  and  de]iopulation. 

Desiontaines  (da-foii-ian'),  Ren6  Louichc. 

Horn  at  Treiiililav,  lUo-et-Vilaini',  France,  Kcb. 
14,  ]7r>0;  dieil  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  18X1.  A  French 
botanist.  His  chief  work  is  "  Flora  Atlantiea  " 
(179S-!S00). 

Deshouliferes  (■iri-zii-iyiir'),  Madame  (Antoi- 
nette de  Ligier  de  la  Garde).    Horn  at  Paris, 

Jan.  1,  1038  :  died  at  Paris,  Fob.  17,  1094.  One 
of  the  chief  female  poets  of  France,  author  of 
verse,  for  the  most  part  of  the  occasional  order 
(idyls,  odes,  elegiacs,  songs,  etc.),  and  two  un- 
succc'sstul  tragedies. 

Desiderius  (des-i-de'ri-ns).  The  last  king  of  the 
Lombards:  reigned  75(5-74. 
0.  -  -n 


321 

D6sirade  (da-ze-rad'),  La,  or  Deseada  (des- 
e-ii'dii).  An  island  of  the  French  West  Indies, 
situated  9  miles  east  of  Guadeloupe,  of  wliich 
it  is  a  dependency.  Area,  10  square  miles. 
Population  (1889),  "1,398. 

Desjardins,    Catherine.     See  Villedieu,  Ma- 

fUnttf  tlr. 

Des  Moines  (de  moin).  1.  A  river  in  Iowa 
which  rises  in  southwestern  Minnesota,  and 
joins  the  Mississippi  at  the  southeast  extremity 
of  Iowa,  4  miles  below  Keokuk.  Length,  from 
the  union  of  the  east  and  west  forks  (in  Humbuldt  County, 
Iowa),  about  300  miles;  total  length,  about  500  miles; 
navigable  to  the  city  of  Des  Moines. 
2.  The  capital  of  Iowa,  and  cotinty-seat  of  Polk 
County,  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River  in  lat. 
41°  30'  N.,  long.  93°  39'  W.  it  has  a  ecmsiderable 
trade,  and  is  a  center  of  extensive  and  varied  manufac- 
tures. It  became  the  State  capital  in  1857.  Population 
(1900).  02.130. 

Desmond,  Earls  and  Countesses  of.  See  Fit:r- 

<!'  raid. 

Desmoulins  (da-mo-lau'),  Benoit  Camille. 
Born  at  Guise,  Aisne,  France,  1700:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  April  5,  1794.  A  celebrated  French 
revolutionist,  prominent  as  a  pamphleteer  and 
journalist.  In  1789  his  impassioned  harangues 
contributed  powerfully  to  the  popular  excite- 
ment whicli  culminated  in  the  storniing  of  the 
Biistillf.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Convention 
in  \l'.)-2 

Desnoyers  (da-nwii-ya'),  Baron  Auguste  Gas- 
pard  Louis  Boucher.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  20, 
1779:  died  at  Paris,  Feb..  1857.  A  French 
engraver.  His  best-known  works  are  copies 
after  Raphael  ("  La  belle  jardiniere"  and  the 
"  'rraiisfiguration,''  etc.). 

Desolation  Island.    See  KergucUn  Land. 

Desola'tion  Land  (des-o-la'shon  land),  or 
Desolation  Island.  Tlie  nortliwestemmost 
island  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuego  archipelago.  It 
has  belonged  to  Chile  since  1881. 

Desor  (da-z6r'),  Eduard.  Born  at  Friedriehs- 
dorf,  near  Homburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  11,  1811: 
died  at  Nice,  France,  Feb.  23,  1882.  A  Swiss 
geologist,  zoologist,  and  archffiologist. 

De  Soto  (da  so'to),  Hernando.    See  Soto,Her- 

11(1)1(1(1  (Jc. 

Despair  (des-par'),  Giant.  A  giant  in  Buuyan's 
"Pilgrim's  Progress"  who  takes  Christian  and 
Hopeful  while  they  are  asleep  and  iin]irisons 
(hem  in  his  dungeons  in  Doubting  Castle. 

Despard  (des'piird),  Edward  Marcus.    Born 

ill  Cjiieen's  County.  Ireland,  in  1751:  died  Feb. 
21,  1803.  An  Irish  conspirator.  He  entered  the 
army  in  170*J,  obtained  ttie  rank  of  captain  alK>utl78il,  and 
in  1784  was  appointed  superintendent  of  his  Majesty's 
atfairsin  tlieSpanish  ])eninsulao(  Yucatan,  llaviiig  been 
dismissed  friim  this  otlice  on  a  frivolous  cliargc,  ho  organ- 
ized a  conspiracy  against  the  g4<vernment,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  w;ia  ai'rested  ^'ov.  l(i,  180*2,  and  hanged  at 
London. 
Despenser  (de-spen's^r).  Hugh  le.  Died  Aug. 
4,1205.  A  justiciar  of  England.  Ho  first  appairs 
in  1256,  when  lie  was  intrusted  with  lIarestimCa.stle,  Derby- 
shire. The  first  mention  of  him  as  justiciar  is  found  in 
the  I'ine  Il'dls  in  I'JUl.  He  joined  the  baronial  party  at 
tile  outbreak  of  the  war  with  licm'y  111.  in  1263,  and  fell 
in  tlie  battle  of  Evesham. 

Despenser,  Hugh  le.  Born  about  12G2:  died 
net.27C'l.  biliO.  .\ii  English  court  favorile.  He 
was  the  grand»<»n  of  the  justiciar  Hugh  le  Despenser,  who 
fell  in  the  baronial  ranks  at  Pvcshani.  He  was  wilh  the 
King  in  Oascony  in  I'-'Ol.  was  j)rese]it  at  the  battle  of  Dun- 
bar in  l'2iHi,  arcom])anied  the  expedition  to  Flanders  in 
1207,  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Pone  Clement  V.  at  Lyons 
in  Pill.'.,  ami  was  created  earl  of  Wincheiitcr  in  l.S2'i  On 
the  death  of  the  favorite  Piers  Oaveston  in  1:11-2,  he  became 
the  leader  of  the  court  i.arty  in  opposltitm  to  tlie  baronial, 
and  together  with  his  son  ilu^-h  le  Despenser  obtained  a 
complete  ascendancy  over  Edward  II.  'I'lie  unscnipubMis 
manner  in  wliich  the  favorites  used  their  jiower  to  further 
schemes  of  self-agu'randizement  caused  tlicm  to  be  ban- 
ished 1321-'2'2,  an<l  biduglit  about  a  rising  of  the  barons 
under  Queen  Isabella  in  i:iJ(l,  which  ended  In  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  king  and  the  cxecullon  of  the  favorites.  The 
elder  Ilespt-nSci-  was  captured  at  the  sun'ender  of  Bristol, 
where  he  waslried  ami  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Despenser,  Hugh  le.  Died  Nov.,  1320.  An  Eng- 
lish courl  I'avorito,  son  of  Hugh  le  Despenser, 
earl  of  Winchester.  He  was  appointed  chamberlain 
t.i  Edward  II.  In  I'lPt.  Originally  an  ailherent  of  the  Ini- 
ronlal  parly,  ho  joined  his  lather  (wh.ni;  see)  in  the  snp 
jwirt  of  the  king  about  1:117,  and  obtained  In  an  eslnelal 
degree  the  royal  favor,  lie  «ns  banished  with  his  (alher 
In  I;i21,  relnrnlng  with  him  In  l;i'J'2.  On  the  rl«lng  of  the 
barons  under  ()ueen  Isabella  in  l:(20.  causi-d  by  tho  inso- 
lence and  selfseeking  of  himself  ami  his  father,  he  lleil 
with  Eilwarcl  from  Ixindon.  Oct.  2,  Pt'U,  bill  was  enplnreil 
at  LlantrlHsaint  Nov.  Ii>,  i:t2tt,  and  wiui  trleil  and  exeeutwl 
on  IJie  charge  of  treason. 

Des  P6riers,  Bonaventure.  See  lleptnnwrmi. 
Des  Plaines  (dn  idiin).  or  Aux  Plaines  (o 

pliinl.      .\  river  in  southeastern  Wisconsin  and 
uoi'theastern  Illinois,   wliich    unites   wilh    the 


Detaille 

Kankakee  to  form  the  Illinois  40  miles  south- 
west of  Chicago.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Despoblado  (.diiz-po-blii'do).  [Sp.,  'uninhab- 
ited.'] The  name  given  in  the  Andean  regions 
of  South  America  to  any  barren  plateau  which 
is  so  high  and  cold  as  to  be  practically  unin- 
habitable. Also  called  P«3a.  Specifically  — (n)  In 
southern  Peru,  the  region  between  tho  central  and  west- 
ern Cordilleras,  an  undulating  tract  from  14,000  to  18,000 
feet  high,  with  a  gem-ral  breadth  of  about  150  miles,  nar- 
rowing northward  and  extending  south  ward  on  the  liordere 
of  Chile  and  Bolivia.  (&)  A  desert  plateau  in  southern 
Bolivia  (ilepaitment  of  Potosi),  on  the  borders  of  Argen- 
tina. 

Desportes  (da-porf),  Philippe.     Born  at  Cbar- 

tres,  l."i45:  died  Oct.  5,  IGUG.  A  French  poet, 
ecclesiastic,  and  di|)lomatist,  a  disciple  of  Bon- 
sard,  suriiamed  liy  his  contemporaries  "the 
French  Tibullus." 

Dessaix  (de-sa'),  Joseph  Marie.     Bom  at 

Tlionon,  Haute-Savoie.  France,  Sept.  24,  1764: 
died  Oct.  26,  1834.  A  French  general  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  surnamed  bv  Napoleon  "L'lu- 
trcpide"  after  the  battle  of  Wagram  (1S09).. 

Dessalines  (de-sii-len'),  Jean  Jacques.    Bora 

;it  Grande  Rivi&re.  17.58:  died  near  Port-au- 
Prince,  Oct.  17,  ISOG.  A  negro  revolutionist  of 
Haiti.  He  was  a  slave,  joined  the  servile  insurrection 
of  171U,  rose  to  be  second  in  command  under  Tiuissaint 
Louverture,  and  fought  against  the  mulattos ;  he  was 
notorious  for  savage  courage  and  cruelty.  In  1802  he  re- 
sisted Leclerc's  army  in  the  west,  but  finally  submitted. 
After  ToussaiDt  had  been  carried  to  France  he  headed 
another  revolt,  and,  aided  by  the  English,  drove  out  the 
French  (18u3).  On  .Ian.  1, 1804,  he  was  proclaimed  gover- 
nor-general of  Haiti  for  life,  and  on  June  IB,  1806,  empe- 
ror, as  Jean  .lacqiies  I.  His  despotism  incited  hatred,  and 
he  was  eventually  waylaid  and  killed. 

Dessau  (des'sou).  The  capita'  of  Anhalt,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Mulde  near  its  junction 
with  the  Elbe,  in  lat.  51°  50'  N..  long.  12°  14' 
E.  It  contains  the  ducal  palace  (with  art  collections)^ 
several  other  art  collections,  and  the  Schlosskirche.  It 
was  founded  by  Albert  the  Bear,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Moses  ilcndelssolin.     Population  (ISOO),  34,(;."18. 

Dessolles,  or  DessoUe  (de-sol'),  Marquis  Jean 
Joseph  Paul  Augustin.  Born  at  Auch,  Gers, 
France,  Oct.  3,  1707:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  4, 
1828.  A  French  general  and  politician.  He 
served  with  distinction  under  Moreau  in  Italy  in  1799, 
in  Gennany  in  18on,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  afiairs 
1818-19. 

De  Stael,  Madame.    See  Stael,  de. 

D'Este.     See  E.'ite,  d'. 

De  Stendhal.     The  pseudou\'m  of  Marie  Henri 

B.-yl... 

Desterro  (daz-ter'ro),  or  Nossa  Senhora  do 
Desterro,  or  Santa  Catharina.    -V  seaport 

and  the  caiiital  of  the  state  of  Santa  Catharina, 
Brazil,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  island 
of  Santa  Catharina,  in  lat.  27°  30'  S.,  long.  48° 
30'  W.  Population,  about  G.OOO. 
Destiny  (des'ti-ni).  A  novel  by  Miss  Ferrier, 
dedicated  to  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  published 
anonymously  in  1831. 

Destouches  (da-tosh'),  Philippe  N6ricault. 

Born  at  Tours,  France,  Aug.  22,  1G80:  dieti 
near  Milun,  France,  July  4,  1754.  A  noted 
French  dramatist.  His  works  include  "Lc  curicux 
impertinent"  (1710),  "Lo  i>hilo8ophe  mariti "  (1727),  "  Le 
glorietix  "  (1732X  etc. 

Destouchco  wrote  seventeen  comedies ;  and.  If  bulk  and 
genenil  merit  of  work  are  tAkeii  together,  he  deserves  the 
first  place  among  the  comic  dramatists  of  the  century  in 
France.  Sdinttfntri/,  French  Lit.,  p.  409. 

Destutt  de  Tracy  (de-stuf  de  tril-se').  Comte 
Alexandre  C6sar  Victor  Charles.    Born  at 

I'luis,  Sept.  9,  1781:  died  at  I'aray-le-Fresil, 
Allier,  France,  Mivrch  13,  1804.  A  French  offi- 
cer, politician,  and   writer  :    son  of  Aiitoine 

Destutt. 

Destutt  de  Tracy,  Antoine  Louis  Claude, 

Cmiite  de  Tracy.  Horn  at  Paris,  .luly  20. 
17.'i4:  died  Mai'cli  10,  ls:i(;.  A  French  philoso- 
pher, deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  in 
1789.  His  chief  works  are  "Klt^nients  d'idtVdogio" 
(18iil-I,'i),  "Commentjiiix!  sur  Icsprlt  de«  lots'  (1811  and 
ism). 
DeS'Vres  (da'\T).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
I'ns-dc-Calais.  Prnnee.  12  miles  east  •'(  Bou- 
logne.    Population  (ISOIV  coniiiiiiiii'.   I. MM. 

Detaille  (de-tiiv'i,  Jean  Baptiste  Edouard. 

Born  at  Paris,  bet.  5,  1,S48.  A  Fr.iich  baltle- 
jiainter.  During  the  Fninro-Prniwlan  wiir  he  was  tho 
seeretjiry  of  lienend  Pajol.  and  later  of  Ueneial  Appert. 
Many  ot  his  pictures  show  the  result  of  his  stuilles  from 
life  lit  this  period.  Among  them  are  "  F.n  Retralte  '  OsysX 
"Charge  du  1>*'»"' cuirassiers  h  Morsbrnnn  "  (1H74),  "  Le  re- 
giment ipll  passe"  (1S7.'>),  "Saliit  aux  bleMi's  "(IS..),  "  Lo 
n>ve  "  (18SS1,  "cliarse  du  1"  liussiirds"  (bought  for  the 
Luxembourg  In  istti).  Besl.les  some  minor  illustrations 
h.'  ruriilshe.l  il.  signs  In  ISsr.  sis  for  n  lio.k  containing  all 
Ihe  types  and  uniforuia  of  the  French  ariiiy. 


Detmold 

Detmold  (det'mold).  The  capital  of  Lippe,  Ger- 
mauy,  situated  on  tlie  Werre  46  miles  south- 
west of  Hannover,  it  has  a  Eesidenz-Schloss  and  r 
New  Palace,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Freiligi-atli.  Three 
miles  southwest  is  the  Grotenburg  (height  OiiOleet)  with 
Itie  Htrrinaiiiis  Ifeniitnal.  Set-  Ilennaintu  Veiik-iiKil.  I'opu- 
latiou  (IS'.Hi).  !i.73a. 

Detmold,  Johann  Herinann.  Bom  at  Han- 
nover, Germany,  July  24,  1807:  died  there, 
March  17, 1856.  A  German  politician  and  satiri- 
cal writer.  He  was  elected  to  the  national  assembly 
in  1S4S.  and  in  1849  was  for  a  short  time  minister  of  justice 
and  of  tlie  interior.  He  wrote  '*  Anleitung  zur  Kunstken- 
niTschaft"(lS33),  "Randzeichnungen"(1843X  and  "Thaten 
und  Meinungen  des  Herrn  Piepmeier    (1849). 

De  Tocqueville.     See  Tocqueville. 

Detroit  (de-troif).  [Prom  F.  detroit,  strait.] 
A  port  of  entry  and  the  capital  of  Wayne  Coim- 
tv,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Detroit  Eiver  in 
lat.  42°  20'  N.,  long.  83°  .5'  W.    it  is  the  first  city 


322 

Deva  (da'va).  [Skt.,  'heavenly,'  and,  as  a  sub- 
stantive. '  god.']  A  deity.  The  Devas  were 
later  reckoned  as  33:  12  Adityas,  8  Vasus,  11 
Eudras.  and  2  Asvius. 

Deva  (de'va).  The  ancient  name  of  Chester 
(which  see),  and  also  of  the  Dee. 

Deva  (da'vo).  A  small  town  in  Transylvania, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Maros  37  miles  south- 
west of  Karlsburg. 

Devanagari  (da-vS-nii'ga-re).  [Skt.. 'of  the  city 
of  the  gods  or  Brahmaus.']  The  mode  of  writ- 
ing Sanskrit  employed  in  Hindustan  proper,  and 
alone  adopted  bvEtu'opean  scholars:  a  name  of 
doubtful  origin  and  value. 


Devil  upon  Two  Sticks,  The 

Reading,  relieved  Gloucester,  and  gained  the  first  battle 
of  Newbury  in  1643 ;  lost  his  army  in  the  unsuccessful 
campaign  in  Cornwall  in  1W4  ;  and  resigned  hisconniiund 
on  tlie  ij;issage  of  the  Self-Denying  Ordinance  in  lt>45. 

Devereux,  Walter,  first  Earl  of  Esse.x.  Born 
in  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  probably  in  1541 : 
died  at  Dublin,  Sept.  22,  1576.  An  English 
nobleman .  He  raised  in  1569  a  troop  of  soldiers  to  assist 
in  suppressing  the  northern  rebellion  under  the  earls  i.f 
Northumbria  and  Westmoreland,  for  which  service  he  was 
created  earl  of  Essex  in  l.i72.  He  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  subdue  and  colonize  Ulster  1573-76. 

Deveron  (dev'e-ron).  A  river  in  Aberdeen- 
shire and  Banffsliire,  Scotland,  which  flows  into 
Moray  Firth  at  Banff.     Length,  about  60  miles. 


18S1. 


trade  in  grain,  wool,  copper,  pork,  etc.     Among  its  chief 

manufactvu"es  are  car-wheels.      It  was  first  visited  b3"  the 

French  in  1610 ;  settled  by  them  under  Cadillac  in  1701 ; 

ceded  to  the  British  in  1763  :  besieged  by  Pontiac  1763-64  ; 

ceded  to  the  United  States  in  17S3,  but  not  occupied  until 

1796  ;  surrendered  by  Hull  to  the  British  in  1812  ;  and  re- 
covered by  the  United  States  in  1813.    It  was  the  State 

capital  from  143"  to  1847.   Pop.  (1900).  286,704. 
Detroit    River.      A  river  which   flows   from 

Lake  St.  Clair  into  Lake  Erie,  and  separates 

Michigan  from  the  pro\-ince  of  Ontario,  Can- 
ada.    Length,  about  25  miles. 
Dettingen   (det'ting-en).      A  village  in  Lower 

Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  16 

miles  southeast  of  Frankfort.   Here,  June  27,  1743, 

tlu-  ,\ns;lo-German  array  under  George  II.  of  England  de- 

fL-:itiil  tlie  French  under  Noailles. 

Deucalion  (dii-ka'li-on).  [Gr.  Aevaaliuv.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Phthia  in  Thessaly,  a 
son  of  Prometheus  and  Clymene,  who  with  his 
wife  Pyrrha  was  saved  from  a  deluge  sent  by 
Zeus.  On  the  advice  of  his  father  he  built  a  wooden 
chest  in  which  he  and  his  wife  were  saved.  After  float- 
ing for  nine  days  he  landed  on  Mount  Parnassus  and  sac- 
rificed to  Zeus.  To  renew  the  human  race,  destroyed  by 
the  deluge,  he  and  Pyrrha  were  directed  to  veil  their 
faces  and  tlirow  behind  them  the  bones  of  their  mother. 
Through  a  misunderstanding  they  threw  stones,  and  those 
thrown  by  Deucalion  became  men  and  those  thrown  by 
Pyrrlia  women  ;  and  with  these  Deucalion  founded  a  king-  Tk»  tt /i        -   i\    o-      a     i. 

dom  in  Locris.  De  Vcre  (de  ver  ),  tMr  Aubrey, 


Devaprayaga  (da-vii-pra-va'ga),  or  Deoprag  ^f^,*,''^'7r^l-     I^^  .Hindu  mytbology,  "the  god- 
-'--       ■•    ■"       •        ••     •     ■•      "-••  •     ,».-^;'"»"^&     dess "  or  MahadeviC  the  gi'eat  goddess'),  wife  of 

the  god  Shiva  and  daughter  of  Himavat  (that  is, 
the  Himalaya  Mountains).  She  is  mentioned  under 
a  number  of  names  in  the  Mahabharata.  but  is  specially 
developed  in  the  Puranas.  As  the  Shakti  or  female  energy 
of  Shiva,  she  has  two  characters,  one  mild,  the  other 


(da-0-priig').  A  sacred  city  of  "the  Hindus,  sit 
uated  in  Garhwal,  British  India,  in  lat.  30°  9' 
N.,  long.  78°  39'  E.,  where  the  Alaknanda  and 

.    ,,   ,  ■  J  1.    -    ,         .  A  r.      A-  ■     Bhagirathi  unite  to  fonn  the  Ganges. 

m  Michigan,  and  has  a  large  American  and   Canadian  •nn.,,n™1,i„  ;  i^  ,  ■•    '  u-    >       roi-i  n     t     tt-    j 

er.  nork.  etc.  Among  its  chief  DevarSUlS  (da-var  shiz).  [Skt.]  In  Hmdu  re- 
ligion, Devarishis  or  sages  who  have  attained 
perfection  upon  earth,  and  have  been  exalted  as 
demigods  to  heaven. 
Devens  (dev'ens),  Charles.  Born  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  April  4,  1820:  died  at  Boston,  Jan. 
7,  1891.  An  American  jurist  and  general.  He  t)-  Vionir 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861-  H.      Y.^o",'' 


fierce,  and  it  is  under  the  latter  that  she  is  especially  wor- 
shiped. She  has  various  names,  referring  to  her  various 
forms.  In  her  terrible  form  she  is  Durga('the  inacces- 
sible'). It  is  in  this  character  that  bloody  sacrifices  are 
ottered  to  her.  that  the  barbarities  of  the  Durgapuja  and 
Charakpuja  are  perpetrated,  and  that  the  orgies  of  the 
Tantrikas  are  held  in  her  honor. 
See  Vignij. 


1865,  and  was  attorney-general  Of  the  United  States  1877-  J-'evil  (dev  1),   The.     -A  noted  tavern  in   Fleet 


Deventer  (de'ven-ter),  or  Demter  (dem'ter). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Overyssel,  Nether- 
lands, situated  on  the  Yssel  22  niiles  northeast 
of  Arnhem.  It  produces  "Deventer  honey- 
cakes,"  butter,  iron,  etc.  (See  the  extract.)  Devil  The  White 
Population  (1889),  22,293.  "      -'       -  ' 


street,  London,  near  Temple  Bar.  The  Apollo 
Club  was  held  here.  It  was  presided  over  by  Ben  Jon- 
son.  Shakspere.  Beaumont,  Fletcher,  and  other  celebritief 
frequented  it.  The  tavern  has  been  absorbed  by  Child's 
Bank,  one  of  the  oldest  banks  in  London,  nhich  occupied 
the  next  liouse. 


See  TV  lute  Devil. 


See  G^rim  the  Col- 


Deuteronomy  (dii-te-ron'6-mi).  [LGr.  (5m-fpo- 
i-oiiiov,  the  second  law.]  The  fifth  and  last  book 
of  the  Pentateuch,  containing  the  last  discourses 
of  Moses,  delivered  in  the  plain  of  Moab.  it  be- 
gins with  a  recapitulation  of  the  events  of  the  last  month 
of  the  forty  years'  wandering  of  the  Israelites  in  the  des- 
ert (i.-iv.  40) ;  then  follows  the  main  body  of  the  book,  set- 
ting forth  the  laws  which  were  to  regulate  the  Israelite 
when  they  should  become  settled  in  the  promised  land 
while  chapters  xxvi.-x.\xiii.  contain  the  farewell  speeches 
of  Moses.  Deuteronomy  is  a  manual  of  religion  and  social 
ethics.  Compared  with  the  other  books  of  the  Pentateuch 
it  is  distinguished  by  a  warm,  oratorical  tone.  The  laws 
of  the  preceding  books  are  modified,  and  their  presenta- 
tion is  more  spiritual  and  ethical.  On  account  of  these 
ditferences  Deuteronomy  is  now  assigned  by  many  critics 

to  a  different  author  and  date  from  the  rest  of  the  Penta-      ^ ^, ^ 

teucb.    Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  so-called  reformation  IJe    Vere, 'MaximiiiSn    SchelV.       B'orii    near 
„  w,-„h  o„.„„r<:  f„  ..^  „,„  ,„.  „.,■„„=„,„  „,     ,^^,^^.j.^  Sweden,  Nov.   1.  1820:  died  1898.     An 


Devil  and  his  Dam,  The. 

tier  of  Civi/deii. 
Devil  is  an  Ass,  The.  A  comedy  by  Ben  Jon- 
sou,  first  acted  in  Kiie.  Jonson "evidently  had  in 
mind  the  title  of  Dekker's  play  (published  1612)  "If  it 
be  not  Good  the  Devil  is  in  it";  the  devil  in  Jonson's 
play  being  an  ass  in  comparison  to  the  characters  who 
butfet  and  completely  overreach  him. 

tries,  but  with  their  head  college  at  Deventer.     They  bore  De'Vil  of  Do'WgatO,  The,  Or  Usury  Put  tO  USO. 

an  evident  resemblance  to  the  modern  Moravians,  by  their  See  Siiihl-Walkcr,  The  (bv  Fletcher) 

strict  lives,  their  community  (at  least  a  partial  one)  of  Devil  of  Edmonton      See  Merrii  Demi  nf  F,l 

goods,  their  industry  in  manual  labour,  their  fervent  devo-  ,,      ,         inimoiitgn.     i^ee  men  y  uevu  OJ  J^a- 

tion,  their  tendency  to  mysticism.        flnifam.  Lit,  p.  75.  J!  '"..'!,"•  „    .           „, 

Deville,  Sainte-Claire.    See  Saiiite-Claire  De- 

l-ilh. 

De'Vil's  Bridge.  A  stone  bridge  over  the  Keuss. 
in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  Pass,  near  Andermatt.  it  was  partly 
destroyed  by  the  French  in  1799.  A  new  bridge  (near 
the  original  one)  was  built  1828-30. 

Devil's  Bridge,  or  Pont-y-Mynach  (pont-e- 
A  bridge   over  the   gorge  of  the 


A  proof  of  this  character  was  given  in  an  institution  of 
considerable  influence  both  upon  learning  and  religion, 
the  college  or  brotherhood  of  Deventer,  planned  by  Gerard 
Groot,  but  not  buUt  and  inhabited  till  1400,  fifteen  years 
after  his  death.  The  associates  of  this,  called  by  dillerent 
names,  but  more  usually  Brethren  of  the  Life  in  Common 
(Genuijtesleben^X  or  Good  Brethren  and  Sisters,  were  dis 
persed  in  different  parts  of  Germany  and  the  Low  Coun 


Bora  at  Cur- 


ragh  Chase,  Countv  Limerick,  Ireland,  Aug.  28 
1788:  died  there,  July  5,  1846.  An  Irish  poet. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Vere  Hunt,  and  took  the  an- 
cestral name  of  De  Vere  in  1832  by  letters  patent.  He  pub- 
lished "Julian  the  Apostate  "(1822),  "The  Song  of  Faith," 
etc.  (1842),  "M.ory  Tudor"  (1847:  posthumously  pub- 
lished), etc. 


trregulite   hi  israelfttDe  Vere,  Aubrey  Thom^^^     Bom  at  Curragh     mun'ac-h).     A  _ 

Jd  in  the  promised  land       Chase,  County  Limerick,  Ireland,  Jan.  10,  1814  :     Mynach,  near  Aberystwith,  in  Wales. 

An  Wsh  poet,  son  of  Devil's  Dyke.  An'aneient  earthwork.  18  feet 
high  (of  prehistoric  date),  in  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  extending  from  Reach  to  Wood-Dit 


died  there,  Jan.  20,  1902. 

Sir  Aubrey  De  Vere.  He  wrote  "  The  Wal.lenses. 
etc.  (1842).  poems  in  1843,  1853,  IS.57,  1861,  18M,  "Irish 
Odes"  (18G;i).  "Alexander  the  Great  '(1874),  "Legends  of 
the  Saxon  Saints  "  (1879).  etc.  His  prnse  works  consist  of 
"  English  Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds  "  (1848),  "  Pleas  for 
Secularization  "  (1867),  '■TheCliiiirh  Establishment  of  Ire- 
jand_'_(ls67),  etc.,  and  several  volumes  of  essays  (1887-89). 


King  Josiah  appears  to  carry  out  the  principles  of 
Deuteronomy,  it  is  concluded  that  "  the  book  of  the  law  " 
discovered  by  the  priest  Hilkiah  in  the  temple  in  622  B.  c, 
which  began  the  refonnation  of  Josiah,  was  Deuteronomy. 
But  its  composition  must  certainly  have  originated  at  an 
earlier  date.  This  is  put  by  many  critics  in  the  reign  of 
Menasseh,  698-643  B.  c. 

Deutsch  (doich),  Emmanuel   Oscar  Mena- 

hem.  Born  at  Neisse,  Prussia,  Oct.  2S,  1829: 
died  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  May  12,  1873.  A 
German  Orientalist,  of  Hebrew  "descent,  assis- 
tant in  the  British  Museum  librarv. 

Deutsch-Brod  (doich'brot).  A  to'wn  in  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Sazawa  60  miles  southeast 
of  Prague.    Population  (1890),  commune,  5,735. 

Deutsch-Krone  (doich'kro'ne).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  62  miles 
north  of  Posen.     Population  (1890),  .5,782. 

Deutz  (doits).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rhine 
opposite  Cologne:  the  Roman  Divitia,  later 
(after  the  10th  century)  Tuitium.  Population 
(1890),  17,681. 

Deux  Amis  (de-zii-me'),  Les.  [F.,  'the  two 
friends.']  A  play  by  Beaumarehais,  produced 
in  1770. 

Deux-Ponts  (de-p6n').  [F.,  'two  bridges.'] 
See  XirribritcJ:en. 

Deux-S6vres  (de-savr').  [F.,  'two  S&vres': 
from  the  two  rivers  S^vre  Nantaise  and  S6vre 
Niortaise.]    A  department  of  Prance,  bounded 


An  English  nobleman,  son  of  the  first  Earl  of 
Essex,  and  a  favorite  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  He 
was  appointed  in  1.585  general  of  the  horse  to  the  expedi- 
tion sent  under  Leicester  to  the  aid  of  the  States-General. 
In  1587  he  attended  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  at 
this  time  began  to  show  him  unmistakable  signs  of  atten- 
tion. He  married  the  widow  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  1590, 
became  a  privy  councilor  in  1593,  commanded  the  land 
forces  in  the  expedition  against  Cadiz  in  1596,  was  ap- 
pointed earl  marshal  of  England  in  1597,  and  became 
chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  in  1598.  In  1,599  he 
was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  in  which  post 
he  aroused  the  (jueen's  anger  by  the  failure  of  his  opera- 
tions against  the  Irish  rebels.  He  returned  to  England  to 
lay  bis  defense  before  tbequeeniii  person,  and,  failing'  tore- 
j:ain  his  standing  at  court,  formed  a  conspiracy  to  compel 
her  by  force  of  arms  to  dismiss  his  enemies  in  the  coniici'. 
.        -  .  ,     .,,.  He  was  arrested  and  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

by  Maine-et-Loire  on  the  north.  Vienne  on  the  Devereux,  Robert,  third  Earl  of  Essex.  Bora 
east,  Charente  and  Charente-Inf^rieure  on  the  at  London.  1591:  died  Sept.  14, 1646.  An  Eng- 
south,  and  Vendue  on  the  west.  Capital,  Niort.  lisli  general,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Essex. 
It  was  formed  chiefly  from  parts  of  Poitou,  Aunis,  and  He  was  appointed  general  of  the  Parliamentary  army  on 
Saintoiige.  Area,  2,317  square  miles.  Popuhition  (1891),  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  lii4-2  ;  fought  the  Rovrilist 
36i,W2.  forces  in  the  drawn  battle  of  Edgehill  iiri642 ;  captured 


ton.     There  is  another  natural  "Devil's  Dyke" 
near  Brighton,  England. 

The  Devil's  Dyke,  as  this  barrier  is  called,  is  clearly  a 
work  of  defence  against  enemies  advancing  from  the 
Fens ;  and  as  a  defence  to  the  East  Anglians  it  was  of 
priceless  value,  for,  stretching  as  it  did  from  a  point 
where  the  country  became  fenny  and  impassable  to  a 
point  where  the  woods  equally  forbade  all  access,  it 
covered  the  only  entrance  to  the  country  they  had  won. 
But  if  the  dyke  be  the  work  of  the  conquerors  of  this  part 
of  the  coast,  its  purely  defensive  character  shows  that 
their  attack  was  at  an  end  ;  and  that  it  was  rather  as  as- 
sailants than  as  a  prey  that  they  regarded  the  towns  of 
Central  Britain.  Green,  Making  of  England,  p.  51. 

Devil's  Lake.     A  lake  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Xc.rtli  Dakota.     Length,  50  miles. 
Philip  Sidney,  and  celebrated  by  him  under  the  Devil's  Law-Case,  The.     A  romantic  comedy 
name  of  Stella.     See  Astrophef.  by  Webster,  pinnted  in  1623. 

Devereux,  Robert,  second  Earl  of  Essex.  Bom  Devil's  Parliament.  [L.  Parliammtum  Dia- 
at  Netherwood,  Herefordshire,  England,  Nov.  Ooliciim.2  A  nickname  given  to  the  English 
10,  1567 :  beheaded  at  London,  Feb.  25,  1601.     Parliament  which  met  at  Coventr}-,  England, 


American  philologist,  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia.  He  published  "Comparative  Philol- 
ogy" (18531,  "Stray  Leaves  from  the  Book  of  Nature" 
(1856),  "  Anierieaiiisms,"  etc.  (1871).  "  Romance  of  Amer- 
ican ilistory  "  (1872).  a  nnmtierof  translations  from  Spiel- 
liageii,  and  "Myths  of  tlie  Rliiiie,"  translated  from  X.  B. 
Saiiitiiie  (18741. 

Devereux  (dev'e-ro).    A  novel  by  Bulwer,  pub- 
lished in  1829. 

Devereux,  Penelppe.     A  lady  loved  by  Sir 


in  1459.     It  attainted  the  leading  Yorkists. 
Devil's  Thoughts,  The.    A  short  poem  by  Cole- 
ridge and  Southev,  sometimes  known  as'  "The 
Devil's  Walk."     " 

The  famous  "Devil's  Thoughts"  had  appeared  in  its 
first  form  on  6  Sept.  1799.  The  first  three  stanzas  of  four- 
teen were  by  Southey.  This  amusing  doggerel  w!is  re- 
printed in  Coleridge's  "Sibylline  Leaves"  (1817),  and  in 
his  ccdlected  poems.  1829  and  ls34,  with  due  statement  of 
Southey 's  share.  It  was  imitated  by  Byron  ami  claimed 
for  Porson.  In  Southey's  poems  it  is  reprinted  with  many 
additional  stanzas,  including  some  referring  to  the  Porson 
story.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  XL  308. 

De'Vil's  Wall.  A  popular  name  for  the  south- 
ern portion  of  the  Roman  fortification  called 
the  Pfahlgi'.Tben  (which  see). 

Devil  upon  T'wo  Sticks,  The.    A  comedy  by 

Foote.  first  played  May  30. 1768,  and  printed  in 
1778.  Foote  took  it  from  Le  Sage's  "Le  diable 
boiteux,"  and  himself  played  the  part  of  the 
devil.     See  Asmodeus. 


Devizes 


323 


Devizes  (de-vi'zez).     [Formerly  also  /)p  r/cs    writpr.     His  works  iuchule  "  Human  Nature," 
■      ■     iforiaa  Tlie  Tit s,  Tilt  ri:e,    "Huniau  Life,"  "  Uuitai-iuii  Belief,"  etc. 


(wheuce  the  mistaken ,_  _       __  ,, 

TJie  Fizes) ;  ME.  *Deviscii,  ML.  Divisa;  orig.  Cos-  He  Winter  (de  vin^ter)^,  Jan  Willem. 


Born 


in  Texel,  Netherlands,  1750:  died  al  Paris,  June 
2,  1812.  A  Dutch  admiral,  commander  at  the 
battle  of  Campcrdown,  Oct.  11,  1797. 
De  Witt  (de  vit'),  Cornelius.  Born  at  Dort, 
Netherlands.  1628:  murdered  at  The  Hague, 
Aug.  20,  1072.     A  Dutch  politician  and  naval 

^_ officer,  brother  of  Jan  De  Witt. 

shire,  England,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the  De  Witt,  Jan.  Born  at  Dort,  Netherlands, 
Tamar,  known  as  the  Hamoaze,  2  miles  west  about  102.5:  murdered  at  The  Hague,  Aug.  20, 
of  Plymouth.     It  ha.?  an  iniportnnt  naval  arsenal,  und    1.1J''2.     A  Dutch  statesman.    He  became  grand  pen- 


iriim  Divisarum,  city  of  the  borders  (ML.  di- 
vism).  ]  A  town  in  Wiltshire,  England,  27  miles 
southeast  of  Bristol.  It  has  a  trade  in  grain. 
Population  (1891),  6,426. 

Devon.     See  Devonshire. 

Devonport  (dev'on-p6rt).  A  seaport  and  mu- 
nicipal and  parliamentary  borough  in  DevoU' 


is  noted  fur  its  dockyards.     Until  18-.'4  it  w.is  called  I'ly- 
moutli  Dock.    Population  (WOl),  r.\t.i~i. 

Devonshire  (dev'on-shir),  or  Devon  (dev'on). 
[ML  D(iensvhire,  AS.  T)(fenu  sc.lr,  shire  of  the 
I)evons(Z)e/e«a.s),the  inhabitants  of  the  region.] 
A  maritime  county  of  southwestern  England, 
lying  betweeji  Bristol  Chant>el  on  the  nest  and 
north,  Somerset  and  Dorset  on  the  northeast 


sionary  of  Holland  in  lti53;  tertninatcd  the  war  with  Kng 
land  (whicli  had  broken  out  in  1652)  by  a  treaty  with 
C'roniwell  in  lO-M  ;  carried  on  a  war  with  Kligland  l(>G5-07  : 
procured  the  passage  of  the  Perpetual  Edict  (directed 
against  the  house  of  Orange)  in  1667 ;  and  in  lOGS  nego- 
tiated with  Kngland  and  .Sweden  the  Triple  Alliance, 
which  frustrated  the  design  of  Louis  .\I\'.  to  annex  the 
Spanish  Netheilands.  lie  was  overthrown  by  the  Orange 
party  in  1672,  and  with  his  brother  Cornelius  was  murdered 
at  The  Hague  by  an  infuriated  mob. 


and  east,  the  English  Channel  on  the  south- Dewsbury  (duz'ber'i).     A  town  in  the  West 

Kiding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Calder  8  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  It  is  the 
center  of  the  shoddy  manufacture.  Population 
(1891),  29,K47. 
DexileUS  (dek-sil'e-us).  Monument  of.  A  mon- 
ument on  the  Street  of  Tombs  al  .\theijs.  it  is 
a  beautiful  stele  bearing  in  relief  a  youthful  horseman 
who  has  ridden  down  an  enemy.  l>exileus  fell  before 
Corinth  in  394-393  u.  c. 

Dezippus  (deks-ip'us),  Publius  Herennius. 

[(ir.  .i'i/T-of.]  Died  about  2S0  .\.  \i.  A  Orcek 
ilistoriail.  He  commanded  a  band  of  i)atriots  in  262 
against  the  Goths  or  Scythians  who  invaded  Greece  and 
captured  Athens.  He  wrote  an  account  of  this  invasion, 
entitled  ^kvHiko.,  fragments  of  which  are  e.\taut. 


east  and  south,  and  Cornwall  on  the  west 
Dartmoor  and  the  Vale  of  Exeter  are  noted  natural  fea- 
tures. Its  chief  miner.il  prnduets  are  copper  and  tin.  and 
the  cotluty  is  noted  for  its  cattle  and  cider.  County  town, 
Exeter.  Area,  2,006  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
631,808. 

Devonshire,  Earl  and  Duke  of.    See  Blount, 

CoHrlenai/,  Ciweiidish. 

Devonshire  Club.     A  Liberal  club  at  50  St. 

James  street,  London,  established  in  1875. 
Devonshire  House.     A  house  in  Piccadilly, 

London,  near  Berkeley  street.  It  is  the  residence 
of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  was  for  more  than  a  cen- 
tury one  of  the  head<tuarter8  of  the  leaders  of  the  Whig 
party. 


Devrient  (dcv-ryon'),  Gustav  Emil.  Born  Dexter  (deks'ter).  A  dark-bay  trotting  gelding 
at  Berlin,  Sept.  4,  1803:  die(l  at  Dresden.  Aug.  with  white  legs  and  a  blaze,  by  Hamblotouian 
7,  1872.  A  German  actor,  brother  of  K.  A.  (10),  dam  Clara,  by  Seely's  American  Star.  June 
Deyrient.  21,  1867.  he  won  the  fastest'trotting  record  in  2:17i,  and 

Devrient,  Karl  August.   Born  at  Berlin,  A,>ril   '"='*' '"  oouistniti.'s  Maid  (3:i4)  m  i874. 
5,  1797:  ilied  at  Lauterberg,  in  the  Harz.  Ger-  Dexter,  Henry  Martyn.     Born  at  Plymptou. 
many,  Aug.  3,  1872.     A  German  actor,  nephew    Mass.,  Aug.i::,  ls21:died  at  New  Bedford, 
of  Ludwig  Devrient. 


Devrient,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Dec.  15, 
1784 :  died  at  Berlin,  Dee.  20, 1832.  A  noted  Ger- 
man actor. 

Devrient,  Philipp  Eduard.    Bom  at  Berlin, 

Aug.  11,  1,801 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Oct. 
4,  1877.  A  German  actor,  dramatic  writer, 
and  playwright :  brother  of  Karl  August  Dev- 
rient. His  chief  work  is  a  "  Geschichte  der 
deutschen  Schauspielkinist"  (1848-74). 


Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1890.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  historian,  editor  of  the 
"Congregationalist"  (at  Boston)  1851-66  and 
from  1867.  His  works  include  "The  Voice  of  the 
Bible,"  etc.  (18fi8),  "('ongregatioualisin,"  ete.  (1865), 
"Church  Polity  of  the  Puritans,"  etc.  (1870),  "The  Con- 
gregationnlisin  of  the  last  Three  Hundred  Years,"  etc. 
(1880 :  this  has  a  bibliography  of  over  7,000  titles),  "Com- 
mon Sense  as  to  Woman  Sultrage"  (18H.')).  "A  liibliogra- 
phy  of  the  Church  Struggle  in  Euglaiul  during  the  Six- 
teenth Century"  and  "A  Hist^iry  of  the  Old  I'lymouth 
Colony"  were  in  preparation  ut  his  death. 

Dewangin  (da-wiin-ge're),  or  Diwangiri  (de-  Dexter,  Samuel.    Born  ;it  Boston, May  14, 1761: 
wan-ge're).     A  place  in  Bhutan,  situated  in    died  at  Athens,  N.  Y.,  May  4. 1816.     An  Amer- 
lat.  2(3°  55'  N.,  long.  91°  20'  E.    it  was  the  scene    i^'m  jurist  and  politician,  secretary  of  war  in 
of  engagements  between  the  lihutius  and  English  troops    1800,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1801. 
'"i'*"5-  Deyra  Dun.    See  Ikhra  Dun. 

D  Ewes  (duz).  Sir  Simonds.  Born  at  Coxden,  Dhalim  (TiiLi'lim).  [Ar.  :iilini,  the  ostrich.  See 
Dorsetshire,  Eiigland,  Dec,  18,  ]<;02:  died  at  j},,,/.]  The  bright  third-i.iagnil tide  star  ,3  Eri- 
btow  Langtoft  Hall,  Suffolk,  April  8,  16.50.  An  Jani:  the  brightest  in  that  part  of  the  coustel- 
anghsh  antiqiiarv  and  clin„„cler.    He  colleoted    latiou  which  is  visible  in  Europe.     More  often 

lourn.tlsof  all  the  Pailiioncnts  .limiig  the  n-lgn  of  t^a-en     „.,|l„,l   r./rm  f-ndi;,.!!  eoo^ 

Elizabeth  (publish.-.l  I«.s2).     His  nKoniseripts  were  sold,  J^,'^"™  ''"^•^",  (^^'V,^"  ^'^<''-        ,,,        ,.„,., 
after  his  death,  to  .sir  Kobert  Hailey  (afterward  Earl  of  Dhammapada  (dham-ma-pa'da).      [Pall,  'pre- 
Oxford),  and  are  now  in  the  British  Museum.  cejits  of  t  he  law,'  or  '  steps  of  the  law.'J     A  por- 


Protestant  theologian  and  biblical  critic,  pro- Dhanvantari  (dhan-van'ta-ri).     [Skt.] 


fessor  at  Heidelberg  1807-10,  at  Berlin  1810- 
1819,  and  at  Basel  1822-19.  nis  chief  works  are 
" BcitrageznrEinleitung  ill  das  Alte Testament  "(18l«l-<  17), 
"Komnientar  uber  die  INiilinen"  (1811).  "  Lehrbuch  der 
bebraisch-Jiidlsehen  Anh.iulogio"  (18H),  "I'ber  Religion 
nnd  Theologie"  (181.''.),  "Lehrbuch  der  Chrlstlichen  Dog- 
matik"(I8i:j-16),  etc. 

Dewey  (di'i'i),  Chester.  Born  at  Shefilei.i, 
Mass.,  Oct.  25,  1784;  dieil  at  Koidiester,  N.  Y.. 
Dec.  1.5,  1807.  An  American  clergyman  and 
botanist. 

Dewey,  George.     Born  at  Montjiclier,  Vt., 

Doc.  26,  1.S37.  An  American  admiral.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  I'nited  States  Naval  Anidemy  in 
18'ib  ;  served  imder  Karrngut  as  lieut^'nant  on  tlie  MIhbIb. 
sippl  in  1862;  and  took  part  in  tile  attack  on  P'cnl  FiHlier 
1864-66.  He  was  promoted  llclltemint-coninmnder  in 
Mareh,  ISfl.'i ;  commander  in  1872;  4-Hptaln  in  1^84  ;  ertm* 
modore  in  18:i6;  rear-admiral  in  1S08;  and  admiral  in  ]8*,>9. 
He  has  served  on  the  Liuhthoutie  Board,  and  has  been  chief 
of  the  Bureau  of  E<|uipment  and  president  of  tlie  Hoard 
of  Inspection  and  Survey.  Having  beeti  placed  In  eom- 
maud  of  the  Asiatic  .Station,  on  May  1,  181)8,  a  few  days 
after  the  outttreak  of  the  war  with  Spain,  he  destroyed 
the  Spanish  tieet  olt  Cavite  in  the  Bay  of  Manila.  On 
Aug,  13  Ills  lleet  aided  the  troops  under  General  Jlerrltt 
in  the  capture  of  Manila. 

Dew^y,  Orville.  Born  at  SheOield,  Mass., 
March  2H,  1794:  died  at  Shetlield,  March  21, 
1882.     An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  and 


Vedic  deily  to  whom  olTerings  at  twilight  were 
made  in  the  northeast  (luarter. —  2.  The  phy- 
sician of  tliegods. —  3.  A  celebrated  physician, 
one  of  '■theninegenis"of  lliecourl  of  Viki'.inia. 

Dhar(dhilr).  1.  A  ntitive  state  in  Malwa,  Brit- 
ish India,  situalcil  aboul  lat.  22°  40'  N.,  long. 
75°  15'  E.  It  is  under  Brilish  supervision. —  2. 
The  capital  of  the  above  state.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

Dharmashastra  (dhiir-mii-shiis'irii).    [Skt., '» 

law-b.Mik.'l  Tlie  wliole'biidy  of"  Hindu  law; 
more  I'specially,  the  laws  ascribed  to  .Maun, 
Yn,inavalkya.  and  other  insiiireil  sages.  These 
works  are  generally  in  three  parts:  (1)  aehara.  rules  of 
conduct:  (2) vyavahaia.  Judicature;  (3) prayashrhlttii, pen- 
ance. The  Inspired  lawgivers  are  spoken  of  as  eighteen, 
Inlt  forty-two  are  ineiitioned.  Manil  llll<lVllJIla^alkyll  sland 
at  tlieir  head.  A  general  eolU-ctlon  of  the  llhnriiiiishaH- 
tras  lias  been  printed  at  Calcutia  by  .llvananda  under  the 
title  of  llhaniinshastra'tangraha, 
Dharwar  (dhiir'wiir),  or  Darwar  (iliir'wilr),  or 
Dharwad  (dhiir'wiid).  1.  .\  district  in  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  iulorsecteil  by  Int.  15°  N., 

loi'ig.  75°  30'  K.     It  prod 's  eot'toii. —  2.  The 

chief  town  of  the  above  district,  sitiuited  in 
lat.  1.5°  28'  N.,  long.  7.5°  4'  E.  It  wm  tjiken  by 
llydcr  All  In  1778,  and  retaken  by  the  Mahrattaa  and  Eng- 
lish III  1791.    Population,  about  so.OOa 


Dial.  The 

Dhawalaghiri  (dha-wol-a-gher'e),  or  Dhwal- 
agiri  (dli«ol-a-gh^r'e).  A  peak  of  the  Hima- 
layas, in  Nepal,  in  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  82°  55' 
E.  Height,  26,826  feet.  It  was  once  supposed 
to  be  the  highest  mountain  in  the  world,  but 
now  takes  fourth  or  fifth  position. 

Dhegiha  (dha'ge-hii).  ['Autochthon.']  A  di- 
vision of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  composed  of  five  tribes — the  Ponka, 
(Jmaha.  Kwapa,  Osage,  and  Kansa — number- 
ing 4,071.     See  iSVoHaii. 

Dholpur  (dbol-pcir').  A  native  state  of  Rajpu- 
tana,  IiKlia,  under  British  supcrWsion  and  a 
.Jat  dynasty,  situated  aliout  lat.  26°  45'  N., 
long.  78°  K.  Area,  1,156  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1S91),  279,890. 

Dhritarashtra  (dhri-ta-riish'tra).  [Skt., 'whose 
kingdom  is  firm.']  Tlie  eldest  son  of  Vichitra- 
virya  or  Vyasa,  and  brother  of  Patidu.  He  had 
by  Gandhari  a  hundred  sons,  of  \^  honi  the  eldest  was  Duryo- 
dliana.  Dhritarashtra  was  blind,  and  I'andu  was  affected 
with  a  disease  supposed  from  his  name,  "the  pale,"  to  be 
leprosy.  The  two  brothers  renounced  tile  throne,  and  the 
great  war  recorded  in  the  Maliabharata  was  fought  be- 
tween their  sons,  one  party  being  called  Kaui-:iv:is  from 
an  ancestor  Kuru,  the  other  Pandavas  from  their  father 
Pandu. 

Dhurjati  (dhor-jii'te).      [Skt.,  'having  heavy, 

matted  locks.']     A  name  of  Rudra  or  Shiva. 

Dhyani  Buddha  (dhyii'ni  biid'dha).  [Skt.  dhya- 

tia,  PaliJIidna,  meditation.]  The  earlier  Buddhism 
teaches  that  above  the  worlds  <if  the  gods  there  are  six- 
teen Biahmalokas, '  worlds  of  Brahma,'  one  above  another. 
Tliosc  who  attain  on  earth  to  the  llrst,  second,  or  third 
dhyanas,  or  stages  of '  mystic  meditation,"  are  reborn  in  the 
lower  of  tlie.se  worlds,  three  being  assigned  to  each  stage  or 
dhyana.  Those  who  attain  the  fourth  enter  the  tenth  and 
eleventh  Bralimalok:LS,  The  reinainiiig  live  are  assigned 
to  those  who  attain  to  the  third  path  on  earth,  and  who  will 
reach  Nirvana  in  the  new  existence,  the  third  path  being 
that  of  those  who  will  never  return  to  this  world,  in  whose 
hearts,  the  last  remnants  of  sensinUity  and  malevolence 
being  destroyed,  not  the  least  low  desire  for  one's  self,  or 
wrong  feeling  towiu-d  others,  can  arise.  To  each  of  these 
live  grotips  of  worlds  the  Great  Valiicle  a.ssigns  a  special 
Buddha,  called  lihyani  Buddha.  Tliesc  Ave  Buddhas  corre- 
spond to  the  last  four  Buddhas,  ineludiiig  Gautaiiia,  and 
the  future  Buddha,  Maitreya  (see  Bodhi^atlva).  Each  of 
these  human  Buddhas  has  liis  coiTesjiondiiig  Bodhisattva 
:nid  Dhyani  Biuldlia,  the  latter  being  his  pure  and  glori- 
ous counterpart  in  the  mystic  world,  free  from  the  debas- 
ing conditions  of  the  material  life.  The  material  Buddha 
is  only  the  emanation  of  a  Dhyani  Buddha  living  iu  the 
ethereal  nnnisions  of  mystic  tnince. 

Diable,  Robert  le.     See  Hubert,  etc. 

Diable  boiteux  (de-ii'bl  bwii-te'),  Le.  [F., 
'  The  Lame  Devil.']  A  satirical  romance  by  Le 
S;ige,  published  in  1707.  It  was  an  imitation  of  a 
Spanish  work  entitled  "Kl  diablo  cojuelo,"  written  by 
Luis  A'elez  de  Guevani.  and  llrst  printed  iu  IWl.  and  of 
other  satires  (by  Cervantes  and  others)  long  current.  In 
Guevara's  prtidiiction.  "the  student  Don  Cleofai,  having 
accidentally  entered  the  abode  of  an  astrohiger,  delivers 
from  aglass  bottle,  in  which  he  had  been  eonllned  by  the 
conjurer,  the  devil  (diablo  cojuelo),  who  is  a  spirit  nearly 
of  the  same  description  as  the  Asinoiii^-e  ("(liable  bo(. 
teux  ")  of  Le  Sage,  nnd  who,  in  return  for  tlie  seivice  he 
had  received  from  the  scliohu-.  exhibits  to  him  the  inte- 
rior of  the  houses  of  Madrid."  (fJimtitp,  Hist,  of  I'rose 
Kiet.,  II.  477,)  "  In  the  French  version  ...  an  additional 
human  interest  is  imparted  by  a  lire,  in  which  the  good- 
natured  anil  grateful  demon  lakes  the  shape  of  Cleofas 
in  rescuingayoilng  lady  of  hi;^h  birth,  and  thereby  secures 
for  his  liberator  a  prosperous  marriiige. "  {Saint*lfury, 
French  Lit.  i  The  whole  work  is  in  dialogue  form  Foote 
took  from  it  his  play  "The  Devil  on  Two  Slicks."  The 
title  "  Lr  dialde  boiteux  "  has  been  given  to  a  number  of 
other  imblications,  newspapers,  etc.     See  Asfnodeut. 

Diablerets  (dyiib-le-ra').  A  group  of  moun- 
tains ill  Switzerland,  on  the  borders  of  Vaud, 
Val.iis,  and  Bern,  northeast  of  St.  Maurice. 
lliglirst  iioiiit,  10.050  feet. 

Diablintes  (di-a-biiu'iez),  or  Diablindi  (-di). 

A  tribe  of  northwestern  tiaul,  allies  of  the  Vo- 
iieli  against  Ca'sar  in  .50  B.  C.  They  lived 
|irobably   near  Le  Mans. 

Diadochi(di-ad'o-ki).  [Gr.(5(n<Jo;i-o(,8Uceessors.] 
'I'lie  Macedonian  generals  of  Alexander  the 
Great  who,  after  his  death  iu  323  B.  C,  divided 
his  empire. 

Diadiunenos  (di-a-di'i'me-nos).  [nr.ilmi'oinriw, 
biioling  up  his  hair. J  An  athlete  binding  his 
brow  with  a  lillet,  a  good  Ivomaii  reproduction 
of  a  famous  statue  by  I'olyclitus,  found  at  Vai- 
son,  France,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Diafoirus  (de-ii-fwii-riis').  The  name  of  the 
physician  iu  Moli^re's  "  Malade  imnginnire" 
to  whose  son  Thomas  Argaii  wishes  to  betroth 
his  daughter  Aiigeli(|iie.  The  father  is  very 
comical,  and  the  son,  full  of  folly  and  erudi- 
tion, no  less  so. 

Diaeoras(di-ag'o-rns).  [Or.  A/ajiSpof.]  Born  in 
MeTos, /Egeaii  Sea:  lived  Inst  half  of  5th  century 
B.  O.  A  Greek  philosopher, nci'used  bytlie  Athe- 
nians of  impiety  :  surnanied  "  The  Atheist." 

Dial,  The.  -Vu  .\meriean  literary  i|narterly  and 
organ  of  the  Transcendcutalists  (published  at 


Dial,  The 

Boston),  edited  by  Margaret  Fuller,  assisted  by 
Eipley,  Emerson,  and  others,  1840-42,  and  by 
Emerson  1842-44. 
Dialogue  of  Death.  A  book  by  "William  Bul- 
lein,  published  1364-65.  The  whole  title  is,  "A  Dia- 
logue bathe  ple-osaunte  and  pietifuU,  wherein  is  agoodly 
regimeiite  against  the  fever  Pestilence,  with  a  consolacieu 
and  comfort  against  death." 

Diamantina  (de-a-man-te'na),  formerly  Tejuco 

(ta-zho'ko).  A  town  in  the  state  of  Miuas 
Geraes,  Brazil,  in  lat.  18=  25'  S.,  long.  43°  25' 
W.  It  is  the  center  of  a  diamond  district,  dis- 
covered about  1728  and  now  little  worked. 
Population,  about  15,000. 

Diamantino  (de-a-man-te'no).  A  town  iu  the 
state  of  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  situated  near  the 
head  waters  of  the  Paraguay,  in  lat.  14°  24'  S., 
long.  56°  7'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  an  abandoned 
diamond  district.     Population,  about  3.000. 

Diamond,  or  Dyamond  (di'a-mond).  One  of 
three  brothers,  sous  of  the  fairy  Agape,  in 
Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene."  When  be  is  slain 
by  Camballo,  his  strength  passes  into  his  sur- 
viving brothers. 

Diamond  Necklace  Affair,  The.  In  French 
history,  a  celebrated  c;>isode  which  discredited 
the  court.  A  necklace  (valued  at  about  SSOO.OOO),  ori- 
ginally ordered  for  Madame  du  Barrj',  was  175s3-S4  nego- 
tiated for  by  Cardinal  de  Rohan  through  an  intermediary, 
the  adventuress  Countess  de  Lamotte.  The  cardinal,  who 
hoped  to  gain  the  affection  of  Marie  Antoinette,  was  duped 
by  pret+'uded  signatures  of  the  queen.  It  was  believed 
(protiablv  with  injustice)  that  the  queen  was  involved  in 
the  artaii-. 

Diamond  State,  The.    Delaware. 

Diana  (di-an'a  or  di-a'na).  An  ancient  Italian 
diriuity,  goddess  of  the  moon,  protectress  of 
the  female  sex,  etc.,  later  identified  with  the 
Greek  Artemis. 

Diana.     See  Diana  Eiiamornda. 

Diana.  [¥.  Diane.']  1.  A  character  in  D'Urfe's 
"  Astrea,"  taken  from  the  ''  Diana  Enamorada" 
of  Jlontemavor. — 2.  In  Shakspere's  "All's 
Well  that  Ends  Well,"  the  daughter  of  the 
Florentine  widow  with  whom  Helena  lodges. 
She  reconciles  Bertram  and  Helena  by  a 
stratagem. 

Diana, '>r  Die,  Vernon.    See  Vernon. 

Diana,  Temple  of  (in  Ephesus).    See  Ephesus. 

Diana  and  Actseon.  A  painting  by  Titian 
( 155!)),  in  Bridgewater  House,  London."  The  hun- 
ter and  his  dogs  come  suddenly  upon  the  startled  goddess 
and  her  nymphs  at  the  bath.  Diana  looks  angrily  at 
the  intruder,  but  has  not  yet  taken  action. 

Diana  and  Callisto.  A  painting  by  Titian,  in 
Bridgewater  House,  London.-  The  goddess  sits  on 
a  bank  beside  a  stream,  and  at  her  command  several  of 
her  nymphs  hold  the  offending  Callisto  forcibly,  while 
another  tears  away  her  di-aperj'. 

Diana  Enamorada  (de-ii'na  a-na-mo-ra'THa). 
[Sp.,  '  Diana  enamoured.']  The  chief  work  of 
Jorge  de  Jlontemayor:  an  important  pastoral 
romance,  the  most  popular  one  published  in 
Spainsince  "Amadisof  Gaul."  It  was  first  printed 
at  Valencia  in  1542.  It  was  left  unfiuished,  but  in  1564 
Antonio  Perez  of  Salamanca  wrote  a  second  pai-t.  In  the 
same  year  Gaspar  Gil  Polo  of  Valencia  wrote  another  con- 
tinuation. There  were  many  other  imitations.  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  ti-anslated  some  of  the  short  poeras.  The  original 
work  was  modeled  to  a  degree  on  Saunazaro's  '  Arcadia." 

Diana  of  France,  Duchesse  de  Montmorency 
and  d'Angouleme.  Born  at  Piedmont,  Italy, 
1538 :  died  Jan.  3,  1619.  An  illegitimate  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  II.  of  France,  who  played  an  in- 
fluential part  in  French  politics.  Her  mother 
was  a  Piedmontese. 

Diana  of  Poitiers.Comtesse  de  Br4z4,  Duchesse 
de  Valentinois.  Born  Sept.  3,  1499:  died  at 
Anet,  Orleanais,  France,  April  22,  1566.  A 
mistress  of  Henry  II.  of  France,  noted  for  her 
influence  at  the  French  court.  She  was  a  member 
of  a  noble  family  of  Dauphin^,  and  married  (1512)  Louis 
de  Br^z^,  grand  seneschal  of  Normandy,  who  died  in  1531. 

Diana  of  Versailles.  AcelebratedGreek  statue 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris,  commonly  regarded  as 
a  companion  piece  to  the  Apollo  Belvedere, 
though  inferior  in  execution.  The  goddess  is  ad- 
vancing, clad  in  the  short  Dorian  tunic  and  himation 
girded  at  her  waist;  she  looks  toward  the  right,  as  with 
raised  arm  she  takes  .an  aiTow  from  her  quiver. 

Diana  with  her  Nymphs.  A  painting  by 
Domenichino.  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 
The  goddess  stands  in  the  middle,  with  bow  and  quiver ; 
one  nymph  has  just  transfixed  a  pigeon  raised  as  a  mark 
on  a  i>ole ;  others  bear  in  a  dead  stag.  There  is  great 
variety  in  the  attitudes  and  motives,  and  the  landscape 
background  is  pleasing. 

Dianora  and  Gilberto.    One  of  Boccaccio's 

tales,  the  fifth  novel  of  the  tenth  day  of  the 
Decameron.  Chaucer  took  his  "Franklyn's 
Tale  "from  this  story.  (Morley.)  SeeFrankiin's 
Tale. 


324 

Diarbekir  (de-ar-be-ker' ),  or  Diarbekr  (de-ar- 
bekr').  1.  A  vilayet  in  Asiatic  Tm'key,  iu  the 
valleys  of  the  upper  Tigris  and  upper  Eu- 
phi-ates.  Population  (1885),  471,462.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  above  vilavet,  situated  near  the 
Tigris  in  lat.  37°  56'  N.'  long.  40°  9'  E. :  also 
called  Kara  Amid:  the  ancient  Amida.  it  is 
a  trading  center,  and  has  manufactures  of  red  and  yellow 
moi  occo.  etc.  It  -.vas  a  Koman  colony  about  230  A.  D.,  was 
sacked  by  Tiraur  near  the  end  of  the  1-lth  century,  and 
was  captured  by  the  Turks  in  1515.  Population,  estimated, 
about  40,inXi, 

Diary  of  an  Ennuyee.  A  diary  by  Mrs.  Jame- 
son (,Anua  ilurpliy),  published  in  1826. 

Diary  of  a  Late  Physician.  See  Passages  from 
ike  Diarij,  etc. 

Dias,  Antonio  GonQalves.  See  G-on^alves  Dias. 

Dias  (de'iis),  Bartholomeu.  Born  about  1445: 
died  May  12  (?),  1500.  A  Portuguese  narigator. 
He  was  a  gentleman  of  the  royal  household,  and  in  14S6 
was  made  commander  of  one  of  two  small  vessels  (Infante 
commanding  the  other)  destined  to  explore  the  coast  of 
Africa.  They  passed  Cape  Negro,  the  farthest  point  at- 
tained by  Diego  Cam;  followed  the  coast  to  lat.  29'  S. ; 
thence  sailed  south  in  the  open  sea  for  thirteen  days,  sui- 
fering  greatly  from  cold ;  tm-ned  eastward  in  search  of 
land,  and,  not  finding  it,  bore  to  the  north,  striking  the 
coast  east  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  following  it  to  a 
point  beyond  Algoa  Bay.  The  sailors  refused  to  go  far- 
ther ;  and,  :if  ter  taking  possession  of  the  land  for  Portugal, 
they  returned  around  the  cape  and  reached  home  in  safety. 
Some  accounts  say  that  Dias  was  driven  beyond  the  cape 
by  a  storm  without  observing  it ;  in  any  case,  he  and  his 
companions  were  the  first  to  double  the  south  end  of 
Africa.  In  1497  Dias  sailed  with  the  expedition  of  Gama, 
but  remained  trading  on  the  West  African  coast.  In  1500 
he  commanded  a  ship  in  Cabral's  fleet,  and  was  lost  in  a 
storm  after  leaving  the  Brazilian  coast. 

Diavolo,  Fra.    See  Fra  Dtavolo. 

Diaz,  Bernal.    See  Diaz  del  Castillo. 

Diaz  (de'iith),  Porfirio.  Born  in  Oaxaca,  Sept. 
15,  1830.  A  Mexican  general  and  statesman. 
He  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  war  with  the  United  States 
in  1847,  led  a  battalion  against  Santa  Anna  in  1854,  and 
in  1858  adhered  to  Juarez  and  the  liberal  party.  In  1861 
he  was  a  deputy,  but  soon  took  the  field  and  won  a  vic- 
tory over  the  reactionist  ilarquez.  During  the  French 
invasion  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  defense,  w.as 
captured  at  Puebla,  May,  1803,  but  escaped,  and  headed 
the  army  of  resistance  in  Oaxaca.  Forced  to  surrender, 
Feb.,  18(i5,  he  again  escaped  and  raised  new  forces.  After 
the  withdrawal  of  the  French  army  he  rapidly  gained 
ground  against  Maximilian's  generals,  taking  Puebla  April 
2,  1867,  and  finally  entering  Mexico  June  21,  1867.  Soon 
after  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidency,  but  Juarez 
was  elected.  General  Diaz  kept  up  a  continual  opposition 
to  Juarez  and  his  successor,  Lerdo,  and  headed  several  re- 
volts. In  1876  he  finally  drove  Lerdo  out,  and  in  Slay, 
1877,  became  president  of  Mexico.  He  quickly  restored 
order  and  started  an  era  of  prosperity  for  the  country. 
Not  being  by  the  constitution  eligible  to  immediate  re- 
election, he  was  succeeded  by  his  friend  General  Gonzalez 
in  Dec,  1880.  He  was  again  elected  in  1884,  anil  reelected  in 
L.S8S,  1S92,  1891!,  and  IslOO,  the  constitution  having  becii 
amended  to  permit  this. 

Diaz  de  Armendaris  (de'ath  da  ar-men-da'- 
res).  Lope,  Marqms  of  Cadereita.  Born  in 
Quito  about  1575 :  died,  probably  at  Badajoz, 
after  1641.  A  Spanish  naval  officer  and  ad- 
ministrator. He  commanded  various  fleets  from  1603  to 
1623.  He  was  ambassador  to  Germany  and  Spain,  major- 
domo  to  Queen  Isabel  de  Borbon,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico 
1635-40.     Subsequently  he  was  bishop  of  Badajoz. 

Diaz  de  la  Pena  (de'ath  da  la  pan'yii),  Nar- 

cisse.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  France,"  Aug.  20, 
1807 :  died  at  Mentone,  France,  Nov.  19,  1876. 
A  noted  French  landscape  and  genre  painter 
of  the  Fontainebleau  school.  He  made  his  diSbut 
at  the  Salon  in  1831.  In  1844  he  obtained  a  medal  of  the 
third  class,  in  1846  one  of  the  second  class,  and  in  1S4S 
one  of  the  fii-st  class.  He  became  a  chevalierof  the  Legion 
of  Honor  in  1851. 

Diaz  del  Castillo  (de'ath  del  kas-tel'yo),  Ber- 
nal. Born  at  Medina  del  Campo  about  1498  : 
died  in  Guatemala  about  1.593.  A  Spanish  sol- 
dier and  author.  He  went  to  Darien  w  ith  Pedrarias  in 
1514  ;  thence  crossed  to  Cuba  ;  was  with  Cdrdoba  in  the 
discovery  of  Yucatan  in  1517,  and  with  Grijalva  in  1518  ; 
subsequently  joined  Cortes ;  served  through  the  conquest 
of  Mexico  1519-21;  and  went  to  Guatemala  with  Alvarado 
in  1524.  In  all  these  campaigns  he  was  a  common  soldier 
or  at  most  a  subaltern  officer.  Diaz  settled  in  Guatemala 
at  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  where  he  began  writing  his 
"  Hist*iria  de  la  Conquista  de  Nueva  Espai^a  "  in  1558.  It 
was  first  published  at  Sladrid  in  1632,  and  has  remained  a 
standard  historical  authority  for  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 
The  literary  style  is  very  rough. 

Diaz  de  Solis,  Juan.    See  SoUs. 

Dibdin  (dib'din),  Charles.  Bom  at  South- 
ampton, England.  March,  1745 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  25,  1814,  An  English  song-writer 
and  composer,  especially  noted  for  sea-songs. 
He  went  on  the  stage  as  a  "singing  actor"  when  about 
fifteen  years  old,  and  soon  began  to  write  operas  and  othei- 
dramatic  pieces,  for  which  he  sometimes  wrote  the  words 
as  well  as  the  music,  and  in  which  he  also  played.  In 
1787  he  began  his  series  of  "table  entertainments,"  "of 
which  he  was  composer,  narrator,  singer,  and  accompany- 
ist."  Nearly  all  his  best  songs — "The  Flowing  Can," 
"Ben  Backstay."  "Tom  Bowling,"  etc. — were  written  by 
him  for  these  entertainments,  which  were  called  "The 


Dick  Tinto 

■iVhira  of  the  Mome.it,"  "Oddities,"  "The  Wags,"  "The 
Quizzes,"  etc.  He  wrote  several  novels  and  "The  His- 
toid of  the  Stage"  (about  ISi-iu),  his  own  "  Professional 
Life"  (1S03).  poems,  etc.,  and  about  seventy  operas  and 
musical  di-amas. 

Dibdin,  Charles  Isaac  Mungo.    Bom  in  1768 : 

tlied  in  1833.  An  English  dramatist  and  song- 
writer, son  of  Charles  Dibdin. 

Dibdin,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  March  21, 
1771 :  died  at  London.  Sept.  16,  1841.  An  Eng- 
lish song-writer  and  di-amatist,  son  of  Charles 
Dibiliu. 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall,  Bom  at  Calcutta, 
1776:  died  at  Kensington,  Nov.  18,  1847.  An 
English  bibliographer,  nephew  of  Charles  Dib- 
din. He  published  "Bibliomania"  (1809-11), 
"  Tvpographical  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain  " 
(1810-19),  etc. 

Dibon  (di'bon).  1.  A  city  of  Moab  which  was 
fortified  by  the  Gadites  (Num.  xxxii.  3.  34),  but 
allotted  to  the  tribe  of  Reuben  (Josh.  xiii.  9, 17) : 
the  modern  Dhiban,  situated  east  of  the  Jordan 
and  north  of  the  Aroer.  In  1868  the  stele  of  the 
Moabite  king  Mesha  (2  Ki.  iii.  4)  was  discovered 
there. —  2.  A  place  in  southern  Judea,  toward 
Edom  (Neh.  xi.  25),  probably  identical  with 
Dimonah  of  Josh.  xv.  22. 

Dibong  (de-bong').  One  of  the  chief  head 
streams  of  the  Brahmaputra. 

Dibutades  (di-bti'ta-dez).  A  Greek  sculptor 
of  Sieyon,  the  reputed  inventor  of  work  in  re- 
lief. 

Dicaearchus(di-se-ar'kus).  [Gr.  A/Ka/np;t;of.]  A 
Greek  geographer,  historiati,  and  philosopher 
of  the  4th  century  B.  c. :  a  disciple  of  Aristotle. 
Fragments  of  his  "Life  of  HeUas"  (an  account  of  the 
geography  and  political  and  social  life  of  Greece)  have 
been  preserved. 

Dice  (di'se),  or  Dike  (di'ke).  [Gr.  Ai«?.]  In 
Greeli  mythology,  the  personification  of  justice, 
daughter  of  Zeus  and  Themis  (law). 

Dicey  (di'si),  Albert  Venn.  Born  1835.  An 
English  jurist,  brother  of  Edward  Dicey.  He  was 
graduated  at  BaUiol  College,  fixford,  in  1858;  "was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1863;  and  was  appointed  Vinerian  professor 
of  English  law  at  Oxford  in  1882.  He  has  published  "  Lec- 
tures Introductory  to  the  Study  of  the  Law  of  the  Consti- 
tution "  (1880),  etc. 

Dicey,  Edward.  Born  at  Claybrook  Hall,  Lei- 
cestershire, England,  May,  1832.  An  English 
journalist.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1S54 ;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn  in 
1865;  and  in  1870  became  editor  of  the  London  "Ob- 
server." He  has  %vi-itten  "  Kome  in  1860  '  (1861),  "  Cavour : 
a  Memoir"  (1861),  "Six  Months  in  the  Federal  States" 
(1863),"TheSchleswig.Holstein  War  "(1864),  "The  Battle- 
Fields  of  1866"  (:S66),  "England  and  Egypt " (1881),  etc. 

Dichtung  und  Wahrheit  aus  Meinem  Leben. 
[G.,  'poetry  and  truth  from  my  life.']  A  not 
entirely  trustworthy  autobiographical  history  of 
Goethe's  life,  from  his  birth  till  his  settlement 
at  Weimar.  The  first  five  books  appeared  in  1811,  the 
next  five  in  1812,  and  the  third  instalment  in  1814 ;  the  con- 
clusion appeared  after  Goethe's  death. 

Dick(dik),  Mr.  A  mildly  demented  gentleman, 
whose  real  name  is  Richard  Babley,  in  Dickens's 
"David  Copperfield." 

Dick,  Thomas.  Born  near  Dundee,  Scotland. 
Nov.  24,  1774:  died  at  Broughty  Ferry,  near 
Dundee,  July,  1857.  A  Scottish  writer  on  as- 
tronomical and  religious  subjects.  He  pub- 
lished "The  Christian  Philosopher"  (1823),  etc. 

Dick  Amlet.     See  Amlct,  Did-. 

Dickens  (dik'enz),  Charles.  Bom  at  Landport, 
near  Portsmouth,  England,  Feb.  7,  1812:  died 
at  Gadshill,  near  Rochester,  England,  June  9, 
1870.  A  celebrated  English  novelist.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Dickens,  who  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  navy  pay- 
office  and  afterward  became  a  newspaper  reporter.  He  re- 
ceived an  elementary  education  in  private  schools,  served 
for  a  time  as  an  attorney's  clerk,  and  in  1835  became  re- 
porter for  the  "London  Morning  Chronicle."  In  1833  he 
published  in  the  "Monthly  Magazine"  his  first  stoiy,  en- 
titled "  A  Dinner  at  Poplar  Walk."  which  proved  to  be  the 
beginning  of  a  series  of  papers  printed  collectively  as 
"Sketches  by  Boz"  in  1836.  He  married  Catherine, 
daughter  of  George  Hogarth,  in  1836.  In  1836-37  he  pub- 
Mshed  the  "  Pickwick  Papers."  by  which  his  literary  repu- 
ation  was  established.  He  became  editor  of  "House- 
hold Words"  in  1849.  and  of  "All  the  Year  Round  "in 
1859,  and  visited  America  in  1842  and  1867-68.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Pickwick  Papers  "  (1837),  "Oliver  Twist  " 
(1838),  "Nicholas  Nickleby"  (18MS-39),  "Master  Hum- 
phrey's Clock  "(including  "Old  Curiosity  Shoo"  and  "Bar- 
naby  Rudge,"  1840-41),  "American  Notes  "(184-.>),  'Christ- 
m,as  Carol"  (1843),  "Martin  Chuzzlewit "  (1S43-44), 
" Chimes "(1S44).  "Cricket  on  the  Hearth  "(1845).  "Dom- 
bev  and  Son"  (1846-48),  "David  Copperfield"  (1849-50), 
"Bleak  House"  (l&i2-53),  "Hard  Times"  (1854),  "Little 
Don-it  "  (1855-57),  "Tale  of  Two  Cities"  (18i9\  "Uncom- 
mercial Traveler"  (1860),  "Great  Expectations  "  (1860-61), 
"Our  Mutual  Friend"  (1864-«5),  "Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood  "  (1870,  unfinished).  See  his  "  Life  "  by  John  For- 
ster  (1871-74),"  Dickens  Dictionary,"  by  Pierce  (187ft  "  Let- 
ters of  Dickens"  (1880). 

Dick  Tinto.    See  Tinto,  Dick. 


Dickinson,  Anna  Elizabeth 

Dickinson  (dii'in-soni,  Anna  Elizabeth.  Bom 

at  Philadelphia.  Pa.,  Oct.  -S,  Is-tJ.  An  Ameri- 
<-.an  lecturer  and  advocate  of  woman  suffrage, 
labor  reform,  etc.  She  lectured  during  the  Civil  War 
on  war  issues,  and  afterwardgenerallyon  political  subjects, 
"  Women's  Work  and  NVuges,"  etc.  In  187G  she  went  on 
the  stage,  but  did  not  nu-et  with  success.  She  wrot«  a  play, 
"An  American  tiirl  "  (Isttil),  and  "What  Answer?  "(a  novel, 
1808),  "A  Paying  Investment  "(1876),  "  A  ilagged  Itegister 
uf  People,  Places,  and  Opinions"  (1879). 

Dickinson,  Emily.  Born  at  Amherst,  Mass., 
Dec.  10,  1830:  died  there.  May  13,  188G.  An 
American  poet.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Edwaid 
Dickinson,  treasurer  of  Amherst  College.  Her  life  was  one 
of  singular  seclusion.  Her  poems  were  published  in  IMK) 
and  in  1S92.  and  her  letters  in  IStW. 

Dickinson,  John.  Born  at  Crosia,  Talbot 
County,  Md.,  Nov.  13,  1732:  died  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Feb.  14,  1808.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  a  member  of  the  Colonial  Congress  of 
170.%  and  of  the  first  Continental  Congress  of  1774,  and 
president  of  Pennsylvania  17S2-8.i.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787.  He  wrote  the  "  Fa- 
bius"  letters  in  17i^S,  and  was  the  founder  of  Dickinson 
College. 

Dickinson  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  founded  by 
John  Dickinson  in  1783.  Since  1833  it  has  been 
controlled  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Dick's  Coffee  House.  An  old  coffee-house.  No. 
8  Fleet  street  (on  the  south  side,  near  Tem- 
ple Bar),  originally  "Richard's":  named  from 
Richard  Torner,  or  Turner,  to  whom  the  house 
was  let  in  1680.  The  coffee-room  retains  its  old  panel- 
ing, and  the  staircase  its  original  balusters.  Richard's,  as 
it  was  then  called,  was  frequented  by  Cowper  when  he 
lived  in  the  Temple.     Tinibs. 

Dickson  (dik'son),  Samuel  Henry.    Bom  at 

Charleston,  S.  'C,  Sept.  20,  1798:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, March  31,  1872.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer.  He  was  professor  of  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Jetferson  iledical  College,  Phila- 
delphia, from  1^58  until  his  death.  He  wrote  "  Dengue  : 
its  History,  Pathology,  and  Treatment"  (182ti),  etc. 

Dicquemare  (dek-mar'),  Jacques  Frangois 
Abbe.  Born  at  Havre,  France,  March  7.  1733: 
died  March  29,  1789.  A  French  naturalist  and 
astronomer,  professor  of  e-xperiraental  physics 
at  Havre.  He  invented^everal  instruments 
used  in  astronomy  and  navigation. 

Dictum  of  Kenilworth.  An  award  made  be- 
tween King  Henry  HI.  and  the  Commons  in 
1266  during  the  siege  of  Kenilworth.  it  reestab- 
lished Henry  s  authority  ;  proclaimed  amnesty  ;  annulled 
the  provisions  of  U.xford;  and  provided  that  the  king 
should  keep  the  charter  to  which  he  had  sworn. 

Dictys  (dik'tis)  Cretensis  ('of  Crete')-  [tir. 
Aurcr.]  The  reputed  authorof  a  Latin  narrative 
of  the  Tro.ian  war,  entitled  "Ephemeris  Belli 
Trojani,"  the  introduction  to  which  represents 
him  as  a  follower  of  Idomcucus.  This  narrative  was 
one  of  the  chief  sources  from  which  the  heroic  legends 
of  fJreece  passed  into  the  literature  of  the  middle  ages. 
It  was  probably  composed  by  Q,  Septiinius  about  300  A.  I>. 

Didache.     See  Tciwhimi  <if  the  Twelve  Ajiostles. 

Didapper  (di'dap-er).  Beau.  In  Field-.ng's  "  Jo- 
se])h  Andrews,"  a  rich,  weak-minded  fop  with 
designs  on  Fanny. 

Diddler  (did'ler),  Jeremy.  A  needy  sponge 
in  Ktnney's  farce  "Kaisiug  the  Wind";  a  typo 
of  tht  swindler.  He  docs  everything  at  other  people's 
expense,  particularly  rljning.  He  devoui-a  his  fricndt,' 
fiiod  and  borrows  their  money  with  amusing  nonchalance. 

Diderot  (dO-dro').  Denis.  Born  at  Langrcs, 
Haute-Marne,  Fi-ance,  Oct.  5,  1713:  died  at 
Paris,  July  31, 1784.  A  celebrated  French  phi- 
losopher and  writer.  His  father,  a  cutler  by  liadc, 
gave  him  a  classical  education.  After  completing  his 
studies  in  Paris,  he  spent  two  years  in  a  law  ottice,  but 
devoted  most  of  his  tin»e  to  (Jreek,  Latin,  matiu-malics. 
Italian,  and  English.  Thereby  he  incurred  his  talhii'.s 
displeasure,  and  was  cut  olf  without  a  cent.  He  gave 
lessons  in  mathematics,  and,  when  at  the  lowest  ebb  of 
fortune  in  1743,  married.  His  literal^  labors  date  from 
this  same  period.  In  1743  he  publishiKl  "  Histoire  de  la 
tirece  "  (3  vols.),  translated  from  Temple  Stotiyaii ;  and  hi 
1740-48  "Dictionnalre  univerflel  de  nn'-dccine,  ,le  cliiiuie. 
de  botanique."  etc.  ((i  vols.),  translated  with  the  aid  of 
three  collaborators  from  Robert  James.  This  latter-  pub- 
lication gave  him  the  idea  of  the  great  work,  in  which  ho 
associated  with  himself  the  matheinatlcian  d'Alemliert, 
"  L'Encyclopt;die,"a  repository  of  the  results  of  scientillc 
research  in  the  middle  of  the  l.yth  century.  The  ptihlica* 
tion  was  repeatetily  checked  in  its  progress,  and  was  car- 
ried over  more  than  twenty  years  (17.M-7'2).  To  the  twen- 
ty-eight voir  mespublishe<i  with  In  that  period  wereJoiue<l 
SIX  volumes  of  addenda  (177<^-77),  and  two  volumes  of 
tables  (1780).  Diderot  received  llnamial  supjiort  fnim 
Catherine  II.  of  Russia,  win*  bought  his  valuable  library 
but  left  hira  the  use  of  It  during  his  lifetime.  lie  went 
to  St.  Petersburg  in  177;t-74,  to  return  thanks  to  the 
"northern  Semlramls."  Among  his  works  are  '•  Peiiseea 
philosophiquea"  (1740),  "Bijoux  indiserets  "(1748).  "  .Md'- 
moire  sur  dllf6rents  sujets  de  math(*matlques"  (1748), 
'*  I.ettre  sur  los  aveugles  h  I'nsage  de  ceux  qui  voient" 
(174!)),"  L'HIstoire  et  le  secret  de  la  peinlurecn  cire"fl7ft7), 
'■  Lc  flls  naturel"  (17.'i7),  "Le  p6re  de  famlllo  "  (1758). 
"Entretlen  d'un  pc-re  avec  ses  enfants"  (1T73).  "  Les  doux 
amis  de  Bourbomie  "  (1773),  "  Voyage  en  Uollande,"  "  Pro- 
Jet  d'une  univcrsit^S  pour  la  Bussie,"  "  Le  rfive  do  d'Alem- 


325  • 

bert  "  "  .Tacques  le  fatallste,"  "La  religieuse,"  "  Le  \eveu 
de  Rameau,"  "  Essai  sur  les  regnes  de  i^laude  et  de  >*6- 
ron"  (1778  and  17Si),  etc.  Diderot's  art  critici>m8  in  the 
"  Salons  "  (1703-tJiO  are  of  superior  merit,  and  his  corre- 
spondence with  Mademoiselle  Volland  affords  the  best 
avpjlable  insight  into  the  character  of  Ore  writer  as  a  man. 

Diderot  ranks  in  point  of  originality  and  versatility  of 
thought  among  the  most  fertile  thinkers  of  France,  and 
ill  point  of  felicity  and  idiosyncrasy  of  expression  among 
the  most  remarkable  of  her  writers. 

SaiiUsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  481. 

Didius  SalTius  Julianus  (did'i-us  sal'W-us 

.io-li-a'nusi,  Marcus,  called    later   Marcus 

Didius  Commodus  Severus  Julianus.    Died 

at  Rome,  June  1,  1U3  .v.  D.  Emperiir  of  Rome 
March-June.  193.  Ue  served  with  ilistinction  in  the 
array,  and  twice  held  the  consulship,  the  last  time  in  179. 
On  the  murder  of  the  emperor  Pertinax  by  the  pretorian 
guards  in  193,  the  guards  sold  the  imperial  dignity  to  Did- 
ius, who  had  as  his  competitor  Sulpitianus,  the  father-in- 
law  of  Pertinax.  His  elevation  was  not  recogruzed  by 
Septimius  Severus,  who  marcheti  with  an  army  against 
Rome,  whereupon  the  pretorian  guards  hastened  to  pur- 
chase the  favor  of  Severus  by  putting  the  emperor  to  death. 
Dido  (di'do).  [Gr.  Aidu.']  A  stu-name  of  the 
Phenieian  goddess  of  the  moon  (Astarte),  who 
was  worshiped  as  the  protecting  deity  of  the 
citadel  of  Carthage.  The  goddess  was  in  later  time 
confounded  with  the^Tyriun  Elissa,  founder  of  Carthage. 
See  EUs.^a,  ^i-ln^td. 

Dido,  Queen  of  Carthage,  The  Tragedy  of. 

A  tragedy  by  Marlowe,  published  Ln  1594. 
Nashe  is  said  to  have  finished  it  after  Mar- 
lowe's death.  Dido  has  been  the  subject  of  many  plays 
in  English  and  in  French  —  notably  by  .lodelle  in  15."2,  La 
Grange  in  1570,  Hardy  in  lOO.i,  Scudery  in  1036,  and  Franc 
de  Porapignan  in  1734.  Cristobal  de  Virnes.  a  .Spanish 
poet  of  the  15th  century,  and  Metastasio  in  Italian,  also 
wrote  tragedies  on  the  subject.    See  Didone. 

My  own  opinion  is,  that  the  play  is  in  the  main  by  Mar- 
lowe, and  that  Nashe 's  work  lay  chietly  in  completing  cer- 
tain scenes  which  Marlowe  had  sketched  in  the  rough, 

BttUcii,  Iiitrod.  to  ilarlowe's  Works,  p.  xlvii. 

Dido  building  Carthage.    A  large  painting 

by  Tiu-ner,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
The  scene  is  on  a  river-bank,  with  classical  buildings  in 
course  of  erection.  Dido  and  her  attendants  are  seeu  on 
the  left. 

Didone  Abandonata  (de-do'ne  a-ban-do-na'- 

tii;.  [It.,  'Dido  Forsaken.']  A  tragedy  by 
Metastasio,  produced  in  Naples  in  1724:  his 
first  dramatic  work,  it  had  great  success,  and  is 
probably  the  best  modern  play  on  the  subject.  It  has 
been  serto  music  by  ijiure  than  forty  composers. 

Didot  (de-do'),  Ainbroise  Firmin-.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dec.  7,  1790  :  died  at  Paris.  Feb.  22. 1876. 
A  French  publisher,  son  uf  Firmin  Didot.  He 
published  with  his  brother  Hyacinthe  many  important 
works,  including  "Bibliotheque  desauteurs  grecs,""L'lini- 
vers  pittfiresque,"  "  Nonvelle  biographic  g?'n^rale,"  etc. 

Didot,  Firmin.  Born  at  Paris,  April  14,  17(54: 
died  April  24, 1836.  A  noted  French  publisher, 
pi-inter.  type-foimder,  and  author :  brother  of 
Pierre  Didot. 

Didot,  Frangois.  Born  at  Paris,  1689:  died  Nov. 
2,  17.')7.  A  French  printer  and  bookseller, 
founder  of  tlie  firni  of  Didot  at  Paris  in  1713. 

Didot,  Frangois  Ambroise.    Born  at  Paris, 

Jan.  7,  17:10 :  di.'d  July  10,  1804.  A  I'^»aieh 
printer  and  publisher,  son  of  Franfois  Didot, 
celebratfil  lor  improvements  in  typo-^ounding 
and  printing, 
Didot,  Henri.  Born  176.'> :  died  1852.  A  French 
tyiicfuundcr,  son  of  Pierre  Francois  Didot: 
published  <Mliti(ins  in  microscopic  types. 

Didot,  Hyacinthe  Firmin-.    Born  at  Paris, 

March  11,  1794:  died  at  Dandon,  Oriie.  France, 
Aug.  7.  ISSd.  A  Frciicli  piililisher.  brother  of 
Ambroise  Firmin-Didot,  and  his  business  as- 
sociulc  after  1827. 

Didot,  Pierre.    Bom  Jan.  25,  1761:  died  Dec. 

31,  1853.  A  French  publisher  and  printer, 
eldest  son  of  F.  A. Didot.  lie  published  "Vir- 
gil" (1798),  "  Horace"  (1799),  "Rucino"  (1801- 

ISO.'i),  and  other  classics. 

Didot,  Pierre  Frangois.  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
9,  1732:  died  Dec.  7,  179.">.  A  French  printer, 
publisher,  and  paper-maker,  brother  of  F.  A. 
Didot. 

Didron  (de-dr6ii').  Adolphe  Napol6on.    Bom 

at  Ilantvillers.  Marne,  Fiance,  March  13,  l.><06: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  13,  1H67.  A  French  arclm>- 
ologist,  author  of  "Manuel  d'iconographie 
(  liretieiiiie"  (1845),  etc. 

Didymus  (did'i-mus).  [Gr.  AMw/zof,  the  twin.] 
A  surname  of  the  apostli'  Thomas. 

Didymus.  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  1st 
cent  ury  ii.  c.  An  .\I('.\andrian  grammarian  and 
critic.  He  was  a  follower  of  the  school  of  ArlstArchns 
and  A  contemiwrary  of  Cicero  and  the  emperor  Augus- 
tus. His  works,  consisting  ehlelly  of  compilations,  cov- 
ered a  great  variety  of  subjects,  and  wore  estimated  by 
Seneca  at  four  thousand  ;  none  of  them  is  extant. 

Didymus,  surnamed  "  The  Blind."    Bom  308, 


Dies  Irae 

309,  or  314  a.  d.  :  died  394.  395,  or  390.  An  Alex- 
aadriau  scholar  and  theologian.  He  lost  his  sight 
in  childhood,  but  nevertheless  became  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  time.  He  was  a  teacher  in  the  cate- 
chetical school  of  Alexandria  upward  of  fifty  years,  and 
numbered  among  his  pupils  .lerome,  Palladius,  Ambrose 
of  Alexaiulria,  Evagrius,  and  Isidore  of  Pelusium.  He 
opposed  the  Arians  with  great  spirit,  but  supported  (Iri- 
geit.  His  extant  works  include  a  treatise  on  the  Triuity, 
translated  into  Latin  by  Jerome. 

Die  (de).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Drdme, 
southeastern  France,  situated  on  the  Dr6me  27 
miles  southeast  of  Valence:  the  ancient  Dea 
Vocontiorum.  Poptdation  (1891),  commune, 
3,729. 

Diebitsch  Sabalkanski  Cde'bich  sii-bal-kiin'- 
ske).  Count  Ivan  Ivano'vitch  (originally 
Hans  Karl  Friedrich  Anton  von  Diebitsch 

und  Narden).  Born  at  Grossleippe,  near  Bres- 
Ian,  Prussia,  May  13,  1785:  died  at  Kleczewo, 
near  Pultusk,  Poland,  June  10,  1831.  A  Rus- 
sian general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Leipsic  Id 
1813 ;  took  Varna  in  1828,  and  Silistria  in  1S29 ;  crossed 
the  Balkans  in  1829  (hence  surnamed  "  Sabalkanski," 
*  Balkan-crosser '),  and  commanded  against  the  Poles  at 
Grochow  and  Ostrolenka  1831. 

Diedenhofen  (de'den-ho-fen),  F.  Thionville 

(te-oii-vel').  A  fortified  town  in  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Mo- 
selle 18  miles  north  of  Metz.  it  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1558  and  1643,  and  was  bombarded  and  taken 
by  the  Germans  Kov.  24,  1870.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 8,923. 

Diefenbach  (de'fen-bach),  Lorenz.    Bom  at 

Ostheim,  Hessen,  Germany,  July  29,  1806:  died 
at  Darmstadt,  March  28,  1883.  A  German  phi- 
lologist, ethnologist,  and  novelist,  librarian  at 
Frankfort  1865-76.  His  works  include  "Celtics" 
(1839-4*2),  "Origines  Europiefe  "  (1801),  ■' Vergleichendes 
Worterbuch  der  gothischen  Sprache "  (1846-51),  "Vor- 
schule  der  Volkerknndc"  (IStM),  the  novel  "Ein  Pilger 
niid  seine  Genoseen  "  (18.01),  etc. 

Dieffenbach,  Johann  Friedrich.    Born  at  Ko- 

nigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  1,  1795:  died  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  11,  1847.  A  German  surgeon,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1832.  He  wrote  "Die  opera- 
tive Chirurgie"  (1844-48). 

Diego  (de-a'go).  [Sp.,  from  LL.  Jacobus,  Jacob, 
whence  ult.  E.  Jacob,  Jacl;  and  James.']  A 
■waggish  sexton  in  Fletcher  and  Massinger's 
"Spanish  Curate."  He  longs  for  a  less  healthy 
parish  and  more  funerals. 

Diego,  Don.    See  Formal,  James. 

Diego  Garcia  (de-a'go  giir-se'ii).  An  island 
of  the  Chagos  group,  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Diego  Suarez  (swii'ras).  A  French  colony  in 
tlie  northern  part  of  Madagascar,  on  the  Bay  of 
Diego  Suarez.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  governor. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Diegueno  (de-ii-gwa'nyo).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  dwelling  in  the  region  about 
San  Diego,  California.  They  number  555,  and 
are  under  the  Mission  agency,  California.    See 

YllllKlll. 

Diekirch  (de'kirch).  A  small  town  in  Luxem- 
burg, situated  on  the  Sure  18  miles  north  of 
Luxombtn'g. 

Diel  du  Parquet  (de-el'  du  par-ka'),  Jacques. 

Horn  in  France  about  ItlllO:  dieil  at  Saint 
Pierre,  Martiniipie,  Jan.  3, 1658.  A  French  sol- 
dier and  administrator.  Ue  was  governor  of  Marti. 
niiiue  from  lti:i8,  formed  the  first  settlement  in  Grenada 
IthOl,  and  had  severid  bhK)dy  wars  with  the  Ciaibs. 

Dielman  I  del' man  1,  Frederick.    Horn  at  Han- 

ovei-,  tiermany,  l)ec.  25. 1847.  AGorman-Ainer- 
ican  figure-iiainter.  Among  his  works  are  many 
etchings  and  illustrations. 

Dieppe  (dO-op').  |0F.  Diejipe.  prob.  from  an 
OLG.  form  represented  by  AS.  ilfipe,  D.  diep, 
d<']ith,  the  deep.]  A  sea])ort  in  the  deparlment 
of  Seiiie-Inferieure.  France,  situated  on  the 
Knglish  Channel,  at  the  inonlh  of  the  Annies, 
in  lat.  49°  56'  N..  long.  P  5'  K.  it  Is  a  celebrated 
watering-place,  is  the  terndiuisof  the  Dieppe- Newhaven 
channel  route,  aiul  contains  a  castle  and  the  Church  of  St. 
.laciines.  It  has  stune  (radc,  especially  in  ^^h.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  middle  ages  it  had  a  large  commerce,  and 
sent  expeditions  to  Africa,  etc.  It  sntlcred  severely  In  the  _ 
Knglish  and  religious  wars  :  wiuihonilMirdi'dby  the  iJigllsll  ' 
and  Puteh  July,  li'AH  :  and  was  oecupietl  by  the  Genuanft 
in  1^70-71.     Population  (l^fll),  comnuine,  22,771. 

Diersheim  (ders'him),  A  vilhigo  in  Baden, 
situated  near  the  Uhine  8  miles  northeast  of 
Strasbiirg.  Here,  April  20,  1797,  the  French 
iiiuler  Moroau  defeated  (lie  Auslrians. 

Dies  Irae  (di'ez  i're).  [L.,  'day  of  wrath.']  A 
seiiuenco  appointoil  in  the  Komnn  niis.sal  to  be 
sung  between  the  Kpistle  and  the  Gospel  in 
masses  for  Iheilcnd  :  mimed  from  its  first  words. 
It  was  written  proliably  by  Thomas  d<'  Celano.  the  friend 
of  Saint  Francis  of  Assisl,  and  Is  a  hyniri  In  triple  rimed 
stAnzns.  Its  subject  Is  the  day  of  judgment.  Tlie  transi- 
tion from  the  terror  of  the  day  of  wrath  (dies  Irw)  to 
bopo  to  salvatiou  la  used  "  as  a  natural  proparation  to  Iho 


Dies  Irae 

concluding  prayer  for  eternal  rest."  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
translation  in  "Tlie  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,"  beginning 
**0  day  of  wrath,  O  dreadful  day,"  is  well  known.  There 
have  lieen  nuiuerons  versions  and  translations.  The  au- 
thoi  of  the  old  ecclesiastical  melody  to  which  it  is  snng 
is  not  known,  but  it  was  adapted  to  the  words  at  the  time 
they  were  written.  It  has  been  a  popular  subject  with 
modern  composers,  notably  Colonna,  Bassani,  Cherubini, 
Berlioz,  Verdi,  and  Gounod  ia  "Mors  et  Vita."  It  is  also 
introduced  with  magnillcent  effect  in  Mozart's  "Re- 
quiem." Grove. 

This  old  Latin  chant  was  accepted  by  the  Roman  Church 
as  one  of  the  sequentia  of  the  requiem,  before  the  year 
13.S5.  The  original  text  is  engraved  upon  a  marble  tablet 
in  the  Church  of  St.  Francesco  in  Mantua.  The  present 
.  form  01  the  chant  is  supposed  to  have  been  given  by  Felix 
Hammerlin  (in  the  early  part  of  the  15th  century),  who 
omitted  the  former  opening  stanzas  and  added  some  others 
at  the  close  In  this  form  it  has  appeared  in  the  Catholic 
missals  since  the  Council  of  Trent.  The  ctiaut  has  been 
translated  upwards  of  seventy  times  into  German,  and  fif- 
teen times  into  English.  One  of  the  closest  versions,  of 
the  few  in  which  the  feminine  rhymes  are  retained,  is 
that  of  Gen.  John  A.  Dix.  Taylor.  Notes  to  Faust. 

Dieskau  (des'kou),  Ludwig  August.  Born  in 
Saxony,  1701 :  died  near  Paris,  Sept.  8,  1767. 
A  German  general  in  the  French  ser\ace.  He 
became  brigadier-general  of  infantry  and  commaiider  of 
Brest  in  1748,  and  in  ITo.'i  was  sent  to  Canada  with  tlie  rank 
of  major-general  to  conduct  the  campaign  against  the  Eng- 
lish With  1  200  Indians  and  Canadians  and  2C)0  regulars 
he  undertook  an  expedition  against  Fort  Edward  in  1755. 
He  was  opposed  by  William  Johnson,  with  '2,2riO  men,  en- 
camped on  Lake  George.  Having  ambushed  and  routed 
a  detachment  oi  1,000  men  under  Colonel  Ephraim  Wil- 
liams, he  was  himselt  totally  defeated  and  captured  in 
the  ensuing  attack  on  the  British  camp. 

Diest  (dest).  A  fortified  town  in  the  province 
of  Brabant,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Demer  32 
miles  northeast  of  Brussels.  Population  (1890), 
8,531. 

Diesterweg  (des'ter-veo),  Friedrich  Adolf 
Wilhelm.  Born  at  Siegen,  Westphalia,  Prus- 
sia, Oct.  29,  1790:  died  at  Berlin,  July  7,  1866. 
A  German  educator  and  writer  on  pedagogics. 
He  was  a  teacher  in  various  institutions  at 
Worms,  Frankfort,  El  berf eld,  Jlors,  and  Berlin. 

Diet  of  Augsburg,  Frankfort,  Nuremberg, 

etc.  See  Augsburg,  Franl;fort,  S'nrcmherij,  etc. 
Dieterici  (de-te-ret'se),  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Berlin,  July  6,  1821.  A  German  Orientalist 
and  philosophical  writer,  son  of  K.  F.  W.  Die- 
terici. He  published  "Chrestomathieottomane  "  (1S54), 
and  various  works  on  Arabic  philosophy  and  literature, 
etc. 

Dieterici,  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm.    Bom  at 

Berlin,  Aug.  23,  1700:  died  at  Berlin,  July  29, 
1859.  A  noted  German  statistician  and  politi- 
cal economist,  director  of  the  Prussian  bureaxi 
ot  statistics  from  1844.  His  works  include  "Sta- 
tistische  tjbersicht  der  wichtigsten  Gegenstande,"  etc. 
(1838-57),  *•  Der  Volkswohlstand  im  preussischen  Staate  " 
(1846),  etc, 

Dietrich(de'trieh),  Christian  Wilhelm  Ernst. 

[See  Theodoric.']  Born  at  Weimar,  Germanv, 
Oct.  30,  1712:  died  at  Dresden,  April  24  (23?), 
1774.  A  German  painter  and  engraver,  noted 
especially  for  landscapes- 

Dietrich  'VOn  Bern  (ton  bem).  In  German 
legend,  Theodoric  the  Great,  king  of  the  East 
Goths,  whose  residence  was  at  Verona  (Bern). 
His  life  and  adventures  are  the  subject  of  the  Old  Norse 
Thidreks  saga,  "Saga  Thidhreks  konungs  af  Bern,"  also 
called  the  Vilkina  saga,  whose  material  is  from  German 
Bom'ces,  and  is  an  element  in  various  Middle  Higli  German 
poems,  among  them  the  "  Nibelungenlied,"  "Bitcrolf," 
the  "Rosengarten,"  and  "Ermenrichs  Tod."  His  birth 
and  death  are  mysterious  :  he  is  descended  from  a  spirit, 
and  disappears,  ultimately,  on  a  black  horse.  His  name 
is  still  preserved  in  popular  legends.  In  the  Lausitz  the 
•■Wild  Huntsman,'  the  mythical  being  who  rides  in  furious 
haste  across  the  heavens  in  violent  storms,  is  called  Dietrich 
von  Bern.  The  name  is  also  given  to  "Knecht  Ruprecht." 
Many  large  buildings  in  ditferent  parts  of  Italy,  among 
them  the  amphitheater  in  Verona  and  the  Castle  of  St. 
Angelo  in  Rome,  have  been  popularly  ascribed  to  him. 

Dietrichson  (de'trik-son),  Lorentz  Henrik 
Segelcke.  Bom  at  Bergen,  Norway,  Jan.  1, 
1834,  A  Norwegian  critic  and  poet,  professor 
ot  the  history  of  art  at  the  University  of  Chris- 
tiania  from  1875.  His  works  include  "Onirids  af  den 
norske  Poesies  Historic"  (1866-69,  "Outline  of  the  His- 
tory of  Norwegian  Poetry  "),  etc. 

Dietz,  or  Diez  (dets).  A  small  tovni  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lahn  19  miles  east  of  Coblenz. 

Dietz,  Feodor.  Bom  at  Neunstetten,  Baden, 
May  29,  1813:  died  at  Gray,  Hautc-Saone, 
France,  Dec.  18, 1870.  A  German  historical  and 
battle  painter.  His  works  include  "Death  of 
Gustavus  Adolphus,"  "  Storming  of  Belgrade," 
etc. 

Diez,  Friedrich  Christian.  Bom  at  Giessen, 
Hesse,  Germany,  JIarch  15, 1794:  died  at  Bonn, 
Prussia,  May  29,  1876.  A  noted  German  philol- 
ogist, the  founder  of  Romance  philology :  pro- 
fessor at  Bonn  from  1823.    Among  his  works  are 


326 

"  Grammatik  der  romanischen  Sprachen  " (1836-42),  "Ety- 
niologisches  Worterbuch  der  romanischen  Sprachen" 
(18.13),  etc. 

Difaculty,  The  Hill.  A  hill  in  Bunyan's  ' '  Pil- 
grim's I'rogress  "  encountered  by  Christian  in 
his  jouriiej-  to  the  Celestial  Country. 

Digby  (dig'bi).  A  small  seaport,  and  seat  of  the 
herring  fishery,  situated  in  Nova  Scotia  on  An- 
napolis basin,  17  miles  southwest  of  Annapolis. 

Digby,  Sir  Everard.  Born  May  16,  1578 :  died 
Jan.  30,  1606.  An  English  conspirator.  He  in- 
herited  large  estates  in  Rutland,  Leicestershire,  and  Lin- 
colnshire from  his  father,  Everard  Digby  of  Stoke  Dry, 
Rutland  ;  and  in  1603  was  knighted  by  James  I.  He  was 
one  of  the  leading  conspirators  in  the  "Gunpowder  Plot" 
(1605),  being  intrusted  with  the  task  of  preparing  for  a  ris- 
ing in  the  midland  counties  to  take  place  simultaneously 
with  the  destruction  of  the  Parliament  house.  He  was 
apprehended  on  the  discovery  of  the  plot,  and  was  executed 
at  London. 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm.  Born  at  Gothurst,  Bucks, 
England,  1603:  died  at  London,  June  11,  1665. 
An  Euglish  natural  philosopher  and  student  of 
the  occult  sciences.  He  was  the  son  of  the  conspmi- 
tor  Sir  Everard  Digby ;  was  educated  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic faith  ;  was  in  1643  banished  from  England  as  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Royalist  cause;  and  subsequently  became 
chancellor  to  Queen  Hem'iettk  Maria,  which  post  he  re- 
tained after  the  Restoration.  Author  of  "Observations 
upon  Religio  Medici"  (1&43),  "A  Treatise  of  the  Nature 
of  Bodies  "(1644),  "A  Treatise  declaring  the  Operations 
and  Nature  of  Man's  Soul,"  etc.  (1644),  and  "A  Discourse 
concerning  the  Vegetation  of  Plants"  (1661). 

Digby,  Kenelm  Henry.  Born  1800:  died 
March  22,  1880.  An  English  antiquarian.  He 
graduated,  with  the  degree  of  B.A.,  at  Cambridge  in  1819, 
and  spent  most  of  his  subsequent  life  in  literary  pursuits 
at  London.  His  chief  works  are  "The  Broad  Stone  of 
Honour,  or  Rules  for  the  Gentlemen  of  England  '  (1822, 
anonymous  ;  enlarged  edition,  with  second  title  omitted, 
1826-27),  and  "  Mores  Catholici,  or  Ages  of  Faith  "  (1831- 
1840). 

Digest  of  Justinian.     See  Corpus  Juris. 

Diggers.  [That  is, 'root-diggers,'  'root-eaters.'] 
A  name  given  to  a  number  of  tribes  of  North 
American  Indians  in  California,  Oregon,  Ida- 
ho, Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona,  which  speak 
widely  different  languages  and  comprise  a 
number  of  distinct  linguistic  stocks.  The  name 
is  used  especially  to  designate  the  Bannock,  Piute,  and 
other  Shoshonean  tribes  known  to  use  roots  extensively 
for  food,  and  who  are  hence  "  diggers  "  (in  English)  ;  but 
it  is  a  coincidence  that  the  terminal  syllables  dika  or  tika 
are  common  in  Shoshonean  band  and  trib.al  names.  See 
Slioshoko.  • 

Digges  (digz),  Leonard.  Died  about  1571. 
An  English  mathematician.  He  was  the  son  of 
James  Digges  of  Digges  Court,  in  the  piu-isli  of  Barham, 
Kent;  studied  at  Oxford  without  taking  a  degree  ;  and  in- 
herited a  competent  fortune,  which  enabled  him  to  devote 
himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  His  chief  work  is  "A  Booke 
named  Tectonicon,  briefly  showing  the  exact  measuring 
and  speedie  reckoning  all  manner  of  land,  squares,  tim- 
ber, stone,  etc."  (1556). 

Digges,  Thomas.  Died  Aug.  24.  1595.  An 
Euglish  mathematician,  son  of  Leonard  Dig- 
ges. He  graduated,  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.,  at  Cam- 
hridge  in  1551 ;  became  a  memher  of  Parliament  in  1572  ; 
and  was  rauster-master-general  of  her  Majesty's  forces 
in  the  Low  Countries  1.580-94.  His  works  include  "A 
Geometrical  Practice,  named  Pantometria"  (1571),  "A 
Prognostication  .  .  .  contayning  .  .  .  Rules  to  judge  the 
Weather  by  the  Sunne,  Moone.  Stars,"  etc.  (1578).  and 
"An  Arithmetical!  Militare  Treatise,  named  Stratioticos  " 
(1579). 

Diggon  (dig'on).  [A  variant  of  Diccon,  dim. 
of  Dick.']  A  traveled  shepherd  in  Spenser's 
"  Sliepherd's  Calendar." 

Diggory  (dig'o-ri).  A  loutish  servant  in  Gold- 
smitli's  comedy  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer." 

Dighton  (di'ton).  A  town  in  Bristol  Cotuity, 
JIassaehusetts,  near  Taunton.  Near  it  is  the 
Dighton  RockjWitli  an  inscription  f oi'merly  (and 
erroneously)  attributed  to  the  Nortlimen. 

Digne  (deny).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Basses-Alpes,  France,  situated  on  the  Bleone 
in  lat.  44°  6'  N.,  long.  6°  13'  E. :  the  ancient 
Dinia.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  a  church 
of  Notre  Dame.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
7,261. 

Dignity  and  Impudence.  A  painting  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer,  in  the  National  Gallerj',  Lon- 
don. It  is  a  group  consisting  of  a  large,  solemn-looking 
bloodhound  and  a  pert  Scotch  terrier. 

Digoin  (de-gwan' ).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire 
35  miles  east  of  Moulins.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,880. 

Dihong  (de-hong').  A  name  given  to  the  Brah- 
maputra in  its  middle  course. 

Dijon  (de-zhon').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote-d'Or,  France,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Oucho  and  Sujon  in  lat.  47°  19' 
N.,  long.  5°  3'  E. :  the  Roman  Divio,  Dibio,  or 
Castrum Divionense  i" whence  themodera  nameV 
It  is  an  important  fortified  town  and  the  emporium  for 
Burgundy  wines,  and  has  considerable  manufactures  and 


Dimetian  Code 

a  large  trade  in  grain,  etc.  It  contains  a  cathedral  of  St. 
B^nignS  (see  below),  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  and  of  St. 
Michel,  an  old  ducal  piilace  (now  the  hotel  de  ville,  with 
an  important  museum),  a  palais  de  justice,  acd  remnants 
of  the  castle  and  convent  of  Chartreuse.  In  early  history 
it  was  a  Roman  camp,  and  it  was  biu-ned  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  8th  centui-y.  It  had  its  counts  and  was  the  capital 
of  Burgundy  from  the  12th  century  to  1477,  when  it  passed 
to  France.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Swiss  in  1513,  was 
occupied  (after  a  struggle)  by  the  Germans  from  Oct.  31 
to  Dec.  27,  1870,  and  was  subsequently  defended  by  Gari- 
baldi against  the  Germans  in  Jan.,  1871.  The  cathedral 
is  of  moderate  size,  but  noteworthy  for  its  excellcTit  de- 
sign and  the  beauty  of  its  13th-century  tracery  and  orna- 
ment. The  west  front  has  a  good  porch  and  2  low  towers. 
Behind  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  curious  circular  church  of  the 
Templars.     Population  (1901),  70,428. 

Diksmuide.     See  Dixmude. 

Dilettanti  Society,  The.  A  London  society 
devoted  to  the  encouragement  of  a  taste  for  the 
fine  arts,  founded  in  1734. 

Dilke  (dilk),  Charles  Went-worth.  Born  Deo. 
8,  1789 :  died  Aug.  10,  1864.  An  English  jour- 
nalist, editor  of  the  London  ''Athenseum"  (1830- 
1846),  and  of  the  "  Daily  News"  (1846-49).  He 
wrote  much  on  the  Letters  of  Junius. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  18, 1810 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg.  May 
10,  1869.  Son  of  C.  W.  Dilke  :  promoter  ot  the 
e.^hibition  of  1851,  commissioner  to  the  New 
York  exhibition  1853,  and  one  of  the  royal  com- 
missioners for  the  London  exhibition  1862.  He 
was  made  a  baronet  in  1,862. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Went-worth.  Bom  at  Chel- 
sea, near  London,  Sept.  4,  1843.  An  English 
politician  and  author,  sou  of  Sir  C.  W.  Dilke. 
He  graduated  at  the  head  of  the  law  tripos  at  Ti-inity  Hall, 

'Cambridge,  in  1866;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1S66  ;  was  elected  memberof  Pailiament  for  the 
borough  of  Chelsea  in  1868 ;  was  appointed  under-secretary 
of  state  for  foreign  affairs  in  1880 ;  became  president  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet  in  1882. 
He  lost  his  seat  in  Parliament  in  1886,  but  again  became  a 
member  in  1802.  He  has  published  "Greater  Britain  :  a 
Record  of  Travel  in  English-speaking  Countries  during 

"1366  and  1867"  (1868),  "Parliamentary  Ref omi "  (1879), 
"Present  Condition  of  European  Politics"  (1887),  "The 
British  Army '  (188S), "  Problems  of  Greater  Britain  "  (1890). 

Dillenburg  (dil'len-boro).    A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  41  miles 
northeast  of  Coblenz.     It  was  the  birthplace  , 
of  William  of  Orange.  ! 

Dillenius  (dil-la'ne-os),  or  Dillen  (dil'len),  Jo- 
hann  Jakob.  Born  at  Darmstadt,  Germany, 
1687:  died  at  Osiord,  England,  April  2,  1747. 
A  celebrated  German  botanist,  professor  at 
Oxford  from  1728.  He  wrote  "Catalogus  Plantarum 
Sponte  circa  Gissam  Nascentium  "  (1719),  "  Hortus  Eltha- 
mensis  "  (1732),  "  Historia  muscorum  "  (1741). 

Dillingen  (dil'ling-en).     A  town  in  Swabia  and 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Danube  23  ; 
miles  northwest  of  Augsburg.     It  was  formerly  i 
the  seat  of  a  university.     Population   (1890), 
3,734. 

Dillmann  (dU'man),  Christian  Friedrich  Au- 
gust. Born  April  2.-|,  1823:  died  July  4,  1.894. 
A  German  Orientalist  and  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, an  authority  on  the  Ethiopian  language 
and  literature  and  Old  Testament  critici.sm: 
professor  at  Berlin  from  1869.  His  works  include 
a  grammar  (1857)  and  lexicon  (18&5)  of  the  Ethiopian  lan- 
guage, commentaries  on  Job,  Genesis,  E.vodus,  Leviticus, 
etc. 

Dillon  (dil'on),  Charles.  Born  in  England  in 
1819:  died 'there,  June  27,  1881.  An  English 
actor.  He  excelled  in  the  romantic  drama,  in 
such  parts  as  Belphegor. 

Dillon,  John.  Bom  1851.  An  Irish  politician, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Irish  National  party. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1880,  and  was  impris- 
oned 1881-82  and  again  in  1891. 

Dilman  (dil-man').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Azerbaijan  northwestern  Persia,  73  miles  west 
of  Tabriz.     Population,  estimated,  6,000  (?). 

Dilmun  (dil-mon').  An  ancient  city  situated  on 
an  island,  or  rather  iieninsula,  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  now  included  in  tlic  lowlands  of  the  coast. 
Sargon  II.,  king  of  Assyria  722-705  B.  c,  relates  on  his  mo- 
nolith, found  in  Cyprus,  that  be  received  from  fperi,  king 
of  Dilmun,  gifts  and  homage. 

Diman  (di'man),  Jeremiah  Le'wis.  Born  at 
Bristol,  K.  L.lilay  1,  1831 .  died  at  Providence, 
K.  I.,  Feb.  3,  1881  An  American  historical 
writer  and  Congregational  clergyman,  professor 
of  history  at  Brown  University.  He  wrote 
'■Theistic  Argument''  (1879),  ''Orations  and 
Essays"  (published  18S2). 

Dimanche  (de-monsh-),  Monsieur.  [F.,  'Mr, 
Sunday.']  In  Moliere's  "Don  Juan"  or  "Le 
festin  de  Pierre,"  a  tradesman  who  tries  to  col- 
lect money  due  him,  but  is  never  allowed  to 
even  ask  for  it,  being  constantly  interrupted. 

Dimetian  Code  (di-me'shi-an  kod).  See  ex- 
tract on  following  page. 


Dimetian  Code 


327 


dwellillg-huuse'when  the  propL-rty  L-;iine  tu  division]  up- 
peurs  in  Walts  in  what  was  luulialily  its  most  primitive 
form.  According  to  the  laws  of  Huel  the  Good,  dating 
from  the  tenth  century  at  latest,  the  inheritance  was  tu 
he  so  divided  that  the  homestead,  with  eight  acres  of  land 
and  the  best  implements  of  the  household,  should  fall  to 
the  youngest  son.  The  ditf  erent  editions  of  these  laws  are 
contained  in  the  Dimetian  Code  for  South  Wales,  and  in 
the  Venedotian  Code  for  "tlwynnedd"  or  the  uortheni 
parts  of  the  principality. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Bug.  Hist.,  p.  181. 

The 


entitled 


Dimitri  (de-ine'tre>,  or  Dmitri  (dme'tre). 

Kussian  form  o£  Demetrius  (which  see). 
Dimitri  Roudine  (de-me'tre  ro-den').   A  novel 
by  Tiirgenieff,  publisiied  in  1855.     It  has  been  Dingwall   (ding'wal) 
translated  into  French,  German,  and  English.       ■  ■  •  ■ 

Dimitri  is  a  cosmopolitan  who  alfects  to  scorn  Russian 
habits.  He  is  the  victim  of  his  own  error,  and  his  disciples 
fall  away  from  him. 

Dimmesdale  ^climz'-dal),  Arthur.  A  Puritan 
elergj-maii  in  Hawthorne's  tale  "The  Scarlet 
Letter."  He  has  a  delicately  sensitive  nature,  unable 
to  bear  the  strain  of  the  concealment  of  his  sin  with  Hester 
Prynne,  and  equally  unable  to  confess  it  and  bear  public 
obloquy. 

The  Puritan  clergyman,  reverenced  as  a  saint  by  all  his 
flock,  conscious  of  a  sin  which,  once  revealed,  will  crush 
him  to  the  earth,  watched  with  a  malignant  purpose  by 
the  husband  whom  he  has  injured,  unable  to  summon  np 
the  moral  courage  to  tear  oft  the  veil  and  make  the  only 
atonement  in  his  power,  is  undoubtedly  a  striking  figure, 
powerfully  conceived  and  most  delicately  described. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  p.  223. 

Dimoch,  or  D3miocli,  or  Dymoke,  or  Dimocke 
(dim'ok).  The  name  of  a  Lincolnshire  family 
which" has  held  since  1377  the  feudal  office  of 
"champion of  England." 

Dimsdale  (dimz'dal),  Thomas.  Born  in  Esse.x, 
England,  May  6.  1712:  died  in  Hertford,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  30,  1800.  An  English  physician, 
known  chiefly  as  an  advocate  of  inoculation  for 
the  smallpox.  He  took  up  the  practice  of  medicine  at 
Hertford,  and  in  17157  published  "The  ITesent  .Method  of 
Inoculation  for  the  Small  Po.\,"  which  obtained  for  liim  in 
1708  an  invitiition  to  St.  Petersburg  to  inoculate  the  em- 
press Catherine  and  the  grand  duke  Paul. 

Dinah  (dl'na).  [Heb.,  'judged'  or  'avenged.'] 
The  daughterof  Jacob  by  Leah.  SeeGen.xxx., 
xx.xiv. 

Dinah,  Aunt.  In  Sterne's  ''  Tristram  Shandy," 
the  aunt  of  Walter  Shandy,  who  occupies  him- 
self with  schemes  for  spending  the  money  she 
leaves  him. 

Dinah  Morris.    See  Morris. 

Dinajpur  (de-niij-por'),  or  Dinagepore  (de-naj- 

por').      1.   A  district  in  the  Ka.)shald  division, 

Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  30' 

N  ,  long.  88°  30'  E.     Area,  4,118  square  miles. 

Population  (1891),], .5.5.5,83.5.— 2.  The  capital  of 

the  above  <iistrict,  situated  in  lat.  2.5°  37'  N., 

hmg.  88°  32'  E.     Population  (1891).  12,201. 
Dinan  (de-noh').     A  town  in  the  department  of 

C6tes-du-Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Ranee 

29  miles  northwest  of  Rcnnes. 

against  the  English  by  Du  Guesclin  in  1359. 

Population  (1891),  commune,  10,444. 
Dinant.     In  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  "Little 

French  Lawyer,"  a    gentleman  who  formerly 

loved  anil  still  pretends  to  love  Lamira. 
Dinant  (de-non'  or  de-nant').     A  town  in  the 

province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 

Meuse  14  miles  south  of  Namur.     It  ts  fortllled, 

and  was  formerly  noted  for  its  copper  ond  brass  w.ares.    It 

was  sacked  by  the  Burgunilians  in  146fi,  and  by  the  French 

in  ir>.'.4  and  1(175.    Poi)Ulation  (IsitO),  7.048. 
Dinapur  (de-nii-por').     A  town  in  the  district 

of  Pallia,  I'.cngal,  British  India,  situated  on  tlie 

Ganges  5  miles  west  of  Patiia.    It  la  an  important 

military  station,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  mutiny  of  the 

Sepoy  regiments  in  July,  1857.     Population  (isill).  44,411). 
Dinaric  Alps  (di-nar'ik  alps).     [Named  from 

Diiiiiru,  till'  highest  summit.]     A  name  given 

to  tliose  mountain-ranges  in  Dalmatia,  Bosnia, 

Herzegovina,  and  Croatia  which  ari'  clearly  a 

continuation  of  the  main  Alpine  sy.stem. 
Dinarzade.  The  sister  of  Scheherazade  in  "The 

Arabian  Nights' Entertainments."    She  iuishcs  the 

ni«lit  in  the  bririal  chamber,  ami  ahks  her  sister  daily,  jnst 

lief()re  daybreak,  to  relat*'  foi-  tin-  hist  time  one  of  her 

"aKreeal)le  tales."    See  Scheherazadi;. 

Dindigal  (din-di-gal'),  or  Dindigul  (din-di- 

gul').     A  small  towii  in  Madras,  I'.rltish  Imlia, 

in  lat.  10°  '20'  N.,  long.  77°  57'  E. 
Dinding  Isles  (din-ding'  ilz).     An  administra- 

tiro  division    of  the  British  colony  of  Straits 

Settlements,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the 

Malav  peninsula  about  lat.  4°  20'  N. 
Dindorf  (din'dorf),  Wilhelm.     Horn   at  Ticip- 

sir,  .Inn.  2,  1802:  dird  at  Liipsic,  .\ug.  1,  18H3. 

A  not  I'd  German  classiciil   philologist.    He  was 

one  of  thecollabora  tors  in  the  revision  111  stephnnusB  "The- 

sauruB  linKUiu  Onccin"  (1831-6.')),  and  edited  "Demosthe- 
nes "  (184C-51),  "  Poeta)  scamici  Orascl  "  (laao),  etc. 


Diodorns 

Prussia,  May  29,  1831.  -\  German  writer  on 
pedagogics,  professor  of  theology  at  Konigs- 
berg  from  1822.  His  chief  work  is  the  "  Schul- 
lehrerbibel"  (1825-28). 
Dinwiddie  (tUn'wid-i),  Rohert.  Bom  in  Scot- 
land about  1090 :  died  at  Clifton,  England, 
Aug.  1,  1770.  A  British  official,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Virginia  1752-.58.  Shortly  after  his  ap. 
pointment  he  transmitted  a  rejxjrt  to  the  Board  of  Trade, 
recommending  the  annexation  of  the  Ohio  VaUey  and  the 
erection  of  forts  to  secure  the  western  frontier  against  the 
French.  In  1753  he  despatched  George  Washington  to 
the  French  forts  on  the  *)hio  and  .\llegheny  to  remon- 
strate with  their  commanders  for  t;Lking  possession  of 
British  territory,  and  was  subsequently  one  of  the  most 

_       .       ._,  .  .  strenuous  supporters  of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war. 

shire,    situated  on  Cromarty  Firth   11    miles  Diodes  (di'6-klez).      [Gr.  A(o/i>.r;r.]     A  Syra- 
northwest  of  Inverness.     Population   (1891),     eusau  popular  leader,  the  reputed  (chief)  au- 

•  283.  thor  of  a  code  of  laws  named  for  him. 

Dinias  and  Dercylhs  (dm  i-as  and  der-sil  is).  Djocles  Carystius  ('of  Carystus').    A  cele- 

The    chief   characters  of  an  old  Greek  iiovel     hmted  Greek  i.hvsician  of  the  4th  centun- B.  C, 


The  custom  [that  the  youngest  child  should  have  the  Dindymene  (din-ili-me'ne).      [Gr.  ^ivdvfi^Dr/,  of 

"■     '  •       -^ -    •  •     :,..,....      Dimiymum.]     Cybele.     Also  called  "  the  Din- 

dymeniau  mother." 
Dindymum(din'di-mum).  [Gr.  A('i'*'«oi'.]  Inan- 
cient  geogi-aphy,  a  mountain  in  Galatia,  sacred 
to  Cvbele. 

Ding'elstedt  (ding'el-stet),  Franz  von.   Born 

at  Halsdorf,  Hesse,  Germany,  June  30.  1814: 
died  at  Vienna,  May  15, 1881."  A  German  poet, 
novelist,  and  theatrical  director.  His  works  in- 
clude "Lieder  eines  kosmopolitischen  Nachtwachters " 
(1841),  "  Xacht  und  .Morgen  "  (1851),  the  tragedy  "  Das 
Hans  des  Bameveldt  '■  (1860),  the  novels  "  Unter  der 
Erde  ■' (1S40),  "Die  Amazone"(1868),  etc. 

The  capital  of  Ross- 


thor  of  a  code  of  laws  named  for  hi 
nd  Dercylhs  (dm  i-as  and  der-sil  is).  Djocles   Carystius   ('of   Carystus' 
ef   characters  of  an  old  Greek  novel     brated  Greek  phvsician  of  the  4th  ce 
"  Of  the  incredible  Things  m  Thule.       i.^™  .,t  Cai-ystus  in  Eubcea. 


The  book  called  "Wonders  beyond  Thule  "was  written  liy 
one  Antonius  Diogenes,  who  probably  lived  in  Syria  in  the 
2ud  century  before  Christ,  though  it  was  the  opinion  of 
Photius  that  the  work  was  written  soon  after  the  death  of 
Alexander  the  iireat.  It  was  cuiTcnt  as  lat«  as  the  9th 
century,  when  its  twenty-four  volumes  were  summarised 
by  the  Patriarch  Photius,  who  compressed  the  works  of 
nearly  tlu-ee  hundred  authors  into  one  volume  to  beguile 
the  tedium  of  a  residence  in  Bagdad.  Our  knowledge  of 
the  novel  is  gained  partly  from  this  epitome  and  partly 
from  the  fragments  which  can  be  gathered  from  the  later 
chissical  writings.  The  plot  turns  on  the  loves  and  adven- 
tures of  a  .Syrian  maiden  and  Dinias,  a  traveller  from  Ar- 
cadia, the  st<iry  of  whose  lives  was  recorded  in  a  manu- 
script wliich  Alexander  the  Great  was  supposed  to  find  in 
their  tomb.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eug.  Hist.,  p.  73. 

Dinka  (diu'kil).  A  great  Nigritic  tribe  dwell- 
ing on  both  sides  of  the  White  Nile  between 
6°  and  12°  north  latitude.  Their  territory  is  a  vast 
and  fertile  plain  covering  (iO.OtX)  square  nnles.  They  differ 
from  the  Sliilluk  and  Nuer  (with  whom  they  largely  inter- 
live,  but  whom  they  hate^  by  their  higher  stature,  promi- 
nent foreheads,  and  then- black,  almost  bluish,  complex- 
ion. They  are  iutelligeut,  skilful  in  the  making  of  house- 
hold articles,  and  frugal.  Like  the  Shilluk,  they  are  both 
jtastoral  and  agricultural.  Each  village  is  under  a  chief 
who  has  little  authority  and  recognizes  no  suzerain.  The 
Dinka  language  is  said  to  be  related  to  that  of  the  Bari, 
and  to  liave  prefixes  like  the  Bantu  tongues. 

Dinkard(den-kiird').  [Pahlavi:  properly  iljHo- 
k-iirtu,  the  deeds  or  enactments  of  the  religion.] 
The  largest  and  most  important  Pahlavi  work 
in  existence,  containing  a  vast  amount  of  in- 
formation regarding  the  legends,  writings,  doc- 
trines, and  customs  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion. 
In  its  present  state  much  of  the  work  consists  of  a  descrip- 
tive catalogue  of  the  contents  of  the  original  compilation, 
interspersed  with  extracts  in  detail.  The  date  of  its  lat- 
est revision  must  have  been  subsequent  to  the  Moham- 
medan conquest  of  Persia. 

Dinkelsbiihl  (diuk'els-biil).  A  small  town  in 
Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Wiirnitz  44  miles  southwest  of  Nuremberg.  It 
was  formerly  a  free  imiierial  citv. 

It  was  defended  Dinmont  (din'mont),  Dandle  (An(irew).    A 

UordtT  tanner  in  bir  Wallor  Nt*ott  s  novel 
"liuy  MaiiiuTin^":  the  jt^ratol'ui  frieiitl  of 
Brown,  wlio  had  savoit  his  life.  Sent  by  .Me(r  Mer- 
rilies.  he  protects  Bmwii  in  tlio  Portanforry  jail,  and  after 
their  esciipu  helps  him.  under  the  guidance  of  Mep,  tu 
capture  Hatteraick.  ile  istlieowncruf  MuBtardand  Pep- 
per, the  pri>y;enitor8of  the  Dandic  Diimiont  terriers. 

According  to  .Mr.  Shortreed,  this  goiu!  man  L^Villie  El- 
liot) of  Millburnliuhn  waa  the  great  original  of  Dandio 
Dinmont.  As  he  slluis  to  have  been  the  first  of  these  up- 
land Bheep  fanners  that  Scott  ever  viaiteil,  there  can  he 
little  doubt  that  he  sat  for  some  parts  of  that  ininiilabK- 
portraiture;  and  it  is  certain  that  the  James  Davidson 
whocarriedthenanifof  Dandie  to  hisgravtMvith  him,  ami 
whose  thoronghl're<l  dcathlied  scene  is  told  in  the  Notes 
to  (iuy  Manncring,  was  Ilist  pointed  out  to  Scott  by  Mr. 
Shortreed  himself,  si^veral  years  after  the  novel  had  es- 
tnbllshed  the  man's  celebrity  all  over  the  ltor4ier ;  souio 
accidental  report  iihoui  his  terriers,  and  their  odd  names, 
having  alone  been  turned  to  account  In  the  original  ct»n)- 
posftioii  of  the  tale.  I'.ut  I  have  the  best  reason  to  be- 
iuve  that  the  kind  and  manly  character  of  Uandle.  the 


Diocletian  {tU  o-kle'shian)  (Caius  Aurelius 
Valerius  Diocletianus :  surnamed  Jovius). 

Boru  at  Dioelea  (whence  his  name),  Dalmatia, 
245  A.  D.:  died  near  Salona,  Dalmatia,  313. 
Emperor  of  Rome.  He  entered  the  army  at  an  early 
age,  and,  although  of  obscure  origin,  rose  to  important 
commands  under  Probus,  Aurelian.  and  Cams.  On  the 
death  of  Numerianus,  joint  emperor  with  Cariuu8,he  was 
proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  at  Ohalcedon  iu  284, 
and  advanced  against  Carinus  who  was  killed  by  one  of 
his  own  officers.  In  286  he  adopted  Maximian  as  his 
colleague  in  the  government.  In  292  the  joint  emperors 
appointed  Galerius  and  CousUintius  Chlonis  astheirasso- 
ciates.  Diocletian  and  Maximian  retained  the  title  of 
Augusti,  while  Galerius  and  Constantius  were  denomi- 
nated Ctesars.  Each  of  the  rulers  was  independent  in  the 
local  administration  of  his  province,  but  the  three  junior 
rulers  acknowledged  Diocletian  as  the  head  of  the  em- 
pire. The  empire  was  divided  among  them  as  follows : 
Diocletian  received  Thrace,  Egypt.  Syria,  and  Asia,  with 
Nicomedia  as  his  capital;  Maximian.  Italy.  Africa,  Sicily. 
and  the  islands  of  the  Tyrrhenian  Sea,  with  Milan  as  his 
capital;  Galerius,  Illyricum  and  I  he  countries  of  the 
Danube,  with  Sirmium  as  his  capital ;  and  Constantius, 
Britain,  Gaul,  and  Spain,  with  Treves  as  his  capitiU. 
Diocletian  subdued  a  revolt  in  Egj'pt  in  21H);  Constantius 
restored  the  allegiance  of  Britain  in  the  same  year;  and 
Galerius  forced  the  Pereians  to  sue  for  peace  in  297.  In 
30."i  Diocletian,  pei-suaded.  it  is  said,  by  the  false  accusa- 
tions of  Galerius,  ordered  a  general  persecution  of  the 
Christians  throughout  the  empii'c.  He  abdicated  in  305, 
compelling  Maximian  to  do  the  same,  and  retired  to  Sa- 
lona ill  l>;iimatia,  u  here  he  spent  his  remaining  years  in 
the  cultivation  of  his  gardens.  Diocletian  and  Maximian 
were  succeeded  as  Augusti  by  Galerius  and  Constantius, 
who  in  turn  appointed  Severna  and  ^laximinus  Cwsars. 

Diocletian  inaugurated.. .  the  period  of  the  Partnership 
Emperors.  Himself  borne  to  power  by  something  not 
very  unlike  a  mutiny  of  the  troops  on  the  Persian  fron- 
tier, he  nevertlieless  represented  and  gave  voice  to  the 
passionate  longing  of  the  world  that  the  age  of  mutinies 
might  cease.  With  this  intention  he  renutdelled  the  in- 
ternal constitution  of  the  stale  and  moulded  it  into  n 
bureauenu'.y  so  strong,  so  stable,  so  wisely  organised,  that 
it  subsisteii  virtually  the  same  for  more  than  a  thousand 
years,  anil  by  its  emlurance  prolonged  for  many  ages  tha 
duration  of  the  Byzantine  Empire. 

Und-jkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  15, 

Diocletian,  Baths  of.  Baths  in  ancient  Rome 
lounded  by  Maximian  at  tlio  junction  of  tho 
Quirinal  and  Viminal  hills,  and  dedicated  305- 
30G  A.  D.  A  plan  was  made  by  Palladlo  in  the  Itith  cen- 
tury, but  the  remains,  though  scattered  over  an  area  a  mile 
in  circuit,  are  now  veo'  scanty,  apart  iTMin  the  splendid 
lepidarium,  now  the  Church  of  Sta.  Maria  degli  Angell, 
and  one  of  tho  domical  halls  which  occupied  the  anglea, 
now  the  Church  of  San  Bernardo. 

Diodati  (de-6-d:i'to),  Domenlco.  Born  at  Na- 
]des,  iTlUi:  died  at  Najiles,  isoi.  An  Italian 
archu'olof^ist.  His  works  include  *'Do  Christo 
•.rnece  lo»iuciite  exercitatio"  (17G7),  etc. 

Diodati,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Geneva,  June  6. 
\'ui\:  died  at  Ceueva,  Oct.  3,  1649.  A  Swiss 
Protestant  thrido^iati.  professor  of  Hebrew 
and  later  of  theology  at  (leneva.  He  trans- 
lated the  Bible  into  lialiau  (KiOT). 


Kfiitk-  mill  (Ifliciuus  OIK-  of  lii»  wiff,  unci  mmv  iit  Irart  uf  DlOdorUS  (di-o-do'nis),  surnamed  SlCUlUS  (  of 


the  inoHt  piclurosiimi  pceulliiritica  of  tlic  nu'iia;ir  iit  t'liiir- 
lleuluiiic,  were  tlllfil  up  from  Sciitfs  olmirvation,  joara 
after  thin  perioil,  of  ii  fuiiiily  witli  one  of  whose  iiienilieni 
lie  hull,  thioUKli  the  lust  pnrt  of  Ills  life,  n  close  iiml  mfer- 
lioimte  conmxioii.  To  those  who  were  fiiniilliir  with  liliil, 
I  have  piTliiipft  alreiuly  sultleieiitly  inilieitteil  tho  early 
homo  of  his  dear  trlelul,  William  I.aiillaw,  ttiiionR  "the 
limes  of  Yarrow."  iMkhart,  Mfe  of  Scott,  I.  117. 

Dinocrates  (di-nok'ra-tez).  [fir.  .if/nwywlriyr.] 
The  iililc'st  of  the  arehiteets  of  Alexander  the 
Cireat.  lie  planneil  the  new  city  of  Alexiinilrla,  ami  rc- 
hnllt  the  Arteniislum  of  F.phesiis  after  Its  ileslruellon  liy 
fire.  This  architect  appears  iiniler  eluht  ditf  erent  names 
uivi'ii  ipy  Ilrunn. 

Dinorah  (de-no'ril).  Tho  oripinni  Itiiliiin  title 
of  an  o|>erii  liy  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at 
Paris  as  "  Lo  "pardon  do  Ploermel,"  April  4, 
IS.-,!). 

Dinter  (din'ter),  Friedrich.  Uom  at  Rorna, 
Saxouy,  Feb.   29,  ITGO:   died  at  Konigsberg, 


Sieily).  [(ir.  .i««!u;)«i;.]  Horn  at  ,\jryriuni, 
Sieily  :  lived  in  the  seeond  half  of  the  l.-^l  een- 
tnry  n.  C.  A  tireek  historian,  author  of  a 
history  in  40  books  entitled  a  •'  Historical  Li- 
brary" (liiiihoOf/K!/).     See  the  extract. 

The  historical  lllirary  of  liiodonis  consisted  of  forty 
hooks,  divided  Into  tliree  Bieal  sections.  I'lie  llrsl  of 
these  sections,  containini;  the  mythical  period  down  to 
the  takiiiK  of  Troy  (which  he  places  »illi  AlHillodonm 
4<>8  years  before  the  coimin'iiccment  of  the  Olynipinds, 
I.  c.  In  1>.  i\  ll;«),  occupies  the  tlist  six  hooks.  The  secoiiil 
section,  from  the  seventh  to  the  einhleenth  Ixiok,  con- 
tains a  ehronoloflcal  hlslory  fnmi  the  takhiK  of  Troy  lo 
the  death  of  Alexander  the  (Jreal,  The  Ihlrrl  period,  oc- 
cnpyliiK  the  twenty-three  rcmainfiiK  hooks,  carries  the 
history  down  to  the  llritish  evpedllicm  of  .lulinsOsar. 
Of  these  forty  hooks,  we  have  only  a  portion  coinjilete, 
namely  hooks  l-.'i,  conl.iinliiK  the  history  of  the  Eio'ptians, 
.\ssyrians.  .Klllioiiians,  and  t;reeks:  and  liookfl  11-20, 
contalniiiK  tlie  period  (roni  the  invasion  of  Xerxes  down 
to  the  year  11.  c.  302.    The  ro»t  of  tho  work  is  cither  lost 


Diodorus 

altoKether  or  represented  only  by  a  series  of  fragments 
and  extracts,  of  which  the  most  considerable  refer  to 
books  3i>-40.  The  following  is  a  general  analysis  of  the 
remains  of  Diodorus: — Eooti  I.  On  Egypt;  its  mythology, 
geography,  and  history ;  its  laws,  literature,  and  customs ; 
and  the  Greeks  who  have  tra\elled  in  the  country.  II. 
The  legendary  history  of  .Assyria,  from  Ninus  to  Sartia- 
uapalus ;  the  iledes,  Chaldeans.  Indians,  Scythians,  Hy- 
perboreans, Arabians,  with  an  account  of  the  island  of 
Ceylon  III.  On  the  J^thiopians,  and  other  nations  of 
Libya  I\  .  The  mythology  of  Greece.  V.  On  the  Greek 
islands,  and  the  Phenician  settlements  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean He  also  treats  of  the  islands  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
of  .Arabia  and  its  seas.  XI.  From  the  invasion  of  Xerxes 
(01  75,  1)  down  to  the  war  of  Cyprus  (01.  82,  2),  with 
contemporary  notices  of  Sicily,  Egypt,  and  Rome.  XII. 
From  the  war  of  Cyprus  (01.  82,  3)  to  that  of  Syracuse 
(Ol,  91,  1),  with  notices  of  Syhaiis,  of  Charondas,  and  Za- 
leucus,  and  the  Decemvirate  at  Rome.  XIIl.  From  the 
war  between  Syracuse  and  Atlicns  (01.  91,  2)  down  to  that 
between  Syracuse  and  the  Carthagintans  (01.  93,  4).  XIV. 
i  rom  the  time  ol  the  thirty  tyrants  (01.  94, 1)  to  the  taking 
of  Rome  by  the  Gauls  (01.  98,  2).  XV.  From  the  war  be- 
tween Artaxerxes  and  Evagoras  (01.  98,  3)  to  the  accession 
of  Philip  (01.  10.%  2).  XVI.  Reign  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 
XVII.  Reign  of  Alexander  the  Great.  XN'III.  .Successors 
of  Alexander  down  to  the  domination  of  Agathocles  in 
Sicily  (01.  115,  3)  XIX.  Events  in  Greece,  Sicily,  and 
Italy  down  to  the  battle  of  Himera  (01.  117,  2).  XX. 
Fron.  the  war  of  Agathocles  in  Sicily  (01.  117,  3)  down  to 
the  coalition  against  Antigonus  (01.  119,  3). 

K   0  MiiUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  117, 

[(DoimtdsoH.) 

Diogenes  (di-oj'e-nez).  [Gr.  &ioyivr/(.']  Born 
at  Sinope,  Asia  Minor,  about  412  B.  c. :  died  at 
Corinth,  323.  A  Greek  CjTiie  philosopher,  fa- 
mous tor  his  eccentricities.  He  emigrated  to  Athens 
in  his  youth,  became  the  pupil  of  Antisthenes,  and  lived, 
according  to  Seneca,  in  a  tub.  While  on  a  voyage  from 
Athens  to  -Egina,  he  was  captured  by  pirates  who  ex- 
posed him  for  sale  on  the  slave-market  iu  Crete.  When 
asUed  what  business  he  understood,  he  replied,  "How  to 
command  men,"'  and  requested  to  be  sold  to  some  one 
in  need  of  a  master.  He  was  purchased  by  Xeniades,  a 
wealthy  citizen  of  Corinth,  who  restored  him  to  liberty, 
and  in  whose  house  he  passed  his  old  age.  At  Corinth 
he  was,  according  to  tradition,  visited  by  -Alexander  the 
Great,  Alexander  inquired  whether  he  could  oblige  him 
in  any  way.  "Yes,"  replied  Diogenes;  "stand  from  be- 
tween me  and  the  sun." 

Diogenes,  Antonius.  The  author  of  the  ro- 
mance "Diuias  and  Dercyllis"  (which  see). 

Diogenes  Laertius  (la-er'shi-us).  [The  sur- 
name AaepTioi  or  ^a^pruvq  is  probably  from 
his  birthplace  (?)  Laerte  in  Cilicia.]  Lived 
probably  about  200  A.  D.  A  historian  and  bi- 
ographer, author  of  lives  of  the  Greek  philos- 
ophers in  10  books,  from  the  early  scQools  to 
the  Epicureans.  His  work  is  chiefly  valued  as 
containing  information  preserved  nowhere  else. 

Diogenes  of  Apollonia.  Bom  at  Apollonia, 
Crete  :  lived  in  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek 
natural  philosopher,  a  pupil  of  Anaximenes- 

Diomed  (di'o-med).     See  Diomcdes. 

Diomed.  A  chestnut  thoroughbred  horse,foaled 
in  1777,  by  Florizel,  dam  by  Spectator,  second 
dam  by  Blank,  third  dam  by  Childers.  Florizel 
by  Hero  traces  directly  to  Byerly  Turk.  Diomed  won 
the  first  Derby  in  1780,  and  died  in  1807.  He  was  the  sire 
of  Duroc,  sire  of  American  Eclipse,  also  the  sire  of  Sir 
Archy,  sire  of  Timoleon,  sire  of  Boston,  sire  of  Lexington. 

Diomed,  Villa  of.     See  Pompeii. 

Diomede  Islands  (di'o-med  i'landz).   A  group 

(if  small  islands  in  Bering  Strait. 
Diomedes  (di-o-me'dez).  [Gr.  Aio/i^dw-]  1. 
In  Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Argos,  and  one  of 
the  most  famous  of  the  Greek  warriors  at  the 
siege  of  Troy.  He  was  the  aon  of  Tydeus  who  fell  in 
the  expedition  against  Thebes.  He  went  with  Sthenelus 
and  Euryalus  to  Troy  as  the  commander  of  a  fleet  of 
80  ships  carrying  warriors  from  Argos,  Tiryns,  Her- 
mione  Asine,  Trcezene,  Eioiiae,  Epidaurus,  Ji^gina,  ^nd 
Mases  He  was,  next  to  Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the 
Greeks  before  Troy,  and  fought  with  the  most  dis- 
tinguished among  the  Trojans,  including  Hector  and 
,£nea3 

2.  A  legendaiyThraeian  king,  son  of  Ares. — 3. 
In  Shakspere's  "Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  an 
attendant  of  Cleopatra.— 4.  In  Shakspere's 
'•  Troilus  and  Cressida,"  a  Grecian  commander. 

Dion  (di'on).  [Gr.  Muv.']  Bom  at  Syracuse, 
about  408  B.  C,  :  assassinated  at  Syracuse,  354 
or  3.53  B.  c.  A  Syracusan  philosopher,  a  dis- 
ciple of  Plato.  He  expelled  Dionysius  the 
Younger  from  Syracuse  in  356,  and  became 
ruler  of  the  city  in  355. 

Dion  1 .  A  Sicilian  noble  in  Shakspere's  "Win- 
ter's Tale."— 2.  The  father  of  Euphrasia  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Philaster." 

Dion  Cassius  (kash'i-us),  surnamed  Cocceia- 
nus  (from  some  person  named  Coeeeius  or 
Coeceianus,  perhaps  his  grandfather).  Born 
at  Nic8Ba,  Bithynia,  about  155  A.  D. :  died  at 
Nicaa,  after  230.  A  celebrated  historian  of 
Rome.  He  was  consul  about  220  and  229,  and 
wrote  in  Greek  a  history  of  Rome  in  80  books. 
See  the  extract. 


328 

The  great  work  of  Dion  Cassius  was  a  history  of  Rome 
.  .  ,  from  the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the  year  A.  D.  229. 
Besides  this,  a  n  uiii  ber  of  works,  now  lost  or  incorporated 
in  his  history,  are  attributed  to  him  by  Suidas  and  others. 
The  history  consisted  of  eighty  books,  of  which  Books 
.\XXVII.-LX.  have  come  down  to  us  complete  or  neai-ly 
so,  the  remainder  of  the  work  being  represented  by 
fragments  of  ditferent  kinds.  In  the  loth  century,  when 
the  whole  work  was  in  existence,  excei-pts  were  made 
from  it  by  the  order  of  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus, 
and  in  the  12th  century  Zonaras  undertook  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  first  20  books,  which,  with  those  from  the 
30tli  book  to  the  end,  were  then  extant.  The  latter  part 
of  the  work,  from  the  36tli  to  the  80th  book,  had  been 
abridged  in  the  11th  century  by  a  monk  named  Joannes 
Xipliiliiius.  There  are  detached  fragments,  more  or  less 
considerable,  of  the  35th  and  36th  books,  referring  to  the 
campaign  of  LucuUus  against  .Mithridates,  and  Pompey's 
w;u-  with  the  pirates.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  many 
gaps  in  the  37th,  55th,  56th,  57th,  68th,  59th,  and  60th 
books.  The  work  was  continued  down  to  the  time  of 
Constantine  the  Great  by  some  Christian  writer,  who  is 
supposed  to  have  been  Joannes  Antiochenus, 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  251. 

{{Donaldson.) 

Dion  Chrysostomus  (kri-sos'to-mus).  [Gr. 
XpiwiioTo^of.]  Born  at  Prusa,  Bithj-nia,  about 
50  A.  D. :  died  at  Rome  about  117!  A  Greek 
rhetorician  and  philosopher.  His  80  extant  ora- 
tions  were  edited  by  Reiske  1784. 

Dione  (dl-6'ne).  [Gr.  A/uji;?.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  female  Titan,  daughter  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Aphrodite. 
—  2.  A  pastoral  tragedy  by  John  Gay,  published 
in  1720.— 3.  The  fourth  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  March,  1684. 

Dionysia  (di-o-nis'i-a).  [Gr.  C^wvvaia.']  An- 
cient Greek  festivals  in  honor  of  Dionysus.  Of 
these,  those  of  Athens  were  the  most  important,  and  are 
generally  held  to  have  been  four  in  number:  the  Lesser 
or  Rural  Dionysia,  the  Lemea,  the  Anthesteria,  and  the 
Greater  or  City  Dionysia.  It  now  seems  proved,  how- 
ever, that  the  Lentea  and  the  Anthesteria  were,  in  historic 
times  at  least,  identical,  and  merely  interchangeable 
names  for  the  festival  which  centered  about  the  Lenseum. 
or  sanctuary  of  Dionysus  in  the  Marshes,  whose  shrine 
was  opened  on  only  one  day  in  the  year.  The  date  of 
this  festival  was  from  the  11th  to  the  13th  of  Anthesterion 
(about  March  2^).  The  Lesser  Dionysia  were  a  wine- 
feast  of  very  eai-ly  origin,  held  throughout  the  Attic  denies 
between  the  8th  and  11th  of  Poseideon  (about  Dec.  19-22), 
accompanied  by  drinking,  boisterous  processions,  and 
dramatic  performances,  of  which  those  at  the  Pirieus  had 
the  chief  reputation.  The  Greater  Dionysia  were  cele- 
brated in  Athens,  probably  from  the  9th  to  the  13th  of 
Elaphebolion  (about  March  2S-.April  2).  On  tlie  first  day 
there  was  a  grand  procession  and  a  feast,  besides  a  choral 
dance  around  the  Altar  of  the  Twelve  Gods  in  the  Agora  ; 
on  the  second  day  were  held  lyrical  contests  between 
choruses  of  boys  and  men ;  and  on  the  last  three  days 
dramatic  contests  in  the  Dionysiac  theater. 

Dionysius  (dl-o-nish'i-us),  surnamed  "The 
Elder."  [Gr.  Aiovbaio^,  from  Aidvvaoq,  Diony- 
sus: the  name  has  become  Denis  (which  see).] 
Bom  about  430  B.  c. :  died  at  SjTaeuse,  367. 
Tyrant  of  Syracuse.  He  contrived  in  405  to  have 
himself  appointed  sole  general  of  the  forces  of  the  re- 
public in  the  war  against  Carthage,  whereupon  he  sur- 
rounded himself  with  a  strong  body-guard  of  mercenaries 
and  usurped  the  government.  He  strengthened  his  posi- 
tion by  marrying  the  daughter  of  the  deceased  party 
leader  Hermocrates,  and  concluded  peace  with  Carthage 
in  404.  He  declared  war  against  Carthage  in  397,  and  was 
besieged  in  396  in  Syracuse  by  the  Carthaginians,  who 
were  compelled  by  pestilence  and  a  successful  sally  of  the 
Syracusans  to  raise  the  siege  after  an  investment  of  eleven 
months.  He  concluded  an  advantageous  peace  in  392.  He 
captured  Rhegium  in  387,  and  Croton  in  379,  which  gave 
him  a  commanding  influence  among  the  Italian  Greeks. 
His  power  and  influence  are  said  to  have  exceeded  those 
of  any  other  Greek  before  Alexander  the  Great,  He  en- 
couraged letters,  invited  Plato  to  his  court,  and  himself 
gained  the  chief  prize  at  the  Lenaea  with  a  play  entitled 
"  The  Ransom  of  Ilector." 

Dionysius,  surnamed  "The  Younger."  Bora 
about  395  B.  c. :  died  at  Corinth  (?)  after  343. 
Tyrant  of  Syracuse,  a  relative  of  Dion,  and 
son  of  Dionysius  the  Elder  whom  he  succeeded 
iu  367.  He  was  expelled  in  356,  restored  in 
346,  and  finally  expelled  in  343. 

Dionysius,  Saint.  Born  at  Alexandria  in  the 
last  part  of  the  2d  century  A.  D. :  died  at  Alex- 
andria, 265.  A  theologian,  called  "the  Great, ' 
bishop  of  Alexandria  about  247.  He  was  con- 
verted by  Origen.  Only  fragments  of  his  works 
remain. 

Dionysius,  Pg.  Diniz.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Oct. 
9,  1261 :  died  at  Santarem,  Portugal,  Jan.  7, 
1325.  King  of  Portugal  1279-1325.  Hefoimded 
the  University  of  Coimbra. 

Dionysius  Eziguus  (eks-ig'u-us).  [L.,  'the 
Little.']  Born  in  Scj'thia:  lived  in  the  6th 
century  a.  d.  A  monk  and  scholar  of  the 
Western  Church  who,  in  his  "Cyclus  pascha- 
lis,"  introduced  the  annunciation  of  the  birth 
of  Christ  as  the  starting-point  of  modem  chro- 
nology, thus  establishing  the  Christian  or 
Dionysian  era.  He  placed  the  birth  of  Christ 
from  three  to  six  years  too  late. 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus.    Born  at  Hali- 


Dipsodes,  The 

carnassus,  Caria:  died  at  Rome  about  7  B.  c. 
A  Greek  rhetorician  and  historian,  author  of  a 
history  of  Rome  (Archieologia). 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus  (25  B.  c),  in  his  Archseology 
i.  e.  Early  History,  of  Rome  to  264  B.  c,  aimed  at  writing 
an  Introduction  to  Polybius.  He  maintains,  on  fanciful 
grounds,  that  the  Romans,  who  deserve  to  rule  the  world 
are  no  "barbarians,"  but  of  Greek  descent.  We  have 
Books  I,-X..  going  down  to  4.50  b.  c,  and  fragments  of 
Book  XI.  He  did  a  better  work  in  his  rhetorical  writ- 
ings,  and  above  all  in  his  excellent  essays  on  the  Greek 
orators.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit,,  p.  148. 

Dionysius  Periegetes  (per"i-e-je'tez).  [Gr. 
riEP";/'/i'W,  a  guide,  cicerone,  or  showman:  so 
named  from  the  title  of  his  book.  See  the  def.] 
Lived  about  the  4th  (1st?)  century  A.  D.  The 
author  of  a  geographical  poem,  '"'Periegesis" 
(Gr.  nepo/yi/aig  ti/(  j^f,  a  geographical  descrip- 
tion of  the  earth). 

Dionysius  the  Ai-eopagite.  An  Athenian,  a 
member  of  the  Ai-eopagus,  converted  by  St. 
Paul  about  50  a.  D.  He  was  the  reputed  author  of 
several  Greek  treatises  ("The  Celestial  Hierarchy,"  "The 
Ecclesiastical  Hierarchy,"  "Concerning  the  Names  of 
God,"  "Of  Mystical  Theology,"  "Epistles  "  and  a  Liturgy) 
which  appeared  in  the  6th  century  and  were  probably 
written  in  the  5th.  They  have  been  the  subject  of  much, 
theological  and  critical  discussion. 

Dionysus  (di-6-ni'sus).  [Gr.  Aidvmog  or  Aiiivv- 
CTof.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  wine. 
He  was,  according  to  the  common  tradition,  the  son  of 
Zeus  and  Semele,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  of  Thebes. 
Hera,  jealous  of  the  attention  which  Zeus  bestowed  on 
Semele,  persuaded  her  in  the  guise  of  a  friendly  old 
woman  to  request  him  to  approach  her  in  the  same  ma- 
jesty in  which  he  approached  his  wife,  Zeus  appeared  in 
thunder  and  lightning,  with  the  result  that  Semele  in  her 
fright  gave  birth  to  Dionysus,  whom  Zeus  rescued  from 
the  flames  and  sewed  up  in  his  thigh  until  he  came  to 
maturity.  He  was  brought  up  by  Ino  and  Athamas  at 
Orchomenos ;  spent  many  years  in  wandering  about  the 
earth,  introducing  the  cultivation  of  the  vine;  and  even- 
tually rose  into  Olympus.  He  was  also  called,  both  by  the 
Greeks  and  the  Romans,  Bacchus,  i.  e.  the  riotous  god, 
which  was  originally  a  sm-name  of  Dionysus. 
Dionyza  (di-o-ni'zS).  In  Shakspere's  "Peri- 
cles," the  wife  of  Cl'eon,  governor  of  Tharsus. 
She  attempts  the  murder  of  Marina,  and  with 
her  husband  is  burned  to  death  in  revenge. 
DiophantUS  (di-6-fan'tus).  [Gr.  Ai6<tiavTog.'] 
Lived  at  Alexandria,  probably  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A  Greek  mathematician,  reputed  in- 
ventor of  algebra.  His  chief  work  is  "  Arith- 
metica"  (edited  by  Format,  1670). 
Dioscorides  (di"o"s-kor'i-dez),  Pedacius  (pe- 
da'shi-us)  or  Pedanius  (pe-da'ni-us).  [Gr. 
AioaKovpiir/g,  surnamed  llfrfd/iMf  or  Ueddvioc.'i 
Bom  probably  at  Anazarba,  Cilicia:  lived  in 
the  1st  or  2d  century  A.  D.  A  Greek  physician, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  materia  medioa. 
Dioscuri  (di-os-kU'ri).  [Gr.  Awnmvpoi.'i  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux,  according  to  Greek  legends 
the  sons  of  Leda  and  Zeus,  or  of  Leda  and 
Tyndareus  (whence  their  patronymic  Ti/ndari- 
rfa"),  and  brothers  of  Helen.  See  Castor  and 
Pollux. 
Dioscurus  (dl-os-ku'ms).  Died  at  Gangra, 
Paphlagonia,  454  Bishop  of  Alexandria  444- 
451.  Having  sided  with  the  heretic  Eutyches  against 
Flavian,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  he  convoked  a  synod 
at  Ephesus  in  449,  which  sustained  the  former  and  con- 
demned the  latter.  This  synod,  over  which  he  presided, 
was  conducted  with  so  much  violence  that  it  was  stigma- 
tized as  the  "Robber  Synod  '  He  was  condemned  and 
deposed  by  the  Ecumenical  Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451. 
DiOSpoliS  (di-os'po-lis).     [Gr.  Ai6ajro/.i(,  city  of 

Zeus.]     See  Lydda. 
Diospolis.     Thebes  in  Egypt;  hence,  Diospolite 

dijnnsty,  a  Theban  dynasty.'    See  Tliebes. 
Diotima  (di-o-ti'mil).     [Gr.  A(o-(>o.]     a  priest- 
ess of  Mantinea,  the  reputed  teacher  of  Soc- 
rates, mentioned  in  Plato's  "Symposium."  She 
is  probably  fictitious. 
Diphda  (dif'dii).     [Ar.  difda'  aUhdnt,  the  sec- 
ond frog,  the  star  Fomal'haut  being  the  first.] 
An  often  used  name  for  the  star  ji  Ceti.     Also 
called  Dcncb  Kaitos. 
Diphilus   (dif'i-lus).     [Gr.  Ai^iilog.l     Born  at 
Sinope.     One  of  the  chief  Athenian  poets  of 
the  New  Comedy,  a  contemporary  of  Menander. 
He  is  said  to  have  exhibited  a  hundred  plays. 
Fragments  of  his  works  are  extant. 
Diplomacy.      A  play  adapted  by  Bolton   and 
Savile  Rowe  from  Sardou's  "  Dora,"  produced 
in  1878. 

Dippel  (dip'pel),  Johann  Konrad.  Bom  at 
Frankenstein,  near  Darmstadt,  Germany,  Aug. 
10,  1673 :  died  at  Berleburg,  Prussia,  Apiil  25, 
1734.  A  German  mystic  and  alchemist.  He 
invented  Dippel's  animal  oil,  and  discovered 
Prussian  blue. 
Dipsodes(dip'sddz), The.  [Gr.dvi/icidw, thirsty.] 
A  people  in  Babelais's  "Gargantua  and  Panta- 


Dipsodes,  The 
eruel."   Thev  were  ruled  by  Kiug  Anarehe,  and 
many  of  tuem  were  gumts.    Pautagruel  sub- 

Dipylon  Gate  (dip'l-lou  gat),  The.  [Gr.  di^v- 
/.ot-;  double-gatedO  The  ctiief  gateway  of  au- 
cieut  Athens,  traversing  the  walls  on  the  north- 
west side.  As  its  name  indicates,  it  was  in  fact  a  double 
Kate  consisting  of  a  strongly  foitiUed  rectimgular  comt 
between  an  outer  and  an  inner  portal.  Each  portal  ■ili.o 
was  double,  having  two  doors,  3ach  IH  feet  wide,  sepa 
rated  by  a  central  pier.  The  foundations  of  this  gate 
alone  among  those  of  ancient  Athens,  survive  in  great 
part,  and  from  it  toward  the  southwest  ex  ends  a  beanti. 
Ful  stretch  of  the  original  wall  of  Theraistoeles.  built  under 
Pelopouuesian  menace  after  the  Greek  victories  ove  t  e 
Persians  in  480  and  479  B.  c.  This  wall,  in  its  contrasted 
construction  of  admirably  ntted  blocks  and  rough  st<. aes 
confirms  literary  witness  to  the  hastf."f  ""',,,  ".Cs^u  ,'c' 
by  emergency.  The  Dipylon  is  identical  w  th  e  h.  u. 
Gate,  and  among  the  roads  diverging  from  it  is  the  !^ac  ud 
Way  to  Eleusis.  It  was  long  held  that  an  open  ng  in  the 
wall  immediately  southwest  of  the  Dipylon  was  the  hacie.i 
Gate,  but  Dorpfeld  has  shown  that  this  was  a  passage  for 
the  stream  which  he  identifies  as  the  L.ridaniis. 

Dirae  (di're).     The  Furies.     See  _F»r(;r. 

Ee(dfcr'se).  [Gr.  A->«;.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  second  wife  of  Lycus,  put  to  death 
by  Amphion  and  Zethus,  sons  of  Antiope,  in 
revenge  for  her  ill  treatment  of  their  mother. 
•  See  A nliopr.  she  was  bound  to  the  horns  of  a  bull  and 
dragged  to  death.  Uer  execution  is  repiesented  in  the 
Sraous  group  -  Kaincse  Bull"  (which  see).  Uer  body 
was"  liange.1  bv  Dionysus  into  a  well  on  Mount  Citha^ron. 

Directory  the.  The  body  of  five  men  who 
held  the"  executive  po^f-^  in  ^jance  froin 
Nov.  1,  179S,  to  the  coup  d'etat  of  li99  (IHth 


329 


I 


Brumaire,  Nov.  9).  It  succeeded  the  Convention. 
During  this  period  occurred  the  campaigns  of  Napoleon 
In  itady  and  Egypt,  and  other  campaigns  in  Germany 
etc  ■French  intluence  became  powerful  in  Italy  and 
Switzerland  ;  the  treaty  of  Campo-Formio  was  ™™  "' ,"' 
with  Austria;  and  France  was  nearly  embvoi  ed  in  ,i  u.n 
ritMhfllnitcd.states.  Thepersonnel  of  the  Directory  w_,^ 
m  .ditled  by  a  coup  detat,  ISth  Fructidor  (.sept.  4),  l,!i.,  i  i 
which  the  republicans  triumphed  over  the  reactionaries. 
Toward  tlie  close  of  the  period  the  Directory  became  .lis- 
credited  by  defeats  in  Italy,  and  was  overthrow'^n  by  N..- 
nolcon  and  succeeded  by  the  Consulate.    See  iJro»m»r. 

Dirschau  (der'shou),  Pol.  Szczewo  (shchev  o). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia.  Prus- 
sia situated  on  the  Vistula  19  miles  southeast 
of  bantzic.  It  has  a  notable  lattice-work  iron 
bridge.  Population  (1890),  11,541. 
Dis  ((lis).     In  Roman  mythology,  a  name  ot 

Pluto,  and  hence  of  the  lower  world. 
Disco  (dis'ko).     Aji  island  belonging  to  Den- 
mark, situated  in  Baffin  Bay,  west  of  Green- 
land, in  lat.  69°  30'  N.     It  contains  the  harbor 
of  (iodliavn.  .     -^ 

Disco  Bay.     A  bay  on  the  west  coast  of  (jreen- 

laiid,  southeast  of  Disco  Island. 
Discobolus  (dis-kob'o-lus).     [Gr.  (5«tko,.3<5/oc, 
thrower  of  the  discus.]     Au  antique  copy,  in 
the  Vatican,  Rome,  of  a  famous  statue  by  My- 
ron.    The  b.idy  is  bent  forward  an.i  turned  toward  the 
right  as  the  heavy  discus  is  swung  back,  wondi-.iu    ,ii 
being  shown  in  the  choice  and  .xpivssion  of  the  num.    t 
of  r"  pose  when,  the  backward  motion  .omph-led.  il.e  pow. 
irful  cast  forward  is  on  the  point  of  execution. 
Discordia  (dis-kor'di-ii).   In  Roman  m.ythology, 
the  goddess  of  dissension,  corresponding  to  mo 
Greek  Eris, 

Discours  de  la  m6thode.    see  Desmrtcx. 
Discoverv   The.     l.  A  small  ship  which,  under 
command  cf  Captain  (ieorg.'  Waymonth   was 
sent  out  by  the  East  India  Company  to     hnd 
the  passage  best  to  lyo  t<)\yards  the  parts  or 
kingdom   of  Cataya  or  China,  or  the   backe 
side  of  America."      She  sailed  with  tlu-   (;od»i»cd 
from  the  Thames  May  2,  l.«W,  intending  to  niakc  t be  c.,a«t 
of  (irecnlaml  ;  ■.)ut  the  voyage  had  no  importan    lesul  , 
?h,  ugh  w"  yn  outh  probably  j.avcd  the  way    ,.r  I  mlson  9 
d  scovery.     In   April,  KUO,  tde  latter  sailed    n  the  Dis- 
c  ,v"ry  and  entered  the  strait  which  bears  his  name    n 
,June       Karly  in  August  he  entered  Hudson  lia.y.      I  e 
spent  three  months  in  exploring  it,  and  In  November  t   e 
vessel  was  frozen  In.     In  .lune  of  the  following  X^'ar  she 
was  released,  and  shortly  after  a  mutiny  occurred.     Ull  • 
9.  u  and  others  were  set  adrift,  and  were  never  again  seen 
The   Discvery  was  taken   home  by  tin-  inullncTS,  and 
two  years  after  this  she  was  again  "''"V"" '''J;,^",',,', ',",';'!, 
with  the   Resolution    under  command   "'    ^''^,  ''''   " 'i 
Button      He  discovered  Nelsons  RIviT,  which  be  called 
1'  r    Nelson,  and  several  p.dnt,.     In  imr.  the  Discovery 
set  out  with  William  Ballln  an.l  Robert  Bylot   «"'!  "«""' 
In  Kill-,      In  both  these  voyages  many  Important  dlsu>v- 
nrles  and  cxplo.  all.ms  were  made.     See  lludiou,  llniry. 
2    One  ot  the  stenm-vessids  of  the  British  polar 
expedition  (uiulcr  Cnidaiii   Sir  Ooorge  Nares) 
of  lK7.')-70-  llie  other  WHS  the  Al<u-t. 

Disentis,  "■■  Disaentis  (des'en-tls).    A  village 

ui  the  canton  orCrisons,  Switzerhmd,  situate. 
on  tlie  Eurthpr  Hhine  :i.')  miles  southeast  ot 
Lucerne.  It  is  noted  for  its  Benedictine  ab- 
bev  founded  about  CiH.  from  which  it  received 
the  nam.'  Muster  I  li.  .l/oH"."''""'"-)  . 
Dismal  Swamp.  Great.  A  morass  '"  smith- 
eastern  Virginia  and  northeastern  Nortli  (  iiro- 


lina.  It  extends  from  near  Norfolk  30  to  40  miles  south- 
ward.  It  contains  Lake  Drumniond,  and  is  traversed  by 
the  Dismal  Swamp  canal,  which  connects  Chesapeake  Bay 
and  Albemarle  Sound.  Pait  of  the  swamp  has  been  re- 
claimed. 

Dismas  (dis'mas),  or  Desmas  (des'mas).  The 
legendary  name  of  the  penitent  thief  ci-ucilicd 
with  Christ.  He  is  also  sometimes  known  as 
DciniiK  and  Di/.imds. 

Disowned,  The.  A  novel  ty  Bulwer  Lytton, 
puMished  in  1SJ9.  .„      . 

Disraeli  (diz-ra'li  or  diz-re'li),  Benjamin, 
Earl  of  Beacousfield.     Born  at  L(mdon,  Di-c. 
21,  1804:  died  at  London,  April  19,  1881.     An 
English  statesman  ami  novelist,  son  of  Isaac 
DTsraeli.      He  entered  the  House  of  Commons  in  1S37, 
and  became  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Young   England 
iiartv  and  leader  of  the  I'riitectionist  Tories  against  I  eel 
from  about  1S4.'^..    He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
and  leader  of  the  house  in  1S52  and  18S*-59;  became 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  18(iC ;  caiTled  the  Reform 
Bill  of  1807;  became  premier  in  1868;  resigned  m  1868; 
was  premier  1874-so  ;  was  created  earl  of  Beaconsllcld  in 
is76    and  was  plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin 
-     in  1878      His  admiiiislration  was  noted  for  its  aggressive 
foreign  policy  (in  regard  to  the  Eastern  Question,  India, 
mid  South  Africa)-     lie  wrote  "  Vindication  of  the  British 
Constitution  ■■  (183:,)  (the  theories  of  which  were  afterward 
expounded  in  -Coningsby  ■'  and  "Sybil  -).  "\  ivian  Grey 
(1826:  second  part  in  1827),  "The  \oung  Duke     (1831), 
"Contarini  Fleming  "  (1832),  "The  Wondrous  Tale  of  Al- 
rov"  (1833),  "Rise  of  Iskander,"  "Revolutionary  Epic 
(1834),  "Letters  of  Runnymede"  (1836),  "  Venetia  '  (1S3,), 
"Henrietta  Temple '(is;'").  "Tragedy  of  Count  Alarcos 
(18:19).    "Coningsby-  (1844),   ".Sybil     (184;.),  "lancrcd 
(1847),  "  Life  of  Lord  George  Bentinck  "  (1852),  "Lothair 
(187u)i  "Endymion"(lS80). 
D'lsraeli,  Isaac.  Born atEnfield, England,May, 
1766-  died  at  Bradenham  House,  Bucks,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  19,  1848.     An  English  miscellaneous 
writer.     His  chief  works  are  "  Curiosities  of  Literature  " 
,1791-1824,  6  vols.),  ">liscellanies"(1796),  "Calamities  i>f 
Authors"  (1812),  "Quanelsof  Authors  •  (1814),  "  Literaiy 
•:^naractcr^  (1810).  "Charles  I."  (1828-31),  "Amenities  oi 
Literature"  (1841).  . 

Diss  (dis).  AtowninNorfolk,England,22miles 
north  of  Ipswich.  Population  (1891),  3,763. 
Distaffina  (dis-ta-fi'na).  The  beloved  of  Bom- 
b-istes  Furioso  in  Rhodes's  burlesque  opera  ot 
that  name  She  .iilted  Bombastes  for  the  king. 
Distaff 'S  Day,  Saint.  The  7th  of  January :  so 
c'lUed  because  on  that  day  the  women  who  have 
kept  the  Christmas  festival  till  Twelfth  Day  ( th  t' 
Gth)  return  to  their  distaffs,  or  ordinary  work. 
As  a  distaff  is  also  called  a  rock,  it  is  sometimes 
called  Rock  Day. 

Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College,  Ode  on  r.. 

A  p(iem  by  Thomas  Gray,  written  uijif2,  puli- 
lished  anonvmouslv  by  Dodsley  in  1747. 

Distich  (dis''tik),  Dick.  A  poet  and  satirist 
met  in  a  madhouse  by  Sir  Launcelot^Greaves. 
in  Smollett's  novel  of  that  name.  Pope  used 
tliis  sigiKitiire  ill  "The  Guardian." 

Distressed  Mother,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Am- 
brose Philips,  produced  mli  12.  It  was  adapted 
from  Racine's  "Andromaque." 

Distresses,  The.  A  play  by  Davenant,  thought 
to  have  been  the  same  as  "  The  Spanish  Lov- 
ers," licensed  in  1039. 

D'Istria (des'treil), Dora, Countess,   i 'lepf u- 

doiiy 111  of  llelene  Ghika,  Princess  Koltzofif  Mas- 

salskv 


Dixmude 

Dive  Bouteille  (dev  bii-tay'),  La.     [F.,  'tlie 
divine  bottle.']     An  oracle  to  which  Fanurge  in 
'•  Rabelais"  makes  a  long  .ioumey  iu  order  to 
determine  whether  he  shall  marry.    The  oracle 
responds  with  onewoid.  "Trimi.-    TheOrderof  the  Dive 
Bouteille  was  instituted  iu  France  in  the  llith  century  by 
the  most  "illustrious  drinkers"  In  honor  of  Rabelais,  and 
in  order  to  put  in  practice  their  "pantagruelism." 
Diver,  The.     A  poem  bv  Schiller. 
Dives  (di'vez).     [L., 'wealthy.']     See  L<i::ariis. 
Dives  (dev).     A  small  to^\^l  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  France,  17  miles  southwest  of  Le 
1 1:1  vie.     It  was  fonnerly  a  seaport  of  some  importance. 
Divide,  Continental.     The  elevated  ridge  or 
\viiter-)>arting  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  of 
the  United  States  which  separates  the  streams 
tributary  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  those  tribu- 
tary to  tiie  Atlantic ;  in  a  more  restricted  sense, 
a  portion  ot  the  main  divide,  in  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  where  it  has  about  its  narrowest 
crest.  ,         ,  .,,..., 

Divina  Commedia  (de-ve'na  kom-ma  de-a). 
(■Divine  Comedy.']  A  celebrated  epic  poem 
by  Dante,  in  3  parts  — Inferno  (Hell),  Purga- 
torio  (Purgatory),  Paradise  (Paradise)  — writ- 
ten during  the  period  1300-18.  it  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Caiy,  Longfellow,  Norton,  and  others 
Dante  called  it  a  comedy  only  because  the  ending  was 
not  triigical,  and  the  epithet  divine  was  given  to  it  in  ad- 
miration. 

And  so  the  spiritual  sense  of  these  works  [the  "  Vita  Nu- 
ova  •■  and  "  Convito  "l  proceeds  by  definite  steps  upward  to 
the  higher  mysteries  of  the  "  Divina  Conmiedia.  Here, 
after  the  early  days  of  faith  and  love,  and  when,  after  the 
Hist  passage  of  emotions  of  youth  to  the  intellectual  en- 
ioymentsof  maturer  years,  enthusiasm  also  for  philosophy 
lias  passed  away,  Dante,  or  the  Soul  of  Man  represented 
in  his  pereon,  passes  through  worldly  life  (the  wood  ot  the 
first  canto  of  the  "  Divine  Comedy  ")  into  sin,  and  through 
God's  grace,  to  a  vision  of  his  misery— to  the  "  HelL  «ut 
by  repentance  and  penance  — "  Purgatory  -  the  marks  of 
the  seven  deadly  sins  are  effaced  from  his  forehead,  and 
the  bright  vision  of  Beatrice.  Heavenly  Love,  whose  hand- 
maids are  the  seven  virtues,  admonishes  him  as  he  attains 
to  "Paradise."  There  Beatrice  the  Beatifler,  Love  that 
brings  the  Blessing,  is  his  guide  to  the  end  of  the  soul  8 
course,  the  glory  of  the  very  presence  of  the  (>odhead, 
where  a  love  that  is  almighty  rules  the  uniycrse. 

Murleij,  English  W  riters,  III.  404. 


District  of  Columbia  (ko-lum'bi-a).    "Tlie  fed- 

ei'al  dislrictwiiicli  contains  the  national  capital 
of'tho  United  States.  It  lies  on  the  eiustern  bank  of 
the  Potomac,  between  Jlaryland  and  Virglnim  ''"d  <;"»■ 
i,s,  besides  the  city  of  W''^'' "«'°'S"'''''  ';™''iV,  .  i 
various  villages.  It  is  under  he  ™""'"' '''"'.  /;'7,;, 
Onvernmcnt  through  3  commissioners  app.dnted  1)>  In 
Prc-sl  lent  and  conllrmcd  by  the  .Senate.  It  was  formed  of 
cessions  made  by  Maryland  in  1788  and  \  irginia  In  1.8', 
comprising  100  square  miles.  It  was  "r*f''''','f,',,  '.VV,  ■  , 
1781  and  the  scat  of  government  w,is  '■•■"'';^"' '''.', ';^.' 
1800  Washington  WiUi  Incorporated  In  180-!.  The>  iigin- 
l,.n  portion  (west  of  the  Potomac)  was  retr.Keded  in  1M(1. 
Terr7t<"a  g..vernment  was  established  in  ls71.  a  prov  - 
Bional  government  succeeded  in  1874,  and  ''>':  P"'"''  '  ™ 
was  e.tKbllsl.e.1  In  1878.  Area,  70  ».|Uar..  miles.  1  o|.ula- 
tloli  (I'.lOOi.  -.^78.718.     Sec    llrl«/im.;(oil. 

Dithmarschen  (dit'miir-shen),  or  Ditmarsh 

(dil'iiiiirsh).  A  territory  m  w-estern  llolsteiii, 
in  the  province  of  Schleswig-HMsteiii.  1  russia, 
situated  between  the  Kibe  and  ";■  l''"!''';  ^^ 
was  ineoniorated  in  Holsle.n  m  l.WJ,  and  an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  l^t.ll.  , 
Diti  (di'ti).  In  llimlu  m.vthology,  the  name  of 
a  god.less  wilhout  any  distinct  cliaraider.  The 
name  Is  tonncd  bv  i>opiilar  etymology  from  -l./ih,  n»  U 

•  "  Ve"e  :V.;(-7,:('nn\.Diti;)  a.s  ,nra  from  y«.,^^^ 
,„„.trv  DItl  Is  a  daughter  ot    lakslia  and  wife  ot  hasliyapa. 
Vhe  rL.  of  Ilailv as  or  Implacable  enemies  of  the  gods,  are 
ilescrlbed  as  her  progeny  or  descendants. 

Ditton  (dit'on),  Humphrey   P.orn  ,.t  s«  .shu,  .v 

England,  Mav 29,  107.':  died  Oct.  1..,  1<1..,  An 
Enclish  mathematician.  He  wn.te  "Ocneral  Laws 
of  Nalure  and  Motion  "  (1706),  "An  Institution  of  Mux- 
Ions  "  (171X1),  etc. 


Divine  Doctor,  The.    [L-  doctor  dn-mus.^    A 

surname  of  Kuvsliroeek. 
Divine  Tragedy,  The.    A  poem  by  Longfellow, 

pulilislied  iu  IS'l. 
Divitiacus  (div-i-ti'a-kus).  An  ^Eduau  noble, 
brother  of  Dumnori.x.  He  was  an  ally  of  Rome,  and 
a  warm  personal  friend  of  Ceesar.  He  was  the  guest  of 
Cicero  during  a  political  visit  to  Rome.  He  rendered  ser- 
vices to  Cnjsar  against  Ariovistus  and  against  the  BelgOD. 
Through  his  intercession  Dumuorix's  treason  ill  58  B.  C. 
was  pardoned  by  Caesar. 

Dix  (<liks).  Dorothea  Ljmde.    Horn  at  Hami.- 

deu.  Ml'.,  .Vpril  4.  ISOL':  dieil  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 
July  19,  18S7.  .Vii  .\iueriean  philanthropist, 
noted  for  her  exertions  in  behalf  of  imupers, 
the  insane,  and  prisoners.  She  imblislied  sev- 
eral children's  books,  ami  iu  184.')  •'  Prisons 
and  Prison  Discipline." 

Dix,  John  Adams.  Bom  at  Boscawen,  N.  H., 
July  24,  171IS:  died  at  New  York,  April  21,  lhi9. 
AuAineric'an  statesman  and  general.  He  was 
United  States  senat^u-  from  New  York  ls4.^-ln ;  was  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury  in  1801;  served  during  .he  I  Ivll 
War  18(il-or. ;  was  minister  to  Vranm  ISOtMW  ;  and  was 
governor  of  New  York  1873-7B. 

Dix  Mount.  One  of  the  principal  summits  of 
the'Adiroudacks.NewVork.  Height, 4,916  feet. 

Dixie  (dik'si).  A  popular  name  of  the  Southern 
Slates  oft  lie  .\nierican  Union.   See  JUxii's  ImihI. 

Dixie's  Land.  Said  to  have  been  originally  a. 
negro  name  for  New  York  or  .Manhattan  Island 


later  ai)plied  to  the  Sontli.  The  pbnisc  originated 
111  New  York  early  In  the  lOtli  century:  it  .Icvclop,  .1  into 
a  song,  or  rather  into  many  songs,  the  refrain  usually  con- 
taining the  word  "Dixie  "or  "Dixies  Ij.nd.'  lntheS<iulh 
Dixie  Is  regarded  as  meaning  the  Southern  Slates,  the 
word  being  supposed  to  he  ilerivwl  from  "  Mason  and 
Dixon's  line,"  which  formerly  divided  the  free  and  slave 
suites.  It  Is  said  to  have  first  come  Into  use  there  when 
Texas  Joined  the  I  nl<Mi,  and  the  negroes  sang  .'f  It  as 
"  Dixie." 

In  the  popular  mythology  of  New  York  City,  Dlilo  w«. 
the  Negro's  paradise  on  enrth  In  times  when  slavery' and 

e  slave-trade  were  nourishing  In  thai  quarter  Dixie 
owned  a  tract  of  land  mi  Manl.at  an  Island,  a  id  also  a 
large  number  of  sl.ive,;  an.l  his  slave,  Incnas  ng  fMter 

than  his  laiul,  an  emigration  >^^"»»!:,>'',  ""S','"^''' v,i^^„l 
laceliiVlrglniaandothcrStat.s.  Naturally,  the  Negroc. 
I  o  left  II  (..r  distant  parts  l.s.kcd  toll  as  a  place  of  in- 
1  loyed  hapi.ln.'ss,  and  It  was  the  ".dd  \  uglnny  of  the 
nX's  o/  hat  day.  Ilenc  Dixie  became  synonyn.ou, 
w  lb  an  l.leal  locality  eomblnlng  in.-llable  happiness  and 
every  Imaginable  requisite  ..(  earthly  b«,tllml«, 

•"  /tryoni,  Songs  rioin  Dixies  Land,  note. 

Dixmude  (de-m(ld').  Fleni.  Diksmuide.     A 

small  town  in  the  province  of  West  llamlers. 
Belgium,  situalod  on  the  Yser  20  miles  south- 
west ot  Bruges. 


Dixon,  George 

Dixon  (dik'sou),  George.  Died  about  1800. 
AaEnsjlish  navigator.  He  served  as  a  petty  officer  on 
the  ResolutioD  duriug  Cooks  last  voyage.  In  1785  he  was 
appointed  to  the  comiu-.iuti  of  the  Queeo  Charlotte  in  Na- 
thaniel Fortlock's  exploring  expedition  along  the  north- 
western coast  of  America.  He  was  detached  for  the  pur- 
pose of  independent  exploration,  May  14. 17&7.  and  shortly 
after  discoi-ered  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands.  He  pub- 
lished "  A  Voyage  round  the  World  "  (17=8). 

Dixon.  William  Hepworth.  Born  at  Xewton- 
Heatli.  England,  June  30, 18:11 :  died  at  London, 
Dec.  27. 1ST9.  An  Englisli  author  and  journal- 
ist, editor  of  the  "Athenseum"'  1853-69.  He  wrote 
•'  New  America  "  (1S67),  "  Spiritual  Wives  "  (ises),  "  Free 
Russia    (1S70).  -Her  Majesty's  Tower'  (1S69-71),  etc. 

Dixon  Entrance.  A  sea  passage,  west  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  which  separates  Prince  of  Wales 
Island  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 

Dixville  Notch  (iliks'Til  noch).  A  noted  ravine 
in  the  northern  part  of  New  Hampshire,  near 
Colebrooke. 

Dixwell  (diks'wel),  Jolin.  Bom  1608:  died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  March  18, 1689.  An  EngUsh 
regicide,  a  refugee  in  America  after  the  Res- 
toration. 

Dizful  (dez-fol').  orDesful  (des-fol')-  A  city 
in  the  province  of  Khuzistan,  Persia,  situated 
on  the  river  Diz  in  lat.  32°  10'  N.,  long.  48° 
35'  E.     Population,  estimated,  30,000. 

Dizzy  (diz'i).  1.  A  character  in  Garrick's  play 
' '  The  Male  Coquette." —  2.  A  nickname  ot  Ben- 
jamin Disraeli. 

Pjinnestan,  or  Jinnestan  (jin-nes-tan').  The 
land  of  the  Djinns  or  Jinns  in  Persian  and 
Oriental  fairy  lore. 

Dmitri.     See  VimHri. 

Dmitrieff  (dme'tre-ef),  Ivan  Ivanovitcli. 
Born  in  the  government  of  Simbirsk,  Russia, 
^pt.  20  (N.  S.),  1760:  died  at  Moscow,  Oct. 
15  (N.  S.),  1837.  A  Russian  poet  and  politi- 
cian, minister  of  justice  1810-1-1.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  translation  of  La  Fontaine's  fables, 
etc. 

Dmitroff  (dme'trof).  A  town  in  the  govem- 
meut  of  Moscow,  Russia,  43  miles  north  of  Mos- 
cow.    Population,  9.298. 

Dmitrovsk  (dme'trovsk).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Orel,  Russia,  in  lat.  52°  29'  N.,  long. 
35°  15'  E.     Population  (1888),  6,878.  • 

Dnieper  (ne'per;  Russ.  pron.  dnyep'er),  or 
Dniepr  (ne'pr).  A  river  of  Russia,  after  the 
Volga  and  Danube  the  largest  in  Europe:  the 
classical  Borysthenes,  and  the  later  classical 
Danapris,  the  Tiu'kish  Uzi.  it  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Smolensk,  and  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  by  the 
Dnieper  Liman,  east  of  Odessa.  Its  leadinir  tributaries 
are  the  Desna,  Soj.  Pripet,  and  Berezina,  Kieff  and  Yeka- 
terinosUa  are  ou  its  banks.  Length,  about  1,200  miles ; 
navigable  from  Dorogobush. 

Dniester  .(ues'ter;  Russ.  pron.  dnyes'ter).  or 
Dniestr  (nes'tr).  A  river  in  Galicia  and  Rus- 
sia which  rises  in  the  Carpathian  Mountains, 
and  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  30  miles  south- 
west of  Odessa:  the  ancient  Tyras  or  Danas- 
tris,  the  Turkish  Turla.  Length,  about  800 
miles.  Its  navigation  is  interrupted  at  the 
Yampol  rapids. 

Doab  (do-ab'),  or  Duab.  ['Two  rivers.']  In 
India,  a  name  given  to  a  tract  of  country  be- 
t  ween  two  rivers.  It  is  applied  especially  to  the  region 
between  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna,  of  great  fertility, 
about  500  miles  in  length. 

Doane  (don),  George  Washington.  Bom  at 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  May  27,  17S)9:  died  at  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  April  27, 18.59.  An  American  bishop 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  pub- 
lished "  Songs  by  the  Way"  (1824),  etc. 

Dobberan.     See  Dohrran. 

Dobbin  (dob 'in),  Major  William.  A  modest 
young  officer  iu  Thackeray's  novel  "Vanity 
Fair."  He  maiTies  Amelia  Sedley  after  the 
death  of  her  first  husband,  George  Osborne. 

Dobbins,  Humphrey.  --V  rough  but  grateful 
servant  in  Colman's  comedy  '•  'I'he  Poor  Gentle- 
man.'' 

Dobell  (do-bel' ),  Sydney  Thompson.  Bom  at 
Cranbrook,  Kent.  England,  April  5.  1824:  died 
at  Nailsworth,  Gloucester,  Aug.  22,  1874.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  a  wine  merchant  at  Cheltenham 
from  1S4S  until  his  death.  His  works(a  complete  edition 
of  which  appeared  in  1875-76)  include  "'The  Roman" 
(1S50),  '-Balder  '  (lS5i),  and  ''England  in  Time  of  War" 
(1856). 

Dobeln  (dfe'beln).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxonv,  situated  on  the  Mulde  28  miles  west 
of  Dresden.     Population  (1890).  13,862. 

Doberan  (do'be-ran).  or  Dobberan  (dob'ber- 
an).  A  town  and  watering-place  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Germany, 
situated  near  the  Baltic  9  miles  west  of  Ros- 
tock. 


330 

Dobereiner  (de'be-ri-ner),  Johann  Wolfgang. 

Born  near  Hot,  Bavaria,  Dec.  15,  1780 :  died 
at  Jena,  Germany,  March  24,  1849.  A  German 
chemist.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry,  pharmacy, 
and  technology-  in  the  University  of  .Tena  from  ISIO  until 
ins  death.  He  discovered  that  spongiform  platinum  has 
tiie  property  of  igniting  hydrogen.  Author  of  "Zur  pneu- 
matischen  Chemie"  (18-21-25),  etc. 

Doboobie,    See  Alasco. 

Dobrentei  (de'bren-ta-e),  Gabor.  Bom  at 
Xagyszollos.  Hungary,  Dec.  1,  178(5:  died  near 
Budapest,  March  28,  1851.  A  Hungarian 
scholar  and  poet.  He  published  "Old  Monu- 
"nents  of  the  Magyar  Language"  (1838—12). 

iJobrizhoffer  (do'brits-hof-er),  Martin.  Bom 
at  Gratz,  in  St\Tia,  Sept.  7.  1717:  died  at  Vi- 
enna. July  17,  1791.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and 
author.  From  1749  until  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits 
in  1767  he  resided  in  Paraguay,  and  seven  years  of  this 
period  were  passed  among  the  savage  Abipones  Indians. 
After  1767  he  resided  in  A'ienna,  where  he  published  his 
Latin  '"  Historia  de  Abiponibus  equestri  "  in  1784.  A  Ger- 
man edition  appeared  in  the  sanie  year,  and  an  English 
translation  by  Sara  Coleridge  in  1822,  with  the  title  ".\n 
.\ccount  of  the  .\bipones  '  (London,  3  vols.  Svo).  The 
book  is  uf  great  ethnological  value. 

Dobrowsky  (do-brov'ske),  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Gyerraet,  near  Raab,  Hungary,  Aug.  17,  1753: 
died  at  Brunn,  Moravia,  Jan.  6, 1829.  A  noted 
Hungarian  philologist,  the  founder  of  Slavic 
philology.  He  became  a  member  of  tie  order  of  Jesuits 
in  1772.  His  works  include  "  Geschichte  der  bohtnischen 
Sprache  und  altern  Literatur"  (1792),  *' Institutiones  lin- 
gu;e  slavicae  dialecti  veteris"  (1822X  "Scriptores  renim 
Bohemicarum  "  (17S3-S4),  etc. 

Dobnidja,  or  Dobnidscha  (do-bro'ja).  [Bulg. 
D'lbritcli.]  The  southeastern  portion  of  Ru- 
mania, bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Black  Sea, 
on  the  north  and  west  by  the  Danube,  and  on 
the  south  by  Bulgaria.  It  is  a  marsh  and  steppe  re- 
gion, and  is  traversed  by  the  ancient  wall  of  Trajan.  It 
was  occupied  temporarily  by  the  Russians  in  182S  and 
1854,  and  by  the  French  in  1^4,  and  was  incorporated  in 
Rumania  in  187a.  Area,  6,102  square  mUes.  fopulation 
(1889),  199,71L 

Dobschau  (dob'shou),  orTopschau  (top'shou), 
Hung.  Dobsina  (dob'she-no).  A  small  town  in 
the  county  of  Gomor,  Hungary,  in  lat.  48°  50' 
N.,  long.  20°  24'  E.,  noted  for"its  ice-eavem. 

Dobson  (dob'son),  Austin.  Bom  at  Plymouth. 
England,  Jan.  18,  1840.  An  English  poet.  He 
has  published  "Vignettes  in  Rhyme,"  etc  (1873-80), 
"Pioverbs  in  Porcelain  "  (1877),  "Old  World  Idyls "(1S83), 
"Thomas  Bewick." etc.  (1SS4X  "  At  the  Sign  of  the  Ljre  " 
(18S5X  'Ballade  of  Beau  Bri>cade,"  etc.  (189-2).  He  has 
also  written  the  life  of  Sir  Richard  Steele  ("  English  Wor- 
thies," 1886).  "01iver(ioldsmith"('GreatWriters,"1888), 
etc. 

Dobson,  William.  Born  at  London,  1610:  died 
at  Oxford,  1(>46.  An  English  portrait  and  his- 
torical i5ainter,a  pupil  and  imitator  of  VanDyek 
whom  he  succeeded  as  painter  to  Charles  I.  He 
painted  the  portraits  of  Chai'les  I.,  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  Prince  Rupert,  and  various  courtiers. 

Doce  (do'sa),  Rio.  A  river  of  Brazil  which 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  19°  35'  S. 
Length,  over  600  miles ;  navigable  for  90  miles. 

Dockum.     See  Dokl'um. 

Doctor,  The.  A  romance  by  Southey.  published 
iu  1S34.  iu  7volumes.  It  was  at  Urst  published  anony- 
mously, and  he  explicitly  denied  his  authorship.  In  it  he 
exhibits  his  vast  store  of  leamiug  in  a  rambling  manner. 

Doctor's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "  Can- 
terbury Tales,"  told  by  the  Doctor  of  Physic. 
The  Roman  story  of  Virginia  in  it  was  expanded  from  the 
same  story  in  the  "Roman  de  la  Rose,  "though  the  account 
purports  to  be  direct  from  Li\'y.    See  Appius  and  rirtjinia. 

Doctor  Syntax.     See  Tour  of,  etc. 

Doctor  DodipoUfdok'tor  dod'i-pol).  A  comedy 
the  author  uf  which  is  unknown  (1600).  Dr. 
DodipoU  is  a  foolish,  doddering  creature. 

Doctor  of  Alcantara,  The.  An  opera  by  Julius 
Eichberg,  produced  in  1SG2. 

Doctor  of  the  Incarnation.  A  title  bestowed 
on  C\"ril  of  Alexandria. 

Dod  (dod).  Charles  Roger  Phipps.  Bom  in  Ire- 
land, May  8. 1793:  died  Ft-b.  21.  18-55.  Compiler 
of  the  "Parliamentary  Companion"  (1832-^). 

Dodd  (dod),  James  William.  Bom  in  London 
about  1740:  died  1796.  An  English  actor.  He 
was  a  member  of  Garrick's  company,  and  was  especially 
successful  as  Sir  Andrew  Aguecheek  and  Abel  Drugger. 

Dodd,  William.  Bom  at  Bourne,  Lincolnshire. 
England,  May  29, 1729:  died  June  27.  1777.  An 
English  clergATiian  and  author.  He  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, was  ordained  deacon  in  1751,  and  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king  in  1763.  In  1777  he  forged  the  name 
of  Lr.rd  Chesterfield,  his  former  pupil,  to  a  bond  for 
£4,-200,  and  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Johnson  and  other 
influential  persons  was  executed  at  London.  He  wrote 
'Beauties  of  Shakspere"  (17S-2X  "Thoughts  in  Prison  " 
(1777).  etc. 

Doddridge  (dod'rij),  Philip.  Bom  at  London, 
Jvine  26, 1702 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  26. 1751.  An 
English  dissenting  clergyman.   He  was  pastor  of  an 


Dodwell,  Henry 

Independent  congregation  and  tutor  of  a  seminary  for  the 
education  of  dissenting  ministers  at  Northampton  from 
1739  until  hi^  death.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  the  author 
of  "  Rite  and  Progress  of  Religion  in  the  Soul  "  (1750)  and 
'■  The  Family  Expositor  "  (1739-56),  and  for  his  hymns. 
Doderlein  (de'der-Un),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Jena, 
Germany,  Dec.  19, 1791 :  died  at  Erlangen,  Nov. 
9,  1863.  •  A  German  classical  philologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Erlangen  from  1819.  His  works  include 
"  Lateinische  Synonymen  und  Etymologien "  (l626-o8), 
"  Homerisches  Glossarium  "  (15oO-5SX  editions  of  Tacitus, 
Hoi-ace,  and  the  Iliad,  etc. 

Dodge  (doj),  Mary  Abigail:  pseudonym  Gail 
Hamilton.  Born  at  Hamilton,  Mass..  1830 :  died 
at  Wenham,  Mass.,  Aug.  17, 1896.  An  American 
writer.  Her  works  include  "Country  Living  and  Country 
Thinking  "(1SC2),  "Gala  Days '  (1363X  "Sew  Atmosphere  " 
(1864),  "Woman's  Wrongs,  etc."(1868),  "Twelve Slilesfrom 
aLemon''U873X  "Our  Common  School  System "(1860),  etc 

Dodge,  Mrs.  (Mary  Elizabeth  Mapes).  Born 
at  New  York,  1838.  An  American  authoress, 
editor  of  the  "St.  Nicholas"  magazine  since 
1873.  she  has  written  "Hans  Brinker,  or  the  ;>ilver 
Skates  "  (1865),  "  Donald  and  Dorothy  "  (1883X  "Along  the 
Way"  (poems,  1879),  etc. 

Dodge,  Theodore  Ayrault.  Bom  at  Pittsfield. 
Mass.,  May  28, 1842.  An  American  soldier  and 
author.  He  served  through  the  Civil  'War  and  in  the 
War  Department,  rising  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  He  is  now 
on  the  retired  list.  -Among  his  works  are;  "(^lancellors- 
TiUe"  (18S1),  "Civil  War"  (1883),  "AChatin  the  Saddle" 
(1S85),  'Great  Captains"  (1889),  "Alexander"  (1S90), 
"Hannibal"  (1891),  "Csesar"  (1893),  "Riders  of  Many 
Lands  "  (1S94),  "Gustavns  Adolphus"  (1895). 

Dodge.William  Earl.  Bom  at  Hartford.  Conn., 
Sept.  4,  1805 :  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1883. 
An  American  merchant  and   philanthropist, 
noted  for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  freedmen,  ■ 
temperance,  foreign  missions,  etc. 

Dodge  City  (doj  sit'i).     A  city  in  Ford  CoimtyJ 
southwestern  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Arkans 
River.     Population  (1900).  1.942. 

Dodger  (doj'er). The  Artful.  See  Z)a«-/.'in5,  JoA».l 

Dodgson  (doj's.;ni.  Charles  Lutwidge :  pseuJ 
donym  Lewis  Carroll.  Bomat  Daresbury,C!he-^ 
shire,  Jan.  27,  1832:  died  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
Jan.  14, 1898.  An  EngUsh  clergyman  and  writer, 
mathematical  lectureratChristChureh,  Oxford, 
1855-81.   Hewrote"ASyllab'isof  Plane  and  Algebraical 
Geometry"  (1860),    -Guide  to  the  Mathematical  Student,' 
etc.   (1S64),   "Eleinentarv    Treatise    on    Determinants' 
(1867),  "Euclid  and  his  Modem  Rivals"  (1879),  "Curiosi 
Mathematica,"  etc.  (188S),  and  several  chiUlren's  book: 
under  the  pseudonjTU  of  Lewis  Carroll :  "  .illce  s  Adveo-] 
tures  in  Wonderland  "(1865), ''  Through  the  Looking  Glass, 
etc.  (1S71),  "  The  Hunting  of  the  Snark  "  (1876),  etc. 

Dodington  (dod'ing-ton),  George  Bubb  (lateii 
Baron  Mclcombe),  Bom  in  Dorset,  England,! 
1691 :  died  at  Hammersmith,  July  28, 1762.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  the  son  of  George  Bubb, 
but  adopted  the  name  of  Dodington  on  inheriting  an  estate 
in  1720  from  an  uncle  of  that  name.  In  1715  he  entered 
Parliament,  where  he  acquired  the  reputation  of  an  as- 
siduous place-hunter.  He  was  created  Baron  Melcombe 
of  Melcombe  Regis,  Dorsetshire,  in  176L  He  patronized 
men  of  letters,  and  was  complimented  by  Edward  Young, 
Fielding,  and  Richard  Bentley.  He  left  a  diary  covering 
the  period  from  1749  to  1761,  which  was  published  in  1784. 

Dodipoll.     See  Doctor  DodipoU. 

Dodo  (do'do).  The  namr  of  a  deity  (discovered 
on  the  Moabite  Stone)  who  is  supposed  to  have 
been  worshiped  by  the  ten  tribes  alongside  of 
Yahveh.  (Sayce.)  This  is,  however,  verv  un- 
likely. 

Dodona  (do-do'na).  [Gr.  AutJdu'/;.]  In  ancient 
geogiaphy,  a  city  of  Epirus,  probably  situated 
near  the  modem  Mount  Olrtzika,  southwest  of 
Jauina.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  oldest  Greek 
oracle,  dedicated  to  Zeus. 

Dods  (dodz),  Meg.  The  landlady  of  the  inn, 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  St.  Ronan's  Well." 

Dodsley  (dodz'li),  Robert.  Born  probably  at 
Mansfield,  Nottingham,  England,  in  1703  :  died 
at  Durham,  England,  Sept.  25,  1764.  An  Eng- 
lish bookseller  and  author.  He  wrote  a  number  of 
plays,  poems,  songs,  and  other  works,  but  is  best  known 
for  his  "Select  Collection  of  Old  Plays."  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1744  in  12  volumes. beginning  with  a  morality  play 

Dodson  (dod'son).  The  family  name  of  the 
three  aunts  in  Creorge  Eliot's  "Mill  on  the 
Floss,"  Aimt  Pullet,  Aunt  Glegg,  and  Aunt 
TuUiver.  Their  inherited  customs  and  peculiarities  are 
amusing,  and  are  always  referred  to  with  respect  by  the 
phrase  "  >'o  Dodson  ever  did  "  so  and  so. 

Dodson  and  Fogg.  In  Charles  Dickens's  "  Pick- 
wick Papers,"  the  legal  advisers  of  Mrs.  Bardell 
in  the  celebrated  breach-of-promise  case. 

Dod'Well(dod'wel),Ed'Ward.  Bom  about  1767: 
died  at  Rome,  May  14.  1832.  An  English  anti- 
quarian and  artist.  He  published  "Classical  and 
Topographicsd  Tour  through  Greece"  (1S19X  "Cyclopean 
or  Pelasgic  Remains  in  Greece  and  Italy  "  (1834),  etc. 

Dodwell,  Henry.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Oct.,  1641 : 
died  at  Shottesbrooke,  Berkshire,  England, 
June  7,  1711.     A  British  classical  scholar  and 


Dodwell,  Henry 


331 


lin  ;  ren.ove.    "  ^"'  '""^^yj      His  chief  work  is  "  Ue  ve- 

£'(^6'e.).    [Hob.,  'foarful/]    1 
and  five  pncsts  of   ^'>^'--/-  ..V4lom    and 

Dogah  (clo-ga  '«)•_,/.  '^,g%^7,  the  Italian  force 
^„tllr;^nf^.!a:aefS  j:d  tX  Wo,ed  .y  t.,e 
Ahy8si,>ia,m  under  to.  Alula.  eoi,staUe  in 

Dogberry  \f  s,\'f,  .-^'Xd^abSothing."  ^, 
pSSace    Tl.e  paCe  of  the  doges  of  Ven- 

kS^icPoi,^i-cW^ctu.e^-=.;;;;;,;;-^ 

noble  and  "jassive  arcade  w.tncyui  ,^|,^^„f  columns. 

this  is  another  jrcad^.  "''»  ^'?^,'w.s  with  a  range  of  .Qualr 


3ni-iemiici*  »a  «  " 

Anrong  these  latter  there  is  one  who  ^^^e 'Se^SoTet^wS 
atyi,icalrei,resenta.M^eu    thctm,^^^^ 

born  at  Orleans  ni  IMa,  "■',''  .'f,.  Hid  much  service 
n,any  ..uarrels  'f.^^'V^^^^^a  fK  ench  and.  fallinK  out 
to  literature  l)oth  ,u_.^  I.atn;  and  M^_^^  ^^^^.^^  ^^^  ^een, 

With 


include  "Voyage  a.«J^es  .-J^^YlSsiphie  mUi^raloglque" 

„5  a  matter  of  »'",'',*-.  "hpPiice  Mauhert,  at  Paris,  on  his      1^^"'"'  „,.,,,,„  of  limestone  mountains  in  tne 

Latin  speeches  '"'^  ™'^X,man    ts  w ho  eXrtainedan     ni-'hest  peak,  Marmolada  (11,04d  fe^t). 

Population     („f  Jivinities,  etc.).  and  other  worKs  oi  a. 
inlat.  bZ-14   i>-, '""6- "    —     ■•-         1  iiwut  30,000.  „„  „f  a,lventure, 

S^t  V-^!i^r^^S?^n  ^^^i  ^s:y=:^^^-th 

Kxoeutedat_No^^a,Ru..M,Iso^.^,     ^      ^^^^     century.  _^_He  says  that  he  tr. 


tdog'bei-i).     An  a,DSuru  ^uji=^<^;^ exclusive  ana  <'-^^— ^„7,„,i„„,,,  French  Li 

'«  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing. 
ilarp'  The  palace  of  the  doges  of  \  en-  jj  ,     ^y  (dol-geth'li).    The  chief  to\vu 

^i-^'>"''^''.?'e^^:^S^<^n,...y^">-<=    (1891),  2.467. _^^ ., ..      . 


=R^''SSS«^-'™-rr  Do£Xri^a^il.hail<mtah     Bom  ApHI 


superstructure  *''"  "^.f,i:?°workof  pink  and  white  , 
tiveby  the  ™l"L?!..fi,TMcal  sculptures  of  the  cap 


11.     i^Y'"  "f--- 
,  Russian  poet. 


....b^ihecolor  of  "^^J-iSSs,;;  1^  »?es;;r^e capitals 
ble.  The  aUegoncal  '"V' ''''  'firee  angles  ot  the  p^^lace 
of  the  lower  arcade  »"'!  of  ";,*^ '"1"  Porta  della  (  aria,  the 
are  famous.    The  Kr«at  entrance,  the  i  or  ^^^^ ^^^_^^  ^^^^^^^  ^  ^ 

KS™^^5.'2.\Sv;tn^^^^ 

Doggerbank  (dog'f-banf  )•    A  f  "^bai^^^; 


fitst  edition  of  his  poetical  ^orks  appeared  lu 

Dolgoruki,  Katharina  Michailowa   Mn 
^"  °   T.vf;:.ffcl,-,ivn.     The  second  wile  (July  Ji 


in.li   q  tributary  of  the  t.<rana  nivei.   J-"  "    , 
Sfe'h  a  canon  3,000  feet  in  depth.    Length, 

about  250  miles. 


Lna  Michailowna    Pnn-     about  250  miles.  <cry  of  Dolores.'] 


1  «^..n.i>ln>t1p  nr 


estahlished  in  IJW  *^,;;['i^^  i'  ^  ^gu  t      It  was  an  orange-      ^.j^^^.^^f   s„e  is  entirely  '^uUless,  eNcep    tli  t  she  is^a 

-""    f?6rASXpoetinCowley's  Dollar  (do. ;|r)     Asnia    to^J.>Oackn.nn  . 
D<>ggT?^V^;V^?tardian.^HewasLittedia''The  ^^'-;-r^£;'^"Sol4r  la).      A  mountain  in    he 

ilhliir.  J  ,      of     A  peninsula    height. 

Dogs  («10K/-   or  ''?Si^)'  I^^®      ■•     ■     ^-   '     -■" 


act 


nsS'))   7,220.     See  i)o?om-,  Gn(o  de. 


N     loll".  <>°  E- 

chevet,  and  c  ustered  colun    s  so^.^^^^^ 

detached.     i'\°^^'' ^"j'evcep   oiial  delicacy  conslder.ni,' 

?ji;'^Si^<'f;'ni?:-"a^--""^^"'="^'-  '"""■•-"" 

(18S1),  commune,  4^hlt.  p^^jliug   ComeliUS. 


I   ,      14     1841      A   (ie'rman' physiologist   and 

etc.  ~ 


i  oliilinger,  Johann  Joseph  Ignaz  von.  ^.B.- 

;;,.     a.    Hnmbrvg.   Havana     '  ' ''•  n,.\„,„,,„,  .icrman 


Af      ,.    4'i  B    c       A 'Ko'nuin  "patrician,  noted 
Minor,  4.(    B.  I-  ..  ci .,.,.(,.     Ruined  hy 

cliielly  as  the  son-i.i-Uw  ^    ^.        ^,^„„.„        „y 

B?SSHtin;irift» 

E!ii!i!ii?^H<Sil5S  ^1   "-"";,|^;   ';;r'^S;^  ■  A';..:icbn;.ea  .ienna,i 

acted  in  support  of  "'e  «»■»"•  ,  ,^„,„„y.     iic  re-     Munich,  .Ian.  in,  '•  ■  Diillinger.  a  lea.ier  in 

ai„l  died  in  great  pm'c  t>.  ^^^^^   '^-'l '■''';'.'\'^,?V;.nd   ^  N.  v    10.  1701. 

iiH£i£ 'S^Fx:::::;::  «Hi  i?^^^^-- 


tall,  and  «"r  Exportation.      ;^';;, , ,"    ,'^,?,  ,,i„B,  pomi".us 

little  Paul  itud  *;!'■"'";,*,;;,,     ';,.n"ti,^^^ 
„H-rchan.      His  eh  H  am    ti  n  is  t    ,^    ,  ^.__^  _ 

^-'''.olK'y  elopes  witb  farker  his  '>""»;^'  .  ^^^.^j 

Dombrowski  i'^^^^'  Z^^^^^ 

*'""''"'"'■  "Y-^'     w    \n^^)    :-:,:  died  at  Wina- 

,so..  and  in  ''- "7;,'  ,'';;r;,;;'-i "'.i.e  contin.mtion 
lens  founded  by  the  great  n.agie.a.i  llal-il- 
root,  o    the  "^7"        ''  V;,^,'-'  ',",'  „„  nnally   destr.ivcd 

^l!th::r-K^'^'-'-"^^^^ 


Dome  de  Chasseforet 

Dome  de  Chasseforet  (dom  de  shas-fo-ra'). 
The  central  poiut  of  the  Vanoise  range,  iu 
the  Tarentaise  Alps,  in  southeastern  France. 
Height,  11,800  feet. 

Domenech  (dom-e-nek'),  Emmanuel  Henri 
Dieudonne.  Born  at  Lyons,  France,  Nov.  4, 
18'25.  A  French  traveler  and  writer.  He  was 
an  honorary  canon  of  Montpellier,  with  the 
title  of  abb6. 

Domenichino  (d6-men-e-ke'u6),  Domenico 
Zampieri.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Oct.  21. 
loSl ;  died  at  Naples,  April  15,  1641.  A  noted 
Italian  painter.  Among  his  works  are  "Communion 
of  St.  Jerome  '  (in  the  Vatican),"  Martyrdom  of  St.  Agnes  " 
(ir  Bolosna), '  Diana  and  her  Nymphs  "  (in  Kome),  "  .\dam 
and  Eve,'  etc. 

Domesday  Book.     See  Doomsdaij  Book. 

Domett  (doin'et),  Alfred.  Born  at  Camber- 
well  Grove.  Surrey,  May  20, 1811:  died  Nov.  12, 
1887.  An  English  poet  and  colonial  statesman. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  called  to  the  bar  in 
1&41.  In  18-1-2  he  went  to  New  Zealand,  where  he  filled 
many  oi  the  chie!  olfices  of  the  colony.  In  1871  he  re- 
turned to  England,  where  he  died.  He  was  the  intimate 
friena  ol  Robert  Browning,  who  writes  of  him  iu  "  War- 
ing '  and  "The  tiuardian  Angel."  Among  his  works  are 
volumes  of  poems  pulilished  in  1833  and  1839.  His  "  Christ- 
mas Hymn"  appeared  in  "Blackwood's  Magazine"  about 
that  lime.  In  1872  he  published  "R:inolf  and  Amelia," 
and  in  1877  "Flotsam  and  Jetsam."  He  also  wrote  several 
official  publications  relating  to  New  Zealand. 

Domeyko  (do-ma  ko),  Ignatius.  Born  at 
Niedzviadka,  Lithuania,  July  31,  1802:  died  at 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Jan.  23,  1889.  A  Polish 
scientist.  He  was  involved  in  the  Polish  revolt  of  1S30 ; 
was  compelled  to  leave  the  country,  taking  refuge  in 
Paris .  and  was  for  several  years  engaged  in  mining  work 
in  Alsace.  On  invitation  of  the  government  of  Chile  he 
went  to  that  country  in  1838,  founded  a  school  of  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  at  Coquimbo,  and  was  professor  at 
the  University  of  Santiago  from  1839,  and  rector  from  1867. 
Through  his  influence  improved  methods  of  mining  were 
introduced  into  Chile,  and  the  resources  of  the  country 
greatly  developed.  Besides  numerous  scientific  papers  and 
class-books,  he  wrote  "La  Araucania  y  sus  habitantes" 
(Santiago,  1845):  a  book  on  Chile  in  the  Polish  language ; 
etc 

Domfront  {doh-fron').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  France,  situated  on  the  Varenne 
20  miles  north  of  Mayenne.  It  has  a  ruined  castle, 
and  was  long  one  of  the  chief  Norman  strongholds.  It 
was  capturetl  by  William  the  Conqueror  in  1048,  and  was 
often  besieged  in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  4,932. 

Domingue  (do-mang'),  Michel.  A  Haitian 
general  and  politician,  of  African  race.  Hebe- 
came  president  of  the  republic  in  June,  1874,  and  after  a 
period  of  almost  unequalcd  anarchy  and  tyranny  directed 
against  the  mulatto  party  was  forced  to  resign  in  1875. 

Dominic  (dom'i-nik),  Saint:  called  de  Guzman. 
Born  at  Calahorra,  Old  Castile,  Spain,  1170: 
died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  6,  1221.  The 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Dominicans.  He 
studied  at  the  University  of  Palencia,  and  in  1194  became 
a  canon  of  the  cathedral  at  Osma.  In  1204  Yq  removed 
to  Languedoc,  where  he  preached  with  much  vehemence 
against  the  Albigenses  and  founded  the  order  of  the  Do- 
minicans, which  received  the  papal  confirmation  in  1216. 
He  was  subsequently  appointed  ma[lMer  sacri  palatii  at 
Rome. 

Dominica  (dom-i-ne'ka),  F.  La  Dominique 

(dom-e-nek').  An  island  in  the  Lesser  Antilles, 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  Great  Britain.  It  is 
situated  north  of  Martinique  and  south  of  Guadeloupe, 
and  is  intersected  by  lat.  15'  30  N.,  long.  61°_25' W.  Capi- 
tal Roseau.  The  island,  which  is  of  volcanic  origin,  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493  ;  was  ceded  by  France  to 
England  in  1763  ;  but  was  occupied  by  France  1778-83  and 
later.  It  forms  part  of  the  colony  of  the  Leeward  Isl- 
ands. Its  chief  product  Is  sugar.  Length,  29  miles. 
Breadth,  16  miles.  Area,  291  square  miles.  Population' 
(1891)  26,841 

Dominican  Republic,  often,  imt  incorrectly, 
called  Santo  Domingo  or  San  Domingo.    [Sp. 

Repuhhca  Uomtiiifiimi.']  A  republic  occupying 
the  eastern  and  larger  part  of  the  i  sland  of  Santo 
Doraingo,orHaiti,in  the  West  Indies.  Itis  broken 
by  several  mountain-chains,  and  in  the  interior  there  are 
elevated  plains  (especially  the  Vega  Real)  of  great  fertility 
and  beauty.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  mixed 
Spanish,  Indian,  and  negro  blood,  with  some  of  pure  Afri- 
can descent,  and  comparatively  few  whites.  Spanish  is 
the  common  langu.age,  though  French  and  English  are 
spoken  in  the  coast  towns.  Roman  Catholicism  is  the 
state  religion,  but  other  cults  are  tolerated.  Agriculture, 
cattle-raising,  and  timber-cutting  are  almost  the  only  in- 
dustries. The  principal  exports  are  sugar,  coif  ce,  tobacco, 
hides,  and  cabinet  woods.  The  republic  was  formed  in 
1844,  after  a  revolution  by  which  it  was  separated  from 
Haiti.  From  1801  to  1865  it  was  held  by  Spain.  In  186  i 
the  president  (Baez)  signed  with  President  Grant  a  treaty 
of  annexation  with  the  United  States,  which  the  Senate  at 
Washington  refused  to  ratify.  There  have  been  various 
wars  with  Haiti,  political  revolutions,  and  changes  of  the 
constitution.  By  the  present  amended  constitution  (adopt- 
ed 1887)  the  president  is  elected  for  four  years  by  an  elec- 
toral coUe,iie.  and  there  is  a  national  congress  of  24  mem- 
bers elected  by  restricted  suffrage.  Capital,  Santo  Do- 
mingo. Area  (claimed),  18,045  square  miles.  Population 
(estimated,  1893),  417,CK)0. 

Dominie  Sampson.    See  Sampson. 


332 
Dominls  (dom'e-nes),  Marco  Antonio  de. 

Born  in  the  island  of  Arbc,  Dalmatia,  1566: 
died  at  Rome,  Sept.,  1624.  An  Italian  theolo- 
gian and  natural  philosopher.  He  wrote  "  De 
republica  ecclesiastiea"  (1617),  "  De  radiis  vi- 
sus  et  lucis  in  Tritris  perspeetivis  et  iride" 
(1611),  etc. 
Domino  Noir  (do-me-no'  nwar),  Le.  [F.,  '  The 
Black  Domino.']  A  comic  opera  by  Auber, 
words  by  Scribe,  first  produced  in  Paris  in 
1S37. 

Domitian  (do-mish'ian)  (Titus  Flavius  Do- 
mitianus  Augustus).  Born  at  Rome,  Oct. 
24,  51  A.  D.  :  died  at  Ivome,  Sept.  18,  96.  Ro- 
man emperor  81-96  :  the  second  son  of  Vespa- 
s-ian  and  Flavia  Domitilla,  and  the  brother  of 
Titus  whom  he  succeeded.  He  undertook  a  cam- 
paign against  the  Chatli  in  S3,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
began  the  construction  of  a  boundary  wall  between  the 
Danube  and  the  Rhine.  This  wall  was  guarded  by  sol- 
diers settled  upon  public  lands  {atjri  dccumates}  along 
its  course.  He  carried  on  unsuccessful  wars  against  the 
Dacians  under  Decebalus  80-90,  when  he  pm'chased  peace 
by  the  promise  of  a  yearly  tribute.  He  recalled  Agricola, 
whose  victories  in  Britain,  78-84,  aroused  his  jealousy. 
The  last  years  of  his  reign  were  sullied  by  cruelty  and 
tyranny.  He  was  murdered  by  the  freedman  Stephanas,  at 
the  instance  of  the  empress  Domitia  and  several  officers 
of  the  conrt,  who  were  iu  fear  of  their  lives. 

Domitilla.  In  Shirley's  play  "  The  Royal  Mas- 
ter," a  girl  of  fifteen  years  who,  in  an  innocent 
delusion,  fixes  her  love  upon  the  king,  mistak- 
ing his  promise  to  provide  her  with  a  husband 
for  a  proof  of  personal  affection. 

Domitilla  (dom-i-til'ii),  Flavia.  1.  The  first 
wife  of  Vespasian.  She  had  three  children, 
Titus,  Domitian,  and  Domitilla. —  2.  Wife  or 
niece  of  the  consul  Flavius  Clemens,  said  to 
have  been  banished  to  Pandataria  by  Domitian. 
She  is  regarded  as  a  saint  in  the  Koman Catho- 
lic Church. 

Domleschg  (dom'leshk).  A  valley  along  the 
lower  part  of  the  Hinterrhein,  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  south  of  Coire. 

Domo  d'Ossola  (do'mo  dos'so-lii).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Toee  at  the  Italian  end  of  the  Simplon  Pass, 
near  the  Swiss  frontier.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Domremy-la-Pucelle  (don-ra-me'la-pii-sel'), 
or  Domremy.  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Meuse  29 
miles  southwest  of  Nancy.  It  is  celebrated  as 
the  birthplace  of  Joan  of  Arc. 

Don  (don).  The  name  of  several  rivers,  the 
chief  of  which  are :  (a)  A  river  of  Russia  which  rises 
in  the  government  of  Tula  and  flows  into  the  Sea  of  Azoff 
in  lat.  47'  15'  N.,  long.  39"  2u'  E.:  the  ancient  Tanaia.  Its 
chief  tributary  is  the  Donetz.  Length,  about  1,100  miles  ; 
navigable  for  about  700  miles,  (b)  A  river  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Uuso  18 
miles  south  of  York.  Length,  55  miles ;  navigable  to 
Sheffield  (39  miles),  (c)  A  river  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  IJ  miles  north  of 
Aberdeen.    Length,  about  80  miles. 

Donaghadee  (don^a-cha-de').  A  seaport  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  North 
Channel  16  miles  northeast  of  Belfast. 

Donalbain  (don'al-ban).  In  Shakspere's  "Mac- 
beth," son  of  Duncan,  king  of  Scotland. 

Donaldson  (don'ald-son),  James.  Bom  at 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  April  26,  1831.  A  Scottish 
Hellenist.  He  became  principal  of  the  united  colleges 
of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews  in  1886.  and  in  1890  principal  of  the  university. 
He  has  edited,  in  conjunction  with  Alexander  Roberts, 
"  The  Ante-Nieene  Christian  Library  "(1867-72),  and  is  the 
author  ot  "CaticaJ  History  of  Christian  Literature  and 
Doctrine  from  the  Death  of  the  Apostles  to  the  Nicene 
Council "  (1864-66). 

Donaldson,  John  William.    Born  at  London, 

June  7, 1811 :  died  at  Loudon,  Feb.  10,  ISGl.  An 
English  classical  philologist  and  biblical  critic. 
His  works  include  "New  Cratylus "  (1839), 
"  Varronianus"  (1844),  "Jashar"  (1854). 

Donaldson,  Thomas  Leverton.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  19. 1795 :  died  there,  Aug.  1, 1885.  An 
English  architect  and  author.  He  was  professor  of 
architecture  in  University  College,  London,  1841-65,  and 
emeritus  professor  from  1865  until  his  death.  His  works 
include  "  Pompeii  "  (1827),  and  "  A  Collection  of  the  Most 
Approved  Examples  of  Doorways  from  Ancient  Buildings 
in  Greece  and  Italy '  (1833). 

Donar  (do'niir).     The  German  form  of  TItor. 

Donashben  Labrath  (do-niish'  ben  lab-rath'). 

A  Jewish  grammarian  and  poet  of  the  10th 
century,  native  of  Bagdad.  He  lived  and  wrote  in 
Fez,  and  was  an  opponent  of  ilenachem  ben  Saruk  :  both 
of  them  may  be  considered  as  among  the  earliest  scien- 
tific Hebrew  grammarians.  Donash  was  the  first  to  apply 
the  Arabic  meter  to  Hebrew  verse. 

Donatello  (don-ii-tel'lo)  (properly  Donate  di 

Niccolo  di  BettO  Bardi).  Born  at  Florence 
about  1386:   died  at  Florence,  Dec.  13,  1466. 


Donatus,  .^lius 

A  Florentine  sculptor,  one  of  the  leading  re- 
storers of  sculpture  in  Italy.  His  work  may  be 
divided  into  three  periods  :  ia)  That  of  realism  (1410-24), 
The  statues  of  the  Campanile  at  Florence  (including  the 
famous  Zuccone  and  Poggio),  the  St.  John  of  the  Nationaj 
Museum,  and  the  bust  of  Niccolo  da  Uzzano,  characterize 
this  period.  (&)  That  (1425-33)  marked  by  the  partnership 
with  the  sculptor-architect  Michelozzo,  with  whose  assist- 
ance he  made  the  mausoleum  of  Pope  John  XXIII.  in  the 
baptistery  at  Florence,  that  of  Cardinal  Brancacci  at  Na- 
ples, and  that  of  Bartoiommeo  Aragazzi  in  the  Duomo  at 
.Montepnlciano,  and  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  pulpit  at  Prato. 
(c)  That  (1433-66)  in  which  the  intluence  of  antiquity  be- 
came prominently  manifested,  as  shown  in  the  David  and  . 
the  Cupid  in  bronze  at  the  National  Museum  in  Florence, 
and  numerous  other  productions.  He  may  be  considered 
as  the  precursor  of  Michelangelo. 

Donatello.  A  character  in  Hawthorne's  "Mar- 
ble Faun,"  a  young  Tuscan  count  whose  like- 
ness to  the  statue  of  the  faun  by  Pra.xiteles 
gives  the  title  to  the  book.  He  is  rumored  to  be  a 
descendant  of  an  ancient  faun,  and  is  described  in  the 
opening  of  the  tale  as  possessed  only  of  the'  happy,  spon- 
taneous life  of  such  creatures.  He  impulsively  commits 
murder  for  the  sake  of  Miriam  whom  he  loves,  and  is 
awakened  to  the  higher  responsibilities  and  life  of  man  by 
his  remorse  and  his  passion. 

Donati  (do-nii'te),  Giovanni  Battista.    Born 

at  Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  16,  1826 :  died  at  Florence, 
Sept.  19,  1873.  A  noted  Italian  astronomer. 
He  discovered  the  comet  named  for  him,  June 
2,  1858. 

Donation  of  Constantine.  Amedievalforgery, 
of  unknown  date  and  origin,  which  pretends  to 
be  an  imperial  edict  issued  by  Constantine  the 
Great  in  324  conferring  the  sovereignty  of  Italy 
and  the  West  on  the  papal  see.  It  was  probably 
composed  about  the  middle  of  the  Sth  century.  "  It  tells 
how  Constantine  the  Great,  cured  of  his  leprosy  by  the 
prayers  of  Sylvester,  resolved,  on  the  fourth  day  from  his 
baptism,  to  forsake  the  ancient  seat  for  a  new  capital  on 
the  Bosphorus,  lest  the  continuance  of  the  secular  gov- 
ernment should  cramp  the  freedom  of  the  spiritual,  and 
how  he  bestowed  therewith  upon  the  Pope  and  his  suc- 
cessors the  sovereignty  over  Italy  and  the  countries  of  the 
West.  But  this  is  not  all,  although  this  is  what  histo- 
rians, in  admiration  of  its  splendid  audacity,  have  chiefly 
dwelt  upon.  The  edict  proceeds  to  grant  to  the  Roman 
pontiff  and  his  clergy  a  series  of  dignities  and  privileges, 
all  of  them  enjoyed  by  the  Emperor  and  his  senate,  all  of 
them  shewing  the  same  desire  to  make  the  pontifical  a 
copy  of  the  imperial  otfice.  The  Pope  is  to  inhabit  the 
Lateran  palace,  to  wear  the  diadem,  the  collar,  the  purple 
cloak,  to  cari-y  the  sceptre,  and  to  be  attended  by  a  body 
of  chamberl  ains.  Similarly  his  clergy  are  to  ride  on  white 
horses,  and  receive  the  honours  and  immunities  of  the 
senate  and  patricians."  Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Donatists  (don'a-tists).  [From  Vonatus  the 
Great.]  An  early  Christian  sect  in  Africa 
which  originated  in  a  disjiute  over  the  election 
of  Csecilian  to  the  see  of  Carthage,  A.  D.  311. 
occasioned  by  his  opposition  to  the  e.xtreme 
reverence  paid  to  relics  of  martjTS  and  to  the 
sufferers  for  the  Christian  faith  called  confes- 
sors, and  by  the  rivalry  of  Seeundus,  primate  of 
Numidia.  Seeundus  and  the  Numidian  bishops  de- 
clared Ca^cilian's  consecration  invalid  because  conferred 
by  Felix  of  Aptunga,  whom  they  charged  with  being  a 
traditor.  They  excommunicated  Ciecilian  and  his  party, 
and  made  one  ilajorinus  bishop  in  opposition.  The  name 
Donatist  came  either  from  Donatus  of  Casse  Nigra*,  who 
headed  the  party  of  filajorinus  at  the  Lateran  Council  in 
313,  where  it  was  condemned,  or  (more  probably)  from 
Donatus  the  Great,  who  succeeded  ilajorinus  in  315, 
and  under  whom  the  schism  became  fixed.  Repressed 
under  Constans,  the  Donatists  revived  under  the  favor  of 
Julian  the  Apostate.  Repressive  measures,  provoked  by 
their  frequent  acts  of  fanatical  violence,  were  resorted  to 
from  time  to  time.  These  measures,  internal  schisms, 
the  conciliatory  conduct  of  the  orthodox  clergy  at  a  con- 
ference held  at  Carth.age  in  411,  and  the  arguments  of  St. 
Augustine  caused  many  to  atiandon  Donatism,  and  the 
sect  became  insignificant,  though  not  entirely  extinct  till 
the  7th  century.  The  Donatist  p.arty  held  that  it  con- 
stituted the  whole  and  only  true  church,  and  that  the 
baptisms  and  ordinations  of  the  oi'thodox  clergy  were  in- 
valid, because  they  were  in  communion  with  traditors. 
They  therefore  rebaptized  and  reordained  converts  from 
Catholicism. 

Donatus  (do-na'tus).  Bishop  of  Casfe  Nigrte 
diu'ing  the  Diocletian  persecution,  and  leader 
of  a  party  which  courted  martj'rdom  with  fanat- 
ical enthusiasm,  and  regarded  with  horror  the 
"traditors,"  or  those  who  to  escape  their  per- 
secutors delivered  up  to  them  the  sacred  books. 
This  division  was  the  starting-point  of  the  Donatist 
schism,  though  the  party  was  named  from  Donatus  the 
Great. 

Donatus,  surnamed  "The  Great."  Bishop  of 
Carthage  315,  elected  by  the  rigorists  or  op- 
ponents of  the  moderate  party  or  "traditors" 
(see  Donatists)  to  succeed  Majorinus  who 
had  been  elected  by  them  in  opposition  to 
Ceeeilian,  elected  by  the  moderates  and  de- 
posed by  the  rigorists  in  a  council  assembled 
at  Carthage.  It  was  for  this  Donatus  that  the 
Donatist  party  was  named. 

Donatus,  .£lius:  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the 
4th  century  A.  D.  A  Roman  grammarian  and 
rhetorician.    Of  his  works  we  possess  a  Latin  grammar. 


Donatus,  ^llus 

Ara  graraniatica,"  a  commentary  uu  Terence,  and  the 
preface  -iinJ  introdiictioa  (with  other  fragments)  of  a  com- 
mentary on  Vergil. 

The  only  block-book  without  pictures  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge  is  the  Donatus  [the  full  title  of  the  book 
is  Donatujf  de  <u-tibu-t  partibux  urattonU,  or  Donatus  on 
the  Eight  I'arta  of  Speech.  It  is  sometimes  designated 
as  Dutiatiig  pro  puefilis,  "  Donatus  for  Little  lioys"!,  or 
iJoys'  Latin  Grammar.  It  received  its  name  from  its 
author,  .Klius  Donatus,  a  R^>man  grammarian  of  the 
fourth  century,  and  one  of  the  instructors  of  St  Jerome. 
The  block-ijook  is  but  an  abridgment  of  the  old  grammar  : 
as  it  was  usually  printed  in  the  form  of  a  thin  quarto,  it 
could  with  propriety  be  classirted  among  primers  rather 
than  with  books.  When  printed  in  the  largest  letters,  it 
occupied  but  thirty-four  pages;  when  letters  of  small 
size  were  used,  it  was  compressed  within  nine  pages. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  254. 

Donau  (do'non).  The  German  name  of  the 
Danube  (which  see). 

Donaueschingen  (do'non-esh'ing-en).  A  small 
town  in  the  Black  Forest,  in  Baden,  30  miles 
east  of  Ffeiburg,  sitnateol  at  the  union  of  th(< 
Brigach  and  Brcge.  It  contains  the  palace  of 
the  Prince  of  Fiirstenberg. 

Donamnoos  (do'nou-mos).  A  marshy  district 
in  Bavaria,  lying  south  of  the  Danube,  near 
Ingolstadt.  Formerly  called  Schrobenheimer 
Moos. 

Donauwortll  (do'nou-vert).  A  small  town  in 
Swabia  and  Neubui'g,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the 
junctiou  of  the  Wbrnitz  and  Danube,  25  miles 
north  of  Augsburg.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  city ; 
was  outlawed  in  lti07 ;  was  taken  by  Gustavus  Adolphus 
in  ltia2,  and  by  Ferdinand  II.  in  1634 ;  and  was  incorpo- 
rated with  Bavaria  in  1714.  Here,  Oct.  6, 1805,  the  French 
under  Soult  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Mack.  The 
battle-field  of  Blenheim  is  in  the  vicinity. 

Don  Benito  (don  ba-ne'to).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  in  lat.  38°  55'  N., 
long.  5°  52'  W.     Population  (1887),  16,287. 

Don  Carlos  (don  kar'los).  1.  A  tragedy  by 
Otn-ay,  produced  in  1676.  The  story  is  taken  from 
the  Abb6  de  St.  Keal,  and  the  plot  is  simpler  than  in 
Schiller's  play. 

I  think  we  should  be  justified  in  calling  "Don  Carlos"  the 
best  English  tragedy  in  rhyme ;  by  one  leap  the  young 
Oxonian  sprang  ahead  of  the  veteran  Dryden,  who  there- 
upon began  to  "weary  of  hia  long-loved  mistress,  rhyme." 

Gosae, 

2.  A  play  by  Schiller,  completed  in  1787. — 3. 
An  opera  by  Costa,  words  by  Tarantini,  pro- 
duced in  London  June  20,  1844. — 4.  An  opera 
by  Verdi,  words  by  M^ry  and  Du  Locle,  first 
produced  at  Paris  March  11,  1867. 
Doncaster  (dong'kas-ter).  [AS.  Donecester, 
'Doneceastcr,  from  L.  Danum  and  AS.  censter, 
city.]  A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, England,  situated  outhoDou:  the  ancient 
Danum,  and  the  Saxon  Donecester  (whence  the 
modem  name),  it  is  the  scene  of  the  .St.  Leger  and 
other  races  (in  September).     Population  (ISOl),  25,0;iti. 

Don  C^sar  de  Bazan  (doh  sa-zar'  de  bii-zou'). 

1.  A  French  comedy  by  Dumanoir  and  Den- 
nery,  from  an  episode  in  Victor  Hugo's  play 
"  Ruy  Bias,"  produced  in  1844.  The  comedy  is, also 
played  in  English.  Don  Cesar  is  the  ruined  Count  of  Oa- 
rofa  :  he  assumes  the  naineofZafari,  and  retains  in  his  rags 
his  frank,  gay  nonchalance. 

2.  A  comic  opera  bv  Massenet,  first  produced 
at  Paris  Nov.  30.  1872. 

Don  Cossacks  (<K)n  kos'aks).  Province  of  the. 
A  government  in  soutliorn  Russia,  situated  in 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Don.  Capital,  Novo 
Tcherkask.  Area,  61,886  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  2,U,8,8('8. 

Donderberg  (don'der-herg),  or  Dunderberg 

(dun'diir-berg).  [' Thunder  Mountain.']  The 
chief  mountain  at  the  southern  entrance  to  the 
Highlands  of  tlie  Hudson,  New  York,  opposite 
Peekskill.     Heiglit,  1.000  foet. 

Donders  (don'ders),  Frans Cornelis.    Born  at 

Tilhurg,  Netherlands,  .May  27,  IslH;  died  at 
Utrecht,  March  24.  IHtsO.  A  Dut.'li  oculist. 
Hia  chief  work  Is  "  Anomalies  of  Accommodation  and  Re- 
fraction of  the  Eye  "  (published  by  the  Sydcidiam  .Society, 
is«r,). 
Dondo  (don'do).  A  town  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Counza 
Kiver,  and  at  the  head  of  rivei*  navig.itlon.  ii 
few  mill's  from  Cassoalahi,  a  station  of  the 
Loatlda  Railroad,  it  is  the  tomiinus  of  several  cara- 
van roads,  and  the  principal  nmrketof  the  Cazengo  colfee. 
Population,  about  ft.iiOO. 

Dondra  Head  (don'drii  hod).    The  southern- 

iHdst  cape  of  Ceylon. 
Donegal  (ilon'6-gal).  A  maritime  county  of 
I'lsler,  Ireland,  lying  between  Lough  Foylo, 
Londonderry,  and  Tyrone  on  the  east,  Tyrone, 
Fermanagh,  Leilrim,  and  Donegal  Bay  on  the 
soutli,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north  and 
west.  Its  surface  is  generally  moiintiUnous,  Capital, 
Llttord.  iVrca,  1,870  square  niiles.  Population  (18sU), 
186.635. 


333 

Donegal  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on 
the  western  coast  of  Irjland,  in  lat.  54"  30'  N. 

Donelson   ^Jou 'el-son),   Andrew  Jackson. 

Bom  near  Nashville,  i'enu.,  Aug.  25, 1800:  died 
at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  June  26,  1871.  An  Ameri- 
can diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  United 
States  minister  to  l-rnssia  1!>IIV49,  and  waa  the  unsucceasful 
candidateof  the  .\nierican  party  for  Vice-President  in  1656. 

Donelson,  Fort.     See  Fort  Dutuhou. 

Donetz,  or  Donez  (do-nets').  A  river  in  Russia, 
the  chief  tributarv  of  the  Don,  which  it  joins 
in  lat.  47^  35'  N.."long.  41°  E.  Length,  about 
500-600  miles. 

Dongan  (dong'gan),  Thomas  (afterward  Earl 
of  Limerick).  Born  at  Castletown,  County  Kil- 
dare,  Ireland,  1634:  died  at  London,  Dec.  14, 
1715.     Colonial  governor  of  New  York  1083-88. 

Dongan  Charter.  A  charter  for  the  city  of 
New  York,  granted  by  Thomas  Dongan,  lieu- 
tenant-governor and  vice-admiral  of  New  Y'ork 
and  its  dependencies  under  James  H.  of  Eng- 
land, dated  April  27,  1686.  it  reniaineil  in  force 
until  1730.  An  early  charter  of  the  city  of  Albany,  by  the 
same  authority,  is  known  by  the  same  name. 

Don  Garcia  (don  gar-se'a).  A  tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  produced  in  1785.  it  iadrawn  from  the  history 
of  the  Medici  family.  Don  Garcia  was  one  of  the  sons  of 
Cosimo  I. 

Don  Garcie  de  Navarre  (de  na-var').    A  play 

by  Mnliere. 
[It]  may  be  called  Moli^re's  only  failure.    He  styles  it  a 

comi'iiii'  ffrotijw,  and  it  is  in  fact  a  kind  of  anti^-ipation 

of  Racine's  niatuier,  but  applied  t»»  les^  serious  subjects. 

The  play  is  monotonous  and  unrelieved  by  action. 

Saint/iburiff  French  Lit.,  p.  :i01>. 
Don  Giovanni  (don  j6-viin'ne)      An  opera  by 

Mozart,  first  produced  at  Prague  Oct.  29^  1787. 

The  words  were  by  Da  Ponte.     See  Don  Juan. 
Dongola  (dong'go-lii).    A  province  (mudiriyeh) 

of  Egypt,  in  Nubia.      It  "as  captured  by  the  iiiahdi, 

but  was  regained  by  the  Egyptian  army  under  General 

Kitchener,  March-Sept.,  1896. 

Dongola,  New,  native  Ordeh.  A  town  in 
Nubia,  situated  on  the  Nile,  in  lat.  19°  10'  N. 
It  was  bailt  about  1820,  and  is  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Dongola.  It  was  abandoned  by  the  Anglo-Egyptian 
forces  to  tile  Mabdists  in  18S6,  and  was  recaptured  l^y 
the  Egyptian  army  under  General  Sir  Herbert  Kitchener. 
Sept.  23,  1896. 

Dongola,  Old.  A  ruined  town  of  Nubia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Nile  76  miles  southeast  of  New 
Dongola. 

Doniphan  (don'i-fan),  Alexander  William. 
Born  in  Mason  Coimty,  Ky.,  July  9,  IsOS :  died 
at  Richmond,  Mo.,  Aug.  8,  1887.  An  American 
officer  in  the  Mexican  war.  He  conducted  a 
regiment  of  Missourians  from  Valverde,  New 
Mexico,  to  Chihuahua,  Dec,  1846,-March,  1847. 

Donizetti  (dd-ne-dzet'te),  Gaetano.  Born  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Nov.  25, 1797 :  died  at  Bergamo. 
April  8,  1848.  A  ceh'bratcd  Italian  operatic 
comi)oser.  He  composed  about  65  operas,  among  which 
are  "Anna  Bolena"  (1830),  "L'Elisire  d'Amore"  (ls;t2), 
"  Lucia  di  Lammermocjr  "(1836),  '•  Lucrezia  liorgia"(lb.i4), 
"La  Favorita'"(1810).  "  La  Fille  du  Itt^giment."  afterward 
"  La  Kiglia  del  Kegglmcnto  "  (1810),  "  Linda  di  Chamounix  " 
(1812),  and  "  Don  I'asciuale  "  (1813). 

Don  Juan  (don  jti'an;  Sp.  pron.  don  Ho-S,n'). 
A  jiartly  legendary  "character  of  Spanish  origin. 
Don  Juaii  Tenorio,  who  lived  in  the  14th  century,  the  son 
of  an  illuiitrious  family  of  Seville,  killed  the  commandant 
rlloa  after  having  seduced  his  daughter.  The  Franciscan 
monks,  wishing  to  i)Ut  an  end  to  the  debaucheries  ot  Don 
Juan,  enti.;ed  him  to  their  momwtcry  and  killed  him,  giv- 
ing out  that  the  statue  of  his  victim  (which  had  been 
erected  there),  incensed  at  an  insult  offered  him  (in  the 
plays  he  is  jeeringly  invited  to  supper),  had  come  down 
and  dragged  him  to  hell.  Both  .Spanish  and  Itali.an  plays 
were  written  on  the  subject,  and  Dorimon  Introduced  him 
to  the  l''rench  stage.  Don  Juan  is  the  type  of  skeptical 
libertinism,  and  as  such  has  been  made  the  subject  of  the 
drama  "  El  burlador  lie  Sevilla"(  "The  Deceiver  of  Seville  "), 
by  Tellez  (Tirso  de  Molina)  (17lh  century);  of  Mollirc's 
comedy  "Don  Juan,  on  le  festin  de  Pierre"  (Hl6f)>;  of 
Mozart's  opera  "Don  Ciovanid"  (which  see);  of  Ityrtm's 
poem  "Don  .Imm  "  (1819-21) ;  of  tiratibe's  (iernnin  drama 
"  Don  Juan  und  Faust"  (1^28):  and  of  works  by  Corneille. 
sbadwell,  i^amorn,  (ioldoni,  tJInck,  Dnma.s,  Zorilhi,  etc. 

Don  Juan.  An  ini'ompleli'  ]ii.em  Viy  Byron, 
wfilten  in  ISIS  .•lu.l  jiublished  1S19-24. 

Don  Juan,  ouLe  Festin  de  Pierre  (le  fes-tafi' 

de  pvfir').  [F-=  *"'<'  ""'  def.]  .\  coineily  by 
Molii"^re.  first  played  in  1(165.  in  1(!7S  it  was  turned 
Into  verse  by  Thonias  Corneille.  The  second  title  is  a 
mistake  of  Dorimon  who  tlrst  IntiiKluceil  Don  Juan  t<>  the 
French  stage  in  KI.S  in  a  Jilay  called  "I.e  festin  de  I'lerre" 
f"TheFea»tof  l'ierre"),wbieli  lie  translated  from  tliuSpan- 
ish  phrase  "  El  convidadoilepledra  (lecoiivie  de  pierro. 'the 
stone  guest,'  referring  (o  the  statue  of  the  eoiitniandant 
(see  I>nn  .funn]  wlnuii  he  named  Pierre  to  explain  It). 
Mollere,  lindiiig  the  title  established,  adopted  it. 

Donna  delLago  (don'nii  del  lil'go).  La.  [It., 
'The  Lady  of  the  Lake.']  An  opera,  based  on 
Scott's  poem,  liv  Rossini,  first  produced  ot 
Naples  Oct.  4,  1S19. 

Donndorf  (don'dorf),  Karl  Adolf.  Born  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Feb.  16,  1835.     A  Gorman 


Don  Quixote 

sculptor,  professor  of  sculpture  at  the  art  school 
in  Stuttgart  fmm  1877. 
Donne  (don ),  John.  Bom  at  London,  1573 :  died 
at  London,  March  31,  1631.  An  English  poet 
and  divine.  Ue  studied  at  Oxford  and  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and  in  1596  was  appointed  secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  Egcr- 
ton,  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  which  office  he  lost  about 
16m)  by  a  clandestine  marriage  with  the  lord  keeper's  niece. 
In  1610  he  published  a  work  entitled  "Pseudo-Martyr," 
which  procured  lor  him  the  favor  of  James  I.,  who  per- 
&uade<l  him  to  take  holy  orders.in  1615.  made  him  a  royal 
chaplain  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1621  appointed  him  to 
the  deanery  of  .St.  Paul's.  Besides  his  poems,  a  collec- 
tive edition  of  which  appeared  in  16'J3,  and  bis  theological 
writings,  the  most  notable  of  his  works  is  "  BiaSai  aro?. 
A  Declaration  of  that  Parado.xe  or  Thesis,  That  Self-homi- 
cide is  not  so  naturally  Sin,  that  it  may  never  be  others 
wise,"  etc.  (1644). 

Donnelly  (don'el-i),  Ignatius.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  :i,  1831 :  died  at  .Minneapolis,  Jan. 
1.  1901.  An  American  author  ami  politician. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  ami  in  ls57  removed  to 
Minnesota,  where  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  ia 
1859  and  in  1861.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Minnesota  1863-69.  Author  of  "The  C.reatCryp- 
tfigraiii  ;  Francis  Bacon's  Cijiber  in  the  so-called  Hhake- 
spcic  Phi.vs  "(18!!"),  '•  Atlanli-.'   i  IK-Jt.  "  Kagnarok"(1883). 

Donner  (don'ner),  Georg  Raphael.    Bom  at 

Essling.  Austria,  May  25,  1692:  died  at  Vienna. 
Feb.  15.  1741.  .-\  noted  .\ustrian  sculptor.  He 
entered  the  inii>erial  service  in  1724,  and  in  1729  that  of 
Prince  Esterhjizy.  His  greatest  works  are  the  fountain  on 
the  -Mehlniarkt  and  the  fountjlin  of  Perseus  at  the  old 
town  hall.  VienltiL 

Donner  Lake  (don'er  lak).  A  small  lake  in 
Nevada  County,  eastern  California,  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Donnithorne  (don'i-thorn),  Arthur.  In  George 
Eliot's  novel  "Adam  Bedc,"  a  vain,  weak, 
good-natured  young  man,  whose  remorse  for 
Hetty's  ruin  lies  chiefly  in  his  chagrin  at  being 
found  out  and  losing  the  approbation  of  his  ac- 
ciuaintances. 

Donnybrook  (don'i-briik).  A  viUage  in  County 
Dublin.  Ireland,  li  miles  southeast  of  Dublin. 
It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  fair  (held  in  August),  pro- 
verbial for  its  good-humored  rioting,  estjiblislied  under 
King  John  (1199-1216),  and  suppressed  in  1855. 

Donoso  (do-no'so),  Justo.  Born  at  Santiago, 
1800:  died  at  La  Serena,  Feb. 22, 1868.  AChilean 
bishop.  He  was  rector  of  a  theological  seminary  in  Santi- 
ago, lecturer  at  the  university,  ami  judge  of  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal court.  He  was  named  bishop  of  Ancud  in  1844,  and  wiui 
translated  to  the  see  of  La  Serena  in  1855.  His  works  tin  ca- 
nonical law  are  authoritative  throughout  South  America. 

Donoso  Cort6s  (kor-tas'),  Juan  Francisco 

Maria  de  la  Salud,  Marquis  of  Valdegamas. 
Born  at  El-Valle,  Estremadura.  Spain,  Mav  6, 
1809:  died  at  Paris,  May  3.  1853.  A  Spanish 
politician,  diplomatist,  and  writer.  His  works 
include  "Consideraciones  sobre  la  diplomacia" 
(1834),  "La  ley  electoral,  etc."  (1835),  etc. 

Donovan  (don'O-van),  Edward.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  1,  1837.  An  English  naturalist  con- 
cerning whoso  personal  history  little  is  known 
except  that  he  was  in  early  life  possessed  of  a 
considerable  fortune,  which  enabled  him  to 
travel  and  make  collections  of  objects  in  natu- 
ral history.  His  chief  work  is  "tjeneral  Illua- 
trations  of  Entomology." 

Don  Pasquale  (don  pUs-kwii'le).  An  opera  by 
Donizetti,  lirst  produced  at  Paris  Jan.  4,  1843. 

Don  Quixote  (Sp.  pron.  don  ke-Ho'te;  E.  don 
kwiks'iil ).  A  Spanish  romance  by  Cervantes, 
printed  at  Madrid  in  two  parts,  the  lirst  in  1605, 
the  second  in  1615.  in  H'll,  when  the  secomi  part 
was  nearly  completed,  an  impudent  attempt  to  malign  the 
character  of  Cervantes  was  made  by  Alonso  Fernandes  do 
Avellaneda  of  Tordeslllas  (thought  to  be  a  jiseudonym  of 
Luis  dc  Aliaga),  who  produced  a  pretended  continuation 
of  the  lirst  psu-t.  Translations  of  "Don  Quixote"  have 
appeared  In  every  F.urtipeaii  language,  including  Turkish. 
The  principal  laiglish  translations  are  those  of  Sbellon 
(1612  201,  Motteux  (1719).  Jaivls  (1742),  Smollett  (1755), 
liowle  (1781),  Ormsby  iI8S5),  Watts  (18S8).  the  book  Is 
named  from  Its  hero,  Don  Quixote  de  la  Manclla,  a  Spanish 
country  gentliMiiaii,  who  ia  so  ini lined  with  tales  of  chlv;ilry 
that  he' sets  forth  with  hissiiuireSancho  I'anza  in  sear jh  of 
knightly  adventure  with  very  amusing  results.  At  the  bo- 
ginning  of  the  work  Cervantes  announces  it  to  be  his  solo 
purpose  ti)  break  down  the  vogue  and  authority  of  Iwoks 
ot  chivalry,  and  at  the  emi  he  declares  anew  that  he  had 
"had  no  other  desire  than  to  render  abhorred  of  men  the 
false  and  absurd  stories  contaim-d  in  iHMika  of  chivalry," 
exulting  in  bis  success  as  an  achievement  of  no  small  mo- 
ment.   See  CrrvanUs. 

These  two  (Don  Qiiixoto  and  Sancbo  Panm]  sally  forth 
from  their  n.ilive  village  in  seimh  of  adventures,  of  which 
the  excited  imagination  of  \\w  knight,  turning  wiinlmllls 
Into  giants,  solitary  inns  into  castles,  and  galley-slaves 
Into  oppressed  gentlemen,  llinls  .abundance,  wheroer  ho 
goes;  while  the  es<|uire  translates  them  all  Into  the  |>lain 
prose  of  truth  with  an  admirable  simplicity,  unite  uncon- 
scious of  Its  own  liunior.  and  reinleriHl  the  more  stiikinff 
by  its  contrast  wllh  the  lofty  ami  councils  dignity  and 
niagnincent  lllnsiiuis  of  the  superior  personage.  I'hero 
could,  of  course,  be  but  onir  coiiHistent  tennination  to  ad- 
ventures like  these.  The  knight  and  his  eH4)nire  sutler  a 
series  of  riiliculous  discoinUlures,  and  are  at  last  brouvbt 


DoD  Qiiixote                                                            334  Dombirn 

home,  like  madmen,  to  their  native  village,  where  Cer-     He  was  editor  of  "Notes  and  Queries  "from  1869  until  his  Baden-Baden,"  "The  \eophvte  '  fisesi    "The  TTiumnh 

vantea  leaves  tlieni.  with  an  mtimation  that  the  story  of     death.     His  worlis  include  "  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Eng-  of  Cliristianity,"  "  Clirist  leavinK  the  Prsetorium  "  etl- 

their  adventures  is  by  no  means  ended.                                   land  of  the  House  of  Hanover"  (1866),  and  "Their  Majes-  Doria    fdo're-a"!      AnHrpn       Rnrn    qt    (S^V^li™ 

ricivwM-,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  141.      ties' Servants "  (1864).  Italy     Nov     30    mS-    died       ^  G^^    ^^^^^^^ 

Don  Quixote  in  England.  A  comedy  by  Field-  Dorante(d6-roiit').     The  name  of  three  coiirtly  15,1560.    i.  celebrated  Genoese  admiral  a7d 

ing,  produced  in  1734.                                                and  witty  gallants,  somewhat  differing  m  char-  statesman     He  was  stvled  the  "  r  h            .  7.        " 

Don  Saltero's  Coflfee  House.     A  noted  house     acteristies,  in   Moliere's  comedies   "Lebour-  which  he  frek  from  the  French  in  l,52s     Ue''served"wHh 

fontferlv  standing  in  Cheyne  Walk,  Chelsea,     geois  gentilhomme"  (where  he  is  a  count  en-  distinction  against  the  Turl<s,  and  achieied  the  c;.p- 

Loudon".     It  contained  not  only  an  eating-house  but  a     amoui'ed  of  the  Marquise  Dorimene),  "  L'ficole  ^^^  °bV'"eTasHau?^del'^Rnmh'„  ^■^'tl'i'■''p' >  """^  n"  "^ 

museum  of  natural  curiosities.      It  was  founded  by  John     des  femmes,"  aud  "Les  facheux."  Rome      ''^'"^"'"'°  '*'''  ^°'^^'>>  «>  the  Palazzo  Dona, 

Salter  about  1690.    It  was  torn  down  in  18B6.    Wal/ord.     Dorante.     The  Liar  in  Corneille's  comedy  "  Le  Doria  Palace.     See  Pa}ac^-o  Doria 

Don    Sancne   dAragon.      A  comedy  by  Cor-     mentcur."     He  surpasses  even  the  women  of  the  play  Doricourt  (dor'i-kort).     A  brilliant  man  of  the 

neille,  produced  111  l(i;iO.     It  was  partly  talien  from     in  dissimulation.    Beseems  to  lie  in  a  spirited  mannerfor  wculd  in  llix    Cowlpv's  or.me.t'ir  "Tl,o  "Rallo't, 

a. Spanish  play  "El   Palacio  confuso."    Don  Sanche,  the      the  salie  of  lying,  not  from  self-interest.     In  the  sequel  2. 'Vt,„™  "    ;,          .  ^,                     ^                  iielle  S 

heir  to  the  throne  of  Aragon,  is  supposed  to  be  dead.    He     to  "The  Liar  "  ("Suite  du  menteur")  he  has  reformed.  ?.     .,   =r  u."          A,"'.;'  '"'™"''>  3°"  courtliness  make 

appears  as  Don  Carlos,  and  believes  himself  to  be  the  son  Dora    Rinaria    fdo'rii    re-na'rpKl         A     Vipad  V™  i'-^     ■         '  ■        .     •i''^''; '°'' *'''''™'' P''l''^"'=y ''^°- 

of  a  fisherman                                                                          l^ord.    IVipana    (uo  ra    re  pa  re-a;.       A    neaa  dere  him  impervious  to  the  charm  of  English  beauty. 

T> o  1.     i-           /J-       -    T...      ^-    ../    -^       .        stream  ot  the  Fo,  which  it  joins  near  Turm.  See  Hanln,  LwUiia. 

Don   Sebastiano  (don  sa-bas-te-a'no).     An  DoraSpenlow.     Hee  Speulow,  Dora.  Doiigen   (dor'i-gen).      In  Chaucer's   "Frank 

opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Pans  in  -n^^^  „+„„„„,  x- ~i„     o      L      i    ,  i,sr)^^„i„  iti,    ?  Yi  V  i     ■<■      ?  a     •        ^'^a°J>-- 

lg^3                                         "                                        DorastUS  and  rawnia.    See  PancJosto.   Dorastus  im's  1  ale,"  the  faithful  wife  of  Amragus.    She 

■n^^  'i^x\    n. tm -d             i.  m    ■  j.       is  the  original  of  Shakspere's  Florizel  in  " The  Winter's  was  beloved  by  Aurelius,  "a  lusty  squire,"  and  to  escape 

liOO   (do),  George  Thomas.      Born    at  Christ-     Tale.'  his  miportunity  said  she  would  never  listen  to  him  tUl 

"' "reh,  Su TT,    . ,      IT        ^   ,o„„     ,.    ,     .   _                 _  ,..,....                          -           . 


appeared  in  1824.  nis  contemporaries  "the  modem  Pindar."    He  -n-   •,.„„,„4.  ,  ,     ,.  l.^      t     -c.--,  , 

Doolin,  or  Doon,  de  Mayence      A  French  --^PPoj-^l^^-^essor  of  Greek  in  the  Eoyal  DonmanU 

^^^l^:^^:^^^V:^'t:^  ^}i^.     a  renegade  in  Pryden-stra-     T^^^^^  ^^i^:^l,^:}^^^^  - 

first  published  in  l.wi.    Alsinger,  a  German  poet,  made  sedy  "  Don  Sebastian"  :   a  noble  Portuguese,  rf^SilT^^  7ia    -      -    m       it    \fv-     ,     kt 

in  1787  a  translation  in  the  form  of  an  epic  poem.   Doolin,  formerly  Don  Alonzo  de  Svlvera,  governor  of  -"^orimene  (ilo-re-man  ;.     1     In  Moliere  s  "  Le 

or  Doon,  was  the  son  of  Guyof  Slayence,  and  the  ancestor  Alcazar      He  has  been  thoiip-ht  to  be  the  hpst     '^'*'-'"  i^aginaire,    the  wife  of  Sganarelle.    A  Do- 

of  Ogier  the  Dane.  nf  n,-,  1      'c  +        '       I,       ^""^S'^'^  ^°   "'^  ^'^^  "'^^^      rirat'ne  is  also  introduced  in  a  later  plav,  "  Le  mariage 

Doomqdav  Bonk       fWritten  flrchnicallv  r)nmp<!  t?.rCi<  V,^".^^  cnaracters.  forc(5,"  where  she  consents  to  marry  Sganarelle,  who  is 

,lm.n7,nh    frnnT  MP     nn™^^?^^   R^^'l-    »f„  '    /«  D'Orblgny,  AlClde.     See  Orbigxy.  much  older  than  she,  with  the  intention  Sf  deceiving  him. 

caed  because  it^deSnwLr^^^^^  a^  Dorcas  (dor'kas).    [Gr.  .iop.df,  gazelle.]    In  the     ?.  A  lady  of  rank  in  Moliere's  comedy   ''Le 

final!     A  booUontatSnra  digest  Tno^^^^  New  Testament  (Acts  ix.  36)7  a  woman  who     bourgeois  gentilhomme,"  loved  by  Dorante. 

French  oftheresultsTfcens^us^^^^^^  was  full  of  good  deeds,  and  made  coats  and  gar-  Dorinda  (do-rin'da).     1.  In  Guarini's  "  Pastor 

England  undertaken Vv  oVde^of  Wi  liam'^^he  ^^^f  *-  '^'  P°-"  ^7^  ^  ^-.^^l^  ^--^1  ^    D^C  ^V'TeTter^TM^f.'A.^^  ^1 '° 

ComniProT  and  PomnlpVorUn  inifi     Tf        -.     .  Society  for  supplying  the  poor  with  garments.      Donne.— ^.   1  he  sister  ot  Miranda  m  Dryden 
rw^mTesinvetTa^toglilfoconTaini  ^   Shaksp^ere's    "  Winter's^  Tale,"  a    and  Davenanfs  version   of   "  The  Tempest." 

and  a  quarto  containing  450.    They  form  a  valuable  rec-  shepherdess.  l-iiKe  Miranda,   sne  nas  seen  no  man   but  her 

ord  of  the  ownership,  e.\t«nt,  and  value  of  the  lands  of  Dorcas  Zeal      See  Zeal  father. — 3.  In  Farquhar's  comedy ',' The  Beaux' 

Sl?w.^lvlfn'?^eyTad"Ve'er^"nren;k'rkin^.'ln1  Dorchester  (d6r'ches-ter).     [ME.  ^Dorckestre,     ^:'^?Z\l  We'^w^f^r  f  ^^''^  Bountiful. 

(3)  at  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confcssorf  when  a  lome  AS.  Dormcara  cea.'^ter,  city  of  the  people  of     ^^       Hi  .    l«^e  ^'t^i  and  marries  Aimwell, 

what  simUar  survey  had  been  made ;  the  numbers  of  ten-  Dorset;  from  Dorn-xiete,  Dors^te  Dorset     See     ^"o^e  stratagem  to  win  a  rich  wife  thus  suo- 

ants  and  dependents,  amount  of  live  stock,  etc.,  were  /Im-sv/ 1     Tlip  chip!'  tnwn  nf  Tlnvapt    P„<rlQn<l       ceeds. 

alsoreturned.     The  book  was  long  kept  under  three  dif-  ^[l^ted  on  tL  Frome  in  lat   50°  4^^^  I^O^ine   (do-ren').     1.   See  Dori,,da,  1.-2.    In 

ferent  locks  in  the  exchequer,  along  with  the  king's  seal,  °'''"a;^°"^™  -^^?™f  J,'^ 'at.  00    44    A.,  long,      jj   j:x     ,     pomedv  "Tartiifp"  tlip   Po„=t;«    "hi.t 

but  is  now  kept  in  the  Public  Record  Office.     In  1783  i  2°  27' W.:  the  ancient  Diirnovaria.    Tlie  remains     ^  .,,';'®  ®  *^°.™*^"J       I artule,     the  caustic  but 

facsimile  edition,  printed  from  types  maile  for  the  pur-  of  a  Roman  amphitheater  and  other  antiquities  ai-e  in  the     laitutul    waitmg-womau    ot    Marianne.      This 

pose,  was  issued  by  the  British  government.     The  coun-  vicinity.    It  was  the  scene  of  Jeflreys's  "bloody  assize,"     name  was  given  ill  the  old  French  theatrical 

ties  of  >'orthumberland,  Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and  1685.    Population  (1891),  7.946.  nomenclature  to  an  intrio-uing  soubrette 

Kral^oomslaytookf"*^''"""^-    T'>^^'=  «i^t«1  Dorchester.      [ME.  Dorchesire.  Dorccstre,  AS.  DoriS  (do'ris).    \_Gv.  ^u,pk':■]    l!  In  classical  mv- 

Doon  fdonl       A  river  in   AvrRhirp    ScotlpTid  Dorceaster,Dorce-ceaster,Dorcesceaste,;Dorca-    thology,  the  daughter  of  Oceamis  and  Tethvs. 

wWt,  flnw;  tWi^lTf  T  1^1,^  '.1 7°"'?"«'  ceaster  (ML.  reflex  Durocastrum).-]      A  village     She  married  her  brother  Kerens,  and  her  fifty  daughtera 

tttirfh:fSefm^rets?uth"oTiy^:."^?rs  tS^^^i!^^^,^!^:^^ ''^''^'     ^^^^^^^^^S'i^i^^' '' -''"-- 

Doomlck   (dor'nik).     The  Flemish  name   of  liVl  mnes'^south'ofB^^^^^^^^^  [Gr.  ^.,,V.]    In  ancient  geography :  («) 

Tournay,  Belgium,  whence  the  English  word  fn  ?•*  f^ 'T,,  iSficT       ^°^^°''-    "  was  annexed    ^  mountainous  ten-itory  of   central  Greece, 

dornick.     See  Tournay.  tw    '^r^^T'  ^^^'"^•'-        ^      ^    ,  surrounded   by  Phocis,   Locris,   ^tolia,    and 

Dor.    See  Bongo.  Dorchester,  Baron.    See  Carleton.  MaUs.    (6)  A  part  of  the  coast  of  Caria,  .Asia 

Dora  (do'ra).     1.  A  play  by  Sardou,  produced  Dordogne  (dor-don  ;  F  jiron.  dor-douy').     1.     Minor. 

in  1877,  and  played  in  English  under  the  title  A  river  ot  France  which  joins  the  Garonne  14  Dorking  (dor'king).     A  town  in  Surrey,  Eng- 

"  Diplomacy."- 2.  A  poem  by  Lord  Teunvson.  ™'*?^  "°''*^  °^  Bordeaux.    Length,  30o  miles ;     laud,  22  miles  southwest  of  London,    it  {s  famous 

Dora  Baltea  (do'ra  bal'ta-ii).     A  tributary  of  "a%ngable  for  steamships  to  Libourne.— 2.  A     foritshreedoffowls.andisthesceneof theflctitious"Bat- 

tl.P  Po  in  Piedmnnt   Ttalv      Tf  ..•  .    ■    .^    ,r    t  department  of  France,  lying  between  Haute-     '''^* "'  forking    (which  see).    Population  (1891),  7,132. 

Blanc  g?ouLnd1^s  the' Poi^tof^JL'iL'.''^^^^^^^  Vienne  on  the  north,  Corr^ze  and  Lot  on  the  Dorking,  Battle  of.    ("  The  Battle  of  Dorking, 

100 miles  east,  Lot-et-Garonne  on  the  south,  and  Cha-    °^  Kemmiscences  of  a  Volunteer.")     An  im- 

Dora  d'Istria  (do'ra  des'tre-a),  pseudonym  of  rente,  Charente-Inf^rieure.  and  Gironde  on  the  aginary  narrative  of  an  invasion  and  conquest 
Helene  Ghika,  Princess  Koltzoff  Massalsky.  west,  it  is  noted  for  its  production  of  minerals,  wines,  °^  f?,?'^;!^^  by  a  foreign  army,  written  by  Gen- 
Born  at  Bukharest,  Kumania  Feb  3  (N  S  )  and  truflles.  Capital,  Perigueux.  It  corresponds  to  the  eral  Sir  George  T.  Chesney  in  1871.  it  called  at- 
IK'^S-  diprl  at  P1pvp.Ipp  "NTnTr  T7  1 SSB  A  1?^™'  'or^er  PcSrigord  and  parts  of  Limousin,  Angoumois,  and  tention  to  the  need  of  an  improved  system  of  national 
jo-o.  uieaat  J^iorence,  JNOV.  iJ,I»»».    A  Kuma-  .Saintonge.    Area,  3,546 square  mUes.    Population  (1891),      defense,  and  attracted  much  u.itice. 

Jli?;^  7/    vi  v^"""*  ^T  "°,';'LLf  ^.t"^* /'■"'"'"'.f  •  ■*'*'^'^'  Dorleans,  or  D'Orleans  (dor-la-ou'),  Louis. 

Se'J'Ts'^f-Lrren^nlL  if .5L;t'^^?8%T ""'Des  Do^drecht   (dor'drecht)     or   Dort    (dort)      A     Born  at  taris,  1542:    died  at  Paris,  1629.     A 

lemmes  pai  unefemme' (1864),  etc.  town  m  the  pro-yinee  ot  bouth  Holland,  Nether-     French  poet  and  satirist.     In  1594  he  was  prose- 

Dorado  (do-ra'do).     A  small  southern  constel-  ^ands,  situated  on  an  island  of  the  Maas  11     cuted  by  Henry  IV.,  and  fled  to  Antwerp,  remaining  in 

lation    created  bv  Bavpr    north  of  thn  wrpat  miles  southeast  of  Rotterdam,     it  is  a  seaport,     e,\iie  nmc  years.        _  ^     ,^        _ 

M^^plh,T,iP  Plo,,^^      ^     '  ^  and  has  extensive  trade  in  timber.    It  contains  a  museum  Dormitor  (dor-me-tor'),  or  DuTmitor  (dbr-me- 

ma^eiidiuL  ciouu.  and  the  Groote  Kerk.    It  was  built  in  the  lOth  centurv,     tor').     The  highest  summit  in  the  mountains 

ijoraao,  ±.i.     oee  is<  Dorado.  and  is  reputed  to  be  the  oldest  city  in  the  Netherlands,      of  Montenegro      Height   .S  294  feet 

Dorak-el-Atik  (do'rak-el-a-tek').     A  town  in  Dordrecht  was  the  leading  Dutch  commercial  center  in  -norn  fdorn  1  TTpitiripW'T.iiH-nn0'Pfln^iiTi<1    Rnm 

the    T,ro\-ince    of  Khuzistan     Persia     situated  the  middle  ages:  the  independence  of  the  United  Prov-  ■'''°™..™^'-'^"§"''A-^ML?^»^i!-=''l^^^ 

.>>„„?  lot   qnc  in'  ^    1^^^  2qoV^    ro'   ^'J^ated  j^^^^  ,^,.,3  declared  here  in  1672 ;  it  was  the  seat  of  the     at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  14,  1804:  died  at 

about  lat.  dU    40    N.,  long.  49   J;..     Population,  gynod  of  Dort  (which  see)  1618-19.     Population  (1889),     Berlin,  Jan.  10, 1892.     A  German  operatic  com- 

estiraated  _6,000-12,000.  commune.  32,375.  poser,  conductor  of  the  Royal  Opera  in  Berlin 

Dprabce  (do-ra-le  che).  1   A  tale,  an  oldform  of  Dore,  Mont.     See  Mont  Dore.  1847-68.     His  chief  opera  is" "  Die  Nibelungen" 

the  Cinderella  story  m  Straparola's  "Nights  "  ©ore  (do-ra'),  Paul  Gustave.    Born  at  Stras-     (1S54). 

■     r-    \  ,    f.  ^'^^^^    w     •        «  "^  "   Granada  burg,  Jan.  10, 1833 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 1883.  Dom,  Johann  Albrecht  Bemhard.     Born  at 

iS.r^f  °Ai»nlrin»VioT,rt°u^I!STov;H  h„''«'T°™  A  French  artist.     From  1848,  when  he  made  his  first     Scheuerfcld,  Colmrg.  Germanv,  May  11,  1805: 

Xm  she  had  Sn"Wtmthe^    After  the'd^tZfl^^^^^  ^"^  "'  ^"''"^'"'^^  /"■■  "-«  "  Jovial  pour  Rire,"  he  exe-     died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  31.  1881.     A  Ger- 

dricSdoshefsw^Zgtogi^ehet^U^^^^  an  lln^is'^'fadZ  ;^h?s^''S^  P''"TL^*Sn'he  w'^fd:""     ™an    Orientalist,  professor"   (1835),  and  later 

3,  i?iii.c.  1  *"&"-'"•  and  m  1851  had  made  his  reputation.  In  1861  he  was  dec-  /io*o\  i.-  .;  t-u  •  i,  1.1  ■  •  ,  ,  ,. 
.  An  opera  by  Mereadante,  nrst  produced  at  orated  with  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  illus-  (lo43)  cniet  librarian  ot  the  imperial  public 
Vienna  in  1824.  —  4  (dor'a-lis).  The  wife  of  trated  "CEuvres  de  Rabelais"  (1854),  "L(5gende  du  Juif  library  at  St.  Petersburg.  Hisworksinclude  "His- 
Rhodonhil  in  Drvden's  coniedv  "  Maniage  a  la  errant"  (1856),  "Contes  drMatiques  de  Balzac  "  (1S56).  tory  of"  the  Afghans  "  (1829-36),  "ITher  die  Sprache  der 
Mode  "rpmnrkiiilp  for  Vipr  VirillinTit  nhiloBonViv  "Contesde  Perrault "  (1861),  "Essaisde  Montaigne"(18.57).  Afghanen  "  (1840),  "Chrestomathy  of  the  Pushtu  or  Af- 
ri  fl  •  V  remarka  Die  lor  ner  onuiant  pniiosopny  ..  voyage  aux  Pyr(SnSes  de  M.  Taine  "  (1859),  "  Divina  Com-  glian  Language  "  (1S47),  "  Caspia  "  (1875),  etc. 
Ot  flirtation  m  the  last  act.  H".??'^.?"  Dante"  (1861),  -Don  Quichotte"  (1863),  "The  Dornblm  (dorn'bern).  A  town  in  Vorariberg, 
Doran  (do'ran),  John.  Bom  at  London,  March  ^''' e  (l»65-66),  "  Fables  de  La  1  ontame  (1S67),  Tenny-  Austria-Hun-^ai-v  situated  near  Lake  Con- 
11  1,807-  died  Mt  T.nTi.Ion  Thti  05  1070  a_  son's  poems  "Elaine  "and  "Vivien -(1866-68),  etc.  Among  ^usiria  nuu^ajy,  suudu-u  near  ijdKe  v>on 
il.  JSUJ .  aiea  .it  I^omlon,  Jan.  _5,  18(8.  An  ^^  oil-paintings  are  "Paolo  and  Francesca  da  Rimini."  Stance  7  miles  south  of  Bregenz.  Popidation 
iwigiish   journalist  and   miscellaneous  writer.  "Rebel  Angels  cast  down"  (1866),  " Gambling-HaU  at     (1890),  commune,  10,678. 


\ 


Domer 

Domer  (dor'ner),  Isaak  August.    Born  at 

Neuliausen.  near  Tuttliiififu.  W'urtemberg, 
June  20,  1809:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Prussia, 
July  9, 188-4.  A  noted  German  Pi'otestant  tlie- 
ologian,  professor  at  Berlin  from  1861.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Entwickelunpsijeschichte  der  Lehre  von  tier 
Person  Christi "  (ls.i9,  1845-.56;  "History  of  the  Dcvelop- 
raent  of  the  Doetriiie  nf  the  Person  of  Christ,"  1859), 
"Geschiclite  der pr»it(-st;iiitischcn TheoUjpie " (IS67),  "Sys- 
tem der  cliristlicheu  (Ihiubeiislehre "  (1880-81). 

Domocll  (diir'noeli).  Tlic  oa|iital  of  the  county 
of  Sutherland,  Scotland,  situated  on  Dornoch 
Firth  in  lat.  57°  53'  X.    It  contains  a  catheilral. 

Dornroschen  (dom'r^s-chen).  [G.,  'little 
thorn-rose.']  The  German  name  of  "The 
Sleeping  Beauty"  (which  see). 

Domton  (dom'ton),  Harry.  The  son  of  old 
Dornton  in  Holcroft's  "  Koad  to  Ruin."  His  ex- 
ploits jlive  tlie  name  to  the  play.  He  is  saved  from  ruin 
by  Sulky,  his  father's  friend. 

Dornton,  Old.  A  fond,  confiding,  but  justly  of- 
fended father  in  Holcroft's  "  Road  to  Ruin." 

Dorogobush  (do-ro-go-bosh').  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Smolensk.  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Dnieper  in  lat.  54°  55'N.,  long.  33°  15'  E. 
Population,  S.48f). 

Dorogoie,  or  Doroholu  (do-ro-ho'e).  A  town  in 
Moldavia,  Rumania,  .situated  in  lat.  48°  N., 
long.  26°  22'  E.     Population  (1889-90),  9,313. 

Doron  (do'ron).  A  character  in  Greene's 
"Menaphon," -which  Simpson,  in  his  "School 
of  Shakespeare,"  attempted  to  identify  with 
Shakspere. 

Dorotea  (do-ro-ta'a).  ['Dorothea.']  A  dra- 
matic prose  romance  by  Lope  de  Vega,  writ- 
ten in  his  youth,  but  revised  by  him  with  care, 
and  first  printed  in  1632.  Ue  calls  it  "the  most 
beloved  of  his  works."  The  career  of  the  hero  Fernando 
is  to  some  degree  autobiographical. 

Dorothea  (dor-o-the'a).  fGr.  AupoBin,  gift  of 
God;  F.  Dorotlii'e,  It.  Sp.  Donitai,  Pg.  Dnrotlicii, 
Qt.  Dorothea.  Diminutive,  Do/ or  X'oWy.]  1.  A 
virgin  martyr.  .She  was  tortured  and  decapitated  in 
the  persecution  of  Diocletian.  Her  festival  is  celebrated 
Feb.  C  in  the  Roman  Church.  She  was  said  to  have  sent 
roses  and  apples  miraculously  from  paradise  to  a  doubt- 
ing spectator  of  her  martyrdom,  Theophilus,  who  jestingly 
asked  her  to  do  so.  He  was  converted  by  this  miracle, 
tortured,  and  afterward  decapitated.  Dorothea  was  intro- 
duced as  a  character  of  much  grace  and  tenderness  by 
Massinger  and  Dekker  in  "  The  Virgin  llartyr." 
2.  A  very  beautiful  and  unfortunate  woman  in 
an  episode  of  Cervantes's  "Don  Quixote." — 3. 
The  principal  female  character  in  Goethe's 
poem  "Hermann  mid  Dorothea." — 4.  Tlie 
"peerless  Queen  of  Scots"  in  Greene's  play 
"  James  the  Fourth."  She  escapes  from  her  unfaith- 
ful husband  in  man's  attire.  War  is  made  on  account  ()f 
her  disappearance,  and  she  returns  and  gives  herself  up 
to  insure  peace  for  her  country. 

5.  In  Fletcher's  comedy  "Mon.sieur  Thomas," 
a  bright,  affectionate  EnglLsh  girl,  the  sister  of 
Monsieur  Thomas. — 6.  See  Dorotea. 

Dorothea.  A  vessel  which  was  sent  under  com- 
mand of  Captain  Buchan,  with  the  Trent  under 
Franklin,  in  1818,  on  an  expedition  to  the  Are- 
tie  regions. 

Dorothea  Brooke.    See  Brooke. 

Dorotheus  (do-ro'the-us).  Lived  in  the  6th  cen- 
tiu'y.  A  jurist  in  Berytus,  SjTia:  one  of  the 
compilers  of  Justinian's  "Digest." 

Dor6zsma  (do'rozh-mo),  or  Dorosma  (d(5'r6sh- 
mo).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Csongrdd,  Hun- 
gary, 4  miles  northwest  of  Szegodiu.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  12,325. 

Dorp  (dorp).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
Rhino  Province,  Prussia,  situaled  on  the  Wnp- 

?er  17  miles  northeast  of  Cologne :  united  .Tan. 
,  1889,  with  Solingeiu 

Dorpat  (dor'piit),  or  D6rpt  (d^rpt).  [Unss. 
Derjit,  ()li\iss.  yiiri<l)',  Ksthonian  Tarliilin.]  A 
city  in  the  government  of  Livonia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Embach  in  lat.  58°  24'  N.,  long. 
26°  42'  E.  It  Is  noted  for  its  university  (foundeil  by 
Onstavus  Adolphus  in  \*>\i'l),  wliirh  (:nTit:iiii.><  a  rrlrbraled 
observatory  and  a  libnu-y  of  over  Itno.iHio  v.-Iuiiirs.  It 
was  conrjuercd  by  the  Teutonic  (irdwr  in  the  l;itb  century. 
and  In  the  14th  century  bframe  one  nf  the  Ilanse  tcnviis. 
Population  (l.M)l),  31,::M  (largely  (li-rman). 

Dorr  (dor),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Salisbury, 
Mass.,  March  2'2,  1796:  died  at  Germantown, 
Pa.,  Sept.  18,  isiil).  An  American  clergjnnan 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  iic  na» 
rector  of  Christ  church,  Philadcljdiia.  from  18."t7  until  Ills 
death.  Ills  works  Include  "The  HiHtory  of  a  Pocket 
Prayer  Hook,  Written  by  It«elf,"  "A  Memoir  of  Joluj 
Fanning  Watson,"  etc. 

Dorr,  Thomas  Wilson.  Born  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Nov.  5,  1805:  died  there,  Dec.  27,  18.54. 
An  American  politician.  Uo  was  a  member  of  the 
assembly  of  Rhode  Island  18.')3-a" ;  was  the  leader  of 
"  Dorr's  rebellion  "  (which  see);  was  elected  governor  by 
the  "  Suffrage  party  "  In  184'2  ;  was  convicted  of  high  trea- 
son and  senteuced  to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  l&ii ; 


335 

was  released  under  a  general  amnesty  act  in  1847 ;  and 
was  restored  to  his  civil  riglits  in  ISfil. 

Dorrego  (dor-ra'goi,  Manuel,  Born  atBuenos 
Ayres,  1787 :  died  there,  Dec.  13, 1828.  An  Ar- 
gentine statesman,  in  Aug.,  1827,  he  was  elected 
governoi  of  huenus  Ayres.  His  efforts  to  establish  aeon- 
federation  of  the  provinces  were  at  ttrst  successful,  and 
the  war  with  Brazil  was  brought  to  a  close  (IS'JS),  both 
countries  recognizing  tin-  inikpcTiclenceof  Uruguay.  The 
revolt  of  Lavalle  dri'\L-  lt..iiL-gu  fr(tm  Buenos  Ayres:  he 
was  defeated  in  an  attempt  to  recover  the  city,  captured, 
and  shot  without  ft-ial. 

Dorriforth  (dor'i-forth).  In  Mrs.  Inehbald's 
"Simple  Story,"  a  Roman  Catholic  priest.  He 
is  the  guardian  of  Miss  Milnerwbo  falls  in  love  with  him. 
He  beccMucs  the  Earl  of  Elmwood,  is  released  frcjm  his 
vows,  and  marries  her. 

Dorrit  (dor'it).  Amy,  called  Little  Dorrit. 
In  t'harles  Dickens's  "Little  Dorrit,"  the  un- 
selfish daughter  of  the  debtor  William  Dorrit, 
born  in  prison. 

Dorrit,  William.  The  father  of  Little  Dorrit. 
in  Charles  Dickens's  story  of  that  name:  a 
weak,  selfish,  good-looking  man  confined  in  the 
Marshalsea  prison  for  a  long  time  for  debt,  and 
hence  called  "The  Father  of  the  Marshalsea." 

Dorr  Rehellion,  The.  In  United  States  history, 
a  revcilutioiuiry  movement  under  the  leadership 
of  T.  W.  Dorr  to  introduce  a  new  State  consti- 
tution in  Rhode  Island.  It  was  caused  by  dissatis- 
faction with  the  existing  fundamental  law  (a  charter 
granted  by  Charles  II,  in  HKti).  which  placed  a  heavy 
property  qualification  on  the  suffrage.  A  party,  the  so- 
called  Suffrage  party,  was  organized  under  the  leadership 
of  T.  W.  DoiT  in  1840.  It  held  a  mass-meeting  at  Provi- 
dence July  5,  1841,  and  authorized  the  calling  of  a  con- 
stitutional convention,  which  met  at  Pi-ovidence  Oct.  4, 
1S41,  The  CMiistitiitiMii  proposed  by  this  crmvention  was 
submitted  to  tile  iieopk- 1  ji.c  il-i'.),  Is41,and  received  a  ma- 
jority (V)  of  the  popular'  vote.  A  government  with  Dorr  at 
its  head  was  elected  under  this  constitution  April  18,  1S4'2, 
It  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  seize  the  arsenal  at 
Providence  May  18, 1842,  and  was  dispersed  June  '2.%  184*2, 

D'Orsay.    See  Orsai/. 

Dorset_(d6r'set).  [ME.  Dorsete,  AS.  Dorswte, 
Dornssete,  prop,  the  name  of  the  inhabitants, 
from  (lorn-,  dor-,  W.  dii-fr,  water,  and  sxte,  set- 
tlers.] A  county  of  England,  lying  between 
Somerset  and  Wilts  on  the  north,  Hants  on  tlie 
east,  the  English  Channel  on  the  south,  and 
Devonshire  and  Somer.set  on  the  west.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  chalk  downs,  and  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  sheep. 
It  contains  many  British  and  Roman  antiiiuities.  Area, 
988  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  11)4, S17. 

Dorset,  Earl  of.    Se«  sackiiUc. 

Dort.     See  Dnrdrcclit. 

Dort  (dort).  Synod  of.  An  assembly  of  the 
Reformed  Churcli  of  the  Netherlands,  with 
delegates  from  England  and  other  countries, 
convened  by  the  Statcs-(_Teneral  for  the  jnirpose 
of  deeidingthe  Arminian  cmitroversv,  and  held 
at  Dort  (Dordreclit)  1618-19.  It  condVmned  the 
doctrities  of  the  Arminians  or  Remonstrants. 

Dortmund  (dort'miiiul).  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Westphaliii,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Em- 
scher  in  lat.  51°  31'  N.,  long.  7°  2H'  E.  It  is  tlie 
center  of  a  mining  region,  and  has  manufactures  of  railway 
machinery,  etc.  It  was  mentioned  in  the  Otii  century, 
and  was  a  free  imperial  city  and  Hanseatie  town,  and  the 
seatof  the  supreme  court  of  the  ^'ehnlge^ieht,  It  was  an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1815.     Population  (liXiO),  H2,41S. 

DoruS(d6'rus).  [Gr.  Au/)of.]  In  (jreek mythol- 
ogy, the  ancestor  of  the  Dorians,  generally  reji- 
resented  as  the  son  of  Hellen  by  the  nymph 
Orseis. 

Dorus.  In  Sidney's  romance  "Arcadia,"  the 
name  under  which  Musidorus,  in  the  disguise  of 
a  shepherd,  pretends  to  love  Mopsa. 

Dorus,  Prince.     See  Prince  Dorus. 

Dory  (do'ri),  John.  1.  H^e  John  Don/. — 2.  A 
villiferous  and  faithful  servant  of  Sir  George 
Tliiinder,  in  O'Keefe's  "  Wild  Oats." 

Dorylaeum(dor-i-le'um').  f(ir.  io^)i/.n(oi'.]  Tlio 
ancient  naint^  of  Eski-Shehr  (wliii'h  see).  Here, 
July  1,  1097,  the  I'rusailers  under  Boheniond,  Tancred, 
Robert  of  Normandy,  (imlfieyof  lloulllon.anil  otiiera,  de- 
feated Soliman,  the  Turkish  Bult^n  of  leolilum. 

Doryphorus.     See  I'oli/cletux. 

Dositneans  (do-sith'e-iinz).  ASamaritan  sect, 
named  from  Dosithous,  a  false  Messiah,  who 
appeared  aliuiit  the  time  of  Christ.  The  sect, 
though  Hiiiall  III  niinilirrs,  existed  for  several  celtturluH, 

DostMohamniedKhanidiisi  mii-hiim'edkhiin). 

Burn  aliiiiil  1770:  ilied  May  29,  I.H«>:1.  Amir  of 
Kabul.  He  ascended  the  tliroiie  In  18'2ti.  In  l.**!  the 
India  government,  being  deterniliied  to  chastise  lilm  on 
account  of  his  refusal  to  become  the  ally  of  the  British, 
sent  an  army  int4>  Afgliant.Htan.  drove  him  from  hist limne, 
and  placed  Shall  Shujali  upon  it  In  IStI  an  Insurrection 
brokeout  In  Kabul,  and  In  IH12  the  Uritlsli  army  was  uias- 
saered  In  its  retreat.  This  was  followed  by  a  second  In- 
vasion by  the  Itrltisb,  wlm  decided  to  reinstate  Dost  Mo- 
hainiiied  (1S42).  He  captured  Herat  frfini  (be  Persians  in 
l.M.:i, 

Dostoyevsky  (dos-to-yef 'ske).  Feeder  Mi- 
khailovitch.    Born  ut  Moscow,  Nov.  11  (N.  b.), 


Doubs 

1822:  died  Feb.  9  (N.  S.),  1881.  A  Russian 
novelist  and  journalist.  He  was  arrested  for  par- 
ticipation in  a  conspiracy  in  1849.  and  condemned  to 
death.  His  sentence  was  eonimnted  to  exile,  and  he  was 
par-doned  on  the  accession  of  Alexander  II,  His  works 
include  "The  Poor  People  "  (184fi),  "The  Degraded  and 
Insulted"  (isoii.  "  M.moirs  fioiii  the  H.^ise  of  Death." 
also  published  as  'Buried  Alive"  (his  memories  of  Si- 
beria, 1858),  "Crime  and  Punishment"  (1866),  etc 

Dot  (dot).     See  Pecrijhinqle,  Mrs. 

Dothan  (do-thiin').  In  Scriiiture  geography,  a 
jilace  in  Samaria,  Pale.stine,  situated  10  miles 
north  of  .Shechein. 

Dotheboys  Hall  (dS'the-boiz  hk\).  ['Do-the- 
boys  Hall';  implying  tiiat  the  boys  are  taken 
in  and  'done  for.']  The  Yorkshire  scliool  in 
Dickens's  "  Nicholas  Nickleby,"  kept  by  Mr. 
Squeers,  in  which  Nicholas  served  a  short  time 
as  an  under-master.  The  exposure  of  the  methods  of 
schools  of  this  class  by  Dickens  led  to  the  reformation  or 
abolition  of  many  of  them. 

Dotterel  t  dot '  ter-el ) ,  Mrs.  A  character  in  Gar- 
rick's  [day  "The  Male  Coquette." 

Douai,  or  Douay  (do-a').  [L.  Duaeum.']  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Scarpe  18  miles  south  of  Lille. 
It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  has  an  arsenal.  In  the 
middle  ages  it  belonged  to  the  counts  of  Flanders,  and 
after  1384  to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  It  formed  part  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands  and  was  conquered  by  the  Fi  eneh 
in  1(107,  It  cont4iin3  a  Roman  Catholic  university  founded 
by  Philip  II.  in  1602,  and  a  noted  seminary  for  English 
priests.  At  IKniai  was  printed  the  English  version  of 
the  Bible  for  Roman  Catholics,  It  has  manufactories  of 
cotton,  linen,  lace,  paper,  leather,  embroideries,  delft- 
ware,  glass,  salt,  etc,  and  contains  a  number  of  breweries 
and  ilistilKries.     Population  (ISOl),  commune,  29,909, 

Douarnenez  (dwiir-na').  A  seajiort  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finistere.  France,  21  miles  south- 
east of  Brest.  It  is  noted  forits  sardine  fisheries. 
PopuLatiou  (1891),  commtme,  10,021. 

Douay.     See  DoiKii. 

Douay  (dii-a'),  Charles  Abel.   Bom  at  Besan- 

Vou,  France.  March,  1S09 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Weissenlmrg,  Aug.  4, 1870.  A  French  general, 
distinguished  at  the  storming  of  the  Malakofif 
in  1855,  and  at  Solferino  in  1859. 

Douay,  Felix  Charles.  Bom  at  Besan(jon, 
France,  Aug.  24,  1816:  died  at  Paris,  May  4, 
1879.  A  French  general,  brother  of  Charles 
Abel  Douay,  distinguished  at  Sedan  in  1870,  and 
in  the  struggle  ^\^th  the  Communists  in  1871. 

Douban  (dii-ban').  In  the  story  of  "The  Greek 
King  and  Douban  the  Physician,"  in  "The 
Arabian  Night.s'  Entertainments,"  a  physician 
who  cures  the  king  of  leprosy.  Believing  him  to 
be  a  traitor,  the  king  urders  his  execution,  Douban  gives 
the  king  a  book,  assuring  him  that  his  head,  after  it  is  cut 
off,  will  answer  any  tiuestions  if  he  will  first  read  a  certain 
line  on  the  sixth  page.  The  pages  arc  iwisoned,  and  the 
king,  moistening  Ills  fingers  to  turn  them,  instjintly  dies, 
Scott  introduces  a  royal  slave  and  physician  of  this  name 
in  "Count  Robert  of  Paris." 

Doubleday  (dnb'l-da),  Abner.     Bom  at  Ball- 

ston  .Spa,  N.  Y.,  June  26,  1S19:  died  at  Mend- 
ham,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  2(),  1.S93,  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduateil  at  West  Point  in  1842  ;  served  in  the 
Mexican  war ;  was  appointed  brigadier-genend  in  the 
I'nion  army  Feb.  a,  1802  ;  commanded  a  division  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Antietam,  Sept,  17, 1802  ;  and  was  made  major-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  Nov.  '2i),  18(i'2. 

Doubleday,  Edward.    15orn  at  Epping.  1811: 

dieil  at  l.onilon.  Dec.  14,  l.'^9.  An  English 
naturalist.  Ho  was  aiipointed  an  assistant  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  In  ISlil),  with  special  chargr  of  the  collections 
of  butterflies  and  moths.  Hisclilef  work  Is  "<ln  tlie  (ien- 
era  of  Diurnal  L©piiloj)tera.'" 

Double  Dealer,  The.    A  comedy  by  Congreve, 

|irodnced  in  1693.     See  Ma.skUill. 

Double  Falsehood,  The.    A  play  published  by 

Tlii'iibnld  in  172S  as  by  Shakspere.  It  Is  founded 
on  the  Hlnry  of  Cardenioin  "  Don  l^nixote,"  and  is  thought 
to  have  been  very  iirolialdy  written  b>  Shirley.      H'dn/, 

Double  Gallant,  The,  or  The  Sick  Lady's 

Cure.  A  iiinieily  produced  in  1707.  coniiiiled 
by  Colley  Cibber  from  Mrs.  Centlivre's  "Love 
at  a  Venture"  (which  owed  something  to 
Tliomas  (^orneille's  "Le  gahint  double")  and 
ItiMtiuliv's    "Tlie    Ladv's  Visiting    Dav''   and 

'"I'hr  K'erormeil  Wife,'' 

Double  Marriage,  The.  A  trng<-<iy  by  Fletdier, 

assisted  by  Massinger,  aiiiiarenlly  jirndiu'ed 
after  Burbuge's  <leath.  winch  took  place  in 
March.  1619.  It  was  printed  in  1647. 
Doubs  (<l<i).  r''-  Dnliis.^  1.  A  river  of  east- 
ern Fr.'ince  which  joins  the  Sn(1ne  at  Verdun. 
Leiiglh,  '.267  miles. — 2.  .\  deiiartfiieiit  of  east- 
ern Friince,  lying  between  Iliiute-SaOiit'  and 
Hant-Rhin  on  the.n<irlh,  Switzerland  on  the 
east  and  south,  and  .Jura  and  Ilaute-Saone  on 
the  west.  It  Is  traversed  by  the  Jura.  Calillal,  llesan- 
con.  The  department  was  formed  from  partof  the  anrleiit 
Fi'anche.coiiit4i.  Area,  *2,nl8  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  30S,0SL 


Doubs,  Falls  of  the 

Doubs,  Falls  of  the.  [F.  Sunt  du  Douhs.']  A 
noted  cataract  in  the  Doubs,  on  the  border  of 
France  and  Switzerland,  13  miles  northwest  of 
Neuchiitel.     Height,  86  feet. 

Doubtful  Heir,  The.  A  romantic  comedy  by 
Shirley,  originally  produced  at  Dublin  under 
the  title  of  "  Bosania,  or  Love's  Victory,"  and 
licensed  in  1640  under  that  name. 

Doubting  Castle.  The  abode  of  Giant  De- 
spair, in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"  in 
which  he  locked  up  Christian  and  Hopeful. 

Douce  (dous),  Francis.  Born  at  London,  1757: 
died  at  London,  March  30, 1834.  An  EngUsh  an- 
tiquarian. He  was  for  a  time  keeper  of  the  manuscripts 
in  the  British  Museum,  in  wliich  capacity  he  took  part  in 
cataloguing  the  Lansdoivue  IISS, ,  and  in  revising  the  cata- 
logue of  Harleian  MSS.  Having  been  left  one  of  the  re- 
siduary legatees  of  the  sculptor  JioUekens  inlS23,  he  came 
into  possession  of  a  competent  fortune,  which  enabled  him 
to  make  a  fine  collection  of  books,  manuscripts,  prints, 
and  coins.  This  collection  was  bequeathed  to  the  Bodleian 
Library.  His  chief  work  Is  '■  Illustrations  of  Shakspere  " 
(1807). 

Dougal(do'gal).  A  wild,  shock-headed  follower 
of  Rob  Roy.'in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 

Doughty  (do'ti),  Thomas.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  19,  1793:  died  at  New  York,  July 
24,  1856.     An  American  landscape-painter. 

Douglas  (dug'las).  A  tragedy  by  the  Rev. 
John  Home,  first  produced  in  Edinburgh  Dec. 
14, 1756.  It  is  partly  founded  on  a  Scottish 
ballad,  "Childe  Maurice."     See  Norral. 

"Douglas"  was  first  produced  upon  the  regular  stage 
on  the  i4th  of  December,  1756,  at  the  Canongate  Theatre 
(of  which  there  is  no  sign  now),  in  Play-house  Close,  21X) 
Canongate.  According  to  tradition,  however  —  and  very 
misty  tradition  —  it  was  performed  privately  some  time 
before  at  the  lodgings  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Warde,  a  professiona> 
actress,  who  lived  in  Horse  Wynd,  near  the  foot  of  the 
Canongate,  .and  ^vith  the  following  most  astonishing  ama- 
teur cast:  Lord  Randolph,  Rev.  Dr.  Robertson  (principal 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh);  Glen.alvon,  Dr.  David 
Hume  (historian);  Old  Norval,  Rev.  Dr.  Carlyle  (minister 
of  Musselburgh);  Douglas,  Rev.  John  Home  (the  author 
of  the  tr;igedy) ;  Lady  Randolph,  Dr.  Ferguson  (professor 
of  moral  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh); 
Anna  (the  Maid.  Rev.  Dr.  Hugh  Blair  (minister  of  the 
High  Church  o*  Edinburgh).  Adam  Ferguson  as  Lady 
Randolph  and  Hugh  Blair  as  Anna  must  have  added  an 
unexpectedly  comic  element  to  the  tragedy.  It  is  not 
more  than  justice  to  say  that  Dugald  Stewart,  the  biog- 
rapher of  Principal  Robertson,  asserts  that  the  Randolpli 
of  this  cast  "never  entered  a  play-house  in  his  life." 

Ilutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  28. 

Douglas  (dug'las).  1.  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Isle  of  Man,  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  in  lat.  54°  10'  N.,  long.  4°  27'  W.  It  is  a 
noted  watering-place.  Population  (1891),  19,- 
515. —  2.  A  village  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
8  miles  southwest  of  Lanark.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood are  St.  Bride's  Church  and  Douglas 
Castle. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  fourth  Earl  of  Douglas. 
Died  Aug.  17.  1424.  A  Scottish  nobleman, 
second  son  of  Archibald,  third  Earl  of  Douglas. 
He  was  captured  by  the  English  in  a  border  raid  in  1402, 
and  was  kept  a  prisoner  until  140.S.  In  1423  he  commanded 
a  Scottish  army  sent  to  the  support  of  the  French  against 
the  English,  and  in  the  same  year  was  created  duke  of 
Touraine  by  Charles  VII.  of  France.  He  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Verneuii,  in  France. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  fifth  Earl  of  Angus  :  sur- 
named  "Bell  the  Cat."  Died  1514.  A  Scot- 
tish nobleman,  son  of  George,  fourth  Earl  of 
Angus.  He  was  one  of  the  disatfected  nobles  who  over- 
threw and  murdered  James  III.'s  favorite,  the  Earl  of 
Mar,  in  1482.  At  a  meeting  of  the  nobles  to  concert  a 
plan  of  attack  on  the  favorite,  Lord  Gray  compared  the 
meeting  to  that  of  the  mice  in  the  fable  who  proposed 
to  string  a  bell  round  the  cat's  neck,  and  asked,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  favorite,  "Who  will  bell  the  cat?"  Douglas 
answered,  "I  will  bell  the  cat"  (whence  his  surname). 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  kingdom  1493-98.  In  Scott's 
poem  *'  Marmion"  he  is  represented  as  entertaining  Mar- 
mion  and  Lady  Clare  at  his  castle  by  command  of  the  king. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  sixth  Earl  of  Angus. 
Died  in  Jan.,  l.')57.  Grandson  of  the  fifth  earl. 
He  married  in  1.^14  ilargaret.  widow  of  James  IV.  and 
sister  of  Henry  VIII.,  by  whom  he  had  M.argaret,  countess 
of  Lennox,  the  mother  of  Damley. 

Douglas,  David.  Born  at  Scone,  Scotland, 
1798:  killed  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  July  12, 
1834.  A  Scottish  botanist.  He  visited  the  United 
States  as  botanical  collector  for  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  in  182.3,  and  subsequently  made  several  scientific 
journeys  in  America,  spending  the  years  1829-32  chiefly 
in  California.  He  contributed  a  number  of  papers  to  scien- 
tiflc  journals. 

Douglas,  mien.  The  daughter  of  the  outlawed 
James  Douglas,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem 
"The  Lady  of  the  Lake."  Going  to  Stirling  with 
the  signet  ring  given  her  by  the  Knight  of  Snowdon  (the 
king),  she  oljtains  the  pardon  of  father  and  lover,  though 
the  generous  king  himself  had  loved  her  in  disguise. 

Douglas,  Ga'wain  or  Gavin:  Born  about  1474: 
died  at  London  in  Sept.,  1.522.  A  .Scottish  poet, 
younger  son  of  the  fifth  Earl  of  Angus.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  studied  at  St.  Andrews  1480-94,  and  became 
bishop  of  Dunkeld  in  l.si,=i.    He  was  subsequently  ban- 


336 

ished  for  political  reasons,  and  was  well  received  at  the 
court  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England.  His  chief  work  is  a 
translation  of  the  .Eueid  into  Scottish  verse  (1513,  printed 
1553). 

Douglas,  George,  fourth  Earl  of  Angus.  Died 
1462.  A  Scottish  nobleman.  He  remained  loyal  to 
James  II.  in  a  rising  of  his  kinsmen  against  the  king,  and 
commanded  the  royal  forces  at  the  battle  of  Arkinholm 
May  1,  145.5,  in  which  the  insurgents  were  defeated.  He 
received  as  a  reward  large  grants  of  land  from  the  confis- 
cated estates,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
position  of  the  earls  of  Angus  as  border  chiefs. 

Douglas,  George.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Abbot,"  the  seneschal  of  Lochleven  Cas- 
tle dui'ing  Ms  father's  absence.  Falling  in  love 
with  his  prisoner,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  he  aids  her  es- 
cape, and  dies  at  the  battle  of  Langside. 

Douglas,  Sir  Ho'ward.  Born  at  Gosport,  Eng- 
land, July  1,  1776 :  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells. 
England,  Nov.,  1861.  An  English  general  and 
military  writer :  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Naval 
Gunnery"  (1819),  etc. 

Douglas,  Sir  James,  called  "  The  Good  Sir 
James"  and  "  The  Black  Douglas."  Killed  in 
Spain,  probably  Aug.  25,  1330.  A  Scottish 
nobleman.  He  joined  the  standard  of  Bruce  in  1,306, 
and  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Scottish  army  at  the 
battle  of  Bannockburn,  June  24,  1314.  In  accordance 
with  the  dying  request  of  Bruce,  he  set  out  on  a  journey 
to  the  Holy  Land,  carrying  with  him  Bruce's  heart  in- 
cased in  a  casket  of  gold.  Arrived  in  Spain,  he  ottered  his 
services  to  Alfonso,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon,  against  the 
Saracens  of  Granada,  and  fell  in  battle. 

Douglas,  James,  second  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
in  13S8.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  son  of  William, 
first  Earl  of  Douglas.  He  commanded  a  force  of 
300  horse  and  2,000  foot  which  ravaged  the  eastern  border 
in  1388,  and  probably  on  the  I'Jth  of  Aug.  in  that  year 
(on  the  9tll  according  to  the  English  chroniclers,  on  the 
15th  according  to  Froissart)  defeated  a  superior  force  of 
the  levy  of  the  northern  counties  under  Lord  Henry 
Percy  at  Otterburn,  himself  falling  at  the  moment  of  vic- 
tory. His  fame  is  celebrated  in  the  Scottish  ballad  "The 
Battle  of  Otterburn"  and  the  English  ballad  "Chevy 
Chase." 

Douglas,  James,  ninth  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
at  Lindores,  Scotland,  July  14,  1488.  Last  Earl 
of  Douglas.  He  headed  a  rebellion  against  James  II. 
of  Scotland  1452-55,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  ban- 
ished and  deprived  of  his  estates. 

Douglas,  John.  Born  at  Pittenweem,  Fife, 
Scotland,  July  14,  1721 :  died  at  Salisbiuy, 
England,  May  18,  1807.  A  British  prelate  and 
general  writer.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of  Carlisle 
in  1787  (being  translated  to  Salisl)Ury  in  1791)  and  dean  of 
Windsor  in  1788.  Among  his  works  are  "  Milton  vindi- 
cated from  the  Charge  of  Plagiarism  "  (1751),  and  a  book 
attacking  Hume's  argument  on  the  miracles,  entitled 
"  The  Criterion  "  (1752). 

Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold.  Born  at  Brandon, 
Vt.,  April  23,  1813  :  died  at  Chicago.  June  3, 
1861.  An  American  Democratic  politician.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  a  cabinet-maker,  but  afterward  stud- 
ied law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  elected  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  in  1841;  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1843-47;  and  was  United 
States  senator  1847-61.  He  advanced  the  doctrine  of  pop- 
ul.ar  or  "squatter"  sovereignty  in  relation  to  slavery  in 
the  TeiTitories,  and  reported  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  in 
1854.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the  Democratic 
party  forthe  presidency  in  1860.  He  was  nicknamed  "The 
Little  Giant." 

Douglas,  Sir  William.  Killed  in  1353.  A 
Scottish  nobleman.  He  sided  with  David  II.  against 
Edward  Baliol,  and  obtained  as  a  reward  the  lordship 
of  Liddesdale,  whence  he  was  surnamed  "The  Knight  of 
Liddesdale. "  He  was  killed  during  a  hunt  in  Ettrick  forest 
by  his  kinsman  William,  lord  (afterward  earl)  of  Douglas. 

Douglas,  William,  first  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
in  1384.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  nephew  of  "the 
good  Sir  James."  He  was  trained  in  arms  in  France ; 
returned  to  Scotland  about  1348 ;  recovered  his  paternal 
estates  from  the  English ;  conducted  numerous  raids  on 
the  English  border  ;  was,  jllong  with  the  Earl  of  March,  ap- 
pointed warden  of  the  east  marches  about  1356  ;  and  was 
created  eiu-1  of  Douglas  by  David  II.  in  1358. 

Douglas,  William,  eighth  Earl  of  Douglas. 
Died  in  1452.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  son  of 
James,  seventh  Earl  of  Douglas.  He  conspired 
against  .Tames  II.,  by  whom  he  was  decoyed  by  a  safe- 
conduct  to  Stirling  Castle  and  put  to  death. 

Douglass,  David  Bates.  Born  at  Pompton, 
N.  J.,  March  21,  1790 :  died  at  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
Oct.,  1849.  An  American  engineer.  He  was 
engaged  on  the  Croton  aqueduct  1833-36,  on 
Greenwood  cemetery  (Brooklyn)  1837—40. 

Douglass,  Frederick.  Bom  1817:  died  Feb. 
20,  1895.  A  noted  American  orator  and 
journalist.  He  was  the  son  of  a  negressby  a  white  man, 
and  was  bom  a  slave  on  the  plantation  of  Colonel  Edward 
T.loyd.  Having  escaped  from  his  master  in  1838,  he  even, 
tuaily  settled  at  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  and  in  1841 
became  an  agent  of  the  .Massachusetts  Anti-Slavery  Soci- 
ety, a  post  which  he  retained  four  years.  He  founded  in 
1847,  at  Rochester,  New  York,  "Frederick  Douglass's  Pa- 
per," the  title  of  which  was  changed  to  "  The  North  Star," 
and  which  was  continued  a  number  of  years.  In  1870  he 
founded  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, " The  New 
National  Era."  which  he  turned  over  to  his  sons  Lewis 
and  Frederick.  He  was  United  States  marshal  for  the 
District  of  Columbia  1876-81,  recorder  of  deeds  in  the 


Dover 

District  1881-86,  and  United  States  minister  to  Haiti  1889- 
18EI1.  He  also  published  "  The  Life  and  Times  of  Frederick 
Douglass,  from  1S17  to  1882,  Written  hy  Himself  "  (1882). 

DouUens  (d6-16n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the  Authie  19 
miles  north  of  Amiens.  It  is  a  manufacturing 
town,  and  contains  a  citadel.  Population  (1891)'^ 
commiuie,  4,631. 

Douloureuse  Garde.    [F.]    See  Joyeme  Garde. 

Doune  (dcin).  A  village  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Teith  7  miles  northwest  of 
Stirling.     It  contains  the  ruined  Doune  Castle. 

Dour  (dor).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the  j 
province  of  Hainault,  Belgium,  9  miles  south-  i 
westofMons.     Population  (1890),  10,603. 

Dourdan  (dor-don').  A  tovm  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  25  miles  southwest  of 
Paris.  It  contains  a  church  and  a  ruined  castle. 
Population  (1891),  3,108. 

Douro.     See  Duero. 

Dousa  (dou'sa),  Janus:  Latinized  from  Jan 
Van  der  Does.  Born  at  Noordwijk,  near  Ley- 
den,  Netherlands,  Dec.  6,  1545:  died  at  Noord- 
wijk, Oct.,  1604.  A  Dutch  scholar,  poet,  his- 
torian, and  patriot.  He  defended  Leyden  1674-75,  and 
became  first  curator  of  the  University  of  Leyden  in  1575. 
He  published  "Annals  of  Holland  "  (1599),  etc. 

Dousabel  (dij'sa-bel),  or  Dowsabel  (dou'sa- 
bel).  [F.  dottee  et  belle,  sweet  and  pretty.]  A 
common  name  for  a  rustic  sweetheart  in  old 
pastoral  poems. 

Dousters'wivel  (dSs'ter-swiv-el),  Herman.  In 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "The  Antiquary,"  a 
German  adventurer  who  tricks  Sir  Arthur 
Wardour  by  a  pretended  magical  discovery  of 
treasure,  and  is  himself  similarly  tricked  by 
Ochiltree.  The  nickname  Dousterswivel  was 
given  to  Spurzheim. 

Dou'ville  (do-vel'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at 
Hambie,  Manche,  France,  Feb.  15, 1794:  died  in 
Brazil  about  1837.  A  French  adventurer.  He 
published  in  1832  a  book  entitled  "Voyage  au  Congo  et 
dans  I'int^rieur  de  I'Afrique  ^quinoxiale,"  which  purport- 
ed to  be  an  account  of  explorations  made  by  himself  in 
central  Africa  between  1828  and  1830.  The  gold  medal  of 
the  Geographical  Society  at  Paris  was  awarded  to  him  for 
the  most  important  discovery  in  1830,  and  he  wa.s  made 
secretary  of  the  society  for  1832.  It  was,  however,  shown 
that  the  "Voyage  " was  a  mere  fabrication  based  ou  early 
Portuguese  expeditions. 

DoU'W,  or  Dow  (dou),  Gerard.  Born  at  Leyden, 
Netherlands,  April  7, 1613:  died  at  Leyden,  Feb., 
1675.  A  noted  Dutch  painter  of  genre  scenes, 
a  pupil  of  Rembrandt.  His  best-known  work  is 
the  "Woman  Sick  of  the  Dropsy,"  at  the  Louvre. 

Dove  (dov).  A  river  in  England  which  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Derby  and  Staf- 
ford, and  joins  the  Trent  3  miles  northeast  of 
Burton.  Length,  about  45  miles.  It  is  cele- 
brated in  the  writings  of  Izaak  Walton. 

Dove.  A  pinnace  of  about  50  tons,  one  of  the 
vessels  (the  other  being  the  Ark)  in  which  Lord 
Baltimore  sent  out  a  colony  of  "gentlemen  ad- 
venturers," including  his  brothers  George  and 
Leonard  Calvert,  to  Maryland  in  1633.  They 
landed  at  St.  Clement's  Island  in  the  Potomac 
in  1634.  M 

Dove,  Doctor.  The  chief  character  in  Southey's  ■ 
"Doctor."  • 

Dove,  Lady.  In  Cumberland's  play  "  The 
Brothers,"  a  termagant  and  the  mother  of  So- 
phia Dove,  who  is  the  principal  female  char- 
acter. 

Dove  (do'fe),  Heinrich  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Liegnitz,  Prussia,  Oct.  6,  1803:  died  at  Berlin, 
April  4,  1879.  A  German  physicist,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1829:  noted  for  his  researches  in 
meteorology  and  electricity.  His  chief  ^vo^ks  are 
"  Meteorologische  Untersuchungen "  (1837),  "tjber  die 
nicht-periodischen  Anderungen  der  Temperaturverteil'- 
ung  "  (1840-59),  etc. 

Dove,  Richard  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb. 
27,  1833.  A  German  canonist,  son  of  Heinrich 
Wilhelm  Dove:  professor  successively  at  Tii- 
bingen  (1862),  Kiel  (1865),  and  Gottingen  (1868). 
He  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the  Reichstag  in 
1871. 

Dovedale  (duv'dal).  The  picturesque  valley  of 
the  Dove  in  Derbyshire  and  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, northwest  of  Bui-ton. 

Dover  (do' ver) .  [ME.  Dover,  Dovere,  AS.  Dofre, 
Dofere,  F.  Dotwres,  LL.  Dtibris,  Dubrx;  perhaps 
from  W.  dwfr,  etc.,  water.]  1.  A  seaport  in 
Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Dover 
in  lat.  51°  7'  N.,  long.  1°  18'  E. :  the  French 
Douvres,  and  the  Roman  Dubras  or  DuVjris.  It 
is  the  chief  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  a  favorite  health-resort 
and  sea-bathing  place,  and  the  terminus  of  packet-lines  to 
Calais  and  Ostend,  and  is  on  one  of  the  main  lines  between 
London  and  the  Continent.  Its  chief  points  of  interest 
include  DoverCastle,  Shakespeare  Clilf,  and  the  Admiralty 


Dover 

Her.  It  was  burned  by  the  Normans  in  10ti*i :  became  an 
inipoilant  riavul  statiun  ;  resisted  the  Frencli  in  r21G;  and 
fell  into  tlie  hands  of  the  Parliamentarians  in  1042.  It  iB 
strongly  fortihed.     Population  (18yl),  33,4lJi. 

2.  The  capital  of  Delaware  and  county-seat  of 
Kent  County,  situated  on  Jones  Creek  in  lat. 
39°  8'  N.,  long.  75°  32'  \V  It  has  important 
fruit-preservingindustries.  Population  (1900), 
3,329.-3.  A  oity  and  the  eounty-seat  of  Straf- 
ford County,  New  Hampshirr,  situated  on  the 


337 

Scotland.  He  was  appointed  resident  at  The  ll.at,'ue  in 
It).')"  in  whieli  DlUie  lie  was  retained  by  Chiu-les  II.  on 
the  Kesturaliuii  in  U>00.  lie  was  created  a  bai-onet  iu 
16<W.  Uowuing  street,  Whitehall,  derives  its  name  from 
him. 
Downing,  Sir  George.  Born  about  1G84:  died 
iu  Cambridgeshire,  June  10,  1749.  The  founder 
of  Downing  College:  grandson  of  Sir  (ieorge 
I)o\vning  (d.  1084).  lie  was  a  member  of  the  I'arlia- 
ments  of  1710  and  1713,  and  kept  his  seat  from  1722  until 
his  death. 


Cocheeo  11  miles  northwest  of  Portsmouth.  It  Downing  College.  A  college  in  Cambridge 
has  maimfactmes  of  prints  cott/m  ami  woolen  goods  University,  Kiiglaml,  founded  by  the  will  of 
shoes,  etc..  and  is  the  oldest  town  ui  the  State,  having     ^.  ■  '         ^  .        ,  ,    ^    ,  ,-,-,•'   t.  i 

been  settled  in  1623.     P..pulation  (1900),  13,207.  Sir  txeorge  Downing  (dated  ill/).    It  was  ehar- 

4.  A  town  inJIorrisCountv,  New  Jersey,  about     tered  in  IsiMi,  and  opened  m  1821. 
32  miles  northwest  of  New  York.     Population  Downing  street.    A  street  in  the  west  end  of 
(1900),  5,938.  London,  leading  from  Whitehall.    Itcontainsthe 

Dover  Strait  of,  F.  Pas  de  Calais.     A  strait     treasury  building  and  the  foreijrn  office  (hence  the  name 
separatingKnglauafromPrai.ee,  and  connect-     Downingstreethascometobeusedfortheadmimstration). 


ing  the  English  (,'hannel  with  the  North  Sea: 
the  Roman  Fret  uni  Gallicum,  or  Fretum  Oeeani. 
Width  at  Dover,  21  miles.  Steamers  cross  daily 
from  Dover  to  Calais  and  to  Ostend. 


The  south  side  of  Downing  street  is  formed  by  the  mag- 
iiiflcent  pile  of  modern  Italian  buildings  by  Sir  tiilbert 
.Scott,  erected  in  186S-73  to  inclu<le  the  Home  Office,  For- 
eign Office,  Colonial  Office,  and  I^ast  India  Office. 

Bare,  London,  IL  223. 


^M''^o'..''^i^"n*^.°n  ^  VT*"  ^' n!L?rT^,'?,'ill  Downpatrick  (doun-pat'rik).  The  capital  of 
May  2-N  lO'O,  at  Dover,  between  Charles  II.  and  ^^y  ^^^^^.^^^  ^^^^^^  situated  near  fetrang- 
LouiS  Xl\  .  The  former  was  to  aid  in  the  .lesigns  of  .  ,  rf  i  oi  miles  soiitlieiist  of  Belfast  It 
France  against  Holland,  and  the  latter  w.a3  to  tuniishsub-  ^"id  IjOUgU  -1  miles  soutueast  ot  tsellast.  It 
Bidies  and  troops.  The  province  of  Zealand  and  the  adja-  IS  reputed  to  be  one  ot  the  oldest  towns  of  Ire- 
cent  islands  were  to  be  reserved  for  England.    Charles  was     land. 

to  receive  ii200,0(W  a  year  if  be  declared  himself  a  Roman  Downright  (doun'rit).     A  rude  but  manly  and 

consistent    sc|uire    in    Ben    Jonson's  comedy 
'■Even'  Man  in  his  Humoui-."    He  is  eoura- 


Catholic. 
Dovre  (do'vre),  or  Dovrefjeld  (do'vre-fyeld). 
A  spur  of  the  Scandinavian  Mountains,  situated 
iu  Norway  about  lat.  62°-63°  N.  _It  separates 


geous,  of  plain  words  and  plain  actions. 

.,         ■'     ,         .,         ivT     „  „      rr-„i,.,*„* .,„„!,  Downs.     Hee  Xortli  Ihitnis  and  ffiotith  Downs. 

^ZluIen-^ulTiloZT      ^-    ^•g'^^^'P^'^''  DowSI    Battle  of  the.     An  indecisive  battle 
i?rHll*i'J'i'  '•!'!?  \T±..  between  the  English  and  Dutch  fleets,  in  the 

first  days  of  June.  10(56.  ofl  the  eastern  coast  of 
Kent.  The  English  were  commanded  by  Jlonk,  and  the 
Dutch  by  De  Ruyter  and  Tiomp.  It  is  Bometinies  claimed 
as  an  English  victory. 


Dow,  Gerard.    See  Douw. 

Dow  (dou ).  Lorenzo.    Born  at  Coventry,  Conn., 

Oct.  16,  1777:  tlied  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 

2,  1834.     An  American  itinerant  preacher,  of 


the  Methodist  belief.    He  made  two  missionary  tours  Downs,  The.    A  jiortiou  of  the  North  Sea  east 

■  ' -■""=  "'  Qf  jjj.Qt^  England,  forming  a  roadstead  pro- 
tected by  Goodwin  Sands. 

Dowse  (dous),  Thomas.  Born  at  Charlestowm, 
Mass.,  Dec.  28,  1772:  died  at  Cambridgeport, 
Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1856.  An  American  book-col- 
lector. He  bequeathed  his  collection  to  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

Dowton  (dou'ton),  William.  Born  at  Exeter, 
1764:  died  at  Brixton,  Surrey,  1851.  An  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  1781,  and 
camo  to  New  York  in  1836.  He  had  two  sons,  William  and 
Henry,  both  of  whom  became  actors.  The  former  after- 
w:n-d"bec;ime  a  brother  of  the  Charter  House,  and  died 
tbere  at  tbe  age  ol  nearly  ninety. 


in  England  and  Ireland  — one  in  1799  and  one  in  1805.  He 
Wiis  noted  for  hiseccentricitiesof  manner  and  dress.  His 
"Journal  and  Jliscellaneous  Writings"  were  edited  by 
•Tuhn  Doniing  in  1836. 

Dow,  Neal.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine,  March  20, 
1804 :  died  there,  Oct.  2,  1897.  An  American 
advoftate  of  prohibition.  He  drafted  tlie  noted 
"  Maine (pn rbibitory)  Law  "  in  1861,  and  was  the  candidate 
of  the  Prohibition  party  for  Presiilent  iu  1880. 

Dowden  (dou'den)  Edward.  Born  at  Cork, 
Ireland,  May  3,1843.  A  British  critic  and  poet, 
professor  of  the  English  language  and  literature 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  (where  he  studied), 
in  1889  first  Tavlorian  lecturer  in  the  Taylor 


Institution,  Oxford.    He  has  published  "Shak^pere,  _,  ,     ..  ■  ,^     ^    ■l    ■   ^    ■rt  •  rn 

iii8MindandArf(i872),"Poems"(i»76),"studiesinLii-  Doyen  (dwa-yau  ).  Gabriel  Frantjois.     L*- 

erature;  178!t-l877"(lS78),"Southey"(187!i),an  edition  of 
Shakspere's  sonnets  with  notes,  "Shelley"  (1886),  etc. 


Dowgate  (dou'gat).     The  original  water-gate 
of  the  city  of  London. 

It  was  situateil  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wallbrook  where  it 
enters  the  Thames,  and  just  under  the  great  Roman  cita- 
del.    The  Waning  .St.  or  Pretorian  way  crossed  the  river 
here  by  a  Trajcctus  before  the  London  Bridge  was  bnili. 
/.o/ite,  History  of  Lund  -    ''^'^ 


liii/rn  =  E.  dean;  L.  dcfdiiiis.}  Bovn  at  Paris, 
1720:  died  at  St.  Petersburg.  June  5,  1806.  A 
French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Van  Loo. 
Doyle  (doil).  Sir  A.  Conan.  Born  at  Edinburgh 
inl8,59.  AScottishiiovelistandphysician.  Among 
his  works  are  "  Micah  Clarke,"  "  A  Study  in  Siarlel."  "The 
Adventures  of  Sherlock  Holmes"  (two  series),  "The  Ref- 
ugees," "The  White  fompany,"  "The  Great  Boer  War." 


Dowlatabad(dou-la-tii-bad'),  or' Daulatabad.  Doyle  (doil)  Richard     Born  at  London  1824: 

A  city  ami  foitressin Hyderabad,  India,  in  lat.     J.'e^  at  London,  Dec.  11,  1883.     An  English  ar- 
19°  55'  N    long.  75°  14'  E. :  the  ancient  Deogliir     t'St.     He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  "  Punch'  1841- 
T^       1  rl  •         *   J  (!„-:*„  „»-„„„  ^.^„;t;^.,      1850.    Among  his  best-known  works  are  the  Illustrations 

or  Dooghur.      It  is  noted  for  its  strong  position     j^  Thackeray's  "  Ncwcomes  "  (I8.'.3-55).  and  a  series  of  ellln 
on  an  isolated  rock.  scenes  entitled  "  In  Fairy-Land  "  (1870). 

Dewier  (dou'ler).  Captain.    A  retired  military  Dozy   (do'zo),  Reinhart.      Born   at  Leyden, 
man  iu  Dickens's"  Pickwick  P:ii)eis."  noted  for     Ni^therlands,    Fcli.    21,    1820:    died    April    29, 

1883.  A  Dutch  Orientalist  and  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Leyden  from  1850.  His 
works  include  '*  Histoire  des  Musulmans  d'Espagne,"  etc. 
(1861),  "Recherchcs  sur  I'histolre  et  Iu  litt<;rature  d'Es- 
pagne pendant  lo  nioyen  ftge"  (1849),  "Suppllinienl  aux 
dictionnaircs  .arabes  "  (1879-80).  etc 


his  Iduster  and  brag,  and  his  extraordinarily 
tieri^e  and  disjointed  manner  of  talking. 
Down  (doun).  A  maritime  county  iu  Ulster,  Ire- 
land, lying  between  Antrim  and  Belfast  Lough 
on  the  north,  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  east  and  sout  h- 


easf.and  Armagh  on  the  west.    Itisoncofthelead-  -rv        -u      f  i      /.IHii'di '  en-felz)       fG      'dragon'' 
ing  agricultur^d  counties.    Capital,  Downpatrick.     Area,  ^.y.^P.*^?"*^^,^,. '''//'t.^srof  .Siebenm  K 

957  siinare  miles.     Pcijuilation  (1891),  2I-.7,IJ.V.I.  lock.  J        I  lie    steepest    01     lUO    ftR  Ueng(  liirgi 


'  square  miles.  I'oj 
Do'WneS  (dounz),  John.  I^orn  at  Canton,  Mass., 
1786(1784  ?):  died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Aug. 
11.  1855.  All  American  naval  commander.  He 
served  as  lieutenant  in  the  Essex  under  .Captain  I'orti-r 
in  the  War  of  1812,  and  commaniled  the  Epervier  in  (be; 
war  against  Algiers.  In  18:12  he  obtained  conimaixl  of  a 
S(|Uadron  in  the  PacKIc  Oci.'an,  and  liombanled  (Juallah 
Butoo,  on  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  retaliation  for  an  out- 
Fiige  committed  on  an  Ainelican  vessel.  ]lr  coinmanded 
the  navy  yard  at  Boston  18:17-12  anil  IS.'.ii  .'vj. 

Do'wning  (doii'ning),  Andrew  Jackson.  Hom 
at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1815:  drowned  near 
Yonlcers,  N.  Y..  July  28,  1852.  An  American 
lanilscapc-gardener  and  poiiiologist.  He  pub- 
lished "  rheory  and  Practice  of  Landscape  Oardening" 
(18411,  "Cottage  Resiilences"  (1842),  "Kruits  and  Fruit 
■I'rees  of  Amei  ica  •  (I84r.),  etc. 

Downing,  Major  Jack.    The  psoudouvm  of 

Sol.a  Smitli,  in  iiis  letters  in  Yankee  dialect. 
Do'wning,  Sir  George.     Born  jirobably  in  Aug., 
1()'23:  died  in    1(!S4.      An   English  soldier  and 

fiolitician.  He  emigrated  with  his  parents  to  New  I'ng- 
anil  in  16:18,  but  subseiiucntly  returned  to  Kngland,  and 
Id  1650  was  scout-master-geueral  of  t.'roniweH's  army  iu 


rgc 
range  of  niciuiitains,  siluated  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Kliiiie,  ni'ur  Kiinigswinter.  It  Is  now 
ascended  by  a  niounlain  railway.  In  its  siile  is  the  Drach- 
euhoble(ilragon'H  cave),  where  livi^d  I  be  ligcnilary  ilragciM 
slain  by  Siegfried.     Height,  l,(Hi;.  feel. 

Drachiaann  ( driich '  mitii ).  Holger  Henrik  Her- 

holdt.  Bom  at  Copi'iihagcn,  Oct.  9,  184().  A 
Danisii  poi-t  and  author.  Krom  18tKl  to  1870  ho 
studied  art  in  Copenhagen,  and  began  his  career  im  a 
painter  of  marine  subjects.  In  lS7'i  he  published  a  vol- 
nine  of  poems.  This  was  followed  by  "Diompede  Melo- 
dler"("  Repressed  .Melodies,"  1875).  "  Hange  ved  llavct" 
("Songs  by  the  .Sea,"  1877).  '  Hanker  og  Hoscr"  ('Vines 
and  Roses')  and  "  I'ngdom  I  IHgt  og  .Sang  ("  Youth  In 
Poetry  and  .Song,"  187:1).  The  romiintlc  poems  "  Prlndses- 
seii  og  det  halve Kongurlgo"  ("The  Princess  and  Half  the 
Kingdom")  and  "Octen  (■>r  Sid  og  Veslen  for  .Maanc" 
(East  of  the  Sun  and  West  of  the  Moon")  appeareil  1878 
ami  1880  re»|)ectivcly.  In  |>Ti)«e  he  has  written,  amcuig 
other  long  stories,  "  EnOverkoniplet  '  (1876),  "Tannhau- 
ser"  (1.S77).  The  shorter  tales  "I'ngt  lllod "  ("Voung 
BIiuhI  ")and  "  Paa  SOniands  I'm  og  l/)ye"("On  n  Snilor's 
Word  ")  appeared  In  1877  and  1878  respecllvely.  The  most 
IH>jinlar  of  his  iirosi;  works  is  the  series  of  sketches  "  De-- 
rovarfra(Jncudscn"("Krom  the  Frontier,"  1871).  A  trans- 
lation of  Byron's  "  Don  Juan  "  appeared  In  1881. 


Drake,  Sir  Francis 

Draco  (dra'ko),  or  Dracon  (dra'kon).  [6r. 
A/iaKuv.]  Livedinthelast  half  of  the  7th  century 
B.C.  .(Vn  Athenian  legislator.  He  formulated  the 
first  ^vritteu  code  of  laws  for  Athens  in  624  or  abtuit  621 
u.  0.  On  account  of  the  number  of  offenses  to  which  it 
affixed  the  penalty  of  death,  his  code  was  said  to  have  been 
written  in  blood. 

Draco.  [L.,' the  dragon.']  An  ancient  northern 
constellation.  The  figure  is  that  of  a  serpent  with 
several  small  coils.  It  appears  at  a  very  ancient  date'  to 
have  had  wings  in  the  space  now  occupied  by  the  Little 
Bear. 

Dracontius  (dra-kon'shi-us),  Blossius  Mvail- 

ius.  -V  (christian  poet  of  the  5tli  century,  an 
advocate  iu  Carthage. 

One  of  the  most  gifted  African  poets  is  Blossius  .£mi. 
lius  Dracontius  of  Carthage,  by  whom  we  possess  a  Chris- 
tian didactic  poem  "De  laudibus  dei"  in  tliree  books, 
short  epics  of  which  the  subjects  are  taken  either  from 
ancient  legends  ("Hylas,"  "Raptus  Helena-,"  "Medea") 
or  from  rhetorical  school  exercises  ("Verba  Herculis," 
"Deliberativa  Achillis,"  '■  Controversia  de  status  viri 
fortis  "),  two  epithalamia,  and  an  elegiac  poem  ("  Satis- 
factio")in  which  the  author  ask-s  p;u'don  of  the  Vandal 
king  Gunthamund  (a.  4S4--196)  for  having  written  a  poem 
in  honour  of  one  of  his  enemies  instead  of  himself. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

III.  SO'i. 

Draft  Riot.  A  riot  in  New  York  city,  July  13- 
16,  ls(j3,  against  the  enforcement  of  the  draft 
for  the  Federal  army.  During  its  progress  several 
negroes  were  murdered  and  many  maltreated.  The  riot, 
which  cost  about  a  thousand  lives  and  the  destruction  of 
considerable  property,  was  finally  suppressed  by  the  police 
and  militai-y. 

Dragon  of  Wantley,  The.  An  old  ballad,  pre- 
served by  Percy,  which  describes  the  victoi-y 
over  this  dragon  (who  devoured  damsels, 
houses,  trees,  etc.)  by  More  of  More  Hall,  who 
prorided  himself  with  armor  covered  with 
spikes.  It  is  a  parody  on  some  ancient  Kwmpevise. 
In  a  key  appended  to  the  ballad  in  the  improved  edition  of 
the  "  Reli(iue8,"  an  attempt  is  made  to  explain  it  as  an 
allegoiy.  Henry  Carey  produced  a  burlesque  opera  witll 
this  title.  Oct.  26.  loi"  :  the  music  was  by  J.  F.  Lampe. 

Dragonades  (drag-o-nadz').  [Also  written 
JJrii(i<i(inii(lis:  from  F.  ilrdiintiiiddf,  from  dnuion, 
adragoiiii:  from  the  use  of  di'agoons  iu  such  per- 
secutions.] A  form  of  persecution  inflicted  by 
the  government  of  Louis  XIV.  upon  the  French 
Protestants  in  the  peiiod  preceiliug  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  It  consisted  in  bil- 
leting troops  upon  the  inhabitants  as  a  means 
of  converting  them,  license  being  given  to  the 
soldiery  to  commit  all  manner  of  misdeeds. 

Dragontea  (drii-gon-ta'ii),  La.  A  poem  by  Lope 
do  Vega  on  the  subject  of  Sir  Francis  Brake's 
last  expedition  and  death. 

The  Dragontea.  however,  whose  ten  cantos  of  octave 
verse  are  ilevoteil  to  the  expression  of  this  national  hatred, 
may  be  regarded  as  its  chief  monument.  It  is  a  strange 
poem.  It  begins  with  the  prayer''  of  Christianity,  iu  the 
form  of  a  beautiful  woman,  who  presents  Spain,  Italy, 
and  America  in  the  court  of  Heaven,  and  prays  (iod  to 
protect  them  all  against  what  Lope  calls  "  that  Protestant 
Scotch  pirate."  It  ends  with  rejt>iclng8  in  Panani(^  be- 
cause "the  Dragiui,"  as  he  is  called  through  the  whole 
poem,  has  died,  poisoned  by  his  own  people,  and  with  the 
thanksgiyings  of  cbristiaiiity  that  her  prayers  have  been 
heard,  and  that  "the  scarlet  lady  of  Babylon^'  meaning 
Queen  Elizabeth—  has  been  at  last  defeated. 

ri<*ni/r,  Span.  Lit.  II,  171. 

Draguignan  (dra-gen-yon').  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Var,  France,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  33'  K.,  long.  6°  28'  E.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  9.81(1. 

Dragut  (drii'giit ).  or  Torghud  (tor'ghiid).  Died 
at  Malta.  July  23,  l.")(i."i.  A  Turkish  corsair.  He 
was  a  native  of  Asia  Minor,  and  becanie  a  lieutenant  of 
Kheyr-ed-Din,  on  whose  death  in  1546  he  became  goy  ernor 
of  Tripoli.  He  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  licrlies  in  156«, 
and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  .Malta. 

Drake  (driik).  Daniel.  Bom  at  Plainlield.  N.  J., 
Oct.  20,  1785:  died  at  Cincinnuti,  Oliio.  Nov. 
5,  1852.  An  American  physician.  He  published 
a  "Treatise  on  the  Principal  Diseases  of  the  Interior 
Valley  of  North  America  "  (18.Mi-ft4>,  etc. 

Drake,  sir  Francis.  Born  proluiblv  at  Tavis- 
tock, Devonshire,  about  1540:  dieil  olT  Porto 
Bi  llo,  Jan.  28,  1596  (O.  S.).  An  English  nnval 
hero.  In  IfieT-t'iS  he  commanded  a  small  vessel,  one  of  two 
which  escaped  from  llie  destruction  of  .sir.lohn  Hawkins's 
lleet  by  (he  Spanish  He  vl»il«il  the  West  Imlle.s  and  the 
.Spanish  main  in  1570aiid  I.'>7t,  anil  hecaino  convinced  thati 
the  towns  there  would  fall  an  easy  prey  to  a  small  armed 
f.irce.  Accordingly.  In  1.57'-',  he  HI  led  out  what  was  pioperly 
a  freebooling  expedition,  Englanil  being  Ihen  at  peace  with 
Spain.  With  oidy  a  vessels  anil  loo  men  he  linik  Sombre  lie 
Dlos  and  an  immense  treasure  :  but  he  was  badly  wounded 
In  Ihcattiuk,  and  his  men  abandonid  iKilh  town  and  trea 
sure.  In  return  he  burned  a  Spaidsh  vessel  al  Carlagena. 
captured  many  ships,  and  inlercepti-d  a  train  loaded  with 
sliver  on  the  Isthmns.  Me  als,»  crossed  to  Panama,  and 
was  the  first  Kngllsh  commander  who  saw  the  Paelfle. 
From  bis  relurn,  hi  .\ul'.,  157:1,  to  Sept.,  I.'>76.  Drake  served 
under  the  Earl  of  I'.^si-x  in  Ireland.  In  Dec,  1577,  he 
stnrli'd  on  another  frerbootlng  expedition,  in  which  ho 
passed  (be  strait  "i  Magi'llan,  obtained  an  Immense  booty 
ou  the  Pacific  coarfl  of  Spanish  America,  crossed  the  Pa- 


Drake,  Sir  Francis 

cific,  ami  returnetl  t.i  England  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  fJood 
Hope,  arriving  iti  Sept,  1580.  This  was  the  tirst  English 
circumnavigation  of  theglobe.  t^ueen Elizabeth kniglited 
Drake  on  liis  own  ship,  and  gave  him  important  com- 
mands. In  15S4-S.">  he  was  a  member  of  Pailiamt-nt. 
From  1585  to  1586  he  commanded  a  powerful  expedition  to 
the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  main,  in  which  he  took 
and  ransomed  Santo  Domingo  and  Cartagena,  ravaged  the 
coasts  of  Florida,  and  on  his  way  back  brought  olf  the 
remnant  of  the  English  Virginia  colony.  In  1587  he  made 
a  descent  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  and  destroyed  numeix>us 
unfinished  vessels  intended  for  the  Spanisli  Armada,  be- 
sides capturing  a  rich  Portuguese  East  Indiaman.  In 
July,  15SS,  he  commanded  under  Lord  Howard  in  the 
combat  with  the  Spanish  -\rmada,  and  ne.\t  year  he  was 
one  of  the  commanders  in  a  descent  ^n  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  coasts,  which  proved  unsuccessful.  For  sev- 
eral years  thereafter  he  was  engaged  in  peaceful  pursuits, 
and  in  1593  was  again  elected  to  Parliament.  In  1595  he 
commanded  another  West  India  expedition,  which  met 
with  little  success,  and  in  which  both  he  and  Sir  John 
Hawkins  died. 

Drake  (tlrii'ket.Friedrich.  Bom  at  Pyrmont. 
Waldeck,  Germany,  Juno  23,  ISOo:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, April  6,  1S82.  A  noted  German  sculptor, 
best  known  from  his  portrait-statues  (Fred- 
erick William  III.  and  others). 

Drake  (driik).  Joseph  Rodman.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Aug.  7, 1795:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  21, 
1820.  An  American  poet,  author  of  '"The  Cul- 
prit Fay" (1816).  "The  American  Flag" (1819). 

Drake,  Nathan.  Born  at  Y'ork,  England,  1766 : 
died  at  Hadleigh,  Suffolk,  England,  June  7, 
1836.  An  Eiiirlish  jibysician  and  author.  He 
practised  inedicinc  at  Hadleigh.  in  Suffolk,  from  1792 
until  his  death.  His  most  notable  work  is  "Shakspere 
and  his  Times  "  (1S17). 

Drake,  Samuel  Gardner.  Bom  at  Pittsfield, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  11,  1798:  died  at  Boston.  June  14. 
187.5.  An  American  antiquarian.  He  puijlished 
"Book  of  the  Indians "  (IS33),  "Historj'  and  Antiquities 
of  Boston "  (1856),  •'  Early  Historj'  of  Sen-England  "  (1864), 
"  .\nnals  of  Witchcraft  in  the  I'nited  States  "  (1869),  "  His- 
tory of  the  French  and  Indian  War  "  (1870),  etc. 

Drakenberge  (drii'ken-ber-ge),  orDrakens- 

berg,  or  Kathlamba.  A  range  of  muuntains 
in  South  Africa,  It  lies  partly  on  the  border  between 
Cape  Colony  and  Natal  on  one  side  and  Basutoland  and 
the  i>range  Free  State  ou  the  other,  and  culminates  in 
Champagne  Castle  (lit,367  feet)  and  Mont  aux  Sources 
(about  11/300  feet). 

Drakenborch  (dra'ken-boreh),  Arnold.  Born 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Jan.  1,  IG.'vl :  died  at 
Utrecht,  Jan.  16,  1748.  A  Dutch  philologist. 
He  edited  "Silius  Italicus"  (1717),  -'Livy" 
(1736-48),  etc. 

Drake's  Bay.  An  indentation  of  the  Pacific 
in  Marin  County,  California,  northwest  of  San 
Francisco. 

Drama  of  Exile,  A.  A  poem  by  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, published  in  1844. 

Dramatic  Poesy,  Essay  of.  A  work  by  Dry- 
den  (1667),  written  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue 
between  foiu- friends:  Neaiider (Dryden),  Lisi- 
deius  (Sedley ).  Crites  (Sir  Robert  Howard),  and 
Eugenius  (Buckhm-st:  or  Dorset,  according  to 
Prior  t. 

Dramburg  (dram'boro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  52  miles  east  of 
Stettin.    -Population  (1890).  5.647. 

Dranunen  (dram'men).  A  seaport  in  the  amt 
of  Buskerud.  southern  Norway,  situated  on  the 
Drammens  Elv  22  miles  southwest  of  Chris- 
tiania.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  its  principal  ex- 
port being  timber ;  and  it  has  manufactures  of  beir,  to- 
bacco, leather,  etc.  It  was  partly  destroyed  by  lire  in 
18t».     Population  (1891),  20,441. 

Drams  Elv  (driimz  elv),  or  Drammens  Elv 
(dram'meuz  elv).  A  river  in  southern  Norwav, 
the  outlet  of  Lake  Tyrifjord.  It  flows  into 
fhe  Drainmen  Fjord  at  Drammen.  Length,  163 
miles. 

Dranesville  (drauz'vil).  A  village  in  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  21  miles  northwest  of  Wash- 
ington. Here,  Dec.  20, 1861,  p.-irt  of  the  .\rniv  of  the  Poto- 
mac under  Ord  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Stuart. 

Drangiana  (dran-ji-a'na),  orDrangiane.   [Gr. 

Apayjiarr/.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in 
central  Asia,  in  the  modern  southwestern  Af- 
ghanistan and  eastern  Persia. 
Draper  (dra'per).  Henry.  Bom  in  Prince  Ed- 
•ward  Cotmty.  Va..  March  7.  1837:  died  at  New 
York.  Nov.  20,  1882.  An  American  scientist, 
son  of  J.  W,  Draper,  especially  noted  for  his 
labors  in  celestial  iihotography. 

Draper,  John  William.  Born  at  St.  Helen's, 
near  Liverpool,  England,  May  5,  1811 :  died  at 
Hastings-on-the-Hudson,  N.  Y,,  Jan,  4,  1882. 
A  chemist,  physiologist,  and  historian,  noted 
for  researches  in  spectrum  analysis,  photogra- 
phy, etc.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1832;  graduated 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  18.'?6 ;  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  University  of  New  Vork  iu  1839  i  and  was  president 
of  the  Medical  College  1850-73.    He  continued  to  lecture 


.'J  3  8 

at  the  university  until  1881.  He  wrote  "Text  Book  on 
Chemistry"  (1846),  and  on  "Natural  Philosophy"  (ls47), 
*'  Human  Physiology  '  (1856),"  History  of  the  Intellectual 
Development  of  Europe  "  (1862).  "  Historj- of  the  .American 
Civil  \\'ar  "  (1S67-70),  "  Scientific  Memoirs  "  (1878). 

Draper,  Lyman  Copeland.  Born  at  Hamburg 
(now  Evans),  Erie  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4.  1815: 
died  at  Madison, Wis.,  Aug.  26, 1891.  An  Ameri- 
can antiquarian.  He  was  corresponding  secretary  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  1853- 
1887,  with  the  exception  of  two  years  (18.tS-.59),  when  he 
was  State  superintendent  of  instruction.  Editor  of  "Col- 
lections of  the  State  Historical  Society"  (1853-87). 

Draper,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Bristol.  Eng- 
land. 1721 :  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  8, 1787. 
An  English  officer.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1740,  and  was  subsequently 
fellow  of  his  college.  In  1744  he  entered  the  army,  and 
in  1762  commanded,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  a 
successful  expedition  against  Manila.  He  pubUshed  in 
1769  a  letter,  dated  Jan,  •26of  that  year,  defending  the  Mar- 
quis of  Granby  against  the  aspersions  of  "Junius,"  which 
led  to  a  spirited  controversy.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  in  1772.  The  correspondence  iietween  Draper  and 
"Junius  "  was  published  separately  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Political  Contest  "  (1769). 

Drapier's  Letters.  A  series  of  letters  pub- 
lished in  1724  by  Dean  Swift,  under  the  pseu- 
donym M,  B,  Drapier.  They  were  directed  against 
the  acceptance  in  Ireland  of  a  copper  coinage  the  patent 
for  supplying  which  had  been  accorded  to  William  Wood, 
who  with  the  Duchess  of  Kendal,  the  king  s  mistress 
(who  obtained  him  the  privilege),  was  to  divide  the  prolit 
JU'ising  from  the  difference  between  the  real  and  the 
nominal  value  of  the  halfpence  (about  40  per  cent.).  Owing 
to  the  public  excitement  i-aised  by  tliese  letters  the  patent 
was  canceled.  Wood  was  compensated  with  a  pension, 
and  Swift  gained  a  popularity  w-hich  he  never  lost  till  his 
death.  A  large  reward  was  offered  at  the  time  for  the 
discovery  of  the  author. 

Draupadi  (drou'pa-de).  [Skt.]  Daughter  of 
Drupada.  king  of  Panchala.  and  wife  of  the 
five  Pandu  princes.  Slie  plays  an  important 
part  in  the  story  of  the  Mahabharata. 

Drave  (drii've),  G.  Drau  (di-ou),  A  river  in 
.\ustria-Hungary:  the  ancient  Dravus.  It  rises 
in  Tyrol,  traverses  Carinthia  and  Styria,  forms  the  boun- 
dary between  Hungarj'  and  Croatia-Slavonia,  and  joins  the 
Danube  8  miles  east  of  Essek.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the 
Mur.  Length,  465  miles;  navigable  from  ViUach  (about 
375  miles). 

Dravida  (dra'vi-da).  The  country  in  which 
the  Tamil  language  is  spoken,  extending  from 
Madras  to  Cape  Comorin. 

Drawcansir  (tlra'kan-ser).  In  Buckingham's 
burlesque  -'The  Rehearsal,"  a  boasting  and 
vainglorious  bully.  Alm.-mzor,  Dryden's  favorite  hero, 
was  parodied  in  this'character.  The  name  has  become  a 
synonym  for  a  braggart, 

Drawcansir,  Sir  Alexander.  A  name  assumed 

by  Fielding  in  conducting  the  "  Covent  Garden 
.Journal "  in  17,52. 
Drayton  (drii'ton),  Michael.  Born  at  Harts- 
hill.  Warwickshire,  England,  1563:  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1631.  A  noted  English  poet.  He  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  his  epitaph  is  said  to  be  by 
Ben  Jonson.  His  chief  works  are  -'Mortimeriados  "  (1596 : 
this  afterward  appeared  with  many  alterations  as  "The 
Barons'  Wars,"  1603),  '-England'sHeroical  Epistles  "  (1597), 
"Poems,  Lyric  and  Heroic"(1606,  containing  "The Ballad 
of  Agincourt"),  "Poly-Olbion "  (16i:j-22),  "Xymphidia" 
(1627),  "The  Muses'  Elysium  "  (1630). 

Drayton,  William  Henry.    Bom  at  Drayton 

Hall,  ou  the  Ashley  Kivcr.  S.  C.  Sept.,  1742: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  3.  1779.  An  Ameri- 
can patriot.  He  became  chief  justice  of  South  Carolina 
in  1776,  and  in  the  same  year  delivered  to  the  grand  jmy 
a  charge  which  gave  great  impetus  to  the  cause  of  inde- 
pendence. He  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
from  1778  until  his  death. 

Dream,  The.  A  short  poem  by  Lord  Byron. 
composed  at  Diodati  in  1816. 

Dream,  Chaucer's.  A  poem,  probably  spuri- 
ous, ailded  by  Speght  in  1598  to  his  edition  of 
Chaucer.  The  proper  title  is  "The  Isle  of  Ladies." 
(Xot  the  same  as  "  The  Dream  of  Chaucer. "  which  is  genu- 
ine.) 

Dream    of   Chaucer,   The.       See    Chaucer's 
Dream. 
Dream  of  Eugene  Aram,  The.    A  poem  by 

Il'iod,  published  in  1>29.     See  Aram.  EiKjcm . 

Dream  of  Fair  Women,  A.    A  poem  by  Lord 

Ti-iinyson. 

Drebbel  (dreb'bel),  Cornelis  van.  Bom  at 
Alkmaar,  Netherlands.  1572:  died  at  London. 
1634.  A  Dutch  natural  philosopher.  He  pub- 
lished "De  natura  elementorum ''  (1621),  etc. 

Dred  dred).  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe.  published  in  18.56,  It  shows  the  state  of 
alarm  and  misery-  in  which  the  slave-owners  (as  well  as 
slaves)  lived,  Dred  is  a  runaway  negi-o  living  in  the  Dis- 
mal Swamp.  A  new  edition,  called  "Nina  Gordon,"  was 
published  in  1860. 

Dred  Scott  Case.  In  American  history,  a  cel- 
ebrated decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  tlie 
United  States,  wliich  derived  its  importance 
from  its  bearing  on  the  constitutionalitv  of  the 


Dre'W,  Mrs. 

Missouri  Compromise  of  1820,  Dred  Scott,  a  Mis- 
souri  slave  who  h.ad  been  taken  to  the  territoiy  covered 
by  the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  had  therefore  sued  for 
his  freedom,  was  sold  to  a  citizen  of  another  State.  He 
then  transferred  his  suit  from  the  State  to  the  Federal 
courts,  under  the  power  given  to  the  latter  to  tr)-  suits  be- 
tween citizens  of  different  States  ;  and  the  case  came  by 
appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  which  was  published  in  1S57,  put  Scott  out 
of  court  on  the  ground  that  a  slave,  or  the  dc?,cendant  of  a 
slave,  could  not  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  states  or  have 
any  standing  in  Federal  courts.  The  opinion  of  the  chief 
justice  .^so  attacked  the  validity  of  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise, on  the  ground  that  one  of  the  constitutional 
functions  of  Congress  w-as  the  protection  of  property ; 
that  slaves  w-ere  recognized  by  the  Constitution  as  prop- 
erty ;  and  that  Congress  was  therefore  bound  to  protect 
slavery  in  the  I'erritories. 

Dreiherrnspitz  idri'hern-spitz).  One  of  the 
chief  peaks  of  the  Hohe  Tauern.  Austrian  Alps, 
soutliwest  of  the  Gross- Yen ediger.  Height, 
n.+SOfeet. 

Drelincourt  (dre-lan-kor'),  Charles.  Bom  at 
Sedan.  France,  July  10,  1595:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  3.  1069.  A  French  Protestant  clergyman. 
He  wrote  "Consolations  de  Tame  fidele  centre 
les  frayeurs  de  la  mort"  (1651),  etc. 

Drenthe,  or  Drente  (dren'te).  A  province  of 
the  Netherlauils.  l\"ing  between  Groningen  on 
the  north  and  northeast,  Prussia  ou  the  east, 
Overyssel  on  the  south,  and  Friesland  and 
Overvssel  on  the  west.  Area,  1,030  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),'  134,027. 

Drepanum  (drep'a-uum),  or  Drepana  (-nii). 

[Gr.  ro  Apt-Qi'or,  ra  ^pirzava.']  The  ancient 
name  of  Trapani  (which  see).  Here.  249  b.  c,  the 
Carthaginian  admiral  Adherbal  defeated  the  Koman  Heet 
under  Publius  Claudius. 
Dresden  (drez'den).  [F.  Dresde.']  The  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Saxonv,  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Elbe,  iu  lat,  51='  3'  N,.  long.  13°  44' 
E.  It  comprises  the  .Altstadt,  Friedrichstadt,  Neust.adt, 
Antonstadt,  etc.  It  has  considerable  trade  by  the  Elbe, 
and  diversified  manufactures,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  art 
collections,  which  are  among  the  richest  in  the  world. 
These  include  the  Museum  (containing  the  picture-gal- 
lery, engravings,  and  drawings),  the  Zwinger  (containing 
the  mineralogical,  zoological,  and  etlinographical  collec- 
tions), the  Palace  (with  the  Green  \au\t :  which  see),  the 
Museum  Johanneum  (collection  of  porcelain  and  historit  al 
museum),  and  tile  Japanese  Palace  (collection  of  antiquities 
and  royal  library).  Dresden  was  an  ancient  Slavic  town, 
and  was  mentioned  as  early  as  1206.  It  became  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Saxon  sovereigns  in  1485.  and  was  greatly  de- 
veloped under  .\ugustus  II.  and  Augustus  III.  It*  was 
bombarded  by  the  Prussians  in  1760,  and  was  occupied  by 
them  in  1866.  Here,  Aug.  26--27,  1813,  the  French  (about 
120,000)  under  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies  (about  200,000), 
under  Schwarzenltertr.  Population  (1900),  with  suburbs, 
396,146. 

Dresden,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  Dec. 
25. 1745,  between  Prussia,  Austria,  and  Saxony, 
ending  the  second  Silesian  war.  Frederick  the 
Great  was  confirmed  in  the  possession  of  Silesia. 

Dreux  (dre).  An  ancient  county  in  northern 
France,  west  of  Paris,  whose  eliief  town  -n-as 
Dreux :  united  to  the  crown  1.551. 

Dreux.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Eure-et- 
Loir,  France,  situated  on  the  Blaise  45  miles 
west  of  Paris :  the  Koman  Dmocassis  or  Drocae. 
It  contains  a  ruined  castle,  hotel  de  ville.  Church  of  St. 
Pierre,  and  the  Chapelle  Koyale  (the  burial-place  of  the 
Orleans  family).  The  chapel  was  completed  by  Louis 
Philippe.  It  consists  of  a  dome  SO  feet  high  and  43  in 
diameter,  surrounded  by  an  elaborately  pinnacled  and 
traceried  screen  in  the  Pointed  style.  The  interior  dis- 
plays superb  glass  and  magnificent  tombs,  with  statues  by 
the  best  sculptors  of  the  centur,v.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  county  of  Dreux.  It  was  besieged  and  taken 
by  Henrj- 1 V.  in  1593,  and  w-as  taken  by  the  Germans  Nov., 
1870.     Population  (1891),  commune,  9,364. 

Dreux,  Battle  of.  Dec.  19.  1562,  Montmorency 
with  about  15,000  men  defeated  an  equal  num- 
ber of  Huguenots  under  Cond^,  who  was  taken 
prisoner. 

Dre'W  (drii),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Carmel.  N.  Y.,  in 
1788:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  19.  1879.  An 
American  capitalist.  He  gave  large  sums  to  Methodist 
schools  and  colleges,  and  founded  the  Drew  Ladies'  Sem- 
inary at  Carmel.  and  the  Drew-  Theological  Seminary  at 
Madison,  N.  J.  (1866).  The  latter  has  133  students,  8  in- 
structors, and  a  library  of  30,000  volumes. 

Dre'W,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  3,  1825: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  May  21,  1862.  An  Irish- 
American  comedian.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
in  1845  in  New  York,  and  in  1S52  in  Philadelphia,  where 
he  became  a  great  favorite.  In  1853  he  became  (with  Wil- 
liam Wheatley)  manager  of  the  Arch  Street  Tlieater.  He 
played  in  England  in  1855,  in  California  in  1858,  in  Austra- 
lia in  1859,  and  made  his  last  appearance  in  1862. 

Dre'W,  John.  Born  at  Philadelphia.  1853.  An 
American  comedian,  son  of  John  Drew  (182.5- 
1862),     He  is  successful  in  light  comedy. 

Drew,  Mrs,  (Louisa  Lane).  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  10. 1820:  diedatLarchmont,  N.  Y.,  Aug. 31, 
1897.  The  wife  of  John  Drew  (1825-62).  She 
married  Henry  Hunt,  a  singer,  in  lS;i6,  and  after  separat- 
ing from  him  married  George  Mossop,  an  Irish  actor,  who 
died  in  1849.    Iu  1850  she  married  John  Drew.    She  went 


Drew,  Mrs. 

on  the  stage  very  young,  came  to  America  in  1828,  and  acted 
in  all  the  iniportant  cities  in  the  country.  In  IS^lshe  became 
sole  nianuKer  of  the  Arch  Street  Theater  in  Philadelphia. 
Drew,  Samuel.  Bom  at  St.  Austell,  Cornwall, 
England,  March  3, 1765 ;  died  at  Helston,  Corn- 
wall, March  29,  1833.  An  English  Methodist 
clergyman  and  theologian.  He  wrote  " Essay  on 
the  Immateriality  and  Ininmrtality  of  the  Soul"  (1802), 
■'  Essay  on  the  Identity  and  tJcneral  Resurrection  of  the 
Body  "  (1809). 

Drexel  (dreks'el),  Anthony  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  18J6:  died  at  Karlsbad, 
June  30,  1893.  An  American  banker,  sou  of 
Francis  Martin  Drexel.  He  founded  the  Drexel 
Institute  of  Art,  Sticnce,  and  Industry  in  Phihuleljihia 
(1S91). 

Drexel,  Francis  Martin.  Born  at  Dornbirn, 
Austrian  Tyrol,  April  7.  1792 :  died  June  f),  18G3. 
A  banker.  He  founded  the  banking  house  of 
Drexel  and  Co.  at  Philadelphia  (1837). 

Dreyfus  (dra-fiis' ),  Alfred.  A  captain,  of  Jew- 
ish descent,  in  the  French  army.  He  was  con- 
victed (by  a  secret  military  tribunal)  in  1894  of  having 
divulged  .state  secrets  to  a  foreign  power,  and  «as  sen- 
tenced to  penal  servitude  for  life.  He  was  imprisoned  un 
Devil's  Island,  French  Guiana.  The  etforts  to  obtain  a 
revision  of  his  case  involved  men  i>ri.niinent  in  all 
branches  of  the  government  service  and  agitated  France 
tor  years.  He  was  accorded  a  second  tiial  at  Reiiiies, 
Aug.  7-Sept.  9, 1899,  and  was  recondenuied  and  sentenced 
to  ten  years'  imprisonment,  hut  was  jtarduned. 

Dreyschock  (dri'shok),  Alexander.    Bom  at 

Zack,  Bohemia,  Oct.  15,  1818:  died  at  Venice, 
April  3,  1869.  A  pianist  and  composer,  profes- 
sor (from  1862)  of  the  pianoforte  at  the  con- 
servatory of  St.  Petersburg,  director  of  the 
imperial  school  of  theatrical  music,  and  court 
pianist. 

Dreyse  (dri'ze),  Johann  Nikolaus  von.  Born 
at  Sommerda,  Prussia,  Nov.  20,  1787 :  died  Dee. 
9,  1867.  A  German  mechanician,  inventor  of 
tlie  muzzle-loading  needle-gun  (1827), and  of  tho 
breech-loader  (1836). 

Driburg  (dre'boro).  A  watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  11  miles  east 
of  Paderborn. 

Driffield  (drif 'eld),  or  Great  Driffield.  A  town 

in  Yorkshire,  England,  lb  miles  north  of  Hid.1. 
Population  (1891),  5,703. 

Drin  (dren).  A  river  in  Turkey  which  flows 
through  northern  Albania,  and  empties  into 
the  Adriatic  near  Alessio.  Length,  about  200 
miles. 

Drina  (di'e'na).  A  river  which  rises  in  Monte- 
negro, flows  through  Bosnia  and  along  the 
Ser-vian-Bosnian  frontier,  and  joins  the  Save  at 
the  frontier  of  Servia,  Bosnia,  and  Slavonia. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Drisheen  City.  A  name  popularly  given  to  the 
city  of  Cork.  A  drisheen  is  an  article  of  food  made  of 
the"  serum  of  the  blood  of  sheep  mixed  with  milk  and 
seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  and  tansy.     Wheeler. 

Drogheda  (droch'e-da).  ['  The  bridge  over  the 
ford.']  A  seaport  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Boyne  20  miles  north  of  Dublin. 
It  lorms  with  the  surrounding  district  (9  squ;tre  miles)  a 
county.  "  Poynings's  Law  "(see  I)r(';ffu'dii,  SIfif'ife  <{f)w&& 
passeil  here  in  1494.  The  town  was  dt-fctidrti  against 
ti'Neill  lr)41-12;  was  stormed  by  t'nmiwell  and  f  lie  garrison 
massacred  Sept.,  1649;  and  surrendered  to  William  III. 
after  the  battle  of  the  Itoyne(whic]i  see),  1G90.  Population 
118911   11,873. 

Drogheda,  Statute  of.  A  statute  passcil  by  tho 

parliament  of  Drogheda,  Sept.  13,  1494,  com- 
monly called  Poyning.s's  Act  (or  Law),  front  the 
name  of  its  author,  tho  lord  deputy  of  Ireland, 
Sir  E<lward  Poynings.  It  enacted  th:d  no  Irish  par- 
liament should  be  held  without  theconscnt  of  the  King  of 
England,  and  that  no  liill  could  he  brought  forward  in  an 
Irish  parliament  without  his  approval.  It  w:ia  repealed 
in  1782. 

Drogio  (dro'ji-o).  A  name  given  by  Antonio 
Zeni)  to  an  imaginary  country  said  to  I>o  south 
and  west  of  Estotiland.  It  was  of  vast  extent,  and 
has  been  thouglit  to  include  Nova  Scotia  and  New  England. 

Drohobycz  (dro'ho-biich).  A  town  in  Galieia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  49°  23'  N., 
long  23°  28'  E".  It  has  consideral)lo  trailo 
and  salt-works.  Poiiulation  (1890),  commune, 
17,91(1. 

Droitwich  (droit'ich).  A  town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  6  miles  northeast  of  Worcester, 
famous  for  its  salt -springs.  Population  (1891), 
4,021. 

Drdme  (drom).  A  departmeni  of  Franco,  lying 
lictwcen  Is^ro  on  the  north,  Ist>ro  and  Hautes- 
Alpes  on  the  east,  Basses-Alpes  on  tho  south- 
east, and  Vaucluse  on  the  south,  and  sepa- 
rated by  the  Khone  from  Ardeche  on  the  west. 
Its  chief"  proiiucts  are  wine  and  silk.  Capitid,  Valence. 
It  was  formed  from  portions  of  Itanphine,  lYovenee,  and 
Cointat  Venaissiii.  Area,  2,.M8  sipiiire  nnles.  Topnla- 
tion  (1S91),  a(i(i,419. 

Dromio  of  Ephesus  and  Dromio  of  Syracuse. 


330 

In  Shaksperes  "Comedy  of  Errors,"  twin  bro- 
thers, servants  respectively  of  Antipholus  of 
Ephesus  and  Antipholus  of  Syracuse.  The  Dro- 
miii  of  Ephesus  is  a  stupid  servant,  the  Oromiu  of  Syra- 
cuse a  witty  one.     See  Comedy  !•/  Errors. 

Dromore  (dro'mor).  A  town  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  on  the  Lagan  16  miles  southwest  of 
Belfast.     It  has  a  cathedral. 

Drona  (dro'nii).  [Skt.]  The  teacher  of  the  mil- 
itary art  to  the  Kaurava  and  Pandava  princes. 
In  the  great  war  of  the  iMahaldlarata  he  sided  with  the 
Kauravas,  and  after  the  death  of  Bhishma  became  their 
conunander-in-chief. 

Drontheim.     See  Trondhjcm. 

Drood,  Edwin.     See  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood. 

Droste-HiilshofiF,  Baroness  Annette  Elisa- 
beth von.  Born  at  Hiilshoff,  near  Miinstcr, 
I'rus.sia,  Jan.  10,  1797:  died  at  Miirsburg,  on 
Lake  Constance,  Mav  24,  1848.  A  German 
poet.  She  published"  "Poems"  (1838,  etc.), 
"Das  geistliche  Jahr"  (1852),  etc. 

Drottningholm  (drot'ning-holm).  ['Queen's 
Island.']  A  Swedish  royal  palace  near  Stock- 
holm, on  the  island  of  Lofo  in  Lake  Miliar. 
It  was  built  for  Queen  Hedwig  Eleonora  (died  1716),  and 
was  improved  by  Oscar  I. 

Drouais  (dro-a'),  Jean  Germain.     Bom  at 

Paris,  Nov.  25,  1703:  died  at  Kome,  Fob.  13, 
1788.     A  French  historical  painter,  a  pttpil  of 
David. 
Drouet   (dro-a'),  Jean   Baptiste.     Bom   at 

Sainte-Menehould,  ilarue,  France,  Jan.  8, 1763  : 
died  at  Macon,  France,  April  11.  1824.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  caused  the  arrest  of  Louis 
X\J.  at  Varennes  .lune  21,  1791,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Convention  in  1792  and  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hun- 
dred in  17!»,'i. 

Drouet,  Jean  Baptiste,  Comte  d'Erlon.    Bom 

at  Rheims,  France,  July  29,  1765:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  25,  1844.  A  marshal  of  France, 
distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  particu- 
larly at  Jena  1806,  and  Friedland  1807:  gov- 
ernor-genei-al  of  Algeria  1834-35. 

Drouyn  de  Lhuys  (ilro-an'  do  Hies'),  lldouard. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1805:  died  at  Paris, 
March  1,  1881.  A  French  diplomatist  and  pol- 
itician. He  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  Dec.  20, 
1848,- June  2,  1849;  Jan.  10-24,  ISr.l ;  July  28,  lS52,-May 
3,  1855;  and  (let.,  lS02,-Sept.  1,  IstiO. 

Droysen  (droi'sen),  Johann  Gustav.     Bom 

at  Treptow,  Pomcrania,  Prussia,  July  G,  1808: 
died  at  Berlin.  June  19.  1884.  A  German  his- 
torian, professor  at  Berlin  from  1859.  Uis works 
include  "Geschichte  der  preussischen  Politik"  (1855-81), 
translations  of  ".'Eschylus "  (1832)  and  "Aristophanes" 
(1836),  "Geschichte  .Alexanders  d.  s  Grossen"  (1833), 
"Geschichte  des  Hellenisrans"  (1830-43),  etc. 

Droz  (dro),  Frantjois  Xavier  Joseph.    Bom 

at  BesaiKj'on,  France,  ( )i't.  31,  1773:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  5,  1850.  A  l'"'reneli  nioi'alist  and 
historian.  He  published  "  Hisloire  du  regne  do  Louis 
XVI.  "  (1839-42),  "De  la  philosophic  morale  "  (1823),  etc. 
Droz,  Gustave.  Born  at  Paris,  June  9,  1832 : 
died  Oct.  31.  1.895.  A  French  novelist.  His 
works  include  "  -Monsieur,  madame.  ethi-h^  "(18(i6),"E!itre 
nous  "  (1807),  "Le  cahier  bleu  de  Mile.  Cihot"  (1807),  ''I'ne 
femmc  g^aante"  (IS".")),  "Tristesses  et  sourires"  (1884), 
"1,'Enfiint"  (18.H.''.),  etc. 

Droz,  Henri  Louis  Jacquet.  Bom  at  LtiChaux- 

di'-Fonds,  Switzerland,  O.'t.  13,  17.52:  died  at 
Naples,  Nov.  18,  1791.     A  Swiss  mechanician, 
son  of  Pierre  Jacquet  Droz. 
Droz,  Pierre  Jacquet.    Born  at  La  <niaux-de- 

Fonils,  .Switzerland,  July  28,  1721:  <licil  at 
Bieiiiie.  Switzerland.  Nov.  28,  1790.  A  Swiss 
mechanician,  esijccially  noted  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  writintr  autoniiiton. 

Druid  (drd'id),  Dr.  Tho  Welsh  tutor  of  Lord 
Aldicrvillc.iiiCuniberland's  play  "The  Fashion- 
able Lover." 

Druids  (dril'idz).  [Of  Old  Celtic  origin.]  1. 
The  pi'iesls  or  ministers  of  religion  among  the 
ancient  Celts  of  Gaul.  Britain,  and  Ireland. 
The  chief  seals  of  the  Druids  were  In  Wales,  Brittany, 
and  tlie  regions  around  the  modern  liteux  ami  Cliartrea 
in  France.  The  l>rnlds  are  believed  to  have  ]K>HsesRed 
some  knowledge  ot  geometry,  natural  philosophy,  etc. 
They  superintended  the  affairs  of  religion  and  moiidlty, 
and  performeil  llie  olllco  ot  Judges,  'i'he  oak  Is  said  lii 
have  represented  to  them  the  one  supreme  God.  and  the 
mistletoe  when  grtiwing  ni»on  it  the  drpendence  of  man 
upon  him;  ami  they  aecoriiingly  held  these  In  the  high- 
est veneration,  onk-'groves  bi-ing  their  jilaces  of  worship. 
They  are  sahi  to  have  had  a  common  superior,  who  was 
elected  by  n  majority  of  vtites  from  thi-lr  own  members, 
ami  who  enjoyed  his  dignity  for  life.  The  Druhls,  as  an 
order,  always  opposed  the  Ittunans,  but  were  ultimately 
cxtennitnited  by  them. 

2.  The  members  of  a  society  called  the  Fnited 
Ancient  Oriler  of  Druids,  foiindeil  in  London, 
in  1781,  for  Ihe  mutual  benelit  of  the  meinViei-a, 
and  now  comprisiiig  numerous  lodges,  called 
</;«i(.v,  ill  America,  Australia,  Germany,  and 
■Isewhere. 


Druses 

Drumclog  idmm  klog').  A  place  in  Lanark- 
shire, Scotland.  16  miles  south  by  east  of 
Glasgow.  Here.  June  1  (O.  S.),  1679,  the  Scot- 
tish Covenanters  defeated  the  Kovalists. 

Drummer,  The,  or  the  Haunted  House.    A 

play  by  Addisoti.  it  was  first  played  in  Slarch,  1716, 
and  not  known  to  lie  .Addison's  till  Steele  published  the 
fact,  after  the  authors  death.     Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  231. 

Drummond  (drum'ond),  James,  Earl  of  Perth. 
Horn  ill  164S:  dieda't  St. Germain, Frauce,March 
11,1716.  A  Scottish  noldenian.  He  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  .Scotland  by  Charles  II.  in  l(ai4,  and  was  re- 
tained  in  office  on  the  accession  of  James  II.,  whose  chief 
agent  he  became  in  the  Koman  Catholic  administration 
of  Scotland.    He  was  banished  on  the  deposition  of  James. 

Drummond,  James,  Earl  of  Perth.  Born  in 
1675:  died  at  Paris  in  1720.  A  Scottish  noble- 
man, son  of  James  Drummond  (1648-1716),  earl 
of  Perth.  He  participated  in  the  Jacobite  rising  of 
1715-10  in  Scotland,  during  which  he  conducted  an  un- 
successful expedition  against  Edinburgh  Castle  and  led 
the  cavalry  at  the  battle  of  Slieriffmuir.  He  escaped 
trora  Montrose  with  the  ITetender  in  1716. 

Drummond,  Henry.  Born  Dec.  5.  1786:  died 
at  Albury,  Surrey,  Feb.  20,  1860.  An  English 
politician  and  general  writer.  He  was  for  many 
years  partner  in  Drummond's  bank,  Ixmdon;  was  member 
of  Parliament  for  Plynipton  Earle,  Devon,  1810-13,  and  for 
West  Surrey  from  1847  until  his  death  ;  founded  the  pro- 
fessorship of  political  economy  at  t).xford  in  1825;  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Irvingite  Church,  in  which  he 
held  the  rank  of  apostle,  evangelist,  and  prophet.  Among 
his  works  are  "Condition  of  Agricultural  Classes"  (1842) 
and  "  History  of  Noble  British  Families  "  (1846). 

Drummond,  Henry.  Born  at  Stirling,  Scot- 
land, 1851:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  March 
11,  1897.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  author. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  history  and  science 
«n  the  I'ree  Church  College,  Glasgow,  in  1879.  He  has 
written  "Natural  Law  in  the  Spiritual  World"  (1883), 
"Tropical  Africa  "  (ISSs),  etc. 

Drummond,  Thomas.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  10,  1797:  died  at  Dublin,  April  15,  1840. 
A  British  engineer,  inventor  of  the  Drummond 

light  (1825). 

Drunimond,William,  of  Hawthomden.  Bora 

at  Hawtlioriiden,  near  EtLinburgh.  Dec.  13, 
1585:  died  at  Hawthornden,  Dec.  4,  1(>49.  A 
Scottish  poet.  He  took  the  degree  of  ii.  A.  at  the 
University  of  Edinbui-gh  in  1005,  luid  stmiicd  law  at 
Bourgesand  Paris  1007-08.  On  succeeding  his  father.  John 
Drummoiul,  as  laird  of  Hawthornden  in  1010,  he  retired 
to  his  estate,  ami  devoted  himself  to  literature  and  me- 
chanical experiments.  Hepublished  "Tears on  the  Death 
of  .Meliades  "  (1013),  "  Poems  "  (1016X  "  Notes  of  lien  Jon- 
son  "s  Conversations,"  "flowers  of  Zion,"  and  "l^j-press 
Grove"  (102:ii. 
Drummond,  Sir  William.  Bom  in  Scotland 
about  1760:  died  at  Kome,  March  29,  1828.  A 
British  diplomatist  and  writer.  He  published 
"Grigines,  or  Remarks  on  the  Origin  of  several  Empires, 
States,  and  Cities"  (1824-29),  etc. 

Drummond  Island.  The  westernmost  island 
of  tlje  Manitoulin  group  in  Lake  Huron.  It 
belongs  to  Chippewa  County,  Michigan. 

Drummond  Lake.  A  lake  in  southeastern 
Virginia,  in  tin'  middle  of  tho  Great  Dismal 
Swanip. 

Drunken  Parliament,  The.    A  nickname  of 

the  Srollisli   Parliament  which  met  in  1661. 

Drupada(dru'pa-da).  [Skt.]  TheKingof Pan- 
chala,  father  ot  Dhrishtadyumna  and  Krishna, 
called  Draupadi.  He  was  beheaded  on  the  fourteenth 
day  of  the  great  battle  by  Drona,  who  on  the  next  day  was 
killed  by  Dhrishtadyumna. 

Drury  (dni'ri )  Lane.  A  street  in  London,  near 
the  Strand, with  which  itcommunicalesthrough 
Wych   street.      "It  is  one  of  tho  great  arteries  of  the 

Sarish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  an  aristocratic  part  of  Eetn. 
on  In  the  time  of  the  .Stuarts.  It  takes  its  name  froim 
Drury  House,  built  by  Sir  William  Drury  in  the  time  o7 
Henry  VIIl.  Near  the  entrance  of  Drury  Lane  from  tho 
Strand,  on  the  left,  an  old  house,  now  a  Mission  Mouse, 
still  exists,  which  st<»>d  in  the  Lj»ne  with  the  old  house  of 
the  Drni->'s",  beftire  the  street  was  built.  .  .  .  The  re- 
spectaliility  of  Drury  Lane  began  to  wane  at  tlie  end  of 
the  seventeenth  centiirj."    Hare,  Loiuion,  II.  W. 

Drury  Lane  Theatre.    One  of  the  princii)al 

theatei's  of  l.,ondon,  situated  on  Russell  street 
near  Drury  Lane.  It  was  opened  nmler  Killigrews 
jiati-nt  ItH'^i ;  rebuilt  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren  and  reopened 
in  1074  ;  and  reopened  1791  and  1812. 

Drury's  Bluff  (drii'riz  bluf ).     A  point  on  the* 

.lanns  Iv'iver.  near  Fort  Dtirling,  8  miles  south 
of  Kichniond,  Virginia.  Here,  May  10. 1804,  the  Con- 
feiierates  lliuler  Beauregard  repulsed  the  Federals  under 
Butler.  Loss  (May  12-10)  of  the  Federals,  3,012;  of  the 
('onfedenites,  2,6«ll. 

Druses  (drii'zez).  [Turk. />ch.-/.]  A  people  and 
religious  sect  of  Syria,  living  cliielly  in  the 
mount  a  in  regions  of  Lebanon  anil  Ant  i-Libanus 
and  the  district  of  llanran.  The  only  name  they 
neknowledge  is  I'nltarians  (.Ifi/nAidiit) ;  that  by  which 
they  lire  known  to  others  is  pmbably  frtuu  I-mnil  Darnzi 
or  l*>urrl.  who  was  their  llrst  apostle  in  Syria.  They  arc 
fanatical  and  warlike,  anil  hnve  had  bliHMly  conflicts  with 
their  neiglibors  the  .Maronites, 


Drusilla 

Dmsilla  (dro-sil'S).  1.  A  daughter  of  Ger- 
manicus  and  Agrippina,  and  sister  and  mistress 
of  Caligula. —  2.  The  daughter  of  Caligula  by 
his  wife  Cuesonia. —  3.  A  daughter  of  Herod 
Agrippa  I.,  ivife  first  of  Azizus,  kiug  of  Emesa, 
and  then  of  Felix,  procurator  of  Judea.  She 
is  mentioned  in  Acts  xxiv.  24. 

Drusilla,  Llvia.  The  wife  of  Augustus  aud 
mother  of  Tiberius. 

Drusius  (dro'se-os),  Joliaimes  (Jan  van  der 
Driesche).  Born  at  Oudeuarde,  Flanders, 
•June  iS,  1550:  died  at  Fraueker,Frieslaud,Feb. 
12,  1016.     A  Dutch  Orientalist  and  e.xegete. 

DrUSUS,  Arch  of.     See  Arch  of  Drusiis. 

Drusus  (dro'sus)  Caesar.  Born  about  10  B.  C. : 
died  23  a.  d.  Son  of  Tiberius  and  Vipsania.  He 
quelled  a  mutiny  of  the  legions  in  Pannonia  in  14;  was 
consul  in  15;  was  apiiointed  governor  of  Illyricum  in  16 ; 
was  consul  in  21 ;  and  in  22  was  invested  with  the  tribu- 
nicia  potestas,  whereby  he  was  declared  heir  apparent  to 
the  throne.  He  was  poisoned  by  the  favorite  Sejanus,  who 
aspired  to  the  succession. 

Drusus,  Marcus  LiviUS.  -Died  probably  109  B.C. 
A  Roman  politician.  He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  con- 
jointly with  Cains  Gracchus  in  122,  his  election  having  been 
procured  by  the  senate,  whose  members  were  alarmed  at 
the  democratic  innovationsof  the  latter.  Jn  collusion  with 
the  senate  he  opposed  his  veto  to  the  bills  brought  forward 
by  his  colleague,  and  introduced  instead  bills  of  similar 
import,  but  making  more  extravagant  concessions,  which 
were  passed  by  the  senate.  He  was  consul  in  112,  and  while 
governor  of  Macedonia,  which  he  obtained  as  his  province, 
defeated  the  Thracian  Scordisci. 

Drusus,  Marcus  Livlus.  Died  at  Rome,  91  b.  c. 
A  Roman  politician,  son  of  Marcus  Livius 
Drusus.  He  became  in  91  tribune  of  the  plebs,  whose 
favor  he  won  by  largesses  of  corn  and  by  the  introduction 
of  a  bill  providing  for  a  new  division  of  the  public  lands. 
This  bill,  together  with  another  which  restored  to  the 
senate  the  places  on  the  juries  of  which  it  had  been  de- 
prived by  C.  Gracchus,  was  passed  by  the  comitire,  but 
declared  null  and  void  by  the  senate.  He  was  assassinated 
as  he  was  about  to  bring  forward  a  proposal  to  bestow  the 
citizenship  on  the  Italians.  His  death  gave  the  signal  for 
the  outbreak  of  the  Social  "War. 

Drusus,  Nero  Claudius.  Born  38  b.  c.  :  died 
in  Germany,  9  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  brother 
of  Tiberius.  He  was  the  son  of  Livia  by  Tiberius  Clau- 
dius Nero,  and  was  born  shortly  after  the  marriage  of  his 
mother  with  the  emperor  Augustus.  He  was  adopted,  to- 
gether with  his  brother  Tiberius,  by  the  emperor  ;  and  at 
an  early  age  married  Antonia.  the  daughter  of  Marcus 
-\ntonius.  He  subdued  a  revolt  in  Gaul  in  13,  and,  start- 
ing in  12  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  undertook  four 
campaigns  in  Germany  proper,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
led  the  Koman  armies  to  the  Weser  and  the  Elbe.  He  died 
on  the  way  back,  in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  his  horse. 

Dryander  (dini-an'der),  Jonas.  Born  in  Swe- 
den, 1748:  died  at  London,  Oct.  19,  1810.  A 
Swedish  botanist.  He  catalogued  the  library  of 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  1796-1800.  He  was  also  li- 
brarian to  the  Royal  Society. 

Dryasdust  (dii'as-dust).  Rev.  Dr.  A  ^jrosy 
person  who  is  supposed  to  write  the  introduc- 
tory letters  to  several  of  Scott's  novels.  He  also 
^v^ites  the  conclusion  to  ''Redgauntlet."  The  name  was 
used  by  Carlyle  as  a  synonjTU  for  dreary  platitude  (espe- 
cially  in  historical  writing). 

Drybob  (dri'bob).  In  Thomas  Shadwell's  com- 
edy "TheHumourists,"  a  fantastic  coxcomb  and 
would-be  wit. 

Dryburgh  (dri'bur-o)  Abbey.  A  highly  pic- 
turesque ruin  4  miles  southeast  of  Melrose, 
Scotland,  whose  fragments  exhibit  excellent 
Norman  and  Early  English  architectural  de- 
tails. In  the. south  aisle  is  the  tomb  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 

Dryden  (dn'den),  John.  Bom  at  the  vicarage 
of  Aid  winkle'  All  Saints,  Northamptonshire, 

^ngland,,Aug.  9  (?),  1G31:  died  at  London,  May 
1,  1700.  A  celebrated  English  poet  and  dram- 
atist. He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1650.  In  1663  he  married  Lady  Elizabeth  How- 
ard, the  sister  of  his  friend  Sir  Robert  Howard.  Original- 
ly a  Varliamentarian,  he  went  over  to  the  Royalist  side, 
and  was  poet  laureate  and  historiographer  royal  1670-88. 
In  1679  he  had  a  quaiTel  with  Rochester,  which  caused 
him  to  be  cudgeled  in  the  street  by  masked  bravos.  The 
unsettled  state  of  public  feeling  after  the  Popish  plot, 
which  induced  him  to  write  his  series  of  satires  (of  which 
".\bsalom  and  .^chitophel"  was  the  first),  brought  down 
upon  him  a  storm  of  libels.  He  was  converted  to  Roman 
Catholicism  in  16S6,  but  his  sincerity  has  been  impugned. 

•  His  critical  writings  were  numerous  and  on  various  sub- 
jects. He  wrote  many  prologues,  epilogues,  and  dedica- 
tions,  and  after  his  conversion  to  Roman  Catholicism  em- 
ployed his  pen  in  defense  of  his  faith.  His  chief  poems 
are  "  Heroic  Stanzas  "  on  the  death  of  Cromwell  (165S), 
*'AstraeaRedux,"celebratingtheRestoratinn(16<jii),*'Annus 
Mirabilis  "  (1667),  "Absalom  and  Achitophel  "  (1681 :  the 
second  part  with  Tate,  1682),  "The  Medal  "  (16S2),  "  Mac- 
riecknoe "  (1682),  '■  Religio  Laici "  (1882),  "  Tlie  Hind  and 
the  Panther"  (1687),  ■'  Translation  of  Virgil "  (1697),  -.yex- 
ander's  Feast  "  (1697) ;  also  translations  of  Juvenal,  Ovid, 
etc.  His  chief  plays  are  "The  Indian  Emperor,"  '*A1- 
manzor  and  -Mmahide,  or  the  Conquest  of  Granada," 
"Aurengzebe,""  All  for  Love,"  "Secret  Love,  or  The  Maid- 
en Queen,"  "Sir  Martin  Mar-all,"  "Don  Sebastian,"  "Ah 
Evening's  Love,  or  The  Mock  .Astrologer,"  "  Marriage  ^  la 
Mode,"  "  The  Eiud  Keeper,"  "  Amboyna,"  "  The  Spanish 


340 

Friar,"  "  Tyrannic  Love,"  and  others.  His  life  is  in  John- 
son's "  Lives  of  the  Poets. "  His  worfes  wer3  edited  by  Scott 
in  18  volumes  (1S08). 

Dr3?fesdale  (drifz'dal),  Jasper.  In  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  novel  "The  Abbot,"  the  revenge- 
ful old  steward  at  Lochleven  Castle,  who  en- 
deavors to  poison  Queen  Mary  and  her  atten- 
dants. 

Dryope  (di-i'o-pe).  [Gr.  \pi-6-7i.'\  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  shepherdess,  daughter  of  Dryops 
or  of  Eurytus.  She  was  the  playmate  of  the  Hama- 
dryads, and  was  changed  by  them  into  a  poplar.  By 
Apollo  she  was  the  mother  of  Amphissus. 

Dry  Tortugas  (dri  tor-to'gaz).  A  gi'oui)  of  coral 
keys  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,'about  lat.  24^  33'  N., 
long.  82°  54'  W.,  included  in  Monroe  County, 
Florida.  A  penal  station  was  established  on 
one  of  them,  at  Fort  Jefferson,  during  the  Civil 

Dualla  (do-al'a).  The  principal  tribe,  of  Bantu 
stock,  in  the  German  Kamerun,  West  Africa. 
Formerly  slave-dealers,  the  Dualla  are  still  given  to  trade, 
acting  as  middlemen  between  the  whites  on  the  coast  and 
the  natives  of  the  interior.  Owing  to  missionarj-  etforts 
there  are  several  native  churches ;  many  natives  can  read, 
and  a  few  have  acquired  wealth.  They  are  ruled  by  petty 
chiefs,  and  subject  to  the  Geraian  governor.  The  Ba-sa  and 
Ba-kume  are  neighbors  of  the  Dualla  in  the  Kamerun. 
?>&&  Kamerun. 

Duane  (do-an'),  'William.  Born  near  Lake 
Champlain,  N.  Y.,  1760  :  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  24,1835.  An  American  journalist  andpoliti- 
cian.  He  was  educated  in  Ireland,  and  lived  a  number  of 
years  in  India  aud  England.  He  returned  to  America  in  1795, 
and  from  17'3S-1822  was  editor  of  the  "Aurora,"  published 
at  Philadelphia,  which  under  his  management  became 
the  leading  newspaper  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  pub- 
lished "A  jlilitary  Dictionary  "  (1810),  "A  Visit  to  Colum- 
bia "  (1826 :  the  record  of  a  trip  to  South  America  in  1822- 
1823),  etc. 

Duane,  'William  John.  Bom  at  Clonmel,  Ire- 
laud.  May  9.  1780  :  died  at  Philadelphia.  Sept. 
26.  1865.  An  American  lawyer  and  politician, 
son  of  William  Duane.  He  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  treasury  by  President  Jackson  in  1833,  but  was  dis- 
missed in  the  same  year  for  refusing  to  remove  the  gov- 
ernment deposits  from  the  United  States  Bank  witliout 
authority  from  Congress. 

Duarte  (dii-ar'te).  A  brave  but  vainglorious 
man  in  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  "Custom  of 
the  Country."  Cihber  introduces  him  in  a  somewhat 
modified  form  in  his  "Love  makes  a  Man,"  taken  from  the 
former  play. 

Duarte  Coelho.    See  Coelho. 

Duban  (dii-bou').  Jacciues  Felix.  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, Uct.  14.  1797:  died  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
Dec.  20,  1870.  A  French  architect.  From 
1848-54  he  was  architect  of  the  Louvi-e. 

Du  Barry.     See  Barry. 

Du  Bartas.     See  Bartas. 

Du  Baudrier  (dii  bo-dre-a' ),  Sieur.  A  pseudo- 
nvm  of  Swift  in  "A  New  Journey  to  Paris'' 
(1711). 

Dubbhe,  or  Dubhe  (dob'he).  [Ar.  duhh,  a  bear.] 
The  bright  second-magnitude  star  a  Ursie  Ma- 
joris.  the  northern  one  of  the  "  two  pointers" 
in  the  constellation. 

Du  Bellay.     See  Bellay. 

Dublin  (dub'lin).  [Ir.  Dubli-linn,  black-pool, 
orig.  the  name  of  that  part  of  the  river  Liffey 
on  which  the  city  now  stands.]  1 .  A  maritime 
county  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  bounded  by  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  east,  Wicklow  on  the  south, 
Meath  and  Kildare  on  the  west,  and  Meath  on 
the  northwest.  Area,  354  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  419,216.-2.  The  capital  of  Ire- 
land, situated  on  the  Liffey  at  its  entrance  into 
Dublin  Bay,  in  lat.  (of  observaton-)  53°  23'  N., 
long.  6°  20'  W.  It  has  a  large  trade  :  its  chief  manu- 
factures are  porter,  whisky,  and  poplin.  It  contains  Dublin 
Castle,  Trinity  College,  a  Roman  I'atholic  University,  the 
Bank  of  Ireland  (formerly  the  Parliament  House),  the  Cus- 
tom House,  PhoeuLx  Park,  and  the  Four  Courts.  It  was 
probably  the  Eblana  of  Ptolemy.  It  was  seized  by  the 
Danes  in  the  9th  century,  and  was  taken  by  .Strongbow  in 
1170.  Its  castle  was  commenced  in  1205.  A  massacre  of 
the  English  residents  occurred  ou  Black  Monday  in  1207. 
The  city  was  occupied  by  William  III.  in  1680.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  conspiracy  iu  1798,  of  Emmet's  insurrection 
in  1803,  and  of  the  Phienix  Park  political  assassinations 
(see  Cavendish,  Lord  Frederick) ,  >lay  6, 1882.  Population 
(1901),  2911,638;  with  suburbs,  373,179- 

Dublin,  University  of.     See  Trinitu  College. 

Dublin  Bay.  Aninlet  of  the  Irish  Sea.  Length, 
about  8  miles. 

Dublin  Castle.  An  ancient  fortification  of  the 
13th  century,  in  the  city  of  Dublin.  It  is  now 
restored,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  viceroy. 

Diibner  (diib'ner),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Hor- 
selgau,  near  Gotha.  Germany,  Dec.  20,  1802: 
died  at  Paris.  Oct.  13. 1867.  A  German  classi- 
cal philologist  and  critic.  He  was  professor  at  the 
gymnasium  in  Gotha  1S26-31,  and  in  1832  went  to  Paris 
to  take  part  in  the  editing  of  Stephanus's  "  Thesaurus  lin- 
guae Griecie." 


Dubulsson 

Dubno  (dob/no).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Volhynia.  Russia,  in  lat.  50°  25'  N.,  long.  25° 
47'  E.     Popidation,  7,482. 

Dubois  (dii-bwa').  Baron  Antoine.  Bom  at 
Gramat.  Lot,  France,  1756 :  died  at  Paris, 
ilarch.  1837.  A  French  surgeon,  noted  as  an 
obstetrician.  He  accompanied  Napoleon  in 
^he  Eg\"ptian  campaign. 

Dubois,  Guillaume.  Bom  at  Brives-la-Gail- 
lardf.  (.'(jrreze,  France,  Sept.  6,  1656:  died  at 
Versailles,  France,  Aug.  10,  1723.  A  French 
cardinal  and  statesman.  He  was  councilor  of  state 
in  1715  ;  negotiated  the  triple  alliance  between  England, 
France,  and  Holland  in  1717  ;  and  was  prime  minister  in 
1722. 

Dubois,  Jacejues,  Latinized  Sylvius.    Bom  at 

Amiens.  1478:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  13,  1555.  A 
French  physician,  professor  of  medicine  at  the 
Royal  College  (now  College  de  France).  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  1530. 
Dubois,  Jean  Antoine.  Born  at  St.  Ramfeze, 
Ardeohe,  France,  1765 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  7, 
1848.  A  French  missionary.  He  published  a  "  De- 
scription of  the  Character,  etc.,  of  the  People  of  India, 
etc."  (London,  1S16),  " Pantchatantra,  ou  les  cinq  ruses, 
fables  de  Wichnou-Sarma,  etc."  (1826). 

Dubois,  John.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  24,  1764: 
died  Dee.  20,  1842.  A  French- American  bishop 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  founded 
Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  Emmettsburg,  Mary- 
land, in  1809. 

Dubois,  Paul.  Bom  at  Nogent-sur-Seine, 
France.  July  18,  1829.  A  noted  French  sculp- 
tor. .At  eight  years  of  age  he  entered  the  College  Louis- 
le-Grand  in  Paris.  After  leaving  coUege  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law,  which  he  abandoned  later  for  sculpture,  en- 
tering (1856)  the  studio  of  Toussaint.  In  1859  he  went  to 
Rome.  In  1864  he  exhibited  a  bronze  statue  of  the  young 
John  the  Baptist.  His  most  noted  works  are  the  sculp- 
tures on  the  tomb  of  General  Laiiiorici^re  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Xantes.     He  is  also  a  successful  painter. 

Dubois,  Paul  Antoine.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
7.  1795:  died  at  Paris,  Dec,  1871.  A  French 
obstetrician,  son  of  Antoine  Dubois. 

Du  Boisgobey.     See  Boisriobey. 

Du  Bois-Reymond  (dii  bwa-ra-mon'},  Emil. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  7,  1818:  died  there,  Dec. 
26,  1896.  A  noted  German  physiologist.  He 
became  professor  of  physiology  iu  the  University  of  Ber- 
lin in  1855,  and  in  1867  was  elected  perpetual  secretary 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  researches  and  discoveries  in  animal  electricity 
and  the  functions  of  the  nerves.  His  works  include  "l"n- 
tei-suihungen  iiber  tierische  Elektricitat  "(1848-60),  '  Ge- 
sammelte  Abhandlungen  zur  allgemeinen  Muskel-  und 
iS'ervcnphysik  "  (1875-77),  etc. 

Dubos  (dii-bo'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Beau- 
vais.  France,  Dec,  1070-  died  at  Paris,  March 
23, 1742.  A  French  critic,  historian,  and  diplo- 
mat. His  works  include  "Reflexipus  critiques  sur  la 
poesie  et  la  peinture"  (1719),"Histoire  critique  de  I'^tab- 
lissement  de  la  monarchie  frangaise  dans  les  Gaules" 
(1734),  etc. 

Dubosc  (dii-bosk').  In  "  The  Lyons  Mail"  (for- 
merly Stirling's  "The  Courier  of  Lyons"),  a 
brutal  highwayman  who  murders  the  courier 
and  robs  the  mail.  His  extraordinary  likeness  to 
the  mild  and  noble-minded  Lesurques  causes  the  latter  to 
be  arrested  for  the  crime.  Henr>'  Irving  has  been  success- 
ful in  the  dual  part,  playing  both  characters. 

Dubossary  (do-bos-sii'ri).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  in  lat.  47°  17'  N.,  long.  29°  10'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 9,697. 

Dubovka  (d,o-bof'ka).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga 
in  lat.  49°  15'  N.,  long.  44°  50'  E.  Population, 
14,543. 

Dubray  (du-bra'),  "Vital  Gabriel.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Feb.  27,  1818 :  died  there,  Oct.  4,  1892. 
A  French  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Ramey.  His  best- 
known  works  are  16  reliefs  in  bronze  for  the  memorial  to 
Joan  of  Arc  at  Orleans,  and  portraits  of  Napoleon  III., 
Josephine,  and  others. 

Dubs  (dobz).  Jakob.  Born  at  Affoltem,  near 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  26,  1822:  died  at 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Jan.  13,  1879.  A  Swiss 
statesman  and  jurist,  president  of  the  confed- 
eration in  1864. 

Dubufe  (dii-btif'),  Claude  Marie.  Bora  at 
Paris  about  1790:  died  at  Paris,  April  21, 
18()4.     A  French  painter. 

Dubufe,  Edouard.  Bom  at  Paris.  March  30, 
1S20:  died  at  Versailles.  Aug.  11,  1883.  A 
French  historical  and  portrait  painter,  son  of 
Clayde  Marie  Dubufe.  He  was  a  pupil  of  his 
father  and  of  Delaroche. 

Dubufe,  Edouard  Marie  Guillaume.     Bom 

at  Paris,  May  16,  1S.'>3.     A  French  painter,  son 
of  Edouard  Dubufe. 

Dubuisson  (dii-biie-s6n'),  Paul  tJlrich.  Bom 
at   Laval.  France,  1746:  guillotined  at  Paris, 


Dubuisson 

March  23,  1794.  A  French  dramatist  of  infer- 
ior merit.  He  was  a  \ioletit  revolutionist,  a 
follower  of  Hubert,  whose  fortunes  he  shared. 

Dubuque  ido-buk').  The  county-seat  of  Du- 
huiiuf  County.  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  4-"  29'  N.,  lonfr.  90^  44'  W.  It  is 
the  center  of  a  lead  district,  ami  an  important  coninier- 
cial  citv,  witli  a  large  trade  in  lumber  mid  grain.  It^ 
tlie  oldest  place  in  the  State  (settled  1833)  Population 
(1900),  3C,:i'J7. 

Due  (dtik),  Joseph  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
•25,  18U2:  died  Jan.  22,  1879.  A  French  archi- 
tect. His  chief  work  is  the  Palace  of  Justice 
in  Paris. 

Ducamp,  or  Du  Camp  fdu-kon'),  Maxiine. 
Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  S,  1S22 :  died  there.  Feb.  9, 
1894.  A  French  author,  journalist,  traveler,  and 
artist.  He  wasoneof  the  foundersof  the  "Eevuede  Paris" 
(IS.'il  :  suppressed  in  1S58),  and  has  been  a  contril)utor  to 
the  "Revue  des  Iteux  ilondes."  His  ehief  work  is  "Paris: 
ses  organes,  ses  functions,  sa  vie  "  (1809-75). 

Du  Cange  (Jii  konzh'),  or  Ducange,  Sieur 
(Charles  du  Fresne  or  Dufresne).  born  at 
Amiens,  France,  Dec.  is.  1010:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  23,  1688.  A  noted  French  philolotrist  and 
historian.  He  published  "Glossarium  ad  scriptores 
medlse  et  intlnia)latinitatis"(l(i78).  "Olossarium  ad  scrip- 
tores  medisD  et  inflmie  prajcitatis"  (ltli>«).  "Histoire  lic 
Tenipire  de  Constantinople  sous  les  enipereurs  fran(;ai8" 
(1657),  "Historia  Byzantina"  (1080).  etc. 

Ducange,  Victor  Henri  Joseph  Brahain.  Born 
at  The  Hague,  Nov.  24,  1783:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  IS,  18.33.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
His  works  include  "Agathe"  (1819),  "  Valentine  "  (1821 : 
an  attack  on  the  Royalists  which  brought  a  six  months' 
imprisonment),  '*  Li5onide  "  (1823),  "  Marc  Loricot "  (1832), 
etc.     He  was  several  times  imprisoned. 

Ducarel  (dii-ka-rel';,  Andre  Coltee.  Born  in 
Normandy,  France,  about  1713:  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  29.  1785.  An  Enfjlish  antiquarian. 
His  chief  work  is  "Anglo-Norman  Antiquities" 
(1754-67). 

Ducas  (do'kiis),  Michael.  Lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  15th  century.  A  Byzantine  his- 
torian. He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Byzantine  empire  for 
the  period  1341-1402  (first  printed  at  P.aris  in  1049). 

Ducasse  (dti-kas'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Bern  about  1640:  died  in  France,  July,  1715. 
A  French  naval  commander.  In  1691  he  was  made 
governor  of  the  French  coiuny  in  Santo  Doiuintro.  He 
attacked  and  laid  waste  the  English  settlements  in  Janiaira 
in  1004.  His  own  colony  was  ravaged  l»y  the  ETiglish  in 
109.^.  and  in  16i»7he  commanded  the  liind  forces  in  the  ex 
pedition  which  sailed  from  .Santo  l)otninC'-'  anti  t-i-.k  Car- 
tagena. In  Aug.,  1702,  he  fought  witli  the  Ijiglisli  lleet  of 
Beiihow  for  four  days,  Benbow  finally  retiring.  He  served 
in  Spain  during  the  War  of  Succession,  and  commanded 
tlie  naval  forces  in  the  attack  on  Barcelona  in  1714. 

Ihi  Casse,  Pierre  Emmanuel  Albert,  Baron. 

Born  at  Bourgos,  I'^Ki:  died  at  I'uris,  March  15, 
IH93.  A  French  soldier  and  military  writer. 
He  was  placed  on  the  general  stall  in  18.''>4,  and  for  a  time 
was  adjutant  to  Prince  Jerome  Napoli-on.  lie  has  pub. 
lished  numerous  works  on  nulitary  alfairs  and  on  French 
military  history. 

DucatO  (do-kii'to),  Cape.  Acape  at  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  Santa  Maura,  Ionian  Islands, 
Greece. 

Duccio  di  Buoninsegna  (do'cho  de  bwon-en- 

gen'yii).  A  Sionese  jminfer.  He  Is  first  heard  of  in 
1282.  and  was  then  a  ma-ster  in  Siona.  His  famous  altar- 
piece  in  the  cathedral  of  Siena  w.m  l>eguii  in  l.ios,  and  on 
its  completion  was  conveyed,  like  the  Itncellai  .Madoiniaof 
Cimabue,  from  the  workshop  to  the  church  in  Bolcinn  pro- 
cession to  the  sound  of  bell  and  drum.  He  adheres  to  (he 
Byzantine  types  and  motives,  but  enriches  them  by  more 
pleasing  proportions  and  better  executed  hands  and  feet. 

Du  Chaillu  (dU  cha-vii'),  Paul  Belloni.    Born 

at  I'aris,  July  31,  1835:  died  at  St.  Petersburg. 
April  30,  1903.  An  African  explorer,  son  of  a 
Krenidi  trader  of  (ial)un.  West  Africa.  In  isr>l, 
when  (luitc  young,  he  made  some  exploratny  tours  around 
his  fatlier's  trailing  factor.v.  anil  became  aii|Uainteil  with 
llie  customsof  the  .Mpongwe.  In  l»."..'i  be  came  to  America, 
whicli  he  made  his  home.  Inilcr  tlie  auspices  of  tlie  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  .Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  he  undertook  » 
botanic  and  zoologic  exploration  of  the  Ogowe  basin.  This 
he  continued  suci-essfully  for  four  years.  Hisacci.unts  of 
tlie  gorillas  and  l)lioiigodwarf.i  were  contrailiiti  d  by  Cray 
and  Bartli,  lint  later  explorations  have  eoiitlrmed  tliem. 
In  IKOI  he  publistieil  his  •  Kxplorations  and  Adventures 
In  Ei|Ualorlal  Africa.  "  In  1803  he  started  on  a  tecond  ex- 
ploration; hevisiteil  the  Ngunye  Falls  and  Asluingo  hind, 
and  returned  in  IHO'i.  His  princiiml  works  arc  'A  Journey 
to  Ashango-land"  (1807),  "  My  Aplngi  Kingdom"  (187(li. 
"Tlie  Country  of  Mil-  Dwarfs"  II872I.  "The  Land  of  the 
Midniuht  Sun"  (IK.Sll.  Tlds  list  book  was  the  result  of 
a  scver:il  \'-:irs*  sta\'  in  Sweden  ami  I.;iiiI:om1. 

Du  ChAtelet  (dii  chiit-la').  Marquise  (Qabri- 
elle  Emilie  le  Tonnelier  de  Breteuil).    Born 

at  Paris,  I'ee.  17,  17III1:  died  at  Luni'^villc, 
France,  Aug.  10,  1749.  A  French  author  and 
scholar,  mistress  of  Voltnire. 
Duchesne  (dii-shan'),  Andr6.  Bom  at  Ile-Bou- 
ehnrd,  Touraiiie.  France,  1584:  died  May  .30, 
1()40.  A  noted  French  histdrian.  He  published 
numerous  works,  among  them  *'Historlie  Francorum  scrip- 
tores  "(1036-49),  "Historia)  Nornniuuorum  scriptores  an- 
tlqul'  (161U),  etc. 


341 

Duchesne,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph.  Born  at 
(risers,  Eure.  France,  l)ce.  8,  1770:  died  at 
Gisors,  March  25,  lliSG.  A  French  enamel  and 
miniature  piiinter. 

Duchesne,  P6re.    See  Hebert,  Jacques  Kent'. 

Duchess,  The.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet Argles  Hungerford. 

Duchess  of  Devonshire.  1 .  A  portrait  by  Sir 
Joshua  Keynolds,  at  Althorp  Park,  England. 
The  llgure  is  shown  in  full  length,  wearing  a  plumed 
turban,  and  about  to  descend  a  llight  of  steps. 
2.  A  noted  portrait  by  Uainsborough,  stolen 
from  Aguew's  galleries,  London,  in  1H76,  and 
recovered  in  1901.  The  duchess  is  represented  stand- 
ing in  a  garilen  walk,  and  wearing  a  broad-brimmed 
liluined  baf. 

Duchess  of  Malfi,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Webster, 
played  about  1612,  printed  in  1623.  There  is  a 
dramatic  version  of  the  story  among  Lope  de  Vega's  works, 
and  it  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  Baudelli^'s  "Novelle." 
It  is  Webster  8  most  popular  play,  the  one  oftenest  read, 
and  the  most  original.  The  crime  for  which  the  duchess  is 
reduced  by  her  family  to  insanity  and  death  is  her  secret 
marriage  with  her  steward  whom  she  loved. 

This  refinement  of  a  noble  mind  by  suffering  is  the  key- 
note to  the  Duchem  of  ilal/i/,  and  the  wretchedness  that 
comes  upon  her  only  illuminates  and  purities  her  lovely 
character.  ...  In  Welister's  version  the  Duchess  is  pre- 
sented before  us  as  a  woman  of  supreme  rank  and  high 
spirit,  whose  power  of  mind  and  healthiness  of  purpose 
have  kept  her  uncontamiiiated  by  the  frivolous  conven- 
tionality of  a  court  life.  She  dares  to  act  (or  herself ; 
though  a  sovereign,  she  does  not  forget  she  is  a  woman, 
and  sees  nothing  ignoble  in  the  faithful  love  of  a  subject. 
(Josse,  Seventeenth  Century  Studies,  p.  55. 

Bomla.  .  .  .  I'll  describe  her  [the  Duchess]. 
She's  sad,  as  one  long  us'd  to't,  and  she  seems 
Rather  to  welcome  tile  end  of  misery, 
Thau  shun  it ;  a  behaviour  so  noble. 
As  gives  a  majesty  to  adversity  : 
You  may  discern  the  shape  of  loveliness 
More  perfect  in  her  tears  than  in  her  smiles; 
She  wiU  muse  for  hours  together ;  and  her  silence, 
Methinks,  expresseth  more  than  if  s))e  spake. 

Websti^r,  Duchess  of  Malfl. 

DuciS  (dii-s6'),  Jean  FrangoiS.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Aug.  22,  1733:  died  at  Ver- 
sailles, March  31,  1816.  A  French  dramatic 
poet,  best  known  as  an  adapter  of  "Hamlet" 
and  others  of  Shakspere's  plays  to  tlie  French 
stage.  His  best  original  work  is  "Abufar" 
(1795). 

Duckworth  (duk'werth).  Sir  John  Thomas. 
Born  at  Leatherhead,  Surrey,  England,  Feb. 
28,  1748:  died  at  Devonport,  England,  Aug. 
31,1817.  An  English  admiral.  He  commanded  a 
vessel  under  Lord  Howe  in  the  action  with  the  French 
otf  Ushant,  June  1,  1794  ;  was  appointed  rear  ail  mi  ral  of 
the  white  in  1799;  was  made  comniander-in-ehief  at  .'a- 
maica  in  1804  ;  directed  the  operations  wliieh  led  to  the 
surrender  of  the  French  under  Rochanibeau  in  Santo  Do- 
mingo ;  was  promoted  vice-admiral  in  1804  :  defeated  a 
French  squadron  off  Santo  Domingo  Feb.  0. 1800 ,  was  pro- 
mote<l  admiral  in  1810;  w.os  created  a  baronet  in  1813; 
and  was  commander-in-chief  at  Newfoundland  1810-13. 

Duclos  (dii-kl6'),  Charles  Pinot.  Born  at 
Dinan,  Brittany,  France,  Feb.  12,  1704 :  died 
at  Paris,  Maridi  26,  1772.  A  noted  French  his- 
torian and  man  of  letters,  ills  earliest  works  were 
romances,  among  them  *' Confessions  duComt'ide  .  .  .  " 
(1742).  He  also  published  "Considt^rationssur  les  naviirs 
de  ce  sleele  "  (1749),  *'  Mi^moires  secrets  des  rogues  do 
Louis  XIV.  et  de  Louis  XV."  (1791),  etc.  As  secretary  of 
the  Academy  he  supervised  the  publication  of  its  cele- 
brated dictionary. 

Ducornet  (dii-kor-na'),  Louis  C6sar  Joseph. 
Burn  at  Lille,  France,  Jan.  10,  Isod:  dieil  ;it 
Paris,  April  27.  18,56.  A  French  historical  and 
portrait  ]iainter,  a  pupil  of  Gif'rard.  He  was 
born  without  arms. 

Du  Croisy  (dii  krwit-se').  The  lover  in  Mo- 
liere's  "Les  precieuses  ridicules."  He  and  La 
Crange,  his  friend,  scud  their  valets  disguisod  as  lo  .Mar- 
quis de  Mascarllle  ami  le  VIcomte  do  Jodelet,  t^)  niake 
love  to  "les  pri^cieuses"  and  teach  them  that  line  jihrases 
do  not  make  a  gentleman, 

Ducrot  (dii-kio'),  Auguste  Alexandre,  Bom 
at  Nevers,  Franco,  Feb.  24,  1817 :  died  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Aug.  16,  1882.  A  French  gcn- 
orjll.  He  received  connnaml  of  the  Ist  divl.iion  of  the 
Ist  army  corps  under  MacMahon  at  the  beginning  of  the 
FYanco-dcrman  war  (1870),  and  served  at  the  battle  of 
Worth,  and  at  Sedan  where  he  was  taken  prisinier.  He 
went  to  Pont  h-MouHson  on  piimle,  liut  lied  lo  Paris 
where  he  took  coniiuand  of  the  secoinl  anny.  He  made 
unsueecssfill  sorties  Sept  19,  (let.  21,  and  Nov.  SO-I)ec.  4, 
1S70,  and  Jan.  lo,  Is71  (Imttlo  of  Mont  Val(>iieii).  He  was 
given  command  of  the  stii  iirmy  corps  by  Thiers  In  SopL, 
1872. 

Ducrotay  de  Blainville  (dii-krii-ta'  d6  blau- 

vel'),  Henri  Marie.  Burn  at  Arques,  near 
Dieppe,  France,  Sept.  12,  1778:  died  near 
F'aris,  May  1,  1H;")0.  A  French  nadiralist.  Ho 
published  "Faune  fram.alse"  (1821-30),  "  De  I'drganiaa. 
lion  des  animaux"  (1822).  "0»tAigraphle"(183»-49),  ele 
Duddon  (dud'on).  A  small  riveron  the  border 
(if  t'liniberliiuil  and  Lancashire,  England,  8ow- 
iiig  into  the  Irish  Sea  20  miles  northwest  of 


Dudley  Diamond,  The 

Lancaster.  It  is  celebrated  in  the  poetry  of 
A\'orilsw<.irth. 

Du  Deffand.    See  Deffand. 
Duderstadt  (do'der-stiit).      A  small   town  in 
the  proviuce  of  Hannover,  Prussia,14  miles  east 

of  Gottingcn. 

Dudevant  (diid-von'),  Mme.  (Armandine  Lu- 
cille Aurore  Dupin).    See  .Sitii<(,  G'onjc. 

Dudley  ^dud'li).  A  town  in  Worcestershire, 
England,  8  miles  west-iiorthwest  of  Birming- 
luim.  Noted  for  iron  manufactures.  Near  it  are  the 
ruins  of  Dudley  Castle.     Pojiulalion  (1691),  4.i,740. 

Dudley,  Arthur.  A  pseudonym  of  Madame 
Blaze  de  I'.uvy. 

Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow.  Bom  in  Spott- 
sylvauia  County,  Va.,  Aju-il  12.  1785:  died  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  Jan.  20,  1870.  An  American 
surgeon,  especially  noted  as  a  lithototuist. 

Dudley,  Charles  Edward.  Bom  at  Johnson 
Hall,  Staffordsliire,England,May  23, 1780:  died 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can politician.  United  States  senator  from  New 
York  1829-33.  Dudley  Observatory  (Albany) 
was  founded  by  his  widow. 

Dudley,  Sir  Edmund.  Bom  about  1462 :  exe- 
cuted at  London,  Aug.  18,  1510.  An  English 
politician.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  and  at  Gray's 
Inn,  is  said  to  have  been  made  a  privy  councilor  at 
twenty-three,  and  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of 
i'onimons  in  1504.  He  was  employed  as  a  fiscal  agent  br 
Henry  VII.,  and  incurred  popular  odium  by  the  rigor  with 
which  he  enforced  the  extortionate  claims  of  the  crown. 
On  the  death  of  Henry  VII.  in  15o9,  he  was  beheaded  on 
the  charge  of  treason,  in  company  with  .Sir  Richard  Emp- 
son,  anotlier  of  Henry  VII. 's  fiscal  agents. 

Dudley,  l-ord  Guildford.  E.xecuted  at  Lon- 
don. Feb.  12. 15.54.  Son  of  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland. He  married  lady  Jane  Grey  May  21,  1563. 
He  was  implicated  in  his  father's  ill-starred  attempt  to 
place  Lady  ,lane  on  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Edward 
VI  (July  6,  1553),  aiil  was  executed  on  the  charge  of 
treason. 

Dudley,  John,  Duke  of  Northumberland  and 
Earl  of  Warwick.  Born  1502:  beheaded  Aug. 
22,  15.53.  An  English  politician  and  soldier, 
son  of  Sir  Edmund  Dudley.  He  was  made  warden 
of  the  Scottish  marches  and  great  admiral  by  Henry  VIII- 
in  1642.  and  was  created  earl  of  Warwick  and  high  cham- 
berlain of  England  on  the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  in 
1547.  Ill  l.'>49  he  overthrew  the  protector  Somerset,  and 
assumed  the  chief  control  of  the  government.  He  was 
created  duke  of  Northumberland  in  1551.  With  the  ob- 
ject in  view  of  transferring  the  crown  from  the  Tudors  to 
his  own  family,  he  persuaded  Edward  VI,  to  grant  letters 
patent  excluding  Edwani's  sisters,  itary  and  Elizabeth, 
from  the  succession  and  appointing  I'dward's  cousin.  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  heir  presumptive  to  the  crown,  whereupon  he 
married  Lady  .lane  t<i  his  son.  Guildford  Dudley.  At  the 
death  of  Edward,  he  found  himself  unable  to  prevent  the 
accession  of  .Mary,  and  was  executed  for  treason. 

Dudley,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Koxbury.Mass.,l(>47: 
died  at  K'oxliuiy,  April  2,  1720.  An  American 
politician.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  with  the  Narra- 
gansetts  in  1075;  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the 
united  colonies  of  New  England  1077-81;  was  appointed 
president  of  .New  England  in  1080;  was  appointed  chirf 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1087 :  w-as  ehief  justice  of 
New  York  1090-93;  and  was  governor  of  Slassuchusetls 
1702-15. 

Dudley,  Paul.  Bom  Sept.  3,  1675:  died  at 
Koxbury.  Mass.,  .Jan.  21,  1751.  An  American 
iurist,  son  of  .Joseph  Dudley.  He  graduated  at 
llarvard  in  1090,  and  studied  law  at  the  Temple  in  Lon- 
don. He  was  made  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  i|i 
1745.  He  is  known  chiefiyas  the  founder  of  the  Diidleian 
Lecture  at  Harvard  College,  for  the  erection  of  which  he 
liei|Ueathed  iloO. 

Dudley,  Robert,  Earl  of  Leicester.  Born  June 
24, 15:i2  or  1533:  died  at  Cornbtiry,  Oxfonlshire, 
England,  Sejit.  4,  ]5,s,S.  An  English  courtier, 
politician,  and  general,  son  of  .John  Dudley, 
duke  of  Northumberland.  Ho  participated  in  the 
attempt  of  his  father  and  brother  to  place  Lady  Jane 
Grey  on  the  thi-one  at  the  death  of  Eiiward  VI.  in  15.13, 
and  was  in  consequence  sentenced  Ut  death  on  the  charge 
of  treason  In  15:>4,  but  was  piu^loiu-il  later  in  the  saiiio 
year.  On  the  accession  in  1558  of  Elizabeth,  whose  alfec- 
tions  he  had  gained  during  the  ascendancy  of  bis  father 
at  the  court  of  F.dwanl  VI.,  he  beeiime  her  chief  favorite, 
and  Intrigiieil,  though  unsuccessfully,  toolitalii  the  consent 
of  the  great  nobles  lo  a  marriage,  in  the  Interest  of  which 
Iiroject  he  was  said  to  have  procured  the  minder  of  his 
wife  Lady  Amy  (1500).  He  was  created  carl  of  Leicester 
in  U-M,  and  in  1.575  entertained  yueen  Ellz.\lielh  with 
great  magnitlccncc  at  Kenilwordi.  In  1.^'85  he  was  np 
pointed  to  the  command  of  the  Ijigllsh  anuy  sent  to  the 
ahl  of  the  .Statos-iiencral  against  the  Spanlanls,  but  WM 
recalled  in  IfiS",  owing  lo  incoi'iipetenee.  He  was,  how. 
ever,  restorcil  to  favor  on  his  return,  and  iu  1588  w-as  ap- 
jwdntetl  lieutenant  and  capt.ain-gi'iieral  of  the  queen's 
annles  and  companies  t4i  resist  the  Spiinlsh  Armada. 

Dudley,  Thomas.  Biu-n  at  Norlliampton,  EnR- 
Innd,  157ti:  die. I  at  K'oxbury,  Mass.,  July  31, 
16.52.  A  <'oloni:il  politician.  He  came  to  Mas- 
sachusetts us  ibiuit  V  governor  in  1630: governor 
l()34-3.5.  11140-11.  I(i45-46,  16.50-,51. 

Dudley  Diamond,  The.    A  iliamond  found  in 

Africa  in  INis,  and  bought  from  Nie  Kirk,  the 


Dudley  Diamond,  The 

master  of  the  mau  who  fouud  it,  by  Hunt  aud 
Koskell  for  £12.000.  The  Earl  of  Dudley  bought  It 
from  them  for  £30,01)0.  It  is  heart-shaped,  extremely  bril- 
liant, and  weighs  441  carats  cut :  originally  it  weighed  88J 
carats.     Brewer. 

Dudon  (do'don).  A  knight  iu  Aiiosto's  "Or- 
lando Furioso." 

Dudu  (do-do')-     In  Byron's  "'Don  Juan,"  a  pen- 
sive beauty  of  seventeen.  , 
A  kind  of  sleeping  Venus  seemed  Dudu.  vi.  42. 

Dudweiler  (dod'vi-ler).  A  commune  in  tlie 
Kliine  Province,  Prussia,  4  miles  north-north- 
east of  Saarbriieken.   Population  (1890),  1-,L'3G. 

Duel  after  the  Masquerade.  A  painting  by 
Gerome,  now  iu  the  Walters  collection  at  Bal- 
timore. The  duellists  and  their  seconds  have  come 
direct  from  a  masked  ball ;  one,  dressed  as  a  clown,  has 
been  severely  wounded,  ami  his  adversary,  an  Indian, 
Inirries  away,  attended  by  a  harlequin,  to  his  carriage. 

Duellist  (dti'el-ist),  The.  A  comedy  by  Wil- 
liam Kenrick,  produced  iu  1773.  Three  editions 
were  printed  iu  tlie  same  year. 

Duellists,  The.  A  play  by  Douglas  Jerrold, 
\Frittcn  in  1818.  It  was  rechristened  "  More  Fright- 
ened than  Hurt ";  was  played  at  the  Sadler's  Wells  Theatre, 
April  30,  1821 ;  was  afterward  translated  into  French, 
played  in  Paris,  retranslated  by  Mr.  Kenney,  and  played 
at  the  Olympic  as  "Fighting  by  Proxy."  It  contained 
much  sparkling  dialogue  and  a  good  plot  of  the  low-com- 
edy kind.     Diet.  Xat  Biog. 

Duenna  (du-en'a).  The.  A  comedy  inter- 
spersed with  songs,  a  musical  melange  though 
sometimes  called  an  opera,  by  Sheridan,  pro- 
duced in  177-5  (?).  The  plot  was  taken  from  Wycher- 
ley'3  comedy  "The  Country  Wife.'  Linley,  Sheridan's 
father-in  law,  wrote  the  music  for  the  songs.  It  was  acted 
75  times  in  one  season, 

Duer  (du'er),  John.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,Oet. 
7,  1782:  died  on  Staten  Island,  N!  Y..  Aug.  8, 
1858.  An  American  jurist.  He  published  "  Law 
of  Representations  in  Marine  Insurance"  (1S45),  "Law 
and  Practice  of  liiarine'  Insurance"  (194^-^6),  "Duer's 
Reports." 

Duer,  William  Alexander.  Bom  in  New  York, 
Sept.  8,  1780:  died  May  30,  1858.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist,  brother  of  John  Duer,  president  of 
Columbia  College  1829-42.  He  wrote  •'Consti- 
tutional Jurisprudence  of  the  United  States" 
(1-856),  etc. 

Duero  (do-a'ro),  Pg.  Douro  (do'rij).  A  river 
in  Spain  and  northeru  Portugal  which  rises  in 
the  province  of  Soria,  Spain,  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  the  two  countries,  and  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  3  miles  west  of  Oporto  : 
the  lioman  Dui'ius  (whence  the  modern  name). 
Leugth,  about  500  miles;  navigable  90  miles. 

Duessa(dti-es'sa).  [L.  (?i(0,  two,  and  fern. -e^sft.] 
A  loathsome  olii  woman,  iu  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  who  under  the  guise  of  Fidessa,  a 
young  and  beautiful  woman,  typifies  the  false- 
hood and  treachery  of  the  Church  of  Rome. 
In  book  V,  canto  38,  she  more  especi-olly  represents  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  as  the  type  of  Romish  hostility  to  Eliz- 
abeth. She  deceives  and  nearly  ruins  the  Red  Cross 
Knight ;  but  all  her  ignominy  and  loathsomeness  are  laid 
b:ire  by  Arthur  who  is  sent  by  Una  to  the  rescue.  She  is 
taken  from  Ariosto's  "Alcina,"  and  the  scene  where  the 
*■  false  Duessa "  is  stripped  of  her  disguise  is  literally 
translated  from  the  "  Orlando  Furioso." 

Dufaure  (dii-for'),  Jules  Armand  Stanislas. 

Born  at  Saujon,  Charente-Inferieure,  France, 
Dec.  4,  1798:  died  at  Paris,  June  28,  1881.  A 
Trench  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  the  interior 
Oct  13-Dec.  20,  1848,  and  June  2-Oct.  31,  1S49 ;  minister 
of  justice  Feb.  19. 1871,-May  -24,  1873,  and  March  11,  187."i,- 
Aug.  12, 1870 ,  and  premier  March  9-Dec.  2, 1876,  and  Sept 
14,  1877,-Feb.  1,  1S7M. 

Duff  (duf ),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Moulin,  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  April  25,  1806:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  12,  1878.  A  Scottish  missionary 
in  India,  belonging  to  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
later  to  the  Free  Church.  He  wrote  ' '  India  and 
India  Missions"  (1839),  etc. 

Dufferin  and  Ava  (duf'er-in  and  a'vii).  Mar- 
quis of.  See  liluckwood,  Frederick  Temple  Ham- 
ilton. 

Dufly  (duf' i),  Sir  Charles  Gavan.  Born  at 
Monaghan,  Ireland,  .\pvil  12. 1816:  died  at  Nice, 
Feb.  9, 1903.  An  Irish  journalist  and  politician. 
He  aided  in  1842  in  founding  the  "  Nation.'  an  organ  of 
the  Young  Ireland  party,  and  was  a  member  of  Parliament 
1S52-5G,  when  he  eraiirrated  to  Australia.  He  was  prime 
minister  of  Victoria  1871-72.  He  published  '•  Guide  to 
theLandLaw  of  Victoria  "(2d  ed.  18ii2),  'Young  Ireland  : 
a  Fragment  of  Irish  Historv.  1S40-."0  "  (1880) ,  "  Four  Years 
of  Irish  History,  1845-49  "  (1883),  etc. 

Dufour  (dii-for'),  Guillaiune  Henri.  Born  at 
Constance,  Baden,  Sept.  15,  1787:  died  at  Con- 
tamines,  near  Geneva,  July  14,  1875.  A  Swiss 
general,  chartographer,  and  military  writer. 
He  suppressed  the  Sonderbund  insurrection  in  1847 ; 
and  superintended  the  preparation  of  a  topographical 
map  of  Switzerland  (published  liv4-2-6.5).  He  wrote  "M6- 
nioires  sur  I'artillerie  des  anciens  et  sur  celle  du  moyen 
age  ■■  (1840),  etc. 


342 

Dufour,  Jean  Marie  L6on.  Bom  at  St. -Sever, 
Landes,  France,  1782:  ilied  at  St. -Sever,  April 
18,  1865.     A  French  entomologist. 

Duifour  Spitze  (dU-for'  spit'se).  The  highest 
peak  of  Monte  Kosa  (which  see). 

Dufoy  (du-foi').  An  impertinent  French  ser- 
vant in  i;therege's  comedy  '•  The  Comical  Re- 
venge, or  Love  in  a  Tub."  He  is  the  subject  of 
the  comical  revenge,  being  fastened  in  a  wooden  tub  with 
holes  for  tl»e  head  and  arms  by  some  women,  as  a  pun- 
ishment for  his  boasting  and  railing  against  their  sex. 

Dufrenoy  (dii-fra-nwii'),   Pierre  Armand. 

Born  at  Sevran,  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Sept.  5. 
1792:  died  at  Paris,  March  20,  1857.  A  noted 
French  mineralogist  and  geologist.  He  was  the 
collaborator  of  Elie  de  Beaumont  in  the  preparation  of  a 
general  geological  map  of  F'rance  (published  1841),  and 
author  of  various  geological  monographs. 

Du  Fresne.     See  Du  Cautje. 

Dufresnoy  (dU-fra-uwii')I  Charles  Alphonse. 
Born  at  Paris,  1611:  died  at  Villiers-le-Bel, 
near  Paris,  1665.  A  French  painter  and  poet, 
author  of  a  Latin  poem  "De  arte  graphica" 
(16C8). 

Dufresny  (dii-fra-ne' ),  Charles  Ri'vifere.  Born 
at  Paris,  1654:  died  there, Oct.  6, 1724.  A  French 
dramatist,  a  descendant  of  "La  Belle  Jardi- 
niere," a  mistress  of  Henry  IV.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  comedies,  in  some  of  which  Regnard 
collaborated. 

Dugdale  (dug'dal),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Shu- 
stoke,  Warwickshire,  England,  Sept.  12,  1605: 
died  at  Shustoke,  Feb.  10^  1686.  A  noted  Eug- 
lish  antiquary.  He  wrote  "Monasticon  Anglicanum' 
(1655-73),  "Antiquities  of  Warwickshire  "  (1656),  "  Baronage 
of  England  "  (1675-76),  "History  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  " 
(165S),  etc. 

Duguay-Trouin  (dii-ga-tro-an'),  Rene.  Boru 
at  St.-Malo,  Prance,  June  10,  1673:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  27,  1736.  A  French  naval  officer 
and  general.  From  1691  to  1697  he  commanded  a  pri- 
vateer, and  in  the  latter  year  entered  the  French  navy. 
Among  his  noted  deeds  were  the  capture  of  an  English 
convoy  in  1707.  and  the  capture  and  sack  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Sept,  1711.  He  subsequently  served  with  the  army,  at- 
taining the  rank  of  lieutenant-general. 

Du  Guesclin,  or  Duguesclin  (dU-ga-klaii'), 
Bertrand.  Born  near  Rennes,  Brittany, 
France,  about  1320:  died  at  Chateauneuf-de- 
Randon,  Languedoc,  July  13,  1380.  A  French 
commander,  distinguished  in  the  campaigns 
against  the  English  and  Pedro  the  Cruel.  He 
gained  the  battle  of  Cocherel,  May,  1364.  and  lost  that  of 
Auray,  Sept.,  1364.  He  was  made  comtedeLongueville  and 
marshal  of  Normandy  in  13(>4,  and  constable  of  France  in 
1369. 

Du  Halde  (dii  illd),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  1, 1674:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  18, 1743. 
A  French  Jesuit  and  geographer.  He  published 
"  Description  g^ographique,  etc.,  de  la  Chine  et  de  la  Tar- 
taric chinoise"  (173.5),  etc. 

Duhamel  (dii-ii-mel'),  Jean  Marie  Constant. 
Born  at  St.-Malo.  France,  Feb.  5,  li>)7:  died 
at  Paris,  April  29,  1872.  A  French  mathema- 
tician, author  of  "  Cours  d'analyse"  (1840^1), 
"  Cours  de  mecauique"  (1845),  "  Des  methodes 
dans  les  sciences  du  raisonnement "  (1.S66-72). 

Duhamel  du  Monceau  (dii-ii-mer  dii  m6h-s6'), 
Henri  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  1700:  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  12,  1781.  A  noted  French  author- 
ity on  botany  and  agriculture.  He  wrote  "  De 
la  physique  des  arbres"  (1758),  etc. 

Duhr  "(dor).  [Ar.  ::uhr  al-'asad,  the  back  of  the 
lion.]  The  third-magnitude  stariiLeonis.onthe 
rump  of  the  animal.     Sometimes  called  Zosnid. 

Diihring  (dii'ring),  Eugen  Karl.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, Jan.  12,  1833.  A  German  political  econo- 
mist and  philosophical  wi-iter,  a  disciple  of 
Henry  C.  Carey.  He  has  published  "  Kritisehe 
Geschiehte  der  Nationalokonomie  und  des  So- 
zialismus"  (1871),  etc. 

Duhshasana  (doh-sha'sa-na).  [Skt.,  'hard  to 
rule.']  One  of  the  hundred  sons  of  Dhrita- 
rashtra.  When  the  Pandavas  lost  their  wife  Draupadi 
in  gambling  with  Duryodhana,  Duhshasana  dragged  her  by 
the  hair  and  otherwise  ill-used  her  :  for  this  Bhima  vow-ed 
he  would  drink  his  blood,  a  vow  performed  on  the  six- 
teenth day  of  the  great  battle. 

Duida  (dwe'da).  A  precipitous  mountain  in 
southern  Venezuela,  situated  near  the  Orinoco 
about  lat.  3°  20'  N.,  loug.  66°  15'  W.  Height, 
about  8,500  feet. 

Duilius  (dii-iri-us),  Caius.  Lived  in  the  3d 
century  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  consul  iu  260 
B.  c.  He  defeated  the  Carthaginians  near  Myla? 
in  260.  This.was  the  first  naval  success  gained 
by  Rome. 

Duisburg  (do'is-boro).  A  city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  near  the  Rhine  15  miles 
north  of  DUsseldorf :  the  Roman  Castrum.  it  is 
the  center  of  an  important  coal  trade,  and  has  manufac- 
tures.   Population  (l890),  24  779 ;  commune,  59,285. 


Duluth 

Duiveland  (doi've-lant).  An  island,  properly 
the  eastern  part  of  the  island  of  Schouwen,  in 
the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands. 

Dujardin  (dU-zhar-daii'),  Felix.  Born  at  Tours, 
France,  April  5, 1801 :  died  at  Rennes,  France, 
April  8,  1860.  A  French  naturalist,  professor 
at  Rennes  from  1839.     He  is  best  known  from 

%is  investigations  on  the  Infusoria. 

Dujardin,  Karel.  Bom  at  Amsterdam  about 
1625 :  died  at  Venice,  Nov.  20,  1678.  A  Dutch 
painter. 

Dukas.    See  Ducas. 

Duke  Humphrey's  Walk.     See  Humplireij. 

Duke  of  Exeter  s  Daughter,  The.  The  rack, 
which  the  Duke  of  E.xeter  introduced  as  an  en- 
gine of  torture  in  the  Tower  of  London  in  1447. 

Duke  of  Guise,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Dryden 
and  Lee,  published  in  1682.  it  was  an  attack  on 
Shaftesbury  and  Monmouth.  In  "  The  Vindication,"  by 
Dryden  alone,  he  did  what  he  could  to  excuse  himself. 

Duke  of  Milan,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Massin- 
ger,  produced  in  1623.  It  is  a  variation  of  the  theme 
of  Shakspere's  "Othello."  The  duke  is  a  passionate,  weak 
man,  without  Othello's  noble  traits. 

Duke's  Mistress,  The.  A  play  by  Shirley, 
jirodueed  in  1636. 

Duke's  Motto,  The.  An  adaptation  of  Paul 
Feval's  play  "  Le  bossu,"  by  John  Brougham, 
produced  in  1863.  Feehter  played  the  duke ; 
Brougham,  Carrickfergus. 

Duke's  Theatre.  A  London  theater  which  was 
built  in  1660.  it  was  destroyed  in  1666  in  the  great 
fire,  and  rebuilt  in  1671  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  It  stood 
until  1720,  and  was  on  the  site  of  the  Salisbury  Court 
Theatre. 

Dukinfield,  or  Duckinfleld  (duk'iu-feld).  A 
town  in  Cheshire,  England,  on  the  Tame  7  miles 
east  of  Manchester.  It  has  important  cotton 
manufactures.     Popidation  (1891),  17,408. 

Dulaure  (du-lor').  Jacques  Antoine.  Born  at 
Clermont-Ferrand,  France,  Sept.  3,  1755:  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1835.  A  French  archteolo- 
gist  and  historical  writer,  a  member  of  the 
National  Convention.  He  publishsd  "Histoire 
civile,  physique  et  morale  de  Paris"  (1821-22), 
etc. 

Dulcamara  (dol-ka-ma'rii).  Doctor.  A  char- 
latan in  Donizetti's  opera  "L'Elisir  d'Amore" 
("The  Efair  of  Love  "). 

Dulce  (dol'sa  or  dol'tha).  1.  A  river  iu  the 
Argentine  Republic  which  rises  in  the  province 
of  Tucuman,  becomes  salty,  and  is  finally  lost 
in  the  salt-marshes  of  Lake  Porongos,  lat.  29° 
30'  S.,  long.  63°  W.  In  its  lower  course  it  is 
called  the  Saladillo.— 2.  A  gulf  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  Costa  Rica,  Centi'al  America. —  3.  A 
lake  in  Guatemala,  in  lat.  15°  25'  N.,  long.  89° 
15'  W.,  which  communicates  with  the  Bay  of 
Hoiuluras  by  the  short  river  DiUce.  Length, 
about  30  miles.  Also  called  Golfu  Dulce  and 
Lale  I^dbal  or  y.:abal. 

Dulce  y  Garay  (dol'tha  e  ga-ri'),  Domingo, 
Marquis  of  Castell-Florit.  Born  at  Sotes,  Lo- 
groiio,  May  7,  1808  :  died  at  Am^lie-les-Bains, 
France,  Dec,  1869.  A  Spanish  general  and 
administrator.  He  took  part  in  the  Carlist  war,  and 
aided  the  revolution  of  1854.  being  then  captain-general 
of  Catalonia.  From  Dec,  1862,  to  May,  1866,  he  was  cap- 
tain-general of  Cuba,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
activity  in  suppressing  the  slave-trade.  He  was  again 
captain-general  of  Cuba  in  June,  186:>,  but  the  success  of 
the  insurrection  and  his  ill  health  forced  him  to  resign. 

Dulcigno  (dol-eheu'yo).  [Turk.  Olc/uii,  Alba- 
nian Clkjiu.']  A  seaport  in  Montenegro,  situ- 
ated on  the  Adriatic  Sea  in  lat.  41°  56'  N., 
long.  19°  12'  E. :  the  ancient  Oleinium.  Here  the 
Venetians  were  defeated  by  the  Turks  Aug.  4, 1718  ;  the 
place  was  stormed  by  the  Montenegrins  in  1878,  and  ceded 
by  Turkey  to  Montenegro  in  1880.  Population,  estimated, 
.5,000. 

Dulcinea  del  Toboso  (dul-sin'e-ii  del  to-bo'- 
z6;  Sp.  pron.  dol-the-na'a  del  to-bo'so). '  The 
lady  beloved  by  Don  Quixote  in  Cervantes's 
romance.  Her  real  name  was  Aldonza,  but  Don  Quix- 
ote was  of  opinion  that  Dulcinea  was  more  uncommon 
and  romantic  (from  dideey  sweet);  and,  as  she  was  bom 
at  Toboso,  he  made  her  a  great  lady  on  the  spot  with  the 
"  del." 

Du  Lhut  (dii  lot).  Daniel  Greysolon.  Born  in 
France  about  1645  (f ) :  died  near  Lake  Superior, 
1709.  A  noted  pioneer.  He  came  to  Canada  about 
1670,  and  became  a  trader  and  a  leader  of  bushrangers. 
He  established  the  sites  of  Detroit  and  Fort  William,  helped 
in  the  Canadian  war  against  the  Senecas  lt>S7,  and  against 
the  Iroquois  1689,  and  commanded  Fort  Frontenac  1695. 
Duluth  is  named  after  him. 

Duluth  (dii-loth').  A  city  and  lake  port  in  St. 
Louis  County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  Lake  Su- 
perior in  lat.  46°  48'  N.,  long.  92°  6'  W. :  the 
lake  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  wheat,  and  consid- 
erable ship-building.   Popidation  (1900),52,969. 


Dulvicb 

Dulwich  (dul'ich).  A  suburb  of  I.ondon  situ- 
ated m  Surrey  o  miles  south  of  St.  1  "i"!*-  It 
13  the  seat  uf  Dulwich  College,  fouii.leil  by  Edward  Alleyn 
and  opened  in  1619.  The  coUege  contains  a  noted  picture- 
galleiy.     See  Alkiin. 

Dumain  (du-mau').  A  French  lord  in  atten- 
daiiee  on  the  King  of  Navarre,  in  Shakspere  s 
'•Love's  Labour's  Lost."  , 

Dumanoir  (dU-man-wiir'),  Philippe  Franpois 

Pinel  Born  in  Ciuadeloupi-,  \\  ist  Iiidn's,  .1  uly 
31  1806:  died  at  Pau,  France,  Nov.  16  I.SO.).  A 
French  playm-ight,  noted  particularly  as  a 
writer  of  vaudevilles. 

Dumarsais  (du-miir-sa'),  C6sar  Chesnau. 
Born  at  Marseilles,  France,  .luly  L,  n„i,:  died 
at  Paris,  -June  11,  17.56.  A  French  graimuarian 
and  writer  on  philosophy,  author  of  ■'  Iraito 
des  tropes,"  etc.  ,       . ,  j 

Dumas  (do-ma';  F.  pron.  dii-ma  ).  Alexandre 
Davy  de  la  Pailleterie,  known  as  Alexandre 

Dumas  pfere.  Bnm  at  ViUcrs-L'otterets  A.sne, 
France.  JulvJ4.1sO-i:. lied  at  Puys,  near  Dieppe, 
Dec.  5,  1870.  A  noted  French  dramatic  author 
and  novelist.  His  father,  General  Alexandre  delaPaillo- 
terie  Dumas,  was  the  natural  son  of  tlie  llaniuis  Alexandre 
tovy  de  la  Pailleterie,  a  rich  colonist  of  Santo  DominRO, 
imd  of  a  negress  wh..se  name  was  Dumas  He  came  to  Pans 
in  lS-23,  and  obtaine  I  a  clerkship  thronnh  the  assistan.-eof 
Oeneral  Foy.   Oneof  his  first  essays  w:is  an  "  I'.h-_'ie  Mir  la 

"on,  it  was  often  attaclled  to  books  with  wliuh  he  himself 


t  on,  it  was  ouen  aiiacuen  lu  .,w»o ■■  ■■ -.  •■---; 

had  had  either  very  little  or  nothmg  to  do^     ll..th  mdepen 
dently  and  in  collaboration  with  o"'<^'^,..D"V'^.Ti;'i    /p" 
the  stage  many  plays  which  are  collected  in  the  '  1  h^atre 
<6volnme"  18a4"36;  lovolu.nes,  18l>i-74)    He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  revolution  of  1830.     After  the  insmTCclion  of 
June  183-2,  he  traveled,  and  published  a  number  of  book, 
as    he  result  of  his  journeys.     He  puhl>,b>;d  tliree  col- 
lections of  stories:  "  Xouvelles  conleiniioraines     (182(,), 
"Sonvenirs  d' Antony"  (18:»),   and  "la  salle  d'armcs 
niiSI     His  novels  were  composed  either  independently 
or  in  collaboration  with  others,  and  include  "I.c  capi- 
?aine  Panl  "  (18:«,  '  Act6-  (1839),  '■.Aventures  de  .Tohn 
Davy"  (1840),    'Le  capitaine  Pamplnle     (1840),      Maitre 
Adam    le    cluabrais "    (1840)    "  Othon      .-irc,ei-_,       840) 
••  Praxi^de  "    (1811),        Aventures     de     Lyderic       (18'2), 
'•GeoJ^es"  (18*3), '^Ascanio  "  (18.3)  •7;eehevali,erdto^ 
mental"  (18»:i).  "Fernande"  (1814),   "Amaury      (1844) 
"fSiel    Lah'berf  (1814),   -  Le    chateau    d'Epps  em 
/laijl  "  Wcile  "  (1844)   "  Les  trois  inou>c|netaires    (1B14  . 
<«'fth'its  sSuels,*'\"/;gt  ans  apr6s"  (1845)  and  "llix^ans 
plus  tard  ou  le  vicomte  dc  Bragelonne    (IS'b-jO))      1-c 
?o  ite  de  Montc-Cristo"  (1814-1.'.).   'L^s  freres  c.irses^ 
a845),  "Une  fille  du  idgent"  (1845),  "La  reiue  Mar.-ot 
JlSl.5)   "  I.a  guerre  des  femn'es"  (184.''>-10),      U-  ,b.  vali.'i 
lie   Maison- Rouge"  (^1840),- "La  dame  .'"^,^f;:;'  ""•;."'  . 
/184ii)  and   its  sequel  "Lea  ciuarante-cinq    ,('^!^''  „ ';^ 
iJuard  .le  Maulfen  ■•(184CV'  >I«^m"."-'^,f  ,"y  "'r^J,^-^;'!'/?*,'^ 
1848-  with  its  sequels  "Ange  Pitou     (18 .3)  and      i.a 
comtesse  de  Chariy "  (1853-55)),  •'.  I-e»  ""l  «  e    .in  fa  - 
i.imes  '  (1819)  "La  femine  au  collier  de  velours    (1«.;1), 
"Oympe  de  CRves  -  (1852),  "  I'n  (iil  Bias  en  I'.ili'""'!''; 
(18.-'),    ■■Is.iao    La<iucdem"  (18.52),    "Le   pasteur  d  Ash- 
bour    "  (185;)),  "  El  salt^ador  >>  (1853).  "  ( •o..s.;.e.,c.-  1   nln  ■ 
cet'viki), ''Catherine  Bl.im"(1851),"  I.iK.'i...e     (^4), 
"  u's  Mohiclins  de  Paris"  (18.54-.',8)  an.l  its  s,;,|UeI' Sal  va- 
lor "  (18.5.5-.'i9),  "  Lcs  compagnonb  dc  .lehu     (18..).      i-ts 
o..ves  de  Machecoul"  (lS.5iO.  ".^'■"'•"H'l '>^,V'""'''' ^^i,, 
nsiKt)  "La  San  Felice"  (18'JI-65),  and  "L.s  I!la.,.-s  .t  los 
1  b-ii''"  (18(17-.is).     ne  p.iblishe.l  also  a  number  -I  wo.^ks 
emb..dyine  pergonal  ren.inis.ences  of  himself  au.l  of  hU 
tri.-iids  and  various  historical  studies. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  known  as  Alexandre  Du- 
mas fiis.  B.irn  at  Paris,  July 'J/, 18:^4:  .h.MlNos. 
'>7  189.').  A  French  dramatic  author  and  novelist, 
Hon  of  Al.'xandre  Dumas.  His  llrat  p.icms.  published 
h,'LiVhr.ni.|ie"(lW2),appe>ired later as'l'iches lie  e.l- 

•hi^f:;^!^^'.^"i;:-.SSSE 

(1848),  "La  dame  aux  Camillas  (  s  8\  '-^  '"  ,^JV,"' a,q^ 
van  "  (1849),  ■'  Antonine  "  (1819).  "  Tristan  le  R.mix  (8  9), 
"llenVi  .le'XavaiTe  "  (18.50).  ■'Tr..is  luiinnics  forts      18«a 

"Les  deux  Frondes  "(1851),  "Diane  de  '■>»„'''*.'"•"  Tn 
rtgent  Mustel"  (185'2),  "Contea  et  noiivelles    n8.;;<).     '  " 

cas  .le  n.pt.ire-  (18.-4),  "La  /l'"""-'  !>»«  .f'n-.'VJgu.ret]' 
••  L' Atfaire  Cli^mencean,  mi^moiro  de  1  accuaC-  (1801. .  etc 
His  writings  for  the  atage  have  been  gather...!  tog..  hiM  In 
a,  ciitiou  of  six  volninea  (l.sfl8-79),  and  re-dite.  18s2- 
1.S88  Th.viiiclil.l.."La.laineauxcain<.liaa  1852),  liiauo 
do  Lva"  (lS.-.:a  "!-.-'  .leml..n.>nde"  (18.5.5),  '  ,a  unesll.... 
d"argent"  (18.57),  "  Le  Ills  naturcl"  (1858).  "  fn  pero  pr..- 
rtiglH?"  (18-9).  ••L'A.nl  des  femmes"  (18IM),  "  l.«»  'l^'-^' 
dc  "  in..  A.ibray"  (18117).  "I'no  vlaite  .le  nocea  (1871), 
?  la  nrlnc.-ss,.  li....rges"  (1871).  "La  fennne  de  C  au.U." 
(Ism-  ■"  »i^''"-  Alphonse"  ;1873),  "  L-Atrangen;"  187.1  , 
"La  princesae  de  llagda.l"  1881),  "I".'"!";-  O^.;  ■ 
'•  Franclll..n  "  (IsSi).  I'umas  /.^  has  »»!'  "'■'!•"  '  '^,';  ' 
lahorate.I  in  "  Ix!  mar.|uia  .le  \  iUcm.r  (l»(M),  ,  ■'  "  ' 
nlice  dune  femme"  (18(1.5),  "  Hi^'loiae  Paran.piet  (18B.1I, 
P  e  t 111"  ,10  P..uiplK"ac"  a8.!91,  "  La  J..un..a-e  .lo  I/mls 
\iv'    18741,  '■  Lea  Uaulchelf  "  (1870),  "La  cmtease  1  ... 

.,.ani-"(187..)  ""'l  '  •'»««1''',  «"'"';''''' 'i^'b,*'-.,,,r""Tl87lT 
published    "Lcttre    anr     ea    cln.s.  a    ''")"'.^,   ,.<«'''■ 

•'  L  Ilomnn-Femine-  (1S72),  ".  »",'7^",''"  ■'  >'     '  ,  .f  J  1  j 
and  'Hecherche.lela  oaten.  1.-    <'•*«')■'•■' 
amemheroftliclnuicli  A..a.leiny.Iao  ."'IS''  . 

Dumas,  Alexandre  Davy  de  la  Pailleterie. 

H,.rn  at  .I.-ivinie.  Santo  D.iniiiit;.).  March  -•>, 
176"-  .lied  at  Villcrs-Colt.rets,  I'rance  I'ob. 
26  1806.  A  French  Kcneral,  s..ii  of  M»r<niis 
Alexandre  Daw  do  la  Paill.'1.-ii<- an.l  a  ne'.'ress 
He  wa8  distlngulslied  in  the  wars  of  the  Revolution  and  of 


343 

the  Directory,  and  was  called  by  Napoleon  "'he  Uora. 
tins  Codes  of  the  Tyrol."  He  commanded  the  tYench 
cavalry  in  the  Egyptian  expedition.  i.M„;„ 

Dumas,  Jean  Baptiste  Andr6.    Born  at  Alais, 

("ir.l.  Fran....,  Julv  14.  1.800:  died  at  Cannes 
France,  Ajiril  11, 1884.  A  distiuRUished  i  rench 
chemist  and  physiologist,  professor  ot  orgiinic 
chemistrv  in  the  ficole  de  M^deciuc,  Pans 
(1834)  He  published  "Traits-  de  chimic  ap- 
pli.lii.'.  aux  arts"  (1828-45),  and  various  other 

Dvima's,  Comte  Matthieu.     Born  at  Montpel- 
Ii..r,  Fi'ance,  Dec.  S.i.  17.53:  died  at  Pans,  (Jet. 
16     1837.     A   French    general   and   historian. 
H.'.  wrote  "  Precis  des  6v4nements  militaires 
(1816-i;6),  etc.  ■    T>   1 

Du  Maurier  (.m  mo-ryi').  George  Louis  Pal- 

mella  Busson.  Born  at  Paris,  Mar.-li  1..  1^.W : 
,li..datLoii.lon.Oct.8,  1896.  An  Luglish  artist. 
He  wa.s  eii.icate.l  in  Paris,  and  ea.ne  t..  England  at  the  age 
of  17  stn  lying  later  at  Paris  with  Gleyre.  He  was  n..ted 
?or  his  illustrations  in  "Punch"  and  ■'th'r  I«.^'»;'fi;'f- 
He  wrote  an.l  illustrated  "Peter  Iblietseii  (ISS-i), 
••Trill.v  ■  (18941,  and  "The  Martian"  (1897). 

Dumbarton  (.lum-bar'ton).  1.  A  county  of 
S..otland,  bounded  by  Perthshire  on  the  north, 
Stirling  and  Lanark  on  the  east,  the  Clyde  on  the 
south,  and  Argyll  and  Loch  Long  on  tlie  wc.s  . 
Area,  •J41  square  miles.  Population  (Ij;"!). 
98  014—2  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Dum- 
barton, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Leven 
ami  Clvde,  13  miles  northwest  of  t41asg.)W.  Its 
most  important  industi-y  is  the  building  of  i™"  f^'=!;l}>^ff,- 
It  contains  a  celebrated  castle.     Population  (1891),  l.,620. 

Dumbarton  Castle.  A  celebrated  fortress  over- 
haii"ing  the  river  Clyde  in  Scotland.  It  has 
b.en  called  the  Gibraltar  of  Scotland. 
Dumbiedikes  (dum-bi-diks')  An  awkward 
Scottish  laird  in  Scott's  novel  '"The  Heart  of 
Mi.l-TiOlhian."  He  wants  to  marry  Jeanie  Deans, 
but  on  bi.iiig  refused  promptly  marries  another. 
Dumb  Ox,  The.     A  nickname  of  Thomas  Atpii- 

uas  ill  early  life.  ,      -..t  * 

Dumdum  (.luni'dum).   Atown  and  military  sta- 
t  i,  .11 4^  MiiU.s  norlhcast  ofCalcutta,  British  India. 

DumeriKdii-mii-rC'l').  Andre  Marie  Constant. 

P,.ii-n  at  Amiens,  France,  .lau.  1,  1.  .4:  die.l  at 
P'lris  Aug.  2,  1«60.  A  French  physician  and 
zool.'igist.  He  published  "Erp^tologie  g6ni5- 
val.."(183.-)-r.l).  etc.  .,,,-„  t 

Dumeril,  Auguste  Henn  Andr6.    Born  at 

i'aris,  Nov.  30,  )811i;  .lied  at  Pans,  Nov  l.>, 
1870  A  French  natui-alist,  son  of  Andre  Mane 
Constant  Duiucril.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  natu- 
r.-lle  des  poissons"  (1865-70),  etc. 
Dumfries  (dum-fres').  The  capital  of  punifrics- 
sliire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Nith  ui  hit.  o.) 
5'  N  long  3°  36'  W.  it  was  the  place  of  Burna's 
.leath''  It  has  manufacturea  of  tweeds,  hosiciy,  etc. ,  and  a 
1  n'..e  trad.^  in  live  sto. :k.  It  was  famous  m  early  border 
warfare.     Population  (ISi. I ),  17,821.  .  -   ,  ,■   s 

Dumfries,  .>r  Dumfriesshire  (dum-fres  shir). 

A  county  of  southern  Scotland,  lying  between 
Lanark,  Peebles,  and  Selkirk  on  the  north, 
Ro.\bur"h  on  the  northeast,  Ciimberhin.l  on  the 
southeast,  S.dwav  Firth  an.l  Kirkcudbright  on 
the  south,  and  Ayr  aud  Kirkciulbnght  on  the 
west.  It  contains  the  valleys  of  Eskdale  in  the  east, 
Annandale  iu  the  center,  an.l  Nithadalc  in  the  wes  .  Its 
leadi.ig  occupation  is  tlie  rearing  of  live  stock.  Ar«^  l,."..i 
8.|Uarc  u.ib.s.     I'opulati.m  (1891),  74,24.5. 

Dtimichen  (dU'me-chen),  Johannes.  Born  at 
Weissliolz,  Silesia.  Oct.  15, 1833:  died  at  Stras- 
biiiL'  Feb.  7,  1894.  A  German  Egyptologist. 
He  was  ajiiiolnled  pr.ifcssor  of  Egyptology  at  .Htnisburg 
in  1872.  and  published  ••  liaunrkunde  dcr  Uinpelai.lagen 
von  Demlera"  (18.;5),  "(leographische  I'l^^  '"''.™ .,''  ;'■ 
gyptiacher  llenkmaler"  (18..li),  •'  AlU.gyptlsche  Kalen.l.  i- 
hiachrlften"  (18B«),  "  Uistorisc he  J'">'--'"''"i''  •■'"'»  ,j 
tiachcr  llenkmaler  '  (1807-118),"  Kesnltae  ciner  »  ■' I''-'' 
Sr  Millcstat  ilcs  Konigs  Wllhelm  von  I'reuasen  IWIS  nach 
Agyplen  g.H,  M.l.ten  archaol..gi8ch-phot..giaphi»chen  H- 
pc.lili.in"  (I--71),  etc.  .    .        t,  .  n  ,„ 

Dummer  (.lum'm.-r),  Jeremiah.    Born  at  B.>s- 

ton    Mass„ab.iiil  HiSO:  di.'.l  at    Plaislow,  hiig- 
lan<"l,  Miiv  1!>,  1739.     An  American  scholar.    He 
was  aientfor  Maaaachuaetta  In  England  1710_-|1  and  wrote 
"  Defence  o(  the  N.-W  Enghind  Ch..rtera    (1.28X 
Dumnorix   (.lum'n.Vriks).     Kille.l  in  Gaul.  54 

uumnorix  ^^^^^^^^^  ^^  \Y,y,xu,. 


Dumont  (.lii-m.-.iV).  Jean.    Tii.'.l  at  yio.ina, 

]7'6  \  French  piibli.isl  and  liistoncaUvriler, 
historiognipli.'r  to  the  Knip.-ror.  He  publlahed 
"Nonvea.l  v.'.yage  au  Levant"  (1091  .  "Memolrea  p..ll- 
ll.nies  I...ur  s..|vlr  i.  la  parfaile  (nlelligeme  de  Ihlatolle 
,lelapaixdeUyswi.k-(lin'l'),elc. 

Dumont.  Pierre  ttienne  Louis.    Born  at 

Geneva,  July  18,  17.59 :  died  at  Milan,  Sept.  30. 
]8'i9.  A  Swiss  scholar,  literary  ;!oad.|iitor  ol 
Mrni'bean.  He  waa  a  disciple  of  H..nlhamwli..ac  aya- 
tern  he  eXp...in.U..l  in  '  Tialtc  de  la  ';;«  "'"l''?  ('.^^ 
"Tht.irledcspeineaetdesrt^coiupeliaea    (1911),    lacll.iuo 


Duncansby  Head 

des  assemblies  legislatives"  (1815),  "  Preuves  JudlciaireB- 
ds-':!)    'De  r..rgani5:ition  judiciaire,    etc.  (IKM) 

Dumont  d'Urville  (.lur-vel'  >,  Jules  Sebastien 

C6sar  Born  at  Con. le-sur-Noireau,  Calvados. 
France,  Mav  Si.  1790:  killed  near  Pans,  May 
8  1842  A  trench  navigator  and  rear-a.lmiral. 
He  took  part  1819-.20  in  an  exjiedition  to  the  <Jicciaii 
archinelag.)  an.l  the  Black  Sea,  and  circumnavigated  the 
globe  as  cominan.ler  .if  two  expediti.ms  ('Astrolabe, 
182.;-2:i.  and  "Zclee, "  1837-4.1).     He  wi-ole  narratives  of 

Dumoimez  (dU-mo-rya').  Charles  Frangfjis. 

Born  at  Cambrai,  France,  .Ian.  115.  1739  :  died  at 
Turville  Park,  near  Henley-on-Thames,  Eng- 
land, March  14,  18'J3.  A  celebrated  French  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War ;  obtained  the 
rank  of  captain  iu  1703  ;  served  as  <|uarterma8ter-generBl 
i.i  the  expediti..n  against  Corsica  iu  17I1S :  was  sent  by 
Choiseul  to  Poland  on  a  secret  mission  in  li.o;  and  was 
pr...noted  major  general  in  1788.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
i-rench  Kevolnti.)!.  he  proi....ii.cc.l  in  favor  of  political  r&- 
form  wilhout  ab.andonii.g  bis  b.yally  to  the  c..urt,  and  in 
179-'  hel.l  for  a  short  peri...l  ea.li  the  ministries  of  foreign 
atfalra  and  of  war.  He  was  subse.|.iently  apiHunted  to  the 
command .jf  the  northaslieutemint-general  under  Slaxshal 
Liukner,  and  in  conjunction  wilh  Kellermann  i.itlicted  a 
decisive  defeat  on  the  troops  of  the  c.alltioo  at  \almy 
Sent  -20,  1792.  lie  conducted  au  expedition  against  the 
Austrian  Netlicrlan.ls  17;i'2  9:1,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
gaine.1  a  victorv  over  the  Anstrians  at  Jeinmapes  -Nov  6, 
17.r'  but  was  signallv  defeated  at  Neerwindeii  March  18. 
1793  Estrang.d  from  the  republican  party  by  the  exe- 
cution ..f  the  king,  he  was  recalle.i  by  the  Convention 
when  he  lied  lo  the  Austrian  camp,  and  passed  the  rest  ol 
his  life  in  exile.  .  ..,,. 

Diina  (dii'nii),  or  Southern  Dwina  (.ive-na  ). 
called  by  the  Knssians  the  Western  Dwina, 
rKuss.  Vrimi.  Lettish  DaiKjaiia.]  1.  A  river 
of  Kussia  which  rises  in  the  government  of 
Tver,  and  Hows  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga  o  miles 
north  of  Kiga.  Length,  500-600  miles:  navi- 
gable only  for  small  vessels.— 2.  See  luniia. 

Diina.     See  Dwina. 

Duna  (.lo'no).    The  Hungarian  name  of  the 

Diinab'urg  (du'iia-boro).  A  city  aud  fortress 
in  the  g.>v..nimeiit  of  Vitebsk,  Kussia.  situated 
on  the  Diina  in  lat.  55°  54'  N..loi.g.  'If  '29'  E. 
It  was  f.>unde.l  by  Liv..nian  knights  in  the  13th  century, 
an.l  ii...  .11.01  aled  in  Kussia  in  1772.   It  is  strongly  fortified. 

Duna-Fsidvir  '(da'no-feld'var).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Tolna.  Huiigarv,  on  the  Danube 
48  miles  south  of  Budapest.    Population  (1890), 

TJ.3(54.  .    T,    ,,•      . 

Dunbar  (dun-biir').  A  seaport  m  Haddington- 
shire, Scotland,  near  the  mouth  of  the  I'lrth  of 
Forth  '27  miles  east  of  Edinburgh,  it  has  a  mined 
castle,  celebrated  in  Scottish  hist..ry.  11  was  ';csicg..d  by 
the  English  in  13.37.  Queen  .Mary  was  abducted  thither 
by  ll..tbwell  iu  15ti7.     P..pulation  (1891),  3,54.5. 

Diinbar,  Agnes,  Countess  of.  Horn  1312  (T): 
die.l  in  1369.  A  Scottish  her.une,  known  as 
"Black  Agnes"  from  her  dark  skin,  she  is  noted 
for  her  successful  defense  of  Dunbar  laatlc  in  1337-38. 

Dunbar,  Battle  of.  A  battle,  April  '27.  1296, 
in  which  tlie  Scols  un.ler  .lolin  Baliol  were  de- 
feated bv  the  Engli.sh  un.ler  WaiTcnne,  earl  of 
SuiTcv,  with  the  result  that  Baliol  resigned  the 
crowii  of  Sc.itland,  and  that  the  government 
was  placed  in  the  han.ls  of  an  English  regent. 
This  liame  is  also  given  t..  the  battle  belween  the  Parlia- 
mentaiy  army  under  troin«ell  and  llie  S.-..tlisll  R.|>n",«f 
un.ler  Ixslle,  which  waa  fought  near  Dunbar  .Sept.  3,  ll>.'.0. 
an.l  in  which  the  Scots  were  t..t.Uly  .lefeated. 

Dunbar,  William.  Born,  probably  in  >-"st  1-0- 
thian,  Sc.thiii.i,  about  1460;  died  about  lo2.). 
A  Scottish  p.iel.  Hisworkalnclnde  "The  Thiatleand 
the  Hose  •(1.50:i\  "The  lioldeuTaige.'"  Dance  of  till  Seven 
DcM.ny  Sins,"  ".Merle  and  Mghtingale," 

Dunbarton.     See  Dumbarton. 

Dunblane  (.lun-blan').  A  town  in  Perthshire, 
S....tlaii.l,  siliialeil  on  the  .Mian  5  miles  north 
of  Stilling.     It  has  a  n.iti'il  cathe.lral. 

Duncan  (.limg'kan)  I.  King  of  Scotland, 
lie  B.icc.c.b.1  lo  the  ilirone  ab..nl  1034.  and  waa  aaaaMl- 
nal..l  by  Macbeth,  near  Elgin,  in  1040  or  1039.  He  «p 
i.ears  iu  Sbaksj.erc's"  Macbeth." 

Duncan,  Adam,  lirst  \  iM.onnt  Ciimperd.nvii. 
Uoni  at  Duii.l.e,  Set  hind,  .Inly  1.  l-.H:  died 
in  ScothiiKl.  Aug.  4,  1.804.  A  British  admiral. 
He  gaiii.'.l  the  victorv  of  Camperd.iwn  over  the 
Diii.'li  11. -.'t.  <).'i.  11.  '■'■'"•  ., 

Duncan,  John.  P..-rn  at  'i'l/'""'",'"";'"'",    vT 

deeii  S....llan.l,  1796:  .li..!  at  Edinburgh.  I'eb. 
26,1870.  A  Scottish  Hebraist  and  clergj-man 
ot'lhe  l'r..sbvt..riaii  Church. 

Duncan,  Thbmas.  B..rn  "' ^""' l^T"-,^,:;^: '' 
shir...  S....lh.ii.!.  May  24.  IMl.  ;  .lied  at  I'.din- 
burgh,   Mav   '25.   lS-15.      A    S.'.ittish    hislon.al 


nnd  in.rlrail  piiinl..r.     Among  his  beal-known  «..rk. 

are  .''hailca  E.^ward  A P."  ".  ImrU-a  l.dwar.1  and  the 

Higbla.i.l.rs  entering  l.linburgh.  ,.    ,      ,,        m,„, 

Duncansby  Head  (.lung'kanz-bi  lie.I)  The 
northeast  em  extremity  of  Scotland,  near  John 
o'  Groat's  House. 


Dunciad,  The 

Dunciad  (dim'si-ad ),  The.  A  satirical  poem  by 
Alexander  Pope  (1728-41), directed  against  vari- 
ous contemporary  writers.  The  goddess  of  dullness 
elects  Theobald  poet  laureate  of  that  realm.  Owing  to  a 
quarrel  between  Cibber  and  Pope,  the  latter  substituted 
Cibber  for  Theobald  in  the  fourth  pait,  published  in  1741. 
The  bestowal  of  the  laiu'eateship  on  Cibber  may  have 
added  to  Pope's  venom. 

Duncker  (dong'ker),  Karl.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
March  2.3.  1781:  died  at  BerUn,  July  15,  1869. 
A  German  publisher  in  BerUn. 

Duncker,  Max  Wolfgang.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  1.5,  1811 :  died  at  Ansbach,  July  21,  18SG. 
A  German  historian,  son  of  Karl  Duncker.  He 
was  professor  at  Halle  1&12-57,  and  at  Tiibingen  lSo7-v"'9. 
In  the  latter  year  he  entered  the  service  of  the  govern- 
ment. His  works  include  "  Origines  Germanicje  "  (1S40), 
"Geschichte  des  Altertums"  (1852-57:  5th  ed,  1878-83), 
etc. 

Dundalk  (dun-dak').  A  seaport  in  County 
Louth,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  river  Castle- 
town, near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  6° 
24'  W.     Population  (1891),  12,449. 

Sir  John  de  Bermingham,  the  victor  of  Athenrj',  push- 
ing northward  at  the  head  of  l.i.OOii  chosen  troops,  met 
the  younger  Bruce  at  DuTxlalk.  The  combat  was  hot, 
short,  and  decisive.  The  Scots  were  defeated,  Edwai-d 
Bruce  himself  killed,  and  his  head  struck  off  and  sent  to 
London.  Lawless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  110. 

Dundas  (dun-das').  A  town  in- Wentworth 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Burling- 
ton Bay  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  On- 
tario. "Population  11901)3,173." 

Dundas,  Henry,  first  Viscount  Melville.  Bom 
at  Edinburgh,  April  28,  1742:  died  May  28, 
1811.  A  British  statesman.  He  was  lord  advocate 
of  Scotland  1775-^.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  and  trusted 
lieutenant  of  Pitt,  during  whose  first  administration  he 
was  home  secretary  (1791-94)  and  secretary  of  war  (1794- 
1801).  In  1802  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Viscount 
Melville  by  Addington :  and  in  1^04,  on  the  accession  of 
Pitt's  second  ministry,  was  appointed  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty. He  was  impeached  in  1S06  on  the  charge  of  ap- 
propriating public  money,  but  was  acquitted  by  the  House 
of  Lords.  During  the  impeachment  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion in  the  cabinet. 

Dundas  Islands  (dun-das'  i'landz).  A  group 
'  of  islets  off  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about 
lat.  1°  S. 

Dundas  Strait  (dun-das'  strat).  A  strait 
which  separates  Melville  Island  from  Coburg 
Peninsula  in  northern  Australia. 

Dundee  (dun-de').  A  seaport  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Firth  of  Tay  in  lat.  56°  27'  N., 
long.  2°  58'  W. :  the  third"  city  in  Scotland. 
It  kas  important  commerce  and  extensive  docks,  and  is 
the  center  of  the  British  linen  and  jute  manufacture.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a  university  college.  During  the  Reforma- 
tion it  was  called  the  "Scottish  Oenev<a. "  It  was  stormed 
by  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  in  1645,  aild  by  Monk  in  1651. 
Populationirinii.  li;o,.971. 

Dundee,  Viscount.    See  Graham. 

Dunderberg.     See  Donderherg. 

Dundonald,  Earl  of.     See  Cochrane. 

Dundreary  (dun-drer'i).  Lord.  An  indolent, 
foolish,  and  amusing  Englishman  in  Tom  Tay- 
lor's comedy  "Oiu"  American  Cousin."  To  this 
part  originally  only  47  lines  were  given ;  but  E.  A.  Sothem, 
to  whom  it  was  assigned,  introduced  various  extrava- 
gances to  suit  himself.  He  became  famous  in  it,  and  the 
whole  play  hinged  on  it. 

Dundrennan  (dun-dren'an)  Abbey.  An  an- 
cient monastery  near  Kirkcudbright  in  Scot- 
land.    It  wns  built  in  1140,  and  is  now  in  ruins. 

Dundrum  Bay  (dun'drum  ba).  A  bay  of  the 
Irish  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  the  County  Down, 
Ireland. 

Dunedin  (dun-e'din).  [See  Edinburgh.']  A 
pciitical  name  of  Edinburgh. 

Dunedin.  A  seaport  of  the  South  Island,  New 
Zealand,  on  Otago  Harbor  in  hit.  4.5°  52'  S., 
long.  170°  33'  E.:  the  chief  commercial  city  of 
New  Zealand.  It  was  founded  in  1848.  (Sold 
was  discovered  in  its  neighborhood  in  1861. 
Population  (1S96).  22.815;  with  suburbs,  47,280. 

Dunes  (dunz).  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained 
by  the  allied  French  and  English  under  Tu- 
renne  over  the  Spaniards,  on  the  sands  (dunes) 
near  Dunkirk,  June  4  (0.  S.),  1658. 

Dunfermline  (dun-ferm'lin).  A  town  in  Fife- 
sliire,  Scotland,  14  miles  northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh. It  has  a  noted  abbey  and  was  formerly  a  royal 
re--idence.  Here  Charles  II.  signed  the  Covenant  in  1650. 
Population  (Isil),  19,647. 

Dunfermline,  Baron.    See  Ahercromhy. 

Dungannon  (dun-gan'on).  A  town  in  County 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  35  miles  west-southwest  of 
Belfast.   It  was  the  ancient  seat  of  the  O'NeiUs. 

Dungar'7an  (dun-gar'van).  A  town  in  County 
Waterf ord,  Ireland,  38  miles  northeast  of  Cork. 
Population  (1891),  5,263. 

Dungeness  (dunj-nes').  A  headland  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Kent,  England,  south- 
east of  Eye. 


344 

Dungi  (dun-ge').  A  Babylonian  king  of  about 
the  27th  eentui-y  B.  C.  His  capital  was  in  Cr.  Many 
temples  are  extant  undertaken  by  him  and  his  father 
and  predecessor  L'rgur,  who  called  themselves  "Kings  of 
Ur,  Kings  of  Shumir  (shinar)  and  Akkad  (Accad)." 

DungUson  (dung 'gli- son),  Robley,  Born  at 
Keswick,  England,  Jan.  4,  1798:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, AprU  1, 1869.  An  American  physician 
and  medical  writer,  author  of  "Dictionary  of 
Medical  Science  ami  Literature"  (1833). 

Dunkeld  (dun-keld').  A  town  iu  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tay  13  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Perth.  It  was  a  se.at  of  the  Culdees 
8th-12th  century.  The  cathedral,  built  in  the  14th  and 
15th  centuries,  is  roofless  except  the  choir,  which  has 
lately  been  restored  and  serves  as  the  pariah  church. 
There  is  a  square  western  tower,  with  turrets. 

Dunkirk  (dun'kerk).  [F.Diinkerque,  G.Dunhir- 
chen,  church  on  the  dunes.]  A  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the 
Strait  of  Dover  in  lat.  51°  2'  X.,  long.  2°  22' 
E.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade.  It  was  founded  near  the  Church  of  St.  Eioi,  by 
Baldwin,  count  of  Flanders,  in  9G0 ;  was  burned  by  the 
English  in  1388 ;  belonged  successively  to  Flanders,  Bur- 
gundy, and  Spain ;  was  captured  from  the  Spaniards  by 
the  English  in  1540 :  was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1558 
and  restored  to  Spain  :  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Cond^ 
in  1646 :  and  was  retaken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1052.  In 
consequence  of  the  battle  of  Dunkirk  or  the  Dunes,  it  was 
ceded  to  England  in  165S.  It  was  sold  by  Charles  11.  to 
France  in  1602,  and  Wtis  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Duke  of  York  in  1793.     Population  (1891),  39,498. 

Dunkirk.  A  city  and  lake  port  in  Chautauqua 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake  Erie  35 
miles  southwest  of  Buffalo.  It  is  the  tei-minus 
of  a  division  of  the  Erie  Railway.  Population 
(1900),  11,016. 

Dunlap   (duu'lap).  "William.     Bom  at  Perth 

Amboy,  N.  J.,  Feb.  19,  17G6:  lUed  Sept.  28. 
1839.  An  American  painter  and  author.  He 
published  a  "History  of  the  American  Theatre"  (1832), 
"Arts  of  Design  in  the  United  States"  (1834),  etc. 

Dun-le-Roi  (dun'le-rwa'),  or  Dun-sur-Auron 
(dun'siir-o-rori').  A  town  in  tlie  department 
of  Cher,  France,  situated  on  the  Auron  17  miles 
southeast  of  Bourges.  It  has  manufactm-es  and 
coal-mines.  Population(1891),  commune,  4,123. 

Dunloe  Cave.     See  Gap  of  llimloe. 

Dunmail  Raise  (dun-mal'  raz).  A  pass  in  the 
Lake  District  of  England,  situated  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland,  on  the 
route  between  Ambleside  and  Keswick.  Ele- 
vation, 780  feet. 

Dunmore  (dun-mor').  A  borough  in  Lacka- 
wanna Count  v,Pennsvlvania,2mileseast-north- 
east  of  Scraiitoii.     P"o)iulation  (1900).  12,583. 

DunmO'W  (duu'mou).  Great.  A  town  in  Essex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Chelmer  31  miles 
northeast  of  London :  famous  in  connection 
with  the  Dimmow  flitch  of  bacon  (which  see). 

DunmO'W  Flitch,  The.  Aflitch  of  bacon  award- 
ed to  any  married  pair  who  could  take  oath  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  of  their  married  life 
that  there  had  not  only  been  no  jar  or  quarrel, 
but  that  neither  had  ever  wished  the  knot  un- 
tied. The  custom  was  originated  in  Great  Dunmow,  Eng- 
land, by  Robert  Fitzwalter,  in  1244.  The  flitch  of  bacon 
has  been  claimed  as  late  as  1876. 

Dunning  (dun'ing),  John,  Baron  Ashburton. 
Bom  1731 :  died  1783.  An  English  lavryer  and 
politician,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster in  1782. 

Dunnottar  Castle  (dun-not'tar  kas'l).  A  ru- 
ined castle  iu  Kincardineshire,  Scotland,  situ- 
ated near  the  North  Sea  \i  miles  south  of 
Stonehaven.  It  was  captured  by  Wallace  about 
1297. 

Dunois  (dii-nwa'),  Jean.Comte  deDunois:  sm-- 
named  "The  Bastard  of  Orleans."  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23,  1402:  died  at  St.  Germain-en- 
Laye,  near  Paris,  Nov.  24, 1468.  A  natiu'al  sou 
of  Louis,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  Mariette  d'En- 
ghien,  celebrated  for  his  military  prowess  and 
his  gallantries.  He  defended  OrWans  142a-29,  con- 
quered Normandy  and  Guienne  from  the  English,  and 
joined  the  "League  of  the  Public  Good"  (1465).  He  is 
introduced  in  Scott's  "Quentin  Durward." 

Dunoon  (dun-on').  A  watering-place  in  Argyll- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde 
9  miles  west  of  Greenock.  Population  (1891), 
5,285. 

Dunrobin  Castle  (dun-rob'in  kas'l).  The  seat 
iif  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  near  Golspie,  Scot- 
land. The  building  is  modern,  but  incorporates 
remains  of  an  llth-century  stronghold. 

Duns,  or  Dunse  (dmis).  A  burgh  in  Berwick- 
shire, Scotland,  13  miles  west  of  Berwick. 
Population  (1891),  2,198. 

Dunsinane  (dun-si-nan'),  orDunsinnan  (dun- 

sin'an).  One  of  the  Sidlaw  Hills  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  9  miles  northeast  of  Perth.     Height. 


Dupetit-Thouars,  Abel  Aubert 

1,012  feet.  Here,  10.54,  Siward,  earl  of  North- 
umberland, defeated  Macbeth. 
DunsScotus(dunzsk6'tus),Joannes,sumamed 
Doctor  Subtilis.  Born  at  Dunse;  Scotland, 
about  1265 (?) :  died  at  Cologne, Nov.  8, 1308 (f ). 
A  famous  scholastic.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
scholastic  system  called  Scotisui.  which  long  contended 
for  supremacy  among  the  schoolmen  with  the  system 
called  Thomism,  founded  by  Thomas  .\quinas.  Nothing 
is  known  with  certainty  concerning  his  pei-sonal  history. 
According  to  the  commonly  accepted  tradition,  he  was 
born  at  Duns  or  Dunse,  Berwickslme.  .Scotland,  about 
1265 ;  was  a  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  became  a 
Franciscan  friar ;  was  chosen  professor  of  theology  at  Ox- 
ford in  1301 ;  removed  in  1304  to  Paris,  where,  in  a  disputa- 
tion on  the  immaculate  conception  of  the  Virgin  JIary  he 
displayed  so  much  ingenuity  and  resource  as  to  win"  the 
title  of  Doctor  Subtilis,  and  where  he  rose  to  the  position 
of  regent  of. the  university;  and  died  at  Cologne,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  8,  1308,  while  on  a  mission  in  the  interest  of 
his  order.  His  name,  Duns,  Dunse,  Dune;  came  to  be  used 
as  a  common  appellative, '  a  very  learned  man,'  and,  being 
applied  satirically  to  ignorant  and  stupid  persons,  gave 
rise  to  dunce  in  its  present  sense. 

Dunstable  (dun'sta-bl).  A  iovra  in  Bedford- 
shire, England,  33  miles  northwest  of  London. 
It  is  noted  tor  maniLfactures  of  straw-plait  hats 
and  bonnets.     Population  (1891),  4,513. 

Dunstan  (duu'stau),  Saint.  Born  near  Glaston- 
bury, England,  9'i4  or  925:  died  at  Canterbmy, 
England,  May  19,  988.  Archbishop  of  Cante"r- 
bm'y.  He  was  the  son  of  Heorstan,  a  West-Saxon  noble, 
and  was  brought  up  at  the  abbey  of  Glastonbury  and  at  the 
court  of  .£thelstan,  by  %yhom  he  was  appointed  abbot  of 
Glastonbury  not  later  than  &45.  He  became  the  chief  ad- 
viser of  Eadred  (reigned  946-955),  but  was  banished  by  Ead- 
red's  successor,  the  young  king  Eadwig,  whose  ill  will  he 
incurred  by  refusing  to  consent  to  a  miirriage  between  him 
and  .Elfgif  u:  and  by  rudely  bringing  him  back  to  the  ban- 
queting-hall  when,  at  his  coronation,  he  left  it  for  her 
society.  He  was  recalled  by  Eadwig's  successor,  Eadgar, 
by  whom  he  was  created  archbishop  of  Canterburj"  in  959 
and  restored  to  political  power.  He  ret.ained  his  iiifluence 
at  court  during  the  reign  of  Eadward,  but  appears  to  have 
lost  it  on  the  accession  of  .Ethelred  11.  in  978. 

Dunster  (dun'ster),  Henry.  Bom  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  al>out  1G12:  died  at  Scituate, 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1659.  The  first  president  of 
Harvard  College.  He  was  inaugurated  in  1640, 
and  resigned  in  1G.54. 

Dunton  (dun'ton),  John.  Born  at  Graffham, 
Huntingdonshire.  England,  May  4,  1659:  died 
1733.  -4u  English  bookseller  and  author.  He 
wrote  "  Life  and  Errors  of  John  Dunton  "  (1705),  "  Letters 
from  New  England  "  (published  1867),  etc. 

Duntzer  (diint'ser),  Johann  Heinrich  Jo- 
seph. Born  at  Cologne,  July  12.  1813 :  died 
there.  Dec.  16,  1901.  A  Gei-mau  literary  his- 
torian and  philologist,  librarian  of  the  public 
library  of  the  Catholic  College  of  Cologne  Irom 
1846.  He  published  numerous  critical  works  on  Goethe, 
"  Homer  und  der  epische  Cyclus  "  (1.S39),  et--. 

Dupain  (dii-pan'),  Edmond  Louis.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  Jan.  13,  1S47.  A  French  historical 
and  genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  Cabanel  and  Gu^. 

Dupanloup  (du-pon-lo'),  Felix  Antoine  Phi- 
libert.  Bom  at  St.-F^li.\,  near  Chamb^ry, 
France,  Jan.  3,  1802 :  died  Oct.  11,  1878.  A 
French  prelate.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Orltens  in 
1849 ;  was  elected  deputy  to  the  National  Assembly  in 
1871 :  and  became  a  life  senator  in  1875. 

Du  Parquet,  Jacques  Diel.  See  Die!  du  Par- 

quvt. 

Dupaty  (du-pii-te'),  Charles  Marguerite  Jean 
Baptiste   Mercier.    Born  at   La   Eochelle, 

France,  May  9.  1746:  died  at  Paris.  Sept.  17, 
1788.  A  French  jurist.  He  wrote  '"  Eeflexions 
historiques  surles  lois  criminelies"  (1788),  etc. 
Dupe  (dup).  Lady.  An  old  lady  in  Dryden's 
comedy  "  Sir  Martin  Mar-all." 

Duperrey  (dii-pe-ra'),  Louis  Isidor.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Oct.  21,  1786:  died  Sept.  10,  1865.  A 
French  naval  officer  and  scientist.  He  served  as 
hydrographer  in  the  Uranie,  under  De  Freycinet,  who 
made  exploi-ations  in  the  North  Pacific  1817-20 ;  and 
1822-25  commanded  a  scientific  expedition  to  Oceania  and 
South  America.  He  determined  the  positions  of  the 
magnetic  poles  and  the  figure  of  the  magnetic  equator. 
Author  of  the  volumes  on  hydrography  and  physical 
science  in  "  Voyage  autour  du  monde,  ex6cut6  par  ordre 
du  roi  sur  la  corvette  La  Coquille  pendant  les  ann^es 
1822,  1823,  1824,  et  1825  "  (1826-30X 

Duperron  (dii-pe-ron'),  Jacques  Da'Ty.    Bom 

at  St.-L6.  France,  Nov.  15, 1556:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  5. 1618.  A  French  cardinal,  instrumental 
in  converting  Henry  IV.  to  Catholicism. 
Dupes,  Day  of.  [F.  Joumec  des  Dupes.']  A 
name  given  to  Nov.  11. 1630.  when  the  enemies 
of  Richelieu  were  foiled  in  their  intrigues 
against  him  with  the  king. 

Diipetit-Thouars  (diip-te'to-iir'),  Abel  Au- 
bert. Born  at  Saumur,  France,  Aug.  3,  1793 : 
died  at  Paris,  March  17,  1864.  A  French  rear- 
admiral.  He  circumnavigated  the  globe  1837-39.  and 
extended  a  French  protectorate  over  Tahiti  and  the  Mar- 
que.sas  Islands  in  1842,  and  over  the  entire  Society  group 
in  leH3. 


Dupetit-Thouars,  Louis  Marie  Aubert 
Dupetit-Thouars,  Louis  Marie  Aubert.  Born 

at  Bournois,  near  Sauiuur,  Frauce,  Nov.  f), 
1758:  died  at  l^aris,  Jlav  11,  18;il.  A  French 
l)Otainst  afiil  traveler.  Ho  visited  Mauritius, 
iladagasear,  and  Reunion  1792-1802. 

Dupin(dii-pau'),  Andr6  Marie  Jean  Jacques: 

called  "Tho  Elder."  Born  at  Varzv,  Xievre, 
France,  Feb.  1,1783:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10, 
1865.  A  French  lawyer  and  politician.  He 
was  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  183'2-40,  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  184i>-:.l. 

Dupin,  Baron  Pierre  Charles  Francois.   Bom 

at  Varzy,  Nifevre,  France,  Oct.  tj,  1784:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  18,  1873.  A  French  political  econo- 
mist and  politician,  brother  of  A.  M.  J.  J. 
Dupin.  He  published  "Voyages  dans  la  Grande-Bre- 
t.agne  "  (1S20-24),  "Forces productives  des  nations  "  (1S51X 
cte, 

Dupleix  (du-iilaks' ) ,  Marquis  Joseph  FraiiQois. 
Born  at  Laudreeies,  Nord,  Frauce,  Jan.  1, 
1097:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1764.  A  French 
general,  governor-general  of  the  French  East 
IniUes  1742-.54. 

Duplessis  (dii-ple-se'),  Georges  Victor  An- 

tOineGratet-.  Born  at  Chartres,  March  19, 
1834 :  died  March  20,  1899.  A  French  critic 
and  historian  of  art,  custodian  of  the  depart- 
ment of  prints  in  the  National  Library.  He 
pulilished  numerous  works. 

Duplessis-Mornay.    See  Momay. 

Duplin  (dup'liu),  or  Dupplin.  A  moor  in 
Perthshii'e,  Scotland,  7  miles  southwest  of 
Perth.  Here,  1332,  Edward  BaUol  defeated  the 
Scottish  Royalists  under  the  Earl  of  Mar. 

DuponQeau  (du-pon's6;  F.  pron.  dii-p6n-so'), 
Peter  Stephen.  Bom  at  lle-de-R6,  France, 
Juno  3,  1700:  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  1, 
1844.  A  French-American  lawyer  and  philolo- 
gist. He  published  "Memoir  on  the  Indian 
Languages  of  North  America"  (1835).  etc. 

Dupont  (du-p6n'),  or  Dupont  de  I'Eure  (dii- 
poii'  d6  ler),  Jacques  Charles.  Born  at  Neu- 
bourg,  Eure,  Feb.  27,  1707:  died  on  his  estate, 
Rouge  Pierre,  Nonnandy,  March  3,  1855.  A 
French  politician.  He  became  president  of  the  im- 
perial court  at  Rouen  in  1811;  wa£aniemberof  the  Cliam- 
ber  of  Deputies  1817-48;  was  minister  of  justice  about  six 
months  in  18.*iO ;  and  was  president  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment formed  in  Feb.,  1848. 

Dupont,  Pierre.  Born  at  Lyons,  France,  April 
23,  1821 :  died  at  St.  Etienne,  France,  July  25, 
1870.  A  Frencli  lyrical  poet.  He  was  collaborator 
on  the  dictionary  of  tiie  Academy  1842-47.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Les  deux  anges  "  (1S42 :  crowned  by  the  Academy), 
"Lea  boBufs "  (1846),  "Le  chant  des  nations,"  "Le  chant 
des  ouvriers,"  etc. 

Pierre  Dupont  .  .  .  seemed  at  one  time  likely  to  be  a 
poet  of  the  first  rank,  but  unfoltunately  w.isted  his  talent 
ni  Bohemian  dawdling  and  disorder.  His  songs  were  the 
delight  of  the  young  gcnei-atiou  of  1848,  and  two  of  them, 
"  Le  Chant  des  Ouvriers  "  and  "  Les  Bceufs,"  are  still  most 
remarkable  compositions.    Saint simry,  French  Lit.,  p.  648. 

Dupont  (du-ponf),  Samuel  Francis.    Born  at 

Hi  rt,'en  Point,  N.  J.,  Sei)t.  27,  1803:  died  at 
Pliiladelphia,  June  23,  1805.  ^Vn  American  ad- 
miral, grandson  of  Dupont  de  Nemours.  He 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1815 ;  was  pr4)moted 
conunanderinl842;  commanded  the (>  am- liuiing  the  uar 

with  Mexico  :and  at  the  outbieakof  tb'-<'i\jl  N\  ;a  be*  a 

president  of  a  board  convened  at  WnMliin^'tun  fo  devise  a 
plan  of  naval  openitions  against  the  I'nrifederate  .States. 
He  commanded  the  naval  expedition  wliieh,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  a  land  army  umb-r  tleneral  'lliuMias  W.  .Sher- 
man, cajitured  Port  Royal,  .Stjuth  Carolina,  Nov.  7,  18*11; 
was  promoted  rear-admiral  iit  18tS2 :  was  repulsed  in  an 
attack  on  Frirt  .Sumter,  April  7,  lhO;{;  and  waa  relieved 
of  his  command  July  6,  l-.(i;l. 

Dupont  de  I'^tang  (dii-pon'  dehl-ton'),  Comte 
Pierre.  Boi-n  tit  Chabanais.t'hnrente,  France, 
July  14,  1705:  died  at  Paris,  Miiivli  7,  1840. 
A  French  general,  distinguished  tit  Jlarengo 
anil  other  battles,  especially  Friodland  (1807). 
He  caiiitiilated  at  Baylen  in  1808. 

Dupont  de  Nemours  (dii-[i6n'  de  no-miir'), 
Pierre  Samuel.  Horn  at  Paris, Dec  14. 1739: 
died  near  WilniinglDii,  Del.,  Aug.  0,  1817.     A 

Frencli  polilicul  < imniist  and  ]iciliticiiiii.    Ho 

assisted  Turgot  1774  "iJ;  was  a  deputy  Ut  the  Stale»-t;en- 
eral  in  1789;  and  beeaine  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Ancients  in  17!ir).  He  wrote  "  I'hyHiocnitie,  on  coiiHtitution 
naturelle  dn  golivernement  le  nlna  avantageiix  all  genre 
liumain'  (17fts),  "  I'hilosopliie  ile  lunlvcrs     (1790),  etc. 

Diippel  (iliip'pel).  A  village  in  Schleswig, 
Prussia,  opposite  Sondorburg,  28  miles  north- 
uorthetist  of  Schleswig.  Tho  allied  norinan  troops 
were  defeated  here  by  the  Danes  May  2S,  184H,  and  again  on 
June  5.  'J'lu?  redoillits  were  atnrmt^d  by  tho  .Saxons  and 
Havariaus  April  l:i,  18411,  and  by  the  Prussians  April  ISilslM. 

Diippel,  Lines  of.  A  clmin  of  Danish  lortili- 
cations  west  of  Sondeibnrg  in  tho  island  of 
Alsen.  Thpv  were  storiiH>d  by  the  Prii.ssians 
April  18,  l,H&t. 

Duprat  (dii-prii'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Issoire, 
Puy-de-Dome,  France,  Jan.  17,  1463:  died  at 


345 

Rambouillet,  France,  July  8,  1535.  A  French 
cardinal  and  imlitician.  "Ho  became  chancel- 
lor and  jiriine  minister  in  1515. 

Duprat,  Pascal  Pierre.    Bom  at  Hagetmau, 

Landes,  France,  March  24,  1815:  died  Aug. 
17,  1885.  A  French  politician  and  journalist. 
Ue  took  part  iu  the  Febrnarj-  revolution  in  1848  ;  founded, 
with  Lamennais,  *' Le  peupl'e  constituant  ";  opposed  the 
roup  d'ltiit  in  1851,  and  was  ;inested  and  obliged  to 
leave  France ;  edited  various  journals ;  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Assembly  in  1871,  and.  later,  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies ;  and  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Chile  in  1883, 
and  died  on  the  return  journey. 

Duprato  (dii-juii-to'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Nimes 
iu  1827 :  died  tit  Ptiris,  May  19, 1892.  A  French 
composer.  He  gained  the  Roman  prize  in  1848,  and  be- 
came professor  of  harmony  at  the  Conser^'atoire  in  IStW. 
Among  his  operas  are  "Les  trovatelles"  (1854),  "  Pa- 
qnerettes"  (1856),  "Salvator  Rosa"  (1861),  "  Le  cerisier" 
(1S74),  etc. 

Dupray(dii-))ra'), Louis  Henri.  Bomat  Sedan, 
Nov.  3,  1841.  A  French  military  painter,  a 
pupil  of  Pils  and  Leon  Cognict. 

Dupr6  (dii-prii'),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Siena, 
Italy,  March  1,  1817:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  10, 
1882.  An  Italian  seul])t  or.  Among  his  works  are 
".4bel"  and  "Cain"  (Pitti  Palace,  Florence),  "Sappho," 
"  ciiotto,"  the  Wellington  monument,  etc. 

Dupre,  Jules.  Born  at  Nantes,  France,  April 
5,  1811:  died  at  L'Isle  Adam.  Oct.  6,  1889.  A 
noted  French  landscape-painter.  He  was  original- 
ly a  porcelain-painter  in  his  father's  manufactory.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  went  to  Paris,  where  his  talent  was  at 
once  recognized.  In  1831  he  sent  his  first  picture  to  the 
.SiUon.  In  1833  he  went  to  England  and  also  to  Berr}'  with 
.lules  Andr6  and  Troyon.  In  1849  he  was  made  chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  oifleier  in  1879.  He  received 
a  second-class  medal  at  the  Exposition  llniverselle  in  18r>7, 
a  second-class  medal  in  188:j,  and  a  medal  of  honor  at  the 
Exposition  t'niverselle  iu  1889.  He  spent  his  winters  in 
Paris  from  187C-82.  He  was  the  first  and  last  of  the  group 
of  Fontainebleau  artists  of  18:{0,  called  the  Romantic  or 
Natural  School  (Rousseau,  Delacroix,  Corot,  Diaz,  ilillet, 
Troyon,  etc.).  His  studio  was  for  some  years  in  the  Abbey 
of  Saint  Pierre  in  the  forest  of  Fontainebleau,  and  after- 
ward in  L'Isle  Ad.am.  Several  of  his  pictures  are  in  the 
Luxembourg  Museum,  one  at  Lille,  and  a  number  are 
owned  in  the  United  States. 

Duprez  (dii-iira'),  Caroline  (Madame  Van  den 

Heuvel).  B( .rn  at  Florence,  1832 :  died  at  Pan, 
France,  Apri  1 17, 1875.  X  French  opera-singer, 
daughter  of  O.  L.  Duprez. 

Duprez,  Gilbert  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dee.  6, 
1806:  died  Sept.  23,  1896.  A  French  tenor 
singer  and  composer.  Ho  published  "L'Art 
du  chant"  (1845),  etc. 

Dupuis  (ilii-piie'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  10,  1824:  died  at  Nemours,  Oct.  25,  1891. 
A  Frencli  actor. 

Dupuis,  Charles  Frangois.  Born  at  Trie-le 
Chtiteau,  Oise,  France.  (_)ct.  16,  1742:  died  at  Is- 
sur-Tille,  Cote-d'Or,  Frtiiico,  Sept.  29,  1809.  A 
French  scholar  iiiid  man  of  letters.  He  wrote 
"  L'Origine  di^  tons  les  cultes,  ou  la  religion 
uriivorsello"  (1795).  otc. 

Dupujrtren  (dii-piio-trah').  Baron  Guillaume. 
P.cirii  at  Pierro-Butlidre,  llaute-Vieniie,  France, 
0.-t.  0.  1777:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1835.  A 
noted  French  surgeon  and  anatomist. 

Duquesne  (dii-kan').  Martjuis  Abraham.  Bom 

at  l)iei>)ie,  Franco,  Kill):  died  at  I'aris,  Feb.  2, 
l(i8S.     A    French    naval    commander,    distin- 

guished  in  tho  wars  against  the  Spanish  and 
lutch.     He  defeated  the  combined  Spanish  and  Dutch 
fleets  under  De  Ruyter  off  the  Sicilian  coast  April  22, 

ii;7ii. 
Duquesne,  Fort.    A  fort  fortnorly  on  the  site  of 
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania,  erecteil  bythe  Fretich 
in  17.54.    it  was  taken  by  tho  English  17.58.    8eo 
nradilurl;. 

Duquesnoy  (dii-ka-nwil').  Francois,  or  Fran- 
cois Flamand.  Born  at  Brussels,  1.594:  died  at 
Loghorti,  July  12,  1040.  A  Dutch  sculpt  or,  sun 
of  an  excellent  sculptor  from  whom  he  received 
his  first  lessons.  At  an  early  age  he  made  the  figure  of 
.lustico  on  the  portal  of  the  chiineellerie  at  l(riis»elH,  and 
two  angels  for  the  door  of  the  .lesnit  ehnrch.  In  Uil'.i  be 
was  Bent  by  the  archduke  Albeit  to  study  in  Rome.  He 
is  especially  famous  for  the  children  which  he  executed 
in  marble  and  bronze,  but  more  frequently  in  ivory,  for 
drinking-ciliis,  etc.  The  sculpture  of  the  Baldachino  at 
St.  Peter's  is  by  him.  His  friend  Le  Ponsain  recommendeil 
him  to  Richelieu,  and  he  was  on  the  {Hilnt  of  starting  for 
Piu*i8  when  ho  was  poisoned  by  Ids  brother  (.l<5r<^me  Du* 
quesnoy,  born  1612  :  burned  for  unnatural  crime  Oct  24, 
16r)4),  also  a  very  clever  sculptor. 

DuraDen(di')'rii,ilen).  A  small  glen  near  St.  An- 
drews, Kifesliii'e,  Scotland,  noted  fm-  the  num- 
ber cd'  the  fossil  lisli  fomiil  in  its  sandsloiio. 

Duran  (dO-riin'),  Agustin.  Born  at  Madrid, 
Oct.  14,  1789:  died  there,  Dec.  1,  1802.  A  Span- 
ish critic  and  lilteriiteur.  He  wrote  ".Sobre  la  decii- 
deneia  ilel  teafro  espanol "  (IS'28),  etc.,  and  edited  old 
Spanish  roinanci's  and  rniiifdirs. 

Duran  (dii-rmV),  Carolus  (Charles  Auguste 

Emile  Durand).     Born  at  Lille,  July  4.  1837. 


Durbin 

A  French  gem-e  and  jiortrait  painter,  a  pupil  of 
Souchon,  He  studied  in  Paris,  and  afterward  in  Italy 
and  Spain.  He  has  paint ed  jwrtraite,  especially  of  women, 
with  great  success,  and  is  also  a  sculptor.  He  receiyeU 
medals  in  18U6,  18(59,  1870,  1878,  and  187B. 

Durance  (lUi-rous').  A  river  of  southeastern 
Eiu'ope  which  joins  the  Rlione  3  miles  south- 
west of  Avignon:  tho  Roman  Druentia.  Length, 
224  miles. 

Durand  (dii-ron'),  Madame  (Alice  Marie  Ce- 
leste Fleury):  pseudonvm  Henry  Gr6'7ille. 

Born  at  I'aris,  Oct.  12.  1*42:  died  at  Boulogue- 
sur-.Mer,  May  26.  1902.     A  French  imvelist. 

Durand  (du-rand'),  Asher  Bro-wn.    Bom  at 

Soulh  Orange,  N.  J.,  Aug.  21.  1790  :  died  there, 
Sept.  17, 1880.  An  American  landscape-painter 
and  engraver. 

Durandana  (do-ran-da'nii).  The  sword  of 
ftolaud  It  irhmdci).  It  is  also  called  JJurandal, 
JJuniida,  Duriiitlana,  etc. 

He  (Roland)  had  fought  all  day  in  the  thickest  of  the 
fray,  deiding  deadly  blows  with  his  good  sword  Durentla; 
but  all  his  prowtr.ss  could  not  .«iave  the  day.  So,  wounded 
to  deatli,  and  surrounded  by  the  botlies  of  his  friends,  he 
stretibed  biniself  on  the  ground,  and  prepiu-ed  to  yield  up 
bis  soul.  But  first  he  drew  his  faithful  sword,  than  whicli 
be  would  sooner  have  spared  the  arm  that  wielded  it, 
and  saying,  "O  sword  of  unijaralleled  brightness,  excel- 
lent dimensions,  admirable  teiii]Mr,  and  hilt  of  the  whit- 
est ivoiy,  decorated  with  a  splindid  cross  of  gold,  topped 
by  a  berylline  apple,  engraved  « ith  tho  sacred  name  of 
God,  endued  with  keenness  and  every  other  virtue,  who 
now  shall  wield  tliee  in  battle,  who  shall  call  thee  master? 
He  that  possessed  thee  was  never  conquered,  never 
daunted  by  the  foe  ;  phantoms  never  appalled  him.  .Aided 
by  the  Almighty,  with  thee  did  he  destroy  the  Saracen, 
exalt  the  faith  of  Christ,  and  win  consummate  glory.  O 
happy  sword,  keenest  of  the  keen,  never  was  one  like 
thee  ;  he  that  made  thee,  made  not  thy  fellow !  IS'ot  one 
escaped  with  life  from  thy  stroke."  And  lest  Durenda 
should  f.all  into  the  hands  of  a  craven  or  an  infidel,  Itoland 
smote  it  upon  a  block  of  stone  and  brake  it  in  twain. 
Then  he  blew  his  horn,  which  was  so  resonant  that  all 
other  horns  were  split  by  its  sound  ;  and  now  he  blew  it 
with  all  his  might,  till  the  veins  of  his  neck  burst.  And 
the 

blast  of  that  dread  horn, 
On  Foutarabian  echoes  borne, 
reached  even  to  King  Charles's  ear  as  he  lay  encamped 
and  ignorant  of  the  disaster  that  had  befallen  the  rear- 
guard eight  miles  away.     Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  36. 

Durandarte  (do-ran-diir'te).  A  legendary. 
.Spanish  luro  whose  exploits  are  related  in 
old  ,'^paiiisli  ballads  and  in  "Don  Qui.xote,"  II. 
23.  He  was  the  cousin  of  Montesinos,  and  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Roneesvalles.  One  of  the  halbuls,  a  frag- 
ment, can  be  traced  to  the  "Cancionero"  of  1511.  and  one, 
"Durandarte,  Durandarte,"  to  tho  old  "CanclonerosGeD&. 
rales."    Tu-knnr. 

Durandus  (du-ran 'dus).  Gulielmus  (Guil- 
laume Durantis  or  Durand).  Biun  at  Pui- 
missou,  near  Beziers,  France,  1237:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  1,  1290.  A  prelate  and  jurist, 
surnamed  "The  Speculator."  He  wrote  "Specu- 
lum judiciiUc"  (1474),  "Rationale  divinorum  ofllciorum" 
(14.^9),  etc. 

DurangO  (<U>-riln'g6).  1.  A  state  of  northern 
MeNicu,  lying  biitween  riiihiialiua  on  the  north, 
Coahuila  on  the  east,  Zacatecas  on  the  south- 
east, Jalisco  on  the  south,  and  Sinaloa  ou  tho 
West.  Area.  37,000  square  miles.  Population 
(18!)5).  294,300.-2.  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  DurangO.  sitimted  near  the  foot  of  the  Sierra 
Madve  Alouiitains.  Also  called  Victoria,  for- 
tnerly  CiHuixitui.  I'opulation  (1895),  42,165. 
— 3.  A  stnall  town  in  the  province  of  Biscay, 
Spiiiii,  14  miles  southeast  of  Bilbao.  It  is  ii 
military  stroiigliold. 

Durante   (do-ran'te),  Francesco.    Bom    at 

Kr.itlamaggiore,  near  Naples,  .M;iich  15,  ](>84: 
<lied  at  Naples,  Aug.  13, 1755.  An  Italian  eom- 
]lll^er  of  sacred  music.  In  1742  he  succeeded 
I'orpiira  at  the  ('oiiservatorv  cd'  Santa  Maria  di 

L.inlo  at  .\!i|des,  where  lie'died. 

Durantis  (dii-roii-tOs'),  Guillaume.    See  Ihi- 

rtiiiiliis. 

Durazzo.  A  facetious  and  lively  old  man  in 
iMassiiiger's  play  "The  Guardian.''  He  is  the 
guiiidian  of  Caldoro. 

Durazzo  (dO-riit'so).  [F.  Diiraa.  It.  r>urn::o, 
Turk.  Dritlxli.  Slav.  Diirt- ;  from  L.  Ihjrrhn- 
cliiKiii.]  A  .seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Scutari, 
European  Turkev,  situated  on  tho  Adriatic  in 
bit.  41°  20'  N..  "long.  19°  20'  E.:  the  ancient 
Epidamnus,  later  Dyrrlmchium.  It  was  foumlol lijr 
Corcyreans  about  «'2.'i  li."  r.,  and  beiame  the  terminus  of  » 
great  Uomau  i-oiid.  Ca'sar  was  reniilseil  here  by  I'oiupey 
48  It.  <■.  ;  anil  here  Hoberf  linlHcard  defeateil  the  onil»eror 
AlevluB  111  1081,  and  took  the  elty  In  livs2. 

Durban,  or  D'Urban  (der'ban).  A  town  iu 
Natal,  South  .Africa,  situateil  near  Natal  Bay 
ill  lat.  29°  52'  S..  long.  31°  2'  E.  It  Is  Ihetermlmii 
cd  the  railway  to  the  interior.     Population  (1891).  2r>.ril2. 

Durbin  (lier'bin),  John  Price.  Born  in  Hour- 
bon  County,  Ky.,  1800:  died  at  Philadelphia, 


Durbin 

Oct.  18,  1876.  Au  American  clergyman  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Dick- 
inson College  1S34— 1.5.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
Missionarj"  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
1850-72.  He  wrote  " Obser^'ations  in  Europe"  (lSi4), 
■•  Observations  iu  Egypt,  etc"  (1M5). 
Durden  (der'den),  Dame.  A  notable  house-srife 
in  a  famous  English  song:  hence  the  nickname 

fiven  to  the  careful  and  conscientious  Esther 
ommerson  in  Dickens's  ''Bleak  House." 

Durdles  (der'dlz),  Stony.  "A  stone-mason, 
chiefly  in  the  gravestone,  tomb,  and  monument 
way.  and  wholly  of  their  color  from  head  to 
foot,"  in  Charles  Bickeus"s  ••  Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood."  He  is  usually  drunk,  and  has  wonder- 
ftil  adventures  in  the  crvpt  of  the  cathedral. 

Diiren  (dii'ren).  Atown  in  the  Rhine  Prorinee, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Roer  23  miles  south- 
west of  Cologne :  the  ancient  Mareodiirum. 
It  has  manufactures  oP  cloth,  iron,  paper,  etc.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  \ictory  of  CiTilis  over  the  l"bii  in  69  a.  d.  ; 
and  was  the  seat  of  councils  and  assemblies  in  the  8th 
centur}-.    Population  (1890),  21,551. 

Durenda.     See  Dnrandana. 

Diirer  (dii'rer).  Albrecht.  Bom  atNuremberg, 
Bavaria.  May  21,  1471:  died  there,  April  6, 
1528.  A  famous  German  painter  and  engraver, 
the  founder  of  the  German  school.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  goldsmith  who  first  instructed  him  in  his  trade  and  then 
apprenticed  him  to  the  painter  Michael  Wolf-'emuth  for 
three  vears  and  a  half,  after  which  (1490)  he  visited  Stras- 
borg,  (Tolmar,  Basel,  and  Venice  where  he  was  much  im 


346 

with  engaged  shafts  ;  the  former  are  covered  with  zigzag 
and  other  line-patterns.  The  altar-screen  and  episcopal 
throne  are  of  the  14th  centuT)-,  the  stalls  of  the  17th. 
The  eastern  or  >'ine  Altars  tiansept  is  architecturally 
beautiful,  and  is  very  skilfully  joined  to  the  older  woric 
The  Galilee  chapel,  projecting  in  front  of  the  western 
facade,  has  four  interior  walls  resting  on  round  chevron- 


Dutertre 

davas.  After  their  return  he  won  In  gambling  from  Yu. 
dhishthira  everj-thing  he  had,  including  his  own  freedom 
and  that  of  his  brothers,  and  his  wife  i>raupadL  The  re- 
sult 'jf  the  gambling  was  a  second  e.\ile  of  thirteen  years. 
In  the  great  battle  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Bhima,  who  had 
vowed  to  break  his  thigh  in  consequence  of  the  insult  to 
DiaupadL 


molded  arches  which  spring  from  slender  clustered  cul-  Duse   (do'sa)^  EleailOra.     BoiJi   at  Yigevano, 


umns,  the  whole  supporting  the  roof  in  a  manner  rather 
Saracenic  than  Northern.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathe- 
dral .are  510  by  SO  feet,  length  of  transepts  170,  height  of 
vaulting  70,  of  central  tower  214.  The  old  monastic  build- 
ings are  still  almost  complete,  and  are  of  high  interest. 
Durham  was,  perhaps,  a  £oman  station.  It  became  the 
seat  of  the  old  bishopric  of  Lindlsfarne  in  995.  and  its 
bishops  were,  in  the  middle  ages,  nearly  independent 
mlers  over  the  palatinate  of  Durham.  Population  (1891), 
14,863. 

3.  A  city  in  Durham  County.  Xorth  Carolina, 
northwest  of  Raleigh.  It  has  important  tobacco 
manufactures.     Population  (1900),  0,679. 

Durham,  Earl  of.     See  Lambton. 

Durham  Book,  The.    See  the  extract. 

The  Durham  Gospels,  too,  known  as  St  Cuthbert's  or 
the  Durham  Book,  belonging  to  the  close  of  the  seventh 


1.S61.  An  Italian  tragedienne,  she  is  the  grand- 
daughter of  Lulgi  Duse  who  established  the  Garibaldi 
Theater  at  Padua.  She  began  to  play,  ^hen  hardly  twelve 
years  old,  in  wandering  companies  and  minor  theaters, 
until  she  compelled  recognition  by  her  admirable  tragic 
genius  in  Naples.  She  played  in  the  United  States  lS92-9^. 
.luliet,  P'rancesca  da  Rimini,  Camille,  f  emande,  etc.,  are 
her  mos*  ,mportan-  parts. 

Dushenka  (dii'shen-ka).  A  romantic  poem 
by  Bogiano^itch,  published  in  1775. 

Diishrattu  (dosh-rat'tii),  or  Tnshrattu  (tosh- 
rat'tu).  A  king  of  Mitani  mentioned  iit  the  Tel- 
el-Amarna  tablets.  From  his  diplomatic  correspon- 
dence with  the  Egyptian  king  Amenophis  III.  (of  the  Isth 
dynastj- :  about  1500  B.  c).  it  appears  that  there  existed  an 
old  friendship  between  Egv-pt  and  Mitani,  and  that  Amen- 
ophis llad  maiTied  Duslu-attu's  daughter. 


centuiy,  have  Northumbri.in  Saxon  glosses  of  the  age  of  Dushvanta  iddsh-van'ta),      fSkt.]     A  king  of 


the  lunar  race,  and  deseentlant  of  Puru  and 
husband  of  Shakuntala,  by  whom  he  had  a  son 
Bharata.  The  loves  of  Dushvanta  and  .-^hakuntala.  her 
separation  from  him,  and  her  restoration  through  the  dis- 
covery of  his  lost  ring  in  the  belly  of  a  fish,  form  the  plot 
of  Kalidasa's  drama  "Shakuntala." 


those  of  the  Ritual  upon  their  Latin  text, 

Morley,  English  Writers,  II.  175. 

Dnxham  Letter,  The.  -A^  letter  written  in  18.50 
by  Lord  John  Russell  (premier)  to  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  denouncing  the  newly  established 

Roman    Catholic   hierarchv  in    England  and  ,■,,.,      -r  ■.  tj-        t> 

Wales,  and  the  ritualistic"  tendencies  in  the  Dussek  (do  shek),  Johann  LudWlg.     Bom  at 
Chiu'ch  of  England  Czaslau,  Bohemia,  Feb.  9,  1(61:  died  at  6t.- 

prlSedbVthVworks  of  Mantegna.    He  returned  in  14W  Durham  Station.    '  A  place  in  North  Carolina,     Germain-en-Laye.  near  Paris   March  20.  1812. 

and  married  Agnes  Frey.    He  probably  worked  in  the     L>9  miles  northwest  of  Raleigh.     Here,  April  26.   ^.  Bohemian  pianist  and  composer. 

studio  of  Wolgemuth  until  1497,  when  he  removed  to  an     isgs,  the  Confederate  generalJ.  E.  Johnston  surrendered  DllSSeldOrftdiis  sel-dort).  1.  A  city  in  the  Rhine 

atelier  of  his  own.     From  1505  to  1507  he  lived  in  Venice,      with  -29,924  men  to  General  W.  T.  Sherman. 

Then  foUowed  his  most  .active  years  in  Xnremberg.   From  Durinda,  Duxindana.     iiee  Diirandaiia. 

1512  he  worked  for  the  emperor  Maximlhan,  who  made   -nj;-;- _„^„i  j  /.lii'iMii^  fpl.l  i    T<1a  -nTiTi      Rni-n  ut 

hini  his  court  painter,  and  whom  he  attended  at  .Augsburg  ■UurmgSteia  (du  I  ings-telU  ,  Itta  VOn.    ISorn  at 

in  l.ilS  as  deputy  for  his  native  city  to  the  assembled  Diet.      Mihtsch,  bilesia.  Prussia,  >ov.  12.  l^lo:  died 
" '     •  '  ■■       at  Stuttgart.  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  25. 18/6.   A  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist.      Her  works  include 
"  Skizzenaus  der  vomehmen  Welt "  (1842—45), 
"Antonio  Foscarini  "  (1.850),  etc 


In  1521-22  he  visited  the  Netherlands.  He  attended  the 
coronation  of  Charles  V.  at  Aix  la-Chapelle,  and  obtained 
the  appointment  of  court  painter  before  his  return  to 
Nuremberg,  where  he  continued  to  work  until  his  death. 
He  may  be  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  etching.    As  a  de- 


signer of  wooJcuts  and  an  engraver  he  ranks  higher  than  Diirkheim   (dUrk'him).      A  town  in  the  Palat- 


as  a  painter.  His  woodcuts  number  nearly  2Ci0,  including 
**  The  Apocalypse  "  (16  subjects).  "The  Greater  Passion  " 
(12  subjects),  and  'The  Lesser  P.^ssion'(S7  subjects).  His 
copperplates  number  o^-er  lOi),  including  "Melancholia." 
'•  Death  and  the  Devil,"  "  The  Little  Passion  "  (16  subjects^ 
'•  St.  Jerome  in  his  Study,"  etc.  Among  his  paintings  are 
"Adoration  of  the  Trinity "  (Vienna).  "Adam  and  Eve" 
<Florence),  "  Four  Apostles  "  (NurembergX  etc.  He  wrote 
"  Von  Menschlicher  Proportion "  (152S).  and  works   on 


iuate,  Bavaria.  13  miles  west  of  Mannheim.  It 
is  freqtiented  for  its  grape-cure  and  salt  baths. 
Population  (1890),  5,902. 
Durlach  (dor'liich).  A  town  in  Baden,  situ- 
ated on  the  Pfinz  3  miles  east  of  Karlsruhe. 
It  was  formerlv  the  capital  of  Badeu-Diu'lach. 
Population  (1S90).  7.999. 


Province.  Prussia,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Rhine  iu  lat.  51°  13'  X.,  long.  6°  46'  E.  it 
is  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  town,  and 
is  especially  noted  for  its  school  of  art  (landscape  and  re- 
ligious painting),  founded  in  1767,  and  developed  under 
Cornelius  and  Schadow.  Its  famous  picture-gallery  was 
removed  to  Munich  in  1805.  It  contains  the  electoral 
palace,  the  Clmrch  of  St.  Lambert,  the  Church  of  .*^t.  An- 
drew, the  Knnsthalle,  and  a  Realschule.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  Heine  and  Cornelius.  Dusseldorf  belonged  to 
the  grand  dnchv  of  Berg  in  Napoleonic  times.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1815.  Population  (19001.  21.1,767. 
2.  A  government  district  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia.  Population  (1.S90),  1.973.107. 
Dustwick  (dust,'wik).  Jonathan.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  Tobias  George  Smollett 
wrote  "The  Expedition  of  Humphrev Oiuker" 
(1794  >, 


Me,asurement"(l.v25)and"Fortiflcation"  (1527).    Diirer  JJujoC  (dii-rok' ),  Gerard  Christophe  Michel,  Dutch   (duch).     1.   The  Teutonic  or  Germanic 


never  employed  fresco,  although  he  furnished  the  designs 
for  the  mural  decorations  of  the  city  hall  at  Nuremberg, 
the  "  Calumny  of  ApeUes  "  and  the  "  Triumph  of  Maxi- 
miliau." 

D'Urfe,  Honore.    See  Urje.  D\ 

Durfee  (iltr'fei.  Job.  Bora  at  Tiverton,  R.  I., 
Sept.  20,  1790 :  died  there,  July  26.  1847.  An 
American  jurist  and  philosophical  writer,  chief 
justice  of  Rhode  Island  Supreme  Court  1835-47. 
He  wi-ote  "Panidea"  (1846),  etc. 

D'Urfey     (der' fi),    Thomas,     called   "Tom 


Due  de  FriuU.  Born  at  Pont-a-Moiissou. 
near  Xancy,  France.  Oct.  25.  1772 :  killed  near 
Markersdorf,  Saxony,  May  22.  1813.  A  French 
general  and  diplomatist.  He  became  in  17%  aide- 
de-camp  to  Bonaparte,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Egj-pt 
in  1798.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  overthrow 
of  the  Directory  in  1799,  and  was  employed  by  the  first 
consul  in  diplomatic  missions  to  BerUn,  St.  Petersburg, 
Stockholm,  and  Copenhagen.  He  accompanied  the  em- 
peror in  the  campaigns  of  1805-06  and  1807,  and  was  killed 
by  his  side  near  Markersdorf.  He  was  the  favorite  officer 
of  Napoleon. 


D'Urfey."    Bom  iu  Devonshire  England,  about  Durostorus  (du-ros'to-ms),  or  Durostomm 

16.50  (?):   died  at  London,  17.23.      An  English  (.rum).     The  Roman  liame  of  Silistria.                   ,._,.    ^.    ,    „    ,,,^. 

dramatist  and  humorous  poet.     His  songg  T^ere  jjg^g   ^^in    (diir'ren-stin),    or    Diirnstein  n^tl^h  Poiirt^tan   ThP 

PP.¥i^^?^l   ««   "P'"^   t°    ^^^^    Melancholy"  (atirn'stiu).  or  Tirnstein  (tim'stin:.      A  vil-     ton^print^f?^!^^® 


race ;  the  German  peoples  generally :  used  as 
pllU'al.  (a)  The  Low  (Jermans,  particularly  the  people 
of  Holland,  or  the  kingdom  of  the  N  etherlands ;  the  Dutch- 
men ;  the  Hollanders :  called  specifically  the  Loic  Vut  h  : 
used  as  plural.  (6)The  High  Genuans;  theinliabitanlsof 
Germany  ;  the  (Germans :  foimerly  called  specifically  the 
High  Dutch:  used  as  plural. 

2.  The  Teutonic  or  Germanic  language,  in- 
cluding all  its  forms,  (a)  The  language  spoken  in 
the  Netherlands ;  the  Hollandish  language  (which  differs 
very  slightly  from  the  Flemish,  spoken  in  parts  of  the 
adjoining  kingdom  of  Belgium) :  called  distinctively  Loic 
Dutclt.  ('-*)  The  language  spoken  by  the  Germans :  Ger- 
man ;  High  German:  formerly  and  still  occasionally  called 
distinctively  Hi':?/*  Dtttch. 

\  comedy  bv  Mars- 


(1719-20). 

Durga  (dor'ga).     [Skt.,' the  inaccessible.']     In 
Hindu  mvthology,  the  wife  of  Shiva.    See  Devi. 

Durham  (dur' am).  [iXE.  Durem,  Duresme, 
altered  from  bunhohn,  AS.  Diinholm  (ML. 
reiiex  Ditnholmiim,  Ditnelmum,  Duiiehnia).  hill- 
isle,  from  dun,  hill  (down),  and  holm,  island: 
applied  orig.  to  the  rocky  peninsula  on  which 
the  first  church  was  built.]  1.  A  county  in 
northern  England,  lying  between  Xorthumber- 
land  on  the  north,  the  Xorth  Sea  on  the  east,  and 
Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  on  the  west. 
It  is  separated  from  Yorkshire  by  the  Tees  on  the  south. 
It  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  is  rich  in  minerals,  particu- 
larly coal  and  l-^ad.  and  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  cattle. 
It  was  a  county  palatine  until  1S36.  Area,  1,012  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1.016,359. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Durham,  situ- 
ated on  the  Wear  in  lat.  54°  46'  X.,  long.  1° 
3.5'  W-  It  contains  a  castle  founded  in  1072  by  William 
the  Conqueror,  and  rebuilt  by  Bishop  Hugh  of  Puiset  a 
hundred  years  later.  The  iuteriur  possesses  many  fea- 
tures of  interest,  as  the  beautiful  Norman  arcade,  door. 


(diir'ren-s 

).  or  Tirnstein 
lage  in  Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Danube  Dutch  East  liitiia  Company. 

41  miles  west-northwest  or  \  lenua.     Richard  I.      ,-,., ,„„ 

of  England  was  imprisoned  in  its  castle  1192-93.  It  was 
tlie  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Russians  and  the  French 
under  Mortier  in  180i 


Coiitpaiiii. 

Dutchman's  Fireside,  The. 

Paulilins.  published  in  1^31. 


See  East  India 
A  novel  bv  J.  K. 


Dur  Sharrukin  (dor  shar-ro-ken').     [Assyr.,  Dutch  West  India  Company.    A  commercial 


'  fortress  of  Sargon.']  A  city  of  Assyria,  north 
east  of  Xineveh,  built  by  Sargon  II. :  the  mod- 
ern Khorsabad. 

Duruy  (dii-riie'),  Jean  Victor.  Born  Sept.  11. 
1811:  died  Xov.  25,  1894.  A  French  historian 
and  statesman,  minister  of  public  instruction 
1863-69.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  senator.  His 
works  include  "Histoire  des  Remains,  etc."  (1843-44), 
"Histoire  de  France"  (1852X" Histoire  de  la  Grtce  an- 
cienne "  (1862),  "Histoire  niodeme  "  (1863),  "Histoire  des 
Grecs "  (1887-89).  Several  of  his  works  form  part  of  the 
"Histoire  universelle  "  published  under  his  direction. 

Durvasas  (dor'va-sas).  [Skt., 'ill -clothed.']  A 
sage  noted  for  irascibility.     Many  fell  under  his 


association  formed  in  the  Xetherlands  in  1621. 
-Among  other  important  grants  it  received  from  the  gov- 
ernment the  exclusive  right  of  trading  with  a  large  part 
of  the  coasts  of  America  and  .Africa,  planting  colonies, 
building  forts,  employing  soldiei-s  and  fleets,  and  making 
treaties,  as  well  as  attacking  the  colonies  and  commerce 
of  Spain  and  Portugal.  To  this  company  were  due  the 
extensive  colonies  of  the  Dutch  in  Brazil  (162o--54),  New 
Netherlands  (finally  given  up  in  1674),  the  West  Indies, 
Guiana,  and  the  Gold  Coast  of  .Africa.  Its  powerful  lieeis 
made  numen>us  descents  on  the  coasts  of  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  America,  captured  ships,  and  obtained  an  im- 
mense amount  of  lKK>ty.  Owing  to  the  e.vpense  of  its 
wars  and  the  loss  of  some  of  the  colonies,  the  company 
was  dissolved  in  1674.  A  new  one  was  formed  in  1675, 
and  existed  until  1791,  but  was  never  very  prosperous. 


In  Kalidasa's  drama  he  curses' Shaknntala  for  DutenS    (du-toii').    Louis.       Born    at    Tours, 


keeping  him  waiting  at  the  door,  and  so  causes  the  sepa- 
ration between  her  and  King  Dushyanta. 


and  gaUery.  the  Norman  chapel  beneath  the  14th-centurj    Duirward     (der' ward),     Quentin.       A  young 


keep,  the  refectory  of  the  14th  century-,  and  a  17th-cen' 
turj-  carved  staircase  of  oak.  The  castle  is  now  occupied 
by  Durham  I'niversitj-.  The  cathedral  of  Durham  is  a 
nionument  of  great  intrinsic  importance,  which 


areher  of  the  Scottish  Guard  in  Scott's  novel 
'■  Quentin  Dunvard."  After  many  adventures 
he  marries  Isabelle  de  Oove, 


France,  Jan.  15. 1730:  died  at  London,  May  23, 
1812.  A  French  antiquary,  numismatist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  He  published  "Recherches 
sur  I'origine  des  decouvertes  attribuees  aux  modemes" 
(1766).  "Memoires  dun  voyageur  qui  se  repose"  (li06X 
etc.,  and  edited  Leibnitz's  works  (176S0- 


hanced  l)y  its  imposing  position  on  the  brink  of  a  steep  Duiyodhana  (dor-yo'dha-na).      [Skt.,  'hard  to  Dutertre  (tiu-tar'tr).  Jean  BaptistC.     Bora  at 


hill  above  the  river  Wear.  The  Trest  front  is  flanked  by 
.  two  massive  square  towers,  and  a  tower  ot  similar  form 
rises  high  over  the  crossing.  The  present  church  was 
founded  at  the  end  of  the  11th  centur)-.  and  was  practi- 
cally completed  by  the  middle  of  the  12th.  The  Lady 
chapel  or  Galilee  is  later,  and  the  curious  east  transept 
called  the  Nine  Altars,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the 
choir,  is  of  the  early  13th.  The  cloister  is  Perpendicular. 
The  Norman  interior  is  exceedingly  impressive.  The 
piers  of  the  nave  are  alternately  cylindrical  and  square. 


conquer.  J  Eldest  son  of  Dhritarashtra.  and 
leader  of  the  Kaurava  princes  in  the  great  war 
of  the  Mahabharata.  Upon  the  death  of  his  brother 
I'andu,  Dhritarashtra  took  his  Ave  sons,  the  Pandava 
princes,  to  his  own  court,  and  had  them  educated  with  his 
hundred  sons.  Jealousies  sprang  up.  and  Durj'odhana 
took  a  special  dislike  to  Bhima  from  his  skill  in  the  use  of 
the  club.  He  poisoned  Bhima.  who  was  restored  to  life  by 
the  Nagas.    He  was  the  occasion  of  the  exile  of  the  Pan- 


Calais.  1610:  died  at  Paris.  1687.  A  French  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  He  served  in  the 
army  and  navy  before  joining  the  Dominicans  in  1(>35: 
from  1640  to  1657  most  of  his  time  was  spent  in  the 
French  Antilles,  where  he  witnessed  many  events  of  the 
Carib  wars.  His  "  Histoire  generale  des  lies  S;unt  Chris- 
tophe, de  la  Guadeloupe,  etc."  (1G,%»)  was  enlarged  and 
republished  as  "Histoire  generale  des  Antilles  habitues 
par  les  Franjais  "  (Paris,  1667-71,  4  vols.  4to). 


Dutrochet 

Dutrochet  (dii-tro-sha ' ) ,  Ren6  Joachim  Hemri. 
Boru  lit  Neon,  Poitou,  Krauce,  Nov.  14,  liiCi: 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  4,  1847.  A  French  physi- 
ologist and  physicist.  He  wrote  "  Nouvelles  re- 
cherches  siu-1'endosmose  et  lexosmose    (IHJB), 

Dutteeah.     See  Datii/a. 

DU'UZU.    f^eo  Tiimmii:. 

Duval  (dii-vUn.  Claude.  Born  at  Domfront, 
Nornuuulv,  in  1043:  executed  at  Tyburn,  Jan. 
21,  1070.  A  noted  highwayman.  His  adven- 
tures form  the  subject  of  a  number  of  novels 
and  Ijalhids. 

Duval  Jules.  Bom  at  Eodez,  Aveyron,  t  ranee, 
1813:  killed  in  France,  Sept.  20. 1870.  A  French 
political  economist.  He  published '•Histoirede 
I'emigration  europ^enne,  asiatique  et  africame 
au  XlX^e  si^ele"  (1802),  etc. 

Duveneck  (du'ven-ek),  Frank.  Born  at  Cov- 
ington, Kv.,  Oct."9, 1848.  An  American  figure- 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Dietz  and  of  the  Munich 
schools.  -,    ,.    - 

Duvergier  de  Hauranne  (du-ver-zhya  de  o- 
riln'),  Jean.  Bo™  at  Bayonne,  France,  1581: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  11, 1643.  A  French  Jansen- 
ist  theologian,  abb6  of  St.  Cyrau.  He  became 
director  of  Port  Royal  in  103."). 

Duvergier  de  Hauranne,  Prosper.   Born  at 

Kouen,  France,  Aug.  3,  17US :  died  m  the  Cha- 
teau Herrv,  near  Samerciues,C'her,  France,  May 
19, 1881.  A  French  royalist  politician  and  pub- 
licist. He  was  imprisoned  by  Napoleon  in  1851,  and  ban- 
ished for  a  brief  period.  Ue  published  "  Histoire  du  gou- 
vernement  parlenientaire  en  France  "  (1807-72),  etc. 

Duverney  {du-ver-na')i  Gviichard  Josepn. 

Born  Aug.  •'),  1048:  died  .Sept.  10,  1730.  A 
French  :iuatomist. 

Duvernois  (dii-ver-nwa'),  Clement.    Born  at 

Paris,  April  0,  1830:  died  there,  July  8,  1879. 
A  French  politician  and  publicist. 

Duvernoy   (dii-ver-nwii'j,   Georges  Loms. 

Born  at  Montbeliard,  France,  Aug.  G,  17(7: 
died  at  Paris,  March  1,  18.").').  A  French  natu- 
ralist, a  collaborator  of  Cuvier. 
Duveyrier  (dii-va-rya'),  Anne  Honore  Jo- 
seph :  pseuilonvm  M61esville.  Born  at  Pans, 
Nov.  13,  1787:  "died  at  Paris,  Nov.,  186.').  A 
French  di'amatist,  a  collaborator  of  Scribe  and 

Duveyrier,  Oharles.  Born  at  Paris,  April  12, 
1803:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1866.  A  1  rench 
dramatic  author.  He  was  an  adherent  of  Saint- 
Simouism.  „     .     ,,  ,    .-.o  ,oAn 

Duveyrier,  Henri.  Born  at  Pans,  !•  eb.28, 1840. 
killed  himself  at  Sfevres,  April  2.).  1892.    J 


347 

Dickschiidel-  (1882),  "Wanda  "  (1876),  "  Der  Bauer  eln 
Sclielni  ••  (18T7).  "  Uiinitrij '  (1882).  These  were  all  pro- 
duced at  Prague.  He  has  written  also  a  series  of  piimo- 
forle  duets  •'  Slavische  Talize  "  (IS7S),  a  collection  o(  vocal 
duets  •  KlaiiKc  aus  .Mahren,"  "ZieKeunerUeder,  etc.,'  Ihe 
Spectre's  l;ii.ie,"  a  cantata (1886),  "St.  Luduilla,  an  orato- 
rio (ISSt),  "Re.|Uieni  Mass  "(1891).  a  symphony  entitled 
"From  tlic  New  World"  (produced  at  New  -Vork  18UJ),  a 
number  of  symphonies(Xo:i  is  the  liest-knowiO,concert.js, 
string  quartets,  songs,  inipr.>niptus,  Intemiezzos,  chaniber 
music,  etc.  Ue  has  iiitr.Hluced  two  original  Bohemian 
forms,  the  "  Ullmka  ■  (clcBv)  and  the  "  Furiant  "  (a  scherzo) 

in  his  syniplioiiics  and  chaniber  music. 

Dwamish  (dwii'mish).  A  name  properly  be- 
longing to  a  small  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians near  Seattle, Washington,  and  improperly 
given  collectivelv  to  a  number  of  distinct 
bands  in  the  neighborhood.     See  Salii'hKti. 

Dwaraka  (dwii'ra-kii).  or  Dwarka  (dwiir'ka), 
or  Jigat(  je-gJit').  A  town  in  (Jujerat,  British 
India,  in  lat.  22°  16'  N.,  long.  68°  ')9'  E.,  cele- 
brated as  the  residence  of  Krishna,  and  a  sacred 
Hindu  citv. 

Dweller  of  the  Threshold,  The.    In  Bulwer-s 

"Zanoni,"  a  powerful  and  malignant  being, 


Whose  form  of  giant  mould 
No  mortal  eye  can  tl.xed  behold. 


K.111UU  miliar- 11  II V  '-'^  .  .^.j,  -.,■ . 

rican  explorer  and  geographer.  He  made  a  prelim- 
inary tour  to  the  Sahara,  Maicli-Ai.ril.  18.'.7.  and  published 
valuable  contributions  to  Berljcr  etiliiology  and  linguis- 
tics (1859).  In  18r.8  ho  undertook,  in  the  service  of  tile 
French  govcrnnient.  iiis  e.\i)loration  of  tlie  Sahara  wlilcll 
lasted  until  1801.  He  did  much  to  eslend  trench  inllu- 
ence  In  1874  he  made  another  expedition  to  tlie  s.iuth 
of  Tunis;  in  1870  he  was  sent  on  a  political  mission  to 
Morocco.  Most  of  his  works  are  found  in  (ierman  aiiil 
I'rench  Bciciitillc  journals.  His  principal  book  is  tx- 
nloration  du  Sahara  "(1804).  . 

Duxbury  (duks'hu-ri).  A  town  in  Plymouth 
Couiily,  Massiicliusetts,  situated  on  the  coast 
31  miles  soiithe;ist  of  Boston.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  the  French  Atlantic  cable,  laid  from  Brest  in 
1869.     Population  (1900),  2,07.'). 

Duyckinck  fiU'kingk).  Evert  Augustus.  Born 

at  New  York,  Nov.  23,  IHIO:  died  there,  .\iig. 
13  1878.  All  American  author.  He  puldished, 
conjointly  witli  liia  Inotlier,  a  "Cyclopicdla  of  .American 
Literature"  (18.^.li-.  supplement  ISWi). 

Duyckinck,  George  Long.    Born  at  New  York, 

Oct.  17,  1823:  .lied  there,  March  30,  1S03.  Aii 
American  liiographer  and  critic,  brother  of 
E.  A.  DuyekiiicU. 
Duvse  (doi'ze),  Prudens  van.  Born  at  Den- 
dormonde,  l',elgiuin,  S.'pt.  17,  1804:  died  at 
(Jhent,  Belgium.  Nov.  13,  18,59.  A  Flemish  poet 
and  essayist,  curator  of  the  archives  at  tllieiit: 
poems  ■•oUected  in  •' Vaderlaiidsche  Poczy  ' 
(1840).  "Ilet  Kliiverblad"  (1S48),  etc. 

DvoiAk  (dvor'/hiik),  Antonin.  Borimt  Mfihl- 
haiiseu,  Bohemia,  Sept.  s,  \sU.  A  noted  Bo- 
liemian  composer.  In  186"  he  went  to  I'mgue  and 
j.dned  the  organ  school  there.  In  187:1  his  liymn  "  I)  e 
Erben  des  Weissen  Berges  "  ("Tlie  llelre  of  the  \Mdle 
Mountain  "),  for  chorus  and  orchestra,  brought  linn  proml 
nently  before  the  public.  He  soon  received  a  slate  sll- 
peml.  He  conducted  his  "Stabat  Mater  in  Ix.nilou  in 
imi,  and  III  1881  at  the  Worcester  musical  festival.  In 
18112  he  was  elected  director  of  the  National  Conservatory 
of  Music  in  New  York.  Among  his  works  are  the  operas 
"  Der  Konig  und  der  Kohler"  (iiroduced  In  1874X  •'Ulo 


D-wight  (dwit),  Harrison  Gray  Otis.    Born  at 

Conway.  Mass.,  Nov.  22,  1803  :  killed  in  a  rail- 
road accident  in  Vermont,  Jan.  25,  1862.  An 
American  Congi-egational  clergyman,  mission- 
arv  to  the  Armenians. 

Dwight,  John  Sullivan.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  13.  1813:  died  at  Boston,  Sept., 
1893.  An  American  musical  critic,  editor  of 
"Dwight's  Journal  of  Music"  (published  in 
Boston)  1852-S] 

D-wight,  Sereno  Edwards.  Born  at  Greeniield 
Hill,  Conn.,  Mar  18, 1780 ;  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  30,  1850.  "An  American  Cougi'egational 
clergyman  and  author,  son  of  Timothy  Dwight : 
presiilent  of  Hamilton  College  1833-35.  He 
wrote  "The  Hebrew  Wife  "  (1836),  "Life  of  Edwards" 
(lS.'iO),  and  editcil  Edwards's  works  (18'2',l)- 
Dwight,  Theodore.  Born  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Dec.  15,  17(>4:  died  at  New  York,  June 
12,  1846.  An  American  .iournalist  and  poli- 
tician, brother  of  Timothy  Dvright.  He  served 
as  Federalist  representative  from  Connecticut  in  the  iltli 
congress,  Dec.  1, 1800,-March  :i,  1807:  was  sccidary  of  t  u- 
Hartford  Convention  in  1814  ;  and  founded  abcnit  181,  tlie 
"New  York  Daily  Advertiser,"  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected until  1835. 
Dwight,  Theodore.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
Mari-h  3,  17!I0:  .lied  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  Oct. 
10,  1860.  An  American  author,  son  of  Theo- 
dore Dwight.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Con- 
necticut" (1841),  etc. 

Dwight,  Theodore  William.  Born  at  Cats- 
kill,  N.Y... inly  is,  1S22:  died  at  Clintoii,N.  \  ., 
June  29,  1S92.  An  .\nierican  jurist.  He  was 
graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  New  York,  in 
1840,  and  was  professor  of  municipal  law  in  Columbia  Col- 
lege 18.''>8~»1,  when  lie  became  professor  emeritus.  He 
published  '■  Argument  in  the  Court  of  Apjieals  .n  the  Eo^je 
Will  Ca.se"  (18(H),  and  "Cases  extracteil  from  the  Report 
of  the  Commissioners  of  Charities  in  EnglamI,  and  the 
Disposition  of  Property  for  Cliaritable  and  Public  Ises 

(18(H). 

Dwight,    Timothy.       Born    at    Northampton, 
Mass.,    May    14.    1752:    died   at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jan."  11,  is  17.     An  American  Congrega*- 
tional  divine,  eduentor,  and   author,  a  grand- 
son of  Jonathan  Edwards:  president  of  i  ale 
College    1795-1817.     He  wrote  "Theology  Explainc.l 
and  Defended"  (1818),  "Travels  in  New  England  and  New 
York  "  (18'.!L')  etc.,  and  the  poems  "  Coniiuesl  of  Canaan 
(i;s6)and  "Crccnii.ld  Hill  "  (ITlM). 
Dwight,  Timothy.     Bom  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Nov.  10,  1S28.     ,\ii  .\nieric;iii  scholar,  grandson 
of  Timothy  Dwight  (17.52-1S17).    He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  lH4il:  studied  divinity  at  Yale  lS61-r>5. 
and  at  Uoiiii  anil  Herl  in  ISfrtl-M ;  became  pmfe»-or  of  sacred 
literature  and  -New  Testament  Oreek  In  the  divinity  scIhhiI 
at  Yale  in  18.68  ;  was  appointed  president  of  Yale  College 
In  1880  (resigned  181111)  :  and  was  a  menilier  of  llie  New 
Testament  Kcvision  Ccjiiipany.      lie  Iiin  published  "The 
True  Ideal  of  an  American  l'iilver.4ily  '  (1872),  etc. 
Dwina  (dwe'nii).  ur  Dvina  (ds-e-nii'):   called 
also  the  Northern  Dwina.     A  river  of  north- 
ern  Kiissin.   fciiiinil    liv   tiie    union   of  the   Sii- 
khoiiuaml  Witcliegda  in  I  lie  government  »f  Vo- 
logda, llowiiig  intoihe  Dwina  Bay  of  the  White 
Sea  25  miles  below  .\rchiingel.     Length,  includ- 
ing tlie  Witeliegdii,  nbioit  1.000  miles. 

Dwina,  Western  "i-  Southern.    See  lUhxi. 

Dyak  idi'ak).  L'''-.  »''*"  ^'.""'.••■.■.]  A  native 
rai r  Borneo,  usually  believed  to  be  its  abo- 
rigines. Thelrownnamelstdo-Ngaju.  Theyaiv  small 
lu  stature ;  are  browu-buircd  and  gray-cjed  ;  live  in  huls 


Dzungaria 

bunt  on  pfles :  and  are  esiiecially  noted  tor  their  custom 

of  head-hunting. 

Dyamond,  or  Diamond.    See  Diawmid. 

Dyce  tdis).  Alexander.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
June  30,  1798 :  died  at  Loudon.  May  15,  1809. 
A  British  literary  critic  and  Bhaksperiau 
scholar.  He  took  the  degree  of  A.  B.  at  Oxford  in  1819, 
entered  the  ministry  al)out  18'22,  abandoned  the  clerical 
profession  in  1825,  ami  devoted  himself  to  literature.  He 
edited  a  number  of  l'.ngli.-,h  classics,  including  I*eele(18'2S- 
18:i9)i,  Beaumont  an<l  Klclcber(lS43-lt;),  and  Webster  (1S3U), 
but  is  cliietly  known  for  his  edition  of  shakspere  (1857). 

Dyce,  William.  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 
Sept'.  19,  1800:  died  at  Streathain,  England, 
Feb.  14,  18C4.  A  British  historical  painter, 
founder  of  the  Preraphaelite  movement  in  the 
English  school  of  painting.  He  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  A.M.  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in 
18'22 ;  exhibited  his  first  picture,  "  Bacchus  nursed  by  the 
Nymphs  of  Nyssa."  at  tlie  Royal  Academy,  l.ondon,  in 
1827-  painted  a  "Madonna  and.Child"  in  the  Preraphael- 
ite style  of  painting  in  18-28:  lived  as  a  portrait-painter  at 
Edinburgh  1830-37 :  was  hcad-niaater  of  the  School  of  De- 
sign at  ,Soinerset  House,  London,  18411-13  ;  was  Appointed 
professor  of  fine  arts  in  King's  Ccdlege,  l.oiidon,  in  ls44  ; 
and  painted  the  cartoon  "  Baptism  of  Ethelberf'for  the 
House  of  Lords  in  1K45.  He  published  'Theory  of  the 
Fine  Arts  "  (1&14),  "  The  National  Gallery,  its  Formation 
and  Management  "  (1863),  etc. 
Dyer  (di'er).  Sir  Edward.  Died  in  1607.  .\n 
English  poet  and  courtier.  He  was  employed  in 
several  embassies  by  Queen  Elizaljeth,  by  whom  he  was 
kniglited  in  15%.  He  was  the  friend  of  Raleigh  and  Sidney, 
and  wrote  a  numlier  of  pastoral  odes  and  madrigals.  He  is 
known  chielly  as  the  author  of  a  poem  descrijitive  of  con- 
tentment, beginning  "ily  mind  to  nie  a  kingdom  is"  (set 
to  music  in  William  Byrds  "Psalmcs,  Sonets,  and  Songs, ' 

l.'.SS). 

Dyer,  George.  Bom  at  London,  March  lo.  1 1  oo : 
died  at  Loudon,  March  2,  1841.  Au  English 
scholar.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  fniversity  in  1778, 
and  subsequently  became  pastor  of  a  dissenting  congrega- 
tion at  Cambridge.  Having  abandoned  the  clerical  [u-o- 
fession,  he  settled  in  17112  at  Ixjndon,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  His  cliief  works  are  "  History  of  tho 
University  and  Colleges  of  Cambridge  "  (1814)  and  "  Privi- 
leges of  the  University  of  Cambridge  "  (1824). 

Dyer,  John.  Born  at  Aberglasney,  Cannar- 
theiishire,  Wales.  1700  :  died  July  24.  1758.  An 
English  jioet.  He  became  vicar  of  Calthorp,  Leices- 
tersliire,  in  1741,  and  subseiiueiilly  held  sevend  livings  in 
Linccdnshire.  He  published  "liroiigar  Hin"(1727),  "Ru- 
ins of  Rome  "  (174(1),  "  The  Fleece  "  (1757). 

Dyer,  or  Dyar,  Mrs.  Mary.    Died  at  Boston. 
M;iss.,  June  1.  HiOo.    A  (Juaker  fanatic,    shewas 
twice  banished  from  the  Massachusetts  colony  on  pain  of  • 
death,  and.  as  she  peraistcd  in  returning,  was  hanged  on 
Boston  c«inimon. 

Dyer,  Thomas  Henry.    Born  at  Loudon,  May 

4,  ]Mi4:  died  at  Balli.  .Ian.  30,  1888.  An  Eng- 
lish historian.  He  was  for  some  time  employed  as  a 
clerk  in  the  West  India  House,  and  eventually  devoted 
himself  wholly  t.i  literature.  Ue  wrote  " Histoi-y  of  Jlod- 
eni  Europe  "  (18()l-ft4),  "  A  History  of  the  City  of  Rome  ' 
(18i;5),  etc. 

Dyfed  (duv'ed).  The  old  British  name  of  the 
country  of  tho  Dimetse,  a  region  in  the  south- 
west of  Wales. 

Dying  Alexander.  A  head,  held  to  be  a  Greek 
original  of  Hellenistic  date,  very  remarkable 
for'^the  intensity  of  its  expression  of  pain,  and 
of  admiralile  execution. 


Dying  Gaul,  The,  formerly  called  The  Dying 

Gladiator.  A  celebrated  antique  statue  of 
the  Peigaiiiene  school,  in  the  Capitoliiie  Mu- 
seum, Kome.  The  warrior,  nude,  sits  on  the  ground 
Willi  bowed  bead,  supiiorting  himself  with  bis  right  arm. 
Tile  statue  is  esiiecially  line  in  the  mastery  of  anatomy 
displayed,  and  in  its  cbanicterization  of  the  racial  type. 
Dymond  (di'mond),  Jonathan.  Born  at  Exe- 
ter, Knglaiul,  Dec.  19,  1790:  died  May  0,  1.S28. 
An  English  author.  Hefollowed  the  occupation  of  a 
linen-draper  at  Essex,  where  in  IS'25  he  foiiiided  an  auxil- 
iary societvof  the  I'eace.Sociely.  Ilischiefwork  is  "  E»sa.\» 
on  the  l"rihci|iles  of  Moridlty  "  (182iiv. 

Dyveke  (do've-ke),  or  Duveke,  L.  Columbula 

(kol-uiii'l.u-lii).  [•  Little  Dove.']  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam. 1491:  died,  jirobably  by  iioisoii,  1517. 
Till'  mistressof  ('Inistian  H. of  Denmark,  chris- 
tian met  her  in  1607  at  Bei-gen,  where  her  mother  kept  a 
email  inn.  She  accompanied  him  lo  '.Islo  as  his  mistress, 
a  relation  which  she  inainlained  even  after  bis  clevati.m 
to  tlie  thliine  in  16l:l,  and  his  marriiige  to  Isabella,  sister 
of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  in  16ir>.  .she  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a  trageily  by  Saiusoe  (IStli  century),  and  of  va- 
lions  novels  and  poems. 

Dyrrhachium  (di-ru'ki-uiii).  Hie  Homnnnnme 
.d'  |liM'irz/o.  .„  ,     ,  . 

Dysart  (di'/.lirl).  A  seaport  in  Fifcshire,  bcot- 
1,'inl  situatiMl  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  12  miles 
m.rlli-northeast  of  Edinburgh.  Population 
(1,S91).  3,022. 

Dyur  (dviir).     See  Sliilliil: 

Dzungaria.     See  Smigaria. 


a  (a'a).  One  of  the  supreme 
gods  of  the  Assyro-Babylo- 
iiiaiis,  enumerated  in  the  first 
triad  of  the  12  great  gods. 
He  is  the  god  of  the  ocean  aiid  the 
subterranean  springs.  As  god  of 
the  people  he  is  also  "lord  of  pro- 
found wisdom  "  and  counsel,  and 
patron  of  sciences  and  arts.  His 
wife  was  Damkina  ('  lady  of  the  earth"),  and  both  are  iden- 
tified with  Oaos  and  Dauke  of  Daniaseius.  Their  son  was 
Merodach  (Marduk).  The  city  >f  Eridu  (modern  Abu  Shah- 
rein)  was  especially  sacred  to  him.  In  spite  of  his  promi- 
nent place  in  the  pantheon.  Ea  seems  not  to  have  held  an 
important  position  in  the  cult  of  the  Assyro-Babylonians. 

£a-bani  (a-a-bS'ne).  One  of  the  lieroes  in  the 
so-called  Izdubar  legends,  or  the  Babylonian 
Nimrod  epic.  He  is  depicted  as  a  bull-man  living  in 
the  desert  Enticed  by  sensual  pleasure,  he  comes  toErech 
(modern  'W.irka),  and  with  his  assistance  Izdubar  (or,  as 
his  name  is  now  read,  Gilgamesh)  slays  Khumbaba,  the 
Elamite  usurpei  of  the  throne  of  Erecli.  But  Ishtar,  in 
her  wrath  against  Izdubar  for  refusing  her  love,  causes 
him  to  be  stricken  with  a  dire  disease  and  his  friend  Ea- 
bani  to  die.  Izdubar  betakes  himself  to  his  ancestor  Pir- 
napishtim,  who  "at  the  mouth  of  the  rivers  lives  with  the 
gods,*"  by  whom  he  is  cured  of  his  leprosy  and  .also  en- 
dowed with  the  gift  of  immortality,  and  on  his  return  to 
Erech  implores  the  gods  for  the  restoration  of  Ea-bani  to 
life.  His  prayer  is  answered  :  Ea-bani  returns  from  the 
nether  world,  and  relates  his  experiences  there. 

Eachard  (eeh'ard),  Jolin.  Born  in  Suffolk, 
163G  (?)':  died  at  Cambridge,  July  7,  1697.  An 
English  di%'ine  and  satirical  writer.  He  was  chosen 
master  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge  University,  in  1675, 
and  vice-chancellor  of  the  tniiversity  in  1679  and  1695. 
He  wrote  "  The  Grounds  and  Occasions  of  the  Contempt 
of  the  ("lergv  and  Religion  "'  (1670:  anonymous),  etc. 

Eadbald.     See  Jitlwlbald. 

Ead'oert  (ed'bert),  or  Eadberht  (e-ad'bercht), 
Saint.  Bishop  of  Lindisfarne  688 :  the  successor 
of  Saint  Cuthbert. 

Eadburga  (ed'ber-gii),  or  Eadburgh  Ce-iid'- 
boi-eh).  Lived  about  800.  Daughterof  Offa,  king 
of  Mercia,  and  "wife  of  Brihtric  (Beorhtric),  king 
of  the  West  Saxons.  .She  attempted  to  poison  a  favorite 
of  Brihtric.but  the  cupwas  accidentally  drained  liy  her  hus- 
band. She  fled  to  Charlem.agne,  who  appointed  her  abbess 
of  a  nunnery,  a  post  from  which  she  was  later  dismissed  for 
immorality.    She  died  a  beggar  in  the  streets  of  Pavia. 

Eadfrid("ed'frid).  orEadfrith(e-ad'frith).  Died 
721.     Bishop  of  Lindisfarne  698-721. 

Eadie  (e'di),  John.  Born  at  Alva,  Stirling- 
shire. Scotland,  May  9, 1810 :  died  at  Glasgow, 
June  3,  1876.  A  Scottish  theologian  and  bibli- 
cal critic,  appointed  professor  of  biblical  liter- 
ature in  the  United  Secession  Divinity  Hall  1843. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  Ephesians,  Colossians,  Philip- 
pians,  and  Galatians  (1854-69),  "  Bible  Cyclopaedia  "'(18JS), 
"  TheEnglish  Bible :  an  external  and  critical  History  of  va- 
rious English  Translations  of  Scripture,  etc.""  (1876),  etc. 

Eadmer,  orEdmer(ed'mer).  Died  1124  (?).  An 
English  historian,  a  monk  of  Canterbury  and  a 
companion  and  intimate  friend  of  Anselm.  He 
waa  the  author  of  the  "  Historia  Novorum,"  and  of  lives  of 
Anselm,  Dunstan,  and  others. 

Eads  (edz),  James  Buchanan.  Bom  at  Law- 
renceburg,  Ind.,  May  23.  1820:  died  at  Nassau. 
New  Providence,Babama  Islands,  March  8,1887. 
An  American  engineer.  He  designed  and  construct- 
ed a  number  ot  United  States  ironclads  and  mortar-boats 
for  use  on  the  Mississippi  River  during  the  Civil  War ;  con- 
structed the  steel  arch  bridge  across  the  Mississippi  at  St. 
Louis  1867-74 ;  and  was  subsequently  employed  by  Con- 
gress in  deepening  and  rendering  permanent  the  channel 
of  the  Mississippi  by  means  of  jetties,  according  to  a  plan 
proposed  by  himself. 

Ead"W"ard.    See  Edward. 

Ead"wine.    See  Edwin. 

Eagleha"W"k  (e'gl-hak).  A  mining  town  in  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  about  100  miles  northwest  of 
Melbourne. 

Eagle  of  Brittany,  The.  A  surname  of  Ber- 
trand  Du  Guesclin. 

Eagle  of  Divines,  The.  A  surname  of  Thomas 
Aquinas. 

Eagle  of  Meaux,  The 

Eagle  Pass  (e'gl  pas). 


Eagle's  Nest.  A  celebrated  rock,  about  1,200 
feet  in  height,  among  the  Killarney  lakes  in  the 
county  of  Kerry,  Ireland.  Wheeler,  Familiar 
Allusions,  p.  155. 

Ealing (e'ling).  Atownin  Middlesex,  England, 
9  miles  west  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  It  "is  the 
birthplace  of  Huxley.  Population(1891), 23,978. 

Ealred  of  Rievaux."    See^Ethelred. 

Eames(amz),Emina.    Born  at  Shanghai,  China, 
1868.     An  American  soprano  singer,    she  made  Earn  (em), 
her  first  appearance  as  Juliet  in  Gounod's  opera  "Romeo 


Monocacy  Junction  July  9.  and  threatened  Washington 
July  11.  Toward  the  end  of  July  he  sent  a  body  of  cavalry 
on  a  raid  into  Pennsylvania,  which  destroyed  Chambers- 
burg.  "  


Length, 


He  w:is  defeated  by  Sheridan  at  Winchester  Sept.  19, 
and  at  Fisher's  Hill  Sept.  22.  He  suiprised  the  Union 
forces  at  Cedar  Creek  Oct.  19  in  the  absence  of  General 
Sheridan,  who  returned  in  time  to  rally  his  troops  and  gain 
a  decisive  victory.  He  was  relieved  from  the  command  in 
the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1865.  Author  of  "A  Me- 
moir of  the  Last  Ye.ar  of  the  War  for  Independence  in  the 
Confederate  States  "  (1867). 

A  tributary  of  the  Tax  i"  Scot- 

_    ^__    land,  the  outlet  of  Loch  Earn. 

and  Juliet  "at  the  Grand  Opera  House,  Paris,  in  1889;  and  Earn,   Loch.       A    lake  in  western  Perthshire, 
married  Mr.  Julian  Story,  Aug.  1, 1891.  Scotland,  northeast  of  Loch  Katrine.     '  " 

Eamuses.     See  Tamnm.  qi  miles. 

Eanfled(en'fled),orEanflaed(e-an'flad).   Bom  Earth   (erth).      [Usually,   but   without  much 
April  17,  626.     Daughter  of  Eadwine,  king  of    probability,  refen-ed   to  ^  *ar.  plow.]      The 

terraqueous  globe  which  we  inhabit.  Itisoneof 
the  planets  of  the  solar  system,  being  the  third  in  order 
from  the  sun.  The  tlgme  of  the  earth  is  approximately 
that  of  an  ellipsoid  of  revolution  or  oblate  spheroid,  the 
axes  of  which  measure  12,756,506  meters  and  12,71;!. 042 
meters,  or  7,926  statute  miles  and  l.Wl  yards  and  7,899 
statute  miles  and  1,023  yards,  respectively,  thus  making 
the  compression  1;293.  The  radius  o(  the  eaitll,  consid- 
ered as  a  sphere,  is  3,9.58  miles.  The  mean  density  of  the 
whole  earth  is  5.6,  or  about  twice  that  of  the  crust,  and 
its  interior  is  probably  metallic.  The  earth  revolves 
upon  its  axis  in  one  sidereal  day,  which  is  3  minutes  and 
55.91  seconds  shorter  than  a  mean  solar  day.  Its  axis 
remains  nearly  parallel  to  itself,  but  has  a  large  but  slow 
gyration  which  produces  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes. 
The  whole  earth  revolves  about  the  sun  in  an  ellipse  in  one 
sidereal  year,  which  is  365  days,  6  hours,  9  minutes,  and 
9  seconds.  "The  ecliptic,  or  plane  of  the  earth"s  orbit,  is 
inclined  to  the  eqimtor  by  23"  27'  12"'  .68  mean  obliquity 
for  Jan.  0,  1S90,  according  <o  Hansen.  The  earth  is  dis- 
tant from  the  sun  about  93,000,000  miles. 

Earthly  Paradise,  The.  -A.  collection  of  nar- 
rative poems  bv  William  Morris,  published 
1868-71. 


Xorthumbria,  and  wife  of  Oswiu,  king  of  North- 
um1)ria.  She  was  baptized  in  infancy  by  Bishop 
PauUnus,  and  was  the  first  Northumbrian  to  re- 
ceive the  rite. 

Eardwulf  (e-ard'wulf),  or  Eardulf  (er'dulf). 
Died  810.  King  of  NoTthumbria  7f'6-810.  He 
was  driven  from  the  throne  in  808,  but  was  re- 
stored in  809. 

Earine  (e'rin).  In  Ben  Jonson's  play  "The  Sad 
Shepherd,"  a  beautiful  shepherdess,  beloved  by 
..■Eglamour. 

Earle  (erl),  John.  Bom  at  York,  England, 
about  1601 :  died  at  Oxford,  England,  Nov.  17, 
1665.  An  English  di\'ine,  appointed  bishop  of 
Worcester  in  1662,  and  translated  to  the  see  of 
Salisbui'y  in  1663.  He  wrote  various  poems  ('On  the 
Death  of  Beaumont,  1616."  "  Hortus  Mertonensis,  '  written 
while  a  fellow  of  Merton  College,  etc.)  and  "  Microcos- 
mographie,  or  a  Peece  of  the  World  Discovered  in  Essayes 
and  Characters "  (1628 :  anonymous),  a  humorous  work 
which  enjoyed  great  popularity. 


Earle,John.  Born  at  Churchstow, South  Devon.  Easdale,  or  Eisdale  (ez'dal).  An  island  in  the 
Jan.  29,  1824:  died  at  Oxford,  Jan.  31,  1903.  An     Firth  of  Lorn,  west  of  Arg 


English  scholar.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1845;  be- 
came  afellow  of  Oriel  in  1818;  was  appointed  professor  of 
Aiiylo-Saxon  in  1849  for  5  yeai-s  ;  and  was  college  tutor  in 
18.52.  He  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Swanswick.  near 
Batll,  in  1857.  and  was  prebend  of  Wanstow  in  Wells  Ca- 
thedral in  1871  and  rural  dean  of  Bath  1873-77.  He  was 
reelected  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Oxford  in  1876.  the 
professorsliip  having  been  made  permanent.  Among  his 
works  are  •'  Two  of  the  Saxon  Chronicles  Parallel  "  11866), 
."  The  Philology  of  the  English  Tongue  "  (1866).  "  Book  for 
the  Beginiier  in  .Anglo-.Saxon "  (1866),  "English  Plant 
Kames,  etc."  (1880),  "  Anglo-Siuxon  Literature""  (1884), 
"A  Hand  Book  to  the  Land  Charters,  etc."  (1888),  "  Eng- 
lish Prose,  etc.""  (1890),  etc. 

Earle,  Pliny.  Born  at  Leicester.  Mass.,  Dec. 
17,  1762:  died  at  Leicester,  Nov.  19,  1832.  An 
American  inventor.  His  chief  invention  was 
a  machine  for  making  cards  for  cotton-  and 
wool-carding. 

Earle,  Pliny.  Born  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  Dee. 
31,  1809:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  May  18, 


A  surname  of  Bossuet. 
_  A  place  in  Maverick 

County,  southwestern  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande 
about  140  miles  southwest  of  San  Antonio. 
Here  the  Mexican  International  Railroad  meets 
the  Southern  Pacific. 


1852,  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  18<>t-85,  when  he  retired.  Author 
of  "A  Visit  to  Thirteen  Asylums  for  the  Insane  in  Europe" 
(1839)  and  "  The  Curability  ot  Insanity  ""  (1887). 

Earle,  Thomas.  Born  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  April 
21, 1796:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  14,1849.  An 
American  lawyer  and  writer,  son  of  Pliny  Earle. 
He  practised  his  profession  at  Philadelphia  many  years; 
was  an  intluential  member  of  the  .State  constitutional 
convention  in  1837 ;  and  was  the  vice-presidential  candi- 
date of  the  Liberty  party  in  1840. 

Earlom  (er'lom),  Richard.     Born  at  London, 
1743 :  died  there,  Oct.  9, 1822 
zotint  engraver. 

Early  (er'li),  Jubal  Anderson.  Bom  in  Frank- 
lin County,  Va.,  Nov.  3,  1816:  died  at  Lynch- 
burg, Va..  JIareh  2. 1894.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  and  served  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Florida  war  1837-38,  when  he  resigned  his 
commission  and  became  a  lawyer  in  Virginia.  In  the  war 
with  Mexico  he  served  as  a  major  of  volunteers  1847-48. 
He  was  appointed  to  a  colonelcy  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  and  commanded  a 


Argyllshire,  Scotland, 
situated  11  miles  southwest  of  Oban:  noted 
for  slate  quarries. 
East  (est).  The.  1.  In  the  Bible,  the  countries 
southeast,  east,  and  northeast  of  Palestine,  as 
Moab,  Ammon,  Arabia  Deserta,  Assyria,  etc. — 
2.  The  countries  comprised  in  the  Eastern  or 
Byzantine  empire. —  37  In  church  history,  the 
church  in  the  Eastern  Empire  and  countries 
adjacent,  especially  those  on  the  east,  as  "the 
West"  is  the  church  in  the  Western  Empire. — 

4.  One  of  the  four  gi'eat  prefectures  into  which 
the  Roman  Empire  was  divided  in  its  later 
history.  It  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Asia,  Pontus, 
the  East,  and  Egypt,  and  the  diocese  of  Thrace  (from  the 
jEgean  to  the  Danube). 

5.  A  diocese  in  the  prefecture  of  the  East,  in 
the  later  Roman  Empire.  It  was  somewhat 
more  comprehensive  than  Syria. —  6.  In  mod- 
ern use,  Asia;  the  Orient  (which  see). 

otectorate 
Ocean  from, 
the  northeast 
and  north  it  is  bounded  by  the  Italian  protectorate  of 
Somaliland  and  the  Italian  possessions  in  Abyssinia  (ac- 
cording to  treaty  of  1891).  On  the  southwest  and  south 
it  is  separated  from  German  East  Africa  by  Victoria 
Nyanza,  and  by  boundaries  settled  by  agreements  of  18S6 
and  1890.  Westward  it  extends  to  the  Kongo  Free  State^ 
and  northwestward  indeflnitel>.  After  the  surrender  of 
the  charter  ot  the  East  Africa  Company  to  the  British  gov- 
ernment in  1895,  the  territory  was  divided  fnr  administra- 
tive pui-poses  intothe  E.ajit  Africa  Protect4>rate,theUganda 
Protectorate,  ami  the  Protectorate  of  Zanziliar.  (See  Zan- 
zibar.) The  capital  is  M'-mbasa.  Area  of  Il>ea  (the  part 
formerly  under  the  Imperial  British  East  Africa  CoAipany) 
and  the  vague  "Hinterland,*"  over  1,000.000  square  miles. 
An  English  mez-  East  Africa,  German.  A  German  dependency 
in  Afi-ica,  acquired  in  1885-90,  and  administered 
by  an  imperial  governor.  On  the  north  it  borders 
on  British  East  Africa.  (See  above.)  It  fronts  on  the  In- 
dian Ocean.  Southward  it  is  bordered  by  Portuguese 
East  .Africa  (line  settled  by  agi-eements  of  18S6  and  lS9ii), 
and  by  the  Nyassaland  Protectorate  (settled  by  ti'eaty  with 
Great  Britain  1S90).  Westward  it  ijorders  on  the  Kongo 
Free  State.  The  possessions  of  the  sultan  of  Zanzibar  on 
the  coast  were  purchased  by  the  Germans  in  1890.  An  in- 
surrection in  1888-90  was  suppressed  by  Wissmann.  Area, 
about  380,000  square  miles.     Pi. p.  duooi,  est..  8,000  000. 


division  of  Lee"s  army  at  Gettysburg  July  1-3, 1863.     Hav-  t,j-a^-         t^j.  .t-,. 

ing  been  ordered  to  the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah  in  Is&t,  East  Africa,  PortUgUeSC.      A  Portuguese  de- 
he  invaded  Maryland,  defeated  General  Lewis  Wallace  at    pendenc}'  in  East  Africa,  formed  in  1891  out 
348 


East  Africa,  Portuguese 


349 


f  the  colony  of  Mozambique  under  the  name  Eastern  War.     See  Crimean  JTai: 
i  Estado  a'Afiica  Oriental,    it  is  administered  b)  East  Flanders.     See  Flaiifiers,  East. 
commissioner.    It  islMuiided  n.irtli  by  Oenuan  Eas^^  East  Friesland  (est  frez'laud).     A  region  in 

the  westeiu  part  of  the  province  of  Hannover, 
Prussia :  formerly  a  priuciiiality.  It  included  ori- 
ginally the  Dutch  province  of  Groniiigcii,  and  northern 
oMeiiliurit.  It  passed  to  Prussia  in  1744.  to  Holland  in 
IS  p7,  to  Hannover  in  1815,  and  to  Prussia  in  1808. 
East  Goths.  See  Ostrogoths. 
Easthampton  (est-ham])'tou).  A  manufactur- 
iuf,'  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts, 
12  miles  north-northwest  of  Springfield.  It  is 
the  sea'      "  '"■■••  -      ■ 

-    -f--v   -r (1890),  ,,..„„,,.. .„.,^,,,. 

of  the  German   Sphere  of  Intiuence  m  East  East  Hartlepool  (est  har'tl-pol).   A  seaport  in 
•*■"'"■'"'•  Durliam,  Eng;land,  16  miles  east-southeast  of 

Durham.     Population  (1891),  21,521. 
East  India  Company.     The  name  of  various 


Alrica.  south  and  west  by  the  British  jiossessions  and 
spheres  01  intiuence  (ilelimiteii  in  18:>1>,  and  hy  theTrans- 
\aal  Colony.  It  fruiita  on  the  luilian  Ocean.  Portuguese 
settlements  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa  began  cai'ly  in 
the  16th  century.  When  the  recent  partition  of  the  coun- 
tr>  hepan,  Poi-tu;ral  came  uito  collision  with  Great  IJrit- 
ain,  but  the  ri\'al  ehiiiiis  «ere  ailiusted  in  ISill.  .Area, 
:iul,u0i]  sipiarc  miles.     l'..piilatiiii].  alp..nt  3,120.(XJ(I. 

East  Africa  Company,  British.    See  British 

Kiist  Africa  Coinpaiiy,  ImpcrinL 

East  Africa  Company,  German.    A  German 
company  founded  in  188.5  for  the  exploitation 


Eaton,  Theophilus 

"DacotjUi"(1849),'  Konianceof  Indian  Life  "(18S2X "Aunt 
Phillis  s  Cabin  ■  (liiOJ),--  Tales  of  Fashionable  Life  "(186t(). 

Eastman,  Seth,  Born  at  Brunswick,  Maine, 
Jan.  24, 1808:  died  at  Washington,  B.C.,  Aug.31, 
1875.  An  American  brigadier-general.  He  was 
employed  (1850-55)  in  the  bureau  of  the  commissioner  of 
Indian  affairs  to  illustrate  the  work  entitled  "History, 
Conilition,  and  Future  Prospects  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of 
theUnited  .States,"  published  by  order  of  Congress  1860- 

East  New  York.     The  easternmost  district  of 

Brookhni. 


n-.-»  in.li  I  ii-iiuM  11  west  oi  .^priuirneia.     ills  T«nr.*-««   z-^'*.,   \        a      -a  i    a,  ..   i      « 

.at  of  WiUiston   Seminlry.  °  Population  ^^^^^  ^"^  *^"A-     ^  "'^  and  the  capital  of 

4  .•)95-(1895)   4  790  x  ui^uiatiuii     Jso,-thainpton  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated 

i       '..       '^      _        ''       '  *  Ot    flu.    ill, w. fin*,    t\f    fli.i     T   ..!>:.. I.     ...C.!,     *l,.,     T»..l_ 


East  Anglia  (est  ang'gli-a).  An  ancient  Eng- 
lish kingdom,  eorrespondiijg  to  the  modern  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk.  Redwald  was  its  first  historie.-a  king 
(about  593-617) ;  its  last  under-kiug  was  Edmund  (killed 
870).  It  formed  later  a  part  of  the  IJanelagh,  and  was  one 
of  the  four  earldoms  of  Canute. 

East  Anglian.  A  general  term  for  the  dialects 
of  England  spoken  in  the  eastern  districts  (those 
northeast  of  London). 

Eastbourne  (est'bOrn).  a  watering-place  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 19  miles  east  of  Brigliton.  It  is  strongly 
fortilied.     Population  (1891),  34,977. 

East  Cape  (est  kap).  l.  A  cape  at  the  eastern 
e.xtremity  of  Madagascar. —  2.  A  cape  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  North  Island  of  New 
Zealand. —  3.  [Kuss.  Vostol-hni.l  A  cape  in 
Siberia,  the  easternmost  headland  in  Asia, 
projecting  into  Bering  Strait  in  lat.  66°  N., 
long.  169°  44'  W. 

Eastcheap  (est'chep).  [ME.  Estchepe,  Eastern 
Market.  See  Chcapside.]  Originiilly,  the  east- 
ern market-place  of  the  city  of  London,  located 
at  the  junction  of  Watling  street  and  Ei-mine 
street.  It  was  quite  large,  including  the  site  of  modem 
liillingsgate  and  Leadenlndl  markets.  Eastcheap  is  now 
a  small  stret-t  running  east  and  west  near  the  northern 
end  of  London  Bridge. 

East  Cowes  (est  kouz).  A  small  town  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  opposite  West  Cowes. 
Near  it  is  the  royal  residence  of  Osborne. 

East  End  (est  end).  That  part  of  London 
which  lies  east  of  the  Bank,  including  a  large 
and  thickly  settled  region  noted  for  its  poverty. 

Easter  Island  (es'ter  i'l.^nd).  An  island  in 
the  eastern  Pacific,  west  of  Chile,  in  lat.  27° 
30'  S..  long.  109°  30'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its 
gigantic  iireliistoric  statues. 

Eastern  Archipelago.   See  Mulai/  Archipelaqo. 

Eastern  Empire  (es'tern  em'iur),  or  Byzan- 
tine Empire  i  liiz'an-tin  or  bi-zan'tin  em')pir), 
or  Greek  Empire  (giek  em'pir):  also  called 
the  Lower  Empire.  The  eastern  division  of 
the  Roman  Empii'e,  and,  after  470,  the  Konum 
Empire  itself,  with  its  capital  at  Constautino- 
ple,  and  with  greatly  varying  boundaries 
eluded  at  its  greatest  extent  so'uthe;tstiTn  Kurope,  western 
Asia,  northern  Africa,  jiiu-t  of  Italy,  aod  various  islands. 
After  801)  its  rival  in  the  West  was  the  Empire  of  the 
West,  and  the  Roman  Empire  of  the  German  nation. 
The  leading  facts  in  its  hisUiry  are :  foundation  of  Con- 
stantinople :)»)  A.  11.  ;  llnal  separation  of  the  Eastern  and 
Western  empires  on  the  death  of  I'lieodosius,  395  ;  reign 
of  Justinian,  527-.5B6;  reign  ot  Ilcraclius  (restoration  of 
the  Roman  power,  duel  with  Persia,  beginning  of  the 
Saracen  conquests),  010-641 ;  reign  of  Leo  the  Isanrian, 
717-741  ;  the  Macedonian  dynasty  (Basil  I.,  Constantine 
Vn.,  .Mcephorus  II.,  John  I.,  Basil  11.,  etc.),  807-1057; 
dynasty  of  Comnenus  (Alexius  I.,  Crusades,  .Manuel  I., 
etc.),  1081-1186;  Isiuic  II.  (Allgelus),  I18r>-1)5;  fall  of  the 
empire  under  Alexius  IIL,  conquest  of  Constantinople, 
and  division  of  the  empire  by  the  Venetians  and  Crusa- 
ders, l:!03-Ol  ;  Latin  empire  at  Constantinople,  120«-<J1  ; 
thetircck  empire  continued  at  Niciea,  1204-01 ;  theOrcek 
empire  at  Constantinople  reestablished  under  the  dy. 
nasty  of  Palicologus,  12«1  ;  overthrow  of  the  empire  un- 
der Constantine  .\[.,  and  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks  under  Mahomet  II.,  1453. 

Eastern  Question,  The.    The  collective  name 

given  to  the  si'VcimI  lu'ohloms  or  complications 
in  the  inlernutional  politics  of  Europe  growing 
out  of  the  presence  of  the  Turkish  power  in 
the  southeast. 
Eastern    RumeUa    (es'tern    ro-me'liil).      Tho 

soutlievn  i.ortii f  Bulgaria.    It  lies  siVnth  of  the 

Balkans,  ami  south  and  cast  of  Bulgaria  projier.  It  wax 
formed  by  the  trciity  of  Berlin  (187s)  cMit  of  Turkish  ter- 
rltor)-,  and  made  an  autonomous  province  with  a  Turk- 
Ish-appninteil  governor-general.  By  the  revolution  of 
•Sept.  17, 1H85,  the  government  was  overthrown,  and  union 
with  Bulgaria  proilalnied.  T 
recognized  by  "Turkey  in  1880. 
poriolis.    Area.  13,700  sniiaro 

III!II.14L 

Eastern  States.  A  popular  designation  of  tlie 
six  New  Englanil  States:  Maine,  \e\v  Hnmi)- 
shire.  N'ermont.  Massachusetts.  Rhode  Island, 
and  ('iinneelicut. 

Eastern  Turkestan.     Same  as  East  Turkestan. 


at  the  junction  of  tlio  Lehigh  with  the  Dela- 
ware, 52  miles  north  of  Pliiladelphia.  It  has 
considerable  manufactures,  is  the  center  of  an  iron^>re 
region,  and  is  the  seat  of  Lafayette  College.    Population 

(iy<'Oi,  2.>,'23H. 


mercantile    associations  formed    in    different  Easton,  Nicholas.  Born  in  England.  1593:  died 
countriesin  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  for  the     :^'   -V-wport.  K.   1.,  Aug.  15,  1675.     A  colonial 


purpose  of  couducti  ng  under  the  auspices  of  the 
government  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  of  their  re- 
spective countries  with  the  East  Indies,  (a)  The 
Danish  East  India  Company  was  organized  in  1018 ;  was 
dissolved  in  1634;  was  reorganized  in  1670 ;  and  wasllnally 
dissolved  in  1729,  when  its  possessions,  the  chief  of  which  t,  .  „ 
was  Tranqueb.ar  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  weie  ceded  to  -tast  Orange 


the  government.  (6)  The  Dutch  East  India  Compai;y  was 
formed  by  the  union  of  seveial  smaller  trading  couiiia- 
nies  March  20, 1002.  It  received  from  the  state  anii.n,ii,(,lv 
of  the  trade  on  the  further  side  ot  the  .Strait  of  Magellan 
and  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  including  the  right  to 
make  treaties  and  alliances  in  the  name  of  the  .states- 
General,  to  establish  factories  and  forts,  ami  to  employ  sol- 
diers. It  founded  Batavia  in  .Tava  on  the  site  ot  a  native 
city  in  1619,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  171h  century  held 
the  principal  seats  of  commerce  throughout  the  indian 
archipehigo,  including  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java,  and  Bor- 
neo, and  had  tlouiisliiiii,'  colonies  in  South  Africa.  It  was 
dissolved  and  its  teniloiies  transferred  to  the  state  .Sept. 
12,  1795.  (c)  The  English  East  India  Company,  com- 
posed origin:U]y  of  London  merchants,  was  incorporated 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  Dec.  31,  loun,  under  the  title  of  "The 
Governor  and  Company  of  Merchants  of  London  trading 
with  the  East  Indies."  It  olitained  from  the  court  of 
Delhi  in  1612  the  privilege  of  establishing  a  factory  at 
Surat.  which  continued  to  be  the  chief  British  station  in 
India  until  the  organization  of  Bombay.  In  lftJ5  it  re- 
ceived  permission  of  the  natives  to  erect  Fort  .St.  lieorge 
at  .Madras.  In  1061  it  was  invested  by  Charles  II.  wiU- 
authority  to  make  peace  and  war  with  intldel  powers, 
erect  forts,  acquire  territory,  and  exercise  civil  and  ciiini- 
nal  jurisdiction  in  its  settlements.  In  Vim  it  obtained  a 
grant  of  the  island  of  Bombay,  which  formed  part  of  Ilie 
dower  of  Cathiuine  of  Portugal  In  1675  it  established  a 
factory  on  the  Uugli  in  Bengal,  which  led  to  the  founda- 
tion of  ('alcutta.  In  1741)  it  inaugurated,  by  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Rajah  of  Tanjore,  a  series  of  territorial  con- 
quests which  resulted  in  the  acquisition  and  organization 
of  British  India.  A  government  board  of  control  was 
established  by  Parliament  in  1784,  and  in  ls,'>8  the  com- 
pany relinquished  altogether  its  functions  of  government 
to  the  crown,  (il)  The  French  East  India  Company  was 
founded  by  Colbert  in  1661.  It  established  a  factory  at 
Surat  in  Aug.,  1675,  and  aeiiuired  I'ondicherry,  which  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  French  possessions  on  the  Coro- 
mandel coiist.  It  was  dissolved  Aug.  i:i,  1769,  when  its 
territoi-ies  were  ceded  to  the  crown,        " 


governor  of  Rhode  Island.  He  came  from  Wales  in 
1634,  and  resided  successively  at  Ipswich  (^lassaehu- 
setts),  .Newbury  (Massachusetts),  Hampton  (New  Hamp- 
shire), and  Newport  (Rhode  Island).  He  was  governor 
of  the  united  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 

lfl50-52. 

A  citv  of  Essex  County,  New 
.Icisey.     Population  (1900),  21,506. 

Eastport  (est'port).  A  seaport  in  Washington 
Coii:ily,  Maine,  situated  on  Moose  Island  in 
Passamaquoddy  Bay.  in  lat.  44°  54'  N.,  long. 
()6°  59'  W.  It  is  the  easternmost  town  of  the 
United  States.     Population  (1900),  5,311. 

East  River,  A  strait  between  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  connecting  Long  Island  Sound  with 
New  York  Bay.  Length  to  the  entrance  of  the  Harlem, 
!)  mills  ;  to  Fort  Schuyler,  16  miles.  Width  between  -New 
\ork  and  Brooklyn,  i  to  j  mile. 

East  River  Bridge.    See  Broolli/n  Bridyc. 

East  Saginaw.  A  city  in  Saginaw  Cotmty, 
Michigan,  situated  on  Saginaw  River.  It  is  a 
center  of  the  lumber  and  salt  trade.  It  is  now  consoli- 
dated with  Saginaw  (which  see). 

East  Saint  Louis.  A  town  in  Saint  Clair 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
opposite  Saint  Louis.  Population  (1900), 
29,655. 

East  Saxons.     See  Saj-ons  and  J:ss(r. 

Eastern  Shore.  Tlie  part  of  Maryland  which 
lies  east  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

East  Turkestan  (also  known  foi-nurlv  as  Chi- 
nese Turkestan  or  Little  Bokhara).  .\  de- 
pendency of  the  Chinese  empire  in  central 
Asia.  The  Thian-Shan  .Mountains  sep:uTtte  it  from  Asi- 
atic Hussia:  .Stingaria  lies  on  the  north;  the  Kwen-I.un 
Mountains  separate  it  from  Tibet  and  Kashmir  on  the 
south ;  ami  the  Pamirs  and  Asiatic  Russia  are  on  tile 
west.  The  chief  river  is  the  Tarim  ;  the  chief  city,  Yar- 
kaml.  It  forms  the  Chinese  Lii,  or  southeni  circuit  of 
Hi.  Length,  abmit  1,250  miles.  Area,  431, M)0  s<iuare 
miles.     Population,  estimated,  5S0,0(-K). 


terntones  were  ceded  to  the  crown,     (c)   The  Swedish  ti„„4. },    -rr.,  1  '     »  '1     '      •'..  1  -   .a      1. 

East  India  Company  was  formed  at  Gothenburg,  Sweden,  Eastward  HO !     A  comedy  written   chiefly  by 


in  1741,  and  was  reorganized  in  18i)6. 

,,.j;„';;;  East  India  United  Service  Cluh.    A  London 

club  established  in  1848.  The  club-house  is  at 
16  St.  James's  Square,  London. 
East  Indies,  [EorraerlysometimesjEa«(/HrfJas.- 
so  called  in  distinction  from  the  newly  dis- 
covered countries  irf -America,  sn]>]iosod  at  first 
to  be  remoter  jiarts  of  India,  and  called  the 
JTest  Indies  or  IVvst  Jndias.  See  ll'cst  Indies.] 
A  vague  collective  name  for  Hindustan,  Farther 
India,  and  the  Malay  .Archipelago. 

Eastlake  (est'lak).  Sir  Charles  Lock.  Bom  at 

Plymoutli,  England,  Nov.  17,  179:i:  died  at  Pisa, 
Italv,  Dec.  2.'i,  1865.  An  English  painter.  He 
lived  at  Rome  1S10-,'!0,  and  at  Ix>niloVi  18:10-65  ;  was  kecjicr 
of  the  .National  Gallery  184:1-17  ;  was  iiresidentof  the  Royal 
.\eadcmy  If-.tn  ls5n  until  his  death;  ami  was  knigllted  in 
l.sr.o.  His  best  painting  is  •'  Pilgrims  in  Sight  of  Rome" 
(1S2S). 

East  Liverpool.  A  town  in  Columbiana  County, 
Ohio,  siluntid  on  the  Ohio  River  :!5  miles  north- 
west of  Pittsliurg.  It  has  manufactures  of  pot- 
tery.    Population  (1900).  l(i,485. 

East  London.  A  seaport  in  t'ape  Colonv,  lat. 
■i:P  2'  S..  lung.  27°  .55'  E.     Population,  (i',858. 

East  Lothian.     Same  as  lliiildiniitoushirc. 

East  Main.  A  portion  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
riloric's  ipI  Canada,  lying  east  of  Hudson  Buy 
and  wist  (if  Labrador  ]>roiier. 

East  Main.  A  river  in  Canada  which  flows 
into  .lames  Bay.     Lengtli,  about  -lOO  miles. 

The  new  aiTangemcni  was  Eastmau  (est'nian),  Charles  Gamage,    Born 

i.    The  chief  city  is  Philip-     at  Erveburg,  Maine,  .June  1,  1810  :  died  at  Bur- 

I  mi  es.      Population   (ISSHi        i;„,,.*..    \'S  tor^         <        s.  •  11- 

'  lington,  V  t.,  1H()1.    An  .■vmerican  poet  and  jour- 

nalist. Ho  was  for  many  years  pi-oprletor  and  editor  of 
the  "Vermont  Pattlot,"puiill^«Iieil  at  .Mont  poller,  VurmonC 
In  1848  he  published  a  volume  of  poetry. 

Eastman,  Mrs.  (Mary  Henderson).    Born  at 

Warrenton,  Va..  in  lsl7.  .\n  American  novel- 
ist, wife  of  Belh  Eastman.    Among  her  works  are 


Chai>mau  :ind  Marston,  with  contributions  by 
Jonson.  It  was  written  and  acted  during  the  winter 
of  1604-115.  and  was  entered  upon  the  Stationers'  Register 
Sept.  4,  1005.  The  authors  were  imprisoned  for  satirizing 
the  Scots  in  this  play,  and  sentenced  to  have  tlieir  cars  anit 
noses  split.  Jonson,  though  not  responsible  for  the  ob- 
noxious passages,  gave  himself  iMi  with  his  friends.  At  a 
feast  given  by  him  after  their  deliver),  his  mother  drank 
to  his  health  and  exhibited  a  package  of  "lusty,  strong 
poi.ion"  which,  had  the  sentence  of  mutilation  been  car- 
ried out,  she  was  to  "  have  mlxt  in  the  prison  among  his 
drink,"  and  to  have  first  drunk  of  it  herself  (f'/cai/).  The 
play  was  revived  in  1751  lu)  "The  l-rentives,"  ami  in  1775 
as  "Old  City  Manners." 

Easy  (e'zi).  Sir  Charles.  The  "  careless  hus- 
band ''  in  Cibbei's  eomedv  of  that  name.  He  is 
dissolute  and  hizy.  but  not  enlllely  vicious,  and  Is  llnally 
brought  back  to  the  path  of  virtue  by  Ijidy  Kasy,  his  wife. 
She  makes  it  a  point  never  to  rullle  him  with  jealousy. 

Easy,  Midshipman.  See  .Wr.  Midshipmun  liasi/. 

Eaton  (e'ton),  Daniel  Cady.  Born  at  Fort 
Gratiot,  Mich..  Sept.  ILV  is.il :  died  at  New  Ha- 
ven, .hine  29.  bSO.i.  .Vn  .American  botanist, 
grandson  of  .Vmos  Eaton.  Ho  gradual..!  in  I8.'.7  at 
Yale  College,  in  which  Inslltution  he  bec.ime  professor  of 
biitany  In  IMH.  He  publisheil  'F'ems  of  the  Southwest" 
("  I  lilted  Slates  G.ologlial  .Survey,"  Vol.  VI,  ls78)  and 
'■  Ferns  id  N.nlb  .Vnoriea  "  ils78-711); 

Eaton,  George  W.  Born  at  Hemlerson,  Hun- 
tingd.in  County.  Pa.,  .July  :i.  1804:  dii'd  at 
Hamilton,  X  ^  .,  Aug.  3,  1S72.  An  .American 
educator  and  Baptist  clcrgvman.  lie  was  presi- 
dent of  Ma.llson  T'nlverslly  (Ilamlll.in)  ls.'.6-«8,  and  of 
Hainill.iii  The.ilogical  Seminary  lNll-71. 

Eaton,  Nathaniel.  Hii'd  in  London  after  1C60. 
Tlie  liisl  hca.l-maslcr  of  Harvard  College.  Ho 
W1U4  ajipidntcd  In  16.t7.  In  l(t:tO  he  was  nncl  KKi  marks 
for  gross  brutality  to  ..lie. if  his  ushers,  Nathaniel  Itriscoe, 
wlu-i.'up.iii  he  ile.1  to  \  Irginla,  leaving  debts  to  the 
amount  of  A'1,000. 

Eaton,  Theophilus.  Pied  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  .Ian.  4,  M'tiiS.  First  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New  Haven.  He  came  In  ltH7  from  L.>n. 
don  U>  New  F.ngland  with  .lohn  Davenport,  wh.im  he  aa- 


Eaton,  Theophilus 

sisted  in  the  purchase  of  Quiiiipiak  from  the  Indians  as  a 
site  for  the  colony  of  Xew  Haven,  which  was  planted  in 
163if .  In  1639  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  colony,  which 
post  he  retained  until  his  death. 

Eaton,  William.  Born  at  Woodstock,  Conn., 
Feb.  23,  ITW:  died  at  Britnfield,  Mass.,  June  1, 
1811.  An  American  officer  and  adventurer, 
consul  at  Tunis  1799-1803.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  United  States  naval  agent  to  the  Barbary  states, 
and  during  the  Tripolitan  war  organized  a  movement 
among  the  natives  to  restore  Hamet,  the  brother  of  the 
reigning  pasha,  Yussuf  Caramalli.  With  the  assistance 
of  tile  American  squadron  lie  took  Derue  in  1805,  and  was 
about  to  march  on  Tripoli  when  peace  was  concluded 
between  the  United  States  and  the  reigning  bey. 

Eaton,  Wyatt.  Bom  at  Philipsburg,  Canada, 
ilay  a,  1849 :  died  at  Newport.  R.  I. ,  June  7. 1896. 
An  American  figure  and  portrait  painter.  He 
studied  at  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  New  York, 
and  with  Gtjr6me  in  Paris. 

Eau  Claire  (6  klar).  [F.,  'clear  water.']  A 
cit.y  in  Eau  Claire  Cotmty,  Wisconsin,  situated 
on  the  Cliippewa  River  83  miles  east  by  south 
of  St.  Paul.  It  has  an  important  lumber  trade. 
Population  (1900),  17,517. 

Eaux  Bonnes  (6  bon).  [F., 'good  waters.']  A 
watering-place  in  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  France,  about  28  miles  south  of  Pau. 
It  is  noted  for  its  springs  (chlorid  of  sodium). 

Eauze  (oz).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Gers, 
France,  29  miles  northwest  of  Atich.  It  is  on 
the  site  of  the  Roman  Elusa.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,110. 

Ebal  (e'bal).  A  mountain  in  Palestine,  form- 
ing the  northern  side  of  the  fertile  valley  in 
which  lies  Nablus,  the  ancient  Shechem.  Mount 
Ebal  rises  to  the  height  of  2,986  feet  (or,  according  to  some, 
.'i.OTT  feet).  From  Ebal  the  curse  for  disobedience  to  the 
law  was  pronounced,  the  blessing  for  obedience  being 
given  from  Mount  Gerizim,  which  lies  opposite  on  the 
south  of  the  valley.  Upon  Ebal  Joshua  erected  the  first 
altar  to  Jehovah  after  conquering  Canaan.  Its  modern 
Arabic  name  is  Jebel  Eslamiyah. 

Ebbsfleet  (ebz'flet).  A  hamlet  in  the  Isle  of 
Thauet,  Kent,  England,  3|  miles  west-south- 
west of  Ramsgate.  it  was  the  landing-place  of 
Hengist  and  Horsa  in  449,  and  of  St.  Augustine  in  597. 

Ebel  (a'bel),  Hermann  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Berlin,  May  10,  1820 :  died  at  Misdroi.  Pom- 
erania,  Prussia,  Aug.  19,  1875.  A  German 
philologist,  especially  distinguished  in  Celtic 
philology:  professor  at  Berlin  from  1872.  His 
chief  work  is  a  revision  of  Zeuss's  "Grammatiea 
celtica"  (1871). 

Ebeling  (a'bel-ing),  Adolf.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Oct.  24,  1827:  died  July  23,  1896.  A  German 
writer.  He  traveled  in  Brazil;  lived  in  Paris  as  a  teacher 
and  newspaper  correspondent  till  1870 ;  and  then  lived  suc- 
cessively in  Dtisseldorf,  Cologne,  Metz,  Cairo,  and  Cologne. 
His  works  include  "  IvCbende  Bilder  aus  dem  modernen 
Paris  "  (1866-76),  "  Bilder  aus  Cairo  "  (1878),  etc. 

Ebeling,  Christopb  Daniel.  Born  at  Garmis- 
sen,  near  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  Nov.  20,  1741: 
died  at  Hamburg,  June  30,  1817.  A  German 
geographer.  He  contributed  to  BUsching's 
"Erdbeschreibung"  the  volumes  on  America 
(1794-1816). 

Ebelsberg  (a'belz-berG),  orEbersberg  (a'berz- 
berG).  A  small  place  in  Upper  Austria,  on  the 
Traun  southeast  of  Linz,  where  the  French  in 
May,  1809,  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Ebenezer(eb-e-ne'zer).  [Heb.,' stone  of  help.'] 
A  stone  set  up  by  Samuel,  after  a  defeat  of  the 
Philistines,  as  a  memorial  of  divine  aid. 

Eber.     See  Heber. 

Eberbacb  (a'ber-bach).  A  small  town  in  Baden, 
on  the  Neckar  14  miles  east  of  Heidelberg. 

Eberhard  (a'ber-hiirt)  I.  Born  Dee.  11,  1445: 
died  Feb.  24. 1496.  First  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg, 
1495.  He  consolidated  the  country,  framed  its 
constitution,  and  established  the  University  of 
Tiibingen  (1477). 

Eberhard,  Christian  August  Gottlob.  Born 
at  Belzig,  Prussia,  Jan.  12, 1769:  died  at  Dres- 
den, May  13,  1845.  A  German  poet  and  prose- 
writer.  He  wrote  "  Hannchen  und  die  KiicUein  "  (1822  : 
a  domestic  idyl),  "Der  erste  .Mensch  und  die  Erde"  (1828), 
etc. 

Eberhard,  Johann  August.    Born  at  Halber- 

stadt,  Prussia,  Aug.  31,  1739:  died  Jan.  6, 1809. 
A  German  philosopher,  professor  at  Halle  from 
1778.  He  published  "Neue  Apologie  des  Sok- 
rates"  (1772),  etc. 

Eberhard,  Konrad.  Born  at  Hindelang,  Ba- 
varia, Nov.  25,  1768:  died  at  Mimieh,  March 
13,  18.59.  A  German  sculptor.  His  most  nota- 
bl'e  works  are  at  Munich. 

Eberl  (ii'berl).  Anton.  Born  at  Vienna,  June 
13,  1766:  died  there,  March  11,  1807.  A  Ger- 
man pianist  and  composer. 

Eberle  (eb'er-le).  John.  Born  at  Hagerstown, 
Md.,  Dee.  10,  1787:   died  at  Lexington,  Ky., 


350 

Feb.  2,  1838.  An  American  physician  and 
medical  writer. 

Ebers  (a'bers),  Carl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Cas- 
sel,  March  20,  1770:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  9, 
1836.     A  German  musical  composer. 

Ebers,  Emil.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Dec.  14,  1807: 
died  at  Beuthen  on  the  Oder,  1884.  A  German 
painter. 

Ebers,  Georg.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March  1,  1837  : 
died  at  Tutzing,  Bavaria,  Aug.  7,  1898.  A 
German  Egyptologist  and  novelist.  He  fh-st 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Gbttingen,  then  Oriental  lan- 
guages .and  archaeology  at  Berlin.  In  1865  he  became  do- 
cent  in  Egyptian  language  and  antiquities  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Jena ;  in  1870  he  was  called  to  Leipsic  as  professor 
in  the  same  field.  His  first  work,  "Agypten  und  die 
BUcher  Moses "(" Egypt  and  the  Books  of  Moses"),  ap- 
peared 1867-<)8.  In  1S69-70  he  made  a  journey  to  Egj-pt, 
which  was  repeated  in  1872-73,  when  he  discovered  the 
so-called  "  Papyrus  Ebers,"  published  in  1874  under  the 
title  "  Papyrus  E.,  ein  hieratisches  Handbuch  der  agyptis- 
chen  Medizin."  "  Durch  Gosen  zum  Sinai"  ("Through 
Goshen  to  Sinai ")  appeared  in  1872 ;  ";Agypten  in  Wort  und 
Bild"("  Egypt  in  Word  and  Picture  ")in  1878.  .-Imonghis 
romances  are  "Eine  agyptische  Konigstochfer"  (*'An 
Egyptian  Princess,"  1864),  "  tarda  "  (1S77),  "Homo  Sum  " 
(1878),  "Die  Schwestem "  ("The  .Sisters,"  18S0),  "DerKai- 
ser"  ("The  Emperor,"  1881),  "Serapis"  (1886^  "Die  Nil- 
braut  "  (1887),  '■  Joshua  "  (1889),  etc. 

Eberswalde  (a'berz-viil-de).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  28  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin.    Population  (1890),  15,977. 

Ebert  (a'bert),  Adolf.  Born  at  Cassel, Prussia, 
June  1,  1820 :  died  July  1,  1890.  A  German  Ro- 
mancephilologist,professoratLeipsicfroml862. 

Ebert,  Friedrich  Adolf.  Bom  at  Taucha,  near 
Leipsic,  July  9,  1791:  died  at  Dresden.  Nov. 
13,  1834.  A  German  bibliographer.  He  was  li- 
brarian at  Wolfenbiittel  (1823),  and  later  (182.1)  at  Dresden. 
His  principal  work  is  an  "  Allgemeines  bibliographisches 
Lexikon  "  (18_>l-:iii). 

Ebert,  Karl  Egon  von.  Born  at  Prague,  Bohe- 
mia, June  5,  1801 :  died  there,  Oct.  24,  1882.  A 
German  poet. 

Ebingen  (a'bing-en).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg.  Population  (1890), 
6,864. 

Ebionites  (e'bi-on-its).  [From  LL.  Ehiotiitse, 
pi.,  Gr.  '"Ejiiwdioi,  from  Jieh.  'cbyijiihit  (pi.  of 
'cbyon),  lit.  'the  poor';  the  origin  of  the  appli- 
cation of  the  name  is  uncertain.]  A  party  of 
Judaizing  Christians  which  appeared  in  the 
church  as  early  as  the  2d  century,  and  disap- 
peared about  the  4th  century.  They  agreed  in  (a) 
the  recognition  of  Jesus  as  the  Messiah,  (b)  the  denial  of 
his  divinity,  (c)  belief  in  the  universal  obligation  of  the 
Mosaic  law,  and  {d)  rejection  of  Paul  and  his  writings. 
The  two  great  divisions  of  Ebionites  were  the  I'harisaic 
Ebionites,  who  emphasized  the  obligation  of  the  Mosaic 
law,  and  the  Essenic  Ebionites,  who  were  mqre  speculative 
and  leaned  toward  Gnosticism. 

Eblis  (eb'lis),  or  Iblis  (ib'lis).  In  Arabian  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  evil  spirits.  Beckford 
introduces  him  in  "  Vathek."     See  A^a:-el. 

His  person  was  that  of  a  young  man  whose  noble  and 
regular  features  seemed  to  have  been  tarnished  by  malig- 
nant vapours.  In  his  large  eyes  appeared  both  pride  and 
despair ;  his  flowing  hair  retained  some  resemblance  to 
that  of  an  angel  of  light.  In  his  hand,  which  thunder  had 
blasted,  he  swayed  the  iron  sceptre  that  causes  the  mon- 
ster Ouranaliad,  the  Afrits,  and  all  the  powers  of  the 
abyss  to  tremble.  beckford,  Vathek,  p.  192. 

Eblis,  Hall  of.     See  the  extract. 

In  the  midst  of  this  immense  hall,  a  vast  multitude  was 
incessantly  passing,  who  severally  kept  their  right  hands 
on  their  hearts  [which  were  on  fire],  without  once  regard- 
ing anything  around  them.  They  had  all  the  livid  paleness 
of  death.  Their  eyes,  deep  sunk  in  their  sockets,  resem- 
bled those  phosphoric  meteors  that  glimmer  by  night  in 
places  of  interment.  Some  stalked  slowly  on,  absorbed  in 
profound  reverie;  some,  shrieking  with  agony,  ran  furiously 
about,  like  tigers  wounded  with  poisoned  arrows;  whilst 
others,  griiuling  their  teeth  in  rage,  foamed  along,  more 
frantic  than  the  wildest  maniac.   Beckford,  Vathek,  p.  191. 

Eboli  (a'bo-le).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italy,  45  miles  east -southeast  of  Naples. 
Population  (1881).  9,089. 

Eboli,  Princess  of  (Anna  de  Mendoza).  Bom 
in  June,  1.540:  died  at  Pastrana,  Spain.  Feb. 
2,  1592.  Daughter  of  Don  Diego  Hurtado  de 
Mendoza,  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  mistress  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  she  married  in  1659  the  favorite 
Eui  Gomez  de  Silva,  piince  of  Eboli.  While  mistress  of 
the  king  she  sustained  similar  relations  to  the  minister 
Antonio  Perez,  She  was,  in  consequence  of  a  political  in- 
trigue, betrayed  by  Escovedo,  the  secret  .agent  at  the  court 
of  Don  John  of  Austria.  Escovedo  being  murdered  soon 
after  by  Perez,  she  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  the 
crime,  and  was  banished  from  court  in  1579.  She  figures 
as  one  of  the  characters  in  Schiller's  ''Don  Carlos." 

Eboracum(e-bor'a-kum),orEburacum(e-bur'- 
a-kum).     The  Roman  name  of  York. 

Eburacum  is  the  spelling  given  in  the  Itinerary  of  An- 
toninus, in  Ptolemy,  and  in  the  geographer  of  Ravenna, 
while  an  inscription  formerly  found  in  York,  but  not  pre- 
served, as  well  as  the  Roman  historians  who  mention  this 
place,  call  it  Eboracum.    The  weight  of  authority,  how- 


Echidna 

ever,  seems  to  be  turned  in  favour  of  the  former  by  an  in- 
scription more  recently  discovered,  and  certainly  reading 
EBVR.  Wright,  Celt,  p.  128* 

Ebrard  (ii'brart),  Johann  Heinrich  August. 
Born  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Jan.  18,  1818  :  died 
there,  July  23,  1888.  A  German  clergyman  of 
the  Reformed  Church,  and  theological  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Ebro  (a'bro).  [L.  Iberits,  F.  ihre.']  A  river  in 
Spain  which  rises  in  the  province  of  Sautander 
and  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  40°  42' 
N.,  long.  0°  51'  E.  Length,  about  440  miles. 
Saragossa  is  situated  on  it. 

Ecbatana  (ek-bat'a-nii),  or  Agbatana  (ag- 
bat'a-uii,),  or  Achmetfia  (ak'me-thii).  [An- 
cient Persian  Bdiu/matdiia  ;  in  Babjionian  in- 
scriptions Agamataiui  or  Aijamtomt ;  modern 
Hamuddn.']  The  capital  of  Media, built, accord- 
ing to  fable,  b\'  Semiramis.  It  was  captured  and 
plundered  by  Cyrus  in  550  B.  c. ,  and  was  used  by  the  Per- 
sian monarchs  as  a  summer  residence.  Alexander  the 
Great  spent  some  months  there  in  324  B.  c.  It  is  men- 
tioned in  the  Bible  (Ezra  vi.  2)  as  the  place  in  which  the 
decree  of  Cyrus  permitting  the  Jews  to  rebuild  the  temple 
was  found.  Hamadan  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities 
of  modern  Persia. 

Eccard  (ek'kard),  Johannes.  Born  at  Miihl- 
hauseu,  Tliiu-ingia,  in  1553 :  died  at  Berlin  in 
1611.  A  German  musician,  noted  as  a  com- 
poser of  church  music.  In  1689  he  was  made  kapell- 
meister to  the  margrave  of  Brandenburg  at  Konigsberg; 
in  1608  lie  was  given  the  same  position  under  the  Kurf  urst 
at  Berlin.     He  wrote  both  sacred  music  and  songs. 

Ecce  Homo  (ek'se  ho'mo).  [L.,  'behold,  the 
man!']  The  name  given  (from  the  words  of 
Pilate)  to  representations  of  Christ  with  the 
crown  of  thonis.  Among  the  best-known  paintings 
of  this  subject  is  one  by  Titian  (1543),  in  the  Imperial 
Gallery  at  Vienna.  Christ,  bleeding  and  crowned  with 
thorns,  is  led  out  from  the  palace  above  a  flight  of  steps 
by  soldiers.  Below  are  a  mocking  company  of  soldiers 
and  people,  in  which  a  portrait  of  the  sultan  Suliman  is 
conspicuous.  "  

Ecce  Homo :  A  Survey  of  the  Life  and  Work 
of  Jesus  Christ.  The  chief  work  of  Professor 
John  Robert  Seeley  of  Cambridge,  England.  It 
was  first  published  anonymously  iti  1865.  It  created  much 
excitement  among  various  Protestant  denominations,  and 
elicited  a  number  of  replies. 

Eccelino  da  Bomano.  See  E^:eJino  da  JRo- 
iiiaiKi. 

Ecclefechan  (ek-1-feeh'an).  A  village  in  Dum- 
fries, Scotland,  13  miles  east  of  Dumfries.  It 
is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Thomas  Carlyle. 

Ecclemach.    See  £.<!(ii. 

Ecclesfield  (ek'lz-feld).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  Yorkshire,  England,  near  Sheffield. 

Ecclesiastes,  or  The  Preacher.    [Gr.  hKh/m- 

aariKOQ,  a  member  of  the  ecclesia  (iKul/jaia),  an 
eeclesiast:  a  translation  of  Heb.  go/fc/cf/i.]  A 
book  of  the  Old  Testament,  commonly  ascribed 
to  Solomon,  but  probably  of  later  date. 

Eccleston  (ek'lz-ton),  Samuel.  Born  in  Kent 
County,  Md.,  June  27,  1801:  died  at  George- 
town, D.  C,  April  21,  1851.  An  American  prel- 
ate of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  became 
archbishop  of  Baltimore  in  1834. 

Ecclesiazusse  (ek-kle-zi-a-zii'se).  A  comedy  of 
Aristophanes,  exhibited  in  392  B.  C.  in  it  the 
women  meet  in  parliament  (whence  the  name),  and  de- 
cide to  take  control  of  the  state,  with  community  of  goods 
and  husbands.  The  play  is  inferior  in  literary  quality, 
and  is  marked  by  obscenity. 

Ecgberht.     See  Ju/bcrt. 

Echeetee.    See  Hitehiti. 

Echeloot  (e'ehe-lot).  A  tribe  of  the  Upper 
Chinook  diWsiou  of  North  American  Indians, 
first  encountered  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  near 
the  Dalles  of  the  Columbia  River,  and  probably 
extinct.     See  Chinookati, 

Echenique  (a-eha-ne'kii),  Jose  Bufino.  Bom 
at  Puno,  1808 :  died  at  Aretiuipa,  Oct.  18,  1879. 
A  Peruvian  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
under  Santa  Cruz,  but  after  the  defeat  at  Yungay  (Jan., 
1839)  he  gave  his  allegiance  to  Gamarra.  In  1843  he  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolt  against  Vivanco.  He  was 
elected  president  of  Peru  April  20,  1851.  Revolts  against 
him,  beginning  in  1853,  resulted  in  his  defeat  by  Castilla 
and  exile.  Jan.,  1855.  He  returned  in  1862;  aided  in  the 
defense  of  Callao  in  1866 ;  and  was  again  a  presidential  can- 
did,ate  in  1872. 

Echeverria  (a-cha-va-re'ii),  Est^ban.     Born 

in  liuenos  Ayres,  1809:  died  at  Montevideo, 
1851.  An  Argentine  poet.  He  published  lyrical 
poems  and  others,  including  "La  Cautiva,"  "El  Angel 
Caido,"  and  "Elvira,"    He  was  banished  by  the  dictator 

Rosas. 

Echeverria,  Francisco  Javier.  Born  in  Jalapa, 
July  25,  1797 :  died  at  Mexico,  Sept.  17, 1852.  A 
Me.xican  financier.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
in  1834,  again  in  1838,  and  finally  from  1S39  to  1841.  In 
1839  he  succeeded  in  funding  the  Mexican  debt.  He  was 
acting  president  for  a  short  time  in  1841. 

Echidna  (e-kid'nji).  [Gr.  "E;f«ivo.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  monster  half  maiden,  half  ser- 


Echidna 

peut,  (laughter  of  Clirysaoi-  au  J  Callirrhoe  (or  of 
Tartarus  and  Ge),  and  mother  of  the  Chimasras, 
tlif  ypliinx,  Cerberus,  and  other  monsters.  She 
was  shiin  by  Argos  \vhile  sleeping. 

Echinades  (e-kin'a-dez).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  group  of  islands  west  of  Aoarnauia  in  Greece, 
^ituated  about  lat.  38°  25'  N.,  now  reunited,  iu 
jiart,  to  the  mainland. 

EcllO(ek'6).  [Gr. 'll,i;<j.]  In  Greek  mythology. 
,1  nymph  who  by  her  prattling  prevented  Hera 
rom  surprising  her  husband  Zeus  in  the  eom- 
|rany  of  the  nymphs.  The  guileless  punished  her  by 
niidemniiif;  her  never  to  speak  tirst  and  never  to  be  silent 
when  any  one  else  spoke.  She  pined  away  to  a  bodiless 
\oice  (eciio)  for  love  of  Narcissus. 

Echo  Canon  (ek'6  kan'yon).  A  remarkable 
eaiion  iu  the  Wahsatoh  Mountaiiis  in  northern 
I'tali,  traversed  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

Echo  Lake.  The  name  of  various  small  sheets 
of  water,  (a)  A  lake  in  New  Hampshire,  in  the  Fran- 
conia  Noteh.  (b)  A  lake  near  North  Conway,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

Echternach  (eeh'ter-naeh).  Atowu  in  Lu.\em- 
iiurg,  on  the  Sure  18  miles  northeast  of  Lu.x- 
■rnlturg.  It  has  a  noted  abbey  church.  The  yearly 
rliciiius  "dancing-procession."  or  dance-feast,  held  at 
>\  liitsuntide,  is  celeljrated.  It  originated  in  a  super- 
-liti'iiKs  etfort  to  prevent  a  return  of  an  epidemic  of  St. 
^  lius's  dance  which  visited  the  place  in  the  Sth  century. 

E6huca  (e-cho'ka).  A  town  in  Victoria,  Aus- 
;:alia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Campaspe  and 
.Murray. 

Ecija  (a'the-Ha).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  situated  on  the  Jenil  47  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Seville:  the  Roman  Astigi  or 
Augusta  Firma  in  Bmtica.  Population  (L8S7), 
2.i.Gl'). 

Eck  (ek),  Johann  von  foriginallv  Maier  or 

Mayr).  Born  at  Eck,  Bavaria,  Nov.  i:;,  14SG: 
died  at  Ingolstadt,  Bavaria,  Feb.  10,  1543.  A 
German  theologian,  one  of  the  most  active  op- 
ponents of  Luther  and  the  Reformation.  He  be- 
came professor  of  theology  at  Ingolstadt  in  1510.  He  dis- 
puted at  Leipsic  with  Karlstadt  and  Luther  in  1619,  and 
procured  the  papal  bull  against  Luther  in  1.S20. 

Eckermann  (ek'er-miin ),  Johann  Peter.  Born 

at  Winscn,  Hannover,  Sept.  21.  17!t2:  died  at 
Weimar,  Dec.  3,  18.54.  A  German  writer,  a 
friend  and  literary  executor  of  Goethe.  He  is 
known  chiefly  from  his  "Gesprache  mit  Goethe"  ("Con- 
versations with  Goethe,"  1836-18). 

Eckersberg  {ek'erz-bero),  Christopher  Wil- 

helm.  Born  at  Varniis,  near  Apenrade,  Schlcs- 
wig.  Jan.  2,  1783:  died  at  Copenhagen,  July  22, 
1853.  A  Danish  historical,  portrait,  and  marine 
painter. 

Eckert  (ek'trt),  Thomas  Thompson.  Bom  at 
St.  Clairsville,  Ohio,  April  23,  1825.  An  Ameri- 
i-an  telegraphist.  He  organized  the  military  telegraph 
service  of  the  failed  States  in  18ti2  ;  was  brevetted  briga- 
dier general  in  18tir» ;  was  assistant  secretary  of  war  1866- 
1867;  and  became  president  of  the  Atlantic  and  I'acifle 
Telegtaph  Company  in  1875,  president  of  the  AmericaTi 
I'nioti  Telegraph  Company  in  1880,  and  vice-president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  C<mi- 
pany  in  18H1,  and  president  in  18'.*3. 

Eckford  (ek'ford),  Henry.  Born  at  Irvine, 
Seutland,  Marcel  12,  1775:  died  at  Constantino- 
ple, Nov.  12,  1832.  Au  American  shiji-btiilder. 
He  came  to  New  York  city  in  1796  ;  was  employed  l)y  the 
I'nited  States  government  to  construct  ships  of  war  on 
the  Great  Lakes  during  the  War  of  1812 ;  was  appointed 
naval  constructor  in  the  I'nited  States  navy-yard  at  Bi  iM)k- 
lyn  in  18'J0;  and  in  18:U  became  chief  naval  constructor 
for  the  ott^)man  empire. 

Eckhardt  (ek'liiirt),  or  Eckart,  The  trusty. 

[(i.  ilrr  Irene  Ecl:lmfill.'\  An  nld  man  iu  (ier- 
man  traditionary  lore,  in  tlie  legend  of  Fran 
IIoUc  or  Ilolde  (Venus).  lie  appears  in  the  .\Ian»- 
feld  coinitry  on  the  evening  of  Maundy  Thursday  with  a 
white  stall  "tosave  the  people  from  the  furious  host  which 
travels  in  Holies  train.  His  duties  ditfer  in  dillerent 
traditions.  Sometimes  he  is  the  companion  of  Tannhau- 
ser,  and  has  even  been  considered  to  tie  the  same  person. 
He  is  also  said  to  bo  in  the  service  of  Ibdie,  and  to  sit  out- 
side the  Venustierg  to  warn  passing  knigiits  of  the  dan- 
gers therein,  to  which  the  enamoured  Tannhauser  had 
nbaniloned  himself.  He  is  also  doomed  to  al>ide  at  the 
Venusberg  till  the  judgment. 

Eckhart,  or  Eckart,  or  Eckardt:  generally 
styled  Meister.  Born,  probably  at  Strasburg. 
about  12(iO:  dicil  about  132s.  'I'lic  I'onniliT  of 
German  myst  iciam.  He  was  accused  of  heresy  in  i:k7, 
but  denied  the  charge  and  appealed  to  the  I'ope,  who  de- 
clared in  1320  ^)ull  '-In  Cojiui  Dotninl,"  March  27)  that 
Kckhart's  doetrnies  weie  partly  hercrieal. 

EckmUhl  (ek'raiil),  m-  Eggmiihl.  A  village  of 
l.owir  Havaria,  situ;iliil  ipii  tlie  Grosse  Laber 
13  miles  south-soutlieasl  of  Katisliiiii.  Here, 
April  22,  1809,  Napc.leiui  defealeil  Ibc  Auslriaiis  under 
the  archduke  Charles.  For  his  part  in  the  battle  Davaut 
was  created  prince  of  Eckmuhl. 

Eclemach.    See  ICulm. 

Eclipse  (e-klips' ).  [So  named  because  lip  was 
foaled  during  I  lie  eclipse  of  I7li4.]  \  fainons 
rate-horse,  a  descendant,"  in  the  male  line,  of 


3.51 

the  Darley  Arabian.  He  was  a  chestnut  horse  with 
a  blaze  and  one  white  leg.  Ameiiean  Kclipse  was  an 
American  lun-sc  fo.aled  in  1814. 
Eclympasteyre.  A  name  given  by  Chaucer  in 
••  The  Book  of  tlie  Duchess"  to  the  heir  of  Mor- 
pheus, the  god  of  sleep. 

"Morpheus,  ami  Eclympasteyre 
That  was  the  god  of  slepes  heyre."' 
It  is  supposed  to  be  a  name  of  his  own  invention.      Frois- 
sai-t  uses  the  same  name  in  his  "Paradis  d'Amour,"  but 
he  is  merely  copying  Chaucer.    Skeat. 
Ecnomus  (ek'no-mus).     [Gr.  "E/cio/;of.]     A  hill 
near  the  modern  Licat  a.  southern  coast  of  Sicily. 
Here,  all  B.  c,  the  Carth.aginians  defeated  the  Syracusan 
tyrant  Agathocles.     Near  here,  256  B.  c,  the  Roman  lleet 
defeated  the  Carthaginians. 

]^coIe  des  Fenunes,  L'  (la-kol'  da  fam').    [F., 

■  Tile  School  of  Wives.']    A  comedy  by  Moli^re, 
produced  Dec.  2G,  1662. 

£cole  des  Femmes,  Critique  de  i'.  [F.. '  Cri- 
tique of  the  School  of  Wives.']  A  play  by 
Moliere,  retorting  on  the  critics  of  bis  play,  anil 
particularly  the  critical  marquis,  his  favorite 
butt,  produced  .June  1,  1663. 

Ecole  des  Maris,  L'  (la-kol'  da  mii-re').  [F., 
'  The  School  of  Husbands.']  A  comedy-  by  Mo- 
liere, produced  in  1661.  Sganarelle,  as  the  guardian 
of  a  young  girl,  is  the  hero  of  this  play,  the  plot  of  which 
is  partly  taken  from  Terence.  Boccaccio,  and  Lope  de  Vega. 

Ecole  Poljrteclinique.  A  French  scliool  of 
technology,  founded  by  decree  of  the  Conven- 
tion, March  11, 1794.  From  its  origin  and  object  of  its 
foundation  it  was  devoted  to  instruction  in  purely  scien- 
tific and  technical  branches,  such  as  artillery,  military 
and  civil  engineering,  the  building  of  roads  and  bridges, 
ship-building,  etc.  There  were  at  tirst  360  students,  and 
the  course  was  3  years.  The  number  was  later  decre:ised 
to  200,  and  the  term  shortened  to  2  years.  After  grailua- 
tion  the  students  choose  between  a  military  and  a  civil 
career.  The  military  students  go  to  the  Ecole  d'.\ppli- 
cation  at  Fontainebleau  for  two  years,  after  which  they  -n- 
ter  the  army  as  lieutenants  of  artillery  or  engineers.  The 
others  enter  various  special  sclniols  in  Paris,  such  as  tlie 
Ec  tie  des  Ponts  et  Chaus.^ees,  Ecole  Spcciale  des  ilines, 
Eenic  Centrale  des  Arts  et  Manufactures,  etc. 

Economy  (e-kon'o-mi).  A  township'"17  miles 
northwest  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania:  the  seat 
of  a  community  of  Harmonists.  Population 
(1890),  1,029. 

Ecorcheurs  (a-'kor-sher' ),  Les.  Bands  of  armed 
adventurers  who,  favored  by  the  Hundred 
\  cars'  War,  ravaged  France  and  Belgium  in 
the  15th  century, beginning  about  1435.  Among 
their  leaders  were  Villandras  and  Crabannes  the  Bastard. 
They  were  called  Ecorcheurs,  or  Uayers,  probably  because 
they  "not  only  waylaid  and  plundered  their  victims,  but 
stripped  them  of  every  vestige  of  clothing,  leaving  them 
nothing  but  their  shirts." 

Ilcrins  (ak-raii'),  Barre  des.  The  highest  peak 
of  the  Pelvoux  range,  in  the  Alps  of  Dau- 
i)hin6,  France.     Height,  13.400  feet. 

Ecselen.     See  Eslen. 

Ecstatic  Doctor.     A  surname  of  Ruysbroeek. 

Ector  (ek'tor),  or  Hector,  Sir.  In  the  Artjurr- 
iaii  romance,  a  faithful  knight  who  with  his  wife 
brouglit  up  tlie  infant  -Vrthur.  He  was  the 
father  of  Sir  Kay. 

Ector,  or  Hector,  de  Maris,  Sir.  In  Arthurian 
romance,  the  brother  of  Sir  Lancelot.  He  mourned 
his  death  with  a  bitter  lament,  and  afterward  went  with 
Sir  Bois  and  seven  other  knights  to  the  Holy  Land,  where 
they  died  on  a  tJood  Friday. 

Ecuador  (ek'wa-dor;  Sp.  pron.  a-kwii-dor'). 
[Sp.  Uepiiblica  del  Eeiiiidiir.  Republic  of  the 
Eiiuator.]  A  republic  of  South  America,  lying 
between  Colombia  on  tlie  north,  Peru  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  East- 
wanl  its  claims  extend  t<i  the  coutlnes  of  Brazil,  but  Co. 
lombia  ami  Peru  disjiute  all  the  territ<try  to  the  eastern 
base  o(  the  Andes.  At  present  (1002)  the  actual  jurisdic- 
tion of  Ecuador  exteiuls  to  about  long.  73'  W..  on  the  river 
Nape,  and  does  not  include  any  part  of  the  .Marai)on  or 
upper  Amazon.  The  country  is  traversed  from  north  to 
south  by  the  Andes,  which  form  a  continuous  eastern 
range  anil  a  roughly  parallel  but  much  broken  western 
nuige,  containing  some  of  the  highest  peaks  in  South  Anier- 
ieaaail  numerous  v<dcanoes.  Between  the  mountains  there 
are  several  high  table-lands  or  basins.  The  coast  regions 
anil  those  e:ist  of  the  mountains  are  low,  hot,  ami  covered 
In  great  part  with  forest.  The  nrinelpal  products  and  ex- 
ports are  cacao,  hides,  sugar,  aiul  rubber.  The  inhiibilants 
are  whites  (of  Spatiish  descent^  Indians  aiid  mixed  races. 
The  executive  is  vested  In  a  presiilent  elected  for  -1  years 
and  congress  cousints  of  2  ehauibers.  There  are  16  prov- 
inces besides  the  (iaiapagos  Islands.  The  K.iman  Catho- 
lic is  the  state  religion,  and  the  oidy  one  tolcnited.  Capi- 
tal. t)uito.  .\t  the  lime  of  the  eoiM|ne»t,  the  greater  part 
of  Ecuador  was  subject  to  the  Ineas  tif  Peru.  It  was  con- 
quered liy  the  Spaniards  1  :■:{.'(  :vi.  and  under  the  name  of 
Kingdom  of  l)ulto  was  a  presidency  attached  t4i  the  vice- 
royalty  of  Peru.  The  Spanish  rulers  being  expelled  with 
the  aiil  of  Bolivar  1822-23.  the  ciuintry  was  united  to  the 
Cnlouibian  Confederation  until  18:t0.  when  It  ^ecedc<l  and 
adopted  its  present  name.  Sincethenil  has  sutlered  great- 
ly from  political  revolutions.  Area  iti  Jurisdiction,  about 
1.^.^,001)  sipiare  miles :  claimed,  27.\OG4  s^iunre  miles.  Popu- 
lation, nbiut  1  2l»,ilO0. 

Edam  (e'dam).      A   town   in   the   province  of 


Eden,  William 

North  Holland.  Netherlands,  tituated  near  the 
Zuider  Zee  11  miles  northeast  of  Am.sterdam. 
It  is  noted  for  its  cheese.  Population  (1891) 
6,424. 
Edda  (ed'ii).  [ON.  Edda,  poetics.  Etymolo- 
gically  connected  with  ON.  odhi;  poetry,  meter, 
mind,  soul.]  .\  work  written  (in  prose  and 
verse)  by  Snorri  Sturlusou  (born  1178:  died  by 
assassination  1241),  containing  the  old  mythol- 
ogy of  Scandinavia  and  the  old  rules  for  verse- 
making;  also,  a  collection  of  ancient  Icelandic 
poems.  I  he  name  Edda  (whether  given  by  Snorri  him- 
self is  not  known)  occurs  in  the  inscription  of  one  of  the 
manuscripts  of  the  work.  Snorri's  l.dda  as  it  was  origi- 
nally written  consisted  of  three  parts  :  the  Gylfaginniii[; 
(delusion  of  Gylll>,  an  epitome  of  tlie  oM  mythology: 
.skaldskapaimal  (art  of  poetry),  an  explanation  o"f  poetical 
expressions  and  periphrases  ;  and  Hattatal  (list  of  meters), 
a  laudatory  poem  on  the  Norwegian  king  Hakon  llakons- 
son,  and  Jarl  Skuli,  in  which  all  forms  oi  verse  used  in  the 
old  poetry  are  exemplified.  To  this  was  ultimately  added 
a  Formali  (preface),  and  the  Bragaroedhur  (sayings  of 
Bragi),  describing  the  origin  of  poetn-,  and  in  some  manu- 
scripts Thulur,  or  a  rijned  glossary  of  synonjins.  lists  of 
poets,  etc.  The  work  was  intended  as  a  liandbook  of 
poets.  In  the  year  1643  the  Icelandic  bishop  Brynjulf 
Sveinsson  discovered  a  collection  of  old  mythologie:;l 
poems  which  was  erroneously  ascribed  to  Saanund  Sig- 
fusson  (born  ie.";6  :  died  1133).  and  hence  called  from  him 
Sffimundar  Edda  bins  Frodlia,  the  Edda  of  Sa;muiid 
the  Learned.  The  poems  that  comjiose  this  Edda  are  of 
unknown  origin  and  authorship.  They  are  supposed  to 
have  been  collected  about  the  middle  of  the  13tli  century, 
but  were  composed  at  widely  ditterent  periods  down  from 
the  9th  century,  to  the  first  half  of  which  the  oldest  is  to 
be  assigned :  hence  the  name  now  given  to  this  collec- 
tion, the  Elder  or  Poetic  Edda,  in  distinction  from  the 
Younger  or  Prose  Edda  of  Snorri,  to  which  alone  tlie 
name  Edda  legitimately  belonged.  The  Elder  Edda  is 
usually  considered  to  include  32  poems  (some  of  them 
fragmentary)(  29  of  which  are  iu  Brynjulf's  M8.,  the  Ck>- 
dex  Regius  ol  the  Edda,  and  three  from  other  sources. 

Eddy,  Mrs.  (Mary  Baker  G.).  Born  at  Bow. 
Concord,  N.  H..  July  16,  1822.  The  founder 
of  Christian  Science.  She  iwgan  to  teach  Christian 
Science  in  1867,  organized  tlie  first  r'hnrch  of  Christ,  Sci- 
entist, in  Boston,  in  1879,  was  ordained  its  pastor  in 
1881,  and  founded  the  Ma.ss  ichusetts  Metaphysical  Col- 
lege (chartered  1881  f.  Her  works  Include  "Science 
and  Health,  with  Key  to  the  Scriptures"  (the  Christian 
Science  text-book;  first  edition  187.')),  "  I'nity  oi  Good" 
(1887),  "  .N"o  and  Yes"  (18s7),  "  Kmlimental  "Divine  Sci- 
ence" (18!K)),  "  Ketrospection  and  Introspection  "  (1&91), 
"  Manual  of  the  Mother  Chun  h  "  (i8t'5),  "  SlisccUaneous 
Writings'    (1896),  etc. 

Eddystone  (ed'i-ston)  Rocks.  ['Whirlpool 
rocks.']  A  reef  in  the  English  Channel,  south 
of  Cornwall,  in  lat.  50°  10'  49  N..  long.  4°  IG' 
W.  On  them  a  famous  lighthouse  was  erected  16:16-99, 
and  has  been  rebuilt  in  170ti.  176(J-5:\and  !87;t-.'^2.  In  the 
present  structure  the  light  (I.'iO.ooo  candle-power)  is  133 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  can  be  seen  for  17^  miles. 

Eden  (e'den).  [Traditionally  derived  from 
Heb.  'eiliti,  delight,  pleasure,  probably  con- 
nected with  Babylonian  edinii,  lield  or  park.] 
In  biblical  history,  the  name  of  the  lirst  abode 
of  man,  in  the  midst  of  which  a  garden,  the 
garden  of  Eden  (the  "parailise").  was  planted. 
The  position  of  Eden  is  described  in  Gen.  ii.  8  If.  by  four 
rivers  that  go  out  from  it.  and  by  the  countries  they  sur- 
round or  pass  in  their  course.  ( If  these  two,  the  Euphrates 
and  Tigris  (Hebrew  Penith  and  Hiddekeli,  are  the  well- 
known  rivers  of  ^lesopotainia  :  the  other  twit,  Pishon  and 
Gilion.liave  been  idcntifled  with  various  stre:mis.  Gne  of 
the  latest  hypotheses  that  of  Friedrieh  I>elitzsch,  assumes 
that  the  narrator  in  Genesis  thought  ICden  located  near 
the  city  of  Babylon  and  meant  by  the  rivers  Pishon  and 
::ihon  two  canals;  he  also  att<-nipt8  to  identity  the  countriea 
nicntioned  in  this  pas.sage  with  teiritories  in  that  region. 

Eden.  A  river  in  Westiiicireland  and  Cuniber- 
laiid,  Ku[;land,  which  Hows  into  SolwTiy  Firth 
8  mill's  northwest  of  Carlisle. 

Eden,  George,  Earl  of  Auckland.  Born  near 
Hrckeiilinin.  Koiit,  Aug.  25,  1784:  ilied  Jan.  1, 
1849.  .Vn  English  statesman,  son  of  William 
Eden,  lirst  Jjord  Aucklund.  He  was  president  of 
the  hoard  of  Trade  and  master  of  the  mint  in  Lord  (irey's 
cabinet  (I8:«>-34X  first  lord  of  the  admiialty  is;i4  and  1835, 
and  governor-general  of  India  1835-42.  lie  oideredlhc 
deposition  of  Post  .Midiiunmed  in  1838,  and  thus  eoni- 
menced  (he  .\fghan  war.  He  was  created  earl  of  Auck- 
l.nd  In  lv:<i. 

Eden,  Richard.  Born  about  1521:  ilied  1576. 
An  Englisli  translator.  He  studied  at  (^unbridgo; 
held  a  ihisIIIou  In  the  treasury  I.^ri-4li ;  was  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  W.  Cecil  1552  ;  and  was  appointed  to  a  place  in 
the  English  treasury  of  Prince  Philip  ol  .-^iiain  in  l.'i,'i4,  a 
IHisition  wlilrh  he  hist  soon  after,  owhig  to  an  iiceiisallon 
of  heresy.  In  \MV>  he  entered  the  sen  ice  of  a  French 
nobleiimn,  with  whom  he  traveled  extensively.  *  Eden's 
name  as  !l  tninslator  Is  apiicnded  to  many  books  on  gcit- 
lajdiy,  travels  navigation,  etc.  Among  these  are  "A 
Treaiyscof  the  Newe  Indla"(l.Vi.1:  a  translation  of  part  of 
Munster's  "Cosmographia  "),  wlilehls  the  Ibsl  IntclllRlblu 
description  in  English  of  America  ;  and  "  Dccildes  of  the 
Newe\Vorld"(15r>5:  mainly  a  translation  of  Peter  .Martyr'* 
Work). 

Eden,  William.  Born  Ajiril  3.  1744  :  died  May 
•>.  Isll.  '['he  (irst  !,oi-il  .\ueklnnd.  son  of  Sir 
Hobirl  IMcn  of  Wiinlerstxuie  Hull,  Iiurhain. 
lie  entered  Parliament  In  1774  ;  was  one  of  the  cnn.inls- 
Hloners  sent  to  America  in  1778;  lleld  varioun  otHees  in 
tile  ministry  ;  was  employed  to  negotiate  a  ,  ,>niinerelal 


Eden,  William 

treaty  and  other  a^eements  with  France  178&-S7 ;  and 
was  ambassador  to  Spain  and  to  Holland.  He  was  i-aised 
to  the  peerage  in  17SD.  He  wrote  "Principles  of  Penal 
Law  '■  (1772\  -History  of  Xew  Holland  "  (1787),  etc. 

Edeahall  (e'du-hal).  The  seat  of  the  Mus- 
araves  of  Onmberland,  England,  near  Penrith. 

Eden  Hall,  Luck  of.    See  Luck  of  Eden  Hnll. 

Edenkoben  la-den-ko'ben).  A  town  in  the 
Palatinate,  Bavaria.  15  miles  west-southwest 
of  Spires.  Near  it  is  the  roval  villa  Ludwigs- 
hohe.  built  in  1846.    Population  ( 1890),  4.914. 

Eden  of  Germany.    An  epithet  of  Baden. 

Edessa  (,e-des'sa),  or  .£gae  (e'je).  In  ancient 
geography,  the  early  capital  of  Macedonia,  rep- 
resented by  the  modem  Vodena,  47  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Saloniki. 

Edessa.  A  eitv  in  Mesopotamia,  in  the  vilayet 
of  Aleppo,  Turkey,  in  lat.  37°  13'  N..  long.  38° 
25'  E. :  the  modem  Urfa  or  Orfa.  Its  ancient 
name  was  also  Antiochia  or  Callirrhoe.  It  became  the 
capital  of  an  independent  kingdom  in  137  B.  c,  and  under 
Trajan  was  made  tributary  to  Rome.  In  the  4th  and  5th 
centuries  it  was  an  important  seat  of  Chi'istian  leai-ning. 
It  belonged  to  Mohammedan  powers,  except  in  the  11th 
centmy,  when  it  was  held  by  the  Byzantine  empire,  and 
in  1097-1H4,  when  it  was  held'by  the  Crusaders  and  was  the 
capital  of  a  Latin  princip;ility  of  Edessa.  It  was  sacked 
by  the  Turks  in  1147,  and  was  finally  possessed  by  them 
in  lt>37.     Population,  estimated,  40.000. 

Edfu  (.ed'fo).  A  town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated 
near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile  in  lat.  24°  59'  N. : 
the  ancient  ApoUinopolis  Magna.  Coptic  Atbo. 
The  celebrated  temple  of  Edfu  is  the  most  perfect  exist- 
ing example  of  an  ancient  Egyptian  religious  edifice.  It 
was  founded  by  Ptolemy  Philopator  in  222  B.  c.  The  en- 
trance is  by  a  massive  double  pylon  250  feet  wide  and  115 
high,  from  which  the  strong  Inclosing  wall  is  carried 
around  the  temple.  "Within  the  pylon  lies  the  great  court 
with  its  peristyle  of  columns.  Behind  it  lies  the  hypostjie 
hall,  to  the  rear  of  which  is  a  second  hall  with  3  ranges 
of  4  columns,  from  which  opens  the  double  vestibule  of 
the  isolated  sanctuary,  on  tlie  passage  around  which  are 
placed,  as  usual,  a  number  of  small  chambers.  Th*;  abun- 
dant sculptures,  though  in  style  mere  imitations  of  the 
older  Pharaonic  work,  are  from  their  subjects  both  inter- 
esting and  instructive.  The. length  of  the  temple  is  450 
feet. 

Edgar  (ed'gar),  or  Eadgar.  Born  944:  died 
July  8,  975.  A  king  of  England,  son  of  Edmund 
(Eadmund)  and  ^Ifgifn.  He  ascended  the  throne 
in  958  as  successor  to  his  brother  Eadwig  (Edwy).  He 
ruled  the  whole  nation  (West  Saxons,  Xorthumbriaiis.and 
Mercians),  and  his  quiet  reign  gained  for  him  the  surname 
'•  The  Peaceful."  He  is  said  to  have  ceded  Lothian 
(northern  Bemicia)  to  Kenneth  of  Scotland. 

Edgar.  In  Shakspere's  "King  Lear."  the  son 
of  the  Earl  of  Gloster. 

Edgar.     See  Eaienswood,  Edgar. 

Edgar,  Sir  John.  A  pseudonym  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  under  which  he  conducted  "'The  Thea- 
tre" from  Jan.,  1720.  till  AprU.  1720. 

Edgar,  or  Eadgar,  .^Jtheling.    [-A.S.  xtheiing, 

the  prince.]  Born  in  Hungary  before  1057: 
died  in  the  first  part  of  the  l2th  century.  -\n 
English  prince,  grandson  of  Edmund  Ironside. 

Edgartown  (ed'gar-toun).  The  chief  town  of 
Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard  74  miles  south-southeast  of 
Boston.  It  is  a  summer  resort.  Population 
(1900).  1.209. 

Edgecote  (edj'kot).  A  place  in  Northampton- 
shire, England,  17  miles  southwest  of  North- 
ampton. Here,  July  26,  1469,  the  insurgents 
under  Robin  of  Redesdale  defeated  the  royal- 
ists under  the  Earl  of  Pembroke. 

EdgeMU  (ej'hil).  A  ridge  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  situated  12  mUes  south  of  'Warwick. 
Here,  Oct.  23.  1642,  was  fought  the  first  battle  of  the  civU 
war,  between  the  Royalists  under  Charles  I.  and  the  Par- 
liamentarians under  the  Earl  of  Essex  :  result  indecisive. 

Edgeworth  (ej'werth),  Maria.  Born  at  Black 
Bourtou.  Oxfordshire,  Jan.  1.  1767:  died  at 
Edgeworthstown,  Longford,  b-eland.  May  22. 
1849.  -Aji  English  novelist,  daughter  of  Richard 
Lovell  Edgeworth.  she  wrote,  in  conjunction  with 
her  father,  "Essays  on  Practical  Education"  (179S)  and 
an  '*  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls  "  (1302).  Her  chief  independent 
works  are  "Castle  Rackrent"  (ISOilX  'Belinda"  (ISOl), 
"Moral  Tales"  (1801),  "Popular  Tales"  (1804X  "Tales  of 
Fashionable  Life"  (lSi59-12),  "Leonora"  (1806),  "Patron- 
age "  (1S14),  "Ormond"  (1817).  and  "Helen"  (1834). 

Edict  of  Nantes.     See  Sautes,  Ediet  of. 

Edin.     A  poetical  name  of  Edinburgh. 

Edinburgh  (ed'n-bur-o),  or  Edinburghshire, 
or  Mid-Lothian.  Acotmty  of  Scotland,  l>-ing 
between  the  Firth  of  Forth  on  the  north,  Had- 
dington, Berwick,  and  Roxburgh  on  the  east, 
Selkirk.  Peebles,  and  Lanark  on  the  south,  and 
Linlithgow  on  the  northwest.  Area,  362  square 
mUes.     Population  (1891),  434,276. 

Edinburgh  (ed'n-bur-o).  [Formerly  Edinbo- 
row,  Edinbro,  ME.  Edinburgh,  Edenborou; 
earlier  Edirinesburcb,  Edwinesburg,  AS.  *Edd- 
wines  burh,  Edwin's  castle.]  The  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Edinburgh, 
2  miles  south  of  the   Firth  of  Forth,  in  lat. 


352 

5-5°  57'  N.,  long.  3°  12' W.:  often  called  "the 
modem  or  northern  Athens,"  both  from  its  to- 
pography and  as  a  seat  .of  learning.  See  Dune- 
din.  It  is  noted  for  its  picttiresque  situation  on  ridges 
near  Calton  Hill  and  Arthur's  Seat.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
judicial  and  administrative  government  of  the  country-, 
and  an  important  publishing  and  literarj'  center.  It  con- 
tains a  university,  castle,  Holyrood  Palace,  Scott  monu- 
ment, St.  Giles's  Church,  the  Parliament  House  (with  the 
.Advocates'  Library),  the  Royal  Institution,  the  National 
Gallery,  St,  Mary's  Cathedral,  and  various  charitable  and 
educational  institutions.  The  castle,  a  citadel  and  palace, 
occupies  a  high  rock  in  the  middle  of  the  city.  The 
exterior  has  been  greatly  modified,  but  much  in  the  in- 
terior remains  as  of  old.  including  some  of  the  royal 
apartments  and  the  Romanesque  chapel.  Here  are  pre- 
served the  royal  regalia  of  Scotland.  The  Parliament 
House  is  now'occupied  by  the  Supreme  Law  Courts  It 
is  a  large  Renaissance  building,  with  porticos  of  Ionic 
columns  over  an  arcaded  and  rusticated  basement.  The 
great  hall  has  a  handsome  roof  of  oak,  and  contains  in- 
teresting portraits  and  statues.  The  cathedral  (St.  Giles's 
Church)  was  founded  in  the  l'2th  centuiy,  but  the  pres- 
ent structure  is  of  the  loth.  The  interior  has  high  nave- 
pillars  and  Pointed  arches.  The  transept  is  Xorman,  witii 
massive  piers  supporting  the  tower.  The  fine  recessed 
and  sculptured  west  doorway  is  modem.  St.  Mary's  Ca- 
thedral, the  masterpiece  of  Sir  G.  Gilbert  Scott,  was  com- 
pleted 1879.  It  is  a  spacious  structtu'e  in  the  I^arly  Eng- 
lish style,  with  an  imposing  central  spire  295  feet  high. 
Edinburgh  was  fortified  by  tbe  Northumbrian  king  Edwin 
(whence  its  name  Edwin's  Burgh)  about  617  ;  succeeded 
Perth  as  the  capital  1437  :  was  taken  and  sacked  by  the 
English  in  1M4,  and  again  (by  Cromwell)  in  1650  ;  and  was 
occupied  by  the  Young  Pretender  in  1745.  It  is  famous  in 
the  literarj-  history  of  the  last  half  of  the  18th  and  first  half 
of  the  19th  centuiy,  through  its  connection  with  Hume, 
Robertson,  Dugald  Stewart,  Adam  Smith,  Bums,  Scott, 
Wilson,  tlie  ■*  Edinburgh  Rt^vien^'"  etc.  Population  (19011. 
316.479. 

Edinburgh,  Duke  of.    See  Alfred. 
Edinburgh,  Uni'^ersity  of.    A  famotts  seat  of 
learning,  founded  in  1-582  by  James  ^^.    It  com- 

? rises  the  faculties  of  arts,  divinity,  law,  and  medicine. 
ts  library  c<:>utaius  u\  er  200,000  voUunes  and  S,iX)0  manu- 
scripts. There  ale  about  ryO  professors,  besides  lecturers, 
and  the  number  of  matricul.ited  students  is  about  2,800. 
Conjointly  with  the  University  of  St  Andrews  it  sends  a 
member  to  Parliament.  The  large  university  building  is 
of  the  ISth  century.  The  celebrated  medical  school  occu- 
pies a  magnificent' modem  Renaissance  building. 

Edinburgh  Re'view.  -A.  literary  and  political 
re>"iew,  tounded  at  Edinburgh  in  1802  by  Jef- 
frey, Sydney  Smith,  Brougham,  Horner,  and 
others. 

A  knot  of  clever  lads  (Smith  was  31,  Jeffrey  29,  Brown 
24,  Homer  '24,  and  Brougham  '23)  met  in  the  third  (not,  as 
Smith  afterwards  said,  the  '*  eighth  or  ninth  ")  storey  of 
a  house  in  Edinburgh,  and  started  the  journal  by  acclama- 
tion. Leslii  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Libran',  III.  140. 

Edison  (ed'i-son),  Thomas  Alva.  Bom  at 
Milan,  Ohio,  Feb.  11. 1847.  A  celebrated  Amer- 
ican inventor.  He  became  at  the  age  of  twelve  a  news- 
boy on  the  Grand  Trunk  Line  runnine  into  Detroit,  and 
subsequently  a  telegraph  operator.  He  came  in  1871  to 
yew  Vork,  where  he  perfected  the  duplex  telegraph  (1872), 
and  invented  the  printing  telegraph  for  gold  and  stock 
quotations,  for  the  manuf  act'u^  of  which  latter  appliance 
he  established  a  workshop  at  Sewark,  X.  J.  In  1876  he 
removed  to  Menlo  Park,  >.  J.,  and  later  to  West  Orange, 
X.  J.,  where  he  has  devoted  himself  to  inventing.  Among 
his  inventions  are  his  system  of  duplex  telegraphy  (which 
he  subsequently  developed  into  quadruplex  and  sextuplex 
transmission),  the  carbon  telephone  transmitter,  the  micro- 
tasimeter,  the  aerophone,  the  megaphone,  the  phonograph, 
and  the  incandescent  electric  lamp. 

Edisto  (ed'is-to).  A  river  in  South  Carolina, 
formed  by  the  tmion  of  the  north  and  the  south 
branch,  and  flo'wing  into  the  sea  by  two  chan- 
nels about  25  miles  southwest  of  Charleston. 
Length,  over  150  miles. 

Edith  (e'dith).  [ME.  Edith  (ML.  Editha),  AS. 
Eddgith.']  Died  at  Winchester.  Dec.  19. 1075.  An 
Anglo-Saxon  queen,  she  was  the  daughter  of  God- 
wine,  earl  of  Wessex,  and  married  Edward  the  Confessor 
in  1045,  receiving  Winchester  and  Exeter  as  her  morning 
gift.  She  is  said  to  have  planned  the  murder  of  Gospatric. 
one  of  the  king's  thegns.  in  10<>4,  at  the  instigation  of  her 
brother  Tostig.  earl  of  Northumberland.  She  founded  a 
church  at  Wilton,  which  was  consecrated  in  1065;  and  on 
the  death  of  her  husband  retired  to  Winchester,  in  the 
quiet  possession  of  which  she  was  allowed  to  remain  by 
Williani  the  Conqueror. 

Edith.  1.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Bloody  Brother." — 
2.  The  Maid  of  Lorn  in  Scott's  poem  "The  Lord 
of  the  Isles." 

Edith  Dombey.     See  Dombey. 

Ediya  (ed-e'yS).  The  black  tribes  which  in- 
habit the  island  Fernando  Po.  West  Africa. 
Physically  degenerate,  they  also  live  in  a  ver>-  low  state  of 
culture.  They  speak  a  Bantu  language  which  is  related 
to  those  of  the  fronting  mainland  and  subdivides  itself 
into  a  number  of  dialects.  Some  authors  call  it  Feman- 
dian.  From  their  form  of  salutation,  the  Ediya  are  gen- 
erally known  by  the  name  of  Bubis.  Those  who  have 
adopted  Christianity  are  making  progress  in  civilization. 

Edmon'ton  (ed'mpn-ton).  A  village  in  Middle- 
sex. England,  north  of  London. 

Edmonton,  The  De'Til  or  Merry  De'vll  of.  See 

ilerni.  etc. 

Edmonton,  The  Witch  of.    See  TTitch,  etc. 


Edrei 

Edmund  (ed'mund),  or  Eadmund,  Saint.   [AS.     n 
Eadmund,  L.  Edmundus,  F.  Edmond,  It.  Ed-  .1 
mondo,  Sp.  Pg.  Edmundo.']     Bom   about  840:  'n 
killed  by  the  Danes  870.    King  of  East  AngUa 
85.5-870. 

Edmund,  Saint.  Bom  at  Abingdon,  England, 
Nov.  20,  probably  between  1170  and  1175 :  died 
at  Soisy,  France,  Nov.  16,  1240.  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  He  was  the  son  of  one  Edward  or  Rel- 
nald  Rich,  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris,  and  in  1233  was 
appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  came  forward 
as  a  champion  of  the  national  church  against  papal  en- 
croachment ;  but.  finding  himself  unable  to  resist  the  ap- 
pointment of  300  Italians  to  as  many  English  benefices, 
abandoned  his  archiepiseopal  see  in  1'240  and  took  refuge 
in  the  monastery  of  Pontigny,  in  France.  He  died  at  Soisy, 
w-hitherhehad  gone  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  and  was 
canonized  in  1247.  He  is  also  called  Edmund  Rich  and 
Edmund  of  Poilti'jny. 

Edmund  I.,  or  Eadmund,  sumamed  Magnifi- 
cus  ("the  Magnificent').  Born  about  922: 
killed  at  Pucklechurch,  Gloucester,  England, 
May  26,  946.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  and 
Jlercians.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  the  Elder,  and  a 
brother  of  Athelstan  whom  he  succeeded  in  940.  He 
subdued  Cumbria  (945),  which  he  bestowed  on  Malcolm  I. 
of  Scotland.  He  was  killed  by  a  robber  named  Liofa 
while  keeping  the  fe^ist  of  St.  .Augustine  of  Canterburj-  at 
Pucklechurch,  Gloucestershire.  The  robber  having  en- 
tered the  ball  unbidden,  the  king  ordered  a  cup-bearer  to 
remove  him,  and  when  the  robber  resisted  came  to  Ihe 
cup-bearer's  relief.  In  the  struggle  that  ensued  he  was 
stabbed  to  death  with  a  dagger. 

Edmund  II.,  or  Eadmund,  sumamed  Iron- 
side. Born  probably  about  989:  died,  prob- 
ably at  London,  Nov.  30,  1016.  King  of  the 
West  Saxons.  He  was  the  son  of  Ethelred  "the  Vn- 
ready,"  whom  he  succeeded  in  .\pril.  1016  .\fter  many 
victories  over  the  Danes,  he  was  defeated  in  a  bloody 
battle  at  Assandun  (.Ashiiigton)  in  Essex  by  Canute,  with 
whom  he  was  forced  to  divide  his  kingdom,  provision 
being  made,  it  is  said,  that  the  survivor  should  be  sole 
king.  He  retained  Wessex,  Essex,  East  Anglia,  and  Lon- 
don, while  Canute  received  Northumberland  and  Mercia. 
His  deAth.  which  was  probably  due  to  natural  causes,  has 
been  attributed  by  later  tradition  to  poison  administered 
by  Eadric  Streona  at  the  instance  of  Canute.  After  his 
death  Canute  took  possession  of  the  whole  kingdom. 

Edmund.  In  Shakspere's  "King  Lear,"  a  bas- 
tard son  of  the  Earl  of  Gloster. 

Edmunds  (ed'mundz),  George  Franklin. 
Bom  at  Richmond,  Vt..  Feb.  1, 1828.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman.  He  was  a  Republican  senator  from 
Vermont  to  Congress  1S66-91 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Elec- 
toral Commission  in  1877;  and  was  acting  Vice-President 
lS8:3-85.  He  is  the  author  of  the  Edmunds  Act  of  1S82 
for  the  suppression  of  polygamy  in  Ttah,  and  of  au  act 
passed  in  1^7  pertaining  to  the  &ame  subject. 

Edmunds,  John.  A  felon,  the  principal  char- 
acter of  the  tale  "The  Convict's  Return,"  in 
CTiarles  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers." 

Edoh'vre  (ed'o-hwa).  A  tribe  or  di-vision  of 
North  -American  Indians,  formerly  living  on 
Klamath  River,  Siskiyou  County,  California, 
where  a  few  now  remain.  In  1851  it  had  24 
villages,  with  an  estimated  population  of  1,440. 
See  Sastean. 

Edom  (e'dgm),  or  Idumea  (id-u-me'a).  [Heb., 
'  reddish.'  •  muddy.']  The  region  in  the  lowland 
south  of  the  Dead  Sea.  botmded  on  the  west  by 
the  desert  of  Paran,  and  on  the  northeast  by  the 
mountains  of  Moab :  the  modem  Wadi  el  Arabah 
and  the  sun'ounding  mountainous  countrj-,  ex- 
tending southward  to  the  ^lanitic  Gulf,  and 
including  the  seaports  Elath  and  Eziongeber. 
The  most  important  cities  of  this  rugged  barren  territory 
were  Bozrah,  the  capital  Maon,  Phunon,  and  Sela,  after- 
ward called  Petra,  from  which  the  whole  district  was 
named  Petraea.  The  Edomites  were  descendants  of  Esau, 
the  brother  of  Jacob,  and  were,  therefore,  designated  as 
"brothers  of  Israel  '  (Num.  xx.  14,  Dent.  ii.  4,  S),  but  be- 
camelaterthehereditary  enemies  of  Israel:  Saul  attacked 
them  (1  Sam.  xiv.  47)  and  subdued  them  (2  Sam.  viii.  13). 
After  the  division  of  the  Israelitish  kingdom  they  came 
under  the  supremacy  of  Judah,  but  made  frequent  and 
sometimes  successful  attempts  to  regain  their  indepen- 
dence. They  were  for  the  last  time  subjected  by  Uzziah 
about  the  middle  of  the  Sth  century  B.  c.  liglathPile- 
ser  m.  made  (about  743)  Kaus  Malik,  king  of  Edom,  tribu- 
tar)-.  Esarhaddon  (6i0-6t>?)  mentions  Kaus  Gabri  of  Edom 
among  the  tributary  kings.  In  the  time  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar (e<.H-561)  Edom,  still  ruled  by  a  king,  was  attacked 
by  the  Babylonians.  During  the  captivity  they  toik  pos- 
session of  portions  of  .Tudea,  while  their  own  territorv-  was 
occupied  by  Arabic  tribes,  the  Nabathseans,  and  was  called, 
after  the  city  of  Petra,  .\rabia  Petrsea.  The  Hasmonean 
king  .Tohn  Hvrcanus  took  Dora  and  Morissa  andiorced  the 
Idumeans  to'  accept  Judaism  about  130  a  c.  .Afterward 
thev  became  the  rulers  of  the  Jews  in  the  person  of  An- 
tipaterand  his  descendants  the  Herodians.  The  last  king 
of  this  race,  Herod  Agrippa  II..  died  about  100  i.  D.,  Ijut 
the  name  of  Idumea  vanishes  from  history  with  the  fall 
of  Judea. 

Edred,  or  Eadred  (ed'red).  Died  at  Frome.Eng- 
land,  Nov.  23.  955.  A  kingof  England,  young- 
est son  of  Edward  the  Elder  and  Eadgifu.  and 
brother  of  Edmtind  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  946. 
His  government  was  controlled  by  his  mother  and  Dnn- 
stan  :  his  reign  was  marked  by  revolts  in  Northumbria. 

Edrei   (ed're-i).      [^cb.,  -strong,'  'mighty.'] 


Edrei 

In  Old  Testament  history,  the  capital  of  Off, 
,"  f-R..sl,aii  Near  it  Oe  was  defeated  by  the  Israel- 
i'tl^^  Th?e1^  wli-  wUhlhe  territory  assigned  to  the  t,.be 
ofManasseb  ^^  ^^^.^      p        ^^   ^^^^^^   ,_, 

^cZte.  1017.''  AB.English  noWema.,,_eaWor. 


353 


Eeckhout 


BannoChu™  (W  .^  ^e^«1Je  c.  hU  -w^-;     ^^^^f ,^^^1  JV^LS-Jn^i^^-^y  ^11^^^^^ 
the  two  I)e8pen8e.m  by  ^^  '»""'' d'^;Jate,l"t  'he  battle     ^  ,e  time  was  atti  il>uted  to  Shakspere.  .    ,    ,   ■ 

i;i  Kl-^l^ii:^^^""  IS^ J- 'rS;^^;  Edward  IV.    a  play  by  lleywood.  pnnted  m 

i!:rwy\>rwtsr„sTrp"tt1^r&^^^^ 

Ktr  mr''  ILIS^i^  n;We,;;a,;;-e^aor-    Si^;?^;;;;!-; .^^JE^irffi^"^-  ^"i^'Fr^aesl^y,  Shropshire,  Kn^la^  >- 
^  Sa,  chief  faviser  of  ^the.ed  the     £    2S£  eiiS't:iJ;;r^:t!'i::KS'     iiil-^^^^^^^^^a 'llu^^^^^i^Vi 


the  West-Saxon  ^l^^'B  )Jj,''h  ^  f;|-^,o!,Bl,s  of  U.e  Danes, 

the  influence  o!  Saint  Dunst  an  pnmate 
l.'ltiemeasnrestakenbylj^stepmoth^^^^^^^^ 

J.'firani  rars^ic^:ed^Xhi-t?pb™the.,  .^thelrea  II 

Tdward  sumamed"The  Confessor,"  from  his 

S.     sol^'of  ifhelred  II.  and  Emma  of  Nor- 
Sy  ;    HO  lived  cbienyAn  No^andy  durin,  the  Dan 


yl^are    iV'MlV,l.lV^reatyofNortlmmpto^w.th  heS^^^^^^ 

in  wl  ich  l;..beTt  Hn.ee  was  reoopnized  as  kmK.  .l"",-«^'"= 

,1  tlie  government  into  liisown  Ir.mds,  securing  the  ex- 

'  Uim' i  Mm"imer  and  i„,pri..ni...  '';-;  M-«^;;^t^ 

mmmmpm 

J;;<^;:i:^^„n,ler  David  II.  (Bnice^  w ho  ha.,  reeo, eu ,,  tb. 


irist.  She  showed  talent  lor  urawiuK  an,  "■""^.  """  ■ ; 
ISVibesan  to  write  for  periodicals,  and  devoted  herself 
romlliS  to  archaeological  stu.lies.  In  188:i  she  became 
the  honorary  secretary  of  the  EKyptian  exploration  fund. 
Shereccivwi  the  title  of  doctor  of  philosophy  from  (.olurn- 
b  a  Couil-e  New  York,  and  lecture.l  on  the  ant.qu.  les  o^ 
Fffvnt  etc    in  l&HO  and  in  succeedinK  years  in  the  I  nited 

SiSy^o:^^^:.::s';A;^^.SS^5i 

a  volume  of  ballads. 


a^^     8,579.     King      Jj.^^^  ts  i  ^ D  V^d  1^^^^^  wfm  had  reeive,on.,e  J^^  Westbury,   WUt- 

Edgar  whom  he  sue-     J^'rot^;  fth^'me  in  «f.  ■  «- f-'^  ^-^re^'dl'^^hTi^soi;;  ^.^T^f  ^t•v?l,^m3 :  Sat  Southati.pton.  July 
.ed  by  the  witan  through     '"^^'^^^^""f'^^Za^Z:^^^^^^^^^^^  r  TsOO    "  An   English  West    India   merehant 


^"edSJ^So/^ollte^i^^rinfs^hec^c,^ 
He  subsequently,  ma  war  with  (hariesy.^ioBv  a  __  ^,  p.^ 


and  historian.  He  lived  in  .lamaica  1760-9-2,  when  he 
?,[mied  to  England.  He  established  a  bank  at  Southan.p- 
ictumed  to  tng'an  ^        p:u-lianient.     He  is  best 

[''"' ™f  ,  hf''HWoiy  of  the  British  Colonies  in  the 
WesT'lnd  ei'  of        i"h'tb'  Arst  two  volumes  were  pub- 

frally  appended 


33S:S=^^f^e=:oS^ 

tically  independent  dunng  the   ..irons  wa    ,  ^^^^^ 

annexed  that  country  ««  ^"'■'•'"  '■,,,,  ,^f,|!t.  \1  ,id  of  N«r- 
froin  England  in  129.J.  /'''t'',^; ',■."'  •;  s-  land,  the 
way,  granddaughter  of  A'«i" '';,"•  ,',„,„„  ,|u' two 
Scottish  estates  were  "''-''''^ '",,' ,,,,,,,,,  „ilb  the 
-chief  claimants  to  the  «"""^ ,"■',.'"',  .'  |  ,.,i,,  id.  d 
re8UltthatEdwardwa3app..inted.ilhitl..f  -  "  „^ , 
IS'nw  "  of  Bali"l.^vl.osc  Ju^nnigo^je  recen  ;d.^_  In  1^  be 
became  involved  n  ", ^^'^  " '  "  V^  ,,-feat,ed  the  Scots  at 
alliance  with  «V;'Vr\i,,/?±*  J  f  t  .'  nmn,  carried  the 
Dunbar,  compe  led  ''■'''"l'"^,'^.'',':,  '  ,i  ,,i;,rV,l  s.-,ill:o,d 
Scotch  cnronali.m-sUmc  t<i    . mi  1  n,        '  ,,,f,,.ted  by 

under  an  K'\k1;J'.' "•'-''■'  ^j;.'";^,  7  Eciwarcl  defeated 
the  patriot  S„-  W  ;."•■"■, W:';|.  ,;■•„,  Valkirk.  July  2^, 
theScotsund.i  \\..ll.n,    m    n       1  Amiens  with 

1298.     In  i:in;i  be  ''l'"  ''  '  I"'  .^Vi'-i'-iv  s  »i«ter,  Marga- 
France,  having  mari.-dm^^:  9    l'|UPlj^,,„3,,,,„i^^^^ 
•       ret.   Ibvad.ng  .>c    1.1.     ■■  I  ;.»'-■  tion  ..f  Wallace, 

of  Bruce,  and  in  U>^  '"-,";''',',.'  p' ,,] jl     Uo  die.l  on  the 

of  King's  Bench,  and  '■""r\,"  ,";;'";i;; !.,  ; , Mci  t,..-. 

yeh.pment  of  tlie  ^'";'>''^    "  Vh-oicel        '    lie  pnblicali.m 


Sii:xid-MS£3£i;Hi?£ 

vious  to  bis  accession,  and  pla>La  "  Pr"!' '""'.{,    ^.^  ,,( 

struggle  of  his  house  (l'"-"  l'''"^^,  "  ,,^,  ."^^^    1',   c.      unc 
Lancaster  for  the  poss;ess,on  of  U  e   hro     ■     jn  ^^^^l^^^^, 

tion  with  the  Earls  '  fj--}}  '^  '"/{.j''  j  ^.,,,hampton  in  UtW, 
the  Lancastrians  luider  Henry  VI  at. >  01  ui      i 

and  took  the  king  pnso ner      "  >-  '^  .  7,;.   .^xv.Kch.ld 

^?:h:th^si;^r  cSr^ri^f  ;^;'i.  f  ^^ 

,he  title,  defeat^l  the  I^mj^n--!;;;;:;^^ 

il     The  early  part  of  his  reign  was  dis- 

turbe,.  by  coi».-t  ^«  ^:^;jSy'i=£,"\;^.!xJSi 

IZ  'daugl^iS  of  ^^^^^^o!^.  B-™  Wver.  luid 

Sti::^i£vi,^Si}f'^;:;;Swh^' HS 

^.  ,!^^i   1470:  inura.TcMl  in  the  ToNverot  London 

i^-\he-r^f^.»:^.:^i?SHr  £ 
"■^  r"^^^;^^ni  ihiiii;';;  ibnii^ei:;:^  w!^sJ^s;;Vnt  ..im 

:;;,'„'       :li  to  death  and  usmped  the  g;>vernmen 
Edward   VI.     B<.n.  at   lla.nptou  Court,   Etig 


■pll'wardrHenri  Milne.      See  ililne  Edwards. 

Edwlrdl;  Jonathan.  Born  at  East  Windsor, 
Conn  Oct.  .'i,  170:i:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
M  irci;  ^•'1758.  An  eminent  American  theo- 
logian and  ™^|,;iP'^-^;'t^^„S;tmr>i^^busel!^ 
V?!'f^,rnri"^ouu'yt\^heInd?ar,fst„ckbridge  MiiBsa^ 
.        .  .■  i-M   -«•  and  president  of  Princeton  College  in 

.' Il'lJ^'rine  of  . lliginal  Sin  Defended "  (17.=*),   "  History  of 
the  liedimption"  (17.2). 

Edwards   Jonathan,  called  "The  ^-'"ser. 
Born  at  XorUiampton    Mass     May  3^   1.4o^ 
ilied  at  Sclienoctady,  X.  ^  ..  Aug.  1,  1801.     An 


t  lea  at  ociieiueiox.i,  .,.  ■.. — r--  -•  , 

American   Congregational  clergvmaii,  son   of 
jZathan  Edwards*:    He  was  president  of  Ln.on 


"^ni^^  ^JS7-1i cd  7;;re.^:^d;,  n"  ;  E=ds^  Matilda Bur^ra  Be 

land    <^>^V., l^'fi     riS      King  of  England  l.'-.47--^^    WeslcvlieM,   Engh.iul,   IKki. 
London   J'-'X  ^  1;  '.S  „  K  ufc,  ^  .  ,„i„,,„.,..„.     ',;,,,,.,  ,„.„„l  ns  a  novelist.^.  Fori. 


[  im.rtmain  in  1279.  an.l  me  »'■■'•"■■■■■•■■,       am  :i ....  . 
;  ami  the  summons  in  12U5 of  the  llrst  pi.     jj^^^rd, 

■  ij..;. " 


1553.  He  waithe  son  of  H."ry  VIII  l|y  Ins  .bird,, ue  ^^ 
Jane  Seymour,  and  »";;;^^-de,^  son  er  '  "  "bo  w.is  sup- 
gencyof  his  t;'";^.  "'"  '^^^''i  ,ue  f  N..-thumbe.land. 
planted  about  lf.f.n  by  tlie  ""'"'l,,,  ,i,.„,j,,,,  „(  the  12 
During  his  reign  occ.i.-re.  »:,Xe  ,  ,  f  'l'"  »"">'  "' 
articles  of  ■■'^''«'"'' "'','    ' '  ^i„'  'Ja  1^  he  vas  in.luced  by  the 

sr  M  i::^b"".-f  ^ '  - -:^^:>;f  ^iiXt^r-'*^ 

.lane  (ircy,  to  the  .  vclnsion  ..f  M..O  .o.d  1'^'-""  " 
T-rtward  VII      B..rn  at  lion.lon,  Nov.  0.  I«41. 
^.?,:^^^41m";,i  of  Victoria  :  king  of  <  real  Brit- 
Ml!n-lan.la,,.lc...pe.-or..    lud.a      ni-- 


Chester  in  12H5 

Edward 'il'' Born  at  Carnarvon,  Wales,  April 
^J^,^i4 :   mur,lere.l   lU  P-rludey  Cast le    nea,- 

ll;::i!;:ni'i^H^;^'t!::^;etHb;>norKdwi..L 

^&^^n;it  wife,  Eleam,r^^..»U,e.     He^  w- --te,.^  in 
king.     Jn  IJUn,   ' 


|.,i„,..  of   Wales,  culle.l   "  The  Black 
l.,i,i.-,.  ••     B..n,  at   Wo.nlst.M'k,  Eng  an.  ,  .  une 
5     Tib-  di.Mlat  Westminst.M-,  Enghin.l,  June 
8   1 W    ■  S....  of  lMwar.l  111.     IK  fo"g'>'« ''";""; 

"\,Ju:„;tcre.:yi"  .:.^>:  ''f'^'Z^^i:;!^;^'^^^^^ 
is;,,rs;,;i::af1a^;-.^^--" '-'-:• ■••-' -- 

'"  '"'"■  A  ,,lav  by  Peele,  printed  in  ir,93. 

marks  th.-  transllb.n  fr..n.  the  Chronicle 

■'"''-«''"'"'''^^""Sr':;':'m;t.Dr«n,.ut. 


Ill    1. )<>,'. 

Edward  I. 

This  work 
lllstorica  .  . 


. ,- . VB5SiH;s;r;:=i;;";'; "'  Edward n. a ;-.:;"y.!'y,^i:-"-;:i.'";:'::;:, 

Eilward.  who  was  completely  1,'"."'.'  .  .,  ,.„ 


I 


E.lward,  who  was  '■""H'lV'-^iy  "".',',.,,  ,,v  ,),„  b,,n..is  I 
Osvcston,  the  K,"V"'"»™VI  ,e  ni^iit.'  f  be  ,.r.li..ance8 
21  or.laincr8,  who  proc.irc.l  the  I''r"«',  ;,,  ,'„.,,|,.hnaves- 
M  th.=  Parliaroentof  i:m,,i"  "f  "^J  ','.,<,  ,ra.nu..l  I'ar- 
ton  was  cxll.;.i,  ami  V^'"'^">  X  ,.  in  rat  ve  abuses.  In 
llaments  an.l  for  the  reform  f  "^"''''  »![,';  ,;,  „,  (lavestnn. 
1312  the  ''"■■'■"»'''-'V;«VV.;  iCking  I.  m  E.lwnrd  was 
.^fear,  by  «.e  Sco^s'iJaJr'kiS  Bmce  at  th.  batae  of 


th 


vard  11.  -^  tragi  ..V  ...    ,  ";.     r,  ■ 
.SIal...MersM{egist,T.luly(.,l.    .. 


1.11 
t  wa.*pr.'l 


•luiiauiiiii  ii.u»ui.....    --    _"    •  „„, 

College  (Schenecla.ly)  1<9'.>-1801- 

Edwards    Justin.      Born    at    Westhampton, 

\Wss      \'l.ril  •-^'i  17S7  :  .li.'.l  at  Virgima  Springs, 

v." 'iii'lv  ■'■•>    l!^'-:!.     An  .Ai.i.ri.'a..  cU-rgvinan, 

,;„U,;,  „£  va.'i..us  tracl^  on  l,.,„i..-rance,  etc. 

-         Betham-.    Born 

An    Engbsh 

writer,  n,.t...l  as  :•  ""veHst      FV^herwortso,,  Knu.ce 

ei;nri,.ii:i!n:n;;^Aet;:^n;ju.;.;UeK,.nc. 
-S;;^j=;^b,Jba5'|er,2^^ 

;;;-,-'„r^S:r.s,iof:;w'h,ch  appeared  in   "The 
Paradyse  of  Kaynty  Devises    (l...(l). 

Edwin  (.'d'win),  ..rEadwine..   B..rn  prol.abb 

iS:  di-'l  i"  «■>:':!•    King  of  Northuml.ria  (.  -- 

•)-l    s,.n  <.f  King  Ella  ..I'  Peira.    He  wa.  the  lit  h 

';;^;:Jn.  and  '-.^-^,..^.1,.  «te,.d..    over^aU  .e,.- 

l;r;'he'^:^;  "  o?7i::a.!^.;;od  .,1';™  by  .Ve  n;.;;.M;;.-.M- 

H:;'i;^vir^^Hrn!;;^ri;.:;^^^^Mi5^;i:: 

€SiiS.^?^??-r^'«.SH 

^S^;;^Ell;^r'A{^;i-WMauet,.rit- 

t.-ii  in  IVlln 


,,,„,  „,..,.„  a, t  i^iJ^t:;:^;,::;  -SrivS'^S  ^d^n  brood.  s,.e  .^...r,  .f^^^r^pr^:. 


„tswli.hSh.ik»pere.in.elmpr..vedinbl.lb  bnl.in'-        I  ■,,,.,„,„„.  king  of  Wess.'X  it:....  „      ,  , 

i?rlf^^icd^r{l^;l^.^:a;i'"^'ti::;.i^le"  ^o^^^^L^^^  or  Ecl^out.  aerbrand 


Eeckhout 

van  den.    Born  at  Amsterdam,  Aug.  19, 1621 : 

died  at  Amsterdam,  Sept.  22.  1674.    A  Dutch 
_painter.  a  pupil  ot  Rembrandt. 
Eecloo  (a-kl6').     A  town   in  the  province  of 

East  Flanders.  Belgium.  12  miles  northwest  of 

Ghent.     Population  (1890).  11,642. 


354 

Duke  of  Bridgewater,  younger  son  of  the  first 
duke  by  his  second  wife.  He  is  notable  as  the  pro- 
jector of"a  canal  from  Worsley  to  Manchester  (the  first  in 
England,  throughout  Its  course  entirely  independent  of  a 
natural  stream),  and  of  one  from  llanchester  to  Liver- 
pool. He  was  suruamed  "  The  Father  of  British  Inland 
^'avigation. 


Efik  (ef'ik).    An  African  tribe  dwelling  around  Egerton,  Francis.    Born  at  London,  Jan.  1, 

-■     -  "■-        ■  1800:   died  there,  Feb.  18,  1857.     An  English 

politician  and  man  of  letters,  first  Earl  of  EUes- 
mere  (known  as  Francis  Leveson-Gower  until 
1833),  son  of  George  Gramalle  Leveson-Gower, 


the  estuary  of  the  Cross  and  Old  Kalabar  rivers 
in  West  Ai'riea.  It  largely  consists  of  a  fusion  of  va- 
rious tribal  elements  brought  in  by  the  slave-trade.  The 
country  is  ruled  by  a  few  wealthy  native  freemen  and  mer- 
chants, styled  "kings,"  whose  extensive  trade  in  palm-oil 
is  dependent  on  the  labor  of  numerous  slave  subjects. 
Under  Scottish  Presbyterian  missionaries  the  Etik  people 
have  made  encouraging  progress  in  Christianity  and  civ- 
ilization. The  mission  press  has  issued  a  considerable  lit- 
erature in  Efik.  This  language  has  preserved  few  Bantu 
elements,  and  is  generally  classed  with  the  Xigritic  branch. 
Iboko  and  Ibibio  are  its  principal  dialects.  Duketown,  one 
of  the  largest  native  settlements  of  the  West  Coast,  is  now 
the  capital  of  the  British  Oil  Rivers  Protectorate.    The 


Egypt 

time  governor  of  Flanders  and  Artois,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  council  of  state  under  Margaret  of  Parma.  Al- 
though a  Catholic  and  a  courtier,  he  opposed  the  absolute 
government  which  PhUip  II.  attempted  to  introduce  into 
the  Netherlands  under  cover  of  religion.  He  was  treach- 
erously seized  by  the  Duke  of  Alva  .Sept.  9,  1567,  and  exe- 
cuted in  company  with  the  Count  of  Hoorn. 

Egmont.    A  tragedy  by  Goethe,  publislied  1788. 

Egmont,  Mount.      An  extinct  volcano  in  the 

North  Island,  New  Zealand,  situated  about  lat. 

39°  16'  S.,  long.  174°  5'  E.    it  was  discovered  by 

Cook  Jan.  13,  1770,  and  named  in  honor  of  Count  Egmont. 

"  -,  ,     ,    ,  /!   o    ii       1        1        Height,  8,30U  feet. 

marquis  of  Stafford  and  diike  of  Sutherland.  Egjemont  (eg'r-mont).     A  town  of  Cumber- 

He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1S22-46;  a  lord  of  the  ^b'-^'^"^"  ^   o  /  -riruu, 

treasury  in  1S27  ;  under-secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies     land,   England,  on  the  Eden   south  of  Whlte- 
in  1828;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  182S-30:  and  secretary     haven.     Population  (1891),  6,243. 

at  war  in  ISiO.    He  was  created  Viscount  Brackley  of  Eguiara    V   Eguren     (a-ge-a'ra    e    a-go-ran'), 
Brackley  and  Earlof  Ellesmereot  Ellesmere  in  1846  ;  and     J"  j   ^       ^,  -^^  Mexico  City  about  1695 

was  president  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  society  in  1849.  and  of     </ "a,ii  </ v^ov.  ^         

theRoyal  Geographical  Society  1854-56.    He  wrote  "  Medi- 


terranean Sketches"  (1S43),  etc. 


neighboring  Creektown  is  also  an  important  place.  It  is  EgCrton,  FranciS  Henry,  eighth  Earl  ot  Bridge 
said  that  the  export  of  slaves  from  this  region  and  Bonny  •  -"         ^t  .  __   ,  ..    i-=o.    j:_,i_4.r> — ;„   r?„i, 

used  to  equal  that  of  all  the  rest  of  Upper  Ciuinea. 

Ega.    See  Teffe. 

Egalite  (a-gal-i-ta'),  Philippe.    [F., '  equality.'] 


water.     Born  Nov.  11,  1756 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
11,  1829.      An  English  nobleman  ^nd  clergy 
man,  founder,  by  his  will,  of  the  •  "  ■ ' 
Treatises"  (which  see) 


The  name  given  during  the  French  Revolution  Egerton,  Sir  Thomas,  Baron  Ellesmere   and 

*.,  T  „..:.,  r.u:i: T„„„„i,   A„„  A'r^,.^&„„^      Boo     yiscount  Brackley.  Born  in  Cheshire,  England, 

about  1540 :  died'  at  London,  March  15,  1617. 
An  English  jurist,  lord  chancellor  of  England 
1603-17. 

Egeus  (e-je'us).  The  father  of  Hermia  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Egg  (eg),  Augustus  Leopold.  Born  at  London, 
May  2,  1816:  died  at  Algiers,  Algeria,  March 
26,  1863.  An  English  painter  of  historical  and 
genre  scenes. 

Egga  (eg'a).  A  town  In  Gando,  in  the  British 
Niger  Territories,  on  the  lower  Niger.  Popu- 
lation, 10.000-15,000  (?j. 

Eggischhorn  (eg'ish-horn).  A  mountain  in  the 
.^Ips,  near  the  head  of  the  Rhone  valley,  canton 
of  Valais,  Switzerland.     Height,  9,625  feet. 


to  Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  due  d'OrlSans.  See 
Orleans. 

Egan  (e'gan).  Pierce,  Born  at  London  1772  (?) : 
died  there,  Aug.  3,  1849.  An  English  writer 
on  sports.  He  was  the  author  of  a  monthly  serial, 
"Boxiana:  or  Sketches  of  modern  Pugilism"  (1818-24), 
"  Life  in  London."  a  serial  illustrated  by  George  and  Isaac 
K,  Cruikshank  (1821),  etc. 

Egan,  Pierce.  Born  at  London,  1814:  died 
July  6,  1880.  An  English  novelist  and  artist, 
son  of  Pierce  Egan  the  elder.  He  wrote  ■•Wat 
Tyler"  (1851),  "Paul  Jones"  (1842),  "The  Snake  in  the 
Grass  "  (1858),  etc. 

Egana  (a-gan'va),  Juan.  Born  at  Lima,  Peru, 
1769:  died  at"  Santiago,  Chile,  April  13,  1836. 
A  Chilian  jurist,  statesman,  and  author.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  revolution  of  1810,  and  was  a  leading 
spirit  in  the  first  Chilian  congress  ;  was  imprisoned  by  the 


Spaniards  in  1S14  at  Juan  Fernandez:  was  released  in   EgglCSton  (eg'1-ston),  Edwaid.     Born  at  Ve- 

.n.... 1   ..I .,....(...».. — ........;..   ..   ....^...Kn..  .if  tliii  I  "liilini,  T..,l         T^^^      1A      IC'T.    ,l.,..l   ,^  t     T  ....I.  ,i  o  Jr.   T?^..!- 


1817  ;  and  shortly  after  was  again  a  member  of  the  Cliilian 
congress.  Among  his  numerous  published  works  are 
"  Tratados  juridicos,"  "  Descripcion  geologica  y  mineralo- 
gica  de  Chile,"  "  Memoriaspoliticas,"  and  "  Tratado  de  ed- 
ucacion."   His  writings  have  been  collected  in  lOvolumes. 

Egba  (eg'ba).  A  tribe  of  Yoruba.  See  Abeo- 
kiita. 

Egbert  (eg' bert).  [AS.  Ecgherht]  Born  about 
775  :  died  837.  King  of  Wessex  802-837.  He 
received  the  submission  of  Mercia  and  Northumberland 
in  827,  and  became  lord  of  all  England. 

Egbo  (eg'bo).  A  secret  society  among  the 
Efik  tribe  of  Old  Kalabar,  West  Africa.  The 
Egbo-men  form  the  aristocracy  and  rule  the  country. 
They  have  an  annual  festivity  in  which  an  ox  is  slaugh- 
"  allowed  to  putrefy  before  it  is  eaten.      The 


vav,  lud.,  Dee.  10,  1837:  died  at  Joshua's  Rock, 
Lake  George.  N.  Y.,  Sept.  2,1902.  An  American 
author.  In  1S56  he  became  a  Methodist  preacher,  and 
was  editor  at  different  times  of  "The  Little  Corporal," 
"The  Sunday  School  Teacher,"  the  New  York  "Inde- 
penilent, '  "  Hearth  and  Home,"  etc.  In  1879  he  retired 
from  the  pastorate  of  the  Church  of  the  Christian  Endea- 
vor in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
literature.  His  chief  works  of  fiction  are  "  The  Hoosier 
Schoolmaster"  (1871),  "The  End  of  the  World"  (1872), 
"The  Mvsteryof  MetropolisviUe  "  (1873),  "The  Circuit 
Eider"  (1874),  "Roxy"  (1878),  "  Tlie  Hoosier  School- 
boy" (1883),  "The  Gravsons"  (1887),  "  The  Faith  Doctor  " 
(1891),  "Dulfels  '  (1893).  He  also  wrote  a  "Household 
Historv  of  the  United  States  '  (1888),  a  "  History  of  the 
Unite.i  States  for  Schools  "  (1888),  and  a  "  First  Book  of 
American  History.' 


tered  and  ,  .  *^...^..^„.,  ^...^v.^. 

principal  participants  wear  masks  and  paint  their  bodies.  j;„gjjj|j]il      gge  Ecl-milhl. 
Egede(a'ge-de),HanS,.surnamed'' The  Apostle  jjliisson '(a'gilz-son),  Sveinbjom.    Born  a1 
^'M'.'.'?'^^^/:  .^''JiVfllT^i  llZtl'^T::    I?nri-Njaklril,  Iceland   1791 :  Ld  at  Reykja- 

vik,  Iceland,  Aug.  17, 1852.   An  Icelandic  philol- 


31,  1686 :   died  in  the  island  of  Falster,  Den 
mark,  Nov.  5,  1758.     A  Norwegian  missionary. 
He  was  stationed  1721-36  among  the'  Eskimos  of  Green- 
land, where  in  1721  he  founded  the  colony  of  Godthaab. 
He  became  superintendent  of  the  Greenland  mission  in 
1740,  and  resided  many  years  at  Copenhagen.     He  wrote 
several  works  on  the  history  of  Greenland. 
Egede,  PauL     Bom  in  Vaagen,  Norway,  1708  :  Egirdir.     See  Egerdtr. 
died  at  Copenhagen,  1789.     A  Norwegian  mis-  Eglamore  (eg'la-mor),  or  Eglamotir,  Sir 
sionarv,  son  of  Hans  Egede.     He  was  stationed  in 
Greenland  1734-40 :  succeeded  his  father  as  superinten- 
dent of  the  Greenland  mission  ;  and  lived  many  years  in 
Copenhagen.      He  completed  a  translation,  begun  by  his 
father,  of  the  New  Testament  into  the  Eskimo  language. 
He  also  compiled  a  catechism  and  a  ritual  in  that  lan^ 

guage. 
Eger  (a'ger).     A  river  in  Bohemia  which  joins 

the  Elbe  33  miles  northwest  of  Prague.   Length, 

160  miles. 
Eger.    [Bohem.  C7ie?).]    A  city  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eger  in  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  12°  22' 

E.     It  contains  a  castle,  built  by  Frederick  Barbarossa  Eglantine,  Madame, 

about  1180  on  a  rock  above  the  river,  and  long  an  imperi-     Tole  "  the  prioress. 

al  and  royal  seat,  now  forming  an  imposing  ruin.     There  '  ^ 

is  a  double  chapel.  Romanesque  in  the  lower  storj-  and  Full  well  she  sang  the  service  divine, 

Pointed  above.     Eger  was  the  scene  of  Wallenstein's  mur-  Entun^d  in  her  nose  full  seem^ly. 

der  in  1634.     It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city  and  a  And  French  she  spoke  full  fair  and  fetisly, 

fortress.     Population  (1891),  18,658.  After  the  school  of  Stratford-atte-Bow  ; 

Eger  (in  Hungary).     See  Eriau.  l''^^  French  of  Paris  was  to  her  unknow. 

Egerdir(eg-er-der'),  or  Egirdir.    A  lake  in  the  Eglinton,  Earl  of.     See  Motitgomerie. 

vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  N.  jjgion  (eg'lon).     In  Old  Testament  history,  a 

Length,  aboiit  30  miles.  ,.„.'•;,, 

Egeri.     See  Ageri. 

Egeri,  Lake.     See  Ageri,  Lake.  pressed 

Egeria,  or  .^geria  (e-je  n-a).     1.  In  Roman     fribute. 

mythology,  one  of  the  CamensB,  by  whom  Numa  jijjjj^.    (go-'mont),    or    Egmond,   Lamoral, 

was  instructed  with  regard  to  the  forms  of     *  -"  -  -  •  " 

worship  he  was  to  introduce. —  2.  An  asteroid 

(No.  13)  discovered  at  Naples  by  De  Gasparis, 

Nov.  2.  1850. 
Egerton  (ej'6r-ton),  Francis.     Born  1736 :  died 

at  London,  March  3, 1803.     The  third  and  last 


ogist.     His  chief  work  is  a  '■  Lexicon  poetieum 
antiques  lingua}  septentrionalis  "  (1854-60). 

Egina.     See  JEgina. 

Eginhard.     See  Einhard. 


valiant  knight  "and  heroic  champion  of  the 
Round  Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  ro- 
mances. There  is  a  popular  ballad  which  re- 
counts how  he  "slew  a  terrible  huge  great 
monstrous  dragon." 

Eglamour  (eg'la-mor).  In  Shakspere's  "Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona,"  the  agent  for  Sylvia's 
escape. 

Eglantine  (eg'lan-tin).  In  the  stoiy  of  "  Val- 
entine and  Orson,"  the  bride  of  Valentine  and 
daughter  of  King  Pepin. 

In  Chaucer's  "Prioress's 


Count  of  Egmont  and  Prince  of  Ga^Te.  Born 
at  La  Hamaide,  Hainaut,  Nov.  18,  1522:  died 
at  Brussels,  June  5,  1568.  A  Flemish  general 
and  popular  hero.  He  fought  under  Charles  V.  in 
Algiers,  Germany,  and  France,  and  led  the  cavalry  at  St. 
Quentin  in  1557,  and  at  Gravelines  in  1658.     "»  "'•<'  '"r  " 


died  there,  Jan.  29,  1763.  A  Mexican  author. 
He  took  orders,  and  was  professor  of  theology  and  rector 
of  the  i^niversity  of  Slexico.  His  most  important  work  is 
the  "BibliotecalIexicana,"al)ibliogTaphical  dictionary,  of 
which  onlya  jiartwas  printed  (Mexico,  1755).  He  also  WTOte 
numerous  philosopliical  and  theological  treatises,  etc. 
Bridgewater  Egypt  (e'jipt).  [Heb.  Mi:raim,  Assyr.  Mu^ur, 
Ar.  J/(f  r,  Coptic  Kemc,  Gr.  Alyinrro^,  L.  JEgnptus, 
F.  Egi/jiie,  G.  Agypteii,  It.  Egitto.']  1.  A  country 
in  northeastern  Africa,  now  a  dependency  of 
Turkey,  famous  for  the  great  antiquity  and 
former  splendor  of  its  civilization.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north,  and  extends  south- 
ward, including  the  delta  and  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  to 
the  first  cataract  (lat.  24°  6'  N.).  On  the  east  it  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Suez  and  the  Red  Sea,  and  on  tho  west  by 
the  desert.  It  includes  also  the  Siuaitic  peiiinsula  and  a 
strip  on  the  western  coast  of  Arabia.  The  present  south- 
ern limit  of  its  possessions  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
second  cataract.  Egypt  proper  consists  practically  of  the 
delta  and  a  narrow  strip  on  each  side  of  the  Nile.  The 
soil  lias  been  celebrated  for  its  productiveness,  due  to  the 
inundations  of  the  river,  and  it  was  long  the  granarj'  of 
Rome,  ilodern  Egj-pt  has  14  mudiriyehs  or  provinces, 
with  Cairo  as' the  capital  and  Alexandria  as  the  seaport. 
The  government  is  a  hereditary  viceroyalty.  ruled  by  a  khe- 
dive,  subordinate  to  Turkey.  The  inhabitants  are  Egyp- 
tians (fellalieen,  town-people,  and  Bedawin),  Nubians, 
Abyssinians,  Levantines,  Turks,  negroes,  Armenians,  Jews, 
and  Europeans.  The  leading  religion  is  Mohammedan, 
but  there  .ai-e  many  Copts.  The  prevailing  language  is 
Arabic.  The  history  of  ancient  Egypt  was  given  by  Mane- 
tho  under  31  dynasties,  (i^ee  Manctho.)  These  dynasties 
are  thus  grouped  by  Mariette  :  the  Ancient  Empire,  dynas- 
ties I.-XI.  ;  the  Middle  Empire,  dynasties  XI.-XVIII. ; 
the  New  Empire,  dynasties  XVIII. -XXXI.  The  1st  dy- 
nasty was  founded  by  Menes  in  5004  B.  c,  according  to 
Mariette.  During  the  early  djTiasties  Memphis  was  the 
center,  and  in  the  time  of  the  4th  occurred  the  building  of 
the  Pyr.amids  (about  4000  B.  c—  Mariette).  The  construc- 
tion of  Lake  Sloeris  and  the  Labyrinth  are  assigned  to  the- 
12th  dynasty.  Thebes  now  became  the  center,  and  later 
the  invasion  of  the  Hyksos  occurred  (in  the  15th  dynasty). 
After  a  period  of  confusion  and  obscurity  Egypt  was  united 
under  the  great  Theban  18th  dynasty,  and  under  this  and 
the  19th  reached  its  highest  point  in  extent  and  in  the 
grandeur  of  its  monuments.  Among  the  great  sover- 
eigns were  Thothmes  III.,  Seti  I.,  and  RamesesII.  The 
"Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus"  has  frequently  been  identified 
with  ilenephtali.of  the  19th  dynasty,  and  the  date  stated 
approximately  at  about  1300  B.  c.  With  the  next  dynasty 
began  the  decline.  There  weresomerevivalsofpower.and 
in  tlie  7th  and  6th  centuries  Greek  settlements  began  :  but 
in  527  B.  c.  Egj-pt  was  conquered  by  Cainltyses,  and  thi& 
Persian  dynasty  ranks  as  the  27th.  From  406  B.  c.  native 
rulers  again  held  power,  but  In  340  B.  c.  a  short-lived  Per- 
sian dynasty  (the  31st  and  last  of  Manetho)  began ;  this  waa 
overthrown  in  332  B.  c.  by  Al  ;xander  the  tireat.  After  hi& 
death  Egypt  was  ruled  by  his  general  Ptolemy  and  Ptole- 
my's successors  down  to  the  death  of  Cleopatra  (30  B.  c), 
when  Augustus  annexed  it  to  tlie  Roman  Empire.  Egj'pt 
was  an  important  center  ot  Christianity.  In  about  640  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Saracens,  and  formed  in  later  times 
part  of  the  Ommiad  and  Alibasside  empires.  The  Fatimites 
ruled  it  from  909  to  1171.  and  thereafter  the  Ayubites  until 
1250  :  to  these  succeeded  the  ilamelukes.who  in  turn  were 
overthrown  by  the  Turks  under  Seliin  I.  in  1517.  Egypt 
was  invaded  by  Bonaparte  in  1798,  but  the  French  were  ex- 
pelled in  ISul.  In  1806  Mehemet  Ali  became  pasha,  and 
the  country  developed  greatly.  A  successful  war  with 
Turkey  was  cut  short  in  1840  by  the  intervention  of  the 
powers.  Ill  1869  the  Suez  Canal  was  opened.  From  1879- 
F"rance  and  England  exercised  a  joint  supervision  over  the 
khedive  ;  but  a  native  revolt,  begun  under  Arabi  Pasha  in 
1881  and  suppressed  by  England  in  1882,  was  followed  in 
1883  l>y  the  abolition  of  tlie  joint  control,  and  the  .appoint- 
ment of  an  English  financial  adviser.  The  Malidists  in 
the  Sudan  revolted  in  1881-85.  and  in  spite  of  the  resist- 
ance of  Gordon  at  Khartum  and  the  campaigns  of  Wolseley 
and  others  the  provinces  south  of  the  second  cataract  were 
lost.  By  the  campaigns  of  1896-98  the  authority  of  the 
government  was  reestablished.  Area,  400,000  square 
miles.    Popul.ation  (1897),  9,734,40.'i. 

^gyptus  was  in  old  times  the  name  of  the  Nile,  which 
was  so  called  by  Homer  (Odys.  iv.  477  :  xiv.  257) :  and  Strabo 
(xvii.  p.  691)  says  the  same  was  the  opinion  of  Nearchus. 

--        •  try  received  the  name 

Sethos (or  Sethi).  Aris- 
erly  called  Tliebes," 
and  Herodotus  states,"in  opposition  to  the  opinion  of 
the  "lonians,"  that  "Thebes  (i.  e.  the  Thebaid)  had  of 
old  the  name  of  Egypt."  And  if  this  is  not  confirmed  by 
the  monuments,  the  word  "Egs-pt"  was  at  all  events  con- 
nected with  Coptos,  a  city  of  the  Thebaid.  From  Kebt 
Koft,  or  Coptos,  the  modern  inhabitants  have  been  called 
Copts:  its  ancient  name  in  hieroglyphics  was  Kwbt-hor: 
and  Mr.  Poole  is  evidently  right  in  supposing  this  to  be 
the  same  as  the  Biljlical  Caphtor  He  thinks  the  nam£ 
"  Egypt  "is  composed  of  .\ia,"  land,  "and  Tvirroi  ;  and  is  to 


1 


at 


He  was  lor  a 


Egypt 

betracedin  the  Ai-Caphtor,"l:ind(orcoast)of  Oaphtor,"m 
JereraialHxNii.  4).  The  wordt'optiticisftmnd  in  a  Gnustic 
papyrus,  supposed  to  be  of  the  second  century  (see  note-'* 
on  ch.  s;i).  i^gypt  is  said  to  have  been  called  originally 
Aetia,  and  the  >ile  Aetos  and  Siris.  I'pper  Kgypt,  or  ilie 
Thebaid,  has  even  been  confounded  with,  and  called, 
£thioi>ia ;  perhaps  too  by  Pliny  (vi.  35  ;  see  notes  on  ch. 
110);  Nahnin  (iii.  9)  calls  Kthiopia  and  Ejrypt  thestrcnfjth 
of  ^o  (Thelies);  and  Strabo  says  (i.  p,  riT)  that  Menelaus* 
journey  to  Kthiujjia  really  meant  to  Thebes.  The  modern 
name  .Musr  or  ilisr  is  the  same  as  the  Biblical  Mizraim, 
i.e.  "the  two  ilisrs,"  applied  to  Epypt,  which  corresponds 
to  "  the  two  regions  "  of  the  sculptures ;  but  the  word  Jlisr 
does  not  occur  on  the  monuments. 

Jiawlinsan.  Herod.,  IL  23. 

2.  A  diocese  of  the  prefecture  of  the  East,  in 
the  later  organization  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
Egyptian  Expedition,  The.    An   expedition 

uii'li-rtakcn  liy  tlio  Fri'iich  against  Eg_\-pt  in 
1798-1801,  with  the  ultimate  object  of  attacking 
the  British  empire  in  India,  it  was  commanded  by 
>'apoleon  Bonaparte  :  sailed  from  Toulon  with  35,ihh)  men 
Mayl9, 17S8;  con(|nered  .Malta  June  12. 1798;  defeated  the 
Mamelukes  in  the  buttle  of  the  Pyramids  .luly  21,  171W; 
captured  Cairo  July  22,  17»S;  suffered  the  loss  of  its  llect 
by  the  victory  of  Nelson  at  Abukir  Aug.  1,  1798 ;  and  in 
1799  invaded  Syria,  but  was  in  the  same  year  repulsed  by 
the  Turks  andthcEn^ilisb  at  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  and  retreated 
to  Cairo.  In  Auj;. .  1799,  Koiiapju-te  returned  to  France, 
leaving  in  command  Klt^ber,  who  was  murdered  in  IbflO, 
and  was  succeeded  by  .\lenou.  Sleuou  condiidetl  a  treaty 
with  the  English  at  Cairo  in  1801,  in  acct)rdance  with 
which  1-gypt  was  restored  to  the  Ottoman  Porte,  and  the 
French  army  transported  to  France  by  the  English  tleet. 

Egyptian  Princess,  An.  [G.Agyptische Kdniijs- 
t'H-htr,-.]  A  novel  l)y  Ebers  (1864).  The  scene 
IS  laid  in  Egjitt  and  Persia  about  522  B.  c. 

Egyptian  Thief,  The.    Thj'amis,  the  lover  of 

C'hariclea.  referred  to  in  Shakspere's  "Twelfth 
NJL'ht,"  V.  1. 

Ehatisaht  (a-hii'ti-sat),  or  Ayhuttisaht  (a- 

hot'i-siit).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
diatis,  living  about  Esperanza  Inlet,  west  coast 
of  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia.  They 
numbered  143  in  1884.  See  Aht. 
Ehingen  (ii'ing-en).  A  town  in  Wiirtemberg.  on 
the  Dautibe  l.T  miles  soutliwfst  of  Ulm. 

Ehrenberg  (a'ren-berc),  Christian  Gottfried. 
Born  at  Delitzsch,  Prussia,  April  19, 1795:  died 
at  Bei-lin,  June  27, 1876.  A  German  naturalist, 
especially  noted  for  his  sttidies  of  hifiisorid. 
lie  wrote  "Die  Infusionstierchen  als  vollkominene  Or- 
Banismen  "  (18:iS),  "Mikro-lieologie"  (1864). 

Ehrenbreitstein  (a-ren-biit'stin).  A  town  in 
the  Kliino  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Hhino  opposite  Coblenz.  it  is  noted  for  its  for- 
tress, situated  on  an  almost  inaeeessilde  nick  ;iS:'>  feet 
above  the  river.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1631,  by 
the  Impel  iaiists  in  1637,  and  by  the  French  in  1799.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,278. 

Ehrenfeld  (a'ren-feld).  A  manufacturing  sub- 
urb of  Cologne.     Population  (1890),  21,745. 

Eibenstock  (i'ben-stok).  A  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxonv,  in  the  Erzgebirge  in  hit,  50°  29' 
N.,  long,  12°  36'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its  tambotu- 
embroidery.     Population  (1890),  7,166. 

Eichberg  (ik'bero),  Julius.  Born  at  Diissel- 
dorf  in  1824:  died  at  Boston,  .Ian.  19,  1893.  A 
(ieriuan-American  comiioscr.  lie  was  professor  in 
the  Conservatoire  at  Geneva.  In  18.'>7hc  wentto  New  York, 
and  in  1859  to  Boston,  where  he  waa  director  of  theoi'clies- 
tra  at  the  Boston  Museum  for  seven  years.  In  1867  he 
eBtal)lished  the  Boston  Conservatory  of  Slusic,  of  which  he 
remained  the  head  until  his  death,  lie  composed,  among 
other  works,  four  operettas  ;  "The  Doctor  of  Alcantara," 
"The  Hose  of  Tyrol,"  "The  Two  Cadis,"  and  "A  Night 
In  Home." 

Eichendorff  (i'chen-dSrf),  Joseph  von.  I'-om 
at  Lubowitz  (his  father's  estate),  near  Katibor, 
in  Silesia,  March  10,  1788:  died  at  Neisse,  Nov. 
26,  18.57.  A  German  poet  and  author.  In  1813- 
18ir)  he  served  In  the  War  of  Liberation,  llrst  as  a  volun. 
tecr  anil  later  as  an  olHcer,  and  iifter  the  war  waa  govern- 
ment counselor  at  Dant/.ic  and  KOidgsberg.  In  1831  he 
went  to  Berlin.  lie  wrote  "Almung  nnil  Oegenwart" 
("  Pri-sagc  and  Presence,"  ISl.'i),  the  dramatized  fairy  tale 
'•Kricg  den  Philistcra"  ("  War  on  the  Philistines,"  1821), 
the  novel  "Aus  dem  Lebcn  einea  Taugenichts*  (''From 
the  Life  of  a  (Jood-for-Notlilng,"  1826).  A  tlrst  collec- 
tion of  poems  appeared  in  18:i7.  His  c<imidete  p<»etical 
works,  "Sanuiitlii-ho  poetiselie  Wcrke,"  were  issued  at  Ber- 
lin in  1812.  In  4  Vfilume»;"Verml»chteSchrl(tcn  '("Mlscel. 
liineous  Writings  ")  at  I'aderlioru,  1M6*',,  in  r.  volumes, 

Eichhorn  (ich'hom),  Johann  Gottfried,   Born 

at  DoiTenzimmern,  in  Ilohenhjlie-Ohringen, 
Germany,  Oct.  Hi,  1752:  died  at  Gottingen,  .June 
27, 1827.  A  (ierman  scholar,  histoi-inn,  and  bib- 
lical critic,  professor  at  Gfitlingen  from  1788. 
Among  his  critical  works  are  "Einleltung  In  das  Alte 
Testament '  (17S0-S.i),  "  Elidcitung  lu  da»  Neuo  Teala- 
menf  (1804-11). 

Eichhorn,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  20,  1781:  died  at  Cologne,  July  4, 
1854.  A  German  ,iurist,  son  of  J.  O.  Eichhorn. 
His  chief  work  is"  Deutsche  Staats-tuid  Rechts- 

geschiehte"  (1808-23). 

Eichstadt  (iuh'stet),  or  Eichatatt  (itih'stet), 


355 

originally  Eistet.  A  town  in  Middle  Franeonia, 
Bavaria, 'situated  on  the  Altmiilil  38 miles  south 
of  Nuremberg.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  Walpurgis 
church.  It  was  fonnerlv  an  independent  bishopric,  secu- 
larized in  1802,     Population  (1890),  7,646. 

Eichwald  (ich'viild),  Karl  Eduard.    Born  at 

Mitau,  Russia,  July  4  (O.  8.),  1795:  died  at  St, 
Petersl>uig,  Nov.  1(1.  1876.  A  Kussiau  natural- 
ist, author  of  "Zoologia  speeialis"  (1829-31), 
"Die  Urwelt  Russlands"  (1840-47),  etc. 

Eider  (i'der).  A  river  in  Schleswig-Holstein. 
Prussia,  wliich  flows  into  the  North  Sea  about 
25  miles  north  of  the  mouthof  the  Elbe.  Length, 
115  miles. 

Eifel(i'fel),The.  Avoleanic  mountain  and  pic- 
turesque region  in  western  Germany,  between 
the  valleys  of  the  Rhine, Moselle,  and  Koer.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Schnee-Eifel  and  the  Vorder- 
Eifel.     Height  of  the  Hohe  Acht,  2.490  feet. 

Eiffel  (i'fel;  F.  a-fel'),  Alexandre  Gustave. 

Born  at  Dijon,  Dec.  15,  l-'-ilL'.  A  noted  French 
engineer.  His  best-known  work  is  the  Killel 
Tower  (which  see). 
Eiffel  Tower.  A  tower,  984  feet  high,  built  of 
iron  framework,  in  the  Champ-de-Mars,  Paris, 
for  the  exhibition  of  1889.  The  general  form  Is  that 
of  a  concave  pyramid.  The  base  consists  of  4  inclined 
piers  set  at  the  angles  of  a  squ:U"e  of  336  feet.  The  piers 
are  coimected  on  the  sides  of  the  square  by  huge  arches. 
After  rising  about  600  feet,  the  4  piers  are  merged  into 
one.  There  ai-e  3  platforms  at  ditferent  heights  :  the  top 
one,  over  900  feet  from  the  ground,  is  surrounded  by  a 
bidcony  and  covered  with  a  glass  pavilion  f)4  feet  stjuare. 
Above  this  rises  the  lantern,  which  is  fitted  for  scientific 
observations. 

Eiger  (i'ger).  One  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
tile  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  northeast 
of  the  Jungfrau.     Height,  13.042  feet. 

Eigg  (eg),  or  Egg  (eg).  Oite  of  the  Hebrides 
i.slands,  belonging  to  Inverness-shire,  Scotland, 
south  of  Skye  and  southeast  of  Btun.  Length, 
6i  miles. 

Eighteen  Hundred  and  Seven,  or  Friedland. 

A  large  painting  by  Mcissciiiier  (1876),  now  in 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York. 
It  represents  a  regiment  <'f  cuirassiers  passing  at  a  gallop 
in  a  grain-field  before  .Napoleon,  who  sits  on  a  white  horse 
at  the  left,  attended  by  his  marshals  and  staff. 

Eikon  Basillke  (i'kon  ba-sil'i-ke).  [Gr..  'royal 
likeness.']  A  book  desci'ibiug  tlie  sufferings 
of  Charles  I.  of  England,  published  in  1649. 
It  is  usually  attributed  to  Bishop  Gauden. 

Eikonoclastes  (i-kon-o-klas'tez).  ['The  Icon- 
oclast.'] A  pam)ihlet  written  by  Milton  in 
answer  to  Gaudeii's  "Eikon  Basilike." 

Eildon  Hills  (el'don  hilz).  Three  peaks  in  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotlanii.  near  Melrose,  famous  in 
Scottish  Icgeiul.     Height,  1,385  feet, 

Eileithyia,  or  Hebent.  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  Egypt,  on  the  Nile  between  Edfu  and 
Esneh,  on  the  site  of  tlu^  modern  El-Kab:  one 
of  the  oldest  of  Egyptian  towns.  It  is  now 
noted  for  its  rock-tombs  and  -temples. 

Eilenburg  (I'len-biiro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince (if  Sa.xony,  Prussia,  situated  mainly  im  an 
island  in  thcMulde,  14  miles  northeast  of  Leip- 
sic.  It  contains  an  ancient  castle  (Ilburg),  a  frontier  for- 
tress against  the  Wends.     Population  (1890),  12,447. 

Eimeo  (i'me-6),  or  Aimeo,  or  Morea.    One  of 

the  Society  Islands,  belonging  to  France  (since 
ISSO),  situated  in  the  Pacilic  ( )cean  in  lat.  17°  30' 
S.,  long.  1,50°  10'  W.  Population,  about  1,500. 
Einbeck  (in'bek),  or  Eimbeck  (im'bek)V  .\ 
town  in  the  province  uf  llannnver,  Prussia, 
situated  37  miles  soulli  uf  Hannover.  It  was 
founded  by  pilgrims  to  a  chapel  at  .Munster  which  c(pit- 
tallied  notable  relics  fblood  of  christl.  It  was  fornierlv 
famous  for  its  l-^imbecKcr  beer  (from  which  the  name  iHxk 
Imr  is  ilcrived).     Population  (1890).  7,670. 

Ein  feste  Burg  (in  fes'te  biiro).  [G., '  a  strong 
fortress.']  'i'lio  first  words  of  a  hymn  bv  Marl  in 
Luther  ("Ein  feste  Burg  ist  unsirGott''),  a  ver- 
sion of  Psaltn  xlvi.  The  hymn  was  probably  written 
In  1527.  I'lic  tune  seems  to  have  appeare<l  In  KOpht'a 
"Psalinen  uiid  geistllche  I.leder."  pndiably  In  l.'i38.  The 
form  now  nseil  i.-*  by  Sfbastian  Bach,  given  In  various  can- 
tatiu,  and  differing  slightly  fnun  Luther's  original.  The 
wonis  have  als(>  been  modernized. 

Einhardlin'hiird),iMcoiTecllyEginhard.  Born 
ill  .\uslrasia  about  770:  died  at  Seligeiistaill 
on  the  Main,  (ieriiiany,  March  14,  840  (f),  \ 
Frankish  scliol:ir  and  biographer  of  Charles 
the  (ireat.  He  was  of  noble  hirlli, and  was  educated  at 
tho  monastery  of  Fnlda.  He  removi>d  not  later  than  796 
to  tho  court  of  Charles  tho  Great,  by  whom  ho  was  ap. 
pointed  minister  of  public  works,  ami  was  lu'iit  In  Sl^l  as 
Imperl.'d  legate  to  Itome.  He  was  retaineil  in  olllre  by 
I.,oul8  lo  Dt^lwiinaire,  t<i  whose  iton  I^ttludre  he  became 
tutor  In  HI".  He  p^llnd  In  WtO  lo  Mullnhelni  (which  ho 
named  Sellgenstadti,  where  he  erected  a  monastery.  He 
was  inarrletl  to  Iiiiina  who  wiis  the  sister  of  Henihard, 
bishop  of  Worms,  but  who  wus  truusfunuod  by  later  trikdi- 


Elagabalus 

tion  Into  a  daughter  of  ch:ules  the  Croat.  He  wrote  a  life 
of  Charles  the  Great  ("Vita  Caroli  llagni "). 

Einsiedeln  au'ze-<leln)  [G.,  equiv.  to  L.  soli- 
tarium,  a  hermitage  :  according  to  the  legends, 
St.  Meinrad  (9th  century)  lived  here  as  a  her- 
mit.] A  town  in  the  canton  of  Sehwyz,  Switz- 
erland, 22  miles  east-northeast  of  Lucerne.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  pilgrim  resorts.  Tlie  mon- 
astery {monasteritim  i:rciii{ttinim)  was  founded  in  the  9lh 
century,  and  in  12!M  rcceivi-d  the  standing  of  a  principality 
from  the  emperor  Rudolph.  Tlu-  Imildings  of  the  monas- 
tery have  suffered  many  lebuildmgs,  the  last  early  in  the 
IStli  century ;  and,  though  of  great  e.vtent.  the  ;irchitecture 
is  in  an  uninteresting  Itjdian  style.  The  large  church  has 
two  slender  towere;  its  interior  is  tawdry  with  gilding  and 
ornament  in  questionable  taste.  In  its  portraits,  library, 
and  material  resources,  the  venerable  moiua&tery  is  siui 
rich.     Population  (1888),  8,508. 

Eirene.     See  Irene. 

Eisenach  (i'ze-niich).  A  town  in  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenach,  Germanv,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Nesse  and  "Horsel  in  lat.  50°  .58'  N., 
long.  10°  19'  E.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  J.  S.  Bach, 
and  is  associated  with  the  early  days  of  Luther.  Near  it 
is  the  Wartburg.  It  was  formerly  the  cajiital  of  Saxe- 
Eisenach.     Population  (1890),  21,399. 

Eisenberg  (i'zen-bero).  A  town  in  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Germany,  situated  33  miles 
southwest  of  Leipsic.    Population  (1890),  7,349. 

Eisenerz  (i'zen-ertz).  A  town  in  Styria.  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 20  miles  northwest  of  Bruck, 
famous  for  its  iron-mountain.  Population 
(1890),  commime,  5,740. 

Eisenlohr  (i'zen-lor),  August.  Born  at  Mann- 
heim, Baden,  Oct.  6,  l.'^32:  died  at  Heidelberg, 
Feb.  24.  1902.  A  German  Egyptologist,  pro- 
fessor of  Egyptology  at  Heidelberg.  He  pub- 
lished "Der  gi'ossePapynis  Harris"  (1872), etc. 

Eisenlohr,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Pforzheim,  Ba- 
(hn,  Jan.  1.  1799:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
July  10,  1872.  A  German  physicist,  ]irofessor 
of  physics  in  the  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Karlsruhe  1840-05.  His  chief  work  is  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  Physik"  (18,36). 

Eisenstadt  (i'zen-stat),  Hung.  Kis-Marton. 
A  town  in  the  county  of  Odeuburg,  Hungary, 
25  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  contains  the  cas- 
tle of  Prince  Esterhazy.  Population  (1890), 
2,972. 

Eisfeld  (is'feld).  A  town  in  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Germany,  on  the  Werra  23  miles  east-southeast 
of  Meiiiingen. 

Eisleben  (is'la-ben).  A  town  in  the  |iro\'ince 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  39  miles  west-northwest  of 
Leipsic.  It  istheeenter  of  a  copper-  and  silver-mining 
region.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Luther  and  the  place  of 
his  death.     Population  (1>8«),  23,466. 

Eisteddfod  (i-steTU'vod).  [Welsh.' a  sitting  of 
learned  men.']  An  annual  musical  and  literary 
festival  and  comiietition  which  originated  in 
ihe  triennial  assembly  of  Welsh  bards:  the  lat- 
ter dates  back  to  an  early  period.  An  Kisteddfod 
is  mentioned  as  having  been  held  in  the  Ttli  century.  They 
are  now  held  every  year  at  viu'ious  places  In  Wales.  Con- 
certs ami  competitions  for  prizes  are  still  held  ;  but,  ex- 
cept  that  they  take  place  in  Wales  and  retjun  home  ancient 
forms,  they  lU'e  no  longer  strictly  national.     Grope, 

Eitherside  (e'Tiier-sid  ori'Tiier-sid).  Sir  Paul. 

Ill  Hen  .lonson'scomeily  "The  Devil  is  an  Ass,'' 
a  harii,  unfeeling  just  ice  and  superstitious  wise- 
acre. 

Eitherside,  Sergeant.  A  character  in  Mack- 
lin's  "Man  of  the  World." 

Ekaterinburg.     See  I'ekateriHhiirff. 

Ekaterinodar.    See  yekuterhiodo'r. 

Ekaterinograd.     See  Yekotenoiiiirad. 

Ekaterinoslaff.    See  YckaUrino'slnff. 

Ekhuiim.      See  Aklnnim. 

Ekkehard  (ek'ke-hiirt).  A  histoiical  novel  by 
SchelTel,  published  in  1857.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
the  lOthi'entury. 

Ekron  (ek'ron).  [Heb.. 'uprooting.']  One  of 
Hie  live  chief  cities  of  the  Pliilistiu(>s,  situ- 
ated 12  miles  northeast  ofiVslnloii:  the  modern 
Akir.  It  contalnetl  an  oracle.  "According  to  the  As. 
Syrian  Inscriptions,  when  most  of  the  towns  In  Palestine 
rcTolled  on  the  death  of  Sargoii.  Padi.  king  of  Kknin. 
remidiied  faithful.  His  siibjci-ls.  however,  ri-belletl  and 
handed  him  over  to  King  llezeklab.  at  .lenisaleln.  who  re- 
talnetl  him  a  iirisoner  until  he  was  released  and  reseated 
<ui  thelhrone  by  Sennacherib."    Sinilli.  nlel  ofllielllble 

Elagabalus  (e-la-gab'a-lus),  or  Heliogabalus 

(lie  li-o-gab'a-ltis)  (on'ginnll.v  VariuB  AvitUS 
Bassianus).  Born  at  Emesa,  Syria,  205  a.  d,: 
died  222.  Emperor  of  Komi'.  He  was  the  mHi  of 
SoxtilB  Varllls  Maieelliis  and  .tnll:i  SoaniiiaH,  and  tlrst  eon, 
sill  of  Canicallii.  He  b.  cimc  while  very  young  a  priest  Iv 
the  temple  id  the  siin-god  Klagabaliis  at  l-'.nn'»a.  Being 
put  forwani  as  the  son  of  Caracalla,  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  soldiers  in  'ils.  in  opi>ositloii  to  Miicrlnns 
who  was  defeated  nil  the  lM>idi'nt  of  Syria  and  Plieiilria  In 
the  same  year.  He  gave  hlniKcIf  up  to  the  most  infamous 
debuutihery,  and  abandoned  the  govemmcut  to  his  mother 


Elagabalus 


and  grandmother.  He  adopted  his  cousin,  Bassianus  Alex- 
ianus,  who  succeeded  to  the  tlirone  as  Severus  Alexander. 
He  was  put  to  death  at  Rome  by  the  pretorians. 

Elah  (e'lii),  Valley  of.    l"  '  , 
terebinth.']     The  valley  in  which  the  Israel 


356 

Population  (1900),  15«,S 


tliread,  silk,  cotton,  etc 
BarJiieii,  141,947. 

rTi„iC    «„„n        f  t-x     Elberich.     See  Oberon. 

^^'h^.^^^fI?Ll^r  Elbeuf  (el-bef ).      A  town  in  the  department 
ot  f5eme-inteneiu'e,  France,  on  the  Seme  13 


Eleusis 
Eleatics  (e-lf-at'iks).     [From  Elea,  Gr. 


•EAfo, 


Sir  Galahad. 


L.  also  relia  and  Helia.']  A  school  of  Greek 
philosophy  founded  by  Xenophanes  of  Colo- 
phon,  who  resided  in  Elea,  or  Velia,  in  Magna 
Grfficia.  The  most  distinguished  philosophers  of  this 
school  were  Pannenides  and  Zeno.  The  main  Eleatic  doc- 
trines aie  developments  of  the  conception  that  the  One, 
or  Absolute,  alone  is  real. 


ites  were  encamped  when  the  duel  between  ^^^^^  south-southwest  of  Rouen.  It  has  im 
Da^d  and  Gohath  occurred:  the  modem Wady  portant  cloth  manufactures.  Population  (1891) 
£.s-.-5unr,.  J       ,   ,     commune,  21,404. 

Thilf,  r  f=V;„f^i       A  H  S,    f  ^^=  ^"'  Elbing  (el'bing).     A  town  in  the  province  of  Eleazar(el-e-a'2ar).  [Heb.,' God  hath  helped.'] 

MolhP,  "tn  A.h!,^  ^rM  T.'"-i  ^'^L''°'-%'^^?"-     West  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbing,  near  the     The  third  son  of  Aaron,  and  his  successor  d 
PpX     \.  .  i    Yv;     (*)  The  daughter  of  King    Prisehes  Haff,  34  miles  southeast  of  Dantzic.    bigh  priest. 

±-elles.     bhe  was  the  mot  her  ot  Lancelot  .s  son     it  is  a  manufacturing  and  trading  center.   Itwasacolony  Eleazar.     1.   In  "Lust's  Dominion,"  a  lustful 
(e)  The  "lily  maid  of_Astolat"  Jrom  Lubeck.    Population  (1S90),  41,495.  and  revengeful  Moor,   passionately  loved   by 


"Arthur"  thestateifttntisso  worded  that  Ehiine  might  be  "PlhnTir   ^pl'hn^ 
thfi  namfi  ,if  thp  i^hil.l        ,  .,\    Tl,„     ,^e^     „t    D.,„     „*   JJIUUW     l.ci    uu;. 


the  name  of  the  child.     (lA  The    wnfe    of    R:in    of     -\r  "  »       '        ^   i  i  '■.    ^     •       w  '^ 

\>)xim   HiiL   oi   jiau  oi     Measure,"  a  constable,  an  inferior  Dogberrv. 


Benoic  (Brittany),  mother  of  Sir  Lancelot 
She  was  also  called  Elein. 
Elam  (e'lam).  [In  the  Assyi-o-Babylonian  in- 
scriptions ElamtH,  highland;  OPers.  Cvudsha 
(from  which  the  modern  Cliuzlstan  arose),  with 
the  Greeks  Kiaaia  (Herodotus),  Susiana  (during  ^^^ 
the  Macedonian  period),  andi^/y»(ai4-(Strabo).]  Elbrti"z  or  Elburz 


In  Shakspere's  "Measure  for  Electioneer  (e-lek-sho-ner')-     A  bay  horse  by 
.„,,  table,  an  inferior  Dogberry.      Hambletonian  (10),  dain  Green  Mountain  Maid, 

Elbruz  (el-brdz'),  or  Elburz  (el-borz').  Arange  foaled  Mav  2,  1868:  died  Dee.  2,  1890.  He  was 
of  mountains  in  northern  Persia,  connected  second  only  to  Hambletonian  (10)  as  a  trotting  sire.  He 
with  the  Caucasus  and  mountains  of  Armenia  -Jt"^  owned  by  Senator  Stanford  of  California, 
on  the  west,  and  with  the  Paropamisan  Moun-  Elective  Affinities.  See  Walih-erwandschaften. 
tains  on  the  east.  Highest  summit,  Mount  Electoral  Cominission,  The.  In  United  States 
Demavend  (which  see)  i-.  .  -     ..  i        i  -c  •- 


The  country  and  aucieut  empire  east  of  the 
lower  Tigris,  south  of  Media,  and  north  of  the 
Persian  Gulf.  It  is  a  country  of  fertile  and  picturesque 
mountains,  valleys,  and  ravines,  the  only  flat  tract  being  on 
the  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf;  and  was  in  very  high  an- 
tiquity the  seat  of  a  mighty  empire  of  which  Susa  was  the 
capital.  The  oldest  historical  information  about  Elam  is 
that  it  subjugated  Babylonia  about  2300-2076  b.  c.  The 
Elamite  dynasty  is  identical  with  the  -Median  of  Berosus, 
which_ruled  over  Babylonia  about  2300-2076  B.  c.    Among 


The  highest  mountain  of 


the  Caucasus,  situated  in  lat.  43°  21'  N.,  long. 
42°  25'  E.  Height,  18,526  feet. 
El  Caney  (el  ka'na).  A  town  of  Cuba,  situ- 
ated about  3  miles  northeast  of  Santiago,  a 
battle  occurred  here  July  1,  1898,  between  the  Spanish 
and  the  United  States  troops,  in  ivhich  the  latter  were 
victorious. 

Elcano,  Juan  Sebastian  de.    See  Cano,  Juan 
Sebd.vtKDi  del. 


these  Elaniite  kings  is  also  very  probably  to  be  counted  T;i  nnnit.nn  Vpl  tHn  i  fan'^     T^ti    •  tlio  ,.or.fQ4r.  '1 
Chedorl.aomer(«:!tdHr-Z,a3amar«)ofGen.xiv.     Thene.it      n.^  „"  ^r'^i  „„? t^*    i  ?  ^  J-f  P''   the  captain^  J 

historical  notice  is  that  Elam  was  subdued  by  Xebuchad-         '^^^       ^^  «^-^r.    ^^  ^.  „^ 

nezzarl.,  king  of  Babylonia,  about  1130  B.  c.     From  the  8th 
century  B.  c.  on,  Elam  was  connected  with  the  rivalry  be- 
tween Assyria  and  Babylonia,  supporting  the  latter  against  Elcesaitea  Cel-se'sa-itsl    or  ■RltMaiteo  CpI  Vp' 
the  former.     Elam  was  defeated  by  Sargon  in  721  and  710,  ■='^'-5= aiTOS  lei-se  sa-lis;,  or  iiKesaiTeS  (el-ke 
and  bySennacherib  in  several  campaigns,  especially  in  the     «''-'^'='      A  ^o..f  „„,.=,<.„+ „„,„,.„  fl.„  T„„...i,  r'i,„:., 
decisive  battle  at  Halnle  on  the  Tigris  about  (JO!.     In  64j 
Asurbanipal  destroyed  Susa.     Soon  after  this  catastrophe 
Elam  is  met  with  under  the  dominion  of  Theispes.     In 
union  with  Media  and  Persia  it  helped  to  bring  about  the 
fall  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia.     It  shared  thenceforth  the 
fate  of  the  other  Assyrian  provinces,  and  had  no  history  of 
itsown.  The  ancient  Elamites  were  notSemites.  Thisisas- 


Oueof  the  most  noted  heights  surrounding  the 
Yosemite  Valley.  It  rises  3,300  feet  above  the 
valley. 


sa-its).  A  party  or  sect  among  the  Jewish  Chris- 
tians of  the  2d  century.  They  derived  their  name 
from  Elkasai  or  Elxai,  either  their  founder  or  leader,  or 
the  title  of  the  book  containing  their  doctrines,  which 
they  regarded  as  a  special  revelation.  Their  belief  and 
practices  were  a  mixture  of  Gnosticism  and  Judaism, 
with  much  that  was  peculiar.  They  were  Anally  con- 
founded with  the  Ebionites. 


certained  by  the  names  of  their  kuigs,  which  are  alien  to  Elche  (el'che) 

all  of  the  Semitic  di.ilects,  and  by  their  representations     o-\nia   s^noln    -Iti  Ut    ^SoiA'"Nr     l^r,r,    no^o/Tir     .^,"^'^'T"."-   J-"^^ -^-"Jag"' 
on  the  monuments,  which  exhibit  a  tvpe  widely  different     cante,  bpain,  m  lat.  38    14   N.,  long.  0°  42    W.,  ElectrideS    (e-lek'tri-dez) 
from  the  Semitic     The  enumeration" of  Elam  among  the     noted  tor  the   cultivation  of  date-palms  :   the        -       -     -     -      - 
sons  of  Shem  in  Gen.  x.  22  m.iy  perhaps  be  accounted  for     ancient  Dici.     Population  (1887),  23.8.54. 
by  the  fact  that  the  Elamite  valley  was  early  settled  by  the  ElchingeU  (el'ching-en).    A  village  in  Bavaria, 
Semites,  who  nredommateil  over  the  nnn..^pnitfi<>  plenipnt     „:+,.„4.®j  ..u     t^        i      r-      .,     ^         ^,  "'"'/^'^' 

situated  near  the  Danube  7  miles  northeast  of 


Llm.  Here,  Oct.  14,  1805,  the  Austrians  were  defeated 
by  Ney  (created  afterward  due  dElchingen).  The  battle 
was  followed  by  the  capitulation  of  I'lm. 

Eldon,  Earl  of.    See  Scott. 
El  Dorado   (el  do-ra'do).      [Sp.,  '  the  gUded.'] 
The  reputed  king  or  chief  of  a  fabulous  city  of 


the  northern  part  of  South  America.  According 
to  the  story,  the  chief  was  periodically  smeared  with  oil 
or  balsam,  and  then  covered  with  gold-dust  until  his 
whole  body  had  a  gilded  appearance.  Beginning  about 
1532,  great  numbers  of  expeditions  were  made  by  the 


Semites,  who  predominated  over  the  non-Semitic  element 
ot  the  population,  and  also  by  the  tact  that  the  Elamites 
on  the  other  hand  had  for  more  than  two  centuries  the 
upper  hand  in  Semitic  Babylonia, 

El-Araish  (el-a-rish'),  or  El-Arish  (el-a-resh'), 

or  Larache.    A  seaport  in  Morocco,  situated 

on  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  35°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  9' 

W.     Population,  about  5.000. 
El-Arish  (el-a-resh').    A  town  of  Egypt  on  the 

Syrian  frontier,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 

in  lat.  31°  7'  N.,  long.  33°  46'  E.    it  was  taken  by 

the  French  in  1799,  and  retaken  in  1799.     A  convention 

was  signed  here  between  Kl(^ber  and  the  grand  vizir  in 

ISOO. 

Elath  (e'lath),  classical  .Sllana.  In  scriptural 
geography,  a  town  of  Idumsea,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah.  it  was  taken  by  David, 
and  was  the  headquarters  of  Solomon's  fleet.  It  was  for- 
tified by  Uzziah. 

Elathasi  (el-a-tha'si).  [Ar. ,  probably  corrupted 
from  al  athdfi,  the  tripod.]  The  fifth-magni- 
tude star  c  Draconis.  The  name  is  of  rare  oc- 
currence. 

Elba  (el'ba).  [Gr.  Amh:ia,  AWdTirt,  L.  Ilva, 
Ilua.']  An  island  belonging  to  the  province  of 
Leghorn,  Italy,  situated  in  the  Mediterranean, 
east  of  Corsica,  and  about  5*  miles  fromTuseany. 
Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  produces  iron 
and  other  minerals,  wine,  and  fruit.  The  chief  town  is 
Porto  Ferrajo.  Elba  was  granted  as  a  residence  and  do- 
minion to  .Vapoleon.  May  4, 1814.  and  he  continued  to  live 
there  until  Feb.  26,  1815.  It  reverted  to  Tuscany  in  1815. 
Length,  18  miles.  Area,  90  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  23,997. 

Elbe  (el' be).  [=  F.  Elbe,  It.  Elba,  from  G. 
Elbe,  OHG.  Elba,  Alba,  Bohem.  Labe,  L.  Albis, 

^'■-  '^th^'Ro'^t'ilMsTL:^  i^tf  r  '''"  Etelnor7eVrn<;ro;AU6nor,of  Aquitaine. 

the  Koman  AlDis.    it  rises  in  the  Riesenge-     [it.    Eleonora,  G.   Elconore.   F.   Alk^wr.     See 


history,  a  board  of  commissioners  created  by 
act  of  Congress  (approved  Jan.  29,  1877)  for 
the  purpose  of  deciding  disputed  cases  in  the 
presidential  election  of  1876.  its  members  were 
justices  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  Nathan 
Clifford  (president  of  the  commission),  S.  J.  Miller,  S.  J. 
Field,  W.  Strong,  and  J.  P.  Bradley;  senators  G.  F. 
Edmunds,  O.  P.  Morton,  F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  T.  F.  Bay- 
ard, and  A.  G.  Thurman  (replaced  later  by  Kernan) ;  and 
representatives  H.  B.  Payne,  E.  Hunton,  J.  G.  Abbott. 
G.  F.  Hoar,  and  J.  A.  Garfield.  It  was  in  session  Feb.  1- 
March  2,  1877 ;  and  its  decisions  resulted  in  the  seating 
of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  the  Republican  candidate.  The 
electoral  votes  in  dispute  were  those  of  Louisiana,  South 
Carolina,  Florida,  and  Oregon.  The  members  of  the  com- 
mission voted  on  party  lines  (8  Republicans  and  7  Demo- 
crats). 

Electoral  Rhine   Circle.    See  Lower  Rhine 

Circle. 
Electra  (e-lek'tra).  [Gr.  'HJi/trpa.]  1.  In 
Greek  legend,  the  ciaughter  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytemnestra.  and  sister  of  Orestes.  The  events 
of  her  life  have  been  dramatized  by  .fischylus.  by  Sopho- 
cles in  his  "Electra,  '  by  Euripides  in  his  "Electra."  and 
by  various  modem  poets.  See  Orestes. 
2.  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  seven  Plei- 
ades.—3.  The  4^-magiiitude  star  17  Pleiadum. 
[Gr.  al  'Ji?jKTpi6if 
v^aoi.^  1.  In  Greek  legend,  the  Amber  Islands 
(where  the  trees  weep  amber),  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  fabulous  Eridanus  (later  identi- 
fied with  the  Po).— 2.  See  the  extract. 


But  the  later  Greeks  have  called  all  the  islands  from 
Jutland  to  the  Rhine  "  Electrides. "  or  Amber  Islands ;  and 
some  say  that  there  are  others  called  Scandia,  Dumni,  and 
Bergi,  and  Nerigo,  the  largest  of  all,  from  which  the  voj'- 
age  to  I'hule  is  made. 

J"''"!/ (quoted  in  Elton's  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist,  p.  41). 

gi-eat  wealth  (Manoa)  which,  during  the  loth  Elegy  Written  in  a  Country  Churchyard  An 

century ,_  was  supposed  to  exist  somewhere  m     el^e_giac  poem  by  Thomas  Gray,  published  in 


liol.  It  went  through  U  editions  in  a  short  time,  and 
has  been  many  times  pirated,  imitated,  and  parodied  It 
has  also  been  translated  into  Hebrew.  Greek,  Latin,  Ital- 
ian, Portuguese.  French,  and  German,  and  there  are  sev- 
eral polyglot  editions. 


Spaniards  in  search  of  this  phantom:  the  explorers  suf-  T?1««««..«  /^i   -  -     *-/  ••  \      mi.     j         i  .         „  ^      ^ 

fered  terrible  hardships,  and  hundreds  died     The  con-  -Eleonora  (el-e-0-no  ra).     The  daughter  of  Geof- 

-        "  -    -       -  tj-oy,  third  son  of  Henry  II.  of  England.    Geoffroy 

was  duke  of  Brittany  through  his  wife  Constance,  the 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Duke  Conan  IV.   Hence  Eleouora 
was  called  "The  Damsel  of  Brittany." 
Eleonora.     A  poem  written  by  Dryden,  in  1692, 

,,  J  ■    ,.    ■         ,  ,  T.  V     ,     -     i"  memorv  of  the  Countess  of  Abinedon 

suited  in  then-  modern  colony.      It  has  been  supposed  -pinnri^^o  A<T'„4.„    c t.,       irTn -o-    j-    j  t^  >. 

that.the  story  of  El  Dorado  arose  from  a  yearly  ceremonv  ^leonora  Of  Este.   Born  June  19,  lo3/ :  died  Feb. 
of  an  Indian  tribe  near  Bogotd.    The  chief,  it  is  said,  w.as     'O.  Lji>l.    An  Italian  princess,  a  friend  of  Tasso. 

Elephanta  (el-e-fan'tS)  Island,  Hind.  Ghara- 

puri.  A  small  island  in  Bombay  harbor,  6  miles 
east  of  Bombay,  famous  for  its  caves  with  Hindu 
sculptures. 


quest  and  settlement  of  New  Granada  resulted  from  the 
quest ;  the  mountain  regions  of  \'enezuela,  the  Orinoco 
and  Amazon,  and  the  great  forests  east  of  the  Andes,  were 
made  known  to  the  world  ;  and  later  in  the  16th  century 
the  English,  led  or  sent  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  penetrated 
into  Guiana,  obtaining  a  claim  on  that  country  which  re 


smeared  with  balsam  and  gold-dust,  after  which  he  threw 
gold,  emeralds,  etc.,  into  a  sacred  lake  and  then  bathed 
there.  But  this  ceremony  w,as  never  witnessed  I«y  the 
Spaniards,  and  the  story  maybe  simply  another  version  of 
the  Dorado  myth.     In  common  and  poetical  language  the 


name  El  Dorado  has  been  transferred  to  the  city  or  Elephantine  (el-e-fan-ti'ne).      [Gr.  'W c&avrivv 

conntrv  which  was  the  nhipi^f  nf  fbe  nnAcf  _  -  *  _  T        T_.    f  _    •.  •  ^       .    ,  -^         .    ' 


country  which  was  the  object  of  the  quest. 

Eldsib  (el-dzib').  [Ar.  el  dib  (Ulugh  Beigh), 
the  wolf  or  jackal.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
f  Draconis:  a  name  rarely  used. 

Eldsich  (el-dzik').  [Ar.  el  dij  (Ulugh  Beigh), 
the  hyena.  ]  A  rarely  used  name  for  the  third- 
magnitude  star  I  Draconis. 


rope:  the  Koman  Alois,  it  rises  in  the  Riesenge- 
birge,  Bohemia,  flows  through  Bohemia  and  Germany, 
generally  in  a  northwesterly  direction,  and  empties  into 
the  North  Sea  about  65  miles  below  Hamburg.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Moldau,  Eger,  iluide,  Saale,  and  Havel 
(with  the  Spree).  On  its  banks  are  Dresden,  Torgan,  Wit- 
tenberg, Magdeburg,  and  Hamburg.  Length,  about  725 
mSes:  navigable  for  ocean  vessels  to  Hamburg,  and  for 
others  to  Melnik  in  Bohemia  (over  500  miles). 

Elberfeld  (el'ber-feld).  A  city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Wupper  24  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne. 


Helen.l  Bom  1122  (?) :  died  at  Fontevrault, 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  April  1.  1204.  Heir- 
ess of  the  duchy  of  Guienne.  She  married  Louis 
VII.  of  France  in  1137,  was  divorced  in  1152.  and  married 
Henry  11.  of  England  in  1152.  She  was  imprisoned  by 
him  1173-89. 

Eleanor  of  Castile.  Died  at  Grantham.  Eng- 
land, Nov.,  1290.  Sister  of  AKonso  X.  of  Cas- 
tile, and  wife  of  Edward  I.  of  England. 


northeast  ot  Cologne.  It  forms  with  Barmen  (which  •pio,-„_  „f  t)-„_.„„-  Ai„.q  „t  a  „  3t  ™  i? 
adjoins  it)  ElberfeldBarmen,  one  of  the  most  important  -tleanor  Of  PrOVence.  D  ed  at  Amesbury.Eng- 
manufacturing  centers  in  Europe.  Among  the  manii-  land.  l_yi.  Daughterof  the  Count  of  Provence, 
(actares  of  the  two  cities  are  ribbons,  chemicals,  lace,     and  wife  of  Henry  III.  of  England. 


aor.]  In  ancient  geogi-aphy,  an  island  in  the 
Nile,  opposite  Syene  (Assuan),  in  lat.  24°  7'  N. : 
the  modem  Gezeeret-Assuan.  From  it  came  kings 
of  the  5th  dynasty.  (See  Egiipt.)  It  contains  monuments 
of  Thothmes  HI.  and  Araenhotep  III.,  and  a  Iv'ilometerof 
Ptolemaic  date. 

Eleusis  (e-lii'sis).  [Gr.  'EJ.fiw/c.]  A  deme  of 
Attica,  Greece,  the  seat  of  a  very  ancient  cult 
of  Demeter,  and  of  the  famous  Eleusinian  mys- 
teries. The  most  important  monuments  lay  within  the 
sacred  inclosure,  which  consisted  of  a  spacious  terrace  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Acropolis,  surrounded  by  a  mas- 
sive wall.  The  precinct  was  entered  by  two  propyltea  or 
monumental  gateways  in  succession,  and  its  chief  building 
was  the  temple  of  the  mysteries,  whose  unique  architec- 
ture  and  successive  transformations,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
entire  precinct,  have  been  revealed  by  the  excavations  of 
the  Archajological  Society  of  Athens,  prosecuted  at  inter- 
vals since  1882.  Thepropyliea  were  two  monumental  gate- 
ways to  the  sacred  inclosure.  The  lesser  propylaea  con- 
stituted a  comparatively  simple  structure,  with  three 
doorways  separated  by  ant.Te,  before  which  stood  ornate  col- 
umns. The  greaterwere  a  reproduction,  by  Appius  Claudius 
Pulcher  iu  48  B.  c,  of  the  famous  propyliea  of  the  Atbeniar 


Eleusis 

Acropolis.  The  temple  (sekos)  of  the  mysteries  of  Demeter 
and  Kora  was  rebuilt  in  the  6th  century  B.  c.  and  altered 
later  It  measured  within  178  by  170  feet,  and  was  sur- 
rouii'ded  along  the  walls  by  8  tiers  of  step-seats  for  spec- 
tators of  the  ceremonies.  In  every  side  except  tlie  north- 
east there  were  two  doors.  Along  the  southeast  side  was 
carried  the  great  Doric  portico  of  Philon,  of  12  by  2  col- 

EleusiS,  Bas-relief  of.  A  work  of  high  artistic 
impcirtaiK-e  iu  the  National  Museum,  Athens. 
It  represents  Uemeter,  Kora.  and  Triptolemus.  and  is  most 
delicate  in  execution  and  expression.  It  dates  from  the 
early  5th  century  b.  c.  .      .  ,       ,     c  ,^i      d 

Eleuthera  (e-lu'the-ra).  An  island  of  the  Ba- 
liamas,  east  of  the  Antlros  group. 

EleutheropoliS  (e-lu-the-rop'o-lis),  or  Betho- 
gabris  (beth-6-gab'ris).  [Gr.  'E/.ti-tfcpH-oA/c, 
free  city.]  In'  aneient  geography,  a  town  in 
Palestine,  22  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem: 
the  modern  Beit-Jibrin. 

Eleutherus  (e  - m '  the -rus).  Bishop  of  Rome 
174-17G:  an  opponent  of  the  Montanists. 

Eleutherus.  L^r-  'E/eifffpoc.]  In  ancient  geog- 
rapliy,  a  river  of  Pheuicia,  the  modern  Nahr 
el-Kebir  (•  Great  River'),  north  of  Tripoli.  On 
its  banks  Jonathan  the  Asmonean  met  and  de- 
feated Demetrius. 

Elevation  of  the  Cross.    1.  A  painting  by 

Rubens  (1610),  in  Antwerp  cathedral,  Belgium. 
The  cross  is  being  raised  to  position  by  a  niinilier  of  men 
pushing  in  front  and  others  hauling  by  a  rope  behind. 
On  the  side  panels  are  seen  the  holy  women,  soldiers,  and 
the  execution  of  the  two  thieves. 
2.  A  painting  by  Van  Dyck  (1632),  in  Notre 
Dame  at  Courtrai,  Belgium.    Christ  is  alre.idy  fixed 
on  the  cross,  which  is  being  put  in  position  by  four  men, 
attended  by  soldiers. 
Elfleda,  Elflida.     See  ^thdfleda. 
Elfrida(el-fri'da).  [AS.^////(n/f/(.]  Born  about 
945(?):  died  about  1000.  The  second  wife  of  Ed- 
gar, king  of  England,  whom  she  married  about 
964.      She   was  the  mother  of  JSthelred  the 
Unreaily- 
El  Gallo.    See  San  i;(if<irl. 
Elgin  (el'gin),  or  Moray.     A  maritime  county 
of   northern   Scotland,  lying  between   Moray 
Firth  and  the  North  Sea  on  the  north,  Banff  on 
the  east  and  southeast,  Inverness  on  the  south- 
west, and  Nairn  on  tlie  west.    Area,  476  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  43,471. 
Elgin      The  capital  of  Elginshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lossie  in  lat.  57°  38'  N.,  long. 
3°  19'  W.     It  contains  a  cathedral,  founded  1224,  but 
greatly  damaged  by  fire  and  partly  rebuilt  toward  the  end 
of  the  nth  century.     The  architecture  is  chiefly  Early 
English.    The  ornament  is  rich,  and  the  tracery  of  espe- 
cial beauty.     There  are  two  western  towers,  and  a  good 
chapter-house.    Population  (1891),  7,799. 
Elgin  (el'jin).     A  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois, 
situated  on  the  Fox  River  35  miles  west-norlh- 
west  of  Chicago.     It  has  important  manufactures  of 
watches,  and  of  butter  and  ehe.se.    I'opnlaiion  (1900), 
''2.4:t:i. 
Elgin,  Earl  of.     See  Bruce. 
Elgin  (el'gin)  Marbles.     A  collection  of  Greek 
sculptures  coin]irising  the  bulk  of  the  surviv- 
ing plastic  decoration  of  the  Parthenon,  and  a 
caryatid  and  column  from  the  Erechtheutn,  and 
recognizee!  as  containing  tlie  finest  e.xisting  pro- 
ductions of  sculpture.    The  marbles  were  brought 
from  AHiena  between  ISiil  and  1803  by  the  Earl  of  Elgin. 
The  Parthenon  sculptures  were  executed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  I'hidias,  alioiit  14(1  it.  C.     The  collection  mclncles 
remains  nf  (he  pediment  statues  in  the  round,  a  gnat 
part  of  the  frieze,  in  low  relief,  about  Mi  feet  long.  »  Inch 
surrounded  the  exterior  of  the  cella.  and  Ifjot  the  ineti.pcs 
of  the  exterior  frieze.  c;u-ved  in  very  high  relief  with  e])!- 
sodes  of  the  contest  between  the  Centaurs  ami  the  I.a- 
pilha.     Among  the  chief  of  the  pediment  tlgures  are  the 
grand  reclining  figure  of  Theseus,  Iris  with  wind-blown 
drapery,  and  the  group  of  one  reclining  and  two  seated 
female  figures  popularly  called  the  "Three  l-'ates.'      Iho 
cella  frieze  represents  the  idealized  I'anatheiiaic  proces- 
sicHi  to  the  Acropolis,  made  up  of  youthful  cavalrymen, 
chariots,  led  sacrihcial  victims,  young  girls  with  utensils, 
magislrates,  and  spectators,  who  set  out  from  the  south- 
west angle  of  the  cella  and  proceed  by  both  long  sides  to 
the  east  frcuit,  where  in  presence  of  an  assemblid  com- 
pany of  the  gods  the  chief  priest  prepares  to  perforin  his 
solemn  rites.     The  skill  with  which  the  exceeilingly  low 
relief  of  this  frieze  is  carried  out  is  unparalleled  in  art. 
El-Golea  (el-go-lii'lj).     A  town  and  caraviiii 
slnliiin  in  southern  Algeria,  iu  lat.  30°  35'  N., 
hiiii,'.  3"  10'  K. 

El  Hakim,  Adonbeck.    See  Salndin. 
Elhanan(el-ha'nan).  [Heb., 'God  is  gracious.'] 
According  t<i  2  Sam.  xxi.  19,  the  slayer  of  (io- 
liatli.      See  David. 


357 


Eli(e'li).    Llleb. 


elevation.']    A  Hebrew  .judge 


and  high  priest.  He  failed  to  punish  the  sins  of  his 
two  sons  llophnl  and  rhinehas,  and  the  destriicllon  of  his 
house  ensued.  At  the  news  of  a  defeat  of  the  Israelites 
by  the  rhilistines,  in  which  his  sons  were  Killed  and  the 
ark  of  the  covenant  taken,  he  fell  backward  from  his  scat 
and  broke  his  neck.  IIi^  Judged  Israel  forty  years,  and  was 
ninety-eight  years  old  when  he  died. 
Eli      An  oratorio  by  Sir  Michael  Costa,  with 


words  by  Bartholomew,  produced  at  the  Bir- 
minghaiii  festival,  Aug.  29,  1855. 
Elia  (e'li-aj.     The  pseudonym  of  Charles  Lamb 
in  his  essays  contributed  to  the  "London  Mag- 
azine," commencing  in  1820.    They  were  collected 
as  "  Essays  of  Elia  "  in  1823,  and  "  Last  Essays  of  Elia    in 
183;).    The  name  was  that  of  a  clerk  in  the  south  sea 
House,  which  Lamb  remembered  having  heard  tliere  as 
a  buy,  and  was  at  first  used  as  a  jest  at  the  end  of     Kec- 
ollections  of  South  Sea  House, '  the  first  of  his  essays. 
The  liri.lget  and  James  Elia  of  tlie  essays  are  JIary  and 
John  Lamb,  the  brother  and  sister  of  the  author. 
Eliab(e-li'ab).  [Heb.,' my  God  is  father.']  The 
name  of  several  persons  mentioned  in  the  Old 
Testament,  including  David's  eldest  brother. 
Eliab.     In  Dryden  and  Tate's  '-Absalom  and 
Aehitophel,"  Henry  Bennet,  earl  of  Arlington. 
Eliakini(e-li'a-kim).    [Heb., 'God establishes.'] 
In  the  old  testament,  the   name   of  several 
persons,  of  whom  the  most  notable  is  the  son 
of  Hilkiah  and  master  of  Hezekiah's  household. 
Elian's  Well,  Saint.     See  Saint  Elian's  U'cll. 
Eliante  (a-lyohf).     In  Moliere's  comedy  "  The 
Misanthrope,"  a  reasonable,  lovable  girl:  con- 
trasted with  Celimene,  the  coquette. 
EliaS  (e-li'as).     See  Elijah. 
Elias,  Mount  Saint.     See  Samt  Elms,  Mount. 
Elias  Levita  ("the  Levite ").     Born  near  Nu- 
remberg, Bavaria,  about  1470:  died  at  Venice, 
1549.    A  Helii'ew  scholar.     He  wrote  a  critical  com- 
mentary on  the  biblical  text "  Massoreth  Hanimassoreth  " 
(163S),  etc.     His  full  name  was  Elias  ben  Aeher  Halem. 
Elidure  (el'i-dor).     A  mythical  king  of  Britain, 

brother  of  Artegal  or  Arthgallo. 
Elie  de  Beaumont  (a-le'  de  b6-m6n'),  Jean 
Baptiste  Armand  Louis  Leonce.    Born  at 
Canon,  Calvados,  France,  Sept.  25,  l/9b:  died 
at  Canon,  Sept.  22,  1874.     A  celebrated  I  rench 

feologist.  He  became  professor  of  geology  at  the  Ecole 
es  Miiies  in  1829,  and  at  the  College  de  France  in  1832, 
and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  .Sciences  in 
1853.  He  published"  Carte  g(?ologiciue  de  trance  (1S43), 
"Kecherches  sur  quelques-unesdes  riSvolutions  de  la  sur- 
face du  globe"  (1829-30),  "Notices  sur  les  sysbtaies  de 
montngnes"  (1852),  etc.  ,„    j.    ,    ,     n     t 

Eliezer  (el-i-e'zer).  [Heb.,'Godishelp.  ]  In 
the  ( )ld  Testament,  the  name  of  several  persons. 
The  most  notable  are  :  (a)  The  chief  servant  of  Abraham, 
called  Eliezer  of  liamascus.  (6)  The  second  son  of  Moses 
and  Zipporah.  .a,    .     ,-  ,     ••/,      o    ■    . 

EligiUS  (e-lij'i-us),  or  Bloi  (a-lwa  ),  baint. 
Born  near  Limoges,  France,  about  588:  died 
Dec.  1,  659.  Bishop  of  Noyon.  He  came  to  Paris 
in  610,  and  gained  the  favor  of  Clotaire  II.  and  Dagobert 

1  both  by  his  skill  as  a  goldsmith  and  by  his  piety,  whicli 
he  displayed  in  founding  churches  and  monasteries  and 
in  distributing  alms  to  the  poor.  Although  a  layman,  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Noyon  by  Clovis  II.  in  G41  ((HO  ()• 

Elihu  (o-li'hu).  [Heb.,  'God  is  He.']  The 
name  of  several  persons  in  the  Old  Testament, 
of  whom  the  most  notable  is  one  of  the  friends 
of  Job.  He  describes  himself  as  the  youngest 
of  the  interlocutors.  . 

Elijah  (e-U'jii).  [Heb.,  '  Yahveh  is  my  God  ; 
iu  the  Now  Testament  Elias.  Gr.  HAuac.J  A 
Hebrew  iirophet  of  the  9th  century  B.  c.  An 
account  of  liiin  is  given  In  1  Ki.  xviL-xxi.,  2  Ki.  i.-xi.,  and 

2  Chron.  xxi.  12-16.  Ue  appears  before  Ahab  king  of  Is- 
rael  (who  had  given  himself  up  to  the  idolatry  of  his 
I'heiiician  wife  Jezebel),  and  predicts  a  gre.;it  drought. 
Compelled  to  seek  refuge  in  llight  and  concealment  he  is 
miraculously  fed  by  ravens  in  the  torrent-bed  of  the  stream 
i:herith,  and  by  the  widow  of  Zarephath,  whose  dead  son 
he  restores  to  life.  In  the  extremity  of  the  famine  lie  re- 
appears before  Ahab,  before  whom  he  calls  down  lire  from 
heaven  to  ccuisumo  a  sacritlce  to  Jehovah,  with  the  result 
that  the  king  orders  the  extermination  of  the  pri>plicts  r.t 
I!a:il,  who  are  unable  to  call  down  lire  to  consume  the  of- 
ferings  to  Baal.  Ue  then  puts  an  end  to  the  drought  by 
prayers  to  Jehovah.  Later  he  denounces  Ahab  and  Jeze- 
bel for  having  despoiled  and  murdered  ^ab<lth,  and  Is 
eventually  carried  to  heaven  in  a  chariot  of  lire. 

Elijah.  An  oratorio  by  Mendelssohn,  with  words 
I  roiii  the  Old  Testament.  He  was  assisted  by  Sim- 
bring  in  selecting  the  words,  and  by  Hartlioloinew  with  the 
English  words.  It  was  Urst  pcrfonued  at  Blrnilngham, 
Aug.  28,  184(i.  . 

Elim  (e'lim).  A  station  in  the  wanderings  ot 
tlie    Isiiielites,  noted    for   its   fountains:    not 

Eii'me'lech(e-lim'a-lek).  [Heb.,'Godis  king.'] 
Ill  I  he  Old  Testaineiit,  the  husbiind  of  Maoiiii. 

EUo  (a-le'oi,  Francisco  Javier.  Born  in  I'am- 
jiloiia,  March  1.  17(i7:  died  at  Valencia,  hepl. 
4  1822  A  Siuiiiish  general.  In  1805,  having  at- 
tained the  grade  of  c.lon.l,  he  was  Bent  to  the  llio  de  la 
I'lata,  and  given  cniinand  of  the  forces  operating  against 
the  Ungllsh.  In  April,  1810,  he  was  RTalled  to  Spain,  but 
returned  at  the  enil  of  the  year  as  viceroy  of  Bnenos  Ayres, 
apiKdnted  by  the  Spanish  junta  of  the  regency.  1  he 
junta  of  Ihienos  Ayres  refused  to  remgnlze  his  commis- 
sion war  followed,  and  Wlo  was  besieged  In  Montevideo, 
but  eventually  arranged  a  lr<aty  with  the  reynlullotilBtB 
by  which  b,.th  parties  recognized  the  authority  of  I'crdl- 
liand  VII  and  the  unity  of  the  .Spanltih  nation,  and  agreed 
to  refer  their  dilferences  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  (lOct,  20 
IBll)     Ello  was  recalled  to  Spain  two  moiiths  after,  and 


Elishah 

in  1812  and  1818  commanded  against  the  French  in  Cata- 
lonia and  Valencia,  winning  a  series  of  brilliant  victories. 
In  1814  he  w;m  made  governor  and  captain-general  of  \  a- 
leneia  and  MuicUL  The  revolution  of  1820  caused  his 
deposition  and  imprisonment.  Some  of  his  friends  made 
an  armed  attempt  to  liberate  him :  the  plot  failed,  and  EUo, 
accused  of  instigaiiiig  it,  was  found  guilty  by  a  court  mar- 
tial and  executed. 

Eliot  (el'i-ot),  Charles  William.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  March  20,  1834.  An  American 
educator.  He  was  graduated  at  Harv:u-d  in  1863,  be- 
came professor  of  analytical  chemistry  iu  the  Jlassachu- 
setts  Institute  of  Technology  in  ISOS,  and  was  chosen 
president  of  Harvard  College  in  1869.  He  has  published 
'•  A  Compendious  Manual  of  Oualitative  Chemical  Analy- 
sis "  (1S74I,  etc. 

Eliot,  George.    See  Cmss,  Mrs. 

Eliot,  or  Elliot,  George  Augustus,  first  Baron 
Heatliliel.l.  ll..rii:it  Slobs, Kffiburghshire, Scot- 
land, Dec.  25,  1717:  died  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
July  6.  1790.  An  English  general.  He  became 
in  1775  governor  of  liibraltar,  which  he  defended  against 
the  Spaniards  and  Ireneli  1779-S3.  He  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Lord  Ueathfleld,  baron  of  liibraltar,  in  1787. 

Eliot  Sir  John.  Born  at  Port  Eliot,  on  tlie  Ta- 
iiiai','Kiiglaiid..\pril20,  1592:  died  in  the  Tower 
(if  London,  Nov.  27,  1632.  An  English  patriot. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  studied  law  in  London  and 
in  102.S  as  a  member  of  the  Hrst  Parliament  of  Charles  I., 
came  into  prominence  by  the  vehemence  and  irresistible 
elooucnce  » itli  which  he  supported  the  measures  of  the 
constitutional  party.  As  the  leader  of  the  opposition  in 
the  second  Parliament  (1626)  he  was  sent  to  prison,  in  com- 
pany with  Sir  Uudley  Digges.  by  the  king ;  but  was  released, 
together  with  Sir  Dudley,  when  Parliament  refused  to 
proceed  to  business  without  them.  In  the  third  r.arlia. 
meiit  (1628-29)  he  had  a  principal  share  in  drawing  up  the 
Remonstrance  and  the  Petition  of  Right.  He  was  arrested 
on  the  dissolution  of  Parliament  in  1629,  and  sentenced,  on 
a  charge  of  conspiracy  against  the  king,  to  a  line  of  ii2,000, 
and  to  imprisonment  until  he  should  acknowledge  hia 

Elliot,  John.  Bom  at  Nasing,  Essex,  England, 
lti04:  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass..  May  20,  lt)90. 
A  missionary  to  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts, 
surnamed  "the  Apostle  of  the  Indians."  His 
principal  work  is  a  translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  Indian 
language  (1601-63)-  He  also  wrote  an  Indian  catechism 
(1653)  and  grammar  (1666). 

Eliot,  John.  Born  at  Boston.  May  31,  li;>4: 
died  at  l;<iston,  Feb.  14,  1813.  An  Aim'n- 
can  clergvman  and  biographer.  He  published 
the  '•  New  England  Biographical  Dictionary  " 
(1809),  etc. 

Eliphalet  (e-lif'a-lct).  or  Eliphelet.     [Heb., 

•  Goil  is  deliverance.']  The  name  of  several 
persons  iu  the  Old  Testament,  of  whom  the 
most  notable  are  two  sons  of  David. 

Eliphaz  (el'i-fa/,).  The  chief  of  the  three  friends 
of  .lob,  suriiaiiied  "the  Temanite." 

Elis  (e'lis),  orEleia(e-le'yii).  [Gr. 'H?.(C,  .Doric 
'A>(f.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  country  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  ly- 
ing between  Achaia  on  the  north,  Arcadia  on 
the  east,  Mossenia  on  the  south,  and  the  Ionian 
Sea  on  the  west,  it,  comprised  three  parts:  Elis 
proper  or  Hollow  Elis,  I'isatis,  and  Triphylia.  It  contained 
the  temple  of  the  Olympian  Zeus.  It  forms  with  Achaia 
a  nomarchy  of  modern  Greece. 

filisa  (li  le-sa').  An  opera  by  Clieriibini,  words 
by  Saint-Cyr,  produced  iu  Paris  Dec.  13,  1794. 

El'isa.     See"  Elissa. 

Elisabeth.     See  Elizabeth. 

Elisabeth,  ou  Les  Exil6s  en  Siblrie.    [F., 

•  Kli/.abi'lh,  or  the  K.\iles  in  Siberia.']  A  ro- 
mance by  Madame  I'oltin.  ]>ublislied  in  ISOii. 
The  subiect  Is  the  same  as  .\avier  de  .Maistre's  "Jeune  Sl- 


iKHIenne"— a  young  girl  going  on  fo..l  from  Siberia  to  SU 
IVIersblMg  t.i  beg  f..r  the  l.aicl.Mi  iit  her  exiled  father. 

Elisabetta,  Regina  d'Inghilterra.  [It .,'  Eliza- 
beth, Queen  of  England.']  An  opera  by  Hos- 
sini,  written  in  1815  for  the  San  Carlos  at  Na- 

j.les,  iind  produced  Mtircli  10.  1S22,  in  Paris. 

Elisavetgrad,  or  Elisabethgrad.    See  I'elisa- 

ri  liirtnl. 

Elisavetpol,  or  Elisabethpol.   See  Tclisairtpul. 

IJlise  (a-lez').  In  Moli.'ie's  " L'Avare '' (' The 
Miser'),  the  daughter  of  llarpagon,  in  love 
with  Valere. 

Elisena  (el-i-sO'iiii).  In  the  Spanish  cycle  of 
roMianees,  a  princess  of  Brittany,  the  mother 
of  Aniadis  of  Gaul.  . 

Elisha  (e-li'shii).  [Heb.,  '(iod  is  salvation.] 
Live.)  in  the  9(1i  century  li.c.  A  Hebrew  pro- 
iihct,  the  attendant  ami  successor  of  Eli.iah. 

Elishah  (e-li'shii).  In  (ieii.  X.  4,  the  el.lest  son 
of  .lavan:  ideiiiilied  with  the  yEoliaiis,  with 
Sicily,  and  with  the  north  coast  of  Africa. 

Cyprus  too,  woiiM  seem  to  be  meant  In  Genesis,  slnco 
we  are  told  that  the  "sons  of  Javan"  were  Elishah  and 
Tarshlsh  Kittim  and  llodanlm.  Elishah  is  donbtleM 
Hellas,  not  Klis  as  has  been  sometimes  supposed  ;  in 
Ezek  xwll.  7  It  Is  said  that  'blue  ami  purple  -  wcrt 
brought  loTvre  •  from  the  Isles  of  Elishah,"  that  is  to  say, 
from  the  Isles  of  (ireecc.    .Snticr.  Races  of  the  o,  T.,  p.  47. 


Elisire  d'Amore,  L'  358  Ellis,  George 

Elisire  d'Amore.  L'.     ['The  Elixir  of  Love.']  Elizabeth    Famese,    Queen   of   Spain.     Bom  He  introdacea  the  use  of  wire  suspension-bridges  into 
An  opera  by  Donizetti,  &st  produced  at  Milan     Oct.  25. 1692 :  di^ed  1766.     A  princess  of  Parma,  tZln^^Z^Z^r^.'^fi'Zl^l'J^u"^^^^^^ 
in  1&29  or  lbo2  (CTrove;.     The  English  version  was     wite  ot  rluhp  \  .  ot  spam.  became  a  colonel  of  engineers  in  the  I'nion  army  during 
called  "  The  Love  Spell,"  and  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane  Elizabeth  PetrOVna.     Born  Dec.  29,  1709  :  died  the  Civil  War,  and  converted  a  fleet  of  Mississippi  steam- 
in  1839.                                                                                       j^jj     5     176'^        EmprciS    of    Russia    1741-62  ers  into  rams  with  which  he  sank  or  disabled  several  Con- 

Elissa  (e-lis'sa),  or  Elisa.    Under  the  surname     dausht'er  of'Peter  the  Great  and  Catharine  I  ?'J?S"'^^*^?.°i°,*°"J^  engagement  ofl  Memphis  June 

Dido,  the  her6iie  of  the  fourth  book  of  Vergil's     She  f<^k  p^f  agSnIt  FredeVicf  the  toeaVtn  the  leven  ^i^l^"    =  ment                      "     °'  '  "°™''  """"""^  '° 

^neid.     According  to  the  tradition  she  was  the  daugh-     Years' War,  in  the  course  of  which  her  army  entered  Berlin  „,,                  /•pi,-„l,-,+T,  -p^-oc  T  „™,«;»A      T(-^™ 

ter  of  Kins  Matgen,  grandson  of  Eth-Baal  of  Phenicia.      (1^60)  and  pressed  him  so  hard  that  be  would  probably  Ellet,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  FneS  LummiS).     Bom 

She  was  married  to  her  uncle  Sicharbaal  or  Sicharbas     l»a'>e  been  overcome  by  the  AUies  except  for  her  timely  at  bodus  Fomt.  A.  \ .,  Oct.,  181s :  died  at  New 

(the  Greek  Acerbas  and  the  SychcBUs  of  Vei-gil).    After  her     death.    She  founded  the  University  of  Moscow,  and  the  York,  June  3,  1877.     An  American  author,  wife 

husband  was  muidered  by  her  brother  Pygmalion,  she     Academy  of  line  Arts  at  bt.  Petersburg.  of  W  H  Ellet       She  wrote  "  The  Women  of  the 

set  out  at  the  head  of  Tyrian  colonists  to  Africa,  where  Elizabeth   Stuart,  Queen  of  Bohemia.     Bora  Amprican  Revolution"  nR4S1    etc 

she  founded  Carthage.    To  escape  wedding  the  barbarian     ^j  Falkland,  Scotland,  Aug..  1.596  :  died  at  Lon-  -pT^?   wflliam    TTpTr^      Porn    a^  Vpw  TorV 

king  Tarbas  she  erected  a  funeral  pvre  and  stabbed  her-      ,         r  i,    iq   ir«o      t>„.,^,+„..  ^f  T„„  „„  vr    „♦•  -tiiiet,  WliUam   Heiiry.     iSorn   at  JNew   lorK, 

self  upon  it.     According  to  Vergil  her  death  was  due  to     don,  i  eb.  1.5,  IbbJ      Daughtei  ot  James  VI.  ot  1806:  died  at  New  York,   Jan.  26,   1859.     An 

her  despair  at  her  desertion  by  .Eneas.    In  the  popular     Scotland  (James  1.  ot  England),   and  Wife  of  ;\jnerican  chemist 

mind  she  became  confounded  with  Dido,  a  sornanie  of     Frederick,  elector  palatine  (later  king  of  Bo-  ■RllippTslnTiHs  (pI'U  I'landyl     A  ormi-nnf  smnll 

^f1^fciraleforSr°tfa'gr"""'"''°^^^^'"""'^«°'''"  ^r'^\^^^^  was /randmother  of  Geo'rge  I  ^eo^^f  iSfii\V/ SoSacit^S'ofThe 

Elissa     In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Q-ne,"the  eld-  ^tt:^l]^^°o^th^:Tltt'qZ''n'ot  ViL'it:o''er'A%XXTpt^tr.nJ^7 

est  of  three  sisters  who  were  always  at  odds,     g^^^^^j  jy   ^j  England,  and  daughter  of  Sir  ^"'e  discovered  by  Captain  Peyster,  an  Amen- 

See  Jiledinn                                                                 -d-  i      j  tt'      i   -n  can,  iii  loiy. 

Blind  fe-li'ud')      A  Jew  mentioned  in  the  se-    f  >C'hard  \\  oodville     After  the  death  of  her  tet  hits-  ElUchpur  (el-ich-por').    1 .  A  district  in  Berar, 

XiliUU  I.B  11  Liu;,      .o.  oew  iiiBunuiieu  iii  ^lic  gc       band.  Sir  John  Grey,  she  marned  in  1-164  Edward  I\.,  by  ^~t"'."»''V,~3-„     ;    il„„'i„j   v„  l„*     oio  oo'   x- 

nealogy  of  Christ.                                                           whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Edward  V.  and  Eliza-  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  20    N., 

Eliza  (e-li'za).     See  Elizabeth.                                  beth,  queen  of  Henrj-  VII.  long.  77°  30'  E.     Area,   2,623   square  miles. 

Elizabeth  (e-liz'a-beth).      [Heb.,  prob.  'God  Elizabeth.      A   city  and  the   eountv-seat  of  Population  (1881),  313,805.— 2.  The  chief  town 

of   the   oath';    (ir.  "'E/.iadiSer,   •E?j:tadS£-r,  also     Union  Couiitv.  New  Jer.sev,  situated  "on  New-  of  the  EUiehpur  district.  Population,  with  can- 

'E'/.taiSeB;  F.  SUsahellt,  It.  EUsabetta,  G.  Elisa-    ark  Bav  and  Staten  Island  Sound,  12  miles  tonment  (1891),  36.240. 

beth.']     The  wife  of  Aaron.                                        west-southwest    of    New  York.      Population  Ellicott  (el'i-kot),  Charles  John.    Bom  April 

Elizabeth.     The  wife  of  Zacharias  and  mother    (1900),  52,130.  2o,  1S19.     An  EngUsh  biblical  commentator, 

of  John  the  Baptist.     She  remained  childless  till  the  Elizabeth,  Cape.     A  headland  in  Maine,  pro-  bishop  of   Gloucester  and  Bristol  from  1863. 

decline  of  life,  when  an  angel  foretold  to  her  husband  the     -jectiii"  into  the  Atlantic  8  miles  south  of  Port  '^^  graduated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1S41. 

birth  of  a  son.     The  angel  Gabriel  discovered  the  fact  of     i,      i    "                                                  ''  and  was  Hulsean  lecturer  in  1S59.    His  lectures  appeared 

this  miraculous  conception  to  the  Virgin  Marv,  as  an  as-  -i,.,     .,     _..          _,                ^                 .„  as  "On  the  Life  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,"  and  he  has  .also 

surance  of  the  birth  of  the  Messiah.    See  Mary.                  Xilizauetn  Olty.      me  county-seat  of  Pasquo-  published,  besides  minor  works,  a  series  of  "Critical  and 

■Rli^nhptb    fSaint   of  Hmiffarv     Bom  at  Pres-     tank  County.  North  Carolina,  situated  on  Pas-  Grammatical  Commentaries  "  on  most  of  the  Pauline  epis- 

ilizaoecn,  oamii,  01  nimgary.    isoru  di  i-reb       ,,„„*„„k  ij:Vpr  Sq  mile.;:  ^ontb   nf  NnrfnlV       ,  «1<^5-    He  was  for  eleven  years  chairman  of  the  scholars 

burg,  Hungary,  120*  :  died  at  Marburg.  Ger-     'fit, i  3^,              da  miles  south  ot  Norfolk,     a  who  produced  the  revised  version  of  the  Xew  Testament. 

„in>Vx-   V.ir    1Q    I'l^l       1~lai,o-litprr.f  At^rlrpw  TT       "avAl  victory  was  gained  here  by  the   Federals  under  _,,.  ^  ..     „..            „,                  ,_         ^      j,    tt            j 

maio,  No\.  ly,  i..di.  Ltaiignter  ot  Acarew  ii.  commodore  Rowan,  Feb.  lo,  1S62.  Population  (1100)  Ellicott  City.  The  county-seat  of  Howard 
of  Hungary,  and  wife  of  Louis,  landgrave  of  n.sis.  Countv,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  Patapsco  8 
Thunngia,  celebrated  for  her  sanctity.  Elizabeth  Islands.  A  group  of  16  small  isl-  miles  west  of  Baltimore.  It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Charles's 
Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Greenwich,  near  London,  ands,  forming  the  town  of  Gosnold,  Dukes  and  Eoch*Hill  colleges  (both  Roman  Catholic).  It  was  for. 
Sept.  7, 1533:  died  at  Richmond,  near  London,  County,  Massachusetts,  lying  between  Buz-  merly  named  ElUcott's  Mills.  Population  (l9on).  1.331. 
March  24,  1603.  Queen  of  England  1558-1603.  zard's"Bav  and  Vineyard  Souud.  Elliot  (el'i-ot),  George  Augustus.  See  Eliot. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Bolej-n ;  Elizondo  "(a-le-thon'do).  A  town  in  the  prov  Elliotson  (el'i-ot-son),  John.  Bom  at  London 
rS^tT^ts'^indlf  I^irtschlmf  LTifsaid  to  tt  ^-'^^^  ^^^^^  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bidas-  about  1790  (?)  T  died  at  London  Jtily  29,  1S68. 
been  proflcient  in  French  and  Italian.  On  her  accession  soa  22  miles  northeast  of  Pamplona.  An  Engbsh  physician  and  physiologist.  He  wrote 
she  appointed  as  secretary  of  state  Sir  William  Cecil  (later  El-Jezirch  (el-je-ze're).  See  the  extract.  "  Prmciples  and  Practice  of  Medicme"  (1839),  ''Human 
Baron  Burieigh),  who  remained  her  chief  adviser  for  forty  ™,  ,  ■  .  .,  »  -  .  „,-,-,-■  Physiology  (1*40)  etc.  .  _  .  . 
years,  until  his  death  in  159S.  She  repealed  the  Roman  The  plain  of  Mesopotamia,  now  known  as  El-Jezireh,  is  ElllOttc 4  1-ot '.CharlesLoring.  Bornat  Seipio, 
Catholic  legislation  of  the  previous  reign,  reenacted  the  about  2.7O  miles  in  length,  and  is  intersected  bv  a  single  ^;  Y..  Dec,  181":  died  at  Albanv,  N.Y.,  Aug.  25, 
laws  of  HeSry  vm.  relating  to  the  church,  published  the  mountam-ndge,  which  rises  abruptly  out  ot  theplain  and  '  American  Tiortrait  iainter  •  elleted 
Thirty-nine  .\rticles  (1563),  and  completed  the  establish-  branching  off  from  the  Zagros  range,  runs  southward  and  Isb»-  An  American  portrait-pamt«r .  eiectea 
ment  of  the  Au'^lican  Church  In  15&i  «he  concluded  the  eastward  under  the  modern  names  of  .^arazur.  Hamrm,  national  academician  in  18-iO. 
treaty  of  Troyes'with  France,  by  which  she  renounced  her  and  Sinjar.  5a!/ce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  91.  jtj^^.^^  Charles  "WyllyS.  Born  at  GuUford, 
claims  to  Calais  in  consideration  of  220,000  crowns  la  El-Kab  (el-kab').  A  place  on  the  Nile  north  Conn.,  Mav  27,  1817:  died  Aug.  20,  1883.  An 
who,  expefled  by  a  rebellion  of  her  subjects  had  taken  of  Edtu.  on  the  opposite  bank.  American  miscellaneous  writer.  He  published 
refuge  in  England  in  1568,  and  who,  bv  means,  it  is  said,  ot  El-Karidab  (el-kar'i-dab).  [Ar.]  A  vervrarely  "  Saint  Dommgo,  etc.  (1856),  a  "  New  England  History" 
forged  documents,  had  been  involved  by  the  government  used  name  for  the  third-magnitude  star  6  Sa-  9  ';  .Bo<)k-  of  American  Interiors  (1S<6),  Pottery  and 
in  a  conspiracy  of  Savage,  EaUard,  Babington,  and  others  o-ittarii  more  coTrimoiiIv  CHllpd  TTf/w!  ihpAV/  Tii'^'-'^'li'"Tii.  ' ^'  t.  ^ -.r  -u  1,-1-, 
against  Queen  Elizabeth.  In  15S8  her  admiral  Howard,  xFii  if  *  ™,f?,  ".°?^™°,  •  .^''V'^S,,f  ""V^*^  ^  ElllOtt,  EbeneZBT.  Born  at  Masborough, lork- 
assisted  by  Drake,  Hawkins,  Frobisher.  Winter,  and  Ra-  ■t'^^art  (elk  hart).  A  city  m  Elkhart  County,  gj^j.  England,  March  17,  1781:  died  near 
leigh,  defeated  the  Sp,inish  .\imada  in  the  English  Chan-  Indiana,  Situated  at  the  junction  ot  the  Elk-  r„-t,o1pv  FnclaTirl  Dpo  1  ISUQ  At,  Pr,<rHab 
Del,  and  prevented  an  invasion  of  England.  Her  reign,  hart  and  St.  Joseph  rivers,  in  lat.  41°  40'  N.,  noJf^  ^i^r^flmfd  -^thV  Com  f  awRhvT^r  «  a^^ 
which  was  one  of  commercial  enterprise  and  of  intellectual  lontr  ^^-,°  '.V  W  It  h',^  pnu,\,-\pr-tMa  man-n  poet,  surnamea  tneLom-IjawRhymer.  Anther 
.activitv,  was  made  UlustriousliysWspere, Sidney, Spen-  i°°?'  ''^  ^^  ;  .■  ,in^in,  1  -  t ,  of  "Com-Law  Rhymes"  (1831),  "The  ViUage  Patriarch " 
ser  Bacon,  and  Ben  Jonson                                                      tactures.     Population  (1900),  l.i.  1S4.  (1829),  "The  Ranter,"  "The  Splendid  ViUage,"  etc.,  and 

EUzabeth,  or  Isabella,  of  Valois,  Queen  of  Elk  Mountains  and  West  Elk  Mountains     many  miscellaneous  poems.  ,  ^    ^. 

Spain.  Bom  at  Fontainebleau  France  April  Ranges  of  mountains  in  western  Colorado,  west  ElllOtt,  Sir  Henry  Miers.  Bom  at  Westmm- 
13  1.5-15  •  died  at  Alidrid  Oct  3  1.568  Dauch  of  the  Saguache  range.  Height  of  Castle  Peak,  ster,1808;  died  at  Simon's  Town.  Cape  of  Good 
ter  ot  Henry  H.  of 'France,  and  vrife  of  PhiUp  .„\t  ^^^  t^*"^-  ^„  ^OP*".'  ^^^  -"•  •  ^^^^;  .^^^  English  historian, 

II   of  Spain"  Ella.     See  JElla.  long  m  the  service  of  the  Last  India  Companv. 

Elizabeth  or  Isabella  Oueen  of  Rnain      Bom  Elland  (el'land).     A  town  in  Yorkshire.  Eng-     He  wrote  a  supplement  to  Wilson's '•  Glossary-  of  Indian 
XiilZADBin,  ot  isaoeua,  Sjueen  Ol^pam.     corn  on  theCalrlpr  9  miles  soiitliwpst  of  Rrad       Terms,"  "Bibliographical  Index  to  the  Historians  of  Mu- 

at  Fontainebleau,  France,  ^ov.  22,  1602:  died     i^'^V'    ?.,?-,  ,oSVn  ?,^,  liraa-     ^ammedan  India  "(Vol,  1, 1849X  "History  of  India,"  etc 

at  Madi-id.  Oct.  6,  1644.     Daughter  of  Henrv     *<^™.     Population  (1891).  9,991.  (in  a  volumes,  1S6T-77),  etc. 

R'.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain.  Ellandun(el'lan-don).     [AS.  £/?««  (7«h,  prob.  Elliott,   Jesse  Duncan.     Bom  in   Marvland, 

EUzabeth.,  JIadame    (filisabeth    PhiUppine     ^ea'rVuton  wie?e'Esbert  Sedfhe^'Mer  ^^]'^^^'  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dee.",  1845. 

Marie  Helene).     Born  at  Versailles,  France,     "ea'^  u  uton  wnere  1^^^  An  American   naval   officer.     He  was  second  in 

Mav  3  17fU-  crnillntiiiprl  at  Paris   AfoTTin  1 70  J.    _5'ians  m  s_o  (oi  »-d;.  Command  under  Commodore  Perry  at  the  battle  of  Lake 

A  T<>p;ph;;.ifrp       =Wp,  „f  T  .,!;=  \'Vt   '  ^^^^    EUangOWan,  Laird  of.     See  Bertram,  Godfrey.  Erie,  Sept.  lo,  IS13,  and  the  following  month  succeeded 

A  I  rench  pi mee»,  sister  of  Lotus  X\  L                EllatsaV  (pl-la'siir)       A  citv  or  district  in  Afp^o  Perry  in  the  command  on  Lake  Erie.    He  commanded  the 

iH^abpJ^P^S^httnlfr,';!-!''?/''"*''''/?'^^^^^^^^^  sloopj^fwarO^tarioinDecatur'ssquadronemployedagainst 

^t^.^'.  ifsSit-ti?&e'i'"syiv^?'^  Bom    t'"^  .Chedoriaom^r  in  his  expedition  against  ElUoTtrStlphen.  Bom  at  Beaufort,  S.  C,  Nov. 

at  Neuwied.  Dec.  29,1843.    Daughtei  of  Prince    ^^  "ties  m  the  valley  of  Siddim  (Gen.  x,v.  ii_  i^/^ .  ^i^d  at  Charieston.  S.  C,  Mar^jh  28, 

Hermann  of  Wied,  and  wife  of  Charles  of  Ku-    kbyLLV'l^s^*'?UnalVruf  hlll^^^^^^^^^  ]f^-    ^  ,^<^f^f^  botanist.     He  Published 

mania,  whom  she  married  Nov.  lo,  1869.    .she     (modern  Mughier)  and  Erech(Warka),  on  the  left  bank  of  Botany  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  "(1821- 

has  published  "Sappho"  (1880),  "Hammerstein  "  (1S80),      the  Euphrates,  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of  Senkereh,  1824),  etc. 

"  Sturme  "    C'  Storms,"  l^lX    "  Leidens   Erdengang  "  Ellaury  I'el-vou're).  Jose.    Bom  in  Montevideo  Elliott,  Stephen.    Bom  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.  Aug. 

ive'lJcT-Les  p^'^es^lVe'reinl/r?4atng^                      ^'^r*  '•-^'•-  ^'"'  ^''-  ^'^^^      ^^"  ^^"--^^ayan  31, 1806:    dfed  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  Dec.  21, 1861. 

•'Pelesch  Miirchen."  etc,  (1883),  "Le  pic  .aux  regrets''     statesman.    He  was  a  lawyer,  took  part  in  politics,  and  An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 

(Paris,  1884),  "Es  Klopft"  ("Some  One  Knocks."  1887-     '"  March,  1874,  was  elected  president.    In  Feb,,  1»76,  he  pal  Church,  son  of  Stephen  EUiott. 

this  was  tnmslated  into  French  in  18S9  with  a  preface  by     «,f  JeP:^S"l  Y '^  ""'o^''' ?^™'^"°°Vh  ElUott,  William.      Bom    at    Beaufort,   S.  C, 

P.erre  Loti).    She  has  also  written  with  Madame  Chrem-  Ellen  Douglas.     See  Dour/las,  EUfn.  inril'iT     1788-  died   at   Remifort    Feb     18fi.q 

nitz,  under  the  signatures  "Ditto"  and  "Idem,"  "Aus  Ellen's  Isle       in  island  in  Loch  Katrine   Scot-  .P    .    "    ■              ,  •  ?  •         tsfaui?",  ieo.,  ISOd 

zweiWelten"(lS82)  and  'Astra  "(1S86).                              i;,fi     t.  ■   .      -^°  ^^"""^  1° '^°<^"  ^'"""'^' ^'•°^  An  American  politician  and  winter. 

Elizabeth  Charlotte,  Duchess  of  Origans.  Ihe  flVonVe\'rnTof"h?Sd"oTth'e'^iSl''°"  ""*"'' ElU  (el'Us),  Alexander  John  (originaUy 
Bom  at  Heidelberg.  Baden,  Mav  27,  16.52 :  died  Ellenborough,  Baron  aiid  Earl  of.  See  law.  Sharpe).  Born  at  Hoxton.  near  London,  June 
at  St.-Cloud,  France,  Dec.  8,  1722.  A  Palatine  Ellery  (el'er-i).  William  Born  at  Newport,  !■*■  I'^l^^  •^'^'i  ^t  London.  Oct.  28, 1890.  A  noted 
princess,  second  wife  of  Philip,  duke  of  Or-    R.  I.,  Dec.  22.  17-^7 :  died  at  Newport.  Feb.  15,     English  phonetician  and  mathematician.     He 

E?i'.lhltrrhH«H^rA^'-^P        •        K  '^-'-      ^, American   poUtieian,   one   of   the     ^^^^'^^'i^^i^^'mn:;:'^,^;:^^ 

liUZabetn  Unnstine,  Queen  of  Pmssia.     Bom     signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  nith  especi.al  reference  to  Shakspere  and  Chaucer  (1869- 

Nov.  8,  l/lo:  died  Jan.  13,  1797.     A  princess  Ellet  (el'et).  Charles.     Born  at  Penn's  Manor,     isri),  etc. 

of  Brunswick,  wife  of  Frederick  the  Great,  Bucks  Countv,  Pd,.  Jan.  1, 1810:  died  at  Cairo,  Ellis,  George.  Bora  at  London,  1745:  died 
whom  she  married  June  12,  1733.  111.,  June  21,   1862.     An  American  engineer.     April,  1815.     An  English  author.   He  published 


Eilis,  George  359  Eltekeh 

''SDecim-n^  of  the  Early  EnKlishr.iets"  (1790:  the  sixth     Aug.-Sept.     In    Assyro-Babylonian,  from  which  the      Villiers.  varioijs  persons  of  quality  meet  and  attack  the 
edXuinlsM),  "Specimens  of  Early  English  Romances      names  of  the  months  were  adopted  by  the  Jews,  its  form      ninitation  of  EU.nnre  (Mohere). 

iu  Metre "  (1805 :  edited  by  HaUiweii  in  1S4H),  etc.  is  uhdu.  Eloquent,  The  Old  Man.    An  epithet  of  Isoc- 

Ellis    George  Edward.     Boru  Aug.  8,  1814:  Ellwangen  (el'vang-en).     A  town  ill  the  Jagst  i;ites,  S.  T.  Col.  rMge,  J.  Q.  Adams,  and  others 

died  Dec.  20,  1894.     Au  American  Unitariiiii     circle,  Wiivtembcrg,  situated  on  the  Jagst  4o  Elora.     See  Llloiy. 

clergyman.    He  was  pastor  of  the  Harvard  rnitarian     miles  east-northeast  of  Jngst.     It  was  formerly  El  PasO  (el  pa  so),     [bp.,     '.'f  P"f  •  J  .^  «  X 

Chureb  Cbarlestown,  Massachusetts.  iMO-iat,  and  was  pro-     .^  ecclesiastical  principality.      It  has  an  old  in  El  Paso  County.  Texas,  situated  on  Kip  Kio 

lessor  of  systematic  tbenloiry  in  Harv.nd  liivuiity  .-ichool       i         i        Ponulation  (1890).  4,606.  Grande  opposite  LI  Paso  del  Norte.      PoDUli- 

1867-63.     Hewiote".\Half.OentuiT..tthel  nitananlon-  j,,,      .,,    nii,\,^„'       R„.„  „t  rrr,rrr.ll  tiou  ( 1900 ),  l.'.,'MII>. 

trover3y"(lS57),  aii.l  Lo.itTilmted  to  the  ■■Nana  ive  and  EUwOOd  (el'wud),  ThomaS.     Born  at  Crow(  11,  "' "  '      HpI  -KrnrtP  (el  na'so  del  nor'ta)      FSp 

Critical  History  of  America,"  edited  by  Justin  Winsor.         0>dordsliire,  England,  1639 :  died  at  Amersham,  El  Paso  del  JNorte  (el  pa  so  aei  nor  ta;      Lop. 

EUiS    Sir  Henry.     Born  at  London,  Nov.  29.     March  1,  1714.     .Vu  English  Quaker,  friend  of  -the  pass  ot  "'-^^  '  o'  ^  J     A    o^ti  '?,     WKo 

1777 :  dieclat  Lomlon,  Jan.  V,,  1869.     An  Eng-     Milton.    He  wrote  ■'  Sa?red  History  of  the  Old  ot   Lliihuahna     Me.x.co,   situated   on  the^  K  o 

lish  antiquarian,  chief  librarian  of  the  British     Testament  and  New  Testament"  (1705-09),  his  Grande  m  '"f-  f,l  «  rfnn      '        ^" 

Museum  1827-06.    He  edited  Brand's  "  Popul-.u' An-     autobiography  (1714),  etc  .  T?lX'!,'Vl?Mi.f^     A  towii  in  Roscommon  Ireland 

Equities-  (1813)  and.  with  others,  Imgdale's  "Monasti-  jji^  Mm).     A  village  near  Glarus  in  Switzer-  Elphin  (el  hn).  f  f^^'^Koscommon^ 

i^.^j^^tdpuf^iJ^.''Sj^;;^:p.^:;s=^|4n^  ^^  ^^^  ^S^;^*"°^^"^^°""'°".  "^^*'^^-^*°^ 

M;.n.nsb  History  ••(18.«.),mostlyfrommater.al.n  the  ^T^hing^^^ 

Ellis,  Robinson.     Born  at  Barming,  Kent,  Eng-    of  the  vilayet  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey.     Popu-  count  Keith.    Bon^it  Elphinsh^^ 

land  Sept.  5, 1834.   An  English  classical  philolo-     lation,  abmit  12.000.  ^  ^'";'"^f ' ''\"-t^'V  i      h         ^    ^  "  ',i^ 

Sst'He^hase'ditedandtransi;ted..Catanu.-^ndinl87.  Elm  City.  New  Haven^^  ^^^^JJ^^^^^^^^^^^i^J^r^ 

published  a"Comment,ary  on  Catullus."    In  ISSllie  pub-     from  the  number  and  beauty  of  its  elms.  {Je^ook  Malta  ind^^^  He  subsequently  cooperated 

lishedaneditionof  (ivids  "Ibis.  ^x       j         ElmeS  (elmz),  James.       Born  at  Loudon,  Oct.  ,vith  Abercromby  in  the  militiu-y operations  in  Egypt. ob. 

Ellis,  Ml-S.  (Sarah  Stickney).   Born  at  London,      J.     .-.^,1.    ^^j^^^j    ^^   GreentWch,    near   Loudon,  tained  the  rank  of  admiral  in  ISOl,  and  in  1814  was  created 

1812 :  died  at  Hoddesdon,  fierts  June  16,  18/2.         '         -  ^    English  architect  and  writer  Visc.™nt  Keith  of  the  l  nited  Kingdoin. 

An  English  authoress,  wife  of  William  Elhs     ,^^„„^;t.  He  published  "Sir  Christopher  Wren  El.Pt"lStone,  Mountstuart.   Born  Oct  6  1  n  9 . 

(1794-1872).    She  wrote  "Women  of  England"     ^nd  his  Times"  (1823),  "  Dictionary  of  the  Fine  died  at  Linipsheld,  SuiTcy,  England    Nov.  20, 

(1838),  "  Daughters  of  England "  (1842),  etc.         ^^^"r  iS'^retc  1859-    ^"  English  statesman  and  historian,  one 

Ellis,  William.    Born  at  London,  Aug.  29,1794:  xjij^gt  (ol'me't).     A  small  British  kingdom  con-  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Anglo-Indian  em- 

^  ^^''n^ltth'  iSsSomSlrp'oS"  sia'.     ?.--'^  '^>'  ^'''■"''  ^•"-"  "^  ^^O'-thumbria,  about  g'-  ^fe^ent^ed  the  c^;U^.^^^^^ 

18/2.      An   Jinglisli    ™1?^^°?.'''^ /,\,v,;.  (i,,.>,,„h     ^^^-  of  Kabul  in  1808;  was  resident  at  the  court  of  I'oonaWO- 

He  PHl'.'i^ '«'!;, ,M'^f'°"Y7nRLTe'l^ches'  (18''™  "  llistolv        The  kingdom  of  Elmet  then  answered,  roughly  speaking,  igij.,  and  wa.  governor  of  Bombay  1819-27.    Author  of 

^'^.^-  "^^^r-T^-  villus  ^'^.^:^      to  the  present  West  Ridm^of  VorksMre.  ^^^^^__^_  ^  ^^^  ^S'^l'l')!  ^'"«''"""  "'  '"''"    '""'''  ^'  "''''""' 

Ems  Wimam™Bom  rn.'TlSOl:  died  at  Lon-  El  Mina  (el  me'na).     The  seaport  of  Tripoli  in  Elphinstone    William      Born  at  Glasgow  in 

don 'Feb  18,1881.     An  Eng  ishwi'iter  on  social     SjTia.     Population,  about  7,000.  1431 :  died  at  Ldinburgh,  Oct^2o,  lol4     A  Scot- 

sci^^nce      Hebecameanassista:tunderwriterof,heIn.Elmina(el-me'na),Pg    Sa^^  ^alfe  M  A'at^hltif^sU^ 

demnity  Marine  Insurance  Company  in  1S24,  and  chief     (gau  zhor'zhe  da  me'na).     A  town  on  the  -jO  d  ^^g'^,^  "J,*}"  *tJ'd\^'^'^„';;'"tth7rniversitpof  Paris,  where 

managlrinl827.  ^^'^  {°'^^,'i<'\<-^f*^-'S ^Z'tt^e^.ttinl     ^oast.  West  Africa,  in  hit.  5°  5'  N.,  long.  P  21'  ,f  S^'S^for  ftimc  on  this  science.   ^He  returned  to 

he  named  Birkbeck  schools    Author  of    O^^  ^y      It  was  founded  by  the  Portuguese ;  was  conquered  Glasgow  in  1474;  was  appointe.l  bishop  of  Aberdeen  m  1483; 

Economy     ys4l,),  "  '='l"^^'"n^Wr„teH  '^wn  by  the  Dutch  in  1637  ;  and  was  transferred  to  the  British  ,,ccame  lonl  privy  seal  in  1492  ;  and  in  1494  obtained  a  papal 

Destitution    (18al),and     Ihdo-hocrates    (iHoij.  in  1872.    The  native  name  is  Dena.    Pop.,  about  10,630.  bull  for  the  founding  of  King's  College  at  Aberdeen,  which 

ElUson  (el'i-son),  Mrs.     A  character  m  i  leld-  jjinjira  (el-mi'ra).    A  citv  and  the  county-seat  was  completed  in  looe. 

ing's  "Amelia."  ^f  Chemun"  Coi'iutv,  New"  York,  situated  on  the  El  Rosario  (el  ro-sii're-o).     A  town  m  the  state 

Elliston  (el'is-ton),  Robert  William.   Bom  at     chemung  River  in  lat.  42°  7'  N.,  long.  76°  ."il'  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  35  miles  southeast  of  Jla- 

Bloomsbury,  London,   April   7,  1774:   died   at     y^      it  has  important  manufactures  of  iron,  etc.,  and  is  zatlan.  ^    .^    .  ,„■■    ,-^,  ■ 

Blackfriars,  Loudon,  July  8,  1831.   Acelebrated     t|,eseatof  Elniiral'en,.ii,i'..llepeandof  theStaterefonna  ElsasS  and  Elsass-Lothrmgen  (el  zas-lot  ring- 

Eno'lish  actor  and  manager.    He  made  his  first  ap-     tory.    l'npulatioiul»lKi),  35,672.  pjj)_  The  German  names  for  Alsace  and  Alsace- 

pei^nce  April  14, 1791,  at  the  Bath  Theatre  as  Tress.l  jjimij-g  (el-mer').     Ill  Moli^re's  "Tartufo,"  the  Lorraine  respectively. 

In  "  Richard  III.,"  and  after  a  career  flowing  great  vere^^  ^^^jj^  ^j  q  ^^^^  gj^tpr  of  Cli^ante.  Elshender  (el'shen-d'er).     [Scotch  form  of  JleX- 

^S^i;   redrhe'fl?src:;,«Sr:^"^is^  ElmorCastleo;  saint       A  castle  at   Naples  ,„,„,,.]     The  Black  pwart;^in  Scott's  novel  ot 

best  characters  in  comedy  were  Doricourt.charles  Surface,     i,,id  a  fort  at  Malta,  said  to  be  SO  named  trom  t]j,,t  name.     Also  called  "Canny  Llshie." 

Rover,  aiid  Uanger,  and  in  tragedy  Hamlet,  Komeo,  and     Ej-mo,  an  Italianizeil  corruption  of  Erasmus  (a  jjigje  Venner.     A  novel  by  Oliver  Wendell 

Hotspur.  T-,  -s      Svriaii  martvr  of  the  3d  century).  Holmes,  published  in  1861. 

EUora,  or  Elora  (e-lo'ra),  or  Elura  (e-lo  ra).  Elmoran  (ol-mo-riiu').    The  native  name  of  the  Elsinore(el-si-n6r'),  Dan.  Helsingor  (hel'sing- 

A  town  in  Hyderabad,  British  India,  in  lat.  ^u      ^j.^j,.,;  ^y)_     ^  seaport  in  Zealand.  Denmark,  on  the 
2'  N.,  long.  7.5°  10'  E.    it  contains  a  Dravidian  rock-  j;;ijjioi.e  (ol'iuoii),  Margaret.     In  Lovell's  play    uarrowest  part  of  the  Sound,  lat.  .56°  2'  N., 

out  temple  anterior  in  date  to  io.»A.^D^^^  "Love's  Sacrifice,"  Matthew  Elmore's  daugh-  ](,ng.  12°38' E.     It  is  a  commercial  town,  contains  the 

only  in  i'^^f  ^'™.' ' '^f'^"  ° 'he  r^^J.^t^^^'oS^^^^  ter,  who  gives  the  name  to  the  play  by  sacri-     fortress  of  Kronborg,  and  is  associated  with  the  story  of 

;^^U^^"^^^^^B>'?^'X^^    ^^  -.oHover,  giving  him  up  dcause  of  her     ;;,J^-^^^;,-^:;i^;-,:-^'i^5r'XiaS^  (^ 
vimana,withapyramidalroofabout8ufccthigh,riLciiitii      f.ithor's  guilt.  11076 

l'B':,ad1;dons''r;!;.cl41o^:'Sten^^^^^^^  Elmshom   (elmz'hom).     At^n  mlheprov.  Ekmere,  Robert.     See  nohert  Elsmere 

courtissurroundeiiby  a  ptristyle  within  which  there  IS  a  i,jee  of  Schleswig-Holsteiu,   Prussia,    19  miles  Elspeth   (el'spelh).      [A  contraction  of  Eli;a- 

series  of  cells.    The  sculpturenl  decoration  is  elalMuat^^^  northwest   of    Hamburg.      It    has    important     f^^.,J  -,     l„  Sett's  "Antiquarv,"  the  old  mother 

combining  geometrical  and  arabesque  motives «.th  figure.  ^^^^^^^^^^^^   and  trade.     Population    (1890),      „(  Saunders  Mtu-klebackit.  "  She  is  apathetic  and 

sculptme.                   fi,,^/.  1K,.M       A  town  in  the  9.533.                                                                                        draf,  and  keeps  secret  the  crime  of  her  mistress,  in  which 

EUore  (e-lor  ).  or  Elur  (e-loi   ).     a  town  in  me  _,.•      ,       fclmz'li),  Peter.     Born  1773 :  died  at     she  had  assisted,  till  just  before  her  death, 

(iodayari  district    ?^'''^::;' ^'l^'f  ,V  £    on  tie  Sd^S^    8?is^.''An  English  philologist,  Elssler  (elz'ler),  Fanny.    Born  at  Vienna,  June 

ated  m  lat.  16°  43   N.,  !?"/:•*'',  J",  H',/'. '.;'"=  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  U.xfor.l,  aii.l  pro-     o;,,  i^iq:   died  there,  Nov   27,  1884.     A  noted 

Jamnialer  River.     1  opulatio  i  (IHJi;, -.),.>o-.  lessor   of   ancient    history   in   the    university     .lancer,      she  was  the  daughter  of  Johann  Elssler, 

Ellsworth  (elz'wirth).     .\  city  and  tlie  county-  ,003.95      Tie  is  known  chietiv  tor  his  critical     Haydn's  factotum,    she  abandoned  the  stage  in  IS-M.   "er 

rih:i,mX;f  •>03e('sS:;.t^Si^  ^^•""-■"f  H...:l'oeles  and  Euripides.             _            ^^;^^Ji^^\^-^;Z:\7Z^l  »  """^ 

Pon  ,Kt     n  f  19  Elnasl  (el-nas'l).    [Ar.  cl  m,^l,  the  arrow-point.]  j.j  ^       (d'ster).  or  Bad-Elster  (biid'el'ster). 

PopuUt,on(l.W))    4    J^  ,^^^    Ibird-magnitude  star  >    Sag.ttani,  some-  *n^,ttering-place  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 

Ellsworth     Ephraim   Elmer       Bo  n      t    ftU  ^.^^^^^  ^.^^„^,,,      .,,^..                                  .  ^    ,    ,    „      south  of  Pla'ien,  near  the  liohen.ian  frontier. 

ch^H.'sv  le  N.  Y    Ap  il  -■'■'}'^^^^  Elnathan  (el'na-than).       [Hob     'God  hath  j.j  ^        Black.     A  river  in  central  Germany 

o"zo;mves  at  t'i.;^^te'inning  oni.e  C^  K;ven.']     The  maternal  grandfather  of  Jehoia-  ^,Jf,^f  ,,'(„;,„  ,„„  Elbe  nearWittenberg.  Length, 

^Z:i^^']t:'Z:Z:.:^^l^^^^  Elne"(eln).     a  town  i,,  the  department  of  Py-  ;^!,^^^;/^i;!;:-   a  river  in  central  Germany 

Jlanb.1801.    lnA|,rll,l8i;i,lir<,it;anizedii,Niw\oikcliy     renCH's-Orientales,  1< ranee,  U  miles  southeast     ^^.,^j_.,^    ..^^^^  ,,i^.   j^i^^jp  j^.^^  n„lU..      Leiiglli, 
aZouavercgimciaof  llremeTi(tbe  nth  .NewV.rk),o  which     ^^  Perjiignau :  the  ancient  llliberis,  later  He-       ,       .  .'I, ,      ., 

\^^:Z:::i:t^:hX'^^^^^^^^    J--     Jt  has  a  cathedral.     Population  (1891),  ^^j^  (.!,V,ik>.     A  mannfactttriug  suburb 

from  the  Marshall  House,  he  ascended  to  the  root  to  re.     eominune,  .i.-33.  .      ■      ,^  c     of  Ni'Wcaslle-on-Tyno,  England. 

movelt,  and  on  descending  was  shot  by  .Tames  T.  Jackson,  El-Obeid    (el-ob-ad')-      1  ho  principal  town  ot  El  Teb  (el  teb').    A  locality  lid  ween  Tokar  and 

the  keeper  of  the  hotel.  Kordofan,  northeastern  Africa,  ill  hit.  13°  1 1       Trinkit'it    in  the  eastern  Suilaii.  in  the  vicinity 

Ellsworth,  Oliver.     Born  at  Windsor.  (  onn^,      x.     Population,  from  :!0.0'«i  t..  40,ikio,  drawn  from  many     „f  v^„„iji„',      „,.r^.  j-^.i,  211. 18M,  the  lliltlsli  under  Gen. 

April  29, 174.'> :  dii«l  at  ^^  iiidsor,  Ni>v.  26.  IMlli .      surrounding  tribes,     lieforc  Its  occupiillon  by  the  Malidl  ,jr„hain  defeateil  the  MahdiHt.s  under  tisman  Ulgmn. 

A  ,  .\nH.rican.iuristandstate«inan.   Hewasmited     (I88:i),  F.l-obeld  '^f'  '!^ J^;r;^^,^'^\^;l'^i^^^^  Eltekeh  (el'te-ko)      In  ancient  geopraphv,  0110 

tl^e  ;-MiT;.Tstate"s  in  emrco^^^  «"  '<"  T'rlp,.li  bv  way  of  VVadal      Near  here.  Nov.  ;,  o.nd     „f  ,|,„  ..j,  i^s  0,1  the  border  of  Dan  :  the  modern 

•a,u/l    a  y  t '  I'nS  nw.  ""^  following  .fays),  IS*),  the  >  ahdists  exterminate,!  an      j^,,.  j  ,^1,.;.^  ,^^  „,,^^,  s,,nnach.Tlb  defeatcl  an  F«T)- 

E  ISWOrth  William  Wolcott.     Bom  at  \Vind-      l;«.vi.ti:-."-.y  .nidcr  licks  rasha.  ,,„„  „,„^.  „.,„,„  „,„„  ,„„„„„  ,.,  „u.  relief  ot  Ekron. 

SOI     Conn      Nov     10,    1791:   died  at    Hartford,   Eloi,  Saint.     See  /'./ir/'".'.  \yi,en  the  .Jewish  embassy  arrived  at  Lachlsh.  the  Eg>'n. 

Conn'  Jaii'  1.5,1868.     An  American  politician  E'lomire  (a-lo-mer').     An  anagram  under  which     tiat.  party  eiK^ms  still  to  have  been  In  tlu-asc™^^^^ 

a.u"  i'l'irist;  son  of  Oliver  l^llsworth.     He  was  XliCre  was  attacke.l  by  Le  Bonlanger  de  Clinl-     ^^^f^^l\'  J'-n''^,!  rrri?,;d'rerrn''«i''f«h'  ".f  conll" 

governor  of  Connecticut  1838^2.  hissav,   an   unknown    autlior,  in    a    scumlons     ,,*^;,^,  ,";,;„",  „iilauee,  which  yet  was  to  be  to  them  not 

P.II11I   (el'uD       TEtvm    uncertain.]     The  sixth     play  ""l^loniire   hyi.oeondre,  on   les  medocins     ...,„  ,,eip  nor  proilt,  but  a  .b.ui.e  .n,d  als,,  yepnjach.' 

month  of  the  Hebrew  year,  corresponding  to     vengC-s"  (1670).    m  IC«3,  In  a  play  ■•Z^llnde,"  by  Do     The  battle  of  kltek.b  dissipated  th.lr  hopes.    Ihlsw.,, 


Eltekeh 

fought  after  the  capture  of  Lachish,  when  Sennacherib 
was  endeavouring  to  talie  the  neighbouring  fortress  of 
Libnah  (2  Kings  xix.  8.  9). 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  147. 

Eltham  (el'tham).  A  town  in  Kent,  England, 
7  miles  soiitbeast  of  London.  It  contains  the 
ruins  of  Eltham  Palace  (formerly  a  roval  resi- 
dence). 

Elton  (el'ton).  A  salt  lake  in  Astrakhan,  Rus- 
sia, in  lat.  49°  N.,  long.  46°  40'  E. :  noted  for 
its  production  of  salt.     Length,  10  miles. 

Eltville  (elt'vel),  or  Elfeld  (el'feld).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on 
the  Rhine  between  Bingen  and  Mainz:  the 
Roman  Altavella.    It  was  formerly  the  capital 

_of  the  Rheingau.     Population  (1890),  ?.,503. 


360 

tered  by  a  great  gateway  built  by  Bishop  Arundel  in  Embla 
1388.     John  of  Gaunt  died  here,  and  during  tile  foniinon-  — 
wealth  it  was  used  as  a  prison  and  a  hospital  for  wounded 
soldiers.    In  1772  it  was  torn  down,  and  a  chapel  of  the 
13th  century  is  all  that  remains. 
Elyria  (e-lir'i-ii).     The  county-seat  of  Lorain 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Black  River 
miles  west-southwest  of  Cleveland 
tiou  (1900),  8,791. 

£lysee  (ii-le-za'),  Palace  of  the.  [F.. '  Elysi- 
um.'] A  palace  in  Paris,  built  in  1718,  and 
since  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  the  property  of 
the  state,  it  was  used  as  a  private  residence  by  Napo- 
leon I.  and  Napoleon  III.,  to  escape  the  publicity  of  the 
Tuileries ;  and  during  the  republic  of  1S48  it  was  the  of- 
ficial residence  of  the  President,  as  it  is  under  the  pres- 
ent republic. 


Elvas  (al'viis).   'A  fortified  town  in  the  district  Elysian  Fields.     A  name  given  to  a  region  near 


the  ancient  town  of  Baioa,  Italy,  which  is  par- 
ticularly fertile  and  delightful,  and  is  therefore 
supposed  to  resemble  the  ElysianFieldsof  Greek 


of  Portalegre,  province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal, 
11  miles  west  ot  Bada.joz  (Spain).  It  is  the  strong, 
est  fortress  in  Portugal,  and  was  a  strategic  point  of  great 
importance  in  the  Peninsular  war.  Population  (1878), 
10,4n. 

Elvira  (el-\i'rii).  1.  In  Dryden's  "Spanish 
Friar,"  a  yoimg  wife  who  by  the  aid  of  the 
Spanish  friar  attempts  to  intrigue  with  Lo- 
renzo, who  turns  out  to  be  her  brother. — 2. 
The  sister  of  Don  Duarte  in  Gibber's  "Love 
makes  a  Man."— 3.   The  mistress  of  Pizarro 

in  Sheridan's  (Kotzebue's)  "Pizarro." — 4.  The  ,  _.. 

name  of  the  principal  female  character  in  An-  Elze(el'tse'),FriedrichKarl 

ber's  opera  "JIasaniello," Bellini's  "Puritani 

and  Verdi's  "Ernani  " 


Emilia  Galotti 

See  Ask. 

Embrun  (oii-brun').    A  town  in  the  department 
of  Hautes-Alpes,  France,  near  the  Durance,  19 
miles  east  of  Gap:   the  ancient  Ebrodunum. 
It  has  a  medieval  cathedral.   Population  (1891) 
commune,  4,017. 
Popula-  Embury  (em'bur-i),  Philip.      Bom  at  Bally- 
garan,  Ireland,  Sept.  21,  1729:  died  at  Camden 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.,  1775.     The 
first  Methodist  preacher  in  America.   He  began 
preaching  in  New  York  city  in  1766. 

Emden  (em'den),  or  Embden  femb'den).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  DoUart,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Ems,  in  lat.  53°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  12'  E.  it  became 
a  free  imperial  city  under  Dutch  protection  in  1695  and 
passed  to  Hannover  in  1815.     Population  (1890),  13,424. 

Emerald  Hill  (em'e-rald  hil).  A  suburb  of 
:^Iolbou^ne,  Australia,  "l^  miles  south  of  that 


,  '  and  in  Moliere's  "Don 
Juan." 
Elwend  (el-wend'),  or  Elwund  (el-wond'),  or 
Arwand  (ar-wand').  A  mountain  in  north- 
western Persia,  a  few  miles  south  of  Hamadan 
(Eebatana):  the  ancient  Orontes.  Height, 
nearly  9,000  feet. 
Elwes  (el'wes),  or  Meggott  (meg'ot),  John. 
Born  at  Westminster,  April  7,  1714:  died  at 
Marcham,  Berkshire,  Nov.  26,  1789.  A  noted 
English  miser,  son  of  a  brewer  named  Meg- 
gott. Elwes  was  his  mother's  name,  which  he  tooli  in 
1760  He  inherited  we:iltli  and  was  well  educated,  but 
was  controlled  by  a  morbid  disinclination  to  spend  money 
upon  hi^  personal  wants,  which  manifested  itself  in  vari- 
ous extraoidinary  ways.  In  other  respects  he  was  not  il. 
liberal  and  lie  was  extravagant  in  speculation  and  gaming 
Ely  (e'li)._  [ME.  nil/.  Ell,  AS.  FJhj,  eel  island, 
from  "el,  wl,  eel,  and  (</,  island.]  A  city  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, England,  15  miles  north-northeast 
of  Cambridge,  it  contains  a  famous  cathedral,  a  build- 
ing of  great  si-.e,  begun  in  1083.  The  nave  and  west  tower 
were  completed  toward  the  end  of  the  12th  century,  and  the 
west  porch  or  galilee  dates  from  about  1216.  Tlie  .N  orman 
choir  was  replaced  by  the  existing  presbytery  in  tlie  middle 
of  the  13th  century,  and  the  octagonal  central  lantern  was 
finished  in  13-28.  The  l.wge  Lady  chapel  adjoining  the  north 
transept,  with  elaborate  vaulting  and  ornate  arcadinf 
under  the  large  windows,  was  built  in  the  middle  of  the 
14th  century.  The  exterior  of  the  church  is  distinguished 
by  its  high,  castellated  west  tower.  Under  the  tower  is 
a  curious  galilee  or  entrance-porch,  which  opens  into  an 
untinished  west  transept.  Tlie  nave  is  imposing,  with  its 
long  ranges  of  Norman  arches  and  its  lofty  tiiforium- 
gallery.  Its  roof  is  ot  wood.  The  vaulting  of  the  octa- 
gon forms  the  only  existing  Pointed  dome  of  its  type 
The  presbytery  is  among  the  most  excellent  achieve- 
ments of  Decorated  work.  The  cathedral  measures  520 
by  77  feet ;  length  ot  transept,  178.', ;  height  of  nave,  62 ; 
of  choir-vaulting,  70.  Population  (1891),  8,017. 
Ely,  Isle  of.     A  marshy  plain  in  Cambridge- 

^h''*^',  ^^Pt'''"'^'  "*'''"^  °^  *''e  Ouse.  It  forms  part 
of  Bedford  Level.  It  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Saxons  un- 
der Ilereward. 

Ely  Chapel.  The  chapel  of  the  former  palace 
of  tlie  bishops  of  Ely,  in  the  city  of  London. 
It  IS  a  fine  example  of  Decorated  architecture. 

Eljnnais  (el-i-ma'is).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
region  m  western  Asia.  The  name  was  lised 
either  as  an  equivalent  of  Elam  or  for  a  part  of  it . 


mythology.     See  Champs-Mi/sees  a.m\  El ijsi urn'.  x."*L.,i.?  t  i     /      ,        .;,-,.  n.-^ 
Elysium  (e-liz'ium).    The  abode  of  the  souls  of  -t-merald  Isle  (em  e-rald  il),  The.    Ireland  :  so 
the  good  and  of  heroes  exempt  from  death,  in  ,ii'^™f''  ""  account  of  its  verdure. 

"  "   '      ■    '        "    '  Emeric-David  (am-rek'dii-ved'),  Toussaint 

Bernard.  Born  at  Aix,  France,  Aug.  20, 1755 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  2,  1839.  A  French  archae- 
ologist and  critic.  Hepublished  "Recherches  sur  I'art 
statuaire,  etc."  (crowned  by  the  Institute  1800,  published 
1805),  "Jupiter"  (1833X  etc. 

Emerson  (em'er-son),  George  Barrell.    Born 

at  Kenuebunk,  Maine,  Sept.  12,  1797;  died  at 
Newton,  Mass.,  March  14,  1881.  An  American 
educator,  and  writer  on  education.  He  taught  at 
Boston  many  years,  and  in  1831  assisted  in  the  organization 
of  the  Boston  .society  of  NaturiU  History,  of  which  he  be- 
came president  in  1837.  He  wrote  a  "  Report  on  the  Trees 
and  .Shrubs  throwing  Naturally  in  the  Forests  of  Massachu- 


ancient  classical  mythology,  it  is  described  par- 
ticularly by  later  poets,  as  a  place  of  exceeding  bliss.  Some 
have  thought  it  to  be  in  the  center  of  the  earth,  some  in  the 
Islands  of  the  Blest,  and  some  in  the  sun  or  mid  air.  In 
the  Odyssey  it  is  a  plain  at  the  end  of  the  earth  "where 
life  is  easiest  to  man.  No  snow  is  there,  nor  yet  great 
storm  nor  any  rain."    It  is  often  called  the  Elysian  Fields. 

".     BornatDessau, 

Anhalt,  Germany,  May  22, 1821 :  died  at  Halle, 
Jan.  21,  1889.  A  German  literary  critic,  pro- 
fessor of  the  English  language  and  literature 
at  Halle  from  1875.  He  published  critical  editions  of 
"Hamlef  (1867,  1882),  of  Chapman's  "Alphonsus,"  and 
of  Rowley's  "When  you  see  me,"  etc.,  "Essays  on  Shak- 
spere,"  "William  Shakspere"  (1876:  English  translation 
18SS),  "  Notes  on  Elizabethan  Dramatists"  (18SIJ-84),  etc 


setts  "  (1846). 

Elzevir  (el'ze-vir),  orElse-sder  or  ElTevier  Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo.     Bom  at  Boston 
'""""  "=-^       •  ' '      •'       "^  tch  print-    ¥^'.',-'„^^''l-y  25,  1803:   died 


(el'ze-ver).     A  famous  family  of  Dute 


at  Concord,  Mass., 


ers,  celebrated  especially  for"  their  editions  of    ^P'"!^.  ^J'  ■^^^^^   A  celebrated  American  essay- 


ist, lecturer,  and  poet.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1821,  and  was  a  Unitarian  clergyman  in  Boston 
1829-^2.  In  1833-34  he  commenced  his  career  as  lecturer 
(which  continued  between  thirty  and  forty  years)  on  such 
subjects  as  "Human  Culture,"  "Human  Life,"  "The  Phi- 
losophy of  History,"  "The  Times,"  "The  Present  Age," 
etc.  In  1834  he  settled  at  Concord,  and  edited  "  The  Dial " 
1842-44.  He  was  the  author  of  "Nature"  (1836),  "Es- 
says" (1841  and  1844),  "Poems"  (1846),  "Representative 
lien  '  (I860),"  Memoirs  of  Margaret  Fuller  "  (1852),  "  Eng- 
lish Traits "  (1856),  "Conduct  ot  Life "(1860),  ".May  Day, 
and  other  Pieces  "  (1867),  "  .Society  and  Solitude  "  (1870), 
"Letters  and  .Social  Aims"  (1876),  "Poems"  (1876).  He 
also  compiled  and  edited  "  Parnassus,"  a  volume  of  poems 
selected  from  the  whole  range  of  English  Literature." 

Emerson,  William.  Born  at  Hurworth,  near 
Darlington,  England,  May  14,  1701 :  died  at 
Hurworth,  May  20,  1782.  An  English  mathe- 
matician. 

Emesa  (em'e-sa).     See  Horns. 

fJmigres (a-me-gra'),  Les.  [F.,  'the  emigrants.'] 
In  French  history,  the  royalists  who  left  France 
in  1789  and  succeeding  years,  and  took  refuge 
in  Gei-many,  Switzerland,  Great  Britain,  and 
other  countries.  Part  of  them  fought  against  the 
French  revolutionary  armies,  and  many  had  their  head 
quiuters  at  Coblenz.  Some  returned  duiiiig  the  consul- 
ate or  empire,  others  not  until  the  Restoration.  Nearly 
all  had  lost  their  property,  but  after  the  Restoration  some 
of  them  received  for  a  few  years  a  government  grant. 


classical  authors,  and  of  French  authors  on 
historical  and  political  subjects  (a  series  known 
as  "Lespetitesrepubliqucs").  The  original  name 
was  Elsevier  or  Elzevier:  in  L.atinized  form  it  was  El- 
zevirius,  which  was  tlnally  corrupted  into  Elzevir. 
Xouis,  the  founder  of  the  family,  was  born  at  Louvain, 
near  Brussels,  about  1540,  and  died  at  Leyden,  Feb.  4 
1617.  Th=  first  book  ho  printed  was  '■  J".  Drusii  Ebraica- 
rum  qusestionum,  sive  qusBstionum  ac  responsionum  libri 
duo"  (1583),  but  the  first  book  he  published  at  his  own 
risk  was  a  Eutropius  by  P.  Merula  (1592).  He  had  seven 
sons,  five  ot  whom  followed  his  profession:  Matthieu 
(1564(.5'.')-1G40),  Louis  (1566(7?)-1021(?)),  Gilles  (died  16.111, 
Joost  (1576(6.')-1017C:')),  and  Bonaventure  (1583-1652).  The 
last  was  the  most  celebrated.  In  1626  he  took  iuto  part- 
nership his  nephew  Abraham,  a  son  ot  Matthieu.  In  1647 
Jean  (1622-61),  son  of  Abraham,  joined  them,  and  .after 
their  death  Daniel  (1626-80),  son  of  Bonaventure,  came 
into  the  firm.  He  left  it  in  two  years,  and  Jean  continued 
alone  till  his  death.  Daniel  went  to  Amsterdam  in  1(:54, 
and  entered  into  partnership  with  Louis  (1604-70).  the 
third  of  his  name.  The  latter  had  established  a  printin-- 
press  there  in  1638.  Is.nac,  a  son  ot  Matthieu,  establislied 
a  press  in  Leyden  which  was  in  existence  from  1616  to 
1626.  The  last  printers  of  the  name  were  Peter,  grandson 
ot  Joost.  who  printed  a  few  volumes  at  Utrecht  between 
1667  and  1672,  and  Abraham,  the  sou  of  Abraham  the  first, 
who  was  university  printer  at  Leyden  1681-1712. 

Many  of  the  Elzevir  editions  bear  no  other  typographi- 
cal mark  than  simply  the  words  Apnd  Elzcverios.  or  Bx 
officina  Etseiieriana,  under  the  rulrrigtie  of  the  town 
Isaac  took  as  typographical  mark  the  branch  of  a  tree  sur- 
rounded by  a  vine  branch  bearing  clusters  ot  fruit,  and  Emile  fa-inel")  or  Tip  I'^rtiir-a+inTi  frU.  In  rli! 
below  It  a  man  standing,  with  the  motto  Tjon  soiiK.  The  ■^'^"^.  ^ ,  ™^'  ^'  P^"r  ^  eClUCatlon  [W  la-du- 
third  Louis  adopted  Minerva  with  an  ohve  branch,  and  '^'^-syon  ).  [I" .,' ot  education.']  A  treatise  on 
the  motto  rte  extra  oleas.  When  the  Elseviers  did  not  education,  in  the  form  of  a  romance,  by  Jean 
wish  to  put  their  name  to  their  works  they  generally  Jacques  Rousseau,  published  in  1762:  named 
marked  them  with  a  sphere,  Init  of  course  the  mere  fact     f,.o,n  its  chief  character.  "aiueu 

(a-mel'e-a),    L^  .Smilia     (e-mil'i-ii). 


that  a  work  printed  in  the  17th  century  bears  this  mark  _      .,. 
is  no  proof  that  it  is  thens.     The  totarnumber  of  works  Emilia 


ot  all  kinds  which  hear  the  name  of  the  Elseviers  is  1213, 
of  which  968  are  in  Latin,  44  in  Greek,  126  in  French,  32 
in  Flemish,  22  in  the  Eastern  languages,  11  in  German,  and 
10  in  Italian.  Bmyc.  Bnt. 

See  hnmanuel. 


Elymas  (el'i-mas).    [Gr. 'EAi.^af.]    A  sorcerer.  Emanupl      »ee  /»»««» «^, 
whose  real  name  was  Bar-Jesus,  mentioned  in  t™?'"^^ i  V  '  "",T4    -r.     ■»,  ,  ,    . 

the  New  Testament  (Acts  xiii.  6)  ^?}f ^^^^^  ^''-Tu.^ry.  ^- .?,^- ^?'^<?^U'"^-°°,- 

31yot(el'i.pt),    Sir  Thomas.     bL   probably     1  if  ^i^/.T^  L''''«L^^'1«"1':I^^«1PP-T;' ' 


Elyot  (eri-ot),  Sir  Tnomas.  Born  probably 
m  Wiltshire,  before  1490:  died  at  Cariton. 
Cambridgeshire,  March  20,  1.546.  An  English 
scholar  and  diplomatist.  Hewaseducated  athome 
In  1511  he  was  clerk  of  assize  on  the  western  circuit  and 
in  1523  Cardinal  Wolsey  gave  him  the  position  of  clerk  of 
the  privy  council.  He  was  sheritf  of  O.xfordshire  and 
Berkshire  in  1527.  In  1631  he  published  "The  Boke 
named  the  (rovernour,'  which  related  to  the  education 
of  statesmen  and  was  dedicated  to  Henry  VIII.  This  se- 
cured royal  patronage,  and  he  was  appointed  ambassador 
tc  Charles  V.  In  1636  he  was  again  sent  to  the  emperor 
following  him  to  Naples.  He  was  member  of  Parliament 
for  Cambridge  in  1642  He  .also  ivrote  "Of  the  Know- 
ledge  which  raaketh  a  'Wise  Man"  (1633).  "  Pasquil  the 
Playne  '  (15:«),  "The  Castel  of  Helth  "  (1.634),  "Biblio- 
theca  (a  Latin  and  English  dictionary,  1538),  "Defence 
of  Good  Women  "  (1645),  etc. 

Ely  Place  (e'li  plas).  A  place  on  Holbom 
Hill,  London,  the  entrance  to  which  is  almost 
opposite  St.  Andrew's  Church.  The  town  house 
of  the  bishops  of  Ely  stood  here,  and  the  place  was  en- 


Born  May  3,  1469.  died  at  Lisbon,  Dee."  13, 
1521.  King  of  Portugal,  cousin  of  John  II. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1495.  He  promoted  the 
expeditions  of  Vasco  da  Gama,  Cabral,  Corte- 
real,  and  Albuquerque. 

Emanuel,  Paul.  In  Charlotte  Bronte's  novel 
■  •  Villettc,"  a  lecturer  in  Madame  Beck's  school. 

Emanuel  Philibert,  Duke  of  Savoy.  Born  at 
Chambery,  Savoy,  July  8.  1528 :  died  Aug.  30, 
1580.  An  Italian  general,  sou  of  Charles  III. 
of  Savoy.  He  entered  the  service  ot  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  in  1648,  and  in  1653  obtained  command  of  the 
imperial  army  in  the  war  against  the  French,  whom  he 
defeated  at  Saint-Quentin  in  1567.  He  recovered  by  the 
treaty  of  C4teau-Cambr^sis,  concluded  April  3,  15.50,  the 
duchy  of  Savoy,  which  had  been  taken  by  Francis  I  ot 
France  from  Charles  III. 

Emba  (em'bii).  A  river  in  Uralsk,  Asiatic 
Russia,  which  iiows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  from 
the  northeast. 


[The  Roman  province  .Slmilia  was  named  from 
the  censor  ^miliiis  Lepidus,  builder  of  the  Via 
Jilmilia.]  A  division  of  northern  Italy  forming 
a  eompartimento,  lying  south  of  the  Po  and 
north  of  Tuscany,  it  comprises  the  provinces  of  Bo- 
logna, Ferrara,  Forli,  Modena,  Parma,  Piacenza,  Ravenna, 
and  Reggio  nell'  Emilia  Area,  7,967  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  2,260,848. 

Emilia  (e  mil'i-a).  [L.  J-:milia,  fem.  of  ^iiii- 
liiis.~i  1.  A  character  in  Chaucei-'s  "  Knight's 
Tale,"  Dryden's  "Palamon  and  Arcite,"  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  "Two  Noble  Kinsmen," 
and  other  versions  of  the  same  story,  she  is  a 
very  beautiful  woman,  loved  by  both  Palamo'n  and  Arcite, 
and  won  by  the  foniier  The  name  is  variously  spelled 
Emelie,  Emehje,  Emily,  etc. 

2.  In  Shakspere's  tragedy  "  Othello,"  the  -(vife 
of  lago.  She  reveals  his  perfidy,  and  he  kills 
her.—  3.  An  attendant  on  Hermione  in  Shak- 
spere's "Winter's  Tale."— 4.  The  woman  loved 
by  Peregiine  Pickle,  in  Smollett's  "Adventures 
of  Peregrine  Pickle." 
Emilia  Galotti  (a-me'le-a  ga-lot'te).  Atragedy 
by  Lessing.  produced  in  Germany  in  1772,  and 
produced  on  the  English  stage  "by  Thompson 
in  1794. 


Emilian  Way 


Emllian  Way.    See  Via  JEmilia. 

Emillo.     See  JLiniUus. 

Emily  (em'i-li).     [F.  SmiUe,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Emilia, 

(i.  Emilii'.~\    1.  The  heroine  of  Mrs.  RadclifEe's 

"  Mysteries  of  Uilolpho."    By  her  dread  of  real  dan- 
cers "she  is  skilfully  made  to  believe  in  unreal  ones. 

2.  In  Dicliens's  "  David  Coppertield."  Mr.  Pe;,'- 

gotty's  niece,  called  "Little  Emily."    She  is  af- 

flanced  to  Ham  Peggotty  and  is  afterward  betrayed  by 

steerforth. 

Eminence  Grise  (a-me-nons'  grez),  L".  [F., 
'  The  Gray  Cardinal.']  A  painting  by  (Jerome, 
now  in  the  Stebbins  collection,  New  York.  It 
represents  the  noted  confessor  of  Cardinal  de  Richelieu 
descending  a  palace  staircase,  feignedly  oblivious  of  the 
cringing  before  him  and  the  gestures  of  hatred  behind 
him  of  a  body  of  brilliant  courtiers. 

Emin  Pasha  (fi'raen  pash'a)  or  Bey  (ba)  (Ei- 
uard  Schnitzer).  Born  at  Oppeln,  Germany, 
March  28,  1840:  killed  near  Nyangwe  by  the 
Arabs  in  1892.  A  noted  African  explorer. 
Born  of  Jewish  parents,  he  became  a  Protestant  in  184  'i, 
;uid  professed  Islamism  when  he  entered  the  service  of 
Mohammedan  governments.  After  studies  in  medicine 
iiiiu  ornitholojiy  he  went,  in  186S,  to  Turkey,  where  he  ac- 
companied a  high  ofBcial  in  his  journeys  until  187:i.  In 
ls7.')  he  made  a  short  visit  to  Germany.  In  1870  he  joined 
liordon  Pasha,  then  governor  of  the  Sudan,  explored  the 
Nile  up  to  Lake  Albert,  and  visited  JItesa  in  1877.  In 
1878  he  was  made  bey  and  governor  of  the  Equatorial 
I'rovinces.  In  a  few  years  he  raised  his  ruined  prov- 
inces to  relative  prosperity,  made  rich  scientific  collec- 
tions, and  completed  the  accounts  of  Schweinfurth  and 
Junker.  From  1883  he  was  cut  olf,  by  the  Slahdi,  frcmi 
communication  with  Egypt,  and  his  position  soon  became 
precarious.  Stanley  went  to  his  relief,  and  both  reached 
the  east  coast  in  1889.  In  the  service  of  (Jermany  he  re- 
turned to  the  lakes  in  189u,  accompanied  by  Dr.  Stuhl- 
mann  and  Lieutenant  Langheld.  He  established  the  sta- 
tion of  Bukoba,  and  left  it  in  charge  of  Lieutenant  LaTjp- 
held.  With  Dr.  Stuhlmann  he  then  proceeded  westward, 
intending,  despite  contrary  orders,  to  make  his  way  to 
the  west  coast  by  way  of  the  Shari.  At  Momfu,  west  of 
Albert  Nyanza,  the  rebellion  of  his  carriers  compelled 
him  to  change  his  route  (1891).  Dr.  Stuhlmann  returned 
to  the  coast  with  the  richest  harvest  of  scientiBc  data 
ever  gathered  by  an  Alrican  expedition.  Emin  was  kille  I 
by  the  Arabs,  hv  order  of  Chief  Kibonge,  near  Nyangwe. 
in  October.  189>.  Two  of  the  murderers  confessed  their 
crime  to  E.  Dorsey  llohun,  United  States  agent  in  the 
Kongo  Free  State,  in  April,  1804. 

Emma  (em'a).  A  novel  by  Jane  Austen,  pub- 
lished in  1816. 

Emmanuel,  or  Emanuel  (e-man'fi-el).    See 

Immdniid 

Emmanuel 

convent  of  the  Black  Friars,  by  Sir  Walter  Mild-  ■^,^P?'^?-„Vi.  ^i 

may  for  the  defense  of  Puritanism.    Some  of  the 

buildings  of  the  convent  were  adapted  to  the  uses  of  the      '"^I'Li;'- 

college.    The  chapel  was  built  by  Wren.     Over  the  cloister  tmpire  btate, 

there  is  a  gallery  of  portraits.    The  library  possesses  many     'i'   -.i-  --  ..„«„. 

treasures. 

Emmanuel's  Land.     See  Dclectnhle  MimnUiinx. 

Emmaus  (em'tj-ns  or  e-ma'us).  [Gr.'E/Maoir.] 
In  scriptural  geography,  a  village  of  Palestine 
not  far  from  Jerusalem,  its  exact  position  is  un- 
known. Itwaslong  ..^entitled  with  a  city  (Emmaus,  later 
Nioopolis,  modern  'A.nwSs)  about  20  miles  from  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Emmendingen  (em'inen-ding-en).  A  town  in 
the  circle  of  Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  near  the 
Elz  10  miles  north  ol  Freiburg.  Here,  Oct.  liJ, 
179fi.  the  Austrians  defeated  the  French  under 
Moreau.     Population  (1890),  4,039. 

Emmenthal  (ein'men-till ).  A  valley  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  east  of  Bern,  noted 
for  its  fertilitv  and  beauty.  It  is  travi»rsed  by 
a  tributary  of'  the  Aare,  the  Emme.  The  chief 
town  is  T/angniiu. 

Emmerich  (em'mer-ich).  A  town  in  the  Khine 
Provinee,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Hhine,  near 
the  Dutch  frontier,  in  hit.  ."51°  '<(>'  N.,  long.  6° 
14'  E. :  the  aiu^ientEnibrica.  It  has  a  rain.ster. 
Population  (1890),  8.2:i7. 

Emmet  (em'et),  Robert.    Born  at  Dublin  in 
1778:  hanged  at   Dublin,   Sept.  20,  18113.     An 
Irish  revolutionist,  brother  of  Thomas  Addis 
Emmet, 
Irish 

unsuccessful  rising  .-. 

low  Slonntains,  but  returned  to  take  leave  of  his  nlllauced 
Sarah  Curran,  with  the  result  that  he  was  captured  and 
hanged.  His  attachment  to  Miss  ("urran  is  celebrated 
by  Moore  in  his  fanimis  poem  ".She  is  far  fnun  the  land 
where  hi'r  young  hero  Rbe|)B." 

Emmet,  Thomas  Addis.    Born  tit  Cork,  Ire- 

lanil,  April  24,  \'CA :  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  14, 
1827.  An  Irish  lawyer  ami  i>olitician,  brother 
of  Robert  I-mmet.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar 
In  1790,  was  elected  secretary  ol  the  Society  of  United 
Irishmen  in  179ri,  and  became  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
society  in  1797.  He  was  Implicated  in  the  rebellion  of 
1798,  in  which  "ear  he  was  anested,  together  with  the 
other  directors."  He  was  inipri.soned  until  1802.  and  in 
1804  emigrated  to  New  York,  where  he  practised  law,  and 
in  1812  Ijecame  attorney -general  of  the  State. 
Emmez.    See  Jemez. 


361 
Emmitsburg  (em'its-berg),  or  Emmetsburg 

(em'els-berg).  A  town  in  Frederick  County, 
Maryland,  48  miles  northwest  of  Baltimore.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Mount  St.  Marv's  College  (Roman 
Catholic).     Popidation  (19(J0),  849. 

Emmons  (em'onz),  Nathanael.    Born  at  East 

Haildatn,  Conn.,  April  20,  1745:  died  at  Frank- 
lin, Mass.,  Sept.  23,  1840.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman  and  theologian.  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  1842. 

Emory  (em'6-ri),  William  Hemsley.  Born  in 
Maryland,  Sept.  9,  1811:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Dee.  1,  1887.  An  American  soldier.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1831 ;  became  lieutenant  of 
topographical  engineers  in  1838;  served  on  the  staff  of 
General  Kearny  during  the  Mexican  war  ;  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  March  17,  1862;  com- 
manded a  division  under  tieneral  Banks  in  Louisiana  in 
1863  ;  cdinmanded  the  lUth  army  corps  in  the  Red  Kiver 
expedition  in  1864;  and  fought  with  distinction  at  Ope- 
<iuan  Creek,  Sept.  19,  1864,  and  at  Fisher's  Hill,  Sept.  22, 
1864.  He  wrote  "  Notes  of  a  Military  Reconnoissance  in 
Missouri  and  California"  (1848),  and  'Report  on  the 
United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey"  (1858-69) 


Encyclopedic 

in  ISM  secretary  to  Duke  i  ;eorge  of  saxony,  who  gave  him 
a  beneflce  iti  Dresden.  An  account  of  the  dtiputation  at 
Leipsic  (1519),  which  be  gave  in  an  open  letter  addressed 
to  John  Zack  of  Prague,  occasioned  a  violent  controversy 
with  Luther.  He  attacked  Luther's  translation  of  the 
Bible,  and  pulilished  in  1527  a  translation  of  the  New 
Testament  after  the  Vulgate. 

Enambuc  (a-non-biik'),  or  Esnambuc,  Pierre 

VandrOSque  Diel  d'.  Born,  probably  at 
Dieppe,  about  1570:  died  on  the  island  of  St. 
Christopher  (St.  Kitts),  West  Indies,  Dec., 
1636.  The  founder  of  the  French  West  Indian 
colonies.  He  engaged  in  privateering  cruises,  and  in 
1625  established  a  colony  on  St.  Christopher,  at  the  same 
time  that  the  crew  of  an  English  vessel  settleil  there. 
D'Euambuc  was  aided  by  Richelieu,  and  though  his  colony 
was  driven  out  for  a  time  by  the  Spaniards  (16'29),  and 
passed  through  many  vicissitudes,  it  ultimately  prospered. 
He  founded  others  in  various  islands. 

Enanthe  (§ -nan 'the).  [See  (Eminihe.']  In 
l'''leteher's  ''Humorous  Lieutenant,"  the  name 
under  whicli  Celia  disguises  herself.  < 

Enara  (a-nii'ia),  or  Enare  (a-nii'ra).  Lake. 
A  large  lake  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of 
Finland,  with  an  outlet  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 


Emory, College.     An  institution  of  ^earning  at  j.n-chuS(e-nUr'kus).   Jn  Sidney's."  Arcadia," 


O.xford,  Georgia,  incorporated  in  1836. 
under  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Cliurch  (South). 
Empedocles  (em-ped'o-klezl.  [Gr.  'E/jttmIo- 
K/;;r.]  Bornat  Agrigentum,  Sicily:  lived  about 
490^30  B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  poet,  and 
statesman.  He  was  a  supporter  of  the  democratic  party 
in  his  native  city  against  the  aristocracy,  and  possessed 
great  influence  through  his  wealth,  eloquence,  and  know- 
ledge. He  followed  Pythagoras  and  Parmenides  in  his 
teachings.  He  professed  magic  powers,  prophecy,  and  a 
miraculous  power  of  healing,  and  came  to  have,  in  popu- 
lar belief,  a  superhuman  character.  He  was  said  U>  have 
thrown  himself  into  the  crater  of  Etna  in  order  that. 


the  King  of  Macedon.    He  is  the  father  of  Pyro- 

cles  and  uncle  of  Musidorus. 
Enarea  (e-nil'ra-a).     A  region  in  the  Galla 

<-ountrv,  Africa,  south  of  Abvssinia,  about  lat. 

8°  30'  N.,  long.  37°  E. 
Encalada,  Manuel  Blanco.     See  Blanco  En- 

Cllllltlll. 

Enceladus  (en-sel'a-dus).  [Gr. 'E)'K£;ia(Sof.] 
1.  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  hundred- 
armed  giants,  a  son  of"  Tartarus  and  Ge. — 2. 
The  second  satellite  of  Saturn,  discovered  by 


Ilcrsehel  Aug.  28,  1789. 

from  his  sudden  disappearance,  the  people  might  believe  JJnchantcd  Horse    The.      A  fabulous  horse  in 
him  to  be  a  god.  „  ,pj^g  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."    Firouz 


The  figure  of  Empedocles  of  Agrigentum,  when  seen 
across  the  twenty-three  centuries  which  separate  us  from 
him,  presents  perhaps  a  more  romantic  appearance  than 
that  of  any  other  Greek  philosopher.  This  is  owing,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  the  tables  which  invest  his  life  and  death 
with  mystery,  to  his  reputation  for  magical  power,  and  to 
the  wild  sublimity  of  some  of  his  poetic  utteranjces.  Yet 
even  in  his  lifetime,  and 
swept  the  stage  of  life  li         _ 

posterity  the  fame  of  genius  as  a  poet,  a  physician,  a  p: 
triot,  and  a  philosopher. 

Si/mondK,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  20: 


Schah,  the  Prince  of  Persia,  is  carried  by  the  enchanted 
horse  to  the  palace  of  the  Princess  of  Bengal,  and  persuades 
her  to  return  with  him.  The  Indian  who  owns  the  horse 
abducts  her.  The  Sultan  of  Kashmir  rescues  her.  Firouz 
Schah  follows  them,  disguised  as  a  dervish,  and  by  a  clever 
ruse  gains  possession  of  princess  and  horse. 

Dryden's  alteration 


"    •,  _,  ,,  »       11  c  ri      u  -A       Emnedocles  on  Etna.     A  classical  drama  by 

.uel  College.  .  A  <>onege  of  Cambridge  Xtfhew  Arnold   published  in  1853  and  1867.' 

!'*-^'.^"xii^!,''^"=if1:..''SA'j.t,?.i?Mlf  Empire   City.     A^natne   sometimes  given   to 


ne  of  his  poetic  utterances,     let,  p-,„t,„_fpj  Ttsland    The      ] 
I  among  contemporary  Greeks,  he  liUCnantea  iSiailQ,  ine.      J 

ke  a  great  tragic  actor,  and  left  to     of  bhakspere  s  "  iempest. 

.  .  _u„;.:„„  „  ....   jjncina,  or  Enzina  (en-the'na),  Juan  de  la  or 

del.  Born  at  or  near  Salamanca.  S])!iin.  about 
1469:  died  at  Salamiuica,  1534.  ASii:inish  poet, 
founder  of  tho  Sp.iiiish  drama.  He  was  for  a  time 
in  the  household  of  tlie  Ihst  Duke  of  Alba  ;  went  to  Rome, 
entered  the  church,  and  became  chapel-master  to  Leo 
X.;  visited  the  Holy  Land;  and  became  prior  of  Leon. 
He  published  a  collection  of  his  dramatic  and  lyric  poems, 
"Cancionero  "  (1496  ;  enlarged  1509), 


New  York  as   the  metropolis  of  the  Empire 
State 


York  on  account  of  its  leading  position  in  re- 
spect of  population,  wealth,  and  industrial  en- 
terprises. 
Empoli  (em'p6-le).     A  town  in  the  province  of 
Florence,  Italy,  on  the  Arno   15  miles  west- 
southwest    of   Florence.      Population   (1881), 
commune,  17,487. 
Emporia  (em-po'ri-ii).      The   county-seat  of 
Lyon  Countv,  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Neosho 
River  52  miles  southwest  of  Topeka.     Popula- 
tion (1900),  8,2'23. 
Empson  (emp'son),orEmson,  Richard.    Exe- 
cuted at  ijondon,  Aug.  17,  1510.      An  English 
politician.    He  was  associated  with  Edmund  Dudley  in 
the  execution  of  the  obnoxious  financial  policy  of  Henry 
VII.,  and  became  the  object  of  popular  hatred  by  the  rigor 
with  whi<:h  he  collected  the  taxes  and  penalties  due  to  the 
crown.     Alter  the  death  of  Henry  he  was  executed  with 
his  as.sociate  on  the  charge  of  treason. 
Empusa (ora-pu'sii).  [(Jr."E//n-oixjn, one-footed.] 
In  Greek  legend,' a  cannibal  monster  sent  by 
Hecate  (under  various  forms)  lo  frighten  trav- 
elers.    The  Lamiic  were  reckoned  among  the  Kmpusic. 
An  Empusa  la  mentioned  in  "The  Krogs"of  Aristophanes, 
and  also  in  thclifeof  Apollonius  TyanaiuH  by  PhilostratUB, 
and  Goethe  introduces  one  in  the  second  part  of  "  Kaust." 
The  last  has  not  the  same  habit  of  transtorniatlon  as  the 
others,  but  sui-paasea  tbi'in  all  in  her  hideous  appearance 
and  her  cannibalistic  habits, 
net.    Hewas,  like  hia  brother,  a  loader  of  the  United  JJmg  (omz)       [Gr    (SIrabo)  'Ananiar,  (Ptolemy) 
men,  and  in  July,  1803.  put  himself  at  the  head  of  an      ,.     -;         •,       i,,,;..;,,     ,( ,,,;s;,/5    later  y'.'lHl'.W.  /?Hlf- 
ceesiful  rising  in  IJublin.     He  escaped  to  the  Wick-      A/iaator     U  -1"";'".  -''^'  ''„;.''\,    .•''',' \vnlt 

-        -    -  ««.]     A  river  ot  Prussia  whieli  rises  in  \>  est- 

phalia  near  Pailerborn,  and  fiows  through  the 
DoUart  into  the  Norlh  Sea  at  the  Dutch  fron 


A  name  popularly  given  to  Ne-w  Enciso  (en-the's6),  Martin  Fernandez  de. 


Born  about  1470:  died  after  1528.  A  Spanish 
lawyer.  He  went  to  America  with  Bastidas  in  15(KI, 
and  settled  as  a  lawyer  at  Santo  Domingo.  In  1609  he 
joined  the  cnter]>rise  of  Ojeda  for  colonizing  Tierra 
Firme.  Ojeda  sailed  in  Nov.,  1509,  and  Enciso  followed 
with  another  ship  in  May,  1510.  Ojeda  having  left  the 
colony,  Enciso  took  eonimandof  the  survivors  and  found, 
ed  Antigua  (Darien),  but  he  was  soon  deposed  and  ban- 
ished by  Balboa  and  others.  He  went  to  Spain,  and  in 
1514  returned  to  Darien  as  algilaeil  mayor  of  Pedrarias  s 
expedition.  Late  in  1514  he  led  an  expedition  against  the 
Indians  of  CemV  Probably  he  soon  returned  to  Spain. 
In  1519  he  published  there  his  'Suma  de  geografta," 
which  gives  the  first  account  in  Spanish  of  the  New 
World. 

Encke  (eng'ke),  Johann  Franz.  Born  at  Ham- 

liuig,  Sept.  23,  1791  ;  clird  at  Spandau,  near 
Berlin,  Aug.  26,  1865.  A  (iermaii  astronomer. 
He  became  in  1825  secretary  of  the  Aea.lemy  of  Sciences 
and  director  of  the  Observatory  in  Berlin.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  investigation  of  the  comet  named  for 
him. 

Encke's  Comet.  A  comet  discovered  by  Pons 
at,  Marseilles,  Nov.  26,  1818,  and  more  fully 
investigated  by  J.  F.  Encke,  for  whom  it  was 
named. 

Encratites  (en'krij-tits).  [Gr.  ''EvKnaTlTat,  lit. 
'the  self -disciplined,'  'continent.']  In  the  early 
history  of  the  church,  especially  among  the 
Gnostics,  those  ascetics  who  refrained  from 
marriage  and  from  the  use  of  ilesh-ment  and 
wine.  They  were  members  ot  various  heret leal  secta,  al- 
though sometimes  spoken  of  as  a  distinct  liodv  founded 
by  the  apologist  Tatian  ot  the  2d  century,  'rhey  were 
aUo  called  Ctmtini'nl!'. 


Encyclopaedia   Britannica   (eii-si-kl6-pe'di-ii 

d     bri-lan'i-k;i).     An  English  •' dictionary  of  arts, 


ntof  Its  hot  mineral  springs,  menced  in  l«/.>  anil  ci>iiiliieie(i  in  jnoo. 

Interview,  July  13.  1870,  be-  Encvclopedia,  The.      See  EnniclopMir. 

ami  the  French  ambaHsad..r  Encvclon^die    (on -so  -  kllV- pil-de')  :    full    title. 

Led  the  hninco-tierman  war.  ±.ncycl0peaie    (.,^.^^^^_^^,  ^j^,l    ,,i,„,p,_  ,,^.,  .„t. 


.tier.     Length,  180  miles. 

Ems.  or  Bad  Ems  (biid  emz).     A  town   ana  ...  , 

watm-ing-place  in   the  proviiH.e  of  Ilesse-Na.s-  sciences,    ""-^g"""™,'  .''<''•''  "'i.'^^f   ?"> 

sail,  Prus.iia,  on  the  Eahn  7  miles  southeast  of  lished,  in  parts,  at  Edinburgh  l/68-,l.     The 

Coblenz.    I,  is  one  ot  the  most  fre„ue,ded  health-re-  publication  of  the   ast  (9th    e'l't.on  was  com- 

sorts  in  (iermany,  on  account  of  Its  hot  iniueral  springs,  menced  in  187.5 jiiid  ci>iiililele(l  Ui  !«»». 
Hero  occurred  the  famous  In 
tween  William  I.  of  Pru».Hla  am 

lienedetti,  whicli  precipitated  v... ■■  Dui i.,niiaii'e  raisoiin<'^  des  sciences,  des  arts 

Emseft'enV'rrK'ffieronvmus.     Bon,  at  Him,  et   des.  m.^tiers''(' Methodical   Dictionary  of 

Germanv,  March   26,   1477:  died  at  Dresden,  the  Sciences,  Arts,  ijnd  Irades  ). 

Nov.  8, 1527.    A  German  theologian.    He  became  encyclopedia,    bee  the  extract. 


A  French 


Encyclop^die 

It  was  a  French  translatioD,  by  John  Mills,  of  Cham- 
bers's "Cj'clopaedia"  which  originally  formed  the  basis 
of  that  famous  "Encyclopedie"  which,  becoming  in  the 
hands  of  D'Alembert  and  Diderot  the  organ  of  the  most 
advanced  and  revolutionary  opinions  of  the  time,  was  the 
object  of  the  most  \-iolent  persecution  by  the  conservative 
party  in  church  and  state,  and  suffered  egregious  mutila- 
tions at  the  hands  not  only  of  hostile  censors  but  of  timor- 
ous printers.  So  thoroughly  was  it  identified  with  the 
philosophic  movement  of  the  time  that  the  term  eiu-'jclo- 
pedisfe  became  the  recognized  designation  of  all  at- 
tached to  a  certain  form  of  philosophy.  .Appearing  at 
Paris  in  2S  vols,  between  1751  and  177"2.  it  was  followed 
by  a  supplement  in  5  vols.  (.Anist,  1776-77),  and  an  ana- 
lytical index  in  2  vols.  (Paris,  17S0).  Voltaire's  '■Ques- 
tions sur  I'Encyclopedie  '  (1770)  formed  a  kind  of  critical 
appendix.  La  Porte's  '*  Esprit  de  I'Encyclopedie  "  (Paris, 
lies)  gave  ar^sum^  of  the  more  important  articles,  and  un- 
der the  same  title  Hennequin  compiled  a  similar  epitome 
(Paris,  1822-23).  Chamierss Encyc,  IV.  335. 

Encyclopedists,  or   Encyclopaedists   (en-si- 

klo-pe'dists).     The  collaborators  in  the  eney- 

elopedia  of  Diderot  and  D'Alembert  (1751-65). 

#   The  Encyclopedists  as  a  body  were  the  exponents  of  the 

French  skepticism  of  the  ISth  centurj'. 

Endea'VOr,  The.  A  British  ship  eommanded  by 
Captain  Cook,  then  lieiiteuant.  it  was  sent  out 
in  1768  by  the  Royal  Society  to  the  Pacific  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus.  Captain  Cook  returned  in  1771,  having 
made  important  explorations  and  discoveries.  See  Cook, 
Ja  mes, 

Endea'70r  Strait.  [Named  from  the  Endeavor, 
Captaui  Cook's  ship.]  A  strait  in  north  Aus- 
tralia, east  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  between 
Cape  York  and  Wolf  Island. 

Ender  (en'der),  Johann.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
Nov.  3,  1793 :  died  at  Vienna,  March  16,  1854. 
An  Austrian  historical  and  portrait-painter. 

Enderby  Land  (en'der-bi  land).  [First  dis- 
covered by  Dirk  Gherritsz  (1599),  and  named 
for  him:  later  (1831)  named  by  the  English 
captain  Biscoe  of  the  whaler  Tida  for  his  em- 
ployers.! A  district  in  the  Antarctic  region, 
about  lat.  67°  S.,  long.  50°  E. 

Endicott  (en'di-kot),  John.  Bom  at  Dorches- 
ter, England,  1589:  died  at  Boston,  ilass., 
March  15,  1665.  A  governor  of  the  Massachu- 
setts colony.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1628  ;  con- 
ducted an  expedition  against  the  Pequot  Indians  in  1630 ; 
and  was  made  deputy  governor  in  1641,  governor  in  1644, 
and  major-general  of  the  colonial  troops  in  1645.  From 
1649  until  his  death  he  was  governor,  except  in  1650  and 
in  1654,  when  he  was  deputy  governor.  He  was  a  zealous 
Puritan,  and  persecuted  the  Quakers,  four  of  whom  were 
executed  in  Boston  under  his  administration. 

Endicott,  William  Cro'wninshield.    Born  at 

Salem. Mass..  1827:  diedat  Boston.  May  6, 1900. 
An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was 
judge  of  the  MassaehusettsSupremeCotu't  1873- 
1882.  and  Democratic  secretary  of  war  1S8-5-S9. 

Endlmion,     See  Endymion. 

Endlicher  (end'lich-er).  Stephan  Ladislaus. 
Born  at  Presburg,  Hungary,  June  24.  1804: 
died  at  Vienna,  March  28,  1849.  A  noted  Hun- 
garian botanist  and  linguist,  professor  of  bot- 
any at  the  Vienna  University  from  1840. 
He  published  "Genera  plantarum"  (1831-41), 
'•Synopsis  coniferarum"  (1847),  etc. 

Endor  (en'dor).  [Heb.,  'spring  of  Dor.']  In 
scriptural  geography,  a  village  in  Palestine, 
near  Tabor,  13  miles  southwest  of  the  Sea  of 
Galilee.  Here  Saul  consulted  a  female  soothsayer 
("witch  of  Endor")  on  the  eve  of  his  last  engagement  with 
the  Philistines. 

Endymion  (en-dim'i-on).  [Gr.  ''EvSvfiiuv.'\  In 
Greek  legend,  a  beautiful  youth  whom,  while 
he  was  sleeping  in  a  cave  on  Mount  Latmus,  Se- 
lene (the  moon )  kissed.  The  legends  about  him  vary 
greatly.  He  is  described  as  a  king,  and  also  as  a  shepherd 
and  a  hunter,  and  various  accounts  of  his  parentage  are 
given.  He  had  asked  Zeus  for  immortality,  eternal  slum- 
ber, and  undying  youth,  and  had  fallen  asleep  on  Latmus, 
never  to  awake. 

Endymion.    A  poem  by  John  Keats,  published 

in  1818. 

Endjnnion.  A  novel  by  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
Lord  Beaconsfield.  published  in  1880. 

Endymion,  Sleeping.  --V  classical  statue  in 
Parian  marble,  found  in  Hadrian's  Villa  at 
TivoU,  and  now  Ln  the  National  Museum  at 
Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Eneas.     See  ^neas. 

Enfantin  (on-fon-tan'),  Barthelemy  Prosper. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1796:  died  there,  Aug. 
31,  1864.  A  French  socialist,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  Saint-Simonism.  He  published  "  Traite 
d'^eonomie  politique"  (1830),  "La  religion 
saint-simonienne  "  (1831),  etc. 

Enfant Prodigtie(on-fon'prd-deg').  pp., 'Prod- 
igal Child.']  An  opera  by  Auber,  libretto  by 
Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  185C. 

Enfants  de  Dieu  (on-fon'  de  die).  [F.,' Chil- 
dren of  God.']     The  Camisards. 

Enfield  (en'feld).      1.  A  town  of  Middlesex, 


362 

England,  within  the  metropolitan  district  of 
London.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a  royal  palace.  Near  it 
isagovemment  faotoi-j- of  small  arms.  Pop.  (Is91),  31.532. 
2.  A  town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut, 
situated  on  the  Connecticut  Eiver  14  miles 
north-northeast  of  Hartford,  it  has  noted  manu- 
factures of  carpets  and  powder.  It  contains  a  community 
of  Shakers-     Population  (1900J,  6,699. 

Enfield,  William.  Bom  at  Sudburj-,  England, 
March  29,  1741:  died  at  Norwich,  England, 
Nov.  3, 1797.  An  English  dissenting  divine.  He 
published  "Preacher's  Directory"  (1771),  "The  Speaker" 
(177 4X  and  other  compilations. 

Engadine  (en-ga-den').  [G.  Engadin,  Komansh 
Engiadina.']  A  valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  traversed  by  the  Inn,  noted  for 
its  health-resorts  and  high  elevation.  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Engadine,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  mountains.  It  contains  Sils,  Silvaplana,  St. 
Moritz,  Samaden,  Pontresina,  Tarasp,  etc.  The  prevailing 
language  is  Komansh.     Length,  60  miles. 

Engagement,  The.  In  English  history,  an 
agreement  between  Charles  I.  and  the  Scottish 
commissioners,  made  at  Newport, Isle  of  Wight, 
Dec.  26, 1647.  The  Scottish  army  was  to  restore 
Charles,  who  consented  to  an  establishment  of 
Presbyterianism  in  England. 

Engedi  (en-ge'di  or  en'ge-di).  [Heb., 'spring 
of  the  goat.']  In  scriptural  geography,  a  place 
abounding  in  caverns,  situated  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  Dead  Sea,  26  miles  southeast  of 
Jerusalem :  the  modern  Ain-Jidy.  In  the  desert 
of  Engedi  David  hid  from  Saul. 

Engelberg  (eng'el-bero).  A  health-resort  in 
the  canton  of  Unterwalden,  Switzerland,  south 
of  Lucerne.     It  has  a  Benedictine  abbey. 

Engelhardt  (eng'el-hart),  Johann  Georg  Veit. 
Born  at  Neustadt  (an-der-Aisch),  Nov.  12, 1791: 
died  at  Erlangen,  Sept.  13.  1855.  A  German 
church  historian .  He  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Erlangen  in  1822.  He  published  "  Die  angeblichen  Schrif- 
ten  des  Areopagiten  Dionysins,  iibersetzt  und  mit  Abhand- 
lungen  begleitet"  (1823),  "Handbuch  der  Kirchenge- 
schfchte  "  (183SX  and  "  Dogmengeschichte  "  (1839). 

Engelmann  (eng'el-man),  George.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germanv,  Feb.  2,  1809: 
died  at  St.  Louis.  Mo.,  Feb.  13,  1884.  A  Ger- 
man-American botanist  and  physician. 

Enghien  (oii-gian').  1.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  18  miles  southwest  of 
Brussels.  It  has  manufactures  of  lace.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  4.313. —  2.  A  watering-place  near 
Paris  on  the  north. 

Enghien,  Due  d'  (Louis  Antoine  Henri  de 
Bourbon-Conde).  Born  at  Chantilly,  Oise, 
France,  Aug.  2,  1772:  executed  at  Vincennes, 
near  Paris.  March  21.  1804.  A  French  prince, 
son  of  Louis  Henri  Joseph,  duke  of  Bourbon. 
He  emigrated  from  France  in  1789,  and  fought  imder  his 
grandfather,  the  Prince  of  Cond^.  1792-1801,  when  he  re- 
tired to  private  life  at  Ettenheim  in  Baden.  Here  he  was 
arrested  .\Iarch  15,  1S04,  though  on  neutral  territorj-,  by 
French  troops  under  orders  from  Napoleon.  He  was  tried 
before  a  militar>'  tribunal  during  the  night  of  March  20-21, 
on  the  charge  of  complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal 
against  the  life  of  Napoleon,  and,  although  no  evidence 
\va3  taken,  was  sentenced  and  shot  at  Vincennes  at  day- 
break March  21,  1804.  This  proceeding  excited  general 
indignation  throughout  Europe,  and.  aside  from  its  moral 
aspect,  is  considered  one  of  the  gravest  political  blunders 
which  Napoleon  committed.    Fyffe. 

Engis  (on-zhe').     See  the  extract. 

A  more  favourable  specimen  of  this  type  is  the  cele- 
brated skull  (index,  7052)  which  was  found  seventy  miles 
south-west  of  the  Neanderthal  in  a  cavern  at  Engis,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Meuse,  eight  miles  south-west  of  Li^ge. 
It  was  embedded  in  a  breccia  with  remains  of  the  mam- 
moth, the  rhinoceros,  and  the  reindeer.  It  has  usually 
been  referred  to  the  quaternary  period,  but  as  a  fragment 
of  pottery  was  found  in  the  same  deposit  it  is  possible 
that  the  contents  of  the  cave  may  have  been  swept  in  by 
water,  so  that  the  skull  may  be  only  of  neolithic  age. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  107. 

England  (ing' gland).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Eng- 
lond,  Inglond,  ME.  England,  England,  Inglond, 
earlier  Englclond,  AS.  Engla-land,  land  of  the 
Angles ;  G.  England.  F.  Angleterre,  It.  Inghil- 
tcrra,  Sp.  Pg.  Inglaterra,  D.  Engeland.l  A 
country  of  Europe,  which  forms  with  Wales 
the  southern  portion  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain.  It  is  bounded  by  Scotland  (partly  separated  by 
the  Tweed,  Cheviot  Hills,  and  Solway  Firth)  on  the  north  : 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east ;  the  Strait  of  Dover  and  the 
EnglishChannel(separating  it  from  France)  on  the  south ; 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Bristol  Channel,  Wales,  and  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  west.  It  includes  the  Isle  of  Wight  and 
a  few  smaller  islands.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or 
undulating  in  the  east,  south,  and  center ;  and  mountain- 
ous in  the  northwest  (Lake  District),  near  the  Welsh  border, 
and  in  the  southwest.  The  highest  mountain  is  Scafell 
Pike  (3,210  feet).  The  chief  river-systems  are  those  of 
the  Thames,  Humber,  and  Severn.  It  has  important  agri- 
culture, but  its  chief  interests  are  commercial,  manuf;ic- 
turing,  and  mining.  It  (mth  the  rest  of  Great  Britain)  has 
almost  a  monopolyof  the  ocean  carrying-trade  of  the  world. 
The  largest  commercial  cities  are  London.  Liverpool,  i!an- 
chester,  Birmingham,  Leeds,  Sheffield,  Bristol,  and  Brad- 


English  Channel 

ford.  The  chief  manufactures  are  cotton  and  wooleG 
goods,  iron  and  steel,  hardware,  leather,  etc.  Its  mineral 
products  are  iron  and  cal.  tin,  copper,  etc.  England  has40 
counties  (Northumberland,  Durham,  York,  Cumberland, 
WestmoreLand,  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  Stalford,  Derby,  Not- 
tingham, Lincoln,  Norfolk,  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  Rut- 
land, Leicester,  Slrropshire,  Hereford,\Norcester,  Warwick, 
Northampton,  Bedford,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Hertford,  Middle, 
sex,  Buckingham,  Oxford,  Gloucester,  -Jlonmouth,  Wilt- 
shu'e,  Berkshire,  Surrey,  Kent,  Sussex,  Hampshire,  Dorset, 
Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall) ;  its  capital  is  London, 
and  its  government  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy. 
The  .Anglican  Church  is  established,  and  there  are  many 
Protestant  dissenting  bodies  and  a  large  following  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  (For  its  foreign  possessions,  see 
Great  Britain.)  There  are  some  monuments  of  its  prime- 
val inhabitants  before  the  Celts,  of  whom,  however,  but 
little  is  known.  Among  the  leading  events  in  English  his. 
tory  are  invasions  by  Julius  Caesar,  55  and  54  B.  c. ;  sub- 
jugation of  the  Celtic  Britons  by  the  Romans,  43  A.  D.  and 
succeeding  years  (.Agricola's  campaigns,  78-^);  abandon- 
ment by  the  Romans.  410:  invasions  by  the  Jutes,  Angles, 
and  Saxons,  beginning  in  440(0  and  extending  through  the 
6th  century  ;  Christianity  introduced  from  Rome  in  597, 
and  from  Scotland  soon  after ;  the  early  English  kingdoms 
of  Kent,  Northumberland,  Mercia,  Wessex,  East  .Anglia, 
etc..  merged  under  Egbert  of  Wessex  as  "king  of  the  Eng- 
lish "  in  827  :  division  of  England  between  .-Ufred  and  the 
Danes  by  the  treaty  of  Wedmore,  S78 ;  consolidation  of  the 
countrj'  under  Edward.  Athelstan,  etc.,  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury;  second  Danish  invasion  under  Sweyn.  about  li-iOO ; 
rule  of  Canute  the  Dane  and  his  sons,  1016-42 ;  Norman 
conquest  under  William  I.,  1066 ;  commencement  of  the 
Plantagenet  line  under  Henry  II.,  1154 ;  separation  of 
Normandy  and  other  French  provinces,  about  1204  :  grant- 
ing of  ilagna  Charta,  1215 ;  beginnings  of  parliamentarj- 
government,  about  1264-65:  Hundred  Years'  War,  about 
1337-1453  ;  kings  of  house  of  Lancaster,  1399-1461 ;  kings 
of  house  of  Y'ork,  1461-85 :  W,ars  of  the  Koses,  1455-85  : 
Tudor  dynasty  (beginning  with  Henrj-  '^^I.),  1485  ;  intrn. 
duction  of  the  Refoi-mation  under  Henr>-  VIII.  and  Ed- 
ward VI.,  Roman  Catholic  worship  restored  bv  Mflr\. 
Church  of  England  restored  by  Elizabeth  (15,=«-16b3) ;  ac- 
cession of  the  Stuart  line  and  personal  union  with  Sci-'t- 
land  under  .James  I.,  16ti3  :  beginnings  of  the  colonial  em- 
pire. 17lh  century :  civil  wars  between  Charles  I.  and 
Parliament,  1642--48 ;  period  of  the  Commonwealth  and 
Protectorate,  1649-59  :  restoration  of  the  monarchy  under 
Charles  IL.  1660;  revolution  of  1688,  and  accession  of 
William  of  Orange  and  Mary,  1689 ;  Act  of  Settlement, 
1700-01 ;  union  with  Scotland,  1707 ;  accession  of  the  Hano- 
verian dynasty  (with  George  I.),  1714  ;  large  territorial 
acquisitions  in  -America  and  India.  1763 ;  loss  of  the  Inited 
States,  17S3  ;  union  with  Ireland.  1801 :  wars  with  France, 
1793-1802, 1803-14,  and  1815  :  passage  of  Catholic  Emanci- 
pation Act,  18-29  ;  Electoral  Reform  .Acts,  1832, 1867-4i8,  and 
1884-85  ;  abolition  of  slavery,  1833  ;  accession  of  Victoria, 
and  sepanition  of  Hanover- 1837  ;  Afghan  war,  1S38-42:  Chi- 
nese war,1840-42 ;  Chartist  agitation, Irish  agitation  (about 
1845) ;  repeal  of  the  English  Corn- Laws,  1846 ;  Crimean  war, 
1854-56;  Chinese  wars,  1S56-5S  and  1S60;  Indian  mutiny, 
1857-58 ;  act  for  disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church,  1869; 
Irish  Land  Act,  1870 ;  Elementary  Education  -Act,  1S70 ; 
Ashantee  war,  1873-74 ;  Afghan  war,  1878-80  ;  Zulu  war, 
1879 ;  Transvaal  war,  18S1 ;  Irish  Land  Act,  18S1 ;  wars  in 
Egypt  and  Sudan,  188'2-85.  and  in  Scuilh  Africa,l!-99-li»02- 
Area,  50,867  square  miles.  Population  (1901).  with  Wales. 
32,326.075.    See  Great  Britain,  ITo/e.*,  Scotland.  Irelaml. 

England,  John.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ireland.  Sept. 
23.  1786  :  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  April  11. 
1842.  An  Irish-American  prelate  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  appointed  first  bishop  of 
Charleston  1820. 

England,  S.  A  pseudonym  under  which  Rich- 
ard Porson  published  some  of  his  more  ephem- 
eral articles.  It  was  adopted  in  ridicule  of 
Ireland  and  his  pretended  discoveries. 

England's  Helicon.  An  anthology  published 
in  1600. 

Englefield  (eng'gl-feld),  Battle  of.  A  battle 
at  Englefield,  Berkshire,  England.  871.  in  which 
the  English  under  the  ealdorman  Ethelwulf 
defeated  the  Danes.  Sidroc,  one  of  the  Dan- 
ish jarls,  was  slain. 

Engle'WOOd  (eng'gl-wud).  A  city  of  Bergen 
Countv.  New  Jersev,  14  miles  north  of  New 
York."   Popvilation  (1900).  6,253. 

English  (ing'glish),  George  Bethune.  Bom 
It  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  7.  1787  :  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Sept.  20,  1828.  An  Ameri- 
can adventurer  and  writer.  He  joined  Ismail 
P.asha  in  an  expedition  against  Sennaar  in  182i>,  and  gained 
distinction  as  an  officer  of  artillery.  He  published  a  "  Nar- 
rative of  the  ilxpedition  to  Dongola  and  Sennaar  "  (1822X 

English,  Thomas  Dunn.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia. June  29,  1819  :  died  at  Newark,  N.  J., 
April  1. 1902.  An  American  poet  and  novelist. 
After  having  been  a  lawyer  and  a  journalist  he  took  up 
the  practice  of  medicine  iu  1859.  He  puiilished  "  Poems  " 
(1855),  "  .American  Ballads  "  (1879),  "Boys'  Book  of  Battle 
Lyrics,  etc.  '  (1S85),  and  was  the  author  of  the  poems  "  Ben 

^olt  "  and  "The  Gallows-G.x-rs. " 

English  Bards  and  Scotch  Re'Tiewers.     A 

satirical  poem  by  Bvron.  directed  against  those 
who  had  put  him,  as  he  imagined,  on  the  de- 
fensive. It  was  published  in  1809,  and  was  said  by  him- 
self, in  the  edition  of  1816,  to  be  a  '-miserable  record  of 
misplaced  anger  and  indiscriminnte  acrimony." 

English  Channel  '  ing'gUsh  chan'el),  F.  La 
Manche  (la  monsh).  An  .arm  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  which  separates  England  from  France, 
and  communicates  with  the  North  Sea  through 
the  Strait  of  Dover.    Greatest  width,  aboat  150  miles. 


« 


English  Channel 

Principal  islands,  the  Channel  Ishuids  (which  see).  It  has 
played  a  very  important  pait  in  English  anil  French  his- 
tory. It  was  the  scene  of  the  flght  with  the  Armada,  of 
the  battle  of  La  Hogue,  etc. 

English  East  Africa,  etc.  See  BrUisli  East 
Africa,  etc. 

English  Harbour  (ing'glish  har'bor).  A  sea- 
port of  Aiitiiifiiii,  British  Wi-st  Iiuli'es. 

Englishman  in  Paris,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Foote,  produced  iu  1753,  and  printed  iu  175(5. 
Both  Maclilin  and  Foote  played  Buck  in  this 
play. 

Englishman  Returned  from  Paris,  The.    A 

comedy  by  Foote,  produced  in  175G. 

English  Merchant,  The.  A  comedy  by  George 
Colmau  the  elder.  It  was  founded"  on  Vol- 
taire's "  L'fioossaise,"  and  was  produced  at 
Drury  Lane  Feb   21,  17G7. 

English  Monsieur,  The.    A  play  by  James 

Howard,  prodxiccd  in  1(!(36  and  printed  in  1674. 
The  princip.il  character,  Frenchlove.  admii-es  everything 
French,  even  to  the  "i-'rench  step"  with  which  a  French 
lady  scornfully  walks  away  after  rejecting  him. 

English  Pale.    See  Fulc. 

English  River  (ing'glish  riv'er).  1.  Same  as 
CIiKrrhill  lin-er. —  2.  An  estuary  in  Delagoa 
Ba\',  South  Africa. 

Engstligenthal  (engs'tle-gen-tal),  or  Adelbo- 
den  (ii'del-bo-deu).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  connecting  with  the 
Kandertlial,  15  miles  southwest  of  Interlaehen. 

Enguera  (en-gwa'rii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Valencia,  eastern  Spain,  43  miles  southeast 
of  Valencia.     Population  (1887),  6.'256. 

Enid  (e'nid).  A  character  originally  appearing 
in  the  romance  of  "  Erec  and  Enide  "  by  Chres- 
tien  de  Troyes.  This  was  probably  his  first  poem.  .She 
reappears  in  the  "Geraintof  theSIabinogion,"and  Tenny- 
son lias  used  her  story  in  "  Geraint  and  Enid,"  one  of  his 
'■*  Idylls  ot  the  King." 

Enif  (en'if).  [Ar.  enf,  the  nose.]  The  bright 
third-magnitude  star  e  Pegasi,  in  the  nose  of 
the  hijipogriff. 

Enim  (e'nim),  or  Enin  (e'nin).  A  fabulous 
country  of  great  wealth,  which  in  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries  was  supposed  to  exist  somewhere 
on  the  tributaries  of  the  upper  Amazon.  Various 
expeditions  were  made  in  quest  of  it.  In  lt)35  a  Peruvian 
adventurer  called  Francisco  Bohorquez  asserted  that  ho 
had  actually  visited  Enim  and  seen  the  king  in  a  palace 
adorned  with  gold  and  precious  stones.  Bohorquez  agreed 
to  lead  a  party  to  this  country,  but  was  arrested  after  com- 
mitting various  atrocities  in' the  Indian  missions. 

Enimagas  (a-ne-mii'gas),  or  Imacos  (e-ma'- 
kos),  or  Inimacas  (e-ne-ma'kas).  A  savage 
tribe  of  Indians  in  northern  Argentina,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Pilcomaj'o.  They  are  classified 
with  the  Mataeo  stock. 

Enkhuizen  cenk'hoi-zen).  A  seaport  in  tlie 
province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the 
Zuyder  Zee  iS  miles  northeast  of  Amsterdam. 
It  was  an  important  commercial  and  lishing 
town  about  1600.     Popidation  (1889),  5,780. 

Enna  (en'a),  or  Henna  (lien'ii).  The  ancient 
name  of  Castrogiovaimi.  It  was  called  the  navel  of 
Sicily,  from  its  position  in  the  center  of  the  island.  It  was 
connected  with  the  myth  of  Persephone,  and  was  from 
ancient  times  a  seat  of  the  worship  of  Demeter.  It  be- 
longed to  the  Carthaginians,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Romans  in  the  Urst  Punic  war.  In  8fil)  it  was  taken 
by  the  Saracens,  and  in  1080  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  Normans. 

Ennemoser  (en'e-mo-zer),  Joseph.  Born  at 
Hintersee,  Tyrol,  Nov.  1.5,  1787:  died  at  Egern 
by  the  Tegernsee,  tipper  Bavaria,  Sept.  19, 
1854.  A  Tyrolese  writer  on  medicine  and  phi- 
losophy. He  published  "  Der  Magnetisraus" 
(1819),  etc. 

Ennis  (eu'is).  The  capital  of  County  Clare, 
Ireland,  situated  on  tlie  river  Fergus  120  miles 
nortliwest  of  Limerick.  Population  (1891), 
6,  .500. 

EnniSCOrthy  (en-is-kor'thi).  A  town  in  County 
Wexford,  h'oland,  situated  on  tlie  Slancy  13 
miles  northwest  of  Wexford.  It  was  t.ikcii  by  Crom- 
well in  1049,  and  by  the  insurgents  in  1708.  Fupulation 
(1801),  S.WS. 

Enniskillen  (en-is-kil'en).  The  capital  of 
County  Fermanagh,  Ulster,  Ireland,  situated 
on  an  islaiul  between  Upjier  and  Lower  Lougli 
Erne,  in  lat.  54°  21'  N..  long.  7°  39'  W.  For 
the  battle  (1689),  see  ycwtown  Butler.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  5,.570. 

Enniskilleners  (en-is-kiren-6rz).  The  6tli 
Dragoons  in  the  British  sei'vice :  8o  named 
from  its  origin  among  the  defenders  of  Ennis- 
killen in  1689. 

Ennius  (en'i-ns),  QuintUS.  Bom  at  Rudiic  in 
Calabria,  2.39  b.  C.  :  died  at  Rome  (0,  IG9  B.  c. 
A  famous  Roman  epic  poet,  one  of  tlic  fmiiiders 
of  Latin  literature  He  served  in  (hcRr,man  army  in 
Sardinia  (204  B.  0.),  and  tliere  met  M.  Porcius  Cato,  who 


363 

brought  him  to  Rome,  where  he  taught  Greek  and  trans- 
lated Greek  plays.  He  gained  Roman  citizenship  in  1S4. 
He  was  tlie  author  of  '"  Annales"  (in  IS  books,  only  frag- 
ments of  which  survive),  an  epic  poem  on  the  early  history 
of  Rome,  designed  as  a  pendant  to  the  Homeric  poems  ;  of 
tragedies  ;  and  of  miscellaneous  poems  in  various  meters. 
"He  was  a  missionary  of  culture  and  free  thought,  and 
he  turned  the  Roman  language  and  poetry  into  the  paths 
ill  which  they  continued  for  centuries  afterwards." 

Ennodius  (e-no'di-us),  Magnus  Felix.  Born 
at  Aries  or  Milan,  about  473:  died  at  Pa  via, 
July  17,  521.  Bishop  of  I'aWa  (Ticinum).  He 
was  raised  to  the  bishopric  about  fill,  and  was  sent  by  the 
Pope  to  Constantinople  in  515  and  in  517  for  the  purpose 
of  negotiating  a  union  between  the  Eastern  and  Western 
churches,  in  which  he  failed.  The  best  printed  eilition 
of  his  works,  which  include  some  poems  and  letters,  a 
panegjTic  on  Theodoric,  a  defense  of  Pope  Symmaehus, 
and  a  life  of  Saint  Epiphanius  of  Pavia,  is  that  by  Sir- 
mondi  (Paris,  1611). 

Enns,  or  Ens  (ens).  A  river  of  Austria  which 
joins  the  Daimbe  near  the  town  of  Enns.  It  sep- 
arates, in  part.  Upper  Austria  ("ob  der  Enns  ")  from  Lower 
.\ustria  ("  unter  der  Enns  ").    Length,  about  125  miles. 

Enns.  A  town  in  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Enns 
near  tlie  Danube,  9  miles  southeast  of  Linz: 
the  Roman  Laureacum.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  4,674. 

Enobarbus  (en-6-bar'bus).  In  Shakspere's 
■'Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  a  friend  of  Antony. 
He  is  a  blunt,  rough-spoken  man,  with  a  sort  of 
humorous  sagacity. 

Enoch  (e'uok).  [Heb.,  'dedication.']  1.  One 
of  tlie  patriarchs,  the  son  of  Jared  and  father 
of  Methuselah.  He  lived  365  years,  and  "was  trans- 
lated  that  he  should  not  see  death."  (Heb.  xi.  6,  Gen. 
V.  24). 

2.  The  eldest  son  of  Cain.  A  city  which  Cain 
built  was  named  for  him. 

Enoch  Arden(e'nok  ar'den).  A  poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  publislied  in  1864,  named  from  its 
hero,  a  sailor  who  returns  from  an  enforced 
absence  of  years  to  find  that  his  wife,  thinking 
him  dead,  has  married  his  friend.  For  her 
sake  he  does  not  reveal  himself,  and  dies  bro- 
ken-hearted. 

Enos  (o'nos).  [Heb.]  Son  of  Seth  and  grand-' 
sou  of  Adam. 

Enos  (a'nos).  A  seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Adri- 
anople,  Turkev,  situated  on  the  Algean  Sea 
in  lat.  40°  41'"N.,  long.  26°  4'  E. :  the  ancient 
^Enus.     Population,  estimated,  6,000-7,000. 

Enriquez.     See  Henrique::. 

Enschede  (ens'ehe-da).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  52°  13'  N., 
long.  6°  53'  E.  It  has  important  cotton  manu- 
factures.     Pop.  (1894),  commune,  est.,  18.207. 

Enschede.  A  noted  Dutch  family  of  printers 
and  type-founders.  Isaac  Enschedi5,  its  founder,  es- 
tablished a  press  in  Haarlem  in  170;{.  His  son  Johannes 
(.Tuly  10, 1708, -Nov.  21, 1780)  sncceeiled  him  in  the  business. 
and  was  the  most  noted  member  of  the  family.  His  col- 
lection of  dies  and  matrices  (of  the  15th-17th  centuries), 
only  part  of  which  is  preserved,  was  famous.  The  busi- 
ness (an  extensive  one)  is  still  carried  on. 

Ensisheim  (eu'sis-him).  A  town  in  Upper  Al- 
sace, Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the  111  16 
miles  south  of  Colmar.  Popidation  (1890),  2,709. 

Entlebuch  (cut'li-biich).  A  jiastoral  valley  in 
Switzerland,  west  of  Lucerne. 

Entombment,  The.  A  painting  by  Raphael 
(1507),  ill  tlie  Palazzo  Borghose,  Rome.  The 
body  of  Christ  is  borne  by  two  men,  attended  by  St.  .John, 
St.  Joseph  of  Ariinathea,  and  the  holy  women.  The  com- 
position is  remarkably  skilful,  and  the  expression  of  emo- 
tion dramatic. 

Entragues,  Catherine  Henriette  de  Balzac 

de.     iSee  I'eriieiiil,  Miirquise  tk. 

Entrecasteaux.    See  U'Entrecasteaux. 
Entrecasteaux(oiitr-kii.s-t6'),  Joseph  Antoine 

Bruni  d'.  Mom  at  Aix,  France,  J7;i9:  died  at 
sea,  July  20,  1793.  A  French  navigator.  He  en- 
tered the  naval  service  in  1754,  became  commander  of 
the  French  fleet  in  the  East  Indies  in  1785,  ami  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Mauritius  and  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  in 
1787.  In  1791  he  was  sent,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral, 
in  search  of  the  lost  navigator  La  Pt^rouse.  He  failed  in 
the  main  object  of  his  expedition,  but  made  important  ex- 
plorations along  the  east  coast  of  New  Caledonia,  the  west 
anil  southwest  coast  of  New  Holland,  and  the  coast  of  Tas- 
mania, accounts  of  wliich  have  been  published  by  De  la 
Billiudiere  (1800),  De  Rossel  (1808),  aud  Do  Friimenville 
(1838). 

Entre-Minho-e-Douro  (en  'tre  -  men  'yii  -  e  -  do'- 

ri'i).  A]irovinci'  in  the  iiordiernpartof  Portugal, 
noted  I'orits  IruitfiiliKss.  It  contains  8  districts: 
Viamia  do  Caatello,  Braga,  and  Porto.  Area,  2,807  square 
miles. 
Entre  Rios  (en'ira  re'os).  [Sp.,'l)etween  riv- 
ers.'] A  jirovince  in  th(^  Argentine  Re|)ul)lic, 
lying  between  the  rarnniion  the  west  and  south 
and  theUrugiiny  (separnting  it  from  Uruguay) 
on  the  east,  and  bounded  by  Corrientes  on  the 
north.  Its  chief  industrj'  Is  the  rearing  of  live  stock. 
Capital.  Parani"!.  Alia,  estimated.  30,000  square  miles, 
rnpulation,  estimated  (ISb7),  300,000. 


Ephesus 

Envermeu  (on-ver-me').  A  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inf^rieure.  France,  10 
miles  east  of  Dieppe.  It  contains  many  anti- 
quities. 

Enzeli  (en-zel'e).  A  port  in  the  province  of 
tiilan,  Persia,  situated  on  the  Caspian  Sea 
about  17  mUes  northwest  of  Resht. 

Enzeli,  Lake.  An  arm  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  sit- 
uated near  Enzeli. 

Enzina.     See  Encina. 

Enzio  (en'ze-6).  Born  at  Palermo  about  1225: 
died  in  prison  at  Bologna,  Italy,  March  14, 
1272.  All  illegitimate  son  of  the  emperor  Fred- 
erick II.  of  Germany,  and  titular  king  of  Sar- 
dinia. He  defeated  the  Genoese  near  lleloria.  May  3, 
1241.  and  was  defeated  and  imprisoned  by  the  Bolognese 
in  1249. 

Eoiae  (e-oi'e).  [Gr.  at  'llo'iai  ■  so  called  because 
each  sentence  began  with  ;/  nh/,  '  such  was  she.'] 
See  the  extract.  The  work  was  attributed  to 
Hesiod.  ^ 

This  poem,  the  "  Eoiae "  .  .  .  ,  celebrated  the  heroines  of 

Baiotia  and  Thessaly  from  whose  union  with  gods  had 

sprung  heroes;  and  formed  a  fourth  book  to  the  '"Catalogue 

of  Women,"  an  epic  history  of  Dorian  and  ^olian  women. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit,  p.  45. 

Eolus.     See  Molus. 

Eon  de  Beaumont  (a-6n'  de  bo-mofi').  Charles 
Grenevifeve  Louis  Auguste  Andre  Time  thee 
d'  (generally  called  tlie  ChevaUer  d'Eon). 
Born  at  Tonnerre,  Yonne,  France,  Oct.  5,  1728: 
died  at  London,  May  21, 1810.  A  French  diplo- 
matist, a  secret  agent  of  Ijouis  XV.  He  served 
the  king  at  the  court  of  the  empress  Llizabeth  of  Russia 
1755-60,  and  later  in  London.  He  was  pailicularly  noted 
for  his  success  in  assuming  a  female  disguise. 

Eos  (e'os).  [Gr.  'Hur.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  the  dawn,  daughter  of  Hj-perion, 
and  sister  of  Helios  aud  Selene :  called  by  the 
Romans  Aurora. 

Eostra  (eos'trii).  [AS.  Eostra  (Beda),  for  Eds- 
tre.  Cf .  AS.  easier,  OHG.  ostara,  Easter.  ]  The 
goddess  of  spring  (the  dawn  of  the  year).  Her 
cult  was  probably  common  to  the  West-Germanie  tribes, 
although  n^ispecitic  mention  is  made  of  her  except  among 
the  Aiiglo-Sa.vnns.  'the  name  has  been  perpetuated  in 
Eai>ter,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  originally  applied 
to  the  spring  festival  held  in  her  honor. 

Eothen  (e-o'then).  [Gr.  r/uda;  from  the  dawn.] 
A  book  of  travels  in  the  East,  by  Alexander 
"William  Kinglake,  published  1844. 

EotVOS  (et-vesh),  Baron  Jozsef.  Born  at 
Budapest,  Hungary,  Sept.  3,  1813 :  died  at  Bu- 
dapest, Fob.  2,  1871.  A  Hungarian  novelist, 
publicist,  statesman,  and  orator,  minister  of 
worship  and  public  instruction  1867-71.  He 
wrote  the  novels  *'Karthausi"c'The  Carthusian,"  1S38), 
"A'  fain'  jegyzoje  "  C' The  Village  Notary,"  1844),  "ilag- 
yarorszag  l;'.14-ben " ("Uiingary  in  1514,"  1847). 

Epaminondas(e-pam-i-uon'das).  [Gr.  'Ejrafiei- 
I'lJriSnf, 'E7ra/i(ii(j)'r5af.]  Born  about  418  B.  C:  died 
at  Mantinea,  ./Vrcadia,  Greece,  362  B.  c.  A  fa- 
mous Theban  general  and  statesman.  He  de- 
feated the  Spartans  at  Leuetra  in  371 :  invaded  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus; founded  Megalopolis  (in  Arcadia);  and  waa 
victorious  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Mantinea  iu;i<J*2. 

Epanomeria  (a-iiil-no-ma-re'ii).  A  town  on  the 
island  nf  Santorini  (Thera),  in  the  Grecian  Ai'- 
chipelago.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  position  on 
precipitous  rocks. 

Eperies  (a-par'yes).  Hung.  Eperjes  (e'per- 
yesli).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Ssiros, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Tarcza  in  lat.  48° 
.59'  N..  long.  21°  17'  E.  It  was  founded  by  a  Ger- 
man colony,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  execution  of  Prot- 
rstants  by  the  Imperialist  Caraffa  in  liS67.  Population 
(1800),  10,371. 

fipernay  (a-per-na').  A  town  in  the  dopart- 
iiK'iil  of  Mariie,  France,  situated  on  the  Miiriie 
19  miles  northwest  of  Chalons-sur-Marne.  It  is 
the  chief  center  of  the  trade  in  champagne,  the  wine 
being  stored  here  in  vaults  in  the  chalk  rock.  Popula- 
tion (18!»1),  commune,  18,301. 

Ephesiaca,     See  Ilahroromus  aud  Aiithia. 

Ephesians.  An  epistle  ascribed  to  SI.  Paul, 
forming  one  of  the  books  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. Both  the  authorship  of  theepi.stleand  the  church 
to  which  it  was  really  addressed  are  in  dispute. 

Ephesus  (ef'e-sus).  [Gr.'E<pcno(.J  Iu  ancient 
geography,  one  of  the  twelve  Ionian  cities  of 
Asia  Minor,  in  Lvdia,  situated  on  the  CaVster, 
near  its  moutli,  iii  lat.  37°  57'  N.,  long.  27°  21' 
E.  It  was  conquered  by  I.ydln.  Persia.  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  the  Romans.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  temple 
of  Artemis,  and  as  a  great  commercial  city,  but  was  iiii- 
linportant  in  the  middle  ages.  It  was  a  place  of  residence 
ot  I'aiil,  and  the  seat  of  the  third  general  council  in  431, 
and  of  the  Robber  .synod  in  44!>.  On  Its  site  are  Ayasa- 
luk  and  olhcr  small  villages.  Among  its  ruins  are:  (o) 
The  great  theater  inentloned  in  Acts  xlx.  23.  It  is  Greek 
ill  plan,  with  Roman  modillcations.  The  cavea.  405  feet 
in  diameter,  has  twoprecinctttins,  with  11  cunel  in  thetwo 
lower  ranges,  and  22  In  the  highesl,  which  Is  skirted  by 
a  colonnaded  gallery.     The  orchestra  is  110  feet  Iu  diam- 


Ephesus 

eter,  and  the  proscenium  22  feet  wide,  (b)  The  odeum, 
ascribed  to  the  2d  century  a.  d.  In  plan  it  is  a  half- 
circle  153  feet  in  diameter.  There  is  one  precinction, 
with  o  cunei  below  and  10  above  it,  and  a  rich  Corinthian 
gallery  around  the  top.  The  orchestra  is  30  feet  in  diam- 
eter ;  the  stage  has  5  doors  and  Corinthian  columns,  (c) 
A  stadium,  ascribed  to  the  time  of  Augustus.  It  is  850 
feet  long  and  about  2(iO  wide.  The  north  side  and  semi- 
circuhu"  east  end  are  supported  on  vaulted  substructions, 
the  south  side  on  the  rock  of  the  hillside.  A  double  col- 
onnade was  carried  along  its  entire  length,  and  communi- 
cated with  the  upper  gallerj*  of  the  stadium  by  a  series 
of  stairways,  (d)  A  temple  of  Artemis  (Diana  of  the  Ephe- 
sians),  a  famous  sanctuary  founded  in  the  (jth  century 
B.  c,  and  rebuilt  in  the  4th.  The  temple  was  Ionic,  dip- 
teral, octastyle,  with  21  columns  on  the  flanks,  and  mea- 
sured 164  by  342 1  feet.  The  base-diameter  of  the  columns 
was  6  feet,  their  height  65.  The  base-drums  of  36  col- 
umns of  the  front  and  rear  were  beautifully  sculptured 
with  figures  in  relief:  thereare  examples  in  tlie  British 
Museum.  The  cella  had  interior  ranges  of  columns, 
Ionic  in  the  lower  tier,  Corinthian  above. 
Ephesus,  Council  of.  1 .  The  tliird  eeuraenieal 
council,  called  by  Theodosius  II.  in  connection 
with  Valentinian  III.,  held  at  Ephesus  under 
the  direction  of  Cyi-il  of  Alexandria  in  431  A.  D. 
It  opened  with  160  bishops  (increased  to  198),  and  included 
for  the  first  time  papal  delegates  from  Rome,  who  were 
instructed  not  to  mix  in  the  debates,  but  to  sit  as  judges 
over  the  opinions  of  tlie  rest.  It  condemned  the  heresy 
of  Nestorius  without  stating  clearly  the  correct  doctrine. 
2.  The  so-called  Robber  Council,  convoked  by 
Theodosius,  held  at  Ephesus  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Dioseurus  of  Alexandria  in  449.  it  in- 
cluded 136  bishops.  It  reinstated  Eutyches  in  the  ofBce 
of  priest  and  archimandrite,  from  which  he  had  been  ex- 
pelled by  the  Synod  of  Constantinople  (448),  and  deposed 
Flavian,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  was  so  roughly 
handled  that  he  died  of  his  injuries  shortly  after. 
Epllialtes(ef-i-artez).  [Or. 'Eo;d/.r?/f.]  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a  blind  giant  who  was  deprived 
of  his  left  eye  bj'  Apollo,  and  of  his  right  by 
Hercules. 
Ephialtes.  Died  456  b.  c.  An  Athenian  states- 
man and  general.  He  was  the  friend  and  partizan  of 
Pericles,  and  was  the  principal  author  of  a  law  which 
abridged  the  power  of  the  Ai-eopagus  and  changed  the 
government  of  .\thens  into  a  pure  democracy.  He  was, 
according  to  Aristotle,  assassinated  by  Aristodicus  of  T.a- 
nagra,  at  the  instance  of  the  oligarchs. 
Ephorus  (ef'o-rus).  [Gr.  "E<popo(.'\  Bom  at 
Cumfe  :  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  4th  century 
B.  c.  A  Greek  writer,  author  of  a  universal 
history,  fragments  of  which  have  been  pre- 
served. 
Ephraem  (e'fra-em)  Syrus  ('the  Syrian'). 
Born  probably  at  Nisibis,  Mesopotamia,  about 
308  A.  D. :  died  at  Edessa.  Mesopotamia,  about 
373.  A  theologian  and  sacred  poet  of  the  Syr- 
ian Church.  The  chief  edition  of  his  works 
was  published  at  Eome  1732-43. 
Ephraim  (e'fra-im).  [Heb., 'double  fruitful- 
ness.']  1:  In  Old  Testament  history,  the  younger 
son  of  Joseph,  and  founder  of  the  tribe  of 
Ephraim.  —  2.  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Is- 
rael :  so  called  from  its  founder,  Ephraim,  the 
sou  of  Joseph.  It  occupied  a  central  position  in  Pales- 
tine, being  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Jordan,  on  the 
west  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the  tribe  of  Dan,  on  the 
south  by  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  and  on  the  north  by  that 
of  Manasseh.  After  the  death  of  Saul  the  tribe  of  Ephraim, 
together  with  all  the  other  tribes  except  Judah,  recog- 
nized Eshbaal  (Ishbosheth)  as  legitimate  king  in  op- 
position to  David  ;  but  on  the  murder  of  Eshbaal  submit- 
ted in  common  with  the  other  tribes  to  the  hegemony  of 
Judah  under  David.  On  the  death  of  Solomon  it  revolted 
(probably  about  976  B.  c.)  under  Jeroboam  from  Rehoboam. 
the  son  of  .Solomon,  and  formed,  in  conjunction  with  all 
the  tribes  except  Judah,  Simeon,  part  of  Benjamin,  and 
the  Levites.  a  separate  kingdom,  which  retained  the  name 
of  Israel,  and  adopted  Shechem  .is  its  capital.  This  king- 
dom w.as  destroyed  by  the  Assyrians  in  722  B.  c. 
EphtJialites.  The  White  Huns.  See  Bims. 
Epic  Cycle,  The.     See  the  extracts. 

There  was  a  mass  of  songs  and  legends  about  Troy  which 
the  two  great  epics  left  untouched.  This  material  was 
worked  up,  between  776  B.  c.  and  650  B.  c,  by  a  number 
of  epic  poets  of  the  Ionian  school,  who  aimed  at  linkitig 
their  poems  with  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  as  introductions 
or  continuations.  In  later  times,  compilers  of  mythology 
used  to  make  abstracts  in  prose  from  these  epics,  taking 
them  in  the  chronological  order  of  the  events,  so  as  to 
make  one  coimected  story.  Such  a  prose  compilation  was 
called  an  epic  cycle  (or  cu-cle),  and  the  compilers  them- 
selves were  called  cyclic  writers.  In  modem  times  the 
name  "cyclic"  has  been  transferred  from  the  prose  com- 
pilers to  the  poets.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  37. 

It  was  once  commonly  believed  that  the  remaining  epic 
poets  equally  avoided  touching  upon  one  another,  that 
they  composed  their  own  poems  upon  a  fixed  chronologi- 
cal plan,  each  resuming  where  the  other  had  finished,  and 
BO  completing  an  account  of  what  is  called  the  epic  cycle, 
from  the  birth  of  Aphrodite  in  the  "Cypria"  down  to  the 
conclusion  of  the  "Nostoi,"  or  "Telegonia,"  of  Eugammon. 
But  it  seems  clearly  made  out  now  that  no  such  fixed  sys- 
tem of  poems  existed ;  that  the  authors,  widely  separated 
in  date  and  birthplace,  were  no  corporation  with  fixed  tra- 
ditions :  that  they  did  overlap  in  subject,  and  repeat  the 
same  legends ;  and  that  the  epic  cycle  does  not  mean  a 
cycle  of  poems,  but  a  cycle  of  legends,  arranged  by  the 
grammarians,  who  illustrated  them  by  a  selection  of  poems, 
or  parts  of  poems,  including,  of  course,  the  Iliad  and  (Idys- 
sey,  and  then  such  other  epics  as  told  the  whole  story  of 


364 

the  Thehian  and  Trojan  wars,  down  to  the  conclusion  of 
the  heroic  age. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  L  86. 

Epicharmus  (ep-i-kar'mus).  [Gr.  "EKixapfw^.] 
Born  in  the  island  of  Cos  about  540  B.  c. :  died 
at  Syracuse  at  an  advanced  age  (ninety  or 
ninety-seven).  A  Greek  comic  poet.  At  an  early 
age  he  was  carried  to  Megara,  in  Sicily,  and  thence,  when 
Megara  was  sacked  by  Gelon,  to  Syracuse.  Thirty-five 
titles  t'f  his  comedies  are  extant,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
written  52  plays- 

The  notice  that  he  [Epicharmus)  added  letters  to  the 
alphabet  arises  either  from  some  later  letters  being  first 
adopted  in  his  works,  or  from  his  intimacy  with  -Simonides 
at  .Syracuse.  It  is  not  impossible,  as  Simonides  did  adopt 
some  additions,  that  he  persuaded  Epicharmus  to  spread 
their  use  in  copies  of  his  very  popular  plays. 

Mahwffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  4U2. 

Epicoene  (ep'i-sen),  or  The  Silent  Woman. 

[Gr.  eTriKoivo^,  of  either  gender,  promiscuous.] 
A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson,  produced  in  1609. 
Epiccene  was  a  supposed  silent  woman  who  really  spoke 
softly  and  in  monosyllables.  She  w.as  brought  to  Morose, 
who  had  an  insane  horror  of  noise,  by  his  nephew  who 
wished  to  play  him  a  trick.  After  the  wedding  Epiccene 
scolds,  screams,  and  develops  into  a  virago;  but  after  many 
noisy,  rough  tricks  and  jokes  which  drive  Mumse  to  the 
verge  of  distraction,  he  is  relieved  by  his  nephew  Sir 
Dauphine,  who,  in  consideration  of  the  payment  of  his 
debts  and  the  promise  of  a  proper  allowance,  reveals  the 
trick,  which  is  that  Epicoene  is  really  a  boy  in  disguise  : 
consequently  there  never  was  a  *'  silent  woman. "  Colman 
the  elder  wrote  a  version  of  this  play.  It  was  produced 
by  Garrick  in  1776. 

Epictetus  (ep-ik-te'tus)  of  Hierapolis.     [Gr. 

'E~iK77]Toi;.']  A  celebrated  Stoic  philosopher. 
He  was  a  native  of  Hierapolis  in  Pllrygia,  was  a  freedman 
of  Epaphroditus  (the  freedman  and  favorite  of  Nero),  was 
apuptl  of  Musonius  Ruius,  and  taught  philosophy  at  Rome 
until  94  (89?)  A.  D.,  when  he  removed  to  Nicopolis  in  Epi- 
rus,  in  consequence  of  an  edict  of  Domitian  banishing  the 
philosophers  from  Rome.  Although  he  left  no  written 
works,  his  essential  doctrines  are  preserved  in  a  manual 
compiled  by  his  pupil  Arrian.  He  taught  that  the  sum  of 
wisdom  is  to  desire  nothing  but  freedom  and  contentment, 
and  to  bear  and  forbear;  that  all  unavoidable  evil  in  the 
world isoidyapparentand  external;  andthatour happiness 
depends  upon  ourown  will,  which  even  Zevis  cannot  break. 

Epicure  Mammon,  Sir.    See  Mammon. 

Epicurus  (ep-i-kii'rus).  [Gr. 'ErnxoDpof.]  Born 
in  Samos,  342  B.  c. :  died  at  Athens,  270  B.  c. 
The  founder  of  the  Epicurean  school  of  philos- 
ophy. He  was  the  son  of  Xeocles,  an  Athenian  cleruch 
settled  in  Saraos,  and  belonged  to  the  .\ttic  deme  of  Gar- 
gettus  (whence  he  is  sometimes  called  the  Gargettian).  He 
is  said  to  have  studied  under  Xenocrates  at  Athens,  and 
subsequently  taught  at  ilytilene  and  Lampsacus.  In  3o6 
he  opened  a  school  in  a  garden  at  Athens,  where  he  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  is  said  to  have  written 
about  3<Xl  volumes,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant. 
His  will,  4  epistles,  and  a  list  of  44  propositions  containing 
the  substance  of  his  ethical  philosophy,  have  been  pre- 
served by  Diogenes  Laertius.  He  tanglit  that  pleasure  is 
the  only  possible  end  of  rational  action,  and  that  the  ulti- 
mate pleasure  is  freedom.  He  adopted  the  atomistic 
theory  of  Democritus,  while  bringing  into  it  the  doctrine 
of  chance. 

Epidamnus  (ep-i-dam'nus).  An  ancient  name 
of  Durazzo.     See  Diira::n. 

Epidaurus  (ep-i-da'rus).  [Gr.  'En-Maupoc.]  1, 
A  maritime  town  of  IlhTicum.  it  was  destroyed 
some  time  after  the  reign  of  Justinian,  and  was  replaced 
by  Ragusa.  It  was  a  Roman  colony. 
2.  A  town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Pelopones- 
sus,  in  the  district  called  Argolis  under  the 
Romans.  Throughout  the  flourishing  period  of  Grecian 
history  it  was  an  independent  state,  possessing  a  smidl 
territory  ('ETriSaupta),  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Argeia, 
on  the  north  by  the  Coriiithia,  on  the  south  by  the  Trce- 
zenia,  andon  the  east  by  theSaronic  tJuU.  {Smith.)  It  was 
the  most  celebrated  seat  of  the  ancient  cult  of  .Escula- 
pius.  The  sanctuary  occupied  a  valley  among  hills,  at 
some  distance  from  the  city.  An  inner  inclosure  con- 
tained a  temple  to  .Esculapius,  the  architecturally  impor- 
tant tholos  of  Polycletus,  extensive  porticos  which  served 
as  hospitals  to  the  sick  who  came  to  seek  the  aid  of  the 
god  and  his  priests,  and  many  votive  offerings.  C)utside 
of  this  inclosure  were  the  stadium,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  ancient  theaters,  a  gymnasium,  propyltea,  and 
other  buildings,  the  arrangements  for  the  collection  and 
distribution  of  water  being  especially  noteworthy.  Almost 
all  our  knowledge  of  this  sanctuary  comes  from  the  exten- 
sive excavations  conducted  by  the  Archfeological  .Society 
of  Athens  since  1881,  which  are  still  (1893)  incomplete. 

Epidaurus  Limera  (li-me'rii).  [Gr.  'Emdavpoc 
:/  Aifv/fli.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Laconia,  Greece,  22  miles 
north-northwest  of  Cape  Malea. 

Epigoni  (e-pig'o-ni).  [Gr.  emyovoi,  descen- 
dants.] In  Greek  mythology,  the  seven  sons 
of  the  seven  Argive  chiefs  who  had  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  Thebes.  The  Epigoni,  ten  years  after 
the  first  attempt,  defeated  the  Thebans  and  avenged  their 
fathers.  This  was  supposed  to  have  occurred  shortly  be- 
fore the'Trojan  war. 

Epigoni.  A  Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Theban 
cycle,  by  Antimachus  of  Claros,  relating  to  the 
renewal  of  the  mythical  war  between  Argos 
and  Thebes  by  the  "  descendants  "  of  its  heroes. 

Epimenides  (ep-i-men'i-dez).  [Gr.  ''ETTipiem6riQ.'\ 
Lived  in  the  7th  centurj-  B.  c.  A  Cretan  poet 
and  prophet. 


Eponym  Canon 

Epimetheus  (ep-i-me'thus).  [Gr.  'Emfir/eei^, 
afterthought,]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  bro- 
ther of  Prometheus  and  husband  of  Pandora. 
Although  warned  by  his  brother,  he  accepted  Pandora  as 
a  gift  from  Zeus,  with  the  result  that  through  her  curi- 
osity she  liberated  evils  peculiar  to  man,  which  Prome- 
theus had  concealed  in  a  vessel. 

Epinac  (a-pe-nak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  11  miles  east-north- 
east of  Autun.  It  is  the  center  of  a  coal-min- 
ing region.  Population  (1891),  commune,  4,061. 

Spinal  (a-pe-nal').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Mo- 
selle in  lat.  48=  10'  N.,  long.  6'=  26'  E.  it  has 
some  manufactures,  and  contains  the  departmental  mu- 
seum and  a  library.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Germanfr 
Oct.  12,  1870.     Population  (1891),  commune,  23,223. 

fpinal  Glossary.  Au  Anglo-Saxon  and  Old- 
baxon  glossarj'  preserved  at  Epinal,  France. 
It  was  originally  from  the  Abbey  of  Moyen  iloutier,  near 
Lenones.  "The  type  of  its  writing  is  of  the  time  of  the 
Culdees  ;  its  letters  being  of  First-English,  as  written  by 
the  Celtic  priests  who  laboured  for  the  conversion  of  the 
English,  It  is  ascribed  by  Mr.  Sweet  to  the  end  of  the 
seventh  century."  Qforley.)  Mr.  Sweet  has  edited  a  fac- 
simile of  this  glossary,  published  at  London  in  1883. 

fipinay  (a-pe-na'),  Madame  de  la  Live  d* 
(Louise  Florence  Petronille  Tardieu  d'Es- 
clavelles).  Bom  at  Valenciennes,  March  11, 
1726:  died  April  17,  1783.  A  French  author, 
an  intimate  friend  of  Grimm  and  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau.  For  the  latter  she  erected  a  cottage,  the 
Hermitage,  in  the  g:u-den  of  her  chateau.  La  Chevrette, 
near  ilontmorency.  Her  "ilemoires  et  correspondance  " 
was  published  in  1818,  and  her  collected  works  in  1869. 

Epiphanius  (ep-i-fa'ni-us).  Saint.  Born  near 
Eleutheropolis,  Palestine,  about  315  A.  D. :  died 
at  sea  near  Cj-prns,  403.  A  father  of  the  East- 
ern Church.  He  became  in  36"  bishop  of  Constantia 
(the  ancient  Salamis)  in  Cyprus.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  theological  controversies  of  his  day,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  synods  of  Antioch  (376)  and  Rome  (382),  where 
questions  pertainingto  the  Trinity  were  debated.  He  died 
on  the  return  voyage  from  Constantinople,  whither  he  had 
gone  to  oppose  the  heresy  of  Origen.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
against  heresies  entitled  "  Panarion,"  a  dogmatical  work 
entitled  "Ancoratus,"  etc. 

Epipsychidion  (ep-i-psi-kid'i-pn).  ['A  little 
poem  on  the  sou!';  from  Gr.  c-i.  upon,  fvx'/, 
sold,  anil  dim.  -niioi:}  A  poem  by  Shelley,  pub- 
lished in  1821. 

Epirus,  or  Epeiros  (e-pi'i-us).  [Gr."H-fipof.] 
In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  northern 
Greece  which  lies  between  Illyria  on  the  north, 
Macedonia  and  Thessaly  on  the  east,  .Sitolia, 
Acarnania,  and  the  Ambracian  G  ulf  on  the  south, 
and  the  Ionian  Sea  on  the  west  (to  the  Acroee- 
raunian  promontory-),  in  earlier  times  the  name 
was  given  to  the  entire  western  coast  southward  to  the 
Corinthian  Gulf.  The  kingdom  of  Epirus  was  at  its  height 
under  Pjrrhus  (295-272  B.  c).  It  was  ravaged  by  .Emilius 
Paulus  in  167  B.  c. ;  was  a  part  of  the  Roman  Empire  146 
B.  C.-1204  A.  D. ;  was  overrun  by  .Albanians  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury ;  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  the  15th  century  ; 
and  now  forms  part  of  the  Turkish  vilayet  Janina,  and 
part  of  the  territory  ceded  to  Greece  in  1881. 

Episcopius  (ep-is-ko'pi-us)  (Latinized  from 
Bisschop  or  Bischop),  Simon.  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  1, 15S3 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  April 
4,  1643.  A  Dutch  theologian,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  Arminianism.  He  published  "Confessio" 
(1621),  "Apologia  "  (1629),"  Institutiones  Theo- 
logical," etc. 

Epistolae  Obscurorum  Virorum.  [L.,' Letters 
of  Obscure  Men.']  A  collection  of  forty-one 
anonymous  letters,  fii'St  published  in  1515,  satir- 
izing the  ignorance,  hyijocrisy,  and  licentious- 
ness of  the  Roman  Catholic  monastics  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformatiou.  it  was  occasioned  by  the 
controversy  between  Reuchlin  and  Pf  elf  erkorn.  a  converted 
Jew,  who  advocated  the  destruction,  as  heretical,  of  the 
whole  Jewish  literatuie,  e.vcept  the  Bible,  and  who  was 
supported  by  the  Dominicans  of  Cologne.  The  authorship 
of  the  letters  is  attributed  by  some  to  L'lrich  von  Hutten, 
Crotus,  and  Bnschius. 

Epithalamium  (ep'i-tha-la'mi-um).  .\  poem 
by  Spenser,  pulilished  in  1595:  a  man'iage  song 
for  his  own  bride. 

For  splendour  of  imagery,  for  harmony  of  verse,  for  deli- 
cate taste  and  real  passion,  the  "Epithalamium  "  excels  all 
other  poems  of  its  class. 

Saintsburj/,  Hist  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  87. 

Eponym  Canon  (ep'o-nim  kan'on).  The  name 
given  by  Assyriologists  to  the  list  of  archons 
or  chief  magistrates  in  AssjTia.  This  oflice  of 
archon,  called  in  Assyrian  limmti,  passed  in  rotation  every 
year  to  different  high  dignitaries.  Each  king  was  limmu 
in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  and  he  was  followed  by 
the  general  of  the  army,  or  tartan.  1'he  limmu  gave  the 
name  to  the  year  in  which  he  held  this  office  (hence  the 
term  epoiutmuf!,  in  Greek  'one  from  whom  somebody  or 
something  is  named  ").  Documents  and  events  were  dated 
with  these  names  (as  in  Rome  with  the  names  of  the  con- 
suls of  each  year).  The  lists  of  the  limmus  were  carefully 
and  accurately  kept.  The  custom  probably  goes  back  to 
a  remote  date,  but  the  four  lists  of  limmus  found  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  Eponym  Canon  cover  the 


Eponym  Canon 

♦ears  911-6«6  B  c.  As  eacl>  kiiiK  »ms  limmu  in  the  second 
vear  of  his  reign,  the  Eponym  Canon  became  u(  the  great- 
ist  importance  for  the  chronology  of  the  Assyrian  kings. 
Further  and  si  ill  more  interesting  information  has  been 
derived  from  these  tables,  which  contain  alongside  of  the 
name  of  the  limmu  a  short  notice  of  the  pn..cip;a  events 
of  his  year.  Thus,  for  instance,  during  the  reign  of  Asur- 
dan  III  (772-764)  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  Nineveh  is  re- 
rnr  led  and  according  to  the  calculations  of  the  astron- 
omers such  a"  eclipse  took  place  on  the  15th  of  June,  783^o 
that  this  notice  is  of  prime  importance  for  early  chronology. 
Epping  (ep'iuft)-  A  town  iu  the  county  of 
EssPxT  Kngland,  16  miles  northeast  of  London. 
Poniilatioii  (1891).  2.565. 
EDOine  Forest.  A  roval  forest  m  southwestern 
EssexT  England,  formerly  called  Walthara  For- 
est. Its  area  formerly  was  about  60,000  acres :  it  now 
contains  r.,60lJ  acres,  preserved  by  London,  anil  opened  to 
the  public  as  a  pleasure-ground  in  1882. 
fpr6m6nil.     See  Esprriuesnil  ■     ,     . 

Epsom  (ep'sqm).     [Supposed  to  be  eqmvalont 
to  Mba's  home:   so  named  from  bamt  ±.bij:i, 
queen  of  Stirrer,  A.  D.  600.]    A  market-town  iv. 
the  county  of  "Surrey,  15  miles  southwest  ot 
London,    in  1B18  the  mineral  spring  from  which  Epsom 
salts  were  first  made  was  discovered,  and  in  the  latter  pari 
of  the  17th  century  Epsom  became  a  fashionalde  resort, 
and  remained  so  until  1736,  when  the  tide  turned  to  Balh 
and  Cheltenham.    It  was  especially  alTected  by  f  harles  11. 
Races  were  run  on  the  downs  a  mile  and  a  half  south  ol 
the  town  probably  as  early  as  the  reign  of  James  I.,  but  its 
importance  as  a  race-course  begins  with  the  establishment 
of  the  Oaks  and  the  Derby  in  1779  and  1780     The  spiing 
meeting  occurs  yearly  about  the  middle  of  April,  and  the 
Derby  and  Oaks  are  run  about  the  end  of  May.  Population 
(ISOl),  S,417. 
Epsom  Wells.     A  comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1675.  . 
Epworth  (ep'werth).    A  smalltown  inLmcoln- 
shire,  England,  24  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln  : 
the  li'irthplace  ot  John  Wesley.      ^     ^  ^ 
Equador,  Confederagao  do.   See  Confederagao 

Era  of  Good  Feeling.  In  United  States  his- 
tory, a  name  given  to  the  period  from  181(  to 
about  1824,  which  was  marked  by  internal  har- 
mony and  the  absence  of  strong  party  feeling. 

trard  (a-rar'),  S6bastien.  Bom  at  Stras- 
burg,  April  5,  1752:  died  at  Passy,  near  Pans, 
Aug.  5,  1831.  A  French  manufacturer  ot 
Dianoforti'S,  harps,  and  organs.  He  invented  the 
double-action  harp  in  1808,  and  made  improvements  in 
pianos  and  organs.  ,    ,  , 

Erasistratus  (er-a-sis'tra-tus).  Born  probably 
in  the  island  of  Ceos:  lived  about  300  B.  0.  A 
Greek  physician  and  anatomist. 

Erasmus  (e-ra-//mus),  Desiderius  .(ozje^'^fjl^ 
Gerhard GerhardsC 'Gerhard's  son  ),D.  Geert 
GeertS).     [Gr-  ip^'^l'iou  beloved,  desired:  the 
L    (Irsitlerius  has  the  same  sense.]     Born  at 
Eotterdam,  probably  Oct.  28,  1465:    died   at 
Basel,  Switzerland,  July  12,  1536.     A  famous 
Dutch  classical  and   theological   scholar  and 
satirist.     He  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Gerhard  do 
Praet  Wiis  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  was 
defrauded  of  his  inheritance  by  his  ^"j'rdlan.s  who  coi.r 
Dclled  him  to  enter  the  monastery  of  stein.     He  enteicd 
ITum  t   e  service  of  the  Bishop  of  fambray  under  whose 
itrnnage  he  was  enabled  to  study  at  the  University  of 
Paris     He  «ub»e,|Uentlv  visite.l  the  chief  European  conn- 
rk's'  i  "hnling   Enghmd  (I4...8-99  and  I/IO-H  .  and   in 
1B21  settled  at  liasel,  whence  he  removed  to  J'relburg  in 
Brelsgau  in  162!).     Refusing  all  otters  of  ecc  esias  ,cal  pre- 
fenmM™ho  devoted  himself  wholly  to  study  and  lltera.y 
cnmi .  sition.     He  ainie.1  to  reform  without  dismember- 
,7    e  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  at  Ih-st  favored  bu 
8iilme.iuently  opposed,  the  Reformation,  and  engaged  in  a 
cont  ..'versy'wit'll  Luther.    His  ;»;«'  P<='''«™>";'^V7atln 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  (Jreek   with  a  Latin 
S^nslation,  published  In  IMU.     Besides  ths  edition  of  tin.- 

New  Testament  his  most  not  ah  e  P"'''''^''  ',"',",  "cdl  ion 
loonies"  and  ••Encomium  Moi;™-,,,  A  '"1 --•'^1'"=  «'""'>" 
ot  his  works  was  published  by  I.e  clerc  17at-06. 
Eraste  (a-riist').  1.  The  exasperaUMl  lover  in 
M7,liere'seoniedv"l-esfucheux"("rhe  Bores'). 
He  has  an  appointment  with  Oriilii".'  whom  he  loves,  and 
every  person  in  the  play  comes  in  and  prevents  It. 
2  The  lover  of  Julie  in  MolicrcV  "M.  de 
Pourceaugnac."— 3.  The  h>vcr  of  LiiciUe  m 
Moli^re's  comedy  "  Lo  depit  amouroux,'  usii- 
ullv  called  "Lovers'  (innrrels"  in  English. 
Erastians  (e-ras'tian/.).  Those  who  iimiiitaiii 
tlie  doctrines  liel.l  by  or  attribiiled  to  1  hoiiiaK 
Enistus,  a(l<'rniaii  polemic  (15'J4-8:i).  author. .f 
a  work  on  cxconnminicatioii,  in  which  lie  pro- 
posed to  restrict  the  jiirisdictioii  ol  the  churc  i. 
V.rastlanism,  or  the  doctrine  <<  state  "'P''""",^''' '■'■;■';■ 
slastleal  matters.  Is  often,  but  erroneously,  attributed  to 

Erastus  (e-ms'ius),  Thomas  (Grocizod  from 

Lieber  or  Liebler).  I<ir.  iim^r/K,  lovely,  be- 
loved.] Born  at  Atigg.'ii,  "car  Badenweder, 
Germany,  1524:  died  at  Basel.  Swit7,eriand,l.)8.1. 
A  physician  and  Protestant  controversialist. 
His  chief  work,  a  collection  of  theses  on  oxcom- 
munieation,  was  published  iu  1589. 


365 

Erato  (er'a-to).  [Gr.  Eparu.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  Muse  of  erotic  poetry.  In  art  she 
is  often  represented  with  the  lyre.  ^ 

Eratosthenes  (er-a-tos'the-nez).  [Gr  Epnror- 
Hh;ir.]  Born  at  Cvrene,  Africa,  about  2(0  B.  c. : 
died  about  196  B.C.  An  Alexandrian  astrono- 
mer, geometer,  geographer,  grammarian,  and 
philosopher:  "'the  founder  of  astronomical  ge- 
on'raphv  and  of  s<-ieutific  chronology."  He  mea 
sured  the  obli.iuity  of  the  ecliptic,  and  introduced  a 
method  of  computing  the  earth's  magnitude,  i-ragments 
of  his  •■i:eogr.\phica'(r.a,Ypa<()i«a)  are  extant. 

Erbach  (er'biieh).  A  smalltown  in  the  province 
of  Starkenbiirg,  Hesse,  situated  in  the  Oden- 
wald  21  miles  southeast  of  Darmstadt.  It  has  a 
castle    and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  independent 

,    countship.     Population  (1890),  2,788.  _      . 

Ercilla  y  Zuniga  (iir-thel'ya  e  thon-ye  ga), 
Alonso  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  Aug.  7, 1533:  died 
tliere,Xov.2'.).l.'>y4.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  poet. 
In  1554  he  took  service  with.leronymo  de  Alderete.whohad 
been  appointed  governor  of  Chile.  He  led  an  adventu- 
rous life  in  South  America  until  l.'.li2,  when  he  returned  to 
Spain  In  1509  he  published  the  first  part  of  •'  La  Aran- 
cana  "  (followed  later  by  the  second  and  third  parts),  the 
Onest  heroic  poem  in  theSpanishlauguage.  It  has  also  his- 
torical value. 

Erckmann-Chatrian  (erk'miin-shii-tre-on  ). 
The    signature   of    the   literary  collaborators 
fimile  Erckmann   (bom  May  20.    1822:     died 
March  14, 1899)  and  Louis  Gratien  Charles  Alex- 
andi-e  Chatrian  (born  at  Soldatenthal,  Meurthe, 
Dec.  18,  1826.  died  at  Kaincy,  Seine,  Sept.  3, 
1890).    In  1848  these  two  men  became  associated  in  lit- 
erary labors,  the  former  writing  chiefly  and  the  latter  ed- 
iting and  adapting  for  the  stage.     Among  their  first  pnti- 
lications  are  "Science  et  ginie"  and  ••  Schinderh.annes^ 
(1850),  and  many  short  stories     The  series  of  novels  to 
which  Erckmann-Chatrian  owe,  in  great  part  their  repu- 
tation includes  "Le  Fou  Yigof  (1862),  •'Madame  The- 
rese  ou  les  volontaires  de  171)2  •  (1863),  ••  Histoire  d  un  con- 
scrit  de  18l;J"  and  '•L'Ami  Fritz"  (1864),  •■Waterioo    and 
'•Histoire  d'un  homme  du  peuple"  (1865),  •La  guerre 
and  ••Lamaisonforestitrc"(1806),andnianyothers.  Their 
dramatic  compositions  and  adaptations  are  "Ge'^rg'js  o,, 
le  chasseur  des  mines"  (1818),  •■  L' Alsace  en  1814    (ls5n), 
••  Le  Juif  polonais  "  (1869),  "  L'Ami  Fritz    (1876),  "  Madame 
Th6r{;se"  (188'2),  "Les  R;intzau  "  (1884),  etc      Erckmann 
claims  the  sole  authorship  of  the  novel  •'Les  brigands 
des  Vosges  il  y  a  soixante  ans"  (1850V  a  totally  dillerent 
version  of  which  was  published  by  him  m  "  La  Revue 
de  Paris"  under  the  title  •' L'HUistre  docteur  Mathens 
(1867).     Since  Chatrian's  death,  Erckmann  has  contrlliuted 
to  ••  Le  Temps"  two  publications,  "Kaleb  et  khora^  and 
"La  iiremiere  campagne  du  giand-pere  Jacques,     the 
latter  being  the  first  in  a  series  of  stories  dealing  with 
the  wars  of  the  empire.  , 

Ercles  (er'klez).     A  eomiption  of  Ht-rcules. 
Bot  Yet  my  chief  humour  is  for  a  tyrant :  I  could 

play  Ercles  rarelv,  or  a  part  to  tear  a  cat  in,  to  make  all 
split  .  .  .  This  is  Ercles'  vein,  a  tyrant  s  vein  :  a  lover  is 
moK  condoling.  Shak.,  Midsummer  -N  ight  s  Dream. 

[£rdf«  -Z/<-rc»!<!8  — was  one  of  the  roarers  of  the  old 
rude  stage.    Thus  Greene,  in  his  "(iroatsworth  of  W  it. 
1592:  ••The  twelve  labours  of  Hercules  have  I  terrildy 
thundered  on  the  stage."  Hudson,  Note  to  M.  I«.  u.  1 

Ercta  (erk'tii),  or  Ercte  (-te).  [Gr.  EipA.-'}, 
■Ep/vr;/.]  Inaucient  geography,  a  mountain  in 
northern  Sicilv,  about  4  miles  north  of  Paler- 
mo :  the  modern  Monte  Pellegriiio.  It  was  a 
stionghold  of  Hamilcar  Barca  in  the  last  part  of  the  first 
I'nnic  war. 
Erd61yi (er'.Uil-ye), J&nOS.  Bom atKapos,Ung. 
Uunn'arv,  1814:  died  at  Sdrospatak,  Z.-iiipliii. 
Hungary,  Jan.  23,  1868.  A  Hungarian  writer. 
His  cliicf  works  are  collections  of  Hungarian 
I'.ilk-soii.'s  (1846-48)  and  I'olk-lales  (lS:i:i). 

Erdmann  (erd'miin).  Axel  Joachim.    Bom  at 

Slocl;lH,lm,  Aug.  12,  1814:   died  at  Stockholm. 
l>(v.  1,  1809.     A  Swedish  geologist  and  iiiiner- 

Erdmann,  Johann  Eduard.  Born  at  Wolmar, 
Livonia,  knssia,  June  13,  180.1 :  died  at  Hall.', 
June  12,  1H92.  .\  ("riiian  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor at  Halle.  He  pnbll.shed  -Vcrsuch  elner  wi> 
Benschaftlichen  llarstellung  der  Ocschiclite  der  neueni 
l>hiU>»ophle"(ls.'i4-.'':i).  etc  .  x^         ,  .         i 

Erdmann,  Otto  Linn6.  Bom  at  Dresden,  April 

11  Ts(i4:  did  at  L.ipsic,  Oct.  9,  1869.  A  (.er- 
maii  ch.ini>l.  IL  pnblhbed  ••I.ehrbuch  der  Chemlc'- 
(••.Manual  of  chemistry,"  l.v.!h),_ etc,  and  founded  the 
•Journal  fur  piakii»che(1icn.le    in  18-H  , 

Erebus  (or'e-l.us),  or  ErebOS  (-bos).     [Gr.    EP' - 

"(or.]  I"  (^reek  mythology,  the  son  of  Chaos 
and  brother  ot  Nyx.  .     -.r-  l     ■    t      a 

Erebus.  An  active  volcano  m  Victoria  Land 
Aii"iiclicregions,nboutlat.78°S.,h.ng.  I(>8°L. 
Height,  about  1'2.367  feet.  „      ^,       .^       t 

Erec  (e'rek)  and  Enid  (e'md).  See  the  extract 
and  ICiiid. 


One  of  the  most  bcnutltnl  of  these  metrical  tales  Is 
"Erec  and  Enlde,"  by  Chrestlen  .le  Troyes.  Erec  van- 
nlllshes  a  inlghfc  who'liad  insulUKl  a.,  .d'cndan.  of  t  .leen 
fieneura  at  a  natb.nal  hunt.  After  tli.;  b.  ttlo,  Erec  "IU- 
covered  ..n  the  .lonndns  of  llu.  nen...n  he  had  c.m.iuere.l 
his  beautiful  niece,  calle.l  Eid.le,  who  resideil  near  her 

icle's "'."{;..  but  Innl  been  allowed  I'V  l>ln>  '•■  remain  n 
the  utmost  poverty.    Erco  marrieb  this  lady,  and  soon 


Eric  the  Eed 

forgets  all  the  duties  of  chivalry  in  her  embraces ;  hi» 
vaJsals  complain  bitterly  of  his  sloth,  and  Enide  roiisea 
him  to  exertion.      Attended  by  her  alone,  he  sets  out  ui 
quest  of  adventures,  .>t  which  a  vailety  are  related. 
^  IhLitlop.  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction.  1. 204. 

Erech  (e'rek).    One  of  the  four  cities  of  the 

king.lom  of  Nimrod.  in  Shinar  or  Babylonia: 
the  Greek  Orchoii.    It  was  identical  with  Iruk  of  the 
inscriptions,  and  is  now  represented  by  the  mound  of 
ruins  of  Warka,  situaU-d  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates 
southeast  of  liabvlon.     It  was  one  of  the  oldest  seats  of 
Babylonian  civilization,  anil  had  a  colleiie  of  learned  priests 
and  a  large  library.     It  was  also  the  chief  seat  of  the  wor- 
ship of  Ishtar  as  the  evening  star,  and  of  .Nana.     Accord- 
ing to  an  inscription  of  Asurbanipal  (11U8-C26  B.  c. )  Erech 
was,  in  -i'iso  B.  c,  invaded  by  the  Elamite  king  kudur- 
nachundi,  who  carried  olf  the  unage  ot  .Nana  to  Elam, 
where  it  remained  for  1.635  years,  tiU  he  (Asurbanipal),  in 
(M5  at  the  concjuest  of  Susa,  returned  it  to  its  ancient  seat. 
Around  the  ruins  of  Erech  are  found  many  tombs,  so  that 
it  would  seem  that  it  served  as  a  kind  of  necropolis. 
Erechtheum  (e-rek-the'um).     An  Ionic  temple 
ill  Athens  dating  from  the  end  of  the  oth  cen- 
tury B.  c,  remarkable  for  its  complex  plan  and 
ar.-hiteetural  variety,  as  well  as  for  its  techni- 
cal perfection.    It  included  a  shrine  to  Athena  I'ollas 
(as  guardian  of  the  city),  altars  to  several  otiier  divinities, 
the  tombof  Ercchthe.is(whence  its  name),  the  salt  spring 
evoked  by  Poseidon,  and  several  other  peculiarly  sacrea 
memorials.     The  shrine  of  Athena  laced  the  east,  and  had 
the  form  of  a  prostyle  hexastyle  cellr..    On  the  north  side, 
at  a  lower  level,  there  is  a  portico  of  four  by  two  delicately 
sculptured  columns,  with  access  by  a  monumental  .loor 
wav  to  a  hall  traversing  the  building  behind  tlie  cella  .M 
Athena.    The  west  wall  of  this  hall  was  formed  of  a  high 
basement-wall,  upon  which  stood  four  piers  having  on 
their  outer  face  the  form  of  Ionic  semi-columns,     ihe 
wall  is  usually  restored  as  having  windows  in  the  interco- 
lumniati.ms.    At  the  west  end  of  the  south  side  is  the 
famous  Porch  of  Caryatids,  whose  rich  entablature  rests 
on  the  heads  of  six  female  figures,  four  in  fnmt,  ranking 
as  the  finest  of  architectural  sculptimM.     Onthe  west  siUe 
of  the  temple  was  the  inclosure  in  which  grew  the  mirac- 
ulous olive-tree  of  Athena,  and  in  which  lived  the  priest- 
esses and  the  high  born  maidens  who  were  selected  every 
year  to  serve  the  goddess. 

Erechtheus   (e-rek'thus),   or  Erichthonius 
(e-rik-tho'ni-us).     In  Greek  legend,  a  s.ui   of 
Hephaestus,  and    an    autochthonous    hero    of 
Athens:  often  confounded  with  another  of  the 
same    name,   sometimes    represented    as    his 
grandson. 
Eregli  (e-reg'li),  or  Erekli  (e-rek'li).     A  town 
ill   \hv  vilayet  of  Kastamuui,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situate.!  oil  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  17'  N., 
long.  31°  25'  E. :  the  ancient  Heraelea.     It  is 
the  center  of  a  coal-mining  region.     Popula- 
tion, about  4,000. 
Eretria  (e-re'tri-ii).    [Gr.'Eptrpia.']    Inaucient 
geographv,   a  city  on   the  island  of  Euboca. 
Greece,  '29  miles  north  of  Atlieiis.    It  was  a  rival 
of  ChiUcis,  was  destroyed  by  the  Persians  in  490  B   C.,  and 
was  afterward  rebuilt.     An  ancient  theater  has  been  ex- 
cavated on  its  site  by  the  American  Seh.nd  at  Athens.     Ihe 
cavea  is  supfiorted  on  an  arliheial  embanknieiit.     It  wa» 
divided  by  radial  stairways  into  11  cunei,  ami  is  iOe  feet 
in  diameter.    The  orchestra,  SU  feet  In  diameter,  pre- 
sents a  highly  imp.irtant  feature,  here  first  recognll«l   in 
an  underground  passage  lea.ling  fn.m  its  center  to  the  In- 
terior ot  the  stage.slrneture.     This  explains  several  ob- 
scurities  in  the  classical  dniniiL 
Erfurt  (cr'fiirt).     A  citv  in  the  province  of  Snx- 
.uiy,  Prussia,  situated  on  tlie  Gera  in  lat.  i>0° 
M'  N'.,  long.  1 1°  1 '  K.     It  is  famous  foriUhortleulliire, 
and  has  varie.l  manufactures.     II  contains  n  noted  cathe- 
dral a  clmicll  of  St.  Severns.  ami  an  Augustine  monastery 
which  has  a  cell  once  occupied  by  Luther     The  town  was 
tollnde.l  very  earlv,and  was  a  inemberof  the  Hanse  League. 
It  was  an  object  ot  strife  between  Saxony  ami  the  electorate; 
of  Main/  anil  passenl  finally  to  the  latter      It  was  ac.|Uiri-d 
by  P.  iissla  In  1802.  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1800,  and 
was  cedeil  t<i  l-rilssia  in  18i:..     It  had  a  university  from 
the  14lh  century  to  ISIH.     In  1808  It  was  the  scene .^  a  con- 
ler.iico  between    NaiioliHin,  Alexander  I.,  and  German 
princes,  and  in  !».',»  was  Ihe  seat  ot  the  Herman  I  iiions- 
parimmenl.     P..i,nlali..n  (18W>i,  :2,;l|-.o. 
Eric  (e'rik),Sw.  Erik  (u'rikl.  Saint.     Pied  near 
Upsala,Sw.den,Mavl8.  1160.  Kiiigof Swe.len, 
,.lecl..l  t.ithe  throne  of  Vppi'r  Swe.len  in  ll.iO. 
!!,•  undert<».k  lnll.'>7  acrusa.le  agalnstihe heathen  Hull", 
part  of  whom  he  cnninercl  ami  l.apllied.     Soon  after  Ills 
return  to  Cjisala  he  was  alt;ick..l  by  the  l>anlsh  princo 
Magnus  Uendrlkson,  and  fell  in  battle. 
EricXIV    King  of  Sweden.    Born  Pc".  Kl.l.'>33: 
p..isoiie.ri''ib.  26,  1.577.     Son  of  Giislavus  Vasa 
whom  ln>  su.'ci'ed.Ml  ill  1.560.     He  elevnlwl  his  mis- 
tress, Kiitrimi  Mftnsdolter,  to  Ihe  throne,  after  having 
nia.le  unsuccessful  ov.rlures  of  marriage  lo  *};'•'•'"',■"'• 
belli  .If  England  and  Mary  Ou.en  ..f  Scots.     "'»  y,'""'   ,™ 
an.l   misgovcrnment  caused  his  deposition  in  IMM  by  a 
;  MS,  lra?y  of  the  n..ble,  l.eadcl  by  his  brothers  J.-l>"  «"d 
Charles.     II.'  was,  according  lo  tradlll.m,  put  to  death  In 
prison  by  poison.  ..     .  x, 

Eric  the  Eed.  The  foun. -r  of  the  hrst  Norse 
seilleiniM.t  in  Grceiilan.l  (().  Accirdlng  to  the  Ico- 
landic  siigas,  he  killed  a  man  In  N..rway  "nd  tied  to 
I e.  1  ml  w  once  h..  wxs  s.nt  Into  teinp..r.r>'  banishment 
I  1  ,  .1,,  lir  outraite  wherenp<.n.  In  IWJ,  he  set  Kill 
;  w.  rd  I  .  we.  n^m.,t  ..f  a  slr^mge  land  sighted  In  S7.. 
!  1,..  Norse  sea-rover  (iunnblorn  He  discovered  the 
couI'tlV  »'Wcl'  !•«  >'«»>cd  'ireonland,  and  Uved  there  tl.io. 


Eric  the  Bed 


366 


years,  when  he  returned  to  Iceland  lor  colonists  and  sup-     of   SaDtjho    and  her  pomnanion    in    MvtiloTio 
P  !f..  ?5 1  P|™^"^"'  settlement,  which  he  founded  a^     f^^^iKZ  a  poem  eLuT^TOeZinSe."  Jnd  som^ 


parently  in  985. 


Erpemus 

She    loved   Tauored,   aud   cured    him  of  his 
ivounds. 


l*,.,„v.*/„»';Ai.t\   T «-!,       A  1   1      •     o      ii       1      -i       epigrams  are  all  that  remain  of  her  work.  ti,.»»i~_j    /         n-     i,  .» 

Encht(ericht),Loch.    A  lake  m  Scotland,  sit-  Erinyes  (e-rin'i-ez).     IGi:  •Ep,viec.-\     In  Greek  ^^°^J?'J?/|™^'^°'^)'    "■•   Ermeland   (erm'e. 
uated  on  and  near  the  border  of  Pprt.lisliivB  nr.l1     . 4.?.i_l_   * i  '  i- _■    -i-   .^  __     -■  „.    .      land).  Pol.  Warmia  I'lriiT-'ma-ai       a  .i;„*-:„i  :.. 


uated  on  and  near  the  border  of  Perthshire  and  mythology,  female  divinities,  avengers  of  ini 
Inverness-shire.  It  is  the  outlet  o  Loch  Ban-  q^ity.  According  to  Hesiod  they  are  daughters  of  Ge 
noch  and  the  Tay.     Length,  nearlv  15  miles  (eartii),  sprung  from  the  blood  of  the  mutUated  Uranus 


Erichthonius.    See  Erechtheus. 


land),  Pol.  Warmia  (var'me-a).  A  district  in. 
the  western  part  of  the  province  of  East  Prus- 
sia, Prussia.    Its  bishopric,  of  the  Teutonic  Or- 


according  to  others,  of  night  and  darkness.     They' were     der,  was  ceded  to  Poland  in  1466, 


^:^??imm^^^'^    t^S^^^^-^^^^^i^l^XZ  ^^J^,}'^..^  '!^=!^.^-^,^er. 


identified  —  by  some  as  that  of  Labrador  or  Newfoundland, 
and  by  others  as  that  of  New  England. 

Ericsson  (er'ik-son),  John.     Borni 
of  Fernebo,  Wen'nland,  Sweden 
died  at  New  York,  March  8,  1889, 
Swedish-American  engineer  and 
went  to  England  in  1S26,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1839. 
He  constructed  the  caloric  engine  in  1833 ;   applied  the 
screw  to  steam  navigation  1836-tl ;  and  invented  the  tur- 
reted  ironclad  Monitor  1862.    (.See  Monitor.)     His  later 
inventions  include  a  solar  engine,  the  torpedo-boat  De- 
stroyer, etc. 

Ericsson,  Nils.     Born  Jan.  31,  1802:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Sept.  8,  1870.    A  Swedish  engineer, 


„  —-guests  a  golden 
apple  bearnig  the  inscription  "Tothe  Fairest."  Adispute 
arose  between  Aphrodite,  Hera,  and  Athena  concerning 
the  apple,  whereupon  Zeus  ordered  Hermes  to  take  the 
goddesses  to  Mount  Gargarus,  to  the  shepherd  Paris,  who 
should  decide  the  dispute.  He  awarded  the  apple  to 
Aphrodite,  who  in  return  assisted  him  in  carrying  olf  the 
beautiful  Helen  from  Sparta,  which  gave  rise  'to  the  Tro- 
jan war.    In  Vergil  Discordia  takes  the  place  of  Eris. 

brother  of  .Johii  Ericsson.    He  became  seoo^nd  lieu'-  ^f^*^,^'"'''*'^^^    4,*°'*^'^  ^^  ^^^^'  England,  on 

tenant  in  the  engineer  corps  of  the  Swedish  army  in  1823 ;  *he  1  names  13  miles  east  of  London. 

was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1828,  captain  in  1830,  and  Eritrea  (a-re-tra'a).     The  official  name    since 

major  in  1832 ;  aud  in  1860  was  appointed  colonel  in  the  1890       -••-■• 

mechanical  corps  of  the  navy.    He  was  director-in-chief 

of  the  state  railways  185.S-C2,  and  was  knighted  in  1854. 

EridanUS  (e-rid'a-nus).  [Gr.  ''Rpidavd^.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  name  of  a  large  river  in 
northern  Eiu-ope,  later  identified  with  the 
Khone,  or,  usually,  with  the  Po.  It  was  con- 
nected with  the  myth  of  Phaethon.  See  Pkae- 
tlioii. 


of  the  Italian  colony  on  the  Red  Sea 
rst  annexation  by  Italy  was  that 
Massowah,  the  natural  harbor  of  Abyssinia, 


June  5,  1771:  died  Nov.  18,  1851.  King  of 
Hanover  1837-51,  fifth  son  of  George  III.  of 
England.  He  was  created  duke  of  Cumberland  in  1799  • 
commanded  the  Hanoverian  .army  iji  the  campaigns  of 
1813  and  1814  against  Napoleon;  was  made  fleld-niarshal 
in  the  British  army  in  1815  ;  married  Frederica  Caroline 
Sophia  Alexandrina,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Strelitz,  in  1815;  and  on  the  accession  of  Queen 
Victoria  to  the  throne  of  England  succeeded  under  the 
Salic  law  to  that  of  Hanover.  He  immediately  revoked 
the  liberal  constitution  granted  by  William  IV.  in  1833, 
but  granted  another,  based  on  popular  representation,  in 


The  first  aimexation  by  Italy  was  that  of  Assab  in  1880.   T>_         j.3    /  ,x-,      ■,, 

the  capital,  -t-rnesti  (er-nes  te),  Johann  August.     Born 


s  known  also  as  Ruasiau  Armenia,  and  was  ceded  "to     at  Kahnsdorf,  near  Leiosic.  Jime  5    ISOO       A 

sia  bv    Persiia    in    1R->S         Arpa     inT.is    c..i..>»..    ...;i —       /^ i  .       .  ,      ,^  '  v.    ..,  j.^^-j.      .u. 


restricted.     At  present  the  inland  boundary  runs  from     ^^  ^''^    University  of   Leipsic    from    1742.     He 
Bas  Kasar  southwestward  to  the  Mareb,  near  Kassala,     edited  various  classical  authors,  including  Cicero  (1737- 
then  eastward  along  that  river  to  about  long.  39°  E.  aud     ^^39),  and  wrote  "  Institutio  Interpretis  Novi  Testamenti " 
Eridu  (a'ri-do).     An  ancient  city  in  Babylonia,  „"'?'"='  southeastward  to  Obot  <"''^>-   .     ^  , 

the  modern  Abu  Shahrein,  situated  on  the  left  t-nvan  (er-i-van  ).     A  government  of  Trans-  Ernestl,  Johann  Christian  Gottlieb.     Bom 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  not  far  from  Muc'heh-      ?fu'',asia,  Russia,  north  of  Persia  and  Turkey,    at  iVi'nstadt,  Thuringia,  Germany,  1756  :  died 
nearly  opposite   to   the   Arabic   city  Suk   es-     " '^ '^"°"'" ''Is"  »s  Ru^aan  Armenia,  and  was  ceded  >.,    at  Kahns.inrf   „ea,.  T...;,^c,■„    t„„-„  « 
Sheyuh.     It  was  the  principal  seat  of  Ea,  the 
Assyro-Babylonian  god  of  the  ocean. 
Erie  (e'ri).     A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
formerly  living  in  western  New  York  and  along 
the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  fi-om  the  Gene- 
see to  the  Cuyahoga  River  in  Ohio.    The  word  is 
derived  from  their  Huron  name,  signifying  'Cat  people,' 
from  which  the  French  called  them  Nation  du  Chat.     In 
1653  the  Senecas  conquered  aud  absorbed  them.    See  Iro- 
,  quoian, 

Erie.  A  city,  port  of  entry,  and  county-seat  of 
Erie  County,  Peunsvlvania,  situated  on  Lake 
Erie  iulat.  42°  8'  ^f..  long.  80°  6'  W.    its  chief 


Pop^^fatf^nfiSyrSi.^"^  '"■'''  ^'""^"•^  -"-•    G"--^^"  eia^sieal   schol^   nephew 'of  j'.   A. 
'''•'Van.     The  capital  of  the  government  of  Eri-pt;i,''/AV;„T.^      „,       ,,        .^,     ^       ,. 

1,  situated  on  the  Sanga  in  lat  40°  12'  N     ■'^.^nestine  Line.     The  older  of  the  two  lines  of 
g,  44°  31'  E.    It  was  stormed  by  the  Russian  .e;'-     '  iti!.°'^ll£,  ?.^.?.''"-I;.  "  7.^^ '"""d^d  ."?  Ernest, 


Erivan 

van 

long.  44"  iil'  HI.    It  was  stormed  by  the  Russian  gen. 

eral  Paskevitch  in  1827.    It  contains  the  palace  of  the 

Persian  viceroys,  now  appropriated  to  the  needs  of  the 

Russian  authorities,  a  l.ai-ge  building  with  several  courts 

One  of  the  halls  has  been  restored  in  the  original  style, 

and  is  decorated  with  paintings  of  Persian  heroes,  as 

Abbas  Mirza  and  Nadu-  Shah,  and  with  inlaid  work  in 

colored  glass.    In  one  of  the  courts  stand  two  mosques.  _ 

The  larger  dates  from  the  17th  century,  and  is  incrusted  Emest  MaltraverS  (er'nest  mal-trav'erz).    A 

within  and  without  with  brilliantly  enameled  tiles,  those     novel  by  Bulwer,  published  in  1837 

covenn.  the  dome  being  blue.    Populat^ion  (1S91),  14,363.  Emst   (ernst),    Heinrich   Wilhelni.     Born  at 


elector  of  Saxony  (died  1486),  and  held  possession  of  elec- 
toral Saxony  until  1547,  when  the  bulk  of  the  Ernestine 
dominions  and  the  electoral  dignity  were  transferred  to 
the  Albertine  line.  It  consists  at  present  of  the  houses 
of  baxe- Weimar,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,Saxe-Meinincen  and 
Saxe-Altenburg.  .See  Albertine  line  and  other  names 
mentioned. 


industry  is  iron  manufacture,  and  It  has  a  large  trade.   It  Erkelenz  (er'ke-lentz).     A  small  town  in  the    BiTnn   Mora-ria   Au^stiiT  Hnn,^^^^ 
occupies  the  s,te  of  Fort  de  la  Presqu'isle.  built  about     Rhine  Province    Prussia,   24  miles  northeast    S:  Nice    F^^ce,  Ocf  af865^"i'  noted  Gef- 

T,^^,^-^\^''-9'^P!:"«-     Population  (1890),  4,066.      man  violinist  and  composer. 


occupies  the  site  of  Fort  de  la  Presqu'isle,  built  about 
1749.     population  (1900),  52,733. 

Erie,  Lake.  The  southernmost  and  shallowest 
of  the  Great  Lakes,  lying  between  Ontario  on 
the  north.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio 
on  the  south  and  southeast,  and  Michigan  on 
the  west,  it  communicates  with  Lake  St.  Clair  by  the 
Detroit  River  at  its  upper  end,  and  discharges  its  watei-s 
into  Lake  Ontario  by  the  Niagara  River.     It  receives  the 


irlangen  (er  lang-en  .     A  university  town  m  Prnnlf^ov'.nViif  1  n,.  A ^v,„if(^K,.'„,- If <      d 
Mid.ile   Pranconia,   Bavaria,   situate'd  on   the  1.7„'jlfe   wo^died '^^^^^ 
Regnitz  11  miles  north-northwest  of  Nurem-    i;.?"!:!^,!,..  •_?,!.  *^i"^^.^^,'  "-'*•,  4?„?'i?- 


-northwest  of  Nurem, 
berg.  It  has  manufactures  of  gloves,  hosier.v,  beer  etc 
It  was  developed  largely  by  French  refugee's,  and  was 
„„.5„.5  .„  t, =-  :_  ,„,„     Population  (1890),  17,659. 


ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1810. 


Maumee.  On  its  banks  are  BulI.alo,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Erlau  (er'lou),  Hung.  Egor  (eg'er).  The  can- 
and  Toledo  Length,  about  250  mUes.  Aver,ige  breadth,  ital  of  the  county  of  Heves  Hunaarv  'situated 
iSvtl  "573  feet^™"'  '-'"  '""''"  "'"=^-    ="«"  """^^     °^  the  Erlau  in  lat  47°  sl'  N  ,Yofg.\^0°  2^  E 

Erie,  Lake,  Battle  of.  A  naval  victory  gained  wa''',!nsucc1'sM?^\"i^'e  "tU^lWlilulssI-  bu" 
near  Put-m-Bay,  Lake  Erie,  Sept.  10,  1813.  by  afterward  came  under  Turkish  sway.  Population  (1890), 
the  American  fleet   (9  vessels,   54  guns,   490  -^''^V^. 

men)  under  O.  H.  Perry  over  the  British  fleet  -^rl-King  (eil'king),  G.  Erl-Konlg  (erl'ke-niG). 
(6  vessels,  63  guns,  502  men)  imder  Barclay  C^^*^-  <^Ue-koHge,  elver-konye,  king  of  the  elves.] 


Erie  Canal.  The  chief  canal  in  the  United 
States,  extending  from  the  Hudson  River  at 
Albany  to  Lake  Erie  at  Buft'alo.  its  construction 
was  due  mainly  to  the  efforts  of  De  Witt  Clinton  1817-26. 
Its  present  length  is  360.1  miles.  Width  at  surface,  70  feet  ■ 
at  bottom,  66  feet.     Dep'th,  7  feet. 

Erigena  (e-rij'e-na),  Johannes  Scotus.  [Eri- 
f/ena,  born  in  Ireland.]  Born  probably  in  Ire- 
land between  800  and  815 :  died  probably  about 
891.  A  noted  scholar  of  the  Oarlovingian  period. 
He  came  to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bald  before  847,  and 
became  director  of  the  palatial  school,  during  the  incum- 
bency of  wliich  ofHce  his  chief  literary  work  was  done. 
He  is  said  by  William  of  Malmesbury  and  others  to  have 
been  invited  to  England  by  Alfred  the  Great  (about  883?), 


In  German  legend,  a  goblin  who  haunts  the 
forests  aud  lures  people  to  destruction.  He  is 
particularly  addicted  to  destroying  children.  This  is  the 
subject  of  Goethe's  well-known  poem. 

Erman  (er'man),  Georg  Adolf.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, May  12,  1806 :  died  July  12,  1877.  A  Ger- 
man physicist,  son  of  Paul  Erman :  professor 
of  physics  at  Berlin  from  1834.  He  conducted 
magnetic  observations  in  a  journey  round  the  earth,  de- 
scribed  in  "Riise  um  die  Erde"  (1833-42). 

Erman,  Paul.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  29,  1764: 
died  there,  Oct.  11, 1851.  A  German  physicist, 
professor  of  physics  at  Berlin  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  university  (1810) 


lish  prelate,  abbot  of  Peterborough  1107-14, 
and  bishop  of  Rochester  1114-24.  He  was  edu. 
cated  at  the  famous  monastery  of  Bee,  and  was  a  close 
friend  of  Lanfranc  and  Anselni.  He  was  an  authority  on 
canon  law,  and  left  a  large  number  of  documents  bearing 
on  English  ecclesiastical  and  legal  history  ("Textus  Bof- 
fensis,"  preserved  in  Rochester  cathedral). 
It  Eroica  Sjrmphony,  The.  The  third  and  great- 
est of  Beethoven's  symphonies.  It  was  fli-st  per- 
formed publicly  in  Vienna  April  7.  1805,  and  was  con- 
ducted by  Beethoven.  Its  original  title  was  "Bonaparte," 
but  when  Napoleon  assumed  the  title  of  emperor,  Bee- 
thoven lost  faith  in  him  and  changed  the  title  of  hia 
symphony.  It  is  in  full  "  Sinfonia  eroica,  composta  per 
festeggiare  il  souveuire  di  un  grand'  uomo :  dedicata  a. 
Sua  Altezza  Serenissima  il  Principe  di  Lobl^owitz  da  Laigl 
van  Beethoven." 


road  from  London  northward  to  Lincoln  and 
1  ork.  It  left  London  at  Bishopsgate, where  a  branch,  the 
A'icinal  W,iy,  was  thrown  off  toEssex.  The  first  stop- 
ping-place on  the  northern  road  was  Adflnes,  in  Hertford- 


to  have  been  appointed  teacher  at  the  school  of  Oxford  and  Ximiine,  or  Ermyn  (er  min  ),  street.    A  Roman 

abbot  of  Malmesbury,  and  to  have  been  killed  by  his  own  '    "  "        ' 

pupils.    His  chief  work  was  the  translation  of  Diouysius 

Areopagitu,  aud  the  consequent  introduction  of  Neopla- 

tonism  into  western  Europe.    The  most  notable  of  his 

original  productions  is  "  De  Divisione  Naturaj "  (edited  by 

Gale  ItiSl,  Schluter  1838,  and  Floss  1863). 
Erigone(e-rig'o-ne).     [Gr. 'Bpty6vp.'\     In  Greek 

mjlhology,  the  daughter  of  Icarius.     She  was 

changed  to  a  constellation  (the  Latin  Virgo). 
Erin  (e'riu).     See  Ireland. 
Erinna(e-iin'a).  [Gr.  "Hpiwa.]  BomatRhodes     „.  ....„..„„. 

orTelos:livedabout600B.c.,dyingattheiigeof  Erminia  (6r-min'i-a).      The  principal  female 

nineteen.    A  celebrated  Greek  poetess,  a  friend    character  in  Tasso's  "  Jerusalem  Delivered" 


Eros(e'ros).  [Gr.  Epuf.]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  of  love.  According  to  Hesiod  he  is  the 
offspring  of  Chaos,  coeval  with  Earth  and  Tartarus,  and 
the  companion  of  Apluodite :  in  later  myths  he  i.s  the 
youngest  of  the  gods,  son  of  Aphrodite  and  Ares  or 
Hermes,  represented  as  a  thoughtless  and  w,ayward  cliild, 
armed  l>y  Zeus  with  bow  and  arrows  or  flaming  torch.  In 
the  older  view  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  tlie  creative 
powers  of  nature,  the  principle  of  union  among  the  diverse 
elements  of  the  world,  more  especially  as  the  power  of 
sensuous  love,  and  also  of  devoted  friendship.  He  was 
worshiped  at  Thespia?  in  Bceotia,  where  a  festival,  the 
Erotidia  or  Erotia,  was  celebrated  every  five  yeai-s  in  his 
honor. 

2.  An  asteroid  discovered  in  1898,  remarkable 
from  the  fact  that  the  greater  part  of  its  orbit 
lies  within  that  of  Mars. 


shire ;  thence  it  went  to  Dnrolipons,  now  Godmanches-  ErOS.    In  Shakspere's  "  Antonv  and  Cleopatl'a," 
ter,  on  the  Ouse;  thence  to  Durobrivse,  near  the  village      the  freed  slave  of  Antony.     He  is  devoted  to  An- 
ot  castor ;  thence  due  north  to  Causennaj  now  Ancaster ;      tony,  and  kills  himself  witli  his  own  sword  when  orilered 
thence  to  Lmdum  or  Lincoln;  thence  to  Segelocura  now      by  Antony  to  slay  him  in  fulfilment  of  an  oath. 
Littleborough;  thence  to  Danum,  now  Doncaster;  thence  -Rrncitratin:    '  Spb  TTfrnitr,if„i 
to  Calcaria.  the  modern  Tadcaster :  and  thence  to  Ebora-  1;'^°^''^.^''^^     bee  ^e)0,sfi((fi/s. 
cum  or  York.    From  York  it  went  northward  to  the  wall  i^rpeniUS  (er-pe  ni-us)   (Latinized    from   Van 
of  Hadrian.  Erpe ), Thomas.  BornatGorkum, Netherlands, 

Sept.  11,  1.584:  died  at  Leyden,  Nov.  13, 1624.  A 
noted  Dutch  Orientalist  and  traveler,  a  friend 


Erpenius 

of  Soalieer  and  Casaubon.  He  was  professor  of  Ara- 
bic und  later  of  Hebrew  at  Leyden,  and  was  the  author  of 
an  Arabic  grammar  (1613),  a  Hebrew  grammar  (1021).  etc. 
Errai  (er-ra'e).  [Ar.  ar-rai,  the  shepherd.] 
The  third-magnitude  star  7  Cephei,  m  the  king's 

right  foot.  ,,.„,.         -r. 

Errazunz  (ar-ra'tho-reth),  Fedenco,  Boin  ^t 
Santiago,  March  27,  1825:  died  there,  July  20, 
1877  A  Chilean  statesman.  'Dnder  President  Pe- 
rez (IS6I)  he  was  minister  of  justice,  religion,  and  pub- 
lic ijislruetion.  and  later  of  war  and  marine.  In  the  lat- 
t.rSon  he  directed  the  war  with  Spain  in  186.x  From 
U71  to  1876  he  was  president  of  Chile.  He  publisl.e.l 
"La  constitucion  de  1S28"  and  "  Ix)s  Pincheuras,  histon- 
(;;il  Studies. 

Errazuriz,  Isidore.  Born  at  Santiago,  183o.  A 
Cliili'iu  iounialist.  He  became  editor  of -El  Consti- 
ficional"  in  18«1,  and  founded  "La  Patria"  in  Valparaiso 
in  1863  Since  1867  he  has  been  almost  constantly  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  In  April  1893  he  was 
„iade  minister  of  the  interior,  but  was  compelled  to  resign 
n.  August,  owing  to  ill  feeling  caused  by  his  support  of 
\Lr.  Egan,  the  American  minister. 

Errors.  Comedy  of.     See  Comedi/  of  Errors. 

Ersch  (ersh),  Johann  Samuel.  Born  at  Gross- 
glogau,  Prussia,  June  23,  1766:  died  at  Ha  le, 
'Prussia,  Jan.  16, 1828.  A  German  bibliogi-aplier 
:ind  encyclopedist,  the  founder  of  German  bib- 
liograpliy.  In  association  with  J.  G.  Gruber,  he  origi- 
nated the  "  AUgemeine  Encyklopadie  der  Wissenschaften 
i.ndKuuste"  (1818-90). 

Erskine  (ersli'in),  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Dry- 
bm-gli  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  June  22,  16^0. 
died  at  Stirling,  Scotland,  June  2,  l/.^4  A 
clergyman  of  the  Established  Church,  audatter- 
'vard  of  the  Secession  Church  m  Scotland.  A 
sermon  which,  as  moderator  of  his  synod  he  preached  at 
.stirlina  Oct  18, 1732,  caused  such  dissatisfaction,  from  his 
censure  of  prevailing  doctrinal  errors  and  of  tyrannous 
e^rcise  of  patronage.that  he  and  three  adherents,  William 
Wilson,  Ale.tander  Moncrielf,  and  James  Fislier,  were  in 
Nov  1733,  removed  from  their  pastorates.  These  four 
•'Secession  Fathers,"  the  earliest  dissenters  from  the  na- 
tional church,  formed  themselves  into  a  presbytery  at 
Gairney  Bridge,  Kinross-shire,  Dec.  6,  1733. 
Erskine  John.  Born  in  1695:  died  at  Cardross, 
near  Dumbarton,  Scotland,  March  1,  1768.  A 
Scottish  iurist.  His  chief  works  are  "Priiiciples  of 
the  Law  of  Scotland "  (1764)  and  "Institute  of  the  Law 

of  Scotland"  (1773).  ,  ,       .,  „ 

Erskine,  John.  ^Born  at  Edinburgh    June  -, 
1721:    died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  19,   180J.     A 
Scottish  clergyman  and  theological  writer,  son 
of  John  Erskine  (1695-1768).    He  was  the  leader 
of  the  evangelical  party  of  his  time,  and  edited  for  publi- 
cation in  Scotland  the  works  of  Jonathan  Edwards  and 
other  Americans. 
Erskine  Ealph.    Bom  March  15, 168a:  died  at 
Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  6,  17o2.     A  Scot- 
tish clergyman,  brother  of  Ebenezer  Erskine. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Gospel  Sonnets,"  which 
reached  the  25th  edition  in  1795. 
Erskine,  Thomas,  of  Linlathen.    BomatEdm- 
burgh,  Oct.  13, 1788:  .lied  there, March  20, 18/0. 
A  Scottish  theological  writer.    He  wrote  '  In- 
ternal Evidence  for  the  Truth  of  Revealed  Re- 
ligion" (>820). 
Erskine,  Thomas,  Baron  Erskme.     Born     t 
Edinbui'gh,  Jan.  21,  1750:  died  at  Almoudell, 
Xr  Edinburgh,   Nov.    17,   1823.      A   British 
iurist  and  forensic  orator.     He  was  the  youngest 
ion  of  the  tenth  Earl  of  Buchan.    He  attained  celebrity 
M  a  pleader  in  supporting  charges  of  corruption  advanced 
gainst  Lord  Sandwich,  and  subsequently  distmgmshed 
mmself  especially   in   his  defense  of   Mockda  e       ,bl)  , 
Thomas  Pa  ne  (17U2),  and  Hardy,  Home  looke  etc.  (1.  »4). 
He  rip'es^nte^  Portsmouth  in  the  House  of  t'ommons 
from  1790  till  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Erskini,  o 
Kestormel.on  his  being  made  lof;^„ '^h«">!f ''"■•'"  ^""^ 
GrenviUo'sadministrati.m  (Feb.,  1808,-April,  1807). 
Erstein  (er'stin).     A  town  in  Alsace,  on  the 
111   13  miles    soutU-southwest    of    Strasburg. 
Population  (1890),  4,807. 
Ertang  (er'tang).    See  the  extract  and  Mam. 
But  Manee  went  a  step  further.    He  avowed  himself  to 
be  the  Paraclete  or  Comforter  foretold  by  the  Saviour, 
and  composed  a  gospel  which  he  called  the  Ertang,  which 
was  Illustrated  by  pictures  drawn  by  his  own  hand,  he 
claimed  that  the  Ertang  should  take  preceileiice  of  the 
New  Testament.    It  was  this  false  move  that  really  led 
to  the  violent  opposition  which  the  Christian  church  dis- 
played towards  the  Persian  prophet.  ,  „      ,     „  ,„„ 
'     '                                 Benjamin,  Story  of  Persia,  p.  180. 

Ertoghrul  (er'to-griil).     Died  in  1288     A  Tur- 
kish cliiof.  falher  of  Olliraan  the  founder  of  the 
Oitcimiui  I'liipirc.     Mr. 
Turkswhii^hlii.dl.fl  Kboi 
under  the-  1'  I'l'  •   In;.  "I  I 

Ala-ed-Di",  -.1111,111  ..1  I 

of  Greeks  ai.a  .Mung-.ls  1 
and  Yenischeei 


367 


.,  tlle  chief  of  a  band  of  Oghuz 
M  under  his  father,  and  which 
n;hrnl  entcii'il  the  service  of 
11.  He  licfcateil  a  ml.ied  army 
great  battle  uetweeu  Brusa 


&ycina  (or-i-si'na).    [Gr.  "EpvKtim  •■  from  Mount 
Eryx,  in  Sicily.]"  A  snrnamo  of  Aphrodite  or 

Venus.  ,~      „  /,/   -1 

ErymanthU8(or-i-man'thus).    [Gr.  K/jf/iniMc] 

A  mountain-raoige  on  the  border  of  Arcadia 


and  Achaia,  Greece,  the  haunt  of  the  fabled  Ery- 
manthian  boar,  killed  by  Hercules. 

Erythrae  (er'i-thre ).  [Gr.  •EpvBpai.']  In  ancient 
gi-oicrapliv,  an  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated ojiijosite  Chios  35  miles  west  of  Sm>Tna. 

Erythrsea.    See  Eritrea. 

Erythraean  Sea.  [L.  Mare  Erythrxum,  or  Mare 
Mubrum,  Red  Sea.]  In  ancient  geogi-aphy,  a 
name  given  to  the  Arabian  Sea,  or  to  the  Indian 
Ocean  including  the  Red  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf. 

Eryx  (e'riks).  [Gr.  "Epif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  and  mountain  in  western  Sicily, 
the  modern  Monte  San  Giuliano,  41  miles  west 
of  Palermo,  it  contained  a  temple  of  Venus.  It  was 
captured  by  Pyrrhus  in  278  B.  C,  and  was  held  by  Haniil- 
car  in  the  first  Punic  war.     See  Muntc  San  Giuliano. 

Erzerum  (erz-rom')-  1.  A  ^^layet  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  bordering  on  Transcaucasia,  Russia. 
Area.  29,614  square  miles.  Population  (1885), 
645,702.-2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of 
Erzerum,  situated  on  the  Kara-Su  (the  north 
braucli  of  the  Euphrates),  over  6,000  feet  above 
sea-level,  in  hit.  39°  56'  N..  long.  41°  15'  E.  It 
is  an  important  trading  center  and  fortress,  and  is  noted 
for  its  metal-work.  Its  early  name  was  Theodosiopolis. 
It  belonged  in  the  middle  ages  to  the  Byzantine  empu-e, 
the  Arabs,  the  Seljuks,  and  the  Jlongols  in  turn.  In  1829 
it  was  taken  by  the  Russian  general  Paskevitch,  but  was 
restored  to  the  Turks.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  Russians 
in  Feb.,  1878,  but  was  again  restored  to  the  Turks.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  60,000.  Also  spelled  Erzcruum,  Erz- 
room. 

Erzgebirge  (erts'ge-ber-ge),  or  Ore  Moun- 
tains.   A  range  of  moimtains  on  the  border 
between  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  extending  from 
the  Elbe  to  the  Fiehtelgebirge.    Highest  summit, 
the  Keilberg,  4,080  feet.    Length,  about  90  miles.    Ihej 
are  celebrated  for  their  mineral  deposits. 
Esarhaddon(e-sSr-had'on).    [Assyr.  Aaur-aJia- 
iddiii,  Asur  has  given  a  brother.]     King  of  As- 
syria 680-668  B.  C,  the  son  and  successor  of 
Sennaclierib.    The  reign  of  this  king  marks  the  high- 
est glory  and  power  of  the  Assyrian  empiie.    He  first  had 
to  quell  the  disturbance  caused  by  the  assassination  of  his 
father  at  the  hands  of  his  sons  Adrammelech  and  Sharezer 
P  Ki  xix  37  Isa.  .\.xxvii.  38).     Then  he  restored  the  city 
of  Babylon,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  his  father.    His 
expeditions  extended  from  Media  to  Cilicia,  and  from  the 
frontier  of  Elam  to  Arabia,  and  reached  even  to  Egypt. 
Among  the  kings  subject  to  him  he  enumerates,  m  his 
prism-inscription  of  673,  Baal,  king  of  Tjtc  Manasseh  of 
Judah,  Kausgabri  of  Edom,  Muzuri  of  Moab,  etc     Three 
years  before  this  he  destroyed  Sidon.    His  most  signifl- 
cant  conquest  was  that  of  Egypt.   After  sever.al  campaigns 
he  defeated  Tarku  (biblical  Tirhakah),  the  third  of  the 
"Jbthor  Ethiopian  dynasty,  in  the  battle  of  Memphis  (6,1), 
and  practically  converted  Egypt  and  Ethiopia  into  an  As- 
Syrian  province.     He  drove  the  Ethiopians  out  of  Egypt, 
divided  the  country  into  districts,  and  placed  over  them 
submissivethough  mostly  native  rulers, chief  amoiigwhom 
was  Necho,  who  was  put  over  Sais  and  Memphis,     lie 
added  then  U,  his  many  titles  that  of  "king  "«  k""gs  of 
Lower  and  Upper  Egypt  and  Ethiopia.      Like  all  the. sar^ 
Konides,  Esarhaddon  was  a  great  builder.    Besides  the 
restoration  of  Babylon  may  be  mentioned  his  great  palace 
in  Nineveh,  for  the  construction  of  which  22  subject 
kings  had  to  provide  the  material,  and  which,  as  the  ex- 
cavations in  the  mounds  of  Kuyunjik  and  Jyebi-yunus 
have  shown,  was  adorned  with  winged  lions  and  bulls  and 
sphinxes.     In  608  Esarhaddon  abdicated  In  favor  of  his 
son  AsuibanipiU- 
Esau(6'sa).  [Heb.,' hairy," rough']  Thesonof 
Isaac  and  Robekah,  and  elder  brother  of  Jacob. 
He  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Edomites. 
Escalera  (cs-ka-lfi'ra),  Antonio  de.    Born  m 

Tiiledc),  Spain,  1506:  died  in  Ciudad  heal  de 
Guayra,  Sept.  6,  1575.  A  Spanish  priest  who 
went  to  Paraguay  with  Cabeza  de  Vaca  m  lo4y, 
and  was  active  there  as  a  leader  of  explora- 
tions and  conquests.  He  founded  Ciudad  Real  do 
Guayra,  and  after  1670  resided  there  He  «'-"'°/>=''';™' 
meinoir.i  relating  to  the  conquest,  which  have  been  pub- 
lislicd  by  the  Madrid  Academy  of  History. 

Escalona,  Duke  of.  See  Lopez  Pacheco  Ca- 
hnrii  1/  liobadiUa,  lUcgo.  ,    ,,  „ 

Escallis  (es'ka-lus).  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Mea- 
sure for  Measure,"  an  old  lord. -2.  In  Shak- 
spere's "Romeo  and  Juliet,"  the  Prince  of 
Verona.  .  _         .     o,    1 

Escanes  (es'ka-nez).  A  lord  o£  Tyre,  m  Shak- 
spere's "Pcriides." 

Eschenbach,  Wolfram  von.    See  Wolfram  von 

K.scIh  iiliiicli.  _        ,  . 

Eschenburg  (esh'en-biini),  Johann  Joachim. 

Born  at  mniburg.  Dee.  7,  1743:  .lie.l  at  Bruns- 
wick, (i..niiany,  I'eb.  29,  1S20.  A  German  lit- 
erary historian,  professor  at  the  Carolmum  111 
Brunswick :  a  friend  of  Lessing.  Ho  translated 
Slnikspere's  plays  (177:-)-82  and  1 ,9H-1S0(.). 

Eschenmayer  (esh'en-mi-cr),  Karl  A.ugust. 
Born  at  Neuonburg,"VVurteinberg,  July  4,  lilib; 
died  at  Kirchheim  unter  Teck,  Wurl^omberg, 
Nov  17  18.52.  A  German  metaphy-sician,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  raediciuo  and  later  of 
practical  pliilosophy,  at  Tiibingen  1811-36.  He 
wrote  "RoligionsphUosophio"  (181H-24),  etc. 


Esher 

Escholzmatt  (esh'olts-miit).  A  village  In  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  20  miles  south- 
west of  Lucerne.  ti  ■    j   •  1. 

Eschscholtz  (esh'sholts),  Johann  Friedricli 
von  Born  at  Dorpat,  Russia,  Nov.  12,  liJi: 
died  there,  Mav  19,  1834.  A  German  traveler 
and  naturalist  ,'professor  of  anatomy  at  Dorpat. 
He  .accompanied,  as  physician  and  naturalist,  Kotzebue  s 
expeditions  1815  18  and  1823.  He  published  "  Zoologischer 
Atlas"  (1829-31),  •'System  der  Acalephen"  (1829),  etc. 

Eschscholtz  Bay.  [Named  for  J.  F.  von 
Eschscholtz.]  A  part  of  Kotzebue  bound,  on 
the  western  shore  of  Alaska. 

Eschwege  (esh'va-ge).  An  ancient  town  m  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Werra  26  miles  southeast  of  Cassel.  It 
contains  a  castle.      Population  (1890),  9,776. 

Eschwege,  Wilhelm  Ludwig  von.  Born  near 
Escliwege,  Hesse,  Nov.  15, 1777:  died  atWolts- 
anger,  near  Cassel,  Feb.  1,  1855.  A  German 
mineralogist.  In  I803  he  was  put  in  charge  of  goyeru- 
meut  iron-works  in  Portugal,  and  in  1809  followed  the 
court  to  Brazil,  where  he  was  made  director  of  gulil  mineB 
and  curator  of  the  government  mineralogiciU  cabinet. 
From  1829  to  1834  he  resided  in  Germany;  subsequently 
(to  1850)  he  was  again  in  the  employ  of  Portugal  as  a  min- 
ing engineer,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieuteuant-fleld-mar- 
Bhll.  His  principal  works  are  -Journal  von  Brasilien 
(1818-19),  "Pluto  Brasiliensis"  (1833).  and  "Beitrage  z\a 
Gebirgskunde  BrasUiens"  (1832). 
Eschweiler  (esh'\-i-ler).  A  town  ill  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Inde  9  miles 
northeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  has  foundries 
and  important  factories.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  18.119.  _ 

Escobar  (es-k6-bar'),PatncIo.  A  Paraguayan 
politician,  minister  of  war  1874,  and  president 
of  tlio  repubUc  Nov.  25, 1886,-Nov.  25,  1890. 
Escobar  y  Mendoza  (es-ko-biir'  e  men-do  za), 
Antonio.  Bum  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  lob9: 
died  July  4, 1669.  A  Spanish  Jesuit,  celebrated 
as  a  casuist,  especially  for  his  doctrine  that 
purity  of  intention  justifies  actions  in  them- 
selves immoral  and  even  criminal.  He  wrote 
"San  Ignacio  de  Loyola '•  (1613 :  a  heroic  poem),  "Liber 
Theologiie  moralis,  etc."  (1646),  etc. 

Escobedo  (es-ko-ba'do),  Maria,no  Bora  m 
Nuevo  Leon,  Jan.  12,  1827  :  died  May  22,  1902. 
A  Me.Kican  general.  He  joined  the  army  during  the 
Mexican  war  (1847),  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  briga- 
dier-general in  resisting  the  French  invasion  1861-63.  Early 
in  1865  he  entered  northern  Mexico  from  the  I  niteil  Mat  cs, 
and  took  Monterey.  A.lvancing  against  Ma.vnnilnin  s 
forces,  he  defeated  Miramon  at  San  Jacinto,  lelj.  1,  1867, 
and,  being  made  conimandcr-in  chief  of  the  repii blicaii 
Hrmies,  defeated  and  captured  the  emperor  Maximilian  at 
Querctan.,  May  l.'i,  1^67.  He  signed  the  order  for  .Maxi- 
milians  execution,  .lune  16.  From  Aug.  to  Nov.,  is.i.,  ho 
was  minister  of  war  under  Lerdo.  and  he  went  wilh  him 
into  exile.  In  IKso  he  again  accepted  oflice  under  the 
government,  but  retireil  in  1K84. 

Escocezes  (ils-ko-sa'zaz).  [Sp.,  'Scotchmen.] 
A  political  party  in  Mexico  which  was  promi- 
nent from  1S2()  to  1829.  It  was  so  called  because  Its 
nrincinal  leaders  weremembers of  the  Scottish  Kite  Lodge 
of  freemasons.  The  Escocezes  were  centralists,  .uid  were 
accused  of  favoring  a  foreign  dynasty.  >  icolas  Bravo  be- 
came the  leader  of  the  party.  ,      ti  •    i 

Escorial  (es-ko'ri-al),  less  properly  Escunal 
(.•s-kii'ri-a!).  [Sp.  cl  Escorial.]  A  celebrated 
building  in  Spain,  situated  27  miles  northwest 
of  Jladrid,  containing  a  monastery,  palace, 
churcli,  and  mausoleum  of  the  Spanish  sover- 
ei"ns.  The  edillce  originated  in  a  vow  to  St.  Lawrence 
minle  by  Philip  11.  at  the  battle  of  St.-l}ucntill  (1567),  iUld 
was  erected  in  166:i-8).  Its  general  form  Is  that  of  a  grid- 
iron (in  memory  of  SI.  Lawrences  marlynl..m).  the  length 
iHing  about  780 feet  and  tlic  brca.llh  about  620.  It  is cele- 
luated  for  its  paintings  and  lilirary. 

Escosura  'es-ko-so'rii),  Patricio  de  la.    Born 

at  Madrid,  Nov.  '>,  1807:  die.l  Jan.  22,  1878.     A 
Spanisli  statesman  and  writer. 
Esdraelon    (es-dni-e'lon    or    es-dra'e-lon),    or 
Plain  of  Jezreel.     Tlie  scriptural  name  for  a 
valley  in  Palest  ill.' extending  from  MountGilboa 

westward  to  Mount  Carnud.  It  has  been  a  noted  baU 
tle-lleld  In  ancient  and  modern  tiines,froni  Gideon  ■svicUiry 
over  the  Midianites  to  Naiwleon's  over  the  Turks  (1,99). 

Esdras  (ez'dras).  The  Greek  form  of  the  name 
Ezra.  .  1,     T      1 

Esdras,  Books  of.    The  first  two  of  the  books 

of  I  he  .Viiucrvpha  (which  see).     The  first  book  con- 
sists, to  a  large' extent,  of  matter  compiled  or  transcribed 
from  the  books  of  ITir<mlclc»,  K/.ra,  and  >.ehemlah.    The 
second  is  mainly  of  an  apocalyptic  chiu-acter. 
Esens  (a'zenz).     Tlie  chief  pliu-o  in  Harhn^er- 
huid,  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  15  miles 
north-northeast  of  Aurieh. 
■Pcibbaal  (esh-bii'al).     See  I.ihbo.ihcth. 
IhSc  11'   o!).llieb.,'abunch' or 'cluster.] 
A  vaUeynear  Hebron,  in  Palest.tie,  from  which 
the  spies  sent  by  Moses  to  search  out  the  1   nd 
(Num.  xiii.)  brought  back  hue  grapes  and  other 

Esher'(esh'er).    A  village  in  Surrey,  England, 


Esher 


368 


16  miles   southwest   of  London.      Claremont 

Palace  is  in  the  vicinity, 

£shref.     See  Ashraf. 

Esk  (esk).  1.  A  river  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scot- 
land, flowing  into  the  Solway  Firth  in  Cumber- 
land, 7  miles  northwest  of  Carlisle.  Length, 
about  45  miles.—  2.  A  small  river  in  Edin- 
burghshire, Scotland,  formed  by  the  North 
Esk  and  South  Esk,  and  flowing  into  the  Firth 

of  Forth  6  miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  Tf„~ u-  /         ^     -i/j- 

■n  1     >T  -ii.       A     ■  i,_     t      ,        t  -r^     c     Esmeralda  (es-ma-rarda 

Esk,  North.     A  river  on  the  border  of  Forfar     -  -    — 

and  Kincardine,  Scotland,  which  flows  into  the 

North  Sea  4  miles  north  of  Montrose.    Length, 

29  miles. 
Esk,  South.     A  river  of  Forfarshire,  Scotland, 

which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  at  Montrose. 

Length,  49  miles. 
Eski-Djumna  (es-ke-j6m'na),  or  Eski-Djuma- 


in  10  volumes.  He  wrote,  .•imong  other  operas,  "  II  Soli- 
tario  "  (1841)  and  '•  Pedro  el  Cruel  "  (published  about  the 
same  time). 

Eslen  (es'len).  A  former  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.     See  Esselcnian . 

Esmarch  (es'mareh),  Johannes  Friedrich  Au- 
gust von.  Born  at  Tonning.  Schles«-ig-Hol- 
steiu,  Prussia,  Jan.  9,  1823.  A  noted  German 
military  surgeon,  an  authority  especially  on 
gunshot-wounds. 

E.  pron.  ez-me-ral 


iii).     1.  In  Victor  Hugo's  novel  -  Notre  Dame  EsPlandian  (es-plan-de-au  ) 
de  Paris,"  a  dancing-giri  whose  friend  was  the     '^'•-  "*  *-"'"''  '^"''  Onana,  in  t 
goat  Capriella.     Quasimodo  loves  her  and  tries 
to  protect  her,  but  she  is  executed  as  a  witch. 
—  2.  An  opera,  the  words  arranged  from  Victor  Espremesnil,  or   Epremenil   (a-pra-ma-uel') 


Esquivel 

the  east,  Eio  de  Janeiro  on  the  south,  and  Mi- 
nasGeraesonthewest.  Capital, Victoria.  Area, 
17,:n2  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  382,- 
137. 
EspiritU  Santo  (es-pe're-to  san'to).  1.  A 
small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  near  the 
southern  extremity  of  Lower  California. — 2. 
The  largest  island  of  the  New  Hebrides  group, 
in  the  Pacific.  Length,  75  miles. —  3.  A  cape 
at  the  northern  extremity  of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 
?„«i — Ai —  ^„.  „i:;„  ,1;;  x-..m_  ThesonofAma- 
the  old  romances. 
He  is  called  the  Black  Knight,  from  the  color  of  his  armor. 
The  stori,-  of  his  exploits,  by  Jloiitalvo,  is  the  flrst  sequel  to 
the  four  books  of  ''Auiadis  of  Gaul,"  or  the  fifth  book. 


Hugo's  libretto  by  Theo.  Marzials  and  Albert 
Randegger,  music  by  A.  Goring  Thomas.  It 
was  produced  in  London  March  26,  1883. 


ya  (es  ke-jo  ma-ya).  A  toxra  m  Bulgaria  19  Esmeraldas  (es-ma-ral'diis).  1.  A  river  of 
mile^  west  of  Shumla.  Population  (1888)  8,519.  Ecuador  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  120  miles 
Eskllstuna  (esk  il-sto-na)  At^own  m  the  laen  northwest  of  Quito.— 2.  A  province  of  norih- 
of  Nykopmg,  Sweden,  sitiiated  on  the  Eskil-  western  Ecuador.  Capital,  Esmeraldas.  Popu- 
stuna  River  o5  miles  west  of  Stockholm,    its   lation,  estimated,  14,553. 

manufactures  of  iron,  cutlery,  and  guns  have  gamed  for  T»„,„ \3  r      t^       j\    t»      x  •         t     m,       ,  , 

it  the  name  of  the  SwedUh  Shtgidd.    Population  (1890),  Esmond  (ez  mond),  Beatrix.     In  Thackeray's 

novel  "Henry  Esmond,''  a  capricious,  heart- 


eapr 
less,  and  brilliant  beauty,  she  is  the  first  love  of 
Henry  Esmond,  her  kinsman,  but  aspires  to  the  position 
of  a  royal  mistress,  Failinjr  to  attain  this,  she  tries  to 
marry  an  old  duke;  he  is  killed,  and  she  sinks  from  one 
grade  to  another,  till  she  finally  marries  her  brother's 
tutor,  for  whom  she  secures  by  intrigue  the  rank  of  a 
bishop. 

See    Henry    Esmond,   and 


111,909, 

Eskimauan  (es'Id-ma-an).  [From  Algonkin 
eskhnantik,  eaters  of  raw  flesh.]  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians  whose  habi- 
tat extends  coastwise  from  eastern  Greenland 
to  western  Alaska  and  to  the  extremity  of 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  a  distance  of  over  o.OOO 

miles.    The  winter  or  permanent  villages  are  usually  EsmOUd,    Henry, 
along  the  coast.    The  interior  is  also  visited  for  hunting    Vasilewood. 
reindeer  and  other  animals,  though  the  natives  rarely  Esmun  (es'mon),  or  EshmUU  (esh'mon).    ['The 
penetrate  inland  farther  than  50  miles,  a  strip  of  coast  30    „:„i,n    n       a    "dv,       .    .  ,;*V  \  '     ^ 

miles  wide  representing  the  average  area  of  Eskimauan    eighth.  J     A  Phenician  divmity,  so  named  as 
occupancy.     The  stock  comprises  the  Greenland,  Labra-    being  added  to  the  seven  Cabiri,  or  the  seven 
dor,  middle,  Alaskan,  Aleutian,  and  Asiatic  groups.     Of    planets  worshiped  by  the  Phenicians. 
^^'*i".P™,"JP'^„l"i"?.l^ll'!f.?/i!^.'l",lll^^^^^^^  (es-mon-a'zar).      ['Esmun   has 

helped.']  A  Phenician  king  of  the  second  half 
of  the  4th  century  B.  C,  His  sarcophagus,  discovered 
in  1855,  furnished  the  longest  extant  Phenician  inscrip- 
tion. He  describes  himself  as  king  of  the  two  Sidoiis,  son 
of  King  Tabnit  and  grandson  of  King  EsmunazJir.  The 
inscription  contains  principally  a  warning  against  the 
desecration  of  the  tomb,  and  describes  the  construction 
of  several  temples  to  Asiit^jreth,  Esmun,  and  other  Sido- 
nian  deities.  Possibly  Esmunazar  ruled  between  the  de- 
struction of  Sidon  by  the  Persians  in  362  and  the  downfaU 
of  the  Persian  empire  in  330. 


on  the  eastern  coast,  where  settlements  have  extended  to 
lat.  7-1''  30'.  On  the  west  coast  villages  extend  to  Smith 
Sound  in  lat.  78°  18',  while  in  Grinnell  Land  permanent 
habitations  have  been  found  in  lat.  81°  44'.  The  Labra- 
dor group  has  4  prominent  villages  and  a  number  of 
lesser  settlements  reaching  as  far  south  as  Hamilton  Inlet 
(lat.  65°  30 ) :  formerly  their  villages  extended  to  Belle 
Isle  Strait  (lat.  50°  30).  The  middle  Eskimo  inhabit  20 
permanent  villages,  their  range  extending  from  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  EUesmere  Land,  Jones  .Sound,  nearly  to 
James  Bay  in  Hudson  Bay,  and  westward  to  Alaska,  ex- 
cept the  coast  between  the  mouth  of  Coppermine  Kiver 

andCapeBathui-st,  and  from  the  territory  of  the  Macken-;E'!np'h      or   V.ml^    Cps'tipI        A    town    \r,    ITiiner 
zie  Eskimo,  about  the  Mackenzie  delta,  to  Point  Barrow. -HS^®"'    ".,   ^^"^    ^   f,      <;■,     ■      w    o-?i--^?t 
These    stretches    were  used   only  as   hunting-grounds.    ^STV^,  situated  on  the  Nile  m  lat.  2o°  1(    N  : 
There  are  23  permanent  villages  of  the  Alaska  group,    the  ancient  Latopolis  or  Lato.     It  contains  the 
The  range  of  this  group  extends  from  Point  Barrow    ruins  of  an  ancient  temple.     Population,  esti- 
westward  and  southward  over  almost  the  entire  coast  as    ,,10  +  0,1    0  000 
far  as  Atna  or  Copper  River,  where  the  Kolusehan  do-  ti"' '      '« '     % 
main  begins.     The  Point  Barrow  Eskimo  do  not  penetrate  ^      "-  J^'Sop. 

far  inland,  but  to  the  south  the  tribes  reach  t«  the  head  Espana.     See  Spain. 

waters  of  the  Nunatog  and  Koyuk  rivers,  visiting  the  Espanola  (es-pan-yo'lii).  [Sp.,  'little  Spain.'] 
coast  only  to  trade.  The  Aleutian  group,  commonly  rnf  ,,.,„,„  o-iven  Iw  PnliimV.,,^  tr,  tliu  \aU,-nA  ,,f 
called  Unungun  or  Aleut,  formerly  occupied  the  entire  i"^,."'",™^  ^wen  by  ColumbUb  to  the  island  ot 
Aleutian  Archipelago ;  but  since  the  advent  of  the  Rus-  Haiti,  discovered  by  him  m  1492,  English  authors 
sians  and  the  introduction  of  the  fur-trade,  their  terri-  corrupted  it  to  Ei^paniola.  In  old  Latin  maps  the  island 
tory  has  greatly  diminished,  Atka  and  Unalashka  are  its  '^  called  Hispanise  itisvla.  Santo  Domingo  is  a  later  desig- 
principal  villages.     The  stock  is  represented  in  north-     nation,  derived  from  the  city  of  that  name. 

of 


group. , .  _                   _        -                                        _                 ^ 

group,  2,000;  middle  or  Baffin  Land  group,  1,100;  Alaskan  Jan.  9,   18/9.     A  Spanish  general  and  states 

F'°"P'2''.o«'-    The  number  of  the  Yuit  or  Asiatic  group  maii_,    distinguished    in   the   war   against   the 

-Eskimaux.     Be^  Eskimauan.  premier  lltll     ^^^  "''^^  ^'^g''""**!^^,  and 

'^tk^Van^'''^^^'  *"  ^^^^°S  (-'^°^)-  SeeE'spiet(es-pya').'lntheCharlemagneromances, 
■p.^1,-;  c  „-„'/„„'!  ■  ••/  "v  XI  1  •  I.  ,  ..,  a  dwarf.  'Though  over  a  hundred  years  old.  he 
^^)  f^n  '  %'nr  ^'^)'™-Eskl-zaghra  -za'-  ^eems  to  be  a  chUd.  He  is  a  false^nchanter. 
fotL\nvttrt%Z^i""k  r  <^''^r'"f-]  ^.^Espinasse,  Mademoiselle  del'.  ii<^BLespinasse. 
26^  lo^^  o?o^Ss"f  '(?p.ftTr'''  V*-  Espinel  (e's-pe-nel'), Vicente.  Born  at  Ronda. 
ren„ls;d  WoL  I  ?■•  <^<'°f,''=i\GouTko  was  (^Vai  Decf^  15.50:  died  at  Madi-id,  1634.  A 
\u"  T  1877       ^  S'^1*'™^'^   ^^^^^'  J^y  31-    Spanish  poet  and  novelist.    He  wroie"Vida  del 

x>„v?'o-u«i /     /I  •    1,   T-   /,        .   ,  ...        .,        Escudero  Marcos  de  Obregon"  (1618),  which  served  in  a 

iiSKl-Jsnenr  ( es  m-shehr  ).  A  town  m  the  vila-  measure  as  the  foundation  of  Le  Sage's  "Gil  Bias." 
yet  of  Khodavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situ-  Espinhago  (as-pen-ya'so),  Serra  do.  A  range 
ated  on  the  Pursak  m  lat.  39°  44'  N.,  long.  30°  of  mountains  of  eastern  Brazil,  a  branch  of 
,  ^•'  ^^t  ■  "°'  baths:  the  ancient  Dory-  the  Mantiqueira  chain,  running  northward  on 
Iteum  ot  Phrygia  It  exports  meerschaum.  It  was  the  the  east  side  of  the  vallev  of  the  river  Sao  Fran- 
n,^r  tVult.^ntes't'lmStl'd'lw!?^'^  ""  '"^  """""^  '"  «'--■  "« '"gl^^st  peak'is  Cara^a  ((i,414  feet). 
Esla  (es'la).  A  river  in  northwestern  Spain  ^-^-P^''°^^- ^■'^^-P^"''°  '.^''  <*as_par.de,  Born  at 
which  joins  the   Douro  a  few  miles  west  of 


±  ^^^L^J'T}^Z':f^^I^_^^^''i    Medina  del  Campo  about  1475:  died  at  Cuzco, 


Zamora.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Eslaba  (es-la'bii).  Sebastian  de.  Bom  in  Eguil- 
lor,  Feb.,  1698:  died  at  Ma.hiil,  Jan.,  1759.  A 
Spanish  soldier.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Philip  'v.,  became  lieutenant-general  i[i  1738.  and 
from  1740  to  1744  was  viceroy  of  New  Granada.  He  for- 
tified the  port  of  Cartagena  in  that  country,  and  from 

March  to  June,  1741,  defended  it  brilliantly  against  the  EspinOSa,  Javier, 
English.    Returning  to  Spain  in  1744,  he  was  made  cap.      1  STO        ' 
tain-general,  and  was  for  several  year-s  minister  of  war. 


Peru,  Aug.  or  Sept.,  1537.  A  Spanish  lawyer 
and  soldier.  He  went  to  Darien  in  1514  as  alguazil 
mayor,  or  chief  justice,  Balboa  was  tried  before  him  in 
l.'>14,  and  later,  in  1517  or  1519,  when  he  was  condemned  to 
death,  Espinosa  led  many  expeditions  against  the  Indi- 
ans, and  in  1518,  acting  for  Pedrarias,  founded  Panama. 
After  visiting  .Spain  he  was  a  crown  ofiicer  at  Santo  Do- 
mingo, but  was  frequently  at  Panama. 

Bom  in  Quito,  1815:  died 
A  statesman  of  Ecuador.    On  the  overthrow 


of  Carrion  (18C>8)  he  was  made  president,  but  the  revolt  of 
Moreno  and  the  conservatives  forced  him  to  resign  in 
186',1. 


Eslava  (es-la'va),  Miguel  Hilarion.     Bom 
near  Pampeluna,  Spain,  Oct.  21,  1807  :  died  at 

Madrid,  July  23,  1878.  A  noted  Spanish  mu-  EspiritoSanto(es-pe're-tosiin'to).  [Pg.,'Holy 
sieian  and  composer.  His  principal  work  is  "Lira  Spirit,']  A  maritime  state  of  Brazil,  Iving 
%icro.Hispaaa,"  a  collection  published  i]i  Madrid  in  1869    between  Bahia  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on 


Jean  Jacques  Duval  d'.  Born  at  Pondicher- 
ry,  India,  1746:  died  at  Paris,  April  23,  1794. 
A  French  politician.  As  a  promment  member  of  the 
Parliament  of  Paris  he  defended  in  17S8  the  privileges  of 
that  body  against  royal  encroachment,  with  the  result 
that  he  was  committed  to  custody.  Having  been  deputed 
to  the  States-General  by  the  noblesse  of  Paris  in  1789,  he 
supported  the  royal  cause ;  and  in  1791,  at  the  close  of 
the  National  Assembly,  of  which  he  was  amember,  he  for- 
niiilly  prottsted  against  the  new  constitution.  He  was 
sent  to  the  f:uillotine  by  the  Revolutionary'  tribunal. 
Esprit  des  Lois  (es-pre'  da  Iwii).  [F.,' spirit 
of  the  Laws.']  A  celebrated  philosophical 
work  by  Montesquieu,  published  at  Geneva  in 
1748. 

The  title  may  be  thought  to  be  not  altogether  happy, 
and  indeed  rather  ambiguous,  because  it  does  not  of  itself 
suggest  the  extremely  wide  sense  in  which  the  word  law 
is  intended  to  be  taken.  An  exact,  if  cumbrous,  title  for 
the  book  would  be  "  On  the  Relation  of  Human  Laws  and 
Customs  to  the  Laws  of  Nature."  The  author  begins 
somewhat  formally  with  the  old  distinction  of  politics  into 
democracy,  aristocracy,  and  monarchy.  He  discusses  the 
principles  of  each  and  their  bearings  on  education,  on 
positive  law,  on  social  conditions,  on  military  strength, 
offensive  and  defensive,  ou  individual  liberty,  on  taxa. 
tion  and  finance.  Then  an  abrupt  return  is  made  from 
the  effects  to  the  causes  of  constitutions  and  polity.  The 
theory  of  the  influence  of  physical  conditions,  and  espe- 
cially of  climate,  on  political  and  social  institutions  —  a 
theory  which  is  perhaps  more  than  any  other  identified 
with  the  book  —  receives  special  attention,  and  a  Br>me- 
what  disproportionate  space  is  given  to  the  question  of 
slavery  in  this  connection,  t'rom  climate  Montesquieu 
passes  to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  as  in  its  turn  affecting 
civil  polity.  He  then  attacks  the  subject  of  manners  and 
customs  as  distinct  from  laws,  of  trade  and  commerce, 
of  the  family,  of  jurisprudence,  of  religion.  The  book 
concludes  with  an  elaborate  examination  of  the  feudal 
system  in  France.  Throughout  it  the  reader  is  equally 
surprised  at  the  varied  and  exact  knowledge  of  the  au- 
thor, and  at  his  extraordinary  fertility  in  general  views. 
This  fertility  is  indeed  sometimes  a  snare  to  him,  and 
leads  to  rash  generalisation. 

Saintshury,  French  Lit.,  p.  475- 

Espronceda  (es-pron-tha'da),  Jose  de.  Born 
near  Almendralejo,  Badajoz,  Spain,  1810 :  died 
at  Madrid,  May  23,  1842.  A  Spanish  poet  and 
revolutionary  politician.  He  <vrote  the  poems  "El 
estudiante  de  Salamanca  "  and  "El  Diablo  mundo,"  a  his- 
torical romance  "Don  Sancho  Saldafia,"  etc. 

Espy  (es'pi),  James  Pollard.  Bom  in  'Wash- 
ington County,  Pa.,  May  9,  1785:  died  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Jan.  24.  1860.  An  American  meteor- 
ologist. He  published  "Philosophy  of  Storms" 
(1.W1). 

Esquilacbe,  Prince  of  (Francisco  de  Borja 
y  Arragon).     See  Borja  1/  Arragon. 

Esquiline  (es'kwi-lin)  Hill.  [L.  Mons  esquili- 
«».<.]  The  central  hill  of  the  three  which  form 
the  eastern  side  of  the  group  of  Seven  Hills  of 
ancient  Rome,  it  lies  between  the  Viminal  on  the 
north  and  the  Caelian  on  the  south,  and  east  of  the  Pala- 
tine.  It  is  divided  from  east  to  west  by  a  depression,  tui 
the  part  to  the  north,  called  the  Mons  Ceapius,  stands 
St.a.  Maria  Maggiore;  on  that  to  the  south,  the  Mom  Op. 
pinSy  rise  San  Pietro  in  "N'incoli  and  the  Thermre  of  Titus. 
Here,  too,  were  the  houses  of  Horace,  Vergil,  and  Proper- 
tins.  Between  the  Esquiline  and  the  Palatine  stands  the 
Colosseum. 

Esquimalt  (es-qui'mo).  A  town  in  British  Co- 
lumbia, 3  miles  southwest  of  Victoria,  noted  as 
a  naval  station. 

Esquimaux.     See  Eskimauan. 

Esquirol  (es-ke-rol'),  Jean  Etienne  Domi- 
nique. Born  at  Toulouse,  France,  Jan.  4, 
1772 :  died  Dee.  12, 1840.  A  French  physician, 
noted  for  his  reforms  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane.  He  published  "Des  maladies  men- 
tales"  (1838).  etc. 

Esquiros  (es-ke-ros'),  Alphonse  Henri.  Bom 
at  Paris,  May  24,  1812:  died  at  Versailles, 
France,  May  10.  1876.  A  French  poet,  histo- 
rian, and  politician.  He  wrote  "Les  Hirondelles " 
(1834X  "Charlotte  Corday"  (1840),  'L'Evangile  du  pen. 
pie"  (1840),  "Histoire  des  Montagnards"  (1847),  "His- 
toire  des  martyrs  de  la  liberty"  (1851),  "L'Anglet«rre  et 
la  vie  anglaise  "  (1869-70),  etc, 

Esquivel  (es-ke-vel'),  or  Esquibel  (es-ke-Bel'), 
Juan  de.  Bom  in  the  last  half  of  the  15th 
century.  A  Spanish  soldier.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  with  Columbus  on  the  second  or  third  voyage.    Id 


EscLuivel 

1502  he  went  to  Hispaniola  with  Ovando,  and  in  1504  was 
sent  against  the  levultcU  IiMliuns  in  tlie  province  of  Hi- 
guey.  In  1509.  by  order  nf  I  )]ci;u  t'olmubus,  he  conquerL-d 
and  colonized  J:unaic;i,  ruling  tliere  for  some  years. 

Essay  on  Criticism,  An.  A  poetical  essay  by 
Alcxiiniler  Pope,  liiiblished  1711. 

Essay  on  Man,  An.  A  didactic  poem  by  Alex- 
au.l.T  Pope,  puljlished  1732-34. 

Essek  (es'sek),  or  Esseg  I'es'seg).  [Slav.  Osjel: 
Hiuig.  £»-^e7r.]  The  capital  of  Slavonia.  and  a 
free  imperial  citv  of  Aiistria-Uungarv,  situated 
on  the  Urave  in"lat.  4o°  33'  N.,  long."l8°  42'  E. 
Poptilatiou  (1890),  19,778. 

Esselen.    See  Eslen. 

Esselenian  (es-se-le'ni-iin).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians  which  formerly 
inhabited  about  "JO  villages  on  a  narrow  strip 
of  the  coast  of  California,  from  Point  El  Snr 
southward  about  30  miles  to  the  \acinity  of 
Santa  Lucia  Mountain.  The  stucli  comprised  but  a 
einirlc  tribe,  the  Eslen,  of  which  two  women  were  the  only 
kti'>wn  survivors  in  1SS8. 

Essen  (es'sen).  A  city  in  the  Rhino  Province, 
Prussia,  near  the  Ridir  19  miles  northeast  of 
Diisseldorf.  it  is  the  center  of  a  large  coal-mining  dis- 
trict, and  contains  the  famous  Krupji  cast-steel  works. 
Its  Munsterkirciie,  consecrated  in  87:i,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
of  German  churches.  There  is  a  western  choir,  which  is 
octagonal  like  the  similar  feature  at  Aix-la-fhapelle,  and 
there  is  an  11th-century  eastern  crj-pt.  The  Pointed  nave 
and  choir  are  of  1316.  The  early- Romanesque  cloister  is 
notewortliy.     Population  (1:hio).  118,803. 

Essen,  Count  Hans  Henrik.  Bom  at  Kafvel^s. 
West  Gothland,  Swedeu,  Sept.  26,  1755:  died 
at  Uddewalla,  Sweden,  June  28,  1824.  A  Swe- 
dish field-marshal.  He  defended  Stralsund  against 
the  French  in  1807,  and  was  governor  of  J^orway  1814- 
181B. 

Essenes(e-senz').  [LL.-Es-.WH^fromGr.'Eaffviw, 
also  'Eaaaioi ;  ulterior  origin  uncertain.]  A  Jew- 
ish sect  of  the  2d  century  B.C.,  supposed  to  have 
sprung  from  the  Chasidim.  the  zealous  religio- 
]iolitical  party  that  originated  during  the  strug- 
glesof  the  Maeeabean  period  against  Hellenistic 
invasions.  Tlie  Essenes,  however,  refrained  from  all  po- 
litical and  public  affairs,  forming  a  kind  of  religious  order. 
Their  ideal  was  to  attain  the  highest  sanctity  of  priestly 
consecmtion.  To  this  end  they  separated  themselves 
from  the  worlil,  and  lived  in  settlements  in  the  desert 
west  of  the  Dead  .Sea.  Most  of  them  lived  there  in  com- 
munism and  celibacy.  Other  peculiarities  were  disap- 
proval of  oaths  and  war,  strict  observance  of  the  Sabbath, 
and,  especially,  scrupulous  attention  to  the  Levitical 
laws  of  cleanliness.  Their  name  is  said  to  be  derived 
from  their  frequent  bathing.  Their  asceticism  evolved 
a  theoretical  mysticism,  atul  miraculous  cures  and  exor- 
cisms were  ascribeil  to  them.  Their  external  symbols 
were  the  white  garment,  apron,  and  shovel.  They  never 
gained  any  hold  on  Judaism,  and  their  number  never  ex- 
ceeded 4,0(H).  Their  relation  to  <  'hristianity,  and  their  in- 
fluence on  it,  are  much  di.scusseil  peiints. 

Esse(lUibo(e8-se-ke'b6).  1.  A  river  of  British 
Guiana,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  about  lat.  7° 
N.,  long.  58°  30'  W.  Length,  620  luiles;  navi- 
gable 50  miles. — 2.  A  county  of  British  Gui- 
ana, formerly  a  separate  colony. 

Essex  (es'scks).  [ME.  Esacx,  Essexe,  EsUexc, 
Edslsi'xe,  AS,  Ed.st-Seaxe,  East  Saxons,  orig. 
the  name  of  the  inhabitants.  Cf.  (('ra.s-cj-,  .S'««- 
sex.']  A  county  in  eastern  England,  lying  be- 
tween Cambridge  and  Suffolk  on  the  north, 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Thames  (which 
separates  it  from  Kent)  on  the  south,  and  Here- 
ford and  Middlesex  on  tlie  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  It  is  noted  especially 
f<irits  wiieat  andbarli-y.  The  county  town  is  {'helmsford. 
Area,  l,51-.i  square  10116^.     I'opnlatiiUl  (181)1),  '^^^^>,U^^. 

Essex.  A  frigate  of  .stio  tons,  built  at  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  in  1799.  she  was  of  32  guns  rating 
(actual  armament,  46  guns).  She  left  New  York  on  .luly  3, 
181'^,  commanded  by  Captain  David  Porter.  Among  lier 
midshipmen  was  David  (JIasgow  Karragut,  then  eleven 
years  old,  on  Aug.  13  she  fought  and  captured  the  Alert. 
She  doubled  Cape  Horn,  and  on  .March  13, 1813,  entered  the 
harbor  of  Valparaiso.  Krom  this  time  until  Jan.  12, 1814, 
she  operated  entirely  In  the  Pacillc,  where  she  was  the 
first  .American  war-ship  to  appear.  f>n  Keb.  8,  1814,  she 
was  blockaded  in  Valparaiso  harhorby  the  Pluebe  (3(i  guns 
rating),  commanded  )>y  Captain  Ilillyar,  and  the  Cherub 
(18  gnnsrattng).  commanded  by  Captain  T.  T.  Tucker,  She 
foii.dit  these  ships  in  a  storm  March  28,  1814.  The  battle 
lii.sleil  from  4  to  7.20  p,  M,,  when  she  surrendered, 

Essex,  Earls  of.  See  Itohun.  liourchicr,  Cupel, 
I  'riiimr/ 11,  Iirrrrrtix,  MinnU  rijlr. 

Essex,  James.  Horn  at  Cumbridge,  England, 
Aug.,  1722:  died  there,  Sept.  14,  1784.  An 
Knglish  ;i  reinfect.  Hercslored  and  altered  many  pub- 
lic buildings,  ineludiiik'  the  cathedrals  of  Klyand  Lincoln, 
and  designed  the  Kamsden  building  at  St.  Catherine's 
Colle'.-e  (17,'.7),  the  stone  bridge  at  Trinity  College  (170(1), 
atul  th.>  chapel  of  Sidney  Sussex  College  (1784),  all  at 
Candiridge, 

Essex,  Timothy.     Born  at  Coventry,  England, 

about  176:"):    died  at  London,   Sept.   27,   1847. 

An  English  composer  anil  teacher  of  music. 
Essex,    William.       Born    1784    (?):     died    at 

Hriglitoii,  Kngland,  Dec.  29,  18G9.     An  English 

enamel-painter. 

r.— -Jl 


369 

Essex  Junto.  In  United  States  history,  a  name 
(lirst  used  about  1781)  which  was  chiefly  ap- 
plied to  a  group  of  extreme  Federalist  leaders, 
mostly  connected  ivith  Essex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  the  end  of  the  18th  and  begin- 
ning of  the  19th  century.  Diuing  the  presidency 
of  John  Adams  they  were  adherents  of  Hamilton  r.ither 
than  of  the  I'residcnt.  Later  the  name  was  applied  to 
the  Federalists  in  general. 

EssipoS  (es-e-pof),  Madame  Annette.  Born 
1850.  A  Russian  pianist.  She  appeared  in  London 
in  1874,  and  came  to  America  in  1870.  In  1880  she  mar- 
ried Leschetitzky,  whose  pupil  she  was. 

Essling  (es'ling).  A  village  near  Vienna  which 
gave  its  name,  with  Aspern,  to  the  battle  of 
May  21  and  22,  1809.     See  Aspern,  ISatttc  of. 

Esslingen  (es'ling -en).  A  town  in  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situarted  on  the  Neckar  9miles  east-south- 
east of  Stuttgart.  It  has  manufacturesof  machinery, 
cottons,  champagne,  etc.  Formerly  a  free  imperial  city,  it 
was  incorporated  with  Wiirtemberg  in  1802,  Population 
(ISl'O),  coiiiinune,  22,234. 

Esta(io  Cisplatino.      See  Entado  Oriental  (hi 

rninttiii/  ;ind  (isptdtinc  Province. 

Estado  Oriental  del  Uruguay  (es-ta'do  6-re- 

An-tiil'  del  o-rii-gwi'),  generally  abbreviated  to 
Estado  Oriental.  [Sp., '  Eastern  State  of  Uru- 
guay.'] One  of  the  names  given  to  the  region 
noTV  embraced  in  the  Republic  of  Umguay.  This 
designation  and  Estado  Cisplatino, or  Cisplatine  State,  were 
used  officially  from  about  1814  until  1823.  During  the  last 
two  years  Uruguay  was  united  to  Brazil.  From  1823  to  1828 
the  official  name  was  Provincia  Cisplatina,  but  Provincia 
Oriental  was  commonly  used.  With  the  independence  of 
1828  the  country  became,  officially,  the  Repiiblica  Oriental 
del  Uruguay,  but  the  name  Estado  Orient,-!!  was  long  re- 
tained in  a  semi-official  way,  and  is  still  sometimes  used, 

Estaing  (es-tan'),  Charles  Hector,  Comte  d'. 
Born  in  Auvergne,  1729 :  died  at  Paris,  April 
28,  1794.  He  was  a  biigadier-general  under 
Lally  Tollendal  in  the  expedition  to  India  in 
1758,  and  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at 
the  siege  of  Madras,  Returning  to  France,  he  became 
lieutenant-general  of  naval  forces  in  1763,  In  1778  he  com- 
manded a  squadron  sent  to  aid  the  North  American  colo- 
nies against  the  English,  and  in  Aug.  of  that  year  made 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  recover  Rhode  Island  froui  the 
English.  Later  he  went  to  the  West  Indies,  failed  in  an 
attempt  to  take  St,  Luci;i,  btlt  conquered  Orenada,  and  St. 
Vincent  was  taken  by  his  orders.  Byron's  fleet,  which  at- 
tempted to  recover  (^renada,  was  driven  back  to  St.  Kitts, 
In  Oct.,  1770,  in  conjunction  with  the  American  general 
Lincoln,  he  made  au  unsuccessful  attack  on  Savannah. 
lie  was  put  to  death  by  the  Revolutionary  tribunal  in  1704. 

Estake'Wach  (ii-stak-e'waeh).  An  almost  ex- 
tinct tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  The 
name  is  derived  from  a  word  meaning  '  hot 
s))riiig.'     See  Vahiiliiiihiin. 

Estcourt  (est'kort), Richard.  Born  at  Tewkes- 
bury, 1068:  died  in  Aug.,  1712.  An  English 
actor.  The  history  of  his  early  life  is  obscure.  About 
1695  he  was  playing  in  Dublin.  In  1704  he  first  appeared 
on  the  English  stage,  where  he  played  many  iniport;int 
characters,  such  as  Falstaif,  sir  ,loslin  Jolly,  and  t)ld  P<el- 
lair  :  he  also  created  many  comedy  parts,  anil  wrote  several 
plays.  He  was  the  first  provedor  of  the  lieefsteak  Club, 
and  in  the  "Taller"  he  is  described  inider  the  name  of 
"Tom  Mirror." 

Este(es'te).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Padua, 
Italy,  sitviated  17  miles  southwest  of  Padua: 
the  ancient  Adeste.  it  is  noted  for  its  castle  (roeca) 
and  leaiung  campanile.  The  rocca,  the  seat  of  the  Este 
family,  built  in  1343  aiul  strengthened  by  theSealigers,  is  a 
battlemented  medieval  fortress  with  a  mighty  keep.  Pop- 
ulation, about  6,000, 

Este.  One  of  the  oldest  and  most  celebrated 
of  the  princely  houses  of  Italy,  according  to 
modem  genealogists  a  branch  of  the  house  of 
the  Guelphs.  it  traces  its  origin  to  Oberto  11.,  mar- 
grave of  Casal  Maggiore,  the  youngest  son  of  the  margrave 
Oberto  I,,  imperial  count  palatine  in  Italy  umler  the  em- 
peror Otto  I.  Obertii's  grandson.  Azzo  II.,  was  invested 
by  the  emperor  Henry  111.  with  Este  and  other  Italian 
tiefs,  was  created  duke  of  Milan,  and  adopted  the  mime 
of  Este.  His  two  sons  Welf  IV.  and  Kulco  I.  became  the 
founders,  res{)eetively,  of  a  (Icrman  and  an  Italian  braiu-b 
of  the  house  of  Este,  the  t!erman  branch  being  in  nioilern 
times  represented  by  the  houses  of  Itrunswick  and  Han- 
over. Tile  Italian  branch  fnridshed  the  leaders  of  the 
party  of  the  Ouelphs  in  Italy  in  the  l:Uh  ami  14th  centu- 
ries, its  chief  seats  being  at  Ferrara,  Modena,  and  Reggio. 
Borso  received  the  title  of  duke  of  Modemt  and  Reggio 
from  the  empcior  Frederick  HI,  In  14.^2,  and  that  of  duke 
of  Ferrara  from  Pope  Paul  II.  The  male  linn  of  the  Ital- 
ian branch  of  the  house  of  Este  became  extinct  itt  the 
death  of  Hercules  III.  In  1,S03.  Ills  luily  daughter,  Maria 
Beatrice,  married  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  Aiistrln.  thirtl 
son  of  tile  emperor  Fnincis  I.,  who  became  the  founder 
of  the  Austrian  branch  of  the  house  of  Kste,  the  male  line 
of  which  became  extinct  in  1875. 

Estella  (as-tel'yii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Navarre,  northern  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ega 
28  miles  soutliwest  of  Piiinplona.  in  I8;i3-,'f0  It 
was  a  stronghold  of  the  Carllsts.  atid  again  in  1873-76, 
when  it  was  their  headquarters.  Thev  d<'sii;iu»t4'd  it  l_a 
Ciudad  ,Sngrada  ('the  Holy  City').  Its  subjection  by 
i'rimo  de  Rivem  hiisteticd  the  einl  of  the  Insurrection'. 
Population  (1887),  5,074, 

Estepa  (as-ta'pii).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Seville,  Spain,  situated  59  miles 


Estrada,  Alonzo  de 

east  of  Seville  :  the  ancient  Astapa  or  Ostipa. 
Population  (1887),  9,059. 

Estepona  (as-ta-p6'na).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Mediten'anean  46  miles  southtvest  of  Malaga. 
Population  (1887),  9,771. 

Esterhazy  von  Galantha  (es'ter-ha-zi  fon  gii- 
liin'ta).  Prince  Nikolaus  'VOn.  Born  1765: 
died  at  Como,  Italy,  Nov.  24,  1833.  A  Hunga- 
rian magnate,  noted  as  a  patron  of  the  arts 
and  sciences.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Nikolaus 
.Josej)li  von  Esterhizy. 

Esterhazy  von  Galantha,  Prince  Nikolaus 

Joseph  von.  Born  Dec,  18. 1714:  died  at  Vi- 
enna, Sept.  28.  1790.  A  Hungarian  general, 
diplomatist,  and  patron  of  letters  and  tlie  arts, 
especially  music:  grandson  of  Paul  von  Es- 
terhazy von  (ialantha. 

Esterhazy  von  Galantha,  Prince  Paul  IV. 

von.  Born  at  Eiseiistadt,  Htmgary,  Sept.  8, 
1C3.'>:  died  March  2(),  1713.  A  celebrated  Hun- 
garian general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
wars  against  the  Turks  1663-86  :  became  a  cavalry  general 
in  1667;  was  created  a  prince  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire 
in  16fe7 ;  ami  was  palatine  of  Hungary  16^7  ;*7. 

Esterhazy  von  Galantha,  Prince  Paul  Anton 
von.  Born  March  11,  1786:  died  at  Eatisbon, 
Bavaria,  May  21, 1866.  An  Austiian  diploma- 
tist, son  of  Nikolaus  von  Esterhdzy.  He  was  ap- 
pointed minister  at  Dresden  in  1810,  and  ambassador  at 
Rome  in  1814 :  was  ambassador  at  Ixindon  1815-18,  1830- 
1838 ;  and  was  Hungarian  nnnister  of  foreign  affairs  a 
short  time  in  1848,  in  the  Batthyanyi  ministry. 

Esther  (es'ter).  [FromPers.  sf((c«.  star.]  The 
Persian  name  of  the  queen  from  whom  one 
of  the  Old  Testament  books  takes  its  name. 
Her  Hebrew  name  was  Uadaxsah  ('myrtle').  She  is  rep- 
resented in  that  book  as  the  daughter  of  .\bihail,  cousiu 
and  adopted  daughter  of  Mordeeai,  of  the  tribe  of  Ben- 
jamin. She  was  made  queen  in  place  of  Vashti  by  King 
Ahasuerus  (.Xerxes,  480-465  a.  c),  and  in  this  poaiticui  waa 
able  to  protect  her  people  against  the  hostile  contrivances 
of  Hainan,  in  memory  of  which  deliverance  the  feast  ol 
Purim  is  still  celebrated. 

Esther.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  tlie  words  by 
S.  Humphreys  from  Racine's  '•  Esther."  It  was 
written  for  the  Duke  of  Chandos,  and  was  first 
performed  at  Cannons,  near  London,  Aug.  29, 
1720. 

Esther  (es-tSr').  A  play  by  Racine,  with  mtisic 
liy  Jloreau,  written  for  the  pupils  of  St.  Cyr  at 
tlie  request  of  Madame  de  Maintcnon.  It  was 
acted  with  great  pomp  and  ceremony  by  the 
school-girls  before  the  king. 

Esthonia  (es-tho'ni-ii),  orWiroma.  [G.  £,s7/»- 
liiiul,  E.itland,  or  EsilihiiKl.  F.  Esthonie :  from 
the  ^slii.'i  A  government  of  Russia,  one  of 
the  three  so-called  Baltic  Provinces.  ltisbounde>d 
by  the  Gulf  of  Finland  on  the  north,  by  St.  Petersburg  on 
the  cast,  by  Livonia  on  the  south,  and  by  the  Bidtic  on  the 
west.  Tbeisland  of  Dago  belongs  to  it.  Mamifactnres  and 
commerce  are  increasing.  The  capital  is  Reval.  The  bulk 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Ksthoidans.  a  Finnish  race  which 
has  occupied  the  region  fnun  prehistoric  times.  The  no- 
bility and  nuiny  of  the  town  residents  are  Oennans,  The 
prevailing  religion  is  l*rotestant.  Esthonia  was  acquired 
by  the  Danes  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th  century,  passed 
to  the  Livonian  Knights  in  1,34ft,  aiul  on  the  dissolution  of 
the  order  in  lf>61  fell  to  Sweilen.  It  was  acquired  bv  Kus- 
sia  In  1721.  Area,  7,818  8(iuare  miles.  Population  (ISHl 
404,700. 

Estienne,  orEtienne  (a-tyen')  (L.  Stephanus), 

Robert.  Born  at  Ptiris  1111.103:  died  at  (iineva, 
Sept.  7,  1559.  A  celebrated  French  printer  and 
scholar.  He  became  head  of  a  printing  establishment  in 
Paris  about  1526,  waa  appointed  royal  printer  to  Francis  I. 
in  1.53i),  and  removed  to  Ueneva  about  1552,  He  published 
numerous  editions  of  the  Creek  and  Latin  classics,  many 
of  which  were  enriched  with  notes  by  himself  ;  various  edi- 
tions of  theliibletespecially  of  the  New  Testament,  1,560)  ; 
ami  a  Latin-Frencli  dictionary  (the  first  of  the  kind)  com- 
piled by  himself,  entitled  "Thesaurns  lingua'  Latinnj" 
(l,5:i2), 

Estienne,  or  Etienne  (L,  Stephanus),  Henri. 
Born  at  Paris  in  1,")28:  ilieil  at  Lyons  in  March, 
1598.  A  celebrated  French  printer  ami  scholar, 
son  of  Robert  Estienne.  He  established  a  press  at 
Paris  about  ir>f>li.  and  on  his  father's  ileath  In  1551>  appenrB 
to  have  reinoveil  to  tJenevn  and  to  have  taken  charge  of 
his  father's  establishment.  He  edited  and  printed  nu- 
merous editions  of  the  tlreek  ami  Udin  classics,  cum- 
l)iled  the  celebrated  "Thcwmriis  lingua'  flnrca' "  HfiTS), 
ami  wrote  "Anologie  p<Hir  Hi^rodote "  (^INKi),  "Tralt<5  do 
la  eonformitc^  du  Franvais  avee  le  Orec, '  "  i'rtSrellcnce  do 
la  langue  frani,'a{se,"  ami  "  Nouveaiix  dialitgucs  de  languo 
franvaise  italiaids^."  etc. 

Estmere.     Seo  King  EKimerc. 

Estotiland.  A  mythical  region  supposed,  sev- 
eral centuries  ago',  to  lie  in  the  norlln'rn partof 
Norlli  .\nierica,  near  the  ,\rctic  circle. 

Estrada  (aa-tra'iliu.  or  Strada,  Alonzo  de. 

Uieil  in  Mexico  about  15:10.  A  Spanish  ollicer, 
said  (o  have  been  a  natural  son  of  King  Ferdi- 
nand. In  1524  he  went  to  Mexle<t  as  royal  treasurer, 
and  ho  waa  one  of  those  left  In  charge  of  the  govem- 


Estrada,  Alonzo  de 

ment  when  Cortes  went  to  Honduras,  1524-26.  In  1527  he 
was  acting  governoi-.  and  exiled  Cortes  from  the  city,  be- 
sides opposing  him  in  many  ways. 

Estrada,  Jose  Dolores.  Born  in  Matagalpa, 
1787;  died  near  (jranada,  Aug.  12, 1869.  A  Niea- 
raguan  general.  He  served  under  Chamorro  1861-54, 
and  participated  in  the  defense  of  (iranada  in  the  latter 
year.  He  fought  against  Walker,  and  defeated  him  at  San 
Jacinto,  .Sept,  14, 1856.  In  1869,  notwithstanding  his  great 
age,  he  was  appointed  commanderin-chief  against  the 
revolutionists;  he  defeated  them  several  times,  but  died 
before  the  campaign  was  ended. 

Estrees(es-tra'),Gabrielled'.  Bornl571:  died 
at  Paris,  April  10,  1599.  A  mistress  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  celebrated  for  her  scandalous  life 
and  luxury,  and  for  her  beauty.  .  She  married,  at 
the  wish  of  the  king,  M.  Liancourt-Damerval,  but  soon 
separated  from  him.  Later  she  acquired  the  titles  mar- 
quise de  Monceaux  and  duchesse  de  Beaufort. 

Estrella  (esh-tra'la),  Serra  da.  A  mountain- 
ohaiu  in  Beira,  Portugal,  the  loftiest  in  that 
oountry.     Highest  point,  6,540  feet. 

Estremadura  (esh-tra-mii-do'ra).  A  province 
of  Portugal.  It  lies  between  Beira  on  the  north  and 
east,  Alemtejo  on  the  east  and  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on 
the  west  and  comprises  the  three  districts  Leiria,  San- 
tarem,  and  Lisbon.  Area,  6,876  square  miles.  Population 
(l.S'.)ll),  1,0111,401. 

Estremadura  (es-tra-ma-Do'ra).  A  former 
province  of  Spain,  corresponding  to  the  mod- 
em provinces  of  Badajoz  and  Caceres.  It  lay 
between  Leon  on  the  north,  New  Castile  and  La  "Mancha 
on  the  east,  Andalusia  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the 
west. 

Estremoz  (esh-tra-mos').  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Evora,  province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  in  lat. 
38°  51'  N.,  long.  7°  33'  W.  In  its  neighborhood 
are  celebrated  marble-quarries. 

Estrildis  (es-tril'dis),  or  Estrild  (es'trild). 
The  mythical  daughter  of  a  German  king, 
loved  by  King  Locrine,  and  the  mother  by  him 
of  Sabriiia.  The  story  is  narrated  by  Geoffrey 
of  Jlonmouth. 

£sz6k.     See  Essel-. 

Eszterhazy.    See  Esterhdzy. 

Etah  (e'ta).  A  district  in  the  Agra  division. 
Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  27°  40'  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Ai-ea,  1,741 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  702,063. 

Et'amin  (et'a-min)",  or  Etanin  (-nin).  [Ar. 
cl  tannin,  the  dragon.]  The  second-magnitude 
Greenwich  zenith-star  5-  Draconis.  Sometimes 
called  Easaben. 

Etampes  (a-tonp').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  29  miles  south-south- 
west of  Paris.  It  contains  a  feudal  tower,  "Guinette," 
dating  from  the  12th  century,  and  was  the  birthplace  of 
Etienne  Geoffroy  St.  Hilaire.  Population  (1801),  commune, 
8,.")73. 

Etampes,  Duchesse  d"  (Anne  de  Pisseleu 
d'EeiUy).  Born  about  1508  :  ilied  after  1575. 
A  mistress  of  Francis  I.  of  France. 

Etawah  (e-ta'wii).  1.  A  district  in  the  Agra 
division,  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  26°40'N.,long.  79°E.  Area, 
1,691  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  727,629. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  Etawah  district,  situated 
near  the  Jumna  70  miles  southeast  of  Agra. 
Population,  about  35,000. 

Etchita.    See  Hitchiti. 

Etchmiadzin  (ech-myad-zen').  A  monastery 
in  a  village  (Vagharshapad)  of  Russian  Arme- 
nia, 12  miles  west  of  Erivan.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  catholicos  or  primate  of  the  Arme- 
ninn  Church. 

Eteocles  (e-te'6-k!ez).  [6r.  'ETeoK?.?ji:.~\  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Thebes,  son  of  CEdipus 
and  Jocaste,  and  brother  of  Polynices  and  An- 
tigone. He  had  agreed  to  surrender  the  throne  to  his 
brother  in  alternate  years,  but  broke  his  promise.  This 
led  to  the  expedition  of  the  "Seven  against  Thebes"  to 
seat  Polynices  on  the  tlirone. 

Eternal  City,  The.    An  epithet  of  Rome. 

£tex  (ii-teks'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
20,  1808 :  died  there,  July  14,  1888.  A  French 
sculptor  and  painter,  a  pupil  of  Ingres  in  draw- 
ing and  of  Pradier  in  sculpture,  in  1828  he  won 
the  second  grand  prix  in  sculpture.  Among  his  statues  are 
Cain  (a  colossiil  group),  Leda,  Charlemagne,  .St.  Augustine, 
etc.  He  .executed  the  groups  "  1814  "  and  "  1815  "for  the 
Arc  de  I'Etoile. 

Eth-.     See  ^-mjt-. 

Ethandun  (eth-an-don').  The  scene  of  a  victory 
of  Alfred  the  Great  over  the  Danes  in  878.  It 
has  been  identified  with  Eddington,  Wiltshire. 

Ethbaal  (eth-ba'itl).  [Assyi-.,  'with  Baal': 
called  by  the  Greeks  ElSufta'/oc,  'I0u3a>oc,  Itho- 
balus.]  A  king  of  Tyre.  He  was  the  father  of  Jeze- 
bel, the  wife  of  Ahab,  king  of  Israel.  In  the  Assyrian 
inscriptions  he  is  called  Tuba'lu.  Ethbaal  II.  is  men- 
li-^ned  in  the  annals  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  king  of  Baby- 
lonia. Josephus  represents  him  as  king  of  Sidon  as  well 
as  of  Tyre. 


370 

Ethelred  feth'el-red).  Ailred,  orEalred.  Born 

in  1109  :  died  June  12.  IIUO.  An  English  eccle- 
siastical writer.  He  was  educated  at  the  Scottish 
court,  entered  the  Cistercian  order,  and  became  abbot  of 
Revesby  in  Lincolnshire,  and  afterward  of  Rievaulx  in 
Yorkshire.  His  works  include  *'  Historia  de  Vita  et  Mi- 
raculis  S.  Edwardi,"  "Genealogia  Regum  Anglorum,"  "De 
Bello  Standard!,"  and  "  Historia  de  Sanctimoniali  de  Wat- 
ton  "  (which  have  been  published  in  Sir  Roger  Twysden's 
"Historiae  Anglicanje  Scriptores  decern  "(1652).  His  theo- 
logical works  were  collected  by  Pilchard  Gibbons.  The 
" Margaritje  Vita"  attributeti  to  him  is  not  his  work. 

Etherege  (eth'er-ej),  George.  Flourished  about 
15SS.  An  English  classical  scholar.  He  was  born 
in  Oxfordshire,  studied  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  licensed  to  practise  medicine  in  1545.  He  was 
regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  1547- 
1550  and  1554-59.  His  health  was  seriously  impaired  by 
frequent  imprisonments  during  a  period  of  thirty  years  oil 
account  of  his  adherence  to  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  He 
was  living  in  1583,  but  his  death  is  not  recorded.  His 
works  include  a  Latin  translation  of  Justin  Martyr,  various 
poems  in  Greek  and  Latin,  the  Psalms  of  David  in  Hebrew 
verse  set  to  music,  and  a  manuscript  copy  of  musical  com- 
positions. 

Etherege,  Sir  George.  Born  1635  (?):  died  1691. 
An  English  dramatist.  The  facts  of  his  early  life  are 
obscure.  In  1676  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country  with 
Rochester  on  account  of  a  disgraceful  brawl,  but  before 
1685  had  obtained  diplomatic  employment.  He  was  sent 
to  The  Hague  by  Charles  II.,  and  in  1685  to  Ratisbon  Ijy 
James  II.  He  disgusted  the  Germans  by  his  habits  of 
debauchery  and  breaches  of  etiquette.  In  1688  he  retired 
hastily  to  Paris,  where  Luttrell  reports  that  he  died.  He 
wrote  "  The  Comical  Revenge  "  (1664),  "  She  Would  if  She 
Could"  (1668),  and  "The  llan  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling 
Flutter  "(1676).  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  comedy  of 
intrigue. 

Two  more  atrocious  libertines  than  these  two  men  [Eth- 
erege and  Sir  Charles  Sedley]  were  not  to  be  found  in  the 
apartments  at  Whitehall,  or  in  the  streets,  taverns,  and 
dens  of  London.  Yet  both  were  famed  for  like  external 
qualities.  Etherege  was  easy  and  graceful,  Sedley  so  re- 
finedly  seductive  of  manner  that  Buckinghani  called  it 
"  witchcraft."  and  Wilmot  "his  prevailing,  gentle  ai't.'"  I, 
humbler  witness,  can  only  say,  after  studying  their  works 
and  their  lives,  that  Etherege  was  a  more  accomplished 
comedy-writer  than  Sedley,  but  that  Sedley  was  a  greater 
bemt  than  Etherege.  Duran.  Eng.  Stage,  I.  140. 

Ethiopia,  or  .5!thiopia  (e-thi-o'pi-ii),  Heb. 
Cush.  [L.  JEtJiiopia,  Gr.  A'lBtrmia  (sc.  }'}  or 
Xi^pa),  from  AlBimli,  an  Ethioj^ian.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  counti-y  south  of  Egypt,  con'e- 
sponding  to  the  kingdom  of  Meroe,  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Khartum  northward  to  Egypt. 
In  a  more  extended  sense  it  comprised  Nubia,  northern 
Abyssinia,  Sennaar,  and  Kordofan.  It  wjis  closely  con- 
nected with  Egypt.  Conquered  by  Egyptian  kings  of  the 
12th  dynasty,  lost  in  the  period  of  the  Hyksos,  and  recon- 
quered under  the  ISth  dynasty,  it  remained  willi  Egypt 
until  after  the  20th  dynasty.  An  Ethiupian  fiunided  the 
25th  Egyptian  dynasty.  Vnder  Psammetichus  (7tli  cen- 
tury B.  c.)many  Egyptians  emigrated  to  Ethiojiia.  It  was 
ruled  by  a  female  dynasty,  the  Candaces,  about  the  Chris- 
tian er;i.     It  is  now  held  by  the  Mahdists  and  Abyssiuians. 

Etienne  ( a-tyen' ),  Charles  Guillaume.  Born  at 

Chamouilly  (Haute-Marne),  Jan.  6,  1778:  died 
at  Paris,  March  13,  1845.  A  French  dramatist, 
poet,  and  journalist.  His  first  important  work  was 
"Le  reve,"  an  opera,  with  music  by  Gresnick  (1799),  which 
had  such  success  as  to  induce  him  to  devote  himself  to  the 
drama,  pi'oducing  a  great  number  of  plays,  among  which 
is  the  comedy  *' Brueys  et  PaLaprat "  (1807).  In  1810  bis 
best  play,  "  Les  deux  gendres,"  appeared.  A  shoi-t  diver- 
tissement, "  fine  matinee  du  camp  on  les  petits  bateaux," 
followed  in  1804  by  another,  "  Une  journ^e  an  camp  de 
Bruges,"  induced  the  Duke  of  Bassano  to  appoint  liim  his 
private  secretary.  He  accompanied  him  to  Germany  and 
Poland.  On  his  return  he  first  became  connected  wiib  Die 
"  Journal  de  I'Empire."  He  was  a  member  of  the  Cliani- 
her  of  Deputies,  signed  the  Address  of  the  221  in  18;10,  and 
later  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  a  number  of  political  pamphlets  and  of 
a  "  Histoire  du  theatre  fran^ais  "  (1802). 

Etienne  du  Mont  (a-tyen'  dti  mon),  St.    [F., 

'  Saint  Stephen  of  the  Mount.']  A  noted  florid- 
Pointed  church  in  Paris,  founded  in  1517.  The 
west  front  was  added  by  Henry  IV.  The  church  is  famous 
for  its  graceful  rood-loft  in  carved  stone,  which  spans  the 
nave  in  a  low  arch  from  opposite  pillars  around  which 
wind  its  two  spiral  stairs.  The  church  possesses  some 
beautiful  glass,  and  the  rich  13th-century  shrine  of  Ste. 
Genevifeve. 

Etiquette  (a-te-kef),  Madame.  A  nickname 
given  to  the  Duchesse  de  Noailles,  the  mistress 
of  ceremonies  at  the  court  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

Etive  (et'iv).  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the  sea  in  the 
north  of  Ai-gyllshire.  Scotland,  northeast  of 
Oban.     Length,  19  miles. 

Etna  (et'nii),  Sicilian  Mongibello  (mon-je-bel'- 
16).  [L.  JEtna,  Gr.  Alrv?/.  Alrva,  Imrning  moun- 
tain.] The  chief  mountain  in  Sicil3',  and  the 
highest  volcano  in  Europe,  situated  in  the  east 
of  the  island,  north  of  (5atania,  lat.  37°  44'  N., 
long.  15°  E.  It  figured  in  Greek  mythology  in  the  le- 
gends of  Enceladns  and  Hephffistus.  Among  the  most 
important  of  the  eruptions,  more  than  80  of  which  have 
been  recorded,  are  those  of  1169.  1669,  1093,  1765,  1792, 
1852,  186,5,  1879,  1888,  and  1892.     Height,  10,836  feet. 

Etoges  (a-tozh').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  16  miles  south-southwest  of 


Etymologicum  Magnum 

Epernay.  An  indecisive  battle  between  Napoleon  and 
the  Allies  was  fought  here  Feb.  14,  1814. 

^toile  du  Nord  (a-twal'  dii  nor),  L'.  [F.,  'The 
Star  of  the  North.']  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer, 
fii'st  produced  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1854.  It  was 
called  "La  Stella  del  Norte"  when  produced  in 
England  in  1855. 

Eton  (e'ton).  A  village  of  about  2,500  inhabi- 
tants in  Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  opposite  Windsor,  22  miles 
west  of  London.  Eton  College,  one  of  the  most  famed 
of  English  public  schools,  was  founded  in  1440  by  Henry 
VI.  The  low  and  picturesque  battlemented  and  towered 
brick  buildings  inclose  two  courts,  which  communicate  by 
a  vaulted  passage.  The  large  Perpendicular  chapel  forms 
the  south  side  of  the  outer  quadrangle.  The  new  quad- 
rangle was  finished  in  1889. 

£tourdi  (a-tor-de'),  L'.  [F.,  'The  Heedless 
One.']  A  comedy  by  Moliere,  p)'esented  at 
Lyons  1653. 

Etretat  (atr-ta').  A  watering-place  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-Inf^rieure,  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  14  miles  north-northeast  of 
Ha\Te. 

Etruria  (f-tro'ri-a).  [L.  Etruria,  Hetrnria,  Gr. 
'Erpovpia  (the  reg.  Gr.  name  being  Tv'p'pTrnia), 
the  country  of  the  Etrusci,  Etruscans.  Hence 
Tuscan,  Tuscanij.']  In  ancient  geography,  a 
division  of  Italy  which  extended  along  the 
Mediterranean,  and  was  separated  from  Um- 
bria,  the  Sabine  territory,  and  Latium  by  the 
Tiber,  and  from  Liguria  by  the  Apennines. 
It  nearly  corresponds  to  modern  Tuscany.  It  contained 
a  confederation  of  12  cities  —  probably  Yeii,  Clusium, 
Tarquinii,  Falerii,  Caere,  Volsinii,  Cortona,  Perusia,  Ar- 
retium,  Vulci,  VolateiTpe,  and  Vetulonia-  The  Etruscans 
developed  as  a  great  naval  power,  influential  in  northern 
and  central  Italy,  and  had  possessions  on  the  Po  and  in 
Campania,  Etruscan  kings  ruled  at  an  early  time  in 
Rome  (probably  till  about  500  B.  c).  The  Etruscans  were 
defeated  by  Syracuse  in  a  naval  battle  in  474  E.  c,  and 
suffered  from  the  invasion  of  the  Gauls  about  400.  Veii 
was  lost  to  Rome  in  396.  Defeat  by  Rome  at  the  Vadi- 
monian  Lake  in  283  was  followed  by  the  fall  of  Tarquinii 
and  the  other  Etrurian  cities. 

Etruria.  A  village  in  Staffordshire,  England, 
noted  as  the  seat  of  the  Wedgwood  potteries. 

Etruria,  Kingdom  of.  A  kingdom  formed  by 
Napoleon  from  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany  in 
1801,  and  bestowed  upon  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Parma.     It  was  annexed  to  France  in  1S08. 

Etrurians  (e-tro'ri-anz).  or  Etruscans  (e-trus'- 
kauz).  The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Etruria, 
tlie  modern  Tuscany.     See  Etruria. 

The  Etrurians  are  the  most  mysterious  people  of  an- 
tiquity. We  meet  them  in  the  sculptured  chronicles  of 
ancient  Egypt  as  the  Tursha,  and  in  the  pages  of  the  ear- 
liest Greek  writers  as  the  Tyrrhenes,  or  TursenL  Accord- 
ing to  ancient  tradition,  they  came  from  Lydia  in  prehis- 
toric times,  and  colonized  Latium.  Certain  details  of 
their  costumes  and  customs  appear  to  be  identical  with 
those  of  Lydia.  and  the  legend  is  probably  based  upon 
fact.  But  until  the  inscriptions  of  Etruria  can  be  read, 
we  are  not  likely  to  solve  this  problem.  The  Etruscan 
characters  closely  resemble  the  archaic  alphabets  of  Asia 
Minor;  but  no  scholar  has  yet  succeeded  in  identifying 
more  than  proper  names  and  the  names  of  deities. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  91. 
Lately  the  discovery  of  an  inscription  on  the  island  of 
Lemnos  seems  to  render  probable  the  identity  of  the 
Etruscans  with  the  Pelasgian  Tyrrhenians  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. La  Sausmye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  324. 

Ettlingen  (et'ling-en).  A  town  in  Baden,  4J- 
miles  south  of  Karlsruhe.  It  has  manufactures  of 
paper,  etc.,  and  is  noted  for  its  Roman  antiquities.  Here 
the  French  under  Moreau  defeated  the  Anstrians  under 
Archduke  Charles,  July  9  and  10, 1796.  Population  (1890), 
6,548. 

Ettmiiller  (et'miil-ler), Ernst  Moritz  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Gersdorf,  near  Lobau,  Saxony,  Oct.  5, 
1802 :  died  near  Zurich,  Switzerland,  April  15, 
1877.  A  German  philologist,  professor  of  the 
German  language  and  literature  in  the  gym- 
nasium at  Zurich.  He  edited  Middle  High  German 
and  Old  LowGerman  texts,  and  published  works  on  Norse, 
an  Anglo-Saxon  chrestomathy  (1850),  an  Anglo-Saxon  lexi- 
con (1851),  etc. 

Ettrick  (et'rik).  A  river  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, which  .ioins  the  Tweed  near  Selkirk. 
Length,  32  miles.  The  tract  of  woodland  on 
and  adjoining  it  was  formerly  known  as  the 
Ettrick  Forest. 

Ettrick  Shepherd,  The.  A  name  given  to 
.James  Hogg. 

Etty  (et'i),  William.  Born  at  York,  England, 
March  10.  1787 :  died  there,  Nov.  13, 1849.  An 
English  painter  of  historical  subjects. 

Etymologicum  Magnum  (et  i-mo-loj'i-kum 
mag'num).  [ML.,  tr.  Gr.  -o  krviio'loyiiilv  feya, 
the  gi'eat  dictionary.]     See  the  extract. 

The  remaining  great  lexicon  of  the  Byzantine  age,  the 
Etymnlo^cum  Magnum  as  it  is  called,  does  not  puzzle  us 
by  assuming  the  name  of  any  definite  author.  It  may,  in- 
deed, be  doubted  whether  there  was  not  more  than  one 
compilation  bearing  this  name,  and  whether  it  denoted 
more  than  a  bookseller's  or  scribe's  collection  and  edition 


Etymologicum  Magnum 

of  divers  glossiiries  made  up  from  the  works  of  (he  most 
eminent  grammarians.  The  work  has  already  appeared 
in  two  ditt'erent  forms,  derived  from  ufenuscriptb  of  two 
different  classes:  the  one,  whicli  is  sometimes  calleii  the 
Etymotofficum  S'jlhuririanumj  liecause  tlie  first  critical  re- 
vision was  that  which  sylburg  founded  on  the  original 
publication  of  .Marcus  Musurus:  thei_ttlier.wiiich  isteiTued 
the  ktuiiwlnijicuiii  (Judidnutn.  Ijcllui-u  it  was  derived  by 
Sturz  from  a  manuscript  at  Wolfeributtel.  belonging  origi- 
nally  tu  Marquard  (;i5de.  There  i.s,  indeed,  reason  to  sup- 
p«(>i'  that  the  work  published  by  .Muslims  got  its  title  of 
Ktflitii't't^fii-um  Magnum  from  its  tirst  editor  or  from  its 
printer  t'alliergus.  Tlie  age  of  the  work  may,  however, 
with  some  probability,  be  assigned  to  the  10th  century  or 
thereabouts.  It  may  be  best  described  as  a  farrago  of  ex- 
tracts from  the  most  esteemed  graniinarians,  copied  sla- 
vishly and  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 
K.  0.  MuUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Aiic.  Greece,  III.  :!87. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Etzel  (et'sel).  In  German  heroic  legend,  the 
name  of  Attila,  king  of  the  Huns.     See  Attila. 

Eu  (6).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
Inf6rieure,  France,  situated  on  the  Bresle,  near 
its  mouth,  17  miles  east-northeast  of  Dieppe. 
It  has  a  famous  chateau,  a  favorite  residence  of  Louis 
Philippe,  and  still  in  possession  of  the  Orleanist  family. 
A  medieval  countship  of  Eu  had  its  seat  here.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,693. 

En,  Comte  d'  (Louis  Philippe  Marie  Fer- 
dinand Gaston  d'Orleans).  Born  at  Xeuiily. 
France,  April  29,  18412.  The  eldest  son  of  the 
Due  de  Nemours,  and  grandson  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe. He  married  the  Princess  Imperial  of  ltr.azil  iict. 
15,  1864.  In  1869  and  1870  he  commanded  the  Brazilian 
forces  in  Paraguay,  bringing  the  war  to  a  successful  ter- 
mination. 

Eu,  Comtesse  d'  or  Condessa  de.    See  Izahel 

lie  Briuj<in(^o. 
Euboea  (fl-be'a).  [Gr.  'EhSoia,  It.  Xc^ropontc, 
Turk.  Eijripo.'\  The  largest  island  belonging 
to  Greece,  in  the  ^geaii  Sea.  It  lies  to  the  eastof 
Phocis.  Boeotia,  and  Attica,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  .Strait  of  Euripus.  It  is  traversed  by  mountains,  Delphi 
reaching  the  height  of  5,725  feet.  The  chief  towns  were 
fhalcis  and  Eretria.  It  was  subdued  by  Athens  after  the 
Persian  wars.  The  Turks  took  it  from  the  Venetians  in 
1470.  Its  length  is  08  miles;  its  greatest  width,  30  miles. 
Eub(ca  and  some  adjoining  small  islands  form  a  noraarchy 
witli  a  population  (IHyoi,  106,777. 

Eubulides  (u-bit'ii-dez)  of  Miletus.  [Gr. 
Ei'.j'oi'/irlj/r.]  Lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A 
(ircek  philosopher  of  the  Megaric  school. 

Eucharis  (ii'ka-ris).  In  F6nelon's  "T61^- 
iiiai|uc,"  one  of  Calypso's  nymphs  with  whom 
Teli'-maque  falls  in  love.  Mentor  removes  him  from 
the  island  to  get  him  out  of  her  way.  She  is  said  to  be 
meant  for  Mademoiselle  de  Fontaiigcs,  a  favorite,  for  a 
bhort  time,  of  Louis  XIV. 

Euchites  (u'kits).  [LGr.  h'X'Tai,  from  Gr. 
li'V'A  prayer.]  A  sect  which  arose  in  the  4th 
century  in  the  East,  particularly  in  Mesopo- 
tamia and  SjTia.  Its  mcmbei-s  attached  supreme  im- 
portance to  prayer  and  the  jiresence  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  led 
an  ascetic  life,  and  rejected  sacraments  and  tlie  moral  law. 
The  sect  continued  until  tlie  7th  century,  and  was  for  a 
short  time  revived  a  few  centuries  later.  Its  members 
are  also  called  Adelphians,  Enthusiasts,  Eustathians,  Mcs- 
snliaiut,  etc. 

Euclid  (ii'klid).  [Gr.  Ewv7'.f/(!//c.]  Lived  at  Alex- 
andria about  300  B.  c.  A  famous  Greek  geome- 
ter. His  principal  work  is  the  "  Elements"  (^Toi,x«ta), 
in  l:l  books,  parts  ^»f  which  have  been  largely  used  as  a 
text-book  for  elementary  geometry  down  to  the  present 
time.  The  editions  and  translations  of  this  work  have 
been  very  numerous. 

Euclid  of  Megara.  Born  probably  in  Megara, 
in  the  nriddle  of  the  .3th  century  B.  C.  A  Greek 
philosopher,  a  disciple  of  .Socrates,  and  the 
founiler  of  the  Megaric  school. 

Eudes  (id),  or  Odo  (o'do),  Count  of  Paris.  Died 
ill  S!»S.  King  of  France  887  {888)-K98.  lie  de. 
fended  I'aris  against  the  Northmen  under  Rollo  in  88a-8-s6, 
and  on  t  he  dejiosil  ion  of  Charles  the  Pat,  in  887,  was  elected 
king  <if  France  liy  a  j.arty  among  the  nobles.  In  8fl:i  Charles 
the  Siinide.  son  of  Charles  the  Fat,  was  set  up  as  rival 
king,  and  Elides  was  compelled  to  cede  to  him  the  coun- 
try Ijctween  the  .Heine  and  the  Rhine. 

Eudes  I.  DiodinCilicia,  March  23,  1103.  Duke 
of  liiirguiidy.  He  fought  under  the  standard  of  Al- 
fonso VI.,  king  of  (.'a^tilc  and  Leon,  against  tlie  Sai-accna 
In  1087.  He  afterward  departed  on  n  crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  dic<l  in  Cilicla. 

Eudes  II.  Died  ill  HG2.  Duke  of  Burgundy. 
Hocouipelled  ThiViaiit  of  Chaiiipagnotodo  hom- 
age for  the  coiMify  of  Trov  in  1143. 

Eudes  III.  Died  at  Lyons,  .lulyC,  121H.  Duke 
of  Burgiuidy.  He  took  part  in  1209  in  the  ciusade 
against  the  Albigcnsians,  and  in  121 1  commaniled  the  right 
wing  of  the  French  army  at  the  battle  of  Houvines. 

Eudes  IV.  Died  at  Sens  in  13.")0.  Duke  of 
Burgundy.  He  marriedtho  daughter  of  Philip, 
king  of  France,  in  1318. 

Eudes.  Born  mrt:  died  73.'>.  Duke  of  .\i|ui- 
l;iiiH'  .-iiid  Vasconie  (Gasi'onyL  His  donilnlonB 
were  Invaded  by  the  Saracens  under  Abtl-er-Rahnian,  who 
were  repuUed  with  the  aid  of  Charles  JIartcl  at  Puitlcrs 
in  7:12. 

Eudes.     Died  in  1037.     Count  of  Champagne. 


371 

He  was  defeated  and  killed  in  an  attempt  to 
make  himself  master  of  Lorraine. 

Eudes  de  Montreuil  (ed  do  mon-trey')-  Died 
l-'8y.  A  French  sculptor,  architect,  and  engi- 
neer. He  went  to  the  Holy  Laud  in  1248,  and  in  1260-51 
constructed  the  fortiUcations  of  .laffa.  In  1254  he  re- 
turned to  Paris.  In  1262  he  built  the  Church  of  the  Cor- 
deliere.  and  that  of  the  Chartreux  in  1276.  In  the  Church 
of  the  Cordeliers  he  was  accorded  sepulture,  and  erected 
his  own  tomb  with  life-size  statues  of  himself  and  his  two 
wives.  This  monument  was  described  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.     It  was  destroyed  in  1580, 

Eudeve.     Sec  Oputn. 

Eudocia  (ii-do'shiii).  [Gr.  "EvSoKia.  esteem, 
honor.]  Boruat  Athens  about  393:  died  at  Jeru- 
salem about  4G0.  A  Roman  empress,  she  was  the 
daughter  of  the  sophist  Leontius,  or,  as  he  is  also  called, 
Heraclitus  of  Athens,  who  gave  her  a  careful  education. 
She  married  the  emperor  Theodosius  II.  in  421.  having 
previously  e.Kchanged  her  original  name  Athenais  for  Eu- 
docia at  baptism,  ilavingsupplauted  the  emperor's  sister, 
Pulcheria,  in  the  administration  of  the  government,  she 
elfected  the  convention  of  the  so-called  Robber  Council  of 
Ephesus  in  449,  at  which  Flavian,  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, was  deposed  by  the  Eutychians.  Shortly 
after  this  the  emperor  took  up  the  cause  of  the  ortlmdox 
party,  in  consequence  of  which,  as  well  as  of  his  jealousy, 
she  was  t)anished  to  .Jerusalem  in  449.  Slie  wrote  a  niiiii- 
ber  of  poems,  including  a  paraphrase  of  the  (Ictateuch. 

Eudocia.  A  Byzantine  empress,  wife  of  Con- 
stantine  XI.,  and  afterward  of  Romanus  IV. 
At  his  death  in  1067  Constantine  bequeathed  the  empire  to 
her  and  their  three  young  S'ns,  Michael  \II.,  Andionicus 
I.,  and  Constantine  XII.  Although  bound  by  oath  not  to 
marry  again,  she  espoused  Romanus  in  10(i8,  and  made  him 
a  colleague  in  theempire  with  herself  and  liersons,  where- 
upon .loanncs  Ducas.  brother  of  Constantine  XI.,  made 
ilichael  VII.  sole  emperor,  and  banished  Eudocia  to  a 
convent.  She  compiled  a  dictionary  of  history  and  my- 
thology, entitled  'Iwcia,  or  "Collection  (or  Bed)of  Violets," 
which  is  still  extant. 

Eudoxia  (ii-dok'si-a).  [LGr.  EiKjofm,  good  re- 
port, honor.]  A  Byzantine  empress,  daughter 
of  the  Frank  Bauto.  she  married  in  :!95  Arcadius, 
by  wliom  she  became  the  mother  of  Theodosius  II.,  or 
"the  Younger."  She  acquired  a  complete  ascendancy 
over  her  husband,  and  procured  the  exile  of  Chrysostom, 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  inveighed  against  tlie 
avarice  and  luxury  of  the  court. 

Eudoxia.  Born  at  Constantinople,  422.  A  Ro- 
man empress,  daughter  of  Theodosius  II.  She 
married  in  436  or  437  Vhlentinian  III.,  who  was  murdered 
by  Petronius  Maximus  in  45.^  Compelled  to  marry  the 
usurper,  she  called  in  Genseric,  king  of  the  \  andals,  who 
took  Komcantl  carried  olf  Eudoxia  and  her  two  daughters, 
l^udocia  and  Placidia.  to  Carthage.  Maxuuus  w:ifi  killed 
in  the  flight.  Eudoxia  was  after  some  ye.irs  sent  to  Con- 
stantinople with  an  honorable  escort. 

Eudoxians  (fi-dok'si-anz).  Tlie  followers  of 
Eudo.xius,  iiatriai'ch  of  Constantinople  and  an 
extreme  Arian  of  the  4th  century:  same  as 
Aiiiimmiiis,  Aetian.s,  and  Eunamidits. 

Eudoxius  (ii-dok'si-us).  [Gr.  Kiiiof/of.]  Died 
370.  A  patriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  became 
bishop  of  .\ntioch  in  347.  and  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
ill  300.     He  was  an  Arian  and  tint  Icaderof  t  lie  Eudoxians. 

EudOXUS  (ii-dok'sus)  of  Cnidus.  [Gr.  Eidoioi,-.] 
Born  about  409  B.  c. :  died  about  3,56  B.  c.  A 
Greek  astronomer,  geometer,  and  physician.  He 
is  Bald  to  have  been  the  tirst  to  introduce  the  use  of  the 
celestial  globe  into  Greece,  to  have  corrected  the  length  of 
the  year,  and  to  have  adduced  the  fact  that  the  altitude 
of  the  stars  changes  with  the  latitude  as  a  proof  of  the 
irldiericity  of  the  earth. 

Eudoxus  of  Cyzicus.  Born  at  Cyzicus,  Asia 
Minor:  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  Greek  navigator  in  the  Egyptian 
service,  said  to  have  circumnavigated  Africa 
IroMi  the  Red  Sea  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Euemerus.     See  Evcmcrus. 

Euergetes  (ii-cr'je-tez).  [Gr.  T.I'tijytTi/r,  bene- 
lai-tor.]  A  Greek  title  of  lioiior  assumed  by 
si-voral  kings  of  Kgypt.     See  I'tnUiiiij. 

Eufaula  (u-fa'lii).  A  city  of  Barbour  County, 
.\labama,  situated  on  the  Chattahoochee  in 
lat.  31°  S.V  N.,  long.  8.')'=  10'  W.  It  exports 
cotton.     Population  (1900),  4,.'>32. 

Eugamon  (u'ga-mon).  [Gr.  Kijimui.]  A  Greek 
eyolie  jiiiit  of  ('yrene  (aliout  .'560  B.  C),  author 
of  I  ho  "  Telegonia  "  (which  see). 

Euganean  Hills  (li-ga'ne-an  liilz).  A  chain  of 
voTi-anic  hills  in  northeastern  Italy,  sonlliwcHt 
of  I'adua.      Highest  iioiiil,  1.S90  leH  . 

Eugene  (u-jcn').  Prince  tFranQois  Eugene  de 
Savoie-Carignan).  [Gr. i / jn //■ , wcii-boin ;  L. 

h'liiiniiiis,  v.  Eiuiitif,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  I'.iiiifiuo,  G. 
Kiiiliiiiux,  /JK/rii.]  Born  at  Pai-is,  Oct.  18, 
1G()3:  died  at  Vienna,  April  21,  17:«i.  A  cel.'- 
bratcd  Austrian  general.  He  was  the  son  of  Prince 
Eugene  Maurice  de  Savolc-Carignan,  comtt-  de  Solnsnim, 
by  Olymiiia  Mancini,  a  niei-e  ttf  Cardinal  Ma7JU-in.  Ue 
was  hilendcd  for  the  church,  and  when  alK>ut  ten  was 
created  ablii^  of  Carignan.  Being  refused  a  commission 
in  the  French  army  liy  I.onJa  .\IV.,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Austria,  Willi  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  1683.  He  was 
In  16!16  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  Imperial 
army  against  the  Turks,  whom  he  totally  defeated  at 
Zenta  in  lii97,  and  compelled  to  ai'cept  the  pence  of  Carlo- 
»it7.  In  lOU.l.      At  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 


Eulenspiegel 

Succession,  he  invaded  Italy,  defeated  Catlnat  at  Carpi 
and  Villeltii  at  Chiari  in  1701,  and  fought  a  dniwu  battle 
witll  \'endonic  at  Luzzara  in  17U2.  After  suppressing  an 
insurrection  under  the  younger  Rakoezy  in  HungiU'y,  he 
joined  Marlborough  in  Ceniiaiiy,  whi-re  their  allied  forces 
defeated  the  French  and  Bavarians  at  Blenlieim  Aug.  13, 
1704.  Ue  returned  in  ITOf.  to  Italy,  where,  by  a  victory 
over  JIarsiii  and  the  Uuke  of  Orleans  at  Turin,  Sept.  7, 
1706,  he  expelled  the  French  from  Italy.  In  cooperation 
with  .Marlborough  in  the  .Netherlands  and  in  northern 
France,  he  won  the  battle  of  oudenarde  in  1708,  captured 
Lille  in  1708,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Jlalplaquet  in  1709. 
He  negotiated  the  i)eace  of  R,astadt  with  France  in  1714. 
The  war  with  the  Turks  having  broken  out  anew,  he  de- 
feated the  latter  at  Peterwardeiu  ill  1716  and  at  Belgrad  in 
1717,  and  forced  them  to  accept  the  peace  of  Passarowitz 
in  1718. 

Eugene  Aram.  A  novel  by  Bulwer  Lyttou, 
puljlishcd  in  1832.  Hood's  poem  on  the  same 
suliject  is  called  "TheDreamof  Eugene  Aram." 
See  Aram,  EiKjinr. 

Eugene  de  Beaubarnais.    See  Beauharnais. 

Eugenia  (u-je'ni-ij ).  [Fem.  of  Eugeniun;  F.  Eu- 
i/rnii.]  1.  A  female  name,  the  feminine  of 
Eii(/niius. —  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  45)  discovered 
by  Goldschinidt  at  Paris,  Juue2C,  1S,'j7. 

Eugenie  (e-zhii-ne')  (Eugenia  Maria  de  Mon- 
tijo  de  Guzman,  Countess  of  Teba).  [See 
Eiii/cfiiii.]  Born  at  Granada,  Spain.  May  5, 
182().  The  second  daughter  of  Don  Manuel 
Fernandez  de  Jlontijo,  and  wife  of  .Napoleon 
111.  whom  she  married  Jan.  30,  1853.  After  the 
fall  of  the  empire  she  fixed  her  residence  at  Chiselhurst, 
Kent,  England-  later  (1880) at  Farnhorough  Hill. 

Eugenie  (u-je'ni),  Sir  Dauplline.  In  Ben  Jon- 
sou's  "Eiiica'ue,  or  the  Silent  Woman,"  the 
witty  and  impecunious  nephew  of  Morose. 
See  EjHr(ciU'. 

Eugenie  Grandet  (^-zha-ne'  gron-da').  A  novel 
by  Balzac,  written  in  1833,  published  in  1834. 
Tlic  heroine.  Eugenie,  is  sacrificed  to  the  cold-blooded 
avariciousness  of  lier  father.  This  is  one  of  Balzac's  best 
novels. 

EugeniUS  (u-je'ni-us)  I.,  Saint.  [See  Eugene.'] 
Bom  at  Rome:  died  there,  June  1,  657.  Pope 
(i54-057. 

Eugenius  II.  Born  at  Rome :  died  there,  Aug. 
27,  827.     Pope  824-827. 

Eugenius  III.  Born  at  Pisa,  Italv:  died  at 
Tivoli,  Italy.  July  8,  1153.  Pope  114,5-53.  He 
was  expelled  from  Rome  by  the  populace,  which,  incited 
by  the  pi-eaching  of  Arnold  of  Brescia,  sought  to  restore 
the  ancient  republic ;  and  was  enableil  by  the  aid  of 
Roger  of  Sicily  to  return  in  1149.  CompeUed  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  abandon  Rome  once  more,  he  afterward 
lived  mostly  at  Segiii.  During  his  reign  llie  second  Cru- 
sade took  place  (1147-49),  chielly  tlrrough  the  instrumen- 
tality of  Ills  teaclier,  St.  Bernard  of  Clairvaux. 

Eugenius  IV.  (Gabriel  Condolmieri).    Born 

at  Venice,  13.^3:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  23.  1447. 
Pope  1431— J7.  lie  became  involved  in  a  contest  with 
the  Council  of  Biu$el  (opened  3»larcli  12,  1431).  Having 
ordered  the  dissolution  of  this  body  and  the  convening 
of  another  council  at  Ferrara  in  1437,  he  wajs  deposed  in 
1439  by  the  Coum-il  of  Basel,  which  set  up  an  antipope  in 
the  person  of  Felix  \'. ,  theschi.-^m  Ihuspiodueed  continu- 
ing till  the  death  of  Eugenius.  He  signed  witli  the  em- 
peior  John  Palocologiis  a  convention  for  the  reunion  of 
the  t.'reck  and  Latin  churches  in  1431i. 

Eugenius.   In  Sterne's  •■  Tristram  Shandy, "Mho 

Irienil  and  mentor  of  Vorick. 

Eugippius,  or  Eugyppius  (fi-jip'i-us).     An 

lliiliaii  ninnk.  lie  was  a  pupil  of  St.  8evcrlnu«  of 
Noricum,  wliose  reiiiaiiis  were  brought  about  488  to  Ca*. 
truni  Liicnlhuuim.  near  >'iiples,  there  to  form  the  nu- 
cleus of  an  abbey  of  which  Eugippius  became  the  second 
abliot.  He  w  role  a  life  of  St.  Severiniis  (.*>11X  whicli  is  an 
important  source  of  early  ticrman  history. 

Eugubine  (u'gu-liin)  Tables.  [From  the  place 
of  their  discovery,  the  ancient  Iijuviiim.  later 
Eiiitiihtum.  modern  (iuhliin.']  Seven  brazen 
talilets  containing  inseriptions,(liscovereil  near 
Gulibio,  lliily,  in  1444,  and  now iircserved  there. 
They  form  the  chief  monunient  of  tlic  aneient  I'mbrlan 
language.  Four  of  the  tablets  are  wholly  I'mbrian,  one 
Is  partl>  I'mbrian  and  partlv  Latin,  and  two  are  l.atin. 
The  inscriptions  relate;  to  the  acts  of  a  corporation  of 
liriests.  ^ 

Euhemerus.    See  Errmrni.i. 

Eulalia   (u-iii'li-ii).   Saint,     [(^r.    Kt')a'/ia.    fair 

speech;  F.  Eiihilie.']     A  Roman  virgin  martyr. 

lorlnrid  to  dealh  during  the  persecution  of 

l>ioololiaii  in  308. 
Eulengebirge  (oi'len-go-ber'ge).     A  mountain 

group  of  the  Sudetic  chain,  soutliwesi  of  Brcs- 

laii.     Its  chief  point  is  tlie  llohe  Eule,  3,32.') 

feel  high. 

Eulenspiegel  (oi'len-sp6-g<d).  Till  or   Tyll. 

[ii.,  'owl-glass.']  The  name  of  a  German 
of  Ihe  141  h  century  wlio  was  proliably  liorii  at 
Kneitliiigen,  near  Brunswick,  and  Inirieil  at 
Mdllii  (according  to  a  history  of  his  life  written 
in  North  Gennaiiy  in  1483  and  transhtfed  into 
Hiirh  German  and  printed  alunil  1.5.50).  only  « 
small  part  i»f  the  dci-ds  attributed  to  him  are  possllilv  Ills 
own.  The  name  is  merely  the  center  alnnit  which  have 
been  grouped  |iopiihir  talcs  describing  the  lulschievout 


Eulenspiegel 

pranks  of  a  vagabond  of  peasant  origin.  The  stories  have 
been  widely  transhited.  A  recent  edition  is  that  of 
Lcipsic,  1854,  by  L;ipi)enberg,  who  erroneously  assumes 
Thomas  Murner  to  liave  been  the  author  of  the  book. 

Euler  (oi'ler),  Leonhard.  Born  at  Basel,  Swit- 
zerland, April  15,  1707:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Sept.  7  (O.  S. ),  1783.  A  celebrated  Swiss  mathe- 
maticiau.  He  was  a  pupil,  at  Basel,  of  Jean  Bernoulli. 
On  the  invitation  of  the  empress  Catherine  he  went 
to  St  Petersburg,  where  he  became  (1";;0)  professor  of 
physics,  and  later  (1733)  succeeded  Daniel  Bernoulli  in 
the  academy.  During  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  was 
p.artly  and  in  the  end  wholly  blind,  but  conducted  his 
elaborate  calculations  mentally.  He  publislied  •'  Mechun- 
ica"  (1736-42),  "Theoria  motuum  planetarum  et  cometa- 
rum  '■  (1744),  •'lutroductio  in  analysin  inflnitorum"(174S). 
"  Instil utiones  calculi  ditferentialis"  (1755),  "Institntiones 
calculi  integralis"  (1768-70),  "Dioptrica'  (1769-71),  '  An- 
leitung  zur  Algebra"  (1771),  "Opuscula  analytica"  (17S3- 
17S.'').  "Lettres  k  une  princesse  d'Allemagne "  (1768-72), 
etc. 

Eumseus  (u-me'us).  [Gr.  E'v/iaio;.']  The  faith- 
ful swineherd  of  Ulysses,  a  character  in  the 
Odyssej-. 

Eumenes  (ii'me-nez).  [Gr.  Evfth-rK.J  Born  at 
Cardia.  Thrace,  about  3G1  B.  c. :  put  to  death 
in  Gabieue,  Elymais,  316  B.  c.  One  of  the  suc- 
cessors of  Ale.xauder  the  Great.  He  defeated 
Craterus  in  321,  and  wasbetrayed  by  his  soldiers 
to  Antitronus. 

Eumenes  II.  Died  159  (?)  b.  c.  King  of  Per- 
gamus  197-159  (?)  B.  C.  He  was  the  son  of  Attains 
I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  cultivated  tlie  friendship  of 
the  Romans,  whom  lie  assisted  in  the  wur  aj;ainst  Autiochus 
the  Great.  He  was  present  in  person  at  the  decisive  battle 
of  Magnesia,  and,  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  was  rewarded 
by  the  addition  of  Mysia,  Lydia,  aud  Phrygiato  his  kingdom. 
He  w:is  a  patron  of  learning,  and  founded  at  Pergamus  one 
of  the  famous  libraries  of  antiquity. 

Eumenides  (ii-men'i-dez).  [Gr.  Ev/jn'idic,  the 
gracious  ones.]  A  euphemistic  name  for  the 
Erinyes  in  Greek  mythology. 

Eumenides,  The.  A  tragedy  of  iEschylus,  form- 
ing the  third  of  the  great  trilogy  ("Agamem- 
non," ''Choephori."  "Eumenides")  exhibited 
at  Athens  in  458  B.  C. 

EumolpUS  (u-mol'pus).  [Gr.  Ev/io/^-noc,  the  good 
chanter.J  In  Greek  mythology,  a  priestly  bard, 
reputed  founder  of  the  Eleusinian  mysteries. 

EunapiUS  (u-na'pi-us).  [Gr.  Errdrriof.]  Born 
at  Sardis,  347  A.  D.  A  Greek  sophist.  He  was  a 
pnpil  of  Proasresius  of  Athens,  where  he  lived  during  the 
later  part  of  his  life.  He  was  a  Neoplatonist  and  a  violent 
opponent  of  Christianity.  He  appears  to  have  lived  till 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  younger.  He 
wrote  "  Lives  of  Philosophers  and  Sophists,"  still  extant. 

Eunice  (u'nis).  [Gr.  Ei'n'/c;/,  happily  victorious.] 
Tlie  mother  of  Timothy  (2  Tim.  i.  5). 

Eunomia  (u-no'mi-ii).  [Gr.  Evvofiia.']  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  Horse. —  2.  An  as- 
teroid (No.  15)  discovered  by  De  Gasparis  at 
Naples,  July  29,  1851. 

Eunomians  (u-no'mi-anz).  The  followers  of 
Euuomius.     See  Eunomius. 

EunomiUS  (ii-no'mi-us).  [Gr.  Erj'o/iiof.]  Born 
at  Uaeora,  Cappadocia:  died  there,  about  392. 
Bishopof  Cyzicus  and  leaderof  the  Anomceans  or 
Eunomians.  He  was  a  pupU  of  Aetius,  and  an  extreme 
Arian.  His  chief  work  is  an  "  Apology  "  (English  transla- 
tion by  Whiston,  1711).    See  AMus. 

Eunuchus  (u-nu'kus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  t'movxoc,, 
a  eunuch.]  A  comedy  by  Terence,  founded  in 
great  part  upon  the  play  of  the  same  name  by 
Menander. 

Terence  has  suggested  many  modern  subjects.  The  Eu- 
nuchius  is  reflected  in  tlie  "  Bellaniira"  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley 
and  "Le  iluet"of  Brueys ;  the  4-^ielpki  in  Moliere's 
"ficole  des  Maris"  and  Baron's  '■  L'Ecole  des  Peres"  ;  and 
the  Phormio  in  Moliere's  "  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin." 

CnUtwell,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.,  p.  54. 

Eupatoria  (u-pa-to'ri-a),  or  Kosloff  (kos-lov'). 
A  seaport  in  the  Crimea,  in  the  government  of 
Taurida,  Russia,  situated  on  Kalamita  Bay  41 
miles  north  of  Sevastopol.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
Allies  in  1854-56,  and  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the 
Russians  Feb.  17,  1865.     Population  (1880),  16,940. 

Eupatridae  (u-pat'ri-de),  The.  [Or.  Ev-a-pi6ai, 
the  well-born.]  The  land-owning  aristocracy 
in  ancient  Athens  (Attica),  as  distinguished 
from  the  Geomori  or  peasants,  and  the  Demiurgi 
or  artisans.  On  the  abolition  of  royalty  they  found 
themselves  in  exclusivepossession  of  political  rights,  which 
were  gradually  curtailed,  notably  by  Solon  (5!>1  B.  0.)  and 
Cleisthenes(509  B.  C),  until  in  the  time  of  Pericles  Athens 
was  transformed  into  a  pure  democracy. 

Eupen  (oi'pen),  F.  N6au  (na-6').  A  manu- 
facturing town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
10  miles  south-southwest  of  Ai.\-la-Chapelle.  it 
was  ceded  by  Austria  to  France  in  1801,  and  passed  to 
Prussia  in  18i5.     Population  (1890),  15,446. 

Euphemia  (u-fe'mi-a).  [Gr.  Eiti'/iiia,  of  good  re- 
port ;  F.  Eiqihemie,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Eufvmia.']  A  fe- 
male iiume. 

Euphorbus  (li-far'bus).  [Gr.  Ei^opJor.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  brave  Trojan,  son  of  Pan- 


372 

thous  and  brother  of  Hyperenor.  He  was  slain  by 
Menelaus,  who  dedicated  Euphorbus's  shield  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Hera,  near  Mycena;.  Pythagoras  professed  to  be 
animated  by  bis  soul. 

Euphorion  (u-fo'ri-on).  [Gr.  Ei'^o/x'wi;.]  Born  at 
Chalcis,  Euboea,  274  B.  c. :  died  in  Syria,  prob- 
ably about  200  B.  c.  A  Greek  grammarian  and 
poe"t:  fragments  edited  by  Meineke  (1823). 

Euphranor  (u-fra'n6r).  [Gr.  E'vippavup.'l  Born 
near  Corinth :  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  4th 
centmy  B.  c.  A  Greek  statuary  and  painter. 
His  trea'tises  on  symmetry  and  color  were  much  used  by 
Pliny  in  tlie  compilation  of  liis  35th  book-  Lucian  ranks 
his  sculpture  witll  that  of  Phidias,  Alcanienes,  anil  .MjTon, 
and  his  painting  with  that  of  .\pelles,  Parrhasius,  and 
.-Vetion. 

Euphrasia.     See  Bellario. 

Euphrasia  (u-fra'zhia).  [Gr.  Ei'tppaaia,  of  good 
cheer.]  The  Grecian  Daughter  in  Murphy's 
tragedy  of  that  name.  She  is  the  daughter  of  Evan- 
der,  a  king  of  Sicily,  who  is  imprisoned  and  starved  by  the 
tyrant  Dionysius.  She  succors  him  with  milk  from  her 
own  breast,  and  finally  stabs  the  tyrant  and  restores  her 
father  to  his  throne. 

Euphrates  (u-fra'tez).  [Assjt.  Purattu,  Heb. 
Feriilli,  OPers.  I'f rates,  At.  Furut,  Gr.  Ei'9/3dr;?r, 
Ei'i/i/H/rj/f.]  A  great  Mesopotamian  river  which 
has  its  origin  in  the  Armenian  mountains. 
It  is  formed  from  the  East  Euphrates  (Murad-Su),  wliich 
rises  northeast  of  Erzeruni,  and  a  branch  rising  northwest 
of  Lake  Van.  "The  united  river  then  makes  a  wide  circuit 
westwai'd,  breaks  through  the  mountain-chain  of  the  Tau- 
rus, enters  the  terrace  reiiion  at  the  modern  Birejik,  and 
turns  in  a  meandering  course  toward  the  Tigris.  In  the 
neighborhood  of  Bagdad  these  two  rivers  approach  one 
another,  and  there  the  Babylonian  canal-system  begins. 
In  its  lower  course,  below  Babylon,  the  Euphrates  has 
changed  its  bed,  shifting  more  and  more  westward.  Ac- 
cording to  notices  in  classical  authors,  confirmed  by  the 
inscriptions,  it  came  in  ancient  time  nearer  Sippara 
(Seph.arvaim.  modern  Abu-Habba)  and  Uruk  (modern 
Warka)  than  now ;  and  it  did  not  empty  into  the  sea, 
united  with  the  Tigris,  tlirough  the  Shatt  el-Arab,  as  at 
present.  As  late  as  the  time  of  Sennacherib  (705-681  B.  c.) 
and  his  successors,  the  twin  rivers  flowed  sepai-ately  into 
the  Persian  Gulf,  which  extended  then  at  least  as  far  as 
Coma.  Babylon  has  been  riglitly  termed  '"  tlie  gift  of  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris."  The  soil  is  fonned  from  the  lUuvial 
deposits  of  theserivers,  and  this  formation  still  continues. 
During  the  winter  months  the  Euphrates  has  but  little 
water  in  its  bed  ;  but  in  the  spring,  and  especially  toward 
the  summer  solstice,  it  swells  by  the  melting  of  the  snow 
of  the  mountains,  which  often  causes  disastrous  floods. 
In  Gen.  ii.  14  the  Euphrates  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
four  rivers  of  paradise. 

Euphronius(u-fro'ni-us).  In Shakspere's  "An- 
tony and  Cleopatra,"  an  ambassador  from  An- 
tony to  Ciesar. 

Eupiirosyne  (u-fros'i-ne).  [Gr.  Ev(j)poabv!i, 
mirth.]  1.  In  Greek  mj'thology,  one  of  the 
three  Charites  or  Graces. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No. 
31)  discovered  by  Ferguson  at  Washington, 
Sept.  2,  1854. 

Euphues  (u'fu-ez),  or  the  Anatomy  of  Wit. 

[Gr.  Eh(pv)/^,  well-grown,  gootUy.]  A  novel  by 
John  Lyly,  published  in  1578-79.  This  book 
and  its  successor,  "Euphues  and  his  England,"  pub- 
lished 1580-81,  brought  into  prominence  and  into  further 
use  the  art ected  jargon,  full  of  conceits  and  extravagances, 
used  by  the  gallants  of  Elizabeth's  court.  Euphues  is  an 
Athenian  youth  who  embodies  the  qualities  implied  in 
his  name.  He  is  elegant,  handsome,  amorous,  and  roving. 
"Rosalynde.  or  Euphues' Golden  Legacy  "is  a  similar  novel 
by  Thomas  Lodge.     See  I\usal>t/uh\ 

Euphues,  his  Censure  to  Philautus,  etc.    A 

pamphlet  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1587, 
and  intended  as  a  continuation  of  Lyly's  "Eu- 
phues." 
Euphues  Shado'W.theBattaile  of  the  Senses. 

Ajiamphlet  bj'  Thomas  Lodge,  edited  by  Greene 
and  published  in  1592. 
Eupolis  (ii'po-lis).  [Gr.  EiiffoXif.]  An  Athe- 
nian comic  poet  (born  449  B.  c),  a  contemporary 
and  rival  of  Aristophanes.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
drowned  in  the  battle  of  Cynossema,  4X1  B.  c. 

That  he  [Eupolis]  was  brilliant  in  his  wit,  and  refined  in 
his  style,  is  plain  from  the  fact  that  he  co-operated  with 
Aristophanes  in  his  "  Knights. "of  which  the  last  parabasis, 
beginning  from  v.  1290,  is  recorded  by  the  scholiast  to  have 
been  his  composition.  He  afterwards  may  have  quarrelled 
with  Aristophanes,  for  they  satirised  one  another  freely. 
In  style  and  in  genius  he  stood  nearest  to  his  great  rival, 
and  his  comedies  seem  to  have  possessed  most,  if  not  all, 
of  the  features  which  make  the  Aristophanic  comedy  so 
peculiar  in  literature. 

Mahagy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  430. 

Eupompus  (ii-pom'pus).  [Gr.  Evttouttoc.']  Born 
at  Sieyon :  lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A 
Greek  painter,  founder  of  the  so-called  Sicyo- 
nian  school  of  painting.  The  work  of  Eupompus 
and  his  successor  Pamphilus  was  to  introduce  the  charac- 
teristics of  Doric  sculpture  into  painting. 

Eurasia  (u-ra'shiS  or  -zhiii).  [Eiir{ope)  and 
Jsi».]  Tlie  continental  mass  made  up  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia :  not  generally  recognized  as  a 
geographical  designation. 

Eure  (er).  A  department  of  France,  capital 
Evreux,  forming  part  of  the  old  province  of 
Normandy,     it  is  bounded  by  Seine-InfSrieure  on  the 


Europe 

north,  Oise  and  Seine-ci-ni^c  on  the  east,  Eare-et-LcIr 
on  the  south,  Orne  on  the  southwest,  aud  Calvados  on 
the  west.  Area,  2,29J  squaie  miles.  Population  (1891), 
349,47L 

Eure.  A  river  of  northern  France  which  joins 
the  Seine  10  miles  south  of  Rouen.  Length, 
about  120  miles. 

Eure-et-Loir  (er'a-lwar').  4  department  of 
France,  capital  Chartres,  formed  fi-om  parts  of 
the  ancient  Orleanais,  Perehe,  and  Normandy. 
Its  boundaries  are  Eure  on  the  north,  Seine-et-Oise  on  the 
east,  Loiret  on  the  southeast,  Loir-et-Cber  and  Sartbe  on 
the  south,  and  Orne  on  the  west.  It  has  been  called  "the 
granaiy  of  France."  Area,  2,'-67  square  miles.  Population 
(18111),  -284,683. 

Eureka  (ii-re'ka).  The  coimty-seat  of  Eureka 
County,  Nevada,  situated  about  lat.  39°  30'  N., 
long.  116°  W.  It  has  silver-  and  lead-mines. 
Population  (1900),  precinct,  785. 

Eureka.  A  seaport  city,  the  capital  of  Hum- 
Ijoldt  Countv,  California,  situated  on  Humboldt 
Bav  in  lat.  40°  48'  N.,  long.  124°  10'  W.  Pop- 
ula"tion  (1900).  7.327. 

Euric  (u'rik),  or  Evatic  (ev'a-rik),  L.  Evari- 
CUS  (ev-a-1-i'kus).  Died  484  or  485  a.  d.  A 
king  of  the  West  Goths.  He  was  a  younger  son  of 
Theodoric  I.,  and  obtained  the  government  in  466  by  the 
mui'der  of  his  brother  Theodoric  II.  He  conquered  the 
whole  of  the  Spanish  peninsula,  with  the  exception  of  the 
northwestern  corner,  which  he  allowed  the  Suevic  kings 
to  hold  as  his  vassals,  and  destroyed  the  small  remnant  of 
Roman  dominion  in  Gaul,  thereby  raising  the  West-Gothic 
kingdom  to  its  highest  point  of  power. 

Euripides  (u-rip'i-dez).  [Gr.  Eipi-M^f.]  Born 
in  Salamis,  probably  Sept.  23,  480  B.  c. :  died 
in  406  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian  tragic  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  Mnesarchus  and  Cleito.  who  appear  to 
have  fled  from  .\tbensto  Salamis  on  the  invasion  of  Xerxes, 
and  was,  according  to  popular  tradition,  born  in  that  island 
on  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Salamis.  He  studied  ph.\sics 
under  Anaxagoras  and  rhetoric  under  Prodicus,  and  at 
about  the  age  of  twenty-five  produced  the  "  Peliades,"  the 
first  of  his  plays  which  was  acted.  He  is  said  to  have  gained 
the  first  prize  in  five  dramatic  contests,  the  first  of  which 
occurred  in  441.  He  left  Athens  for  the  court  of  Archelaus, 
king  of  Macedonia,  about  4(-i8,  owing,  it  is  said,  to  the  ridi- 
cule thrown  upon  him  by  the  populace  in  consequence  of 
the  attacks  of  Sophocles  and  Aristophanes.  He  died  at  the 
ilacedonian  court  (according  to  doubtful  tradition  being 
torn  to  pieces  by  a  pack  of  bounds  set  upon  him  by  two 
rival  poets,  .^rrhidaeus  and  Crateuas),  and  was  buried  with 
great  pomp  by  Archelaus,  who  refused  a  request  of  the 
Athenians  for  his  remains.  He  wrote  75  plays,  of  which 
the  following  18  are  extant ;  "  Alcestis,"  "  iledea,"  "  Hip- 
polytus,"  "Hecuba," "Andromache, ""Ion,"  "Suppliants," 
"Heracleidai,"  "Heracles  ilainomenos,"  "Iphigenia 
among  the  "Tauri,"  "Troades,"  "Helena,"  "Phoenissfie.*' 
"Electra,"  "Orestes,"  "Iphigenia  at  Aulis,"  "Bacchee," 
and  "Cyclops." 

Euripus  (ii-i'i'pus).  [Gr.  Evpiiro^,  a  narrow  chan- 
nel, esp.  the  one  here  mentioned.]  The  narrow- 
est portion  of  the  channel  which  separates 
Euboea  from  the  mainland.  Width  at  the  nar- 
rowest 4)art,  opposite  Chalcis.  120  feet.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  changes  of  current. 

The  name  Euripus  applie^  strictly  speaking,  only  to  the 
very  naiTowest  part  of  the  channel  between  Eubiea  and 
the  mainland  (Thucyd.  vii.  29:  Strab.  ix.  585),  which  is 
opposite  to  the  modern  town  of  Egripo.  where  the  bridge 
now  stands.  RairUtisoii,  Herod.,  IV.  308,  note. 

Europa  (u-ro'pa),  or  Europe  (-pe).  [See  £«- 
J'ojje.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  daughter  of 
Phoenix,  or  of  Agenor,  sister  of  Cadmus,  and 
mother  by  Zeus  of  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus. 
She  was  borne  over  the  sea  to  Crete  by  Zeus,  who  assumed 
the  form  of  a  white  bull.    See  lo. 

The  bull,  whose  form  was  assumed  by  Zeus  in  order  to 
carry  olf  Europa.  a  Phoenician  damsel,  was  seen  to  be  the 
bull  of  Ann,  the  Semitic  Heaven  god,  the  same  bull  which 
we  recognize  in  the  constellation  Taurus ;  and  Europa.  the 
" broad-faced  '^maiden,  is  only  another  form  of  Istar,  the 
broad-faced  moon,  instead  of  being  identical  with  Urvasl, 
the  Vedic  dawn-maiden.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  302. 

Europa  and  the  Bull.  -\  painting  by  Titian 
(1502),  in  Cobham  Hall,  near  Rochester,  Eng- 
land. Europa  is  being  carried  through  the  waves  on  the 
bull's  back ;  one  Cupid  follows,  supported  by  a  dolphin, 
and  two  fly  above.  Europa's  maidens  are  seen  on  the 
distant  shore. 

Europe  (ii'i'op).  [From  Semitic  ereh,  darkness, 
evening,  properly  sunset,  '  the  land  of  the  set- 
tingsun';  Gr.  Ei'pu->i,\j.Europti.'\  l.Thesmall- 
est  grand  division  of  the  eastern  continent.  It 
is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Sea  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic 
on  the  west,  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  Black  Sea,  and  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  south.  On  the  east  its  boundaries 
toward  Asia  are  generally  taken  as  the  Caucasus,  the  Cas- 
pian, the  Ural  River,  the  Iral  Mountains,  and  the  Kara. 
Length,  southwest  and  northeast,  3,400  miles.  Breadth, 
north  and  south,  2,400  miles.  It  lies  within  lat.  71°  II'  >". 
(North  Caiie)and  lat.  35°  59'  X.(Cai.e  Tarifa),  and  long.  9° 31' 
W.andl..nK.66°E.  Population(1897). est., 374.000,000.  Area, 
3,855,8'2S  s<juare  miles.  In  literature  the  name  occurs  first 
in  the  Homeric  h\Tnn  to  .Apollo,  and  denotes  there  thecoun- 
try  north  of  the"  Peloponnesus,  i.  e.  Thracia.  The  know- 
ledge of  Europe  possessed  by  the  ancients  was,  as  in  all 
geographical  matters,  verj-  deficient.  It  started  from  the 
coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  remained  for  a  long  time 
confined  to  the  three  southern  peninsulas  and  the  shores 
of  the  Euxine.  In  Herodotus  the  Phasis  is  considered  as 
the  boundary  between  Asia  and  Europe.     Later  it  is  the 


\ 


Europe 

in  ol.3,ui-.ty  """"f\'"".;,-""e'pe,Jiusula.sent  forth  by  Asm 
:;:uSf  fl^I-its  Sal;.?  «...,  .s  frcn>  US  havmg  lung  be^ 


c„„.n.ry  .0  the  ->Pf-[:f,.'L»rugthe'"e.^c.^U."o''f  S 
documents  intrusted  to  '  ""  ?'.?.h  were  den.uudcd  by  the 

tins  :is  bishop  of  A""«f ';, "^/,'if„  "("ile  cle"  io".     He-  was 
Arians  tor  the  purpose  o»nmillm(.tact  ^^  ^^^ 

luinislud  about  3a,  b"'      »^^f"'^^^,g  „t  him  from  the 
killed  by  an  Arian  who  threw  a  bwue  »i 
roof  of  a  house 


"-  -i^'-'f  "'  lS'>fso  e^  ve  i    an  adl^ntage  over  the 

,rS'?eo"^p''hiSrcUmatiL.onaitions. 

Europe,  as  a  geographical,  term  u.^unprobably  desig- 
naWt  first  merely  tljepjamof^lhebe^^^^    j,   ^^  „^,^ 


fron.  its  having  long  been      '^V! '' r'!,*^'  f,,i,'Uereh-cii).       A   town    in 

a™d  civitotion.    Its  geo-  Euskirchen   (ois  >'«;'-"•:"'  thp   Erft 


l?h'w^rProviu;-e;Tru-ia,  near    the 
miles  south  by  west  of  Cologne 

So^'Pm  the  MO.J.     rPron.,^:;,  - 

Taylor,  ine  Aip,.,o. PrenJh  freebooter  of  the  13th  century.    He  wa^ 

2    A  province  of  the  later  Roman  Etnpire,  i,n-     f/^.Ue  seneschal  of  the  Count  „fBouM...e.a^^ 
2-   A  pro™\"^°   ,  „   „^f„,,ti,,„i,le.     fmmn«.  tiiiJlybecaiuethelealeiotnoa  p       __^^^ 


o    A  province  of  the  later  Koman  Ktupire,  im-     („      ^i    e  seneschal  o  the  Louno.oou,^..^  .  ^^^ 
^eitJ?eP,out  Cousta^ititto,^     i^;«-  ^^     ln'SC?:?;?n f^C^Si^-;;!,,^ 


Evans,  Augusta  J. 

Twc  versatile  or  well-di.poseJ.]     Died  about 

3^'fnl  D.     A  Koman  historian,  attthor  of  a 

,nii'ieVstory  of  Kotue  C;  l^--v.anu,n  ab  urbe 

aita'")  from  the  loundiut;  ot  the  iit.\  to  iiie 

'd':.i;^h' ■  f  liovtan,  m  A.  H;;/""!,!?-!.'"  A  B^- 

Piitronius    sui-named  •'  The  Eunuch.      A  ny 
^Se^'atesma...      He  was  a  chamberlain  in  the 
,.e    Erft   -S^     e:S.ia  of  Arcadius  on  tlu.  lattert  uccessu^n^ 

Population    thro,,  as^^nperoi^o,  >;;;  K..s  -  ^  i^ ^-3^,^-':^ 

r™dcred^r:«  t'o  the  rebellious  Ooths  in  As.a  M.uor 


^i;-      u  Jh,  fotuicJ^r  ot  the  sect  of  the  E.t|^ 
ehians      The  heresy  was  condemned  at  the 

by  Weber,     of  uni.iue  aivhitectiire,  'f:S»  '  '"  J;^-"-  {'J;;";^.,^,     sect  of  llonophysites^ 


|^';;:^i^"^H;"fofVrta:tUen.odernIr;or     S*^:!t?^^-^K»K  %..torhiscr^^ 
^si^u^'^'S^"-  Sr.  E.POC.  the  east     f- -il^i^^Str^h^^S^ii--.  hin.the  pow, 
^'^'  connected  with  i..-;,  «,  L-  -^l'"-"'-''.  ^^^  ^l-Yit„„-,„>..h'V  St.  Alarse  church  in  Pari 


^ili'rL!^^h'i.  .An  opera  by  Weoer,     of  u-j.^ue  an^^^^^^.;:^;-"  ^^ 

HCdes^lbi^S^  '^t  leader  of  the     ^r"   '     ■    '--  ^^  ""''  '^-^''^  "' 
Eurybiaaes  tu  .  ^^^^    _^^^l  nominal  com-     the 

El^vdice(a-ria'i-se).    [Gr.  E;p..!<«/.]   In  Gr'-ek  ^'';^'^;;j^.    ,j.5,.ta'ke-6),orEustac^^^ 
'i^ffiyvt^«_r!!;^J^,2^t^^usS^L^;Sid'=  ^SSa^olommeo..  Bor.t  at  Sa.t  Seven,,,. 


e»u^.";— -■  J     ^„iy„tas    U.,    king    OI    EUStataianS  tu^-.n,.^.  ;;"../•  D  .  wUo 

'        '       '  cetic  sect  of  the  +th  cent „ry  A.  D.,  probably  ^o 

calJe.!  froin  Eustathius,  bishoi>  of  Sebastc  in 
l>,mt,is. 


Plai'o-  a  child  whose  irieimsiiii'  i"»  ^■•-"   -    -" 
aid  whose^rly  death  form  an  important  part 

S^iia    about  SM:   died  after  5U^.      A  bmaii 
Kh  historian,  author  of  an  '.Ecclestasttcal 

History." 

,.„  Nov.  IS,  174;!:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Match 
17  1781      A  celebrated  Danish  lyric  P">'  •     «« 

^m^  hls'^::;!^   'His  first  work,  "  Lykkens  Temple 


,.,}  \t^  till'  Pploponnesiau  war. 

f-nrvmedon      A  stnall  river  in  Fisi.lia  a„,l  I'a.o- 

^pS  Asfa  Minor,  which  Howsi.tto  the  .Mcdt- 

pu}  iia,  Jv=  n„„l,.r!i  Cap,-  -Su.     Near  its  mouth, 

'ZTT.  *]:ft™  OrcSs  u',llcr  Cimon  detcate,!  the 

^;^™TaW6-me).     [Gr.   El^p^,;,,.]     In 
\S  mnhology.  a  daughter  of  Oceanus     Ac- 
cording to  Hesio,l  she  was  the  mother,  by  Zeus, 
of  the  Charit<.s  or  Graces  ^^^^^,,.^^f  Euse- 


l,iX!mIf  Tliei^aU>ui>;a:"nis  chief  w™'',^*?,';.!^^ 
"■■"r"'rH:S^  S'stS  h    .,'ut!,:ai;ie';^i--ces  U 


n  in  i;iiii"i,.  ,........• --- 

■The  Fisheimen   ).  written  in 
iption  of  tlsher  life.    It  con. 

?^.^^;\Si?s  tcin^  SSlri^ail!:  t^in^'^ 

c.,n,pl>'te,l,,,,tob,ogmpl>>,      .<d,^   msK«^  „.^ 

r  j:;s:^wi:;k^  ■•^imtSe^i^-."  "p---" '"  '"'""■ 

ha^'cn  18r>0-.'>6,  6  vols. 


S-^^:^k'rs^:a^i=.n=^^  S  P;>r"See  the  extract. 


:;,,  A,' 'mli'u.  colony  into  Latium 60  years  before 

i',',."\ius;i   a'lliv'iuitv  of  .ioy  a,ul  pleasure,  the     the  '''^.i''"  "i'Vw-nce  The      The  name  of  an 
;:^::i:;,ni;;..M.layers     Vheiuve,.^^^^^^ 
Kute,  and  tawied  ,_alhc,  the  ^'j  ,;''';  .^iViS^^^^^^  ,?d     :      !.•  i..,„inalions.    It  was  onsanlred  by  aworb  's 

Instruiucnts  about  her  —     -  hi  i  bristian  wi>riv. 


aboui  -.i.j,"!  null.-," ■  „ 

was  63.'..  the  British  about  Ml. 

cal  British  victory.  ,  n,„  ~„n 

It  Mus^i,  a^  divinity  ..f  joy  a,,d  pleasur.;,  tin. 


2.    .\l,  i,stei-(ii 


1 


Ccsarea  »>»>''•"=;.""!' V^ued  to  receive  the  cnpcror 

SiH=J^T.its^:i;^:?t? 

t:.l^  court  ,U_Constjintino,,.e,  ^'^  ^^^^^^^J^^^ 
ders,  i,,  c"V'«;-M»c,ce.  It  '»»•:'  h„  ,„,,s,,,n„ntly  be- 

?;ra,i;'oM.^y;-a'""-'''»»""«'-''«''  >"--•'  "^ 

Sn'  cr„;„n™'ly'aur,l.ute,l  to  him  are  probably  spu-     ^^  ,,;,,,„. 

^K.irzli^:nS;:Vhoh:^^^^^ 


;;l  ^So.  27)  discovered  by  Hit.d  at     ICr'^^cralde^Vn.tes,^^ 


■mus  ■(  u-t^'^i-'iC''"">«)-  [^''■•i  E'"«-'W«^] 
T:iiu7M'm  <.f  I'lato.  the  narration  by  Socrates 
;V     .'  nv.'rsa.ion  which  took  I'l".-;;',''hv Me'- 

'  "^  ,      .  I  :..,^,.H'     tlti»    m>!)l lists    IMlI  Il\<U'-       im«   li.if*-  ij 

„eam  '"•",':;■''   .'X.'s'ri,.    CUdnias,  "atid  Evangeline (e-vauV 
Clesip,.us.      Its  theme  Is  virtue  aud.ln-imcllon  In  vl,. 

tne, 
iihll 


there  are  considerable  '"  '.^  "   .-  V  "  .   , .    r.port.  were 

general  conferences  '>;'"• ';^'     J'  ;,,,,';,  of  the  world. 

received  concerning  ""''^'''^J    ','„,, Ined  b>  the  alliance 
Amongthemo«tl.i,li.nta  tr  s,U  s,    .  ^^.^  ^^.^,^.^  ^^„,,. 

,,  ,he  estah   slum,,    of  ^       '.V.,     ,'  „niar>  In  each  year. 


V. — °'i     ,    fVi^n,  (ir   ,;<iv.f>o<-,  brill ger  of  good 
'-'■':."";";,    ,  V    icyen'i'by  LongfeUow,  pub- 


,  from  Gr.  Ei-(" 


iishe.i^iilS47:-na,n,.dJ>-i^^^^^^^^ 
founded  on  the  fiuoval  ''  ,f'    j;,^    ,rf,ni  lierlov.r, 

,n  ,7r.r,      'ivang''   "••'-■  'i,:!^;  /' 'nit  faithfully  all  her 
Oabrbl.  wlioin  «l  e  ""  Vi„v  imss  ilea,  one  another  many 

ll!;;;.rb';:;  fr;'"  i;;:;:;.  ..uriii-'c  "<!>■'■•«  •" » "-'"^'  •'""" 

^vans,' Augusta  J.    See  »rw.o«,  Mrs. 


Evans,  Frederick  William 

Evans  (ev'auz),  Frederick  William.  Bom 
June  9,  1808 :  died  JIan-h  0.  isy3.  An  elder  in 
the  Shaker  denomination,  and  -nritei'  on  reli- 
gious subjects.  He  emigrateil  to  America  in  1820  and 
in  18S0  joined  the  community  of  Shakers  at  Moaut  Leba- 
non, .V.  Y.,  of  nhich  he  was  presiding  elder  from  1855. 
lie  published  "A  short  Treatise  on  the  s,cond  Anpearin- 
of  Clirist  in  and  throush  the  Order  of  the  Female '(l^Vjf 
"Autobiography  of  a  Shaker"  (18«)),  'Keligious  Com- 
munion   (1871).  it'- 


374 

she  was  Iiom,  and  it  turned  out  that  she  was  twenty-six 
when  "Evelina"  was  published. 
Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  317. 


Exarchate  of  Ravenna 


Evans,  Sir  George  De  Lacy.  Born  at  Jloig, 
County  Limeriek.  Ireland,  Oct.  7,  17S7:  died  at 
London,  .Jan.  9,  1870.  A  British  seneral.  He 
sened  against  the  Krench  in  the  Spanisli  peninsula  181'- 
ISU,  and  against  the  Americans  at  Baltimore,  Washington 
anil  -N  ew  Orleans  in  1S1+-15 :  commanded  tlie  British  legion 
sent  to  suppress  tlie  Carlist  rebellion  in  .Spain  1835-37: 
commanded  a  division  of  the  British  army  in  the  Crimea 
1854-55 ;  and  was  promoted  general  in  1861. 

Evans,  Sir  Hugh.  In  Shakspere's  "Men-v 
Wives  of  Winilsor."  a  ludicrous,  officious,  and 
simple-minded  Welsh  parson. 

Sir  was  formerly  applied  to  the  inferior  clergy  as  well 
as  to  knights.  Fullerinhis  "Church  Historj"  savs:  "Such 
priests  as  have  Sir  before  their  Christian  name  were  men 
not  graduated  in  the  nniversitv  :  being  in  orders,  but  not 
in  degrees;  while  others,  entitled  masters,'  had  com- 
menced in  the  arts.  •  Besides  Sir  Hugh.  Shakespeare  has 
Sir  Oliver  Mar-te.\t,  the  Vicar,  in  "As  You  Like  It,"  Sir 
lop!^  in  'Twelfth  Sight,"  and  Sir  Xathaniel,  the  Curate 
in     Love  s  labour 's  Lost."    Hudson,  note  to  JL  W.  of  W. 

Evans,  John.  A  colonial  deputv  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  under  WiUiam  Penii  1704-09.  He 
was  not  a  Quaker,  and  quarreled  continuallv  with  the 
Assembly,  wliich  refused  to  raise  troops  against  "the  French 
and  Indians. 

Evans,  Mary  Ann.    See  Cross,  Mrs. 

Evans,  Oliver.  Born  at  Newport,  Del.,  1755- 
died  at  New  York,  April  21, 1S19.  An  American 
mecbamcian  and  inventor.  He  invented  machinerv 
used  in  miUmg,  the  application  of  which  to  mills  worked 
by  water-power  effected  a  revolution  in  the  manufacture 
of  flour,  and  is  said  to  have  invented  the  first  steam-engine 
constructed  on  the  high-pressure  system,  the  drawingslind 
speclhcations  of  which  he  sent  to  England  about  1795  He 
OTote  "  Voung  llillwrighfs  and  iliUer'sGuide  "  a'95),  etc. 

Evans,  William.  Died  in  1632.  A  giant,  a  porter 

fL^'^Y-'^^iJ;,  ^17,?^  °^'y  8  feet  high,  and  is  in- 
troduced in  Fullers  "  W orthies "  and  iu  Scott's  "Peveril 
of  the  Peak. 

Evanson  (ev'an-son),  Edward.  Born  at  War- 
rington, Lancashire,  England,  April  21,  1731  • 
died  at  Coleford,  Gloueestershii-e.  England, 
bept.  25, 1805.  An  English  clergj-man  and  con- 
troversialist. He  became  vicar  of  South  Mimms  in  1768, 
and  rector  of  Tewkesbury  in  1769  In  1778  he  resigned  his 
living,  and  opened  a  school  at  Mitcham.  He  wrote  "Dis- 
sonance of  the  Four  Generally  Received  Evangelists" 
a79'2),  etc. 

Evanston  (ev'an-stpn).  A  eitv  and  to-smship 
111  Cook  County,  lUinois,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  12  miles  north  of  Chicago,    it  is  the  seat 

T-  .^S'^Jr"^"/'""-^""'"'^"}'  (Methodist  Episcopal],  of 
i.urrett  Bibhtal  Institute,  and  of  the  Evanston  CollVfor 
L..li„s.     Papulation  (1900).  city,  19,259.  >%eior 

Evans-Vllle  (ev'anz-vil).  A  eitv  of  Indiana,  the 
capital  of  ^  anderburg  County,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  m  lat.  3/°58'  X.,  long.  87° 35'  W.  itjsan 
importan.  shippingpoiut.  and  has  a  large  trade  in  tobacco 
gram, etc., andextensivemanufactures.  Pop  (1900)  59  007 

EvartS  (ev'arts),  Jeremiah.     Born  at  Sunder-^ 

Vi  Oo^Vo^*^^-  ^'  '^'^^'-  '^^'^^^  Charleston,  S.C, 
May  10. 1831.  An  .\merican  editor  and  mission- 
ary secretary.     He  became  editor  of  the  "  Panoplist ' 

,fr^*"i,',H  w'"'  •■""' "'  "■",■■  Missionary  Herald  ", Boston) 
Ztf-  ?r   "as  conesponding  secretary  of  the  American 
V^l^l    w'-n'?*'""Tr'"''  ^'■'f'^"  Missions  1821-31. 
Evarts,  William  Maxwell.     Born  at  Boston 

Ht^'^P';  *^\^''^'**.=  '^''■'^  ''*  -'^■'^«-  York.  Feb. 
-»,  IJOl.     An  -\mencan  lawy  er  and  politician, 

fSJ  ^;,d  >""",'"  :  ^7'"'*^-  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1837,  mid  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1810  He 
was  counsel  for  President  Johnson  in  the  latter"  impeaclit 
meut  tnal  before  the  l-nited  States  .Senate  in  18C8:  Vnited 
xlur^iZ'"'^''^''""^  """''^''  P'-esident  Johnson  SM^9 
Unite.l  States  counsel  at  the  Geneva  triluinal  iu  187'>' 
EZri,  T'^  «.'^P."'''i%^n  P»rty  before  the  rnited  .statei 
Elect.,ral  tninmisMoii  of  1877;  secretarv  of  state  under 
President  Ha.v.s  1877-«1 ;  and  Kepublicin  Inited  States 
senator  from  New  York  18.S5-91.  .iicu  ^uies 

^P  (^^)-  J*^/ /'•'■•  --^S.  Efe,  F.  Eve,  So.  Pg.  It. 
£va  a  Eva,  hi.  Era,  Hem,  Gr.  EJa.'Ei^S  (in 
LXX  translated  Zu.;,  hte),  Ar.  Bauwd,  Heb 
Harvali,  living,  life.]  The  first  woman,  the 
mother  of  Ihe  human  race,  according  to  the 
account  of  the  creation  iu  Genesis. 

Evelina  (ev-e-U'na).     [Dim.  of  Era.  Eve  1     \ 
novel  by  Madame  d'Arblav  (Frances  Burnev) 
published  in  1778,  named  from  its  principal 
character.  '^ 

It  was  for  a  long  time  believed  that  Miss  Bumey  was 
on  y  seventeen  when  she  wrote  ■•  Evelina."  If  so,  it  was 
}"i?'?i,^"  "t™o"-Ji"»ry  book :  but  the  question  depended 
H^^  ..  S"  "",';  P."""'  °'  i"^""  birth  ;  and  when  Croker  eo. 
ited  Boswell  s  Life  of  Johnson,"  he  took  the  pains,  most 
properly  and  naturally  one  would  think,  to  a^ertSn  the 
fact  by  esaminmg  the  parish  register  of  the  town  where 


Evelyn  (ev'e-lin),  John.  Bom  at  Wotton,  Sur- 
rey, England, Oct. 31, 1U20:  diedat  Wotton, Feb. 
2i .  1 ,  06.  An  Englisli  author.  He  was  the  second 
son  of  Richard  EveljTi ;  was  admitted  a  student  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1637 ;  and  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.  C.  L.  in  lem.  The  years  1641-17  he  passed  principallv 
m  travel,  with  occasional  returns  to  England.  For  a  short 
time  he  joined  the  kings  army.  He  wlis  a  strong  Royal, 
ist,  and  m  1649  published  a  translation  of  La  Mothe  le 
\  ayers  " Of  Liberty  and  Servitude."  with  a  Royalist  pre- 
face, for  which  he  was  "threatened."  In  1652  thinking 
the  cause  of  the  Royalists  hopeless,  he  settled  at  Saves 
Comt,  Deptford,  the  estate  of  his  wife's  father,  Sir  Eichard 
Browne,  ambassador  at  Paris.  He  lived  here  tilU694  when 
he  went  to  Wotton  to  live  with  his  elder  brother  At  the 
death  of  the  latter,  in  lusw,  the  estate  became  his,  and  he 
passed  the  rest  of  his  life  here.  At  both  places  he  devoted 
himself  to  gardening.  He  was  in  favor  at  court  after  the 
uestoration,  and  held  some  minor  offices.  He  was  much 
interested  in  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  feUow 
in  16bl,  one  of  the  council  in  1662,  secretar}- 1672  He  ob- 
tained for  It  the  Arundelian  library  in  1678,  and  for  the 
University  of  Oxford  the  Arundelian  marbles  in  1667  both 
froni  the  Huke  of  Norfolk.  He  was  treasurer  of  Green- 
wich Hospital  1696-1703.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  State 
of  France,  etc."  (1652X  "A  Character  of  England  "  0659), 

Apology  forthe  Royal  Party,  etc  ."(1859X  "  Fumifugium  ■ 
(Ibol),  -sculptura,  etc."  (isiax  "  .Svlva,  etc.'  (1614).  "  Ka- 
IfrS^"^^"™   Hortense  '  (1664),  "  Numismata.  et.-.'    (169D 

Ihe  Complete  Gardener  "(translated  from  the  French  of 
Quintinie  169SX  etc.  His  memoirs,  first  published  in 
1818-19,  edited  by  WiUiam  Bray,  contain  his  letters  and 
diarj*. 

Evemerus  (e-vem'e-rus),  or  Euemerus  (u-em'- 
p-rus),  or  Euhemerus  (u-hem'e-rus).  [Gr. 
Ei-^fispo^.]  Lived  iu  the  second  half  of  the  4th 
centuryB.c.  AGreekmythographer.  He  wrote 
a  Sacred  History"CIepi  'Araypaiv).  in  which  he  gave  an 
anthropomorphic  esphination  of  cunent  mythologj-. 

The  most  famous  of  the  later  theories  was  that  of  Eu- 
emerus (316  B.  c).  In  a  kind  of  phUosophlcal  romance 
Luemerus  dechired  that  he  had  sailed  to  some  Xo-man's- 
l.ind,  PanchKa,  where  he  found  the  verirv  about  mythical 
times  engraved  on  pillars  of  bronze.  This  truth  he  pub- 
lished in  the  Sacra  Historia.  where  he  rationalised  the 
fables,  averring  that  the  gods  had  been  men,  and  that  the 
myths  were  exaggerated  and  distorted  records  of  facts. 
lann,  ll\th.,  etc.,  I.  15. 


Evening's  Love,  An,  or  The  Mock  Astrolo- 
ger. A  comedy  by  Dryden,  acted  and  printed 
™.,^^^'  ^'  ^"^  taken  in  part  from  the  younger  Cor- 
neilles  "Lefeintastrologue.'a  version  of  ""El  astrologo 
hngido  (by  Calderon),  and  from  itoliere's  "Dipit  amon- 
reux.  *^ 

Evenus  (e-ve'nus).     In  ancient  geographv,  a 
rivev  of  >i;tolia,  Greece,  flowing  into  tlie  Gulf 
of  Patras  7  miles  southeast  of  Missolono-hi  : 
the  modem  Pidaris,     Length,  50-60  miles." 
Everdingen  (ev'er-ding-en),  Aldert  or  Allart 
van.     Bom  at  Alkmaar,  Netherlands,   1621  • 
died  at  Amsterdam.  1675.    A  Dutch  marine  and 
landscape  painter  and  etcher. 
Everest (ev'er-est),  Sir  George.  Bom  atGwem- 
vale,  Brecknock.  Wales,  Julv  4,  1790:  died  at 
Greenwich,  near  Loudon,  Dec.  1, 1866.     A  Brit- 
ish surveyor,  superintendent  of  the  trigono- 
metrical survey  of  India  in  1823,  and  survevor- 
general  of  India  in  1830.     Mount  Everest  was 
named  in  his  honor. 
Everest,  Mount.     [Xamed  from  the  English 
engineer  Sir  George  Everest.]     The  highest 
known  mountain  of  the  globe,  situated  in  the 
Himalayas,  in  Nepal,  in  lat.  27°  58'  N.,  Ion" 
86°  55'  E.     Height,  29,002  feet.  "" 

Everett  (ev'er-et).  A  city  in  Middlesex  Countv, 
Massachusetts.  3  miles  north  of  Boston.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  24,336. 

Everett,  Alexander  Hill.  Born  at  Boston 
Mass.,  March  19,  1792:  died  at  Canton,  China,' 
May  29,  184/.     An  American  diplomatist  and 

fo^Ji'^,'1'''  -^.^  "■'^  charge  d'atfaires  in  the  Setheriands 
1818-24,  minister  to  Spain  182.'.-29,  and  commissioner  to 
t tuna  1646-4 i.  Hepublished  "Europe,  etc."(1821)  "New 
Ideas  on  Population  "  (1822).  "America,  etc. "  (1827). 
Everett,  Edward.  Bom  at  Dorchester,  Mass 
April  11,  1794:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  15,  1865^ 
A  celebrated  American  statesman,  orator,  and 
author  brother  of  A.  H.  Everett.  He  was  pre- 
fer of  Greek  at  Harvard  College  181&-25;  editor  of  the 
•North  American  Review  "  1820-24  ;  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1825-35;  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1836-40;  minister  to  England  1841-45;  president  of  Har- 
vard College  1846-49;  secretary  of  state  1852-53;  and 
United  states  sen.itor  from  Massachusetts  1853-.M  He 
was  the  candidate  of  the  Constitutional  Union  party  for 
\  ice-President  iu  I860.  His  "Orations  and  Speeches- 
were  published  in  4  volumes  in  1S69. 

Everett,  or  Washington,  Mount.  One  of  the 
highest  summits  of  the  Taeonie  Mountains,  in 
the  southwestern  comer  of  Massachusetts, 
Height,  2,625  feet. 

Everglades (ev'ei'-gladz).  Aswampv iminhab 
ited  re.sion  iu  Dade  and  Monroe"  counties 
southern  Florida. 


Evergreen.     The  pseudonym  of  Washington 

Irving  lu  "Salmagundi." 
Eyersley  fev'erz-li).    A  village  in  Hamnshire 
Luglaud,  8  miles  southeast  of  Beading    Charles 
Kmgsley  was  rector  there  for  over  30  years 
Every  Man  in  his  Humour.    A  corned  v  bv  Ben 
Jousou,  first  acted  iu  1598,  and  published  in 
1601  (quarto:  folio  1616).    In  its  first  form,  with 
Italian  characters,  it  was  acted  in  1596. 
Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour.     A  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson.  first  produced  in  1599,  and  pub- 
lished m  1600  (quarto  :  foUo  1606).     He  called 
it  "  a  comical  satire," 
Evesham (evz'hamor evz'am).  [AS.  Eofesliani.^ 
A  towu  in  Woreestershire,"England,  situated  on 
tue  Avon  14  miles  southeast  of  Worcester.  Here 
the  royalists  under  Prince  Edward  (afterward  Edward  I ) 
defeated  the  baronial  forces  under  Simon  de  Montfort  \w 
4,  126=;.    Simon  and  his  son  Henry  were  killed,  and  the 
bijrons'  party  was  broken  up.    Population  (1891),  6,8;;6. 
Evian-les-Bains  (a-vyoii'la-bah').     A  towu  in 
the  deiiartment   of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  on 
the  Lake  of  Geneva  opposite  Lausanne.     Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  2,777. 
E-vil  Merodach  (e'%-il  mer'o-dak).      [Babylo- 
nian Are!  or  Ainel  ilarduJ;.  man  (i.e.  'servant') 
of  the  god  Merodach,]    Son  of  Nebuchadnez- 
zar, king  of  Babylon  561-559  B.  c.     He  released 
the  Judean  king  Jehoiachin  from  prison,  after  37  veara' 
confinement,  and  honored  him  above  all  the  vassal  kings. 
He  was  killed  in  a  rebellion  led  by  his  sister's  husband 
Neriglissar  (Nergalsh.arezer),  who  then  seized  the  Baby. 
Ionian  crown.    According  to  Berosus  he  rendered  himself 
odious  by  his  arbitrary  and  unwise  rule. 
Evora  (a'vo-ra).     The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  76  miles  east  by  south 
°f  Ji'*''°°'      ''  contains  remains  from  the  Roman  city 
of  Ebora.    The  cathtdral  is  an  interesting  church  of  the 
13th  centurj-,  with  rose-windows  in  the  transepts,  and  a 
west  porch  or  narthex  containing  tombs  and  opening 
into  the  nave  by  a  fine  sculptured  doorway ;  the  interior 
has  clustered  columns,  and  there  is  a  later  Pointed  clois- 
ter. A  Roman  triumphal  arch,  in  masonry  of  large  Mocks, 
IS  in  good  preservation.     A  Roman  temple  of  Diana,  a 
Corinthian  structure  40  by  68  feet,  is  unusually  well  i.re- 
seried.     It  is  hexastyle  prostyle,  with  a  deep  pronaos, 
having  3  columns  on  each  flank  in  addition  to  the  angle- 
column.     The  sculpture  and  details  are  of  good  execu- 
tion. 

fivreux  (a-vre').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the  Iton  in 
lat,  49°  N.,  long.  1°  7'  E.  it  manufactures  tools, 
hosiery,  etc.,  and  has  a  cathedral.  Near  by  is  Vieil-Ev- 
reux,  with  Roman  antiquities,  on  the  site  of  the  Roman 
Mediolanum.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  Norman  comity  Pop- 
ulation  (1891),  commune,  16,932. 

fivreux,  Yves  d'.     See  Tres  d'Evreux. 

Ewald  (a'viilt),  Georg  Heinrich  August. 
Born  at  Gottmgen,  Pmssia,  Nov.  16, 1803 :  died 
at  Gottingen.  May  4,  1875.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man Orientalist  and  biblical  critic.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages  at  Gottingen  1827-37  at  Tu- 
bingen 1838-48,  and  again  at  (Jottingen  1848-67.  Both  io 
183i  and  in  1867  he  was  removed  from  his  position  at  Got- 
tingen for  political  reasons.  He  published  a  "Hebrew 
Grammar"  (1827),"Geschichte  des  Volkes  Israel"  (1S4S- 
185H),  ■■  Alterthiimer  des  Volkes  Israel"  (1848),  and  works 
of  scriptural  exegesis  and  criticism. 

Ewald,  Johannes.  See  EvaM. 
Ewbank  (u'bangk).  Thomas.  Bom  at  Barnard 
Castle,  Durham,  England,  March  11, 1792 :  died 
at  New  York,  Sept,  16,  1870.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  -writer  on  mechanics.  He 
published  "An  Account  of  Hydiaulie  and  other 
Machines"  (1842),  etc. 
Ewe  (a-wa').  An  important  African  nation 
which  occupies  the  region  between  the  Volta 
River  and  Yoruba.  in  western  Afi-ica.  By  the  na- 
tives this  region  is  called  Ewe-me,  i.  e.  'home of  the  Ewe  ' 
The  nation  is  subdivided  into  five  tribes,  and  the  lan- 
guage into  as  many  dialects  :  the  Mahe.  on  the  upper  Volta 
River;  the  Dahomey;  the  Weta,  usually  called  Whyd.<ih  or 
Popo  ;  the  Anfiie.  between  the  Weta  and  Ashanti  and  be- 
longing  to  the  King  of  Peki ;  and  Ihe  Anio,  on  Ihe  east 
bank  of  the  Volta.  Politically  this  nation  and  countrj  are 
subject  to  Dahomey,  En^-land,  France,  and  Germany, 

Ewell  (ii'el).  Eichard  Stoddard.  Bom  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  Feb..  1817:  died  at  Spring- 
field, Tenn.,  Jan,  25,  1872.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service.  He  served  tvith 
distinction  at  the  battles  of  Bull  Run,  Gettys- 
burg, the  Wilderness,  etc. 

Ewing  (u'ing).  John.  Bom  at  Nottingham, 
Md..  June  22.  1732:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept. 
8,  1802,  An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
provost  of  the  rniversity  of  Pennsylvania 
1779-1802. 

Ewing,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Ohio  Countv.  Va., 
Dec.  2S.  17S9:  died  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Oct,  26, 
1871.  An  American  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  (Whig)  from  Ohio  1831-37,  secretary  of 
the  treasury  1841,  secretary  of  the  interior  1849-.50,  and 
I  nitcd  States  senator  lS,sn-5L 

Exarchate  of  Ravenna.  See  Eavenna,  Ex- 
archate of. 


Excalibur 
Excalibur  (eks-kari-bcr).  or  Excalibar,  oiEs- 

calibor.  Tlie  s«onl  of  the  mytliical  King  Ai- 
tlmr.  Arthur  leceived  it  front  the  tiunds  of  the  Lady  of 
the  Lake.  It  had  a  scahbard  t!ie  wearer  of  which  could 
h)3e  no  blood.  Some  versions  of  the  romance  call  it  "Mi- 
randoise."  There  seems,  however,  to  have  been  also  an- 
other sword  called  Excalibur  in  the  early  part  of  tlie  story. 
This  was  the  sword,  plun^'cd  deep  into  a  stone,  which  could 
he  drawn  fortli  only  by  the  man  who  was  to  be  king.  After 
two  hundred  knights  had  failed,  Arthur  drew  it  out  with- 
out ditllculty. 

Excelsior  Geyser.  Ono  of  the  largest  geysers 
ill  till'  worlil,  ill  the  Yellowstone  Xatioiial  Park, 
W'voniiiii;.  It  liiis  thrown  a  eoluiun  ot  water  to 
:i  he i gilt  ..f  from  200  to  :J00  feet. 

Excursion,  The.  A  diJaetic  poem  by  William 
NV'ordsworth,  forming  part  of  the  "  Recluse," 
piiblislied  in  1H14. 

Exe  (oks).  [ME.  Exe.  AS.  Exa,  rpeorded  in  Exan 
red-^hr,  Exeter,  and  Exan  miitha,  Exinouth.] 
A  river  in  Somerset  and  Devon,  England,  iiow- 
iug  into  the  English  ('hanml  10  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Exeter.     Length,  54  miles. 

Exeter  (eks'e-ter).  [ME.  Exeter,  Excetre,  Exccs- 
tcr,  JJxccnIre,  AS.  Exaiwcaxter,  Eaxeceaster,  city 
of  (on)  the  Exe.]  1.  A  eathedral  eity,  the  capi- 
tal of  Devonshire,  England,  on  the  Exe,  near 
its  mouth,  in  lat.  50°4;{'  N.,  long.  3°  31'  \V.  it  is 
a  seaport,  and  has  some  foreign  trade.  It  manufactures 
gloves  ami  agricultural  machinery.  It  is  said  to  be  the  old- 
est English  city  having  continuous  e.\istencc.  It  was  taken 
by  \\  illiani  I.  in  liXiS,  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
Perkin  Warheck  in  1497  and  by  t'ornish  insurgents  in 
IfiJlJ,  and  was  taken  by  Prince  .Maurice  in  I(>43,  and  by 
Fairfax  in  104(1.  The  cathedral,  which  is  408  feet  in  length 
tiy  76  in  breadth,  was  founded  in  the  12th  century,  but  in 
its  present  form  "lates,  except  the  two  Norman  transept- 
towers  (with  one  exception  the  only  example  of  transept- 
towers  111  England),  from  between  1280  and  l.*i94.  The 
west  fr<.mt  pre>eiits  a  strange  design,  its  lower  portion 
being  an  imitation  in  stone  of  a  wooden  screen,  with  three 
tiers  of  statues  in  niches ;  above  is  a  large  window  with 
good  tracei-y.  The  interior  is  rich  and  elfective,  with  tine 
arches,  vaulting  with  central  rih  ami  very  numerous  radi- 
ating ribs,  and  interesting  medieval  tombs  and  bishop's 
throiie.     Population  (1801),  37,580. 

John  ."^hlllingford  tells  us  that  Exeter  wa-s  a  walled  city 
before  the  Incarnation  of  Christ;  and,  though  it  is  not 
likely  to  have  been  a  walleil  city  in  any  sense  that  would 
satisfy  either  modern  or  Roman  engineers,  it  is  likely 
enough  to  have  been  already  a  fortified  post  before  Ciesar 
landed  in  Britain,  Freeman,  Eng.  Town.s,  p.  CI. 

2.  A  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  Exeter  River  13  miles 
southwest  of  Portsmouth.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Phillips  Academy   (which  see).      Population 

aUOd).  4.fll!2. 

Exeter  Book,  The.  [L.  Cndcx  Exotiicnsis.']  A 
collei'tion  of  -Viiglo-Saxon  poems  given  by  Bish- 
op Leol'ric  to  the  library  of  the  cathedral  of 
Exeter,  England,  between  1046  and  1073.  it  "con- 
tains pieces  apparently  detached  which  are  now  regarded 
as  forming  a  connected  poem  upim  Christ,  by  Cynewulf 
(hymns  to  the  Saviour,  to  the  Virgin,  to  the  Trinity,  on 
the  Nativity,  Ascension,  and  Harrowing  of  Hell);  also 
hymns  of  praise  and  thanksgiving  ;  jioems  on  the  I>iiy  of 
.lildgment  and  the  Crncillxion,  and  on  Souls  after  Death  ; 
a  short  sermon  in  verse;  and  tlic  *  Legend  of  St.  Cutblac,* 
a  metrical  pniaphraseof  the  Latin  'Life of  St.  Gutlil.tc.'by 
Felix,  a  monk  of  Croyland  Abliey  "  (.Vori^'i/,  Eng.  Writers, 
II.  lUD).  It  also  contains  a  paraphrase  of  the  "Song  of 
llananiah,  Mishael,  and  Azariah,"  "The  Phicnix,"  "Le- 
genil  of  .St.  ,Iuliana,"  "  The  Wanderer,'  "  The  Seafarer,"  a 

poem  on  rhristtan  morality,  *' Widsith, I'he  Wonders  of 

Creation,"  "The  Panther,"  "The  Whale,"  "The  Address  of 
the, Soul  to  the  Hody,  '"Song  of  Deor  the  Bar<I,"and  a  col- 
lection of  riddles.  The  book  was  Ilrst  piiblisheil  by  the 
L>>n(lon  Society  of  Antiipiariea  in  18-12  as  '*(*odex  Exoni- 
eiisis,  etc," 

Exeter  College.  A  college  at  Oxford,  England, 
founded  by  Walter  do  Stapeldon,  bishop  of  Exe- 


375 

ter,  in  1314.  The  endowment  was  increased  by  Sir 
William  Petre  in  ^^(jS.  The  buildings  have  been  often  re- 
stored, and  are  in  part  nio<lerii, 

Walter  de  Stapeldon,  Bishop  of  Exeter,  was  the  founder 
of  the  college  wliich  now  bears  the  name  of  that  see.  In 
April,  1314,  he  conveyed  the  rectory  of  Gwinear.  in  Corn- 
wall, to  the  l>eati  and  Chapter  of  Exeter,  on  condition  that 
they  should  apply  the  income  to  the  maintenance  of  twelve 
scholars  studying  philosophy  at  the  University;  and  he 
purchased  for  these  scholars  two  houses  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Peter  in  the  East,  at  Oxford,  known  respectively  as 
Hart  flalland  -Arthur  Hall.  Theorigiiial  members  of  the 
foundation  were  placed  in  Hart  Hall,  which  in  conseijuence 
received  for  a  while  the  name  of  stapeldon  Hall.  It  was 
not  long,  however,  before  the  Bishop  resolved  to  provide 
them  with  a  more  comfortable  aboile.  In  (Jctober,  z;!l.^), 
he  bought  a  tenement  called  St,  Stephen's  Hall,  an  ad- 
joining tenement  called  La  Lavandrie,  and  a  third  to  the 
east  of  them,  situated  just  within  the  town  wall,  between 
the  Turl  and  .Smith  Gate,  Thither  the  twelve  scholars 
removed,  and  the  name  of  Stapeldon  Hall  was  transferred 
to  the  little  grou|)  of  buildings  which  thus  became  the 
nucleus  of  Exeter  College.  ij/fc,  Dxford,  p.  137. 

Exeter  Hall.  A  building  on  the  Strand,  Eon- 
don,  used  for  religious,  charitable,  ami  musical 
assemblies.  It  was  purchased  for  the  Young 
Men's  Cliristian  Association  in  1880, 

Exmoor  (eks'mor).  A  hilly  moorland  and  marshy 
region  in  western  Somerset  and  northern  Dev- 
on, England.  It  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  ponies  and 
for  wild  deer.  The  scene  of  Blackmore's  novel  "  Ixirna 
Doolie  "  is  laid  in  it.  Highest  jtoint  (Dunkery  Beacon), 
1,707  feet. 

Exinouth(eks'muth).  [ME.  Exemitth,Xi^.  Exan 
iiiiithit,  mouth  of  the  E.xe.]  A  town  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  E.ve,  10  miles  southeast  of 
Exeter.     Population  (1891),  8,097, 

Exmouth,  Viscount.    See  Pcllew. 

Exodus  (ek's()-dus).  [Gr.  tforfof,  from  tf,  out, 
and  oiior,  a  way.]  The  second  book  of  the  Old 
Testament.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  deliverance 
(which  it  describes)  of  the  Israelites  from  their  bondage 
under  the  Pharaohs,  and  their  departure  from  Egypt. 

Exploits  (cks-ploits')  Ri'ver.  The  largest  river 
ill  XcNrt'ouudland.  It  has  a  northeasterly  course,  and 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  Exploits,  in  Notre  DanieBay.  Length, 
■200  miles. 

Expounder  of  the  Constitution.    An  epithet 

pcipuliii'ly  a|iiilied  to  Daniel  Weljster. 

Expunging  Resolution.  A  resolution  intro- 
duced into  till'  I'nih'd  States  Senate  by  T.  H. 
Benton  of  Missoiu'i,  to  erase  from  the  journal 
the  censure  passed  bv  the  Senate  on  Presi- 
dent Jackson,  March  28,  1834,  relating  to  the 
bank  coutroversj'.  It  was  first  introduced  in 
1834,  and  was  carried  Jan.  1(5,  1837. 

Exterminator,  The.     [Sp.  El  Kxtermlnador.'] 

A  surname  of  Montbars,  a  French  adventurer. 
See  Miiiithdrs. 
Exton   (eks'tou).  Sir  Pierce  of.     A  minor 

character  in  Shakspere's   "  King  Richard  II." 
Exumas  (ek.s-o'miiz).     A  group  of  islands  ccn- 

Irally  situated  in  the  Bahamas.      The  Great 

Exuinii  has  a  fine  harbor.      Pojmlation,  about 

L',300. 
Eyam  (e'am  or  i'am).    A  village  in  Derbyshire, 

England,  southeast  of  Cast  let  on.  Its  population 

was  nearlv  exterminated  in  the  plague  of  1GG5- 

1666. 
Eyck  (ik\  Hubert  van.     Born  at  Maaseyck, 

near  Li5ge,  in  KKKi:  died  at  (ihent,  Flanders, 

Sept.  18,  142(j.     A  noted  Flemish  painter. 
Eyck,    Jan   van.       Born    at    Maaseyck   about 

1380:    died  at   Bruges,  Flanders,  July  9,  1440. 

A    Flemish    |iainter,    brolher  of    Hubert   van 

Eyck,  and  court  painter  of  Philip  the   Good, 

duke  of  Burgundy. 


Ezzelino 

Eyck,  Margarete  van.  Lived  in  the  first  part 
of  the  l.'ith  century.  \  Flemish  painter,  sister 
of  Hubert  and  Jan  van  Eyck. 

Eye  (i).  A  town  in  Suffolk,  England,  18  miles 
north  of  Ipswich.     Population  (1891),  2,064. 

Eye  (i'e),  Johann  Ludolf  August  von.   Born 

at  Fiii'Stenau,  Ilaiinovi  r.  May  24, 182.5.  A  Ger- 
man art  historian.  His  chief  work  is  "Das 
Reich  des  Schiinen  "  (1878). 

Eyeinouth(i'mouth).  A  fishing  town  in  Berwick- 
shire. Scotland,  8  miles  northwest  of  Bermck. 
Population  (1,891),  2,573. 

Eye  of  the  Baltic.  An  epithet  of  the  island  of 
(i.Uhlaiid. 

Eylau  (i'lou),  or  Prussian  Eylau.    A  town  in 

I  lie  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  22  miles 
south-southeast  of  Kiinigsberg.  An  indecisive 
battle  was  fought  here  F'cb,  8,  1S07,  between  the  French 
(about  70,000)  under  Napoleon  and  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
sians (80,ii00)  under  heniiigsen  and  Lestocq.  The  loss  of 
each  side  amounted  to  about  18,000.  I'opulation  (1800), 
:i,44«. 

Eyre  (ar),  Edward  John.  Born  August,  18I5  : 
died  Xov.  30.  1901.  An  Eni;lish  colonial  gov- 
ernor. He  explored  Australia  1840— il,  and  was 
governor  of  Jamaica  1864-66. 

Eyre,  Jane.     See  Jane  Eijre. 

Eyre,  Lake.  [Named  from  the  English  traveler 
in  .\usli'alia,  Edward  John  Evre.]  A  salt  lake 
in  South  Australia,  about  lat,"  28°- 29°  S.,  long. 
137°  E.     Length,  about  95  miles. 

Eyria  (i'ri-ii)  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  South 
Australia,  noi'thwest  of  Spencer  Gulf. 

Eyzaguirre  (ay-thii-ger're),  AgUStin.  Born  at 
Santiago,  1766:  died  there,  July  19,  1837.  A 
Chilean  statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the  govern- 
ment junta  in  1813.  From  1814  to  1817  he  was  imprisoned 
by  tin-  Spaniards  atJuan  F'ernandez.  After  theoverthniw 
of  OIIi'.;gitis(.lan.,  lS2;t),  Eyzaguirre  was  a  member  of  the 
temporary  junta.  Elected  vice-president  soon  after,  he 
was  acting  president  Sept.,  1820,  to  Jan.,  1827,  when  he 
was  deposed  by  a  military  mutiny. 

Ezekiel  (e-ze'ki-el).  [lieb.,'  God  will  strength- 
en.'] Born  in  Palestine  about  620  B.  c, :  died 
after  572  B.  c.  A  Hebrew  prophet,  author  of 
the  liodk  of  Ezekiel.  He  was  carried  captive  to  Baby- 
lonia in  597.  atid  commenced  his  career  as  a  prophet  in  &94. 

Ezida  (ii'zi-dii).  [.-Uvkadian  e<i(ln,  the  eternal 
house.]  The  chief  sanctuary  of  Nebo  (Nabu), 
the  Assyi'o-Babylouian  god  of  wisdom  and  lit- 
erature (mentioned  in  Isa.  xlvi.  1),  in  Borsippa, 
the  modern  mound  of  Birs  Nimrud,  not  far 
from  Babylon.  The  temple  was  constructed  of  seven 
platforms  piled  one  on  another,  each  square  in  shape  and 
soiiicM  bat  sniidler  than  the  preceding  one.  The  top  one 
served  as  an  obseiTatory.  It  is  supposed  that  this  tower- 
like  structure,  called  in  the  inscriptions ^I'l/i/ura/,  isalluiled 
to  in  the  story  of  the  "tower  of  Babel "  in  tlenesis.  Ue- 
rodoius  gives  a  description  of  it,  but  considered  it  to  be  a 
saiietuan-  of  Bel. 

Ezion-Geber  (G'zi-on-ge'ber),  or  Ezion-Gaber 

(o'zi-oii-ga'ber).  In  scripture  geography,  a  port 
on  the  Elanitie  Gulf  of  the  Red  Sea.  It  was 
a  rendezvous  of  the  fleets  of  Solomon  and  Je- 
hoshaphat. 

Ezra(ez'ra).  [neb.,'help';  Gr. 'E(j<!paf .]  Lived 
in  the  middle  of  thcStli  century  B.C.  A  Hebrew 
scribe  and  priest.  Ue  conducted  an  cijicdltion  from 
Babylon  to  Palestine  about  4f>8,  and  carried  out  important 
reforms  at  ,leru8alein.  To  him  have  been  ascribed  the 
revision  and  editing  of  the  earlier  books  of  Scripture,  the 
determination  of  the  canon,  and  the  authorship  not  only 
of  the  books  that  bear  his  name  and  that  of  l^ehemiiil).  hut 
also  of  the  books  of  Chronicles  and  Esther. 

Ezzelino  (ct-ze-le'no),  or  EccelinO  (a-che-le'- 
iio),  da  Romano,  Bom  at  Onara.  uearTreviso, 
Italy,  April -26, 1194:  died  Sopt.,1259..iVn  Italian 
GhibcUine  leader. 


;:i*Hi 


_•/-- 


— ^'^i^-^CA 


.^ 


H'r'y 


*•  ■-, 


°'  '■•  '■''[^■■- ■ 


]i5:■g^;^: 


abel  (fa'bel),  Peter.  A  per- 
son, buried  at  Edmonton  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VII., 
around  whom  the  tradition 
ixrew  that  he  had  sold  his  soul 
t  II  the  devil  and  then  cheated 
him  out  of  it.  He  was  made 
the  hero  of  the  play  "The 
MeiTy  Devil  of  Edmonton." 
Faber  (fii'ber),  Basilius.  [L.  faher,  smith.] 
Born  at  Sorau,  Prussia,  1520:  died  at  Erfurt, 
Germany,  probably  in  1576.  A  German  classical 
scholar,  author  of  "  Thesaurus  eruditionis  scho- 
lastiese"  (1571),  etc. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  Frederick  William.  Bom  at 
Calverley,  Yorkshire,  England,  June  28,  1814: 
died  Sept.  26.  1863.  An  English  hymn-writer. 
He  was  a  clergyman  of  the  Anglican  Church  until  lS4o,  and 
afterward  became  a  priest  of  the  Koman  Catholic  Chuich. 
A  complete  edition  of  his  hj-mns  was  published  in  1S61. 

Faber,  George  Stanley.  Bom  at  Calverley, 
Yorkshire,  Oct.  25,  1773:  died  near  Durham, 
Jan.  27,  1854.  An  English  di^-ine  and  contro- 
versialist, uncle  of  F.  W.  Faber.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow  and  tutor  of  Lincoln  College 
in  1793.  He  was  successively  curate  of  Calverley,  vicar  of 
Stockton-upon-Tees,  rector  of  Kedmarshall ,  rector  of  Long 
Kewton.and  master  of  SherbnrnHospital.  Hewrote  "Horw 
Mosaicre,  etc."  (1801),  "  X  Dissertation  on  the  Mysteries  of 
the  Cabiri,  etc.''  (1803),  works  on  the  prophecies,  etc. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  Johann,  surnamed  Malleus 
Haereticorum  (L,,  'hammer  of  heretics'). 
Born  at  Leutkirch,  Wiirtemberg,  1478:  died  at 
Vienna,  1541.  A  German  controversialist  and 
opponent  of  the  Reformation. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  John.  Born  at  The  Hague 
about  1660:  tlied  at  Bristol,  England,  May,  1721. 
A  Dutch  mezzotint  engraver,  resident  in  Eng- 
land after  1687  (f). 

Faber,  John.  Bom  1695  (?) :  died  at  London, 
May  2,  1756.  An  English  mezzotint  engraver, 
a  son  of  John  Faber  (1660-1721). 

Faber  ( fa-bar' ) ,  or  Lef febvre  ( le-f  a  vr' ) ,  Jacques, 
surnamed  Stapulensis  (from  his  birthplace). 
Born  at  Etaples,  France,  about  1450:  died  at 
Nerac,  Lot-et-Garonue,  France,  1537.  A  French 
scholar  and  reformer,  vicar  ( 1523)  of  the  Bishop 
of  Meaux.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  works  of 
Aristotle,  and  translated  some  of  the  books  of  the  Bible 
into  Piench  (1623-30). 

Fabia  gens  (fa'bi-il  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome,  a 
patrician  clan  oi  house,  probably  of  Sabine  ori- 
gin, which  traced  its  descent  from  Hercules  and 
the  Arcadian  Evander.  its  family  names  under  the 
republic  were  Ambustus,  Buteo,  Dorso,  Labeo,  Liciuus, 
Maximus,  Pictor.  and  Vibulanus. 

Fabian.     See  Fabi/an. 

Fabian  (fa'bi-an).  In  Shakspere's  "  Twelfth 
Night,''  a  servant  to  Olivia. 

Fabius  (fa'bi-us),  The  American.  A  name 
given  to  Washington,  whose  tactics  were  simi- 
lar to  those  of  Fabius  the  Cunctator. 

Fabius,  The  French.  A  name  given  to  Anne, 
due  de  Montmorency,  grand  constable  of 
France. 

Fabius  Maximus  RuUianus,  Quintus.    Died 

about  290  B.  c.  A  Koman  general.  He  was  con- 
sul si.x  times,  the  first  time  in  3-22  and  the  last  in  2'J5,  and 
was  dictator  in  315.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  third 
war  against  the  Samnites,  over  whom  and  their  allies  he 
gained  the  decisive  victory  of  Sentinum  in  295. 

Fabius  Maximus  Verrucosus,  Quintus,  sur- 
named Cunctator  ('the  Delayer').  Died  203 
B.  C.  A  Roman  general.  He  was  consul  for  the 
first  time  in  233,  when  by  a  victory  over  the  Ligurians  he 
obtained  the  honor  of  a  triumph.  In  218  he  was  at  the 
head  of  the  legation  sent  by  the  Roman  senate  to  demand 
reparation  of  Carthage  for  the  attack  on  Saguntum.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  consul  Flaminius  by  Hannibal  at  Thra- 
symenus,  he  was,  in  217,  appointed  dictator.  Avoiding 
pitched  battles  (whence  his  surname  Cunctator,  'delayer"), 
he  weakened  the  Carthaginians  by  numerous  skirmishes. 
Dissatisfaction  having  arisen  at  Rome  with  this  method  of 
carrying  on  the  war,  a  bill  was  passed  in  the  senate  divid- 
ing the  command  between  the  dictator  and  his  master 
of  the  horse,  Minucius,  who  engaged  with  Hannibal,  and 
would  have  been  destroyed  if  Fabius  had  not  hastened  to 
his  as-Mstance.  Fabius  was  succeeded  in  command  by  the 
consuls  Paulns  .£milius  and  Terentius  Varro,  who,  adopt- 


ing a  more  aggressive  policy,  were  totally  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Cannfe  in  216.  He  was  consul  for  the  fifth  time 
in  209.  when  he  inflicted  a  severe  loss  on  Hannibal  by  the 
recapture  of  Tarentum  in  southern  Italy. 

Fabius  Pictor  (fa'bi-us  pik'tor),  Quintus.    A 

Koman  historian.  He  served  in  the  Callic  war  in  226 
B.  c,  as  also  in  the  second  Punic  war,  and  was  sent  to 
Delphi,  after  the  battle  of  Cannffi  in  216,  to  consult  the  ora- 
cle as  to  how  the  Roman  state  could  propitiate  the  gods. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  history  of  Rome  including  the 
period  of  the  second  Punic  war.  This  historj-,  which  is 
now  lost,  was  written  in  Greek,  and  was  highly  esteemed, 
by  the  ancients. 

Fable  for  Critics,  A.  A  poem  by  James  Russell 
Lowell,  in  which  he  satirically  reviews  the 
wiiters  and  critics  of  America,  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1848, 

Fabre  (fabr),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  B^darieux, 
Herault,  France,  in  1830 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  11, 
1898.  A  French  novelist.  He  was  made  con- 
servator of  the  Mazarin  Library  in  1883. 

Fabre,  FrauQois  Xavier  Pascal.  Bom  at  Mont- 

pellicr,  France,  April  1,  1766:  died  at  Mont- 
pellier,  March  16,  1837.  A  French  historical 
painter.   , 

Fabre  d'Eglantine  (fabr  da-glon-ten').  Phi- 
lippe FrangoisNazaire.  Born  at  Carcassonne, 
France,  Dee.  28.  1755:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
April  5,  1794.  A  French  dramatist  andrevohi- 
tionist.  He  wrote  numerous  comedies,  among  them 
•'  Le  Philinte  de  iloliere  "'  (1790),  which  insured  him  high 
rank  as  a  dramatic  writer ;  "L'Intrigue  ^pistolaire  "(1792) ; 
"  Le  convalescent  de  quality  "  (1792) ;  etc.  In  the  revolu- 
tionary movement  he  joined  the  party  of  Danton,  and  per- 
ished with  it  The  name  d'Eglantine  he  assumed  from  a 
golden  eglantine  (wild  rose)  which  he  received  as  a  prize 
in  his  youth  from  the  Academy  of  the  Floral  Games  at 
Toulouse. 

Fabretti  (fa-bret'te),  Ariodante.  Born  Oct.  1, 
1816 :  died  Sept.  16,  1894.  An  Italian  archa?olo- 
gist  and  historian,  professor  of  arehseology  and 
director  of  the  museum  of  antiquities  at  Turin. 
He  became  a  senator  in  1889. 

Fabretti,  Raffaelle.  Bom  at  Urbino,  Italy, 
1618:  died  at  Borne,  Jan,  7,  1700,  An  Italian 
antiquary,  custodian  of  the  archives  of  the  Castle 
of  St,  Angelo.  He  wrote  "De  aquis  et  aquse- 
ductibus  veteris  Romse  "  ( 1680), ' '  Inseriptionum 
antiquarum  explieatio,  etc."  (1699). 

Fabriano  (fa-bre-il'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ancona,  Italy,  36  miles  southwest  of 
Ancona.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  and  has  paper 
manufactures.     Population  (1880),  commune,  17,154. 

Fabriano,  Gentile  da.  Bom  at  Fabriano,  Italy, 
about  1370 :  died  at  Rome  about  1450,  An 
Italian  painter. 

Fabrice  (fii-bres').  G-eorg  Friedrich  Alfred, 

Count  ■von.  Bom  at  (^uesuoy.  France,  in  181S : 
died  at  Dresden.  Marcli  25,  1891.  Minister  of 
war  to  the  King  of  Saxony.  He  became  prime  min- 
ister in  1876  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1882,  and 
was  created  count  in  1884. 

Fabricius  (fS-brish'i-us).  In  Le  Sage's  "Gil 
Bias,"  a  verbose  and  inexplicable  writer.  His 
object  was  to  reduce  the  simple  to  the  unintel- 
ligible. 

Fabricius  (fii-bret'se-6s),  Georg  (originaHy 
Goldschmid).  [L.  Fabricius,  name  of  a  Koman 
gens,  from  faber.  smith.]  Born  at  Chemnitz, 
Saxony,  April,  1516:  died  at  Meissen,  Saxony, 
1571.  A  German  scholar,  poet,  and  archseolo- 
gist. 

Fabricius  (fa-brish'i-us1,  orFabrizio  (fii-bref- 
se-o),  Hierdnymus,  surnamed  Ab  Aquapen- 

dente  (L.-  from  Aquapendente,  his  birthplace). 
Bom  at  Aquapendente,  Papal  States,  Italj-, 
1537 :  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  May,  1619,  A  cele- 
brated Italian  anatomist  and  siugeon.  His 
works  were  edited  by  Albinus  (1737). 
Fabricius  (fii-bret'se-6s),  Johann  Albert. 
Born  at  Leipsie,  Nov.  11,  1668:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, April  30,  1736,  A  German  scholar,  noted 
for  the  universalitv  of  his  knowledge.  He  wTote 
"  BihliothecagrKca"(i 70!)- 28),"Bibliothecalatina" (1(197), 
"Bibliotheca  mediae  etinflm.'e  fetalis  "(1734),  "  Bibliotheca 
ecclesiastica"  (1718),  "  Bihliographia  antiquaria"  (1713), 
etc. 

Fabricius,  Johann  Christian,    Born  at  Ton- 


dem,  Schleswig,  Jan.  7,  1745:  died  at  Kiel, 
Holstein,  March  3,  1808,  A  noted  Danish  en- 
tomologist. His  chief  work  is  "  Systema  entomologis  ' 
(1775:  enlarged  edition  1792-94.  with  a  supplement  1798X 

Fabricius  Luscinus  (fa-brish'i-us  lu-si'nus), 
Caius.  Died  after  275  B,  c,  A  Roman  consul 
and  general,  noted  for  his  ineon-uptibUity.  He 
was  ambassador  to  Pj-n-hus  in  280. 

Fabroni  (fii-bro'ne)",  or  Fabbroni,  Angelo. 
Born  at  Marradi.  Tuscany.  Italv,  Sept.  25, 1732: 
'  died  at  Florence  (Pisa  f),  Italy,  Sept.  22,  1803. 
An  Italian  biographer.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Vitse  Italorum  doctrina  excellentium"  (1778- 
1805). 

Fabrot  (fa-bro').  Charles  Annibal.  Born  at 
Aix,  France,  Sept.  15,  1580:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
16,  1659,  A  French  jurisconsult  and  writer  on 
the  civil  law.  He  published  "  BasUicon  libri  LX,  Car. 
Ann.  Fabriotuslatine  vertit  et  Grseceedidit  "(1647),  "The- 
opjiili  institutioues  "  (1683),  etc. 

Fabvier  (fa-vya'),  Charles  Nicolas,  Baron. 
Born  at  Pont-a-Mousson,  Dee.  15,  1783 :  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  15,  1855.  A  French  general.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1804,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Napoleonic  wars.  In  1823  he  went  to  the  assistance 
of  the  Greeks,  to  whom  he  rendered  essential  service  Id 
the  organiz.ation  of  their  army.  He  resigned  from  the 
Greek  ser\'ice  in  1S28.  He  wrote  '*  Journal  des  operations 
du  6^nie  corps  pendant  la  campagne  de  1814  en  France" 
(1819). 

Fabyan  (fa'bi-an).  Robert.  Died  probably  Feb. 
28,  1513.  An  English  chronicler.  He  appears  to 
have  followed  the  trade  of  a  clothier  in  London,  where  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Drapers'  Company  and  alderman 
of  the  ward  of  Farringdon  Without,  besides  holding  in 
1493  the  office  of  sheriff.  He  wTote  a  clironicle  of  Eng- 
land from  the  arrival  of  Brutus  to  his  own  day,  entitled 
"The  Concordance  of  Histories,"  which  was  first  printed 
by  Pynson  in  1516  under  the  title  "  The  New  Chronicles 
of  England  and  France."  Subsequent  editions,  with  addi- 
tions and  alterations,  were  published  by  Rastell  (1533X 
Reynes  (1542),  and  Kingston  (1559), 

Fabyan's  (fa'bi-auz).  A  hotel  and  summer  re- 
sort in  the  White  Mountains.  New  Hampshire, 
9  miles  west  of  Mount  Washington. 

Faccio(fa'ch6),  Franco.  Bom  at  Verona.  March 
8,  1840:  died  at  Monza.  July  23.  1891.  An  Ital- 
ian mtisician.  After  the  death  of  Mariani,  he  was  con- 
sidered the  best  leader  of  orchestra  in  Italy. 

Faccio  (fa'cho).  Nicolas.  Born  at  Basel,  Feb. 
16,  1664:  died  April  28  or  May  12,  1753.  A 
Swiss  mathematician  of  Italian  descent.  He 
went  to  London,  where,  after  having  obtained  a  fourteen- 
year  patent  for  the  sole  use  in  England  of  an  invention 
for  piercing  rubies  to  receive  the  pivots  of  the  balance- 
wheel  of  watches,  he  entered  into  partnership  with  the 
French  watchmakers  Peter  and  .Tacob  de  Beaufr^.  He 
was  a  protege  of  Newton,  and  wrote  a  number  of  learned 
treatise-s  including  "Lettre  h  M.  Cassini  .  .  .  touchaut 
une  lumiere  extraordinaire  qui  paroit  dans  le  ciel  depuis 
quelques  annees"  (1686). 

Facciolati  (ta-cho-lii'te),  or  Facciolato  (-to), 

Jacopo,  Born  at  Torreglia,  near  Padua,  Italy, 
Jan.  4,  1682:  died  at  Padua.  Aug.  26,  1769.  An 
Italian  philologist,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Padua.  He  cooperated  with  Forcellini  in  the  compila- 
tion of  the  Latin  dictionar>'  "Totius  latinitatis  lexicon," 
which  appeared  under  their  names  (1771,  and  later  edi- 
tions). 

Face  (fas).  In  Ben  Jonson's  play  "The  .Al- 
chemist," a  sei-vant  of  Lovewit.  He  is  left  Id 
charge  of  his  house,  where  all  the  deviltries  of  the  play 
take  place.  He  becomes  the  confederate  of  .Subtle,  the 
(pretended)  alchemist,  and  of  Dol  Common,  his  mistress. 
He  is  a  daring,  cheating,  spirited  schemer  of  great  au- 
dacity. In  the  house  he  is  Subtles  understrapper  and 
varlet;  out.=ide  he  takes  the  part  of  a  Pauls  man  and 
brings  in  dupes  to  Subtle.  On  the  return  of  his  master 
he  is  discovered,  but  makes  terms  with  him. 

Facheux  (fii-she'),  Les.  [F,, 'The  Bores,']  A 
comedy  by  Moliere,  first  represented  at  Van, 
before  the  king,  in  1(561. 

Facino  Cane  (fa-che'no  ka'ne).  A  story  by 
Balzac.  It  was  written  in  1836,  and  describes 
his  struggles  with  poverty. 

Faddiley  (fad'i-li).  A  place  near  Nantwich, 
Cheshire.  England,  regarded  as  identical  with 
Fethan-Seag,  the  scene  of  a  battle  (584)  in 
which  Ceawlin  was  defeated  by  the  Britons. 

Faddle  (fad'l).  In  Moore's  play  "The  Found- 
ling," a  kna\-ish  fop^  intended  to  satirize  Rus- 
sell, a  well-known  social  favorite  of  the  day. 


I 


Fadladeen 

Fadladeen  (fad-la-Jen').  lu  Moore's  metrical 
roiuuiK'f  • '  Lalla  liookli,''  the  grand  chamberlain 
ot"  tlie  liarem.  He  is  an  iiiful'ibte  judge  of  everj'tliiiig, 
from  the  penciiiiiK  uf  u  rircussit^n's  eyelids  to  the  deepest 
questions  of  science  and  literatk^re. 

Fadladinida  (fad-la-Uin'i-da).  In  Carey's  bur- 
lesque '■Clironouhotonthologos,"  the  ynoen  of 
Uiieerummania  and  wife  of  KingChrououhotou- 
thologos.     Her  conduct  is  easv  in  the  extreme. 

Faed  (fad),  John.  Born  at  Btu'ley  Mill  in  1819: 
died  at  (iatehouse  of  Fleet.  Si-otlaud,  Oct.  22, 
1902.  A  Scottish  genre  and  land.scajje  painter, 
brother  nf  Thomas  Faed. 

Faed,  Thomas.  Born  at  Builoy  Mill.  Kirkcud- 
brlghtshin. Scotland.  June  8,1S2G:  died  at  Lon- 
don. Aug.  17,  1900.  A  Scottish  painter.  Among 
his  paintinsrs,  wliich  arc  mostly  delineations  of  Scottish 
life,  .ire  "sir  Walter  Scott  and  his  Kliends  '  (1K48|,  "Xhe 
.Mitherless  Bairn  "  (18.j5),  ".leanie  Deans  and  the  Duke  of 
Art-yll"  (1808),  -.School  Board  in  the  North  "  (1«»1),  etc. 

Faenza  (fii-eu'zii).  A  walled  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kaveniia,  Italy,  on  the  Laraone  (or 
Amone) :  the  ancient  Faventia.  It  is  m)ted  forits 
manufacture  of  silk  and  paper,  and  formerly  of  faience, 
which  is  named  from  it.  It  has  a  catliedral  and  picture- 
gallery,  and  is  defended  by  a  citadel.  It  was  the  birth- 
jilace  of  Torricelli.  The  cathedral  (duomo)  is  a  large  and 
handsome  Renaissance  basilica  of  l.'ifil,  containing  some 
good  paintings  and  sculptured  tombs.  The  shrine  of  Sun 
Savino,  the  earliest  local  bishop,  by  Benedetto  da  Majano 
(1472),  consists  of  an  altar,  above  which  is  the  sarcoplnigns, 
with  six  reliefs  of  scenes  from  the  saint's  life,  and  other 
sculptures.     Population  (1881),  13,'MS. 

Faerie  Queene  (fa'e-ri  kwen),  or  Fairy  (far'i) 

Queen,  The.  An  allegorical  poem  of  chivalry 
b  V  Edmund  Spenser.  The  original  plan  comprised  12 
books,  of  Ihesel.-III.  werepiiblisheil  inlSOi),  and  IV.-VI. 
in  1590.     Fragments  of  later  books  were  published  in  Kill. 

Spenser's  letter  to  Raleigh  appended  to  the  fra^^ment 
of  "The  Faerie  Queene,"  "expounding  his  whole  intention 
in  the  course  of  this  work, "  said  only  that  "  he  laboured 
to  pourtraict  in  Arthure,  before  he  was  king,  the  image 
of  a  brave  knight,  perfected  in  the  twelve  moral  vertues, 
as  Aristotle  hath  devised,  the  which  is  the  purpose  of  the 
first  twelve  books;  which  if  I  tinde  to  be  well  accepted,  I 
may  bo  perhaps  encouraged  to  frame  the  other  part,  of 
poUiticke  vertues,  in  his  person  after  that  hee  came  to  he 
king."  It  was  left  for  the  reader  to  discover  how  grand 
a  design  was  indicated  by  these  unas.«nming  words.  .Spen- 
ser said  that  by  the  Faerie  t^ueene.  whom  Arthur  sought, 
"I  mean  glory  in  my  gencrall  intention,  but  in  ray  par- 
ticular I  conceive  the  most  excellent  and  glorious  person 
of  our  soveraiue  the  queene,  and  her  kingdom  in  Kaery- 
land."  Morlcij,  English  Writers,  IX.  317. 

Twelve  knights,  representing  twelve  virtues,  were  to 
have  been  sent  on  adventures  from  thet'ourtof  (Jloriana, 
Queen  of  Fairyland.  The  six  linished  books  give  the  le- 
gend8(cach  subilivided  into  twelve  cant«js,  averaging  fifty 
or  sixty  stanzas  each)  of  Holiness,  Tempenuice,  Chastity. 
Friendship,  Justice,  and  Coui-tesy:  while  a  fragment  of 
two  splendid  "Cantos  on  Mutability  "  is  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  a  seventh  book  (not  necessarily  sevetith  in 
order)  on  Constancy.  Legend  has  it  that  the  poem  w:is 
actually  completed ;  but  this  seems  improbable,  as  the 
first  three  books  were  certainly  ten  years  in  hand,  and  the 
second  three  six  more.  The  existing  poem,  coniprehetnl- 
ing  some  four  thousand  stanzas,  or  between  thirty  and 
forty  thousand  lines,  exhibits  so  many  and  such  varied 
excellences  that  it  is  dilhcnlt  to  believe  that  the  poet  could 
have  done  anything  new  in  kind. 

Saintsbur)/,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  88. 

Fsesulae  (fes'il-le).  The  ancient  name  of  Fiesole. 

Fafnir  (fiif'iier).  [ON.  Fdfnir.']  In  the  Old 
Nor.se  version  of  the  Siegfried  legend,  a  son  of 
the  giant  Ilreidmar  (ON.  Urcidlimarr).  He  was 
the  possessor  of  the  treasure  originally  owned  by  Andvari 
and  afterward  called  the  hoard  of  the  Nlbelungs,  uixm 
which  he  lay  in  the  guise  <jf  a  dragon.  He  wjls  slain  by 
Sigurd,  who  thus  became  the  owner  of  the  hoartl. 

Pag  (fag).  I"  Sheridan's  comedy  "  The  Hivals," 
the  l.ving  and  ingenious  servant  of  Captain 
Absolute. 

Fagin  (fa'gin).  In  Charles  Dickens's  "Oliver 
'Twist,"  a  villainous  old  Jew,  an  eini)loyer  of 
thieves  and  pickpockets,  a  receiver  of  stolen 
goods,  and  the  abductor  of  Oliver  Twist.  He 
is  finally  sentenced  to  death  for  complicity  in 
a  murder. 

Fagnani (fiin-vii'ne),  Joseph.  Born  at  Naples, 
Dec.  24,  1S19:"  died  at  New  York,  May  22,  1873. 
An  Ualian-.Vmericaii  portrait-painter. 

Fagotin  (liiKo-taii').  A  very  clever  monkey, 
well  known  in  Paris  in  Moli^ro's  time,  and  often 
alludi'd  to  in  the  literature  of  that  i>erii)d. 

Fahey(IVi'lii), James.  Hnrnat  l'addinnlon,.\pril 
10,  1S04:  iliednl  l.on.l.iii,  Dec.  U,  ISK.').  An  Kng- 
lish  water-cidi}r  |iniiili'r.  ■•Iiielly  of  landscapes. 

Fahie,  Sir  William  Charles.    Born  I'ti.'i:  died 

at  Bermuda,  Jan.  11,  18,'!.'!.  A  British  vice-ad- 
miral. He  was  descended  from  an  Irish  family  setlltMl 
at  St.  Christopher's ;  joined  the  navv  in  1777;  partiripated 
as  commaiider  in  tlic  captui'e  of  the  Danish  West  India 
Islands  in  Dec,  18e7,  nnit  In  the  reduction  of  Martinlc(ue 
In  Feb.,  ISttO;  and  served  as  commodore  In  the  reduction 
of  Guadeloupe  In  Feb.,  1810.  Ho  was  appointed  vice-ad- 
miral July  22,  1830. 
Fahien  (fii-he-en').  A  Chinese  Buddhist  monk 
who  made  n  pilgrimage  to  India,  about  :I0!I 
A.  D.,  to  carry  biiek  to  China  complete  copies  of 


377 

the  Vinaya,  or  rules  of  discipline,  for  the  order. 
Ue  wrote  a  v;Uuable  account  of  his  travels,  which  lasted 
fom-teen  years.    It  has  been  translated  by  Beal,  Giles,  and 

Legge. 

Fahlcrantz  (fiil'kriints),  Christian  Erik.  Bom 

at  Stora-Tuua,  Dalecarlia,  Sweden,  Aug.  :30, 
1790 :  died  at  Wesleras,  Sweden,  Aug.  G,  18(i(). 
A  Swedish  poet  ami  polemical  writer,  author 

of   "  Xoach's  Ark."  a  iioeni  (1825-2G),  etc. 

Fahlcrantz,  Karl  Johann.  BoruatStora-Tuna, 
Dalecarlia,  Sweden,  Nov.  29,  1774:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Jan.  1,  18G1.  A  Swedish  landscape- 
painter,  brother  of  C.  E.  Fahlcrantz. 

Fahlun.     See  Falun. 

Fahrenheit  (fii'ren-hit),  Gabriel  Daniel.  Born 
at  Danlzic,  Prussia,  May  14,  1086:  died  in  the 
Netherlands.  Sept.  10,  17.'JG.  A  German  physi- 
cist. He  introduced  the  useof  mercury  in  the  thermom- 
eter about  1714,  and  devised  the  Falu-euheit  themiomet- 
ric  scale. 

Faidherbe   (fa-darb'),  Louis   L6on   C^sar. 

Born  at  Lille,  France,  June  'i,  1^I^  :  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  28,  1889.  A  French  general.  Ue 
became  governor  of  Senegal  in  18&4.  In  18(i{,  while  serv- 
ing in  Algeria,  he  was  made  brigadier-general,  anil  soon 
after  lie  was  again  governor  of  Senegal.  He  returned  to 
.Algeria  in  1805.  In  the  P'ranco-I'russian  war  he  was  in- 
trusted by  Gainbetta  with  the  command  of  the  army  of 
the  north,  but  was  defeated  by  Von  (Joeben  at  Bapaume, 
Jan.  3,  1S71,  and  St.  Quentin,  Jan.  19.  He  was  elected 
senator  in  1879.  He  ]>ub]i8hed  a  series  of  important 
works  on  the  geography,  anthropology,  and  philology  of 
Senegal  and  Algeria, 
Faido  (fi'do).  A  small  place  in  the  canton  of 
Tieiiio,  .Switzerland,  on  the  Ticino  and  the  St. 
(iottliard  Kailvvay,  southeast  of  Airolo.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  Leventina. 

Faillon  (fii-yoii'),  Michel  Etienne.  Born  at 
Tarascon,  France,  1799:  ilied  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 
1870.  A  French  Sulpieian,  a  writer  on  Cana- 
dian history  and  biogr.aphy. 

Failly  (fii-y"e'),  Pierre  Louis  Charles  Achille 

de.  Born  at  Kozoy-siu'-Seri-e,  Aisne.  France, 
Jan.  21,  1810 :  died  in  Compiegue,  Nov.  15, 
1892.  A  French  general.  He  entered  the  army  In 
1828 ;  served  with  distinction,  flrst  as  brigadier-general, 
then  as  general  of  divisitjn,  in  the  Crimean  war ;  fought  at 
the  battle  of  Solfcrino  in  1850 ;  and  was  connnander  of  the 
French  troops  sent  to  the  relief  of  the  Pope  in  ls(i7,  but 
was  not  present  at  the  defeat  of  Garibaldi  at  MentaiuL  He 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  5th  army  corps  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Fmnco- Prussian  war.  During  the  bat- 
*les  of  Spidieren  and  Worth  (Aug.  fi.  1870),  he  reinainrd 
inactive  at  Bitsch  ;  and  Aug.  30,  1870,  was  defeated  near 
Beaumont,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Germans  were 
enabled  to  cut  otT  MacMahon  s  retreat.  He  wjui  super- 
seded in  his  connnand  by  General  Wimptfen  on  the  day 
of  the  battle  of  Sedan.  Sept.  1,  1870,  immediat.ely  before 
the  tight.  Atithor  of  "Campagne  de  1870:  operations  et 
marches  du  G''"'"  corps  "  (1871). 

Fainall  (fun'al).  In  Congreve's  comedy  '•  Tin- 
Way  of  the  World,"  a  scoundrel  in  love  with 
Mrs.  Marwood. 

Faineant  ( fa-na-on' ),  Le  Noir.  [F., ' The  Black 
Sluggard.'J  In  Scott's  "Ivanhoo,"  the  name 
given  to  the  Black  Knight  (Kichard  Cceur  de 
Lion)  on  account  of  his  behavior  during  a 
tournament,  in  which,  however,  he  finally  con- 
(|uers. 

Faineants,  Bois.     See  /?«(.■,•  Faineants. 

Fainwell,  "r  Feignwell  (fan'wel),  Colonel.  In 

Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Wife,"  an  ingenious  gallant  who  is  in  love  with 
Mrs.  Lovely's  person  and  fortune.  He  takes  vari- 
ous disguises  to  win  her  from  her  several  guardians,  among 
them  tliat  of  "Simon  Pure."  by  means  of  which  he  secures 
her.     See  I'lire-,  Simon. 

Fairbairn  (far'bam ).  Andre'w  Martin.    Born 

near  Kdinburgh,  Scollanil,  Nov.  4,  l,8:i,S,  A 
Scottish  theologian  and  inetaiihysician.  lie  was 
principal  of  Airedale  College,  F.ngland' (1S77),  and  in  18M) 
was  appointed  the  tlrst  principal  of  the  extra-university 
Mansfield  College  at  oxfoni.  He  is  the  author  of  "Studies 
In  the  I'hilosophv  of  Kellgion  ami  History"  (187U),  "The 
City  of  God"  (18S2),  ami  other  works. 

Fairbairn,  Patrick.  Born  at  nroenlaw,  Ber- 
wickshire, Scotland,  Jan.  28,  1805:  died  at  Glas- 
gow, Aug.  0,  1874.  A  Scottish  clergyman  anil 
theological  writer.  He  was  professor  ami  ultinnitely 
principal  of  the  Free  Church  Collegeat  Glasgow,  and  pub- 
llshcd  "Typology  of  Scripture"  (1845),  "lleriiieiioullcal 
Manual"  (18.''i8),  etc. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  Peter.  Born  at  Kelso,  Scotland, 
Sept.,  1799;  died  .Inn.  4,  ISOl.  A  Scottish  en- 
gineer, invent  OI-,  an(ltnaiiiil';iclurer.  He  Invented 
inachtneB  used  in  spirndng  witol  and  tla\.  and  foinided  an 
extensive  ostabllshnient  at  teeils  for  the  nninufacture  of 
these  and  other  machines  atid  tools. 

Fairbairn,  sir  'William.    Horn  at  Kelso.  Hox- 

burghshii'e,  I'lb.  19.  1789:  (lied  at  Moor  Park, 
Surrey,  Aug.  18. 1S74.  \  noted  Scotch  engineer. 
Comnienclng  life  as  a  dav  laliorer,  he  was  ap|)rentic«Ml  to 
a  millwright  In  isin,  ami  In  1HI7  started  an  engineering 
hUHiuesB  In  Manchester.  He  had  shlp-buihllng  works  at 
Miliwall,  I.imdon,  18;l.^i-10.  As  a  practical  engineer  he  is 
best  known  as  the  ileslgner  of  the  rectangular  tube,  un- 


Fairfax,  Thomas 

supported  by  chains,  which  is  the  distinctive  feature  of 
the  Britannia  bridge  built  across  the  Menai  Strait,  He 
wirs  made  a  baronet  In  1869. 

Fairbanks  (far'bangks).  Erastos.  Bom  at 
Brimlield,  Mass..  Oct.  28,  1792:  died  at  St. 
Johusbmy,  Vt.,  Nov.  20,  18()4.  An  American 
mamifacttirer  and  politician.  He  patented  the 
"  Fairbanks  scales  "  in  IS31.  He  was  governor  of  N'ermont 
lbi2-.')3  and  1800-61. 

Fairchild  (far'ehild),  James  Harris.    Bom  at 

Stockbridge,  Mass,,  Nov.  25,  1817:  died  March 
19,  1902.  .-Vn  American  educator.  He  was  gradu- 
ated in  1838  at  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  where  he  was  tutor 
18:18-12,  professor  of  languages  im2-47,profe,ssoiof  mathe- 
matics 1847-58.  professor  of  moral  pliilosopby  and  theol- 
ogy 18.T8-HG,  and  president  18GB-S9.  He  wrote  "Moral 
Philosophy,  or  A  Science  of  Obligation  "  (18691,  "  Needed 
Plia-ses  of  Christianity  "  11873).  etc.,  and  edited  "Memoirs 
of  Charles  G.  Finney  "  (1876). 

Fairchild,  Lucius.  Born  at  Franklin  Mills 
(Kent),  Portage  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  27.  1831: 
died  May  23,  189G.  An  American  general  and 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1S60,  and  at 
the  beginning  of  tl'.e  Civil  War  became  a  captain  of  vol- 
unteers In  the  Union  array.  He  led.  as  colonel  of  the  2d 
Wisconsin,  a  charge  on  Seminai-y  Hill  at  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  in  which  he  lost  his  left  arm;  and  was  pro- 
moted brigadier-general  Oct.  19,  1863.  He  was  governor 
of  Wisconsin  1866-72,  Cnited  States  consul  at  Liverpool 
1872-78,  consul-gem  ral  at  Paris  1878-80,  and  minister  to 
Spain  1880-82.  He  was  elected  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Grand  Array  of  the  Republic  in  1886. 

Fair  Em  (fair  em).  A  play  printed  in  1631.  it 
has  been  ascribed  to  Shakspere  'for  the  single  reas<ui  that 
In  (tarrick's  collection  was  a  volume,  which  once  belonged 
to  Charles  II..  containing  this  and  other  doubtful  plays, 
and  iiKU-ked  on  the  Iciek  "Shakspeare.  \'ol.  I." 

Fair  Example,  The,  or  The  Modish  Citizens. 

A  play  by  Estcourt,  taken  from  the  same  source 
as  Vanbrugh's  "Confederacy."  It  was  per- 
formed at  Drury  I.,ane  in  1703. 
Fairfax  (far'faks),  Ed'ward.  [The  surname 
Fiurfiix,  MK.  F(iii\fa.r,  Fayrcfdx,  etc.,  means 
'  fair-haired.']  Boru  at  Deuton,Yorkshire :  died 
Jan. ,1635.  An  English  poet,  a  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax.  He  wrote  a  translation  of  Tasso's  *  Qerusa- 
lemme  Liberata"  (1600),  and  12  eclogues. 

Fairfax,  Ferdinando,  second  Baron  Fairfax. 
Born  March  29,  1,5.84:  died  March  14,  1648.  A 
Parliamentary  leadenn  the  civil  war.  He  repre- 
sented the  comity  of  York  In  the  Long  I*arliainent,  In 
which  he  acted  with  the  popular  party ;  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war  was  appointed'to  the  ctunmand  of 
the  Parliamentary  forces  in  Voikshire.  He  was  ilefeated 
by  Newcastle  on  Adwaltoa  Moor,  near  Bradford,  June  30, 
1043,  and  was  besiegc<l  by  the  same  general  at  Hull  Sept, 
2-(1ct.  11,  1043,  when  be  raised  the  siege  bv  a  successful 
sally.      He  deteateil  Colonel  .lohn  Bellasis  at  Selby  April 

11.  1044,  ami,  j<'initig  forces  with  the  Scots,  was  stationed 
with  his  army  on  the  right  of  the  r:u'liamentary  line  at 
Marstou  .Moor,  July  2,  1044,  where  he  gave  way  before 
the  onslaught  of  Prince  Rupert,  who  was  in  turn  defeated 

Fairfax,  Robert.  Born  Feb,,  1666:  died  Oct.  17, 
1725.  A  British  rear-admiral.  He  commanded  a 
vessel  in  the  F.nglish  licet  at  the  reductitin  of  Gibraltju*. 
July  23,  and  in  the  battle  of  Malaga,  Aug.  l;{,  1704.  He  was 
niatle  rear  a'dniiral  in  17"->S. 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  third  Baron  Fairfax.  Born 
at  Denton,  Yorkshire.  .Ian.  17,  1G12:  died  Nov. 

12,  1671.  ,A  celebrated  Parliamentary  leader  in 
the  civil  war  in  England.  He  was  the  son  of  Fer-  . 
dlnando,  second  Lord  Fairfax  ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  and  learned  the  art  of  war  under  Sir 
Horace  Vere  in  the  Low  Countries.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  appointed  sectuid  In  connnand  of  the  I*iu^ 
liamontary  forces  in  Yorkshire;  captured  Wakedeld  May 
21, 1613;  and  c<uinnanded  the  horseof  the  right  wing  at  the 
battle  of  .Mai-ston  Moor.  Ue  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  ParliameiitiU-y  army  Jan.  21,  1045,  and  In 
April  of  the  same  yciu-  organized  the  "  New  Model.'"  He 
defeated  Charles  I.  at  Ni\8eb>  June  14. 1(H5;  defeated  Gor- 
ing at  Langport,  Somersetshire.  July  10,  1645;  reduced 
Bristol  Sept.  li),  104.5  ;  and  took  Oxford  June  '20,1040.  Ho 
disapproved  of  the  seizure  of  the  king  by  Joyce,  but  waa 
forced  by  the  attitude  ol  the  army  to  aciiniescc  in  this  mea- 
sure as  well  as  in  'Priile's  l'ui'ge"and  In  the  execution  of 
the  king.  On  the  establishmeid  of  the  Commonwealth,  he 
was  reappointed  connnaiider-ln-cbief  of  all'the  ftirces  In 
F.nglamtand  Ireland,  March  :iO,  1049,  but  resigned,  June  25, 
IO.^n,  on  account  of  conscientious  scruples  about  Invading 
Scotland.  Puring  the  rest  of  the  Commonwealth  period, 
ami  during  the  Protectt>rate,  lie  llveil  lu  retirement  at  Nun 
Applet^m,  Yorkshire.  He  represented  Yorkshire  In  Kichard 
Cromwell's  Parliament,  in  which  he  acted  with  the  opposi- 
tion. Having  In  Nov.,  10,59,  enlereil  lido  negollallons  with 
Monk  for  the  restoratltu)  of  Charles  I!.,  he  idaced  himself 
at  the  heaii  of  an  army,  ami,  Jan.  1, 1600,  t^mk  pos-session  of 
Y'ork,  an<l  later  In  the  same  year  was  chosen  to  head  the 
connuissloners  of  the  two  houses  sent  to  the  king  at  The 
Hague.  He  left  two  aul<iblographlcal  works:  "A  Short 
Memculal  of  the  Niulheni  Actions  .luring  the  War  there, 
from  the  Year  1IU2  till  1(144,"  and  "Short  .Memorials  of  some 
Things  to  be  cleared  during  my  Connnand  In  the  Army." 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  sixth  Baron  Fairfax.  Born 
at  Denton.  Yorkshire.  1(>92:  dieil  near  Winclies- 
ler,  Va.,  March  12,  1782.  An  American  colonist. 
His  palernnl  estates  In  Yorkshire  having  been  sold  to  sat- 
isfy the  creditors  of  his  father,  Thomas.  Ilfth  I..oril  Fairfax, 
he  emigrated  In  1740  or  1747  to  Amerba.  where  be  had  In. 
herited  the  niui  hern  mckof  Virglnl.i,  bet  ween  the  Pcdoniao 
and  the  Kapnabannoek,  and  where  he  cveiitu:dly  built  a 
residence,  calleil  Gr iwjiv  Cialrt,  mar  Wimbister,     Ho 


Fairfax,  Thomas 

■wasafriendof  Wu8hici(.'toii  to  whom  (then  a  youth  of  little 
over  sixteen)  he  intrusted  the  surveying  and  mapping  of 
his  property  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.  He  was  a  tirm 
loyalist. 

Pairfleld  (fSr'feld).  Atown  in  Fairfield  County. 
Oouueeticiit,  situated  on  Long  Island  Sound  21 
miles  southwest  of  New  Haven,  it  contains  the 
villages  of  Southport,  Greenfield  Hill.  Black  Rock,  etc.  It 
was  burned  by  Tryou  in  1779.    Population  (lyoO),  4,489. 

Fairford  (far'ford),  Alan.  In  Scott's  novel 
"  Redgauntlet,"  the  devoted  friend  and  corre- 
spondent of  Darsie  Latimer.  When  Darsie  was  miss- 
ing, Fairford  searched  for  him  thi-ough  many  dangers  un- 
til he  found  him.  I.ockhart  says  that  Scott  unquestionably 
portrayed  himself  in  this  character. 

Fair  Head.  A  promontory  in  County  Antrim, 
at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Ireland. 

Fair  Helen  of  Kirkconnell.  A  popular  ballad. 

It  is  founded  on  the  story  that  a  lady,  Helen  Bell  or  Irving, 
(the  name  is  disputed),  the  daughter  of  the  Laird  of  Kirk- 
connell in  Dumfriesshire,  while  meeting  her  lover  clandes- 
tinely in  the  churchyard  of  Kirkconnell,  saw  another  and 
rejected  lover  taking  aim  at  him.  She  threw  herself  before 
him,  was  shot,  and  died  in  Ilis  arms.  A  mortal  combat  be- 
tween the  two  lovers  followed,  and  themurdererwas  killed. 
The  ballad  is  in  two  parts  —  an  address  by  the  lover  to  his 
lady,  and  the  lament  of  the  lover  over  her  grave.  There  are 
several  versions. 

Fairholt  (far'holt),  Frederick  William.  Bom 
at  London,  181-1:  died  at  Brompton,  London, 
April  3, 1866.  An  English  artist  and  antiquary. 
Heillustrated  a  number  of  works,  including  Chatto's  "Trea- 
tise on  Wood  Engr.aving "  and  Halliwell's  "Life  of  Shak- 
spere, "  and  published  "  Costume  in  England  "  (1S46),  "  The 
Home  of  Shakespeare  "  (1847),  "  Tobacco  :  its  History  and 
Associations"  (18,i9),  etc.,  and  edited  "A  Dictionary  of 
Terms  in  .\rt  "  (1834). 

Fairies,  The.  Ai  operatic  adaptation  of  Shak- 
spere's  "  Jlidsummer  Night's  Dream,"  produced 
in  1755.  It  was  attributed  to  UaiTiek,  but  he 
denied  its  authorship. 

Fair  Isle.  A  small  island  situated  between  the 
Orkneys  and  Shetlands,  Scotland.  It  is  nearer 
the  former  group,  but  belongs  to  the  latter. 

Fair  Jilt,  The.  A  novel  by  Aphra  Behn.  It 
recounts  experiences  in  the  life  of  the  writer. 

Fairlegh  (f.?r'li),  Frank.  The  pseudonym  of 
F.  E.  Smedley,  the  author  of  "Frank  Fairlegh" 
and  "Lewis  Arundel,"  two  novels  published  in 
"  Sharpe's  London  Magazine,"  of  which  Smed- 
ley was  the  editor  1848^9. 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange,  The.  A  play  at- 
tributed to  Thomas  Heywood,  printed  in  1607. 
The  second  title  is  "  The  Pleasant  Humours  of 
the  Cripple  of  Fenehurch." 

Pair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  The.  A  jiosthumous 
comedy  by  Fletehei'.  finished  by  Massinger  and 
perhaps  Rowlej',  licensed  in  1626,  and  printed 
in  1(347,  The  plot  is  partly  from  one  of  Cer- 
vantes's  novels. 

Fair  Maid  of  Kent,  The.  Joan,  the  daughter 
of  Edmond  Plautagenet,  earl  of  Kent. 

Fair  Maid  of  Norway,  The.  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Eric  II.  of  Norway,  and  granddaughter 
ot  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland. 

Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  The.  A  historical  novel 
by  Scott,  published  m  1828.  named  from  a  sur- 
name of  its  heroine,  Catherine  Glover,  it  is  one 
of  the  "Chronicles  of  the  Canongate,''  professedly  related 
by  Chrystal  Croftangry.  The  scene  is  laid  at  Perth  during 
the  reign  of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Pairmount  Park  (far'mount  park).  A  park  in 
Philadelphia,  covering  2,791  acres.  The  SchuylkiU 
River  and  Wissahickon  Creek  run  through  it.  In  1876  the 
Centennial  Exhibition  was  held  within  its  limits.  It  con- 
tains a  number  of  historic  houses. 

Pair  Oaks,  or  Seven  Pines.    A  place  7  miles 

east  of  Richmond, Virginia.  Here,  May  31  and  June 
1,  1862,  the  Federal  forces  under  McClellan  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  .T.  15.  .Tohnston.  The  loss  of  tha  Fed- 
erals was  5,031 ;  of  the  Confederates,  6,134. 

Pair  Penitent,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Rowe,  pro- 
duced in  1703.  It  was  founded  on  Massinger's  "Fatal 
Dowry,"  and  was  a  "  wholesale  felony."  Mrs.  Barry  was 
the  original  representative  of  Calista,"  The  Fair  Penitent." 
a  part  which  she  created  in  her  forty-fifth  year,  and  which 
was  one  of  her  greatest  tragic  triumphs.     See  Calista. 

Pair  Quaker  of  Deal,  The,  or  The  Humours 

of  the  Navy.  A  comedy  by  Charles  Shadwell, 
published  in  1710. 

Pair  Rosamond.     See  Clifford,  Itosamond. 

Pairscribe  (far'skrib).  The  imaginary  legal 
friend  who  with  his  daughter  Kate  is  of  assis- 
tance to  Chrystal  Croftangi'y  in  writing  Scott's 
"  (I'hronicles  of  the  Canongate." 

Fairservice  (far'ser"vis),  Andrew.  In  Scott's 
novel  "'Rob  Roy,"  a  gardener.  He  is  shrewd 
but  cowardly,  and,  though  discharged  as  a  nui- 
sance, w^ill  not  go. 

Fair  Sidea  (far  si-<le'ii).  The.  Aplay composed 
or  compiled  by  Jakol)  Ayrer,  a  German,  it  was 
supposed  by  Tieck  to  be  the  source  of  Shakspere's  "Tem- 
pest," but  was  probably  published  later. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  there  is  really  any  ground  com- 
mon to  "The  Tempest"  and  to  "The  Fair  Sidea."   One  or 


373 

two  mere  points  of  contact  there  are,  but  they  are  points 
of  altogether  minor,  nay,  of  minimum,  importance. 

FurnesSf  Shak.Var.,  Pref.,  p.  x. 

Fairweather  (far'weTH'er), Mount.  Amoun- 
taiTi  in  Alaska,  about  lat.  58°  45' N.,  long.  137° 
10'  W.     Height,  15,500  feet. 

Fairy  Queen,  The.    See  Faerie  Queene. 

Faiseur  (la-zcr'),  Le.  [F.,  'The  Speculator.'] 
A  plav  by  Balzac.     See  Mercadet. 

Faithful  (fath'fiil).  A  character  in  the  first 
part  of  Banyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress."  He 
is  put  to  death  at  Vanity  Fair. 

Faithful,  Jacob.     See  Jacoh  Faithful. 

Paithfull,  Emily.  Born  at  Headley,  near  Guild- 
ford, England,  in  1835:  died  at  Manchester,  May 
31,1895.  An  English  philanthropist.  .She  was  an 
advocate  of  the  claims  of  women  to  remunerative  employ- 
ment, and  did  much  to  secure  it  for  them.  She  founded 
a  printing  establishment  (1860)  for  their  employment  as 
compositors,  .and  started  the  "  Victoria  Magazine  "  in  1863. 
She  was  also  a  successful  lecturer,  and  published  "Three 
Visits  to  America'  (1SS4). 

Faithful  Shepherdess,  The.  A  pastoral  drama 
by  Fletcher,  published  probably  in  1G09.  itwas 
somewhat  influenced  by  the  ltali,an  pastorals,  especially 
by  Guarini's  "Pastor  Fido."  Milton  obtained  some  hints 
for  "  Comus  "  from  it. 

The  delightful  pastoral  of  "  The  Faithful  Shepherdess," 
which  ranks  with  Jonson's  "Sad  Shepherd"  and  with 
"  Comus"  as  the  three  chiefs  of  its  style  in  English. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  262. 

Paithorne  (fa'thom).  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don in  1616 :  died  at  London  in  May,  1691.  An 
English  engraver,  noted  especially  for  his  por- 
traits. 

Paithorne,  William.  Born  at  London  in  1656 : 
died  after  1700.  An  English  engraver,  son  of 
William  Faithorno  (1616^91). 

Paizabad,  or  Fyzabad  (fi-zii-bad').  1.  A  di- 
vision in  Oudh.  British  India.  Area,  7,311 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  3.682.960.— 
2.  A  district  in  the  Faizabad  division,  situated 
in  lat.  26°-27°  N.,  long.  81°-83°  E.  Area,  1,728 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,216,959. — 
3r  The  capital  of  the  Faizabad  district,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gogra  in  lat.  26°  47'  N.,  long.  82°  8' 
E.  It  was  the  capital  of  Oudh  in  the  middle  of  the  18th 
century,  and  was  one  of  the  centei-s  of  the  mutiny  of 
1867.     Population  (1891),  78,921. 

4.  The  capital  of  Badakshan,  central  Asia,  on 
a  tributary  of  the  Amu-Daria. 

Palaba  (fa-la'ba).  A  native  town  in  western 
Africa,  situated  about  180  miles  northeast  of 
Free  Town. 

Palaise  (fa-laz').  A  tovni  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  France,  on  the  river  Ante  22  miles 
south-southeast  of  Caen.  It  was  taken  from  the 
English  in  1450,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  from  the 
Leaguers  by  Henry  IV.  The  castle,  the  birthplace  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  is  a  very  large  and  imposing  Nor- 
man fortress,  with  outer  walls  strengthened  by  cylindri- 
cal towers,  and  a  huge  rectangular  keep.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,313. 

Falashas  (fa-la'shas).  [Abyssinian,  'wander- 
ers.'] A  Hamitic  tribe  of  Abyssinia  which 
professes  the  Jewish  religion,  and  claims  de- 
scent from  Hebrew  immigrants  who  followed 
the  Queen  of  Sheba.  Their  name  is  derived  from  the 
Ethiopic  /alas,  a  stranger.  In  the  middle  ages  they  formed 
a  conquering  kingdom,  but  finally  were  overcome  by  the 
Christian  Abyssinians,  and  now  live  scattered  in  small 
colonies.  Their  sacred  books  are  written  in  Geez ; 
their  dialect  is  closely  allied  with  the  Agow.  They  are 
an  iiiilustrious  and  peaceful  people,  numbering  about 
120,000. 

Palces,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico.  See 
Peraltn,  (lastoii  dc. 

Falcon  (fiil-kon').  A  maritime  state  of  Vene- 
zuela. Zulia  has  been  several  times  united 
with  it.  Area.  36,212  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  205,347  (with  Zulia). 

Falcon  (fa'kn  or  fal'kon).  A  ship  commanded 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's 
expedition  to  America  in  1578.  The  other  ships 
were  soon  obliged  to  return,  but  Raleigh  reached  the  Cape 
Verde  Islands.  Owing  to  scarcity  of  provisions,  he  was 
obliged  to  turn  back,  and  reached  England  in  May,  1579. 

Falcon,  The.  A  famous  London  tavern,  on  the 
Bankside.  It  is  said  to  have  been  patronized 
bv  Shakspere  and  his  company.  It  was  taken 
down  in  1808. 

Falcon  ( f al-kon ' ) ,  Juan  Crisostomo.  Born  on 
the  peninsula  of  Paniguana.  province  of  Coro 
(now  state  of  Falcon),  1820:  died  on  the  island 
of  Martinique,  April  29,  1870.  A  Venezuelan 
general.  In  1858  he  headed  the  federalist  revolution, 
which,  after  a  desultory  war  of  live  years,  w.is  successfiil. 
He  was  made  president  of  Venezuela  in  1863,  and  in  1:^64 
sanctioned  a  federal  constitution.  Driven  out  by  the  Azul 
revolution,  July,  1S67,  he  went  to  Europe ;  was  lecalled 
after  the  counter-revolution  of  1869;  and  died  while  re- 
turning. 

Palconbridge.     See  Faulconhridge. 

Falcone  i  fal-ko'ne),  Aniello.     Born  at  Naples, 


Palke,  Johannes  Friedrich  GottlieD 

1600  :  died  at  Naples,  1665.  An  Italian  battle- 
painter. 
Falconer  (fak'ner  or  fa'kon-er),  Hugh.  Born 
at  FoiTes, Elginshire,  Feb.29,1808:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  31, 1865.  AScottish  paleontologist  and 
botanist.  Graduating  M.  A.  at  Aberdeen  in  1828,  and 
M.  D.  :it  Edinburgh  in  1829,  he  went  out  to  India  as  assist- 
ant surgeon  in  the  Bengal  establishment  of  the  East  India 
Company  in  1830  ;  obtained  charge  of  the  botanic  garden 
at  Saharanpur  in  1832 ;  visited  England  1842-^17  ;  superin- 
tended the  work  of  preparing  for  exhibition  the  Indian 
fossils  in  the  British  Museum  1844-47 ;  returned  to  India 
as  superintendent  of  the  Calcutta  Botanical  Garden  and 
professor  of  botany  in  the  Calcutta  Medical  College  in 
1847 ;  and  retired  from  the  Indian  service  in  1865.  The 
geinis  Falconeria  is  named  after  him. 

Falconer,  William.    Born  Feb.  11.  1732:  died 

in  1769.  A  Scottish  jioet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  bar- 
ber in  Edinburgh  ;  became  a  servant  to  Arcliibald  Camp- 
bell who  discovered  and  encouraged  his  literary  tastes ; 
and  was  lost  at  sea  in  the  frigate  -\urora,  of  which  he  was 
purser.  His  chief  poem  is  the  "  Shipwreck,"  published  in 
1762.  He  also  published  "The  Universal  Marine  Diction- 
ary "  (1769  ;  revised  and  enlarged  by  Dr.  William  Burney, 
1S16). 
Falconer,  William.  Born  at  Chester,  England. 
Feb.  23,  1744 :  died  at  Bath,  Aug.  23, 1824.  Au 
English  physician  and  miscellaneous  writer,  in 
1770  he  began  to  practise  medicine  at  Bath,  where  he  was 
physician  to  the  Bath  General  Hospital  1784-1819.  He 
published  "Remarks  on  the  Influence  of  ( limate,  .  .  .  >a- 
tureof  Food,  and  Way  of  LifeoTi  .  .  .  Mankind  "(1781),  "A 
Dissertation  on  the  Influence  of  Passions  upon  Disorders 
of  the  Body  "  (1788),  etc.    , 

Falconet  (fal-ko-na'),  Etienne Maurice.  Born 
at  Vevay,  1716:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4, 1791.  A 
French  sculptor  and  writer,  a  pupil  of  Lemoine. 
In  176G  he  was  called  by  Catharine  II.  to  St.  Petersburg  to 
execute  a  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Peter  the  Great. 

Palczi,  or  Palczy  (fal'she).  A  small  place  in 
Rumania,  situated  on  the  Pruth.  See  Priiili, 
Peace  of  the. 

Paleme  (fii-la'ma).  A  river  in  Senegambia, 
flowing  north  and  joining  the  Senegal  about  lat. 
14°  45'  N.     Length,  probably  about  200  miles. 

Palerii  (fa-le'ri-i).  [L.  Falcrii, Gr.  ialipioi, *a/f- 
piov;  connected  with /''«/iSC(,  the  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Etruria,  Italy, 
situated  about  28  miles  north  of  Rome,  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  Civifa  Castellana.  It  be- 
longed to  the  Etmscan  Confederation,  and  was 
destroyed  liy  the  Romans  241  B.  c. 

Falern'us  Ager  (fa-ler'nus  a'jer).  [L.,  'the 
Faleniian  field  or  district.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  fertile  territory  in  Campania,  Italy,  sit- 
uated north  of  the  Vulturnus,  from  20  to  25 
miles  north  of  Naples.  It  was  celebrated  for 
its  wines. 

Palgui^re  (f  al-gyar' ),  Jean  Alexandre  Joseph. 

Born  at  Toulouse,  France.  Sept.  7, 1831:  died  at 
Paris,  April  19,  1900.  A  French  genre  painter 
and  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Jouffroy,  member  of 
the  Institute  1882.  Among  his  works  are  "The 
Wrestlers"  (1874),  "Slaughter  of  a  Bull"  (1881),  "Fan 
.and  Poignard  "  (1882),  "  Acis  and  Galatea"  (ISS.'i). 

Palieri  (fii-le-a're),  Marino.  Bom  at  Venice, 
1278  (1274  ?) :  died  there,  April  17,  1355.  A  doge 
of  Venice.  He  commanded  in  1346  the  Venetian  troops 
at  the  siege  of  Zara  in  Dahnatia,  and  was  elected  doge  in 
1354.  He  conspired  with  the  plebeians  against  the  patri- 
cians, with  a  view  to  usurping  the  supreme  power  in  the 
state,  and  was  executed  for  treason.  In  the  Hall  of  the 
Grand  Council  of  A'enice,  where  the  portraits  of  the  doges 
are  displayed,  his  place  is  occupied  by  the  representation 
of  a  ducal  throne  covered  with  a  pall.  He  has  been  made 
the  subject  of  tragedies  by  Byron  (1820),  and  Casimir  Dete- 
vigne  (1829),  and  of  a  novel  by  Hoffmann  ("Doge  und 
Dogaressa  "). 

Faiisci  (fa-lis'i).  The  inh.abitants  of  Falerii; 
the  Faliscans. 

Palk  (falk),  Johannes  Daniel.  Born  at  Dant- 
zic,  Prussia,  Oct.  28,  1768:  died  at  Weimar, 
Gennany,  Feb.  14,  1826.  A  German  philan- 
thropist and  writer,  founder  of  the  Falksches 
Institut  (forabandoned  and  neglected  children) 
at  Weimar  in  1813. 

Palk,  Paul  Ludwlg  Adalbert.  Bom  at 
Metschkau,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Aug.  10,  1827:  died 
at  Hamm,  Westphalia,  July  7,  1900.  A  Prus- 
sian statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  Pi-nssian  min- 
ister of  public  worship  and  instrnetinn  1872-79,  in  which 
capacity  he  was  instrumental  in  carrying  the  so-called 
May  laws  (1873-75),  aimed  at  the  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy. 

Palke  (fal'ke),  Jakob.  Born  June  21,  1825 : 
died  June  12,  1897.  A  German  historian  of 
art  and  civilization,  brother  of  J.  F.  G.  Falke. 
His  works  include  "Die  ritterliche  Gesellschaft  im  Zeital- 
ter  des  Frauenkultus  "  (1863),  "  Geschichte  des  modernen 
Geschmacks  "  (1866),  "  Geschichte  des  fiirstlichen  Hauses 
Lichtenstein  "  (1863-83),  "Hellas  und  Rom  "  (1880),  "Ge- 
schichte  des  Geschmacks  im  Mittehdter  "  (1893),  etc. 

Palke,  Johannes  Friedrich  Gottlieb.    Born 

at  Ratzebiivg,  Prussia,  April  20,  1823:  died  at 
Dresden',  March  1,  1876.  -V  German  historian, 
His  works  include  "Geschi-'hte  des  deutschen  Handels' 
(18W-60),  "  Die  Hansa"  (1862),  "Geschichte  des  deutschen 
ZoUwesens  "  (1869),  etc. 


379  Fanshawe 

Mnssaohusetts,  situated 

it  the  mouth  of  Taunton 
Hiver,  4.j  uiik's  southwest  of  Lioston.  It  is  ccIe-» 
brnted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  cotton.  It  was 
incorporateil  as  a  town  in  180:i,  and  as  a  city  in  18  4. 
Steamers  ply  betweeii  Fall  River  and  New  York.     I'opu- 

member  to  lailiament.    The  Scots  under  Wallace  were  Falls  Olty.     A  name  given  to  LouiSVlUe,  i^en-  pamilv  Party,  The.     An  aristocratic  political 
defeated  here  July  a,  I2:i8.  and  Charles  Edward,  the     tuckv,  from  the  rapids  or  falls  of  the  Ohio  Kiver     ,ja,.|y  ju  Ouebec,  Canada,  about  1835. 

near  the  city.  .  .         pj^jj  (fiin<r).     A  powerful  African  nation  of  the 


Falkirk 
Falkirk  (fal'kt'rk).     [MK.  F/iwkirk,  prob.  from    try  in  Bristol  County 
f,iu-,  flinch,  pale  red  (a  var.   ot  fallow),  and    on  Mount  Hope  Buy 
hrk,  eliurch.]     A  burgh  in  Stii'lingshire,  Scot- 
land, 24  miles  west  by  north  of  Edinburgh.  For 
merly  it  was  celebrated  for  its  tiysts  or  cattle-fairs.    It  is 
united  with  .Virdric,  Hamiltun,  Lanark,  and  Liidithgow  to 
form  the  Falkirk  district  of  Inirshs,  wliich  returns  one 


1761,  in  consequence  of  which  Spain  joined  with 
France  in  the  war  against  Great  Britain.  The 
brancli  house  of  Bourbon  ruling  in  Italy  was  also  included 

in  this  alliance. 

Family  of  Love,  The.   Acomedyby  Middleton. 
liroduct'il  in  Kins.     It  was  a  satire  on  a  Puritan 

t. 


"  VouiiK  rretender,"  defeated  tlie  F.nglish  under  General 
Hawley  on  Falkirk  Moor,  Jan.  17,  174(J 


Falkland.     A  romance  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  pub- 

lislied  anon-\anously  in  lS-27. 
Falkland.    The  principal  character  in  Godwin's 
novel   "Caleb  Williunis."    His  chief  thought  is  to 
preserve  his  honor  from  stain.    Ue  stabs  his  enemy  J  yr- 
rel  in  the  hack,  in  a  moment  of  passion,  and  allows  two  ■    ^    ,  •      ,70.) 

innocent  pers.jns  to  hang  for  the  murder.     From  that  J)rinte(l  111  J  (U-. 

time  his  desire  is  for  concealment,    (-aleb  Williams,  his  FalsSU  flarsen).  Christian  MagnUS 
secretary,  discovers  the  secret,  and  is  pursued  by  the  hire- 
lings of  Falkland,     lie  Anally  accuses  the  latter,  who  con- 
fesses the  crime  and  dies  of  shame.    In  "The  Iron  f'hest," 
a  ilramalization  by  Culman,  he  is  Sir  Edward  .Mortimer. 

The  character  of  Falkland,  the  chief  actor,  which  is 
formed  on  visionary  principles  of  honour,  is  perhaps  not 
strictly  an  invention,  as  it  closely  resembles  that  of  Sha- 
mont  in  Beamnont  and  Fletcher's  "Nice  Valour."  But 
the  accumulated  wretchedness  with  which  he  is  over- 
whelmed, the  inscrutable  mystery  by  which  he  is  sur- 
rounded, and  the  frightful  persecutions  to  which  he  sub- 


Washington  (1821),  etc. 
False  One,  The.     A  play  by  Fletcher  and  Mas- 
singer,  written  about  l(i20,  and  printed  in  1(j47. 
It  is  an  indirect  imitation  of  Shaksperc's  "  Antony  and 
Clcoiiatra,"  ilealiiig  with  the  fortunes  of  Julius  Cnjsar  in 
F.gypt.     Cluopatra  is  represented  as  in  her  joulh. 
jects  the  suspected  possessor  ot  his  dre;idful  secret  are  PalsePoint  (fills  noint).    A  seaport  on  the  coast 
peculiar  to  the  author,  and  are  represented  with  a  force     ."  ,  ,„,r.^'    „];.,      r  _  . '.  .    _     ..  *  .        ,, 


French  Kongo  (Gabun).  They  now  extend  north  to 
Batanga,  and  uji  the  Livindo River  intoCerman  Kamerun. 
Since  tile  beginning  of  the  10th  century  they  have  moved 
gradu.ally  and  steadily  fioni  the  highlaml  of  the  ."^anga 
basin  down  to  the  coast,  and  the  .Nipongwe  seem  to  be 
doomed  to  disappear  before  them.  Tlic  Fan  are  hunters, 
and  are  traders  in  ivory  and  rubber.  The  old  men  still 
practise  cannibalism  secretly,  'ilie  Fan  are  lighter  in 
color  than  their  Bantuncgro  neighbors,  and  their  imple- 
ments also  show  an  iiuU-pendent  type.  They  are  intelli- 
gent, and  learn  quickly  the  white  nian'sways.  Some  think 
they  arc  related  to  the  Ny.ini-Nyain  ;  others  have  sug- 
gested their  identity  with  the  Uiaghi  or  Jagas  of  I'ortu- 
guese  historians  :  but  the  .lapas  were  Ba-teke.  The  Fan 
language  is  Bantu,  tlu»ugh  mixed  with  other  elements. 
Also  called  Faiiyice,  ilpomjtce,  Oehiba,  and  Pahouim  by 

iurist,  politician,  and  historian.     He  published  a     '''" '"''i'"^''-        _,  ■  j.    ,c  /•     i  n     rr 

■'llistJn- of  Norway  to  13W  (18i3-24),  a  biography  of  Fanariots,  or Phananots  (fa-nar  i-ots>.   [From 

-     ■     "        ■  /V)»(()',  Turk.  /•■<«<)■,  ii  iiuarter  of  the  old  city  ol 

Constantinople,  nauicci  from  a  light-tower(NGr, 
^nrrip;)which  it  formerly  contained.]  TheGreek 
iiiliabitants  of  Fanar,  Constantinople  :  in  a  re- 


espe- 

com* 

inanded  by  Tcndennis  Castle.     Pop.  (1832),  about  12,800. 

False  Bay  (fals  ba).     An  arm  of  the  ocean  on 

the  southern  coast  of  Cape  Colony,SouthAii-ica, 

east  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

False  Friend,  The.    A  comedy  by  Vanbrugh, 

_      _  Bom  at 

Opsfo,  near  Christ lania,  Norway,  Sept.  17, 1782 : 
died  at  Christiauia,  Jan,  13.  1830.    A  Norwegian 


which  has  not  been  surpassed  in  the  tlnest  passages  ami 
scenes  of  poetic  or  dramatic  fiction. 

Duiii'i),  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  573. 

Falkland,  or  Faulkland.  In  Sheridan's  com- 
edy "The  Kivals."  the  lover  of  Julia,  charac- 
terized by  capricious  and  unfounded  jealousy. 

Falkland,  Viscount.    See  Carii,  Lucius. 
Falkland  Islands.     [F.  Maloiducs,  Sp.  Mal- 

liiKi.t.]     A  group  of  islands  in  the  South  Atlan- 


of  Orissa,  Bengal.  British  In<lia,  lat.  20°  20'  X 
long.  86°  40'  E..  with  a  tine  harbor. 
Falstaff  (fal'slaf).     1.  .\  comic  opera  by  Balfe. 
irociuced  in  London  in  1838,     The  words  are  by 


stricted  use,  the  Greek  official  aristocracy, 
which  formerly  possessed  great  political  in- 
fluence at  (I'onstaiitinople, 
Fanciful,  Lady.  A  vain  and  malicious  fine  lady 
in  Vanbnigh's  comedy  "The  I*rovoked  Wife." 
She  is  impertinent,  capricious,  and  open  to  flattery,  and  U 
the  villain  of  tile  plot. 


piocluced  in  Ijonuon  in  1000,      lue  woios  uie  m      ,i,^.  yjUji,,  „{  the  plot, 

ilaggione,— 2.  An  opera  by  Nicolai,  produced  paneuil  (fan'el  or  fun'el).  Peter.    Boni  at  New 


at  London  in  1864.     It  was  originally  brought  out  in 
Berlin  in  1840  under  the  name  "  Die  Instigen  \\eibcr  von 
Windsor"  ("  The  Jlerry  Wives  of  Windsor"), 
3.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at  Milan  Feb. 
9,  1893, 

in 

t 

f 

Windsor,"     He   is  a  very  fat,  sensual,  and  witty  old 

knight;  a  swindler,  drunkard,  and  good-tempered  liar; 


and'something  of  a  coward,  Falstaff  was  originally  called  •pa-foTii  m::,,  .Vjl'iie')  Piptro  Born  at  Pistoia 
Sir  John  Oldcastle.  The  tlrst  actor  of  the  part  was  John  X  am  am  tlan  la  lit  I.  irieiro.  J^oi  ai  iri.  t.  ja 
Heminge, 


Shakespeare  found  the  name  of  John  Oldcastle  in  the 
.  ,  .  olderplay of  "Henry  V,";  in  the  Chronicle  he  fomid 
a  John  Oldcastle,  who  was  page  to  the  Duke  ot  .Norfolk 
who  plays  a  part  in  "Richard  II,"  ;  and  this,  according  to 
Shakespeare,  hin  Falstaff  (oldcastle)  had  been  in  his  youth. 
When  the  poet  wrote  his  "Henry  IV."  he  knew  not  who 
this  Oldcastle  was,  whom  he  had  rendered  so  distinct  with 


garded  him  as  a  holy  martyr, 


tjnry  V, 
r,  the  Ca 


about  lOO  smaller  islaiv 

ley.  The  inlands  were  discovered  by  ,lohn  Davis  in  1502, 
were  settled  by  the  French  in  17fi3,  and  were  seized  by  the 
English  in  176,'>,  and  later  by  the  Spanish,  They  have  been 
a  British  possession  since  i8;«,  but  are  claimed  by  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic.  Area,  0,000  s(iu-are  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,789. 

Falkner  (fak'ner).  Thomas.   Born  at  .Manches- 
ter, England,  Oct.  0,  1707:   died  at  Plowdeu 

Hall.  Shropshire,  Jan.  30,  1784.     An  English 

Jesuit  missionarv.    He  was  surgeon  on  a  slave-ship, 

and  saile<l  to  Africa  "and  tlience  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where 

he  fell  sick  and  was  cared  for  by  the  Jesuits:  he  joined 

their  order  in  1732,  and  was  a  missionary  in  Paraguay  and 

Tucuman,  and  from  1740  among  the  Indians  of  Patagonia. 

After  1767  he  lived  in  England.     His  own  writings  arc 

proliably  lost,  but  a  compilation  from  them  was  published 

in  1774  as  "  A  Description  of  Patagonia  and  the  Adjoining 

Parts  of  South  America." 
Falkoping  (fiirche-ping).     A  town  in  tho  laen 

of  Skaraborg,  southern  Sweden,  .')8  miles  north- 
east of  Gothenburg.    Here,  in  138!),  Albert,  king  of 

Sweden,  was  defeated  by  Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark  and 

Norway,  who  by  this  victory  united  the  three  Sc:andinavian 

kiiigdo'nis  under  one  ruler.     Population  (!8:>1),  2,820. 

Falimerayer  (lal'me-ri-er),  Jakob  Philipp. 

Born  at  Tschotsch,  near  Brixen,  Tyrol,  l)ec. 
10,  1790:  died  at  .Munich,  Ainil  26,  1801,  A 
Gorman  historian  and  traveler  in  the  East.  liis 
works  include  "Gcschichte  des  Kaisertums  Tnipezunf 
(IfCn),  "Ceschichte  der  Halbinsel  .\lorea  im  Mittelalter 
?18;io-:«i),  "  I'ragmentc  aus  dem  Orient"  (1846). 

Fall  of  Mortimer,  The.    A  fragment  of  a  tra- 

godv  bv  lion  .fonson. 

Fallbppio  (i':il-lci]>'pe-o),  or  Fallopia  ffiil-lo'- 

jie-iii,  L,  FallopiUS  (fa-lo'pi-us),  Gabriello.  Falster  (fai'stor).     An  island  in  the  Baltic  Sen. 

Born   at  .Modena,  Italy,  152:1:  died  at  I'adiia,  )„. longing  to  Denmark,  situated  south  of  Zoa- 

Oct,  !),  1562,     A  celebratc<l  Italian  anatomist,  j,,,,,).     j,  ,3  „„,,.,i  f,,r  lu  fertility.     The  chief  town  is 

)>rofessor  of  anatomy  successivelv  at  Ferrara,  Nykjobing,     Area  (including  Hasselo),  179  square  miles, 

Pisa,  and  Padin..  .  His  collected  woiks»;erepub,h.hed  jJ^l^ii^aiiStni'lon).    The  capital  of  Kop- 


Kocliolle,  N.  Y.,  1700:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  3,  1743.  An  American  merchant,  the 
founder  of  Faneuil  Hall. 
Faneuil  Hall.  A  market-house,  containing  a 
hall  for  public  assemblies,  in  Bo.ston.  Massa- 
chusetts, built  by  Peter  Faneuil  1740-42.  it  was 
burned  in  1761,  rebuilt  by  the  town  in  1763,  and  enlarged 
in  1805,  It  was  a  meeting- place  of  American  patriots  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  period,  and  is  hence  called  "the 
Cradle  of  Liberty," 


Italv,  April  21,  1815:  died  at  Florence,  March 
4,  1879.  An  Italian  philologist  and  lexicogra- 
pher. He  published  "  Vocabolario  della  lingua 
italiana"  (1856),  "Vocabolario  dell'  uso  tos- 
cano"(1863),  etc. 
Fang  (fang).  A  sheriff's  officer  in  Shakspere's 
"  Heiirv  IV.,"  part  2. 


tiie  designation  as  Norfolk's  page;  he  was  a  Lord  Cobhani  Fang,  Mt.  A  police  magistrate  in  Pickens's 
[Su-  John  Oldcastle,  known  as  the  good  Lord  Cobliam),  who  ..  QUyp,.  Twist,"  Ue  is  an  outrageous  and  brutal  man, 
had  perished  as  a  Lollard  and  W  leklifSte  in  the  persecu-  ^^^  ^.^j^,  ^  li^enesg  ,„  justice  Laing,  a  police  magistrate  in  of- 
tion  of  the  church  under  Henry  V  Ihe  Irotestanta  re-  H^e  , it  the  time  of  imblication.  that  the  latter  was  removed 
atholu-s  as  a  heretic  ;      ^        ,  ,      ,^,i,i„„  j,    ^,„,  Honie  oillce,   Dickems  Did. 


thelatter  seized  with  eagerness  this  description  of  the  fat  .     -  t>-™j       «,™    ;.,    \v„Vi> 

iioltroon,  and  gave  it  out  as  a  portrait  of  l.ordCobhani,  who  Fanning  (lan'ing),  DaVld.  Born  in  \\ake 
wasindeedphvsicallyandmciitallyhiscontrast,  Tbefam-  Countv,  N.  C,  about  li;i6:  died  at  Digby,  Nova 
ily  complained  of  this  misuse  of  a  name  deiu- to  them,  and  i^,,(,tia',  1825.  A  Torv  partizan  leader  in  the 
Shakespeare  declared  in  the  epilogue  to  "Henry  I\,'  that      1., ,,.,,,,,,:,,„.,,,..  w.ir     " 

Cobhamwaainhissightalsoamartyr,  and  that  "this  was      lu  \  oiui  um.n  >    ..  .u.  ,„v 

not  the  man."  At  the  same  time,  he  changed  the  name  to  Fanning,  Edmund.  Born  on  Long  island,  IN .  i  ., 
Falstair.butthis  was  of  little  use;  In  spite  of  the  express  j,,  jy;);.  ili,.,lii|  l.,ondon.  Feb.  28,1818.  A  colonial 
^;*ff'5:;:iar^;rSK'£rb"a  p^{iSt^^"li^h:^^^  l-oHtioian  ,.,1.1  Tory  leader  in  the  Bevolu.ionary 

ham.  But  it  is  a  strange  circumstance  that  even  now  un- 
der the  name  of  Falstaff  another  historical  character  Is 
again  sought  for,  just  as  if  it  were  impossible  for  such  a 
vigorous  fonn  not  t<i  be  a  being  of  reality.  It  was  referrcil 
to  John  Faslolfe,  whose  cowanllcc  is  more  stigmatised  in 
"  Henry  VI, "than  history  justitles  ;  and  this  too  met  with 
public  blame,  although  ,shakcspeiue  could  have  again  as- 
serted  that  he  intended  Fastolfe  as  little  as  Cobham. 
(jcrmnua,  Shakespeare  Commcntaries(tr,  by  F,  V..  Bunnett, 

led.  1880),  p,  soil. 


polltl 
War. 


He 


at  Venice  In  l.^i84(3  vols,).  The  Fallopian  tube 


graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1757,  and  after- 
ward practised  law  in  Hillsborough,  North  Carolina,  Ho 
accompanied  Governor  Tryon  to  New  York  as  his  private 
secretary  in  1771 :  was  apiKilnteil  by  the  crown  surveyor- 
general  In  1774  ;  ami  in  1777  miscd  and  ciunmanded  a  corps 
of  460  loyalisls.  He  became  lieutenant  governor  of  the 
island  of  St.  John,  inthetiullof  St.  Lawrence,  In  1787  ;  was 
lieutenant  governor  of  Prince  F.dward  Island  17l'l>  1804  ; 
and  wiis  made  a  general  of  the  British  army  in  1808, 
Fanning  Islands.  [Fnunf^iptainEdmund  Fan- 
ning, ail  .\niirican  sailor,  their  discoverer,]  A 
grouiiof  islands  in  the  I'acilic,  extending  from 
Palmyra  to  Christmas  Island,  about  lat.  2°-6° 
N.,  long.  158°-102°  30'  \V.  Fanning  Island,  one 
of  the  group,  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  iu 
1888. 


Sweden,  situated  in  lat.(iO°  35'  N.,  panjj'jus,  DemetriuS.     See  DeniHriiix. 


Fallows  ,  

mouth,  Cumlierlaiid,  .Inly  4.  17S9:  died  at  Si 
moil's  Bay,  July  25,  1831.  An  English  astron- 
omer. He  was  educated  at  Cambriilgi',  ami  In  1820  was 
made  director  of  an  astronomical  obsci-vatory  at  the  t^ape 
of  (lood  Hope,  a  position  which  he  retained  until  his 
death.  Ho  wrote  "A Catalogue  of  nearly  all  the  ■•-'--' 
pal  Fixed 
of  Good  ' 

1824,'  ^''^"    " "°  '"""' '  t>"'.V  between  the  I'lenoU  and  ^| 

Fail  River  (fal  riv'tr).     A  city  and'port  of  en-    djiiasties,  especially  to  the  lasl 


He  wrote  "ACataloguc  of  nearly  all  the  Prlncl-  Khimmii  eolony. 

•d  SUars  between  the  Zenith  of  Cni>e  Town,  Cape  Pamily  Compact.      [F.  PaetC  tie  F(i 

i  Hope,  and  the  South  Pole,  reduced  to  the  Ist  of  ,,,,„,,  „:..,.„  to  Diree  treaties  in  the 

24,"l^hleh  waa  presented  to  the  Royal  Society  In  }',j;"\,,^\Ve;i  the  Fren.Oi  a.iTs^ 


an  ancient  eitv  Arsinoi'.  it  was  Important  In  the  ndd-  J.^'^'^y  .■!;  P?®* 
die  ages,  and  wall  taken  by  the  Turks  In  l.'i71,     PopuLilion   Fanonn  no) 

(1801),  .•!,;i(l7. 

Famars  (fii-milr').     A  small  town  near  Valen- 
ciinnes,  France,  noted  for.  remains  of  an  old 

KnlllMIl  eolonV. 

[F.  Paeic  de  Ftimillr.'\    A 


iV  town  in  the  province  of  Po- 
saro  e  Crbino.  Italv,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  43°  50'  N.,  loiig.  13°1'E,:  the  ancient  Fa- 
num  Fortiiiin'.  later  (^ilonia  Julia  Faneslris. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  a  line  theater,  and  remains  of  a  trium- 
phal arch  to  Augustus.     Population  (1881),  «,4S4, 

e  18th 'con-  Fanshawe  (fan'sha).      An  early  tale  by  Na- 
li  Bourbiui     Ihaiiiel  Hawtliorne,  published  anonynio-jsly  in 

nil,' three,  in      1S2(!. 


Fanshawe,  Catherine  Maria 

Panshawe,  Catherine  Maria.  Born  at  Shab- 
den,  July  6,  17Go:  died  at  Putney  Heath,  April 
17,1834."  An  English  poet.  Her  home  was  much, 
frequented  by  the  literary  men  of  the  day.  Limited  edi- 
tions of  her  "  Memorials"  (which  contained  most  of  her 
poems)  and  of  her  "Literary  Remains"  appeared  in  1865 
and  1.S76  respectively. 

Fanshawe,  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Ware  Park, 
Hertfordshire,  in  June,  1608 :  died  at  Madrid, 
June  26,  1666.  An  English  diplomatist  and  au- 
thor. He  was  appointed  secretary  to  Lord  Aston,  am- 
bassador to  Spain,  in  1635;  joined  Charles  I.  at  Oxford  in 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  war:  was  made  secretary  of 
war  to  Prince  Charles  about  1644  ;  was  captured  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester,  Sept.  3,  Itiol ;  was  made  master  of 
requests  and  secretary  of  the  Latin  tongue  to  Charles  II. 
at  the  Restoration  ;  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Portu- 
gal in  1662  ;  was  made  a  privy  councilor  in  1663  ;  and  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Spain  in  1664.  His  chief  work 
is  "  The  Lusiad,  or  Portu*rars  Historical!  Poem,  wi'itten  in 
the  Portugal!  Language  by  Luis  de  Caraoens  and  now 
newly  put  into  Euglisli  by  Richard  Fanshawe,  Esq." 
(16.i5). 

Fanti  (fan-te').     See  Ashanti. 

Fanti  (fan'te),  Manfredo.     Bom  at  Carpi, 

Modena,  Italy,  Feb.  124. 1808 :  died  at  Florence, 
April  5,  1865.  An  Italian  general.  He  joined  the 
revolutionary  movement  of  1848-49 ;  served  in  the  Cri- 
mean war;  and  was  minister  of  war  and  marine  1360-61. 

Fantine  (fon-ten').  In  Victor  Hugo's  ''Les 
Miserables,"  the  unfortunate  mother  of  Cosette. 

Fantin-Latour  (fon-tan'  la-tor'),  Ignace  Henri 
Jean  Theodore.  Born  at  Grenoble,  Jan.  14, 
1836.  A  French  painter,  best  knotvn  for  his 
portraits. 

Faraday  (far'a-da),  Michael.  Born  at  New- 
ington  Butts,  Sept.  22,  1791 :  died  at  Hampton 
Court,  Aug.  25, 1867.  A  famous  English  physi- 
cist and  chemist.  When  a  journeyman  boolibinder 
he  was  led,  tlirough  hearing  some  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy's 
lectures,  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  chemistrj',  and 
in  1813  was  appointed  Davy's  assistant  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  Royal  Institution.  He  was  made  director  of  the 
laboratory  in  1825,  and  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  in- 
stitution in  1S33.  His  researches  and  discoveries  in  chem- 
istry are  noteworthy,  but  the  great  additions  made  by 
him  to  the  range  of  human  linowledge  were  mostly  in  the 
related  sciences  of  electricity  and  magnetism.  Especially 
notable  are  his  discoveries  of  magneto-electric  induction 
in  1831  and  the  magnetization  of  light  in  1845.  In  1S46  he 
discovered  diamagnetism.  He  published  "Chemical  Ma- 
nipulation "  (1S2j),  "  Experimental  Researches  in  Elec- 
tricity "  (1844-55),"  Experimental  Researches  in  Chemistry 
and  Physics"  (1S59),  "  Chemical  History  of  a  Candle" 
(1861),  "  Various  Forces  in  Sature,"  etc. 

Farallones  (fa-ral-yo'nes)  Islands.  A  group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Pacific,  situated  about 
35  miles  west  of  San  Francisco. 

Faraone  (fa-rii-o'na),  or  Taracone  (ta^ra-ko'- 
na).  The  southern  branch  of  the  Vaquero  of 
Benavides,  the  Jiearilla  being  the  northern 
branch.  Both  belong  to  the  Apache  group  of  North 
American  Indians.  In  1799  the  Faraone  were  between 
the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  and  the  Rio  Pecos.  In  1882 
they  were  west  of  New  Mexico,  in  the  Sierras  del  Diablo, 
Chanate,  and  Pilares.     See  Querecho. 

Farehrother  (far'bri«'H''er),  Rev.  Camden. 

In  George  Eliot's  novel  "  MidcUemareh,"  an  un- 
popular rector. 

Fareham  (far'am).  A  watering-place  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  har- 
bor 5  miles  northwest  of  Portsmouth.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  7,934. 

Farel  {fa-rel'),  Guillaume.  Bom  near  Gap, 
Dauphin^,  France,  1489:  died  at  Neuchatel, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  13,  1.565.  A  noted  French 
Reformer  and  itinerant  preacher  in  Switzerland. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Faber  Stapulensis.  In  1523  he  published 
anonymously  a  French  translation  of  the  New  Testament, 
He  introduced,  in  1530,  the  Reformation  into  Neuchatel, 
and  settled  at  Geneva  in  1532.  In  spite  of  a  bitter  and 
protracted  opposition,  he  procured  the  establishment  of 
the  Reformation  by  the  Genevan  Great  Council  of  Two 
Hundred,  Aug.  27,  1535.  He  induced  John  Calvin  to 
settle  at  Geneva  in  1536,  and  was  banished  with  him  in 
1538.     In  1538  he  became  pastor  at  Neuchatel. 

Fare'Well  (far'wel').  Cape.  The  southernmost 
extremity  of  Greenland,  in  lat.  59°  49'  N.,  long. 
43°  .54'  W. 

Far  from  the  Madding  Crcwd.  A  novel  by 
'Thomas  Hardy,  published  1874.  The  title  is 
taken  from  a  line  in  Gray's  "Elegy." 

Fargo  (far'go).  A  city  in  Cass  County,  North 
Dakota,  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  It  has 
considerable  trade  and  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation (1900).  9,589. 

Fargo,  William  George.  Born  at  Pompey, 
N.  Y.,  May  20,  1818:  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.. 
Aug.  3,  1881.  An  American  expressman.  He 
organized  in  1&13,  in  connection  with  Henrj'  Wells  and 
Daniel  Dunning,  an  express  company  under  the  name  of 
W'ellF  and  Company,  which  was  changed  to  Livingston 
and  Fargo  in  1845,  and  in  1850  was  amalgamated  with  the 
American  Express  Company,  of  which  he  was  secretary 
until  its  consolidation  with  the  Merchants'  I'nion  Express 
Company  in  1868,  when  he  became  president.  In  18.51, 
with  Henry  Wells  and  others,  he  formed  a  company  under 


380 

the  name  of  Wells,  F.argo,  and  Company,  to  carry  on  an 
express  business  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco. 
He  was  mayor  of  Bullalo  1862-66. 

Fargus  (fiir'gus), Frederick  John:  pseudonjTn 
Hugh  Conway.  Born  at  Bristol,  Dec.  26, 1847 : 
died  at  Monte  Carlo,  May  15,  1885.  A  British 
novelist.  He  was  for  a  time  a  student  on  board  the 
school-frigate  Conway ;  studied  subsequently  in  a  priv.ate 
school  at  Bristol ;  and  in  1868,  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
succeeded  to  tlie  latter's  business  as  an  auctioneer  at 
Bristol.  He  wrote  "Called  Back"  (1883),  "Dark  Days" 
(1S64),  etc. 

Faria,  Abbe.     See  Monte  Cristo,  Count  of. 

Faria  e  Sousa  (fa-re'ii  §  so'za),  Manoel  de. 
Born  near  Pombeiro,  Portugal,  March  18,  1590: 
died  at  Madrid,  June  3,  1649.  A  Portuguese- 
Spanisli  liistorian  and  poet.  His  chief  works  are 
omnu-iitarit'son  the  "Lusiad "(1639). "Epitome  delasliis- 
turias  juTtuguesas"  (1628),  works  on  Portuguese  Asia, 
Europe,  and  Africa,  poems,  etc. 

Farias,  Valentin  Gomez.    See  Gomez  Farias. 

Faribault  (far-i-bo').  The  county-seat  of  Rice 
County,  Minnesota,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Straight  and  Cannon  rivers,  46  miles  south 
of  St.  Paul,     Population  (1900),  7,868. 

Faridkot  (fur-ed-kof).  A  tributary  state  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  40' 
N.,  long.  74°  50'  E. 

Faridpur,  or  Furidpur(f  ur-ed-p6r'),or  Fureed- 
pore  (tur-ed-p6r'),  orDacca  Jelalpur  (diik'ka 
jel-ul-por').  A  district  in  the  Dacca  di^-ision, 
Bengal ,  British  India,  situated  about  lat.  23°-24° 
N.,  long,  90°  E.  The  chief  product  is  rice.  Area, 
2,267  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,797,- 
320. 

Faridun  (fa-ri-don'),  or  Feridun  (fer-i-don'). 
In  Persian  legend,  an  Iranian  king,  one  of  the 
chief  heroes  of  the  Shahnamah :  son  of  Abtin 
(who  was  grandson  of  Jamshid)  and  Firanak. 
Learning  that  a  son  had  been  born  to  Abtin  who  was  des- 
tined to  detluxjne  him,  Zohak  (see  Zohak)  caused  .\btin  to 
be  killed,  but  Firanak  escaped  w  ith  Faiidun  and  reared  him 
on  Mount  Alburz.  Summoned  by  Kawah  to  overthrow  Zo- 
hak, Faridun  took  Zohak's  capital  on  the  Tigris,  captured 
Zohak  and  bound  him  on  Mount  Damavand,  and  reigned 
long  and  prosperously.  He  had  three  sons,  Salm,  Tur,and 
Iraj,  To  Salm  he  awarded  his  western  dominions,  and  to 
Tur  the  eastern,  while  he  chose  Iraj,  the  youngest,  to  suc- 
ceed him.  The  elder  brothers  conspired  against  Iraj.  and 
Tut  slew  him.  The  son  of  Iraj,  Minuchihr,  afterward 
avenged  him  by  slaying  Sahu  and  Tur, 

Farina  (fii-re'na).  A  town  on  the  coast  of 
Tunis,  about  25  miles  north  of  Tunis,  near  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Utiea.  Population,  esti- 
mated. 9.000. 

Farinata  degli  TJbertl  (fa-re-na'ta  del'ye 
o-ber'te).  A  leader  of  the  Ghibelline  faction  at 
Florence  in  the  13th  centuiy.  Having  been  exiled 
with  other  chiefs  of  his  party  from  Florence,  he  recovered 
the  city  in  1260  with  the  assistance  of  Manfred,  king 
of  Sicily,  who  lent  him  a  considerable  body  of  German 
cavalry.  He  rejected  the  proposition  of  his  own  party  to 
raze  Florence  to  the  ground,  and  is  immortalized  by  Dante 
as  the  savior  of  his  country. 

Farinato  (fa-re-nii'to),  or  Farinati  (fa-re-nii'- 
te),  Paolo.  Born  at  Verona,  Italy,  about  1525: 
died  at  Verona,  1606.  An  Italian  painter.  His 
chief  work  is  the  "Miracle  of  the  Loaves"  (in 
Verona). 

Farinelli  (fa-re-nel'le)  (Carlo Broschi).  Bom 
at  Naples.  Jan.  24,  1705:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
Sept.  15,  1782.  A  celebrated  Italian  soprano, 
"  the  most  remarkable  singer,  perhaps,  who  has 
ever  lived"  (Grove).  He  sang  in  Vienna  (1724, 1728, 
1731)  and  England  (1734),  and  was  a  favorite  at  the  .Span- 
ish court. 

Faringdon  (f  ar'ing-don ).  A  small  town  in  Berk- 
shu'e,  England,  16  miles  west  of  Oxford.  It  was 
a  royal  Saxon  residence. 

Farini  (fa-re'ne).  Luigi  Carlo.  Born  at  Russi, 
near  Ravenna,  Italy.  Oct.  22,  1812:  died  at 
Quarto,  near  Genoa,  Aug.  1,  1866.  An  Italian 
statesman  and  historian,  president  of  the  cabi- 
net 1862-63.  His  chief  work  is  "Storia  dello 
state  Romano  dall'  anno  1814  al  1850"  (1850). 

Farley  (far'li).  Charles.  Bom  at  London  in 
1771:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1859.  An  English 
actor  and  di'amatist.  He  made  his  appearance  as  a 
page  at  Covent  Garden.  London,  in  1782,  and  subse(^^uently 
played  with  much  success  the  characters  of  Sangumback 
in  "Cherry  and  Fair  Star,"  Grindoff  in  "The  Miller  and 
his  Men,"  Jeremy  in  "Love  for  Love,"  and  Lord  Trinket 
in  "  The  Jealous  Wife,"  He  is  said  to  have  been  without 
a  rival  in  his  day  as  a  theatrical  machinist.  He  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1831,  He  wrote  "The  Magic  Oak :  a 
Christmas  Pantomime"  (1799),  "Aggression,  or  the  Hero- 
ine of  Yucatan  "  (1805),  etc, 

Farley,  James  Lewis.    Bom  at  Dublin,  Sept. 

9,  1823 :  died  at  London,  Nov,  12, 1885,  An  Irish 
author.  He  wa,*!  for  a  time  chief  accountant  of  the  Bei- 
rut branch  of  the  Ottoman  Bank,  and  in  1860  was  appointed 
accountant-general  of  the  State  Bank  of  Turkey  at  Con- 
stantinople, which  subsequently  became  merged  in  the 
Imperial  Ottoman  Bank,  He  wrote  "  Banking  in  Turkey  " 
(186;!),  "  Turkev  :  a  Sketch  of  its  Rise,  Progress,  and  Pres- 
ent Position  "  (1866),  "  ilodern  Turkey  "  (1872),  "  Turks  and 


Famese  Juno 

Clrristians:  a  Solution  of  the  Eastern  Question"  (1876) 
"Eg>-pt,  Cyprus,  and  Asiatic  Turkey"  (1878),  etc. 

Farmer  (fUr'mer).  Hugh.  Born  near  Shrews- 
bui'y,  England,  1714:  died  at  London,  Feb., 
1787.  An  English  dissenting  clergyman  and 
scholar.  Ue  published  "Christ's  Temptation  in  the 
Wilderness"  (1761),  "Dissertation  on  Miracles"  (1771), 
"Demoniacs  of  the  New  Testament"  (1775),  etc. 

Farmer,  John.  Bom  at  Chelmsford,  Mass., 
June  12,  1789:  died  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  Aug.  13, 
1838.  An  American  genealogist.  He  published 
"Genealogical  Register  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
New  England"  (1829),  etc. 

Farmer,  Richard.  Born  at  Leicester,  England, 
Aug.  28,  1735:  died  at  Cambridge,  England, 
Sept.  8,  1797.  An  English  scholar.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Emmanuel  College.  Cambridge,  of  which  college 
he  was  appointed  master  in  1775.  His  only  published 
work  is  a  scholarly  paper  entitled  "  Essay  on  the  Learning 
of  Shakspeare  "  (Cambridge,  1767). 

Farmer  George.  A  nickname  of  George  III.  of 
England  on  account  of  his  simple  appearance 
and  manners.  He  is  also  said  to  ha%'e  derived 
actual  prolit  from  a  farm  near  Windsor. 

Farmers'  Alliance.  In  United  States  politics, 
an  organization  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
fanners,  founded  about  1873.  it  absorbed  the 
Farmers'  Union  and  the  Agricultural  Wheel,  and  devel- 
oped rapidly,  especially  in  the  West  and  South,  about 
1885-90.  In  1890  it  elected  several  governors  and  other 
State  officers  and  congressmen.  In  May,  1891,  it  united 
at  Cincinnati  with  several  industrial  organizations,  and 
formed  the  People's  Party  (which  seeX 

Farmer's  Boy,  The.  A  poem  bv  Robert  Bloom- 
field,  published  in  1800. 

Farmington  (fiir'mlng-ton).  The  county-seat 
of  Franklin  Countv.  Maine,  30  miles  northwest 
of  Augusta.     Population  (1900).  town,  3,288. 

Farnaby  (far'na-bi),  Thomas.  Born  about 
1575:  tiled  at  Sevenoaks,  June  12,  1(>47.  An 
English  classical  scholar.  He  matriculated  atMer- 
ton  College,  Oxford,  in  1590,  but  left  the  university  and 
studied  at  a  Jesuit  college  in  Spain,  He  wTote.  at  the  re- 
quest of  Charles  I,,  a  Latin  grammar  entitled  "Systema 
Grammaticum,"  in  1641,  to  replace  the  one  in  use  in  the 
public  schools, 

Farne.orFarn  (farn),  or  Fern,  orFearne  (fern) 
Islands,  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the  North 
8ea,  off  Bamborough  in  Northumberland,  Eng- 
land. They  were  the  scene  of  Grace  Darling's 
heroic  rescue. 

Farnese,  Alessandro.    See  Paul  III.  (Pope). 

Famese  (It.  pron.  fiir-na'se),  Alessandro. 
Born  at  Rome,  1547 :  died  at  Arras,  France,  Dec. 
3,  1592.  Duke  of  Parma  and  Piaeenza.  son  of 
Ottavio  Famese  and  of  Margaret  of  Austria : 
a  general  in  the  Spanish  service.  He  served  with 
distinction,  under  Don  John  of  Austria,  at  Lepanto  in 
1571 ;  was  made  governor  of  the  Low  Countries  in  1578 ; 
gained  overthe  southern  provinces ;  took  .\ntwerp  in  1585 ; 
forced  Henry  of  Navarre  to  raise  the  siege  of  Paris  in 
1590 :  and  relieved  Rouen  in  1592,  where  he  was  mortally 
wounded, 

Famese,  Elizabeth.    See  Elizabeth  Famese. 

Famese,  Otta-no.  Born  1520:  died  1586,  Duke 
of  Parma  and  Piaeenza.  son  of  Pier  Luigi  Far- 
nese whom  he  succeeded  in  1547. 

Famese,  Pier  Luigi,  Duke  of  Parma  and  Pia- 
eenza. Killed  Sept.  10,  1547,  The  son  of  Pope 
Paul  III,     He  was  created  duke  in  1545. 

Famese  Bacchus.  A  celebrated  Greek  torso  of 
the  4th  century  B.  c,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale, 
Naples,  The  forms  are  fine,  and  the  modeling  simple 
yet  highly  expressive  of  the  voluptuous  nature  of  the  god. 
It  is  of  the  school  of  Praxiteles. 

Famese  Bull.  A  large  group  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture of  the  Trallian  school  (3d  century  B.  c), 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale.  Naples,  it  represents 
the  chastisement  of  Dirce  by  her  stepsons  for  her  treat* 
ment  of  their  mother  Antiope,  by  binding  her  to  the  horns 
of  a  bull.  It  is  much  restored,  but  is  very  remarkable  for 
its  composition  and  execution.  It  was  discovered  in  the 
baths  of  Cai-acalla  in  1546. 

Farnese  Flora.  A  celebrated  antique  statue 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  goddess 
holds  her  Ionian  tunic  with  her  right  hand  as  she  steps  for- 
ward, the  motive  being  a  familiar  one  in  archaic  statues  of 
"Venus.  The  figure  is  remarkable  for  its  grace,  despite  its 
height  of  llj  feet. 

Famese  Hercules.  A  celebrated  Greek  statue 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  demigod 
is  represented  undraped,  leaning  on  his  club.  The  bearded 
head  is  somewhat  sm.all,  and  the  muscular  development 
prodigious.    It  dates  from  the  early  empire. 

Famese  Homer.  An  antique  bust  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale.  Naples.  It  is  admirable  in  execution,  and 
remarkable  for  the  profound  intellectuality  of  its  expres- 
sion. It  is  perhaps  the  finest  example  of  its  familiar  t)'pe, 
which  is  that  universally  associated  with  Homer. 

Farnese  Juno.  A  colossal  antique  bust  of  Juno 
(Hera),  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples,  The 
expression  is  one  of  calm  repose,  high  and  unbending. 
The  hair  is  bound  with  a  simple  fillet.  It  has  been  demon 
strated  that  this  bust  is  a  copy  of  the  type  of  Polycletu* 
(420  B.  t). 


ramese  Minerva 
Farnese  Minerva.    A  Greek  statue  of  Pallas 

( Atlieiu-  Partlienos),  found  at  Vclletri,  and  uow 
in  the  JIuseo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  type  is  that 
of  the  great  statue  of  the  Parthenon.  The  goddess  wears 
the  Attic  helmet  with  a  spliin-v  and  two  tlgiires  o(  t'egasus, 
and  the  ajgis  (in  her  breast.  Tlie  arms  are  restored  :  the 
right  ia  extended  to  hold  the  Victor)-,  and  the  left  raised 
to  sustain  the  spear. 

Farnese  Palace.  A  celebrated  palaee  of  the 
Farnese  in  Rome,  founded  in  the  first  part  of 
the  reign  of  Leo  X.  It  was  begun  by  San  Gallo  the 
younger,  was  continued  by  Michelangelo,  and  w:w  com- 
pleted by  Giacomo  della  Porta.  It  is  adorned  with  frescos 
by  Ariniljale  c'aracci. 

Farnham  (fiirn'am).  A  town  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, 37  miles  southwest  of  London.  Popula- 
tion (1S91),  ."i,.54r>. 


381 


Fatal  Marriage,  The 


Confederate  ironclad  Tennessee.   Although  unable  to  cap-     personatcg   his  brother  to   get   possession   of 
ture  the  city  of  Mobile,  on  account  of  shoal  water  and      jjj^^  Jlovdeu  and  her  fortune.      See  lioudtil. 
.bstructions  in  the  cluumel,  the  ubjtct  of  his  expedition,  x•,„l,^,^„;^^l,>    T.^tt^-    •Fh^      A   play   by  Cum- 


el,  the  objLCt  of  his  expedition,   ti„„i,;  ._  1  ui-    t  «„«-     tru^ 

the  bioekade-ruuning  at  Mobile,  Fashionable  Lover,  The. 

lied.    Korts  (iaines  and  Morgan     berlaiid,  proilueed  ill  In  2. 


which  was  to  put  an  endtoth 

was  etfectiveiy  accomplished.     _    - 

surrendered  soon  after.     In  Dec,  18(H,  Congress  created   Fashionable  Tales,  or 


for  liiin  the  rank  of  vice-admiral,  and  in  lyiMi  that  of  ad- 
miral. 

Farrakhabad  (fur-nik-U-biid'),  or  Farrukha- 
bad,  or  Furruckabad.    1.  A  district  in  the 

Agra  division,  Northwest  Provinces.  British 
Inilia,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  79°  30'  E. 
Area,  1,71.S  siiuare  miles.     Population  (1881) 


"ales  of  Fashionable 


Life.  Tales  by  Miss  Eu^eworth.  The  first  instal- 
ment appeared  in  l.stjO,  and  tne  last  in  1812.  They  com- 
prise "Ennui,"  "The  iJun,"  *' Slancenvring,"  "Almeria," 
"Vivian,"  "The  Absentee,"  "Madame  de  Fleiiry,"  and 
"Kinilie  dc  Coulanges." 
Fashoda(f!i-sb6'dii).  A  town  in  the  Shilluk  coun- 
try. Africa,  on  the  ^^^lite  Nile  about  lat.  9°  N. 
907,G0S.— 2.  the  caiiital  of  tlie  district  of  Far-  Fassa  (las'sii).  The  upper  part  of  the  Ayisio 
rakliabad,  situated  on  the  Uanges  in  lat.  27°  23'  valley  in  southern  Tyrol,  noted  for  the  Dolo- 
N.,  long.  79°  30'  E.    The  Mahrattas  were  defeated     ™'tf.  Mountains.  ,     ■,      ~  r    . 

here  by  Lake  in  1804,  ami  the  place  was  held  by  mutineers  Fastl  (tas  tl).      [L.  (se.  dies,  days),  pi.  01  fastilS, 
i857-f)S.    Population  (1891),  78,180.  lit.  'Oil  which  one  may  speak':  used  absolutely 


Farnham,  Mrs.  (Eliza  Woodson   Burhans).  pg^j^g^Ut   (tar'ant),  Richard.     Bom   1530  (?):     for  a  day  on  which  court  can  bo  held,  a  couri- 


rnworth  (farn'werth)      A  manufactui-iiig  Farrar'(far'iir),  Frederic  William.    Born  at 

wn  in  Lancashire,  England,  2A  miles  south-     Boinlmv,    .\llg.   7.    ls:!l  ;    .lied   at   Canterbury, 
St  of  Bolton.     Population  (1891),  23,7.i8.  Marcli  22,  1903.    An  Kiiglisliclergvman,  cduca- 


Born  at  Rensselaeiwille,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  17, 181 
died  at  New  York,  Dec.  15,  1864.  An  Ameri- 
can philanthrojiist  and  authoress,  wife  of  T.  J. 
Farnham.  she  was  matron  in  the  State  prison  at  Sing 
Sing  1844—18.     .She  wrote  "  Life  in  Prairie  Land,"  ete. 

Farnham,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  in  Ver- 
mont, 1804:  died  in  California,  Sept.,  1848. 
An  American  traveler  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
North  America. 

Farnworth  (farn'werth). 
tow 
east 

Faro  (fii'ro).  A  seaport  and  the  cajiital  of  the 
pro\'ince  of  Algarve,  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°  N., 
long.  7°  51'  W.  The  cathedral,  a  large  church  whose 
nave-vaulting  springs  from  lofty  cylindrical  columns,  is 
apparent  ly  a  Koman  basilica  altered  by  the  Moors.  Popu- 
lation (IS7S),  8,501. 

Faro,  Capo  del.      A  promontory  forming  the 

northeastern  e.xtremity  of  Sicily,  8  miles  north- 
east of  Messina :  the  ancient  Pelorum  Promon- 
torium. 

Farochon  (fii-ro-shon'),  Jean  Baptiste  Eu- 
gene. Born  at  Paris,  1807:  died  there,  July  1, 
1871.     A  French  sculptor  and  medallist. 

Faroe,  or  Faro  (fa'ro),  Islands.  [Dan.  Faroemc, 
sheep  islands.]  A  group  of  24  islands  belonging 
to  Denmark,  situated  in  the  Atlantic  between 
the  Shetlands  and  Iceland,  intersected  by  lat. 
62°  N.,  long.  7°\V.  .Seventeen  of  the  islands,  including 
Stromt),  Ostero,  Syderb,  Vaago,  Sandb,  and  Bordo,  are  in- 
habited.  The  capital  is  Thorshavn.   The  langu.ige  isa  dia 


died  at  Windsor,  1585.  An  English  composer. 
He  was  organist  and  master  of  the  choristers  at  St.George's 
chapel.  Winilsor,  lo04-t)9,  when  he  was  reinstated  as  a  gen- 
llemari  of  the  Chnpel  Koyal,  a  position  which  he  had  pre- 
viously held.  He  subsetiuently,  however,  returned  to 
\Vind«ir.  He  has  been  errruieously  creditc<l  with  the 
authorship  of  the  anthem  "  Lord,  for  thy  tender  mercies' 
sake."  Among  his  genuine  works  are  a  service  given  by 
Tndway  in  A  minor,  called  "Farrant's  High  Service,"  and 
two  anthems  "  Call  to  reinembnince  "  and  "  Hide  not  thou 
thy  face." 


lect  of  the  Norse.    The  islands  were  coloniz.d  by  ^'orwe-  t,„„"        xin--  „,.  ■Kroll.ti      A  i>,",..Uc,n„n 

gians  in  the  9tli  century.     Area,  614  squaie  miles.    Pop-  Farren,  Ellen  oi-  Nelly.    A  burlesque 

1890),  12,954.  the  daughter  of  Henry  laiTcn. 


tor,  theologian,  and  philological  writer.    He  was 

educated  at  the  triiiversity  of  Lcjiidon  and  at  Cambridge; 
wasordained  in  18.'>4;  w.-isliead-master  "f  Marlln,r.,ngliCol- 
lege  1871-7*>:  was  select  preacher  toCainbri't-e  Cnivei-sity 
in  1868  and  1874-75;  was  appointed  a  canon  ..r  \\  e,st minster 
Abbey  and  rect^ir  of  St.  .Margaret's  in  1870  :  and  became 
archdeacon  of  Westminsterln  lsH3,anddean  of  Canterbury 
189ri.  He  pulilished  the  following  works  of  fiction  :  "Eric, 
etc.  •  (1868),  "  Julian  U.inie  "  (1859),  ".S.  Winifred's,  etc." 
(1803) .  His  theological  works  are  "  Witness  of  Histetry  to 
Christ  "(1871),  "Life  of  Christ"  (1874),  "Lifeand  Work  of 
St.  Paul"  (1H79),  "Early  Hays  of  Chiistialiity  "  (1881 1,  etc. 

Farrar,  Mis.  (Eliza  Ware  Rotch).  Born  about 

1792:  died  at  Springlield,  Mass.,  April  22, 1870. 
An  American  writer,  wife  of  .John  Farrar.  Slie 
WTot.e  "The  Young  Lady's  Friend"  (1837),  etc. 

Farren  (far'eu),  Elizabeth  or  Eliza.    Bom  in 

1759(f):  died  at  Knowsley  Park  in  1829.  An 
English  a(*tress.  She  went  on  the  stage  very  early,  and 
played  with  success  until  April  8.  1797,  when  she  n-tir-.it 
from  the  stage.  On  ilay  1,  1797,  she  married  the  Earl  of 
Derby.     She  was  a  rival  of  Mrs.  Abingt*Jii. 

actress. 


ulation  (1890), 

Farquhar  ( f iir'  kwiir),  George.  Born  at  London 
derry,  1078:  died'ApriI,1707.  An  Irish  drama- 
tist. He  studied  at  Trinity  College.  Uublin,  1694-96,  be- 
came a  corrector  of  the  press,  ami  appeiu-ed  on  the  stage 
at  Dublin,  apparently  without  success.  He  removed  to  Lon- 
don in  1697  or  1098,  and  in  l«!r,(  his  first  play,  "Love  in  a 
Bottle,"  was  successfully  produced  at  Drury  Lane.  He  ob- 
tained a  lieutenant's  coiniiiis.sion  from  the  Earl  of  OlTery, 
possibly  in  1702,  and  saw  some  service,  wliiih  enabled  him 
to  write  the"  Kecruiting  Otiicer."  produced  in  1700,  one  of 
his  most  successful  plays.  He  married  in  1703.  and  died 
in  great  i)overty,  leaving  a  widow  and  two  daughters.  Be- 
sides  the  plays  alreaily  mentioned,  he  wn»te  "A  t!«)nstant 
Couple  "  (1699),  ".Sir  HaiTy  WiIdair"(170I).  "1'lie  Incon- 
stant, or  the  Way' to  Win  Him  "(1702),  'The  Twin  Uivals" 
(1702),  'The  Stage  Coach  "(1704),  and  "The  Ucaux'  Strata- 
gem '  (1707). 

Farr  (fiir),  William.  Born  at  Kenley,  Shrop- 
shire, England.  Nov.  30,  1807 :  died  April  14, 
1883.     Au  English  statistician. 

Farragut  (far'a-gut),  David  Glas^o'w.    Bom 

at  Campbell's  illation,  Teiin.,.)iily  :i,  1801:  died 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Aug.  14,  is70.     A  cele- 


Farren,  Henry.  Born  in  1820  (f) :  died  in  1860. 
An  Englisli  actor,  son  of  William  Farren.  He 
played  in  England  and  America,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  wa-s  the  manager  of  a  theater  in  St.  Lt>uis. 

Farren,  William.  Born  May  13, 178G:  died  at 
London,  Sept.  24,  18fil.    An  English  actor.    He 


day.]     See  the  extract. 

The  Pontitlces.  who  possessed  the  art  of  keeping  account 
of  the  time,  arranged  also  the  fasti,  i.  e.  a  list  of  tile  days 
for  "  awards  "  or  the  administration  of  the  law  (dies  ageiidi, 
ilies,fasti),  this  being  part  oi  the  table  of  each  month  (Ka- 
lendariiim),  enumerating  also  the  feasts,  games,  nuu-kets, 
sacrifices,  etc.,  falling  on  each  day,  to  which  were  gradu. 
ally  joined  first  the  anniversaries  of  dis;isters,  and  then 
other  short  notices  of  historical  events,  as  well  as  obser- 
vations on  the  rising  of  certain  constellations.  After 
these  fasti  had  been  made  public,  private  persons  also 

undertook  the  c pilation  of  fasti  in  the  shai)e  of  tables 

or  books,  and  they  liecaine  the  subjects  of  learned  discua- 
sions.  .\fter  tlie  introduction  of  the  .lulian  era  (709,45) 
these  publications  became  again  official,  and  were  made 
by  the  Emperor  in  his  (|Uality  of  pontifex  maximus.  We 
possess  a  number  of  fragments  of  calendars  which  were 
engraved  or  written  (painted)  at  Rome  and  in  neighbour- 
ing Italian  towns,  and  which  extend  from  the  8th  century 
u.  c.  to  the  time  of  Claudius  (from  a.  723  :a  B.  c.  to  804  '61 
A.  1).).  When  the  new  chronology  had  become  suffi- 
ciently familiar,  the  industry  of  private  persons  found 
tliere  a  new  field.  There  are  still  two  complete  calendars 
in  existence,  an  otticial  one  of  the  4th  century  written 
by  Furius  Dionysius  I'bilocalus  A.  D.  354,  and  a  Christian 
revision  of  the  official  calendar  composed  by  Tolemius 
Silvius  (A.  D.  448  8(1.).  From  denoting  lists  of  days  and 
months,  the  name  of  fasti  was  also  transferred  to  lists  of 
years  containing  the  names  of  the  chief  annual  magis- 
trates (fasti  consulates),  the  triumphs  held  in  each  year 
(fasti  triumphales),  and  the  priests  (fasti  sacerdotales). 
Fragments  of  fasti  in  this  sense  of  the  word  have  likewise 
ccmie  down  to  us,  and  of  these  the  fasti  capitolini  are  by 
far  the  most  important. 
■I'lufH  and  Schwabe,  Uist.  Kom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  I.  106. 

Fasti,     A  poetical  Koman  calendar  by  0\id. 

Fasti  Capitolini  (fas'ti  kap'i-to-li'ni).  [L., 
'fasti  of  I  he  Capitol.'  Seefds^.]'  Marble  tab- 
lets containing  a  register  of  the  Koman  con- 
suls and  other  chief  magistrates,  excavated 
at  Rome  in  1546  or  1547,  and  preserved  in  the 
Capitol. 

Fastnet  (fist 'net)  Light.  A  lighthouse  ofiE 
Cape  Clear,  Countv  Cork,  Ireland,  in  lat.  51° 
23'  N.,  long.  9°  36'"  W. 


Ilrst  appeared  at  the  Iheatre  Royal,  Plymouth,  about  1800.  fastolf  (fas'tolf ),  Sir  John.  Bom  probablv  m 
played  subseciucntly  at  Dublin,  ami  in  1»18  appeared  as  i-t78-  died  at  Cnisfi.r  Nov  5  1459  An  f.nit- 
Sir  Peter  TeMle  at  Oovent  Garden,  I.<.iidon,  where  he     ,^.-*  "  •  ;'}V''  at  Laisttr,  ^o^ .  o.  1-K)J.    ■'VU  r-ng 

lish  soldier  and  belief  actor  of  Magdalen  (.  ollege, 


played  at  one  or  another  of  the  principal  theaters  until 
his  retirement  in  18.'')5. 

Farrer  (far'er),  Henry.  Born  at  London,  March 
23,  1843.  A  landscape  and  marine  painter  and 
etcher.  He  came  to  America  in  1861.  He  is 
best  known  for  his  etcliiiigs. 

Fars  (f iirs ) ,  or  Farsistan  ( f iir-sis-t ii n ' ) .  A  prov- 
ince of  southern  Persia  :  the  ancient  Persia. 
It  is  bounded  by  IrakAjemi  on  the  north,  Kirmanon  the 
east,  Larlstan  on  the  southeast,  the  Persian  Culf  on  the 
southwest,  anil  Khu/lstan  on  the  northwest.  The  capital 
is  Sblraz,  anil  the  cliii-f  jiort  liusliire, 

Farsan  ( riir-siin' )  Archipelago,  A  group  con- 
sisting of  two  isiiiinls  ami  several  islets  in  the 
Red  Sea,  on  1  he  Arabian  side  abmit  lat.  17°N. 


brated  American  admiral.    He  was  the  son  of  George 

Farragut,  a  Spaniard  who  emigrated  to  America  In  1770  ivt  ii.-*!.  .1,101111,  i..,  .,/  ... 

and  fought  in  the  Continental  army  in  the  Revolutionary  Farther  India.      N'O  /»</l((,  I  III  Hid. 

War.    He  wiis  adopted  by  David  Porter,  who  procured  for  Farukhabad.     See  l'airiikliiili<l<l. 

hini  an  appointment  as  midshipman  in  the  United  Stales  Paga  (I'ii'sii).     A  town  in  the  provi: 

navy  In   1810,  and  under  whom  he  served  in  the  Kssex  „;.,,.,,,     i>,.,,„in    ST  niili.a  siiiithenst  o 

when  she  was  captured  by  the  Pliiebe  and  the  ibeinbin  slst.Hl,  1  «l»ia,  ».)  iniK  S  SOUIlll  asi 

the  harbor  of  Valiiaralso,  .March  28,  1814.     He  was  pro-  FaSanO  (la-sa  no).      A  town  in  the 


moted  lieutenant  in  1826,  commander  In  1841,  and  captain 
in  18.'»fi.     In  Jan.,  18<i2,  he  was  appointed  commander  of 


a  naval  armament  destined,  together  with  a  land  force  -p.^V,.-  /  f':i,.l,'ori      Tin.  oiinitnl  of  D-irfiir   in  tliii 
under  iJeneral  Henjamin  F.  liutler,  for  the  reduction  of  FashOr  ( lash  er).     J  111  lapitai  01  D.inur,  in  llie 
Sudan,  .Alrica. 


New  Orleans.  He  nailed  from  Hampton  Koads  Feb.  2,  1802, 
and  on  April  Is,  180'.;,  began  the  bombardineni  of  the  lower  FasMon  (I'asI 
defenses  of  New  (Irleaiis,  Forts  .lackson  and  St.  Philip. 
He  passed  the  forts  on  the  night  of  April  "23-24,  ami  after 
destroying  the  Confederate  lleet,  consisting  of  gniilioats 
and  the  Iron. clad  ram  .Manassas,  (Mmipelled  the  snrreniler 
of  the  city  on  April  2.^*,  which  was  followitd  by  that  of  the 
forts  on  April  ■!&.  Heturned  the  cltyoverlocleneral  liut- 
ler May  1,  1802.  On  .lune  '28,  1802,  he  attacked  the  bat- 
teries at  Vicksburg,  which  he  succeeded  in  passing,  only  to 
find  the  city  impregnable  to  attack  on  the  river  front.  On 
July  16  he  once  more  ran  the  batterle.t,  and  returned  to 
New  Orleans.  He  was  pnunoted  rear-admiral  July  1(1, 1802. 
On  .March  14,  1803,  he  attempted  to  run  the  batteries  of 
Port  Uinlson  with  a  lleet  of  vessels  and  gllnlKiats  to  assist 
General  N.  I'.  Hanks  In  his  siege  of  that  place,  but  suc- 
ceeded in  passing  only  with  his  llagship,  the  Hartford,  and 
a  gunboat  which  was  lasheil  to  her  side.  On  Aug  6,  IHO-I, 
supported  by  a  land  force  under  General  Gordon  Granger, 
he  passed  Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines,  at  the  entrance  to 
Mobile  Bay,  and  after  a  desperate  struggle  captured  the 


O.xford.  He  was  a  page  of  Thomas  Mowbray,  duke  of 
Norfolk,  and  afterward  entered  the  service  of  I'hoinas  o( 
Lancaster  (duke  of  Clarence),  Henry  I  V.'s  second  son.  who 
became  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  in  1401.  He  was  appointed 
by  Henry  ^*.  custodian  of  the  castle  of  \'eire8  In  iiascony 
In  14ia  ;  became  lieutenant  of  Nonnandy  and  governor  of 
Maine  and  Anjou  in  142:J ;  took  John  II  ,  duke  of  Alenv'on, 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  ^'ernenll  In  1424,  and  was  created 
a  knight  of  the  Garter  In  1420.  On  Feb.  12,  1429,  during 
Lent,  while  convoying  provisions,  consisting  ehietiv  of 
herrings,  to  tile  English  before  Orlt^ans,  he  repulseu  an 
attack  of  a  largely  superior  French  force  under  theCimito 
lie  Clerinont  at  Rouvray  ("the  Hattle  of  the  Herrings' X 
and  June  18,  14'-'»,  was  defeated  with  Talbot  at  I'atay. 
He  retired  fnuii  militiu'y  service  in  1440.  Ue  left  n  legacy 
for  the  finmding  of  a  college  at  Calster,  which  was  di- 
verted by  papal  authority  to  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
He  Is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  original  of  ShaJfspere  B 
Sir  .li.hn  Falslair.     See  FaMaff. 

province  of  Far-  Fata  Morgana  (fii'lii  inor-gii'nii).     The  fay  or 
f  Shiraz.  fairy  Morgana,  the  sister  of  JKing  .\ithur,  in  ine- 

proviiice  of  dievnl  romance.  She  lived  In  the  IsleotAvalon,  whore 
-  '^  '  *•  •  ogler  (he  Dane  was  taken  and  became  her  lover.  Iii'tir. 
lando  liinamorat4>"  she  appears  as  a  personillcatlon  of 
Fortune.  She  la  subject  only  to  Demogorgon.  She  is  alSu 
called  ".Morgaiiie"(and"  Morgan  ")  "  la  fee  "ami  "Morgue 
la  fay."  The  name  Fata  Morgana  is  given  to  a  minigc  seen 
In  the  Strait  of  .Messina,  snperslitiously  supiwscd  to  bo 
rnnsed  by  Morgana. 
Fatal  Curiosity.  1.  An  episode  in  Cervnntes's 
"  Doiil^luixole.  '  It  relates  to  the  excessive  trial 
of  a  wife's  faithfulness.— 2.  A  tragedy  by  I/illo, 
publisheil  in  1737.  It  has  been  Imitated  ln"Thc  Ship- 
wreck." and  w  as  altired  and  reproduced  by  Colman,  senior, 
In  17SJ. 

Fatal  Discovery,  The.    A  jday  by  John  Home, 

for  his  inagnlllience  from  oilni-s.   .   .   .    lie  is  the  fii-st  jirodii 1  b\  (inrrii'k  ill  1769. 

man  who  was  ever  called  "beau,"  which  title  he  professes  fatal  DOWTV    The.       -'V  trngedv  bv  Massinger 

to  prefer  to  "right  honourable,"  for  the  latter  Is  Inherited,  ,  |,,j.||      ■^  .,„,, |  j,,'  ],;;(•_>    ,„„l  was 

whlletheformer  Is  owing  to  Ills  surprising  mien  and  nil.  '•"  '          '    '                 ;,,],;„  ..i.-,.;,.  Ii,,„it,,„i  " 

cxampled  gallantry.                    /Mron,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  '20.  J""''!,';'!  by  Kowr  iii  Ins      Inn   I  I'Tntciil. 

„      '       „  ,    XT    ,       ,,  ,    i.T,     Fatal  Marriage,  The,  or  The  Innocent  Adul- 

Fashion,  Tom.     In   \  anbnigh  s  comply     The     ^  A  frageilv  bv  Sonlherne,  acted  in  1694. 

Helnpsc,"  tlic  younger  brolher  of   Lord    I'liii-     on  its' revival  In  17.''.7  llie  comic  umler-plot  was  omitted, 
pington  (formerly  Sir  Novelty  Fashion),     lie     and  the  play  was  aHcrwanl  renamed  "Isabella. " 


Bari,   llalv,   3(i   miles   northwest   of   Brindisi. 
Piinulalion  (IKHl),  17,973, 


'on).  Sir  Novelty.     In  Cibber's 

Love's  Last  Sliifl,"  "a  co.xcomb  that  loves  to 
be  the  lirst  in  all  foppery."  Vanbrngh  metanior. 
phoseil  hinl  Into  Lord  Fopplngton  in  "The  Kelapse." 

The  Interest  of  the  audience  in  Sir  Novelty  iloes  not 
centre  In  him  as  an  unprlnclpbd  rake  (he  is,  however, 
Butllclcntly  iinserniiuloiis),  as  It  Is  attnieled  towards  him 
as  a  "beau,"  a  man  of  fashion,  who  professes  t4)  see  no- 
thing tolerable  in  himself,  solely  In  order  to  extort  praise 
illnl-s.    .    .    .    lie  Is  the  fii-st 


Fates,  The 

Fates  (fats),  The.  [L.  Fata.]  In  Eoman  my- 
thology, the  Parete,  or  destinies  personified, 
oorrespouding  to  the  Greek  Moera?  (which  see). 

Fath  Ali.     See  Fetli  Ali. 

Father  Hubberd's  Tales,  or  The  Ant  and  the 
Nightingale.  A  coarse  but  humorous  attack 
on  the  vices  and  follies  of  the  times,  partly  in 
prose  and  partly  in  verse, by  Thomas  Middleton. 
It  was  suggested  by  Spenser's  '"'  Prosopopoia,  or  Mother 
Hubberd's  Tale."    It  was  published  in  KiO-l. 

(The  title  of  "  Father  of  "  so-and.so  is  given  to  many  per- 
sons, often  witliout  reason  or  historical  accuracy.  Tlie 
following  list  contains  some  of  the  most  common  titles  of 
this  sort.] 

Father  of  Angling,  The.    Izaak  Walton. 

Father  of  Comedy,  The.    Aristophanes. 

Father  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  The.  Eu- 
scbius  of  Cfesarea. 

Father  of  English  Cathedral  Music,  The. 
Tallis. 

Father  of  English  Poetry,  The.    Chaucer. 

Father  of  English  Prose,  The.  KogerAseham. 

Father  of  Epic  Poetry,  The.    Homer. 

Father  of  French  History,  The.  Andr6  Du- 
chesne, 

Father  of  German  Literature,  The.  Lessing. 

Fa'ther  of  Good  Works.  A  surname  of  Mo- 
hammed II.,  .sultan  of  Turkey. 

Father  of  Greek  Music,  Tie.    Terpander. 

Father  of  Greek  Tragedy,  The.    ,^Eschylus. 

Father  of  Historj^  The.    Herodotus. 

Father  of  Jests,  The.    Joseph  Miller. 

Fa'ther  of  Letters,  The.  Francis  I,  of  France : 
so  named  as  a  patron  of  literature. 

Father  of  Lies,  The.    Satan, 

Father  of  Medicine,  The.    Hippocrates. 

Father  of  Moral  Philosophy,  The.  Thomas 
Aijuinas. 

Father  of  Music,  The,    Palestrina. 

Father  of  Orthodoxy,  The.    Athanasius. 

Father  of  Peace,  The.  A  title  given  by  the 
senate  of  Genoa  to  Andrea  Doria, 

Father  of  Ridicule,  The.    Rabelais, 

Father  of  the  Faithful,  The.    iVbraham, 

Father  of  the  Marshalsea,  The.    See  Don-it, 

Mr.  W>Ui<im. 

Father  of  the  People.  A  title  assumed  by  the 
kings  of  Denmark  cluring  the  period  of  absolu- 
tism. 

Father  of  Waters.    The  Mississippi. 

Father  Prout.     See  Mnlioni/,  Francis. 

Fathers,  The,  or  The  Good-natured  Man.  A 
play  by  Fielding,  brought  to  light  24  years  after 
his  death. 

Fathers,  The  Apostolic.  Those  fathers  of  the 
church  who  were  during  any  part  of  their  lives 
contemporary  with  the  apostles.  They  are  six : 
Barnabas  (lived  about  A.  D.  70-100),  Clement  of  Home  (died 
about  100),  Hennas  (lived  probably  about  the  beginning  of 
the  2d  century).  Ignatius  (died  probably  107),  Papias(lived 
probably  about  130),  and  Polycarp  (died  155), 

Fathers  and  Sons.    A  novel  by  Turgenieff, 

published  in  1862.  in  it  theoretic  nihilism  is  pre- 
sented and  defined.  The  destructive  skepticism  of  the 
medical  student  Bazarotf,  "  the  new  man,"  in  whom  Tur- 
genieff portrayed  the  spirit  of  a  new  epoch,  aroused  much 
hostility  against  him. 

"A  nihilist,' said  Nicholas  Petrovitch,  .  .  .  "signifies a 
man  who  ,  .  .  recognizes  nothing?"  "  Or  rather  who  re- 
spects nothing,'  said  Paul  Petrovitch.  -  .  .  *'  A  man  who 
looks  at  everything  from  a  critical  point  of  view,"  said 
Arcadi.  *'  Does  not  that  come  to  the  same  thing  ? "  asked 
his  uncle,  "No,  not  at  all;  a  nihilist  is  a  man  who  bows 
before  no  authority,  who  accepts  no  principle  without  ex- 
amination, no  matter  what  credit  the  principle  has." 

Turffenieff,  Fathers  and  Sons  (tr,  by  Schuyler),  v, 

Fathigarh  (tut-e-giirh'),  orFuttigarh  (fut-te- 
gilrh').  A  town  and  station  in  the  division  of 
Agra,  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ganges  3  miles  east  of  Farrak- 
habad. 

Fathipur  (fut-e-p6r'),  or  Futtehpur  (fut-te- 

pijr').  1.  A  district  in  the  Allahabad  division. 
Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  80°  4,5'  E.  Area,  1,633 
square  miles.  Poptdation  (1891),  699,157.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Fathipur,  situated 
in  lat,  25°  55'  N.,  long.  80°  45'  E.  Population 
(1891),  20,179. 

Fathom,  Count.  See  Ferdinand ,  Count  Fathom. 

Fatima  (fii'te-mii).  1.  Born  at  Mecca,  Arabia, 
about  600:  clied  at  Medina,  Arabia,  632.  A 
daughter  of  Mohammed  by  his  first  ■wife,  Kadi- 
jah,  and  wife  of  Ali.  she  had  three  sons,  Al-Hasan, 
Al-Husein,and  Al-Muhsin,  The  last  died  in  infancy.  From 
the  two  former  were  descended  the  Saiyides.  She  was 
called  by  the  Prophet  one  of  the  four  perfect  women. 
2.  In  "Aladdin  or  the  Wonderful  Lamp,"  the 
enchantress. —  3.  In  the  story  of  Bluebeard, 
the  seventh  and  last  wife.  She  is  said  to  per- 
sonify female  curiosity. 


382 

Fatimites  (fat'i-mits),  or  Fatimides  (fat'i- 
midz).  An  Arabian  dynasty  of  califs  which 
reigned  over  northern  Africa  and  Syria,  909- 
1171,  Theyprofessed  to  trace  their  descentfrom  Fatima, 
the  daughter  of  Mohammed.  The  califate  was  establisheti 
by  Oheid-allah,  and  he  had  13  successors.  Their  reign  in 
Egyi)t  began  in  909, 

Fattore,  II.     See  Penni. 

Fatwa   (fut'wa).      A  town  in  Bengal,  British 

India,  situated  on  the  Ganges  at  its  junction 

with  the  Pumpun,  near  Patna. 

Faubourg  St.-Antoine,  St.-Germain,  etc.  See 
St.-Antoine.  etc. 

Faucher  (fo-sha'),  L6on.  Born  at  Limoges, 
France,  Sept.  8,  1803 :  died  at  Marseilles,  Dee. 
14,  1854.  A  French  economist  and  politician, 
a  leading  advocate  of  free  trade.  He  was  min- 
ister of  public  works  and  of  the  interior  1848-49,  and 
minister  of  the  interior  in  1851.  His  chief  works  are 
"  Kecherches  sur  I'or  et  sur  I'argent  "  (1843),  "  Etudes  sur 
r.Angleterre"(1845). 

Fauchet  (fo-sha'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
3,  1530:  died  at  Paris,  1601.  A  noted  French 
antiquarian  and  historian.  He  wrote  ■■  T,es  an- 
tiquitez  gauloises  et  fran^oises,  etc,"  (1579),  "Recueil  de 
I'origine  de  la  langue  et  po^sie  franQoise,  etc."  (1,581),  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  published  at  Paris  in  1610- 

Fauchet,  Claude.  Born  at  Domes,  Nifevre, 
France,  Sept.  22,  1744:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Oct.  31,  1793.  A  French  bishop  (of  Calvados), 
journalist,  and  revolutionist.  He  was  deputy  to  the 
Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  in 
1792.  He  edited  "La  Bouche  de  Fer"  and  the  "Journal 
des  Amis,"  His  support  of  the  church  and  his  alliance 
with  the  Girondins  led  to  his  death, 

Faucigny  (fo-sen-ye'),  A  district  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  south  of 
Chablais  and  west  of  the  Swiss  canton  of  Va- 
lais.  It  was  a  medieval  lordship,  and  passed  in  1355  to 
the  house  of  Savoy, 

Faucilles  (fo-sey'),  Les  MontS.  A  range  of 
hills  in  eastern  France,  connecting  the  Vosges 
Mountains  with  the  plateau  of  Langres.  High- 
est point,  about  1,600  feet. 

Faucit  (fa'sit),  Helen,  Lady  Martin.  Born  in 
1819:  died  Oct.  31,1898.  An  English  actress.  She 
made  her  first  appearance  at  London,  in  1S36,  as  Julia  in 
"The  Hunchback."  She  has  since  gained  success  in  Juliet, 
Portia,  Desdemona,  and  other  Shaksperian  rOles,  and  cre- 
ated the  leading  feni<ale  characters  in  "The  Lady  of  Lyons," 
"Money,"  "  Richelieu,"  and  many  other  plays.  In  1851  she 
married  Mr,  Theodore  (now  Sir  Theodore)  Martin,  Her  last 
appearance  was  in  1879,  at  the  opening  of  the  Memorial 
Theatre  at  Stratford-on-Avon,  She  has  written  a  work 
"On  .Some  of  the  Female  Characters  of  Shakspere," 

Faujas  de  Saint-Fond  (fo-zha'  de  san-foii'), 
Barth61emy.  Bom  at  Montelimart,  Drome, 
France,  May  17,  1741:  died  at  Paris,  July  19, 
1819.  A  French  geologist  and  traveler.  He 
published  "Les  volcans  6teints  du  Vivarais  et 
du  Velay"  (1778),  etc. 

FaulconDridge(fa'kn-brij),.Lady.  A  charac- 
ter in  Shaks^jere's  "  King  John,'' 

Faulconbridge,  Philip.  Half-brother  (illegit- 
imate) to  Robert  Faulconbridge  in  Shakspere's 
"  King  John." 

Faulconbridge,  Robert.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  "  King  John." 

Faulhorn  (foul'horn),  A  peak  of  the  Bernese 
Alps,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  south 
of  the  Brienzer  See.     Height,  8,803  feet. 

Faulkland.     See  Falkland. 

Faulkner's  (fak'nerz)  Island.  A  small  island 
in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  Guilford,  Con- 
necticut. 

Faun  of  Praxiteles.  The  finest  surviving  copy 
of  the  celebrated  original  :  in  the  Capitoline 
Museum,  Rome.  The  youth  leans  on  a  tree-stump, 
nude  except  for  a  panther-skin  over  the  shoulder.  The 
face  betrays  his  rude  kinsliip  by  little  except  the  unusual 
hollow  in  the  nose  and  the  slightly  pointed  ears, 

Faunus.     See  Parasitastcr. 

Faure  (for),  Frangois  Felix.  Born  at  Paris. 
Jan.  30,  1841 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1899,  A 
French  statesman.  He  was  president  of  the  chamber 
of  commerce  at  Havre,  and  during  the  Franco-German 
war  served  in  the  p'irde  mobile  against  the  Commune. 
He  wiis  elected  in  1881  to  the  chamber  as  a  republican  ; 
was  in  tiie  ministry  of  commerce  under  Gambetta  and 
Jules  Ferry  ;  was  minister  of  marine  under  Dupuy  ;  and 
was  elected  president  of  France  Jan.  17,  1895. 

Faure,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Moulins, 
France,  Jan.  15,  1830.  A  noted  French  bary- 
tone singer  and  composer.  He  made  his  debut  at 
the  Opi5ra  Comique  Oct.  20,  1852,  In  1857  he  was  made 
professor  of  singing  at  the  Conservatoire,  Paris,  In  1859 
he  married  Mademoiselle  Left^bre,  an  actress  at  the  Op6ra 
Comique.     He  has  published  two  books  of  songs,  etc, 

Faure,  Madame  (Constance  Caroline  Le- 
f^bre).  Bom  at  Paris,  Dee,  21, 1828.  A  French 
vocalist,  wife  of  J.  B.  Faure. 

Fauriel  (fo-re-el'),  Claude  Charles.  Born  at 
St,-Etienne,  France,   Oct.   21,  1772:    died    at 


Faustus 

Paris,  July  15,  1844,  A  French  philologist, 
historian,  critic,  and  politician.  He  published 
"Histoire  de  la  Gaule  m^ridionale  sous  la  domination 
des  conqu^rants  germains  "  (1830),  "Histoire  de  la  cioi- 
sade  contre  lesher6tiques  albigeois"  ^translated  from  the 
Provencal,  1837),  "Histoire  de  la  litterati^re  provencale  ' 
(1840),  "  Dante  et  les  origines  de  la  langue  et  de  la  litt^- 
rature  italienne  "  (185.1), 

Faust  (foust),  1.  A  tragedy  by  Goethe,  com- 
menced in  1772.  and  published  as  "Faust,  ein 
Fragment "  in  1790.  Part  1,  complete,  was  published 
as  "Faust,  eine  Tragbdie"  in  1808;  part  2,  finished  in 
1831,  was  published  in  1833.  It  has  been  translated  into 
English  by  Bayard  Taylor,  Blackie,  Anster,  Hayward, 
Martin,  and  others  (nearly  40  in  all).  Goethe  accomplished 
the  transformation  of  Faust  from  a  common  necromancer 
and  conjurer  into  a  personification  of  humanity,  tempted 
and  disquieted,  but  at  length  groping  its  way  to  the 
light.    See  Gwtiie. 

2.  An  opera  by  Gounod  (words,  after  Goethe, 
by  Carr6  and  Barbier),  represented  at  the  The- 
atre Lyriijue,  Paris,  March  19,  1859. —  3.  An 
opera  by  Spohr,  first  produced  at  Frankfort  in 
1818.  The  words,  which  do  not  follow  Goethe's 
play,  are  by  Bernhard. 

Faust  (foust),  Johann.    See  Fust. 

Faust,  or  Faustus  (fas'tus).  Doctor  Johann.  A 
personbornatKundling(Knittlingen),Wtirtem- 
bei'g,  or  at  Eoda,  near  Weimar,  and  said  to  have 
died  in  1538.  h  e  was  a  man  of  licentious  character,  a  ma- 
gician, astrologer,  and  soothsayer,  who  boasted  of  perform- 
ing the  miracles  of  Christ.  It  was  believed  that  he  was  car- 
ried otf  at  last  by  the  devil,  who  had  lived  with  him  in  the 
form  of  a  black  dog.  The  legends  of  Faust  were  gathered 
from  the  then  recent  traditions  concerning  him  in  a  book 
which  appeared  at  the  book-fair  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  in  1587.  It  was  called  "  The  Histoi-y  of  Dr.  Faustus, 
the  Notorious  Magician  and  Master  of  tlie  Black  Art, 
etc."  Soon  after  its  appearance  it  became  known  in  Eng- 
land. "A  metrical  version  of  it  into  English  was  licensed 
by  Aylnier,  Bishop  of  London,  before  the  end  of  the  year. 
In  1588  there  was  a  rimed  version  of  it  into  German,  also 
a  translation  into  Low  German,  and  a  new  edition  of  the 
original  with  some  slight  changes.  In  1589  there  ap- 
peared a  version  of  the  first  German  Faust  book  into 
French,  by  Victor  Pahna  Cayct.  The  English  prose  ver- 
sion was  made  from  the  second  edition  of  the  original, 
that  of  1588,  and  is  undated,  but  probably  was  made  at 
once.  There  was  a  revised  edition  of  it  in  1592.  In  1592 
there  was  a  Dutch  translation  from  the  second  German 
edition.  This  gives  the  time  of  the  carrying  otf  of  Faustus 
by  the  devil  as  the  night  between  the  twenty-third  and 
twenty-fourth  of  OctA)ber,  1538.  The  English  version  also 
gives  1638  as  the  year,  and  it  is  a  dale,  as  we  have  seen, 
consistent  with  trustworthy  references  to  his  actual  life. 
Marlowe's  play  (•  The  'I'ragical  History  of  Doctor  Faustus ') 
was  probably  written  in  1588,  soon  after  the  original  story 
had  found  its  way  to  England.  He  treated  the  legend  as  a 
poet,  bringing  out  with  all  his  power  its  central  thought  — 
man  in  the  pride  of  knowledge  turning  from  his  God.' 
(Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  IX.  254.)  This  play  was  brought  to 
Germany  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  and,  after 
passing  through  various  developments  on  the  stage,  finally 
became  a  puppet-play,  which  is  still  in  existence,  Les- 
sing wrote  parts  of  two  versions  of  the  story.  MUller,  the 
painter,  published  two  fragments  of  his  dramatized  life  of 
Faust  in  1778,  Goethe's  tragedy  (which  see)  was  not  pub- 
lished till  isos,  Klinger  pnblislicd  a  romance  "Faust's 
Leben,  Thaten  und  Uollenfiilut '  (1791 :  Borrow  trans- 
lated it  in  1820),  Klingeniann  published  a  tragedy  on  the 
subject  (1815),  Heine  a  ballet  "Der  Doctor  Faust,  ein 
Tanzpoem"  (1851),  and  Lenau  an  epic  "Faust"  (1830). 
W.  G.  Wills  adapted  a  play  from  Goethe's  "Faust,"  which 
Henry  Irving  produced  in  1885.  CiUderon's  play  "El 
Magico  Prodigioso  "  strongly  resembles  Goethe's  and  Mar- 
lowe's plays,  though  founded  on  the  legend  of  St,  Cyprian. 

Fausta  (fas'tii),  Cornelia.  Bom  about  88  b.  c. 
A  daughter  of  the  Roman  dictator  L.  Cornelius 
Sulla  by  his  fourth  wife,  C»cilia  Jletella.  she 
married  at  an  early  age  C.  Memmius,  by  whom  she  was 
divorced.  In  55  B,  c,  she  married  T.  Annius  Milo.  She 
was  notorious  for  her  conjugal  intidt'lity.  The  historian 
Sallust  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  her  paramours. 

Fausta,  Fla-^ia  Maximiana.    Died  probably 

in  326.  A  Roman  empress,  daughter  of  the 
emperor  Ma.viraianus  Hcreulius.  she  married  in 
307  Constantine  the  Great,  by  whom  she  was  the  mother 
of  Constantinus,  Constantius,  and  Constans.  She  is  said 
to  have  induced  Constantine  by  false  accusations  to  put 
Crispus,  his  eldest  son  by  a  former  marriage,  to  death, 
and  to  have  been  suffocated  in  a  heated  bath  by  order  of 
her  husband,  in  consequence  of  the  discovery  of  the  inno- 
cence of  Crispus. 

Faustin  I.     See  Soulovqne. 

Faustina  (fas-ti'iiii),  Annia,  surnamed  Junior. 
|L.  FiiKstinii.  from /oH.v^«6',  fortunate,]  Died 
near  Moimt  Tam-us,  Asia  Minor,  175  a.  p.  A 
Roman  empress,  daughter  of  Antoninus  Pius  by 
.\nnia  Galeria  Faustina.  She  married  Marcus  Au- 
relins  in  145  or  140.  She  surpassed  her  mother  in  profligacy, 
and  is  said  to  have  incited  by  her  intrigues  the  unsuccess- 
ful rebellion  of  Avidius  Cassius. 

Faustina,  Annia  Galeria,  surnamed  Senior. 
Born  about  104  A.  D, :  died  141.  A  Roman  cm- 
press.  She  married  Antoninus  Pius  before  his  elevation 
to  the  throne  in  138,  and  died  in  the  third  year  of  his 
reign.  She  was  noted  for  her  profligacy.  A  temple  dedi- 
cated to  her  memory  in  the  Via  Sacra  may  still  be  seen  in  a 
perfect  state  of  preservation.  There  is  a  colossal  bust  of 
her  in  the  V.atican,  Rome,  It  is  a  well-characterized  piece 
of  portrait-sculpture,  and  a  good  example  of  the  beot 
works  of  Roman  art. 

Faustus.     See  Faust. 


Fauvelet 

Pauvelet  (fov-lii'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  Frauce,  June  9,  ISU).  A  French 
painter  of  geure  scenes  auii  llowei'S. 

Favara  (fa-vii'ra).  A  town  iu  the  province  of 
Girgenti,  Sicily,  4  miles  southeast  of  Girgenti. 
Population  (1881),  lG,Or)l. 

Favart  (la-viir'),  Charles  Simon.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  13,  1710:  died  at  Belleville,  near 
Paris,  May  12,  1792.  A  French  dramatist  and 
writer  of  comic  operas. 

Favart,  Madame  (Marie  Justine  Benoite  du 

Konceray),   Born  at  Avignon,  France, .June  1."), 
1727:  died  at  Paris,  April  22,  1772.     A  French 
actress  and  writer,  wife  of  C.  S.  Favart. 
Favart,  Marie  (Pierette  Ignace  Pingaud). 

Born  at  Beaune,  France,  Feb.  lU,  1833.  A  noted 
French  actress.  She  made  her  debut,  in  1*18,  at  the 
Comtidie  Fran?aise,  of  which  in  18&4  slie  was  made  a  mem- 
ber. She  resigned  in  1881.  In  1S83  she  made  a  tour  in 
Bussia  with  Coquelin,  and  played  in  chissic  comedy.  Tiota- 
bly  in  "Tartafe."  Siie  lias  created  many  original  pai-ts, 
and  h;is  been  especially  successful  in  the  inodera  drama. 

Faventia  (fa-ven'shi-ii).     The  Roman  name  of 

Faeiiza  (which  see). 
Faversham   (fav'er-sham).   or  Feversham 

(fev'cr-sham).  A  town  in  Kent,  Kngland,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Swale  44  miles  east-southeast 
ot  London.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  cele- 
brated abbey.    Population  (1891),  10.478. 

Favignana  (fa-ven-ya'na).  The  largest  of  the 
^•Egates  Islands,  west  of  Sicily:  the  ancient 
iEgusa. 

Favonius  (fa-v6'ni-us).  In  Koman  mythology, 
the  west  wind  personified :  the  same  as  Zciihijrus. 

Favorinus  (fay-o-ri'nus).  Born  at  Arelate, 
Gaul:  lived  about  125  A.  D.  A  rhetorician  and 
sophist,  a  friend  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.  He 
adopted  the  skejiticism  of  the  Academy. 

Favorita(fii-yo-re'ta),La.  [It.. 'The Favorite.'] 
An  opera  bv  Donizetti,  lirst  produced  at  Paris 
in  1H40. 

Favras  (fa-\Ta'),  Marquis  de  (Thomas  de 
Mahy).  Born  at  Blois,  France,  March  2(),  1744 : 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1790.  A  French  con- 
spirator. At  the  outbreak  of  the  French  Revolution  he 
waa  an  officer  in  the  Swiss  body-guard  of  the  Count  of 
Provence,  afterward  Louis  XVIII.  He  was  suspected  of 
organizing  a  counter-revolution  to  place  the  count  on  the 
tYelicll  throne,  and  wxs  huni:. 

Favre  (fiivr),  Gabriel  Claude  Jules.  Born  at 
Lyons,  March  21,  1809:  died  at  Versailles, 
France,  Jan.  19,  1880.  A  noteil  French  states- 
man a7id  orator.  He  was  the  1<  adrrof  the  democratic 
opposition  to  the  second  empire  18(l;t-r'S,  and  minister  of 
foreign  alfairs  1870-71.  He  wrote  " Rome ct  la rcpuldique 
fran<;aiso"(1871),  "Legouvernemcnt  dcla  dt-fense  nation- 
ale  ■■  (1871-75). 

Fawcett  (fa'set),  Henry.  Bom  at  Salisbury, 
England,  Aug.  26,  1833;  died  at  Cambridge, 
Nov.  0,  1884.  A  noted  English  statesman  and 
political  economist.  He  grarluatcd  I!.  A.  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  in  18.58;  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
London  ;  and  was  accidentally  blinded  Sept.  17.  isrife.  He 
became  professor  of  political  economy  at  Cainbri'lge  in 
18Ga,  a  position  which  he  retained  until  his  death.  In 
18<i7  he  married  Miss  MillicentOarrett  of  Aldiburgl], Suf- 
folk, who  during  the  rest  of  his  life  shared  liis  intellectuiU 
and  political  labors.  He  was  Liberal  mejnlier  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Brighton  188.''.-74.  and  for  Hackmy  1874-84.  In 
188tJ  he  became  postmaster  general  in  Gladstones  gov- 
ernment, and  intrc.duciii  nnnuTtius  reforms  in  the  p<JStal 
service,  of  which  the  most  important  was  the  parcels  post 
of  1882.  He  published  a  "Manual  of  Political  Economy" 
(I8tj:i),  ".Mr.  iiare's  KeforTO  I'.ill  Simi)lifled  and  Lxplaitied  " 
(18(10).  "The  Leading  clauses  of  a  New  Keform  Hill" 
(IsOo),  "The  Economic  Position  of  tb(^  British  Labourer" 
(1866),  "Panperlsm:  its  Causes  and  Kemedie8"(I871),  "Es- 
says and  Lectures  on  Social  and  Ivditical  Subjects  "  (187- : 
intituling  eight  essays  by  Mrs.  Kawcett).  "Speeches  on 
Some  Current  Political  Questions"  (1873),  "Free  Trade 
and  Protection  "(1878).  "Indian  Finance"  (1880),  "State 
Socialism  and  the  Nationalisation  of  Land  "  (1883),  and 
"Labour  and  Wages"  (Ihal). 

Fawcett,  John.  Bom  Aug.  29,  17G8  :  ilied  1837. 
.\n  English  actor  ami  drannitist.  He  appeared  at 
Covent  Garden,  I/indon,  in  1701,  and  malntaiiu-il  his  con- 
nection with  tliat  theater  uidil  hla  retirement  from  the 
stage  in  18:io.  A  number  of  plays  were  written  esiH-eiallv 
for  him  by  Colnian  the  younger,  the  most  notable  of  whicli 
was  the  '*  Ilelr-at-Law,"  in  which  he  appearerl  as  Dr.  Tan- 
gloss,  tie  wrote  "Ohl,  or  Three- lingered  .lack  "(produced 
at  thellaymarkotinLsno),  "IV■ronB(^  "(I811I),"  Fairies'  l!ev- 
cl '  {produced  at  the  Haymarket  In  ISOi),  "  The  Enchanted 
Island"  (proiiuced  at  tin-  Haymarket  in  180-IX  etc, 

Pa'Wkes  (faks),  Guy.  Born  at  York,  Eng- 
land, 1.''j70:  died  Jan.  31,  1000.  An  English 
cons])irator.  Ho  was  the  son  of  Edward  Fawkes,  a 
notary  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts.  Guy  loft  England  In 
ir-Oii  for  Flanders,  where  ho  became  a  soldier  in  the  Spim- 
ish  army.  He  returned  to  England  on  the  accession  of 
•lames  I.,  and  In  1004  became  a.ssociated  wllb  Cntesbv, 
Thomas  Percy,  Thomas  Winter,  .Tolin  Wright,  ami  others  in 
the  so  called  "gunpowder  plot."  the  object  of  wbli-h  was 
to  kill  the  king  and  the  members  of  Parliament.  The  con- 
spirators managed  to  (111  a  cellar  under  the  Parliament 
house  with  barrels  of  gunpowder,  which  was  to  bo  ex- 
ploded by  Fawkes  at  the  opening  of  Parliament,  Nov.  b, 


383 

1605.  He  was  arrested  as  he  was  entering  the  cellar  on 
the  night  of  Nov.  4-5,  and  after  trial  was  executed  with 
several  of  his  accomplices. 

Fa-wkner  (fiik'ner),  John  Pasco.  Born  Oct. 
20,  1792:  died  Sept.  4,  1809.  An  Australian 
journalist.  He  went  from  England"  to  Van  Diemen's 
Lamlin  1804witli  his  father,  a  convict.  In  1K35  he  settled 
with  others  on  tlie  site  of  the  present  city  of  Melbourne, 
and  in  l&iS  started  the  "Melboiuiie  Advertiser,"  which 
was  suppressed  by  the  government  in  conBe(|uence  of  fail- 
ure to  comply  with  the  press  laws.  In  l&iO  he  began  the 
"Port  Philip  Patriot,"  which,  after  changing  its  name  to 
the  "  l>aily  News,"  was  amalgamated  with  the  "Argus" 
in  1862.     He  became  a  member  of  the  council  of  Vict^jria. 

Fa'Wnia  (fa'ni-ji).  In  Greene's  "  Dorastns  and 
Fawnia"  (afterward  called  "Pandosto"),  the 
lady  loved  by  Dorastns.  She  is  the  original  of 
Sliakspere's  I'erdita. 

Faxardo.     See  Sanvcdra. 

Fay  (fi  or  fiiy),  Andras.  Born  at  KohAny, 
county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary,  May  30,  1780: 
died  at  Pest,  Jul}-  20,  1864.  A  Hinigarian  ]>oet 
and  general  writer,  author  of  "Mes(5k"  ("Fa- 
bles," 1820),  etc. 

Fay  (fa),  Charles  Alexandre.  Born  at  St.- 
Jean  Pied  de  Port,  Basses-Pyr^n^es,  France. 
.Sept.  23,  1827.  A  French  general.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1847  ;  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  General  Bos- 
quet in  the  Crimean  war,  and  as  lieutenant-colonel  on  the 
staff  of  Marshal  Bazaine  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war  ;  and 
was  captured  at  the  capitulation  of  Metz.  He  became 
general  of  divisioit  in  1885.  Hejias  written  "Souvenirsdc 
la  guerre  de  Crim«5e  "  (1867),  "Etude  sur  la  guerre  d'Alle- 
magne  en  1864i "  (1867),  "  De  la  loi  militaire  "  (1870),  •'  Jour- 
nal d'un  offieier  de  Tarni^e  du  Rhin  "  (1871),  etc. 

Fay  (fi),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Cologne,  Aug.  10, 
1813:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  July  27,  1875.  A 
German  painter. 

Fay  (fii),  Theodore  Sedgwick.  Born  at  New 
York,  Feb.  10,  1807 ;  died  at  Beriin,  Nov.  24, 
1898.  An  American  miscellaneous  writer  and 
diplomatist.  He  became  associate  editor  of  the  "New 
York  Mirror"  in  1828 ;  was  secretary  of  the  American  lega- 
tion at  Berlin  1837-5:t ;  and  wjis  minister  resident  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  1853-61,  when  he  retired  to  pri\ate  life. 
Author  of  ''Great  Outlines  of  Geography  "  (1867). 

Fayal  (fi-;U';  Pg.  pron.  fi-al').  One  of  the 
Azores  Islands,  forming  part  of  the  district  of 
Horta.  It  exports  oranges.  The  capital  is 
Horta.     Area,  69  square  miles. 

Faye  (fa),  Herv6  Auguste  :6tienne  Alban. 

Born  atSt.-Benoit-du-Sault,  Iiidre,Fraui'e,Oct. 
o,  1814 ;  dietl  at  Paris,  Jidy  4, 1902.  A  French 
astronomer.  On  Nov.  22,  1843,  he  discovered 
a  new  cduiet,  which  was  named  from  him. 

Fayette,  Madame  de  La.    See  La  Fayette. 

Fayetteville  (fa-ct'vil).  The  capital  <if  C'uni- 
lierlaiid  County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  the 
Cajie  Fear  Kiver  50  miles  south-soulhwcst  of 
Kal.'igh.      I'opulatinii  (1900).  4.070. 

Fayrer  (t'a'rer).  sir  Joseph.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
England,  Dec.  6,  1824.  An  English  surgeon- 
general  in  the  Indian  army.  He  wrote  a  work  on 
the  poisonous  snakes  of  India, "which  was  published  by 
tlie  Indian  goveruincnt  in  1872,  and  is  also  the  author  of 
other  works  and  of  numerous  papers  on  medical  subjects 
in  s|ic(-iat  relation  to  India. 

Fayum,  or  Fayoum  (fi-om').  A  province  of 
Kgypt,  west  of  the  Nile  and  southwest  of 
Cairo,  it  is  well  watereil  and  very  fertile.  In  the  north- 
west part  of  it  is  the  large  lake  Birket  el-Knrun,  and  the 
ancient  lake  Mceris  (which  see)  was  in  it.  Area,  493 square 
miles.     Poinllation  (ISOTI,  ;i71  ooi;, 

Mr.  Petrie  has  brought  to  light  |in  the  Fayum]  the  earli- 
est Greek  alphabetical  signs  jet  discovered  ;  for  the  most 
ancient  specimens  of  the  tireek  writing  jtrcvionsly  known 
.u*e  the  rock-cut  and  the  lava  cut  insi-iiptions  found  in  the 
very  ancient  crmetrrirs  of  Santoiin  and  Thera,  ami  the 
famous  Greek  iiisi-rijil  ion  cut  ujfn  the  leg  of  one  of  the 
colossi  at  Abii  Simbcl.  Tbe  AbnSinibel  inscription  is 
contemporaneous  with  the  Forty-seventh  tllyiupiad,  and 
Lenormant  attributes  the  oldest  of  the  Tberan  inscrip- 
tions to  tin;  0th  cfudnry  before  Christ.  But  the  potsberds 
fotuid  by  Mr.  Petrie  in  the  Fayum  carryback  the  history 
of  the  alphabet  to  a  period  earlier  than  the  date  of  the 
I'.xodus,  and  six  centuries  earlier  than  any  Greek  inscrip- 
tions known.  Eduurd-s  Pliaraohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  79. 

Fazio  (fiit'se-6).  A  tragedy  by  Dean  Milnian, 
first  produced,  without  his  knowledge,  as  "  The 
Italian  Wife."  In  I8IS  it  was  brought  out  with  great 
sm-cesB  at  Covent  Garden.  The  plot  is  from  a  stor}*  iu 
the  "Animal  It.-gisler"  tor  1705.     See  Bianea. 

Fazogl,  or  Fassogl  (fii-zO'gl).  A  lemtorv  in 
the  eastern  Sudan,  situated  on  tho  Blue  Nile 
about  lat.  ]lo-12°  N. 

Fazy(fii-/.e'),  James.  Born  nt  Geneva.  May  12, 
1790:  died  there.  Xov.  :">,  1878.  A  Swiss  states- 
man and  journalist.  Ho  was  tbe  head  of  the  proTl- 
sional  government  at  Geneva  in  1840.  and  author  of"  Essai 
d'nnpr»'cl8derbislolredelari>publlqucdoGeiievo"(18S8), 
etc. 

Fea  (fii'ii).  Carlo.  Born  nt  I'igna,  near  Nice, 
Feb.  2.  17.'>3:  died  nt  Homo,  March  18,  18.34. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  arcliU'ologist.  Tie 
published  "  Miscellanea  lilologicii,  critica  eil  nn- 
tiquaria"  (1790),  etc. 


Feckenham 

Fear  (fer).  Cape.  A  jirouiontory  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  forming  the  southern  point  of  Sraith'i 
Island,  in  the  south  of  North  (I'arolina.  The  po- 
sition of  the  light-ship  is  l.at.  38"  35'  N.,  long.  77  50'  W. 
Cape  Feai-  River,  which  enters  the  ocean  here  by  two 
channels  separated  by  Smith's  Island,  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Deep  and  Haw  rivers  in  Chatham  County, 
North  Carolina,  and  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direction. 
Tho  entrances  to  it  were  blockaded  during  the  Civil  War. 
Length,  about  250  miles;  navigable  to  Fayetteville  (120 
mile«). 

Feame  (fern),  Charles.  Bom  at  London,  1742: 
died  at  Clielmsl'ord,  Feb.  25,  1794.  An  English 
juri.st.  His  chief  work  was  "An  Essay  on  Con- 
tingent Remainders"  (1772). 

Feast  of  Rose  Garlands,  The.  A  painting  by- 
Albert  Diii-er  (1500),  in  tnomuseum  at  Prague, 
Bohemia.  The  Virgin,  with  tho  Child  on  her  knee,  is 
enthroned  beneath  a  green  canopy  upheld  by  angels. 
Other  angels  hold  a  diadem  over  her  head,  and  still  otliers 
crown  with  roses  the  attendants  of  the  emperor  and  the 
I'ope,  who  kneel  at  the  right  and  left.  The  Virgin  crowns 
the  emperor,  and  the  Child  is  ah^mt  to  place  a  garland  on 
the  Pope's  head.  At  the  Virgin's  feet  an  angel  plays  on 
a  viol. 

Feather  (feTu'er)  River.  A  river  of  northern 
Calitornia,  formed  by  its  North  and  Middle 
Forks,  flowing  south,  and  joining  the  Sacra- 
mento 18  miles  above  Sacramento.  Length, 
over  200  miles. 

Featherstone  (feTH'er-ston),  Peter.  InGeorge 
Eliot's  novel  ■'Middlemarch."an  old  miser  who 
delights  in  tormenting  his  expectant  relatives. 

Featley  (fet'li),  or  Fairclough  (far'kluf), 
Daniel,  Bom  at  Charlton-upon-Otmoor,  O.x- 
fordshire,  March  15.  1582:  died  at  Chelsea  Col- 
lege, April  17,  1(>45.  An  English  controver- 
sialist and  devotioinil  writer.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Sir  Thomas  Edmondes,  English  ambassadorat  Paris,  1610- 
1613,  and  acted  subsecpiently  as  domestic  chaplain  to 
Abbot,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed rector  of  Lambeth  hi  1619,  He  became  rector  of 
-Acton,  Middlesex,  iu  1627.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
suspected  of  acting  as  a  spy  for  the  king. 

February  (feb'ro-a-ri).  [L.  I'diniariui' (sc.  mcii- 
sh),  the  month  of  expiation,  froin/f/)r«rT,  pi.,  a 
Koman  festival  of  ]iurificiition  tmd  expiation 
celebrated  on  the  l.">th  of  that  month,  sacred  to 
the  god  Lupercus  (hence  surnsimed  Fcbruiis), 
pi.  of  fchr nil m,  a  means  of  purification:  a  word 
of  Sabine  origin.]  The  second  month  of  the 
year,  containiugtwenty-eight  days  in  ordinary 
years  iiml  twenty-niiieiu  leap-years.  When  intro- 
duced int«i  the  llotoan  calendar,  it  was  made  the  last  month, 
preceding  January ;  but  about  l.'tO  a.  c.  it  w  as  placed 
after  .lanuary,  and  made  the  second  month.  In  laterreck- 
onings  wliich  began  the  year  with  March,  it  was  again  the 
last  month,     .Abbreviated  Feb. 

February,  Revolution  of.    In  French  history, 

tlie  revolution  of  1.848.  An  outbreak  on  the  evening- 
of  Feb.  23  led  t<i  the  abdication  of  King  L<aiis  Philippe  on 
the  ■24th,  and  this  was  followed  the  same  day  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  provisional  government  and  the  declaration 
of  a  republic, 
Fecamp  (fa-kou').  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inferioure, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  22 
miles  northeast  of  Havre,  The  abbey  church,  of  the 
13tli  century,  is  one  of  the  chief  monuments  of  tbe  Itene- 
dictine  moi'iks.  The  exterior  is  plain,  but  the  interior, 
though  simple,  is  very  eSectivc  from  its  great  size,  excel- 
lent proportions,  and  tbe  gntce  of  its  series  of  iiolnled 
arches.  There  are  some  good  tombs  of  a)>bots,  ami  curious 
sculptures  of  scriptural  scenes.  Population  (1801),  com- 
nnine,  l;i,r»77, 

Fechner  d'ech'ner),  Gustav  Theodor.    Born 

at  tiross-Siihrchen,  near  Muskau,  Prussia.  .-Npril 
19,  1801 :  died  at  L<dpsic.  Nov.  is,  1887.  A  Ger- 
man physicist,  one  of  the  founders  of  psycho- 
phvsics.  Ho  was  professor  of  physics  at  the  Cniversity 
of  teipsic  18:14-30,  when  hewas  compelled  to  resign  on  ac- 
count of  an  ailection  of  the  eyes.  He  subsequently  taught 
natiinil  phili>s<qdiy,  anthropidt>gy,  and  esthetics,  II  is  chief 
works  are  "  Nanna,  oder  iiber  das  Seelenleben  der  Ptlaii- 
zen  "  (1846X  "Zcud-.-Vvesta,  oder  nber  die  Idnge  ties  Ilim- 
mels  und  des  .lenselts"  (18.M),  "  (^her  die  Seelenfmge' 
(1861).  "  Vorncbule  der  Asthetik"  (1876).  "We  Tagcsan- 
sicllt  gegemiberder  Nacbtansicht  "  (1871>),  "  Elcnienle  der 
Psvchopliysik "  (18610,  "In  Sacben  der  Psychophyslk " 
(1877),  etc, 

Fechter  (fech'ter),  Charles  Albert.    Bom  at 

Loudon,  England,  Oct.  23, 1824:  died  at  Quakers- 
town,  Pa.,  Aug.  5,  1879.  A  noted  actor.  Hit 
father  was  a  native  of  I'Yance,  though  of  German  linea(te  ; 
his  motherwas  born  In  Flanders, of  Italian  ilesceiit.  From 
184Stlll  IStai  he  played  mi  the  French  stage.where  hewas 
very  snceessfid  as  ,)irmand  Duval,  In  "  l.a  dame  nu\  cam*- 
lias, "  a  part  which  he  creatiil.  In  Lm'.")  be  appeared  In 
I/uidon  as  Rny  Ilhu.and  afterward  In  mcloilram.a.  In 
1870  bo  canio  to  America,  Aflir  various  vicissitudes  ho 
retired  to  a  farm  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died.  Uc  cx- 
eelled  in  melodrama. 

Feckenham  (fek'en-nin),  or  Fecknam  (fek'- 
nain),  John  de.  Morn  in  Feckonlinni  Forest, 
Worcestershire,  about  151S:  died  at  Wislieach, 
Cambridgeshire,  1585.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  divine,  last  abbot  of  Westmiiistpr 
( 1 1'ViG ).     He  was  private  chaplain  and  confessor  to  tjueeD 


Feckenham 

Mary,  During  the  persecution  of  the  Protestants  he  was 
much  occupied  with  striving  to  convert  them,  and,  failing 
in  this,  he  often  befriended  them. 

Federal  Constitution,  The.  The  fundamental 
or  orgaiaie  law  of  the  United  States.  It  was 
framed  by  the  Constitutional  Convention  which  met  in 
Philadelphia  May  25,  1TS7,  and  adjourned  Sept.  17.  17S7, 
and  it  went  into  effect  March  4, 17S9,  having  been  ratified 
by  eleven  of  the  thirteen  .States,  the  others,  North  Caro- 
lina and  Rhode  Island,  ratifying  it  Nov.  21, 1789,  and  May 
'29,  3790.  respectively. 

Federal  District  (Mexico).     See  Mexico. 

Federalist  (fed'e-ral-ist),  The.  A  collection  of 
essays  in  favor  and  In  explanation  of  the  United 
States  Constitution,  first  issued  in  serial  form. 
Oct.,  17.87, -April,  1788,  in  the  ''Independent 
Journal "  of  Xew  York,  where  they  ■were  col- 
lected in  book  form  with  the  title'"  The  Fed- 
eralist." They  were  written  by  Hamilton,  Madison,  and 
Jay  shortly  after  the  Constitution  was  published.  The  joint 
signature  of  the  authors  was  at  ftrst  "  A  Citizen  of  New 
York  " ;  a  little  later  it  was  changed  to  "  Publius."  Eighty- 
live  essays  were  published,  of  which  29  are  by  Madison 
(on  his  own  authority),  51  by  Hamilton,  and  5  by  Jay. 
They  did  much  to  secui-e  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 

Federalists  (fed'e-ral-ists),  The.  1.  In  United 
States  history,  a  poiitical  party  formed  in  17S7 
to  support-  the  Federal  Constitution.  Among  its 
leaders  were  Ham-ilton  and  John  Adams,  and  it  controlled 
the  executive  of  the  national  government  under  the  ad- 
ministrations of  Washington  and  Adams.  From  1789  it 
favored  a  broad  construction  of  the  Constitution,  and  a 
strongly  centralized  government.  It  opposed  the  VVar  of 
1812,  and  after  that  time  ceased  to  be  of  importance  in  na- 
tional politics  ;  but  it  figured  for  some  years  longer  in 
local  New  England  politics, 

2,  [Sp.  Fcderalistas.^  A  political  party  of 
Mexico,     See  Centralists. 

Federici  (fa-da-re'ehe).  Camillo  (Giovanni 
Battista  Viassolo).  Born  at  Turin,  April, 
1749:  died  at  Tui-in,  Dec.  23,  1802.  .An  Italian 
dramatist. 

Federmann  (fa'der-miin),  Nicholas  (old  au- 
thors write  Fredeman,  Frideman,  etc.). 
Bom  at  Ulm,  Swabia,  1501:  died  either  in  a 
shipwreck  or  at  JIadrid,  Spain,  about  1543.  A 
South  American  traveler.  From  1629  to  IBS2  he  was 
in  Venezuela  in  the  employ  of  the  Welsers  of  Augsburg, 
and  made  an  extended  exploration  in  the  interior,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account,  first  published  in  1557.  He  was  again 
in  Venezuela  in  1534  as  lieutenant  of  George  of  Spires. 
The  latter  started  for  the  interior,  leaving  orders  for  Fe- 
dermann to  follow.  Instead  of  doing  so.  he  began  inde- 
pendent explorations,  wandered  for  several  years  north  of 
the  Orinoco,  and  finally  reached  the  country  of  the  Chib- 
chas  of  New  Granada.  This  region  had  already  been  partly 
conquered  by  Gonzalo  Quesada,  and  it  is  said  that  Feder- 
mann was  bribed  by  Quesada  to  relinquish  his  claim  to  the 
conquest.  He  returned  to  Europe,  where  the  Welsers 
disgraced  him  for  his  treachery  to  George  of  Spires, 

Fedor.     See  Feodor. 

Fedora  (fa-do'ra).  A  play  by  Sardou,  produced 
at  Paris  in  1882.  It  was  translated  by  Herman 
Merivale,  and  produced  in  English  in  1883, 

Feeble  (fe'bl).  In  Shakspere's  "Henry  IV,," 
part  2,  one  of  FalstafiE's  recruits,  characterized 
by  Falstaff  as  "most  forcible  feeble." 

Feejee.    See  Fiji. 

Feenix  (fe'niks),  Cousin.  In  Charles  Dickens's 
"Dombey  and  Son,"  a  well-preserved  society 
man,  very  youthful  in  appearance  :  a  bachelor, 
and  the  cousin  of  Edith  Granger, 

Fehmam.     See  Femem. 

Fehrbellin  (far-bel-len'),  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  33  miles 
northwest  of  Berlin,  Here  the  Prussians  under  the 
Great  Elector  defeated  the  Swedes  under  Wrangel,  June 
18  (2,s  N.  S.),  1675. 

Feignwell.     See  Fainwdl. 

Feijo  (fa-zho'),  Diogo  Antonio:  commonly 
called  Padre  Feij6.  Bom  at  Sao  Paulo,  Aug,", 
1784:  died  there,  Nov.  10,  1843.  A  Brazilian 
priest  and  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice 
July  4,  1S31,  to  July  20,  1832.  senator  from  1833,  and  from 
Oct,  12, 1835,  to  Sept.  18. 1837,  regent  of  Brazil.  He  was  a 
pronouiiccil  liberal,  even  advocating  the  abolition  of  the 
celiltacy  of  the  clergy. 

Feilding  tfel'ding).  Robert:  called BeauFeil- 
ding.  Died  May  12,  1712,  An  English  rake  of 
the  period  of  the  Restoration,  He  became  notori- 
ous for  his  amours  at  the  court  of  Charles  II,,  where  he 
was  known  as  "  handsome  Feilding."  He  afterward  be- 
came a  Roman  Catholic,  and  was  given  a  regiment  by 
James  11,,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Ireland.  He  sat  for 
Gowran  in  the  Irish  Parliament  of  16S9  ;  was  in  Paris  in 
1692  :  and  in  1696  returned  to  England,  where  he  was  for 
a  time  committed  to  Newgate,  He  mairied  one  Mary 
Wadsworth,  Nov,  9,  1705,  supposing  her  to  be  a  wealthy 
lady  (Mrs,  Deleau),  whose  hair-dresser  he  had  l»ribed  to 
bring  about  a  marriage,  Nov,  25,  1705,  he  manned  the 
Duchess  of  Cleveland,  the  former  mistress  of  Charles  II., 
and  was  in  consequence  convicted  of  bigamy.  He  was  de- 
scribed by  Steele  as  Orlando  in  the  "  Tatler"  (Xos.  60  and 
61,  ITuri). 

Feitama  (S'tii-ma),  Sybrand.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, Dec,  1694:  died  at  Amsterdam,  June. 
1758.  A  Dutch  poet  and  translator  from  the 
French. 


384 

Feith  (fit),  Rhijnvis.  Bom  at  ZwoUe,  Nether- 
lands, Feb,  7,  1753 :  died  there,  Feb,  8, 1824.  A 
Dutch  poet  and  general  writer.  His  works  include 
"  Het  Graf  "  (1792),  '•  Oden  en  Gedichten "  (1796),  the  trage- 
dies '*  Thu'za,"  *'  Johanna  Gray,"  "  Ines  de  Castro,"  etc, 

Fej6r  (fe'yar),  Gyorgy.  Born  at  Keszthely, 
county  of" Zala,  Hungary.  April  23,  1766:  tiled 
at  Pest,  July  2,  1851.  A  Hungarian  historian 
and  general  writer.  His  chief  work  is  "  Codex 
diplomaticus  Hungarise  "  (1.82;)-44). 

Felanitx  (fa-la-neeh'),  or  Felaniche  (fa-la- 
neeh'e),  A  town  in  Majorca,  Balearic  Islands, 
Spain,  27  miles  east-southeast  of  Palma,  Pop- 
ulation (1887).  12,053, 

Feldberg  (feld'bero).  The  highest  summit  in 
the  Black  Forest,  Baden,  Germany.  It  com- 
mands a  fine  prospect.     Height,  4,900  feet. 

Feldberg,  The  Great.  The  highest  summit 
of  the  Taunus  range,  near  Wiesbaden,  Ger- 
many,    Height,  2,900  feet, 

Feldkirch  (feld'kirch),  A  town  in  Vorarlberg, 
xVustria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  111  in  lat,  47° 
12'  N,,  long.  9°  35'  E.  It  occupies  a  strong 
strategic  position.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 3,811. 

Felegyhaza  (fii'ledy-ha-zo).  A  town  in  the 
couiitv  of  Pest-Pilis-S61t.  Hungarv,  in  lat,  46° 
42'X.;iong,19°52'E.    Population ("1890), 30,326, 

Felibien  (fa-le-byan'),  Alldre.  Born  at  Char- 
tres,  France,  May  8,  1619:  died  at  Paris,  June 
11, 1695,  A  French  architect,  poet,  and  writer 
(especially  on  art).  His  chief  work  is  "Entretiens 
sur  les  vies  et  sur  les  ouvrages  des  plus  excellents  pein- 
tres"  (1666-88). 

Felibien,  Michel.  Born  at  Chartres,  France, 
Sept.  14,  1666 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept,  25,  1719.  A 
French  historian,  son  of  Andre  Felibien.  He 
wTote  a  "Histoire  de  I'abbaye  royale  de  Saint-Denis" 
(1706),  etc. 

Felibres  (fa-lebr'),  Les.  [Pr..  of  unknown  ori- 
gin ('book-makers'  ?).]  A  brotherhood  of  mod- 
ern Provencal  poets.  It  was  originated  by  Joseph 
Roumanille,  who  revived  Proven(;al  as  a  literary  langua'.;e, 
about  ISS.^i.  He  was  followed  by  Frederic  Mistral  and  five 
other  poets,  all  living  in  or  near  Avignon.  In  the  course 
of  years  this  brotherhood  came  to  be  a  great  literary  soci- 
ety, with  affiliated  organizations  in  other  parts  of  France 
and  in  Spain.  -Among  the  members  are  Aubanel,  Brunet, 
Camille  Raybaud,  Mathieu,  and  F^lix  Gras.  The  brother- 
hood of  the  Felibrige  was  formiilly  founded  May  21,  1854, 

Felice  (fe-le'che),  Fortunato  Bartolommeo. 

Born  at  Rome.  Aug,  24, 1723 :  died  at  Yverdou. 
Switzerland,  Feb,  7,  1789.  An  Italian  writer, 
author  of  an  encyclopedia  (1770-80),  etc, 

Felicitas,  Saint,     See  Perpetua,  Saint, 

Felisbravo.  A  prince  of  Persia  in  Sir  Richard 
Fanshawe's  translation  of  "CJuerer  Por  Solo 
Querer"  ("To  Love  for  Love's  Sake"),  a  ro- 
mantic drama  written  in  Spanish  by  Mendoza, 
1649.     A  favorite  character.     Lamh. 

Felix  (fe'Uks)  I.,  Saint.  [L., 'happy,"  fortu- 
nate ' ;  F.  Felix,  It.  Felice.  Sp.  Felix.  Pg.  Felix,  G. 
D.  Felix ;  isTH.  Felicia.']  Bishop  of  Rome,  Accord- 
ing to  the  "Acta  Sanctorum  "  he  reigned  269-274,  and  was 
martyred  in  the  persecutions  under  Aurelian. 

Felix  II.  Died  in  365,  Pope,  according  to  some, 
355-358,  He  was  chosen  by  the  Arian  party  to  succeed 
Liberius,  who  had  been  banished.  On  the  return  of  Libe- 
rius  he  was  expelled  from  Rome, 

Felix  III.  Pope  483-492,  He  excommunicated  the 
Patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  484  or  485,  which  act  pro- 
duced  the  first  schism  between  the  Eastern  and  the  Western 
Church. 

Felix  IV.  Pope  526-530.  He  was  elevated  to  the 
papal  see  through  the  influence  of  Theodorie, 
king  of  the  East  Goths, 
Felix  v.,  Pope,  See  Jmnf7f  MS  VIII.  (of  Savoy), 
Felix,  Antonius.  ARomauprocuratorof  Judea, 
He  was  a  freedman  of  Antonia,  mother  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  I.,  and  was  the  brother  of  the  latter's  favorite, 
the  freedman  PaUas,  He  was  appointed  procurator  of 
Judea  about  55,  and  governed  his  province  from  Ciesarea, 
whither  St.  Paul  was  sent  to  him  for  trial  after  his  arrest 
in  Jerusalem  (Acts  xxiii.  23,  24).  He  m.arried  Drusilla, 
daughter  of  Agrippa  I.  and  wife  of  .\zizus,  king  of  Emes.a, 
whom  he  induced  her  to  desert ;  and  procured  the  assas- 
sination of  the  high  priest  Jonathan,  who  had  offended 
him  by  unpalatable  advice.  He  was  recalled  about  60 
A,  D.,  and  was  saved  from  the  consequences  of  his  tyranny 
and  extortion  by  the  intercession  of  his  brother  with  the 
emperor  Nero. 

F61ix  (fa-les'),  Celestin  Joseph.  Bom  at  Neu- 
ville-sur-Escaut,  near  Valenciennes,  France, 
June  28,  1810 :  died  at  LUle,  July  6,  1891.  A 
French  Jesuit  preacher. 

Felix  (fe'liks),  Don.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  com- 
edy "  The  Wonder,  or  a  Woman  keeps  a  Secret," 
a  Portuguese  gentleman  in  love  with  Violante, 
His  lively  jealousy  is  roused  by  Violante's  unusual  accom- 
plishment of  keeping  another's  secret,  Garrick  played 
this  part  on  his  last  appearance. 

Felix,  Minucius.    See  Minucius  Felix. 
FeUx  Holt,  the  Radical.    A  novel  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  18(36. 


Feltre,  Due  de 

Felixmarte  of  Hyrcania.    An  old  Spanish  ro- 

mance.  it  was  one  of  those  said  to  be  in  Don  Quixote's 
library. 

Before  God,  your  worship  should  have  read  what  I  have 
read  concerning  Felixmarte  of  Hyrcania,  who  with  one 
back-stroke  cut  asunder  five  giants  in  the  middle,  as  if 
they  had  been  so  many  bean-cods. 

Dou  QuiMte  (tr.  by  Jarvis),  I.  iv.  5, 

Felix  of  Urgel.  Died  early  in  the  9th  century. 
A  liishop  of  Urgel  (Spain),  a  champion  of  the 
adoption  heresy,  . 

Felix  of  Valois.   Bom  in  Valois,  France,  April  * 
19,  1127:  died  at  the  monastery  of  Cerfi'oi,  on  '"^ 
the  border  of  Brie  and  Valois,  Kov.  4,  1212. 
A  French  monk,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Trinitarians, 

Fell  (fel),  John.  Born  probably  at  Longworth,  j 
Berkshire,  June  23.  1625 :  died  Jidy  10,  1686. 
An  English  scholar  and  prelate.  Hewas educated 
at  Oxford,  served  under  the  king's  standard  in  the  civil 
war,  and  was  made  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1660, 
and  bishop  of  Oxford  in  1675.  His  chief  work  is  "  The  In- 
terest of  England  Stated,"  etc.  (1659).  He  is  said  to  have 
edited  "A  Paraphrase  and  Annotations  upon  the  Epistles 
of  St.  Paul "  (1675),  often  quoted  as  Fell's  Parapln-ase.  He 
was  satirized  by  Tom  Brown  in  the  epigram  beginning  "I 
do  not  like  you,  Dr.  Fell,"  said  to  have  been  paraphrased 
from  Martial's  "  Non  amo  te,  Sabidi." 

Fellahs  (fel'iiz),  or  Fellahin  (fel'a-hen).  A 
name,  signifying  'tiller,'  applied  to  the  agri- 
cidtural  class  of  Egypt,  which  foi-ms  three 
fourths  of  the  whole  population.  The  Fellahs  are 
the  descendants  of  tne  ancient  Egyptians.  They  have  given 
up  their  own  language,  the  Coptic,  for  the  Arabic,  and  have 
for  the  most  part  adopted  Islam.  In  physical  appearance 
they  have  preserved  the  old  Egyptian  type.  They  are  me- 
dium-sized and  well  formed,  and  have  a  reddish-brown  com- 
plexion, narrow  forehead,  round  face,  strong,  short  nose 
with  wide  nostrils,  full  lips,  a  solid  chest,  and  black,  but 
not  woolly,  hair, 

Fellatahs  (fel-la'taz),  or  Foulahs  (fo'laz),  na- 
tive Fulbe  (fol'be),  A  negro  race  inhabit- 
ing the  valley  of  the  Middle  Niger  and  other 
regions  in  the  Sudan  and  in  western  Africa.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  The 
numbers  are  estimated  at  6,000,000-8,000,000. 

Fellenberg  (fel'len-bero),  Philipp- Emanuel 
von.  Born  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  June  27,  1771: 
died  at  Bern,  Nov.  21,  1844.  A  Swiss  philan- 
thropist and  educator.  He  established  agricul- 
tural and  other  schools  at  Hofwyl,  near  Bern. 

Feller  (fel'ler),  Francois  XaiTier  de.  Born  at 
Brussels,  Aug.  18.  1735:  died  at  R.atisbon,  Ba- 
varia, May  23.  1802,  A  Belgian  writer.  He  pub- 
lished ''Biographic  nniverselle,  oil  dictionnaire  historique 
et  litteraire"  (1731),  etc, 

Fellowes  (fel'oz).  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Mi-  ^ 
norca  in  1778:  died  April  12,  1853.  A  British  ^ 
rear-admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1797,  and  was 
promoted  commander  in  1809.  He  commanded  the  Diirt- 
mouth,  of  42  guns,  in  the  British  fieet  at  Navarino,  Oct.  20, 
1827,  where  an  attempt  made  by  him  to  remove  a  Turkish 
fire-ship  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  battle.  He  was 
knighted  in  1828,  and  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1847. 

Fellows  (fel'oz).  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Not- 
tingham, Aug.,  1799:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
8,  1860.  An  English  traveler  and  archaeologist. 
In  1838  and  subsequent  years  he  explored  parts  of  Asia 
Minor,  discovering,  among  other  ancient  sites,  the  ruins  of 
TIos  and  of  Xanthus  in  Lycia,  His  collection  illustrating 
Lycian  archaeology  is  now  in  the  British  Museum,  He 
published  several  works  on  the  Lycian  explorations. 

Felltham  (f el'tham) ,  Owen.  Bom  at  Mutf ord, 
Suffolk,  probably  in  1602 :  died  at  Great  Bil- 
ling, Northamptonshire,  in  1668,  An  English 
author.  He  was  either  secretary  or  chaplain  in  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Earl  of  Thomond,  at  Great  Billing,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire. He  published  at  the  age  of  eighteen, "  Resolves, 
Divine,  Morall,  Politicall,  by  Owin  Felltham,"  a  collection 
of  a  hundred  short  essays,  dedicated  to  Lady  Dorothy 
Crane.  He  was  an  ardent  Royalist,  and  in  a  poem  entitled 
"Epitaph  to  the  Eternal  Meniorj'of  Charles  the  First  .  .  , 
Inhumanly  murthered  by  a  perfidious  Party  of  His  preva- 
lent Subjects,"  refers  to  Charles  as  "  Christ  the  Second." 

Felsing   (fel'sing).  Georg  Jakob.     Bom  at 

Darmstadt,  Germany,  July  22,  1802:  died  at 
Darmstadt,  June  9,  1883,   A  German  engraver. 

Felton  (fel'ton),  Cornelius  Conway.  Bom  at 
West  Newbui-y,  Mass..  Nov.  6,  1807:  died  at 
Chester,  Pa.,  Feb.  26,  1862.  An  American 
classical  scholar,  president  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versitv  1860-62,  His  chief  work  is  "Greece, 
Ancient  and  Modem"  (1867). 

Felton,  John.  Hanged  at  Tyburn,  Nov.  28, 
162S,  An  English  assassin.  He  entered  the  army 
at  an  early  age,  and  served  as  a  lieutenant  under  Sir  Ed- 
ward Cecil  at  Cadiz  in  1625,  Made  reckless  by  poverty, 
and  inflamed  hy  the  reading  of  the  Remonstrance  of  Par- 
liament, he  assassinated,  Aug.  23, 1628,  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
in^ihani,  who  had  refused  him  the  conmiand  of  a  company, 

Felton,  Septimius.     See  Septimius  Felton. 

Feltre  (fel'tre).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Belluno,  Italy,  45  miles  north-northwest  of 
Venice. 

Feltre,  Due  de.    See  Clarle,  B.  J.  G. 


Female  Quixote,  The 

Pemale  Quixote,  The.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Len- 
nox, published  in  17ol'.     it  was  intended  to  ridicule 

the  novels  of  the  runiantic  school  of  Goniberville  and 
Scud6ry. 

The  heroine,  Arabella,  the  only  child  of  a  widowed  and 
misanthropic  marquis,  is  supposed  to  be  brought  up  in 
seclusion  in  thi:  country,  where  she  has  access  to  a  library 
full  of  uld  rDmances,  by  which  her  head  is  almost  as  much 
turned  as  that  of  the  Knight  of  La  llancha  was  by  tlie 
same  kind  of  study.  She  takes  a  yuuii;;  gardener  in  her 
father's  service  for  a  noidemaii  in  disj,'Uise,  and  is  with 
ditticulty  undeceived  when  he  gets  a  thrashing  for  stealing 
carp  from  a  pond. 

Forgyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  155. 

Pemern  (fa'mern),  or  Fehmarn  (fa 'mam). 

An  island  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Sehles\vi<?-H(tlstoin,  Prussia,  42  miles 
northeast  of  Ltibeek.    Population,  about  9,800. 

Pemme  de  Trente  Ans  (fam  de  tront  on),  La. 
[F./The  Woman  of  Thirty.']  A  novel  by  Bal- 
zac, published  in  1831. 

Pemmes  Savantes  (fam  sa-vout'),  Les,    [F., 

*  The  Learned  Women.']  A  comedy  by  Muliei*e, 
first  played  in  1G72.  It  was  adapted  from  "  Les 
pr^cieiises  ridicules,"  and  satirized  female  pe- 
dantry. 
Pemynye,  orPeminee  (fem-i-ne').  In  medie- 
val romance,  the  kingdom  of  the  xVniazons. 
Gower  and  (.'haucer  refer  to  it. 

Penchurch  (fen'cherch).  The  Cripple  of.  A 
cripple,  in  Heywood's  '*  Fair  Mai<l  of  the  Ex- 
change," who  perfonns  feats  of  valor,  and  with 
whom  the  "fair  maid  "is  in  love.  She  is  persuaded 
l)y  him  to  transfer  her  affections  to  a  younger  and  un- 
ci ipjiitd  man. 

Pen  Country,  or  The  Pens.  That  part  of 
eastern  England  which  formerly  abounded  in 
feus,  now  in  great  part  drained.  See  Bedford 
Lercl. 

Penelon  (fau-16n')  (Bertrand  de  Salignac, 

Marquis  de  La  Mothe-Fenelon),  Died  1599.  A 
French  diplomatist  at  the  English  court  about 
1568-75.  He  wrote  "Le  sifege  de  Metz  en  1552 "(1553), 
"  Lettres  au  Caidinal  de  FeiTare  sur  le  voyage  du  roi  aux 
I'ayH-Bas  de  Tcnipertur  en  I'an  1554"  (1554).  *' M6moires 
touchant  I'Angleterre  et  la  Suisse,  etc."  (1650),  etc. 

P§nelon  (Prangois  de  Salignac  de  La  Mothe- 

Penelon).  Born  at  Chateau  do  Fenelon,  Dor- 
dogne,  France,  Aug,  6,  1G51:  died  at  Oambrai, 
France,  Jan.  7, 1715.  A  celebrated  French  prel- 
ate, orator,  and  author.  He  became  preceptor  of 
the  sons  of  the  dauphin  in  1^9,  and  was  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  Cambrai  in  1695.  His  works  include  *  Lusaven- 
tures  de  Tt^lemaque  "  (16SKt),  ' '  Dialogues  des  niorts  "  (1712), 
"Traits  de  I'tducation  des  flllea"  (lliSS).  "  Explication  des 
maximea  des  saints  "  (1697),  etc.  flis  collected  works  were 
edited  by  Li^ehre  (;'-8  vols.,  1827-30). 

F6nelon  (Gabriel  Jacques  de  Salignac,  Mar- 

tpiis  de  La  Mothe-F6nelon).  Born  1088:  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Kaucoux,  Belgium.  Oct.  11, 1746. 
A  French  general  and  diplomatist,  nephew  of 
Archbishop  Fenelon. 
Fenians  (fe'ni-anz;  in  def.  1  also  feu'i-anz). 
[In  the  first  seiise  also  written  Frvniatts  and 
finnians ;  formed,  with  Latin  suilix  -idti,  from 
Ir.  FeiuH,  Ftinne,  oblique  case  <d"  Ir.  Fianv,  pi. 
Fianna :  see  def.  1.]  1.  A  modern  Knghsh 
form  of  Irish  Fiann,  Fiftima,  a  name  applied  in 
Irisii  tradition  to  the  members  of  certaiii  tribes 
wfio  formed  a  militia  of  tbe  ardrigli  or  king  of 
Kire  or  Erin  (the  Fiftnna  Kirionity  or  champions 
of  Erin).  The  principal  figure  in  the  Fenian  legends  is 
Finn  or  FInnn,  whu  IlKUrcs  as  FiriKal  in  the  Ossianic 
publications  uf  McPherson,  in  which  the  name  of  (tssian 
stands  for  Oinin,  son  uf  Finn.  The  Fenians,  with  their 
hero  Finn,  while  probably  having  a  histnilcal  basis,  be- 
came the  center  of  a  (freat  mass  of  lent-u'ls  which  may 
be  compared  with  the  legends  of  "  King  Arthur"  arnl  the 
"  Round  Tiible."  In  the  Ossianic  version  the  Fenians  are 
warrloraof  superhuman  size, strength,  speed, and  prowess. 
Also  Fian,  Fion. 

2.  An  association  of  Irishmen  known  as  the 
Fenian  Brotherhood,  founded  in  New  York  in 
1857  with  a  view  to  secure  the  independence 
of  Ireland.  The  movement  soon  spread  over  the  United 
.States  and  Ireland  (where  it  absorlied  the  iirt-vionHly  ex- 
isting Pluenix  Society),  and  among  the  Irish  nopulatioii 
of  tJreat  Itritain,  and  several  attempts  were  nnuh-at  insur- 
rection in  Irehitid,  and  at  inviution  of  (.'ainxla  from  the 
I'nitfd  States.  The  association  was  organized  in  diHtriet 
clubs  cjillrd  "circles,"  presitied  over  by  "centers,"  with  a 
"  ht-ad  lotitrr"  as  chief  president,  and  a  general  "senale": 
an  urKanl/.ation  afterwurd  modified  in  some  respect-s.  be- 
tween IStW  and  1872  eleven  "indlonal  congresscH"  were 
hchi  by  the  Fenian  Brotherhood  In  the  Inited  .Status, 
after  which  it  continued  in  exIst^Mice  as  a  secret  society. 

Fennell  (fen'el).  James.  Born  Dee.  ll.  noo: 
di(»d  June  14,  IKIO.  An  Knglisli  aetor  and  dram- 
atist, lio  studle.i  at  Trinity  College,  rambridfje.  and  at 
Mneoln'-H  Inn,  bondon,  and  in  1787  appeared  at  tht^'I'heatro 
Royal,  Kdinliurgh.  He  subsefjuently  played  In  I»iHlon,nnd 
about  1703  emigrated  to  America.  lie  pnlillsbed  "  l.inda 
and  Clara,  or  the  British  ()tncer"(17Hl),  and  an  "Apology" 
for  his  life  (18UV 

Fenris  (feu'ris).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a  water-demon  in  the  form  of  a  gigau- 

C— '26 


385 

tic  wolf:  hence  also  called  Fenris-wolf  (ON. 
Fciirisnij'r).  He  was  the  son  of  Loki  and  the  giantess 
Angurboda  (ON.  Aiu/rbuUfia),  and  the  brother  of  the  Mid- 
gard  serpent  ami  the  goddess  Hel.  He  was  fettered  by 
the  gods,  but  freed  himself  at  llagnaiok  and  slew  Odin. 
He  was,  in  his  turn,  slain  by  Vidar  (ON.  Vidharr),  Odm's 
son. 

Fens,  The.     See  F'en  Country. 

Fentoni  f*'n'tou).  In  Shakspere's  " Meny Wives 
of  Windsor."  a  gentleman  in  love  with  Anne 
Page.  He  intends  to  maiTy  lier  for  her  money 
alone,  but  her  charms  subdue  him. 

Fenton,  Edward.  L)ied  in  1G03.  An  English 
navigator,  lie  accompanied  Sir  Martin  Frobisher  on 
his  second  and  tliird  northwest  voyages  in  1577  and  V.h& 
lesjiectively,  and  in  1582-83  commanded  an  expedition  in 
search  of  the  northwest  passage,  in  which  he  was  accom- 
panied by  William  Hziwkins  (junior)  and  John  Drake. 

Fenton,  Elijah.  Born  at  bheltou,  Staffordshire, 
May  20,  1G83 :  died  Aug.,  1730.  An  English 
poet.  He  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1704,  and  subsequently  was  for  a 
time  head-master  uf  the  grammar-school  at  Sevenoaks. 
He  assisted  Pope  in  the  translation  of  the  Odyssey.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy  "Mariamne"  (acted  in  1723),  in  whicll  he 
was  assisted  by  Southerne. 

Fenton,  Sir  Geoffrey.  Died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  19, 
IGO."^.  An  EiJi^lisli  translator  and  i>olitician.  He 
was  the  son  of  Henry  Fenton  ai  IViiton  in  Nottingham- 
shire, and  was  for  many  years  pi  incipal  >ecretary  of  state 
in  Ireland,  being  knighted  for  his  services  in  this  cap:icity 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1589.  His  chief  work  is  a  transla- 
tion of  a  number  of  novels  from  Bouisteau  and  Bellefor- 
est's"  Histoires  tragiquew,  extraictcs  des  a-uvres  itaiiennea 
de  Bandel  (Bandt-llo),"  published  under  the  title  of  "Cer- 
taine  Tragicall  Discourses  written  oute  of  French  and 
Latine  by  Gelfraie  Fenton,"  etc.  (1567). 

Fenton,  Lavinia.     Born  in  1708:  died  in  1760. 

An  Encrlish  actress.  She  was  the  daughter  of  a  naval 
officer  named  Beswiuk.  Her  mother  afterward  married  a 
man  named  F'enton.  She  made  her  tlrst  appearance  in 
\TZii.  and  was  successful  especially  as  Folly  Peacham  in 
"The  Beggar's  Daughter.'*  She  married  the  Duke  of  Bol- 
ton in  1751,  after  living  with  him  for  many  years  before 
the  dtath  of  his  wife,  which  took  place  in  that  year. 

Fenton,  Reuben  E.  Born  at  Carroll,  N.  Y.,  July 
1. 1819 :  died  at  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  25, 1885, 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  New  York 
1865-()9,  and  United  States  senator  from  New 
York  1869-75. 

Fenwick  (fen'wik),  G-eorge.    Died  March  15, 

16r>7.  .\n  English  coloninl  uflficial.  He  settled  at 
the  mouth  of  the  ConnectiLut  Kiver  as  agent  for  the  pa- 
tentees and  governor  of  tlie  fort  of  Saylirook  in  lt)39.  Tlie 
fort  having  been  sold  U>  the  colony  of  Connecticut  in  1644, 
he  returned  to  England  in  l(i45.  He  served  in  the  Parlia- 
mentary army  during  the  civil  war,  was  made  governor 
of  Leith  and  Edinburgh  Castle  in  IGriO,  and  was  one  of  the 
eight  commissioners  appointc<i  in  l(ir»l  for  the  government 
of  Scotland.  He  was  also  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  tlic  trial  of  Cliarles  I.,  but  did  not  act. 
Fenwick.  sir  John,  Beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
.Ian.  Ii8,  1097.  An  English  conspirator.  He  was 
descended  from  a  Yorkshire  family  ;  served  in  the  ai-niy, 
in  which  he  obtaineti  the  rank  of  majtir-general  (ltj8»); 
and  enteretl  Parlianurit  in  1077.  He  was  arrested  in  IfilHJ 
for  complicity  in  a  plot  against  the  MW  of  \\  illiam  III.. 
and  caused  a  sensation  by  accnshig  Marlborough,  Codol- 
phin,  Russell,  Shrewsbury,  and  other  leaders  of  the  Whig 
party  of  treasonable  negotiations  with  the  Jacobites, 

Feodor  (fa'6-d6r)  I.  Ivanovitch.    [Kuss.  tedor 

=  E.  Thcodorr,  from  Ur.  Otodufjor.']  Born  Mav 
11,  1557:  died  Jan.  7,  1598.  Czar  of  Russia 
March  18.  15S4,-Jan.  7,  1598.  During  his  reign  the 
chnrrh  of  Russia  was  declared  independent  of  the  I'atri- 
arch  of  Constantinople,  imd  a  sepnrate  Russian  patriarch- 
ate establishecl.     lit;  u  a.s  the  last  of  the  house  of  Rurlk. 

Feodor  II.  Alexievitch.  Born  in  1589:  mnr- 
dcred  June  10,  1005.  C/.ar  of  Knssia  April  5- 
.Tnne  10.  1005,  son  of  Boris  GodunofT. 

Feodor  III.  Born  June  8, 1(556:  died  at  Moscow, 
.\pril  'J7.  1082.  Emperor  of  Russia,  eldest  son 
of  the  emperor  Alexis,  whom  ho  succeedod  iu 
1070. 

Feodosia(fa-d-d6'se-a),orKaffa(kiif'fa).  [Tatar 
Jut't.'}  A  seaport  and  waterin(.r-])laco  in  the 
(Jrimea.  government  of  Taurida,  Knssia,  about 
hit.  45^  5'  N..  long.  35°  liO'  E.  The  Greek  coh.ny 
of  Theodosia  was  founded  here  by  Sniesians.  The  place 
was  the  scat  of  an  e.\tensive  trade  in  the  ndddle  aget*,  ils 
population  reaching  irjO.iKK).  It  was  held  tty  the  (ienoeso 
from  the  i:(th  to  the  ir>tii  century,  and  by  the  Turks  from 
I47f»  until  1774,  when  it  waa  cedeil  to  Russia.     Population 

Feramorz  (fer'a-morz).  Tn  Moore's  "Lalla 
iiookh."  a  younir  l>oet.  Ho  in  AlfrU,  the  sultan  of 
I.<iwor  Itucharia,  who  is  betrothed  to  Ijilla  Rookli.  Ho 
wiuH  her  heart  in  his  disguise,  and  reveals  hiniHelf  only 
when  she  Is  led  into  his  presetiee  as  n  bride. 

Ferdinand  (fi  r'di-nand)  I,,  surnamed  "The 
Just."  [  E.  Fcrdiuttnd,  Fcrrojtd,  It.  FvrdinandOj 
Frrrando,  Sp.  Urnuitido,  Ftnitnido^  G.  Fvrdi- 
u(ittd.'\  Born  1379:  died  1410.  Kinj?  of  Arnpou 
1412-10.  He  wasapromhient  supiwrter  of  theantlpopo 
Henedirt  XIII.  at  the  beglnidng  of  the  Cimncll  of  Con- 
stance (UIMh),  but  after  the  deposition  of  .John  X.XIII. 
and  the  nbdiealion  of  (iregoiy  XII.  he  was  In  1416  Induced 
by  the  emjteror  slgiHuiutid  U*  withilmw  his  BUpport  In  the 
Interest  of  the  unity  uf  the  church. 


Ferdinand  Vn. 

Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Aragou.    See  Ferdinand 
r..  King  of  Castile. 


CIS  I.  whom  he  succeeded  March  2,  1835.  He 
inherited  a  weak  constitution,  mentally  and  physically, 
which  compelled  him  to  abandon  the  administration  of 
the  government  to  others,  especially  to  tlie  imperial  chan- 
cellor Metternich,  whose  absolute  and  reHCtionaiy  policy 
provoked  the  revolution  of  IMh.  He  abdicated  in  favor 
of  his  nephew  Francis  Joseph,  Dec.  2,  184S. 

Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Brunswick,    See  Bruits' 

icicK,  JJukv  of  {Ft  rdi  Hit  lid). 
Ferdinand  I.,  surnfimed  '*  The  Great."  Died  at 
Leon,  Spain,  Dec.  27,  1005.  King  of  Castile  and 
Leon.  He  was  the  second  aonof  SanchoIII.  of  Navarre, 
who  aequiied  possession  of  Castile  in  1028.  He  was  in- 
vested by  bis  father  in  1033  with  the  bovereignty  of 
Castile,  which  was  created  an  independent  kingdom. 
He  defeated  Bermudo  of  Leon  at  Lantada,  near  Kio  Car- 
rion, in  1037,  whereupon  he  became  king  of  Leon  also. 
He  fought  with  success  against  the  Moois,  extending  the 
Christian  frontiers  from  the  Duero  to  the  Mondego,  and 
reducing  to  vassalage  the  rulers  of  Toledo,  Saragossa, 
and  Seville.  He  assumed  the  title  of  emperor  uf  Spain 
in  lo..«. 

Ferdinand  II.   Died  1188.    King  of  Leon  1157- 

118S.  son  of  Alfonso  YIU.  His  repudiation  of  I'rraca, 
his  wife,  involved  iiim  in  a  war  with  his  father-in-law,  Al- 
fonso I,  of  Portugal,  whom  lie  ileleated  and  captured  at 
Badajoz  in  1107.  He  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  the 
iloors  at  Santarem  about  1181.  During  his  reign  the  great 
military  order  of  Alcantara  was  chartered  (1177)  by  i*ope 
Alexander  III. 
Ferdinand  III.,  sm-named  '*The  Saint."  Born 
about  1200:  died  1252.  King  of  Castile  and 
Leon,  son  of  Alfonso  IX.  of  Leon  by  Beren- 
garia,  sister  of  Henry  I.  of  Castile.  He  became 
king  of  Castile  on  the  death  of  Henry  in  1217,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  king  of  Leon  in  I2;i0.  He  cai)tured 
Cbeda  friun  the  iloors  in  1234,  Cordova  in  1236,  Jaen  in 
]24(i,  and  Seville  in  1248.  He  was  canonized  by  Clement 
X.  in  1671,  and  is  commemorated  on  Hay  30.  He  caused 
to  be  collected  and  to  be  translated  into  the  vulgar  tongue 
the  "Forum  .ludicuni,'  or  code  of  Visigothic  laws,  which 
forms  one  of  the  oldest  specimens  of  Castilian  prose.  Dur- 
ing his  reign  a  law  was  passed  (12,30)  which  made  of  Leon 
and  Castile  a  single  inseparable  kingdom. 

Ferdinand  IV.  Born  1285:  died  1312.  King 
of  Castile  and  I^eon,  son  of  Saucho  IV.  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1295. 

Ferdinand  V.  (11.  of  Aragon  and  Sicily,  III.  of 
Naples),  surnamed  "The  Catholic."  Born  at 
Sos,  Ai'agon,  March  10,  1452:  died  at  Madriga- 
lejo.  Estremadura,  (Spain,  Jan.  23,  1516,  King 
of  Castile.  He  was  the  son  of  John  II.  of  Navarre  and 
Aragon,  who  associated  him  with  himself  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aragon  in  1466,  and  in  146S  declared  him  king 
of  Sicily.  In  Oct.,  1469,  he  nnirried  Isaliella,  sister  of 
Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  and  heiress  of  that  throne.  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella  were,  on  the  death  of  Henry  in  1474, 
recognized  as  joint  sovereigns  of  Castile  by  the  nobles  and 
the  junta  of  Stgovia;  but  a  strong  party,  including  the 
ilarquis  of  Villena,  the  grand  nnister  of  Calatrava,  and 
the  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  supported  by  Alfonso  V.  of 
Portugal  and  Louis  XI.  of  Knime,  declared  in  favor  of 
Juana  "la  BeUraneja"  (i.e.,  daughter  of  Beltran).  whom 
llemy  had  in  his  will  acknowledged  as  his  legitimate 
cliilil  and  designated  as  his  successor.  Kerdinantl  de- 
feated Alfonso  at  I'oio.  with  the  result  that  the  whole  of 
C:i8tile  subnutted  to  Isabi-Ila  and  lier  consort  in  147».  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  Aragon  in  the  simie  year  (Navarre 
going  to  hi:<  sister  Leonora  de  Koix).  In  14S'2  he  resumed 
the  war  agahist  the  Moors,  which  resulted  in  the  coiniuest 
of  (iranada  in  14i»2.  He  joined  In  Ht)r»  the  emperor,  the 
I'ope,  and  the  states  of  Milan  and  Verdce  agaliut  i'harles 
VIII  of  Kiiince,  who  was  expelled  from  Naples,  and  Kef* 
ditiarul  itHCi-nded  the  Neapolitjtn  throne  in  15<vi.  t>n  the 
death  id  Isabella,  Nov.  26,  l.'.Ol,  he  was  proclaimed  regent 
of  Castile.  In  ir>ll  he  formed  an  alliance  with  .\'enlce 
and  IVpe  Julius  II.  for  tlie  expulsion  of  the  French  from 
Italy.  Navarre,  on  rhe  other  nami.  enlered  into  an  alli- 
ance with  France.  This  gave  him  a  pretext  for  invading 
Navarre,  which  was  ccnKHiered  in  151*2,  and  Incorporated 
with  Castile  In  1515.  He  thus  united  niuler  bis  sway  the 
four  kingdoms  into  which  Spain  wns  at  (his  time  divided 
(Aragon.  Ctutlle,  (iraiuida.  and  Navarre),  besides  Sicily 
and  Naples.  1  he  chief  events  of  his  reign,  beaiden  those 
already  merdioned,  were  the  establishment  of  the  In(|nl> 
sit  ion  at  Seville  (HSo).  the  annexation  to  theentwn  of  the 
grand-mastership  of  theniilitnryonlersof  Ciilatniva(l487X 
Aleantaia  (14ii4t,  and  San  .litgo  (i  ti)l>).  the  expulsion  of  Iho 
Jews  (1  llt:^),  and  the  discovery  f>(  America  by  Columbus. 

Ferdinand  VI.  Horn  Sept.  2.%  17I2:  died  at 
\'illavi<'i(ts:i,  Au^.  10, 1759.  King  of  Sjiain,  sou 
of  IMiilip  V.  whnm  he  sncceeded  in  I74t).  Ho 
was  a  parly  to  the  treaty  of  Alx-laChapelle  (Oct..  1748). 
which  tcrndnated  the  War  of  the  Auntrian  Succession 
(174ti  48).  He  maintained  a  strict  neutridlly  on  the  out- 
break of  the  Seven  Years'  War  In  17i'><t,  notwithstanding 
the  overtures  botii  of  Knglaud  and  of  Trance,  the  former 
of  which  ollered  Gibraltar  and  the  latter  .Minorca  as  the 
price  of  his  assistance.  Of  a  weak  const  It  utbm  and  a  mcl- 
luicboly  tem]»crament.  he  withdrew  as  far  as  pruclicablo 
from  i;ui<)peiin  politics,  nbainlotdng  the  government  to 
hU  ministers  Fnsenatia.  (  arvajnl.  and  Wall,  who  toi»k  hito 
their  counsels  the  nueen  Itarbiim.  ilangbler  of  John  V.  of 
Portugal,  the  ntval  eonfedsor  ltabngo,  and  the  singer  Fnrl- 
nclll,  who  acipiired  an  extraonilimry  jiitltience  over  the 
king.  On  the  death  of  the  oneen  In  17.'*,  he  fell  Into  ao 
extreme  melancholy,  which  deTeloped  luUt  insanity. 

Ferdinand  VII.  Horn  at  8an  lldefonso,  near 
Madrid,   U.t.    U.   17K4:  died  at   Madrid.  Sept, 


Ferdinand  VII. 

29,  1833.  King'  of  Spain,  son  of  Charles  IV. 
He  ascended  the  tlirone  March  19, 1808,  a  popular  revo- 
lutlon  at  Aianjuez  having  compelled  his  father  to  abdi- 
cate. On  May  6,  1808,  he  was  forced  by  Napoleon  to  re- 
nounce his  tlirone,  and  was  interned  at  Valenijay  until 
March,  1814,  when  he  returned  to  Spain.  He  abolished 
the  liberal  constitution  of  1812,  restored  the  Inquisition, 
and  complied  generally  with  the  demands  of  the  Abso- 
lutist or  Apostolical  pai-ty.    A  revolution  restored  (March 

9,  1820)  the  constitution  of  1812.  which  was  abolished 
through  French  intervention  in  1823.  He  abolished  the 
Salic  law  by  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  March  29, 1830.  See 
Carlus.  Don  {Carlos  Mana  Jose  Isidore  de  BourboH), 

Ferdinand  I.     Bom  at  Alcala.  Spaiu,  March 

10,  1503:  died  at  Vienna,  July  25,  1564.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  younger 
brother  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  He  married 
in  1521  the  princess  Anna  of  Hungarj',  on  the  death  of 
whose  brother,  Louis  II.,  in  1526,  he  was  elected  king  of 
Bohemia  and  Ilungarj-.  His  title  to  the  throne  of  Hun- 
gary was  disputed  by  John  Z^polya,  who.  supported  by 
the  Turks,  obtained  possession  of  a  part  of  the  country. 
He  became  in  1521  president  of  the  council  of  regency  ap- 
pointed to  govern  Germany  during  the  emperor's  absence 
ijl  Spain,  was  elected  king  of  the  iiomans  in  1531,  and  be- 
came emperor  on  the  abdication  of  Charles  in  1556.  He 
exerted  himself,  but  with  little  success,  to  settle  the  reli- 
gious disputes  between  the  Protestants  and  the  Roman 
Catholics  in  Germany.  He  negotiated  the  treaty  between 
the  emperor  and  the  elector  Maurice  of  Saxony  in  1552.  In 
1519  Charles  and  Ferdinand  succeeded  Maximilian  I.  in 
the  Austrian  dominions,  and  in  1521-22  Charles  relin- 
quished his  share  in  this  sovereignty  to  his  brother. 

Ferdinand  H.  Born  at  Gratz,  Styria,  July  9, 
1578:  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  15,  1637.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was  the  son  of 
Charles,  duke*  of  StjTia.  by  Maria  of  Bavaria,  and  cousin 
of  the  emperor  Matthias  whom  he  succeeded  as  Idng  of 
Bohemia  in  1617,  as  king  of  Hungary  in  161S.  and  as  em- 
peror in  1619.  In  1619  he  was  deposed  from  the  throne  of 
Bohemia  bj  the  Protestant  estates  of  that  kingdom,  who 
were  irritated  by  infringements  of  the  "  Majestatsbrief  " 
of  1609,  and  who  chose  as  his  successor  the  elector  pala- 
tine Frederick  v.,  head  of  the  Protestant  Union  and  of 
the  German  Calvinists.  He  allied  himself  with  Maxi- 
milian, duke  of  Bavaria,  head  of  the  Catholic  League,  with 
Spain,  and  with  the  Lutheran  elector  of  Saxony.  Frederick 
having  been  overthrown  in  the  battle  on  the  White  Moun. 
tain,  near  Prague  (Nov.  S,  1620),  Ferdinand  destroyed  the 
"Majestatsbrief  "  and  extirpated  Protestantism  in  Bohe- 
mia. His  whole  reign  was  occupied  with  the  war  against 
the  Protestants  (Mansfeid,  Christian  of  Brunswick,  chiis- 
tian  IV.  of  Denmark,  and  Gustavus  Adolphus of  Sweden); 
but  before  his  death,  owing  to  the  murder  of  Wallenstein, 
the  opposition  of  Richelieu,  and  the  ability  of  the  Swedish 
generals,  he  lost  all  hope  of  crushing  Protestantism.  See 
Thirtii  Years'  War. 

Ferdinand  III.  Born  at  Gratz,  Stvria,  July  11 
(or  13),  1608  :^ed  at  Vienna,  April  2,  1657. 
Emperor  of  tre  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of 
Ferdinand  II.  On  the  assassination  of  Wallenstein  in 
1634,  he  was  invested  with  the  nominal  command  of  the  im- 
perial army,  the  real  command  being  exercised  by  Gallas, 
and  took  part  in  the  victorv  over  the  Swedes  at  Nordlingen 
Sept.  6,  1634.  He  signed  the  peace  of  Westphalia  Oct  24, 
1648.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  Hungary,  Bohemia,  the 
archduchy  of  .Austria,  etc.,  and  in  the  empire  in  1637. 

Ferdinand  I.,  etc.,  Kings  of  Leon.  See  Ferdi- 
nand /.,  etc.,  Kings  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  I.  Bom  about  1424:  died  Jan.  25, 
1494.  King  of  Naples,  illegitimate  son  of  Al- 
fonso V.  of  Aragon.  Pope  Calixtus  III.  refused  to 
recognize  his  title  to  the  kingdom,  which  his  father  had 
bequeathed  him  in  1458 ;  and  John  of  Anjou.  thinking  to 
regain  the  throne  of  his  ancestors,  attacked  and  defeated 
him  July  7, 1460.  He  made  his  peace  with  the  successor 
of  Calixtus,  Pius  II.,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the  Albanian 
chief  Scanderbeg,  inflicted  a  decisive  defeat  on  John  of 
Anjou  at  Troja  lug.  18,  1462. 

Ferdinand  II.  Bom  July  26.  1469 :  died  Oct. 
7,  1496.  King  of  Naples  1495-96,  son  of  Alfonso 
U.  and  grandson  of  Ferdinand  I.  His  father  abdi- 
cated in  his  favor  on  the  invasion  of  his  dominions  by 
Charles  VIII.  of  France,  Naples  was  occupied  by  the 
'  French,  and  Ferdinand  had  to  flee,  but  regained  his  tlirone 
by  the  aid  of  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  the  great  general  of 
Ferdinand  V.  of  Castile, 

Ferdinand  III.,  King^of  Naples.  See  Ferdi- 
nand v.  oWC'astile. 

Ferdinand  IV.,  King  of  Naples.  See  Ferdi- 
nand I.,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Ferdinand  1.  Bom  about  1345:  died  in  1383. 
King  of  Portugal  1367-83.  On  the  death  of  Pedro  in 
1369,  ne  claimed  the  throne  of  Castile,  which  was  seized  by 
Henry  of  Trastamara,  illegitimate  brother  of  Pedro.  He 
renounced  his  claim  in  1371,  after  some  indecisive  fight- 
ing. He  was  the  last  of  the  direct  Burgundian  line,  which 
had  reigned  in  Portugal  from  aliout  1112.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  natural  brother  John,  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  Avis. 

Ferdinand  II.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Oct.  29, 1816: 
died  Dee.  15,  1885.  Titular  king  of  Portugal, 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.     He 

■  married  Maria  IE.  of  Portugal  in  1836,  and  was 
regent  1853-55. 

Ferdinand  I.  (IV.  of  Naples).  Bom  at  Naples, 
.Tan.  12,  1751:  died  there,  Jan.  4,  1825.  King 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  son  of  Charles  HI.  of  Spain. 

■  He  reigned  in  Naples  1769-1806  and  1815-25  (the  interi-al 
being  occupied  by  the  French  domination),  and  in  Sicily 
1759-1S25.  He  consolidated  his  states  as  the  Two  Sicilies 
in  1816. 

Ferdinand  II.    Bom  at  Palermo,  Jan.  10, 1810 : 


386 

died  at  Naples,  May  22, 1859.  King  of  the  Two 
Sicilies  1830-59,  son  of  Francis  I.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. His  oppressive  and  despotic  reign  provoked  nu- 
merous political  disturbances,  which  culminated  in  1848 
in  a  popular  rising  in  Sicily.  This  rising  was  quelled  in 
1849  by  the  bombardment  of  the  principal  cities,  an  expe- 
dient which  acquired  for  him  the  epithet  of  'Bomba." 
His  treatment  of  political  suspects  was  made  the  subject 
of  two  letters  addressed  to  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  by  Mr. 
Gladstone,  who  visited  Naples  in  1850. 

Ferdinand  III.  Born  at  Florence,  May  6, 1769: 
died  at  Florence,  June  18, 1824.  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany  and  Ai'chduke  of  Austria,  younger  son 
of  the  emperor  Leopold  II.  whom  he  succeeded 
as  grand  duke  in  1790.  He  reigned  until  1799, 
and  from  1814  to  1824. 

Ferdinand  IV.  Bom  June  10,  1835.  Grand 
Duke  of  Tuscany,  son  of  Leopold  11.  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1859.  His  dominions  were  incor- 
porated with  Sardinia  in  1860. 

Ferdinand,  l.  In  .Shakspere's  "Tempest,'' the 
son  of  the  King  of  Naples,  and  loverof  Miranda. 
—  2.  In  Shakspere's  comedy  "  Love's  Labour 's 
Lost."  the  King  of  NavaiTe. — 3.  In  Webster's 
"Duchess  of  Malfi,"  the  Count  of  Calabria  and 
brother  of  the  duchess.  He  is  a  cjTiical  villain, 
who  murders  his  sister  who  has  injiu'ed  his  fam- 
ily pride. — 4.  In  Sheridan's  "Duenna,"  the  lover 
of  Clara. 

Ferdinand,  Count  Fathom,  Adventures  of.  A 

novel  b}'  Smollett,  published  in  1753:  so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  hero,  who  is  a  repulsive 
scoundrel. 

Ferdusi.     See  Firdausi. 

Fere  (far).  La.  A  town  in  the  depaxtment  of 
Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  14  miles 
northwest  of  Laon.  It  has  an  artillery  school. 
Population  (1S91),  commune,  5,394. 

F6re  Champenoise  (far  shonp-nwaz').  La.  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Marne,  France,  22 
miles  southwest  of  Chalons-sur-Marne.  Here, 
March  25, 1814,  the  Allies  defeated  the  French. 

Ferentino  (fa-ren-te'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  42  miles  southeast  of 
Rome :  the  ancient  Ferentinum.  Besides  its  cathe- 
dral, castle,  and  ancient  town  wall,  it  is  noted  for  an  an- 
cient theater,  uuexcavated,  but  in  its  stage  structure  the 
most  perfect  on  the  Italian  mainland,  and  in  other  ways 
remarkable.  The  back  wall  of  the  stage  is  136  feet  long, 
with  7  doors,  and  is  held  to  be  Etruscan.  The  stage  is 
Roman ;  its  structure  is  of  brick.  It  has  three  doors,  and 
a  narrow  passage  extends  behind  its  whole  length.  The 
cavea  is  surrounded  by  a  semicircle  of  beautiful  arches. 
The  chord  of  the  cavea  is  200  feet,  the  depth  of  the  stage 
33.    Population  (1831),  7,679. 

Ferghana  (fer-ghii'na).  or  Fergana  (fer-ga'na). 
A  province  of  the  Russian  general  government 
of  Turkestan,  central  Asia,  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Sir-Daria,  about  lat.  39°  30'-i2°  N.,  long. 
70°— 74°  E.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  the  ancient  .Sog- 
diana.  and  was  formed  from  the  khanate  of  Khokand  by 
Russia  in  1S76.  Area,  o5,654  square  miles.  Population 
(1S97),  1,525,136. 

Fergus  (fer'gus)  I,  A  mythical  king  of  Scot- 
land. According  to  a  fictitious  chronology  he  was  the 
son  of  Ferchard.  first  king  of  Scotland  ;  came  to  Scotland 
from  Ireland  about  330  B.  c.  to  repel  an  invasion  of  the 
Picts  and  Britons  ;  and  was  drowned  on  his  return  off  Car- 
rickfergus,  which  was  named  after  him. 

Fergus.     See  Ferracutc. 

Ferguson  (fer'gu-sgn),  Adam.  Born  at  Logie- 
rait,  Perthshire,  June  20,  1723:  died  at  St.  An- 
drews, Feb.  22,  1816.  A  Scottish  philosopher 
and  historian.  He  graduated  M.  A.  at  the  Tniversity 
of  St.  Andrews  in  1742 ;  served  as  a  mihtary  chaplain  174.>- 
17.''4  :  became professorof  natural philosophyin Edinburgh 
University  in  1759 ;  aJid  was  professor  of  mental  and  moral 
philos4jphy  in  the  same  university  1764-85.  In  the  latter 
year  he  became  professor  of  mathematics.  He  published 
"  Essay  on  Civil  Government"  (1766),  "Institutes  of  Moral 
Philosophy"  (1772),  "  Historj'Of  the  Progress  and  Termina- 
tion of  the  Roman  Republic"  (1782),  and  "Principles  of 
Moral  and  Political  Science  "  (1792). 

Ferguson,  James.  Born  at  the  Core  of  Mayen, 
near  Rothiemay,  Banffshire.  April  25,  1710: 
died  at  London "(?i.  Nov.  16,  1776.  A  Scottish 
astronomer,  in  1743  he  settled  in  London,  where  he 
followed  the  profession  of  a  portrait-painter  and  that  of  a 
popular  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects,  chiefly  astronomy. 
lie  wrote  ''.Astronomy  explained  on  Sir  Isaac  Xewton's 
Principles  "  (1756\  etc. 

Ferguson,  Robert,  surnamed  "  The  Plotter." 
Died  in  1714.  A  Scottish  conspirator  and  politi- 
cal pamphleteer.  He  removed  to  England  about  1G55, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  living  of  Godmersham,  Kent,  from 
which  he  was  expelled  by  the  Act  of  Uiuformity  in  1662. 
He  was  concerned  in  the  Rye  House  plot  to  as.sassinate 
Charles  II.  in  1683.  and  in  1696  was  implicated  in  a  similar 
conspiracy  against  William  HI.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
the  Revolution  "  (1706), ' '  Qualifications  requisite  in  a  Min- 
ister of  State  "  (1710),  etc. 

Ferguson,  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Belfast,  March 
10,  1810 :  died  at  Howth,  County  Dublin,  Aug. 
9,  1886.  An  Irish  poet  and  antiquary.  He  grad- 
uated B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1826 :  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Irish  bar  in  1838  ;  and  was  queen's  counsel 


Femandes  Pinhelro 

1859-07.  when  he  was  appointed  deputy  keeper  of  the  pub- 
lic records  of  Ireland.  He  was  knighted  in  1878.  He  col- 
lected all  the  known  Ogham  inscriptions  of  Ireland,  and 
\vrote  "Lays  of  the  Western  Gael "  (1865),  "  Congal,  an  Epic 
Poem  in  Five  Books  "  (1872),  ■■  Poems  "  (ISSO),  etc. 

Fergusson  (fer'gu-son),  James.  Bom  at  Avr, 
Jan.  22,  1808 :  died"  Jan.  9,  1886.  A  Scottish 
writer  on  architecture.  He  acquired  a  fortuneas  a 
manufacturer  of  indigo  in  India,  and  retired  from  business 
to  devote  himself  to  archffiological  studies.  He  was  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Crjstal  Palace  Company  1856-58.  His 
chief  works  are  "The  Hlustrated  Handbook  of  Architec- 
ture, etc."  (18551,  "A  History  of  the  Modern  Stvles  of  Ar- 
chitecture "  (1862),  and  "Fire- and  Serpent-Worship,  or  II. 
lustrations  of  Mythology  and  Art  in  India  in  the  First  and 
Fourth  Centuries  after  Christ,  etc."  (1S68) 

Fergusson,  Robert.    Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept. 

5,  1750:  died  Oct.  16.  1774.  A  Scottish  poet. 
He  studied  several  years  at  St.  Andrews  University,  and 
became  an  extracting  clerk  in  the  commissary  clerk's  office 
at  Edinburgh.  He  published  "  Poems  by  R.  Fergusson  •* 
(1773). 

Fergusson,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Prestonpans, 
March  20,  1808:  died  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1877. 
A  noted  Scottish  surgeon,  elected  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1870.  He  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  In  1843  he  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  published  "Practical  Surgery" 
(1842),  etc. 

Ferid-Eddin.    See  Attar. 

Feridoon.     See  Faridnn. 

Ferishtah,  or  Ferishta.    See  Firishtah. 

Ferland  (fer-lou'),  Jean  Baptiste  Antoine. 
Born  at  Montreal,  Dec.  25,  1805:  (iied  at  Que- 
bec, Jan.  8,  1864.  A  Canadian  historian.  He 
was  ordained  priest  in  1828,  became  professor  of  history  in 
Laval  University  at  Quebec  in  1855,  and  wa*  elected  dean 
of  the  faculty  of  arts  in  1864.  He  wrote  "Cours  d  tustoire 
du  Canada"  (Vol.  1, 1S61;  VoL  II  by  Laverdiere,  1865). 

Fermanagh  (fer-man'S).  A  county  in  Ulster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Donegal  on  the  northwest, 
Tyrone  on  the  northeast,  Monaghan  on  the  east, 
Cavan  on  the  south,  and  Leitrim  on  the  west. 
It  is  traversed  by  Lough  Erne.  The  chief  town  is  Ennis- 
killen.    Area,  714  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  74,170. 

Fermat  (fer-ma'),  Pierre  de.  Bom  at  Beau- 
mont-de-Lomagne,  near  Montauban,  France, 
Aug.,  1001:  died  at  Toulouse,  France,  Jan.  12, 
1665.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician. 
He  studied  law  at  Toulouse,  and  practised  his  profession 
there.  Priority  in  the  discover?'  of  the  principle  of  the 
differential  calctilus,  as  against  both  Newton  and  Leibnitz, 
was  claimed  for  him  by  D'.-Vlembert,  Lagrange,  and  others. 
His  collected  works  were  published  in  1679. 

Fermo  (fer'mo).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Ascoli  Pieeno,  Italy,  lat.  43°  11'  N.,  long.  13° 
43'  E. :  the  ancient  Firmum.  it «  as  a  Roman  colony, 
and  has  remnants  of  the  Roman  walL  Population  (1881  1l 
15,1S2. 

Fermor  (f  er'mor),  Arabella.  The  lady  the  theft 
of  whose  curl  was  the  subject  of  Pope's  "Rape 
of  the  Lock."  She  was  the  daughter  of  James  Fermor 
of  Tusmore,  and  married  Francis  Perkins  of  Ufton  Court, 
near  Reading.  She  died  in  1738.  The  adventurous  noble- 
man who  stole  the  lock  was  Lord  Petre. 

Fermor,  Henrietta  Louisa,  Countess  of  Pom- 
fret.  Died  Dec.  15.  1761.  An  English  letter- 
writer.  She  was  the  daughter  of  John,  second  Baron 
Jeffreys  of  Wem,  Shropshire,  and  married  Thomas  Fermor, 
second  Baron  Leominster  (later  Earl  of  Ponifret),  in  1720. 
Her  letters  were  published  in  "Correspondence  between 
Frances,  Countessof  Hartford  (afterward  Duchess  of  Somer- 
set), and  Henrietta  Louisa,  Countess  of  Pomfret,  between 
.  .  .  1738  and  1741  "(180.5). 

Fermoy  (fer-moi').  A  town  in  County  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blackwater  19  miles 
northeast  of  Cork.     Population  (1891),  6.421. 

Fern  (fern),  Fanny.  The  pseudon^-m  of  Mrs. 
Sara  Payson  Willis  (Farrington,  Eldredge) 
Parton. 

Femandes  (fer-nan'des),  Alvaro.  A  Portu- 
guese na\-igator  who  explored  the  western 
coast  of  Africa  about  1448. 

Femandes,  Joao.  A  Portuguese  navigator 
who  about  1446  explored  the  northwestern  coast 
of  Africa,  and  penetrated  into  the  interior  of 
the  continent  by  way  of  the  Rio  do  Ouro. 

Femandes  Coutinho  (fer-nan'des  ko-ten'yp), 
Vasco.  Born  at  Alemquer,  Portugal,  about 
1490:  died  at  Espirito  Santo,  Brazil.  1561.  A 
Portuguese  soldier.  He  served  until  1522  in  India,  and 
in  June,  1534,  received  the  grant  in  perpetuity  of  a  portion 
of  the  Brazilian  coast  corresponding  to  the  present  state  of 
Espuito  Santo.  Leaving  Portugal  with  about  70  colonists, 
he  founded  the  town  of  Espirito  Santo,  near  the  modem 
Victoria,  in  May,  1535.  The  colony  suffered  greatly  from 
the  warswith  the  Indians  and  from  quarrels.  Vasco Fer- 
nandes  gave  himself  up  to  drunkenness  and  vice,  and 
finally,  in  156i;i,  renounced  all  his  rights.  He  died  in 
complete  poveiiiy. 

Femandes  Pinheiro (fer-nan'des pen-ya'e-ro), 
Jose  Feliciano.  Bom  at  Santos,  May  9. 1774: 
died  at  Porto  Alegi'e,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  June 

6,  1847.  A  Brazilian  statesman  and  author. 
He  was  president  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  1823-25,  and  min- 
ister of  justice  Oct.,  1825,-Nov.,  1827.  In  1827  he  was  cre- 
ated viscount  of  Sao  Leopoldo,  and  entered  the  senate. 
His  most  important  writings  are  "  Annaes  da  provincia  de 


Fernandes  Pinheiro 

Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande  do  Sul"(2  vols.,  1819  and  1822; 
revised  18:)9),  and  "Memoria  sobre  os  limites  do  Brazil, " 
with  various  historical  papers  in  the  Revista  do  Institute 
Historiro,  of  which  society  he  was  one  of  the  founders. 
In  politics  he  was  a  conservative. 

Fernandes  Vieira  (ve-a'rii ),  Joao.   Born  in  the 

islaml  of  Maili-ira.  1013:  died  at  Olinda,  Per- 
narabuco,  Br:izil,  Jan.  10,  16S1.  A  Portuguese 
soldier.  From  1830  he  lived  in  Peniambuco,  and  in  June, 
164o,  he  headed  a  revolt  against  the  Dutch,  joined  the  other 
Portupue-se  leaders,  and  carried  on  war  with  the  Dutch 
nntil  Jan.,  1&'>4,  when  they  were  driven  out.  Subsequently 
he  was  governor  of  Parahylja,  and  from  165S  to  ItMil  gov- 
ernor uf  .Angola  in  Africa 
Fernandez  (fer-nan'deth),  Juan.  Bom  prob- 
ably at  Cartagena,  Spain,  in  153S :  died  in  the 
district  of  Ligna,  Chile,  about  1602.  A  Spanish 
navigator.  For  many  years  he  sailed  vessels  between 
Peru  and  Chile,  and  found  that  by  keeping  far  out  on  the 
ocean  he  could  shorten  the  time  re(juire<l  l(»r  his  cruises. 
He  discovered  several  islands,  among  otlicra  the  one  which 
bears  his  name  :  this  he  reached  about  15t>3. 

Fernandez,  Juan  Felix.     See  nctoria,  Guada- 
lupe. 
Fernandez,  Prospero.    Bom  at  San  Jos6,  Julv 

18,  1834:  died  there,  March  12,  188:').  A  Costa 
Rican  soldier.  He  served  against  Walker  in  Nicaragua 
1855-67,  attained  the  rank  of  general,  and  in  1881  was  made 
general-incliief.  From  Aug.  10,  1882,  until  his  death  lie 
was  president  of  Costa  Rica. 

Fernandez  de  Castro(fer-nan'deth  da  kiis'tro), 
Manuel.  Bom  at  Madrid,  Dee.  25, 1825:  died 
tliere.  May  7,  1895.  A  Sjianish  geologist.  I'rom 
Jrt.iit  to  1869  he  was  engaged  in  mining  and  geological  work 
in  Cuba  and  Santo  Domingo.  In  the  latter  year  lie  was 
made  professor  at  the  ilacirid  School  of  Mines,  and  after 
1873  he  was  the  tiirector  of  the  commission  of  the  geologi- 
cal map  of  Spain.  An  extended  series  of  works  was  issued 
under  his  <iirection  by  the  geological  commission. 

Fernandez  de  Castro  Andrade  y  Portugal 

(iiu-dra'da  e  por-to-giil').  Pedro.  Born  in  IGiU: 
died  at  Lima.  Dec.  G.  1C72.  A  Spanish  noble- 
man, tenth  count  of  Lemos,  grandee  of  Spain, 
and  a  descendant  of  King  Sancho  PV.  He  was 
viceroy  of  Peru  from  Nov.,  1667,  until  his  death. 
Fernandez  de  Cordova  (fer-nan'deth  da  kor'- 
do-va),  Diego.  Marquis  of  Guadalcizar,  vice- 
roy of  New  Spain  (Mexico)  Oct.,  1612,-March, 
1621,  and  \nceroy  of  Peru  July,  1622, -Jan.,  1629. 
In  both  countries  he  had  much  trouble  with  French  and 
Dutch  corsairs,  and  in  Peru  his  terra  was  m;irkcd  by  a 
bloody  war  of  miners  at  Potosl.  After  his  return  to  Spain 
(lOiiOf,  he  resided  near  Cordov;i. 

Fernandez  de  Enciso,  Martin.    See  Enciso. 

Fernandez  de  la  Cueva  (fer-nan'deth  da  lii 
kwa'va),  Francisco.  Livedinthe  17th  century. 
Duke  of  Albuquerque.  From  Aug.,  1653,  to  Sept., 
1660  he  was  viceroy  of  New  Spain  ^Mexico),  and  subse- 
quently viceroy  of  Sicily. 

Fernandez  de  la  Cueva  Henriquez  (en-re'- 
keth),  Francisco.  Duke  of  AlbiKjucrque,  vice- 
roy of  Mexico  Nov.  27,  1702,  to  Jan.  15,  1711. 
The  town  of  AlbiKjuerque.  New  Me.xico,  founded 
at  this  time,  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Fernandez  de  Navarrete,  Martin.  See  2ia- 
varrclc. 

Fernandez  de  Palencia  (fcr-niin'deth  da  pa- 
lan'tiie-ii), Diego.  Born  atPalenciaaboutl.520: 
died  at  Seville  about  1581.  A  Spanish  soldier 
and  historian.  He  served  in  Peru  from  about  1546  to 
16f>0  or  later,  and  was  a  personal  witness  of  many  events, 
especiidly  during  the  revolt  of  GIron.  Appointed  histori- 
ograplier  (n  155(>,  he  began  to  write  a  history,  subsequently 
enlarged  and  flnished  in  Spain,  and  published  at  Seville  lui 
"  Primera  y  segunda  parte  de  la  historia  del  Peru."  It  in- 
cludes the  periods  of  the  rebellions  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  and 
Oiron 

Fernandez  de  Piedrahita,  Lucas.  See  I'kdra- 

hita. 

Fernandez  de  Taos  (fiT-niln'deth  da  til'os). 
[Not  San  Fi-niaiido  do  Taos,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called.]  A  Spanish  settlement  founded  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  18th  century  in  the  valley  of 
Taos  in  northern  Now  Mexico.  It  contains  :i,noo 
Inhabitants,  and  Ilea  3  miles  from  the  Indian  village. 
In  1700  the  settlement  was  surprised  and  almost  wiped 
out  by  the  Comanchea.  The  insurrection  of  18-IH  began  at 
Fernandez  de  Taos,  where  Governor  (.'Iiarles  Bent  was  one 
of  its  first  victims. 

Fernandez  MadridCfer-niin'defhniii-TiireTH'), 

Jos6.  Born  ill  (,'nrtagena,  Feb.  9,  17S9:  died 
near  London,  Juno  28,  1830.  A  Ncwfiranadan 
physician,  author,  and  statesman,  lie  Joined  the 
revolutionists  in  1810,  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  aft4T 
the  resignation  of  Torres  was  made  presiib-nt  of  New 
Granadl^  .March  M,  181(5.  The  vletorlis  i.f  the  Spaniards 
soon  forced  him  to  resign.  He  publislu-<l  jioems,  two 
tragedies,  '*Atala"  and  '*Guntlmozfn,"  and  medical  and 
other  works. 

Fernandina  (fer-niln-do'nii).  [Named  in  honor 
of  Ferdinand  of  Castile.]  A  name  oflicially 
given  to  the  i.sland  of  Cuba  al)otit  1.508.  Colum- 
bus had  called  it  Juana,  and  the  name  was  changed  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  rlesire  <tf  the  king.  It  appears  on  some 
old  maps  and  In  Spanish  authors  of  the  period,  but  was 
■oon  sapplanted  by  the  Indian  name  Cuba. 


387 

Fernandina  (f^r-nan-de'na).  A  seaport  on 
Amelia  Island,  Nassau  County,  northeastern 
Florida,  situated  26  miles  northeast  of  Jackson- 
\\\\e,  in  lat.  30°  40'  N..  long.  81°  28'  W.  It  has 
a  fine  harbor,  and  a  line  of  steamships  to  New  York,  and 
e.\i»orts  timber  and  naval  stores.    Population  (1900),  3,245. 

Fernando  (fir-nau'do).  [See  Fcrdiuaud.']  1. 
In  Cervantes's  "Don  Quixote,"  the  faithless 
friend  of  Cardenio. —  2.  In  Massiiiger  and  Flet- 
cher's comedy  "  The  Laws  of  Candy,"  the  lover 
of  Annophel."— 3.  In  Southerne's  "Fatal  Mar- 
riage," a  character  who  for  his  own  good  is 
made  to  believe  he  has  been  dead  and  buried 
and  in  purgatory. — 4.  In  Sheridan  Knowles's 
"  John  of  Procida."  the  son  of  John  of  Procida. 
He  was  killed  in  the  Sicilian  Vespers. 

Fernando  de  Noronha  (fcr-niin'di>  de  no-ron'- 
vii).  An  island  in  the  Atlantic,  belonging  to 
Brazil,  situated  about  lat.  3°  50'  S.,  long.  32° 
40'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Brazilian  penal  sta- 
tion. 

Fernando  Po  (E.  fer-nan'do  p6';  Sp.  fer-nan'- 
(16  p6').  An  island  in  the  Bight  of  Biafra,  West 
^\irica,  in  lat.  3°  46'  N.,  long.  8°  47'  E.  (light- 
house). Its  surface  is  mountainous.  The  chief  place  is 
Port  Clarence.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the  Portu- 
guese in  1471,  and  was  ceded  in  1778  to  Spain,  which  now 
occupies  it.  There  was  an  English  settlement  here  1827- 
1834.    Area,  799  square  miles.    Population,  about  25, OOO. 

Femandyne  (fer'nan-den).  In  Lodge's  "Rosa- 
lynde,"  the  character  from  which  Jacques  du 
Bois  in  "  As  you  Like  it "  is  taken. 

Fernel  (fer-nel'),  Jean.  Born  at  Clermont-en- 
Beauvoisis,  France,  about  1497:  died  there. 
April  26,  1558.  A  noted  French  physician  and 
medieaWTiter,  professor  of  medicine  at  Paris: 
suruamed  "the  Modern  Galen." 

Femey,  or  Femex  (fcr-na').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Ain,  France,  4  miles  northwest 
of  Geneva.     Voltaire  resided  here  1758-78. 

Femey,  The  Patriarcli  of.    Voltaire. 

Fernig  (fer-neg'),  F61icit6  de  (Madame  Van 
der  Walen).  Born  at  Mortagne,  Nord,  France, 
about  1776:  died  after  1831.  Fernig,  Th6- 
ophile  de.  Born  at  Mortagne  about  1779:  died 
at  Brussels  about  1818.  'Two  French  sisters 
who,  assuming  male  attire,  enlisted  in  1792  in 
a  company  of  the  National  Guards  commanded 
by  their  father,  and  distinguished  themselves 
by  their  bravery  in  battle.  F61iciti5  married 
M.  Van  der  Walen,  a  Belgian  officer,  whose  life 
slio  had  saved. 

Fernkom  (fern'korn),  Anton  Dominik.  Bom 
at  Erfurt,  Prussia,  March  17,  1813 :  died  at 
BriinnKeld,  near  Vienna,  Nov.  16,  1878.  A  Ger- 
man sculptor  and  bronze-founder.  His  best- 
known  work  is  a  statue  of  the  archduke  Charles, 
in  Vienna. 

Femow  (fer'no),  Karl  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Blumenhagen,  Brandeiibiiig,  I'russia,  Nov.  19, 
1763 :  died  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Dec.  4,  1808. 
A  German  writer  on  art,  professor  (extraordi- 
nary) at  Jena  1802,  and  librarian  to  the  duch- 
ess Amalio  at  Weimar  1S04. 

F6ron(fa-ron'),  Firmin  Eloi.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  1,  1.802:  died  al  Conllaiis,  Seine-ot-Oise, 
April  24, 1.S76.  A  French  jiainter.  He  obtained 
tlie  first  medal  in  1835. 

Feronia  (IV-n/ni-il).  In  Italian  mythology,  a 
goddess  of  Sabine  origin,  but  chiefly  wor.sliiped 
in  Etruria,  regarded  especially  as  the  patroness 
of  frecdmen,  and  called  by  the  Greeks  a  goddess 
of  flowers.  Her  most  celebrated  sliriuo  is  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Soracte  in  Etruria. 

Ferozabad  (fe-ro-zii-bjid').  A  town  in  the  North- 
west I'rovinces.British  India, eastof  Agra.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,0110. 

Ferozepore.  See  /•■/io.-iikc. 

Ferozeshah,  or  Ferozsnah  (fo-roz-.shiih').  A 

village  in  tjn'  I'an.iab,  British  India,  situated 
near  Firoziinr.  Jliro.  Dec.  21, 1845,  the  British 
under  Sir  llugh  Gougli  defeated  the  Sikhs. 

Ferrabosco,  or  Ferabosco  (fer-iUbos'ko),  Al- 
fonso. -Vn  Italian  musical  composcrof  thi>  Uith 
century.  He  appears  to  have  settled  In  Kngland,  jut- 
haps  at  Greenwich,  before  ].''07.  He  flUbHet|Uentl>' returned 
to  Italy.  He  published  a  book  of  madrigals  In  l.%42  (a  sec- 
ond in  1587)  and  of  motets  in  ].'V4  1,  both  at  Venice.  Ho  had 
several  friendly  contests  with  W.  Uyrd  as  to  the  best  set- 
ting of  miulrigiilH.  aiul  also  in  writing  "each  to  the  number 
of  40  parts  upon  the  plain-song  of  Miserere." 

Ferrabosco,  or  Ferabosco,  Alfonso.    Born  at 

(iii'iMuich.F.iiglainl.alioul  l.'Ml: liied in  1628(»). 
An  Italian  lutenist  and  musical  composer,  son 
of  tile  preceding.  He  received  his  musical  education 
at  Bologna,  became  musical  Instructor  to  Prince  Henry  In 


Charles  I.     He  piibllsjied  "  Ayres  "  (HI09)  and  "  Lessons  " 

(for  viols,  1(109). 

Ferrabosco,  Alfonso.  Died  in  1661.  An  Italian 


Ferrari,  Giuseppe 

musical  composer  at  the  court  of  Charles  L  of 
England.  He  was  the  son  of  -Alfonso  Ferra- 
bosco (died  1628  f). 

Ferracute  (fer'a-kut),  or  Ferragus  (fer'a-gus), 
It.  Ferrau  (fer-rou').  A  giant  celebrated  in 
medieval  romance.  He  appears  with  various  attri- 
butes, in  the  story  of  "  Valentine  and  Orson, "  as  Ferracute. 
He  has  in  his  castle  an  euormous  brazen  head  which  an- 
swers any  question  put  to  it.  In  some  romances  he  is  a 
Portuguese  giant ;  in  others  a  Spanish  knight ;  in  others  a 
Saracen  ;  in  all  of  enonnous  strength,  and  invulnerable 
till  Orlando  vanquishes  him. 

While  in  Navarre,  it  is  reiiorted  to  Charles  that  a  Syrian 
giant  of  flrst-rate  enormity,  called  Ferracntus  (the  Ferrau 
of  the  Italians),  has  appeared  at  Nagera.  This  creature 
possessed  most  e.vuberant  proportions  :  he  was  twelve  cu- 
bits high,  his  face  was  a  cubit  in  length,  and  his  nose  a  mea- 
sured palm.  As  soon  as  Charles  an-ived  at  Nagera,  this 
unwieldy  gentleman  proposed  a  single  combat,  but  tlia 
king  was  so  little  tempted  by  a  personal  sun-ey  that  he 
declined  his  offer.  Ogerius  the  Dane  was  therefore  selected 
as  the  Christian  chiimpion :  but  the  giant,  trussing  him 
under  one  arm,  carried  him  off  to  the  town,  and  seiVed  a 
succession  of  knights  in  a  similar  manner.  Uriando  at 
length  went  out  against  him.  The  Saracen,  as  usual, 
commenced  the  attack  by  pulling  his  antagonist  from  the 
saddle,  and  rode  off  with  him,  till  Orlando,  exerting  all 
his  force,  seized  him  by  the  chin,  and  both  fell  to"  the 
ground.  When  they  had  remounted,  the  knight,  thinking 
to  kill  the  pagan,  only  cut  off  the  heail  of  his  horse.  Fer- 
rau being  now  on  foot.  Orlando  struck  a  blow  on  his  arm 
that  knocked  the  sword  from  his  hand  ;  on  which  the  giant 
slew  his  adversary's  horse  with  a  pat  of  his  flst.  After 
this  the  oppoueutji  fought  on  foot,  and  with  swords,  till 
towards  evening,  when  Ferrau  demanded  a  truce  till  next 
day.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  I'rose  Fiction,  I.  278. 

Ferragus.  1.  ^ee  Ferracute. —  2.  An  extraor- 
dinary beggar  in  a  novel  of  the  same  name  in 
Balzac's  "  Scenes  de  la  vie  parisienne."  He  is  the 
captain  of  a  mysterious  association  called  "Les  Treize," 
appears  in  society  as  a  diplomat,  and  murders  a  young 
gentleman  who  is  obnoxious  to  the  Treize  by  causing  a  slow 
poison  to  be  put  on  his  hair. 

Ferrand  (fe-rou'j,  Comte  Antoine  Francois 
Claude.  Born  at  Paris.  July  4,  1751:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  17,  1825.  A  French  royalist  politi- 
cian (emigrated  Sept.,  1789),  publicist,  and  his- 
torian. He  wrote  "De  I'esprit  de  I'histoire" 
(1802),  etc. 

Ferrand,  Marie  Louis,  Baron  and  Count  of. 
Born  at  Besan^on,  Oct.  12,  1753:  died  at  Palo 
Fincado,  Santo  Domingo,  Nov.  7,  1808.  A 
French  general.  He  served  in  the  American  revolu- 
tion and  in  the  FYeneh  army  of  the  West,  and  in  1802 
joined  Leclerc  iu  the  Santo  Domingo  expedition.  The 
disasters  of  1802  and  1803  left  him  in  command  of  tlie 
remnants  of  the  French  army.  He  retreated  to  Santo  Do- 
mingo city,  where  he  withst<iod  a  siege  by  Dessalines,  and 
succeeded  in  holding  the  eastern  end  of  the  island  for 
several  years,  Btmaparte  made  him  eaptain-general  of 
.Santo  Domingo.  In  lS(i8  a  Spanish  force  frum  I'orlo  Kico 
invaded  the  island.  Ferrand  was  defeated,  and  sluit  him- 
self on  the  battle-fleld. 

Ferrandina  (fer-riin-de'nii).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Poteuza,  Italy,  situated  35  miles 
southeast  of  Potenza.  '  Population  (1881), 
7,325. 

Ferrar  (fer'iir),  Nicholas.  Died  at  Little  Gid- 
ding.  Huntingdonshire,  Dec.  4,  1637.  An  Eng- 
lish theologian. 

Ferrara  (fer-rii'rii).  1.  A  province  in  the  coai- 
partimcuto  of  Emilia,  Italy,  l^ing  south  of  the 
Po  and  west  of  the  Adriatic.  The  surface  Is 
flat.  Fonnerly  the  main  portion  of  the  duchy  of  F'errara 
(forine<l  1471)  was  under  the  house  of  Este.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  the  Papal  States  in  I.SOS,  and  t.'  Sarilinin  in 
lKt'>0.  .\rfa.  l.OlL'  s<|nare  miles.  Population  ilK*.)!!,  about 
230,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ferrara,  situ- 
ated on  the  Po  di  Volano  in  lat.  44°  50'  N.,  long. 
11°  37'  E.  It  contains  a  university,  and  was  noted  for 
its  school  of  painting  in  tlie  l&th  century,  and  as  a  literary 
center  in  the  10th  century.  The  castle,  formerly  the  ducal 
palace,  Is  a  square  battlemented  fortress  of  brick,  built  in 
i;*8f».  with  a  moat  ami  bridges,  and  towers  at  the  comers. 
The  wall-paintings  which  originally  ornanieutetl  the  ducal 
apartments  are  gtoie,  except  some  verj  good  ones  by  IHisso 
IKlssl.  The  cat hedraUdlh mill)  was ctuiseclatetl  in  ll;'w.  The 
rlcli  faviulo  Is  one  of  tlie  In-nt  of  Italian  medieval  exteriors. 
It  is  solid  bcUiw,  with  a  greid  round-arehed  porch  with 
columns  resting  on  curious  ilgures  sujiporteil  on  lions, 
and  has  above  several  tiers  of  beautiful  arcades.  The  In- 
terior was  spoiled  In  the  17th  century,  but  condiins  gixMl 
inlaid  choir-stalls  and  some  handsome  pictures.  There  Is 
a  tine  KenaisMiince  aroaited  rampanlle,  in  red  and  m  hito 
marble,     roiniljilion  (I'.'UI).  cuminune.  H7,60", 

Ferrara-Florence,  Council  of.  A  clmrch  coun- 
cil which, openiiigat  Ferrarain  14.38, was  trans- 
ferred to  Florence  in  1439  on  account  of  a 
l>lague.  It  proclaimed  the  union  of  the  Greek  and  Ro- 
man churches  In  14:fl).  The  la-i^i  sitting  was  at  Kome  in 
I44ri. 

Ferrari  (fer-rii're),  Qaudenzio.    Boni  nt  Val- 

<luggia,  near  Novara,  Italy,  about  1484  :  died  at 
Milan,  l."i46.  An  Italian  painter.  His  works 
are  principally  at  Varallo  and  elsewhere  in 
northern  Italy. 
Ferrari,  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Klilan,  1S12:  died 
at  Konii'.  .Inly  I,  is76.  An  Italian  philosophical 
writer  and  historian. 


rerrari,  Luigi 


388 


Ferrari,  Luigi.    Boru  at  Veniee,  1810:  died  Pesca  (fes'ka),  Alexander  Ernst.    Born  at 


there,  ilay  12,  1894.     Au  Italian  sculptor, 
Terr6  (ie-ia'),  Theophile  Charles.    Bom  at 
Paris,  1845 :  executed  near  Paris,  Nov.  i!8, 1871. 
One  of  the  leaders  of  tlie  French  Commune  in 
1871. 
Ferreira  (fer-ra'e-ra),  Antonio.     Born  at  Lis- 
bon, 1528:  died  there,  1569.     A  noted  Portu- 
guese poet,  sumamed  '"the  Portuguese  Hor- 
ace." Hewrote  "Incsde  Castro,"  a  tragedy,etc. 
Ferreira,  Alexander  Kodriquez.    See  Hodri- 

qucz  Ferreira. 
Ferrel  (fer'el),  'William.  Born  in  Bedford  (now 
Fulton)  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  29, 1S17:  died  at  Jlay- 
■wood,  Kansas,  Sept.  18, 1891.  An  American  me 


Karlsruhe,  Baden,  May  22. 1820:  died  at  BrunS' 
wick,  German.y,  Feb.  22,  1849.  A  German  com- 
poser, son  of  Friedrich  Ernst  Fesca.  He  com- 
posed much  popular  chamber  music,  etc. 
Fesca,  Friedrich  Ernst.  Born  at  Magdeburg, 
Prussia,  Feb.  15, 1789 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
May  24, 1826.  AGerman  composer  and  violinist. 
He  wrote  two  operas,  "  Cantemir  "  and  *' Leila. "and  a  num- 
ber of  quintets,  quartets,  overtures,  and  chorales  and  other 
sacred  music. 

Fescennine  Songs.  Ancient  Roman  popular 
songs:  so  named  from  the  town  of  Feseennium 
in  southern  Etruria.  They  were  sung  at  rustic 
merrymaldugs,  festivals,  and  later  especially  at 
weddings. 


teorologist.    He  graduated  at  Bethanv  College  in  18M,  ri       t.    /i-     i  ^    t          i.       -r,            ^    .  •        .       ^ 

and  held  an  appointmentontheCoastSurveylSt)7-82,  when  ±  escn  (tesh),  Joseph,     isorn  at  AjacciO,  Cor- 

he  was  appointed  professor  of  meteorology  in  the  Signal  sica,  Jan.  3,  1763  :  died  at  Rome,  May  13,  1839. 

Office  at  Washington,  a  position  \yhich  he  held  four  years.  A  French  ecclesiastic,  half-brother  of  Lietitia. 

He  invented  a  maxmia  and  minima  tidal  predicting  ma-     -_,^,u^  „  „if -nt^^^i^^^  T       tt„  , vi,.  , 

chine,  and  wrote  -  Converging  Series  expressing  the  Ratio  mother  of  Is  apoleon  I.     He  became  archbishop 

betweentheDiameterand  the  Circumference  of  a  Circle"  ot  Lyons  18U2,  and  cardinal  1803. 

(1871),  "Popular  Essays  on  the  Movements  of  the  Atmos-  FesSCndcn  (fes'en-den).  ThomaS  Green.    Bom 

phere    (IsSS),  "The  Motions  of  Fluids  and  Sohds  on  the  „»\roi„-,i„    M  tr      V„..;i  .to  i^-i      i-    i     i  tj 

Earth'sSm-face"a8S2),"Temperatureof  the  Atmosphere  ^^  ^^ '^^lole.  W.  H^,  Apnl    2,  1,,1:  died  at  Bos- 

and  Earths  Surface "(1884),  etc.  ton,  Nov.  11,  183/.     An  American  journalist, 

Ferrers  (fer'erz),  Earl.    See  S)nr}eii,  Laurence.  Poe*.  and  miscellaneous  wi-iter. 

Ferrers,  George.    Bprn  at  St.  Albans.  Hert-  Fessenden.William  Pitt.    Born  at  Boscawen, 

fordshire,  about  1500:  died  January,  1579.     An  N.  H.,  Oct.  16,  1S06:  died  at  Portland,  Maine, 


English  poet  and  politician.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  was  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  and  repre- 
sented Plj-mouth  in  Parliament  from  1542.  On  his  being 
arrested  the  same  year  as  surety  for  a  debt,  the  House  of 
Commons  demanded  his  release  by  virtue  of  the  constitu- 

tionalrightof  itsmemhersto  freedom  from  arrest(except  FeSSler  (fes'ler).   IgnaZ    AureliUS. 
for  treason,  felony,  or  bleach  of  the  peace).     Thesherifls     Czurendorf,   Himgary,  May  18,  175G  ;    died  at 
and  jailers  resisting  the  demand,  the  House  of  Commons     Sf_   Petersbm-g,  Dee.  15,1839.      A  Hungarian 


Sept.  8,  1869.  An  American  statesman.  United 
States  senator  (Republican)  from  Maine  1854- 
W:Qi  and  1S6.5-69,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1864r-65. 

Born   at 


sent  them  to  the  Tower,  this  being  the  fii'st  occasion  on 
which  the  house  acted  independently  in  vindication  of  its 
privileu'e.  Ferrers  took  part  with  W.  Baldwin  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  series  of  historical  poems  entitled  "  Mirroiu- 
for  Magistrates." 

Ferret  (fer'et).  1.  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
•'  The  New  Inn,"  the  servant  of  Level :  a  quick, 
nimble,  and  insinuating  fellow,  with  an  advan- 
tageous knowledge  of  human  nature. — 2.  In 
.Smollett's  "Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,"  a  charac 


historian  and  ecclesiastic  (Capuchin),  professor 
of  Oriental  languages  andhermeneuties  at  the 
University  of  Lemberg.  He  wrote  "  Geschdchte 
der  Ungai-n"  (1812-25),  etc. 
Fessler,  Joseph.  Born  at  Loehau.  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  Dee.  2, 1813:  died  at  St.  Pol- 
ten,  Lower  Austria,  April  25, 1872.  An  Austrian 
prelate  and  scholar.  He  published  ••  Institu- 
tiones  patrologicfe  "  (1850-^2),  etc 


ter  who  never  smiles,  never  speaks  in  praise  Feste(fes'te).  InShakspere's  "TwelfthNight," 
ot  nnv  one.  nna  never  (rives  n.  nireet  nns^vpr.  r\^■    •    -       i    ___  * 

Olma  s  clown. 

Festin  de  Pierre,  Le.    See  Don  Jua». 
Festus   (fes'tus).     A  poem  by  Philip  James 
Bailey,  published  1839. 


of  any  one.  and  never  gives  a  direct  answer. 
Ferrex  and  Porrex.    See  Gorhoduc. 
Ferrier  (fer'i-er),  James  Frederick.    Bom  at 
Edinburgh,  June  16, 1808:  died  at  St.  Andrews, 

June  11,  1864.     A  Scottish  metaphysician.    He  Tia„t„i  •D/^^/>^„c,      a  r.^™.i„«„„„„-o<.„«;« -Oni^- 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Oxford,  and  w4  professor  of  ^^^^^^;^°^$}^k  ^ Roman procuratorm Pales- 
civil  history  at  Edinburgh  184i  and  of  moral  phUosophv     ^ine  at30ut  OU-O.::  A.  D.     He  refused  to  put  the  apos- 
tle Paul  in  the  power  of  the  Jews,  and,  after  giving  him  a 
hearing  in  the  presence  of  Herod  Agrippa  II.,  sent  liini  to 
Kome  in  consequence  of  his  appeal  to  Ca'sar. 

Festus,  Sextns  Pompeius.  A  Latin  lexicog- 
rapher who  lived  perhaps  in  the  middle  of  the 
2d  century  after  Christ.  He  epitomized  a  glossary 
of  Latin  words  and  phrases  entitled  "IJe  Verborum  Sig- 
niticatu,"  by  M.  Verrius  I'Taccus,  which  is  now  lost.  This 
epitome,  which  is  known  as  "Sexti  Pompeii  Festi  de  Ver- 
borum Significatione,"  and  which  is  of  importance  on  ac- 
count of  the  light  which  it  throws  on  obscure  points  in 
Latin  grammar  and  Roman^antiquities,  was  abridged  in 
the  8th  century  by  Paulus  DTaconus. 


;  Edinbiu-gh  1842,  and  of  moral  philosophy 
and  political  economy  at  St.  Andrews  1845.  He  wrote 
"  Institutes  of  Metaphysic"  (1854),  etc.  His  "Lectures  on 
Greek  Philosopliy  "  were  published  posthumously  (1866). 

Ferrier,  Susan  Edmonstone.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  7,  1782:  died  there,  Nov.  5,  1854. 
A  Scottish  novelist.  She  w.as  the  friend  of  Scott, 
whom  she  visited  in  1811, 1829,  and  1831.  Her  chief  works 
are  "Marriage,"  to  which  Miss  Clavering,  niece  of  the 
Duke  of  --Vrgyll,  contributed  a  few  pages  (1818),  "The  In- 
heritance "  (i824),  and  "Destiny "(1831). 

Ferriferes  (fer-yar').  A  vUlage  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Mame,  France,  13  miles  east 


of  Paris.    It  contains  a  chateau  of  the  Rothschilds,  the  ■n«+.'U   A  i; /f.^4r,'':;'iA\  ««  t«4.t.    au /fx*i,  k/i-n 

interview  between  Bismarck  and  Jules  Fivre.  Teth^  All  (feth  a  le),  or  Path  All  (f  atll  a  le),_or 


scene  of  au  interview  between  Bismarck  and  Jules  Favre, 
Sept.,  18"a 
Ferro  (fer'ro),  Sp.  Hierro  (yer'ro).  The  west- 
ernmost of  the  Canary  Islands,  situated  in  lat. 
27°  45'  X..  long.  18°  W.  The  conventional  meridian 
of  Ferro  (a  dividing  line  between  the  eastern  and  western 
hemispheres),  used  as  the  zero  meridian  by  German,  and 
for  a  time  by  Portuguese  and  Spanish,  geographers,  cor- 
responds to  long.  17°  4(y  \V.  of  Greenwich.  Area,  106  square 
miles.     Population  (1887),  5,897. 

),E1. 


Ferrol(fer-r6l'), 


A  seaport  in  the  province 


Futteh  Ali  (fot'te  a'le).  Bom  about  176: 
(1765  ?) :  died  at  Ispahan,  Persia,  Oct.  20, 1834. 
Shah  of  Persia  1797-1834.  He  became  involved  in 
a  war  with  Russia  in  1803  concerning  the  sovereignty  of 
Georgia,  whose  ruler  had  transferred  his  allegiance  from 
Persia  to  Russia.  He  purchased  peace  in  1813  by  aban- 
doning his  claim.  In  1820  he  took  advantage  of  the  recent 
death  of  the  czar  Alexander  to  renew  the  war,  but  was  com- 
pelled by  the  peace  of  1828  to  make  an  additional  cession 
of  teiTitorj'  (Persian  Armenia). 


of  Coruna,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bay  o"f  Betan-  Fethan-Seag.     See  Faddiki/. 

zos  in  lat.  43°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  13'  W.    it  is  noted  Fjetis  (fa-tes'),  Edouard.    Born  at  Bouvignes, 


for  its  naval  arsen.al.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by 
the  English  in  1799,  and  w.as  taken  by  the  French  In  1809. 
Population  (1887),  25,701. 

Ferry  (fe-re' ),  Jules.  Bom  at  St.  Di6.  Vosges, 
France,  April  5,  1832:  died  at  Paris,  March  17, 
1893.  A  French  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  pub- 


Belgium,  May  16,  1812.  An  art  critic,  son  of 
Francois  Joseph  Fetis.  He  is  librarian  of  the  Bib- 
lioth^que  Royale,  Brussels,  professor  of  esthetics  to  the 
Academic  des  Beaux  Arts,  art  critic  of  the  "Ind^pendance 
Beige,"  and  has  published  and  edited  a  number  of  works 
on  art. 


lie  instruction  1S79-SO,  premier  1880^1,  minister  of  public  Fetis,  FranCOis  Joseph.     Bora  at  Mons.  Bel 


instruction  in  1882,  and  premier  1SS3-85,  and  was  elected 
president  of  the  Senate  in  ls93.  His  name  is  associated 
with  the  French  policy  of  adventure  in  Africa  and  Asia. 
Fersen  (fer'sen).  Axel,  Comte  de.  Bom  at 
Stoekliohn,  Sept.  4,  1755 :  murdered  at  Stock- 
holm, June  20, 1810.  A  Swedish  marshal.  He  ac- 
companied Louis  XVI.  to  Varennes  in  17C1.  He  was  killed 
by  the  populace,  on  the  (false)  suspicion  that  he,  with  his 
sister,  had  caused  the  death  of  Prince  Christian  of  Hoi- 
steiu-.\ugustenburg. 


gium.  March  25,  1784:  died  at  Brussels,  March 
26,  1871.  A  Belgian  composer  and  writer  on 
music.  His  works  include  "  Methode  ^l^mentaire,  etc." 
(1824),  "Traits  compiet  de  la  theorie  et  de  la  pratique 
de  I'harmonie"  (1*^4),  "Traits  du  contrepoint  et  de  la 
fugue"  (1824),  "Biographic  universelle  des  musiciens" 
(1835-44),  "Histoire  geuerale  de  la  musique"  (1869-70), 
etc.  He  published  the  "  Revue  Musicale  "  from  1S27-35. 
He  composed  four  or  five  operas,  much  sacred  music,  and 
a  good  deal  of  pianoforte  music. 


Ferstel   (fer'stel),   Heinrich  von.      Bom  at  Fetter  Lane.    -\  street  in  London  ruunuig  from 
Vienna,  July  7,  1828  :  died  at  Gnnzmg,  near    Fleet  street  to  Holborn  Viaduct. 
Vienna,  July  14, 1883.    An  Austrian  areldtect. 

Fert6-sous-Jouarre  (fer-ta'so-zho-ar').  La.  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Mame, 
France,  on  the  Marae  36  miles  east  of  Paris : 
noted  for  quarries.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,670. 

Ferumbras.    See  Fierabras. 


During  the  middle  ages  Fetter  Lane  sltmibered ;  but  it 
woke  up  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  and  in  1643 
became  unpleasantly  celebrated  as  the  spot  where  Wal- 
ler's plot  disastrously  terminated.  .  .  .  One  of  the  pleas- 
antest  memories  of  Fetter  Lane  is  that  which  connects  it 
with  the  school-days  of  Charles  Lamb.  Dryden  and  Otway, 
it  i&  said,  lived  opposite  each  other  in  Fetter  Lane. 

TharntnoTi,  Old  and  New  London,  I.  M. 


Feydeau 

Feuchferes  (fe-shar'i,  Baronne  de  (Sophie 
Dawes  "r  Daws).  Born  in  the  Isle  of  Wight 
about  1795:  died  in  England,  Jan.  2,  1841.  A 
woman  of  low  birth,  mistress  of  Louis  Henri 
Joseph  de  Bom'bon,  prince  de  Conde  (1756- 
1830).  .She  man-ied  Baron  de  Feucheres  in 
1818.  and  was  separated  from  him  in  1822. 

Feuchterslehen (f  oich '  ters-la-ben) . Ernst  von. 
Boru  at  Vienna,  April  29,  1806:  died  at  Vienna, 
Sept.  3,  1849.  An  Austrian  physician,  poet, 
and  philosopher.  He  became  dean  of  the  medical 
faculty  at  Vienna  in  1845,  and  in  1848  was  under-secretary 
of  state  in  the  ministry  of  public  instruction.  His  works 
include  "Lehibuch  der  arztlichen  Seelenkunde"  (l&fSX 
"Zur  Diatetik  der  Seele"  (1838),  and  "Gedichte"  (18.36). 

Feuerbach  (foi'er-baeh),  Anselm  von.    Bom 

at  Spires,  Sept.  12,  1829:  died  at  Venice,  Jan. 
4. 1880.  A  German  historical  painter.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  F  \V.  von  Schadow.  and  held  a  professorship  in 
the  Academy  of  Vienna  1873-77. 

Feuerbach,  Ludwig  Andreas.  Born  at  Lands- 
hut,  Bavaria,  July  28.  1804:  died  near  Nurem- 
berg, Bavaria,  Sept.  13,  1872.  A  German  phi- 
losopher, son  of  P.  J.  A.  von  Feuerbach.  He 
habilitated  as  privat-docent  at  Erlangeain  1828,  but  aban- 
doned teaching  in  1S32.  His  cliief  works  are  "  Das  Wescn 
des  Christenthums "  (1*41),  "Das  Wesen  der  Religion" 
(1845),  and  "Theogonie  nach  den  QueUen  des  klassischen, 
hehraischen,  und  christlichen  Altertums"  (1876). 

Feuerbach,  Paul  Johann  Anselm  von.  Born 
at  Hainichen,  near  Jena,  Germany,  Nov.  14, 
1775:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Prussia, 
May  29,  1833.  A  German  jirrist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor at  Jena  in  1801,  professor  at  Kiel  in  1802,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Landshut  in  l&Ot ;  removed  to  Munich  to  ac- 
cept a  position  in  the  department  of  justice  there  in 
18u5:  was  ennobled  and  made  privy  councilor  in  1808; 
became  second  president  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  at  Bam- 
berg in  1814  ;  and  became  president  of  the  Court  of  .Ap- 
peal at  Anspach  in  1817.  He  drew  up  the  Bavarian  crim- 
inal code  which  was  introduced  in  1S13,  and  wrote  "Kritik 
des  natiirlichen  Rechts  als  Propadeutik  zu  einer  Wissen- 
schaft  der  natiirlichen  Rechte"  (1796),  "Lehrbuch  des 
gemeinen,  in  Deutschland  geltenden  peinlichen  Rechts" 
(1800X  "  Merkwiirdige  Kriminolrechtsfalle  (1808-11).  "  K. 
Hauser,  ein  Beispiel  eines  Verbrechens  am  Seelenleben  " 
(1832),  etc. 

Feuillants  (fe-yon'),  Les.  A  political  club  es- 
tablished at  Paris  during  the  Revolution,  it 
was  at  first  called  the  Club  of  1789,  receiving  its  later 
name  from  the  convent  of  the  Feuillants,  where  it  held  its 
meetings. 

Feuilles  d'Autonine  (fey  do-ton').  [F., 'Au- 
tumn Leaves.']  A  collection  of  lyric  poems  by 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1831. 

Feuillet  (fe-ya'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Mane,  in 
Provence,  1C60:  died  at  Marseilles,  April  18, 
1732.  A  French  scientist  and  traveler.  Aided 
by  royal  bounty,  he  made  two  extended  expeditions  to  the 
West  Indies  and  the  northern  and  western  coasts  of  South 
America  (1703-11).  taking  careful  observations  to  rectify 
the  existing  maps,  and  studying  plants,  antiquities,  etc. 
The  results  were  published  in  several  lai-ge  works.  In 
1724  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  employed  him  to 
determine  the  exact  longitude  of  the  island  of  Ferro. 

Feuillet,  Octave.  Bom  at  St.-L6,  Manche, 
France,  Aug.  11,  1821:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  29, 
1890.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist.  Alter 
graduating  from  the  College  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris,  he 
studied  law  and  eng.aged  in  literary  work.  In  collabora- 
tion w  ith  Paul  Bocage  he.wrote  for  the  stage  "  Un  bour- 
geois de  Paris "  (1*45),  "Echec  et  mat"  (18461,  "Palma, 
ou  la  luiit  du  Vendredi-Saint"  (1847),  "La  vieillesse  do 
Richelieu  '  (1848),  "  York  "  (1852).  "  Scf'nes  et  proverbes' 
(1851),  '■Sc^nesetcomedies"(1854),"Lagrise"(1854),  "Le 
ronian  d'un  jeune  hoinme  pauvre " (185S),  "R^uemption" 
(1860),  "  Les  portraits  de  lam.arquise"  (1862).  "iloiitjoye" 
(1863),  "  La  belle  au  bois  dormant "  (1866),  "  Le  cas  de  con- 
science "  (1867),  "Julie  "(1869),  "  LAcrobate  "  (1873),  "  Le 
sphinx"  (1S74X  " La  clef  d'or"(  1878).  "  Un  roman  parisien ■ 
nss3),  and  "Chamillac"(18sa).  His  novels  are  "Bellah'' 
(1852),  "Le  roman  d'un  jeune  homme  pauvre"  (1858), 
"Histoire  de  Sibylle"  (1862X  "Monsieur  de  Camera" 
(1867),  "Julia  de  Trecceur"  (1372),  "I'n  mariage  dans  le 
monde"(lS75),  "Les  amours  de  Philippe  " and  "Le  journal 
d'unefemme"(1877),  "  Histoire  dj^ne  Parisienne"  (18S2X 
"La  veuve,"  "Le  voyageur,"  "Le  divorce  de  Juliette," 
"Charybde  et  Scylla,"  and  "Le  cur^  de  Bourron  "  (18S4X 
"  La  morte  "  (1SS6),  and ,"  Honneur  d'artiste  "  (1S90).  The 
French  newspaper  name /euiZ/e(on  was  first  used  for  hifl 
serial  writings  in  newspapers. 

Feurs  (fer).  A  towniu  the  department  of  Loire, 
France,  ou  the  Loire  31  miles  west  of  Lyons. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  division  Forez. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,492. 

F6val  (fa-val'),  Paul  Henri  Corentin.  Born 
at  Rennes,  France,  Sept.  27,  1817:  died  at 
Paris,  March  8,  1887.  -\  French  novelist, 
author  of  "Lesmvsteres  de  Londres"  (1844), 
"Le  fils  du  diable"  (1847),  "Le  bossu"  (1858), 
"Le  chevalier  de  Keramour"  (1874),  "Les  mer- 
veilles  du  Mont  St.  Michel"  (1879),  etc. 

Feversham.     See  Favcrsham. 

Feydeau(fa-d6'), Ernest  Aim6.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  16,  1821:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  29,  1873. 
A  French  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
-Among  his  novels  are  "  Fanny  "  (ISSS),  "  Sflvie "  (1861). 
"TJn  debut  &  I'op^ra"  (1S63),  "La  comtesse  de  Chalis, 
etc. "(1868),  etc.  He  wrote  several  comedies,  and  "  Da  luze 


Feydeau 

des  femmes,  etr."  (18fi6),  "  Histoire  des  nsaeeB  fan^bre8, 
etc."  (18r>7-61),  •'L'AUemagne  en  l?n"  (18.2).  and  other 
works.  -  /  -       -     i  -      -  / 

Feyjoo  y  Montenegro  (fii-e-Ho  e  mou-ta-na  - 
ei-6),  Frey  Benito.  Born  at  Cardamiro,  near 
Orense,  Spain,  Oct.  18,  1676:  died  at  Uviedo, 
Spain,  Sept.  liG,  1764.  A  noted  Spanish  cvitie 
and  scholar,  aBenedictinemonk.  Hepubhshed 
"Teatro  critico  universal"  (1726-60),  "Cartas 
eruditas  y  cui-iosas"  (1760),  etc. 

Still  when  in  1726,  Feyjo6  printed  a  volume  of  essays 
connected  with  his  main  purpose,  lie  was  able  to  com- 
mand public  attention,  and  was  encouraged  togoon.  ile 
called  it  "The  Critical  Theatre"  ;  and  in  ita  diKercnt  dis- 
sertations  -  as  separate  as  the  papers  in  "The  Spectator, 
but  longer  and  on  graver  subjects  — he  boldly  attacked 
the  dialectics  and  metaphysics  then  taught  everywhere  In 
.Snain-  maintained  liacon's  system  of  induction  in  the 
physical  sciences;  ridii-uled  the  general  opinion  in  rela- 
tion to  comets,  eclipses,  and  the  arts  of  magic  and  divnia- 
tion  ■  laid  down  rules  for  historical  faith,  which  woul.l  ex- 
clude most  of  the  oarlv  traditions  of  the  countiT :  showed 
a  greater  deference  for  woman,  and  claimed  for  her  a 
higher  place  in  society,  than  the  inlluence  of  the  .-Spanish 
Church  willingly  permitted  her  to  occupy;  and.  in  all  le- 
Bpects.  came  foith  to  his  countrymen  as  one  nrging  ear- 
nestly the  adv.ancement  of  education,  the  pursuit  "f  truth, 
and  thelmprovenientof  B.iciallife.  Eight  volumes  of  this 
stirring  work  were  puldished  before  1739,  and  then  it 
stopped,  without  anv  apparent  reason.  But  in  1712  I'ey- 
joii  tiegan  a  similar  series  of  discussions,  under  the  name 
bf  '  Learned  and  Inquiring  Letters."  which  he  flnished  m 
17811,  with  the  fifth  volume,  thus  closingup  the  long  series 
of  his  truly  nhilanthropical,  as  well  as  philosophical,  la- 
j,oPg  Ticknor,  .Span.  Lit.,  III.  272. 

Fez  (fez),  Ar.  Fas  (fiis).  1.  A  sultanate  in  the 
northern  part  of  Morocco,  annexed  to  Morocco 
proper  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century.—  2. 
The  capital  of  Morocco,  situated  in  lat.  34°  6' 
N  lonR.  4°  58'  W.  It  is  an  important  commercial 
center  is  celebrated  as  a  holy  city,  and  was  formerly  noted 
as  a  seat  of  learning.  Population,  about  I(i0,ll0:l. 
Fezzan  (fez-ziiu').  The  southernmost  division 
(kaimakamlik)  of  the  Turkish  vilayet  of  Tripoli 
in  northern  Africa,  situated  about  lat.  24°-30° 
N.,  long.  11°-18°E. :  the  ancient  Phazaiua,  or 
land  of  the  Garamantes.  It  consists  of  a  desert  in- 
closing many  oases.  It  became  subject  to  Tripoli  in  1842. 
The  capital  is  Murzuk.  Area,  about  156,000  square  miles. 
Population,  about  50,000. 
Fezziwig  (foz'i-wig).  The  name  of  a  family  in 
Dickens's  ''Cliristmas  Carci.'"  it  comprises  a  jolly 
old  father,  a  mother  ("one  vas'  substantial  smile"),  and 
three  fair  daughters.  .   ..„     x        tt      v        -u 

Fiacre  (fe-ii'kfer;  F.pron.fya'kr),orFiacnracn, 
Saint.  Died  at  Breuil,near  Paris,  France,  about 
670  The  patron  saint  of  gardeners.  He  was  a 
native  of  "Ireland,  the  country  of  the  Scots."  and  lived 
many  years  at  Hretiil  (near  Paris),  where  he  erected  an  ora- 
torytothe  Virgin  .Mary.  He  is  celebrated  as  a  workerof 
miraculous  cures,  and  is  commemorated  on  the  sotii  oi 
Aue  An  inn  at  Paris,  which  was  known  as  the  Hotel  (le 
St.  Fiacre,  is  said  to  have  been  (about  lO.SO)  the  first  sta 
tion  f..r  tlie  hire  of  carriages ;  he-"  """  "■■•"'"  "'  "" 
word  Jiaere  for  a  hackney-coach 


389 


St.  Macre,  is  saiu  vo  nave  uucii  ,.».,.^,.v  ^^.'-^z  ...-  -  --■- 

tion  for  tlie  hire  of  carriages ;  hence  the  origin  ol  the 
word  /iacre  for  a  hackney-coach. 
Fiammetta  (fe-il-met'tii).  In  the  works  of  Boc- 
caccio, the  name  given  to  Maria  (daugliterot  tie 
King  of  Naples),  beloved  liv  him.  She  is  the 
subject  of  his  romance  entitled  "Amorosa 
Fiairimetta."  „      ,  t.  i 

Fichel  (fe-shel'),  Benjamin  Eugfene.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Aug.  30,  lH2(i:  cUcmI  there,  Keb.  1,  ISO..  .\ 
French  genre  painter,  pupil  nf  Paul  Delarochc 

Fichte  (tich'tc),  Immanuel  Hermann  von. 
Born  at  Jena,  (ieriimny,  .July  1",  17'Jli:  died  at 
Stuttgart,  Aug.  H,  1870.  Adermanphihisopher, 
son  of  J.  C4.  Fichte.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Bonn  ia'»-42,and  at  Tiibingen  1S42--.;:1.  Me  pub  .»l,ed 
"System  der  Kthlk"  (lHr.n-r,:i),  "Antliropologle  (18..(.), 
"p"9ychologie"(lM(U),  etc. 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb.  Bom  at  Rammenau. 
near  Kamenz,  in  Upper  Lusatia,  Germ-.iiiv,  May 
19,  176'2:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  27,  1814.  A  cele- 
brated German  metaphysician.  He  wasthe  son  of 
a  p.,or  weaver.  He  atten(leil  school  at  I'forta, and  studied 
Bubse.|nently  at  the  universities  of  ,Iena  and  I.eip»  c  11  ^ 
first  phllosophi.al  work,"  Krltikallerliltenbaning  ('The 
C-rilillue  of  h\  Revelath.n  •),  appeared  In  1702  In  ,fl.)he 
became  profes»..r  of  phil.«ot,hy  at  Jena.  ^  '",'"»''  « 
year  appeared  his  principal  work,  'M.nindlage  der  gi- 
iammten  Wissenschaftslehre  "  ("  Fundamental  Prlnelpl.s 

ortlle  Whole  Theory  of  Science").  V'^'l'"'  iVmln.  'a 
exception  of  the  summer  of  IKur,  (when  he  dellvc.ed  a 
course',  lecture,  at  l-.ilangen),  and  a  port  "'•l"''""''  ";"» 
vears  180(M>7,  hellv.d  in  BerlUi,  where,  during  the  winter 
^f  8(17  os;  he  clelivered  the  celehrat^.l  "Iteden  an  dlo 
deutsib.-  NatliMi"("Addre».ie«  to  the  (Icrnnm  Nation  •). 
At  the  opening  of  the  fniverslly  ol  llerlin  in  1810  he  was 
made  professor  of  philosophy,  and  was  the  second  rector 
of  that  instllntlon.  His  complete  works  wore  puMUhed 
by  his  son  (l.sl.',-ll!)  In  s  vols. 

Fichtelgebirge(ncli'tel-ge-b5r'ge).  [G., '  pmo 
nioinit  nins.']  A  mountain  group  in  Umier  1  niii- 
eoiiia,.  P.avaria,  situated  northeast  of  Bayreiith. 
Highest  peak,  the  SiOnieeberg,  3,454  feet. 

Ficino(re-cbe'no),MarsillO.  BornatHorencp, 
Oct.  19,  1433:  died  near  Florence,  ()ct.  1,  1  tOit. 
An  Italian  physician  and  Platonic  philosopher. 
He  wrote  "  Theologia  Platonica"  (1482),  etc. 


Fick  lik).  Adolf.  Born  at  Cassel,  Pnissia. 
Sejit.  3,  1S21I:  died  Aug.  21,  1901.  A  German 
physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  at  Zurich 
in  "1850,  and  at  Wiirzlnirg  from  1868.  His  work> 
include  "Die  medizinisehe  Physik "  (1857),  "Kompeii- 
dinm  der  Pliysi..l.,gie  '  (1860),  "Anatomic  und  Physiologic 
der  Sirine  ■  (l.vij).  etc. 

Fick  August.  Born  at  Petershagen,  near  Mm- 
den,'  Prussia,  Mav  5,  1833.  A  German  philol- 
oo-ist,  professor  of  comparative  philology  at 
Gottingen  1876-88,  and  at  Breslau  1888.  He 
has  published  "  Vergleichendes  Wiirterbuch 
der  indogerraanischen  Spraclien"  (3d  ed.  1874- 
1876),  etc. 

Ficoroni  (fe-ko-ro'ne)  Cist.  A  cylindrical 
bronze  box  found  near  Palestrina,  and  ];>re- 
served  in  the  Museo  Kireheriano,  Rome.  It  is 
important  because  its  incised  decoration,  representing 
the  vict..ry  of  Polydeuces  (Pollux)  over  Aniycus,  is  per- 
haps the  finest  surviving  production  of  Greek  graphic  art. 
The  box  is  over  H  feet  high,  and  rests  on  three  feet ;  the 
h.andle  of  the  cover  is  formed  by  a  group  of  Bacchus  with 
two  satyrs.  tj.      i  t     j 

Ficquelmont  (fe-kel-m6n'),  Count  Karl  Lua- 

wig  von.  Born  at  Dieuze,  Lorraine.  ^March 
23,  1777 :  died  at  Venice,  April  7,  18.j7.  An 
Austrian  general  and  diplomatist,  minister  ot 
foreign  affairs  in  1839  and  1848. 

Fidele  (fi-de'le  or  fi-dal').  The  name  assumed 
by  Imogen,  in  Shakspere's  "Cymbeline,"  when 
disguised  as  a  boy.  ..,-,-, 

Fidelia  ( ti-<le'li-ii).     [From  L.  fuMi.'i,  faithful.] 

1  In  Wvcherley's  "  Plain  Dealer,"  a  young  girl 
disguised  as  a  boy,  Fidelio,  who  follows  Manly. 
She  is  a  sort  of  imitation  of  Shakspere's  \  lola.— 

2  The  Foundling  in  Moore's  play  of  that  name. 
Fidelio  (fe-da'lv6).     An  opera  by  Beethoven, 

first  produced  in  Vienna  Nov.  20,  180o.    It  was 
Beethoven's  only  opera,  and  was  several  times  altered  by 
him       The  words  were  adapted  from   Bouilly  s  comic 
opera  "Ldonore,  ou  lamour  conjugal,"  but  it  was  never 
played  under  the  name  of  "  Ll-onore,"  though  BeetliOT-cn 
wished  to  call  it  so.    Three  editions  of  the  pianoforte 
score  are,  however,  printed  witli  that  title.  ^  Ihe     l.'o- 
nora  Overtures"  were  written  for  "Fidelio.       Leonora, 
the  wife  of  Florestan,  a  state  prisoner,  assumes  the  dis- 
gui.se  ot  a  boy,  Fidelio,  to  save  lier  hu8band'.s  life. 
Fidenae  (ii-de'u6).     In  ancient  geography,   a 
city  of  Latium,  situated  on  the  Tiber  5  miles 
northeast  of  Rome.     The  site  is  oeaupied  by 
the  modern  Castel  Giubileo. 
Fides  (fi'dez).    [I..,  '  faith.']     An  asteroid  (No. 
37)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  Oct.  a,  ISoS. 
Fiebres  (fe-ii'bros).     [Sp.,  '  fevers.']      A  nick- 
name given  in  Guatemala,  and  to  some  extent 
ill  other  Central  American  countries,  to  the 
liberal  party.    It  was  in  common  use  from  the  peri.id 
of  independence  until  18.W  or  later.      The  liberals  were 
sometimes  called  Antiryuixlan  by  their  opponents.    Op- 
posed to  A  ristucratax  or  SernU-s.     See  Scrmlts. 
Field   (feld),   Cyrus  "West.      Boim  at  Stock- 
bridge    Mass.,   Nov.   30,    1819:   died  at_^  New 
York,  July  12,  1892.     The  founder  of  the  At- 
lantic Cable  Company,  son  of  David  Dudley 
Field  (1781-1807).     Ho  established  in  18W  a  paper- 
business  at  New  York,  from  the  active  management  of 
which  ho  retired  in  IS.'iS  with  a  fortune.    He  organized 
about  1854  the  New  Ycjrk,  Newfoundland,   and  London 
Telegraph  Company,  which  connected  the  American  eon 
tinent  willi  Newfoundland  by  a  subnianne  cable  in  18..I.. 
In  1850  ho  organized  the  Atlantic  Telegra|>h  tpmpany 
which    with  the  assistance  of  the  English  and  1  nited 
States'governnienta,  succeeded  after  two  failnivs  m  ln\  ing 
a  submarine  cable  between  Ireland  and  .N,«f..ini.llan.i. 
The  first  public  message  was  sent  by  Queen  \  u-tona  to 
the  I'resident  Aug.   10,  18r.8;  the  cah  e  ceased  t<)  work 
Sept.  1  following.     The  submerging  of  a  new  cable  was 
begun  in  1866.     It  broke  In  180.^  after  l.SKW  kilometers 
had  been  paid.uit.     Finally,  in  lsu6,the  laying  of  another 
cable  was  accompUshed,  ami  .Inly  29  of  that  year  an  ov.r- 
ocean  telegram  was  received  in  the  (  niteil  sta  ca      Ibe 
cable  lost  in  1805  wa.s  recovered  and  comple  ed  latir    n 
1866.      The  Oreat  F.astern  wasemployed  08  a  transport  in 
Ihe  submerging  of  the  last  two  cables. 

Field,  David  Dudley.  Born  at  East  Guilford, 
Conn  May  20, 17S1 :  died  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
April  15,  1867.  An  American  clergyman  and 
liisi  orical  writer.  IIo  wrote  "  A  History  of  the  Town 
of  I'ittsfield,  in  P..rk»bire  C.unty,  M.is.sachusett«  (1.-44), 
and"OeneabvyoHbe  ISraiuerd  laniily    (^IS-"). 

Field,  David  Dudley.  BoniatHaddam  Conn  , 
Fell.  13,  1805:  died  at  New  York,  April  13,  1894 
Am  American  jurist,  son  of  David  Dudley  I  lold 
(1781-1H67).  He  gniduated  at  Williams  College  In  1825; 
was  admitted  to  Ihe  bar  In  1828;  served  "-;  '™' <'"' 
comnilHsion  instituted  in  18f.7  t.j  prepare  a  po  III eal,  penal, 
a  d  e  vll  code  for  the  Stale  of  .New  \'o,k  ;  ""-l .Vi'  1^  '^"^ 
the  practice  ..(  law  in  1885.  He  publlslieil  Diaft  Out- 
llnesof  an  International  Code"  (1872).  etc. 

Field  Eugene.  Bom  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept. 
2,  1H.50:  .lie<l  Nov.  4,  1895.  An  American  .lour- 
iiulist  and  luiet.  He  was  cminected  with  Ihe  press  In 
Missouri  an.<  Colora.lo  187SMt:i.  In  1S«:.  he  became  a 
member  of  the  slatf  of  the  Chicago  "Dally  News 

Field.  Henry  Martyn.    B-rn  at  M.ickbr.dge, 

Mass.,  April  3.  IS22.    An  Amerieuii  .•lerg.yman. 
journalist  (editor  of  "The  Evangelist'),  and 


Fields 

writer,  son  of  David  Dudley  Field  (1781-1867). 
He  has  written  "  From  Egypt  to  .Japan  ■  (18711),  "  Among 
the  Holy  Hills  "  (1882),  and  other  books  of  travel. 
Field,  Inspector.     A  shrewd  detective  oflicer 


:icxu,  X110PCV.UWJ..      ..*  ....... — —    - 

ill  Charles  Dickens's  "Ou  Duty  with  Inspector 
Field,"  taken  from  life. 
Field  John.  Bom  at  DubUn,  July  26,  1(82: 
died  at  Moscow,  Jan.  11,  1837.  A  British  com- 
poser and  pianist.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Cleinenti.whom 
he  accompanied  to  Kussia  in  18ir2,  ami  subsequently  taught 
music  at  St.  Petersburg  and  at  Moscow,  where  he-  settled 
between  1824  and  182S.  He  is  chielly  remembered  for  hU 
"Nocturnes."  to  which  those  of  Chopin  are  said  to  owe 
much  both  in  form  and  spirit.  .  ,        .  o. 

Field,  Nathaniel.    Bom  in  the  parish  of  St. 

Giles,  Cripplegate,  in  1587:  died  in  1633.  An 
Kii'dish  actor  and  dramatist.  He  is  chiefly  remem- 
bered as  the  author  of  "A  Woman  is  a  Weathercock" 
(I(11>1  and  "  Amends  for  Ladies"  (1C18),  and  as  the  joint 
auth.i'r  with  .Massingcrof  "The  Fatal  Dowry  "(l<a2). 

Field,  Stephen  Johnson.     Born  at  Haddam, 

Conn.,  Nov.  4,  1816  :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  9,  1899.      An   American   jurist,   son   of 
David  Dudley  Field  (1781-1867).     He  was  chief 
justice  of  California  1859-113,  was  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Curt  18(3-97,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877. 
Field  Codes.    A  series  of  codes  intended  to  em- 
body all  the  general  laws  of  the  State  of  New 
York  (prepared  bv  a  commission  appointed  in 
New  York,  of  which  Mr.  David  Dudley  Field 
was  the  chief  member),  several  of  which  were 
in  substance  adopted  in  that  State,  and  all  of 
which  have  been  adopted  in  a  number  of  other 
States.    Chief  among  the  reforms  of  the  la<v  introduced 
by  these  codes  was  the  substitution  of  a  single  procedure 
in  place  of  the  technical  forms  and  distinctions  of  common- 
law  actions  and  equity  suits,  and  the  admission  of  parties 
and  interested  persons  to  testify  as  witnesses. 

Fielding  (fel'ding),  Copley  "Vandyke.    Bora 

about  1787:   died   at  Worthing,   Sussex,  Eng- 
land, March  3,  1855,     An  English  painter  in 
water-colors,  noted  chiefly  for  his  marines  and 
landscapes.     He  became  a  full  member  of  the  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water-coloiirn  in  18U,  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  Ihe  society  in  1618,  and  was  president  from  1831 
until  hi.s  death. 
Fielding,  Henry.  Born  at  Sharpham  Park,  near 
(ilastoubury,    Somersetshire,   April  22,    1707: 
died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  8,  1754.     A  celebrated 
English  playwright  and  novelist.    He  was  the  son 
of  F.dmund  Fielding  (afterward  a  general  in  the  army) 
and  Sarah,  d.aughfcr  of  Sir  Henry  Gould  of  Slian>ham 
Park  ;  studied  at  Eton,  at  l.evden.  and  at  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, London ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1740 ;  was  ap- 
pointed a  justice  of  the  peace  for  Westminster  in  1748, 
feeing  afterward  qualilled  to  act  for  Middlesex ;  and  was 
elected  chairman  of  quarter  sessions  at  Uicks's  Hall  In 
1749.      Among  his  works  are:  plays.  "Love  in  Seveml 
Masques  "  (1728),  "  The  Temple  Beau  "  (1730),  "The  Moil- 
crn  Husband"  (1732),    "The  Mock  Doctor"  (1732).  and 
"The  Miser"  (17:i:!),   adaptations  from   Moliere,  "Tom 
Tlmmb"(a  burlesiinc  IT.lo),  "The  Intriguing  Chamber- 
maid" (1734),  "The  Wedding  Day"  (1743:  translated  Into 
German  n.-iO).  etc.:  novels,    ".loseph    Andrews"  (1742), 
"Jonathan  Wild  the  Great"  (1743),  "Tom  Jones     (1,40^ 
"  Amelia"  (17.'il),  etc.   lie  also  wrote  "Journal  of  a  Voyage 
to  Lisbon,"  published  in  17.'.f'  after  his  death,  and  a  number 
of  miscellanies  and  poems.    Hecontrihutid  tothc  "Cham- 
pion '  and  other  periodiials,  and  published  the  "  True  Pa- 
triot" from  Nov.,  171,S  to  June,  174(),  and  the  "  jBCoblt«» 
Journal  "  from  Dec.  1747,  to  Nov.,  1748. 
Fielding,  Sarah.     Bom  at  East  Stour   Dorset- 
shire, Nov.  8,  17111:    died   at   Bath,  Lncland, 
1708.   An  Kiiglish  author,  sisterof  Henry  Field- 
ing.    Among  her  works  are  "The  Adventures  nf  David 
Simple  in  Search  of  a  Faithful  Friend  "  (1744),  and  a  trans- 
lation of  Xenophon's  "  Memoirs  of  Socrates:  with  the  De- 
fence of  So.Tiilca  before  his  Judges"  (1772), 

Field  of  Blood.  [It.t  viwi/i-'i/i^onf/'"-.]  A  name 
given  in  Italy  to  (ho  ancient  battle-field  of 
Canme.     See  (Vi/iii/r. 

Field  of  March.     See  chump  dc  Mars. 

Field  of  May.     See  champ  lie  Mnis,  2. 

Field  of  Peterloo.    Sec  i'cfcr/oo. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  (Jold.  A  plain  near 
Ardres.  de|inrtMnnt  of  Pas-de-('nl;iis,  !•  ranee, 
the  sceiie  of  a  iiieeling  lietweeii  Francis  I.  of 
France  and  Henry  VHl,  of  England,  1,520:  so 
called  from  the  niiignilicencc  of  the  display. 

Field  of  the  Forty  Footsteps.  See  the  ext  ract. 

The  fields  behind  Montagu  House  were,  from  ah.nlt  the 
year  1080  until  towards  the  end  of  lb.'  last  cciitury,  ho 
Bcenes  of  robbery,  murder,  and  every  sneeles  ,.f  depravity-^ 
Tradllbm  bad  given  lotbesnperslltl..u«ntth.-ilncrl..d 
ilSOOl  a  legendary  story,  of  the  period  of  Ibe  Duke  o  Mon. 
mout'h's  rebellion,  of  t  w,.  brothers  who  fought  '"  tis  "c  d 
so  ferociously  "»  '"  destroy  each  ot  ur  ;  since  which  their 
footsteps  formed  fi-ian  the  vengeful  struggle  wore  said  to 
remain  .  ,  .  nor  could  any  grass  or  vegetable  ever  be  pro- 
duced where  these  "  forty  f.K.lsleps"  were  bus  displayed. 
This  cxiraordlimry  ar-awns  said  to  be  at  the  extreme  tcr- 
m  .at ion  of  the  north  east  end  of  Fpper  Montagu  Street 
They  were  built  ov  er  about  1.400.  lUmhaulU 

Fields  (feldz).  James  Thomas.  Born  at  Porte- 

month,  N,  H„  De.>.  31.  IS17:  died  at  Boston, 
Atuil  24,  1881.  .\n  American  publisher  and 
author.    Uo  was  «uccoMlvcly  a  jiarf  ncr  In  levcral  book 


Fields 

Anns  at  Boston,  and  eiliteil  the  "Atlantic  Monthly"  1862- 
1870.  He  wrote  "Yesterdays  with  Authors"  (1872),  and 
edited,  in  conjunction  with  E.  P.Whipple,  "The  Family 
Library  of  British  Poetry,  from  Chaucer  to  the  Present 
Time,  1350-1878  "  (1878). 

Fiennes  (t'e-cuz'),  James,  Baron  Save  and  Sele. 
Died  July  4,  1450.  An  English  nobleman.  He 
was  the  second  son  of  Sir  William  d^  Fiennes ;  served  in 
the  Irencli  wars;  was  made  constable  of  Dover  and  wai"- 
den  of  the  Cinque  Ports  in  1447 ;  was  created  a  bai-on, 
with  the  title  of  Lord  Saye  and  Sele,  iu  1447 ;  was  in  1447 
appointed  constable  of  the  Tower  of  London ;  and  was 
made  lord  treasurer  in  1449.  He  was  beheaded  by  the  mob, 
in  the  insurrection  under  Cade  in  1450. 

Fiennes,  Thomas,  ninth  Baron  Dacre.  Born 
in  1517 :  executed  at  Tyburn,  June  29,  1541. 
An  English  nobleman.  He  was  one  of  a  party  of 
youths  who  engaged  in  a  poaching  frolic  in  the  park  of 
Mr.  Nicholas  Pelham  at  Laughton,  April  30, 1541 ;  and  one 
of  tlie  park  keepers  was  mortally  wounded  in  a  scuffle. 
The  whole  poaching  party  was,  apparently  under  pressure 
from  the  king,  prosecuted  for  murder,  and  Lord  Dacre 
and  three  of  his  companions  were  condemned  to  death. 

Fierabras  (fe-ii-ra-bra').  [From  L.  ferrum, 
iron,  as  in  the  name  Bras-clc-Fer:  in  English, 
Sir  Ferumhras.']  One  of  the  paladins  of  Charle- 
magne. He  gave  his  name  to  the  most  popular  of  the 
French  Charlemagne  romances.  It  remains  in  a  Proven- 
cal version  and  a  French  version,  in  two  MSS.  of  the  14th 
century  and  two  of  the  15th.  A  prose  version  of  it  was 
printed  at  Geneva  in  1478,  and  Caxton's  "  Lyf  of  the  Noble 
and  Crysten  Prynce,  Charles  the  Grete."  printed  in  1485, 
was  a  translation  from  that  French  prose  version  of  Fie- 
rabras. W.  Gaston  Paris  has  pointed  out  that  Fierabras 
is  an  expansion  of  an  earlier  poem,  "Balan,"  with  the 
scene  of  action  changed  to  Spain,  and  with  improvements 
in  the  story.  The  poem  of  "Balan  "  appears  in  English  as 
the  romance  of  "The  Sowdon  of  Babylon."  "  Sir  Ferum- 
hras "  is  a  translation  from  the  later  "  Fierabras,  the  work 
nf  an  ecclesiastic  of  Exeter,  after  1077"  {Morley,  Eng. 
Writers,  VI.  67). 

Fierabras.  An  opera  by  Franz  Schubert,  com- 
posed in  1823,  but  never  produced.  It  is  said 
to  contain  his  best  work. 

FiescM  (fe-es'ke),  Joseph  Marie.  Born  at 
Murato,  Corsica,  Dec.  3,  1790:  executed  at 
Paris,  Feb.  16,  1836.  A  Corsican  adventurer 
who  made  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Louis 
Philippe,  July  28,  1835. 

Fiesco  (fe-es'ko).  A  tragedy  by  Schiller,  pub- 
lished in  1783. 

Fiesco,  Giovanni  Lnigi,  Count  of  Lavagna. 
Born  at  Genoa  about  1524:  di-owned  at  Genoa, 
Jan.  2,  1547.  A  Genoese  noble,  a  leading  con- 
spirator against  Andrea  Doria,  Jan.,  1547.  He 
is  the  sub,ieet  of  the  tragedy  "Fiesco,"  by 
Schiller,  1783. 

Fiesole  (fe-a's6-le).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Florence,  Italy,  4  miles  northeast  of 
Florence :  the  ancient  PEesulfe.  it  has  straw-plait- 
ing industries.  An  old  Etruscan  city,  it  contains  Etrus- 
can and  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
Catiline  63-62  B.  c,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  victory  of 
Stilicho  over  the  Teutonic  invaders  under  lladagais  about 
406.  La  Badia,  a  monastery,  designed  by  Brunelleschi,  fin- 
ished in  1466,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  monastic  foun- 
dations of  the  Renaissance.  There  are  two  most  graceful 
cloisters,  each  in  two  arcaded  tiers.  The  church  is  in 
large  part  the  original  Romanesque  structure,  with  a 
dome  at  the  crossing,  a  cradle-vault,  and  delicate  sculp- 
ture and  paneled  incrustation.  The  Roman  theater  is  in 
excellent  preservation.  The  semicircular  cavea  has  over 
20  tiers  of  seats  in  position,  in  part  rock-hewn,  with  sev- 
eral radial  stairways,  vaulted  sul)Structions,  and  line  en- 
trance-arches at  the  wings.  The  diameter  is  220  feet, 
that  of  the  orchestra  09.  The  cathedral  was  founded 
in  11128,  and  altered  in  the  13th  century.  There  are  3 
aisles,  divided  by  14  antique  columns  of  different  sizes 
and  orders,  and  a  transept  with  domed  crossing.  Struc- 
ture and  ornament  are  closely  similar  to  those  of  San 
Miniato.  Florence.  The  Salutati  Chapel  contains  a  beau- 
tiful relief  and  a  bust  by  Mino  da  Fiesole  (1466). 

Fiesole,  G-iovanni  AngeUco  da,  generally 
called  Fra  Angelico  (real  name  Guido,  or 
Guidolino,  da  Pietro,  called  Giovanni  on  tak- 
ing orders).  Born  at  Vecehio,  in  the  province 
of  Mugello,  Italy,  13S7:  died  near  Rome,  March 
18  (?),  14.55.  A  celebrated  Italian  painter  of 
religious  subjects.  He  seems  to  have  been  early  im. 
pressed  Ity  the  Miniaturists.  In  1407  he  entered,  with  his 
brother  Benedetto,  a  miniaturist,  the  Dominican  convent 
in  Fiesole.  From  1409  to  141S  he  lived  at  Foligno  and 
Cortona ;  from  1418  to  14:i6  at  Fiesole ;  from  1436  to  1415 
at  Florence  (in  the  convent  of  San  JIarco);  and  from  1445 
to  1455  at  Rome.  His  most  important  works  are  the  fres- 
cos at  Orvieto  (1447),  and  the  decoration  of  the  Chapel  of 
the  Saint-Sacrement  in  the  Vatican.  The  Florentine  period 
was  most  productive  of  easel-pictures,  which  include  the 
"  Coronation  of  the  Virgin  "  now  in  the  Louvre,  the  same 
subject  (a  Lavorite  one)  now  in  the  Uflizi,  a  ''Last  Judg- 
ment," etc.  He  is  especially  celebrated  for  the  spirituality 
and  mystical  chai-m  of  his  saints  and  angels.  The  mon- 
astery of  San  Marco,  now  the  Museo  di  San  ilarco,  was 
decorated  by  Fra  Angelico  and  his  pupils,  and  some  of 
his  best  frescos  are  there. 

Fi6v6e  (f  va-va'),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
8,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  May  7,  1839.  A  French 
journalist,  novelist,  and  (royalist)  political 
writer.  He  wrote  the  romances  "La  dot  de 
Suzette"  (1798)  and  "Fr(5deric"  (1799). 

Fife  (fif).    A  maritime  county  of  Scotland,    it 


390 

is  bounded  by  the  Firth  of  Tay  on  the  north,  the  North 
Sea  on  the  east,  the  Firth  of  Forth  on  the  south,  and 
Perth,  Kinross,  and  Clackmannan  on  the  west.  The  lead- 
ing manufacture  is  lijien.  Area,  492  squai-e  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  190,366. 

Fife  Ness  (fif  nes) .  A  promontory  in  Fif  eshire, 
Scotland,  iu  lat.  56°  17'  N.,  long.  2°  35'  W. 

Fifine  at  the  Fair.  A  poem  by  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1872. 

Fifth  Avenue.  The  principal  residence  street  of 
New  York  (nowin  its  lower  part  largely  devoted 
to  business),  extendingfromWashington  Square 
to  Harlem  River,  a  distance  of  about  6|  miles. 

Fifth  Monarchy  Men.  A  sect  of  millenarians 
of  the  time  of  Cromwell,  differing  from  other 
Seeond-Adventists  in  believing  not  only  in  a 
literal  second  coming  of  Christ,  but  also  that 
it  was  their  duty  to  inaugurate  this  kingdom 
by  force.  This  kingdom  was  to  be  the  fifth  and  last  in 
the  series  of  which  those  of  Assyria,  Persia,  Greece,  and 
Rome  were  the  preceding  four;  hence  their  self -assumed 
title.  They  unsuccessfully  attempted  risings  against  the 
government  in  1657  and  lti6L 

Figaro,  (fe'gii-ro).  A  character  introduced  by 
Beaumarchais  iu  his  plays  "Le  barbier  de  Se- 
ville," "  Le  mariage  de  Figaro,"  and  "La mere 
eoupable  " :  used  later  by  Mozart,  Paisiello,  and 
Rossini  in  operas.  In  the  "  Barbier  "  he  is  a  barber ; 
in  the  "Mariage  "  he  is  avalet.  In  both  he  is  gay,  lively, 
and  courageous;  his  stratagems  are  always  original,  his 
lies  yntty,  and  his  shrewdness  proverbiaL  He  is  a  type 
of  intrigue,  adroitness,  and  versatility.  In  the  "M6re 
eoupable  "  he  has  become  virtuous  and  has  lost  his  verve. 
He  also  appears  in  Holcroft's  "Follies  of  a  Day,"  taken 
from  Beaumarchais's  "  Mariage  de  Figaro." 

Figaro,  Le.  A  satirical  Parisian  journal, founded 
in  1820,  discontinued  in  1833,  and  refounded  by 
Villemessant  in  1854. 

Figaro,  Le  Mariage  de.    See  Mariage. 

Figaro,  Le  Nozze  di.    See  Nozze. 

Figeac  (fe-zhiik').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the  C^16  in  lat.  44° 
37'  N.,  long.  2°  3'  E.  It  has  two  old  churches, 
and  was  the  birthplace  of  Champollion.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  6,680. 

Fig  for  Momus,  A.  Satires  by  Lodge,  printed 
iu  1595. 

Fighting  Joe  Hooker.    A  popular  nickname 
for  General  Joseph  Hooker. 
Fighting  Parson,  The.    A  nickname  of  W.  G. 

Brownlow. 

Fighting  Prelate,  The.  A  surname  given  to 
Hcnrv  Spenser,  a  warlike  bishop  of  Norwich 
(reigii  of  Richard  IL,  1377-99). 

Fighting  Tem6raire,  The.    See  Temeraire. 

Figueira  (fe-ga'e-rii).  A  watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  Portugal,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mondego,  24  mUes  west  of  Coimbra. 

Figueira,  Luiz.  Born  at  Almod6var,  Alemtejo, 
Portugal,  1574:  died  on  the  island  of  Maraj6,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  July  3, 1643.  A  Jes- 
uit missionary.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent  among  the 
Indiana  of  northern  Brazil,  and  he  was  rector  of  the  col- 
lege at  Pernambncofor  four  years.  He  published  a  gram- 
mar of  the  Tupl  language. 

Figueras  (fe-ga'ras).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Gerona,  Spain,  in  lat.  42°16'N.,long.2°53'E. 
It  is  noted  for  its  citadel,  which  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794,  1808,  1811,  and  1823.    Population  (1887).  11,912. 

Figueras  y  Moracas  (e  mo-rii'kiis),  Estanis- 
lao.  Born  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Nov.  13,  1819: 
died  at  Madrid,  Nov.  11,  1882.  A  Spanish  re- 
publican statesman,  president  of  the  executive 
Fob.-June,  1873. 

Figueroa  (fe-ga-ro'a),  Crist6val  Suarez  de. 
Born  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  near  the  end  of  the 
16th  century:  died  about  1650  (?).  A  Spanish 
writer,  author  of  a  pastoral  romance,  "Laeon- 
stante  Amarilis"  (1609),  etc. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  de.  Born  at  Alcaic  de 
Henares,  Spain,  about  1540:  died  there,  about 
1620.     A  Spanish  poet  and  soldier. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  Acuna  de.  Bom  in  Mon- 
te video,  1791:  died  there,  Oct.  6. 1802.  An  Uru- 
guayan poet.  He  was  a  treasury  offlcial  under  the 
Spanish  government  of  his  uative  city  during  its  siege  by 
the  republicans,  1812-14,  and  wrote  a  diary  in  verse  of  the 
events  of  the  time.  When  the  city  was  taken  (June,  1814) 
he  emigrated  to  Kio  de  Janeiro,  returning  in  1818  and  re- 
suming his  place  in  the  treasury.  In  1840  he  was  made 
director  of  the  library  and  museum.  He  wrote  numerous 
poems  and  epigrams  of  a  political  character  in  favor  of 
the  legitimate  government,  ^\hich  are  still  widely  read.  In 
1857  they  were  collected  with  the  title  "MosaicoPoetico." 

Figueroa,  Pedro  Pablo.  Born  at  Copiap6,Dec. 
25,1857.  A  Chilean  author  and  journaBst.  He 
h;is  published  numerous  biographical  w'orks  and  romances, 
and  sketches  of  Chilean  country  life. 

Figuier  (fe-gya'),  Louis  Guillaume.  Born 
Feb.  15,  1819:  died  Nov.  9,  1894.  A  French 
naturalist,  best  knomi  as  a  popularizer  of  sci- 
ence. His  works  include  "Exposition  et  histoire  des 
principales  decouvertes  scientift(iues  moderues  "  (1851-57), 
"  Histoire  du  merveilleux  dans  les  temps  modemes  "  (1869— 


Finality  John 

1862),  "  Tableau  de  la  nature  "  (1862-71, 10  vols.,  in  variotu 
departments  of  science),/'Les  nouvelles  couquetes  de  la 
science  "  (1883-85),  etc. 

Fiji,  or  Feejee  (fe'je),  native  Viti  (ve'te),  Isl- 
ands. An  archipelago  in  the  South  Pacific, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated  about  lat. 
16°-21°S.,  long.  177°E.-178°W.  The  islands  num- 
ber over  200,  of  ^>  hich  the  largest  are  Viti  Leva  and  Vanua 
Levu.  The  sm-f  ace  is  generally  mountainous.  The  inhabi- 
tants, formerly  cannibals,  have  been  converted  to  Chiis- 
tianity  by  Wesleyan  missionaries.  The  leading  export  is 
sugar.  The  islands  were  discovered  by  Tasman  in  1643, 
became  a  British  possession  in  1874,  and  are  a  crown  colony. 
Rotumah  was  added  to  the  colony  in  1880.  Area  of  the 
group,8,046  square  miles.  Population  (1891)of  the  colony, 
125,402. 

Filangieri  (fe-lan-ja're).  Carlo.  Born  at  La 
Cava,  near  Salerno,  Italy,  May  10,  1784 :  died 
at  Portici,  near  Naples,  (3ct.  14,  1867.  An  Ital- 
ian general,  son  of  Gaetano  Filangieri,  premier 
of  the  Two  SicUies  1859-60. 

Filangieri,  Gaetano.  Born  at  Naples,  Aug.  18, 
1752 :  died  at  Naples,  July  21,  1788.  A  noted 
Italian  pubUeist.  He  published  "La  scienza 
della  legislazione  "  (1780-88),  etc. 

Filarete  (fe-ia-ra'te)  (Antonio  Averulino). 
Born  at  Florence  about  1410:  died  at  Rome,  1470. 
A  Florentine  architect  and  sculptor.  Among  his 
earlier  works  were  the  bronze  doors  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome. 
In  1451  he  went  to  Milan,  where  he  designed  the  great  hos- 
pital. The  cathedral  of  Bergamo  was  begun  by  him  and 
finished  by  Foutana.  His  cm'ious  work  on  architecture, 
written  in  the  form  of  a  Utopian  romance  and  dedicated  to 
Piero  di  Medici,  dates  from  14ti4  or  1465.  The  MS.  is  in 
the  Magliabecchian  Library  at  Florence. 

Filch  (filch).  A  pickpocket  in  Gay's  "  Beggars' 
Opera." 

Filelfo  (fe-lel'fo),  L.  Philelphus,  Francesco. 
Born  at  Tolentino,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  July  25, 
1398:  died  at  Florence,  July  31,  1483  (?).  An 
Italian  humanist.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  ap- 
pointed  professor  of  eloquence  at  Padua.  He  went  to  Con- 
stantinople to  perfect  himself  in  the  Greek  language  in 
1420,  with  a  diplomatic  mission  from  the  Venetians,  and 
was  afterward  employed  on  others  to  Amurath  II.  and  the 
emperor  Sigismund. 

Filicaja  (fe-le-ka'yii),  Vincenzo  da.    Bom  at 

Florence,  Dee.  30,  1642:  died  there,  Sept.  24, 
1707.  An  Italian  lyric  poet  and  jurist,  espe- 
ciallynoted  for  his  odes  and  sonnets.  His  works 
were  published  in  1707. 

Filida  (fe  'le-da).  A  Spanish  romance  published 
iu  1582  by  Ijuis  Galvez  de  Montalvo.  It  passed 
through  a  number  of  editions,  and  is  stiU  popu- 
lar. 

Filipepi,  Sandro.    See  Botticelli. 

Fillan  (fil'an),  Saint.  Lived  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury. An  Irish  missionary  to  Argyllshire  and 
Perthshire  in  Scotland.  Alleged  relics  of  the 
saint  are  preserved  at  Edinburgh. 

Fille  du  Kegiment  (fey  dU  ra-zhe-mon').  La. 
[F.;  It.  La  Figlia  del  Betjgimentn,  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  regiment.]  An  opera  by  Donizetti, 
first  produced  in  Paris  Feb.  11,  1840. 

Fillmore  (fil'mor),  Millard.  Born  at  Summer 
Hill,CayugaCounty,N.Y.,Feb.  7, 1800:  died  at 

.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  March  8,  1874.  The  thirteenth 
President  of  the  United  States.  He  was  the  son 
of  Nathaniel  Fillmore,  a  farmer:  learned  the  trade  of  a 
fuller  :  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823,  and  took  up  prac- 
tice at  Aurora,  New  York  ;  was  a  member  of  the  New  York 
State  House  of  Representatives  1829-32  ;  served  as  a  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1833-35  and  1837-41 ; 
was  comptroller  of  the  State  of  New  Y'ork  1847—19;  was 
elected  Vice-President  on  the  Whig  ticket  headed  by 
Taylor  in  1848 ;  became  President  by  the  latter's  death 
July  9,  1851),  retiring  from  office  March  4,  1853;  and  was 
defeated  as  the  National-American  candidate  for  President 
in  1856.  During  his  presidential  administration  his  oppo- 
nents had  a  majority  in  both  Houses  of  Congress.  He  ap- 
pointed Daniel  Webster  secretary  of  state,  and  approved 
Clay's  Compromise  Bill  of  1850. 

Filocopo  (fe-16-k6'p6),  II.  A  prose  romance  by 
Boccaccio.  It  is  a  version  of  the  old  French 
metrical  romance  "Flore  et  Blanehefleur." 

Filostrato  (fe-lo'stra-to),  II.  A  nan-ative  poem 
by  Boccaccio,  it  was  written  in  1344,  and  is  the  origl- 
n.al  of  Chaucer's  "Troilus  and  Cressida,"  some  of  which  is 
a  literal  translation. 

Filumena  (fil-fi-me'nii),  or  Filomena,  Saint.  A 
saint  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  whose  wor- 
ship dates  from  1802.  in  that  year  a  grave  was  dis- 
covered with  the  inscription  "  Lumena  paxte  cymfl,"  which 
was  deciphered  to  spell "  Pax  tecum,  Filumena."  The  oc- 
cupant of  the  grave  was  received  as  a  saint,  and  was  noted 
for  lier  miraculous  powers  of  healing  the  sick  by  interces- 
sion. Longfellow  gave  the  name  to  Florence  Nightingale, 
p-irtly  because  of  her  labors  among  the  sick  and  dying  at 
Scutari,  and  jiartlyon  accountof  the  resemblance  between 
Filuniena  and  the  Latin  Philomela  (nightingale).   Brewer. 

Finale  nell'  Emilia  (fe-nii'le  nel  a-me'le-a). 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Modena,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Panaro  22  mUes  northeast  of 
Modena. 

Finality  (fi-nal'j-ti)  John.  A  nickname  given 
to  Lord  John  Russell.  He  always  spoke  of  the 
Reform  Bill  of  1831  as  "  a  finaUty." 


Finch,  Anne 

Finch  (fineh),  Anne,  Countess  of  Winchelsea. 
Died  Au^.  5,  1720.  An  English  poet,  wife  of 
HcneageFineh,  fourth  Earl  of  Winchelspa.  she 
was  celebrated  by  Pope  under  the  name  of  Ardelia.  She 
wrote  a  poem  'Spleen' (17"! :  repuWished  1709  as  "The 
Spleen,  a  Piridarique  Ode,  etc."X  and  "  Miscellany  Foema  " 

(1713). 

Finch,  Daniel.  Born  1G47:  died  Jan.  1,  1730. 
Au  English  Tory  politician,  second  Earl  of  Not- 
tingham and  si.xth  Earl  of  Winchelsea.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1673;  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
P'eb.-.May,  l(>^4 ;  supported  the  plan  for  a  regency  on  the 
llij;ht  of  James ;  was  secretar>-  of  state  H>8&-93  and  (for 
the  second  time)  March,  1702-U4 ;  and  later  came  to  the 
support  of  the  W'liigs. 

Finch,  Heneage.  Bom  at  Eastwell.  Kent,  Dee. 
23,  1621 :  died  Dee.  18, 1682.  An  English  states- 
man and  jurist,  created  earl  of  Nottingham  iu 
1681.  He  became  solicitor-general  in  June,  IGTiO;  was 
one  of  the  prosecuting  counsel  in  the  trial  of  the  regi- 
cides ;  was  made  lord  keeper  of  the  seals  in  Nov.,  1673 ; 
and  became  lord  chancellor  in  1674. 

Finch,  Sir  Henry.  Died  Dee.  5, 1631.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  Feb.,  1626. 

Finch,  Sir  John.  Born  Sept.  17, 1584 :  died  Nov. 
27,  1660.  An  English  politician,  Baron  Fineh 
of  Fordwich.  He  was  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  March,  1<)28,  and  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  Oct.,  1634,  and  lord  keeper 
in  Jan.,  1640.  He  was  chiefly  responsible,  in  the  trial  of 
Hampden,  for  the  decision  of  the  judges  that  the  king's 
course  in  the  matter  of  ship-money  was  constitutional. 

Finden  (fin'den),  William.  Bom  1787:  died  at 
London,  Sept.  20,  18.52.     An  English  engraver. 

Findhorn  (find'h6rn).  A  river  in  Scotland, 
flowing  into  Moray  Firth  about  12  miles  west 
of  Elgin.     Length,  62  miles. 

Findlater  (fin'la-ter),  Andrew.  Born  at  Aber- 
dour,  Aberdeenshire,  Dec,  1810:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Jan.  1, 1885.  A  Scottish  literarj'  writer. 
He  was  the  editor  of  the  earlier  editions  of 
"  Chambers's  Encyclopsedia." 

Findlay  (find 'la).  The  capital  of  Hancock 
County,  northwestern  Ohio,  on  Blanchard's 
Fork  of  Auglaise  River.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
stores  of  natural  gas  in  its  neighborhood.  Population 
(1900),  17,613. 

Findlay  (tiu'la),  Alexander  Greorge.    Bom  at 

London,  Jan.  6,  1812:  died  at  Dover,  England, 
May  3,  1875.  An  English  geographer,  hydrog- 
rapher,  and  meteorologist.  He  published  atlases 
of  "Ancient  and  Comparative  Geography,"  "Coasts  and 
Islands  of  thePaciflc  Ocean,"  various  nautical  directories, 
charts,  etc. 

Fine-ear  (fin'er).  One  of  Fortunio's  attendants 
in  the  fairy  tale  of  that  name.  He  could  hear 
the  grass  grow. 

Finetta  (fi-net'ta).  A  fairy  tale  by  the  Com- 
tesse  d'Aulnoy.     It  is  a  version  of  (Cinderella. 

Fingal^fing'gal).  An  epic  poem  in  six  books,  pub- 
lished >>v  Macpherson  in  1762.  It  purports  to  have 
been  written  by  Ossian  the  son  of  Fingal.  and  translated 
from  the  Gaelic  by  Macpherson.     See  Oxmtn  and  Fionn. 

Fingal'S  Cave.  A  basaltic  grotto  in  th«>  island 
of  Staffa,  7mileswe8tof  Mull,  Scotland, entered 
bv  an  arch  65  feet  in  height.  Length  of  the 
cave,  200  feet. 

Fini.     See  Muxnlino. 

Finignerra  (fe-ne-gwer'rii),  Maso.  Lived  in 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century.  A  Florentine 
golilsmith  and  worker  in  niello,  the  reputed  in- 
ventor of  copperplate  engraving. 

The  introduction  of  copper-plate  prhiting  is  attributed 
to  .Maso  Kiniguerra,  a  goldsmith  of  Florence,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  have  made  his  first  print  about  the  year  14ri2.  It 
carmot  be  proved  that  Kiniguerra  was  the  inventor,  for 
prints  by  this  method  were  made  In  Germany  as  early  as 
1116.  De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  27. 

Finistftre  ffin-is-tiir').  [ML.  fiiiiti  tcrrie,  end  of 
the  land.]  The  westernmost  department  of 
P'rance,  capital  Qiiimpor,  bounded  liy  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  on  the  nortli,  Cotes-dii-Xord  and 
Morbihan  on  the  east,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
on  the  south  and  west:  part  of  the  ancient 
Bnttany.  It  has  Important  flshcrlcs,  and  contains  lead 
and  other  minenils.  Area,  2.fil>4  square  ndles.  Popula- 
tion (18:ll).  727,01'J. 

Finisterre(lin-is-tar').  Cape.  The  westemmost 
headland  of  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Atlantic 
Oi'ean  in  hit.  42°  .52'  45»  N.,  long.  9°  15'  .32'\V. 
(lighthouse).  Knglish  naval  victoriefl  were  gained  off 
thiHrripe  by  Anson  over  the  lYi-ncli.  17-17,  and  by  ("alder  anil 
str;ilian  ovci-  Ibc  Trench  and  SpainanlH,  Iso:.. 

Fink,  "1-  Finck  (link),  Friedrich  August  von. 
Born  at  Strelitz,  Germany,  Nov.  25,  1718:  died 
at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  22, 1766.  A  Prussian  gen- 
eral. He  surrendered  to  the  Austrians  at  Max- 
en,  Nov.  21,  17.59. 

Finlaison  (fin'la-son),  John  (family  name  Fln- 
layson^.  Horn  at  Thurso,  Caithness,  Aug.  27, 
1783:  died  at  London,  April  30, 1860.  An  Eng- 
lish statistician  and  actuary. 


391 

Finland  (fin'l.^nd).  [leel.  Finnland,  Sw.  Dan. 
I'iiilfiiid,  (.«.  Finiilaiiil,  F.  Fintaiide,  land  of  the 
Finns,  NL.  Fiiinid.  The  Finnish  name  is  Situnii 
or  Stionicnmad,  swam]\v  laud.]  A  grand  duchy 
of  the  Russian  empire,  lying  northwest  of  Russia 
proper,  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  east  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  bordering  on  Norway 
and  Sweden.  The  surface  Ls  generally  low,  and  the 
country  abounds  in  lakes.  Two  chief  exports  are  timber 
and  butter.  Tlie  chief  city  is  Helaingfors.  The  great  ma- 
jority of  the  inhabitants  are  Finns  and  Lutherans  ;  there 
is  also  a  large  Swedish  element.  The  administration  is 
vested  in  a  national  parliament,  with  a  governor-genenil. 
setiate,  etc.  The  Swedish  coniiuest  of  Fiidand  began  under 
Eric  in  1157,  and  was  completed  in  the  13th  century. 
Russia  acquired  a  small  part  of  it  in  1721,  and  the  wh«de 
in  Isoi).  Areii,  144,265  square  miles,  ropulation  (1S93), 
2.431.953. 

Finland,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea, 
extending  eastward  about  2.50  miles,  between 
Finland  on  the  north  and  the  governments  of 
Esthonia  and  St.  Petersburg  on  the  south. 

Finlay  (tin'lS),  George.  Bom  at  Faversham, 
Kent,  Dec.  21,  1799:  died  at  Athens,  Greece, 
Jan.  26,  1875.  A  noted  English  liistorian.  He 
joined  Lord  Byron  at  ^lissolonghi,  and  for  a  time  de- 
voted himself  to  the  Greek  cause.  He  resided  long  in 
Greece,  and  his  life  was  spent  in  the  study  of  Greek  his- 
tory. He  was  "  a  great  historian  of  the  type  of  Polybius, 
Procopius,  and  Machiavelli,  a  man  of  atfairs  who  has 
qualified  himself  for  treating  of  public  transactions  by 
sharing  in  them,  a  soldier,  a  statesman,  and  an  econo- 
mist"  {Diet,  y at.  Bioij.).  He  published  "(ireece  under 
tile  Romans"  (1844),  ¥  Greece  to  its  Conquest  by  the  Turks  " 
(1851),  "  Greece  under  Ottoman  and  Venetian  Domina- 
tion "  (1856),  and  "  The  Greek  Revolution  "  (1861).  which 
were  combined  (1877)  under  the  title  "A  History  of  Greece 
from  its  Conquest  by  the  Romans  to  the  Present  Time  " 
(edited  by  H.  F.  Tozer). 

Finlay,  John.  Born  at  Glasgo'iv,  Dec,  1782: 
died  at  Moffat,  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Dec. 
8,  1810.  A  Scottish  poet  and  prose-writer. 
He  published  "  Scottish  Historical  and  Romantic  Ballads, 
etc."  (1808),  a  life  of  Cervantes,  and  an  edition  of  Adam 
Smith  s  "  Wealth  of  Nations." 

Finlayson  (tin'la-son), George.  Born  at  Thurso, 
Scotland,  1790:  died  at  sea,  1823.  A  British 
army  surgeon  and  naturalist.  He  accompanied, 
as  naturalist,  a  mission  to  Siam  and  Cochin 
China  1821-22. 

Finlayson  Channel.  A  channel  between  the 
mainland  of  British  Columbia  and  Princess 
Roval  Island.     Length,  24  miles. 

Finley  (tin'U),  James  Bradley.   Born  in  North 

Carolina,  July  1, 1781:  died  at  Cincinnati,  Sept. 
6,  1856.  An  American  itinerant  clergyman  of 
the  Methodist  Chtirch.  He  was  a  niissionarj-  to  the 
Wyandotte  Indians  1821-27,  and  retained  the  superinten- 
dency  of  the  Wyandotte  mission  until  1829.  He  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  Wyandot  Mission  "  (1840),  and  "Personal 
r.eminiscenees  Illustrative  of  Indian  Life  "(1857). 

Finley,  Samuel.  Born  in  Count  v  Armagh,  Ire- 
land, 1715:  died  at  Philadelphia^  July  17, 1766. 
An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman,  presi- 
dent of  Princeton  College,  N.  J.,  1761-66. 

Finmarken  (lin'miir-ken).  A  bailiwick  (amt) 
of  Norway,  and  the  northernmost  portion  of 
Europe.  Area,  18,295  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  29,168. 

Finn  (fin),  Henry  J.  Bom  at  Sydney,  Cape 
Breton,  1782:  lost  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Jan. 
13,  1840.     Au  American  cometlian. 

Finney  (fin'ij,  Charles  Grandison.    Bom  at 

Warren,  Lilcdilield  Couiily,  Conn.,  Aug.  29, 
1792:  died  at  Oberlin,  Oliio,  Aug.  16,  187.5.  An 
American  revivalist  and  eilucator,  president 
of  Oberlin  College  (Ohio)  1852-Gli.  Ho  published 
"Lertures  on  Revivals"  (1835),  "Lectures  to  Professing 
Christians  "  (18;i61,  "  Sermons  "  (18:i9),  "  Theology  "  (184B). 
Finns  (linz).  [AIso/Vh.v;  ME.  Finmv.  AS.  Fin- 
iiim,  Icel.  Fiiiimr,  Sw.  Dan.  Fiimcr,  ML.  Fviiiii, 
perhaps  identical  with  L.  Fi)i>ii,  (!r.  "I'/nw,  the 
name  of  an  obscure  northern  tribe  mentioned 
by  Tacitus  and  Ptolemy.]  The  natives  of  Fin- 
land; the  Fiiilanders;  specilieally,  that  branch 
of  the  Finnic  race  which  inhabits  Finland  and 
other  jiarts  of  northwestern  Ivussia.  They  cull 
themselves  Suomi  or  •'^uiiiiKiliii.ict. 

The  rinnlsh  branch  of  the  Mongolian  race  to  which  the 
Laps,  Fins,  Ksths,  and  Livonians  belong  posBessed  proba- 
bly in  past  ages  a  linge  pai-t  of  Norlhern  F.iimpr,  and  was 
driven  out  more  anil  more  by  the  immigrations  of  Ger- 
nianlu  tribes,  in- became  mixed  with  them.  Tacitus  alreaily 
mentions  the  Fins  In  his  Germanl:),  but  he  coulil  only  ob. 
tain  obscure  reports  almnt  tlirlr  vn'ra  .frritait.  The  nation 
of  the  Fius  U  the  l>rlnelpal  stem  of  this  bnnich. 

La  Sautaayc,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  302. 

Finsbury  (finz'liei-i).  A  borough  (municipal) 
of  i.iiiidnii  lying  iiorlli  of  the  Thnnies.    As  a  iiar- 

lijinielitaiy  boi-nugb  it   is  I nili'il  bv  St.  Pant-ras  on  the 

west,  Islington  on  the  north.  Sb^roditeh  on  the  east,  ami 
the  City  and  Strand  on  the  8i>ntb,  and  eonnlHlH  of  thr.  e 
distinct  rcmslltuemles  — Central,  ll.dborn.  and  F.a-I. 
I'he  district  was  (Uice  the  great  pnbendal  manor  of  Hol> 
w,dl,  and  was  leased  by  its  incumlxiit  in  Ktl.'i  to  the  may<»r 
and  conimonalty  of  the  city  for  an  annual  rent  of  20  slill 
lingB;  tills  lease  ran  out  In  1867.    Lo/tie. 


Firminy 

In  1498  all  the  gardens  which  had  continued  time  oat 
of  mind  without  Moorgate,  to  wit,  about  and  beyond  the 
lordship  of  1  insbur)-,  were  destroyed,  and  of  them  was 
made  a  plain  field  to  shoot  in.  It  was  called  Finsbarj' 
field,  in  which  there  were  three  windmills,  and  here  they 
usually  shoot  at  twelve  score.  iStow,  1633,  p.  913.)  In 
Jonson's  time  this  was  the  usual  report  of  the  plainer  citi- 
zens. People  of  fashion,  or  who  aspired  to  be  thought  so, 
probably  mi.\ed  but  little  in  those  p.arties;  and  hence  we 
may  account  for  tlie  indignation  of  Master  Stephen  at 
being  suspected  of  such  vulgarity.  An  idea  of  a  similar 
kind  occure  in  Shakspeare :  "As  if  thou  never  walk'dst 
furtherthan  Finsbury."  Henry  IV.  First  Part,  act  ill.  sc.  2. 
Gifford,  Note  to  Jonson's  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  p.  4. 

Finsbury  Park.  A  London  park  of  about  120 
acres,  laiil  out  on  the  old  grounds  of  Homsey 
Wood  House. 

Finsteraarhom  (fin'ster-ar-hom).  The  high- 
est peak  of  the  Bernese  Alps,  about  40  miles 
southeast  of  Bern,  Switzerland.  Height,  14,026 
feet. 

Finsterwalde  (Cn'ster-val-de)  A  manufactur- 
ing tovs-n  ill  the  jirovince  of  Brandenburg,  Pnis- 
sia,  40  miles  north  of  Dresden.  Population 
(1890),  7,946. 

Fionn,  or  Finn,  or  Find.  The  principal  figure  in 
the  Fenian  legends.  He  had  a  historic  original,  who 
seems  to  have  been  a  commander  of  mercenaries  in  the 
last  half  of  the  3d  centm-}'.  He  figures  as  Fingal  in  Mac- 
pherson's  Ossianic  poems.    See  Feniaiis. 

Fiorelli  (fe-o-rel'le),  Giuseppe.  Born  June  8, 
1823:  died  Jan.  29,1896.  A  noted  Italian  archte- 
ologist.  He  had  charge  of  the  excavations  at  Pompeii 
1845—19,  and  was  made  superintendent  of  the  antiquities 
and  the  explorations  in  lower  Italy  in  1860.  In  that  year 
also  he  became  professor  of  archaeology  at  Naples,  and  in 
1S02  director  of  the  National  Museum  there. 

Fiorentino  (fe-6-ren-te'no),  Pier  Angelo.  Born 
at  Naples.  1806 :  died  at  Paris,  May  31, 1864.  An 
Italian  author,  a  collaborator  of  Dumas  pere. 

Fiorenzuola  (fe-o-ren-zo-o'lii).  A  small  town 
in  the  province  of  Piaceuza,  Italy,  13  miles 
southeast  of  Piaceuza. 

Fiorillo  (fe-o-ril'lo),  JohannDominicus.  Bom 

at  Hambiu'g,  Oct.  13,  1748:  died  at  Gottingen, 
Sept.  10,  1821.  A  German  painter  and  histo- 
rian of  art.  He  wrote  "Geschichte  der  zeichnenden 
Kunste  "  (1 798-1S08X  "  Geschichte  der  zeichnenden  Kiinste 
in  Deutschland  und  den  vereinigten  Niederlanden"  (181.5- 
1817),  etc. 

Fiote  (fyo'te).    The  Kongo  language. 

FirbolgS.  One  of  the  earliest  races  of  Ireland, 
in  the  legendary  history  of  the  country. 

In  Ireland  there  were  the  same  two  races,  which  are 
graphically  described  by  McFirbis  in  his  Book  of  Genealo- 
gies. One  race,  which  he  calls  the  Fir  Bolg,  had  diu-k 
hair  and  eyes,  small  stature  and  slender  limbs,  and  con- 
stituted the  despised  servile  class  of  the  Irish  people. 
They  belong,  says  Mr.  Skene,  "  to  the  same  class  with  tha 
Silures,  and  may  be  held  to  rejiresent  the  Iberian  race 
which  preceded  the  Celtic."  The  other  race,  called  the 
Tuatha  De  Dananii  by  McFirbis.  was  tidl,  with  golden  or 
red  hair,  fair  skin,  and  blue  or  blue-grey  eyes. 

Taylur,  Aoans,  p.  78. 

Firdausi,  Firdusi,  etc.  See  Abul Kd.tim  Mmiiiur. 
Fire  Island  (fir  i'land).     A  suiumer  resort  off 

I  he  Mint  hern  coast  of  Long  Island,  New  York, 

about  40  miles  east  of  New  York. 

Firenzuola  (fe-rcn-zii-o'lii),  Agnolo  (Angelo 

Giovannini).  Born  at  Florence,  Sept.  28, 1493: 
died  alioiil  1545.  Au  Italian  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer. 

Firishtah  d'e-resh'tii)  (Mohammed  Kasim 

Hindushah).  A  Per.sian  liistoriiin,  born  about 
1550  at  Aslralnul,  who  was  commissioned  by 
Iliraliim  Adil  Shah  (1585-1628)  to  write  a  his'- 
tory  of  tho  Mohammedan  dynasties  of  India. 
He  is  one  of  tho  most  trustworthy  of  Oriental 
historians. 

Firkowitsch  (fer'ko-vich),  Abraham.  Bom  at 

Liil/.k.  NdUiynia,  Russia,  .Sopt.  27,  1786:  died 
ill  .lufut-Kale,  Crimea,  Russia,  June  7,  1874.  A 
Uelirew  archieologist.  He  was  a  Karaite,  and  was 
ai-i-iised  of  altiTing  Inscriptions  for  the  puiTwse  of  advan- 
cing the  claims  of  that  sect. 

FirmicUS  Maternus  (fer'mi-kus  mfi-ter'nus), 
Julius  or  Villius.  A  Christian  controver- 
sialist. He  wrote,  about  317,  a  refulntlon  of  paganism, 
entitled  "lie  errore  profamiruin  religionum,  the  first 
printeil  eilltliui  of  which  was  ]>ul)llslied  at  Strasbiuv  by 
Matthias  Flaccius  in  l:i62. 

Firmicus  Maternus,  Julius  or  Villius.     A 

L.mII  11  author.  II, ■  wrote,  about  3.-.4  A.  !■.,  an  Introdnc- 
tion  t4>  judicial  a.str<>tog>,  according  to  the  discipline  of 
the  Kgyptians  and  llabylonliuis,  entitled  "  Mathesis,"  the 
first  prlnletl  edition  of  hIiicIi  miis  published  at  N'enlco  by 
Blvllacqlla  In  1497.  The  treatise  Is  composed  in  a  splril 
hostile  to  Christ lanlty,  which  disproves  (or at  least  renders 
Improbable)  the  alleged  Identity  of  Its  author  with  the 
christian  controvci'slallst  of  the  sjune  name. 

Firmilian  (fer-mil'i-nn).  A  "spasmodio  tra- 
u'eiiy"  by  W.  E.  Aytiiun. 

Firminy  (fer-iiie-no').  A  mnntifactunng  town 
ill  the  department  of  Loire,  France,  near  SU- 
fitioiiue.    Population  (18U1),  14,502. 


Finn  Island 

Firm  Island.  An  enchanted  island  in  the  ro- 
mance of  '*Aniadis  de  Gaul."  Amadis  took  Oriana 
there  after  the  defeat  of  his  enemies,  and  there  their 
nuptials  were  celebrated.    See  Oriana. 

FiroUZ  Schah  (fe'roz  slia).  In  "  The  Enchanted 
Horse"  in  "The  Ai-abiau  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments," the  son  of  the  King  of  Persia.  He  wins  his 
bride  by  means  of  the  enchanted  horse,  which  could  carry 
its  rider  in  a  second  to  any  desired  spot. 

Firozpur  (fe-roz-por'),  or  Ferozepore  (fe-roz- 
por').  1.  A  district  in  the  Lahore  division  of 
the  Panjah,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  31° 
N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area,  4,302  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  886,676.— 2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Firozpur,  situated  about  lat.  30°  57' 
N.  long.  74°  35'  E.  It  has  an  important  ar- 
senal.    Population  (1891),  50,437. 

Firozshah.     See  Feroxshah . 

First  Gentleman  of  Europe.  A  popular  sur- 
name of  George  IV.  of  England. 

First  Grenadier  of  France.  Latour  d'Au- 
vergne. 

First  Love.  A  comedy  by  Richard  Cumberland, 
produced  in  1796. 

Fisch  (fesh),  George.  Born  at  Nyon,  Switzer- 
land, July  6,  1814 :  died  at  Vallorbes,  Switzer- 
land, July  3,  18|1.  A  French  Protestant  cler- 
gyman. 

Rschart  (fish'art),  Johann.  Born  at  Mainz  in 
the  middle  of  the  16th century:  died  at  Forbach 
about  1.590.  A  German  satirist  and  Reformer'. 
He  was  educated  at  Worms,  and  subsequently  traveled  ex- 
tensively. In  1574  he  was  made  doctor  of  law  at  Basel, 
and  afterward  lived  in  Strasburg,  Spires,  and  Forbach. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  and,  after  Luther,  the  most 
prominent  and  powerful  advocate  of  Protestantism.  In 
1572  appeared  a  versified  history  of  "Till  Eiilenspiegel," 
"Aller  Praktik  Grossmutter"  ("The  Grandmother  of  all 
Prognostication  ").  a  satire  on  the  prophetic  calendars  of 
the  day,  and  "  Claus  Narr."  In  1573  appeared  "  Flohatz  " 
C' Flea-hunt "),  acomic  poem.  In  1575 appeared  hisprin- 
cipal  work,  an  imitation  of  Rabelais's  "Gargantua,"  *'Af- 
fentheurliche,  Naupengeheurliche  GeschichtklitterniiKr." 
The  following  year  appeared  the  narrative  ikhiii  "'tiliick- 
hait  Schiff  "  ("Fortunate  Ship").  His  "PLuia^^-annnische 
Trostbuchlein  '*  ("Book  of  Comfort  in  Gout")  dates  from 
1677,  "Ehzuchtbuchlein"("  Marriage  Book")  from  1578.  His 
polemic  writings  were  written  both  in  Latin  and  in  Ger- 
man. In  the  vernacular  are  "Bienenkorb"  ("Beehive," 
1B79),  directed  against  the  Church  of  Rome,  and  "  Jesuiter- 
hiitlein  "  ("  Jesuit  Hat,"  1580),  against  the  Jesuits.  He  also 
wrote  a  number  of  psalms  and  hymns. 

Fischbach  (tish'bach),  Johann.    Bom  at  Gra- 

venegg,  Austria,  April  5, 1797  :  died  at  Munich, 
June  19,  1871.     An  Austrian  painter. 

Fischer (fish'er), Ernst  Euno Berthold.  Bom 
at  Saudewalde,  Silesia,  Prussia,  July  23, 1824. 
A  noted  German  historian  of  pliilosophy,  pro- 
fessor at  Jena  and  later  (1872)  at  Heidelberg. 
His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte  der  neuern  Phi- 
losophie"  (1852-77). 

Fischer  von  Erlach  (fon  er'liich),  Johann 
Bernhard.  Born  at  Gratz,  March  15,  1656 : 
died  at  Vienna,  April  5, 1723.  An  Austrian  archi- 
tect. Among  his  chief  works  are  the  palace  of 
Sehonbrunn  and  the  Karlskirehe,  Vienna. 

Fischer  von  Erlach,  Joseph  Emanuel.  Bom 
at  Vienna,  1695:  died  at  Vienna,  June  29,  1742. 
An  Austrian  architect,  son  of  Johann  Fischer 
von  Erlach. 

Fischer  von  Waldheim  (viilt'him),  Gotthelf. 
Bom  at  Waldheim,  Saxony,  Oct.  15, 1771:  died 
at  Moscow,  Oct.  18,  1853.  A  German-Russian 
zoologist  and  geologist,  director  of  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History  in  Moscow. 

Fish  (fish),  Hamilton.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug. 
3,  1808:  died  at  Garrison's,  Putnam  County, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  7,  1893.  An  American  statesman, 
son  of  Nicholas  Fish.  He  graduated  at  Columbia 
College  in  1827;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830;  served 
as  a  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1843-15; 
was  State  senator  in  1847 ;  was  governor  of  New  York 
1S48-50 ;  served  as  United  States  senator  from  New  York 
1851-57  ;  joined  the  Republican  party  about  1864 ;  was 
secretary  of  state  under  Grant  18t>9'77 ;  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Joint  High  Commission  which  negotiated  the  treaty 
of  Washington  between  the  L'nited  States  and  Great  Brit^ 
ain  in  1871. 

Fisher  (fish'er),  Alvan.  Born  at  Needham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  9,  1792:  died  at  Dedham,  Mass., 
Feb.,  1863.     An  American  painter. 

Fisher,  Charles.  Born  in  Suffolk,  England, 
1816:  died  at  New  York,  June  10,  1891.  An 
English  actor.  He  made  his  Urst  appear.ance  in  Lon- 
don in  1844,  and  in  New  York  in  1852.  He  was  successful 
in  the  old  comedies,  particularly  in  such  parts  iis  Falstalf, 
Sir  Peter  Teazle,  Old  Adam,  Laroque  in  "The  Romance  of 
a  Poor  Young  Man,"  and  Triplet  in  Reade's  "  Masks  and 
Faces.' 

Fisher,  George.  Born  at  Sunbury,  Middlesex, 
July  31,  1794:  died  May  14,  1873.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  accompanied  a  polar  expedition  (in 
the  ships  Dorothea  and  Trent)  in  1818,  during  which  he 
made  important  pendulum  experiments  at  Spitzbergen ; 
and  went  as  chaplain  and  astronomer  with  Parry  to  ex- 


392 

plore  the  northwest  passage  1821-23,  obtaining  important 
scientific  results. 

Fisher,  George  Park.  Born  at  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  10,  1827.  An  American  clergyman 
and  ecclesiastical  scholar,  appointed  professor 
of  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  Divinity  School 
at  Yale  University  in  1861.  Among  his  works  are 
"Essays  on  the  Supernatural  Origin  of  Cllristianity" 
(1865),  "History  of  the  Reformation  "  (1873),  " Beginnings 
of  Cllristianity  "  (1877),  "Grounds  of  Theistic  and  Chris, 
tian Belief  "(1883),  "Outlines of  Tnivers-il Historj- "(188G), 
"The  History  of  the  Christian  Church  "  (1887),  and  "  Man- 
ual of  Christian  Evidences  "  (IssSS). 

Fisher,  John.  Born  at  Beverley,  Yorkshire, 
England,  1459  (?):  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
Loudon,  June  22,  1535.  An  English  prelate 
and  scholar,  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  a  leader 
of  the  papal  party.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (B. 
A.  1487),  and  became  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in 
1501,  and  professor  of  divinity  in  1503.  He  was  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  in  1504  (and  repeatedly 
reelected),  and  became  bishop  of  Rochester  in  Oct.  of 
the  same  year.  From  1505  to  1508  he  was  president  of 
Queens'  College.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  sup- 
porters of  the  new  learning,  and  a  friend  of  Erasmus  (wlio 
visited  Cambridge  at  his  invitation) :  but  was  h^>stile  to 
the  Reformation.  He  opposed  the  doctrine  of  royal  su- 
premacy and  the  divorce  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  was  the  con- 
fessor and  chief  adviser  of  Queen  Catharine.  He  wjis 
duped  by  the  Nun  of  Kent  (see  Burton,  EHzabcth),  and  was 
condemned  to  imprisonment  and  forfeiture  of  goods,  but 
escaped  ^vith  a  fine  of  £300.  His  refusal  to  comply  with 
the  Act  of  Succession  and  the  Act  of  Supremacy  led  to 
his  conviction  of  treason  and  his  execution. 

Fisher,  John.  Born  at  Hampton, England,  1748 : 
died  at  London,  May  8,  1825.  An  English  di- 
vine, appointed  bishop  of  Exeter  in  1803  and 
of  Salisbury  in  1807. 

Fisher's  Hill  (fish'erz  Ml).  A  place  near  Win- 
chester, Frederick  Couuty,  Virginia.  Here,  Sept. 
22,  1S64,  the  Federals  under  Sheridan  defeated  the  Con- 
federates under  Early.  The  loss  of  the  former  was  about 
1,300 ;  of  the  latter,  528. 

Fishes,  Miraculous  Draught  of.    See  Miracu- 

loKS  Draught  of  Fishes. 

Fishkill  (.fish'kil).  A  town  in  Dutchess  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  54  miles 
north  of  New  York.  It  contains  the  villages  of 
Fishkill-on-the-Hudson,  Matteawan,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  13,016. 

Fisk  (flsk),  Wilbur.  Born  at  Brattleboro,  Vt., 
Aug.  31, 1792 :  died  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Feb. 
22, 1839.  An  American  clergyman  and  educator, 
first  president  of  Wesleyan  University  (Middle- 
town,  Connecticut)  1831-39. 

Fiske  (fisk),  John  ( original! v  Edmund  Fiske 
Green).  Born  March  30,  1842 :  died  July  4, 
1901.  An  American  historical  writer.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  College  in  1863,  and  at  the  Harvard  law 
school  in  1865 ;  was  university  lecturer  on  philosophy  at 
Harvard  1S69-71 ;  was  assistant  librarian  there  187*2-79 ; 
and  has  lectm-edon  American  history  at  Washington  Uni- 
versity, St.  Louis,  Missouri,  at  University  College,  London, 
and  at  the  Royal  Institution.  Among  his  works  are  "Myths 
and  Mytli-makers, etc. "(lS72),"Outlinesof  Cosmic  Philos- 
ophy, based  on  the  Doctrine  of  Evolution"  (1874),  "The 
Unseen  World"  (1S76),  "The  Discovery  of  America"  (1892), 
"Tlie  Beginnings  of  New  England  "  (1889),  "The  Ameri- 
can Revolution  "  (1891),  "Excursions  of  an  Evolutionist " 
(lS83),"Tlie  Idea  of  God,  etc."  (1886),  "The  Critical  Period 
of  American  Historj',  1783-89  "  (18SS),  etc. 

Fitch  (fich),  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Norwich,Conn., 
Sept.  26,  1756 :  died  at  West  Bloomfield,  N.  Y., 
March  21,  1833.  An  American  clergj^man  and 
educator,  first  president  of  Williams  College 
(Williamstown,  Massachusetts)  1793-1815. 

Fitch,  John.  Born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Jan.  21, 
1743:  committed  suicide  at  Bardstown,  Ky., 
July  2,  1798.  An  Americau  inventor.  He  con- 
structed steamboats,  the  first  of  which  was  launched  on 
the  Delaware  River  in  1787. 

Fitch,  Ralph.  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the 
16th  century.  An  English  traveler  in  India 
and  the  East  1583-91.  He  made  an  overland  journey 
down  the  Euphrates  valley  toward  India.  An  account  of 
his  travels  was  published  by  Hakluyt. 

In  1606  was  produced  Shakespeare's  "  Macbeth  " ;  there 
we  read  (act  i.  3),"  Her  husband  "s  to  -\leppo  gone,  master 
of  the  Tiger. "  This  line,  when  compared  with  tlle  opening 
passage  of  Fitch's  narrative,  is  too  striking  to  be  regarded 
as  a  mere  coincidence,  and  is  also  one  of  the  clearest  pieces 
of  evidence  known  to  us  of  Shakespeare's  use  of  the  text 
of  Hakluyt.  DM.  Nat.  Bwg. 

Fitchburg  (fich 'berg).  A  city  of  Worcester 
County,  Massaehu.setts,  situated  on  a  branch  of 
the  Nashua  River,  41  miles  northwest  of  Boston. 
It  manufactin'es  machinerv,  etc.  Population 
(1900),  31,531. 

Fitzalan  (fits-al'an),  Edmimd.  Bom  1285: 
died  1326.  An  English  nobleman,  Earl  of 
Arundel. 

Fitzalan,  Henry.  Bom  1511  (?) :  died  1580.  An 
English  statesman  and  soldier,  twelfth  Earl  of 
Arundel.  He  became  deputy  of  Calais  in  1640 ;  stormed 
Boulogne  Sept.  11, 1544  ;  became  lord  chamberlain  in  1645  ; 
on  the  fall  of  Somerset,  in  1649,  was  appointed  one  of  the 


Fitzgibbon 

guardi.ans  of  King  Edward  V^I. ;  and  filled  important  of- 
ftces(though  several  times  in  disgrace)  under  Elizabeth,  to 
whose  hand  he  at  one  time  aspired. 

Fitzalan,  Richard.  Born  1307  (?) :  died  1376. 
An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  Earl  of  Arun- 
del and  Warenne.  He  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
wars  of  Edward  III.  and  in  the  politics  of  that  reign.  At 
Cr^cy  he  commanded  the  second  division  of  the  English 
army. 

Fitzalan,  Richard.  Born  1346:  died  1397.  An 
English  naval  and  militarj'  commander.  Earl  of 
Arundel  and  Surrey.  On  Jiarch  24,  1387,  he,  with 
Nottingham,  defeated  a  Spanish,  Flemish,  and  tYench 
fleet  off  Margate,  and  captured  nearly  IW  vessels  laden 
with  wine.  He  was  one  of  tlie  most  prominent  of  the 
enemies  of  Richard  II.,  and  conspired  against  him.  He 
was  arrested  by  the  king,  was  convicted  of  treason,  and 
was  decapitated  on  Tower  Hill.  He  was  revered  by  the 
people  as  a  martyr. 

Fitzalan,  Thomas.  Born  1381:  died  Oct.  13, 
1415.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman.  Earl 
of  Arundel  and  Surrey.  He  was  conspicuous  as  a 
supporter  of  the  throne  in  the  wars  and  thepolitics  of  the 
reigns  of  Henry  W.  and  Henry  V. 

Fitzdottrel  (fits- dot 'rel).  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"The  Devil  is  an  Ass,"  a  simple  but  conceited 
Norfolk  squire.  He  develops  into  au  impostor. 
The  name  alludes  to  the  foolishness  of  the  dot- 

.  terel. 

Fitzdottrel  is  one  of  those  characters  which  Jonson  de- 
lighted to  draw,  and  in  whicli  he  stood  unrivalled,  a  gull, 
i.  e.,  a  confident  coxcomli,  selfish,  cunning,  and  conceited. 
Giford,  Notes  to  "The  Devil  is  an  Ass." 

Fitzgerald  (fits-jer'ald).  Lord  Edward.  Bom 
at  Carton  Castle,  near  Dublin,  Oct.  15,  1763: 
died  in  prison  at  Dublin,  June  4, 1798.  An  Irish, 
politician  and  revolutionist,  fifth  son  of  the 
first  Duke  of  Leinster.  He  served  in  the  army  in 
Ireland  and  in  1781  in  America,  and  was  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Eutaw  Springs.  Later  he  served  in  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  went  to  Detroit,  where  he  was  admitted  into  the 
Bear  tribe ;  and  descended  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans. 
He  returned  to  England  ;  was  removed  from  the  army  for 
attending  a  revolutionary  banquet;  and  joined  the  United 
Irishmen,  in  whose  treasonable  conspiracy  he  took  a  lead- 
ing part.  He  was  arrested,  and  died  from  a  wound  in- 
flicted by  one  of  his  captors. 

Fitzgerald,  Lady  Edward.  Born  at  Fogo  Isl- 
and, Newfoundland,  about  1776 :  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1831.  The  wife  of  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald, whom  she  married  in  1792.  Though,  ac- 
cording to  general  repute,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Ala- 
dame  de  Genlis  and  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (Philippe  "Ega- 
lite"),  it  appears  that  her  parents'  name  was  Sims,  and 
that  she  was  sent  to  Paris  in  1782  as  a  companion  to  the 
children  of  the  duke.  She  was  married  under  the  name 
of  Anne  Stephanie  Caroline  Sims,  but  is  best  known  by 
her  pet  name  "Pamela." 

Fitzgerald,  Edward.  Born  at  Bredfield  House, 
nearWoodbridge,  Suffolk,  March  31,  1809:  died 
at  Merton,  Norfolk,  June  14,  1883.  Au  English 
poet  and  translator.  He  published  "Euphranor :  a 
Dialogue  on  Youth"  (1851),  "Polonius:  a  Collection  of 
Wise  Saws  and  Modern  Instances  "  (185'2),  a  triinslation  of 
six  dramas  of  Calderon  (1853),  a  translation  of  the  "Quat- 
rains "  of  Omar  Khayyam  (1859  :  his  most  celebrated  work), 
and  other  translations. 

Fitzgerald,  Lady  Elizabeth,  sumamed  "The 
Fair  Geraldine."  Born  at  Maynooth,  Ireland, 
1528  (?) :  died  1589.  The  youngest  daughter  of 
the  ninth  Earl  of  Kildare.  To  her  Henry  Howard, 
earl  of  Surrey,  addressed  a  series  of  songs  and  sonnets, 
first  published  in  Tottel's  "  Miscellany  "  in  1557.  She  mar- 
ried, when  about  fifteen  years  old,  Sir  Antllony  Browne, 
who  died  in  1548,  and  about  1652  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  (Ed- 
ward Fiennes  de  Clinton). 

Fitzgerald,  Katherine,  Coimtess  of  Desmond. 
Died  1604.  The  second  wife  of  Thomas  Fitz- 
gerald, twelfth  Earl  of  Desmond,  noted  for  her 
great  age.  According  to  tradition  she  lived  to  Ijc  about 
140  years  old,  and  she  waa  probably  upward  of  104  when 
she  died. 

Fitzgerald,  Thomas,  tenth  Earl  of  Kildare. 
Born  1513:  executed  at  Tyburn,  Feb.  3,  1537. 
An  L'ish  nobleman,  put  to  death  for  treason. 
On  the  report  that  his  father,  the  ninth  Earl  of  Kildare, 
had  been  executed  in  the  Tower,  he  renounced  his  alle- 
giance and  headed  an  unsuccessful  rebellion. 

Fitzgerald,  William.  Born  at  LilTord,  Lim- 
erit-k,  Irehind,  Dec.  3,  1814:  died  at  Killaloe, 
Nov.  24,  1883.  An  Irish  divine,  professor  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1847-57,  bishop  of  Cork 
1857-62,  and  bishop  of  Killaloe  1862-83.  He 
published  numerous  works,  including  an  edition 
of  Butler's  "Analogy"  (1849). 

Fitzgerald,  William  Thomas.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, of  Irish  parentage,  about  1759:  died  at 
Paddington,  a  suburb  of  London,  July  9,  1829. 
A  British  poet,  now  known  chiefly  from  a  ref- 
erence to  him  in  Byron's  "English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers." 

Fitzgibbon  (fits-gib'on),  John,  Earl  of  Clare. 
Born  near  Donnybrook,  Ireland,  1749:  died 
Jan.  28,  1802.  A  "British  jurist,  appointed  lord 
chancellor  of  Ireland  in  1789,  and  created  earl 


Fitzgibbon 


393 


Flameng,  Marie  Auguste 


the  door  of  the  Chnrrh  of  the  Templars     Titzuree  is  nlso 
'"i,l  to  have  gone  to  Ireluml,  founding  there  the  McMahon 

rSse,  Lord  Waldemar  In  Sir  Walter 
"uU's  I'ov.-l  -Ivauhuo,"  a  follower  of  Pnuce 
Jf.lm 


«f  ClarP  in  1793.    He  was  also  made  (1799)  a  peer  of 
SreVt  Britain  as  Baron  Kitzgil.bo.,.     He  played  an  nnpor- 

vn&^f^^^^^>- «v Anthony.  Born 
atVoi'bnrv  Derbyshire,  1470 :  died  there,  JUay     •     ,    ■  basis  of  oiDucai  nermeneuueB. 

^7,'l538.   -An  English  K"^* '^"^ '<IS^^,I!;^^'[.-.  Fitzwalter  (fits-wal'ter),  Robert.    Died  123^V  piacourt  (fla-kor');  Ijtieime  de.     Born  at  Or 
■       ■^?:^  .^™",";l^i^"l^''r,"' •  *  i  ,f  ^,*.!l,sh  noble.  a  leader  of  tlie  barons  m  the.r     K-ans,  Franee,  1G07 :  d.ed  at  sea,  June  10  ICbO 


ship  at  Jena,  Imt  was  deprived  of  h.s  office  In  1.W1  on  a 
cl,ar„.e  of  Jlani.he.s.n.  lie  was  the  ^.rinc.pal  <■.';!  ^'1''  ™^' 
on  the  "Centnri^e  Mapluhurgenses^ (Basel,  l.->o»-,4)  the 
flr«t  history  of  the  church  written  from  the  I'rotestant 
S^nt  of  v^w  lt«  phm  was  conceived  by  him  He  also 
wrote  the  "(lavisscnptnnc  sacra;  "(IMT),  whichformsthe 
basis  of  hililical  hermeneiitics. 


JJi^i?'"  the  S^sJ'^rir' t^n,;;^  t^l'^edu^  Vhe'entire  law 
to  systematic  shape"  (I>u-l.Xi<t  Bwij^). 


iS^r^^'^i^"^^^  Sn^?'-  S^iiam\^^^^);EdwardFrancis 
•*il!.!!  „.  R'^b^dcrp.  Hampshire,  England,  JiUy.  'r.,,.,,  ,,,  n„al,  Kent,  Aug.  2,  1824:  died  at  Lon 


Buri7at"Deal,^Keut,  Aiig.  2,  1824:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19,  1857.  An  English  composer,  best 
known  as  a  writer  of  snngs 
Fitzwilliam,  Fanny  Elizabeth.  Born  at. Do- 
ver, Enghuid,  ISUl:  died  at  London,  ^ov  11, 
1  S-'A  An  English  actress,  wife  of  Edward  *  it  /.- 
William,  an  actor.  She  visited  the  United  btates 
in  1837,  anil  again  a  few  years  later, 


^Sl^tSbrid;;.  H^mf hire-England,  July 
17.-,6:  died  at  Brighton,  March  29,  ls3-.  W.te 
of  fieoro'e  IV.  of  England.  She  married  Edward 
Weld  in  n75  and  was  left  a  widow  in  the  same  year;  mar- 
ried Tho  .as' Fitzherbert  (died  1781)  in  X^^-^^^i^"^ 
the  wife  of  the  Prince  of  Wales (lieurge  I\  .)  Dec.  21,  lib... 
The  marriage  to  the  prince  was  invalid;  but  she  main- 
tained  her  connection  with  him,  with  the  consent  of  1  icr 
rtirch  (Kom:m  CatholicX  even  alter  his  marmige  with      .^^  ^^.^^^  ^^^^^  .^^,.,„,  .,  ^,.„   ,.,,.,, 

Caroline  of  Brunswick.  „  _„  „t  c^^nnorton    FitzwilUam, William  Wentworth.Born  Way 

Fitzherbert,  Thomas.     Bom  at  Swjnneiton,  f|J2WUU^m,  An  English  states- 

Staffordshire,  1552:  died  at  Rome,  A|'g.  1',  [>-W.  ^'^.'.//(t^.^rsecondEarlFitzwilliam  (17,56)  He 
An  English  Jesuit,  rector  of  the  EngUsh  College  ^:";i,  ,,V,;j„-^;,„„,  „j  irelandtora  short  time  (,Ta„.-March 
at  Home  1618-39.     He  published  a  number  ot     .,    ,_^  ^.j,,, 

controversial  works.  ,       .     „        FitzwilUam  Museum.     A  museum   at  tam- 

Rtzherbert  William.    Died  1154.     An  Eug-  ',lJ?,^^^{^„i„,,,^i,,.,lownded  by  Kichard,  seventh 

uthpfe&l^cted  archbishop  of  York  in  142.     i^^^^'Ct  Viscount  Fitz^lliam  who  bequeathed 

•  He  was  canonized  bv  Pope  Honorius  m  122r .       ^^  j,,^  university  (1816)  his  collection  of  books, 

Fitziames  (fits-.iamz'),  James,  Duke  of  Ber-       ^i^tings,    illuminated    manuscriptSj^  engraY 

wick      Born  at  Moulins,  France,  Aug.  21,10.0       i„gs,  etc.,  with  the  di^•i 

died  at  Philippsburg.  June  12,  li34.     A  noteu     ^^^  annuities  for  the 

soldier  illeeitiiuate  son  of  James,  diiKe  ot  lOiK     ,j,.]jjeii  yeas  begun  in  18„ „» --^ 

(James  II)f  and  Arabella  Churchill,  sister  of     printsisoneof  thcmostvaluableinexi^stenee     A^^^^^^ 
i^^,!vB  of  Mirlborough.    He  was  educated  in     Sf  classical  archeology  (containing  a  notable  collection  ol 
^nc^     In  l4  he  waL  creafed  dZ  of  Berwick  ;  later     cast.)  U  connected  with  the  museum 


leans,  France,  1607:  died  at  sea,  June  10,  ICbO. 
\   Freneli  governor  of   Madagascar  164S-;k)^ 
He  published  "Uistoire  de  la  grande  isle  Madagascar 
(16SS:  second,  enlarged  edition  liitil),  "  Dictionnaire  Ue  U 
languede  Madagascar"  (l<i;>8).  ■,      ^        , 

Flagellants  (ilaj'e-lants).  [From  Ij.  fl'igel- 
htn{t-)s.  ]>pr.  of  fl<i(iell(ire.  whip,  scourge.]  A 
bod  V  of  religious  persons  who  believed  that  by 
whiiipingandsconrgiugthemselvesforrcligious 
discipliire  thev  could  appease  the  dmne  wrath 
■faiii'^t  tlieir  sins  and  the  sins  of  the  age.  Anasso- 
ciHtioii  of  (lagellants  founded  about  1260  spread  through- 
out Europe,  its  members  marching  in  processiuiis,  publicly 
scourging  their  own  bare  bodies  till  the  blo,„l  ran  Having 
by  these  practices  given  rise  to  great  disorders,  they  were 
suppressed  ;  but  the  same  scenes  were  repeated  on  a  lari-er 
scilein  i:«8and  several  subsequent  years,  in  ;;;;"f;;'i;i™^.« 
of  the  desolating  plague  called  the  '  Wf  k  "^a  ''  /  '' ^| 
Hagellants  claimed  for  their  scourgings  the  virtue  of  all  the 
Bacraments,  and  promulgated  o'her  heresies^  llereha^e 
beennlsofraternitiesof  flagellantsauthorizedbythe  Ron  an 
Catholic  Church.  Some  tlagellants  have  held  doctrines 
opposed  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  approximaU 
th"se  of  Pi'itcstantism. 

de'i).    [li.,  'scourge 
Attila.  See  the  extract. 


^  T    Tc"  rio  ii.a,;  ,., filled  duke  01  KerwicK  ;  laLei      cafixsj  is  couuei^w^i*  "  * 

S?;ed  «nder'S;Duke'Sf'io7;ale^nHungan:;  wasmf     pj^g  Cfe-6'me).   [MHG.  SaM-Vat-anMrn^ 

Governor  of  Portsmouth;  and  in  16i8  fled  with  his  father  '^;;:i!i;^;p,.„,HflT,    Tliela.  L.    TersatUoa    Vitopolis 

f?  France     He  promoted  the  attempt  to  replace  James 

m,  th?  throne  by  a  descent  on  Ireland  ;  was  present  at  the 

bSttle  ofthe  Boyne;  and  became  commander-in-chief  o 

the  khig's  forces  in  Ireland.    Inie91'>''''""^'',   ,  »n  ^^,  c^ 

ar^nn  which  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  marshal,  becoming 

aTie'nch  s  bieel  in  order  to  secure  this  promotion.     He 

?ougl    h.  Fl andera,  under  BoufBers, '"  1702  •,  comrnanded 

the  French  army  in  Spain  in  17(M  ;  captured  M«  '"  l/^'S  ■ 

,nd  defeated  the  allied  English  and  Portuguese  at  Al- 

manzainl707.  He  w^ia  killed  at_the  siege  of  Phil.PP^^HL'-f ' 


This  title,  "  Flagellum  Dei,-  occurs  with  most  wearisome 
frequency  in  the  me.liajval  stories  about  Attila ;  and  where^ 
soever  we  meet  with  it,  we  have  a  sure  '"d  ca  on  that  we 
are  off  the  ground  of  contemporaneous  and  authentic  hls- 

■lume  ue-o  im-,.   u.^...-i. ,  to?y!and  have  entered  the  cloud  land  of  ecclesiastica^^^^^^^^^ 

sX-Croatian  r'id:a,  L.  TersatUoa  TitopoUs.  tho\;,gy^  Later  and  wUderdevd^^^^^^  'J} 'i^^tdTni" 
later  r«»"«i  Sa.cli  nti  adFlumaq  A  seaport  »V;;a^?/,«^4°,SrbftL'frac"e^f'e"d  King. ;f  Huns,  Goths 
and  roval  city  of  Hungary,  situated  on  the  bulf  'j^';™;  „nd  Medes,  the  terror  of  the  world."  There  may 
of  Ouarncro  in  lat.  45°  19'  N.,  long.  14°  2, '  E.  ^"."fbcen  a  tendency,  as  Sir  Herbert  '""'^f. '«  Wen"'y 
?t  is  tSy  seaport  in  Hungary,  h.as  large  and  increasing      „,,„  „.itli  the  Anti-Christ  of  "'«  ^^-'f ""%  f  tSo'rf^^^^ 

^I^ilt^ic  ^''^  ^TiJLC^     -  ■"  -  --^^:!^^;:^^:^  Kflnvaders.  II.  m 
under  direct  Hungan.,n  rule.    f^P"^"™  »;;^'j^;'X^    piaget  (fla-zha'),  Benedict  JoSeph.     Bon.  at 
's'faSd  an-fNot:  \-o|ournat,  ^^jvergne    France   |ov^  1,63 
Danishruletilltheir    died a^^Nazai-eth  K    ,  Fel.   1  18     .^  A 


Ifluonii'.'uui,  .'"v-'-J-  _ 

Sr  English  history,  Flaget  (fla-zha  ),  Bc„-„--  ----^-^ 

amford,  an.l  Not.  Contournat,  A'jvergne    1  ranee   _^o^^  ^  l.bd . 

;;e;'"orwm^mThe"ConquerW,  created  by     u^gSm^'-TheyweVe  under  Danish  rule  till  their  d^d;^^,^^^^^:;;  JJ^^^'eRoVanC^^^^^^^^^ 

m  earl  of  Hereford.    He  was  one  of  the  dncf  pn.-     coifquest  by  Edward  and  Ethelfleda,  compktea  -^™7  .^    ,^j  \„  ^„,erica  in  17M,  and  was  consecrated 

tors  of  the  Conquest,  fought  at  the  battle  olastingis               1                                                                .     .^        .,,.  bishop  of  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  in  1810      The  sea   of  h. 

1  acted  as  viceroy  during  the  absence  of  W  llliam.     He     l'^^--'  ^     ^^     f,^rV?.^.     A  T)lace  in  Dinwiddle  ji„,„^e  was  renu.ved  from  Bardstown  to  Louisville  in  1841. 


rrterarvSy"diVin"g'thrabsence„f  William.     He  J,^l^^              ^^^,  f.^.^,).     A  place  in  Dinwiddie      IriSerwaTrTmln-ld'fr-nrB-dstown-to  Louisville  in  1841. 

was  kiUedat  the  battle  of  tassel  mim.  Countv  Virginia,  11  miles  southwest  of  Peters-  pUgg  (flag).  Wilson.    Born  at  Beverley,  Mass., 

Fitzpatrick  (.'jtJ;-?"^"^):,  ¥-''^-     ^  burg.^Here  April  l,  186.%  the  Federals  under  Sheridan  'j^^fg^^  ^  M^  ^  ^,.^^.  ^^  j^.^^j,,  Cambridge.  Mass 

in/iel,hngs''TomJone.^                   1747:  died  difefied  part  of  Le's 'army.'    The  loss  of  the  Federals  was                g    js84.      An  American  naturahst        He 

Fitzpatrick,  Richard.     Born  Jan..  Y-t^^u  ^^ft,,';,  confederates.  b,.w.                                           ,^,-,te  "Birds  and  Seasons  Of  New  England" 

at  Condon,  April  2.i,  1813     A  British  sokiicr  Qallants  The,  or  Five  Witty  Gallants.    "7' '^i  gt^ 

politician,  and  -'it.  second  son  of  t^- h^     ^a  Five  GallantS,^l^^^^,^^^_  ^.^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^.^^,^^^„.,     (,^,4^  e^c.            ^^^^     ^^  Bur^pyne's  comic 

of  Upper  Ossory:  best  known  as  tneintimaie  onera ''The  Lord  of  the  Manor?' a  low  camp- 

friend^of  Charley,  Janie.^Fox.    He be.^^^  F  U  H^^S,  Adventures  of.     See  Adventures    ^1  ^f,;,,^ "^^.^          „.^  „,,  p„.yed  by  Idcky  Sue.t 

cmistitiitioii  of  1795:    It  was  overthrown  by  Na-  Flahaut  (flii-o'),  Comtesse  de.    See  Souza-Iio- 


w^\'nVirt'hea"uthors'ofthe"Rolliad.' 

Fitzroy(iits-roi'),AugustusHenry,thirdDuke 
of  GnU-ton.  Born  Oct.  1,  173.5:  died  at  Euston 
Hall,  Suffolk,  March  14, 1811.  An  English  states- 
man.  Be  was  secretary  of  state  for  the  nort'iern  depiirt- 
tt,»nt  Tiilv  17110 -May,  1766,  and  became  first  loKl  01  tnt 
SeJ^u,^  I't  '•  ad  .  imstration  of  Pitt  in  JolV.  17««-,  /^?  " 
res^ltS  Pitt's  illness,  Orafton  was  the  head  of  the  ministry 

m;^Ov'HeW'"fi^-t*'Dnke'^?-G;;:;^ton.  Born 
sS    20,  166:yf'died  Oct.  9,  1690.     An  jUegiti 


/ive l^mbeis  The  In  English  history,  the  pjahaut  de  la  Billarderie  (fl  -5'  dMii  be-yUrd. 
iv,  ,,'7nn^crsofr"rlament-?Hampden,Pym.  .-e'),  CoinU-  AugUSte  Charles  de.  K«in  a- 
Ilolles   ilaselrig,  and  Strode- who  were  lead-     P.ris.  Am-il  21.  17S.,:  died  there,  Sept.  1,  18,0 


ers  in  the  opposition  to  Charles  1.  in  the  Long 
T'nrli.imeiit,  and  whom  he  attempted  to  arrest 

Five  Nations,  Jhe.    See  ^^^^f  |^  j^^^  York, 


at 
Paris,  April  21,  r7S.-):  died  there,  Sept.  1,  1870. 
A  French  general  and  diplomat  ist.  He  was  made 
general  of  briga.le  an.l  aide  de-eaml.  to  >'«I'"1>-';"  '•,'',' 
18  S,  and  served  with  distinction  at  tie  battles  o  Leinslc. 
Ilanau,  and  Watcri.K).  He  was  appointed  "'  "''•'".1'^,^^^^^^^ 
pntentiarv  to  Beriln  in  IMl,  and  was  ambawiador  to  \  it  mm 
in  INew    lorK,      isn-lS.   "lie  was  made  senator  in  !8.'.:i.  t>    i    v 

e  intersectiiiii  piamhard  (flam 'iiiird),  Rannulf  or  Ralph. 

■eets,  formerly     i,„,,i  s,.pt.  .">.  1128.     A  Nunnan  bishop  ol  l>iir- 

..oundcd  in  the  attacK  on  ,  ..,k  , e, ^._.......  ".'.t^a  ^^  a  eeuVer  of  vice  and  crime.  ham  and  justiciar,  the  chief  minister  of  \\  ill. am 

Vitzrov   Robert.     Bom  at  Ampton  Hall    hnf-  p  'g."  (f;,,.)    a  village  of  France,  in  the  suburbs     ]{„f„s.     he  was  held  to  be  responsible  for  most 
folk    ?f.'h^  1h":  died  at  London,  April  30. 180.,.  "j^f^^,!,' Vow  aiimxod  to  that  city.  of  tho  iniMuities  of  that  reign 

A  British  naval  officer.    From  lSMtol8.»  aodat^^^^^^  Born  at  Soleiire. 

h,m.l<UtolS3«,hecomnn».dedtliel!cage       ext.^iK^^^^^^^^ ,:,..,„,, 

.iirvcvB  ..f  the  South  American  corust  and  in  the  <     '  "  " 
SaU™  ol  the  globe.     During  the  seeoiid  trip  (  bailcs 


Sent  ''b  166:1:  died  Oct.  9.  lO'JU.  ^u  "'"K'"-  five  JSatlons,  ine.  ocejiwyuo. 
mate  soiotCharhs  II.  of  England,  by  Barbara  pj^g  points,  The.  A  locality  i 
ViUiers  couiit.-ss  of  Castloniain.  He  obta  neo  „„i.|ii.'ast  of  Ihe  City  Hall,  at  th( 
considera'ble  distinct,...,  "^  a  s..l.lie,^  a,,d  was  ,,,ort.ally      ^^  ^^  p,,,^,   and  Worth  Str, 

wounded  in  the  attack  ..„  C.ik  un.ler  Marib,.r ouMi.  ^^  ^^  Center  of  vice  and  cril 


Sorn  at  Soleure,  piam^orough  (flam' bur- o).  In  Goldsmiths 
st^itierlamiriSOOr  died  at  Paris,  July  31,  1846.  ..  vicar  ot  Vakefield,"  the  name  of  a  farmer 
A  Swiss  nolitical  economist,  of  Fren.di  (Hngue-     „,„|  l,is  faniil.v  »i  „  „„„ef 

ADwihsp  line. ^_ .,.,...  „.,r,it^t,i,.«  Til. ~v«^«„»>,  TIoaH      A  headland  on  the  coast 

J°6'58'N..loiig. 
rises  to  a  height 

FlaccU8(flak'us).  The  name  assumed  by  Alcmn  pj  (tm-mafig'),  Frantjois.    Born  at  Pans 

ill  tlie  I. allied  academy  established  at  the  com  I  'j^**}!"-^'*  \,^  French  liistorienl  painter,  son  of 

f  Charloniagiie. 


A  Swiss  political  eeoiiomisi,  oi  rieii.-..  v'.'K"'  nn.i  ins  iiiii,,,.>  ■                 ,  ,       j, 

not)  descent.       He  wrote  "Observations  suj-ptat  dcs  FlamborOUgh  Head.      A  headlall 

claaacs  ouvrlfres"  (l&li'.),  "  Revue  mensu.lle  d  fconomk^  j  Yorkshiri',  Knglan.l,  in  Int,  .'>4°t 

"iir(l»:«3e,)%.tc.;  and  contributed  tot  ^'  ^,  -i,,  .^y.  (lighlh..nse).      It  ris 

.Ics  Kc.inolnlstcs,"  etc.  .,f  J'll)  I'....! 


S;Sp^wh:a:xomi;;,nWhhnVm.turalist.  The  (1 
ghica  Society  awir.le.l  it.,  gol.l  "-"lal  "!, f j'""^, '". 
Tv-7  in  18;«)  he  publlshe.l  ••Narrative  of  the  suryj- 
Ini^  Voyages  of  II.  M.  ships  A.lventure  an.l  Heagle,  in 
s  vols  (the  Ihhd  by  Darwin).  He  was  g..vernor  ..f 
New  Zeal,  ,1  1M:M5.  an.l  s,„.erlnten.Ient  of  the  \  oolw  .-. 
d.^TOrd  l,Ua-41l,  an.l  hel.l  other  ln,portant  p..9  ».     ^'y' 

E^!;{?;;;d':^nrh;^duK^:::chi:l^^  ..!;r=;:U:^S  ^^^^^'  V,.spasian,,  author  of  j.he™,c^j.oem. 


service  of  the  lloar.1  ..f  Tradccmsed  his  n.ln.l  to  give  way, 
an.l  he  .■.in„uiltc.l  B.llclde.  _,.,,.  i  ,■     , 

TitzsteDhen  (lits-ste'ven),  William.  l»e. 
,S  mo  A  cU.rk,  frien-i,  an.l  bi.,grapher  ot 
Thomas  I'.i'cket.  His  "Vita  Sanctl  Thon,m"wa»  llrsI 
printl.l  in  17'2»  (in  Sparkes's  ••Hlstorlic  Angllcnnic  Scrlp- 

rSse  (fit8-6rs'),  Reginald  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  121  h  century.  One  of  the 
Mtirilerers  of  Thomas  Becket.    He  took  the  Ica.llng 

^rtnJhc  assault.  T''"  ""•'•;V?".";"r.He,l  tVe"  n™ 
to  the  Holv  Lan.l,  ami  are  said  to  have  died  tlieri,  mar 
J>^.alen^  and  ti  have  been  buried  in  Jenis.dem  before 


in  18.V,r  A  French  liistorienl  painter,  son  of 
l/.oi,ol,l  Fliini.iig  the  engraver.  He  »"»»  P"!''' "I 
rnlmnel  F  H.'.l.iul,,,  and  .lean  Paul  l.anrens,  Hlspiture 
-rii  "liinlnlll.is  .s',,mm,.n«l  '  took  a  prlre  in  the  SiUoi,  of 

F\Tmeng,  L6opold.  Born  at  Brussels,  Nov,  22, 
mil  A  „,,ti'.l  French  engraver.  He  wii»  bom  of 
ire  ch  1 .  r.„f.  an.l  went  to  Fn.ncc  In  18f.3.  He  has  ex- 
mi'lle.!  aJThcS;,!..,,  since  18.V,,,  and  Inuiengraved  or et_ched 


Arg.,nanti.!n"  (8  books),  a  free  imitation  ot 

Al,..ll.'niMs  ot  l.'h.i.l.'S        ^ 

Flaccus,  Quintus  Horatius.    n,-  "'''"'■;;• 
Flacius  .On'Hlii-us)  (LaiiMi/..Ml  ir,„„  yiacich>, 
MaUhias,  sun,,,,,,..!   lUyricus  (.he     1  >^- 

iaii').     Born  at  Albona,  Istria,  Mnrch  3    1.>.0  . 

H.Vnt  rr.iiikforf-on-the-Main,  March  11,  l.,<.>.     T..nl„,..uch.',  Mnnkacry,  ,u,..  .>.„e,.. 

f  no    .    ( ierman  Protestant  scholar  and  con-  pi^^eng.  Marie  Au^USte      ^^^^-^^^l 

,roversialist_    Hew,..a,.,pn,.Lu.h.atWUt.,W^^      'J,''^^- ':;  j!    P;";^  ^  Mi^et^U;   Cu  d^ 


many  .if  the  b.'»t  pictures..!  licnbrandt,  Murill..,_Uub.-n«. 
ir.lo.la  VIn.'Vschellcr, 


l.eonar, 
T.'„li,i..uche 


II.  III...  i.i>'.», ". 

,  lllila,  Cabancl.  (Jalnsliorongh, 
Slun'kacrv,  !U,.l  .ithers. 


i«ir,lerersoi.  nomas  ..cci..-..    "— ■V^.r^K-fXTl     'anTwrZfess.-rV.f  H";i;rtV;;;;^Mil4n,  w^  i,';,  was'.ipiij.i'i  of 'llubnfe',  Mu/.erolle,  iHivis  d» 

p„r.  la.tbeas,aul.._i;he  murderers  were  «nallyb^^^^  Srew^raTc  ,int  o< ';'"  "llP/l'i'- ««,  VL^"?"  ,'":,^.":,'r'l     Chavannes.  k  Dela.may,  and  others. 


drew  on'aee.  unt  of  hi.  ..pposltlim  to  the' Augsburg  and 
Le^psic  Interim..  In  1668  lie  was  appointed  to  a  pre,te8s.,r. 


Flamineo 

Plamineo  (fla-min'e-o).  In  Webster's  tragedy 
"The  White  DeTil'"  the  brother  of  Vittoria 
Corombona,  the  "  white  devil."  He  is  an  incar- 
nation of  selfish  depravity :  the  most  beautiful  and  poetic 
ideas  and  words  in  the  play  are  nevertheless  put  in  his 
mouth. 

Flaminia  ifla-me'ne-a).     A  province  of  Italy, 


394 

marriage  of  Philip  of  Burgundy  to  Margaret  of  Flanders. 
It  passed  in  1477  to  Austria  through  the  marriage  of  Maxi- 
milian to  Marj-  of  Burjrundy.  In  152'.i  it  was  freed  from 
homage  to  France,  fart  of  it  passed  to  Holland  in  1W8, 
and  part  was  acquired  by  France  in  16o9,  lr,^i8,  1678,  and 
1713.  The  remainder  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  Aus- 
trian Netherlands,  and  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Belgium 
forms  the  provinces  of  East  and  West  Randei-s. 


near  the  FlaminianWay,  in  the  division  of  the  Flanders,  East.  Aprovinceof  Belgium,  bound- 
eouutry  under  the  later  Roman  Empire.  ,....,.,  .  . 

Flaminian  Way  (fla-min'i-au  wii),  or  Via  Fla- 
minia (vi'a  fla-min'i-ii).  One  of  the  oldest  and 
most  famous  highways  of  aucient  Rome,  it  ex- 
tended in  a  direct  line  from  Rome  to  Ariminum  (Rimini), 
and  was  built  by  the  censor  CaiusFlaminius  in  220  B.C.  Its 
superintendence  was  held  to  be  so  honorable  an  office  that 
Augustus  himself  assumed  it  in  27  B.  c,  as  .Tulius  Ca?sar 
had  been  curator  of  the  Appian  Way.    Augustus  restored 


ed  bv  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  Antwerp 
and  terabant  on  the  east^  Hainaut  on  the  south, 
and  West  Flanders  on  the  west.  Itisnotedfor 
its  development  of  agriculture  and  manufactures.  Area, 
1,158  squ.are  miles.     Populatiou  (1SM\  970,398. 

Flanders,  French.  A  former  province  of 
France,  corresponding  generally  to  the  mod- 
ern department  of  Xord. 
It  through  its  entire  extent,  in  commemoration  of  which  Flanders,  Henry,  Bom  at  Plainfield,  X.  H., 
triumphal  arches  were  erected  to  him  over  the  road  at  igog,  j^  American  legal  writer.  He  has  prac- 
Arnmnum  and  at  Rome  ;  the  arch  at  the  former  place  still  jj^j.^  j^^.  j^  Philadelphia  since  1850.  He  has  published 
exists.  Much  of  the  old  pavement  sun-ives.togetherwith  ..Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
many  tombs  by  the  roadside.  the  United  States  "  (lS,i5-6S),  and  an  "  Exposition  of  the 

FlamininUS    (flam-i-ni'uus),  Titus    QlUntius.     constitution  of  the  Inlted  states  ■■(iseo). 
Born  about  230  B.  C. :  died  about  174  B.  c.     A  Flanders,  Moll.    See  Fortunes  ofiloU  Flanders. 
Roman  general  and  statesman.    He  was  consul  in  Flanders,  West.      A    province    of    Belgium, 
198,  defeated  Philip  V.  of  Macedon  at  Cynoscephalse  in     bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  northwest, 


197,  and  proclaimed  at  Corinth  the  freedom  of  Greece 
in  196, 

Flaminius  (tla-min'i-ns).  Servant  to  Timon 
in  Shakspere's  "Timon  of  Athens." 

Flaminius,  Caius.  Died  217  b.  c.  A  Roman 
general  and  politician.  He  w.as  tribune  of  the  people 
ID  232,  in  which  year  he  procured  the  passage  of  a  law  dis- 
tributing the  Agcr  Gallicus  Pwetius  among  the  plebeians. 
He  pacified  the  Insiibres  while  consul  in  223,  and  while 
censor  in  220  constructed  two  celebrated  public  works 


the  Netherlands  and  East  Flanders  on  the  east, 
Hainaut  on  the  southeast,  and  France  on  the 
south  and  southwest.  Area,  1,249  square  miles. 
Population  (1894),  75.0.349. 

Flandin  (flon-dan' ),  Eugene  Napoleon.  Bom 
at  Naples,  Aug.  15, 1809  :  died  1876.  A  French 
archaeologist  and  painter.  He  wrote  "  Etudes  sur 
la  sculpture  perse,"  "Relation  du  vovage  en  Perse" 
ilSi.i-m).  "Monuments  de  Xinive"  ngi6-60),  etc. 


which  bore  his  name:  the  Circus  Flaminius  and  the  Via   Flandrin  (Hon-drau' ).  Jean  HiPDolvte.     Born 
ii-,..„;„,-,     n„ri„„  hi-  „„.„H  .„„.„,,,„  ^„  „.„=  ,„..„,.     gj   i^yons.  France,   March    23,  1809  :    died   at 

Rome,  March  21,  1864.  A  French  historical 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Ingres.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  decorative  paintings  in  the  churches  of  St.-Germain- 
des-Pres  and  St,-Vincent-de-Paul  in  Paris. 

Flandrin,  Jean  Paul.  Born  at  Lvons.  Mav  8, 
1811 :  died  at  Pans.  March  9,  1902.  A  French 
landscape-painter,  brother  of  J.  H.  Flandnn 
He  was  a  representative  of  the  school  of  French 
classical  landscape-painting. 


Flaminia  During  his  second  consulate  he  was  totally 
defeated  by  Hannibal  at  Lake  Trasimene  in  217,  and  feU 
in  the  battle. 
Flaminius,  Caius.  A  Roman  general,  son  of 
Caius  Flaminius.  He  was  elected  pretor  in  193  b.  c, 
and  obtained  Hispania  Citerior  as  his  province.  After 
having  subdued  the  Triniates  and  the  Apuani,  two  Ligu- 
rian  tribes,  he  employed  his  soldiers  in  the  construction 
of  a  military  road  from  Bononia  to  Arretiura. 

Flammarion  (tia-ma-re-6n'),  Camille.    Born 
at  Montigny-le-Roi,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Feb. 


25,  1842.    A  noted  French  astronomer,    in  18«2  Flannen    (fian'en)    Islands,    or   The    Seven 
n.  h°^^H^^°L^^^  observatory  at  Juvisy  near  Paris.     HunterS.     A  group  of  uninhabited  islets  west 
He  has  written  "  La  pluralite  des  mondes  habites    (1862).        ,. -.        ■     .     4.,,*' -rr  u  -j        o     *i      j 
"  Lesmondesimaginairesetlesinondes reels" (1864),  "Les  _?'  i^ewrs  in  the  Hebrides,  bcotland. 
merveillesc61estes"(1866),"Cataloguedes(5toilesdoubles  Flash    (flash),    Captain.        In     Garrick's   play 
et  multiples  en  monvement"  (1878).  '■  Astronomic  popu-      "Miss in  her  Teeus.'"  a  cowardlv  braggart. 
^:j^V^SZ:^^^"-^Sti:-^-X^'^'  Flash,  Sir  Petronel.     In  Chapman,  Marston 


Flammock's  Rebellion.  A  rebellion  which 
broke  out  in  Cornwall,  England^under  Thomas 
Flammoek  in  1497,  occasioned  by  the  impo-  ^?  ]?^  ^ 


sition  of  a  tax  to  defray  the  cost  of  a  Scottish 
war.  The  insurgents  marched  on  London,  but  were  de- 
feated at  Blackheath  June  17,  1497.  Thtir  leaders,  in- 
cluding Flammoek,  Mere  executed  June  28. 
Flamsteed  (flam'sted),  John.  BornatDenby. 
near  Derby,  England,  Aug.  19,  1646:  died  at 

Greenwich,  Dec.  31,  1719.     A  famous  English  rn'^V^  "•''"/7^ii'^^!/         -    -l-,  > 
astronomer,   appointed  the   first    astronomer  f^ateyjarbok  (Hat  ey-yar-bok), 
royal  March  4,  1675.    He  is  especially  noted  for  the 
importance  of  his  observations,   many  of  which  were 
turned  to  account  by  JCewton.    He  became  a  bitter  en- 
emy of  >'ewton. 

Flamsteed  8  "British  Catalogue"  is  styled  by  Baily 
••one  of  the  proudest  productions  of  the  Koyal  Observa- 
tory at  Greenwich."  Its  importance  is  due  to  its  being 
the  first  collection  of  the  kind  made  with  the  telescope 
and  the  clock.  Its  value  was  necessarily  impaired  by  de- 
fective reduction,  and  Flamsteed's  neglect  of  Newton's 
advioe  to  note  the  state  of  the  barometer  and  thenuome- 
ter  at  the  time  of  his  observations  rendered  it  hopeless  to 
attempt  to  reduce  fi-om  them  improved  results  by  modern 


and  Jonsou's  comedy  '*  Eastward  Hoe,"  a  knight 
adventiu'er.  He  is  eager  to  escape  from  town 
to  the  untried  land  of  Virginia. 
See  Kitunahan. 
Flatbush  (tlat'bush).  A  town  in  Kings  County, 
Long  Island,  New  York,  contiguous  to  Brook- 
lyn on  the  southeast,  it  was  the  scene  of  part  of  the 
battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27,  1776.  Population  (lS9u). 
12,338.  Annexed  to  Br.'oklyn  in  189i;  incorporated  in  the 
city  of  New  York  1897. 

[OX., 'book  of 
Flatey.'J  Anlcelanclic  manuscript,  named  from 
the  island  Flatey  off  the  northern  coast  of  lee- 
land, where  it  was  owned  inthe  17th  eerftury.  it 
contains  a  collection  of  sa^as  bearing  upon  the  lives  and 
times  of  the  Norwegian  kings  Olaf  Trygg\'ason  and  Olaf 
the  Saint :  at  the  end  are  annals  down  to  the  year  1394.  It 
is  the  most  extensive  of  Icelandic  MSS..  and  one  of  the 
principal  sources  of  information  concerning  the  discovery 
of  America  by  the  Norsemen.  It  was  written  between  the 
years  1380  and  1395  by  two  Icelandic  priests.  In  1662  it 
came  as  a  present  from  Bishop  Brynjulf  of  Iceland  to  King 
Frederick  III.  of  Denmark.  It  is  preserved  in  the  Eoy^ 
Library  in  Copenhagen. 


S recesses  of  correction.     The  catalogue  showed  besides  Flathead  (flat'hed)  Lake,  or  Sellsh  (se'lish) 
efects  attributable  to  the  absence  of  the  author  s  final    Lake.     A  lake  in  Missoula  Countv,  Montana. 
revision.      Sir  William  Herschel  detected  errors  so  nu-     -,u^„i.  -t^t.     aqo  -vt      i  it  ao  i:^/  w       -.i,         *i  i. 

merous  as  to  sugcest  the  need  of  an  index  to  the  original     ??,*^^"^J^J;  T*.   ,^-'  ^^^^S-  -^i*  ,  ^^  „^^*.,  "S  outlet 
observations  printed  in  the  second  volume  of  the  '■  His-     ^^^  ^°*^  Clarke  s  iork.    Length,  about  30  miles. 
toriaCcelestis.'"      Miss  Herschel  undertook  the  task,  and  Flatheads.      See  Choctaws  and  SalishaiK 
showed,  by  recomputing  the  place  of  each  star,  that  Flam-  "PlaffArTrCflflf 'pr-i'i   fianp      A  cane  in  the  north- 
steed  had  catalogued  111  stars  which  he  had  never  olv  ^  mattery  (nat  er-1  J,  Y^P®"     ^  *^^P^  \^  ^^V  ^""i 
aer%-ed.and  observed  560  which  he  had  not  catalogued    western  part  of  Washington,  projectmginto  the 
("Phil  Trans., "LXXXVii.-2:>3).  HercatalogHeof  thesein-    Pacific  Ocean  in  lat.  4S°  23'  20^  A.,  long.  124° 
editedstarswaspublishedbyorderoftheRoyal  Society  in     44'  30^'  "W.  {lio-hthouse). 

1798;  they  were  by  Baily  in  1829  arranged  in  order  of  right  •pianhart  /flo-harM    ftiKst.nTTfi       Born  at  Rouen 
ascension,  and  dent  fled  ^all  but  seventvl  hv  i-nmnari^,,!!  X  laUDerC  ^no-Dai   ;,  UUSUave.     r>OTn  ai  nouen. 


ascension,  and  identifled  (all  but  seventy)  by  comparison  ■ 
with  later  catalogues("Memoirs  Royal  Astr.  Soc.,"IV.  129). 

Diet.  Xat.  Biog. 

Flanders  (flan'derz).  [ME.  FJaitndcrs,  Flaun- 
dercSj  FlauudreSy  F.  Flandre,  G.  Flanderen^  ML. 
Fhuidna^Jy.Vlaanderen.YXGTa.Tlaenderen.']  An 
ancient  country  of  Europe,  extending  along  the 
North  Sea  from  the  Strait  of  Dover  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Schelde,  and  corresponding  to  parts  of 
the  present  departments  of  Nord  and  Pas-de- 
Calais,  France,  the  provinces  of  East  and  West 
Flanders,  Belgium,  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  it  formed  part 
of  Neustriaby  the  peace  of  Verdun  (S43).  Baldwin  became 
the  first  count  of  Handers  in  862.  Flemish  cities  became 
very  important  in  the  middle  ages,  and  the  citizens  main- 
tained a  long  struggle  against  lYench  influence  under 
Jacob  and  Philip  van  Artevelde  and  other  leaders.  The 
country  was  united  to  Burgundy  in  1384  through  the 


Dec.  12,  1821 :  died  at  Croisset,  near  Rouen. 
May  8,  1880.  A  French  writer  and  novelist. 
He  is  regarded  as  the  master  of  naturalism  He  traveled 
in  Brittany,  Greece,  Syria,  Egypt,  etc.,  and  undertook  to 
relate  his  travels,  but  went  no  further  than  an  opening 
paper  entitled  "A  bord  de  la  Cange."  In  1S57  he  pub- 
lished in  "La  Revue  de  Paris"  the  novel  "Madame  Bo- 
vary."  and  in  "L'Artiste""Latentationde  Saint  Antoine." 
The  former  gave  rise  to  considerable  litigation,  Flaubert 
being  ultimately  cleared  of  a  charge  of  immorality  in  liter- 
ature. In  1858  he  visited  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage, 
and  in  1862  published  ".Salammbo."  This  was  followed 
in  1869  by  *'  L'Education  sentimentale,  roman  d'un  jeune 
homme,"  and  in  1877  by  '*  Trois  contes."  Flaubert's  plays, 
"LeCandidat  "and  "Le  chateau  desfleurs,"  were  failures: 
they  were  published  after  his  death  in  "  I^  Vie  Moderne" 
(18S5).  His  other  posthumous  publications  are  "Bonvard 
et  P^cuchet "  (in  "  La  Revue  Politique  et  Litt^raire "). 
"  Lettres  ii  George  Sand  "  (1884),  "  Par  les  champs  et  par 
les  grfeves."  reminiscences  of  Brittany  in  '  Le  Gaulois,"  an 
essay  on  Rabelais,  a  voluminous  correspondence,  etc. 


Flaxman 

Flauto  Magico,  II.  See  Zauherfldte, 
Flavel  (tiav'el).  Jobn.  Born  at  Bromsgrove, 
Worcestershire,  England,  about  1630;  died  at 
Exeter,  June  26, 1691.  An  English  Presbj-terian 
clergyman  and  devotional  writer.  His  best- 
known  work  is  •*  Husbandry  Spiritualized" 
(1669). 
Flavian  (fla^'i-an),L.FlaviantlS(fla-vi-a'nus), 
ofAntiocb.  1.' Died  404  a,d.  Bishop  of  Antioch 
381-404.  He  was  appointed  by  the  Synod  of  Constanti- 
nople, which  was  composed  exclusively  of  Oriental  bishops, 
to  succeed  Meletius.  This  action  perpetuated  the  schism 
which  at  the  time  divided  the  orthodox  church  at  Ant  ioch, 
as  the  bishops  of  Egjpt  and  the  West  refused  to  withdraw 
their  support  from  Paulinus,  bishop  of  the  opposite  faction. 
2.  Died  at  Petra,  Arabia,  518.  Bishop  of  Anti- 
och  498-512.  He  was  deposed  by  the  emperor  Anasta- 
sius  through  the  machinations  of  the  Monophysite  Xenias, 
bishop  of  Hierapolis,  who  intimidated  him  into  anathema- 
tizing the  decrees  of  the  orthodox  council  held  at  Chalce- 
di.n  in  451. 

Flavian  of  Constantinople,  Died  at  Hypepe, 
Lydia,  Aug.  11,  449.  Bishop  of  Constantinople 
from  about  447  to  449.  He  procured  the  excom- 
munication of  the  heretic  Eutyches  at  a  synod  held  at 
Constantinople  in  448,  but  was  himself  deposed  and  ex- 
communicated by  the  Eutychian  party  at  the  synod 
known  as  the  Robber  Synod,  held  at  Ephesus  in  449.  He' 
died  a  few  days  after,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  bodily 
injuries  sustained  at  the  synod.  He  was  canonized  by  the 
Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451. 

Flavian  Emperors,  or  Flavian  Caesars.    The 

Roman  emperors  ^  espasian  and  his  sons  Titus 
and  Domitian,  who  belonged  to  the  house  of 
Flavins. 

The  Flavian  Emperors  ought,  perhaps,  hardly  to  be 
classed  together,  so  little  was  there  in  common  between 
the  just,  if  somewhat  hard,  rule  of  Vespasian,  or  the  two 
years'  beneficent  sway,  of  Titus,  "the  delight  of  the  human 
race,"  and  the  miserable  tjTanny  of  Domitian.  But  the 
stupendous  Colosseum,  the  Arch  of  Titus,  and  the  Amphi- 
theatre at  Verona  sene  as  an  architectural  landmark  to  fix 
the  Havian  period  in  the  memory;  and  one  other  charac- 
teristic was  necessarily  shared  by  the  whole  family,  the 
humble  origin  from  which  they  sprang.  After  the  high- 
born Jnlii  and  Claudii,  the  descendants  of  pontiffs  and 
censors,  noblemen  delicate  and  fastidious  through  all 
their  wild  debauch  of  blood,  came  these  sturdy  sons  of 
the  commonalty  to  robe  themselves  in  the  imperial  purple ; 
and  this  unforgotten  lowness  of  their  ancestr>-,  while  it 
gave  a  touch  of  meanness  to  the  close  and  frugal  govern- 
ment of  Vespasian,  evidently  intensified  the  deUght  of 
Domitian  in  setting  his  plebeian  feet  on  the  necks  of  all 
that  was  left  of  refined  or  aristocratic  in  Rome. 

Hodgkiiij  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  6. 

All  the  more  strange  does  it  seem,  when  we  consider 
the  humble  extraction  of  these  Emperors,  that  their  name 
should  have  remained  for  centuries  the  favorite  title  of 
Emperors  no  way  allied  to  them  in  blood,  a  Claudioa 
(Gothicus),  a  Constantine,  a  Theodosius,  and  many  more 
having  prefixed  the  once  ignoble  name  of  Flavins  to  their 
own.  And  hence,  by  a  natural  process  of  imitation,  the 
barbarian  rulers  who  settled  themselves  within  the  limita 
of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries.  Bur- 
gundian,  Lombard,  Visigoth,  adopted  the  same  mysteri- 
ously majestic  fore-name,  unconsciously,  as  we  must  sup- 
pose, selecting  the  ver^-  epithet  which  best  described  their 
own  personal  appearance,  yellow-haired  sons  of  the  north 
as  they  were,  among  the  dark-colored  Mediterranean 
populations.  Hodgkin^  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  L  7. 

Flavigny  (fla-ven-ye'),  Val6rien.  Bom  near 
Laon,  France:  died  at  Paris,  April  29,  1674.  A 
noted  French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Hebrew 
in  the  College  of  France. 

Flavins  (fla'vi-us).  1.  In  Shakspere's  **  Julius 
C»sar,"  a  Roman  tribune. —  2.  In  Shakspere's 
"Timon  of  Athens,"  the  faithful  steward  of 
Timon. 

Flavins,  Cneius.    An  early  writer  on  Roman 

law.  He  was  the  son  of  a  freedman,  and  became  secre- 
tary to  Appius  Claudius  Csecus.  He  obtained  possession 
of  the  forms  and  technicalities  pertaining  to  the  law  of 
practice,  the  knowledge  of  which  was  confined  to  the  pa- 
tricians and  pontiffs,  and  published  them  in  a  collection 
known  as  the  "Jus  Flavianum."  He  was  afterward  made  a 
senator  by  Appius  Claudius,  and  was  elected  ctirule  edile 
in  303  B.  C.     Also  called  Caius  and  Annius. 

Flaw  (fla).  In  Foote's  comedy  *'  The  Cozeners,'* 
one  of  the  cozeners  or  cheats. 

Flaxman  (flaks'man),  John.  Bom  at  York, 
England,  July  6,  1755;  died  at  London,  Dec.  7, 
1826.  A  famous  sculptor  and  draftsman.  His 
father  was  a  molder,  and  kept  a  shop  in  Covent  Garden  tor 
the  sale  of  plaster  images.  By  his  own  efforts  he  learned 
enough  Greek  and  Latin  to  read  the  poets.  At  fifteen 
he  entered  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1770  he  exhibited  a 
figure  of  Neptune  in  wax.  In  Aug.,  1787,  he  went  to  Italy 
for  seven  years.  During  this  period  were  made  the  illus- 
trations of  the  Odyssey,  and  to  .Eschylus  and  Dante.  He 
waselectedassociateof  the  Royal  Academy  in  1797.  and  full 
member  in  1800.  From  this  time  until  the  end  of  his  life 
he  executed  many  works,  among  which  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  is  the  Shield  of  AchUles  from  the  description 
of  Homer.  Hewas  appointed  professor  of  sculpture  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1810. 

Nature,  so  prodigal  to  the  English  race  in  men  of  genius 
untutored,  singular,  and  solitan,-.  has  given  us  but  few 
seers  who,  in  the  quality  of  prolific  invention,  can  be 
compared  with  Flaxman.  For  pure  conceptive  facuity, 
controlled  by  unerring  sense  of  beauty,  we  have  to  think 
of  Pheidias  or  Raphael  before  we  find  his  equal. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets.  I.  177. 


Fleance 

Fleance  (fle'ans).  In  Shakspere's  "Macbeth," 
tlif  son  of  Banquo,     Scf  lUuiijiin. 

Fl^che  (flash),  La.  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Sarthe,  France,  on  the  Loir  29  miles  north- 
east of  Angers.  It  has  a  noted  military  college. 
Population  (1891).  commune,  10,249. 

f  Itchier  (fla-shya').  Esprit.  Born  at  Pernes, 
Vaueluse,  France,  June  10,  1632 :  died  at  Mont- 
pellier,  France,  Feb.  IG,  1710.  A  French  pulpit 
orator,  maile  bishop  of  Ximes  in  1G87.  He  is 
noted  espeuirilly  for  his  fmienil  orations.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  iTftii. 

Flecknoe  (ilck'no),  Richard.  Born  apparently 
in  Ireland :  died  about  liiTS.  A  British  poet  and 
playwi'ight  of  slight  merit.  He  furnishea  Dryden 
with  the  name  "  Maci'leckiioe,"  under  which  he  satirized 
Shiidwell, 

Fleece'em(lles'm),  Mrs.  luFoote'splay  "The 
Cozeners,"  a  cheat  and  confederate  of  Flaw. 

Mrs.  Grieve,  the  woman  who  had  extorted  money  on 

K ledge  of  procurinp  goverinnenl  appointments,  and  who 
ad  not  only  deceived  Churles  Fox,  by  pretending  to  be 
able  to  marry  him  to  an  heiress,  bat  had  lent  him  money 
rather  than  miss  his  chariot  from  her  door,  was  fair  game, 
and  was  well  exposed,  in  Mrs,  Fleecem. 

Daran.  Eng.  Stage,  II.  120. 

Flee  from  the  Press.  A  short  poemby  Chaucer, 
printed  before  the  folio  of  1532.  It  is  sometimes 
known  as  "Truth,"  "B.alade  de  bone  Conseyl,"  "Good 
Coansel  of  Chaucer  "  (Shirley),  and  "  Balade  that  Chaucier 
made  on  hi3L)eeth-bedde"("probably  a  mere  bad  guess," 
Skeat). 

Fleet  Prison,  The.  An  old  London  prison,  for- 
merly standing  on  the  east  side  of  the-  Fleet 
brook,  where  it  now  runs  under  Farringdon 
street.  It  was  nearly  eight  hundred  years  old  when  it 
was  destroyed  in  1846.  It  was  called  the  "gaol  of  the 
Fleet "  in  the  time  of  Richard  I.,  and  was  a  debtors  prison 
as  early  as  1290.  It  was  used  also  as  a  state  prison  for 
religious  and  political  offenders  till  lfv41,  when  it  was  re- 
served entirely  for  debtors.  It  was  biu-ned  by  Wat  Ty- 
ler's men  in  13.S1.  In  1«60  it  was  burned  in  the  Great  Fire, 
and  again  in  1780  by  rioters.  In  the  17th  and  early  part 
of  the  18th  century  persons  \rishing  to  be  married  secretly 
came  within  the  rules  of  the  Fleet,  where  degraded  clergy- 
men were  easily  found,  among  the  debtors,  to  perform  the 
ceremony.  This  was  stopped  by  act  of  Parliament  in 
1754.  Attention  was  called  to  the  outrageous  treatment 
of  the  prisoners  in  1726,  when  the  warden  was  tried  for 
murder. 

Fleet  street.  A  London  street  running  from 
Ludgate  Circus  to  the  Strand  and  the  West 
End.  It  is  named  from  the  Fleet  brook.  In  the  early 
chronicles  of  London  many  allusions  are  made  to  tlie 
deeds  of  violence  done  in  this  street.  The  London  pren- 
tices waged  war  against  young  students  in  the  Inns  of 
Court,  etc.  By  the  time  of  Elizabeth  the  street  had  be- 
come a  favorite  spot  for  shows  of  all  descriptions  :  "pup- 
pet-shows and  monsters"  are  frequently  allu<led  to.  It  is 
now  one  of  the  busiest  streets  of  London. 

Fleet,  The.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.  Fh-tc,  the 
stream.]  A  tidal  stream  which  flowed  by  the 
westernwall  of  old  London  City.  Theereek  took  its 
rise  in  theclay  beds  east  of  the  Hampstend  Hills.  At  Battle 
Bridge,  near  King's  Cross,  it  entere(i  a  deep  valley  between 
high  clay  banks,  from  which  it  did  not  emerge  until  it 
reached  the  river.  In  Roman  times  the  oidy  road  from  the 
city  westward  cr»t3sed  the  Fleet  by  a  hri<Igefrom  Snow  Hill, 
Newgate,  to  Uolborn  Hill  (High  Holhorn).  Later  another 
was  made  oppitsite  Ludgate.  and  this  crossing  was  called 
Fleet  Bridge.  The  road  wliich  led  to  it  w.a»  called  Fleet 
Btreet  (which  see).  The  tidal  i».iitiun  of  the  Fleet  was  navi- 
gable in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  The  brr)ok  is  now  a  main 
aewer  of  London,  and  empties  into  the  Thames  at  Blaek- 
friars  Bridge.  The  allusicju  to  the  Fleet  ditch  In  the  liter- 
ature of  the  Kith  and  17tll  centuries  is  aecnimted  for  by  the 
fact  that  the  water  from  the  bed  of  Ihe  liiook  or  river 
having  been  diverted  from  itseourse, the  ollal,  i-t(-,,  thrown 
into  it  was  not  carried  <df,  and  became  a  inlisance. 

Fleetwood  (flet'wud).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on 
Morecainlic  Bay  3fi  miles  due  north  of  Liver- 
pool.    I'.mulation  (1891),  9,274. 

Fleetwood,  Charles.    Died  l()y2.    An  Englisfi 

P.'irlianiciitary  general,  lord  do])uty  of  Ireland 
l()ri4-.'>.").  He  niarried  Briilget  Irelori,  daughter  of  oil- 
ver  Croiuwell  and  witlow  of  Henry  Ireton,  i[i  l(i.i2. 

Fleetwood,  William.  Born  at  London,  .Ian. 
1,  1fi.')fi:  died  at  Tottenham,  near  London,  Aug. 
4.  1723.  An  English  bishop  (of  St.  .\saph  1708, 
and  of  Elv  1714)  and  ])ulpit  orator. 

Flegel  (M.i'gil).  Robert,  Horn  at  Wilna,  tier- 
many,  Oct.,  18!)."i:  diiil  at  I5rass,  West  Africa, 
Sept.  11,  1880.  An  African  e.\]>lorer.  Inisrr.  ho 
went  to  Lagos  as  clerk  in  atJerman  trailing  factory.  When 
an  English  exi)editi<>n  went  np  the  Niger  ami  lUnue  riv- 
ers, he  accompanied  it  In  the  Henry  Venn,  and  tot»k  a 
survey  of  both  rivers.  The  German.  African  Association 
commissioni'd  him  to  explore  Sokoto  ami  Nupe  In  188". 
He  proceeded  overland  to  L>iko,  i>n  the  Dimie;  reached 
Yola,  the  capital  of  Adamawa,  In  l.>*,s2  :  and  discovered  tho 
Ngaundere  source  of  the  liiime.  In  IS8:i  he  revisited  Ada- 
mawa, hut  failed  In  his  attempt  to  reach  tho  Kongo  by 
that  route.  On  his  return  to  Germany  In  1881,  ho  urged 
the  occupatir>n  of  the  BInue  basin  by  German  connneree 
and  authority.  With  imperial  snpiiorl  In-  underti'ok  a 
thirti  expedition  to  Adanuiwa,  but  tiie  iioy.d  .Niger  Com- 
pany frustrated  his  etlorta.  Ho  was  recalled,  and  died  at 
Brass,  in  1886^ 

Fl^gdre   (fla-jar').     A  height   in   the   Alps  of 


395 

Mont  Blanc,  northeast  of  Chamonix,  celebrated 
for  its  view.  Height,  5,92")  feet. 
Fleischer  (fli'sher),Heinrich  Leherecht.  Born 
at  Schandau,  Saxonv,  Feb.  21,  1801:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Feb.  10,  1888.  A  noted  German  Ori- 
entalist, professor  of  Oriental  languages  at 
Leipsic  from  1835.  He  published  editions  of  Abul- 
feda's  "Historia  ante-islamica"  (1831),  Beidlmwi's  com- 
mentary on  the  Koran  (1844-18),"  (irani mat ik  der  lebenden 
persisehen  Spraehe  '  (founded  on  the  grammar  of  Moham- 
med Ibrahim  ;  2d  cd.  187a).  etc. 

Fleming  iflcm'ing),  John,  Born  near  Bath- 
gate, Jan.  10,  1785 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  18, 
1857.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  naturalist. 
He  was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity 1S34-48,  and  of  natural  science  in  the  l-'ree  Church 
College,  Edinburgh,  from  1845.  He  wrote  "Philosophy 
of  Zoblogy"  (1822),  "The  Temperature  of  the  Seasons" 
(1851),  and  many  sclentitle  papers. 

Fleming,  Lady  May.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  '  riic  Abbot,"  a  maid  of  honor  to  Mary 
Queen  of  Scotland,  imprisoned  with  her  at 
Loehleven. 

Fleming,  Margaret.  Born  Jan.  1.5, 1803:  died 
Dec.  19,  181 1.  The  daughter  of  James  Flem- 
ing of  Kirkcaldy,  Scotland.  She  was  the  pet  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  and  was  a  remarkably  precocious  child. 
Her  diary  and  poems  are  exceedingly  quaint.  Her  life 
was  written  by  Dr.  John  Brown:  '*ret  ilarjorie :  a  Story 
of  Child  Life  Fifty  Years  Ago  "  (18fi8), 

Fleming,  Paul.  Bom  at  Hartenstein,  Saxony, 
Oct,  5,  1609 :  died  at  Hamburg,  April  2,  1640, 
A  German  poet.  He  studied  medicine  at  Leipsic.  The 
Thirty  Years' War  drove  him  to  Holstein,  where  he  soon 
joined  an  embassy  of  the  Duke  of  Schleswig-Holsteln  to 
Moscow,  and  afterward  (1635)  another  to  Ispahan.  He  was 
above  all  a  lyric  poet,  and  wrote  both  in  German  and  in 
Latin.  Among  his  poems  is  the  well-known  hymn  "In 
alien  meinenThaten."  His  collected  w-orks,  which  are  both 
8<-cu]ar  and  religious  in  character,  were  published  after 
his  death  under  the  title  "Teutsche  Poemata"  (1646). 

Fleming,  Paul,  The  principal  character  in 
Longfellow's  prose  romance  "Hyperion." 

Fleming,  or  Flemmynge,  Richard.  Bom  at 
Crofton, Yorkshire:  med  at  Sleaford,  Jan. ,1431. 
An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of  Lincoln 
1419,  and  founder  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
1427. 

Fleming,  Rose.  In  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist," 
a  gentle  girl  who  marries  Harry  Maylie. 

Flemings  (flem'ingz).  The  natives  of  Flanders, 
an  ancient  countship  now  divided  between  Bel- 
gium, France,  and  the  Netherlands ;  specifically 
the  members  of  the  Flemish  race,  nearly  allied 
to  the  Dutch  both  in  blood  and  in  language. 

Flemish  (flem'ish).  The  language  spoken  by 
tho  Flemings.  The  Flemish  language  is  a  form  of 
that  Low  German  of  which  the  Dutch  is  a  tyjie.  The  cllief 
external  difference  between  Dutch  and  Flemish  is  in  the 
spelling  —  the  spelling  of  Dutch  having  been  reformed  and 
simplified  in  the  jtresent  century,  while  F'lemish  retains  in 
great  part  the  archaic  features  of  16th-century  spelling. 

Flensburg(flens'borG).  Dan.  Flensborg  (flens'- 
bord).  A  sea])ort  and  commercial  town  in  the 
province  of  Schlcswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the 
Flensburg  Fjord,  situated  in  lat.  .54°  47'  N., 
long.  9°  20'  E.     Population  (1890),  36,444. 

Flers  (flar).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Orne, 
France,  situated  in  lat.  48°  44'  N.,  long.  0°  35' 
W.  It  has  cotton  manufactures.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  13,8(30. 

Fleshly  School,  The.  A  name  given  to  a  num- 
bcrof  English  pools  —  Swinlmrno,  Morris, Hos- 
setfi,  and  others  —  by  \i.  W.  Buchanan  in  tho 
"  Contomp(irary  Ivcviow." 

Flestrin  (llis'tiin),  Quinbus.  The  Man-Moun- 
tain: the  name  which  the  Lilliputians  gave  to 
Gulliver. 

Fleta  (llo'til).  An  anonymous  Latin  book  on 
Englisli  law,  written  about  1290.  From  a  statement 
III  the  one  extant  mann»(U-ipt,  that  "this  Imok  may  well  bo 
called  Fleta  because  It  is  written  In  Fleta,"  It  is  inferred 
that  it  was  written  by  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet, 

Fletcher  ((lech 'er).  Andrew,  of  Saltoun.  [The 
surname  J'lrliin  r  incnns  'arrow-maker.']  Born 
at  .Siilioun.  Haddingtonshire,  l<'>.'i5:  dieilat  Lon- 
don,Sept..  1716,  ,-VS<'oltiMh  politician  and  polili« 
cal  writer.  He  was  a  iiroinincnt  member  of  the 
Scottish  Parliament  under  Charles  II.  and  Wil- 
liam HI. 

Fletcher,  Giles.  Born  al  Watford,  Hertford- 
shire, about  1549:  dieil  at  London.  March, 
1611.  An  l''n(,'lisli  civilian  and  poet,  fatlier  of 
Giles  (the  younger)  and  Phineas  Fletcher.  Ho 
was  graduated  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  ho 
became  a  f<-Ilow  In  l',6H.  In  l,^s81ie  was  sent  as  amtiaHsa- 
dor  to  Russia,  and  published  an  account  of  that  country  In 
l.V.»l,  which  was  stlpiiressed.  It  was  called  "Of  the  Kusse 
Cunmon  Wejtlth,  etc,"  It  wasattrhlged,  and  passages  were 
suppressed  by  Ilakluvt  and  I'urchas,  and  reiirlnled  iis  "The 
lllstorv  of  Russia,  etc."  (1613),  and  also,  with  the  original 
till.-,  f,,i  111,-  Ilakluvt  .Sodeiv(I8.'i(l).  He  also  wrote  "Licia: 
I'o.-iiisof  l.,.ve,  elc."(K.!P3),  etc 

Fletcher.  Giles  (the  younger).     Bom  1.588  (?) : 


Fletcher,  Phineas 

died  1623.  An  English  poet,  younger  son  of 
Giles  Fletcher,  He  wrote  '' Christ's  Victoria, 
etc."  (1610),  etc. 

Fletcher,  James  Cooley.  Bom  at  Indianapolis, 
1-S'J3.  An  American  missionary  and  author. 
From  1851  to  1665  he  made  several  extended  journe}*8  in 
Brazil  its  a  missionary,  arid  for  a  time  he  acted  as  secretary 
of  the  I  nited  Slates  legation  at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  His  "Brazil 
and  the  Brazilians  "  w-as  llrst  published  w-ith  the  joint  names 
of  D.  P.  Kidder  and. I,  C.  Fletcher,  and  was  founded  on  the 
"Sketches  in  Brazil  "of  the  former  author  :  later  editions 
bear  oidy  Fletcher's  name.  He  w-as  I'nited  States  consul 
at  Oporto  1860-73,  and  subsequently  missionary  to  Kaplea. 
Since  1877  he  has  resided  at  Indianapolis. 

Fletcher,  John.  Born  at  Rye,  Sussex,  England, 
Dec,  1579:  died  at  .London,  Aug.,  16'25.  An 
English  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  and  literary  partner  of  Francis  Beaumont.  They 
wrote  together  fi-om  about  1GU6  till  1616,  living  together 
for  a  part  of  that  time. 

The  stage  tradition  that  Beaumont  was  superior  in  Judg- 
ment to  Fletcher  is  suppoiled  by  sound  criticism.  In  the 
most  important  plays  that  they  wrote  together  Beaumont's 
share  outweighs  Fletcher's,  both  in  quantity  and  in  qual- 
ity. Beaumont  had  the  firmer  hand  and  statelier  manner : 
his  diction  was  more  solid;  there  was  a  richer  music  in  his 
verse.  Fletcher  excelled  as  a  master  of  brilliant  dialogue 
and  sprightly  repai-tee.  In  the  management  of  his  plots 
and  in  the  development  of  his  charact^'rs  he  wafl  careless 
and  inconsistent.  Butin  his  comedies  the  unceasing  live- 
liness and  bustle  atone  for  structural  defects  ;  and  In  tra- 
gedy his  copious  command  of  splendid  declamation  recon- 
ciles us  to  the  absence  of  rarer  qualities.    A.  U.  Butlen. 

To  Fletcher  alone  may  be  assigned  the  plays  "The  Faith- 
ful Shepherdess"  (printed  about  1609),  "Wit  Without 
Money '  (played  not  earlier  than  1614,  printed  1639),  "  Bon- 
duca"  and  "  Valentinian  "  (played  before  1619,  printed 
1647),  "The  Loyal  Subject"  (licensed  1618,  printed  1647X 
"  The  Mad  Lover  "  (played  before  1619,  printed  ItMT),  "The 
Humorous  Lieutenant"  (probably  played  later  than  1619. 
printed  1647),  "  Women  Pleased  (probably  played  about 
1620,  printed  1647),  "The  Island  lYincess"  and  "The  Pil- 
grim  "  (presented  at  court  1021,  printed  ltJ47),  "The  Wild- 
goose  Chase  "  (i>reseu  ted  at  cu  it  1621,  printed  1652),  "  Mon- 
sieur Thomas'  (printed  1639),"TheWoman'sPrize"(played 
before  1633),  "  A  Wife  for  a  Mouth  "  (played  before  1624, 
printed  1847),  "  Rule  a  Wife  and  have  a  Wife  "  (played  in 
1624,  printed  1640),  "  The  Chances  "  (played  before  162.5, 
printed  1647).  To  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  "The  Woman 
Hater"  (licensed  and  printed  16<i7X  "The  Scornful  l_ady  " 
(played  probably  1609,  printed  1616),  "The  Maid's  Tragedy  " 
(played  not  later  than  1611,  printed  1619),  "Phllaster" 
(played  not  laterthan  1611,  printed  162u),  "  A  King  and  No 
King  "  (licensed  1611,  printed  1619),  "  Four  Plays  in  One  " 
(played  as  early  as  16o8(l'Teay),  printed  1647),  "The  Knight 
of  the  Burning  Pestle"  (written  pi-obably  before  1611, 
printed  1613),  "  Cupid's  Revenge  "  (printed  in  1615  :  Fleay 
thinks  Field  assisted^,  "The  Coxcomb"  (played  in  1613  or 
earlier,  printed  1(M7),  To  Fletcher  and  .Massinger  and 
others,  "The  Honest  Man's  Fortune  "  (played  1613,  printed 
1647:  Field  perhaps  assisted),  "The  Knight  of  Malta" 
(played  before  1619,  printed  before  lft47),  "Thierry  and 
Theodoret"  (w-ritten  probably  about  1610,  printed  1621: 
some  other  author  is  thought  to  have  assisted),  "Thetjuten 
of  Corinth  "  (played  before  1619,  printed  1647  :  Miildleton 
and  Rowley  appear  to  have  written  some  of  It),  "Sir  .lohD 
Van  Olden  Barnavelt "  (plavi-d  In  1619,  printed  by  Kullen 
in  his  "Collection  of  Old  English  Plays"  in  1882),  "The 
Little  French  Lawyer  "(written  about  1620,  printed  1617), 
"  A  Very  Woman  "  (played  probably  1621.  printed  in  16f>.'>X 
"The  Custom  of  the  Country  "(mentioned  In  1628  a.-*  an  old 
play,  printed  1647),  "The  Double  Marriage  "  and  'The 
False  One  "(written  about  1620,  printed  Ui47\  "Beggar's 
Bush  "(played  1622,  printed  1617>,  "The  I'rophetess  "  and 
■•The  Sea  Voyage  '  (licensed  1622.  printed  16471,  "The 
Elder  Brother"  (printed  KW),  "The  Lovers'  Progress" 
(printed  ItH 7), "The  S|ianIshCnrate"(lleen8ed  1622, printed 
1((47),  "Love's  Pilgrimage  "(printed  UM7:  probably  nearly 
all  by  Fletcher),  "  The  Islce  N'alor,  or  The  Passionate  Mad- 
Man"  (pt-ihaps  w-rltten  before  1624,  printed  1647:  Fleay 
thinks  MUMleton  rewrote  much  of  it)."  The  I.aw8  of  Candy 
(printed  1617;  largely  bv  Mas.Hlnger)."The  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Inn  "Oicelised  16JU.  lirinted  1647:  with  Rowley),  "The  Two 
Noble  Kinsmen  '  (printed  16:h,  as  by  Fletcher  and  Sbak- 
sperc).  Doubtful  plays,"  The  Captain  "(written  before  161S, 
rinted  1647:  Fletcher  hail  assistance,  probalily  either 
oiison  or  MIddletoii),  "Wit  at  Several  Weapiins"  (plaved 
about  1614,  printed  l(H7 :  shows  traces  of  MIddletou  and 
Rowle.v),  "The  Bloody  Brother  "  (printed  probably  KB!) : 
"lerhaps  written  by  Fletcher  and  .lonson  and  revised  by 
pfasslnger),  "Love's  t'urc"  (w-rltten  probably  about  1623, 
irlnti'd  1647:  probably  by  Miuslnger  and  MIddletou  (llul- 
en),  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  altered  ln'IMa88lnger(Fleav)), 
'The  Maid  In  the  .Mill"  (plaved  In  "l623  :  with  Rowley), 
"The  Night  Walker,  or  Tlie  Little  Thief  "  (iilayed  lli:(4, 
printed  In  KHO  as  by  Fletcher:  probably  an  alteration  by 
Shirley  of  an  older  iilayX  "The  Coronation  "  (printed  in 
KHO  as  by  Fletcher,  licensed  In  KKfi  by  Shirley  »  bo  claimwl 
It)-  "  The  Noble  (lentlenum  "  flleensed  Ki'Jrt.  printed  irv47: 
Fletcher  Is  thought  to  have  had  no  hand  In  II,  or  In  "  lallh- 
ful  Friends  •),  "  The  Widow  "  (written  about  1616.  Iirlnted 
16.'.2  :  thought  by  Bulbil  to  be  iirobablv  wholly  by  Mlddli>- 
ton).     (;>!•<•(.  Xal.  IHiKj.)    See  llrniiin.nil. 

Fletcher  (originally  De  la  F16ch6rei,  John 

William.  Porn  nl  Nvon,  SwilzerlniKl,  S(>pt. 
12.  17'J9:  died  at  Madeley,  I'.ngland,  Aug.  14, 
n.**.'!.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer.  Fletcher 
of  Madeley  was  a  contemporary  and  fellow. laborer  of  .tohn 
Wesley,  and  was  a  man  of  remarkable  penutnal  Inllnenco 
from  hlss.aintly  life,  his  earnest  preaching,  and  lilsdevoted 
pastoral  w-ork. 
Fletcher,  Phineas,  Born  at  Oranbrook,  Kent, 
England,  .\pril.  1:"i«2:  died  about  16.')n.  .\n 
English  jioet.  son  of  (iiles  Fl(>tcher.  ills  chief 
works  are  "Sicellde.s."a  pastoral  play(16M,  prlnled  lilll); 
"i'lie  I'urple  Island,  or  Ihe  Isle  of  Man,  togi  tlier  with  Pis- 
catory Eclogs  and  other  Poetical  Misc-ellanies  "  (1633) ;  etc 


Fleuranges 


:>96 


oil!  baehflor  in  Bursroyne's  play  "  The  Heiress 
Flint,  Solomon.     In  Foote's  play  "  The  Maid  of 


Fleuranges  (fle-ronzh').  Seigneur  de  (Robert  Flint,  Sir  Clement.  A  cynical  but  kind-bearted 

delaMarck).    Bora  at  Sedan,  France.  1491        '■'-■•--  t. ,..„„•.„„..  ti,„  «„,-„„ 

died  at  Lougjumeau,  near  Paris,  Dec,  1537  A 
French  marshal  andhistorian.  He  wrote  "His- 
toire  des choses memorables  depuis  1499 iusqu'- 
en  I'an  1.521."  etc. 

Fleur  d'^Bine  (fler  da-pen').   A  story  bv  Count     ,5-- ,  ^  ^,       ,..      ,,  ^  , 

Antony  l^milton.   Itis  a  burlesque  on  the  pop-  Flint,  Timothy.     Boru  at  Heading,  Mass    JiUy 

■  -     ■  11, 1780:diedat  Salem, Mass., Aug.16,1840.  An 

American  Congregational  clergyman  and  au- 
thor. He  published  "  Recollections  of  Ten  Years  passed 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  "  (1826),  "  Geography  and  History 
of  Hie  'Vyestern  St,ates"  (IS28),  etc. 


Florence 

the  National  Convention  of  the  first  French  re- 
public for  the  eighth  month  of  the  year. 


ular  taste  of  the  time  for  Oriental  fiction. 
Fleur  et  Blanchefleur.     See  Flore  et  Blanche- 


Fleurus  (fle-riis').     A  town  in  the  province  of 
Haiuaut,  Belgium,  15  miles  ^vest  of  Namur.    it 

is  noted  for  three  battles :  here  Duke  Christian  o(  Brans v;"^," 7^"  V  -^^i     t^       -'^  ;.  ^i        ■    ■*  a- 

wick  and  Count  Mansfeld  defeated  the  Spaniards,  Aug.  29,  Dickens's  "Little  Dorrit.'  the  sinister  and  in 
1622 ;  the  French  under  Luxembourg  defeated  the  Allies  triguing  servant  of  Mrs.  Clennam. 
under  the  Prince  of  Waldeck.  July  1.  1690;  and  the  Flin(flip).  In  Charles  Shadwell's  comedy  "The 
French  under  .Tourdan  defeated  the  Austnans  under  Co-  -r^^i  J,  c,i, '■,..„  -f  ■n„.i  :i  „_  illJtorntB  ..om-mridnTP 
burg,  June  26, 1794.  The  battle  of  Ligny  (June  16, 1S15)  was  i  air  ^uakei  ot  Deal,  an  illit«ate  commOQore. 
also  fought  in  the  neighborhood.   Population  (1S91),  5,372.     He  IS  a  di-unken  "sea-brute,    contrasted  with 

Fleury  (fle-re'),  Andr6  Hercule  de.    Born  at     Mizen  the '•  sea-fop."  ^   ^     ,      ,     , 

Lodeve,  Herault,  Fr,ince,  June  22,  1653:  died  Flippant  (flip'iint),  Lady.   luWycherley'seom- 
at  Is'^v   near  Paris    Jan.  29  1743,      ^   T'^nT./.i.     o.ix- *'T.^t-o  it,  o  Wnr,,!  "  an  afrp/^tprl -nHdnTC.    Sh* 


In  the 

years  1  to  7  it  extencTed  from  April  20  to  May  19  inclusive, 
V,^:, '„         -1  ■        1,.  «t.^  ,„"-.o-r.      T,    •    J        -u  ^      and  in  the  years  S  to  13  from  April  21  to  May  20. 

Bath,"  a  neb,  miserh   old  man.    He  is  described  -p-i  ^  IRlanPbpflpiir       An  earlv  French  mpt- 

„.  ...  ..„i.l    f„c:t,.  =hohhv   Bhiifflini?   monev-lovine.  water-   X  iOre  ei  Uiancneneur.      An  earn   rieutnmei- 

rical  romance  of  which  the  theme  is  the  love  of 
a  young  Christian  prince  for  a  Saracen  slave- 
girl  who  has  been  brought  up  with  him.  She  is 
sold  into  a  fresh  capti\ity  to  remove  her  from  him,  but  he 
follows  her  and  rescues  her  unharmed  from  the  harem  of 
the  Emir  of  Babylon.  (Saintshury.)  Boccaccio  used  the 
story  in  his  prose  ''  11  Filocopo."  Konrad  Fleck  translated 
it  into  German.  There  aie  four  English  versions  known, 
none  perfect.  The  Early  English  Text  Society  has  printed 
one  of  them.    Also  known  as  Fteur  et  Blanchejleur. 


as  an  "old,  fusty,  shabby,  shuffling,  money-loving,  water 
drinking,  mirth-marring,  amorous  old  hunks."  He  is  in- 
tended to  satirize  a  Mr.  Walter  Long,  who  treated  Miss 
Linley  (Mrs.  K.  B.  Sheridan)  ungallantly. 


A  French 
statesman  and  prelat  e .  He  became  a  member  of  the 
council  in  1723  and  cardinal  in  1726,  and  was  prime  minis- 
ter 1726-43. 
Fleury,  Claude.  Bora  at  Paris,  Dee.  6,  1640: 
died  there,  Julv  14,  1723.     A  noted  French  ec 


edy~"Love  in  a  Wood,"  an  affected  widow.  She 
is  "on  the  lookout  for  a  husband,  but  declaims 
against  marriage. 
Flippanta  (fli-pan'ta).  In  Tanbrngh's  "Con- 
federacy," a  lady's-maid.  She  is  shameless  and 
witty. 


clesiastic  and  '  historian.      His  chief  work  is  Flite  (flit).  Miss.     In  Dickens's  "Bleak  House," 
"Histoire  ecelt^siastiqne"  fl691-1720).  '-a  curious  little  old  woman,"  deranged  by  long 


Fleury,  Emile  Felix.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dee.  23, 
1815  :  died  there,  Dec.  11, 1884.  A  French  gen- 
eral and  diplomatist. 

Flibbertigibbet  (tUb'er-ti-jib'et).  1.  A  fiend 
named  by  Edgar  in  Shakspere's  "King  Lear." 
—  2.  A  name  given  to  Dickon  Sludge,  a  char- 
acter in  Scott's  novel  "  Kenilworth." 

Fliedner  (fled'ner).  Theodor.  Born  at  Epstein, 
Nassau,  Prussia,  Jan.  21. 1800:  died  at  Kaisers- 
werth.  near  Diisseldorf ,  Prussia,  Oct.  4, 1864,  A 
German  Protestant  clergyman  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  founded  the  institution  of  deaconesses 
at  Kaiserswerth  in  1836. 

Fliegende  Hollander  (fle'gen-de  hol'len-deri, 
Der.    [•  The  Flying  Dutchman.']    An  opera  by 


waiting  for  the  settlement  of  her  suit  in  chan- 
cery. 

Floberge  (flo-barzh').  The  sword  of  Renaud 
de  Montauban. 

Flodden  (flod'n).  A  hiU  in  Northumberland, 
England.  12  miles  southwest  of  Berwick.  At  its 
base  on  Sept.  9.  161,3,  the  English  (32,000)  under  the  Earl 
of  Surreydefe.atedtheScots(3i:i.000)vmder.TaraeslV.  The 
loss  of  tlie  English  was  from  3,000  to  4,000  ;  that  of  the  Scots 
is  variously  given  as  from  ."i,000  to  12.000.  The  king  and 
many  of  tlie  nobles  were  among  the  slain. 

Flodoard  (flo-do-ar'),  orFrodoard  (fro-do-ar'). 
Born  at  Epemay,  France,  894 :  died  March  28, 
966.  A  French'  chronicler  who  was  for  a  time 
keeper  of  the  episcopal  archives  at  Eheims. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  the  church  of  Hheims,  and  a  chroni- 
cle of  France  from  919  to  966. 


Wagner,  produced  in  Dresden  Jan. 2, 1843.    The  ,,„,_.  -,,        -,-or,    j-  j    j. -n 

libritto  is  by  Wagner  himself,  with  some  sug-  Flood  (find),  Henry.    Bora  1<  32 :  died  at  Farm- 
gestions  from  Heine.  ley.  County  Kilkenny,  Dec.  2,  1<91.     An  Insh 


gestions 

Flight  into  Egypt,  The.  A  painting  by  Murillo 
(about  1648).  in  the  collection  of  the  Duehesse  de 
Galliera,  Paris.  The  Virgin,  mounted  on  an  ass  and 
facing  the  spectator,  looks  down  at  the  sleeping  Child, 
whom  she  holds  in  her  lap. 

Flimnap  (flim'nap).  The  Lilliputian  J>remier  in 
Swift's  ' '  Voyage  to  Lilliput."  He  was  designed 
as  a  satire  on  Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

Flinck  (fiink),  Govaert.  Born  at  Cleves,  Pras- 
sia.  Jan.  25.  1615:  died  at  Amsterdam.  Dec.  2, 
1660.     A  Dutch  painter,  a  pupil  of  Rembrandt. 

Flinders  (flin'derz),  Matthew.  Born  at  Don- 
ington,  Lincolnshire,  March  16,  1774:  died  at 
Loudon,  July  19,  1814,  An  English  navigator. 
He  explored  the  coast  of  Australia  (lSOl-03),  and  published 
"Voyage  to  Terra  Australis"  (1814), 

Flinders  Range.  A  range  of  mountains  in 
South  Australia,  north  of  Spencer  Gulf. 

Flint  (flint).  1.  A  maritime  county  of  Wales. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  north,  Cheshire  on 
the  east,  and  Denbigh  on  the  south  and  west,  and  is  the 
smallest  of  the  Welsh  counties.  Area,  2.i6  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  77,277. 

2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Flint  County,  on  the 
Dee  estuary  13  miles  southwest  of  Liverpool. 
Population"  (1891),  5,247. 

Flint.  A  river  in  ■western  Georgia,  uniting  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  State  with 
the  (Chattahoochee  to  form  the  Appalachicola. 
Length,  about  400  miles.  It  is  navigable  to 
Albany. 

Flint.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Genesee  County, 
Michigan,  56  miles  northwest  of  Detroit.  Pop- 
ulation (1900).  13.103. 

Flint,  Austin.  Bom  at  Petersham.  Mass.,  Oct. 
20.  1812 :  died  at  New  York.  March  13. 1886.  An 
American  physician  and  medical  writer.  He  was 
graduated  in  the  medical  department  of  Harvard  College 
in  1833,  settled  at  New  York  in  1S59,  and  was  president 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  1872^5,  and  of  the 


Flmtwillch(flintVmch)^Jereiniah.  In(?harles  Florence  (flor'ens).     [It. -Ficffi^e  and  formerly 

'^    '        '    -•''   '^^-  "^       ^  ..  ii  i  ...      pi())enza.7.  Finrence.  G.  FlorenSjlj.  Florentiu, 

flowery  city,  from  florere,  bloom,  flower,  flour- 
ish.] The  capital  of  the  province  of  Florence, 
Italy,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Arno.  at  the 
foot"  of  spurs  of  the  Apennines,  in  lat.  43°  46'  4' 
N..long,H°15'  22'  E. (observatory):  called  "La 
Bella"  ('the  beautiful').  It  is  famous  for  its  art  col- 
lections (Tifizi  and  Pitti  Palace  galleries),  and  the  beauty 
of  its  situation  and  environs,  and  has  been  celebrated  for 
centuries  as  the  leading  center  of  Italian  literature  and  art. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Ponte  Vecchio;  the  Piazza 
della  signoria,  on  which  are  the  Palazzo  Vecchio  and  the 
Loggia  dei  Lanzi :  the  national  library,  Pi.azza  del  Duomo, 
with  the  cathedral,  baptisteiy.and  campanile;  the  archteo- 
logical  museum,  national  museum,  academy  of  fine  arts, 
Dantesmonimient.mnseumof  San  Marco;  the  palaces  of  the 
Strozzi,  Corsini,  and  others;  the  Cascine,  Boboli  Gardens, 
and  Square  Michelangelo.  (For  the  principal  churches, 
see  below.)  The  city  was  the  birthplace  of  Dante,  the  resi- 
dence of  Boccaccio  and  the  Humanists(Bruni-Poggio,  etc), 
and  the  scene  of  the  labors  of  Cimabue,  Giotto,  Gaddi, 
Aretino,  Brunelleschi,  Luca  della  Robbia,  Ghiberti,  Dona- 
tello,  Lippi,  Ghirland.^o,  Fra  Angelico,  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Andrea  del  Sarto,  and  other  dis- 
tinguished artists,  Florence  rose  to  prosperity  in  the  12th 
century,  when  the  inhabitants  of  Fiesole  removed  thither, 
and  in  time  became  a  great  commercial  center.  It  was 
the  scene  of  continual  struggles  between  the  Guelphs  and 
Ghibellines  in  the  13th  century.  It  took  the  leading  part 
in  the  P.enaissance  movement.  The  Medici  family  be- 
came paramount  under  Cosimo  de'  Medici  in  1434,  and 
Florence  was  at  its  height  under  Lorenzo  de"  Medici,  1469- 
1492,  and  later.  Under  the  lead  of  Savonarola  it  was  a 
"theocratic  republic"  about  1495-98-  The  Medici,  ex- 
pelled in  1494,  were  restored  in  1512,  banished  in  1527, 
and  again  restored  in  1530  after  a  siege  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  In  1532  they  became  dukes  of  Florence".  In 
1569  the  history  of  Florence  merges  in  that  of  Tuscany,  of 
which  it  was  the  capital.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Italy  1865-71,  The  cathedral  (duomo)  of  Santa  Maria  del 
Fiore,  as  now  existing,  was  begun  in  1298.  When  the  base 
of  the  dome  was  reached  (1420).  the  space  to  be  covered, 
138i  feet  in  diameter,  was  so  great  that  the  closing  of  it 
with  a  dome  was  believed  impossible;  but  Filippo  Brunel- 
leschi undertook  it,  and  in  1446  completed  the  wonderful 
work  which  marks  an  epoch  in  architecture  and  is  the  first 
great  triumph  of  the  Renaissance.  The  dome  is  octagonal, 
slightly  pointed,  and  surmounted bya  lantern  the  apex  of 
which  is  387  feet  above  the  pavement.  The  cathedral  is 
500  feet  long,  and  128  feet  across  nave  .and  aisles.  The  ex- 
terior is  incrusted  with  colored  marbles  inlaid  and  ar- 
ranged in  panels,  the  general  etTect  of  which  is  not  good. 
The  grouping  of  the  dome  with  the  pentagonal  apse  and 
transepts  and  intermediate  members  is  extremely  impres- 
sive. The  decorative  sculpture  is  most  delicate,  but  too 
small  in  scale.  The  facade  has  been  built  since  1875.  The 
nave  is  153  feet  high,  the  aisles  96 ;  but  there  are  only  i 
square  bays,  making  the  proportions  so  bad  that  the  effect 
of  enormous  size  is  lost.  The  cathedral  has  fine  glass, 
sculptui'es,  and  paintings,  and  some  good  tombs.  The 
Church  of  Santa  Croce,  begun  in  1294  by  Arnolfo,  is  460 
feet  long  and  1S4  wide.  This  is  the  Pantheon  of  Flor- 
ence :  among  its  chief  tombs  are  those  of  Michelangelo  and 
Leonardo  (Bruni)  .Aretino.  Church  and  cloister  are  full  of 
monuments  of  artistic  or  historic  interest.  Among  the 
frescos  are  some  of  Giotto's  finest  works,  and  a  fine  series 
of  the  Xativitv  by  Taddeo  Gaddi,  San  Lorenzo  is  one  of 
the  earliest  of  Renaissance  churches.  bei;un  in  1425  by 
Brunelleschi,  and  decorated  in  the  interior  in  part  by 
Michelangelo.  It  is  famous  for  the  monuments  by  Michel- 
angelo in  its  Sagrestia  Nuova  of  Giuliano  and  Lorenzo  de" 
Medici.  They  are  similar  in  design.  Each  has  a  seated 
idealized  statue  of  the  deceased  in  a  niche  above,  and  be- 
low a  sarcophagus  on  which  are  two  nude,  half-reclining 
figures,  one  male  and  one  female.  The  figures  on  the 
tomb  of  Giuliano  represent  Day  and  Night ;  those  on  that 
of  Lorenzo,  Aurora  and  Twilight,  They  are  of  herculean 
proportions,  yet  full  of  repose,  and  rank  among  the  most 
famous  works  of  sculpture.  The  Night  has  been  called 
Michelangelo's  masterpiece.  Or  San  Michele  is  a  curious 
Pointed  church,  built  in  1284  by  Arnolfo  as  a  market  and 
granary.  It  is  in  three  stories,  the  two  upper  ones  being 
vaulted  from  a  massive  central  column.  The  open  arcades 
of  the  original  market  were  closed,  and  received  beauti- 
ful traceried  windows.  Between  the  arcades  are  inserted 
14  niches  in  marble  containing  some  of  the  best  of  Flor- 
entine statues  by  Verrocchio,  Ghiberti,  Donatello,  and 
others.     The  Interior  contains  the  splendid  tabernacle  of 


orator  and  politician.  He  entered  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment in  1759,  and  was  soon  recognized  as  the  leader  of  the 
opposition.  He  joined  the  government  forces  in  1775. 
when  he  was  made  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland  and  given  a 
seat  in  the  Irish  privj'  counciL  Removed  from  these  posts 
in  1781,  he  returned  to  the  opposition,  which  now  followed 
the  lead  of  his  rival  Grattan,  He  subsequently  became  a 
member  of  the  English  Parliament. 

Flor  (flor),  Roger  di.  Died  at  Adrianople,  1306 
(1307  ?).  A  military  adventiu-er.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  a  German  falconer  in  the  service  of  the  em- 
peror Frederick  II.,  named  Robert  Blum,  who  adopted  the 
Italian  name  of  Ilor  and  married  an  heiress  of  BrindisL 
He  entered  the  order  of  the  Temple,  but  was  degraded 
from  Ills  rank  for  misconduct  at  the  siege  of  Acre.  He 
entered  the  pay  of  Frederick  of  Aragon,  king  of  Sicily,  who 
made  him  vice-admiral  of  Sicily,  and  in  whose  service  he 
gained  great  distiuctio».  In  1302,  at  the  close  of  the  long 
war  which  Frederick  waged  against  the  house  of  Anjou  at 
Naples  for  the  possession  of  Sicily,  he  induced  the  dis- 
charged mercenaries,  mostly  Catalans  and  Aragonese,  to 
enterthe  service  of  the  Byzantine  emperor  Audronicus  II, 
against  the  Turks.  These  troops,  which  constituted  an 
army  of  6.000  men  known  as  the  Catalan  Grand  Com- 
pany, arrived  at  Constantinople  under  his  leadership 
in  1303,  and  in  1304  relieved  Philadelphiii,  which  was  in- 
vested by  the  Turks,  Roger  maiTied  Maria,  granddaugh- 
ter of  Audronicus  11,.  in  1303.  and  in  1306  was  created 
Ciesar,  He  was  assassinated  by  George,  the  general  of 
the  Alan  mercenaries. 

Flora  (flo'ra).  [L..  from  flos  (flor-).  flower.] 
1.  In  early  "Italian  and  Roman  mj-thology,  the 
goddess  of  flowers  and  spring. — 2.  An  asteroid 
(Xo.  8)  discovered  by  Hind  at  London,  Oct.  18. 
1847. 

Flora.  A  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Uffizi, 
Florence.  It  is  a  portrait  of  a  woman,  half  un- 
draped,  with  loosened  hair,  and  flowers  in  her 
hand. 

Flora  McFlimsey.    See  McFlimseij. 

Flora  Temple  (flo'rii  tem'pl).  A  bay  trotting 
mare,  foaled  in  1845.  by  a  Kentucky  hunter, 
dam  Madame  Temple.  "She  held  the  world's 
trotting  record  of  2:  19f  for  many  years. 


American  Medical  Association  in  1^4,    Amon^  his  works  Flordefise,  or  FlordeUs  (flor'de-iis).     The  wife     Oreagna  m  ''^^^^;^;^'''^^f^^f^^,:^l^''''ill  ''^;;^^^''l 
are  "A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Diagnosis,  Pathology,  and      .j.  r> j;„„..t    ;.,  i,„»i,  T).^;n»rl.^'=  onH   A,Hr,c*r>'c     !?<'  '"<;  °'  '"f'  -\"^S'."  '";°    ."^ -......„    _",.,...„.=_- 


of  Brandimart,  in  both  Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's 
"Orlando."  She  searches  long  for  him,  and  after  his 
death  takes  up  her  abode  in  his  tomb,  where  she  lives  till 
her  own  death,  which  soon  occurs. 


Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Heart "  (\S59).  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Principtes  and  Practice  of  Medicine  "(1866X  and  "  Man- 
ual of  Auscultation  and  Percussion  "  (1876). 

Flint.  Aus'tin.  Born  at  Xorthampton,  Mass.,  „,  ,  .  ,.a  ■  j  -/  ••%  _  t'i„-j„„„j-« 
March  28,  1836.  An  American  pllvsician  and  Flordespina  (flor-des-pe  na  ,  or  Flordespine 
physiologist,  son  of  Austin  Flint  (1812-86).  He  (A^''  f  ,^-P?°^-  ,^  P"°«ess  m  both  Bniardos  and 
wa^  graduated  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Anosto's  '-Orlando."  She  loves  Bradamant. 
in  1857 ;  was  appointed  professor  of  physiology  and  micro-  being  deceived  by  her  armor  and  taking  her  tor 
scopic  anatomy  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College     g  knight. 

in  1861 ;  and  in  1874  became  surgeon-general  of  the  State  ■pi-_iS''i  ,af.  TS-al'l  rRevolutionarv  F  from 
of  New  York.  He  has  published  " Physiology  of  Man'  •*t^°"HL-  x  a  ''  i""  Tl  „  i^?1.!l.to/l  l^,. 
(1866-74),  "AText-BookofHuman  Physiology  "(1876),  etc.     L. /<>«  (/(or-),  flower.]     The  name  adopted  b\ 


Monte  is  a  notable  church  rebuilt  in  1013.  and  illustrating 
the  transition  from  the  Roman  basilica  bbm  to  the  normal 
Romanesque.  Santa  Maria  Novella  is  a  church  of  the  13th 
century,  a  fine  example  of  the  Italian  Pointed,  The  cam- 
panile is  loftv.  with  pediments  and  spire.  The  glory  of 
the  church  is  its  frescos  by  Cimabue,  Ghirlandaio,  Or- 
cagna,  and  Giotto,  The  Chiirch  of  Santa  M;iria  del  Car- 
mine is  architecturally  of  little  interest  since  the  fire  of 
1771.  but  famous  for  its  Brancacci  chapel  adorned  with 
frescos  by  Masaccio  and  Filippino  Lippi  illustrating  the 
stories  of  Adam  and  Eve  and  of  St.  Peter.  The  Badia  is 
the  church  of  a  former  Benedictine  monastery,  rebuilt  in 
the  17th  century;  but  the  exterior  of  the  13th-centuij 


Florence 

east  end  remains  almost  perfet-t.  The  church  contains 
superb  sculptured  tombs  and  other  worlis  by  Mino  ila 
Fiesole.  The  beautiful  campanile  of  Giotto  is  one  of  the 
architectural  ornaments  of  Florence.  The  liai-^ello,  or  the 
palace  of  the  I'odestii  of  the  Florentine  Republic,  built  in 
the  13th  century  and  restored  after  a  fire  a  century  later, 
is  a  massive  building:  of  hewu  stone.  The  great"  rooms 
and  halls  are  splendidly  restored  in  the  style  of  the  14th 
century,  and  ;ire  appropriated  to  the  Museo  Nazionale. 
Tile  Certosa,  or  Carthusian  monastery,  founded  in  1341  by 
Niccolo  Acciajuoli  and  built  by  <  hcagna,  but  altered  in  the 
Keuaissancc,  presents  the  appearance  of  a  medieval  foi-- 
tress.  The  chiu-ch  has  an  inlaid  pavement  of  marble,  i:ood 
frescos,  and  handsome  carved  stalls.  Population  (1901), 
commune,  205,589. 

Florence.  The  province  in  the  conipartimento 
lit  Tii.scany,  Italy,  in  which  the  city  of  Florence 
is  situated.  Area,  2,265  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  815,506. 

Florence.  A  city  in  Lauderdale  County,  in  the 
northwestern  corner  of  Alabama,  on  the  Ten- 
nessee River.  It  has  iron  manufactures.  Pop- 
iihition  (1900),  t;,47S. 

Florence,   Council  of.     See  Ferrara-Florence, 

I  'lIHIIcil  (if. 

Florence!  William  James.  Born  at  Albany, 
.July  26.  1831:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  19, 
lS9i.  An  American  comedian.  His  family  name 
was  Conlin.  He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  stage  in 
1349,  in  Richmond,  as  Toldiis  in  "Tlie  Stranger, "and  came 
to  New  Voi'k  in  18511.  In  1S53  he  married  .Malvina  Pray, 
uiiose  sister  married  Barney  Williams.  He  wrote  several 
Irish  and  Vanl<ee  plays,  and  he  and  his  wife  began  to  ap- 
pear as  stars  in  such  plays,  he  as  an  Irishman  and  she  as  a 
Vankee  girl.  Among  his  best  charactei-s  were  Bob  Brierly 
ill  "I'lie  Ticket-of-Leave  Man,"  Obenreizer  in  "  No  Thor- 
iiiiKhfare, "  and  the  Hon.  Bardwell  .'^lote  in  "'Ihe  Miyhty 
Dollar."  For  a  time  before  his  death  he  played  with  Joseph 
.'itferson,  acting  .Sir  Lucius  O'Trigger  in  "The  Rivals," 
and  Zekiel  Homespun  in  ''The  Hcir-at-Law." 

Florence  of  Worcester.  Died  July  7,  1118. 
Au  English  chronicler,  a  monk  of  Worcester. 
His  (Latin)  "Chronicle  "  (first  printed  in  1592)  is  founded 
on  a  chronicle  of  Marianus,  an  Irish  monk,  and  ends  with 
the  year  1117.     It  has  been  translated  by  T.  F"orester. 

Florencia  (flo-ren'the-a),  Francisco  de.  Born 
in  Florida,  1620:  died  in  Mexico,  1695.  A  Jesuit 
author.  He  was  a  well-known  teacher  and  preacher  in 
M«xico,  and  from  1088  was  employed  in  Europe  on  impor- 
tant business  coimected  with  his  order.  His  most  impor- 
tant work  is  "  Historia  de  la  provincia  de  la  Coinpania  dc 
Jesus  de  Nueva  EspaAa"  (first  volume  only  published  in 
Mexico,  1094).  He  also  published  numerous  biographical 
and  historical  works. 

Flores  (flo'rez).  In  "The  Beggar's  Bush,"  by 
Fletcher  and  others,  the  son  of  the  King  of  the 
Beggars.  He  becomes  a  rich  merchant  at  Bruges.  He 
appears  also  in  "The  Merchant  of  Bruges,"  an  adaptation 
of  the  "Beggar's  BusIl  " 

Flores  (flo'res).  The  westernmost  of  the  Azores 
Islands.  Its  port,  Santa  Cruz,  is  situated  in  lat. 
39°  27'  N..  long.  31°  9'  W. 

Flores,  or  Floris  (flo'ris) :  native  name  of  west- 
ern pai't,  Mangerai  (man-ga-r!i'e);  of  eastern 
part,  Ende  (eu'da).  One  of  the  smaller  islands 
of  the  East  India  Archipelago,  lying  south  of 
Celebes  and  east  of  Sumbawa.  There  is  a  Dutch 
settlement,  Larantuca,  on  the  eastern  coast.  Area,  about 
6,000  square  miles.  Population(chietly  Malay),  estimated, 
260,000. 

Flores  (flo'raz),  Antonio.  Born  in  Quito,  1833. 
An  Ecuadorian  statesman.  He  has  been  prominent 
In  Congress,  has  held  numerous  important  diplomatic 
posts,  and  as  a  soldiei-  has  taken  i)art  in  various  civil  wars, 
generally  on  the  side  of  good  government.  He  W!is  presi- 
dent of  Ecuador  1888-92. 

Floras,  Cirilo.  Born  in  1779 :  died  at  Quezal- 
tenaiigo,Oct.  13, 182G.  A  Guatemalan  politician. 
He  was  a  liberal  leader,  president  of  the  constituent  lui- 
sembly  1823,  and  vice  president  under  Juan  Bamnidia, 
Sept.,  1824.  By  the  imi»risonment  of  Barrundla,  Sept.  0, 
1820,  he  became  acting  jiresident  of  (tuatemala,  but  was 
Boon  after  murdered  by  a  molj  of  religious  fanatics. 

Flores,  Juan  Jos6.  Bm-n  at  Puerto  Cabello, 
Veuezuela,  July  19,  1800:  died  in  Ecuador, 
1864.  A  Spaiiisn-Anierican  general  and  states- 
man. He  was  elected  the  first  president  of  I-'cuador  in 
1830.  In  1835  he  was  succeedcil  by  Kucafuerte,  liut  con- 
tinued virtually  to  rule  as  commander  of  tlic  army,  and 
was  reelected  president  in  1839  and  again  hi  1843.  In  1840 
and  1811  he  assisted  the  government  of  New  (iranatja 
against  the  revolutionists,  taking  the  field  in  Pasto ;  and 
he  suiiprcssed  many  revolts  in  Ecuador  during  his  difi'er- 
ent  terms.  In  1845  fresh  revolts  bn^kc  out,  and,  tliough 
the  insurgents  were  beaten,  Oeneral  Flores  found  it  piii- 
dent  to  resign.  He  left  tile  country,  and  only  returned  in 
1803  t<»  take  part  in  the  war  against  the  dictator  Franco. 
After  Franco  .s  overthrow  Flores  accei»ted  tlie  oHlce  of  vice- 
president,  and  in  1804  connnaTideil  tile  army  for  the  sup- 
pression of  a  rcl)ellion  incited  by  Franco. 

Floras,  Venancio.  P.orninl809:  assassinated 
at  Montevideo,  Feb.  19,  1S68.  An  Uruguayan 
general  and  politician.  Ilewasa  Icaderof  the  parly 
called  "Colorauos"  in  the  revolt  against  (iribe  in  1853. 
He  was  elected  president  Marcli,  18:i4  :  but  Oribo  com- 
menced a  counter-revolt  .Sept..  1855,  and  in  the  end  both 
Oribe  and  Flores  resigned  their  claims  to  prevent  further 
war.  Flores  retired  to  Buenos  Ayres.  where  he  was  an  olU- 
cer  under  Mitre.  Returning  In  April,  1803,  he  led  the  Colo- 
rados  in  a  rev<)It  against  Presiilent  llerro  and  his  successor 
Aguirre.  Bi-azil.  having  declared  war  against  Agutrrc,  sup- 


397 

ported  Flores,  and  in  1805  ,\guirre  was  forced  to  resign. 
Flores  was  made  provisional  governor,  and  in  1800  was 
elected  president  of  I'ruguay.  He  joined  Brazil  and  tlie 
Argentine  Republic  in  the  war  against  Paraguay,  taking 
personal  command  of  his  troops  in  the  campaigns  of  18<>5 
and  1800. 

Flores  Sea.  That  part  of  the  ocean  lying  south 
of  Celebes  and  north  of  the  chain  of  islands 
from  Flores  to  Timor  inclusive. 

Florestan  (lior'es-tau),  Fernando.  In  Beetho- 
ven's opera  ''  Fidelio,"  the  husband  of  Leonora. 
To  save  him  she  disguises  herself  as  a  boy, 
Fidelio. 

Florastine  (tlo-res-teu').  The  goddaughter  of 
Count  Almariva  in  MoUJire's  comedy  "  La  mfere 
ooupable." 

Floraz  (flo'reth).  Enrique.  Born  at  VaUadolid, 
Spain,  Feb.  14,  1701:  died  at  Madrid,  Aug.  20, 
1773.  A  Spanish  historian  and  antiquarian. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Espafta  sagrada.  teatro  geogr^fico- 
liistdrico  de  la  iglesia  de  Espafia  "  (1747-73). 

Florian  (flo'ri-an).  Saint.  Born  at  Zeisel- 
iii:iu<>r.  Lower  Austria,  about  190:  martyred  by 
drowning  in  the  Enus  near  Lorch,  230.  A  Ger- 
man martjT  who  became  about  1183  the  patron 
saint  of  Poland.    His  feast  is  celebrated  Aug.  4. 

Florian  (flo-ryou'),  Jean  Pierre  Claris  de. 
Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Florian,  near  Aiidiize, 
Gard,  France,  March  6,  1755 :  died  at  Seeau.v, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  13, 1794.  A  French  romancer, 
dramatist,  and  f  .abulist.  His  works  include  "  Fables  " 
(1792),  the  romances  "  Galat^e  "  (1783),  "  Numa  Pompilius  " 
(1780),  etc. 

Florian's.  A  celebrated  caf^  in  Venice,  it  is  on 
the  piazza  of  St.  Marco,  and  is  named  from  its  founder,  F'lo- 
riano.  It  is  about  two  hundred  yeara  old.  It  is  now  the 
rendezvous  chiefly  of  strangers  in  Venice,  but  was  formerly 
the  headquarters  of  the  most  illustrious  men  of  the  city 
and  of  Italy. 

Florida  (flor'i-dS).  [From  Sp.  Florida  (pron. 
tlo-re'Dti),  a  name  given  to  the  country  by  Ponce 
de  Leon  because  he  discovered  it  on  Easter  daj', 
called  in  Spanish  Pascua  florida  or  de  flores, 
flowery  Easter;  or,  as  some  say,  on  account 
of  the  profusion  of  flowers  he  saw  ('flowery 
land').]  The  southeasternmost  State  of  the 
L^nited  States,  capital  Tallahassee,  bounded 
by  Georgia  and  Alabama  on  the  north,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Florida  Strait  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  the  Gulf  of 
Me.xico  and  Alabama  on  t  he  west,  it  consists  chiefly 
of  a  peninsula.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The  lead- 
ing products  are  corn,  cotton,  timber,  oranges,  and  other 
semi-tropical  fruits.  It  has  had  a  great  recent  develop- 
ment as  a  winter  healtli-resort.  The  .State  has  45  counties, 
sends  2  senatoi-s  and  3  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has 
6  electoral  votes.  It  was  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon  in 
1513  :  settled  by  Huguenots  in  1502,  and  permanently  set- 
tled by  Spaniards  at  .St.  Augustine  in  1505 ;  and  ceded  to 
Ureat  Britain  in  1703,  to  .Spain  in  1783,  ami  to  the  United 
States  in  1819.  The  Americans  took  possession  in  1821.  It 
was  the  theater  of  the  Seminole  wars.  Tile  State  was  ad- 
mitted to  theCnionin  184.5,  seceded  Jan.  10,  ls61,  and  was 
readmitteil  in  18(38.  Area,  58,080  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (looo),  .528,.542. 

Florida.  The  first  of  the  commerce-destroyers 
built  in  England  for  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment. She  left  Liverpool  March  22,  1802,  and  received 
her  armament  at  the  Bahamas  Aug.  7.  Her  battery  con- 
sisted of  2  seven-inch  and  0  six-inch  guns.  .She  ran  the 
blockade  into  Mobile  Sept.  4,  1802.  and  out  Jan.  10,  180.3. 
Her  cruising-grountl  extended  from  New  York  to  IJahia, 
Brazil.  On  Oct.  7,  ISOI.  in  the  harbor  of  Bahia,  in  viola- 
tion of  the  rights  of  neutrals  and  under  the  guns  of  a  Bra- 
zilian corvette,  she  was  captured  by  the  Wachusett  (sister 
ship  to  the  ICearsarge),  commanded  by  Captain  Napoleon 
Collins,  She  was  taken  to  Hampton  Roads,  where  she  was 
afterward  sunk  by  a  collision. 

Florida-Blanca  (ilo-ro'Dii-bliin'kii),  Count  of 

(Jos6  Moiiino).  Born  at  Mtircia,Sjiiiiii,  1729: 
died  at  Si^ville,  Spain,  Nov.  20, 1808.  A  Spanish 
statesman,  premier  1777-92. 

Florida  Keys  (llor'i-dil  kez).  A  group  of  small 
islands  and  reel's  south  of  Florida,  extending  in 
acrescentr-sliapi'd  chain  from  near  (lape  Florida 
to  the  Dry  Tortugas.  Tliey  belong  to  Monroe 
and  Dade  eouiil  ies,  Florida. 

Florida  Strait.  A  sea  passage  separating  Flor- 
idti  from  Culia  and  the  Baliamiis,  and  connect- 
ing tlie  (J  nlf  of  Mexico  with  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean. 
II  is  traver.sed  by  the  Gulf  Stream. 

Floridia  ido-re'de-ii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Svracnso,  Sicilv,  7  niilos  west  of  Syracuse. 
Popt'ilation.  about  10.0(10. 

Florimel(llor'i-mel).  1.  Ill  Sjiensor's  "Faerie 
(jiieene,"  a  chaste  and  ••goodly"  lady,  represent- 
ing the  complete  charm  of  womanhood.  A  coun- 
terfeit Floriniel  was  made  of  snow,  mixed  with  "  fine  mer- 
cury and  virgin  wax,"  by  a  witch.  It  was  impossible  to  tell 
the  real  from  the  false  Floriniel.  The  latter  created  niucli 
mischief  t  ill  the  enchantment  was  dinsolvcd  and  she  melted 
into  nothingness.  The  real  Floriniel  loved  .Mariiiel,  but 
her  love  was  not  returned.  He  finally,  however,  relented 
and  married  her.  The  real  Floriniel  hail  a  girdle,  the  ces- 
ttis  of  \'enus,  lost  by  her  when  slut  yieliled  to  Mars,  It 
could  tic  worn  t>y  no  woman  who  was  unchaste. 


Flower,  Roswell  Pettibone 

2.  The  principal  chai'aeter  in  Fletcher  and  How- 
ley's  "  Maid  in  the  Mill."  To  disgust  an  unwelcome 
lover  who  decoys  her  to  his  liouse,  she  assumes  the  role 
of  an  abandoned  woman.  She  is  rescued,  and  her  inno- 
cence is  proved. 

3.  lu  Dryden's  play  "The  Maiden  Queen,"  a 
maid  of  honor  and  a  saucy  flirt.  This  was  one 
of  Nell  Gwyn's  best  characters.     See  CeUidon. 

Florinda  (flo-rin'da).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Shell's  tragedy  '•  The  Apostate." 

Florinda.  In  Spanish  tradition,  the  daughter  of 
fount  Julian,  thegoveruor  of  Ceuta.  Sen, Julian. 

Florio  (flo'ri-o).  J'ohn.  Born  at  London  about 
1553:  died  at  Fulham,  near  London,  1625.  An 
English  lexicographer  and  authiu-,  son  of  an 
Italian  who  settled  in  England.  He  published 
"  First  Fruits,  ete."(dialogues  in  English  and  Italian,  1578), 
"Second  Fruits,  etc."  (mainly  dialogues,  1591).  and  an 
Italian-English  dictionary  called  "A  Worlde  of  Wordes  " 
(1598),  which  was  issued  again,  revised  and  enlai-geil,  under 
the  title  "Queeu  Annas  New  World  of  Words  "(1(511).  He 
also  translated  Montaigne's  "  Essays  "  (1603). 

Floripes.  In  the  Charlemagne  romances,  the 
sister  of  Sir  Fierabras,  and  wife  of  Guy,  the 
nephew  of  Charlemagne. 

Floris  (flo'ris)  (Da  Vriendt),  Frans.    Bom  at 

Antwerp  about  1520:  died  at  Antwei-p,  Oct.  1, 
1570.     A  Flemish  painter. 

Florismart  (flor'is-miirt).  One  of  Charle- 
magne's peers,  the  friend  of  Roland. 

Florizel  (dor'i-zel).  1.  The  Prince  of  Bohemia, 
in  love  with  Perdita,  in  Shakspere's  "\Vintei''s 
Tale."  See  Dorastus. —  2.  Auickname  of  George 
IV.,  from  the  fact  that  he  assumed  this  name, 
when  Priuce  of  Wales,  in  his  letters  to  Mrs. 
Kobinson,  au  actress  who  had  made  a  hit  in 
the  part  of  Perdita. 

Florizel,  or  Florisel,  de  Niquea.    One  of  the 

supplemental  parts  of  the  romance  "Amadis 
of  (jaul,"  by  Feliciano  de  Silva.  Florizel  is  the 
son  of  Amadis  of  Greece  and  Niquea. 

Florizel  and  Perdita.  A  stage  adajitation,  by 
Garrick,  of  Shakspere's  "'Winter's  Tale."  It 
was  produced  Jan.  21,  1756.  Garrick  played 
Leontes. 

Florus  (flo'rus).  Lived  at  the  beginning  of  the 
2d  eeutm^y  A.  D.  A  Roman  historian,  author 
of  au  abridgment  of  Roman  history  to  the 
time  of  Augustus  ("Epitome  degestis  Romano- 
ram"),  founded  chiefly  on  Livy.  He  has  been 
(iucoiTcctly  {)  identified  with  the  rhetorician 
and  poet  P.  Annius  Florus. 

Florus,  sm^named  Magister  and  Diaconus. 

Died  about  8t)0.  A  Roman  Catholic  theologian. 
He  was  head  of  the  cathedral  school  at  Lyons.  He  at- 
tacked Johannes  Scotus  Erigena  in  a  work  entitled  "Ad- 
versus  J.  S.  ErigeiKe  erroneas  defiiiitiones  liber."  Among 
his  other  works  is  a  volume  of  miscellaneous  poems  enti- 
tled "Carmina  varia." 
Florus,  (Jessius.  A  Roman  procurator  of  Judea. 
He  was  a  native  of  Clazomeiue,  and  was  appointed  in  Oi 
or  05  A.  b.  through  the  infiuence  of  his  wife  I'lcopntra 
with  the  empress  Poppiea.  His  rapacity  and  cruelty  pro- 
voked the  last  rebellion  of  the  Jews,  which  resulted  ia 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  in  the  year  70. 

Floto'w   (flo'to),  Friedrich  von.      Born   at 

Tcuti'iidorf,  Mecklenlmrg-Schweriii,  Geniiany, 
April  26,  1812:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Germany, 
Jan.  23,  1883.  A  German  composer  of  operas. 
His  works  include  "AJessandro  Stradella  "  (18:17 :  rewritten 
1844),  '•Le  Naufr.age  dc  la  Mliduse"  (18:)!)),  ••Martha, 
Oder  der  .Markt  zu  Richmond"  (1847X  "India  "  (1863X 
"  L'Onibre  "  (1800  :  reprcKluced  in  London  as  "The  Pluin- 
tunl  ■). 
Flourens  (flii-roi'i'),  Ousta'Va.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  4,  1S3K:  killed  at  Hiieil,  near  i'aris,  Ajiril 
3,  1871.  A  French  social  democrat  and  politi- 
cal writer,  son  of  M.  .T.  P.  Flotirens:  a  member 
of  tile  ComnuiiH'  in  1S71. 

Flourens,  Leopold  Eiuile.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
27,  1841.  A  French  politician,  son  of  Marie  Jean 
Pierre  Flourens.  He  was  director  of  public  worship 
18711-81  and  1882-85.  and  was  minister  of  foreign  allairs 
1880-68. 

Flourens,  Marie  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Mau- 
reilliiin.  jlciault.  Kraiici^,  -April  1.5,  1794:  died 
at  Montgeroii,  near  Paris,  Dec.  6,  1867.  A  cele- 
brated French  physiologist.  Ue  became  professor 
of  comparative aiiattimy  at  the  Royal  Botanical  tiarden  in 
I'aris  in  1830,  and  in  1832  at  the  museum.  In  18:1:1  ho 
beeanie  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  ill  1840  was  elected  n  member  of  the  French  Academy. 
His  works  include  "  F.xjH^rienees  sur  le  systcme  iiervcux" 
(18'2B),  ••De  la  longeviti'  "(1864),  etc. 

Flo'wer,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces;  or,  the 

Wnllock,  Dcatli,  and   Jlarriuge   of  Advocate 
Sielieiikiis.     A  work  by  J.  P.  F.  Richter,  pub- 
lished l7',)ti-<)7. 
Flo'wer,  Ros'well  Pettibone.   Bom  at  Theresa, 

.leirerson  Countv,  N.  V.. -Vug.  7,  18;}5:  died  at 
Eastport,  Long  rslnnd,  X.  V.,May  12,  1899.  Ah 
American  politician.  He  wasa  Demoeratii:  member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  18.S1-8:!  and  1!)81>-91,  and  was 
elected  governor  of  Sew  York  18U1-94. 


398 

Fly  (fli).      In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  *'  The  New 
Inu,"  a  parasite  of  the  inn.     He  had  been  a  stroll 


Flower,  Sir  William  Henry 

Flower,  Sir  William  Henry.  Born  at  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon,  Nov.  30,  1831:  died  at  London, 

'  July  1. 1899.  A  distinguished  English  zoologist. 
He  studied  medicine  at  University  College,  Loudon,  sened 
as  an  army  assistiint  surgeon  iu  the  Crimean  war,  and,  re- 
turning to  London,  held  various  ofiBcial  positions  till,  in 
183i,  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  natural  history  de- 
partment of  the  British  Museum,  now  located  at  South 
KensiniTton,  He  was  made  K.  C.B.  in  1892.  He  wrote  "Os- 
teologv  oi  the  Mainnialia."  and  many  scientific  memoirs.    __ 

Flower  and  the  Leaf,  The.    A  poem  added  by  SJysare.    See  Carle)i. 
Sppght  to  his  edition  of  Chaucer  (1598).     ft  Flying  Chllders  (fli  mg  chil  derz).     A  chest- 


Follen,  Karl 


professes  to  be  written  by  a  gentlewoman  who  pays  hom 
age  to  the  "worth  that  wears  the  laurel."  It  is  believed 
from  internal  evidence  not  to  be  Chaucer  s.  There  were  two 
pieces  on  this  subject  written  by  Eustache  Deschamps,  the 
nephew  of  Machault,  sometimes  attributed  to  the  latter. 
Dryden  produced  a  version  of  "The  Flower  and  the  Leaf," 
but  it  lacks  the  simplicity  and  concentrated  feeling  of  the 
earlier  poem. 

Flower  of  Courtesy,  The.  A  poem  attributed 
to  Chaucer  by  Thynne,  assigned  by  Stow  to 
Lvdgate. 

Flower  of  Kings,  The. 

Arthur. 

Flowery  Kingdom,  The.    China  (which  see). 

Floyd  (floid).  John  Buchanan.  [The  surname 
Floyd,  like  Find,  Fludd,  is  another  form  of  the 
Welsh  name  Lloi/d.}  Bom  in  Pulaski  County, 
Va.,  1805 :  died  at  Abingdon.  Va.,  Aug.  26, 1863. 
An  American  politician  and  Confederate  gen- 
eral .  He  was  governor  of  Virginia  IS-'-ii-SS :  was  appointed 
Becretary  of  war  in  1857,  and  resigned  in  Dec,  I860:  com- 
manded at  Fort  Donelson;  and  resigned  bis  command  and 
escaped  Feb.  16,  1562. 

Floyd,  William.  Bom  in  Suffolk  County,  N.  Y., 
Dee.  17, 1734:  died  at  Western.  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1821.  An  American  politician, 
a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Floyer  (tloi'er),  .Sir  John.  Bom  at  Hintes, 
Staffordshire,  1649:  died  at  Lichfield.  Feb.  1, 
1734.  An  English  physician  and  author.  He 
wrote  "Treatise  on  the  Asthma"  (169SX  " *apn<«o-Bicra- 
F05"  (1687,  1690),  etc.  Several  of  his  works  were  "printed 
for  "  the  father  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

Fludd  (ttud),  or  Flud,  Robert.  Bom  at  Bear- 
sted,  Kent,  1574:  died  at  London.  Sept.  8, 1637, 


15,  1584.  A  French  diplomatist  and  prelate, 
made  archbishop  of  Toulouse  in  1576.  He  was 
ambassador  at  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England 
1561-65,  negotiating  the  treaty  of  Troves.  Later  he  at- 
tempted  to  negotiate  a  marriage  between  Elizabeth  and 
the  Duke  of  Anjou.  From  1S79  until  his  death  he  wag 
ambassador  at  Kome.     Some  of  his  diplomatic  letters 

It  has  not  been  fully  explored,  and  its  length  is  ■p.j'i   ^vJ'-^^J^  tj.^™--    o      .      j        ti  i   j 
unknown.  -     f        '  6        Fo^    Raymond  Roger,  Comte   de.    Ruled 

-  -  Iii?.">-1 — 6.    He  accompanied  Philip  Augustus  to  the 

Holy  Land  in  119il  He  afterward  supported  Kaymoud 
of  Toulouse  and  the  Albigenses  against  the  Crusadere 


ing  gipsy,  but  was  promoted  to  be  "inflamer  of  reckon- 
ings "  for  the  landlord  —  a  euphemism  for  making  out 
the  bills. 
Fly.     A  large  river  in  the  southern  part  of  New 
Guinea,  which  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Papua. 


nut  race-horse,  a  descendant  of  Darley's  Ara- 
bian, foaled  in  England  about  1715 
never  beaten. 

Flying  Dutchman,  The.  1.  In  the  supersti- 
tions of  seamen,  a  spectral  ship  supposed  to 
haunt  the  seas  in  stormy  weather  near  the 
Capa  of  Good  Hope.  There  are  various  legends  as  to 
the  reason  why  it  can  never  enter  port.  See  Vanderdecken. 
2.  See  Fliegende  Hollander,  Der. 

Flying-fish,  The.  See  Piscis  Tolans. 
A  surname  of  King  Fochabers  (foeh'a-berz).  A  village  in  Moray- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Spey  10  miles 
east-southeast  of  Elgin.  It  has  an  important  edu- 
cational institution,  and  Gordon  Castle,  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon,  is  in  the  neighborhood. 

Foedera.  [L..  ■  Treaties.']  A  work,  edited  by 
Thomas  Evmer.  intended  to  contain  all  the  ex- 


..  .^..       under  Simon  de  Montfort- 

"He  was  Foix,  Roger  Bernard,  Comte  de:  sumamed 
'•The  Great."  Euled  1223-41.  son  of  Raymond 
Roger.  He  continued  the  alliance  of  his  fatherwith  the 
house  of  Toulouse  against  the  Crusaders  in  the  wars  of  the 
Albigenses.  He  was  in  12i9  forced  to  make  his  submis- 
sion to  the  crown,  which  had  taken  up  the  cause  of  the 
Crusaders.  He  eventually  assumed  the  monastic  habit, 
and  dit-d  in  the  abbev  of  Bolbone. 

Foix,  Roger  Bernard,  Comte  de.    Ruled  1265- 

1303.  He  was  noted  as  a  troubadour.  He  carried  on 
unsuccessful  wars  against  Philip  III.  of  France  and  Peter 
m.  of  Aragon,  and  became  involved  in  a  feud  with  the 
house  of  Armagnac. 

Foker  (fo'ker),  Harry.  In  ThackeraVs  novel 
'■Pendennis,"  a  school  friend  of  Arthur  Pen- 
dennis. 

Fokien.     See  FiM-ien. 


isting  documents  relating  to  alliances  and  state  I'o^shani  (fok-sha  '  ne).     A  city  in  Rumania, 


transactions  between  England  and  other  coun- 
tries from  1101  to  the  time  of  publication.  He 
died  after  having  issued  15  volume8{1704-13),but  left  mate- 
rial down  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  This  was 
edited  by  his  assistant,  Robert  Sanderson,  who  issued  two 
volumes  in  1715-17,  and  the  last  three  in  172&-:Jo.  This 
brought  it  down  to  1654.  The  complete  title  is  "  Fcedera, 
Conventiones,  Litene,  et  cujuscumque  generis  Acta  Pub- 
lica  inter  Reges  Anglije  et  alios  quosvis  Imperatores,  Re- 
ges,  Pontifices,  Principes,  vel  conimunitates,  ab  ineunte 
Sajculo  Duodecimo,  viz.  ab  anno  1101,  ad  nostra  usque 


situated  on  the  river  ililkov  in  lat.  45°  45'  N. 
long.  27°  10'  E.  Here  the  Austrians  and  Russians  un- 
der Coburg  ami  Suvarofl  defeated  the  Turks,  July  31, 1789. 
Population,_17,»38. 

Folard  (fo-lar').  Jean  Charles,  Chevalier  de. 
Bom  at  Avignon.  France.  Feb.  13.  1669:  died 
at  Avignon,  March  23.  1752.  A  French  soldier 
and  military  writer.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  de  Polybe 
avec  commentaires  "  (1727-30:  best  edition  1753),  "Xon- 
velles  decouvertes  sur  la  guerre  "  (1T24X  etc. 


Tempora  habita  aut  tractata."     It  is  usually  faiown  as  FoldVeLr  (feld'var).      See  Duna-Foldvdr . 


"Rymer's  F(Bdera."    See  ivt/m*r. 

Fogaras  (fo'go-rosh).  The  capital  of  the 
countv  of  Fogaras.  Hungarv.  situated  on  the 
Aluta"in  lat.  45°  47'  N.,  long.  24°  54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890).  5.861. 


An  English  physician  and  mystical  philosopher.  Fogelberg  (fo'gel-berG).  Bengt  Erland.    Bom 


He  wrote  several  treatises  in  defense  of  the 
fraternity  of  the  Rosy  Cross. 

Fltielen  (tlii'e-len).  A  lake  port  in  the  canton 
of  L^ri,  Switzerland,  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  Lake  Lucerne,  on  the  St.  Gotthard  Railwav. 

Fluellen  (flo-el'en).  [.\nother  form  of  the  W. 
Lleirelyn.2  In  Shakspere's  "Henry  V.,"  a  pe- 
dantic but  courageous  Welsh  captain. 

Fliigel  (flii'gel),  Gustav  Lebrecht.  Bom  at 
Bautzen,  Saxony,  Feb.  IS,  1802:  died  at  Dres- 
den, July  5,  1870.  A  German  Orientalist.  He 
catalogued  the  Oriental  raanuscriptsin  the  Vienna  library. 
His  chief  work  is  an  edition  of  the  dictionary  of  Haji- 
Khalla  (18:J5-^). 

Fliigel,  Johann  Gottfried.    Bom  at  Barby. 
near  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Xov.  22.  1788:  died 
at  Leipsic,  June  24,  1855.    A  German  lexicog- 
rapher.   He  was 
Leipsic,  and  consul 

chief  work  is  a  "Complete  English-German  and  German 
English  Dictionary  "  (1S30). 

Flume  (tlom),  The.  A  gorge  in  the  Franconia 
Mountains,  in  Lincoln,  Grafton  County,  New 
Hampshire,  noted  for  its  picturesqueness.  At 
one  point  it  is  only  about  10  feet  in  width. 

Flushing  (flush  '  ing).  [Dutch  riissi)i<ie)i.  F. 
Fle:^si)i(ji(e.1     A  seaport  and  sea-bathing  resort 


at  Gothenburg,  Sweden.  Aug.  S.  17S6  :  died  at 
Triest,  Austria-Hungary.  Dec.  22, 1854.  A  Swe- 
dish sculptor.  His  subjects  were  taken  chiefly 
from  Scandinavian  and  Greek  mythology. 
Foggia  (fod'ja).  1.  .\  pro\ince  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Apulia,  Italy,  lying  along  the 
Adriatic.  Former  name,  (I'apitanata.  Area, 
2,688  square  miles.     Population   (1891),  393,- 


Folengo  (fo-len'go).  Teofilo:  pseudonym  Mer- 
lino  Coccajo.  Born  at  Cipada.  a  former  vil- 
lage near  Mantua.  Italy,  Nov.  8.  1491 :  died  at 
Santa  Croce  di  Campese,  near  Bassano,  Dec.  9, 
1544.  An  Italian  poet,  especially  noted  as  an 
early  and  successful  cultivator  of  macaronic 
verse.  He  became  a  Benedictine  at  sixteen  years  of  age, 
but  abandoned  the  order  for  a  wandering  and  licentious 
life  in  1515,  returning  to  it  again  abont  1533. 

Foley  (fo'li),  John  Henry.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
May  24,  1818:  died  at  Hampstead.  near  Lon- 
don, Aug.  27.  1874.  An  Irish  sculptor.  Among 
his  more  notable  statues  are  those  of  Egeria  and  Caracta- 
cus,  and  the  equestrian  statues  of  Canning,  Hardinge,  and 
Outram. 


485.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Fog-  Folgefond  (fol'ge-fon).     A  plateau  of  ice  and 


gia.  situated  in  the  Apulian  plain  in  lat.  41° 
28'  X..  long.  15°  32'  E.  It  has  a  cathedraL  Here 
Manfred,  regent  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  assisted  by  the  Sara- 
cens, defeated  the  papal  troops,  Dec.  2,  1254.  Population 
(1S91),  estimated,  M,000. 
Foggo  (fog'6),  James.  Bom  at  London,  June 
11.  1789  :  died  there,  Sept.  14, 1860.  A  British 
^  historical  painter, 

lector  of  Ingli^  a^the  "uniVe^'ty  of  Fogo  (fo'go).     A  volcanic  island  of  the  Cape 
of  the  United  States  in  that  city.    His     ^  erd  group,  intersected   by  lat.  lo°  X.,  long. 
•-■■■-  -  24°  30'  W. 


snow  in  southwestern  Xorwav,  near  the  Har- 
danger  Fjord,  in  lat.  60°  N."  Height,  3,000- 
5,000  feet. 
Folger  (fol'jer),  Charles  James.  Bom  at  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  April  16.  1818:  died  at  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1884.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician.  He  was  judge  of  the  New  York  Court  of  Ap- 
peals 1871-Sl,  and  was  secretary  of  the  United  States  trea- 
sury ISSl-^,  under  President  Arthur.  He  was  defeated  as 
candidate  for  governor  of  New  York  in  18S2  (by  Cleve- 
land) by  a  majority  of  nearly  200,000. 


Fohr  (fer).  One  of  the  North  Fnsian  Islands,  Foligno  (fo-len'vol,  or  Fuligno  (fo-len'v6).  A 
situated  m  the  North  Sea  40  miles  west-north-  cathedral  townmthe  province  of  Pemgia, Italy, 
west  of  Schleswig,  belonging  to  the  province  19  miles  southeast  of  Pemgia  :  the  ancient  Ful- 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia.  ginium  or  Fnlginia.     Population  (1881),  8.753. 

Foible  (foi'bl).  In  Congi-eve's  comedy  ;'The  Folio  (fo'lio).  Tom.  The  name  in  the  •' Taller," 
Way  of  the  World,"  the  intriguing  waiting-    Xo.  158,  under  which  Addison  is  said  to  have 


woman  of  Ladv  Wishfort. 


intheprovinceof  Zealand,  Netherlands,  on  the  Foigard  (fwa-gar').     In  Farquhar's  "Beaux' 


southern  coast  of  the  island  of  Walcheren,  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  the  West  Schelde  in  lat. 
51°  27'  N.,  long.  3°  36'  E.  A  line  of  steamers  plies 
between  Flushing  and  Queenborough  in  England.  It 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  war  of  independence  (1572),  and 
was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  British  in  1809.  Popu- 
lation (16S9),  12,489. 

Flushing.  A  village  and  town  in  Queens 
County.  Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  on 
Flushing  Bay,  Long  Island  Sound:  incorpor- 
ated in  the  city  of  New  York.  Population  (1890) , 
of  village,  8,436;  (1897),  about  11,500. 

Flute  (flot).  In  Shakspere's  "  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,"  a  bellows-mender.  He  plays 
the  part  of  Thisbe  in  the  interpolated  play. 

Flutter   (flut'er).      In  Mrs.  Cowlev's   comedv 


Stratagem,"  a  vulgar  Irishman  who  pretends 
to  be  a  French  priest  to  further  his  villainies. 
He  is  discovered  by  his  brogue.  After  the  first  repre- 
sentations the  part  of  Count  Bellair  was  cut  out,  and  his 
words  were  added  to  the  part  of  Foigard. 
Foiz  (fwa).     [From  L.   Fuxii»i.'\    An  ancient 


introduced  Thomas  Rawlinson. 
F9liot(fol'i-ot).  Gilbert.  Diedinll87.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate.  After  having  been  successively  prior  of 
Cluny.  prior  (0  of  Abbeville,  and  abbot  of  Gloucester,  he 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1147,  and  in  1163  was 
translated  to  the  see  of  Lonrion.  He  was  a  favorite  of  Heniy 
IL  and  a  bitter  opponent  of  the  primate  Thomas  Becket, 
by  whom  he  was  twice  excommunicated. 


government  of  southern  France,  corresponding  Folkes  (folks).  Martin.   Bom  at  London,  Oct. 


nearly  to  the  department  of  Ariege.  it  formed 
a  countship  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  ruled  by  the 
Foix  family  from  the  11th  centurj'.  It  was  annexed  to  Na- 
varre in  14&4,  and  passed  to  France  with  Navarre  in  1589. 
Foix.  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Ariege, 
France,  on  the  .\riege  44  miles  south  of  Tou- 
louse: foi-merlythecapital  of  the  county  of  Foix. 
It  has  a  picturesque  castle.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  7.568. 


"  The  BeUe's  Stratagem."  a  good-natured  irre-  ^oi^  Gaston,  Comte  de:  sumamed  Phoebus, 


sponsible  beau,  devoted  to  telling  gossiping 
stories  about  which  he  remembers  correctlv 
everything  except  the  facts. 
Flutter,  Sir  Fopling.  In  Etherege's  com- 
edy "The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flut- 
ter," an  affected  and  fashionable  fop.  He  is  in- 
tended to  imitate  Hewit,  the  reigning  exquisite  of  the 
hour.  According  to  his  own  account,  a  complete  gentle- 
man "ought  to  dress  well,  dance  well,  fence  well,  have  a 
genius  for  love-letters,  an  agreeable  voice  for  a  chamber,  be 
ver>'  amorous,  something  discreet,  but  not  over-constant." 


Bom  1331:  died  1391.     Count  of  Foix  1343-91. 

He  derived  his  surname  either  from  the  beauty  of  his  per- 

son  or  from  a  golden  sun  which  he  bore  in  his  escutcheon. 

He  fought  against  the  English  in  1345,  and  assisted  in  the 

rescue  of  the  royal  princesses  from  the  Jacquerie  at  Manx 

in  1358.    He  maintained  a  splendid  court,  which  has  been 

described  by  Froissart,  and  was  passionately  fond  of  the  .p   .  ^  IT      1 

chase,  on  the  subject  of  which  he  wrote  a  treatise  known  *  Oilen,  J^aXl. 


Miroir  de  Ph^bus  des  dednicts  de  la  chasse,  etc' 
Foix,  Gaston  de  (1489-1512).     See  Nemours, 

Due  de. 
Foix,  Paul  de.    Bom  1528 :  died  at  Rome,  May 


29.  1690:  died  Jime  28.  1754.   An  English  anti- 
quary, and  writer  on  nimiismatics. 

Folkestone,  or  Folkstone  (fok'ston).  A  sea- 
port and  watering-place  in  Kent,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Strait  of  Dover  7  miles  west-south- 
west of  Dover,  it  is  the  terminus  of  a  steam-packet 
route  to  Boulogne.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Dr.  William 
Harvey.     Population  (1891),  23,700. 

FoUati.     See  Atfalali. 

Follen  (fol'len).  Latinized  Follenius  (fo-le'ni- 
us),  August,  later  Adolf  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Giessen.  Germany,  Jan.  21.  1794:  died  at  Bern, 
Switzerland.  Dec.  26,  1855.  A  German  poet. 
He  edited  "Bildersaal  deutscher  Dichtung" 
(1828-29). 

Bom  at  Romrod,  Upper  Hesse, 


Germany,  Sept.  3.  1795:  lost  in  Long  Isl- 
and Sound.  Jan.  13.  1840.  A  (3erman-Amer- 
ican  clergyman  and  writer,  brother  of  A  L. 
Follen.     He  was  driven  from  Germany,  and  Qnally  from 


FoUen  Karl 

Switzerland,  on  political  Rrounds,  and  in  1830  became  pro- 
I  lessor  of  German  at  Harvard  College.  He  perished  in  the 
1     burning  of  a  Sound  steamer. 

Folles  Avoines.     See  Menominee. 

Follett  (fol'et),  Sir  William  Webb.  Born  at 
Topsham,  near  Exeter,  EnKland,  Dee.  2.  1798: 
died  at  London,  June  28, 1845.  An  English  ,iu- 
rist.  He  was  solicitor-general  1834-35  and  1841- 
1844,  and  attorney-general  1844-45. 

Folliott,  Dr.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Peacock's  "Crotchet  Castle." 

Follywit  (fol'i-wit).  A  gay  young  prodigal 
■whose  tricks  upon  his  gi-andt'ather,  Sir  Bounte- 
ous Progress,  form  tlie  plot  of  Middleton's 
comedy  "  A  Mad  World,  My  Masters." 

Fomalhaut  (fo'mal-6).  [Ar../'«»(  ((/-/(h(,  mouth 
of  the  iish.]  The  name  in  general  use  for  the 
1^-magiiitudo  star  n  Piscis  Australis. 

Fonblanque  (fon-blangk'),  Albany.  Born  at 
London,  1793:  died  there,  Oct.  13,  1S72.     An 


399 

middle  ages  one  of  the  chief  residences  of  the  kings  of 
France,  It  is  of  great  extent,  the  buildings,  which  dis- 
play various  types  of  llenaissance  architecture,  inclosiiiK 
six  courts.  The  chief  entrance  is  by  a  monumental  tlifht 
of  steps  of  horseshoe  plan.  The  apartments,  magnificent 
in  their  dec:orati<m  and  furnishings,  were  fltteil  up  under 
different  reigns  since  that  of  Francis  I.,  and  are  of  great 
historic  and  artistic  interest  as  preserving  intact  their 
original  character.  Some  of  the  murai  jiaintings  are  by 
Priinaticcio.  The  gardens  are  tine,  and  the  park  and  forest 
world-famous.  This  was  the  favorite  residence  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  who  abdicated  here  in  1S14.  The  forest  of  Fon- 
tainebleau  (42,6iiU  acres)  is  considered  the  most  beautiful 
in  France.  It  has  become  the  resort  of  the  modern  French 
school  of  landscape-painters,  many  of  them  living  at  Bar- 
bison,  Chailly,  Marlotte,  and  other  villages  near.  Among 
the  original  painters  of  this  school,  which  was  founded  Ijy 
Theodore  ilousseau,  areC'orot,  Duprt^',  Daubigny,  and  Diaz, 
Troyon.  Francois  llillet,  Conrbel,  Cliarles  Le  Roux,  Fleury, 
VtJron,  Flers,  Eug&ne  Lavielle,  Kiou,  and  many  others  ai-e 
noted  exponents  of  its  style.  The  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes  was  signed  at  Fontainebleau  in  1685,  as  were  also 
the  peace  preliminaries  between  Great  Britain,  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal  in  1702.    Population  (1891),  14,222. 


Forbach 

It  was  soon  restored;  but  a  radical  fault  in  laying  the 
foundation  caused  it  eventually  to  fall  down,  and  leave 
Fonthill  a  ruin  in  the  lifetime  of  its  founder, 

TT,  Sorth,  ilemoir  in  Beekford's  "  Vathek,'  p.  8. 

Foochow.     See  Fii-eliaii. 

Foolahs.     See  Fellatahs. 

Fool  in  Fashion.    See  Lovers  Last  Shift. 

Fool  of  Quality,  The.    A  novel  published  by 

Heury  Brooke  in  1766.     It  was  republished  by 

Charles  Kiiigsley  in  1859. 

John  Wesley  "bowdlerized"  the  "Fool  of  Quality," 
striking  out  such  passages  as  he  ditl  not  like,  and  then  pub- 
lished it  during  the  author's  lifetime  as  the  "  Uistoi-y  of 
Hairy,  Earl  of  Aloreland,"  which  was  long  believed  by  the 
Wesleyans  t<)  be  the  work  of  the  great  John  liimself. 

Forsijth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  171. 

Fool's  Revenge,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Tom  Tay- 
lor, founded  on  Victor  Hugo's  play  ''Le  roi 
s'amuse."  It  was  produced  in  1857.  The  opera 
Rigoletto"  is  taken  from  the  same  source. 


London  Fontainebleau,  Peace  of.    A  treaty  concluded  Poota  Jallon. '   See  Futa  Janon. 


on  diilak).       [1'.,    'foot    of    the       eou.i,e»»e  ue   .^a,,o.e      vi,..oy,   =>..,. 

T  ii             •/.    1     c -ni       1   1     T  were  published  in  1812, 

ind  the  capital  of  Foud  du  Lac  Montana  (fon-til'na),  Carlo. 

sm,  situated  at  the  sotitheru  ^^^j,  ^^^      jj^j      j^,^^^^^  jg 

mebago,  60  miles  north-north-  ^^^^^     ^^  ^^g^■^^^  architect. 


at  Fontainebleau,  Nov.  8, 1785, between  the  em- 
peror and  the  Dutch.  The  former  renounced  his 
claim  to  the  right  of  free  njivigation  of  the  Scheldc  beyond 
his  own  dominion,  as  well  as  his  pretension  to  .Macstriebt 
and  the  adjacent  territories,  receiving  10,000,000  guilders 
as  compensation. 

Fontaines  (fori-tan'),  Comtesse  de  (Marie 
Louise  Charlotte  de  Pelard  de  Givry) .   Died 

ill  1730.  ,\  French  novelist.  She  wrote  "Histoire 
d'Am^nopbys,  prince  de  Lydie  "  (1725),  "Histoire  de  la 
comtesse  de  Savoie  "  (1726),  etc.  Her  complete  works 
were  published  in  1812, 

~     '       Born  at  Bruciato, 
1634:  died  at  Rome, 


English   journalist.      He  was  editor  of  the 
'■F.xaminer,"  and  his  "England  under  Seven  Administra- 
tions "  (1837)  is  a  collection  of  the  best  of  his  articles  pub- 
lished originally  in  that  newspaper, 

Fonblanque,  JohnSamuel  Martin  de  Grenier. 
Born  at  London,  March,  1787  :  died  at  London, 
Nov.  3,  1865.  An  English  soldier  and  lawyer, 
brother  of  Albany  Fonblanque.  He  took  part  in 
the  War  of  1812,  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Washing- 
ton, and  was  taken  prisoner  at  New  Orleans.  He  wrote, 
with  J.  A.  Paris,  "Medical  Jurisprudence"  (1823). 

Fond  du  Lac  (fon  dulak).     [F.,  'foot  of  thi 
lake.']     A  city  and 
County,  Wisconsin. 

end  of  Lake  Win         „   ,  ^^^_^     ^u  iittucu  .iiciim^.i. 

west  of  Milwaukee.     It  has  »  \fSQ  trade  in  pontana,  Domenico.    Bornat  Mil: 
lumber.     Population  (1900),  lo.UO.  ^^^^      ^^543.    ^jj^.j  .^^  Naples,  1007. 

Fondi   (fon  de).     A  town  m   the  province  ot  ■•■'  --  -   '■      '•    ••  • 

Caserta,  Italy,  56  miles  northwest  of  Naples: 
the  ancient  Fundi.  It  was  noted  in  ancient  times 
for  the  Csecuban  wine,  and  has  some  ancient  and  medieval 
remains.  It  was  burned  by  Kliair-ed-Din  (Barbarossa)  in 
1634.     Population,  about  6,1x10. 

Fondlewife  (fon'dl-wlf).  In  Congreve's  comedy 
"The  Old  Bachelor,"  a  doting  old  man,  de- 
ceived by  his  outwardly  (juiot  and  submissive 
'vife. 

Fondlove  (fond'luv),  Sir  William.  An  am- 
orous, garrulous  old  gentleman  in  Sheridan 
Knowles's  comedy  "The  Love  Chase."  He  is 
pursued  by  the  widow  Green. 

Fonseca  (fon-sa'kii),  Gulf  or  Bay  of.  An  inlet 
of  the  Pacific,  bordering  on  San  Salvador,  Hon- 
duras, and  Nicaragua.  Length,  about  45  miles. 
Also  called  Gulf  of  Conchaijiia. 


Mili,near  Como, 
An  Italian 
architect.    He  erected  the  obelisk  near  St.  Pe- 
ter's in  1586,  and  built  the  Lateran  Palace, Vati- 
can Library,  etc. 

Fontana,  Lavinia.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
about  1542 :  died  at  Bologna,  1614.  An  Italian 
portrait-painter,  daughter  of  Prospero  Fontana. 

Fontana,  Prospero.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
about  1512:  died  at  Rome,  1597.  An  Italian 
painter. 

FontaneS  (fon-tan').  Marquis  Louis  de.  Born 
at  Niort,  France,  March  6, 1757:  died  at  Paris, 
March  17,  1821.  A  French  politician  and  poet, 
made  president  of  the  Coi-ps  Legislatif  in  1804. 
His  collected  works  were  published  in  1837. 

The  chief  importance  of  Fontanes  in  literature  is  derived 
not  flora  any  performances  of  his  own.  but  from  the  fact 
that  he  was  appointed  intermediary  between  Napoleon 
and  tlie  men  of  letters  of  the  time,  and  was  able  to  exer- 
cise a  good  deal  of  useful  patronage. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit. ,  p.  401. 


fonseca,  Juan  Eodriguez  de.    Born  at  Toro, 
near  Seville,  1441:   died   at  Burgos,  Nov.  4, 

1524.  A  Spanish  ecclesiastic  and  administrator,  pontanges  (fon-tonzh'),  Duchesse  de  (Marie 
He  was  successively  archdeacon  of  Seville,  bishop  of  An^AiiniiP  fjp  SenraillA  Hp  Rmmqillp)  P.orii 
Badajoz,  Palencia,  and  Conde,  archbiBhop  of  Rosar.o  in     AngSlique  de  bCOraille  d^^^^^ 


Italy,'  aiid  bishop  of  Burgos,  besides  being  head  cliaplain     1661:  died  at  Paris,  June  28,  1081. 

to  Queen   Isabella  and  afterward  U>  Ferdinand.     He  is     of  Louis  XIV. 

known  principally  for  the  control  which  lie  exercised  oyer  Pgntarabia.     See  Fuentcrrahia. 

.11  business  relating  to  the  New  Woitd^^  fj'/'S.Si'mTin  FontenailleS  (font-niiy'),  or  Foutenay, 


A  mistress 


the  preparations  for  the  second  voyage 
14u:i,  and,  except  during  the  regency  of  .Ximeiies.  was 
continued  until  his  death.  The  Council  of  the  Indies  was 
organized  by  him  in  ISH.and  he  was  its  first  chief.  Bishop 
Fonseca  opposed  Columbus,  Cortes,  and  Las  Osas  in  many 
matters,  and  he  used  his  position  unscrupuh)usly  for  the 
beiielltof  himself  and  his  friends.    He  favored  Miigalhaes. 

Fonseca(fon-sa'ka), Manuel  Deodoro  da.  Born 

in  Alagoas,  Aug.  5, 1827:  died  at  Kio  de  Janeiro, 
Aug.  23,  1892.    A  Brazilian  general  .and  polili 


A  vil- 
nne,  France,  near 


lage  in  the  department  of  Y 
Auxerre  :  the  ancient  Foiitanetum.    Hero,  in84i, 
Charles  the  Bald  and  Louis  the  German  defeated  the  em- 
peror Lothaire. 

Fontenay-le-Comte  (foiit-na'le-ki'iut').  A  town 

in  the  department  of  Vendee,  France,  27  miles 
northeast  of  La  Rochellc.  It  suffered  in  the  Hu- 
guenot and  Vendean  wars.  Population  (1891), 
c'oiiimune,  9,8(i4. 


cian.  In  1880,  having  been  lightly  punished  for  alleged  -pnntPTipnp  ffoht-nel'l  Bernard  le  Bovier  de 
Insubordination,  he  joined  other  military  m.-ilcontents  in  a  ',?°^®°®V„,V"  1,?..?, ,,'.',,  f'TT.  11  I  i;V7  ■  I  ;L  T t 
plot  against  the  government.  The  cnpen.r,  IVdro  II,,  was  Born  at  Rouen,  !■  ranee,  Ich.  H,  1(..>,  .  died  at 
dep(>sed;Nov.  16,  I88IOandarcpnldic  pni..bnined,  Fonseca     Paris,  Jan.  9, 1  (57.  Arrencli  ailvocato,  phlloso- 

'        "  loot,  and  miscellaneous  writer.     He  was 

iiiv  (Ihningh  his  mother)  of  CorneiUe,  and  was 

111.-  l;L.^t  uf  the  I'r.'cintx,  or  rather  the  inventor  of  PopUng  Flutter.  Sir.      Soo  Flutter,  Sir  Foiilinq. 

.nil.inalinn  of  literature  and  gallantry  winch  at   -p   J^         li\n,'u-\ )    VinpPTl7n       Roi-ii    nt   Rrf»!cin 

isid  hlni  to  not  a  little  satire  "(.sVii/iM^Kn/),     Ho  -t  Oppa   (to]    p.i),  VincenZO.     rioin   at  1-sresiia, 


being  placed  at  the  liead  of  tlie  imivisinnal  government 
A  constitutional  asseniblymet  Jan,  20,  IS'.Jl,  adopted  a  fed- 
eral constitution,  and  on  F'eb,  -li  elect cil  Fonseca  president 
/or  four  years.  He  opened  the  llrst  legislative  congress 
June  15, 1891.  but  a  violent  opposition  to  the  government 
was  soon  manifested,  ami  eniigirss  was  dissulvid  by  the 
president  Nov,  4.  (liij>osiHon  and  disorder  cnntiiillfd,  and 
on  Nov.  •I'.i  Fonseca  was  finced  to  resign,  the  vice-jircsi- 
dent,  Peixot.i,  taking  bis  pbn-e. 

Fonseca  (fon-sa'kii),  Marchioness  of  (Eleo- 

nora  Pimentel).  Born  at  Najdes  about  1708 
(17.')8?) :  ilied  at  Naples,  July  20,  1799.  A  Nea- 
politan patriot.  She  married  the  .Marquis  of  Fonseca 
in  I7S4.  .She  sympatbijed  with  the  French  republicans, 
and  w.as  an  active  adherent  of  the  popular  party  inNaples. 
During  the  aac 
and  edited  the 
was  executed  on 
arcliy. 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la.    See  La  Fontaine. 

Fontaine  (fijii-tan'),  Pierre  FrauQois  Leo- 
nard. Horn  at  Pontoisc,  near  Paris,  Sept.  20, 
1702 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1S.53.  A  Frencli 
architect,  a  collaborator  of  Percier.  Ho  exe- 
cuted the  Arch  of  the  Carrousel  (Paris),  etc. 

Fontainebleau  (tnn-tan-hU)').  A  town  in  the 
(lepnrtnicntof  Srinr-et-Marnc,  France,  37  miles 
soutli-southuast  of  Paris.    The  palace  was  from  the 


plier,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer.     He  was 
the  nepbiiv  (Ibningh  his  motlier)  of  CorneiUe,  and  was 
"one  of  til 
a  new  c 
llrst  exp 

wrote  "Poesies  pastorales  "  (16X8),  "  Dial.igncsdes  inorts 
(1IW3),  "F.ntretieiis  sur  la  plurality  des  inondes"  (K'Sn), 
"  Histoire  des  oracles  "  (1087),  "  Eloges  des  acadiimiciens  " 
(delivered  1699-1710). 
Fontenoy  (fimt-nwii').  A  village  in  tho  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  Smiles  southeast  of 
Toiirnai.  Here,  May  11, 1715,  tho  French  (about  70,oiiO) 
under  Jlarshal  Saxe  defeat.il  the  allied  English,  Dutch, 
Hanoverians,  and  Anstrians  (about  r.O,l"Ki)  under  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland.     The  loss  on  both  sides  was  vei7  great 


Foota  Toro.     See  Futa  Toro. 

Foote  (fill ).  Andrew  Hull.  Bom  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Sept.  12.  1806:  died  at  New  York,  June 
26,  1863.  An  American  admiral,  son  of  S.  A. 
Foote.  He  captured  the  Canton  forts  in  1856,  and  Fort 
Henry  Feb,  6,  1862,  and  commanded  the  naval  force  at 
Fort  Donelson  Feb.  14,  1862,  and  at  the  reduction  of 
Island  No.  10,  March-April,  1862. 

Foote,  Maria,  Countess  of  Harrington.  Bom, 
probably  at  Plymouth,  in  1797:  died  Dec.  27, 
1867.  An  English  actress,  the  daughter  of  a 
Samuel  Foote  who  claimed  descent  from  the 
famous  actor,  she  was  more  celebrated  for  her  per- 
sonal charms  than  for  her  acting,  and  retired  from  the 
stage,  after  a  somewhat  notorious  career,  in  1831.  on  her 
marri.age  with  (.'barles  Stanhope,  earl  of  Harrington. 

Foote,  Mary  (Hallock).  Born  at  Milton,  N.Y., 
Nov.  19, 1847.  An  American  novelist  and  artist. 
.She  has  lived  since  1876  in  California,  Idaho,  and  Colorado ; 
and  her  novels,  illustrated  by  herself,  are  pictures  of  West- 
ern life  and  scenery.  Among  them  are  "The  Led-Horse 
Claim."  "John  Bodewins  Testimony,"  "CcBur  d'Alene," 
ami  "The  Chosen  Valley." 

Foote,  Samuel.  Burn  at  Tmro,  England,  1720 : 
died  at  Dover,  England,  Oct.  21,  1777.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist  and  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  in  1744.  In  1747  he  opened  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
with  a  mixed  entertainment,  in  which  he  played  Fondle- 
wife in  "The  Careless  Husband  "  (a  farce  taken  from  Con- 
grev(?'s  "Old  Bachelor"),  and  other  parts,  principally  in 
"Diversions  of  the  Morning, "  which  be  wrote  and  acted 
himself.  His  talent  for  mimicry  was  his  chief  gift,  and 
he  employed  it  upon  prominent  personages  of  the  day  in 
his  satirical  entertainments  "Tea  at  6:30,"  "Chocolate 
in  Ireland."  "An  Auction  of  Pictures,"  etc.  In  1776  ho 
caricatured  the  notorious  Dnehess  of  Kingston  in  tlie 
" Ti  ip  to  <  alais,"  an  act  which  subjected  him  to  much  op- 
ptisiti.in  and  to  an  indictment.  Among  his  plays  are  "The 
Knifbts"  (1740),  "Taste"  (1762),  "The  Englishman  in 
Paris "  (17,'.3),  "  The  Englishman  Returned  from  Paris" 
(17.'.ii),  "The  Author"  (1767),  "The  .Minor"  (1760),  "The 
Orators"  (1762),  "The  Mayor  of  Garratt  "  (1763),  "The  Pa- 
tron ■  (1764),  "The  Commissary"  (1765),  "The  Devil  ujion 
Two  .Sticks"  (1768),  "The  Lame  Ixjver"  (177o).  "The  Maid 
of  Bath"  (1771),  "The  Nabob"  (1772),  "The  Bankrupt" 
(1773),  "The  Cozeners"  (1774),  "The  Capuchin"  (1776:  an 
alteration  of  the  "Trip  to  Calais").  He  alsowrot*  a  num- 
ber of  witty  prose  tracts,  etc.  F'rom  his  scathing  wit  he 
was  known  as  "the  English  -Aristophanes," 

Foote,  Samuel  Augustus.  Born  at  Cheshire, 
Conn.,Nov.  8,  1780:  died  there,  Sept.,  1846.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  United  .States  senator 
from  Connecticut  l,v27-33,  and  governor  of  Connecticut  in 
1S34.  He  intn)dnced  "Foote's  Kesolution  '  (which  see) 
Dec,  1820, 

Foote's  Resolution.  A  resolution  introduced 
into  the  United  States  Senate  by  S.  A.  Foote, 
Dec.  29,  1829.  It  instructed  the  committee  on  public 
lamis  to  ln<)uire  into  the  expediency  of  limiting  the  wile  of 
public  lands  for  a  certain  perioil  to  those  which  had  al- 
ready been  olfered  for  sale.  It  occasioned  the  famous  de- 
bate In  the  Senate  I  nlwein  Webster  and  Hay  ne  in  J  an.,  1830. 


cendancyof  tho  latter  1708-9!)  she  fouii<led  Pontevrault(fon-te-vr6').  A  place  in  thodepart- 
•:^'ii::S::^:i:r^^Z^^Z.  ,1^;;"     -"--t  of  ^Inine-et-Loire,  Fra,ice,  9  miles  south- 


east  of  S.'iniTiiir.  Tho  abbey  church,  consecrated  In 
1119,  Is  an  important  example  of  the  domical  ehnieli.  In 
till'  south  liansciit  are  line  t<imb9,  with  iMirtraitclIlgles, 
of  Ihe  Hist  riantagenct  sovereigns  of  England. 
Fonthill  (font 'hil)  Abbey.  A  inagMificent  resi- 
dence built  ciiiLaiisdowiie  Hill,  near  Bath,  Eng- 
land, by  Bcckfonl,  the  author  of  "Vathek."  Its 
marked  jiccuiinrily  was  a  tower  280  feet  liigli. 
During  the  progress  of  the  nnlldlng  the  tower  caught 
Are,  and  was  partly  destroyed.  Ihc  owner,  however,  was 
present,  and  enjoyed  the  magiiitlcent  burning  spectacle. 


Itafy,  at  tlie  beginning  ot  the  15th  century: 
dieil  jit  Brescia,  1192.  An  Italian  painter. 
Foppington  (fop'ing-ton),Lord.  InVanbrugh's 
comedy  "The  Relapse."  a  foolisli  line  gentle- 
nian,  a  further  develoinnent  of  CoUev  Cibber's 
Sir  Novelty  Fasliion  in  "  Love's  Last  .Shift." 
Ue  also  appears  (:ia  l.<ird  Foppington)  in  Cibber's  "Care- 
less Husband,"  and  in  Sheridan's  "Trip  to  Scarborough," 
an  alteration  of  " The  Ilclapsc. " 

Lord  Foppington,  In  the  "Relapse,"  is  a  most  splendid 
caricature  :  he  is  a  pel  sonillcallon  of  the  foppery  and  folly 
of  dress  ami  external  appearance  In  full  feather.  Ho 
blazes  out  and  dazzles  sober  reaacui  with  ridiculous  osten- 
tation. Still  I  think  this  character  Is  a  copy  from  F.lher- 
ege's  Sir  Fopling  Flutter;  and  upon  tho  whole,  perhaps. 
Sir  Fopllug  Is  tho  luoro  natural  grotesque  of  the  two. 

Ilazlilt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  107. 

Fop's  Fortune,  The.     See  Love  ^fal■e.1  the  .Van. 

Forbach  (for'biich).  A  town  in  Lorraine.  Ger- 
mnnv,  33  miles  east-northeast  of  Metz.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  7,327.  For  tho  battle  of  Aug.  6, 
1870,  see  Sjiichercn, 


Forbes  Alexander  Penrose  -iOO  Formigny 

Forbes  (forbz),  Alexander  Penrose     Born  at  Forchhammer   Peter  Wilhelm.    Bom  Get.    »as  appointed  united  states  consul  to  Genoa.   He  wrote 

EdiubaWh,  June  6, 1817:  died  at  Dundee,  Scot-    23,  1801:  died  Jan.  9,  1894.     A  noted  German  ^' '^^■■estomazia  ital.ana    U^A  etc._ 

land   Oft.  8,1875.     A  Scottish  clergyman  and    classical  are hseologist  and  mythologist,  brother  Forey  (to-ra  ),  Elie  Frederic.     Born  at  Pans, 

theological  writer.    He  was  thesonot  Lord  Medwyn,     of  J.  G,  Forchhammer.     He  became  professor  Jan.  10,  1804:   tlied  there,  June  20,  1872.    A 

a  Scottish  judge,  and  spent  several  years  of  his  youth  in     at  Kiel  in  1837.  *  reneli  marshal.    He  took  an  active  part  in  the  coup 

theludian  civil  service.   Returning  to  England,  he  studied  -pn-p-u-Up,-™    rforch'him'i        A  -town    in    T'nnpr  d'i'tat,  Dec.  2,  1S51;  was  prominent  in  the  Crimean  and 

theolosv  and  took  orders,  and  in  1847  was  elected  bishop  V.tT.'V^®  in    -AZ"l    Jrli^  ^^„ntiJrrJ\lWZ  Italian  wars;  and  from  July,  1802,  to  Oct.,  1863,  commanded 

of  Brechin  in  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church.     His  advo-     FrailCOllia.  Bavaria,  at  the  junction  of  the  \\  le-  the  French  expedition  against  Mexico.      During  this  pe- 

cacy  of  High-Church  views  led  to  much  controversy  and     sent  with  the  Kegnitz,   18  miles  north  ot  An-  riod  he  captured  I'uebla,  May  17,  1803,  occupied  Mexico 

iniurred  ecclesiastical  censure.                                             remberg.     It  is  of  importance  historically  as  a  •^'"J''  ="'''  formed  a  provisional  government. 

Forbes,  Archibald.  Born  in  Morayshire,  Scot-  foi-tified  place  and  a  seat  of  diets.  Population  Forez  (fo-ra' ).  An  ancient  territory  of  Prance, 
laud,  April  17,  1838  :  died  at  London,  March  30,  (is9n).  ,i,971.  i"  the  former  government  of  Lyonnais,  corre- 
1900.  A  British  journalist,  noted  as  corre-  Forckenbeck  (for'ken-bek).  Max  VOn.  Born  spending  in  large  part  to  the  department  of 
spondent  (especially  as  war  correspondent)  of  .^t  Jltinster,  Oct.  21,  1821:  died  at  Berlin  Mav  Loii'e-  It  was  a  county  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was 
the  London  "  Daily"  News."  He  wrote  •' My  Ex-  o^.  i892.  A  Prussian  politician.  He  became  a  x-"""/ V?p'-^''r7  ""  a'^I;^!,';'!'^  ^' '?  ^^^^•  a 
periemesof  the  War  between  France  and  Germany,  and  member  of  the  Prussian  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1S.=.8,  and  X  Orlar  (tot  lar).  or  Angus  (aiig  gus;.  A  man- 
other  sketches  of  military  life.                                                 of  tile  House  of  Peers  in  1873;  and  in  1867  entered  the  time  county  01  bcotland.  It  is  bounded  by  Aberdeen 

Forbes,  Duncan,  of  t  ulloden.    Born  near  Inver-     Reichstag,  of  which  he  was  president  1874-79.    He  was  and  Kincardine  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east, 

ness  Nov    10  168.5-  died  Dec    10  1747.    A  Scot-     one  of  the  founders  of  the  Kational  Liberal  party  in  isr,6,  the  Firth  of  Tay  on  the  south,  and  Perth  on  the  west:  and 

tish 'indo-p  ■nid  iritriot       Hp  ,v,«  mnd,.  lord  advocate      ^"^'  '"  ^^S*  J"'"<^''  ""=  Freisiiinit'e  party.     He  was  chief  is  the  chief  seat  of  .Scottish  linen  manufacture  (at  Dun. 

tlSU  jnitge  aiUl  pan  lOt.      He  was  ma.k  lord  "diocate                    j       ,j  j^^,      j^        ^^  3    ^^^^  i^y^^      Population  (1891),  277.73,- . 

in  172.i,  and  lordpresideiitof  theCourtof  sessioninl,3(.   _■',,„-,,     t  i.          t>            ^  ti   ■      i         t^  -Pni-f-n-       Tbo  .im-iU-il  nf  Povfovobiro    ts/^ntl.,,,,1 

He  rendered  efflcient  service  to  the -overument  in  the  ris-  Ford  (ford),  John.     Born  at  Ilsmgton,  Devon-  i  ortar.      ilie  capital  ot  ioitaishire,  beotlai  d, 

iiigs  of  1715  and  1745-46,  while  exercising  and  advocating     shire,  England,  1586  (baptized  April  17) :  died  Situated  m  the  valley  ot  Strathmore  13  miles 

humanity  in  deiUing  with  the  rebels.                                     after  1639.    An  English  dramatist.    Little  isknown  north-northeast  of  Dundee.    It  has  manufactures 

Forbes,    Edward.      Born   at   Douglas,    isle    ot      of  his  life  except  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  Middle  of  linen.     It  was  an  ancient  royal  resiuence.  and  is  a  royal 

Man.  Feb.  12,  1815:  died  at  Wardie,  nearEilin-     Temple  and  not  dependent  on  his  pen  for  his  living,  and  '""Sh.  ^md  also  a  piuliamentary  burgh,  belonging  to  the 

burgh,  Nov.  18,1854.    An  English  naturalist  and     that^he  was  popular  with  playgoers.    He  app.u-ently  re-  J"™'™7-=™"P;  ^^T",'"' j°"  'I'f^V^^in  tn  isoi  .rV.A 

T^ilBr-intnlno-ist   ni-nfewnv  of  natural  nbilosoiihv     ^"''^  '<>  Hsmgton  to  end  his  days.    His  principal  plays  Forge  (torj),  AnatolO  de  la.    Born  in  1821:  died 

paleontologist,  pi otessoi  ot  natuiai  phuosopuy     ^.^  ...j.,^^  Covers'  Melancholy"  (printed  1621)),  " 'Tis  Pity  at  Paris,  June  6, 1892.    A  French  historian.    He 

111  Edinburgh  University  1803-54.     He  wrote  a     she's  a  Wliore"(1633),"TheBrokenHeiut"(ie33),  "Love's  became  a  journalist  in  1848;  was  prefect  of  the  Aisne;  and 

"History  of  British  Star-Fishes    (1841),  "History  of  Brit-     Sacrifice"  (1633),  "The  Chronicle  History  of  Perkin  War-  waswounded  at  St.-Quentin.   ilewas  made  directorof  the 

ish  Mollusca     (conjointly  with  Hanley,  1853),  and  many      beck"  (1634),  "The  Fancies  Chaste  and  Noble"  (1638),  press  in  the  ministry  of  the  interim  (1877),  was  elected 

valuable  biological  memoirs.                                                     "The  Lady's  Trial"  (1639),  "The  Sun's  Darling"  (with  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1881,  and  sat  till  1889.    He 

Forbes,  Ed-Win.     Born  at  Ne-W  York,  1839  :  died     Dekker,  1B56),  "The  Witch  of  Edmonton  "  (with  Dekker,  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Republic  of  Venice,"  " Public 

at  Flalbush,  L.  I.,  March  6,1895.     An  Amer-     Rowley,  etc.,  1668).     His  works  were  collected  by  Weber  Instruction  in  Spain,"  etc. 

ican  landscape  and  genre  painter,  best  known    '"  ^f^-^'y  ««°"l  ">  imm.d  by  Dyce  (Giflord)  m  1869  Forges-les-Eaux  (forzh'la-zo').     A  town  in  the 

for  his  drawings  made  during  the  Civil  War.      Ford,  Master.   A  well-to-do  gentleman  in  Sliak-  department   of    Seine-Infeiieure,   France,    24 

Forbes,   James  Da-sid.     Born  at  Edinburgh,     spere's  ••Merry  Wives  of  Windsor."    He  assumes  miles  northeast  of  Rouen.     It  was  formerly 

April  ^0,  1809:  died  at  Clifton,  England,  Dec.     S^iinifpl'fstn^  ^^'^\!S^i^Zr^'^:S^t  Boted  for  its  cold  chalybeate  springs 

31,1868.     A  Scottish  scientist.    He  was  professor     duping  Ford  her  husband.  ForiO   (to're-o).     A  small  tovrn  on  the   north- 

of  natural  philosophy  1833-60,  and  later  principal  of  the         .,,,.,          .                 ^     .  ,.         .  ,  .„          .    ,.  ,  western  coast  of  the  island  of  ISChia,  Italy. 

United  College  of  St.  Andrews.     He  is  noted  for  discov-         Fords  jealousy  is  managed  with  great  skdl  so  as  to  help  -pn-i,„i  ^f„r'kpU    Tn'hanTi  Wiknlaiis        Born  at 

eries  in  regard  to  the  movementof  glaciers  and  the  polar-     on  the  plot,  bringing  out  a  series  of  the  richest  incidents,  "'."Af?^/,,^  j;.'^,V:,;',°°^5°^^                      o?  1740 . 

ization  of  heat.     He  wrote  "Travels  through  the  Alps  of     and  drawing  the  most  savoury  issues  from  the  mellow,  Meeuer,  neai  LOOurg,  Germany,  i  el).  — ,  1(49. 

Savoy  "  (1843),  "  Norway  and  its  Glaciers  "  (1853),  and  a     Ju'^'J'  old  sinner  upon  whom  he  is  practising.    The  means  died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  March  17,  1818.    A 

"Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of  Matheni.itical  and  Phys-     whereby  he  labours  to  justify  his  passion,  spreading  temp-  (German  writer  on  music,  directorof  music  at 

ical  Science"  for  the  8th  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopa-dia     tations  and  then  concerting  surprises  are  quite  as  wicked  ,,       TT,,:„„,.„:tr  of  Gfittir  d-pii  from    1779      Hi<i 

Britannica  -                                                                               as  anything  ialstatt  does,  and  have,  besides,  the  further  '^"T    •"-mveisiTy  or  (romngen  Iiom   III  J.     tiis 

Forbes,  Sir  John.     Born  at  Cuttlebrae,  Banff-    crime  of  exceeding  meanne.s                       „  w  of  w  ''\'fn°,!^^  ''  "  Allgememe  Literatm-  der  Mu- 

shire,  Scotland,  Dec.  18, 1787:  died  Nov.  i3,1861.                                        a«<i.o«,  Introd.  to  M.  W.  of  w.  sik"  (i<92)                           _        .    .^    .,.     ^^  , 

A  British  physician  and  medical  writer.    He  was  Ford,  Paul  Leicester.  Bon,  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Forli  (tor-le  ).     1 .  A  pro  vine  em  Em^ilia,  Italy, 

editor,  in  conjunction  with  Drs.  Tweeclie  .and  Conolly.  of     1865:   died  at  New   York.   May  8,   1902.      An  "*;?'^'^""|, ''^  .^'i?  Adnatic.     Area^,(^  square 

the  "Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Medicine  i'(l,-,32-35)                  American  author.      He  wrote  "The  Honorable  Peter  ™''?^,    population    (1891),    269,3/4.-2     Ihe 

Forbin  (for- ban'),  Claude  de.     Born  at  Gar-     Stirling"  (1894»,  "The  True  George  Washington"  (I896i.  capital  of  the  province  ot  Forli,  situated  on 

danne.  near  Ai.x,  France,  Aug.  6,  16.')6  :   died     "The  story  of  an  Intold  Love"  (1897),  "The  Many-sided  the  old  ^niilian  Way  m  lat.  44°  14'  N.,  long. 

nearMarseiUes,  March  4,1733.    A  French  naval     Franklin  '  (1899),  ".lanice  Meredith"  (1899),  etc.  12°  2'  'E.:  the  ancient  Forum  Livii.     It  has  a 

commander.    He  accompanied  the  ambassador  Chan-  Ford,  Richard.     Born  at  London,  1796:  died  at  pseudo-classical  cathedral  and  a  picture-gallery.     The 
mont  to  Siam  in  1685  ;  was  admiral  and  gener.al-in-chief  to     Hea  vltree,  near  Exeter,  1858.    An  English  trav-     citadel,  a  picturesque  castle  of  tlie  14th  and  16th  centu - 

the  King  of  Siam  1686-87 ;  and  1702-10  served  as  chef  d'es-     pier  and  author      He  wrote  a  "Handbook  for  Travelers  "''^'  e^^^      "  ^f""  ,",'  •    ?  ^^^KeouB  exploits  of  Catha- 

..ai,,    i,,  ti.o  i.',,..n..i,  „.ivv      Tl..  „-,,ott.'-\iA,„n,-,,oQ"  p,lit..H      eiBi  aiiuaiuiiui.     uewroiea    nanaoooK  lor  iiaveiers  nnaSforza,  widow  of  Giro  amoRiario.     Forli  was  a  repub- 

nn  1  n,    1    1?   I  II',.  on  .'.t  in  1  "i  ^        ^^«"°"''''    "'"'"''^      i"  Spain  "  (1846).  one  of  the  first  and  best  (and  in  its  ongi-  ,;„  j,,  the  later  middle  ages,  and  was  annexed  to  the  Papal 

X>J.^V^,1  ,^i^l*^  p1^  o^Iv  o     f  .  l„^'„i  „  .  o„  1  ,.,.;        ""'  '"""  ""*  '""""')  "*  Murray's  Handbooks.  states  in  1504.     Population  (1891),  estimated,  44,000. 

FqrboniusandPriSCeria(tor-boni-usandpri-p  ^j^         (for'dam).      Formerly  a  village  of  Forli,  Melozzo  da.     Born  at  Forii,  Ital>,  about 

se'n-a).  Delectable  History  of.     A  ™mance     ^^^^  p^,,^     New  York,  now  a  part  of^New  1438:  died  1494.     An  Italian  painter,  noted  for 

m  prose  and  vers-e  by  Thomas  Lodge  (1584)          york  citv,  12  miles  north  of  the  City  Hall.     It  is  his  skill  in  foreshortening. 

i^rce   (tors),  Pe-ter.     Born   at  Fassaic   i  a  Us,     the  seat  bf  St.  John's  College  (Roman  Catholic).  Formal    (for'mal),    James.      In  Wycherlev's 

?•  *^-'o?°7i<4  '    '^0  =  /"^''.=^*  Washington,  D.  (..,  p^^^.g  ^leater.     A  former  theater  in  Wash-  comedy  "  The  Gentleman  Dancing  Master,"  an 

Jan.  -d,  i»U».     An  Aineiican  a^^^^^^^                            ington.    President  Lincoln  was  assassinated  there  AprU  old,  rich  merchant,  also  known  as  Don  Diego. 

Tf  L'olumbia  is"^)  anSwasra  or  o^  W    h^^^?A'on  183^      ".1*^65.    It  was  .Jterward  used  by  the  government  lor  "He  is  deeply  imbued  ^ith  Spanish  customs,  and  uns'uc- 

?La  '  ms'c\  eV^?k'^^' ImeS^A^Wves'^Do™^^^^^^         ^''"'a^T^'f  al^cTa  nnmlfei'S' ifvTi^'reSok  "  ™'''""''  ""^'"/'^  undertakes  to  keep  his  daughter  shut  up  and 

tary  History  of  the  English  Colonies  in  North  America"     J"n^9■l''9f^''"'j''7™';'^'^/'f''''t.'''tV:^^^^            i,o,  away  from  men. 

(1833-63),  compiled  and  published  by  order  of  Congress.   Fordun  (for-dun'),  John  01.     Died  after  1384.  FormaU     (tor  man),    SimOU.       Born    at   (^Uld- 
A  collection  of  22,000  books  and  40,000  pamphlets,  most  of     A  Scottish  chronicler  who  wrote  a  history  of    hampton,  Dec.  30,  15.52:  died  at  London,  Sept. 

them  rare  which  he  made  in  connection  with  this  work,     Scotland  down  to  his  own  time,  entitled  "Chro-  r2,  1611.      An  English  astrologer  and  quack, 

was  purchased  by  Congress  "n  186.^            ToTifrrPss  to     "ica  Gentis  Scotorum,"  which  was  continued  He  practised  his  profession  with  some  success,  though 

iorce  iSlll.  1.  A  bill  passed  by  Congiess  to  -Walter  Rower  iin.ler  the  titlfi  of  "  Scoti-  several  times  imprisoned,  and  was  finally  implicated  in 
enforce  the  tariff.  It  was  occasioned  by  the  ordin.ance  Oy  VValter^^LiOWer  unUer  tne  title  Ot  OCOtl  the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury.  He  died  before  the 
passedbySouthCarolinaNov.  24, 18.'M,  nullifying  the  tariH  cnronicon.  „  ,  ,  ,,  ,  .  transaction  became  public.  Jonson  alludes  to  his  love- 
acts  ol  1828  and  1832,  and  became  law  March  2, 1833.  Also  Foreland  (for  land).  North.  A  headland  lU  philters,  etc.,  in  his  "Epicoene."  He  wrote  a  book  " The 
called  the  ■  Bloody  Bill"  Kent.  England,  66  miles  east  of  London,  in  lat.  Grounds  of  the  Longitude,  etc."  (1691),  and  left  several 
2.  A  bill  for  the  protection  of  political  and  civil  510  92' 28"' N  long  1°  ■''6' 48"  E  (lio-hthouse)  dianes  and  "The  Book-e  of  Plaies  etc.,  with  accounts  of 
rights  in  the  South,  passed  in  1870.-3.  A  bill  Near  it  occurred  the  naval  drawn  battle,  jSne,  1666,  be-  -p'*;'^,^;  A^p" tL  A  Doem  bT'Chaucer  discov- 
with  the  same  purpose  as  the  preceding,  passed  tween  the  English  under  Albemarle  and  the  Dutch  under  *  ""^^f^Rfn,!  i^t  jf^™  P ,  ,71^,  ■ 
iQ-i  A  \  1  «  ii  T  1  De  Ruvter  ei'cd  bv  Bradshaw.  it  was  first  pnnted  by  Morns 
'?  l?.'l'-4-,  A  popular  name  for  the  Lodge  p^l.^"'"^  gouth  A  headl-ind  in  Kent  Eng-  i"  isee."  It  is  a  metrical  portion  of  Chaucer's  transla- 
election  bill,  which  passed  the  Republican  ■torYana,»OUin.  a  neauiaiui  m  .B.enr,  j!.ng  tion  of  Boethius,  probably  written  after  the  prose  trans- 
House  of  Representatives  in  1890,  but  failed  to     land,  projecting  into  the   S  rait  of  Doveis  4  J^^^^^  „^,  a„i,hed. 

pass  the  Senate  in  1801.    It  became  a  leading  party     r^*'^"'';;'^'^,^  ^*  J?.°Tt^' "' ^'^'- ^^^    ^^^•'  Formes  (for'mes),  Karl  Johann.     Born  Aug. 

measure.    It  was  designed  "to  amend  and  supplement  the     long.  1"  .iJ    22    ±i.  (llgbtUouse).  7,   1810:  died  Dec.  15,  1889.      A  German  bass 

election  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  to  provide  for  the  Foresight    (for 'sit).       In    Cougreve's    comedy  gju^er. 

more  efficient  enforcement  of  such  laws,  and  for  other     "Love  for  Love,"  an  old  man  -with  a  fondness  Pormey  (for'mi),  Johann  Heinrich  Samuel. 

Pn"rpprMarriaffe   The  1    A  traTlcomedv  bv     for ''judicial  astrology."    He  is  made  up  of  dreams.  Born  at  Berlin,  May  31,  1711:  died  at  Berlin! 

rorcea  jyiarriage,  ine.  1.  a  iragicomeoy  oy      „atinties,  and  superstitions  of  all  kinds,  and  is  always  -vi.-,.!,   7     1707       A    (t-orrm,,   r,bilr,c<iTilTir.il  and 

Mrs.   Aphra   Behn   (1671  .— 2.    A  tragedy  by     searching  for  omens.    He  has  a  hypocritical,  vicious  wife.  March*,  1(J-.     A  German  philosophit  aland 

i„i,.,  i,.„ic,t...^T,rr  n7-ij.\  Ti         i.  «      i  I        11     t-       „,.,„  e *■!,.,  miseelIaneouswnter,ot  French  (Huguenot)  de- 

Johu  .Armstrong  (I/.i4)  Forest  Oantons.     A   collective  name  tor  the  „„„    ,    „„„(,„„,„„  „f    ',.„+„,.„  /17•^fl^  o„,i  ,^l,;1no 

Padua;  April  4.  1768.  "^'a  noted  Italian  le.xicog-F;;estCity:Thr^r^^^^  ffTK*)  "'^  Academy 

rapher,  a  pupil  and  collaborator  of  Facciolati.     Ohio,  on  account  of  the  number  of  its  shade-  ^'-'.'-  ,.    ,    -  ...       ,  t.  „^  •„  n „-„„„  ^t 

He  began  the  "TotiuE  latinitatis  lexicon,  etc.,"  in  1718,     .,."'*'  Formia  (for'me-a).     A  town  m  the  pro-yince  of 

and  completed  it  with  Facciolati's  aid  in  1753.     It  was  x-'^^.ia,  /f„„'.>o  ti■,.^  -Pi-oTit       A  T^nnrlnnvm  nf     Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  tlie  Gulf  of  Gaeta 
published  at  Padua  in  1771.  Forester  (for  es-ter),  Frank.     A  pseudonj  m  ot    ^  ^.^^^  northwest  of  Naples :  the  ancient  For- 

Forchhammer      (torch' ham -mer),     Johann    Wenry  /V-'^".^''t."^^"  t„„      c ^^^i?^,.  mite,  formerly  Mela  di  Gaeta.     Population, 

Georg.     Bom  at  Husum,  near  Schleswig,  July  Forestl  (fo-res  te),  E.  Felice.     Born  near  ier-  ^^^^^  8  000 

26,1794:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  14, 1865.    A  ra,^a,  Italy,  about  1793 :  died  at  Genoa,  Sept.  14,  j        j    '      (for-raen-ye'),  or  Fourmigni  (for- 

Danish  mineralogist,  chemist,  and  geologist,  1858.     An   Italian  patriot.     He  was  thrown  into  ^      °^')      A  village  in  the  department  of  Cal- 

n,.nfoa=m.  nf  TiiinoJoloo-Tut  tliBTTnivprsitvofrn-  prson  in  1819  for  Conspiring  against  the  Austrian  govern-  ™«"  y^'-     ^  vuictge  lu  lup  ue^jai  riiieui  ui  ..a. 

piotessoi  otimueralogy  at  the  university  otoo-  ^        ^^^  ^,^^  detained  in  captivity  until  1835,  when  he  vados,  France,  near  Bayeux,     Here,  in  1460,  the 

pennagen.      He   published    "UenmarJtS   geog-  was  exiled  to  America.    He  became  professor  of  the  Italian  English  were  defeated  by  the  French  with  a  loss  of  about 

nostiske  Forhold"  (1835),  etc.  language  and  literatiue  in  Columbia  College,  and  in  1858  4,000. 


Formorians 
Formorlans  (for-mo'ri-aii/,).     See  the  extract. 

The  first  people,  then,  of  whose  existence  in  Ireland  we 
can  be  said  to  know  anytliiny  are  commonly  asserted  to 
have  been  of  Tui-aniaii  origin,  and  are  known  as  '■  Formo- 
rians." As  far  as  we  can  gather,  they  were  a  dark,  low- 
browe.l,  stnnteil  race,  althongh,  oddly  enough,  the  word 
F()nnori;iii  in  early  Irish  legend  is  always  used  as  synony- 
mous with  tile  word  giant.  They  were,  at  any  rate,  a  race 
of  utteily  savage  hunters  and  fishermen,  ignorant  of  metal, 
of  potteiy.  possibly  even  of  the  use  of  fire  ;  using  the  stone 
hammers"  or  hatchets  of  which  vast  numbers  may  be  seen 
in  every  museum.  Lauicxx,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  5. 

Formosa  (tor-mo'sii),  Chin.  Taiwan  di'wan'). 

[Pk..  'the  beautiful.']  Au  island  east  of 
China,  forming,  until  ceded  to  .Japan  1S9.5, 
the  province  of  the  same  name  in  China,  it  Is 
traversed  by  mountains.  Its  products  are  tea,  sugar,  coal, 
etc.  The  chief  towns  are  Tamsui,  Taiwan,  and  Kelung. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Chinese  and  aborigines  (Malayan,  Ne- 
grito). The  western  part  of  the  island  was  colonized  by 
the  Chinese  about  -200  years  ago.  It  wa.s  the  principal 
scene  of  warfare  in  the  war  of  France  with  China  in  18^4- 
1885  ;  was  blockaded  by  the  French  fleet,  and  in  part  oc- 
cupied by  the  French  ;  and  was  the  theater  of  several 
combats  (the  French  being  led  by  Admiral  Courbet)  in  1S85. 
Ltiigtii,  2.35  miles.  Area,  13,-158  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  3,000,1X10. 
Formosa.  -A.  teiTitory  of  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, in  the  Gran  Chaco  region,  between  the  riv- 
ers Paraguay,  Pilcomayo,  and  Berrae.io.  Capi- 
tal, Formosa.     It  was  created  in  1S84  by  a  division  of 


401 

Keneral  commanded  the  troops  which  captured  Fort  Pil- 
low, April  12,  18W.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-genend 
i?i  Feb.,  ISCi,  and  surrendered  on  the  9th  of  ilay  in  the 
same  year. 

Forrest,  Thomas.    Died  in  India  about  1802.  ,,.,,.,  ttt-,,- 

An  English  navigator.  He  entered  the  service  of  the  Forster  (torster),  WUliam, 
Fast  India  Company  probably  about  1748.  He  discovered 
Forrest  .stiait  (wliic'h  received  its  name  from  him)  in  IVno, 
and  m.ade  several  voyages  of  e.\ploration.  He  wrote  "  A 
Voyage  to  .New  Guinea  and  the  Moluccas  from  Balam- 
bangan  .  .  .  during  the  years  1774-5-6  ■'  (177il),  "  A  Journal 
ot  the  Ether  lirig,  Capt.  Thomas  Forrest,  from  Bengal  to 
(Jnedidl,  in  178;i "  (178'.>).  "  A  Voyage  from  Calcutta  to  the 
Mergui  .\rchipelago"(17i)2),  "A  Treatise  oil  the  Monsoons 
in  East  India  "  (1782). 

Forrester  (I'cir'is-t.  r),  Alfred  Henry:  pseudo- 

nvni  Alfred  Crowquill.  l'>urn  at  London,  Sept. 
10,  1801:  died  there,  May  2(),  1872.  An  English 
author  anil  artist.  Ho  was  a  younger  brother  of 
Charles  Robert  Forrester,  with  whom  he  shared  the  use  of 
thepseudonym  Alfred  Crowiiuill.  He  contributed  sketches 
to  Vols.  II,  III,  and  IV  of  "  I'unch,"  and  illustrated  nu- 
merous works. 

Forrester,  Charles  Robert.    Born  at  London. 

1803:  dieil  tlicrr.  Jau.  ].'),  18.')0.  An  English  au- 
thor. He  was  an  elder  brother  of  .-Vlfred  Henry  Forrester, 
anil  with  him  used  the  pseudonym  Alfred  Crowquill:  he 
also  wrote  under  the  name  of  HalWillis.  Among  his  works 
are  "Absurdities  in  Prose  and  Verse,  written  and  illus- 
trated by  Alfred  Crowquill  "  (1S27),  ami  "  Phantasmagoria 
of  Fun"  (184:0,  both  of  which  were  Illustrated  by  his 
brother. 


the'  old  terriloiy  ot  Chaco.     Area,  about  40,000  square  Forrester,  Fanny.     A  pen-name  of  Miss  Emily 


Chubbuck,  wife  of  the  missionary  Adoniram 
.Judson. 

Forsete  (for-set'e).  orForseti  (for-set'e).  In 
Norse  mvthologv,  the  go(l  of  justice,  son  of 
Balder. 


niile.s.     Civilize'l  population,  about  5,000. 

Formosa  Bay,  or  Ungama  (ong-gii'mii  i  Bay. 
An  indentation  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa, 
about  lat.  2°  30'  S. 

Formosa  Strait.    The  channel  which  separates 
Formosa  from  the  mainland.     Breadth  at  the  Forskil(for'sk;il), Peter.    Born  at  Helsingfors 
narrowest  part,  about  90  miles.  Finland;  .Ian.  11,  1732:  died  at  Yerim,  ^Vi'abia 

FormosUS  (f»r-nio'sus).     Born  about  816:  died     " 
896.    Pope  801 -8J16.     He  was  a  missionary  among  the 
Bulgarians  ^bout  80ti.     He  crowned  Arnulf  of  Carinthia 
emperor  in  SlMi. 

Fornarlna  (f or-na-re  'nil) ,  La.  [It. ,'  Tho  Baker- 
ess.']  A  ])icture  by  Raphael,  painted  about 
1.509,  now  in  the  Palazzo  Barberini,  Rome.  It 
represents  a  half-iuide  woman  seated  in  a  wood.  On  her 
bracelet  is  written  "Raphael  I'rbinas."  It  is  commonly 
callecl  "  Raphaels  Mistress,"  the  name  "  Fornaiina"  hav- 
ing been  given  to  it  about  1750.  .She  is  said  to  have  been 
Margherita,  the  (l.-intjhtrrof  a  baker.  There  are  two  other 
pictures  to  whirli  this  name  has  been  given,  both  by  Se- 
bastian dell'iombo,  and  i-arhhasbeen  attributed  to  Raphael, 
and  under  this  suppo.-ition  has  been  engraved.    One  is 

now  in  tlie  Old  Museum  at  Berlin,  and  the  other  is  in  the  Forster  (f»''r'ster).  Bmst 
Umzi,  I'lorence  (dated  1612).  -  .         -      . 

Fornax (for'naks).  [L., 'an  oven.']  A  south- 
ern constellation,  invented  and  named  by  La- 
caille  in  1763.  it  lies  south  of  the  western  part  of  Eri- 
danus,  and,  as  its  boundaries  are  at  present'drawji,  contains 
no  sUir  of  greater  magnitude  than  the  fifth. 

Forney  (for'ni)  John  Weiss     Boni  at  Lau-  FoVster'aor-st 
caster.  Pa.,  Sept.  30,  181/  :  diedat  Philadelphia,     Switzei-land 
Dec.    9,    1881.      An   American   journalist   and 
politician.    He  was  editor  of  the  i'liiladilpliia  "  Press 


July  11,  1703.  A  Swedish  naturalist  and  trav 
eler.  He  was  a  pupil  of  IJnnaJus,  on  whose  recommenda- 
tion he  was  appointed  by  Frederick  V.  of  Denmark  in 
1701  naturalist  to  a  scientific  expedition  to  Egypt  and 
Arabia,  which  was  fltte<I  out  by  the  Danish  government 
and  placed  under  the  conduct  of  Niebuhi".  He  died  while 
engaged  in  this  enterprise,  and  the  following  works,  edited 
by  Niebuhr,  appeared  posthumously  :  "  Fauna  orientalis  " 
(1775),  "Flora  legypti.aco-arabica  "  (1775). 
Forst  (t'orst),  formerly  Forsta  (for'stii)  or 
Forste  (for'ste).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Biiindenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  tho  Neisse 
62  miles  north(>ast  of  Dresden:  annexed  to 
Prussia  181.-).     Population  J1890),  23..';39. 

Born  at  Jlilnchen- 
gosserstiidt,  on  tlie  Saale,  Germany.  April  8, 
1800:  died  April  29, 1885.  AGormanpaintcrand 
m'iter  on  art.  Ho  wrote  "Oeschichte  der  deutschen 
Kunst"  (1851-02),  "  Denkinaler  der  deutschen  Baukunsl, 
Bildnerei,  und  Malerei  "(1865-09X  "  Vorschulc  zur  Kunst- 
geschichte  "  (1802),  etc. 


Fort  Bonelson 

Forster  (f^r'ster),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Griin. 
berg,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Dee.  16.  1832.  AGerman 
astronomer.  He  suceeeded  Encke  as  director 
of  the  Berlin  Observatory  in  18G5. 

Bom  at  Totten- 
ham,  near  Loudon,  March  23,  1784:  died  in 
Blount  County,  Tenn.,  .Jan.  27,  1854.  Au  Eng- 
lish philanthropist  and  minister  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  father  of  W.  E.  Forster. 

Forster.William  Edward.  Born  at  Bradpole, 

Dorset,  .luly  11,  1818:  died  at  Lomlon,  April  5, 
18SC.  An  English  politician.  He  followed.  In  part- 
nership with  'William  Fi8t>n,  the  business  of  a  woolen 
manufacturer  at  Bradford  from  1842  until  his  death  ;  waa 
LibenU  member  of  Parliament  for  Bradford  1S61-8.5,  and 
for  the  central  division  of  Bnidford  from  1885  until  his 
death  ;  was  under-secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  1805- 
ISOti  in  the  government  of  I.ord  Russell:  was  vi,  e-president 
of  the  committee  of  the  Council  on  Education  186S-74  in 
the  government  of  Gladstone  :  and  was  chief  secrctarj'  for 
Ireland  1S80-82  in  the  government  of  Gladstone. 

Forsyth  (for-sith ' ),  John.  Born  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  22,  1780:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Oct.  21,  1841.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Ceorgia  1818-19  and 
1829-34 :  was  governor  of  Georgia  1827-29:  and  was  secrc- 
tarj'  of  state  1834-41  under  lYesidents  Jackson  and  Van 
Buren. 

Forsyth,  Sir  Thomas  Douglas.    Bom  at  Bir- 

kciiliead,  (_)<'t.  7. 1827:  died  at  Eastbourne,  Dec. 
17,  18.S6.  Au  English  oflicial  in  India.  He  en- 
tered the  Bengal  service  in  1848.  In  1872  he  was  charged 
witli  the  suppression  of  an  insurrection  of  the  Kuka  sect 
under  Ham  Singh  at  Malair  Kotla.  Before  his  arrival 
Cowan,  the  commissioner  of  Ludhiana,  had  executed  a 
number  of  the  insurgents.  This  action  was  approved  by 
Forsyth,  with  the  result  that  both  were  removed  from 
ofllee.  Forsyth  was  in  1876  sent  as  envoy  to  the  King  of 
Burma,  from  whom  he  obtained  an  acknowledgment  of 
the  indi-pendenee  of  the  Karen  states. 

Forsyth,  William.  Born  at  Greenock,  Oct.  25, 
1812  :  ilied  at  Loudon,  Dec.  26,  1899.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  historian.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  18;i4  :  proceeded  M.  A.  in 
1837  ;  was  calleil  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1839; 
became  queen's  i-ounsel  in  1S57;  and  was  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  Marylebone  1874-80.  Among  his  works  are  a 
"  History  of  Trial  bv  Jury  "  (1H.'>2),  "  Napoleon  at  St.  He- 
lena "  (18.'j:i),  "  Life  of  Cicero  "  (1864).  '  .Novels  and  .Novel- 
ists of  the  Eighteenth  Century  "  (1871). 

Fortaleza  (for-tii-la'zii),  often  but  incorrectly 
lallrd  CearA  (se-ii-rii').  A  sea])ort  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  ]iro\-ince  of  Ceara,  Brazil,  lat.  3°  43' 
S.,  long.  38°  31'  W.     Populaticui,  about  25,000. 

Fort  Augustus.  A  village  and  former  mili- 
tary station  of  Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  at  the 
southeui  extreiiiity  of  Loch  Ness. 

Fort  Benton.  A  small  town  in  Choteau  County, 
unrlhcru  Montana,  on  the  Missouri  River:  an 


.^  ,^    _  .        .T)  IT      1        iiiiiHirtaul  ei  liter  of  tho  fur-trade, 

-star  ),  Francois.     Born  at  Locle,  p  ^  Bowyer.     A  former  fort  near  Mobile.  Ala- 
,  Aug.  22,  L9II:  died  at  Pans  June     ,^.^,„,,_    j/„^^^  „ 


27,  1872.     A  Freucli  engraver  of  portraits  and 
hi-storical  pictures. 


i85--n,clerkof_tl,elnit<.lStatesHouseof  nor^e^tati^s  pg— ^ 


1851-65  and  1859-01,  and  secretary  ot  tho 
Senate  1861-08. 

Fornovo  (for-no'vo).  A  small  to-ivniu  tho  prov- 
ince ot  Parma,  Italy,  situated  on  tho  Taro  10 
miles  southwest  of  Parma.  Here,  July  o,  1496.  tho 
French  uiuler  Charles  VIII.  defeatcfl  tlie  Italians  under 
Qonzaga,  and  aeeiiretl  the  retreat  of  the  French  army. 

Forobosco  (to-rO-bos'ko).  A  clieating  mounte- 
bank in  "  The  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,"  by  Fletcher 
and  others. 

Forres  (for'es).  A  royal  burgh  in  Elginshire, 
Scotland,  12  miles  west  of  Elgin.  Population 
(1891),  2,928. 

Forrest  (for'est ),  Edwin.  Born  at  Phihidelphia, 
March  9,  1806:  died  there.  Di'C.  12, 1872.  Acele- 
brated  American  a<'tor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
regular  stage  in  182*)  as  Douglas  in  Home's  j)lay  of  that 
name.  IMs  first  notable  success  was  in  New  York,  where 
hi!  playerl  "  Othello  "  in  182«.     In  I83U  he  appeand  in  I.on- 


gosser.stiidt,  Sept.  24,  1791:  died  at  Bi^rlin,  Nov. 
8, 1868.  A  German  historian,  soldier,  poet,  ami 
journalist,  brother  of  E.  Forster.  Ho  published 
works  on  Wallenstein,  Frederick  the  Great,  re- 
cent Prussian  history,  etc. 

Forster,  Heinrich.    Bom  at  Grossglogau,  Prus- 

si;i,Nov.24, 1800:diedat.Toliauuisl)crg,Au.strian 
Silesia,  Oct.  "20,  1881.  A  (ieriiian  Roman  Catholic 
iindate  ami  puliiit  orator,  bishop  of  Hreslau. 

Forster  (for'stir),  Johann  Georg  Adam,  com- 
monly called  Georg  Forster.  I'.oin  at  Nassen- 
hiiben,  near  Daiitzic,  Prussia,  Nov.  27,  1754: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10,  1794.  A  German  natu- 
ralist, traveler,  and  author,  son  of  J.  R.  Forster. 
He  accompanied  Cook  on  his  sccmid  voyage  in  1772. 
Among  his  works  are  "  A  Voyage  round  the  WorId"n777), 
"Kleiiic  Sihriften  "  (1789-117),  "Ansichten  vom  NIeder- 

rhein,  liral.ant,  etc."  (17110). 


with  success  both  in  England  and  America,  until  in  1S46  ForstOr,  JohaUU  Reiuhold.    Born  at  Dirschaii, 

in  London  he  was  Hissed  in  "Macbeth."    He  attributed  Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1('29:   died  at  Halle,  Prussia, 

this  ti>  M.acready's  influence,  and  shortly  after,  when  tho  Dee.  9,  1798.    Atierman  travilcrand  naturalist, 

latter  was  playing  Hamlet  In  Kdinburgh,  Forrest  slooil  up  |,„  ,„.,.,„„p„nled  Cook  on  his  second  voyage  in  1772,  ami 


lich  the  immediate  occasion  was  tho  attempt  of  lor-  _,.  ..    /,,,,,     t^v,.,       n  ..... 

sfs  adnilreisto  prevent  Macready  from  appearing  In  the  X  OTSter  (lot   Slit),  JOnU.      "<''J\ 
itor  Place  opera  House.     Ills  la.st  appearance  In  New     .\pril   2,  1812:  died  I  eb.  2,  18(0. 


In  his  hox"and  hissed  violently.     It  is  believed  that  this 
was  the  original  cause  of  the  Astor  Place  riot  In  I&IO,  of 
which  the  immediate  occasion  was  the  attempt  of  Ff>r 
rest' 
Ast. 

York  was  In  Feb.,  I.s71,  and  In  ilarch  of  that  year  he  ap 
peared  for  tho  last  time  a.H  an  actor  In  Boston.  He  after- 
ward, however,  gave  Sliaksperian  readings.which  were  not 
successful,  lie  left  his  hoUHC  in  Philadelphia  aa  a  home 
for  aged  actors.  Ilere  also  he  cullc<;tcd  a  large  dramatic 
library.  One  of  his  most  chanictcrlstic  parts  wa.-*  Aylmero 
in  ",laek  Cade,"  wliich  was  written  f(,r  him  by  Robert  T. 
(Nuirad.  Among  his  great  parts  were  Lear,  Coriohiims, 
Othello,  Virgiulus,  Damon,  sjtartacus.  Tell,  eti-. 

Forrest,  Nathan  Bedford.     Born  at  Chapel 

Hill,  Tenn..  .Inly  13,  1821:  died  at  Mempliis, 
Tenn.,  Oct.  "29,  1877.  An  American  cavalry  com- 
mander in  the  Confeilerate  service  during  the 
Civil  War.  IIo  participated,  as  brigadier-general.  In  the 
battle  ot  Chickauiauga,  Sept  19-'20,  1863,  and  as  unqor- 
C— 26 


1  attacked  Sept.  15,  1814,  by  a  British  land 
force  of  730  troops  and  2lK>  Creelc  Indians,  assisted  by  a 
naval  force.  The  gaiTison,  which  eonsisteil  of  134  men, 
repelleil  the  attack  with  the  loss  of  5  killed  and  4  wounded. 
The  I'.ritish  lost  1(12  killed  and  70wounded. 

Fort  Caswell.  A  fort  on  0«k  Island,  at  the 
moutli  of  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  held 
by  the  Confederates  till  186:5. 

Fort  Clinton.  A  fort  in  the  highlands  of  the 
lIu.lsoM,  south  of  West  Point,  during  the  Revo- 
luliouarv  War. 

Fort  Craig,  Battle  of.  A  battle  at  Fort  Craig, 
New  .Mexwo,  F.'b.  21,  1862,  during  tho  Ci\'il 
War.  in  which  a  Union  force  of  3,810  men  un- 
der Colonel  E.  R.  S.  Cnnbv  was  defeated  and 
diiviu  wiiliin  the  fort  by  tiio  Confederate  gen- 
er;il  11.  11.  Sil.ley. 

Fort  Dearborn.  A  fort,  established  by  the 
Uniteil  St  at  es  government  ( 1804),  which  became 
tlie  nuideus  of  Chicago.     See  Vliicaiio, 

Fort  de  France  (for  de  froi'is),  formerly  Fort 

Royal.  -V  seaport  ami  theciipilal  of  the  island 
of  Xlarliuicnu',  French  West  Indies,  situated  in 
lat.)4°36'N.,loiig.61°4'W.  Population (1885), 
15,.-r29. 


publish. 

ihe  Worl.l.' 


observations  made  during  a  Voyage  rtmiid  Port  de  I'ficluse  (for  d('>  la-kliiz').    A  fort  on  the 


etc.  (1778),  etc. 


Born  at  Newcastle 


historian  and  biographer,    ii 

College:  was  called  t  >  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  In 
1843;  became  eilitor  of  the  "Examiner"  In  1847;  waa 
appolnteil  secretary  to  the  couimlssloneis  of  lunacy  in 
1855;  and  was  nia(Ie  a  commissioner  of  lunacy  In  Iwll,  a 
IKisitlon  which  he  resigned  In  187'.'.  He  bei|Ueathed  "the 
Forster  Colleitlon"  to  the  natliui.  II  Is  now  at  South 
Kenslnglon.  It  consisis  of  18,oi«i  bo<ikK,  many  manu- 
scripts (Inelniling  nearly  all  Ihe  original  manuscripts  of 
Dickens's  novels),  48  oil-paintings,  anil  a  large  number  of 
drawings,  engravings,  etc.  ills  works  include  "  Ills! orlcal 
and  Biographical  Essays'"  (collected  in  1858),  "Life  of 
Sir  .lohn  Eliot  '  (expanded  ls<l4),  "  Life  of  |jmdor"(18<lll), 
"Lite  of  Dickens'  (187'2-7:f-74),  etc.  He  wnde  a  number 
of  other  biographies,  and  contributed  masterly  articles  to 
the  leading  periodicals. 


b'lioiie,  west  of  Geneva,  guarding  the  entrance 
to  I'raiici'  from  Switzerland. 
An  English  p^^^  Dodge.  The  en|)ital  of  Webster  County, 
studied  at  University  i„„,,i,  .situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River 70  miles 
northwest  of  Des  .Moines.  I'opulalion  (1900), 
l'2.1(i2. 
Fort  Donelson.  A  forlification  in  nortliwcsl- 
ern  TcniKssee,  situated  on  the  Cumberland 
River  63  miles  wesl-iioilliwest  of  Nashville,  it 
was  Invcstcil  by  (Icni'ral  Onint  F>b.  lS-14, 1«K.  Having 
snslallied  a  bombardmeni  by  Ihe  KiMleral  gunboats  under 
Commodore  Fiwde  Feb.  1 1.  Ihe  garrimui  (which  numbered 
about  Is.noo  eirertlves)  made  an  niisueceiisful  sortie  Feb. 
15.  The  fort  was  surrendereil  by  Genenil  Bllckner  Feb.  10  : 
his  senior  oflUers,  tlenenils  Floyd  and  I'illow,  escaped  hjr 
the  river.  The  Federals  numbered  l.'..IX)0  at  the  liegln- 
nliig  of  the  Investment,  and  about  2",IX10  at  tho  surrender. 


Fort  Donelson 

The  Federal  loss  (army  and  navy,  Feb.  14-16)  was  510 
killed,  2,152  woandeJ,  and  224  missing  ;  the  Confederate 
loss  was  about  2,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  13,000  cap- 
tured. 

Fort  Douglas.  A  United  Stat€S  military  post, 
3  miles;  east  of  Salt  Lake  Citv. 

Fort  Duquesne.    See  Fiftgbiir/i. 


402 

on  the  Mississippi  57  miles  southeast  of  Xew 
Orleans,  it  was  strongly  fortified  by  the  Confederates 
during  the  Civil  W,ar,  and,  with  Fort  St.  Philip,  guarded 
the  lower  approach  to  New  Orleans.  It  was  passed  by 
the  Federal  fleet  under  Farragut  April  24,  1862.  and  was 
compelled  to  surrender  shortly  after  by  the  fall  of  the 
citv. 


Fort  Edward.  A  village  in  Washington  County,  Foft  Lafayette.     A  fort  in  the  Narrows,  in 


Kew  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  39  miles 
north  of  Albany,  it  was  an  important  post  daring 
the  French  and  Indian  war.  Populatii.n  iltWii  of  town- 
sli  1'.  .5.21i'>:  01  villai;e  (1;)II0\  3,.i21 

Fortescue  (for'tes-ku),  Sir  Faithful.  Died 
near  Carisbrooke  in  May,  1666.  A  EoyaUst  com- 
mander in  the  Qivil  war  in  England.  He  served 
as  a  major  in  the  Parliamentary  army  at  the  battle  " 
EdgehiU,  daring  which  engagement  he  deserted  with  1 
troop  to  the  royal  standard.  He  subsequently  com 
manded  a  regiment  of  royal  infantry,  served  under  the 
Marquis  of  Ormonde  in  Iieland  in  1647,  and  on  the  acces- 
sion ot  Charles  II.  was  reinstated  as  constable  of  Carrick- 
fergus,  and  created  a  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber. 


front  of  Fort  Hamilton,  at  the  entrance  to  New 
York  harbor. 
Fort  McAllister.  A  fort  on  the  Ogeeehee 
Eiver,  opposite  Genesis  Point,  Georgia,  built 
by  the  Confederates  during  the  Civil  War  to 
guard  the  approach  to  Savannah,    it  was  taken 


Fortuny  y  Carbo 

Civil  War.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  tne  oa- 
tional  works  in  Charleston  harbor  were  commanded  bv 
Major  Robert  Anderson.  In  consequence  of  the  secession 
01  South  CaroUna,  Dec.  20, 1860,  and  the  prepai-ations  made 
by  that  State  to  seize  the  United  States  forts  in  the  har 
bor,  he  evacuated  Fort  .Moultrie  Dec.  26, 18tiij,  and  concen- 
trated  his  forces  at  Fort  Sumter.  Keiniorcements  sent  out 
in  the  »t.ar  of  the  West  were  prevented  from  landing  the 
ship  being  fired  on  oti  Morris  Island  Jan.  9,  1S61.  On 
-iprd  11,  1861,  Major  Anderson  refused  a  demand  by  Gen- 
eral G.  T.  Beauregard  to  surrender ;  and  on  April  1'  and 
13  sustained  a  bombardment  from  batteries  at  Fort  Mool- 
tne,  lort  Johnson,  Cumming's  Point,  and  elsewhere  He 
surrendered  AprU  13,  no  casualties  having  occurred  on 
either  side.  The  fort  was  held  by  the  Confederates  until 
the  evacuation  of  Charleston,  Feb.  17  1863 


;  unsuccessfully  bombarded  by 
the  British  fleet  in  1814.  During  the  bombardment  Francis 
Scott  Key,  an  .\merican  citizen,  was  detained  on  board  a 
British  vessel,  and  was  inspired  by  the  spectacle  to  write 

Fortescue,  George.     Bom  at  London  about  Port  M«'rnT°'*'^  ^""'''■" 
157»:  died  in  1659.     An  English  essavist  and  ^^.^on, 


poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Roman  Catholic  parents,  and 
was  educated  at  the  English  College  of  Douay  and  at  the 
English  College  at  Rome.  His  chief  work  is  "Feiiie 
Academicae,  auctore  Georgio  de  Forti  Scuto  Xobili  Anglo  " 
(1630)     He  is  also  credited  with  the  aathorship  of  the 


A  fort  on  the  eastern  extremitv 
of  Bogtie  Island,  commanding  Beaufort  har- 
bor, North  Carolina,  begun  in  1826,  and  finished 
in  1834.  Tt  was  captured  April  26,  1861,  by  a  rnion 
army  under  General  Parke,  assisted  by  a  naval  force  under 
Commander  Samuel  Lockwood. 


anonymous  poem  "The  Sovlea  Pilgrimage  to  Heavenly  Fort  Mcldison.     A  city  and  the  capital  of  Lee 


Hierusaiem"(1650). 
Fortescue,  Sir  John.  Died  about  1476.  An 
English  j  urist.  He  was  madechief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  in  1442.  As  a  Lancastrian  he  followed  Queen  Mar 
garet  to  Flanders  in  1463;  returned  to  England  in  1471 , 
was  captured  at  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury,  and  accepted 
a  pardon  from  Edward  IV.    His  most  no'table  works  are 


County,  southeastern   Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  li  miles  southwest  of  Burlington. 
Population  (19U0),  9,278. 
Fort  Mifflin.    A  fort  on  the  Delaware  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Schuylkill :  one  of  the  defenses  of 

Philadelphia. 

."■  S^  /^^"r'„''v»l^^°'  -f  ".^"l.^"  ^'-  P"?'?."* '?  ^¥J- '""'  Fort  Monroe.    A  fort  on  Old  Point  Comfort,  at 

•■  On  the  Governance  of  the  Kingdom  of  Encland     (als  I  tbo  m.ii,H>  nf  fl..^  T„.«„    r>-              /  ^"^^"ii,  ol 

entitled    'The  Diflerence  between  an  .Absolute  and  Um-  tne  mouth  of  the  James  River,  ^ll■glnla.    Itoc 

ited  Monarchy'   and  '  De  Dominio  Regali  et  Politico"!  ^upies  a  tract  of  200  acres  ceded  m  1818  by  Virginia  to  the 

first  printed  in  1714,  Inited  States,  and  is  the  largest  military  work  in  the 

Fortescue,  Sir  John.     Died  Dec.  23,  1607.    An  ■p!^^^Si„„A-r.^-^„,^       i      a        •        ^    ^ 

„„,,     „        .     ,„       •,-^"  Fort  Montgomery.     An  American  fort  on  the 
He  was  a  cousin  of  Queen  Eliza-     Hudson,  duriug  the  Revolutiouarv  War,  6  mUes 


English  politician  

beth  He  was  appointed  to  superintend  the  studies  of 
Elizabeth  about  1553,  and  was  made  keeper  of  the  great 
wardrobe  on  her  accession  in  1558,  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequet  in  1589,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster 
in  160L  On  the  accession  of  James  I.  in  1603  he  was  de- 
prived of  the  chancellorship  of  the  exchequer,  but  re- 
tained in  his  other  offices.  In  1G04  he  was  defeated  by 
Sir  Francis  Goodwin  in  a  parliamentary  election  for  Buck- 
ingham. The  clerk  of  the  crown  refused  to  receive  the 
return  of  Goodwin  on  the  ground  that  he  was  an  outlaw, 
whereupon  Fortescue  was  elected  by  virtue  of  a  second 
writ.  The  House  of  Commons  recognizeil  the  election  of 
Goodwin  as  legal.  A  dispute  between  the  king  and  the 
Commons  in  reference  to  the  election  resulted,  under  the 


luck,  corresponding  to  the  Greek  Tvehe.— 2 
-An   asteroid  (No.  19)  discovered  bv  Hind  at 
London,  Aug.  22,  18.52. 

Fortunate  Islands,  The.  [L.  ForUmatx  in- 
siila?;  Gr.  ai  7uv  fioKopuv  vrjaoi.  Islands  of  the 
Blest.]  An  ancient  name  of  the  Canary  Isl- 
sp'ls.  The  Fortunate  Islands.  Islands  of  the  Blest,  or 
the  Happy  Islands  were  originallv  imaginan-  isles  in  the 
western  ocean  where  the  souls  of  the  good  aremade  happy 
With  the  discovery  of  the  Canary  and  Madeira  islands  the 
name  became  attached  to  them. 

The  Carthaginian  fleet  [under  Himilco]  appears  to  have 
turned  homewards  from  this  point  and  to  have  touched  at 
the  Island  of  Madeira,  which  was  described  on  their  re- 
turn in  such  glowing  language  that  others  undertook  the 
voyage,  until  the  Senate,  being  afraid  of  an  exodus  from 
Carthage,  forbade  all  further  visits  to  'the  Fortunate  Isl- 
ands "  on  pain  ot  death. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  22. 
Fortunatus  (for-tu-na'tus).  The  hero  of  a  pop- 
ul;ir  European  chap-book,  when  in  great  straits  he 
receives  from  the  goddess  Fortune  a  purseVhich  can  never 
be  emptied.  He  afterwaid  takes  from  the  treasure-cham- 
ber of  a  sultan  a  hat  which  will  transport  its  wearer  whcr- 
e\-er  he  desires.  These  enable  him  to  indulge  his  every 
whim.  The  earliest  known,  and  probablv  original,  version 
was  paMished  at  Augsburg  in  1509.  It  has  been  retold  in 
all  languages,  and  dramatized  by  Hans  Sachs  in  1553  and 
by  Thomas  Dekker  in  1600.  Tieck  in  "Phantasus,"  and 
Chamisso  m  "Peter  Schlemihl."  have  also  utUized  tUs 
legend.  L  bland  left  an  unfinished  narrative  poem  "  For- 
•n  _■.  n/r      li--      --.-l--.        o   „.         ,  tunatus  and  his  Sons."    S>it  Old  Fnrlunatus. 

Fort  Moultrie.  A  tort  on  Sullivan's  Island,  in  Fortunatus,  Venantius  Honorlus  Clemen- 
themamentrancetoCharlestonharbor,ereeted  tianus.  Bom  at  Ceneda,  neai  Treviso  ifalv 
diiring  the  War  of  1812.    it  was  abandoned  by  the     about  530 :  died  after  600.    A  Latin  poet  bi«h6n 

Federalsunder  Major  Robert  Anderson  Dec.  26,  1860,  and     ^t  r>„.-t; ,      „  ..  .     ^'"'"  f"*^'-  o'iMiop 

was  seized  by  the  Confederates,  who  served  a  battery  from 
it  during  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter. 


south  of  West  Point. 
Fort  Morgan.  A  fort  at  the  entrance  to  Mo- 
bile Bay,  on  the  site  of  the  old  Fort  Bowyer. 
The  jlmericans  under  M.ajor  Lawrence  here  repals"ed  a 
combined  sea  and  land  attack  by  the  British  and  their 
Indian  allies  Sept.  15,  1814. 


pise  of  a  compromise,  in  a  victory  for  the  Commons,  who  ■pn,+  nVTiairara  A  fort  «<■  tbo  n„^'„fl,  «f  ti,  t.  A""^"  .^.  -.  . 
have  since  regularly  exercised  the  right  to  decide  on  the  ^S-  -"lag.ara.  A  tort  at  tne  mouth  of  the  Fortune  (for'tun) 
legality  of  returns.  xNiagara  Kiver,  JNew  lork,  established  by  the     attributed  to "Cha- 


f  Orteviot  (for-te'vi-ot).  A  former  town  near 
Penh,  Scotland,  noted  as  the  old  capital  of  the 
Piets. 

Fort  Fisher.  A  fortification  between  Cape 
Fear  Eiver  and  the  Atlantic,  situated  18  miles 
south  of  Wilrnington,  North  Carolina,     it  was 


?v   Po'f,'.^'^-     He  w.as  the  author  ot  300  hvmns,  among 
them      \exdla  regis  prodeunt,"  and  probably  "Pange 

-      ,,      > —  iT— .-     A  short  poem  erroneously 

by  the     attributed  to  Chaucer  by  Shirlev.     its  subtitle  is 
'■  B.allade  de  Visage  (sometimes  mitten  Village!  sauns 
Peynture"  ("The  Face  of  the  World  as  it  re-<dly  is  not 
Painted  •■).     It  is  based  partly  on  Boethius  and  partly  on  a 
PpTisTnnla    bai-hnr      t»  ,,  .         .  _poition  of  the  "Roman  de  la  Rose." 

Yt^^.unt'^lie^jrtfgl^r^,'t^j:^.  ^°'-*'^«-  .  \V^^'^S  ^y  Gmdo  Eeni,  in  the 
break  of  the  CivU  War,  but  refused  to  surrender  in  Jan  -^^ccademia  ill  ban  Luca.  Home.  The  goddess  is 
_1861,  ajid  was  held  until  reinforced.  '     represented  nude,  smiling,  sweeping  over  a  globe.    From 


French  in  1678,  and  surrendered  by  the  British 
to  the  United  States  in  1796. 
Fort  Pickens.     A  fort  on  Santa  Rosa  Island, 


attacked  by  the  Federals  under  Teny  Jan.  13,  and  was  Fort  PilloW  A  fort  on  the  Chickasaw  Rlnff  herraised  left  hand  hangs  a  purse  from  which  money  falls, 
earned  by  storm  Jan.  l,^  1S65.  The  Federal  loss  (Jan.  13-  ;„  ToT,;""  ^.^  ™  ti  \r-  ^"'^.'-".I'li^f^aw  lilutr,  :^  cupid  clings  to  her  flowing  hair  and  to  the  scarf  which 
15)  was  955 ;  the  Confederate,  2,483.  '"  iennessee,  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  above      floats  behind  her 


Fort  Garry.    See  Winnipeg. 

Fort  George.  A  fortress  in  Inverness-shire. 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Moray  Firth  9  miles 
northeast  of  Inverness:  built  in  1748. 

Forth  (forth).  A  river  of  Scotland  which,  ris- 
ing on  and  near  Ben  Lomond,  flows  east  and 

merges  in  the  Firth  of  Forth  at  Alloa.    The  es-  ■?«»•*■  T>„i-oi^-       k  s  ^        r.     i  r  ,      , 

tnary  of  the  Forth  (the  Firth  of  Forth),  an  inlet  of  tS     .?. .  ,^r.^^m_^  ^°?  °°  Cockspur  Island,  at 
North  Sea,  extends  from  Alloa  eastward  about  60  miles. 


Memphis,  noted  in  the  Civil  War.  It  was  erected  by  Fortune.     A'ship  which  arrived  at  Plvmouth 
the  Confederates  during  the  CivU  War,  and  was  occupied     ^'"'■-      ^'—    "  ^--.-.     -       ii><^u  .ii,  jrijmomn, 


-Mas 


was  captured  bv  the  Federals  un- 
der General  Htmter,  April  10.  1862. 
Fort  Eiley.      A  United  States  military  post  in 
Kansas,  at  the  junction  of  the  Bepablican  and 
Kansas  rivers. 


Length,  65  miles. 

Forth.  Firth  of.    See  Forth. 

Forth  Bridge,  The.    A  bridge  erected  (1882- 

1889)  by  the  North  British  Railway  across  the 

Firth  of  Forth  at  Queensferrv,  Scotland:  the 

largest  bridge  yet  buUt.    The  "two  main  spans  are  „ 

each  1,710  feet  long,  and  are  formed  of  two  cantalivers  Fort  Koyal.      See  Fort  de  France. 

^"c^f^^^ya'i^V^J^fe's^a^nffs'S^'f^ttt^'J.i;;  ^°!*  f\  ^^^^      A  ruined  town  on  the  Coro. 
that  of  the  Brooklvn  Bridge.     The  Seel  toweS  which      ^J^^^'^'-'^  <-"^^<-'  India,  13  miles  south  of  Pondi 
support  the  cantalivers  are  360  feet  high,  and  the  clear     coerry,  prominent  in  the  18th  centurv. 
height  above  high  water  is  151  feet.    The  total  length  is  Fort  St.  Elmo.     See  Elmo,  Castk  of  Sain  t 
6,29o  feet,  and  the  cost  was  $16,000,000.    The  metal-work  Port  St    Georffe      The  foii^ress  of  Madras 
which  constitutes  the  superstractm-e  of  the  bridge  is  '  °"  ,.,„  irif^.S,?-     ^""^  fortress  Of  Madras, 
wholly  flne  Siemens  steel  (about  54,000  tons). 

fort  Hamilton.  A  fort  on  Long  Island,  situ- 
ated on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Narrows  at  the 
entrance  to  New  York  harbor. 

Fort  Heniy.    A  fortification  in  northwestern 


bytheFeder.alsJune5,°185-2.ha^gbee-n;vaJiaTedTnd  "iro^'  '^°^-.  ¥'  ^''F'  ^'"T  Lo^^don,  bringing 
parti.ally  destroyed  by  the  Confederates  on  the  day  pre-       ^  colonists  and  a  patent,  granted  June  1, 

vious.  It  was  recaptured  by  the  Confederates  under  1611,  by  the  president  and  coimcil  of  New  Entr- 
Forrest,  April  12,  1864,  when  a  large  pan  of  the  garrison,  land  to  John  Pierce  and  his  associates  allowim? 
whicli  consisted  of  a  regiment  of  colored  infantr>-  and  a     a  hundred  acres  tn  bp  tal-on  „r>  f^l^l-  -^ 

detachment  of  cavalry,  was  massacred  "  »     a  uunarea  acres  to  be  taken  up  for  everv  emi- 

■        -   -     -  ^ ^  grant,  and  empowering  the  gi-antees  to  make 

the  head  of  Tybee  Eoads.'commanding  bot"h  p^JI' ^°'^^*  "P  I  government      Winsor. 
channels  of  the  Savannah  Eiver.     During  the     i-m^®Vr       ,•    ^,  London    theater    built    in 
Civil  War  it  was  captured  bv  the  Federal!  un-     l"^^,  ^"f  Henslowe  (tie  pawnbroker  and  money- 
lender) and  Alleyue(the  comedian),    it  stood  in 


gles  in  India  during  the  18th  century. 
Fort  St.  Philip.     -A.  fort  on  the  Mississippi, 

nearlv  opposite  Fort  Jackson  (which  see). 
Fort  Salishury.      .\   town    in  Mashonaland, 

.     .  ^...     t^outli  Al'riea. 

Tennessee,  situated^  on  the  Tennessee  River  Fort  Scott.     The  capital  of  Bonrbon  Countv, 

lih^R  n^^h   ».?  I^'^  Donelson.   it  was  captured    eastern  Kansas,  88  miles  south  of  Kansas  CitV 

Feb.  6,  1862.  by  the  Federal  gtmboats  under  Commodore     Population  (19001    10 '^'W 

Poote,  acting  in  conjunction  with  a  land  force  under  Gen-  V^^n-  c„;+v  ^     C  .         '■     o  ,      .•       r. 

era!  Grant  '  Ort  onilth.     A  town  iti  Sebastian  Coimtv,  Ar- 

Portinbras    (for'tin-bras)^      In    Shakspere's     K^".sas,  on  the  Arkansas  River  in  lat.  3b°  22' 


the  parish  of  St.  GUes,  Cripplegate,  and  in  the  street  now 
called  Playhouse  Yard,  connecting  Whitecross  street  with 
Golding  Lane.  It  was  a  wooden  tenement,  which  was 
burned  down  in  1621,  and  was  replaced  by  a  circular  brick 
edifice.  In  1649  a  party  of  soldiere  broke  into  the  edifice 
and  pulled  down  the  building. 

Fortune  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Newfoundland. 

Fortunes  of  Moll  Flanders.  A  novel  by  De- 
foe, published  in  1722.  It  is  the  history  of  a 
played  an  importa-nt  part  in  the  French  and  EngHsh Vtru"  xP'f,|S^!f  ^"w?"  who  refornis  before  her  death 

„.„..,  T_4..^.._,^_-.„.,  »  -   Fortunes  of  Nigel(nig'el),  The.    A  historical 


"Hamlet,"  the  Prince  of  Norwav.    He  consph-es 

to  recover  the  lands  and  power  lost  by  his  father.    He  is 

usually  left  out  of  the  acted  play. 
Fort  Independence.     A  fort  on  Castle  Island : 

one  of  the  defenses  of  the  harbor  of  Boston. 
Fort  Jackson.    A  fort  in  Louisiana,  situated 


N.,  long.  94°  28'  W.    Population  (1900),  11,.587. 

Fort  Snelling.  A  U.  S.  military  post  in  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Mississippi  6  miles  above  St.  Paul. 

Fort  Sumter.  A  fort  in  Charleston  harbor. 
South  Carolina,  4  miles  southeast  of  Charles- 
ton, the  scene  of  the  first  engagement  in  the 


novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1822. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  London  diuing  the  reign 
of  James  I. 
Fortunio  (for-tu'ni-o).  A  fairy  tale  of  ancient 
but  unknown  origin.  Fortunio  is  the  daughter  of  an 
aged  nobleman,  in  whose  stead  she  oflers  her  services  to 
the  king,  disguised  as  a  cavalier.  A  fain  horse  named 
Comrade,  and  seven  servants,  Strongback.  Lightfoot, 
Marksman,  Fine-ear,  Boisterer.  Gomiand,  and  Tippler, 
aid  her  to  slay  a  dragon  and  regain  the  treasures  of  the 
king. 

Fortuny  (for-to'ne)  y  Carbo,  Mariano  Jos6 
Maria  Bernardo.  Bom  at  Reus  in  Catalonia, 
June  11, 1838  :  died  at  Rome.  Nov.  21, 1874.  A 
Spanish  genre  painter  and  aquafortist.  He  fol- 
lowed  the  course  at  the  Academy  de  Bellas  Artes  at  Barce- 
lona. He  studied  first  in  the  manner  of  Overbeck,  in  which 


Fortuny  y  Carbo 

he  excelled  his  master  Claudio  l,orenzalez,  but  his  true 
style  was  developed  by  seeing  the  Iithoi;i;iphs  of  Gavami. 
He  gained  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  Ki7.  He  followed  tlie 
expedition  to  Moroccn,  where  lie  developed  his  tjiste  for 
Arabian  subjects.  After  several  visits  to  I'aris,  Florence, 
Naples,  Madrid,  Seville.  <_;ranada,  and  even  England,  he  es- 
tablished himself  in  Puitici ;  then  returned  to  Rome,  where 
he  died  suddenly  at  the  age  of  thirty-six.  Among  his 
works  are  "Interior  (Mauvesque),"  "Cour  de  maison  h 
Tangier,"  ''Int^rieur  de  bazar,"  "Exercises  h  feu  en  pre- 
sence de  la  reine  d'Espagne,"  "  Fantasie  arabe,"  "La  uaie 
de  Portici- 

Fort  Wadsworth.  A  fort  on  Staten  Island,  sit- 
uated on  the  western  side  of  tlie  NaiTows  at 
the  entrance  of  New  York  harbor. 

Fort  Wagner.  A  fortification  on  Morris  Island: 
one  of  the  defenses  of  Charleston.  It  was  re- 
duced by  the  Federals  under  Gillmore,  Sept. 
6,  1863. 

Fort  Wayne  (fort  wan).  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Allen  County,  Indiana,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  Maumee  River,  in  lat.  41°  4'  N., 
long.  85°  4'  W.  It  is  a  leading  railway,  manufacturing, 
and  business  center  of  northern  Indiana.  A  United  States 
fort  was  built  here  by  General  Wayaein  17&4.     Population 

Fort  William.  1.  A  place  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  near  the  head  of  Loch  Eil  and  th^ 
foot  of  Ben  Ne^-is,  and  the  entrance  to  the 
Caledonian  Canal.  At  one  time  it  was  regarded  as 
the  key  of  the  Highlands.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  Ilighlanders  in  1746. 
2.   The  fortress  of  Calcutta. 

Fort  William  Henry.  A  fort  in  the  modem 
town  of  .Caldwell,  at  the  head  of  Lake  George, 
New  York,  it  was  surrendered  by  the  English  to  the 
French  and  Indians  under  Montcalm  in  Aug.,  1757. 

Fort  Winthrop,  A  fort  on  Govemoi-'s  Island: 
one  of  the  defenses  of  Boston  harbor. 

Fort  Worth.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  TaiTant 
County,  Texas,  in  lat.  32°  47'  N.,  long.  97°  14'  W. 
It  has  manufactures  of  flour,  etc.,  and  is  an  important 
center  for  stock.     Population  (1900),  26,688. 

Forty  Thieves,  The.  1.  One  of  the  tales  of 
the  **  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."  See 
Bftba,  All. — 2.  A  play  by  George  Colman  the 
youn<;)^r,  produced  in  1805. 

I'^orumBoarium(f6'rumbo-a'ri-um).  [L.]  The 
early  cattle-market  of  ancient  Rome,  it  was 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  area  called  the  Velabrum,  on 
the  ea-st  by  the  Palatine,  on  the  south  by  the  Aveiitine  at 
the  extremity  of  the  Circus  Maximus,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Tiber.  It  is  said  that  at  an  early  date  gladiatorial  shows 
were  given  here,  and  that  human  sacriflces  were  made  by 
burial  alive.  Upon  this  forum  fronts  tlie  temple  of  Fors 
Fortuna  (9(.-called  F-Ttiuia  Virilis).  and  in  it  stands  tlie 
cireulai-  monunic-nt  long  popularly  called  the  temple  of 
Vesta.  A  number  of  other  important  temples  stood  on  it 
In  antiquity,  among  them  that  of  Ceres,  whose  remains 
are  incorporated  in  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin.  The  Forum 
Boarium  was  within  the  Servian  Wall. 

Forum  Jullum  (fo'rum  jo'li.-um).  [L.]  The 
earliest  of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Rome, 
designed  to  relieve  the  crowding  of  the  Forutu 
Romanum,  it  was  begun  by  Julius  Ca?Bar,  and  prac- 
tically adjoined  the  northern  Bide  of  the  Forum  Konianum 
at  its  eastern  end.  It  was  surrounded  with  porticos,  and 
its  central  area  was  occupied  by  a  richly  adorned  perip- 
teral temple  of  Venus  Genitrix.  Some  tinely  arcadcd  and 
vaulted  chambers  of  the  inclosui'e  exist  near  the  south- 
west angle  :  they  were  probably  offices  for  legal  business. 

Forum  of  Augustus.  The  second  of  the  im- 
perial fora  of  ancient  Rome.  It  adjoined  the 
northeast  side  of  the  Forum  Julium,  and  was  very  large, 
rectangular  in  phm  except  that  a  corner  was  cut  olF  at 
the  southeast,  and  that  a  semicircular  exedra  indcntetl 
each  long  side.  It  was  inclosed  by  very  ma-ssive  walls 
nearly  lOo  feet  high,  and  surrounded  by  porticos  spleii 
didly  adorned  with  marble  statues  and  incrustation. 
Toward  the  northeastern  end  of  the  central  area  rose  the 
temple  of  Mara  ritor,  colonnaded  on  thiee  sides,  and 
having  an  apse  at  the  back.  The  existing  remains  include 
very  impressive  stretches  of  the  inclosing  wall,  one  of  the 
entranee-archiSH,  now  called  Arco  de'  Pantani,  and  some 
columns  and  walls  of  the  temple. 

Forum  of  Nerva.  The  ftmrth  of  the  imperial  fora 
of  an<"ient  Rome,  a  long  narrow  area  bet  ween  the 
Forum  <)f  Vespasian  and  tlie  Forum  of  Augus- 
tus. It  was  also  called /^(>r«»(  TrajiaUorium  because  an 
important  thoroughfare  from  I  he nnrtheaBtpaH.sed  throngh 
It  to  the  Forum  I'.omanum,  ami  Ftiruui  PtiKmiiinn  from 
the  temple  of  Minrrva  which  it  conlained.  Tinipir  and 
Riorum  were  dtdieutt  d  by  Nirva  in  1)7  A  I>.  I  lie  It-niide 
was  hexast.vle  ptoHtyle.  with  coliunuH  on  the  Hanks  and 
an  apse  at  the  buck,  I'm  I  of  tin-  celja  wall  toward  tlieai)80 
remains  in  place,  logrtln[' with  two  Corinthian  columns 
of  marble  of  tlie  iii(«ii..i  i;ink'<' of  the  forum,  with  richly 
ornamented  entabl;iturcs,  tetiirncd  to  the  wall  t)ehind  the 
columns.  Over  the  cntiihlnture  tlicre  is  an  attic  on  which 
is  an  etfective  sculptured  relief  of  Minerva.  The  temple 
remained  almost  perfect  until  H>i  ill,  when  Paul  V,  destroyed 
it  to  nHe  Its  marbles  in  theCliapelof  St.  I'aul  In  Santa  Maria 
Maggior(\ 

Forum  of  Trajan,    The  largest  and  the  furthest 

north  of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Rome, 
adjoining  the  northwest  side  of  the  Forum  of 
Augustus,  and  lying  between  the  nortlieaslern 
declivity  of  tlio  Capitoline  Hill  and  the  Qniri- 
nal.  It  consisted  of  three  parts  :  the  fonnn  proper,  the 
huge  Basilica  Ulpia,  and  the  temi>le  of  Trajan,  with  its 


403 

colonnaded  inclosm-e.  Between  the  temple  of  Trajan  and 
the  Basilica  Ulpia  rises  the  column  of  Trajan,  beneath 
which  was  the  emperor's  mausoknim.  To  create  an  area 
for  this  lavish  monumentid  display.  Trajan  cut  away  a 
large  ridge  of  tufa  whicli  extended  from  the  Capitoline  to 
the  Quirinal.  Tlie  forum  proper  was  a  large  rectangle 
surrounded  by  columns  — a  double  range  on  the  sides,  and 
a  single  range  towaid  the  Forum  of  Augustus  and  the 
Basihca  I'lpia.  From  eacli  side,  behind  the  porticos, 
projected  a  large  hemicycle  with  booths  or  offices  in  sev- 
eral stories.  Trajan's  forum  was  entered  from  that  of 
Augustus  by  a  splendid  triumplial  arch,  many  of  whose 
sculptures  now  adorn  tlie  arch  of  Conatantine.  The  fo- 
rum was  adorned  with  numbers  of  statues  in  bronze  and 
marble,  and  ij.U  its  buildings  were  roofed  with  gilt  bronze. 

Forum  Olitorium  (fo'rum  6-li-t6'ri-um). 

[L.,  'vegetable-market.*]  The  vegetable-mar- 
ket of  ancient  Kome.  It  occupied  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  the  Cam  pus  Martins,  l)eneath  the  Capitoline  Hill, 
stretching  into  the  Velabrum,  and  separated  from  the  Fo- 
rum Boarium  only  by  the  Servian  \\'all.  In  the  Forum  CUi- 
torium  stood  three  temples  side  by  side,  two  of  which  are 
identified  as  the  temples  of  spes  and  Juno  Sospita,  whose 
remains  are  built  into  the  Church  of  San  Niccolb  in  Car- 
cere. 

Forum  Pads  (fo'rum  pa 'sis)  (*Fonim  of 
Peace'),  or  Forum  of  Vespasian.    The  third 

of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Kome.  it  was  the 
furthest  south  of  the  imperial  fora,  and  lay  behind  the 
Basilica  Emilia,  which  fronted  on  llie  P'orum  Romanum. 
It  was  built  to  inclose  the  temple  of  I'eace  which  was 
dedicated  by  Vespasian  in  75  A.  D.  in  honor  of  the  taking 
of  Jerusalem,  and  is  described  by  Pliny  as  one  of  the  four 
finest  buildings  of  Rome.  In  it  were  dedicated  tlie  spoils 
of  the  Jewish  temple,  represented  on  the  arch  of  Titus; 
and  here  too  Vespasian  placed  the  works  of  art  taken  by 
Nero  from  Delphi  and  other  Creek  cities.  A  massive 
stretch  of  the  exterior  wall  of  this  forum  still  stands,  near 
the  western  end  of  the  basilica  of  Constantine,  with  a  flue 
flat-arched  Joorway  of  travertine. 

Forum  Romanum  (fo'rum  ro-ma'num).  The 
famous  Koman  forum  which  from  the  time  of 
the  kings  formed  the  political  center  of  ancient 
Rome.  Beginning  in  a  hollow  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  Capitoline  Hill,  its  long  and  comparatively  narrow 
area  stretched  in  a  direction  south  of  east  beneath  the 
northern  declivity  of  the  Ralatine.  Its  westei'u  end  was 
occupied  by  the  tabularium,  or  office  of  the  archives,  in 
front  of  which  stood  the  temples  of  Concord  and  of  Ves- 
pasian. On  its  southern  side  were  the  temple  of  Saturn, 
the  Basilica  Julia,  the  temples  of  Castor  and  Tollux  and  of 
Vesta,  and  on  its  northern  side  the  arch  of  Septimius  Sevc- 
rus,  the  Curia,  the  Basilica  .Emilia,  and  the  temples  of  An- 
toninus and  Faustina  and  of  Romulus.  In  the  middle  of 
the  eastern  part  rose  the  temple  and  rostra  of  Julius  Ox- 
sar.  The  more  ancient  and  famous  rostra  from  which 
Cicero  spoke  were  at  the  western  end.  The  remains  of  all 
these  buildings  are  considerable,  and  the  area  has  been  ex- 
cavated and  restored  as  far  as  possible  to  its  ancient  aspect. 

Forward  (for' ward), Walter.  Born  in  Connect- 
icut, 1780:  (lied  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  24,  1852. 
An  American  politician,  secretary  of  the  trea- 

'  sury  lH41-t3. 

Forward,  Marshal.     See  Marshal  Forward. 

Forza  del  Destino  (for'tsji  del  des-te'no),  La. 

[It., '  The  Force  of  Destiny.']  An  opera  by 
Verdi,  first  j)roduced  at  St.  Petersburg  in  18G2. 

Fosbroke  (fos'bruk),  Thomas  Dudley.    Born 

at  London,  May  27,  1770:  died  at  Waiford, 
Herefordsliire,  Jan.  1,  1842.  An  English  anti- 
quary. His  chief  works  are  ** British  Mona- 
chisra"  (1802)  and  *'Encyclop8Bdia  of  Antiqui- 
ties" (1824). 

Foscari  (fos'ka-re),  Francesco.  Died  1457. 
Dofje  of  Venice  1421^-57.  lie  be^'an  hi  H'Jii  a  war 
affaiiist  Filippo  Maria  Visconti,  duke  of  Milan,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  acijuisition  of  lJri•sci!^  Bergamo,  and  Cremona 
in  1127.  A  second  war,  wliieh  liwted  from  14,'il  to  UXi, 
fixed  the  Adda  as  the  boundary  of  the  Venetian  dominion. 
A  war  against  Bologna,  Milan,  and  Mantua,  in  wlilch  he 
was  supported  by  Francisco  Sforza  and  Cosmo  de'  .Medici, 
resulted  In  H41  in  the  Cfjuquest  of  bonato.  Velaggio.  and 
Peschiera.  The  close  of  his  reign  W'as  troubled  by  the 
machinations  of  his  rival  fJIacopo  Ix)redano.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  abdicate,  after  having  sustained  the  loss  of  his 
only  surviving  son,  (.Macopo,  who  died  in  exile  as  the  re- 
sult of  the  tortures  inllicted  on  him  by  the  Ciuinell  of  the 
Ten.  He  formed  with  his  sou  the  subject  of  Byron's  tra- 
gedy "The  Two  Foscari." 

Foscarlni  (fos-kil-re'ne),  Marco.  Born  at  Ven- 
ice, .Inn.  :10,  lODfi:  died  tliere,  March  30,  17G3. 
Do^'c  of  Venice  17(J2-()3.  Ho  %vrote"  Delia  lette- 
ral  tiru  Vcnr/iana  "  (1752). 

Foscarini,  Michele.  Horn  at  Venice,  March  29, 
l(i:t2:  died  at  Veni^M^  May  ;tl, 1602.  AVenetian 
historian,  a])i)ointed  povernor  of  Corfu  Sept.  1, 
l(i()4,  and  historio^^raphor  of  Venice  in  1678.  lie 
wrote  "Istoria  delhi  republica  Venota"  (1696), 
etc. 

Fosco  ( f os'ko),  Count.  In  Wilkio  ColUn8*8  novel 
**Tho  Woman  in  White,"  a  fat,  insidious,  and 
atcreeable  villain. 

Foscolo  ffos'ko-lo),  NiCCOloUgO.  Born  in  the 
island  of  Zante,  .Ian.  26.  177S:  died  at  Turnham 
(ireen,  near  London,  (h't.  10.  1827.  An  Italian 
poet  aU'i  litti^'rateur.  H»  wrote  "ritimo  l-tterc  di 
Jftcopo  OrtlB"(a  romance,  1707),  "1  Bepolcrl"Uyric,  1807), 
etc. 

Fobs (fos), Corporal.  In  *'ThePoorGontleman,'' 
by  George  Colman  the  younger,  the  faithful  ser- 


Foster,  John  Wells 

vant  and  former  soldier  of  Worthington,  He  is 
modeled  on  Sterne's  Corporal  Trim. 
Foss,  Edward.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  16,  1787: 
died  .July  27, 1870.  An  Knfjlish  lawyer.  He  waa 
a  solicitor  in  Lnndon  initil  1840,  when  he  retired  from  prac- 
tice in  order  to  dtvotc  himself  to  liteiatiu*e.  Ht  \vrot« 
"Th.!  Judges  of  Enk'Iand  "(1848-64),  'liiojrraphiaJuridica: 
a  BioLTajjliicid  Diclionary  of  the  Judges  of  England  from 
the  Conquest  to  the  Tresent  Time,  lut;()-1870"  (187uX  etc 

Fossalta  (fos-iirtii),  Battle  of.  A  battle 
fought  at  Fossalta,  near  Bologna,  central  Italy, 
May  26, 1240.  between  Enzio,  titular  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, and  the  Bolognose,  in  which  the  former 
was  defeated  and  captured. 

Fossano  (fos-sii'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Cuneo.  Italy,  situated  on  the  Stura  35  miles  south 
of  Turin,  it  is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  The  AustrianB 
defeated  the  French  near  th:s  place  Nov.  4  and  ."•,  I7t*9. 

Fossano,  Ambrogio  da,  called  II  Borgognone. 

Died  after  1524.     A  Lombard  |)ainler. 

Fosse-way  (fos'wa),  or  The  Fosse  (fos).    An 

aneient  Roman  road  in  Enghuid,  running  from 
Bath  through  Cirencester  and  Leicester  to  Lin- 
coln 

Fossombrone  (fos-som-bro'ne)-  A  town  in  the 
pro\ince  of  Pesaro,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Me- 
tauro  in  lat.  43°  42'  N.,  long.  12°  48'  E. :  the 
ancient  Forum  Serapronii.  It  has  silk  manu- 
factures. 

Foster  (fos't^r  or  fos'ttr),  Anthony.  In  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  "Kenilworth.''  a  sullen 
hyx)oerite,the  warder  of  AmyKobsart  at  Cumnor 
Place,  Overcome  by  his  love  for  gold,  he  assists  in  her 
murder.  He  accidentally  shuts  himself  in  a  cell  with  a 
spring-lock,  and  perishes  with  his  ill-gotten  gold. 

Foster,  Birket.  Born  at  North  Shields,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  4,  1825:  died  March  27,  1899.  An 
English  draftsman  and  afjuarellist.  He  ilhistrated 
Longfellow's  "EvangL  line,"  and  also  the  works  of  other 
En;,'lish  :ind  American  poet-e. 

Foster,  Charles.  Born  near  Tiffin,  Ohio,  April 
12.  ISiiS.  An  American ptditieian.  IlewasRepub- 
lican  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1S71-79;  was  gover- 
nor of  Ohio  188i>-S4 ;  andwaa  secretary  of  the  Vnited  States 
treasury  1891-93  under  President  Harrison. 

Foster,  Henry,  Bom  Aug.,  179G:  died  Feb.  5, 
1S31.  An  Euglisii  navigator.  lie  entered  the  navy 
in  1812;  was  promoted  lieutcuaid  inls"24  ;  undaectimpanied 
Sir  Edward  Parry's  expl'-riiii-'  txiK-ihti.uis  of  lS24-:*5  and 

1827.  With  Parry  and  others  In-  ukuIl-  magnetic  and  other 
observations,  which  wure  published  in  the  ■'  Philosophical 
Transactions"  for  1826.  He  sailed  from  Spithead  April 
27,  1828,  in  command  of  the  Chanticleer,  a  sloop  sent  out 
by  the  government  to  the  South  .Seas  to  determine  the 
ellipticity  of  the  earth  by  pendulum  experiments,  and  to 
make  observations  on  magnetism,  meteorology,  and  the 
direction  of  the  principal  ocean  currents.  During  tins  ex- 
pedition he  was  drowned  in  the  river  Chagres.  lie  left  a 
number  of  papers,  which  form  an  appendix  to  the  "  Nar- 
rative of  a  Voyage  to  the  Sduthern  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  the 
years  1828,  20,  30,  perffirnu-d  in  H.  M.  sloop  Chanticleer, 
under  the  command  of  the  late  Captain  Henrj'  Foster, 
¥.  R.  S.,  etc.  From  the  private  jouniol  of  \V.  H.  B.  Web- 
ster, surgeon  of  the  sloop  "  (1834). 

Foster,  John,  Baron  Oriel.  Born  Sept.,  1740; 
died  at  t'ollon.  County  Louth,  Ireland.  Aug.  23, 

1828.  The  last  speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Common.s.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Anthony  Foster  of 
Collon,  Louth,  lord  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  Ire- 
land ;  entered  the  Irish  I'arliament  in  17(il ;  was  called  to 
the  Irish  bar  in  1700;  and  wjis  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland  17&4-JS5,  when  he  was  elected  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  a  place  to  which  he  waa  reelected  in 
1790  and  in  1798.  On  June  7,  1800,  he  put  the  Ilnal  ques- 
tion from  the  chair  on  the  third  reading  of  the  bill  for  the 
legislative  union  of  Ireland  with  Great  itrltain.  Although 
an  anti-unionist,  he  obtained  a  ueat  fn  the  united  Parlia- 
ment ;  was  ehaneelior  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland  1804- 
ISiHi  and  18117-11 ;  and  was  created  haron  Oriel  of  Ferrard 
in  tlie  connty  of  lAJuth  in  1821. 

Foster.  John.  Born  Sept.  17.  1770:  died  Get. 
15,  1843,     An  English  essayist.    lie  was  a  iinptist 

fireacher  from  1792  to  18W1,  when  ne  retired  from  the  niln- 
slry  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literature.  Ilis  chief 
works  are  "  Kssays  "  (1S05)  and  "On  the  Evils  of  Pnpuhir 
Ignorance  "  (1820).  lie  ctuitributed  a  great  nnmy  articles 
to  the  "  Kclectic  Uevlew."  and  a  selection  fnuu  these  was 
puldlsheti  seimratcly  In  1844. 

Foster,  John  Gray.  Born  at  Whitefield,  N.  H., 
May  L7,  18L»3;  died  at  Nashua.  N.  H..  Sopt.  2, 
1874.  An  American  rnffineer  and  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  In  1840;  became  eaptjdn  in  1860; 
waa  one  of  the  garrlHon  at  Kort  Sumter  when  It  s\a»  l>om- 
Imrded  by  the  i'onfedenites  in  April.  18(U ;  commanded 
a  brigade  under  OenenU  Burnsido  at  Koanoke  Inland  in 
Feb.,  and  at  Newhern  in  .March.  18<t2  ;  and  connmuuled  in 
various  departmenU  iluring  thereinainderof  (he  war.  lie 
was  Itrevelled  major  genend  at  the  chme  of  the  wiLr(1805\ 
and  was  Bubseijuenlly  employed  as  superintending  engi- 
neer of  various  river  and  harbor  imprt>vemeu(8. 

Foster.  John  Wells.  Born  at  Brimih-hl.  Mass., 
M:in-Ii  1.  isi:>:  djrd  at  Chicago,  .hmc  LM),  1S73. 
An  Amrrienii  goologist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  Ohio  in  18:16,  hut  Nhortly  abandoned  the  practice  of  law 
in  ordiT  t4>  devote  himself  to  geology  and  civil  engineer- 
ing. Between  ISIF.  and  1819  he  was  connected  with  a  tteo- 
logicaUni-veyof  the  f-nke  Superior  region,  executed  under 
the  direction  of  the  Inited  Stales  government.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  MlfsisKippI  Valley  :  Its  PhysiealUeog- 


Foster,  John  Wells 

raphy,  including  Sketches  of  the  Topography,  Botany,  and 
Mineral  Resotuces,  etc.  '  (ISB'l),  and  '■  iTehistoric  Races  of 
the  United  States  of  America"  (1873X 
Foster,  Sir  Michael.  Born  at  Marlborough, 
Wiltshire.  Dee.  16,  16S9:  (lied  Nov.  7,  1763.  An 
English  jurist.  He«as  called  to  theb.arat  the  Middle 
Temple  in' 1713;  was  chosen  recorder  of  Bristol  in  1735; 
was  appointed  sergeant-at-law  in  1730  ;  and  became  puisne 
judge  of  the  King's  Bench  and  was  knighted  in  1745.  He 
wrote  "An  Examination  of  the  Scheme  of  Church  Power 
laid  down  in  the  Codex  .luris  Ecclesiastic!  Anglicani,  etc." 
(1735X  etc. 

Foster,  Sir  Michael.  Bom  at  Huatingdon, 
JIareh8,1836.  An  English  physiologist.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  physiology  at  University  College, 
London,  in  1869 ;  lecturer  oi  physiology  in  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1870;  and  was  professor  of  phys'iology  in 
Cambridge  Univei^ity  1883-1903.  He  is  secretary  of  the 
Royal  Society. 

Foster,RaildolphSinks.  BornatWilliamsbnrg, 

(_»hio.  Feb.  i:2,l>2U:  died  May  1.19113.  Au  Amer- 
ican clergyman.  He  became  a  minister  in  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  in  1S;J7;  waselectedabishopin  1872; 
and  was  president  of  the  Northwestern  University,  Evans- 
ton,  IIl.,lS56-59,andof  Drew  Theological  Seminary,  Mad- 
ison, New  Jersey.  1S70-72.  Author  of  •*  Christian  Purity," 
'*  Ministrj'  for  the  Times.'  "  Studies  in  Theology,*'  etc. 

Foster,  Stephen  Collins.    Bom  at  Pittsburg. 

Pa..  July  i.  1S26:  ilied  at  New  York,  Jan.  13. 
1864.  An  American  song-writer  and  popular 
composer.  He  was  the  author  of  "Old  Folks  at 
Home,"  "Oh,  Susannah  :"  "Nelly  was  a  Lady,"  "Old  Ken- 
tucky Home,"  "Camptown  Races,"  "Old  Dog  Tray," 
'*  Come  where  my  Love  lies  Dreaming,"  etc. 

Fothergill  (folH'er-gil).  Jessie.  Born  at  Man- 
chester in  1856:  died  at  London.  July  30,  1891. 
An  English  novelist.  She  wrote  ''The  First 
Violir. "  1 1878)  and  other  works. 

Fotheringay  (foTH 'er-in-ga).  A  village  in 
Northamptonshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Nen  9  miles  southwest  of  Peterborough.  In 
its  castle  Richard  III,  was  bom  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
wa,-  inipiisoned.  tried,  and  executed. 

Fotheringay,  The.  The  stage  name  of  Emily 
Costigan.     See  Coftiijitii. 

Foucault  (fo-ko'),  Jean  Bernard  Leon.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Sept.  18,  1819;  died  there,  Feb.  11, 
1868.  A  distinguished  French  physicist,  noted 
for  his  investigations  in  optics  and  mechanics. 
He  deraonstrated'the  rotation  of  the  earth  by  means  of  a 
graduated  disk  \vhich  was  seen  to  turn  while  a  pendulum 
freely  suspended  maintained  its  plane  of  oscillation.  The 
gyroscope  is  his  invention. 

Fouche  (fo-sha'),  Joseph,  Due  d'Otrante.  Born 
near  Xantes.  France,  ilav  29,  1763:  died  at 
Triest,  Austria,  Dec,  2.5, 1820.  A  French  revo- 
lutionist and  later,  under  Napoleon,  minister  of 
police.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Convention  1792-95; 
minister  to  the  Cisalpine  Republic  in  179S.  and  to  the 
Netherlands  in  1799 ;  minister  of  police  1799-1S02,  lSiM-10, 
and  1S15 :  and  head  of  the  provisional  government  after 
Waterloo. 

Foucher  i fo-sha').  Simon.  Born  at  Dijon, 
France,  March  1,  1644 :  died  at  Paris,  April  27, 
1696  ( ?),  A  French  ecclesiastic  and  philosophi- 
cal writer,  called  "  the  restorer  of  the  academic 
philosophy ,"  He  wrote  a  "Dissertation  sur  la  recherche 
de  la  Tirite,  etc."  (1673 '0,  "  De  la&igesse  des  anciens,  etc." 
(1682).  etc. 

Foucher  de  Careil,  Count  Louis  Alexandre. 

Born  at  Paris.  March  1.  1826:  died  there.  Jan. 
10.  1891.  .\  French  diplomatist  and  author. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1376,  and  was  ambassador 
at  Vienna  1SSS-S6,  He  published  "Leibniz,  Descartes,  et 
Spinoza  "  (1803X  "  Hegel  et  Schopenhauer  "  (1862),  "Uoethe 
et  son  oeuvre  "  (IStio),  etc, 

Fqucquet  (fo-ka'),  Jean.  Born  at  Tours.  1415: 
died  1490.  One  of  the  earliest  painters  of  the 
French  school,  court  painter  to  Louis  XI.  in 
1461  he  painted  the  portrait  of  Charles  Vll.  He  also 
worked  for  the  order  of  the  Chevaliers  de  Saint  Michel  in 
1474,  and  was  charged  with  making  a  plan  for  the  tomb 
of  Louis  XI.  He  n  as  especially  famous  for  his  admirable 
miniatures,  and  was  also  a  historical  and  portrait  painter. 

Fougeres  (fo-zhar').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  on  the  Xau- 
?on  27  miles  northeast  of  Eennes.  it  has  manu- 
factures of  shoes.  It  was  one  of  the  strongest  places  of 
Brittany  and  frequently  besieged,  and  ruins  of  a  feudal 
castle  still  remain.     Population  (1S91X  ls,221. 

FougeroUes  (fdzh-rol' ).  a  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Saoue,  France,  22  miles  north- 
east of  Vesoul.     Pop.  (1891),  commune,  6,030, 

Foughard  (fo'chard).  A  place  near  Dundalk, 
Ireland,  where,  on  Oct.  5.  1318,  the  Scots  under 
Edward  Bruce  were  defeated  by  John  Ber- 
mingham.     Bruce  was  kUled. 

Foul  (i.  e.,  dishonorable)  Raid,  The.  The  raid 
of  the  Duke  of  Albany  on  Ko.xburgh  Castle 
and  the  town  of  Berwick  in  1417,  while  Henry 
V.  of  England  was  absent  in  France.  He  was 
compelled  by  the  Dirkes  of  E.xeter  and  Bedford 
to  retire. 

Foula  (fo'la).  A  small  island  of  the  Shetland 
group,  Scotland,  west  of  the  main  group. 


404 

Fould(fold).  Achille.  Bora  at  Paris.  Nov.  17, 
ISOO :  died  at  Tarbes,  France,  Oct.  5,  1867.  A 
French  financier  and  statesman.  He  was  minister 
of  finance  1849-52,  minister  of  state  1852-60,  and  minister 
of  finance  la61-07, 

Foulis  (foulz),  Andre'w  (originallv  Faulls). 
Born  at  Glasgow.  Xov.  23,  1712  :  died  Sept,  18, 
1775.  A  Scottish  printer,  brother  of  Kobert 
Foulis. 

Foulis,  Robert.  Bom  at  Glasgow.  April  20. 
1707 :  died  at  Edinburgh.  June  2, 1776.  A  Scot- 
tish printer,  noted  for  his  editions  of  Horace, 
Homer,  Herodotus,  and  other  classics. 

Foul  Play.  A  novel  by  Charles  Reade,  drama- 
tized with  Dion  Boucicault  in  1879. 

Foulques.    See  Fulc. 

Foul- Weather  Jack.  A  surname  given  to  Ad- 
miral John  Byron  from  his  poorfortune  at  sea. 

Founder  of  Peace.      A  name  given  to  St. 

Bent-diet. 
Foundling,  The.     A  play  by  Edward  Moore, 

produced  in  1/4S. 

Fountain  of  Arethusa.    See  Arethusa. 
Fountain  of  Castalia.    See  Ca^talia. 
Fountain  of  Self-Love,  The.     See  Cynthia's 

Fountain  of  Vaucluse.    See  Vauduse. 

Fountain  of  Youth,  The.  A  mythical  spring 
supposed  by  some  of  the  Indians  of  Central 
Ainerica  and  the  West  Indies  to  exist  in  a  re- 
gion toward  the  north  called  Bimini  (which 
see).  Its  waters,  it  was  said,  would  restore  youth  to  the 
aged  and  heal  the  sick.  It  appears  that,  before  the  con- 
quest, the  Indians  made  expeditions  to  Florida  and  the 
Bahamas  in  search  of  this  spring ;  and  the  Spaniards  un- 
der Ponce  de  Leon,  Narvaez,  De  Soto,  and  others  pene- 
trated far  into  the  interior,  seeking  for  it,  during  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  centuiy.  Similar  myths  have  been 
found  in  India  and  in  the  Pacific  Islands,  and  a  fountain 
of  youth  is  described  in  Mandeville's  travels. 

Fountains  Abbey.  A  Cistercian  monastery  of 
the  14th  century,  near  Eipon,  England,  now 
the  largest  and  most  picturesque  of  English 
ecclesiastical  ruins.  The  great  church,  almost  per- 
fect except  for  its  roof,  is  in  large  part  in  the  style  of 
transition  from  the  Norman  to  the  Early  English,  it  has 
a  high,  square  Perpendicular  tower,  and  a  second  tran- 
sept at  the  extremity  of  the  east  end,  like  Durh.am.  The 
interior  is  plain  but  for  its  beautiful  w:Ul-arcading, 
Among  the  monastic  buildings  are  a  vaulted  cloister  of 
two  aisles  3i.iO  feet  long,  a  chapter-house,  and  a  refectory. 

Fouque  (fo-ka'),  Friederich,  Baron  de  la  Motte. 
Bom  at  Brandenburg  in  1777  :  died  at  Berlin  in 
1843.  A  German  poet  and  author.  He  served  in 
the  War  of  Liberation  (1813).  and  later  lived  in  Paris, 
Halle  (where  he  lectured  on  modern  history  and  poetry), 
and  Berlin.  In  1803^  appeared  the  drama"  "  Sigurd  der 
Schlangentodter "  ("iigurd  the  Dragon  slayer ").  "Der 
Zauberring  "  ("  The  M.igic  Ring  ")  is  a  romance  of  the  age 
of  chivalry.  His  principal  work  is  the  romantic  story 
"  Undine,"  which  appeared  in  1811.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  lyrics,  among  them  the  patriotic  song  begin- 
ning "  Frisch  auf  zum  frbhlichen  Jagen  "  (1813). 

Fouquet  (fb-ka').  Nicolas,  Marquis  de  Belle- 
Isle.  Bom  at  Paris.  1615 :  died  in  prison  at 
Piguerol,  Piedmont,  March  23, 1680.  A  French 
official,  superintendent  of  finance  1652-61.  He 
was  condemned  for  peculation  in  l(5(>i,  and  im- 
prisoned at  Pignerol. 

Fouquier-Tin'Tille  (fo-kya'tan-vel'),  Antoine 
Quentin.  Bom  at  Herouel,  Aisne.  France. 
1747:  guillotined  at  Paris.  May  7.  1795.  A 
French  revolutionist,  public  accuser  before 
the  Revolutionary  tribunal  March,  1793,-July, 
1794. 

Fourberies  de  Scapin  (forb-re'  de  ska-pan'), 
Les.  [!..■  The  Cheats  of  Scapin.']  A  comedy 
by  Moliere.  produced  in  1671.  The  subject  is  taken 
from  Terence's  "Phormio,''  with  various  scenes  from 
other  authors. 

Four  Cantons,  Lake  ofthe.  See  Lucerne.  LaI.e  of. 

Fourchambault  ( t'ur-shon-bo').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Xievre,  central  France,  situated 
on  the  Loire  5  miles  northwest  of  Xevers, 
noted  for  its  iron-works.  Population  (1891), 
commune.  6,020. 

Fourcroy  (for-krwa'),  Antoine  Frangois, 
Comte  de.  Bom  at  Pai-is,  June  15.  1755 :  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  16, 1809.  A  noted  French  physi- 
ologist and  chemist.  He  was  the  son  of  an  apothe- 
cary. He  was  elected  deputy  to  the  National  Convention 
from  Paris  in  1792  ;  labored  in  the  extraction  of  saltpeter 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder  for  the  Revolu- 
tionary anuies  for  eighteen  months;  took  his  seat  in  the 
Assembly  in  1793  ;  was  an  influential  member  of  the  i'om- 
mittee  of  Public  Instruction :  prevented  the  execution  of 
D;u"cet ;  and  on  the  9th  Thermidor  was  maile  a  member  of 
the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  He  was  instrumental  in 
the  organiz;ition  of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  (then  I'Ecole 
des  Travaux  Publiques),  the  Ecole  Normale,  the  Institut 
and  the  Musee  d'Histoire  Naturelle.  He  was  a  friend  and 
colaborer  of  Lavoisier  (whose  death  he  was  unjustly  ac- 
cused of  countenancing)  and  other  distinguished  chem- 
ists. He  published  '"Lemons  d'histoire  naturelle  et  de 
chimie"  (1781;  reissued  under  the  title  "Systeme  des 


Fourth  Party,  The 

connaissances  chimiques,  etc.,"  1801),  "Philosophie  chi- 
mique  '  (1792X  etc. 

Fourdnnier  (for-di-i-ner'),  Henry.  Born  in 
London,  Feb.  11,  1766:  died  at  Mavesyn  Rid- 
ware.  near  Rugely,  Sept.  3.  18.54.  An  English 
paper-maker  and"  inventor,  with  his  brother 
Sealy  Fourdi-inier  (died  1847),  of  an  improved 
paper-making  machine  which  produces  a  con- 
tinuous sheet  of  paper  of  any  size  from  the  pulp. 
This  machine,  which  was  perfected  in  1807,  is  an  improve- 
ment upon  one  invented  and  patented  by  a  Frenchman, 
Louis  Robert,  clerk  in  the  establishment  of  M.  Didot,  the 
printer  and  paper-maker,  in  1799. 

Fourichon  (fo-re-sh6n').  Martin.  Born  at 
Viviers,  Dordogne,  Feb.  9,  1809:  died  at  Paris. 
Xov.  24.  1884.  A  French  naval  officer.  He  be- 
came  vice-admiral  in  1859,  and  president  of  the  council  for 
naval  affairs  in  1S64,  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco- 
German  war  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
fleet  destined  for  the  North  Sea.  He  sailed  from  Cher- 
bourg Aug,  9,  1870,  but.  being  destitute  of  vessels  fitted 
to  operate  in  shallow  waters,  he  was  unable  to  accomplish 
anything,  and  returned  to  Cherbourg  Sept.  12,  1870.  He 
subsequently  became  ministerof  naval  and  colonial  affairs, 
was  elected  to  the  National  .Assembly  in  1S71,  and  became 
a  senator  in  1876. 

Fourier  (fo-rya'),  Frangois  Marie  Charles. 

Born  at  Besan^on.  France.  April  7.  1772 :  died 
at  Paris,  Oct,  10, 1837.  A notedFrench socialist. 
His  father  was  a  draper  at  Besancon.  He  entered  the 
army  as  a  chasseur  in  1793,  but  was  discharged  on  account 
of  ill  health  after  two  years  of  service.  He  was  subse- 
quently connected,  in  subordinate  positions,  with  various 
commercial  houses  at  Marseilles,  Lyons,  and  elsewhere. 
He  resided  at  Paris  from  1S26  He  published  in  1808 
"Theorie  des  quatre  mouveraents  et  des  destinees  gene- 
rales."  in  which  he  propounds  the  coopei-ative  social  sys- 
tem known  from  him  as  Fourierism,  This  system  con- 
templates  the  organization  of  society  into  phalanxes  or 
associations,  each  large  enough  for  all  industrial  and  social 
requirements,  arranged  in  groups  according  to  occupation, 
capacities,  and  attractions,  living  in  phalansteiies  or  com- 
mon dwellings.  He  also  wrote  "TYaite  de  I'association 
domestique  et  agricole  "  (1822  ;  published  later  as  "The- 
orie de  I'unitti  universelle ")  and  "Le  nouveau  juonde" 
(182SW0). 

Fourier,  Baron  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph.  Born 
at  Auxerre.  France,  March  21,  176S:  died  at 
Paris,  May  16,  1830.  A  celebrated  French 
mathematician.  He  was  the  son  of  a  tailor.  In  1786 
he  became  professor  at  the  military  school  in  Auxerre ; 
later  taught  at  the  Normal  School  and  the  Poljtechnic 
School  in  Paris;  accompanied  Bonaparte  in  the  Egyptian 
expedition  ;  became  secretar>-  of  the  Institut  d'Egypte  and 
one  of  the  compilers  of  the  "  Description  de  I'Egypte  "  ;  and 
on  his  return  to  France  was  appointed  prefect  of  Isere 
and  later  of  Rhone,  His  chief  works  are  "Theorie  ana- 
lytique  de  la  chaleur '  (15-22),  "Analyse  des  Equations  d6- 
terminees  "  (1S31). 

Fourler.Pierre.called  Pierre  deMataincourt. 

Born  at  Mireeourt,  Vosges,  France.  Xov.  30, 
1.365:  died  at  Gray,  Haute-Saone.  France,  Dec. 
9.  1(>40.  A  French  religious  reformer,  general 
of  the  order  of  the  Premontres. 

Four  Lakes,  The.  A  chain  of  lakes  (Mendota 
and  others)  in  Dane  County,  southern  Wis- 
consin. 

Fourmies  (f  or-me' ).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  X'ord,  France,  36  miles  south- 
east of  Valenciennes.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune. 15,895. 

Fourmigni.     See  Formigny. 

Fourmont  (for-mon'),  fitienne.  Bom  at  Her- 
belay,  near  St.  Denis,  France,  June  23.  1(583: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  19, 1745.  A  French  Oriental- 
ist and  sinologist. 

Foumeyron  (for-na-ron' ),  Benoit.  Bom  at  St. 
Etifune.  France.  Oct.  31,  1802:  died  at  Paris, 
July.  1867.  A  French  engineer,  chiefly  known 
for  his  improvements  in  the  constniction  of  tur- 
bine water-wheels. 

Foumier  (for-nya'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Or- 
leans. France,  June  15.  I,si9:  Jjed  at  Paris, 
May  10,  18S0.  A  French  litterateur  and  jour- 
nalist.    He  vrrote  ''Le  \-ieux-neuf  "(1859).  etc. 

Foumier,  Pierre  Simon.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept. 
1.5.  1712 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1768.  A  noted 
French  type-founder.  He  wrote  "  Table  des  propor- 
tions qu'il  f  aut  observer  entre  les  caracteres  "  (1737), "  Man. 
uel  typographique  "  (1764-66X  etc. 

Four  P's,  The.  -A.  "  merry  interlude  "  by  John 
Heywood.  The  four  P's  were  a  "  Palmer,  a  Pardoner,  a 
Potican.-,  and  a  Pedlar. "  It  was  probably  \vritten  about 
1540,  and  was  printed  some  time  before  1547. 

Four  Prentices  of  London.   A  play  by  Thomas 

Heywood  (1600),  This  play  was  ridiculed  in  "The 
Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle  "  by  Beaumont  aud  Fletcher. 

Four  Sons  of  Aymon.  An  old  play  relicensed 
by  Herbert  in  1624.  Balfe  wrote  an  opera 
with  the  same  title  in  1843.  See  Quatre  Filz 
d'Ai/mon. 

Fourth  Party,  The.  A  name  given  about  1880 
to  a  knot  of  English  Conservatives,  of  whom 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill  was  the  leading 
spirit.  It  frequently  opposed  the  Consersa- 
tive  party. 


I 


Fowey 

Fowey  (foi).  A  small  seaport  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
Uiud,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  22  miles 
west  of  Plymoutli,  important  in  the  13th  ami 
14tli  centuries. 

Fowler  (fou'ler).  In  Shirley's  "Witty  P'air  One," 
a  brilliant  libertine,  reformed  by  being  per- 
suaded that  he  is  dead,  and  suffering  for  his 
vices  as  a  disembodied  spirit. 

Fowler,  Edward.  Born  at  Westerleigh, Glouces- 
tershire, in  1032 :  died  at  Chelsea,  Aug.  26, 1714. 
AnlEnglish prelate  and  theological  ^\aiter,  bish- 
op of  Gloucester  1691.  He  wrote  "  DesiRn  of  Christi- 
anity "  (1(J70,  which  was  attacked  l»y  Buiiyaii  and  Baxter  ; 
"Dirt  wip'd  off:  or  a  manifest  discovery  of  the  wiclied 
spirit  of  one  Joliii  Bnnyan  "  (t072),  etc. 

Fowler,  Henry  the.  A  name  given  to  the  em- 
peror Henry  I. 

Fowler,  John.  Born  at  Melksham. Wiltshire, 
July  11,  1826:  died  at  Aekworth,  Dec.  4,  1864. 
An  English  inventor.  He  invented  a  steam-plow  in 
whicli  tile  plow  isnio\  ed  hy  traction  of  a  stationary  engine, 
and  other  improved  machines. 

Fowler,  Katharine.  Tlie  maiden  name  of  Kath- 
arine Philix'S,  the  "matchless  Orinda." 

Fowler,  Qrson  Squire  Born  Oct.  11, 1809:  died 
Aug.  18,'  1887.  An  American  phrenologist. 
He  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1834.  He  devoted 
himself  to  lecturing  and  writing  on  phrenology,  and 
to  various  projects  for  the  promotion  of  health  ami  social 
reform.  He  founded  the  "American  Phrenological  .Jour- 
nal "  in  1838,  and  published  a  numher  of  worl<s,  including 
"Human  Science,  or  Phrenology  "  (1873),  etc. 

Fownes  (founz),  George.  Born  at  London,  May 
14,  181.5:  died  at  London,  .Jan.  31,  1849.  AJi 
Englisli  chemist.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry  to 
the  Pharmaceutical  Society  1^42-46,  lecturer  on  chemistry 
at  Middlesex  Hospital  1^4^^.''..  professor  of  practical  chem- 
istry in  tlie Birkheck  Lah< traf or>  of  I'niversity  College  1846- 
1849,  and  secretary  of  the  Clicmical  .Society.  He  wrote  a 
manual  of  chemisti-y(1844  :  later  editions  edited  by  Henry 
Watts),  various  articles  iu  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Chemi- 
cal .Society,"  etc. 

Fox  (f  oks).  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
first  found  iu  Wisconsin,  extending  to  Lake 
Suiierior.  The  Ojibwa  and  French  forced  them  soutli 
of  the  Wisconsin  River,  wlteie  they  became  incorporated 
with  the  Sac  tribe.  The  name  is  simply  translated  from 
the  French  Renards,  probably  given  from  the  custom  of 
painting  their  robes  the  color  of  the  reil  fox,  the  fox  clan 
also  being  specially  identihed  among  them.  The  Ojibwa 
called  them  Outagami,  meaning  'People  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Water.'    See  Ahjoiiqidan. 

Fox,  or  Neenah  (ne'na).  A  river  in  nortlicast- 
ern  Wisconsin,  it  flows  through  Lake  Winnebago, 
and  falls  into  Green  Bay,  Lake  Michigan.  Length,  about 
2.S0  miles. 

Fox,  or  Fishtaka  (pish-ta'kii).  A  river  in 
sotitheasteru  Wisconsin  and  northeastern  Illi- 
nois, joining  the  Illinois  at  Ottawa,  70  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Fox,  Caroline.  Born  at  Falmouth,  England, 
May  24,  1819:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1871!  An 
English  diarist,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Robert 
Were  Fox  <a  physicist  and  mineralogist),  and  the  friend 
of  Jolui  Sterling,  J.  S.  Mill,  Carlyle,  and  other  noted  per- 
sons. Extracts  from  her  diary  covering  the  period  1835- 
1871  were  published  in  18S1  (3d  ed.  1882). 

Fox,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Derby,  March  11 ,  1810 : 
died  at  Blackhcath,  June  14,  1874.  An  Englisli 
eiiginecr,  contractor,  and  manufacturer.  He  wa-s 
cllielly  engaged  in  the  constrnctionof  railway  works  (roads 
(especially  narrow-gage),  tunnels,  bridges,  etc.)  and  the 
maruifacturingof  railway  sujiplies.  He  erected  thebnihl- 
ing  in  Hyde  Park  for  the  exhibition  of  18^)1.  See  Crijxtal 
httlacp. 

Fox,  Charles  James.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
24,  1749:  died  at  ('liiswicic,  near  London,  Sept. 
13,  1806.  A  celebrated  English  statesnnin  and 
orator.  He  was  the  third  sun  of  Henry  Fox  (afterward 
Lord  Holland)  and  Lady  Caroline  fieorginji,  daughter  of 
the  second  Duke  of  Richmond,  grandson  of  Charles  IL 
He  studied  hrst  at  Kton  and  afterward  at  Hertforii  Col- 
lege, Oxforil,  which  ho  left  without  a  degree  in  17il(l.  Ho 
entered  Parliament  as  a  Tory  in  17tl8,  and  was  a  junior 
lord  of  the  adndrally  (1770-72)  and  of  the  treasury  (1772- 
1774)  in  Lord  North's  ministry.  IHstuissed  by  North  at 
the  instance  of  (leorge  III.,  who  cordially  disliked  him  on 
account  both  of  the  independent  spirit  which  he  ilispla,\cd 
In  ottice  ami  of  his  dissolute  habits,  he  joined  the  Whig 
party,  with  which  he  was  afterward  i<lentillcd.  (Mi  the 
formation  of  Lord  Rockingham's  ministry  in  1782,  Inr  was 
appointed  foi-eign  secretary,  a  po-nition  which  he  resigned 
on  the  (Icatli  of  Rockingham  in  tho  same  year,  being  un- 
willing to  serve  undi-i-  Lord  Shi-lburne.  In  17s3heformed 
a  coalition  with  l.oid  North,  which  lirrnight  the  so-called 
coalition  ministry  into  power,  with  tlie  Duke  of  Portland 
as  prime  ministerand  North  and  Fox  as  home  and  foreign 
Bceretaries.  The  coalition  ministry  was  <IefejUed  In  the 
same  year  on  Fox  s  India  liiU,  through  the  inllucuceof  the 
king,  who  authorized  Lord  Tcmph;  to  say  in  the  House  of 
Ix>rd8that  whoever  voted  for  the  hill  was  ntd  (Mdy  not  his 
frieiui,  but  would  be  etuisidcrcd  by  him  lus  his  enemy. 
Through  tlie  enmity  of  the  king  he  was  kept  out  of  oltlce 
until  1.8118,  when  Lord  (Irenvilh-  refused  to  form  a  minis- 
try without  him,  and  he  was  again  a]ipointed  foreign  sec- 
retary. Hesu[iportcd  the  cause  of  tlie  American  colonies 
in  Parliament  during  the  jieriod  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, and  was  the  (!hief  instrument  iu  procuring  the  pas- 
sago  of  tho  Libel  Act  of  1792.  He  married  in  17'.i,'.  his  mis- 
tress, F.lizabetb  Bridget  Cane,  otherwiso  ArmlBt«ad  or 


405 

Fox,  George.  Bom  at  Fenny  Drayton  (Drayton- 

in-the-<Jhiv),  Leicestershire,  Julv,  1624:  died 
Jan.  13,  1691.  The  founder  of  tiie  Society  of 
Friends.  He  was  the  son  of  Christopher  Fox,  a  Puritan 
weaver,  ami  in  his  youth  was  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker 
at  Nottingham.  About  the  age  of  twenty-ttve  he  began 
to  disseminate  as  an  itinerant  lay  preacher  the  doctiines 
peculiar  to  tlie  Society  of  Friends,  the  organization  of 
wliicli  he  completed  about  16(i9.  He  made  missionary 
jtmrneys  to  Scotland  in  1657,  to  Ireland  in  1669,  to  the 
West  Indies  and  North  America  1071-7'2,  and  to  Holland 
in  1677  and  1084,  and  was  fretpiently  imprisoned  for  in- 
fraction of  the  laws  against  conventicles,  as  at  Lancaster 
and  Scarborough  16C3-U6  and  at  Worcester  1673-74.  He 
rnar-ricil  in  16(;;»  Margaret  Fell,  a  widow,  who  was  a  woman 
of  supeiior  intellect  and  gave  him  much  assistance  in  the 
founding  of  his  sect.  An  edition  of  his  "Works"  was 
]iuhlished  at  Philadelphia  in  1831. 

Fox,  Gusta'VTis  Vasa.  Bom  at  Saugus,  Mass.. 
June  13,  1821 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  29, 1883. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  was  appointed  miil- 
shipman  in  the  United  States  navy  in  1S38,  served  in  the 
ilexicau  war,  and  retired  in  1856  with  tlie  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant.   He  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy  1861-t56. 

Fox,  Henry  Edward.  Born  March  4.  1755: 
died  at  Portsmouth,  .Jidy  18,  1811.  An  English 
general,  brother  of  Charles  James  Fox.  He  en- 
tered the  army  in  1770,  served  in  the  British  array  in 
America  throughout  the  War  for  Independence,  and  in 
1793  was  promotod  major-general.  He  subsequently  com- 
manded a  brigade  in  Flanders,  where  he  fought  with  dis- 
tinction against  the  French  at  Pont-.'i-Chin  in  1794.  He 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Irelaml  during 
the  revolution  of  Robert  Emmet  iu  1803,  and  commanded 
the  British  army  in  Sicily  1806-07. 

Fox,  Henry  Richard  Vassall,  tliird  Baron 

Holland.  Born  at  Winterslow  Hduse.  Wilt- 
shire, Nov.  21,  1773  :  dieii  at  Holland  House, 
Oct.  22,  1840.  An  English  politician,  nephew 
of  Charles  James  Fox.  He  succeeded  his  father 
Stephen,  second  Lord  Holland,  as  Baron  Holland  of  Holland 
in  the  county  of  Lincoln  and  Biu'on  Holland  of  Foxley  in 
the  county  of  Wilts  in  1774  ;  took  his  seat  in  1796  in  tlie 
House  of  Lords,  where  he  acted  with  the  Whigs  ;  was  ap- 
pointed with  Lord  Auckland  in  1806  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
with  the  .American  plenipotentiaries  Monroe  and  Pinck- 
ney  ;  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council  in  1806  ;  was  lord 
privy  seal  1806-07  ;  and  was  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster  Nov.  '26,  1830,-May  10,  1832,  May  IS,  1832,-Nov. 
14,  1834,  and  April  23,  1836,  until  his  death. 

Fox,  Luke.  Born  at  Hull,  Oct.  20.  1586:  died 
at  Whitby  in  July,  1635.  An  English  navi- 
gator. He  conimanded  an  expedition  in  search  of  the 
northwest  passage  in  1631,  and  wrote  "  North-west  Fox,  or 
Fox  from  the  North-west  passage  ,  .  .  with  hriefe  Ab- 
stracts of  the  Voyages  of  Cabot,  Frohisher,  Davis.  Wey- 
mouth, Knight,  Hudson,  Button,  Gibbons,  Bylot,  Baffin, 
Hawkridge  .  .  .  Mr.  J.ames  Hall's  tliree  Voyages  to  (iroyn- 
land  .  .  .  with  the  Author  his  owne  Voyage,  being  the 
XVIUi "  (1635). 

Fox,  Sir  Stephen.  Bom  March  27,  1627:  died 
at  C^hisvvick,  Middlesex,  Oct.  28,  1716.  jVn 
English  jiolitician.  He  sided  with  the  king  in  the 
civil  war;  tcwik  part  in  assisting  Prince  Cluu'les  to  escape 
to  Normandy :  was  made  steward  of  the  prince's  household 
in  1654  ;  received  at  tlie  Restoration  a  numberof  lucrative 
offices,  including  that  of  paymaster-general ;  and  entered 
Parliament  in  1679. 

Fox,  The.     See  Volponc. 

Fox  Channel.  An  arm  of  the  sea  north  of 
Hudson  Bay  and  Southainpton  Island. 

Foxe,  or  Fox  (loks),  John.  Born  at  Boston, Lin- 
colnshire, 1516:  diedat  London,  Ajiril,  1.587.  An 
English  martyrologist.  lie  studied  at  Magdalen  Col- 
lego,  Oxford,  where  ho  proceeded  it.  A.  in  l.'t37;  became  a 
full  fellow  in  l.'i31> :  and  proceeded  A.  .M.  in  1,'>43.  He  re- 
signed his  fellowship  in  1545;  became  in  1548  tutor  to  the 
children  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey  (a  post  which  ho 
retained  live  years) ;  and  in  1550  was  ordained  deacon.  At 
the  accession  of  Queen  Mary  he  tied  to  the  Continent  to 
avoid  persecution  as  a  Protestant,  and  lived  during  her 
reign  chiefly  at  Frankfort  and  at  liasd,  where  he  was  em- 
jtloyed  as  a  reader  of  the  press  iu  the  printing-otllce  of 
.lohann  Ilerbst  (Oporinus).  He  returned  to  England  in 
1559,  was  ordiiined  p'-iest  in  1560,  and  in  1563  wiia  made  a 
prebendary  in  Sallsbiiry  Cathednil  and  given  the  lease  of 
the  vicarage  of  Shipton,  His  chief  work  is  "Actcs  and 
Monumonts,"  of  which  four  editions  appeared  during  his 
lifetime (1.563, 157o,  1576,  and  1.58;i),  and  which  Is  iiojiularly 
known  as  Foxe's  "  P.ook  of  Martyrs." 

Foxe,  Id'  Fox,  Richard.  Horn  at  Ropesley. 
n(';ir  (iraiithaiii,  Lincipbishii'e,  in  1447  or  1448: 
died  probably  at  Wincliester,  Oct.  .5.  1.528. 
An  Knglisli  )ii'elate.  He  studied  at  Oxford.  Cam- 
bridge, and  Paris.  While  at  Paris  he  entered  the  service 
of  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  soon  after  whose  accession 
in  1485  as  Henry  \'ll.  he  was  appointed  loril  pi'Ivy  seal. 
Ho  became  suffragan  bishop  of  F.xeter  in  1487  being 
translated  to  the  see  of  Hath  ami  Wells  iu  149'>.  to  that 
of  Durham  in  1494,  and  to  ihat  of  Winchester  In  1501. 
lie  f..un.lcdl'oi|iusClirlsti  College,  Oxford,  1615-11). 

Fox  Islands.     One  of  the  groups  of  Aleutian 

Ishinds. 
Fox  Land.     A  tract  in  tlie  Arctic  regions  of 

Noi'tli  AmericM,  noi'th  of  Huilson  Strait  and 
east  ot"  I'^ix  ( 'hniiiH'l. 

Foy  (twii ),  Maximilien  S6ba8tien;;^_  Born  ai 

Ham,  Soiiimo,  France,  Keli.  it,  1775:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  28,  ]H'25.  A  French  generul  and 
orator.      He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Penlnsnlar 


France 

war,  and  was  a  member  of  the  (  hamber  of  Deputies  1819- 
1825.  He  was  the  author  of  an  unlinished  work,  "  Histoirc 
de  la  gueii-e  de  la  PcSninsule  "  (1827). 

Foyers  (foi'erz).  Fall  of.  A  waterfall  in  In- 
verness-shire, ScoUanil,  east  of  Loch  Ness, 
near  Fort  Augustus.     Height,  165  feet. 

Foyle  (foil).  Lough.  Xn  iiilet  of  the  Atlantic, 
and  estuary  of  the  river  Foyle,  situated  be- 
tween counties  Donegal  and  Londonderry,  Ii'e- 
land.  Length,  16  miles.  Greatest  width,  9  miles. 

Fracasse.     See  Capitahw  Fruciisse,  Le. 

Fracastorio  (fra-kas-t6're-6).  Born  at  Verona, 
Italy.  14S3 :  died  near  Verona,  Aug.  8,  1553. 
An  Italian  physician  and  jKiet.  He  wrote  a  cele- 
brated Latin  poem  entitled  "Syphilidis  sive  de  morbo 
gallico  libri  tres  *  (Verona,  1530),  "  De  vini  temperatura" 
(Venice,  1534),  "  Ilomoccntricorum,  sive  de  stellis,  etc-." 
"De  sympathia  et  antipathia  reruni,  etc."  (1.546),  etc.  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  Venice  in  1555. 

Fra  Diavolo(fra  de-a'v6-l6)  (Michele  Pezza). 

[It.,  'brother  devil.']  Born  in  Calabria.  Italy, 
about  1760 :  hanged  at  Naples,  Nov.  10,  1806. 
An  Italian  robber,  a  Bourlmn  partizan  leader 
1799-18110. 

Fra  Diavolo,  ou  L'Hotellerie  de  Terracine. 
A  comic  ojiera  by  Auber,  words  by  Scribe,  first 
produced  at  Paris,  Jan.  28, 1830.  The  real  Fra 
Diavolo  was  a  Calabrian  bandit  named  Michele 
Pezza. 

Fragmenta  Vaticana  (frag-men'ta  vat-l-ka'- 
nii).  [L.,' Vatican  Fragments.']  Aeolleetion  of 
legal  documents,  perhaps  made  during  the  life- 
time of  Constantine,  a  part  of  whicli  has  been 
preserved  in  a  palimpsest  in  the  Vatican  Li- 
brary. 

Frahn  (fran).  Christian  Martin.  Bom  at 
Kostock,  Germanv.  June  4,  1782:  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Aug.  28  (N.  S.),  1851.  A  German- 
Russian  numismatist, Orientalist,  and  historian. 
In  1815  he  became  librarian  and  director  of  the  Asiatic 
museum  in  St.  Petersburg.  His  chief  work  is  "Recensio 
numorum  Muhamedanorum,  etc,"  (1826). 

Frail  (fral),Mrs.  In  Congreve's  comedy  "Love 
for  Love,"  a  woman  whose  character  is  indi- 
cated by  her  name.  This  was  one  of  Mrs. 
Bracegirdlo's  most  successful  parts. 

Fram  (friim).  A  specially  constructed  steam- 
schooner  iu  which  Fridtjof  Nansen  attempted 
to  reach  the  north  pole.  She  is  113  feet  long 
on  the  water-line,  and  was  built  at  Raekvik, 
near  Laurvig,  Norway.  She  sailed  from  Chris- 
tiania.  June  24,  1893.  Nansen  left  her  to  con- 
tinue his  journey  on  sledges  March  14,  1895  (84° 
4'  N.  lat.,  102°  E".  long.).  Under  command  of  Captain 
Otto  Neumann  Sverdrup  she  reached  85"  65.6'  N.  lat.,  66" 
31'  F..  long.,  on  Nov,  16,  1R95;  and.  returning,  passeil  Spitz- 
bergen  in  Aug.,  I.s:i6,  having  circumnavigated  NovaZeiubla 
and  the  Kranz-J.isiiih  and  Spitzhergen  archipelagoes. 

Framingham  (fra'ming-ham').  \  town  in  Mid- 
dlesex County,  Massachusetts,  20  miles  west  of 
Boston.  It  contains  the  villages  of  Framingh.am  Center, 
South  Framingham,  and  Suxuuville.  Population  (1900), 
11,302. 

Framlingham  (fram'liug-am).  A  small  town 
iu  Suffolk,  England,  13  iniles  northeast  of 
Ipswich. 

Frantjais  (tioii-siX'),  <'omte  Antoine,  called 

Frangais  de  Nantes.  Born  at  Beaurepaire, 
ls6re,  France,  Jan.  17, 1756:  diedat  Paris,  March 
7,  1836.  A  French  revolutionary  i>olitician  and 
writer.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Assembly  for  tho 
department  of  Loire-lnfericure  in  1791  ;  a  member  and  one 
of  tlie  secretaries  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1798  ; 
director-general  of  taxes  in  1804  :  and  peer  of  Knitiee  in 
1831.  Ho  wrote  "  l.o  manuserit  do  feu  M.  Jiirflmc  "  (1825), 
etc. 
Frangais,  Francois  Louis.  Born  at  Plombieres. 
Vosges.  France,  Nov.  17,  1814:  died  May  28, 
1897.  A  French  landscape-iiainter.  a  ]iupil  of 
Gigoux  and  Corol,  elected  memlier  of  the  Beaux 
Arts  in  l.HDO, 

Franca'villa  Fontana  (friin-kii-vel'Iii  fon-tii'- 

nii).  A  town  ill  the  province  of  Lecce,  Apu- 
lia, Italv,  22  inih's  west-southwest  of  Brimlisi. 
Popuhit'icm  (1881).  16,328. 
France  (frans).  [F.  y.«  France :  L.  Gtillin,  later 
Friiitfiii,  land  of  the  Franks;  It.  Frii»ci<i,  Sp. 
Fraiirid,  Pg.  Friitii;ii,  (i.  I'i<iiihr<'i<'li.'\  Acoiiiili'y 
of  western  Euro)ii',  capilal  Paris,  boundeil  by 
the  Englisli  Channel,  tho  .Strait  of  Dover,  and 
the  North  Sea  on  Ihe  north,  Belgium  and  liUX- 
embtirg  on  the  nortlieasl.  (iermaiiy  (partly 
soparalod  by  the  Vosges),  Switzerhind  (largely 
separated  by  Die  Jui-a  iind  Lake  (Jeneva),  and 
Italy  (se|>arated  by  tlie  Alps)  on  tho  oust,  tho 
.Mediterranean  and  Spain  (separated  by  tlw" 
Pyreiii-es)  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
and  Ihe  Atlantic  on  tho  west.  It  extends  fmin 
lat.  4'2'  'J.'.'  to  51  5  N.,  and  from  long.  T  39  F..  to4'lin  W. 
The  surface  is  mouutainoUN  in  the  south  and  east,  level 
and  hilly  in  the  west  and  north.    Besides  tho  fruiitier 


France 

ranges  (the  Pyrenees,  Alps,  Jura,  and  Vosges),  the  chief 
mountains  are  the  C^vennes  in  the  south,  Auvergne  in  the 
center,  and  the  mountains  of  the  Cote-d'<_>r  (and  their  con- 
tinuations southward).  There  ^-e  also  tlie  plateaus  of  the 
Morvan  and  Limousin  in  the  interior,  and  Ardennes  in  the 
northeast.  Brittanyis  broken  and  hilly.  The  highest  moun- 
tain in  France  is  Mont  Blanc.  The  chief  liver-systenis  are 
those  of  the  Seine,  Loire,  Garonne,  and  Rhone.  Paits  of  the 
Schelde,  Meuse,  and  iloselle  (Rhine)  basins  are  in  Frauce. 
The  hxrgest  lakes  are  Geneva  (on  the  border),  Annecy,  and 
Bourget  France  is  the  fourth  European  countryiu  ai-eaand 
population.  The  leading  agricultural  products  are  grain 
and  wine ;  next  to  these  are  beet-root,  fiuit  and  vegetables, 
and  potatoes.  The  agricultural  exports  are  butter,  eggs, 
poultry,  and  cattle,  especially  to  England.  France  lias 
fisheries  o(  oysters,  cod,  herring,  mackerel,  etc.  The  lead- 
ing mines  are  iron  and  coal.  Salt  and  building-stones  are 
produced  in  large  quantities.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
silk,  cotton,  woolens,  linen,  lace,  chemicals,  sugar,  pottery, 
glass,  paper,  "articles  of  Paris,"  etc.  The  country  holds 
the  tirst  rank  in  silk  manufacture,  and  exports  woolens, 
wine,  silks,  etc.  France  is  subdivided  into  S7  depart- 
ments. The  government  is  republican,  administered  by  a 
president  (term  7  years)  as  cxL-tutive,  a  senate  (300  mem- 
bers), and  a  chamber  of  deputies  (5^  members).  The 
prevailing  language  is  French,  but  Basque  is  spoken  in  the 
southwest,  Breton  in  the  northwest,  Flemish  in  the  north- 
east, and  Italian  by  a  few  in  the  southeast.  The  religions 
supported  by  the  state  are  Roman  Catholic  (adherents 
numbering  about  98  per  cent,  of  all),  Protestant  (chiefly 
Calvinist),  and  Jewish.  Slohammedanism  is  supported  in 
Algeria.  The  following  are  the  principal  colonial  pos- 
sessions; in  Africa  —  Algeria,  Tunis  (a  French  protector- 
ate). Senegal  and  dependencies,  iYench  Sudan  and  Ivory 
Coast,  French  Kongo  (Gaboon),  Reunion,  Mayotte,  Nossi- 
B6,  Sainte-Marie,  Obok.  Comoro  Islands  (protectorate), 
Madagascar  (protectorate).  French  Sahara;  in  Asia  — Pon- 
dicherry,  Tongking,  Cochiu-China,  Aunam  (protectorate), 
Cambodia  (protectorate);  in  America— French  Guiana, 
Martinique,  Guadeloupe  and  dependencies,  St.  Pierre  and 
Miquelon  ;  in  Oceania  —  New  Caledonia,  Tahiti.  Marque- 
sas Islands,  Tubuai  Islands,  Tuamotu  Islands,  Wallis, 
Raiatea,  and  some  small  acquisitions.  France  coiTesponds 
partly  to  the  ancient  Gaul.  It  was  inhabited  in  the  ear- 
nest historic  times  by  the  Iberians  (Aquitanians  and 
Basques)  and  Celts  (Gauls).  Greek  colonies  were  settled  at 
Marseilles  and  elsewhere  in  southern  France.  Roman  set- 
tlements were  made  at  Narbo  B.  C.  118,  and  southern 
France  {Promnda)  was  acquired  by  Rome.  The  conquest  of 
all  Gaul  was  effected  by  Ccesar  58-51  B.  c,  and  the  country 
was  subdivided  into  Roman  provinces,  becoming  Roman- 
ized and  Christian.  It  was  overrun  in  the  .Sth  century  by  the 
West  Goths,  Burgundians,  and  Franks :  but  an  invasion  of 
the  Huns  under  Attila  was  checked  at  Chalons  (451).  The 
Frankish  monarchy  (Merovingian)  was  established  under 
Clovis  after  his  defeat  of  the  Roman  governor  Syagrius 
near  Soissons  in  486.  .\  Saracen  invasion  was  checked  by 
Chailes  Martel  at  Tours  in  732.  Carolingians  came  into 
power  with  the  accession  of  Pepin  the  Short  in  75L  Pepin's 
son  Charlemagne  was  crowned  emperor  of  the  West  in  800; 
but  the  troubles  after  his  death  led  to  a  division  of  the 
Frankish  empire  in  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (843).  The  settle- 
ment of  the  iSorthnien  in  France  took  place  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  10th  century,  andthe  accession  of  theCapetian 
dynasty  in  987.  France  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Cru- 
sades. The  power  of  the  crown  was  increased  by  variou? 
sovereigns,  especially  by  Philip  II.,  Louis  IX.,  Philip  IV., 
and  Louis  XL  The  Hundred  Years  War  with  England  ex- 
tended from  about  13.S7  to  1453.  The  Valois  branch  of  the 
■  Capetian  house  acceded  in  1328,  and  continued  with  its 
branch  Valois-Orleans  till  the  accession  of  the  Bourbons 
with  Henry  IV.  (of  Navarre)  in  15S!).  The  Huguenot  wars 
lasted  from  1562  to  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  15H8.  The  power 
of  the  crown  was  greatly  developed  i'y  Richelieu  and  Louis 
XIV.  France  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Tliirty  Years'  \\  ar. 
There  were  various  combinations  of  Euroi)ean  states  against 
Louis  XIV.  (the  last  in  the  W'ar  of  the  Spanish  Succession). 
France  took  partinthe  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession.  In 
the  Seven  Years  War  it  was  defeated  by  England,  losing 
large  possessions  in  America  and  India.  It  aided  the  United 
States  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  'I'he  first  I-Yench  Revo- 
lution began  in  17S9,  and  the  republic  was  established  in 
1792.  Great  increase  of  French  teiTitory  and  power  re- 
sulted from  the  wars  of  the  Revolution.  The  Directory  was 
established  in  1795,  the  Consulate  in  1799,  and  the  empire 
under  Napoleon  in  1804.  Later  evt-ntsare  the  restoration 
of  the  Bom-bons  (1814) ;  the  Hundred  Days  of  Napoleon 
(1815);  the  second  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  (1816)  ;  the 
revolution  of  July  and  accession  of  the  Orleans  family 
(1830);  the  revolution  and  establishment  of  the  second 
republic  (184S) ;  the  coup  d'etat  of  Louis  Napoleon  (Dec, 
1851);  and  the  establishment  of  the  second  empire  under 
Napoleon  111  (1852).  France  took  part  in  the  Crimean 
war  and  in  the  .\ustrian-Italian  war  of  1859.  In  the  war  of 
1870-71  with  the  Germans  (the  so-called  Franco-German 
war)  France  was  severely  defeated;  the  empire  was  over- 
thrown (Sept.,  1870),  and  was  succeeded  by  the  third  re- 
public ;  and  France  was  obliged  to  cede  Alsace-Loiraine 
(1871)  This  disaster  was  followed  by  the  Communist  civil 
wai  of  1871.  More  recent  events  have  been  the  extension 
of  French  territory  or  influence  in  southeastern  Asia  (war 
with  China,  ending  1885),  in  Tunis  and  western  Africa,  and 
in  Madagascar;  the  Centennial  Exposition  of  1889;  the 
ellorts  to  overturn  the  existing  republic  by  royalists, 
Bonapartists,  and  Boulangists;  the  leaning  toward  Russia 
(to  offset  the  Triple  Alliance);  andthe  Panama  imbroglio, 
culminating  in  1892.  (See,  further.  Gaul,  liuroundy,  Nor- 
mandy, and  the  other  provinces;  Franco-Gcrtnan  War  and 
other  wars;  French  Revolution,  and  yapoleoji.)  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  statement  of  the  incorporation  of  the  provinces 
of  France  since  the  Carolingian  period :  Gutinais  annexed 
to  the  crown  1068;  viscounty  of  Bourges  lioii;  counties  of 
Amiens  and  Vermandois  (in  Picardy)  annexed  to  the  crown 
118S  (Anally  about  1479);  county  of  Valois  annexed  1215 
(final  union  1515);  Normandy  about  1203;  Anjou  about 
12114  (definitely  14S0);  Maine  about  1204  (definitely  14S1); 
Touraine  annexed  to  the  crown  about  12)i4  (incorporated 
about  1584) ;  Narbonne  (eastern  Languedoc)  1229 :  Blois 
andChartres  (in  Ofl^anais)  1234  (Blois  finidly  in  possession 
of  the  crown  1408) ;  Percbe  12.'.7  ;  county  of  Touloust.'  1271 ; 
Champagne  1335  (incorporated  1361);  Montpellior  ac- 
quired 1349  (.)  ;  Aquitaine  1453  ;  Berry  14*>5,  and  definitely 
1601;  duchy  of  Burgundy  1479;  Brittany  1491  (incorporated 


406 

1532)  ;  Auvergne  incorporated  1532 ;  Bourbon  united  to 
the  crown  1523;  Forez  united  to  the  crown  1532  ;  bishop- 
rics of  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun  1552  (formally  ceded  1648) ; 
Rouergue  1525 ;  Navarre  and  B6arn  united  with  France 
15S0  ;  Bresse,  Bugev,  and  tbe  pays  de  Gex  all  in  1601 ;  part 
of  Alsace  im8;  Iluussillon  1659 ;  Dunkirk  16(i2 ;  Artois  1659, 
1668,  1678 ;  Flanders  1659.  1668,  1678,  1713 ;  Franche- 
Cornt)^  (county  of  Burgundy)  1674-78;  Strasburg  1681; 
Orange  1713 ;  Lorraine  1766 ;  Avignon  and  the  Comtat- 
Veuaissin  1791;  remaining  parts  of  Alsace  about  1791; 
county  of  Montb^liard  1793;  Nice  and  its  territory  and 
Savoy  1860.  Of  regions  outside  of  France,  Corsica  was  ac- 
quired 1768,  Algeria  1830^7-  At  its  height  under  Napo- 
leon, France  included  Belgium.  Holland.  Germany  west 
of  the  Rhine,  northwestern  Germany  as  far  as  the  mouth 
of  the  Elbe  and  Lvibeck,  Valais  in  Switzerland,  Piedmont, 
Liguria,  Tuscany,  and  Latium  ;  the  kingdom  of  Italy  (in 
northeastern  Italy),  the  Hlyrian  provinces,  and  some 
smaller  tracts  were  governed  from  France ;  and  in  French 
alliance  or  under  French  protection  were  the  Rhenish 
Confederation  (including  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia), 
Dantzie,  Switzerland,  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  Neuchiitel, 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  various  minor  Italian  states. 
Area  of  France,  204,092  square  miles.  Population  (1901), 
38,961,945.  Population  of  French  colonial  possessions, 
estimated,  35,000,000-37,000,000;  the  entire  area  is  unde- 
termined. 

France  then  —  the  Western  or  Latin  Francia,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  German  Francia  or  Fi"anken  — prop- 
erly meant  only  the  King  s  immediate  dominions.  Though 
Normandy,  Aquitaine,  and  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy  allowed 
homage  to  the  French  king,  no  one  would  have  spoken  of 
them  as  parts  of  France,  But,  as  the  French  kings,  step 
by  step,  got  possession  of  the  dominions  of  their  vassals 
and  other  neighbours,  the  name  of  France  gradually  spread 
till  it  took  in,  as  it  now  does,  by  far  the  greater  part  of 
Gaul.  On  the  other  hand,  Flanders,  Barcelona,  and  the 
Norman  islands,  though  once  under  the  homage  of  the 
Fi'ench  kings,  have  fallen  altogether  away,  and  have  there- 
fore never  been  reckoned  as  parts  of  France.  Thus  the 
name  of  France  supplanted  the  name  of  Karolingia  as  the 
name  of  the  Western  kingdom. 

Freeman^  Hist,  Geog.,  p.  143. 

France,  lie  de.    See  lle-de-France, 

France,  Isle  of.    See  Mauritius, 

France,  Jacques  Anatole  TMbault  (known  as 

Anatole).  Bom  at  Paris,  April  16,  1844.  A 
Froncii  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  is 
principally  known  from  his  critical  articles  in  "La  Vie 
Litt^raire,"  "Le Globe,"  "LesD^bats,"  "Le Temps,"  etc, 
and  his  novel  "  Le  Crime  de  Sylvestre  Bonnard  "  (1881). 

France  Antarctique  (frohs  on-tark-tek')-    A 

name  given  by  the  French  Huguenots  to  the 
short-lived  colony  on  the  bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil,  1555-67.  Thevet  and  other  authors  extended 
the  title  to  the  -nbole  of  Brazil,  and  even  to  all  South 
America. 

France  fiquinoxiale  (frons  a-ke-noks-yal')- 

[F-,  'equinoctial  France.']  A  name  given  by 
some  authors  of  the  18th  century  to  French 
Guiana.  It  was  occasionally  used  in  official 
documents. 

Francesca   (fran-ches'ka),  Piero  della,  sur- 

named  di  San-Sepolcro  (from  his  place  of 
birth).  Born  in  Italy,  H-0:  died  1492.  An 
Italian  painter.  He  worked  in  l-lorence  (1-139^0), 
Arezzo,  Kimini,  Rome,  and  elsewhere.  He  wrote  "De 
prospectiva  pingendi." 

Francesca  da  Rimini  (fran-ches'ka  da  re'me- 
ne).  An  Italian  lady  of  the  13th  century,  daugh- 
ter of  Guido  da  Polenta,  lord  of  Rimini,  and 
wife  of  Giovanni  Malatesta.  The  story  of  her  love 
for  Paolo,  the  young  brother  of  her  husband,  and  their 
subsequent  death  (about  1288)  at  the  hand  of  the  latter, 
has  been  told  by  Dante  in  a  famous  episode  in  the  "In- 
ferno." Silvio  Pellico  wrote  a  tragedy  on  the  subject, 
and  Leigh  Hunt  a  poem.  Boker  also  wrote  a  tragedy  with 
the  same  title,  which  has  been  successfully  played.  Noted 
pictures  illustrating  the  story  have  been  painted  by  Ingres, 
Caliant],  Ary  ^^cbetfer.  George  Frederic  Watts,  and  otliers. 

Franceschina  (frau-ehes-ke'na).  The  princi- 
pal character  in  Marston's  "Dutch  Courtesan." 

The  character  of  the  passionate  and  implacable  courte- 
san, Franceschina,  is  conceived  with  masterly  ability. 
Few  figures  in  the  Elizabethan  drama  are  more  striking 
than  this  fair  vengeful  fiend,  who  is  as  playful  and  piti- 
less as  a  tigress :  whose  caresses  are  sweet  as  honey  and 
poisonous  as  aconite.  Bullen. 

Franceschini  (fran-ehes-ke'ne),  Baldassare. 
Born  at  Volterra,  Italy,  about  1612:  died  at 
Florence,  1681.     An  Italian  painter. 

Francescliini,  Marcantonio.  Born  at  Bologn  a, 
Italy,  April  5,  164S:  died  at  Bologna,  Dec.  24, 
1728.     An  Italian  painter. 

Franche-Comte  (fronsh  k6n-ta').  [F.,  *free 
county.']  An  ancient  government  of  eastern 
France.  It  was  bounded  by  Champagne  on  the  north- 
west, Lorraine  on  the  north.  Montb^liard  and  Switzerland 
on  the  east,  Gex,  Bugey,  and  Bresse  on  the  south,  and 
Burgundy  on  the  west.  It  was  called  in  its  earlier  his- 
tory Upper  Burgundy,  and  often  later  was  known  as  the 
county  of  Burgundy.  Besangon  and  D61e  are  the  chief 
towns.  The  departments  of  Doubs,  Jura,  and  Uaute- 
Sa6ne  correspond  to  it.  It  was  part  of  the  old  kingdom 
of  Burgundy.  It  became  a  countship  in  early  times  and 
a  flef  of  the  empire,  was  held  at  different  times  by  Fred- 
erick Baibarossa  and  Philip  V.  of  France,  and  was  defi- 
nitely annexed  to  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  in  1384.  It  was 
conquered  by  Louis  XI.  of  France  in  1477;  was  ceded  l)y 
Charles  ^'III.  to  the  Hapsburgs  in  14;t3.  retaining  local 
privileges  under  Spanish  rule;  was  conquered  by  I^ouis 
ilV.  1668,  but  restored ;  and  was  again  conquered  in  1674 


Francis  I. 

and  annexed  to  France  (formally  ceded  by  treaties  of  Nim- 

wegen  1678-79). 

Franchi  (friin'ke),  Ansonio:  pseudonym  of 
Cristoforo  Bonavino.  Born  at  Pegli.  near 
Genoa,  Italy,  Feb.  24,  1S21:  died  at  Castelletto, 
Italy,  Sept.,  1895.  An  Italian  philosophical  wri- 
ter. He  became  a  priest,  but  in  1849  abandoned  the 
church  on  account  of  heterodox  opinions,  returning  to  it, 
however,  in  1890.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
the  University  of  Pavia  in  1860,  and  jmjfessor  at  the  Acad- 
emy in  Milan  in  1863.  The  most  notable  of  his  works  is 
"  La  fllnsofla  delle  scuole  italiane  '"  (1852),  etc. 

Franchi,  Fabian  and  Louis  dei.  Twin  bro- 
thers, characters  in  Boucicault's  play  "TheCor- 
siean  Brothers."  The  mysterious  sympathy  between 
them,  a  family  inheritance,  brings  Fabian  from  his  country 
home  to  Paris  to  avenge  the  death  of  Louis  in  a  duel,  re- 
vealed to  him  in  a  sort  of  vision  at  the  time  of  its  occur- 
rence.    Both  parts  are  played  by  one  actor. 

Franci  (fran'si).     See  the  extract. 

Even  so  early  as  the  reign  of  Lewis  the  Pious,  one  writer 
distinguished  Franci  and  Germani,  meaning  by  the  former 
the  people  of  the  Western  Kingdom.  Gradually  the  name 
was,  in  the  usage  of  Gaul  and  of  Europe,  thoroughly  fixed 
in  this  sense.  The  Merwings,  the  Karlings,  the  Capets, 
all  alike  called  themselves  Keges  Francorum. 

Freem-an,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  189. 

Francia  (fran'sMa).  The  land  of  the  Franks. 
The  name  varied  in  meaning  with  the  extent  of  the  Frank- 
ish power.  Western  Francia  was  Neustria,  which  grew 
into  France.     Eastern  Francia  became  Franconia. 

As  for  the  mere  name  of  Francia.  like  other  names  of 
the  kind,  it  shifted  its  geographical  use  according  to  the 
wanderings  of  the  people  from  whom  it  was  derived. 
After  many  such  changes  of  meaning,  it  gradually  settled 
down  as  the  name  for  those  parts  of  Germany  and  Gaul 
where  it  still  abides.  There  are  the  Teutonic  or  Austrian 
Francia,  part  of  which  still  keeps  the  name  of  Franken 
or  Franconia,  and  the  Romance  or  Neustrian  Franciix, 
which  by  various  annexations  has  grown  into  modern 
France.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  121. 

Francia  (fran'cha)  (Francesco  Raibolini). 

Bornl450:  died  Jan.  5, 1518.  An  Italian  painter. 
The  name  Francia  is  probably  an  abbreviation  of  the  full 
name  Francesco.  In  his  own  day  he  was  better  known 
as  a  goldsmith  than  as  a  painter,  and  one  of  the  most 
successful  medallists  of  the  time.  In  ir>OS  he  came  un- 
der the  influence  of  Raphael.  Of  his  frescos  only  two 
remain,  much  retouched,  in  the  Oratory  of  St.  Cecilia  at 
Bologna.  His  easel-pictures  and  portraits  in  oil  are  nu- 
merous, and  show  the  tendencies  of  Perugini  and  Raphael 
so  strongly  that  some  have  long  been  attributed  to  one  or 
the  other  painter. 

Francia  (friin'se-a),  Jose  Gaspar  Rodriguez, 

called  Dr.  Francia.  Born  in  Asuncion,  1761 : 
died  there,  Sept.  20. 1840.  A  dictator  of  Para- 
guay. He  was  a  lawyer,  and  in  May,  1811,  was  made  a 
member  of  the  governmental  junta  which  was  formed  after 
the  expulsion  of  the  Spanish  governor.  He  quickly  took 
the  lead  in  affairs  ;  wasmadeconsul  in  Oct.,  1811 ;  dictator 
for  three  years  in  1814;  and  dictator  for  life  in  1817.  From 
the  first  he  governed  with  absolute  power,  and  his  orders 
became  the  only  law  of  the  country.  Aiming  to  cut  off 
Pai-aguay  from  intercourse  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  he 
restricted  foreign  commerce  to  a  few  absolutely  necessary 
ai'ticles.  Except  in  rare  instances  nobody  was  alLjwed  to 
leave  the  country,  and  this  rule  was  enforced  witli  the  few 
foreigners  who  entered  it.  He  regulated  agriculture  as 
he  pleased,  and  would  not  permit  the  accumulation  of 
wealth.  His  real  or  supposed  enemies  were  imprisoned 
and  executed,  often  secretly  and  always  without  any  real 
trial.  Primary  education  was  somewhat  encouraged,  and 
quarrels  with  the  surrounding  powers  were  avoided,  so 
that  during  bis  rule  Paraguay  had  no  wars. 

Franciabigio  (friin-eha-be'jo),  Francesco  di 
Cristofano.  Born  at  Florence  about  1480 : 
died  there,  about  1525.  An  Italian  painter,  a 
pupil  and  imitator  of  Andrea  del  Sarto. 

Francion.     See  Histoire  Comique  de  Francion. 

Francis  (fran'sis)  L  (of  Austria:  Francis  II. 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire).  [The  E.  name 
Francis  was  formerly  also  Ft-auucis,  from  OF. 
FranceiSj  F.  Fran^ois^  Sp.  Pg.  Francisco^  It. 
Francesco,  G.  Franciscus,  Fratiz,  from  ML. 
Fra}tcisci(,s,  Frankish,  of  France,  from  Fran- 
CU3,  Frank,  Francia,  France.]  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Feb.  12,  1768:  died  at  Vienna,  March 
2,  1835.  Emperor  of  Austria,  son  of  the  em- 
peror Leopold  n.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1792. 
He  joined  in  1793  the  first  coalition  against  France,  but 
was  forced  by  the  successes  of  >"apoleon  in  Italy  to  con- 
clude (Oct.  17,  1797)  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio  (which 
see).  In  1799  he  joined  the  second  coalition  against  France, 
but  in  consequence  of  the  victories  of  Napoleon  at  Maren- 
go (June  14,  1800),  and  Moreau  at  Hohenlinden  (Dec.  3, 
1800),  he  accepted  (Feb.  9,  1801)  the  peace  of  Lun^ville, 
which  in  the  main  confirmed  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio. 
He  joined  the  third  coalition  against  France  in  1805,  but 
was  forced  by  the  victory  of  J^apoleon  at  Austerlitz  (Dec. 
2,  1805)  to  conclude  (Dec.  26,  1805)  the  peace  of  Presburg, 
by  which  Austria  was  deprive(i  of  Venetia  and  Tyrol. 
Having  already  proclaimed  himself  hereditary  emperor  of 
Austria  in  1804,  he  formally  abdicated  the  crown  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire  in  1806.  He  declared  war  against 
France  in  1809,  but  was  forced  by  the  victory  of  Napoleon 
over  the  archduke  Charles  at  "Wagram  (July  b-&,  1809)  to 
conclude  (Oct.  14,  1809)  the  peace  of  Vienna,  by  which 
Austria  lost  32,000  square  miles  of  territory.  His  daugh- 
ter ilaria  Louisa  married  Napoleon  in  1810.  He  sided 
with  France  against  Russia  in  1812,  joined  tbe  Allies  in 
1813,  and  acquired  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  more  terri- 
tory than  he  had  lost  in  his  previous  wars  with  France. 


i 

i 

] 

i 


Francis  I. 

He  Joined  the  Holy  Alliance  in  IslS,  and  the  remainder  ot 
his  reign  was  .luvott-d  to  a  policy  of  reaction  under  the 
guidance  of  Metternich. 
Francis  I.     Born  at  Cognac,  France,  Sept.  1-, 
1494:  ilied  at  Kanibouillet,  France,  March  dl. 
l')47.     King  of  France,  son  of  Charles,  count 
of  Angouleme.  and  cousin-german  of  LouisXII. 
Ue  8uccee<led  to  the  tlucie  in  1515.    In  the  sa";«  yeaj  je 
c.nquered  by  the  viot. ., y  , ,t  Muiii:i,ano(.',ept  ia-14)  Ml      , 
the  sovereifcMity  o(  winch  hecla.M.ed  by  inhentancethluUKh 
his  .•reat-gruMdniother  VaUntina  \  isconti      In  1..10  he 
condiided  a  conconlat  with  the  Pope  which  rescinded 
the  pracniatic  sanction  of  H:«i,  and  vested  m  the  crown 
the  right  of  noniinatuig  to  vacant  hencHces.    Uc  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  imperial  di^-nily  in  1;.1J, 
and  the  reniaiiidrr  of  his  reign  was  chieHy  m.-npuii  n> 
four  wars  ag-.iiiist  his  victorious  rival,  the  emperor  I  h:iilcs 
V    who  advanced  claims  to  Milan  and  the  duchy  ot  Jiur- 
Biindy.    During  the  llrst  war,  which  broke  out  in  l.i'.l. 
he  was  taken  captive  at  Favla  in  1.V26,  and  kept  prisoner 
until  the  peace  of  .Madrid  in  1526.     Durinu  the  second 
war  which  broke  out  in  1627,  he  was  supported  by  the- 
Pope,  Venice,  and  Francesco  Sforza.     It  was  concluded 
by  the  peace  of  Camhray  in  1629.    The  thud  war  broke 
out  in  1636.  and  was  ended  by  the  truce  of  Nice  in  1.->3S. 
The  fourth  war,  which  broke  out  in  1542,  was  terminated 
with  the  peace  of  I'respy  in  1.544.  which  left  him  "'  pos- 
session of  Burgundy  while  the  emperor  retaincil  Milan. 
During  the  last  two  wars  his  principal  ally  was  ftoliman 
the  Magnitlceut,  sultan  of  Turkey. 
Francis  II.     Bom  at  Fontainebleau,  France, 
Jan.  19.  ir>44 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  .5, 1560.    King 
of  France,  eldest  sou  of  Henry  II.  whom  be 
succeeded  in  \a')0.      He  married  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  in  15.58.  „  ,„„     ,.   j 

Francis  I.  (Stephen).  Born  Dee.  8, 1/08:  died 
at  Innsbruck.  Tvrol,  Aug.  18,  1765.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  sou  of  Leopold, 
duke  of  LoiTaine.  Hemairied  in  1736  Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria,  whose  co  regent  he  became  on  her  accession  in 
17411  to  the  hereditary  dominions  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
He  was  elected  emperor  in  1745. 
Francis  II. ,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  EomanEinpire . 
See  Francis  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria. 
Francis  I.  Born  at  Naples,  Aug.  19,1777:  died  at 


407 
I'habot,  who  compared  the  handwriting  of  Junius  with 
that  of  Fniiicis. 


I 


.Naples,  Xov.  8,  1830.   King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
<on  of  Ferdinand  I., whom  he  suceeedediu  1825. 

Francis  II.  Born  Jan.  16,  1836:  died  at  Arco, 
Tyrol,  Dec.  27,  1894.  King  of  the  Two  Siciliets 
son  of  Ferdinand  II.,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1859.  He  was  driven  from  his  dominions  (wliicli  were 
annexed  to  those  of  Victor  Emmanuel)  in  I860. 

Francis  >  fran'sis).  In  Shakspere's  -'Much  Ado 
about  Notliing,"  a  friar. 

Francis,  Convers.  Born  at  West  Cambridge 
Mass.,  Nov.  9,  1795:  died  at  Cambridge,  April 
7,  1863.  An  American  Unitarian  clergvnnan 
and  biographer.  He  became  professor  of  pulpit  elo- 
quence at  Hanard  in  1S42,  a  position  which  he  retaine. 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  the  essays  on  John  F.liot  and 
Sebastian  Rasle  in  Sparks's  "Library  of  American  Biog- 
raphy." ^  ,    T         J  • 

Francis,  James  Goodall.  Born  at  London  in 
1819:  died  at  Queeiiscliff,  Victoria,  June  ^^, 
18&4.  An  Australian  politician.  He  emigrated  to 
Tasmania  in  18:J4;  removed  subsequently  to  Melbourne  ; 
became  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  \  ictonan 
legislative  assembly  in  1S69 ;  was  commissioner  "'  trade 
and  customs  ihi;3-«h  ;  was  treasurer  of  \  ictoria  1870-71 , 
and  was  prime  minister  1872-74. 

Francis,  John.  Born  at  London,  July  18, 1811 : 
died  there.  April  fi,  1882.  An  English  publisher. 
He  became  a  junior  clerk  in  the  ..ffice  of  the  "  ..Uliemeum 
In  Sept.,  1831.  and  was  business  manaK'-r  and  pnmisncr 
of  that  paper  from  Oct.  4,  1831.  until  his  death,  lie  was 
promini-nlly  connected  with  the  agitation  for  tlie  ri'iieai 
of  the  duty  on  newspaper  advertisements  (1.^53),  ot  llie 
stamp  duty  on  newspapers  (1865),  and  of  the  paper  duty 
(1881).  ^,        ,.      , 

Francis,  John  Wakefield.   Bom  at  New  \  ork, 

Nov.  17,  ITsil:  died  there.  Fob.  8,  1801.  An 
American  physician  and  medical  and  biograph- 
ical \vriter.  He  published  "Old  New  York" 
(18.57),  etc.  _„„      ,.    ,     , 

Francis,  Philip.      Born    about  1-08:    died   at 
Bath   .\lincli  5  1773,     An  Irisli  autlior.    He  took 
the  degree  ot  If.  A.   at  Trlldty  College,   lluldlli,  In  1728, 
and  after  having  been  for  a  time  curate  of  St.  leters, 
Dublin   went  to  F-ngland,  where  he  obtained  the  rectory 
of  Skeylon  In  Norfolk  In  1744.     lie  was  afterward  tut<)r 
to  Charles  James  Foi,  whom  he  ac-ompaiiled  to  l-.ton  In 
1757  and  was  rector  of  Harrow  In  Snlhilk  from  1,62  until 
his  death      Ho  published  the  fcdlowing  translations  fnmi 
Horace:  "Odes,  Epodes,  and  Carmen  Seculaie  of  Horace 
in  Latin  and  English'  (1742).  and  "Satires.  Epistles,  and 
Art  of  roetl7"(l"46), 
Francis,  Sir  Philip.     Bom  at  Dublin,  Oct.  22, 
174(1:  <lied  Dec  23,  1818.     The  reputed  author 
of  "Junius's  Letters,"  son  of  Philip  Francis 
(1708-73).     Ho  was  educated  at  St  Paul's  schoid ;  be- 
came a  Junior  clerk  in  the  secretary  of  state's  olllce  In 
1756-  was  amanuensis  to  I'Itt  17Ul-fi2 ;  was  llrst  clerk  at 
the  War  Olllce  17li2-72  :  went  lait  to  In.lla  In  1774  as  one  of 
the  council  of  tour  appolnle.l  to  control  the  goveriior- 
Keneral  .d  India  ;  returned  to  F.uglaud  In  1781  (having  loft 
India  In  1780) ;  cTdered  Parliament  in  1784  ;  ami  about  1,'SlW 
was  made  K.  C.  li.     Ue  wrote  numerous  papirs,  under 

, 1..   „......,...,    .,f  tl...    \Vl,i,^   Tiiirtv    mill 


Francis  Borgia,  St.    See  Borgia,  St.  Francesro. 
Francis  Joseph  I.    Born  at  \  lenna,  Aug.  18, 
ls:iii      Kiuii.ror  of  Austria,  eldest  son  of  the 
archduke  Francis  Charles  by  the  princess  So- 
i.liia,  daughter  of  Ma.ximilian  I.  of  Bavaria. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  Dec.  2,  1848,  on  the  abdica- 
tion of  his  uncle  Ferdinand  I.    Ue  found  at  his  accession 
wide-spread  revolutions  in  progress  in  Ita  y  and  Hun- 
gary    The  pacillcation  ..f  Italy  was  accomplished  by  the 
decisive  victory  of  Radetzky  over  Chailes  Albert  of  .Sar- 
dinia, at  Novara.  March  2:i,  184',i.    The  emperor  took  part 
in  person  in  the  campaign  in  Hungary,  which  was  subju- 
gated with  the  assistance  of  the  Kussians,  whose  general 
Kudiger,  received  the  surrender  of  the  Hunganau  general 
Oorgey  at  Vilagos,   Aug.   13.  1849.   ,  lu  1859  Meter  F.m. 
manuci,  the  successor  of  Charles  Albert,  having  secured 
the  alliance  of  France,  resumed  the  struggle  for  the  UD- 
eration  of  Italy.    The  Austrian  forces  were  overthrown 
by  the  French  and  .Sardinians  at  Magenta  .Uine  4,  an<l 
Solferino  June  24,  and  Austria  was  forced  to  give  up  l.om- 
bardy  in  the  preliminary  peace  of  Vilhif  ranca  J  uly  II,  ISni^, 
which  was  ratitled  by  the  peace  of  Zurich  Nov.  10,  1859 
In  18IH   in  idliaiice  with  Prussia,  he  waged  a  war  against 
Denmark,  which  resulted  in  the  severance  of  .■-cileswig, 
Uolstein,  and  l.auenburg  from  that  kingdom.    I>'s»P'«: 
ment  over  the  disposition  of  these  duchies  brought  about 
the  Austro-Prussian  war,  in  which  Austria  receive^  the 
feeble  ^upn.  at  of  a  number  of  German  states,  while  lYussia 
secured  the  alliance  of  Italy.    The  Prussmns,  on  July  3, 
1866  over« lu-lin.il  the  Austrian  amiy  at  Koniggratz (.sa- 
dowii)      In  Italy  the  Austrians  were  victorious  at  <  us- 
tozza,  and  the  Austrian  fleet  achieved  a  triumph  at  Lissa. 
The  emperor  eoncUided  peace  with  Prussia  at  Irague 
Vug    '3  and  with  Italy  at  Vienna  Oct  3,  1806.     Austria 
Was  ejected  from  the  Ccrinan  Confederation,  and  was  com- 
nelled  to  give  up  Venetia.     The  unsuccessful  issue  of  this 
S^i-  forced  np<"n  the  emperor  a  liberal  interna    policy. 
The  Hungarians  were  conciliated  bJ'  "'«  s?-^!"'-;     ^'S" 
gleich  (compromise),  ellected  by  Beust  and  Deak  in  180, 
by  which  the  Austrian  empire  was  reconstltntcd  on  a 
dualistic  basis.     In  Sept.,  1872,  during  the  ministry  of 
C  u  t  AndrAssy,  he  concluded  with  the  German  Kiupire 
and  Russia  the  Dreikaiserbund  for  the  preservation  of  11  e 
European   peace.     The  Dreikaiserbund  "/"n.^v  i '    S^g'^ 
disso  veil  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin  June  IS-Julj  1.,,  18i8^ 
which  iiermittcd  Austria  to  occupy  the  provinces  of  Hos- 
nia  and  Herzegovina  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  Russia. 
Ill  S     e  concluded  the  Triple  Alliance  with  the  Ger- 
man  Empire  and  Italy.     Francis  Joseph  married  in  1864 
"^  prh^cess  Elisabeth,  daughter  of  Duke  Maximilian  of 
e  house  of  Bavaria.     His  only  son,  the  CToy.i^  pn^^ce 
Rudolph,  committed  suicide  (V)  .Tan  30, 1889,  "t  Mu-r   "g, 
aear  Vienna.     The  archduke  Charles  Louis    brothel   of 
Fr  ncisJoseph.hecameheirtothethrone  butheretioum-ed 
h  s  right  in  favor  of  his  son  the  archduke  Francis  Feldl- 
lland,  who  is  now  the  heir  apparent.    He  was  born  at  Oratz 

Francis  of  Assisi  (iis-so'ze),  Saint  (Gio'vanni 
Francesco  Bernardone).  Born  at  Assim, 
Italy,inll82:  diedat  Assisi, Oct.  4,1220.  Acele- 
brated  Italian  monk  and  preacher.  He  turned, 
after  a  serious  illness  in  his  youth,  to  a  life  of  ascetic 
devotion,  and  in  1210  founded  the  order  of  the  1-rancis. 
cans,  whose  rule  was  formally  conttnned  by  Honoiins 
III  in  122:i.  After  a  visit  to  Egypt  in  1219,  on  which  he 
preached  before  the  sultan,  he  retired  as  a  henmt  to 
Monte  Alverno,  where,  according  to  the  legend,  he  experi- 
enced the  miracle  ot  the  stigmata.  He  wa.s  canonized 
by  Gregory  I.K.  in  1228,  and  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  4. 

Francis  of  Paula  (pou'lii),  Saint.  Born  at 
Paola  (Paula),  Cosonza.  Italy,  1416:  died  at 
Plessis-lcz-Tours,  Indi'e-Loire,  France,  April  1., 
1.507.  An  Italian  monk,  the  founder  of  tho 
order  of  Minims  (first  called  Hermits  of  St. 
Francis)  in  1436.  The  statutes  of  the  orderwcre  con. 
nrmcd,  and  Francis  was  appointed  its  superior-general, 
by  PopeSixtusIV.  in  1474. 

Francis  of  Sales  (sab. ;  F.  pron.  sill).  Saint. 

Born  at  Sales,  near  Annecy,  Savoy,  loUi  :  died 
at  Lyons,  Doc.  28, 1022.  A  Savoyard,  coad.iutor- 
bish;>p  (1.5'.)9)  and  lati-r  (1002)  bishoii  of  t.ene- 
va  founder  with  Madame  do  Chantal  of  the  or- 
der of  tlie  Visitation  in  1610.  Ho  wrote  "  Iraite 
do  I'amour  do  Dieu,"  etc.  He  is  commemorated 
on  .lull.  29.  .     D,    , 

Francisca  (frau-sis'kii).     A  nun  in  Shakspero  s 

•'Measure  for  Measure." 
Franciscans  (fran-sis'kanz).  An  order  of  men- 
dicant friars  fouiid.d  by  St.  Francis  ot  Assisi, 
Italv,  authorized  bv  the  Pope  in  1210,  and  more 
forniallv  ratilied  in  1223,  In  addition  to  the  usual 
vows  of  poverty,  chastity,  and  ohedieme,  JP^'I""  »tf^  » 
laid  upol,  preaching  and  ministry  to  the  body  and  s,  u  . 
Under  various  names,  such  as  Minorites  li,  refooted 
FHars,  and  Gray  Friars,  the  order  spread  rapidly  Ihroug h- 
out  Europe  :  a.nong  Its  membep.  "•'^■■''..A'"''"-'^, "' ""'"l 
Duns  acotus,  Roger  Bacon,  o.cani,  Fopes  ^l«<"«^-»  ' 
Clement  .XIV..  and  other  eminent  men  :  and  the  order 
wi^oiig  noted' for  it.  rivalry  with  the  l'"ml"'7"»-  " 
ferenccs  early  arose  in  regard  to  the  severity  '''>"■■  '"'j 
which  culminated  In  the  15lh  century  in  the  ' "vislo  f 
the  order  into  two  great  classes,  the  ol.sorvantlnes  (U- oh. 
servimts  and  the  Conventuals  :  the  miner  I;''  ">v  a  more 
rigoriuis  the  latter  a  milder  rule.  1he  general  of  the  lib. 
serial  lies  Is  minister-general  of  the  entire  <.r.ler.1  ho 
order  has  been  noted  for  missionary  zeal,  hut  snilcred 
CO  sfderahly  1.  the  Reformation  and  the  French  Kevoltl. 
tlou  The  usual  dlslingulshiug  features  of  the  garbaro  tt 
grayor  dark  brown  cowl,  a  ginlle,  and  sandals. 


Pranconia,  Middle 

lesser  brethren,  Minorite  Friars,  They  were  both  off. 
shoots  of  the  Augustimaii  monks  :  both  were  Austin  Fri- 
ars, whether  Black  Friars  or  Grey  Friars.  The  Dominicans 
were  in  black;  and  the  Franciscans  went  in  coarse  grey 
gowns,  bare-footed  and  bare-headed, 

ilorley,  English  Writers,  IIL  809. 


was  mane  iv.  v..  n.    ue  «n>n;  ii.i.iM  ,...."  ,..., ^, 

various  nsemlonvms,  in  support  of  the  W  big  party,  am. 
has  been  accredited  with  the  aulhorshlp  of  'Junius  s 
Letters      chleHy   on   the   evidence  adduced   by  (harks 


Dominic's  theologians  were  called  "'•'•■"'.ly  f™', '^■, 
(licalori  :  Francis  therefore  modestly  p  seed  hlinse  f  and 
his  eoinpanlous  below  their  order  as  the  Frah  Ulnar,. 


Francisco  (fran-sis'ko).  [See  Francis.']  1.  A 
lord  ill  Shakspere's  "  Tempest."— 2.  A  soldier 
in  Shakspere's  "Hamlet."— 3.  In  Massinger's 
play  "The  Duke  of  Milan,"  the  duke's  favor- 
ite, a  cold,  vindictive  hypocrite. 

Francisque  (fron-sesk').  See  Millet,  Franqois 
(Finns  Mill,  ). 

Francis  Xavier.     See  Xavier,  Francis. 

Franck  ifrohki,  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Liocourt, 
France,  Oct.  9,  1809:  died  April  10,  1893.  A 
French  philosopher.  He  became  pri.fessor  of  Inter- 
national law  at  the  College  de  France  in  185t.,  and  founded 
the  "I'aix  Sociale"  in  1888.  He  published  "Le  commu- 
nisme  jugiS  par  I'histoire'  (1849),  -  Philosophic  du  droit 
p(?iial "  (18iU),  "  Moralities  et  philosophes  "  ( 1871),  and  was 
the  editor  of  "  Dictionnaire  des  sciences  philosophiques  ' 
(1843-49). 

Franck,  Sebastian.    See  Franl: 

Francke  (frang'ke),  August  Hermann.    Born 

at  Liibeck,  Germauv,  March  22,  1003:  died  at 
Halle,  Prussia,  June  8,  1727.  A  German  pie- 
tistic  preaclicr  and  philanthropist.  He  founded 
at  llalle  in  1C',)5  an  orphan  asylum  with  which  a  printing- 
press  and  various  schools  »ere  later  combined. 

Franco  (friin'ko),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  Semolei.  Born  at  Udine,  1510 :  died  at 
Venice  1501.  .\n  Italian  painter.  Hismostnoted 
work  is  a  "  Bajitism  of  Christ  "in  the  Church  of  San  Fran- 
cesco della  Vigna  in  Venice. 

Franco-German  War,  or  Franco-Prussian 
War.  The  war  of  1870-71  between  Frame  and 
Gorman V.  The  immediate  ostensible  cause  of  it  was 
the  election  of  a  prince  ot  Hohenzollerii  to  the  Spanish 
throne.  The  following  are  the  leading  events :  Declara- 
tion of  war,  July  19, 1870 ;  battle  of  \Veis,senhuig,  Aug.  4, 
1870  •  battle  of  Worth,  Aug.  6,  1870  ;  battle  ot  spicheren, 
Aug.  6. 1870 ;  battles  around  Metz(Colombey.>ouilly,  Aug, 
14  •  VionvUlc,  Aug.  16 ;  Gravelottc,  Aug.  is) ;  battle  of  se- 
dan Sept.  1 ;  suiTender  of  the  emperor  and  his  army  at 
Sedan  Sept.  2 ;  proclamation  of  the  French  rcimhlic,  Sept. 
4:  commencement  of  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the  Ger. 
mans,  Sept.  19;  surrender  of  Strashurg.  Sept.  27  ;  suiTd- 
der  of  Metz,  I  let.  27 ;  battle  of  Coulmiei  s,  Nov.  9  ;  battle  of 
Beaiiiie.la-Rolande,  Nov.  28  ;  sortie  from  Fans,  ^ov.  311; 
battle  of  Jirieans,  Dec.  2^  ;  sorties  from  Paris,  Jan.,  1871 , 
battle  of  Le  Mans,  Jan.  12  ;  battle  of  l.lsaiiie,  Jan.  16-17 , 
surrender  of  Paris.  Jan.  28 ;  peace  preliminaries  at  \  cr- 
sailles,  Feb.  26;  occupation  of  Paris  by  German  troops, 
March  1-3  ;  peace  of  Frankfort  (which  see),  May  10. 1871. 

Francois  (fron-swii' ), Due  d' Anion.  Born  15;54 : 
died  1.584.  A  son  of  Henry  II.  of  !■  ranee,  a 
suitor  for  the  hand  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
hiiid. 

FranQois,  Kurt  von.  Bom  at  Luxemburg,  Oct. 
2  1S53.  An  .Mrican  explorer.  He  served  through 
the  Franco-German  war,  in  which  his  father,  a  German 
general,  fell.  In  188.1  he  accompanied  the  expedition  ot 
\Vissmann  to  the  Kassai,  and  did  excellent  ehartogr.iphic 
work  In  18»5  he  explored  the  Lillongo  and  Ishuapa 
rivers  in  company  with  G.  Grenfell.  lYomoted  eaplalll 
while  In  Gerinanv.  he  was  sent  to  Togo-land  in  188,,  and 
penetrated  bcvond  Salaga  to  the  country  of  the  .Mo«».l.  In 
1889  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Gcmiaii  trooiis  in 
llamaraland.  and  in  1S91  became  acting  Imperial  coinmis- 
sioiicr.  He  has  published  "  Die  Erforschung  des  Lulongu 
uiul  Tschuapa"  (l.eipsic,  1888). 

Francois  de  Neufchateau  (fron-swii'  d^  n6- 
sliii-uv ),  (.'unite  Nicolas  Louis.    Born  at  Saf- 

fais,  Meurthe,  France,  April  17,  17.50:  died  at 
Paris.  Jan.  10, 182S.  A  French  statesman,  poet, 
and  ailtlior.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Directory  1797- 
1798,  minister  of  the  Interior  1797  and  179^-99,  and  presl. 
di  nt  of  the  Senate  18o4-eii. 

Pranconia  (fraiig-kr)'ni-ii),G.Franken  ifriing'- 

keii).  l.ML.  Franconid.  G.  Frankm.  land  of 
the  Franks.]  One  of  tho  four  great  duchies 
of  the  old  (ierman  kingiloin:  also  known  as 
Franciii.  It  lay  chiefly  in  tbe  valley  of  the  Main, hut 
extended  west  of  the  Rhine,  being  bounded  by  ,Saxouy  on 
the  north  and  Alainannla  or  Swabia  on  the  south..  " 
briikcuplnio  various  small  dlslrict.s(the  Palatlnato,  «  ura 
hurg,  Baiiiberg.etc.).  In  tho  division  of  the  empire  nnder 
Maximilian,  It  wasmadencircle.  II  now  denotes  a  r.  gloi. 
whose  center  Is  furthertothe.  ast  than  llial  of  the  ancient 
<lu.  by.  This  Is  divided  Into  Upper,  Miildle,  and  Ixjwer 
Fraiiconla  (see  below). 

France  and  •■'rancoiila  arc  etymologlcally  the  same  word ; 
the  ditlcrence  lu  their  modern  forms  Is  simply  owing  to 
the  necessitv  of  avoi.ling  confusion,  which  w:u.  nv"''  <••''" 
early  niedla-val  Utlii  by  si>eaklug  of  I- ranela  m-cidenliils 
a  I  Francla  orienUlls,  Francia  I-«<l""  ,""-'»•>»"'''■;  \'"- 
,",„|,.„.  f'Trevian,  Hist,  EB»ay^  I.  172. 

Pranconia,   Lo-wer,   <;.   Unterfranken   und 

Aschaffenburg.  A  g.-x- rHnnnl  dl^lrlel  (  he- 
I'ieniMgs-lVzirk'')  in  northwestern  Bavuim. 
rnpilal.Wiir/.burg.     .\rea,  3,243  square  miles. 

population  (1S!H)),01S,4S9. 

Pranconia,  Middle,  i  i .  Mittelfranken.  A  gov- 

.  rnmeiit  distrid  in  western  Havana.  (  aiulal. 
Ansbach.  Area,  2,923  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1.S90),  700,006. 


Franconia,  Upper 

Franconla,  Upper,  G.  Oberfranken.  A  gov- 
ernment district  iu  northeastern  Bavaria.  Cap- 
ital, Bavreuth.  ^Viea,  2. 702  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (ISyO).  573,320. 

Franconia  Mountains.  A  group  of  mountains 
in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  west  of 
the  Presidential  Range.  Highest  point,  Mount 
Lafayette  (5.270  feet). 

Franconian  (frang-ko'ni-an).  The  German  dia- 
lect of  old  Franconian  territory  in  midtUe  and 
western  Germany,  Belgium,  and  Holland,  along 


408  Franklin,  William  Buel 

mits  atrocious  crimes.  It  murders  a  friend  of  the  student,  tare  Notes  for  Chemical  Students  "  (tS66).  "How  to  Tearh 
strangleshisbnde,andfinaUycomestoanendinthenorth.  Chemistry"  (1875),  - Ex-neriment.-.I  RSear>."er ta  ftfS^ 
em  s«.s.        Tuckerma,:,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fict..  p.  319.      Applied,  and  Physical  Chemiitry"  ,1877)!etc. 

Frankenthal  (friiug'ken-tal).     A  town  in  the  Frankland,  Sir  Thomas.     Died  Nov.  21, 1784. 
Palatinate,  6  miles  northwest  of  Mannheim.   It    An  English  admiral. 

has  manufactures  and  nurseries.  Population  Franklin  (frangk'lin).  A  citv  and  the  capital 
(1890),  12,901.  of  Venango  County,  western  Pennsvlvania.  sit- 

Frankenwald(frang'ken-valt).  Amountainous    uated  near  the  junction  of  the  Venango  with 
region  on  the  borders  of  northern  Bavaria  and    the  Alleghany,  65  miles  north  of  Pirtsburg. 
the  Thuringian  states,  connecting  the  Fichtel-    Population  (1900).  7,317. 
gebirge  with  the  Thuringian  Forest.  Franklin.     The  capital  of  Williamson  Countv, 


the  whole  course"  of  the  Rhine  from  the  couflu-  Frankfort  (frangk'fort),  or Frankfort-on-the-    Tennessee,  situated  on  Harpeth  River  17  milk 
'   '     "  •.«•-.,-,,..,„,..  ...       J,     south  by  west  of  Nash%nlle.    Here,  Xov.  30, 1864,  the 


Main   (man').       [G.   Fratikfurt-am-Maiii.   _.  .  , „„,„„„„  ,„^ 

Francfort-sur-le-ilein.     The  name   appears   in    5^<'«'^'s  under Schofleld.ieftated  the Couiedera'tesundir 
the  8th  century  as  Francomfnrd,  ford  of  the    S;  ^^^''%ol^Zfn^m'f^l'!-^'-  <" ""« «^""'«1- 
Franks,  said  to  have  been  so  named  bv  Charie-  Franklto"  BreriZslv  TS^ntl  a  i„1      Tt,o  . 
ma^e,  who  here  forded  the  river  and  attacked  ^^rth^.^^^^^^^^^ 
the  baxons.]     A  city  in  the  province  of  Hesse-    eastern   Tennessee   in  1784.     Capital.   Jones- 


ence  of  the  Murg  to  its  mouth.  Several  minor  dia- 
lectic divisions  are  recognized.  tTpper  Franconian  com- 
prehends the  dialect,  called  East  IVanconian,  of  the  old 
duchy  of  Franconia  Orientalis,  and  Kheuish  Franconian 
the  dialect  of  the  old  Franconia  Khenensis.  Middle  Fran- 
conian is  the  dialect  of  the  Moselle  region  and  along  the 
Rhine  from  Coblenz  to  Dusseldorf.  With  Hessian  and 
Thuringian  they  form  the  group  speciflc^Uly  called  Mid- 
dle German,  but  are  commonly  included  in  the  High  Ger- 
man group.  Lower  Fi-anconiun,  the  pix^genitor  of  modem 
Dutch  and  Flemish,  is  the  dialect  of  the  lower  Rhine  re- 
gion from  Diisseldorf  to  its  mouth.  With  Saxon  and  Frie- 
sian  it  forms  the  group  specifically  caUed  Low  German- 
Franconian  Alps.     See  F)anco»ian  Jura. 

Franconian  Emperors.    The  line  of  German 

emperors  from  1024-1125,  comprising  Conrad 

II..  Henry  III.,  Henry  IV.,  and  Henry  V.    Also 

called  SitUaii  Emperors. 
Franconian  Jura  ( jo'ra),  or  Franconian  Alps. 

[G.  Fraiiheiijiira,  Franlisclier  Jura,  etc.]      The 

continuation  in  Bavaria  of  the  Swabian  Jura.     ,  ,,         ,,      ^     x  ,_  ,„     ,_    „ ■? ^^-.^^lu^. 

The  mountains  extend  from  the  neighborhood  of  Donau-     }^,°.l''lrS'i      \}°^%°\^^%^^  Pennsylvaniainl743;  and  in  1752  demonstrated  by  exjeii 

o  the  bend  of  the  Main     .S^iK^h  of  &t.  Leonh.ard,  Histoncal  Museum,  old  bridge,     ments  made  with  a  kite ------ '^      "      -  •'    -f -^ 


t^he'Main^lat''ld'"6 *X  Ton^%""4'^'  f'°  ori^    ?-°^°^"''-   ^'^  '°"""°^-  '"^^'''  ^^'^  overthro.-n 
tne  Alam  m  tat.  oO    b   .N.,  long.  8°  41   E. :  on-    i,s.s  by  the  North  Carolina  authorities. 

ginally  a  Roman  military  station,    Itistheflnan-  Franklin   RpTiiamiTi      Rnm  nt  -Rnst^^   Xf=.,= 

cial  center  of  Germany,  and  one  of  the  most  important  '  fanKUn,  iSenjamm.     Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 

banking  cities  of  the  world  ;  has  extensive  commerce  by    ''B^'  ^'',  -L'Oo:  .^itiett  at  Philadelphia,  April  17, 


railways,  the  Main,  and  the  Rhine;  and  has  growing  man- 
ufactures. Its  horse  and  leather  fairs  are  still  of  impor- 
tance, and  it  was  formerly  noted  for  its  book-trade.  The 
cathedral  is  an  important  buildmg  of  the  13th  and  14th 
centuries,  lately  restored.  Its  pinnacled  western  tower  is 
312  feet  liigh.  The  interior  contains  much  of  interest  in 
sculpture,  monuments,  and  good  modern  glass.  In  this 
church  the  empsrors  were  crowned  by  the  Elector  of 
Mainz.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Romer  (Kaiser- 
saal  Wahlzinimer),  monuments  of  Gutenberg  and  Goethe 


1790,  A  celebrated  American  philosopher, 
statesman,  diplomatist,  and  author.  He  learned 
the  printer's  trade  in  the  office  of  his  elder  brother  James, 
and  in  1729  established  himself  at  Philadelphia  as  edi- 
tor and  proprietor  of  the  "Pennsylvania  Gazette."  He 
founded  the  Philadelphia  library  in  1731 ;  began  the  put)- 
lication  of  "Poor  Richard's  Almanac"  in  1732  ;  was  ai*. 
pointed  clerk  of  the  Pennsylvania  assemblv  iu  1736  ;  be- 
came postmaster  of  Philadelphia  in  1737  f  founded  the 
American  Philosophical  S-Jciety  and  the  University  of 


worth  and  Ratisbon  on  the  Danube  to  t 


at  Lichtenfels.  Highest  points,  over  2,0J0  feet 
Franconia  Notch.  A  defile  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire,  west  of  the  Franco- 
nia Mountains,  traversed  bv  the  Pemigewasset 
River. 

Franconian  Switzerland.  A  hilly  district  in 
Bavaria,  northeast  of  Nuremberg,  noted  for  its 
stalactite  caverns  and  roek-f  ormations.  Height, 
about  1.600  feet. 

Franeker  (fran'e-ker).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  53°  12'  N., 
long.  5°  32'  E. :  seat  of  a  university  1585-1811. 
Population  (1889),  6.347. 

Frangipani  (fran-je-pa'ne).     A  noble  Roman 


libi-arj-,  Ariadneum,  old  tower,  cemeten-,  bourse,  opera- 
house,  Stadel  Art  Institute  (with  a  famous  picture-gaUery), 
and  Rothschild  Museum.  Frankfort  was  a  residence  of 
the  German  kings  under  the  Carolingians  (Charles  the 
Great,  Louis  the  Pious,  etc.).  It  became  a  free  city,  and 
was  celebrated  from  the  middle  ages  for  its  fairs.  In  1356 
it  was  recognized  as  the  Wahlstadt  (seat  of  imperial  elec- 
tions). In  1806  it  was  annexed  by  Napoleon  to  the  Con- 
federation of  the  Rhine,  and  granted  to  the  prince  primate 
Von  Dalberg.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy 
of  Frankfort  in  1810;  was  made  a  free  city  in  1815,  with 
small  neighboring  territories ;  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation.  It  was  the  scene  of  outbreaks 
in  1S4S.  Its  siding  with  Austria  in  1S66  led  to  its  annexa- 
tion to  Prussia.     Population  (1900),  '288.489. 

Frankfort,  Council  of.  An  ecclesiastical  coun- 
cil held  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  in  794.    it  was 


family-which  came  into  prominence  early  in  the    q^^stlm'^ofl^'o^t??"'-  "'f  P"fP.?^^  <"  considering  the 


ite  during  a  thunderstorm  that  light- 
ning is  a  discharge  of  electricity,  a  discoverv  for  which  be 
w  as  awiu-ded  the  Copley  medal  by  the  Royal  Society  in 
1753.  He  was  deputy  postmaster-geneial  for  the  British 
colonies  in  America  1753-74.  In  1754,  at  a  convention  of 
the  Xew  England  colonies  with  New  York.  Pennsylvania, 
and  Mar}  land,  held  at  Albany,  he  proposed  a  plan,  known 
as  the  "Albany  Plan,  "which  contemplated  theformation  of 
a  self-sustaining  government  for  all  the  colonies,  and 
which,  although  adopted  by  the  convention,  failed  of  sup- 
port in  the  colonies.  He  acted  as  colonial  agent  for  Penn- 
sylvania  in  England  1757-62  and  1764-75  :  was  elected  to 
the  second  Continental  Congress  in  1775;  and  in  1776 
was  a  memberof  the  committee  of  five  chosen  by  Congress 
to  draw  up  a  declaration  of  independence.  He  arrived  at 
Palis  Dec.  21, 1776,  as  ambassador  to  the  court  of  France ; 
and  in  conjunction  with  Arthur  Lee  and  Silas  Deane  con- 
cluded a  treaty  with  France,  Feb.  6, 17 


,- 773,  by  whicli  France 

_„ j,„t,„ow  „.  „„„c.„^.^.  ,.„„    recognized  the  independence  of  America.    In  17S2.  on  the 

^  .  .  .,— ™,-K'ing  the  acts  of  the  second  Council  of     ^J^'^nt  of  Lord  Rockingham's  ministry  to  power,  he  began 

ilth  century,  and  lor  several  centuries  played     Nica;a(7S7),whichhadbeensentby  the  Pope  to  the  French    "  correspondence  with  Lord  Shelburne,  secretary  of  state 
an  important  part  in  Italian  historv  as  leaders     bishops  for  approval,  and  which  were  rejected  on  the    for  liome  and  colonies,  which  led  to  negotiations  for  peace; 

t.   .  ,  .-.  ,.,,,.  •  rrr^im/l    ♦),„,   »K.^,-  ..»....»:. ^».^^  »1, 1.:_    _«  ; „.i   .  ami     In     (*Omnn(.tinn    with     .T.»v   on ,1     A  ,4nn,„   ..„n„1.,.1.^.)    ...4.1. 


Tschism  in  the  cto&b/the  elSonT^^^^  ™'""^^"'  "hich  was  attended  by  bishops  from  Grrmi^y:  England   he  treaty  of  Paris,  Sept.  3, 17S3.    Heretumedto 

TOPeBrnXiowhr^sumed  the  name  r^^  '^^"''  ""P^"'  "=^5'  ='"'1  England^  including  delegates  from  -America  in  17s5  ;  was  president  of  Pennsylvania  178^^ ; 

pope  Bmamo,  who  assumed  the  name  Gregory  Vm.  the  Pope,  is  regarded  bv  some  as  an  ecumenical  council  5i.n'Vvas  a  delegate  to  tfieconstitutional  convention  in  1787, 

Frank  (frangk)  Johann  Peter.    Born  at  Roth- Frankfort,  Grand  "Duchy  of.    A  short-lived 


x/uuuv  01        -i    siiorr-iiven  ,H« '.e"  an  autobiography,  which  was  edited  by  John  Bige- 

„,„,>„,.,i,,.*.,.     ,  1  I     ^"  ^  "^"  •  '^o,n  ■  ?^  1°"' '"  18«S.  His  works  have  been  edited  bv  Jared  Sparks 

monarchy  formed  by  ^apn]eon  m  ISIO,  consist-  (10  vols,,  I836-W)  and  John  Hgelow  an  vols    188738) 

mg  ot  the  temtones  aroimd  Frankfort-on-the-  Franklin,  Mrs.  (Eleanor  Ann  Porden).    Bom 

Mam,  Hanau.  Fulda,  Wetzlar,  Aschaffenburg.  Jul  v.  1795:  died  Fel..  22.  1S2.5.     An  English 

It  was  dissolved  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  poet,  the  first  wife  of  (<ir  John  Franklin,  whom 

Frankfort,  Peace  of.     A  definitive  treatv  of  she  married  in  1S23. 


peace  concluded  between  the  German  Empire  Franklin,  Lady  (Jane  Griffin).  Born  1792:  died 


alben.  Baden,  March  19,  1745 :  died  at  Vienna. 

April  24,  1821,     A  German  physician,  noted  es- 
pecially for  his  contributions  to  sanitary  science. 

He  became  professor  at  Gottingen  in  17St,  at  Pavia  in  17S5, 

and  at  WiUia  in  1S04,  and  was  physician  to  the  emperor 

Alexander  of  Russia  1805-08.     He  wrote  "System  einer 

voUstandigen  medizinischen  Polizei "  (1784-1827),  "De  cu- 

randis  hominum  morbis  "  (1792-1800),  etc, 
Frank  (frangk),  Joseph.   Born  at  Rastatt,  Ba- 
den, Dec.  23, 1771:  died  at  Como,  Italy,  Dec,  18, 

1842.     A  German  physician,  son  of  J.  P.  Frank: 

a  supporter  of  the  Biownian  system.     He  pub-  Frankfort,  or  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  (6'der). 

hshed  ••  Grundriss  der  Pathologic  "  ( 1803),  etc.     [G.  Frankfurt-au-der-Oder.l    A  citv  in  the  prov- 
Frank,   or   Franck    (frangk),   Sebastian,  of    ince  of  firandenburg,  Prussia,  on  the  Odfr  50    ^l^^Sr/theT^crt^r^he  miS^g'ei^ioTri""  °' ' 

Word.     Born  at  Donauworth.  Bavaria,  about    miles  east  by  south  of  Berlin.    It  is  an  bnportant  Franklin,  Sir  John.     Bom  April  16,  1786:  di 


1499  :  died  probably  at  Basel.  Switzerland  about  commercial  town,  has  three  annual  fairs,  aatl  was  formerly 

lifoloAn'^r^^  popular  writer  and  mystical  njri^^^^^iS:;:^^! ^'^1^^^^'^^.^^ 
tneologian,  an  adherent  of  the  Reformation,  He  Wendish  and  later  Hanseiitic  town.  It  was  taken  by  Gus- 
wTote  •  Chronika"(1531),  ■■Weltbuch"(1534:  a  cosmogra-  taiiis  Adolphus  in  1631,  and  by  the  fiussians  in  1759. 
phy),  '.-pnchwortersammlnng"  (1541),  etc.  Population  (lS90)i  55,437. 
Frankel  (frang  '  kel),  Zacharias.  Bom  at  Frankfort  (frangk'fort).  The  capital  of  Ken- 
Prague,  Oct.  18. 1801 :  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  tucky  and  of  Franklin  County,  situated  on  the 
Feb.  13,  1875.     A  German  rabbi,  director  of  the  Kentucky  River  in'lat.  38°  "l5'  N.,  long.  84° 


Hebrew  Theological  Seminary  at  Breslau  after 

IS.'ll. 


.54'  W.     Population  (1900),  9.4S7 
Frankfurter  Attentat  fft-ank'for-ter  at-ten- 

tat'j.  [G., 'Frankfort  Kiot. 'J  A  revolutionary 
outbreak  by  students  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
assisted  by  peasants,  April  3,  1833.  Its  occa- 
sion was  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  Bundestag 
Frankeilhausen(frang'ken-hou-zen).     Atown  J°"''"'*^*'^''P'^*^^^-  T    .h    1    .        . 

in  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,Germanv,  55  miles  ^.^/^  'P'i'^^^'  -^^^^1  "^'Jf^*  l°h-  ^°™    iSld  McclfnTock 
west  of  Leipsje.     Here,  May  15, 152.5,  the  insurgent    at  Chrast,  Bohemia,  1  eb.  3, 1810:  died  at  V  lenna,     found  traces  of  ti 


Frankenberg  (friing'ken-berG).  Amanufactur- 
iiig  town  in  the  district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
on  the  Zsehopau  32  miles  west-southwest  of 
Dresden.     Population  (1890),  11,369. 


peasantry  under  Thomas  Miinzer  were  signally  defeated 
by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  at  the  head  of  an  allied 
army.  It  h.as  salt  works  and  manufactures  of  pearl  but- 
tons, etc.     Population  (1890),  5,944. 

Frankenstein  (frang'ken-stin).  .\  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  37  miles  south  of 
Breslau,     Population  (1890),  8,127. 

Frankenstein.  A  romance  by  Mrs.  Shelley, 
published  in  1818,  named  from  the  hero  of  tile 
tale,  who  created  a  monster. 

The  story  is  related  by  a  young  student,  who  creates  a 
monstrous  being  from  materials  gathered  in  the  tomb  and 
the  dissecting-ro.>m.  «Tien  the  creature  is  made  complete 
with  iKines,  muscles,  and  skin,  it  acquires  life  anl  com- 


ber husband.  One  of  them,  the  Fox,  brought  back  intel- 
ligence of  its  fate.  She  was  awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Koyal  Geographical  Society  in  1S60,  in  recognition  of  her 

ed 

June  11,  1S4(,  A  celebrated  Arctic  explorer. 
He  was  the  son  of  Willingham  Franklin  of  Spilsb\  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  entered  the  royal  navy  in  his  yoiith  : 
served  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  in  1805,  and  in  the  e.vpe- 
dition  against  Xew  Orleans  in  1814:  commanded  the  brig 
Trent  in  the  Arctic  expedition  under  Captain  Buchan  in 
1818  :  commanded  an  exploring  expedition  to  the  mrthem 
coast  of  North  .\merica  lil9-22  ;  commanded  a  similar  ex- 
pedition 1825-27 ;  w  as  knighted  in  li29  ;  and  was  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  Van  Diemen's  Land  !83<>-43.  In  1845  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  expedition,  consist- 
ing of  the  Erebusand  the  Terror,  Captain  Ciozier,  sent  out 
by  the  British  admiralty  in  search  of  the  northwest  pas- 
sage. The  expedition  sailed  from  Greehhithe,  May  18, 
1845,  and  was  last  spoken  off  the  entrance  of  Lancaster 
Sound,  July  26, 1S45,  Thirty-nine  relief  expeditions,  pul>- 
lic  and  private,  were  sent  out  from  England  and  America, 
in  search  of  the  missing  explorers  betnetn  1S47  and  I557. 
In  the  last-mentioned  year  the  Fox  vacht.  Captain  Leo- 
k.  was  sent  by  Lady  Franklin.  McClintock 
the  missing  expedition  in  1859,  which  con- 


Marehl4, 1894,  AnAustrianpoet.of Hebrewde- 
scent.  His  chief  poems  are  "Cristoforo  Colombo"  (1836X 
"Don  Juan  d' Austria "(1SJ6).  ■'DerPrimator"(1862),  -Tra- 
gische  Konige  "(1S76).  Collective  editionsof  his  works  have 
been  published  under  the  titles  "Gesammelte  poetische 
Werke  "  (18S0)  and  "  Lyrische  Gedichte  "  (5th  ed.  1881). 

Frankland.    See  Fraiil-lin. 
Frankland(frangk'land),  SirEd'ward.  Bornat 

Chuichtown,Lancashire,  England.  Jan.  18,1825: 

died  at  Golaa,  Uudbrandsal,  Norwav,  -A.ug,  9,  ti..     ,  ,.      ttt-it         t«     1      -r,  ,  -r-    ,    t^ 

1899.     An  EngUsh  chemist.    He  became  professo;  ^a,'^',^!!^^'?  V  °®!-  <^^r,  ''*a^°'?'  ^*-' 

of  chemistry  in  Owens  College.  Manchester,  ill  ISM.iuSt     ^  '^"•_-'j  ''^jf  :_t"e(l  March  .S.  1903.    An  Amen- 

Barthidome'w's  Hospital  in  lS57,intlieEoyaI  Institution  in 

1863,  in  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  in  1865, and  in  the  School 

of  Science,  ,Soutb  Kensington,  in  18S1.  He  published  "Lec- 


flrmed  previous  rumors  of  its  tot.al  destruction.  From  a 
paper  containing  an  entry  by  Captain  Fitzjames  of  the 
missing  expedition,  it  was  learned  that  Franklin  died  June 
11, 1847,  having  in  the  previous  year  penetrateil  to  within 
12  miles  of  the  northern  extremity  ot  King  William's  Land. 
Franklin,  William.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
1729 :  died  in  England,  Xov.  17,  1813.  An  ille- 
gitimate son  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  He  was  royal 
governor  of  New  Jersey  1762-76,  and  sided  with  the  loyal- 
ists in  the  Revolution. 


can  general.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843, 
served  in  the  Mexican  war.  and  became  a  captain  in  the 
regular  army  iu  1857  and  a  colonel  in  1861.  He  commanded 


h 
! 


Franklin,  William  Buel 

a  brlgnde  in  HeintzU-mnir&  ilivisiuii  at  Llie  liatHe  of  Bull 
Kuii  .Iuly'21J«Gl,  an<i  coiumauded  acurpsat  Malvern  Hill 
July  1,  ami  at  Antietani  Sept.  17,  1H02.  He  led  a  grand 
division  of  Bnrnside's  army  at  FrederieksbiirK  Dee.  l:i, 
iH*ij.  and  cornTuaiHled  adiv*i8ii>n  of  Banks's  army  in  the 
Ik-.l  Itiv.T  eainijaiu'n  of  1864.  He  resigned  in  1800. 
Franklin's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  ' '  Can- 
terliLiry  Tales."  It  is  said  in  the  prologue  to  be  from 
a  Breton  lay.  The  story  is  that  of  Boccaceio's  fifth  novel 
of  the  tenth  day  in  the  "Deeameron,"  and  is  introduced 
also  in  the  fifth  book  of  his  "Filocopo."  It  relates  the 
sorrows  and  triumph  of  Dorigen.  the  faithful  wife  of  Ar- 
viragus.  The  franklin  who  tells  the  tale  is  a  white-headed 
Epicurean  country  gentleman : 

"  With  oute  bake  mete  was  nevere  his  hous. 
Of  Fish  and  tlessh,  and  that  so  plentenous 
It  shewed  in  his  hous  of  mete  and  drynke." 

Frankly  (frangk'U).  A  character  in  Gibber's 
comedy  "The  Refusal,  or  The  Ladies' Philos- 
ophy." 

Franks  (frangks).  [Usually  explained  fromthe 
OHG.  form,  as  from  OHGr.  *fni»cliu,  *franko=i 
AS.  franca,  a  spear,  javelin,  =  Icel. /raA-A'j,  also 
frai-ka  (prob.  from  AS.),  a  kind  of  spear;  the 
Franks  being  thus  ult.  '  Spear-men,'  as  Saxons 
were  '  Sword-men'  (see  Saxon).     The  notion  of 


409 


Frederick  V. 

died  at  St.-Geniez,  Avijtou,  Dec.  12,  1841.    A 


French  prelate  and  politician  (bishop  of  Her- 
mopolis  in  jxtrtibuf:  inJidcUum,  1823).  minister  of 
woiship  and  public  instruction  1824-28.  He 
published  "Defense  du  christianisme "  (1825), 
etc. 

Frazier's  Farm.    See  Fraijser's  Farm. 
';i).     The  wife  of  Odin. 


.tighter of  the ni..th lord,  carried  oif  that la.iys mniiur  frechette  ( fra-shet'),  Louis  Honor6.    Bom  at 

id  forcibly  niiirriedlior.     tortlusmnie  lit'  wasovitluw  <a      ,  ,  »      i  xt         i,-    ,  ^.77,*    n  u 

1701      He  supported  the  government  in  the  Jacobite      l^'Vis   near  IJuebee,  Nov.  l(j.  l^J'.t.     A  French- 


Canadian  jioet.  He  went  to  Chicago  in  1806,  but  in 
1871  returned  to  Quebec.  He  was  elected  member  of  Parlia- 
ment in  1873.  Uis  volume  of  poems,  "  Les  tleurs  bor6- 
ales,  etc.,"  was  crowued  by  the  French  Academy  iu  1880. 
Among  his  other  works  are  "  La  voix  d'un  e.\il6  "  (1867), 
"  l.a  legende  d'un  peuple  "  (1^7).  " I'apineau  "  and  "i'e- 
lix  I'outre,"  historical  dramas  (1880). 


but  receive 

Seven  Years'  W;ir  he  raised  a  regiment  of  Highlanders, 
known  as  the  78th  or  Fniser  Highlanders,  of  which  he 
was  commissioned  colonel.  He  was  present  at  the  siege 
of  Louisburg.  Cape  Breton,  in  1768;  served  under  Wolfe 
in  the  expedition  against  Quebec  iu  1759  :  was  a  brigadier- 
general  in  the  British  force  sent  to  I'ortug.al  in  1702  ;  and 
represented  Inverness-shire  in  Barliament  from  1701  until 
his  death. 


vemess-shire,  Juno  11,  1783:' died  there,  Jan., 
1856.  A  Scottish  tra  veler  and  author.  He  wrote 
travels  and  tales  of  Eastern  (especially  of  Per- 
sian) life. 
Fraser,  Simon,  twelfth  Lord  Lovat.  Born  about 
1G67:  beheaded  at  London,  April  9,  1747.  A 
Seottisli  nobleman.  He  was  a  grandson  of  the  eighth 
lord,  and,  after  a  vain  attempt  to  secure  the  person  of  the  Frea  I  f ra 
dani  '  " ........    >-  .         .,._._ 

and 

-.  -701.     He  suppcirted  tlie  g' 

rising  of  1715,  but  took  part  with  the  rebels  in  1745^0. 

and  after  the  battle  of  Culloden  was  seized,  conveyed  to 

Ix)ndnn.  and  condemned  for  treason. 
Fraser,   Simon.     Born  Oct.  19,  1720:  died  at 

London,  Feb.  .H,  1782.     A  Scottish  soldier  and 

politician,  son  of  Simon  Fraser,  twelfth  Lord 

Lovat.    He  participated  in  the  Jacobite  rebellion  in  1746,   FredegariUS    (fred-e-ga'ri-us),  Latinized  from 
li^'^'^'TtL'  l'.':}.'.?" :  ..^i.-'.I'.lhf  W;i','L"!,!.'y=    Fredegar.    The  name  assigned  to  the  unknown 

compiler  (there  were  really  three)  of  an  im- 
portant work  on  general  and  early  French  his- 
tory, coming  down  to  the  year  C42.  Two  of  the 
compilers  were  Burgundians,  one  writing  in  Ola  and  the 
other  in  058.    See  the  e.vtract. 

In  spirit  and  diction  the  work  passing  under  the  name  of 
Freilegarius  scholasticus,  the  contents  of  which  are  price- 
less for  the  history  of  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  century, 
behmgs  entirely  to  the  Middle  Ages.  Tliis  "Fredegar," 
gradually  compiled  by  three  authors,  was  continued  by 
more  than  one  hand  during  the  eighth  century.  Inde- 
penciently  of  Fredegarius.  the  substance  of  his  work  waa 
carried  on  a,  727  in  the  so-called  Gesta  Francorum.  the 
Latin  of  which  is  less  barbarous,  while  its  contents  are 
more  meagre,  than  Fredegar's. 

Teuffrl  and  Schicttbe,  Hist,  of  Eom.  Lit  (tr.  bv  Warr), 

til.  .',75. 

Fredegunde  (fred'e-gund),  or  Fredegonda 

(fved-e-goii'djl).  Died  .">!I7.  A  Frankish  queen, 
she  wasoriginally  the  mistress  of  Chilperic  I.  of  Neustria, 
whom  slie  married  after  having  procured  the  assassination 
of  his  wife  Galeswintha,  sister  of  Brunehilde,  wife  of  Sieg- 
bert  of  Austrasia.  This  assassination  brought  on  a  war 
between  Chilperic  and  Siegbert,  the  latter  of  whom  was 
victorious  in  battle,  but  was  nnirdered  in  .'■7f<  by  emissaries 
of  Fredegunde.  She  became  regent  for  her  st)n  Clotaire 
II.  in  693,  and  attacked  and  defeated  Bri.nehilde  in  696. 

Fredensborg  (fra'dens-boro).  A  \illage  in  the 
iKirlli  1  if  Zealand,  Denmark.  The  royal  palace  here, 
the  antuuiM  residence  of  the  king,  was  bliilt  in  the  style 
of  the  i'lrncb  llcnaissance  in  commemoration  of  the  peace 
of  17'-ii  with  Sweden.  Of  the  interior  apartments  the  domed 
hall  is  the  most  renuirkable. 

Fredericia  ( fred-e-rish'e-a).  orFriedericia  (fre- 

de-rets'e-ii).  A  fortified  seajiort  in  Jutland, 
Denmark,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Little 
Belt  in  lat.  5.5°  34'  N.,  long.  9°  46'  E.  it  was  de- 
fended by  the  Danes  against  the  troops  of  Schle&wig-Hol- 
stein  ip  1849.     Population  (189)1),  lo,(tl2. 


'free'  associated  with  Frank  is  apparently  Fraserburgh  (fra'zcr-bur-6).  A  seaport  and 
later.]  1.  The  name  assumed  iu  the  3d  century  seat  of  the  herring  fishery,  situated  in  Abev- 
A.  D.  by  a  confederation  of  German  trilies  (Si-  deenshire,  Scotland,  38  miles  north  of  Aber- 
cambri,  Brueteri,  Chamavi,  etc.).    Itwasdivided     deen.     Population  (l.'<91),  7,360. 

~  ""      1,  or  Great  Sandy  Island.    -^ 

coast  of  (Queensland,  Australia, 


giaii  monarchy...  — - t^  -  •  ,     ^    ,        .,.. 

northern  Uaul  under  Clovis  (181-511).  and  gave  origin  to  Fraser  Ki'Ver.  A  river  in  British  Columbia, 
the  mime  France.  The  accession  of  the  Carolingians  f„nued  bv  two  branches  uniting  near  Fort 
under  Pepin  occurred  in  751.     See  Verdun,  Treaty  of  Qeorge,  aiid  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Georgia 

2.  A  name  given  to  Europeans  ot  the  western    „, J,',    ^no  t' m     t.   ,     -    •       ,ai        ^a  , 

..         ,      .r    m      1        A      1  1     n        <-i  •      ♦    1      alJOUt  lat.  49"  (     JN.     Its  basin  is  noted  for  gold  de- 

nations  by  the  Turks,  Arabs,  and  otlier  Oriental,  p„^j,^  Length,  about  800  mUes,  of  which  about  100  miles 
peoples.     The  appellation  originated  at  the  time  of  the     are  navigable. 

Crusades,  when  the  Franks  (the  French),  and  by  extension  FraterettO.  A  fiend  mentioned  by  Edgar  in 
the  other  nations  of  western  Euix^e,  became  familiar  to     Sh'iksoere's  "  Kill"'  Lear  " 

Fransecky  (frans'ke)  (originally  Franscky),  Fratricelli  (frat-ri?sel'i).    [ML., lit.  'little  bro- 

Eduard    Friedricb    von.     Born    at    Geden,;    the.s,   dim.  of  L.  ./™to-,  pi. /»•«/,-«,  brother.] 
Hesse,  Nov.  16,  1807:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  May    ^  body  of  reformed  Fraiiciseans,  authorized 
22.1890.    A  Prussian  military  officer.    He  entered    by  Pope  Celestme  V.  m  1294,  under  the  name 
the  Prussian  array  in  1826,  and  served  under  General    of  Poor  Hermits,  who  afterward  defied  the  au- 
Wrangel    in  the   first   Schleswig-Holstein  war   against    thorit)'  of  the  popes,  rejected  the  sacraments, 
Denmark  in  1848.    He  became  lieutenant-general  in  1806,    ^iid  held  that  Christian  perfection  consists  iu 
and  during  the  Austro-Prussian  war  fought  with  distinc-     „i.,„i.,*„   .„„„„+,.       -,„  .^    ,     -,    ......*.  a 

tion  at  th" battles  of  Mnnchengratz  June  28,  Koniggratz    absolute  poverty      They  were  severely  persecuted, 
July  3,  and  Presburg  July  22,  1806.     He  commanded  dur-     '?';'■  ™"''»"'f.  "^  ^  distinct  sect  until  the  15th  century, 
ing  tlie  Franco- Prussian  war  the  2d  army  corps,  which  .ri^.j',*/^.. }',....         tt     i.      x'j     /■■      i  -^   ft-   i    \ 

participated  in  the  battleof  Gravclotte,  Aug.  18, 1870,  and  Fratta  (ti'at  ta),  or  Umbertiae  (om-bar  te-Ue). 
Bubse<piently  fonucd  part  of  the  army  of  investment  be-    A  t  own  in  the  province  of  I'erugia,  Ital  v,  situ- 
fore  Paris.    He  became  military  governor  of  Berlin  in     ^ted  on  tlie  Tiber  14  miles  north  of  Perugia. 
lYsMn'S  "  retained  until  placed  on  the  retired  Frauenburg  (frou'en-boro).     A  small  town  in 


Franz  (frants),  Robert.  Born  at  Ilalle,  Prus- 
sia, Juno  28,  1815:  died  there,  Oct.  24,  1892. 
A  German  musician,  especially  noted  as  a  com- 
poser of  songs.  His  llrst  published  composition  (songs) 
appeared  in  1843.  He  gave  his  entire  attention  in  liis 
later  yi-;ir.s  toediting  theworks  of  Bach,  Hatulel,  etc..  and 
to  coMiiiosition.     His  songs  number  over  three  hundi-ed. 

Franz6n  (friint-san'),  Franz  Michael.    Born 


the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  Frederick  (fred'er-ik)  I.    [OHG. i'n'(?(n7(, Goth 


on  the  Frisehes  Haff  41  miles  southwest  of 
Kiiiiigsberg. 

Frauenfeld  (frou'en-felt).  The  capital  of  the 
cantcin  of  Thurgau,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
theMurg22milesnortheast  of  Zurich.  It  manu- 
factures cotton,  and  has  a  castle.  Population 
(IHSH),  3,()(H. 


H 


at  Uleaborg  Finland   Feb.  9,  1772:  died  at  Frauenlob  (frou'en-lob)  (Heinrich  von  Meis-  Frederick  III.    Bo 

Hernusand,    Sweden,  1.S47.     A  Swedish  poet.  ggQi       u;.,  'praise  of  women':  u  name  origi- 

studie.l  at  Abo,  where  he  became  university  librarian,  ,,,,,:,,„   :*  ;„  „.,:,]    ;,,  l.:o  nrpforeiice  for  the  word 

arid  ill  18111  professorof  history  and  ethics.     In  181'2,  after  "fting.  It;  IS  s,uu,  in  liis  piei<  1  enc  (  loi  uie  woui 

the  conqnest  of  Finland,  he  settled  as  a  clergyman  at  I'rait  over   if  eib  in  one  ot  his  poems.]      Born 

Kumla  in  Sweden.    Twelve  years  later  he  removetl  to  about  1200:  died  at  Mainz,  Germany,  1318.     A 

Stockholm.    In  1831  he  was  made  bishop,  in  which  post  he  German  iiieistersinger.     His  works  were  edited 

die<i.     His  principal  works  are  "Eniili  eller  en  afton  i  ,    ,  t,,,,     ..-h    ,.  ,„  i  uTi 
Liipplanil"("Kmili,  or  an  Evening  in  Lapland,"  a  didac-  _".^   1,1  tliiuiu  1  in  IfH.). 

tic  poem  with  idyllic  episodes),  the  epic  |,oems  ".svante  Fraucnstadt  (ti'ou  eii-stet),  Christian  Martin 

Sture "  and  "C(,inmbus,"  and  an  uncompleted  national    JuliUS.     Born    at   Bojanowo,    Poseii,    Prussia, 


epic  "Gnstav  Adolf  iTyd8kland"( 'Gustav  Aiiolf  in  Ger- 
many"). His  best  work  is  his  religious  songs,  which  arc 
among  the  finest  in  Swedish  literature. 

Franzensbad  (frant'sens-biit  I,  also  Egerbrnn- 
nen    (a'gcr-bron-nen),    Kaiser-Franzens- 

brunn.  A  watering-placid  in  Bohemia,  ii  miles 
north  of  Eger.  celebrated  for  its  clialybeate 
and  saline  siirings.  Population  (1H90),  com- 
mune, 2, .'170. 

Franz-Joseph-Fjord  (frants'y6'zef-fy6rd).  An 
inlet  on  the  (eastern  coast  of  Greenland,  about 
lat.  73°  15'  N. 

Franz-Joseph-Land  (-liint).  An  andiipelago 
in  tlio  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Nova  Zenibla, 
about  lat.  .S()0-S3'^  N.,  .'xplored  by  Payer  1873. 

Franzos  (friint-sos'),  Karl  Emii.    Bom  Oct. 

2.5,  1848.     An  Austrian  novelist. 
FrascatKI'riis-kii'te).    Atown  in  the  province  of 
Kome,  Italy,  12  miles  southeast  of  Koine,  cele- 
brated for  its  villas.     There  lu-e  remains  of  a  K.mian 
ampllltlieater,  built  of  reticulated  masonry  and  lifted  with 


April  17,  1813:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  13,  1S79. 
A  German  writer,  known  chiefly  as  a  disciple 
and  e\|ioiinder  of  Schoi>eiihauer.  Hewrote  "As- 
Ihctiscbe  I'ragi-ii"  (18.53),  "  Briefe  uber  die  Scbopen- 
hauersehe  I'bilii.sophie"  (18r>-l),  "Der  Maleriallsmua' 
(186U),  "Briefe  uber  natiirliche  Kellgion"  (1858),  "A. 
Schopenhauer,  Lichlstrahlcn  aus  selnen  Werken, '  "A. 
Schopenhauer,  von  lllm,  iiber  Ihn,  etc."  (1863),  >lc 


J'^'ithareikit.  lit.  'peace-ruler';  ML.  Frctlchms, 
Friilcricu.t,  F.  Frederic,  It.  Federitjo,  Fedcrico, 
Sp.  Pg.  Federieii,  G.  Friedrich.']  Born  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  Sept.  9.  1826.  Grand  Duke  of  Ba- 
den. He  became  regent  for  his  imbecile  brother  in  18."i2, 
and  succeeded  as  grand  duke  in  1856.  He  married  Louise, 
daughter  of  NNilliatn  I.  of  Prussia,  in  18:>6.  In  the  Seven 
Weeks'  War  (bstjl^i)  he  sided  w  ith  Austria, 

it  Hadeisleben,  Schles- 
wig.  March  IS,  1609:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb. 
9,167(1.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway.  He  en- 
tered  into  an  alliance  with  Holland,  Poland,  anil  Branden- 
burg in  16.'»7  against  Cliai'les  X.  Gustavns  of  Swetlen.  He 
was  totally  defeated  by  CharlesGusbiVus  (whi>  crossed  the 
Little  Belt  on  the  ice  In  Jan.,  16.'>8),  and  was  forced  to  make 
important  territorial  cessions  at  the  peace  i»f  Koeskilde. 
Feb.  28,  ItlfiS.  The  war  being  renewed  in  the  same  year 
by  Charles  Gustavns,  with  a  view  to  Hiinihilating  the  mon- 
archy of  Denmark,  he  defendeil  himself  with  great  spirit 
until  relieved  by  an  allied  army  uiuler  the  elector  Ired. 
erick  William  of  Brandenburg  and  by  a  Dutch  tleeU  He 
signed.  Hay  'J",  1660,  the  peace  of  Copenhagen,  which  in 
tile  main  conllrnied  the  itrovislons  of  the  neace  of  lUies- 
kilde.  By  a  coalition  of  the  clergy  with  the  bourgeoisie 
against  the  mddlity,  he  was  ernibled  in  H'61  to  transfonil 
Denmark  from  an  elective  limited  to  a  hereditary'  absolute 
monarchy. 


Fraunhofer  (frouu'lio-fiu),  Joseph  von.     Born  Frederick  IV.      Born  at  Copenhagen.  Oct.  11 

.     ,  ,.  ,    ■  T.  •         »,  1     ,.      ,  -^.T .      1  ■  ,  1     ...         ,..-,.      i;       1    .. .   ,  •  ..1 i  ».-•      1 .»     IT'IO        1.':... 


at  Slraiiliing,  Bavaria,  March  6,  17S7:  ilied  at 
Munich,  June  7,  ]S2(i.  A  (ienniin  oiitiidan.  He 
Is  noted  for  improvenn-nts  in  lelescopes  and  other  oplical 
instruments,  and  especially  for  Ids  investigation  of  the 
lines  in  the  spectrum  named  frinu  him  "  Fraunhofer's 
lin<-8." 
Fraustadt  (frou'stiit).  A  town  in  the  lu-ovince 
of  Poaen,  Prussia,  48  miles  soul  Invest  of  I'osen. 
Bere,  Feb.,  17IK1,  the  Swedes  under  Itenskiobl  defeated  the 
Saxons  and  Knsslans  under  Srhulenborg.  I'upulation 
(l.siXi),  11,851. 

Fray  Gerundio  de  Campazas.  A  satlrlcnl  ro- 
mances by  Isla,  publisheil  in  17.5H.  It  was  di- 
rected against  itinerant  jirc.'icliers  in  Spain. 

fra'zi'Tz)  (or  Frazier's)  Farm,  or 


l('i71  :  ilicd  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  12.  17.'!0.  Kinjj 
of  Denmark  ami  Norway,  son  of  Christian  V. 
whom  he  succi-eded  in  1699.  shortly  after  bis  ac- 
cession he  formeti  an  alliance  with  I'eler  the  Great  and 
Augustus  II.,  king  iif  Poland  ami  eleetoriif  Saxonv,  against 
Charles  .\I1.  o(  Sweilen,  who  Invaded  Zealand  and  diclaletl 
the  peace  ot  Traveudal.  Aug.  18,  17l«l.  On  Ibe  detent  of 
Charles  at  Pultowa  in  1709,  he  rviu^weil  the  alllame  with 
Peter  the  Great  and  Augustus  agalnsi  Charles,  and  this 
alliance  waa  subseiiuenlly  Joined  by  Saxony  and  HH:inovor. 
After  the  death  of  Cllarhs  before  Fredurleksbal,  he  con- 
cBnled  Willi  Sweden  a  separnle  treaty  al  IrederlksborR. 
July  3.  1720,  In  which  Sweilen  renoumed  lis  right  of  ex- 
emption from  eusloms  duties  In  the  Sound  and  abandoned 
Itsallv,  tin'  Inike  of  llolsl,  In-Goltoni,  who  was  In  the  fol- 
hiwing  year  deprived  ot  bis  lerritorles  In  Schleswlg. 


appliances  for  Hooding  the  arena  for  the  naumacbv,  and  -rl  . 

of  a  small  but  very  perfect  llojnan  theater.  In  wliiclinnnh  X  rayser  S  vnu  ,.<■,, .r   v>"    a.  i<vi.»c»  o.   j.  ciu.,   ■'.  -;__j"J:«l,  t/   "  K.^,..,  .,l  r  ■,„>..„I.,ict„„    M-.n-li  II 

of  the  si.ge.slrnctnre  survives.     Population,  about  T.ixiO.     Glcndalc  (gleiiMal),  or  Charles  City  CrOSS  Frederick  V.     Bor  n_at  (  .penliagen.  -M.iri  h  Al, 

Fraschini  (friis-ke'no),  Gaetano.     ISorn  181.3:     Roads.     .\  loealitv  in  Virginia  nlioul  12  miles  1723  :  died  .Ian.  U,    .1.1..     king  of  Denmark  and 

die.l  1H87.     An  Italian  tenor  singer.  southeast  of  Kichinond,  the  si'ene  of  a  battle  Norway.  s..ii    of  (  hristian  ^  I.  wln.ni   he   suc- 


Fraser  (fra'zer),  Charles.  Born  at  ( 'harleston, 
S.  C,  vVug.  20,  17Si;:  die!  tliere,  Oct.  .'i,  18G0. 
An  American  jiMiiiti^r,  chielly  of  miniatures. 

Fraser,  James  Baillie.     Born  at  Ueelick,  In- 


between  ].art  of  McChdlan's  army  nii.l  part  of 

Li>|''m,  .Illlli'  30,  l.S(;2.      Se..  Srrcn  jhll/.i'  llillllis. 

Frayssinous  (fni-s.'-nd'),  Comte  Denis  de. 
Born  at  Curi^res,  Aveyron,  France,  May  9, 17G5 : 


ceedcd  in  174().  He  encouraged  the  arts  and  sciences 
with  a  liberality  which  allracled  numerous  diHllngulsbed 
foreigners  to  Dinmark,  Including  the  pi-dagogne  ILigedow 
anil  the  poet  Kloiisl.uk.  II.- sent,  In  17.il,  M.  bul.r  and 
iithers  on  a  sclentlllc  expedition  to  Egjpt  an.l  Arabia 


Frederick  VI. 

Frederick  VI.  Boru  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  28, 
1768:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  3,  1839.  Kintr 
of  Denmark  and  Norway.  He  became  regent  in  i7M 
for  his  imbecile  father,  Christian  VII.,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  180S.  He  adopted  at  the  btpinning  of  the  Na- 
poleonic wars  a  policy  of  strict  neutrality.  Having  joined 
the  Northern  ilaritime  League,  Dec.  l(i,  1800,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  resisting  by  force  the  interference  of  the  English 
with  neutral  merchantmen  upon  the  high  seas,  he  suffered, 
in  the  wai"  which  presently  broke  out  between  England  and 
the  league,  a  decisive  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Copenhagen, 
April  2,  ISOl.  He  subsequently  joined  the  Continental 
League  in  conse(|uence  of  the  bombardment  of  Copenha- 
gen, Sept.  2,  18ii7,  and  the  seizure  by  the  English  of  the 
Danish  fleet  in  the  midst  of  peace.  He  refused  to  join  the 
coalition  against  Napoleon  in  1813,  and  for  this  he  was  pun- 
ished by  the  allied  powers  with  the  loss  of  Norway,  which 
was  united  with  Sweden  in  1S14. 

Frederick  VII.  Born  at  Copenhagen.  Oct.  6. 
1808 :  died  at  Gliicksburg,  Schleswig,  Nov.  15, 
1863.  King  of  Denmark,  son  of  Christian  VIII. 
whom  he  sncceeded  in  1848. 

Frederick  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Victorions."  Born 
1425 :  died  Dee.  12, 1476.  Elector  Palatine  1451- 
147(5. 

Frederick  II.,  surnamed  "The  Wise."  Born 
Dec.  9,  1482  :  died  Feb.  26,  1556.  Elector  Pala- 
tine 1544-56.  He  commanded  the  imperial  ai'my 
against  the  Turks  in  1529  and  1532, 

Frederick  III.,  surnamed  "  The  Pious."  Born 
at  Sitnraern,  Prussia,  Feb.  14, 1515 :  died  Oct.  26, 
1576.  Elector  Palatine  1559-76.  He  was  originally 
an  adherent  of  the  Lutheran  faith,  but  eventually  joined 
the  Reformed  communion,  and  in  1503  published  the 
Heidelbert;  Catechism  throughout  his  dominions. 

Frederick  IV. ,  surnamed  ' '  The  Uprigh t ."  Born 
at  Amberg,  (Termanv,  March  5, 1574:  died  Sept. 
19,  1610.  Elector 'Palatine  1592-1610.  He 
joined  in  1608  the  Protestant  Union,  of  which 
he  was  chosen  leader. 

Frederick  V.  Bom  Aug.,  1596 :  died  at  Mainz, 
Germany.  Nov..  1632.  Elector  Palatine,  son  of 
Frederick  IV.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1610.  He 
married  Elizabeth  Stuart,  daughter  of  James  I.  of  Eng- 
land, in  1613.  In  1619,  as  the  head  of  the  German  Prut- 
estant  Union,  he  accepted  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  whose 
estates  were  in  rebellion  against  Ferdinand  of  Austria.  He 
lost  Ijoth  Bohemia  and  his  hereditary  dominions  in  conse- 
quence of  the  defeat  of  his  general  Christian  of  Anhalt  Ijy 
the  Imperialists  at  the  battle  on  the  White  Hill,  Xov.  8, 
1620. 

Frederick  I.,  surnamed  Barbarossa  ('Red- 
beard':  G.Iiothart),  The  most  noted  emperor  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Emj^ire,  of  the  Hohenstaufen 
line,  son  of  Frederick  II.,  duke  of  Swabia,  and 
nephew  of  Conrad  III.  whom  he  succeeded  as 
king  of  Germany  in  1152.  He  was  crowne^  emperor 
at  Rome  by  Hadrian  IV.  in  1155.  His  reign  was  chiefly 
occupied  by  wai-s  against  the  turbulent  German  nobility 
and  by  six  expeditions  to  Italy  for  the  purjtose  of  restoring 
the  imperial  authority  in  the  republican  cities  of  Lom- 
bardy  1154-55,  115S-62,  1163,  116(1-68,  1174-77,  andllS4-S6. 
In  1176  he  was,  in  consequence  of  the  defection  of  the  pow- 
erful feudatory  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  defeated 
by  the  Lombards  at  the  battle  of  Legnano,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  accept  the  detinitive  peace  of  Constance  in  11S3, 
by  which  he  renounced  all  regalian  rights  in  the  cities. 
(See  Lombard  League,  and  Cunstance,  Treaty  o/.)  In  1180 
he  punished  Henry  the  Lion  by  putting  him  under  the  ban 
of  the  empire  and  depriving  him  of  his  fiefs.  In  1189  he 
joined  the  third  Crusade,  on  which  he  was  drowned  in  the 
Kalykadnos  in  Asia  Minor. 

Frederick  II.  Born  at  Jesi,  near  Ancona,  Italy, 
Dee.  26,  1194:  died  at  Fiorentino  (Fireuzuola), 
Dec.  13, 1250.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire, son  of  Henry  VI.  and  Constance,  heiress 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  Left  an  orphan  in  1198,  he  was 
brought  up  under  the  wardship  of  the  Pope  as  feudal  su- 
perior of  tlie  Two  Sicilies.  He  assumed  the  government  of 
the  Two  Sicilies  in  1208.  In  1212  he  was  brought  forward 
by  the  Pope  as  an  aspirant  to  the  crown  of  Germany  in  op- 
position to  King  Otto  IV.,  with  whom  the  Pope  had  quar- 
reled, and  was  elected  by  the  Ghibelline  party,  tJie  tradi- 
tional supporters  of  the  house  of  Hohenstaufen,  which  he 
represented.  He  was  crowned  at  Aachen  in  1215,  Otto  hav- 
ing been  totally  defeated  at  Hou  vines  in  the  year  previous. 
He  was  crowned  emperor  at  Rome  by  Honorius  III.  in  1220. 
He  continued  the  policy  of  his  house  of  attempting  to  per- 
fect the  union  of  Italy  and  Germany  into  one  empire,  in 
which  he  was  opposed  liy  the  Pope  and  the  Lombard 
League.  In  1228-29  he  conducted  a  crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  procured  the  cession  of  Jaffa,  Saida,  Jerusalem, 
and  Nazareth  from  the  Saracens. 

Frederick  III.,  surnamed  "The  Handsome." 
Born  1286:  died  Jan.  13,  1330.  King  of  Ger- 
many, son  of  Albert  I.  whom  he  succeeded  as 
duke  of  Austria  in  130S.  He  was  chosen  king  in  1314 
in  opposition  to  Louis  IV.,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and 
captured  at  Sluhldorf  in  1322. 

Frederick  III.  ( IV.  as  King  of  Germany).  Bom 
at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Sept.  21,  1415:  died  at 
Linz,  Austria.  Aug.  19,  1493.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was  elected  emperor  in 
1440,  and  was  the  last  German  emperor  crowned  at  Rome 
(1452). 

Frederick  I.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
July  11  (21),  1657:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  25, 1713. 
King  of  Prussia,  son  of  Frederick  William,  the 
Great  Elector,  whom  he  succeeded  (as  Fred- 


410 

erick  HI.  of  Brandenburg)  in  1688.  He  was 
crowned  as  the  first  king  of  Prussia  in  1701.  He  founded 
the  University  of  Halle  and  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Frederick  II.,  surnamed  "The  Great."  Born 
at  Berlin,  Jau.  24,  1712:  died  at  Sans  Souci, 
near  Potsdam.  Aug,  17,  1786.  King  of  Prussia 
1740-86,  son  of  Frederick  William  I.  and  Sophia 
Dorothea,  daughter  of  George  I.  of  England. 
In  the  year  in  which  Frederick  asceruUd  the  throne,  the 
emperor  Charles  VI.  died  without  male  issue.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  daughter  Maria  Theresa  by  virtue  of  the 
pragmatic  sanction  (which  see),  the  validity  of  which  was 
disputed  by  the  Elector  of  Bavaria  and  other  claimants. 
Frederick  eml>raced  the  opportunity  presented  by  the  in- 
security of  her  title  to  invade  (1740)  Silesin,  to  part  of 
which  he  laid  claim.  He  defeate<l  the  Austrians  at  MoU- 
witz  in  1741,  and  at  Chotusitz  in  1742,  and  in  1742  con- 
cluded the  treaty  of  Breslau  and  Berlin,  by  which  in  re- 
turn for  the  cession  of  Silesia  he  withdrew  from  the 
alliance  which  he  had  in  tlie  meantime  entered  into  with 
France  and  Bavaria  against  Austria.  In  1744,  alarmed 
by  the  successes  of  Austria  against  France  and  Bavaria, 
he  entered  into  a  second  alliance  with  those  powers,  de- 
feated the  Austrians  and  Saxons  at  Hohenfriedlierg  in 
1745.  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Soor  in  1745.  and  in  1745 
Loncluded  the  peace  of  Dresden,  which  confirmed  the 
treaty  of  Breslau  and  Berlin.  To  regain  Silesia,  Maria 
Theresa  formed  an  alliance  with  France  (175fj),  joined  I)y 
Bussia,  Sweden,  and  Saxony.  Frederick,  anticipating  the 
allies,  invaded  Saxony  in  1756.  In  the  ensuing  war,  called 
the  Seven  Years'  Wai-,  he  was  supported  by  England, 
chietly  in  the  form  of  subsidies.  He  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  Saxony  by  the  defeat  of  the  Austrians  at  Lohositz 
in  1756.  In  1757  he  invaded  Bohemia  and  defeated  the 
Austrians  at  Prague,  but  was  defeated  at  Kolin  by  Mar- 
shal Daun,  who  drove  him  out  of  Bohemia.  He  defeated 
the  French  and  Austrians  at  Kossbach  and  the  Austrians 
alone  at  Leuthen  in  the  same  year.  In  175S  he  defeated 
the  Russians  at  Zorndorf.  In  1759  he  was  defeated  by 
the  Austrians  and  Russians  at  Kunersdorf.  Berlin  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1760,  England  withdrew  her 
subsidies  in  1761,  and  Frederick  was  reduced  to  despera- 
tion. In  1762,  however,  Elizabeth  of  Russia  died,  and 
fortune  changed.  Peter  III.,  Elizabeth's  successor,  con- 
cluded peace  in  1762,  and  the  defection  of  France  in  that 
year  caused  Maria  Theresa  to  sign  in  176;H  the  treaty  of 
Hubertsburg.  which  confirmed  the  treaty  of  Breslau  and 
Berlin,  including  that  of  Dresden.  In  1772  he  joined  with 
Russia  and  Austria  in  the  partition  of  Poland,  by  which 
he  added  Polish  Prussia  to  his  dominions.  In  1778-79  he 
took  part  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  succession  (which 
see).  Frederick  II.,  through  his  militarj'  genius  and  ad- 
ministrative abilities,  raised  Prussia  to  the  rank  of  a 
powerful  state.  He  was  a  disciple  of  the  French  philoso- 
phers, and  for  many  years  was  intimate  with  Voltaire. 
He  left  a  number  of  works,  published  in  30  volumes  1846- 
1S5T. 

Frederick  III.  Bom  at  Potsdam,  Oct.  18, 1831 : 
died  there,  June  15, 1888.  German  emperor  and 
king  of  Prussia  March  9-June  15,  1888,  son  of 
"William  I.  of  Prussia  (afterward  German  em- 
peror). He  married  Victoria,  daughterof  Queen  A'ictoria, 
in  1S58,  commanded  the  second  Prussian  army  in  1S66,  ami 
the  third  army  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war.  in  which  he 
took  part  in  the  victories  of  Weissenburg,  Worth,  and 
Sedan. 

Frederick  I.,  surnamed  "The  Warlike."  Born 
at  Altenburg,  Germany,  March  29,  1369:  died 
at  Altenbui'g.  Jan.  4,  1428.  Margrave  of  Meis- 
sen, Elector  and  Duke  of  Saxony.  He  was  the  son 
of  the  Landgrave  of  Thuringia,  and  was  made  elector  and 
duke  of  Saxony  in  1423  as  a  reward  for  his  services  to  the 
emperor  in  the  Hussite  war.  His  army  was  defeated  by  the 
Hussites  at  Aussig  in  1426.  He  founded  the  University  of 
Leipsic  in  1409. 

Frederick  II.,  surnamed  *-The  Meek."  Born 
Aug.  22,  1411:  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  7,  1464. 
Elector  and  Duke  of  Saxony,  son  of  Frederick 
I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  142S. 

Frederick  III.,  surnamed  ''The  Wise."  Bom 
at  Torgau,  Prussia,  Jan.  17,  1463:  died  at  An- 
nabtirg,  near  Torgau,  May  5,  1525.  Elector  of 
Saxony.  He  succeeded  to  the  electorate  in  1486 ;  founded 
the  TnivcTsity  of  Wittenberg  in  1502;  declined  the  im- 
perial crown  and  advocated  the  election  of  Charles  V.  in 
1519;  and  protected  Luther,  who  was  seized  by  his  order 
when  returiung  from  Worms,  where  he  had  been  pro- 
scribed, and  secreted  in  the  castle  of  Wartburg  (1621-22). 

Frederick  I,  Born  at  Treptow,  Farther  Pora- 
erania,  Nov.  6,  1754:  died  Oct.  30,  1816.  King 
of  Witrteuiberg.  He  succeeded  his  father  Frederick 
Eugeneasdukeof  Wurtembergin  1797.  Having  taken  part 
in  the  second  coalition  against  France,  he  was  depiived 
by  the  peace  of  Lun^ville  (Feb.  9,  ]801)  of  his  possessions 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  for  which  he  was  indem- 
nified by  a  number  of  monasteiies,  abbeys,  and  imperial 
cities  (including  Reutlingen,  Esslingen,  and  Heilbronn), 
and  the  title  of  elector.  He  sided  with  Napoleon  against 
the  third  coalition,  with  the  result  that  his  dominions  were 
increased  by  cessions  from  Austria  and  recognized  as  a 
kingdom  by  the  peace  of  Presburg,  Dec.  26,  1805,  He 
joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. luly  12, 181)6.  After 
the  defeat  of  Napoleon  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  he  joined 
the  Allies  (Nov.  6, 1813).  The  treaty  of  Vienna  left  him  in 
undisturbed  possession  of  his  acquisitions. 

Frederick,  Prince   of  Wales.      See   Fredericlc 

Louis. 
Frederick.     In  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like  it," 

the  usurpiug  brother  of  the  exiled  duke. 

Frederick,  or  Frederick  City.  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  41  miles 
west  by  north  of  Baltimore:  the  seat  of  Fred- 
erick College.     Population  (1900),  9,296. 


Frederick  William  II. 
Frederick  Augustus  I.,  suruame.!  •'  The  Just." 

Born  at  Dresden,  Dec.  23,  1750:  died  at  Dres- 
den.  May  5,  1827.  Kinp:  of  Saxony.  He  succeeded 
his  father  Frederick  Christian  as  elector  in  17d3:  sided 
with  Prussia  and  Bavaria  against  Austria  in  the  War  of 
the  Bavarian  Succession  177S-79 ;  allied  himself  with  Prus- 
sia and  Russia  against  France  in  180C ;  concluded  a  separate 
treaty  of  peace  with  Napoleon  at  Posen,  Dec.  11,  IKoe,  in 
accordance  with  which  he  entered  the  Confederation  of  the 
Khine  with  the  title  of  king ;  supported  Napoleon  at  the 
battle  of  Leipsic  in  1813 ;  and  was  compelled  to  cede  a 
large  part  of  Saxony  to  Prussia  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna 
in  1S15. 

Frederick  Augustus  II.    Born  May  18,  1797 : 

died  in  Tyrol,  Aug.  9,  1H54.  King  of  Saxony. 
He  became  co-regent  in  18o0  with  his  uncle  Anton,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1836.  He  suppressed  a  revolutionary  out- 
break in  1S49  by  means  of  Prussian  troops. 

Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at  St.  James's 
Palace,  London,  Aug.  10,  1763:  died  Jan.  5, 
1827.  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  second  son 
of  George  III.  He  was  created  duke  of  York  and  Al- 
bany in  1784 ;  commanded  the  British  contingent  in  the 
campaigns  of  1793-95  in  Flanders  against  the  French  ;  was 
made  commander-in-chief  of  the  JBritish  army  in  1798; 
invaded  Holland  in  conjunction  with  the  Russians  in 
1799;  aud  signed  the  humiliating  convention  of  Alkmaax 
in  1799.  He  resigned  the  office  of  commander-in-chief  in 
1809,  in  consequence  of  an  entanglement  with  Mrs.  Mary 
Anne  Clarke^  who  accepted  bribes  from  officers  in  return 
for  promises  of  promotion  ;  hut  was  restored  in  1811. 

Frederick  Charles,  Prince  of  Prussia,  Born 
at  Berlin,  March  20,  1828:  died  near  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  June  15.  1885.  A  Prussian  general, 
nephew  of  William  I.  of  Prussia.  He  fought  with 
distinction  in  tiiie  war  of  Prussia  and  Austria  against  Den- 
mark in  1864 ;  commanded  the  first  army  in  the  war 
against  Austria  in  1866 ;  and  commanded  the  second  army 
in  the  war  against  France,  1870-71,  entering  Sletz  and  Or- 
l^aus  in  1870  and  Le  Mans  in  1871.  He  was  surnamed  "the 
Red  Prince." 

Frederick  Francis  II.    Born  Feb.  28,  1823: 

died  at  Schwcrin,  Germany,  April  15,  1883. 
Grand  Duke  of  Meeklenljurg-Schwerin.  He  sue- 
ceeded  to  the  grand  duchy  in  1842 ;  became  a  general  in 
the  Prussian  military  service  in  the  same  year;  fought 
under  Baron  von  Wrangel  in  the  war  of  Prussia  and  Aus- 
tria against  Denmark  in  1864  ;  commanded  a  reserve  army 
corps  in  the  war  against  Austria  in  1866  ;  joined  the  North 
German  Confederation  in  1860;  and  bore  an  important 
part  in  the  war  against  France,  1870-71.  His  grand  duchy 
became  a  member  of  the  German  Empire  in  1871. 

Frederick  Louis.     Born  at  Hannover,  Jan.  6, 

1707:  died  at  Leicester  House,  London,  March 
20,  1751,  Prince  of  Wales  1729-51,  eldest  son 
of  George  II.  He  married  Augusta,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick, duke  of  Saxe-Gotha,  in  1736.  and  was  father  of 
George  III.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  opposition  against 
Walpole  and  the  king. 
Fredericksburg  (fred'er-iks-berg).  A  city  in 
Spottsylvania  County,Virginia,  50  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Washington.  Here,  Dec.  13.1862,  wao 
fought  one  of  the  severest  battles  of  the  Civil  War.  The 
Confederates  (about80,000)  under  Lee,  occupying  a  strong 
position  on  the  heights,  repulsed  an  attack  made  on  them 
by  the  Federals  (about  lln.OOo)  under  Burnside.  The 
Confederate  losses  amounted  to6QS  killed,  4,116  wounded, 
and  6.'»3  captured  or  misshig  (total,  5,377);  the  Federal 
losses  amounted  to  1,-J84  killed,  9,600  wounded,  and  1.769 
captured  or  missing  (total,  12.653).     Population  (1900). 

5,068. 

Frederick  William,  called  *'The  Great  Elec- 
tor.'' Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  16, 1620:  died  April 
29,  1688.  Elector  of  Brandenburg  1640-88.  son 
of  George  William.  At  his  accession  he  found  his 
dominions  wasted  by  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  which  was 
then  in  progress.  By  skilful  diplom'acy  and  great  econ- 
omy in  other  directions,  he  succeeded  in  ridding  his  coun- 
try of  foreign  soldiery  and  in  raising  an  artiiy  of  30,000 
men,  which  secured  for  him  respectful  treatment  at  the 
peace  of  Westphidia  in  1648.  In  1655,  on  the  outbreak  of 
war  between  Sweden  and  Poland,  he  took  sides  with  the 
former  power  against  the  latter.  The  Poles  were  defeated 
at  Warsaw  in  1656,  and  were  forced  in  1657  to  purchase 
his  assistance  by  recognizing  the  independence  of  the 
duchy  of  Prussia,  which  he  held  as  a  fief  of  Poland.  He 
joined  an  alliance  with  Holland  in  1672,  with  a  view  to 
frustrating  the  designs  of  Louis  XIV.  against  that  coun- 
try: an  alliance  which  was  subsequently  joined  by  the 
emperor  and  Spain.  In  1675  at  Fehrbellin  he  defeated 
the  Swedes,  who  had  invaded  Brandenburg  as  the  allies  of 
France;  but  although  he  made  large  conquests  in  Swe- 
dish Pomerania,  he  was  compelled  by  France  to  return 
them  at  the  separate  peace  of  8t.  Germain-en-Laye  (1679) 
in  return  for  the  reversion  of  East  Frieslaud. 

Frederick  William.  Bom  Aug.  20, 1802:  died 
at  Horzowitz,  near  Prague,  Jan.  6, 1875.  Elec- 
tor of  Hesse.  He  succeeded  to  the  electorate  in  1847, 
and  sided  with  Austria  in  the  Austro- Prussian  war  (1866), 
with  the  result  that  his  electorate  was  incorporated  with 
I'russia  by  the  peace  of  Prague.  Aug.  23,  18t)6. 

Frederick  William  I.  Born  Aug.  14,  1688 : 
died  May  31,  1740.  King  of  Prussia  1713-40. 
sou  of  Frederick  1.  He  acquired  Stettin  and  part  of 
Pomerania  by  the  peace  of  Stockholm  in  1720,  at  the  close 
of  the  Northern  War,  in  which  he  had  taken  part  against 
S\veden  ;  and  by  the  establishment  of  a  formidable  army 
laid  the  foundation  of  Prussia's  railitarj'  power. 

Frederick  William  II.    Born  Sept.  25,  1744: 

died  Nov.  16,  1797.  King  of  Prussia  1786-97, 
nephew  of  Frederick  the  Great.  He  formed  an  al- 
liance with  Austria  in  1792  for  the  purpose  of  restoring 


411 

duction  to  American  Institutional  History."  "The  Reign 
of  William  Kufus,":incl  "Lecturt-a  to  American  Amiienccs 
(18-2),  ■■  English  Towns  and  Distriils"  and  "Sumo  Im- 
pressions of  the  I  nited  states  "  (la&i).  "  The  Kfflce  of  the 
Historical  I'rofessor  '  (li'84),  "The  Methoils  of  Historical 
Study  "  (IStW),  "  The  Cliief  Periods  of  Euiopcnn  History  ' 
and  (in  the  series  of  "  Historic  Towns."  edited  by  himself) 
"Exeter"  (1S87),  "Fifty  i'ears  of  European  History," 
"William  the  Comiucror '(1S(W:  in  the  "Twelve  English 
Statesmen  "  series),  and  "  History  of  Sicily  from  the  Ear- 
--    ..  liest  Times"  (18111,  third  volume). 

bt  Liberation  in  1S13 ;  was  present  at  the  Conpess  of  Freeman  JameS     Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
Vieuna  in  1.-15  ;  and  joined  the  Holy  Alliance  in  1»15.  ^     .,  i!2,'l7.59:  died  at  NeMou,  Mass..  Nov.  U. 


Frederick  William  II. 

LoHia  XVI.  of  France,  but  concluded  the  separate  peace 
of  Basel  with  the  revolutionary  government  uf  France  in 
179.S.  He  took  pai't  in  the  second  ami  third  partitions  of 
Poland  in  17a3  and  17U.i  respectively. 

Frederick  William  III.  Born  Aug.  3, 1770: 
died  June  7,  1840.  King  of  Prussia  1797-1840, 
son  of  Frederick  William  II.  He  refused  to  join 
the  third  coalition  against  France  in  1805  ;  declared  war 
against  Fiance  in  ISOti ;  signed  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  in  1807  ; 
joined  France  against  Russia  in  1812  ;  joined  in  the  War 


Frederick  William  IV.  Born  Oct.  l"),  1795: 
died  at  Sans  Soiiei,  near  Potsdam,  Prussia, 
Jan,  2,  1861.  King  of  Prussia  1840-61,  son  of 
Frederick  William  III.  He  was  compelled  by  a  rev- 
olutionary movement  in  1848  to  grant  a  constitution,  and 
in  1843  declined  the  imperial  crown  offered  him  by  the 
German  -National  Assembly  at  Frankfort.  .48  he  was  ren- 
dered incompetent  to  reign  by  a  serious  malady,  his 
brother  (afterward  William  L)  became  regent  in  1S58. 

Frederick  William,  Crown  Pi-ince  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  and  of  Prussia.  See  Frederick  III., 
German  emperor. 


1835.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman,  the 
first  in  the  United  States  who  assumed  that 
name.  He  was  pastor  of  King's  Chapel,  Boston, 
1787-1835. 

Freeman,  James  Edward.  Born  in  Nova  Scotia, 
1808:  died  at  Home,  Nov.  21,  1884.  An  Amer- 
ican figure-painter. 

Freeman,  Mrs.  The  name  under  which  Sarah 
Jennings,  ducliess  of  Marlborough,  carried  on 
a  coiTespondence  with  (Jueen  ^Vnne  (as  Mrs. 
Morlev). 


Frederlcton  (fred'er-ik-ton).     The  capital  of  preeport  (fre'port).     A  city  and  the  capital  of 
New  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  St.  John  Kiver     steTmonson  County,  northern  Illinois,  situated 
in  lat.  45°  56'  N.,  long.  66°  40'  W.   It  is  a  port  of    q„  ^[jg  Pecatonica  River  108  miles  west-north- 
entry,  and  a  center  of  the  lumber  trade.    Popu-     west  of  Chicago.      Pop.  (1900),  13,258. 
lation  (1901),  7.117.  Freeport,  Sir  Andrew.     A  London  merchant, 

Frederiksberg  (fred'er-iks-bero).   A  large  sub-     .^g  ^f  (j^g  memliers  of  the  fictitious  club  which 
urb  of  Copenhagen.    It  has  a  national  museum     issued  the  "  Spectator." 

and  a  sculpture-gallery.  Population  (1890),  Free-Soil  Party.  In  United  States  politics,  a 
46,954.  party  which  opposed  the  extension  of  slavery 

Frederiksberg  (fred'er-iks-boro).    Aroyalpal-     into  the  Territories.    It  was  formed  in  1848  by  a  union 
ace  on  tlie  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  situated     of  the  Liberty  party  with  the  Barnburners.    It  nominated 

near  Hillerod,  21  miles  northwest  of  Copenha-     "  .,,.., -^ 

gen.     It  was  built  by  Christian  TV.  1602-20. 

Frederiksberg  (fred'er-iks-boro),  Peace  of.    ,,,_ „ ^_ 

A  peace  concluded  at  Frederiksborg,  Zealand,  Freetown  (fre'toun).  "  The  capital  of  the  Brit- 
Denmark,  July  13,  1720,  between  Sweden  and  jj.))  (.oiony  of  SieiTa  Leone,  West  Africa,  situ 
Denmark,  by  wliich  the  latter  power  restored  j^j^^  ^^  tjjp  Sierra  Leone  River,  near  the  coast, 
its  conquests,  while  the  former  renounced  its  ;„  j^t.  8°  29'  N.,  long.  13°  10'  W.  Population 
claim  to  fi-eedom  from  Sound  duties  and  paid     (isgn,  30,033 


Van  Buren  for  the  presidency  in  1848,  and  under  the  name 
of  the  Free  Democratic  paity  it  nominated  John  P.  Hale 
in  ls52.  It  was  one  of  the  principal  elements  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Republican  party  in  1854, 


a  war  indemnity  of  600,000  rix-doUars. 

Frederikshald  (fred'er-iks-hilld),  or  Freder- 
iksball  (fred'er-iks-hiil).  A  seaport  in  the 
diocese  (stift)  of  Christiania,  Norway,  situated 
on  the  Iddefiord  58  miles  south-southeast  of 
Christiania.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  timber,  and  near 
it  is  the  fortress  of  Freileriksteen,  where  Charles  XII.  of 
.Sweden  was  killed  in  1718.    Population  (1891),  11,183. 

Frederikshavn  (fred'er-iks-hiira).  A  seaport 
on  the  Cattegat.  near  the  northeastern  extrem- 
ity of  Jutland,  Denmark. 

Frederikstad.     See  Frcdrikstad. 

Fredrikshamn  (fred'riks-hiim),  Finn.Hainina. 
A  fortified  seaport  in  the  government  of  Vi- 
borg,  Finlantl,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
in  lat.  60°  36'  N.,  long.  27°  11'  E.  By  the  treaty 
ol  Fiidiiksharan,  Sept.  17,  1809.  Finland  was  ceded  by 
NMrdin  t..  Kussia,     Population  (1890),  2,778. 

Fredrikstad  (fred'rik-stad),  or  Frederikstad 
(fred'er-ik-stad).  A  fortified  seaport  in  the 
diocese  (stift)  of  Christiania,  Norway,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Glommen  48  miles  south 
by  east  of  Christiania.  it  was  founded  l>y  Freder- 
ick n. ,  and  has  lumber  trade  and  manufactures.  Popula- 
tion (18111),  12,307. 

Freehold  (fre'hold).  A  township  and  town  iii 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  27 
miles  east  of  Trenton.  Population  (1900)  ot 
township,  2,234;  of  town,  2,934. 

Freelove  (fre'luv),  Lady.  A  character  in  Col- 
man's  "Jealous  Wife." 

Freeman  (fre'man).  1.  In  Wycherley's comedy 
'■Tho  Plain  Dealer,"  Manly's  lieutenant  and 
(,.i,.,ia.— 2.  In  Fariiuhar's  "Beaux'  Stratagem," 
the  friend  oV  Aiiinvell. 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus.    Bom  at  Har- 

bome,   Stattordshire,  1823:    died   at  Alicante, 
Spain,  March  16,  1892.     A  noted  English  histo- 
rian.     He  was  graduated  from  Oxfonl  (Trinity  College)  p^pju'     _  , : 
in  1845  and  remained  there  as  a  fellow  until  1847  ;  was  X  reiourfe  V 
examiner  In  modern  history  18.S7-.18,  18«:WH.  and  in  187:i ;    "•  '"  "  ' 

.Hid  became  regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford 
in  is-il,  as  successor  to  Professor  Stublis  (who  liccaniu 
hlshop  of  Chester).  His  works  Include  "Cliuich  Jtestoia- 
tton  "  (184!)),  "An  Essay  on  Window -Tracery,"  "Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Oowcr."  n  tjook  ot  iiocms,  "The 
Architecture  of  Llandalf  Cathedral,"  "The  Antiquities  of 
St  Uavld'.s,"  "Tho  History  and  Conquest  of  the  Saracens  " 
(18ri6),  "History  of  Fcdcial  (lovernment  from  the  Foun- 
dation of  the  Achaian  League  to  the  Disruption  of  the 
t'nltcd  States  '(1803:  not  completed),  "The  History  ot 
the  Norman  Conciuest  "  (lb«7-70 :  Ills  most  fanious  IxKik), 
"Old  English  History  for  Children  "(IStiO).  "History  of 
the  Cathedral  Church  of  Wells"  (1870).  "  HlBt4.rl.al  Es- 
says' (ls-71).  "(lenend  Sketch  of  European  History," 
"  Oiowth  of  the  English  Constitution  '  and  "  The  I'nity  of 
History  "  (1872),  "Comparative  Politics  "  (1h7:0,  "Dises- 
tablishment and  Disendowment "  (1874),  "The  Turks  in 
Europe'  and  "The  Ottoman  Power  in  Kuiope "  (1877), 
"  How  the  Study  of  History  is  Let  and  Hindered  "  (18701, 
'  A  Short  History  of  the  Norman  Oonqnest "  (1880). "  His- 
torical Ocogiapiiy  of  Europe"  and  "sketches  from  the 
Subject  and  Neighbor  Lands  of  Venice  "  (1881),  "  Intro- 


Freewill  Islands.     See  St.  David  Islands. 

Freiberg  (fri'bero).  A  city  in  the  government 
district  of  Dresden,  Saxony,  on  the  Miinzbach 
20  miles  southwest  of  Dresden.  It  is  the  center  of 
the  mining  district  of  .Saxony,  and  the  seat  of  a  mining 
academy-  The  silver-mines  were  discovered  ui  the  12th 
century.  The  cathedral  is  a  late-Pointed  monument  of  the 
15th  century.  The  Goldene  Pforte  is  a  beautiful  Roman- 
esque door  surviving  from  an  older  church  :  its  sculptures 
are  hardly  excelled  in  medieval  art.  They  consist  of  an 
allegorical  representation  of  the  kingdom  of  Cod,  including 
statues  of  Old  Testament  types  and  reliefs  of  No-  "■■■•■■ 


Fremantle 

lished  "Mein  Glaubensbekeniitnis '  ('  lly  Creed  ■).  In 
consequence  of  tlie  political  sentiments  expressed  in  this 
book  he  wa«  forced  to  tlec  the  country,  and  went  first  to 
Belgium,  and  then  to  Switzerland  and  England.  In  1846 
appeared  "Ca  ira.'  In  1S4S  he  returned  to  Germany,  and 
was  eng;iged  for  a  time  in  editorial  work  on  the  "  Kol- 
nische  Zeitung,"  but  again  lied  to  London,  where  he  re- 
mained until  IbliS.  "  /.» ischen  den  Garbcii "  (  '  Between 
the  Sheaves")  appeared  1847-49.  His  complete  poetical 
works  ( 'Siimmtliche  Dichtungen")  were  published  in 
187u.  In  1876  appeared  "  Neue  Gedichte  "("  New  Poems"). 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  translations  from  recent 
French  and  English  poetry,  among  them  a  version  of 
Longfellow  "s  "  Hiawatha. " 
Freind  ( f rind ) ,  John.  Bom  at  Croton  (Crough- 
ton),  near  Brackley,  Northamptonshire,  in  1675 : 
died  July  26, 1728.  An  English  physician.  He 
studied  at  Christ  Chnrch,  0.xford,  n  here  he  attracted  notice 
on  account  of  ills  pioflciency  in  the  classics,  and  afterward 
became  a  medical  practitioner  at  London.  He  entered  Par- 
liament as  a  Tory  member  for  Launceston  In  1722,  and  in 
1727  was  appointed  physician  in  ordinary  to  gueen  Car«- 
line.  He  wrote  "  The  History  of  Physick  from  the  time  of 
Galen  t<i  the  beginning  of  the  Sixteenth  Centurj',  chielly 
with  Regard  to  Practice  "  (1725-20),  etc. 

Freire  (fra're),  Francisco  Joz6.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon, 1713 :  died  1773.  A  Portuguese  historian 
and  scholar,  a  leading  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Arcatlians,  in  which  he  assumed  the  name  of 
"CandidoLusitano."bvwhich  he  is  often  known. 
He  wrote ' '  Vida  do  Infante  D.  Henrique  "  (1758). 
etc. 

Freire,  Eamon.  Born  at  Santiago.  Nov.  29. 
1787:  died  there.  Dee.  9,  1851.  A  Chilian  gen- 
eral. He  distinguished  himself  in  the  war  for  indepen- 
dence (1811-20).  held  important  commands,  and  became 
cluef  of  the  liberal  party.  The  liberals  having  deposed 
O'Higgins  in  1823,  General  Freire  was  made  supreme  di- 
rector. He  drove  the  last  Spaniards  from  Cbilo6  in  1826. 
In  1827  he  was  reelected  supreme  director,  but  soon  after 
resigned,  and  the  conservatives  came  into  power.  In  1830 
he  headed  a  revolt,  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Lircai, 
April  17,  1830,  and  banished.  He  was  allowed  to  return 
in  1842. 

Freischiitz  (fri'shiits).  Der.  [G.,  lit.  -the  free 
shdt.']  In  Gemian  folk-lore,  a  marksman  cele- 
brated for  liis  compact  with  the  devil,  from 
whom  he  obtained  seven  ''Freikugeln  "  (free 
bullets),  six  of  which  always  hit  the  mark,  while 
the  de%il  directs  the  seventh  at  his  pleasure. 
There  are  several  forms  of  the  legend.  It  was  the  sub- 
ject of  the  romantic  opera  "Der  Freischiitz"  by  Weber, 
produced  at  Berlin  June  18,  1821,  at  Paris  at  the  Odijon  as 
"  Robin  des  bois,"  Dec.  7, 1824,  and  at  the  Academie  Roy- 
ale, Tune  7,  1841,  as  "Le  Franc  Tirour, 'with  a  better  trans- 
lation and  with  recitatives  by  Berlioz.  In  London  it  was 
])roduccd  as  "  Der  Freischiitz  '  at  the  English  opera  House, 
July  23, 1824  :  manv  halhids.werc  inserted.  In  1860  it  was 
played  in  Italian  as  "  II  Franco  arciero  "  at  Covent  Garden. 


ment  scenes.   Behind  the  .altar  Is  the  notable  burialeliapcl  Frcising,   or  Freysing   (fri'ziug).      A   town    in 
uiy.w^ith  tine  sculptured     Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Isa 


of  the  Protestant  princes  of  Sax(U  , . 
monuments.     A  battle  was  fcnight  at  Freiberg,  Oct.,  170: 
lietween  l:i,000  Prussians  under  Prince  Henry  and  Seyd- 
litz  and  :in,000  imperial  and  Austrian  tn.ops  under  Gen- 
eral Hadik,  in  which  the  latter  were  totally  defeated.  Pop- 
ulation (l.'!9:i),  2s,995. 

Freiburg,  or  Freiburg-im-Breisgau  (in  boro- 

im-lu'is'gou).  'J'lie  caiiital  of  the  district  of 
Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Dreisam  in 
lat.  47°  59'  N.,  long.  7°  51'  E.  It  is  a  tradmg  cen- 
ter for  the  Black  Forest,  and  has  considerable  manutac- 
tures.     It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  university.    The 


Isar  20  miles 


north-nortlieast  of  Munich.  The  bishopric  of  Frei- 
sing,  founded  724,  was  united  to  the  arrhbisliopric  of  SIu- 
nich  in  1802.     It  liasa  cathedral.     ri>piilatioii  (180o),  «.48a 

Freistadtl  (fn'stiitl).  Hung.  Galg6cz.   A  town 

in  the  county  of  Neutra,  Hungary,  on  tho  Waag 
46  miles  north  of  Komorn.     Population  (1890), 
7.216. 
Freiwaldau(fri'viil-dou).  A  town  in  the  crown- 
land  of  Silesia.  Austria-Hungary,  44  miles  north 

.   ,        ,   .    ,.  ,.  ,  ,    1  ,.,,hi,„M.„...      ofOlmiitz.    Population(1890),  commune,  6,223. 

former  is  a  noted  work  in  German  Pointed  architectuie  .p  ,.  ,..  -  .,,,;■,'/■,  »  tf,,™  in  the  denartment 
measuring  354  feet  by  102.  The  west  front  is  surmounted  i  rejUS  (lra-/.lius  ).  _A  lown  in  iiie  uepaiuneiii- 
by  acentral  toweraml  octagonal  ojicnwork  spire,  which  is     -  '    ^'•■-    "~ 


385  feet  high.  Bcncalll  the  tower  opens  a  single  giiat  f 
cessed  portal.  The  transepts  are  Romanesque.  The  choir 
was  designed  in  the  14th  century.  The  interior  is  exceed- 
ingly etttctive  ;  It  possesses  very  interesting  sculpture, 
tombs,  and  early  paintings.  Freiburg  was  the  capital  of 
thoBrelsgau,  and  belonged  for  centuries  to  Austria.  It  h.as 
several  times  been  taken  by  the  French.  Here,  Aug.  :i-5, 
1(H4,  the  French  under  Cond6  and  Turenne  defeated  the 
Bavarians  under  Mercy.     Population  (ls:i0),  47^iy2. 

Freiburi 


of  Var,  southern  France,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  32  miles  southwest  of  Nice : 
the  ancient  Forum  Jiilii.  It  contains  a  large  Roman 
amphitheater  in  ruins,  frngnients  of  walls,  of  baths,  of 
aqueduct,  and  a  Roman  bridge,  and  has  a  Romanesque 
catliedral.  Its  harbor  was  founded  by  .Tnllns  Cipsar  and 
developed  by  Augustus.  Here  N'aptileon  disembarked 
from  Egypt  Oit.  ft.  17l>ft,  and  embarked  for  Elba  April  27, 
1S14.  Fnjns  was  the  birthplace  of  Agricola,  Koscius,  and 
.■yes.     Population  (1891),  cominnne,  3,180. 


**•!•!'!•                                                     -    -  the  Continental   Congress,  nnd  I'uited  Slates 

---•"  —  o  V---  ,       _      .      ;, J. -,,..„..      r  ..  x.,/  senator  from  New  Jersey  179.'i-9(i. 

Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut(fri  boro-an-dei-On  -  pjelinehuysen.  Frederick  Theodore.    Born 

strot).      A  town  in   the   province   of  Suxouy,  ,it  Millstone 


Prussia,  on  the  Unstrut  2H  miles  west-south 
west  of  Leipsic.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle  of 
Neucnliiirg,  and  as  tho  residence  of  Jiihn.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  3,2.56. 
Freidank  (fn'iliingk).  [UHQ.  fridauh;  free- 
thinker.] Lived  in  the  13lh  century.  Tho  real 
or  assniiied  name  of  a  (icrmaii  didactic  poet, 
author  of  the  didactii'  lioein  "Bescheidenlieit  " 
(ed.  liv  W.  (iriiiim  1S34),  etc. 

Freiligrath  (rri'li:.'-r:it).  Ferdinand.  Bom  nt 
D.'tniold,  (ierinaiiy,  .lune  17,  bslO:  died  at 
Cannstatt,  Wiirtemberg,  March  18.  1876.  A 
noted  German  h-ric  iioet  and  democralic  pnr- 
tizan,  resident  'in  Eiiglnnd  l.H4l)-4.8,  ]851-(i8. 
He  waadeslliicd  at  the  beginning  for  a  mercantile  life, 
but  after  18.'«>  devolc<l  himself  enllrely  to  llteniturc.  A 
Hrst  volume  ot  poems  appeared  In  1838.     In  1844  was  pub- 


,  Somerset  ('ountv,  N.  J.,  Aug.  4, 

1817  :  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  May  20, 18.8.5.  An 
American  Keimlilican  statesman  nnd  .itirist, 
nephew  of  Tlnodore  Freliiiglmysen.  He  was 
I'nlteil  States  senator  from  New  .Tersiy  18t'KV-lB>  and  1871- 
1877  a  member  of  the  Electond  Commission  1877 ;  nnd  sec- 
retary of  stjlto  Dec,  lS81-8r.. 

Frelinghuysen,  Theodore.    Bom  at  Millstone, 

Soiiiersil  Coiiiitv.  N.  J.,  March  28,  1787:  died 
at  New  Brunswick.  N.  J.,  April  1'2,  1862.  An 
American  statesman,  son  ot  1'  rederick  Freling- 
huysen. He  was  rnltcil  states  senatorfrom  New  .Icrscy 
18-2!(-:t6,  chancellor  of  the  I'nlvi-i-slly  of  New  York  1838- 
181.0,  Whig  candidate  (.ir  the  vice  presidency  In  1844, 
and  president  of  Kntgers  College  l.s'i(Mi2. 
Fremantle  (I're'iiiaii-tl).  A  seaport  of  westi'rn 
Australi:!.  silunled  nt  the  tiiouth  of  the  Swan 
Kiver,  near  Perth.     Population  (1891),  7.077. 


Fr^miet 
Fr^miet  (fra-mya') ,  Emmanuel.  Born  at  Paris, 

Dec,  1824.  A  noteil  Freueh  sculptor.  After 
leaviug  La  Petite  Ecole,  where  his  drawings  are  still  ev- 
hibitedj  he  supported  himself  by  making  scieiitilie  draw- 
ings at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes.  His  first  worli  in  sculpture 
was  from  a  iox  in  the  menagerie  there.  Later  he  drew 
plates  for  mediciil  works.  These  attracted  the  attention 
of  Rude,  who  admitted  him  to  his  private  studio.  His 
first  Salon  exhibit  was  "A  Gazelle"  (1813).  .\mong  his 
other  works  are  "Terrier  Dogs"  (1S48 :  bought  by  the 
state),  "Mother  Cat  "(1849  :  bought  by  the  state).  In  1S60- 
1851  he  made  a  great  show  of  animal  sculpture  at  the 
Louvre.  In  1870  he  exhibited  an  equestrian  statue  of  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  and  in  18S'2  "Man  of  the  Age  of  Stone." 
In  1873  his  equestrian  statue  of  Joan  of  Arc  was  erected 
on  the  Place  des  Pyramides  :  this  is  his  masterpiece.  In 
1875  he  succeeded  Barye  as  professor  of  drawing  at  the 
Jardin  des  Plantes.  In  1887  he  exhibited  at  the  Salon  his 
famous  "  Gorilla  abducting  a  Woman"  ;  and  at  Munich  in 
1893  three  bronzes:  "St.  Michael,"  "Faun  and  Young 
Bear,"  and  "  Dachshund." 

Freminet  (fra-me-na'),  or  Freminel  (fra-me- 
nel').  Martin.  Born  at  Paris,  Hcyt.  24,  1.567: 
died  there,  June  18.  1619.  A  French  painter. 
In  1591  he  went  to  Rome  and  studied  the  works  of  Par- 
migianino  and  ilichelangelo.  He  returned  to  France  after 
sixteen  years,  and  became  court  painter  to  Hemy  IV.  He 
had  nearly  completed  the  decoration  of  the  chapel  at  Fon- 
tainebleau  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Some  of  his  paintings 
are  at  the  royal  palace  at  Turin.  He  was  called  "the 
French  Michelangelo." 

Fremont  (fre-mont')-  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Sandusky  County,  northern  Ohio,  situated  on 
Sandusky  River  30  miles  southeast  of  Toledo. 
It  was  the  scene  of  Croghan's  defense  of  Fort 
Stephenson  in  1813.     Population  (1900),  8,439. 

Fremont,  John  Charles.  Born  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  Jan.  21,  1813:  died  at  New  York,  July  13, 
189.0.  A  noted  American  explorer,  general,  and 
politician,  surnamed  "The  Pathlinder."  He  ex- 
plored the  South  Pass  (Rocky  Mountains)  in  18-12,  and 
the  Pacific  Slope  in  1843-14  and  1845  ;  took  part  in  the 
conquest  of  California  1846—17 :  was  United  States  senator 
from  California  1850-51 ;  organized  in  1853  an  expedition 
to  complete  a  previous  exploration  of  a  route  to  Califor- 
nia ;  and  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  presidency 
in  1856.  He  was  Federal  oommander  of  the  western  de- 
partment in  1861 :  commanded  at  Cross  Keys  in  1862  ;  and 
was  governor  of  Arizona  1878-82.  On  Aug.  31, 1861,  he  is- 
sued a  proclamation  declaring  that  he  would  emancipate 
the  slaves  of  those  in  arras  against  the  United  States. 
This  act  was  condemned  by  Lincoln  as  premature,  and 
the  proclamation  was  withdrawn. 

Fremont  Basin.     See  Grent  Basin. 

Fremont's  Peak.  The  highest  ]>eak  of  the  Wind 
River  Mountains,  situated  in  Wvoming  about 
lat.  43°  25'  N.,  long.  109"  48'  W.  Height,  about 
13,790  feet. 

Fremy  (fra-me'),  Arnould.  Born  at  Paris, 
July  17,  1809.  A  French  journalist  and  novel- 
ist. In  1843  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  letters  at 
Paris  for  a  very  remarkable  thesis  on  the  variations  of 
French  style  in  the  17th  century,  and  was  made  assistant 
professor  of  French  literature  at  Lyons.  From  1854  to 
1859  he  was  one  of  the  principal  editors  of  "Charivari." 
He  wrote  "Les  deux  anges "  (1833),  "Une  Fee  de  Salon" 
(1836),  "  La  physiologic  du  rentier  "  (with  Balzac,  1841), 
"I/C  loup  dansla  bergerie  "  (a  comedy,  1353),  "Confessions 
d'un  Boh6mien  "  (1857) ,  "  Les  mceurs  de  notre  temps  " 
(1860),  "La  revolution  du  journalisme  "  (1865),  "Lespen- 
s^es  de  tout  le  monde"  (1874),"  Qu'est-ce-que  la  France?" 
(1882),  etc. 

French  (freneh),  Daniel  Chester.  Bom  at 
Exeter,  N.  H.,  1850.  An  American  sculptor. 
He  studied  under  Dr.  Rimmer  and  J.  Q.  A.  "Ward,  and 
spent  two  years  in  the  studio  of  Thomas  Ball  in  Florence 
and  one  year  in  Paris.  His  best-known  works  are  the 
"Minute Man"  (modeled inl874),  "John  Hancock"  (1883), 
"Dr.  Gallaudet  and  his  first  Deaf-mute  Pupil"  (1888), 
**  Lewis  Cass  "  (1887  :  now  in  the  Capitol  at  Washuigton), 
"Thomas  Starr  King,"  "Death and  the  Young  Sculptor  ' 
(the  Millmore  Memorial,  1891).  for  which  he  gained  a 
medal  of  the  third  class  in  the  Paris  Salon,  and  liis  colos- 
sal "Statue  of  the  Republic"  for  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

French  and  Indian  War,  or  Old  French  War. 

The  last  in  the  series  of  wars  between  France 
and  Great  Britain  in  America,  it  was  the  Ameri- 
can phase  of  the  Seven  Years'  War  (which  see).  The 
French  were  assisted  by  several  Indian  tribes.  The  seat 
of  the  war  was  mostly  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York,  and  Canada.  The  following  are  the  leading 
events ;  Embassy  of  Washington  to  the  French  forts,  1753 : 
capitulation  of  Washington  at  Fort  Necessity,  1754 ;  dis- 
persion of  the  Acadian  settlers,  1755  :  Braddock's  defeat, 
July  9,  1765  ;  battle  of  Lake  George,  Sept.  8,  1755  ;  decla- 
ration of  war.  1756 ;  capture  of  Oswego  by  Montcalm, 
1756;  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  by  Montcalm,  1757  ; 
unsuccessful  attack  on  Ticonderoga  by  Abercrombie,  1758  : 
capture  of  Louisburg,  17.58 ;  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne, 
1758  ;  capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  Niagara.  1759  ;  battle 
of  Quebec  (under  Wolfe),  Sept.  13, 1759;  surrender  of  Mon- 
treal, 1760 ;  peace  of  Paris  (which  see),  surrender  of  Can- 
ada to  Great  Britain,  Feb.  10,  176:3. 

French  Broad.  A  river  in  North  Carolina  and 
eastern  Tennessee  which  joins  the  Holston  4 
miles  east  of  Knoxville.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
pietiu-esque  scenery.   Length,  about  250  miles. 

French  Fabius,  The.  A  surname  given  to  the 
Due  de  Montmorency  (1493-1567)  on  account  of 
his  dilatory  policy  in  Provence  in  1536. 

French  Fury,  The.  A  treacherous  attack  on 
Antwerp  by  4,000  French  soldiers  under  the 


412 

Due  d'Anjou,  Jan.  17,  1583.  The  attack  was  re- 
pelled by  the  citizens  :  about  one  half  of  the  French  were 
killed,  and  the  remainder  were  made  prisoners. 

French  Guiana.     See  Guiana,  French. 

French  Kongo.     See  Kongo,  French. 

Frenchlove.     See  English  Monsieur,  Tlic. 

Frenchman'sBay  (freneh'mauzba).  An  inlet 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  south  of  Maine  and  east 
of  Moimt  Desert. 

French  Prairie  Indians.    See  Ahantchuyuk. 

French  Revolution,  The.  The  name  specifi- 
cally given  to  the  revolution  which  occuri'ed 
in  France  at  the  close  of  the  18th  century.  The 
meeting  of  the  States-General.  May  5. 1789,  marks  the  be- 
ginning. The  end  is  taken  either  as  1795  (end  ot  the  Con- 
vention), or  1799  (end  of  the  Directory),  or  1S04  (end  of 
the  Consulate).  The  whole  Napoleonic  period  through 
1815  is  often  included  in  the  treatment  of  the  revolution. 
The  wars  growing  out  of  the  revolution  after  the  appear- 
ance of  Napoleon  (1796)  are  given  under  Napvleonic  Wars. 
(See  also  France  and  Napoleon.)  The  following  are  the 
chief  events  in  the  revolution  ;  Meeting  of  States-General, 
May  5,  17S9 ;  the  Third  Estate  assumed  the  title  of  the  Na- 
tional or  Constituent  Assembly,  June  17:  Tennis-Court 
oath,  June  20 :  storming  of  the  Bastille,  July  14 :  abolition 
of  feudal  and  other  privileges,  Aug.  4 ;  bread  riot  and 
march  t.i  Versailles.  Oct. :  unsuccessful  flight  of  the  king 
June  20, 1791;  constitution  adopted,  Sept.;  opening  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly,  Oct.  1;  commencement  of  the  war 
against  allied  Austria  and  Prussia,  April,  1792  ;  attack  on 
the  Tnileries.June  20;  storming  of  the  Tuileries,  Aug.  10; 
September  massacres,  Sept.;  battle  of  \'almy,  Sept.  20; 
opening  of  the  National  Convention,  abolitionof  the  mon- 
archy, proclamation  of  the  republic,  Sept.  21;  battle  of 
Jemmapes,  Nov.  6  ;  annexation  of  Nice  and  Savoy,  1792; 
execution  of  Louis  XVI.,  J,an.  21,  1793:  coalition  against 
France  joined  by  Great  Britain,  Holland,  Spain,  etc..  Feb. ; 
Vendean  wars  begun,  1793  ;  battle  of  Neerwinden,  March, 
1793 ;  establishment  of  the  revolutionai-y  tribunal,  March ; 
establishment  of  the  famous  Committee  of  Public  Safety, 
April ;  overthrow  of  the  party  of  the  Girondists,  June ; 
Rei^'n  of  Terror,  1793-94;  assassination  of  Marat,  July, 
1793;  execution  of  Marie  -Antoinette  and  the  Girondists, 
Oct. ;  siege  of  Toulon,  Dec. ;  overthrow  of  the  Hf  bertists, 
March,  1794;  execution  of  Danton,  April  5;  battle  of 
Fleurus,  June  26 ;  overthrow  of  Robespierre  (9th  Ther- 
niidor),  July  27;  bread  riots  of  Germinal  and  Prairial, 
April-.May,  1796 ;  conquest  of  Holland  and  foundation  of 
the  Batavian  republic,  1795 ;  treaties  of  Basel  with  Prus- 
sia and  Spain.  1795 ;  victory  of  Bonaparte  over  the  "  Sec- 
tions" (Vend^miaire),  Oct.  5,  1795;  the  Convention  sup- 
planted by  the  government  under  the  Directory,  Oct.- 
Nov.,  1795;  beginning  of  the  Napoleonic  wars,  1796: 
coup  d'etat  of  18th  Fructidor,  Sept.  4,  1797 ;  peace  of 
Campo-Formio,  Oct.  17  ;  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire, 
Nov.  9-10,  1799 ;  beginning  of  the  Consulate,  Nov.,  1799 ; 
peace  of  LnnSviUe.  Feb.  9,  1801 :  concordat,  1801  ;  peace 
of  .\miens,  1802  :  Napoleon  consul  for  life,  1802  ;  establish- 
ment of  the  empire.  May  18,  1804.  (See  histories  by  Von 
Sybel,  Mignet,  Michelet,  Stephens,  Thiers,  Von  Laun, 
Taine,  Carlyle,  McCarthy,  Dahlmann,  Blanc,  and  Roui.) 

French  River.  A  river  in  Ontario,  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Nipissing  into  the  Georgian  Bay  of  Lake 
Huron. 

French  Shore,  The.  Portions  of  the  western  and 
northern  coasts  of  Newfoundland  where  the 
French  have  the  privilege  of  catching  and  dry- 
ing fish  (secured  by  the  treaty  of  UtreX-ht,  1713). 

French  Switzerland,  F.  La  Suisse  Romande. 
That  part  of  Switzerland  in  which  the  vernacu- 
lar language  is  French  (or  a  French  patois).  It 
comprises  the  cantons  Geneva.  Vaud,  Neuchatel,  and 
Valais,  the  greater  part  of  Fribourg,  and  a  small  part  of 
Bern, 

Frenchtown  (freneh 'toun).  A  township  in 
Monroe  County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake 
Erie  22  miles  southwest  of  Detroit.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  victory  of  theBritishand  Indiansunder  Proctor 
over  the  Americans  under  Winchester,  Jan.  22, 1813.  Pop- 
ulation 11900),  1,938. 

Frend  (frend),  William.  Born  at  Canterburv, 
Nov.  22.  1757:  died  at  London,  Feb.  21,  1841. 
An  English  author.  He  graduated  at  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1780,  and  in  1781  became  a  fellow  and 
tutor  in  Jesus  College  at  the  same  university.  In  1793  he 
published  "  Peace  and  Union  recommended  to  the  .Asso- 
ciated  Bodies  of  Republicans  and  Anti-Republicans,"  a 
tract  in  which,  among  other  things,  he  attacked  the  lit- 
urgy of  the  Church  of  England,  and  was  in  consequence 
deprived  of  his  residence  at  the  college.  He  also  wrote 
"AnAddress  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Cambridge  and  its  neigh- 
borhood ...  to  turn  from  the  False  Worship  of  Three 
Persons  to  the  Worship  of  One  True  God  "  (1788 :  subse- 
quently reprinted  as  "An  Address  to  the  Members  of  the 
Church  of  England  and  to  Protestant  Trinitarians  in  Gen- 
eral," etc.),  which  involved  him  in  a  controversy  with  the 
Rev.  H.  W.  Coulthurst  and  others. 

Freneau  (f re-no' ),  Philip.  Bom  at  New  York, 
1752 :  died  near  Freehold,  N.  J.,  Dec.  18.  1832. 
An  American  poet.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1771 :  supported  both  in  poetry  and  prose  the  popular 
cause  during  the  War  of  the  Revolution  ;  and  was  variously 
employed  as  a  newspaper  editor  an<l  as  captain  of  a  mer- 
chant vessel  until  about  1790.  when  he  was  appointed  by  the 
secretary  of  state,  Thomas  Jefferson,  translator  to  the  state 
department.  At  the  same  time  he  assumed  the  editorship 
of  the  "  National  Gazette  "(Philadelphia),  in  which  he  vio- 
lently opposed  Alexander  Hamilton  and  the  Federalists. 
He  wrote  the  "British  Prison  Ship  "(1781),  and  "A  Journey 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York  by  Robert  Slender,  Stock- 
ing-weaver "  (17S7  :  republished  in  1809  under  the  title  "A 
Laughable  Poem,  or  Robert  Slender's  Journey  from  Phila- 
delphia to  New  York  "),with  several  volumes  of  poems,  etc. 

Frentani  (fren-ta'ni).     In  ancient  history,  an 


Fresno 

Italian  people  of  Samuite  stock,  dwelling  along 
the  Adriatic  coast  northwest  of  Apulia. 

Fr6re  (frar).  Charles  (Edouard).  Born  at  Pa- 
ns, July  10,  1837:  died  there,  Nov.  3,  1894.  A 
Freneh  genre,  landscape,  and  portrait  painter, 
son  and  pupil  of  Pierre  Edouard  Frere  and  pupil 
of  Couture. 

Frere  (frar),  Charles  Theodore.  Bom  at  Paris, 
June  24.  181o :  died  there.  March  24,  1888.  A 
French  genre  and  landscape  painter,  princi- 
pally of  Oriental  subjects :  known  as  Theodore 
Frere.  He  was  a  pupil  of  J.  Cogniet  and  Roqueplan. 
He  first  exhibited  in  1834.  In  1836  he  went  with  the  Al- 
gerian expedition,  and  afterward  to  Egypt-  Amou"  his 
works  are  "  Bazar  in  Dam:iscus  "  (1855),  "  H.irem  in  Cairo  " 
(1859),  "Ruins  of  Karnac "  (1863),  "Island  of  Phils  "  (l,>s65) 
"  Tomb  of  the  Caliphs  at  Cairo  "  (1876),  "  Caravan  of  Mecca 
Pilgrims  "  (1875),  "  Wells  ne.ar  Nehemy  '  (in  the  Stettin  -Mu- 
seum), "Ruins  of  Luxor  "(Laval  Museum),  "Arabs  Rest- 
ing "  (Nancy  Museum),  "  Departure  from  Jerusalem  for 
Jaflfa"  (New  Y^ork  Museum). 

Frere  (frer),  sir  Henry  Bartle  Edward  (called 
Sir  Bartle  Frere).  Born  at  Clvdach,  Breck- 
nockshire. March  29,  1815:  died  at  Wimbledon, 
May  29,  1884.  A  British  official.  He  entered  the 
Indian  service  in  1834 ;  became  resident  at  Sattara  in 
1847,  commissioner  to  Scind  in  1850,  and  member  of  the 
councU  at  Calcutta  in  1S59 ;  was  governor  of  Bombay  1862- 
1867;  became  a  member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  18i:6; 
was  created  a  baronet  in  1876;  and  was  governor  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  1877-80.  During  his  governorship  of  the 
Cape  occurred  the  war  .against  the  Zulus  under  Cettiwayo. 

Frere,  John  Hookham.  Born  at  London,  May 
21,  1769 :  died  at  the  Pieta  Valetta,  Malta,  Jan. 
7,  1846.  An  English  iliplomatist  and  author. 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1792,  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1795:  entered  Parliament  in 
1796;  was  associated  with  Canning  in  the  publication  of 
the  "Anti-Jacobin,  or  Weekly  Examiner  "1797-98  ;  became 
under-secretary  of  state  in  the  foreign  office  in  1799  :  was 
appointed  envoy  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  at  Lis- 
bon in  1800 :  held  the  same  position  at  M  adrid  1802-04  ; 
was  sworn  of  the  privy  council  in  1805 ;  and  was  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  central  junta  of  Spain  1808-09.  He  pub- 
lished "-\ristophanes,"  a  metrical  version  of  the  "Achar- 
nians,"  the  "Knights,"  and  the  "Birds." 

Frere  (frar),  Pierre  Edouard.    Bom  at  Paris, 

Jan.  10,  1819:  died  at  Ecouen,  May  24,  1886.  A 
French  genre  painter,  brother  of  Theodore 
Frere,  pupil  of  i^aul  Delaroche  and  of  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts.  He  is  known  as  Edouard  Frire. 
Among  his  works  are  "The  Little  Gourmand  "(1843),  ""The 
Little  Cook"  (1850),  "Sunday  Toilet"  (1856),  "Going  to 
School"  and  "The  Flute  Lesson"  (1859),  "Return  from 
the  Woods  "(1863),  "  Exercise " (1880),  "A  Bivouac  "  (1885), 
"  The  Elder  Brother,"  etc. 

Frere-Orban  (frar'or-bou'),  Hubert  Joseph 
Walther.  Born  at  Liege,  Belgium,  April  22, 
1812:  diedJan.2, 1896.  A  Belgian  liberal  states- 
man, premier  1868-70  and  1878-84.  He  was  minis- 
ter of  finance  July,  1848,-Sept.,  1852,  and  1857-70,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  atfairs  1878-84. 

Freret  (fra-ra'),  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
15,  1688  :  died  at  Paris,  March  8, 1749.  A  noted 
French  historian,  arehfeologist,  chronologist, 
and  philologist.  An  incomplete  and  inaccurate 
collection  of  his  works  was  published  in  Pai'is 
1796-99. 

Freron  (fra-ron'),  Elie  Catherine.  Born  at 
t^uimper,  France,  1719:  died  at  Paris,  March 
10,  1776.  A  French  journalist  and  critic,  best 
known  from  a  fierce  quarrel  in  which  he  was 
engaged  with  Voltaire. 

Freron,  Louis  Stanislas.  Born  at  Paris.  1765 : 
died  m  Haiti,  1802.  A  French  revolutionist, 
son  of  E.  C.  Freron.  He  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the 
Convention  in  1792,  and  in  1793  was  commissioned  along 
with  Barras  to  establish  the  authority  of  the  Convention 
at  Marseilles.  He  subsequently  became  subprefect  of 
Santo  Domingo.  He  WTOte  "  M^moire  historique  sin-  la  re- 
action royale  et  sur  les  malheurs  du  midi  "  U796). 

Frescobaldi  (fres-ko-bal'de),  Girolamo.  Bom 
at  Ferrara,  Italy,  1583:  died  March  2,  1644. 
A  celebrated  Italian  organist,  singer,  and  com- 
poser for  the  organ,  organist  at  St.  Peter's 
after  1614. 

Fresenius  (fre-2a''ne-os),  Karl  Remiglus. 
Born  Dec.  28,  1818:  died  June  11,  1897.  A 
noted  German  clieruist.  He  founded  a  chemical 
laboratory  at  Wiesbaden  in  1848.  His  works  include  "-\n- 
leitungzurqualitativen  chemischen  .\nalyse  "(1841).  "  An- 
leitung  zur  quantitativen  chemischen  Analyse  "  (1846),  etc. 

Fresnel  (fra-nel'),  Augustin  Jean.    Born  at 

Broglie,  Eure,  France,  May  10,  1788:  died  at 
Ville-d'Avray,  near  Paris,  July  14,  1827.  A 
Freneh  physicist,  noted  for  his  researches  in 
optics,  particularly  in  polarization  and  the 
wave-theory  of  light. 

Fresnillo  (fres-nel'yo).  A  to'wn  in  the  state  of 
Zaeateeas,  Mexico,  situated  about  35  miles 
northwest  of  Zaeateeas:  noted  for  its  silver- 
mines.     Population  (1894).  10.000. 

Fresno  (fres'no).  --V  city  and  the  capital  of 
Fresno  Countv,  California.  Population  (1900), 
12.470. 


\ 


Presnoy 

Fresnoy,  Charles  Alphonse  du.    See  Dufres- 

noij. 

Freston  (fres'touj.  A  neL-romtmeer  iu  "Bplia- 
nis  ot"  (Jreeue."  He  was  suspt-cted  by  Don  Quix<jte  of 
having  stolen  his  books,  and  transformed  giants  into  wind- 
mills. 

Freudenstadt  (froi'den-stiit).  A  town  in  the 
Black  Foi'est  civele,  Wiirtemberg,  30  miles 
east-southeast  of  Strasburg.  Population  (1890), 
5,695. 

Freudenthal  (froi'den-tal).  A  town  in  Silesia, 
Austria-Hungary,  16  miles  west-northwest  of 
Troppau:  a  linen-manufacturing  center.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  7,800. 

Freund  (froiml),  Wilhelm.  Born  Jan.  27, 1806 : 
died  at  Brt»slau,  .iunc  4,  1894.  A  German  phi- 
lologist, of  Hebrew  descent.  He  waste.icherin  the 
gymnasium  at  Breslau  1828-29,  rector  of  the  gymnasium 
at  Hirschberg  1848-51,  and  director  of  a  Hebrew  school  at 
Gleiwitz  1855-70.  He  completed  a  well-known  Latin  lexi- 
con (Worterbnch  derlateinischen  .Sprache,"  1834^5),  etc. 

Fr6veilt  (fia-voh').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  on  the  Cauche  21 
miles  west  of  Arras.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,420. 

Frey  (fri).  [ON.  Freiir.']  In  Norse  mythology, 
the  god  of  the  earth's  fruitfulness,  presiding 
over  rain,  sunshine,  and  all  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  and  dispensing  wealth  among  men:  the 
son  of  Njord,  He  was  especially  worshiped  in  the  tem- 
ple at  I'psalain  Sweden. 

Prey,  Emil.  Born  at  Arlsheim,  near  Basel.  Oct. 
23,  1838.  A  Swiss  politician.  While  temporarily 
in  the  llnited  States  in  1861  he  enlisted  as  a  sergeant  in 
the  Union  army.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Gettysburg, 
and  suffered  many  privations  in  Libby  prison.  He  re- 
tui'ned  to  Switzerland  at  the  end  of  the  war,  and  was  sent 
back  to  the  United  States  as  minister  in  1882.  serving  five 
years.  On  Dec.  14, 1893,  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Swiss  Confederation. 

Freya  (fn'a).  [ON.  Frei/ja.']  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Njord  and  sister  of 
Frej^.  Her  dwelling  was  Folkvang  (ON.  Folhvnntjr). 
Her  chariot  was  drawn  by  two  cats.  To  her  with  Odin, 
whose  wife  she  is  according  to  later  mythology,  belonged 
tiiDse  slain  in  battU'.  I'lt-yja  was  the  goddess  of  fruit- 
fulness  and  of  se.\ual  love. 

Freycinet  (frii-se-na'),  Charles  Louis  de 
Saulces  de.  Born  at  Foix,  Arifgo.  France, 
Nov.  14,  1828.  A  French  politician.  He  was 
coadjutor  of  Gambetta  in  the  ministry  of  1870-71,  and 
was  elected  senator  in  1876.  He  was  minister  of  public 
works  1877-79  ;  premier  1879-80  and  Jan. -July,  1882,  and 
again  Jan.  7-Dec.  i,  1881!,  and  March  16,  1890, -Feb.  10, 
1892;  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1885-86;  minister  of  war 
I8b8-!):i;  premier  March  M,  Isiio.-Felj.  19,  1892;  anil  min- 
ister "1  war  Nov.,  lV'.l8,-May  0,  181)9. 

Freycinet,  Louis  Claude  Desaulses  de.  Born 

at  Montelimnrt,  Drome,  France,  Aug.  7,  1779: 
died  near  Loriel,  Drome,  Aug.  18,  1842.  A 
French  navigator.  Hepuhlished  "Voyage  de  d^cou- 
vertes  anx  tcrres  australes  pendant  les  annt^cs  1800-4" 
(1807-16),  **  Voyage  autour  du  monde  pendant  les  anndcs 
1817-20  ■•(1824-14),  etc. 

Freyr.    Shc  Fi-iii, 

Freytag  (fri'tiig),  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 

Born  atLiineburg,  Pru-ssia.  !5c|>t.  19, 1788:  died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1801.  A  Gorman 
Orientalist,  author  of  a  "Lexicon  Arabico- 
Latinum"  (ls:!(l-37),  etc. 
Freytag,  Gustav.  Born  at  Kreuzburg  in  Sile- 
sia, Germany,  .July  13,  1816;  diinl  at  Wiesba- 
den, April  30,  1895.  A  German  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer.  He  became  decent  of  the  Oemian 
langmige  and  literature  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
He  resigned  this  position,  however,  in  1814.  and  went  to 
Leipsic  and  Drcsilen.  In  1848  he  returned  to  l,eipsi<', 
where  witli  Julian  Schmidt  ho  engaged  in  editorial  work 
on  the  "Oreiizbotrri,"  which  he  condiu^ted  vintil  18i;i,  and 
again  from  isr,7  to  1870.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  suin- 
moned  to  the  headquarters  of  the  German  crown  j)riiice, 
whore  ho  reiiiainc(l  during  part  of  the  war.  In  1879  he 
removed  to  Wiesbatien.  His  earliest  works  are  dramatic. 
'I'he  drama  "Die  Valentine'"  appeared  in  1816,  the  com- 
eily  "Die  Journalisten''  ("The  Journalists")  In  18.53. 
The  novel  "Soil  nnd  Haben"  ("Debit  and  Credit")  fol- 
lowed In  185.5,  a  tragedy  "Die  Fabler " ("Ihe  Fabians") 
in  18.50,  "Die  Technik  des  Dramas"  ("The  Tcchnic  of 
the  i)raina")  in  13(>.'i,  and  the  novel  "Die  vei-lorcne  Iland- 
Bchrlff  ("The  I.ost  Mamiscrlpt")  In  1864.  From  1n:.9  to 
1862  appeared  the  "  liilder  alls  tier  deutsclien  Vergangen- 
hclt"("  Pictures  from  the  German  Past"),  in  fourv<ilunies. 
The  series  of  novels,  six  In  number,  under  the  cnllectivo 
title  "DieAhnen'  ('Our  Ancestors"),  descriptive  of  (;cr- 
nian  life  from  the  time  of  the  Romans  to  the  Napoleonic 
wars,  apiieared  from  1870  to  1880.  Ashortaiitoliiographv, 
'  Kriimertiimeii  alls  meinem  Lelien  "("Kerollectlons  fnim 
my  Life  "),  appeared  with  his  i;ollected  works  (22  volumes) 
in  1887. 

Friar  Bacon,  The  Famous  History  of.  A  popu- 
lar legend  concerning  linger  Bacon.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  a  prose  tract,  in  London,  In  1627  (reprinted  in 
Thom's  "Early  I'rose  Koniances  ").  No  earlier  edition  Is 
known,  but  that  It  is  much  older  l,i  evident  froni  Ihe  fact 
that  Greene's  "Honorable  History  of  Friar  Diicon  and 
Fi'lar  llrtngay."  which  was  founded  lui  It,  was  pluye<l  at 
Devon-ibire  House  in  1.591.     It  was  lirst  printed  in  1694. 

Friar  Gerund.    See  Fnvj  Gcrimdio. 
Friar  Rush.    See  Hush. 


413 

Friar's  Tale.  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Canter- 
bury TaU'S.  It  is  the  story  of  a  summoner  who,  when 
he  was  riding  to  oppress  a  pix)r  wid<)W,  met  a  foul  tlend 
and  entered  into  a  compact  with  him.  The  Bend  Bnidly 
carries  him  off".  Hubert,  the  friar  who  tells  the  tale,  is  a 
"  limitour  "  —  that  is,  one  licensed  to  hear  confessions  and 
perform  offices  of  the  church  within  acertain  district.  He 
is  "wanton  and  men-y,  a  full  festive  maiT." 

Friar  Tuck.    Hee  Tuck. 

Frias  (fre'as),  Tomas.  Born  in  Potosi,  Jan.  14, 
1805:  died  in  La  I'az,  Aug.,  1884.  A  Bolivian 
statesman.  He  was  repeatedly  secretary  of  state ;  held 
vailous  important  diplomatic  posts  ;  and  was  acting  presi- 
dent Nov.,  1872,  to  Hay,  1873 ;  vice-president  1873  ;  and, 
after  the  death  of  Ballivian,  president  from  Feb.,  1874,  to 
May,  1877.    His  term  was  quiet  and  progressive. 

Fribble  (frib'l).  1.  A  haberdasher  in  Thomas 
Shadwell's  comedy  " Epsom  Wells."  Heis  surly, 
conceited,  and  proud  of  his  submissive  but  deceitful  wife, 
though  he  pretends  to  domineer  over  her. 
2.  In  (iarriek's  play  "Miss  in  her  Teens,"  a 
weak-minded  fop.  Oarrick  played  the  charac-ter  him- 
self. In  the  reign  of  George  II.  any  one  who  affected  the 
extreme  of  fashionable  folly  was  caUed  a  "friblile." 

Fribourg  (tre-bor').  G.  Freiburg  (fri'bora).  A 
canton  of  Smtzerlaud,  bounded  Iiy  Bern  on 
the  northeast  and  east,  Vaud  on  the  south  and 
west,  and  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  on  the  north- 
west. The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture,  the  prevail- 
ing religion  Koiuan  Catholic,  and  the  language  69  per 
cent.  French  and  31  per  cent.  German.  Fribourg  sends  6 
members  to  the  National  Council.  It  was  admitted  to 
the  .Swiss  Confederation  in  1181.  A  liberal  constitution 
was  adopted  in  1831.  Area,  644  sciuai'e  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1888).  119.165. 

Fribourg,  G.  Freiburg  im  tJchtlande  (fri'- 
bora iin  iicht'lau-dc).  The  capital  of  the  can- 
ton of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  on  the  Saane  17 
miles  southwest  ot  Bern,  it  is  on  the  border  be- 
tween French  and  German  Switzerland.  It  consists  of  a 
lower  and  an  upper  town.  The  cathedral,  begun  in  1283,  is 
an  interesting  church  with  a  late-Pointed  tower,  280  feet 
high,  and  a  curiously  sculptured  portal.  The  organ  has 
long  been  celebrated  as  one  of  the  best  existing.  The 
suspension-bridge  crossing  the  gorge  of  the  Saane  was 
built  in  1834.  The  span  is  810  feet,  and  the  height  above 
the  stream  168.  Four  wire  cables  are  carried  over  its  two 
end  towers,  which  have  the  form  of  simple  arches  of  ma- 
sonry, flanked  by  coupled  Doric  pilasters,  and  crowned  by 
an  entablature  and  a  low  attic.    Population  (1888),  12,244. 

Frickthal  (frik'tiil).  A  territory  in  Switzer- 
land, in  the  northern  part  of  the  canton  of  Aar- 
gau,  with  which  it  was  incoi-porated  in  1803. 

Friday  (fri'da).  [From  Frigtja,  a  Teutonic 
goddess,  in  part  identified  with  the  Koman 
t'eiitis,  AS.  Fri(je  deeg,  etc.,  being  a  translation 
of  the  Koman  name  of  this  day,  (Hex  I'cik  ris, 
or  Veneris  (livi^.l  The  sixth  day  of  the  week. 
Frid.ay  Is  the  Mohammedan  Sattbatb,  or  "day  of  assem- 
bly." It  is  said  in  the  ilohaniiiKiian  traditions  to  have 
been  established  by  divine  coinmand  as  a  day  of  worship 
for  Jew  and  Christian  alike,  as  being  the  day  on  which 
Adam  was  created  and  received  into  paradise,  the  day  on 
which  he  was  expelled  from  it,  the  day  on  which  he  re- 
pented, and  the  day  on  which  he  died.  It  will,  accord- 
ing to  the  same  tradititms,  be  the  day  of  the  resurrection. 
In  the  Koman  and  Kastern  and  Anglican  churches,  all 
Fridays  except  Christmas  day  (when  it  occurs  on  Friday) 
are  generally  observed  as  fiLsts  of  obligation  or  days  ()f 
abstinence,  in  memory  of  the  crucifixion  of  Christ,  an 
event  which  is  especially  commemoratetl  annually  on 
Good  Friday.  In  most  christian  nations  Friday  is  popu- 
larly regarded  with  superstition,  and  is  considered  an 
unlucky  day  for  beginning  any  enterprise.  To  spill  more 
or  less  salt  on  Friday  is  considered  an  especially  bad  omen. 
Until  recently  it  was  common  for  criminals  under  sentence 
of  capital  punishment  to  be  executed  on  Friday:  hence 
Friday  is  sometimes  called  liaiii/mnn's  day. 

Friday.  The  native  attendant  of  Hobinson 
Crusoe,  in  Defoe's  novel  of  that  name.  He  was 
so  nannd  by  his  master  because  the  latter  bad  saved  him 
from  death  on  that  day. 

Friday  Club,  The!  A  elub  instituted  at  Edin- 
burgh by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  .Tniio,  1803. 

Frideswide,  Fritheswith,  or  Fredeswitha. 

Died  possibly  in  735.  .-\n  lOiigli.'sli  saint,  she 
was  a  royal  princess,  according  t<»  the  legen<l,  and  lied 
from  the  importunities  of  her  lover  to  Oxford,  where  she 
fouiuU-d  the  monastery  of  St.  Frideswide.  She  is  com- 
meiiiuraled  on  Oct.  19. 

Fridigern.     See  Fritiflem. 

Friedoerg  (fred'bero).  A  town  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Adi  5  miles  east-soulh- 
easl  of  Augsburg.  Here,  Aug.  24,  1706,  the  t'rench 
under  Moreaii  defeated  the  Anstrlans under  Lat<)ur.  Poi>- 
nlation  (ls9o),  2,679. 

Friedberg.  A  town  in  the  ]>roviiice  ot  Uiiper 
Hesse,  iTosse,  on  Ihe  T'sa  Hi  miles  north  of 
Fraiikt'ort-on-the-Main:  formerly  a  free  impe- 
rial city.  Here,  July  10, 1796,  tlie  French  under  Jour- 
dan  defeated  the  Anstrlans  under  Warlenslelicn.  Popula- 
tion (Isoo),  .5.276. 

Friedericia.     See  Freilcricia. 
Friedewald  (fnVde-viilt).    A  small  town  in  the 
jirovince  of  IlesKe-Nassnn,  I'niHsia,  33  miles 

soiilh-soutlienst  of  Cassel. 

Friedewald,  Treaty  of.    A  treaty  concluded 

;\t  I'riedewalil,  I'lussia,  Oct.  5,  1,551,  between 
France  andtlie  League  of  Siinilkalden.  for  the 


Friesland 

pui-poseof  liberating  Philip, landgrave  of  Hesse, 
who  was  held  as  a  prisoner  of  state  by  the  em- 
peror. His  freedom  was  secured  by  the  Peace 
of  Passaii,  .July  16,  1552. 

Friedland  (fi'ed'lilnt).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  on 
the  Wittich  04  miles  north-northeast  of  Prague. 
Its  castle  belonged  to  Walleustein,  duke  ol 
Friedland.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,282. 

Friedland.  A  town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alio  26  miles 
southeast  of  Konigsberg.  Here,  June  14, 1807,  the 
French  (70,00o  to  8u,ooo)  under  Napoleon  defeated  the 
Pussians  and  Prussians  (5a.0(Xl  to  70,lH)o)  under  Hennigsen. 
The  loss  ot  the  French  was  about  7,000  to  8,000 ;  that  of 
the  Allies,  over  25,000. 

Friedland.  A  town  in  the  gi'and  duchy  of  Meck- 
leuburg-Strelitz,  Germanv,  43  miles  northwest 
of  Stettin.     Population  (1890),  5,646. 

Friedlander  (fred'leu-der),  Friedrich.    Bom 

Jan.  10,  ISL'5:  (lied  June  14,1901.  An  Aus- 
trian genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  WaUbaiiller. 

Friedlander,  Julius.  Born  at  BerUn,  Jime  25, 
1813 :  died  there,  April  4,  1884.  A  German  nu- 
mismatist, keeper  of  the  royal  collection  of 
ancient  coins. 

Friedlander,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Konigsberg, 
July  10,  182-4.  A  German  scholar,  professor  of 
classical  philology  and  archieology  at  Konigs- 
berg 18.58-92.  He  published  works  on  Homer 
and  the  Homeric  question,  and  on  Boman  an- 
tiquities. 

Friedrichroda  (fred'rich-ro-da).  A  small  town 
in  Sa.vc-Coburg-Gotha,  in  the  Thuriugian  For- 
est 9  miles  southwest  of  Gotha. 

Friedrichshafen  (fred'ricbs-hii-fen).  A  small 
town  iu  tlie  Danube  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  on  the 
Lake  of  Constance  14  miles  east  of  Constance. 

Friedrichsruh  (fred'richs-ro).  The  residence 
of  Prince  Bismarck,  about  17  miles  southeast  of 
Hamburg. 

Friendly  (frend'li),  Sir  John.  In  Vanbrugh's 
play  "The  Kelapse,"  a  country  gentleman. 
Sheridan  metamorphosed  him  into  his  Colonel 
Townly  in  the  "Trip  to  Scai'borough." 

Friendly  Islands.     See  To»gn  Islands. 

Friend  of  Man,  The.    [F.  L'Ami  des  homines.'] 

A  surnanie  ivoni(*ally  given  to  Jlirabeau  (father 

of  the  orator),  from  the  title  of  his  work  "L'Ami 

des  honmies." 
Friendship  in  Fashion.   A  comedy  by  Thomas 

<  Hway,  produced  in  1()78. 
Fries  (fres),  Bernhard.    Bora  at  Heidelberg, 

Baden,  May  10,  IKliO:  died  at  Munich,  May  21, 

1879.      A  (ierman  landscape-painter,  younger 

brother  of  Ernst  Fries. 

Fries,  Elias  Magnus.    Bom  at  Fems.iii,  near 

We.viii,  Sweden,  Aug.  15,  1794:  died  at  I'psala, 
Sweden,  Feb.  8,  1878.  A  Swedish  botanist.  Ho 
was  professor  of  practical  economy  1834,  and  of  botany 
1851,  and  director  of  the  botaniesl  museum  and  giU'den, 
at  I'psala.  His  works  include  "  Sy sterna orbisvepetabllU" 
(1825),  "  Gbservationes  mycologica' "  (1815-18),  "Summa 
vegetabilium  .Scandinavia- "  (1S4(M9). 

Fries,  Ernst.  Born  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  June 
22.  ISOI :  <lied  tit  Karlsruhe,  Baden,Oct.  11, 1833. 
A  German  laiiilsca]ie-painter. 

Fries,  Jakob  Friedrich.  Born  at  Barby,  Prus- 
sian .Sa.xoiiy,  Aug.  2:i,  1773:  died  at  .Jena,  (Jer- 
many,  Aug.  10,  1843.  A  German  philosophical 
writer,  ])rofessor  at  Heiilelberg  and  later  (of 
ihilosophy)  at  Jena.  He  was  deprived  of  his  otllco 
]>olitieal  reasons  in  1819,  but  was  appointed  to  the 
hair  of  ]dlyslcs  and  matlieniat  jes  in  1824.  He  wrote 
"  -Neiie  Kritik  der  Veriiunft  "  ^18ii7),  etc. 

Friesians  (I're'zianz),  or  Frisians  (friz'imiz). 
The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  Frieslainl ;  the 
Low  German  ])coplo  who  were  the  ancestors  of 
Ihe  present  inhabitants  of  Friesland. 

Friesic  (fro'zik).  The  language  of  tlie  Frie- 
sians: iu  its  oiliest  form  specilically  called  Old 
Friesic.  It  Is  a  Uiw  Gernian  dialed  formoily  spoken  In 
Ihe  imrlhern  part  of  Germany  In  the  dialrlet  which  in- 
cludes the  present  Friesland.  Old  Friesic,  with  CId  Saxon 
and  Anglo-Sa.\on,  constituted  tlie  inaiii  part  of  what  Is 
collectively  called  <tld  I.ow  Gennan,  of  which  the  jiresent 
modern  Friesic  in  lt«  local  variations.  North,  l-jist,  and 
West  Friesic,  and  Dutch.  Fleniisb,  and  I.ow  Gennan  in  lt« 
restricted  sense(Platt-Deutsch),  arc  the  modern  eontlneii. 
tal  remains. 

Friesland  (frez'land),  or  Vriesland  (fres'Iiint). 
[L.  Fri.-iiii,  F.  I'rise.]  A  iniiviiice  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, ciipital  Leeuwardeii,  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  iKU'tli.tironingeii  and  Drentho 
on  the  east.Overysseloii  t lie  south,  and  Ihe  Zuy- 
der  Zee  on  the  soul li west  and  northwest.  Its  sur- 
face Is  generally  Hat.  Friesland  fonnerly  Included  a  nillcll 
larger  territory.  It  w.'is  under  Ihe  counts  of  Holland,  but 
became  independent  early  In  the  IMli  century.  In  1M.'»  it 
was  liicorporateil  with  the  llapslinrg  dominions,  and  It  be- 
came one  of  the  Seven  Uiilte»l  Provinces  of  the  Nellier- 
lands.  II  Is  alxocalleil  \>' est  Friesland.  Area,  1,'282  siiuaro 
miles.     Population  (181)1),  336,442. 


};! 


Friesland,  East 

Friesland,  East.     See  East  FriesJand. 

Frigg  (frig).  [Latinized  as -F/Vf/^w  or  i^riiyo.]  In 
Norse  m^hology.  the  wife  of  Odin,  and  tlie  queen 
of  the  gods.  Slie  is  often  confounded  witli  PYeya,  a 
distinct  deity.  Frigg  was  tlie  goddess  of  love  in  its  loftier 
and  constant  form. 

Frigga,  or  Friga  (frig'ii).  [Latinized  forms  of 
Fri<i(/.]     Same  as  Frig'g. 

Frigidus  (frij'i-dus).  A  small  river,  tributary 
of  the  Isonzo,  which  it  joins  near  Gorz  in  Aus- 
tria :  the  modern  Wipbach.  It  is  noted  for  its  cold- 
ness. In  its  valley,  near  the  Birnbaumer  Wald,  Tlieodo- 
sius  defeated  the  forces  of  Eugenius  and  Arbogast  in  394. 

Frimaire  (fre-mar').  [P.,  '  the  sleety.']  The 
name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  first  French  republic  for  the  third 
month  of  the  year,  it  consisted  of  30  days,  commen- 
cing with  Nov.  21  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7,  with  Nov.  22 
in  4,  S,  9,  10,  11,  13,  14,  and  with  Nov.  23  in  the  year  12. 

Frimont  (fre-mou'),  Johann  Maria  PMlipp, 
Count  of,  Prince  of  Antrodoeco.  Born  at  Fin- 
stiugen,  Lorraine,  Jan.  3,  1759 ;  died  at  Vienna, 
Dee.  26, 1831.  An  Austrian  general.  He  entered 
the  Austrian  army  in  1776,  and  was  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Austrian  troops  in  I'pper  Italy  when  he  invaded 
France  in  1815.  He  quelled,  in  accordance  with  the  de- 
crees of  the  Congress  of  Laybach,  the  liberal  insurrection 
at  Naples  in  1821,  and  was  made  president  of  the  council 
of  war  at  Vienna  in  Nov.,  1831. 

Frio  (fre'6),  Cape.  A  promontory  in  Brazil, 
about  50  miles  east  of  Rio  de  Janeiro :  light- 
house in  lat.  23°  0'  42"  S.,  long.  42°  0'  1"  W. 

Frisches  Haff  (frish'es  hiif ).  [G., '  Fresh  Bay.'] 
A  body  of  water  north  of  the  provinces  of  East 
and  West  Prussia,  extending  from  near  Konigs- 
berg  southwestward  about  53  miles.  Its  average 
vridth  is  about  5  miles.  It  is  separated  by  a  tongue  of  land 
(Frische  Nehrung)  from  the  Baltic,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  the  Pillauer  Tief. 

Frischlin  (frish'len),  Nikodemus.  Born  at 
Balingen.  Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  22.  1547:  died 
near  the  fortress  of  Hohenurach,  Wiirtemberg, 
Nov.  29-30,  1590.  A  German  philologist  and 
Latin  poet. 

Frisco  (fris'ko).  A  colloquial  abbreviation  of 
Smi  Francisco. 

Friscobaldo  (fris-ko-bal'do).  In  Dekker  and 
Middleton's  "  Honest  Waore,"  the  father  of 
Bellafront. 

Frisian  Islands,  North.    See  \orth  Friesian 

Islands. 

Frisians.     See  Fncsimis. 

Frith,  or  Fryth  (frith),  John.  Born  at  Wester- 
ham,  Kent,  in  1503:  executed  at  London,  July 
4, 1533.  An  English  Reformer  and  martyr-  He 
took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1525,  and  in  the  same  year  became  a  junior  canon  of  Car- 
dinal College  (afterward  Christ  Church),  Oxfoid.  He  went 
abroad  in  1528  to  avoid  religious  persecution,  resided  for 
a  time  at  the  Univeisity  of  Marburg,  and  was  associated 
with  Tyndale  in  his  I  iterary  work.  He  returned  to  England 
in  1532,  was  arrested  for  heresy  by  order  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  was  burned  at  the  stake  in  Smithfield,  London. 
During  his  imprisonment  he  WTOte  "  A  Boke  made  by  John 
Fryth.prysoner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  answerynge  to  M. 
Mores  Letter,"  etc.  (1533). 

Frith,  Mary.    See  Ciitiiui-se,  Moll. 

Frith,  William  Powell.  Born  at  Studley,  near 
Kipon,  England,  1819.  An  English  painter.  He 
studied  art  at  Sass's  academy  at  London,  and  in  1S39  ex- 
hibited a  portrait  at  the  British  Institution,  which  was 
followed  in  1840  by  "Othello  and  Desdemona"  and  'Mal- 
volio  before  the  Countess  Olivia  "  at  the  Academy.  He 
was  elected  a  royal  academician  in  1852.  Among  bis  more 
notable  paintings  are  "The  Village  Pastor,"  "The  Derby 
Day,"  and  "  The  Railway  Station."  He  has  published  "  lly 
Autobiography  and  Reminiscences  "  (1887)  and  "Further 
Reniiniscences"  (1888). 

Frithigern.     See  Frittijern. 

Frithjof's  (fret'yofs),  or  Fridthiof S  (fref- 
yofs),  Saga.  An  Icelandic  saga,  assigned  ta 
the  14th  century,  relating  the  adventures  of  the 
Norwegian  hero  Frithjof  (or  Fridthiof).  It  is 
the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Tegner,  "Frithiof's  Saga,"  pub- 
lished in  1825. 

Fritigern  (frit'i-gern),  or  Frithigern,  orFridi- 
?ern.     Died  in  381  A.  D.    A  king  of  the  West 


ge 

Goths.  He  commanded  a  band  of  Christian  West  GJoths 
who,  when  their  race  was  expelled  from  Dacia  by  tlie  Huns 
in  376,  took  refuge  in  Mcesia  by  permission  of  the  emperor 
Valens.  Disputes  with  the  Roman  olHcials  at  the  passage 
of  the  Danube  led  to  war,  and  Fritigern  with  200,000  men 
defeated  and  killed  Valens  at  .\drianople  in  378. 

Fritsch  (fritsh),  Gustav.  Born  at  Cottbus, 
Germany,  March  5,  1838.  A  German  naturalist 
and  traveler.  After  graduating  in  natural  sciences  and 
medicine, he  made  a  successful  exploration  of  South  Africa 
1863-68,  traveling  from  Cape  Town  through  the  Orange  Free 
State,  Natal,  and  Bechuana-land  as  far  as  tlie  l*a-Mangwato 
tribe.  His  work  "  Die  Eingeborenen  Siidafrikas  "  (Breslau, 
1873)  is  still  the  best  contribution  to  the  anthropology 
of  the  Bantu,  Hottentot,  .and  Bushman  races.  In  1S74  he 
became  professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin.  From  ISSl 
to  1882  lie  traveled  in  Egypt  and  the  Orient,  making  special 
researches  on  electric  fishes ;  and  in  1890  he  published,  at 
Leipsic,  "Die  elektrischen  Fische." 

Fritz  (frits),  Der  Alte.     [G.,  'Old  Fritz.']    A 


414 

nickname  given  by  his  soldiers  to  Frederick 
the  Great. 

Fritz,  Samuel.  Born  in  Bohemia,  1653:  died 
at  the  Jeberos  Mission,  on  the  Upper  Amazon, 
Marcli  20, 1728.  A  Jesuit  missionary.  The  greater 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  among  the  Amazonian  Indians, 
and  he  established  the  Omaguas  and  other  missions.  He 
repeatedly  traversed  the  whole  length  of  the  river.  In 
1707  his  map  of  the  Amazon  was  first  published  at  Quito, 
and  it  long  remained  the  authority  for  this  region. 

Fritz,  Unser.  [G.,' Our  Fritz.']  A  nickname 
given  by  Germans  to  Frederick  William,  crown 
prince  of  Germany,  and  later  emperor. 

Fritzlar  (frits'lar).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  the  Eder 
16  miles  southwest  of  Cassel.  It  is  noted  for  its 
cathedral  and  as  the  first  seat  in  Hesse  of  Christianity, 
which  was  introduced  by  St.  Boniface  about  732. 

Friuli  (fre'o-le).  [F.Frioul,  6.  Friaul :  from 
tlie  town  Forum  Jiilii.']  A  district  north  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea.  mainlj'  comprised  in  the  modern 
province  of  Udine,  Italy,  and  in  the  crownland 
Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Austria-Hungary,  it  became 
a  Lombard  duchy  in  the  6th  century,  and  was  ruled  by 
dukes  and  margraves  in  the  middle  ages.  Austrian  Friuli 
was  acquired  by  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in  1500,  and  Vene- 
tian Friuli  was  acquired  from  Venice  in  1797.  Both  por- 
tions were  lost  by  Austria  in  1805  and  1809,  and  regained 
in  1815.    Venetian  Friuli  was  ceded  to  Italy  in  1866. 

Frobel  (fre'bel),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Ober- 
weissbach,  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany, 
April  21,  1782:  died  at  Marienthal,  near  Bad 
Liebenstein,  Gennauy,  June  21,  1852.  A  Ger- 
man educator,  fomider  of  the  kindergarten  sys- 
tem of  instruction.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of 
Jena,  tiottingen,  and  Berlin ;  served  against  the  French 
in  the  campaigns  of  1813  and  1814;  founded  in  1816,  at 
Griesheim,  an  educational  institution  which  was  removed 
to  Keilhau,  near  Rudolstadt,  in  1817 :  and  in  1837  founded 
a  kindergarten  at  Blankenburg  in  Thuringia.  His  chief 
work  is  "Die  Menschenerziehung"  (1826). 

Frobel,  Julius.  Born  at  Griesheim.  near  Stadt- 
Ilm,  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  July  16,  1805 : 
died  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Nov.  6,  1893.  A 
German  politician,  traveler,  and  author,  nephew 
of  Friedrich  Frobel.  He  took  part  in  the  revolution- 
ary movement  at  Vienna  in  1848,  and  in  1867  founded  at 
Munich  the  "Stiddeutsclie  Presse,"  which  he  conducted 
until  1873.  He  was  appointed  consul  of  tlie  German 
Empire  at  Smyrna  in  1873,  and  held  a  similar  post  at  Al- 
giers 1876-89.  His  chief  works  are  "System  der  sozialen 
Politik"  (1847),  "Aus  Amerika'  (1857-58),  "Theorie  der 
Politik"  (1861-64),  "Die  Wirthschaft  des  Menschenge- 
schlechts  " (1870-76),"  Die realistische  Weltansicht  nnd  die 
utilitarische  Civilisation"  (1881),  and  "Ein  Lebenslauf " 
(1890-91). 

Frobisher  (fro'bish-er).  Sir  Martin.   Died  in 

1594.  An  English  navigator.  He  was  of  a  family 
of  Welsh  origin  settled  at  .Utofts  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshu-e.  He  commanded  an  expedition  in  search  of  the 
northwest  passage  in  1576,  on  which  he  discovered  the 
bay  since  known  as  Frobisher  Bay.  One  of  his  sailors 
having  brought  home  a  piece  of  ore  supposed  to  contain 
gold,  he  was  sent  out  again  in  command  of  two  expeditions 
in  searcli  of  gold,  1577-78.  On  both  occasions,  however, 
the  ore  which  he  brought  home  proved  to  be  worthless. 
He  fought  with  distinction  against  the  Great  Armada  in 
1588. 

Frobisher  Bay.  .Ah  arm  of  the  ocean  extend- 
ing about  200  miles  into  BafBn  Land,  between 
Hudson  Strait  and  Cumberland  Sound.  It  was 
until  recently  called  Frobisher  Strait. 

Frog  (frog),  Nicholas  or  Nic.  A  nickname  for 
the  Dutch  in  Arbuthnot's ' '  Law  is  a  Bottomless 
Pit,"  in  "The  History  of  John  Bull." 

Frogmore  (frog'mor)  Lodge.  A  mansion  near 
Windsor  Castle,  England.  It  was  the  residence  of 
Queen  Victoria's  niother.^and  in  the  grounds  is  the  mauso- 
leum erected  by  the  queen  to  her  husbapd. 

Frogs  ( f rogz ) ,  The.  A  famous  c  omedy  by  Aris- 
tophanes. It  was  exhibited  in  405  B.  c,  and  ob- 
tained the  first  prize. 

The  plot  (of  "The  Frogs "]  is  separated  into  two  parts : 
first,  the  adventures  of  Dionysus  on  his  journey  to  Hades 
in  search  of  a  good  poet,  Sophocles  and  Euripides  being 
lately  dead ;  and  secondly,  the  poetical  contest  of  Jiscliy- 
lus  and  Euripides,  and  the  final  victory  of  .Eschylus. 
These  subjects  are  logically  though  loosely  connected  to- 
gether, but  remind  us  strongly  of  the  dramatic  economy 
of  the  vei-y  poet  whom  Aristophanes  is  here  attacking  so 
vehemently.  No  analysis  can  reproduce  the  re.il  brilliancy 
of  the  piece,  which  consists  in  all  manner  of  comic  situa- 
tions, repartees,  parodies,  and  unexpected  blunders, 
ilahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  ] 


,  467. 

Frohlich  (fre'lieh),  Abraham  Emanuel.  Born 
at  Brugg,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  Feb.  1,  1796: 
died  at  Baden,  Aargau,  Dec.  1,  1865.  A  Ger- 
man-Swiss poet,  best  known  as  a  writer  of 
fables  (published  1825). 

Frohsdorf  (froz'dorf).  A  village  and  castle 
about  30  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  is  noted  as 
having  been  the  headquarters  of  the  French  Legitimist 
party  from  1844  until  the  death  of  the  Comte  de  Chambord 
in  1883. 

Froissart  (froi'sart;  F.  pron.  frwa-siir'),  Jean. 
Born  at  Valenciennes,  1337:  died  at  Chimay 
about  1410.  A  celebrated  French  chronicler. 
Nothing  is  known  of  his  family  or  early  life  beyond  the 


Frontenac 

few  facts  to  be  gleaned  from  his  own  writings.  In  1360  he 
was  welcomed  to  England  by  his  countrywoman  Queen 
Philippa  of  Hainaut,  wife  of  Edward  III.  In  1365  he  vis- 
ited Scotland,  and  in  May,  1368,  he  was  at  Milan  in  the 
company  of  Petrarch  and  Chaucer.  About  1372,  after  sev- 
eral yeai's  spent  in  travel,  Froissart  decided  to  enter  the 
church.  The  period  of  his  activity  as  a  chronicler  extends 
from  1367  to  1400,  His  .great  work  is  the  "Clironique  de 
France,  d'.\nglet«rre,d*Ec()Sse  et  d'Espagne,"  relating  the 
events  of  history  from  1325  till  1400.  It  was  published 
before  the  close  of  the  15th  century,  and  was  thus  among 
the  first  books  to  be  printed.  One  of  the  6  editions  of  the 
IGtli  century  was  by  Denis  Sauvaye,  historian  to  Henry  II. 
of  France.  The  best  editions  in  modern  times  are  by  Ker- 
vyn  de  Lettenhove,  in  25  volumes  (1867-77),  and  by  .simoon 
Luce,  incomplete,  in  8  volumes  (1869-88). 

Froissart,  though  inferior  to  Lescurel,  and  though  far 
less  remm-kable  as  a  poet  than  as  a  prose  writer,  can  fairly 
hold  his  own  with  Deschamps  and  Macbault,  while  he 
has  the  advantage  of  being  easily  accessible.  The  later 
part  of  his  life  having  been  given  up  to  history,  he  is  not 
quite  so  voluminous  in  verse  as  his  two  predecessors. 
Yet,  if  the  attribution  to  him  of  the  "  Cour  d'Aniour  "  and 
the  "Trt^sor  Amoureux  "  be  correct,  he  has  left  some  40.000 
or  50,000  lines.  The  bulk  of  his  work  consists  of  long  poems 
in  the  allegorical  courtship  of  the  time,  interspersed  with 
shorter  lyrical  pieces  in  the  prevailing  forms.  One  of 
these  poems,  the  "Buisson  de  Jonece,"  is  interesting  be- 
cause of  its  autobiographical  details ;  and  some  shorter 
pieces  approaching  more  nearly  to  the  Fabliau  style,  "Le 
Dit  au  Florin,"  "  Le  D^bat  du  Cheval  et  du  L^vrier,"  etc., 
are  sprightly  and  agreeable  enough. 

Saintibnri/f  French  Lit.,  p.  104. 

Frolic  (frol'ik).  Sir  Frederick.  A  character 
in  Etherege's  comedy  ■'  The  Comical  Revenge." 
He  (Sir  Frederick  Frolic]  is  a  man  of  quality,  who  can 
fight  at  need  with  spirit  and  firmness  of  nerve,  but  whose 
customary  occupation  is  the  pursuit  of  pleasure  without 
dignity  and  without  reflection. 

Gosse,  Seventeenth  Century  Studies. 

Frolic,  The.  A  British  sloop  of  war  taken  in 
1812  by  Captain  Jacob  Jones  in  the  American 
sloo^]  of  war  Wasp. 

FroUo  (fi-ol'16).  In  "  Ai-thur,"  an  English  Ar- 
thurian legend  of  the  first  half  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, a  French  knight,  .\rthur  kills  him  in  single 
combat,  with  his  great'"  sword  Brownsteel,  when  on  his 
way  to  take  Paris. 

FroUo  (F.  pron.  fro-16'),  Claude.  An  arch- 
deacon,one  of  the  leading  characters  in  "  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris,"  by  Victor  Hugo.  Heis  absorbed 
in  alchemy  and  is  repiited  holy,  but  he  falls  in  love  with 
and  persecutes  Esmeralda,  a  gipsy.  After  her  death  he  is 
killed  in  revenge  by  Quasimodo,  who  throws  him  from  the 
top  of  tile  tower  of  Notre  Dame. 

FroUo,  Jehan.    A  scholar  in  "Notre  Dame  de 

Paris,"  by  Victor  Hugo. 

Frome,  or  Frome  Selwood  (from  sel'wud). 
A  manufacturing  town  in  Somerset.  England, 
11  miles  south  of  Bath.  Population  (1891), 
9.613. 

Fromentin  (fro-mon-tan'),  Eugene.  Born  at 
St.-Mam-ice,  near  La  Rochelle,  Oct.  24.  1820 : 
died  there,  Aug.  27,  1876.  A  noted  French 
genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  Remond  and  Cabat. 
He  visited  Algiers  1846-48  and  1862-53.  and  brought  home 
many  sketches  from  which  he  painted  his  characteristic 
pictures  of  Oriental  life.  He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Do- 
menique,"  a  successful  romance,  and  of  works  on  art  and 
travel.  He  was  awarded  a  second-class  medal  in  1849  and 
1867,  and  a  first-class  in  1859.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1369. 

Fronde  (frond),  The.  [F.,  Ut.  'a  sling.']  In 
French  history,  the  name  of  a  party  which  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Louis  XIV.  waged  eiril  war 
against  tlie  court  party,  on  account  of  the  hu- 
miliations inflicted  on  the  high  nobility  and  the 
heavy  fiscal  impositions  laid  on  the  people. 
The  movement  began  with  the  resistance  of  the  Parliament 
of  Paris  to  the  measures  of  the  minister  Mazarin,  and  was 
sarcastically  called  by  one  of  his  supporters  there  "  the 
war  of  the  fronde,"  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  the  sling  then 
common  among  the  street-boys  of  Paris.  The  contest 
continued  from  1648  to  1652,  during  which  Mazarin  was 
driven  from  power,  but  soon  restored.  The  opposition  to 
him  had  degenerated  into  a  course  of  selfish  intrigue  and 
party  strife,  whence  the  name /ro7ideur  became  a  tenn  of 
political  reproach. 

Front  de  Boeuf  (fron  de  bef),  Sir  Reginald. 

In  Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoe,"a  brutal  and  fierce 
Norman  baron  who  uses  his  castle  of  Torquil- 
stone  to  imprison  and  torture  his  enemies,  and 
finally  perishes  in  its  flames. 
Frontenac  (front-nak'), Comte  Louis  de  Buade 
de.  Born  in  France,  1621  •  died  at  Quebec, 
Nov.  2S,  1698.  A  French  colonial  officer,  gov- 
ernor of  Canada  1672-82  and  1689-98. 

Frontenac  was  full  of  faults  ;  but  it  is  not  through  these 
that  his  memory  hjis  survived  him.  He  was  domineering, 
arbitrary,  intolerant  of  opposition,  irascible,  vehement  in 
prejudice,  often  w,ayward,  perverse,  and  jealous :  a  perse- 
cutor of  those  who  crossed  him  ;  yet  capable,  by  fits,  of 
moderation  and  a  magnanimous  lenity ;  and  gifted  with  a 
rare  charm  —  not  always  exerted  —  to  win  the  attachment 
of  men  ;  versed  in  books,  polished  in  courts  and  salons  ; 
without  fear,  incapable  of  repose,  keen  and  broad  of  sight, 
clear  in  jufigment.  prompt  in  decision,  fruitfi^l  in  re- 
sources, unshaken  when  others  despaired  :  a  sure  breeder 
of  storms  in  time  of  peace,  but  in  time  of  calamity  and 
danger  a  tower  of  strength.  His  early  career  in  America 
was  beset  with  ire  and  enmity ;  but  admiration  and  grati- 


Frontenac                                                              415  Fulah 

tude  hailed  him  at  its  cluse :  for  it  was  he  who  saved  the     in  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  "  (lS7;i-74),  "Short  mineralogy  at  the  University  of  Landshut  1826- 

colony  and  led  it  triimipliant  from  III]  abyss  of  ruiu.              Studies  on  Great   Subjects  "  (I»e7-7"X   "Caisar"  (1879),  iaf)0.  i,„tpH  fnv  liic  <Ho,.ni-oi"-vf  clS'i^l  <^f  «,i1ii1.lo 

PuTkman,  Discovery  of  tlie  Great  West,  p.  47.      "Oceana"  (188«),  "Tliu  Two  Chiefs  of  Uunboy,"  a  romance  ,       ■   ""[S"  I"'  "'»  disc  0\  eij  (  15_d)  01  SOlUOie 

P^n^Hnn  (tv,m  tn'nol       TliP  T.sni,.  ,.f  tl...  linvse     ('SS'J).  -  Lite  of  Lord  Beaconstleld  "  (189U),  etc.    As  execu-  K'^^s  anil  Its  api^i.^atimi  to  stereochromy. 

Frontino  (troi  -to  no),  the  name  ot  the  hoise  \^^  „j  garlyle  he  pnl,lislie<l  "Ren.iniseenccs  of  Carlyle"  Fuchs,  Konrad  Heinnch.  Born  at  Bamberg, 
which  Brunello  stole  from  Sacripaut  and  (issix  "Life  of  Thomas  Carlyle "  (ib)3).  Bavaria.  D.-e.  7,  IbO.i :  ilieii  at  Gottinceu.  Prus- 
gave  to  Kogero,  and  on  which  the  latter  Froufrou  (fro'frii).  [F.,'asoftnistlingsoiind.']  sia,  Dec.  ■.',  IS.5.5.  A  German  physician,  pro- 
overthrew  all  his  opponents.  He  is  men-  A  play  by  MM.  Meilhae  and  HaI6yy,  produced  feasor  of  pathology-  at  G6ttingen"l8.38-5.5  He 
tioned  both  by  Boiardo  and  Ariosto  in  the  in  180<J.  wrote  'Die  krankhaften  Vc-randerunKenderHaut •■{1840- 
Orlando  poems.                                                             Frozen  Strait.     A  strait  in  the  Arctic  regions,  is-ll).  "Lchrbuchaerspeziellen  Nosologic  undTherapjc' 

Frontinus  (fron-ti'nus),  Sextus  Julius.     Died    lictwi-in  Melville  Peninsula  and  Southampton  <'»»r^'' •"=•   .,.      ^      .„             ^ 

about  103  A.  D.     A  Roman  military  officer,  en-    Island.  Fucns,  Leonnard.     Born  at  Wembdingen,  Ba- 

gineer,  and  tactician.     He  wrote  "Strateiiematica"  Fructidor  (friik-te-dor').     [F.   from  L. /ckc^k.?  varia,  Jan.   17,   1.1(11:  died  at  Tiibingen,  Wiir- 

h  work  on  strategy,  in  four  books),  "De  aquis  urbis    fruit.]     The  name  adopted  in  179;i  by  the  Na-  temberg,  May  10,  1566.     A  German  physician 

Eomic.   etc                                «          ,.           t.           ^     tional  flonvention  nf  thp  first  Fi-pnr.lirr.tiii)i1  In  and  botanist,  author  of  "Do  liistoria  stirpium" 

Pronto  (tron'to),  Marcus  Cornelius.     Born  at    "OMU^onvemion  ot  ttie  nrst  frencli  repumie  (i^j.,,     ,                                                        ' 

Cirta,Numidia:  died  about  17.3  A.  D.     A  Roman    for  the  twelfth  month  of  the  year.    "  consisted  of  *|  7-''    f^-                  -                 also  called  T  atrn 

-.    .      •   •               1           ,            ,         Hi-           i>   I.-       3tJ  uays,  commenciiiK  with  Auir.  19  in  the  years  1  to  8  xucmo  i  lo-cne  iio;,  jjago  ul,  also  oailPM  JjagO 

rhetorician   and   orator.     A   collection   of  his    a„d  with  Aur.  20  in  9  to  13.    It  was  followed  by  6  (in  di  Celano.     A  lake  in  central  Italy,  near  the 

letters  was  edited  by -Naber  in  1H()/.                        the  years  3  and  11,  correspondinK  to  1705  and  I803,  by  «)  towns  of  Avezzano  and  Celano-   the   ancient 

The  most  characteristic  tigurc  of  this  tin.e  is  the  rheto-     Smrierine  thJ  vc-j,'"'"'"''^'^  ''"'"'  '"""''  '<""-culMUe>.  i^„„,,  Fucinus.     It  was  drained  by  Prince  Torlonia. 

rlcian  M.  Cornelius  Fronto  of  Cirta  (probably  a.  luo-175             4..J        im.    Voj.v      t    t-.         ,   ,  ■              r,  wlio  beitan  tlie  work  in  1S62.    It  was  partially  drained  in 

A.  1).),  who  held  under  Hadrian  a  conspicuous  position  as  X  ruCllQOr,  Ine  iota.    In  1  rench  history,  f^ept.  the  reign  of  ilaudius.    It  had  no  outlet,  and  measured  37 

an  orator,  and  under  Antoninus  Pius  taught  M  Aurelius    4,  1797,  when  tlu;  majority  of  the  Directory  exe-  miles  in  circumference. 

and  L^Verus     Ue  was  consul  143  a.  d.    We  possess  by    cuted  a  coup dV'tat  agains't  the  royalist  reaction.  Fucinus  (fu'si-nns),  Lacus.     See  Fuciiio. 

him  above  all  the  greater  part  of  his  coiTespondence  with     m            c  1.1       T',-        »                         •    .' '  "   '"^""^"""'  x',,,5,Tn    X<nn^nTT  i«    ISo^'n     Tl,/.        A    coCa    v„r 

M  Aurelius  both  as  heir  app;u-ent  and  as  emperor.    The     Two  of  the  Directors  were  ejected  and  more  f  Udge    Family  in    Pans,    The.     A   sature    by 

rhetorician  appears  in  these  letters  conceited,  insipid,     than  fifty  members  expelled  from  the  Council  1  honias  JMoore.  published  111 1818.   "Ihel'udge 

laboured  with  little  genius  and  much  w,ant  of  taste  and    of  Five  Hundred,  where  the  royalists  had  sue-  Family  in  England,"  a  sequel,  was  afterward 

pretence,  but  well  informed  and  an  enthusiastic  admirer    ceeded  in  obtaining  a  majority.  jmblished. 

of  early  Roman  literature,  which  he  zealously  endeavours  n  1   t     1  rr«i  ■      ■      ,     ,  .       -     >c         T<...^»;»«»  ff-   -'-:;  «    ..\        a~      i.«.    ««p*v.« 

to  make  more  geMer.ally  known  ;  at  the  same  time  his  Frugal,  Luke.    The  principal  character  in  Mas-  Fuegians  (fu-e  Ji-anz)      A  general  name  of  the 

character  appears  honourable,  upright,  and  independent ;     singer's   "City  Madam":    a  vindictive,  hj^po-  Iniliaiis  ot  I  lerra  del  I- uego.    They  .omprise  three 

he  never  abuses  his  influential  position,  is  f.iithful  as  a     critical  villain.     He  is  the  brother  of  the  chari-  distinct  races  — the  YahganB or  Yapoos,  the  Onas  or  Aonik, 

husband  and  friend,  and  gives  fatherly  advice  to  his  pupils,     table  Sir  Tohn  and  the  Aliculufs.    .ludging  from  theiix  languages,  these 

whose  gratitude  subsequently  surrounded  his  name  with  Ti               7i..  ^%'       a^            •      ii       3           ^          ,      ,.  represent  three  different  stocks.     They  are  all  vei-y  de- 

a  brilUant  lustre                                                                     xruges  (iruzn).     A  town  in  the  department  of  graded  savages,  having  no  chiefs  and  only  very  loose  family 

Teujel  and  Schwahe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  213.     Pas-de-Calais,  France,  33  miles  south-southeast  ''es-    They  live  in  wretched  huts,  go  almost  naked  Ihougli 

TS-nnt  T?an<»P  rfrnnt  riini)       The    pp«tprnmn<;t     of  Calais.     Population  (18'Jl),  commune,  3,090.  the  clim.ate  is  severe  and  subsist  by  hunting  and  llshing. 

XTOni/  ivange  (Iiunt  ranj).      ine    easternmost  x'-,,™,^..,*,-,,™ /fix  ™ '  i.-      \       t-       i  •     ii      <ii  l  hey  make  excellent  bark  canoes,  and  are  very  skilful  m 

range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  State  of  FrumentlUS  (fro-men  shius).     Livedm  the  4th  using  them. 

Colorado.                                                                      century      A  Christian  missionary  and  bishop,  Fuenclara,  Count  of.     See  Cbrian  y  ,i,„isiii<. 

Front  Royal.  A  place  in  the  Shenandoah  valley,     «';'*^'^''fted,  as  tlie   founder  of  the  Ethiopian  rdro  <!,. 

Viiginia,  where  Stonewall  Jackson   captured  „^"^'^"' ''°/?V-                *■',,■   "if    -o  Fuenleal(fwen-la-iiI'),SebastianRaniirezde. 

the  command  of  Colonel  J.  K.  Kenly,  May  23,  'rutlgfn  \"'\t'l-»e"''-     A  village  in  the  Ber-  Born  in  the  province  of  Cuenca about  14S0:  died 

1862.                                                                               neseOberland,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake  at  Valladolid,  Jan.  22,  1547.     A  Spanish  eccle- 

FroSChweiler  (fr^sh'vi-ler),  or  Froschweiler  X?       iJ?°'  /Til-      v  iv  n             n      -d           ..  t^     ,  siastie  and  administrator.    He  was  successively  in- 

(frosh'-vi-ler).     A  village  near  Worth   (which  •''^y>  ™''^-  ^•*'"2^''^''l '^'^'^'l^y'-     i>orn  at  tari-  quisitor of  Sevill.-,  member  of  the  audience  of  Granada, 

^„„\                 /                    s                                               ham,  Norfolk,  May  21,  17S0:  died  at  Ramsgato,  bishop  of  Santo  Dumingo  in  the  West  Indies  (i.vji).  and 

■PrnsinntiP    (fi'o  se  no'ne)    Hernicin   PrnsiTin      England,  Oct.  12, 184.5.    An  English  philanthro-  president  of  the  audience  of  that  island  (1.V27).     t-rom 

Xrosinone    (no-se-no  ne;,   nernitan   xrusino.     ,.;„?__„,•_;„+„_    'f  n,„  ci„,.:„t,.if -p.,;' „j„       ai,„  1531  to  1530  he  ruleil  .Mexico  as  president  of  the  audience 

A  town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  48  miles     pis-t,  a  minister  ot  the  bociety  ot  J?  iiends.     She  „,  j,-^^  ^    in .  „„,,„  ,,i„,  orj^r  was  restored,  abuses  were 

southeast  of  Rome.                                                       ^^^^  especially  noted  as  a  promoter  of  prison  reformed,  and  the  Indians  protected.    He  wiis  friendly  to 

TVnaanrH  Cfrn-ssr')    fibarlAQ   AiiOTict.P      Rnm     reform.  Cortes.     Returning  to  Spain,  he  was  successivtiy  bishop 

at  Vers  li  les    France     W    4  lb07     died  S  Fry  (fri),  Francis.  Born  at  Westburv-on-Trym,  "'  J"y  "■."?  I-'™,  "nd  in  1642  was  made- bishop  of  Cueuca 

at    VLrs.iiues,   rrantc,  Aug.  -o,  lovi  .   uieu  ac     „/_„t>_;' ^-i    /,„t   ,iq  lao'i.  /ii,„]  „H3-;o»«i   x-„,.  and  president  of  the  audience  of  Valladolid. 

Chateau- Villain,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Sept.    V:^^';?r   a  '^  V  ?'vn  r    ^icd  at  Bristol,  Jsov.  p„enterrabia  (fwen-ter-rii-be'a^   or  Fontara- 

1    1875      A  French  o-Piienl      Ti«  <„.,...„.i  i,,  Ai„„H„     12,1886.  An  English  bibliographer.  He  wasapart-  ■'0^^",^."raDia(i^  en  icria  oe  d),  oi  X  onxara 

liijn-"  „,.  i^t^edif  the  Cri„,e^n  wo        rfit.H,  v     "o;  ill  thc  Itau  of  j's.  Fry  and  sSns,  cocoa  and  chocolate  bia  (lon-ta-ra'bi-a).    A  town  m  the  province  of 

Jl^e's-evL"  poT^d Va"sp^'m?t™  ge",e"     •        ,  uS     ™-'"'-'"-"  at  Bristol^    He  published  '•  The  Fust  New  Guipuzcoa    Spain,  situat_ed  on  the  Bidassoa  in 

the  second  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  thc  Franco-     lestament  printed  in  the  English  l.angnage(162.or  1528),  lat.  43°  22'  N.,  long.  1°  50'  M  .     It  is  noted  for  its 

German  war;  was  defeated  at  .Spicheren,  Aug.  6,  1870;     translated  fiom  tlie  G  eek  by  William  lyndale    repro-  fortress  (;until  1794),  and  for  the  passage  of  the  Didassoa 

and  was  captired  on  the  f.all  of  Metz.         '       "*     '                ducedm  facsimile,  w^^^^^  here  byVellington  in  1813.     MUton  confounds  it  with 

«i       J.    /*?  •    ^s      A    XI-        T>       T^            i  Til -1    1   1       Souldiers  Pocket  Bible,  printed  at  Lontion  by  G.  B.  and  RoneeRvnl1<>q 

Frost   (frost).  Arthur  B.      Born    at  Philadel-     R.  \V.  for  G.  C.  1W3,  reproduced  in  facsimile,  with  an  In-  p„°°  +  !„f„  n^                                   -      -,   -,       .     ., 

phia.  Pa.,  Jan.  17,  1851.     An  American  artist,     troduetion"  (1862),  "The  christian  s„Mi,rs  I'ennv  Bible:  Fuentes  de  Onoro  (fwen  tesdeo-no  ro).   Avil- 

liest  known  as  an  illustrator                                       Londcjn,  printed  by  R.  Smith  f(.r  Siim.  Wade,  ico:),  repro-  lage   m   tin-   province   of   Salamanca,  western 

Frost,  Jack.     In  English  nursery  folk-lore,  a  Juce.lin  facsiiuikswith  a,,  Introductory  .Note  "(1862)  etc.  Spain,  14  mik'S  west-southwest  of  Ciu.iad  Rod- 

personilication  of  frost  or  cold                               Fry,  William  Henry.     Born  at  Philadelphia,  rigo.    Here,  May,  1811,  Wellington  checked  the 

Froth  (frdth).     A  foolish  gentleman  In  Shak-    r^"*''-','^,**!'^;^!'''''  "'  Santa  Cruz,  West  Indies,  French  under  Mass,'.na.  _^    ,.,,,.,,  ^       , 

spere's  comedy  "  Measure  for  Measure  "                ^^^'^-  ^^'  ^^^-    -^   American  composer  and  Fuerte,  or  Villa  del  Fuerte  (vel'ya  del  fwer'- 

Froth,  Lord.      A  soWin,  foolish' fop  with  a  Jo'^'n'^'if;-..,,       ,       ,        .       . ,  ,      .    c.      ,  ti^.  _  A  snuUl  town  in  the  state  of  Siualoa, 

coquettish  wife,  in  Congrevo's  comedy  "The  ^^y^.^n 'f"','^''"})-     A  series  of  lakes  in  Sweden,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  river  luerte  about  lat. 

Double  Dealer  "                                                          north  of  I^ake  Wener,  into  which  their  waters  26°  4o' N.,  long.  108°  25   W. 

Frothingham  ■  (froth 'ing-ani),      Nathaniel     '''"^- ,,.,..,,  ,\     .     ,            „           .  tt        ,  Fugger(fuk'er).   A  Swabian  family  of  ennobled 

Langdon.     Bom  at  Boston,  July  23, 1793 :  ilkd  Fryxell  (fruks  el),  Anders.     Borii  at  Hessels-  men^liants,  famous  in  the  H.th  century     ittraeea 

ot  IWtnn    Anril  4.    187(1        An   Aiiipripnn  cliTirv        kog,   Dalslaild,    Sweden,  Feb.   7,   1795:    died   at  its  descent  from  Jolnmnes  Fugger,  a  weaver,  who  lived  at 

at  Boston,  April  4,18-0.     An  American  (KigJ-     o.^',,     ,        Alirch  "1     1881       A  Swedish  his-  Urabcn.near  Augsburg,  iuthellrsthaKof  the  14thceutury. 

man  and  writer.    Ue  was  pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church     pto<''^"0"".   -"an  M  .1,   1001.      ■'^  ''"'^'"^"  '"»-  T>,,»iti_o  oi-_„  t  qw     Tm  TT,.itp.mt,.(..<  l,i..t«rv 

at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  IhlL.iO.     Author  of  "Metrical     torian.     He  wrote  " Ber.ittelser  ur  Svenska  Uistorien"  FUgltlVe-blave  Law.    i"  U'l'l^'' '"»!  ?■„''  '^'^y^ ' 

Piece'!,  Translated  and  Original "  (1H5:,).                                  ("  Narratives  from  Swedish  History,"  1823-79),  etc.  an  act  included  in  the      ( )iiinibiis  Bill     ( 18;)0), 

Frothingham,   Octavius    Brooks.      Bom    at  F.'s  Aunt  (ofz  iint),Mr.     A  legacy  left  by  Mr.  securing  to  slaveholders  additional  facilities  in 

Boston,   Mass.,  Nov.   2(5,  1822:  died  Nov.  27.     F.  to  his  wife,  in  Dickens's  "Little  Dorrit."  the  recovery  of  runaway  slaves. 

1895.     An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  (till  Fuad  Pasha  (fo'iid  pash'a),  Mehemmed  (Meh-  Fiihrlch  (fii'rich),  Joseph  VOn.     Born  at  Krat- 

1880)  and  author,  son  of  N.  L.  Froiliinghain.     med).     Born  at  Constantinojilo,  Jan.  17,  1814:  zau,  Buhemia.  Feb.  9,  IsOU :  died  at  Vienna, 

Among  his  works  are  "Eellglon  ot   Humanity"  (1873),     (^\^.^\  at  Nice    Franco    Feb.  12,  1.S69.     A  noted  March   13,  1876.     A  noted  Austrian  historical 

^i^Tl^:l:^:7.ll^'cr^]^C^:^,^  %n    Jr^r^^  «'-'-,"-"•.   n-;.andoncd  m  18.35  the  prae.  painter    He  was  much  occupied  with  Scriptural 

■  Life  of  George  Ilipky-  (1883),  etc.                                         tlce  of  medicine  for  a  dipl.mn.tie  career.       n  I8Jb  he  w.,8  sub.)ects.                                            _                            _ 

Frothingham,  Richard.    Born  Jan.  3],  I812  :    ?E^'";i ,'  u"' ill  ;he'mlnci7,ailtie»^';   m.  ilvia",;  "i  ^"J.VSf'i  (fo'je-s  n')  or  Fuji-yama  (tb  je-y«  - 

did  Jan.   29,    IHKO.      An   American    liistoria,,,      IvalEhllu' lie  iK-came  niiiK^^^^^  ma),  less  coiTectly  FuS -yama  (  o  se-ya  ma) 

journalist,  and  politician.    His  works  Include  "  Ilia-     ""ing  to  the  attitude  of  Russia,  whose  ill  will  he  Is  said  An  extinct  volcano  and  t  lie  lughest  mountain  of 

tory  of  the  .Siege  ot  Boston  "•  (1M»).  and  other  books  on     to  liave  excited  by  a  iinbllcatlon  on  the  i|Ue»tlon  of  the  ,)ai>an,  situated  /O  miles  wt'st-soutll«  est  of  J  o- 

American  history.                                                                      lioly  sepulchers,  he  resigiieil  In  the  spring  ot  1853,  but  re.  ij|,,     T^gfe  has  been  no  eruption  since  1707.    It  Is  a  re- 

Froude(fr6d),  James  Anthony     Born  at  Dar.    ?i;L"L;V;ry:;ir.' ''.'L' tcam^' granirvidr'!^^^  r;;.' ;f  ^ll^^r'  """"'  '"^''^^  '"  •'"""""°  ""• 

tington,  Dovonshiic,  April  2.i,  1S18:  died  Oct.  which  he  retaind  until  isw.  He  introduced  European  Jl.'  ''^-i-  /^  n  1  •  ,<■-^  -  ^  '\  a 
20,  1894.  A  noted  English  historian.  He  was  edu-  Improvements  for  the  sake  of  the  material  advanlagea  to  i  U-kien  I  lo-ko-en  ),  or  i  OKieu  (lo-ke-en  ).  A 
cated  at  Westminster  School  and  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  be  gained  from  them,  but  In  doing  so  Increased  the  Ilnan-  iiiariliiiie  province  of  I'liiiKi,  bounded  by  Che- 
There  he  canio  under  the  Influence  of  the  Tractiu-lan  clal  clltncnlli.-s  of  the  Porte  by  the  adoption  of  n  waatctul  kiang  oil  (he  norlh,  the  channel  of  Formosa  on 
movement  his  brother  Richard  ilurrellFroudeheingone  an.l  unsound  llnandal  policy.  the  east,  Kwnng-tung  on  the  southwest,  and  Ki- 
o(  its  leaders  He  became  fellow  of  F.xeter  in  1842,  and  Fuca.  Juau  dO.  See  </«OH  "C /'KCfl.  11  .  1  ».l...  .1  A...,o  nV>.^,,r 
took  deacon  8  orders  in  IW4.  For  some  time  he  wa,  con-  PnThan  m  Ponchow  (fo-chou')  A  seanort  tt"S-><i  on  the  west  and  northwest.  Area,  about 
necteu  with  the  Hlgh-Church  jmrty  under  Newman.  A  '  "-cnau,  ni  i  OOChOW  (to  c M<  .  A  seaport  ^^  ,„)„  ^,^,„^^.p  ,„ii,,,<.  Population,  upward  of 
change  in  his  views  caused  hini  to  aliandon  his  fellow.     '","'    tlie   iMplt.il  ol    tie    l)Io\in<.l    OI    1  U-Klen,  o,,  ||,)()  (Hit) 

ship  and  his  profession,  and  ho  devoted  lilm.>.elt  entirely  China,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Mill  »,„.  ,  _ri,.i»  /OK'inN  «i...„l  T.^Va  r.T;„l.f 
to  literature,  fonnally  resigning  his  deac.m's  orders  iii  in  lat.  26°  5'  N  ,  long.  119°  20'  E.  It  ha.  a  very  Fulah,  or  Fula  (fO  Hi),  plural  I  UlDe.  [  Lilgl  t 
1872.  In  the  same  year  he  lectured  in  the  United  SIntes  largo  trade  c8|uclnlly  In  tea.  Is  a  noted  nilasion  station,  brown,  red.']  A  great  African  nation,  seat- 
on  thc  relations  lietween  England  and  Ireland.  In  1874  and  contains  an  arsenal.  The  p(nt  was  o|K3iied  to  foreign  terod  through  the  Sudan  from  Senegal  to  Wn- 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Mope.  Ho  tra.le  In  1842.  Ponulati.,n,  6,i(i.iKKi.  ,li,i  „,„l  R„„th  to  Adamawn  :  their  language  is 
S^was'decte'S  rVi^lCofes^'or  o?  in.Idern'lllstorv  a"  r»«^«  'f'''"];  ^°^^fj^  NepOmuk  VOU  Born  .....led  fulful.lr.  Thev  arc.  variously  cla„od  with  the 
Oriel  College,  oxford,  as  successor  to  Freeman.  He  wfote  »'  Matloii/.ell,  near  Hreiiilnri,',  I  .avariu.  May  l.>,  llamiles,  the  n.  gi...».  and  in  the  Nnlm-I-ulah  group,  with 
a  "History  of  England  from  the  Fall  of  Wolsey  to  the  1774:  died  at  Munich,  .Marcli  5,  18.56.  A  tier-  the  .\ul>a8  of  the  .Nile  valley.  They  seem  lobe  cs-entially 
Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada'  (1866-70),  -Tho  English     man  chemist   and   mineralogist,  professor   of  Hamltlc,  having  branched  oH  from  the  lierbers  or  lb* 


Fulah 

Somal.  Their  color  is  reddisli-brown,  nose  straight,  lips 
regular,  hair  curly,  ^ylle^e  they  are  mixed  with  the  ne- 
groes the  skin  is  darker,  the  lips  are  thicker,  the  liair  is 
more  bushy,  and  the  temperament  more  merry.  In  their 
pure  state"  they  are  proud  and  -aave.  The  Futa-Toro  or 
Toucouleurs  are  a  mixture  of  Fulah  and  Wolotf.  Pastoral, 
industrious,  warlike,  and  intelligent,  they  rule  over  the 
agricultural  negro  tribes  of  tlie  Sudan.  They  are  dominant 
in  Gando,  Sokoto,  Adaniawa,  Massina.  .Segu.  Kaarta,  and 
FutaJiUlon.  In  Bornu,  Baghirmi,  and  Wadai  tliey  are  not 
strong  enough  to  command.  In  religion  they  are  Moham- 
medans, but  tolerant,  except  the  fanatic  Toucouleurs. 
They  have  a  national  literature,  written  with  Arabic  char- 
acters. It  was  in  the  beginning  of  tliis  century,  under 
their  poet  and  leader  Otman  dan  Fodio,  that  they  revolu- 
tionized the  Sudan,  spreading  Islam,  and  founding  their 
great  kingdoms,  which  are  not  yet  on  the  wane.  Their 
language  is  peculiar  by  itsinitialformations.  It  is  spoken 
in  its  purest  form  in  Massina  and  Futa-Toro.  Owing  to 
admixtures  of  neighboring  negro  languages  and  Ai'abic, 
five  dialects  are  distinguished  according  to  the  countries 
where  they  are  spoken  :  namely,  Futa-Jallon,  F>itaTi>ro, 
Sokoto,  Hausa,  and Boi-nu.  Alsocalled Ph/, Ftlata, Filani. 

Fulbe.     See  Fulalt. 

Fulbert  (fiil-bar')-  A  bishop  of  Chartres  who 
laid  the  foundations  of  the  cathedral  in  1020. 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  its  architect. 

Fulc  (folk),  or  Fulk,  or  Foulques  (fok)  III., 
surnamed  "  The  Black."  Born  in  972:  died  at 
Metz,  May  22,  10-tO.  Count  of  Anjou  987-10-10. 
He  carried  on  wars  against  the  Duke  of  Bre- 
taffne  and  the  Count  of  Blois. 

FulcV.  Born  in  1090:  died  Nov.  13, 1U2.  Count 
of  An.iou  1109-42.  He  married  a  daughter  of  B,aldwin 
TT.  of  Jerusalem  in  H29,  and  on  the  death  of  Baldwrin  in 
1131  succeeded  to  the  thl'oae  of  Jerusalem. 

Fulc  of  Neuilly.  Died  in  1202.  A  French  ec- 
clesiastic. He  was  ordered  by  Innocent  III.  in 
1198  to  preach  the  fourth  Crusade. 

Fulda  (fol'da).  A  river  in  Germany,  flowing 
north  and  uniting  at  Miinden  with  the  Werra  to 
form  the  Weser.     Length,  about  100  mUes. 

Fulda.  A  bishopric  and  state  of  the  old  German 
Empire.  It  grew  up  around  the  abbey  of  Fulda  (founded 
in  714).  The  abbacy  became  a  bishopric  in  1752.  It  was 
secularized  in  1803,  and  given  to  Nassau-Orange  as  a  prin- 
cipality. After  various  changes  it  was,  in  1S15,  divided 
between  Hesse-Cassel  and  Bavaria,  the  Hesse-Cassel  part 
passing  to  Prussia  in  1866. 

Fulda.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau, Prussia,  on  the  Fulda  53  miles  northeast  of 
Frankfort-on-the-Main.  it  is  a  very  ancient  town, 
and  has  a  cathedral  and  several  old  churches.  Population 
(1890),  13,125. 

Fulford  (ful'ford).  A  suburb  of  York,  England. 
Here  the  earls  Edwin  and  Morcar  were  defeated  by  Harold 
Hardrada  and  Tostig  in  1066. 

Fulham  (ful'am).  [From  Saxon  Funenltamcthe 
resort  of  birds?  (Walford).]  A  ijorough  (mu- 
nicipal) of  London,  situated  in  Middlesex,  on 
the  Thames,  5i  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul's. 
It  contains  a  palace,  the  summer  residence  of  the  bishops 
of  London.  It  is  a  parliamentary  borough,  returning  one 
member  to  Parliament.  Population  of  the  board  of 
works  district  (1891),  188,877. 

Fulk.     See  J^«/('. 

Fulke  (fiilk),  William.  Born  at  London  in 
1538 :  died  Aug.  28,  1589.  An  English  Puritan 
divine.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  where  he  subsequently 
lectured  on  the  Hebrew  language.  He  became  master  of 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1578.  His  most  notable 
publication  is  *'  A  Defense  of  the  sincere  and  true  Transla- 
tions of  the  Holie  Scriptures  into  the  English  Tong  "  (1583). 

Fuller  (fiil'er).  Andrew.  Bom  at  Wicken. Cam- 
bridgeshire, Feb.  6, 17.54:  died  at  Kettering,  May 
7, 1815.  -An  EngUsh  Baptist  preacher  and  theo- 
logian. He  wrote  "The  Calvinistic  and  Socinian  Sys- 
tems Compared"  (1794),  "The  Gospel  its  own  Witness" 
(1799-1800),  etc. 

Fuller,  George.  Bom  at  Deerfield,  Mass.,  1822 : 
died  at  Boston,  March  21, 1884.  An  American 
figure-  and  portrait-painter,  in  1842  he  studied 
with  the  sculptor  Brown  at  Albany,  after  which  he  studied 
painting  in  Boston,  New  York,  London,  and  on  the  Conti- 
nent. His  flrot  public  success  was  attained  in  1857,  when 
he  was  elected  associate  of  the  academy  (New  York). 
From  1860-79  he  devoted  himself  to  farming  at  Deerfield, 
but  in  1876  he  exhibited  some  lifteen  pictures  in  Boston, 
which  gained  liim  fame  and  patronage.  lu  1879  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  academy  (New  York)  "The  Romany  Girl '' 
and  "And  .She  was  a  Witch";  in  1S80  "Tlie  Quadroon  " 
and  a  boy's  portrait ;  in  1881  "  Maidenhood  "  and  "  Wini- 
fred Dysart " ;  "  Loretti "  and  "  Priscilla  Fauntleroy  "  (1882), 
"Fagot-Gatherers"  (1883),  " Fedalma " (1884),  etc. 

Fuller,  John  Wallace.  Bom  at  Cambridge. 
England,  1827:  died  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  March  12. 
1891.  An  American  publisher,  and  Union  officer 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  commanded  a  brigade  at  tlie 
battle  of  luka,  Sept.  19-20, 1862 ;  defeated  Forrest's  cavalry 
at  Parker's  Cross  Roads,  Dec.  31,  1862 ;  captured  Deca- 
tur in  March,  1864 ;  took  part  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  ; 
marched  with  Sherman  to  the  sea ;  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers. 

Fuller,  Mel'Tille  Weston.  Bom  at  Augusta, 
Maine,  Feb.  11,  1833.  Chief  justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1855,  and  in  1856  settled  at  Chicago, 
where  he  practised  law  until  appointed  chief  justice  by 
President  Cleveland  in  1888. 


416 

Fuller,  Sarah  Margaret,  Marchioness  Ossoli. 
Born  at  Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  May  23, 1810:  lost 
by  shipwreck  off  Fire  Island,  near  New  York, 
July  16, 1850.  A  noted  American  writer,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Transcendental  school.  She  edited  the 
Boston  "  Dial "  1840-42,  and  was  literary  critic  for  the  New 
York  "Tribune"  1844-46.  She  went  to  Europe  in  1S46,  mar- 
ried ilarquis  Ossoli,  Dec,  1S47,  and  was  in  Rome  during 
the  revolution  of  1848—49.  Her  works  include  "Summer 
on  the  Lakes  "  (1843). "  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  " 
(1845),  "Papers  on  Art  and  Literature  "  (1S46). 

Fuller,  Thomas.  Bom  June,  l(i0S:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  16, 1661.  An  English  divine.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  was  cui-ate  of  the  Savoy 
at  London  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  In  1643  he 
joined  the  king  at  Oxford,  and  after  the  Restoration  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  Among  his  works  are 
"The  Historj- of  the  Holy  Waire  "  (1639),  "The  Holy  State 
and  the  Profane  State  "  (164'2),  "  A  Pisgah-sight  of  Pales- 
tine "  (1650),  "History  of  the  University  of  Cambridge" 
(1655),  "  History  of  the  Worthies  of  England  "  (1062). 

Fuller's  Field.  A  field  near  Jerusalem,  appar- 
ently to  the  north,  the  locality  of  which  cannot 
be  identified. 

FuUerton,  Lady  Georgiana.  See  Leveson- 
Gower,  Georgiana  Charlotte. 

Fulton  (ful'ton).  A  city  in  Callaway  County, 
Missouii,  about  25  miles  northeast  of  Jefferson 
City.     Population  (1900),  4,883. 

Ful'ton.  A  village  in  the  township  of  Volney, 
Oswego  County.  New  Y'ork,  situated  on  the 
Oswego  River  23  miles  northwest  of  Syracuse. 
Population  (1900),  5.281. 

Fulton.  An  American  war-ship  of  38  tons  rat- 
ing, built  at  New  York  in  1815.  Slie  was  designed 
by  Robert  Fulton,  and  was  the  first  war-ship  to  be  pro- 
pelled by  steam.  She  had  central  paddle-wheels  pro- 
tected by  a  double  hull,  and  relied  for  effective  attack  not 
on  her  broadside  of  smaH  caliber,  but  upon  a  pivoted  100- 
pounder  columbiad.  Her  bow  was  strengthened  into  a 
ram.  She  was  the  prototype  of  the  modern  ironclad 
with  its  few  hea\-y  guns  and  ram. 

Fulton,  Robert.  Bom  at  Little  Britain,  Pa., 
1765 :  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  24,  1815.  An 
American  engineer  and  inventor.  He  went  to 
London  in  1786  with  a  view  to  completing  his  education 
as  a  portrait-  and  landscape-painter  under  the  instruction 
of  Benjamin  West,  in  whose  family  he  remained  several 
years.  He  abandoned  painting  in  1793,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  civil  and  mechanical  engineering.  He  removed 
to  Paris  in  1794.  From  1797  to  1805  he  made  a  number 
of  inditferently  successful  experiments  with  a  submarine 
boat  and  a  torpedo,  most  of  which  were  conducted  under 
the  patronage  of  the  French  and  British  governments. 
He  launched  a  steamboat  on  the  Seine  in  1803,  which 
sank  from  faulty  construction.  A  new  boat  built  with 
the  old  machinery  made  a  successful  trial  trip  on  the 
Seine  Aug.  9,  1803.  Having  returned  to  America  in  1806, 
he  built  the  steamboat  Clermont,  which  began  a  suc- 
cessful trial  trip  from  New  Y'ork  to  Albany  on  the  Hud- 
son River,  Aug.  11,  1S07.  This  boat  was  followed  by 
numerous  river-steamers  and  feiry-boats  built  under  his 
supervision.  In  1815  he  launched  the  war-steamer  Ful- 
ton. He  married  in  1806  Harriet,  daughter  of  Walter 
Livingston,  by  whom  he  had  four  children. 

Ful'Tla  (fid'vi-a).  Died  at  Sicyon,  Greece,  40 
B.  c.  A  Roman  lady,  wife  of  Clodius,  then  of 
Curio,  and  later  of  Mark  Antony.  She  fomented 
a  rising  (the  Perusine  war)  against  Octavius.  in  41  B.  r., 
in  order  to  draw  Antony  away  from  Egypt  and  Cleopatra. 

Ful'Via.  In  Ben  Jonson's  "  Catiline,''  a  volup- 
tuous wanton :  a  satire  on  the  causes  of  Rome's 
degeneration. 

Ful'Via  gens  (ful'vi-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  distinguished  plebeian  clan  or  house,  sup- 
posed to  have  come  from  Tuseulum.  its  cogno- 
mens under  the  republic  were  Bambalio,  Centumalus, 
Curvus,  Flaccus,  GtUo,  Nacca,  Nohilior,  Patinus,  and  Ve- 
ratills  or  Neratius. 

Fumay  (fii-ma').  A  to-wn  in  the  department 
of  Ardennes,  France,  on  the  Meuse  14  miles 
north  of  Mezieres.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,065. 

Fumbina.     See  Adamau-a. 

Funchal  (foh-shal').  A  seaport  and  the  capital 
of  the  island  of  Madeira,  situated  In  lat.  32^  38' 
N.,  long.  16°  54'  W.  It  is  a  noted  health-re- 
sort, and  has  a  cathedral.  Population,  about 
20.000. 

Fundy  (fun'di).  Bay  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, lying  between  >i  ew  Bruns\vick  on  the  north- 
west and  Nova  Scotia  on  the  southeast,  it  is 
divided  near  the  eastern  extremity  into  Chignecto  Bay  and 
ilinas  Channel  and  Basin.  Its  tides  reach  a  height  of  from 
60  to  70  feet.  Itreceives  the  St.  John  and  St  Croix.  Length, 
about  170  miles.    Width,  30  to  50  miles. 

Fiinen  (fU'nen),  Dan.  Fyen  (fii'en).  An  island 
of  Denmark.  Ijang  between  the  Great  Belt  on 
the  east  and  the  Little  Belt  on  the  west,  and 
forming,  -with  Langeland,  ^roe,  and  other  isl- 
ands, the  diocese  (stift)  of  Fiinen.  Capital, 
Odense.  Area  of  the  island,  1.125  square  miles ;  of  the 
diocese,  1,333  square  miles.  Population  of  the  diocese, 
256,827. 

Funeral  (fu'ne-ral).  The,  or  Grief  a-la-Mode. 
A  comedy  by  Steele,  produced  m  1701,  printed 
in  1702. 


Furnivall 
Funeral  of  Atahualpa.    A  painting  by  tne 

Peruvian  artist  Luis  Montero.  It  represents  the 
obsequies  of  the  Inca  sovereign  at  the  moment  when  his 
wives  rushed  in  lamenting  his  fate.  The  figures,  both  of 
Spaniards  and  Indians,  are  conceived  and  executed  with 
great  force.  This  painting  was  purchased  by  the  PeruviaD 
government  for  .S'20,000  and  deposited  in  the  national  Ij. 
brary.  but  was  seized  and  sent  to  Santiago  by  the  ChUeans 
during  the  invasion  of  1881. 

Funes  (fo'nes),  Gregorio.  Bom  at  Cordoba, 
1749 :  died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  1830.  An  Argen- 
tine historian.  He  was  rector  of  the  University  of  Cot- 
doba  and  dean  of  the  cathedraL  As  a  theologian  and  pnl- 
pit  orator  he  was  widely  known.  His  most  important  his- 
torical work  is  "  Ensayo  de  la  historia  civil  del  Paraguay, 
Buenos  Ayres  y  Tucuiuan  "  (3  vols.  8vo,  1816). 

Fiinfhaus  (fiinf 'hous).  A  suburb  of  Vienna,  on 
the  southwest.     Population  (1890),  44,162. 

Flinfklrchen  (fiinf '  kireh  -  en),  Himg.  P6cs 
(pach).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Baranya, 
Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  46°  6'  N.,  long.  18°  13' 
E.  The  cathedral  is  an  impressive  Romanesque  structure 
with  four  towers,  lately  restored.  The  place  was  occupied 
by  the  Turks  from  l.">4;i  to  1686.  It  has  several  mosques. 
Population  (1890),  :i4."67. 

Fung-h'wang,  Feng-h'wang  (fung'hwang'). 
[Chinese.]  In  Chinese  mythology,  a  fabulous 
bird  of  good  omen,  said  to  appear  when  a  sage  is 
about  to  ascend  the  throne,  or  when  right  prin- 
ciples are  about  to  triumph  throughout  the  em- 
pire. It  is  usually  called  the  Chinese  phenix,  but  seems, 
from  the  descriptions  of  it  found  in  books,  to  resemble  the 
argus-pheasant.  It  has  not  appeared  since  the  days  of 
Confucius.  It  is  frequently  represented  on  Chinese  and 
Japanese  porcelains  and  other  works  of  art.  Fung  is  the 
name  of  the  male  bird,  and  hwaiig  of  the  female. 

Fungoso  (fung-go'so).  In  Ben  Jonson's  "  Every 
Man  out  of  his  Hiunour,"  the  extravagant  son 
of  Sordido.  He  spends  all  he  can  wring  out  of  his 
avaricious  father  in  imitating  the  foppish  Brisk. 

Fungus  (fung'gus),  Zachary.  The  principal 
character  in  Foote's  "  Commissary."  Foote 
played  it  himself. 

Funji  (fon'je).  An  African  tribe  oeoupying  the 
south  of  Dar-Sennar,  between  the  White  Nile 
and  Blue  Nile,  a  wooded  and  well-watered  moun- 
tain region.  They  appear  on  Eg>T)tian  inscriptions  as 
Cushites,  but  have  largely  mixed  ^vith  negroes.  In  the 
IGtli  century  they  formed  a  kingdom  of  their  own,  which 
lasted  until  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  They  trade 
in  honey,  gums,  ivory,  gold,  tamarinds,  and  senna-leaves. 

Funk  (f  ungk),  Pe'ter.  A  name  given  to  a  bogus 
bidder  at  auctions.  He  is  employed  to  bid 
against  an  intending  purchaser  to  raise  the 
price. 

Furetifere  (fiir-tvar'),  Antoine.  Bom  at  Paris 
about  1620:  died  there.  May  14, 1688.  A  French 
lexicographer  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  a 
diction.ary  of  the  French  language  (1694),  "  Poesies  "  (1666X 
"Fables"  (1673),  etc. 

Furia  (anciently  Fusia)  gens  (fu'ri-a  jenz). 
In  ancient  Rome,  a  patrician  clan  or  house,  sup- 
posed to  have  come  from  Tuseulum.  Its  cogno- 
mens  were  Acnleo,  Bibaculus,  Brocchus,  Camillus,  Cras- 
sipes,  Fusus,  Luscus,  Medullinus,  Pacilus,  Philus,  and 
Purpureo. 

Furiae  (fii'ri-e).  pLi.,  '  the  Furies.']  In  Roman 
mythology,  goddesses  adopted  from  the  Erinyes 
(which  see)  of  Greek  mrthology. 

Furidpur,  or  Fureedpur.    See  Faridpur. 

Furioso,  Bombastes.    See  Bombastts  Furioso. 

Furioso,  Orlando.     See  Orlando  Furioso. 

Furka,  or  Furca  (for'kii).  One  of  the  highest 
practicable  Alpine  passes  in  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  frontier  of  Uri  and  Valais.  It  leads 
from  Andermatt  (Uri)  to  the  hotel  Gletsch  (Va- 
lais).    Highest  point,  7,992  feet. 

Furnace,  The.     See  Fornax. 

Furneaux  (fer-no')  Islands.  A  group  of  isl- 
ands between  Australia  and  Tasmania,  in  Bass 
Strait. 

Fumes  (ftim),  Flem.Veume  (ver'ne).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Ostend.  It  has  several 
interesting  old  buildings.  Population  (1890), 
5,577. 

Fumess  (fer'nes).  A  peninsula  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  between  the  Irish  Sea  and 
Jlorecambe  Bay.  The  extensive  ruins  of  Furness  Ab- 
bey are  among  the  most  picturesque  of  English  medieval 
remains.  A  large  part  of  the  fine  church  survives  almost 
complete  except  the  vaulting,  and  there  is  a  beautiful  Early 
English  chapter-house.  The  entrance  to  the  ivy-draped 
cloisters  is  by  three  superb  deeply  recessed  Norman  arches. 

Furness,  Horace  Howard.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Nov.  2,  1833.  An  .Ajnerican  Shaksperian 
scholar  and  legal  writer.  He  is  editing  a  variorum  of 
Shakspere'splays.whichnowincludes:  '*  Ronieoand  Juliet" 
(1871),  "Macbeth"  (1873),  "Hamlet"  (1877), "King Lear' 
(ISSO), "  Othello  "  (1886). "  The  Merchant  of  Venice  "  (1888), 
'■  As  vou  Like  it "  (1890), "The  Tempest  "(1892),"  Midsum- 
mer-Nilht's  Dream " (1895),  "The  Whiter's  Tale  "  (l59S). 

Furnivall  (fer'ni-val).  Frederick  James.  Born 
at  Egham,  Surrey.  England,  Feb.  4,  1825.  A 
noted  English  philologist.       He  studied  at  Cam- 


I 


Furnivall 

ttriJge,  where  he  graduated  M.  A.  in  1^!».  He  founded 
the  Early  Kiiglish  Text  Sueietj  (lat»4),  *_'haucer  Sueiety, 
tialiad  Society  (1808).  New  Shaksjiere  Society  (18Ty),lirown- 
iuK  Society  (1881),  Wyclif  Society  (1882),  aiid  Shelley  Soci- 
ety (ISSo).  He  lias  edited  a  number  of  Early  English  and 
other  works,  including  Walter  Slap's  ■•(.iuest  del  Saint 
fJriud."  Harlison's  "Description  of  England"  (1577-87), 
stubhes's  "  Anatomy  of  Abuses  "  (158.3),  a  number  of  works 
tor  the  Early  English  Te.\t  Society  and  other  societies: 
also  the  '■  Six-Text  Print  of  Chaucer's  Canterbmy  Tales," 
ill  seven  parts  (18iJ8-75).  {See  Canterbury  Tales,)  He  has 
.■ilso  written  an  introduction  to  the  Leopold  Shakspere, 
describing  the  plays  and  discussing  their  chronological 
order,  and  is  editing  the  facsimile  quartos  of  Shakspere's 
plays.  He  is  noted  as  an  oarsman.  He  built  the  first  nar- 
row wager  boats  in  England  in  184.').  He  also  introduced 
sculls  instead  of  oars  in  the  fours  and  eights,  and  himself 
roweil  in  the  earliest  wiiniing  trews. 
Furor  (Wror).  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queeiie," 
a  madman,  IvTiifyiug  wrath.  He  is  the  son  of  a 
wretched  ha«.  Occasion.  "To  tame  the  son  the  mother  had 
to  be  subdued. 

Fursch-Madi  (forsh '  ma '  de),  Emma.  Born 
uear  Bayomie,  Prance,  1849 :  died  at  WaiTen- 
viUe,  N.".I.,  Sept.  120,  1894.  A  French  mezzo- 
soprano  siiif^er.  She  first  appeared  i»  opera  at  Paris 
in  1870.  and  came  to  the  I'nited  States  in  1S82.  Fiom 
18!tl  she  took  charge  of  the  vocal  classes  at  the  New  York 
College  of  Music.  Her  la.st  appearance  was  in  >'ew  York 
Feb.  6,  1804. 

Fiirst  (fiirst).  Julius.  Born  at  Zerkowo,  Posen, 
Prussia,  May  12,  1805:  died  at  Leipsio,  Feb.  9, 
1873.  A  German  Orientalist,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent., professor  at  Leipsic  from  18(54.  His  works 
include  "(k>ncordanti!e  librorum  sacrorum  Veteris  Testa- 
menti  "  (1837-40),  "  Hebraisches  und  chaldaisches  Hand- 
wbrterbuch  "  (I8't7-''!11,  '■  Kultur-  und  Litteraturgeschichte 
der  Juden  in  .\sien  "  (1840). 

Fiirstenberg  (£iirs'ten-berG) .  A  German  media- 
tized principality  in  southern  Baden,  southern 
Wilrt.emberg,  and  HohenzoUern-Sijiraaringen. 
The  town  of  Fiirstenberg.  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Fiirsten- 
berg family,  is  situated  15  miles  north  of  Schatfhausen. 

Fiirstenberg.  A  German  noble  family  in  West- 
phalia and  Khineland :  so  called  from  the  castle 
of  Fiii'stenberg  on  the  Euhr. 

Fiirstenbund  (fiirs'ten-bont).  See  Leafixte  of 
tlic  dcntiini  I'riiices. 

Fiirsten'walde  (filrs'ten-val-de).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
tlie  Spree  31  miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  Popu- 
lation (1890;,  12,775. 

Furtado  (for-ta'do),  Francisco  Jos6.  Bom  at 
Oeiras,  Piauhy,  Aug.  13,  1818 :  died  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  June  23, 1870.  A  Brazilian  statesman. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  an  advocate  and  judge,  was 
elected  deputy  in  1847,  and  repeatedly  reelected,  becoming 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  liberal  party.  From  1857  to  18-"i9 
he  was  president  of  the  new  province  of  Amazonas  ;  minis- 
ter of  justice  1802:  senator  from  1864  ;  and  from  Aug.,  1S64, 
to  May,  1865,  premier.    During  this  period  the  dispute 


417 

Willi  I'ruguay  was  adjusted,  and  the  war  with  Paraguay 
commenced. 

Ftirth.  (tiirt).  A  town  in  Middle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  at  the  point  where  the  Red- 
nitz  and  Pegnitz  unite  to  form  the  Regnitz,  4 
miles  northwest  of  Nuremberg.  It  manufactures 
Js'uremberg  wares,  mirrors,  and  gold-leaf.  Population 
(1890),  43,206. 

Further  India.     See  India.  Further. 

Furtwangen  (fort'viing-en).  A  town  in  Baden, 
17  miles  east-northeast  of  Freiburg.  It  manu- 
factures cloclis.     Population  (1890),  4,202. 

Furud.     See  Pliiinid. 

Fury  and  Hecla  Strait.  [Named  by  Parry, 
the  discoverer  (1823),  from  his  ships  Fmy  anil 
Ilecla.]  A  sea  passage  in  the  Arctic  regions, 
situated  about  lat.  70°  X.,  long.  80°-8()°  W. 
It  connects  Boothia  Gulf  on  the  west  with  Fox  Channel 
on  the  east,  and  separates  Cockburn  Land  on  the  north 
from  Melville  Peninsula  on  the  south. 

Fusan  (fo-siin').  A  seaport  in  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  Korea.  It  is  open  to  foreign  trade 
(whieli  is  mainly  in  Japanese  hands). 

Fusaro  (fo-sa'ro),  LagO  del.  A  small  lake  near 
tjie  ancient  Cumaj,  in  Italy,  one  of  the  ancient 
lakes  called  Acherusia  Palus.  It  is  noted  for 
its  oysters. 

Fusberta  (foz-ber'tii).  The  name  of  Rinaldo's 
sword  in  Ariosto's  "(Jrlaudo  Furioso." 

Fusbos  (fus'bos).  In  Rbodes's  biu'lesque  opera 
'•  Bombastes  Furioso,"  the  minister  of  state. 
He  kills  Bombastes,  who  has  killed  all  the  other 
characters. 

Fuscaldo  (fos-kiirdo).  A  small  town  in  the 
prorince  of  Cosenza,  Italy,  16  miles  northwest 
of  Cosenza. 

Fuseli  (fii'ze-li),  originally  Fiissli  (fus'le),  Jolm 
Henry.  Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Feb.  7. 
1741:  died  at  Putney,  near  Loudon,  April  16, 
ls2."i.     A  Swiss-English  painter  and  art  critic. 

Fusi-yama.    See  Fuji-sau. 

Fiissen  (fUs'sen).  [In  the  middle  ages  Fauces  or 
7''Ho--^i«.]  A  small  town  in  Swabia,  Bavaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lech  58  miles  southwest  of  Munich. 
Bythe  treaty  of  Fiissen,  April  22, 1745,  Maximilian  Joseph, 
electorof  Bavaria,  renounced  all  claims  to  the  inheritance 
of  Maria  Theresa.     Population  (ISOil),  2,fl89. 

Fust  (fost),  or  Faust  (foust),  Johann.  Died 
probably  at  Paris  in  14C6  or  1467.  A  German 
]>rinter.  He  was  the  partner  of  Gutenberg  from  about 
14.50  to  1455.  In  the  latter  year  the  partnership  was  dis- 
solved, and  Fust  obtained  possession  of  the  printing-press 
constructed  by  Gutenberg.  He  continued  the  business 
with  Iris  son-in-law  Peter  Scholfer. 

Fustian.     See  Si/lrcKter  Dnfif/erwood. 

Futa  Jallon  (fS'ta  zhli-lon')-     A  territory  in 


Fyzabad 

tlie  southern  part  of  Senegambia,  western  Af- 
rica, situated  about  lat.  10°-12°  N.,  long.  11°- 
13°  W.  The  capital  is  Timbo.  It  has  been  under 
French  protection  since  1881.     Compare  i''M/a/(. 

Futa-Toro  (fo'tii-to'ro).  A  territory  in  the 
northern  part  of  Senegambia,  situated  south  of 
the  Senegal  about  hit.  1.5°-16°  N.,  annexed  in 
part  bv  France  in  ISfiO.     Compare  Fidah. 

Futteh  Ali.     See  FdU  All. 

Futtehpur.     See  FatUipur. 

Futtigarh.     See  Fatliiijarh. 

Futurity  Race,  The.  A_  race  run  on  the  first 
day  of  the  fall  meeting'  of  the  Coney  Island 
.lockey  Club  at  Sheepshead  Bay,  Long  Island: 
a  sweepstakes  for  two-year-olds. 

Fux  (foks),  Johann  Joseph.  Bom  at  Hirten- 
fcld.  near  Gratz.  Styria,  1660:  died  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  13,  1741.  A  German  composer  and  writer 
on  music.  The  greater  part  of  hi.s  compositions,  405  of 
which  are  still  in  existence,  are  in  coj>y  or  autop-apli  iu 
tin-  IinperiiJ  Librar.v,  Vienna.  He  published  "(7oncentU8 
musico-instrumentalis"  (1701),  "Missa  canoiiica"  (1718). 
"Gradns  ad  Parnassum  "  (172,5),  etc. 

Fuzuli.     See  the  extract. 

rp  to  this  time  all  Ottoman  writings  had  been  more  or 
less  rugged  and  unpuli^bt-d ;  but  in  the  reign  of  .Selim's 
son,  Suleyman  I.  f  l.'i2o-i:i(lii),  a  new  era  began.  Two  great 
poets.  Fuzuli  and  liaki.  make  their  appearance  about  the 
same  time  :  the  one  in  the  east,  the  other  iti  the  west,  of 
the  now  far-extending  empire.  Fuzuli  of  Baghdad,  one 
of  the  four  great  poets  of  the  old  Turkish  school,  is  the 
first  writer  of  real  eminence  who  rose  in  the  Ottoman  do- 
minions. None  of  his  predecessors  in  any  way  approaches 
him  ;  and  although  his  work  is  in  the  Persian  style  and 
taste,  he  is  no  servile  copier ;  on  the  contrary,  he  struck 
out  for  himself  a  new  path,  one  hitherto  untrodden  by 
either  Turk  or  Persian.  His  chief  characteristic  is  an  in- 
tense and  passionate  eiu'nestnes.*,  which  sometimes  bet  rays 
him  into  extravagances;  and  although  few  Turkish  poets 
are  in  one  way  more  artificial  than  he,  few  seem  to  speak 
more  directly  from  the  heart.  His  best-known  works  con- 
sist of  his  "Divan,"  «»r  collection  of  ghazels,  and  a  poera 
on  the  loves  of  Leyli  and  ilejnun  :  he  has  besides  some 
prose  writings,  which  are  hardly  inferior  to  his  verse. 

PoUe,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  312. 

Fyffe  (fif).  Charles  Alan.  Born  at  Black- 
heath,  Kent,  Dec.  1845 :  died  Feb.  19, 1892.  An 
Knglish  lawyer  and  historian.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  a  "  Historv  of  Modem  Europe  " 
(1880-90). 

Fyne  (fin).  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  in 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  extending  40  miles  north- 
ward and  northeastward  from  the  Sound  of  Bute. 
Width,  from  1  to  5  miles.  It  is  famous  for  its 
hen'ings.     Also  Liichfiinr. 

Fyt  (fit),  Jan.  Born' at  Antwerj',  March,  1611 : 
died  tliere,  Sept.  11,  1661.  A  Dutch  painter  of 
animals  and  game. 

Fyzabad,     See  Fai:uhad. 


'iw'^:-''^ 


C— 27 


glaal  (go'al),  Jozsef.  Bosn  at 
Xagy-Karolv,  Hungary.  "Dec. 
12,1811:  died  at  Budapest, 
Feb.  28,  1866.  A  Hungariau 
dramatist  and  novelist, 
Gabb  (gabi,  William  More. 

Bom  at  Philadelpliia,  Jau. 
16,  1839:  died  there.  May 
30,  1878.  A  geologist  and 
paleontologist.  From  1862  to  1S65  he  was  paleontolo- 
gist of  the  California  Geological  Survey.  He  explored  Santo 
Dominjro  1869-72,  in  the  interests  of  a  mining  company, 
and  subsequently  made  an  extended  geographical  and  top- 
ographical survey  of  Costa  Rica  for  the  government  of 
that  republic.  He  published  various  papers  on  Cretaceous 
and  Terti.ary  invertebrates,  and  on  Santo  Domingo  and 
Central  Ameriea. 

Gabbatha  (gab'a-tha).  [Gr.  ro3,.3a0d;  proba- 
bly Aram.,  'elevated  place.']  The  name  given 
(John  xi.^.  13)  to  the  place  (also  called  the  Pave- 
ment) where  was  placed  the  bema  or  judgment- 
seat  of  Pilate. 

Gabelentz  (gii'be-lents),Hans  Conon  von  der. 
Bom  at  Altenburg,  Germany,  Oct.  13, 1807 :  died 
near  Triptis,  Saxe-Weimar,  Germany,  Sept.  3, 
1874.  A  German  philologist  and  politician.  He 
wrote  *•  Elements  de  la  grammaire  mandchoue  "  (1833), 
"Diemelanesischen  Sprachen  "  (1S60),  and  other  works  on 
Oriental  languages. 

Gabelentz,  Hans  Georg  Conon  von  der.  Born 
at  Poschwitz,  near  Altenburg,  Germany,  March 
16, 1S40:  died  at  Berlin,  Dee.  12,1893.  AGermau 
philologist,  son  of  H.  C.  von  der  Gabelentz.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  East-Asiatic  lai;guages  at  Leip- 
sic  in  1878,  and  at  Berlin  in  1889.  He  wrote  "  Chinesische 
Grammatik  "  (1^81),  etc. 

Gaberlunzie  Man(gab-er-lun'zi  man). The.  A 
Scottish  ballad  traditionally  ascribed,  though 
without  evidence,  to  James  Y.  The  gaberlunzie 
(or  gaberlunyie)  was  a  wallet  or  bag,  and  the  gaberlunzie 
man  was  a  wandering  beggar  or  tinker  who  carried  the 
wallet. 

Gabes.    See  Cabes. 

Gabhra,  Battle  of.  In  the  legends  of  the  Ii-ish 
Gaels,  a  battle  between  the  tribe  of  Fionn  and 
its  enemies,  aljout  284. 

Gabii  (ga'bi-i).  A  city  of  ancient  Latium.  sit- 
uated about  half-way  between  Eome  and  Pne- 
neste :  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  cities  belonging 
to  the  Latin  federation.  According  to  Koman  le- 
gend it  was  conquered  by  Tarquinius  Superbus  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner :  His  youngest  son,  Sextus,  presented  him- 
self before  Gabii  in  the  guise  of  a  fugitive  from  his  father's 
tyranny,  and  was  received  by  the  Gabines  as  their  leader, 
whereupon  Sextus  sent  to  Rome  for  further  instructions. 
The  messenger  found  Tarquin  in  his  garden,  ^Vithout 
saj-ing  a  word,  the  king  isnocked  off  the  heads  of  the  tallest 
poppies.  The  messenger  returned  to  Sextus,  who  saw  the 
meaning  of  the  parable,  and  cut  off  the  chief  men  of  Gabii. 
which  was  then  surrendered  to  Tarquin. 

Gabinian  Law  (ga-bin'i-an  la).  [L.  JLex  Ga- 
iinio.]  1.  A  Roman  law,  passed  in  67  B.  c,  by 
which  Cn.  Pompeius  was  invested  for  three 
years  with  unlimited  command  over  the  whole 
Mediterranean  and  its  coasts  for  fifty  miles  in- 
land, and  received  unconditional  control  of  the 
public  treasuries  of  the  pro\-inces,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conducting  the  war  against  the  pirates. 
—  2.  A  Roman  law,  passed  in  58  B,  c, which  for- 
bade loans  of  money  at  Rome  to  legations  from 
foreign  countries,  tiie  oljject  of  wtdeh  was  to 
prevent  such  legations  from  borrowing  money 
to  bribe  the  senators. 

Gabinins(ga-bin'i-us),Aulus.  DiedatSalona?, 
Dalmatia,  about  47  B,  c,  A  Roman  tribune 
(67  B,  c).  He  proposed  a  law  giving  Pompey 
command  against  the  piratts. 

Gabirol  (gii-be-rol'),  Solomon  ibn.  Bom  at 
Malaga.  1021:  died  1070.  A  celebrated  Jewish 
poet  and  philosopher.  He  lived  in  Saragossa,  Spain. 
His  poetry  is  characterized  by  its  finish  of  form  and  lofti- 
ness of  thought.  His  poems  are  mostly  serious,  some- 
times gloomy.  The  most  important  of  these  is  his  "Royal 
Crown  "  (*'  Kether  Malkuth  "),  a  religio-philosophical  med- 
itation, which  has  been  translated  into  almost  every  Eu- 
ropean language.  JIany  of  his  numerous  religious  poems 
have  been  incorporated  in  the  Jewish  liturgy.  Of  his 
philosophical  works,  written  in  Arabic,  the  principal  one 
is  the  "Fountain  of  Life,"  based  on  the  Neoplatonic  sys- 
tem.   Its  Latin  translation,  "Fons  Vltse,"  is  often  quoted 


by  .\lbert  the  Great,  Thomas  Aquinas,  Giordano  Bruno, 
and  others.  He  also  wTote  an  ethical  work,  "Introduc- 
tion for  the  Attaining  of  Good  Habits  of  the  Soul "  ("  Tikun 
Midoth  ha-Xefesh  "),  and  a  coUectinn  of  proverbs  ("Se- 
lection of  Pearls,"  "ilibhar  ha-Peninim  "). 

Gablenz  (ga'blentz),  Ludwig  Karl  Wilhelm, 
FreiheiTvon.  Bornat  Jena,  July  19, 1814:  died 
at  Zurich,  Jan.  28,  1874.  An  Austrian  general. 
He  entered  the  Austrian  army  in  1833 :  served  imder  Win- 
dischgratz  and  Schlick  in  Hungary  1848-19  ;  became  ma- 
jor-general in  the  army  of  occupation  in  the  Danubian 
principalities  in  lS5i ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  battle 
of  Solferino  in  lSo9 ;  commanded  the  Austrians  in  the 
war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  Denmark  in  1864 ;  be- 
came governor  of  Holstein  in  1865 ;  commanded  an  army 
corps  at  Ti-auteniiu  .Tune  27  and  28,  and  at  Koniggratz  July 
3,  in  the  Austro- Prussian  war  in  1.S66.  He  committed  suf. 
cide  in  a  fit  of  despondency  br.'Ught  on  by  financial  diffi- 
culties. 

Gabler  (gii'bler),  Georg  Andreas.  Bom  at 
Altdorf,  Bavaria,  July  30, 1786:  died  at  Teplitz, 
Bohemia,  Sept,  13,18.53.  A  German  philosopher, 
son  of  J.  P.  Gabler :  a  disciple  of  Hegel,  and  his 
successor  in  Berlin. 

Gabler,  Johann  Philipp.  Bom  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  .June  4,  1753:  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  17,  1826.  A  German  rationalistic 
theologian,  professor  of  theology  at  Jena  from 
1804.  He  edited  Eichhom's  "Urgeschichte" 
(1790-93),  etc. 

Gablonz  (ga'blonts).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Neisse  57miles  northeast  of  Prague. 
It  manufactures  glass.  Population  (1890),  14,- 
653. 

Gaboon  (ga-bon').     See  Kongo,  French. 

Gaboriau  (ga-bo-ryo'),  iBmile.  Bom  at  Saujon, 
Charente-Inf^rieiu-e,  France,  Nov,  9, 1835 :  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  28.  1873.  A  French  novelist, 
author  of  "Le  dossier  Xo.  113"  (1867),  "Le 
crime  d'Oreival"  (1867),  "M,  Lecoq"  (1869), 
'"La  d^gi'ingoJade "  (1871).  "La  corde  au  cou" 
(1873),  and  other  detective  stories. 

Gaboto  (ga-bo'to).  The  Spanish  form  of  Cabot 
(which  see'i. 

Gabriel  (ga'bri-el).  [Heb., '  God  is  my  strong 
one.']  A  name'of  one  of  the  archangels.  He 
interprets  to  Daniel  his  visions  (Dan.  viii.  16,  ix.  21)  and 
announces  the  birth  of  John  the  Baptist  and  Jesus  (Luke 
i.  19,  261,  In  the  Koran  he  is  represented  as  the  medium 
of  revelation  to  Mohammed. 

Gabriel.     One  of  the  ships  of  Frobisher's  first 

expedition  in  1576. 
Gabriel  Channel.  A  sea  passage  between  Tier- 

ra  del  Fuego  ■»nd  Dawson  Island,  about  lat.  54° 

15'  S.,long.  ,0°40'  W. 
Gabriel  Hounds.  The  name  grfven  in  folk-lore  to 

a  cry  heard  in  the  upper  air  at  night,  supposed 

to  forebode  trouble. 

Gabriel  Lajeunesse.    See  Lojeunesse. 
Gabrielle  (gii-bre-el'),  La  belle.    See  EsMes, 

GahricUc  d'. 

Gabrielle  d'Estrees,  on  les  Amours  de  Henri 

IV.  An  opera  Ijy  Mehul,  words  by  Saint-Just, 
produced  in  1806. 

GabrielU  (ga-bre-el'le),  Catterina.  Bom  at 
Rome,  Nov.  12, 1730 :  died  there,  in  April,  1796. 
A  celebrated  Italian  singer.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Prince  Gabrielli's  cook,  and  isstill  known  as  La  Cochetta 
or  Cochettina.  She  was  a  pupil  of  Garcia  and  Porpora, 
and  made  her  first  appearance  at  Lucca  in  1747.  Her 
style  was  the  most  brilliant  bravura,  and  her  other  ac- 
complishments were  unusuaL  She  was  notorious  for  her 
caprices. 

Gabrovo  (ga-br6'v6),  or  Gabrova  (-yii),  or  Ka- 
brova  (kii-bro'va).  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  river  Jantra  26  miles  southwest 
of  Tiruova.     Population  (1888),  7,988. 

Gabun  (ga-bon').     See  Eoiitto.  French. 

Gachard  (ga-shar'),  Louis  iProsper.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  12, 1800 :  died  at  Bmssels,  Dec.  24, 
1885.  A  Belgian  historian,  keeper  of  the  ar- 
chives of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium.  He  edited  the 
correspondence  of  William  the  Silent,  of  Philip  II.  on 
affairs  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  of  Margaret  of  Austria, 
duchess  of  Parma,  with  Philip  II.  He  wrote  "Retraite  el 
mort  de  Charles  V."(i8J4-55),  etc. 

Gad  (gad).  [Heb.,  •  fortune."]  1.  A  son  of  the 
patriarch  Jacob  by  Zilpah. —  2.  One  of  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  occupying  the  region 

418 


east  of  the  Jordan,  north  of  Reuben  and  south 
of  Manasseh. — 3.  A  Hebrew  prophet  and  chron- 
icler at  the  court  of  David. 

Gadabout  (gad'a-bout ' ),  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Gamck"s  play  ""The  Lying  Yalet." 

Gadames.     See  Ghada'mes. 

Gadara  (gad'a-ra).  [Gr.  TdSapa.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  the  Deeapolisin  Syria,  situ- 
atecl  about  7  miles  southeast  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee, 
probably  the  capital  of  Persea :  the  modem  vil- 
lage of  Vm  Keis.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Pompey.  Here 
are  remains  of  a  large  Roman  theater,  not  excavated  in  a 
hiU,  but  entirely  built  up  of  masoiu-y  on  vaulted  sub- 
structions and  in  good  preservation,  and  of  a  smaller  the- 
ater on  the  same  site. 

Gaddi(g!id'de),Agnolo  orAngelo.  Born  1333  : 
died  1396.  A  Florentine  painter,  son  of  Taddeo 
Gaddi.  His  best-known  works  are  the  frescos 
(scenes  from  the  life  of  Mary)  in  the  parish 
church  of  Prato.  "   , 

Gaddi, Gaddo.  Bornaboutl260: diedafterl333. 
A  Florentine  painter  and  mosaicist.  He  executed 
notable  works  in  mosaic  at  Rome  (on  the  facade  of  Santa 
Maria  Maggiore)  and  at  Florence  (over  the  chief  portal 
of  the  Duomo). 

Gaddi,  Taddeo.  Born  about  1300 .  died  at  Flor- 
ence, 13G6.  A  Florentine  painter  and  architect, 
son  of  Gaddo  Gaddi  and  pupil  of  Giotto.  Among 
his  chief  works  are  frescos  (scenes  from  the  life 
of  Mary)  in  Santa  Croce,  Florence. 

Gade  (gii'de),  Niels  Wilhelm.  Bornat  Copen- 
hagen, Oct.  22,  1817  :  died  there.  Dee.  22, 1890. 
A  noted  Danish  composer  and  conductor.  After 
1S4S  he  occupied  various  official  positions  (court  organist, 
etc.)  at  Copenhagen,  Among  his  works  are  seven  sym- 
phonies, five  overtures  (the  Ossian  overttu-e  was  crowned 
in  1841),  etc.  He  also  wrote  many  choral  and  solo  songs, 
and  a  number  of  solo  pieces  for  the  piano,  of  which 
"  Aquarellen,"a  series  of  musical  sketches,  and  the  "  Volks- 
tanze  "  are  the  best.    Grove. 

Gades  (ga'dez),  or  Gadeira  (ga-di'ra).     [L. 

Gadeg.Gr.Tadeipa  (pl.),r(irfo/)of,  orig.  Phen.,'in- 
closure.']  The  remotest  colony  of  the  Pieni- 
cians  in  the  west.  It  was  founded  about  1100  a  c.  be- 
yond Gibraltar  at  the  northwestern  extremityof  an  island, 
about  12  miles  long,  which  lies  off  the  western  coast  of 
Spain,  and  occupied  almost  exactly  the  same  site  as  the 
modem  Cadiz.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  the  western 
commerce  of  the  Phenicians,  and  contained  various  tem- 
ples of  the  Phenician  gods.    See  Cadiz. 

Gades  or  Cadiz,  which  has  kept  its  name  and  its  un- 
broken position  as  a  great  city  from  an  earlier  time  than 
any  other  city  in  Europe.        Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  35. 

Of  these  by  far  the  most  important  was  Gadeira.  This 
town  was  situated  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  an  isl- 
and, about  twelve  miles  long,  which  lies  off  the  western 
coast  of  Spain  a  little  outside  the  straits.  A  narrow  chan- 
nel, more  like  a  river  than  an  arm  of  the  sea,  and  now 
spanned  by  a  bridge,  separates  the  island  from  the  shore, 
expanding,  however,  towards  its  northern  end.  where  it 
forms  itself  into  a  land-locked  bay,  capable  of  containing 
all  the  navies  of  the  world.  Two  islets  lie  across  the 
mouth  of  the  channel  at  this  end,  and  elfectually  prevent 
the  entrance  of  the  long  rolling  waves  from  the' Atlantic. 
The  original  city  was  small,  and  enclosed  within  a  strong 
wall,  whence  the  name  "Gadir"  or  "Gadeira."  which 
meant  in  the  Phcenician  language  "an  enclosure  "or  "a 
fortified  place."  It  occupied  almost  exactly  the  site  of 
the  modern  Cadiz,  being  spread  over  the  northern  end  of 
the  island,  the  littK' islet  of  the  Trocadero,  and  ultimately 
over  a  portion  of  the  opposite  coast.  It  contained  temples 
of  El,  Melkarth,  and  Ashtoreth  or  .\start^. 

Bawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  67. 

Gadhels  (gad'elz).  [See  G«e/.]  That  branch 
of  the'  Celtic  race  which  comprises  the  Erse  of 
Ireland,  the  Gaels  of  Scotland,  and  the  Manx  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  as  distinguished  from  the  Cym- 
ric branch.  See  Cymrij.  Ireland  was  the  first  home 
of  the  Gadhelic  brancll,  whence  it  spread  to  Scotland  in 
the  6th  century — a  portion  of  the  branch,  under  the  name 
of  Scots,  having  then  settled  in  ArgjU.  The  Scots  ulti- 
mately became  thedominant  race,  the  Picts,  an  earlierand 
probably  a  Cymric  race,  being  lost  in  them. 

After  the  old  way  of  inventing  persons  to  explain  the 
names  of  tribes,  the  name  of  Gaedhel  was  derived  by  the 
ancient  Irish  clergy  from  a  Gaedhal  or  Gadelas  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  Moses,  His  father,  Niul,  had  married  a 
daughter  of  that  Pharaoh  who,  in  pursuit  (^the  Israelites, 
was  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea,  and  called  hw  Scota  because 
he  was  himself  a  Scythian.  Their  son  was  said  to  have 
been  called  Gaodbal  as  a  lover  of  learning,  from  gaoith, 
which  is  in  Irish  "learning,"  and  dil,  which  is  in  Irish 
"love."  MorUy,  English  Writers,  L  166. 


Gadiatch 

Gadiatch  (siid'yiifli)-  A  town  in  the  govprn- 
inent  of  Pnltowa,  Kussia,  situatoil  on  the  rivei-s 
Psicil  and  Gnm  al)Out  lat.  50°  L'li'  N.,  long.  34° 
E.     Population,  1U,1!78. 

Gaditanum  Fretum  (gad-i-ta'num  fi-o'tum). 
[L.,  '  strait  of  Cxades.'j  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Gadsden  (gadz'den),   Christopher.    Bora  at 

Charleston,  S.  C,  1724:  died  at  Charleston,  i^UR- 
2S,  ISOo.  An  American  patriot  and  Kevolution- 
ary  officer.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Colonial  Conp:ress 
which  met  at  New  York  in  1765 ;  was  a  nienibcr  of  the 
Continental  Congress  which  met  at  rhilatielphia  in  1774  ; 
was  made  a  colonel  in  tlie  militia  of  Suntti  Carolina  in 
1775  :  and  became  brigadier-Keniral  in  17711,  a  post  which 
he  resigned  in  1779.  As  lientenant-governor  of  South 
Carolina  he  signed  the  articles  of  capitulation  at  the  sur- 
render of  Charleston  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in  17tsO. 

Gadsden,  James.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
May  1.5, 1788 :  died  at  Charleston,  Dee.  26, 1858. 
An  American  politician  and  diplomatist,  };rand- 
soii  of  C.  Gailsden.  As  minister  to  Jlcxico  he 
negotiated  the  "Gadsden  Purchase  "(which  sec) 
in  1853. 

Gadsden  Purchase.  A  treaty  negotiated  Dec. 
30, 1853,  by  James  Gadsdcn,United  States  min- 
ister to  Me.'dco,  by  which  the  United  .States  ac- 
quired from  Mexico  a  tract  of  45,000  stpiare 
miles,  now  included  in  the  southern  part  of 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  for  $10,000,000. 

GadsMU  (gadz'hil).  A  hill  3  miles  northwest 
of  Kochester,  England,  on  the  road  to  Graves- 
eud.  It  commands  a  fine  view,  and  is  noted  as  the  place, 
in  Sliakspere'B  "1  Henry  IV.."  where  Falstaff  had  his  en- 
counter with  the  "men  in  buckram."  tiadshill.  one  of 
the  thieves,  ia  a  character  in  the  pbiy.  Tliere  is  an  inn 
there  called  the  F.alstaff  Inn.  Opposite  stands  Gadshill 
Place,  the  residence  of  Cliarles  Dickens  in  which  lie  died. 

Gaea  (je'a),  or  Ge  (je).  [Gr.  raia,  Tf/.]  In  Gi-eek 
mythology,  a  goddess,  the  personification  of  the 
earth.  According  to  Hesiod,  she  was  the  first-born  of 
Chaos  and  the  motlier  of  Uranus  and  Pontns.  By  I'raims 
she  was  the  motlier  of  Oceanus,  Cronus,  and  many  others. 
(See  Uranxis.)  Homer  makes  her  the  mother  of  F.rechtlieus 
and  Tithyus.    She  was  worshiped  at  Rome  as  Tellus. 

Gaedhals.     See  Gadheh. 

Gael  (gal).  [From  Gael.  Gaidhcal  (contr.  (!acl), 
Ir.  Gdiiidheal  (with  dh  now  silent),  Olr.  Goidcl, 
a  Gael,  foniierly  equiv.  also  to  'Irishman,'  W. 
(lu-i/ddel,  an  Irishman.]  A  Scottish  Highlander 
or  Olt. 

Gaesbeeck  (giis'bak),  Adriaan  van.  Born  at 
Lcyden:  died  there,  1650.     A  Dutch  genre  and 

jiortrait  painter,  a  follower  of  Gerard  Douw. 

Gaeta  (ga-a'tii).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta  in 
lat.  41°  12' N.,  long.  13°  35' E.:  the  ancient  Por- 
tusCaieta.  it  has  a  catliodral  and  an  ancient  tomb  (Torre 
d'Orlando),  and  is  noted  for  the  strength  of  its  frirtress. 
It  resist ed  the  'renlonic  invaders  in  tlie  middle  ages ;  was 
a  free  city,  and  then  passed  to  tlie  Normans;  liad  various 
sieges  :  was  taken  by  the  Anstrians  in  1707,  by  the  Span- 
iards and  Allies  in  1731,  and  liy  ilassi^-na  after  a  long  siegi; 
in  1806;  and  was  the  place  of  refuge  of  Pope  I'ius  IX. 
IStS-.W,  and  of  Francis  II.  of  Najdes  in  ISIIO.  It  sur- 
rendered t«  tlie  forces  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1801.  Popu- 
l.ation  (1'<8U),  (i,4:;9. 

Gaeta,  Gulf  of.  An  indentation  of  the  Medi- 
tei'ranean ,  situated  southwest  of  the  provi  nee  of 
Caserta,  Italy. 

Gaeta,  Moladi.     See  Formin. 

Gaetulia  (je-tu'li-ii).  In  ancient  ge(jgra]iliy,  the 
land  of  the  (in?tuli,  a  region  in  tiortlicrn  Africa, 
south  of  Mauretania  and  Niiinidia,  extending 
from  the  land  of  tlie  (iartimantes  westward  to 
the  Atlantic.  The  Gietulians  were  sulijocted 
to  liciiiian  rule  about  the  time  (pf  Clirist. 

Gagarin  (gii-gii'ren),  Alexander  Ivanovitch. 

Died  at  Kutais,  Transcaucasia,  Kussia,  Nov.  (i, 
1.S57.  A  Kussian  general,  distinguishcil  in  the 
('aucasus  and  in  the  Crimciin  war.  lie  was 
governor  of  Kutais  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Gagarin,  Ivan   Sergejewitch.     Born  at  St. 

P.tershurg  in  1M14:  iliod  at  Paris  in  1SS2.  A 
Kussian  .Icsuit  writer.  He  was  originally  a  diplo. 
matlst,  and  in  18:17  waa  secretary  of  the  embassy  at  Vienna 
and  at  Paris.  In  1343  he  embraced  Cath<dicism  and  en- 
tereii  the  order  of  .Jesuitii.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
"  jjUides  de  'niAilogie,  etc. "(1867:  a  Journal  merged  in 
"Ktudcs  Kellgleuses,  etc.,"  1S6"2).  He  wrote  "  Les  staro- 
vt^res.  IVgliso  ruasc,  et  le  nape"(18r>7),  "I.a  Kussle^scra-t- 
elle  eathidique?  "(1867),"  l.ca  hyinncs  do  I'dgllso  Krocqiio  " 
(18(18). 

Gage  fgaj),  Lyman  Judson.  Born  at  Demy- 
ter,  N.  Y.,  June  2H,  lK3li.  An  American  liniin- 
cier.  He  was  i»resident  of  the  Civic  Federation  of 
Chicago  and  of  the  Cldeago  Exposition  Coniiumy  ;  baa 
been  three  times  |)rceident  of  the  American  Hankers'  As- 
sociation, and  In  181)1  became  president  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Hank  n(  Chicago.  He  was  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
1897-11101,  IWI^O'i. 

Gage,  Thomas.  Born,  pidlmlily  in  Surrey, 
iiliiiul  l.')!M>;  iliod  ill  Jamaica.  l(i:'>6.  An  Eng- 
lish missioiiarv  and  autliiu-.     11.  J.ihuil  the  Dcirnlni- 


419 

cans  in  Spain,  and  from  1625  to  VS~  was  a  missionary  in 
.Mexico  and  Guatemala.  Iteturning,  he  renounced  Homan 
Catliolicism  in  1B40,  and  became  ii  Protestant  preaclier  in 
England.  In  IfHS  he  published  his  "English  American, 
or  New  Survey  of  the  West  Indies,"  descrlliing  bis  travels 
in  America.  He  pointed  out  that  the  rich  Spanish  colonies 
were  n*  arly  defenseless,  and  hi.s  account  soon  led  to  pri- 
vateering exjieditions  against  them.  Gage  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  squadron  sent  under  Venables  and  I'enn 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  died. 
Gage,  Thomas.  Born  in  1721:  died  April  2, 
1787.  A  British  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1741;  served  in  the  expeditions  under  I'.raddock  against 
Fort  Duquesne  in  1766, under  AbercromlMe  against  Ticonde- 
rogain  n.'.s,  andunder  Amherst  against  .Montreal  in  1700; 
was  commander-in-chief  in  North  America  (with  head- 
quai'ters  at  New  York)  17(>;f-72  ;  was  appointed  governor- 
in-chief  and  captain-general  of  the  province  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  (with  headquarters  at  Boston)  in  1774  ;  was  made 
commander-in-chief  in  North  America  in  1775;  and  re- 
turned to  England  in  1776.  He  was  promoted  general  in 
1782.  During  bis  governorship  occurred  the  battles  of 
Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill. 

Gagern  (gil'gern),  Hans  Christoph  Ernst, 

Baron  von.  Born  at  Kleiuniedesheim,  U(>ar 
Worms,  Hesse-Diirmstadt,  Jan.  25, 1706:  died  at 
Hornau,nearHochst,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Oct. 22, 
18:52.  A  German  politician  and  diplomatist  (in 
the  .service  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands),  and 
political  writer.  His  works  include  "Die  Eesultate 
der  Sitt.iigis.-liiehte  "  (1808-22),  "  Die  Nationalgeschichte 
der  Hints,  hrn  "  (l825-2«),  etc. 

Gagern,  Heinrich  Wilhelm  August,  Btu-on 

von.  Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  Aug.  20, 
1799:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Giermany,  May  22, 
1880.  A  German  statesman,  son  of  H.  C.  E. 
von  Gagern.  Ho  was  president  of  the  Frankfort  Par- 
liament in  1848,  and  juesident  of  the  imperial  ministry 
Dec,  lS48,-May,  1848. 
Gaguin  (gil-gau'),  Robert.  Bom  at  Calonne- 
sur-le-Lys  about  1425:  died  near  Nieppc,  July 
22,  1502.  A  French  chronicler.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  in  the  Vniversityof  Paris  in  1463,  and 
was  employed  in  diplomatic  missions  by  Louis  XI..  Charles 
VIII. ,  and  Louis  XII.  Author  of  "Compendium  supra 
Fnincorum  Gestis,  a  Pharamundo  usque  ad  annum  1491 " 
(Paris,  1497). 

Gahanbar  (ge-hen-bar' ).  [Pers. ,  properly '  pe- 
riod of  time  or  times.']  One  of  the  six  season 
festivals  held  on  the  45th,  105th,  180th,  210th, 
290th,  and  365tli  days  of  the  Parseo  year,  which 
commences  now  on  Sept.  20  according  to  In- 
dian Parsee  reckoning,  on  Aug.  21  according 

,to  Persian  reckoning,  but  retrogrades  one  day 
every  leap-year.  These  periods,  originidly  the  six  sea- 
sons of  the  year,  came  to  represent  in  later  times  the  six 
jHri  ioda  of  creation. 

Gaheris  (ga'her-is).  In  Arthurian  romance,  the 
son  of  Morganse,  the  sister  of  King  Arthur.  He 
killed  his  mother  for  adultery. 

Gahs  (gii-hz).  [Pers.  (jaU,  time.]  Prayers  (five 
in  number)  of  tho  Parsee  liturgy  wliich  are  of- 
fered to  the  several  angels  who  preside  over  the 
five  watches  into  which  tho  day  and  night  are 
divided  (6  to  10  A.  M.,  10  A.  M.'fo  3  P.  si.,  3  to 
6  P.  M.,C  to  12  m.,  12  M.  to  6  a.  m.).  These 
prayers  must  bo  recited  every  day  at  their  re- 
spective times. 

Gaiam  (gi'am).  The  lifth-m:ignitude  star  u 
Herculis,  in  the  club  of  the  giiint:  sometimes 
written  Gniani. 

Gaiety  Theatre,  The.  A  London  theater  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  the  Strand.  It  was 
opened  in  1868,  and  in  it  opera  bouflfe  was  "ac- 
climatized "  in  England. 

Gaikwar's,  or  Gaekwar's,  Dominions.    See 

HiirniUt. 

Gail   (gril  or  giiy),  Madame   (Edme   Sophie 

Garre).  Bom  at  Melun,  Pninco.  Aug.  2S,  1775: 
died  at  Paris,  July  24,  1819.  A  French  com- 
))Oser  of  comic  operas,  wife  of  J.  B.  Gail,  she 
wrote  "Mademoiselle  de  Ijiunay  Ji  la  Bastille"  (18l;l), 
"Angela"  {1814:  In  collaboration  with  lloleldieu),  "La 
Serd-naile  "  (1318),  etc. 
Gail,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Ptiris,  July  4, 
17.55:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  .5,  1829.  A  noted 
French  Hellenist,  a  prolilie  writer  of  transhi- 
lions  from  the  Greek  and  of  grammatical  lunl 
critical  works. 

Gailenreuther  H6hle  (L'i'len-roi-ter  h^'le).   A 

rnmoiis  i-;ivcrii  no;ir  Muggcndorf,  in  Upper 
Fnmconiii,  Bavariii,  contiiiiiing  fossil  bones  of 
variinis  wild  animals :  liunian  bonos  and  pot- 
sherils  have  also  been  found  lliere. 

Gaillac  (gii-yiik')  A  lown  in  the  department 
c^f  T;nn,  France,  situated  on  the  'rnrn  in  hil. 
43°  :55'  N..  long.  1°  54'  E.  It  is  nided  for  its 
red  and  white  wines.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 7,709. 

Gaillard  (ga-yiir').  Chateau.     See  Chdtfau 

Giiillard. 

Gaillard,  Gabriel  Henri.    Bom  at  Ostel,  near 

Soissons,  France.  Mari'h  2(i.  1726:  ciieil  nt  SI. 
Firmin,  near  Chant  illv,  France,  Feb.  13,  1800. 


Gaius 

A  French  historian.  Hisworks  include  "Histoirede 
Francois  h-',  etc."  (1766).  "llistoire  de  la  rivalitt-  de  la 
France  etde  PAiiglcterrc" (1771-77),  "  Histoirede  Charle- 
magne "  (1782).  "  Histoire  de  la  rivalitt  de  la  France  et  do 

l'i;sp:ignc  "  (1801),  etc. 

Gaillon  (gii-you').  A  small  town  in  tho  de- 
partment of  Kure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  22  miles  southeast  of  Kouen.  A  ch&teau 
here  was  a  favorite  residence  of  Francis  I. 

Gainas  (ga'nas).  Dieil  in  41)0  a.  D.  A  West- 
Gothiegeueral  inthe  Komanservice.  Ueacquircd 
distinction  in  the  war  against  Arbogast  in  S94.  He  was 
a  p:irtizan  of  Stilicbo,  who,  on  the  death  of  Theoilosius  the 
Gre;it,  and  the  division  of  the  empire  between  Arcadius  and 
llonorius,  became  regent  for  the  Western  Empire,  while 
Ilnhnns  became  regent  for  the  Eastern.  He  procured  the 
murder  of  the  latter  at  Const:intinople  Nov.  27,  39."t.  Hav- 
ing lieen  sent  to  subdue  a  rebellion  of  the  East  GothB 
whom  Tlieodosius  had  colonized  in  Asia  Minor,  he  formed 
a  coalition  with  their  leader,  Tribigild,  and  marched 
against  Constantinople  in  399.  He  was  admitted  into  the 
capital ;  but  as  his  demand  for  freedom  of  worship  for  the 
Arian  Goths  provoked  a  massacre  by  the  Catholics,  he  was 
(diliged  to  withdraw  to  Thrace.  lie  was  defeated  and 
killed  by  the  Huns  in  4oO. 

Gaines  (gauz).  Edmund  Pendleton.    Born  in 

Culpeper  County,  Va..  Miircli  20.  1777:  died  at 
New  Orleans,  June  6,  1849.  An  American 
general.  He  participated  as  colonel  in  the  engagement 
at  Chrysler's  Field  Nov.  11,  1813,  and  as  brigadier-general 
sueee.s.-fully  defended  Fort  Erie  against  a  superior  force 
in  Aug  .  1814. 

Gaines's  Mill.  A  locality  in  Virginiii,  about  8 
miles  northeast  of  Richmond.  Here,  June  27, 1862, 
a  sanguinary  battle  was  fought  between  part  of  Lee's 
army  and  part  of  McClellan's.  The  loss  of  the  Federals 
was  6,837 :  that  of  the  Confederates,  as  rei>orted,  was  3,284, 
but  it  is  believed  to  have  been  at  least  7.000. 

Gainsborough  (gauz'bur-o).    A  town  and'river 
port  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Trent  15  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln.     Popu 
lation  (1891).  14,372. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas.  Born  at  Sudbury, 
Suffolk,  1727:  died  at  London,  Aug.  2,  1788. 
A  noted  English  painter,  son  of  a  wool  manu- 
facturer. He  went  to  London  in  his  fifteenth  year,  and 
studied  with  Gravelot,  an  engraver  and  teacher  of  draw- 
ing, and  also  at  St,  Martin's  Lane  Academy,  and  with 
Frank  Haynian,  In  1745  he  returned  to  Sudiniry.  where 
he  set  up  a  studio  as  portrait-painter.  He  soon  removed 
to  Ipswich,  remaining  there  till  1700,  when  he  went  to 
Bath.  At  the  foundation  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1768 
Gainsborough  was  one  of  the  original  .S6  members.  In 
1774  lie  left  Bath  for  London.  In  1779  he  was  at  the 
height  of  his  fame.  From  1769  to  1783  (except  1772-76)  he 
was  a  cfuistant  exhibitor  at  the  Itoyal  Academy,  He  sent 
nothing  to  the  exhibitions  after  that  ycai-,  owing  to  a  dis- 
agreement with  the  council.  He  painted  over  300  pic- 
tures, more  than  220  being  portniits.  In  the  National 
Gallery  arc  his  "Musidora,"  "The  Market  Cart,"  "The 
Watering  Place."  "Gainsborough's  Forest,"  etc,  and  five 
portraits,  .one  of  them  being  Sirs,  Siddons.  There  are 
five  of  his  portraits  in  the  Dulwich  Gallery,  and  others 
also  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  at  Hampton  Court, 
at  Buckingham  Palace,  and  at  Grosvenor  House,  where  is 
the  celebrated  "  Blue  Boy,"  a  portrait  of  Master  ButtjUI.. 
"Gainsborough  i>robably  painted  more  than  one  'Blue 
Boy,'  and  there  are  many  copies,  but  the  picture  belong- 
ing to  the  Dnke  of  Westminster  tin  the  tJrosvenor  Gallery] 
is  the  most  famous  of  those  to  which  the  ntinie  has  been 
given,"  (IJift.  \at,  liiuf/.)  He  painted  George  III.  eight 
times.  The  famous  portrait  of  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire 
was  paiuteil  in  1783,  The  "Girl  with  Pigs"  (1782)  was 
cliae 
.'S  ol 
burgh,  etc. 


purchased  by  l^ir  Joshua  Reynphis.    There  arc  also  pic- 
tures of  bis  in  the  galleries  of  Dublin,  Glasgow,  Edin- 


Gairdner  t  giird'n('r),  James.    Born  at  Edin- 

buigh.  March  22,  l.'^2><.  .\ii  English  historian. 
In  1846  he  received  an  appointmtnt  in  the  Public  Kecord 
Olliee,  London,  and  in  1869  became  assistant  ki'cper  of  the 
])Ub1ic  records.  He  edited  "Memorials  of  Henry  \'I1." 
(Ifolls  Series,  18.681,  "Letters  and  Papers  Illustrative  ot 
the  Helgns  of  Richard  III,  and  Henry  VII."  (Rolls  .Series, 
ISO]  (.:i),  "Three  Fifteenth-Century  Chronicles"  (1880X 
eight  \'olnniesof  the  "Letters  and  Papers  of  Henn' VIII." 
(1K80-1H3).  a  new  edition  of  the  "  Pastoii  Letters  "  (1872-76), 
etc,  ;  and  has  written  "  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  " 
(1874),  "Life  and  Reign  of  Richard  III."  (1878X  "Henry 
VII,    (in  "Iwelve  English  Statesmen,'  1889),  etc. 

Gairloch  (grir'loch).  A  small  arm  of  the  sea 
on  the  western  eotist  of  Koss-sliire,  Scolland. 

Gais  (gis).  A  luallh-resort  in  the  canlon  of 
Appenzell,  Switzerland,  6  miles  soulheasl  of 

St. -Gall. 

Gaisford  (grc/'ford).  Thomas.    Bom  at  Iford, 

Willshire,  Dec.  22, 1779:  died  at  Oxford,  June  2, 
18.5,5.  An  English  scholar.  He  sludbil  nt  Christ 
Church,  OxfortI,  where  he  was  appointeii  reglus  professor 
of  Greek  In  ISI2  and  dean  in  18,11,  He  editeil  '■  llephics 
thmlsEnehlri<MondeMetrls."«ith"Pnicllchre»tonialhla  " 
(IS10\  "Herodotus  cum  nolis.varlorunr' (1821),  "  .Suldic 
l.ixiecin"(is:i4X  etc. 

Gaissin  Igii'e-sen),  or  Haissin  (hii'e-sen).  A 
town  in  the  governnient  of  Podolia,  Kussia, 
sittiated  on  the  river  S.ili  in  lat.  48° 48' N.,  long. 
29°  25'  E.     Population  (18.K8),  9,096. 

Gaius  (ga'yui"),  or  Caius(kii',vu8).  [L.,  prop. 
(.'(/(H,s-,in  Gr.  form  roiof.  sometimes roiof.]  Born 
about  110  A.  D. :  died  aboiil  180.  A  celebrated 
Konuui  jurist,  a  native,  probably,  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  empire.   Uewas,  forlhcgreaterpartof  hla 


Gaius 

life,  a  teacher  and  writer  in  Rome.  He  wrote  numerous 
works  on  the  civil  law,  the  most  noted  being  seven  books  of 
"Aurea"  ("Rerum  Quotidianarum  Libri  VII.")  and  four 
books  of  "Institutiones,"  a  favorite  manual  and  the  foun- 
dation of  Justinian's  "Institutes."  A  manuscript  (paliuip- 
aest  on  which  the  "'Letters"  of  St,  Jerome  had  been  writ- 
ten :  in  some  parts  the  parchment  had  been  twice  used, 
after  the  origrinal  writing  had  been  erased)  of  the  "Insti- 
tutiones  "  was  found  by  Niebuhr  at  Verona  in  1S16.  It 
was  edited  by  Goscheu'{lS20). 

Galabat  (ga-la-biit').  Aregionin  eastern  Africa, 
11  oar  the  -western  border  ot'  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 
i::i^  N..  long.  36°  E. 

Galacz.     See  Galafz, 

Galahad  {gal'a-had).  Sir,  The  noblest  and 
purest  knight  of  the  Round  Table.  The  char- 
acter was  invented  by  Walter  Map  in  the 
'*  Quest  of  the  Graal." 

Sir  Galahad.  Map's  ideal  knight,  was  the  son  of  his 
L'Ancelot  and  Elaine.  The  son  and  namesake  of  Joseph 
of  Arimathea,  bishop  Joseph,  to  whom  the  Holy  Dish  was 
bequeathed,  first  institutt-d  theOrderof  the  Round  Table. 
The  initiated  at  their  festivals  sat  as  apostle  knights  round 
the  table,  with  the  Iloly  Graal  in  the  midst,  leaving  one 
seat  vacant  as  that  which  the  Lord  had  occupied,  and 
which  was  reserved  for  a  descendant  of  Joseph,  named 
Galahad  Whatever  man  else  attempted  to  sit  in  the  place 
of  Galahad  the  earth  swallowed.  It  was  called  therefore 
the  Siege  (seat)  Perilous.  When  men  became  sinful,  the 
Holy  Graal,  visible  only  to  pure  eyes,  disappeared.  On 
its  recovery  depended  the  honour  and  peace  of  England, 
but  only  Sir  Galahad,  who  at  the  appointed  time  w.as 
brought  to  the  knights  by  a  mysterious  old  man  clothed 
in  white,  and  placed  in  the  Siege  Perilous  —  only  the  pure 
Sir  Galahad  succeeded  in  the  quest. 

Morley,  English  "Writers,  III.  142. 

Galaor  {gal'a-6r).  The  brother  of  Amadis  de 
Gaul.     See  Amadis. 

Galapagos  (gal-a-pa'gos  or  ga-la'pa-gos)  Isl- 
ands. ['Tortoise  Islands.']  A  group  of  vol- 
canic islands  in  the  Pacific,  west  of  Ecuador, 
situated  near  the  equator  in  lon^.  89°- 92°  W. 
Of  the  10  principal  islands  Albemarle  is  the  lai^est.  They 
were  formerly  noted  for  tortoises  (Sp,  galdpagos),  and  are 
remarkable  for  peculiarities  of  the  fauna  and  flora.  They 
have  been  in  possession  of  Ecuador  since  1832.  They  were 
investigated  by  Darwin  in  his  voyage  in  the  Beagle.  Area, 
2,490  square  miles.     Population,  about  200. 

Galapas  (gal'a-pas).  A  giant  slain  by  Arthur. 
Arthur  first  cut  his  legs  off  in  order  to  reach  his  head,  and 
then  smote  that  otf  too.     Malory. 

Galashiels  (gal-a-shelz').  A  parliamentary 
biu-gh  partly  in  Selkirkshire  and  partly  in  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Gala,  27 
miles  southeast  of  Edinbiu*gh,  near  Abbots- 
ford:  noted  for  woolen  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  17,249. 

Galata  (ga'la-ta).  A  section  of  Constantinople, 
situated  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  opposite  Seraglio  Point,  it  is  the  seat  of 
important  commercial  establishments,  and  contains  a  re- 
markable tower.  It  was  founded  by  the  Genoese  in  1216. 
On  the  right  of  the  Golden  Horn  is  the  European  quar- 
ter, known  as  Galata  near  the  water's  edge,  and  as  Pera  on 

•  the  top  of  the  steep  hill  where  the  European  colony  has 

its  houses  and  the  embassies  their  town  palaces.     Galata 

is  the  mercantile  and  shipping  quarter;  Pera  is  the  West 

End  of  Constantinople  in  all  but  the  points  of  the  compass. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  262. 

Galatea  (gal-a-te'a).  [Gr.  Va/.aT^ia.']  1.  In 
Greek  mytholog%',  a  sea-nymph,  the  daughter 
of  Nereus  and  Doris,  SeeJm,^2.  A  charac- 
ter in  Vergil's  third  eclogue.  She  hid  herself 
among  the  Allows  in  order  to  be  followed.  In 
literature,a  type  of  coquetry. — 3.  A  statue  ani- 
mated by  Venus  in  answer  to  the  prayer  of  Pyg- 
malion. She  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  legend 
of  Acis  and  Galatea.  See  Pygmalion  and  Gal- 
atea. 

Galatea.  1.  A  prose  pastoral  with  l^-rics,  by 
Cervantes,  said  to  have  been  inspired  by  the 
lady  who  afterward  became  his  wife.  It  was 
■written  about  ir>83.  A  second  part  was  prom- 
ised, but  was  not  written. 

Like  other  works  of  the  same  sort,  the  Galatea  [of  Cer- 
vantesj  ia  founded  on  an  affectation  which  can  never  be 
successful,  and  which,  in  this  particular  instance,  from 
the  unwise  accumulation  and  involution  of  the  stories  in 
its  fable,  from  the  conceited  metaphysics  with  which  it  is 
disfigured,  and  from  the  puor  poetry  profusely  scattered 
through  it.  is  more  than  usually  unfortunate.  Perhaps  no 
one  of  the  many  pastoral  tales  produced  in  Spain  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  fails  so  much  in  the 
tone  it  should  maintain.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  XL  99. 

2.  A  play  by  John  Lyly.  printed  in  1592. —  3. 
A  romantic  pastoral  by  Florian,  imitated  from 
Cervantes,  published  in  1783. 
Galatea.  A  steel  cutter  yacht  designed  by 
J.  Beavor-Webb  and  launched  at  Port  Glas- 
gow, May,  1885.  Her  dimensions  are  :  length  over  all, 
102.60  feet;  length  at  load  water-line,  8t>.80 ;  beam.  15; 
beam  Ooad  wat«r-line),  15;  draught,  13.50;  displacement, 
157.63  tons.  She  challenged  for  the  America's  cup.  and 
was  beaten  by  the  Mayflower  in  two  races,  Sept.  7  and 
Sept.  9.  1886. 

Galatea,  Triumph  of.    A  famous  fresco  by 

Raphael  (1-'>14^.  in  the  Villa  Farnesina.  Rome. 
Galatea,  lightly  draped,  is  drawn  over  the  tranquil  sea  by 


420 

dolphins,  attended  by  nymphs  and  sea-gods.  Cupids  in 
the  air  above  are  piercing  with  their  arrows  members  of 
her  ti-ain. 

Galatee  (gii-la-ta').  [F.,  'Galatea.']  An  opera 
by  Mass^,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  1852, 
This  is  the  story  of  Pygmalion  and  Galatea. 

Galatia  (ga-la'shia).  [L.  Galatia,  Gr.  Fa/ar/a, 
considered  to  be  ult.  connected  with  Gallia, 
Gaul.]  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a  di\ision  of 
Asia  Minor,  lying  between  Bithynia  and  Paphla- 
gonia  on  the  north,  Pontus  on  the  east,  Cappa- 
doeia  and  Lyeaonia  on  the  south,  and  Phrygia 
on  the  west:  formerly  a  part  of  Plm-gia.  it  was 
conquered  and  settled  by'^a  confederation  of  Gallic  tribes 
in  the  od  century  B.  c,  and  was  made  a  Roman  province 
in  25  B.  c.  Theodosius  subdivided  it  into  Galatia  Prima 
and  Galatia  Secunda. 

2.  A  name  of  Gaul:  called  specifically  Celtic 
or  BoiiUDt  Galatia. 

Galatians  (ga-la'shianz),  Epistle  to  the.  One 
of  the  epistles  of  tli'e  apostle  Paul,  written  to 
the  Galatian  chiu-ches  probably  about  a.  d.  56. 
Its  chief  contents  are  a  vindication  of  Paul's  authority  as 
an  apostle,  a  plea  for  the  principle  of  justification  by 
faith,  and  a  concluding  exhortation. 

Galatina  (ga-la-te'na).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecee,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  14  miles 
south  of  Lecce. 

Galatz  (ga'lats),  or  Galacz  (ga'lach).  A  city 
and  river  port  in  Moldavia.  Rumania,  situated 

.  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  26'  X.,  long.  28°  3' 
E.  It  is  an  important  export  place  for  grain,  etc.,  and 
was  made  the  seat  of  the  Danubian  Commission  in  1856. 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  various  conflicts  between  the 
Tui'ks  and  Russians.  It  was  a  free  port  until  1S83.  Popu- 
lation (1^9),  59,143. 

Gala  Water  (ga'la  wa'ter).  A  small  river  in 
southeastern  Scotland,  joining  the  Tweed  near 
Abbotsford. 

Galba  (gal'ba),  Servius  Sulpicius.  Bom  Dec. 
24,  3  B.  c. :  died  at  Rome,  Jau.  15.  a.  d.  69.  A 
Roman  emperor.  He  became  pretor  in  20  and  consul 
in  33 ;  can'ied  on  a  war  m  Gaul  ngainst  the  Germans  in 
39;  and  became  governor  of  Africa  in  45,  and  governor  of 
Hispania  Tarracouensis  in  61.  In  iS,  learning  that  Xero 
had  given  secret  orders  for  his  assassination,  he  joined 
the  insurrection  of  C  Julius  Vindex,  and  was  proclaimed 
emperor.  Vindex  was  defeated,  and  killed  himself,  but 
Galba  ascended  the  throne  in  consequence  of  a  revolt  in 
his  favor  of  the  pretorians  at  Kome.  His  refusal  of  the 
donatives  which  had  been  promised  in  his  name,  and  his 
adoption  of  Piso  Licinianus  as  his  successor  instead  of 
Salvius  Otho  who  had  hoped  to  be  appointed,  provoked 
a  revolt  among  the  pretonans  which  resulted  in  his  as- 
sassination and  the  elevation  of  Otho. 

Gale  (gal),  Roger.  Born  1672:  died  June  25, 
1744.  An  English  antiquary,  son  of  Thomas 
Gale,  dean  of  York. 

Gale,  TheopMllls.  Bom  at  King^s  Teignton, 
Devonshire,  England,  1628 :  died  at  Newing- 
ton,  Loudon,  in  Feb.  or  March,  1678.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine.  He  was  appointed  preach- 
er in  Winchester  cathedral  in  1657  ;  was  deprived  of  this 
preferment  on  the  Restoration  in  1660;  and  in  1677  be- 
came pastor  of  an  Independent  congregation  at  Holborn. 
His  chief  work  is  'The  Court  of  the  Gentiles,  or  a  Dis- 
course teaching  the  Original  of  Humane  Literature  " 
(1669-77). 

Gale,  Thomas.  Born  at  Scmton.  Yorkshire, 
England,  in  1635  or  1636 :  died  at  York,  April 
7  or  8,  1702.  An  English  classical  scholar  and 
antiquary.  He  was  regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Cam- 
bridge lt;66-72  ;  was  hish  master  of  St.  Paul's  School  1672- 
1697 ;  and  was  dean  of  York  from  16;»7  until  his  death.  He 
edited  "Opusculamythologica,  ethicaet  physica  "(lt>71?). 
"Historiae  anglican»  scriptores  quinque  ex  vetustis 
codicibus  MSS.  nunc  primum  in  lucem  editi  "  (lti87). 

Galeazzo.     See  Sfor~a  and  Viscotiti. 

Galen  (ga'len)  (Claudius  Galenus).  [Or.  Va'/.Tj- 

ror.]  Born  at  Pergamum,Mysia.  about  130  a.  d. 
A  celebrated  Greek  physician  and  philosophical 
writer,  long  the  supreme  authority  in  medical 
science.  He  traveled  in  various  countries  (studying  iu 
SmjTna,  Alexandria,  and  elsewhere),  visited  Kome  164- 
168,  and  returned  there  170,  remaining  for  a  number  of 
years.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in  Sicily.  He  composed  a 
large  number  (about  500)  of  works  on  medicine,  logic,  etc., 
of  which  83  genuine  treatises  and  some  others  regarded  as 
doubtful  have  been  preser\'ed. 

Galen  (ga'len),  Christoph  Bernhard  von. 
Bom  at  Bispink,Westphalia.  Oct.  1^),  1600 :  died 
at  Ahaus,  Westphalia,  Sept.  19,  1678.  A  Ger- 
man prelate  and  commander,  elected  prince- 
bishop  of  Miinster  in  1650. 

Galena  (ga-le'na).  [From  L.  (yfl/cMfl^  lead  ore.] 
A  city  and  the  capital  of  Jo  Daviess  County, 
northwestern  Dlinois,  situated  on  the  Galena 
River  14  miles  southeast  of  Dubuque  :  the  cen- 
ter of  a  lead-mining  region.  Poptilation  (1900), 
5.005. 

Galenists  (ga'len-ists).  In  medicine,  the  fol- 
lowers of  Galen. 

Galenists  (ga'len-ists).  A  Mennonite  sect 
founded  in  1664  by  Galen  Abraham  de  Haau.  a 
physician  and  preacher  of  Amsterdam,  eonsti- 


Galilee 

tuting  the   Arminian  di\'ision  of  the  Watep 
landers. 

Galeotto  (ga'la -of  to),  Principe.  A  name 
given  to  Boccaccio's  '*Decameron."  See  the 
extract. 

It  is  styled  Decameron  from  ten  days  having  been  occu- 
pied in  the  relation  of  the  tales,  and  is  also  entitled  Prin- 
cipe Galeotto,— an  appellation  which  the  deputies  ap- 
pointed  for  correction  of  the  Decameron  consider  as  derived 
from  the 5th  canto  (v.  137;  of  Dante's  "Inferno,"—  Galeotto 
being  the  name  of  that  seductive  book  which  was  read  bv 
Paulo  and  Francesca :  "  Galeotto  fu  11  libro  e  chi  lo  scrisse." 
Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  oL 

Galerins  (ga-le'ri-ns),  in  full  Galerius  Vale- 
rius Maximinus.  Born  near  Sardica,  Dacia: 
died  311a,  D.  A  Roman  emperor.  Hewascreated 
Ciesar  in  293 ;  was  defeated  by  the  Persians  in  296,  and  de- 
feated them  in  297 ;  and  succeeded  Diocletian  as  Augustus 
in  the  East  in  305.  He  is  said  to  have  induced  Diocletian 
to  order  the  persecution  of  the  Christians  which  began  in 
his  reign,  but  joined  with  Constantine  and  Licinius  in  pub- 
lishing an  edict  of  toleration  fi'om  Nicomedia  in  311. 

Galesburg  (galz'berg).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Knox  County,  Illinois,  in  lat*.  40°  55'  N.,  long. 
90°  25'  W.:  the  seat  of  Knox  College  (non-sec- 
tarian) and  Lombard  Universitv  (Universalist). 
Population  (1900),  18.tl07. 

Gall  (ga'le),  Francisco.  Bom  in  Seville,  1539: 
died  at  Mexico  City.  1591.  A  Spanish  navigator. 
Employed  by  the  viceroy  of  Mexico  to  find  a  harbor  where 
ships  might  take  shelterin  coming  from  the  Philippines,  he 
explored  the  coast  of  California  and  entered  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco  in  1584. 

Galiani  (ga-le-a'ne),  Fernando,  Abbe.  Bom  at 
Chieti,  Italy,  Dee.  2,1728:  died  at  Naples,  Oct. 
30,  1787.  A  noted  Italian  political  economist, 
author  of  ^'  Dialogues  sur  le  commerce  des 
bles"  (1770),  *'Traite  sur  les  monnaies"  (1750), 
etc. 

Galibis  (ga'le-bez).  In  French  Guiana,  the 
CaribSjOr  a  race  closely  related  to  the  Caribs.  of 
British  Guiana.  French  ethnologists  use  the  name 
Galibi  for  the  Caribs  of  the  continent  as  distinguished 
from  those  of  the  West  Indian  Islands.     See  Caribs. 

Galicia(ga-liyh'ia;  8p.  pron.  ga-le'the-a).  [L. 
GaUsecia,  from  Gallaeci,  also  Callseci,  a  Celtic 
tribe.]  An  ancient  province  and  captaincy- 
general  in  northwestern  Spain,  it  is  bounded  by 
the  ocean  on  the  north  and  west,  Asturias  and  Leon  on  the 
east,  aud  Portugal  on  the  soutli,  and  comprises  tlie  modem 
provinces  of  Coruiia,  Lugo.  Orense,  and  Pontevedra.  It 
belonged  to  the  Suevi  in  the  5lh  and  6th  centuries ;  later 
it  was  part  of  the  Gothic  kingdom,  and  then  it  fell  to  the 
Moors.  It  became  a  dependency  of  Leon,  and  thencefor- 
ward followed  the  fortunes  of  Leon  and  Castile,  except 
about  106r>-73,  when  it  was  an  independent  kingdom. 

Galicia  (ga-lish'ia).  [G.  Galizien,  Pol.  Halicz.'] 
A  crownlaud  of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Aus- 
tria-Hungary. Capital,  Lemberg.  it  comprises 
the  titular  kingdoms  of  Galicia  and  Lodomeria,  the  grand 
duchy  of  Cracow,  and  the  duchies  of  Auschwitz  and  Zator. 
It  is  bounded  by  Russia,  (partly  separated  by  the  Vistula) 
on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  east,  Bakowina  on  the  south- 
east, Hungary  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  south- 
west and  south,  and  Austrian  Silesia  and  Prussia  on  the 
northwest.  The  Carpathians  occupy  the  south ;  in  the 
north  and  east  are  plains.  Galicia  belongs  mostly  to  the  ba- 
sins of  the  Vistula  and  Dniester.  It  produces  grain  aud 
timber  in  large  quantities,  and  there  are  petroleum-,  coal-, 
iron-, lead-,  zinc-. andsalt-mines- It  sendsTS representatives 
to  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  has  a  Dit  t  of  151  members. 
The  inhabitants  are  largely  Slavs — Poles  in  the  west,  Ru- 
thenians  in  the  east  —  but  over  10  per  cent,  are  Jews,  and 
there  are  liX),000  Germans.  The  religions  are  the  Roman 
Catholic  and  Greek.  The  principalities  of  Halicz  and 
Vladimir  (Galicia  and  Lodomeria)  became  prominent  in 
the  12th  centurj',  and  were  involved  in  the  affairs  of 
Hungary,  Poland,  and  Russia.  Galicia  was  acquired  by 
Poland  in  the  14th  centurj',  and  by  Austria  in  1772.  The 
republic  of  Cracow  was  formed  in  1S15  and  suppressed  in 
1&46.  Galicia  was  the  scene  of  a  bloody  insurrection  of 
the  peasantry  against  the  Polish  nobility  in  1S46.  Area, 
30.307  square  miles.     Population  (1S90),  6,607.816. 

Galignani  (ga-len  -y  a '  n  e ) ,  Jolin  Anthony.  Bom 

at  London.  Oct.  13,  179G:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  31, 

1S73.  Galignani,  William.  Born  at  London, 
March  10,  179S:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  12,  1882. 
French  publishers.  Their  father,  Giovanni  Antonio 
( ialignani,  returned  to  Paris  shortly  after  179S,  and  in  IS'Jl 
he  started  a  monthly  which  soon  became  a  weekly  paper. 
In  1814  he  began  to  issue  guide-books,  and  started  *Ga 
lignani's  Messenger,"  which  circulated  widely  among  Eng- 
lish residents  on  the  Continent  The  sons  carried  on  the 
publishing  business  after  their  father's  death  in  1821,  and 
issued  reprints  of  many  En;j;lish  books.  In  1832  William 
was  naturalized,  Anthony  remaining  a  British  subject.  In 
1S52  their  reprints  were  stopped  by  the  copyright  treaty. 
They  were  liberal  contributors  to'  British  charities,  and 
built  a  hospital  at  Neuilly  for  indigent  English.  William 
left  money  and  a  site  at  Neuilly  to  build  the  Retraite  Ga- 
lignani Freres  for  a  hundred  printers,  booksellers,  etc., 
or  their  families.  Diet.  Nat,  Biog. 
Galilee  (gal'i-le).  In  the  Konian  period,  the 
northernmost  division  of  Palestine.  It  was 
bounded  by  Phenicia  and  Ccele-S\Tia  on  the  north,  the 
Jordan  valley  on  the  east,  Samaria  on  the  south,  and  the 
Mediterranean  and  Phenicia  on  the  wesjft  It  comprised 
Upper  Galilee  (in  the  north)  and  Lowe^Galilee  (in  the 
south),  and  corresponded  to  the  ancient  territories  oC 
Asher,  Naphtali,  Zebulon,  and  part  of  Issachar.  It  now 
belongs  to  Turkey. 


Galilee,  Sea  of 

Galilee,  Sea  of:  also  called  the  Lake  "r  Sea  of 
Gennesaret  or  of  Tiberias,  <>i-  Sea  of  Chin- 

nereth  or  Cllinnerotll.     A  lake  in  Palestine, 
intersected  by  hit.  32°  50'  N.,  Ions:.  3.')°  40'  E 


421 

9, 1758 :  died  at  Montrouge,  near  Paris,  Aug.  22, 
1S28.  A  German  physician,  the  founder  of 
phrenology.  His  chief  work  is  "Anatomie  et 
physiologi'e  du  syst^me  ncrveux"  (1810-20). 


d  traversed"  by  the  Jordan:  the  modern  Bahr  Galla  (giil'la).     An  African  people  living  be- 


Tabariyeh.  Its  length  is  about  13  miles;  its  greatest 
tirefldth,*6?  miles;  its  surface  is  t3«0  feet  below  that  of  tlie 
Mediterranean.  Its  shores  were  thickly  peopled  in  the 
time  of  Christ,  and  are  associated  with  many  events  in 
\r\v  Testament  history. 
Galilei  (gii-le-la'e),  Galileo,  generally  called 
Galileo  j(gal-i-le'6;  It.  pron.  ga-le-la'6).  Born 
at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.,  1564 :  died  at  Arcetri,  near 
Florence,  Jan.  8,  1642.  A  famous  Italian  pliys- 
ifist  and  astronomer.  He  w.as  descended  froni  a 
iinlile  but  impoverished  Florentine  family  ;  studietl  at  the 
fniversity  of  Pisa  (witliout  taking  a  degree)  15;->t-*0  ;  dis- 
covered the  isochronism  of  the  pendulum  in  15S3  and  the 
hydrostatic  balance  in  1586 ;  was  professor  of  mathe- 
niaties  at  Pisa  i:.S9-91,  and  at  Padua  1592-1611) ;  con. 
structed  a  thermometer  in  1597,  and  a  telescope  in  H>09 ; 
discovered  .lupiter's  satellites  in  1610 ;  removed  fn  Flor- 
ence in  1610 ;  remarked  the  sun's  spots  about  1010 ;  was 
summoned  to  Rome,  where  his  doctrines  were  condemned 
by  the  Pope  in  1616  ;  was  forced  by  the  Inquisition  to  ali- 
jnre  the  Copernican  theory  in  1633  ;  and  discovered  the 
moon's  lihration  in  1637.  His  chief  works  are  "  Dialogo 
ai  due  massimi  Sistenii "  ("  Dialogue  on  the  Two  Chief 
Systems,"  1632),  and  "Dialoghi  delle  Nuove  Scienze" 
(Hi.'is). 

Galimard  (ga-le-miir') 
Born  at  Paris,  March  2-5 
Jan.,  1880.     A  French  painter. 

Galin  (gii-lau'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Samatan, 
1786 :  died  at  Paris,  1822.  A  French  musician, 
teacher  of  mathematics  at  Bordeaux.  lie  was 
the  inventor  of  a  system  of  musical  instriictinn  named  by 
ijim  the  "niMoplaste."  develojied  later  by  .\inie  Paris  and 
Emile  Chev6,  and  now  called  the  Calin-Paris-Cheve  sys- 
tem. He  wrote  '*  Exposition  d'utie  nonvelle  methode 
d)onr  I'enseignement  de  la  musiciue  "  (Bordeaux.  1818),  etc- 
alion  fgal'i-on).  A  city  in  Crawford  County. 
<  >liio,  about  5.5  miles  north  of  Columbus.   Pop- 


tween  the  Somal  on  the  east  and  the  Berta  and 
Dinka  on  the  west,  and  from  Shoa  to  the  Sa- 
baki  Kivev.  They  are  called  Oalla  ('barbarians')  by  the 
Arabs ;  their  native  irame  is  Oromo  or  Ilmorna— tliat  is, 
'  men.'  In  race  they  are  mixed  Hamitiu  and  negro  ; 
in  language  and  customs  they  are  Uamitic.  In  religion 
tliey  are  Christian  in  the  northern  part,  Jloslera  in  the 
eastern,  and  pagan  in  the  western.  They  are  indepeudeiil, 
brave,  intelligent,  and  industrious.  Though  nlaled  to  the 
Somal.  and  even  more  so  to  the  -Massai.  they  live  in  enmity 
with  them.  The  royal  families  of  Uganda  and  Karagwe 
belong  to  the  Hunia  tribe  of  tlie  Galla  nation.  The  tialla 
are  subdivided  intoniany  tribes,  speaking  as  many  dialects, 
most  of  which  have  not  yet  been  studied.  Tiieir  govern- 
ment is  largely  republican,  and  they  have  no  slaves.  In 
the  16th  century  they  overran  Abyssinia,  where  some  of 
them  are  still  found.  The  Borani  tribe,  on  the  Renia,  is 
known  for  its  immerical  strength  and  bravery.  The  num- 
ber of  the  Galla  is  estimated  at  3.i)(ifl,iiO(i. 

Gallagher  (gal'a-ger).  William  Davis.    Bom 

.\iig.  21.  1808:  died  in  1S!I4.  .\n  .\merican 
poet  and  journalist.  He  was  associate  editor  of  tlu- 
Cincinnati  "Gazette"  from  18;i;i  to  18.50.  He  publisbid 
'•  The  Wreck  of  the  Hornet,"  "Errato  "(lKi.'>-:)7),  "  .Miami 
Woods,"  -A  Golden  «  ed  liiif:,  and  Otlur  Poems"  (1881). 

Nicolas   Auguste.  Gallait  (gii-hi'),  Louis.    Born  at  Tournai.  Bel- 
1813 :  died  at  Paris,     gium,  Jlay  10,  1810 :    died  at   Brussels,  Nov. 

20,  1887.     A  noted  Belgian  historical  painter. 

Among  hia  best  paintings  are  ".Abdication  of  Charles  V.," 

'■I'assvMU  Prison,"  "  Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,"  "Last 

Moments  of  Egmont." 

Galland  (gii-loh'),  Antoine.    Boi'n  at  Eollot, 


Galllpoli 

was  the  first  observer  of  the  planet  Xeptunc  (Sept.  28, 
1846).  guided  by  I.e  Verrier's  calculations.  In  1851  he  waa 
made  <liiectorof  the  observatory  at  Breslau  and  professor 
of  aslionomy.     In  1830-10  he  discovered  three  comeLs. 

Gallegos  (giil-ya'gos),  Jos6  Rafael  de.    Bom 

Oct.  30,  1785:  died  Aug.  15,  1851.  A  Costa 
Kican  statesman.  Hewaa  a  wealthy  proprietor,  and 
after  182'2  occupied  various  important  ottlcial  positions. 
Fiom  March,  183;i,  to  .March,  1&3.'.,  he  was  president  of  Costa 
Kica,  and  was  acting  president  May,  Is4.',,-June.  1846. 

Galletti  (giil-let'te),  Johann  Georg  August. 

Horn  at  Alteuburg.  Gvrniiiny.  .\iig.  10,  17.50: 
died  at  Got  ha,  Mai-cli  2t),  1X2S.  A  German  his- 
torical ^vriter,  professor  of  liistory  in  the  gjin- 
nasium  at  Gotha  1783-1819.  He  wrote  "Geschichte 
und  Beschreibung  des  Herzogtums  Gotha "  (1779-81), 
"Geschichte  Thuringens"  (1782-85),  "AUgenieiue  Welt- 
kunde"  (1807).  etc. 

Galli  (giil'le ).  Filippo,  Born  at  Rome  in  1783 : 
died  June  3.  Is.'iS.  A  noted  Italian  singer. 
His  voice  was  at  first  a  tenor,  anil  he  sang  with  great  suc- 
cess from  18t)6  to  1812.  About  this  time,  owing  to  a  seri- 
ous illness,  his  voice  changed  completely,  and  he  became 
one  of  the  tlrst  Italian  basses.    G'row;. 

Gallia  igiil'i-ii).     The  Latin  name  of  Gaul. 

Gallia  Belgl'ca.    See  BrUjim. 

Gallia  Lugdunensis.    See  Luiidiiiiennis. 

Gallia  Narbonensis.     See  Xarbonensis. 

Galliard  (giil-yar').  John  Ernest.  Bom  at 
Hannover  about  U).S7:  died  in  1749.  A  German 
composer  and  musician.  He  went  to  England  in 
1706.  He  composed  several  operas,  music  for  Rich's  pan- 
tomimes, a  Te  Deum,  a  Jubilate,  and  several  anthems, 
and  wrote  a  number  of  works  on  musical  subjects.  In 
1728  he  an-anged  Milton's  "  Morning  Hymn  of  Adam  and 
Eve  "  for  two  voices  as  a  cantata ;  this  w:is  afterward  en- 
larged by  Dr.  Henjainin  Cook. 


I. Iritiou  (1900).  7,282.                                        ^  Galland.  Pierre  Victor.  Bom  at  Geneva,  1822: 

Gahtch  (ga'heh).     A  town  m  the  governtnent  Xd  at  ParisTDec!  1   1892.     A  French  decora- 

o    Kostroma  Russia,  srt,.at..l  on  Lake  Gahch  ^.^^        .^^       '          ^,  ,,,„,„,     „,,,,„,  „,  decorative 

about  lat.  o8°  lo    N.,  long.  42°  40    E.     Popida-  ,,,t  ;„  the  Be.aux  Arts,  Paris ;  and  in  1S77  director  of  the 

tiou  (1.S88),  4,.i23.  Cobclins. 

Galitzin,  or  Gallitzin  (gii-let'sen),  or  Golit-  Galla  Placidia, 


near  Montdidier.  France,  April  4, 1040  :  died  at  Gallicum  Fretum  igal'i-kum  fre'tum).      [L., 
Paris,  Feb.  17,1715.     A  French  (Mentahst  and     -tlie  Gallic  Strait.']      The  ancient  name  of  the 
numismatist,  professor  of  Arabic  at  the  College     strait  of  Dover 
of  France  1709:  a  prolitic  wri 
for  his  translation  of  the 
Kntei'tainracnts  "  ( 1704-17) 


zyn,  Princess  (Amalie   von   Schmettau). 

Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  28,  174s :  died  at  A)igi'l- 
mode,  near  Jliinster.  Westphalia,  Aug.  24,  ISOG. 
Tlie  wife  of  Dmitri  Galitzin  (1738-1803),  a 
noted  atlherent  of  jiietism. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Dmitri.  Died  1738.  A  Russian 
diplomatist  and  statesman.  Hewasamemberof  the 
High  Council  which,  in  raising  Aima  Ivanovna,  duchess 
of  Courland,  to  the  throne  in  1730,  took  occasion  to  re- 
strict, by  a  cliarter,  tlie  sovereignty  of  the  crown  in  fa- 
vor of  the  nobles.  On  tlio  couji  d'etat  of  Anna  in  1731,  by 
which  the  charter  was  lepudiated,  lie  was  banished  to  his 
estates,  and  was  subsequently  imprisoned  in  the  fortress 
of  Sclilnsselburg,  wliere  he  died. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Dmitri  Alexeievitch.    Born 

Dec.  21,  1738:  died  at  Brunswick,  iTermany. 
March  21,  1803,  A  Russian  diplomatist  aiid 
scientific  writer.  lie  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
the  court  of  France  in  176:i.  and  in  1773aml)ass:idorlo  Tlie 
Hague.  He  correspomled  with  Voltaire  and  other  literary 
men  of  the  period,  and  was  the  autliorof  "  Description  phy- 
siciue  de  la  Tauride  relativement  aux  trois  regnes  de  la 
nature  "  (1788),  and  "  Traite  de  min(!ralogie,  ou  description 
altreg(^e  et  methodifjUe  ries  mineranx  "  (1792). 
Galitzin,  Prince  Mikhail.  Bom  Nov,  11,  1674: 
died  at  Moscow,  lleo,  21,  1730.  A  Russian 
general,  lirother  of  Dmitri  Galitzin  (died  173H), 
He  participated  in  tlie  victory  of  Peter  the  Great  over 
Charles  XII,  of  Sweden  at  Pultowa  in  1709,  and  coni|Uered 
Finland  from  Sweden  in  1714  :  this  itrovince  was  restored 
by  the  i[)eace  of  Nystadt  in  1721. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Nicolas  Borissovitch.    Died 

in  the  province  of  Kiirsk.  Russia,  lS(i5.  A  Rus- 
sian prince  and  musical  amateur.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Beethoven,  and  tliree  i|uartets  (((p.  127,  130, 
l;i2)  atid  an  overture  (Op.  124)  are  dedicatetl  to  him. 
Beethoven  was  able  Ut  get  from  the  prince  only  a  small 
jiart  of  tile  money  promised  f<ir  these  and  other  works. 
Galitzin,  I'rince  Vasili,  surnamed  "  The 
tireat."  Bom  1633:  died  in  nortliorii  Russia, 
March  13,1713.  A  Russian  commaiidorand  jioli- 
tician.  He  became  the  cfMltldential  ailviser  of  Feodor 
Alexeievitch,  by  whom  he  was  Intnuteil  with  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  army  In  11182.  He  wasprimi'  inlnislir  during 
the  regency  of  Sophia  for  Ivan  and  Peter.  He  concluded 
in  lt!86  a  treaty  with  Poland  by  wliieh  Russia  dehnitcly 
acquired  Smolensk,  Klcir,  and  other  importnnt  districts. 
Be  conducted  two  campaigns  against  the  Crimean  Tatars 
(16S7-88).  He  was  exiled  in  IIBII  for  complicity  In  the 
conspiracy  of  Sophia  against  Peter. 

Gall  (gill),  Saint  (Cellach,  or  Caillech).   Bom 

in  Ireland  about  .5.'il):  died  .■it  Sl.-(iall.  Swit/c-r- 
land,  about  (U5.     An  Iiisli  missionary,  apostle 
to  the  8ueuj  tind  the  Ahimanni,  a  jiupil  of  Co- 
Inmban.     ire  airompanied  Cidiimban  lo  Gaul  In  r*B  ff) 
labored  at  Arlion  Bregenz;  an<l  founded  fli 
St.  Gall  aliout  6i:i. 

Gall  (gal;  <i.  pron.  giil),  Franz  Joseph.   Born 
at  Tiefenbronn,  near  Pforzheim,  Baden,  March 


iter,  known  chietly  Qallieni  (giil-va-ne'),  Joseph  Simon.  Born  in 
Ai-abian  lights  j,',.ance,  April"  24,  1849.  A  French  officer  and 
African  e.'tplorer.  In  1878,  as  captain,  he  distin- 
guished himself,  under  Faidherbe.  in  the  extension  of 
French  dominion  in  Senegal.  In  his  Niger  expedition, 
1880-81,  he  succeeded  in  establishing  diplolnatic  and  com- 
mercial relations  with  tlie  Sultan  of  Segu-sikoro.  The 
scientillc  results  of  the  expedition  were  made  public  in 
his  "Voyage  d'exploration  an  Uaut  Niger "  (188.^).  In 
1886  he  became  commander-in. chief  of  the  French  tmnps 
in  Senegal,  and  in  1897  governor  of  Madagascar, 
liniviuce  of  Jlllan,  Italy,  24  miles  northwest  of  Gallienus  (gal-i-e'nus),  PubliUS  Licinius  Va- 


See  Placidia 
Gallarate  (giil-lii-ra'te).     A  small  town  in  the 


Milan.     It  manufactnrps  textiles. 

Gallas  (giil'las),  Matthias  von.  Born  at  Trent, 
TjTol,  Sept.  16,  1584  :  died  at  Vienna,  April  25, 
1647.  An  Austrian  general,  distinguished  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War,  especially  at  Nordlingen 
in  1634. 

Gallatin  (gal'a-tin).  [Named  from  Albert  Galla- 
tin by  Lewis  and  d'lark.]  A  river  in  southern 
Jlontana,  flowing  north  and  uniting  at  Gallatin 
with  thi^  Jefferson  and  Madison  to  form  the 
Missouri,     Length,  about  170  miles. 


lerianus  Egnatius.  Died  at  Milan.  26S.  A 
Roman  eniju'ror,  son  of  Valerian,  He  was  admit- 
ted t<)  a  sliare  in  the  goveniment  on  the  elevation  ol  his 
father  in  '254,  and  became  sole  emperor  on  the  capture  ol 
the  latter  by  the  Persians  in  '26(1,  He  made  no  ellort  to 
secure  the  release  of  his  father,  but  devoted  himself  to  a 
life  of  indolence  and  prolligacy,  while  the  frontiers  of  the 
empire  were  everywhere  invaded  by  the  barbarians,  espe- 
cially by  the  Goths  and  the  Persians.  He  aiii)e:us  lo  have 
undertaken  a  tardy  expedition  against  the  lonner  in  267, 
when  he  was  recalled  by  the  insurrection  of  Aureolus, 
whom  he  shut  up  in  Milan.  He  was  murdered  by  his  own 
soldiers  while  pressing  the  siege  of  tliat  city. 


Gallatin  (gal'a^in;  F.  pron.  gii-lii-tari'),  Al-  Galliffet  (ga-le-fii'),  Gaston  Alexandre  Au- 


bert.  Born  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Jan.  29, 
1761:  died  at  Astoria,  N.  Y._,  Aug.  12,  1S49. 
An  American  statesman  and  financier.  In  1780 
he  emigrated  to  America.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Pennsylvania  1796-1801,  and  secretjiry  of  the  treasury 
1801-13.  The  establishment  of  tlie  Committee  of  Ways 
ami  Means  was  due  t^J  him,  anil  he  gained  the  reputation 
of  being  one  of  the  greatest  financiers  of  the  age.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent  in  1814, 
and  was  United  States  minister  to  Fmiice  1816-23,  and  to 
I'ingland  1826.27.  His  works  comprise  "Synopsis  of  the 
Indian  Tribes,  etc."  (1836),  "Notes  on  the  .SemiCivilized 
Nations  of  .Mexico,  Yucatan,  etc."(1846),  and  various  po- 
litical and  ethnological  treatises,  "Peace  with  Mexico," 
"War  Exiienses,"  "The  Oregon  (Jiicsli.in,"  etc. 

Gallaudet  (gal-a-def),  Edward  Miner.    Born 

at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  5,  1837,  .\n  .\meri- 
ean  instructor,  son  of  T.  H.  (iallaudet.  He  be- 
came president  of  the  National  Deaf-Mute  College  (Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia)  in  ISIVI.  Allllior  of  "A 
Manual  of  international  Law  ''(1,H79)  and  "  I.ifeot  Thomas 
Hopkins  Gallaudet,  Founder  of  Deaf-Mute  Instruction  in 
America  "(ISNS). 

Gallaudet,  Thomas.  Born  at  Ilarl ford, Conn., 
.Inne  .'!,  1S22:  died  at  New  York.  Aug.  27.  1902. 
.\n  .\mericim  clergyman, sonofT.  II. Gallaudet. 
lie  taught  in  the  New  Vork  Inslilulion  for  tlielnBlruelion 
of  the  Deaf  and  liunil.  IS-l :).'•,«.  founded  SI,  Ann's  Church 
lor  lleaf-Mnles  in  18r.'.',  and  became  manager  of  the 
Cburch  Mission  to  lleaf-Miilcs  In  187; 

Gallaudet,  Thomas  Hopkins. 

ilolpliii.  Die.  II),  ITS,  :  ifird  III  Hurl  ford.  Conn., 
Sept.  9,  1S51.  All  .\tiierieiin  educator.  Ho 
founded  In  1817  at  Hartford,  Conncctleul.  the  tlrst  deaf- 
mute  institnllon  In  America.  Me  resigned  finm  I  lie  pies- 
Ideiicy  of  this  institnllon  in  18;io,  and  was  chaplain  of  the 
Connecticut  retreat  for  the  insane  at  llartford  from  18:18 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  "  Bible  Stories  for  the  Young  " 
(ls;).s)  and  "The  Child's  Book  of  tlie  Soul  "  (3U  cd. 
I8r.tn. 
Galle.     See  7*0111^  <lr  C.allr. 

oiVast^'ry  c.t  Galle  (giil'le),  Johann  Gottfried.     Bom  at 

I'll  list  haus,  noa  rGriilo  I  ihiii  tlie  lien,  Prussia,. Tune 
9.  1.H12.  A  German  asti-ononier,  Kestuiliedmalb. 
cmatlcs  and  the  natural  science!  at  Berlin  1830-33,  and 


it   Paris.   Jan.   22, 
Me  eiitereil  the  army 


gUSte,  Marquis  de.     Burn 
1S30.     A   French   general. 

in  184S,  was  cmiimissionod  colonel  in  1S67,  and  was  pro- 
moted general  of  division  in  187.'i.  He  served  in  the  Cri- 
mea, Mexico  1863,  Algeria  1860,  1864,  186:'.,  1868.  and  with 
the  Army  of  the  Rhine  through  the  Franco-iierman  war. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Seiiaii,  and  on  his  release  was 
placed  in  command  of  a  brigade  of  the  Army  of  Versailles 
duringtlie  second siegeof  Paris,  when  he wasdistiiigulshod 
for  his  severity  to  tlie  Communard  prisoners.  He  coin- 
manded  the  expedition  against  El-Golea,  Africa,  ls7'2-73. 
On  the  reorganization  of  the  French  army  he  became  com- 
manderof  a  brigade  of  infantry  in  the  Eighth  army-corps, 
and  held  various  other  commands  until  hi^  retirement  in 
18il4.  He  drew  nji  the  cavalry  reunlalions  of  1882.  He 
was  minister  of  war  .liiiie,  IWID-May.  P»«i. 

Galli-Mari6  (gii-16'ma-rya'),  C61estine.  Bom 

Nov..  1840.  .\  Flench  singer,  she  made herdebut 
in  1869  at  Sliasburg,  and  shortly  after  married  a  sculptor 
named  Galli.  She  has  sung  principidly  at  the  Gpi^ni  Co- 
nih|ue,  and  has  been  particularly  successful  as  Mignon  and 
Carmen  and  in  the  operas  of  tMfenbach,  tJevaerl,  MassiJ, 
Massenet,  etc. 

Gallinas  (giil-ir-'niis).  A  river  of  the  (iiain 
Coast,  West  Africa,  in  lat.  7°  N.,  long.  11° 
35'  W. ;  also,  a  negro  tribe  settled  on  its  banks. 
In  1832  the  slaver  Pedro  lllanco  made  Ibe  place  notorlniis  ; 
in  IsfiO  lliu  Gallinas  territory  und  that  of  the  Gumbo 
(bonlering  on  Sberbro)  were  aeipiiied  by  Liberia ;  in  1883 
tlicv  "cre  wrested  from  Liberia  by  Great  lllllaill. 
Born  nt  Phila-  <*allio  (gal'i-6).  Lucius  Junius.  Died  about 
Hoiiint  lliila-     jj.   ^    1^       j^  Roman  proconsul  of  Acliaia  .53, 

brother  of  Seneca.  When  he  had  dismissed  the  .lews' 
complaint  against  Paul  at  Corllilli,  and  the  synagogno 
ruler  was  beaten,  wo  read  (Acts  xvlil.  17)  that  he  "  cared 
for  none  of  Iheso  things  "  — not  fmm  indlirereneo  alxmt 
religion,  but  because  such  matters  did  not  coneern  him. 

Qallipoli  (giil-leji'o-le).     A  seaport  in  the  iiroy- 
inco  of   Lecce, 
the  Gulf  of  Tarai 

.58'  E. :  the  ancient  Grain  Callipolis.  Inter  Anxn. 
It  has  a  eatlicdral.  and  was  long  noted  furexi>orl  of  olive- 
oil.     ro]nilallon,  IMHKI. 

Gallipoli.  -V  seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Edirneh, 
Turkey,  sitimtod  on  the  Dardanelles  in  lat,  40" 


Ilalv,  situated  on  an  island  in 
anio.  in  lat.  40°  4'  N.,  long.  17° 


Gallipoli 

24'  N.,  long.  26°  39'  E.:  the  ancient  Callipolis. 
In  the  midttie  ages  it  was  a  commercial  center  and  the 
key  of  tlie  Hellespont.  It  was  captured  by  the  Turks  in 
1351.     Population,  nearly  80,000. 

Gallipoli,  Peninsula  of.  A  peninsula  in  the 
southern  part  of  Etu'opean  Turkey,  lying  be- 
tween the  Dardanelles  and  the  Gulf  of  Saros: 
the  ancient  Chersonesus  Thracica. 

Gallipolis  (gal-i-po-les').  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Gallia  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Olrio 
about  lat.  38°  50'  N.,  long.  82°  7'  W.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  .5,432. 

Gallissonniere  (sii-le-so-nyar').  Marquis  de  la 
(Roland MicnelBarrin).  BornatKochefort, 
France,  Nov.  11, 1693 :  died  at  Nemours, Prance. 
Oct.  26,  1756.  A  French  admiral,  governor  of 
Canada.  He  defeated  Bvng  near  jlinorea  in 
1756. 

Gallitzen  (giil-let'sen), Demetrius  Augustine. 
Bom  at  The  Hague,  Dee.  22,  1770:  died  at  Lo- 
retto.  Pa.,  May  6,  1840.  A  Kussian  mission- 
ary Roman  Catholic  priest,  son  of  the  princess 
Amalie  Galitzin.  He  founded  Loretto,  Penn- 
sylvania. For  other  members  of  the  family, 
see  G(:lil:i)i, 

Galloway  (gal'o-wa).  [ME.  Galloway,  Galla- 
waij,  Oalowey,  daUrnoa,  Gallovay,  etc.]  A  for- 
mer division  of  southwestern  Scotland,  corre- 
sponding nearly  to  the  counties  of  Wigtown 
(West  Galloway)  and  Kirkcudbright  (East  Gal- 
loway). It  is  a  pastoral  region.  It  was  independent  in 
very  early  times,  and,  having  become  an  earldom,  was 
united  to  Scotland  in  1124.  The  Galwegians  kept  their 
language  (^a  variety  of  the  Gaelic)  untQ  the  16th  centurj-. 

Galloway,  Joseph.  Born  near  West  Eiver, 
Anne  Arundel  County,  Md.,  1730:  died  at  Wat- 
ford, Hertfordshire,  Aug.  29, 1803.  An  Ameri- 
can loyalist  in  tlie  Revolution.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  first  Congress  in  177-1 ;  joined  the  British  army  un- 
der Howe  in  177(i ;  on  the  capture  of  Philadelphia  In  1777 
was  made  a  police  magistrate  there  and  superintendent  of 
the  port ;  .and  after  the  evacuation  of  the  city  in  1778  went 
to  England.     He  published  works  on  the  prophecies. 

Galloway,  Bhinns  of.  A  peninsula  in  the  west- 
em  part  of  Wigtownshire.  It  lies  between  St.  Pat- 
rick's Channel  on  the  west  and  Loch  Ryan  and  Luce  Bay  on 
the  east,  and  terminates  toward  the  south  in  the  Mull  of 
c;allo\vay  (lat-  ''i'  35'  N.,  long.  i°  51'  W.). 

Galloway,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Symington,  Lan- 
arkshire, Feb.  26,  1796:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
1,  1851.  A  Scottish  writer  on  mathematical 
and  astronomical  subjects. 

Gallo  y  Goyenechea  (gal'yo  e  go-yan-a-cha'a), 
Pedro  Leon.  Born  at  Copiapo,  Feb.  12,  1830: 
died  at  Santiago,  Dec.  16, 1877.  A  Chilean  poli- 
tician. He  was  a  wealthy  proprietor,  became  a  leader 
of  the  liberals,  and  in  Jan.,  1859,  headed  a  revolt  at  Copi- 
ap5.  Defeated  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Grande,  April  29,  he 
was  banished  until  IStJl.  Subsequently  he  was  a  promi- 
nent deputy  and  senator.  He  was  an  author  and  poet  of 
some  repute. 

Galluppi,  or  Galuppi  (ga-lop'pe).  Pasquale. 
Born  at  Tropea,  Calabria,  Italy,  April  2,  1770: 
died  at  Naples,  Dec.  13,  1846.  An  Italian  phi- 
losopher, professor  of  philosophy  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Naples.  His  works  include  "  Saggio  flloso- 
flco  suila  critica  della  conoscenza"  (1S19-32),  "Elementi 
(li  filosofla"  (1820-27),  "  Lettere  fllosoflche"  (1827),  etc. 

Galluppi.     See  Galuppi. 

Gallus  (gal'us).  In  Shakspere's  "Antony  and 
Cleopatra,"  a  friend  of  Ctesar. 

Gallus,  Caius  Asinius.  A  Roman  politician 
and  writer,  consul  with  C.  Marcius  Censorianus 
8  B.  C.  He  marr'ed  Vipsania,  formerly  wife  of  Tiberius. 
He  was  condemned  to  death  by  the  senate,  at  the  insti- 
gation of  Tiberius,  and  died  of  starvation  after  an  im- 
prisonment of  three  years.  He  was  a  son  of  C.  Asinius 
Follio.  His  works,  all  of  which  are  lost,  included  "  De 
comparatione  patris  et  Ciceronis,"  to  which  the  emperor 
Claudius  replied  in  his  defense  of  Cicero. 

Gallus,  Caius  Cornelius.  Born  at  Forum  Julii 
(modern  Frejiis),  Gaul,  69  or  66  B.  c. :  com- 
mitted suicide  20  B.  c.  A  Roman  poet,  orator, 
general,  and  politician.  He  supported  Octavius, 
commanded  a  part  of  his  army  at  the  battle  of  Actium  in 
31  B.  c,  pursued  Antony  to  Egj-pt,  and  was  made  first 
prefect  of  Egypt  in  30  B.  c.  He  inciured  the  enmity  of 
Augustus,  was  deprived  of  his  post,  aiid  was  exiled  by 
the  senate. 

Gallus,  Caius  Vibius  Trebonianus.    Died  253 

or  254  A.  D.  Roman  emperor.  He  held  a  high 
command  in  the  expedition  of  the  emperor  Decius  against 
the  Goths  in  251,  and  after  the  defeat  and  death  of  the 
latter  was  elected  emperor  by  the  senate  and  the  soldiers, 
with  Hostilianus,  Decius's  son,  as  his  colleague.  He  con- 
cluded a  humiliating  peace  with  the  Goths,  who  were  al- 
lowed to  retire  with  tlieir  plunder  and  their  captives,  and 
were  promised  an  annual  tribute.  He  is  said  to  have 
caused  the  death  of  Hostilianus.  He  was  slain  by  his 
own  soldiers  while  advancing  to  meet  the  insurgent  jEmi- 
lianus  who  succeeded  to  the  throne. 

Galoshio  (ga-16'shi6).  In  "The  Nice  Valour," 
by  Fletcher  and  another,  a  elo'wii.  He  is  quite 
Shaksperian. 

Gait  (gait).    A  town  in  Waterloo  County,  On- 


422 

tario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Grand  River  54 
miles  west-southwest  of  Toronto.  Population 
(1901),  7,866. 

Gait,  Sir  Alexander  Tillock.  Born  Sept.  6, 
1817:  died  Sept.  19, 1893.  ACauadian  statesman, 
son  of  John  Gait.  He  was  minister  of  fiuance  1S5S- 
1362, 1S(>1-6G,  and  1867 ;  was  high  commissioner  for  Canada 
in  England  18SU-)-3;  and  was  made  K.  C.  JI.  O.  in  1869, 
and  G.  c.  31.  G.  in  1878.  He  hiis  written  "Canada  from 
1849  to  1S59  "  (1S60),  etc. 

Gait,  John.  Bom  at  Irvine,  Ayrshire,  May  2, 
1779 :  died  at  Greenock,  April  11,  1839.  A  Scot- 
tish novelist.  His  \vi'itings  are  especially  remarkable 
for  their  delineations  of  Scottish  life  and  character.  His 
best  novels  are  *'  The  AjTShire  Legatees"  (1820-21), "Anuals 
of  the  Parish"  (1821),  "Sir  Andrew  Wylie "  (1822),  "The 
Provost "  (1822),  "  The  Entail "  (1823),  and  "  Lawrie  Todd  " 
(1830). 

Galton  (gal'ton),  Francis.  Born  at  Dudderton, 
near  Birmingham,  1822.  Aa  English  scientific 
wTiter  and  African  traveler,  best  known  from 
his  studies  of  heredity.  He  graduated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1S44.  In  1846  he  traveled  on  the  White 
Nile,  and  in  1850  in  .South  .\frica.  He  has  published  "  The 
Teletype:  a  Printing  Electric  Telegraph "(1850),  "Tropical 
South  Africa"  (1853),  "The  Art  of  Travel,  etc."  (1855:  6th 
ed.  1872),  "Arts of  Campaigning,  etc." (1855),  "Meteorogra- 
phica,  etc."(186S),  "HereditaryGenius,etc."(1869),  "Eng- 
lish Men  of  Science"  (1874),  "Inquiries  into  Human  Fac- 
ulty, etc.  "(1883),  "Record  of  Family  Faculties,  etc."  (1883), 
"Natural  Inheritance  "  (1889),  etc..  and  has  edited  "Life 
History  Album  "for  the  British  Medical  Association  (1883). 

Galuppi  (gii-lop'pe),  Baldassare.  Born  on  the 
island  of  Burano,  near  Venice,  Oct.  6.  1706: 
died  at  Venice,  Jan.  3,  1784.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, particularly  noted  for  his  comic  operas. 
He  wrote  more  than  54  of  these.  His  sacred  music  is  still 
performed  in  Venice,  and  he  also  wrote  sonatas  and  for 
the  harpsichord. 

Galvani  (giil-va'ne),  Luigi  or  Aloisio.  Born 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  9,  1737:  ilied  there. 
Dec.  4,  1798.  An  Italian  physician  and  physi- 
cist, professor  of  anatomy  at  Bologna.  His  in- 
vestigations of  the  contractions  produced  in  the  muscles 
of  frogs  by  contact  with  metals  were  the  commencement 
of  the  discovery  of  galvanic  or  voltaic  electricity.  He 
published  "De  viribus  electricitatis  in  motu  muscularl 
comment;mus  "  (1791),  etc. 

Galvarino  (gal-va-re'no).  A  ciiief  of  the  Arau- 
eanian  Indians  of  Chile  whose  bravery  has 
been  celebrated  in  Ercilla's  "Araucana."  He 
was  captured  at  the  battle  of  Lagunillas,  Nov.  7,  1557, 
and  freed  after  both  his  hands  had  been  cut  off.  On  Nov. 
30  he  was  again  captured  \vhile  urging  on  the  Indians  at 
the  battle  of  Millarapue,  and  was  hanged. 

Gal'Ve,  Count  of.  See  Cerda  Sandoval  Silva  y 
ilendoza,  Gaspur  dc  la. 

Galveston  (gal'ves-ton).  A  seaport  and  the 
capital  of  Galveston  County,  Texas,  and  the 
third  citv  of  the  State,  situated  on  Galveston 
Island  in  lat.  29°  IS'  N.,  long.  94°  47'  W.  it 
has  a  large  trnde,  with  lines  of  steamers  to  New  York. 
Havana,  etc.,  and  is  speci.ally  noted  for  its  exports  of 
cotton.  It  was  settled  in  1837 ;  was  taken  by  the  Fed- 
ends  Oct.  8.  1869,  and  retaken  by  the  Confederates  Jan.  1, 
1863 ;  and  was  devastated  by  fire  in  Nov.,  1885,  and  by  an 
inundation  in  Sept.,  1900.     Population  (1900),  37.789. 

Galveston  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, extending  northward  from  Galveston  about 
35  miles. 

Galveston  Island.  An  island  off  the  coast  of 
Texas,  on  the  northeastern  end  of  which  is  Gal- 
veston.    Length,  about  28  miles. 

Galvez  (gal'vath),  Jose.  Born  at  Velez  Malaga, 
1729:  died  at  Madri<l,  1787.  A  Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  one  of  the  ministers  of  Charles  III.,  and 
a  member  of  the  Indian  Council.  From  1761  to  1774  he 
was  in  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies  as  visitador-general, 
with  high  powers:  for  some  time  he  was  acting  viceroy. 
After  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  ministro  universal  de 
Indies,  and  was  created  marquis  of  Sonora.  His  influence 
on  the  American  colonies  was  important. 

Galvez,  Mariano.  Born  in  Guatemala  about 
1795 :  died  after  1855.  A  Central-American  poli- 
tician, a  leader  of  the  Liberal  or  Fiebres  party. 
He  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  constitution  of  1824,  and 
was  president  of  the  first  Central-American  congress  in 
1S25  ;  was  president  of  Guatemala.  Aug.  28,  1831,  and  was 
again  eletted  in  l83.i,  but  was  overthrown  by  Carrera  in 
Feb.,  1838,  and  banished  in  1839.  Subsequently  he  prac- 
tised law  in  Mexico  and  Peru. 

Galvez,  Matias  de.  Born  at  Velez  Malaga. 
1731:  died  in  Mexico  City,  Nov.  3,  1784.  "A 
Spanish  soldier  and  politician.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  in  1779  was  made  captain- 
general  of  Guatemala.  In  1780  and  1781  he  recovered  from 
the  English  some  posts  which  they  had  seized  in  Hondu- 
ras and  Nicaragua.  From  April,  1783,  until  his  death  he 
was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

Galvez  y'Gallardo  (gal'vath  e  gal-ySr'do),  Ber- 
nardo. Born  at  Maeharavieja,  July  23,  1746: 
died  at  Tacubaya,  near  Mexico,  Nov.  30,  1786. 
A  Spanish  soldier  and  administrator,  sou  of 
Matias  de  Galvez.  He  distinguished  himself  in  Amer- 
ica, attainhip  the  rank  of  lieutenant-genei-al ;  w.as  govenior 
of  Louisiana  1779.  and  commander-in-chief  in  the  West 
Indies  :  took  Baton  Rouge  (1779),  Mobile  (March  14, 1780), 
and  Pensacola  (May  8, 1781);  was  made  captain-general  of 


Gambetta 

Florida  and  Louisiana  and  captain-general  of  Cuba ;  and 
in  1783  was  created  count  of  Galvez.  From  June  16, 1786, 
until  his  death  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
Galway  (gal'wa).  l.  a  maritime  county  in 
Connaught,  Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Mayo  and 
Roscommon  on  the  north,  Roscommon,  King's  County, 
and  Tipperary  on  the  east,  Clare  and  Galway  Pay  on  the 
south,  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west,  and  is  divided  into 
two  parts  by  Lough  Corrib.  Ai'ea,  2,452  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  214.712. 

2.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Coiuity  Galway, 
situated  on  Galway  Bay  in  lat.  53°  17'  N.,  long. 
9°  3'  W.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  extensive  trade, 
particularly  with  Spain.  It  surrendered  to  Ginkel  in  169L 
Population  (1891),  13,746. 

Galway  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
western  coast  of  Ireland,  between  Galway  on 
the  north  and  Clare  on  the  south.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Gama  (gii'mii),  Antonio  Leon  de.  Born  in 
Mexico  City,  1735:  died  there,  Sept.  12,  1802. 
A  Mexican  scientist.  He  was  for  many  years  secre. 
tary  to  the  Supreme  Court ;  later  he  was  professor  at  the 
School  of  Mines.  He  is  best  known  for  his  study  of  the 
celebrated  Aztec  calendar-stone  which  was  discovered  in 
his  time. 

Gama,  Jose  Basilio  da.  Born  at  Sao  Jose, 
Minas  Geraes,  1740 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
July  31,  1795.  A  Brazilian  poet.  He  became  a 
novice  of  the  Jesuits,  leaving  the  order  when  it  was  di-iven 
from  Brazil.  He  lived  alternately  in  Italy,  Portugal,  and 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  finally  settling  at  Lisbon.  His  best-known 
poem  is  "  Uruguay,"  a  romance  in  verse,  published  in  1769. 

Gama, Vasco  da.  Bom  at  Sines,  Alemtejo,  Por- 
tugal, about  1469:  died  in  Cochin,  India,  Dec. 
24,  1524.  A  celebrated  Portuguese  navigator. 
Having  been  appointed  to  the  conuuand  of  an  expedition 
fitted  out  by  Emanuel  of  Portugal  with  a  view  to  discov- 
ering an  ocean  route  to  the  East  Indies,  he  sailed  from 
Lisbon,  probably  July  8,  1497,  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  Nov.  20  or  22, 1497,  arrived  at  Calicut,  on  the  Mala- 
bar coast  of  India,  May  20,  14;^8,  and  returned  to  LisboD 
in  Sept.,  1499.  He  commanded  a  second  expedition  to 
India  in  1502-03,  during  which  he  established  a  factor>'  in 
Mozambique.  He  was  made  viceroy  of  India  in  1524. 
His  voyage  is  celebrated  in  the  "  Lusiad  "  of  Camoens. 

Gamala  (gam'a-la).  A  city  in  Galilee,  oppo- 
site Tiberias,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Sea 
of  Galilee,  it  stood  on  a  hill  which  was  compared  to 
the  back  of  a  camel,  from  which  possibly  its  name  is  de- 
rived (Heb.  gdmdl,  camel).  It  was  fortified,  and  formed 
one  of  the  centers  of  insurrection  during  the  war  of  Jndea 
with  Rome.  It  is  identified  with  the  modern  Qal'at  el- 
Hoi^n. 

Gamaliel  (ga-ma'li-el).  [Heb.,  'my  rewarder 
is  God.']  There  are  several  (jamaliels  men- 
tioned in  the  Talmud  as  descendants  of  Hillel, 
■who  held  the  dignity  of  president  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim and  of  patriarch  (nasi)  of  the  Jewish  com- 
munity in  Palestine  after  the  fall  of  Jerusalem. 
See  HilleJ.  Gamaliel  "the  elder  "was  the  grandson  of 
Hillel.  The  laws  emanating  from  him  breathe  a  mild  and 
liberal  spirit.  He  dissuaded  the  Jews  from  taking  strict 
measures  against  the  apostles(Acts  v.  34),  and  is  described 
as  "  a  doctor  of  the  law,  had  in  honor  of  all  the  people." 
He  was  a  teacher  of  the  apostle  Paul.  Another  Gamaliel, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  president  of  the  Sanhedrim 
80-118  A.  D.,  was  the  first  to  assume  the  title  of  patriarch. 
He  maintained  his  authority  with  great  energy  and  even 
severity,  was  a  good  mathematician,  and  was  favorable  to 
the  study  of  Greek. 

Gamaliel  Pickle.     See  Percfirine  Piclle. 
Gamarra    (ga-miir'ra),   Agustin.    Bom   at 

Cuzco,  Aug.  27,  1785 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Yngavi,  iu  northern  Bolivia,  Nov.  20, 1841.  A 
Peruvian  general.  He  served  first  against  the  patriots, 
joined  them  in  1821,  and  was  prominent  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  wai"  for  independence.  In  lS2She  invaded 
Bolivia  by  order  of  Lamar,  forced  the  treaty  of  Piquiza, 
and  was  made  grand  marshal.  In  June,  1829.  he  aided  in 
the  deposition  of  Lamar,  and  was  made  provisional  presi- 
dent, holding  the  office  until  Dec.  20,  1833.  In  the  com- 
plicated turmoils  of  1S34-35  Gamarra  took  a  prominent 
part,  and  was  finally  driven  from  the  country.  In  18o7  he 
joined  the  Chileans  against  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  confed- 
eration, invaded  Peru,  defeated  Santa  Cruz,  Jan.,  1839.  and 
in  Aug.  of  that  year  was  elected  constitutional  president 
of  Peru.  In  1841  he  declared  war  on  Bolivia,  was  defeated, 
and  killed. 

Gamba  (gam'ba),  Bartolommeo.  Born  at  Bas- 
sano,  Ital}-,  May  16,  1776:  died  at  Venice,  May 

3,  1841.  An  Italian  bibliographer  and  biogi-a- 
pher.  His  chief  work  is  "  Serie  dell'  edizioni 
dei  testi  di  lingua  italiana"  (1812-28). 

Gambetta  (gam-bet'ta;  F.  pron.  gon-be-ta'), 
Leon.  Born  at  Cahofs,  France,  April  3. 1838 : 
died  near  Sevres,  France,  Dec.  31,  1882.  A 
noted  French  statesman,  of  Jewish  extraction. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  P.aris  bar  in  1S.''9,  and  in  1869 
was  elected  to  the  corps  legislatif,  where  he  acted  with 
thelrreconcilablcs.  On  the  surrender  of  Napoleon  III.  at 
Sedan,  he  joiued  in  the  proclamation  of  the  republic.  Sept. 
4, 1870;  and  on  Sept.  5  became  minister  of  the  interior  in 
the  Government  of  National  Defense.  Having  been  ap- 
pointed member  of  a  delegation,  consisting  of  Cr^mieux, 
Glais-Bizoin,  and  Fourichon,  previously  ^mmissioned  by 
the  central  government  at  Paris  to  organize  the  national 

■  defense  outside  the  capital,  he  escaped  from  Paris  in  a 
balloon,  Oct,  8  (the  city  being  complecely  invested  by  the 
Germans),  and  joined  his  colleagues  at  Tours  on  the  fol- 
lowing day.    Assuming  a  virtnal  dictatorship,  he  negoti. 


Oambetta 

ated  a  loan  of  250,0OO,(Xi0  francs  with  EnKlish  capitalists, 
and  organizfil  the  two  armies  of  the  I^jire  under  tJencrals 
Aurullc  de  TaLidines  arid  L'hanzy,  and  the  army  of  tlie 
north,  commanded  in  turn  l)y  Generals  Boui-baki  and  Kaid- 
herbe.  He  was,  however,  unable  to  prevent  the  capitula- 
tion of  Palis,  Jan.  28,  ls71,  and,  Feb.  (i,  lh"l.  withdrew  from 
oflice  in  consequence  of  a  disagreement  with  the  central 
government,  lie  then  became  a  member  of  the  National 
Assembly,  and  in  ls7ts  of  tlie  new  fhatuber  of  deputies,  of 
which  he  was  president  I>i79-*L  lie  was  premier  \ov., 
1881,-Jan.,  18*2. 

Gambia  (fiam'bi-a),  formerly  Gambra  (gam'- 
biu),  or  Ba-Dimma.  A  river  of  JSeiicgambia, 
West  Africa,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  about 
lat.  13°  30'  N.     It  is  navigable  to  Barraeoiida. 

Gambia.  A  British,  colony  sitnated  near  tho 
mouth  of  the  river  Gambia,  including  St.  Mary's 
Island,  McCarthy's  Island,  etc.  Capital,  Bath- 
urst.  It  is  governed  by  an  administrator.  .\rea  of  set- 
tlement proper,(i!t  square  miles.  PopuIation(lS'.>l),  14,2(i;>. 
Area  of  extended  colony,  2,7iK)  siiuare  miles.  Topnlation, 
6<).00ii. 

Gambier  (gam'ber).  A  village  in  Knox  County, 
Ohio,  43  miles  northeast  of  Columbus.  It  is  tiie' 
seat  of  Kenyon  I'oUeKe  (which  see)  and  of  a  theological 
seminary.     Population  (1900),  751. 

(Jambier  (gam'ber),  James,  Baron  Gaiubier. 
Bora  at  New  Proviilcneo,  Bahamas,  Oct.  12, 
17.)6:  died  near  U.xbridge,  England,  April  19, 
1B33.  An  English  admiral.  His  father  was  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  the  Bahamas.  He  became  rear-admil-al 
and  vice-admiral  in  1790.  and  admiral  in  1805.  In  1807  he 
commanded  the  fleet  wliich  bombardcit  Copenha'.,'en.  and 
was  riused  to  the  peerajie  as  a  reward.  He  commanded 
the  Channel  fleet  18(14-11.  In  1814  he  served  on  tho  com- 
mission for  negotiating  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  United 
States. 

Gambier  (gam'ber)  Islands.  [Named,  Feb.  24, 
1S02,  by  the  English  captain  Matthew  Flinders 
for  Admiral  Lord  Gambier.  ]  A  group  of  small 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  situated  about  lat. 
23°  S.,  long.  13.5°  W.  It  is  under  a  French  pro- 
tectorate. 

Gambos  (gitm'bos).  The  Portuguese  name  of 
Ngambue  (which  see). 

Gambrinus  (gam-bri'nus).  [Said  to  be  derived 
from  Jan  jirimus,  or  Jan  I.,  duke  of  Brabant  in 
the  13th  centuiy.]  A  mythical  Flemish  king, 
the  reputed  inventor  of  beer. 

Game  at  Chess,  A.  A  comedy  or  satirical  draraa 
by  Thomas  Middleton,  produced  before  or  Viv 
1624. 

The  actors  at  the  Globe  had  produced  Middlcton's 
"Game  at  Chess,"  in  which  the  action  is  carried  on  by 
black  and  white  pieces,  representing  the  Reformed  and 
Romanist  parties.  The  latter,  being  the  rogues  of  the 
piece,  are  foiled,  and  are  "put  in  the  bag."  The  Spanish 
envoy's  complaint  was  founded  on  the  fact  that  living  per. 
Bons  were  represented  by  the  actors,  such  persons  being 
the  King  of  Spain,  (Jondomar,  and  tlie  famous  Antonio  de 
Dominis,  who,  after  being  a  Romish  bishop  (of  Spalatro), 
professed  l*rotestantisiin,  became  Dean  of  Windsor,  and 
after  all  died  in  his  earlier  faith,  at  Rome.  On  the  am- 
bas.s.idor's  complaint,  the  actors  and  tho  author  were  sum- 
moned befrtre  the  council,  but  no  immediate  result  fol- 
lowed ;  for,  two  d.iys  later,  Nethercole  writes  to  Carleton 
Informing  liim  that  "the  comedy  in  which  the  whole  Span- 
ish business  is  taken  up,  is  drawing  €100  nighlly." 

Dnran,  Eng.  Stage,  X.  25. 

Gamelyn  (gara'e-lin),  Tale  of.  A  poom  added 
to  the  list  of  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales  "by 
Urry. '  It  is  supposed  that  Chaucer  had  it  in  hand  to  use 
as  material  for  some  poem  of  his  own.  and  that  it  was  re- 
produceil  as  hia  by  scribes  who  found  It  among  his  papers. 

It  found  its  wav  at  last  Into  dramatic  form,  through 

Loiiffc's  "  Rc»s:ilynde."  in  Shakes|)eare'8  "  As  You  I-ike  It," 

and  Shakespearf:  tiimself  is  said  to  have  played  his  version 

of  tile  part  of  AdamSpencer,  whoappearsalMoinOaraelyn. 

Morley,  Knglish  Writers,  V.  820. 

Oamergn  (gii-mer'gS).  Seo  M(tii(l(ir(i  and  Miian. 

Gamester,  The.  1.  A  play  by  Shirley,  licensed 
in  1<>33.  Ganick  brought  out  an  alteration  of  this  play 
in  1757,  called  "  The  Gamesters,"  in  which  he  played  Wild- 
ing. 

2.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  printed  first 
in  170.").  It  was  adapted  from  Regnard's " I,o  .Toueiir." 
"Lc  Dlssipatour,"  by  Uestouchea,  was  partly  taken  from 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  play. 

3.  A  tragedy  by  Edward  Moore,  produced  in 
17.-)3. 

Gamil-Sin  (git'mil-sin).  [.\ssyr.,  'the  endower 
of  the  moon-god  Sin.'l  •  •'"'  of  th"  early  Baby- 
Ionian  kings,  about  2ri(in  n.t;.  He  resided  at  Ur. 

Gammell  (gam'el),  'William.  Born  ut  Med- 
lield,  Mass., Feb.  10,  1H12:  died  at  Providence, 
K.  I.,  April  3, 188!).  An  American  educator  and 
autlior.  Ue  gradinited  in  18:11  at  Brown  University,  in 
which  institution  he  was  tutor  1831 -."15,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric and  Ivnglisji  literature  1835-51,  and  professor  of  history 
and  political  economy  1851-^M,  when  ho  resigned.  Ho 
wrote  a  litof  Roger  Williams  (1»1«). 

Gammer  Gujton's  Needle.  A  comedy  by  Bish- 
op SI  ill.  It  w.aa  acted  ut  Christ's  College,  Cnmlirldgc,  In 
1500,  and  printed  in  1575.  Owing  to  Warton's  mistake  iti 
supposing  that  it  was  printed  In  1551.  itw:wforsome  time 
thought  to  be  the  first  English  comedy.  "  Ralph  Roister 
Doister  "  preceded  It. 


423 

As  for  the  story,  it  is  of  the  simplest,  turning  merely  on 
the  losing  of  her  needle  by  Gammer  Gurton  as  she  was 
mending  her  man  Hodge's  breeches,  on  the  search  for  it 
by  the  household,  on  the  tricks  by  whicll  Diccon  the  Bed- 
lam (the  clown  or  "vice  "  of  the  piece)  induces  a  quarrel 
between  fiammer  and  her  neighbours,  and  on  the  Qnal 
Hnding  of  the  needle  in  the  exact  place  on  which  Gammer 
Gurton's  industrj'  had  been  employed. 

.S'ainMury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  pp.  55, 56. 

Gammon  (gam'on).  Oily.  In  Warren's  novel 
"Ten  Thousanda  Year, '"a scheming,  hiTiocriti- 
cal  solicitor. 

Gamp  (gamp),  Mrs.  Sairey.  InDickens's  "Mar- 
tin tjhuzzlewit,'' a  fat  old  woman  "withahusky 
voice  and  a  moist  eye,"  engaged  in  the  ])rofos- 
sion  of  nursing,  she  is  always  quoting  her  mythical 
friend  Mrs.  Harris,  and  her  affection  for  the  bottle  is  pro- 
verbial. From  a  i)art  of  her  varied  belongings,  a  very 
stumpy  umbrella  is  called  a  "gamp."    See  Uarrts,  Mrs. 

Gamti.     See  Gumti. 

Gan.     See  Ganelon. 

Gand  (goii).     The  French  name  of  Ghent. 

Ganda  (giin'dii),  or  Baganda  (ba-gan'dii).  An 
important  African  nation  occuityiug  tlie  north- 
western shore  of  Lake  Victoria.  Theycall them- 
selves Baganda,  their  country  Buganda,  and  their  lan- 
guage Lugandx  By  the  .Suahlli  they  are  called  Waganda, 
their  country  Uganda,  and  their  language  Kiganda.  The 
royal  family  is  of  the  Uuma  tribe  of  the  (lalla  nation. 
The  people  aro  Bantu,  ami  form  one  of  theflnest-looking 
an<l  most  advanced  bi-juicbes  of  the  race.  Their  conical 
huts  are  made  of  grass.  The  villages  are  sui'rounded  by 
quadrangular  stockades.  The  piinclpal  fruit  is  the  ba- 
nana. The  women  are  more  numerous  than  the  men, 
owing  to  the  custom  of  raiding  neighboring  tribes,  killing 
or  selling  the  men,  and  keeping  the  women.  Before  the 
advent  of  Europeans,  the  Baganda  were  already  well  clad 
in  native  bark  cloth,  which  is  fast  being  su()erseded  by  Im- 
pi  irted  cotton  cloth.  Marriage  of  near  relatives  is  allowed, 
but  tattooing  and  circumcision  are  forbidden.  The  king 
governs  with  the  aid  of  feudal  governors,  of  a  premier 
(called  katikiro),  of  three  ba-k(uign  (ministers),  and  of  the 
In-chiko,  or  p:irliament.  composed  nf  tho  grandees.  No 
idols  are  worshiped,  but  tin-  sjiirit  of  the  water,  Lubadi, 
and  the  genii  are  invoked  and  |)ropltiated.  Siiice  the  es- 
talilisbment  of  the  English  mission  in  1872,  and  of  the 
Cathnlic  mission  in  1879,  much  progress  has  been  made, 
and  Christianity  is  now  predominant.  In  IS'.nt  the  Itiigaii- 
da  accepted  the  protectorate  of  ttir  liritish  l",;ist  African 
Company.  After  a  civil  war  between  Cathiilic.;  and  I'lot- 
estants,  the  company  withdrew,  and  the  llritlsh  govern- 
ment took  elfectlve  control  in  1893.  See  Uganda,  Mtesa^ 
Mwamja. 

Gandak  (gun-dak'),  or  Salagrami.  A  river  of 
Nepal  and  British  India,  flowing  toward  the 
southeast,  and  uniting  with  the  Ganges  near 
Patna.     Length,  about  400  miles, 

Gandak,  Little  Gandak,  or  Bur  Gandak.   A 

northern  tributary  of  tlie  Ganges,  east  of  the 
Gandak  (Salagrami). 

Gandamak  (gun-da-muk').  A  village  in  east- 
ern Afghanistan,  situated  on  the  Khyber  route 
east  of  Kabul.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  of  Brit- 
ish by  .-Vighans  in  1842.  Here  in  1879  a  treaty  was  matle  be- 
tween Yakub  Khan  and  the  British.  For  ilUO.OOO  a  year 
the  Ameer  agree<i  t*)  receive  an  I-^iglish  envoy  at  Kabul 
and  t^)  BUiTendcr  the  Kurum.  IMshIn,  and  Sil)i  valleys. 

Gandara  y  Na'varro  (giin'da-ra  6  na-var'ro), 
Jos6dela,  I'-nmnl  Bilbao,  Oct.  15,  1820:  ilied 
in  iss.",.  A  Spniiish  general.  He  served  against 
theCarlist.s,  and  wis^iovermn-  id  Fernando  To  in  1857,  and 
of  Santiago  <le  Cuba  In  18f>2.  In  Sept.,  IslKt,  he  went  with 
reinforcements  to  tlieaid  of  the  Spaidsh  In  SuntoDondngn, 
gained  several  victories  over  the  revolutionists,  and  in 
18(J4  and  1HG5  was  eai)tain-general  of  the  island,  with  the 
rank  of  lientenant-geiuTal.  Hiib8e(iuently  he  was  gover. 
nor-geneial  of  the  l*hili|ipiries.  He  i>nbli8hed  "  Ilistoria 
de  la  anixion  de  Santo  Dondngo.  " 

Gandarewa  (gan-da're-wa).  In  the  Avesta,  the 
name  of  a  demon  of  enormous  size  dwelling 
by  the  Lake  Voiirtikasha,  who  seeks  to  destroy 
Haoma.  He  Is  slain  by  Kcresaspa.  In  the  Shahuamah 
he  becomes  Kandarv,  the  minister  of  Zohak.  The  name 
is  originally  the  same  a.s  the  Sanskrit  Gandharva  (which 
see). 

Gandavo  (gan-dii'vij)  (incorrectly  Gondavo), 
Pero de Magalhaes  de.   A Portugu(>se  author 

of  tlie  Killi  cenlni'V.  He  was  a  native  of  Itraga.  audit 
is  conjietnnd  that  he  visited  Uraill,  but  nothing  dellulle 
Is  known  of  his  life,  llh  "  Hlstoriada  I'rovlncia  de  Sanctu 
Crux  "fl.islwn,  157(1)  is  the  ohlest  known  work  relating  ex- 
clnslvely  to  Brazil,  but  Is  of  little  historical  Importance. 
It  was  rennbllshed  In  1h.^S  in  the  "  itevl»t:l  Trlinensal  ilo 
Instltuto  of  Kio  lie  .Taneiri*.  Anotherwork  bv  Gandavo, 
••Trat.ido  da  terra  ilo  Brasil,"  was  published  In  1828  In  the 
"  Notlclas  rltramarhliia  "  of  the  Acailomy  of  Lisbon, 

Gandercleugh  (gan'der-kli'ich).  The  residence 
of  .Tede(ii:ih  Cleishbotliam,  whom  Scott  mimed 
ns  the  editor  of  liis  "Tides  of  My  Lnndloril." 

Gandersheim  (giin'ders-him).  .\.  small  town  in 
the  diiehy  of  Brunswick,  Germany,  34  miles 
soutliwest  of  Brunswick.  It  Is  noted  for  Its  abbey, 
fonndeil  In  the  mhldle  of  the  Htli  cenlnry.     Later  It  was  a 

dHincl|iillly,  Incoriiorated  with  Brunswick  In  180.3. 
andhari  (giin-d-hii'ri-).  [Skl.]  •  Princess  of 
Gandhani,'wireot  Dhritnrashtrn.  Asherhusbaml 
was  blind,  she  always  wore  a  bandage  over  her  eyes  to  bo 
like  him. 
Gandharva  (gan-d-hiir'wa).  A  personage  in 
Hindu  mythology.  Though  In  later  times  tho  Oaml- 
harvas  are  regarded  as  a  class,  the  RIgveda  rarely  men- 


Gans 

tlons  more  than  one,  commoidy  designated  as  the  "heav- 
enly Gandharva."  lie  dwells  in  the  uii-.  and  his  duty  is 
to  guard  the  sonia.  which  the  gods  obtain  through  him. 
ludra  obt^iins  it  for  man  by  conquering  the  Gandharvx 
The  heavenly  Gandharva  is  supposed  to  be  a  pood  phy- 
sician, because  soma  Is  the  best  medicine.  Ue  is  one  of 
the  genii  who  regulate  the  course  of  the  Sun's  horses,  and 
he  makes  known  the  secrets  of  heaven.  He  is  the  parent 
of  the  ttrst  human  i)air,  Yama  and  YamI,  and  has  a  pe- 
culiar power  over  women,  whence  he  Is  invoked  in  mar- 
riage ceremonies.  Ecstatic  states  are  derived  from 
lllm.  The  class  have  the  same  characteristics.  In  epic 
l)oetry  they  are  the  heavenly  singers  at  the  banquets  of 

the  gods. 

Gandia  (gan'de-ii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Valencia, eastern  Spain, situated  neartheMedi- 
terriinean  36  miles  south-southeast  of  Valencia. 
Population  (IK87),  8,723. 

Gando  (giin'do).  1.  A  Fellatah  kingdom  in  the 
western  Sudan,  .\frica.  lying  along  the  Niger 
about  lat.  7°  30'-14°  N."  It  is  within  the  British 
protectorate  of  Northern  Nigeria.  Area,  estimated,  73,- 
457  square  miles.  Population,  estimated.  5.i"i(x),oeo. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Gando,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  12°  2.5'  X..  long.  4°  40'  E. 

Ganelon  (gii'ne-lon),  or  Gan  (gan),  or  Gano 
(gii'no),  etc.  A  paladin  in  the  Carlovingiau 
cycle  of  romance.  By  his  treachery  as  an  officer  of 
Charlcm:igne  he  caused  the  deatll  of  Roland  and  the  loss 
of  the  battle  of  Roncesvalles.  Ue  »;ui  torn  in  pieces  by 
wild  horses,  and  his  name  became  a  synonym  of  treason. 
Chaucer  introduces  him  in  his  "  Nun's  l*riest's  Tale,"  and 
Dante  places  him  in  the  "Inferno." 

Ganesha  (ga-na'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
lord  of  the  Ganas,  or  troops  of  inferior  deities, 
especially  those  attendant  onShiva.  Heisthegod 
of  wisdom  and  remover  of  obstacles,  propitiated  at  the  be- 
ginidngi>f  any  iinportant  undertaking,  and  invoked  at  the 
commencement  of  books. 

Ganganelli  (giin-gii-nel'le).    See  Clement  XIV. 

Ganges  (gan'jez).  Hind.  Ganga  (gtmg'gii).  The 
sacred  river  of  India.  It  rises  (imder  the  name  of  the 
BhagirathOin  the  Himalayas  about  lat.  31"  X.,  long.  7»'  E., 
and  is  called  the  Ganges  after  its  jnnctiou  with  the  Alak- 
nantla.  Its  course  is  mainly  toward  the  southeast,  and  it 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  BengiU  by  many  mo(iths(Hugli  in  the 
west,  Meghna  in  the  eastji  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Jumna.  R.amgunga,  Gumti,  (Jogra.  Gandak,  Kusi,  Atri, 
.Son,  and  Jainuna  (the  main  stream  of  the  Brahmaputra). 
The  length  of  the  main  stream  is  1.557  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable from  Hardwar,  and  from  Alhdiabad  for  larger  ves- 
sels. On  it  are  situated  Calcutta.  Patna,  and  many  holy 
places,  such  as  Benares,  Allahabad,  Hardwar,  and  Gan- 
gotri. 

Ganges  (gonzh).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
llerault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  H^- 
rault  2()  miles  north-northwest  of  Montpellier. 
Population  (isitl),  4,330. 

Gangeticus  Sinus  (giin-jet'i-kus  si'nus).  The 
aneient  name  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Gangi  (giin'je).  A  town  in  tho  province  of 
Palermo,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°4fi'  N..lonp. 
14°  14'  E. :  the  aneient  Enguium.  It  was  col- 
onized bv  Cretans,  and  hatl  a  Cretan  temple. 
T'opulation,  12,000. 

Gangotri  (giin-gi'i'tre).  A  place  in  the  state  of 
Garhwal,  India,  situated  in  lat.  30°  .'')9'  N.,  long. 
78°  .')9'  E.  It  is  celebrated  as  a  Hindu  shrine 
on  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  source  of  the 
Ganges. 

Gangpur  (gang-por').  A  tributary  state  in  Chota- 
Nagpur,  British  India,  situated  about  Iat.22°N., 
long.  84°  E. 

Ganjam  (giin-.iiim').  1.  A  district  in  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Miidras,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat,  10°  N.,  long.  84°  30'  E.  .\rea,  8,813  square 
niilos.  Population,  l,74'.),fi04. —  2.  A  small  town 
in  the  district  of  Ganiani.  situated  on  the  Bav 
of  Bengal  in  lat.  10°  23'  N.,  lung.  80°  3'  E. 

Gannal  (gii-niil').  Jean  Nicolas,  Born  at  Snar- 
louis,  Prussia,. Tuly 28, 1701 :  died  at  Paris,  Jau,, 
18r)2.  A  French  chi'inist,  the  inventor  of  a  sys- 
tem of  embalming  by  inieetion. 

Gannat  (gii-nii').  .\  tnwn  in  the  department 
of  .\llier,  central  France,  situated  on  tlie  .\nde- 
lot  34  miles  south  of  Moulins,  It  has  a  noted 
church.     Population  (I.''<!tn,  comiiuine,  r),7(>4. 

Gannett  (gan'et).  Ezra  Stiles.    Born  at  rnm- 

liridge,  .Mass.,  May  4,  ISdl  :  killed  in  a  railway 
accident  at  K(  veto.  Mass  ,  .Aug.  20,  1871.  An 
American  Unitarian  tdergyman,  colleague  of 
W.  K.  Channing  in  Boston  from  1824,  and  solo 

jiastnr  from  1842. 

Gannon  (gan'on),  Mary.  Bom  at  Now  'Vork, 
Oct.  8,  1820:  "died  there,  Feb.  22,  ISfiS.  .\n 
American  actress,  she  went  on  the  sbigowhcn  six 
years  old.  She  was  a  versatile  actress,  excelling  In  corn- 
ed v. 

Gahor,  or  Ganora,  'u  Qanoro.    See  (hiinerere. 

Qans  (giiiis),  Eduard.  Horn  at  Berlin,  March 
22,  1708:  died  ;(l  lleilin.  May  ."1,  18,3!l.  A  noted 
German  jurist,  )uofi>ssor  at  the  ITniversity  ot 
Berlin,  lie  wrote  "  l)a«  F.rbrecht  In  welt«eschlehtllrher 
Eidwlekelnng"  (1824-34X  "■"'ysleiu  de»  romlschcu  CIvU- 
rechls  "  (1827),  etc. 


Gansbacher 
Ga,nsbaclier  (gens' ba-eher),  Johann  Baptist. 

Born  at  Sterzing,  Tyrol,  May  8, 1778 :  died  July 

13, 1844.    A  German  composer,  chiefly  of  chiu-cli 

music. 

Gansevoort  (gans'vort),  Peter.    Born  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  July  17,  1749:  died  July  2,  1812. 

An  American  general.     He  successfully  defended 

Fort  Stanwix,  New  York,  against  the  British  and  Indians 

under  .St.  Leger  in  1777,  a  service  for  which  he  received 

the  thanks  of  Congress.     He  became  brigadier-general  in 

the  United  States  army  in  1809.  _ 

Ganymede  (gan'i-med).     [1,.  Gamjmedcs,  from  Garda,  DiogO.  Born  at  Lisbon  about  1471 :  died 


424 

Paraguay  about  1526.  A  Portuguese,  or  possi- 
bly a  Spaniard,  wbo  early  in  the  16th  century 
was  left  on  the  coast  of  southern  Brazil,  near 
Santa  Catharina,  by  one  of  the  e.xploring  ships 
which  touched  there.  He  lived  for  years  among  the 
Indians,  and  about  1524,  accompanied  by  several  hundred 
of  them,  made  .an  expedition  westw.ard  or  northwestward, 
penetrating  beyond  the  Paraguay  and  perhaps  reaching 
the  confines  of  Peru.  Returning  with  a  lar-ge  amount  of 
gold,  he  was  murdered  by  his  companions.  The  accounts 
of  tliis  expedition  are  very  vague,  and  have  been  discred- 
"ted  by  some  historians. 


Gr.  TavviijjSi/^.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  cup 
bearer  of  Zeus  or  of  the  Olympian  gods :  origi- 
nally a  beautiful  Trojan  youth,  transferred  to 
Olympus  (according  to  Homer,  by  the  gods ;  ac- 
cording to  others,  by  the  eagle  of  Zeus,  or  by 
Zeus  himself  in  the  form  of  an  eagle)  and  made 
immortal.  He  supplanted  Hebe  in  her  function  as  cup- 
bearer. He  was  regarded  at  fli-st  as  the  genius  of  water, 
and  is  represented  by  the  sign  Aquarius  in  the  zodiac. 

Ganymede.  In  Shakspere'.s  "As  you  Like  it," 
the  name  assumed  by  Rosalind  when  disguised 
as  a  man. 

Gap  (gap).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Hautes-Alpes,  France,  situated  on  the  Luve  in 
lat.  44°  35'  N.,  long.  6°  4'  E. :  the  ancient  Va- 
piucura.     Population  (1891),  commune,  10,478. 

Gap  of  Dunloe.  A  pass  iu  County  Kerry,  Ire- 
land.   It  is  about  4  miles  long,  and  is  noted  for  Garcia,  Manuel. 


its  grand  and  rugged  beauty. 

Garabit  Viaduct.  A  famous  viaduct  on  the 
railway  90  miles  south  of  Clermont-Ferrand  in 
soiithern  France.     Its  span  measures  542  feet. 

Garagantua.     See  Garnantua. 

Garamantes  (gar-a-man'tez).  In  ancient  his- 
tory, a  nomadic  people  dwelling  in  the  Sahara, 
Africa,  east  of  tbe  (Jsetuli. 

Garashanin  (ga-ra-shii'nen).  Ilia.  Bom  at 
Garashi,  circle  Kraguyevatz,  Servia,  Jan.  28, 


iu  Spain  aljout  1535.  A  Portuguese  pilot.  He 
entered  the  service  of  Spain,  and  there  are  indications  that 
he  was  on  the  coast  of  South  America  as  early  as  1512,  pos- 
sibly as  far  south  as  the  Plata.  In  1526  he  commanded  an 
expedition  to  the  coast  of  Brazil  and  the  Plata.  Ascend- 
ing the  Paranii,  he  met  Sebastian  Cabot,  quarreled  with 
him,  and  in  1528  returned  to  Spain.  It  is  conjectured  that 
he  was  subsequently  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  that  he  dis- 
covered there  the  island  bearing  his  name. 
Garcia  (giir-the'ii),  Gregorio.  Born  in  Cozar 
about  1560:  died  in  Baeza,  1627,  A  Spanish 
Dominican  author.  He  traveled  for  twelve  years 
in  Spanish  America,  p-irt  of  the  time  as  a  missionary 
among  the  Indians.  He  published  "  Origen  de  los  Indios 
del  Nuevo  Mundo "  (Valencia,  1607;  Madrid,^  1727)  and 
"Predicacion  del  Evangelio  en  el  Nuevo  Mundo  vivien- 
do  los  .\postole3  "  (Baeza,  1625),  His  "  Monarquia  de  los 
Incas  del  Peru"  was  never  published,  a«id  is  probably 
lost. 

Born  at  Madrid,  March  17, 


1805,  A  Spanish  teacher  of  singing.  His  appli- 
cation of  tile  laryngoscope  and  his  "Mt5mou"e  sur  la  voix 
humaine  "  (1840)  may  be  said  to  be  the  foundation  of  all 
subseiiuent  iiivesti^'ations  of  the  voice.  {Grove.)  He  went 
to  London  in  1850,  and  was  professor  at  the  Koyal  Acad- 
emy of  Music. 

Garcia,  Manuel  del  Popolo  Vicente.  Born 
at  Seville,  Spain,  Jan.  22,  1775 :  died  at  Paris, 
June  2,  1832.  A  Spanish  singer,  composer,  and 
musical  instructor.  He  founded  a  famous  school  of 
singing  in  London  in  1823.  He  wrote  19  Italian,  17  Span- 
ish, and  7  French  operas  {F^tis). 


1812:  died  at  Belgrad,  Servia,  June  22,  1874.    A 

Servian  statesman,  prime  minister  1852-53  and  Garcia,  Maria.     See  Malibran. 
1862-67.  Garcia,  Pauline.    See  riardot. 

Garat(ga-ra'),  Dominique  Joseph.   Born  near  Garcia  Calderon,  Francisco.    See  Calderon. 
Bayonne,  France,  Sept.  8,  1749:  died  near  Ba-  Garcia  Cubas  (ko'bas),   Antonio.      Born  iu 
yoime,  Dec.  9,  1833.     A  French  politician  and     1832.     A  Mexican  mathematician  and  geogra- 
politieal  writer,  minister  of  justice  1792,  and    pher,  for  many  years  employed  by  the  govern 


of  the  interior  1793 
Garat,  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  TJstaritz,  near 
Bayonne,  France,  April  25, 1764:  died  at  Paris, 
March  1,  1823.  A  French  musician,  nephew 
of  D.  J.  Garat,  professor  of  singing  in  the  Con- 
servatory of  Music,  Paris,  1795.  His  voice  was 
of  unusual  compass,  including  both  barytone  and  tenor 


ment  in  explorations  of  the  republic  and  in 
preparing  statistics,  reports,  and  maps.  Among 
his  numerous  important  works  are  "  Atlas  geogrAfico,  es- 
tadistico  y  hist6rico  de  la  Repiiblica  ilejicana"  (1857).  a 
map  of  Mexico  (1863),  '■  Cuadro  geogr.'ifico,  estadistico,  de- 
scriptive 6  histdrico  de  los  Estados  I'nidos  Mejicanos" 
(1889),  and  "  Diccionaiio  geogr^ifico,  hi8t<irico  y  biogr^fico  " 
(IssEi). 


registers:  he  was  "the  most  extraordinary  singer  of  his  Qarcia  de  Palacio  (gar-the'a  da  pa-la'the-o) 


time  "  (Grove). 

Garay  (ga-ri'),  Francisco  de.  Died  at  Mex- 
ico, 1524.  A  Spanish  administrator,  in  1509  he 
went  with  Diego  Columbus  to  Espafiola  as  procnrador; 
subsequently  he  was  governor  of  Jamaica,  and  acquired 
great  wealth.  In  1519  he  sent  out  an  expedition  under 
AJonzo  de  Pineda,  which  explored  much  of  the  northern 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  discovering  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi.  Garay  was  authorized  to  conquer  and  colo- 
nize the  new  region,  and  in  1523  sailed  to  the  Panuco 
River,  in  Mexico,  to  establish  a  colony ;  but  he  lost  sev- 
eral ships,  and  had  a  dispute  with  Cortes  who  claimed  the 
territory.  He  went  to  Mexico  City  to  meet  Cortes,  and 
died  there. 

Garay  (gor'oi),  JS,nos.  Bom  at  SzegszArd, 
county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  Oct.  10,  1812:  died 


Diego.  Born  at  Santander  about  1520 :  died, 
probably  at  Mexico,  after  1587.  A  Spanish 
lawyer  and  author.  He  was  auditor  of  Guatemala, 
and  in  1576  wrote  a  report  on  that  country  wliich  is  of 
great  historical  importance.  It  was  first  published  in  the 
Muiioz  collection,  and  there  are  modern  editions  in  vari- 
ous languages. 

Garcia  Moreno  (mo-ra'no),  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Guayaquil,  1821 :  assassinated  at  (^uito,  Aug.  6, 
1875.  An  Ecuadorian  politician.  He  was  chief  of 
the  provisional  government  at  Quito,  1859,  as  head  of  the 
church  party,  and  president  1801-65,  during  a  period  of 
great  disorder,  including  war  with  New  Granada.  In  1869 
he  w.as  again  elected  president  for  six  years,  and  had  been 
reelected  in  1875  when  he  was  killed. 


at  Pest,  Nov.  5,  1853.  '  AHimgarian  poet.  He  Garcia  Onez  de  Loyola,  Martin.  See  Loyola. 
wrote  the  tragedies  "  Arbocz  "  (1837)  and  "Batori  ErzsS-  QarciaPclaeZ  (pa-la'ath),FranciSCO  dcPaula. 
bet  "(1840),  and  the  collections  "AzArpidok'' (1847)  "Ba-     g^j.^  ^bout  18011:  died  at  Guatemala  City,  Jan. 


latoni'Kagyl6k"("  Shells  from  the  Balaton  Lake, "  1843), 
"  Szent  Liszl6  "  (1850),  etc.  In  his  last  years  he  became 
paralytic  and  blind,  and  died  in  extreme  poverty. 
Garay  (ga-ri'),  Juan  de.  Born  in  Biscay, 
1.541:  died  near  the  river  Parana,  1.582.  A 
Spanish  soldier.    He  went  to  Paraguay  about  1565 


2.5,  1867.  A  Guatemalan  prelate  and  historian, 
archljishop  of  Guatemala  from  Feb.  11,  1844. 
His  principal  work  was  ' '  Memorias  para  la  his- 
toria  del  antiguo  reino  de  Guatemala  "(3  vols. 
1851-53). 


was  prominent  in  various  conquests  and  explorations;  and   G-arciaS  (""ar-the'as),  PcdrO.      A  licentiate,  re- 
from  1576  until  his  death  was  acting  governor  as  the  lieu-     f  i    f^  {„    the   nreface   to   Le    Safe's   "Gil 

tenant  of  Juan  Torres.     He  founded  the  present  city  of     t?,''^*'!,;    '°   "^   ine   prtiate    lo    ije    '^'^t^^  "       ^ 
Buenos  Ayres  (the  first  settlementhaving  been  abandoned)     Bias,"  whose    soul   was    buried  m   a  leatuern 
June  11, 1580.    While  returning  from  that  place  to  Asun-     purse  which  held  his  ducats. 


cion  he  died,  either  in  a  shipwreck  or  at  the  hands  of  the  (Jarcia  y  InigUBZ    CaliXtO.     Born  at  Holguin, 
Indtans.  T>   »     IV        jw     ••     n       Cubii,  Oct.  14,  1836 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 

Garbo  (gar  bo),  Raffaellino  del  (originally  .    .  „  . 

Raffaello  Capponi).     Born  at  Florence,  1466: 
died  there,  1524.     A  Florentine  painter,  a  pupil 


of  Filippino  Lippi. 
GarQao  (gar-san'),  Pedro  Antonio  Correa. 

Born  at  Lisbon,  April  29,  1724:  died  Nov.  10, 
1772.  A  Portuguese  lyric  poet.  Works  pub- 
lished 1778. 

Garcia,  or  Garzia  (gar-the'a),  or  Garcias  (gar- 
the'iis).  BoruatTudela,  958:  died  1001.  King 
of  Navarre  995-1001.  He  was  surnamcd  "  the  Trem- 
bler" on  account  of  his  nervousness  before  battle;  and 


Dec.  11,  1898.  A  general  of  Cuban  insurgents. 
With  Cespedes  and  Marniol  he  planned  the  rebellion  of 
181)8  and  on  the  retirement  of  Gomez  was  made  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  f..rces  of  Cuba.  He  was  captured 
in  1873  and  imprisoned  in  Spain  until  1878.  He  returned 
to  Cuba  in  Aug.,  1879,  led  an  unsuccessful  uprising,  and 
was  again  carried  to  Spain.  He  lived  in  Madrid  (as  a 
teacher,  etc.)  under  police  surveillance,  but  escaped  in 
Sept.,  1895,  reached  New  York,  and  finally  landed  with  a 
large  expedition  near  Baracoa.  The  provisional  govern- 
ment immediately  placed  him  in  command  of  an  army, 
with  wliicli  he  gained  several  important  victories  before 
tmiting  witll  the  United  States  forces  in  the  capture  of 
Santiago,  June  21-July  17,  1898. 

See  Vega. 


was  the  author  of  the  saying  "  My  body  trembles  at  the    QarcilasSO  dc  la  Vcga 

dangers.towhichmy  courage  is  about  t^exposyr'^  He    Qa,rcin  dC  Tassy  (giir-san'  dfe  tf-se'),  Joseph 


defeated  the  Moors  under  Almansur  in 
tafiazor  in  098. 

Garcia  (gar-se'a),  Aleixo  oi-  Alejo. 


Died  in 


H§iiodore   Sagesse  Vertu.    Born    at   Mar- 
seilles, Jan.  20,  1794;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  2, 


Gardiner,  Stephen 

1878.  A  French  Orientalist,  author  of  works 
on  Hindi  Hindustani,  etc. 
Gard  (giir).  A  department  of  southern  France, 
capital  Nimes :  pai't  of  the  ancient  Languedoe. 
It  is  bounded  by  Lozfcre  and  Ard^che  on  the  north,  the 
Rh6ne  (separating  it  from  Vaucluse  and  Bouches-du- 
Rhone)  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and  H^rault  on 
the  south,  and  H^rault  and  Aveyron  on  the  west.  It  has 
important  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.,  and  rich  mineral 
products.  Area,  2,253  square  miles.  Population  (1891\ 
419,888. 

Gard,  Pont  du.  The  modern  name  of  a  bridge 
forming  part  of  a  celebrated  Roman  aqueduct, 
situated  about  14  miles  northeast  of  Nimes. 

Garda  (gar'dil).  Lake  of.  [It.  Latio  di  Garda.'] 
The  largest  lake  of  northern  Italy,  bordering  on 
Tyrol  on  the  north  and  the  provinces  of  Verona 
on  the  east  and  Brescia  on  the  west :  the  an- 
cient Lacus  Benaeus.  The  Mincio  carries  its  waters 
into  the  Po.  The  lake  is  noted  for  storms.  Peschiera 
and  Riva  are  situated  on  it.  Length,  37  miles.  Breadth, 
10  miles. 

Gardaia,  or  Ghardaya  (gar-di'ii).  The  chief 
town  of  the  Beui-Mzab,  situated  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Algiers,  Algeria,  in  lat.  32°  28'  N., 
long.  3°  58'  E.     Population,  about  26,000. 

Garde  Joyeuse.    See  Joyeuse  Garde. 

Gardelegen  (gar'de-la-gen).  [Formerly  also 
Gardeleben  and  Garleben.']  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Milde 
28  miles  north-northwest  of  Magdeburg.  Popu- 
lation (1,S90),  7,263. 

Garden  (gar'dn) ,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Dec.  4. 1757:  died  at  Charleston,  Feb. 
29,  1829.  An  American  revolutionary  officer, 
known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  "Anecdotes  of 
the  Revolutionary  War"  (1822). 

Garden  City  (gar'dn  sit'i).  A  village  in  Long 
Island,  New  York,  about  20  miles  east  of  Brook- 
lyn. It  is  noted  for  its  Episcopal  cathedral 
(founded  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Stewart)  and  schools. 

Garden  City.     An  epithet  of  Chicago. 

Garden  of  Eden.    See  Eden. 

Garden  of  England.  A  name  given  to  Wor- 
cestershire on  account  of  its  fertility. 

Garden  of  France.  A  name  given  to  Touraine, 
a  former  province  of  France. 

Garden  of  Gethsemane.    See  Gethsemane. 

Garden  of  Helvetia.  AnamegiventoThurgau. 

Garden  of  Italy.  -V  name  sometimes  given  to 
Sicily. 

Garden  of  the  Gods.  A  remarkable  region 
near  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado,  comprising 
about  500  acres,  covered  witli  extraordinary 
rock-formations  (cathedral  spires,  etc.). 

Garden  of  the  Hesperides.    See  Hesperidcs. 

Garden  of  the  Tuileries.    See  Tuileries. 

Garden  State,  or  Garden  of  the  West.    A 

name  sometimes  given  to  Kansas. 

Gardiner  (gard'ner).  A  city  in  Kennebec 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Kennebec  8 
miles  south  of  Augusta.     Pop.  (1900).  5,501. 

Gardiner,  James,  Born  at  Carriden,  near  Lin- 
litligow,  Jan.  10,  1688:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Prestonpans,  Sept.  21, 1745.  A  Scottish  colonel 
of  dragoons,  famous  on  account  of  his  remark- 
able conversion  in  1719. 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson.    Bora  at  Ropley. 

Hants,  Marcli  4.  1829:  died  at  Sevenoaks, 
Kent.  Feb.  23,  1902,  An  English  historian. 
His  works  include  a  llistory  of  the  Stuart  period  "from 
the  Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  Dis^'race  of  Chief  Justice 
Coke  "  (1863).'*  Prince  Charles  and  tbe  Spanish  Marriaye  " 
(1869),  "The  Thirty  Years'  War"  (1S74I,  "England  under 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham  and  Charles  I."  (lK7.i),  "  Personal 
Government  of  Charles  I."  (1877),  "Outlines  of  English 
History"  (1881),  "Fall  of  the  Monarchy  of  Charles  I." 
(1882),  "  History  of  the  Great  Civil  War  "  (1886-91),  "  His- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth  and  Protect<u*ate  "  (1894-un- 
tinished),  etc.  He  edited  a  numljer  of  hitherto  unpub- 
lished documents  and  letters. 

Gardiner,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
between  1483  and  1490:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
12,  1.5.55.  An  English  prelate  and  politician. 
He  studied  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  society 
he  was  elected  master  in  1525,  In  1528  he  was  sent  by 
Henry  VIII.  on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  in  reference  to  the 
proposed  divorce  between  the  king  and  Catharine  of  Ara- 
gon.  He  was  made  secretary  of  state  in  1529 ;  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Winchester  iTi  1631 ;  and  was  elected 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  about  1540. 
Although  constantly  employed  on  diplomatic  missions  to 
the  courts  of  Rome,  France,  and  the  emperor,  his  chief 
service  to  Henry  consisted  in  a  learned  defense  of  the 
Act  of  Supiemacy,  published  in  1635  under  the  title  "De 
vera  obedientia  oratio."  In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  he 
resisted  the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  Crannier.  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower  and,  in 
1552,  deprived  of  his  bishopric.  He  was  restored  to  lib- 
erty at  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary,  who'  appointed  him 
lord  high  chancellor  of  the  realm  in  1663,  In  conjunction 
with  Bonner  he  was  the  chief  instrument  in  bringing 
about  the  persecution  of  the  Protestants  in  the  early  part 
of  ilary's  reign. 


1 


Gardiner's  Bay 

Gardiner's  Bay.  An  inlet  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Long  Island,  lyiut;  bi-tweeu  fiardiner's 
Island  on  the  east  and  Shelter  Island  on  the 
west. 

Gardiner's  Island.  A  small  island  lying  oflf 
the  northeast  of  Long  Island,  New  York,  in 
lat.  41°  8'  N.,  long.  72°  8'  W.  It  belongs  to 
the  township  of  Easthampton. 

Gardner  (giird'ner).  A  town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  about  23  miles  north- 
west of  Worcester.    Population  (19U0),  10,813. 

Gardner,  George.  Born  at  (rlasgow,  Scotland, 
May,  1812:  died  at  Neura  Ellia,  Ceylon,  March 
10,1849.  A  botanist  an<l  traveler,  Fromisso  to 
1^1  he  traveled  in  Hrazil.  citllt-L'tiiiu'  arui  studying  plants. 
In  1844  lie  was  appointed  BupiTintfiidftit  of  the  botanical 
garden  of  Ceylon,  and  lu-  aftt-rwaid  traveled  extensively 
in  India.  Besides  nuinerons  botanical  monographs,  he 
published  "Travels  iu  the  Interior  of  Bnizil"  (1MB:  2d 
ed.  1849). 

Gardoni  (gar-do'ue),  Italo.  Born  at  Parma, 
Italy,  1821:  died  March  30,  1882.  An  Italian 
tenor  singer.  He  made  his  debut  at  Viadana  in  lS4fi. 
Hia  repertoire  was  large,  and  he  sang  much  in  Paris  and 
London.    Be  retired  from  the  stage  in  1S74, 

Gareloch  (gar'loch).  An  inlet  of  the  Firth  of 
Clyde,  iu  the  southwest  of  Dumbartonshire, 

Scotland. 

Garenganze  (ga-reug-gUn'ze),  also  Katanga 

(kil-tiiug'gii).  The  kingdom  of  the  late 
Miishidi  or  Msidi,  situated  between  the  head 
streams  of  the  Liiapula  River,  west  of  Lakes 
Bangweolo  and  Moero.  The  natives  are  mostly  Ba- 
luba  (also  called  Ba-ruha  and  lla-rua).  Garenganze  is  tlie 
English  proimnciation  of  Ngaranganj.a,  the  name  of  a 
Nyamwezi  tribe  to  which  Msidi,  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom, belimged-  The  Xyaniwezi  are  the  great  traders  of 
East  Africx  The  famous  copper-nunes  attractec!  them 
to  Katanga,  where  uuns  and  powder  enabled  Sisidi  to 
establish  his  great  kingdom,  based  on  rapine.  In  181t2 
ilsidi  was  shot  by  a  Kongo  State  officer,  and  his  country 
handed  over  to  the  Katanga  Company.     See  Luha. 

Garessio  (gii-res'se-6).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Tanaro  28  miles  southeast  of  Cuneo. 

Gareth  (ga'reth).  In  Arthurian  romance,  the 
nephew  of  King  Arthur.  He  was  introduced  to 
Arthur's  court  as  a  scullion,  and  concealed  llis  name  for  a 
year  at  his  mother's  request.  He  was  nicknamed  "Beau- 
mains  "  by  .Sir  Kay  on  account  of  the  size  of  his  hands, 
Tennyson  h.aa  used  his  story,  with  some  idterations,  in 
"Gareth  and  Lynette." 

Garfield  (giir'feld),  James  Abram.  Born  at 
Orange,  Cuyahoga  C'otmty,  Ohio,  Nov.  19, 1831: 

.died  at  Elberon,  N.  J.,  "Sept.  19,  IKSl.  The 
twentieth  President  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  an  instructor  in  and  later  president  of  Hinun  College. 
flhio,  18o6-()l,  and  a  member  of  the  Ohio  senate  IstlMJI. 
He  joined  the  tTnlou  armyas  a  lieutenant-ciloncl  of  vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War:  d<fe;itcd  Gen- 
eral Humphrey  .Marshall  at  the  battle  of  .Middle  Civck, 
Jan  10,  lSt>2  ;  w:is  promoted  brigadier-general  in  the  same 
year ;  waa  chief  of  Rosecrans's  stalf  (sei-ving  at  Chieka- 
mauga)ia  1863;  was  promoted  major-general  in  ISC'J:  wiuj 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  lS(i;i-80;  was  a  member 
of  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877  :  was  elected  Tinted 
.States  senator  in  18*i0;  was  elected  as  Republican  candi- 
date for  President  in  1,S80:  was  inaugurated  Man-h  4, 
18SI:  and  was  shot  at  Washington  by  Guitean,  July  2, 
1881.  His  works  have  been  edited  by  B.  A,  Hinsdale (2 
Vols  1883). 

Gargamelle  (giir-ga-mel').  The  luolher  of  Gar- 
gantua,  in  Kabelais's  romance  of  that  name. 

Qargano  (gilr-gii'no).  A  mountainous  penin- 
sula iji  the  province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  project- 
ing into  the  Adriatic  Sea:  the  ancient  (iarga- 
nus.     Highest  point,  Monte  Calvo  (3,4f)0  feet). 

Gargantua  (giir-gnn'tu-il:  F.  jiron.  giir-gon-tii- 
ii')  and  PantagTUel  Vpan-l!ig'ril-<l ;  F.  pron. 
poii-tii-grii-el'),The  Life  of.  A  satirical  work 
in  prose  and  verso  by  K:ibelais.  Gargantua  Isa 
giant  with  an  enormous  appetite,  and  his  name  has  be- 
come proverbial  for  an  insati;ible  eater.  The  misspelling 
Qarajiantua,  originated  liy  Pope  in  Ids  edition  of  Sliak- 
spere's  plays  ("As  you  Like  it."iii.  2),  has  been  followi-d 
)>y  some  other  editors,  (/■'nnu'jw.)  There  was  a  chap- 
book,  populai  in  Kngland  in  the  Ifilh  century,  giving  the 
history  of  the  giant  Gargantua,  wlui  accidentally  swallows 
Ave  iiilgrims,  staves  and  all,  in  his  salad.  See  I'tmtaijrnH 
and  J'ilnurye. 

He  [Rabelaisl  edited  too,  and  perhaps  In  part  rewrote,  a 
prose  romance,  '■' I,e8Gramleset  InestimahlesChronietjUes 
du  Grant  et  Enormc  0<''ant  Qargantua."  This  work,  the 
author  of  which  la  unknown,  arul  no  earlier  copies  of  which 
exist,  gave  him  no  doubt  at  least  the  Idea  of  his  own  fa- 
mous book.  The  next  year(l.'j;{2)  followed  the  first  Instal- 
ment of  this  —  "  Pantagruel  Kol  des  Dipsodes  R4>stllue  en 
Son  natilrel  avcc  ses  Falcts  et  Proueses  EsfKiuvanlnbles" 
I'hree  years  afterwards  came  "Gai-gantila"  proper,  the  llrst 
book  of  the  entire  work  as  wo  now  have  it.  Eleven  years, 
however,  passed  bef(»re  the  work  was  cotitinned,  the  sec- 
ond book  of  "  Pantagruel  "  not  being  publisheil  till  IMfl, 
and  the  third  six  years laUT,  just  bet.ire  the  author's  death. 
In  15.12  Thefourthorla.it  book  did  not  appear  as  a  whole 
untin5ft4,  though  the  first  slxteeTMli:iptcrs  had  been  given 
to  the  world  two  years  before.  This  ftmrth  brmk,  the  Ilfth 
of  the  entire  work.  has.  from  the  length  of  time  which 
elapsed  before  Its  publication  and  fnun  certain  variations 
which  exist  iu  the  Ms,  ami  the  tlrst  printeil  eilltions. 


425 

been  suspected  of  spuriousness.  Such  a  question  cannot 
be  debated  here  at  length.  But  there  is  no  external  tes- 
timony of  snttieient  value  to  discredit  Rabelais's  author- 
ship, while  tile  internal  testimony  in  its  favour  is  over- 
whelming.   Haiiitxlfury,  Short  Hist,  of  French  Lit.,  p.  1»5. 

Gargaphia  (giir-ga'ti-|i), The  Vale  of.  The  vale 

where  the  mythical  Acta'on  was  torn  to  ])ieces 
by  his  own  hounds.  It  was  used  by  Jonsou  as 
the  scene  of  "Cynthia's  Revels." 

Gargaron  (giir'ga-ron),  the  modern  Kaz-Dagh 
(kiiz-diig').  [Vtr.  Vi'ipyapoi'.l  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, the  highest  summit  of  Mount  Ida,Mysi;i. 

Gargery  (gar'.jer-i),  Joe.  I"  Dickens's  "Great 
E.\pectations,"  a  good-natured  blacksmith  with 
a  shrewish  wife:  Pip's  brother-in-law. 

Garh'Wal,  or  Gurlfwal  (gur-wiil').  l.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  Kuntaon  division.  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  30' 
N.,  long.  79°  E.  .Vrea,  5,629 square"railes.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  407,818.-2.  A  protected  state 
in  India,  situateel  west  of  British  Garhwal. 
Area,  4,l(i4  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
141  ,L41.. 

Garibaldi  (gii-re-bal'de),  Giuseppe.     Born  at 

Nice,  July  4.  1807:  died  on  the  island  of  Ca- 
prera.  near  Sardinia,  June  2,  1882.  A  cele- 
brated Italian  patriot.  Exiled  from  Italy  for  politi- 
cal  reasons  in  1834,  he  went  to  South  America,  where  he 
was  employed  in  tlie  service  first  of  the  republic  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  and  afterward  in  that  of  t^ruguay.  1830  48. 
In  1S49  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Roman  Republic, 
which  was  abolished  in  tlie  same  year.  In  lS5o  he  went 
as  an  exile  to  the  I'nited  States,  where  he  was  naturali/.ed 
as  a  citizen,  and  where  for  a  time  lie  followed  the  occnjia- 
tion  of  a  candle-maker  on  Staten  Island,  He  returned  to 
Italy  in  ls,'i4,  and  settled  as  a  farmer  on  the  island  of  Ca- 
prera.  He  commanded  an  independent  corps,  known  as 
the  "  Hunters  of  the  Alps,"  in  the  Sardinian  ser\  ice  during 
the  war  of  Sardinia  and  France  against  Austria  in  18,19. 
Secretly  encouraged  by  the  Sardinian  government,  he 
organized,  after  the  conclusion  of  peace,  an  expedition 
against  the  Two  Sicilies  for  the  purpose  of  bringing, -ibout 
the  union  of  Italy.  He  descended  upon  Sicily  with  l.oixi 
volunteers  in  5t,ay,  mm,  and  after  having  ni'a.le  liinisclf 
dictator  of  Sicily  crossed  to  the  mainland,  where  he  ex- 
pelled Francis  II.  from  Naples  and  entered  the  capital 
Sept.  7.  IStiO.  He  retired  to  Caprera  on  the  union,  of  the 
Two  Sicilies  with  Sardinia  and  the  proclamation.  March 
17,  1861,  of  Victor  Eniiiiaiiucl  of  Sardinia  as  king  of  Ilalv. 
Striving  for  the  comiilcti-uniliialion  of  Italy,  he  organized 
an  expe.lition  against  liorne  in  Iscj,  but  was  ilefeated  and 
captuicil  by  the  Sardinians  at  As|iromonte  in  Aug.  He 
was  again  in  arms  against  the  Pojie  in  18i;7,  and  was  de- 
feated by  the  Kreneli  and  papal  forces  at  Mentana  in  Nov. 
In  1870-71  he  commanded  a  French  force  in  the  war 
against  the  Germans. 

Gariep  (gii-i-ep').     The  Orange  River. 

Garigliano  (gii-rel-yii'no).  A  river  in  western 
Italy,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta  10  miles 
east  of  Gaeta:  the  ancient  Ijiris.  ITear  it,  Dec. 
27,  l,w;i,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  defeated  the  French  under 
the  Marquis  of  Saluzzo.     Length,  aliont  w  miles. 

Garland  (giir'land),  AugUStusHill.  Born  near 
Covington, Tenn.,  June  11,  1832  :  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  Jan.  26,  1899.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Confederate 
coufrress;  governor  of  Arkansas  1^7.1-77;  Ignited  Slates 
senator  from  Arkansas  1877-«5 ;  and  attorney-general  1885- 
1880. 

Garm  (giirm).  [ON.  Garwr.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, tlie  demon  watdi-dog  of  ITel.  At  Kag- 
narok  he  and  the  god  Tyr  slew  e;ii'li  other. 

Garmail  (ger-ma-il')  and  Armall  (ci-ma-ir). 
In  Firdausi,  two  nolile  Persians  who  became 
cooks  to  King  Toh:ik  in  older  to  save  each  day 
one  of  the  two  ineii  whose  brains  were  daily 
devoured  by  the  seijienis  that  grewon  Toliak's 
(lack.  Substituting  the  brains  of  a  sheep  for  those  of 
one,  they  saved  him.  From  the  men  thus  saved  Firdausi 
derives  the  Kurds. 

Gameau  (giir-no'),  Francois  Xa'Tier.   Born  at 

tlucbec.  .lune  l.''!,  ISOii:  ,li,.d  J-'d,.  :(,  ISiiti.  .\ 
(  amidian  liistoriaii.  He  was  cilv  clnk  of  (Juebec 
liUr,-tiU.     He  wrote  "Ilis(..iie  dil  I 'inia.ia  "  (184.1-111). 

Garnet  (giir'net),  Henry  Highland.    Bom  in 

Kent  County,  JId.,  181.''i:  died  at  Jlonrovia. 
Liberia,  Feb.,  1882.  An  American  clergyman 
and  orator,  of  African  birth. 
Garnett  (giir'net),  Henry.  Horn  at  lleanor, 
Derliysliire, l.'i.'i.'i:  execnieil  at  Si.  I 'iiiil's Church- 
yard,'May  3,  1006.  .\  leailing  English  Jesuit, 
ai'rested  and  )mt  to  dealh  for  alleged  eoniiec- 
lion  wilh  ilie  ( iuripowdrr  Plot. 

Garnett,  Richard.  Horn  ai  Ollev,  Yorkshire, 
July  2,".,  17,S9:  died  Sejil,  27,  l.'^.'.O."  An  English 
clergyman  and  )ihilologist,  assislanl  keeper  of 
printed  Imoks  at  the  Britisli  Museum  from  ]s:i8. 
Ilis  jiliilological  essays  were  collocted  ami  pub- 
lished in  isr>9. 

Garnett,  Richard.  Born  at  Lichfield, England, 
Feb.  27  ls:i."i,  .\n  Eii'_'lish  scdiolar  and  anllior, 
son  of  Kicliaid  (iannll  (17,><9-l,8,-i0).  n,.  w^i  made 
assistant  ktM'per  of  printed  books  and  superintendent  of 
tlic  reading-room  of  the  Itritish  Museum  in  l.s7rt.  Tte  re- 
tired in  1884,  and  wa^  keeper  of  printeil  book*  16iK>-ltt). 


Garrick 


Gamier  (gar-nya').  Adolphe.    Bom  at  Paris, 

-March  27,  1801:  died  at  Jouy-en-Josas,  May  i, 
1.SG4.  A  French  iiliiloso]iher.  He  was  professor  of 
pliilosophy  in  the  Iniversity  of  Paris  from  1845  until  bis 
deatll.     He  wrote  "Traite  des  facultis  de  I'iime"  (1B52). 

Garnier,  Charles  Georges  Thomas.    Born  at 

An.xerre,  Fiance.  Sejit.  21.  174(i:  died  there, 
Jan.  24.  179o.  ,V  French  litterateur.  HewasEev- 
olutionary  commissioner  at  Auxerre  179S-85.  His  chief 
work  is  ".Nouveaux  proverbes  dramatiques,  etc."  (1874). 
Gamier,  Germain.  Born  at  Au.xeiTe,  France, 
Nov.  s,  17.'i4:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  4,  1821.  A 
French  political  economist,  brother  of  C.  G.  T. 
Garnier.  He  emigrated  with  the  royalists  in  1798.  re- 
turned m  179.1,  and  became  prefect  of  the  departmeat  of 
Seine-et-Oise  in  1800,  a  senator  in  1801,  and  president  of 
the  Senate  in  1809.  At  the  restoration  of  1814  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  and  was  apjannted 
minister  of  state  by  Louis  XVIII.  after  the  Hundred  Days. 
He  translated  .\dam  Smith's"  Wealth  of  Nations"  (1805), 
and  wrote  a  number  of  politico-economic  treatises,  in- 
cluiling  "  Histoire  de  la  monnaie  "  (1819). 

Gamier,  Jean  Louis  Charles.    Born  at  Paris, 

Nov._  0,  182.'):  died  Aug.  4,  1898.  A  French 
architect.  He  entered  the  ficole  des  Beaux  Arts  in  1842, 
and  became  a  pupil  of  l^h.asand  Levcil.  Heeulisequently 
traveled  in  Italy  and  Greece,  and  began  business  as  an  ar- 
chitect at  Paris  in  18.14.  He  designed  the  Grand  Oixfra  at 
Paris,  which  was  erected  under  his  supervision  186:i-74. 

Gamier,  Joseph  Clement.    Born  at  Breuil, 

AliH-s-Maritimes,  France.  Oct.  3,  1813:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  2."),  ISsl.  A  French  piditical  econo- 
mist. He  was  made  senator  iu  18fi7.  His  works  include 
"Traits  d'c5conomie  politique"  (9th  ed.  1889),  "Traite  de 
finance  "  (188-2),  etc. 

Gamier,  Marie  Joseph  FranQois.   Bom  at  .St.- 

Kticiini-,  Frani'e.  .Inly  2.'i,  1S39:  <lied  in  Tong- 
king,  Dec.  21,  1873.  A  French  explorer.  He  ac- 
companied the  expedition  of  Admiral  Charncr  to  China 
and  Cochin  China  as  ensign  1860-1)2 ;  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  exploration  of  the  river  Mekong  in  184i(i :  partici- 
pated in  the  defense  of  Paris  1870-71 ;  and  commaniled  a 
military  expedition  to  Tongking,  whose  capital,  Hanoi, 
he  took  Nov.  20,  1S73.  He  was  killed  in  an  engagement 
witli  Chinese  pirates.  Author  of  "Voyage  d'exploration 
en  Indo-Chiue  "  (187:1). 

Gamier,  Robert.  Born  at  Fert^  Bernard.  1534 : 
died  at  Le  .Mans,  .\ug.  1.5, 1590.  Tlie  most  im- 
portant French  writer  of  tragedy  before  Cor- 
neille.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Paris  bar,  became  lieu- 
tenant ciimiuel  at  Le  Mans,  and  was  finally  apiuiinted 
councilor  of  state.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Ronsard.  His 
works,  which  were  composed  between  the  yeare  l,1*i8  and 
1580.  consist  of  8  plays:  "Porcie,"  "Cornelie,"  "Marc- 
Antoine,"  "Hippolyte,"  "La  Troade,"  "Antigone,'  "Lea 
Juives,"  and  "Bradamante," 

Gamier-PagSs  (giir-nya'pii-zlms'),  Louis  An- 

toine.  Horn  at  Marseilles,  Feb.  16,  18113:  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1878.  A  French  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  became  minister  of  finance,  March  5, 
1818,  in  the  provisional  government  establisheil  by  tlio 
February  revolution,  Subsiw|Uently.  on  .Sept.  4,  1870,  be 
waa  electeilamemberof  the  provisional  government  which 
succeeded  the  second  empire.  He  wrote  "Histoire  de  la 
rcivolution  de  1848  "  (1881-72).  etc. 

Garo  (gii'ro)  (also  Garro  or  Garrow)  Hills. 

A  territorvin  India,  situated  about  lat.  2:'i°-2()° 
N.,  long.  90°-91°  E.,  nominally  under  British 
rule.  If  is  a  mountainous  di.strict  with  an  area 
of  3.270  square  miles. 
Garonne  (gii-ron').  [L.  Garumna,  Garumia.'] 
A  river  in  southwestern  France.  It  risoa  in  the 
Spanish  Pyrenees,  has  a  generally  northerly  and  north- 
westerly course,  and  falls  Into  the  Hay  oi  Biscay  about 
lat.  46"  .■«  N.,  long.  14  W.  It  is  called  the  Giionde  after 
its  union  with  the  Dordogne.  Length,  about  S.10  miles. 
It  is  navigabli' alKmt  '2.10  miles  (for  ocean  vessels  to  Bor- 
deaux) At  'Poulouse  it  is  connected  by  the  Canal  du 
Mitii  »ith  the  Mediterranean. 

Garonne,  Haute-.    Si.e  Ilniiir-Garouiic. 

Garrard (ga-riird'),  George.  Bom  May31,17('iO: 
died  at  London,  Oi.f.  8.  1,S'_>7.  An  English  aiii- 
iiial-pninler  and  sculptor. 

Garratt  (gar'at).  A  village  situated  between 
Tooting  and  Wandsxvorth,  Surrey.  The  pracllec 
of  electing  a  mayor  (really  a  chairman  app^dnted  for  the 
defense  of  rights  of  ctunmon)  at  every  general  election, 
adopteil  by  the  iiihabit-ants  about  178U,  gave  rise  to  a  series 
of  satirical  "Addresses  by  the  Mayors  of  (Jarratt."  Finite 
wrote  a  play  on  the  subject.  "The  Mayor  of  GarmtL" 

Garraud  (gii-rd'),  Gabriel  Joseph.    Bom  at 

Dijon.  March  25,  1807:  died  llieic,  in  1H80.  A 
I'lench  scidiitor. 

Qarra'way's  Coffee  House.    A  noted  l,ondon 

colTec-lionsc  slanding  for  two  centuries  in  Ex- 
cliiinge  AUev,  Cornhill.  Tea  wasftrsi  sold  here;  Ihc 
prumotvra  of  tlie  .south  Sea  Bubble  met  here;  and  Mien 
of  ilruga,  mahogany,  and  timber  wi-re  held  here  periodi- 
cally. It  was  friHiitenled  b.\  people  «d  ((inility,  and  "ns  a 
place  of  sale,  exi-hange,  aiic'lioii.  :ind  lottery  it  was  never 
excelled"  ('/'/ii»r»iA"r.vt.  Tie-  orieinal  nrviprletor,  Thomas 
(Jarway.  was  a  tobaeeonlst  and  cotlce  dealer. 

Garrick  (gnr'ik),  David.  Born  at  Hereford, 
England,  Feb.  19,  1717:  died  at  London.  Jan. 
20.  1779.  A  eeleliriited  English  actor.  He  was 
tMlucated  at  Lichfield  Grammar  .School ;  went  to  I.ondon  in 
17.17.  traveling  with  lir.  Samuel  .lohnNon,  one  id  who«e 

IMipilft  he  hati  been  at  Kdial;  and  was  entered  at  l.incoln'A 
nil.     He  went  into  the  wine  business,  however,  w-ith  his 


Garrick 

brother.  The  partnership  was  soon  dissolved,  and  his  love 
of  the  stage  induced  him  to  make  it  his  profession.  He 
made  his  lirst  appearauc-e  m  publie  in  1741.  Having  played 
several  minor  parts,  he  made,  on  Oct.  19,  his  famous  ap- 
pearance as  Richard  III.,  which  was  an  immediate  suc- 
cess. In  1742  he  went  to  Dublin,  wliere  he  was  well  re- 
ceived. In  174.i  he  again  went  to  Dublin,  and  was  joint 
manager  there  with  Sheridan.  In  1747  he  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Drury  Lane  Theatre  with  Lacy,  having 
bought  a  half  interest.  He  brought  out  plays,  includiu)^ 
24  of  Shakspere's,  creating  new  p.-irts  and  playing  the 
principal  old  ones.  His  repertou'e  was  large  and  he  was 
very  versatile,  his  range  extending  from  Hamlet  to  the  ex- 
tremes of  low  comedy  in  Abel  Drugger  and  light  comedy 
in  Archer.  One  of  his  favorite  chai'actei-s  was  Don  Felix 
in  "The  Wonder."  which  he  played  for  the  first  time  Nov. 
6,  1756,  and  for  the  last  time  at  his  last  appearance,  .Tune 
10, 1776.  He  retired  witii  a  considerable  fortune  to  Hamp- 
ton. Hewi'ote  farces  and  comedies  and  alteiationsof  old 
plays  (especially  with  Colman),  together  with  many  pro- 
logues, epigrams,  etc.  He  played  with  .all  the  foremost 
actors  of  his  time.  He  was  a  great  actor  and  successful 
manager,  and  enjoyed  tlie  friendship  of  the  most  rioted  men 
of  his  day.  Johnson  said  of  him  that  "  his  death  eclipsed 
the  gaiety  of  nations." 

Garrick  Club.  A  London  club  instituted  in 
1831  for  the  patronage  of  the  drama,  and  as  a 
rendezvous  for  men  of  letters.  Since  186-1  it 
has  occupied  a  house  in  Garrick  street. 

Garrison  (gar'i-sou ),  William  Lloyd.  Born  at 
Newbuiyi^ort,  Mass.,  Dec.  10, 1.MJ5:  died  at  New 
York,  May  24,  1879.  A  noted  American  aboli- 
tionist. He  learned  the  trade  of  a  printer,  and  eventually 
became  a  journalist.  In  1S31  he  began  at  Boston  the  pub- 
lication of  the  "Liberator,"  a  journal  advocating  the  abo- 
lition of  slaveiy  at  the  South,  which  he  conducted  until 
its  discontinuance  iu  1865.  In  1832  he  founded  at  Boston 
an  abolition  society,  which_  became  the  model  for  sinii- 
laiv  societies  all  over  the  North.  Shortly  afterward  the 
-American  .Antislavery  Society  was  founded,  of  which  he 
was  president  1843-65- 

Garrod  (ear'od),  Alfred  Henry.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, May  18, 1816:  cUed  Oct.  17, 1879.  An  Eng- 
lish zoologist.  He.  studied  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
became  a  fellow  of  .St.  John's  College  in  1S73 ;  became 
prosector  to  the  Zoological  Society  in  1871 ;  was  appointed 
professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, in  1874 ;  and  became  professor  of  physiology  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1875.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
studies  in  the  anatomy  of  birds.  His  papers  were  edited 
hy  \V.  A.  Fortescue  in  1881. 

GarrO'W  Hills.     See  Garo  Hills. 

Garston  (giir'ston').  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey  5  miles  south- 
east of  Liverpool.     Population  (1891),  13,444. 

Garter,  Order  of  the.    See  Order. 

Garth  (glirthj.  Caleb.  A  character  m  George 
Eliot's  novel  ".Middlcmareh." 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  in  Bowland  Forest, 
Yorkshire,  1661:  died  at  London,  Jan.  18, 1719. 
An  English  physician  and  poet.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge  (Peterhouse)and  Leyden,  and  established  him- 
self in  London  in  the  practice  of  medicine.  Among  liis 
works  is  "  The  Dispensary  "  (16iKt),  a  poem  which  ridicules 
apothecaries,  and  records  the  first  attempt  to  establish 
dispensaries  for  outdoor  patients.  It  passed  through  many 
editions. 

Garuda  (Hind.  pron.  gur'6-da).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a  bird  or  ■vulture,  half  bird  half  man, 
on  which  Vishnu  rides. 

Garumna  (ga-rum'na).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
(jaronne. 

Garve  (gar've).  Christian.  Bom  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Jan.  7,  1742:  died  at  Breslau,  Dec.  1, 
1798.  A  German  philosopher,  moralist,  and 
traiLslator.  He  was  professor  (extraordinary) 
of  jihilosophy  at  Leipsic  1770-72. 

Gasca  (giis'kii),  Pedro  de  la.  Born  at  Barco 
de  Avila,  Castile,  148.5 :  died  at  ValladoUd,  Nov., 
1567.  A  Spanish  lawyer,  in  1546  he  was  sent  to 
Pern  as  president  of  the  audience,  with  extraordinary 
powers,  to  put  down  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro.  He 
managed  by  peaceful  means  to  win  over  many  of  the 
rebels.  Centeno,  Valdivia,  and  Benalcazar  joined  him  ; 
and  Pizarro's  forces  finally  deserted  on  the  held  of  Sacsa- 
buana,  nearCuzco,  April  9,  1548.  Pizarro  and  his  lieuten- 
ant, Carbajal,  wei-e  captured  and  executed,  and  Gasca 
treated  the  rebels  with  great  severity.  While  the  counti-y 
was  still  In  a  stiite  of  confusion  he  slipped  away  (Jan., 
1550),  leaving  the  govenmient  iu  the  hands  of  the  audi- 
ence. On  his  return  t^>  Spain  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Palencia,  and  in  l.'Jel  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Siguenza. 

Gascoigne  (gas-koin' ),  Sir  Bernard  (Bernardo 

or  Bernardino  Guasconi).  Bom  at  Florence, 
1614:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 1687.  A  military 
adventurer  and  diplomatist,  of  Italian  paren- 
tage. He  came  to  England  and  fought  for  Charles  I. ; 
returned  after  the  Restoration;  and  was  appointed  Eng- 
lish envoy  to  Vienna  in  1672  to  negotiate  a  man-iage  be- 
tween the  Duke  of  York  and  the  Archduchess  Claudia  Fe- 
licitas.  He  wrote  "  A  Description  of  Germany,  etc." 
Gascoigne,  George.  Born  in  Bedfordshire  (?), 
England,  about  153.t:  died  at  Stamford,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7,  1577.  An  English  poet.  His  chief 
works  ;-je  "The  Steele  Glas"  and  "The  Complaint  of 
Philomene  "  (1576).    Works  edited  by  E.  Arber  186S. 

He  [Gascoigne)  is  supposed  to  have  been  born  about 
1536,  and  if  so,  he  was  little  over  forty  when  he  died  iTi 
1577.  His  father,  a  knight  of  good  family  and  estate  in 
Sussex,  disinherited  him ;  but  he  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, if  not  at  both  universities,  was  twice  elected  to 


426 

Parliament,  travelled  and  fought  abroad,  and  took  part  in 
the  famous  festival  at  Kenilworth.  His  work  is,  as  has 
been  said,  considerable,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  number 
of  lirst  attempts  in  English  whicll  it  contains.  It  has  at 
least  been  claimed  for  him  ttliough  careful  students  of  lit- 
eniryhistoiy  know  that  these  attributions  are  always  rather 
hazardous)  "that  he  wrote  the  fli-st  English  prose  comedy 
('*Tbe  Supposes,"  a  version  of  Ai'iosto),  the  first  regular 
verse  satire  ("The  Steel  Glass"),  the  lirst  prose  tale  (a 
version  from  Bandello),  the  fhst  translation  from  Greek 
tragedy  ("  Jocasta  "),  and  the  first  critical  essay  (the  above- 
mentioned  "  Notes  of  Instruction").  Most  of  these  things, 
it  will  be  seen,  were  merely  adaptations  of  foreign  origi- 
nals ;  but  they  certainly  make  up  a  remarkable  budget  for 
one  man.  Saintsburir,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  16. 

Gascoigne,  Sir  William.  Died  in  1419.  An  Eng- 
lish judge.  He  was  made  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  by  Henry  IV.  aliout  1400.  According  to  a  tradition, 
followed  by  Shakspere  in  "  Henry  IV.,"  he  committed 
Prince  Henry  to  prison  when  the  latter  struck  him  for 
ventiuing  to  punish  one  of  the  prince's  riotous  com- 
panions. 

Gascoigne,  William.  Born  about  1612 :  died  in 
the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  July  2,  1644.  An 
English  astronomer,  inventor  of  the  microm- 
eter. 

He  invented  methods  of  grinding  glasses,  and  Sir  Edward 
Sherburne  states  that  he  was  the  first  who  used  two  eonvex 
glasses  in  the  telescope.  Diet.  Nat.  Biu>j. 

Gasconade  (gas-ko-nad').  A  river  in  Missouri 
which  runs  north  and  joins  the  Missouri  below 
Jefferson  City.     Length,  about  200  miles. 

Gascony  (gas'ko-ui),  F.  Gascogne  (gas-konyQ. 
[ME.  (rascoiiie,  Gascon,  from  OF.  and  F.  Gas- 
C0(jnc,  Sp.  Vasconia,  from  LL.  Vnsconiu,  from 
Vascones,  the  inhabitants.  See  Basques.']  An 
ancient  duchy  of  France,  capital  Auch,  form- 
ing part  of  the  old  government  of  Guienue  and 
Gascony.  It  was  bounded  by  Guienne  on  the  north, 
Languedoc  and  Foix  on  the  east,  Beam  and  NavaiTe  on 
the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  It  com- 
prised the  departments  of  Landes,  Gers,  and  Hautes-PyTe- 
nees,  and  parts  of  Haute-Garonne,  Lot-et-Garonne,  and 
Tai'u-et-Garonne.  It  formed  the  Roman  province  of 
-\quitania  Tertia  or  Novempopulania  :  was  a  duchy  in  the 
middle  ages  ;  and  was  united  in  1052  to  Guienne.  the  for- 
tunes of  which  it  genendly  followed. 

Gaskell  (gas'kel),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Cleghorn 
Stevenson).  Born  at  Chelsea,  London,  Sept. 
21),  ISIO :  died  at  Alton,  Hampshire,  England, 
Nov.  12, 1865.  An  English  novelist,  she  removed 
on  her  marriage  in  1832  to  Manchester,  where  she  obtained 
material  for  those  of  her  novels  which  describe  the  life  and 
trials  of  the  manufacturing  classes.  Her  best  novels  have 
been  translated  into  French.  ,\mong  them  are  "Mary 
B:u-ton  "  (1S48), "  Ruth  "  and  "Cranford  "  (1853), "  North  and 
South " (1855),  "Cousin  Phillis "(lSti5>,"Wivesand Daugh- 
ters "  (1866),  etc.  She  published  in  1857  a  "Life  of  Char- 
lotte Bronte."  ^ 

Gasparin  (gas-pa-ran' ) ,  Comte  Adrien  Etienne 
Pierre  de.  Bom  at  Orange,  Fr.ance,  -Jtme  29, 
1783:  died  there,  Sept.  7,  1862.  A  French  poli- 
tician and  agriculturist.       , 

Gasparin,  Comte  Ag^nor  Etienne  de.  Bom 
at  Orange,  France,  July  10,  1810:  died  at  Ge- 
neva, May  4,  1871.  A  French  political  writer 
and  politician,  son  of  A.  E.  P.  de  Gasparin.  His 
works  include  "Les  Etats-l'nis  en  1861  "(18611,  "Vkiai- 
riquedevant  I'Europe"  (1862),  "La  France,  nosfautes,  nos 
ptl-rils,  notre  avenir  "  (1872),  etc. 

Gasparin,  Comtesse  de  (Valerie  Boissier). 

Bom  at  Geneva,  1,S13:  died  there,  June  29,  1894. 
The  ■wife  of  A.  E.  de  Gasparin :  a  writer  of 
travels  and  of  religious  works. 

Gaspe  (gas-pa').  A  district  in  Quebec,  Canada, 
forming  a  peninsula,  situated  between  the  es- 
tuary of  the  St.  La'wrence  on  the  north  and 
the  Bay  of  Chaleur  on  the  south.  It  comprises 
the  counties  Gaspe  and  Bonaventui'e. 

Gaspe  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, east  of  Gasp^. 

Gass  (gas),Wilhelm.  Born  at  Breslau,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  28,  1813 :  died  at  Heidelberg,  Feb.  21, 
1889.  A  German  Pi'otestant  theologian.  He  was 
professor  successively  at  Breslau,  Greifswald,  Giessen, 
and  (1868)  Heidelbeiv.  His  works  include  "Geschichte 
derprotestantischen  Dogmatik  in  ihrem  Zusammenhange 
mit  der  Theologie  uberhaupt"  (1854-67). 

Gassendi  (giis-sen'de ;  F.  pron.  gii-san-de),  or 
Gassend  (F.  pron.  ga-sou'),  Pierre.  Bom  at 
Champtereier,  Basses-.Alpes,  Jan.  22, 1592:  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  24,  1655.  A  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  physicist,  and  astronomer.  "He 
studied  theology,  and  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Digne  in  1613,  and  of  philosophy  at  Aix  in  1616.  In  1W5 
he  became  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  College  Royal 
at  Paris.  He  sought  to  connect  the  philosopliy  of  Epi- 
curus with  Christian  theology  and  modern  science.  Among 
his  works  are  "  Disquisitionesanticiirtesiana)"(l(>4:i),  "De 
vita,  moribus,  et  placitis  Epicuri " (1647),  "Syntagma  phi- 
losophise Epicuri " (1(>49),  "Syntagma  philosophicum." 

Gasser  (gas'ser),  Hans.  Born  at  Eisentratten, 
Carinthia,  Oct.  2.  1817:  died  at  Pest,  April  24, 
1868.    An  Austrian  sculptor. 

Gasser  'von  Valhom    (gas'ser  fon  val'liom), 

Joseph.  BornatPragraten,Tyrol,Nov.22.IS16: 
died  tlu-ri'.Oi-t.  28.1901.    An  Austrian  sculptor. 


Gatinais    ' 

Gastein  (gas'tin).  A  valley  in  the  crewnlaud 
of  Salzliurg,  Austria-Hungary,  south  of  Salz- 
burg. It  is  famous  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  At 
Wildbad  Gastein  tiiere  lU'e  hot  springs. 

Gastein,  Convention  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
between  Austria  and  Prussia  at  Wildbad  Gas- 
tein, Aug.  14,  1865,  by  which  the  duchies  re- 
cently conquered  from"  Denmark  were  disposed 
of  as  follows:  Lauenburg  was  definitely  sur- 
rendered to  the  King  of  Prussia  for  twoand  & 
half  million  rix-dollars,  while  the  sovereignty 
of  Holstein  and  Schleswig  was  to  be  held  by 
Austria  and  Prussia  in  common,  Austria  ad- 
ministering Holstein  and  Prussia  Schleswig. 

Gasterental  (gas'ter-en-tal).  A  wild  valley  in 
the  Bernese  Alps,  .Switzerland,  south  of  Kan- 
dersteg. 

Gaston  (gas-ton'),  Marie.  A  pseudonym  of 
Alphonse  Daudet. 

Gaston  (gas'ton),  William.  Bom  at  New 
Berne,  N.  C,  Sept.  19,  1<78:  died  at  Raleigh, 
N.  C,  Jan.  23,  1844.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician.  He  was  a  Federalist  member  of  Congress 
from  North  Carolina  1813-17  ;  was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  North  Carolina  1834-44  ;  and  was  a  prominent 
member  of  the  coTistitutional  convention  of  1835. 

Gaston  de  Foix  (gils-ton'  de  fwa)  (1489-1512). 
See  Xeiniiurs,  Due  de. 

Gatchina.    See  Gatshina. 

Gate  City.  -\  name  given  to  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
and  also  to  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

Gate  House  Prison.  A  London  prison  at  'West- 
minster, memorable  as  th%t  from  which  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  was  taken  to  execution. 

Gate  of  Italy.  A  gorge  in  the  valley  of  the 
Adige,  near  Roveredo,  T^toI. 

Gate  of  Tears,  or  Gate  of  Mourning.  The 
translation  of  the  Arabic  Bab-el-Mandeb  (which 
see):  so  called  from  the  danger  in  navigating  it. 

Gate  of  the  Lions.    See  Afi/ceue. 

Gate  of  the  Mountains.  The  gorge  in  which 
the  Missouri  breaks  through  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, about  40  miles  above  Great  Fails.  Mon- 
tana. 

Gates  (gats),  Horatio.  Born  at  Maldon,  Eng- 
land, in  1728:  died  at  New  York,  April  10, 1806. 
An  American  general.  He  served  as  captain  under 
Braddock  in  the  expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1755,  and  at  the  close  of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war 
settled  in  Berkeley  County,  Virginia.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolutionary  War  he  accepted  a  commission  a3 
adjutant-general  in  the  Continental  army  (1775),  and  in 
1777  succeeded  Schuyler  as  commander  in  the  north.  He 
defeated  Burgoyne  in  the  second  battle  of  Stillwater,  Oct. 
7,  1777,  and  on  Oct.  17received  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne 
at  Saratoga.  In  Nov.,  1777,  he  was  made  president  of  the 
board  of  war  and  ordnimce,  a  position  which  he  used  to 
further  an  intrigue  with  the  clique  known  as  the  "Con- 
way Cabal,''  consisting  of  Thomas  Couway  and  others,  to 
supplant  Washington  in  the  chief  command  of  the  army. 
In  June,  1780,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  in  the 
south,  and  on  Aug.  16,  1780,  was  totally  defeated  by  lord 
Cornwallis  at  Camden,  South  Carolina.  He  was  after- 
ward succeeded  by  General  Greene. 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  after  1621.  A  colo- 
nial governor  of  Virginia.  Along  with  Captain 
Newport  and  Sir  George  Somers  he  sailed  from  England 
in  May,  1609.  in  charge  of  500  emigrants  destined  for  Vir- 
ginia. During  the  voyage  the  Sea  Venture,  in  which  he 
sailed,  was  separated  f lom  the  rest  of  the  fleet  by  a  hurri- 
cane and  stranded  on  the  rocks  of  Bermuda.  The  passen- 
gers of  the  Sea  Venture  constructed  two  new  vessels,  and 
reached  Virginia  May  24, 1610.  Having  in  the  meantime 
been  sent  to  England  with  a  report  of  the  condition  i.'f  the 
colony,  he  returned  to  Virginia  in  Aug.,  1611,  with  300  new 
emigrants.  In  the  same  year  he  assumed  the  office  of 
governor,  a  position  which  he  held  until  1614,  when  he  re- 
turned to  England. 

Gateshead  (gats'hed).  A  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough  in  Durham,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tyne  opposite  Newcastle.  It  has 
important  manufactures.  Population  (1901  >, 
109.888. 

Gath(gath).  [Heb., 'wine-press.']  One  of  the 
five  confederate  cities  of  the  PhUistiues,  the 
birthplace  of  the  giant  Goliath.  It  was  con- 
quered by  David,  turned  by  Rehoboam  into  a  fortress, 
t.aken  by  Hazael,  king  of  Damascus,  and  destroyed  by  I'z- 
ziah,  and  then  vanishes  from  history.  Its  position  is  un- 
certain, but  it  is  possibly  the  modern  Tell  es  Safi. 

Gatha  (Skt.gSt'ha;  Avestangii'tha).  ['  Song.'] 
In  Sanski'it,  a  religious  verse,  but  one  not  taken 
from  the  Vedas.  Such  verses  are  interspersed  in  the 
.Sanskrit  Buddhist  work  called  "Lalitavistara,"  composed 
in  a  dialect  between  the  Sanskrit  and  Prakrit,  and  have 
given  their  name  to  this  the  Gatha  di:dect.  The  oldest 
portion  of  the  .\vesta  consists  of  Gathas  or  hymns  believed 
to  go  back,  at  least  in  part,  to  Zarathusfatra  himself. 

Gatinais  (ga-te-n,a'),  orGatinois  (ga-te-nwii'). 
An  ancient  ten-itory  of  France.  Capital,  Ne- 
mours. It  lay  south  of  Paris,  partly  in  ile-de-France, 
partly  in  Orleanais,  and  is  comprised  in  the  departments 
I.oiret.  Ni&vi-e.  Vonne.and  Seine-et-Marne.  It  was  united 
to  the  French  crown  under  Philip  I.  in  10(38. 


i 


Gatineau 


427 


Gawain,  Sir 


Gatineau  (ga-te-no').  A  river  ;n  Canada  which, 
tlowiug  southward,  joins  tlie  Ottawa  nearly  op- 
iHisite  Ottawa.     Estimated  length,  400  miles. 

Gatley    (gat Mi),    Alfred.      Bmu   at    Korridge, 
Clieshire,  ISIU:    died  at   Konii',  .Juui 
All  Iviglisli  seuliitor. 

Gatling  fgat'ling),  Richard  Jordan.  Born  in 
Hertford  County,  N.  C. ,  Sept.  12, 1818:  died  Feb. 
26,  1903.  An  American  inventor.  Ue  took  the  ilc- 
preeoi  M.  D..ilioiit  lH4'.i,l)Ut  never  practised  liUprofesaion. 
Tieisfhietly  known  as  the  inventorof  tlieG:itIinKi;un,  the 
Hret  specimen  of  whidl  was  constrncted  in  IHti'i, 

Gatstina   (gii'ehe-nii).      A  town,   tlic  private 


and  body-curer,"  exclaims  the  host  in  the  "Merry  Wives  Gautama  (gou'ta-ma).   [Skt.]  The  family  name 

of  Windsor  "(act  iii.  scene  i  )wliile  addressing  tlieFreneli  i,f  Buildha.     (See  BtuUlha.)     The  Pali  form  is 

doctor  and  the  Welsh  pal-son.                                          ,   „,  i:,,tiiiiiii 

i>u,U.7<,Uibt.  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  3uo.  ''"''""«•                 „      ,  r      ,          n   ^      -■     <i     r- 
,       ,  .  Gautl  (ga'ti).     [L.  (Jordanes)  Oauligntli,  Gr. 
S  1863.  Craul,  Cisalpine.     IL.  dallia  Cmiljiina  (or  ( i-  (ptolemv)  rairo;,  AS.  (.V«/«s,  ON.  G«H?flr.]    A 
'               tt:rwi).'\     In  ancient  history,  that  part  of  Gaul  (jpnnaujc  tribe  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Scan- 
lying  on  this  side  the  Alps  (that  is,  from  Koine,  dinaviau  peninsula,  nearly  coincident  with  the 


on  the  southern  side  of  the  Alps).  It  extended  present  Swedish  province  Gothland  (Swedisli 
from  the  Alps  southward  arid  eastward  A  Ionian  colony  Qj3,,,i„ud),  where  they  are  mentioned  bv  Ptol- 
was  founded  at  Sena  Gallica '.B^  11.  r.    Pait  of  the  country  „,  .v    ^   ....,_     ■      ,0  i>         ,• 


was  reducid  between  the  llrst  and  second  funic  wars, 
Milan  and  t'omo  being  captured,  and  the  conquest  ivas 
completed  201-lfll  a.  c.  It  was  made  a  Roman  province, 
and  was  ituoiimiated  with  Itjlly  43  H.  C. 


property  of  the  czar,  situated  in  the  gnveinineiit  Gaul,  Cispadane.  [L.  OiiHid  Cispadriiia.]  ^  In 
of  St.  Petersburg.  Kussia,  28  miles  south-south-  aiu-icnt  gcci^'nijjhy.  the  part  of  Cisalpine  Gaul 
west  of  St.  Petersburg.    The  palace,  a  favorite  rest-     tliis  side  (s.iulii)  ipf  the  Po. 

dence  of  Alexander  III.,  built  in  1779,  is  of  great  size,  in  (Jaul    Transalpine       [L.  (r«//JO  Traiisalpiilii.] 
!!!??.?'^''?':!i?!i';'!:f  f,!?l";,,J.'.'.?..',"i''"..n'.i!.''.ir':'„?/>,'l!r„''     in  am-ient  geography,  that  part  of  Gaul  which 


stories,  is  connected  by  colonnaded  galleries  with  one- 
story  bnildirn.'s  sun-onnding  a  court.  There  are  about  (>0<) 
rooms,  including  ample  state  apartments,  and  a  theater. 
Population  U«'-),  li<»JO. 

Gatty  (gat'i  1,  .Mrs.  (Margaret  Scott^.  Born  at 
Burnhatn,  Esse.x,  Juno  3,  1809:  died  at  Eccles- 
field,  Yorkshire,  Oct.  4. 1873.  An  English  writer. 
wife  of  Rev.  jUfred  (Tatty,  vicar  of  Kcelesfield. 
Her  best-known  works  are  stories  for  chiblren  ("  .-Vunt 
Judy's  Tales,"  1»59,  etc.).  She  edited  "Aunt  .luily's  Maga- 
zine "  1866-7:!. 

Gauchos  (goii'choz).  Peasantry  and  herdsmen 
of  mixed  Indian  and  white  blood,  in  the  Platine 
states  of  South  America.  They  are  skilful  horse- 
men, accustomed  to  a  roving  life,  and  readily  lend  them- 
selves to  lawless  enteriui-es.  They  have  thus  become 
prominent  in  the  civil  wars  of  lliat  resion,  following- any 
leader  who  gives  tlu-in  excitement  and  plunder.  In  war 
their  bands  move  with  great  celerity,  easily  avoiding  reg- 
ular forces. 

Gauden  (giVdcn),  John.  Born  at  llayland, 
Essex,  IGO.'i:  died  Sept.  20,  1662.     An  English 


lay  beyond  the  Alps"  (that  is,  north  and  nortli 
west  of  the  .\lps  from  Bonie).  It  comprised  in  the 
Roman  period  Narbonensis,  Aiiuitania,  Lngdunensis,  and 
Belgica.  Its  ancient  inhabitants  were  Gauls,  Iberians, 
and  Germans.  M.any  remains  of  older  inhabitants  have 
been  discovered,  especially  in  the  center  of  Gaul  (Au- 
vergne,  etc.).  The  Gallic  antiquities  are  especially  numer- 
ous in  the  north  (Brittany).  Some  Greek  colonies  were 
planted  in  early  times  in  the  south  (sec  ilarxeiUeK).  The 
Koman  sctllenients  were  made  llret  in  the  southea.st.  in 
the  end  of  the  2d  centuiy  n.  c.  (see  Provence  and  Xnrhn- 
nem'K).  Gaul  was  thonmghly  conquered  by  Julius  Coisar 
5s-r>l  B.  0.  Augustus  divided  it  into  four  provinces. 
I'lnistianity  was  intioiluecd  in  the  2d  century.  A  division 
of  the  diocese  of  Gaul  into  17  provinces  was  made  in  the 
4th  centiuy.  It  was  invaded  by  the  Suevi,  Alans,  Vandals, 
West  Goths,  Biirgundir.ns,  and  l"rank8  in  the  0th  century. 
See  further  under  France, 

Transalpine  Gaul,  as  a  geographical  division,  has  well- 
marked  boundaries  in  the  Slediterranean,  the  Alps,  the 
Itliine.  the  Ocean,  and  the  Pyrenees.  But  this  geographi- 
cal division  has  never  answered  to  any  divisions  of  blood 
and  language.    Gaul  in  Cxsar's  day,  that  is,  Gaul  beyond 


eniy.  They  are  the  Gei'itas  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Beowulf, 
and'are  not  to  be  confounded  w  ith  the  troths.  They  ulti- 
mately foimed  a  constituent  pai-t  of  the  Swedes. 

Gautier  (go-tya'),  Marguerite.  The  principal 
character  in  Dunias's  "Ladaiiie  auxcam^lias." 

Gautier,  Thiophile.  Born  at  Tarbes,  Aug.  31, 
ISll  :.died  at  Xeuilly,  Oct.  22,  1872.     A  French 

Jxiet,  critic,  and  novelist.  He  graduate<l  from  the 
jyc(:e Charlemagne  in  Paris,  studied  painting  for  a  while, 
and  then  entered  into  the  romantic  movement  in  French 
literature.  His  first  book, "  Poc^sies  "  (IStO),  was  followed 
hv  "  Albertus " (183.'i),  'Jeune  France " (1833),  'Mademoi- 
selle de  Maupiii  "(1835).  From  iai7  to  1845  lie  was  art  and 
ill  amatic  critic  for  "  La  I'resse."  A  series  of  twelve  papers, 
"Exhumations  littcraires,"  appeared  in  "La  France  Litt^- 
raire  " (1S34  and  1835).  and  in  the  " Revue des  Deux  Mondes  " 
(1844);  they  were  published  in  book  form  as  "Les  gro- 
tesques" (1*14).  This  work  and  the  "Rapport  sur  les 
progris  de  la  poisie  franvaise  dcpuis  18.!0, '  published  in 
"L'Uistoire  du  romantisme  "  (1S.M),  show  Gautier  at  his 
best  as  a  critic.  Two  masterpieces  in  literary  criticism  are 
his  papers  on  r.amartine  and  Charles  Baudelaire.  In  1S45 
ho  went  over  to  the  editorial  statf  of  the  "  Monileur  I'ni- 
versel."  later  ".Tournal  Oftieiel,"  and  was  identilled  with 
that  sheet  until  his  death.  As  a  result  of  his  travels  in 
Spain  (1810),  Belgium  and  Holland.  Algeria  (1846),  Italy 
(1S50),  Constantinople  and. \thens  (1852),  and  Russia  (1S58), 
hewrote  his  "Voyage  en  Kspagne  "(184:1),"  Zigzags"  (ISJ.'i), 
"Italia  "(1852),"  Constantinople  "(l».'i4),"L'0rient,""'lW- 
sors  d'lu-t  de  la  Russie  ancienne  et  moderne"  (1860-63). 
"Loin  de  Paris"  (1864),  "()uand  on  voyage"  (1865),  and 
"Voyage  en  Russie"  (186(1).  He  found  also  in  foreign 
climes  materlalsforsuchnovelsaa  "  M  ilitona  "(18471,"  Arria 


Slaughter  House,  etc."  (1600),  "Tears  of  the  Church' 
(l«.'i9),  "'lepi  Aoiicpiia.  EcclesilB  Anglicana;  Siispiria,  or 
the  TeaiK,  Sighs,  C"mplaiiits,  and  Prayers  of  the  Church 
of  England,"  etc.     See  Kikon  Uasilike. 

Gaudichaud-Beaupre    (go  -  de  -  sho '  bo-  pra ' ) , 

Charles.    Born  at  Angouleme.  France,  Sept.  4, 

17.S0:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10,  lKri4.     A  French 

botanist  and  traveler  in   South  America.    He 

wrote  "Flore  des  ilis  Malouines"  (1834).  "Botaniqucdu  Gaul,  Transpadane.    [L.  (liillin  Traiispadniiil.l 

voyage  autonr  du  nionde,  execute  pendant  les  anni-es     j,,  ;,,],.ii.ut   gcogrnpliv.  the  part  of   Cisalpine 


Celtic  land,  and  it  was  in  this  part  of  Gaul  that  the  mod- 
ern French  nation  took  its  rise.  In  the  third  division, 
Belgic  Gaul,  the  tribes  to  the  east,  nearer  to  the  Rhine, 
were  some  of  them  purely  Genuan,  and  others  had  been 
to  a  great  extent  brought  under  German  intluenees  or 
mixed  with  German  elements.  There  was,  in  fact,  no 
unity  in  Gaul  beyond  that  which  the  Romans  brought 
with  them.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  67. 


18:16-1837,  etc.,"  et( 

Gauermann  (gou'er-man ),  Friedrich.   Born  at 

.Miesenbai-li,  near  Guttcnstein.  l,.>wer  Austria, 
Sept.  20,  1807 :  died  at  Vienna,  July  7,  1S62.  An 
Austrian  p.ainter  of  animals. 

Gaugamela  (ga-ga-mo'lil).  [Gr.  Vnv)aiiii/.u.-\ 
In  ancient  geography,  a  place  in  Assyria,  near 
the  modern  Mosul:  tlie  scene  of  Alexander's 
victory  over  Darius  (battle  of  Arbela). 

Gauhati  (gon-lm'te).    Atown  in  Assam,  British 


(iaul  beyond  (north  of)  the  Po. 
Gaul  (gal),  Giloert.    Bom  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 

l.S.jo.    An  American  artist,  known  as  a  painter 

of'battle-scenes. 
Gauls  (galz).     \Jj.Gam.']     Theleadingdivision 

of  t  he  Celtic  race.    In  historical  times  they  neeupied 

Transalpine  and  Cisalpine  Gaul.    Galatia  was  settled  by 

them  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
Gaunt  (giint  or  gaut),  John  of.     See  John  i>f 


daule"(1847),  "Iji  belle  Jenny,"  "La  peau  de  tigre"(1864- 
186,1),  "Spiiite'(ls66)."M^nagerie  intime"(lS6!)),  "Paitie 
earree."  "  Madi  moiselle  DafniS,"  "Tableaux  de  siege,"  etc. 
Forthe  stageGanllerwrote  "Li  Tricorne enchant*,""  Pier- 
lot  poslliunie"  (1S45),  "l.a  Juivc  de  Constantine"  (1848), 
"  Hcgardez  mais  ii'y  tonehez  pas  "(1847),  "L'Ainour  souIHe 
oiiil  veut,"ctc.  Hiswoiksi  f  pure  fantasyare'Tnelarrae 
dudiable  "(1880),  and  themes  for  bidlets.  as  "(!izelle"(lS41), 
"l.aiieri"(lS43),"Gemma"(lS54),and"Sakountala"(18:8). 
Gautier's poems  from  18:13  to  183Sweregather<d  under  the 
tilt;  "La  comedie  de  la  mort."  His  later  jioetical  com. 
positions  appeared  -is  "  Eniaux  et  cami^es  "  (1852).  Besides 
collaborating  on  "  L'Uistoire  des  peintrcs  "  (1847),  Gautier 
wrote  independently  "  I.e  salon  de  peinture  de  1847," 
"L'Art  moderne"  (185'i).  "Les  beaux-art.s  en  Europe' 
(1862),  and  "Histoire  ile  I'art  thi^atnil  en  France  depuis 
vlngt-cinq  ans"  (I81IO).  .Scattered  sketches  hy  Gautier 
have  appeared,  since  their  author  8  death,  iiniler  the  col- 
lective titles  "Fusains  et  eaux-fortes,"  "Tableaux  it  la 
plume,"  and  "  Portraits  contemporains." 

Gavarni  igii-viir-ne'),  pseudonym  of  Sulpice 
Paul  Chevalier.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  13, 
1801:  died  at  Auteuil,  I'aris,  Nov.  23.  1866.  A 
French  caricaturist,  noted  for  delineations  of 
Parisian  life,  etc.:  artist  of   the '■  Charivari." 


(idllllt. 

India,  situated  on  the  Brahmaputra  about  lat.   Gauntlet  (giint'let  or  gant'let).  Emilia.     The 
26°  11' N.,  long.  91°  40' E.     Pop.  (1891),  10,817.     virliioiis    heroine    of    Smollett's     "  I'eregrine 
Gaul  (gal).     [F.  (iauh;  Sp.  (hilin,  Pg.  It.  <iu1-     I'ieUle."     Peregrine  falls  in  love  with  her. 
liii,  G.  (iaUhn,  from  L.  (liillid.  fiom  Oalhis,  a  Gauntlett  (giint'let),  Henry  John.     Born  at   Gavamie  (gii-viir-iie').  Cascade  de.     A  water- 
Gaul  ]._  1.  In  ancient  geography,  the  country     Wellington,  Salop,  ill  ISOti:  died  Feb.  21, 187IJ.     '       ■"  '     "  '      '  '" 

A  noted  English  organist,  composer,  and  musi- 
al  editor.    I'or  more  than  forty  years  ho  cimiposcd  and 


of  the  Gauls;  in  an  inexact  use,  France,  it  was 
divided  into  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  ■Iransalpinc  Gaul,  and  is 
often  taken  as  equivalent  to  Transalpine  Oaiil. 


fall  in  (lie  Cirque  dc  Gavamie,  Pyrenees.      It 
is  the  second  highest  in  Europe  (D^igbt,  1,385 

Feet).  ■ 


Neither  .  .  is  France  even  yet  coextensive  with  OauL 
If  Britain  includes  Scotland  as  well  as  F-ngland,  Gaul  in- 
cludes Belgium  and  Switzerland  as  w ell  as  I'lance. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  165. 


The  name  "  Gaul "  has  neverfully  died  out  as  the  desig- 
nation of  France.  How  does  the  ca.se  stand  in  what  was 
so  long  the  common  language  of  Europe?    The  most  pe. 


It  fell  into  ruins  from  about  ir>76. 

, „^., .  Gaur  (in  Afghanistan).     See  tr'/ii/r. 

lantic  Ciceronian  never  scruiiled  to  talk  familiarly  about  Qaurisaukar      Mount  Everest. 

Anglus  and  Anglia  ;  but  Franous  and  Fnuicla  are  hardly  Q^UrUS     (ga'rils),    modem    Moute     BarbarO 

known  except  in  language  more  or  less  formal.    Gallus.   uauius     \^     ,,..'.'-,       T„  „,„.;,., ,1    , r,i..l,v    n 

Galli.i,i;alliarum  Ilex,  are  constantly  used  by  writers  who  (  nion  le   bar  ba-ro).  _lii  alien  lit  giogiajdi).  a 

would  never  think  of  an  analogous  use  of  liritaioius  and  mountain    in    Italy,    (    miles   west    ol    iNaides. 

Britannia.     In  eiu  lesiastical  matters  Gaul  has  always  re-  Here.  :U2  (313V  or  31":)  11.  1'.,  the  Romans  under  Valerius 

mainedcvcn  thiiformal  designation.  The  i)all|can Church  Corvus  ilefealed  the  Sainnites. 

answt 

Pi 


Piers. 

of  I'Mwaid  II.  of  England.  Ho  was  the  son  of  a 
(laseon  knight  In  the  service  of  Kdwaid  I.,  ami  was 
luoiight  up  in  the  royal  honsein  Id  as  the  fttsler-bri'ther 
and  playmate  of  Prince  Kdwaiil,  over  whom  he  acquired 
a  compii'te  ascendancy.  He  Incurred  the  enmity  td  the 
banins  bv  Ilis  insolent  and  supercilious  lieriring.  and  was 
banlsheii  by  I'dward  I.  In  13o7.  but  »I18  recallcil  on  the  ac- 
ccsshui  of  I'.dMalil  II.  ill  the  same  year  lie  «•"  created 
eail  of  Cornwall  in  l:ii'7,  and  In  i:iii.-  acted  a.-  regent  of  llio 


answers  to  the  Anglican,  the  Primate  of  the  Gauls  to  the  QatiBB  (gous),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Bnilis-  kingdom  ilurlng  the  king's  nbsenci'  in  France  Ills  con- 
Primatc  of  All  England.  /■'n-i-mnM,  Hist.  Esiiays,  I  lO.I.  ^^.j^.j^  (ieniriiiv  April  oO  1777'  died  at  Giit-  duct,  however,  so  irritated  the  banms  that,  in  spile  of  Iho 
2.  One   of  the  four   prefectures  of  the  later    tiiig.m,  (ierniaiiy.  iVb.  231  1S:-V:V     A  celebrated     S^^;i';;;;//,,'Jl\rVnJ\"e:^;^';ru 


German  iiiatlnniatician,  appointed  professor  ,'|,„  i,aron«|Vii  Ihecourse  of  which  he  was  captured  mid 
of  iiialhoniaticH  at  Giitlingen  in  l.'<07.    lllsworks     executed. 

Include  "Dlsiiulsltlones  aillhmetlcie"  (isol),  "Tlieoria  (JavTOche  (giiv-rosh').  In  Victor  Hugo's ''Loa 
;;:;illu"^;;;^S.  "llN'H::ch,S'ra;;^h;n;i^."';'S  Misi^rables,-  «  street  Arab.  He  has  become  a 
etc.  I.vpe. 

•iwecn  the  Atlantic, the  English  Gaussen  (go-soiV),  Frautjols  Samuel  Robert  Oawaln,  or  Gawayne  (gii'wiin).  Sir.    One  of 

e  Rhine,  the  Alps,  the  Medllor-     Louis.     Born  at  tieieva,  .Aug.  2.'i,  1700:    diiil      i),,,   j„.i,icipiil   Uniglits  of  the  Koillid  Table,  in 


Koman  Empire,  it  comprised  the  dioceses  of  .tpain, 
Gaul,  and  Britain,  anrl  con-esponded  to  Spain,  P.irtngal.  a 
small  strip  of  .Morocco,  Frame,  lielgium,  Swilz.i  laud,  H.d- 
land  and  Germany  to  the  Rhine,  England,  Wales,  and  the 
south  of  Scotland. 

3.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Gaul.    It  was  included  belw 
Channel,  the  North  i-lca,  th' 
ranean,  and  the  Pyrenees. 

4.  All  old  name  of  Wales,  as  in  "Araadis  de 
Gaul." 


at  Geneva,  June  18,  1X6:1.  \  Swiss  Prolesliint 
theologian.  His  chief  work  is  "Ba  Th<5op- 
neustie"  (1840). 

This  general  opinion,  that  Wales  was  the  country  of  (JaUSta  (goiis'tii).  The  liigliost  nioiinlain  in 
Amadis.was  not  an  unnatural  one,  sin.  cGaiilcsandClaula,  .,,„,)„.,,„  v,,,.,..,,v  nlmiit  bit  .'1!)°  ."lO' \  Heiifhl 
In  old  English.was  the  name  for  Wales  as  well  as  France:  Sont  1,.,  „  Noi  w  a\ .  alionr  lat.  .)!>  .>u  .>.  juigni, 
—  "IsayOalliaandOaid  —  Frcnchaiid  Welsh  -soiil-curer     (>,180  teet. 


the  .Vrtliuriiin  cycle  ol  romance.  He  appears  llrst 
In  Geoltrey  of  Moiimonlh  as  Walwaiii  (Gallicized  Ga. 
waype)  anil  then  in  iiearlv  every  one  of  the  riimar.ces.  Ho 
Is  known  as  "the  courtcnis."  Chresllen  of  Tloyes  gives 
him  the  llrst  place  among  the  knights.  The  po.m  "Sir 
Oawayne  and  iheGicnc  Knight.'  from  the  Kiencli  met- 
rical lomalice  of  Perceval,  is  assigned  t...  ali..iil  Ihe  year 


Gawain,  Sir 

1360;  it  has  been  republished  by  the  Early  English  Teit 
Society,  There  was  another  knight  of  this  name  who 
served  under  Amadis  of  Gaul  and  achieved  great  deeds. 
Gay  (ga),  Claude.  Born  at  Draguignan,  March 
18,  1800 :  died  at  Paris.  Nov.  29,  1872.  A  French 
naturalist.  From  1893  to  1&J2  he  was  employed  by  the 
Chilean  government  in  a  detailed  topograpliical  and  sci- 
entific survey  of  that  comitry.  Besides  studying  and 
collecting  plants,  animals,  and  minerals,  he  amassed  rich 
historical  material.  The  results  were  published  in  the 
''Historia  flsica  y  politica  de  Chile"  (Paris  and  Santiago. 
24  vols,  and  2  of  atlas,  1843-olX  and  in  a  large  map  of 
Chile.  Gay  returned  to  Paris  in  1S43.  He  subsequently 
traveled  in  Russia  and  Tatary,  and  studied  the  mines  of 
the  United  States. 

Gay,  Delphine.     See  Girardin,  Madame  de. 

Gay,  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Dedham,ilass..  Aug. 
26.  1G96:  died  at  Hingham,  Mass..  March  18. 
1787.  An  American  clergyman.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1714,  and  in  1718  became  pastor  at  Hing- 
ham, Massachusetts,  where  he  remained  until  his  death. 
He  entertained  liberal  theological  views,  and  is  regarded 
by  some  as  the  father  of  American  Unitarianism. 

Gay,  John.  Bom  at  Barnstaple  (baptized  Sept. 
16,  1685) :  died  at  London,  Dec.  4,  1732.  An 
English  poet.  Among  his  chief  works  are  "  The  Fan  " 
and  "The  Shepherd's  Week,"  a  series  of  eclogues  depict- 
ing rustic  life  "with  the  gilt  oil"  (1714),  "The  What- 
d'ye-call'it,"  a  farce  (171i^l  "  Trivia,  or  the  art  of  Walking 
the  Streets  of  London  "  (1716),  "Poems  "  (1720  :  including 
"  Black-ey'd  Susan"),  "The  Captives, "a  tragedy  (1724), 
"  Fables  "  (1727),  "  Acis  and  Galatea"  (1732X  and  "The 
Beggar's  Opera"  (1728).  This  "Newgate  pastoral'  made 
his  great  reputation.  The  representation  of  "Polly,"  a  se- 
quel, was  forlddden  by  the  lord  chamberlain.  This  prohi- 
bition became  a  party  question,  and  the  "  inoffensive  John 
Gay  became  one  of  the  obstructions  to  the  peace  of  Eu- 
rope."   The  sale  of  the  book  was  great. 

Gay,  Joseph.  The  pseudonym  of  John  Durant 
Breval. 

Gay,  JIadame  (Marie  Fran?oise  Sophie  Ni- 
chault  de  Lavalette).  Born  at  Paris.  July  1. 
1776:  died  March.  18.52.  A  French  novelist. 
Her  chief  novels  are  "  Iconic  de  Montbreuse  "  (1813), 
".\natole"  (1815),  "Les  malheurs  d'un  amant  heureux" 
(1818). 

Gay,  Sydney  Ho'ward.  Born  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  May  22.  1S14 :  died  at  New  Brighton, 
Staten  Island,  June  25,  1888.  An  American 
journalist  and  author,  in  1844  he  was  editor  of  the 
"Anti-slavery  Standard":  in  1857  he  became  connected 
with  the  Kew  York  "Tribune,"  and  from  1x62  to  1866  was 
its  managing  editor.  From  1867  to  1S71  he  was  the  manag- 
ing editor  of  the  Chicago  "  Tribune,"  and  for  two  years 
after  that  was  on  the  editorial  statf  of  the  New  York 
"Evening  Post."  He  wTote  Bryant  and  Gay's  "History 
of  the  United  States  "  (1S76-S0 :  Mr.  Bryant  writing  the 
preface  only)  and  "James  Madison  "  (1884). 

Gay,  Walter.     Boi-n  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  Jan. 

22, 1856.   An  American  genre  and  figure  painter, 

a  pupil  of  Bonnat. 
Gay,  Winck'worth  Allan.    Born  at  Hingham, 

Mass.,  Aug.  18,  1821.  An  American  landscape 
and  marine  painter,  brother  of  S.  H.  Gay:  a 
pupil  of  R.  W.  Weir  and  Troyon. 

Gaya  (gi'a).  1.  A  district  in  the  Patna  divi- 
sion, Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long.  85°  E.  Area,  4,712  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  2,138,331.-2.  The  chief 
town  of  the  district  of  Gaya,  situated  on  the 
Phalgu  about  lat.  24°  46'  N.,  long.  84°  58'  E. 
Near  it  is  the  place  of  pilgrimage  Buddha-Gaya 
(which  see).     Population  (1891),  80,383. 

Gayangos  (gi-ang'gos),  Pascual  de.  Bom  in 
Spain,  June  21,  1809 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  4, 
1897.  A  Spanish  scholar,  professor  of  Arabic 
in  the  University  of  Madrid.  He  translated  Tick- 
nor's  "Spanish  Literature"  (1S51),  and  published  "His- 
toria  d-  l-.s  reyes  de  Granada"  (1:^2),  etc. 

Gayarre  (ga-a-ra'),  Charles  Etienne  Arthur. 
Born  Jan. 9,1805:  diedFeb. 11, 1895.  AnAmerican 
historian.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Philadelphia 
in  18-29 ;  began  the  practice  of  law  at  New  Orleans  in  1830 ; 
and  has  held  a  number  of  st;ite  and  municipal  offices,  in- 
cluding that  of  reporter  of  the  State  Supreme  Court. 
Among  his  works  iire  "Histoire  de  la  Louisiane"  (1847). 
"Louisiana:  its  History  .as  a  French  Colony"  (1861-52). 
and  "  History  of  the  Spanish  Domination  in  Louisiana 
from  1769  to  December,  1S03"  (18.54). 

Gayatri(ga'ya-tre).  [Skt.]  An  ancient  meter 
of  twenty-four  syllables,  generally  arranged  as 
a  triplet  of  three  divisions  of  eight  syllables 
each;  also,  a  hymn  in  the  Gayatri  meter  and 
then  the  Gayatri  2>ar  ciceUenec,  i.  e.,  Rigveda 
HI.  Ixii.  10.  This  is  :  "  Tat  savitur  varenyam  bhargo 
devasya  dhimahi  Dhiyo  yo  nah  prachodayat"  ("Let  us 
meditate  on  the  excellent  radiance  of  the  heavenly  quick- 
ener,  and  may  he  stimulate  our  understandings  ").  This  is 
a  very  sacred  verse,  repeated  by  every  Brahman  at  his 
morning  and  evening  devotions.  From  being  addressed 
to  Savitri  or  the  Sun  as  generator,  it  is  also  called  Savitri. 
Originally  a  simple  invocation  of  the  sun,  later  times  have 
attached  to  it  a  deep  mystical  import.  It  is  so  holy  that 
copyists  often  refrain  from  transcribing  it. 

Gay  Head  (ga  bed).  A  promontory  at  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  Martha's  Vinevard,  Massachu- 
setts, lat.  41°  21'  N..  long.  70°  50'  W. 

Gayless  (ga'les),  Charles.    The  impecunious 


428 

master  of  the  "  lying  valet,"  in  Garrick's  play 
of  that  name. 

Gay-Lussac  (ga-lii-sak'),  Joseph  Louis.  Born 
at  St. -Leonard  le  Noblat,  Haute-Vienue,  Dec. 
6,  1778:  died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1850.  A  distin- 
guished French  chemist  and  physicist.  He  made 
the  first  balloon  ascensions  for  scientific  purposes  in  1804, 
and  is  especially  noted  for  his  researches  on  chemical 
combination,  iodine,  cyanogen,  etc.  He  enunciated  the 
law  that  gases  combine  with  each  other  iti  very  simple 
definite  proportions. 

Gaymar  (ga'mar  >,  Geoffrey.  An  English  chron- 
icler who  translated  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  into 
Anglo-Norman  verse  about  1146.  He  continued 
it  by  addiug  a  metrical "  History  of  Anglo-Saxou 
Kings." 

Gajrnham  (ga'nam),  or  Gamham  (gar'nam). 
Dr.     See  the  extract. 

One  of  the  most  notorious  of  the  Fleet  parsons  was  Dr. 
Gaynham  or  Garnham,  populaily  known  as  the  Bishop  of 
Hell,  "a  very  lusty,  jolly  man,"  who,  being  asked  at  a  trial, 
where  he  gave  evidence,  whether  he  was  not  ashamed  to 
come  and  own  a  clandestine  marriage  in  the  face  of  a 
Court  of  Justice,  replied,  bowing  to  the  Judge.  "  Video 
meliora,  deterwra  6equor."  On  another  occasion,  when 
questioned  as  to  his  recollection  of  the  prisoner,  he  said  : 
"Can  I  remember  persons?  I  have  married  2,000  since 
that  time." 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  145. 

Gay  Saber  (gi  or  ga  sa-bar').  [Pr.,  'Gay  Sci- 
ence.'] A  gild  formed  by  the  magistrates  of 
Toulouse  in  1323,  with  the  purpose  of  restoring 
the  Provencal  language  and  culture,  which  had 
nearly  died  out.  It  was  called  originally  "Sobregaya 
Compa'nhia  dels  Sept  Trobadours  de  Tolosa"  ("The  very 
gay  company  of  the  seven  troubadours  of  Toulouse "). 
The  first  meeting  was  held  May  1,  1324. 

The  concourse  was  great,  and  the  first  prize  was  given 
to  a  poem  in  honor  of  the  Madonna,  by  Ramon  Vidal  de 
Besalii,  a  Catalan  gentleman,  who  seems  to  have  been  the 
author  of  the  regulations  for  the  festival,  and  to  have  been 
declared  a  doctor  of  the  Gay  Saber  on  the  occasion.  In 
1355  this  company  formed  for  itself  a  more  ample  body  of 
laws,  partly  in  prose  and  partly  in  verse,  under  the  title 
of  "Ordenanzas  dels  Sept  Senhors  Mantenedors  del  Gay 
Saber,"  or  Ordinances  of  the  Seven  Lords  Conservators 
of  the  Gay  Saber,  which,  with  the  needful  modifications, 
have  been  observed  down  to  our  own  times,  and  still  regu- 
late the  festival  annually  celebrated  at  Toulouse,  on  the 
first  day  of  May,  under  the  name  of  the  Floral  Games. 

Tidmor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  293. 

Gay  Spanker,  Lady.     See  SpanJ:er,Ladi/  Gay. 

Gayumart  (mod.  Pers.  pron.  ge-yo-murt'),  or 
Gayumureth,  or  Kayumarth "  (mod.  Pers. 

pron.  ke-yo-murt').  In  the  Avesta  (in  the  form 
GaijomareUin),  the  first  man,  destroyed  after  30 
years  by  Angromain_\-us.  As  Gaj-umart  he  is  in  Fir- 
dausi  the'first  Iranian  king,  and  reigned  30  years.  He  dwelt 
among  the  mountains,  and  clothed  himself  and  his  people 
with  tiger-skins.  Savage  beasts  bent  before  his  throne. 
His  beloved  son  Siyamak  was  slain  by  a  son  of  Ahriman, 
but  avenged  by  Gayumart  and  Hushang,  Siyamak's  son. 

Gaza  (ga'zii),  Arab.  Ghazzeh.  A  town  Snd 
important  trading  place  in  Svria,  situated  near 
the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  34° 
33'  E.  It  was  one  of  the  five  chief  cities  of  the  Philis- 
tines. The  great  mosque  is  an  old  12th-century  church 
having  pointed  arches  and  windows,  with  picturesque 
facade  and  a  lofty  octagonal  minaret.  The  town  was 
taken  by  Tiglath-Pileser  II.,  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  332 
B.  c,  and  by  the  French  in  1799.  Population,  estimated, 
16,000. 

Gaza  (ga'za),  Theodorus.  Born  at  Thessalo- 
nica,  Macedonia,  about  1400:  died  in  Italy,  1478. 
A  noted  Greek  scholar,  resident  in  Italy  after 
the  capture  of  his  native  town  by  the  Turks, 
and  professor  of  Greek  at  Ferrara  1441-50.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  Greek  grammar  (first  published  by 
Aldus  ilanutius,  Venice,  1495),  of  translations  from  the 
Greek  into  Latin,  etc. 

Gazaland  (gii'za-land).  That  portion  of  Por- 
tuguese East  Africa  which  is  situated  between 
the  Zambesi  and  Limpopo  rivers,  and  between 
Mashonaland  and  the  sea.  It  includes  Gorongoza. 
Kiteve,  Sofala,  and  Inbambane,  corresponding  to  the  old 
kingdom  of  Umzila.  now  (1S94)  under  his  successor  Gun- 
gunhana.  who  has  recognized  Portuguese  suzerainty,  but 
still  holds  complete  sway  over  his  subjects.  The  Portu- 
guese rule  is  effective  only  in  the  coast-belt,  and  along 
the  Pungwe  River,  where  the  railroad  to  Mashonaland  is 
being  built. 

Gazette  (ga-zef),  Sir  Gregory.  In  Foote's 
comedy  '"The  Knights."  a  gullible  provincial 
politician.  He  has  an  inordinate  appetite  for  news,  but 
is-  incapable  of  making  sense  out  of  the  most  ordiiiary 
paragraph  of  a  newspaper. 

Gazir  (gii-zer').     See  Kanuri. 

Gazistas.     See  Caeos. 

Gazza  Ladra  (gat'sa  liid'ra).  La.  [It.. 'The 
Thieving  Magpie.']  A  comic  opera  by  Rossinij 
words  by  Gherardini.  It  was  first  presented  at  Milan 
in  1817.  Bishop  produced  it  in  English  at  the  Covent 
Garden  Theatre  in  1830  as  "Ninetta,  or  the  Maid  of  Pa- 
laiseau." 

Gazzaniga  (gat-sa-ne'gil),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at 
Verona,  Oct..  1743:  died  there,  about  1815.  An 
Italian  composer.  He  wrote  many  operas,  among 
which  was  "11  convitato  di  pietro  "  (1787),  the  forerun- 
ner of  "  Don  Giovanni."    Grove. 


Geelong 

Gbari  (gba're).  An  African  tribe,  of  the  Nl- 
gi'itie  branch,  settled  north  of  the  confluence 
of  the  Binue  aud  Niger  rivers,  it  is  partly  sub. 
ject  to  Sokoto  and  partly  independent  The  Gbari  Ian. 
guage  has  some  affinity  with  Nupe.  The  caravans  of  SoKoto 
and  Kano  meet  in  Gb<ari  before  proceeding  to  Nupe.  The 
Gbari  slaves  are  much  prized. 

Ge  (ge).     See  Gxa. 

Geary  (ge'ri  or  ga'ri),  John  White.  Bom  at 
Mount  Pleasant,  Westmoreland  Countv,  Pa., 
Dee.  30,  1819 :  died  at  Harrisburg,  Pa..  "Feb.  8, 
1873.  An  American  general  and  politician. 
He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Mexican  w^ar ;  was 
appointed  first  postmaster  of  San  Francisco  in  1849;  be- 
came fii-st  mayor  of  that  city  in  1850  ;  and  was  appointed 
territorial  governor  of  Kansas  in  1856.  He  entered  the 
Union  army,  and  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
April  25,  1862 ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Moun 
tain,  -Aug.  9,  1862  :  and  commanded  a  division  at  Chancel- 
lorsville,  Gettysburg,  Lookout  ilountain,  and  in  Sherman  s 
niiU'Ch  to  the  sea.  He  was  governor  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1867  until  two  weeks  before  his  deatlL 

Gebal  (ge'bal).  A  maritime  city  of  Phenicia, 
situated  on  a  hill  close  to  the  Mediterranean, 
north  of  Beirut:  the  ancient  Byblus  and  Arabic 
Jebel.  It  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Pheuician  set- 
tlements, and  second  only  in  importance  to  Tyre  and 
Sidon.  Its  inhabitants,  the  Gebalites.  are  mentioned  as 
skilful  in  hewing  stones  (1  Ki.  v.  IS)  and  in  ship-building 
(Ezek.  xxvii.  9).  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Philo,  the  trans- 
lator of  Sanchuniathon  ;  but  it  was  most  celebrated  as  the 
oldest  seat  of  the  cult  of  Adonis,  to  whom  the  city  was 
sacred,  and  after  whom  the  river  it  stands  on  was  named. 
Gebal  is  mentioned  as  a  kingdom  paying  tribute  to  Assyria 
in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  11.  and  Esarhaddon.  It 
was  taken  by  Alexander  the  Great.  Later  it  became  a 
Christian  see.  The  modern  Jebel  has  only  a  few  hundred 
inhabitants.  The  excavations  carried  on  there  by  Renan 
unearthed  numerous  tombs  and  sarcophagi  and  the  sub- 
structions of  a  large  temple,  perhaps  that  of  Adonis. 

Gebelin,  Court  de.     See  Court  de  Gebelin. 
Geber  (ga'l,>er,»:  probably  identical  ■with  Abu 
Musa  Jabir  ben  Haijan.     Died  about  776. 

An  Arabian  alchemist.  He  occupies  a  position  in 
the  history  of  chemistrj'  analogous  to  that  held  by  Hip- 
pocrates in  that  of  medicine.  The  theory  that  the  metals 
are  composed  of  the  same  elements,  aud  that  by  proper 
treatment  the  bjise  metals  can  bedeveloped  into  the  noble, 
which  was  the  leading  theory  in  chemistrj'  down  to  the 
16th  centurj',  is  clearly  defined  in  his  writings.  The  titles 
of  500  works  reputed  to  be  from  his  pen  are  known,  of 
which  the  following  have  appeared  in  print :  "Summa  per- 
fectionis,"  "Liber  investigationis,"  or  "De  investigatione 
perfectionis,"  "De  inventione  veritatis,"  "Liber  Forna- 
cum,"and  "Testamentum." 

Gebir  (ga'ber).  A  poem  by  Walter  Savage 
Landor,  published  1798. 

Gebirs.     See  Giiebert.-. 

Gebler  (gab'ier),  Friedrich  Otto.  Bora  at 
Dresden,  Sept.  18,  1838.  A  German  animal- 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Piloty. 

Geb'weiler  (gab'vi-ler)."  [F.  GuehicdUr.l  A 
town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  14  miles 
south-southwest  of  Colmar.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cotton,  machinery,  and  sugar.  Popula- 
tion (1890).  12.297. 

Ged  (ged),  William.  Bora  at  Edinburgh,  1690 : 
died  Oct.  19,  1/49.  A  Scotch  goldsmith  and 
jeweler,  one  of  the  inventors  of  stereotyping. 

Geddes(ged'es).  Alexander.  BominRuthven, 
Banffshire,  Sept.,  1737:  died  at  London,  Feb.  26, 
1802.  A  Scottish  Roman  Catholic  clergyman, 
a  biblical  critic  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He 
published  a  translation  of  part  of  the  Bible  (1792-99X 
"Critical  Remarks  on  the  Hebrew  Scriptures"  (IfeOo).  a 
translation  of  part  of  the  Iliad,  some  clever  macaronic 
verses,  etc. 

Geddes,  Andre'W.  Born  at  Edinbm-gh,  April  5, 
1783 :  died  at  Loudon.  May  5, 1844.  A  Scottish 
painter  and  etcher.  He  became  an  associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1832.  .Among  his  works  are  "  Christ  and 
the  Woman  of  Samaria  "(1^1).  "Discovery  of  the  Regalia 
of  Scotland  in  161s  '  (1821),  v;irious  portraits,  etc. 

Geddes,  Janet  or  Jenny.  The  reputed  origi- 
nator of  a  riot  in  St.  (Tiles's  Church.  Edinburgh, 
July  23,  1637.  She  is  s.aid  to  have  emphasized  her  pro- 
test against  the  introduction  of  the  English  liturgy  into 
Scotland  by  throwing  her  folding  stool  at  the  head  of  the 
officiating  bishop. 

Gedebo.     See  Grebo. 

Gedrosia  (jf-dro'si-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  country  in  Asia  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
modern  Baluchistan. 

Greefs  (gafs),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Antwerp,  Dee. 
25.  1808:  died  there,  Oct.  10.  1885.  A  Belgian 
sculptor,  brother  of  Willem  Geefs.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  sculpture  at  the  Academy 
of  Antwerp  in  ]841. 

Geefs,  Willem.  Born  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  10, 
1806 :  died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  19, 1883.  A  Belgian 
sculptor,  appointed  professor  at  the  Academy 
of  Antwerp  in  1834. 

Geelong  (ge-long').  A  seaport  and  city  in  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  situated  on  Corio  Bav  in  lat.  38° 
8'  S.,  long.  144°  22'  E.  Population,"  with  sub- 
urbs (1891),  24,283. 


I 


Geelvink  Bay 

Gcelvink  Bay  (gal'vingk  bfi).  A  large  inlet  of 
the  Pacilie  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Pajiua. 
It  nearly  reaches  the  southern  eoast  of  the  isl- 
and.    Width,  about  150  miles. 

Geer  (.var),  Baron  Karl  de,  or  Degeer,  Bom 
at  Fiiispfing,  near  Norrkjoping,  Sweden,  1720: 
died  at  Stockholm,  March  s,  1778.  A  Swedish 
entomologist,  author  of  ■'  Memoires  pour  servir 
i,  I'histoire  des  insectes  "  (Stockholm,  1752-78), 
etc. 

Geer  af  Finsp&ng  (yir  iif  fins 'pong),  Louis 

Gerhard  von.  Horn  at  Finspang,  July  18, 1818 : 
died  Sept.  24,   1S9G.      A  Swedish  statesman, 

i'urist.and  author.  He  was  mniister  of  justice  1858-7a 
le  published  several  nuvels,  *'  Memoirs,"  etc 

GeerartS  (gar'iirts),  Marcus.  Born  at  Bruges 
early  in  the  ICth  century:  died  at  London 
before  1604.  A  Flemish  painter.  Ho  was  court 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1571. 

Geerarts,  Marcus.  Born  at  Bruges,  1501:  died 
at  London,  103').  A  iiainter  of  the  Flemish 
school,  son  of  ilareus  (Jeerarts.  He  was  court 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth  after  1.580. 

Geerts  (garts),  Karel  Hendrik.  Bom  at  Ant- 
werp :  died  at  Louvain,  Belgium,  1855.  A  Bel- 
gian sculptor. 

Geestemunde  (gas'te-miln-de).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Geeste  and  Weser,  33  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Bremen.  It  h^s  important  flsheiies.  It 
was  founded  by  Hannover  to  rival  liremerhiiven.  Tlu- 
neighboring  Geestendorf  is  now  united  with  it.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  16,462. 

Geez  (ge/.).  The  ancient  language  of  Abyssinia. 
Since  about  900  A.  i>.  it  has  ceased  to  be  a  spoken  ianguajre, 
and  survives  only  in  the  usage  of  tlie  church  arui  of 
scholars.  Its  place  was  taken  as  the  popular  speech  by 
two  of  its  dialects,  Tigr6  and  Tigriila.  In  the  southern 
part  of  Abyssinia  a  kindred  language.  Amharic,  was 
spoken,  which  has  since  become  tlie  speech  of  tlle  entire 
country.  Geez  and  the  related  languages  and  dialects 
employ  a  syllabic  character  nearly  related  to  that  f<Mind 
in  the  Sabeiin  ami  Ilimyaritic  inscriptions  of  South  Aral)ia. 
It  is  a  Semitic  language  with  an  intermixture  of  African 
words.  Among  the  Semitic  dialects  it  is  most  nearly  re- 
lated morphologically  to  Assyrian,  and  in  vocabulary  to 
Arabic.     It  is  often  called  Etbimjic. 

Oeffrard  (zhe-frilr').  Fa  ore.  Bom  at  Anse 
Veau,  Haiti,  Sept.  18,  18UG:  died  at  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  Feb.  11, 1879.  A  Haitian  general  and 
politician.  Hewas  prominent  ns  a  military  leader  under 
Rivifere,  Rich6,  and  Soulouque,  lh43  to  185S.  He  headed 
a  revolt  against  Soulouque  in  Dec,  lS6y,  and  drove  him 
from  the  island  Jan.  16,  1859,  declaring  a  republic  and  as- 
suming tile  presidency.  Notwithstanding  various  rebel- 
lions, he  held  the  position  until  March,  1807,  when  he  was 
deposed  by  Salnave  and  tied  to  Jamaica. 

Gefle  (yaf'lii)  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Oeileborg,  Sweden,  situated  near  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  lat.  60°  40'  N.,  long.  17°  8'  E. : 
the  third  commercial  city  of  Sweden.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  23,484. 

Gegania  gens  (je-ga'ni-a  jeuz).  In  the  history 
of  ancient  Kome,  a  patrician  house  or  clan 
which  traced  its  origin  to  the  mythical  Gyas, 
one  of  the  companions  of  .^neas.    it  was  trans- 

Slanted  to  Rome  from  Alba  on  the  destruction  of  that  city 
y  TuUns  llostilius,  and  rose  to  considerable  distinction 
in  the  early  period  of  the  republic.  Its  only  family  name 
was  Macerirnis. 

Gegenbaur  (ga'gen-bour),  Josef  Anton  von. 

Born  at  Wangen,  Wiirtemberg,  March  (i,  IHOO: 
died  at  Bome,  Jan.31, 1876.  A  German  p.iinfer. 
He  was  made  court  painter  to  the  King  of  Wiirteniiierg  in 
182I1,  and  decorated  the  palace  in  Stuttgart  (Wltt-.Vl)  with 
historical  frescos, 

Gegenbaur,  Karl.  Born  tit  Wiirzbnrg,  Aug.  21, 
1826  :  died  at  Hoidelbei'g,  .June  14,  1003.  A  dis- 
tinguished comparative  anatomist.  Ileliecuniepro- 
fessorof  anatomy  at  Jena  in  lHr)6,  and  at  Heidelberg  inlfS7J. 
His  w<»rkH  incluile  "  Untersuchungen  zur  vergleichcnden 
Anatomic"  (XWM-Tl),  "Orundrissdervergleichenden  Ana- 
tomic" (187H),"(Jrnndzugedcrverglcicltenden  Anatomic" 
(187(1),  "I.chrbuchdcrAnatoniiedesMchscllen"  (188;)), etc. 

Gefleborg  (yilf'le-borg).  A  laen  (province)  of 
Sweden,  lying  abmg  the  Oulf  of  Bothnia  about 
lat.  60°-62°  N,  Area,  7,418  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  206.924. 

Gehenna  (go-hen 'ii).  [(ir.  IVfria:  thedreek  rep- 
resentalion  of  the  Hebrt^w  (Hi  Ilintuhn,  or  more 
fully  (1^  licit/'  llinni'im.'\  The  valley  of  Hinnoin. 
or  of  the  chililn'U  of  Hinnoin,  situafeil  soul  li  of 
Jerusalem  and  north  of  Jebel  .Abu  Tor:  also 
called  Hill  of  the  Tombs,  of  tho  Fielil  of  Blood, 
or  of  Evil  Counsel.  The  name  of  the  valley  occurs 
first  In  the  description  of  tho  boundaries  of  Judah  and 
Ilcnjamin  (Josh,  xvili.  10).  In  the  times  of  Ahaz  and  Ma. 
nasseh  children  were  offered  here  to  Moloch,  in  ciinse- 
(luencc  of  which  the  valley  was  callcti  Ti'iiht'th{*n\wm\\uv- 
tion 'X  and  was  polluted  by  Josinh  (2  Ki,  xxlli,  in).  In  Inter 
times  it  became  the  prototype  of  (be  place  of  jnudshment, 
and  wius  Cimsidereil  ns  the  month  of  hell.  In  this  sense 
it  is  used  In  the  'I'ahnud  and  in  the  New  Testament. 

Oeibel(gi'bel),  Emanuel  von.  Bom  at  Liibock, 

Oct.  17, 1815:  ilicd  then-,  .\pril  (!,  1884.  A  Ger- 
man liiTic  poet.    He  studied  at  llonn  and  Berlin,  and 


420 

afterward  went  to  Athens  as  tutor  in  the  household  of  the 
Ku^sian  andmssador.  He  returned  Uy  his  luitive  city  in 
1S40,  in  which  year  his  Ilrst  book  of  poems  appeared.  In 
18)1  appeared  "  Zeitstimmen  "  ("Voices  of  the  Time  "\  in 
ISJti  "Zwolf  Sonette  fur  Schleswig-Holstcin  "  ("Twelve 
Sonnets  for  Schleswig-Holstein  "),  in  1848  "  Juniuslieder  " 
(".Songs  of  Junius"),  In  lsf.2,  at  the  invitation  of  the 
king,  he  went  as  hononiry  professor  in  the  faculty  of  phi- 
losophy to  Munich.  In  18f*  appeared  "  Neue  Cedichte  " 
f"Irew  Poems"),  in  IStH  "Gedichte  und  Gedenkblatter" 
("Poems  and  Leaves  of  Thought").  After  the  ileath  of 
the  king,  Maximilian  II,,  he  was  obliged  in  isiis  to  resign 
his  position  and  to  return  to  Lubeek.  "Heroldsrufe  " 
(  ■  Herald  Calls  ")  appeared  in  1871,  and  "  Spatherbstblat- 
ter  "  ('■  Late  .\utumn  Leaves")  in  1877.  Besides  these  vol- 
mnes  of  poems,  he  is  tin-  author  of  several  dramas,  the  most 
important  of  which,  "Soplioidslte," appeared  in  1870.  .^n 
epic.  "Konig  Sigurds  liraulfahrt '  ("  king  Slgurd'sCourt- 
iTig  .biurnt-y  "),  <late8  from  lS4(j. 

Geierstein  (gi'er-stin),  Anne  of.  The  principal 

cliaVaetcr  in  Scott's  luivcl  of  that  name.  She  is 
the  daughter  of  Count  .Albert,  and  inherits  the  title  of 
Baroness  of  .\rnheini. 

Geiger  (gi'ger),  Abraham.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
oii-the-Main,  May  24,  ISIO:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
23, 1874.  A  German  rabbi,  f)i'ientalist,  and  bib- 
lical eritie.  His  works  include  "  I'rsehrift  und  fhcr- 
setzungen  derBibel,  etc."(1867),  "Das  Judentum  und  seine 
Geschichte  "  (18(>.6-71),  etc. 

Geiger,  Lazarus.  Born  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
ilain.  May  21,  1829:  died  there,  Aug.  29,  1870. 
A  German  philologist,  instructor  1861-70  in 
the  Hebrew  reaKschool  at  Frankfort.  His  works 
include  "  I'rsprung  und  Entwickelung  der  menschlichen 
.Sprache  und  Vernunft "  (1808-72),  '•  Der  Ursprung  der 
.Sprache  "  (1809). 

Geiger,  Nikolaus.  Born  at  Lauingen,  Bavaria, 
Doc.  6,  1849:  died  at  Wilmersdorf,  near  Berlin, 
Nov.  27,  1897.   A  (';ermau  sculptor  and  painter. 

Geiger,  Peter  Johann  Nepomuk.    Born  at 

Vienna,  Jan.  11,  1S05  :  died  there,  Oct.  30,  1880. 
An  Austrian  historical  painter  and  draftsman. 
He  became  professor  at  the  Academy  "f  Vienna  in  1853, 
In  1860  he  accompanied  the  archduke  Ferdinand  Max  on 
his  journey  to  the  East, 

Geijer  (yi'er),  Erik  Gustaf.   Bomat  Eansater, 

Wei-mland,  Jan.  12,  1783:  died  at  Stockholm, 
-Vpril  23, 1847.  A  Swedish  historian  and  poet. 
He  occupied  a  position  in  the  royal  archives  at  Stockholm, 
where  he  established  the  so-called  "Ootische  Bund," 
which  issued  the  jourmd  "Iduna."  He  wrote  "Svenska 
folkets  historic  "  ("  History  of  the  Swedish  People,'  1832- 
1830),  etc. 

Geikie  (ge'ki),  Sir  Archibald.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1835.  A  Scottish  geologist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  geological  survey  of  Scotland  in 
1867,  professor  of  geology  in  Edinburgh  University  in  1870, 
and  wa-s  directt»r-general  of  (lie  gcolngiciil  survey  of  the 
United  Kini;.i.Mii  18,Ml-l!(nl.  Re  w,in  knighteil  in  1891.  He 
has  written  noTncroiis  works  on  gcol..L;y,  including  a  "Stu- 
dents' Manual  "  (1871),  a  "  Text-book  "  (1882).  and  a  "  Class- 
liook  "  (1880);  also  "Memoir  of  Sir  Roderick  I.  Murchison  " 
11874),  "Class-book  of  Physical  Ceugraphy  '  (1870),  etc. 

Geikie,  James.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  2.'!, 
183i).  A  Scottish  geologist,  brother  of  Sir  Archi- 
bald Geikie,  aiul  his  successor  in  the  chair  of 
geologv  in  Eilinburgh  University.  He  has  pub- 
lished "'The  Great  Ice  Age  "  (1874),  "  Pre'historic  Eui-ope  " 
(1881),  "(lutlincs  of  licology  "  (1880),  etc. 

Geiler  von  Kaysersberg  (gi'ler  fon  ki'zers- 

berci),  Johann.  Bom  at  SchalTliansen,  Swit- 
zi'rland,  March  16,  1445:  died  ;it  Strasburg, 
Marcli  10,  1510.  A  German  pulpit  orator, 
preacher  at  the  cathedral  of  Strasburg  1478- 
1510. 

Geinitz  (gi'nits),  Hans  Bruno.    Born  at  Alten- 

burg,  (ici'ujany,  I  l<-l.  16,  1S14:  died  at  Dresden, 
.Ian. '28,  190(1.  A  (Jorinaii  geologist  and  paleon- 
tologist, jirofessor  of  mineralogy  and  geognosy 
lit    the    Polytechnic    School   at    Dresden.     He 

diublishod  numerous  technii'al  works. 
eisenheim  (gi'zen-him).  A  small  town  in  the 
iirovinco  of  Hcsse-Xassau,  Prussia,  on  the 
iliine,  in  the  Khcingau,  cast-northeast  of  Bin- 
gen.  The  Schloss  Johannisberg  is  near  the 
town. 
Geislingen  (gis'ling-en).  A  town  in  the  Dan- 
ube ciri'li>,  'iViirtemberg,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Swabian  Alji.  33  miles  southeast  of  Stuttgart. 
Population  (1.890),  .5.276. 

Geissler  (gis'hr),  Heinrich.    Bom  at  Igels- 

hicli,  Saxe-Meiningcn,  Germany,  May  26,  1814: 
died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  .Ian.  24,  Is79.  A  Ger- 
man nn'chaiiician,  maker  of  physical  and 
chemical  apparatus  at  Bonn,  and  (he  inventor 
of  (jeisslerslubes,  an  apparatus  in  which  light 
is  produced  by  an  elect rii'  liisi-liargo  through 
rarefied  gases,  it  l«  nsd  with  the  inductlim-cidl,  and 
consists  of  a  sealed  tube  \Nltli  platlnimi  connections  at 
each  end,  through  which  t he  i-Icctrlc  spark  Is  transndtted. 
The  color  and  Inti-nslty  nf  the  light  depend  upon  tho  mi- 
tnro  of  tho  gas  with  which  the  tube  Is  eharged. 
Gela(je'lii.).  [Gr.  I'l/ii.]  In  ancient  gi'ography, 
a  city  on  the  soulheni  coast  of  Sicily,  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  Tcrranoviv,  .55  miles  west  of 
S_\Tacnse,  It  was  founded  by  Kboillnns  ami  Cretans 
about  090  11.  c,  and  rose  to  Importance  in  the  0th  und  .Mh 


Gelves 

centnries  B.  c,  founding  Agrigentum  in  582.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Carthaginians  in  405,  rebuilt  by  'Tlmoleon, 
and  destroyed  by  the  Mamertinesab<>ut2S2  B.C.  JLSchylus 
died  here. 

Gelasius  (je-la'gi-us)  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  492- 
496.  He  was  the  first  pope  to  claim  for  hfsofflce  complete 
independence  of  emperors  and  councils  in  mattersof  faith, 
and  sought  in  vain  to  heal  tlie  schism  between  the  Eastern 
and  Western  churches.  He  wrote  "  De  duabus  in  Chrlsto 
naturis  adversus  Eutyehen  et  Nestorium,"  etc. 

Gelasius  II.  (Giovanni  da  Gaeta).    Died  at 

Cluuy,  France,  J  an.  29. 1119.  Pope  1118-19.  He 
refused  to  yield  to  the  demands  of  the  eirijieror  Henry  V. 
in  the  matter  of  investiture,  whereuiwin  the  emperor  ele- 
vated Gregory  V IIL  and  exjielled  Gelasius,  who  died  in  the 
convent  of  Cluny. 

Gelder  (chel'der),  Aart  de.  Born  at  Dordrecht, 
1645 :  died  there,  1727.  A  Dut!eh  painter,  a  pu- 
pil of  Rembrandt. 

Gelderland,  or  Guelderland  (gci'der-land).  or 
Guelders  (gcl'dirz  i,  D.  Gelderland  (Ohel'der- 
liint),  G.  Geldern  (gcl'dcrn),  F.  Gueldre 
(geldr).  A  province  of  the  Netherlands.  Cap- 
ital, Arnhem.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Zuyder  Zee  on 
the  northwest,  Ovcryssel  on  the  northeast,  Prussia  on  the 
soutlieast  and  south,  North  Brabant  on  the  south,  and 
South  Holland  and  Utrecht  on  the  west.  It  became  a 
countship  in  the  11th  century,  and  a  duchy  in  tlie  14th. 
It  was  incorporatetl  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  the 
realm  of  the  Netherlands  in  164S.  It  joined  the  Union 
of  Utrecht  in  1570,  except  Upper  Celderland,  which  was 
afterward  (1713)  ceded  in  gieat  part  to  Prussia.  Area, 
l,9l»  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  520,210. 

Geldern  (gel'dern).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Niers  28  miles 
northwest  of  Diisseldorf.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Gelderland.  Population 
(1.S90),  5.  .536. 

Gel6e  (zhc-la'),  Claude.     See  Claude  Lnrniiu. 

(jelimer  (geri-mcr  or  jel'i-ratr),  or  Gilimer 
(gil'i-mer  or  jil'i-mer).  The  last  king  of  the 
Vandals  in  Africa.  lie  usurped  the  throne  of  Hilderic 
in  530  A,  !►.,  and  was  himself  defeated  and  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Byzantine  general  Belis-arins  in  .^>33-5:i4.  He  graced 
the  triumph  of  Belisarius  at  Constantinople  in  the  same 
year,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  on  an  estate  in  Calatia, 
which  was  given  him  Ity  the  emperor  Justinian.  The  date 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Gell  (gel).  Sir 'William.  Bom  at  Hopton,  Derby- 
shire, 1777:  died  at  Naples.  Feb.  4,  1836.  An 
English  areha'ologist  and  ti'avcler.  In  1801  he 
visited  and  exjilorcd  the  Troad.  He  became  a  chamber, 
lain  of  (Jueen  Caroline  of  England  in  1814,  He  published 
"Topography  of  Troy  "(1804),  "  Ponipeiana"  (an  account  of 
the  discoveries  at  Pompeii),  "The  Topography  of  Rome  and 
its  Vicinity,"  etc.     He  lived  at  Naples  and  Rome, 

Gellatley  (gel'at-li).  David.  A  half-witted 
servant,  a  character  iu  the  novel  "Waverley  " 
by  Walter  Scott. 

C^ellert  (gel'ert).  In 'Welsh  tradition,  the  faith- 
ful houiul  of  Llewelyn.  He  was  killed  by  his  master, 
who,  seeing  him  conn*  toward  him  covered  with  blood, 
thought  that  he  had  killed  the  child  he  was  set  to  guard. 
A  huge  wolf  was  found  inider  lh<-o\  crtnrnetl  cradle  dead  — 
slain  by  the  dog,  Llewelyn,  ovcrconu'  with  remorse,  burled 
Gellert  honorably,  and  erected  a  nionunient  to  his  memory. 
The  place,  Belhgelcrt,  in  -North  Wales,  is  still  shown.  Tins 
story,  with  slight  ditlerences,  was  current  in  very  ancient 
times  in  Persia,  India,  China,  and  elsewhere. 

Gellert(geriert),ChristianFiirchtegott.  Boru 

at  llainichen,  near  I'reiljerg,  Saxony,  .luiy  4, 
1715:  (lied  at  Leipsii',  Dec.  13,  17(!9.  AGennan 
poet .  He  was  the  stm  of  a  clcrgynuin.  He  studied  theology 
atLeipsIc,  where  he  wasilocent  aiul  subsequently  professor 
of  philosophy.  In  which  isist  he  ilied.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  ronnmce  "  Pas  Leoeri  der  schweiliscben  (inttln  if.** 
(■•The  Life  of  the  Swedish  Couidess  tJ.,"  1740),  and  of 
several  citmedles,  among  them  "Die  sjirtliehen  .Scbwes- 
tern  "("  The  Fond  Sisters  ' ),  "  Die  Betschwesteni  "  ("  The 
Devotees"),  and  "Das  I>»o8  in  der  Lotterie"  ("The 
Chance  in  the  l,otter>' ").  Ills  fame,  however,  rests  umtn 
his  sacreii  songs  and  his  fables,  which  have  become  clas- 
sics, "  Fabeln  uml  Erzjihlniigen  "("  Fables  and  Tales") 
apiiearcil  in  1740,  "iielslllche  oden  uml  Lleder"("  Sacred 
Odes  and  Songs  ")lu  1757.  Ills  lectures  at  l.clpsic,  where 
he  may  he  sjiid  to  have  set  the  llten»r>'  tone  anil  to  have 
fiu4hloned  the  taste  of  the  time,  attracted  attention  through- 
out (lenuany.  His  works  were  published  at  l.etpslc  In 
WM  In  10  vols.;  his  letters  at  Leipsle  In  1801  :  his  diary  at 
I.elnsic  In  180'2. 

Gellius  (jel'i-us).  Aulufl.  Born  perhaps  about 
130  A.  P.:  lived  in  the  2d  century.  A  Komnn 
grammarian,  author  of  "Nodes  Atticte,"  in 
twenty  books  (lirst  printed  1469).  (if  the  eighth 
lxu»k  oldy  the  table  of  emitents  survives.  Ills  work  Is 
valuable  as  a  conscientious  account  of  all  that  he  eouM 
binn  about  archaic  litcnUureand  huiguage,  laws,  phUoso- 
iiliv,  and  natural  science. 

Gelnhausen  (geln'hou-zen).  A  small  town  in 
the  ))roviuce  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  tho 
Kin/.ig  23  miles  east -northeast  of  Frankfort -oii- 
the-Main.  It  was  fonni'rly  an  imperial  city, 
and  contains  a  ruined  imperial  palace. 

Gelon  (je'lon).  [Gr.  IV/ue.]  Died  obout  478 
II.  C.  A  Sicilian  ruler,  tvTant  of  Oela  (491 )  anil 
later  of  SjTacuae  (485),  He  defeated  the  Car- 
thaginians at  Himera  in  the  autumn  of  4S0. 

Gelves,  Marquis  of.  See  Carrillo  de  ilendoza 
y  J'imciikl,  Vikjo. 


Gemara 

Gemara (ge-ma'rii).  [Ai"ava.,' completion,' ■  pei- 
fee-tioii.']  The  complement  or  commentary  to 
the  Mishnah  (which  see),  being  its  dialectical 
analysis,  discussion,  and  explanation.  Its  rela- 
tion to  the  Mishnah  is  that  of  exposition  to  thesis.  The 
two  together  constitute  the  Talmud.    See  Talmud. 

Gembloux  (zhon-blo' ).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Namiir,  Belgium,  25  miles  southeast  of  Brus- 
sels. Here,  in  1578,  Don  John  of  Austria  de- 
feated the  Dutch.     Population  (1891),  4,019. 

Gemini  (jem'i-ui).  [L.,  'twins.']  A  zodiacal 
constellation,  giving  its  name  to  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  lying  east  of  Taurus,  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Milky  Way.  it  represents  the  two  youths  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux  sitting  side  by  side.  In  the  heads  of  the 
twins  respectively  are  situated  the  two  bright  stars  which 
go  by  their  names  —  Castor  to  the  west,  a  greenish  star  in- 
termediate between  the  first  and  second  magnitudes ;  and 
Pollux  to  the  east,  a  full  yellow  star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude. The  sun  is  in  Gemini  from  about  Jiay  21  till  about 
•        June  21  (the  longest  day).    Symbol,  n. 

Geminiani  (ja-me-ne-a'n5),  Francesco.  Born 
at  Lucca,  Italy,  1680:  died  at  Dublin,  1761 
(17G2  ?).  An  eminent  Italian  violinist,  resident 
in  England  (except  1748-55,  when  he  lived  in 
Paris)  from  1714  until  his  death.  He  published 
"Art  of  Playing  the  Violin"  (1740). 

GemistUS  (je-mis'tus).  or  Plethon  (ple'thon), 
Georgius,  or  Gemistus  Plethon.  ['  George  the 
Full,'  so  surnamed  on  account  of  his  great  learn- 
iBg:  Gt.  Tcupyioc  6Te/j((jT6^  OTollAr/(lo>v.'\  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  15th  century.  A  celebrat- 
ed Byzantine  Platonic  philosopher  and  scholar, 
probably  a  native  of  Constantinople.  He  w.is 
present  at  the  Council  of  Florence,  1438,  as  a  deputy  of  the 
Greek  Church,  and  was  influential  in  spreading  the  know- 
ledge of  the  Platonic  philosophy  in  the  West. 

Gemma.    See  Alpliccca. 

Gemmi  (gem'me),  Die.  A  pass  in  the  Bernese 
Alps,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake  of  Thun, 
leading  from  Kandersteg  (Bern)  to  Bad  Leuk 
(Valais).     Highest  point,  7,553  feet. 

Gemiinder  (ge-miiu'der),  George.  Born  at  In- 
gelfingen.Wiii-temberg,  April  13,1816:  died  Jan. 
15, 1899.    A  Cierraan-Ameriean  ^•iolin-make^. 

Genala  (.ia-na'lii),  Francesco.  Bom  at  Sore- 
sina,  Cremona,  Italy,  Jan.  6,  1843:  died  Nov. 
8,  1893.  An  Italian  politician,  minister  of  pub- 
lie  works  under  Depretis  in  1883. 

Genappe  (zhe-nap').  A  ^-illage  in  Belgium,  18 
miles  south  of  Brussels :  often  mentioned  in  the 
Waterloo  campaign. 

Genazzano  (Ja-nat-sa'no).  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  26  miles  east  of  Rome. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Gendebien  (zhoiid-byan'),  Alexandre  Joseph 
Celestin.  Born  at  Mons,  Belgiam,  May  4, 
1789:  died  Dec.  6, 1869.  A  Belgian  statesman. 
He  settled  at  Brussels  as  a  lawyer  in  1811,  and  Sept.  25, 
1S30,  became  a  member  of  the  provisional  government 
which  effected  the  separation  of  Belgium  from  Holland. 

Gendron  ( zhon-dron' ) ,  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris, 
1818:  died  there,  July  12,  1881.  A  French 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche. 

Genelli  (ga-nel'Ie),  Bonaventura.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  28,  1798 :  died  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  13,  1868.     A  German  painter., 

Genesee  (jen-e-se').  [Amer.  Ind.,  'pleasant 
valley.']  A  river  in  western  New  York,  which 
rises  in  Potter  Coimty,  Pennsylvania,  and  flows 
into  Lake  Ontario  7  miles  north  of  Rochester.  It 
is  noted  for  its  falls  (at  Rochester,  95  feet ;  Portage  Falls, 
110  feet ;  and  several  others).  It  gives  name  to  a  geologi. 
cal  epoch.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Genesis  (,ien'e-sis).  [Gr.  jtwrnf,  origin,  begin- 
ning.] The  first  book  of  the  Old  Testament. 
It  records  the  creation  of  the  world,  the  flood  and  the  en- 
suing dispersion  of  races,  and  gives  a  more  detailed  his- 
tory of  the  patriarchs  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  The 
traditional  view  ascribes  the  authorship  to  Moses.  Most 
modern  scholars,  however,  find  in  it  various  periods  of 
authorship,  and  particularly  two  chief  sources,  the  so- 
called  .Tehovistic  and  Elohistic.  According  to  the  latter 
view,  the  dates  of  composition  fall  chiefly  within  the 
periods  of  Judah  and  Israel  (about  the  8th  century  B.  c), 
the  last  redaction  occurring  perhaps  after  the  return  from 
Babylon.  In  Hebrew  the  book  is  designated  by  its  first 
word,  B'rexhilh,  'In  the  beginning  ':  the  title  Oenesis  was 
supplied  in  the  early  Greek  translation. 

Genesius  (.je-ne'si-us),  Josephus,  or  Josephus 
ByzantinUS  (of  Byzantium).  Lived  about  950. 
A  Byzantine  historian.  He  wrote,  by  order  of  the 
emperor  Constantine  VTL  Porphyrogenitus,  a  history  of 
the  Eastern  Empire  from  813  to  886.  This  work,  which  is 
written  in  Greek,  and  entitled  Baaaetwi.  Bi^Aia  A,  was 
discovered  in  MS.  at  Leipsic  in  the  16th  centui^,  and,  al- 
though an  indifferent  compilation,  attracted  much  atten- 
tion because  it  covers  a  period  for  which  there  are  few 
other  sources.  The  first  printed  edition  appeared  at 
Venice  (1733)  in  the  Venetian  Collection  of  the  Byzan- 
tines. 

Genesta  (je-nes'tit).  A  cutter  designed  by  J. 
Beavor-Webb  and  launched  at  Glasgow,  April, 
1884.  Her  dimensions  are:  length  over  all,  96.40  feet: 
length,  load  water-line,  81  feet ;  beam,  15  feet ;  beam,  load 


430 

water-line,  15  feet :  draught,  13  feet :  and  displacement,  141 
tons.  She  won  19  prizes  in  England  in  1884.  She  was  built 
expressly  for  the  race  for  the  .America's  cup,  but  was  beaten 
by  the  Puritan  in  two  races,  Sept.  14  and  Sept.  16,  1885. 

Genet  (zhe-na')  (originally  Genest),  Edmond 
Charles.  Born  at  Versailles,  France,  Jan.  8, 
1765 :  died  at  Schodak,  N.  Y.,  July  14,  1834.  A 
French  diplomatist,  brother  of  Madame  Cam- 

San.  He  was  appointed  minister  to  the  United  States  in 
ec,  1792,  and  arrived  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  April,  1793. 
On  the  refusal  of  Washington  to  join  France  in  the  war  of 
the  revolutionary  government  against  England,  he  sought 
to  compel  the  President  to  change  his  attitude  by  popular 
agitation,  commissioned  privateers, and  ordered  that  prizes 
should  be  condemned  by  the  French  consuls  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  superseiied  at  the  request  of  Washington, 
but  remained  in  the  United  States  and  settled  in  the  State 
of  Xew  York. 

Genetyllis  (jen-e-til'is).  IGT.TevervVJg.y  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  goddess,  protectress  of 
births,  a  companion  of  Aphrodite  (Venus). 
The  name  is  also  used  as  an  epithet  of  Aphrodite  and  Ar- 
temis (Diana).  In  the  plural,  Genetyllides,  it  is  applied  to 
a  body  of  divinities  presiding  over  nativity,  and  attached 
to  the  cortege  of  Aphrodite.    Also  called  Geniiaides. 

Geneura.     See  Guinevere  and  Ginevra. 

Geneva  (je-ne'vii),  F.  Genfeve  (zhe-nav'),  G. 
Genf  (genf),  It.  (jinevra  (je-na'\Ta).  A  can- 
ton in  Switzerland,  lying  between  the  Lake  of 
Geneva  and  Vaud  on  the  north  and  France  on 
the  east,  south,  and  west,  it  sends  5  members  to 
the  National  Council.  About  51  per  cent,  of  the  popula- 
tion are  Roman  Catholics,  aud  about  48  per  cent.  Prot- 
estants.  The  language  of  85  per  cent,  of  the  population 
is  French.  Area,  108  squaro  miles.  Population  (1888), 
105,509. 

Geneva.  [F.  Geneve,  G.  Genf,  It.  Ginevra;  the 
Roman  Geneva  :  of  Celtic  origin.]  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Geneva,  Switzerland,  situated 
at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  where  the  Rhone  issues  from  it,  in  lat 
46°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  10 '  E.  it  is  the  wealthiest  city 
in  the  country,  and  one  of  the  most  important.  It  has  a 
large  trade,  and  manufactures  watches,  jewelry,  musical 
bo.\es,  etc.  The  two  parts  of  the  city  are  connected  by 
the  Pont  du  Mont  Blanc  and  other  bridges.  The  cathedral 
was  consecrated  in  1024,  but  was  modified  in  the  next  two 
centuries.  The  exterior  is  marred  by  a  Corinthian  portico 
built  in  the  last  century.  The  interior  presents  good  work 
of  the  transition  from  Romanesque  to  Pointed,  and  pos- 
sesses good  late- Pointed  carved  stalls  and  some  flue  monu- 
ments, notably  those  of  the  Rohan  family  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. Thebeautiful  FlamboyantChapelledes  MacchabiSes 
is  of  the  15th  century.  The  monument  to  Duke  Charles 
II.  of  Brunswick  (died  1873)  is  a  modified  reproduction  of 
that  to  Can  Signorio  della  Scala  at  Verona.  It  is  hexago- 
nal, and  consists  of  three  stages :  the  lowest  a  group  of 
massive  columns  supporting  an  entablature,  the  middle 
one  gracefully  arcaded  and  containing  a  sarcophagus  with 
a  recumbent  efligy  of  the  duke,  and  the  highest  a  pinna- 
cled and  pedimented  canopy  upon  which  is  an  equestrian 
statue  of  the  duke.  The  structure  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  upon  which  are  square  piers  with  tabernacles  con- 
taining statues  of  noted  Guelphs.  The  piers  are  con- 
nected by  an  elaborate  grating  of  metal.  The  total  height 
is  06  feet.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  hotel  de  ville. 
the  university,  the  Musc'e  Rath  (picturegallery),  and  the 
Muscie  de  rAri.an:).  The  city  is  a  favorite  center  tor  tour, 
ists.  Geneva  was  a  town  of  the  Allobroges  in  the  1st 
century  B.  c. ;  later  it  was  a  Roman  city.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  early  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  it  belonged  to 
the  Franks,  to  the  later  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  to  the 
empire  in  succession.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  under 
the  influence  of  the  bishops  of  Geneva  and  the  counts 
(later  dukes)  of  Savoy.  It  was  allied  with  Fribourg  in 
1518,  and  with  Bern  in  1526.  The  Reformation  was  offl- 
ciiiUy  introduced  in  1535  ;  and  it  became  a  center  of  the 
Reformation  under  the  lead  of  Calvin  1636-64.  The  re- 
pulse of  the  Savoyards  in  the  so-called  "escalade"  of 
1602  is  still  celebrated  in  the  city.  It  was  incorporated 
with  France  in  1798.  The  city  and  canton  entered  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1815.  A  liberal  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1847.  Geneva  was  the  birthplace  of  Rousseau. 
Population  (1900),  including  suburbs,  104.044. 

Geneva.  A  city  in  Ontario  County.  New  York, 
situated  at  the  northern  extreinitj'  of  Seneca 
Lake,  38  miles  southeast  of  Rochester :  the 
seat  of  Hobart  College  (Protestant  Episcopal). 
Population  (1900),  10,433. 

Geneva.  Lake  of,  or  Lake  Leman.    [F.  Lac 

de  Geneve,  or  Lac  Leman,  G.  Genfersee,  L.  Le- 
manus  (or  Lemannus)  Lacus.']  The  largest  lake 
of  Switzerland,  bordering  on  Haute-Savoie 
(France)  and  the  cantons  of  Geneva,  Vaud, 
and  Valais.  Length,45  miles.  Greatest  width.  Similes. 
Ai-ea,  225  square  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  about  1,230 
feet. 

Geneva  Convention.  An  international  con- 
vention of  various  European  states  held  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  Aug.,  1864,  designed  to 
lessen  the  needless  suffering  of  soldiers  in  war. 
It  provided  for  the  neutrality  of  the  members  and  build- 
ings of  the  medical  departments  on  battle-fields. 

Geneva  Tribunal.  A  tribunal  of  arbitration 
provided  for  by  the  treaty  of  Washington  for 
the  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims  (which 
see). 

Genevieve  (jen-e-vev').  The  heroine  of  apoem 
by  Coleridge,  entitled  "Love."  The  poem  is 
sometimes  called  bv  her  name. 


Genoa,  Gulf  of 

Genevieve  (zhen-vyav'),  L.  Genovefa,  Saint. 
Born  at  Nanterre,  near  Paris,  about  422:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  3, 512.  The  patron  saint  of  Paris, 
reputed  to  have  saved  the  city  from  Attila  by 
her  prayers  in  451. 

Crenevieve,  G.  Genoveva  or  Genovefa  (ga-no- 
la'fii ),  of  Brabant,  Saint.  Tlie  wile  of  Count 
SieKfric<l  ot  Brabant.  She  is  the  subject  of  a  popular 
mediixal  legend,  according  to  which  she  lived  about  the 
middle  of  tliestli  century,  and  was  the  wife  of  the  palatine 
Siegfried.  She  was  falsely  accused  by  the  major-domoGolj 
of  adultery,  and  was  sentenced  to  be  put  to  death.  Aban. 
doned  in  a  forest  by  the  executioner,  she  lived  six  years  in 
a  cave  in  the  Ardennes,  together  with  her  son,  who  during 
infancy  was  nourished  by  a  roe.  The  roe,  being  pursued 
in  the  chase  by  Siegfried,  took  refuge  in  the  cave,  and  led 
to  the  reunion  of  Genevieve  and  her  husband,  who  had  in 
the  meantime  discovered  the  treacherj-  of  Golo. 

Genevieve,  Sainte-,  Church  of.  See  Pantheon. 
GenSvre   (zhe-nSvr'),  Mont.     A  pass  in  the 

Cottian  Alps,  leading  from  France  (department 

of  Hautes-Alpes)  toltaly  (province  of  Turin). 

Height,  about  6,100  feet. 
Gengenbach  (geng'en-biieh).     A  small  town  in 

Baden,  on  the  Kinzig  17  miles  southeast  of 

Strasburg.     It  was  formerly  independent. 
Genghis  Elhan.    See  Jeni/hiz  Khan. 
Genigueh.     See  Vhemekuevi. 
Genii,  Tales  of  the.    See  Tales  of  the  Genii. 
Genius  of  Christianity.    [F.  Ghiie  du  Christi- 

(inisine.]    A  work  in  defense  of  Christianity,  by 

Chateaubriand,  published  in  1802. 

Genlis  (zhon-les'),  Comtesse  de  (Stephanie 
Felicite Ducrest  de  Saint- Aubin),  Born  near 
Autun,  France,  Jan.  25, 174(3 :  died  at  Paris,  Dee. 
31,  1830.     A  noted  French  writer,  canoness  of 
Alix  in  her  sixth  year  under  the  title  Comtesse 
de  Laney,  wife  of  the  Comte  de  Genlis  (1762), 
governess  in  the  family  of  the  Due  de  Chartres : 
author  of  "Adfele  et  Theodore,  ou  lettres  gur 
I'education"   (1782),  "Mademoiselle  de   Cler- 
mont" (1802),  "M^moires"  (1825),  etc. 
Gennadius  (je-na'di-us),  originally  Georgius 
Scholarius.     Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  15th 
century.     A  Greek  scholar  and  prelate,  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople  1453-56. 
Gennaides  (,ie-na'i-dez).     See  Geneti/llis. 
Gennaro,  Monte.     See  Monte  Gennaro. 
Gennesaret  (,ie-nes'a-ret).  Lake  or  Sea  of. 
See  Galilee,  ,Sea  of. 
Genoa  (jen'o-il).     A  province  in  the  comparti- 
mento  of  liiguria,  Italy.     Area,  1,582  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  811,278. 
Genoa.     [Formerly  Gean,  Jean,  etc.,  from  OF. 
Gene,  F.  Genes,  Sp".  Pg.  Geneva,  It.  Genova,  MGr. 
Thova,  Tmda,   G.  Genua,  from  L.   Genua.']    A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Genoa,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  in  lat.  44°  25'  N., 
long.  8°  55'  E. :  from  its  magnificent  situation 
surnamed  "  La  Superba."    it  is  the  leading  seaport 
of  Italy.    The  imports  include  sugar,  coal,  iron,  etc.    It 
has  a  large  harbor  protected  by  piers.   The  cathedral  dates 
from  the  14th  century,  but  with  older  and  French  elements 
incorporated.      The  western  fagade,  of  black  and  white 
marble,  has  recessed  early-Pointed  doors,  with  foliage-cap- 
itals. Some  of  the  column-shafts  are  t^yisted.   Ou  the  south 
side  there  is  a  canopied  porch  witli  Romanesque  sculpture. 
The  interior  contains  interesting  paintings,  inlaid  choir- 
stalls,  and  tombs,  and  adorned  baptistery  with  sculptured 
altar  and  tabernacle,  carvings  by  Sansovino,  and  a  Roman- 
esque facade.     The  Church  of  San  Giovanni  di  Pr^,  built 
by  the  Knights  of  .St.  .Fohn  in  the  13th  century,  is  of  two 
stories  with  pillars  and  round  arches.   The  cr>'pt  is  inter- 
esting, in  both  architecture  and  sculpture  resembling  the 
English  Romanesque.     The  Canipo  Santo  is  a  great  quad- 
rangle filled  with  roses,  surrounded  liy  a  massive  two-storied 
cloister  containing  many  beautiful  sculptured  tombs.     In 
the  middle  of  one  side  there  is  a  handsome  domed  circular 
chapel ;  the  gallery  around  the  dome  is  supported  by  16 
Doric  columns  of  black  marble  27  feet  high.     This  monu- 
mentiil  hurial-r)lucf  was  begun  in  1838.     The  Palazzo  del 
Municipio,  furuKTly  Palazzo  Doria,  is  a  16th-century  late- 
Renaissance  building.    The  facade  has  two  tiers  of  pilas- 
ters and  an  ent.ablature.  and  is  flanked  by  terraces  with 
graceful  balustraded  arcades.     The  Palazzo  Ducale  now 
serves  for  various  public  offices.     The  medieval  prison- 
tower  remains.    The  fa(.'ade  is  an  imposing  work  of  the 
Renaissance,  with  columns  and  statues.    Other  objects  of 
interest  are  various  other  palaces,  the  statue  of  Columbus, 
and  the  churches  of  Santa  Maria  in  Carignano  and  of  San 
Matteo.    Genoa  existed  from  Roman  times.    It  became  a 
republic  and  a  great  maritime  power  in  the  middle  ages, 
the  rival  of  Pisa  and  A'enice,  haWng  extensive  trade  and 
settlements  in  the  Levant,  the  Crimea,  the  western  Medi- 
terranean, etc.  The  dogate  was  established  in  1339.  Genoa 
gained  a  great  naval  victory  over  Pisa  at  Meloria  in  1284 ; 
took  part  in  the  Crusades ;  w,as  defeated  by  Venice  in  1380 ; 
was  liberated  from  the  French  by  Andrea  Doria  in  1528; 
lost  its  possessions  to  the  I'urks  and  others ;  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  16S4  and  by  the  Imperialists  in  1746; 
ceded  Corsica  to  France  in  1768;  was  transformed  into  the 
Ligurian  Republic  in  1797;  was  unsuccessfully  defended 
by  Mass6na  against  the  English  and  Austrian  forces  in 
1800  ;  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1805  ;  capitulated 
to  the  English  in  1814  ;  was  annexed  to  .Sardinia  as  a  duchy 
in  1815 :  and  was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  in  1849. 
Population  (1901),  commune.  234,710. 

Genoa,  Gulf  of.    A  gidf  of  the  Mediterranean, 
south  of  Genoa. 


Grenova 

Geneva  (<ljen'o-va).  The  Italian  name  of 
(icnoa. 

Genovefa.    See  Genevieve. 

Genovesi  (ja  -  no  -  va '  se),  Antonio.  Born  at 
Castiglione,  near  Salerno,  Italy,  Nov.  1.1712: 
died  at  Naples,  Sept,  l22,  1709.  An  Italian 
philosopher  and  political  economist,  professor 
of  nietaphysic  and  later  of  political  economy  at 
Naples.  His  works  include  **De  -AX-in  logica''  (1742), 
"Elementascienthirum  metaphysicai'Uiu  "  (174»-lo),  "Le- 
zioni  di  cuinmercio  "  (IVtiS),  etc. 

Gens  de  Piti6.     See  Shoshoko. 

Genseric  Cjen's6r-ik),  or  Gaiseric  (gi'zer-ik). 

Died  iu  477  a.  D.  A  kiiit:  of  the  Vandals,  lie 
was  the  natural  son  of  (iodijrisihis  or  Mmligisilus,  king  of 
the  Vandals  in  Spain,  whuni  lie  succeeded  in  conjunction 
with  a  brother  Ounthaiis  orGonderic.  Invited,  it  is  said, 
by  Bonifacius,  the  Koman  governor,  he  invaded  Africa  in 
May,  429,  and  in  Oct.,  430,  captured  Carthage,  which  he 
made  the  capital  of  a  Vandal  kingdom  in  Africa.  In  June. 
455,  in  answer  to  the  sui>plicationsof  the  empress  Euducia 
for  assistance  against  the  usurper  ilaximus.  he  invaded 
Italy,  sacked  Rome  for  fourteen  days,  and  carried  otf  nu- 
merous captives,  including  the  empress  and  her  daughters. 
He  professed  the  Arian  creed,  and  persecuted  his  subjects 
of  tjie  orthodox  faith  with  great  cruelty. 

Gensonne  (zhon-so-na'),  Armand.     Born  at 

Bordeaux.  France,  Aug.  10,  1758:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1793.  A  French  revolution- 
ist, Girondist  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly 1791-92,  and  to  the  Convention  1792-93. 
Genthin  (gen-ten').  A  town  in  the  Saxon  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  28  miles  northeast  of 
Magdeburg.     Population  (1890),  4,799. 

Gentile  da  Fabriano.    See  Fahriano. 

Gentilesse  (jen-ti-les').  A  poem  by  Chaucer. 
It  not  only  occurs  independently,  but  is  (quoted  inScogan's 
poem  addressed  *"  unto  the  L'»rdes  and  (_;entilraen  of  the 
Kiiiges  house";  hence  this  poem  of  Scogan's  was  included 
in  Ciiaucer's  collected  works. 

Gentili  (jen-te'le),  Alberico.  Bom  at  Sangi- 
nesio,  Ancona,  Jan.  l-i,  1052:  died  at  London, 
June  19,  1608.  An  Italian  jui'ist,  one  of  the 
earliest  authorities  on  international  law.  Here- 
Bided  in  England  from  ir.so,  and  taught  law  at  Oxford. 
From  about  159U  he  lived  in  London. 

Still  more  important  were  the  services  of  Gentili  to  the 
law  of  nations,  which  he  was  the  first  to  place  upon  a 
foundation  independent  of  theological  differences,  and 
to  develop  systematically  with  a  wealth  of  illustration, 
historical,  legal,  biblical,  classical,  and  patristic,  of  which 
subsequent  writers  have  availed  themselves  to  a  mueh 
greater  extent  than  might  be  inferred  from  their  some- 
what scanty  acknowledgments  of  indebtedness.  His  prin- 
cipal contributions  to  the  science  are  contained  in  the 
"  t>e  Legationibns,"  the  "De  Jure  Belli,"  and  the  "Advo- 
catio  Hispanica."  The  first  of  these  was  the  best  work 
upon  embassy  which  had  appeared  up  to  the  date  of  its 
publication.  Diet.  Nat.  Bwg. 

Gentilly  (zhon-te-ye').  A  town  in  tlie  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  France,  situated  dircftly  south 
of  the  fortifK-ationsof  Paris.  Poi>ulation  (1891), 
comuuini-,  15.017. 

Gentle  Geordie.    Seo  Staunton,  Sir  George. 

(Gentleman  (jen'tl-mau),  Francis.  Born  at 
Dublin,  Oct.  13,  1728:  died  there,  Dec,  1784. 
An  Irisli  actor  and  dramatist.  Among  his  plays  are 
"The  Modish  Wife ".(1773).  "The  Tobacconist"  (1771), 
founded  on  Jonson's  '*  Alchemist,"  etc.  In  177o  he  pub- 
lished a  series  of  criticl.sms  called  "The  Dramatic  Cen- 
sor," and  he  afterward  edited  Bell's  acting  edition  of 
Shakspere. 

Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  The.  A  comedy 

by  Wyf-h.-rley  (1(;72). 

Gentleman  Usher,  The.  A  comedy  by  Chap- 
man, jtrintcd  in  HiOfi. 

Gentle  Shepherd,  The.    A  pastoral  drama  by 

Allan  linrnsav,  puldislicd  in  1725. 

Gentle  Shepherd*  The.  A  nickname  given  to 
Ucorge  (irenville  by  VVilUam  Pitt.  See  Gren- 
ville,  George. 

Q^ntoo  (jen-tiS').     A  Hindu:  aterm  not  now  in 

nst' 


431 

the  German  Crown  Prince  into  Jerusalem  in  1S69"  (Na- 
tional Gallery),  "Christ  among  the  Pharisees  and  Publi- 
cans' (Chemnitz),"  Halt  of  Caravan"' (Stettin). 
Genzano  (jen-zii'no).     A  small  town  iu  Italy,  17 
miles  southeast  of  Rome. 

Geoffrey  (jef  ri)  (Starkey),  surnamed  "The 

Grammarian."  [MIj.  Galfridus  Gr  a  mm  at  tens.'] 
Flourished  about  tiie  middle  of  the  ir>th  cen- 
tury. A  Xorfolk  preaching  friar,  compiler  of 
the"  ''Proraptorium  Parvulorum"  (which  see). 
Other  works  also  are  attributed  to  him. 

Geoffrey.  Died  in  12112.  Arclibishop  of  York, 
natural  sou  of  Henry  II.  and  a  woman  named 
Ykenai  or  Hikenai.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Lincoln  in  1173,  a  post  which  he  exchanged  in  11S2  for 
that  of  chancellcr  fif  England.  He  aided  his  father  against 
his  rebellious  half-brothers  1173-74,  fought  with  distinc- 
tiondn  the  war  against  France  1187-89,  and  was  the  only 
one  of  Henry's  children  present  at  his  death-bed  (11S&). 
He  was  nominated  archbishop  of  York  by  Richard  I.  in 
1189,  and  in  1207  was  banished  by  John  for  opposing  the 
latttr's  oppressive  taxation. 

Geo&ey,  Count  of  Brittanv.  Born  Sept.  23, 
1158:  died  Auj;.  19,  1186.  'The  fourth  son  of 
Henry  II.  of  England  and  Eleanor.  He  joined 
his  brothers  in  their  revolt  against  their  father.  He  mar- 
ried Constance  of  Brittany,  by  whom  he  was  the  father  of 
Prince  Arthur. 

Geoffrey  Crayon,  Gent.    See  Craifon. 
Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  siu*named  Plantagenet. 

Born  Aug.  1^4,  1113:  died  Sept,  7.  ll.'.l.  (■ount 
of  Anjou,  son  of  Fulc  V.  He  marri-id,  in  ll^l),  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Henry  L  of  England,  and  widow  of  the 
emperor  Heniy  V,  He  waged  war  successfully  against 
Stepiien  of  Ulois  for  the  fwssession  of  Isonilandy,  which 
he  claimed  through  his  wife,  and  accompanied  Louis  VII. 
to  the  Holy  Land  in  1147.  He  derived  his  surname  from 
the  ]pl:int  named  gen6t,  a  species  of  broom, which  he  wore 
as  a  plume  on  his  helmet. 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,   [Lat.  Galfridas  {Gau- 

fridns)  MoncmHt<nsi.^.~\  Born,  probably  at  Mon- 
mouth, about  1100:  died  at  LlandaflF  in  lloS  or 
ll.")4.  An  Englisli  clironicler.  He  may  have  been 
a  monk  at  the  Benedii-tine  monastery  at  .Monmouth.  He 
was  in  Oxford  in  n2!>,  where  he  met  Archdeacon  Walter 
(not  Walter  Map),  from  whom  he  professed  to  have  oli- 
tained  the  foundation  of  lii^  "Historia  Begum  Britainnie." 
In  llf.2  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  having 
been  ordained  priest  In  the  sante  year.  It  docs  not  appear 
that  he  visited  his  see.  The  "Historia  Kegum  Britan- 
nice"  was  issued  in  some  form  in  Latin  from  the  British 
or  Cymric  ilS.  by  1139;  the  tiuiil  edition,  as  we  now  po.'^- 
sess  it,  was  llnished  in  1147.  The  first  critic:U  printed 
edition  is  "Galfredi  Monemutensis  Historia  Britonum. 
nunc  primum  in  Anglia  novera  codd.  MSS.  collatis,  ed.  J. 
A.  Giles"  (1844).  The  publication  of  this  book  marks  an 
epoch  in  the  literary  hi.story  of  Europe ;  in  less  than  fifty 
years  the  Arthurian  and  Kound  Table  romances  based 
upon  it  were  naturalized  in  Germany  and  Itidy,  as  well  as 
in  >'rance  and  England.  It  is  thought  that  Geoffrey  com- 
piled it  from  the  Latin  Nennius  and  a  book  of  liretou 
legends  now  j)erished.  It  was  abridged  by  Alfred  of  Bev- 
erley; aiid  Geotfrey  Gaimar  and  Wace  translated  it  into 
Anglo-Xorman  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 
Layamon  and  Robert  of  GloucoBter  translated  Wace  into 
semiSaxon  or  transition  English,  and  later  chroniclers 
used  it  as  sober  hi8t<irj'.  Shakspere  knew  the  legends 
through  Holinshed.  Geoffrey  also  wrote  a  Latin  tranMa- 
tfon  of  the  prophecies  of  Merlin.  A  life  of  Merlin  has  idso 
been  ascribeil  to  him,  perhaps  incorrectly.   JUrt.  Xtit.  Iliog, 

(Jeoffrin  (zbo-fran').  Madame  (Marie  Th^rfese 
Rodet).  Born  at  Paris,  June  2,  100!):  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  G,  1777.  A  noted  leader  of  Parisian 
literary  society,  she  was  not  a  highly  educated  wo- 
man,  but  pctssessed  an  extraordinary  power  of  reading 
character,  and  was  equally  a  favorite  with  royally  and  with 
the  fashionable,  literary,  and  artistic  cirelea  of  l''ranco  and 
(Jernmny. 

Ggoffroy  Saint-Hilaire  (/.hO-frwii'  san-le-liir'). 
Etienne.  Horn  at  Etampes.  April  15, 1772 :  died 
at,  Paris,  .lune  19,  1844.  A  noted  Ereneh  zoiilo- 
gist  ami  comparative  anatomist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  Zoology  at  the  Jardlri  des  Plantes,  at  I'arlK,  In 
1798  ;  joined  the  Egyptian  expedition  in  171»8  ;  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Institute  of  Cairo,  and  made  im|K>rtant 
scientific  investigations  and  collections  ;  and  in  ]809  was 
appointed  jirofensor  of  zriolocy  in  the  Faculty  of  Srft-nces 
at  Paris.  lOa  zoulogical  views  led  to  a  famous  dispute 
witli  Ciivler.     HIh  piililiKlied  works  are  numerous. 


Gentry  (jen'tri),  Sir  Threadbare  and  Lady.  Geoffroy  Saint-Hilaire,  Isidore.    Born  at  Pa- 
Two  characters  in  Gibber's  conie<ly '*The  Kival     j.}^^  ])^.^.    i^j^  iko.'):   died  at  Paris,  N\iv.  10,  IHOl. 

A  Ereiudi  zoidogist,  son   of   I-Itienne  Geoffroy 
Saint-Hilaire.     Ho  liecame  professor  at  the  Museum 
of  Vatural  History  at  Paris  in  Ks41,  and  In  tlio  Faculty  of 
Sciences  In  1>SWI. 
Geoffry  (jef'ri).  Bishop  of  C'outances,     Died  at 


Fools.'*  which  was  an  alteration  of  Beaumont 
and  Pleteher's  "Wit  iit  Several  Weapons  *'  In 
the  latter  play  they  appear  as  Sir  Ruinous  and 
Lady  Gentry. 

Gentz  (gents),  Friedrich  von.  Born  at  Bres- 
Inu,  Prussia,  May  2  (Sept.  K?),  17(;4:  died  near 
Vienna,  June  9,  1832.  A  German  publicist  and 
diplomatist, in  the  Prussian  and  later  in  the  Aus- 
trian service.  Ue  was  chief  secretary  at  the  congredsus 
of  Vienna  (1814-ir.),  Aix-la-Chapclle  (IHlb),  (Carlsbad  and 
Vienna  (iHlit).  Troppau  (IV^O),  Lalbach  (IH'Jl),  and  Ver^ma 
(1S22).  Ilis  ehlef  work  is  "  Kragmente  aus  der  neueaten 
Oeschichto  des  politlschen  fJlelchgcwIchts  "  (lSO(). 

Q^ntz.Wilhelm.  B*»ni  at  Neumppin,  Dec.  9, 
1K1J2:  died  at  Berlin.  Aup.  23.  1H90.  A  German 
liainter,  a  pupil  in  Paris  of  (JlejTe  and  Cou- 
ture. He  traveled  extenslvelv  in  Spain,  Morocco.  Egypt, 
Asia  Minor,  and  elsewhere  In  the  East  Among  his  works 
axe  "Funeral  near  Cairo'  (Dresden  Gallery),  "  Entry  of 


Coutances,  Feb.  3,  1093.  A  Norman  prelate^ 
one  of  the  chief  supporters  of  William  the  Con- 
queror. 

Geok-Tepe,  or  G6k-Tepe.  A  former  stronghold 
of  the  Trkke  Turkomans,  situated  in  Asiatic 
Hussia  about  lat.  3S°  N.,  long.  r>7**  30'  K.  It 
was  captured  bv  tho  Russians  under  SkobelcfT 
in  Jan..  IH81. 

George  (j^rj),  Saint.  [Gr.  Viun^tor,  L.  Gcorgius : 
from  Gr.  yiup^o^,  a  farmer:  F.  GrorgcSy  Gtorgc, 
It.  Ginrffio,  Sp.  P»;.  Jorge,  G.  Grorg.]  A  Chris- 
tian nuirtyr,  a  native  of  Ca])padocia  and  mili- 
tary tribune  under  Diocletian,  put  to  dcnth  at 


George  III. 

Nicomedia  in  303.  j  he  Retails  of  his  life  and  dt-ath 
are  unknown;  and  even  his  existence  has  been  doubted. 
He  was  honored  in  the  Oriental  churches,  and  in  the  Hth 
century,  under  Edward  III.,  was  adopted  as  the  patron 
saint  of  England,  where  he  had  been  popular  from  the 
time  of  the  early  Crusades  :  for  he  was  said  to  have  come 
to  the  aid  of  the  Crusiiders  against  the  Saracens  under 
the  walls  of  .-Vntioch,  10*^0,  and  was  then  clioscn  by  many 
Nonnans  under  Robert,  son  of  WiUiani  the  Conqueror,  aa 
their  patron.  Many  legends  were  connected  with  his 
name  during  the  middle  ages,  the  most  notable  of  which 
is  the  legend  of  his  con(|Uest  of  the  dragon  (the  devil)  and 
the  delivery  from  it  of  the  king's  daughter  Sabra  (the 
Church).  He  was  the  ''Christian  hero"  of  the  middle 
ages. 

George,  Saint,  and  the  Dragon.    A  painting 

l>y  Kajjliael  (I'tOO),  in  t!ie  Hermitafre  Museum, 
St.  Petersburg.  The  saint,  clad  in  anuor  and  riding  a 
white  horse,  charges  the  monster  and  transfixes  him  with 
bis  spear  as  be  turns  to  flee.  St,  George  wears  the  in- 
signia of  the  Garter. 

George  I.  Born  at  Hanover,  March  28,  1660:  ^ 
died  at  Osnabriiek,  June  11,  1727.  King  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  1714-27,  son  ol  Er- 
nest Augustus,  elector  of  Hanover,  and  Sophia, 
gi*anddaughter  of  James  I.  through  Elizabeth 
Stuart,  queen  of  Bohemia.  He  married  his  cousin 
Sophia  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Zelle,  in  1682, 
and  succeeded  his  father  as  elector  of  Hanover  in  1098. 
His  mother  died  May  28,  1714.  On  the  death  (»f  Queen 
Anne,  Aug,  1,  1714,  he  succeeded  to  the  English  tlirone 
by  virtue  of  the  Act  of  Settlement,  passed  by  Parliament 
in  1701,  which,  in  default  of  issue  from  Anne  and  William, 
entailed  the  crown  on  the  electress  Sopliia  and  her  heirs, 
being  Protestant.  He  was  crowned  at  \Vtstmiiist<  r  t)ct. 
20,  1714.  He  nominated  nt  his  accession  a  Whig  ministry, 
with  Townshend  as  prime  n)inist*^r,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
T(»ry  i)arty,  which  ht-  regarded  with  suspicion  as  the  strong- 
hold nf  the  Jacobites  and  of  the  Roman  Catholioe.  In 
Jan.,  1715,  he  dissolved  theTor>'  Parliament  left  by  Queen 
Anne,  and  by  a  liberal  use  of  the  crown  patronage  secured 
a  large  Whig  majority  in  the  new  Pailiainent,  w hich  con- 
vened in  ilarch  following.  In  Sept.,  171f>,  a  Jaci>bite  ris- 
ing took  place  in  Scotland  under  the  Earl  of  Mar,  who 
was  subse(|Uently  joined  by  the  Pretender.  The  rebelHoD 
was  speedily  jjut  down  by  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  but  the  ex- 
citement which  it  produced  was  tidcen  advant,age  of  to 
pass  the  Septemiial  Act,  providing  for  septennial  instead 
of  trieimial  parliaments,  thusenabling  the  new  dynasty  to 
become  firmly  settled  on  the  throne  before  anew  election 
of  Parliament,  In  1717  he  further  strengthened  his  posi- 
tion by  concluding  the  Triple  Alliance  with  France  and 
Holland,  which  guaranteed  the  Hanoverian  succession, 
and  which  was  j<dned  by  the  emperor  in  the  following 
year.  In  1717  Stanhope  was  fli>poirited  prime  minister:  he 
was  succeeded  in  1721  by  Walpole,  who  held  otHce  during 
the  remainder  of  the  reign. 

George  II.  Bom  at  Hanover,  Nov.  10,  1G83: 
died  at  Loudon,  Oct.  25.  1760.  Kin??  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1727-60,  son  of  George  I.  . 
and  Sophia  Dorothea.  He  married  WilhelminaChar- 
lotte  Caroline  of  Ansbaeh  Sept.  2.  1705;  was  declared 
Prince  of  W'siles  Sept^  -Jl,  1714;  and  succeeded  to  the 
thione  of  (ireat  Britain  and  Ireland  and  to  the  electorate 
of  Hanover  on  the  death  of  his  father,  .Uine  11,  1727.  He 
continued  his  father's  domestic  policy  of  favoring  the 
wiiigs,  and  retained  "WiUpole  as  prime  minister  until 
1742.  His  foreign  lujlicy  was  chiefly  dictated  hy  his  anx- 
iety for  the  safety  of  Hanover  amid  tlie  contending  power* 
on  the  Continent.  He  maintained  an  alliance  with  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria  in  the  first  and  seeoTui  Silesiun  wars 
(1740-42  and  1744-ir»\  and  commiindid  the  l*ragniatic 
army  in  personal  the  victor>'of  Dettingen  over  the  French, 
June  27,  1743.  In  1745  a  Jacobite  rising  look  place  In 
Scotland  under  the  Young  Pretender,  who  was  totally  de- 
feated l)y  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  second  son  of  George 
II.,  at  the  battle  of  Culloden,  April  27,  174ti.  In  June, 
I75(,  hostilities  broke  ont  between  England  and  France  in 
Americiu  The  probubilily  of  a  French  attack  on  Han- 
over tmiuced  tleorge  11.  to  conclude  a  treaty  for  the  mu- 
tual  guarantee  of  thM  integrity  of  tiennuny  with  >'reiler- 
Ick  II.  of  Prussia  at  Westminster  Jan.  17.  I'Wi.  In  tho 
same  year  Fretierick  commenced  the  third  Stlesian  or 
Seven  Years'  War,  In  which  England  sided  with  IVussfa. 
The  Duke  of  tMimberlnnd  wjis  defeated  by  the  French  at 
Hastenbeck,  July  2'1,  1767,  and  driven  out  of  Hanover. 
The  accession  to  jMiwer  of  the  coalition  mtnistr)-  under 
I'itt  and  Newcastle.  .lune  20.  1757,  gave,  however,  a  new 
a.-^peet  to  the  war.  The  Dukeof  rumberlinul  was  replaeiM 
by  I'rince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  who  regaine»f  Han- 
oviT  in  17.'»H:  and  the  last  years  of  the  kings  reign  saw 
the  Hrititdi  annies  victorious  tn  India  and  hi  Canada,  and 
the  Hiitisb  Meet  in  control  of  the  seas, 

George  III.  Bom  at  London,  June  4,  1738: 
di.Mi  nt  Wiiulsnr,  .Ian.  21).  1820.  Kinp  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  17()0-1S20.  son  of  Frcdcriek 
Bonis,  j)rinc('  <tf  Wah^s,  and  Angtistn.  dan;;hter 
of  Duke  Frederick  II.  <tf  Saxe-liotlni.  He  suc- 
ceeffed  t(i  the  tlinuie  of  (Jreat  Britain  and  !relnn<l>»nd  to 
tho  electorate  of  llnnovcron  the  death  of  hh  gnmdfatlicr, 
Oeorgo  11..  Oct,  25,  17ttt>.  and  ninrricd  Charlotte  Siphla  of 
MeckleTdHirg-etrelltr,  Sept.  8.  17(H.  HI*  domestic  policy 
was  chanicterlzed  by  a  pndonge<l  nnd  paitly  successful 
effort  to  break  the  power  of  the  Whig  parly,  which  hftd 
nudntained  control  of  Ihe  government  under  his  two  pre- 
decessnrB,  and  to  restore  the  r-'Val  prerogative  to  the  po- 
sitlon  which  It  had  occiipltsi  nnder  the  Stuart*.  He  wai 
involved  In  the  war  of  the  Am.rlcan  Kevolutlou  and  the 
NapoK-onlc  wars.  Hlw  mo^t  not.tble  piimemlnlsterswere 
I^)nl  North  (1770-82)  and  flie  younger  I'llt  (1783- ISOI  and 
1804 -(Ki).  iMtth  of  whom  ciMtKentrd  to  shape  their  jtollcyln 
the  main  In  aeconlance  with  the  demnnds  of  the  king. 
At  bis  acccMlon  hefi-nnd  the  Seven  Years' War  In  pixv 
gress,  of  which  the  French  and  Indian  war  in  America 
formed  a  part.  He  cnncluded  the  peace  of  I*,Trls  %vlth 
France,  Spain,  and  I'ortngal,  Feb  lo,  17*VI,  by  whbb  F.ng- 
land  acquired  Canada  from  J-Yance  ard  Florida  from  Spain. 


George  III. 


432 


Gerard 


peace  caused  the  outbreak  of  the  American  Rt^volution  in 
1775.  The  war  which  ensued  was  practical])'  ended  by  the 
capitulation  of  Corawallis  Oct,  ly,  1781;  and  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  colonies  was  acknowledged  by  the  peace 
of  Versailles  Sept.  3,  1783.  The  legislative  union  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  was  effected  Jan.  1,  lSi.il.  In  1793 
war  broke  out  bet  ween  England  and  the  revolutionarj'  gov- 
ernment in  France,  whioh,  with  a  short  interruption  in 
18I32-03,  was  continued  until  the  downfall  of  Xapoleon 
and  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons.  During  1S12-15  a 
war  was  also  carried  on  against  the  United  States-  Alter 
several  temporary  attacks  of  mental  derangement,  the 
king  became  hopelessly  insane  in  1811,  and  during  the 
rest  of  his  reign  the  government  was  conducted  under 


particularly  of  cotton,  woolens,  and  iron,  is  notable.  There 
are  137  counties.  It  sends  2  senators  and  11  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  has  13  electoral  votes.     Georgia  was  set- 


The  arbitrary  and  oppressive  financial  policy  which  he  George    Canp      Spe  Si   (ienrnp   Cnnp 

adopted  toward  the  .American  colonies  after  the  return  of  ^°^f^^  ^^      Born  afpZll'del^hia,  Sept.  2 

1839:  .bedat  .New  York  Oet.29. 1897    An  Ameri-  „ed  by  a  chartered  company  of  Engfteh  VoTinrsts  undTr 

can  -ivnter  on  political  eeonomy  and  sociology.  Oglethorpe  in  1733 ;  became  a  royal  province  in  175'  -was 

He  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age,  and  in  l85s  settled  in  Cal-  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776)  •  seceded  Jan  19 

ifomia,  where  he  became  a  joui-nalist.    In  1879  he  pub-  1J61 :  and  was  readmitted  June,  1S6S      It  is  called  the  Em! 

lishedliischiefwork,"ProgressandPoverty."  Herenioved  pire  State  of  the  South.    Area,  59,475  square  miles     Podq- 

in  1S80  to  New  York,  where  lie  was  an  unsuccessful  candi-  lation  (1900),  2,-216,331.  ' 


date  of  the  United  Labor  Party  for  the  mayoralty  in  1886,  (ianrtna   friilf  nf     An  ^Tilot  ^f  ti,„  TJ„„fi„  r. 

and  where  he  shortly  afterward  founded  a  weekly  paper-  "^^Orgia,  UUII  01.    An  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 

culled  the  "Standard."    Besides  " Progress  and  Povertv  -     separating     \  aueouver    Island    from    British 


K        ,,i.j.,^..    ■,      ,„ '  Progress  and  Poverty 

he  published  "The  Land  Question  11883),  "Social  Prob- 
lems" <1884),  "Protection  or  Free  Trade"  (18861  and 
other  works. 


(.oliunbia.    it  is  connected  with  Queen  Charlotte  .Sound 
on  the^north  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  on  the  south. 


Length,  about  250  miles. 


icai  v^i  Hi3  (ciiiii  me  government  was  conunciea  unaer  rL,-«-«.*   T  «1 rxT  j  i?  /-,  tt    -      ,- n  •         -n         ,  ^-^-^^ —uw 

the  regency  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (afterward  George  IV.).  ^°'^?>,  Jj^Ke.     [JS  amed  from  George  It.  m  1  i  o5  Georgian  Bay  (]or' jiau  ba).     The  northeastern 


George  IV.  Boru  at  Loudon,  Aug.  12.  1762 
died  at  Windsor,  June  26, 1830.  King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1820-30,  son  of  George  IIL 
and  Charlotte  Sophia  of  Jleeklenburg-StreUtz. 
He  contracted  an  illegal  marriage  with  JIi-s.  Fitzherbert, 
Dec.  21, 1785,  and,  April  8, 1795,  married  his  cousin  Caro- 
line Amelia  Eliz;»beth  of  Brunswick.  While  prince  of 
Wales  he  cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  opposition 
leaders,  including  Fox  and  Sheridan,  and  gained  the  ill 
will  of  his  fiither  by  his  extravagance  and  dissolute  habits. 
He  was  appointeil  regent  when  his  father  became  in- 
sane in  1811,  and  succeeded  him  on  the  throne  of  Great 
Britain  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  Jan.  29,  1820. 
On  his  appointment  to  the  regency  he  abandoned  his 
former  Whig  associates  and  allied  himself  with  the  Tories. 
He  refused  to  permit  his  queen  to  be  present  at  the  coro- 
nation, and,  June  6,  1820,  instituted  proceedings  in  the 
House  of  Lords  for  a  divorce  on  the  ground  of  infidelity. 
The  proceedings  were  subsequently  abandoned  for  want 
of  evidence.  The  chief  eve  it  of  his  reign  was  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Catholic  Emancipation  Act  during  the  minis- 
try of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  April  13,  1829. 


by  William  Johnson.]  A  lake  in  the  eastern 
part  of  New  York,  its  w.aters  are  carried  by  Ticon- 
deroga  creek  into  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  inclosed  by 
mountains,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  It 
jvas  the  scene  of  military  opei-ations  in  the  Fi-ench  and 
Indian  and  Revolutionary  wars.  A  series  of  engage- 
ments w.as  fought  here  Sept.  8,  1755  :  in  the  morning  the 
French  force  under  Dieskau  defeated  the  English  under 
Williams,  etc.;  and  in  the  afternoon  the  English  under 
Lyman  (nominally  under  Johnson)  defeated  Dieskau  at 
the  head  of  the  lak&  The  Indians  called  it  Horicon,  the 
French  St.  Sacrement.  Length,  36  miles.  W  idth,  1  to  4 
miles. 


George-a-Greene,  the  Pinner  of  Wakefield. 

A  "pleasant  couceyted  eomedie  "  bv  Robert 
Greene,  licensed  1595,  printed  1599.  it  is  thought 
to  be  founded  on  an  early  prose  romance,  "The  History 
of  George-a-Green,"  preserved  in  Thom's  "Early  Prose 
Romances."    It  also  owes  something  to  the  ballad     The  GeOrgium    Sidus   (jor'ji-um   si'dus) 


portion  of  Lake  Huron,  from  the  main  body  of 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Manitoulin  group 
of  islands  and  Cabot's  Head.  Length,  about 
120  miles.  Width,  about  50  miles. 
Georgics  (jor'jiksj.  [L.  Georgica  carmina,  agri- 
cultural jioems.]  A  poem  by  Vergil,  in  four 
books,  treating  of  agriculture,  the  cultivation 
of  trees,  domestic  animals,  and  bees. 

The  subject  is  treated  with  evident  love  and  the  enthu- 
siasm which  belongs  to  thorough  knowledge,  and  glorified 
and  idealised  as  much  as  its  character  pei-mitted.  so  that 
even  the  didactic  parts  are  not  essentially  different  in 
tone  from  those  which  are  purely  poeticaL  The  poem 
has  thus  been  rendered  the  most  perfect  of  the  larger 
productions  of  Roman  art-poetry. 

Teuffel  and  Sckmabe,  Hist  Rom.  Lit,  I.  432. 


Jolly  Pmder  of  Wakefield  with  Robin  Hood  Scarlet  and 
John."  George  a  Green,  a  "Huisher  of  the  Bower,'  is  in- 
troduced by  Jonson  in  "The  Sad  Shepherd." 


[NL., 


George  V.  Bom  at  Beriin,  May  27.  1819:  died  George  Bamwell,  or  The  London  Merchant, 
at  Pans,  June  12,  18/8.  King  of  Hanover,  son  A  tragedy  by  George  Lillo.  produced  in  1731. 
of  Ernest  .\ugustus  whom  he  succeeded  in  1851.  It  is  f  oimde'd  on  an  old  ballad  preserved  bv 
He  sided  with  Austria  in  1866,  with  the  result  that  his    Eitson  and  Percy 

George" l"rChr°istian  wYlhelm  Ferdinand  ^""^S^  S^^  '^''"'^  Scotia).  See  St.  Geor.e  Bn„. 
Adofphus)  B.!fn't?  C^^nha'^en^'Dt''^?^  ^coXndr'^fc^^'^T'l'tri'??'^'  T  .^^  ^^^^ 
1845.  "^King  of  the  HeUenes,  the  second  son  of  ^T°^??^^i.  Acomedy  by  Moliere,  first  played 
ChristianlX.  of  Denmark.  Hewaselectedkingof  the 


Hellenes  by  the  Greek  National  Assembly,  ilarch  30, 1863, 
at  the  instance  of  the  great  powers,  which,  in  order  to  se- 
cure his  acceptance  of  the  proffered  dignity,  were  induced 
to  restore  the  Ionian  Islands  to  Greece.  The  principal 
events  of  his  reign  have  been  the  incorporation  in  1881, 
through  tlie  intervention  of  the  great  powers,  of  the  greater 
part  of  Thessaly  and  a  sm^Ul  part  of  Epiru,s  witli  Greece  and 
the  war  with  Turkey  1897.  He  married  the  grand  duchess  fipnrff'e  VliAt ' 
IdukeCon.stantinfi  Or-f  OTiaST     VJ''"'^6*=  i'-^^.O''- 


confbndu, 

July  19, 1660.  GeorgeDandinisamanof  hombleorigin 
whose  money  procures  him  the  doubtful  honor  of  a  mar- 
riage with  Ang^lique.  a  woman  of  noble  birth.  She  and 
her  lover  turn  the  tables  upon  him  whenever  he  seeks  to 
convict  them  of  their  guilt,  and  even  force  him  to  apolo- 
gize. He  addresses  to  himself  the  well-known  reproach 
"  Vous I'avez  voulu,  vous  I'avez  voulu.  George Dandin,  vous 
I'avez  voulu  "('  You  would  have  it  so ").  His  name  is  a  syno- 
nyni  for  a  weak  husband. 

01ga,daughterofthegrandduke(S)nstontine,'0ct.27Y867°  S®°'^^®  S^f-^V    ^%'^  ^^*'**'  ^'■*- 
George,  surnamed  " The  Bearded."    Bom  Aug.'  ^°^!L  "^^^^^^Sr  ^J""  ^•'''^^''''.^V 
27.  1471:  died  April  17,  1539.     Duke  of  Saxon?,  ^^^orges  1  zhor/.h).  Mademoiselle  (Marguerite 

son  of  Albert  the  Brave  whom  he  succeeded  in    ^°f5f-«r  ®,™?®Fli    ^'"?  ^*  ^S-*^'.  ^^l^'^l' 
150O.    Hewas  educated  for  the  priesthood,  and  is  chiefly     ^^t  "  .c  died  at  Pans,  Jan.,  186<     A  French 

noted  for  his  opposition  to  the  Reformation   which  wal   J'<?tress,  especially  famous  m  tragedy. 
favore£by  his  uncle,  the  Elector  of  Saxony.     He  attended  vjeorge  Sand.     See  Snnd,  Georffe. 

„._*.-_>..         ^  ._      , ,   ..       .-.._.«  .  ....         .^    [Named  from  George 

port  of  entrv,  forming 
„_  ., „ ,.,  „,  „„  ,  ,  .  .  .  '  Washington,  DistVict  of  Co- 
principles  of  the  Reformation,  which  were  adopted  by  his  lumbia,  situated  on  the  Potomac  2i  miles  west- 
brother  Henry  who  succeeded  him  in  the  duchy.  northwest  of  the  Capitol,  it  is  the  seat  of  Geor^e- 
George,  Prince  of  Denmark.  Born  April  23  (21?),  '"""  CoUege  (Roman  CatholicX  chartered  as  a  universtty 
1653 :  died  Oct.  28, 1708.    The  husband  of  Queen     '"^''l?-  9^'^f'"'''>'"'^s  founded  in  1751,  and  incorporated 


-'Qu 

Anne  ot  England,  whom  he  married  July  28, 1683. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  Frederick  III.  of  Denmark  and 
Sophia  Amalia,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bruuswick-Liine- 
burg,  grandfather  of  George  L  of  England. 

George  of  Cappadocia.  Born  probablv  at 
Epiphania  in  Cilicia  about  300  A.  D. :  suffered 
martyrdom  at  .\lexandria  in  361.  An  Arian 
bishop  of  Alexanihia  356-361. 

George  of  Cyprus.  Died  1290.  A  learned  By- 
zantine writer.  Though  a  layman,  he  was  elevated  to 
the  patriarchate  of  Constantinople  in  1283  :  he  resigned  in 
1289.  Ue  adopted  the  name  of  Gregoiy  at  his  elevation. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  works,  mostly  theological 
including  an  autobiography  in  Greek,  which  was  published 
at  Venice  in  1753  by  J.  F.  Bernard  de  Eubeis  under  the 
title  "  Vita  Georgii  Cyprii." 

George  of  Laodicea.    A  Semi-Arian  bishop  of 

Laodicea.  Concerning  his  age  little  is  known,  except 
that  he  was  an  occupant  of  the  episcopal  chair  in  S30,  and 
that  he  was  still  an  occupant  of  it  in  301.  He  headed  the 
Semi-Arian  party  at  the  Council  of  Seleucia  in  Isauria  in 
369. 

George  the  Pisidian,  L.  Georgius  Pisides 
(je-6r'ji-us  pis'i-dez)  or  Pisida  (pis'i-da).  A 
Byzantine  poet  who  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  7th  century.  He  is  described  in  the  m.inascripts 
of  his  writings  as  a  deacon,  record-keeper,  and  keeper  of 
the  sacred  vessels  in  the  Church  of  St  Sophia  at  Constan- 
tinople, and  appears  to  have  accompanied  the  emperor 
Heraclius  on  his  first  expedition  against  the  Persians (622). 
.4mong  Ills  extant  works  are  an  epic  poem  treatin  " 

expedition. 

George  of  Trebizond.  Bom  in  Crete,  April  4 
1396 :  died  at  Rome  about  1486.  A  celebrated 
humanist.  He  became  professor  of  Greek  at  Venice 
about  1428,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Rome,  where, 
about  1450,  he  became  a  papal  secretary.  He  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  the  Aristotelian  system  of  philosophy,  in  oppo- 
sition to  hia  contemporary,  the  Platonic  philosopher  Ge- 
mistns  Plethon.  He  translated  manv  of  the  Greek  classics 
into  Latin,  and  wrote  '  Rhetorica  '(inO', "  Comparationea 
Philosophorum  Platonis  et  Aristotelis  "  (1523),  etc. 


as  a  city  in  1789.     Its  charter  was  repealed  in  1»71,  and  it 


George's  star.']  A  name  for  the  planef  now 
called  Uranus,  given  by  its  discoverer.  Sir  Wil- 
liam Hersehel,  in  honor  of  George  HI.,  but  not 
accepted  by  astronomers. 

Georgswalde  (ga'orgs-val-de).  A  town  in 
northern  Bohemia,  36  miles  east  of  Dresden. 
Population  (1890),  commune.  8,754. 

Gepidae  (jep'i-de),  or  Gepids  (jep'idz).  [L. 
(^  opiseus)  Ge2}idie.  Gr.  (Procopius)  rz/^a/dsf.] 
A  Germanic  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Goths,  who 
first  appear  in  history  in  the  reign  of  Probus, 
in  the  3d  century.  Their  original  home  was  appa- 
rently on  the  Baltic,  on  the  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Vistula,  whence  they  joined  the  general  Gothic  move- 
ment southward.  Later  they  had  conquered  Dacia  where 
they  were,  however,  practically  annihilated  shortly  after 
the  middle  of  the  6th  century  by  the  allied  Lombards  and 
Avars. 

Probably  the  Thervlngs  and  Greutongs  were  the  only 
people  to  whom  the  name  of  Goths  in  strictness  belonged. 
There  was,  however,  a  third  tribe,  the  Gepids,  whom  the 
other  two  recognized  as  being,  if  not  exactly  Goths,  at 
any  rate  their  nearest  kinsfolk,  and  as  ha^-ing  originally 
formed  one  nation  with  them. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  (Soths,  p.  7. 

Gera  (ga'ra).  The  capital  of  Reuss  (vounger 
line),  Gei-many,  on  the  White  Elster  34  miles 
south-southwest  of  Leipsic,  noted  for  varied 
manufactures.     Population  (1890),  39,599. 

Gerace  (ja-ra'che).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Reggio  di  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat.  38°  21'  N., 
long.  16°  17'  E.,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Locri  EpizephjTii. 


was  incorporated  with  Washington  in  1878.    Now  called  Geraint  fge-rant').     One  of  the  knights  of  the 
West  Washmgton.     Poimlation  (1900),  14,549.  ^^  ,  rr,"^,  ,  n-i^Aguoo  ^i 

2.  The  capital  of  Scott  County,  Kentucky,  18 
miles  east  of  Frankfort:  the  seat  of  Georgetown 
College  (Baptist).     Population  (1900),  3,823.— 

3.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Georgetown 
County,  South  Carolina,  situated  on  Winvaw 
Bay  54  miles  northeast  of  Charleston.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  4.138.— 4.  Formeriy  the  Dutch 
Stabroek.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  situated  on  the  Demerara  near 
its  mouth.     Population  (1891),  53,176. 

George  "Wilkes  (jorjwilks).    A  trotting  stalUon     ,„,     ...Huuneawirn 
by  Hambletonian  (10),  dam  DoUv   Spanker.  Ali'^Af^^at■^lA-'    -V  ^^ 
Next  to  Electioneer  he  was  the  most  successful  Gerald;m_(ja-ral-de  ne),  Alessandro. 
sire  among  Hambletonian"s  sons. 

Georgia  (jor'jia).  [Russ.  Gni.H<i,  Pers.  and 
Turk.  Gurjistan.]  A  designation  (non-official) 
of  a  region  in  Transcaucasian  Russia,  nearly 
corresponding  to  the  modem  governments  Ye- 
lisabetpol,  Kutais.  and  Tiflis.  it  is  almost  identical 
with  the  ancient  Iberia.  Geor^a  was  conquered  by  .Alex- 
ander the  Great  but  soon  after  his  death  became  an  in- 
dependent kingdom.  It  was  at  its  height  about  1200,  and 
had  a  flourishing  literature.  It  was  subdivided  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  15th  century,  and  was  annexed  by  Russia 
in  1801.  The  Georgians  are  a  very  handsome  race,  of  the 
purest  Caucasian  type. 


Round  Table.  He  appears  in  the  Mabinogion,  in  the 
romance  "  Geraint  the  Son  of  Erbin,"  wWch  is  a  Welsh 
version  of  Chrestien  de  Troyes's  "  Erec  et  Enide. "  Tenny- 
son has  used  the  story  in  "  Geraint  and  Enid,"  one  of  the 
"Idylls  of  the  King." 

Gerald  de  Barry  or  Barri.  [L.  Gerardux,  Ge- 
nildiis,  Ginihliis;  F.  Gerard,  Geraud,  Giraud, 
Giriiiild:  It.  Gertirdo,  Glierardo.  Giraldo;  G. 
(h  rhard.  Gerohl.']     See  Giraldiis  Cambrengis. 

Geraldine  (jer'al-din)  the  Fair.  [Fem.  of 
Gerald;  It.  Girafda,  G.  Gerhardiiw.)  The  lady 
celebrated  in  the  sonnets  of  the  Earl  of  Sur- 
rey, identified  with  Lady  Elizabeth  Fitzgerald. 

, Bom  in 

Italy,  1455:  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  1525.  A 
prelate  and  scholar.  He  served  as  a  soldier,  subse- 
quently took  orders,  ancj  about  1485  was  made  tutor  to 
the  Spanish  princes.  He  met  Columbus  at  court,  and  is 
said  to  have  favored  his  schemes.  In  1520  he  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
description  of  his  journey  thither,  and  of  the  island,  pub- 
lished after  his  death  with  the  title  "  Itinerarium  ad  re- 
giones  sub  asquinoctiali  plaga  constitutas  "  (Rome,  1631). 

G^ramb   (zhe-rou'),  Baron   Ferdinand  de. 

Bom  at  Lyons,  April  17,  1772:  died  at  Rome, 
March  15,  1.848.  A  French  Trappist,  procura- 
tor-general of  the  order.     He  published  "  P^le- 


of  this  Georgia.    [Xamed'from  George  H.  of  England  1    jinage  4  Jerusalem  et  au  mont  Sinai"  (1836). 
.,  .      One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  United  States  trtrando   (zha-ron-do'l,   Joseph   Marie   de. 


of.\merica.  Capital,  Atlanta.  It  is  bounded  bv  Ten- 
nessee and  North  Carolina  on  the  north,  South  Carolina 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah  River)  and  the 
-Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east.  Florida  on  the  south,  and  Ala- 
bama (from  which  it  is  separated  in  part  by  the  chattaho<>- 


Bora  at  Lyons,  Feb.  29,  1772:'died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1842.  A  French  philosopher  and  politi- 
cian. He  wrote  "Histoire  compar^e  des  systemes  de 
philosophic  "  (1803).  "  Du  perfectionnement  moral "  (1824), 
etc. 


chee  River)  on  the  west   Th  7  surface  is  level  in  the  south,  Gerard   (ie-riird'l     sumsTripd    "Tho  Rlocsc.1  » 
undulating  in  the  center,  and  mountainous  in  the  north.  It     R„rf"viJ  V  info    A-  T^      .  i,oo     r^i,     i         j 
is  one  of  the  chief  cotton-producing  States.  Otherleading     Bora  about  1040:  died  about  1120.    The  founder 
products  are  lumber,  rice,  etc.  The  chief  minerals  are  gold,     M  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  guardian 
iron,andcoal.  The  recent  development  of  its  manufactures,     of  a  hospital  at  Jerusalem  about  1100. 


Gerard,  Alexander 


Gerard  (icr'iinl),  Alexander.    Born  at  Abev- 

dueii,  Soitlaila,  F.'l).  17,  ITiil':  died  there,  Feb. 
<>•>  1836.  jVu  English  soldiei- and  explorer.  lit- 
sei'vfd  ill  Imlia  as  an  engineer.  maliiiiK  extended  suiTe.vs. 
lie  asceiiili-d  several  peaks  and  passes  of  the  Hiuialayas. 
readiing  tile  lleiglit  (.in  iMouht  Tahiguiij;)  uf  111,111  feet. 

G6rard  (zha-nli'),  Cecile  Jules  Basile.  Born 
at  Pignans,Var,  Franee,  June  14, 1817 :  drowned 
in  West  Africa,  1864.  A  French  officer,  lion- 
hunter,  and  traveler  in  Africa :  author  of  •'  La 
chasse  an  lion"  (1855),  "Le  tueur  de  lions" 
(1H:)6),  etc. 

Gerard  (.ier'ard),  Charles,  Earl  of  Macclesfield. 
Died  Jan.  7, "1(194.  A  Kc.yalist  cummander  in  the 
civil  war  in  EiiL;l,-uid.  lie  commanded  the  Ko\alist 
forces  in  South  Wales  UH4-4-1 :  was  appointed  lieuteiiam- 
cencral  of  the  kiugsliorseaiid  captain  ot  theklMg  sliod.y- 
iuard  in  llUo  ;  was  created  liaioii  Gerard  of  l;ialidon  in 
1615  •  was  appointed  viee.a.iiiiiral  of  the  tleet  in  ll'.lS  ;  was 
created  carl  of  .Maccleslleld  in  1G79;  was  lianislnd  in  111'-.. 
forconspiriiiK  aftainstthe  king;  returned  tu  Eni;land  with 
the  Prince  of  i  Irange  in  1I1S8  ;  and  was  sworn  of  the  privy 
council  and  made  lord  president  of  the  council  of  tlie 
Welsh  inarches,  and  lord  lieutenant  of  Gloucester,  Here- 
ford, Monmouth,  and  Nortli  and  South  Wales,  in  HiB». 

Gerard  (/.ha-riir'),  Corate  Etienne  Maurice. 

Born  at  Daiuvillers,  Meu.^o,  Franee,  .April  4. 
1773:  died  at  Paris,  April  17,  1852.  A  Frencli 
marshal,  distinguished  during  the  Napoleonic 
campaigns,  minister  of  war  1830  and  1834.  He 
compelled  tlie  sun-i-nder  of  Antwerp  in  1S32. 

Gerard,  Baron Frangois Pascal.  Bornat  Home, 

1770:  died  at  Paris.  Jan.  11,  1837.  A  Frenidi 
historical  and  jiortrait  painter.  Among  his 
works  are  tlie  "Uattle  of  Austerlitz"  and  por- 
traits (if  the  Boiiapartes. 

G§rard,  Jean  Ignace  Isidore.    See  arandnlle. 
Gerard,  or  Gerarde  (jer'iird  or  je-rard  ),Jolm. 
Boru  at  Nantwich,  Cheshire,   England.  l.)4.i: 
died  at  London,  Feb.,  1612.     An  English  sur- 
geon and  botanist.     He  puhlished  in  1597  his  "  Her- 
ball  ■•  founded  on  Dodoens's  "Pemptades,"  of  which  it  is 
nearly  a  translation.    The  genus  Gerardia  was  named  from 
him  by  Liiiiueus. 
G6rard  de  Nerval  f  zha-riir'  de  ner-viil' ),  adopt- 
ed name  of  Gerard  Labrunie.    Born  at  Pans, 
Mav  21,1808:  eoinmitfi'd  suicide  at  Pans,  Jan. 
25,'l8.')5.     A  French  litterateur,  author  of  va- 
rious translations  ("Faust,"  etc.),  poems,  dra- 
matic works,  travels,  etc.  .,       „ ,  „ 
Gerardine.    In  Middleton's  "Pamily  of  Love,' 

the  passionate  lover  of  Maria. 
G6rardmer  (zha-rar-mar').  A  town  m  the 
cle|.artment  of  Vosges,  France,  22  miles  east- 
southeast  of  fipinal.  It  has  some  manufactures,  and 
Is  noted  for  its  pietuiesiiue  sunoundings.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  7,197.  ^ 

Gerasa  (jer'a-sii),  modern  Jerasll  (je-riish  ). 
Ill  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  the  Becaiiolis, 
Palestine,  50  miles  northeast  of  Jerusalem.  Tt 
contains  many  antiiiuities.  Ihe  forum,  whah  is,.val  an.l 
800  feet  long,  is  surrounded  hy  a  range  of  l..iiic  eolunins, 
many  ot  which  still  stand  with  their  eiital.laUiie.  Jroiii 
it  extends  a  great  colonnaded  street,  iMt.-rse.tiiig  the  en- 
tire city,  and  crossed  at  riglit  angles  hy  aM.;llier.  "ver 
100  coliimna  still  stand  along  the  street,  lliej;  seem  tu 
have  tormed  a  series  of  porticos  witli  galleries  aliovc. 
Among  the  remains  are  those  of  a  great  temple,  the  ceUa 
ol  wliich  (U6  bv  78  feet)  is  in  great  part  standing,  together 
with  many  columns  of  tlie  peristyle.  A  theater  lias  js 
tiers  of  seats  still  remaining  above  ground,  witli  one  pre- 
cinctlon,  to  wlilcli  vaulted  passages  give  access.  In  the 
back  wall  ol  the  )iniinclion  tlieie  are  small  chainhors, 
perhaps  boxes.  A  gallery  surrounds  the  top  of  the  cavea. 
A  smaller  theater  on  the  same  site  Is  equally  perfect  and 
Interesting. 

Gerba.    See  .to-Zw.  ,    ,    .       ,,  , 

Gerber  (gar'ber),  Ernst  Ludwig.  J".""  "' 

SoiidersliauBen,  Germany.  Sept.  2!l.  I/4(i:  died 
at  Sondershausen,  June  30,  1S19.  A  Cernian 
writer  on  the  history  of  niiisic.  He  published 
•  Hislorlsch-biograpliisches  Lexikon  der  Tonkunstler" 
(17'.i(>-9-.'-  comldeted  181J-14),  eti:. 

Gerberon  (zhcrb-ron'),  Gabriel.  Born  at  St.- 

Calais,  Saitlie,  Fiai Aug.  16.  l<i-«:  ''>'■'"  »f 

St.-Denis,  near  Paris,  March  29,1711.  A  French 
Jaiisenist  controversialist. 

Gerbert.    Hi-a  isitirsin- li .  ,  ,,    . 

Gerbert  (gar'bert),  Martin.  Born  at  lloro, 
Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  12.  172":  died  May  13,  1 /'.M. 
A  German  Roman  Catholic  prelate,  and  writer 
on  chiireli  music.  He  published  "De  cantii  et  niuslcn 
sacra"  (1774),  "Scrlptorcs  eccleslastlcl  do  mualca  sacra 
potisslinnni  "  (178.1). 

Gerdil  (/.her -del'),  Hyacinthe  Sigismond. 

Born  at  Samoens,  Uaiile-Savoir,  I'raiice,  June 
23  1718:  died  at  Home,  Aug.  12,  1802.  A  Sa- 
voyard cardinal  and  philosmihical  writer. 

Gerdy  (zher-de'i,  Pierre  Nicolas.     Born  at 

Lochos-sur-Ource,  Anlio,  Fr.im-e.  liOi  :  died  at 
Paris,  1850.  A  French  surgeon  and  physiologist. 
GergOVia  (irr-go'vi-il).  1"  ancient  history,  a 
Gallic  town  situated' on  the  Plateau  de  Gergo- 
vie  to  the  south  of  Clermont-Ferrand,  Franco. 

C— 28 


433 

Cicsar  besieged  It  In  52  B.  c. ,  and  was  defeated  here  by  Ver- 
cingetorix.    There  are  some  relics  on  theaite. 

Gerhard  (g.r'hart),  Friedricli Whelm Edu- 
ard.  Born  at  Posen,  Prussia,  Nov.  29,  I'ao: 
died  at  Berlin,  May  12,  1807.  A  German  archa?- 
ologist.  His  works  include  'Antike  B'1<J"'=,;'''«'' ^^'-J," 
1844),  ".\userlcsene  griechische  \aseiibilder  (18i)9-«5), 
•■  Ktr'uskisclie  Spiegel  "  (1839-ti5),  etc. 

G«rhard,  Johann.    Born  at  Quedlinburg.  Prus- 
sia, ( bt.  17.  I.'i82 :  ilied  at  Jena,  Germany,  Aug. 
20,  1037.     A  German  Lutlieran  theologian.    He 
wrote  "Confessio  catholica"  (1834),   "Loci  theologici 
(l«10-2Ji,  ■'  Meditationes  saene,"  and  commentaries. 

Gerhardt  1 1'-  pion.  zhii-riir';  G.pron.  gar'hiirt), 
Charles  Frd(i6ric.  Bom  at  Strasburg.  Aug., 
I.'^IG:  diedatStraslmrg.Aug.l9,18.-)6.  A  French 
ch.-mist.  professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Sciences  at 
Montpellier  1844-48.  He  wrote  "  Trait6  do 
cliimie  organicpie"  (1853-50),  etc. 

Gerhardt  I ger'hart  I.  Dagobert  von:  psmuio- 
nvm  Gerhard  von  Amyntor.    Born  at  Lieg- 

iiilz,  July  12.  is:!l.  .\  (iernian  soldier  and  au- 
thor. He  served  as  major  in  the  campaigns  of  18(H  and 
1870,  and  from  ls72  liveil  in  retirement  at  Potsdam.  Ho 
has  published  poems  and  numerous  novels  and  tales. 

Gerhardt  (gar'hiirt),  Paul  (Paulus).  Born  at 
Giiirenhainichen,  near  Wittenberg,  Saxony, 
March  12(?).  1007:  died  at  Liibben,  Prussia, 
June  7.  1670.  A  (ierman  sacred  poet.  He  stud- 
ieil  at  Wittenbci'g,  and  lived  subsequently  at  Herlin  as  a 
tutor  until  1U51,  when  he  went  as  a  clergyman  to  W  itlen- 
walde.  In  10,57  he  was  made  deacon  of  the  Nikolai  elan eli 
in  Herlin,  a  position  which  be  was  compelled  to  renounce 
in  l««i  liecause  he  refused  to  comply  with  the  cominand 
of  the  elector  to  refrain  from  teaching  from  the  pulpit 
the  dogmas  of  Lutheranism  as  against  CaUinism.  In  1068, 
never! htless,  ho  was  called  as  arehdeacim  to  Lublien,  a 
po-t  which  he  occupied  from  the  spring  of  16(i9  until  his 
deatli.  His  first  church  hymns  were  published  in  1648. 
Ill  1««7  appeared  the  first  complete  edition  of  120  h>nnns. 
A  historical  and  critical  edition  was  published  at  Herlm, 

Gericault  (zha-re-ko'),  Jean  Louis  Andr6 
Theodore.  Born  at  Rouen,  France,  Sept.  20. 
1791 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1824.  A  French 
iiainter.  His  most  noted  work,  "  The  Raft  of 
(he  Medusa"  (1819),  is  in  the  Louvre.  He  re- 
sidoil  for  a  time  in  Tiondon. 

Gerizim  (ger'i-zim).  In  scriptural  geography, 
a  monntain  of  Samaria,  Palestine,  2.848  feet 
high,  situated  opposite  Mount  Ebal  27  miles 
niu-th  of  Jerusalem.      See  A'/i'r^ 

Gerlach  (gar'liich),  Franz  Dorotheas.  Boni 
at  Wolfsbehringen,  in  Got  ha,  <  iermauy.  .July  18, 
1793:  died  at  Basel.  Switzerland,  Oct.  31,  18/0. 
A  (ierman  pliiUdogist  and  historian,  editor  of 
Latin  elassics,  etc. 

Gerlach.  Otto  von.  Bom  at  Berlin,  April  12. 
1801 :  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  24,  1849.  A  German 
Protestant  clergvmau  and  theological  "Titer- 

Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  (g.rls'dorf-er  spit'se).  The 
liighest  summit  of  the  Tatra  gi-oup  m  the  Car- 
natliian  .Mountains.     Height,  8.73i  feet. 

Grermain  (jer-man'),  George  Sackyille,  insi 
VisccMini  Saekville  (Lord  George  SackviUe 
1 720-70,  Lord  George  Germain  1770-82 ) .  Born 

Jan.  2(),  1710  :  died  Aug.  2i;.  17^^.5.  An  English 
soldier,  third  son  of  the  lirst  Duke  of  Horset, 
cri-ated  Viscount  Saekville  in  1782.  He  served 
(as  colonel)  in  Flanders  1743-15  ;  was  first  secretary  to  the 
hud  lieutenant  and  secretary  of  war  for  Ireland  175I-6U; 
was  appcdnted  major-general  in  1756,  and  lieutenantgen- 
eral  in  1767;  joined  in  the  descent  on  thelreneh  coast  In 
1758;  served  as  second  in  ciunmand  under  .Maill>orougli 
In  Hannover  in  the  same  vear  ;  and  sueece.led  l,.  Ilieeliler 
co;nniand  on  Marll)..lough's  death.  He  fell  mlo  .lisgrace 
on  account  of  hlnndiis  committed  at  the  liattle  ..f  .Miudeli 
(Aug.  1,  1759),  and  was  dismissed  fnun  the  army. 

German  Confederation,  <i.  Deutscher  Bund 

(.loit'shcr  laiiil  1.  Till-  confederation  ot  Ger- 
man states  coiislitutcd  by  the  Congress  of  Vi- 
enna in  1815,  replacing  the  ancient  empire 
each  state  remaining  iudciiendent  in  internal 
afl'airs.  Austria  (which  entered  the  confeileratloii  for 
herOerman  dominions,  Ipper  and  Lower  Austria.  Itolie. 
mia.  Moravia,  Silesia,  Sal/burg,  Tyrol.  Voiiirlb.rg.  .styrla. 
fnrlnthia  and  Carni.da,  Uorl,  and  Irlest)  ha.l  the  lead, 
other  members  were  Prussia,  Bavaria,  \Nurleinlieig  sax- 
inv.  Hannover,  lladen,  llesse-Cassel,  Saxe-W  eilnar.  Meek 


ienburg^Schwe'rln,      MeeklcnlmrL'-Slrellt?,      Oldenburg, 
•  ■      -  SaxeAllenhurg,    Saxe-Meliilngeli, 


Hrunswiek,    Nassau.     ■.„,       ,-,.,,    ' 

Siixe-llildburgllausen,  SaxeCoburg.  .Saie-Oolbn.  Scliivarr. 
liuig-Hildidsta.lt.Scbwarzluirg-Sonilershausen,  lliellolien- 
lollerns,  Llecbtensteln,  Aniialt. Dessau,  Aniiall  Kolhen, 
Waldeek,  lieuss  (elder  line),  Iteuss  (younger  line),  l.lppe, 
Schalimbiirgl.lppe,  llesse-Homhuig,  l.ubeck,  I'lank- 
f.irt  liiemen,  and  llamliurg.  Several  minor  chiinges 
took  place  In  the  eomposlllon  of  Ihe  confederation.  I  he 
Diet  met  at  Krankfort-on  the. Main  Ibe  King  oj  the 
.Netherlands  enleied  the  conttd.-rallon  tor  LuxemlHirg, 
and  the  King  of  Dnimark  for  llidstein  and  ljiuinhurg_ 
The  Prussian  provinces  o(  East  and  W,sl  Prussia  and 
Posen  were  not  Included.  The  confederation  was  dls- 
solved  as  one  result  o(  the  war  of  1800,  and  w.ui  replaced 
l.y  the  North  Herman  Confederation. 

German  East  Africa.    See  E<i!>t  Afrim 
German  Empire,"  •  ■  Deutsches  Reich  (doich  es 


Germany 

rich).  1.  The  Holy  Roman  Empire  (which 
RPe)._2.  The  modem  enijiire  of  Germany, 
constituted  in  1871.     See  Germamj. 

Gennania(jer-man'i-ii).  In  ancient  gcograpby, 
the  region  included  "between  the  North  Sea, 
Baltic,  Vistula,  Danube,  and  Rhine  (from  near 
Mainz  to  near  Emmerich) :  often  extended  to 
include  certain  ten-itories  west  ot  the  Rhine. 
In  the  first  sense  it  was  never  a  part  pf  the 
Roman  Empire. 

Germania.  A  celebrated  work  by  Tacitus,  re- 
lating to  the  Germans. 

Germania  Inferior.  A  province  of  the  Roman 
Emiiire,  left  of  tho  lower  course  of  the  Rhine, 
in  the  lower  and  middle  basins  of  the  Meuse. 

Germania  Superior.  A  province  of  the  Roman 
Kmiiire.   left  ol  tho  middle  Rhine,   including 

Al.-^aeo,   cle. 

Germanic  Confederation.     See  ficrman  Con- 

t't  lit  yntitiii. 

Germanicus  (jer-man'i-kus).  Caesar.  Born  15 
B.  c. :  died  near  Aiitioch,  Oct.  9,  19  A.  D.  A 
Roman  general,  son  of  Nero  Claudius  Drusus 
and  nephew  of  the  emperor  Tiberius.  He  con- 
ducted three  campaigns  against  the  Germans  14-1«,  and 
in  the  latter  year  defeated  Anninius  m  a  great  battle  or 
the  Campus  Idist:ivisus  between  Mindeii  ami  Hameln.  He 
was  recalled  through  the  jealousy  of  the  emperor,  re- 
ceived a  triumph  at  Home  in  17,  and  in  18  was  app<untc<l 
to  the  cominand  of  the  eastern  provinces.  He  is  said  to 
have  iKcii  poisoned  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor. 

German  Milton,  The.     A  name  sometimes 

given  to  Klo|islock. 

German  Ocean.    See  Sorth  Sen. 

German  Plato,  The.  A  name  sometimes  given 

toJacobi. 

German-Roman  Empire.  SeeSolyBoman  Em- 

j}irr. 
Germans  r.ier'manz).  [liMermani.']  An  impor- 
tant Teutonic  riice  inhabiting  central  Europe: 
the  inhabitants  of  Germany.  At  tho  beginning  of 
tlie  Christian  era  the  Gemians  occupied  central  Euiupo 
eastward  to  the  Vistula,  southward  to  the  Cai-pathians  and 
Danube,  and  westward  to  beyond  the  Rhine.  Among  tlic-ir 
chief  tribes  were  the  Suevi,  Uunbards,  Vandals.  Heriill, 
Chaiti  t^iiadi,  I'bii,  and  Cherusci.  After  the  epoch  of  mi- 
grations in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries,  many  tribes,  as 
the  Franks.  Purgilndians,  lAjinbards,  and  Vandals,  settled 
permanently  in  other  regions,  and  became  mcrgeil  in  tho 
new  French,  Italian,  and  Spiuiisll  nations.  In  the  ea»t 
the  Cermans  were  displaced  by  Slavs,  although  impor- 
tant parts  of  this  region  have  since  been  (lerinanized. 
Since  about  the  12th  century  the  (iennans  have  called 
themselves  rfic  Deutxlien.  In  medieval  ami  moilern  time* 
they  have  occin)ie<l  a  region  which  has  had  many  politi- 
cal ehanges,  but  which  has  remained  of  substantially  the 
same  extent  for  centuries.  The  former  Komantierman 
Enipue  contained  various  lands  not  inhablUd  by  Ger- 
mans. At  the  present  time  the  (iermans  form  Ihe  great 
majority  in  the  reconstituted  (Ierman  Empire  ;  they  num- 
ber over  one  fourth  of  the  inhaldtants  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary chielly  in  the  western  and  northwestern  piu-ts ;  there 
are  lilioutl  iKKi.oiiO  (iennans  in  the  Baltic  provinces  and 
elsewhere  in  Russia  ;  and  over  t«  o  thirds  of  the  Swiss  are 
of  German  race  and  language 

German  Southwest  Africa.    A  German  do- 

pendencv  situated  lielween  the  Orange  Kiver 
and  Angola,  anil  between  the  Atlantic  ami 
long.  21°-25°  K.  It  covers  322.4.'iO  s<|iiare  miles,  with 
aliout20il.iKKiinlial>ilants.  of  whom  l.iKHlar.'Wiiite.  North 
of  the  Swakop  Uiver  the  country  is  called  Herero-  or 
Dannu-aland  ;  south  of  it  (ireat  Namaland  or  Namaiiua- 
land.  The  B<iil  is  ariil,  yielding  <mly  scant  jiasturage  In 
the  Kuneiie  valley  (Ovampo-land)  alone  can  land  suitable 
for  agriculture  be  found.  I  he  hopes  of  discovering  rich 
iniiics  have  n.it  vet  been  realized.  The  best  harbor  o(  tho 
coast  Walllsch  ilay,  is  Jtrllish,  Five  lieniian  companies 
are  still  at  work  here  the  Coloniiatiiui  Society  ;  the  ,'~et- 
tlement  Companv,  which  is  trying  to  settle  (Jerinan  and 
South  African  colonists  ;  a  private  cattleniising  company, 
with  imperial  subsidy:  and  the  West  African  Company 
anil  Southwest  African  Comiiany,  which  are  largely  or 
wholly  English.  This  colony  began  with  Ihe  purchase  by 
FAS  Luderitz.  of  wmie  laud  ai<Mind  Angra  Pciucna. 
Over  this  Oerinnny  hoisted  her  tlag  In  l.s,S4,  claiiulng  at  the 
same  lime  all  the  coast  between  Ihe  orange  l!i\er  and 
Cape  Friii.  Herero-land  was  annexeil  by  treaty  in  IsS.'. 
was  lost  111  ISSS,  and  was  regained  by  force  in  ISSI.  Portu- 
gal  in  IBSii  and  England  In  ISIH)  recognized  the  present 
Ittuindarics.  Ilenric  Wlllwiy,  aeivlllzed  chief  of  the  NaniB 
noltcnt<its  who  had  never  submitted  to  the  IJerinan  au- 
thorllles,  was  defeated  In  ISilS. 
(}ermantOWn(j'''r'niiin-foun).  A  former bonuigh 
of  P.nnsvlvania,  since  18.''i4  a  pari  of  I'hibi- 
ihdphiii,  situated  6  miles  norlh-northwesl  of  the 

old  slalo-house.  Here,  Oct.  4, 17T7.  the  Americans  un- 
der Washlngl.m  were  repnlseil  by  the  llritlsh,  the  loss  ol 
the  Americans  being  about  1,ikio,  that  of  the  lirillsh  over 


Germanus(icr-mri'niis),  Saint.  F.  St.  Germain 

I'Auxerrois.  Born  at  Anxiirrabout  3,.S:  died 
at  lvaviiina.Ilaly,al>oul44S.  A  I'reiich  prelate, 
liishoii  of  .'\iixerre. 

Germanus,  Saini.  of  Paris.     Born  at  Antiin, 

France,  about  490:  died  about  oiO.  A  !•  len.di 
prelate,  bislurii  of  Paris.  The  Church  of  St. 
(brniiiiii-iles-rres  (Paris)  was  named  from  him. 

Germany 0<r'"'''-"')-  [•^"•'-  '•'"•""""''•  <'I''-  "7- 
/«((««,  Sp.  Ocimdiiia,  Pg.  It.  Crrmauin,  from  L. 


Germany 

Germania,  Gr.  Tcp/xaviu,  from  L.  Germanic  Gr. 
Tepfiavoi^  Germans.  Auother  name  appears  in 
the  obs.  E.  AhnaiUj  Ahnaijtic,  fromF.  AUemagne, 
Sp.  Alemdnia^  Fg.  Alemania,  It.  Alemagna.  ^Ij. 
Alamania,Al(in(uniia,  from  AlemannijAIamanui, 
the  Alamaiini  (which  see).  A  third  name  is  the 
obs.  E.  Dutchland,  ME.  Duchelondj  D.  DniUeh- 
landj  G.  Deutschland.']  Aeountry  of  central  Eu- 
rope .  The  country  has  been  of  widely  different  extent,  and 
the  name  of  different  significance,  at  different  times.  The 
present  Geitnany,  or  the  German  Empire  (G.  Deutsches 
Reich\  one  of  the  to'eat  European  powers,  is  bounded 
by  the  North  Sea,  Denmark,  and  the  Baltic  Sea  on  the 
tiorth,  Russia  and  Austria-Hungary  on  the  east.  Aus- 
tria-Hungary (partly  separated  by  the  Sudetie  Mountains, 
Riesengebii-ge,  Erzgebirge,  and  Alps)  and  Switzerland 
(separated  mainly  by  the  Rhine  and  Lake  of  Con- 
stance) on  the  south,  and  France  (partly  separated  by 
the  Vosges),  Luxemburg  (separated  by  the  Moselle  and 
Our),  Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  west.  It  ex- 
tends from  lat.  47^16' to5o°54'  N.,andfromlong.  5°52' 10  22° 
54'  E.  The  northern  part  belongs  to  the  great  northern 
plain  ;  the  middle  and  southern  parts  are  geiierallj  hilly 
and  mountainous.  The  chief  mountains  are  the  Alps, 
Black  Forest,  Vosges,  Swabian  and  Franconian  Juva.  Fich- 
telgebirge,  Erzgebirge,  Taunus,  Thuringerwald,  Harz, 
mountains  of  Westphalia  and  the  Rhine,  Riesengebu-ge, 
and  Bbhmerwald.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Rhine  (with 
the  Moselle.  Xeckar,  and  Main),  Ems,  Weser,  Elbe,  Oder, 
Vistula,  and  Danube.  The  main  products  are  grain,  beet- 
root, hemp,  flax,  and  wine.  There  are  mines  of  iron, 
coal,  salt,  copper,  zinc,  lead,  silver,  etc.,  and  important 
manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  linen,  iron,  steel,  sugar, 
beer,  etc.  Germany  contains  26  states :  Prussia,  Bava- 
ria, Wiirtemheri:,  Baden,  Saxony,  Hesse,  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Oldenburg,  Brunswick, 
Saxe-Weiiuar-Eisenach,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe-Mein- 
ingen,  Saxe-Altenbui^,  Waldeck,  Lippe,  Schaumburg- 
Lippe,  Reuss  (elder  line),  Reuss  (younger  line),  Anhalt, 
Schwarzburg-Kudolstadt,  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 
Hamburg,  Bremen,  LUbeck,  and^the  "  Relchsland  "  Alsace- 
Lorraine.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy  ; 
the  King  of  Prussia  is  hereditary  German  emperor.  The 
legislature  consists  of  a  Eundesrat  of  58  members  and  a 
Reichstag  of  397  members.  The  language  of  the  great 
majority  is  German  ;  other  nationalities  are  Poles,  Lithu- 
anians, Wends,  Czechs,  Danes,  French,  and  Walloons.  The 
religion  of  a  large  majority  is  Protestant ;  about  35  per 
cent,  are  Roman  Catholics.  The  foreign  dependencies  are 
Toguland,  Kamerun,  German  Southwest  Africa  (protecto- 
rate), German  East  Africa(protectorate),  Kaiser  Wilhelm's 
Land(aprotectoratein  Papua),  Bismarck  Archipelago  (pro- 
tectorate), a  part  of  the  Solomon  Islands,  Marshal]  Islands, 
Mariana  Islands,  Caroline  Islands,  and  Pelew  Islands.  The 
present  empire  replaced  the  North  German  Confederation, 
and  is  based  un  treaties  between  that  body  and  tbe  different 
South  Germunstates.  William  I.,  kingof  Prussia,  wjis  pro- 
claimed empen-r  at  Ver^aiIles,  Jan.  1S,1S71.  The  empire  was 
oneresultof  the  suoL-e:^sful  war  with  Francein  1870-71.  Re- 
centeventsliavel)eenthe'*Kulturkanipf,"  theriseof  theSo- 
cialDemocrats,  the  union  of  thethreeemperors(of  Germany, 
Austria-Hun-iary,  and  Russia),  replaced  by  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance (Germany,  Austria-Hun;.'ary,  and  Italy),  the  acquisi- 
tion since  1S»4  of  fureign  dependencies  and  "spheres  of  in- 
fluence," and  the  retirement  of  Bismarck  in  1890.  (See  Ger- 
mania, Holy  lioman  Empire,  and  German  Confederation; 
also  Prussia,  Bavaria,  and  the  different  states.)  Area, 
208,830  square  miles.   Population  (1:^00),  56,367,178. 

He  [Tacitus]  includes  in  Germany  all  the  countries  lying 
north  of  the  Danube  and  west  of  the  line  of  the  Vistula,  as 
far  as  the  Arctic  Regions  :  taking  in  Bohemia,  Silesia,  Po- 
land, Poraerania,  and  a  vast  number  of  Slavonian  districts 
besides,  over  an  area  about  three  times  as  large  as  that 
which  is  now  allowed  to  the  Teutonic  stock. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  41. 

Germersheim  (ger'mers-him).  A  fortified  town 
in  the  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  (^ueieh  with  the  Rhine,  8  miles  south- 
west of  Spires.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point,  and 
was  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  French  under  Beauharnais 
by  the  Austrians  under  Wurmser,  July  19  and  22,  1793. 
Population  (1890),  6,038. 

Germinal  (zhar-me-nal').  [P..  'the  germinat- 
ing.']  The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  Na- 
tional Convention  of  the  Iii*st  French  republic 
for  the  seventh  month  of  the  year,  it  consisted 
of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  vears  1  to  7  with  March  21, 
and  in  the  years  8  to  13  with  March  22. 

Germinal  Insurrection.  The  insurrection 
(*' bread  riots")  at  Paris  against  the  Conven- 
tion, 12th  Clerminal,  year  III  (April  1,  1795). 

Gero(ga'r6).  Died  May  20, 965.  AGermanhero. 
He  was  made  margrave  of  the  Ostmark  in  939,  and  com- 
pelled the  Slavic  tribes  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Oder  to 
acknowledge  his  suzerainty.  He  is  referred  to  in  the 
"  Niel»elungenlied.*' 

Ger6me(zha-rom'),JeanL6on.  BomatVesoul, 
Haute-Saone, May  11,1824.  AcelebratedFrench 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroehe.  He  studied  in 
Italy  1844-45,  and  later  traveled  in  Tiu-key,  Egypt,  and  else- 
where. He  became  professor  of  painting  at  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  in  1863.  His  first  appearance  at  the  Salon  was 
in  1847.  His  works  include  "  Madonna  and  St.  John  "(1848), 
"Anacreon  with  Bacchus  and  Cupid  '  (1848),  "Bacchus 
and  Cupid  Intoxicated  "  (1850),"  Greek  Interior,"  "Souve- 
nir of  Italy"  (1851),  "  View  of  Pcestura  "  (1852),  "An  Idyl " 
(1853),  ''Russian  Concert,"  "Age  of  Augustus"  (1855), 
"Egyptian  Recruits  crossing  the  Desert,"  "  Memnon  and 
Sesostris,"  "Camels  at  a  Watering-place "(1857),  "Gladi- 
ators saluting  Ciesar,"  "  King  Candaules  "  (1559X  "Phr\'ne 
before  the  Tribunal,"  "Alcibiades  in  the  House  of  Aspa- 
sia."  "Rembrandt  Etching"  (1861),  "Prisoner "  {1S63\ 
"Reception  of  Siamese  Ambassadors  at  Fontainebleau." 
-■t'rayer"(IS65),"CleopatraandCaesar,"*'Door  of  Mosque 
of  El-Hacimyn" (1866),  "Slave  Market," "Clothing  Mer- 


434 

chant,"  "Death  of  Csesar"  (1867),  "Seventh  of  December, 
1815"(1&68).  "'Jerusalem,"  "Caii'o  Peddler,"  "Promenade 
of  the  Harem"  (lb69),  -'Rex  Tibicen,"  "Santon  at  the 
Door  of  a  Mosque,"  'Women  at  the  Bath,"  "Bashi-Ba- 
zouks  Dancing,"  '■Return  from  the  Chase"  (1878),  "Slave 
Market  in  Rome,"  '■  Night  in  the  Desert,"  "Danse  du  ba- 
ton "  (IHM),  "Great  Bath  at  Brusa  "  (18S5),  etc.  C.  C.  Per- 
kins, Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 
Gerona  (Ha-i'o'nii).  1,  A  province  in  Catalo- 
nia, Spain,  bounded  'by  France  on  the  north, 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  east,  and  Barcelona 
and  Lerida  on  the  south  and  west.  Area.  2,272 
square  miles.  Population  (1887),  305,539.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gerona,  situated 
on  the  Ter  55  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona. 
It  has  a  cathedral  which  dates  from  the  14th  and  15th  cen- 
tuiies.  The  roof  is  remarkable  in  that  it  covers  in  a  single 
span,  with  a  vault  of  73  feet,  the  entire  width  of  nave  and 
aisles  of  tlie  sanctuary.  There  is  a  14th-centurj'  cloister, 
with  beautiful  capitals.  The  town  is  noted  for  its  sieges, 
especially  those  of  1808  and  1809  by  the  French.  Popula- 
tion (1^7),  15,497. 

Geronimo  (je-ron'i-mo).  A  North  American  In- 
dian, chief  of  the  Chiricahua  band  of  the  Apache 
tribe.  He  commanded  a  party  of  hostiles  who  were  pur- 
sued first  by  General  George  Crook  and  afterward  by  Gen- 
eral Nelson  A.  Miles  in  1886.  He  was  captured  in  the  sum- 
mer of  that  year. 

Gr^ronte  (zha-r6ht')*  In  French  comedy,  a  com- 
mon name  for  a  credulous  and  ridiculous  old 
man.  Originally,  as  in  Comeille's  "Lementeur,"  he  was 
old  and  not  ridiculous,  but  theGerontes  in  Moliere's  "Le 
m^decin  malgr^  lui  "  and  "Les  fourberies  de  Scapin  "  be- 
came a  type.  Regnard  introduces  a  Geronte  in  "Le 
joueur,"  "Le  retour  impr^vu,''  and  "Le  legataire  uni- 
versel."  • 

Gerontius  (je-ron'shi-us).  A  British  general  in 
the  army  of  the  usurper  (^onstantine.  He  rebelled 
against  his  master  in  409,  and  proclaimed  one  Maximus 
emperor.  He  drove  Constantine's  son,  Constans,  out  of 
Spain,  and,  when  Constans  was  captured  by  the  insurgents 
at  Vienne,  ordered  him  to  be  put  to  death.  He  was  even- 
tually abandoned  by  his  troops,  and,  being  surrounded  by 
a  superior  enemy,  put  himself  to  death. 

Gerrard  (je-rard').  l.  The  real  name  of  the 
King  of  the  Beggars  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
**  Beggar's  Bush."  He  goes  under  the  name  of 
Clause. —  2.  The  *'gentlemandancing-master" 
in  "Wycherley'S  comedy  of  that  name.  He  is  a  per- 
fumed coxcomb  who,  to  conduct  an  intrigue  with  Hippo- 
lita  under  the  nose  of  her  father  and  duenna,  is  induced 
to  assume  the  role  of  a  dancing-master. 

G^rrha  (jer'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Arabia  Felix,  situated  on  the  Persian  Gulf. 
It  was  important  in  the  7th  and  6th  centuries  b.  c.>  under 
the  Assyrians,  Babylonians,  and  Persians. 

Gerry  (ger'i),  Elbridge.  Bom  at  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  July  17, 1744:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Nov.  23.  1814.  An  American  statesman.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  1776-J^O  and 
1783-85 ;  a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  in 
1787;  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1789-93; 
commissioner  to  France  1797-98;  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts lHlO-1-2;  and  Vice-President  1813-14.  During  his 
governorship  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  redistricted 
the  State  in  an  arbitrary  manner  (1811),  to  procure  a  ma- 
jority for  the  Democrats  in  the  elections  for  State  senators. 
It  was  erroneously  thought  that  the  redistricting  was  un- 
dertaken at  his  instigation  (whence  arose  the  word  "ger- 
rymander," in  allusion  to  the  fancied  resemblance  between 
a  salamander  and  a  map  of  the  new  districts  of  the  State). 

Gers  (zhar).  A  department  of  southern  France, 
capital  Auch:  part  of  the  ancient  Gascony. 
It  is  bounded  by  Lot- et- Garonne  on  the  north,  Tarn-et- 
Garonne  and  Haute-Garonneon  the  east,  Haute-Garonne, 
Hautes- Pyrenees,  and  Basses-Pyr^n^es  on  the  south,  and 
Landes  on  the  west.  Area,  2,425  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  261,084. 

Gersau  (ger'sou).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Sehwj'z,  Switzerland,  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne 
near  the  Righi.  It  was  a  republic  from  1390  to 
the  wars  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Gerson(zher-s6n'),  Jean  Charlier  de.  Bom  at 
Gerson,  Ardennes,  Dee.  14, 1363 :  died  at  Lyons, 
July  12, 1429.  A  noted  French  theologian.  He 
was  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Paris,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  the  councils  of  Pisa  and  Constance,  striving  for 
the  unity  of  the  church  and  for  ecclesiastical  reforms.  In 
1419  he  went  to  Lyons,  where  he  died.  The  authorship  of 
the  "De  imitatione  Christi"  (which  see)  has  been  attrib- 
uted to  him. 

Jean  Charlier,  or  Gerson.  one  of  the  most  respectable 
and  considerable  names  of  the  later  mediaeval  literature. 
Gerson  was  born  in  13C3,  at  a  village  of  the  same  name  in 
Lorraine.  He  early  entered  the  College  de  Navarre,  and 
distinguished  himself  under  Peter  d'Aiily,  the  most  fa- 
mous of  the  later  nominalists.  He  became  Chancellor  of 
the  University,  received  a  living  in  Handers,  and  for  many 
years  preached  in  the  most  constantly  attended  churches 
of  Paris.  He  represented  the  University  at  the  Council 
of  Constance,  and,  becoming  obnoxious  totheBurgundian 
party,  sought  refuge  with  one  of  his  brothers  at  Lyons, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  taught  little  children.  He  died 
in  1429.  Gerson,  it  is  perhaps  needless  to  say,  is  one  of 
the  numerous  candidates  (but  one  of  the  least  likely)  for 
the  honour  of  having  written  the  "Imitation." 

Saintsbiiry,  French  Lit.,  p.  141. 

Gersoppa,  Falls  of.  A  cataract  in  the  river 
Shiravati,  India,  which  here  breaks  through  the 
"Western  (jlhauts  about  100  miles  southeast  of 
Goa.     Height,  960  feet  (in  four  falls). 


Gervinus 

(Jerstacker  (ger'stek-er),  Friedrich.    Bom  at 

Hamburg,  May  10,  1816:  died  at  Brunswick, 
May  31,  1872.  A  German  writer  and  traveler. 
In  1837  he  went  to  America,  where  he  traveled  extensively 
until  1843,  when  he  returned  to  Germany  and  adopted 
literature  as  a  profession.  During  1S49  to  1852  he  niadp 
a  journey  around  the  world.  In  1800-tii  lie  traveled  in 
South  America.  In  1862  he  accompanied  the  Duke  of 
Coburg-Gotha  to  Egypt  and  Abyssinia.  In  1867  he  was  in 
the  United  States.  Mexico,  and  Venezuela,  returning  to 
Germany  in  IfetW.  His  last  years  were  spent  in  Brunswick. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer  of  novels,  tales,  and  stories  of 
adventure  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Bearing  ujwn  Amer- 
ica are,  among  others,  "Streif-  und  Jagdziige  durch  die 
Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nurd-amerika"  ("^^unblingand 
Hunting  Excursions  through  the  United  States  of  Korth 
America,"  1844),  "Die  Regulatoreu  in  Arkansas"  ("The 
Regulators  of  Arkansas,"  1845),  "Mississippibilder" 
("Mississippi  Pictures."  1847^8),  "Die  Flusspiraten  des 
Mississippi"  ("The  River  Pirates  of  the  Mississippi," 
1848).  'Amerikanische  Wald-  und  Strombilder"  (-'Amer- 
ican Forest  and  Stream  Pictures,"  1849),  "  Wie  istesdenn 
nun  eigentlich  in  Amerika?  "  ("How  is  it  then,  really,  in 
America?"  1853).  "  Naeh  Amerika"  ("To  America,''  1855), 
"  Kalifornische  Skizzen  ■'  ('California  Sketches,"  1856). 
His  collected  works  appeared  after  his  death  in  44  volumes 
(1872-79). 

(Jerster  (gar'ster),Etelka.  Bom  at  Kaschau, 
June  16,  1856.  A  Hungarian  singer  (soprano). 
She  was  a  pupil  of  Madame  Marchesi  at  Vienna,  and  made 
her  first  appearance  in  1876  at  Venice  as  Gilda  in  "Rigo- 
letto."  She  has  sung  with  success  in  all  the  principnl 
cities  of  Europe.  She  came  to  America  in  1878.  1880,  and 
1887.     In  1877  she  married  Pietro  Gardini,  her  director. 

Gertrude  (ger'trod).  Saint.  Died  March  17, 
659.  An  abbess  of  Nivelles  in  Brabant.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Pippin  of  Landeu.  majordomo  to  Clo- 

i,  taire  II.,  and  Itta,  On  the  death  of  Pippin.  Itta  built  a 
cloister  at  Nivelles,  which  included  both  a  monaster}-  and 
a  nuflfiery,  and  Gertrude  became  abbess  of  the  latter. 
She  is  commemorated  throughout  Brabant  on  March  17. 

Gertrude,  Saint,  surnamed  *' Tbe  Great,"  Bom 
in  Germany,  Jan.  6,  1256:  died  1311.  A  Ger- 
man mystic,  she  was  placed  m  the  convent  of  Helfta 
at  the  age  of  five,  and  studied  the  liberal  aits  with  great 
zeal  until  her  twenty-fifth  year,  when,  in  consequence  of 
supernatural  visions,  she  began  to  devote  herself  to  the 
study  of  the  Scriptures  and  the  writings  of  the  fathers. 
Her  visions  are  recorded  in  her  "Insinuationes  divina; 
pietatis,"  the  first  printed  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
1662.     She  is  commemorated  Kov.  15. 

Gertrude.  1.  In  Sbakspere^s  ''Hamlet,"  the 
mother  6f  Hamlet,  and  queen  of  Denmark.  She 
is  a  weak  woman  whose  share  in  her  second  husband's 
crime  is  doubtful.  She  diesaccidentally  of  poison  prepared 
for  Hamlet. 

2.  The  ambitious,  extravagant  daughter  of  the 
goldsmith  in  Blarston,  Chapman,  and  Jonson's 
"Eastward  Hoe." 

Gertrude  of  Wyoming.  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Campbell,  published  in  1809. 

G^rtruydenberg,  or  Gertruidenberg  (ger- 
troi'den-bero),  D.  Geertruidenberg  (oar-troi'- 
den-bero).  A  town  in  the  pro^'ince  of  North 
Brabant,  Netherlands,  25  miles  southeast  of 
Rotterdam,  it  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  con- 
ference June  KKluly  25,  1710.  designed  to  terminate  the 
wai'  between  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Allies, 

Louis  agreed  to  give  up  — (1)  to  the  Dutch,  ten  fortresses 
in  Flanders  as  a  barrier;  (2)  to  the  Empii'e,  Luxembourg, 
Strasburg,  Brisach  :  (3)  to  the  Duke  of  Savo}-,  Exilles  and 
Fenestrelles ;  (4)  to  England,  Newfoundland.  But  though 
ne  would  allow  the  Archduke  Charles  to  be  King  of  Spain^ 
he  refused  to  assist  the  Allies  to  expel  Philip  from  Madrid. 
Acland  ojtd  Maimn/te,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  128. 

Gerund,  or  Gerundio,  Friar.    See  Fray  Gerun- 

dio. 
Gervais  (zher-va'),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris.  Sept. 
20. 181(3 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  10, 1879.  A  French 
zoologist  and  paleontologist.  He  was  at  first  assis- 
tant to  Blaineville  at  the  Jardiii  des  Plantes,  and  became 
professor  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  natural  sciences  r.t 
Montpellier  in  1S46,  professor  at  the  Sorbonne  in  isr,\ 
and  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Jardin  dt - 
Plantes  in  1&6S. 

Gervase  (jer'vas),  or  Gervaise  (jer-vaz'),  *->f 

Canterbury,  ^orn  about  1150 :  died  earlyin  the 
13th  century.  An  English  monk  and  chronicler. 
He  wrote  a  historj-  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  to  tbe 
accession  of  Hubert ;  a  chronicle  of  the  reigns  of  Stephen, 
Henry  II.,  and  Richard  I.  ;  a  "Mappa  Jliindi,"  showing 
the  bishops'  sees,  monasteries,  etc.,  in  each  county  vf 
England  ;  etc. 

Gervase,  or  Gervaise,  of  Tilbury.  Bom  prob- 
ably at  Tilbury,  Essex:  died  probably  about 
1235.  An  English  historical  ■writer.  He  wjis 
called,  without  foundation,  a  grandson  of  Henry  II.  He 
became  a  favorite  of  the  emperor  Otho  IV.,  and  wrote  for 
his  amusement  "Qtia  Imperialia"  (about  1211),  a  valuable 
medley  of  the  tales  and  superstitions  of  the  middle  ages. 

Gervex  (zher-va'),  Henri.  Born  at  Paris,  1848. 
A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Cabanel,  Fromen- 
tin,  and  Brisset:  a  member  of  the  impressionist 
school.  Among  his  paintings  are  "Diane  etEndymion" 
(1875),  "Retour  du  bal "  (1S79),  "  Le  mariage  civil "  (18S1 : 
a  decorative  panel  for  the  mairie  of  the  lt»th  arrondisse- 
ment  at  Paris),  "Bassin  de  La  Villette"  (1SS2:  for. the 
same  building).  "La  femme  au  masque"  (ISS6),  "A  la 
Rt^'publique  frangaise"  (1890:  at  the  Salon  of  the  Champ- 
de-.Mars). 

Gervinus  (ger-fe'nos).  Georg  Gottfried.  Born 
at  Darmstadt,  Germany,  May  20,  1805:  died  at 


I 


Gervinus 

Heidelberg,  March  18,  1871.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man historian  aud  eritie.  He  became profe8Sor(ex- 
traordinary)  at  Heidelberp  in  1835,  and  professor  of  his- 
tory aii'i  literatiu'e  at  (!ottin{i:t'n  in  1S3(5;  was  one  of  the 
seven  professors  driven  from  that  university  in  1837  for 
protesting  against  the  suspension  of  the  constitution  of 
Haiinver  ;  and  became  honorary  professor  at  HeidelberR 
in  lbl4.  His  works  include  "Geschichte  der  poetischen 
National-litteratur  der  Deutsclien "  (5th  edition,  '*Ge- 
stliiclite  der  deutschen  Dichtunf,"  1871-74 :  '*  History  of 
German  Poetry  '),  "Shakspere"  (4  vols.  1849-50),  "Ge- 
schichte des  neunzehnten  .lahrhuntlerts  "  ('*  History  of  the 
Nineteenth  Centui-y,"  18.',i;-*:(i).  ctL'. 

Geryon  (je'ri-ou),  oiG«ryones(je-ri'  o-nez). 
[Gr.  I'fpi'iJi'  or  r//proi;/r. ]  In  tii-oelf  raytliology, 
a  monster  with  three  lii-ails  or  three  boilies  and 
powerful  wings,  son  of  Chrvsaor  and  CuUii'rhoe, 
dwelling  in  the  isluud  of  Ervtheia  in  the  far 
west.  He  possessed  a  hirge  llerd  of  red  cattle  guarded  by 
Eurytinn  (liis  sheplierd)  and  the  two-he;nled  dog  Arthrua. 
Hercules  carried  these  cattle  away,  and  slew  Geryon. 

(}Ss  (zhas),  or  Crans  (krauz>.  A  race  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians  in  northern  Goyaz  and  western 
Maranhao:  so  named  by  ethnologists  because 
the  names  of  their  nnmerous  clans  generally 
end  in  gt;  ('father,  ancestor')  or  cran  ('son, 
descendant').  The  Portuguese  of  Maranhao  called 
them  Timbiras.  Among  the  best-known  clans  are  the 
Apinages,  Gnapindages,  and  Macamacraus.  In  all  the 
language  is  essentially  the  saine.  They  are  large,  strong, 
ami  often  handsome  Indians  ;  lead  a  wandering  life  during 
the  dry  season,  but  have  fixed  villages  and  small  planta- 
titins  for  the  rainy  months ;  never  use  hammocks,  but 
sleep  on  raised  beds  made  of  sticks ;  and,  in  a  wild  state, 
go  entirely  naked.  Until  about  1830  they  were  continually 
at  war  with  the  whites.  Latterly  the  Apinag(}s  and  some 
others  have  been  drawn  into  mission  villages.  They  still 
number  many  thousands.  Von  Martins  united  the  Ges 
with  tlie  Cayapos,  Chavantes,  Acro^is,  Tecunas,  and  many 
other  tribes  in  eastern,  central,  and  northern  Brazil,  in 
what  he  called  the  Ges  or  Crans  stock  ;  but  this  classifica- 
tion has  been  generally  abandoned,  and  the  true  position 
oi  the  Ges  is  doubtful 

Geselscliap  (oa-sel'schap),  Eduard.  Born  at 
Ainsterdain,  March  22,  )814:  died  at  Diissel- 
dorf,  Jan.  .5,  1878.  A  genre  painter,  a  pupil  of 
the  Diisseldorf  Academy.  His  works,  of  which  the 
earlier  are  of  a  romantic  character,  iuLlude  "Gotz  von 
Berlichingen  before  the  Council  of  Heilbronn"  (1842), 
"  Fimling  of  the  Body  of  GustavusAdolphus  "(1848),  "Night 
Camp  of  Walleustein's  Soldiers  In  an  Old  Church"  (1849). 

Gesenius  (ge-se'ni-us :  (i.  pron.  ga-za'ne-os), 
Friedrich  Heinrich  Wilhelm.    Born  at  Xord- 

hatisen,  Prussia,  Feb.  3,  1780:  died  at  Hallo, 
Prussia,  Oct.  23,  1842.  A  nol,ed  German  Ori- 
entalist and  biblical  critic,  professor  at  Halle 
from  1810.  His  works  include  "  Hebraischcs  und  chal- 
daisches  Handwortcrbuch"(" Hebrew  and  Chaldaic  Lexi- 
con.' 1810-12:  translated  by  Edward  Robiiisim).  "Uc- 
braische  Grammatik'  (18i:i),  Hebrew  " Thesaurus "(182H- 
1858).  translation  of  and  commentary  on  Isaiah  (1820-21), 
*'  I*h(cnici:e  monumenta"  (18:i7),  etc. 

Gesner  (ges'ner),  Johann  Matthias.    Born  at 

Koth,  near  Nuremberg,  LJ:tvari:i.  April  9,  1691: 
died  at  Gottiugeu,  Aug.  3,  17(il.  A  German 
classical  scholar.  He  became  professor  of  rhetoric  in 
the  University  of  GOttingeu  in  1734.  He  edited  a  number 
of  Latin  classics,  incluilinij  Quinlillan  (1738),  <'laudi;in 
(1769),  Pliny  the  Younger  (1739),  and  Horace  (1752). 

Gesner  (incorrectly  Gessner),  Eonrad  von. 
Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland.  March  2(i,  l'>I(i: 
died  at  Zurich,  Dec.  13,  l.')(i.").  A  celebrated 
Swiss  naturalist  and  scholar.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Lausanne  in  1537.  and  was  afterward 
profcssor^of  physics  at  Zuricll.  Among  his  works  are 
"Bibliothe<'a  universalis'  (1545-.'')5),  "Hist<)ri:i  animali- 
um  "  (1550-87),  "  Opera  i)otanica  "  (pul>li8hcd  by  Schmiedel 
175:!-59). 

Gesoriacum  (jes-o-ri',a-kum).  An  ancient  sca- 
jiort  of  Gaul:  the  modern  Boulogne. 
Gessi  ( jes'se),  Romolo.  Bom  at  Ravenna,  Italy, 
Aiiril  30,  1831  :  died  at  Suez,  May  1,  1881.  An 
African  traveler.  In  the  Egyptian  service,  and  under 
(Jordon  Pasha,  he  surveyed  the  Nde  attovc  DulUe,  and  es. 
talillsbed  the  fact  that  the  Albert  Nyanza  belongs  to  the 
system  of  the  Nile.  Later  he  l)ccame  governr)r  of  H;dir- 
el-l!liazal.  In  1880  he  returned  with  his  troops  to  Khar- 
tum, but  Iloating  vegetation  prevented  the  progress  of  his 
steamer  until  Marno  came  to  his  relief  in  18S1.  Hisnotes 
tnive  been  published  by  his  son  in  "dette  anni  nel  Sudan 
egiziano  "  (.Milan,  1891). 

Oessler  (gcs'ler),  Hermann.    In  Swiss  logen- 

daiy  histoi-y,  an  imiHrial  magistrato  in  Uriand 
Sclnvyz,  shut  liy  Tell  in  1307,  according  to  the 
"Chi-onicon  llelvcticum."  See  Tilt,  U'iHiiim. 
Gessner  (ges'ner),  Salomon.  Born  at  Zurich, 
Svvitzerlanii,  April  1.  1730:  die(l  there,  March 
2,  1788.  A  Swiss  idyllic  poet,  landscape-paint- 
er, and  engraver.  His  works  Include  "Idyls  "(175(1), 
"  Death  of  Abel  "  (a  prose  Idyl,  1758),  "The First  Boatman 
(17('.'J). 

Gesta  Romanorum  (jes'tii  i-d-mii-no'ruin).  [L., 
'deeds  of  tlie  Romans.']  A  popular  collection 
of  stories  in  Latin,  compiletl,  perhaps  in  Eng- 
land, at  the  end  of  the  13th  or  the  beginning 
of  the  14th  century. 

This  compilation  long  retained  its  popularity ;  wa« 
printed  as  early  as  1473 ;  reprintcil  at  LiiilvAin  a  few 
months  later;  again  in  1480;   translated  into  Dutch  iti 


435 

1484  :  printed  again  in  1488 ;  and  went  through  six  orseven 
editions  in  tliis  country  during  the  succeeding  centurj". 
The  earliest  piinted  Latin  texts  contained  150  or  151  sec- 
tions. In  the  next  following  editions  the  number  quickly 
rose  to  181,  and  these  181  tales  form  the  commonly  re- 
ceived text.  There  was  a  German  edition  at  Augsburg  in 
1489  containing  oidy  95  tales,  of  which  some  are  not  in  the 
accepted  Latin  version.  In  like  maimer,  iiulnding  tales 
not  in  tile  Latin  anonymous  text,  there  is  an  Englisli  set  ies 
of  43  or  44  sections.  .  .  .  The  mime  of  the  woik,  "Gesta 
Komanorum  "(Deeds  of  the  Romans),  connuonly  applied 
to  anyreeordsof  the  history  of  Konie,  is  justiiled  by  little 
more  than  the  arbitrary,  but  not  invariable,  reference  of 
tale  after  tab-  to  the  life  or  reign  of  Roman  emperors, 
ancient  or  then  modern,  as  Conrad,  or  Frederic,  or  Heiny 
11.  The  book  itself  refers  to  the  "  Gestji  Komanorum  "  iis 
simply  tile  Atuuds  of  R*)me.  Tims  one  tale,  to  illustrate 
"the  Sin  of  Pride,"  begins  with  the  sentence,  "  Vic  reail 
in  the  'Gesta  Romanorum 'of  a  prince  called  Pompey," 
and  proceeds  to  tell  about  Cajsar  and  Pompey,  adding  a 
moral  in  the  usual  form.  It  nniy  be  that  a  first  collection 
of  these  tjiles  was,  like  tliis  one,  in  accordance  with  the 
title,  and  gave  only  illustrations  out  of  Roman  history, 
each  with  its  ready-maiie  moral  or  "application"  added 
for  the  preacher's  use;  but  that  by  the  addition  of  more 
striking  marvels  and  much  livelier  matter,  with  omission 
of  familiar  bits  of  ancient  history,  the  original  convenient 
form  of  Story  and  Application  and  the  original  name  also 
being  retained,  the  work  itself  was  developed  to  its  later 
shape.  Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  304,  367. 

Geta  (je'ta),  Publius  Septimius.  Born  at 
Milan,  May,  189:  assassinated  by  order  of  Ca- 
racalla,  Feb.,  212.  Second  son  of  Septimius 
Severus  and  Julia  Domna,  brother  of  Caracalla, 
and  joint  emperor  with  him  211-212. 

Get8e(je'te).  [Sometimes  in  E.  form  Getes;  L. 
Gctse,  Gr.  I'hai.  The  name  is  not  connected 
with  that  of  the  Gaiiti  or  that  of  the  Goihi  or 
(ioths.]  In  ancient  historj-,  a  Thracian  people 
dwelling  in  the  modern  Bulgaria,  and  later  in 
the  modern  Bessarabia. 

In  ancient  times  the  countries  north  of  the  Danube 
mouths  were  inhabited  by  a  people  called  Getes  (in  Latin 
Geta;)-  .  .  .  The  poet  Ovid  was  sent  to  live  among  this 
]>eople  when  .\ugustus  banished  him  from  Rome.  Now 
in  the  third  century  after  Christ  the  Goths  came  and 
dwelt  in  the  land  of  the  Getes,  and  to  some  extent  mingled 
with  the  native  inhabitants  ;  and  so  the  Romans  came  to 
tiiink  that  Goths  and  Getes  were  only  two  names  for  the 
same  people,  or  rather  two  dilferent  ways  of  pronouncing 
the  same  word.  Even  the  historian  Jordanes,  himself  a 
Goth,  actually  calls  his  book  a  Getic  history  |"De  rebus 
Geticis").  and  mixes  up  the  traditions  of  his  own  people 
with  tlie  tales  which  he  had  read  in  books  about  the  Getes. 
In  modern  times  some  great  sciiolars  have  tried  to  prove 
that  the  Getes  really  were  Goths,  and  that  the  early  territory 
of  theGothic  nation  reached  all  the  way  from  the  Baltic  to 
the  Black  Sea.  But  the  ablest  authorities  arc  now  mostly 
agreed  that  this  is  a  iinstake,  and  that  when  the  Goths 
migrated  to  the  region  of  the  Danube  it  was  to  settle 
amongst  a  people  of  a  ditfen-nt  race,  speaking  a  foreign 
tongue,  Bradley,  Story  of  the  (ioths,  p.  10. 

Gethsemane  (geth-sem'a-no).  [Heb.,  'oil- 
jircss';  (iY.Vfllnrjuavf/.']  In  New  Testament  his- 
tory, a  garden  or  orchard  east  of  Jerusalem,  near 
the  brook  Kedron. 

Getty  (gei'i),  George  Washington.  Bom  Oct. 

2.  ISIS):  died  al  F..r.>l  (ilcn,  .Md.,  Oct.  1,1901. 
A  Union  general  in  the  t'ivil  War.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1840;  foughtwitb  distinction  in  the  Mfxii-an 
war;  served  in  tlieartilleryat  Vorkt<»wn,Gaines*8iIin,  Mal- 
vern Hill.S'inth  Moniitain,  and  Antietam;  became  briga- 
dier-general of  vol  nut  eers  Sept.  25,  lHG2;pa)-ticipated  in  the 
Rappahannoek  eamiiaign  1802-(i;i,  being eiigageil  at  Fredel- 

'  leksburg  ami  in  the  defense  of  Sutfolk,  N'irginia;  served  in 
the  defense  of  Washington  in  July,  180-1,  anil  in  the  Shen- 
andoah campaign  ;  and  was  iiresent  at  Lee's  surrender, 
April  9,  18tl5.  He  became  colonel  in  the  regular  army, 
July  28,  186(1,  and  eominanded  the  troops  along  the  Haiti- 
more  and  Ohio  Railroad  during  the  riots  of  1877- 

Gettysburg  (gcfiz-bi-rg).  A  borough  and  llie 
capital  of  Adams  County,  southern  rennsyl- 
vania,  3()  miles  southwest  of  IlaiTislmrg.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Pennsylvania  Cidlege  (Lutlieran)  and  of  a 
Lutheran  theological  seminary,  and  has  a  national  ceme- 
tery on  the  Held  of  the  liatlle  fought  hero  July  1-3, 1863. 

I'opnhitloii   (  l;nio..  :i,.C,l.',. 

Gettysburg,  Battle  of.  A  victory  of  the  Fed- 
oi'als  under  General  Meado  over  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Leo  at  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania, 
July  1-3,  1803.  General  Lee,  while  invading  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  compelled  to  retreat  by  the  Army  of  the  Poto. 
mac  under  (ieneral  Meade,  which  was  threatening  his  rear. 
He  decided  to  venture  a  battle,  expecting  In  case  of  vlelory 
to  march  on  WashingtfUi,  and  in  case  of  defeat  to  secure 
a  direct  line  of  retreat  to  Virginia  :  and  gave  orders  for 
his  army  to  concentrate  at  Gettysburg,  on  July  1  the 
I-'ederal  ailvanco  under  Major-General  Reynolds  met  the 
Confederate  advance  at  Gettysburg.  An  eng.igement  en- 
sued, in  whieh  both  shies  were  reinforced.  Reynolds  was 
killed,  ami  was  sneceeded  by  General  Howard,  who  main. 
taineti  his  position  on  t'emetery  iUU.  south  of  the  town. 
General  Meade  arrived  during  the  afternoon.  On  the  2d 
the  Federal  army  occupied  a  strong  position  in  the  form 
of  a  semicircle  with  its  convex  center  towar«l  Gettysburg, 
and  Including  theelevations  of  Cemetery  Hill  and  Kotnnl 
Top.  About  n«M)n  Lee  liegaii  a  general  attack  on  the  Keil- 
cnil  (•enterand  left,  which  wiis  followed  liy  an  atla.  k  tm 
the  right.  Hegainc.l  only  "  slluhl  advantnge.  Tin- battle 
on  the  2d  demimstrated  that  the  key  to  Geni-ral  Me.ide's 
position  wa.i  Cemetery  Hill,  which  was  defemled  liy  ft  !)nt- 
teiy  of  about  80  gnus.  Accordingly,  on  the  ;td, General  la'e 
massed  upward  of  KHiguiison  .Seminary  Hldge,  with  which 
lie  opened  on  Cemetery  lilU  about  t  v.  M.  The  Itombard- 
ment,  which  lasted  aii  hour  and  a  half,  was  followed  by 


Ghazni 

two  grand  assaults,  which  were  repulsed.  General  Lee 
retired  on  the  4lh.  The  forces  engaged  during  this  three 
days'  liattle  numbered  between  70,000  and  8(J,000  on  each 
side.  The  Fedeial  loss  was  2,834  killed.  13,709  wounded, 
and  (i,G43  missing,  making  a  total  of  23,186.  The  total  Con- 
federate loss  was  31,62L     See  Pickett. 

Geullncx  (oii'links  or  zhe-laiiks'),  Arnold. 
B<irn  at  Antwerp,  1625:  died  at  Leyden,  1669. 
A  Cartesian  philosopher,  the  founder  of  the 
metaphysical  theory  of  occasionalism.  He  studied 
at  Louvain,  and  became  a  teacher  of  |)hilosophy  there  in 
1(146,  but  was  deprived  of  iiis  position  in  1652  on  account 
of  his  attacks  upon  seholiLstiei.^m.  He  then  went  over  to 
Protestantism,  and  in  1665  became  proiessor  of  philosophy 
at  Leyden. 

Gevaudan  (zha-v6-don').  An  ancient  district 
in  Languedoc,  France,  capital  Mende,  nearly 
corresponding  to  the  department  of  Loz^re. 
It  wiisa  visconntshipin  the  middle  ages,  and  was  acquired 
by  France  in  the  reign  of  St.  Louis  (12r>8), 

Ge'velsberg  (ga'fels-bero).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  pi'o%-ince  of  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
near  Hageu.     Population  (1890),  9,379. 

Gex  (zheks).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Ain, 
France,  10  miles  north-northwest  of  Geneva. 
Population  (1891).  commune,  2,659. 

Gex,  Pays  de.  A  small  district  of  eastern 
France,  included  in  the  department  of  Ain,  and 
in  the  ancient  general  government  of  Burgundy. 
It  was  acquired  by  Savoy  in  1355 ;  followed  the  fortunea 
of  Savoy,  and  at  different  times  of  Geneva  and  the  Swiss; 
and  was  annexed  to  France  in  1601. 

Geysers  of  the  Yello'wstone.   See  Yellowstotie. 

Gezer  (ge'zi:-r).  In  ancient  geography,  a  Ca- 
naanite  city  within  the  territory  of  Ephraim, 
Palestine.     Its  site  is  the  modern  Tel  Jezar. 

Gfrorer  (gfri-r'er),  August  Friedrich.  Bom 
at  Calw,  Wiirtemberg.  March  .'>.  1803:  died  at 
Karlsbad,  Bohemia,  July  0.  1801.  A  German 
historian,  professor  at  the  Catholic  University 
of  FreibtU'g  1846.  Among  his  works  are  "Allgemeine 
Kirchengesehichte"  (I>v41-t0).  "  Geschichte  der  ost-  und 
westfrankiscben  Karolinger  "  (1858),  "  I'apst  Gregor  ^^I. 
und  sein  Zeitalter "(1859-61),"ByzantinischeGe8chichte" 
(1872-74),  etc. 

Ghadames,  or  Gadames  (gii-dii'mes).  A  town 
and  trading  center  in  an  oasis  of  western  Tripoli, 
in  lat.  30°  12'  X.,long.  9°  10'  E. :  the  Roman 
Cydaraus.     Population,  about  7,000. 

Ghadamsi  (gii-diim'se).     See  Berbers. 

Ghalib  (gii-U-b').     See  the  extract. 

The  la.st  of  the  four  great  poets  of  the  old  Turkish  school 
was  Slieykh  Ghaliii.  who  lived  and  woiked  in  the  time  of 
Sultan  Selim III. (1789-1807).  His "Husn-u-Ashk "("Beau- 
ty and  Love  "),  an  allegorical  romantic  poem,  isone  of  the 
finest  productions  of  Ottoman  genius. 

Pooie,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  321. 

Ghara  (gii'rij).  The  river  Sutlej,  British  India, 
from  its  union  with  the  Bias  to  its  contlueuee 
with  the  Cheiuib. 

Gharbieh,  oi-  Garbieh  (giir-be'ye).  A  maritime 
province  of  Egypt,  situated  in  the  Delta  between 
the  Damietta  mouth  on  the  east  and  the  Rosetta 
mouth  on  the  west.  Area,  2,340  square  miles. 
I'oliulntimi  (lS!l7i.  l,'J97.(i.')6. 

Ghardaya.    Seo  Gurdain. 

Ghassanids  (ga-san'idz).  Kingdom  of  the.    A 

I'ealiii  ill  llaurau,  Syria,  which  was  flourishing 
under  the  suzerainty  of  the  Byzantine  empire 
about  4.30-560. 

Ghat  (gilt).     See  Iicrhcr.t. 

Ghats,  or  Ghauts  (gats).  [Hind.,  'a  pass'  or 
'laudmg-stairs.']  In  British  India,  specilically 
tlio  two  moiinlain-ranges  inclosing  the  Deceau 
on  the  east  and  west,  and  uniting  near  Cape 
(\iinorin.  The  Eastern  Ghats  extend  northwani  to  the 
vicinity  of  UalaSfir  :  average  height,  al>out  1.5(iOfeet.  Tile 
Western  Gliata  extend  northward  to  tlieTapti  valley.  Tiie 
Nilgirls  in  IheWesternGliftlsriseiii  l>odabelalo8,7(K>feet. 

Ghazan  (gii-ziin')  Khan.  Born  Nov.  30,  1271: 
died  May  17,  1304.  A  Mongol  sovereign  of  Per- 
si.l  rj!l."i-13(l4.  He  extended  his  dominions  from  the 
Amu  liaria  on  the  northeast  to  the  Persian  (iillf  on  the 
south  luid  Syria  on  the  west,  and  made  Mohammedanisni 
the  establisiied  religion  of  Persia. 

Ghaziabad  (gii-zO-ii-biid').  A  town  in  the 
Northwest  Proviuecs,  British  India,  14  miles 
east  of  Delhi. 

Ghazipur  (gii-zo-pilr').  1.  A  district  in  tho 
lienares  division,  Nortliwest  I'rovincet  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  2.-i°  30'  N.,  long.  83" 
30'  10.  Ai'cn,  1,462  s(junre  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1.077,<M)9.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  tJhazipur,  situated  on  tho  Ganges  in 
lat.  2;')"  :t4'  N.,  long.  83°  35'  E.  Population 
(IS91).  44.970. 

Ohazne'Vldstgnz'ne-vidz).  An  Asiatic  dynasty 
founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the  lOtli  centiirj-, 
anil  having  ils  seat  at  (ihazni.  Its  most  famous 
sultan  was  Malimud.  Its  later  cnnllal  was  Lahore  In 
India.    It  was  overthrown  by  the  ruler  of  Ghur  In  1180. 

Ghazni  (giiz'ni^  orguz'nel.  orGhUZni  (guz'ne), 
or  Ghizni  (gez'ne),  or  Gazna  (giiz'nii  orguz'. 


na).  A  city  of  Afghanistan,  situated  In  lat.  33° 
34'  If . ,  lonsr.  6><°  14'  E.  it  was  important  in  the  middle 
ages,  especially  as  tlie  capital  of  the  empire  of  Mahmud 
(997-10311).  It  Has  storme-l  by  the  British  in  IS39,  and  re- 
taken by  the  Afghans  in  1^2  and  by  the  British  in  the 
same  year.  The  so-called  Gates  of  Somnath  were  removed 
from  the  city  when  the  British  retired  from  Afghanistan 
in  1S12.     Population,  estimated,  10,000. 

Gheel  (gSl)-  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ant- 
werp. Belt;ium.  26  miles  east  of  Antwerp,  it  has 
been  celebrated  since  the  middle  ages  as  an  asylum  for 
the  insane.    Population  (1890),  12,026. 

Ghent  (gent).  fEarlvmod.  E.  Gent,  ME.  Gent, 
Gant,  Gaunt.  OF.  Go'iit,  F.  Gaud  (ML.  Ga)i(la). 
G.  Gent,  from  OFlem.  Gend,  D.  Gent,  formerly 
Ghendt.J  The  capital  of  the  province  of  East 
Flanders,  Belgium,  on  islands  at  the  junction  of 
the  Lvs  with  the  Schelde,  in  lat.  51°  3'  X.,  long. 
3°  42'  ^.  It  has  a  lar?:e  trade  in  grain,  tlax,  and  rape- 
oil,  and  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton,  lace,  leather  w.^res. 
and  engines.  The  Cathedi-al  of  St.  Bavon  is  of  the  IStli 
century,  with  later  additions  and  modifications,  except  the 
cpTt,  which  is  of  the  10th.  The  interior  is  hiirhly  impres- 
sive. The  cathedi-al  possesses  many  tine  paintiutrs.  the 
chief  being  the ''Adoration  of  the  Lami)"  by  Jan  and  Hubert 
van  Eyck  and  the  "St.  Bavon  " by  llnbens.  The  h'>tel  de 
ville,  or  town  hall,  has  a  fapade  considered  the  finest  piece 
of  rich  Klamboyant  architecture  in  Belgium.  The  citj' 
also  contains  a  notable  library,  museum,  botanic  gar- 
den, the  ruined  abbey  of  St.  Bavon,  the  Grand  B^- 
guinage.  St,  Nicholas's  Church,  St.  Michael's  Church,  the 
Oudeberg,  palais  de  justice,  university,  institute  of  sci- 
ences, and  Petit  Beguinage,  Ghent  became  the  capital 
of  Flanders  in  the  13th  century,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  important  medieval  cities.  It  became  a  famous  cen- 
ter of  woolen  manufacture.  The  citizens  were  noted  for 
their  independence  and  bravery.  It  revolted  against  the 
counts  of  Flandei-s  in  the  14th  century  under  Jacob  and 
Philip  van  --Vrtevelde;  revolted  against  Philip  the  Good 
of  Burgundy  1448-53 ;  was  the  scene  of  the  marriage  of 
Maximilian  and  Mary  of  Burgundy  in  1477 ;  revolted 
against  Charles  V.  (who  was  born  there  1500)  in  1539,  and 
was  deprived  of  its  liberties  in  1540 ;  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1584,  and  by  the  French  in  1678 :  and  was 
several  times  taken  in  the  18th  century.  Population 
(lyiiii).  160,94'.!. 

Ghent,  Pacification  of.  A  union  between  Hol- 
land, Zealand,  and  the  southern  provinces  of 
the  Low  Countries,  formed  against  Spanish 
supremacy,  concluded  at  Ghent  Nov.  8,  l.iTC 

Ghent,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  concluded  at  Ghent 
Dec.  24,  1814,  terminating  the  War  of  1812.  it 
provided  for  the  mutual  restitution  of  conquered  territory 
and  the  appointment  of  three  commissions  to  settle  the 
titles  to  the  islands  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  and  to  estab- 
lish the  northern  boundary  of  the  United'States  as  far  as 
the  St.  La%vrence.  and  thence  through  the  Great  Lakes  to 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  The  American  commissioners 
were  John  Quincy  Ad.tms,  James  Bay<ird.  Henry  Clay, 
J<)nathan  Russell,  and  .-Vlbert  Gallatin;  the  Britis'h  com- 
missioners were  Lord  Gambler,  Henry  Goulburn,  and 
William  Adams. 

Gherardesca  (gii-rar-des'ka).  Ugolino  della. 

Died  12>;9.  An  Italian  partizan  leader  in  Pisa. 
He  conspired  to  obtain  the  supreme  power,  and  was  im- 
prisoned in  1274,  but  escaped  and  joined  the  Florentines 
who  were  then  at  war  with  Pisa,  and  effected  his  return 
by  force.  He  subsequently  led  the  Pisans  unsuccessfully 
against  the  Genoese  and  the  Florentines.  He  was  forced 
to  abandon  his  own  party,  the  Ghibellines,  and  seek  aid 
from  the  Guelfs.  He  was  finally  overthrown,  and  with 
his  two  sons,  Gaddo  and  Uguccione,  and  two  nephews  was 
starved  to  death  in  prison.  His  story  forms  a  celebrated 
episode  in  the  '"  Inferno"  of  Dante. 

Gherardi  del  Testa  (ga-riir'de  del  tes'ta), Count 
Tommaso.  Born  at  Terriciuola,  near  Pisa, 
Italy,  1818:  died  near  Pistoja,  Italy,  Oct.  13, 
1881.  An  Italian  dramatist.  Several  of  Lis 
plays  were  produced  by  Kistori  in  Paris. 

Ghibellines (gib'e-linz).  [AlsovrnttenGibeiines, 
Ghihelhiis;  from  It.  Gliibellino,  the  Italianized 
form  of  G.  Waihlingni,  the  name  of  an  estate  in 
the  part  of  the  ancient  circle  of  Franconia  now 
included  in  WUrt  emberg,  belonging  to  the  house 
of  Hohenstaufen  (to  which  the  then  reigningem- 
peror  Conrad  belonged),  when  war  broke  out 
about  1140  between  this  house  and  the  Welfs 
or  Guelfs.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  employ ed 
as  the  ralhiiig-eryof  the  emperor's  party  atthe 
battle  of  Weinsberg.]  The  imperial  and  aris- 
tocratic party  of  Italy  in  the  middle  ages:  op- 
posed to  the  Guelfs,  the  papal  and  popular 
party. 

Ghiberti(ge-ber'te). Lorenzo.  Born atFlorence 
about  1378:  died  at  Florence,  14.5.5.  An  Italian 
sculptor.  Hele.amed the  goldsmith's  craft  fromhis  step- 
father Bartolo  Michele,wbocalled himself  Lorenzode'Bar- 
toll.  He  first  made  himself  known  as  a  painter  by  hiswork 
on  the  frescos  of  the  palace  of  Carlo  Malatesta  at  Rimini. 
He  was  recalled  fr<»iu  Rimini  in  1401  to  compete  for  tlie 
doors  of  the  baptister>-  at  Florence.  The  trial  of  skill  lay  be- 
tweenGhiberti  and  Brunelleschi  of  Florence,  Querela' and 
Valdanibrini  of  Siena,  and  Niccolo  d'Arezzo  and  Simonc 
from  Colli  in  the  Val  d'Els:i.  Ghiherti  won,  and  the  first 
door  was  begun  in  1403  and  finished  in  1424.  During  these 
twenty-one  years  twenty  artists,  among  whom  were"  Dona- 
tello  and  I*iero  Niello,  assisted  in  modeling  and  casting 
the  work.  Its  completion  was  immediately  followed  by 
an  oitier  to  make  the  remaining  door  of  the  baptistery. 
This,  the  great  work  of  his  life,  was  began  in  1424  and  flii- 


436 

ished  in  1447.  The  subjects  were  selected,  at  the  request 
of  the  deputies,  by  Leonaido  Bruni  (Aretino).  W  hen  Ghi- 
berti  finished  these  doors  he  was  about  seventy  yeai-s  old. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  received  and  executed  many  com- 
missions for  statues,  bas-reliefs,  and  goldsmith's  work,  and 
had  also  spent  some  time  in  Rome.  As  a  goldsmith  he 
made  the  miters  of  Popes  Martin  V.  (1419)  :uid  Eugenius 

IV.  (1434). 

Ghika  (ge'kU).  A  princely  family,  of  Albanian 
origin,  which  ftu-nished  many  rulers  to  Walla- 
chia  and  Moldavia  in  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th 
centuries. 

Ghilan,  or  Gilan  (ge-lan').  A  pro'vinoe  of  north- 
ern Persia,  bordering  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  Capi- 
tal, Eesht.     Population,  probably  150,000. 

Ghilzais  ighel'ziz).  A  warlike  clan  in  east- 
ern Afghanistan, between  Kabul  and  Kandahar. 

Ghirlandajo  (ger-liin-da'yo).  II  (originally  Do- 
menico  Bigordi  or  Corradi).    [Surnamed  n 

Ghirlandajo,  the  garland-maker,  probably  from 
his  father's  being  a  goidsmith.]  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, 1449:  died" there,  Jan.  11,  1494.  A  Flor- 
entine painter,  also  noted  as  a  mosaicist.  He 
was  the  founder  of  a  famous  school  of  painting,  and  the 
teacher  of  Michelangelo.  His  frescos  in  Florence  are  in 
the  Palazzo  Vecchio  (14S1)  and  the  church  and  refectory 
of  Ognissanti  (14S0).  the  Sassetti  Chapel  in  Santa  Trinit^ 
(14S5),  the  choir  of  Santa  Maria  Ifovella  (liis  masterpiece, 
about  1485-S8).  and  the  Church  of  the  Innocenti(14SS).  In 
1463he  was  called  to  Rome  to  aid  in  decorating  the  Sistine 
ChapeL  .4raong  his  pictures  are  two  "Holy  Families"  at 
Berlin,  *'.\doration  of  the  Shepherds'*  in  the  academy  at 
Florence  (14S5X  "  Madonna  and  .Saints"  at  San  Martino, 
Lucca,  and  "Madonna  and  Child  with  Saints,"  "St,  Cath- 
arine of  Siena," and  "St.  Lawrence"  in  the  Pinakothek  at 
Munich.  His  brothers  Davide  and  Benedetto  are  also 
noted  as  assisting  him. 

Ghirlandajo,  Ridolfo.  Born  at  Florence,  Feb. 
4.1483:  died  there,  June  6.  1.5G1.  A  Florentine 
painter,  son  of  Domenico  Ghirlandajo. 

Ghirlandina  Tower.    Hee  ilodena. 

Ghislanzoni  (ges-lan-z6'ne).  Antonio.  Born 
1S24:  died  July,  1893.  An  Italian  writer  and 
journalist.  Until  he  lost  his  voice  in  1854,  he  was  a 
singer  on  the  Italian  stage  He  founded  the  comic  paper 
•"l^'l'omg  di  Pietra"  in  1S57. 

GhlZ.     Same  as  Geez. 

Ghizeh.     See  Gi:eh. 

Ghizni.     See  Ghazni. 

Ghondama  (gon-da'mS).    See  Khoilhoin. 

Ghoorkhas.     See  Glmrl-as. 

Ghur  (gor),  Ghore  (gor),  Gaur,  Gour  (gour), 
etc.  A  mountainous  region  of  Afghanistan, 
southeast  of  Herat. 

Ghuri  (go're).  A  Mohammedan  Asiatic  dynasty 
whose  seat  was  inGhtu-.  They  became  prominent  in 
the  12th  century ;  put  an  end  to  the  Ghaznevid  power  at 
Lahore  in  IISO  ;  and  overran  a  large  pait  of  India.  'They 
were  reduced  in  power  in  the  13th  century,  and  confined 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Herat,  which  was  taken  by  Timur 
in  1383. 

Ghurkas,  or  Goorkhas,  or  Ghoorkas  (gor'kaz). 
The  dominant  race  in  the  kingdom  of  Nepal. 
The  Ghurkas  are  of  Hindu  descent,  and  speak  a  Sanskiitic 
dialect.  They  were  driven  out  of  Rajputana  by  the  early 
Mohammedan  invaders,  and  gradually  approached  Nepal, 
which  they  conquered  in  l76S  after  a  long  struggle.  Some 
of  the  best  troops  in  the  Anglo-Indian  army  are  recruited 
from  the  Ghurkas. 

Ghuzni.     See  Gha:ni. 

Giafar  (ja'far).  In  the  "'Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments,"  the  grand  vizir  of  Harun-al- 
Rashid.  who  accompanies  him  in  his  nightly 
wanderings. 

Giambelli  (jam-bel'le),  or  Gianibelli  (jii-ne- 
belle),FederigO.  Born  at  Mantua,  Italy:  lived 
in  the  second  half  of  the  16th  century  :  died  at 
London.  An  Italian  military  engineer  in  the 
service  of  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Antwerp  1584-85, 
and  later  in  England. 

Giannone  (jan-no'ne).  Pietro.  Bom  at  Ischi- 
tclla,  Foggia.  Italy.  May  7. 1676 :  died  in  prison 
at  Tiu'in,  March  7, 1748.  An  Italian  historian. 
He  published  "  Storia  civile  del  regno  di  Na- 
poli"(1723),  etc. 

Giannuzzi,  Giulio  Pippi  de'.    See  Giulio  So- 

mil  in>. 

Giant  Despair.    The  owner  of  Doubting  Castle, 

in  Biniyau's  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Giant-Killer,  Jack  the.    See  Jacl-. 

Giant's  Causeway.  A  group  of  basaltic  col- 
umns, situated  on  the  coast  of  Antrim,  north- 
ern Ireland,  west  of  Bengore  Head,  about  11 
miles  northeast  of  Coleraine. 

Giant's  Dance.     See  the  extract. 

Stonehenge  was  called  the  Giant's  Dance  (chorea  gigan- 
tum),  a  name  no  doubt  once  connected  with  a  legend  which 
has  been  supt-rseded  by  the  story  attached  to  it  by  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth.    Wright,  Celt,' Roman,  and  Saxon,  p.  62. 

Giants  of  Guildhall.    See  Gnq  and  ilagofj. 
Giaour  (jour).  The.     A  narrative  poem  by  Lord 

B_\Ton,  published  in  1813. 
Giardini  fjiir-de'ne  t.  Felice  di.    Born  at  Turin 

ill  1716  :  died  at  Moscow,  Dec.  17,  1796.   A  noted 

Italian  violinist. 


Gibby 

Giarre  (jiir're).  A  to^-n  in  the  province  of  Oa. 
tania.  Sicily,  Italy,  situated  near  the  sea  16 
miles  north-northeast  of  Catania.  Population, 
12.769. 

Giaveno  (ja-va'no).  A  town  in  the  pro\-inee  of 
Tui'in.  Italy,  16  miles  west  of  Tui-in.  Popula- 
tion. 6,379. 

Gib  (gib),  Adam.  Bom  at  Muckhart.  Perth- 
shire, April  14,  1714 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  June 
18,  1788.  A  Scottish  clergyman,  leader  of  the 
"  Antiburgher"  section  in  the  ''breach"  of  the 
Scottish  Secession  Chiu'ch  1747. 

Gibaros.     See  JUaros. 

Gibbet  (jib'et).  In  Farquhar's  comedy  "  The 
Beaux'  .Stratagem,"  a  highwayman  and  convict. 
He  remarks  that  it  is  "for  the  good  of  my  country  that  I 
should  be  abroad,"  and  prides  himself  on  being  the  "  best 
behaved  man  on  the  road." 

Gibbie  (gil/i).  Goose.  A  half-witted  lad  in 
■'  Old  Mortality,"  hy  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Gibbon  (gib'oii),  Edward.  Born  at  Putney, 
Siirrey,  April  27. 1737:  died  at  London,  Jan.  15, 
1/94.  A  famous  English  historian.  He  w.as  a 
grandson  of  Edward  Gibbon,  who  was  one  of  the  most 
prominent  of  the  directors  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  and 
who,  when  the  bubble  bui-st,  lost  the  greater  part  of  his 
fortune,  which,  however,  he  later  repaired.  His  health  in 
childhood  wiis  poor,  and  his  instruction  irregulaj'.  He  en- 
tered Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  .-IprU,  17.12.  but  left  the 
university  after  a  residence  of  fourteen  months.  At  this 
time  he  became  a  Roman  Catholic,  a  creed  which  he  soon 
afterward  renounced.  In  June,  1753,  he  was  placed  under 
the  care  and  iustruction  of  Pavilliard,  a  Calvinist  minis- 
ter, at  Lausanne,  where  he  remained  with  great  profit  un- 
til Aug.,  1758,  when  he  returned  to  England.  At  Lausanne 
he  fell  in  love  with  Susaime  Curchod  (afterward  Madame 
Xecker  and  mother  of  Madame  de  StaelX  but  on  his  return 
to  England  the  affair  was  liroken  oft"  by  his  father.  He 
served  in  the  militia  1759-70,  attaining  th'e  rank  of  colonel. 
From  Jan..  1763,  to  June.  1765,  he  traveled  in  I'rance, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy.  In  1774  he  was  elected  to  Parlia- 
ment. In  Sept.,  1783,  he  established  himself  at  Lausanne, 
where  he  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His  great 
work  is  "TheHistoryof  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire,"  still  the  chief  authority  for  the  period  which  it 
covers,  and  one  of  the  greatest  histories  ever  written.  The 
first  volume  appeared  in  1776  and  the  last  in  1788.  He  also 
wrote  "Memoirs  of  my  Life  and  Writings." 

Gibbon,  John.  Born  near  Holmesburg,  Pa., 
April  20. 1S27 :  died  Feb.  6,  1896.  An  American 
general.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847 ;  was 
promoted  caiitain  in  1859;  conimaiuled  a  brigade  at  Antie- 
tam  (1862)  and  Gettysburg  (1863) ;  was  made  major-general 
of  volunteers,  June  7, 1864 ;  and  took  part  in  the  battles 
of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  and  Cold 
Harbor  (1864).  He  commanded  a  cohunn  in  the  Yellow, 
stone  expedition  against  Sitting  Bull  in  1876,  and  was  made 
brigadier-general  in  the  regular  .armv  July  10, 1885.  He 
published  "The  .\rtillerists  Manual'  (1859). 

Gibbons  (gib'onz).  Christopher.  Born  at  'West- 
minster, 1615 :  died  Oct.  20,  1676.  An  English 
musical  composer.  He  was  organist  of  Winchester 
cathedral  163S-61,  and  at  the  Restoration  became  an  or- 
gajiist  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  organist  of  Westminster  Ab- 
be}', and  organist  to  the  king.  He  was  biuied  in  West- 
minster -Abbey. 

Gibbons,  Grinling.  Born  at  Rotterdam.  April 
4, 1648:  died  at  London,  Aug.  3,  1720.  A  noted 
English  wood-carver  and  sculptor.  Among  his 
notable  works  in  wood  were  a  copy  of  Tintoretto's  "Cru- 
cifixion "  (A'enice),  containing  over  one  hundred  figures, 
"The  Stoning  of  Stephen,"  etc.  He  excelled  especially  in 
carving  flowers,  fruit,  and  game,  and  in  decorative  wo'rk. 

Gibbons,  James.  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  July 
23. 1834.  An  American  Eoman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  was  ordained  priest  at  St.  Mar>-'s  Seminary.  Balti- 
more.in  1861.  and  became  archbishop  of  Baltimore  in  1877, 
and  cardinal  in  1886.  He  hjis  published  "  The  Faith  of 
Our  Fathers  "  (1876)  and  "  C>ur  Christian  Heritage  "  (1889). 

Gibbons,  James  Sloane.  Born  at  Wilmington, 
Del.,  July  1.  1810:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  17, 
1892..  An  American  banker  and  author.  He  was 
identified  with  the  al>olition  movement,  and  in  1863  his 
house  was  sacked  by  the  New  York  mob  during  the  draft 
riots,  on  account  of  its  being  illuminated  in  honor  of  Lin- 
coln's emancipation  proclamation.  He  wrote  the  war  song 
"We  are  coming.  Father  Abraham,  tlu-ee  hundred  thou- 
sand more. " 

Gibbons,  Orlando.  Bom  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land. 1.583:  (Hed  at  Canterbury.  England.  June 
5,  1625.  A  noted  English  composer  and  organ- 
ist, best  known  by  his  church  music,  which 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  ''  the  English  Pales- 
trina."  It  has  been  mostly  printed  in  Barnard's  "Church 
Music"  (1641),  and  in  1873  in  a  volume  edited  by  Su-  F.  A. 
Gore  Ouseley.  His  madrigals  are  considered  among  the 
best  of  the  English  school.  He  was  one  of  a  family  noted 
for  musical  attainments. 

Gibbs  (gibz).  Josiah  "Willard.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  April  30,  1790:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn. .March  25,1.<61.  An  American  philologist. 
He  translated  Gesenius's  "Hebrew  Lexicon" 
(18'241,  and  published  '-PhUological  Studies" 
(18.57),  etc. 

Gibby  (gib'i ) .  In  Mrs.  Centliyre's  comedy  ' '  The 
Wonder,"  the  highland  servant  of  Colonel  Brit- 
on. He  is  an  undaunted  and  incorrigible 
blunderer. 


Gibeah 

Oibeah  (gib'e-a).  In  Scripture  geography,  a 
town  in  Piilestine,  probably  about  4  miles  north 
of  Jerusalem.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  destruction  ot 
the  Benjamites  (Ju.lges  xx.).  There  were  several  other 
places  of  the  uame  In  Palestine. 

Gibelines.     See  GUihellinis. 

Gibeon  (gib'e-on),  modern  El-Jib.  In  Old  Tes- 
tament geography,  a  town  in  Palestine,  6  miles 
northwest  of  Jerusalem.  The  Gibeonites  succeeiled 
by  a  stratagem  in  making  a  treaty  « ith  the  IsraeUtes  un- 
der Joshua.     The  town  was  taken  by  Shishak. 

Gibil(''e'bil).  The Ass\TO-Babyloman fire-god. 
He  is  invoked  in  hymns  addressed  to  him.  on  account  of 
the  many  beneflcial  functioTis  of  tire,  as  one  who  wards  oti 
all  dancers,  and  who  decides  the  fate  of  men.  1  he  name 
is  derived  from  Akkadi:in  gi,  stick,  and  bil,  lire,  ami  seems 
to  indicate  the  existence  iimong  the  .\kkadians  of  the  fire- 
drill  common  anions;  many  primitive  peoples. 

Gibraltar  (ji-bral'tiir:  Sp.  pron.  He-i>ral-tar  ). 
A  town  and  fortified  promontory  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Spain,  a  ero^vn  colony  of  Great 
Britain,  situated  in  lat.  36°  6'  N.,  long.  5°  -Jl' 
W  celebrated  for  its  strength.  It  is  an  impor- 
tant coaling  station.  It  was  the  classical  Calpc,  and  one 
of  the  I'illarsof  Hercnles;  was  the  landrng-phice  ol  the 
Saracen  leader  Tarik  (hence  GeM-al-Tank.-EiW  of  la- 
rik  ■)  •  was  taken  finally  from  the  Moors  by  the  Spaniards 
in  14(12:  was  fortirted  by  Charles  V.;  was  taken  by  an 
English  and  Dutch  force  under  Rooke  in  17W:  and  wa.i 
unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  and  Irench  m 
1704-0.5,  by  the  Spaniards  in  1727,  and  by  the  Spaniardsand 
French  1779-153.  In  the  last  siege.  commencingJune  21. 
1779  the  defenders  were  commanded  by  Lord  Heathlleld. 
The  chief  attack  was  made  Sept.  13,  1782,  when  the  tloat- 
ing  b.atteries  devised  by  the  Chevalier  d'Ai^on  were  used. 
Greatest  height  of  the  rock,  1,439  feet.  Area,  1,';  square 
miles.     Populati.pn  (ISlll),  25,809.  o.      -^      r 

Gibraltar,  Bay  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Strait  of 
(Jihraltar,  situated  west  of  the  town. 

Gibraltar,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage  eonneet- 
iug  the  Mediterranean  Sea  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  an<l  separating  Spain  from  Morocco: 
the  ancient  Fretum  Herculeum,  Fretum  (iadi- 
tanum,  Fretum  Tartessium,  etc.  Its  width  in  the 
narrowest  part  is  S  miles ;  between  Ceuta  and  Gibndtar 
it  is  i:f  miles.  . 

Gibraltar  of  America.     A  name  sometimes 

given  to  Quebec. 
Gibson  (gib'son),  Edmund.    Born  at  Bamptou, 
Westmoreland,   England,  1669:  died  at  Batli, 
England,  Sept.  6, 1748.   An  English  prelate  and 
autlior.    He  became  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  l?!.";,  and  in  1723 
was  translatcil  to  the  see  of  London.     His  chief  work  is 
"Codex  juris  ecclesiastici  AiiKlicam  "  (1713)- 
Gibson,  Edward,  tiist  liarou  Ashooume.   Bom 
1837    A  British  Conservative  politician.   He  was 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  in  all  Lord  Salisbury's  adnim- 
istiations  and  was  raised  to  the  peerai-'e  m  1855.  Ueintro- 
dnceil  Lord  Asbbourne-s  Act,  relating  to  Irish  holdit^gs. 
Gibson,  John.   Born  near  Conway,  V\  ales,  1 1  'Jll : 
died  at  Koine,  Jan.  27. 1866.     An  English  sculp- 
tor.    He  went  to  Home  in  1S17,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Canova  and  ThorwaMsen.     His  works  include  "  Sleeping 
Shepherd  "  (1818),  "  Mars  and  lU.pi.l  "(1519),  "  Psyche  and 
Zenivrs"  (1S22),  "Paris"  (1S24),  ■'.Nymph  untying  he. 
f^  '.■'.?.  -A„..   ;.  ,f....* ..I   I,...,  "  r,  ot..ti,,.  „f  the  oneen 


437 


Sandal  '•  (1831),  "  Hunter  and  Dog,"  a  statue  of  the  i|ueei 
for  the  houses  of  I'arliament  (1850-.=..'.),  and  the  Bo-calle.! 
"tinted  Venus,"  in  which  he  intio.iuced  the  use  of  cob.r 
after  the  Greek  manner.  .    o      ■         tt-ii 

rflbson,  Randall  Lee.  Born  at  Spring  Hill, 
Ky.,  Sept.  10,  isii'-i:  died  at  Hot  Springs,  Ark., 
Di-c.  I.'),  189li.  An  American  lawyer  and  )i.ili- 
tician.  Ho  was  graduated  at  Vale  in  \ii:<i.  and  in  the 
law  denartmentof  the  University  of  Louisiana  (now  rulane 
Univereity)  In  Isr.S.  He  sulweiimtilly  stn.lled  at  Lerlin, 
and  was  for  some  nmntlis  an  allacl f  Ibe  American  le- 
gation at  Madrid.  He  juin.-d  tin-  Cnl.derate  army  as  a 
private  :  comman.led  a  brigade  at  Sbil..h,  and  also  under 
General  Bragg  in  Kentucky  ;  and  fought  with  distinction 
in  all  the  engagements  which  took  place  during  .lohnslon  s 
retreat  from  Dalton  to  Atlanta.  Ho  covered  the  retreat 
after  General  Hoods  defeat  at  Na.shvllle,  and  in  (.en.ial 
Canbys  campaign  was  charged  with  the  defense  (.f  span^ 
Ish  Fort.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  hel.l  the  rank  of 
major-general.  He  was  l^niti-d  ,Statessenator(liemocratic) 
from  Uiulsiana  from  ISSi  until  his  death. 
Gib80n,"William.  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,17.SH: 
died  at  Savannah,!  la. ,Mandi  2, 1868.  An  Amer- 
ican surgeon.  He  was  gradnate<l  In  mt-.licine  at  the 
University  i.f  F,dtnburgh  in  1K(.»,  and  in  1819  snceee.led 
Dr  Physick  in  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  1  niversrly  ot 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained  nnlil  Ih.V..  He  was  one 
ot  the  first  American  surgeons  to  pertorni  the  Ciesarean 
operation  successfully.     He  wrote  "  Principles  and  Prac- 

Gibs'on.Wiiiiam  Hamilton.   Born  Oct.  ,'>,  IS.'SO: 

died  July  16,  181)0.  An  American  painter  and 
writer.  He  was  a  specialist  In  botanical  drawing,  and 
was  known  as  an  illn»tlat(.r  an<l  painter  In  water-colors. 
Ho  wrote  and  ilbistrated  "Camp  Life,  etc.,  Ir';-''"  O' 
Trapiilng  etc." (1870),  "Highways  and  Hy ways, etc.  (1888), 
"Happy  Hunting  Grounds  •(l.H.HO),  "sharp  Kycs,    etc. 

Gichtel  (gich'tel),  Johann  Georg.    Born  at 

Katisbon,  Bavaria,  March  It,  1638:  iliod  at 
Amsterdam,  Jan.  21,  1710.  A  tierman  mystic, 
founder  of   the  sect  of  Angelic  Brethren,  or 

(iiclitelians. 

Giddings  (gid'ingz),  Joshua  Reed.    Born  at 

Athens,  Bradford  Coiinlv,  I'a.,  Oct.  6,  liO.'): 
died  at  Montreal,  May  27,  1864.     An  American 


antislavery  leader.     He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 

18"o  and  in  "l8»s  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress  from 
OhiJ,  an  office  which  he  occui.ied  until  1869,  acting  for  the 
most  part  with  the  Whigs.  In  1842  during  the  debate  n 
Congress  o.i  the  question  of  demanding  the  restoration  of 
tiie  negro  mutimx-rs  of  the  Creole,  who  had  taken  refuge 
in  an  F.nglish  port  (1841).  he  offered  a  series  of  resolutions 
to  the  eflect  that  the  Federal  authorities  were  unauthor- 
ized by  the  Constitution  to  take  any  action  for  the  recovery 
of  the  slaves,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  censured  in 
the  House  by  a  vote  of  125  to  09.  He  resigned  his  seat, 
and  appealed  to  his  constituents,  who  reelected  him  by  a 
large  majority.  He  w:is  consul-general  to  British  North 
AnTerica  from  1861  until  his  death.  He  puljlished  E.xiles 
of  Florida "  (1858)  and  "The  Rebelliou;  its  Authors  and 
Causes  "  (1864). 

Gideon  (gid'e-on),  sumamed  Jerubbaal  (.i';- 
rub'a-al  or  jer-u-ba'al).  [Heb.,  -a  hewer.] 
Lived  "probablv  in  the  13th  century  B.  c.  A 
Hebrew  liberator  and  religious  reformer.  He 
defeated  the  Midianites,  and  was  judge  m  Israel 
for  fortv  veare.  „  .    ,  .     j 

Giebel  ( ge  'bd )  ■  Christoph  Gottfried  Andreas. 

Born  at  Quedlinburg.  Prussia,  Sept.  13.  ISJI : 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Nov.  14,  1881.  A  (ier- 
inan  zoologist  and  paleontologist.  His  works 
include  •'Allgemeine  Paliiontologie "  (I80I.), 
ptc 

Gien  (zhyan).  A  town  In  the  department  of 
hoiret,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire  38  miles 
east-southeast  of  Orleans.  It  has  a  chateau,  and 
manufactures  faience.    Population  (1891),  commune,^519. 

Giers  (gers>,  Nikolai  Karlovitch  de.    Born 

Mav  21,  1820:  died  Jan.  26,  1895.  A  Russian 
diplomatist  and  statesman,  of  Swedish  extrac- 
tion. He  was  appointed  minister  to  Stockholm  in  1872, 
adjunct  to  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1875.  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  18S2-9.').  _    .     ,    .    ,      tit-i 

Giesebrecht  (ge'ze-brecht),  Friednch  Wil- 
helm  Benjamin  von.  Born  at  Berlin,  -March 
.-),  ISU:  died  at  Munich, Dec.  18, 1889.  Anoted 
tjeriiKi  11  historian.  He  became  professor  of  history  at 
Kimii;sl..-p'  ill  18:.7,  and  at  Munich  in  1802.  He  was  raised 
to  the  nolulilv  in  1805.  His  works  include  "Gesebie-hte 
der  deutschen'  Kaiserzeit"  ("History  of  the  German  Im- 
perial Period,"  1855-80),  etc. 

Gieseler  (go'ze-ler),  Johann  Karl  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Petershagen,  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
March  3, 1792 :  died  at  Gottingeu,  Prussia,  July 
8,  1854.  A  noted  German  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian, professor  at  Gottingen  from  1831 .  He  wrote 
•'Lehibuch  der  Kirchengeschichte"  ("Alanuaj  of  Church 
History,"  1824-56  :  English  translation  edited  by  U.  B. 
Smith,  1857-81),  etc. 

Giessbach  (ges'biich),  Falls  of  the.  A  series 

of  cascades-  in  the  Bernese  Olierlaiul,  Switzer- 
land, south  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 
Giessen  (ges'seu).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Upper  Hesse,  Hesse,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Wieseck  and  Lahn,  33  miles  north  of  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  uni- 
versity, fonndeil  bv  thelandgrave  Ludwig  V.  in  1007.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  20,410. 

Gifford  (gif'ord).  Countess  of  (Helen  Selina 

Sheridan).  "  Born  1807:  died  June  13.  186(. 
All  English  |>oet.  granddaughter  of  R.  B.  Sheri- 
ilall.  siie  married  the  fourth  Baron  Duftcrin  in  1825.  and 
the  Earl  of  Gifford  (son  of  the  eighth  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale)  in  1802. 

Gifford,  Robert  Swain.    Born  on  the  island  of 

Nauslion,  Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1840.  An  American 
landscape-painter.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1866, 
and  was  electid  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  in 
1878  He  is  also  a  iirominent  member  of  the  \v  ater-t  oior 
.Society.  Among  his  works  are  "Mount_^  Hood,  Gregon 
(1870)  "Entrance  to  Moorish  House,  Tangier  (18'3),. 
"  Border  of  the  Desert  "(1877),  "  Salt  Mills  at  Dartmouth 

Gifford.'sandford  Robinson.  Bom  a*  Green- 
tield,  Saratoga  ((uiiitv,  -N.  Y.,  July  10.  1823: 
died  at  New  York.  Aug.  29, 1880.  An  American 
landscape-painter.  He  eame  to  New  York  in  1844. 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  m 
18M.  He  studied  in  Paris  and  Kome  1856-57.  Among 
his  works  are  "Kajiteiskill  Clove"  (18.59),  "Shrewsbury 
River"  (1808),  "Venice,"  "Lago  Mnggioie,  Fishing, 
boats  on  the  Adiialic,"  "Golden. Horn  "  CM-V  '•  V'T 
hi  the  Catskills."  "  Ituins  of  the  Parthenon  (1880 :  In  the 
Corcoran  Galb-iy),  etc 


Gilbert,  Marie  Dolores  Eliza  Rosanna 

vlad"  (1794)  and  "The  .Ma;v lad  (1795):  these  were  pub- 
lished  together  in  1797.  He  was  editor  of  the  '  guaiterly 
Review  '  from  its  beginning  in  1809  till  1824. 

Gigoux  (zhe-gii'),  Jean  Frantjois.  Bom  Jan. 
s,  1809:  died  Dee.  14,  1894.  A  French  histori- 
cal, genre,  and  portrait  painter. 

Gihon  (gi'hon).  One  of  the  four  rivers  in  Eden 
((ien.  ii.),  variouslv  identified  with  the  Oxus, 
Ara.xes,  an  arm  of  the  Euphrates-Tigris  system, 
etc. 

Giion  fHe-ii6n').  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Oviedd,  Spain,  in  lat.  43°  33'  N.,  long.  5°  40' 
W  It  is  growing,  and  exports  fniit.  iron,  and  coal.  It 
is  a  sea  bathing  resort.     Population  (1887),  35.170. 

Gil  ( Hel ) ,  Juan  Bautista.  Died  April  12, 1877.  A 
P-ira"iiavaii  p<.litician  uf  the  Colorados  party. 
He  wa"  el.-Vtid  pi-.-sldent  of  the  republic  Nov.  2.5,  1874,  and 
still  held  the  ottiie  when  he  was  assassinated  by  a  personal 
enemy. 

Gila  (iie'lii).  A  river  in  the  western  part  of 
Now  Mexico  and  in  Arizona.  It  is  the  chief  triba- 
tary  of  the  Colorado,  which  it  j..ins  at  Yuma,  Arizona,  near 
the  southeastern  extremity  of  California.  Length,  about 
06O  miles. 

Gila  Apache.    See  GiUKo. 
Gilan.     See  Ghilnn. 

Gilbart  (gil'bart).  James  William.     Born  at 

Loudon,  March  21,  1794  :  died  at  London.  Aug. 
8,  1863.  An  English  banker.  He  was  manager  of 
the  London  and  Westminster  Bank  from  its  oiieiiing  in 
1834  to  18.59.  Among  his  works  are  "A  Pi-actical  Trea. 
tise  on  Banking  "  (1827),  "  Logic  for  the  Million,  and  "His. 
tory  and  Principles  of  Banking  "  (1834). 

Gilbert  (gil'bert)  of  Sempringham, Saint.  [L. 

GilhcrlKx,  F.  Guiliicrt,  Cilhcrt.  It.  (lilhrrto,  Sp. 
GUberUi,  G.  Gilbert.  Gindbcrt:  OHG.,  -bright.'] 
Born  at  Sempringham,  Lincolnshire,  England, 
about  1083:  died  Feb.,  1189.  An  English  priest, 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Gilbertines. 
Gilbert,  Mrs.  George  H.  Born  at  Kochdale, 
Enfiland,  in  1821.  An  English-American  ac- 
tress, she  made  her  first  appearance  in  1846.  and  came  to 
America  in  1S49.  She  is  successful  in  high  comedy,  and  lu 
lervoulh  was  noted  f'.T  her  graceful  dancing. 


,  iiiciiiaii  .".III,  ijA  ...... 

Gifford,  William.  Bom  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, in  1:")4:  died  April  11,1629.  Archbishop 
of  Kheims.  He  stu.lied  at  the  universities  of  Jixfonl, 
Ixmvain  (under  Hellarmlne),  and  Paris,  and  at  the  Lngllsh 
eidleges  at  Kheims  and  Home,  and  In  1582  was  apiHilnted 
lecturer  on  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  In  the  l.ngllsh  college  at 
Rheims.  Ho  became  deiiii  of  tbc^  Church  of  St.  1  eter  at 
Lille  about  1590;  took  the  lienedicfine  habll  In  IflJW ;  was 
prior  ot  a  Benedictine  li..ns,;  at  nieulewart  K'™'-  "■  »"  ' 
In  inn  founded  a  eoinmnnily  of  his  ,.r,ler  at  St  -Malo, 
Brittany,  which  In.  afterward  removed  to  I  iirls.  He  was 
appoint.-d  arc-hbl»b..p  of  Hhelins  in  1022.  He  eoinpleted 
and  edifid  Iir.  William  Reynolds's  "Calvlno.lurclsmus 
(ir,97  100:0 

Gifford  William.  Bom  at  Ashbiirton,  Dovon- 
Bhire,  knglaud,  .April.  17.".7:  died  at  London. 
Dec.  31,  1826.  .\n  English  critic  and  satirical 
poet.     He  first  became  known  by  his  satires  "The  B»- 


Gilbert,  sir  Humphrey.  Born  at  Compton, 
near  Dartmouth, England, about  l.'>39:  drowned 
off  the  Azores,  Sejit.  9,  l.")S3.  An  English  sol- 
dier and  navigator,  a  stepbrother  of  Sir  \\  alter 
Raleigh.  He  served  in  Ireland  1560-70,  where  he  de- 
feated McCarthy  More  In  1,569,  and  was  made  governor  of 
the  iirovince  of  .Munster;  and  in  the  Netherlands  in  1672, 
wheiv  he  niisuciessfullv  besieged  Goes.  In  1578,  in  ac- 
cordance with  designs  «liieh  he  had  hmg  entertained,  he 
obtained  the  royal  permission  to  set  out  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery  and  colonization;  but  the  expedition,  which 
started  in  Sept.  of  that  year,  was  a  failure,  tin  June  11, 
158'i  he  again  set  out  with  five  ships  (Delight,  Golden 
Hind,  Raleigh  (which  soon  returned).  Swallow,  and  S^^ulr- 
rel)  and  on  .Inly  :)0  sighted  Ibe  northern  shore  of  >ew- 
ti.ui'idlau.l  On  Aug.  5  he  lauded  at  .St.  .lohn's,  where  he 
established  the  ftrst  English  colony  in  North  America. 
(In  the  return  voyage  the  S<iuirrel,  in  which  he  sailed, 
foundered  In  a  storm.  His  last  words  were  the  famous 
"  We  are  as  near  to  heaven  by  sea  as  by  land."  He  wrote 
a  "  Discourse  of  a  Diseonery  for  a  New  Passage  to  Catala.  a 
scheme  for  the  founding  of  an  academy  and  library  at 
London  (published  by  Furulvall,  1809.  as  "Queen  Elini- 
bethes  Achademy  "),  etc. 

Gilbert  sir  John.  Born  at  Blackheath, England, 
in  1S17:  died  there,  Oct.  r>.  1897.     An  English 
historical  painter.     Among  his  principal  works  are 
"  Don  IJnixoto  giving  Advice  to  Sancho  "  ( 18.S9),  "  Wolaejr 
andlJiicklngbanr'(ls7S),"TheMur.iero(Thonia.sl!eeki-t 
(187 <),  "Kgo  et  nx  ineiis  ■  (1,S89).  •' F.n  avaiil'  (1890).     He 
also  illustratid  Sbal,s]i.re  and  many  stjuidard  works. 
Gilbert,  John  GibbS.    Born  at  Boston.  Feb. 27, 
1810:  died  there,  June  17,  1889.   A  noted  Aiiier- 
icaii  comedian.     lie  first  appeared  In  Bost.m,  Nov.  28,    . 
18"8  as  .latller  in  "  Venice  l>reser\ed."     He  had  a  wide 
range  of  characters  :  ]>erhaps  the  best  were  Sir  Peter  1  ea- 
lie  Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  Old  Dornton.  ami  .l<di  Thorn- 
berry.      He  playeil  with  success  In  London,  and  in  all  the 
priuninent  cities  of  the  I  nileil  States. 

Gilbert,  Marie  Dolores  Eliza  Rosanna.  Born 

at   Limerick   ill  1818:  died  at  Astoria,  N.  \ ., 

.Ian.  17,  1861.      An   ailventuress  and  dancer, 

known  as  Lola  Montez.     she  first  married  Captain 

Thomas  .lames  In  18:17.     He  divorced  her  In  184"-     .she 

then  took  lessons  In  dancing  from  a  Spanish  teaeber,  and 

appeared  In  L.mdon  In  lw:i  as  "  l.ohi   Monl.r    N'-";i';h 

dancer."  After  various  adventures  she  appeared  lit -Minfeb 

where  she  became  the  ndstnss  of  the  ol.l  king  l,ud»lg  of 

llavarla.  She  wim  natunill/.ed.  and  received  Ihe  titles  of  Ba- 

ronne  de  Itosentluil  and  (•(Untessede  l.andsfetd.     She  con 

trolled  the  king  completely,  and  was  virtually  ruler  ot 

Bavaria,  a  i.o.lfi..n  In  which  she  displayed   "''"It.v  »  ;'" 

wlsd..ni.     After  about  a  year,  however,  owing  t..  hosllHt> 

between  the  liberal  and  cnservatlye  students  of  the  mil- 

verslly.  the  former  of  whom  she  ha.l  pa  i-miized,  a  riot 

occurred  and  her  lit.'  was  In  danger,     .Mie  ""'"''l    ';;; 

iinlvetBllv  to  be  closed,  when  an  Insurreetlon  to.>k  place 

1,1  n,"  king  was  fon-.:d  to  ab.lleale,  March  21   1848.  and 

she  was  banished.     After  various  a.lventures  she  married 

(     .ige  l>a  ford  Ileald  at  Loii.l.m  In  .luly,  1849.      she  was 

sumnume,!  for  bigamy,  but  tie,   I..  Spain,     '•'■"'■'   .»  ''l',; 

to  have  died  In  is.-.:i.      In  18.51  .he  arrived  In  N.«  \..rk 

wflere  she  attnnt,.!  much  atlenti.m  and  drew  erow.bd 

hnis.s.     In  185:i  she  married  P.  P.  Hull  In  San  Fninelseo 

Inl«5flshe<levoted  herself  to  visiting  outcast  w.unen  and 

labored  among  them  till  she  was  Btrlckcn  with  paralysis. 


Gilbert,  Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent 

Gilbert  (zhel-bar'),  Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent. 
Born  at  Fonteuoy-le-Chateaii.  Lorraine,  1751 : 
died  at  Paris,  XoV.  12,  1780.  A  French  poet, 
chiefly  noted  for  his  satires. 

Gilbert  (sil'ijerr),  or  Gilberd  (gil'berd),  Wil- 
liam. Born  at  Colchester,  England,  in  1.540: 
died  Nov.  30, 1603.  A  celebrated  English  phy- 
sician and  natural  philosopher.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge :  took  up  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Londou 
in  1573  :  liecarae  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in 
1600 ;  and  w.as  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.  His  chief  work  is  "De  Magnete,  Magneti- 
cisque  t'orporibus.  et  de  Maguo  Magnete  Tellure.  Fhysio- 
lo<_'ia  Nova    (l(iOO). 

Gilbert,  William  Schwenk.  Born  at  London, 

Nov.  IS,  ISoG.  An  English  dramatist.  His  first 
play  was  ' '  Dulcamara  "  (IStki)-  He  has  also  written  '*  The 
Palace  of  Truth  "  (1870).  "  PygmiUion  and  Galatea  "  (1S71), 
"Sweethearts"  (IS74),  "Engaged"  (1877).  "TTie  Mounte- 
banks" (music  by  Ceiliei-.  ISiUX  etc.,  and  has  been  collab- 
orator witli  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  who  wrote  the  music,  in 
" The  Sorcerer " (1377),  "  H.  M.  S.  Pinafore  "  (1S7S),  "The  Pi- 
rates of  Penzance "  (1879X  "Patience"  (1881),  "lolanthe" 
(1883),  "The  Slikado"  (1885),  '-Kuddygore"  (1887),  "The 
Yeomen  of  the  Guard"  (1888),  "The  Gondoliers"  (1SS9), 
"  Utopia,  limited  "(1S93).  He  has  also  published  the  "  Bab 
Ballads."  etc. 

Gilbert  de  la  Porree  (zhel-har'  de  la  po-ra'), 
Latinized  Gilbertus  Porretanus  (jil-ber'tus 
por-e-ta'nus)  or  Pictaviensis  (pik-ta-vi-en'- 
sis).  Born  at  Poitiers,  France,  about  1070 :  tlied 
Sept.  4,  11.54.  A  noted  French  schoolman, 
chosen  bishop  of  Poitiers  in  1142.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  commentary  on  the  treatise  "De  trinitate  ' 
of  Boethius.  a  treatise  ''De  sex  principiis,"  etc. 

Gilbertines  (gil'ber-tins).  A  religious  order 
foundeil  in  England  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th 
century  by  St.  Gilbert,  lord  of  Sempringham  in 
Lincolnshire,  the  monks  of  which  observed  the 
rule  of  8t.  Augustine,  and  the  nuns  that  of  St. 
Benedict.  The  Gilbertines  were  confineil  to 
Englanil,  and  their  houses  were  suppressed  bv 
Hnnry  VIII. 

Gilbert  Islands.  [Named  by  Cook  from  the 
master  of  the  ship  Resolution.]  Au  archipel- 
ago of  Micronesia  in  the  Pacific,  situated  about 
lat.  3=  20'  N.-2=  40'  S.,  long.  172°-177°  E.  Tlie 
group  was  discovered  by  Byron  in  1765,  and  consists  mainly 
of  atoUs  r  it  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  Population,  esti- 
mated, ;ibout  s^,i:m:):i, 

Gil  Bias  de  Santillane  (zhel  bias  de  son-te- 
yan' ),  Histoire  de.  A  romance  by  Le  Sage, 
published  in  1713,  but  not  entirely  completed 
till  1/3-5.  It  is  named  from  its  hero,  who  tells  the  story 
of  his  life.  Many  of  the  incidents  are  modeled  on  Espinel's 
picaroon  romance  "  Marcos  deObregon."  Smollett  trans- 
lated it  in  1761,  and  in  1809  another  translation  was  brought 
out  in  his  name. 

Gilboa'gil-bo'a).  [' Bubbling fountain'(f).]  A 
mountain-range  in  the  territory  of  Issaehar, 
1,717  feet  high,  which  bounds  the  lower  plain  of 
Galilee  on  the  east,  running  from  southeast  to 
northwest.  Here  Saul  and  his  three  sons  fell  in  a  battle 
against  the  Philistines.  The  present  name  of  the  moun- 
tain is  Jebel  Fakit'a,  but  its  old  name  survives  in  the  vil- 
lage Jetbijn  on  the  southern  part  of  the  range. 

Gildas  (gil'das),  orGildus  (gil'dus),  sumamed 
'•  The  Wise."  Bom  probably  in  516 :  died  prob- 
ably in  570.  A  British  historian.  He  appears  to 
have  been  born  in  the  North  Welsh  v.alley  of  the  Chvyd, 
to  have  been  a  monk,  to  have  left  Britain  for  Armorioa  in 
&46,  and  to  have  founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Gildas  at 
Ruys.  He  is  the  author  of  "  De  Excidio  iiritannise^' prob- 
ably conipiled  about  556  or  560,  and  first  printed  by  Poly- 
dore  Vergil  at  London  in  1525. 

Gildemeister  (gil'de-mis-ter),  Johann.  Bomat 
Klein-Siemen.  Jlecklenburg.  July  20. 1812:  died 
at  Bonn,  March  11, 1890.  A  German  Orientalist, 
professor  of  Oriental  languages  at  Bonn  from 
1859. 

Gildemeister,  Otto.  Bom  at  Bremen, Germanv, 
March  13.  1S23 :  dietl  Aug.  26,  1902.  A  German 
politician  and  man  of  letters,  noted  as  a  trans- 
lator from  the  English,  particidarly  of  Byron's 
works  ( 1 8(>4 ) ,  and  of  various  plays  of  Shakspere. 

Gilder  (gil'der),  Richard  Watson.  Born  at 
Bordentown.  N.  J.,  Feb.  8,  1844.  Au  American 
poet  and  editor.  He  became  connected  with  ".Scrib- 
ner's  Monthly  "  in  1370,  and  became  editor-in-chief  of  "  The 
Century  "  magazine  in  1881.  His  poems  ore  included  in  5 
volumes:  "TheXew  Day  "(1875).  "■  The  Celestial  Passion" 
(1887),  "Lyrics"  (1S85  and  1S87),  'Two  Worlds,  and  Other 
Poems"  (1S81),  'The  Great  Kemembrance,  and  Other 
Poems"  (1893).  "The  Poet  and  his  M:ister"  appeared  in 
1878,  but  its  contents  are  included  in  the  later  volumes. 

Gilder,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  16,  1838:  died  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
5,  1900.  Au  American  journalist  and  Arctic 
traveler,  brother  of  R.  W.  Gilder.  He  went  with 
Schwatka  1878-80  on  his  Arctic  expedition,  and  later  ex- 
plored the  Lena  delta.  He  published  "  Schwatka's  Search  " 
(1881),  "Ice-Pack  and  Tundra"  (1883). 

Gilderov  (gil'de-roi).  A  notorious  freebooter 
in  Perthshire.  His  real  name  was  said  to  be  Patrick 
of  the  clan  Gregor.  He  was  hanged  July,  1638,  with  five  of 
his  gang,  after  a  career  of  barbarous  harrying  and  outrage. 


438 

Many  stories  of  his  crimes  were  current  among  the  com- 
mon people.  Among  other  performances  he  is  said  to  have 
"picked  the  pocket  of  Cardinal  Richelieu  in  the  king's 
presence,  robbed  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  hanged  a  judge." 
The  ballad  concerning  liim  is  preserved  in  Riison  and 
Percy. 

Gildersleeve  (gil'der-slev),  Basil  Lanneau. 

Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  Oct.  23.  1831.  An 
American  classical  scholar.  He  w.-is  professor  of 
Greek  at  the  I'niversity  of  Virginia  1856-76.  when  he  ac- 
cepted a  corresponding  position  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity (Baltimore).  He  has  conducted  the  "American 
Journal  of  Philology"  since  its  foundation  in  ISSO,  has 
published  a  Latin  grammar  (1867),  and  has  edited  "  The 
Satires  of  Aulus  Persius  Flaccus  "  (1S75),  '•  Justin  Martyr " 
(1S75),  and  "  llie  Olympian  and  Pythian  Odes  of  Pindar." 

Gildo  (jil'do),  or  Gildon  (jil'don).  Died  39S 
A.  D.  A  Moorish  chief  tain.  He  w.ts  appointed  count 
of  the  province  of  Africa  about  3S6.  In  397  he  transferred 
his  allegiance  from  the  Western  to  the  Eastern  Empire, 
and  was  in  the  following  year  defeated  by  a  Roman  army 
under  his  brother  Mascezel.  He  was  captured  in  the 
flight,  and  died  shortly  after  by  his  own  hand. 

Gild  of  Arquebusiers.  A  painting  by  Jan  van 
Ravesteyn,  in  the  town  hall  at  The  Hague,  Hol- 
land. There  are  25  tigures,  descending  the  stairs 
of  the  shooting-gallery. 

Gildun  (gil-don'),  sometimes  Yildlin.  A  rarely 
used  name  for  the  fourth-magnitude  star  <i  UrsjB 
Minoris. 

Gilead,  or  Mount  Gilead  (mount  gil'f-ad).  In 
biblical  geography,  a  part  of  Palestine  east  of 
the  Jordan,  extentUng  eastward  to  about  36^  E., 
and  lying  between  the  Hieroma.x  on  the  north 
and  the  Arnon  on  the  south.  In  an  extended 
sense  it  included  Bashan. 

Gilefio  (He-la'nyo),  or  Gila  Apache  (ee'la  a- 
pa'che).  An  Apache  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  composed  of  four  or  more  subtribes, 
the  Coyotero.  Mogollon,  Pinal  Coyotero.  and 
Mimbreiio.  In  1630  the  Gileflo  were  about  the  boun- 
dary of  the  present  -Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  In  1882 
they  ranged  east  of  the  .Sierra  de  los  Mimbres  and  south 
of  the  Rio  Gila.    See  Apache. 

Giles  (jiJz),  Saint.  [Gr.  A(>(Aof,  L.  ^gidius,  It. 
Egidio,  F.  GiUes,  Egidc.'\  A  saint  of  the  7th 
century,  believed  to  have  been  a  Greek  who 
emigrated  to  France.  He  was  an  anchorite,  and  was 
fabled  to  have  been  nourished  by  a  hind.  Gradually  a 
monastic  establishment  grew  around  him,  of  which  he 
became  the  head.  The  better  to  mortify  the  flesh,  he 
once  refused  to  be  cured  of  lameness,  and  hence  became 
the  patron  saint  of  cripples.  St.  Giles's  Church,  Cripple. 
gate,  is  a  memorial  of  him.  His  festival  is  celebrated  in 
the  Roman  and  Anglican  churches  on  Sept.  1. 

Giles,  Henry.  Born  at  Cranford.  Count  v  Wex- 
ford, Ii-eland,  Nov.  1,  1809:  died  at  Hyde  Park, 
near  Boston,  Mass.,  July  10,  1882.  An  Irish- 
American  lecturer  and  essayist.  He  was  for  some 
years  a  Unitarian  minister  at  Greenock  and  Liverpool.  In 
1840  he  came  to  the  United  States.  He  wrote  "  Lectures 
and  Ess,ays  "  (ISoO).  "  Christian  Thought  on  life  "  (1850), 
and  "Human  Life  in  Shakespeare"  (1868). 

Giles,  St.,  Church  of.  See  Edinburgh  and  Lon- 
don. 

Giles,  William  Branch.  Bom  in  Amelia  County, 
Va..  Aug.  12.  1762:  died  in  Amelia  County, 
Dec.  4,  1830.  Au  American  Democratic  politi- 
cian. He  was  a  memberof  Congressfrom  Vii"ginia  1790- 
1799  and  1801-03 ;  was  United  States  senator  18W-15 ;  and 
was  governor  of  Virginia  1827-30. 

Gilfll  (gil'fil).  Rev.  Maynard.  Asomewhatun- 
spiritual  but  conscientious  clergvman  in  George 
Eliot's  "Mr.  GUfil's  Love-Story"." 

Mr.  Gilfil,  the  caustic  old  gentleman  with  bucolic  tastes 
and  sparing  habits,  many  knots  and  ruggednesses  appear- 
ing on  him  like  the  rough  bosses  of  a  tree  that  has  been 
marred,  is  recognizable  as  the  Maynard  Giltil  "  who  h.ad 
known  all  the  deep  secrets  of  devoted  love,  had  struggled 
through  its  days  and  nights  of  anguish,  and  trembled 
under  its  unspeakable  joys." 

Dowden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  250. 

GilfiUan  (gil-fil'an),  George.  Born  at  Comrie. 
Perthshire,  Jan.  30,  1813 :  died  at  Dundee,  Aug. 
13,  1878.  A  Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman 
and  miscellaneous  m-iter.  .\mong  his  works  are 
"Gallery  of  Literary^  Portraits"  (three  series,  1845-55), 
"Bardsof  the  Bible"  (1851),  "Mght:  a  Poem  ■  (1867). 

Gilfillan,  Robert.  Born  at  Dunfermline.  Scot- 
land. July  7, 179S:  died  at  Leith,  Scotland,  Dec. 
4.  18.50.  A  Scottish  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
weaver,  and  was  a  merchant's  clerk  and  collector  at  Leith 
for  many  years.  He  wrote  "  Peter  McCraw  "  (1828),  a  hu- 
morous Siitire,  and  other  poems. 

Gilflory  (gil-Ho'ri).  Mrs.  General.  In  B.  E. 
Woolf  s  play  '•  The  Mighty  Dollar,"  a  good-na- 
tured widow,  with  a  lively  tamper,  who  speaks 
atrocious  French. 

Gilgal  (gil'gal).  In  biblical  geography,  the 
name  of  various  places  in  Palestine.  The  most 
important  was  situated  in  the  plain  of  Jordan  3 
miles  east  of  the  ancient  Jericho  :  the  modem 
Tel  Jiljulieh. 

Gilgal  or  Galgal  means  a  heap  of  stones  dedicated  to  a 
religious  purpose.  The  Gilgal  in  question  was  probably 
a  sacred  mound  of  the  Canaanites ;  but  perhaps  it  owed  its 


Gillmore 

origin  to  an  Israelitish  encampment,  or  it  may  have  been 
a  mound  raised  for  sacrifices. 

Jienan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel.  I.  200. 

Gilgit  (gil-gif).  1.  A  tributary  of  the  Indus, 
which  it  joins  about  lat.  35°  4o'  N.,  long.  74° 
40'  E. —  2.  A  small  territory  in  the  valley  of 
the  lower  Gilgit,  under  the"  rule  of  Kashmir. 
The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  the  entire  valley  ol 
the  Gilgit.  It  is  a  strategic  point  of  great  importance  to 
the  Indian  empire. 

Gilij  (je'lye),  Filipe  Salvatore.  Bom  at  Le- 
gogue,  near  Spoleto.  Italy.  1721 :  tlied  at  Rome, 
1789.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and  author.  He  la- 
bored among  the  Indians  of  the  Orinoco  valley  from  1742 
to  1760,  and  subsequently  resided  at  Bogota  until  the  ex- 
pulsion of  his  order  in  1767.  His  "Saggio  di  storia  ameri- 
cana  "  (Rome,  4  vols.,  1780-84)  relates  mainly  to  the  Ori- 
noco, and  is  particularly  valuable  in  its  descriptions  of  the 
Indian  tribes.     .Also  written  GiUi  and  GiVi'i. 

Gill  (zhel),  Andre,  the  pseudonym  of  Louis 

Alexandre  Gosset  de  Guinnes.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17,  1840:  died  at  Charenton,  May  2,  1888. 
A  noted  French  caricaturist.  He  died  in  an  in- 
sane asylum.  His  last  picture  figured  at  the  ex- 
position of  1882. 

Gill  (gil),  Sir  David.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  June 
12,  1843.  A  Scottish  astronomer,  astronomer 
royal  (from  1879)  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He 
w.TsassociatedwithLordLind5ay(nowEarlof  Crawford  and 
Balcarres)  in  organizing  and  superintending  the  observa- 
tory at  Dunecht.  Aberdeenshire,  in  1870.  He  took  a  lead- 
ing part  intheinvestitratiuns connected  witli  thetransitof 
Venus  in  1882.  esiiecially  forthe  determination  of  the  dis- 
tance of  the  sun  from  the  earth.  He  has  also  been  en- 
gaged iu  important  geodetic  surveys.    Kuiglited  1900. 

Gill,  John.  Born  at  Kettering.  England,  Nov. 
23,  1697 :  died  at  Camberwell,  London,  Oct.  14, 
1771.  An  English  Baptist  clergvman  and  rab- 
binical scholar.  His  chief  work  is  "  Exposition 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures"  (174e-66). 

Gill,  Theodore  Nicholas.  Born  at  New  York, 
March  21,  1837.  An  American  naturalist,  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  in  the  Columbian  University, 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  was  libra- 
rian of  the  .Smithsonian  Institution  1863-66,  and  chief  as- 
sistant librarian  of  Congress  1866-75.  He  has  published 
"Arrangement  of  the  F.imilies  of  Mollusks"  (1871X  "-^- 
rangement  of  the  Families  of  Fishes  "(1872).  '■Arrangement 
of  the  Families  of  ilamm:ds"  (1872),  "Catalogue  of  the 
Fishes  of  the  East  Coast  of  2iorth  America  "  (1875).  etc. 

Gille  (zhel),  Philippe.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  18, 
1831:  died  tliere.  March  19.  1901.  A  French 
journalist  and  writer  for  the  stage,  secretary 
of  the  Theatre  Lyrique  from  1861. 

Gillem  fgil'em),  Alvan  0.  Bom  in  Tennessee, 
1830 :  died  Dec.  2,  18i  5.  An  American  general. 
He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1851 ;  served  against 
the  Seminoles  in  Florida  1851-52  ;  was  promoted  capt;un 
in  the  United  States  army  May  14,  1861 ;  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  siege  artillery,  and  was  chief  quartermaster 
of  the  Anny  of  the  Ohio  during  the  campaign  in  Tennes- 
see. He  was  adjutant-general  of  Tennessee  from  1863  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war,  and  commanded  the  troops  guard- 
ing the  Nash^-ille  and  Northwestern  Railroad  from  June, 
1S63,  until  Aug.,  1864.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  iu 
the  regular  army  for  his  gallantrj^  at  the  captiu"e  of  Salis- 
bury. He  became  colonel  in  the  regular  army  July  28^ 
18<i6,  and  commanded  the  troops  in  the  engagement  with 
the  Modoc  Indians  at  the  Lava  Beds,  April  15,  1873. 

Gillespie  (gi-les'pi),  George.  Bom  at  Kirk- 
caldy, Jan.  21,  1613:  died  there.  Dec.  17,  1&48. 
A  Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman,  member  of 
the  Westminster  Assembly.  He  wrote  "  Aaron's 
Rod  Blossoming  "  (1646)  and  other  controversial 
works. 

Gillespie,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Duddingston,  near 
Edinburgh,  in  1708;  died  at  Dunfermline,  Jan. 
19,  1774.  A  Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
founder  of  the  Relief  Chiu-ch  in  Scotland  (Oct. 
22, 1761) .  The  secession  of  which  Gillespie  was  the  leader 
origina'ted  in  his  deposition  (May.  1752)  by  the  established 
chui-ch,  on  account  of  his  refusal  to  take  part  in  a  settle- 
ment of  a  minister  which  w.as  opposed  by  the  people. 

Gillett  (ji-lef),  Ezra  Hall.  Bom  at  Colches- 
ter, Conn.,  July  15.  1-^23:  died  at  New  York, 
Sept.  2, 1875.  Au  American  Piesbyterian  cler- 
gyman and  ecclesiastical  historian.  His  chief 
work  is  a  "History  of  the  Presbvterian  Church 
in  the  L'nited  States"  (1864). 

Gillies  (gil'iz),  John.  Born  at  Brechin,  Forfar- 
shire, Jan.  18, 17-17:  died  at  Clapham.  near  Lon- 
don, Feb.  15,  1836.  A  Scottish  historian.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  Greece"  (1786). 

Gillis  Land  (gil'is  land).  [Named  from  its  dis- 
coverer (1707),  a  Dutch  captain.  Cornells  Gil- 
lis.] A  land  in  the  north  polar  regions,  north- 
east of  Spitzbergen  and  west  of  Franz  Josef 
Land. 

Gillmore  (gil'mop),  Quincy  Adams.  Bora 
in  Ohio,  Feb.  28,  1825:  died  April  7,  1888. 
An  American  general  and  engineer.  He  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1849,  and  was  subsequently  in- 
structor there.  He  was  appointed  engineer-in-chief  of  the 
expedition  under  General  Thomas  W  Sherman  against 
Port  Royal  in  1861,  and  as  such  planned  and  conducte<l 
engineering  and  artillery  operations  which  resulted  in  the 


i 


I 


Gillmore 

reduction  of  Fort  I'uluski  in  1802.    He  defeated  Oeneral 
PtKram  at  Somerset  in  M.ircli,  ISOS,  ami  conducted  tlie 
onerations  against  Charleston  ISliS-W.    He  became  l.revet 
Xor  general  i..  the  regular  army  in  18B5      H.s  "orks  in- 
ciide" Practical  Treatise  on  Limes,"  '-Hydraulic  Cements 
alld  Mortars"(l-a),  ■•Official  Kc^ort  of  the  Siege  and  Ke- 
duction  of  Kort  I'ulaski,  Georgia    (1S03),  etc. 
Gillott  (jil'"t)-  Joseph.    Born  iuWarwiekshir.;, 
Kii"l-uia    isi"l:  iliftl  at  Binumt;bam,  Jan.  0, 
1S7^\     All  Enj;lish  maiiufaetuivr  of  steel  pens. 
Gillray  ( Kil-iii' ),  James.   Born  at  Chelsea,  1757: 
dietl  at  London,  June  1,  181.5.   A  celebrated  Ln- 
lish  earieaturist.    He  occasionally  did  serious  work. 
Two  plates  engraved  by  himfortioldsnnthV-Descitol\il- 
laee  '■  were  published  1781 :  they  are  in  the  style  of  H>  l.md. 
The  ••  Burn  ng  of  the  Duke  of  Atlmlc,"  an  East  lndlan.au, 
and  tw^Dortraits  of  William  Pitt  slightly  canca  uied,  a 
n  rtiait  ofDr  Al-ne,  and  several  others  belong  to  the  same 
^er  id     He  ocCTsionally  signed  his  plates  with  licti  „.us 
names     The  earliest  caricature  to  which  he  signed  bis 
naSe  is  entitled    ■  I'add,  ..n  Uorsehaek  "  (177!)  .     Betwe^l 
"■2m  and  l,:.i"i  arc  ascribed  to  him,  most  of  tlie.n  rellect- 
i  neon  the  king,  ■  farmer  i:eorge,"and  his  wife,  the  couit 
thi  govemnient.  and  every  phase  of  public  life.    He  died 
in  a  state  of  imbecility. 
Gills  (t;ilz),  Solomon.     lu  Dickens  s  " Dombey 
and  Son,"  an  old  nautic'al-iustrumeDt  milker. 

Gilman  (sH'iU'i" i,  Daniel  Coit.  Born  at  isor- 
wich.  Conn.,  Jnlv  0,  1S31.  An  American  e.ln- 
cator.  He  was  gra.Uiated  at  Yale  in  1852,  aiKi.  af'f 
having  completed  his  studies  at  Berlin,  became  in  186:.  i- 
S?arian  at  Vale,  where  he  afterward  held  a  professorship 
S  p  "ysieal  and  political  geography.  He  was  president  of 
the  University  of  Cdifornia  187^-75,  and  »-  i;;-""^^'"'  "« 

V, n  _,.:.:.,  TT..i.ru....itv  Knltimore,  ISo-lJOI.     — 

tional  Schools  of  Si-ience 
his  Relations  to  the  Public 


439 

parts  of  the  world  ;  was  appointed  viceroy  of  New  «ra"ada 
hi  1788  and  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1790.  The  latter  position 
e  hcdd  Sntil  June  17.W,  and  soon  after  returned  o  bpam, 
where  he  was  made  councilor  of  war.  »^ '""^JP ':'-'"  . 
general  of  the  armada  in  1799,  n"'"''"'^,'''  "'""  f„:" 
captain-general  in  1S06  inspector  general  of  aune  in 
1807,  and  a  member  of  the  governmental  junta  in  ISUb. 

Gil  y  Zarate  (nel  f-  thii'ra-ta).  Antonio.   Born 

Dec.  1.  17S():  died  at  Madrid,  .Jan.  lii.  1^01.     A 
Siianisli  dramatic  poet. 

Gimcrack  (.iim'krak).  Sir  Nicholas.    The  Vir- 

tnos,.  in  Thomas  Sbadwell's  comedy  ot  that 
name,  remarkable  for  his  "  scientific  "  vagaries. 
Gindely  (sin'de-le).  Anton.  Born  at  Pragne, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  3,  1.S29:  died  at  Prague  Oct.  24, 
189''  A  tTCrmau  historian,  professor  (extraor- 
dinarv  1802,  ordinarv  1867)  of  Austrian  lustory 
at  the  Univcrsitv  of  Prague,  and  keeper  ot  the 
archives  ot  tin-  idngdom  of  Bohemia.  HewTote 
"GeschichtedesDreisBigiahrigenKriegs  ("Historyof  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,"  1889-80^  etc.  ^ 

Gines  de  Passamonte  (nc'nes  da  pii_s-sa-mon  - 

ta).  In  frrvantes's  "  Don  Qmsote  '  a  galley- 
slave  who  was  freed  with  others  by  that  knight. 
The  freed  slaves  set  upon  Don  t^uLxote  and 
despoiled  him,  and  broke  Mambrino  s  "P™«t. 


^ifpubli^itipns  are  .-Our^  >:;1;-'Sl^^  l^l^U  tl^ 


(1867) and  "James  Monro 

Service  177C-18'2C"  lis«:ii.  , -,,      ^       m  tr 

Oilman,  John  Taylor.    Born  at  E^f^r  N.  n 

Dec  19,  17.'>3:  died  at  Exeter,  bept.  1, 1828.  An 
American  politician,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
.shire  1794-I80O  and  1813-16. 

Oilman,  Mrs.  (Caroline  Howard).  Born  at 
Boston,  Oct .  8,  1794 :  died  at  ^\  ashmgton,  Sept. 
15,  188S.  An  American  p6et  and  author,  wife 
of  Samuel  Oilman .  she  began  in  ]S;i2  the  publication 
of  a  magazine  for  children  entitled  "The  Kosc  I'.ud  :  the 
?me"vas  changed  to  "  The  Rose  "  in  1S33  This  m^'gH.iic 
was  .lisconti.med  in  1839.  She  wrote  ''  Recollections  of  a 
New  England  nousekeei>er  "  (1835) and  "Recollections  of 
a  Southern  .Matron  "  (183C). 

Oilman,  Samuel.  Born  at  Gloucester,  Mass., 
Feb  16,  1791:  died  at  Kingston,  Mass.,  Feb.  9, 
1858.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer.        „   ,      ^  , 

Gilmore(gil''"<u'),  James  Roberts:  pseudonym 
Edmund  Kirke.  Born  at  Boston,  bept.  10, 
ls'''l  \n  American  author.  In  July,  18B-1,  with 
rofonel  .laouess,  he  was  intrusted  with  an  uuolllcial  mis- 
sion to  the  Confederate  government,  wi  h  aview  to  asccr- 
i  lining  the  terms  on  which  the  South  would  treat  for 
;!.,"'*  His  works  include  ".-Vmong  the  Pines  "dSC-'  .'•  My 
Southern  Friends"  (ISO'2),  "  Down  "'Tennessee  8U.U 
'  \mongthei!uerrillas"(186:i)."Adriftin  Uixie  (1803),  etc. 

Gilmore.Patrick  Sarsfield.  BornnearDubhij, 

Dec.  2.'i.  1829:  died  at  Si.  Louts,  Mo.,  bept.  24, 
1H9"  An  Irish-.Xmei'icaii  band-master.  In  18.'.9 
he  organized  in  I'.oston  "Oilmore's  Band."  an  organization 
wiiich  he  mainlaincd  until  his  death.  He  composed  much 
military  and  dance  music. 
Gilmour(giriniir),  Richard.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
Scotland.  Sept." 28,  18'24:  diod  at  St.  Augustine, 
Kl'i  April  13, 1891.  AKomanCatliolic  jirelate. 
He  Jame  to  Canada  with  his  parents  at  an  early  age ;  was 


Ginevra  (gi-iiev'rii).  1.  See  Guinevere— 2.  A 
poem  bv  Samuel  Rogers,  named  from  its  hero- 
ine. Shcis  an  Italian  bride  who  hides  herself,  for  » Jef'. 
in  an  old  chest  which  has  a  spring-lock.  It  closes  tiglitl^ 
ml  her  body  is  not  found  for  many  years.  The  story  is 
tol.l  as  connected  with  several  old  houses  in  England.  1. 
Ila vn.  s  r.ayly's  ballad  "  The  Mistletoe  Bough    embodies 

Gingu'en6  (zhaii-ge-na'),  Pierre  Louis.    Born 

at  li.-nn.s.  France,  April  25,  1748 :  died  at  Pans. 
Nov  U,  1816.  A  noted  French  historian  ot  lit- 
erature! and  critic.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  His- 
toiro  litttH'aire  d'ltalie"  (1811-19). 
Ginkel  (ging'kel),  Godert  de,  hrst  Earl  of  Ath- 
lono.  Born  at  Utrecht,  1630  :  died  there,  Feb. 
11  1703.  A  Dutch  soldier  in  the  English  service. 
He  accompanied  William  of  Oratige  to  England  in  HK8; 
went  with  the  king  to  Ireland  in  1U90,  where  ho  served  at 
the  battle  of  the  Boync  ami  the  siege  of  Limerick,  ami 
after  the  king's  departure  becauio  general-in-cliief ;  and 
carried  on  the  Irish  war  in  1691,  defeating  the  Irish  in  a 
pitched  battle  near  Aghrim  July  12,  and  taking  Limci- 
iek  Oct.  30.  In  the  following  year  he  went  with  W  illiam 
to  the  Continent,  and  served  at  Steiiikirk,  l.anden  (.liily 
111,  101)3),  Nainur  (10'J&),  and  elsewhere. 

Ginnungagap  {gin'u6ng-ii-gap).  [ON.]  In 
the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  "gaping  abyss 
which  originallv  existed  everywhere.  Ice  from 
Nillheim,  the  realm'  of  cold  and  fog  in  the  north  came  into 
contact  with  sl,a,  ks  f  1 .  ..n  M  uspcllsheim  the  realm  ot  Hre' l 
the  south,  and  Ihiougb  the  working  of  heat  and  ^;'l;  "o^e 
in  Giumingaganthellr^t  created being,tbegiant\  mil.  His 
dca.  dyfafterward  hurled  by  t)din  and  his  brothers,^  .1. 
,  ,,    .Air    ...^ 1.  1.,*.^  ♦1..11  .i.iJof  <^f  flip  nhvRs.  iiecanie 


atul  Ve  roN.  W),  back  into  the  midst  of  the  abyss,  became 
the  worli' 


id. 


came  o>  »  anaoa  i,iiii  mr,  ,...1^..."  ..v  ....  — -^  - .-   _. 
icatcd  tor  the  ministi-yat. Mount  Saml  Mary  sscminaiy, 
Kmmettsburg.  Maryland;  and  was  ordained  priest  at  (  ill- 


educ 


cilVlVall,llhio,Aug.20,  I8.V2.  He  wascniiseciatedblsiopof 
Cleveland  Ai.ril  14, 187'A  and  as  such  became  "!'''-•'•  "'''J''" 
zeal  in  behalf  of  (Jatholic  education.  He  compiled  a  series 
of  readers  known  as  "The  C'atholic  National  Readers. 

Oilolo,  or  Jilolo  (je-lo'16),  or  Halmahera  ( l>al- 

ina-ha'ra).     <  >no  ot  the  Molucca  Islands,  iiiler- 

socted  by  the  eiiuator  and   long.  128°  K.     It 

belongs  in  great  part  lo  the  Dutch  residency  of 

Ternate.     Length,  about  22.')  miles. 

Oilolo  Passage.     A  sea  passage  separating  Gi- 

lolo  on  the  west  from  several  smaller  islands  on 

the  east.  .      „  .  „     , 

Oilnin  (girpiu).  Bernard.    Bom  at  Kentmere, 

We'tinoreland,  in  ir.l7:   <lied  at  Tloiighlon-lc- 

Spriiig,  Durham,  Kngland,  .March  -l,  b>83.     An 

Kii'dish  dergviiian.    He  became  archdeacon  of  liiir- 

hain  in  UMi.  andwas  afterward  appointed  rector  ot  Hough- 

on-le-Spriig  :  both  ot  these  ,,..sition«  he  held  until  his 

death.     He  gained  great  popularity  liy  his  charities  and 

gratuitous  ministi-atlons  among  the  poor  (wlielico  he  Is 

sometimes  called  "the  Apostle  ot  the  North   ). 

Gilpin,  John,    s loin,  liiiriii. 

Gilpin,  William.  B'un  at  Carlisle,  Eng  an.  , 
.Iuiie4,  1721:  ilied  at  Biddre,  Hants,  hngland, 
April  .'),  1804.  An  English  biographer,  and 
writer  on  the  natural  sconery  of  Groat  Britain. 

Gil  Vicente.    See  Vicniir.  an. 

Oil  y  Lemos  (iiOl  6  la'm.w),  Francisco.    Born 

near  Coninna  about  1739:  died  at  Madrid.  1809. 
A  Spanish  naval  ollicer  and  administrator.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  17ti'2  ;  distinguished  himself  inviiriom 


Ginx's  Baby  (ginks'ez  lia'l^i),  His  Birth  and 

other  Misfortunes.  AworkbyEdward  Jenkins, 

published  in  1870.     It  describes  in  a  narrative 

form  the  evils  of  pauperism  and  pauperization. 

Giobert  (io-berf),  Giovanni  Antonio.    Born 

near  Asli,  Italy,  Oct.  28,  1761 :  died  near  1  urin. 
Sept  14,1834.  An  Italianchemist.  Hcbecamepro- 
fessor  of  rural  economy  in  the  University  of  ■I'lirin  m  IWm 
and  in  18u'2  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and 
mineralogy.  He  was  the  Ihst  to.introduce  the  theories  of 
Lavoisier  into  Italy.  . 

Gioberti  ( jri-ber'te),  Vincenzo.   Bom  at  Turin, 

April  5,  1801 :  died  at  Paris.  Oct.  26,  18,12.  An 
Italian  philosopher  and  politician.  He  was  or- 
dained priestln  IS'if, ;  became  P^'"*'"';  "' P  "'"f.'ft:  "J 
Turin  ill  the  same  year  ;  was  appointed  chaplain  tot  la  Is 

.llbl'it  crown  prifice  of  .Sardinia,  in  1^1',  "'li'^'^''^^." 
l,:i3on  suspicion  of  conspiring  against  ''"^^,  «■>",•„"  J 
tor  a  numbir  of  years  a  teacher  in  a  private  "i"""  '"  "' 
Brussels;  w.as  recalled  in  1818;  was  premier  of  Saldliila 
1818-40  ;  and  wiw  ambassador  at  Pans  IS-lO-ol.  AnioiiK 
his  chief  works  arc  "  Introduzione  alio  ""I"';  ;;",'" 
sella"  (ISiO-IO),  "Del  prlinato  morale  e  civile  degl  It.  1- 
Ll' (1813),  •' Pi  oleg-mumi  ••  (181.U  •■lOe.suita  modern.. 
(181(1-17)  "Del  lin.iovamento  civile  .1  Italia    ^l^..lJ. 

Giocondo  (,io-kon'.lo).  Era  Giovanni.  Born  al 
Verona,  Italy, in  lliemi.l.lle  of  the  liithcntuij. 

.lie.l  at  K..1.;.',  July  1,  l''')!''').  An  Italian  arclu- 
t.'ct  and  anti.iuary,  a  teacher  of  Julius  (  lesar 
Scaliger.  Ho  published  edithms  ..f  th.; Utters ..f  Plli.y, 
Cesar's  Comm..nt..rl..s,  ami  Vltruvl.is  He  ;  »"I'I«»;:''  " 
have  deslglu'il  the  fam..u»  WglaiM  Cons  glU.  i.t  "^  er  .•  - 
ilc collecte,!  ab...il 2..HK)  Latin  inscrlp   ..n»  in  a  » .,,  k  »  hi  I 

he  dedlcatc.l  to  Lorenzo  the  MagnltKen  .  In  '  ""»  "'. 
h^lllt  the  Pont  Notre-llamean.lthc.l.l  I"''''"' "  '^"  'l^'^ 
deslV.mntcB.     He  went  t..  lt.im.'  and  ma.le  a  design  for  St, 

mel  "whl,:b  is  pre«.'rv..l  In  the  l''"-^' "'  1"",",5?;„  A  n 
rcturnc.l  I..  Venice  In, l.MKI,  and  connected  hlinBclf  with  the 

work  of  the  Al.llne  Academy. 

Gioia  ( i.Vvii),  Flavio.     B..rn  at  Pasitauo,  near 

Anmlli;  iiv.'.l  .'nrlyin   th.'  14lh  cnlur)-.     An 

Italian  mivigul.ir,  in.'orr.'ctly  regarded  ns  the 

invi'iilor  of  II impass. 

Gioja,  Melchiorre.    Born  at  ■P>»<'P"''"-  "a'y; 

Sept.  20,  1767:  died  at  Milan,  Jan.  2, 1829.  An 
Italian  political  economist  an.l  philosophical 


Gipsies 

writer.    Among  his  works  are  "Nuovo  nn.spetto  delle 
sidenze  economiclie  "  (1815-19),  "  FUosoha  deUa  sUtistlca 
(lb-20),  etc. 

Gioia  (or  Gioia)  del  (or  dal)  CoUe  (kol  le).  A 

town  in  the  province  of  Ban,  Italy,  24  miles 
south  of  Ban.     ropulation  (1881),  17.010. 
Giordani  (.ior-da'ne),  Pietro.  Born  at  i;>";„euza, 
.Ian    1,  1774:  died  at  Parma,  Sept.  14,  1848.   Aa 
Italian  Benedictine  monk  and  littZ-rateur,  pro- 
fessor (1800-15)  of  Eatiii  and  Italian  rhetoric  at 
the  University  of  Bologna. 
Giordano  (ior-.lii'no),  Luca.     Born  at  Naples, 
l(,;i2:   di.'.l  at  Napl.'s,  Jan.,  1705.     An  Italian 
painter:  lor  his  swiftness  ot  execution  he  ru- 
i-.'ive.i  the  name  of  Fa-Presto. 
Giorgio  ( jor'jo),  Francesco  di.    Bora  at  Siena, 
1439:  died  there,  1502.     An  ItaUan   architect, 
eii'i-ineer.  sculptor,  painter,  and  bronze-caster. 
He'~dcvole<l  himself  principally  to  military  architecture 
ami  e.igimeiing.  and  attained  such  celebrity  that  his  eer- 
V  CCS  were  co„:ianlly  s.dicited  .>f  the  menese  republic  by 
the  lords  of  the  great  Italia.,  cities.     His  chief  employer 
was  the  Duke  of  I  rbi.io.     A  series  of  72  bas-reliefs  ma.le 
upofmilita.y  machines  arms,  andtrophies^ivhichhesc-ulp. 
tired  f..r  the  fa<,a.lc  ..(  bis  palace,  may  stl  1  be  seen  at  I  r- 
bino     In  no:)  be  was  elected  to  the  magis  i-acy  of  .sieia. 
At  this  time  be  .....deled  a..d  cast  two  of  the  tabernacles 
above  the  high  altar  of  the  H.iomo. 

Giorgione  (jor-.i6'ne),Il  (Giorgio  Barbarelli). 

B.,rii  at  Castelfranco  about  14/ 1  :  .lie.l  ol   the 
l.la.'ue  at  V'enice  in  1511.     A  Venetian  painter. 
He  was  apupil  of  Uiovanni  Bellini.  , He  was  famous  as  a 
"lorist  aiul  was  reckoned  the  most  brdliant  of  his  school 
and  generation.     Df  the  numerous  pictures  attributed  to 
bin.  in  the  vari..us  gaUeries  of  Europe,  there  is  "nlj'  ou«-;"f 
whi.h  lb.-  a.ilbo.ship  rests  on  secure  evidei.ce.    Ihls  is 
the  Ma.l......u  a..d  Child  enthroned,  with  St.  Irancis  and 

St   ribcrali^....  the  two  sides  of  the  pedestal  on  which  she 

sits.  It  is  in  tl..>  eh.ncb  of  his  birthplace.  ,.<«'''>-■  P'";; 
lures  attribnle.1  to  .;io.-i;ione,  "The  Concert  (in  the  1  ittl 
(iaHeiT)  ••The  Knight  of  Midta"  (in  the  Ulhzi),  an.  the 
".ludgnient  of  Solomon  "  (VlBzi)  are  among  the  most  im- 
portant. 

Giotto  (jot 'to),  or  Giotto  di  Bondone.    B.)m 

al  Vespignano,  near  Florence,  12.6 :  .lie.l  at 
Florence,  Jan.  8.  1337.  A  celebrated  Italian 
i.ainter,  architect,  ami  sculptor.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  peasiuit.  He  became  the  pupil  of  Clmabue,  and  was 
the  l.eail  at  I'lorence  .)f  a  celebrated  school  .>f  painters. 
Ill  lIBl  (liotto  was  appoi.ite.l  chief  master  ..f  the  works  on 
the  1 1,1. .at  Florence,  the  city  lortitlcations,  and  all  pub- 
lic arcliitcetural  undertakings.  He  designed  the  favade 
of  the  Duomo,  which  was  not  finished,  and  built  the  la- 
mous  Cimpanile.  His  works  include  '28  frescos  in  the 
aisle  of  the  upper  church  of  S.  Iraneesco  d  Assisl,  under 
those  by  Cunabue ;  the  frescos  on  the  ceilings  of  the 
lower  church  of  S.  Francesco  d'Assisi,  and  an  ^tarpleee 
(a.cording  to  Vasari  the  most  completely  execute.1  of  .01 
his  works) ;  :i8  frescos  in  the  Oapella  dell  Are.ia  at  I  adua  . 
the  frescos  of  four  chapels  In  .Santa  Croce.  tlorence,  two 
of  which  have  been  destroyed  :  a  very  small  number  ol 
genuine  panel-pictures  in  St.  Peters,  in  Santa  •■j--«e,  n 
the  Aceailemia  at  Florence,  in  Hie  Louvre,  at  Sl.inlch.aiia 
in  the  Berlin  Museum  ;  a  "  Madonna  with  Augels  (Acea. 
demia,  Florence) ;  •  •  Two  Apostles '  ( N :it lo..al . .alle.^..  Lon- 
don)' .ind  "St.  Francis  receiving  the  sliemata  (in  the 
l.onvre).  In  the  frescos  ..f  the  Bnrgello,  Florence,  are  tlia 
well  know.,  po.  trails  ..f  Dante. 

Giovanni,  Don.    Lit..  -Johu.']    See  Don  Gio- 

Giovanni,  Ser.    See  recoroiw.Jl. 

Giovanni  da  Fiesole.    See  Fiesole,  Giofaniit 

Imldini  (III.  „  , 

Giovanni  di  Bologna.  See  John  of  liologna. 
Giovinazzo  f.i.".-v.>-niit'so),  or  Qiovenazzo  (j<>- 

v.'-niit'sO).  A  s.'ap..rl  in  lb.'  province  ..I  Ban. 
Italy,  on  th.'  A.lrialic  S.'ii  12  miles  northw.'st 
of  Bari.     Population.  9.797. 

Giovio  (jo've-6),  Paolo,  Latmi/..'.!  Paulus  JO- 
VViS  Born  at  ( 'omo,  Italy.  April  19.  14,S3 :  died 
al  Florem-e,  D.'c  11,  15.5'2.  A  ii.d.'.l  Italian  his- 
torian. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works,  .'t  "hlcli 
the  most  imp.)rta.it  Is  "  Historlarnm  sill  temiKiris  Itbrl 
xlv."  ("  History  .«f  his  ..wn  limes, '  ir.f.0-62). 

Gippsland  (gips'h.n.l).  A  region  in  southeast- 
.rn  Vi.'l.iria.  Australia. 

Gipsies  (jip'siz)-    [<^"g-  -fc';/.'//"'<"'---.  V'*?'  '"^'" 

,mns,  Ciimies.  the  Oipsies  being  p.ipiilarly  sup- 
posed to  be  Egyptians.]    A  i.eculiar  vagabond 
race  whi.'h  app.'iire.l  in  Enghiii.l  l.)r  the  lirst 
time  ab.iut   the  beginning  of  the  ItUh  century, 
an.l  in  eastern  Europ.'  at  least  two  centuries 
.'iirlier,  an.l  is  n.iw  fouii.l  in  every  country  or 
Europe,  as  w.'ll  as  in  parts  of  Asia.  Alrica.  and 
Am.'rica.     The  (iipsles  are  dl«tl..g.ii»halde  from  the 
,,'  pies  aino..g  wh.,m  they  i-ove  by  th.  lrI....llly..ppe..n.n.o 
!,'ml'l,y  their  languag.'.  ,  Their  '>'""»  "r;;  »-;;";^^ >,«'*• 
lllh.'.  ami  agile  ;  skin  of  a  tawny  cob.r  ;  .'.\e»  large,    .lack, 
,!   i,ri,lla.d  ;  hulr  h.ng  co..l  black,  "!;;  ''"^.rSXi 
mo.lth  well  shaped  ;  and  t<'elh  very  while.     Ltlin.d,.gl»  8 
«.  cr  llv  co..c.ir  i.i  reganlh.g  the  .ilpsl.-s  as  .le»ecn.l..,.ls 
J  "on. e  ..bsc.lre  Hindu  tribe.     'Ih.'y  I.un...e  v.u- ...is  no. 
.1  I     .cc.patl.H.s,  being  linkers,  basket-makers,  f,,r  line- 
I.- II  rs  .balers  I..  h...s.s,ele.;  are  often  expert  innslelan.. 
,    I  „r.'    r.'  lltV.l  with  thievish  pr..p.'...ltte-     Th.  y  appear 
,  1.,.  destll.ite  of  «..v  svslcm  ..f  rellgl....,  but  traces  ..f  vn- 
rlo  1-     rm    .11  paga'd""'  "e  f,.u...l  In  their  langu.g.'  .....I 
e.istonis      •rhel.a...e.ilp«v  l»  ids..  s.nn,.llme»  apph.'.I  toor 
Bssume.i  by  other  vagrants  of  like  liablta. 


Gipsy's  Warning,  The 

Gipsy's  Warning,  The.  An  opera  by  Sir  Julius 
Benedict,  with  words  by  Linley  and  Peake.  It 
was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  April  19,  1838. 

Giralda  ( ji-ral'dii).  An  opera  by  A.  Adam,  with 
words  by  Scribe.  It  was  produced  in  1850,  and  adapted 
for  the  English  stage  as  a  play  by  Mrs.  Davidson. 

Giralda  (He-ral'da).  [Sp.,  a  weather-vane  in 
the  form  of  a  statue.]  The  bell-tower  of  the 
cathedral  at  Seville,  Spain :  so  called  from  the 
figure  of  Faith  which  forms  the  weather-vane 
upon  its  summit.  To  the  height  of  260  feet  the  tower 
is  Moorish,  with  rich  windows  and  surface-decoration  ;  the 
oniate  belfry,  100  feet  high,  in  recessed  stages,  above  this, 
was  built  in  15fi8.  The  tower  is  5IJ  feet  square  at  the  base. 
The  tower  of  the  Madison  Square  Garden  in  New  York 
city  is.  in  general,  a  copy  of  it, 

Giraldi  (je-ral'de).  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  Cintio  or  Cinthio.  Bo™  at  Ferrara, 
Italy,  Nov.,  1504:  died  at  Ferrara,  Dec.  30, 
1573.  An  eminent  Italian  novelist  and  tragic 
poet,  professor  (1525)  of  medicine  and  philoso- 
phy and  later  (1537)  of  belles-lettres  at  the 
University  of  Ferrara.  For  several  years  after  1560 
he  taught  at  Jlondovi.  He  published  "Orbecche"  (1641) 
and  other  tragedies,  "Gli  Hecatoniraithi  "  ("A  Hundred 
Tales.  16(j6),  etc.  Two  of  Shakspere's  plays,  as  well  as  a 
number  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's,  are  indebted  to  him 
for  their  plots. 

Giraldi,  Lilio  GregoriO.  Born  at  Ferrara,  Italy, 
June  13,  1479:  died  at  Ferrara,  Feb.,  1552.  An 
Italian  arehseologist  and  poet,  author  of  "His- 
toria  lie  diis  trentium,"  etc. 

GiraldusCambrensis(ji-ral'duskam-bren'sis), 
or  Gerald  de  Barry  (or  Barri).  Born  near 
Pembroke,  Wales,  probably  in  1146:  died  prob- 
ably in  1220.  A  British  historian  and  ecclesi- 
astic. He  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Henry  II.  in  1184, 
and  accompanied  Prince  John  in  his  expedition  to  Ireland. 
In  1198  he  was  elected  bishop  of  St,  David's,  but  failed  to 
receive  the  papal  confirmation.  His  chief  work  is  "Itin- 
erarium  Cambrise."  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that 
by  Brewer  and  Dimoek  in  the  Rolls  Series  (1861-77). 

Girard  (zhe-rar'),  Firmin.  Born  at  Poncin, 
Ain,  May  31,  183S.  A  French  genre  painter. 
He  studie'd  with  Gleyre.  Among  his  works  are  "  Apr^-s 
le  bal "  (1863),  "  Le  ^iritiri  "  (1872),  "  Le  quai  aux  fleurs  " 
(1876),  "Allantau  marche "  (1881),  "La promenade "(1889). 

Girard,  Paul  Albert.  Born  at  Paiis,  Sept.  13, 
1839.  A  French  landscape-painter.  He  gained 
the  grand  pri.x  de  Rome  in  1861. 

Girard,  Philippe  Henri  de.  Born  at  Lourmarin, 
Vaucluse,  France,  Feb.  1,  1775:  died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  26,  1845.  A  noted  French  mechanician. 
His  chief  invention  is  a  flax-spinning  machine 
(1810). 

Girard,  Pierre  Simon.  Born  at  Caen,  France, 
Nov.  4,  1765 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  30,  1836.     A 

•French  engineer. 

Girard  (ji-rard'),  Stephen.  Born  near  Bordeaux, 
France,  May  24,  1750:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Dee.  26,  1831.  An  American  merchant,  banker, 
and  philanthropist,  founder  of  Girard  College 
(which  see). 

Girard  College.  A  college  for  the  education 
of  poor  white  male  orphans,^  founded  in  Phila- 
delphia by  the  will  of  Stephen  Girard.  The  chief 
building  (Grecian  style)  was  begun  in  1833,  and  the  col- 
lege was  opened  in  1848.  By  the  direction  of  the  founder 
"no  ecclesiastic,  missionary,  or  minister  of  any  sect  what- 
ever" is  permitted  to  "hold  or  exercise  any  station  or 
duty  "  in  the  college,  or  to  be  admitted  as  a  visitor  within 
the  premises.  _ 

Girardin  (zhe-rar-dan'),  Emile  de.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  22, 1806:  died  there,  April  27, 1881. 
A  French  journalist  and  economist,  natural  son 
of  Count  Alexandre  de  Girardin.  He  was  editor  of 
"La  Presse"  1836-56  and  1862-«6,  of  "La  LibertfS "  1866-70, 
and  of  "  La  France  "  after  1874.  Among  his  works  are 
"Etudes  politiques " (1838),  and  "La politique universelle, 
d^crets  de  I'avenir  "  (1862). 

Girardin,  Madnme  de  (Delphine  Gay):  pseu- 
donym vicomte  Charles  de  Launay.  Born 
at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Prussia,  Jan.  26, 1804:  died 
at  Paris,  June  29,  1855.  A  French  writer, 
daughter  of  Madame  Sophie  Gay,  and  wife 
(1S31)  of  fimile  de  Girardin.  She  was  the  author 
of  novels,  comedies,  poems,  and  "Lettres  parisiennes" 
(contributed  to  "La  Presse"  1836-48). 

Girardin,  Jean  Pierre  Louis.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  16,  1803:  died  at  Rouen,  May  24,  1884.  A 
French  chemist.  He  became  professor  of  applied  chem- 
istry at  Rouen  in  1828,  and  at  Lille  in  1858,  and  rector  of 
the  academy  at  Clermont-Ferrand  in  1868.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  labors  in  agricultural  chemistry. 

Girardin,  Marc.     See  Saiut-ilarc  Girardin. 

Girardon  (zhe-rar-don'),  Frangois.  Bom  at 
Troyes,  France,  about  1630 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
1,  1715.  A  French  sculptor.  He  came  under  the 
patronage  of  Chancellor  Siguier ;  studied  in  Italy ;  and 
returned  to  Paris  in  1652,  where  he  owed  his  success  to 
Lebrun.  His  principal  works  are  the  "Bain  d'ApoUon" 
and  "Rape  of  Proserpine"  at  Versailles,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  mausoleum  of  Richelieu  at  the 
Sorhonne,  the  tomb  of  his  own  wife  at  Saint- Landri,  and 
the  decoration  of  the  Porte  St. -Denis. 


440 

Girart  de  Rossilho.  An  old  Provencal  epic  be- 
longing to  the  Carlovingian  cycle.  It  is  written 
in  the  most  northern  of  the  southern  dialects. 
Saiiitsburi/. 

Giraud  (zhe-r6'),  Pierre  Frangois  Eugene. 

Boru  at  Paris,  Aug.  9,  1S06:  died  there,  Dec. 
29, 1881.  A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts.  He  studied  in  Italy,  and  later  traveled 
in  Spain  and  the  East.  The  subjects  of  his  principal  works 
are  historical  and  Oriental. 

Giraud,  Sebastien  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18,  1819 :  died  there,  1892  (1886,  Vapereau).  A 
French  painter,  brother  of  P.  F.  E.  Giraud. 

Girbaden  (gir'ba-den).  Castle  of.  An  impos- 
ing ruin  with  a  massive  square  donjon,  near 
Grendelbruch,  ia  Lower  Alsace,  said  once  to 
have  possessed  14  gates  and  14  courts.  The  inner 
fortress  is  of  the  10th  centurj-,  the  outer  castle  of  the  early 
13th.  Tile  j:reat  hall  has  fine  windows  framed  between 
clustered  coli.iinettes. 

Girgashites  ( ger'ga-shits).    See  the  extract. 

As  for  the  Girgashite  who  is  coupled  with  the  Jebusite 
(Gen.  XV.  21),  his  place  has  been  already  fixed  by  the  eth- 
nographical table  of  Genesis,  He  there  appears  between 
the  -Amorite  and  the  Hivite,  and  consequently  in  that 
northern  part  of  the  country  in  which  the  Hivites  were 
more  especially  found.  Further  than  this  conjecture  alone 
can  lead  us.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T. ,  p,  122. 

Girgeh  (jer'je).  1.  A  province  of  Upper  Egypt. 
—  2.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Girgeh,  situated 
on  the  Nile  in  lat.  26°  18'  N.  Population  (1882), 
14,819. 

Girgenti  ( jer-jen'te).  A pro'vince  in  southwest- 
ern Sicilv.  Ai'ea.  1.172  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  337,983. 

Girgenti.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gir- 
genti, Sicilv,  situated  on  the  Girgenti,  near  the 
coast,  in  lat.  37°  18'  N.,  long.  13°  34'  E. :  the 
ancient  Roman  Agrigentum  and  the  Greek  Ak- 
ragas.  Hee  Af/rigeiitiiiii.  The  site  is  of  high  archwo- 
logical  interest  from  its  abundant  remains  of  Doric  temples 
and  other  Greek  structures  dating  from  before  the  Cartha- 
ginian conquest.  All  the  temples  belong  to  the  finest  period 
of  architecture.  The  so-called  temple  of  Concord  is  one  of 
the  most  perfect  surviving  monuments  of  Hellenic  anti- 
quity. It  is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  13  columns,  on  a  stylo- 
bate  of  3  steps,  measuring  (steps  included)  64^  by  138  feet. 
The  base  di.ameter  of  the  columns  is  4{r,  feet,  their  heifjcht 
22Y'fl.  There  are  two  columns  in  antis  in  both  pronaos  and 
opisthodomos.  It  stands  practically  complete,  except  the 
roof,  and  is  most  imposing  in  effect.  The  temple  of  Hera 
Lacinia,  of  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  c,  is  now  a 
ruin.  It  is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  13  columns,  measuring 
(steps  included)  64  by  138  feet.  The  base  diameter  of  the 
columns  is  4}  feet,  their  height  21.  The  cella  had  two 
columns  in  antis  in  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos,  and 
retains  a  portion  of  the  base  of  the  cult  statue.  The  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  is  a  very  large  5th-century  Greek 
Doric  temple  of  unusual  plan.  It  was  pseudoperipteral, 
with  7  engaged  columns  on  the  fronts  and  14  on  the  flanks, 
and  measiu-ed  360  feet  in  length,  180  in  width,  and  120  in 
height.  The  interior  of  the  cella  was  surrounded  with  pilas- 
ters supporting  an  epistyle,  upon  which  stood  telamones  to 
receive  the  ceiling-beams.  There  was  a  pronaos  and  an 
opisthodomos,  lighted  by  windows  between  the  semi-col- 
umns. In  the  eastern  pediment  there  was  a  gigantomachy 
in  high  relief,  in  the  western  an  Hiupersis,  The  temple 
of  Castor  and  Pollux  is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  13  col- 
umns, measuring  (steps  included)  51  by  llli  feet.  The 
base  diameter  of  the  columns  is Sj^f,  feet,  their  height  21-^,^. 
Only  four  columns  of  the  northwest  angle  are  standing, 
with  their  entablature  and  a  portion  of  the  pediment.  The 
rough  stone  has  a  coating  of  fine  stucco,  upon  which  the 
painted  decoration  was  executed.  The  temple  of  Heracles  is 
a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  15  columns,  measuring  (steps  in- 
cluded) 73j  by  241  feet.  The  columns  were  about  33  fe^ 
lligh  (4^  diameters).  There  were  inner  porticos  before 
both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  Fragments  of  its  poly- 
chrome decoration  are  preserved  at  Palermo.  The  pretor 
Verres  attempted  to  steal  its  cult  statue,  but  was  forcibly 
hindered  by  the  citizens.  The  city  has  a  cathedral  and  a 
museum.  It  was  for  a  time  a  Saracen  possession,  and  was 
a  rich  l)ishopric  in  the  middle  ages.  Its  seaport,  Porto 
Empedocle.  has  a  large  export  of  sulphur.  Population 
(estimated,  1891),  24,000. 

Girnar  (gir-nilr').  A  moimtain  in  the  penin- 
siUa  of  Kathiawar,  India,  near  Junagadh,  fa- 
mous for  its  Jain  temples.     Height,  3.666  feet. 

Girodet  Trioson  (zhe-ro-da'  tre-o-zoii'),  Anne 
Louis  (originally  Girodet  de  Eoussy).  Born 
at  Montargis,  France,  Jan.  5,  1767:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  19,  1824.  A  French  painter,  a  pu- 
pil of  L.  David.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1789.  Among  hisbest  worksare  "  Sc^ne  du  df^luge  "  (IsOC), 
"Burial  of  Atala"(180S),  etc.  He  was  adopted  by  a  physi- 
cian named  Trioson. 

Giromagny  (zhe-ro-man-ye').  A  town  in  the 
territory  of  Belfort,  France,  on  the  Savoureuse 
8  miles  north  of  Belfort.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Giron  (ne-ron').  Francisco  Hernandez.  Born 
at  Caceres,  Estremadura.  about  1505:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  Dec.  7,  1554.  A  Spanish  adven- 
turer. He  went  to  America  in  1635,  took  part  in  the  con- 
quest of  New  Granada,  and  fought  on  the  royal  side  in 
Peru  during  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  1545  to  1548. 
On  Nov.  12,  1563,  he  headed  a  revolt  at  Cuzeo ;  defeated 
the  royalists  under  Alonso  de  Alvarado  at  the  battle  of 
Chuquingua.  May  21,  l.'>54 ;  but  later  he  was  outnumbered, 
captured,  and  beheaded. 


Giudici 

Gironde(ji-rond';  F.  pron.zhe-rond').  1.  The 
river  Garonne  (which  see)  after  its  union  with 
the  Dordogne.  Length,  about  45  miles. — 2.  A 
department  of  southwestern  France,  capital 
Bordeaux:  part  of  the  ancient  Guienne.  itu 
bounded  by  Charente-Inf^rieure  on  the  north,  Dordo^e 
and  Lot-et-Garonneon  the  east,  Landes  on  the  south,  and 
the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally 
leveL  Gironde  is  noted  for  the  production  of  claret  wines. 
Area,  3,761  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  793,528. 

Girondins  (ji-ron'dinz).     Same  as  Girondists. 

Girondists  (ji-ron'dists).  [From  F.  Girondistc, 
from  Gironde,  a  party  so  called  :  prop,  a  depart- 
ment of  France  from  which  the  original  leaders 
of  this  party  came.]  An  important  political 
party  during  the  first  French  Revolution.  From 
Brissot,  they  were  sometimes  called  Brissotins,  They  were 
moderate  Republicans,  were  the  ruling  party  in  1792,  and 
were  overthrown  by  their  opponents  in  the  Convention, 
the  Montagnards.  in  1793  ;  and  many  of  their  chiefs  were 
executed  during  the  night  of  Oct.  30-31  of  that  year,  in- 
cluding Brissot,  Gensonn^,  Vergniaud.  Ducos,  and  Sillery. 
Other  executions  followed  both  at  Paris  and  in  the  prov- 
inces. 

Giron  le  Courtois  (zhe-r6n'  le  kor-twa').  See 
the  extract. 

The  original  story,  together  with  the  Meliadus,  formed 
part  of  the  great  romance  Palamedes  (or,  as  il.  Paulin 
Paris  prefers  to  call  the  whole,  Giron  le  Courtois,  this  per- 
sonage being  the  chief  hero  tliroughout),  written  by  £lie 
de  Borron,  who  was  alive  in  the  twelfth  century,  probably 
about  one  hundred  years  before  Rusticien,  whose  compo- 
sition is  the  basis  of  the  work  as  printed. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict,,  I.  233,  note. 

Girouettes  (zhe-ro-et'),Les.  [F.,'TheWeather- 
cocks.']  A  name  given  in  the  "  Dictionnaire 
des  Girouettes,"  published  in  Paris  in  1815,  to 
those  who  had  deserted  the  tricolor  for  the 
white  flag  of  the  Bourbons  after  the  fall  of  Na- 
poleon.or  vice  versa.  After  each  name  was  engraved 
one  or  more  weathercocks,  showing  the  number  of  times 
the  subject  of  the  article  had  changed  sides.    Larousse. 

Girtin  (ger'tin),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Southwark, 
Surrey,  1775:  died  at  London,  1802.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  "next  in  importance  to 
Turner."  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  English 
water-color  school.  Among  his  works  are  "Melrose  Ab- 
bey," "York  Cathedral,"  "Interior  of  Canterburj' Cathe- 
dral," and  others  in  the  British  Museum,  "Jedburgh 
Abbey,"  "St.  Asaph"  (Dublin  Nation.al  Galler)-),  "RIe- 
vaulx  Abbey,"  "  View  on  the  Tliames,"  and  others  (South 
Kensington  Museum). 

Girton  College  (ger'ton  kol'ej).  A  college  at 
Girton,  near  Cambridge,  England,  founded  in 
1869  for  the  education  of  women,  its  students  are 
admitted  to  examinations  for  the  B.  A.  degree  in  Cam- 
bridge University,  and  receive  certificates  indicating  their 
place  in  the  class-lists. 

Gir'yan  (ger'van).  A  seaport  on  the  coast  of 
Avrshire,  Scotland,  17  miles  south-southwest 
of  Ayr.     Population  (1891),  4,081. 

Gisdhubar.     See  I::duhar. 

Giskra  (gisk'ra),Karl.  Born  at  Mahrisch-Trii- 
bau,  Moravia.  Jan.  29,  1820 :  died  at  Baden, 
Lower  Austria,  June  1,  1879.  An  Austrian 
statesman,  in  1846  he  was  appointed  to  a  tutorship  at 
the  University  of  Vienna.  He  sympathized  with  the  revo- 
lutionary movement  of  March,  1S48,  and  organized  the 
academic  legion.  He  lived  for  a  time  in  Wiirtemberg  and 
Russia,  and  returned  to  Austria  in  1850 ;  became  an  advo- 
cate at  Brunn  in  1860 ;  became  mayor  of  Brunn  1866;  and 
was  minister  of  the  interior  1868-70. 

Gislason  (gis'la-son),  Konrad.  Born  Julv  3, 
1808:  diedJan.  4,  1891.  An  Icelandic  philol- 
ogist, professorattheUniversity  of  Copenhagen 
1862-86.  His  chief  work  is  a  Danish-Icelandic 
dictionary  (1851). 

Gisors  (zhe-zor').  A  town  jn  the  department  of 
Eure,  France,  on  the  Epte  32  miles  east-south- 
east of  Rouen,  it  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Nor- 
man Vexin.  The  castle  was  one  of  the  great  bulwarks  of 
ducal  Normandy.  The  inclosure  of  walls  and  towers  is 
of  great  extent,  and  in  the  middle  rises  the  huge  octagonal 
keep-  It  is  an  exceedingly  picturesque  ruin,  framed  in 
trees  and  ivy.   Population  (1891),  commune,  4,462. 

Gita  (ge'ta).     The  Bhagavadgita  (which  see). 

Gitag0'7inda(ge-ta-g6-vin'da).  [Skt.]  A  lyrical 
jioem  by  Jayadeva  on  the  early  life  of  Krishna 
as  a  cowherd  {tjoviiida,  'finder  of  cows').  It 
sings  the  loves  of  Ivrishna  and  Radha  and  other  of  the 
cowherd  damsels,  but  a  mystical  interpretation  has  been 
put  upon  it.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  written  in  the 
12th  or  13th  century. 

Gitschin  (gieh'iu).  A  tovm  in  Bohemia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Cydlina  48  miles 
northeast  of  Pi*ague,  VVallenstein  made  it  the  capi- 
tal of  the  duchy  of  Friedland  in  1627.  It  was  the  scene  ol 
a  victory  of  the  Prussians  over  the  Austrians,  June  29, 1866. 
I'opulation  (18901,  8,457. 

Gittites  (git'its).  The  niitives  or  inhabitants 
of  Gath  (which  see). 

Giudici  (jo'de-che),  Paolo  Emiliani.  Bom  at 
Mussomeli,  Sicily,  June  13,  1812 :  died  at  Tun- 
bridge,  England,"  Sept.  8, 1872.  An  Italian  his- 
torian of  literature.  He  wTote  " Storia  della lettera. 
tura  italiima  "  (1855X  "  Storia  del  comuni  italiani "  (1851), 
etc. 


Giuglini 

Giuelini  (iol-ye'ne),  Antonio.  Born  at  Fano, 
ItXiu  1827  :  died  at  Pes.iro.  Oot.  12. 1865  An 
Italian  tenor  singer.  He  first  appeared  in  Eng- 
land 18.57.  „  . 

Oiuliani  (jO-le-a'ne).  Giambattista.  Born  at 
Canelli.  near  Asti.  Juiie  4.  1818 :  died  at  Flor- 
ence, Jan.  11,  1884.  Au  Italian  philologist, 
noted  as  a  student  of  Daute.  He  was  successively 
nrofessor  of  mathematics  at  the  Clementine  College  at 
Rome  (1837),  of  philosophy  at  the  Lyceum  at  Lugano 
Sx  of  rhetoric  at  the  University  of  Genoa  (1W8),  and  of 
Italian  literature,  particularly  of  the  works  of  Dante,  at 
Florence  (1800).     His  works  on  Dante  are  numerous. 

Giulio  Romano  (jo'le-o  rO-ma'no),  properly 
Giulio  di  Pietro  di  FiUppo  (.jo'le-o  depp-a- 

tro  <le  fe-lep'po)  (eontraeted  to  Pippi)  de   Ul- 
annuzzi.     Born  at  Kome,  1492:  died  at  Man- 
tua, Italy,  Nov,  1,  1.546.  An  Italian  painter  an. 
architect,  pupil  of  Raphael.     Araoua:  his  noted 
works  is  tlie  "Fall  of  the  Titans  "  ( Mantua). 

Giunta  Pisano  ( jou'tii  pe-sii'n6).  Lived  uitho 
first  half  of  the  13th  century.  An  Italian  painter. 

GiuramentO  ( j6  -  rii  -  men '  to),  II.  [It, ,  '  The 
Oatli  ']  An  opera  bv  Mereadaute,  witli  woiils 
bv  Kossi  from  Victor  Hugo's  "  Angelo,"_  It  was 
pi-oduced  at  Milan  in  1837,  at  London  in  1840, 
and  at  Paris  in  1858,  , 

Giurgevo  (jor-ia'vo).  Rumanian  GlUTglU  (,lor  - 
id).  A  town  in  Wallachia.  Rumania,  situated 
on  the  Danube,  opposite  Rustchuk,  38  miles 
south-southwest  of  Bukharest.  It  is  the  port  of 
Bnkliarest,  the  chief  commercial  place  in  Rumania,  and 
was  the  scene  of  many  contests  in  the  Turkish  wars  It 
was  founded  by  the  Genoese  in  the  14th  century,  1  opu- 
lation  (1889-90),  l-2,5:.9, 

Giusti  (iiis'tel,  Giuseppe.  Born  atMonsum- 
mano,  near  Pistoja.  Italy.  May  13,  1809:  died 
at  Florence.  March  31, 1850.  An  Italian  satiri- 
cal poet.     His  complete  works  were  published 

Giustiniani  (jos-te-ne-ii'ne),  Agostino  Panta- 
leone.  Born  at  Genoa,  14iO :  lost  at  sea,  la3(.. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  philologist.  Ho  pub- 
lished a  polvglot  edition  of  the  Psalter  m  loK), 

Givet  (zho-va').  A  fortified  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on^tlio 
Mcuse,  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  in  lat.  1)0  h  >., 
Ion"  4° 49'  E,  The  citadel  of  Charlemont  wasfounded 
hy  the  emperor  Charles  V,  1555,  Population  (1891),  com- 
niuiic,  T,083,  ,        ,  ,  t 

Givors  (zhe-vor').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Gier  with  the  Rhone,  14  miles  south  of 

gSov  Ghizeh  (gf=^%)v  lv^P^°^jJ''^Tl?f 
E"vi>t,  situated  south  of  the  Delta.— 2.  ilie 
capi' al  of  the  province  of  Gizeh.  situated  on 
the  Nile  about  3  miles  west-southwest  otC  airo 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  pyramids  of  Khnfu,  Khafra,  and 
Men  Ija-ri  It  now  contains  the  lluseum  o  Egyptian  An- 
rwnities™Eormerly  at  Bulak.    .See  Pyramids  and  Sp/a«x. 

fiizziello  (iet-se-el'lo),  GioaccMno  Contl, 
c^U.  d.  Born  at  Naples,  Feb.  28.  1714:  died  at 
Rome,  Oct.  25,  1761.  A  noted  Italian  soprano 
sinsrer.  He  made  his  di-but  at  Rome  at  the  age  o_f  Hftccn. 
In  1738  he  sang  in  London  witli  great  success  l"}'?^-'''^' 
*inKiiiK  much  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  he  left  the  stage, 

Giallar  (y ill '  la'')  •  I"  Scandinavian  mythology, 
tlw,  horn  of  Heimdall.  He  blows  it  to  vyarn  t^o 
gods  when  any  one  approaches  the  bridge  Jii- 

Glaber  (glii'ber),  Rudolphe  or  Raoul.   Bied  at 


441 


llio "monastery  of  rilnn' al  .out  Id.-.o.  A  Frencl 
ecclesiastic  who  Vrote  a  chronu-le  ot  events 
from  900  A.  I).  to  104(i.  The  llrst  piinlc.l  edition  of 
the  work  appeared  in  159U  in  Pitlu.us  ••  His'"""  *!»"™- 
rum  ••  It  contains  much  infor.nall....  concerning  tlic  .i- 
pXT.9l.cf..n-theirelev..ti.,nlothcKreuchl  ir....e.  O  ..her 
»','  the  a.ill.or  al..o  ot  a  li(c  ..f  Saint  William,  abtx.1  of 

Gl'adb'ach.'V.r  Bergisch-Gladbach  (berg'ish- 
glfid'biich).  A  t<rwn  in  the  Klmie  Province, 
Prussia.  8  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  1  opu- 
lalion  (ISOO),  9,.53S, 

Gladbach,  ..iMunchen-Gladbachdnun  chen- 

gUi.l'biLch).  A  f.wn  ill  tl..'  Hl.me  Province, 
Prussia,  15  mil.'S  west  of  Diisscl.li.rf.  It  is  one  ..f 
the  centers  for  the  nianutactnr.-  ot  cotton,  linen,  woolen, 
n.a.l.incv,  etc.     l-..pulati..i.  (ls9o),  40,«'iS. 

Gladiator  (gla.l'i-a-inr).  The.    A  melodrama 
bv  R.ilifrt  Moiitgnmery  Bir.l. 
Gladiator,  The  Fighting.  See  Borghese  Glad,- 

Gladiators,  War  of  the.    S';''  ■"'V:"''  "'"'': 
Gladstone  (gla.l'st.m ),  William Ewart.  H';>n 

at  Liverp....!,  I ).■.•■  29.  1809  ;  die.l  at  llawanlen 
Castle,  .Mav  19,  1898.  An  eminent  Urifish 
statesman,  linaii.'ier,  and  orator.  Both  his  pa- 
rents were  natives  ..(  Sc.tlan.l,  his  father,  S.r  J"  "■«'"'  ; 
stone,  Bart., ..  Liv..rp,.ol  merchant   \fw  .lescen.led  from 

an  old  Scottish  family  "»"""''""''*"',""  ,':,f,Vim.h 
stones').    He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Clirlst  t  hurch, 


Oxford,  graduating  in  1S31  with  highest  honors  both    n 
classics  and  mathematics  (a  double  ttrst-cUss)     He  w. is 
returned  to  Parlia.nent  i.:  1832,  in  the  hl-st  election  after 
Uie  pacing  of  the  Kef..r.n  Bill,  as  Tory  member  for  .New- 
ark,'.rpocket  boio.lgh  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.      His 
exceptiomU  iwliticl  abilities  were  at  once  rec-ognized  by 
his  party,  and  in  the  short-lived  administration  of  bir 
Robert  Picl  (Dec,  1(,34,-April,  18:15)  he  was  made  first  a 
fu"  ior  lord  of  the  treasury,  »nd  'he"  "»d<^'jf«'''-f,  ">',  ""^ 
the  colonies.    On  the  return  of  Peel  to  office  "'  Sept 
1S41    he  was  appointed  vice-president  of  the  Board  ol 
■tade  and  had  the  principal  share  in  working  .out  and 
evp.  u  ..li..S  tl"'  elaborate  scheme  of  tarltt  revision  that 
was  the.,  adopted.     I>i  .Tune,  1843,  he  became  pres"l™t 
of  the  l»ard  of  IVade,  with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet.    In  Jan., 
1845.  he  led  the  ministry  on  account  of  the  pruposed 
grant  to  tlie  Roman  Catholic  CoUege  .>f  Maynooth    he 
felt  that  he  coul.i  not  support  this  officially  because  it  was 
at  variance  with  opini..ns  he  had  published,  although  he 
now  could  a,.d  s..bse.,uently  did  support  it  as  a  private 
member.      The  Peel  mi..ist.y  w.is  reorganized  m   Dec 
1S45.  and  he  was  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  til  its 
fall  n  June,  1846.    Si.x  and  a  half  years  then  elapsed  be- 
fore  he  again  held  office,  and  during  that  period  (espe- 
ci.Uly  in  the  earlier  years  of  it)  he  was  gradually  borne 
along,  in  spite  of  his  native  Conserv-ative  instincs,  toward 
that   political  Liberalism  of  which  he  was  latterly    he 
most  Zispicuous  exponent.     In  Dec    1862   a  coalition 
ministry-  of  Whigs  and  Pcclites  was  formed  under  the 
Earl  of  "Aberdeen,  Gladstone  taking  what  appears  to  have 
been  his  strongest  rftle-that  of  •^J'^n'^f'!""'  "'  ViL?-!!; 
chequer.     He  hel.l  the  same  office  at  first  in  the  L  le.al 
ministry  of  Lord  Palmerston,  formed  Feb,,  1855,  but  re- 
tu-cd  with  the  other  Peelites  in  a  few  weeks.     During 
1858-59  he  was  sent  by  the  Conservative  ministry  on  a 
special  mission  as  lord  high  commissioner  «t'-->0'''">»';y 
to  the  Ionian  Islands.     From  June,  1859,  to  July  I860- "e 
was  again  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  under  Lp"!  P'J  ; 
merstSn  an.l  Earl  Russell,  and  after  Palmeij.to,,s  dcat 
he  was  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons     The  defeat  of 
a  reform  bill  which  he  introduced  brought  the  Tories  back 
to  power,  to  pass  themselves  an  importai.t  reform  mea- 
sure-  but  on  Dec    ;1.  1808    he  reached  the  highest  dig- 
nity 'attainable    by  a  British  subject- that   of    prime 
minister.    This  distinguished  position  he  occupied  no 
less  than  four  times-Dec,  1SC8,  «« J*''-  l".* ;  -Apn]. 
ISSO  10  June,  188.^;  Feb.  to  July,  1886;  and  Aug,,  1892, 
toliarch,  1894,  when  the  "Grand  Old  Man"  retired  from 
office  on  account  of  his  advanced  age  and  failing  physical 
powers.    Besides  being  prime  minister  and  first    ord  of 
the  treasury,  he  was  .ilso  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
during  his  first  administration  and  part  of  his  second, 
and  lord  pri^•y  se.al  during  his  third  and  fourth      The  his- 
torv  of  his  various  ministries  is  the  history  of  the  British 
empire  for  the  time.     One  ot  the  first  measmes  wneh  l.e 
carried  as  premier  was  the  disestablishment  ot  the  Irish 
rtinrch,  and  the  condition  of  Irela..,!  was  tl.r<,ugl.o..t  his 
leiders  lip  of   a  quarter  of  a  century  in  office  or    in 
o.  Sio     the  ol>  ect  of  his  peculiar  concern.     He  pre- 
pafed  and  introduced  (1886  an.ri89,'!)  two  hills  for  provi.  - 
i,ie  that  country  with  a  separate  legislature:  but  bolh 
were  defeated  (see  Home  Rule  BiU.).    With  the  exception 
of  about  a  yeir  and  a  half,  he  sat  continuously  in  the 
House  .'f   Commons   183-2-95,     He  retired   from   New- 
ark  in  Jan,,  1840,  because  his  views  had  diverged  from 
those  of  its  i.atron,  anil  subseiinently  represented  the 
r,Uvers  ty  .'f  '.lf,.r.l■(1^4T-06),  South  Lancashire(1805-«;.8) 
Creenwicli  (1868-80),  a..d  Midloth.an  (or  Edinburghshire) 
1880-94     He  is  understood  to  have  been  offered  a  peer- 
age on  more  than  one  occasion,  but  deeline.l  that  hon.>r, 
remaining  "  The  Great  Commoner."     Althonch  b.v  tar 
the  most  prominent  man   iu  the  politics  of  his  time, 
he  fo.ind  leisure  for  considerable  contr.liuti.ins  to  lit- 
erature.   His  puldications  include  "Tlie  State  in  its  Re- 
lations U,  the  Church"  (1838),  "  Letters  on  the  State  Perse- 
cutimis of  theNeapoIitanGovernment"(1851),  "Studies on 
Homer  a,.d  the  H.mieric  Age  "  (18.^-8),  "  Juventus  Mundi 
(1S69),  pamphlets  on  "The  Vatican  Decrees     (l)-,4,  18,5) 
and  "Bulgarian  Horrors"  (1876,    1877),  ■Homeric   Syn- 
chronism" (ls76),  "Gleanings  of  Past  Years  "(1879).  etc,  be- 
siiles  various  articles  in  magazines  and  reviews, 
Glaire  (glar),  Jean  Baptiste.     Born  at   Bor- 
deaux,   France,    A,.vil  1,  1798:    died  .at  Issy 
(Seine),  Feb.  25,  1879,      A  French  Orientalist 
and  theologian.    He  published  "Lexicon  ma- 
iiiinli-  n.-l.raicum  et  Cliahlaicum"  (ls30),  etc. 

Glais-Bizoin  (ghi'be-zwau' ), Alexandre.  Born 

at  (Juiiitiii,  C'('>tes-du-Nord.  Iian./.^',  March  J, 
1800:  died  at  Laml.alle.C6tes-du-Nord,Nov  0. 
1877  A  Fr.Mich  p(.litician,  opposition  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  D.-puties,  and  member  of  the 
Government  of  Xati..iial  Defense  18,0-(1. 
Glaisher  (ghi'sh.r),  James.  Born  April  7,1809: 
died  Feb.  7,  1903,  A  British  meteorologist  and 
aeronaut.  He  was  an  assistant  at  the  Cambridge  oh- 
servaUiry  ls:!:!-:i«,  and  director  of  the  ...agn.-iic  and  iiie- 
teorologlcal  work  at  (ireenwich  obse.->i.to.y  1810-74.  He 
f.,uiide.lthe  R..yal  Mctcrologicl  Sociel,  a...l  became  Its 
lll-stpresi.lenl  in  18B7.  He  made  many  ballo.in  ascensions, 
reaching  In  Is.l-2  the  height  of  37,0.«.  tcef.  His  works  n 
l^l.nl.  "Travels  i..  the  Air,"  ■'  F..elor TabU-s"(187i>-,»:i\  etc. 

Glaize  (gh'iz  k  Auguste  Barth61emy.    Born  at 

.M.iiifpelli.r,  l>.-i-.  15,  1-SII7:  .li.-d  i.f  I'nris,  Aug. 
8  1893.  A  French  i.aiiiter.  Among  his  works  are 
frosi-oa  in  the  clini.  hes  ..f  SI,  Slllplce,  St,  Jacques  illl  Haiit- 
Pa-<.  an.l  St.  Mi-.rl  at  rails.  ,,  ,  -r,     •     r-  \ 

Glaize,  Pierre  Paul  Ldon.  B..rn  nt  Paris, Feb, 

3  1S4'_',  A  FiM'ii.'h  |.i.int.-i-,  a  pupil  of  his  fa- 
tii.-r   ..\.  H,  (ilai/.'.  ai..l  ..fti.'-r.mie. 

Glammis  (ghim/.)  Castle     -^'VyiriVTri'  ,f 

near  Sirathmore,  Scotlaii.l,  seat  of  the  Earl  ..f 
Stralhm.ire,  It  is  associated  with  Shakspere  s 
"Ma.-befh."  ^  .      ro     .1 

Glamorgan  (gla-mfir'gan).  A  county  of  Soiilli 
W.l.s  Caiiital.CnrdilT.  It  Ubounded  by  Brecknock 
on  the  iiorth,  .Monmouth  on  the  east,  Bristol  channel  .... 


Glassites 

the  south,  and  Carmarthen  <.n  the  west.  It  has  important 
loal  and  iron  deposits,  .-Vrea,  b08  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  637,147, 

Glamorgan.  In  British  legend,  the  glen  of  Jlor- 
gan,  a  spot  in  Wales  where  Morgan,  the  grand- 
son of  Lear,  was  killed. 

Glamorgan  Treaty.  A  treaty  made  with  the 
Roman  Catholics  o(  Ireland  by  the  Earl  of  Gla- 
morgan (afterward  Marquis  of  Worcester),  act- 
ing (but  apparentlv  \Wthout  authority)  as  agent 
of  Charles  I..  Aug.  2.5, 1645.  It  made  important 
concessions  to  the  Roman  Catholics  in  return 
for  militarv  aid. 

Glanvill,  or  Glanvil  (glan'vil),  Joseph.    Bom 

atPl^^nouth,  ICi.^'land,  1036:  died  at  Bath,  hug- 
land,  Nov,,  lli80.  An  English  divine.  He  was 
a  voluminous  author.  His  best-known  work  is  "The  Van- 
ity ot  Dogmatizing  "  (1601 :  enlarged,  "  Scepsis  Scientiflca, 
100.')  In  this  he  is  thought  to  have  anticipated  the  electnc 
teleg.aiih  , and  Hume's  theory  of  causation. 

Glanville  (glan'vil).  Ranulf  de.    Died  1190. 

Chief  iusti.'inr  I.f  EiiL'h.iid,  He  w.as  sheriff  of  Vork- 
shire  11..!- 7.1-  ill  canu- sheriff  of  Lancashire  in  1173;  with 
Robert  Stuteville  di  feated  the  Scots  at  Alnwick  July  13, 
1174  ■  and  was  one  of  the  most  important  persons  in  the 
kingdom  during  the  remainder  of  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 
Glapthorne  (glap'thorn),  Henry.  Known  to 
have  written  between  1639  and  1642.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  Among  his  pLiys  are  "Argalus  and  Par- 
thenia  "  '■  Albertus  Wallenstein,"  and  "The  Ladles  Privi- 
lege "  "TheParaside.orKevengeforHoner  '  w:islicensed 
in  1653  as  by  Glapthorne.  It  was  printed  later  with  Chap- 
n.aiis  name  :  the  latter  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  but  it 
may  have  been  revised  by  Glapthorne.  _ 

Glareanus  (glii-ra-ii'nos),  originally  Heiniich 

Loriti.    Born  at  Mollis.  Switzerland.  1488:  died 
at  Freiburg,  1.563,     A  Swiss  humanist.    He  was 
crowned  poeflaureate  bv  the  emperor  Maximilian  in  1612, 
bei-ame  professor  of  belles-lettres  i.i  the  Cll.  ge  de  l-Yance 
in  15-'l  and  s.il.se.iuently  founded  a  school  for  belles- 
lettres  at  Freiburg  in  Breisgau,    He  favore.l  the  Refor- 
mation for  a  time,  but  was  induced  by  the  disturbances 
at  Basel  in  1529  to  withdraw  his  support.    He  published 
"De  geographia  liber"  (1,V27),  "Helvetia;  descriptio    (in 
verse),  numerous  studies  on  Latin  authors,  etc 
Glarner  Alps  (gUir'ner  alps).    A  mountainous 
group  in  the  cantons  of  Uri,  Glariis,  andGnsons. 
Switzerland, e.xtendingfromtheReuss  east  ward 
to  the  Rliine,     Its  highest  peak  is  the  Todi. 
Glarnisch  (glar'nish).     A  mountain  in  the  can- 
ton of  (ilarus,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Gla- 
rus.     Highest  point,  9.583  feet. 
Glarus  (gUi'ros).  or  Glaris  (glii-res').   A  canton 
of  Switzerland, bounded  by  St. -Gall  on  the  north 
and  east.  Orisons  east  ami  south,  and  Schwyz 
and  Uri  on  the  west.    The  surface  is  almost  entirely 
mountainous.  Cotton  is  manufactured.   The  canton  sends 
two  members  to  the  National  Council.  It  joined  the  Swiss 
Confederation  in  1352.    Area,  267  square  miles.    Popnla- 
lion  (1888),  33,825. 

Glarus.     A  capital  of  the  canton  of  (tlsnis, 
Switzerland,  situated   on   the   Liiitli   34  miles 
southeast  of  Zurich.     It  has  flourishing  manu- 
factures.    Population  (1888),  5.401. 
Glas  (glas),  John.    Bom  at  Auchtermuchty, 
Fife,  Sept,  21.  1695 :  die.l  at  Perth,  Nov.  2. 1(  (3. 
A  Scottish  ch'igyman.  founder  of  the  sect  of 
Glassites  or  Sandemunians. 
Glasgow  (L'las'go).     A  seaport  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotlan.l,  situated  on  the  Clyde  in  lat.  .5.5«  ;52' 
N.,  long.  4°  18'  W.,  the  largest  city  in  Scot- 
land and  second  city  in  Great  Britain  :  next  to 
Liverpool  and  London,  tin- principal  British  sea- 
port.    It  is  the  terminus  o(  several  transatlantic  lines  of 
Btcamels(Anch..r,  Allan.  State),   If  is  especially  t.uii.ms  for 
iron  and  steel  ship-bnil.ling.  being  the  chief  British  cily 
in  this  regal. i.     If  inanntaclureB  chemicals.  e..tton  gooils, 
woolen  goods,  in.n,  sewing-machines,  machinery,  ctf,:  has 
a  great  trade  in  co.il ;  an.l  has  important  bleaching  anil  dye- 
ing works.    The  .athedral,  founded  in  the  12fh  c.ntuiy, 
was  finished  In  the  ir.th,  but  is  chiefly  In  the  Early  Lngllsh 
style  with  veiT  numerous  but  small  lancets  in  the  clear- 
Btory',  tracelieil  wlmlows  In  the  aisles,  narrow  transepts 
with  great  windows,  K.|iiare  cllevet,  an.l  cenlral  lower 
an.l  spire.    The  lnlcri..r  Is  effective  :  it  has  a  llat  w.x«len 
ceiling,  and  all  the  wind..ws  are  filled  with  in..dein  Mu- 
nich glass.     The  en  pi    is  of  nniislial  beauty :   It  is  a.l- 
inlrably  vanlte.l,  an.l  its  65  e.dunins  i>os»ess  finely  .>>"■'.>' 
capitals.     The  calbe.lral  m.as.ires  3-20  by  70  te.-t  ;  h.lght 
of  nave  00.    The  l.-ngth  is  the  same  as  that  ot  St.  latrl.ks 
Cathedral.  New  Vork,     Ola8g.>w  mlvirsity  was  f..unde.l 
In  1461.    The  present  large  bnll.llng,  i'X.  by  r^lil  feel.  In  ii 
lno.lifled  Early  English  style,  with  fall  eenfriil  <"«;r  »»' 
spire,  was  llrsl  occupied  In  1870:  It  Is  b.v  ^'r/'- '•"'"',' 
s'-..tl,  Glasg..w  becain.-  a  l^.yal  biirgb  ab..ut    1 ,5    hor  par- 
llainenfarvpnriK.s.-»  it  Is  arrang.d  l"/>;ven divisions,  each 
lefurnfng  one  m.inbert..  the  ll..nse  of  Commons,    Populn- 

Gl'asse7gh'ls')','' Mrs,  Hannah.  The  author  of  a 
p.VpiilMi-  l.....k  calh'.l  ••Th..  Art  of  Cookerj-  "  It 
val  ...ibllshcl  In  1717,  an.l  al  ..n.-  f  im.;  Its  autlmrship  w.i« 
aftri  .nf.-.l  U>  Dr.  J..h.i  Hill,  Mrs,  Glasse  »ro  e  ,uher 
Looks  on  similar  s,.bj,cf».  The  Ironical  l.r.,yerb  "  Hrst 
eafehv..nrhar.\"attllbnl.dl..hcr.  I"  ".'till  '  T'',;\'^^'"' 
Cook.rv,"  but  was  pi-..b..bly  suggesle.l  by  he  wonis  1  ako 
v,.nr  hare  when  II  Is  .-as.-.!,    I.f.    skinned,  .     ^      . 

fllaanites  (irlas'ils).  A  religious  sect  m  bcot- 
llind  f.m,;.h  .1  by  John  GlasNl695-1773).  See 
SiiiiildiKinKiiis. 


Glassius 

Glassius  (glash'i-us),  Salomo  (Salomon 
Glass).  Born  at  Sondershausen,  Germany, 
1593:  died  at  Gotha,  Germany,  July  27, 1656.  A 
noted  German  theologian  and  biblical  critic, 
professor  of  theologj'  at  Jena,  and  siiperinten- 
dent  of  the  chui'ches  and  schools  of  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Gotha.  He  wrote  "  Philologia  sacra  " 
(Jena,  1623),  etc. 

Glastonbury  (glas'ton-ber-i).  [ME.  Glaston- 
bunj,G}asconburi/,GI/(scu)iburi/,Glaskiiiburi/,  AS. 
Glsesthigabiirh,  city  of  the  Glrestiugs.]  A  town 
in  Somerset,  England,  21  miles  south  of  Bristol. 
Its  abbey,  founded  in  Roman  times,  was  refounded  nnder 
Ine  in  the  8th  century.  The  great  early-Pointed  church, 
of  which  the  picturesque  ruins  e.\ist,  was  begun  by  Ucnry 
II.  and  desecrated  by  Henry  VIII.  It  was  5:28  feet  long. 
The  tine  chapel  of  St.  Joseph,  at  the  east  end,  is  the  oldest 
portion.  The  Abbot's  Kitchen,  of  the  14th  centuiy.  is  of 
interest.  The  plan  is  square,  with  abundant  buttresses, 
but  the  high  stone  roof  is  octagonal :  it  terminates  in  a 
louver.  There  are  four-  huge  fireplaces.  Several  other  in- 
teresting structures  belonging  to  the  abbey  have  been 
converted  to  modern  uses.  Glastonbury  is  associated  in 
legend  with  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  who  is  said  to  have 
visited  it  and,  in  sign  of  possession,  planted  his  staff, 
which  took  root  and  became  the  famous  Gliistonbury  thorn 
that  bursts  into  leaf  on  Christmas  eve.  The  Isle  of  Ava- 
lon,  where  Arthur  was  buried,  is  also  here.    See  A  mlon. 

There  is  something  very  odd  in  an  English  gentile  name 
suddenly  displacing  the  British  name ;  there  is  something 
suspicious  in  the  evident  attempts  to  make  the  English  and 
British  names  translate  one  another,  in  the  transparent 
striving  to  see  an  element  of  gl.ass  in  both.  Glaestinga- 
burh,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  is  as  distinctly  an  English 
gentile  name  as  any  in  the 'whole  range  of  Englisll  nomen- 
olature ;  Glastonbury  is  a  mere  corruption  ;  the  syllable 
which  has  taken  a  place  to  which  it  has  no  right  in  Hunt- 
ingdon and  .\bingdon  has  in  Glastonbury  been  driven  out 
of  a  place  to  which  it  has  the  most  perfect  right.  The 
true  origin  of  the  name  lurks,  in  a  grotesque^sliape,  in 
that  legend  of  Glaesting  and  his  sow,  a  manifestly  Eng- 
lish legend,  which  either  William  of  Malmesbury  himself 
or  some  interpolator  at  Glastonbury  has  strangely  thrust 
into  the  midst  of  the  British  legends.  Glaestings  lost  sow 
leads  him  by  a  long  journey  to  an  apple-tree  by  the  old 
church  ;  pleased  with  the  land,  he  takes  his  family,  the 
Glaestingas,  to  dwell  there. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  96. 

Glastonbury  Thorn.    See  Glastonhimj. 

Glatigny  (gla-ten-ye'),  Albert.  Born  in  1839: 
died  iu  1873.  AFrench  poet  of  the  tj-pe  of  Villon. 
He  lived  as  a  strolling  actor.  Among  his  poems  is  the 
"  Ballade  des  enfans  sans  souci.'" 

GlatZ  (glats),  Bohem.  Kladsko  (klad'sko).  A 
town  in  the  pro\'ince  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the 
Neisse  50  miles  south-southwest  of  Breslau.  It 
is  strongly  fortified,  and  has  been  frequently  be- 
sieged and  taken.     Population  (1890),  11,643. 

Glatz,  County  of.  A  former  county  adjoining 
Bohemia,  now  included  in  the  pro^nnce  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia.  It  was  acquired  by  Prussia  in 
1742. 

Glatzer  Gebirge  (glats'er  ge-ber'ge).  A  group 
of  mountainsof  the  Sudetic  chain,  uearthe fron- 
tiers of  Prussian  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Mora- 
via. The  principal  peak  is  the  Schueeberg  (4.680 
feet). 

Olauber  (glou'ber),  Johann  Rudolf.  Born  at 
Karlstadt.  Bavaria,  1604:  died  at  Amsterdam, 
1668.  A  German  chemist,  now  chiefly  known 
as  the  discoverer  of  Glauber's  salt  (hydrous  so- 
■dium  sulphate),  called  by  him  sal  admirabile, 
and  believed  by  him  to  be  identical  with  the  sal 
ciiixum  ot  Paracelsus.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer  on  chemical  topics. 

Glauchau  (glou'chou).  A  town  in  the  diNtrict 
of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zwickauer 
Mulde  36  miles  south-southeast  of  Leipsic.  It  is 
noted  for  manufactures,  especially  of  woolens  and  hali- 
woolens.    Population  (1890),  23,406. 

GlaUCUS  (gla'kus).  [Gr.  rAawof.]  1.  The 
steersman  of  the  ship  Argo,  afterward  trans- 
formed into  a  sea  divinity :  often  surnamed  Pon- 
tius.—  2.  A  charioteer,  the  sou  of  Sisyphus: 
often  surnamed  Potnieus. —  3.  A  son  of  Minos 
andPasiphae. —  4.  A  Lycian  prince,  ally  of  Pri- 
am in  the  Trojan  war. —  5.  The  principal  char- 
acter of  Bulwer s  '•  Last  Days  of  Pompeii." 

Glaucus.  Flourished  about  69  B.  c.  A  statu- 
ary iu  metals,  living  at  Chios,  but  belonging  to 
the  Samian  school  of  art.  He  is  said  to  be  the 
inventor  of  the  art  of  soldering  metals. 

Gleditsch  (gla'dich),  Johann  Gottlieb.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  Feb.  5,  1714:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
5,  1786.  A  German  botanist  and  ^vriter  on 
forestry. 

Glegg  (gleg), Mrs.  In  George  Eliot's  novel  "The 
MiU  on  the  Floss,"  a  precise,  narrow-minded 
woman,  the  aunt  of  Maggie  Tulliver. 

Gleichenberg  (gli'chen-bero).  Bad.  A  water- 
ing-place in  Styria,  Austria-Hungary,  about  25 
miles  southeast  of  Gratz. 

Gleim  (glim),  Johann  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Bom 
at  Ermsleben,  near  Halberstadt,Germany,  April 


442 

2, 1719  :  died  at  Halberstadt,  Feb.  18, 1803.  A 
German  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Halle,  and 
was  subsequently  tutor  in  Potsdam,  secretary  to  Prince 
William  in  the  second  Silesiaa  war,  secretary  to  Prince 
Leopold  of  Dessau,  and  finally  canon  in  H;dberstadt,  where 
he  died.  His  fame  rests  principally  upon  the  "Pi'eussische 
Kliegslieder von  einem  Grenadier"  ("  Prussian  War  .Songs 
by  a  Grenadier  "),  which  appeared  during  1757-58,  and  iu 
the  latter  year  were  collected  and  published  with  a  pref- 
ace by  Lessing.  A  collection  of  Anacreontic  songs,  "  Ver- 
EUch  in  scherzliaften  Liedern "  ("Essays  in  Humorous 
Poetry  "),  had  already  appeared  in  1 744.  In  1772  appeared, 
further,  "  Lieder  fiir  das  Volk  "  ('•  Songs  for  the  People  "), 
in  1773  "Gedichte  nach  den  Minnesingern  "("  Poems  after 
the  Minnesingers'"),  and  in  1779  "Gedichte  nach  Walther 
von  der  Vogelweide  "  ("  Poems  after  Walther  von  der  Vo- 
gelweide  ").  His  collected  works  were  published  1811-13, 
in  7  volumes,  to  which  was  added  an  eighth  in  1841. 

Glei'WitZ  (gli'Wts).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Klodnitz  in  lat.  50°  18'  N.,  long.  18°  41'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  23,554. 

Glen  (glen).  The.  A  valley  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains, at  the  base  of  Moimt  Washington,  with  a 
view  of  Mounts  Jefferson,  Adams,  Clay,  and 
Madison.     It  is  a  resort  for  summer  tourists. 

Glenalmond  (glen-ii'mond).  A  village  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  about  15  miles  west  of  Perth: 
the  seat  of  Trinity  College  (Episcopal). 

Glenar'VOn  (glen-ar'von).  A  novel  by  Lady 
Caroline  Lamb.  Almost  all  the  cliaracters  are 
portraits.     Lord  Glenarvon  is  Lord  B\Ton. 

Glencoe  (glen-ko').  A  deep  valley  in  northern 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  about  25  miles  northeast 
of  Oban.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  "massacre  of  Glencoe," 
Feb.,  1692,  in  which  about  forty  ilacdonalds  were  killed  by 
royal  troops  at  the  instigation  of  the  Master  of  Stair. 

Glencoe,  or  the  Fall  of  the  McDonalds.     A 

play  liy  Talfourd.  produced  in  1839. 

Glencoe  Junction.  A  railway  junction  inXatal, 
South  Afi'ica,  about  40 miles  northeast  of  Lady- 
smith.  Here  on  Oct.  20, 1899,  the  British  under  General 
.Symonds  defeated  the  Boers  under  General  Joubert. 

Glendale  (glen'dal).    See  Fraiiser's  Farm. 

Glendinning  (glen-din 'ing),  Edward.  In  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novels  "The  Monastery"  and 
"  The  Abbot,"  the  younger  of  the  Glendinning 
Ijrothers. 

Glendinning,  Halbert.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  "  The  Monastery,"  the  elder  of  the  Glen- 
dinning brothers:  the  Knight  of  Avenel  in 
•'The  A1)bot." 

Glendower  (glen'dor),  O'wen  (.Oiyain  ab  Gruf- 
fydd).  Born  iu  Wales,  probably  in  1359:  died 
probably  in  1415.  A  Welsh  rebel,  lord  of  Glyn- 
dy  vrdwy  or  Glyudwr.  He  proclaimed  himself  Prince 
of  Wales  in  1402,  and  in  1403  joined  the  rising  under  Harry 
Percy  (Hotspur),  together  with  whom  he  was  defeated  at 
Shrewsbury.  June  21, 1403.  He  subsequently  allied  liim- 
self  with  the  French,  but  was  defeated  by  Hettry,  prince  of 
Wales,  in  1405.  Shakspere  introduces  him  in  "1  Henry  IV. " 

Glenelg(glen-elg').  Ariverof  Victoria,  Austra- 
lia, which  flows  into  the  ocean  near  the  frontier 
of  South  Australia.    Length,  200  to  300  miles. 

Glenelg,  Baron.     See  G-rant,  Charles. 

Glenfinnan  (glen-fin'an).  A  place  in  Scotland, 
15  miles  west  of  Fort  William,  where,  Aug.  19, 
1745,  the  Highland  clans  gathered  and  began 
the  "  Eising  of  '45." 

Glengarry  (glen-g^r'i).  A  glen  in  Invemess- 
shire.  Scotland,  southwest  of  Fort  Augustus. 

Glen  House.  A  summer  resort  in  the  White 
Mountains.  New  Hampshire,  8  miles  (by  car- 
riago-voad)  east  of  Motmt  Washington. 

Glenlivet  i  glen-le'vet).  A  valley  in  Banffshire, 
Scotland.  25  miles  south  of  Elgin.  Here,  1594,  the 
Catholic  insurgents  under  the  Earl  of  Huntly  defeated 
the  Protestants  under  the  Earl  of  Argyll. 

Glenroy  (glen-roi' ).  A  valley  iu  In  verness-sliire, 
Scotland,  about  15  miles  northeast  ot  Fort  Wil- 
liam, remarkable  for  a  geological  formation  of 
parallel  roads. 

Glens  Falls  (glenz  falz).  A  village  in  Warren 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the 
Hudson  44  miles  north  of  Albany.  Population 
(19U0),  12,613. 

Glenshiel  (glen-shel').  A  valley  in  Ross-shire, 
Scotland,  about  25  miles  west  of  Fort  Augustus. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  \ictory  of  the  Hanoverians  over  the 
Jacobites  and  Spaniards,  June  10,  1719. 

Glen  Tilt  (glen  tilt).  Avalley  in  northern  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  30  miles  north-northwest  of 
Perth,  noted  for  its  geological  phenomena  and 
its  scenery.  The  road  follows  the  river  Tilt 
through  the  glen.' 

Glenvarloch,  Lord.  See  Olifmnit,  Xigel. 

Glessariae  (gle-sa'ri-e).  [Ii.,  se.  insulse, '  amber 
islands.']     See  the  extract. 

The  principal  district  for  the  tide-washed  amber  was 
the  coast  between  the  Helder  and  the  promontory  of  Jut- 
land. From  the  Rhine  to  the  estuary  of  the  Elbestretched 
a  chain  of  islands,  called  Glessarije  and  Electrides  by  the 
ancients,  which  are  now  much  altered  in  number  and 


Gloucester 

extent  by  the  incessant  inroads  of  the  sea.  Here  a  Roman 
fleet  in  Nero's  time  collected  13,000  lbs.  of  the  precious 
"glessum  "  in  a  single  visit ;  and  the  sailors  brought  home 
picturesque  accounts  of  the  natives  pickiijg  up  the  glassy 
fossil  at  the  flood-tide  and  in  tlie  pools  left  by  the  ebb ; 
"and  it  is  so  light,"  they  said,  "that  it  rolls  about  and 
seems  to  hang  in  the  shallow  water." 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  60. 

Gleyre  (glar),  Charles  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Che- 
villy,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  May  2,  1806 :  died  at 
Pans,  May  5, 1874.    A  Swiss  historical  painter. 

Glinka (glin'ka),  Feodor Nikolaievitch.  Bom 

m  the  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  1788: 
died  at  Tver,  Russia,  March  6.  1880.  A  Russian 
soldier  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "  Letters  of  a 
Prussian  Officer  in  the  Campaigns  of  1805-06,  1812-16  " 
(1815-16),  the  poem  "Kareliya"  (1830X  etc. 

Glinka,  Mikhail  Ivano'vitch.  Born  at  Novo- 
spask.  govei-nment  of  Smolensk.  Russia.  May 
20,  1804:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  15.  1857.  A  Rus'- 
sian  composer,  nephew  of  F.  N.  Glinka.  His 
works  include  the  operas  "La  vie  pour  le  Czar"  (1836), 
and  "Russian  et  Lyudniila"  (1S42). 

Glinka,  Sergei  Nikolaievitch.  Born  in  the 
government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  1774:  died  at 
Moscow  in  1847.  A  Russian  historical  writer 
and  litterateur,  brother  of  F.  N.  Glinka. 

Glion  (gle-6n').  A  height  near  Montreux  and 
the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 
Height,  2,254  feet. 

Glisson  (giis'on),  Oliver  S.  Bom  in  Ohio,  Jan. 
18,  1809:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  20,  1890. 
An  American  naval  oflicer.  He  commanded  the 
schooner  Reefer  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  accompanied 
PeiTy's  expedition  to  Japan  in  1853-56.  ^He  commanded 
the  third  division  of  the  fleet  in  the  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher 
in  Dec,  1S64,  and  Jan.,  1S65.  He  was  promoted  rear-ad- 
miral in  1870. 

Glister  (glis'ter).  In  Middleton's  play  "The 
FamUy  of  Love,"  a  doctor  of  physic. 

Globe,  The.  A  celebrated  London  theater  built 
by  Richard  andCuthbert  Burbage  in  1599.  When 
their  "Theatre"  in  Shoreditch  was  taken  down,  the  mate- 
rials were  carried  to  Bankside  and  used  in  the  erection  of 
the  Globe.  It  was  hexagonal  in  shape  and  open  to  the 
sky  in  the  middle,  the  stage  and  galleries  only  being  cov- 
ered with  a  thatched  roof.  Over  the  door  was  the  sign  of 
the  house,  Hercules  supporting  a  globe.  The  interior  was 
arranged  on  the  plan  of  the  innyards  where  entertain- 
ments Iiad  formerly  been  given.  It  was  circular  and  had 
three  galleries.  At  the  back  of  the  stage  were  two  columns 
whicl^  supported  a  gallery  about  10  or  12  feet  high,  and 
between  these  hung  the  curtain.  On  the  stage  itself  sat 
a  dozen  or  twenty  gallants  wlio  paid  sixpence  extra  for 
the  privilege.  The  Globe  was  a  public  theater— that  is, 
not  nnder  the  patronage  of  any  great  personage.  Shak- 
spere played  here,  and  he  with  Ilemminge,  Condell,  and 
others  shared  in  the  protits.  It  was  a  summer  house, 
Blackfriars  being  the  winter  house  of  the  same  company. 
The  Globe  was  burned  in  1613,  but  intmediately  rebuilt  at 
a  cost  of  £1,400.  It  was  pulled  down  during  the  Puritan 
regime  in  1644,  and  the  site  is  now  occupied  by  Barclay 
and  Perkins's  brewerj'.  Shakspere  wrote  exclusively  for 
the  Blackfriars  and  Globe  theaters,  and  most  of  the  plays 
of  Jonson,  Beaumontand  Fletcher,  Ford,  Massinger,  Chap- 
man, and  others  were  first  performed  there.  The  present 
Globe  Theatre  in  Wych  street  was  built  in  1868. 

Glockner  (glok'uer),  or  Grossglockner  (gros- 
glok'ner).  A  mountain  in  Austria-Hungary, 
on  the  confines  of  T%-rol,  Carinthia,  and  Salz- 
burg. It  is  the  highest  peak  in  the  easternmost  division 
of  the  Alps,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  extensive  view  it 
commands.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 
Height,  12,454  feet. 

Glogau  (glo'gou),  or  Grossglogau  (gros-gld'- 
gou).  A  fortified  town  iu  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  ou  the  Odor  57  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau :  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  now  extinct  principality  of  Glogau.  it  was 
stormed  by  the  Prussians  in  174J,  and  was  held  by  the 
French  1806-14.    Population  (1890),  20,529. 

Glogau,  Ober-.    See  Obcniloijau. 

Glommen  (glom'men).  The  largest  river  of 
Norway,  flowing  into  the  Skager  Rack  at  Fred- 
rikstad.  Length,  about  350  miles.  Near  its 
mouth  it  forms  the  cataract  Sarpfos. 

Gloriana  (glo-ri-a'ua).  The  Faerie  Queene  in 
Spenser's  poem  of  tEat  name.  She  also  I'epre- 
sents  Queen  Elizabeth  considered  as  a  sover- 
eign.    See  Belplioebe. 

Glossop  (glos'op).  A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 12  miles  east  of  Manchester.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  cotton,  etc.  Population  (1891), 
22,414. 

Gloster  (glos'ter),  or  Gloucester,  Earl  of.  A 
character  in  Shakspere's  "  King  Lear,"  the 
father  of  Edgar  and  Edmund. 

The  subordinate  plot  of  Gloster  and  his  sons  was  prol>- 
ahly  taken  from  an  episodical  chapter  in  .Sidney's  "Area- 
dia"  entitled  "The  Pitiful  .State  and  Story  of  the  Paphla- 
gonian  unlcind  King  and  his  kind  Son  ;  first  related  by 
the  son,  then  by  the  blind  father." 

Hudson,  Introd.  to  King  Lear 

Gloucester  (glos'ter).  [Also  formerly  Gloster  ; 
ME.  Gloucester,  Gloucestre,  Gloweceastre,  AS. 
Gledweceaster :  from  L.  Glevum,  the  Roman 
name,  and  AS.  ceaster,  city.]     1.  A  county  in 


Gloucester 


443 


memher  of  the  household  (deeper  of  the  for- 
ests) of  Prince  Lobkowitz.  Ho  studied  music  at 
Prague,  Vienna  (1736),  and  Milan  (17»4-1:-.),  producing 
(1T41-1S)  a  nunilier  of  successful  operas  ;  in  174:)  went  to 
England  as  conipuser  of  operas  for  the  Hayniarket ;  and 
returned  to  \ienna  in  174(1,  where  he  acted  for  a  time  as 
singiiiB-masler  to  Maiie  Antoinette,  who  later  rendered 
him  important  aid  in  the  production  of  his  works  in  Paris. 
His  nmst  celebrated  works  are  "Hrfeo  ed  Euridice  "  (1762), 
(Vienna,  Dec.  16,  170.7),  "Paride  ed  Elene" 
.^      ,    ,         ,11      t!  i„f    r,,o  ^.,,     ,..«„»      .phigenie  en  Aulide"  (1774),  "Armide"  (1777), 

gli,  situated  on  the  bevern  lu  lat.  ol"  &J       " ipiHgteie  en  Tauride  "  (1779). 
N.,  long.  2°  16'  W. :  the  British  Caer-'lowo  and  (juic^gijurg  (glUks'boio).     A  bathing-plaee  in 
;  Eoman  (ilevura.    it  isan  important  commercial  town.      j^^,  proviiue  of  Schleswig-Holsteiu,  Prussia,  6 
The  cathedral  is  in  its  present  form  a  Perpendicular  biiild-  1  Fleuslior<' 

iuE  almost  throughout,  except  in  the  lower  pait  of  the     ^Vt^^  ^    ii  /  ,  .,  ,  5-A       .    "        ^-     *i  „  „-,.„ 
nave,  but  is  of  much  earlier  foundation.    The  plan  is  Gluckstadt  (gluk'stat).    A  seaport  m  the  prov- 


west  midland  England,  it  is  bounded  by  Worcester 
and  Wanvick  on  the  north,  Oxford,  Berk.s,  and  Wilts  on 
the  east,  Wilts  and  .Somerset  on  the  south,  Monmouth  on 
the  west,  and  Hereford  on  the  northwest.  It  includes  the 
Cotswold  Hills,  the  Forest  of  Dean,  and  the  vales  of  Glou- 
cester and  Berkeley.  Its  tlve  divisions  each  return  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Area,  1,243  square 
miles.  Population  (ls91),  690,974. 
2  The  capital  of  (.iloucester^hire,  England,  a 
Icity  and  county  of  itself,  and  a  i.arliamentary  Ij^^^j^^'^i  <^„'™i 
I  borough,  situated  on  the  Severn  in  lat.  ol°  52      IJffig^nK.  ^1 


early  Norman.  There  is  a  high  central  tower,  covered 
with  tracery,  and  a  long,  piojeciing  Lady  chapel.  There 
i8  an  excellent  15th-century  porch,  with  statues  over  the 
arched  entrance.  The  arches  and  circular  pillare  of  the 
nave  are  impressive,  and  the  choir  is  one  of  the  richest 
examples  of  thePerptiulicular  style.  The  whole  east  end 
Is  occupied  by  a  gieat  window  with  tine  glass,  the  wall- 
spaces  are  covered  with  paneling,  and  the  vaulting  rests 
on  a  perfect  network  of  ribs.  The  choir  is  assigned  to 
ISol   and  is  held  to  prove  that  the  Perpendicular  style 


ince  of  Sehleswig-Holstein,  Pnissia,  situated 
on  the  Elbe  L'9  miles  northwest  of  Hamburg.  It 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Catholics  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  in  1627  and  in  1628.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 5.958. 


Goalpara 

von  Gneisenau). Count  August.  BomatSchil- 
da,  Prussian  Sa-icouy,  (Jet.  27, 1760 :  died  at  Po- 
sen,  Prussia,  Aug.  23-24,  1831.  A  Prussian  gen- 
eral, distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  1813  and 
1814.  He  conducted  the  retreat  from  Ligny  in 
181.5. 
Gneist(gni.st), Rudolf  von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
13,  1816:  died  July  22,  189.').  A  German  jurist 
and  politician.  He  studied  law  at  Eeiliu.  habilitated 
there  in  1S39,  and  became  profes.s^>r  in  1853.  In  ISfiS 
he  entered  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies,  of  which  he  was 
a  member  until  his  death.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Reichs- 
tag 1867-84,  became  senior  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Prussia  and  member  of  the  privy  council  in  1875,  and  was 
ennobled  in  1888.  Among  his  works  are  "Das  heutige 
eugUsche  Verfassuugs-  und  Verwaltuiigsrecht  "  (1857-68X 
"Soil  der  P.ichter  auch  iibcr  die  Frage  zu  beflnden  haben. 
ob  ein  Oesetz  verfassnngsmaszig  zu  slande  gekonimen?" 
(lided.  1S63),  •' Der  Rechtsstaat  "(1872),  "Englische  Verfas- 
sungsgeschichte •■  (1882),  and  "Das  englische  Parlament  " 
(1858). 

'      "■       '    Pol.  Gniezno  (gnyez'no). 


Glukhoff(gl6'chof).    A  town  in  the  government  Gnesen  (gna'zen),  -,—p--^    *>,;,..;„    qn 

ot^chernigoff.  Ku^^ia.  situated  in  lat.  ol°  41'     A  city  in  the  pro.-ince_of  Posen,  Prussia,  30 


N.,  long.  33°  53'  E. 


originated  here.  The'  dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are 420  GlUmdalCa  (gllim-aal  ka) 
by  144  feet;  height  of  nave  (»,  of  choir  80.  The  Perpen- 
dicular cloister,  with  beautiful  fan  vaulting,  and  its  ar- 
cades tilled  with  glazed  tracery,  is  the  finest  of  its  type  in 
England.  The  chapter-house  and  crypt  are  Norman. 
Gloucester  resisted  the  Koyalist  array  under  Charles  I,  in 
1643.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Population  (1891),  39,444. 

(;ievum  was  a  town  of  great  importance,  as  standing 

I  only  on  the  Severn  near  the  place  where  it  opened 


Population  (1890),  17,625. 
In  Fielding's  bur- 


miles  east-northeast  of  Posen.    Ithasacillhcdral. 
It  is  the  oldest  town  in  Poland,  and  was  the  crowning- 
_  ..  -        .  placeof  the  kings  of  Poland  until  1320.    Population  (1890X 

lesijuo  "Tom   Thumb  the  Great,"   a  captive     ^goss. 
queen  of  the  giants,  beloved  by  the  king,  but  Gnidos.     See  CiiIiIks. 
u  love  with  Tom  Tliumb.  " 


Glumdalclitch   (glum-dal'klich).     In  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels," a  giantess  of  Brobding- 
nag.    She  is  Gulliver's  nurse,  and,  though  only  nine  years 
old,  is  neaily  40  feet  high, 
huniili.ating  to  him. 


Her  attentions  were  extremely 


into  the  Bristol  Channel,  but  also  as  being  close  to  GlycaS  (gU'kas),  Mlchael.     A  Byzantme  tusto- 


ilie  great  Roman  Iron  district  of  the  Forest  of  Dean 

Wririht,  Celt,  p. 


136. 


I  Gloucester.  A  city  and  seaport  in  Essex  County, 

I   Massachu.^etts,  s'ituated  on  the  peninsula  of 

(■,-.IM>  Ann  in  lat.  42°  37'  N..  long.  70°  40'  W. 

is  the  chief  seat  of  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries  in  the 

ited  States,  and  exports  granite.    It  was  unsuccessfully 

..,  I .irked  bv  the  Britiili  in  1775and  1814.  Population  (190o), 

I    20,121. 

I  Gloucester,  Dukes  of.  See  Humphrey,  Richard 
III.,  and  ThoMiis. 

1  Gloucester,  Earl  of.    See  Roiwrt. 

Gloucester  City.     A  city  in  Camden  County, 

.\ew  .Jersey,  situated  on  the  Delaware  4  miles 

1.1  low  Philadelphia.     It  has  a  track  for  horse- 

la.-injr.     Population  (1900),  6,840. 

Glove,  The.     An  old  French  story  told  by  Peter 

';  'iisard.     It  has  been  retold  in  many  forms.    Itisthat 

the  kniglit  De  Lorge  (ill  the  time  of  Francis  I.),  whose 

:-ires3  dropped  her  glove  over  a  barrier  among  some 

lis,  and  commanded  her  lover  to  get  it  for  her  as  a  test 

riiscoiirage.    Revolted  at  luri'old. blooded  inhumanity, 

knight  leaped  down,  secniied  the  glove,  and  threw  it 

IN  her  face.    Schiller.  Leigh  lUiut,  Browning,  and  othere 

li  ive  made  the  story  familiar. 

Glover  (gluv'er),  Catherine.    The  Fair  Maid  of 

I'ertli  in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 

Glover,  John.    Born  at  IIoughlon-on-the-HiU, 

Leicestershire,  Feb.  18,  1707:  died  at  Launees- 

t..n,  Tasmania,  Dec.  9, 1849.    An  English  land- 

pc-painter,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Koyal 


nan.  Concerning  his  age  nothing  is  known  with  cer- 
tainty except  that  he  lived  after  UlS.  He  was  probably 
an  ecclesiastic,  and  is  the  author  of  a  history  of  the  world 
from  the  creation  to  1118  A.  n.  This  work  is  written  in  a 
clear  and  concise  style,  and  its  author  is  ranked  among 
the  better  liyzantine  historians.  The  best  edition  is  by 
Bekker  in  the  Bonn  collection  of  the  Byzantines,  1836. 

Glycera  (glis'e-rii).  [Gr.  r;'.tiKfpn,  the  sweet 
one.]  The  name  of  several  notorious  Greek 
courtezans ;  in  particular,  a  mist  ress  of  Menan- 
der,  and  a  favorite  of  Horace. 

Glycon  (gli'kon).  [Gr.  r/r/vur.]  ACireeklyric 
poi-t  from  whom  the  Glyconic  meter  was  named. 
Of  his  works  oiilv  three  lines  remain. 

Glycon  of  Athens.  [Gr.  r/.iKUl'.]  The  sculptor 
of  the  Farnese  Hercules,  which  was  found  in 
the  baths  of  Caraealla  in  1-540  with  an  inscrij)- 
tion  by  Glycon.  It  was  prob.ably  executed  in  the  1st 
or  2d  century  of  the  Roman  Empire,  but  doubtless  points 
to  a  type  already  established,  possibly  by  Lysippus. 

Glynn  (gUn),  John.  Born  in  1722:  died  Sept. 
10,  1779.  An  English  lawyer  and  iiolitu-ian, 
noted  chiellv  as  the  defender  of  \Yilkes  in  the 
eases  (17034)4)  growing  out  of  the  publication 
of  the  "  North  Briton." 

Gmelin  (gma'len ),  Johann  Frie.drich.  Born  at 

Tiiliingen,  Wiirtemlierg,  Aug.  8.  1748:  died  at 
Goltingen,  Prussia.  Nov.  1,  1804.  A  German 
naturalist,  nephew  of  .1.  G.  (imelin,  and  profes- 
sor of  mcdiriiie  and  chemistry  at  (iottingen. 


Water-Colour' Society  iunl  of  the  Society' of  Gmelin,  Johann  Georg.    ,li"«'"  "/  '''<!';'"!,?.'-:'J 


liritish  Artists.  In  1831  he  emigi-ated  to  Aus- 
iialia. 
Glover,  Mrs.  Julia.  Born  at  Newry,  Jan.  8, 
1779:  died  at  London,  July  10.  18,50.  An  Eng- 
lish actress.  She  was  the  daughter  of  an  actor  named 
I'.i-ttcrton,  who  claimed  descent  from  Thomas  Uetterton. 
she  had  "  an  admirable  vein  of  comedy."    Diet^ifat.  Biog. 


Wurtemberg.  171)!):  died  there.  May  20,  1755. 
A  Cierman  botanist  and  traveler,  professor  of 
ehemistrv  and  natural  history  at  St.  Petersburg 
1731^7.  iinil  later  (1749)  of  botany  and  chemis- 
try at  Tiibingen.  Ho  wi'ote  "Flora  Sibirica" 
( 1749-69),  "  Keisen  durch  Sibirien"  (1751-52), 


Glover,  Richard.    Born  at  London,  1712:  died  (jmQiiu  Leopold.     Born  at  Gottingen,  Aug.  2 
tliere,  Nov.  •J5,  1785.     An  English  Jioct.    Hewas     ,-gg     jj    j  at  Heidelbei-g,  Baden,  Aiu-il  13, 1853 


the  son  of  a  Hamburg  merchant,  an.l  entered  into  business 
with  his  fatlier.  His  chief  work,  an  epic  poem,  "  Leoni- 
das,'  appeared  in  1737.  He  enlarged  it  and  rcpuhli.shed 
II  in  1770.  and  It  has  been  translated  into  French  and  Oer. 
man.  Its  success  was  partly  due  to  its  usefulniBS  to  the 
opponents  of  Walpole.  He  also  published  "  l/)nd.jn,  etc' 
<17:i9).  "Boadicea"'  (a  tragedy,  1753).  "Meilea"  (1761),  and 
'  Ihe  Athenaid,"  an  epic  in  30  books,  published  in  1787 by 
hi;  daughter. 

Glover,  Eobert.  Born  at  Ashf ord,  Kent,  1544 : 
died  at  London,  April  10,  1.588.  An  English 
genealogist,  appointed  Somerset  herald  in  l.")71. 
He  left  a  large  number  of  manu.scripts,  which 
have  been  used  by  later  writers. 

Glover,  Stephen.  Born  at  l.,oudon,  181'2 :  died 
there.  Doc.  7, 1870,  •  \n  English  composer  nntl 
teacher.  He  wrote  over  tifleen  hundred  popu- 
lar songs,  ballads,  and  luanoforte  pieces. 

Gloversville  (glm-'irz-vil).  A  city  in  Fulton 
County,  New  Vork,  40  miles  northwest  of 
Albanv.  It  isthechief  seat  of  the  manufacture  of  buek- 
Bkln  gloves  and  mittens  in  the  I'nlted  States.  Population 
(I'.IOO),  1«,349. 

Glub-dub-drib.     A  land  filh'd  with  mapianna. 


A  German  chemist,  son  of  J.  F.  Gmelin,  profes- 
sor at  Heidelberg  1814-51.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Handbueh  der  theorctischen  Chemie"  (1817- 

1.S19). 

Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb.    Born  at  Tiibmgen, 

Wiirtemlierg,  .July  4, 1741:  died  at  .\chmetkeiit, 
July  27,  1774.  A  (ierman  naturalist,  and  trav- 
eler in  Kiissia  and  Asia,  nephew  of  .1.  G.  (ime- 
lin.  His  chief  wcuks  are  "  llistoria  fucorum" 
1 1768),  ■•Ui'isen  dureli  Kusslaiid''  (1770-84). 

Gmiind,  or  Sch-wabisch-Gmiind  (shvab'ish- 
graiint).  A  town  in  the  .Jiigst  circle,  Wiirlem- 
bcrg,  28  miles  east  of  Stuttgart.  It  manufactures 
jewelry,  and  has  several  old  churches.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  liniierial  city.     I'opulation  (ISMi),  commnue,  lli,Sl,. 

Gmunden  (gmon'deu).  A  town  and  summer 
resort  in  I'pper  Austria,  situated  on  the  1/ake  of 
Tiaun  33  miles  southwest  of  Lin/.:  tlie  chief 
jilace  in  t  lie Salzkammergut.  Populat ion  ( 1890), 
loninnme.  6,476. 

Onatho  (ua'lho).  A  parasite,  a  character  in  the 
iiiedv  "  The  Eunuch  "  bv  Tereii  ■ 


visited  by  Gulliver,  in  Swift's  "Gulliver's  Trav-  Qnedit'sch    (gnu'dich),   Kficolai    Ivanovitch. 
els."  .rrr,,.^    ij     t.  t     Bom  at  I'ultowa,  1784 :  died  1833,     A  Uussian 

Gluck  (glok),  Christopher  WlUlbald.    Born  at     .„„.f  .„„i  ,  ra„slator.     His  best. known  work  Is  a  trans- 
Weidenwang,  near  Noumarkl.  Bavaria,  July  2,     f,iiion  into  unssian  of  the  Ill.id,    lie  also  tran«lateil  the 
1714:  dieil  at  Vienna,  Nov.  15,  1787.     A  cele-     chief  w..rka  of  Shakspere,  Voltaire,  Ilypui,aiid..iber>., 
brated  Gorman  operatic  composer,  son  of  a  Gneisenau  (gni' ze -non)  (properly  Neithardt 


Gnomic  Poets.     See  the  extract. 

The  tenn  Gnomic,  when  applied  to  a  certain  number  of 
Greek  poets,  is  arbitrary.  There  is  no  definite  principle 
for  rejecting  some  and  including  others  in  the  class.  It 
has,  however,  been  usual  to  apply  this  name  to  Solon, 
Phocylides,  Theognis,  and  Simonides  of  Ceos.  Yet  there 
seems  no  reason  to  exclude  some  portions  of  Callinus, 
Tyrtajus,  Mimnermns,  and  Xenophanes.  These  poets,  it 
will  be  observed,  are  all  writers  of  the  elegy.  Some  of  the 
lyric  poets,  however,  and  ianibographei-s,  such  as  .Simoni- 
des of  Amorgos  ami  Archilochus,  have  strong  claims  for 
admission  into  the  list.  For,  as  the  derivation  of  the  name 
implies,  gnomic  poets  are  simply  those  who  embody  .  .  . 
sententious  maxims  on  life  and  morals  in  their  verse : 
and  though  we  find  that  the  most  celebrated  masteis  of 
this  style  composed  elegies,  we  yet  may  trace  the  thread 
of  gnomic  thought  in  almost  all  the  writers  of  their  time. 
Symondu,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  236. 

Gnossus.     See  Cnosits. 

Gnosticsl(nos'tiks).  [From  Gr.  )Tu(rr(KOr,  know- 
ing, whence  LL.  GitastiCK-s.  a  Gnostic]  Certain 
rationalistic  sects  which  arose  in  the  Christian 
church  in  the  1st  century,  flourished  ui  the  2d, 
and  had  almost  entirely  disappeared  by  the  6th. 
The  Gnostics  held  that  knowledge  rather  than  faith  is  the 
road  to  heaven,  and  professed  to  have  a  peculiar  know- 
ledge of  religious  mysteries.  They  rejected  the  literal  in- 
terpretation of  the  Scii|itures,  and  attempted  to  combine 
their  teachings  with  those  of  the  (ircek  and  Oriental  phi- 
lo.sophies  and  religions.  They  held  that  God  was  the  un- 
knowable and  the  unapproachable;  that  from  him  pro- 
ceeded, bv  emanation,  subordinate  deities  termed  fow, 
from  whom  again  proceeded  other  still  inferior  spirits. 
The  Gnostics  were  in  general  agreed  in  believing  in  Ihe 
principles  of  dualism  and  Docetism  and  in  the  existence 
of  a  demiurge  or  world-creator.  Christ  they  regarded  as 
a  superior  eon  who  had  descended  from  the  infinite  liod 
in  order  to  subdue  the  god  or  eon  of  this  noild.  Their 
chief  seats  were  in  Syria  and  F.gypt,  but  their  doctrines 
were  taught  everywhere,  and  at  an  early  date  they  sepa- 
rated into  a  variety  of  sects. 
Gnotho  (no'tho).  A  clownish  old  fellow  anxious 
to  put  away  his  old  wife  and  take  a  vonnger 
one,  according  to  the  provisions  of  "The  Old 
Law,"  in  Massiiiger,  Middleton,  and  Kowley's 
plav  of  that  name. 

Gtoa  (go'ii).  A  Portuguese  possession  on  the 
Maliibar  coast  of  India,  in  lat.  14°  54'-15°  45' 
N.,  long.  73°  45'-74°  26'  E.  Area,  1,447  stpiaro 
miles.  Population  (1887),  494.836. 
Goa,  New,  or  Panjim.  The  capital  of  the  Por- 
tuguese possessions  in  India,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  tho  Mondavi  in  lat.  15°  28'  N.,  long. 
73°  50'  E.  Population,  about  8,000. 
Goa,  OM.  A  ruined  city,  the  formi'r  capital  of 
the  Portuguese  possessions  in  India,  situated 
on  the  Mandavi  5  miles  east  of  New  Goa.  It 
was  eoni|Uered  by  the  Portuguese  under  Albiiquerc|ue  in 
l.'ilo,  and  was  an  Important  commercial  city  In  the  Kith 
and  17th  centuries.  The  seat  of  government  was  removed 
to  New  Qoa  In  17f)l>. 
Goajira(go-ii-ile'rii).  A  peninsula  of  the  iiorlli- 
ern  const  of  South  .Vmerica.  on  Ihe  west  side  of 
thi'  ( iiilf  of  Maracaibo.  crossed  by  the  boundary 
between  Venezuela  and  Colombia.  Area,  about 
5,800  Biinare  miles.  The  inhabllants,  numbering  about 
30,0i«i,  are  m.istly  semi-independent  Indians  of  the  Goajira 
and  Cosiiia  tribes. 
Goajiros  (go-ii-lle'rOs).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in 
northern  South  Amerien, occupying  Ihe  (ioajiru 
peninsuhi  northwest  of  Lake  Miiracaibo.  Tlicy 
still  number  neaily  :io,0(iO,  ami  are  practically  Indepen- 
dent, but  at  present  friendiv  to  tin'  whites  ;  tliev  own  large 
henls,  and  sell  cattle,  horses,  hides  cheese,  and  hnmm.wks. 
Few  or  none  have  been  Christianized  ;  they  have  no  re(lll- 
lar  chiefs,  and  do  not  form  large  \lllage8.  By  llleh  lan- 
guage thev  belong  to  Ihe  Arawak  sleek.  Inlil  the  middle 
of  tile  lOlli  century  they  were  dangerous  enemies  of  the 

whiles. 

Goalpara  (go -ill -I'"'™)-  1-  A  district  in  the 
eliiel-i'ommissionrrshi|)  of  Assam,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  90°  30'  E. 


Goalpara 

Area,  3,897  square  miles.     Pop.  (1891),  452,304. 

—  2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Goalpara, 
situated  on  the  Brahmaputra  in  lat.  2G°  12'  N., 
loug.  90°  38'  E. 

Groalundo  (go-a-lun'do).  A  place  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ganges  and 
Brahmaputra. 

Goat  Island  (got  i'land).  The  island  in  Nia- 
gara River  which  separates  the  Horseshoe  and 
American  falls. 

Goazacoalco(g6-a-tha-k6-ark6),orCoaxacoal- 

CO(ko-a-Ha-k6-ark6).  The  ancient  Indian  name 
of  a  region  in  Mexico,  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepee,  west  of  the  Coaxa- 
coaleo  River,  and  now  forming  part  of  the  state 
of  Vera  Cruz.  It  submitted  to  Sandoval  in  1522.  and 
in  1534  was  made  a  province,  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
bishopric  of  TIascala.  The  iiiuue  soon  fell  into  disuse. 
Gobat  (go-bii' ),  Samuel.  Born  at  Cr^mine,  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  Jan.  26,  1799:  died  at 
Jerusalem,  Ma_v  12, 1879.  A  Swiss  missionary, 
appointedAnglieanbishopof  JerusaleminlS46. 

Gobble  (gob'l).  Justice.  Au  insolent  magis- 
trate in  Smollett's  "History  of  Sir  Launcelot 
Greaves,"  a  satirical  romance. 

Gobbo  (gob'bo),  Lalincelot.  A  whimsical,  con- 
ceited man-seiTant  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant 
of  Venice."  He  is  one  of  Shakspere's  best 
clowns. 

Gobbo,  Old.  The  "sand-bUnd"  father  of  Laun- 
celot Gobbo. 

Gobelins  (gob-Ian').  A  family  of  dyers,  de- 
scended from  Jean  Gobelin  i  died  1476),  and  es- 
tablished in  Paris.  They  introduced  the  manufacture 
of  tapestries  in  the  15th  century.  Their  manufactory  was 
changed  to  a  royal  establishment  under  Louis  XIV. ,  about 
1«(J7. 

Goben  (geb'en),  August  Karl  Friedrich  Chris- 
tian von.  Born  at  Stade,Prussia,Dec.lO,  1816: 
died  at  Coblenz,  Pi-ussia,  Nov.  13,  1880.  A 
Prussian  general,  distinguished  in  the  war  of 
1866  and  in  the  Franco-German  war. 

Gober  (go'ber).     See  Eausn. 

Gobi  (go'be),  or  Gobi  (ko'be).  A  large  desert 
in  the  Chinese  empire,  with  uncertain  boun- 
daries. It  comprises  t\vo  principal  divisions :  the  east- 
ern (also  called  Shamo).  situated  in  central  Mongolia;  the 
western,  occupying  approximately  the  basin  of  the  Tarim, 
in  East  Turkestan.  Its  streams  have  no  outlet  to  the  sea. 
The  average  height  is  2,000  to  4,000  feet. 

Gobineau(g6-be-n6'),Comte  Joseph  Arthurde. 
Born  at  Bordeaux,  France,  1816 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17,  1882.  A  French  diplomatist.  Oriental- 
ist, and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "  Les  religions 
et  les  philosophies  dans  I'Asie  Centrale  "  (1865), 
"NouveUes  Asiatiques"  (1876),  etc. 

Goblins  (gob'linz),  The.  A  comedy  by  Suck- 
ling, printed  in  1646.  The  Goblins  are  noblemen 
and  gentlemen  disguised  as  a  band  of  robbers. 

Gobryas  (go'bri-as).  A  Persian  noble.  He  was 
oneof  the  seven  conspiratorswho,  according  to  Herodotus, 
procured  the  death  of  Smerdis  the  Magian  in  521 B.  c,  and 
raised  Darius  I.  to  the  throne. 

Gobseck  (gob'sek).  A  novel  by  Balzac,  written 
in  1830.  Gobseck  is  an  avaricious  money-lender. 

Goch  (goeh).  A  towTi  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  43  miles  northwest  of  Diisseldorf .  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  6,729. 

Goch,  Johannes  von.  Born  at  Goch,  Prussia, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  15tli  century:  died 
March,  1475.  A  German  prior,  author  of  "De 
libertate  Christiana"  (1521). 

Godalming  (god'al-ming).  A  town  in  Surrey, 
England,  situated  on  the  Wey  32  miles  south- 
west of  London.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Charter- 
house School.     Population  (1891),  2.797. 

Godavari  (go-da'va-re).  1.  Ariverin  the  Dec- 
can,  British  India,  flowing  by  a  delta  into  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  about  lat.  16°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  900  miles.  It  is  navigable  about  300 miles. 

—  2.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  17°  N.,  long.  81°  30'  E.  Area, 
7,345  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  1,791, 512. 

Goddard  (god'ard).  Arabella  (Mrs.  jjavison). 
[G.  Gotthart,  'pious,'  'virtuous';  D.  Gotthard, 
F.  Godard.l  Born  at  St.-Servan,  near  St.-Malo, 
France,  Jan.  12,  1838.     An  English  pianist. 

Godefroy  (god-frwa'),  Denis.  Bom  at  Paris, 
l.')49 :  died  at  Strasburg,  1621.  A  French  jurist. 
He  edited  "Corpus  juris  civilis"  (1.583),  etc. 

Godefroy,  Frederic.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1826 :  died  at  Lestelle,  Basses-Pyr^n^es,  Oct.  2, 
1897.  A  French  philologist  and  historian  of 
literature.  He  published  a  "Histoire  de  la  litt^ra- 
tur*^  francaise  depuis  le  X■V^'^  siecle,"  a  "  Dictionnaire  de 
I'aiiL-ienne  langue  fran^aise,"  etc. 

3odefroy,  Jacques.  Born  at  Geneva,  1587:  died 
at  Geneva,  1652.  A  jurist  and  magistrate  of 
Geneva,  son  ot  Denis  Godefroy.  He  was  the 
author  ot  works  on  Roman  law. 


444 

Godefroy,  Theodore.  Born  at  Geneva.  1580: 
dicil  1649.  A  French  historiographer  and  jurist, 
son  of  Denis  Godefroy. 

Godehard,  Saint,  Church  of.    See  HMeshiim. 

Godeke  (ged'e-ke),  Karl:  pseudonym  Karl 
Stahl.  Born  at  Celle,  Prussia,  April  15, 1814: 
died  at  Gottingen,  Oct.  28,  1887.  A  German 
historian  of  literature,  professor  at  Gottingen 
from  1873.  His  chief  work  is  "  Grundriss  zur 
Geschichte  der  deutschen  Dichtung  "  (1859^81). 

Godeman  (god'man).  Chaplain  of  the  bishop 
of  Winchester  when  abbot  of  Thornby,  963-984. 
He  illuminated  the  "Benedictic.nel  of  God'eman,"  now 
the  property  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  In  the  Biblio- 
thfeque  at  Rouen  is  a  manuscript  apparently  by  his  hand. 

Goderich  (god'rich).  A  lake  port  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Huron  Countv,  Ontario.  Canada,  situated 
on  Lake  Huron  in  lat.  43°  45'  N.,  long.  81°  51' 
W.     Population  (1901).  4.158. 

Goderich,  Viscount.    See  Unbinann.  F.  J. 
Godesberg  (go'des-berc).      A  small  town  and 

summer  resort  in  the  Rhine  Pro\-ince,  Prussia, 

on  the  Rhine  south  of  Bonn. 

Godfrey  (god'fri)  of  Bouillon,  F.  Godefroy  de 

Bouillon  (god-frwa'  de  bo-yon').  [TheE.name 
(lixl/nii  is  from  F.  Godefroi  (also  Geoffroi, 
whence  E.  Geoffrey,  Jeffrey),  Sp.  Godofredo,  Go- 
fredo,  Pg.  Go'ilol'redo,'  It.  Godofredo,'  Goffredo, 
ML.  Godefridiis,'Galfridus,  froni  MHG.  Got/rid, 
G.  Gottfried,  peace  of  God.]  Born  at  Baisv, 
Brabant,  1061 :  died  at  Jerusalem.  July  18. 1100. 
A  leader  of  the  first  Crusade.  He  was  made  duke 
of  Lower  Lotharingia  (having  Bouillon  for  its  capital)  by 
Henry  IV.  of  Germany  in  10S8,  and  in  1096 joined  the  Cru- 
sade for  the  recovery  of  the  holy  sepulcher.  He  fought 
with  distinction  at  the  stoi-m  of  Jerusalem,  July  15, 1099, 
and,  after  the  crown  had  been  declined  by  RajTiiond  of 
Toulouse,  was  elected  kingof  Jerus.alem,  July  23, 1099.  He, 
however,  exchanged  the  title  of  king  for  that  of  Protector 
of  the  Holy  Sepulcher.  He  completed  the  conquest  of  the 
Holy  Land  by  defeating  the  .Sultan  of  Egypt  in  the  plain 
ot  Ascalon,  Aug.  12,  1099. 

Grodin  (go-dan'),  Jean  Baptiste Andre,  Born 
at  Esqueh^ries,  Aisne,  France,  1817:  died  at 
Guise,  Jan.  15, 1888.  A  French  social  reformer. 
He  founded  at  Guise  a  socialistic  industrial 
union  (Familistere),  which  attained  considera- 
ble success. 

Godin,  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  28. 1704 :  died 
at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Sept.  11,  1760.  A  French  sci- 
entist, one  of  the  commissioners  who,  in  1735, 
were  sent  to  Peru  to  measure  an  arc  of  the  me- 
ridian. He  remained  in  that  country  until  1751,  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  the  University  of  Lima ;  subse- 
quently he  had  charge  of  the  college  for  midsilipmen  at 
Cadiz,  Spain.  He  w.as  the  author  of  several  treatises  on 
earthquakes  and  astronomy,  a  work  on  Spanish  America, 
and  a  history  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Godin  des  Odonais  (go-dan'  daz  6-d6-na'), Isa- 
bel. IJorn  in  Kiobamba,  Peru,  1728:  died  at 
Saint-Amand,  France,  after  1788.  The  wife  of 
Jean  Godin  des  Odonais,  whom  she  married  in 
1743.  In  1769  she  started  with  her  brothers  and  a  sm.all 
company  to  descend  the  Napo  and  Amazon  and  join  her 
husband  in  Cayenne.  The  boatw.as  lost,  and  all  the  party 
perished  except  Madame  Godin,  who  wandered  .alone  in  the 
forest  for  9  days.  When  she  was  finally  found  by  some 
friendly  Indians  her  hair  is  said  to  have  become  white. 
Thegovernor  of  Omaguas  sent  her  down  the  river,  and 
she  rejoined  her  husband  after  a  separation  of  19  years. 

Godin  des  Odonais,  Jean.  Born  at  Saint- 
Amand,  1712:  died  there,  1792.  A  French  nat- 
m-alist,  cousin  of  Louis  Godin,  whom  he  accom- 
panied to  Peru  in  1735.  He  remained  there  as  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  College  of  Quito,  studying  the  Hora  and  Indian 
languages.  In  17.4o  he  went  to  Cayenne,  explored  that  col- 
ony, Brazilian  Guiana,  and  the  .-Vnnzon,  and  finally  returned 
to  France  iu  1773.  He  puldished  several  works  on  the 
plants,  animals,  atid  Indian  languages  of  South  America. 

Godiva(g6-da'va).  [ML.  Godiva,  from  AH.  God- 
gifii,  gift  of  God :  equiv.  to  Dorothea  or  Tltco- 
d'ord.}  Flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  11th 
century.  The  wife  of  Leofrie,  earl  of  Chester, 
celebrated  in  the  annals  of  Coventry, Warwick- 
shire, England,  she  was  a  woman  of  great  beauty  and 
piety,  the  benefactress  of  numerous  churches  and  monas- 
teries. According  to  the  legend,  she  begged  her  husband  to 
relieve  Coventry  of  a  burdensome  toll,  and  he  consented  on 
the  condition  that  she  should  ride  naked  through  the  mar- 
ket-place. This  she  did,  covered  only  by  her  hair,  and  won 
relief  for  the  people.  In  some  versions  of  the  story,  the 
people  were  commanded  to  keep  within  their  houses,  and 
not  look  upon  her.  One  fellow — "peeping  Tom"— diso- 
beyed, and  was  miraculously  struck  with  blindness.  Her 
festival  is  still  celebrated  at  Coventry. 

Godkin  (god'kin),  Edwin  Lawrence.    Bom  in 

Ireland.  Oct.  2. 1831 :  died  at  Brixham,  England, 
May  20, 1902.  An  American  journalist  andauthor. 
He  came  t-j  the  United  States  as  correspondent  of  the  Lon- 
don "  Daily  News'";  wiis  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in 
1858;  becameeditorandproprietorof  the"Natioir'1865-Cti: 
and  was  an  editor  and  a  proprietor  of  the  "Evening  Post ' 
1881-99.    He  published  a  •  'History  of  Hungary  "  (1856)  .etc 

Godinan(god'man  ),FrederickDu  Cane.  Bom 

about  18-10.  AuEnglish  naturalist.  Irii870heput>- 
lished  the  "Natural  Hi>tiiry  of  the  Azores.  "  ."^hnrtlyafterhe 
planned  an  elaborate  scicnlihc  suivey  of  Mtxico  and  Cen- 


Godwin,  Mrs. 

tral  America,  acquiring  by  purchase,  and  by  employing  col- 
lectors, immense  series  of  specimens  of  the  plants  and  ani- 
mals of  those  regions.  These  have  been  described  in  the 
"Bioliigia  Centrali-Americana, ■■  edited  by  Godman  and 
Salvin. 
Gododin  (go-do'din).  A  British  tribe  living  ! 
in  Northumberland  and  southeastern  Scotland: 
the  Roman  Otadiui. 

Gododin,  The.  A  Welsh  poem  bv  Aneurin,  on 
the  seven  days'  battle  of  Cattraeth  in  603.  The 
author  was  probably  present  at  the  battle.  It  consists,  in 
its  present  form,  of  over  9(J0  lines,  and  has  been  several 
times  translated,  either  wholly  or  in  part.  Gray's  "  Death 
of  Hoel  "  is  part  translation  part  imitation  of  a  portion  of 
it.  The  Rev.  John  Williams  ab  Ithel  translated  the  whole 
and  published  it  in  1862,  and  portions  of  it  have  been  trans- 
lated by  Henry  Morley.     ^Ge  Aneurin. 

GodoUo  (ge'del-le).  A  town  of  Hungary,  15 
miles  northeast  of  Budapest.  Here,  April  6,  I849i 
the  Hungarian  insurgents  under  Gbrgey  defeated  the  AoB. 
trians  under  Prince  Windischgratz. 

Godolphin  (go-dol'fin),  Sidney,  first  Earl  of 
Godolphin.  Born  in  Cornwall,  England,  prob- 
ably about  1635:  died  Sept.  15,  1712.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  financier.  He  became  page  ot 
honor  to  Charles  n.  in  1662  ;  was  appointed  master  of  the 
robes  in  1078  ;  represented  Helston  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons 166$-79 ;  represented  St.  Mawes  1679-81 ;  and  was  flret 
lord  of  the  treasury  1090-97  and  1700-01.  During  the  reign 
of  William  III.  he  kept  up  a  secret  correspondence  with 
James  II.  at  St.-Gemiain.  He  became  in  1702  premierand 
lord  high  treasurer,  in  which  capacity  he  vigorously  sup- 
ported Marlborough  during  his  absence  on  the  Continent 
in  the  War  of  the  .Spanish  Succession.  He  was  created 
earl  of  Godolphin  in  1706,  and  was  dismissed  from  office  in 
1710  at  the  fall  of  the  Marlboroughs. 

Godolphin  Barb,  The.  One  of  the  three  Ori- 
ental sires  from  which  the  thoroughbred  horse 
is  derived.  See  Darley  ArahifDi  and  Byerly  Turk. 
He  was  probably  a  barb  foaled  about  1729  and  brought 
from  Paris  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  He  died  in  1753.  'The 
traditions  surrounding  this  horse  were  woven  into  a  nov- 
elette by  Engine  Sue  in  1825.  From  the  Godolphin  springa 
the  Matcllem  branch  of  the  thoroughbred  horse. 

Godoy  (go-Doi'),  Manuel  de,  Duke  of  Alcudia. 
BornatBadajoz,Feb.  12, 1767:  died  Oct.  7. 1851. 
A  Spanish  statesman.  He  obtained  the  favor  of  Queen 
Mai-ia  Ix)uisa  and  Charles  IV.,  and  rose  rapidly  to  an  ini^ 
portant  position  in  the  state.  He  becam^duke  of  .-Vlcudia 
and  lieutenant-general  iu  1792,  prime  minister  in  1793,  and 
in  1795,  for  securing  a  peace  with  France,  received  the  title 
"Princeof  thePeace. "  He  signed  the  trcatyof  San  Ildefonso 
with  France  Aug.  29, 1796 :  married  JIaria  Theresa  of  Bour- 
bon in  1797;  and  resigned  from  the  ministry  in  1798.  In  1801 
he  commanded  the  army  against  Pcrtugaland  seemed  the 
treaty  of  Badajoz.  He  was  made  generalissimo  and  high 
admiral  of  Spain,  He  attached  himself  to  Napoleon,  and 
signed  the  treaty  of  FontainebIeau(  which  see).  Meanwhile 
he  had  become  an  object  of  popular  hatred, which  burst  out 
in  a  riot  (March  18,  ISOS),  from  which  he  narrowly  escaped. 
His  arrest  was  ordered,  but  he  escaped  through  Napoleon's 
influence,  and  lived  later  at  Rome  and  Paris. 

God  Save  the  King  (or  Queen).  The  English  na- 
tional anthem :  words  and  music  probably  com- 
posed by  Henry  Carey,  it  was  first  performed"  in  174a 
It  is  sometimes  attributed  to  John  Bull  (1607):  it  has  also 
been  assigned  a  Scottish  or  French  origin.  The  tune  was 
adopted  in  France  in  1776,  and  was  afterward  used  as  the 
Danish,  Prussian,  and  Gei-man  national  air.  Beethoven 
introduced  it  in  his  "Battle  Symphony  ";  Weber  has  used 
it  in  three  or  four  compositions.  The  American  national 
hymn,  "  My  Country. 'tis  of  Thee,"  was  written  by  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Francis  Smith,  and  published  in  1843 :  the  music  is  that 
of  "God  Save  the  King." 

GodunofiF  (go-do-nof),  Boris  Feodorovitch. 

Born  15.52 :  died  April  13, 1605.  A  Russian  czar. 
He  was  the  chief  member  of  the  regency  during  the  reign 
of  the  mibecile  Feodorlvanovitch  (1584^98),  who  was  mar- 
ried to  GodunolT's  sister  Irene.  lie  was  elected  to  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  Feodor  in  1598.  having,  it  is  said, 
previously  caused  the  death  of  the  czarevitch  Dmitri 

God-win  (god'win),  or  God^wine.  Died  April  14, 
1053.  Earl  of  the  West  Saxons.  He  accompanied 
Cnut  on  his  visit  to  Denmark  in  1019,  and  is  said  to  have 
fought  with  distinction  in  an  expedition  against  the  Wends. 
He  shortly  after  married  Gytha,  a  relative  b.v  marriage  of 
Cnut,  and  was  appointed  earl  of  the  West  Saxons.  On  the 
death  of  Cnut  in  1035  he  at  first  supported  the  cause  of 
Harthacnut,  but  afterward  espoused  that  of  Harold,  with 
whom  he  was  probably  implicated  in  the  murder  of  the 
English  atlieling  Alfred,  half-brother  of  Harthacnut  and 
son  of  Emma  by  her  first  husband.  .Ethelred  the  Unready. 
In  1042  he  was  instrumental  in  procuring  the  election  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  opposition  to  the  Danish  prince 
SvendEstrithson.  He  married  his  daughter  Edith  or  Ead- 
gyth  to  Edward  in  1045.  His  position,  however,  as  the  most 
powerful  subject  in  the  kingdom  excited  the  jealousy  of 
the  court,  and  he  was  exiled  in  1051,  but  was  recalled  in 
the  following  year, 

God'win,  Francis.  Bom  at  Havington,  North- 
amptonshire, England,  1561:  died  1633.  AnEng- 
lish  bishop  and  author.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Llandaff  in  It^l.  and  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Here- 
ford in  1617.  His  chief  work  is  "  A  Catalogueof  the  Bish- 
ops of  England  "  (1601). 

God'win,  Mrs.  (Mary  Wollstonecraft).  Bora 
at  London.  April  27.17.")9:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
10, 1797.  An  English  author.  She  was  employed 
by  Johnson  as  a  reader  and  translator,  and  for  five  years 
assisted  in  this  way  her  family,  who  were  very  poor.  In 
1791  she  first  met  William  Godwin,  and  after  one  or  two 
other  connections,  especially  with  Gilbert  Imlay,  who  de- 
serted her,  she  went  to  live  with  him  in  1796,    The  expecti^ 


Godwin,  Mrs. 

Hon  of  a  cliU.l  induce.!  then,  to  marry  in  1797.  The  birth 
S(  the  chiia  (wh..  was  tlie  second  wile  of  the  poet  Melley 
oroved  fatal  t. .  ller.  Uer  chief  work  was  -  \  indication  ..f 
the  Bights  of  Woman"  (17'J2).  ,,t    t     t:>   v, 

Godwin,  Parke.  Bom  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
2')  ISltJ  An  American  ioiirnalist  and  autnor. 
Bp  wis  connected  with  the  -New  York  "Evening  Post' 
?.17"4 (except'.ne  yar).  a  .-onnoct .on  which  was  renewed 
W!^  S(l  He  ha*  pnl.lishe.1  "  History  of  trance  (1860), 
.    1  Bioi:n.,>hv  ..t  Uilliara  Cnllen  Bryant"  (1883),  etc. 

Godwin, William.  Bom  at  Wisbcaeh,  England. 
March  3,  1750:  <Ucd  at  London,  April  ',!«•>"• 
Au  English  novelist,  historian,  and  political 
and  niiseellaneous  wTitcr.  His  father  was  a  dissent- 
inc  minister,  and  he  became  one  himself,  preaching  from 
1TT7  to  178-2,  when  his  faith  in  Cliristianlty  was  shaken  by 
study  of  the  French  phih.sophers.  and  he  devoted  himself 
toliterature.  He  wasasyinpathizerwith  the  trt-iRh  Kev- 
olution,  and  became  the  representative  of  English  radical- 
?su  He  married  Mary  WoUstonecraft  in  1707,  though 
he  objected  to  marri;lBC  on  principle  His  works  in- 
elude  '•  Inquirv  concerning  Political  Justice,  etc.  (1|93), 
"History  of  the  Commonwealth  '  (1824-2S),  the  novels 
"Caleb  Williams"(17W),  ".St.  Leon  "(1799)."  MandeviUe 
ftSlT)  etc  He  also  published  histories  of  Rome,  Oreece, 
and  En"land,  a  '■  Panthemi," and  "Fables"  underthcpaeu- 
doiiyni  of  Edward  Baldwin,  Compare  Godwin,  lUrs.  (Mary 
VMsUmrcmft). 

Godwin- Austen  (ctod'win-as'ten),  Mount.    A 

iiK.uiitain  in  the  western  Himalayas,  near  tlie 
Karakoram  Pass:  assumed  to  be  the  second 
highest  peak  in  the  world.     Height,   l.».LaO 

Goes,  or  Ter  Goes  (ter  gos).     The  chief  town 
in   the   island    o£    South    Beveland,    pvo""';^ 
of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  in  lat.  51 
30'   N.,   long.   3°  53'   E.      Population  (1889). 
5,21 1 


41: 


Goes,  Hugo  van  der.  Died  about  1482.  A  Flem- 
ish painter,  a  pupil  of  Jan  van  Eyck.    His  chiet 
work  is  a  "Nativity"  (Florence). 
Goes  e  Vasconcellos  (goiz  e  vas-kon-sal'gs), 
Zacharias  de.     Born  at  Valen^a,  Bahia,  Nov. 
-.  LSI.'):  ilied  at  Kio  de  Janeiro.  Dec.  28,  1»'^ 
\  Brazilian  statesman.    He  was  repeatedly  elected 
i.utv  and  was  senator  from  1S(H  ;  was  president  of  sev- 
.  ,1  ,„'..vinc,s.  including  the  newly  created  province  of 
1,  iTi'i    the  K.fernmeiit  of  whiih  he  organized  in  lS5.i ; 
,■•,',;„  iiilpiiof  several  ministries;  and  was  three  times 
„,,.,„ii,  (1m;i,  ls(,4-c.o,and  ISiXMJg).   During  the  last  period 
the  war  "  itii  ParM^-iiay  was  at  its  height.     In  politics  he 
IV  ;,s  a  moderate  e.niservalive. 

Goethe  (ge'te),Joliann  Wolfgang  von    Bon, 

ai   Frankfort-ou-the-JIaiii.  Aug.  '>,  li4S):  died 
at  Weimar,  March  22, 1832.     A  famous  German 
iioct,  dramatist,  and  prose-writer:  the  greatest 
name  in  German  literature.    His  father,  Johann 
Caspar  Goethe  (1710-82),  was  a  well-to-do  n.an  who  had 
the  title  of  imperial  councilor.    His  mother  was  Katlia- 
rina  E  ikbeth  Textor  (1731-1SU8),  thedaughter  of  a  inagis- 
trite      His  early  education  was  under  the  personal  direc 
linn  of  his  father.    In  17«5  lie  matriculated  at^Leipsic  for 
the  study  of  jurisprudence.     In  the  autumn  of  1 ,6S  here- 
I  rned  ill  to  Frankfort,  and  in  1770  went  to  the  I  "ivers, ty 
of  Strasburg.     In  this  year  occurred  a  lovcartair  with 
1  riedeiike  Brion  (died  18l;i,  unmarried)at  Sesenheim  and 
the  beginning  ..f  his  friendship  with  Herder.    In  li,l  he 
..j.tiineil  the  degree  of  licentiate  of  law,  and  returned  to 
Irankfort.     In  177-2  he  went  as  a  practitioner  in  the '■«- 
nerial  chamber  of  justice  to  Wetzlar,  where  he  met  Char- 
l.tte  Buff,  the  Uitte  of  "  Werlber."    Sjix  n.onUis  la  er  ho 
Middenlv  left  Welzlar  and  returned  to  Frankfort.     In  1 .  li 
iMgan  i'is  friendship  with  Lavater  and  F.  H  Jacob.,  an<l 
more  imiinrlant  slill  for  its  consequences,  that  with  Karl 
August^  duke  of  Saxc-Wehnar.    In  17-4-7r.  h«  ;™«  ""i; 
eaged  for  a  «li..i-t  time,  in  Frankfort,  to  Anna  Elizabeth 
idionemann  (married  in  1778  to  the  Baron  von  ■rurkhein 
died  1S17X  the  "  Lili  "  of  hia  lyrics.    In  1. ,  .■;,  at  the  iin  i- 
tation  of  Kail  August,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  duke- 
dom cioethe  wenlto  Weimar.wherehe  subsequently  led; 
In  1776  he  was  made  privy  councilor  of  ''^i;';'*'?"' ,",''",° 
vote  in  the  ducal  council ;  in  1778  he  was  with  the  duke  in 
Potsdam  and  Berlin  ;  In  1779hewas  m»de  privy  couneilor 
In  1782  he  was  ennobled  and  made  president_of  the  ilue  il 
chamber;  and  in  the  summers  of  17S5  and  J'** '!«",■"» '' 
Karlsbad.    From  there,  in  Se|.t..  17.s,l,  he  set  on  for  I  ..b  . 
whence  he  di.l  imt  letnrn  to  N\em,ar  unt  1  •|"»'..|'»- 
Ills  connection  with  Clirlstlane  \  ulpins  (died  18  t,),  to 
wliom  lie  was  marrietl  in  1800,  began  in  this  yeal,     in 
17Hn  liis  son  August  was  liorn  (died  at  Rome  in   l>.io). 
Ji.Slle  revisited  Venice  in  1790,  and  later,  "»'"«;;';»» 
„l  state,  was  in  Breslau.     He  became  director  of  the  da 
(heater  in  Weimar  In  1791,  «-liich  position  he  he  1  u 
1817.     In  179-2  he  accompanied  the  duke    nio  the-  tlUd 
against  France,  and  was  with  him  at  the  siege  of  >  a  i.z 
in  1711.)      His  el..se  friendship  with  Schiller,  which  ended 
only  with  the  death  of  the  latter  in  18()6,  began  in  1,1, 
Alter  17IM  he  devoted  himself  entirely  lollteratuie       .oe- 
tlie-8  life  in  its  literary  phases  may  be  cons  dei el  nn  lei 
four  periods.  The  llrstof  these,  the- -l^rst  P',"''';;    I".f.      ;, 
exf,  .18  from  youth  to  the  time  of  his  arrival  it  "elm  r 
(1776).     The  chief  works  of  this  peri..d  are  the  plays   J 
baune  des  Verliehteu  "("  Tb,-  ( •aprlees  of  I  •■-■  l-"Ver   ),     D  « 
MItschuldlgen"  ("The  A, cmipllccs  ),  both    i    Al"«   - 
drines  ;  "Ootz  von  Berliehlngen,"  a   ragedy  which  esta- 
lished  his  fame  as  a  po.:t  (177:!);  "Die  Leiden  '.'j"   '    f^ 
Werthcr"  ("The  Sorrows  of  Young    V  erther  ).  a  "ovel 
fl77IV  "Clavlgo,"  •■Stella."liolhtragedies:  poemsto'  l.il  , 
>nd  other  lyrics ;  " Goiter,  Heldcn  und  Wielan.      ("<.ods 
Heroes,  and  WIeland"),  a  satire  (I774)-al  belonging  to 
the  -Storm  and  Stre.ns"  period  orGerinan  literature,  llie 
"second  poetical  period ''  extends  from  bis  arrival  In  W  ei- 
mar  to  the  beginning  of  his  frien.lship  with  schllhr  (from 
1776  to  1794).     It  Includes  the  operas  "  l-rwin  iind  l.lmire 


and  "Claudine  von  Villa  Bella"  (1775:  ."""■  .7","' ™ 'j 
i787),  the  tli-st  book  of  "  W  ilhelin  Meisler    (V,'',"-d'"™, 
ins)  the  tlnal  metrical  version  of  "JP  ''f '«  ,    ■„"/•  ^  ' 
his  return  from  Italy  ;  it  had  been  acted  in  1779  ,"  P'""^'- 
"Die  Oeschwister"  ("The  Brother  and  Sister,    1  87  .a 
drama  which  had  been  written  in  1776),  "^-B"'""'.  <  'jl^'j 
"lorquato  Tasso  "  (in  vel^e,  1790  ;  a  I"^.!«^  ^''^f*'""  ^f 
been  completcl  in  1781),  "  Keinecke  i  m  lis     a  poem  (17M)^ 
and  numerous  shorter  poems      I  be  thud  peilod  covers 
his  friendship  with  Schiller  (fr"U'  1™*  W^^fu  ..^705- 
eludes  the  "Uomisehe  Elegien  "     - 1  omaii  Elegies    l_-9o 
they  aiipcared  in  Schiller  s  periodical     Die  ""'^n  .);,,,*; 
netian  sche  Epigramme  •  (1790 :  they  »PP«"^t'"  ^^'''.'.'if,^ 
"Muscn^dmanaeh"),  a  series  of  I",'™  ;!'»'-:""",„  Vt 
\enien  '  wTitlcn  by  Goellie  and  Schiller  (li9,.  in  the 
"  J  nsenalmanach  "  ,    "  Willieln,    leister's    Lehrjahre 
mx,:  begun  in  1777),  "•llennann  und  D«™"  «»  jl"''- 
"lie  Xaturliehe  Tochter"  (l»o:i),  -  iJescliichte  der  tar- 
benlehre"  ("  Histoiy-  of  tile  Doctrine  of  tolrn^      180.. 
tlnal  form  1810).   'Die  Braiit  von  Konntl        The  foui th 
is  the  period  of  his  idd  age,  from  liito  to  18.i2.    It  meludis 
"F  us   ■■  flrst  part  (18.«),'"Die  ^Vahlverwandtsc  laf  en 
(••Elective  Altinities,"  l>0;t),   ■Alls  meliiem  Leben   D  cht- 
ung  und  Wahrheit "  ("  From  my  I.ife :  Poetry  »  "'  .^  '"    > 
(flret  part  Isll,  second  1S12,  third  1814.  four  h  18J1).  .and 
lis  scFe^itmc  work.     In  1814  he  began  t.,  write  the  One  - 
al  poems  afterward  p.ildis  led  as  '■  I^^or  ^''-^''.f' ',^''«  D^; 
van'     -'DCS  Epimenides  Erwachen.    "''""•'■  ":fP'^: 
dueed  at  Berlin'  in  1815.     In  1810  «/';,^;""P'^''-;f,,'f '!■:?' 
volume  of  the  ■  Italienische  Kcise    ("  '••'•f." /""',•  ma 
foll.)we.l  in  1817  by  a  second,  in  ls-29  by-  a   '»"i.  .  .^  '  '"" 
terial  being  the  letters  written  f™"  "»'>''«  '™''*^" 
Weimar,  among  them  Herder  and  Fran  von  Stem     He 
ah.>  began  this  year  his  treatises  on  (iermanic  art  in  the 
pel  o  Ik-a   •"Kuiist  und  Alterthum  "  ("Art  and  Antiqui- 
y'i  which  weiccontinueddown  to  18-28.  In  1817 appeared 
the  first  of  the  series  of  essays  on  scicntiflc   Bubjects, 
-Zur  Naturwissenschaff  ('On  Natural  History       con- 
tinned  down  to  18-24.    "  WUhelm  »I''^"->  ^S„^,'"''=    ''  l,^, 
appeared  in  18-21  (in  its  final  shape  "j,  1J-:»>A,  .  1"  'I"* 
was  published  the  first  part  of  the  so-called     ZahmLXe- 
nien^'  ('Tame  Xenia"),  and  a  second  ]"  l^-^- J""  1*;^, 
the  second  part  of  --Faust"  was  •^""'I'''^';^'!.',  ""'^  '^.  t," 
months  before  his  death.    The  tragedy  of    ■F'»»«f-        « 
greatest  of  his  productions,  is  in  reality  a  literar>  epiton  t 
of  his  life,  since  it  had  occupied  him  ,at  f-nes  for  ■«"'> 
sixty  vears.     In  1772  scenes  of  a  prose  "Faust    were  wtiU 
ten   fragments  of  which  were  retained  in  the  hitcr  poetic 
vision      The  earliest  rimed  scenes  uf  the  first  part  are 
from  1773-75.   In  17i)0aflist  edition,  with  the  title    Faust, 
ein  Flaiment,"  was  published  at  Leipsic.     Abou   17(  ,  he 
ac  lin  took  up  the  flrst  part,  which  was  completed  in  1800, 
aiidi,ul.lishe(latTubingeninl808.     As  regards  the  second 
nut   the  idea  of  the  "  Helena,'  ultimately  printed  iw  the 
third  act  of  the  completed  second  part  was  <;onceived  be- 
fore  1776,    It  was  not,  however,  worked  out  until  1S2U, 
u[d  in  1827  was  published  with  the  title  ;Helena,  eine 
classiscb-i-omantiscbc    I'hantasmagorl.a.      T'!^  ™™Pl^''- 
second  part  lli-stappeared  i,nl»-llrstvonn  oof  the    N^ 
gelassne  Werke  "  (•  Posthumous  W  orks     1833).     l'  8  "«" 
editions  of  his  coflected  works  are  -  Schriften     <I-J"|  <:• 
17s7-'.K),  ill  8  vols.),  "  Neue  Schntten     (Berlin  1792-18W, 
in  7  vols.),  "Werke"  (Tubingen,  lsu(W)8,  m  n  vols  .  to 
'wiich  was  added  a  thirteenth  in  lSin>  ;  ^Verke   ,(stut_t- 
gart  and  Tubingen,  ISl.'i-W,  in  -20  vols.).  "Werke     (IS-  - 
1831,  in  40  vols.).    To  these  are  to  be  added  ;  l-^-'l'" 
nachgclassne  Werke"  (183-2-:i4,  in  15  vols     »;i">  •'  ™»- 
more  in  184-2).     A  chronological  tab  e  of  "".h/.V"  'A"/' 
was  edited  by  Uirzel,  Leijisic,  18S4.     Lewes  s  "Life  of  Goe- 
tlie"  (186,5)  is  the  standard  i;nglish  work  on  the  subject. 
Last  edition,  IS'.H).  c^        ^■■.     .,.,„    n^,. 

Goetz  von  BerUchingen.    See  Gots  von  Be>- 

Goffe"("Kof).  William.  Born  about  1605:  died  at 
Hadlev.  Mass.,  167y.  An  English  Parl-amen- 
tarv  eommander,  one  of  tlie  judges  of  (  liarles  1. 
Helivedin  New  England  in  concealment  after 

1660.  ...  .  ,      ., 

Goe  (coc).     In  Ezek.  xxxviu.,  xxxix.,  a  ruler  in 

the  land  of  Magog,  mentioned  as  the  prince  ot 

Meshech  and  Tubal,     in  Rev.  xx.  8,  Gog  and  Magog 

appear  as  two  allied  warring  tribes.     1  ''^^.-J'^  "Xim 

regarded  as  connecte.l  with  the  invasion  of   '"^  Sf>''''-  '« 

1  wcsteni  Asia  but  of  late  Hog  has  been  ideiltilled  with 

agu  ritirted   o  in  the  annals  of  the  Assyrian  king  Asur- 

b  inipal  (««8-fi-2«  11.  c.)  as  the  mighty  ruler  ot  a  warlike  tribe 

in  the  territory  of  Salii,  north  of  Assyria. 

Gog  and  Magog.     The  names  given  to  two  efli- 

.'ies   ill    tin-    liuihUiall,    London.      They  arc  now 

Uiollght  to  be  intendeil  for  liogmagog  and  Connens.       he 

"gin  1  statues  stood  there  in  the  days  of  Henry  \      They 

«"ro  burned  In  the  Great  Fire,  and  »•;»":»;«  ""^^^^  «, 

in  1708.    The  older  ones  were  made  of  » 'c^'' " '."^J; ,','""  ' , 

hoard    etc.,  ami  were  canled  in  i.ioeession  at  the  lonl 

fioemaeoe  (gog'ma-gog),  or  Goemot,  or  Goe- 

St^    A  legendary  king  of  the  giants      Ho 
'vas  killed  by  Coriueus,  a  follower  ol  Brut. 


Golden  Fleece 

A  Russian  novelist  aud  dramatist.  He  was  eJn- 
cated  in  a  public  gymnasium  at  Pultowa,  and  subsequently 
in  the  lyceuin,  then  newly  established,  at  >  K'Jinsk.  In  1831 
he  was  appointed  teaeber  of  history  at  the  Patriotic  In- 
stitution, a  place  which  he  cxchangc«d  in  1834  for  the  pro- 
fessorship  of  history  in  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg, 
this  be  resigned  at  the  end  of  a  year,  and  devoted  himself 
entiielv  to  literature.  In  ls«  Gogol  left  Russia.  He 
lived  most  of  the  time  in  Rome.  In  1837  he  wrote  ■  Dead 
Souls"  (which  see).  In  IMo  he  went  to  Russia  for  a 
short  period  in  order  to  superintend  the  publication 
of  the  first  volume  of  "Dead  Souls,"  and  then  returned  to 
IfUy  In  lS4(i  he  returned  to  Russui.  and  fell  into  a  state 
of  faiiatical  mvsticisra.  one  of  his  hist  acts  was  to  burn 
the  manuscript  of  thcconcluding  portion  of  Dead  Souls, 
which  be  considered  harmful.  He  .also  wrote  "  Eyeninga 
at  the  Farm,"  "St.  Petersburg  Stories,-  "T;inis  Bulba,  a 
Tale  of  the  Cossacks,"  "The  Revizor,  a  comedy,  etc. 
Gogra  (gog'rii).  or  Gogari.  A  sacred  river  of 
India,  llowing  southeast  aud  joining  the  (Tanges 
about  35  miles  above  Patua.  Length,  about  000 
miles.  .TIT 

Goil  (goil),  Loch.    An  arm  of  Loch  Long,  in 
ArgvUshire,  Scotland.     Length,  6  miles. 
GoiOgOUen.      See  Caijnua.  ■  t 

Goito  (go'e-to).  A  village  m  the  province  of 
Miiitua,  Italv,  situated  on  the  Jliucio  9  miles 
northwest  of  Mantua.  Here,  in  April  and  May, 
1848   the  Piedmontese  deti-ated  the  Austnaus. 

Gokcha  (gok-cha'),  or  Goktchai  (gek-chi  ), 
Armenian  Sevanga  (sa-viin'gii).  A  lake  in  the 
covernmeiit  of  Erivau,  Caucasus,  Russia,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  4.5°  20'  E. 
Its  outlet  isby  the  Zenga  into  the  Ai-as.  LiengtU, 
49  miles. 

Gok-Tepe.     See  fUok-Tipc 

Gola  (gO'Ui),  or  Gura  (go  ra).  A  small  Afri- 
eau  tribe,  of  the  Nigi'itic  branch,  settled  in 
Liberia,  north  of  Monrovia. 

Golconda  (gol-kon'dii).  A  place  in  the  Nizam  s 
Doiniuioiis,  India,  7  miles  northwest  of  Hyder- 
abad. It  is  noted  for  its  fort,  for  the  mausolenms  of 
the  ancient  kings,  and  for  the  diamonds  which  were  cut 
and  polished  here.  It  was  the  capiul  of  a  kingdom  from 
1512  until  its  overthrow  by  Aurung-Zebe  in  16S7. 

Goldast  (gol'diist),  Melchior,  sumamed  yon 


GogmagOg  Hills.     A  spur  of  the  chalk  range 
iilnmt  3  imles  soul  heast  of  Cambridge,  England, 

Gogo  (L'.Vg.-.),  or  Gogha  (g.Vgii)-    ^}  '^''"I""- ."' 

the  .listr-M't   of   Aliuiedabad,  Bombay,   UnliM 
India,  situate.l  on  the  tiulf  of  Cainbay  "'  lii>- 

(iilgo'c^.K-WkgiiMwii-gii'go).    A  Bantu 
trHn.   settled    i.i   the   center  of   (ie,-.n»n    East 
Africa,  between  Usagara,  Vsaiigo.  and  Uya.i/^. 
iVu  country  Is  callcl  Ugog".  '^';^'"^'\''IS,^  fSess" oi 
Is  a  plateau,  3,5n()  feet  high.  »'''V"l,r''r,     ;'„.",,,     i 

1H09:  died  at  Moscow.  March  4   (N.  h.),  18.)„. 


Heimingsfeld.  B..rn  near  Bischotszell.  Thur- 
gau,  Switzerland,  Jan.  6,  l..,S(l.i.6  ?):  died  at 
Oiessen,  Germany,  Aug.  11,  163o.  A  German 
historian  and  publicist.  He  wrote  "  Suevica- 
rumrerumScriptores"(1605),"Alamaniucarum 
rcrumScriptores"  (1606),  etc. 
Goldau  (gol'dou).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Sehwv/..  Switzerland,  12  miles  east  of  Lucerne. 
It  was  ilestroyed,  with  the  neighboring  villages,  by  a 
landslili  from  the  Rossberg,  Sept.  2.  1800. 

Goldberg  (gold'bero).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Katzbach 
48  miles  west  of  Breslau.  It  suBeretl  severely  in 
various  wars,  and  wa«  the  scene  of  contests  betneeii  the 
French  aii.l  the  Allies  May  27  and  Aug.  -23, 1813.  Popula- 
tion (189<l),  ti,437.  •      XT-      » 

Gold  Coast.  A  British  crown  colony  m  \\  es. 
.\friea,  cxteiiiling  for  about  3,50  miles  along  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  about  long.  5°  W.- 
2°  E.  Chief  town,  Accra.  Tlic  Danish  settlements 
at  Accra,  etc.,  were  transferred  to  Great  Britain  In  18,50, 
and  the  Dutch  claims  in  1871.  The  colony  was  reconst  • 
tuted  In  1H78.  Area,  excluslveof  Adanti  and  Asliaiitiland. 
about  40,(l(Kl  square  miles.     Pop.,  estimated.  l,,,(KMi«i>. 

Golden  Ass,  The.  [I-  yutam<,rpUos(on,scu  ,k 
lsi,„>  .!«/■' ",  l.il'ii  -V/.]  A  romance  of  a  taiitas- 
tic  and  satirical  character  by  Apideins.  written 
in  the  2<1  ceiitiirv :  ].robably  his  earliest  work. 
It  imitated  a  portion  of  the  -•  Metamorphoses  "of  l.ueian. 
The  best-known  episode  in  it  is  that  of  Cupid  and  Psyche, 
which  was  taken  from  a  i)opiilar  legend  oiinyth.  .siune 
of  the  adventures  of  D.m  tjnix.ile  and  of  Gil  Bias  arc 
drawn  from  this  source,  and  Boccaccio  has  use<l  many 
of  the  coinle  eidstules  The  auth.n-  relates  the  story  in  his 
own  per.son.  His  dabbling  in  magic  results  in  his  tnuis- 
formation  Into  an  ass,  in  which  form,  however,  he  retains 
his  human  intellluence. 

Its  readers,  on  account  of  Its  excellence,  as  is  genenilly 
siipiMsed,  adde.l  the  epithet  of  "golden."  Warlmrtoli. 
however,  eoiiJectnres,lr.mi  the  beginning  of  one  of  I  liny  • 
epistles,  that  .4.<r.-«-  ('golden')  was  the  common  I  tie 
given  to  the  Milesian  and  such  tales  as  stndlers  iistil  t.i 
fell  for  a  piece  of  money  to  the  i-abbl.  in  a  cin-le  :  'As- 
seni  para  et  accipe  anrenin  fabiilam.  lheBi|  .\Ille«lail 
fables  were  much  in  v.igue  In  the  age  of  Apu  eius. 

Iluiiti<]<,  Hist,  of  Pi-ose  Fiction,  1.  98. 

Golden  Bull.  [So  named  from  its  golden  seal.] 
.\  1,1,11  pul. lished  at  the  Diet  of  Nuremberg  by 
the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in  1.156.  ]t  was  the  elec- 
toral co.le  of  Ihe  em,die,  determining  Ibe  1";,^"-^' ;,'»;;'»} 
powers  of  the  electors,  and  the  manner  .if  (he  election  of 
till-  King  of  the  Romans.     .See  .4ll<fr<-w  //.  and  MeU.  ^ 

Golden  City.   A  name  sometimes  given  to  ban 

Golden  Fleece.  In  Greek  myt l.ologv,  the  fleece 
of  (be  winged  ram  Chrysomalbis,  the  rocoverv 
of  which  was  the  object  of  the  expedition  of 
the  Argonauts,  chrysomallus  w.as  gl\en  by  Nephele, 
t  ..  ret  mllated  wife  of  Athainas,  king  of  Thessaly,  lo  help 
er  e  h  lie  I'l  r  xns  and  Helle  to  escape  from  tin.  perte^ 
euflois  of  i  lo,  Athamaa-.  second  wife.    Durl.w  the  UUtbl 


Golden  Fleece 

Helle  fell  into  the  sea  and  was  drowned,  while  Phrixus 
escaped  to  Colchis,  where  he  was  hospitably  received  by 
£ing  ^etes.  Phrixus  sacrificed  the  ram  at  Colchis  to  Zeus, 
and  gave  its  golden  fleece  to  J2etes,  who  fastened  it  to  an 
oak-tree  in  the  garden  of  Ares. 

Golden  Fleece,  Order  of  the.    See  Order. 

Golden  Gate,  The.  [So  named  by  Drake  in 
1578 1?).]  A  strait  connecting  San  Francisco  Bay 
ivith  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Width,  about  2  miles. 

Golden  Gate,  The.  A  gate  in  the  -n-all  of  Theo- 
dosius,  Constantinople,  now  walled  up  because 
of  a  Turkish  tradition  that  the  conqueror  of 
Constantinople  is  destined  to  enter  through  it. 
It  consists  of  three  arches  between  two  huge  towers  of 
white  marble.  The  great  central  arch  was  reserved  for 
the  passage  of  the  emperor. 

Golden  Horde.     See  Kiptchak,  Khanate  of. 

Golden  Horn.  An  inlet  of  the  Bosporus,  form- 
ing the  harbor  of  Constantinople,  and  sep- 
arating Pera  and  Galata  from  the  main  part 
of  Constantinople  (Stambul).    Length,  5  miles. 

Golden  House.  [L.  domus  aurea.']  The  palace 
of  Nero  in  ancient  Rome,  which  occupied  the 
valley  between  the  Palatine  and  the  Esquiline, 
and  connected  the  palaces  of  the  Cfesars  with 
the  gardens  of  Maecenas,  it  was  built  after  the  great 
fire  of  Qi  A.  D.,  and  was  so  large  that  it  contained  porticos 
2,800  feet  long  and  inclosed  a  lake  where  the  Colosseum 
now  stands.  The  forecourt  contained  a  colossus  of  Nero 
120  feet  high.  The  profuse  splendor  of  this  residence 
is  described  by  Suetonius  and  Tacitus.  It  was  further 
adorned  by  Otho,  but  the  remains  are  scanty,  as  most  of 
its  site  was  restored  to  public  use  by  the  Flavian  empe- 
rors, who  built  on  it  the  Colosseum  and  the  baths  of  Titus. 

Golden  Legend,  [h.legendaaurea.l  1.  A  col- 
lection of  biographies  of  saints,  compiled  by 
James  of  Voragine  in  the  13th  century,  and 
printed  by  Caxton  IISS. —  2.  A  dramatic  poem 
by  Longfellow,  published  in  1851.  It  forms,  with 
the  "Divine  Tragedy"  and  "New  England  Tragedies,"  a 
trilogy.  Sir  -Arthur Sullivan  wrote  music  for  Longfellow's 
words,  and  it  was  produced  as  a  cantata  at  Leeds  in  1S36. 

Golden  Mount,  The.    See  the  extract. 

From  its  yellow  sand  the  Janiculan  Hill  has  been  some- 
times linown  as  the  Golden  Mount,  a  name  which  survives 
in  the  title  of  the  church  at  its  summit,  wliich  is  called 
S.  Pietro  in  Montorio  (monte  d'orn). 

iliddUtun,  Kemains  of  Anc.  Rome,  I.  2. 

Golden  Rose,  The.    A  jewel  consisting  of  a 
cluster  of  roses  and  buds  on  one  stem,  all  of 
gold,  given  each  year  by  the  Pope  to  the  queen 
who  has  performed  during  the  year  the  most 
pious  deeds  for  the  church. 
Golden  Staircase.    -A.  celebrated  staircase  in 
the  doge's  palace.  Venice. 
Golden  State,  The.     -A.  name  of  CaUfomia. 
Golden  Terge  (Targe).    An  allegorical  poem 
by  William  Dunbar,  published  in  1.508. 
Golden  Verses.     Greek  verses  attributed  to  the 
school   of   Pvthagoras.  "  containing   the  con- 
densed morals  of  the  older  epics." 
Gold  Hill.     A  former  mining  town  in  Storey 
County,  western  Nevada,  now  annexed  to  Vir- 
ginia City. 
Golding  (gol'ding).  Arthur.    Born  probably  at 
London  about  1536 :  died  about  1605.  An  Eng- 
lish writer.    He  finished  a  translation  of  Philippe  de 
Momay's  treatise  "Sur  la  v^rite  du  Christianisme."  com- 
menced by  Sir  PhUip  Sidney,  which  he  publislied  under 
the  title  "A  Woorke  concerning  the  Trewenesse  of  the 
Christian  Religion,  etc."  (1689). 

Goldingen  (gol'ding- en),  Lettish  Kuldiga 
(kol'de-ga).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Cour- 
land,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Windau  in  lat.  57° 
.58' X.,  long.  21°  5-5' E.  Population  (1S,S8),  9,192. 

Goldmark  (gold'miirk).  Karl.  Born  at  Kesz- 
thely,  Htmgary,  May  18,  1830.  An  Austro- 
Hungarian  composer.  Among  his  works  are  "Die 
Konigin  von  Saba  "("The  Queen  of  Sheba,"  1875),  "Die 
landliche  Hochzeit"  ("The  Country  Wedding"),  "The 
Sakuntala"  overture,  a  so-called  symphony,  a  number  of 
songs  and  string  pieces,  etc. 

Goldoni  (gol-do'ne),  Carlo.  Bom  at  Venice, 
Feb.  25.  1707:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  6,  1793.  A 
noted  Italian  dramatist.  He  created  the  modem 
Italian  comedy  character,  somewhat  in  the  style  of  Mo- 
liere,  superseding  the  old  conventional  comedy  which  was 
played  by  Harlequin,  Pantalone.  etc.  His  first  attempts, 
however,  were  tragedies,  "Belisario"  (1732)  being  among 
the  earliest.  He  wrote  more  than  120  comedies,  among 
which  are  "Zelinda  e  Lindoro,'  "  La  Locandiera."  "  Ven- 
taglio,"  "Le  Baruile  Chiozzotte,"  "LaBottega  di  Caife," 
etc. 

Goldsborough(goldz'bro),LouisMalesherbes. 

Born  at  Washington,  D.  C  Feb.  18,  1805:  died 
at  Washington,  Feb.  20,  1877.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  obtained  command  of  the  North  At- 
lantic blockading  squadron  in  Sept.,  1861,  and  cooperated 
with  General  Burnside  in  the  capture  of  Roanoke  Island 
in  Feb.,  18«2.    He  became  rear-admiral  July  16,  1862. 

Goldschmidt  (gold'shmit).  Hermann.  Bom  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Prussia,  June  17.  1S02: 
died  at  Fontainebleau,  France.  Sept.  10,  1866. 
A  German  painter  of  note,  and  astronomical  ob- 


446 

server.     Between  1852  and  1861  he  discovered 

14  asteroids. 

Goldschmidt,  Otto.  Born  at  Hamburg,  Aug. 
21.  1829.  A  German  composer,  resident,  after 
1858,  in  England,  where  he  became  professor  at 
and  later  vice-principal  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music.  He  married  Jenny  Lind  in  1852.  He 
was  with  her  in  America  in  1851. 

Goldschmidt,  Madame.     See  Lind,  Jenny. 

Goldsmith  (gold'smith).  Oliver.  Bom  at  Pal- 
las. County  Longford.  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1728: 
died  at  London,  April  4,  1774.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish poet,  novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellane- 
ous author,  in  1749  he  obtained  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In  1752  he  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh.  He  was  extremely  poor,  and  after  a  roving  and 
not  very  creditable  existence^  both  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent  (the  Continent  from  Feb.,  1755,  to  Feb.,  1756, 
traveling  chiefly  on  foot),  he  returned  in  great  destitution 
to  Loudon,  where  he  tried  to  practise  medicine.  His  mis- 
erable appearance  was  against  hira,  and  he  finally  settled 
down  as  a  literary  hack.  By  1759,  however,  he  began  to 
attract  attention  as  a  writer.  He  wrote  for  "The  Critical 
Review,"  "  The  British  Magazine,"  "  The  Lady's  Magazine," 
' '  The  Busybody, "  "  The  Bee, "  and  other  periodicals,  .\mong 
his  works  are  "Enquiry  into  the  Present  State  of  Polite 
Learningin  Europe"  (1759), "  The  Citizen  of  the  World,  etc." 
(1762:  from  the 'Public  Ledger,"  etc.),  "A  History  of  Eng- 
land, etc."(1764),  "The  Traveller"  (1766),  "TheVicar  of 
Wakefield  ' (a  tale,  1766),"The  Good-natured  Man  "  (a  com- 
edy, 176S),  "The  Roman  History,  etc"  (1769),  "The  De- 
serted  Village  "  (a  poem,  1770),  "  The  History  of  England 
from  the  Earliest  Times,  etc.  "(1771 :  abridged  1774),  "  Slie 
Stoops  to  Conquer,  etc.  '  (1774),  "Retaliation"  (a  poem, 
1774),  "A  History  of  the  Earth  and  Animated  Nature "' 
(1774).  "Little  Goody  Two  Shoes  "  is  attributed  to  him. 
He  translated  Scarron's  "Comic  Romance"  (1776)  and 
other  Frenrh  works,  and  with  Joseph  CoUyer  abridged 
Plutarch's  "  Lives  "  (1762). 

Goldsmith's  Maid.  Abay  trotting  mare  by  Ab- 
dallah  (15).  Her  racing  career  extended  from  1866  to 
1878.  In  1871  she  captured  the  great  trotting  record  from 
Dexter  (2 :  170  by  a  mile  in  2  :17.  This  she  afterward  low- 
ered  to  2 :  14,  and  lost  to  Rarus  (2  :  13J)  in  1S74. 

Goldstiicker  (gold'stiik-er),  Theodor.  Bom  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia.  Jan.  18, 1821 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  6,  1872.  AGerman  Sanskrit  scholar, 
of  Hebrew  descent,  resident  in  London  after 
1850,  and  professor  of  Sanskrit  in  University 
College  from  1851.  He  published  "  Panini :  his  Place 
in  Literature"  (1861),  editions  of  Sanskrit  texts,  etc.  He 
also  began  a  revision  of  Wilson's  "Sanskrit  Dictionary." 

Goletta(go-let'ta),  F.  LaGoulette  (la  go-let'). 
The  seaport  of  Tunis,  situated  about  11  miles 
north  of  that  city. 

Golgotha  (gol'go-tha).     See  Calvary. 

Goliath  (go-li'ath).  In  biblical  history,  a  giant 
of  Gath,  the  cliampion  of  the  Philistines,  slain 
in  single  combat  by  David.     See  Darid. 

Golitzyn.    See  GaUt:in. 

Golius  (go'U-os).  Jacobus.  Bom  at  The  Hague, 
Netherlands.  1596:  died  at  Levden,  Netherlands. 
Sept.  28, 1667.  A  Dutch  Orientalist,  author  of 
"Lexicon  Arabieo-Latinum"  (16.53),  etc. 

Gollno'W  (gol'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ihna  15 
miles  northeast  of  Stettin.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  8,462. 

Golnitz,  or  Gollnitz  (gel'nits).  A  mining  towQ 
in  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungarv,  in  lat.  48°  51'  N., 
long.  20°  58'  E.     Population"(1890),  2.738. 

Golo  (go'lo).  An  African  tribe  found  in  lat.  8° 
N.,  eastern  Sudan.  In  appearance  they  are  negroes, 
but  their  language  is  classed  by  some  in  the  Nuba-Fulah 
group.  Slave-raiding  Arabs  have  almost  annihilated  the 
tribe. 

Golo'Tnin  (go-lov-nen'),  Vassili  Mikhailo- 
■vitch.  Bom  in  the  government  of  Ryasan, 
Russia,  April  8,  1776 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
July  12. 1831.  A  Russian  navigator  and  e.xplorer. 
He  obtained  command  in  1806  of  the  sloop  Diana,  which  was 
fitted  out  by  the  Russian  government  for  a  survey  of  the 
coasts  of  the  Russian  empire  and  the  circumnavigation  of 
the  globe.  He  was  captured  b.v  the  Japanese  in  ISll,  and 
was  detained  a  prisoner  until  1S13.  He  made  a  secood  voy- 
age of  exploration  around  tiie  world  in  the  corvette  Kam- 
chatka from  1S17  to  1S19.  He  wrote  narratives  of  these 
voyages  and  a  description  of  his  captivity  in  Japan,  which 
were  reprinted  in  a  complete  edition  of  his  works,  1864. 

Goltz  (goltsl,  Bogumil.  Born  at  Warsaw,  March 
20,  1801 :  died  at  Thorn,  Prussia.  Nov.  12, 1870. 
A  German  humorist  and  moralist,  author  of 
"  Bueh  der  Kindheit "  (1847), "  Der  Mensch  und 
die  Leute"  (18.58),  etc. 

Goltz,  Kolmar,  Baron  -yon  der.  Bom  at  Biel- 
kenfeld.  near  Labiau.  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1843. 
APrussian  general  and  Turkish  pasha.  Heserved 
in  the  Austrian  campaign  of  1866  ;  served  in  the  Fratico- 
German  war  on  ±he  general  statf,  taking  part  in  the  battles 
of  Vionville  (MOTS-la-Tour),  Gravelotte,  etc. :  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  work  of  reorganizing  the  "Turkish  army  1883- 
1893.  He  has  published  various  works  on  military  history 
and  science. 

Goltzius  (golt'se-os),  Hendrik.  Bom  at  Miile- 
breeht.  near  Venlo,  Netherlands,  1558:  died  at 
Haarlem,  Netherlands,  about  1617.  A  German 
engraver. 


Gonaives,  Les 

Goma  (g6'ma),'Wagoma  (wa-go'ma).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  settled  west  of  Lake 
Tanganyika,  between  the  Waguha  and  the  Ba- 
kombe,  in  a  mountainous  and  wooded  country 
See  Ouha. 

Gomara  (go-ma'ra),  Francisco  Lopez  de.  Born 
at  Se%Tlle,  1510:  died  after  1559.  A  Spanish 
historian.  He  was  a  priest,  and  in  1540  became  secretary 
and  chaplain  of  Hernando  Cortes :  but  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  was  ever  in  America.  His  "Historia  general  de 
las  Indias  "  was  first  published  at  Saragossa,  1652-53,  in  two 
folio  parts :  the  second  part,  which  relates  to  Mexico,  ap- 
peared  m  later  editions  with  the  separate  title  "  Coronica 
dela  Nueva  Espaiia  con  la  Conquista  de  Mexico."  etc.  Go- 
mara's  work  was  very  popular,  and  there  are  many  editions 
m  Spanish,  French,  Italian,  and  English.  Also  written 
Gortujra. 

Gomarus  (go'mar-us),  Francis.  Bom  at  Bruges, 
Belgium,  Jan.  30.   1.563:    died  at  Groningcn 
Netherlands,  Jan.  11,  1641.     A  Calvinistie  con- 
troversialist, a  leading  opponent  of  Arminius 
and  the  Anninians. 

Gomberville  (gon-ber-vel'),  Seigneur  de,  origi- 
nally Martin  Le  Eoy.  Bom,  probably  at'Paris, 
1600 :  died  there.  June  14. 1674.  A  French  writer 
of  romance.  He  lived  most  of  the  time  on  his  estate 
at  Gomberville,  near  Versailles,  and  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est members  of  the  French  Academy.  He  wrote  "  Polex- 
andre  "  (1632-37). 

Gombroon.     See  Bender- Ahbasi. 

Gomensoro  (go-man-s6'r6),Tomas.  Bom  about 
1820.  An  Uruguayan  politician.  As  president 
of  the  senate  he  was  acting  president  of  the 
republic  March,  1872.  to  Feb..'  1873. 

Gomera  (go-ma'ra).  One  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
17  miles  west  of  TenerifEe. 

Gomes  (go'mes).  Antonio  Carlos.  Bom  at 
Campinas,  Sao  Paulo,  June  14,  1839.  A  Bra- 
zilian composer.  In  1859  he  entered  the  Conservatory 
of  Music  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  in  1863,  aided  by  the  em- 
peror, was  sent  to  complete  his  musical  education  in  Eu- 
rope. His  opera  the  "Guarany"  appeared  in  1870,  and 
has  been  followed  by  "  Salvator  Rosa, "  "Fosca,"  "Schiavo," 
and"Condor."  Most  of  these  havebeen  sung  in  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  Europe  and  South  America. 

Gomes  de  Amorim  (go'mes  de  a-mo-ren'), 
Francisco.  Born  at  Avelomar.  Itinho,  Portu- 
gal, Aug.  13,  1827 :  died  Nov.  4.  1891.  A  Por- 
tuguese dramatist,  poet,  and  novelist.  In  early- 
youth  he  was  in  Brazil,  returning  to  Portugal  in  1846.  In 
1S59  he  became  librarian  of  the  ministry  or  miuine.  He 
published  numerous  poems  and  dramas. 

Gomez  (go'meth),  Maximo  (Maximo  Gomez 
y  Baez).  Bom  at  Bani.  San  Domingo,  in  1836. 
A  general  of  Cuban  insurgents.  He  fought  in  the 
Cuban  rebellion  of  1868-78,  rising  from  private  to  general. 
.\fter  this  he  went  to  Jamaica  and  Central  America.  In 
1885,  with  Maceo  and  Crombet,  he  attempted  to  start  a 
new  rising,  but  was  unsuccessful.  He  was  influential  iu 
bringing  about  the  insttrrection  of  1895-98,  and  during  his 
first  year  as  general  had  some  success  in  his  campaigns 
against  the  Spaniards. 

Gomez  Farias  fgd'meth  fa-re'as),  Valentin. 
Born  at  Guadalajara,  Feb.  14. 1781 :  died  at  Mi.\- 
coac,  July  5. 18.58.  A  Mexican  politician.  He  was 
a  physician*  in  his  native  city :  joined  Iturbide  in  1821,  but 
subsequently  opposed  him ;  was  minister  of  war  under 
Pedraza,  Dec,  1832,  and  next  year  was  vice-president  under 
Santa  .-Vnna,  acting  temporarily  as  president  1833  and  1834. 
In  1835  he  was  deposed  by' congress  and  banished,  but  re- 
turned in  1838.  As  leader  of  the  Federalists  he  was  in- 
volved in  the  revolt  of  July  15,  1840,  and  again  banished 
until  1844.  In  1846  he  was  again  vice-president  and  act- 
ing president,  and  in  1850  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  presidency. 

Gomorrah  (go-mor'a).  One  of  the  cities  of  the 
Vale  of  Siddim.     Compare  Sodom. 

Gompertz  fgom'perts), Benjamin.  Bomat Lon- 
don, March"5. 1779 :  died  July  14. 1865.  An  Eng- 
lish astronomer  and  actuary,  of  Hebrew  descent. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Astronomical  Society, 
and  became  actuary  of  the  .\lliance  Assurance  Company  in 
1824.  "  Some  years  previously  he  had  worked  out  a  new 
series  of  tables  of  mortality  for  the  Royal  Society,  and 
these  suggested  to  him  in  1S25  his  wellknown  law  of  human 
mort.ality,  which  he  first  expounded  in  a  letter  to  Francis 
Baily.  The  law  rests  on  the  a  priori  assumption  that  a  per- 
son's resistance  to  death  decreases  as  his  years  increase,  in 
such  a  manner  that  at  the  end  of  equally  infinitely  small 
intervals  of  time  he  loses  equally  infinitely  small  propor- 
tions of  his  remaining  power  to  oppose  destruction."  (Diet. 
Xat.  Biog.)  He  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Sir  Moses  Monte- 
flore. 

Gomperz  (gom'perts),  Theodor.  Bom  at 
Briinn,  March  29, 1832.  A  German  philologist, 
professor  of  classical  philology  at  Vienna  from 
1869.  He  has  published  numerous  works  in  his 
department. 

GomulPass  (go-mul'  pas).  An  important  stra- 
tegic pass  on  the  border  of  India  and  Afghanis- 
tan, about  lat.  32°  N. 

Gonai've  (go-na-ev').  La.  An  island  ■west  of 
Haiti,  to  which  it  belongs. 

Gonaives  (go-na-ev').  Les.  A  seaport  on  the 
Bay  of  Gonaives.  western  coast  of  Haiti,  in  lat. 
19°  26'  N.,  long.  72°  43'  W.  Population  (1887), 
18,000. 


li 


Gona-qua 

Oona-qua  (go-na'kwa).  See  Khoikhoiri.  _ 
Ctongalves  Dias  (gon-sarves  de  as),  Antonio. 
Boi-n  at  Oaxias,  Maraiihao,  Aug.  10  1S23.  died 
at  soa,  Nov.  3,  1864.  The  foremost  ot  BrazU- 
iftii  Dii'ots.  He  was  a  professor  in  the  Pedro  II.  College 
at  RU,  de  Janeiro,  and  was  employed  in  various  IlteraiJ 
conn  ssi,>ns  in  the  north  of  the  empire  and  m  Europe. 
Dm  'the  last  years  of  his  life  he  was  in  Europe  sick  and 
in  ■  mp lete  p<.verty.  While  returning  to  Brazil  he  per- 
shed  in  a  shipwreck.  Besides  his  poems  he  pndished 
vm-tou"  historical  and  ethnological  papers,  and  a  diction- 
ary  ot  the  Tupl  language 

Ooncourt  (gon-kor'),  Edmond  de.  Born  at 
NSn?v.Fiarice,May26,iy22:  died -July  16,  I89b. 
Ooncourt,  Jules  de.  Born  at  Pans,  Dec.  17, 
1S30 :  died  at  Paris,  June  20, 1870.  Two  i  rein-h 
novelists  and  authors,  brothers  and  collabora- 
tors They  wi-ote  works  illustrative  of  the  Ibth 
century,  etc.  .     , 

Oonda  (gon'da).  1 .  A  district  of  Oudh,  British 
S  hitersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  82°  E. 
Area,  2,879  square  miles.  Population  (1091), 
1459  229.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  ilistriet  ot 
Gouda,  situated  in  lat.  27°  8'  N.,  long  82°  1  E. 
Gondar  (gon'dar).  The  capital  ot  Amhara,  and 
ecclesiastical  capital  of  Abyssinia,  situated 
about  lat.  12°  31'  N.,  long.  37°  26'  E.:  formerly 
the  capital  of  Abyssinia.  Population,  5,000. 
Gondavo.     See  Gandavo. 

Gondibert  (gon'di-bert).     A  poem  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Davenant,  published  in  1651. 

■■Gondibert/  hislSir  WiUiam  Davenanfs)  greatest  per- 
tormance,  incurred,  when  first  published,  more  ridicule, 
and  in  later  times  more  neglect,  than  its  merits  deserve 
An  epic  poem  in  elegiac  stanzas  must  always  be  tedious, 
because  no  structure  of  verse  is  more  unfavourable  to 
narration  than  that  which  almost  peremp  only  requires 
each  sentence  to  be  restricted,  or  protracted,  to  four  lines. 
But  the  liveliness  of  Davenanfs  imagination  which  Di-y- 
den  has  pointed  out  as  his  most  striking  attribute,  has  il- 
Uiminated  even  the  dull  and  dreary  path  which  he  has 
chosen  ;  and  perhaps  few  ^oems  afford  more  ■nstances  of 
vigorous  conceptions,  and  even  felicity  of  expression,  than 
the  neglected  "Gondibert." 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  Dryden,  Works,  III.  101. 

Oondo  (gon'do).  Ravine  of.  A  wild  gorge  of 
the  Alps,  in  the  Simplon  Pass.  

Gondokoro  (gon-do-ko'ro),  or  Ismailia  (iz-ma- 
e'le-a).  A  village  and  station  of  ivory-traders, 
situated  in  the  territory  of  the  Bari  negroes 
on  the  White  Nile,  in  lat.  4°  54'  N.,  long.  31° 
46'  E. :  formerly  a  Roman  Catholic  missionary 

station.  .       ,      .  .     , 

Gonds  (gondz).  [E.Ind.]  An  aboriginal  race 
in  central  India  and  the  Deccan,  believed  to 
be  of  Dravidian  stock. 

Gondwana.  A  region  in  f  ?t™l  Ij^^-^,' J^''' ; 
vague  limits,  situated  about  lat.  19°-2o  JN.  It 
is  peopled  largely  by  Gonds.  Gondwana  proper  belongs 
chlelly  to  th«  Central  Provinces. 

Goneril  (gon'er-il).  One  of  Lear's  unnatural 
daughters,  in  Shakspere's tragedy  "  King L,eai . 

The  elder,  Goneril,  with  the  "wolfish  visage"  and  the 
dark  '■  frontlet  "ot  iU-humour,  is  a  mas™!'.""^,""'""'''*  ' 
of  independent  purposes  and  projects  whilst  ''^J-'"  ■  I'" 
pears  niore  feminine,  rather  instigated  by  QonerU,  moie 
passive,  and  more  dependent.  »    .     „,  i,„  v  v 

^  Gmniim,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F  E. 

(Bunnett,  ed.  1880),  p.  02.'). 

G6ngoraMarmolejo  (gon'g.Vra  mar-rao-la'iw) 

AlonsO  de.  Born  at  Carmona,  Seville,  about 
1510  :  died  in  Chile,  Jan.,  1576.  A  bpauish  scl- 
dier  and  historian.  Ho  served  in  Peru;  went  to  Chile 
in  1549,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  Araucaniaii  wars; 
was  a  captain,  but  never  had  any  important  coinmissions 
In  his  latter  years  he  lived  at  Santiago.  His  ■'  Uistoria  de 
ChUe,"  written  between  ir.7-i  and  1.W5,  is  preserved  in 
the  onginal  manuscript  in  Madrid.  It  was  first  jmlilished 
In  18S(I,  in  the  "Memorial  historlco  Espa.lol,  and  'C; 
published  in  the  "Coleccion  de  historiadores  de  thUe, 
1862.  It  gives  the  history  of  Chile  down  to  15i  j,  anu  is 
the  best  of  tlie  early  works  on  that  subject. 

Gdngora  y  Argote  (gon'go-rii  e  !ir-g6'ta),Luis 

de      Born   at  Cordova,   Spain,  July   11.  l.)Ol : 
died  there,  Mav  23,1627.  A  Spanish  lyric  poet, 
noted  as  the  founder  of  a  highly  metaphysical 
and  artificial  style  named  from  him  "Gongor- 
isra,"  and  also  called  the  "polished,"  "  polite, 
and  "cultivated"  style. 
Gonnella.    Svo  Jrshof  ao,u,rU,i. 
Gonsalez  (grm-sii'leth),  Fernan.  A  half-i  ii)u- 
lous  Spanish  hero  ot  the  lOtli  century,  about 
whom  numerous  ballads  and  poems  have  been 
wri  t  ten.     His  historical  achievements  occurred  between 
931  and  1170,  when  he  died.    A  metrical  chronicle  of  his  ad- 
ventures (date  probably  of  the  14th  century)  was  lonn.l.-d 
on  an  older  proso  account.    There  are  about  twont.y  ballads 
relating  to  km,  the  most  interesting  being  tlu.se  in  wh  .h 
he  is  twice  rescued  from  prison  by  his  coui-ageons  wife. 
TUIinor. 

Gonsalvo  Hernandez  de  Cordova.    See  Cm-- 

Oo'nville  and  Oaius  College,  commonly  called 
simply  Oaius  (kez).  A  college  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  England,  established  by  Edmund 


4:4:7 


Gom-iUe  in  1348,  and  refounded  by  Dr.  John 
Caius,  iihvsician  to  Queen  Mary,  m  lo.W.  The 
picturesque  gate,  exhibiting  classical  friezes  niche^  and 
pcliments.  surmounted  by  an  octagonal  'l''"  f  ".'■'^  P^'l '.'  " 
ret,  is  modern.  The  outer  court  was  built  by  Calls  the 
inner,  th.iugh  refaced  in  the  last  century,  by  GonviUc. 

Gonzaga(gon-zii'gii).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mantua,  Italy,  14  miles  south  of  Mantua. 

Gonzaga,  Carlo  I.  di.   Died  about  163..   Duke 

of  Ncvers.  Mantua,  and  Montferrat. 

Gonzaga,  Federigo  II.  di.     Born  about  loOO . 

(iie.l  l.'illl.  Promoted  from  maniuis  to  duke  ot 
Mantua  in  1.'.30:  ruler  of  Montferrat  fro™  1M6. 

Gonzaga,  Ludovico  III.  di,  sm-named  ihe 
Turk."  Born  about  1414:  died  1478.  Marquis 
of  Mantua  from  1444.  .        .„  ^  r>       *„ 

Gonzaga,  Thomaz  Antonio.  Born  at  Opoito, 
Poi-tugal,  Aug.,  1744:  died  at  Mozambique, 
Africa,  probablv  in  1807.  A  Portuguese  poet. 
He  was  oiividor  or  judge  of  Villa  Rica,  Minas  Geraes,  Bra- 
zil a^dn  1789  was  involved  in  the  re'^olutionary  plot 
c  lied  the  conspiracy  of  Tir.adentes  for  which  in  17  .2  e 
was  condemned  to  penal  servitude  at  11°^''™'',"!"''^;^',™- 
ally  he  marrie.l  there.  He  became  insane  before  his  death. 
H  s  'Marilia  de  Dirceu,"  a  collection  of  lyrics,  was  pub- 
lished before  his  exile,  and  appeared  in  numerous  subse- 
ciueiit  editions.  ™      ,  ti  „„ 

GonzaleZ(g6n-tha'leth),JuanG  AParaguayan 
politician,  elected  president  of  the  republic  for 
four  years,  Sept.  25,  1890.  „    !,„ 

Gonzalez,  Manuel.  Bom  near  Matamoros,  be- 
fore 1833:  died  at  Mexico,  May  8. 1893.  A  Mexi- 
can eeneral  and  statesman.  He  distinguished  hini- 
self  in  the  wars  against  the  French  and  Maximilian  ;  fol- 
owed  DTaz  in  v^ious  revolts  :  was  his  ^^cretai-y  of  war- 
1877-80  ■  and  succeeded  him  as  president  Dec.  1, 1880,  to 
Nov  30  I8S4  His  term  was  peaceful,  but  his  financial 
policy  caused  much  trouble.  Subsequently  he  was  gover- 
nor  of  Guanajuato. 

Gonzalez  Balcarce,  Antonio.    See  Salcarce. 

Gonzalez Davila(da've-la).Gil.  Born atAvila 
about  1470 :  died  there,  about  lo28.  A  Spanish 
discoverer.  He  went  to  Espaiiola  in  1610,  and  was  made 
contador  In  1519  he  was  in  Spain,  and  joined  with  Andres 
Nhio  in  a  scheme  for  exploration  in  the  Pacific.  Crossing 
the  °s  mus  of  Panama,  they  followed  the  coast  northward^ 
discovered  the  lakes  of  Nicaragua,  and  reached  Esparlo  a 
in  1523  with  a  large  amount  of  gold  which  they  had  o- 
ained  from  the  Indians.  Pedrarias,  g°''^'-"°f,V//.,'^  '"V-^ 
laid  claim  to  the  newly  discovered  region.  O'J  <?°"«^lj^ 
tried  to  reach  Nicaragua  again  from  the  eastern  side  (1^4 
but  he  struck  the  coast  too  far  north  m  Honduras.  He  e 
he  encountered  a  hostile  party  sent  by  Pedralias  fion  the 
southland  escaping  theserhe  had  to  meet  Olid's  expedition 
torn  the  north.  He  finally  fell  intothe  hands  of  lllid,aMd 
oredwithCasasinkillin/him  H^  th^i  went  to  Mexias 
where  he  was  aiTested  and  sent  U>  Spam  a52«).  Released  on 
parole,  he  remained  at  Avila  until  his  death. 

Gonzalez  Saravia,  Antonio.    See  Molliiwdo  y 

Gonzalez  Vigil  (ve'iiel).Franciscode  Paula. 
Born  at  Tacna,  Sept.  15,  1792:  died  at  Lima. 
June  10, 1875.  A  Peruvian  scholar  and  states- 
man. He  took  orders  in  1818,  and  was  rector  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Arequipa  1832.  From  18H6  until  his  death  he  was 
director  of  the  national  libraiT  at  Lima.  Eiuly  identified 
wYth  the  cause  of  independence,  he  was  elected  to  severa 
™  igresses!  leading  thS  opposition  to  Bolivar  in  1820,, and 
resisting  Gomara  in  1832.  His  most  important  woik,  De- 
fensa  de  la  aiitoridad  de  los  gobiernos  contra  las  preten- 
simics  de  la  curia  romana"  (12  vols.  1848  ■>  I860),  caused 
hi""  t?.be  «c<nuinunicated.  He  also  published  a  work  on 
the  .lesuits  and  numerous  books  and  essays  on  historical, 
legal,  an.l  .-.  .ntroversi.il  subjects.  Vigil  is  regarded  as  the 
greatest  sclicdar  yet  produced  by  Peru. 

Gonzalo  (gon-zil'lo).  An  "  honest  Old  counsel- 
lor "  in  Shakspere's  "  Tempest."  He  is  also  in- 
troduced as  "a  Savoy  nobleman"  m  Dryden  s 
version.  „.  ,.  ,       ,,  -/-^ 

Gonzalo  de  Berceo  (gon-thii'lo  da  ber-tim  o). 

All  earlv  Snanisli  poet,  a  secular  priest  .it  tli.' 
nionnst.'.rv  of  St.  Kmilianus  in  J l''; '•■'•"' ^''••'*'  "' 
Calah.irra.  U.'  fl.mrislie.l  ab..ut  l-';p-4<). 
Gooch  (goch).  Sir  Daniel.  Bom  at  Be.Uington, 
Northumberlan.l,  Aug.  24,  1816:  .Iv.  at  Clewr 
Park,  H..rkshire,  Oct.  15,  1889.  An  hnglish  en- 
rrineer  aii.l  inv.'iitor.  He  was l..comotlve  superinten- 
dent of  the  (ireat  Western  Railway  ls:t--04.  making  a  iiota- 
fe  a  Ivace  in  the  conslruction  <.t  engines,  ami  I>l«y«l  »" 
Inrportimtimrtiuestablishlngthe^^^^^^^ 
He  was  a  member  ..f  l^irliament  I8«.MSr,.  „ 

Good(gud),  John  Mason.  Born  fEppng,  Es- 
sex, Kiigbiu.l,  Mav  25,  1764:  died  .Jan.  2.  1827. 
\ii  Kurdish  plivsiciiiu  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

(18*''') 

Goodale  (gu.l'Mi.  Dora  Read.  .Bom  at^M..unt 

Wi"hingl7.ii  in  ISCii.     A,.Ai,i.^ricaupoot,s.ster 
III'  Khiiiie  «l.»"lale.  s       t.  t 

Goodale,  Elaine  (Mrs.  Eastman).  Born  at 
Mount  Washington,  Berkshire  County,  Mass., 
li,  IHCi^l  All  American  poet.  She  became  a  teacher 
o  ti.  ndian  n  the  Hanipt.H',  Institute  111  ISS.^.  and  In  188.1 
Bover.  I  lent  t.^a.ln^r  at  White  River  Camp.  Dakota,  l'"™  « 
f,f  Fin  .^  I  I  Dora  ti..."lal.^  were  pvibli»h.-.l  as  -Apple 
BloiT:'  (18785;  "in  Berkshire  with  the  Wll.l  Flowers' 
(1879),  etc. 


Goodwin,  William  Watson 

Goodall  (gud'al),  Edward.  Bora  at  Leeds, 
England,  §ept.  17, 1795:  died  at  London.  April 
11,1870.  An  English  engraver,  especially  noted 
f.)i^  his  engra%'ings  after  Turner. 

Goodall,  Frederick.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  17, 
1822.    An  English  painter,  son  of  Edward  Uooa- 

Good  Counsel  of  Chaucer.    See  Flee  from  the 

Goode  (gud),  George  Brown.  Bom  at  New  Al- 
banv,  Ind.,  Feb.  13,  18.31:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  (J.,  Sept.  6,  1896.  An  American  naluralist. 
Uereceivedan  appointraenton  the  staff  of  thetmithsoniaii 
Institution  inl87:i;  became  assistant  directorof  theNa_tion- 
al  Museum  in  1878;  was  commissioner  of  llsheries  188.-88; 
and  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institutioa 
from  18^7.  Among  his  works  are  "Catalogue  of  the  i  ishes 
of  the  liermu.las"  (1870), "  Game  Fishes  of  theUmted  States 
(1879),  ■■American  Fishes"  (1880),  "The  Fisheries  and  Fish- 
ery Industries  of  the  United  States" (1884),  "Oceanic  Ich- 
thyology "  (with  Tarleton  H.  Bean,  1894),  etc. 

Goodell  (gii-del'),  William.  Bom  at  Temple- 
ton  Ma^s.,  Feb.  14,  1792:  died  at  Philadel- 
nhia  Feb.  18,  1867.  An  American  missionary. 
He  was  graduated  from  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
18-0  when  he  became  a  missionary  of  the  AmericanBMrd 
of  Cimmissioners  of  Foreign  Missions  He  labored  a  Bel- 
rut  from  1823  until  18-28,  and  was  subsequently  stationed 
It  Malta  and  at  Constantinople.  He  translated  the  Scrip- 
tures into  ArmenoTurkish  :  the  final  revision  of  the  trans- 
lation appeared  in  1863. 

Goodfellow  (gud'fel'6),  Robin.    See  Puck. 
Good  Gray  Poet,  The.    A  surname  of  Walt 

Whitman.  .       .  .  i.  tx,^ 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of.  A  promon  ory  at  the- 
southwestern  extremity  of  Cape  Colony,  South 
Africa,  in  lat.  34°  21'  S.,  long.  18°  30'  E.  It  waj 
discovered  by  Bartholomeu  Dias  in  1487,  and  was  doubled 
by  Vasco  da  Gama  in  1497.    For  the  colony,  see  Co;;^ 

Coloui/.  .  . 

Goodman  (gud'man),  Godfrey.  Born  at  Kutliin, 

Denbighshire,  Feb.  28,  1583:  died  at  London 
Jan.  19,  1656.  An  English  divine,  appointed 
bishop  of  Gloucester  in  1625.  He  was  accused  of 
Romanist  tendencies  and  practices.  He  was  committed 
to  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high  treason  in  lt>41,  but  was 
snon  released.  He  wrote  "The  Fall  of  Man,"  eto.  (to  which 
llakcwill  replied),  and  other  works. 

Goodman's  Fields  Theatre.  A  London  theater 

built  in  1729.  David  Garrick  made  the  success  ot  the 
house  in  1741.  It  was  pulled  down  ab"ut  1746,  and  a  second 
theater  was  burned  in  1S02.     Thunibury. 

Good-natured  Man,  The.  A  comedy  by  Gold- 
smith, pi-."luced  Jan.  29,  1768. 

Good  Parliament.  The  name  given  to  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament  of  1376,  which  was  noted  tor  its 
elt.irts  to  reform  political  abuses.  It  impeached 
Lords  Latimer  and  NevUle,  and  others -the  first  instance 
of  an  impeachment. 

Good  Regent,  The.  James  Stuart  earlofMui- 
rav  (or  M.u-ay),  regent  of  Scotland  loti.-.d. 

Goodrich  (gad'rich).  Chauncey  Allen     Bora 

at  X.-vv  Haven,  C.nn  ,  Oct.  23,  1790 :  died  there, 
Feb  25, 1860.  An  American  scholar,  grandson 
of  Elizur  Goodrich :  one  of  the  editors  of  "  Web- 
ster's Dictionary"  after  1828.  „  , ,  „ 
Goodrich,  Elizur.  B.nn  at  Wet  hersneld.Conn.. 
(i,.t  2(5,  1734 :  died  at  Norfolk,  Conn.,  Nov.. 
1797.     An  American  clergyman  and  matheina- 

Goodrich,  Samuel  Griswoldjpscudonvm  Pe- 
ter Parley  Boriiatl(idgelicld,Conn..Aug.l9. 
l?);i    di.-.l  at  New  York,  May  9. 1800.  An  Anier- 


•aii  auth.ir,  nephew  of  C.  A.  Goodrich.  He jmb- 
ilshed  many  juvenile  works,  'History  of  the  Animal  King- 
dom ■■  (ISM),  etc. 
Goodsir  (giid's.'r),  John.  Born  at  Anstmther, 
KileshinsMarch  20,  1814:  died  at  Waniie,  near 
E.liiiburgli.  March  6,  1867.  A  Scottish  anato- 
mist, j.rofessor  of  anatomy  at  Edinburgh  from 
1846.  He  obtaininl  .listinctlon  from  his  investigations  in 
cellular  palh.d..gy.  His  --Anatomic.a  llemoirs  waspub- 
lislled  in  1808. 

Goodstock  (gud'stok)  Tlio  host  "'Ben  Jon- 
s.Hi's  play  '-The  New  Inn."    He  is  Lord  !•  ram- 

(ioodwinTgad'WiiO,  Charles  Wycliffe.,   Bom 

at  Kings  Lvnn,  1817:  died  at  Slianghni.  Jam. 
1878.     Anl'-nglishlawycrandEgyii  oogist.    He 

iciih;ri.:;Su;)«svjS8r"i»Hr 
^iierisc^s^sffi-^sr^SlS 

ma.le  asslslant  judge  of  the  supreme  court  for  HUna  anu 

Goodwin,  Thomas.  Born  at  RoUesby,  Norfolk, 
Eii.'laii.l,  O.'l .  5.  1600  :  died  at  London.  !•  cb.  2i, 
1679      An  English  Puritan  divine.     His  works 

wei-.'  publishe.l  1681-1704. 

Goodwin  William  Watson.  Born  at  Concord. 
Mass  Mily  "  1831.  An  American  dassicai 
si'liohir  lie  was  graduat.d  at  Harvard  I"  lS-''''.''"f  '" 
iwliwii  appointed  Eliot  professor  of  Greek  literature  at 


Goodwin,  William  Watson 

that  institution.  He  published  "Syntax  of  the  Moods  and 
Tenses  of  the  Ureek  Verb  "  (1860), "  Greeli  Grammar  "  (1870), 
etc. 

G-Oodwin  Sands.  Dangerous  shoals  about  5 
miles  east  of  Kent.  England,  fi-om  which  they 
are  separated  by  the  Downs.  They  are  opposite 
Deal  and  Sandgate.  Near  them  the  Dutch  fleet 
defeated  the  British  fleet  in  1652. 

Goodwood  (giid'wiid).  A  seat  of  the  Duke  of 
Rifhmond  and  Gordon,  near  Chichester,  Susses, 
England.  A  noted  race-course  was  established  in  the 
park  in  1802.  The  meeting  takes  place  in  the  end  of  July, 
the  principal  race  being  that  for  the  Goodwood  Cup. 

Goodyear  (gud'yer),  Charles.    Bom  at  New 

Haven,  C6nn.,  Dec.  29, 1800:  died  at  New  York, 
July  1,  180)0.  An  American  manufacturer.  In 
1S34  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  manufacture  of  india- 
rubber.  After  years  spent  in  experimentation,  which  re- 
duced himself  and  his  family  to  poverty,  lie  discovered  the 
process  of  vulcanization,  for  which  he  obtained  his  first 
patent  in  1844. 

Goody  Two  Shoes.  A  nursery  tale  relating  the 
story  of  Little  Goody  Two  Shoes,  who,  owning 
but  one  shoe,  is  so  pleased  to  have  a  pair  that 
she  shows  them  to  every  one,  exclaiming  ' '  Two 
shoes!"  The  story  was  first  published  in  1765  by  New- 
bery,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  ^vritten  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith. 

Googe  (goj),  Barnabe.  Bom  at  Alvingham, 
Lincolnshire,  1540 :  died  in  1594.  An  English 
poet.  His  most  important  work  is  a  set  of  8  eclogues 
published  in  1503  in  "Eglogs,  Epytaphes.  and  Sonnetes," 
which  are  thought  to  have  had  some  influence  on  .Spen- 
ser's "Shepherd's  Calendar."  He  translated  a  number  of 
works,  and  wrote  also  a  long  poem,  "Cupido  Conquered." 

Gookin  (go'kin),  Daniel.  Bom  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, about  1612:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
March  19, 1687.  A  colonial  official.  He  came  out 
to  Virginia  with  his  father  in  1621,  and  about  1644  removed 
to  Massachusetts,  where  he  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  Indians  in  1656,  and  major-general  in  ItiSl.  He  wrote 
"  Historical  Collections  of  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts," 
completed  in  1674  and  first  printed  in  1792. 

Goole  (gol).  A  river  port  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
Land,  situated  on  the  Ouse  23  miles  west  of 
Hull.     Population  (1891),  15,413. 

Goomtee.     See  Gumti. 

Goorkhas.     See  Glmrl-as. 

Goose,  Mother.     See  Mother  Goose. 

Goppert  (gep'pert),  Heinrich  Robert.    Born 

at  Sprottau,  Prussia,  July  25, 1800 :  died  at  Bres- 
lau.  May  18,  1884.  A  German  botanist  and  pa- 
leontologist, professor  of  botany  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau.  He  was  especially  noted 
for  his  researches  on  fossil  flora. 

Goppingen  (gep'piug-en).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  circle  of  the  Danube,  Wiirtemberg, 
situated  on  the  Fils  22  miles  east  by  south  of 
Stuttgart.   Population  (1890),  commune,  14,352. 

GorakhpUT  (go-ruk-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Benares  division.  Northwest  Provinces,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  83° 
30'  E.  Area,  4,576  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  2,994,057.-2.  The  capital  of  the  Gorakh- 
pur  district,  situated  on  the  river  Rapti  in  lat. 
26°  44'  N.,  long.  83°  24'  E.  Population,  includ- 
ing cantonment  (1891),  63,620. 

Gorboduc  (gor'bo-duk).  A  mythical  king  of 
Britain.  His  story,  with  that  of  his  sons  Ferrex 
aud  Porrex,  is  told  in  the  early  chronicles. 

Gorboduc,  who  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Britain  soon 
after  the  death  of  Lear,  profited  so  little  by  the  example 
of  his  predecessor  that  he  divided  his  realm  during  hi  5  life 
between  his  two  sons,  Ferrex  and  Porrex,  whose  bloody 
history  is  the  subject  of  the  first  regular  English  tragedy  : 
it  was  written  by  Thomas  Norton  and  Thomas  .Sackville 
(Lord  Buckhurst),was  acted  in  1561,  and  afterwards  printed 
in  1565,  under  the  name  of  "  Gorboduc."  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
ney says  that  this  drama  climbs  to  the  height  of  Seueca, 
and  Pope  has  pronounced  the  much  higher  eulogy  that  it 
possesses  "  an  unaffected  perspicuity  of  style,  and  an  easy 
rtow  in  the  numbers:  in  a  word,  that  chastity,  correct- 
ness, and  gravity  of  style  which  are  so  essential  to  tragedy, 
and  which  all  the  tr.agic  poets  who  followed,  not  e.xcept- 
ing  Shakspeare  liimself,  either  little  understood  or  per- 
petually neglected."  Both  in  the  drama  and  romance,  the 
princes,  between  whom  the  kingdom  had  been  divided, 
soon  fell  to  dissension,  and  the  younger  stabbed  the  elder  ; 
the  mother,  who  more  dearly  loVed  the  elder,  having  killed 
his  brother  in  revenge,  the  people,  indignant  at  the  cruelty 
of  the  deed,  rose  in  rebellion,  and  murdered  both  father 
and  mother.  The  nobles  then  assembled  and  destroyed 
most  of  the  rebels,  but  afterwards  became  embroiled  in  a 
civil  war,  in  which  they  and  their  issue  were  all  slain. 

Dutiiop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  240. 

Gorcum.     See  Gorkum. 

Gordian  (gor'di-an).     See  Gordifiniis. 

Gordianus  (gor-di-a'nus)  I.,  Marcus  Antoni- 
us,  surnamed  Africanus,  Anglicized  Gordian. 
Born  about  158  a.  d.:  died  at  Cartilage,  238. 
Roman  emperor.  He  was  descended  from  a  wealthy 
and  illustrious  r.oman  family,  and  acquired  great  popu- 
larity liy  his  largesses  to  the  populace.  He  became  procon- 
sul of  Africa  in  237,  and  when,  in  238,  a  rebellion  broke  out 
in  his  province  against  Maximinus,  he  was  forced  by  the 
insurgents  to  assume  the  purple.  Ilis  elevation  was  con- 
firmed by  the  Roman  senate.    He  associated  with  himself 


448 

in  the  government  his  son  Gordianus  II.  The  younger 
Gordianus  was  defeated  and  slain  before  Carthage  l>y  Ca- 
pellianus.  governor  of  Mauretania,  whereupon  the  elder 
Gordianus  put  himself  to  deatli  after  a  reign  of  only  six 
weeks. 

Gordianus  II.,  Marcus  Antonius.    Bom  192 

A.  1). :  died  near  Carthage.  238.  Roman  empe- 
ror, son  and  associate  of  the  preceding. 

Gordianus  III.,  Marcus  Antonius  Pius.  Born 
about  224  A.  D. :  died  in  Mesopotamia,  244. 
Roman  emperor.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Gordianus 
I.  on  his  mother's  side,  and  was  proclaimed  Csesai-  on  the 
death  of  the  two  Gordiani  in  Africa  in  238.  (See  Goydianw^ 
I.)  lie  became  sole  emperor  in  the  same  year,  on  the  as- 
sassination bythepretoriansof  the  two  .\iigusti,  Pupienus 
and  Balbinus,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  senate  to 
succeed  Gordianus  I.  He  undertook  an  expedition  against 
Persia  in  242,  under  the  guidance  of  his  father-in-law,  the 
veteran  soldier  Misitheus,  after  wiiose  death  he  was  mur- 
dered by  the  pretorian  prefect  Philip,  who  usurped  the 
throne. 

Gordium  (gor'di-um).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  northern  Galatia.  Asia  Minor,  near  the 
river  Sangarius.  It  is  noted  as  the  place  where 
Alexander  the  Great  cut  the  Gordian  knot.  See 
Gordiiis. 

Gordius  (gor'di-us).  [Gr.  T6p6io^.']  An  ancient 
king  of  Lydia  (originally  a  peasant),  father  of 
Midas.  According  to  the  legend  an  oriicle  had  declared 
to  the  people  of  Plu^'gia  that  a  king  would  come  to  them 
riding  in  a  car,  and,  as  Gordius  thus  appeared  to  them  in 
a  popular  assembly  which  was  discussing  the  disposition 
of  the  government,  he  was  accepted  as  their  sovereign. 
His  car  and  the  yoke  of  his  oxen  he  dedicated  to  Zeus  at 
Gordium ;  and  an  oracle  declared  that  whoever  should  un- 
tie the  knot  of  the  yoke  would  rule  over  Asia.  Alexander 
the  Great  cut  the  knot  with  his  sword. 

Gordon  (gor'don),  Adam.  A  famous  English 
outlaw  who  established  himself  near  the  village 
of  Wilton  in  1267,  and  attacked  those  especially 
who  were  of  the  king's  party.  He  engaged  with 
Prince  Edw,ard  (af terwiu"d  King  Edward  I. )  in  single  com- 
bat, and  tlie  latter  so  admired  his  courage  and  spirit  that 
he  promised  him  his  life  and  fortune  if  he  would  surren- 
der. Gordon  consented,  and  was  ever  after  an  attached 
and  faithful  servant  to  Edward. 

Gordon,  Sir  Adam  de.  Died  1333.  A  Scottish 
statesman  aud  soldier.  He  was  at  first  a  partizan  of 
Edward  II.,  but  after  the  battle  of  Eaunockburn  adhered 
to  Bruce.  His  son  Sir  Adam  de  Gordon  (died  1402)  became 
celebrated  in  border  warfare. 

Gordon,  Adam  Lindsay.  Born  at  Fayal 
(Azores),  1833:  shot  himself  at  New  Brighton, 
Australia,  June  24. 1870.  An  Australian  poet. 
He  was  in  the  mounted  police  of  South  Australia  in  1S53, 
and  was  afterward  a  horse-breaker,  member  of  the  Vic- 
toria House  of  Assembly  (1S65),  and  the  keeper  of  a  livery- 
staljle.  He  f.>iled  in  an  attempt  to  secure  the  Essleraont 
estate  in  Scotland  in  1869.  Among  his  poems  are  "Sea 
Spray  and  Smoke  Drift "  (1867),  "  Bush  E:i]lads,  etc. "  (1870), 
and  "  Ashtaroth :  a  dramatic  Lyric  "  (1870). 

Gordon,  Alexander.  Born  at  Aberdeen  before 
1693:  died  in  South  Carolina  in  1754  or  1755.  A 
Scottish  antiquary.  He  wrote  "Itinerarium  Septen- 
trionale"  (1726),  describing  "the  monuments  of  Roman 
antiquity"  and  "the  Danish  invasions  on  Scotland." 

Gordon,  Sir  Alexander.  Bom  1650:  died  at 
Airds,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Nov.  11.  1726.  A 
Scottish  Covenanter.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Bothwell  Bridge,  was  proclaimed  a  traitor  and  condemned 
to  death,  and  after  many  hairbreadth  escapes  fled  to  Hol- 
land. He  returned  and  was  arrested  (1683),  aud  remained 
a  prisoner  until  1689.  For  several  years  his  imprisonment 
w.as  voluntarily  shared  by  his  wife. 

Gordon,  Andrew.  Born  at  Cofforach,  Forfar- 
shire, June  15,  1712:  died  Aug.  22,  1751.  A 
Scottish  physicist,  appointed  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Erfurt  in  1737.  He  was  noted  for  his  ex- 
periments in  frictional  electricity.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  electrician  to  use  a  cylinder  in  place  of  a 
globe.  He  wTote  "  Phrenomena  Electricitatis  Exposita  " 
(1744),  etc. 

Gordon,  Si  r  Arthur  Hamilton.  Bora  Nov.  26, 
1829.  A  British  colonial  governor,  youngest 
son  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Aberdeen.  He  sat  in  Par- 
liament as  Liberal  member  for  Beverley  1864-67,  and  was 
appointed  governor  of  New  Brunswick  in  1.^66,  governor 
of  Trinidad  in  1870,  first  governor  of  the  Fiji  Islands  in 
1874,  high  commissioner  for  the  Western  Pacific  in  1.S77, 
governor  of  New  Zealand  in  1880,  and  governor  of  Ceylon 
in  1883.     He  was  created  Baron  Stanmbre  in  1893. 

Gordon, Charles  George,  called  "Chinese  Gor- 
don" and  "Gordon  Pasha."  Born  at  Woolwich, 
Jan.  28, 1833:  died  at  Khartum,  Nubia,  Jan.  26, 
1885.  An  English  soldier.  He  served  in  the  Crimea 
1854-56.  In  1800  he  was  attached  to  the  British  force 
under  Sir  James  Hope  Grant  operating  with  the  French 
against  Chin.a,  and  in  1863  took  command  of  a  Chinese 
force,  called  the  Ever  Victorious  Army,  against  the  Tai- 
ping  rebels.  He  put  down  the  rebellion  in  thirty-three  en- 
gagements, and  resigned  his  command  in  1864,  receiving 
froui  the  emperorthe  yellow  jacket  and  peacock's  feather 
of  a  mandarin  of  the  first  class.  He  was  governor  of  the 
Equatorial  Provinces  of  central  Africa  in  the  service  of  the 
Khedive  of  Egypt  1874-76 ;  was  created  pasha  by  the  khe- 
dive  in  1877;  and  in  the  same  year  was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  the  British  army.  He  was  governor-gen- 
eral of  the  Sudan,  Darfur,  the  Equatorial  Provinces,  and 
the  Red  Sea  littoral  1877-79,  in  which  capacity  he  stamped 
ont  the  slave-trade  in  his  district.  He  acted  as  adviser 
of  the  Chinese  government  in  its  relations  with  Russia 
in  1880 ;  went  as  commanding  royal  engineer  to  Mauritius 


Gore  Hall 

lsSl-82 :  and  was  commandant  of  the  colonial  forces  oX 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hopeiul8s2.  In  1884  he  was  sent  bythe 
British  government  to  the  Sudan  to  assist  the  khedive  in 
withdrawing  the  garrisons  of  the  country,  which  could  not 
be  held  any  longer  against  the  Mahdi.  "  He  was  besieged 
by  the  Mahdi  at  Khartum,  JIarch  12,  1884,  and  was  killed 
in  the  storming  of  the  city,  Jan.  26,  1SS5. 

Gordon,  George,  fourth  Earl  of  Huntly.  Born 
1514:  died  1.502.  A  Scottish  statesman.  He  held 
important  offices  under  James  V.  ;  with  Home  defeated 
an  English  force  at  Hadden  Rig,  Aug.  24,  1542 ;  on  the 
murder  oX  Cardinal  Beaton  succeeded  him  as  lord  high 
chancellor  (1546);  and  held  a  command  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pinkie  (1547).  He  opposed  the 
policy  of  the  queen  regent,  and  finally  deserted  her.  He 
favored  the  Catholic  cause.  Under  Mary  he  was  in  dis- 
favor, and  was  finally  denounced  as  a  rebel.  He  attacked 
the  queen's  forces  at  Corrichie,  Nov.  5,  1562.  but  was  de- 
feated, and  died  from  the  effects  of  the  battle. 

Gordon,  George,  fifth  Earl  of  Huntly.  Died 
May,  1576.  A  Scottish  statesman.  He  was  a  fa- 
vorite of  Mary,  and  an  ally  of  Bothwell,  and  became  lord 
high  chancellor  in  1566.  He  was  implicated  in  the  mur- 
der of  Darnley. 

Gordon,  Lord  Gteorge.  Bom  at  London,  Dec. 
26,  1751:  died  Nov.  1,  1793.  An  English  agita- 
tor, third  son  of  Cosmo  George,  third  duke  of 
Gordon.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1774.  Inl779hebe- 
came  president  of  the  Protestant  Association,  formed  to 
secure  the  repeal  of  the  Bill  of  Toleration,  passed  in 
1778  for  the  relief  of  Roman  Catholics.  At  the  instance 
of  the  society  a  large  number  of  the  opponents  of  the 
bill  met  in  St.  George's  Fields,  and  marched  in  a  body 
to  the  House  of  Commons  simultaneously  with  the  pres- 
entation by  Gordon  of  a  petition  praying  Parliament  to 
repeal  the  bill.  A  riot  ensued,  which  was  quelled  by  the 
troops  June  8, 1780.  Gordon  was  tried  in  1781  for  compli- 
city in  the  riots,  but  was  acquitted  for  want  of  evidence. 

Gordon,  George  Hamilton, fourth  Earl  of  Aber- 
deen. Born  at  Edinbuigh,  Jan.  28,  1784:  died 
at  London,  Dec.  14,  1860.  A  British  statesman. 
He  was  appointed  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Austria 
Sept.,  1813,  and  signed  the  preliminary  treaty  at  Tbplitz 
on  Oct.  3.  On  May  30,  1814,  he  signed  tixe  treaty  of  Paris 
as  one  of  the  representatives  of  Great  Britain.  He  was  for- 
eign secretary  under  Wellington  1828-30,  secretarj'  for  war 
under  Peel,  Dec,  1834, -April,  183.5,  and  secretaryforforeign 
affairs  under  Peel  1841—16.  He  was  premier  Dec,  1852,- 
Jan.  30,  1855,  his  ministry  being  formed  by  a  coalition  of 
Whigs  and  Peelites.  He  wrote  works  on  Greek  architec- 
ture, etc. 

Gordon,  John  Campbell  Hamilton.  Born  1847. 
.Seventh  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  grandson  of  the 
fourth  earl,  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  under 
the  Gladstone  administration  of  1886,  and  gov- 
ernor-general of  Canada  1893-98. 

Gordon,  Sir  John  Watson.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
1788 :  died  there,  June  1,  1864.  A  Scotti.sh  por- 
trait-painter. His  liest-known  work  is  a  portrait 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Gordon,  Lady  Duff-  (Lucie  or  Lucy  Austin). 

Born  at  Westminster,  June  24,  1821:  died  at 
Cairo,  -July  14, 1869.  An  English  writer,  best 
known  as  a  translator  from  the  Gennan  (Nie- 
buhr.  Von  Ranke,  and  Sybel).  She  resided  in 
Egvpt  from  1862.  She  married  Sir  Alexander 
Duff-Gordon  in  1840. 
Gordon,  William.  Born  at  Hitehin,  Hertford- 
shire, about  1728 :  died  at  Ipswich,  England, 
Oct.  19,  1807.  An  English  clergyman  and  his- 
torian. He  wrote  "Kise,  Progress,  aiul  Establishment 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America  " 
(1788),  etc. 

Gordon  Bennett,  Mount.  [Named  from  James 
Gordon  Bennett.]  A  mountain  in  central  Africa, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Albert  Nyanza  and 
Ruwenzori.  discovered  and  named  by  Stanley. 
Height,  estimated,  about  15,000  feet. 

Gordon  Gumming.    See  Cnmming. 

Gordon  Riots.  A  rising  of  the  London  popu- 
lace, June,  1780,  the  culmination  of  an  anti- 
Roman  Catholic  agitation,  instigated  and  abet- 
ted by  Lord  George  Gordon.  See  Gordon,  Lord 
George. 

Gore  (gor),  Mrs.  (Catherine  Grace  Frances 
Moody).  Born  at  East  Retford,  Notts,  Eng- 
land, in  1799 :  died  at  Lyndhurst,  Hampshire, 
Jan.  29,  1861.  An  English  novelist  and  play- 
writer.  Among  her  works  are  "Theresa  Marchmont,"  a 
novel  (1824),  "The  Lettre  de  Cachet  "  (1827),  "School  for 
Coquettes, "a  comedy (1831),  "  Mrs.  Armytage.  etc.,"  a  novel 
(1836),  "  Cecil,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Coxcomb  "  (her  most 
successful  novel,  1841),  "  The  Banker's  Wife  "  (1843),  and 
about  sixty  other  works,  some  of  them  translations  from 
the  French. 

Gore,  Christopher.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  21, 
1758:  died  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  March  1,  1827. 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts 1809-10.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
College. 

Goree  (go-ra').  A  small  island  belonging  to 
France,  situated  near  the  coast  of  Senegambia. 
south  of  Cape  Verd,  in  lat.  14°  40'  N.,  long.  17° 
25'  W.  Population  of  the  town  of  Gor^e,  about 
2.000. 

Gore  Hall.  A  building  containing  the  library 
of  Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts 


I 


i 


Gore  House 

Gore  House.  A  house  formerly  occupying  the 
site  upon  which  the  Albert  Memorial  is  built, 
in  London.  It  waa  a  famous  resort  for  men  of  letters 
durinp  the  successive  ownerships  of  William  Wilberforce 
and  the  Countess  of  Blessington  in  the  early  part  of  the 
19th  century. 

Gorgei.     See  Gorgci/. 

Gorges  (gor'jez).  Sir  Ferdinando.  Born  in 
Somersetshire,  England,  about  15G6:  died  in 
1647.  An  English  colonial  proprietor.  He  re- 
ceived with  John  Mason  a  grant  of  the  region  between 
the  Merriniac  and  Kennebec  rivers  in  1622.  In  1629  the 
connection  between  Gorges  and  Mason  was  dissolved  and 
a  new  grant  was  made  to  each,  Goi-ges  receiving  the  region 
between  the  Piscataqua  and  the  Kennebec.  Gorges  re- 
ceived a  contlrraation  of  his  giant  under  the  title  of  the 
Province  of  Maine  in  1639. 

Gorgey,  or  Gorgei  (ger'ge-i),  Arthur.    Born  at 

Toporcz,  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  Jan.  30, 1818. 
A  Hungarian  general  in  the  warof  1848-49,  Ho 
succeeded  Kossuth  as  dictator,  Aug.  11, 1S49,  and  surren- 
dered at  VilSgos,  Aug.  13,  1849,  to  the  Kussians  under 
Biidiger. 
Ootfias  (gor'ji-as).  [Gr.  Topyiag.^  Bom  at  Le- 
ontmi,  Sicily,  .about  485  B.  c. :  died  at  Larissa, 
Thessaly,  about  380  B.  c.  A  famous  Greek  so- 
phist and  rhetorician, "an  independent  cultiva- 
tor of  natural  oratory,  with  a  gift  for  brilliant 
expression  of  a  poetical  and  often  turgid  kind. 
When  he  visited  .Athens  in  427  B.  c.  his  florid  eloquence 
became  the  rage,  and  was  afterwards  the  first  literary 
inspiration  of  the  orator  Isocrates."  From  him  one  of 
Plato's  dialogues  is  njuned. 

Gorgibus(gor-zhe-biis').  1.  A  comfortable  old 
citizen  in  llolifere's  "Les  precieuses  ridicules." 
His  niece  and  daughter  tonnent  him  by  their 
esthetic  vagaries. —  2.  An  unreasonable  old  cit- 
izen in  Molifere's  "  Sganarelle":  the  father  of 
C6Ue. 

GorgO  (gor'go).     [Gr.  Topju.]     See  Gorgons. 

Gorgona  (gor-go'na).  Aji  island  in  the  Pacific, 
situated  about  lat.  S'^N.,  long.  78°  20'  W.  It 
belongs  to  the  Republic  of  Colombia. 

Gorgons  (g6r'gonz).  [Gr.  rdpyovfc.]  In  Greek 
legend  (Hesiod).  daughters  of  Phorcys  (whence 
also  called  Phoreydes)  and  Ceto,  dwelling  in  the 
Western  Ocean  near  Night  and  the  Hesperides 
(or  in  Libya),  Their  names  are  Stheno,  Euryale,  and 
Medusa.  They  are  girded  with  serpents,  and,  in  some  ac- 
counts, have  wings  and  brazen  claws  and  enormous  teeth. 
According  to  Homer  there  is  but  one,  Gorgo.  See  Medusa. 

Gori  (go're).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Tif- 
lis,  Caucasus,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kur  in 
lat.  41°  59'  N. ,  long.  44°  5'  E.  Population  (1891), 
7,247. 

Gorinchem.     See  Gnrlum. 

Goring  (gor'ing),  George,  Earl  of  Norwich, 
Born  about  1583:  dieil  1G(J3.  An  English  Roy- 
alist politician  and  soldier.  He  headed  an  unsuccess- 
ful Royalist  rising  in  1647,  and  was  sentenced  to  death, 
but  later  was  pardoned. 

Goring,  George,  Lord  Goring.  Bom  July  14, 
1608:  died  at  Madrid,  1657,  An  English  "gen- 
eral. He  at  first  supported  the  Parliamentary  cause,  and 
was  placed  in  command  of  Portsmouth,  but  in  H>42  went 
over  to  the  Royalists,  lie  was.  liowover,  utKiiilc  to  defend 
Portsmouth,  which  was  captured  in  Sept.  He  commanded 
the  left  wing  of  the  Royalist  army  at  the  battle  of  .Marstnn 
Moor.  He  was  a  man  of  unrestrained  life,  and  in  his  youth 
was  celebrated  for  his  brilliancy  and  prodigality. 

GoritZ.     See  G(ir:. 
Gorkhas.     See  Ghurkas. 

Gorkum,  or  Gorcum  (gor'kum),  or  Gorinchem 

(go'rin-chom).  A  town  in  theiirovince  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  at  the  junction  of  Iho 
Lingo  with  the  Merwedo  (Maas),  22  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Rotterdam.  It  was  taken  bv  the 
"  Water  Beggars  "  in  1572.  Population  (1889), 
11.224. 
Gorlitz  (gf'r'lits).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Si- 
li'sia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lausitzer  Neisse 
in  lat.  51°  8'  N.,  long.  14°  .58'  E.  it  is  an  impor- 
tant  commercial  center,  and  has  large  numufactnres  of 
cloth.  The  Rathaus  and  the  Church  of  Ht.  Peter  and  .St. 
Paul  are  of  interest.  The  place  ha-s  belonged  succusslvely 
to  Lusatia,  Bohemia,  Saxony,  and  Prussia.  Pofiulation 
(IS'.rO),  62,i:t5. 

Gormfsorm),»iirnamcd  "The  Old."  Floiirislicd 
about  860-935.  Th(^  first  king  of  united  Don- 
iriark. 

Gorner  (gor'ner)  Glacier.  One  of  the  largest 
Alpine  glaciers,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Va- 
lais,  Switzerland,  northwest  of  Monte  Rosa,  It 
is  the  source  of  the  Visp, 

Gorner  Grat,  A  tuouutain  near  Zermatt,  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  Alps  of  Valiiis,  Height,  10,290 
foot, 

Gorres  (g^r'res),  Jakob  Joseph  von.    Bom  at 

Coblenz,  Prussia,  Jan.  25,  177(>:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, .Tan.  29, 1848.  A  (Jeriiiiin  .•nitlidr.  He  edited 
the  "  Hheinischer  .Mcrkur'"  181 1-H1.  and  became  profcKHdr 
of  histttry  in  tbernivcr.'^itynf  Mutdi-h  in  1827.  In  his  early 
publications  he  support  e<l  l-'rcnch  revolutionary  principles, 
which  caused  him  to  be  j>ersecutcd  by  the  government,  and 
C—  29 


449 

was  a  prominent  advocate  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  wrote  "  Die  christliche  Mystik  "(1836-42)  and  "Athana- 
8iu8"(1837). 

Gortchakoff  (gor-chii-kof').  Prince  Alexander 

Mikhailovitch.  Born  Julv  16,  1798  :  died  at 
Baden-liaden,  March  11,  1883,  A  noted  Rus- 
sian statesman.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  ex- 
traordinary at  Stuttgart,  in  1S41,  U)  negotiate  a  marriage 
between  the  (Jrown  Prince  of  Wiirtemberg  and  the  prin- 
cess Olga,  sister  of  the  czar  >'icholas.  In  1854  he  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Vienna,  where  ho  guiu-ded  the  in- 
terests of  Russia  with  great  tact  and  ability  during  the 
Crimean  war,  until  18.'>6.  He  was  appointed  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  I806,  and  became  viie-cbancellor  in  1862 
and  chancellor  in  1863,  He  maintained  a  strict  neutrality 
between  the  contending  powers  in  the  Austro-Prussian 
war(lS661,  but  in  1870embraced  the  opportunitypresented 
by  the  Franco-Prussian  war  to  repudiate  the  treaty  of 
Paris  (extorted  from  Russia  at  the  close  of  the  Crimean 
war  in  I806)  in  so  far  as  it  excluded  the  Russian  war  fleet 
from  the  Black  Sea  and  deprived  his  country  of  the  con- 
trol of  the  mouths  of  the  I>anube. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Alexander.    Bom  1764 : 

died  1825.  A  Russian  soldier.  He  served  under 
his  uncle  Suvaroff  in  Turkey  and  in  Poland,  and  be- 
came lieutenant-general  in  1708.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  repulsed  Marshal 
Lannes  at  Heilsberg  in  1807.  He  acted  as  chief  of  the 
ministry  of  war  in  1812,  and  became  general  and  Wiia 
made  a  member  of  the  imperial  council  in  1S14. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Andrei.  Born  1768 :  died 
at  Moscow,  Feb,  27,  1855,  A  Russian  general. 
He  served  as  major-general  under  Suvaroff  in  Italy  in  1799, 
and  commanded  a  division  of  grenadiers  in  1812  and  a 
corps  of  infantry  in  1814,  in  which  last-named  year  he 
fought  with  distinction  in  the  battles  of  Leipsie  and  Paris, 
He  became  general  in  1819,  and  retired  from  active  ser- 
Wce  in  1828, 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Mikhail.  Bom  1795:  died 
at  Warsaw,  Ma.y  30,  1861.  A  Russian  general. 
He  served  in  the  Turkish  war  1828-29,  in  the  Polish  revo- 
lution 1830-31,  in  Hungary  in  1849,  on  the  Danube  1853-54, 
and  in  the  Crimea  in  1855, 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Petr.  Lived  early  in  the 
17th  century.  A  Russian  commander,  noted 
for  his  defense  of  Smolensk  against  the  Poles 
1609-11. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Petr.  Bom  1790 :  died  at 
Moscow,  March  18,  1868,  A  Russian  general, 
brother  of  Mikhail  Gortchakoff.  He  fought  against 
Napoleon  in  the  campaigns  of  l^n7  and  1812-14,  and  subse- 
quently served  under  Yerniolulf  in  theCaucasus.  In  1829 
he  commanded  a  corpsof  infantry,  with  which  he  defeated 
a  Turkish  corps  at  Aides.  He  signed  in  the  same  year  the 
preliminaries  of  the  peace  of  .Adrianople.  He  became 
general  in  1843,  and  in  1854  commanded  a  wing  of  the 
Russian  army  at  the  Alma  and  at  Inkerman. 

Gorton  (gor'ton).  A  suburb  of  Manchester, 
Lancashire,  England,  4  miles  southeast  of  that 
city.     Population  (1891\  15,215. 

Gortyna  (gor-ti'nji),  or  Gortyn  (gor'tin).  [Gr. 

r^/jrtJi'o,  roprii',]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Crete,  situated  about  lat,  35°  5'  N,,  long. 
24°  56'  E, 

Gortz  (gcrts),  Georg  Heinrich  von.  Born  1668 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  March  12, 1719.  A  Swedish 
statesman.  He  was  of  Gennan  origin,  and  was  privy 
councilor  and  seneschal  in  Holstein  when  in  1706  he  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  Charles  XII.,  whose  confidence  he 
gained,  and  by  whom  he  was  made  minister  of  finance  in 
1715,  and  subaeciuently  prime  minister.  He  formed  a 
scheme  for  breaking  up  the  league  against  Sweden,  and 
plaimed  a  descent  upon  Scotland  in  behalf  of  the  Pre- 
tender, but  an  accident  frustrated  his  designs.  On  the 
death  of  the  king  he  was  imjirisoned  at  the  instance  of 
I'Irica  F.leonora  and  her  husband  Frederick  of  Hesse,  who 
succeeded  to  the  throne,  anri  was  executed  on  the  pretext 
of  b;ivink'  iT'inded  on  the  king  in  his  undertakings  and 
mismaruiged  the  fitumces. 

Oorz  (geris),  or  Goritz  (g^r'its).  It.  Gorizia 

(go-ret'so-ii).      Tl apital  of  the  crowiilaiid 

Gbrz  and  Gr.idiska,  situated  on  the  Isonzo24 
miles  north-iKirtliwest  of  Tricst,  It  has  a 
cathedral  ancl  an  ancient  castle.  Population 
(189(1),  17,956. 

Gorz  and  Gradiska  (grii-<lis'k!i),  A  crownland 

and  (titular)  princely  coiintship  of  the  Cislei- 
tlian  division  of  .Vustria-lluiigary.  It  licsbetwcen 
Carniola  on  thceast  and  Italy  on  the  west,  and  forms  with 
iHtria  and  Tricst  the  Kustenlaiid.  It  wa.«  aciinired  bv  Am* 
tria  in  ir,Oo.  Area,  1.140  miles.  Po|iuhition  (1890),  22o,30S, 
cbicllyiif  Slavic  and  Italo-l'iiulian  .-^tock. 

Goschen  (go'slii'ii ),  George  Joachim.    Bom  at 

liondmi,  Aug.,  JHIH.  Au  Kiiglish  politician  and 
financier,  of  Gemian  descent.  Entering  Parliament 
In  18Wi,  ho  was  chancellor  of  the  ducbv  of  Lancaster  In 
1866.  president  of  the  poor-law  board  18i-*(  71.  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty  1871-74.  and  ambassador  extniortlinarv'  to 
Constantliifqde  1880-81.  Fl.irn  18811  to  IHgnhc  was  aproml 
ncrit  ineiiibi-r  of  the  LiberaM  nlonist  party,  and  was  chan- 
cell-ir  i.f  the  exche()Uer  In  the  SallMburv  lulnl.'.trv  IfHft-'.l'J, 
and  llrsl  lord  of  the  adniirally  IMIl.'.-l'.iim.  He'  has  pnl>. 
liabeil  "Theory  of  the  Foreign  Kxcluinges '  (lHil:i),  etc. 
J'reated  viscount  in  19IHI. 

Goshen  (go'shen).  In  biblical  geography,  a  pas- 
toral region  in  Lower  Egypt,  opcuiiied  and  col- 
onized l)y  the  Israelites  before  the  Iv\odus.  It 
was  situated  east  of  the  Delta  and  west  of  the 
modern  Suez  Caiuil. 

'ioshenland  tgo'shen-land).  or  Goosen.     A  re- 


Gotha 

public  set  up  by  some  Boer  adventurei's  after 
the  Transvaal  war  of  1881,  to  the  west  of  Trans- 
vaal. The  expedition  of  Sir  Charles  Warren  inl884dellm. 
ited  the  British  and  Transvaal  l)oundaries.  and  Goshenland 
was  absorbed  in  Transvaal  and  in  Bechuanaland. 

Goship.     See  Gosirttc. 

Goshoot.     See  Gosiute. 

Gosh  Yuta.    See  Gosiute. 

Gosiute  (go'si-tit),  or  Goship,  or  Goshoot,  or 
Gosh  Yuta.  A  confederacy  of  live  tribes  of 
North  American  Indians  in  northwestern  Utah 
and  eastern  Nevada.  Number  2.5C,  in  I8».i.  The  name 
is  a  contraction  of  Goship,  a  former  chief,  and  C'ta  or  UU. 
See  Shoshonean, 

Goslar  (gos'lar).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prassia,  on  the  Gose  and  in  tlie  Havz, 
24  miles  south  of  Brunswick,  it  is  of  medieval  ap- 
pearance, and  the  Rathaus,  monastic  church,  Kaiserworth, 
Domkapelle,  and  Kaiserhaus  are  notable  buildings.  The 
last-named  is  a  palace  founded  in  1039  by  the  emperor  Hen- 
ry III.  It  is  reputed  the  oldest  medieval  secular  structure 
in  Germany,  though  it  was  in  part  rebuilt  after  a  fire  in 
1289.  It  includes  the  Saalbau  and  the  Chapel  of  St.  llrich. 
The  upper  story  of  the  former  contains  the  imperial  hall 
(170  feet  long),  with  massive  round-arched  windows  an(l 
modem  historical  frescos.  Near  the  town  is  the  metallifer- 
ous Ranmielsberg.  Goslar  was  built  about  920,  and  was  a  fa- 
vorite residence  of  the  emperors.  It  was  a  Hanseatic  town, 
and  was  a  free  city  until  1802,  I»  passed  from  Hannover 
to  Prussia  in  1866.     Population  (1890),  commune,  13,311. 

Gosnold  (gos'nold),  Bartholomew.  Died  at 
Jamestown,  Va.,  Aug.  22.  1607.  An  English 
navigator,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  settlement 
at  .Jamestown.  He  commanded  an  expedition  (ship 
Concord)  in  1602  which  discovered  Cape  Cod  anil  Martha  3 
Vineyard  (l)oth  named  by  him),  and  in  1606  joined  the  expe. 
dition  under  Newport  to  Virginia,  which  discovered  (and 
named)  Capes  Henry  and  Charles  and  established  the  set- 
tlement of  Jamestown. 

Gosport  (gos'pgrt).  A  seaport  in  Hampshire, 
England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  harbor  oppo- 
site Portsmouth .  it  contains  a  naval  victualing  yard 
and  other  government  establishments.  Population  (1891), 
with  Alverstoke,  25,457. 

Goss  (gos).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Fareham,  Hamp- 
shire, Dee.  27,  1800:  died  at  London,  May  10, 
1880,  An  English  composer,  chiefly  of  church 
music.  He  was  organist  of  St.  Paul's  from  1,838. 

Gossaert  (gos'art),  or  Gessart  (ges'iirt),  Jan, 
generally  called  Mabuse.  Born  at  Maubeugo 
(Mabuse),  Nord,  France,  probably  about  1470: 
died  at  Antwerp,  1541.  A  Flemish  painter.  He 
went  to  England,  where  he  painted  the  *'  Marriage  of  Henr)' 
VII.  and  Elizabeth  of  Ynrk,"and  portraits  of  the  king's 
children. 

Gosse  (gos),  Edmund  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept,  21,  1M9,  An  English  poet  and  lit- 
erary critic,  son  of  P.  H.  Gosse.  He  has  written 
"iladrigals.  Songs,  and  .Soimets,"  and  other  poems  (1870),  a 
number  of  essays  on  English,  Dutch,  and  Scandinavian  lit. 
erature  (187,'>-s:t),  "New  Poems  "  (1879),  "English  tides" 
(completed  in  issl),  "Life  of  Thomas  Gray  "(18*2),  "  Seven- 
teenth Century  Studies"  (18.8:!),  "Works  of  Thomas  Gray" 
(1884),  "From  Sbakspere  to  Pope"  (lectures  delivered  by 
Gosse  as  cl:irk  lecturer.  Trinity  College.  Cambridge  :  pub- 
lished in  Iss.'.l,  'Firdausi  in  Exile,  etc."  (1886),  "Kalelgh" 
(18,^1.),  ■'l',.i,i;reve"  (ISSS),  etc. 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry.  Bom  at  Worcester,  Eng- 
land, April  6,  ]siO:  <liod  at  Torquay,  Aug.  23, 
1.8.H8.  .\n  English  zoologist.  Among  hia  works  are 
"The  Canadian  Naturalist"  (184(1),  "Aquarium"  (1864), 
"  Rritiah  ,Sea  Anemones  and  Corids  "  (18;«),  "  Romance  of 
Natural  Historj-  "  (1860-61),  etc. 

Gosselies  (gosle').  a  town  in  the  province 
of  llainaut,  Belgium,  28  miles  south  of  Brussels. 
Toinilation  (1.S90),  9,118. 

Gosselin  (gos-laii'),  Pascal  Francois  Joseph. 

Born  at  Lille,  Dec.  6,  1751 ;  died  at  I'aris.  Feb.  7, 
1830.  A  French  antiquarian.  He  was  a  deputy  to 
the  National  Assembly  in  1789,  and  became  a  memberof  the 
central  administration  of  conunercc  In  171>1,  aiui  amember 
of  the  ministry  of  war  in  1791.  He  was  elected  to  tho 
French  Institute  soon  after  its  foundation,  and  succeeded 
narthih'Uiy  as  keeper  of  the  mi'dals  In  the  Xational  Li. 
brary  in  1791),  a  post  which  he  rctaineil  until  bis  death, 
Gosson  (gos'on).  Stephen.  Born  in  1.555:  died 
Feb.  13, 1624.  An  Kiiglisli  author.  Ho  liecamo 
rector  of  Great  Wigborough  in  151H,  a  living  which  he  ex. 
changed  for  that  of  St.  llotolph,  Ilisbopsgate,  Lomlon.  in 
HMK).  Anntng  his  extant  works  are  "Die  Sclnn.lc  of 
Abuse  "  (l.'>79),  "The  Ephrmerldes  of  Phlalo"  (i;.79),  and 
"  Playea  i'onfutcd  "  (no  date). 

Got  (go),  Francois  Jules  Edmond.  Born  Oct. 

1,  1.S22:  diid  Nlnivli  20.1901.  A  noted  French 
actor,  lie  nnide  his  ili'but  at  the  Ci.nn!dle  Finlitaise  In 
1H14.  Ueplayed  successfully  the  first  partslu  claanlcflland 
imiderTi  French  comedy,  parttcularl\  St;anarelb-,TrlH8otin, 
Figaro,  etc.,  in  the  (ornier.  an. I  lli)«iy.r  (In  Auuier'a  plays 
"I.es  ellrout(5s"  and  "  Le  tils  de  Ginoyir ' ),  Maltre  Gue- 
rill,  Mercailet,  Daviil  Sicliel,  etc.,  in  tlie  lattor.  He  alMt 
played  such  parts asTi'l Ik iiilct  and  1  larpngon  with  c<|iial sue. 
ce»8.  Ilewasprofessorof  df  lainalional  theCoiiservatoirc. 

Gota,  or  Gotha  (go'tii),  A  river  of  Sweden, 
llowiiiLT  from  Lake  Wener into  theCattepnt  near 
Gollienhurg.     Length,  about  .55  miles. 

Gotha  ( go 'til\  A  duchy  of  Germany.  See  Sdif- 
iohuni-Gotliii. 


Gotha 

Qotha.  A  city  in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Cobuvg- 
Orotha,  and,  alternately  with  Coburg,  the  resi- 
dence of  its  dukes,  situated  in  lat.  50°  57'  N., 
long.  10°  42'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
places  in  Thuringia,  and  is  interesting  lor  the  Frieden- 
stein  Palace  (with  library,  cabinet  of  coins),  the  museum 
(antiquities,  picture-gallery,  etc.),  and  the  geographical 
institute  of  Justus  Perthes.    Population  (1890),  29,134. 

Gotha,  Almanach  de.  An  annual  register  pub- 
lished in  French  and  German  at  Gotha  from 
1764.  It  comprises  a  genealogical  detail  of  the  principal 
royal  and  aristocratic  families  of  Europe,  and  a  diplomatic 
and  statistical  record  for  the  time  of  the  different  states 
of  the  world. 

Gothaer  (go'ta-er).  In  modern  German  historv. 
a  political  party  which  favored  constitutional 
government  and  a  confederation  of  states  under 
Prussia :  applied  originally  to  certain  members 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  who  assembled  at 
Gotha  June,  1849. 

Gotham  (go'tham).  1.  A  parish  in  Nottiug- 
hamshire,  England,  6  miles  south  of  Netting- 


450 

Gothland  (island).     See  GotlamJ. 

Gothland  (guth'land),  Sw.  Gotland,  or  Gott- 
land(got'land),orGotaland(ye'ta-land).  His- 
torically, the  southern  division  of  Sweden,  com- 
prising the  modern  provinces  (laen)  Malmolius, 
Kristianstad,  Blekinge,  Kronoberg,  Jonko- 
ping,  Kalmar,  Ostergotland,  Halland,  Gothen- 
biu-g  and  Bohus,  Elfsborg,  and  Skaraborg.  and 
the  islands  Gotland  and  Oland.  This  and  the  land 
of  the  .Swedes  proper  grew  into  the  kingdom  of  Sweden 
during  the  middle  part  of  the  middle  ages. 

Gothofred.    See  Godcfroij. 

Goths  (goths).  [See  first  quotation  below.]  An 
ancient  Teutonic  race  which  was  established  in 
the  regions  of  the  lower  Danube  in  the  3d  cen 


ham.  The  simplicity  of  its  inhabitants,  which  has  passed 
into  a  proverb,  is  said  to  have  been  simulated  to  avert  a 
king's  anger-  The  "foles  of  Gotham  "  are  mentioned  as 
early  as  the  15th  century  in  the  "  Towneley  Mysteries  " ; 
and  at  the  commencement  of  the  16th  century  a  collection 
of  stories,  said  to  beby  Dr.  Andrew  Borde,  was  made  about 
them,  not,  however,  including  the  following,  which  rests 
on  the  authority  of  nursery  tradition  : 

Three  wise  men  of  Gotham 
Went  to  sea  in  a  bowl : 
And  if  the  bowl  had  been  stronger 
My  song  would  have  been  longer. 

Halliwell,  Nursery  Rhymes. 
2.  A  name  given  to  the  eitv  of  New  York. 
Gotham  Election,  A.    A  farce  by  Mrs.  Cent- 

li\Te,  produced  in  1715. 
Gothamite  (go'tham-it).  A  humorous  epithet 
for  a  New-Yorker,  first  used  by  Washington 
Irving  in  "Salmagundi"  (1807). " 
Gothard,  St.  See  St.  Gotthard. 
Gothenburg,  or  Gottenburg  (got'en-boro),  Sw. 
Goteborg  (ye'te-boro).  A  seaport  and  the 
capital  of  the  laen  of  Gothenburg  and  Bohus, 
Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gota,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  57°  41'  N.,  long.  11°  55'  E.:  the  second  city 
of  Sweden,  it  was  founded  by  Gustavus  Adolphus 
about  1619.  Its  commercial  importance  dates  from  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  The  chief  manufactures  are  sugar  ma. 
chinery.  cotton,  and  beer.  It  has  become  notable  iii  re- 
cent years  for  its  licensing  system  for  the  decrease  of 
intemperance.     Population  (190O),  1311,619. 

Gothenburg  and  Bohus  (bo'hos).    A  maritime 
laen  of  Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Skager  Rack 
and  Cattegat.   Area,  1,952  square  miles.   Ponu- 
lation  (1890),  297,824. 
Gothia  (go'thi-a).     See  Septimatiia. 
Gothic  (goth'ili).     The  language  of  the  Goths. 
The  Goths  spoke  various  forms  of  a  Teutonic  tongue  now 
usually  classed  with  the  Scandinavian  as  the  eastern  branch 
of  the  Teutonic  family,  though  it  has  .also  close  affinities 
with  the  western  bi,anch(01d  High  German,  Anglo-Sason 
etc.).    AH  forms  of  Gothic  have  perished  without  record' 
except  that  spoken  by  some  of  the  western  Goths  (Visi- 
goths), who  at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  centurj-  occupied 
Dacia  (Wallachi.a,  etc.),  and  who  before  the  end  of  that 
century  passed  over  in  great  numbers  into  Mojsia  (now 
Biilgaria,  etc.).    Revolting  against  the  Roman  Empire 
they  extended  their  conquests  even  into  Gaul  and  Spain 
Their  language,  now  called  Mcesoqothic  or  simply  Gothic 
IS  preserved  in  the  fragmentary  remains  of  a  nearly  com- 
plete translation  of  the  Bible  made  by  their  bishop  Wul- 
flia  (a  name  also  used  in  the  forms  aifila,  Ulphila,  Uljilael 
who  lived  in  the  4th  century  a.  p.;  and  in  some  other 
fragments.    These  remains  are  of  a  high  philological  im- 
portance, preceding  by  several  centuries  the  next  earliest 
leutonio  records  (Anglo-Saxon  and  Old  High  German). 

We  do  not  know  how  much  of  the  Bible  Wultila  trans- 
lated into  Gothic.  One  ancient  writer  says  that  he  trans- 
lated all  but  the  books  of  Kings,  which  he  left  out  because 
tie  thought  that  the  stories  of  Israel's  wars  would  be  din- 
gerous  reading  for  a  people  that  was  too  fond  of  fighting 
?,,,«,*'•.  I'  '*  I""**  •"  accordance  with  what  we  know  of 
Wulfllas  character  that  he  should  have  felt  some  uneasi. 
ness  about  the  effect  that  such  reading  might  have  on  the 
minds  of  his  warlike  countrymen;  but  one  would  have 
thought  that  the  books  of  Joshua  and  Judges  would  have 
heeii  even  more  likely  to  stimulate  tlie  Gothic  passion  for 
,h^  ,  w^ii',""^'!''  "".'",''■"  "!  ^'"8'-  ITobably  the  truth  is 
!.  I  i!'^'"  '■','',  1°'-  '"'*=  t"  1"'5t'  l>is  translation,  and  no 
.u"^'v!'1  ^"1"!''  ''^■■'^■''  '°  "'«  'ast  the  books  which  he 
thought  le.ast  important  for  his  great  purpose  of  makin- 
good  Christians.  The  part  of  Wulflla's  Bible  that  hal 
come  down  to  us  consists  of  a  considerable  portion  of 
each  of  the  Gospels,  and  of  each  of  St.  l-aul's  Epistles,  to- 
gether  with  small  fragments  of  the  books  of  Ezra  and  Xe- 
hemiah.  Six  different  manuscripts  have  been  found  The 
most  important  of  these  was  discovered  in  the  sixteenth 
century  in  a  monastery  at  Werden  in  Germany.  After 
having  been  lu  the  possession  of  many  different  owners 
it  was  bought  in  1662  by  the  Swedish  Count  de  la  Gardie' 
who  gave  it  the  binding  of  solid  silver  from  which  it  is 
commonly  called  Codex  Argenteus,  or  Silver  Book  •  it  is 
now  in  the  University  of  Fpsala,  and  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  choicest  treasures  possessed  by  any  library  in  Eu- 
rope. It  IS  beautifully  written  in  letters  of  gold  and  silver 
on  purple  parchment,  and  contains  the  fragments  of  the 
oospels.  Of  the  other  five  manuscripts  one  was  discovered 
in  the  seventeenth  century  in  Germany,  and  the  rest  in 
Italy  about  seventy  years  ago. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  63. 


tim  .  A  probable  hypothesis  identifies  them  with  the 
Gotones  or  Gutones  who  dwelt  near  the  Baltic ;  but  there 
IS  no  reason  to  believe  in  their  relationship  witli  the  Get.-B 
and  no  proof  of  theu-  Scandinavian  origin.  They  made 
many  inroads  into  different  parts  of  the  Roman  Empire 
in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries,  and  gradually  accepted  the 
Arian  form  of  Christianity.  The  two  great  historical  di- 
visions were  the  \'isigoths  (West  Goths,  the  Greutuno-i) 
and  the  Ostrogoths  (East  Goths,  the  Thervingi)  A  body 
of  \  isigoths  settled  in  the  province  of  Jlcesia  (the  present 
.•^ervia  and  Bulgaria),  and  were  hence  called  Mreso<'oths  ■ 
and  their  apostle  WuIfila(nBlas)  translated  the  Scriptures 
intouothic.  (SeeGoMic)  The  Visigoths  formed  a  mon- 
archy about  41S,  which  existed  in  southern  France  untU 
607,  and  in  Spain  until  711.  An  Ostrogothic  kingdom  ex- 
isted in  Italy  and  neigliboring  regions  from  493  to  653.  The 
so-called  Tetraxitic  Goths  are  mentioned  in  the  Crimea  as 
late  as  the  ISth  centuo'.  By  extension  the  name  was  ap- 
plied to  various  other  tribes  which  invaded  the  Roman 
fiiUipire. 

A  fragment  of  a  calendar  contains  the  word  Gut-thi- 
'  ?t '  ?f,'iP'*^  "'  "'^  «oths.'  The  word  thivda  is  the  same 
as  the  Old-English  thi!od.  meaning  people  ;  and  from  the 
compound  Gut-thiudii,  and  from  other  evidence,  it  may 
be  inferred  that  the  name  which,  following  the  Romans 
we  spell  as  Gottis  w.as  property  Gutans  — in  the  singular 
Gntn.  Like  all  other  names  of  nations,  this  word  must 
originally  have  had  a  meaning,  but  it  is  very  difficult  to 
discover  what  that  meaning  was.  It  has  often  been  as- 
serted that  the  name  of  the  Goths  has  something  to  do 
with  the  word  God  (in  Gothic  r,uth).  We  might  easily  be- 
lieve  tliat  an  ancient  people  might  have  chosen  to  call 
themselves  "  the  worshippers  of  the  Gods"  :  but  although 
tins  interesting  suggestion  was  proposed  by  Jacob  Grimm 
one  of  the  greatest  scholars  who  ever  lived,  it  is  now 
quite  certain  that  it  was  a  mistake.  It  seems  now  to  be 
generally  thought  that  the  meaning  of  Gutam  is  'the 
(nobly)  born.'  Bradley.  Story  of  the  Goths,  pp.  4,  6. 

The  Goths  are  always  described  as  tall  and  athletic  men 
with  fair  complexions,  blue  eyes,  and  yellow  hau-  — such 
people,  in  fact,  as  maybe  seen  more  frequently  in  Sweden 
than  any  other  modern  land.  A  very  good  idea  of  their 
national  costume  and  their  general  appearance  may  be 
gained  from  the  sculptures  on  "The  storied  Column,"  as 
it  IS  called,  erected  at  Constantinople  by  the  Emperor  Ar- 
cadius  in  honour  of  his  father  Theodosius,  which  repre- 
sents a  triumphal  procession  including  many  Gothic  cap- 
"^<=s-  Bradtey,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  9. 

Gotland  (got'land),  or  Gothland  (eoth'land), 
or  Gottland  (got'land),  or  Gutaland  (vb'ta- 
laud).  An  island  of  the  Baltic,  60  miles  e'ast  of 
Sweden,  to  which  it  belongs.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level.  The  chief  occupations  are  agriculture,  cattle- 
ra'siug,  lime-burning,  and  quarrying.  The  chief  place  is 
visby.  The  island  was  a  medieval  commercial  center  Its 
possession  was  long  disputed  by  Denmark.  In  1645  it  was 
pennanently  united  to  Sweden.  Length,  70  miles.  Area, 
1,175  square  miles.  Population  (1893),  estimated,  61.141. 
It  is  true  that  the  southern  province  of  Sweden  Is  still 
called  Gothland  ;  but  the  Gautar  (called  Geatas  by  the  An- 
glo-Saxons), from  whom  this  province  took  its  name,  were 
not  identical  with  the  Goths,  though  doubtless  nearly  re- 
lated to  them.  On  the  other  hand,  the  island  called  G'oth- 
land,  in  the  Baltic,  was  anciently  called  Gukiland.  which 
seems  to  show  that  its  early  inhabitants  were  really  in  the 
strict  sense  Goths;  and,  according  to  the  Xorse  sagas  and 
the  Anglo-Saxon  poets,  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  was  an- 
ciently occupied  by  a  branch  of  the  Gothic  people  who 
were  known  as  Hl-i5th-gotan,  or  Reidhgotar. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  8. 


Goudimel 
Gottland.     See  Gotlilaml  and  Gotland 
Gottorp,  orHolstein-Gottorp,  Seeo'ldenbura 

Jiou.se  iij.  ■" 

Gottsch'alk  (got'shalk). Latinized  Gotescalcus 

(go-tes-kal'kus).     Died  about  868.     A  German 

l,,?,?i°^^°V  ^^  '""^  ^""^  "'  "  <^hild  to  the  convent  of 
fulda  and  subsequently  entered  the  Benedictine  convent 
at  Orbais,  where  he  was  ordained.  His  doctrine  of  two- 
fold predestination  (i.  e.  of  some  to  eternal  life  and  of 
others  to  eternal  death)  was  condemned  by  the  .'synod  of 
llainz  in  S4s,  and  he  was  deprived  of  his  priestly  functions. 
HautvUliers  "'''^  ^'"^"'  '"  ''"*'"'  '"  ""^  consent  of 

Gottschalk,  Louis  Moreau.  Born  at  New  Or- 
leans, May  8,1829:  died  near  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Dec.  18, 1809.  A  popular  American  pianist  and 
composer,  son  of  an  Englishman  and  a  French- 
womaii.  He  made  extensive  professional  tours  in  Eu- 
o''iU  "V"  ""*  *'"**  America,  and  enjoyed  great 

Gottschall  (got'shal),  Eudolph  von.  Bom  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  Sept.  30,  1823.  A  German 
dramatist,  poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous 
J^'ii^^'"',,  ,-*™'"'ff  his  works  are  "Die  Gottin  "(1852),  "Car- 
loZeno  (ls53),  "Deutsche  -Nationalliteratur  "  (1863)  the 
pla.vs  '-Pitt  andFo-x,"  "Katharina  Howard,"  -Aiay  Rob- 
s.art,    etc. 

Gottsched(got'shed),JohannChristoph.  Born 

at  Juditten,  near  Konigsberg,  Feb.  2, 1700  ■  died 
at  Leipsie,  Dec.  12,  1766.  A  German  critic  and 
writer.  He  was  educated  at  Konigsberg,  and  subsequently 
went  to  Leipsic,  where  (1730)  he  was  made  professor  of 
phUosophy  and  poetry,  and  where  he  died.  His  senices  to 
German  literature  are  principiUly  critical.  He  was  the 
reorganizerin  Leipsic  of  the  literary  society.  Die  deutsche 
Gesellschalt,  which  afterward  became  a  sort  of  academy 
In  172o  he  edited  the  journal  "Die  verniinftigen Tadlerinl 
?™  (  /'"^  K:itional  Censors  "),  which  was  continued  after 
Vr<o  J  '''"'^"^'^'' '^'"''*<'""''""'"("'t'lie Honest  Man") 
A  Redekunst  "("  ArtotRhetoric")appcaredinl72S  His 
critical  views  were  first  systematically  presented  in  •' Ver- 
suche  einer  kritischen  Dielitkunst  fur  die  Deutschen  " 
(1730).  This  was  followed  from  1732  to  1744  by  a  series 
of  essays  on  literary  historj'  and  the  German  iangua"e 
In  1734  appeared  " Weltweisheit "  (" WoridWisdom"")' 
an  exposition  of  the  theories  of  Wolff,  the  leader  of  Ger- 
man rationalism.  In  1748  appeared  "Deutsche  Sprach- 
kunst  On  the  drama  he  exercised  an  importiint  influ- 
ence by  his  advocacy  of  French  classicism.  Through  his 
efforts  theold  hariequin  "Hanswurst "  was  banished  from 
the  German  stage.  His"Deutsche  SchaubJihne"  ("Ger- 
man htage,"  a  vols.)  appeared  1740-45.  His  principal  ori- 
ginal poetical  work  is  the  tragedy  "  Der  Sterbende  Cato  " 
("  The  Dying  Cato,"  1732).  From  1730  to  1740  he  exercised 
a  sort  of  literary  dictatorship  in  Germany.  After  the  latter 
date  his  influence  rapidly  declined.  He  became  involved 
in  a  number  of  literarj-  disputes  in  which  he  was  worsted. 
On  the  stage  he  was  caricatured  under  the  name  "  Tadler  " 
(Faultfinder"),  and  a  witty  lampoon  held  him  up  to 
ridicule.  '^ 

GotZ  (gets),  Johann  Nicolaus.  Born  at  Worms,  ; 
Germany.  .July  9.  1721:   died  at  Winterburg, 
Nov.  4,  1781.     A  minor  German  poet.    He  studied 
theology  at  Halle  1739^2,  and  subsequently  filled  various 
ecclesiastical  offices.    He  is  noted  for  wit  and  elegance  of  J 
expression  rather  than  for  depth  of  sentiment.     His  col-J 
lected  works,  with  a  biography  by  Ramler,  appeared  atl 
Mannheim  in  1785  (new  ed.  1S07).  ' 

Gotz  of  the  Iron  Hand.    A  name  given  to 
Gcitz  von  Berliehingen. 
Gotz  von  Berliehingen  (gets  fou  ber'lieh-ing- 

en).  A  play  by  Goethe.  The  first  sketch  was  finished 
in  1, 7L  In  1773  he  rewrote  and  published  it.  In  1804  he 
prepared  another  edition  lor  the  stage :  it  has  not  been 
playedsince.  Itis  treated  in  the  manner  of  a  Shaksperian 
historical  drama.     See  Berliehingen. 


Gottenburg.     See  Gothcnburtj. 

G6tterdammerung(get'ter-dem'me-r6ns).|;G., 
■twilight  of  the  gods.']  The  fourth  part  of  Wag- 
ner's "Ring  des  Nibelungen,"  first  performed 
at  Bayi-euth  Aiig.  17,  1876.     Grove. 

Gottfried  von  Strasburg  (got'fret  fon  stras'- 
boro).  A  iliddle  Iligli  (ierraan  epic  poet.  He 
lived  at  the  end  of  the  12th  and  the  beginning  of  the  13th 
century,  but  the  exact  years  of  his  birth  and  death  are 
unknown.  He  belonged  to  the  burgher  class,  as  appears 
from  the  title  " Meister"  used  inthellSS.  About  1210  he 
wrote,  after  French  originals,  the  epic  poem  '■  Tristan  und 
Isolde,"  which,  however,  he  did  not  live  to  complete  It 
was  subsequently  continued  byOrich  von  Turhcini  (1233- 
1266)  and  Hcinrich  von  Freiberg,  who  wrote  about  1300 

Gotthard,  St.     See  St.  Gotthard. 

Gotthelf,  Jeremias.    See  Bitzius. 

Gottingen  (get'ting-en).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover^  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leine  in  lat.  51°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  56'  E.  The 
university  (Georgia  Augiista)  was  founded  by  George  n. 
of  England  (Elector  of  Hannover)  in  1734.  and  opened  in 
1737.  Seven  of  its  professors  (IBwald,  Gervinus,  Dahb 
inann,  Albrecht,  Weber,  and  the  brothers  Grimm)  were 
expelled  by  King  Ernest  Augustus  in  1837  for  their  oppo- 
sition to  the  suspension  of  the  constitution  of  1833.  It 
has  a  library  of  over  500,000  volumes.    Population  (1890) 


Goetz  von  Beriichingen,"  the  subject  of  which  was  an 
old  German  baron  of  the  time  of  Jlaximilian,  grandfather 
to  Charles  V.,  who  revoked  the  law  of  duel.  Goetz,  for 
contravening  his  ordinance  in  this,  lost  his  right  hand. 
A  machine  was  made  and  fitted  to  his  arm.  whence  he  was 
called  "  iron  hand."  He  was  a  real  character,  and  has  left 
memoirs  of  himself.  This  curious  feature  joined  itself 
alongside  of  "Werther"  and  "The  Robbers"  (Schiller) 
this  delineation  of  a  wild,  fierce  time,  not  as  being  the 
sketch  of  what  a  rude,  barbarous  man  would  appear  in  the 
eyes  of  a  philosophical  man  of  civilized  times,  but  with  a 
sort  of  natural  regret  at  the  hard  existence  of  Goetz,  and 
a  genuine  esteem  for  his  manfulness  and  courage !  F,y 
this  new  work  Goethe  began  his  life  again  ;  he  had  struck 
again  the  chord  of  his  own  heart,  of  all  hearts.  A^'alter 
Scott  took  it  up  here,  too,  and  others.  But  the  charm 
there  is  in  Goethe's  "Goetz"  is  unattainable  by  any  other 
writer.  In  Scott  it  was  very  good,  but  by  no  means  so  good 
as  in  "  Goetz. "  It  was  the  beginning  of  a  happier  turn  to 
the  appreciation  of  something  genuine. 

Carlyle,  Lects.  on  the  Hist,  of  Lit.,  p.  196. 

Gouda  (oou'da).  or  Ter-GoUW  (ter-aou').  or 
Ter-GoU'We.  A  to-wn  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Gouwe  and  Yssel,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Rotterdam,  it  is  noted  for  its  bricks  and  pipes,  and  has 
large  markets  for  cheese  and  other  dairy  products.  The 
museum  and  the  Groote  Kerk  are  of  Interest.  Population 
(1891),  20,037. 

Goudimel (go-de-mel'). Claude.  BornatVaison, 
near  Avignon,  about  1510:  killed  at  Lyons  in  the 
massacre  on  St.  Bartholomew's  day,  Aug.  24, 
1572.  A  noted  French  composer  and  teacher  of 
music.  He  set  to  music  some  of  the  Psalms  in  their 
French  version  by  llarot  and  Beza  (1S6SX 


Gough,  Alexander  Dick 
Qough  (got),  Alexander  Dick.    Horn  Nov.  3, 

1.S04:  died  Sept.  8,  1S71.  An  English  avchitect 
and  engineer.  He  devoted  hiinselt'  especially 
to  ecclesiastical  architecture. 
Gough,  Hugh,  lirst  Viscount  Gou^h.  Bom  at 
Woodstowii,  Limerick,  Ireland,  Nov.  3,  1779: 
died  near  Dublin,  March  1.',  1.S6!).  A  British  gen- 
eral. He  was  commander-in-chief  in  China  1841-42  and 
in  Iniiia  184*--19,  commanding  in  person  in  the  Sikh  wars 

l»4.i-19. 

Gough,  John  Bartholomew.    Born  at  Rand- 

f.'ntc.Kent,EnKhui(i,Aui;.L'L:,  LSIT:  diedat  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  18,  1886.  A  noted  Anglo-Ameri- 
can orator,  distingiushed  particularly  as  a  tem- 
perance lecturer  in  America  an<l  Groat  Britain. 
He  c:une  to  t!ie  United  States  in  1S29,  and  began  lecturing 
in  184;).  He  visiteil  EiiKland  in  1863,  1857,  and  1878.  He 
I'Ulili.shed  an  "Autobiography"  (1841S),  "Sunshine  and 
Sliadow  "  (ISslX  etc. 

Goujet  (go-zha'),  Claude  Pierre,  Abb6.  Bom 
nt  Paris,  Oct.  W.  l(ii»7 :  .lied  at  Paris,  Feb.  1, 
1767.  A  French  historical  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  His  works  include  "Bibliothcque  frangaise.  ou 
bistoire  litt^raire  de  la  France  "  (1740-59),  "Bibliothctiuc 
(ies  auteurseccl»^siasti(iues"(1736X  "Origincct  histoirede 
l.i  pocsic  fniin;aise,  etc."  (1745),  etc. 

Goujon  (go-zUoii' ),  Jean.  Born  about  l.")!")  (f ) : 
■  lied  probably  between  1.564-08.  A  celebrated 
sculptor  of  the  French  Renaissance  period.  No- 
thing' is  known  definitely  of  his  life.  In  1540  he  is  men- 
tioned as  workimr  on  Saint-Maclou  at  Itouen :  the  lit- 
tle door  of  this  church  ascribed  to  liim  datt^s,  however, 
from  a  later  period.  In  1541  he  left  Rouen  for  Paris, 
where  he  joined  Pierre  Lescot  in  the  decoration  of  Saints 
Germain  r.\u.\en-Mis.  From  Paris  he  went  to  Rouen,  where 
the  architect  BiiUant  was  reconstructing  the  chateau.  The 
'•  Victory  "  of  ^couen  is  well  known.  At  about  this  time 
he  is  thought  to  have  developed  a  tendency  toward  the 
Huguenot  party.  From  1547  to  1550  was  his  first  period 
of  work  on  the  Louvre,  then  under  reconstruction  by  Pierre 
Lescot.  (.See  Louvre  and  Pi--rre  Lt-nt-nf. )  To  it  belong  the 
escalier  (staircase)  of  Hein-y  11. ,  the  figures  of  the  reils-de- 
b<EUf,  the  Caryatides  du  L<:)uvre,  and  the  figures  of  the 
Fontaine  des  Innocents.  In  1550  Goujon  went  to  Anet  to 
work  on  the  chftteau  of  Diane  de  Pcntiers,  which  was  then 
building  by  Philibert  de  TOrnie.  The  Diane  Chasseresse 
(tradition.Vily  representing  the  great  Diana  herself),  which 
stood  in  the  courtyardof  the  chateau,  is  now  in  the  Louvre. 
Before  1560  he  completed  the  decoration  of  the  Louvre. 
After  15C0-C1  his  name  disappears  from  the  list  of  ".Mai- 
tres  Masons  "  working  with  Pierre  Lescot.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  shot  on  his  scaffold  in  tlie  court  of  the  Louvre 
during  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  (1572). 

Goulburn  (gol'born).  A  city  in  Argylo  County, 
New  South  Wales,  Australia,  10.')  lidles  south- 
west of  Sydney.     Population  (1891),  10,916. 

Goulburn  (gol'btrn),  Henry.  Bom  at  London, 
ilai-ch  19,  1784 :  died  near  Dorking,  Surrey. 
Jan.  12,  18r)6.  An  English  ])(diticiau.  He  was 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1828-30,  home  secretary  1834- 
183'),  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1841-40. 

(jould  (gold),  Augustus  Addison.  Bom  at 
New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  April  'S-i.  1.80.'):  died  at 
Boston,  Sept.  1.5,  1860.  An  American  natural- 
ist, especially  noted  as  a  conchologist.  Among 
his  chief  works  are  *'  Invertebrate  Animals  of  Massachu- 
setts "  (1.S41),  "  MoUusca  and  Shells  of  the  U.  S.  Exploriiig 
Expedition  under  Capt.  Wilkes  "  (18.52). 

Gould,  Baring.    Sec  l}iiiin(/-(iniild. 

Gould,  Benjamin  Apthorp.     Born  at  Boston, 

Sept.  27,  1824:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Nov. 
2(i,  1896.  A  noted  American  astronomer.  lie 
was  long  employed  in  astronomical  work  in  connection  w-ith 
theU.  S.  Coast  Survey  ;  was  director  of  the  Dudley  Obscrva- 
toi^y  at  Albany  18''>.'J-59 ;  anrl  trcmi  187U  to  18S5  had  charge  of 
the  National  Observatory  at  I 'onloba,  Argentina.  This  ob- 
scivatory  was  orgaidzed  by  bini,  ami  duiing  his  dii-cctor- 
ship  it  issued  the  most  iinjHirt-.int  sei  iesof  jistronondcal  re- 
pr)rls  that  liiive  appealed  in  Smitb  America.  He  foumled 
and  .ditcil  an  astroncMiii.al  journal  at  Canibiidge,  Mass. 

Gould,  Hannah  Flagg.  Born  at  Lancaster, 
Mass.,  17s;i:  died  at  ^^■«•ll^ryport,  Mass.,  Sept. 
.").  IHtJ.).  All  American  poet.  .She  removed  with 
her  parents  in  Isoo  to  Newbiti-yport,  where  she  spent  the 
rciuainder  of  her  life. 

Gould,  Jay.  Born  at  Ho.xhurv,  Delaware  Coun- 
ty. N.  Y.,  "Klay  27, 18;!6 :  <lied  at  New  York,  Dec. 
2,  1S92.  An  Ami^rican  capitalist.  He  began  life 
as  a  surveyor  ;  became  engaged  in  the  lumber  business : 
and  about  1.S57  became  connected  with  a  bank  in  Strouds- 
burg,  Pennsylvania.  He  subsequently  became  president 
of  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Railroad,  l>ut  soon  re- 
signed and  went  to  New  Vork,  where  he  became  president 
of  the  Erie  Railway.  His  manipulation  of  this  road  In  con- 
nection with  .tames  Kisk,  Jr.  (who  wius  vice-president  and 
treasurer),  became  notorious.  Ho  was  obliged  to  restore  to 
the  ICnglisb  bondholders  seeiirilies  reiircsentiug  ?7.5.50,- 
00<l.  He  was  later  Identified  with  the  Western  fnlon  Tele- 
graph Co.,  and  with  the  extensive  railroad  combinations 
in  the  soiithwestcrn  States  kimwn  as  the  "  Gould  system." 
lie  left  pn.pcrly  valued  at  ?7 2, 001 1, 000. 

Gould,  John,  Born  at  Lvm<>-Begis,  Dorset, 
EnghiiKl,  Sei>t.  14,  1804:  died  nt  London,  Feb.  3, 
]8,S1.  An  English  ornitholojiist.  lie  began  life  as 
a  gaixlenor  at  Ripley  Castle.  \'orkshirc,  and  became  taxi- 
dermist Ut  the  li<indoii  /.oological  Society  in  1827.  Ho 
illustrated  the  **t?entury  of  Birds  from  the  Htinalavan 
Mountains."  and  published  "  Birds  c.f  Hlirone  '  (1S.T2-37), 
"Bh-ils  of  Australia"  (lM()-4,t),  "  Mon.ignph  of  the  Tro- 
chilida)"  (:84«-«l),  "Birds  of  Great  lirltain  "  (18(U-7.'i), 
etc.    He  illustrated  these  works  wit4i  nearly  3,0t)0  plates. 


451 

Gounod  (go-no').  Charles  Frantjois.    Bom  at 

Paris.  .Tune  17.  1818:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  Get.  18, 
1893.  A  French  composer.  He  entered  the  Con- 
servatoire in  issti,  to<ik  the  second  prix  de  Rome  for  his 
cantata  "  Marie  Stuart  et  Riizio "  in  1837,  and  in  1S39 
took  the  grand  prix  for  his  cantata  "Fernando."  He  at 
one  time  thought  of  entering  the  church.  After  some 
years  of  study  he  produced  his  "  Messe  Solennelle  in  G_," 
some  numtienj  of  which  were  brought  out  by  Hullah  in 
London  in  1851.  From  1852  to  1860  he  was  conductor  of 
the  ■'  Orpheon  "  in  Paris.  "  Faust  '  was  produced  at  the 
Thi'atre  L>Ti(iilc.  Jlarch  10, 1859,  and  placed  him  at  once 
in  the  first  rank  of  his  profession.  Among  his  other  operas 
are  "  .Sapho  "  (ISSl),  '■  Le  miSdecin  malgriS  lui,"  from  JIo- 
lif'ie's  comedy  (IS.'ig),  "  PhiWmon  et  Baucis  "  (1860),  " La 
reine  de  Saba  ■■(1862),  "Mireille '■  (1804),  "  Rom#o  et  Jnli- 
ette  ■■  (1807),  "  Cinq-Mars  ■■  (1877),  "  Polyeucte  ■■  (1878),  etc. 
Htialso  wrote  much  churcli  music,  an  oratorio  ("  La  r(^- 
dcmption,^'  18821,  the  religious  work  "Mors  et  vita"(ias5), 
and  many  single  songs  and  pieces,  besides  a  great  deal  of 
music  for  the  t)i"ph(^onistes. 

Gour.     See  llnur. 

Gourgaud  (gor-go').  Baron  Gaspard.  Born  at 
Versailles,  France,  Sept.  14, 1783:  died  at  Paris, 
July  25,  18r)2.  A  French  general.  He  took  part 
in  nlost  of  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  and  accompanied 
Napoleon  to  St.  Helena  in  1815.  He  published,  witliMon- 
tholon,  "Memoiresde  Napoleon  h  Sainte-Ht:'16ne^^(182::). 

Gourgues  (gorg),  Dominique  de.     Born  at 

;\[iint-de-Marsan.  Laiidos,  !•  ranee,  about  l.")30: 
died  at  Tours,  France,  1593.  A  French  adven- 
turer. He  commanded  a  successful  expedition  against 
the  Spaniards  in  Florida  1507. 

Gourko,  or  Gurko  ( gfir '  k6\  Joseph  Vladimir o- 

Vitch.  Bom  Nov.  15,  1S2S:  died  Jan.  29.  1901. 
A  noted  Russian  genei-al.  In  the  Ru>..so-Turkisli  war 
of  1877-78  be  led  an  army  across  the  Balkans  .July,  1877  : 
was  defeated  by  Siileinian  Pasha  at  EsUi  Zajrhra  July  :u- 
Ang.  1:  distinguislied  himself  in  the  operations  against 
Plevna  in  Oct. ;  again  advanced  across  the  Balkans  Dec, 
1877 :  and  entered  Sophia  .ran.  4, 1878.  He  was  governor 
of  Poland  1883-94. 

Gousset  (gii-sa'),  Thomas  Marie  Joseph. 
Born  at  Montiguy-les-Chei'lieux,  Haute  Saone, 
France,  May  1,  1792:  died  at  Rheims,  France, 
Dec.  24.1866.  AFrenchcardinnlaml  theological 
writer.  His  works  include  "Theologie  dogma- 
tiipie  "  (1844),  "  Theologie  morale"  (1848),  etc. 

Gouvion-Saint-Csn:  (go-\-y6n'san-ser'),  Lau- 
rent. Born  at  TotU,  France,  April  16,  1764: 
dieil  in  tlie  south  of  France,  March  17,  1830. 
A  French  marshal.  He  gained  the  victory  of 
Polotsk  in  1812,  and  was  minister  of  war  iSlo 
and  1817-19. 

Go'Van  (guv'an).  A  western  suburb  of  Glas- 
■,'ow,  Scotland. 

Govardhana  (go-viir-dha'na).  In  Hindu  my- 
tliology,a  iiiinmtain  inVrimlavana  which  Krish- 
na induced  the  cowherds  to  worship  instead  of 
Indra.  The  god  in  rage  sent  a  deluge  to  wash  away  the 
mountain  and  ils  people,  but  Krishna  held  up  the  moun- 
tain on  bis  little  ilnger  U)  shelter  the  people,  and  ludra, 
liattlcd,  did  homage  to  Krishna. 

Go'vernor's  Island.  A  small  fortified  island, 
lielougingto  tlie  Cnited  States,  situated  in  New 
York  harbor  abotit  A  mile  south  of  New  York. 

GO'W  Cgou").  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Inver.  Perth- 
shire. Jlarch  22,  1766:  died  at  Eilinlmrgli,  Jan. 
17,  1831.     A  Scotcli  violinist  and  composer. 

GO'W,  Niel.  Born  at  ln\er,  Perthshire,  Mardi 
22.  1727:  died  there,  March  1,  1807.  A  Scotch 
violinist  and  composer,  father  of  Nathaniel 
Gow.  He  was  the  author  of  several  popidar 
Scotch  airs. 

Gowertgou'er).  1.  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"Henry  IV.,"  part  2,  and  in  "Henry  V.":  an 
officer  in  the  king's  army. — 2.  In  Shakspere's 
"Pericles,"  a  character  who  nj)pears  as  chorus. 

Go'Wer,  John.  Born  about  132.'):  died  in  the  ])ri- 
oi-y  111'  Si.  .\l;ii'y  Ovei'ies,  Sonthwark,  1408.  Au 
English  poet .  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life,  but  ho 
appears  to  have  lived  in  Kent  and  to  have  been  a  man 
of  wide  reading.  He  was  well  known  at  court  in  his  later 
years.  His  piineipal  work,  the  "Confesslo  Amantis^^ 
(written  in  English,  piobalily  In  i:i8ti),  was  originally  iledi- 
catcd  to  Iliebard  IL,  but  In  KflU  he  changed  the  dedica- 
tion to  Heni-yof  Lancaster (iifterward  Heni-y  IV.).  Caxtoii 
printed  it  inl48't.  Among  li is  other  works'are  ■'Speculum 
Alcditantis^^writti-n  in  l*'rencli,  recently  found)and  "Vox 
Clamant{s^^(a]incm  written  in  Latin. begun  in  1:181).  After 
the  accession  of  Henry  ^'I..  t lower,  tlien  an  old  man,  added 
a  supplement,  the  '•  Tripartite  Council. ■'  It  treiits  of  ch-. 
ciirreiiees  of  the  tinn',  and  the  strength  of  its  iispiratlons 
and  teaching  caused  t^hiincer  to  call  him  "the  montl 
Cowcr.^'  "Ballades ■'and  other  poems  (mostly  In  French) 
were  iirinted  In  1HI8. 

Gower.  .\  peninsula  in  Glamorganshire, Wales, 
which  ]irojecls  into  Bristol  Cliannel.  The  ma- 
jority of  liie  inhabitants  are  of  Flcmisli  or  Nor- 
man origin. 

Oowrie  (gmi'ri^  Oarse  of.  A  low-lying  tract 
of  fertile  litnd  in  Perthshii-e.  Si'Otlaml.  e.\teiul- 
in;;  along  the  imrlh  luink  of  the  Tay.  for  about 
15  niilos,  bi-lween  Perth  and  Dunilep. 

Goiwrie  Conspiracy.    A  conspiracy  against  the 


Gozzi,  Count  Carlo 

life  or  personal  freedom  of  James  VI.  of  Scot- 
land, 1)V  John  Ruthven  (earl  of  Gowrie),  Alex- 
ander fiuthven,  and  others.  It  resulted  in  tbedeath 
of  the  leaders  in  a  struggle  with  the  kiug^s  followers  at 
Perth.  Aug.  b,  1600. 

Goya  (go'ya).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cor- 
rientes,  Ai'gentine  Kepublic,  situated  near  the 
Parand  about  lat.  29°  10'  S.,  long.  59°  20'  W. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Goyanis  (go-yii-nas').  A  race  of  Indians  for- 
merly occupying  the  Brazilian  coast  between 
Angra  dos  Reis  and  the  island  of  Cananea.  and, 
inland,  the  country  about  the  present  city  of 
Sao  Paulo.  They  lived  in  the  open  lands,  were  savages 
of  a  low  grade,  subsisted  by  hunting  and  Dshing,  and  prac- 
tised little  or  no  agriculture :  commonly  tliey  dwelt  in 
caves.  The  Coyanas  were  enemies  of  the  Tu'pi  hordes, 
but  readily  n)ade  friends  with  the  whites,  and  were  among 
the  first  to  whom  Anchieta  and  N'obrega  preached,  'fhe 
tioyatacAs  (wliicli  see)  apjiear  to  have  been  of  the  same 
race.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the  Cam^s  and  other 
mixed  tribes  are  partly  derived  from  them.  Also  written 
(Juayatuiii,  Gitaijanacg,  and  (by  a  double  plural)  Goi/aiuuet 
or  Goai/anaees. 

Goyanna  (go-yiin'nii).  A  town  in  the  state  of 
I'eiii.imbuco,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Go- 
yanna, near  the  sea,  about  50  miles  north  of 
Recife.     Population,  about  5,000. 

Goyels  (go-yiis').  An  e.xtinct  ti-ibe  of  Brazilian 
Indians  •nho  lived  in  the  region  between  the  To- 
cantins  and  Araguaya.  Their  women  wore  gold  or- 
naments, which  led  the  first  Portuguese  explorers  to  the 
discovery  of  rich  gold-mines.  The  city  and  subseijuently 
the  captaincy  (now  state)  of  Goyaz  were  named  fi-om  them. 
Al  so  written  Qwaifd.-',  atid  (a  double  pi  oral)  Cr6i/fljc*-  or  Gua- 

Goyatacd  (go-y  a-ta-kii' ).  or  Goyotac^  (go-yo-ta- 
kii').  A  sub-stock  of  the  Tapuya  race  of  Bra- 
zilian Inditms:  so  called  by  Martins  because  he 
believed  that  fhe  ancient  Goyatacas  were  of  the 
same  group.  It  includes  the  Caroprts,  Macunls,  Pata- 
chos,  and  other  hordes  in  northeastern  Minas  Geraes, 
southern  Bahia,  and  Espirito  Santo. 

GoyataCels  (go-yii-tii-kiis').  [So  called  by  the 
Tuiiis,  from  qiuitii.  to  run,  ami  cu,  to  be:  'run- 
ners.'] A  tribe  of  Br:izilian  Indians  which,  at 
fhe  time  of  the  conquest,  occupied  the  open 
lands  near  the  coast  in  what  is  now  the  eastern 
part  of  tlie  state  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  They  were 
wandering  savages,  in  customs  and  apparently  in  language 
allied  to  the  CoyaiiAs  (which  see).  ¥or  many  years  they 
were  dangerous  enemies  of  the  whites.  Also  written  (r'o- 
aytacaf.t,  Gnaitacaa,  and  (a  double  plural)  Gnoitacazee,  Go- 
autacacea,  and  Gtniacaz<-s:  hence  Campos  dos  GoUactues, 
ablireviated  to  Campos,  the  name  of  a  city. 

Goya  y  Lucientes  (go'yii  e  16-the-en'tes),  Fran- 
cisco. Horn  at  Fuendetodos,  near  Saragossa, 
Spain.Mardi  3 1,1746:  died  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
March  16,  1828.  A  noted  Spanish  painter  and 
etcher.  Aniong  his  works  are  portraits,  satirical  works, 
representations  of  bull-tlghts,  etc.  He  is  also  known  as  a 
caricaturist  and  satirist.  He  has'been  called  "  the  Hogartli 
of  Spain." 

Goyaz  (go-yiiz').  1.  A  state  of  Brazil,  lying  east 
of  Matto  Grosso  and  north  of  Minas  Gcraes. 
Area.  288,.546  square  miles.  Population  (1888), 
211,721.-2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Goyaz, 
situated  on  the  river  Vennelho  in  lat.  16°  26'  S., 
long.  49°  49' W.:  formerly  called  Villa  Boa  de 
(Joyaz.     Po])ulation,  about  8,00(1. 

Goyeneche  (go-ya-na'chii).  Jos6  Manuel.  Bom 
at  .\reqiiipa.  Pern,  June  13.  1775:  diid  at  Ma- 
drid, Spain,  Oct.  15,  1,846.  A  Si)anish  general. 
In  1808  the  junta  of  Seville  sent  him  to  Simlh  America  to 
receive  from  the  viceroys  and  presidents  their  oaths  of 
allegiance  to  Ferdinand  Vll.  He  remained  in  Peru,  and 
from  1^09  to  I81.S  commanded  the  Spanish  armies  in  Chor- 
eas (now  Hollvia),  where  lie  repeatedly  defeated  (he  revo- 
lutionists. Uetnrning  to  Spain  in  ISKl,  he  assisted  in  the 
final  exnulsion  of  the  French  :  was  made  lleutenanl-gen- 
eriil  and  count  of  t^naqni  ;  and  laterwas  councilor  of  stittc, 
senatiu-,  and  commander  in  several  provinces.  In  1846  he 
was  made  a  grandee  of  Spain. 

Gozan  (go'zan).  In  liiblieal  goopraphv,  a  dis- 
trict and  city  in  northern  Meso|iotamin,  men- 
(ioned  in  the  cuneiform  inscrijilions. 

Gozlan  (goz-lon'),  L^on.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
S(  |il.  1,  1803:  died  at  Paris.  Sept.  14,  1.><CK).  A 
I'feiich  novelist  and  ilramalist.  Hewr»te"I.ono- 
tairc  de  Chaulilly  "  (1S.SI1).  "Le  iinHlecIn  tin  Peiq  "  (I8;19X 
"I,e  dragon  rouge  ■■(184,s).  "Hislidre  de  cent  trente  fcm- 
incs  "  (la'i.'t),"  Balzac  en  palilouHc8'^(18.'.o  :  a  familiar  mem- 
oir of  great  Inlercht,  (Jozlim  having  been  Bulrae's  sec- 
relary).  and  "La  folic  ilii  N"  10  (1801)  and  "  Le  vampire 
du  Val.di-(!n'icc"(IS«J),  two  pseiido. medical  studies,  he- 
sides  many  other  tales,  and  about  18  plays  »  hich  were  not 
so  successful  as  his  novels. 

GOZO,  orGoZZOtgot'so).  An  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea.  l)elonging  to  Great  Britain,  4 
miles  northwest  of  Malta  :  the  nnciiiit  Gaiilos. 
Area.  20  square  miles.  Po))ubitioii  (|.'<9I  ).1.'<.921. 

Oozzi  (got 'se).  Count  Oarlo.  Born  a(  Venice, 
Dec.  13.  1720:  di.'d  April  4,  1806.  An  Italian 
driinialisl  and  satirist. 

With  liowl  11  had  likewise  the  ctTect  of  lending  to  a 
new  style  of  comedy,  by  the  Introduction  of  (hose  fairy 
dramas  which  had  such  an  aatounding  run,  during  sever^ 


Gozzi,  Count  Carlo 

years,  at  Venice,  and  which  are  now  completely  forgotten, 
except  indetnl  by  the  Genuans,  wlio,  on  tlieir  revival,  con- 
ferred upon  Count  Gozzi  the  title  of  the  first  comic  writer 
of  Italy.        Si^iwmU^  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  532. 

Gozzi,  Count  Gasparo.  Born  at  Veniee,  Dec, 
1713:  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Dec.  26,  1786.  An 
Italian  critic  and  litterateur,  brother  of  Carlo 
Gozzi.  He  wrote  "Osservatore  veneto  perio- 
dico"  (1768),  etc. 

Gozzo.     See  Go:o. 

Gozzoli  (got's6-le),  Benozzo.  Born  at  Florence, 
1420:  died  at  Pisa,  1498.  A  Tusemi  ijainter. 
His  chief  work  is  the  mural  jjaiutiugs  in  the 
Campo  Santo,  Pisa. 

Graaf  (griif),  Regnier  de.  Bom  at  Sehoon- 
hoven,  Netherlands,  July  30,1641 :  died  at  Delft, 
Netherlands,  Aug.  17,  1673.  A  physician  and 
anatomist,  author  of  works  upon  the  pancreas, 
the  generative  organs,  etc.  His  works  include  "  De 
natura  et  usu  succi  pancreatici"  (1663),  "De  nonnullis 
circa  p.irtes  genitales  inventis  novis"  (166S},  *' Tractiitus 
de  virorum  organis  generationi  inservientibus,  etc. "(1668), 
"De  mulieruni  organis  generationi  inservientibus,  etc." 
(1672X  etc.     The  Graafian  follicles  were  named  from  him. 

Graaf  Reinet  (griif  ri'net).  The  chief  town  of 
the  Midland  Province  of  Cape  Colony,  on  Sun- 
day River  184  miles  from  Port  Elizabeth.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  5,946. 

Graal,  The  Holy.    See  Grail. 

Grabbe  (griib'be).  Christian  Dietrich.  Born 
atDetraold,  Germany,  Deo.  11, 1801:  died  there, 
Sept.  12,  1836.  A  German  dramatist,  author  of 
"Don  Juan  und  Faust"  (1829),  " Friedrich Bar- 
barossa"  and  '-Heinrieh  VI."  (1829-30),  etc. 

Grabow-on-the-Oder  (grii'bo-on-THe-o'der). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Oder  2  miles  north  of  Stettin. 
Population  (1890),  15,703. 

Gracchus(grak'us),Caius Sempronius.  Killed 
at  Rome,  121  B.C.  A  Roman  politician,  younger 
brother  of  the  younger  Tiberius  Gracchus.  He 
served  under  his  "brother-in-law  Scipio  Africanus  Minor 
in  Sp-iin,  and  was  questor  in  Sardinia  126-123,  when  he 
was  elected  tribune  of  the  people.  He  renewed  the  agra- 
rian law  passed  by  his  brother  Tiberius,  and  brought  for- 
ward a  series  of  resolutions  looking  to  the  substitution  of 
a  pure  democracy  for  the  existing  aristocratic  republican 
form  of  government,  securing  the  support  of  the  prole- 
tarii  of  the  capital  by  the  regular  distribution  of  grain  at 
the  expense  of  the  state.  He  was  reelected  to  the  tribune- 
ship  in  122,  but  failed  of  election  in  121,  in  consequence  of 
the  opposition  among  all  classes  to  his  project  of  extend- 
ing the  rights  of  citizenship  to  the  Latins.  He  was  killed 
in  a  disturbance  which  ensued  in  the  city. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius  Sempronius.  Bom  about 
210  B.  C:  died  middle  of  2d  century  B.  c.  A 
Roman  magistrate,  distinguished  as  a  general 
in  Spain  and  Sardinia,  father  of  Tiberius  and 
Cains  Gracchus. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius  Sempronius.  Bom  in  168 
or  163:  died  133b.  c.  A  celebrated  Roman  politi- 
cian, son  of  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus  and 
Cornelia,  daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus  Major. 
He  married  CHaudia,  daughter  of  Appius  Claudius,  and 
was  the  brother-in-law  of  Scipio  Africanus  ilinor,  whom 
he  accompanied  in  his  expedition  against  Carthage.  He 
was  appointed  questor  in  137,  and  as  such  served  under 
the  consul  C.  Hostiliua  Mancinus  in  the  Xumantine  war 
in  Spain.  He  was  elected  tribune  of  the  people  for  133. 
At  this  period  the  class  of  independent  fanners  of  small 
holdings  was  rapidly  disappearing  from  Italy.  The  land 
was  being  absorbed  by  the  latifundia  of  the  rich,  and 
cultivated  by  slave  labor ;  and  the  peasantry  were  forced 
to  seek  refuge  in  the  cities,  especially  Rome,  where  they 
swelled  the  ranks  of  the  unemployed.  Gracchus  sr.ught 
to  bring  about  a  greater  subdivision  of  the  land  and  t-o 
restore  the  class  of  independent  farmers  by  reviving,  with 
some  modification,  the  Licinian  law,  passed  in  367  but 
allowed  to  fall  into  abeyance,  which  limited  the  amount 
of  public  land  that  each  citizen  might  occupy.  His  pro- 
posals were  caiTied  in  the  comitia  tributa  in  spite  of  the 
opposition  of  his  colleague,  who  was  deposed.  At  the  end 
of  his  term  he  tried,  contrary  to  the  constitution,  to  se- 
cure reelection,  and  a  disturbance  arose  in  consequence, 
in  which  he  was  killed  with  300  of  his  followers  by  the 
optimates  under  P.  Scipio  Nasica. 

Grace  (gras),  William  Gilbert.    Bom  July  IS, 

1848.  An  English  cricketer.  He  is  especially  dis- 
tinguished as  a  batsman,  hut  has  the  reputation  of  being 
the  best  all-round  player  hitherto  known.  By  profession 
he  is  a  physician. 

Grace  Abounding  to  the  Chief  of  Sinners. 

.Aji  autobiographical  work  by  Bunyan,  published 
in  1666. 

Grace  Contract,  The.  The  name  given  to  an 
arrangement  made  between  the  government  of 
Peru  and  the  foreign  holders  of  bonds  of  that 
nation,  represented  by  Mr.  Michael  Grace.  It 
was  ratified  by  the  Peruvian  congress  Oct.  26,  18S9,  and 
prorided  that  the  bonds,  amounting  to  about  *250. 000,000, 
should  be  canceled.  The  bondholders  received  in  return 
all  the  state  railroads  for  66  years,  and  important  privi- 
leges connected  with  them,  together  with  all  the  guano  in 
Peru  up  to  :i,mo,0(Ki  tons,  except  that  on  the  chincha  Isl- 
ands; the  goveniment  also  promised  to  pay  the  bondholders 
80.000  pounds  sterling  annually  for  30  years.  The  bond- 
holders asireed  to  complete  certain  unfinished  railroads 
and  to  repair  the  existing  ones  within  a  given  time.  The 
*'Penivian  Corporation."  formed  to  take  charge  of  the 


452 

railroads,  etc.,  also  took  possession  of  the  Cerro  de  Pasco 
silver-mines,  transferred  to  it  by  Mr.  Grace,  who  had  re- 
ceived the  concession. 

Graces,  The  Three.  [Gr.  xdpi-eg,  pi .  of  Xapfr = 
L.  Gratia,  E.  Grace.']  In  classical  mythology, 
personifications  of  grace  and  beauty,  daughters 
of  Zeus  by  Hera  (orEunome,  orEunomia,  etc.), 
or  of  Apoi  lo  by  iEgle  ( or  Euanthe ).  The  names  gen- 
erally given  to  them  are  Euphrosyne,  Aglaia,  and  Thalia. 
In  Sparta  and  in  Athens  only  two  Graces  were  recognized. 

Graces,  The  Three.  An  antique  untlraped  mar- 
ble group  preserved  in  the  Opera  del  Duomo 
at  Siena,  Italy,  it  is  the  foundation  of  many  of  the 
Renaissance  and' modern  representations  of  the  subject. 

Gracian  (gra-the-iin'),  Baltasar.  Born  at 
Calatayud,  Spain,  about  1584:  tlied  at  TaiTa- 
gona,  1658.  A  Spanish  Jesuit  preacher  and  man 
of  letters,  head  of  the  College  of  Tarragona. 
He  is  noted  chiefly  as  a  supporter  of  "Gongorism,"or  the 
so-called  "  polished  style."    See  Guiigora. 

Gracias,  or  Gracias  a  Dios  (grii't  he-as  ii  de-6s' ) . 

[Sp.,  'thanks  to  God.']  A  town  in  Honduras, 
Central  America.  76  miles  west  of  Comayagua. 
It  was  founded  in  1.^36,  and  was  the  first  seat  of  the  .Au- 
dience of  the  Confines,  and  hence  the  capital  of  Central 
America,  1545—19.     Population,  about  4,000. 

Gracias  a  Dios,  Cape.  [Sp.,  'thanks  to  God.'] 
A  headland  on  the  coast  of  Nicaragua,  Central 
America,  projecting  into  the  Caribbean  Sea 
about  lat.  15°  N.  It  was  discovered  and  named 
by  Columbus  in  Sept.,  1502. 

Graciosa  (gra-se-o'zii).  One  of  the  Azores  Isl- 
ands, situated  in  lat.  39°  5'  N.,  long.  28°  W. 

Gracioso  (gra-the-6's6).  A  popular  addition 
made  by  Lope  de  Vega  to  the  stock  characters 
of  Spanish  comedy.  He  was  a  comic  character,  some- 
times half  buffoon,  like  the  "fantastical  person"  of  the 
contemporary  English  stage.  Not  seldom,  and  especially 
in  Moreto's  comedies,  he  is  at  the  very  core  of  the  play. 
Morlry,  The  Playgoer,  p.  325. 

Gradgrind  (gr.id'grind),  Thomas.  A  retired 
merchant  in  Dickens's  "Hard  Times."  He  is  "a 
man  of  facts  and  calculations,"  in  his  own  words,  and  is 
so  practical  that  he  is  hardly  human.  "Now,  what  I  want 
is  facts.  Teach  these  boys  and  girls  notliing  but  facts. 
Facts  alone  are  wanted  in  life.  Plant  nothing  else,  and 
root  out  everything  else.  You  can  only  form  the  minds 
of  reasoning  animals  upon  facts :  nothing  else  will  ever 
be  of  any  service  to  them.  This  is  the  principle  on  which 
I  bring  up  my  own  children,  and  this  is  the  principle  on 
which  I  bring  up  these  children.    Stick  to  facts,  sir !  " 

Gradiska,  or  Gradisca  (gi-a-dis'ka).  A  town 
in  the  erownland  of  Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Isonzo  22  miles  north- 
west of  Triest.  The  principality  was  finally  united  to 
the  Austrian  house  in  1717.  Population  (1S90),  commune, 
3,352. 

GraduS  ad  Parnassum  (gra'dus  ad  par-nas'- 
nm).  [L.. 'steps  to  Parnassus.']  1.  A  Greek 
or  Latin  dictionary  which  indicates  the  quanti- 
ties of  vowels  :  used  as  a  guide  in  exercises  of 
verse  composition. — 2.  A  Latin  work  on  com- 
position and  counterpoint,  by  Johanu  Joseph 
Fux  (1725).-— 3.  A  French  work  on  the  art 
of  pianoforte-playing,  with  100  studies,  by  de- 
menti, finished  in  1817. 

Grady  (gra'di),  Henry  W.  Born  1851:  died  at 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  Dec.  23, 1889.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  orator,  editor  of  the  Atlanta  "Con- 
stitution." 

Grsecia  (gre '  shi-ii ) .  The  name  given  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  Hellas,  or  ancient  Greece. 

Graecia,  Magna.     See  Matjna  Greecia. 

Graeme  (gram),  Malcolm.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  poem  "  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  a  ward  of 
the  king.  He  rebels  to  aid  the  outlawed  James  Douglas, 
but  is  pardoned  at  the  intercession  of  Ellen  Douglas. 

Graeme,  Roland.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Abbot,"  the  lawful  heir  of  Avenel  Castle, 
educated  as  her  page  by  the  Lady  of  Avenel,  who 
believes  him  to  be  of  mean  birth. 

Graetz  (grets),  Heinrieh.  Born  at  Xions.  Po- 
sen,  Pmssia,Oct.  31,1817:  died  at  Munich,  Sept. 
7,1891.  A  German-Hebrew  historian  and  bibli- 
cal critic.  He  became  a  professor  in  the  University  of 
Breslau  in  1870,  and  edited  the  "  Jlonatschrif t  fiu-  Ge- 
schichte  und  Wissenschaft  des  .Tudenthums"  (1869-S7). 
His  most  notable  work  is  "(ieschichtederJuden"(1863-"6), 
in  11  volumes.  He  prepared  an  abridgment  of  this  work 
in  5  volumes,  which  has  been  translated  into  English. 

Grsevius  (gre'vi-us).  Grave  (grii'fe).  or  Greffe 

(gref  'f e),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Naumburg- 
on-the-Saale,  Jau.29. 1632:  diedat Utrecht,  Jan. 
11,1703.  A  celebrated  German  classical  scholar, 
for  many  years  profpssor  in  Utrecht.  He  wrote 
"Thesaurus"  antiqilitatum  Romanarum  "  (1694-99).  "  The- 
saurus antiquitatum  ct  historiarum  Italise"  (1704-25),  etc. 
Grafe  (gra'fe),  Albrecht  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
May  22,  1828  :  died  at  Berlin,  July  20,  1870.  A 
celebrated  German  oculist,  son  of  K.  F.  von 
Griife :  the  founder  of  modern  ophthalmology. 
He  was  professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
from  1858. 


Graham,  Sylvester 

Grafe,  Heinrieh.  Bom  at  Buttstadt,  near  Wei- 
mar, (jermany,  March  3,  1802 :  died  at  Bremen, 
July  21,  1868.  A  German  educator,  author  of 
"AJlgemeine  Padagogik"  (1845),  "Deutsche 
Volksschule"  (1847),  etc. 

Grafe,  Karl  Ferdinand  von.  Born  at  Warsaw, 

March  8,  1/87:  died  ,at  Hannover,  July  4, 1840. 
A  German  surgeon  and  oculist,  professor  at 
Berlin  in  1811. 

Grafenberg  (gi'a'fen-bero).  A  water-cure  es- 
tablishment, the  first  of  its  kind,  in  Silesia, 
Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  50°  16'  N.,  long.  17°  10' 
E.,  founded  by  Priessnitz  in  1826. 

Grafrath  (graf 'rat).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  13  miles  east  of  Diisseldorf. 
Population  (1890),  6,679. 

Grafton  (giaf  'ton).  A  town  in  Worcester  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Blackstoue 
River  34  miles  west-southwest  of  Boston.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  4,869. 

Grafton,  Dukes  of.    See  Fitzmy. 

Grafton,  Richard.  Died  about  1572.  An  Eng- 
lish chronicler,  printer  to  Edward  VI.  both  be- 
fore and  after  his  accession  to  the  throne.  See 
the  extract. 

In  1537  Grafton,  in  association  with  a  fellow-merchant, 
Edward  Whitchm-ch,  caused  a  modification  of  Coverdale's 
translation  to  be  printed,  probably  by  Jacob  van  Meteren. 
at  Antwei-p.  The  title-page  assigned  the  translation  to 
Thomas  Matthews,  who  signed  the  dedication  to  Henry 
VIII.,  and  it  is  usually  known  as  Matthews's  Bible.  But 
Matthews  was  the  pseudonym  of  John  Rogers,  the  editor. 
No  printer's  name  nor  place  is  giveu  in  the  book  itself. 
...  In  November,  15Ste,  Coverdale's  corrected  English 
IransLation  of  the  New  Testament,  with  the  Latin  text, 
was  "prynted  in  Paris  by  Fraunces  Regnault  ...  for 
Richard  Grafton  and  Edward  Whitchurch,  cytezens  of  Lon- 
don," with  a  dedication  to  Cromwell.  This  is  the  earliest 
book  bearing  Grafton's  name.  Grafton  and  Whitchurch 
chiefly  concentrated  their  attention  on  the  folio  Biide, 
known  as  "the  Great  Bible."  A  license  to  print  the  book 
in  Paris  had  been  obtained  at  Heniy  VIII. 's  request  from 
Francis  I.  ...  An  order  was  issued  by  the  French  gov- 
ernment, 13  Dec.  1538,  stopping  the  work  and  forfeiting 
the  pressesand  type.  Grafton  escaped  hastily  to  England. 
Many  printed  sheets  were  destroyed  by  the  French  author- 
ities, but  the  presses  and  the  types  were  afterwards  pur- 
chased by  Cromwell  and  brought  to  England.  There  the 
work  was  completed  and  published  in  1539.  Grafton  was 
the  printer  of  the  tirst  Book  of  Common  Prayer  in  1549,  and 
of  the  edition  of  1552.  In  1562  and  1553  he  printed  "Actes 
of  Parliament."  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Gragas  (gra'gas).  [ON.  Grdgds:  yrd,  gray, 
and  (ids,  goose.]  The  name  given  to  several 
private  compilations  of  Icelandic  law,  civil  and 
canon,  under  the  commonwealth.  There  are  two 
principal  collections  that  bear  the  title,  the  Konungsbok 
(Icel.  Konunijshok)  and  the  Stadarholsbok  (Icel.  Stadltar- 
hvlsbiikX  both  from  the  13th  century.  The  name  was  prob- 
ably applied  to  olTset  the  Norwegian  Gullfjddlu-,  '  gold 
feather,'  used  of  the  old  code  of  the  Prostu-thing. 

Gragnano  (gran-ya'no).  Atowuinthepro'vince 
of  Naples,  Italy,  17  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
Population  (1881),  8,611. 

Graham  (gram),  James,  fifth  Earl  and  first  Mar- 
quis of  Montrose.  Born  in  1612:  died  May  21, 
1650.  A  noted  Scottish  statesman  and  soldier. 
He  served  in  the  i'l-esbyterian  army  at  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war,  but  afterward  joined  the  king,  by  whom  he 
was  made  lieutenant-general  in  Scotland  in  1644.  He  de- 
feated  the  Covenanters  at  Tippennuir  Sept.  1,  and  at 
Aberdeen  Sept.  13,  lf>44,  and  at  Inverlochy  Feb.  2,  .\ul- 
dearn  May  9,  Alford  July  2,  and  Kilsyth  Aug.  15,  1645. 
He  was  defeated  by  David  Leslie  at  Philiphaugh,  Sept.  13, 
1645,  and  expelled  from  Scotland.  He  afterward  entered 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III.,  by  whom  he 
was  made  a  field-marshal.  In  1650  he  conducted  an  abor- 
tive Royalist  descent  on  Scotland,  and  was  captured  and 
executed. 

Graham,  James,  second  Marquis  of  Montrose: 
surnamed  "  The  Good."  Born  about  1631 :  died 
Feb.,  1669.  A  Scotch  nobleman,  second  son  of 
James,  first  Marquis  of  Montrose. 

Graham,  Sir  James  Robert  George.    Born  at 

Na worth,  Cumberland,  June  1,  1792:  died  at 
Netherby,  Cumberland,  Oct.  25, 1861.  A  Brit- 
ish statesman.  He  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1S30- 
1834,  home  secretary  1841-46,  and  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty 1852-55. 
Graham,  John,  of  Claverhouse,  Viscount  Dun- 
dee. Born  about  1649  :  died  Jidy  27  or  28,  1689. 
A  Scottish  soldier.  He  served  in  the  Dutch  armyun- 
der  the  Prince  of  Orange,  returning  to  Scotland  in  1677. 
In  1678  he  was  appointed  captain  of  a  troop  of  dragoons, 
and  was  ordered  to  enforce  certain  stringent  laws  that  had 
been  enacted  against  the  Scottish  Covenanters.  Tlie  se- 
verity with  which  he  executed  his  orders  provoked  a  rising, 
and  the  Covenanters  defeated  him  at  Drumclog  June  1, 
1079.  In  1CS9  Claverhouse  raised  a  body  of  Highlanders 
to  light  for  James  II.  against  William  III.,  and  July  27, 
1689,  gained  the  battle  of  KUliecrankie,  but  fell  mortally 
wounded. 

Graham  (gra'am),  Sylvester.  Born  at  Suffield, 
Conn.,  1794:  c[ieil  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  Sept. 
11, 1851.  An  American  vegetarian,  best  known 
as  an  advocate  of  the  use  of  unbolted  ("Gra- 
ham") flour. 


i 

I 

I 


Graham,  Thomas 

Graham  (gram),  Thomas.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
Due.  20,  1805:  died  at  London,  Sept.  11,  1869. 
A  noted  Scottish  chemist.  He  was  professor  of 
chemistry  at  University  College.  London,  lb37-5.'>.  when  he 
heoaine  master  of  the  mint.  He  is  famous  for  his  discov- 
ery of  the  law  of  diffusion  of  Rases  (1834).  He  published 
"Elements  of  Chemistry  "  (liiJ.),  etc. 

Graham  (gra'am),  William  Alexander.  Born 
in  Lincoln  County,  N.  C,  Sept.  5, 1804:  died  at 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11,  187.5.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  North 
Carolina  1841-43,  governor  of  Korth  Carolina  1845—19.  secre- 
tary of  the  navy  1850-52,  and  Wliig  candidate  for  Vice- 
President  in  1852. 

Grahame  (gi'am),  James.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
Apii  121.',  1765:  died  near  Glasgow, Sept.  14, 1811. 
A  Scottish  poet.  His  chief  work  is  "The  Salibath" 
(1804).  He  also  wrote  "  Wallace :  a  Tragedy  "  (17B9),  "  Brit- 
ish Georgics,"  etc. 

Graham-Gilbert,  John.  Born  at  Cilasgow,  17!)4: 
died  near  Gla.sgow,  June  4,  1866.  A  Scotch 
painter,  best  known  from  his  portraits.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Roval  Scottish  Academy 
in  1829. 

Graham  Island.  The  largest  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  I.<lands  (which  see). 

Graham  Island,  or  Ferdinandea  (fer-de-nau- 

ila'ii).  A  temporarv  volcanie  island  in  the  Jlcd- 
iteiTanean,  in  lat."37°  8'  N..  long.  12°  42'  E. 
It  appeared  in  July  and  disappeared  in  Oct., 
1831. 

Graham  Land.  [Discovered  by  Captain  Bis- 
coe  in  1832.  and  named  by  him  from  the  Earl 
of  Graham.]  A  land  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean, 
intersected  by  lat.  65°  S.,  long.  64°  W. 

Graham's  Dyke.  The  popular  name  of  the  re- 
mains of  the  wall  of  Antoninus  (which  see). 

Grahamstown  (gra'amz-toun).  A  town  in  the 
Southeastern  Province,  Cape  Colony,  in  lat. 
33°  14'  S.,  long.  26°  33'  E.  Population  (1891), 
10,498. 

Graian  Alps  (gi-a'an  alps).  A  group  of  moun- 
tains on  the  borders  of  Savoy  (France)  and 
Piedmont  (Italy),  lying  between  the  Cottian 
Alps  on  the  south  and  the  Pennine  Alps  on  the 
north.  The  highest  summit  is  the  Gran  Para- 
diso  (13,320  feet). 

Grail,  or  Graal  (gral).  In  medieyal  legend,  a 
cup  or  chalice  (called  more  particularly  the  Imhi 
grail,  or  sanffreal),  supposed  to  have  been  of 
emerald,  used  by  Clirist  at  the  Last  Supjjcr.  in 
this  vessel  .Joseph  of  Ariniathea  caught  the  last  driips  of 
*.'hi  ist's  blood  as  he  was  taken  from  the  cro.'^s.  By  Joseph, 
ai  Lt.'rding  to  one  account,  it  was  carried  to  Biitain.  other 
aLcciunts  altlmi  that  it  was  brought  by  angels  from  heaven 
and  intrusted  to  a  body  of  knights,  who  guarded  it  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain  :  when  appro;tched  by  any  (uie  not  per- 
fectly pure,  it  vanished  from  sit'bt.  Thegrail  having  been 
lost,  it  became  the  great  object  of  search  i>r  quest  to 
knights  errant  of  all  nations,  none  being  quiilillctl  to  dis- 
cover it  but  a  knight  perfectly  cliaste  in  thought  and  act. 
Tile  stories  and  p'tcnis  concTning  Arthur  and  the  Knights 
of  the  K«iund  Table  are  founded  on  this  legend,  and  it  has 
been  still  further  devulcped  in  modern  times.  In  the 
"  Parsifal  "  of  Wolfram  of  Escbenbach  the  grail  is  a  pre- 
cious stone  confided  by  angels  to  the  care  of  a  religious 
brotherhood,  "The  Chevaliers  of  the  Grail-" 

The  probable  genesis  of  the  Arthurian  legend,  in  so  far 
08  it  concerns  French  literature,  appears  to  be  as  follows. 
First  in  order  of  composition,  ami  also  in  order  of  thought, 
comes  the  T-egend  of  .loseph  of  Arimuthea.  sometintes 
called  the  "  Little  St  GnLal."  This  we  have  both  in  verse 
and  prose,  and  one  or  both  of  these  versions  is  the  work  of 
Robert  de  Borron,  a  knight  and  trouvere  possessed  of  lands 
in  the  Gatiuais.  There  is  notliing  in  this  work  which  is 
directly  connected  with  Arthur.  By  s<mie  it  has  l)een  at- 
triliuted  to  a  Latin,  iiut  not  now  producible,  "  Book  of  the 
Oraal,"  by  others  to  l!y/aiitiiieorlginal.s.  Anyhow  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  tbi'  will-known  Walter  Map,  and  hisex- 
haustless  energy  and  invt-ntion  atonee  seized  upon  it.  Ho 
produced  the  "Great  St.  Grajil,"  a  very  much  extended  ver- 
sion of  the  early  history  of  the  sacred  vase,  still  keeping 
clear  of  detlidte  connection  with  Arthur,  though  finding 
in  tluit  direction.  From  this,  in  its  turn,  sprang  the  ori- 
glmd  form  of  "Percevale,"  wliich  represents  a  u nest  for  the 
ve.-isel  by  a  knight  who  has  not  originally  anything  to  <lo 
with  the  Round  'i'able.  'I'he  link  of  contiection  between 
the  two  sUiries  is  to  be  fcmnd  In  the  "  .Merlin,"  attributed 
also  to  It<»bert  <le  Borron.  wherein  the  Welsh  legends  be- 
gin to  have  more  definite  inlUience. 

SainUbMrii,  French  Lit.,  p.  .So. 

Grain  Coast  (gran  kost).  That  jiart  of  the  coast 
of  Liberia,  western  Africa,  which  extends  from 
about  long.  8°  to  11°  W.:  so  called  from  the  ex- 

jiortation  thence  of  grains  of  paradise. 

Grainger  (griin'.jcr),  James.  Born  |)rnbal)ly  at 
Dims, Berwickshirc.iu  1721  (?):diiMla(  Sl.Cliri.s- 
topher.  West  Indies,  Dec.  10,  1766.  A  Scottish 
physician  and  yioet.    After  1763  ho  sottled  In  Ixindon, 

where  he  became  intimate  with. lohnwui  and  other  f; s 

men.  In  ITRl  he  went  to  the  West  Indies.  lliniuMisli' d 
a  luimber  of  wcu-ks,  including  essays,  etc.,  <ui  merliririr. 
Amimg  his  poems  are  an  "ode  on  Solitude"  (In  Dodsley's 
collection,  176.'.),  and  "The  Sugar  Cane" fl7il4).  He  tnilis- 
lalcd  partof  Ovids  "  Kpistbs  "(n^S),  and  the  "  Elegies  of 
TIbullus  "  ai\d  the  poems  of  Sulpicia  I17.'>9).  lie  assisted, 
with  others.  Charlotte  Lenox  in  her  translation  of  Brumoy's 
"  ThMtre  des  Orecs  '  (1769). 


453 

Grammichele  (griim-me-ka'le),  or  Granmiche- 
le  (griin-me-ka  le).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily.  30  miles  southwest  of  Catania. 
Population  (1881),  11,804. 

Grammont  (griim-niuh').  Flem.  Geertsbergen 

(«arts'berG-en),  or  Greraerdsbergen.^  A  man- 
ufacturing to>vn  in  the  province  of  East  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender  22  miles 
west-southwest  of  Brussels.  Popu.ation  (1890), 
10,891. 

Gramont  (gra-mOii'),  Due  Antoine  HI.  de. 
Born  1604 :  died  at  Bayonne,  France,  July  12, 
1678.  A  I'reuch  marshal,  brother  of  Philibert 
de  Gramont.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Flanders 
and  Holland.  He  married  a  niece  of  Cardinal  Richelieu. 
His  "  ilemoires"  were  published  in  171C. 

Gramont,  Due  Antoine  Agenor  Alfred  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  14,  1819  :  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18, 1880.  A  French  diplomatist  and  politician. 
He  was  ambassador  at  Vienna  1861-70,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  May--\ug.,  1870. 

Gramont,  Comte  Philibert  de.  Born  1621 :  died 
1 707.  .\  French  nobleman  at  the  court  of  Louis 
XIV.,  and  after  16()2  at  that  of  Charles  II.  of 
England.  His  "Mt^moires"  were  written  by 
Anthony  Hamilton  in  1713. 

Grampians  (gram'pi-.anz),  or  Grampian  Hills 
or  Mountains.  A  ruountain  system  in  Scot- 
land, e.xteiuliug  northeast  and  southwest  in  the 
counties  of  Argyll,  Perth,  Inverness,  Forfar, 
Kincardine,  Aberdeen,  and  Banff.  Highest  sum- 
mit, Ben  Nevis  (4,406  feet).  The  name  is  very 
loosel.v  used. 

Grampians.  A  low  range  of  mountains  in  the 
western  part  of  Victoria,  Australia. 

Gran  (gran).  Hung.  Esztergom  (es'ter-gom).  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county  of  Gran, 
Hungary,  near  the  junction  of  the  Gran  and 
Danube,  25  miles  northwest  of  Budapest.  It  is 
notedforitscathedi-al.  Population (1890),9,349. 

Granada  (gra-nii'da :  Sp.  pron.  gi'a-na'THa).  A 
former  kingdom  of  Spain,  comprising  the  three 
modern  provinces  of  Almeria,  Granada,  and 
Malaga.  The  region  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  in 
711.  In  1238,  after  the  disruption  of  the  realm  of  the  Al- 
mohades,  a  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada  was  establislied 
which  was  a  vassiil  of  Castile.  A  long  war  with  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella  ended  in  1492  with  the  capture  of  Gra- 
nadji,  an<l  with  the  fall  of  the  city  the  Moorish  power  in 
.Spain  came  to  an  end. 

Granada.  A  province  in  southern  Spain,  boimd- 

ed  by  Cordova.  Jaen,  and  Albacete  on  the  north, 
Mureia  and  Alnicria  on  the  east,  .Unieria  ami 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  Malaga  on 
the  west.  It  is  trayersed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
Area,  4,937  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
4.S4.:541. 

Granada,  Moorish  Karnattah.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Jenil,  on  spurs  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  lat.  37° 
13'  N.,  long.  3°  41'  W.  It  is  famous  for  the  Alh.am- 
bra  (which  see).  The  Generalife  is  a  Moorish  royal  villa 
with  extensive  and  lovely  gardens,  higher  up  the  hill  than 
the  Alhambra.  The  graceful  arcades  and  deli&atu  ara- 
besiiuesarc  Alhambraic,  as  is  the  an'angement  in  the  chief 
cotu-t  of  the  tank  to  retlect  the  fiowcrsand  the  perspective 
of  arches.  The  cathedral  in  the  classical  style,  with  late. 
Pointed  faulting,  was  finished  in  \bm.  The  Interior  is  spa- 
cious aiul  well  jtroportioned.  The  rtorth  door,  the  Puerta 
del  Perdon.  is  a  goo<l  example  of  ortuito  Keiniissance  de- 
sign. The  Capilla  Heal,  south  of  the  cathedral,  was  built 
before  It.  as  a  mauscdeuin  for  Ferdimnid  and  Isabella,  in 
the  fiorid-l'ciinted  style  of  their  reign  :  it  has  a  superb 
sculptured  ri  table,  at  the  sides  of  which  are  remarkable 
kneelin'-'ptirlrait-statucsof  Kerdimuidand  Isabella.  Their 
tomb  (the  tomb  of  lbe"Cathidic  kings")  is  an  altar-tomb 
In  marl)Ie,  peihaps  the  most  beaut ifid  in  the  world,  richly 
yet  soberly  decorated  with  flgure-scidplurcanilarabcsoues, 
and  with  four  grifiins  at  the  angles-  The  line  recumbent 
figures  of  the  king  and  uueeii  are  clad  In  their  royal  robes. 
Beside  this  tomb  is  that,  similar  but  even  int.re  elaborate- 
ly  ornamenteil.  of  tlnlr  daughter  Juaiui  tind  her  husband 
Philip.  The  iletails  are  .adininible,  but  the  miuiuinent  Is 
overloaded.  The  work  is  Italian.  Gramula  was  a  largo 
nnil  powerful  Moorish  city,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Oranada.  It  was  besl.  gcd  and  taken  by  the  .Spaniards  in 
141)1-92.     I'opidalion  (lhS7),  73,UOti 

Granada.  The  capital  of  the  depnrtiiicnt  of 
Gr.iiiaila,  Nicaragua,  Central  America,  situated 
on  Lake  Niciiragua  2.'(  miles  soulheast  of  Mana- 
gua. It  was  fiuiiuled  in  1.524,  and  was  the  <'n|ii- 
tal  of  Nicaragua  until  1856.  Population  ( 1890), 
alioiif  1.5,11011. 

Granada,  Luis  de.  B(U-n  at  Oranada,  Spain, 
1.504:  died  at  Lisbon,  1.588.  A  celebrated  Span- 
ish prenclier  anil  religious  writer,  head  of  the 
Dnniitiicans. 

Granada,  New.    See  Colombia,  Kriuihlic  of. 

Granados,  Miguel  Garcia.  See  (larcia  Orana- 

./O.V. 

Granby,  Marquis  of.    See  Mnnnrm,  John. 
Gran  Canaria  (griin  kii-nii're-il).    One  of  the 
Canary  Islands.     Capital,  Ltis  Palmus. 


Grand  Gulf 

Gran  Chaco  (griin  chii'ko).  El.  [FromtheQui- 
chua  chiicu,  the  animals  collected  by  a  round, 
up:  in  allusion  to  its  numerous  Indian  tribes.] 
An  extensive  but  ill-detined  region  in  South 
America,  in  the  Argentine  Kepublic,  Bolivia, 
and  Paraguay.  It  is  bounded  on  the  ea«t  by  the  river 
Paraguay,  19'  30'  8. ;  the  river  .Salado  is  generally  regarded 
as  its  southern  limit;  northward  it  extends  to  about  lat. 
18"  6'  S. ;  and  westward  it  extends  to  the  highlands  at  the 
base  of  the  .^ndes.  Estiuiated  area,  276,1.00  square  miles. 
Formerly  the  name  included  all  of  e:istern  Bolivia  to  the 
(iuaporSand  Beni,  which  would  make  the  area  over  500,000 
sqmire  miles.  The  Chaco  is  very  imperfectly  explored,  and 
has  few  inhabitants  except  wild  Indians.  Most  of  the  sur- 
face is  Hat,  and  portions  are  .-.ubjectto  periodical  inunda- 
tions. A  few  white  settlements  have  been  formed,  princi- 
pally in  the  Argentine  portion. 

Grand  Alliance.  1.  An  alliance  against 
Franco  formed  in  KiSO  between  the  emperor 
Leopold  1..  Holland,  England,  and  Bavaria,  and 
joined  later  by  Spain,  Savoy,  and  Saxony. —  2. 
An  alliance  formed  at  The  Hague  in  ltd  be- 
tween the  emperor  Leopold  I.,  England,  and 
Holland,  and  joined  later  by  Prussia,  Portu- 
gal, and  Savoy,  directed  against  France  and 
Spain. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Kepublic.  A  secret  so- 
ciety composed  of  veterans  who  served  in  the 
army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  during  the 
Civil  War.  Its  objects  are  preservation  of  fraternal 
feeling,  strengthening  of  loyal  sentiment,  and  aid  to  needy 
families  of  veterans.  Its  first  "post"  was  organized  at 
Decatur,  Illinois,  in  1860 ;  its  annual  meetings  are  known 
as  "encampments."    Abbreviated  G.  A.  R. 

Grand  Bank.  A  submarine  plateau  in  the 
North  Atlantic  Ocean,  extendingeastward  from 
Newfoundland,  noted  for  its  lishing-grouuds. 
Its  depth  is  from  30  to  60  fathoms. 

Grand  Canal,  The  principal  canal  of  Venice. 
It  i-uns  in  the  form  of  the  letter  S  through  the 
center  of  the  city,  from  the  railway-station  to 
Santa  Maria  del  Salute. 

Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado.  See  Colorado. 

Grand  Combin  (groh  koii-ban').  A  mountain 
in  the  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Valais  and  Italy, 
north  of  Aosta.     Height,  14,163  feet. 

Grand  Corrupter,  The.     A  name  given  to  Sir 

liobert  Walpole.  on  account  of  his  use  of  cor- 
rupt means  to  secure  his   ascendancy  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 
Grandcourt  (gi-and'kort),  Henleigh  Mallin- 

fer.  One  of  the  princijial  characters  in  George 
lliot's novel  "Daniel  Deronda." 

Grand  Cyrus,  Le.    See  Artnmhic. 

Grande  Armee  (grond  iir-ma'),La.  The  French 
army  which  Napoleon  led  against  Russia  in 
1812. 

Grande-Casse  (grond-kas').  The  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  'rarentaise  Al j)s,  southeastern  France, 
in  the  Vanoi.se  range.    Height,  12,665  feet. 

Grande  Chartreuse,  La.    See  chartreum. 

Grande  Combe  (grond  koni)).  A  town  in  the 
deiiartmciil  ol'  Gaid,  southern  France,  34  miles 
northwest  of  Nimes.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 13,141. 

Grandella,  Battle  of.    See  Bcnevento,  Battles 

of.  dof.  2. 

Grande  Mademoiselle  (groiid  miid-mwa-zel'), 
La.  A  title  •jivcn  to  Anne  Marie  Louise  d'Or- 
Icans.  diiclicsse  de  Montpciisier. 

Grandes  Chroniques  de  France.    See  the  ex- 

tra.'t. 

It  was  not  till  1274  that  a  complete  vemncular  version 
of  the  histi>ry  of  FYanco  was  executed  by  a  monk  of  St. 
Detds —  I'riuiat  —  in  French  prose.  This  version,  slightly 
nuidilied,  became  the  origiinil  of  a  compilation  ver>'  fa- 
mous in  French  literature  and  histoi->-,  the  "Ornndes 
ChrotdqucB  de  France,"  which  was  regularly  continued  by 
members  of  the  8amect)niniuidty  until  the  reign  of  Charli'S 
V.  from  ofllehU  sources  and  under  royal  authority.  The 
work,  under  the  same  title,  but  written  by  laics,  extends 
further  to  tho  reign  of  Louis  XI. 

Sainttbunj,  French  Lit,  p.  IS8. 

Grandet,  Eugenie.     See  Emji'iiic  Grandct. 

Grande-Terre.    See  (iiiadiioujir. 

Grand  Falls.  -\  calarnct  in  Labrador,  about 
2.50  iiiilcs  fi'oin  the  nitmlli  of  (!rand  liivcr.  It  wa» 
reiliscovercii  in  1891  bv  Howdoin  Cidlcee  students  and  by 
Ken:i'*lon  and  II.  0.  Bryant.     Height,  over  3tlU  feet. 

Grandfather's  Chair.  A  collection  of  chil- 
dren's stories  by  Xalhaniel  Hawthorne,  pub- 
lished in  1841.  A  second  scries  with  the  sumo 
title  was  published  in  l.'<42. 

Grand   Forks.     The   eapiml   of   Grand    Forks 

Coiintv.  North  Dakota,  on  the  Ki-d  Hiver  about 

lat.  47°  .55'  N.     It  lias  large  liimbor-niills  ami 

the  I'niversity  of  North  Dakota.     Population 

190111.  7.6.52. 

Grand  Gulf.  -\  locality  in  Mississippi,  on  the 
Mississipiii  Kivcr  soulli  of  Vicksburg.  Grant 
niailc  it  a  base  of  operations  in  18()3,  carrying 
the  position  against  tho  Confederates  Jlay  1. 


Grand  Haven 

Grand  Haven.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Otta- 
wa County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake  Michi- 
fran,  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  River,  in  lat.  43°  4' 
N..  long.  86°  13'  W.     Population  (1900),  4,743. 

Grandidier  (gron-de-dya').  Alfred.  Born  at 
Paris,  1S3G.  A  French  explorer.  From  1857  to 
IStiO  he  traveled  in  America,  India,  and  East  Africa.  Dur- 
ing five  years  (1865-70)  he  explored  Madagascar,  crossing 
the  southern  portion  three  times.  His  work  "  Histoire 
physique,  naturelle  et  politique  de  Madagascar "  (Paris, 
1876)  is  the  standard  book  on  the  island. 

Grandison,  Sir  Charles.    See  -So-  ciiarles  Gran- 

ili.wn. 

Grandison  Cromwell.    See  Lofmjette. 
Grand  Lake.    A  lake  in  New  Brunswick,  whose 

outlet  discharges    into   the    St.  John  River. 

Length,  about  25  miles. 
Grand  Lake  (border  of  Maine  and  New  Bruns- 

wirk).     See  Schandic  Ltil:e. 

Grand  Manani ma-nan')  or  Menan(me-nan'). 

An  Islandeastof  Maine,  sitiiatedat  theentrance 
of  the  Bav  of  Fundv.  in  lat.  44°  40'  N.,  long. 
66°  50'  W.  It  belongs  to  Charlotte  County, 
New  Brunswick.     Length,  22  miles. 

Grand  Monarque  (gron  mo-niirk').  A  surname 
of  Louis  XIV. 

Grand  Old  Man,  The.  A  popular  surname  of 
W.  E.  Gladstone. 

Grand  Opera.    See  Paris. 

Grandpre  (gron-pra').  A  village  in  Kings 
County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  Minas  basin 
46  miles  northwest  of  Halifax :  the  scene  of  the 
first  part  of  Longfellow's  "Evangeline." 

Grandpre.  A  French  lord  in  Shakspere's  ' '  Hen- 
ry V." 

Grandpre,  Comte  Louis  Marie  Joseph  Ohier 
de.  IJoru  at  St.-Malo,  May  7,  1761:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  7,  1846.  A  French  navigator  and 
writer  of  travels.  He  wrote  "Voy.age  .>i  la  cflte  occi- 
dentate  d'Afrique  "  (ISOl),  "Voyage  dans  I'lnde  et  au  Ben- 
gale,  etc."  (1801),  "  Voyage  dans  la  partie  m^ridionale  de 
1  .Airique,  etc."  (1801),  "  Dictionnaire  universel  de  geogra- 
phic maritime"  (1803),  etc. 

Grand  Prix  (gron  pre),  Le.  The  great  horse- 
race at  Longchamps  established  by  Napoleon 
III.  (prize  20,000  francs),  run  by  three-year- 
olds,  longchamps  is  a  very  good  course  situated  in  the 
Eois  de  Boulogne,  first  nsed  for  racing  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XVI.  Races  have  been  run  here  since  1859.  The 
Grand  Prix  is  run  on  the  .Sunday  of  Ascot  week. 

Grand  Prix  de  Borne  (gron  pre  de  rom).  A 
prize  given  by  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in 
Paris  to  the  most  successful  competitor  in  paint- 
ing, sculpture,  engraving,  architecture,  or  music. 
The  examinations  are  held  annually,  and  the  successful 
candidates  become  pensioners  of  the  government  for  four 
years.  They  are  sent  to  reside  at  Rome,  where  Louis 
XIV.  founded  the  Acad^mie'de  France  in  1666.  Gruve. 
See  Vitia  Medici, 

Grand  Brapids.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Kent 
Countv,  Michigan,  situated  at  the  rapids  of  the 
Grand"River,  in  lat.  42°  58'  N.,  long.  85°  39'  W. 
It  has  important  manufactures  and  commerce. 
Population  (1900).  87..565. 

Grand    Remonstrance.      See   Remonstrance, 

a  rand. 

Grand  River,  Ind.  Washtenong  (wosh'te- 
nong).  A  river  in  Michigan,  tlomng  into  Lake 
Michigan  at  Grand  Haven.  Length,  over  250 
miles.     It  is  navigable  to  Grand  Rapids. 

Grand  River.  A  river  of  western  Colorado  and 
eastern  Utah,  uniting  with  Green  River  to  form 
the  Colorado  about  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  109° 
54'  W.     Length,  about  350  miles. 

Grandson.     See  Granson. 

Grand  Trianon  and  Petit  Trianon.  See  Tri- 
anon. 

Grandville  (gron-vel')  (originally  Gerard), 
Jean  Ignace  Isidore.  Bom  at  Naiicy,  France, 
Sept.  13, 1803:  died  at  Vanves,  near  Paris,  March 
17,  1847.  A  French  caricaturist  and  illustrator, 
especially  noted  for  his  political  caricatures. 

Grane.    See  Kowei/t. 

Granet  (gra-na'),  Fran(;ois  Marius.  Born  at 
Aix.  Prance,  about  1775:  died  at  Aix,  Nov.  21, 
1849.  A  French  painter,  chiefly  of  architec- 
tural subjects. 

Grange,  La.    See  La  Grange. 

Grangemouth  (granj'muth).  A  seaport  in  Stir- 
lingshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of 
Forth  near  Falkirk.  It  has  developed  rapidly 
in  recent  years.     Population  (1891),  5,833. 

Granger  (gran'jer).  1.  A  character  in  South- 
erne's  comedy  "The  Maid's  Last  Prayer." — 2. 
Acharacterin  Gibber's  comedy  "The "Refusal." 

Granger,  Edith.    See  Domboj. 

Granger,  Francis.  Born  at  Suffield, Conn., Dec. 
1,  1792:  died  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  28, 


454 

1868.  An  American  politician,  son  of  Gideon 
Granger.     He  was  postmaster-general  in  1841. 

Granger,  Gideon.  Born  at  .Suffield,  Conn.  .July 
19,  1767:  died  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31, 
1822.  An  American  politician,  postmaster- 
general  1801-14. 

Granger,  Gordon.  Bom  in  New  York,  1821: 
died  Jan.  10,  1876.  An  American  general.  He 
was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845,  fought  in  the  Mexi- 
can war.  and  served  in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil 
W.ar.  He  commanded  a  brigade  of  cavalry  in  Mississippi 
in  1862  :  became  major-general  of  volunteers  Sept.  17, 1862  ; 
and  fought  witli  distinction  at  CTiickamauga,  Chattanooga, 
and  Missionary  Ridge.  He  commanded  the  army  which, 
aided  by  Admiral  Farragut,  captured  Fort  Morgau,  Ala- 
bama, in  Aug.,  1864. 

Granger,  James.  Born  at  Shaston.  Dorset,  in 
1723 :  died  at  Shiplake,  O.xfordshire,  April  4, 
1776.  An  English  writer  and  print-collector. 
He  matriculated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1743,  but 
took  no  degree.  He  took  holy  orders,  and  was  presented 
to  the  vicarage  of  Shiplake.  About  1773  he  made  a  tour 
through  Holland.  He  wrote  "A  Biographical  History  of 
England  .  .  .  with  a  preface  showing  the  utility  of  a  col- 
lection of  engraved  portraits,  etc."  (1769).  This  was  con- 
tinued with  additions  at  different  times  till  in  1824  the 
work  had  increased  to  6  volumes.  In  1806  another  con- 
tinuation appeared  from  materials  left  by  Granger  and  the 
collections  of  the  Rev.  Mark  Noble,  who  edited  it.  The 
wholesale  destruction  of  illustrated  biographical  works 
necessary  to  accomplish  this  gave  rise  to  the  term  gran- 
gerize. 

Previously  to  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  Gran- 
ger's work  in  1769,  five  shillings  was  considered  a  liberal 
price  by  collectors  for  any  English  portrait.  After  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  "  Biographical  History,"  books  ornamented 
with  engraved  portraits  rose  in  price  to  five  times  their 
original  value,  and  few  could  be  found  unmutilated.  In 
1856  Joseph  Lilly  and  .Toseph  Willis,  booksellers,  each  of- 
fered for  sale  a  magnificent  illustrated  copy  of  Granger's 
work.  Lilly's  copy,  which  included  Noble's  "Continua- 
tion," was  illustrated  by  more  than  thirteen  hundred  por- 
traits, bound  in  27  vols,  imperial  4to,  price  £42.  The  price 
of  Willis's  copy,  which  contained  more  than  three  thou- 
sand portraits,  bound  in  19  vols,  fol.,  was  £38  10s.  It  had 
cost  the  former  owner  nearly  £200.  The  following  collec- 
tions have  been  published  in  illustration  of  Granger's 
work  :  («)  "  Portraits  illustrating  Granger's  Biographical 
History  of  England  "  (known  under  the  name  of  "  Richard- 
son's Collection  "),  6  pts.  Lond.  1792-1812,  4to ;  (V)  Samuel 
Woodburn's"Galleryof  [over  two  hundred]  Portraits  .  .  . 
illustrative  of  Granger's  Biographical  Hist^^ryof  England, 
&c.,"  Lond.  1816,  fol. :  (c)  "A  Collection  of  Portraits  to 
illustrate  Granger's  Biographical  History  of  England  and 
Noble's  continuation  to  Granger,  forming  a  Supplement  to 
Richardson's  Copies  of  rare  Granger  I'ortraits."  2  vols. 
Lond   1820-2,  4to.  Diet.  Xat.  Biog. 

Grangers  (gran'jerz).  Members  of  certain  se- 
cret societies  ("granges")  organized  in  the 
United  States  for  the  advancement  of  the  in- 
terests of  agi'iculture  by  the  removal  of  re- 
straints and  burdens  on  it,  and  otherwise. 

GrangOUSier(gron-go-zya').  [F.,' great  gullet.'] 
The  father  of  Gargautua  in  Rabelais's  romance 
of  that  name.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  repre- 
sent Jean  d'Albret. 

Granicus  (gra-ni'kus).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  smiill  river  (the  modern  Kodja-Tchai)  in  My- 
sia,  Asia  Minor,  flowing  into  the  Propontis.  On 
its  banks  Alexander  the  Great  won  his  fiist  vic- 
tory over  the  Persians  in  334  B.  c. 

Granier  de  Cassagnac  (grii-nya'  de  ka-san- 
yak'),  Adolphe  Bernard.  Bom  at  Averon- 
Bergelle,  Gers,  France,  Aug.  12, 1808 :  died  near 
Plaisance,Gers.  Jan.  31,1880.  AFrench  journal- 
ist, Bonapartist  politician,  and  historical  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Histoire  des  causes  de  la  revolution 
franijaise  "  (1850),  "  Histoire  du  Directoire  "  (1851-63),  and 
"Souvenirs  du  second  empire"  (1S79-83). 

Granier  de  Cassagnac,  Paul  (usually  called 
Paul  de  Cassagnac).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  2, 
1843.  .A  French  journalist  and  Bonapartist  poli- 
tician, son  of  A.  B.  Granier.  He  became,  in  1866.  a 
member  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "Pays,"  of  which  he 
became  editor-in-chief  about  1870.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876.  In  1884  he  severed 
his  connection  with  the  "Pays,"  in  order  to  found  a  new 
Bonapartist  organ,  "  L'.\utorit^."  He  has  published  "  His- 
toire de  la  troisi^me  r^publique  "  (1875). 

Granite  State,  The.  New  Hampshire:  so  named 
on  account  of  its  abundant  granite. 

Granmichele.     See  Grammichele. 

Gran  Paradise  (gran  pa-ra-de'z6).  The  high- 
est point  of  the  Graian  Alps,  entirely  in  Italy. 
Height,  13,3'20  feet. 

Gran  Reunion  Americana  (griin  ra-6-ne--6n' 

ii-ma-re-kii'na).  The  name  of  a  secret  political 
society  founded  in  London  by  Francisco  Miran- 
da about  tlie  end  of  the  18th  century.  It  had  for 
its  object  the  emancipation  of  the  American  colonies  from 
Spain,  and  its  influence  in  fomenting  the  revolutionary 
spirit  was  very  great.  Among  the  members  were  Bolivar, 
San  M.aitin,  O'Higgins.  Narifto.  Montufar.  and  others  who 
became  conspicuous  in  the  war  for  independence.  See 
Lautaro  Society. 
Gran  Sasso  d'ltalia  (gi'iin  sas'so  de-ta'le-ii). 
The  highest  group  of  the  Apennines,  Italy,  sit- 
uated on  the  borders  of  the  provinces  of  Aquila 


Granuffo 

and  Teramo.  Highest  peak,  Monte  Como  (9,585 
feet.) 

Granson,  or  Grandson  (groii-son'),  6.  Gransee 
(gran'za).  A  village  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Neuch^tel 
20  miles  north  of  Lausanne.  Here  the  Swiss  (20,fioo) 
defeated  the  Burgundian  army  (40,000  to  50,000)  under 
Charles  the  Bold,  March  3, 1476.  The  attack  was  provoked 
by  Charles's  perfidy  in  putting  the  garrison  to  death  alter 
inducing  them  to  surrender  by  the  promise  of  their  lives. 

Grant  (grant).  Mrs.  (Anne  Macvicar),  gener- 
ally called  Mrs.  Grant  of  Laggan.  Born  at 
Glasgow,  Feb.  21, 1755 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov. 
7,  1838.  A  Scottish  author,  she  wrote  "Poems" 
(1802),  "Letters  from  the  JIouhtains"(1806),  "Memoirs of 
an  American  Lady"  (ilrs.  Philip  Schuyler),  etc. 

Grant,  Charles,  Lord  Glenelg.  Born  at  Kid- 
derpore,  Bengal,  Oct.  26, 1778:  died  at  Cannes, 
France,  April  23,  1866.  A  Britis-h  politician. 
He  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1827-28,  and  of  the 
Board  of  Control  1830-34,  and  was  colonial  secretary  1835- 
18;i9.    He  was  created  Baron  Glenelg  in  1835. 

Grant,  Digby.  In  Albery's  "  The  Two  Roses," 
a  tj'pical  blackguard  of  society.  Henry  Irving 
has  been  successful  in  the  part. 

Grant,  Sir  Francis.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
18.  1803 :  died  at  Melton  Mowbray,  Oct.  5,  1878. 
A  Scottish  portrait-painter,  elected  president 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1866.  He  painted  por- 
traits of  many  distinguished  persons. 

Grant,  James.  Boi-n  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  1, 
1822:  died  there.  May  5, 1887.  A  Scottish  nov- 
elist. He  was  in  the  English  army  1S40-43.  He  wrote 
nearly  50  historical  romances  on  Scottish  subjects,  and  also 
collected  and  edited  the  material  for  "Old  and  New  Edin- 
burgh "  (1880-83). 

Grant,  James  Augustus.  Bom  at  Nairn,  Scot- 
land, 1827:  died  there,  Feb.  11, 1892.  An  Afri- 
can explorer.  After  is  years  of  military  service  in  In- 
dia, he  became  the  associate  of  Captain  Speke  in  his  expe- 
dition to  the  source  of  the  Nile.  They  discovered  the  outlet 
of  Victoria  Nyanza  at  the  Ripon  Falls,  and  met  B.aker  on  hia 
southward  inarch  at  Gondokoro.  A  joint  account  of  their 
journey  was  published  in  18&4.  In  1868  Grant  accompanied 
the  Abyssinian  exijoditiou  under  Lord  Napier. 

Grant,  Sir  James  Hope.  Born  in  Perthshire, 
July  22,  1808:  died  at  London,  March  7,  1875. 
A  British  general,  brother  of  Sir  Francis  Grant. 
He  served  with  distinction  during  the  Indian  mutiny  1857- 
18.'i8,  and  commanded  the  British  contingent  in  the  Chinese 
war  1860. 

Grant,  Robert.  Bom  at  Grantown-on-Spey, 
near  Inverness-shire,  in  1814:  died  at  Glasgow, 
Nov.  1, 1892.  A  Scottish  astronomer,  appointed 
professor  of  astronomy  at  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow in  18.59.  He  published  a  "  History  of  Physical  As- 
tronomy" (1855),  and  in  1883  a  catalogue  of  6,415  stars, 
the  mean  places  of  which  had  been  determined  at  Glas- 
gow under  his  direction. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson  (originally  Hiram 
Ulysses).  Born  at  Point  Pleasant,  Clermont 
County,  Ohio,  April  27, 1822 :  died  at  Mount  Mc- 
Gregor, near  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  July  23,  1885.  A 
celebrated  American  general,  eighteenth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  He  was  graduitted  at  West 
Point  in  1843 :  served  through  the  Mexican  war  of  1846-48 : 
left  thearmy  in  1854,  and  settled  at  .St.  Louis  ;  and  removed 
to  Galena,  Illinois,  in  1860.  He  was  appointed  colonel  June 
17, 1861.  and  brigadier-general  Aug.  7;  commanded  at  Bel- 
mont Nov.  7  ;  captured  Fort  Donelson  Feb.  16,  1862  ;  was 
thereafter  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers :  was 
made  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  District  of  West  Ten- 
nessee in  March  :  gained  the  battles  of  Shiloh  April 
(>-7,  and  of  luka  Sept.  19  ;  was  made  commander  of  the 
Department  of  the  "Tennessee  in  Oct. ;  gained  the  battles 
of  Port  Gibson,  Raymond,  Jackson,  Champion's  Hill,  and 
Big  Black  River  in  May,  1863;  received  the  surrender  of 
Vicksburg  July  4,  and  was  made  major-general  in  the  reg- 
ular army:  was  made  commander  of  the  Military  Division 
of  the  Mississippi  in  Oct. ;  gained  the  battle  of  Chattanooga 
Nov.  23-25;  was  made  lieutenant-general  March  2,  1864. 
and  commander  of  all  the  Union  armies  March  12;  took 
up  his  headquarters  with  the  Army  of  tlie  Potomac ;  fought 
the  battle  of  tlie  Wilderness  with  Lee,  May  5-6,  which 
was  followed  by  the  battles  at  Spottsylvania  Court  House ; 
unsuccessfully  attacked  Lee's  position  at  Cold  Harbor, 
June  3;  commenced  the  siege  of  Petersburg  in  June;  re- 
ceived the  surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court  House 
April  9, 1865 ;  was  made  general  July  25,  1866 ;  was  secre- 
tai-y  of  war  ad  interim  Aug.,  1867, -Jan.,  1868 ;  as  Repub- 
lican candidate  was  elected  President  in  1868,  and  inaugu- 
rated March  4,  1869 ;  was  reelected  in  1872 ;  made  a  tour 
around  the  world  in  1877-79;  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  renoniination  for  the  Presidency  in  1880 ;  and  was 
made  general  on  the  retired  list  March  3, 1885.  He  wrote 
"Memoii-s"  (2  vols.  1SS5-S6).  See  "Military  History  of 
Ulysses  S.  Grant"  (1867-81),  by  Adam  Badeau. 

Grantham  (grant'am).  A  parliamentary  bor- 
ough in  Lincolnshife,England,  on  the  Witham  22 
miles  south  by  west  of  Lincoln,  it  has  iron  manu- 
factures, and  is  an  important  railway  junction.  There  is  a 
fine  church,  of  the  13th  century.    Population  (1891),  16,746. 

Grant  Land.  [Named  by  Hall  for  General  U.  S. 
Grant.]  A  region  in  the  north  polar  lands,  about 
lat.  81°-83°  N.,  north  of  Grinnell  Land. 

Granuffo  (gra-nuf '6).  A  character,  in  Marston's 
play  "The  Parasitaster,"  who  makes  a  reputa- 
tion for  vrisdom  by  saying  nothing. 


i 


Granvella 

Granvella  (gran-vel'la),  orGranvelle  (F.  pron. 
grou-vel'),  Cardiual  de  (Antoine  Perrenot). 

Boru  in  Franehe-Comte,  Aug.  'M,  1517:  died  at 
Madrid,  Sept.  21, 1586.  A  Spanish  ecclesiastic 
and  statesman.  He  was  made  chancellor  of  the  em- 
pire by  Charles  V.  in  1550 ;  was  chief  councilor  to  War- 
Karel  01  Panna  in  the  Netherlands  1559-64  ;  and  was  made 
viceroy  of  Naples  in  1570,  and  president  of  the  council  of 
Italy  and  Castile  in  1575. 

Granville  fgrori-ver).  A  seaport  in  the  depart- 
luout  of  Manohe,  France,  situated  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bosq,  in  lat. 
48°  50'  N.,  long.  1°  37'  W.     It  was  bombarded  by 


455 

istration  of  the  West,  with  a  brother,  Valentinian  II.,  as 
Joint  Augustus.  On  the  death  of  his  uncle  Valens  he  also 
succeeded  to  the  eastern  half  of  the  empire,  the  govern, 
nient  of  which  he  intrusted  to  Theodosius  in  37!>.  He  was 
defeated  by  the  usurper  Maximus,  and  was  killed  iu  the 
Hit'ht. 

GratianUS.  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th 
century.  A  celebrated  Italian  canonist,  said 
(doubtfully)  to  have  been  bishop  of  Chiusi : 
author  of  the  "  Decrotum  Gratiani"  (about  1150 : 
edited  bv  Friedberg  1879). 

Gratiusf'aliSCUS(gra'shi-usfa-lis'kus).  Lived 
iu  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A  Roman  poet,  author 
of  a  poem  on  the  chase  entitled  "Cynegetiea," 


Gray,  Stephen 

of  Nord,  France,  on  the  Aa.  near  its  mouth,  12 


the  English  in  1695,  and  was  defended  against  the  Ven.    _  "    .  '     ,     ■■  .    -,^    a 4-«  t^^^r.y,  "A Inlinnca 

deans  in  179:i,  and  against  the  English  in  1803.    Population  Gratry  (gra-tre'),  AugUSte  Joseph  Alphonse 


Born'atXille,  France.  Wurcli  307  ISO."):' died  at 
Montreu.\,  Switzerland,  Feb.  (J,  1872.  A  French 
Roman  Catholic  theologian.  His  works  include 
"Cours  de  philosophic"  (1855-57),  "  Philosophie  du  Cre- 
do" (ISGl),  "Paix"  (18ti2),  etc. 
:iiici»iiij»     isiio   „       ,,  -        i  /       %     TT  T>  «.   T\  ,1  K.,       IS  now  reniemnereu. 

(,aiiants-(io:w). ''Heroick  Love"  (i(i9S).- The  British  En.  Grattan  (grat  an),  Henry.    Born  at  Dub  11 ,  (jraves,  Thomas,  Baron 

•  •'     ""  "■"-     July  3,  1(46:  diedat  London.  June  4(llay  14.'),     1725- died  Feb  9  1802. 

1820.     An  Irish  orator  and  statesman.    He  grad 


(IS'.H)  commune,  12,721. 

Granville  (gran'vil),  or  Grenville  (gren'vil). 
George,  Lord  Lansdowne.  Born  1667:  died 
iir  London,  Jan.  30,  1735.  An  English  poet, 
dramatist,  and  politician.     He  wrote^he  plays  "She 


chanters'  (an  opera,  1706)  ;  and  among  his  other  writings 
are  "A  Vindication  of  General  Monk"  and  "A  Vindication 
of  Sir  Richard  Granville  "—both  published  in  1732  in  a  re- 
vised edition  of  his  works,  which  he  supervised,  and  which 
included  all  his  poems. 

Granville,  Earls.  See  Carteret,  John,  and  Lci'e- 
!<(>ii-Gower,  GnnivUle  George. 

Grasiitz  (gras'lits).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
uted  in  lat  50°  21'  N.,  long.  12°  27'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  10,009. 

Grasmere  (gras'mer).  A  village  in  the  Lake 
Distriet,Westmoreland, England,  4  miles  north- 
west of  Ambleside.  Near  it  is  the  Lake  of  Grasmere 
(1  mile  in  length).  The  poet  Wordsworth  resided  here  for 
S  years,  and  it  is  the  place  of  his  burial. 

Grasse  (gi'as).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Alpps-Maritimes,  France,  19  miles  west-south- 
west of  Nice.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Provence  manu- 
facture of  essences  and  perfumes  (rose  and  orange  bios, 
soms).     Population  (1891),  commune,  14,015. 

Grasse.  Comte  Francois  Joseph  Paul  de  (Mar- 
quis de  Grasse-Tilly).  Born  at  La  Valette, 
uear  Toulon,  France,  1723:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
11,1788.  A  French  admiral.  He  commanded, the 
French  fleet  which  cooperated  with  Washington  in  the  cap. 
ture  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  He  was  defeated 
by  Roilney  in  the  West  Indies  in  178-'. 

Grasse  (gres'se),  Johann  Georg  Theodor.  Born 
at  Grimma,  Saxony,  Jan.  31,  1814:  died  near 
Dresden,  Aug.  27^  1885.  A  noted  German  bili- 
liographer  and  historian  of  literature,  private 
librarian  of  King  Frederick  Augustus  II.  of  Sax- 
ony, and  director  of  several  of  the  famous  col- 
lections of  Dresden.  He  wrote  "Lchrbuch  einer  all- 
gemeinen  litteriirgeschichte  "  (1837-59),  "  Tr(5sor  de  livres 
rares  et  pril'cieux  "  (1S58-G9),  etc. 

Grassias  (gras'i-as).  A  rarely  used  name  ap- 
plied by  some  to  the  third-magnitude  star  ,3 
Seorpii  (commonly  called  Iclilil),  and  by  others 
to  the  fourth-magnitude  star  i  Seorpii. 

Grassini  (gras-se'ne),  Josephina.  Born  at  Va- 
rese,  Lombardy,  1773:  diedat  Milan,  Jan.,  18,50. 
An  Italian  singer  (contralto),  she  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Milan  in  1794,  and  iu  1803  was  the  reigning 
favorite  in  London. 

Grassmann  (griis'miin),  Hermann  Giinther. 

Bom  at  Stettin,  Prussia,  April  15,  1809:  d'vd 
at  Stettin,  Sept.  26.  1877.  A  German  mathe- 
matician and  Orientalist.  Uia  chief  works  are  "  Die 
Wissenschaft  der  extensiven  Grbssc  oder  die  Ausilch- 
nungslehre  "(1844),  "  Lehrbuch  der  Arithmetik  "  (1.8(il -6.5), 
■  Wdrterlnich  zuni  Rig-Veda"  (1875),  translation  of  the 
•Rig.Veda"  (1870-77),  etc. 

Grassmann,  Robert.  Born  at  Stettin,  Prussia, 
March  8,  1815.  A  Gorman  philosophii'al  writer 
and  mathematician,  brother  of  H.  G.  Grass- 
mann. He  has  published  "Die  Woltwissen- 
schaft  Oder  Phy.sik"  (1862-73),  etc. 

Grass  'Valley.  A  city  and  townshij)  in  Nevada 
County,  (,'alifornia,  situated  50  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Sacramento.  Population  (1900), 
township,  7,043;  eitv.  4,719. 

Grateful  Servant,  The.    A  play  by  Sliirlev, 

licensed  in  1629  under  the  title  of  "The  Faith- 
ful Servant."  but  printeil  in  1630  under  tlie  for- 
bv  which  it  is  known. 


mer  namf 
Gratian.     See  (Irnlianus. 
■3-ratiano(gra-shi-ii'n6).     1  (It.  pron.  gi-ii-fe-a  -     

116).     A  conventional  character  in  Italian  im-  Graveairs  (gi'iiv'ilrz) 
irovised  comedy,  a  prosy,  peclantic  bore. —  2.      Ciblier's  comedy  "Tl 


uated  B.  A  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1767  ;  studied  law 
at  the  Middle  Temple,  London;  was  admitted  to  tlie  Irisli 
bar  in  1772;  and  in  1775  entered  the  Irish  Parliament, 
where  he  acted  with  the  opposition, 
the  restoration  of  the  independence 
ment  by  the  repeal  of  "Poynings's  Law."  He  retired  from 
Parliament  in  1797,  but  returned  in  1800  in  order  to  oppose 
the  legislative  union  with  England.  He  was  in  1806 
elected  to  the  Imperial  Parliament,  of  which  he  continued 
a  member  until  his  death,  and  where  he  warmly  advocated 
the  emancipation  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  Several  col- 
lections of  his  works  have  appeared,  including  "The 
Speeches  of  the  Right  Honourable  Henry  Grattan  in  the 
Irish  and  in  the  Imperial  Parliament "  (edited  by  his  son, 
1822)  and  "Miscellaneous  Works"  (1822).  See  "Memoirs 
of  the  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Grattan,  by  his  son  Henry 
Grattan  "  (18311-46). 

Grattan,  Thomas  CoUey.  Born  at  Dublin, 
1792 :  died  at  London,  July  4.  1864.  An  Irish 
novelist,  poet,  and  general  writer.  He  resided  at 
Bordeaux,  Paris,  and  Brussels,  and  became  British  consul 
at  Boston  in  1839.  He  assisted  in  the  negotiations  which 
resulted  in  the  Ashburton  treaty  (which  see).  In  1S4G  he 
returned  to  England,  and  thereafter  resided  chiefly  at 
London.  He  was  a  friend  of  Washington  Irving.  His 
works  include  "Highways  and  Byways,  or  Tales  of  the 
Roadside  picked  up  in  the  French  Provinces  by  a  Walking 
Gentleman "  (ISUa ;  dedicated  to  Washington  Irving), 
"Ben  Nazir,  the  Saracen;  a  Tragedy"  (1827),  and  many 
others. 

Gratz  (griits),  ofBcially  Graz  (griits),  formerly 
Gratz  (gi'ets).  The  capital  of  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Mur  iu  lat.  47°  5'  N., 
long.  15°  25'  E.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  mon- 
ument of  the  15th  century,  with  a  fine  sculptured  west 
portal.  The  interior  possesses  several  excellent  old  paint  ■ 
ings,  and  some  beautiful  leth.century  Italian  reliefs  in 
ivory  illustrating  Petrarch's  "Triontl."  Among  other  ob- 
jects of  interest  .are  tlie  .Stadtpark,  tlie  lu'iglit  Suhlossberg, 
the  Landhaiis,  tlie  .Toanntnim  (with  collections),  and  the 
picture-gallery.     Population  (1900),  l:i8,080. 

Grau  (grou),  Miguel.  Bom  at  Piura,  June, 
1834:  died  Out.  8,  1879.  A  Peruvian  naval 
officer.  In  1871  he  took  command  of  the  turret-ship 
Huasoar.  When  the  war  with  Chile  broke  out  (1879),  he 
at  once  entered  on  active  service,  and  with  the  two  iron- 
clads Huascar  and  Imlependencia  kept  the  whole  Cllilian 
navy  at  bay  for  several  months.  He  attacked  the  lilock- 
ading  sliipa  at  Iijuique,  and  sunk  one,  but  lost  the  Indc- 
pendenciii,  which  ran  on  a  rock.  The  Iluasirarwas  finally 
attacked  by  two  Chilean  ironclads  olT  Point  Angamos,  and 
surrendered  after  Rear-Admiral  Grau  had  been  killed. 

Graubiinden.    See  Grisous: 

Graudenz  (grou'dents),  Pol.  Orudziadz  fgrii- 

joiits').  A  town  iu  the  iiroviiu-i'  <if  Wi'st 
Prussia,  Prussia,  on  the  Vistula  60  miles  south 
of  Dantzie.  It  is  strongly  fortified,  and  was  success- 
fully defended  by  Conrbierc  against  the  French  in  1807. 
I'opulation  (ISWJ),  20,385. 
Grauer  Bund  (giou'er  biint).    See  Gray  Leaque. 

Graun  (groun),  Karl  Heinrich.    Bom  at  \Vali- 

renbriick,  near  Torgau.  Prussia,  May  7.  1701  : 
died  at  Berlin,  .\ug.  S,  1759.  A  noted  German 
singer  and  coni])oser  of  operas  and  sacred  mu- 
sic. Hie  chief  works  are  the  oratorio  "Der  Tod  Jesu" 
(pcrfonncd  at  Berlin  March  26,  17.55),  and  the  "Te  Deum  " 
(performed  at  Charlottcnliiirg  after  tlie  close  of  the  Seven 
Years'  War.  July  16,  170;!) 
Grave,  The.  A  didactic  poem  by  Robert  Blair, 
pulilislieil  ill  1743.  For  this  poem  William  111. ikc  made 
a  famous  series  of  designs.  It  contains  about  800  lines 
f  blank  verse. 

Lady.     A  character  in 
Careless  Husband." 


In  Shakspere's  "Merchant 

Bassanio's  compnnions.     II 

—  3.  In  Shakspere's  "Otiiello,"  the  brother  of 

Br.abantio.    As  the  uncle  of  Desdemona.  he  succeeds 

toOtliello's  fortunes  after  the  latter  has  killed  liotli  her 

and  himself. 

Gratianus  (grii-shi-a'nus),  Anglicized  Gratian. 
Born  at  Sirmium,  Pannonia,  April  9.  3.59  a.  d.  : 
killed  at  Lyons,  Aug.  25,  383.  Roman  emperor 
307-383,  son  of  'Viilentinian  I.  Ho  wa.s  raised  to 
the  rank  of  Augustus  with  a  share  in  file  government  by 
his  father  in  367,  and  in  376  succeeded  him  in  the  aduiiu- 


miles  southwest  of  Dunkirk.  It  is  celebrated  for 
the  victory  of  the  .Spaniards  under  Egmont  over  the  Krench 
under  Thermes,  July  13,  1558.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,952. 

Gravelotte  (grav-lof).  A  village  of  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  7  miles  west  of  Metz.  Thebattle 
of  Gravelotte  (or  of  Gravelotte  and  St.-Privat.  sometimes 
called  the  battle  of  Rezonville)  was  fought  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  village,  Aug.  18, 1870.  The  Germans  (about 
200,000)  under  King  William  olttained  a  decisive  victory 
over  the  French  (aliout  12o,(X)0)  under  Bazaiue.  The  loss 
of  the  Germans  was  20,159 ;  that  of  the  French,  from  12,000 
to  15,000.  As  a  result  of  this  defeat,  the  French  were  shut 
up  in  Metz. 

Graves  (gravz).  Richard.  Born  at  Mickleton. 
Gloucestershire,  May  4,1715;  died  at  Claver- 
ton,  near  Bath,  Nov.  23,  1804.  An  English  poet 
and  novelist,  rector  of  Claverton.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  large  number  of  works,  some  of  which  were  pop- 
ular ;  one  only,  a  novel,  "The  Spiritual  Quixote "  (1772), 
is  now  remembered.     _ 

Graves.  Bom  about 
A  British  admiral.  He 
succeeded  Arbuthnot,  July,  17sl,  in  command  of  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  against  the  American  colonies,  and  was  defeated 
liy  De  Grasse  on  Sept.  6.  He  was  created  Baron  Graves 
in  the  peerage  of  Ireland  in  1794. 

i^^Afirish'pu'to   Gravesande  (gra've-zan'de),  Willem  Jakob 

r  "    He  retired  from    Van 's.    B.«-n  at 's  Hertogenbosch,  Netherlands, 

Sept.  27,  1688:  died  at  Lej'den,  Netherlands, 

Feb.  28,  1742.     A  noted  Dutch  philosopher  and 

mathematician,  professor  at  Leyden  from  1717. 
In  1715  he  went  to  London  as  secretary  of  the  embassy  of 
the  States-General  He  wrote  "  Physices  elementa  mathe- 
niatica  "  (1720),  etc. 

Gravesend  (gravz'end).  A  river  port  and  par- 
liamentary borough  iu  Kent,  England,  situated 
on  the  Thames  20  miles  east  by  south  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  a  favorite  resort  for  Londoners.  Pop- 
ulation (1891).  24,007. 

Gravina  (gi-a-ve'na).  A  to\%Ti  in  the  province 
of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Grarina 
34  miles  southwest  of  Bari.  Population  (1881), 
16,574. 

Gravina,  Giovanni  "Vincenzo.  Born  at  Rogli- 
ano.  ueai-  Cosenza,  Italy.  Jan.  20,  16(i4:  died 
at  Rome.  Jan.  6, 1718.  An  It;ilian  .jiu-ist,  critic, 
and  poet.  He  wi-ote  "Origiues  jiu-is  eivilis" 
(1701-13),  "Delia  ragione  poetica"  (1708),  etc. 

Gray(gra).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Saone,  France,  situated  on  the  Saone  27  miles 
east-northeast  of  Dijon.  It  has  considerable 
traile.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,908. 

Gray,  Asa.  Born  at  Paris,  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y..  Nov.  18,  1810:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  30, 1888.  A  noted  American  botanist.  He 
w:isprotessorof  natural  historyat  Harvard  1842-88.  AmonR 
his  works  are  "  Elements  of  Botany  "  (Is;i6),"  llora  of  .North 
America  "(commenced  18;iS),  "Manualof  the  Bcitanyof  the 
Korllu'in  Ijiiteil  states"  (184»\  "  Botany  of  the  V.  8.  Pa- 
cillc  Explorim;  Expedition  "  (18.54).  "How  Plants  Grow" 
(1S.>).  "Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany  "  (186SX  "How 
Plants  Behave "(1872),  "Danviniana"  (1876),  "New  Flora 
of  North  America"  (Part  I,  1S7S),  "Synoptical  Flora  of 
North  America"  (2d  ed.  1888). 

Gray,  Auld  Robin.    See  A>M  Unhin  anu/. 

Gray,  David.  Born  at  Kirkintilloch,  Jan.  29, 
]S:!8 :  died  their.  Dec.  3, 1,861.  A  Scottish  poet. 
He  wrote  "  The  Luggie  "  and  other  poems,  pub- 
lished in  18()2. 

Gray,  Elisha.  Born  at  BarnesviUe,  Ohio,  Aug. 
2.  1S35;  died  at  Ni'Wtonville,  Mass.,  Jan.  20, 
1901.  \m  .•Vnierican  inventor,  noted  for  inven- 
tions relating  to  telegrai>liy  anil  the  telephone. 

Gray,  George  Robert.    Bom  at  London,  July 

8,  1808;  died  May  5, 1872.  An  English  ornithol- 
ogist and  entomologist,  brother  of  J.  E.  (iray. 
His  works  include  "Entomology  of  Australia"  (18.33). 
"  List  of  the  Geneni  of  Birds  "  (1840:  enlarged  in  1841  and 
1K55),  "Genera  of  Birds  "  (1844-19),  "Genera  and  Species 
of  liinis"  (1869-7-'). 

Gray,  Henry  Peters.  Born  at  New  York.  June 
23,  1819:  died  there,  Nov.  12,  1877.  An  Amer- 
ican p;iinti'r,  iiresident  of  the  National  ,\cad- 
eniy  1S()9-71.  In  1871  he  went  to  Florence,  and  lived 
there  till  1874.  Among  his  works  are  "Charily,"  "  1  ho 
Birth  of  our  Flag,"  "Cleopatra,"  "Greek  Lovers,"  and 
"The  Apple  of  Discord."  During  his  later  years  he  gave 
much  of  Ids  lime  to  prutrail-palnting. 

Gray,  John  Edward.  Born  at  Walsall.  Stafford- 
shire, Feb.  12.  1800:  died  March  7.  1875.  An 
Englisli  zoologist,  keeper  of  the  zoological  col- 
lections in  the  British  JIuseum  1840-74.  He 
published  numerous  works  and  papers  on  vari- 
ous branches  of  natural  history, 
t  Gray,  Robert.  Born  at  Dunbar,  Aug.  15,  1825: 
■     lied  at   Edinburgh,  Feb.  18,  1.^87.    A  Scotch 


f  Venice,"  one  of  Qrave  Creek  Wtound.     A  relic  of  the  so-called 
marries  Nerissa.     jnound-bnildeis  on  Grave  Creek,  near  Mounds- 
ville  or  Elizabethlown,  Marshall  County,  Wi 

Virginia,     it  is  70  feet  high  and  1,000  feet  In  circum.  ..,,•»„  ,     .,  1   .  „/  .i,„  r.|i„  .,» 

feronce  and  Is  the  largest  of  the  jirehlstorlc  mounds  In  ornithologist.     He  was  In  the  serWce  of  the  City  ol 

he  Ohio  valley.     A  stone  hearing  an  Inscription  of  In-  Glasgow  Bank  ami  '•'<<'^»' I'-V '•",■'<  <;'^;-""'"'"^^  .^^^^^^ 

scrutablc  clmrKeters,  alleged  to  have  been  .llscovered  In  burgh.     >»,,l;-f'-!,'>'' ""«  <',V''''V.    I'  ■  -  '>;^u  of  tl,e  wl^ 

this  mound  about  1840,  has  called  forth  consl.lerable  dis-  Society  at  Eillnburgh.    He  published     Birds  of  the  «  eat 

cusalon  of  Scotland  "  (1871). 

Graveiines  (grav-lon'^.  Flemish  Gravelinghe  Gray,  Stephen.  Died  Feb.  2.5  1<  36.  An  Lnglish 

(.'lii've-ling-e),    G.    Gravelingen    (irrii've-  cdectncian,  a  pensioner  of  the  Charter  House 

li'ug-en).    Afortifled  si'iiport  in  the  department  in  Loudon.    His  experiments  were  the  foundation  ol 


Gray,  Stephen 

the  division  of  substances  into  conductors  and  non-con- 
ductors, and  Iladan  important  bearing  upon  tile  discovery 
of  ttie  electric  battery. 
Gray,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  about  1369.  An  Eng- 
lish writer  (in  Latin),  author  of  "  Scalaehron- 
ica."    See  the  extract. 

Tlie  '•  Scala-clironica  "  opens  with  an  allegorical  prologue, 
and  is  divided  into  tive  parts.  Of  these  part  i.,  which  re- 
lates the  fabulous  history  of  Britain,  is  based  on  '*  Walter 
oi  Exeter's  "  Brut  (i.  e.  on  Geotf  rey  of  Monmouth) ;  part  ii., 
whicli  reaches  to  Egbert's  succession,  is  b;ised  upon  Bede ; 
part  iii.,  extending  to  William  the  Conqueror,  on  Higdeii's 
"  Polychroiiicon  "  ;  and  part  iv.  professes  to  be  founded  on 
"  Johnle  vilveir  de  Tilmouth  queescriptle  YstoriaAurea. " 
There  are  several  difficulties  connected  with  the  prologue  ; 
the  chief  are  its  distinct  allusions  to  Thomas  Otterlmrn, 
who  is  generally  supposed  to  h.ave  written  early  in  thenext 
century  (Sca^a-cAroK.  pp.  1-4).  According  to  Mr.  Steven- 
son many  incidents  in  part  iv.  are  not  to  be  found  in  the 
current  editions  of  Higden.  Jlr.  Stevenson  considers  the 
book  to  assume  some  independent  value  with  the  reign  of 
John  ;  but  its  true  importance re;illy  beginswith  thereign 
of  Edward  I.  It  is  specially  useful" for  the  Scottish  wars, 
and  narrates  the  exploits  of  the  author's  father  in  great 
detail  ^Scala-chron.  pp.  123,  127,  13S,  etc.).  The  author  is 
tolerably  minute  as  to  Edward  II. 's  reign  (pp.  13G-53),  and 
the  rest  of  the  book  (pp.  153-203)  is  devoted  to  Edward  III. 
The  detailed  account  of  the  French  w.ars  from  1355-61  sug- 
gests the  presence  of  the  ^vriter  (pp.  172-200).  The  history 
breaks  ott  in  1362  or  1363.         Diet.  Xat.  Biog.,  XXIII.  21. 

Gray,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Dec.  26, 1716: 
died  at  Cambridge,  July  30,  1771.  An  English 
poet.  He  was  sent  to  Eton  as  an  oppidan  in  1727,  forming 
an  intimacy  there  with  Horace  Walpole.  In  1734  he  was 
admitted  as  a  pensioner  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  and  in 
1739  went  abroad  with  Walpole  on  "the  grand  tour."  He 
returned  and  settled  at  Cambridge.where  he  resided  chiefly 
after  1741,  though  he  spent  a  part  of  every  summer  with  his 
mother  at  Stoke.  Pogis.  He  became  professor  of  modern 
history  at  Cambridge  1768.  In  1757  he  refusedithe  laureate- 
ship.  His  best-known  work  is  the  "  Elegy  Written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard"  (1751).  His  other  principal  works 
are  "Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College"  (1747), 
••Progress  of  Poesy  "  (1757),  "  The  Bard  "(1758).  His  poems 
and  letters  were  edited  by  W.  Mason  in  1775  ;  the  letters 
by  Mitford  1S43-54 ;  and  the  works,  with  life,  by  E.  W. 
Gosse,  in  4  vols.,  in  1882. 

Gray  League.  [G.  Grauer  Bund.'\  A  German 
league  in  the  present  canton  of  Grisons,  S^vit- 
zerland,  formed  in  1424.  In  1497-98,  in  com- 
pany with  the  Gotteshausbund,  it  became  allied 
with  the  Swiss  cantons. 

Gray's  Inn.  One  of  the  London  inns  of  court. 
It  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Holborn  and  to  the  west 
of  Gray's  Inn  Lane.  It  is  the  fourth  inn  of  court  in  im- 
portance and  size.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  noble 
family  of  Gray  of  Wilton,  whose  residence  it  originally  was. 
{Thornbxtry.)    It  still  contains  a  handsome  hall  of  1560. 

Gray's  Peak.  One  of  the  highest  peaks  in  the 
Koeky  Slouotains.  situated  in  tlie  Colorado 
range,  Colorado.     Height,  14,341  feet. 

Graymalkin.    See  Grimalkin. 

Graz.     See  Grtitz. 

Grazalema  (gra-tha-ia'ma).  A  to'wn  in  the 
province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  56  miles  east-north- 
east of  Cadiz.     Population  (1887),  6,389. 

Graziani    (grat-se-a'ne),   Francesco.     Born 

April  26,  l.'^29 :  died  June  30,  1901.  An  Italian 
barytoue  singer.  HclirstsangiuLonJouinlSoo. 

Grazzini  (griit-se'ne),  Anton  Francesco,  called 
II  Lasca.  [It.  lasca,  a  mullet.]  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, March  22,  1503:  died  there,  Feb.  18, 1584. 
An  Italian  poet  and  dramatist.  Il  Lasca  was  the 
appellation  he  assumed  in  the  Accademia  degli-Umidi,  to 
which  he  belonged,  where  every  member  was  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  a  fish.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
ot  the  celebrated  Accademia  della  Crusca. 

Gr6al.     See  Grail. 

Great  Barrington  (grat  bar'ing-ton).  A  town 
in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  the  Housatonic  River  40  miles  west  by  north 
of  Springfield.     Population  (1900),  5,854. 

Great  Basin.  An  elevated  region  in  the  United 
States,  lying  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the 
west  and  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  on  the  east. 
It  comprises  nearly  all  Nevada,  western  Utah,  southeast- 
em  Oregon,  and  parts  of  eastern  and  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia. The  drainage  of  the  greater  part  of  this  large  area 
is  into  interior  lakes  (Great  Salt  Lake,  etc.)  which  have 
no  communication  with  the  sea.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Humboldt  and  other  ranges.  The  soil  is  generally  unpro- 
ductive. 

Great  Bear.    See  Ursa  Major. 

Great  Bear  Lake.    A  lake  in  British  North 

America,  about  lat.  0.5°-67°  N.,  long.  118°-123° 
\V.  It  has  its  outlet  through  the  Great  Bear  River  into 
the  Mackenzie.  Length,  over  150  miles.  Area,  about 
14,000  square  miles. 

Great  Britain  (grat  brit'n).  [F.  Grande  Bre- 
tayne,  Sp.  GranBretatia,  It.  Gran  Bretagnn,  NL. 
Magna  Britannia  (or  Britannia  Major,  Greater 
Britain).]  The  largest  island  of  Europe,  com- 
prising England  in  the  south,  Scotland  in  the 
north,  and  Wales  in  the  west,  situated  in  lat. 
58°  40'-49°  58'  N.,long.  1°  45'  E.-6°  13'  W. :  the 
ancient  Albion  or  Britannia  (afterward  Britan- 
nia Major).  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  about  608 
miles ;  its  greatest  width,  about  325  miles.    Area,  88,iij4 


456 

square  miles.  It  is  called  Great  Britain  in  distinction  from 
Brittatiy  (Bretagne,  Lesser  Britain).  On  the  union  with 
Scotland  in  1707,  Great  Britain  became  the  official  name  of 
the  Britisli  kingdom,  and  so  continued  uncil  the  union  with 
Ireland  in  ISnl.  It  remains  a  popular  designation  of  the 
United  Kingdom  cf  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  (Seebelow.) 
For  the  history,  see  Emiland.   Population  (liiOl),  3C.99k,076. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland,The  United  King- 
dom of.  Since  Jan.  1,  1801,  the  official  name 
of  the  British  kingdom,  including  England, 
"Wales,  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  neighboring 
smaller  islands.  Capital,  Loudon.  The  government 
is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  A  sovereign  and 
a  responsible  ministry  form  the  executive.  The  legisla- 
ture consists  of  a  Parliament,  comprising  the  House  of 
Lords  (about  560  members)  and  the  House  of  Commons 
(670  members).  The  colonies  and  foreign  possessions  are 
Gibraltar,  Malta,  Aden  and  Perim,  Somali  Coast  Protecto- 
rate, Socotra,  Kuria  Muria  Islands,  Bahrein  Islands,  Brit- 
ish North  Borneo,  Brunei.  Sarawak.  Ceylon,  Cyprus,  Hong- 
Kong,  India  and  its  dependencies,  British  Baluchistan, 
Andaman  Islands,  Nicobar  Islands,  Laccadive  Islands, 
Kamaran  Island,  Labuan,  Straits  Settlements,  Basuto- 
land,  Becbuanaland,  Zanzibar,  Zululand,  Cape  Colony, 
Orange  River  Colony,  Transvaal  Colony,  Mauritius  (with 
Seychelles,  Rodrignes,  the  Cliagoslslantls) ,  British  East  Af- 
rica, Katal.  British  Zambesia,  Niger  Territories,  Oil  Rivers 
Protectorate,  Saint  Helena,  Ascension  Island,  Tristan  da 
Cunha,  Gold  Coast,  Lagos, Gambia.  Sierra  Leone,  Bermudas, 
Canada,  Newfoundland,  Falkland  Islands,  British  Guiana, 
British  Honduras.Britisb  West  Indie.-;  (including  the  Baha- 
mas, Barbados,  Jamaica,  islamls  of  the  Windward  and  Lee- 
ward groups,  Trinidad),  Tasmania,  Victoria,  New  South 
Wales,  Soutli  Australia,  Queensland,  Western  Australia, 
NewZealand,  British  NewGuinea,  Fiji, and  variousotherPa- 
cificislands.inclndinL'Co'iks  Islands. Union  group, Phoenix 
group,  Clu-istmas  Island,  Fanning  Island,  (Ulbert  Islands, 
etc.  Area  of  the  I'tiited  Kingdom.  121,483  square  miles; 
pop.  (1901),  41,454,578.  Area  of  the  British  empire,  includ- 
ing India, colonies,  protectorates,an(lspheres  of  influence, 
aboiit  10,330,000 s<iuare miles:  pop.  (1891) about 360,000,000. 
See  Emjlaiid.  .^cfhind,  Wale^,  Ireland,  Great  Britain. 

Great  Captain,  The.     Gonsalvo  de  Cordova. 

Great  Cham  of  Literature,  The.  A  nickname 
given  to  Samuel  Johnson  by  Smollett  in  a  let- 
ter to  "Wilkes. 

Great  Commoner,  The.  William  Pitt  (after- 
ward Earl  of  Chatham):  so  called  as  being  a 
commoner  and  not  a  peer. 

Great  Dauphin,  The.    The  son  of  Louis  XIV. 

Great  Dog.     See  Canis  Major. 

Great  Duke,  The.  The  first  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. 

Great  Duke  of  Florence, The.  Aplay  by  Philip 
Massinger,  licensed  1627,  printed  1635. 

Great  Earl  of  Cork,  The.  The  first  Earl  of  Cork. 

Great  Eastern.  A  steamship,  the  largest  built 
prior  to  1899,  when  the  Oceanic  was  launched. 
It  was  designed  by  I.  E.  Brunei,  and  was  launched  at  Mill- 
wall  on  the  Thames  in  1S5S ;  made  its  first  voyage  across 
the  Atlantic  in  June,  1860;  was  frequently  employed  from 
1805  in  cable-laying;  and  in  1886  was  sold  to  l)e  l)roken  up 
for  old  iron.  Length  over  all,  692  feet ;  width,  83  feet ; 
depth,  58  feet ;  displacement,  27,000  tons.  She  is  sur- 
passed Ijy  the  Oceanic  in  fength  (704  feet),  draft  (32J  feel), 
and  disi)Iacement  (32,500  tons),  and  also  Ijy  tlie  Celtic. 

Great  Elector,  The,  G.  Der  Grosse  Kurfiirst. 

Frederick  William,  elector  of  Brandenburg. 

Great  Expectations.  A  novel  by  Charles  Dick- 
ens, which  appeared  serially  in  "All  the  Year 
Round"  in  1860-61.     It  was  published  in  1861. 

Great  Falls.  A  manufacturing  and  trading  city 
in  Cascade  Countv,  Montana,  on  the  Missouri 
River.     Population  (1900),  14,930. 

Great  Falls.  A  manufacturing  village  in  New 
Hampshire.     See  Somersworth . 

Great  Fish  River.  A  river  in  British  North 
America  which  flows  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Great  Slave  Lake  northeasterly  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean. 

Great  Fish  River.  A  river  in  Cape  Colony  which 
rises  in  the  Sneuwbergen  Mountains  and  flows 
southerly  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Great  Glen.  A  great  depression  traversing  Scot- 
land southwest  and  northeast,  and  marked  by 
Lochs  Linnhe,  Eil,  Loehy,  and  Ness,  which  are 
connected  by  the  Caledonian  Canal. 

Great  Grimsby  (grimz'bi).  A  seaport  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  Lincolnshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Humber  16  miles  southeast  of 
Hull.  It  has  important  commerce  and  fisheries. 
Population  (1901),  63,138.     See  Grim. 

Great  Harry.  The  first  war-ship  of  the  British 
navy.  She  was  built  in  1488,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. ; 
was  a  three-master ;  and  is  said  to  have  cost  £14.000.  She 
is  supposed  to  have  been  burned  accidentally  at  Woolwich 
in  1533. 

Greathead  (grat'hed),  Henry.  Born  at  Rich- 
rnond,  Yorkshire,  Jan.  27,  1757:  died  1816.  The 
first  successful  constructor  of  life-boats. 

Great  Head.  A  celebrated  promontory  in  the 
pastern  part  of  Moimt  Desert,  Maine. 

Greatheart  (griit'hart),  Mr.  In  the  second  part 
of  Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  the  guide  and 
valiant  proteetorof  Christiana  and  her  children. 

Great  Kanawha  (ka-na'wa).   A  river  in  North 


Greaves,  John 

Carolina,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia,  joining 
the  Ohio  at  Point  Pleasant,  Mason  County, 
West  Virginia,  it  is  called  in  its  upper  course  the 
New  River.  Length,  about  450  miles  ;  navigable  aboot 
100  miles. 

Great  Marlo'W  (mar'Io).  A  town  in  Bucks, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  30  miles  west 
of  London.     Population  (1891).  6,097. 

Great  Marquis,  The.  A  surname  popularly 
given  to  the  Marquis  of  Pombal,  and  also  to 
the  first  Marquis  of  Montrose. 

Great  Master  of  Love,  The.  A  name  given 
by  Petrarch  to  the  troubadour  Amaud  Daniel. 

Great  Mother,  The.  In  Greek  mythology, 
Demeter. 

Greatorex  (grat'6-reks),  Mi-s.  (EUza  Pratt). 
Born  in  Ireland,  Cec.  25, 1820 :  died  Feb.  9, 1897. 
An  American  artist.  She  came  to  New  York  in  1840, 
and  married  Henry  \^'elliugton  Greatorex  in  1849.  In 
1868  she  was  elected  associate  of  the  National  Academy. 

Greatorex,  Henry  Wellington.  Born  at  Bur- 
ton-on-Treut,  England,  in  1816:  died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.  18.58.  A  musician,  the  son  of  Thomas 
Greatorex.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1839,  and 
did  much  for  the  advancement  of  the  standard  of  church 
music. 

Greatorex,  Thomas.  Bom  at  North  Wingfield, 
near  Chesterfield,  Derbyshire.  Oct.  5, 1758 :  died 
at  London.  July  18,  1831.  An  English  conduc- 
tor, organist  of  Westminster  Abbey  1819. 

Great  Pedee  (pe-de').  The  name  given  to  the 
Yadkin  River  after  it  enters  South  Carolina.  It 
flows  into Winyah  Bay,near  Georgetown ;  navi- 
gable about  150  miles. 

Gnreat  Russia.  The  main  body  of  European 
Russia.  From  its  central  part  as  a  nucleus  Russia  has 
developed.  It  comprises  the  governments  of  Archangel, 
Olonetz,  Vologda,  Novgorod,  Pskotf,  Moscow,  Tver,  Kos- 
troma, "Vladimir,  Yaroslatf,  Riasan,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Tula, 
Kaluga,  Orel,  Smolensk,  Kursk,  Voronezh,  and  Tamboff. 

Great  St.  Bernard.    See  St.  Bernard. 

Great  Salt  Lake.  A  body  of  water  in  north- 
ern Utah.  It  is  noted  for  its  saltness  :  14.8  per  cent,  is 
mineral  matter.  It  receives  the  Bear,  Jordan,  and  Weber 
rivers.  The  surface  is  4.200  feet  above  sea-level,  and  the 
Lake  has  no  outlet.  Length,  about  75  miles.  Greatest  width, 
about  30  miles.    Area,  about  2,360  square  miles. 

Great  Slave  Lake.  A  lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  60°  40'-62°  45'  N.,  long. 
109°-117°  W.  Length,  about  300  miles.  Its 
outlet  is  the  Mackenzie  River. 

Great  Slave  River.  A  river  in  British  North 
America,  connecting  Lake  Athabasca  with 
Great  Slave  Lake.      Length,  about  250  miles. 

Great  Smoky  Mountains.    See  Smoky  Mcun- 

titins. 

Great  Synagogue,  The.    See  the  extract. 

Accordingly  we  find  that  a  new  form  of  the  theory  stai-ted 
up  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  gained  almost  undis- 
puted currency  in  the  Protestant  churches.  According  to 
this  view,  the  Canon  was  completed  by  a  body  of  men 
known  as  the  Great  Synagogue.  The  Great  Synagogue 
plays  a  considerable  part  in  Jewish  ti-aditiou  ;  it"  is  repre- 
sented as  a  permanent  council,  under  the  presidency  of 
Ezra,  wielding  supreme  authority  over  the  Jewish  nation  ; 
and  a  variety  of  functions  are  ascribed  to  it.  But  the 
tradition  never  said  that  the  Great  Synagogue  fixed  the 
Canon.  That  opinion,  current  as  it  once  was,  is  a  mere 
conjecture  of  Elias  Levita,  a  Jewish  scholar  contempo- 
rary with  Luther.  Not  only  so,  but  we  now  know  that 
the  whole  idea  that  there  ever  was  a  body  called  the  Great 
Synagogue  holding  rule  in  the  Jewish  nation  is  pure  fic- 
tion. It  has  Ijeen  proved  in  the  clearest  manner  that  the 
origin  of  the  legend  of  the  Great  .Synagogue  lies  in  the 
account  given  in  Neh.  viii.-x.  of  the  great  convocation 
which  met  at  Jerusalem  and  subscribed  the  covenants  to 
observe  the  law. 

W.  It.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  156. 

Great  Tom.  A  bell,  weighing  about  17,000 
pounds,  in  the  tower  of  the  Tom  Gate  of  Christ 
Church,  0.\ford.  Every  night  at  ten  minutes 
past  nine  (closing  time)  it  is  tolled.  . 

Great  Vehicle,  The.  [InSkt.Mahaydna.'i  The 
name  of  the  northern  school  of  Buddhism.  The 
formation  of  such  a  school  followed  the  conversion  of  Ka- 
nishka,  the  Indo-Scythian  king  of  Kashmir,  who  reigned  in 
the  second  half  of  the  1st  century.  In  his  reign  a  fourth 
council  was  held  at  Jalandhara  in  Kashmir.  It  consisted 
of  500  monks,  who  composed  three  Sanskrit  works  of  the 
nature  of  commentaries  on  the  three  Pali  Pitakas.  (See 
Tripitaka.)  These  were  the  earliest  books  of  the  northern 
school,  which  formulated  its  doctrines  on  the  Indus,  while 
the  Pali  Canon  of  the  south  represented  the  doctrine  pro- 
claimed on  the  Ganges.  Nepal,  Tibet.  China,  Manchuria, 
Mongolia,  and  Japan  follow  the  Great  Vehicle ;  Ceylon, 
Burma,  and  Siam,  the  Little  Vehicle  (Hinayana),  or  south- 
ern school. 

Great  Wall  of  China.    See  Wali  of  China. 

Greaves  (grevz),  John.  Born  at  Colemore, 
Hampshire,  1602:  died  at  London,  Oct.  8, 1652. 
An  English  antiquary,  mathematician,  and  Ori- 
entalist. He  became  fellow  of  Merton  College.  Oxford, 
in  1624,  and  professor  of  geometry  in  Gresham  College,  Lon- 
don, in  1630.  He  wrote  "Discourse  on  the  Roman  Foot  and 
Denarius  "(1647),  "  Pyramidographia,  or  a  Discourse  of  the 
Pyramids  in  Egypt "  (1646),  etc. 


Greaves,  Sir  Launcelot 
Greaves,  Sir  Launcelot.     See  Sir  Launcelot 

(inacc'i,  The  Histonj  of.  ,   „  .,       .  ,  ., 

Qrebo  (gra'bo),  or  Gedebo  (ge-da'bo).  A  tribe 
of  Liberia,  West  Africa,  settled  on  both  sides 
of  the  Cavalla  Kiver.  The  English  sometimes  call 
the  GreLos  Fl-:h-Km.  They  are  closely  allied  to  the  Kra 
iribe  from  whom  they  are  separatea  by  theGi-and  Sess^  nk- 
kanfn  ly  Sess.  and  Tare  tribes.  They  migrated  from  the  m- 
Terio"  o  the  coast  at  a  comparatively  recent  penod  i  ranee 
claiiiiB  jurisdiction  over  the  lirebos  east  of  the  Caialla 
B?^"  b,"tthisclaimisnulackn..wled.edKvL^beruf.. 
w,-5t  than  the  Pedio  River.  The  Grebo  laiipiuge  I'eb  n^s 
«thKr/n,ndB..ssat.,aclaster  called  J/.»«  by  br.M.mer. 

Orecian  Coffee-house.  A  noted  London  eoffee- 
houso  in  Devereux  Court,  on  the  lett  of  Essex 
street.     The  wits  of  the  last  century  congre- 

(fetcian  Daughter,  The.    A  tragedy  by  Arthiur 
Murphy,  prolueed  in  1772 :  a  story  of  filial  piety, 
the  success  of  whichwasgreatly  dueto  hpniu-er 
Barry  and  his  wife.    See  Euphrasia  and  Marry, 
Spranger. 
areece  f'Tes).    [ME.  Grece,  from  OF.  Grfce,  F. 
Gricc.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Grecia,  fromL  Gra?ci«£whenee 
LGr    VpaiKia),  from   (irxcua,  Gre'ik,  from  Orr. 
rpa«<if,  pl.  TpaiKoi.  orig.  applied  to  tho  inhabi- 
tants of  ^pirus,  etc.    The  eommon  Greek  name 
for  the  country  was  HdlM,  -E/P.af ;  for  the  in- 
habitants Hclkncs,  "E/./;/rf  c.  The  AS.  name  was 
Crem  land,  Grcca  lamJ,  Grecland,  I>.  Griekrii- 
laiid  G.  Griechenland,  land  of  the  Greeks.]    A 
country  in  southeastern  Europe  — («)  Ancient 
Greece:  the  country  of  the  Hellenes.     In  the 
widest  sense  the  name  includes  the  Greek  colonies  m  Asm 
wlnor    I  cilv    Africa    etc. ;    in  its  restricted  and  more 
usuTmeLn  ng  ,^  i^  he  peni\,sula  south  of  the  Cambutnan 
MounSmr  wi  h  the   .leighhoring  islands.     Peninsular 
Greece  comprised  Thessaly,  Epirus,  Central  Greece  (in- 
cludhfg  Snania.  -Etolia,  Doris,  Western  Locr.s    East- 
eni  Locris,  Phocis,  Beeotia,  Attica,  and  Megaris),  and  Pelo- 
ponnesus includillgCorinthia.  Sicyoma.  Phlias.a  Achaia, 
fais  Arcadia  Argolis,  Laconia,  and  Messenia).     The  chief 
islands  were  Crete,  ilhodes,  Cos,  Samos,  Chios,   Lesbos, 
Tenedos  Imhros,  Samothrace,  Thasos,  Lemnos  Scyros  En- 
b™i  Salimis,  -«gina,  the  Cyclades,  Thera,  Cythera .  and  t he 
K'an  Islands  (including  Zacynthos,  CephaUenia  Ithaca, 

Leucas,  Coreyri,  etc.).    (^yr""' ^^VrlTe      Th"s  rl 
and  in  later  times  Macedonia  and  Thrace,      i-lic  sur- 
fMe  U  mostly  mountainous.     The  following  are  some 
of  the  l^ore  important  facts  and  incidents  of  ancient 
Greek  hUtory    Dorian  invasion  of  the  Peloponnesus  about 
liorf  BO.     commencement  of  the  hegemony  of  Spar  a  ,  h 
century ;  Persian  wars  50fl  to  about  449  ;  hegemony  tians- 
ferred  ti  Athens  about  477;  Peloponnesian  war  4.!l-404 , 
ifege inony  of  Spa,-ta  404-371 ;  of  Thebes  371-362  ;  hegemony 
of  Macedon  commenced  :M8;  rise  of  ^tolian  League  and 
renewSof  Achaian  League  about  iSt);  independence  of 
Greece  proclaimed  by  iTamininus  1%;  Una'  ■^"bJ™  '°" 
of  Greece  to  Rome  146:  Greece  made  (in  great  part)  in  o 
the  Roman  province  of  Achaia  27  B.  c.     Greece  foni  ed 
part  of  the  Eastern  Empire.     See  further  below  and  tn- 
Ser  the  various  cities;  also  Persian  Wars  and  Pcloponu- 
tianWar.  {!>)  itodern  Greece :  a  kingdom,  capital 
Athens,  lying  between  the  Turkish  empire  on 
the  north,  and  the  sea  on  the  east,  south,  and 
west  and  including  the  Ionian  Islands,  Euboea, 
the  Cvdades,  and  some  smaller  islands.    It  in- 
cludes'the  ancient  Peloponnesus,  Central  Greece  south- 
elstern  Spirus,  and  nca,^y  all  Thessaly ;  and  <;<'»'";"^.* 
u.Hnnrchies ;  Attica,  Bieotia,  l-.ul.cca,  Phth^.tis    PIh.'ib, 
Acanlunia  and   --Etolia,  Achaia,  Elis,  Arcadia,  Laconia. 
Jleasenia,  ArgoUs,  Corintli,  Cyclades,  Corfu,  Cephalonia. 
Zacynthos,  Aria,  Tri.-ala,  Larissa,  EuiTtania,  JlagneMa, 
Karditsa,  Triplivlia,  Lacedrcnion,  and  Lcucas.     Ihe  tov- 
erumonl  is  a  hereditary  constitutional  m<uiarchy,  wiin  a 
charnl.er  of  deputies  CJOT   mcniliers,.     The  prevailing  re- 
ligion is  that  of  the  Greek  Chureh.     The  inhalutants  are 
cliblly  Greeks  (with  some  Albanians  and  Wallaclmini.!. 
In  the  later  middle  age.^  Greece  was  8Ul)ject  to  the  \  ine- 
tians  a.ul  other  foreign  rulers;   It  was  conijueml  by  \  en 
ic-  Ir«.->-S7,and  reeominered  by  the  Turks  in  1715      M"  i 
recentevents  are  the  revolution  of  l«21-2;.i:  ">;■',«'";':",'■,'■ 
mentof  akingd.ini  in  18:)2:  the  .>volution  nl  1»4.),     u, 
grant  of  a  constitution  in  1K44  ;  the  revoluti.m  and  the 
deposition  of  Otto  in  1KB2:  the  election  of  George  l.n. 
18f.:f  tlie  cession  of  ArtJi,  Tricala.  and  Lan.^^sa  by  luike> 
in  Uil-  and  the  war  with  Turkey  in  1807.     .Area,  2..,014 
lUir.-  iiiil'~       I'opulation  (iWt,,  2.433,HUC 


457 


Greek  Empire.     See  Eastern  EiHiitre. 

Greek  Independence,  War  of.  The  Greek  re- 
volts against  tlif  Turks,  which  broke  out  in  the 
Moiva^iud  in  Wallachia  and  Moldavia,  in  IHL'l. 
The  war  was  noteworthy  for  the  Greek  e'',i;';'',"„''>' "'•"• 
tho  aid  rendered  by  r...rd  liyron  and  other  philhelleids  s, 
the  Turkish  atrocities  in  Chios,  and  the  interference  ol  the 
powers  ami  their  victory  over  the  Turkish  fl«e' "'  ^J'™; 
rino  in  1827,  anil  tho  llnal  llus-.f>-Turkish  war  of  182h-21l, 
which  secured  the  independence  of  Greece. 

Greeley  (gre'li).  Tho  capital  of  Weld  County, 
uortluTii  Colorado,  on  a  tributary  of  tho  South 
I'latte.     Po|'"l'it'ou  (1000),  :t,02:i. 

Greeley,  Horace.     Bom  at  Amherst,  N,  H., 

Feb.  3,  1811:  died  at  Pleasantville,  Westclies- 
ter  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  29,  1H72  A  ceUbratod 
American  jimnialist.  aiillior.  and  politician,  no 
founded  tho  New  York  "  Tribune  "  in  18-11  ;  was  a  member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  1 848-1  il ;  was  a  noted  anti- 
slavery  leader  ;  and  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the 
Liberal-Republican  and  Democratic  parties  for  the  presl- 
dency  in  1872.  His  chief  work  la  "The  American  Con- 
flict'(ISW-tiU). 


Greely  (gre'li),  Adolphus  Washington 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  March  -i,  li^-l 
American  Arctic  explorer.    He  served  as  a  volun- 
teer  in  the  Union  Army  during  the  CivU  «  ar,  "   ''■;.^";;^ 
of  which  he  was  appointed  a    leutenant  >°  «'^/';K' '"^ 
anuy  and  attached  to  the  signal  service     In  1»81  be  wm 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  expedition  ?ent  o"      Y 
the  government  to  establish  an  Arctic  obser^ng  statio 
n  aeeordatiee  with  the  plan  of  the  Hamburg  Interna  lo 
Geographical  Congress  of  1879,  providing  for  the  erection 
of  a-Sn  of  13  stations  about  ti,  north  Po'e  b>-  >■'<^•";';- 
tional  concert.    He  sailed  from  St.  .'ohn  ^  > ewf oundla,  d 
with  24  men,  in  the  Proteus  July  7,  1881,  and  Aug.  1-, 
1881.  reached  Discovery  Harbor,  lat.  81   44   -N.,  long,  m 
45'  \V  .  where  he  eslabhshed  his  station.    A  detachment 
of  his  expedition  under  Lockwood  and  Brainard  went 
?o  lat.  83' 24i-  N.,  long.  40'  46!'  W.,  May  1=^.  If  2  '.higher 
latitude  than  any  before  attained.    Compelled  hy  the  fail- 
ure of  relief  expeditions  to  reach  him,  he  began  to  retreat 
southwanl  Aug.  9,  1883,  and  was  rescued  at  Cape  .sabine 
bv  a  relief  expedition  under  Captain  W  inlleld  schk), 
June  22, 1884,  after  having  lost  18  of  his  men.     Uc  was  ai|- 
poiuted  chief  of  the  signal-service  corps  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general  in  bs87,  and  was  head  of  the^^  eather 
Bureau  from  that  time  until  it  passed  unde'r  the  control  of 
the  agricultural  ilepartment.     He  has  published     Three 
Years  of  Arctic  Service  •■  as8C>.        .  . 

Green  (greu),  Anna  Katharine.   The  maiden 

naiuo  and  pseudonym  of  Airs.  Kohlfs,  an  Ameri- 
can novelist,  born  in  l•'^■i6.  ^,  ^  -,  , 
Green,  Ashbel.  Born  at  Hanover,  N.  J.,  July 
6  1702:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  19, 1848.  An 
American  Presbyterian  elerg\Tnau,  president 
of  Princeton  College  1812-22. 

Green,    Sir  Henry.    In   Shakspere's  "King 

Kichard  II.."  a  creature  of  the  king. 
Green,  Horace.    Bom  at  Chittentlen,  Vt    Dec. 
-4  isii:;:  died  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  29. 1866. 
An  American  physician,  author  of  works  on  dis- 
eases of  the  thi'oat  and  air-passages. 
Green.  Jacob.    Bom  at  Philadelphia,  July  26, 
1790.  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  1,  lof  1;     An 
American  man  of  science,  son  of  Ashbel  Green. 
Ue  pnl.lished  "Chemical  Philosophy"  (1829),  etc. 

Green,  John  Richard.  Born  at  O.xford,  Eng- 
land Dec.  12  (0.  ISj^:  Jie^i  at  Mentone,  March 
7  1883  A  noted  English  historian.  He  was 
graduated  from  Oxford  in  1859 ;  became  a  curate  in  ix>ndon 
in  18(10 ;  and  in  18t»  w.-ui  appointed  incumbent  of  St.  Phil- 
ip's, Stepney.  He  became  librarian  at  Lambe  h  in  1869^ 
Se 'published  a  "Short  History  of  the  English  Peo,^e 
(1874),  "A  History  of  the  English  People  (1877-80),  Uie 
Making  of  r.ngland"(188-.i),  "'"l  '"t'le  Conquest  of  Eng- 
land"(lSS3).  ^^  .,,  ,     , 

Green,  Norvin.  Born  at  New  Albany,  Ind., 
April  17,  IslS:  died  at  LoulS\^lle,  Ky..  i'eb.  1-, 
1893  An  American  financier.  He  graduated  at  the 
medical  school  In  the  University  of  Louisville  18-lu,  and 
subsequently  served  three  terms  in  the  Kentucky  kgisa- 
ture.  He  became  president  of  the  Southwestern  lelegraph 
Company  about  ISM,  a.ul  w:is  ""<=■•«■»"', ^'^•■■.j'';'^".''.'!^:':'"' 
the  American  Telegraph  Company  and  of  "  >•  )\<-^'^"> 
I„ionT.legr,.phCompany(187S).  Uew;is  president  of  the 
Ujui-vill.-,  Cincinnati,  and  Lexington  fculroad  1809-,3. 

Green.  Seth.  B<>m  at  Iron.l.;(iuo.t  N .\ "March 
19, 1817 :  died  at  Kochester,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  20, 1S,H8. 
\n  American  pisciculturist.  Ue  devised  improved 
methods  of  breeding  H^h,  and  in  18e7-ti8  ^tocked  the  (•....- 
necticut  and  other  rivers  with  shad  and  "'"if  "r"^"^'' • 
and  in  1871  introduced  shad  m  the  rivers  of  Califoinia. 
He  became  a  nH-mber  of  the  Sew  York  Fish  C.ununs.um 
in  18118,  and  in  1870  superintendent,  a  Ii;'siti""  «lmh  he 
retained  until  his  death,  "e  jvrote  '  ."Ut  nil  ue 
(lS7"i    and  "  Fish.llat.lling  an.l  Fl.sh  Catching    (is. 9). 

Green, Verdant,    s-    r.r,/„»M.r««. 

Green,  Widow,  l u  Sheridan  Knowles  s  Love 
Chase,"  '-the  pleasant  widow  whose  fortietli 
year,  instead  of  autumn,  brings  a  second  sum- 
mer in."  „  ^   _  .,, 

Green,  William  Henry.    Born  at  GroveviUc 

near  Trent. m,   .N.   •'.,   Jan.   27,    182o:  died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J..  Feb.  10,  1900.     An  American 
Presbyterian  clcrg\nnan  and theoloijian.  Hegrad- 
uated  at  Lafayette  Colleg,-  in  1810,  and  at  l>i">et«n  1  heo- 
logical  Seminary  in  isi.; :  became  pn.fessor  of  bihllcil . 
Oriental  literature  at  l-i  iucetou  in  ls.'.l ;  and  was  chainiian 
of  the  American  OM  1  cstament  Hevlsion  (  ompany  of  the 
English  and  American  liil.le  Kevisioii  Committees.     His 
works  include  "A  Grammar  of  the  "'^''rew  Language 
(18«1)  'An  Klemenlary  Hebrew  Grammar    (isii<l).     ""»"• 
and  the  Projibeta"  (188:;),  "The  .lewish  l-ea.st8,    etc 
Greenbackers  (gren'bak-erz).    The  Greenback 
parly  (which  see),  or  those  who  adopt  its  priii- 

Greenback  Party.  In  American  politics,  a.  jio- 
litical  parlv,  formed  in  1874,  wlii.'h  urged  tho 
suppressioii  of  banks  of  issue,  audi  he  ])aymeiit , 
in  whole  or  in  part,  ot  the  Unit. 'd  Slatcscli.bt  in 
greenbacks.  It  nomlnaUMl  n«  candidates  for  Hie  pre.^l- 
aenoy  Peter  t'ooper  In  IsTll.  lielienil  James  U.  "  eaver  In 
1880,  and  General  lien)amiu  V  Butler  In  Issl.  ,Sluce  that 
lime  It  has  disappeared  as  a  distinctive  party,  though  tho 
I'.ipuliHl  r.oly  luiiy  be  called  in  some  sense  Its  sllceessor. 

Green  Bay.  -Vn  arm  of  Lake  Micliigan,  on  its 
western  side.  Length,  about  120  mdes.  Great- 
est width,  about  30  miles. 

Green  Bay.  A  .it  v.  lake  port,  and  the  capital 
of  I'.rown  I'ouiitv,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  I'ox 
Kivor,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  44°  32'  N.,  long. 


Greenland 

Born  88°  9'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  lumber  trade. 
1S44.     All     I'opulation  (1900),  18,684. 

Greenbvish(greu'biish).  A  town  in  Rensselaer 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  op- 
posite Albany.     Population  (1890),  7.301. 

Greencastle  (greu'kas-l).  The  capital  of  Put- 
nam Coimty,  Indiana,  40  miles  west  by  south 
of  Indianapolis.  It  is  the  seat  of  De  Pauw 
University  (Methodist  Episcopal).  Population 
(1890),  4,390. 

Greene  (gren),  Charles  Gordon.    Bom  at  Bos- 

eawen.  N.H.,  July  1,  ls04:  diedat  Boston,  Sept. 
27,1886.  An  American  journalist.  He  founded, 
in  1831  the  Boston  "Morning  Post,"  which  became  a  prom- 
inent organ  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  the  management 
i.f  \-hich  he  retained  until  1875. 
Greene,  George-a-.     See  George-a-Grrow. 

Greene,  George  Washington.  Bom  at  hast 
Clreen  wich,  R.  I.,  April  8, 1811 :  died  there,  Feb. 
2, 1883.  An  American  historical  and  biographi- 
cal wTiter.grandson  of  Nathanael Greene.  Among 
his  works  are  "Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion "  (180:.),  "  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene"  (1807-1)8),  etc 

Greene  Maurice.  Bom  at  London  about  16961 
died  ui'LoihIou,  Dec.  1, 1755.  -An  English  organ- 
ist and  composer,  principally  of  church  music. 
His  chief  work  is- 'FortvSelect  Anthems  "(1743). 

Greene,  Nathanael.  Bom  in  Warwick,  R.  I., 
May  27, 1742 :  died  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  June  19, 
17S6.  An  American  general.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  Trenton, Princeton. Brandy  wine,Gernianto«-n,Mon- 
moiith  and  elsewhere  ;  succeeded  Gates  in  command  ol 
the  southern  army  in  1780 ;  conducted  the  retreat  from  the 
Catawba  to  the  llan  in  1781 ;  .and  commanded  at  Guillora 
Court  House,  Hobkirk  s  Hill,  and  Eiitaw  Springs  m  1781. 

Greene,  Nathaniel.   Bom  at  Bosca weu,_N.  H. , 

M;iy  "0, 1797 :  died  at  Boston.  Nov.  29, 18i  /.  An 
Atuerican  journalist,  brother  of  Charies  Gordon 
Greene.  He  founded,  in  1821,  the  Boston  "  Statesman," 
which  became  a  prominent  organ  of  the  Ilemoeratic  party 
in  Massachusetts,  and  was  postmaster  of  Boston  1829-40 
and  isjr.-19.  He  translated  a  number  of  French,  German, 
and  Italian  works. 

Greene,  Robert.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
l.-)tiil:  died  at  London,  Sept.  3,  1592.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  novelist,  and  poet.  He  was  edu- 
cated .at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  master  8 
degree  in  1583.  Ue  was  subsequently  incorporated  at  I  x- 
ford  After  leaving  the  university  he  seems  to  have  led  a 
dissolute  life  abroad  for  some  time.  In  1592,  after  10  years 
of  reckless  living  and  hasty  literary  production,  ho  died 
after  "a  debauch  of  pickled  herrings  and  Khenish,  de- 
serted by  all  his  friemis.  Gabriel  Harvey  attacked  him 
shortly  after  his  death  in  "  Four  I.ettere  and  (-ertain  Sou- 
nets,  etc."  Mei-es,Chettle,Xashe,andothersdefendedhim, 
and  Nashc,  who  had  lUso  been  attacked,  published  his 
"  strange  News,'"  directed  more  against  Harvey  than  in 
.lefense  of  Greene.  The  quarrel  was  prolonged  Greene  » 
fame  rests  mostly  on  the  songs  and  eclogues  which  are  in- 
tei>pei-se.l  through  his  prose  works.  His  pr  ncipal  wotks 
ore  tracls  and  pamphlets,  "Mamillia.  etc.  (entered  on 
•Stationers'  Register"  1680),  "Gwydonius.  Ilie  Caroe  of 
Faucie  '( 1584),  '  Arbasto,  the  Anatomic  of  I  ortune  (I.*!). 
"Planetomachia' (1:kS«1,  "Euphues.  his  Censure  ..Ihl- 
lautus.  etc  "  (VSTt,  "  Perimedcs  the  Blacke-Smlth  15881, 
Pandosto:  the  Triumph  of  Time,  the  liyst«rie  of  Itoras. 


tuVa'ud  F^wnia  ""(1588):  -  Alcida  "  (licensed  y«8>,  •'«•;."?• 
Dhon  etc  "(1589:  this  appeared  as  "Greenes  Arcadia  in 
lS."Greenes Mourni.V- Garment. etc. '(K'.OOlT.ree.^^^^^ 
Never  too  Late  "  (ISlKi), "  Greene's  I  .u-ewell  to  lolly  (1591), 
"  A  Notable  liiscowery  of  Coosnage  0'' 3  parts  .  2  in  l.WI, 
the  third  in  l.™2>,"Greene's  Gioaisworth  of  W  i  .  etc  (pnb. 
llshe,l  at  his  dying  request :  licensed  15!tt)  His  pl"J  s_are 
••(irlando  Kurioso,  "  ■  A  Looking  Glass  for  1/indon  and  Eng- 
land "(With  Ix.dgc),  'The  Honourable  "'s'"';?'.?!.'^!""' "'l" 
■on  and  Friar  Bungay."  "  James  the  Fourth,  '"Alphonsiis, 
KiiiL-  of  Aragon.  "  and  "George  a-Greene,  the  Pinner  of 
Wakilleld."  Dyce  ,  ollected  and  edited  his  works  1831-fJJ. 
Greenfield  (gren'leld).  The  capital  of  Frank 
lin  County.  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  ton- 
necticut  Kiver  *t  miles  iH.rlli  of  SpringUcl.l. 
I'opuhilioii  (190(1),  7,927. 

Greenhat  ( gren  hat).  Sir  Humphrey.  The  pseu- 
donvm  of  Sir  Ambrose  Crowley  in  "The  lat- 
ler,''  No.  73.  ,j  T  1        T 

Green  Isle.  The,  or  The  Emerald  Isle.    Ire 

land:  so  naincil  from  its  verdure. 

Greenland  (gren'laud),  Dan.  Gronland  (grfcn'. 

liiiul).  I  Discovered  by  Norsemen  about  900.  ho 
imiiicil,  it  is  said,  in  986  by  Eric  the  Ki'd  with  the 
intent  of  attracting  immigi-aiits  from  Iceland 
by  this  alluring  name.]  An  island  in  the  north 
polar  regions,  belonging  in  part  to  Denmark, 
northeast  of  North  .-Vmerica.  It  estemls  fnmi  Capo 
Farewell,  In  ah<mt  lat.  (10"  N.,  northerly  I.,  hevmid  82 
\  In  the  Interior  is  a  plateau  covered  wM  h  an  Icecap, 
with  the  highest  IHdnt  about  12,(»X1  feet      The  coastjs   11- 

.  e,  with  llordi.  There  arc  some  settlements  in  I  anish 
li^i  Greenland  and  Danish  West  '•['""ll""';,  ^  ™!' H  dl" 
Banish  inonoiHilv.  Uecent  exldorershnve  been  hanc,  Hall, 
Na?'«,  n"ely(iiilheex^ 

oiied  Green  anil  in  l.s,s.s),  and  Peary  (who  eipb.red  ho 
rrthenri^e-rp  in  1891-92.  ""d  visited  the  same  rc-g  on 
I,.  1SIW  «',  and  ll«>i).       I  was  visited  by  l.rlc  the  Ki-.l  ai  .1 

,1  m  zed  1  V    in  In  98,;.     It  w«,  rediscovered  by  llavls  in 

M5  I  rcoloi,i.e.l  by  the  Panes  In  1721.  Ks.i.nate, 
,rea  M'J.eoO  sqllale  tulles.     Population  (most  >     •-kh>'"«) 

1891  I  10  5Ui(:f09  o(  them  European.) in  the  Danish  U'lrL 
t ory   « Iti'  pruhably  a  few  hun.ireds  more  elsewhere. 


Greenleaf 

Oreenleaf  (gren'lef).  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Hav- 
erhill, JIass.,  Sept.  25.  1786:  died  at  Bratlford, 
Mass.,  Oct.  29, 1864.  An  American  mathemati- 
ciau,  author  of  a  series  of  mathematical  text- 
books. 

Greenleaf,  Simon.  Born  at  Newburyport.Mass., 
Dec.  5. 1783:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  C, 
1853.  An  American  jurist,  reporter  of  the  Maine 
Supreme  Court  182(>-32,  and  professor  of  law  at 
Harvard  1833-48  (when  he  became  professor 
emeritus),  succeeding  Story  in  the  Dane  pro- 
fessorship in  1846.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Law  of  E\-idence"  (1842-58). 

Green  Mantle.     See  Bedgauntlet. 

Green  Mountain.  The  culminatiug  summit  of 
Mount  Desert,  Maine,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
island.     Height.  1.527  feet. 

Green  Mountain  Boys.  The  soldiers  from  Ver- 
mont in  the  American  Revolution,  first  organ- 
ized under  this  name  by  Ethau  Allen  in  1775. 

Green  Mountains.  Tliat  part  of  the  Appala- 
chian system  situated  in  Vermont,  continued 
in  Massachusetts  by  the  Hoosac  and  Taconie 
Mountains.  The  hijrhest  peak  was  long  considered  to 
be  Mount  JIansfield  (-1,070  feet),  but  Killington  Peak  (4,:;40 
feet)  now  claims  the  honor. 

Green  Mountain  State.  A  popular  name  of 
Vermont,  which  is  traversed  by  the  Green 
Mountains, 

Greenock  (gren'ok).  A  seaport  and  parliamen- 
tary borough  in  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Clyde  19  miles  west-northwest  of 
Glasgow.  It  is  noted  for  the  building  of  iron  ships  and 
for  its  foreign  commerce,  and  manufactures  sugar  and 
machiiien.'.     Population  (190i),  67,645. 

Greenough  (gren'6),  George  Bellas.  Born 
1778:  died  at  Naples,  April  2.  1855.  An  Eng- 
lish geographer  and  geologist.  He  founded  the 
Geological  Society  of  London,  becoming  its  tirst  president 
in  1811,  and  retaining  that  otfice  for  6  years  (he  was  sub- 
sequentlytwice  reelected).  He  was  also  several  times  pres- 
ident of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society.  He  constructed 
various  geological  maps,  the  most  extensive  being  one  of 
British  India. 

Greenough,  Horatio.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  6, 
IsOa :  died  at  Somerville,  near  Boston,  Dec,  18, 
1852,  An  American  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  a  statue  of  Washington  (near  the  Capitol,  Washington), 
'■  The  Rescue  "  (Capitol,  Washington).  "  Venus  Victrix  " 
(Boston  Athcnieuni),  etc. 

Greenough,  Richard  S.  Born  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
Boston,  April  27, 1819,  An  American  sculptor, 
lirother  of  Horatio  Greenough. 

Green  River.  A  river  in  Kentucky,  joining 
the  Ohio  7  miles  southeast  of  Evansiolle,  Indi- 
ana. Length,  about  350  miles ;  navigable  about 
150  miles. 

Green  River.  A  river  in  Wyoming,  northwest- 
ern Colorado,  and  Utah,  uniting  with  the  Grand 
River  to  form  the  Colorado  about  lat.  38°  15' 
N.,  long.  109°  51'  W.     Length,  about  750  miles. 

Greensleeves  (gren'slevz).  A  ballad  sung  to  a 
tune  of  the  same  name.  It  has  been  a  favorite  since 
the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century.  The  tune  is  one  to 
which  "Christmas  comes  but  once  a  year"  and  many  other 
songs  of  the  same  rhythm  are  sung,  and  is  probably  much 
older  than  the  ballad.  The  ballad  has  several  names :  *'  X 
New  Courtly  Sonet  of  the  Lady  Greensleeves  to  the  new 
tune  of  Greensleeves,"  printed  in  1.tS4:  "A  New  Northern 
Dittye  of  the  Lady  Green  Sleeves,"  licensed  in  15S0.  Child 
reproduces  the  former  in  his  '*  English  and  Scottish  Bal- 
lads "  as  "Greensleeves." 

Green's  Tu  Quoque,  or  The  Citie  Gallant.   A 

jilav  bv  John  Cooke,  published  in  1614.  See 
liubbh'. 

Green  Vault,  The.  [G.  Dasqriine  Geicolhe.']  A 
series  of  8  rooms  in  the  royal  palace  at  Dresden, 
containing  an  unrivaled  collection  of  precious 
stones,  works  of  art,  etc.  It  is  called  the  green 
vault  from  the  color  of  its  original  decorations. 

Greenville  (gren'vU).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Greenville  Cotmty,  Soiith  Carolina,  situated 
on  the  Reedy  River  in  lat.  34°  50'  N.,  long.  82° 
25'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  Baptist  eciuca- 
tional  institutions.     Papulation  (1900).  11,860. 

Greenwell  (gren'wel).  Dora.  Bom  at  Green- 
well  Ford,  Durham,  Dee.  6,  1821:  died  March 
29, 1882,  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.  Her 
poetical  works,  which  are  chiefly  of  a  religious  character, 
include  volumes  of  poems  (1S4S,  1S50X  "Carmina  Crucis" 
(18t>9\  "Songs  of  Salvation"(18"3>,  etc.  Among  her  prose 
works  is  '■  The  Patience  of  Hope  "  (1880). 

Greenwich  (grin'ij).  A  municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  Loudon  situated  on  the 
Thames  5  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul's.  It  is 
noted  for  the  Koyal  Observatorj-  (built  in  1675)  and  for 
Greenwich  Hospital  (which  see).  The  observatory,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  or  28'  S8 "  N.,  is  the  point  of  departure,  through 
which  the  zero  meridian  passes,  from  which  longitudes 
are  measured  in  English-speaking  countries.  Population 
(1891),  165,417, 

Greenwich.  A  town  in  Fairfield  Count}-,  Con- 
nectieutj  situated  on  Long  Island  Sound  30 


458 

miles  northeast  of  New  York.  Population 
(1900),  12,172. 

Greenwich.  A  former  village  in  the  western  part 
of  Manhattan  Island,  now  a  part  of  New  York 
city. 

Greenwich  (griii'ij)  Hospital.  A  hospital 
for  seamen,  situated  at  Greenwich,  England,  it 
occupies  the  site  of  a  royal  palace  which  was  removed 
during  the  Commonwealth.  It  was  rebuilt  in  the  reigns 
of  Chalks  II.  and  William  III.,  and  in  1694  was  converted 
into  a  sailors'  hospital.  From  1865  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  tlie  pensioners  have  been  non-resident,  and  part  of 
the  building  has  since  1873  been  occupied  as  a  Koyal  Naval 
College. 

Greenwood  (gi-en'wud),  Grace.  The  pseudo- 
n\-m  of  Mrs.  Sara  Jane  (Clarke)  Lippincott. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  A  cemetery  in  southern 
Brooklyn,  overlooking  Gowanus  Bay  in  New 
York  harbor.  It  was  opened  for  interments  in  1840.  It 
is  400  acres  in  extent,  and  is  well  laid  out  and  ornamented 
with  forest  trees. 

Greenwood  Lake.  A  lake  on  the  border  of  New 
Jersey  and  New  York.     Length,  10  miles. 

Greg  (greg),William  Rathbone.  Born  at  Man- 
chester. England.  1809:  died  at  Wimbledon, 
Nov.  15,  1881.  An  English  essajist.  His  works 
include  "  Political  Proldems  for  our  .-ige  and  Country  " 
(l870).  ''Enigmas  of  Life"  (1872),  "Eocks  Ahead,  or  the 
Warnings  of  Cassandra  "  (1874),  "  Mistaken  Aims  and  At- 
tainable Ideals  of  the  Working  Classes  "  (1876),  and  various 
collections  of  essays. 

Gregg  (gieg),  David  McMurtrie.    Born  at 

Huntingdon,  Pa,,  April  10,  1833.  An  American 
soldier.  Hewasgraduatedat  West  Point  in  IS55;  served 
as  colonel  in  the  Federal  army  in  the  Peninsuhu-  campaign 
in  1862  ;  was  promoted  brigadier-geuei-al  of  volunteers  in 
the  same  year ;  commanded  a  division  of  cavalry  at  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg  in  1863 ;  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  2d  cavalry  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
in  1S64;  and  resigned  Feb.  3,  1865.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania, 
Hawes's  Shop,  and  TreiHian  Station. 

Gregg,  John  Irvin.  Born  July  19,  1826: 
<Jied  Jan.  6.  1892.  An  American  soldier.  He 
volunteered  as  a  private  in  Dec,  1846,  and  after  having 
served  throughout  the  war  with  Mexico  was  dischai-ged 
with  the  rank  of  captain  Aug.  14,  ISl.'S.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  he  became  a  captain  in  the  Federal  army  ; 
was  made  colonel  of  the  16th  Pennsylvania  Cavalrj'  Nov. 
14,  1862 ;  and  commanded  a  caviUj-y  brigade  in  the  .\rmy 
of  the  Potomac  from  April,  lS63,-.\pril,  1865.  He  fought 
with  distinction  at  Kelly's  Ford,  Sulphur  Springs,  Trevil- 
ian  Station,  and  Deep  Bottom.  He  was  mustered  out  of 
the  volunteer  service  Aug.  11, 1865 ;  became  colonel  of  the 
Sth  United  States  Cavalry  July  28,  1866 ;  and  was  retii'ed 
April  2,  1879. 

Gregg,  Maxcy.  Born  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  1814: 
killed  at  the  liattle  of  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13, 
1862.  An  American  politician,  and. brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  service. 

Gregoire  (gra-gwar'),  Henri.  Bom  at  Veho, 
near  Lunex-ille.  France,  Dee.  4,  17.50:  died  at 
Paris,  May  28,  1831.  A  noted  French  ecclesi- 
astic (bishop  of  Blois)  and  revolutionist.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1789,  of 
the  Convention  in  1792.  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in 
1795,  and  of  the  Senate  in  18ol.  He  wrote  '■  Histolre  des 
sectes  religieuses"  (ISIOX  "  Essai  historique  sur  les  liber- 
ies de  I'egUse  gallicane  "  (1818),  etc. 

Gregoras  (greg'o-ras),  Nicephonis.  Born  at 
Heraelea  Pontica,  Asia  Minor,  probably  1295 : 
died  about  1359.  A  Byzantine  scholar.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  Byzantine  history  in  38  books  covering  the 
period  12f-4-13-^9,  and  of  other  extensive  works  on  historj-, 
theology,  philosophy,  astronomy,  etc. 

Gregorovius  (greg-6-ro' ve-6s),  Ferdinand. 
Born  at  Neidenburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  19,  1821: 
died  at  Munich,  May  1, 1891.  A  noted  German 
historian.  His  works  include  "Geschichte  der  Stadt 
Rom  im  Mittelalter  "  ("Histoiy  of  the  City  of  Home  in 
the  Middle  Ages,"  1859-72),  •'  Wanderjahre  in  Italien  " 
(1857-77),  "Lucrezia  Borgia"  (1874).  "Geschichte  der  Stadt 
Athen  im  Mittelalter  "  (2d  ed.  1889),  etc, 

Gregory  (grpg'o-ri),  Saint,  surnamed  "The  Il- 
luminator'' (in  Armenia  called  Gregor  Lusa- 
savoritch).  [ME.  Grcgorie,  F.  Gregoire,  It,  Sp, 
Pg.  Gregorio,  G.  Gregorius,  Gregor,  L.  Grego- 
riiis,  from  Gr.  Tpir,opio^,  lit.  'watchful.']  Bom 
at  Valarshabad,  Armenia,  about  257:  died  332. 
The  founder  and  patron  saint  of  the  Armenian 
Church.  He  was  consecrated  patriarch  of  Ar- 
menia about  302. 

Gregory  I.,  Saint,  sumamed  "  The  Great."  Bom 
at  Rome  about  540:  died  there,  March  12,  604. 
Pope  590-604.  He  was  descended  from  an  illustrious 
Roman  family,  probably  the  Anicians:  studied  dialectics, 
rhetoric,  and  law  ;  entered  the  civil  service ;  and  about 
574  was  appointed  pretor  urbanus  by  the  emperor  Justin. 
Retiring  from  this  office  in  order  to  consecrate  himself  to 
an  ecclesiastictd  life,  he  employed  the  wealth  left  him  at 
his  father's  death  to  establish  six  monasteries  in  Sicily  and 
one  at  Rome,  and  in  the  last-named  foundation  he  him- 
self became  a  monk.  About  579  he  was  sent  as  papal  apo- 
crisiarius  to  Constantinople  by  Pelagius  II.  He  returned 
to  Rome  in  585,  and  in  590  was  elected  pope.  He  restored 
the  monastic  discipline,  enforced  the  rule  of  celibacy  of 
the  clergy,  arranged  the  Gregorian  modes  or  chant,  and 
displayed  great  zeal  in  propagating  Cluistianity.    It  is 


Gregory  XII. 

said  that  when  a  monk  he  saw  some  heathen  Anglo-Saxon 
youths  exposed  for  sale  in  the  slave-market  at  Rome,  and 
that  on  ascertaining  their  nationality  he  exclaimed,  "They 
would  be  indeed  not  Angii,  hut  a'ii;ieii  (angels),  if  thejr 
were  Christians :"  He  would  have  gone  himself  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  Britain,  but  was  restrained  by  the  Pope.  In  597 
he  sent  Augustine,  accompanied  by  40  monks,  to  Ethel* 
bert,  king  of  Kent,  who  was  baptized  with  10,000  of  his 
subjects  in  the  space  of  a  year.  His  memoiy  is  stained 
by  an  adulatory  letter  of  congratulation  to  the  usurper 
and  murderer  Phocas  on  his  accession  to  the  imperial 
throne,  written  with  a  view  to  gaining  his  support  in  a 
dispute  with  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  was  the 
author  of  numei-ous  homilies  on  Ezekiel  and  the  GospeU, 
"Moralia,"  "Regula  (or  Cura)  Pastondis,"  "Dialogues," 
"Letters,"  "Liber  Sacramentorum,"  "Liber  Antiphona- 
rius,"  etc.  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  the  "Bene- 
dictine "  (1705). 

Next  to  Leo  I.  he  [Gregory  I.)  was  the  greatest  of  the 
ancient  bishops  of  Rome,  and  he  marks  the  transition  of 
the  patriarchal  system  into  the  strict  papacy  of  the  middle 
ages.       Schaff,  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  III.  328. 

Gregory  II.,  Saint,  Pope.  Died  Feb.  10,  731. 
Pope  715-(31.  He  sent  Boniface  as  missionary  to  the 
Germans  719,  and  opposed  the  iconoclasm  of  Leo  the  Isau- 
rian.  He  is  commemorated  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
on  Feb.  13. 

Gregory  HI.,  Saint.  Died  Nov.,  741.  Pope 
731— /41.  He  convoked  at  Rome,  in  732,  a  council  which 
denounced  iconoclasm  and  confirmed  the  worship  of  im- 
ages.   He  is  commemorated  on  Nov.  28. 

Gregory  IV.  Died  Jan. ,844.  Pope  827-844.  He 
attempted  to  adjust  the  quaiTCl  between  the  three  rebel- 
lious sons  of  Louis  le  Debonnaire  and  their  father,  with 
the  result  that  he  offended  both  parties,  and  also  the 
Fi'ench  bishops. 

Gregory  V.  (Bruno  of  Carinthia).    Died  Feb. 

18.  999.  Pope  996-999.  He  was  elected  through  the 
influence  of  his  uncle,  the  emperor  Otto  III.,  and  w  as  the 
first  German  pope.  He  was  expelled  in  997  by  the  Roman 
senator  Crescentius,  who  procured  the  elevation  of  the 
antipope  John  XVI.  He  was  restored  the  next  year  on 
the  appearance  of  Otto  in  Italy  with  an  army,  and  the 
execution  of  Crescentius  and  John. 

Gregory  VI.  (Johannes  Gratianus).    Died  at 

Cologne  about  1048.  Pope  104.5-46.  He  had  as 
rival  claimants  to  the  papal  dignity  Benedict  IX.  and  Syl- 
vester m.  All  three  were  deposed  in  1046  by  the  emperor 
Henr)'  III.,  who  placed  Clement  II.  in  the  apostolic  chair. 

Gregory  VII.,  Saint  (Hildebrand).    Bom  at 

Saoua(or  Soano),  Tuseanv.  about  1020:  died  at 
Salerno,  Italy,  May  25,  10S5.  Pope  1073-85. 
He  was  of  obscure  origin,  assumed  the  Benedictine  habit 
at  Rome,  and  became  chaplain  of  Gregory  VI.,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  his  exile.  He  entered  tlie  monastery  of 
Cluny  in  1048,  and  in  1049  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Pope 
Leo  ix.  He  was  created  cardinal  archdeacon  about  lOM, 
from  which  time  he  almost  uninterruptedly  conducted  the 
temporal  policy  of  the  curia  until  his  own  elevation.  He 
procured  the  election  of  Nicholas  II.  and  of  Alexander  II., 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1073.  The  grand  object  of  his  pol- 
icy was  to  establish  the  supremacy  of  the  papacy  within 
the  church,  and  of  the  church  over  the  state.  He  issued  a 
decree  against  lay  investitures  (i.  e.,  the  investiture  of  the 
clergy  with  the  secular  estates  and  rights  of  their  spiritual 
benefices  by  the  temporal  power)  in  1075.  and  in  1U76  cited  - 
Henry  TV.  of  Germany  to  Rome  to  answer  to  the  Charlie  of 
simony,  sacrilege,  and  oppression.  Henry,  enraged  at  this 
assumption  of  authority,  declared  the  deposition  of  Greg- 
or}', who  retorted  by  excommunicating  Henry,  Henrj-  was 
suspended  from  the  royal  othce  by  the  disaffected  German 
princes  in  alliance  with  the  Pope  at  the  Diet  of  Tribur  in 
Oct. .  1076,  but  did  penance  before  the  Pope  at  Canossa  Jan. 
25-27, 1077,  and  received  a  conditional  absolution.  The  ex- 
communication was,  however,  renewed  in  1078,  and  war 
ensued.  Henry  defeated  (1080)  Rudolf  of  Swabia,  put  for- 
ward as  king  by  the  papal  party  in  Germany,  appointed 
CHenient  III.  antipope  (lOSO),  captured  Rome  (1084),  and 
besieged  Gregorj-  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  Gregorj-  was 
rescued  by  Robert  Guiscard  (1084),  but  died  in  exile. 

Gregory  Vm.  (Maurice  Bourdin).  Died  1125. 

Antipope.  On  the  death  of  Paschal  IL  in  1118,  the  party 
at  Rome  adverse  to  the  emperor  Ilenrj'  V.  elected  Gela- 
sius  II.,  while  the  emperor  elevated  Gregory  VIII.  Gela- 
sius  died  in  1119,  and  his  party  elected  Calixtus  II.  The 
emperor  subseiiuently  made  his  peace  with  Calixtus  and 
abandoned  Gregory,  who  was  imprisoned  by  Calixtus  in 
1121  and  kept  in  confinement  until  his  death. 

Gregory  VIII.    Died  Dee.  17, 1187.    PopeOct.- 

Dec,  1187. 

Gregory  IX.  (Ugolino,  Count  of  Segni).  Bom 
about  1147 :  died  at  Rome,  Aug.  21, 1241.  Pope 
1227-41.  His  reign  was  occupied  by  the  struggle  bet  ween 
the  Ghibellines  and  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  Guelphs  and  the  Pope  on  the  other. 

Gregory  X.  (Teobaldo  di  Visconti).  Bom  at 
Piacenza.  Italv:  died  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  Jan.  10, 
1276.     Pope  1271-76. 

Gregory  XI.  (Pierre  Roger  de  Beaufort).  Bom 

inLimousin,  France:  diedat  Rome,  March. 1378, 
Pope  1370-78.  He  terminated  the  ' '  Babylonish 
Captivit V  "  at  A-vignon  by  removing  to  Rome  in 
1376. 

Gregory  XII.  (Angelo  di  Corraro  or  Cora- 

rio).  Born  at  Venice  about  1325:  died  as  car- 
dinal bishop  of  Porto,  Oct.  18,  1417.  Pope  1406- 
1415.  He  was  elected  by  the  Roman  cardinals  in  1406  in 
opposition  to  Benedict  XIII. ,  w-ho  reigned  at  Avignon,  and 
together  with  whom  he  was  deposed  by  the  Council  of  Pisa 
in  1409.  He  refused  to  )ield  until  1415,  when  he  resigned 
at  the  CouncU  of  Constance. 


I 


Gregory  XHI. 
Gregory  XIII.  (Ugo  Buoncompagni).   Born  at 

'  BolotiiKi,  Italy,  Feb.  7,  l.iUi; :  died  April  10,  1085. 
Pope  l;j7lt-85.  He  iuti-odueed  the  Gregorian 
calendar  in  1582. 

iGregory  XIV.  (Nicolo  Sfondrati).  Pope  1590- 
1591. 
Gregory  XV.  (Alessandro  Ludovisi).    Born 

at  Bologna.  Italy,  15.')4:  died  July,  l(i23.     Pope 
1621-23.     He  founded  the  Congregation  of  the 
Pro[ia<;anda  in  1622. 
Gregory  XVI.  (Bartolommeo  Alberto  Cap- 

Sellari).  Born  at  Belluno,  Italy,  Sc))t.  18, 17(i5: 
iedat  Rome,  June  1, 184G.  Pope  1S31-46.  Pop- 
ular insuiTections  took  place  in  the  Papal  .-states  at  the  be- 
ginniDgof  his  reign,  which  wcie  suppressed  only  by  means 
of  Anstrian  intervention. 

Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  or  Gregory  Nazian- 
zen,  Saint,  suruamed  TheologUS  ('  the  Theolo- 
gian'). Born  at  Xazianzus,  Cajipadoeia,  about 
32.5:  died  about  390.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the 
Eastern  Church.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  orthodox 
party  at  Constantinople  in  379,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Constantinople  in  .380. 

Gregory  of  Nyssa,  Saint.  Born  probably  at 
Oaisarea,  Cappndoeia,  about  335  (331  ?):  died 
about  395  (400  ?)•  A  father  of  the  Eastern 
Cbureh.  He  was  a  younger  brother  of  Basil  the  Great, 
by  whom  he  was  made  bishop  of  Nyssa.  Cappadocia,  in 

572.  He  opposed  Ai'ianism,  and  was  banished  in  370  by 
Valens,  on  whose  death  in  378  he  was  restored  to  his  see. 
His  works  have  been  edited  by  iligne  and  others. 

Gregory  of  Tours,  Saint  (Georgius  Floren- 

tius).  Born  at  Clermont,  Auvergne,  Franoe, 
about  540 :  died  at  Tours,  France,  Nov.  17,  594. 
A  Frankish  historian.    He  became  bishop  of  Tours  in 

573.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Historia  Francorum"  in  10 
books,  the  chief  authority  for  the  history  of  the  Merovin- 
gians to  59L 

Gregory  Thaumaturgus  (tha-ma-ter'gus). 
Saint  (Theodorus).  Born  at  Neocsesarea,  Pou- 
tiis,about210:  died  about  270.  Oneofthefathers 
I  the  Eastern  Chui'ch.  He  was  for  many  years  bishop 
I  his  native  city,  and  received  the  surname  Thaumaturgus 
t  wonder-worker ')  on  account  of  the  numerous  miracles 
lie  was  reputed  to  have  performed.  His  extant  works  con- 
?i3t  of  one  epistle,  a  panegyrical  oration  on  Origen,  and  a 
p.iraphrase  of  the  book  of  Ecclesiastes. 

Gregory.  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Romeo  and  Ju- 
liet." a  servant  to  Capulet. —  2.  In  Fielding's 
■  Mock  Doctor,"  the  name  given  to  the  oliarac- 
!.  r  called  Sganarelle  in  Moli^re's  •'  Le  medecin 
lalgre  lui,"  from  which  it  is  taken.  He  is  a 
i^'Ot-maker  who  pretends  to  be  a  doctor. 

Gregory,  David.  Born  at  Kinnairdie.  Banff- 
shire, Scotland,  June  24,  1661 :  died  at  Maidon- 
lirad,  Berkshire,  England,  Oct.  10.1708.  A  Scot- 
tislt  astronomer.  He  became  prof essor  of  mathematics 
;it  Edinburgh  in  1083.  and  was  "the  first  professor  who 
jiuttlicly  lectured  on  the  Newtonian  philosophy "  (Z>(ef. 
.VfYf.  fiioij.).  In  1691  he  was  appointed  Savilian  professor 
<if  astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  became  a  fellnw  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  \Wrl.  He  wrote  ".Vstrononuie  phy.sicie  et  geo- 
nielrica!  elenienta  "(1702),  edited  the  work8ofKuclid(170:!). 
.-Old  left  several  treatises  in  manuscript.  Various  papers 
I'yhim  were  published  in  the  ■'Transactions "of  the  Koyal 
Sijciety. 

Gregory,  Duncan  Farquharson.  Bom  at  Edin- 

liurgh.April  13,1813:  dieathere,Feb.  2.'?,  1844.  A 
Si'ottish  mathematician.  He  was  graduated  at  Trin- 
lU  i'<  1 1. ■'.'',  I  iinihridKc,  in  1X38  ;  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
ih  i-iii:nid  :is,-istaMt  tutor  in  1812 :  and  was  the  flrst  editor 
HI  111.    ■!  ;uiihrid;;e  Matlieinatical  .Tournal." 

Gregory,  James.  Born  at  Dnmioak,  near  Aber- 
deen, 1638:  died  at  EdiiiburRh,  Oct.,  107.5.  A 
Scottish  mathematician,  cltu'ted  professor  of 
mathematics iit  KdinburKhiii  1674.  Hewrote"Vcra 
rirculi  et  hyperlinlic  (|uadratura "  (11)07),  "  Exercitationos 
L'-'onietrlcte  "  (16(J8),  etc. 

Gregory,  John.  Born  at  Aberdeen.  June  3, 
1724:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  9, 1773.  A  Scot- 
tish physician,  grandson  of  James  Gregory 
(1638-75).  He  was  electid  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh  in  1766. 

Gregory,  Olinthus  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Yaxley, 
Huntingdonshire,  Jan.  29,  1774:  died  at  Wool- 
wich, Feb.  2, 1841.  An  English  mathematician, 
best  known  from  his  experiments  on  the  velocity 
of  sound.  He  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  Lou- 
don University. 

Gregory,  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
25,  1S03:  ilii-il  A]iril  24,  1858.  A  Scotlisli  chem- 
ist, appointed  professor  of  chemislry  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1844.  He  edited  anil  lranRlale<l  various  (icr- 
man  works (Lielilg,  Keichcnbach),  and  wrote  "tmtlines  of 
rheliiistry  "  (184..),  etc. 

Gregory  Gazette,  Sir.    Sec  Gazette. 

Greifenberg  ( gri'lVn-bero).  A  town  in  t  he  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wega 
40miles  northeast  of  Stettin.  Poptdalion  (1890). 
commune,  5,293. 

Oreifenhagen(gri'feii-ha-gon).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Keglitz  13  miles  south  of  Stettin.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  6,692. 


459 

Greiffenberg  (gi-if'fen-bero).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  34  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Liegnitz. 

Greifswald  (grifs'viilt).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Kyck  in  lat.  .54°  6'  N.,  long.  13°  22'  E.  It  has  a 
university,  and  contains  several 
Population  (1890),  21,024. 


university,  and  contains  several  notable  old  buildings. 
Population  (1890),  21,024. 

Greig  (greg),  sir  Samuel.  Born  at  Inverkeith- 
ing,  Nov.  30,  1735:  died  on  board  his  ship  at 
Sveaborg,  Oct..  1788.  A  Scottish  sailor,  vice-ad- 
miral in  the  Russian  service.  He  served  in  the  Brit- 
ish navy  until  1703 :  was  appointed  lieutenant  in  the  Rus- 
sian nav-y  in  1704,  and  soon  became  captain  ;  commanded 
a  division  of  the  fleet  which  defeated  the  Turks  in  the  Bay 
of  Tchesrne  in  July,  1770;  wasappointetl  rear-adum-al,aiid 
in  1773  vice-admiral ;  and  in  17s»  commanded  theRussian 
fleet  in  the  Gulf  of  Kinland,  lighting  a  drawn  battle  with 
the  Swedes  off  the  island  of  Uogland  on  July  17. 

Grein  (grin),  Michael.  Born  at  Willingshau- 
sen,  near  Zicgenhain,  Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1825: 
died  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  Juno  15,  1877.  A 
German  philologist.  He  was  employed  as  librarian 
and  archivist  in  t^assel  and  Marburg,  and  was  profe3.sor 
in  the  University  of  Marburg  1873-70.  He  edited  "  Bib- 
liothek  der  angelsachsischen  Poesie,"  a  complete  collec- 
tion of  extant  Anglo-Saxon  poetry  with  a  valn.ible  glossary 
(1857-64).  began  "Bibliothek  der  angelsachsischen  I'rosa" 
(1872),  and  published  other  works  on  Oenuanic  and  .Anglo- 
Saxon  literature. 

Greiz  (grits).  The  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Keuss  (elder  line), Germany,  situated  on  the 
White  Elster  47  miles  south  of  Leipsic.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woolens,  half-woolens,  etc.,  and  contains 
the  modern  palace  and  an  old  castle.  Population  (1890), 
20,141. 

Gremio  (gre'mi-o).  A  rich  but  old  suitor  of 
Bianca  in  Shakspere's  "Taming of  the- Shrew." 

Grenada  (gren-a'dii).  An  island  in  the  West 
Indies,  belonging  to  the  British  empire,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  12°  10'  N.,  long.  61°  40'  W. 
Capital,  St.  George's.  It  forms  a  portion  of  the  Wind- 
ward Islands  colony,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  governor. 
It  was  colonized  by  the  Erench  in  1651 ;  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1762  ;  and  wiis  held  by  the  French  1779-83. 
Length,  about  24  miles.  Greatest  width,  12  miles.  Area, 
133  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  54,062. 

Grenadines  (gren-a-denz').  A  group  of  small 
islands  nortli  of  Grenada,  forming  part  of  the 
Windward  Islands,and  divided,  for  administra- 
tion purposes,  between  Grenada  and  St.  Vin- 
cent.    The  largest  is  Can'iacou. 

Grendel.  A  monster  in  Anglo-Saxon  romance. 
He  haunts  a  marsh  on  the  North  Sea,  and  is 
slain  by  Beowulf. 

Grenelle  (gi-e-nel').  A  quarter  of  Paris,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  city,  noted  for  its  ar- 
tesian well. 

Grenfell  (gren'fel),  George.  An  English  Bap- 
tist missionary  and  Alrictiii  exiilorer.  He  was 
among  the  tirst  white  men  on  the  Kuimo  Kiver,  and  Ity 
bis  niniifious  voyages  on  the  mission  sti-anier  Peace  has 
filled  many  gaps  in  the  chartography  of  the  Kongo  basin. 
In  1880  he  explored  the  Lulongo,  Ubangi,  and  Itimbiri 
rivers  ;  in  1S86  the  lower  Kuangu.  In  1S93  he  settled,  iis 
commissioner  of  the  Kongo  State,  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  Kongo  State  and  Angola,  on  the  Kuangu  River. 

Grenfell,  John  Pascoe.  Born  tit  Battersea, 
Sept.  20,  1800:  died  at  Liverpool,  March  20, 
18()<).  An  English  naval  officer  in  the  service 
of  Brazil.  He  fought  under  Cochrane  on  the  Chilean 
and  Peruvian  eoxsts,  1819- 2;f;  followed  him  to  Brazil  in 
the  latter  year  ;  and  remained  in  the  Brazilian  service,  at- 
taining the  rank  of  vice-admiral  in  18.V2.  During  the  war 
with  Argentina,  1851-.V2,  he  commanded  the  Brazilian 
siimulron,  and  forced  the  passage  of  the  Paraui^. 

Grenoble  (gre-no'bl).  [Orig.  Ligurian  CaJaro, 
later  named  (irdtiniiojxili.i,  ivom  the  emperor 
Gratian  who  rebuilt  it.]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Istre,  situated  on  the  Is6re  in 
lat.  4.5°  12'  N.,  long.  ,5°  43'  E.  It  has  a  university, 
a  museum,  and  a  llbraiy ;  has  important  manufaeturcB  t»f 
cement  and  kid  gloves  ;  and  Is  a  strong  fortress.  It  was 
strengthened  by  the  emperor  Oratlan  ;  sutlered  In  the 
Huguenot  wars;  received  Napoleon  on  Ills  return  from 
Elba  in  1815  ;  and  was  the  scene  of  a  Bonapartlst  conspir- 
acy In  1816.      Population  (I'.ioll,  i'.H,o.v>. 

Grenville  (gren'vil),  sir  Bevil.  BomatBrinn, 
Cornwall,  March  23,  15!I5:  killed  at  Lans- 
down,  near  Bath,  .Itily  5,  1643.  An  English 
Royalist  soldier.  He  led  the  van  at  Brailock  Down, 
Jan'.  11),  Im;!,  where  the  Parliamentarians  wore  defeated, 
and  fell  in  the  attack  on  .Sir  William  Waller's  forces  at 
Lansdiiwri, 

Grenville,  George.     Born  (^ci.  14,  1712  :  died 

at  London,  Nov.  13,  1770.  An  English  states- 
miin.  He  entered  Parliament  In  1711  ;  became  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty  in  1744  ;  was  a  loril  of  the  treasury  June, 
1747, -Nov.,  1755  ;  was  treasurer  of  the  navy  Nov.,  1750-112 
(with  a  seat  In  the  cabinet  In  1701)  ;  became  secretary  of 
state  for  the  northern  departmenl  In  May,  1702;  and  be- 
came llr^t  lord  of  the  admiralty  In  (Vt.  of  that  year.  Fnim 
Oct.,  1701.  toOct.,  1702,  lie  was  leaderof  the  House  otfom- 
mons.  He  became  premier  In  April,  1703,  anil  retained 
olllce  until  July,  170.5.  Iliiinmiculed  Wilkes,  and  oiiixised 
the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  .Act  Ui  obtained  the  nickname 
of  "the  Ocntle. shepherd  "in  an  encounter  with  Pitt.  "He 
Interposed  in  defense  of  Dashwuod'B  proposition  of  air  ad- 


Gresley,  William 

ditional  duty  on  cider,  and  reminded  the  house  that  the 
profusion  with  wliich  the  late  war  had  been  carried  on 
necessitated  the  imposition  of  new  taxes.  He  wished 
gentlemen  would  show  him  wtiere  to  lay  them.  lOn  his]  re- 
peating tltis  iiuestion  in  his  querulous,  languid,  fatiguing 
tone,  Pitt,  who  sat  opposite  to  him,  miniieking  his  accent 
aloud,  repeated  these  words  of  an  old  ditty,  'Gentle  shep- 
herd, tell  me  where  1'  and  then,  rising,  abused  Grenville 
bitterly."     Diet.  Sat,  Bio^t. 

Grenville,  or  Greynvile,  Sir  Richard.    Born 

about  1.541:  died  Sept.,  1.591.  A  British  naval 
lioro.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh.  In  158.5 
he  commanded  a  lleet  of  7  vessels  which  took  part  in  the 
colonization  of  \'irginia.  In  15til  he  was  vice-admiral  in 
tlie  lleet  of  10  slii]»s  under  Lord  Thomas  Howard  which 
sailed  to  the  Azores  to  intercept  the  Spanish  treasure-ships. 
While  the  English  were  at  anchor  otf  Klores,  a  Spanish  fleet 
of  53  sail  appeared,  and  Howard  put  to  sea  to  avoid  it. 
Grenville,  however,  refused  to  follow,  and  when,  later,  he 
rashly  attempted  to  pass  through  the  .Spanish  Meet,  wos 
becalmed  and  was  attacked  by  about  15  of  the  largest  ves- 
sels. He  maintained  a  hand-to-hand  fight  for  15  hours, 
and  oidy  surrendered  when  all  but  '20  of  his  150  men  were 
slain.     He  ilied  a  few  days  after  the  battle. 

Gren'ville,  Richard  Plantagenet  Temple  Nu- 
gent Brydges  Chandos,  second  Duke  of  Buik- 
ingham  and  Chandos.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  11, 
1797:  died  there,  July  29,  1861.  An  English  his- 
torian. He  was  known  as  Earl  Temple  1813-2"2,  and  as 
Marquis  of  Chandos  18*22-39,  when  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  duke.  He  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Buckingham- 
shire 1818-39,  and  was  lord  pi  Ivy  seal  1841—12.  lie  in- 
troduced into  the  Reform  Bill  in  1832  the  clause  known 
as  the  Chandos  clause,  which  extended  the  franchise  in 
counties  to  £.50.  He  wrote  "Memoirs  of  the  Court  and 
Cabinets  of  George  III."  (1853-56),  "  Memoirs  of  the  Court 
of  England  during  the  Regency"  (1850),  "Memoirs  of  the 
Court  of  George  IV."  (1859).  "  Jlemoirs  of  the  Couits  and 
Cabiuets  of  \\  illiam  IV.  and  Victoria  "  (1861),  etc. 

Grenville,  Richard  Temple  (later  Grenville- 
Temple),  Earl  Temple.  Born  Sept.  26.  1711: 
died  Sept.  12,  1779.  An  English  politician, 
brother-in-law  of  Pitt.  He  was  fli-st  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  1756-57,  and  lord 
privy  seal  under  Pitt  and  Newcastle  1757-W.  He  was  a 
patron  of  Wilkes,  and  was  thought  by  some  to  be  the  au- 
thor of  the  "Letters"  of  Junius. 

Gren'ville,  Thomas.  Born  Dec  31,  1755:  died 
at  London,  Doc.  17, 1846.  An  English  politician 
(Whig)  and  diplomatist,  best  known  as  a  book- 
collector.  He  bequeathed  over  20,000  volumes 
to  the  British  Museum. 

Grenville,  William  Wyndham,  Baron  Gren- 
ville. Born  Oct.  25,  17.59:  died  at  Dropmore, 
Bucks,  England,  Jan.  12.  1834.  An  English 
statesman,  sou  of  George  Grenville.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1782 ;  was  appointed  paynmster-general  of  the 
army  in  1783  ;  was  chosen  speakerof  the  House  of  Commons 
about  1789;  was  created  Baron  CJrenville  in  1790:  and  was 
secretary  for  foreign  atfairs  in  Pitt's  ministry  1791-lSOl. 
In  1800  he  combined  with  Eoxtoform  theministryof  "All 
the  Talents,"  of  which  lie  was  premier.  The  death  of  Fox 
in  the  same  year  weakened  the  ministry,  and  Grenville 
was  conipcUed  to  resign  in  1807. 

Grenville  Channel.  A  narrow  clumnel  between 
the  niaiuhiiiil  of  British  Columbia  and  Pitt  Isl- 
and.    Length,  50  miles. 

GreshamCgresh 'am).  Sir  Thomas.  DiedatLou- 
diiii,  Nov.21. 1579.  An  English  tinancier.  Hcwas 
employed  to  negotiate  loans  for  the  government  both  at 
home  aud  abroad,  and  was  knighted  by  tjueen  Elizabeth 
in  15,59.  He  founded  the  Royal  Exchange  in  150.5,  and 
Greshani  College  in  157.5,  which  was  opened  In  1590.  He 
observed  and  commented  on  Ih*  tendency  of  the  inferior 
of  two  forms  of  currency  in  circulation  to  circulate  more 
freely  than  the  superior,  which  has  been  named  from  him 
tiresham's  Law. 

Gresham,  Walter  Quinton.    Born  at  Laues- 

ville,lnd.,  March  17,  ls;i2;  died  at  Washington. 
D.  C,  May  28,  1895.  An  American  politician, 
jurist,  and  general.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
18.53,  and  Joined  the  Union  army  at  the  begimdng  of  the 
Civil  Wiu*.  serving  as  a  division  eonnuamior  in  Blair's  corps 
before  Atlantit,  and  being  brevetled  major-genera)  of  vol- 
unteers Miu'ch  i:i,  180.5.  He  was  I  nlled  States  judge  for 
the  district  of  Indiana  1809-82;  was  postmastergenenU 
188'2-81 :  wiui  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1&S4 ;  and  be- 
came secretary  of  state  in  Cleveland's  cabinet  in  1893. 
Gresham  College.  An  educational  foundation 
iti  London,  enilowi-d  liy  the  will  of  Sir  Thomas 
( i  resham.  I.ecturi's  were  commenced  in  1597  ;  the  build- 
ing was  trnnsterred.to  the  government  In  17(18.  The  pres- 
ent biiihiing,  near  the  (iuildball,  was  erected  In  IS43. 

Gresley  ( gni-hi '  ),HenriFrangois  Xavier.  Born 

at  Vassv,  Haute-Marne.  France,  Fel>.  9,  1819: 
died  at  I'aris,  May  2,  1890.  A  French  general. 
He  served  as  hrlgadler-geneml  ami  chief  of  the  geiu'ral 
Btalf  of  the  1st  nimy  cor|iB  in  the  Franco- I'rnsslaii  war; 
was  chief  of  the  general  stall  In  the  ministry  of  war  In  1874- 
1877  •  became  general  of  division  In  ls7;.;  was  minister  of 
war  in  1879;  was  elected  senator  for  life  in  ls79;  ami  wa« 
commander  of  the  5lb  army  corps  ISSO  8:1. 

Gresley  (gres'li),  William.      Born  at  Keml- 

worlh,  Warwickshire,  March  16,1801:  died  at 
Boyne  Hill,  near  Maidenhead,  Berkshire,  Nov. 
19."l87(>.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer.  In 
1857  he  became  jierpetual  cnnite'of  All  Saints,  Bo.vne  Hill. 
He  published  a  number  of  tales  and  many  religious  works 
Among  the  latter  aie  ■ilrdinance  of  Contesalon  "  (IS5I), 
".Sophron  and  .Ni-ologos.  "etc.  tl.wl),"  Priests  onil  Pblloso. 
phers"  (187:n.  "Thoughts  on  liellglou  and  Phllo'ophj  ' 
(1875).     His  tales,  mostly  written  In  conjunction  with  Ed- 


Gresley,  William 


460 


ward  Cliurton,  were  illustrative  of  social  and  religions  life. 
"Bernard  Leslie,"  etc.,  written  b.v  Gresley  aJone  in  1S42, 
was  intended  to  show  the  influence  of  the  Oxford  move- 
menL 


Gresset  (gre-sa'),  Jean  Baptiste  Louis  de.  Bom 
at  Amiens,  Aug.  29,  1709 :  died  there,  June  16, 
1777.  A  French  poet,  for  a  time,  in  his  youth, 
a  member  of  the  Jesuit  order.  His  best-known  poem 
is  "Vert- Vert."  Among  his  other  works  are  "La  Char- 
treuse." "Edouard  III.,"  "  Epitre  h  ma  s<»ur  sur  ma  co{i- 
valescence,"  and  the  comedy  'Le  m^chant"  (1747). 
complete  works  were  edited  b.v  Renouard  1811. 

Greswell  (gres'wel),  Edward.  Born  at  Denton, 
near  Manchester,  Aug.  3,  1797:  died  at  Ox- 
ford, June  29,  1869.  An  English  ehronologist. 
He  was  a  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  O.xford.  and  vice- 
president  of  the  college  1S40-69.  He  published  "  Fasti 
temporis  catholici,  etc."  (Part  1. 1862).  "General  Tables  of 
the  Kasti  catholici,  or  Fasti  temporis  perpetui,  from  B.  c. 
4004  to  A.  D.  2000  "(1852)," Originescalendarise  hellenicsa" 
(1854),  etc. 

Greta  Hall  (gre'tii  hal). 


It  is  in  the  vale  of  Keswick,  Cum 


Southey. 
berland. 

Gretchen  (grech'en;  G.  pron.  gi-at'chen).  [G., 
a  dim.  of  ilarflaret.}  The  principal  female  char- 
acter of  Goethe's  ■'  Faust."  She  is  a  smiple  girl  of 
the  lower  ranks  of  life,  charming  in  her  innocence  and 
contlding  love  for  Faust. 


of  Queen  Elizabeth  :  and  was  an  intimate  friend  and  the 
biographer  of  his  kinsman  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  He  became 
secretar>-  for  Wales  in  l.'>83 ;  treasurer  "of  the  wars"  in 
March,  and  of  the  navy  Sept.,  1.S98  ;  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequerin  1614  ;  and  commissioner  of  the  treasui-yin  1618. 
He  was  stabbed,  Sept.  1,  by  a  servant.  ICalph  Haywood,  one 
of  the  witnesses  to  his  will,  to  whom  he  failed  to  leave  a 
legacy.  His  epitaph,  composed  by  himself,  was  :  "Fulke 
Greville,  sen'ant  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  councillor  to  King 
James,  and  friend  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney.^'  His  works  were 
reprinted  by  Grosart  (1870). 
His  Greville  (gra-vel'),  Henry.  The  pseudonym 
of  Alice  Marie  Celeste  Durand. 
Greville  (grev'il),  Robert,  second  Lord  Brooke. 
Born  1608 :  died  March  2, 1643.  An  EngUsh  Par- 
liamentary general  in  the  civil  war,  only  son  of 
Fulke  GreviUe.  He  defeated  the  Earl  of  .\orthampton 
at  Kineton,  near  Banburj-.  Aug.  3,  1642 ;  was  appointed 
in  Jan.,  1643,  comm.ander-in-chief  of  the  counties  of  War- 
wick, Stafford,  Leicester,  and  Derby  ;  captured  Stratford- 
on-Avon  in  Feb. ;  and  was  killed  at  LichfleUl.  He  wrote 
"The  Nature  of  Truth,  etc."  (1640),  and  other  works. 
The  residence  of  (Jreville,  Robert  Kaye.    Born  at  Bishop  Auck- 


'  purity 
of  domestic  duties,  the  truly  feminine  instinct  with  which 
she  tends  her  little  sister,  the  natural  grace  with  which 
she  reveals  her  feelings,  the  naive  love  of  ornament  natu- 
ral to  the  girl  of  the  people  :  then  the  first  shadows  which     .^  .,,  . 

fall  on  this  transparent  soul,  the  misgivings  roused  by  Cirpxnr  Pranpnia  Pan!  Tnloo 
Fausfs  bold  .address,  the  presentiment  of  danger  and  in-  „„:,„^'.„..  ,  ,„y.  t^.^^SL  .  ^  . 
voluntary  shudder  at  Mephisto's  presence,  her  pious  anxi- 
ety about  the  spiritual  welfare  of  her  lover,  her  devotion 
and  utter  self-surrender  to  him,  her  inability  to  refuse  him 
anything,  and  then  all  the  fell  consequences  of  her  weak- 
ness, madness,  prison,  and  death  —  a  fearful  transition  this 
from  the  idyllic  to  the  tragical. 

Scherer,  History  of  German  Literature,  II.  327. 

Grethel  (greth'el;  G.  pron.  gra'tel),  Gammer. 
The  fictitious  narrator  of  "  Grimm's  Tales." 

Gretna  Green  (gret'na  gren).  A  farmsteading /i_„„  ^„„"^  ■nt„i,«»..5»i.  T}„~,ir<i  j-  jir  x. 
near  the  village  of  Springfield,  Dumfriesshire?  °f-®^i,^™^'  Nebemiah.  Bom  1641:  died  March 
Scotland,  8  miles  northwest  of  Carlisle.  Th;  "f'.-'^^--  An  Etigbsh  botanist,  noted  for  h,s 
name  was  afterward  applied  to  the  village,  which  became  ^t^aies  in  vegetable  anatomy  and  physiology, 
notorious  for  the  celebration  of  irregular  marriages  con-  He  graduated  at  Ciimbridge  (Pembroke  H.all)  in  1661,  and 
traeted  bv  runaway  parties  from  England.  These  m.-ir-  '<">'\!H  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  at  Leyden  in  1671. 
riages  were  rendered  invalid  (unless  one  of  the  parties  has  \"  1^.' '  ".^  ^came  secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  ed- 
resided  for  some  weeks  in  Scotland)  by  an  act  passed  in  i'/''  the  ■Philosophical  Transactions  (Jan.,  1678.-Feb., 
Ig5(}_  16,;,').    His  "  Anatomy  of  Plants    appeared  in  1682. 

Gretry  (gi-a-tre').  Andre  Ernest  Modeste.  Grey  (gia),  Charles,  first  Earl  Grey.    Born  at 

Born  at  Liege,  Belgium.  Feb.  8,  1741:  died  at  Howiek,  1729:  died  there,  Nov.  14, 1807.  AnEng- 

Montmorency,  near  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1813.     A  lisli  general.    He  became  colonel  and  king's  aide-de- 

Preneh  composer.     Hisworks  include  the  operas  "Le  ^^f  iPi.nl772;ioinedHowein  Aonericain  1776(with  therauk 

Huron"  (1768)    "LucUe"  (1769),  "Le  tableau  parlant "  "'  raajor^gf  neral) ;  defeated  Anthony  Wayne  near  Paoll, 

(1769).  "  Mmire  et  Azor  "  (1771),  "  L'Amant  jaloux '■  (1778),  tT-7-   'l^'Ji,  Tt?    "r  ^f  brigade  at  Gerniantown  Oct. 

••E'Eprenve  villageoise."  "  Richard  Cceur  de  lion  "  (1784),  kh^'  '  .""P'^r'^d  New  Bedford  and  Martha  s  \  meyard  in 
"  GuUlaume  Tell  "  (1791),  "  Lisbeth  "  (1797),  etc.     He  also 
wrote  several  books,  "Memoires  on  essais  sur  la  musique  " 
(1789),  "De  la  virit^  etc."  (1803),  etc. 

Greuze  (grez),  Jean  Baptiste.    Born  at  Tour- 

nus.  France,  Aug.  21, 172.5  :  died  at  Paris,  March    duced  Martinique  in  March,  and  St.  Lucia  and  Guadeloupe 
21, 1805.     A  genre  and  portrait  painter,  pupil  at  -'"  -^l"'''  ^"^■'• 


Gridley,  Richard 

Grey  (marquis  of  Dorset  and  duke  of  Suffolk) 
and  great-granddaughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land. She  was  the  pupil  of  Bishop  Aylmer  and  of  Roger 
Ascham.  At  the  age  of  15  she  was  able  to  wTite  in  Greek. 
Latin,  Italian,  French,  and  German,  and  was  studyine 
Hebrew.  She  was  married  U]  Lord  Guildford  Dudley  in 
May,  1653,  as  a  part  of  the  plot  for  changins  the  succession 
of  the  crown  from  the  Tudora  to  the  Dudleys  after  the 
death  of  Edward  VI. ;  was  proclaimed  queen  in  July  1558  • 
was  arrested  in  Nov.,  and  afterward  condemned  for  trea- 
son ;  and  was  executed  on  Tower  HUl  with  her  husband 
Feb.  12,  1554.  She  has  been  made  the  subject  of  tj» 
gedies  by  Rowe  (1715).  Laplace  (174,=i),  JIadame  de  Stael 
(180(1),  Brifaut  (1812),  Soumet  (1844),  Tennyson  (1876),  etc. 
Grey,  Richard.  Born  at  Newcastle,  England, 
1694:  died  at  Hint  on,  Northamptonshire.  Feb. 
28, 1771.  An  English  divine  and  scholar,  rector 
of  Hinton  from  1720.  He  published  "  Memoria  Tech- 
nica,  or  a  New  Method  of  .Artificial  Memorj- "  (1730),  long* 
popular  work  on  mnemonics. 

Grey,  Thomas,  first  Marquis  of  Dorset.  Bom 
1451:  died  Sept.  20,  1501.  An  English  noble- 
man, son  of  Sir  John  Grey,  Lord  Ferrers  of 
Groby,  and  Elizabeth  Wo'odville  (afterward 
queen  of  Edward  IV.).  He  was  created  earl  of  Hunt- 
ingdon in  1471,  and  marquis  of  Dorset  in  1475.  In  1471  he 
took  part  in  the  niurderof  Prince  Edwai-d,  son  of  Henry  VI. 
On  the  accession  of  Richard  III.  he  tied,  and  joined  the 
party  of  Henry  of  Richmond  (afterward  Henry  VII.).  He 
was  on  the  Continent  until  after  the  battle  of  Bosworth. 

Grey,  Sir  William.  Bom  1818:  died  at  Tor- 
quay,  May  15.  1878.  An  English  statesman.  He 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  Bengal  in  1867-71, 
and  governor  of  Jamaica  1874-77. 

Greycoat  School  or  Hospital.  A  school  at 
Westminster,  London,  situated  on  the  east  end 
of  Rochester  Row,  facing  Greycoat  Place,  it  u 
so  named  from  the  color  of  the  clotiiing  worn  by  the  in. 
mates.  It  was  founded  in  1698  by  Queen  .Anne  for  the  edu- 
cation of  70  poor  boys  and  40  poor  girls.     Thornburi/. 

Grey  Friars  (gra  fri'iirz),  or  Fratri  Minores 


land.  Dm-ham,  Dee.  13,  1794:  died  near  EdLn- 
biu-gh,  June  4.  1866.  A  British  botanist.  He 
published  "  Scottish  Cryptogamic  Flora,"  "Flora  Edinen- 
sis  "  (begun  1823),  "  Icones  fllicum  "  (with  Hooker  :  begun 
1829),  "Algae  Britannica;  "  (1830),  the  botany  of  India  and 
of  British  North  America  in  the  "Edinburgh  Cabinet  Li- 
brary," etc.  He  was  an  opponent  of  slavery  and  a  supporter 
of  the  cause  of  temperance. 

'     ' Born  at  Mont-sous- 

Jm-a,  Aug.  23,  1824  : 
A  French  statesman, 
brother  of  Frauyois  Paul  Jules  Grevy.  He  was 
elected  to  the  National  .Assembly  in  1871,  "and  to  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876.  He  was  ciril  and  militaiT 
governor  of  Algeria  (1879-Sl). 

..     Born  at  Mont- 

sous-Vaudrey,  .Jura,  France,  Aug.  15, 1807:  died 

at  Mont-sous- Vaudrey,  Sept.  9, 1891.   A  French 

statesman.    He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assem- 

blyl84S-49,totheLegislative  Assembly  l&49-51,andtothe      ,.  -/..  -      -      -,- -   ^        ■•■«,.         -.  

CorpsLegislatifl86S-70iandw.-ispresidentoftheNational      (t™  *"  ml-no  rez),  or  MinOnteS  (mi'nor-Its). 

Assembly  1871-73.  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1876     In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  one  of  the  men- 

and  1877-79.  He  succeeded  Jlac-Mahon  as  president  of  the     dicant  orders,  founded  bv  St.  Francis  of  Assisi. 

Frenchrepublicinl8,9;wasreelectedmDec., 1885;  and      Also  fnllprl    Fi-/7,>^;c-./,>.o"    ft.      ,u   '^  '  "'  ^-'"»'- 

was  compelled  to  resign  in  1887.  owing  to  the  tfatfic  which     „,?T.,„  Vli'       ?r  ciicans.     The  other  orders  are  Do. 

his  son.in-law  Wilson  carried  on  in  offices  and  decorations.     °S'r  "' /.m  w^^,°^'is^''?  Preachers    or  Black  Fri- 

ars),  Carmelites  (White  Friars),  and  Augustinians  (Austin 
Friars).  The  order  of  Grey  Friars  was  established  by 
Pope  Honoiius  III.  in  1223.  In  London  the  Grey  Friars 
were  located  in  Ludgate  street,  where  Christ's  Hospital 
(Bluecoat  School)  afterward  stood.  The  monastery  was 
founded  by  John  Ewin,  a  mercer,  in  1225.  The  chou-  of 
Grey  Friars  Church  was  built  by  Joyner,  lord  mayor  in 
1239,  and  the  nave  was  added  by  Henrv  Walings.  The 
church  was  rebuilt  in  1306  by  Margaret,  queen  of  Edward 
I.  In  1421  Sir  Eichai-d  'miittington  gave  the  monks  a 
large  library.  It  was  a  favorite  place  of  burial  for  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  family  for  many  years.  Grey  Friars  was 
surrendered  in  16SS,  and  (except  a  few  traces  of  the  niona*. 
tic  residence,  which  m.iy  still  be  seen  in  Christ's  Hospital) 
was  swept  .aw.ay  in  the  great  tire  of  1666. 

Greylock  (gra'lok).     The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Berkshire  Hills,  in  northwestern  Massachu- 
177S ;  returned  to  England  in  1782 ;  and  was  appointed     setts  8  mUes  from  North  Adams.    Height,  3,535  ■;• 
commauder-in-chief  m  -America— an  appointment  which     *„„<-  °     '  "'""^  > 

the  close  of  the  war  rendered  inoperative.     In  1793  he  was   «  ,      _      ,  .  ,      .ft      .,  "^ 

appointed  with  Jervis  (later  Earl  St.  Vincent)  commander  ureySOn  (gra-zon  ).  Emile.     Bom  at  Bmssels, 
of  an  expedition  to  the  French  West  Indies.     They  re-     Aug.  17,  1S23.     A  Belgian  writer,  general  direc- 
tor of  higher  and  intermediate  instruction  in 
Belgium. 


_.,  .„„„.     ..  ^..^.^  „„..  i,„...„.v  p<.x.u.v>^.,  i„x^..  ..„  _       -    r|i,„_|p„  second  Earl  Grev  and  Viscount  ^t-'Kium.    His  works  include  the  romances  "Fiamma 

Lyons  of  Gromdon,  and  m  Pans  (17o5)  of  the  i^rey,  onaries,  seconu  tan  urej  ,  ana  viscount  colonna"(i857),  "Juiter  Da.idje  et  JuHer  Doortie"(i874), 

Academy.    Inl7=6he  went  to  Italy  with  the  Abbe  Gou-    S^'ir'"' ,    ^,°™i  ^r      "^  n°o  °,"r.V.°'''5''   ^7"^-'  "  Hiei-Aujouid'hui "  (1890). 

-          ■                                                             NorthumbCTland  March  13,  1764:  died  July  1^  Greyson(  gra 'son),  R.E.K     An  (ine.xact)  ana- 

1840      An  English  A\  hig  statesman.    He  became  grammatic  pen-name  of  Henrv  Rogers, 

first  lord  of  the  admiialty  under Grenville in  18U6,  foreign  fJroTH-nwT.  i',rv5'tr>„T,  ^       t;oo  <,!„    ?„,?„,?«;  v-,>,.*» 

secretary  on  the  death  of  Fox,  and  was  dismissed  from  J^reytOWn  Ig  a  toirn).     peejxin  Jmiu  del ^o)te. 

office  in  March,  1807.    He  remained  out  of  ofiice  for  many  trriDeaUVal  (gre-bo-var  ),  Jean  EaptlSte  Va- 

years.    In  Nov.,  1830,  he  undertook  the  formation  of  a  quetto  dc.     Born  at  -Amiens,  France,  Sept.  15, 

ministry,  which,  after  an  appeal  to  the  country  (1831)  and  1715:  died  at  Paris,   Mav  9.  1789.     A  French 

a  temporary  resignation  ol  ottice  (May  9-18,  1832).  passed  „„  ..;                   i                 ;     «•       .-ii                 ^i-  j.  ioin.»» 

the  Refcrni  Bill  of  1832  (June,  1832):    In  Aug.,  1833,  he  ^'^".t   "''^  "^'^  general  of  artilleiy. 

carried  a  bill  abolishing  slavery  throughout  the  British  Gnboyedoil  (gre-bo-ya'dof ),  Aleksander  Ser- 

empire,  and  in  1834  passed  the  Poor  Law  Amendment  geyevitch.     Bom  at  Moscow,  Jan.,  1795  :  mur- 

Act.     He  resigned  in  July,  1834  ^  •<    .          _  .                — 


In  1756  he  went  to  Italy  with  the  Abbe  Gou- 
jenot.  In  1767  he  retired  to  -Anjou,  whence  he  returned 
to  exhibit  pictures  in  his  studio.  He  amassed  a  large  for- 
tune, which  was  lost  in  the  Revolution.  Neglected  by  the 
public,  which  admired  only  the  new  school  of  David,  he 
passed  his  last^years  in  miseiy  and  neglect. 

Grfeve  (grav).  Place  de  la.  The  place  of  exe-  yf?rs. 
cntion  of  ancient  Paris.  Until  the  creation  of  the 
Place  dn  Carrousel,  it  was  the  largest  open  square  in  the 
city  ;  was  also  used  as  a  market ;  and  was  the  point  most 
intimately  associated  with  the  business  of  the  city.  For 
this  reason  it  was  chosen  for  the  location  of  the  Hotel  de 

■Ville.which  now  stands  there.   The  space  in  front  of  it,  for- «  tiit    j.       mi 

merlythePlacedelaGrive.isnowcalledPlacedel'Hdtelde  "rsy,  iilllOt.  the  principal  character  in  Les 
Ville.  Besides  being  the  place  for  the  execution  of  crimi-  ter  Wallack's  plav  "  Rosedale,"  created  by  him 
nals.  innocent  victims  have  been  shot  here  in  nearly  every  Grev  Sir  GporffP  '  Born  1 799  •  dipil  Ssnt  o"  1  v;<S9 
revolution  that  has  occurred  in  Paris.  Its  name  ('the  i„^'  'f.~^f  °„f  f  •  ^O™  11  ay.  aieil^ept.  J,  188J. 
strand  ■)  was  given  it  on  account  of  its  position  on  the  hank  i^°  ^ng^Sh  statesman,  grandson  ot  (.  harles,  flrst 
of  the  Seine.  The  Quai  de  la  Gr^ve  was  one  of  the  three  Earl  Grey.  He  was  under-secretary  for  the  colonies 
earliest  ports,  as  they  were  called,  of  Paris:  it  doubtless  1834-39,  judge-advocate-general  1839-41,  home  secretary 
dates  from  Roman  times.  1-- r — j  ,_, —  ....      „  ....  ..... 

Greville  (grev'il).      A  conceited  and  obstinate 

'■st;("hHrl"fG?,',^'oi?>'''''"  '"  Ri'''^^'-'l^°°'«Grey,  Sir  George  Edward.    Bom  at  Lisbum, 
bir  t  ti.til<  s  (Tiandi>oii.  Ireland.  April  14.  1812  :  died  Sept.  19, 1898.     A 

British  colonial  governor  and  author.  Hewasgov- 

-,-,.,,..  ^  _  '„     ,        '  ernor  of  South  Australia  1841-46,  of  New  Zealand  1816-54, 

English    dianst,    gi-andsou    of   the    fifth    Lord    of  Cape  Colony  1854-61.  and  of  New  Zealand  1861-67.    He 
Brooke,  and,  on  his  mother's  side,  grandson  of  ^"''^^'"5^'  ''Polynesian  .Mrthol.igv"  (1855),  etc. 
the  third  Duke  of  Portland.    He  was  secretary  of  Grey,  Henry,  Duke  of  Sufl'olk  and  third  Marquis 
Jamaica  and  clerk  of  the  privy  council.    For  40  years  he    ^^  Dorset.     Executed  1554.     An  English  noble- 
recorded  in  his  diary  his  impressions  and  intimate  know-    man,  father  of  Ladv  Jane  Grey  bv  his  second  (?) 

Henry  Reeve  :tlrst  series.  1817-37  (3  vols.  1875),  second  and  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk,  and  Mary  Tudor, 
third  series,  i837-t)0 (3  vols.  1S85,  2  vols.  1887).  younger  sister  of  Henry  VHI.     See  Giei/,  Ludij 

Greville,  Fulke,  flrst  Lord  Brooke.     Bom  at  '^""e- 

Beauchamp  Court,  Warwickshire,  1554 :  died  Grey,  Lady  Jane.  Bom  at  Broadgate,  Leiees- 
Sept.  30, 1628.  An  English  poet  and  statesman,  tershire,  England,  about  1537:  beheadedat  Lon- 
He  studied  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  became  a  favorite  -Jon,  Feb.   12,   1554.     The  daughter  of  Henry 


dered  at  Teheran.  Feb.  12,  1829.  A  Russian 
poet  and  diploinatist.  He  first  studied  law,  but  at 
the  age  ot  17  entered  the  army,  and  afterward  the  col- 
lege of  foreign  affairs,  the  service  of  which  took  him  to 
Persia  and  Georgia,  where  a  part  of  his  comedy  "  The  Mis- 
fortune of  having  Brains"  was  written.  It  was  played  in 
1832,  after  his  death.  He  was  killed  with  his  followers  in 
an  insurrection. 


under  Lord  John  Russell  1846-52,  colonial  secretary  1S54-  f'-iJl-^ /„.;  i/VN     T«— ».--i.       -d  i  t>      i 

18.-.5.  and  home  secretary  under  Palmeiston  and  Russell  ^i^r^^^^y '"^'.lU'^' ,^®T®°V,*^-     ^°™  ^^  Boston, 
185,1-58  and  1862-66.  March  10,  1  (02 :  died  at  Brooklme,  Mass.,  Sept. 

Grey,  Sir  George  Edward,    "•  '■  -o '-■•'     .     .        •       .  ...        .^.  . 


Greville,  Charles  Cavendish  Fulke.    Born 

April  2,  1794:  died  at  Loudon,  Jan.  18, 1865.    An 


10. 1767.  An  American  lawyer,  brother  of  Rich- 
ard Gridley.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1725,  and 
subsequently  became  a  lawyer.  He  was  attorney-general 
of  the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  where  in  1761  he 
defended  against  James  Otis,  before  the  superior  court  of 
judicature,  the  legality  of  the  writs  of  assistance  demanded 
by  the  British  custom-house  officials. 

Gridley,  Richard.  Bom  in  Massachusetts,  Jan. 
3, 1711 :  died  at  Stoughton,  Mass.,  June  20, 1796. 
AlU  American  general.  He  became  chief  engineer 
and  colonel  of  infantry  in  the  British  army  in  1755,  and 
ser^-ed  under  Winslow  in  the  expedition  to  Crown  Point 
in  1756,  under  Amherst  in  1758,  and  under  Wolfe  in  the 
expeiiition  against  Quebec  in  17.'>9.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  War  of  Independence  he  was  appointed  chief  engi- 
neer and  commander  of  artillery  in  the  colonial  army  at 
Cambridge,  and  planned  the  works  of  Bunker  Hill  "the 
night  before  the  battle  of  June  17,  1776.    He  received  a 


Gridley,  Eichard 


461 


major  general'8  commission  from  the  Provincial  Congress  Glihyasutras   (grh-ya-so'traz).      [Skt.,  'rules 
Sept.  20,  1775,  and  had  command  of  the  Continental  artil-     ncrtaiiiiii"  to  the  house.'l   K'ules  fortbe  oonduet 


lery  until  Nov.  of  that  year. 

Grief  a.-la-Mode.     See  Funeral,  The. 

Grieg  (u'i'tt.')i  Edvard.  Born  at  Bergen,  Nor- 
way, Juno  15,  1843.  A  noted  Scandinavian 
composer.  He  we!it  to  Leipsic  in  1858,  and  studied  for 
four  years  at  the  Conservutorium.  In  1S(J3  he  went  to 
Copenhagen  for  study.  After  hia  return  to  the  north  in 
1867  ills  compositions  became  stamped  witli  the  mark  of 
his  .Scandinavian  nationality.  He  went  to  London  in  18S8, 
where  he  both  pliiyed  and  conducted.  Among  his  com- 
positions are  "lIuniorcsken"(for  the  piano),  "  .Si>ngs,"  the 
"Peer  (lynt"  suite  (two  series),  "Norwegian  Folk-.Songs," 
**  Sigurd  Jorsalfa"  (an  opera),  Norwegian  dances,  etc. 

Qrierson  (grer'son),  Benjamin  Henry.  Born 
at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  July  S,  IsiiG.  An  American 
cavalry  officer.  He  became  aide-de  camp  to  the  Union 
gcnerarPrentiss  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  waa 


of  domestic  rites  and  the  personal  sacraments, 
extending  from  birth  to  the  marriage  of  a  man, 
See  Siitia. 
Grijalva  (gre-nal'vii),  Juan  de.  Bom  in  Cuel- 
lar,  1489  or  1490:  died  in  Nicaragua,  Jan.  21, 
1527.  A  Spani.sh  soldier,  discoverer  of  Mexico. 
He  was  a  nephew  of  Diego  Vel!is<iuez ;  was  with  him  in 
Espaflola  and  Cuba ;  and  wa-s  chosen  to  follow  up  Cordova's 
discovery  of  Vucatan.  He  left  .Santiago  de  Cuba  with  four 
caravels,  Aprils,  1518;  folhm  ,il  arniind  the  coast  of  Yuca- 
tan and  the  continent  to  Cape  Kujo  ur  beyond  ;  obtained  a 
considerable  quantity  of  gold  by  trading  with  the  Indians; 
and  heard  of  the  rich  Aztec  cniiiire  in  the  interior.  When 
he  returned  to  Cuba,  early  in  November,  Velaaiuez  re- 
l)roached  him  for  not  having  made  settlements,  and  he  was 
dismisseii.  In  1523bewent  wit liGaraytn  the  coast  of  Mex- 
ico, an<l  later  he  took  service  with  Peiirarias  at  Panama. 


made  major  of  the  6th  Illinois  Cavalry  in  Aug.,  1881,  and  «_;i  j-j™  /-oxirdHo-l       A  ii-ime  e-iven  to  GuUiver 

commander  of  a  cavalry  brigade  in  Dec,  1862.    He  con-  wniarig  (grU  CUigJ.     A  name  given  to  uu  iner 

ducted  a  cavalry  raid  from  La  Grange  to  Baton  Rouge  by  t  ho  people  of  Brobdiiignag,  in  bn  Ut  S      Oul- 

tn  Api-U,  1803,  to  facilitate  the  operations  of  Grant  about  li\cr's  Travels."     It  meant  a  very  little  man 
Vlcksburg,       '  '    "       '"'                  '    '"--■'         ■  ■  ■■ 
Arkansas. 

Cavalry  July  ».u,  .«■- .«  „.^.^ j-.^^...,.™  «.   —  .       .      i  •         i           f  ^      „         ,.    ,                 , 

United  States  army  March  2,  1867.    .\fter  the  war  ho  waa  An  Austrian  dramatist.    He  studied  jurisprudence, 

engaged  in  frontier  service  at  the  West.  and  in  1813  entered  the civjl  service,  from  which  he  retued 


rg,  and  in  Dec,  1804,  commanded  a  similar  raid  in  GriUparzer  (gril' part-scr),  FranZ.  Born  at 
is.  He  became  colonel  of  the  lOth  United  States  vi,>„V,-i  Tth  IT  17Q1  •  died  tlipve  .Tnn  oi  igTo 
July  28,  18ij.i,  and  brevet  major-general  of  the      '  leuui,  Jan.  l.>,  i(9l.  aieu  tneie,  Jan.  _i,  iai~. 


Griesbach  (gres'biich),  Johann  Jakob.    Born 

at  Butzbach,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Gcrniany,  Jan. 

4, 1745 :  died  at  Jena,  Germany,  March  24,  1S12. 

A  (jennan  biblical  critic,  professor  at  HaUe 

1773-75,  and  at  Jena  1775-1812.     He  edited  the 

Greek  New  Testament  1774-77. 
Ones  (gre  or  gres)  Pass.    A  pass  in  the  Lepon- 

tine  Alps,  leading  from  Obergestelen,  in  the 

Bhdne  valley,  Valais,  Switzerland,  to  Domo 

d'Ossola,  province  of  Novara,  Italy. 

Grieux  (glee),  Le  Chevalier  de.    The  lover  of  (jriinc'gi'im)"  Yu 
•JLanonLescaut,iiiPrevost'snovelof  thatname.     .^^.j^^  ^j^  „,^, 

GrifSuCgrif  m).  The  capital  of  SpaldingCounty, 


to  private  life  in  1866.    His  dramas  are  'Die  Ahnfrau 
("The  Ancestress";    a  so-called   "fate-tragedy,'    1817), 
■Sappho"  (1818),  the  trilogy  "  Das  goldne  Vliess  '  ("The 
}olden  Kleece."  1821).  "KonigOttokaisOluck  und  Ende" 


("King  Ottokar's  Fortune  and  End,"  1S25),  "  Ein  treuer 
biener  seines  Herrn"("A  True  Servant  of  his  Master," 
1828),  "  Des  Meeres  una  der  Liebe  Welleii  "  ("  The  Waves 


of  Love  and  of  the  Sea,"  1831),  "Der  Traum  ein  Leben 
("  Dream  is  a  Lif  e, "  1834).  A  comedy, ' '  Weh'  dem,  der  liigt  " 
("  Woe  to  him  who  Lies,"  1840),  was  a  failure.  Three  other 
tragedies  ajipeared  posthumously.  Still  another,  "Esther." 
was  left  unttnished.  His  complete  works,  "Sammtliche 
Werke,"  appeared  at  Stuttgart,  1872,  in  10  vols, 

Arthurian  legend,  a  fisherman 
gave  Ills  name  to  (irimsby.  ■  He  saved  the 
life  of  Havelok.     See  Havrlok  the  Dane. 


Grim's  Dyke 

was  a  Judge  ol  the  State  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  1886-42. 
He  wrote  "  Nature  and  Tendencies  of  Free  Institutions" 

(1818). 

Grimk^,  Sarah  Moore.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Nov.,  1792 ;  died  Dec.  23, 1873.  An  Ameri- 
can abolitionist,  sister  of  T.  S.  Grimk6.  She 
wrote ' '  Letters  on  the  Condition  of  Woman  and  the  Equal- 
ity of  the  Sexes  "  (1838),  etc. 

Grimk6,  Thomas  Smith.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Sept.  26,  178() :  dierl  near  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Oct.  12  (11?),  1834.  An  American  lawyer  and 
lecturer.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  senate  of  South  Carolina  1826-30.  He  was 
a  prominent  member  of  the  American  Peace  Society,  and 
was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  cause  of  temperance  reform. 
He  wrot«  "Addresses  on  Science,  Education,  and  Litera- 
ture "(1831). 

Grimm  (grim),  Frledrich  Melchior,  Baron. 

Born  at  Katisbon  (Kcgcnsbui-g),  I'.avaria,  Dee. 
25,  1723 :  died  at  Gotha,  Germany,  Dec.  19,  1807. 
A  noted  German-French  critic,  man  of  letters, 
and  diplomat,  long  resident  in  Paris,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  most  brilliant  literary  society  of  the 
period.  He  was  made  a  baron  of  the  empire  and  minister 
of  the  Duke  of  Gotha  at  the  French  court  in  1776,  and 
minister  of  Catharine  II.  of  Russia  at  Hamburg  in  1795. 
His  works  include"  Let  tressurOmphale  "(1752),"  Le  petit 
prophete  de  Boehinischbroda  "  (1753),"  Correspondance  lit- 
tCraire,  philosophiiiue  et  critique  adreast^e  &  an  souve- 
rairi  d  AlleniaKiie  '  (first  part  1813,  second  part  181i.  third 
part  1813,  with  a  supplement  1814),  "Correspondance  in- 
edite  de  Grimm  et  Diderot,  etc"  (1829). 
Grimm,  Herman.  Born  Jan.  6,  1828:  died 
.luiie  10,  1901.  A  German  critic  and  author, 
son  of  Wilhidiii  (irimm.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and 
Bonn,  and  was  professor  of  the  histor}'  of  art  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin  1H73-1'.I01.  His  most  important  works  are 
"0.03  I*ben  MichelanKelos,"  "Essays"  (1869  and  1865, 
new  series  1871  and  1875),  "  Das  Leiien  Kafaels  "  (1872), 
"  Vcjrlesungen  uber  Goethe  "  (1877).  He  was  the  author, 
besides,  nf  the  novel  "  rnulierwindliche  MSchte  "  ("Un- 
conqueralile  Powers"),  and  of  "  Novellen"  ("  St4irie8"). 


fiHo^'MstoTS'''''""'^"^^"^"*"'  ^"^""  <*""1>  !»»«  C°^^«f  °?r°-];S?^'*°°-     ^  P'^y  ^**  Grimm:  Jakobr  Bom  at  Hanau,  Jan.  4,  1785 
lnm,Charles.  Born  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,     lTi'4re'D'e'^^''a'n'<!^his^l,"  ^^^X^^^S^    ''-1  «*  Berlin,.  Sept.  20,  1863.     A  German  phi- 


Gri 


_  ,  _  .         _.  .  has  been  rashly 

182(3:  died  at  Galveston,  Texas," Sept.  15,  1867.  identified  with  this.    \Builen.)    Richard  Crowley  wrote  a 

.\n  American  soldier.    He  graduated  at  West  Point  "Satirical  Epigram"  in  1550  called  "The  Collier  of  Croy- 

in  1847,  and  in  this  and  the  succeeding  year  commanded  ;  ""-     and  there  is  an   interlude  ■"  K'chard  Edwards  a 

a  company  of  artiUery  under  General   Patterson  in  the  "  Damon  and  Pythias    (lo71)  called  'Grim  the  CoUler.  _ 

Mexican  war.   At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  adhered  Grim,  Giant.     A  giant,  in  Bniiyan's      Pilgrim  s 

to  the  Union  cause.    He  commanded  the  West  Point  bat-  progress,"  who  is  killed  by  Ml".  Greatheart. 


tery  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  was 
general  of  volunteers  June  9,  1S02  ;  and 
tinction  at  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hill.  He  commanded  a 
division  at  Antietam  and  Frclericksburgjand  in  Hooker's 
campaign,  and  as  commander  of  the  6th  army  corps,  di- 
rected by  Grant,  received  the  arms  and  colors  of  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia  after  the  surrender  at  Appomattox 
Court  House.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  March  l;i, 
1865,  for  his  services  during  the  war,  and  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  35th  infantry  July  28,  1866. 

Griffin,  Edward  Dorr.    Born  at  East  Haddam, 
Conn.,  Jan.  6, 1770 :  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Nov. 

:ident 


f^n'ght^l^iwn^  Grimald  (grim'aid),Nichblas    _Bom  in  Hub- 

„^  5^ ,.  .1 ..     tuigdoushire  (at  "Browushold,"  according  to 

liis  own  statement),  1519 :  died  about  1562.  An 
English  writer,  the  contributor  of  40  poems  to 
the  first  edition  of  "Tottel's  Miscellany"  (of 
whicli  he  was,  perhaps,  the  editor),  many  of 
which  were  omitted  from  the  second  edition. 
He  also  publislie.l  a  traiishilion  of  Cicero's  "De  Ofllciis.'" 
He  w:i^  |,inli:il,ly  of  Itiilian  |.aicTil;ige  ("on  of  a  certain 
GianlKitisIa  Giiii'ial(li),  stmheil  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford, 
and  was  chaplain  to  llisliop  Ridley. 


8,  1837.     .An  American   clergvman.  presiticn.,        .       ,,.  /    .       .,,i   ;    ax      •       t  •   „j  •    *i,» 
of  Williams  College  (Williamstown,  Massaehu-  Grimaldl  (gi'.-„,al  de),  Antomo.    Lived  m  the 
setts)  1821-36.      He   published  "Lectures  in     miJdle  of  the  14th  ccntiu-y. 
Park  Street  Church"  (1813).  ""f^'- 

Griffin,  " 


A  Genoese  ad- 


lologist  and  writer.  Hestudied  Jurisprudence  at  Mar- 
burg. In  1806  ho  went  to  Paris  to  assist  Savigny,  whose 
pupil  he  had  been.  The  following  year  he  was  at  the  mili- 
tary school  in  Cassel.  In  18o8  he  became  librarian  to  the 
King  of  Westphalia.  After  lsl4  he  lived  and  labored  with 
his  brother  Wilhelm  in  the  closest  association.  They 
were  together  librarians  at  Cassel ;  1830  to  1837  professors 
at  Gottingen ;  subsequently  again  at  Cassel;  and  1841 
on  the  invitation  of  the  king  settled  in  Berlin.  In  1812 
and  1815  they  published  conjointly  the  well-known  book  of 
fairy  tales  "Kuider-  und  Haiisniarchcn  "("Children's  and 
Domestic  Tales"),  in  1816  "Deutsche  .Sagen  "("German  Le- 
gends"), and  aft<;r  1852  worked  together  on  the  great 
"Deutseli.s  Worterbuch"("Gennan  Dictionar>-").  Jakob's 
iiidejKiniiiit  work  consists  of  an  essay,  "I'oesie  iin  Recht" 
(ISlii),  expaiideil  1828  into  "  Deutsche  Kechlsalterthumer." 
Beginning  with  18'29,  his  "Deutsche  Grammatik  "  ("Ger- 
man Grammar")  appeared.  This  last  is  the  fundamental 
work  in  comparative  Germanic  philology,  of  which  spe- 
cific branch  he  may  be  called  the  founder.  Its  principal 
terminology  originated  with  him,  and  one  of  its  most 
characteristic  jihases,  that  of  the  relative  correspondence 
of  consonants,  was  first  (orninlatcd  by  him,  and  bears  the 
name  of  Grimm's  Law.     In  18;i6  appeared  another  great 


Invasion,"  "The  Rivals,"  et 

Griffinhoofe  (grifin-huf),  Arthur.  The  name 
under  which  George  Cohiiau  the  younger  pub- 
lished a  number  of  his  jiliivs. 

Oriffls  (grif 'is),  William  Elliot.  Born  at  PhUa- 
delphia,  Sept.  17,  1843.  An  American  educa- 
tor and  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege in  1869  ;  weiit  to  Japan  in  1870  to  organize  schools  on 
the  American  plan  ;  was  superintendent  of  education  in 
the  province  nf  Echizen  in  1871 ;  and  was  professor  of  phys- 
ics in  ihc  Imperial  University  of  Tokio  187-2-74.  On  rc- 
tuniing  to  the  United  States  he  studied  divinity,  and  be- 
came pnstor  11877)  >it  a  Reformed  climch  at  Sehcneitad), 
New  York,  (l!«ll)i)f  a  Congreif^itionid  church  at  lloHton. 
and  (l«'.l3M>f  the  Congregational  church  at  Ithaca,  N.  V. 
He  was  the  author  of  "The  .Mikado's  Empire "(1876).  etc. 

Griffith  (gi-if 'itli).  In  Shaksiiere's  "Henry 
VIII.,"  a  gonth-man  usher  to(^ucen  Katharine. 

Griffith,  William  Pettit.  Born  at  London, 
July  7,  1815:  died  tlieie.  Sept.  14,  1KS4.  An 
English  architect  and  arch!i>ologist.  He  wrote 
"The  Natural  Svstem  of  Aridiilecture"  (1845), 
".'Vucieiit  Cdlliic  Churches"  (IH47-.52),  etc. 

Griffith  Gaunt.  A  novel  by  Charles  Keade,  pub- 
lislied  ill  1S()() 


1779:  died  tliere.  May  31,  1837.  A  noted  Eng 
lish  pantomimist  anil  actor.  He  came  of  a  well- 
known  family  of  clowns,  and  first  appeared  as  an  infant 
dancer  in  17S2.  Ilri,lit;iiii«  d  Iiis  greatest  success  at  Coven  t 
Garden  in  l<i»;  in  the  pmiloininie  of  "  Mother  Goose,"  in 
which  he  appeared  as  Squire  Hunlc  (clown).  He  made  his 
last  appearance  June  '27,  18'28,  as  Harlequin  Hoax.  His 
singing  and  grimacing  excited  great  enthusiasm,  and  with 
him  the  days  of  genuine  imntoniirne  expired.  His  son  Jo. 
seph  S.  Grinmlili  made  his  first  appearance  in  his  father's 
parts  In  1814  ;  ho  died  in  1832.     but.  \at.  Dmj. 

Grimalkin(gri-mal'kin).  Agrayeat; especially, 
a  gray  cat  into  which  the  spint  of  a  witch  has 
entered. 

Grimani  (gre-mii'ne).  Antonio.  Born  ]4,'!6: 
died  May  7,  ].')23.  A  doge  of  Venice  (July  7, 
1 5:;  1),  descended  from  a  iiowerful  patrician  fam- 
ily, anddistingiiisliecl  for  botli  liis  civil  and  mili- 
tary services.  He  was  made  cajitain-geueral  of 
the  Venetian  fleet  sent  against  the  sultan  Baja- 
zet  in  1499. 

Grimani  Palace.  A  fine  lOtli-century  palace  on 
111"  <  Irnnil  I  'anal.  Vi'iiice.  It  was  designed  by  San 
Mii-heli  and  decorated  by  Tintoretto,  but  I  ho  frescos  have 


liHappraied.     It  Is  now  used  as  a  post-otfice. 

Griffiths,  Evan.     Bom  at  GellibeMig,  Glamor-  Qrinie8(grimz),  James  Wilson.     BonuitDeer- 

ganshire,  1795:  died  Aug.  31,  1873.     A  Welsh     i„g^  jj.  ii._  ot.  oq,  ihIO:  died  at  Burlington, 

' '■  '     '   ~    "Welsh-English     Iowa,  Feb.  7,  1872.      An  American  politician. 


idergyman.  lie  published  a 
Did  iouary"  (1847). 
Grigoriopol  (gro-g6-re-6'pol).  A  town  in  tlie 
government  of  Kherson,  Russia,  on  the  Dnies- 
ter about  80  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  6,478, 


governor  of  Iowa  18.5-t-.58, 11  ndKepubli(qinrniled 
States  semilor  from  Ii>wa  IH.VI-IHI.  He  was  one  of 
the  tew  Republican  senalcirs  who  voted  against  the  con- 
viction o(  President  Andrew  .lohnson 


iiamter 
of  Jakob  and  Wilhelm  Grimm. 

Grimm,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Hanau,  Feb.  24, 1786: 
dieil  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16,  1859.  A  German  phi- 
lologist and  writer.  He  was  the  brother  of  .lakob 
Grimm,  with  whom  he  lived  and  was  treiiuently  associated 
In  joint  authorahip.  Like  his  lirolher,  he  studied  juris- 
prudence at  Marburg.  Owing  to  ill  health  he  had,  how. 
ever,  no  iiermaneiit  position  up  to  1814,  w  hen  he  wont  with 
Jakob  as  librarian  to  Cassel.  Their  subsequent  career  it 
one.  (See  Jakob  Grimm.)  Wilhelm  married,  and  Jacob 
did  not.  He  did  the  chief  work  In  the  eollcctlon  of  fairy 
tales  wlilcli  owe  their  particuliu-  style  to  him.  An  Inde- 
pendent work  was  "  Die  Deutsche  Heldensage  "  ("  The  Oer- 
inaii  Heroic  Legend,"  18'2tt). 

Grimma  (grim'mii).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Leipsic,  .Sa.xony,  on  the  Muhle  17  miles  south- 
east (if  Ijeiiisic'  It  conlains  a  noted  school  and 
an  ileclonti  castle.     Population  (1890),  8,957. 

Grimmelshausen  (grim'nuls-hou-zeu),  Chris- 

tOph'VOn.  Horn  al  (ieliihau.sen,  Prussia,  1625: 
died  at  Keiichen,  ill  Baden,  .\ug.  17,  1676.  A 
(ieriuan  writer.  His  parents  belonged  to  the  peaa.iiit 
class.  I'ntll  the  peace  of  Westjihalia,  in  KHs,  he  wiui  a 
soldier,  hut  8ub«ei|uently  is  supposed  t.)  have  traveled  In 
Hollanil,  France,  and  .Swilierland.  Hewns  allerwartllntho 
aervlce  of  the  Bishop  of  Stnisbnrg,  and  ulilmalely  ni.igis- 
trnte  al  llenchen,  where  he  died.  Ills  principal  work,and 
the  most  ImpoltanI  of  Its  class  In  German  lllerature,  Islho 
romance  "  Her  abenleiirllche  Slmpliei»»lniusTeu(»ch,  da» 
1st :  Ilcschrelbung  des  l.eliens  eines  Sellzamen  Vagantena 
genannt  Melchior  .Slernfils  von  KncbsbainC'f"  The  Adven- 
turesome Slmpllelssimns  ;  Tliat  Is.  Ihserlption  of  the  Life 
of  n  .strange  Vagabond  named  Melchior  SIcrnfela  von 
Fuchshaim, '  IOi'.()). 

Grimsby.oi  Great  Grimsby.  See  0  reaiOrim.iby. 
Qrimesdltch,  Scetheextract. 


Grimes,  Old.     See  ()l<l  (IrimcK. 

Grihastha  (gr-h.as't-ha).    (Skt., 'householder.']  Grimk6(griiii'ke),  Frederick.  Born  at  CHiarles-  Grim'sDyke,' 

A  Brahman  in  the  second  stage  of  his  religious     Ion,  S.  ('.,  Sept.  1.  1791  :  dii-d  March  8. 1.S63.    An  ti,,.  ii,.i|in.  «,re.,(  Ihesami'  Keltic  family  as  the  Kymry 

life.                                                                                     American  jurist,  brother  of  T.  b.  Orimke.     He  and  the  Gauls.    But  coming  later  from  the  continent  they 


Grim's  Dyke 

brought  with  them  its  latest  civilization,  and,  as  settlers, 
perhaps  for  centuries,  in  the  lowlands  between  the  Sonime 
and  the  Scheldt,  they  had  actiuu-ed  the  instinct  of  tin-ow- 
ing up  dykes  and  earthworks.  The  actual  occupants  of 
Hampshire,  Sussex,  and  Kent  were  subdued  or  driven 
out,  and  the  great  fortified  fosse,  Grim's  Dyke,  which  en- 
closes Salisbury  and  Silchester  was  at  once  the  rampai't 
and  the  march  of  the  new  nationality. 

Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  6. 

Grimsel  (grim'zel),  The.  A  pass  over  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Meiring- 
en,  Bern,  to  Obergestelen.  Valais.  Itwasthescene 
of  the  repulse  of  the  Austrians  by  the  French  iu  1799. 
Height,  7,150  feet. 

Grimston,  William  Hunter  and  Margaret. 

See  Kendah 

Grimwig  (grim' wig),  Mr.  In  Dickens's  "  Oli- 
ver Twist,"  an  old  friend  of  Mr.  Brownlow, 
rough  and  irascible  in  conduct  but  kindly  at 
"heart,  ready  to  "eat  his  head"  if  he  is  mistaken 
on  any  point. 

Grindal  (grin'dal),  Edmund.  Born  about  1519 : 
tUed  at  Croydon,  July  G,  1.5S3.  An  English  Prot- 
estant divine,  elected  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury Jan.  10,  1.575.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in 
1538  :  became  a  royal  chaplain  in  1541 ;  was  elected  master 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1559 :  and  was  elected 
bishop  of  London  in  the  same  yeaj'.  He  was  a  vigorous 
opponent  of  the  Roman  Churcli. 

Grindelwald  (grin'del-valt).  A  village,  com- 
mune, and  valley  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit- 
zerland, 35  miles  southeast  of  Bern.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  picturesque  scenery  and  as  a  tourist  center. 
Near  it  are  the  two  Grindelwald  glaciers. 

Gringore  (grau-gor ' ) ,  or  Gringoire  (grau-gwar' ) 
(originally  Gringor),  Pierre.  Born  in  Nor- 
mandy, 1475-80 :  died  1.544.  A  French  satirist 
and  dramatic  writer.  Among  his  works  are  "Saint 
Loys  "  (a  mystery),  "  Les  folles  enterprises  "  (a  series  of 
raonologuesX  "La  chasse  du  cerf  des  cerfs,"  "Lecoque- 
luche,"  etc 

It  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the  only  complete  and  really 
noteworthy  tetralogy,  composed  of  cry.  sotie,  morality, 
and  farce,  which  exists  to  show  the  final  result  of  the 
mediaeval  play  —  the  **Jeu  du  Prince  des  Sots."  .  .  .  Grin- 
gore  first  emerges  as  a  pamphleteer  in  verse,  on  the  side 
of  the  policy  of  Louis  XII.  He  held  the  important  posi- 
tion of  m^re  sotte  in  the  company  of  persons  who  charged 
themselves  with  playing  the  sotie,  and  Ix)uis  perceived 
the  advantages  which  he  might  gain  by  enlisting  such  a 
writer  on  his  side. 

Saintsbury,  Short  History  of  French  Lit,  p.  216. 

Grinnell  (grin-el').  A  city  in  Poweshiek  County, 
Iowa,  48  miles  east  by  north  of  Des  Moines :  the 
seat  of  Iowa  College  (Congregational).  Popu- 
lation rigOO),  3,860. 

Grinnell,  Henry.  Bom  at  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
Feb.  13,  1799 :  died  at  New  York,  June  30, 1874. 
An  American  merchant.  He  fitted  out  in  1850  an 
expedition  sent  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant  E.  J.  De  Haven.  De  Haven  dis- 
covered land  lat.  80°  N.,  which  was  called  Grinnell  Land, 
but  failed  to  flndFranklin.  InlSoS  Grinnell  fitted  out.with 
George  Peabody,  a  second  Franklin  seiuch  expedition  un- 
der Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  which  w;is  equally  unsuccessful. 

Grinnell  Land.  [Discovered  by  De  Haven  in 
the  first  Grinnell  expedition,  and  named  by  him 
from  its  promoter.]  A  land  in  the  north  polar 
regions,  separated  from  Greenland  by  Smitli 
Sound  and  Kennedy  Channel,  it  was  explored  by 
Kane,  by  Hayes,  and  more  thoroughly  by  Greely  in  lbb2  It 
con  tains  LakeHazen(65miles)  and  Mount  Arthur(5,000  ft.). 

Grip  (grip).  In  Charles  Dickens's  "Bamaby 
Rudge,"  a  talkative  raven.  He  is  taken  from  a 
raven  owned  by  the  author. 

Gripe  (gi"ip).  l.  A  hypocritical  old  city  usu- 
rer in  Wycherley's  comedy  "  Love  in  a  Wood." 
—  2.  The  miserly  father  of  Leander,  cheated 
by  Scapin, in Otway's  "Cheats  of  Scapin."  He 
is  the  Geronte  of  Moliere's  play. —  3.  A  miserly 
money-scrivener  in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "  The 
Confedpraev." 

Gripe,  Sir  Francis.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  com- 
edy" The  Busybody,"  an  old  man,  the  guardian 
of  Miranda.  He  wishes  to  many  his  ward  for  the  sake 
■  if  her  money,  but  is  duped  by  her  and  Sir  George  Airy. 

Gripsholm  (grips  '  holm).  A  royal  Swedish 
palace  situated  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake 
Malar,  near  Mariefred,  30  miles  west  of  Stock- 
holm. It  was  founded  by  Gustavus  Vasa  in 
1537. 

Griqualand  (gre'kwa-land)  East.  A  depen- 
dency of  Cape  Colony,  situated  northwest  of 
Pondoland  and  southwest  of  Natal.  Chief  place, 
Kokstadt.  It  is  governed  by  magistrates  appointed  by 
the  Cape  authorities.  Area,  7,59-4  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  162,618. 

Griqualand  West.  A  part  of  Cape  Colony, 
forming  4  divisions.  Capital,  Kimberley.  It 
lies  north  of  the  remainder  qf  the  colony,  and  -west  of 
the  Orange  Free  State,  and  is  famous  for  its  diamond 
fields,  discovered  in  1867.  It  was  governed  by  a  separate 
administrator  1871-81.  Area,  15,197  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  83,375. 

Griquas  (gi-e'kwiiz).  A  South  African  race  of 
half-castes  (Dutch  and  natives).   They  form  a  dis- 


462 

tinct  community  in  a  region  called  Griqualand,  now  be- 
longing to  Great  Britaift,  traversed  by  the  Orange  River, 
and  including  the  African  diamond-fields.  Some  of  them 
are  Christians  and  considerably  civilized,  being  success- 
ful agriculturists  and  cattle-breedei-s. 

Grisar(gre'zar),  Albert.  Born  at  Antwerp, Dec. 
26, 1808 :  died  at  Asnieres,  near  Paris,  June  15, 
1869.  A  French  composer  of  comic  operas,  melo- 
dies, and  romances.  Nineteen  of  the  first  were 
produced,  and  he  published  more  than  fifty  of 
the  last. 

Grisebach  (gre 'ze-bach),  August  Heinrich 
Rudolf.  Bom  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  April  17, 
1814:  died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  May  9,  1879. 
A  German  botanist  and  traveler,  professor  at 
Gottingen  from  1847.  He  traveled,  for  scientific  pur- 
poses, in  Turkey  (1839X  the  Pyrenees  (1850),  and  2sorway 
(1842).    He  wrote  "  Die  Vegetation  der  Erde  "  (1872),  etc. 

Griselda  (gri-zel'dii),  or  Griseldis,  or  Grissel. 

A  character  of  romance,  noted  for  the  patience 
with  which  she  submitted  to  the  most  cruel  or- 
deals as  a  wife  and  mother.  The  subject  has  been 
variously  treated  by  Boccaccio,  Chaucer,  Dekker,  and  other 
writers.  The  song  of  "  Patient  Grissel "  appeared  about 
1565,  and  a  prose  history  shortly  after.  "  From  whatever 
source  derived.  '  Griselda  *  appears  to  have  been  the  most 
popular  of  all  the  stories  of  the  'Decameron.'  In  the 
fourteenth  century  the  prose  translations  of  it  in  French 
were  very  numerous  :  Legrand  mentions  that  he  had  seen 
upwards  of  twentj-,  under  different  names,  'Miroir  des 
dames,'  'Exemples  de  bonnes  et  m.auvaises  femmes,'  etc. 
Petrarch,who  had  not  seen  the 'Decameron' till  ashort  time 
before  his  death  (which  shows  that  Boccaccio  was  ashamed 
of  the  work),  read  it  with  much  admiration,  jis  appearsfrom 
his  letters,  and  translated  it  into  Latin  in  1373.  Chaucer, 
who  borrowed  the  story  from  Petrarch,  assigns  it  to  the 
Clerk  of  Oxenforde  in  his  'Canterbury  Tales.'  The  clerk 
declares  in  his  prologue  that  he  le.'irned  it  from  Petrarch 
at  Padua  ;  and,  if  we  may  believe  Warton,  Chaucer,  when 
in  Italy,  actually  heard  the  story  related  by  Petrarch,  who, 
before  translatipg  it  into  Latin,  had  got  it  by  heart  in  order 
to  repeat  to  his  friends.  The  tale  became  so  popular  in 
J?Yance  that  the  comedians  of  Paris  represented,  iu  1393,  a 
Mystery  in  French  verse,  entitled  '  Le  Mystfere  de  Grisel- 
dis. '  There  is  also  an  English  drama  called '  Patient  Gris- 
sel '  entered  in  Stationers'  Hall,  1599.  One  of  Goldoni's 
plays,  in  which  the  tyrannical  husband  is  king  of  Thessaly, 
is  .also  formed  on  the  subject  of  Griseldis."  Duntop,  Hist, 
of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  146. 

Grisi  (gre'se),  Carlotta  (Caronne  Adhle  Jo- 
sephine Marie,  called).  Born  near  Mantua, 
June  1:8, 1819 :  died  at  Geneva,  May  22, 1899.  A 
celebrated  dancer,  cousin  of  Giulia  Grisi  and 
wife  of  M.  Perrol,  a  dancing-master. 

Grisi,  Giulia.  Bom  at  Milan,  July  28,  1811  (?) : 
died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  28, 1869.  A  celebrated  Ital- 
ian soprano,  famous  as  an  operatic  singer.  She 
appeared  first  in  Italy  in  1830  as  Emma  in  Rossini's  "Zel- 
mira  " ;  sang  in  Paris  1832^9,  and  in  London  1834-61 ;  and 
visited  the  United  States  in  1854.  In  1»61  she  signed  an 
agreement  not  to  sing  for  5  years.  In  1866  she  reappeared 
at  London,  where  she  sang  from  time  to  time  in  concerts 
till  1869.  In  1836  she  married  Count  de  Melcy,  but  was 
divorced:  later  she  married  the  singer  Mario. 

Griskinissa(gris-ki-nis'sa).  ThewifeofArtasa- 
minous,kingof  Utopia,in"Rhodes's"Bombastes 
Fiirioso."  The  king  -wishes  to  divorce  her  and 
marry  Distaffina. 

Grisons(gre-z6u'),6.Graubiinden(grou'biind- 
en)  or  Graubiindten  (grou'biint-en).  It.  Gri- 
gioni  (gre-j6'ne).  [F.,  from  f/rii',  gray.]  'The 
largest  and  easternmost  canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Chur.  it  is  bounded  by  Glarus,  St.-Gall,  Liech- 
tenstein,  and  .\ustria-Hungaryon  the  north,  Austria-Hun- 
gary and  Italy  on  the  east,  Italy  and  Ticino  on  the  south, 
and  Ticino  and  Uri  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  constitution  is  democratic.  The  canton  sends 
5  members  to  the  National  Council.  It  formed  part  of  the 
ancient  Rhjetia.  The  following  are  the  leading  events  in 
its  history :  formation  of  the  Gotteshausbund.  1396;  of  the 
Grauer  Bund  (Gray  League),  1424;  of  the  Zehngerichten- 
bund  (League  of  Ten  Jurisdictions),  1436  ;  alliance  of  the 
first  two  leagues  with  the  confederated  cantons,  1497-98 ; 
of  the  third  league,  1567 ;  loss  of  Italian  possessions,  1797 ; 
union  with  the  Swiss  Confederation,  1803.  Area,  2,773 
square  miles.     Population  (1888),  96,291. 

Grisseh  (gi'is'se).  Atown  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Java,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Madura  :  one 
of  the  oldest  towns  of  the  island. 

Grissel,  Patient.  See  G-riselda  and  Patient 
Gricgei. 

Griswold  (griz'wold),  Roger.  Born  at  Lyme, 
Conn.,  May  21,  17(32 :  died  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Oct.  25,  1812.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1780.  and  began  the  practice  of  law 
at  Norwich  in  1783,  removhig  to  Lyme  in  1794.  He  was 
a  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1795- 
1805,  and  became  a  judge  of  the  Connecticut  Supreme 
Cotu-t  in  1S07,  and  governor  of  the  State  in  1811.  While 
governor  he  refused  4  companies  of  troops,  which  were 
requisitioned  by  the  President  for  giu-rison  purposes,  the 
refusal  being  made  on  the  ground  that  the  troops  were  not 
wanted  to  repel  invasion,  and  that  the  requisition  was  in 
consequence  unconstitutional. 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot.  Bom  at  Benson, 
Rutland  Coimty,Vt.,  Feb.  15,  1815:  died  at  New 
York  city,  Aug.  27,  1857.  An  American  critic 
and  editor.  He  was  for  a  time  a  Baptist  clergyman,  but 
abandoned  the  ministry  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  lit- 
erature.   He  was  editor  of  "Graham's  Magazine  "  1841-43, 


Grono'7,  Abraham 

and  of  the  "  International  Magazine  "  in  1852.  Among  hlg 
works  are  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  .America"  (1842)  '■  Prose 
Writers  of  America  "  (1846),  "  Female  Poets  of  Anierica  " 
(1849),  "  The  Republican  Court "  (1854). 

Grito  de  Dolores.     See  Dolores.  Grito  de. 

Grizzel.     See  Griselda. 

Grizzle  (griz'l).  The  horse  of  Doctor  Syntax. 
He  was  all  skin  and  bone. 

Grizzle,  Lord.  In  Fielding's  burlesque  "Tom 
Thumb  the  Great,"  a  peer  of  the  realm:  "a 
flighty,  flaunting,  and  fantastical "  personage. 

Grizzle,  Mrs.  The  sister  of  Peregrine  Pioklo 
in  Smollett's  novel  of  that  name.  She  marries  Com- 
modore Trunnion,  and  henpecks  him.  "  She  goes  a  littla 
crank  and  humorsome  by  being  often  overstowed  with 
Nantz  and  religion." 

Groats-worth  of  Wit,  A,  bought  with  a  Mil- 
lion of  Repentance.    A  posthumous  tract  by 

Robert  Greene,  it  was  licensed  in  1592 ;  the  earliest 
existing  edition  known  is  1596.  It  was  edited  by  Heniy 
Chettle.  Roberto,  the  young  man  whose  conversion  and 
adventures  are  related,  corresponds  in  some,  though  not 
in  all,  respects  to  Robert  Greene  himself.  He  ends  with 
a  pathetic  letter  to  his  wife,  which  was  found  with  the 
MS.  after  his  death. 

Groben  (gre'ben).  Count  Karl  Joseph  von  der. 

Bom  near  Rastenburg,  East  Prussia,  Sept.  17, 
1788:  died  July  13,  1876.     A  Prussian  general. 

Grochow  (gro'ihov).  A  village  in  Poland,  2^ 
miles  east  of  Praga  (a  suburb  of  Warsaw),  n 
was  the  scene  of  battles  between  the  Poles  and  the  Rus- 
sians under  Diebitsch,  Feb.  19-26, 1831.  The  Poles  fought 
gallantly,  inflicting  severe  loss  on  the  Russians,  but  had  t4 
fall  back  on  Warsaw.  

Grocyn  (gro'sin),  William.  Born  at  Colerne, 
Wiltshire,  about  1446:  died  at  Maidstone,  1519. 
An  English  classical  scholar,  first  teacher  ot 
Greek  at  Oxford.  He  was  a  friend  of  Linacre,  More, 
Colet,  and  Erasmus,  and  an  ardent  promoter  of  the  "  new 
learning,"  though  an  adherent  of  the  old  religious  faith 
With  the  exception  of  a  letter  to  Aldus  and  an  epigram  (on 
a  lady  who  threw  a  snowball  at  him),  no  writings  of  hii 
are  known. 

Grodek  (gro'dek).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Huugarv.  IS  miles  west  of  Lemberg.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  10,742. 

Groden  (gi-e'den),  or  Grodnerthal  (gred'ner- 
tiil).  It.  Gardena  (gar-da'na).  a  valley  in 
T3T0I,  Austria-Hungary,  16  miles  northeast  of 
Bozen.     Length,  18  miles. 

Grodno  (grod'no).  1.  A  government  of  western 
Russia,  bounded  by  Suwalki  and  Wilna  on  the 
north,  Minsk  on  the  east,'Volhynia  on  the  south, 
and  Lomza  and  Siedlce  on  the  west.  Area, 
14,931  square  miles.  Population  (1892).  1,510,- 
028.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Grod- 
no,  situated  on  the  Niemen  in  lat.  53°  44'  N., 
long.  23°  45'  E.     Population  (1890),  49.788. 

Groen  van  Prinsterer  (oron  van  prin'ster-erli 
Wilhelm.  Born  at  Voorburg,  near  The  Hague; 
Aug.  21, 1801 :  died  at  The  Hague,  May  19,  187& 
A  Dutch  historian,  politician,  and  political 
writer.  His  works  include  "Archives,  ou  correspondance 
in^dite  de  la  niaison  d'Orange-Nassau  "  (1835-64),  "Hand, 
boek  der  geschiedenis  van  het  Vaderland"  (1835),  etc. 

Grogg  (grog).  Colonel.    See  the  extract. 

A  smaller  society,  formed  with  less  ambitious  views,  ori- 
ginated in  a  ride  to  Peniiicuik.  the  seat  of  the  head  of  Mr. 
Clerk's  family,  whose  elegant  hospitalities  are  recorded  in 
the  "Memoir.'*  This  was  called,  by  way  of  excellence,  The 
Club,  and  I  believe  it  is  continued  under  the  same  name  to 
this  day.  Here,  too,  Walter  had  his  sobriquet ;  and  —  his 
corduroy  breeches,  I  presume,  not  being  as  yet  worn  out  — 
it  was  Colonel  Grogg.  Lockhart,  Scott,  I.  96. 

Grolier  Club  (gro'lya  klub).   A  New  York  club, 

founded  in  1884  and  incorporated  in  1888.  its 
object  is  the  encouragement  and  promotion  of  book-making 
as  an  art,  and  the  occasional  publication  of  worksdesigned 
to  advance  and  illustrate  that  art. 

Grolier  de  Servier,  Vicomte  d'Aguisy,  Jean. 

Born  at  Lyons,  1479:  died  in  1505.  A  celebrated 
French  bibliophile,  known  as  Jean  Grolier.  He 
was  of  a  rich  family,  and  became  treasurer  under  Francis  I. 
He  owes  his  reputation  tohispassionforfine  books(regard- 
ingalike subject,  bindiug, printing,  andpaper).  Hedesigned 
many  of  his  ow-n  ornaments  and  supervised  the  biuding. 

Grongar  Hill  (gron'gar  hil).  A  descriptive 
poem  by  John  Dyer,  published  in  1727 :  named 
from  a  hill  in  South  Wales. 

Groningen  (Gro'ning-oen),  G.  Groningen  (grc'- 
ning-en).  1.  A  pro-vince  of  the  Netherlands, 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north,  the 
Dollart  and  Prussia  on  the  east,  Drenthe  on  the 
south,  and  Friesland  on  the  west.  Area,  790 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  277,282.-2. 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  pro\'ince  of  Groningen, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Eeit  Diep  (foi-med 
by  the  junction  of  the  Drenthe  'sehe  Aa  and  the 
Htinse)  in  lat.  53°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  34'  E.  it  has 
important  trade,  especially  in  grain'and  rape-seed,  and  is 
the  seat  of  a  university,  founded  in  1614.  It  was  taken 
by  Maurice  of  Nassau  in  1594.    Population  '1900),  67,563. 

Gronov  (oro'nov),  L.  Gronovius  (gro-no'vi-us), 
Abraham.  Born  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  1694 : 


Gronov,  Abraham 

died  there,  Au".  17,  177.j.  A  Duteli  classical 
scholar,  son  of  Jakob  Gronov.  He  was  librarian  in 
the  University  of  Leyden,  and  is  chiedy  noted  for  liis  edi- 
tion of  -Eliuii's  "'Viiria  liiBt^iria,"  Ijesides  uhicli  he  pub- 
lislied  editions  of  Justin,  roniponius  Mela,  and  Tacitus. 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Jakob.  Born  at  Do- 
venter,  Netherlands,  Oct.  20, 1645 :  died  at  Ley- 
den, Oct.  21,  1716.  A  Dutch  classical  scholar, 
sou  of  J.  F.  Gronov  (1611-71).  He  liecame  professor 
of  belles-lettres  at  Leyden  in  1070.  His  chief  work  is  "The- 
saurus antiquitatum  grjecaruni "  (Ui97-1702). 

Gronov,  ^j-  Gronovius,  Johann  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  8,  1611:  died  at  Ijey- 
den,  Dec.  28,  1671.  An  eminent  German  clas- 
sical scholar.  He  became  professor  of  history  and  elo- 
quencein  the  University  of  Leyden  in  1(158,  a  position  which 
he  occupied  until  his  death.  He  published  valuable  edi- 
tions of  Livy,  Tacitus,  and  other  Latin  classics,  and  is  the 
auttlor  of  "  Comnientarius  de  scstertiis  "  {lr.l3). 

Gronov,  L-  Gronovius,    Johann  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Leyden,  March  10,  lliyii:  died  ihcre, 
1760.  A  Dutch  botanist,  brother  of  Abraham 
Gronov:  author  of  "Flora  Virginica "  (1743) 
and  "Flora  Orieutalis"  (175.")). 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Lorenz  Theodor.  Pied 
at  Levden,  1778.  A  Dutch  naturalist,  son  of 
J.  F.  Gronov  (1690-1760).  He  wrote  "  Museum 
ichthyologicum"  (1754-56),  "  Zoophylacium 
eronovianum"  (1763-81),  etc. 

woot  (grot),  Gerhard,  L.  Gerhardus  Magnus. 
Born  at  Deventer.Netherlands, Oct., 1340:  died 
there,  Aug.  20, 1384.  A  Dutch  reformer,  found- 
er of  the  society  of  "  Brethren  of  the  Common 
Life."  He  was  the  son  of  a  burgomaster  of  De- 
venter. 

Oroote  Eylandt  (groti'lant).  ['Great  Island.'] 
,    An  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  Australia. 

Oros(gr6),Antoine  Jean,Baron.  BornatParis, 
March  16,  1771:  drowned  himself  in  the  Seine, 
near  Paris,  June  25, 1835.  A  French  historical 
painter.  He  studied  first  with  his  father,  a  miniature- 
painter;  in  178.T  entered  the  atelier  of  David  ;  and  visited 
Italy  in  1793.  He  was  especially  inspired  by  Rubens  and 
Van  Dycii.  Gros  came  into  relations  with  Bonaparte  at 
the  time  of  the  Italian  campais^n.  and  painted  his  portrait 
in  the  "Fonte  d'Arcole."  He  was  appointed  on  the  com- 
mission which  selected  the  works  taken  to  France  from 
the  conqueied  cities  of  Italy.  On  hif^  return  to  Paris  he 
painted  "Les  pestiferi-B  de  .latfa"  <1S04).  ''Charge  de  ca- 
valerie  h  la  bataille  d'Aboukir"  (1H(h;),  and  other  similar 
works.  He  was  made  baron  by  Napoleon  I.,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Institute  in  1816.  He  exhibited  in  1827 
"Le  portrait  de  Charles  -K.,"  and  in  183f>  "  Hercnle  et  Di- 
oniede."  'The  criticism  upon  this  work  brou^'ht  on  an  at- 
tack of  melancholia,  and  he  drowned  himself.  He  ex- 
hil)ited  at  the  Salons  from  1707  to  ls36. 

Orosclaude  (gro-klod'),  Louis.  Born  at  Lode, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  26,  1788  :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
11,  1869.  A  Swiss  genre  painter.  He  studied 
with  Regnault.  Many  of  his  works  were  bought 
by  the  King  of  Prussia. 

Orose  (gi'os),  Francis.  Born  at  Greenf  ord,  Mid- 
dlesex, about  1731:  died  at  Dublin.  May  12, 
1791.  An  English  antiquary.  He  studied  art,  and 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Acailemy  for  a  number  of  years, 
chielly  architectural  drawinKs.  He  was  Richmond  herald 
17.iri-(j:i,  and  afterward  held  oHlces  in  several  coriis  of  mi- 
litia. In  178!»hemade  an  antiquarian  tourin  Scotland,  and 
in  1791  started  on  a  similar  tour  in  Ireland,  from  w  hlrb  lie 
never  returned.  He  wrote  "The  Antii|Uities  of  Kcit'land 
and  Wales"  (177:»-87),  " Classical Dictionai-y  of  the  VulK.ar 
Ton(!ue"(1780),  "Military  Antiquiti.-s,  etc."  (17811),  "Pro- 
vincial Glossary "  (1787),  "The  Antiquities  of  Scotland" 
(1789),  "The  Anthiultifs  of  Ireland," Bniahed  by  Dr.  Led- 
wich  (1791-95),  etc. 

Gross  (gros),  Samuel  D.  Bom  near  Easton, 
Pa.,  July  8,  1805:  dicil  at  PliiliKlrlphia,  May  6, 
1884.  An  American  surgeon.  His  works  include 
"Elements  of  Pathological  Anatomy  "  (1839),  "System  of 
Surgery  "  (18.W),  etc. 

Grossbeeren  (gros'ba-ren).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Pru.ssia,  12  miles 
south  of  Berlin.  Here,  Aug.  'i3, 1813,  the  Prusslansun- 
der  Von  Biilow  defeated  the  Krencli  army  which  was  ad- 
vancing on  Berlin  under  Oudinot,  driving  it  back  on  the 
Elbe. 

Grosse  (gi'os'se),  Julius  Waldemar.    Bom  at 

i'lrliirl,  I'russia,  .\)iril  25.  IS'JS:  ilicd  at  Torbole, 
Austria.  May  9,  1902.  A  (Jemiaii  jioet  and  nov- 
elist. He  wan  engaged  in  Journalisthr  wfu'ls  at  Munich 
18:'4-70,  and  became  secretary  of  the  Scliiiler-Stiftuiig  at 
Weimar  in  1870  lleliutilished  numerous  lioetical  and  dra- 
matic workn,  and  the  novels"  I'll  treu  alls  Mltleiil  "(18(12-61). 
"Marin  MoicinI"  (ISO'.I).  "  Kine  alte  l.iclic  "  (IRfill).  "Ge- 
L"ii  d.ii  sin.m  "  (18711,  "  Tantn  ''arldoro  "  (IHllO),  etc. 
Grossenhain  (gros'sen-hln),  formerly  called 
Hain.  A  town  in  the  govemineiit  district  of 
Dresden,  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Uiider  19  miles 
north-northwest  of  Dresden.  I'upulatioii  (1890), 
12,;i35. 

Qrosseteste  (gros 'test),  Robert.    Died  12.')3. 

An  English  divine  and  scholar,  elected  bishop 
of  Lincoln  in  1235.  Hestudleil  at  oxford  ami  Paris; 
later  became  chancellor  at  Oxford  and  (1224)  llist  rector 
of  the  Kianciscans  there;  an<l  was  appointed  archdeacon 
of  Wilts  (1214, 1220),  archdeacon  of  Noilhanipton  1221,  and 
later  archdeacon  of  Leicester.    He  also  hclil  the  prebend 


463 

of  Empingham  in  Lincoln  cathedral.  He  was  energetic 
in  reforming  abuses  in  his  diocese.  In  123'J  he  fell  into  a 
protracted  qiuirrel  with  the  chapter  of  Lincoln  over  his 
right  of  visitation,  which  was  finally  settled  by  the  Pope 
in  his  favor.  His  career  throughout  was  marked  by  a  vig- 
orous defense  of  his  rights  and  the  right  against  all  t'p- 
ponents,  including  king  and  I'ope.  A  notable  instance  of 
this  was  his  refusal  (1253),  on  the  ground  of  unfitness,  to 
Induct  into  a  canonrj'at  Lincoln  the  Pope's  nephew  Fred- 
erick di  Lavanga.  (Irossetestc  was  a  voluminous  writer, 
and  long  exerted  a  great  iufluence  upon  EugUsb  thought 
and  literature. 

Robert  Grosseteste,  a  man  of  spotless  orthodoxy,  and 
un(iuestionably  the  first  English  scliolar  of  the  age.  With- 
out any  advantages  of  birth  or  person,  Grosseteste  had  al- 
ready Ijegun  to  mount  the  ladder  of  fame.  The  s<»n  of  a 
mere  peasant,  he  was  geneially  described  by  a  nickname 
which  in  Latin  was  rendered  Cnpilo,  or  Grossiim  Captit, 
and  in  English  Greatfwatl,  or  GrO!<tfiead.  The  date  of  his 
birth  is  unknown,  and  it  is  not  certain  whether  he  took 
his  degree  in  arts  at  Oxford  or  at  Paris.  Before  becoming 
a  lecturer  in  the  Franciscan  convent,  he  had  been  suc- 
cessively appointed  to  the  archdeaconries  of  Chester, 
Wilts,  Xorthainpton,  and  Leicester,  and  he  seems  to  have 
held  the  last  two  of  these  preferments  until  the  year  1231. 

Lyic,  Oxford,  p.  29. 

Grosseto  (gros-sa'to).  1.  A  province  in  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean. 
Area,  1,738  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
121,564. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Grosseto,  situated  near  theOmbrone  in  lat.  42° 
46'  N.,  long.  11°  6'  E.  It  is  the  chief  place  in  the 
Maremine,  and  has  a  cathedral.  Population  (1691),  esti- 
mated, 8,700. 

Grossglockner.  'See  Glockner. 

Grossglogau.    See  Glogau. 

Grossgorschen  (gros'ger-shen).  Avillage  south 
of  Liit  zen  ( which  see).  The  battle  of  Lutzen,  May  2, 
1813,  is  sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Grossgorsclien. 

Grossi  (gros'se),  Tommaso.  Born  at  Bellano, 
on  the  Lake  of  Como,  Italy,  Jan.  20,  1791:  died 
at  Milan,  Dee.  10,  18.53.  iVn  Italian  poet  and 
novelist.  His  works  include  the  historical  novel  "Marco 
Visconti"  (18;^),  the  poem  "Ildegonda"  (1820),  etc. 

Grossjagerndorf  (gi'os-y,a'gern-dorf ).  A  village 
in  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  9  miles 
oast  of  Wehlau.  Here,  Aug.  30,  1757,  a  large  Russian 
army,  invading  Prnssia  under  Apraxin,  inllicted,a  severe 
defeat  on  the  rru.^siaiis  Under  Von  Lehwald, 

GrOSS-Steffelsdorf.     See  Jiima-S:omhnth. 
Grosswardein   (gros'viir-diu),   Hung.  Nagy- 

Varad  ( nody '  vii-rod ).  A  royal  free  city,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Bihar,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Sebes  KOriis  in  lat.  47^  4'  N.,  long.  21° 
5,3'  E.  Ithas  a  Roman  and  aGreek  cathedral.  Itisone 
of  the  oldest  Hungarian  towns  A  treaty  was  made  here 
between  Ferdinand  1.  and  John  Ziipolya  in  1.038.  It  was 
a  temporary  seat  of  the  revolutionary  government  in 
1849.     Population  (1890),  38,507. 

Grosvenor  (gro've-nor)  Gallery.  1.  A  private 
picture-gallery  established  in  Grosvenor  House, 
London,  by  Richard,  first  Earl  Grosvenor.  He 
purchased  th'e  pictures  of  Mr,  Agar  as  a  nucleus.  It  con- 
tains tine  works  of  Claude  and  Rubens 
2.  A  gaUery  for  the  exhibition  of  paintings  of 
the  modem  esthetic  school,  established  by  Lord 
Grosvenor  in  New  Bond  street  in  1876.  pictures 
were  received  only  by  invitatiou.  The  exhibitions  have 
been  diseoiitiniied 

Grosvenor  Square.  A  fashionable  square  in 
Loudon,  east  of  Kyde  Park.  It  was  laid  out  before 
1716  and  has  been  the  residence  of  many  famous  men. 
There  is  great  variety  of  styles  in  Its  architecture,  and  it  Is 
noted  for  the  old  iionwork  and  fiambcau  extinguishers 
before  many  of  tlie  doors, 

Grote  fgrot).  George.  Born  at  Clay  Hill,  near 
I'.ci'kenliam,  Kent,  Nov.  17,  1794:  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  18,  1871.  A  celebrated  English  his- 
torical writer.  He  studied  at  the  Charterhouse,  and  in 
1810 entered  his fatliei's bank,  devoting  himself  thereafter 
to  that  business.  He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  18.33- 
1841.  His  great  work  is  a  "  History  of  Greece"  (1846-50). 
lie  also  piibliKbed  "Pl.-tto  and  the  other  Companions  of 
Socrates  (IS(1.',).  His  "  .Minor  Works'  wore  collected  by 
Bain  (187;)). 

Grote, Mrs. (Harriet  Lewin).  BomnearSouth- 

amploii,  England,  JiUy  1,  1792:  died  at  Sliiere, 
near  Gtiildl'ord,  Surrey,  Dec.  29,  1878.  An  Eng- 
lish author,  wifci  of  (ieorge  Groto  (nuirried 
1820),  whosi>  biognqiliv  she  wrote  (1873).  Slio 
published  also  "Lite  of  Ary  y.di.lTer"  (1860), 

etc. 

Grotefend(gr6'te-fent),  Georg Friedrich.  Born 
at  Miiiideii,  ni'ar  Cassel,  Prussia,  June  9,  1775: 
dic<l  at  Hannover,  Ih-ussia,  Dec.  15,  1853.  A 
noted  (^ierinaii  ])hilologisl  and  nrclnecdogist, 
])rorector  (later  conrector)  of  tlii'  gyninasiiim 
at  Fi-ankfort-on-thc-Miiin  (l.'<0:i-21 ).  ami  direc- 
tor of  the  lyceuin  at  Hannover  (1821-49).  H.' 
la  especially  noted  for  his  labors  on  the  deciphiyment  of 
the  cuneiform  Inscriptions.  His  works  ineludu  "Neue 
Beltragc  JMV  Erlaulerinig  iter  persepolltnnlschen  Kell- 
8chrlft"(1837),  "Rudlmeula  llnguie  I  ndirhw  "  (I8.-tf.-Jt8), 
"  Kudlmenla  linguie  Oseie  •  (18311),  etc.     .See  the  extract. 

'Ihe  clue  to  the  decipherment  of  the  (cunelforml  In. 
scrlptlons  was  first  discovered  by  the  BUecessful  guess  of 


Grove,  Sir  William  Robert 

a  German  sch<dar,  Grotefend.  Grotcfend  noticed  that  the 
inscriptions  generally  tjegan  with  three  or  four  words,  one 
of  which  varied,  while  the  others  remained  unchanged. 
The  variable «ord  had  three  forms,  though  the  same  form 
always  appeai-ed  on  the  same  moimuicnt,  Grotefend, 
therefore,  conjectured  that  this  word  represented  the 
name  of  a  king,  the  wonls  which  followed  it  being  the 
royal  titles,  (bie  of  the  supposed  names  appeared  much 
oftener  than  the  others,  and  as  it  was  too  short  for  Ar- 
ta.\erxes  and  too  long  for  Cyrus,  it  was  evident  that  it  must 
stand  either  for  Darius  or  for  Xerxes.  A  study  of  the 
classical  authors  showed  Grotefend  that  certain  of  the 
monuments  on  which  It  was  found  had  been  constructed 
by  Darius,  and  he  accordingly  gave  to  the  cliaracters  com- 
posing it  the  values  reijuired  for  spelling  "Darius  "  in  its 
old  Persian  form.  In  this  way  he  succeeded  in  obtaining 
conjectural  values  for  six  cuneiform  letters.  He  now 
turned  to  the  second  royal  name,  which  also  appeare<l  on 
several  monuments,  and  was  of  much  the  same  length  as 
that  of  Darius.  This  could  only  be  Xerxes  ;  but  if  so,  the 
tilth  letter  composing  it  (r)  would  necessiuily  be  the  same 
as  the  third  letter  in  the  name  of  Darius.  This  proved  to 
be  tile  case.  Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  13. 

Groth (grot), Klaus.  BornatHeide,inHoIstein, 
April  24, 1819 :  died  at  Kiel,  June  2, 1899.  A  Ger- 
man dialect  poet.  He  wrote  in  1853  the  first  vcduineof 
"tiuickborn"  ("Living  .Siiring"),  poemsof  popular  life,  in 
the  "Platt-Lteutach"  (Low  German)  dialect.  He  had  not 
had  a  university  education,  but  was  given  the  doctor's  title 
"lioiu)ris  causa"  by  the  University  of  Bonn  inl8.''>6.  In  1857 
he  became  docen  tat  Kiel,  where  he  was  subsequently  made 
professor.  Twovoluraesof  "  V'ertelln"  (narrativesinprose) 
appeared  in  185.i  and  1859.  A  second  volume  of  "IJuick- 
born"  followed  in  1872;  "ft  min  Jungsparadics,  drei  Ver- 
telln  '  ("From  my  Vouthful  Paradise,  Three  Stories  ")  in 
1876.  "Briefe  uber  Hocluleutsch  nnd  PlattdeuUch " 
("  Letters  on  High  German  and  Platt-Deutsch  ")  appeared 
in  1858  ;  "Uber  Mundarten  und  Mundartliche  Diehtung" 
("On  Dialects  and  Dialect  Poetry")  in  1873. 

Grotius  (gro'shi-us)  (Latinized  from  de  Groot), 
Hugo.  Born  at  Delft,  Netherlands,  April  10, 
1583  :  died  at  Rostock,  Germany,  Aug.  28, 1645. 
A  celebrated  Dutch  jurist,  theologian,  states- 
man, and  poet,  the  founder  of  the  science  of 
international  law.  He  was  made  pensionary  of  Rot- 
terdam in  1613;  as  a  Remonstrant  leader  was  condenmed 
tolifeimprisomnentatLoevestein  in  1619;  escaped  in  1621; 
and  was  Swedish  ambassador  to  France  16.*i5--15.  He  pub- 
lished "De  jure  belli  et  pads  "(1625:  his  chief  work),  "  De 
veritate  religionis  Christiana;  "(1627),  annotations  on  the 
Old  Testament  (1644)  and  on  the  New  Testament  (ltUH6X 
".\damus  exul"  (1601:  a  tragedy),  "Christus  patiens" 
(1608 :  a  tragedy),  and  many  other  works. 

Groton  (gro'tou).  A  town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  32  miles  northwest  of  Boston: 
the  seat  of  Lawrence  Academv.  Pojjulation 
(1900).  2,0.52. 

Groton.  A  town  in  New  London  County,  Con- 
necticut, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames, 
opposite  New  London,  it  contains  Fort  Griswold, 
which  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  of  American  troops 
bv  British  under  Benedict  Arnold,  Sept.  6. 1781.  Popula- 
tion (19001,  .'>,»<'.2. 

Grotta  del  Cane  (grot'tii  del  kii'ne).  [It.,  lit. 
'grotto  of  the  dog':  so  named  because  the  car- 
bonic acid,  collecting  nearthe  floor  of  the  cave, 
will  kill  a  dog.  while  a  man,  being  taller,  es- 
capes.] A  grotto  near  Pozzuoli,  6  miles  west 
of  Naples.  The  carbonic-acid  gas  collected  in 
it  is  dangerous  to  animal  life. 

Grottaglie  (grot-tiil'ye).  A  town  in  the' prov- 
ince of  Leece,  Apulia,  Italv,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Taranto.     Pi>inilation  (1881),  9,431. 

Grouchy  (gro-she'),  Miir.|uis  Emmanuel  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  23. 17l)6:  died  at  St.-Etienne. 
France,  May  29,  imi.  A  French  marshal,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Napoleonic  wars.  Hecommanded 
a  detached  force  In  the  Waterloo  campaign,  arid  defeated 
part  of  Bliicher'a  army  at  Wavre.  .lune  18,  18i:»,  but  failed 
to  prevent  Blucher  frtun  Joining  Wellington  or  to  come 
himself  to  thea.sslstanceofNai)oU'on  at  thebnttleof  Water- 
hs),  which  was  fought  a  few  miles  distant  on  the  sinne  day. 

Grouse's  Day.  St.  The  ]2lh  of  August:  so 
called  jcicularly  in  Great  Britain  because  the 
shoot ing-sea.son  ojiens  then. 

Grousset  (gr<>-8a').  Paschal.  Born  in  Corsica, 
1.S44.  A  French  journalist  and  Comniuiust,  min- 
ister of  foreign  alTairs  in  the  Comnnine  1871 
(March  22),  and  member  of  the  executive  com 
mil  tee  (April  21).  lie  was  arrested  .lune  S,  condemned 
to  deportatlim,  and  sent  (.lune,  1872)  to  New  Caledonia. 
In  .March,  ls74.  he  escaped  to  England,  nnd  relnrned  to 
France  In  1881,  where  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  lit- 
eraiy  watrk.  He  wrote  inidcr  the  pseudiinyms  Dooteur 
Blaslus.  iyo|Kilil  Virey,  I'hilippe  l)iu-yl,  Audi*  Laurie,  ami 
'1  Iburce  Miuity. 

Grove  (grov),  .sir  George.  Born  at  Clapliam, 
Surrey,  Aug.  13,  IS20:  died  at  Lomloii.  May  28, 
1900.  An  Englishi'TigiiM'er  and  writer,  llebulll 
at  .lamaica  in  1841  the  firHt  iron  licbthouse.  and  was  em- 
ployeil  on  the  Biilaunia  llriili;'-.     He  wan  director  of  the 

Royal  College  of  .MiiMe.  Keii»ingt 1RVJ-1)4.     He  edited 

"  M.'teniillan  s  Ma'.;a/ine  "  f"r  (.everal  year,-*,  and  edited 
th<'  •■  Hi,  tioiiarv  ..t  .Mu-lc  an, I  Musicians"   (I87U-,>'0). 

Grove,  sir  William 'Robert.  Bom  at  Swansea, 
Wales,  July  14,  1811:  died  Aug.  1,1896.  An 
English  physicist.  He  was  ndndtted  to  the  bar  183.'.; 
invented  tlie  voltaic  battery  known  as  "Grove'r,  battery 
1839;  was  pr<»fessor  ot  physic*  at  the  London  Institution 
1840  47  ;  became  a  judge  uf  the  Court  of  Common  I'leos 


Grove,  Sir  William  Kobert 

1871;  was  kniehted  1S7-;  became  a  juJire  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice  1ST5 ;  and  retired  from  tlie  bench  1&S7, 
Chief  wurli, '"  On  the  Correlatiou  of  Physical  Forces  "  (1646). 

Groveton  (grov'ton).     See  Bull  Situ. 

Groyne,  The.  The  old  English  name  of  Corxmna. 

Grua  Talamanca  y  Branciforte  (gro'a  tal-a- 
man'ka  e  bran-the-tor'te).  Miguel  de  la.  Mar- 
quis of  Branciforte.  Boru  in  Sicily  about  1750 : 
died  after  1813.  A  Spanish  general  and  admin- 
istrator. He  belonged  to  the  family  of  the  princes  of 
Carini,  and  was  the  brother-in-law  of  Manuel  Godoy, 
whose  influence  secured  him  many  undeserved  honors. 
He  was  made  captain-general  in  the  army,  grandee  of 
Spain,  etc.,  and  from  July,  1794,  to  May,  1798,  was  viceroy 
of  Me.vico.     By  scandalous  abuse  of  his  power  he  gathered 


464 


Giiaimis 


among  other  works.  "Decorations  and  Stuccos  of  Churches  Guadalavlar  (gwa-THii-la-ve-ar').  A  river  of 
and  Palaces  of  Italy"  (1S44)  and  "Specimens  of  Oraa-  eastern  Spain  which  flows  into  the  Jlediterra. 
mental  Art  ■■  (1S5U).  ,  ^^^^^  ^g^j.  Valencia. 

Grunstadt  (gruu  stat).     A  smaU  town  m  the  Onadalpa7ar   Marnnis  of     Spp  Fpmnn^^  H. 
Rliine  PalatSiate,  Bavaria,  10  mUes  southwest     a^-^^,  J^^i^/ec/o  J^ernandee  de 


of  Worms. 

Griinten  (grun'ten).  A  peak  of  the  Algauer 
Alps,  Bavaria,  near  Immenstadt.  There  is  a 
fine  prospect  from  its  summit.  Height,  5,712 
feet. 

Grus  (grus).  [L., '  a  crane.']  A  southern  con- 
stellation between  Aquarius  and  Piscis  Austra- 
lis.     It  is  one  of  the  constellations  introduced 


bv  the  navigators  of  the  16th  centnrv. 

nulla  ituusc  Ol   uua^'UHCi   u^  g.n.„.-n-.i     ^^   "     j.  ;.  ^..         \  /^  L»  / ;•     -  **  "^     /\      T 

a  large  fortune,  but  incurred  the  hatred  of  his  subjects.   GmtCr  (gril  ter),  or  trniytere  (gru-e-tar  ),  Jan. 

In  after  life  he  adhered  to  Joseph  Bonaparte.  Born  at  Antwerp,  Dec.  3,  1560 :  died  at  Heidel- 

Gruber  (gro'ber),  Johann  Gottfried.    Bom  at    berg,  Baden,  Sept.  20, 1627.     A  noted  classical 

Naumburgon  the  Saale,  Prussia,  Xov.  29, 1774:     scholar,  author  of ''InscriptionesantiqusBtotius 

died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Aug.  7. 1851.    A  German     orbis  Romanonim"  (1603),  etc. 

writer  and  scholar,  collaborator  with  Erseh  on  Griitli.     See  JlufU. 

the  "Allgemeine  EucyklopadiederWissenschaf-  Gliitzner  (griits'ner),  Eduard.  Born  at  Gross- 
ten  und  Kiinste."  "  Karlowitz.  in  Silesia,  May  26,  1846.  A  German 
Gmb  (grub) Street.     A  London  street,  still  ex-    genre  painter,  best  knowii  from  his  scenes  from  Guadalupe  (ga-da-16p' ;  Sp.  pron.  gwa-THa-lo'- 

isting  but  for  many  years  known  as  Milton     Shakspere.  _  pa).     A  river  in  southern  Texas  which  joins 

street.    It  is  in  the  parishot  St  GUes,  Cripplegate.  and  Gruyeres,  or  Gruyfete   (grii-yar'),  G.  GreyeiZ     the  San  Antonio,  about  10  mUes  from  its  mouth. 

runs  from  Fore  street  to  ihiswell  street.    It  was  formerly     (gn'erts).    A  district  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg,     Length,  about  250  miles. 

noted  "as  the  abode  of  small  authors,  who  as  writers  of     Switzerland;  also,  a  town  in  the  district,  15  miles  Guadalupe-HidalgO    (gwa-THa-lo'pa-e-dal'- 


Guadalquivir  (ga-dal-kwiv'er ;  Sp.  pron.  gwa- 
THal-ke-ver').  [From  Ar.  wddi-el-kebir,  the 
great  river.]  A  river  in  southern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Atlantic  17  miles  north-northwest 
of  Cadiz :  the  ancient  Bsetis.  Length,  about  300 
miles;  navigab's  to  Seville.  Cordova  is  also  on 
its  banks. 

Guadalupe  'gwa-Tna-lS'pa).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Caceres,  Spain,  situated  at  the  base 
of  the  Sierra  Guadalupe  about  60  miles  east  of 
Caceres.  The  Hieronymite  convent  of  Santa  Maria  is 
a  noble  foundation,  royally  endowed.  The  buildings  are 
very  extensive.  The  church  is  massive,  in  Pointed  archi- 
tecture, with  a  sumptuous  retable  and  many  tombs.  The 
sacristy  is  reputed  one  of  the  finest  in  Spain  :  it  contains 
paintings  by  Zurbaran  and  by  Luca  Giordano.  There  are 
two  tine  cloisters  —  one  in  the  Moresco  style,  the  other 
Pointed.    Population  (1S87),  2.964. 


trashy  pamphlets  and  broadsides  became  the  butts  for  the  j,      f  p,.;v,mi"r<r'    cplpbratpfi  forchpp'sp 

wit=  ,^f  fhoir  «mp  ThpnamR  'GmV,  street' as  onnro.       SOUm  01  J"  llDOUTg,  CeieurdteU  lOl  tneebe. 


wits  of  their  time.  ,  .  .  The  name  'Grub  street,'  as  oppro- 


brious, seems,  however,  to  have  been  first  applied  by  their  GmyferC,  Theodore  Charles.     Born  at  Paris, 

nnTw,npn^«  tn  the  writinfTR  of  Fove  themartvToloffist.  who       c^^i.     -i  T     T  Q1 Q  .    A:^,^    *\,^^^,     Ar^,..,!,    1     IQQt         A 


opponents  to  the  writings  of  Foxe  the  martyTologist,  who 
resided  iu  the  street "  {Hare,  London,  I.  273). 

Grub  Street  Opera,  The.  A  burlesque  by  Henry 
Fielding,  produced  iu  1731. 

Grumbler  (gi-um'bler).  The.  A  comedy  by  Sir 
Charles  Sedley,  printed  in  1702.  it  is  a  translation 
of  Bruevs's"Le  grondeur,"aiid  was  adapted  as  a  farce  by 
Goldsmith  in  1773, 


Sept.  17,  1813:  died  there.  March  1,  1.S85.  A 
French  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Eamey  and  Auguste 
Dumont. 

Grynaeus  (gri-ne'us)  (Latinized  from  Gryner), 
Simon.    Bom  at  Vehringen,  Swabia.  1493 :  died 


go).  A  town  in  the  federal  district,  Mexico,  3 
miles  north  of  Mexico,  it  is  celebrated  for  its  chapel 
on  the  spot  where  the  Virgin  is  said  to  have  appeared  to 
a  shepherd.  By  a  treaty  signed  here  Feb.  2. 1&48,  Mexico 
ceded  a  large  territory,  comprising  the  modern  California, 
iSevada,  Utah,  most  of  Arizona,  a  large  part  of  New  Mex- 
ico, and  parts  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  to  the  United 
States. 


at  Basel,  Aug.  1, 1.541.     A  German-Swiss  Prot-  Guadeloupe  (ga-de-16p';  F.  pron.  gwad-lop'). 


estant  theologian  and  philologist. 


Grumbletonians(grum-bl-t6'ni-anz).  In  Great  Gryphius   (grif'i-us;  G.  pron.  gre'fe-os).  An. 


Britain,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century, 
a  nickname  for  members  of  the  Country  party, 
as  opposed  to  the  Court  party. 

Grumbo  (grum'bo).  A  giant  in  the  Tom  Thumb 
stories. 

Grumentum  (gro-men'tum).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  tovm  in  Lucania,  southern  Italy,  sit- 
uated on  the  Aeiris  (now  .Agri)  near  the  mod- 
ern Saponara. 

Grumio  igro'mi-6).  In  Shakspere's  comedy 
'■  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,"  a  servant  of  Pe- 
truchio. 

Grumium  (gro'mi-um).  The  fourth-magnitude 
star  ^'  Draconis.  in  the  head  of  the  animal. 

Griin.     See  Buhlung,  Hans. 

Griin,  Anastasius.  See  Auersperg,  Anton  Alex- 
ander ion. 

Griinberg  (griin'bera).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  50  mUes  southeast  of  Frank 


dreas.  Bom  at  Glogau,  in  Silesia.  Oct.  11,  1616 : 
died  there,  July  16, 1664.  A  German  dramatist 
and  poet.  He  was  in  his  early  years  a  tutor,  but  was 
enabled  by  his  patron,  the  count  palatine  Georg  von 
Schonbom,  to  go  to  Holland,  when  (163S)  he  matriculated 
at  Leyden,  where  he  subsequently  studied  and  taught.  He 
returned  to  Glogau  in  1643,  bat  again  (1646)  left  to  travel 
in  Italy  and  France.  In  1650  he  became  syndic  of  his 
native  town,  where  he  died.  He  wrote  od'es,  sonnets, 
and  hymns,  but  his  fame  is  based  principally  upon  his 
dramas.  Hewastheauthorof  otragedies:  "Leo  Armenius" 
(1650  :  written  in  ime),  "Katharina  von  Georgien,"  "Car- 
denio  und  Celinde,"  "  Carolus  Stuardus  "(1657 ;  written  in 
1619X  and  "  Papinianus  "  (1659).  More  important  still  are 
his  comedies  "Peter  Squentz"  (1657)  and  " Horribilicri- 
brilax  "  (1663),  both  written  between  1647  and  1650.  A 
third  comedy,  "Die  geliebte  Domrose,"  written  in  the 
Silesian  peasant  dialect,  was  first  acted  in  1660  as  the  in- 
terlude to  a  comic  operetta,  "Das  verliebte  Gespenst" 
("The  Enamoured  Ghost")-  Two  other  operatic  plays  are 
"Maiuma"and  "Piastus."  In  addition  to  these,  he  trans- 
lated a  Latin  religious  drama  and  several  comedies  from 
Italian  and  French.     He  has  been  styled  "  the  German 


An  island  of  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
France,  intersected  by  lat.  16°  15'  N.,  long. 
61°  30'  W.  It  consists  of  two  parts  separated  by  a  nar- 
row channel —  Guadeloupe  proper  or  Basse- Terre  in  the 
west,  and  Grande-Terre  in  the  east.  The  former  is  moun- 
tainous, the  latter  generally  low.  The  chief  product  is 
sugar.  The  capital  is  Basse-Terre :  thelargest  place,  Pointe- 
a-Pitre.  The  island,  with  Marie-Galante,  La  Desirade,  Les 
Saintes,  St.-Bartholomew,  and  part  of  St, -Martin,  forms  a 
government.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  Nov.  4, 1493 ; 
was  colonized  by  the  French  in  1635 :  was  several  times 
taken  by  Great  Bsitaiu  ;  and  was  finally  secured  to  France 
in  1815.  Area,  618  square  miles.  PopiUation  (1889)  of  Gua- 
deloupe, 142,294 ;  of  Guadeloupe  and  its  dependencies, 
165,899. 

Guadet  (ga-da').  Marguerite  Elie.    Bom  at 

St.-fimilion,  near  Bordeaux,  France,  July  20, 
1758 :  guillotined  at  Bordeaux,  June  15, 1794.  A 
French  Girondist  leader,  deputy  to  the  Legisla- 
tive Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  in 


1792. 
In  addition  to  these,  he  trans-  Guadiaua  (gwa-THe-a'na  or  gwa-de-a'na).    A 
^''- '  river  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  forming  in  part  of 

its  course  a  boundary  between  the  two  coun- 
tries :  the  ancient  Anas.  It  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
in  lat.  37°  9'  N.,  long.  7°  18'  W.  In  a  portion  of  its  upper 
course  it  flows  for  many  miles  underground.  Length,  over 
400  miles. 


,       „,        --  .  T^        1   ^.  Shakspere. 

*,?^.nm""*''^'^*^^''-   n^Io?'.'""'"'^*'-   ^"P"'^*'"'^  Gryphon  (grif'on).     l.  A  legendarv  monster, 
( 1890)   commune   16,092        ,    .  ^     _,     .,  „  ^fig  its  loler  part  that  of  a  lion  and  its  upper 

Jrundtvig  (gront  vig),  NikolaiFredenk  Sev-     ^ij^t  of  a  bird  of  prev.— 2.  See  Aquilant. 

?"°V,^°™?*Y7?^''™t^'^'''*^'i'  ^*"?^'o-;.i  ^V  Guacanagari  (gwa-kan-a-ga-re'),  or  Guacana-  GuadiX(gwa-THeH').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
8^  1783:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Sept.  2,  18,2.  A  ^^^^  (g^va-kan-a-a-re').  Died  about  1496.  An  Granada,  Spain,  3S miles  east-northeast  of  Gra- 
Danish  poet  and  dipne.    He  was  the  son  of  a  clei^-     Indian  chief  of  the  district  of  Marien,  on  the  -        --  

northeast  coast  of  Haiti.  He  was  very  friendly  to 
Columbus,  who  left  a  small  colony  near  his  village  (Jan., 
1493);  this  was  destroyed  by  hostile  Indians,  who  also  at- 
tacked Guacanagari.  He  remained  faithful  to  the  whites, 
but  in  1495  his  subjects  rebelled  on  account  of  the  tribute 
exacted  by  the  conquerors.  Guacanagari  fled  to  the  moun- 
tains, where  he  died  miserably. 

Guacharos  (gwa'cha-ros),  Cave  of  the.  [Sp. 
Client  dc  Guacharos.]  A  cave  near  Caripe,  state 
of  Bermudez,  Venezuela :  so  named  because  it 
is  inhabited  by  the  birds  called  guacharos  (Stea- 
iornis  caripensis).  It  was  visited  and  described 
bv  Humboldt. 


man.  He  studied  theology  at  the  Copenhagen  University, 
and  was  first  a  tutor,  and  subsequently  (1808)  again  in  Co- 
penhagen, where  he  published  the  same  year  "  >'ordens 
Mythologi"  ("Mythology  of  the  North"),  and  the  suc- 
ceeding year"  Optrin  af  Kjampelivets  I  nder  gang  i  Xord  " 
("Scenes  from  the  Close  of  the  Heroic  Age  in  the  North  "). 
In  1810  he  was  chaplain  to  his  father  at  Udby,  hut  returned 
to  Copenhagen  in  1813,  after  the  latter's  death.  In  the  fol- 
lowing years  he  wrote  many  historical  and  religious  arti- 
cles in  periodicals,  and  immerous  poems.  He  also  trans- 
lated Saxo  and  the  Heimskringla  into  Danish,  and  in  1820 
made  a  free  version  of  Beowulf.  In  1S'21  he  was  appointed 
parish  priest  at  Prasto,  but  went  the  following  year  to  Co- 
penhagen as  chaplain.  In  1825,  in  consequence  of  a  violent 
expression  of  opinion  in  "Kirkens  Gjeumale  "  ("  The  .An- 
swer of  the  Church,"  namely,  to  a  work  by  H.  N.  Clausen  r>  -  I,.  an-  .-.o 
on  Catholicism  and  ProtestantismX  he  was  prosecuted  for  IxUacnires.     aee  Iruaigitens. 

damages  and  fined,  and  resigned  his  position.  From  1829  Guachis  (gwa-shez  ).  [So  called  by  the  Guaycu- 
to  1831  he  was  in  Engl.and  engaged  in  the  study  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  literature.  In  1839  he  became  pastor  of  the  little 
hospital  church  of  Vartov,  in  Copenhagen,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.  On  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his 
priesthood  the  title  of  bishop  was  given  him.  He  was  a 
most  prolific  \vriter  in  almost  all  departments  of  litera- 
ture, and  published  more  than  1(X)  volumes. 

Grundy  (gmn'di),  Felix.  Bom  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  11,  1777:  died  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.j  Dee.  19,  1840.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Tennessee 
1829-38,  and  attorney-general  1838-40. 

Grundy,  Mr.  In  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers," 
a  friend  of  Mr.  Lowten. 

Grundy,  Mrs.    In  Morton's  comedy  "  Speed  the 


nada.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  a  ruined  castle. 
Population  (1887),  11,989. 

Guaduas  (gwa'THwas).  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cundinamarca,  Colombia,  situated 
about  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  74°  50'  W.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Guahan  (gwa-han'),  or  Guam  (gwam),  or  San 
Juan(sanHo-an'),Sp.Guajan(gwa-Han').  The 
southernmost  and  largest  of  the  Ladrones.  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  26'  X..  long. 
144°  40'  E.  It  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States 
by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  Dec.  10, 1898.  It  is  about  30  milei 
long  and  6  « ide.    Population  (1887),  8,561. 

Guaharibos(gwa-a-re'b6s).  A  tribe  of  Indians 
of  the  Carib  stock,  iu  southern  Venezuela,  liv- 


is  constantly  alluded  to  bv  Mrs.  A: -- .         ,,  ■       ^   ^ 

crswife.in  thephrase''WhatwillMrs.Grundys.ay?"but  Guaddlajara.     The  capital  of  the  state  of  Ja 

never  appears  on  the  scene.    Her  name  has  become  pro-  ij^po.  Mexico,  situated  about  lat.  21°  X.,  long.- 

verbial  for  conventional  propriety  and  morality.  inoo  ia'  tv     tx         ^       j  .,  •    is.o   .•„  *-t ^\.;.a  ...-^c 

_  ...        ,   .j^.,,*^ ,    ■'_,   .      .  T.  T     J     ■  103°  10    W .    It  was  founded  in  1542,  is  the  third  city 

Gruner  (gro  ner),  Wunelm  Heinncn  LUdWlg.  of  Mexico  in  size,  and  contains  a  cathedral  and  a  univer- 

Bom at  Dresden.  Feb.  24. 1801 :  died  tliere.  Feb.  sity.    Population  (1895),  83,870. 

27,  1882.    A  German  engraver.    He  illustrated,  Guadalajara,  Audience  of.  See  Xueva  Galicia. 


rus :  said  to  mean  '  slippery  feet.']  A  tribe  of  jng  about  the  head  waters  of  the  Orinoco  and 
Indians  of  southern  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  now  Caura.  Formerly  numerous  and  formidable,  they  are 
nearly  or  quite  extinct,  owing  to  the  practice  now  reduced  to  a  few  hundred,  who  stand  in  great  fear 
of  infanticide  among  them.  They  were  formerly  of  the  whites  and  have  Uttle  intercourse  with  them, 
powerful.  The  Guachis  appear  to  be  the  same  as  the  GuahibOS  (gwa-e'bos).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
'  '        ^  ^"     '■'         *    "     upper  Olinoco   valley.     They  were  formerly  pow- 

erful, but  are  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousand,  near  the 
Orinoco,  between  the  Meta  and  the  Vichada.  They  are 
nomadic,  rarely  passing  two  nights  in  the  same  place  ;  live 
by  hunting  and  fishing  and  on  wild  fruits ;  and  are  sav- 
ages of  a  low  grade.  About  1770  a  few  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages,  but  they  soon  returned  to  the  plains,  and 
have  remained  inveterate  enemies  of  the  whites.  Their 
color  is  lighter  than  that  of  most  Indians.  Their  linguis- 
tic relations  .are  doubtf  til.  Also  written  Guaybaf,  Guaji- 
Guahirof!. 

See  Qiiaquas. 


Guaxarapos  or  Guasarapds  mentioned  by  old  writers 
Odso  Giiararapos  and  Guarapayos).  Their  relations  are 
doubtful.  .\lso  written  GuachUi,  GuaxU. 
Guadalajara  (gwa-da-la-Ha'ra).  1.  A  province 
in  New  Castile,  Spain,  bounded  by  Segovia,  So- 
ria,  and  Saragossa  on  the  north.  Teruel  on  the 
east.  Cuenea  on  the  south,  and  Madrid  on  the 
west.  Area.  4,870  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  201,496.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  province 


Plough,"  one  of  two  rival  farmer^'  wives.    She     °^^"'''^^l*^?^^';*^/**'^°°*,^^???l^sl7^^1l"^^^^^  Guaicas,  or  Guaycas. 

Ashfield,  the  other  farm-    northeast  of  Madnd.   Population  (1880,  ll,_3.x  g^g^j^^j^g^  p^.g^g^j^gj^gg_     See  aiiaiqueris. 


Guaimis  (gwi'mes).  -\u  ludian  tribe  of  south- 
eastern Costa  Rica,  near  the  Bay  of  Chiriqui. 
on  both  sides  of  the  central  CordUlera.  Their 
language  appears  to  have  some  relation  to  that 
of  the  ancient  Chibchas  of  New  Granada. 


*l 


Guaiqueris 

Guaiqueris  (gwi-ka-res')-  A  tribe  of  Indians 
which  formerly  occupied  the  island  of  Margarita 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Venezuela.  They  are 
supposed  U)  liuve  been  of  Caiib  skn.-k.  Their  descendants 
live  in  the  same  retjion,  but  speak  unly  Spanish.  Also 
written  Guakeries,  Guakurvi,  and  Guachires. 

Guaira,  La.     See  La  (imnira. 

Guajira  (gwa-ne'ra),  or  Goajira  (gwa-He'ra). 
A  peninsula,  partly  in  Venezuela  and  partly  in 
Colombia,  projecting  into  the  Caribbean  Sea 
northwest  of  Lake  Maracaibo. 

Guajivos.     See  Guahibos. 

Gual  (gwiil),  Pedro.  Bom  at  Caracas,  Jan.  31, 
1784 :  died  at  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  May  6,  1862. 
A  Venezuelan  statesman.  He  was  a  lawyer ;  joined 
the  patriots  in  1810;  occupied  many  important  civil  and 
diplomatic  posts;  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurrec- 
tion apainst  Monagas  in  185s;  and  was  vice-president  and 
president  ad  interim  in  isr.0. 

Gualdo  Tadino  (gwiil'do  ta-de'no).  A  town 
ill  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  21  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Perugia.  Near  this  place,  at  the  ancient 
Taginte  (Tadinunil,  Narses  defeated  Totila  in  55*2.  It  has 
a  cathedral.     Population  (1881),  commune,  8,477. 

Gualeguay  (gwa-la-gwi').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine  Republic,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Gualeguay  120  miles  north  by 
west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Population  (1889), 
11,000. 

Gualeguaychu  (gwa-Ia-gwi-eho').  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, situated  on  the  river  Gualeguaychu  115 
miles  north  of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  was  founded 
in  1883.     Population  (1889),  about  14,000. 

Guam.     See  Guahan. 

Guamanga  (gwii-man'ga),  or  Huamanga  (wii- 
man'gii).   A  city  of  Peru,  now  called  Aijacucko. 

Guamas  (gwa-mas').  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
(Jriuoeo  valley,  on  the  Apur<5.  They  were  formerly 
numerous,  had  large  villages,  were  agricultural,  and  were 
skilled  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  other  objects. 
They  were  perhaps  of  Tupi  stock.  The  tribe  is  nearly  ex- 
tinct. 

Guamos.     Same  as  Guamas. 

Guanabacoa  (gwii-nii-bii-ko'il).  AtowninCuba, 
5  miles  east  of  Havana.  It  is  the  residence  of  many 
Havana  merchants,  and  a  sea-bathing  resort,  ropulation 
(ISllia  13,965. 

Guanahani  (gwii-nii-a-ne').  The  first  island 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  his  voyage  of  1492, 
and  consequently  the  first  American  land  seen 
by  modem  Europeans.  It  was  described  as  low  and 
flat,  covered  with  trees,  surrounded  by  reefs,  and  having 
a  lake  in  the  center.  It  was  certainly  one  of  the  Ballamas, 
near  the  middle  of  the  group,  but  its  exact  identity  can- 
not now  be  iletermined  with  certainty.  The  weight  of 
opinion  inclines  to  \\'atling's  Island ;  but  various  writers 
have  supposed  it  ti>  be  Cat  Island,  Samana,  Acklin,  Mari- 
guana,  or  Grand  Turk. 

Guanajuato  (gwil-na-Ho-a'to).  1.  A  state  of 
Me.xico,  bounded  by  San  Luis  Potosl  on  the. 
north,  Quer^taro  on  the  east,  Michoacan  on  the 
south,  and  Jalisco  on  the  west,  it  is  noted  for  the 
richness  of  its  silver-mines.  Area,  12,-546  square  miles. 
I'<j]iulatioii  (1895),  1,047,238.  Also  written  Ouuniixuato. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  states  of  Guanajuato,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  21°  1'  N.,  long.  100°  ."i."!'  AV.  It 
is  the  center  of  an  important  silver-mining  re- 
gion.    Population  (ISg.")),  39,337. 

Guanare  (gwa-nii'ra).  A  town,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Zamora,  Venezuela,  218  miles  south- 
west of  Caracas.  It  was  founded  in  1593.  Pop- 
ulation  (1891),  10,880. 

Guanas  (gwii-niis').  A  tribe  of  South  American 
Indians  at  present  established  in  the  southern. 
part  of  the  state  of  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  near 
Miranda.  They  are  divided  into  several  subtribes,  known 
as  Layanas,  Tercnaa,  and  Quiniiininaos.  Physically  and 
intellectually  they  arc  one  of  the  finest  tribes  in  South 
America,  living  in  well-ordered  villages,  excelling  in  primi- 
tive arts,  and  subsisting  mainly  by  agriculture.  Tliey  are 
now  reduced  to  a  few  thousand,  wllo  live  in  friendly  re- 
lations with  the  Brazilians.  Uruler  the  mime  Cliamis  or 
Clianes  they  were  kni»wn  in  the  lath  century,  on  the  west- 
ern side  of  the  Paraguay,  where  the  Jesuit  aulhors  men- 
tion them  as  early  as  HH5.  Their  language  is  closely  al- 
lied to  that  of  the  .Moxos  of  the  river  .\lamortS  of  wliiell 
tribe  they  are  probably  an  olfshoot.  They  belong  to  tho 
great  Arawak  stock. 

Guancavelica.    See  IluaucavcUea. 

Guanches  (gwilnch'ez).  The  Berber  tribe  which 

iiilinbili'il  the  Canai'V  Islands,  West  Afrii'a.  The 
ei>l<>ni/.:ttion  of  tliese  islands  by  the  (lUanches  nnisl  have 
tak'-ii  place  before  the  Arabian  iiivasliui.  The  tluanches 
belongrd  ti>  the  red-haired  variety  of  Berbers,  and  em- 
balmed tlieir  dead,  whom  they  preserved  in  caves  like  the 
F-gypfians,  They  also  used  alplialietie  and  hie'roglyphie 
charaeleis  in  writing  their  language.  Spaniwh  ha-*  com- 
pletely superseileil  tbeGuaneh  language,  but  it  is  said  that 
the  rural  poiiulation  still  shows  nniny  Berber  features  and 
customs. 

Ouanes  (gwii-nas').  An  ancient  Indian  tribe  of 
Colombia,  which  occupied  the  mountainous  re- 
gion in  what  is  now  the  southern  part  of  llie  di'- 
partment  of  Santander.    They  had  attained  some 

C— 30 


465 

degree  of  civilization,  and  resisted  the  Spanish  conquerors 
with  great  valor.  Tlieir  descendants  may  be  traced  in  the 
mixed  races  of  the  same  region,  and  it  is  said  that  some 
wild  hordes  to  the  east  were  derived  from  them. 

Guano  Islands  (gwii'no  i'laudz).  Islands  off 
the  coast  of  Peru,  noted  for  their  deposits  of 
guano.  They  comprise  the  Lobos  Islands,  Chin- 
cha  Islands,  etc. 

Guantanamoigwiin-tii'na-mo).  A  city  of  Cuba 
situated  about  40  miles  northeast  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba  and  about  10  miles  north  of  Guanta- 
namo  Bay.  The  latter  was  the  scene  of  engagements 
between  the  Spanish  an.l  United  States  troops  and  vessels 
in  .Tune,  ISM.     Population  (ISSW),  7,137. 

Guap.     See  Yap. 

Guapey  (gwii-pay'),  or  Guapay  (gwa-pi').  A 
river  in  BoUvia  which  rises  near  Cochabamba, 
and  unites  with  the  Mamore. 

Guapore  (gwii-po-ra'),  called  in  its  uppercourse 
Itenez  (e-ta-niiz').  A  river  in  western  Brazil 
and  on  the  Brazilian  and  Bolivian  border.  It 
unites  with  the  Mamor6  in  lat.  11°  54'  13'  S. 
Length,  over  9u0  miles. 

Guaranys  (gwii-rii-nes').  ['Warriors.']  A 
powerful  race  of  South  American  Indians  who, 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  occupied  most  of 
the  region  now  included  in  Paraguay,  together 
with  portions  of  Uruguay  and  of  the  Brazilian 
coast  to  Santa  Cathaiina.  They  were  divided  into 
numerous  tribes  and  villages  with  dilferent  names,  not 
bound  together  by  any  permanent  league,  but  having  es- 
sentially the  same  language  and  customs.  The  Guaranys 
cultivated  manioc  and  other  plants,  had  weil-oidered 
towns,  and  practised  rude  arts :  it  does  not  appear  that 
any  of  them  were  cannibals.  Generally  they  received  the 
wliites  as  friends,  and,  though  Spanish  tyranny  provoked 
some  revolts,  they  were  easily  subdued.  Am<»ng  them  the 
Jesuits  establislied  their  most  important  missions.  Krom 
this  race,  mingled  with  the  Spaniards,  was  derived  the 
modern  population  of  Paraguay,  where  a  corrupt  form  of 
Guarany  is  still  the  common  language.  In  that  countiy 
only  the  so-called  Caas  of  the  upper  Parana  remain  in  a 
wild  state.  The  name  is  loosely  used  for  senii-civilizcd  In- 
di.ans  of  Tupi  stock  in  Argentina,  I'mguay,  and  simtbern 
Brazil.  The  Guarany  language  has  a  considerabie  litera- 
ture, including  a  newspaper.  Also  written  Guaranii  or 
Guaranies. 

Guarany  stock.    See  Tupi  stocl: 

Guaratingueta  (gwa-ra-ten-gwa-tii').  A  town 
ill  tlie  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  situated  on  the 
Paiahiba  120  miles  west  by  north  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.     Population,  about  5,000. 

Guaraunos  (gwa-ril-o'nos  or  wii-rii-o'nos), called 
by  the  English  of  Guiana  Warraus,  or  Guar- 
raus  (wii-ra-iis').  A  tribe  of  South  American 
Indians  about  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  For- 
merly they  seem  to  have  been  eontined  to  the  swampy  lands 
of  the  delta,  where  they  built  their  houses  on  piles  or  in 
trees  ;  latterly  they  have  occupied  jiortions  of  the  higher 
lands.  They  have  plantations,  but  sulKsist  inairdy  on  llsh 
and  fruits.  Their  language  is  very  distinct  from  that  of 
surrounding  trilies.     A  few  thousand  remain. 

Guarayos  (gwil-rii-yos').  [t^uichua:  hiiara, 
breeches,  yoc,  without;  naked.]  A  tribe  of 
Bolivian  Indians  occupying  the  partly  wooded 
plains  northeast  of  Santa  Cruz  de   la  Sierra. 

Guarayos.  A  name  sometimes,  but  improperly, 
applieil  to  tho  Itenesaiid  other  savage  Indians 
of  northern  Bolivia. 

Guardafui  (gwilr-dii-fwo'),  or  Gardafui  (gilr- 
dii-fwe'),  Cape.  A  cape  in  the  northeastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  Somali  coiintry,  Africa,  lat.  11° 
.50'  30"  N.,  long.  51°  1(1'  10'"  E.:  ne.xt  to  Ras 
Hafun,  the  eastemiuost  |ioiiit  of  Africa. 

Guardi (gwiir'de), Francesco.   Born  1712:  died 

179:i.     A  Venetian  paiiiler. 

Guardia  (gwiir-de'ilK  TomAs.  Born  at  Bagaces, 
Uuanacaste,  Dec.  17,  1832:  died  July  7,  1882. 
ACosta-Bican  general.  Beheaded  the  revolt  of  18V0 
which  deposed  .Mmenez  and  made  C-UTanza  pi-esident:  but 
fluardia,  though  nominally  remaining  militaiy  eommanil- 
or,  was  really  the  chief  of  stale.  Fi-om  Aug.  8,  1870,  to 
May  8,  1876,  he  was  president. 

Guardian  (giir'di-iiM).  The.  1.  A  play  by  Mas- 
singer,  licensed  in  1(13:1,  played  in  1034,  and 
publislied  in  1G55. — 2.  A  comedy  by  Abrahum 
Cowley,  acted  at  Cambridge  in  1G41  for  Prince 
Cliarles.  It  was  )iriiiled  in  1G.')0,  and  rewritten 
as  "Tho  Cutter  of  ColiMiiaii  Sirei'l  "  in  10.58. — 
3.  A  periodical  )iiiblislied  at  Ijondon  in  1713, 
and  edited  iiy  Steele.  It  comprised  17U  num- 
bers (51  of  theiri  liy  Addison).  It  lollowed  tlie 
"Spoeliitor.''  mill  was  inferior  to  it. 

Guardian  Angel,  The.  A  novel  byOlivorWen- 

iloll  II. limes,  published  in  ISCS. 

Guardiola  (gwiir-de-o'liii  Santos.   Born  about 

1810:  assassinati'dtlaii.  11,  l.sii2.  Ageneraliind 
Jiolitician  of  Honduras.  lie  was  a  rough  and  cruel 
soldier  who.  after  serving  under  Malespln  aQd  against 
Walker,  was  pri-sident  of  Honduras  friuu  Feb.  17,  tsrid. 
Ills  adiniidstration  was,  on  the  whole,  good,  though  his 
previona  acts  had  won  for  him  tlie  title  of  "  the  Tiger  of 
t'enfi:d  America. " 
Guarico  (gwii're-ko).  Originally,  in  1492,  the 
Indian  town  in  Haiti  governed  liy  Guacauagari. 


Guatos 

The  name  was  transferred  to  the  modern  city  near  the 
same  place,  now  known  in  English  as  Cape  llaitien. 

Guarini(gwii-re'ne), Giovanni Battista.  Bom 
at  Ferrara,  Italy,  Dec.  10,  1537  :  died  at  Venice, 
Oct.  4,  1612.  A  noted  Italian  poet  and  dijilo- 
matist,  professor  of  belles-lettres  at  Ferrara. 
He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Ferrara.  and  later  in 
that  of  Tuscany  and  that  of  libino.  His  chief  work  u 
the  pastoral  drama  "II  pastor  tldo  "  (ISBo). 

Guarionex(gwa-re-6'nag).  Died  after  1510.  An 
Indian  chief  of  the  region  or  "province"  of 
Macorix.  in  the  central  part  of  Haiti.  He  received 
Columbus  hospitably  in  1194,  and  remained  friendly  to 
the  whites  until  1498,  when  he  headed  a  revolt.  Defeated, 
he  lied  to  the  country  of  Mayobanex,  but  was  eventually 
captured  and  held  as  a  hostage. 

Guarneri  (gwar-na're).  Latinized  Guameiius 
(gw;ir-ne'ri-us),  Andrea.  Born  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1630 :  died  after  1695  (?).  A  noted 
Italian  violin-maker. 

Guarneri,  Antonio  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Cre- 
mona, June  8,  1683:  died  1745.  A  celebrated 
Italian  violin-maker,  nephew  of  Andrea  Guar- 
neri. 

Guastalla  fgwiis-tiiriii).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Beggio  nell' Emilia,  Italy,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Crostolo  with  the  Po,  19 
miles  northeast  of  Parma.  The  duchy  of  Guastalla 
(previous  to  1621  a  county)  passed  to  Don  Philip  of  Sjiain, 
along  with  Parma,  in  1748,  to  Pauline  Borghese  in  180.%  to 
M<aria  Louisa  in  1815,  and  to  Modena  in  1848. 

Guatemala (ga-te-mii'lil;  Sp.pron.gwa-ta-mii'- 
la),  incorrectly  Guatimala  (gwa-te-mil'la). 
A  republic  of  Central  America.  Capital,  Gua- 
temala. It  is  bounded  by  Mexico  on  the  north  and 
northwest,  British  Honduras,  the  Gulf  of  Honduras,  and 
Honduras  on  the  east,  Salvador  on  the  southeast,  and  the 
Pacillc  Ocean  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous.  The  chief  product  is  coffee.  It  is  divided 
into  22  departments.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a  presi- 
dent, and  legi.slation  in  a  national  assembly.  Most  of  the 
people  are  Roman  Catholics,  but  other  cults  are  tolerated. 
Guatemala  was  conquered  by  Pedi-o  de  Alvarado,  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Cortis,  in  1624-26.  After  a  short  connection 
with  Iturbide's  Mexican  empire,  it  formed  part  of  the 
Central  American  Confederal  ion  i823-3'.>,  when  it  was 
estalilished  as  an  independent  repulilie.  It  has  had  sevei-al 
wars  with  .Salvador  anil  Ili.ii.luras,  Area.  i;:;. 4110  .sc|ilare 
miles.    Populati<m  (IsilU),  l,:((U,t'.7s  :  as!t7i.  est..  l..'>01,I4.'i. 

Guatemala,  or  Santiago  de  Guatemala  tsiin- 

te-ii'go    da   gwii-ta-niii'lii),    sometimes    called 

New  Guatemala  (Sp.  Guatemala  laNueva). 

The  cajiital  of  the  republic  of  (iuatemala,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  14°  3t>'  N.,  long.  90°  27'  W.  The 
chief  building  is  the  cathedral.  The  city  was  founded  in 
177.'",  soon  after  I  he  destruction  of  Old  Guatemala.  Popu- 
lation (1893).  71,fiL'7. 

Guatemala,  Audience  of.    See  Confines,  Audi- 
run  iif  till-. 
Guatemala,  Old,  or  Antigua  (iin-te'gwti).    A 

town  of  Guatemala,  24  miles  west-southwest  of 
Xew  Guatemala.  The  original  city  of  Guatemala, 
founded  1,'>24,  was  destroyed  by  a  llood  from  the  Volcan 
de  Agua  1541 ;  refounded  on  a  new  site  1.M2,  it  was  almost 
completely  destroyed  by  tho  great  earthquake  of  July  29. 
1773 ;  the  capital  was  then  removed  to  its  present  site, 
!»ut  the  town  of  .-\nligna  grew  up  about  the  ruins  of  the 
second  lity.     P.nailiili.in.  about  10,111)0. 

Guatemala,  Presidency  of.  The  region  in  Cen- 
tral America  which,  during  the  colonial  period, 
was  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Audience 
of  tho  Confines  or  of  (Guatemala.  See  ('iiiitiiu:i. 
As  originally  limited,  in  1M.\  It  embraced  all  the  present 
states  of  Central  Amerlea,  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Vuea- 
tan,  and  Chiapas,  the  capital,  after  1549,  being  at  Guate- 
mala. In  1518  Yucatan  was  placed  under  the  Auilicnce 
of  Mexico,  and  in  15.^0  the  isthmus  was  united  to  Peru. 
From  1561  to  1570  tile  t^entriU  American  colonies  were 
made  subject  to  New  Spain  (Mexico).  In  1570  the  Audi- 
ence of  the  Contlnes  was  again  establishetl  at  Guatemala, 
antl  thereafter  the  presidency  included  the  present  Cen- 
tnil  .'Vnlerican  countries  (except  portions  of  the  east  coast 
which  subsequently  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Britisli), 
together  with  Chiaiias,  now  a  state  of  Mexico.  A/ter  1(*0 
Guatcniata  was  ruled  by  captains-general,  who  were  also 
generally  presidents  of  the  audience,  but  had  independent 
powers  similar  to  those  of  the  viceroys  of  New  Spain  and 
Peru.  The  nrovliiees,  eorrespontling  to  the  pres.nl  re- 
publics, were  ruleil  by  governors  who,  to  a  certain  extent, 
were  subject  to  the  captain-general. 

Guatemotzin  (gwii-ta-moi-zen'),  or  Guatemoc 

(gwii'tii-iiiok).  ['  Swooping  eugh'.']  Horiialiout 
1497:  died  in  Tabasco  early  in  1.52.'i.  The  last 
Azieo  sovereign  of  Mexico.  II..  was  nephew  of 
Montezuma  11..  and  was  elected  to  the  throne  on  tlie 
death  of  CuItlahilBlzIn  (Sept.,  K.JOl  :  defended  Mexico 
against  t^orti-s  in  the  famous  siege,  May  Aug  ,  1521 ;  waa 
captured  .\ng.  l:l ;  and  was  subsequently  tortured  in  the 
hope  that  he  would  give  up  eiiiirealeil  treasure.  In  i:,24 
lie  was  forced  to  go  wilht^'ortt^oii  the  march  to  llondums ; 
on  the  way  he  was  accused  of  treachery  and  hanged.  Alio 
written  (Juaffmozin.  Qitauhtfmotziti.  Cuauhtrmoe,  etc 

GuateSCOS.     See  Uua.iUr.i. 

Guatos  (gwii-tos').  A  Soiijli  .Vnierioan  Indian 
Irilie  ill  the  swampy  regions  of  the  upper  Para- 
guay l\iver.  Formerly  they  were  very  numerous  and 
warlike  :  tliuy  arc  now  reduced  to  a  few  humlred  about  the 
mouth  of  theSAo  l.onrenvo  tributary.  1'lio  Guatos  resem- 
ble F.iiropeaiis  In  color,  and  have  short  beards.  They  live 
alnio*-.!  entirely  in  canoes,  tishliig  and  hunting,  making 
rude  buts  In  the  swamps,  and  retiring  to  higher  lands  onI> 


Guatos      ■  466  Gueroult 

26  miles  south-southeast  of  Frankfort-on-the-  died  at  Madrid,  1768.     A  Spanish  general  and 

Oder.     Population  (1S90),  commune.  29.328  administrator.      He   was    captain-general   of   Cuba 

GubitZ  (go'bits).   Friedrich  Wilhelm.     Born  March.  1734,-AprU,  me,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico  July  9, 

at  Leipsic,  Feb.  27, 1786 :  died  at  Berlin.  June  5,  Jll'j-'i^,?- 1°lFS-,h2°  '''*  ""^^  '"  *P^'"  •'^.^'^  ""^de 

T. -.---»       *   /-'  ■  1-  *         ^i  1       ..■  ..  captani-general  of  the  army  and  count  of  Revillaciffedo 

1&,  0.     A  German  joui-uahst,  author,  and  artist.  He  was  reputed  to  be  the  wealthiest  Spanish  TuW^t  of 

He  edited  and  illustrated  the  "DeutscherVolks-  his  time. 

,  , kalender"  (lS3.>-69),  etc.  Giiemez  Pacheco  de  Padilla  Horcasitas  (go- 

stinct  stock.    Only  a  few  hundred  are  left.    Many  of  Gucumatz  Cgo-ko-mats' ).     [Quiche. 'feathered  a'meth  pa-eba'ko  da  pa-Del' va  6r-ka-se'tas) 

c'l'^.'"Hf''!^''!f  f"""  «"^''™''?P''''^K'A"^f''"^'     serpeut.'or- serpent  clothed  ingreenand  blue.']  Juan  Vicente,  Count  of  Eeviilagigedo.     Bom 

)S  were  descended  from  Mexicans  brought  to  this  re-     t„  fi     ,a    •.u._^i,-i j;  ^x^J^ r. 1  •<-   1     ^i  ot  t:i„,.„„„    f\,t„    i-in     i-    j     >.  i?  j  •  j    ,,       „ 

— 1.,-.  iiu_     at  J-la\  ana,  Cuba,  1(40:  died  at  Madrid.  May  2 

1799.     A  Spanish  general  and  administrator, 


during  the  floods.  They  have  long  been  friends  of  the  Bra- 
zilians, and  aided  them  in  the  war  with  Paraguay  1S65-70. 
Their  linguistic  relations  are  doubtful. 

Gtiatusos  (gwii-to'sos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in 
northern  Costa  Rica,  on  the  streams  which  flow 
into  Lake  Nicaragua.  They  practise  agriculture,  are 
enemies  of  the  whites,  and  have  always  retained  their  in- 
dependence. By  their  language  they  appear  to  constitute 
a  distinct  stoi ' 
'he 

tusos  were  descended  from  Mexicans  brought  to  this  re-  t  r,  ,-,  •  u  „",^i  1  „„  i?  4.1.  ~  t^  1  t-  i  ^i  ' 
gion  bv  the  Spaniards,  or  from  the  bucaneek  Alsowrit-  ^  theQuiehe  mythology  of  the  Popul\uh,the 
ten  Huatusos.  title  of  the  first  creator  of  all  things. 

Guaviare  (gwa-ve-a'ra).     A  river  in  Colombia  Gudbrandsdal  (go'brans-dal).     The  vaUey  of 
and  Venezuela,  joining  the  Orinoco  about  lat.     ^^^  Laagen,  in  central  Norway,  about  lat.  61° 


4°  X.,  long.  68°  10'  W.   Length,  about  725  miles. 
Guaxaca.     See  Oajacn. 

Guaxarapos,  or  Guasarapos.    See  Guaehis. 

Guayana.     See  Guiami. 

Guayanas.     Same  as  Guanas. 

Guayaquil  (gwi-a-kel'),  or  Santiago  de  Guay- 


62°  N. 

Gude  (go'de),  Hans  Frederik.    Born  at  Chris 
tiania,  March  13. 182.5.   A  Xorwegian landscape 


son  of  (jiiemez  de  Horcasitas.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Peninsular  wars ;  was  made  viceroy  of  Bue- 
nos Ayres  17S9 ;  and  was  almost  immediately  appointed 
viceroy  of  Mexico.  His  rule  (Oct.  16, 17a9,-Juiy,  1794)  was 
oni-  of  the  best  in  Mexican  colonial  history.  Returning  to 
Spain,  he  was  made  director-general  of  artillery. 


painter,  a  pupil  of  Achenbach  and  Schirmer  at  Guendolen  (gwen'do-len).   In  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 


the  Academy  of  Diisseldorf,  and  since  1880  a 
successful  teacher  of  his  art  in  Berlin 


aquil   (san-te-a'go  da  gwi-a-kel' 1.     The  chief  Gudeajgo-da'a).     One  of  the  earliest  Babylo- 
seaport  and  most  populous  city  of  Ecuador,  situ-  ~   ~  ""* 

ated  on  the  river  Guayaquil  in  lat.  2°  12'  S., 


long.   79°  52'  W. :  an  important   commercial 


mouth,  the  wife  of  Locrine,  the  eldest  son  of 
Brute  or  Brutus.  See  Sabriiia. 
Guerande  (gii-rond').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inferieure.Franee,42  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Xantes.  It  manufactures  salt. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  7.020. 


nian  kings,  or,  as  they  were  styled  in  the  old 
est  epoch  of  Babyl-ouian  histoiw,  patesi.  i.  e 
priest-king  or  viceroy.    Gudea  is  mentioned  as  such 
place.    Population  (1890),  44,772. 

duayaquil.  Gulf  of.    An  inlet  of  the  Pacific    Erregi^'ha^^Xbe^'a^c^rulnedTpoiibTa^ursoSS  ««ercne  (garsn)^ i.a.    A  town  in  the  depart- 

Oeeau,  west  of  Ecuador.  b.  c,  or,  according  to  some,  4Chjo  b.  c).  ™<^"t  o*  *-'i<^'"'  *Tance.  on  the  Aubois  11  miles 

Guayas(gwl'as).    AmaritimeprovineeofEcua-  Gudin  (gii-dan'\  Theodore.     Born  at  Paris,     west  of  Xevers.     Population  (1891),  commune, 

dor.     Capital,  Guayaquil.     Area,  8,220  square     Aug.    lo,    1802:    died   at   Boulogne-sur-Seine,  J'     \         „         v     j    t,     ^  x        . 

miles.     Population,  98,012.  France,  April  11.  1880.     A  French  painter  of  Guerche  orGuerche-de-Bretagne,La.  A  town 

-     ---  tnariupa  nnH  lanrlo^nnfls  lu  the  department  ot  Ille-et-\  ilaine,  France, 

25  miles  east-southeast  of  Rennes.     Population 


Guaybas.     Same  as  Giiahibos.  marines  and  landscapes. 

Guaycurus  fgwi-ko-ros'l.     A  tribe  of  South  Gudrun    (go-dron'),    or    Kudrun    (ko-dron') 


American  Indians,  on  the  river  Paraguay, 
Brazil,  near  the  Paraguayan  frontier :  now  com- 
monly known  to  Brazilians  as  Cadiueios,  prop- 
erly the  name  of  one  of  their  clans.  The  Para- 
guayans call  them  Mb.ayas.  They  are  powerfully  built, 
brave,  and  warlike.  Formerly  they  were  very  numerous 
and  nomadic,  living  by  hunting  and  fishing  and  by  rob- 
bing other  tribes.     They  acquired  horses  from  Spanish 


unknown  author  in  Austria  or  Bavaria. 


stock,  and  became  skUful  horsemen.     They  were  long  a   QuebeiS,  or  Ghebers  (ge'berz),  or  GaberS,  or 


terror  to  the  whit«s  and  to  Surrounding  tribes.  The  few 
hundred  remaining  live  in  villages  under  Brazilian  rule. 
It  is  doubtful  if  this  was  the  tribe  of  the  same  name 
known  in  the  Chaco  region  in  the  17th  and  ISth  centuries. 
Also  written  Guaicurus,  Gtuiycurue^,  Ouaycurus,  etc. 

Guaycuru  stock  (gwi-ko-ro'  stok),  sometimes 
called  the  Chaco  stock.  A  well-defined  group 
of  South  American  Indian  tribes,  nearly  all  of 
which  inhabit  the  region  west  of  the  riveV  Para- 
guay, between  19°  and  29°  S.  lat..  known  as 
the  Gran  Chat?0.  it  includes  the  Guaycurus,  Mocobis, 
Tobas.  the  extinct  Abipones.  and  many  others,  ^1  of  more 
or  less  nomadic  habits,  warlike,  and  li\ing  largely  by  rapine. 
The  Jesuit  missionaries  could  make  little  impression  on 
them,  and  a  few  only,  on  account  of  weakness,  have  sub- 
mitted to  white  influence.   They  resemble  North  American 


[MHt^.  Eutriiu,  NHG.  Gudrun.-]     The  heroine  S^^^^X-  commune  4,933. 

of  a  Middle  High  German  epic  poem,  after  the  ^^rfinq  (gwer-che  no),  Giovanni  Francesco 

••NibelungenHed"  the  most  important  in  the     ?-?;F,°^f.";    Born  at  Cento  near  Bologna,  Italy, 

earlv  literature  of  Germany.    Gudrun  is  the  daugh-     If  «= 'Ije'^  at  Bologna.  1666.    An  Italian  pamter 

ter  of  King  Hetel  of  Hegelingen.    The  scene  of  action  is     ?'  '"^  Bolognese  school.    Among  his  best  works 

principally  the  coast  region  of  the  North  .Sea  and  Xor-     is  the  **Sta.  Petronilla"  (at  Rome). 

mandy.     the  poem  was  written  in  the  13th  century  by  an  GuerCnS.      See  Crens, 

....  Gueret(ga-ra').    The  capital  of  the  department 

of  Creuse,  France,  situated  in  lat.  46°  12'  N., 
long.  1°  52'  E.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
7.799. 

Guericke  (ger'ik-e),  Heinricli  Ernst  Ferdi- 
nand. Born  at  Wettin.  near  Halle,  Prussia, 
Feb.  25,  1803 :  died  at  Halle,  Feb.  4,  1878.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Halle.  His  works  include  "Handbuch  der  Kirchenge- 
schichte"  (1S33I,  "  Allgenieine  christliche  Symbolik" 
(lS39)."LehrbuchderchristlichenArchaologie"(1847).etc. 


ciferii'li'edtngriel'^"'"-  ^'''''"'^^"■""''" ^^"^  Guebriant  (ga-bre-oh').  Jean Baptiste  Budes, 

Comte  de.     Born  at  Plessis-Budes.  Brittanv. 
Feb.  2.  160: 


Guaymas  (gwi'mas).  [Prob.  an  Opata  name.] 
A  tribe,  now  extinct  (as  such),  formerly  living 
on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California  in  Sonora. 
lYom  them  the  town  of  Guaj-mas  derives  its  name.  The 
Guaymas  were  almost  exterminated,  in  the  second  half  of 
the  Isth  century,  by  the  Seris.  Their  language  is  said  to 
be  a  dialect  of  the  Pima. 

Guaymas.  A  seaport  in  the  state  of.  Sonora, 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  California  in 
lat.  27°  56'  X.,  long.  110°  36'  W.  Population, 
about  6,200. 


Ghavers  (ga'verz).  or  Gebirs  (ge-berz') 
[Commonly  derived  from  the  Arabic  kdlir,  in- 
fidel Cgiaom-.'  the  word  applied  by  Mohamme- 
dans to  all  non-Mohammedans,  and  supposed  to 
have  been  applied  to  this  sect  by  their  Arab 
conquerors  in  the  7th  centtiry).  From  its  oc- 
currence in  the  Talmud  as  Clieber,  and  in  Ori- 
gen  as  Eahir,  others  believe  it  to  be  an  ancient 

proper  name  from  some  tribe  or  localitv.]    .\  „-   , , 

Mohammedan  name  of  the  followers  of"  Zoro-  Guericke,  Otto  Von.  Born  at  Magdeburg.  Prus- 
"         ■      ■  -  '  sia.  Xov.  20,  1602:  died  at  Hamburg,  May  11, 

1686.  A  German  natural  philosopher.  He  stud- 
ied law  at  Leipsic,  Helmstedt.  and  Jena,  and  mathematics 
at  Leyden,  and  traveled  in  France  and  England.  From 
1631-36  he  was  chief  engineer  at  Erfurt,  in  the  Swedish 
service.  He  invented  the  air-pump  (1650),  air-balance, 
etc.,  and  constructed  the  "Magdeburg  hemispheres." 
He  published  "Eiperimenta  nova"  (1672),  etc. 
Guerin  (ga-ran'  1.  Eugenie  de.  Bom  1805 :  died 
1848.  A  French  writer,  sister  of  G.  M.  de  Gue- 
rin. Her  '•  Journal  ■"  and  "  Lettres  "  were  ed- 
ited in  1862. 


aster,  otherwise  known  as  Atishparastan  ("fire- 
worshipers'),  ilajusan  (from  their  priests  the 
magi),  and  Parsis.  or  people  of  Pars  or  Fars 
(Persia).     See  Parsis. 


died  at  RottweU.  Swabia,  Xov. 
24,  1643.  A  French  marshal.  He  served  in  Ger- 
many from  1635  under  Bemhard  of  Saxe- Weimar.  On  the 
death  of  Bernhard  he  concluded,  Oct.  9, 1639,  a  treaty  with 
the  officers  of  the  late  duke's  array,  whereby  the  army  en- 
tered the  service  of  France     " 

the  Imperialist  general 

a  service  for  which  he  was 

He  captured  Eottweil  Nov.  19, 1643,  when  he  was  mortally 

wounded. 

Guebwiller.     See  Gebiceiler. 


irntbofa\Klm;ij^.Trm^GTierin,GeorgesMauricede.  BomattheChft- 

vas  created  a  marshal  ot  France.      '■^^^  du  Cavla,  near  Albi,  in  southern  France, 


Guaynos  (gwi'nos).     An  ancient  Indian  tribe  Guelderland,  Guelders.     See  Geldcrland. 
of  northeastern  South  America,  south  of  the  Guelfs,  or  Guelphs  (gwelfs).      [From  Guelfo, 

It.  foiTu  of  G.  licit,  a  personal  name.]     The 


Orinoco,  from  whom  the  great  region  called 
Gtiiana  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name.  The 
Guinaus  of  the  upper  Orinoco,  or  the  Guianaus  of  British 
Guiana  (both  of  Arawak  stock),  may  be  their  descendants. 

Guasrra  (gwi-ra'  or  gwi'ra).  The  name  given 
by  the  Spanish  conquerors  of  Paraguay  to  the 
regionbordering  the  upper Parand.  Thenamewas 
loosely  applied,  sometimes  including  both  sides  of  the  river 
above  the  great  fall,  at  other  times  denoting  the  region  to 
the  east  and  sontheiist  (.f  the  river,  including  the  present 
disputed  territory  of  Missiones.  and  portions  of  Parani, 
Santa  Catharina.  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  in  Brazil  and  of 
Corrientes  in  Argentina.  Until  the  I9th  century  it  was 
legally  or  practically  included  in  the  governmentof  Para- 
guay and  the  Jesuits  had  important  missions  there. 

Guayra,  La.     See  La  Guai/ra. 

6uayr4  Cataract.    See  ske  Quedas. 

Gubbio  (gob'be-o).  A  cathedral  c  ^  _ 
province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  at  the  foot  of  Monte 
Calvo  20  miles  north-northeast  of  Perugia:  the 
ancient  Igu\-ium  or  Eugubium.  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  majolica.  The  Eugubine  Tables  (which  see)  are 
here,  and  other  Umbrian  antiquities :  and  there  are  va- 
rious remains  of  antiquity  in  the  neighborhood.    The  Pa- 

.  lazzo  del  Consoli  is  a  building  of  the  early  14th  century. 
one  of  the  most  massive  examples  of  Italian  medieval 
civic  construction.  With  its  tower  and  its  battlementii,  it 
recalls  the  Florentine  Palazzo  Vecchio.  This  I'mVirian 
town  was  destroyed  by  the  Goths.  It  was  independent  in 
the  middle  ages.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Guben  (go'ben)^    A  town  in  the  province  of 


.\ug.4, 1810 :  died  there.  July  19, 1839.  A  French 
poet.  He  wrote  the  "Centaur. "  which  was  published  in 
the  "Eevue  des  Deux  Mondes"  in  1840.  His  literary  re- 
mains, including  the  "Centaur,"  were  published  in  1S60. 

Guerin,  Jean  Baptiste  Paulin.    Born  at  Tou- 
lon, March  2.5,   1783:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 

_ _^_^_ _^^ .  „  .„^  i„i^,«.v     I'^^a.     A  French  historical  painter. 

ages :"  opposed  to  "the  G'hibemnes,  the"  irnperiri  Guerin,  Baron  Pierre  Narcisse.    Bom  at  Paris, 
and  aristocratic  partv.    The  WeUs  (Guelfs)  were  a     ii'^^  ^?\\'  '■*  =. '",«''  ^.'  Rome,  July  16,  1833.    A 


papal  and  popular  party  of  Italy  in  the  middle 


powerful  family  of  Germany,  so  called  from  "Welf  I.  in  the 
time  of  Charlemagne.  His  descendants,  several  of  whom 
bore  the  same  name,  held  great  possessions  in  Italy ; 
through  intermarriage  were  at  ditterent  times  dukes  of 
Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Carinthia  ;  and  founded  the  princely 
house  of  Brunswick  and  Hanover,  to  which  the  present 
ro\al  family  of  England  belongs.     The  names  Wei/  and 


French  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of  Eegnault. 
He  gained  the  prix  de  Kome  in  1797.  In  1815  he  was  made 
academician,  and  in  1S16  returned  to  Rome  as  director  of 
the  French  Academy.  He  returned  to  Paris  in  1S2'2.  In 
1833  he  visited  Rome  with  Horace  Vernet,  and  died  there. 
Hi  ixiiiliit., I  at  .Salons  1799-1819.  Among  his  pupils  were 
C.>L'iiit-t.  I  '■  ricault,  and  .\ry  Scheffer. 


Waiblimjen  (C.uelf  and  Ghibelline)  are  alleged  to  have  Guerln-Menevllle  (ga -rah  '  man  -  vel '),  F^lix 

K...1..    fi...-f  .......1   n..  .-.«..  — i^.   „*  *l,  ,  1 — ..1 1    XT-..; 1 ;_         .^ .,  .1  T.  .  '-^m  .  ^,  '_  wMjfc 


been  first  used  as  war-cries  at  the  battle  of  Weinsberg  in 
1140,  fought  and  lost  by  Welf  VI.  against  the  Hohenstauf  en 
emperor  Conrad  III.  The  contest  soon  ceased  in  Ger. 
many,  but  was  taken  up  on  other  grounds  in  Italy,  over 
which  the  emperors  claimed  supreme  power;  aiid  the 
names  continued  to  designate  bitterlyantagonistic  parties 
*         *i.  "j     1      -i      •       ,1  there  till  the  end  of  the  15th  century.     See  Ghibelline^. 

tw''<^t:l'r.^Lf,3l  GuellyRent6(go-ely'e™nta'),Jos6  Bom 
at  Havana.  1818 :  died  at  Madrid,  Dec.  20.  1884. 
A  Cuban  politician  and  author.    Most  of  his  life 


Edouard.  Bom  at^Toulon,  France.  Oct.  12, 
1799:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,1874.  AFrench nat- 
ural ist.  His  works  include  "  Iconographie  du  r^gne  ani- 
mal, etc."  (1829),  "Iconographie  des  mammif^res,  etc" 
(182S),  "Genera  des  insectes"  (1835),  etc 
Guerino  Meschino (gwa-re'no  mes-ke'no).  The 
hero  of  a  romance  of  the  middle  ages,  of  un- 
certain authorship  and  date,  first  printed  in 
Italian  at  Padua  in  1473. 


Brandenburg,   Prassia,   situated   at  the   con-  Giiemez  de  Horcasitas  (gti-a'math  da  6r-ka-se'- 
fluence  of  the  Lubis  with  the  Neisse,  about    tas),  Juan  FranciscO.     Bom  in  Oviedo,  1682: 


was  passed  in  Europe.  In  1843  he  married  the  infanta  GuemSCy (gern'zi). L.  Samia(sar'm-a).  ['The 
Josefa  Fernanda,  sister  of  the  King  of  Spain,  who  in  con-  rireen  Isle  '1  The  second  in  siye  nnH  TioniilntinTi 
sequence  was  deprived  of  all  her  rights.  As  a  republican  Jf,  °r^"^'  ^  ,  t  i  ^^''°?°  "'  ^'^?  '*5V^  ^  P  ,nol?-° 
GUell  y  Rent^  was  long  prominent  in  Spanish  politics,  of theChannelIslands,intersectedbylat.49°2(' 
He  published  many  poems,  essays,  and  sketches  of  West  X.,  long.  2°  35'  W.  Capital.  St.  Peter  Port.  It  is 
Indian  life.  a  popular  health-resort.    With  Alderney  and  the  other  isl- 

ands (except  Jersey)  it  forms  a  bailiwick,  ruled  by  a  lieu- 
tenant-governor, bailiff,  and  states-assembly.  Area.  24 
square  miles.  Length,  9i  miles.  Population  (1891),  with 
Henu  and  Jethou,  35.339. 
Gueroult  (ga-ro'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Rade- 
pont,  Eure.  France,  Jan.  29, 1810 :  died  at  Vichy, 
France,  July,  1872.    A  French  political  writer. 


Guelph  (gwelf ).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Wel- 
lington County.  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
river  Speed  47  miles  west  by  south  of  Toronto. 
Population  (1901),  11,496. 


Guerra                                                              467  Guillaiune  de  Palerne 

Oueira  cer'ra)    Crist6bal       A  Spanish  mer-     the  same  as  that  of  the  Wagoma,  and  both  are  related  to  author  of  "Pousic  liriflie"  (lUSl),  "Amalsunta 

chant  of  Seville' who,  in  1499  and  1500,  was  en-  ^ll^^ill'r' ,^p';„,„,  ,™  «'.,«>    rv   r,n.n».  qr.  J".l*?'i2"  <^"*^^''  ••^^"^■"'ioJie  "  (1692),  etc. 

lof  the  north-  <*;"^"*'''':^"y*?3,(ge-ana)    [F.G»|^f»if.Sp  Q^i^j-Poj^ljiaso^     a^e  ilasavcio. 

GuuijuMt.]  A  re^on  in  South  Amenca,  bounded  Gujdiccioni  (f-'we-de-oho'ne).  Giovanni.   Bom 

by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Brazil  on  ,,(  j^ucc-a,  I-'jOO  (14KU?):  died  at  llacirata, Italy, 

the  east  and  south,  and  Brazil  and  Venezuela  on  j^^^^     ^^  Italian  ecclesiastic,   diplomat,  and 

thewest.     it  is  divided  into  British  Guiana,  Dutch  Oui-  __ .               - 

ana.  and  French  (iuiana.    The  name  is  sonictinies  applied 

to  the  entire  re|,iir)n  l>etween  the  Orinoco,  the  ocean,  the 

Amazon,  tlie  Kiu  Ne)j:[o.  and  the  Cassiquiare. 


gaged  with  Niiio  in  an  exploration  ( 
ern  coast  of  South  America.    See  NiUo,  Pedro 
Alonso. 
Ouerrazzi  (gwer-rat'se), Francesco  Domenico. 

Born  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  Aug.  12,  1SU4:  died  at 
Cecina,  near  Volterra,  Sept.  23,  1873.  An  Ital- 
ian author  and  politician.    He  was  Tuscan  premier 


In  1848,  and  triumvir  and  dictator  in  1849.    Anions  his  Guiana   Brazilian.     That  portion  of  northern 
hi''""'=^^''''™^"."!f  ^,:V,t,^f  !!f  "?,i',^;',;tT'- •■'iX^!?"^'     Brazil  which  lies  north  of  the  Amazon  and  east 


•LAssediodiFirenzu"  (183ti),  "Isabella  Ursini" (1844). 
Guerrero    (ger-ra'ro).     A    state    of    Me.xico     "^^''^' "'^^j^'j^"'    a  British  colony,  hounded 
bounded  by  Michoacan^  Mexico,  Morelos,  and  *^^X' Atlantic   on  the   ,i,.rtl>  and  northeast 
Puebla  on  the  north,  Oajaca  on  the  east,  and 


the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  southwest.  Area,  22, 
,S66  square  miles.  Population  ( 189.5),  417,621 
Guerrero,  Vicente.  Born  at  Tixtla,  Aug.  lo. 
1782:  died  at  ChUapa,  Feb.  14,  1831.  A  ifexiean 
general.  He  joined  the  patriots  in  ISIO  and  held  out 
until  1821,  wlien  he  united  his  forces  with  those  of  Itur 
bide ;  but  when  Iturtnde  became  emperor  he  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  revolt  against  him.  and  after  his  de- 
thronement was  a  member  of  the  executive  junta  1823-24. 
and  vice-president  1824-28.     In  1828  he  declared  against 


by  the  Atlantic   on 

Dutch  Guiana  on  the  east.  Brazil  on  the  south, 
and  Brazil  and  Venezuela  on  the  west.  Capital, 
Georgetown.  The  leading  product  is  sugar.  Rich  gold, 
mines  are  now  worked  in  the  western  part.  There  are  S 
counties— Berbice,  Uemerara,  Esseqiiibo  (fonnerly  aepa- 
rate  colonies,  consolidated  in  1831),  The  region  was  first 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  l.'.SO ;  was  aciiuired  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1S03 :  and  was  formally  ceded  to  them  in  1814.  The 
boundary  with  Venezuela  was  determined  by  arbitrati"!! 
in  1899;  that  with  Brazil  has  never  been  fl,\e<l.  Area 
(claimed), lOSI.OOOsquaremdes.   Population  (1S91).28»,:J28. 


the  president  elect,  Pedraza.  The  election  was  nullified  by  Quiana  Dutch,  or  Surinam  (sci-re-naiu').  A 
Congress,  which  made  Guerrero  president  Jan.  12,  1829:  *'"*""■».    ,  J'„„„,,„,,  -,  „  n,„  4n„„,;,,  „„  *i,<, 

but  at  the  end  of  the  year  he  was  forced  to  retire  to  the  Kutcdi  colony,  bounded  by  the  Atlantie  on  the 
south.  There  he  kept  up  an  armed  resistance,  but  was  north,  French  Giuana  on  the  east,  Brazil  on  the 
eventually  captured  and  shot.  south,  and  British  Guiana  on  the  west     Capital, 

Guerri^re  (gar-ryar),La.    A  British  ship  of  war     Paramaribo.  Theleadingproductsaresugarand  cocoa. 


captured  by  the  United  States  ship  Constitution 
during  the  War  of  1812.     See  Constitution. 
GueSCUn.     See  Dii  GuescUn. 


Settled  by  English  in  ICW,  it  was  acquired  by  the  Dutch 
in  1674  in  exchange  for  their  North  American  colonies. 
It  was  held  by  Great  Britain  from  1804  to  1814.  Area, 
4(;,0fO  square  miles.     Population  (1892),  ,«i8.484. 


Guess  (ges),  George  (Sequoyah).    Born  about  Gujana, French.or  Cayenne  (ka-yen'  orki-en'). 


1770  :  died  at  San  Fernaudo,  northern  Mexico, 
Aug.,  1843.  A  Cherokee  half-breed  Indian.  He 
invented  a  Cherokee  syllabic  alphabet  in  1826. 
Ouest  (gest),  Edwin.  Born  in  Worcestershire, 
1800:  died  Nov.  23,  1880.  A  noted  English  his- 
torical writer  and  archa?ologist.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1824,  and  became  a  fellow  of  his  college(Gon- 
vUle  and  Caius)  in  1824,  and  its  master  in  1852,  He  was 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university  1854-55.  He  published 
'■  History  of  English  Rhythms  "  (1838),  and  numerous  phil- 
ological and  historical  papers,  the  most  important  of  which 


A  French  colony,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on 
the  northeast,  Brazil  on  the  east  and  south, 
and  Dutch  Guiana  on  the  west.  Capital,  Ca- 
yenne. It  was  settled  by  the  French  in  162li ;  was  sev- 
eral times  taken  by  the  English  and  Dutch  ;  and  was  held 
by  the  Portuguese  1809-17.  Political  prisoners  were  sent 
there  during  the  French  Revolution,  and  regular  penal 
colonies  were  established  in  1853.  The  eliliiate  (jf  the 
coast  region  is  very  unhealth.v,  and  the  colony  is  steadily 
declining.  Area,  46,850  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
25,796. 

relate  to  the  Roman  period  in  Britain.   To'him  principally   Qujana  Venezuelan,  or  Guayaua.     A  former 

was  due  the  founding  of  the  Philological  Society.  province  of  Venezuela,  correspon^ling  ( nearly ) 

Guetlavaca.     Same  as  Cuitlahuntzin.  Ip  Ojp  present  state  of  Bolivar  (which  see). 

Oueux(ge).    [F.,'poor,"  beggarly';  as  a  noun    (J^JanauS.     See  Gh</(/»'«-  „    .  _  ,   -       /^       »  , 

•beggars,'  'ragamuffins':    origin    uncertain.]  (Jujart  (ge-iir'),  Gulilaume.     Born  at  Orleans  Guienne,  or  Guyenne  (ge-en  ).     A  name  fre- 

The  league  of  Flemish  nobles  organized  in  l.'iee     ^^^^^  jf^  g^^"of  ^■^^  y^y^  centmy.     A  French     quently  given  m  its  later  history  to  Aquitaine. 

" ■'     ^        chronicler,  author  of    a    metrical  historv   of     especially  in  the  name  of  the  government  Gm- 

Franee,  in  12,000  verses,  entitled  "  La  branchc     pi."*"  a'""  Gascony.  .       , ,  ^    . 

des  roykux  lignages,"  covering  the  period  1165-  Guienne  and  Gascony.    An  old  government  of 
1306  »      »     '  o         I  southwestern  1- ranee. 

GuibertofNogent(ge-bar'ovn6-zhon').  Bom  Guignes  (ge'iy),  _Chr6tien_Loms  Joseph  de 


man  of  letters.   His  complete  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1718:  "  Lettere  inedite  "  (1865). 

Guldo  (gwe'ilo),  sumamed  "The  Savage."  A 
chauipioii,  in  Ariosto's  " Orlando  Furioso,"  who 
fights  with  Marphisa  among  the  Amazons.  He 
maiTies  a  number  of  the  latter,  Aleria  being 
his  favorite. 

Guldo  d'Arezzo(gwe'd6d!i-ret's6),  often  called 
Guido  Aretino  (ii-re-te'no),  or  Fra  Gulttone, 
orGuyof  Arezzo.  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  proba- 
bh-  aliout  990 :  died  near  Arezzo  about  1050.  An 
Italian  Benedictine  monk.  He  is  celebrated  for  bis 
reforms  in  musical  notation.  He  went  to  Rome  at  the  in- 
vitation of  Pope  Benedict  VIIL,  probably  in  1022,  and  again 
in  the  time  of  Pope  .John  XX.,  to  explain  his  method  of 
teaching  music.  He  seems  to  have  written  most  of  hia 
works  at  the  monastery  of  Pomposa  in  the  duchy  of  Fer- 
rara.where  he  remained  for  some  time  teaching  his  niethod 
to  the  monks  and  choir-boys.  He  was  afterward  made 
abbot  of  the  monastery  of  Santa  Croce  at  Avellano,  near 
Arezzo,  where  he  is  believed  to  have  died.  Guido  has  been 
credited  witli  a  number  of  inventions  and  discoveries,  some 
of  which  obviously  cannot  have  been  his.  He  wrote  the 
"  Micrologus,"  the  "  Antiphonarium,"  "  De  artiflcio  novi 
eantus,"  "De  divisione  monochordi  secundum  Boetium," 
and  other  works  on  musical  subjects. 

It  appears  certain  that  Guido  invented  the  principle 
upon  which  the  construction  of  the  Stave  is  based,  and 
the  F  and  C  Clefs ;  but  that  he  did  not  invent  the  com- 
plete 4-lined  Stave  itself.  There  is  strong  reason  to  be- 
lieve  that  he  invented  the  Hexachord,  Solmisation,  and 
the  Harmonic  Hand  ;  or,  at  least,  first  set  forth  the  prin. 
ciples  upon  which  these  inventions  were  based.  Finally, 
it  is  certain  that  he  was  not  the  first  to  extend  the  Scale 
downwards  to  r  ut ;  that  he  neither  invented  Diaphonia, 
Discant,  Organum,  nor  Counterpoint ;  and  that  to  credit 
him  with  the  invention  of  the  Monochord  and  the  Poly- 
pleetrum  is  absurd.  Grove,  VicU  Music,  IV.  66L 

Guido  Renl.     See  Eeni. 

Guido  y  Spano  (gwe'do  e  spa'no),  Carlos. 

Born  at  Salta,  March  8,  1832.  An  Argentine 
politician  and  poet.  He  was  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Congress  in  1865,  served  in  the  Paraguayan  war,  and 
from  1872-76  was  president  of  the  Senate.  Most  of  his 
poems  are  included  in  the  collection  "  Hojas  al  Viento  " 
(Buenos  AjTes,  1871). 


to  resist  the  introduction  of  the  Inquisition  into 
the  Low  Countries  by  Philip  II.  The  name  was 
previously  given  to  them  in  contempt,  and  borne  by  their 
followers  in  the  succeeding  war. 

Guevara  (ga-vii'rii),  Antonio  de.  Bom  in  the 
province  of  Biscay,  Spain,  about  1490:  died  in 
1545.  A  Spanish  historical  writer.  Hewasoneof 
the  official  chroniclers  to  Charles  V.  In  1628  he  became  a 
Franciscan  monk,  and  accompanied  the  emperor  on  his 
travels  and  residences  in  various  cities.     He  was  court 

Sreacher.  imperial  historiographer,  bishop  of  Guadix,  and 
ishop  of  Mondoiledo.  He  wrote  "  Relox  de  Principes  " 
('i  Dial  for  Princes,"  1529), "  Decada  de  los  Cesares  '  ('■  Lives 
of  Ten  Roman  Emperors"),  and  "Epistolas  Kamiliares' 
(1589),  The  letters,  sometimes  called  "Golden  Epistles,' 
were  very  popular,  and  were  translated  by  Edward  He! 
lowes  (1574)  and  Savage  (1667):  .Sir  Geoffrey  Fenton 
translated  part  of  them  (1579),  Guevara  also  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  works  on  theology,  navigation,  and  court  life. 

Guevara,  Diego  Ladron  de.  See  Ladron  de 
Guevara. 

Guevara,  Jo86.  Born  at  Rocas,  New  Castile, 
March  11,  1719:  died  at  Spello,  Italy,  Feb.  25, 
1806.  A  Spanish  Jesuit  author.  Ue amcecded  Lo- 
zano  as  chronicler  of  the  order  in  Paraguay;  resided  in  the 
Flatlne  countries  from  about  1760  until  the  expulsion  of 
the  .lesuits  in  1767  ;  and  subsequently  lived  in  Italy,  His 
"Historla  de  la  conquista  del  Paraguay  etc,"  was  first 
published  in  the  Angelis  collection  18:i5,  and  by  Lamas 
1882,     He  wrote  various  controversial  works, 

Guevara,  Luis  Velez  de.  Born  at  Ecija  in  1572 
or  1574:  died  at  Madrid  in  1G44,  A  Spanish 
dramatist.  Fifteen  plays  are  ascribed  to  him,  among 
them  "Mas  peso  el  Rey  quo  la  Sangre  "("King  before  Kin"), 
"Luna  dtt  Sierra"  ("  Diana  of  the  llc.untaiiis  ••),  etc.  Ue 
also  wrote  the  romance  "El  diablo  cojuilu"  ("  the  Lame 
Devil,"  1641),  from  which  Le  Sage  took  "Lc  dlable  boi- 
teux." 

Gugeml  (gu-jf-r'ni),  or  Cugemi  (ki'i-jt-r'ni),  or 
Gubemi  (gii-W-r'ni).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Gugcrni, 
(Pliny)  Guliirni.]  A  German  tribe  located  by 
Pliny  on  the  lower  Rhine  between  the  Ubiiand 
the  Batavi,  where,  also  Tacitus  places  them  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ruhr.  They  joined  in  the  ris- 
ing uniler  ('ivilis-  They  wire  probably  a  part 
of  the  Sugambri 


at  Clermont,  Oise,  France,  1053:  died  112-i.  A 
noted  French  historian  and  scholastic  philoso- 
pher, a  pupil  of  Anselm  and  (1104)  head  of  the 
abbey  of  Notre  Dame  de  Nogent.  Also  surnamed 
Flaviacetum,  from  the  monastery  of  St.  Germer  de  Flaix, 
which  he  entered  in  lOtM- 

Gulbert,  orWlbert.  of  Parma,  or  of  Ravenna. 

See  ('lenient  III..  Antipope. 

Guicciardlnl  (gwe-duir-de'ne),  Francesco. 
Born  at  Florence,  March  6, 1483 :  died  near  Flor- 
ence, May,  1.540.  An  Italian  historian,  and 
statesman  in  the  pontifical  and  Mediceau  ser- 
vice. His  chief  work  is  "Storia  d'llalia  "  ("History  of 
Italy,"  1561-64  :  eilited  by  Rosini  1819).  His  "Opere  in- 
edite "  were  published  in  181,7. 

Gulccloli  (gwo-cho'le).  Countess  Teresa.  Born 
in  Italy  about  1801:  died  at  Rome.  March  26. 
1873.  An  Italian  lady,  the  daughter  of  Count 
Gamba,  celebrated  on  account  of  her  relations 
with  Lord  Byron.  She  married  Count  Guiccloll  when 
she  was  about  10  years  oM.  and  met  Byron  a  few  months 
later.  Alter  about  a  year  the  count  objected  to  her  intimacy 
with  liyron,  and  she  went  back  to  her  father's  house-  hYoin 
this  time  until  Byron's  death  she  maintained  her  relations 
with  him.  After  this  she  is  said  to  have  returned  to  her 
husband.  In  18.01  she  married  the  Marquis  do  Bolssy,  and 
in  1868  published  In  French  "My  Recollections  of  L<ird 
Byron," 

Gulchard  (ge-shar'),  or  Gviischard,  Karl  Gott- 
lieb: pseudoiijTii  Quintus  Icilius.     Horn  al 

Magileliurg,    Pi"ussia,    17'J4:   dieil    iit   I'ot.sdatn, 


Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  25.  1759:  ilied  at  Paris 
March  9,  1845.  A  French  Sinologist,  son  of 
Joseph  de  Guignes.  He  waa  appointed  in  1784  con- 
sul at  Canton  anil  French  resident  in  China,  where  he 
remained  17  years.  He  wrote  various  papers  and  works 
on  China,  and  edited  a  "  Dictionnaire  ehinois,  fran^ais  et 
latin  "  (I8l;i),  based  on  a  manuscript  %vork  by  l^asil  of  Gle- 
mona,  a  Roman  Catholic  missionary  in  China. 

Guignes,  Joseph  de.  Born  at  Pontoise,  France, 
Oct.  19.  1721:  died  at  Paris,  March  19,  1800. 
A  French  Orientalist.  His  works  include  "Hi8t<dre 
g^nerale  des  Huns,  desTurcs,  des  Mogols,  et  autresTatares 
occidenlaux,"  etc,  (17.50-58),  etc. 

Gulldenstern.     See  liosencrant:. 

Guildford  (gil'ford).  The  capital  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Surrey,  KiiKland,  situated  on  the  Wey  29 
miles  southwest  of  London.  It  has  Important 
grain  trade.  It  is  a  very  old  town,  arid  has  a  Norman 
kee|i.     Population  (1891),  14.319. 

Glllldhall  (gild'hul).  The  council  hall  of  the 
City  of  London,  founded  in  1411,  and  restoreii 
after  the  fire  of  161)6.  The  great  hall  measures  153 
by  48  feet,  and  is  55  high  :  it  has  aliandstune  open-framed 
roof,  modem  cidored-glass  windows,  and  the  two  legen- 
dary colossal  \V(.M»den  figures  of  Gog  and  Magog.  Along 
the  walls  are  place<l  statues  of  famous  men.  'Vhe  crypt, 
with  lis  clustered  columns,  is  of  the  original  construction, 
and  is  interesting.     See  (li^j  and  Ma<toij. 

Guilford  (gil'ford).  A  village  and  town  in  New 
liaven  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Lon({ 
Island  Sound  16  miles  east  of  New  Haven. 
I'oi.iil.'ition  (1900),  town,  2,785. 


Prussia,   May,    1775.      A  Gcriiian  soldier   and  Qullford,  Earl  Of.     See  .VorfJi. 

military  writer.      He  entered  the  military  service  of  Gujlford'Court  HoUSe.     A  place  about  5  miles 

from  (Ji-ceiisboroiigli,  Guilford  County,  North 
Carolina.      Here,  March  l.\  1781,   the   Brillsh  (about 


Holland,"attalning  the  rank  of  captain :  withdrew  and  went 
to  England  in  1764  ;  and  In  1768  entered  the  service  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  under  whom  he  rose  to  the  nmk  of 
colonel,  lie  wrote  "  .M(?niolreB  mililniressurles  (Irecs  et 
lee  Komains"  (1757).  "  .Mi'nicdres  rritlques  et  hlstorlques 
sur  plusleurs  points  d'anllquitCsmllitnires  "(177:1). 

Ouglielmi"(g6\-yerme),Pietro.  BornatMassa-  Guico'war's  Dominions.    See  y{<(r<»/rt.  ..,,.,      -  ,,   t 

Carrara  Italy,  May,  1727:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  19,  GuideriUS(gwi-de'ri-us).  In  Shakspere's  "  C>-m-  GuillaumedeLorrlS(B'>-.voin  delo-res  ).  t 

1804     An  Italian  operatic  composer.    Hiaworks  holine,"  a  leKendnry  )iriiice,  tlieson  of  Cyinbe-     at  Lorris.  Loirit,  France:  died  aliout  P-*0 

include  "I  duo  Gemelli,"  "La  serva  innamo-     lin(>  of  Britain.   He  is  disguised  under  the  name ,  .    .       _ 

rata,"  etc.  and  state  of  Polydore.  the  son  of  Moigan. 

Chiha(go'ha),orWaguha(wii-go'hii).  ABantu  Guldi  (gwe'de).  Carlo  Alessandro.    Horn  at 

tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  settled  on  both  sides     Pavia,  Italy,  .lime    14.  1650:   diecl   al    Frascati, 
of  the  Lukuga  River.    Their  language  Is  said  to  bo     Italy,  June   12,   1712.      An   Italian   lyric  poet, 


2,400)  under  Cornwallis  defeated  ide  Americans  (aUmt 
4,400)  under  Greene.  The  British  loss  waa  about  600  ;  the 
Alnerleaii,  about  400. 

Guillaume.     See  JTiUinm  and  Wilhdm. 

Born 

(f). 

A  French  jioet,  author  of  the  first  part  of  the 
"  K'oinan  do  la  Hose."  About  4,«70  of  the  22,800  or 
more  lines  were  written  by  him.     Sec  Roman  it  la  ftixf. 

Guillaume  de  Palerne  ('if  pu-larn').    An  enriy 

French  romaii  daventure.    It  was  translated  veiy 


Guillaume  de  Palerne 

early  into  English,  ;imi  has  been  published  as  -'William  of 
PaleriiC"  by  the  EailyEnglisli  Text  Society.  "It  introduces 
the  favorite  medieval  idea  of  lyoaiithropy,  the  hero  being 
througliout  helped  and  protected  by  a  friendly  were-wolf, 
who  is  before  the  end  of  the  poem  freed  from  the  enchant- 
ment to  which  he  issubjected."  Saint^burii,  French  Lit., 
p  SK). 

Guillaumet  (ge-yo-ma'),  Gustave.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  26,  1840 :  died  at  Paris.  March  14, 
1887.  A  French  p.iiuter,  a  pupil  of  Pieot  and 
Barrias.  He  gained  the  second  prix  de  Rome 
in  1863. 

Guillim  (gvFil'im),  John.  Born  at  Hereford 
about  1565:  died  at  London,  May  7,  1621.  An 
English  writer  on  heraldry.  He  published  "A 
Display  of  Heraldrie  "(1610:  sometimes  ascribed 
to  John  Barkham). 

Guillotin  (ge-yo-tan'),  Joseph  Ignace.  Born 
at  Saintes,  France,  May  28,  1738 :  died  at  Paris, 
March  26,  1814.  A  French  physician,  wrongly 
regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the  guillotine.  As 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly,  1789,  he  proposed  that 
all  capital  punishment  should  be  by  decapitation,  a  privi- 
lege till  then  reserved  for  the  nobility,  and  suggested  that 
decapitation  could  be  most  quickly  and  humanely  per- 
formed by  a  machine.  The  device  actually  adopted  as  a 
result  of  this  suggestion  w.as  prepared  by  a  German  me- 
chanic named  Schmidt  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Antoine 
Louis,  perpetual  secretjiry  of  the  Academy  of  Surgery, 
and  was  first  used  April  25,  1792,  for  the  execution  of  a 
highwayman  named  Pelletier.  The  machine  was  first 
named  louison  or  louisette,  but  after  a  while  Guillotin's 
name  was  attached  to  it.  Guillotin  was  not,  as  has  been 
asserted,  executed  in  his  own  machine,  but  died  a  natural 
death. 

Guimaraes,  or  Guimaraens  (ge-ma-rins').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Minho,  Portugal,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ave  30  miles  northeast  of  Oporto. 
The  castle  is  a  battleraented  ruin  with  a  huge  central 
keep,  inaccessible  save  by  a  wooden  bridge,  and  square 
angle-towers  connected  by  curtains.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Guinart  (ge-narf),  Roque.  A  noble  in  Cer- 
vantes's  "  Don  Quixote."  He  was  a  real  charac- 
ter, his  name  being  Pedro  Eocha  Guinarda. 

Guinaus.     See  Guaipios. 

Guinea  (gin'i).  [Formerly  Criiinie,  Ginny.  etc. ; 
F.  U-iiiiiee,  Sp.  Guine,  etc.:  named  from  the 
African  Ginnie,  or  Jinnie,  a  town  and  kingdom 
in  the  Niger  district.]  That  part  of  western 
Africa  which  lies  along  the  coast  from  Cape 
Roxo  (or  about  lat.  12°  N.)  to  Cape  Negro  (or 
about  lat.  16°  S.),  and  extends  indefinitely  in- 
land. It  includes,  besides  native  states,  British,  French, 
German,  and  Portuguese  colonies,  Liberia,  and  part  of  the 
Kongo  Free  State.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  or  Xorth 
Guinea,  and  Lower  or  South  Guinea  (separated  by  the 
Kamerun  Mountains  or  the  equator).  The  name  is  some- 
times used  in  a  more  restricted  sense.  See  Liberia,  Gold 
Coastf  etc. 

Guinea,  Gulf  of.  That  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa  comprised 
between  Cape  Palmas  on  the  north  and  Cape 
Lopez  on  the  south. 

Guinegate,  or  Guinegatte  (gen-gaf).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  north- 
em  France,  near  St.-Omer.  Here  the  French  were 
twice  defeated :  (1)  by  Maximilian  I.  (then  archduke  of 
Austria)  in  August,  1179;  (2)  by  Henry  VIII.  of  England 
and  Maximilian  (his  ally)  in  August,  1513.  See  Spurs,  Bat- 
tle of  the. 

Guines  (gen).  A  town  iu  the  department  of 
Pas-de  Calais,  France,  7  miles  south  of  Calais. 
It  was  an  ancient  seat  of  counts,  and  was  held  by  England 
in  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  centuries.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,502. 

Guinevere  (gwin'c-ver),  or  Guinever  (gmu'e- 
v6r),  or  Guenever  (gweu'e-ver),  or  Geneura, 
or  Ganore  (ga-n6r')I  The  wife  of  King  Arthur 
in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance,  she  was  the 
daughter  of  Leodegraunce,  king  of  Camelyard,  and  loved 
Lancelot  of  the  Lake,     See  Lancelot. 

This  princess  (Geneura)  is  described  as  the  finest  woman 
in  the  universe  ;  her  stature  was  noble  and  elegant ;  her 
complexion  fair,  and  her  eyes  the  finest  blue  of  the  heav- 
ens; the  expression  of  her  countenance  was  lively  yet 
dignified,  but  sometimes  tender;  her  understanding,  nat- 
urally just,  was  well  cultivated ;  her  heart  was  feeling, 
compassionate, and  capat)leof  the  most  exalted  sentiments. 
Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  224. 

Guinevere.  One  of  tlw^  "Idylls  of  the  King" 
by  Tennyson,  published  in  1859. 

GuLngamp  (gan-goii')  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Nord,  Brittany,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Trieux  19  miles  west-northwest  of 
St.-Brieuc.  Its. church  of  Notre  Dame  is  one 
of  the  principal  Breton  pilgrim  resorts.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9,196. 

Guipiizcoa  (ge-pbth'ko-a).  One  of  the  three 
Basque  provinces  of  Spain.  Capital,  San  Sebas- 
tian. It  is  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  north, 
France  on  the  northeast,  Navarre  on  the  east,  Navarre  and 
Alava  on  the  south,  and  Biscay  on  the  west.  Area,  728 
square  miles.     Population  (1887),  181,866. 

Guirior  (ge-re'6r),  Manuel.  Born  at  Aviz  de 
Ugarte,  Navarre.  March  21,  1708:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Nov.  25, 1788.    A  Spanish  naval  officer  and 


463 

administrator.  He  served  in  the  English  and  Algerine 
wars,  and  \vas  made  viceroy  of  New  Granada  in  1773,  and 
viceroy  of  Peru  in  1776,  retaining  the  latter  office  until  17S0, 
He  retained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  was  cre- 
ated marquis  of  Guirior  after  his  return  to  Spain. 

Guisborough,  or  Gisborough  (giz'bur-o).  A 
town  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  Eng- 
land. 40  miles  north  of  York.  The  first  alum- 
works  in  England  were  established  here  about 
1600.     Population  (1891),  5,623. 

Guiscard,  Robert.     See  Robert  Guiscard. 

Guischard,  Karl  Gottlieb.    See  Guichnrd. 

Guise  (giiez).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  23  miles 
north  of  Laon.  it  gave  name  to  the  ducal  house  of 
Guise.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  CamiHeDesmoulins.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  8,153. 

Guise,  Cardinals  and  Dukes  of.  See  Lorraine. 

Guise,  Duchy  of.  A  former  duchy  of  northeast- 
ern France,  which  took  its  name  from  the  town 
of  Guise,  and  corresponded  to  the  northern  part 
of  the  department  of  Aisne.  it  was  situated  in  the 
government  of  Picardy.  Formerly  it  was  a  county.  It  was 
famous  in  the  10th  and  17th  centuries  as  a  duchy  in  the 
hands  of  the  Guise  family,  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Lor- 
raine. 

Guise (giz), Martin.  Died  Jan.  21,1829.  AnEng- 
lish  naval  officer  who  in  1818  entered  the  service 
of  Chile,  imder  Cochrane,  as  captain.  He  did  effi- 
cient service  in  the  war  for  independence,  and  on  the  re- 
tirement of  Cochrane  (1S21)  was  appointed  to  organize  the 
navy  of  Peru.  By  blockading  the  port  of  Callao  he  forced 
the  surrender  of  the  last  Spanish  post,  Callao  Castle,  Jan. 
19,  1826.  Admiral  Guise  was  killed  in  the  attack  on  Guay- 
aquil. 

Guiteau  (ge-to'),  Charles.  Born  about  1840: 
hanged  at  Washington,  June  30. 1882.  An  Amer- 
ican assassin.  He  was  a  pettifogging  lawyer  of  French- 
Canadian  descent  at  Chicago,  and  on  Garfield's  election  to 
the  presidency  went  to  Waslliugtoli  to  seek  the  office  of 
American  consul  at  Marseilles,  which  he  did  not  obtain. 
Excited  by  this  failure,  and  by  the  political  conflict  be- 
tween Garfield  and  Koscoe  Conkling,  he  shot  the  President 
fatally  at  Washington,  July  2,  1881. 

Guizot  (ge-zo'  or  giie-z6'),  JIadame  (Elisabeth 
Charlotte  Pauline  de  Meulan).  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1773:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  1,  1827. 
A  French  writer,  first  wife  of  F.  P.  G.  Gui^zot, 
whom  she  married  in  1812.  She  wrote  "fidu- 
cation  domestique,  on  lettres  de  famille  sur 
I'education"  (1826),  etc. 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume.    Born  at 

Nimes,  Oct.  4, 17S7:  died  at  Val-Richcr,  in  Nor- 
mandy. Oct.  12.  1874.  A  distinguished  French 
historian  and  statesman.  At  the  age  of  12  he  left 
his  native  city  for  Geneva,  and  in  1805  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law  in  Paris.  In  1812  he  became  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  literature  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  later  was  called 
to  the  new  chair  of  modern  history.  His  early  publica- 
tions are  "Du  gouvernement  repr^sentatif  et  de  l'6tat 
actuel  de  la  France  "  (1816),  "  Des  conspirations  et  de  la 
justice  politique"  (1821),  "Des  moyens  de  gouvernement 
et  d  opposition  dans  I'etat  actuel  de  la  Fi-ance"  (1821), 
■'  De  la  peine  de  morte  en  matiere  politique  "  (1822),  etc. 
These  pamphlets  brought  about  his  resignation  fi-om  his 
professorship.  Devoting  liiniself  exclusively  to  historical 
research,  he  published  his  "Histoire  du  gouvernement 
repri^sentatif,"'  "Essais  sur  I'histoire  de  France,"  "Col- 
lection des  m^raoires  relatifs  k  la  revolution  d'Angle- 
terre,"  "'Collection  des  m^moires  relatifs  :\  I'histoire  de 
France."  "Histoire  de  la  revolution  d'Angleterre  depuis 
I'avenement  de  Charles  I.  justiu':^  la  restauration  de 
Charles  II.,"  etc.  His  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne, 
delivered  1828-30,  appeared  under  the  titles  "  Cours  d'his- 
toire  moderne,"  'Histoire  g^nerale  de  la  civilisation  en 
Europe."  and  "Histoire  generale  de  la  civilisation  en 
France.''  In  1830  he  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties. After  the  revolution  of  July,  1%'M,  he  became 
minister  of  the  interior,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
months  in  the  year  1840  spent  as  French  ambassador  to 
England,  remained  almost  continuously  minister  in  vari- 
ous capacities  until  he  fell  from  power,  Feb.  23,  1848.  on 
the  eve  of  Louis  Philippe's  abdication.  He  had  been 
prime  minister  for  the  b  years  preceding  his  downfall,  but 
had  made  himself  so  unpopular  that  he  failed  to  be  elected 
to  the  National  Assembly  of  1818.  The  latter  part  of  h.'s 
life  was  spent  in  retirement.  Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  Guizot  translated  Shakspere,  and  published 
"Washington"  (1840),  "De  la  d^mocratie  en  France" 
(1849),  "  I)iscours  sur  I'histoire  de  la  revolution  d'Angle- 
■ferre"  (1850),  "Meditations  et  etudes  morales"  (1851), 
"L'Amour  dans  ie  maria;:e "  (1855),  "Guillaume  le  Cou- 
querant,"  "fidouardlll.  et  les  bourgeois  de  Calais,"  "Mc- 
moires  pour  servir  k  I'histoire  de  mon  temps  "  (1858-68), 
"L'Eglise  et  la  societe  clu'etienne  en  1861"  (1861),  "Dis- 
cours  academiques"  (1861).  "Trois  generations"  (1861), 
"  Histoire  parleinentaire  de  France  "  (1863),  "  Meditations 
sur  I'essence  de  la  religion  "  (1864),  "  Meditations  sur  I'etat 
actuel  de  la  religion  chretienne"  (1865),  "Melanges 
biographiques  et  litteraires "  (1868),  "La  France  et  la 
Prusse  responsables  devant  I'Europe  "  (1868),  "  Meditations 
sur  la  religion  chretienne  dans  ses  rapports  avec  I'etat 
actuel  des  societes  et  des  esprits  "  (1S(>S),  "  Melanges  poll- 
tiques  et  historiques  '■  (1869),  "  Le  due  de  Broglie  "  (1872), 
"Les  vies  de  quatre  grands  Chretiens  fran^ais,  Saint- 
Louis,  Calvin  "  (1873,  incomplete),  and  "  Histoire  de  France 
racontee  i  mes  petits-enfants  "  (1870-75). 

Gujarat.     See  Giizerat. 

Gujranwala  (guzh-ran-wa'la).  1.  A  district  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32° 
15'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  3,017  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  690.169.— 2.  The  capital  of 


Gumti 

the  district  of  Gujranwala,  situated  in  lat.  32° 
lO;  N.,  long.  74°  14'  E.  Poptdation, about  20,000. 

Gujrat  (guzh-raf),  sometimes  written  Guzerat. 
1.  A  district  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  32°  40'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area, 
2,051  square  miles.  Population  "(1891),  760.875. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Gujrat,  situ- 
ated iu  lat.  32°  35'  N.,  long.  74°  7'  E.  Here, 
Feb.  22, 1849,  the  British  under  Gough  defeated 
the  Sikhs. 

Gula(go'la).  InAssyro-Babylonian  mythology, 
the  name  of  the  wife  of  Adar,  the  god  of  w;ir 
and  the  chase.  She  is  styled  "the  great  lady"  who 
presides  over  life  and  death.  Those  who  break  contracts 
are  threatened  with  her  vengearjce.  Nebuchadnezzar 
dedicated  to  her  two  temples  at  Babylon  and  three  at  iJor- 
sippa. 

Gulf  Stream,  The.  An  oceanic  current,  ori- 
ginating fi'om  the  -Atlantic  Equatorial  Ciu'reut, 
which  is  made  uji  of  two  arms,  one  of  tbem 
issuing  through  the  Florida  Strait  from  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  other  running  westward 
along  the  northern  face  of  the  island  of  Cuba. 
The  united  stream  follows  the  .\tlantic  coast  northeast- 
ward with  a  velocity  of  from  2  to  5  miles  an  hour,  gradu- 
ally ex]tanding  in  breadth  and  diminishing  in  depth,  but 
distinctly  perceived  for  many  degrees  beyond  the  eastern 
edge  of  Newfoundland.  Its  coznparatively  hi'.;h  tempera- 
ture (10  to  20  degrees  above  that  of  the  surrounding  ocean), 
rapid  motion,  and  deep-blue  color  make  the  Gulf  Stream 
a  most  remarkable  phenomenon,  and  even  more  interest- 
ing than  the  Kuroshiwo,  the  corresponding  current  on  the 
Asiatic  coast  of  the  Pacific  llcean.  The  Gulf  Stream, 
doubtless,  exerts  a  certain  influence  in  modifying  the  cli- 
mate of  the  British  Isles,  France,  and  other  parts  of  west- 
ern Europe,  but  to  what  extent  is  not  yet  definitely 
known.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  certain  that  its  effect  is 
not  so  great  as  was  formerly  supposed,  and  tliat  some  of 
its  assumed  workings  are  rather  to  be  credited  to  the 
regular  oceanic  drifts.  See  articles  on  Kuroshiwo  and 
Sargasso  Sea. 

Giilhanfe.    See  Ahdnl-Medjid. 

Gulistan  (go-lis-tan').  [Pers.,  'the  rose-gar- 
den.'] The  most  celebrated  and  finished  work 
of  the  Persian  poet  Sadi.  it  is  a  kind  of  moral  work 
in  verse  and  prose,  consisting  of  S  chapters  on  kings,  der- 
vishes, contentment,  taciturnity,  love  and  youth,  decrepi- 
tude and  old  age,  education,  and  the  duties  of  society,  the 
whole  intermixed  with  stories,  maxims,  philosophical  sen- 
tences, and  puns. 

Gull  (guD,  Sir  William  Withey.     Bom  at 

Thorpe-le-Soken,  Essex.  Dec.  31,  1816:  died 
Jan.  29,  1890.  A  noted  English  physician,  ap- 
pointed physician  extraordinary  to  the  queen 
in  1872  (ordinary  in  1887).  He  received  a 
baronetcy  for  the  skill  with  which  he  treated 
the  Prince  of  Wales  in  1871. 

Gullians  (gul'ianz).  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  followers  of  William  IH.  of  England. 

Gulliver,  Lemuel.  The  ostensible  reeounter 
of  ''Gulliver's  Travels." 

Gulliver's  (gul'i-verz)  Travels.  A  social  and 
political  prose  satire,  in  the  form  of  a  book  of 
travels,  written  by  Jonathan  Swift,  and  pub- 
lished in  1726.  It  consists  of  4  voyages  — to  Lilliput, 
to  Brobdingnag,  to  Laputa,  and  to  (i\&  country  of  the 
Houyhnhnms.  Lemuel  Gulliver  is  an  honest,  blunt  Eng- 
lish sailor. 

"Gulliver's  Travels  "  owes  most  of  its  external  shape  to 
the  "Vera  Historia"  of  Lucian,  itself  a  travesty  of  lost 
works  on  geography.  The  French  poet  Cyrano  de  Bergerac 
(1020-1655)  had  written  a  '■  Voyage  ii  la  lune  "  and  a  "  His- 
toire comique  des  etats  et  empires  du  soleil,"  from  which 
Fontenelle  had  borrowed  some  hints.  Several  slight  points 
which  Swift  used  he  is  said  to  have  taken  from  a  tract  by 
Francis  Goodwin,  Bishop  of  Llandaff.  There  can  be  no 
doubt,  moreover,  that  the  particular  narrative  manner  of 
Defoe,  whose  "Robinson  Crusoe"  had  appeared  in  1719, 
produced  an  effect  upon  Swift.  All  these  critical  specu- 
lations, however,  are  rather  curious  than  essential.  Swilt, 
always  among  the  most  original  of  writers,  is  nowhere 
more  thoroughly  himself  than  in  his  enchanting  romance 
of  Lemuel  Gulliver.  Whether  we  read  it,  as  children  do, 
for  the  story,  or  as  historians,  for  the  political  allusions, 
or  as  men  of  the  world,  for  the  satire  and  philosopliy,  we 
have  to  acknowledge  that  it  is  one  of  the  wonderful  and 
unique  books  of  the  world's  literature. 

Gosie,  Hist.  Eng.  Lit,  p.  ICO. 

Gull's  Hornbook,  The.  A  book  by  Thomas 
Dekker,  published  in  1609.  it  gives  a  graphic  de- 
scription of  the  manners  of  Jacobean  gallants.  The  tract 
is  to  some  extent  modeled  on  Dedekind'a  "Grobianus." 
It  is  Dekker's  best-known  work. 

Gumbinnen(gom-bin'nen).  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Eiist  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Pissa  in  lat.  54°  36'  N.,  long.  22°  9'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  12,207. 

Gummidge  (gum'ij),  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "Da- 
vid Coppertield,"  "a  lone,  lorn  creetur"  living 
at  Mr.  Peggotty's. 

Gumri.     See  Alexandropol. 

Gumti  (gom'te),  or  Gamti  (gam'te),  or  Goom- 

tee  (gom'te).  A  river  in  British  India,  joining 
the  Ganges  17  miles  northeast  of  Benares. 
Length,  about  500  miles.  Lucknow  is  on  its 
banks. 


Gumiish-Elliana 

Glimlish-Khana.  [•  Silver  house.']  A  town 
in  Asiatic  Tiirliey,  about  40  miles  south  of 
Trebizoiid. 

Gimdamuk.     See  Gandamal-. 

Giinderode (guu'de-r6-de),Karoline  von.  Born 
at  Kiulsi-uhe,  Baden,  Feb.  11,  17S0:  committed 
suicide  atWiniel,  near  Mainz,  July  26, 1806.  A 
Gennan  romantic  poet,  authorof  '•(.rediehte  und 
Phantasien"  (1804),  "Poetische  Fragments " 
(1805),  etc. 

Onndlach  (gond'liich),  Johann  Christoph. 
Born  at  Marburg,  Hesse-Cassel,  July,  1810.  .\ 
German  naturalist  who,  since  1839.  has  resided 
in  Cuba.  He  is  well  known  for  bis  numerous 
contributions  to  Cuban  ornitholog)-  and  ento- 
mology. 

Gundobad  (gim'do-bad),  or,  erroneously,  Gun- 
debald  (gun'de-bald).  Died  516.  King  of  the 
Biirgunilians 473-516.  Hebecameapatricianof Rome 
ill  47'i,  and  in  the  following  year  succeeded  liisfathertJun- 
dioch  asking  of  theBurtrundians,  dividing  tlie  sovereignty 
with  his  brothers  Oodegisel,  Chilperic,  and  Godoraar  I.  In 
600  he  was  defeated  by  Chlodwig  (Clovis).  king  of  the 
Franks,  through  the  treacherj'  of  Godegisel,  and  was  es- 

?iened  from  his  kingdom.  He  subsequently  recovered  his 
hrone,  depose*!  Godegisel,  and,  as  his  two  other  l)rolhers 
had  in  the  mean  time  died,  reunited  the  Burguiidian  do- 
minions under  his  sway.  He  formed  an  alliance  with 
Chlodwig.  and.  although  an  Arian.  educated  his  sons  Sig- 
mund  and  Godomar  II.  in  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
which  was  the  faith  of  his  subjects.  He  drew  up  a  code 
of  laws,  which  was  named,  after  him,  "  Lex  Guudobada. " 

Gunduk.     See  (iamlak. 

Oundulf  (gun'dulf),  L.  Gundolphus  (gim-dol'- 
f us).  Bom  in  the  diocese  of  Koueu  about  1024 : 
died  March  8, 1108.  A  Norman  prelate,  inioso 
he  became  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Bee,  where  he  became 
8  friend  of  Anselm  and  of  Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury,  by  whose  assistance  he  was  elevated  to  the  see  of 
Rochester,  March  19.  1077.  He  was  the  architect  of  the 
cathedral  of  Rochester  (some  of  his  work  still  exists),  of  a 
castle  at  Rochester,  of  St.  Leonard's  Tower  and  a  nunnery 
at  Mailing,  and  of  the  White  Tower  Id  London  Tower. 

Gnndwana,     See  Gnndwana. 

Gungl  (gongl),  Joseph.  Born  at  Zsiimb^k,  Hun- 
gary, Dec.  1, 1810  :  died  at  "Weimar,  Feb.  1. 1889. 
A  Hungarian  composer,  chiefly  of  dances  and 
marches. 

Gunib  (gu-nib').  A  plateau  in  Daghestan,  Cau- 
casia :  scene  of  the  last  resistance  to  Russia  and 
the  capture  of  Shamyl  in  1859. 

Gunnerus  (gon-ua'ros),  Johann  Ernst.  Born 
at  Christiania,  1718:  died  1773.  A  Norwegian 
botanist,  bishop  of  Trondhjem.  He  described 
the  flora  of  Norway. 

Gunning  (gun'ing),  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of 
Hamilton  and  afterward  of  Argyll.  Born  in 
1734:  died  May  20, 1790.  A  celebrated  beauty. 
She  married  James,  sixth  duke  of  Hamilton,  in  17fi2,  and 
in  1759  she  man-ied  John  fampbell,  marquis  of  Lome, 
afterw;ird  fifth  duke  of  Argyll.    Cimijiare  Gunning,  Maria. 

Gunning,  Maria,  Countess  of  Coventry.  Born 
in  1733;  died  Oct.  1, 1760.  A  celebrated  beauty, 
daughter  of  John  Gunning  of  Castle  Coote, 
County  Roscommon,  Ireland.  She  and  her  sister 
Elizabeth  went  to  London  in  1751,  and  were  at  once  pro. 
nnunced  to  be  "the  handsomest  women  alive."  They  were 
followed  by  crowds  wherever  they  went,  and  Maria,  who 
was  the  l»etter-looking,  was  mobbed  one  evening  in  Hyde 
Park.  The  king  gave  her  a  guard  to  jirotect  her.  and  she 
once  walked  in  the  park  for  two  hours  with  2  sergeants  of 
the  guard  before  her  and  12  soldiers  following  her.  In  17'>2 
ahe  married  George  William,  sixth  e;irl  of  Coventry.  "The 
beautiful  .Misses  Gunning"  were  painteii  a  number  of  times, 
and  there  are  many  engravings  from  these  portraits. 

Gunning,  Mrs.  (Susannah  Minifle).    Born  in 

1740  (?):  died  at  London,  Aug.  28,  1800.  An 
English  novelist,  she  married  John  Gunning,  the 
brother  of  the  beautiful  Gunning  sisters.  He  was  colonel 
of  the  roth  regiment  of  foot  ami  lieutenant-general.  He 
had  one  daughter,  IClizabeth,  and  owing  to  her  llirtations 
(in  which  her  mother  took  her  i)art)  she  and  her  mollier 
left  his  house.  Many  squiba  and  satires  were  written 
on  the  ensuing  complication,  which  Walpole  called  "the 
Gunningiad."  B()th  Susannah  <:uiuiing  anil  her  daughter 
wrote  a  number  of  novels.  Tlie  latter  marrii-d  Major  James 
I'luiikett  and  died  in  Suffolk,  July  20,  182:1. 

Gunnison  (gun'i-.sqn).  A  river  in  western  Col- 
orado, tributary  of  Grand  River,  which  it  joins 
near  lat.  39°  N.' 

Gunnison  Canon.  A  remarkable  caSion  in  the 
GniinisDii  Kivcr,  15  mill's  in  lengtli. 

Gunpowder  Plot.  In  English  history,  a  con- 
spiracy of  certain  Roman  Catholics  having  for 
its  object  the  destruction  of  Janus  1,  anil  llie 
lords  and  commoners  in  the  Parlianunl  House, 
London.  The  learlers  wore  Catesby,  Pen  y.  Digby,  Win 
ter;  Guy  i<'awkes,  and  others.  It  was  foiled  hy  the  arrest 
of  Fawkes,  Nov.  4,  Itinfi.    See  Fnwkeit. 

Gtins  (giins),  Iluncr.  Koszeg  (k^s'seg).  A  free 
royal  city  in  tlie  county  of  Eisenburg  (Vas), 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Giins  in  la{.  47° 
22'  N.,  long.  16°  31'  E.  it  was  successfully  defended 
against  Soliinan  the  Magnitlccnt  in  15.12.  Population (l.syo), 
7,n7i'>. 

Gunter  (gun'ttT),  Edmund.    Born  in  Hertford- 


469 

shire,  England,  1581:  died  at  Gresham  College, 
London,  Dec.  10,  1026.  An  English  mathema- 
tician, professor  of  astronomy  in  Gresham  Col- 
lege from  1619.  He  invented  the  chain,  line,  quadrant, 
and  scale  that  are  named  from  him  •■Gunter's  chain,"  etc. 
Henry  Briggs  was  his  colleague  for  a  year ;  and  their  as- 
sociation doubtle-ss  led  toGunter's  "  Canon  Trianguloruni ; 
or.  Table  of  .\rtillcial  Sines  and  Tangents,  to  a  i-adius  of 
lOO.WO.OOO  parts  to  each  minute  of  the  Quadrant,"  1020. 
This  was  the  llrst  table  of  its  kind  published,  and  did  for 
sines  and  tangents  what  Biiggs  did  for  natural  numbers. 
In  these  tables  GuntiT  applied  to  navigation  and  other 
branches  of  mathentatics  his  admirable  rule  "  The  Gunter," 
on  which  were  insci-ibed  the  logarithmic  lines  for  num- 
bers, sines,  and  tangents  of  arches  ;  and  he  showed  how 
to  take  a  back  observation  by  the  cross-statf,  whereby  the 
errorarising  from  the  ecccntricityoftheeyeisavoided.  .  .  . 
He  was  the  ttrst  who  used  the  words  cosine,  cotangent, 
etc.,  .  .  .  andalsointroduced  the  useof  arithmetical  com- 
plements into  the  logarithmical  arithmetic  (Briggs,  Arith. 
Loij.,  cap.  15).  l)e  Morgan  {Arith.  Books,  xxv.)  favors  Gun- 
ter's  claim  to  the  invention  of  the  decimal  separator. 

2>icf.  Nat.  Biog. 

Giinther  (gim'ter).  In  the  Nibelungen  ejiic,  a 
Burgnndian  king,  brother  of  Kriemhild  and  hus- 
band of  Brunchilde. 

Giinther,  Albert  Karl  Ludwig  Gotthilf .  Bom 

at  Esslingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  3, 1830.  A  Ger- 
man-English zoologist,  particularly  noted  for 
works  on  herpetology  and  ichthyology.  He  be- 
came assistant  in,  and  in  1875  director  of,  the  zoological 
department  of  the  British  Museum.  He  has  published 
"Catalogue  of  the  Colubrine  Snakes "(185S)."Cataloi,'ue< if 
the  BatrachiaSalientia"  (1868),  "Reptilesof  British  India  " 
(lS(>4),"Catalogueof  Fishes "(lS.S9-7U),"TbeGi(;autie  l.aii.l- 
tortoises"  (1S77),  "Introduction  to  tht:  Stndj- of  Fishes" 
(1*80),  "  Report  on  the  .Shore-flshes,  etc.,  ot  the  A'oyage  )f 
the  Challenger"  (1S87-88),  etc. 
Giinther,  Anton.  Born  at  Lindeuau,  near  Leit- 
meritz,  Bohemia,  Nov.  17,1783:  died  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  24, 1863.  A  German  philosopher  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  tlieologiau.  Among  his  works  are 
"Vorschule  zur  spekulativen  Theologie"  (1828).  "Die 
Juste-Milieus  inderdeutschen  Philosophiegegenwartiger 
Zeit"(l.s:S). 

Giinther,  Johann  Christian.  Born  at  Striegau, 
Silesia,  Prussia,  April  8, 1695:  died  at  Jena, Ger- 
many, JIarch  15,  1723.  A  German  poet.  His 
collected  poems  were  published  1724-35. 

Guntram  (gun'tram),  or  Gontran  (gon'tran). 
Died  March  28.  .593.  King  of  the  Franks.  He 
received  the  sovereignty  of  Oiti^ans  and  Burgundy  on  the 
death  of  his  father  Clotaire  I.  in  .%1,  while  tlie  rest  of  the 
Prankish  dominion  was  divided  among  his  brothers  chari- 
bert,  Sigebert,  and  Chilperie,  who  received  Ai|uilainr,  ,\us- 
trasia.  and  Neustria  respeeti\<ly.  In  507,  on  the  death  of 
Charibert,  he  became  sovereign  also  of  Aquitaine.  He 
sided  alternately  with  Sigebert  and  Chilperie  in  the  great 
feud  which  was  kindled  by  tlieir  queens,  and  which  was 
continued  by  their  descendants. 

Guntur,  or  Guntoor  (gun-tor').  A  town  in  the 
giivernorshi])  of  Madras,  British  India,  situated 
in  lat.  16°  17'  N.,  long.  80°  27'  E. 

Giinzburg  (giints'boro).  Atown  in  Swabia  and 
Neuburg,  IJavaria,  at  the  junction  of  the  Giinz 
and  Danube,  15  miles  east  by  north  of  Ulm. 
Population  (1890).  4,114. 

Guppy  (gup'i ),  William.  In  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House,"  a  young  articled  clerk,  hopelessly  in 
love  with  Esther  Summerson. 

Gupta  (gcip'tii).  [Skt.,  'protected.']  A  name 
forming  often  the  last  member  of  the  name  of  a 
Vaisliya,  or  man  of  the  tliird  cliiss.  A  Vaisha 
of  this  name  was  the  founder  of  the  renowned 
djniasty  of  Guptas  who  ndgiied  in  Mngadha. 

Gurdaspur  (gor-diis-jiiir').  A  district  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32° 
N..  long.  7.5°  20'  E.  Area,  1,889  square  miles. 
I'olHilation  (1891),  943,922. 

Gurgaon  (gor-gil'on).  A  district  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  28°  N.,  long. 
77°  K.  Area,  1,984  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  608,929. 

Gurhwal.     See  darhwnl. 

Gurief  (gii-re-ef).  A  town  and  iiort  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Astrakhan,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Ural,  near  its  moulh,al)out  lat.  47°  10'  N.,long. 
52°  E.      Population  (1885).  5,9.51. 

Gurkhas.     See  llliiirLd.i. 

Gurley  (ger'li),  Ralph  Randolph.    Born  at 

Lebanon,  Conn.,  May  26,  1797:  ified  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  July' 30,  1872,  An  American 
clergyman  an<lpliilan1hropist,  agent,  after  1822, 
of  the  American  Colonization  Society. 
Gurnah  (giir'nii).  The  site  of  the  chief  ne- 
cropolis of  ancient  Thebes  in  Egj'pt. 

The  excavations  in  Upper  P.gypt.  which  have  proved  so 
barren  of  all  information  eorn-eniing  the  Fifteenth  and 
Sixteenth  Kynnslies.  have  brought  toligbl  much  concern- 
ing the  Seventeenth.  In  the  tombs  at  GOrnah  have  been 
founti  the  remaltisof  a  whole  array  of  court  funetiotinrii'S, 
thus  betraying  the  cxistonce  of  a  thoroughly  civilized 
state.  Marirttf,  Outrtnes,  p.  24. 

Gurnall  (gftr'naD.  William.  Born  near  Lran, 
Norfolk,  1617:  died  at  Lavonham,  Suffolk,  Oct. 


Gusta-Tus  n.  Adolphus 

12,1679.  An  English  clergyman,  author  of  "The 
Christian  in  Coniplete  jVrmotu-"  (1655-62). 
Gumey  (ger'ni),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Horsham, 
Surrey,  March  23,  1847:  died  at  Brighton,  June 
23,  1888.  An  English  psychologist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Cambridge  in  1*71,  and  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
in  1872.  He  sttnlied  nnisic,  medicine,  and  law.  In  1880 
he  published  ''The  Pov,'erof  Sound, "and  in  1887  "Tertiuni 
Quid  :  Chaijters  on  Various  l)isputed  Questions,"  a  collec- 
tion of  his  philosophical  papeis.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Society  for  P-sychical  Research,  and  published 
some  of  the  results  of  his  Investigations  as  "Phantasms 
of  the  Living  "  (1880), 

Gurney,  Sir  Goldsworthy.  Born  at  Treator, 
Cornwall,  Englaiul,  Feb.  14, 1793:  died  at  Reeds, 
Cornwall,  Feb.  28,  1875.  An  English  inventor. 
Among  his  inventions  are  the  oxyhydropen  t)lowpipe, 
the  lime-magnesium  (Drummond)  and  oil-gas  lights,  the 
high-pressure  steam-jet,  the  tubular  boiler,  a  steam-car- 
riage, etc. 

Gurney,  Joseph  John.  Born  at  Earlham  Hall, 
near  Norwich,  England,  Aug.  2, 1788:  died  there, 
Jan.  4, 1847.  An  English  philanthropist,  a  min- 
ister of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  was  an  asso- 
ciate of  Mrs.  Fry  in  prison  reform,  and  of  Clarkson  and 
Wilberforce  in  the  antislavery  movement.  He  wrote 
"Notes  on  Pi-ison  Discipline " (1819),  ''Evidences,  etc.,  of 
Christianity  "  (1827),  etc. 

Gurth  (gerth).  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"  Ivanhoe,"  a  swineherd  and  bondsman  of 
Cedrie. 

Gurton,  Gammer.  See  Gammer  durtrm'sNeedle. 

Grurwal,  <>r  Gurwhal.     See  Gurhirul. 

Gushington  (gush'ing-ton),  Angelina.  The 
noni  de  plume  of  Charles  Wallwyn  Radcliffe 
Cook.i. 

Gushington,  Impulsia.    The  nom  de  plume  of 

Helen  Seliua  Sheridan.  Lady  Dufferin. 

Gusmao  (gozh-miiii' ),  Alexandre  de.    Bom  in 

Santos,  Brazil,  1695 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
Dec.  30  or  3],  1753.  A  Portuguese  statesman. 
Most  of  his  life  was  passed  in  F.nrope.  where  he  was  an 
intluential  minister  tuuler  several  Portuguese  kings.  The 
treaty  of  17.''0,  which  settled  the  limits  of  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  possessions  in  America  by  l^(t  possidetis,  was 
due  mainly  to  him. 
Giissfeldt  (giis'felt),  Paul.  Born  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
14.  1840.  A  German  scientific  traveler,  in  1873, 
In  association  with  Kalkenstein,  Soyaux,  Linder,  Pechuel- 
Losche,  and  Dr.  Bastian,  he  led  an  expedition  to  west- 
central  Africa,  but  failed  in  his  effort  to  exjdore  the  far 
interior.  A  rich  harvest  of  scientilic  collections  and  ob- 
servations was  brought  back  in  18T5.  and  published  in 
journals  as  well  as  in  "  Die  Li>ango  Expedition  "  (Leipsic, 
1879).  In  1870  Gussfeldt  explored  the  eastern  desert  of 
Egypt  i!i  company  with  Dr,  Schweinfurth.  His  journeys 
in  the  Atides  of  Chile  aiul  Argentina  and  in  the  Bolivian 
highlands  (1882-s:t)  resulted  iii  seventl  imp4)rtant  disi-ov- 
eries.  In  Keb  .  ls'':i,  he  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
reach  the  sinniint  »tf  Aconcagua,  one  of  the  highest  peaks 
of  the  Andes,  although  he  attained  an  elevation  of  upward 
of  21,000  tceU 

Gustavus  (gus-ta'vus  or  gus-tS'vus)  I,,  or  Gus- 
tavus  Vasa  (vii'sii).    [5fL.  Gustavu.'<.  F.  (;««■- 

tare, It. <liisl(ii<i,G.i!ii.'itiir,S\v.Git,-:t(if,T>an.  Giis- 
tav.}  Born  at  Lindholmen,  Upland,  Sweden, 
May  12. 1496 :  died  at  Stockholm.  Sept.  29,  1.560. 
King  of  Sweden  1 523-60.  He  was  the  son  of  Erik  Jo- 
hansson (hence  called  (Justavus  Erikson)  of  the  house  o( 
Vasa,  and  was  descended  on  the  mot  ber's  side  fioni  the  house 
of  Sture,  twoof  the  most  intlucntiid  noble  families  in  Swe- 
den, He  received  a  careful  education,  cbietlj'  at  the  court 
of  bis  kinsman,  the  regent  Sten  Sluri  the  younger,  ilmler 
whtun  ho  serveil  against  the  Dalu-s  at  Ilu-  batth-  of  Brann- 
kyrka  in  1518,  In  the  negotiations  which  ftdlowed  this 
Swedish  victory,  ho  was  sent  as  a  hostage  tti  Christian  II. 
of  Itenniark,  by  whom  he  was  treachenaisly  carried  vll  U> 
Denmark.  He  escsiped  in  1519,  and  on  the  nnissacre  of 
Stockholm,  in  which  90  of  the  leading  men  of  Sweden,  in- 
cluding the  father  of  Gustnvtis,  were  executed  by  Chris- 
tian II,,  headeit  a  revolt  of  the  Daleciirlians  in  1520,  and 
captured  .Stoekhtdm  in  152!i,  in  which  year  a  diet  at 
Strerignjis  chose  him  king  (June  0)  ami  reptldiated  the 
Kabnar  uidon  with  Dennntrk.  He  favored  the  Kefomia- 
tion  in  opposition  to  U»e  Konntn  Catholic  clergy.  Mho 
had  sujiported  the  Datiesiliiring  the  wiu'for  freedtun  ;  and 
In  1527,  at  the  Diet  of  Westerrts,  procured  tile  passage  of 
measures  placing  the  lanilsof  the  bishops  at  his  disposal, 
and  gnuiting  the  liberty  of  preaching  the  new  doctrine. 

Gustavus  II.  Adolphus.  Bom  at  Siockliolm, 
])<■<■.  19.  I.'ill4:  died  Nov.  16.  U>.'i2.  King  of 
Sweilen  1611-32,  son  of  Charles  IX.  and  Chris- 
tina of  Hiilslein,  and  giandson  of  Giistnvns  I. 
He  irdierit^'d  at  his  accession  three  wars  frtun  the  previous 
relgt),  namely,  with  Deiunark.  Kussia,  and  IVdaml.  He 
coneliuled  peace  with  Denmark  at  Knared,  .Ian.  29,  Ifil.S; 
compelled  Kussia  to  cede  Kexholm,  Karelen,  anil  Inger- 
manland  at  st<dbowa,  March  !>,  1017;  ami,  through  the 
mediation  of  Uiehellen,  concluded  an  armistice  oto  yvan 
with  Poland,  Sept,  20,  Kl'.'o,  with  a  view  to  invailing  Ger- 
many, where  the  recent  victories  of  the  emperor  over  Iho 
Protestant  princes  umlerChristiati  IV.of  Deimnirk  threat- 
ened ht)th  Fmnce  ami  .Sweden,  the  former  hy  the  Increase 
of  the  power  of  the  house  of  Austria,  anil  the  latter  by  the 
destruction  of  the  equlllbriuni  between  lYotestnntfsm  ami 
Konuni  Catholleism  in  the  north  of  Europe,  heaving  the 
conduct  of  the  govenunent  in  the  haniUof  his  chancellor. 
Axel  Oxenstjerna.  he  landed  in  Pomeranla  with  IfyOO 
men,  July  4,  KWO:  concluded  a  formal  treaty  of  alllanco 
with  France  at  Bnrwahle  In  Jan..  imi :  defeated  Tilly  at 
Lelpslc.  Sept,  17,  liai ;  and  gained  the  vlelon-  of  I.utccn 
over  Wallcnstein,  Nov.  Ill,  I«32,  but  fell  in  the  battle. 


Gustavus  in. 


470 


Theniirthern  plateau  was  inhabited  by  a  mixture  of  un- 
cultivated tribes  at  the  earliest  period  of  which  we  have 


Gustavus  III.     Born  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  24,  Gutium  (gu'shi-um).     See  the  extract. 

1746:  died  at  Stockholm,  March  29, 1792.    King 

of  Sweden  1771-92,  son  of  Adolphus  Frederick. 

He  crushed  the  power  of  the  royal  council,  consisting  of 

nobles,  by  a  coup  d'etat  in  1772,  which  reduced  it  from 

the  position  of  a  co-regent  to  that  of  an  advisor>-  com- 
mittee.    He  carried  on  war  with  Kussla  178S-!)0,  and  was 

murdered  as  the  result  of  a  conspiracy  among  the  nobles. 
Gustavus  IV.  Adolphus.     Born  Nov.  1,  1778: 

died  at   St.-Gall,   Switzerland,   Feb.  7,  1837, 

Kiug  of  Sweden  1792-1809,  son  of  Gustavus  III. 

Contrary  to  the  interests  of  his  country,  he  bitterly  op-   Gutnic  (got'nik),  or  Gutnish 

posed  Napoleon,  and  in  1808  became  involved  in  war  with     —       -        - 


Guzman  de  Alfarache 

Guyot  (ge-6'),  Arnold  Henry.  Born  near  Nen- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  Sept.  28,  1807:  died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  8, 1884.     A  Swiss-Ameri- 


any  knowledge,  and  was  known  under  the  gener:il  name  can  geographer  and  scientist,  professor  of  ee- 
of  Outiuni  or  Guti  (Kutu  in  Assyrian),  nrst  identified  by  oerauhv  and  seolop-v  at  Prh^oifcT,  fmrv,  ial«; 
Sir  H.  Kawlinson  with  the  Goyim  of  Uen.  xiv.  1.    Gutium     ^'''PY  .""-"i'  geoiogj    at  ri  meet  on  trom  1855. 


Russia,  which  conquered  Finland,  and  was  deposed  by  a 
military  C'unsi)iracy. 

Gustavus  Adolphus  Union.  [G.  Evaugciischer 
Verein  der  &ustar-Adolf-Stiftiing.'\  A  union 
of  various  Protestant  ehtrrehes  in  Germany, 
for  the  purpose  of  assisting  Protestants  in  Ro- 
man Catholic  countries,  founded  after  the  bi- 
centennial celebration  of  the  battle  of  Liitzen 
(1832). 

Giistrow  (giis'tro).  A  town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  .situated  on  the  Nebel  in 
lat.  53°  48'  N.,  long.  12°  U'  E.  it  has  a  trade  in 
wool,  and  contains  a  cathedral  and  an  ancient  ducal  castle. 
Population  (1890),  14,668. 

Gutenberg  (go'ten-bero),  Johannes  or  Henne 

(originally  Gensfleisch).  Born  at  Mainz  about 
1400 :  died  about  1468.  The  inventor  of  print- 
ing. His  claim  to  this  invention  has  been  much  disputed. 
(.See  Coster.)  He  was  the  son  of  Frielo  Genstleisch  and 
Else  Gutenberg,  and  took  liis  mother's  name.  In  1420  his 
father  was  exiled,  and  viuious  legal  proceedings  growing 
out  of  this  show  that  Gutenberg  was  in  Strasburg  in  14^4. 
In  !4:f6  he  was  sued  before  tlie  court  at  .'Strasburg  for 
breach  of  promise  of  marriage.  His  claim  to  be  the  in- 
ventor of  printing  rests  mainly  on  a  legal  decision  ren- 
dered at  Strasburg  Dec.  12,  1439,  from  which  it  appears 
that  he  entered  into  partnership  with  certain  persons  to 
carry  on  various  secret  operations,  one  of  which  involved 
the  use  of  a  press  with  an  attachment  conjectured  to  have 
beCTi  a  type-mold.  In  14i;o  he  formed  a  partnership  with 
Johann  Fust,  a  money-lender,  which  terminated  in  1455. 
Fust  demanded  payment  of  money  loaned  ;  in  default  of 
this,  seized  all  of  Gutenberg's  types  and  stock  ;  and  carried 
on  the  business  himself,  with  Peter  Scholfer  (later  his  son- 
in-law)  as  manager.  Gutenberg  continued  his  work  with 
inferior  types. 

Giitersloh 

ince 

Miinster.    it  is  the  center  of  the  "pumpernickel    .. 
gion,  and  exports  hams  and  sausages. 
Guthlac(goth'lak),  Saint.  Bom  about  673:  died 
at  Crowland,  April  11.  714.     An  English  hermit 


.lie  i-Tujini  oi  uen.  XIV.  1.     Liuuum      Tf„   ,^.,i,K  ^l.^  i    .,  ■  „        i        ,  7. 

comprised  the  whole  countiy  which  stretched  from  the     -°'5,  PU'^'iS'lea  a  series  ot  school  geographies, 
Euplirates  on  the  west  to  Media  on  the  east ;  the  land  of      "  Earth  and  Man  "  (1849),  etc. 
Nizi^r,  with  the  niountain  of  Rowandiz,  on  which  the  ark  Guy's  Hospital.     A  London  hospital  situated 
of  the  Chaldean  >oah  was  believed  to  have  rested,  being     ;„  gt  Thonias's  strept  sniitli  nf  fbo  T1,q,>,,>  .  „„f 
included  within  it.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  uo!     f      f    ^-'^o™**  »  Street,  soutli  ot  the  Ihames,  not 

far  trom  London  Bridge.     It  was  founded, -with 
[G.  Gutnisch.^     other  charities,  by  Thomas  Guy,  a  bookseller  of 
The  Swedish  dialect  of  the  island  of  Gotland  in     London. 


20'  E.    It  comprises  the  northern  districts  of  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Bombay,  the  Gaikwar's  dominions,  and  other 


native  states. 


it  forms  the  group  specifically  called  East  Norse. 

Guts  Muths  (gots'mots),  Johann  Christoph    „.,„esiues 

Fne_drich  Born  at  Quedlinbiirg,  Prussia  Aug.  Gugerat  (in  the  Panjab).  See  Gujmt. 
9,  1,,j9:  died  at  Sehnepfenthal,  near  Gotha,  Guzman(26th-man'l.PernaiidoPfire7, 
Germany,  May  21,  1839.  A  German  educator, 
teacher  of  gj-mnastics  at  Sehnepfenthal.  He 
ivrote  "Gymnastik  f Ur  die  Jugend  "  (1793),  " Handbuch  der 
Geographic  "  (1810),  "Tunibuch  fUr  die  Sohne  des  Vater- 
landes  "  (1817),  etc. 

Gutzkow(gots'k6),Karl.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
17,_1811:  diedatFraiikfort-on-the-Main,I)ec.  16, 
1878.  A  German  dramatist  and  author.  He 
studied  theology  and  pliilosophy  at  Berlin.  In  1831  ap- 
peared his  first  work,  ■■Forum  der  Journal  Litteratur." 
He  was  subsequently  engaged  in  journalistic  work  in  Stutt- 
gart, and  afterward  traveled  abroad  and  lived  for  short 
periods  in  various  places  in  Germany.  In  1835  appeared 
■'  Wally,  die  Zweiflerin  "  ("  Wally,  the  Skeptic  "),  which  cost 


Guzman  (got h-man ' ) ,  Fernando  Perez  de.  Born 

in  UO.") :  died  in  1470.  A  Spanish  poet  and  chroni- 
cler. He  sen'ed  for  a  time  .at  the  council-board  and  in  the 
ilrmy  of  John  II.,  king  of  t'astile.  but  eventually  retired  to 
private  life  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  chief 
M-ork  is  '^Croiiicadel  sefn  -r  don  Juan  Seguudodeste  nombre, 
rey  de  Castilbi,"  etc.  (1.=>I>»). 

Guzman,  Gonzalo  Nuno  de.  Bom  at  Portillo : 
died  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Nov.  5,  1539.  The 
second  governor  of  Cuba.  He  was  one  of  the  con- 
querors of  the  island,  regidor  of  Santiago,  and  after  the 
death  of  Velasquez  became  governor,  April  27,  1527.  On 
account  of  his  avarice  and  cruelty  he  was  removed,  Nov. 
0, 1531,  but  again  obtained  the  place  and  retained  it  until 
153" 


hnn,  on  account  of  the  religious  views  expressed,  a  three  (JnymaTi  Co-ntVi  Tnari'l   Tnaniiin 'Piifro/.in     TJ^,.., 
months' imnrisonment  at  M.i.nhpinv     Fi^nn,  ls.iV  t„  ia;;n    y^UZmaiHgOtn-man   ),  JOaQUiniiUiraClO.    Bom 

in_Costa  Rica,  1801:  died  in  Salvador  about 
1870.  A  Central  American  general  and  politi- 
cian.   He  served  under  Malespin,  and  was  vice-president 


he  lived  at  Dresden  as  a  dramatist.  In  the  mean  time  he 
had  again  been  active  as  a  journalist,  and  had  written  be- 
sides a  number  of  critical  works  and  essays.  In  1852  he 
founded,  in  Dresden,  a  weekly  journal.  From  1S60  to  1864 
he  was  secretary  at  Weimai-  of  the  Schiller  foundation. 
Loss  of  health  compelled  him  to  relinquish  this  position 
in  the  latteryear.  Among  his  many  novels  are  "Die  Hit- 
ter vom  Geist"  (1850-52).  "  Der  Zauberer  von  Rom  "  (1859-  /-•„„„„.„    T  „i„  IT :       .°"  j' 

1861),  "Hohenschwaiigau"(186SX  etc.     His  principal  dra-  "UZman,  JjUIS  UennqUCZ  de, 
mas  .are  "Zopf  uud  Schwert"  ("Periwig  and  Sword,  "1S43), 
'■  Das  Urbild  des  Tartufle  "  ("  The  Prototype  of  Tartufe,' 
1844),    "  I'riel   Acosta  "  (1846),    "  Der  Konigslieutenant ' 
("The  King's  Lieutenant."  1849). 


of  WeSia^Pnisl^^'TJn.f  ^  ^l"'';  Gutzlaff  ("giits'laf),  Karl.    BornatP^Titz,  Pom- 
.tL^'r*?"^!'!:!?!.'?.- '.'."'.''i,^,^.!,  °^    ei'ania,Prussia,_  July  8,_  1803:  died  at  Hong- 


in  his  administration,  but  declared  against  him  in  Feb., 
1845,  and  assumed  the  presidential  office  until  the  end  of 
the  term  in  1S48.  Subsequently  he  was  a  leader  of  the 
liberals  in  the  Salvadorian  Congress. 

See  Henriquez 

(Ic  Gii-miiii. 

Guzman,  Nuno  or  Nunez  Beltran  de.  Born 
at  Guadalajara,  Spain,  about  1485 :  died  there, 
1544.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and  soldier.  He  was  long 
encomendero  at  Puerto  de  Plata,  Espaiiola.  In  1626  he  was 
appointed  to  settle  and  govern  PAnuco,  in  northwestern 
Mexico;  and  by  his  encroachments  on  the  territoiy  of 
Cortes,  and  of  Narvaez  on  the  north,  caused  much  trouble. 
In  1528  he  was  made  president  of  the  first  audience  of  Mex- 
ico, virtually  ruling  the  countrj-  until  1531.  He  did  aU  he 
could  to  injure  Cortes,  and  made  himself  odious  by  arbi- 
tniry  acts  and  extortion.  In  1530  he  conquered  the  region 
on  the  Pacific  coast  long  known  as  New  Galicia.    Guzman 

Guthrie  (guth'ri).  'The  capifaf  oF  Oklahoma  e«''?^.  Sp.  (^«/rfo,  G.  andD.  G»/<7«.]  ■Diedli94.  ^I^ienlirdlsg^ac  "fan'S? fe  "'''"'' ""^  ^"''■ 
Territory  and  of  Logan  County,  situated  about  J^"?"!  Jerusalem.  He  was  descended  from  an  ancient  Guzman,  Ruy  Diaz  de.  Born  in  Paraguay.  1.544: 
30milesnorthor..)kfahoma.   Plpulation(1900).     ^^^^i^^^l^y^^^^^^t^^^^^t^    ^Jt!}r^^-.:^,!ilt!^±li^?^F^f^E^ 

ry).  king  of  Jerusalem.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
1186  on  the  death  of  Baldwin  V.,  the  son  of  Sibylla  and  the 
Marquis  of  Montferrat.  In  1187  he  was  conquered  and  im- 
prisoned by  Saladin,  by  whom  he  was  released  on  renoim- 


Kong,  Aug.  9,  1851.  '  A  German  missionary  in 
China,  and  Sinologist.  His  chief  works  are 
" Cliina  Opened  " (1838), "  Gesehichte  des  ehine- 


who  for  about  15  years  lived  with  a  few  eompan-  p^'f^"«"«^;T-  -^         n.,,      -,,-.     . 

ions  at  Ci'owland.   The  church  reared  bv^thel-  tJuy.or  Gui  (gi  or  ge),  or  Guido  (gwe'do),  of 
bald  over  his  relics  gi-ew  into  Crowland  Abbey.     i;"?lSn.f n(lu-zen-you  )_.  JML.  ««(((o, F.  G«j/,  It. 


10,006. 

Guthrie,  James.  Bom  near  Bardstown,  Ky., 
Dec.  5,  1792:  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  13, 
1869.  An  -\merican  politician,  secretary  of  the 
treasury  1853-57. 

Guthrie,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Brechin,  July  12, 
1803 :  died  at  St.  Leonard's,  near  Hastings,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  24,  1873.  A  Scottish  clergyman, 
orator,  and  philanthropist.  He  published"  Pleas 
for  Ragged  Schools"  (1847,  1849),  "  The  Gospel  in  Ezekiel" 
(1855),  "The  City,  its  Sins  and  .Sorrows"  (1857),  etc. 

Guthrie,  Thomas  Anstey :  pseudonj-m  F.  An- 
Stey.  Born  at  Kensington  in  18.56.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist.  He  wrote  "Vice  Versa"  (1882),  "The 
Giant's  Robe"  (1883),  "The  Tinted  Venus"  (1885),  "The 
Fallen  Idol "  (1886),  "  The  Pariah  "  (1889),  etc. 

Guthrum  (goth'rom),  or  Guthorm.  Died  890. 
A  Danish  king  of  East  Anglia.  He  conquered  East 
Anglia  in  878.  He  was  defeated  by  Alfred  at  Ethandun 
(Edingt^in,  Wiltshire)  in  the  same  year,  but  retained  his 
cfonquest. 

Guti  (go'te).     See  G-titiim. 

Gutierrez  (go-te-ar'reth).  Juan  Maria.  Bom 
at  Buenos  Ayres,  1809 :  died  there,  Feb.  25, 1878. 
An  Argentine  author.  During  the  dictatorship  of 
Rosas  he  lived  in  exile  in  Chile,  where  he  was  director  of 
a  nautical  school.  Returning  to  Buenos  Ayres  in  1853,  he 
became  rector  of  the  university.  He  published  many 
works,  mainly  biographical  or  relating  to  Spanish-Ameri- 


The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  province  of 
Guayra,  where  he  became  military  governor.  His  "His- 
toria  Argentina"  describes  the  conquest  of  the  Platine 
States,  and  brings  the  history  of  the  colony  down  to  1575. 
The  work  was  first  publisheil  in  1836. 


ciiig  his  claim  to  the  throne.    This  renunciation  he  subse-  pV,'.^,^'^'^  ''RT,'r,.''/M.'l'r''''l^\'T.:,4.«    •         t> 

192  transferred  his  claim  to  "lizman  Blanco  (Wan  ko),  Antonio.     Bom  at 


quently  disregarded,  and  in  1192   .. 

the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem  to  Richard  I.  of  England  in  ex- 
change for  Cyprus,  in  which  he  became  the  founder  of  a 
new  Frankish  kingdom. 

Guy  of  Warwick.  A  legendary  hero  of  Eng- 
lish romance.  The  legends  concerning  him  seem  to 
have  been  first  put  in  shape  by  an  Anglo-Norman  poet  of 
the  12th  century.  In  tlie  14th  centm-y  they  were  first  con- 
sidered authentic  histoiy  by  the  chroniclers.  Peter  Lang- 
toft  and  Walter  of  Exeter  wrote  his  history  about  13C)S. 
Many  poemsaswell  asshort  ballads  havebeen  written  upon 
the  subject.  His  most  popuUar  feat  was  the  killini;  uf  the 
giant  Colbrand,  a  Danish  champion,  with  whuin  Ije  fought 
a  duel  to  decide  the  w:ir  between  .\thelstan  and  the  Danes 
who  were  besieging  him  at  Winchester.  He  then  returned 
to  Warwick,  where  he  had  left  his  wife,  the  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  right  of  whom  he  assumed  the 
title.  He  resided  near  her  castle  as  a  hermit,  and  lived  on 
her  alms  without  making  himself  known  to  her;  and  she 
only  discovered  his  identity  when  he  sent  her  their  wed- 
ding-ring, begging  her  to  attend  his  death-bed.  See  War- 
wick. 

Guy  (gi).  Thomas.  Born  about  1645:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  27,  1724.  An  English  bookseller 
and  philanthropist.  He  founded  Guy's  Hos- 
pital (London)  in  1722,  and  endowed  other 
charitable  institutions. 


can  literature.  n,„„„„„       o       /.    - 

Gutierrez,  Santos  Joaquin.    Born  at  Villa  del  S^y^-SP^-j;:^'^'',';^^"'"'' ,^   .     , 
Gocui,_Boyaca,  Oct.  24\l820:  died  at  Bogotd,  ^l^y.^.^J^A^i^E  (?..St'^,„^';-'=°^?, 


A  novel  by 


Feb.  6,  1872.  A  New  Granadan  general  and 
politician.  He  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  liberal  party, 
and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  revolutionary  struggles  from 
1S51  to  1863-  From  1868  to  1870  he  was  president  of  Co- 
lombia. 

Gutierrez  de  la  Concha,  Jos§.    See  CnyicJm. 

Gutierrez  Vergara  ( var-gii'rii),  Ignacio.  Bom 
in  1800:  died  Nov.  3, 1877.  A  Colombian  poli- 
tician. He  was  a  lawyer ;  deputy  to  sever.al  congresses ; 
governor  of  Cundinamarca  ;  and  minister  of  the  treasury 
1857-61.  In  1861.  as  a  leader  of  the  consen'atives,  he  as- 
sumed executive  power  and  attempted  to  defend  Bogot.^ 


Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1815. 
Guyon(gi'on;F.pron.ge -on'), Madame  (Jeanne 
Marie  Boiivier  de  la  Motte-Guyon).  Born 
at  Montargis,  Loiret,  April  13,  164s :  died  at 
Blois,  June  9,  1717.  A  French  mystic,  one  of 
the  founders  of  quietism,  she  married  Jacques  de 
la  Motte-Guyon  at  16  years  of  age.  In  1695  she  was  im- 
prisoned for  her  religious  opinions,  and  later  was  banished 
to  Blois.  She  wrote  "Moyen  court  et  trts  facile  pour 
I'oraison  "(1688-90),  " Les torrents  spirituels  " (1704), "  Poe- 
sies spiritnelles  "  (1689X  autobiography  (1720),  translation 
of  the  Bible  (1713-16\  etc 


against  the  revolutionist  Mosquera,  but  was  defeated  and  ""Uyoil  ( gi  on ),  Sir.     1  he  personification  of  tem- 
fora  time  banished.  peranee  in"  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  bk.  ii. 


Caracas,  Feb.  29,  1828:  died  at  Paris,  July  29, 
1899.  A  Venezuelan  soldier  and  statesman!  He 
was  prominent  in  the  federalist  revolts  18o9-63,  and  mi  the 
triumph  of  Ills  party  became  first  vice-president  under  Fal- 
con inls63.  The  latter  wasdeposed  byarevolution  inI868. 
Guzman  Blanco  headed  a  successful  counter-revulutioii  in 
1870,  and  {Falcon  having  died)  became  president.  By  suc- 
cessive reelections  he  retained  the  office  until  1882,  and  iiis 
influence  was  strong  under  subsequent  administrations 
until  18S8. 

Guzman  de  Alfarache.  A  romance  by  Mateo 
Aleman.  named  from  its  hero.  It  is  "nearly  of  the 
same  age  as  'Don  Quixote,'  and  of  great  genius,  though  it 
can  hardly  be  ranked  as  a  novel  or  a  work  of  imagination. 
It  is  a  series  of  strange,  unconnected  adventures,  rather 
drily  told,  but  accompaTued  by  the  most  severe  and  sar- 
castic conimentarj-.  The  satire,  the  wit,  the  eloquence  and 
reasoning,  are  of  the  most  potent  kind :  but  they  are  di- 
dactic rather  than  dramatic.  They  would  suit  a  homily  or 
a  pasquinade  as  well  [as]  or  better  than  a  romance.  Still 
there  are  in  this  extraordinary  book  occasional  sketches  of 
character  and  humorous  descriptions  to  which  it  would  be 
difficult  to  produce  anything  superior."    Hazlitt. 

As  it  has  reached  us,  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
first  of  which  was  published  at  Madrid  in  1599.  Its  hero, 
who  supposed  himself  to  be  the  son  of  a  decayed  and  not 
very  reputable  Genoese  merchant  established  at  Seville, 
escapes,  as  a  boy,  from  his  mother,  after  his  father's  ruin 
and  death,  and  plunges  into  the  world  upon  adventure. 
He  soon  finds  himself  at  Madrid,  though  not  till  he  has 
passed  through  the  hands  of  justice;  and  in  that  capital 
undergoes  all  sorts  of  suffering,  serving  as  a  scullion  to  a 
cook,  and  as  a  ragged  errand-boy  to  whomsoever  would 
employ  him ;  until,  seizing  a  good  opportunity,  he  steals 
a  large  sum  of  money  that  had  been  intrusted  to  him,  and 
escapes  to  Toledo,  where  he  sets  up  for  a  gentleman.  But 
there  he  becomes,  in  his  turn,  the  victim  of  a  cunning  like 
his  own  ;  and,  finding  his  money  nearly  gone,  enlists  for 
the  Italian  wars.  His  star  is  now  on  the  wane.  At  Bar- 
celona he  again  turns  sharper  and  thief.  At  Genoa  and 
Rome  he  sinks  to  the  lowest  condition  of  a  street  beggar. 
But  ^cardinal  picks  him  up  in  the  last  city  and  makes  him 
his  page :  a  place  in  which,  but  for  his  bold  frauds  and 
tricks,  he  might  long  have  thriven,  and  which  at  last  he 
leaves  in  great  distress,  from  losses  at  play,  and  enters  the 
service  of  the  French  ambassador.    Here  the  First  Part 


i 


Guzman  de  Alfarache 

ends.  .  .  :  In  leos  the  genuine  Second  Part  appeared.  It 
begins  with  the  life  of  tJuzman  in  the  liouse  of  tlie  French 
ambassador  at  Rome,  where  he  serves  in  some  of  the  most 
dishonorable  employments  to  which  the  great  of  that  pe- 
riod degraded  their  mercenary  dependents. 

Ticknar,  Spaa.  Lit.,  III.  U9. 

Gwalior  (gwa'le-6r).  1.  A  protected  state  of 
India,  of  irregular  outline,  lying  between  the 
Northwest  Provinces  on  the  northeast  and  the 
states  of  Rajputaua  on  the  west.  It  is  ruled  by 
the  Sindhia  dynasty :  their  forcea  were  defeated  in  1803 
and  1S43.  Area,  29,000  square  miles.  Population  (1S91), 
3,3(.;6,49«. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Gwalior,  situated 
in  lat.  26°  13'  N.,  long.  TS°  10'  E.  it  is  the  seat  of 
Jaui  and  early  Hindu  antiquities,  and  is  noted  for  its  for- 
tress.    Population  (1891),  101,083. 

Owamba  (gwam'ba).  A  Bantu  tribe  occupying 
the  vast  tract  between  Zululand  and  the  Sabi 
River,  mostly  in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  but 
also  represented  in  Transvaal,  scattered  tribes  are 
found  as  far  north  as  Lake  Nyassa,  where  they  are  called 
Batonga,  which  is  the  nickname  given  them  by  tlie  Zulus. 
They  call  themselves  Magwamba,  and  their  language  Shi- 
gwamba.  This  language  differs  more  from  Chuana  and 
Suto  than  from  Zulu.  The  Boers  call  them  Knobnoses  be- 
cause of  their  custom,  now  abandoned,  of  producing  a 
string  of  fleshy  knobs  down  their  noses.  A  Swiss  mission 
has  been  very  successful  in  teaching  these  natives. 

Gwendolen  Harleth.    See  Harleth. 

Gwilt  (gwilt),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Southwark, 
London,  Jan.  11,  1784:  died  at  Henley-on- 
Thames,  Sept.  14,  1863.  An  English  architect 
and  archieologist.  He  published  an  "  Encyclo- 
pftidia  of  Architecture"  (1842),  etc. 

Gwyn.or  Gwinn  (gwin),  Nell  or  Eleanor.  Born 
at  Hereford  (?),  Feb.  2,  1650 :  died  Nov.  13, 
1687.  An  English  aotress,mistress  of  Charles  H. 
There  is  little  information  as  to  her  early  life.  Her  first 
known  appearance  on  the  stage  was  in  lOB.'J.  She  was  a 
great  favorite  with  the  public,  as  she  was  g.ayand  spright- 
ly and  played  piquant,  bustling  parts.  Her  dancing  was 
much  admired.  After  various  adventures  with  other  lovers 
besides  the  king,  she  left  the  stage  in  1682.  The  king  re- 
tained his  affection  for  her  till  his  death.  She  had  two 
childreji  by  him:  Charles  Beauclerk  (1670)  (afterward 
Duke  of  St.  Albans),  and  a  second  son,  James  (1671).  Large 
sums  of  money,  and  Bestwood  Park  (Nottingham),  Burford 
House  (Windsor),  and  other  gifts,  were  bestowed  on  her. 

For  tragedy  she  [Nell  Gwyn]  was  unfitted  :  her  stature 
was  low,  though  her  figure  was  graceful ;  and  it  was  not 
till  she  assumed  comic  characters,  stamped  the  smiUlest 
foot  in  England  on  the  boards,  and  laughed  with  that  pecu- 
liar laugh  that  in  the  excess  of  it  her  eyes  almost  disap- 
peared, that  she  fairly  carried  away  the  town,  and  enslaved 
the  hearts  of  city  and  of  court.    She  spoke  prologues  and 


471 

epilogues  with  wonderful  effect,  danced  to  perfection,  and 
in  her  peculiar  but  not  extensive  line  was,  perhaps,  un- 
eciualled  for  the  natural  feeling  which  she  put  into  the 
parts  most  suited  to  her.  She  was  bo  fierce  of  repartee 
that  no  one  ventured  to  allude  sneeringly  to  her  antece- 
dents. She  was  coaree,  to.i,  when  the  humour  took  her ; 
could  curse  pretty  strongly,  if  the  house  was  not  full ;  and 
was  given,  in  connnon  with  the  other  ladies  of  the  com- 
pany, to  loll  about  and  talk  loudly  in  the  public  boxes, 
when  she  was  not  engaged  on  the  stage. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  62. 

Gya.     See  Gaija. 

Gyaman  (gva-miiu').  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  the 
Gold  Coast,"  West  Africa,  situated  north  of  Ku- 
massi,  and  speaking  a  language  of  its  own. 

Gye  (gi),  Frederick.  Born  at  London,  1809:  died 
at  Ditehley,  Dec.  4, 1S78.  An  English  manager 
of  opera.  He  undertook  the  management  of  Covent  Gar. 
den  in  1869,  and  retained  it  till  1877,  when  his  son  Ernest 
Gye  assumed  control.     See  Albani. 

Gyergy<>Szent-Mikl6s  (dyer'dyo  sent  m^k'- 
losh).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Csik,  Transyl- 
vania, situated  in  lat.  46°  42'  N.,  long.  25°33'  E. 
Population  (1890),. 6, 104. 


Gyula 

River.]  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  on 
upper  Skeena  River,  British  Columbia.    See 

yasqd. 
Gyninopaediae  (jim-no-pe'di-e).     [Or.  yvfuovai- 
i)ia(.]     Sfi'  the  extract. 

The  feast  of  the  Oymnopsedia;,  or  naked  youths,  was  one 
of  the  most  import;int  at  .Sparta  (Pnusan.  III.  xi.  §  7).  It 
lasted  several  dajs,  porliai)s  ten.  It  was  less  a  religious 
festival  than  a  great  spectacle,  wherein  the  grace  and 
strength  of  the  Spiu-tan  youth  were  exhibited  to  their  ad- 
miring countrymen  and  to  foreigners.  The  chief  ceremo- 
nies were  choral  dances,  in  which  wrestling  and  other 
gymnastic  exercises  were  closely  imitated,  and  which 
served  to  shew  tlie  adroitness,  activity,  and  bodily  strength 
of  the  performers.  These  were  chiefly  Spartan  youths, 
who  danced  naked  in  the  forum,  round  the  statues  of 
Apollo,  Diana,  and  Latona.  Songs  in  celebration  of  the 
noble  deeds  performed  by  the  youths,  as  the  exploits  of 
Thyrea  and  Thermopylae,  formed  a  portion  of  the  pro- 
ceedings at  the  festival. 

Rawlinmn^  Herod.,  III.  451,  note. 

Gjnnnosopllists  (.iim-nos'o-fists).  A  sectof  an- 
cient Hindu  philosophers  who  lived  solitarily 
in  the  woods,  wore  little  clothing,  ate  no  flesh, 
renounced  all  bodily  pleasures,  and  addicted 


Gyges  (gi'jez).  King  of  Lydia,  a  contemporary  tliemselves  to  mystical  contemplation:  so  called 
of  the  AssjTian  king  Asurbanipal  (fab8-t>-()  ,j^.  greek  writers.  By  some  they  are  regarded  as 
B.  C),  and  a  founder  of  a  new  dynasty.  Pressed  Brahman  penitents;  others  include  among  the'm  a  set  of 
by  the  Cimmerians,  he  invoked  the  help  of  Asurbanipal,      Buddhist  ascetics,  the  Shamans. 

and  submitted  to  his  supremacy.  Afterward  he  allied  hmi-  (Jyoma,  (dyo'mo).  A  town  in  the  countv  of  B^k^S, 
self  with  Psammetichus,  king  of  Egypt,  aganist  Assyria,  TS,,„„,,_..-^„:t,,„f  „,i  on  the  Koriis  in  lat  46°  .57' 
and  seems  to  have  fallen  in  one  of  the  repeated  attacks  of  ' }  ui  gdr> ,  "tuatetl  on  tUe  l<LOros  in  at .  *o  o/ 
the  Cimmerians,  who  were  no  longer  checke.l  by  the  As-  N._,  long.  20°  51'  E.  Population  (1890),  10,8b/. 
Syrian  power,  in  about  663.  "According  to  the  legend  in  GyongyOS  (dyen  dyesh).  A  town  m  the  county 
Plato,  Gyges,  a  herdsman  of  the  king  of  Lydia,  after  a  ter-  ,,,■  I[^.vfs.  Hungarv,  47  miles  northeast  of  Bu- 
rible  storm  and  earthquake,  saw  near  him  a  chasm  in  the      ,  ,       jj  ^  flourishing  trade.     Population 

earth,  into  which  he  descended  and  found  a  vast  horse  °'      , ,  Jq-,  .     ,  ^  , ,,  ,  ^ 

brass,  hollow  and  partly  open,  wherein  Lay  a  gigantic     ( i«JU).  10,l--4.  „     r.    u  ■   ii     nr     ■ 

corpse  with  a  golden  ring.    This  ring  he  carried  away,  and  Gyp.   The  pseudonym  of  Sibylle  Gabrielle  filane 
discovered  unexpectedly  that  it  possessed  the  miraculous     Antoinette  de  Riciuetti  de  Mirabeau,  coratesse 
property  of  rendering  him  invisible  at  pleasure     Being      ,     jj     ^  ,    j    Jauville     See  ilartcl  de  JanviUe. 
sent  on  a  message  to  the  king  Candaules,hemade  the  magic     ^  .»i_ariei  ue  jauMiie.    oce  ^i<;  it.  uc  o« 
ring  available  to  his  ambition  ■.  he  first  possessed  himself  CJypSieS.      ^ee  Inpsies. 

of  the  person  of  the  queen,  and  then  with  her  aid  assassi-  GyrOWOtZ  (gir'6-vcts).  Adalbert.  Born  at  BuQ- 
nated  the  king,  and  flnaUy  seized  the  sceptre."    Griitt.  weis,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19,  17Gi!:  ilied  at  Vienna, 

Gyidesdzo  (gyetl-asd-z6' ).  A  tribe  of  North  March  19, 1850.  An  Atistrian  composer  of  sym- 
Aiuerican  Indians  on  Price  Island,  northwest  of    phonies,  operas,  ballets,  etc. 

, Millbank  Sound,  British  Columbia.  See  Tsim-  (Jythium  (.ii-thi'um  or  .iith'i-um).  [Gr.  Tiftov.] 
shian.  In  ancient  geography,  a  seaport  of  Laoonia, 

Gyitgaata  (gyet-gii'ii-tii),  or  Eitkada,  or  Kit-  Greece,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Laconia  in  lat. 
kaet.  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  on  36°  46'  N.,  long.  22°  34'  E..  near  the  modem 
Grenville  Channel,  British   Columbia.     Their     Marathonisi. 

name  signifies 'people  of  the  poles '(from  their  G^ula  (dyo'lo).     The  capital  of  the  county  of 
salmon-weirs).     See  Tsimshiait.  B^kes,  Hungarv,  situated  on  the  White  Koros 

Gyitksan  (gyet-ksiin '  \  or  Kitikshian.  [From  in  lat.  4<i°  3M'  N. ,  long.  21°  17'  E.  Population 
Kxhiaii   or  'Kusliian,  a  settlement   on  Skeena     (1890),  19,991. 


aanen  (ha'nen),  Remi  van. 
Born  at  Oosterhout, Brabant, 
Jan.  5, 1812.  A  Dutch  land- 
scape-painter. 

Haarlem,  or  Harlem  (har'- 
lem).  [D.  HaarUm  (former- 
ly Haeiiem,  Harlem),  OD. 
Haralem,  ML.  Harlemum.'\ 
The  capital  of  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the  Spaarne 
4  miles  from  the  North  Sea,  and  11  miles  west 
of  Amsterdam.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is 
especially  celebrated  for  its  flower-gardens.  Tlie  Groote 
Kerk  (of'St.  Bavo)  is  an  impressive  cruciform  structure  of 
the  15tli  century.  The  tower  is  255  feet  high.  The  interior 
possesses  a  brass  choir-screen  and  fine  carved  stalls  and 
pulpit.  The  oigan,  built  in  173S,  is  famous  as  one  of  the 
finest  existing.  Haarlem  was  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  Counts  of  Holland.  It  was  seized  by  the  insurgent 
peasants  in  1492  ;  was  invested  by  the  Spaniards  in  Dec, 
1572  ;  surrendered  in  July,  1573  ;  and  was  retaken  by  \\il- 
Ham  of  Orange  in  1577.  It  was  an  art  center  in  the  17th 
cintury.     Population  (1S94),  58,31X). 

Haarlemmer  Polder  (har'lem-mer  pol'der).  A 
plain  in  the  province  of  North  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, between  Haarlem,  Amsterdam,  and  Ley- 
den.  It  was  formerly  the  Haarlemmer  Meer  or  Lake,  26 
miles  in  length,  formed  in  the  16th  century  and  commu- 
nicating with  the  Y  and  the  Old  Rhine.  This  was  drained 
in  1840-53.     Population  of  the  district,  about  1(1,000. 

Haas  (has),  Johannes  Hubertus  Leonardus 
de.  Born  at  Hedel,  North  Brabant,  March  25, 
1832  :  died  at  Brussels,  Aug,  16, 1880.  A  noted 
animal-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Van  Oos  at  Haar- 
lem, and  went  to  Brussels  in  1857.  His  '*  Trio  of  Donkeys  " 
is  at  the  Lisbon  GtUlery  :  '*  Castle  on  theRhine,""Cowsat 
Pasture,"  and  "  Three  Comrades  "  at  the  National  Gallery, 
Berlin  ;  "  Pasture  "at  the  Brussels  Museum :  and  'Cattle" 
at  the  Kunsthalle,  Hamburg. 

Haase  (ha'ze),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Berlin,  Nov. 
1, 1826.  A  German  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  at  Weimar  in  1846,  and  played  successively  at  Pots- 
dam, Berlin,  Prague,  Karlsruhe,  Munich,  Frankfort,  and 
elsewhere.  He  visited  America  in  1869  and  1882-83.  He 
is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  German  actors. 

Haase,  Heinrich  Grottlob  Friedrich  Chris- 
tian. Born  at  Magdeburg.  Prussia,  Jan.  4, 1808 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Aug.  16,  1867.  A  Ger- 
man classical  philologist,  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau. 

Habab  (ha-bab').  An  African  tribe  wandering 
as  nomadic  herdsmen  over  the  pasture-lauds 
northwest  of  Massowah,  between  the  Bogos  and 
the  Beni  Amer.  In  physical  appearance  they  and  the 
Beni  Amer  show  more  affinity  witli  the  Cushitic  Bedja  or 
Eisharin  ;  but  their  dialects  belong  to  the  same  cluster  as 
Tigr6  and  Amharic,  the  base  of  which  is  Semitic.  In  re- 
ligion the  Hababs  are  said  to  be  now  Mohammedan,  al- 
though within  recent  times  they  still  made  a  profession  of 
Ethiopic  Christianity.     See  Tis-". 

Habakkuk  (ba-bak'uk  or  hab'a-kuk).  [Cf. 
Assyr.  hamhaquqm,  name  of  a  plant.]  A  He- 
brew prophet.  Nothing  authentic  of  his  life  is  known, 
and  he  therefore  has  become  the  subject  of  many  legends. 
Thus,  in  the  apocryphal  book  "Bel  and  the  Dragon." 
he  is  carried  through  the  air  by  an  angel  from  Judea  to 
Babylon  to  feed  Daniel.  The  book  of  his  prophecies,  con- 
sisting of  3  chapters,  holds  the  eighth  place  among  the 
minor  prophets.  The  first  two  chapters  bear  on  the 
wickedness  reigning  in  the  country  and  the  growing  power 
of  the  Chaldeans ;  the  third  chapter  is  a  lyric  ode  repre- 
senting God  as  appearing  in  judgment.  Habakkuk  ex- 
hibits poetical  genius  of  high  order.  His  prophecy  is  con- 
structed dramatically  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between 
himself  and  Jehovah.  The  lyric  ode  ranks,  for  sublimity 
of  poetic  conception,  picturesqueness  of  imagery,  and 
splendor  of  diction,  with  the  highest  which  Hebrew  poetry 
has  produced.  He  prophesied  most  probably  in  the  reign 
of  .lehoiakim  (609-.507  B.  c). 

Habana.    See  Havana. 

Habassin.    An  old  name  of  Abyssinia. 

Habberton  (hab'6r-ton),  John.  Born  at  Brook- 
1  vn,  1842.  An  American  writer,  author  of  "  Hel- 
en's Babies"  (1876),  etc. 

Habelschwerdt  (ha'bel-shwert).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Neisse  .58  miles  south-southwest  of  Breslau. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,586. 

Habeneck  (ab-nek ' ) ,  Frangois  Antoine,  Born 

at  M6zi6res,  Prance,  Jan.  22, 1781 :  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Feb.  8,  1849.  A  French  violinist  and  con- 
ductor. 


Habicht  (ha'bieht),  Lndwig.  Born  at  Sprottau, 
Prussia,  July  23, 1830.  A  German  novelist.  He 
has  written  "Der  Stadtschreiber  von  Liegnitz"  (1865), 
"  Zwei  Hofe  "  (1870),  ■'  Vor  dem  Gewitter  "  (1873),  "Schein 
uud  Sein  "  (1875),  "Am  Gardasee  "  (1890),  etc. 

Habington  (hab'ing-ton),  William.  Born  at 
Hindlip,  Worcestershire,  Nov.,  1605:  died  there, 
1654.  An  English  poet.  He  published  the  lyrical 
collection  "Castara"  (1634),  etc. 

Habor  (ha'bor) ,  A  river  mentioned  with  Gozan 
in  connection  with  the  settlement  of  the  deport- 
ed ten  tribes  in  Assyria  (2  Ki.  xvii.).  its  former 
identification  with  the  Cliebar  has  been  generally  given  up. 
It  is,  no  doubt,  identical  with  the  Aborrhas,  or  Chaboras, 
of  classical  writers,  still  bearing  the  name  Khabour,  which 


the  later  successor  of  Carchemish ;  and,  under  the  abbre- 
viated form  of  D4da,  Shalmaneser  speaks  of  "the  god 
DAda  of  Aleppo  "  (Khalman). 

Sayce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  55. 

Hadad-rimmon  (ha' dad -rim 'on).  A  place 
mentioned  in  Zech.  xii.  11  as  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Megiddo,  where  a  lamentation  took 
place.  The  lamentation  is  referred  by  some  to  the  fall 
of  Josiah  in  the  battle  with  Necho  of  Egypt  near  Megiddo 
(609  B.  c),  and  Hadad-rimmon  is  then  taken  as  a  place 
identified  with  the  modern  village  Runinianeh,  south  of 
Lejun,  which  is  considered  as  representing  the  ancientMe- 
giddo.  By  others  the  lamentation  of  Hadad-rimmon  is 
explained  to  mean  the  rites  connected  with  three  Syrian  di. 
vinities  similar  to  the  mourning  over  the  death  of  Adonis 
in  Phenicia  and  elsewhere. 


falls  into  the  Euphrates  near  Circesium.  The  name'occurs  Hadal  (ha-di')    or  Adaize  (a-diz').     A  tribe  o£ 


as  Habur  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Habrocomas.     See  Abrocomas. 

Habsburg.     See  Hapsbiirg. 

Hachette  (a-shef),  Jeanne  Fourquet,  sur- 
named.  Born  at  Beauvais,  Nov.  14,  14.54:  the 
date  of  her  death  is  not  known.  A  French  hero- 
ine. She  took  part,  armed  with  a  hatchet  (liachette),  in 
the  defense  of  Beauvais  against  Ch,arles  the  Bold  in  1472 
(whence  her  surname). 

Hachette,  Louis  Christophe  Francois.    Born—   ,,.     .         „,  .,  ,   ^^r  ,,.     , 

at  Rethel,  Ardennes,  France,  May  5, 1800 :  died  Haddington.  1  he  capital  of  Haddingtonshire, 
July  21, 1864.  A  French  editor  and  publisher,  ^eotland,  on  the  Tyne  17  mUes  east  of  Edin- 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Hachette  and  Co.,  Paris.     "^^'^S'^-     ^^  ^^'^s  the   birthplace  of  Knox  and  of 

Hackelberg  (ha'kel-bero),  or  Hackelnberg  r^'",^""-  J°,?"^*i?°  *!??!''  t''*'^^-   •     v  , 
(ha-kelu-bero).     In  German  folk-lore,  the  wild  Haddon  Hall | had  on  ha  ).   A  mansion  belong- 
huntsman  of  the  "furious  armv,"  identified  with    "'^  *°  ^^t  ^f^%  °*  Butland   situated  2  miles 
a  historical  Hans  von  Hackelberg  (1521-81).         southeast  of  Bakewell,   Derbyshire,  England. 

■rr-„i,„ ^„i,    /I    1  /  1  ,        mf  -^  i      j.     '''  '^  '^  notable  example  of  the  medieval  residence  of  a 

llaCKensaCK    (nak    en-sak).      The    capital    of     great  Englisli  proprietor. 


the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians.    See  Caddo. 
Haddington  (had'ing-ton),  or  East  Lothian 

(est  lo'Tni-an).  A  maritime  county  of  Scot- 
land, bounded  by  the  Firth  of  Forth  and  the 
North  Sea  on  the  north,  Berwick  on  the  south- 
east and  south,  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west. 
Area,  271  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
37,485. 


forte,"  with  text  by  Burty  (ISO.'.),  "  About  Etchings  '  (1879), 
"The  Relative  Claims  of  Etching  and  Engraving  '  (1879), 
"  L'tEuvre  grav^  de  Rembrandt  "  (1880).  Knighted  in  1894. 
Hadendoa  (had-en'do-a).  One  of  the  Bedja 
tribes  in  Upper  Nubia  which  form  the  bulk  of 
the  poptdation  of  Suakim  and  Taka.  They  are  pas- 
toral and  nomadic,  to  some  extent  agricultural,  and  are 
notorious  for  attacking  caravans.  Ruins  resembling  those 
L'f  Zimbabwe  in  South  Africa  are  found  in  their  territory. 


land  County,  New  York,  and  northeastern  New 
Jersey,  flowing  into  Newark  Bay  4  miles  south- 
east of  Newark. 
Hackett  (hak'et),  Horatio  Balch.  Born  at 
Salisbury.  Mass.,  Dec.  27,  1808  :  died  at  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  Nov.  2,  1875.  An  American  bib- 
lical scholar.  He  was  professor  of  bibUcal  literature  in 

NewtonTheoIogicalInstitutionl839-69,andinl870became  w' i■"^^ivl''^T■'•"i  "^'"J?  "i!"'^"?? '" '?^''i"'"',"''^- 
professor  of  New  Testament  Greek  in  Rochester  Theo-  -UadersleDen  (ha  ders-la-ben),  Dan.  HadersleV 
'     •    •"     •  ■  --         ■  -  (ha'ders-lev).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sehles- 

wig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  Hadersleben 
Fjord  in  lat.  55°  15'  N.,  long.  9°  30'  E.     It  has 
some  trade.     Population  (1890),  8,397. 
Hades  (ha'dez).  [Gr."A(%orii.M)?f.]  1. In  Greek 
mythology:  (o)  The  lord  of  the  lower  world,  a 


logical  Seminai-y.  Among  his  works  are  "Hebrew Gram- 
mar "  (1847),  "Commentary  on  the  Acts"  (1851),  "  Ulus- 
trations  of  Scripture"  (1856),  translation  of  Philemon 
(1860).  He  edited,  with  Ezra  Abbot,  the  American  edition 
of  Smith's  "Bible  Dictionary"  (1868-70). 

Hackett,  James  Henry.  Born  at  New  York, 
March  15,  1800:  died  at  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
28,  1871.  An  .'ijnerican  actor.  He  went  on  the 
stage  about  1820.  He  was  successful  in  the  personation  of 
Yankees  and  Western  pioneers.  He  is  best  known,  how- 
ever, for  his  representation  of  Falstaff,  which  he  first 
played  about  1832.  He  wrote  "  Notes  and  Comments  on 
Shakspere  "  (1863). 

Hacklander  (hiik  '  len-deri,  Friedrich  Wil- 

helm  von.  Born  at  Burtscheid,  near  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Prussia,  Nov.  1,  1816:  died  near  the 
Starnbergersee,  Bavaria,  July  6,  1877.  A  Ger- 
man novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellaneous 
\vriter.  He  >vrote  "  Bildern  aus  dem  Soldatenleben  im 
rrieden"(1841),"Wachtstubenabenteuer"(1845),"Handel 
und  Wander'(1850),  etc. 

Hackney  (hak'ui).  A  municipal  and  parlia- 
luentarv  borough  of  London,  3  miles  uorthea^t 
of  St.  Paul's,  formerly  a  fashionable  center. 
It  returns  3  members  to  Parliament.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  229,531. 

Hackum  (h.ak'um).  Captain.  A  bully  in  Shad- 
well's  "  Squire  of  Alsatia." 

Haco.     See  Hakon. 

Hadad  (ha'dad).  A  Syrian  deity.  The  name 
is  applied  in  the  Bible  to  several  persons.  See 
Ben-hadad. 

Hadad  occupied  a  higher  position  than  Saul.  He  was, 
as  1  have  said,  tlie  supreme  Baal  or  Sun-god,  whose  wor- 
ship extended  southward  from  Cai'chemish  to  Edom  and 
Palestine.  At  Damascus  he  was  adored  under  the  Assjt- 
ian  name  of  Rimmon,  and  Zechaii,ah<xii.  11)  alludes  to  the 
cult  of  the  compound  Hadad-Eimmon  in  the  close  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  great  Canaanitish  fortress  of  Megiddo. 
Coins  bear  the  name  of  Abd-Had.id.  "the  servant  of  Ha- 
dad," who  reigned  in  the  fourth  century  at  Hierapolis,  Hadji  Khalfa. 
472 


brother  of  Zeus,  and  the  husband  of  Persephone 
(Proserpine).  He  reigned  in  a  splendid  palace,  and,  be- 
sides his  function  of  governing  the  shades  of  the  departed, 
he  was  the  giver  to  mortals  of  iill  treasures  derived  from 
the  earth.  In  art  he  was  represented  in  a  form  kindred  to 
that  of  Zeus  and  that  of  Poseidon,  and  bearing  the  start'  or 
scepter  of  authority,  usually  in  company  with  Persephone. 
As  the  god  of  wealth  he  was  also  called  by  the  Greeks  Ptuto; 
and  he  is  the  same  as  the  Roman  Dis,  Orcus,  or  Tartarus, 
(b)  The  invisible  lower  or  subterranean  world 
in  which  dwelt  the  spirits  of  all  the  dead ;  the 
world  of  shades ;  the  abode  of  the  departed, 
llie  souls  in  Hades  were  believed  to  carry  on  there  a  coun- 
terpart of  their  material  existence  :  those  of  the  righteous 
without  discomfort,  amid  the  pale  sweet  blooms  of  aspho- 
del, or  even  in  pleasure,  in  the  Elysian  Fields  ;  and  those 
of  the  wicked  amid  various  tornisnts.  The  lower  world 
was  surrounded  by  fiery  and  pestilential  rivers,  and  the 
solitary  approach  was  guarded  by  the  monstrous  three- 
headed  dog  Cerberus  to  prevent  the  shades  from  escaping 
to  the  upper  world. 

2.  In  the  Greek  New  Testament  and  in  the  re- 
■vised  English  version,  indefinitely,  the  state  or 
abode  of  the  dead :  often  taken  as  equivalent  to 
purf/atora,  the  intermediate  state  of  the  dead, 
or  to  liell. 

Hading  (a-daii').  Jane  Alfr^dine  Trifouret, 
known  as  Jane  Hading.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
Nov.  25,  1859.  A  noted  French  actress.  Sh« 
made  her  first  appearance,  when  only  3  years  old,  its  little 
Blanche  in  "Lebossu."  This  part  was  usually  represented 
by  a  doll.  From  the  time  she  was  14  years  old  she  played 
a  variety  of  parts,  at  first  in  operetta,  until  finally,  in  1885, 
she  made  her  appearance  at  the  Gymnase  in  Paris  as  an 
exponent  of  high  comedy. 

See  Haji  Khalfa. 


Hadleigh 
Hadlei^h  (hmVli)-    A  town  in  Sufifolk,  England, 
^  thi°Hret  about  10  miles  west  of  Ipswich. 

Population  (1891),  3,229. 
Hadley  (liad'li).  A  town  in  Hampshire  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  on  the  Connecticut  opposite 
Nori hampton .  It  is  noted  in  King  Philips  War  (1B76) 
for  the  attack  made  upon  it  by  thi;  Indians,  which  waa 
.vpillfd  liii'ler  tlM'  l.:i;k-i>i.iii  "I  tlie  re-ici.le  tictti-. 

Hadley,  Arthur  Twining.  BoniatNewUaven, 

(  oim..  April  2;i,  1S.36.     Au  ^Vmeriean  educator, 
liie  son  of  James  Hadley.     He  was  sraduatcd  at 
Vile  University  in  1870;  was  professor  «•«  politiLal  science 
tlierel88li-l)9  and  "as  eiccteil  president  of  tlie  university 
May,  18M.    He  has  written  "  Railroad  Transportation  :  its 
uistliry  and  its  Laws"  (1885).  etc. 
Sadley,  James.     Bom  at  Fairfield,  Herkimer 
Ccmnty,  N.  Y..  March  30, 1821 :  died  at  New  Ha- 
vcu  Conn.,  Nov.  14, 1872.  Au  American  scholar, 
professor  of  Greek  in  Yale  College  18ol-72.   Be 
oiiblisheda-Greek  Grammar-  (1861).    An  "Introduction 
fo  Roman  Law  ■  (1873),  a  volume  of  "  Ess.ays;  (ls73),  and  a 
"Bitef  History  of  the  English  Language'  (1879),  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death.  J.    J  t:.  1, 
Hadley,  John,     Born  April  15, 1()82 :  died  Feb. 
14  1743.     A  noted  English  mathematician  and 
mechanician.      He  improved  the  reflecting  telescope, 
and  in  1730  invented  the  reflecting  quadrant.    His  claim 
to  the  latter  invention  has  been  disputed,  Thomas  Godfrey, 
of  Philadelphia,  having  proposed  a  simUar  apparatus  m 
the  same  year                           ....  ti. 
Hadramaut  (ha-drii-mat' ).     A  region  in  south- 
ern Arabia,  of  undefined  boundaries,  extending 
along  the  Indian  Ocean  between  Dahna  on  the 
Dorth,  Mahra  on  the  east,  and  Yemen  on  the 
west:  recently  explored  by  Bent. 
Hadrian  (Popes).     See  Adrian. 
Hadrian  (ha'dri-an),  sometimes  Adrian  (i'UD- 
Uus  .ffiliUS  Hadrianus).     Born  at  Rome  Jan. 
"4  76  a.  d.  :   died  at  Baia?,  Italy,  July  10.  1J8. 
Koman  emperor  117-138,  nephew   of   Trajan 
whom  he  succeeded.    Renouncing  the  policy  of  con 
guest,  he  abandoned  the  new  provinces  of  Armenia.  Mcso 
notamia,  and  Assyria,  and  established  the  Euphrates  as  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  empire.     In  119  he  began  a  pro- 
gress through  the  provinces,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
began  the  construction  of  the  wall  that  bears  his  nanie 
a-ainst  the  Picts  and  the  Scots  in  Britain,  and  from  which 
he  returned  about  131.    He  promulgated  the  "  Edictiim 
Perpetuum,"  a  collection  of  the  edicts  of  the  pretors  by  Sal- 
vias JuliaiiuB,  ill  132.  In  132  a  revolt  wasoccasioned  among 
the  Jews  by  the  planting  of  the  Roman  colony  of  -i-lia 
Capitoliiia  on  the  site  of  Jerusalem,  which  was  suppressed 

Hadrian,  Arch  of.    See  Arch  of  Hadrian. 

Hadrianople.    See  AdrianopU. 

Hadrian's  Mole,    ^ee  Angelo,  Castle  of  Sanl . 

Hadrian's  Villa.  ^Vn  assemblage  of  ancient 
ruins,  near  Tivoli,  perhaps  the  most  impressive 
in  Italy.  It  included  the  Greek  and  Latin  theaters,  so 
called,  an  ndeuni,  th.-rma;,  a  stadium,  a  palace  several  tcm- 
nles,  spacious  structures  for  guards  and  attendants  and 
many  sub.iidiary  buildings  and  devices.  Of  most  of  these 
there  are  exU-nsive  remains  ;  and  here  were  found  many  ol 
the  fine  statues  now  in  Roman  museums  ,      ,, 

Hadrian's  Wall.  A  wall  of  defense  for  the  Ro- 
man province  of  Britain,  constructed  by  Ha- 
drian between  the  Solway  Firth  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Tvne.  The  work  has  been  a.scribi  d  to  Scvcrus 
and  others,"  "  but  after  ii  long  debate  the  opinion  noiv  pre- 
vails that  the  whole  system  of  defence  bears  the  iiiipr.  ss 
of  a  single  miml,  and  that  the  Nvall  and  its  parallel  eai  th- 
works,  its  camps,  r..ads,  and  stations,  were  designed  and 
constructed  bv  Hadrian  alon/."    FMi'ii. 

Hadmmetum  (had-ro-me'tum),  or  Adrume- 
tum  (ad-ro-ni6'tum).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  Phenieiaii  (later  a  Roman)  colony,  generally 
identified  with  the  modern  Susa,Tmiis,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Haiuniainet  70  miles  south  by 
east  of  Tunis.  „  .      .  t      -n  * 

Haeckel  (hok'el),  Ernst  Hemrich.    Born  at 

Potsdam,   Prussia,   Feb.    IG,   1834.      A   distin- 
Kuished  German  naturalist,  one  of  the  leading 
advocates  of  the  biological  theory  of  evoliitioii. 
He  was  appointe.l  professor  at  Jena  in  18i;.2.     His  worKs 
Include  "llie   Radiularicn"  (1862),  "(ienerelle   Mo.pho. 
logic  der  Organiauien  "  (1H0«),  "  Natiirliche  Scllopfungs- 
Rc^schicbte  ■■  r  Natural  History  of  Creation,"  18(i8),  "(  tier 
die  Entstehnng  und  den  Stammbauin  (  es  Menschengc 
schlechts"  ("On  the  Drlgiu  and  Oe""''""/  '■' ni,    K  .I'k' 
man  Race,"  1870),  "Anlhropogenie     (18,4)       ^le  kalk- 
Bchwammo"  ("Calcareous  S|.onges,    1872),  ■'Oaatriea  1  he- 
crie"  (1871),  "  Plankton-Sludieu  "  (I81)ii),  etc. 
Haeltzuk  (hil'el-tziik).     1.  A  division  of  thi. 
Wakashan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
comprising  23  tribes.    Itshahitat  is  the  northern  part 
of  Vancouver  Island,  adjoining  the  Aht  (Wakashan)  .uid 
Salishan  territories,  and  the  western  coa.«    of  British  Co- 
lumbia.     The  principal  tribes  of  this  ;IIv1h1"m  arc  the 
Haelt^lk  proper,  Wikeno,  Kwakintl.  and  Naw,  1.      1  here 
arel8il8on  the  Kwawkcwlth  agency,  liritisli  (  olumbns 
and  over  l.nno  not  under  ageiiti.    See  Wakmhan. 
2    A  collective  nameforaboily  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  (also  calleil  IMMIa,  or  Millhaid- 
Sound  /iirfiVn/.s)   which   includes  the   Haeltzuk 
proper  and  the  Wikeno.    Their  habitat  is  Mill- 
bank  Sound  and  Rivers  Inlet,  British  Columbia. 
Haemus  (he'mus).     The  Latin  uaiuo  of  the  Bal- 
kans t^wliich  see). 


473 

Haenke.    See  Hiinkc.  ,       „  .«■        i 

Haff.     See   Frisclies  Haff,  Kurisches  Haff,  and 

SUttincr  Buff.  _,  ,   ,.     _, 

Hafiz  (Pers.  proii.  ha-fiz'),  Shams  ed-din  Mu- 
hammad. [Arabic  hdfi:.  he  who  knows  by 
heart,  i.  e.  the  Koran  and  the  tradilious.J  liorii 
at  Shiraz  in  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century: 
died  between  1388  aud  1394.  An  eminent  1  er- 
sian  divine,  philosopher,  and  grammarian,  and 
one  of  the  greatest  poets  of  all  time.  He  was  not 
only  appointed  teacher  in  the  royal  family,  but  a  special 
college  wa,s  founded  for  him.  He  singsof  wiM  love,  llight- 
ingales,  and  flowers,  and  sometimes  of  Allah  and  tlie 
Prophet  and  the  instaliility  of  life.  His  tomb,  about  2 
miles  northeast  of  Sbiraz.  is  sumptuously  adorned,  and  is 
still  the  resort  of  pilgrims. 
Hafnia  (haf'ni-ii).  The  Latin  name  of  Copen- 
liagen.  ,  .  „ 

Hagar  (ha 'gar).  An  Egyptian  concubine  of 
Abraham,  mother  of  Ishmael.  ^ 

Hagarenes  ( hag'a-renz ) ,  or  Hagrites  (hag  nts) . 
A  nomadic  people  of  Old  Testament  times,  oc- 
(■up\ing  a  region  east  of  the  Jordan. 

Hagedorn  (bii'ge-dorn),  Friedrich  von.    Bom 

at  Hamburg,  April  23.  170S;  died  at  Hamburg, 


Oct  28,  1754.  A  German  IjTic,  didactic,  and 
satirical  poet.  The  best  edition  of  his  poems 
was  published  in  1800.  . 

Haeen  (hit'gen).  A  town  in  the  province  ot 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  .luuctiou 
of  the  Eiinepe  with  the  Volme,  32  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Dusseldorf .  It  manufactures  iron 
anil  textile  fabrics.     Population  (1890),  3y,4L8. 

Hagen,  Ernst  August.    Born  at  Komgsberg, 

I'riissia,  April  12,  1797:  died  at  Komgsberg, 
Fob.  15,  1880.  A  German  writer  on  art,  author 
of  "Norica"  (1827),  "Leonardo  da  Vinci  in 
Mailand"  (1840).  etc. 

Hagen.  Friedrich  Heinrich  von  der.    Born  at 

iScTimiedeberg,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  !•  eb.  19, 
1780 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  11.  1856.  A  Gerimtn 
scholar,  especially  noted  for  researches  in  Old 
German  poetry.  He  became  prof essor  at  Berlin  when 
the  university  was  founded,  was  called  to  Breslau,  and  re- 
turned to  Berlin  in  1821.  He  edited  the  "  .Nibelungen- 
li  d  "  (1810-20),  "  Minnesinger"  (1838),  etc. 

Hagen,  Hermann  August.    Born  at  Konigs- 

berg,Prussia,  May  30, 1817:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass., Nov.  9,  189;i.  \  ( ierman-American  ento- 
mologist, curator  of  entomology  at  the  Cam- 
bridge Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  (from 
about  1873).  He  is  best  known  for  his  works  on 
the  Kciiroplcra  and  Pseudoneuroptera. 

Hagen,  Theodore.  Bom  at  Dusseldorf,  May 
24  1842.  A  German  landscape-painter,  pro- 
fessor(1871)  and  director  (1877)  of  the  art  school 
at  Weimar.  . 

Hagenau  (hii'ge-nou),  F.  Haguenau  (ag-no  ). 

A  town  in  the  district  of  L.iwer  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  on  the  Moder  17  miles  north  of  St  ras- 
burg.  It  was  once  a  fortified  free  imperial  city,  and  was 
a  fa?orile  residence  of  the  Hohenst.anfens.  Population 
(I8.K1X  commune,  14,752. 

Hagenbach(hii'gen-biich),  Karl  Rudolf.  Bom 

at  Basel,  Switzerland,  March  4,  1801:  died  at 
Basel,  June  7.  1874.  A  German-Swiss  church 
historianand  Protestant  theologian,  aiuoderate 
advocate  of  the  •■nieaiatioii  tlieologv.''  ,vmong 
his  works  are  "  Encyclopadie  und  Methodologic  der  thcolo- 
ghcheii  Wlssenschaftcn  "  (1833),  "  Lehi  biich  der  liogincn- 
geschichte '•  (18-10),  "  Kirchcngeschichte    (1808  i2). 

Hagerstown  (ha'gerz-tmm).  The  capilal  of 
Washiiiglou  Couiilv,  Maryland,  situated  oil. \ii- 
lielniu  Creek  03  miles  west-northwest  of  Balti- 
more It  has  some  manufactures.  Population 
M90()),  i:),.'i91.  „, 

Haggai(hag'i).  Pro,,lMsied.520B.c.  The  tenth 
ill  order  of  the  minor  pro|du-ts  of  Israel.  His 
I.rolihecv  consists  ot  2  ch.ipters,  ami  the  burden  of  It  is 
an  aiipeal  to  his  countryineu  to  prosecute  the  work  ol  re- 

Hktgard  Sard).  Henry  Rider.    Bom  in 

NoiMolk.  Eiiglal.d.  June  22,  18;,(;.  An  English 
novelist  and  barrister.  He  wius  in  the  colonial  service 
in  the  Transvmrl  1875-79,  ami  published  in  !«',-"'•';■'.>•"';';" 

„i, s  White  Neighbors."    Among  his  novels  aie     King 

s,d..inon-»  Mines,"  ".She,"  •'Allan  yjmtermaln,  Cleo- 
natni  anil  "Montezuma's  Daughter. 
HagiOgrapha  (hfi-,ii-og'ra-lii).  [Gr.  ay,6ypa^, 
saeniT  writings:  Heb.  A, /"//>»',  writings.]  The 
Oreek  name  of  the  last  of  I  lie  3  Jewish  divisions 
of  the  Old  Tcstnment.    They  lu-e  variously  reckoned, 

but  usualU miirise  the  Psidins,  Pnivefbii,  Job,  I  unth-les, 

lUltl,  Lainentations,  !.-.ccle»la»tc8,  Esther,  Daniel,  Eixa, 
Nohciniah,  and  CiironlcleB. 


Haiduks 

vice  of  the  synagogue,  and  for  this  purpose  were  writteo 

each  in  a  separate  volume.     „,  .    .,^    ,      .  ^  ^^     „  m, 

ir.  R.  Smith,  U.  T.  U)  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  131. 

Hagrites.     See  Ilaijarenes. 
Hague,  La.     See  Hoijne^  Jm 

Hague  (hag).  The,  D.  Den  Haag  (den  hao),  or 
's  Graven  Hage  ('s  orii'ten  hii'oe).  [I-,  la 
Uai/e,  G.   IJir  //<(»(/,  ilL.  Haga  Comitis.  repr. 

D.  'Jhii  IJiiui/,  the  Haw,  or  's  Graven  tluijt,  the 
Count's  Haw,  that  is,  garden,  it  being  orig.  a 
lodge  or  dwelling  of  the  coimts  of  Holland.] 
The  capital  of  the  Netherlands  and  of  the  jirov- 
ince  of  South  Holland,  situated  ?  miles  from 
the  North  Sea.  in  hit.  52°  4'  N.,  long.  4°  18' 

E.  The  chief  attractions  are  the  Biunenhof  (building 
used  for  States-General,  etc.l,  the  llauritshuis  with  the 
picture-gallery,  Groote  Kerk,  town  hall,  municipal  mu- 
seum Steengracht  picture-gallery  and  some  other  collec- 
tions, royal  library,  and  park.  The  town,  originally  a 
hunting-lodge  (hedge)  of  the  Counts  of  Holland,  was  an 
important  diplomatic  center  in  the  17th  and  Isth  cen- 
turies It  was  the  scene  of  a  concert  between  the  em- 
pire Prussia,  Russia,  and  the  maritime  powers  in  1710.  in 
order  to  secure  the  neutrality  of  northern  Germany;  the 
Triple  \lliancc  (between  France,  England,  and  the  Nether- 
lands) was  concluded  here  Jan.  4, 1717 ;  and  the  peace  be- 
tween Spain,  Savoy,  and  Austria  was  signed  here  Feb.  li, 
1717.     Population  (1000).  212.211. 

Hague  Conference.    Se,-  I'eai-e  Conprf,,,-,. 

Hahn  (hiin),  August.  Born  at  Grossosterhausen, 
near  Eislebeu,  Prussia.  March  27, 1792:  died  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  May  13, 1863.  A  German  Prot- 
estant theologian,  professor  and  preacher  suc- 
cessively at  Koiiigsberg,  Leipsic,  and  Breslau. 
Ho  wrote  "Lehrbuch  des  christlichen  Glau- 
bens"  (1828),  etc. 

Hahn,  Madame  (Helena  Andrejevna  Fade- 
ieff).  Born  1814:  died  at  St.  Petersburg.  June 
24,  1842.  A  Russian  novelist,  wife  of  an  officer 
of  artillery.  Among  her  novels  are  "  Jelaleddin,"  "rt- 
lialla,"  "Theophania,"  and  "Abbiaggio,"  her  best  work. 
She  wrote  originally  under  the  pseudonym  'Zeueida 
R wa" 


The  third  section  of  the  Hebrew  B  blc  consist"  of  what 
are  called  the  llagi..grapha  or"Keti  b  in,"  that  lsr»acr,.,l| 
writings.  At  the  head  ..f  these  stand  three  |i.|etlcal  books, 
-  Psalms,  Proverbs,  and  J..b.  Then  come  I  he  live  smal 
hooks  of  Canticles.  Itutb,  Lamentations,  ■.ccesla.stes,  and 
Esther,  which  the  Hebrews  name  the  Mcgilloth.oi  ndls 
They  have  this  name  because  they  alone  ainolig  the  Haul 
ograplm  were  used  on  certain  annual  occaslous  in  the  ser- 


Hahn,  Johann  Georg  von.  Born  at  Frank- 
fort-on-thi-Main,  July  11,  1811:  died  at  Jena, 
Germany,  Sept.  23, 1809.  An  Austrian  traveler, 
consul  at  Janiua  1847,  and  in  Syria  1851.  He 
wrote  "Albaucsische  Studien"  (1854),  "Keise 
von  Belgrad  nach  Salonik"  (18C1),  etc. 

Hahnel  (ha'nel),  Ernst  Julius.  Born  at  Dres- 
.h-ii.  March  9,  1811:  died  at  Dresden,  May  22, 
1,S91.  A  German  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  sculptures  for  the  theater  and  other  build- 
ings in  Dresden.  n  •    j   ■  v 

lIahnemann(lui'ne-in!in),Christian  Friedrich 
Samuel.  Born  at  Meissen,  Sa.xoiiy,  April  10, 
17.")5:  died  at  Paris,  July  2.  1843.  A  German 
physician,  founder  of  homeopathy.  He  took  the 
deg"ree  of  M.  D.  at  Erlangen  in  17:»,  and  practised  for 
some  years  at  Dresden  and  viu-ious  other  places.  About 
179C.  he  announced  a  new  system  of  medicine,  which  no 
subseiincntly  developed  in  the  work  "lirganon  der  ra- 
tionelleii  Heilkunde"  (IslO). 

Hahn-Hahn  (hiin'hiln).  Countess  Ida  Marie 
Luise  Sophie  Friederike  Gustave  von.    Born 

at  Tressow.  Meckleiibiirg-Scliwenu.  (.ermaiiv, 
June  22, 18(l,>:  died  at  Mainz.  Cerniaiiy,  Jan.  12, 
1880  A  German  author,  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Count  Karl  Friedrich  von  Hahn.  In  1S2B  she  mariied 
her  cousin  Count  Friedrich  Wilbelm  Adolf  von  Hahn.  hut 
so.iM  separat.il  from  him.  Ill  1860  she  became  a  Roman 
I'atholie.and  in  1S.V2  entered  as  novice  a  convent  at  Angers. 
I  aler  sli'e  founded  a  convent,  and  devoted  herself  there  to 
i!,.ud  works  She  published  viu-ious  volumes  of  poems,  and 
t he  r..niances  "  Aus  dor  GesellschaJt " (1S3S).  "GraBn  l aus- 

tine"(1841),  etc. 
Haida  (hi'dii).  A  division  of  the  Skiftapetan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  who  still  oc- 
cupy the  (.jueeii  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Amer- 
ica. They  are  (ainoiis  for  their  carved  w.irk  and  baskets. 
Slavery  was  hcrediliuy.  the  slaves  being  canturcd  from 
other  tribes.  They  still  have  13  villages.  Their  present 
innii\«-r  is  from  l,7bo  to  2,000.     See  Skilta'jctan. 

Haidarabad.    Si^e  ihjdrriihad. 

Haidinger  diiMing-er),  Wilhelm  von.    Born 

at  Vienna,  Kcb.  5,  179:"i:  died  at  Dornbach.iiear 
Vienna.  March  19,  1871.  An  Austrian  niiiieriil- 
(M'ist  and  geologist.  In  lS'23-'27  he  resided  In  Edin- 
burgh anil  after  1S40  at  Vienna,  where  be  was  director  oJ 
the  Imperial  Geological  Institute  18r,>-(W.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Handl.uch  der  bestimmenden  Mlneralogle 
(1815),  "GeoKnostiaebe  (Ibersichlskartc  der  bsterrelch- 
Ischen  Monarchic  "  (1M7).  etc. 

flaidee  (hi-do').    A  Greek  girl  in  BjTon's  "Don 
Haidiiks,  or  Hayduks  (hi'diiks)    [Hung. , '  dro- 

vci";  '1  \  class  of  mercenary  foot-soldiers  in 
lliingarv,  of  Magvnr  stock,  di.sfinguished  for 
llieir  L'allaiitrv  in  the  licl'l.  For  their  tbMlty  tolho 
Protestant  caiisellocskay.  tlie  leader  In  an  Insurrecllon  In 
Hnngaiv.  rewarded  th.iii  In  IlW.  with  the  nriyilegcs  <.t 
noliilitv',  and  with  a  terrltoriil  possession  called  the  Hal- 
dnk  district,  wliirli  was  enlaiitcd  as  Ualdilk  county  iu 
1870  The  Hungarian  light  infantry  were  called  Uaidiikt 
In  tile  18lh  ceiilniy.  from  a  reghaent  constituted  for  ■ 
time  by  these  people. 


Haifa  474 

Haifa (hi'fii).  A  town  in  Svria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  Hajdu-B6s26rm6ny  (hoi'do-be'ser-many).  A 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Aci-e  in  lat.  32=  4S'  N.,  town  in  the  Haiduk  county.  Hungary.  12  miles 
long.  35°  I'E.:  the  ancient  Sycamiuuni.    Popu-    northwest  of  Debreezin.     Population  (1890), 

lation  (estimated).  5,000.  J^'.-^^'v.  „    -.■.-  ^-,  -   ^       .  *  •     *., 

Hail  Columbia.  A  patriotic  American  song,  Hajdu-Dorog  (hoi  do-do  rog).  A  town  m  the 
written  by  Joseph  Hopkinson  in  179S  for  the  Haiduk  county,  Hungary.  22  miles  north  by 
benefit  of  "an  actor.  The  tune  was  then  caUed  "  The  west  of  Debreezin.  Population  (1890).  8,720. 
Presidents  March."  Under  the  political  excitement  of  HajdU-Naild.S  (hoi'do-na'nash).  A  town  in 
the  time  the  song  became  very  popular,  and,  though  pos-  f)^^  Haiduk  countv,  HungaiT,  23  miles  north- 
sessing  little  poetical  merit,  is  still  kept  in  vogue  by  the     ^g^thwest    of   Debreczin.     Population   (1890), 


force  of  patriotic  sentiment, 
Hailes,  Lord.     See  Dalrymple,  Sir  David. 
Haimonskinder  (hi'mons-kin-der).    Apc_ 

German  romance,  borrowed  from  the  French 

"  Les  quatre  tilz  Aymon."   It  appeared  in  1535. 
Hainan  (hi-nan').  "An  island  belonging  to  the 

prorinee  of  Kwangtung,  China,  situated  be-  Haji  Khalfa  (haj'e  khal'fa),  also  called  Katib 

tween  the  China  Sea  ou'the  east,  and  the  Gulf     Tchelebi  (originally  Mustapba  ben  Abdal- 


sMn'-der)  "Apopular  Hajdu^Szoboszlo  (hoi'd6-s6'b6s-16) 
s-wn-aer;.    Apopuiar     .^    ^^^    Haiduk    county,   Hnno-arv. 

southwest   of  Debreczin 

14.728. 


A  town 

Hungary.    13   miles 

Population  (1890). 


of  Tongking  on  the  west,  about  lat.  18°-20°  X., 
long.  108^30'-111°E.  Capital,  Kiung-chow-fn. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  The  inhabitants 
are  Chinese,  and  partlv  independent  Li.  Area,  estimated, 
12,000-14,000  square  niiles.  Population,  estimated,  about 
2,otio.i:ioo. 

Hainan,  officially  Haynau  (hi'nou).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Swift  Deichsel  49  miles  west  by  north  of 
Breslau.  Here,  May  26, 1818,  the  Prussians  de- 
feated the  French."  Poprdation  (1890),  com- 
mune, 8.115 


lab).  Died  at  Constantinople  in  1658.  ATiii-k- 
ish  historian  and  bibliographer.  He  was  a  native 
of  Constantinople ;  spent  some  years  in  military  senice  ; 
studied  under  Cadhizadeh  Etiendi  and  Sheik  A'raj  Mus- 
tafazadah ;  and  was  appointed  khalifa  (assessor)  to  the 
principal  of  the  Imperial  College  at  Constantinople  about 
lt>iS.  He  wrote  in  Arabic  a  chronological  work  entitled 
"Takwimu  'ttawarikh.'and  a  bibliographical  lexicon  en- 
titled "Kasfu  zzuniin  'an  AsAmt  1  Kutub  wa  1  fumin," 
which  contains  notices  of  18,550  Arabic,  Persian,  and  Turk- 
ish books,  with  memoirs  of  the  authors  (edited  with  Latin 
translation  by  FlUgel  as  •*Lexicon  bibliographictun et  en- 
cyclopaedicum,"  lS35-oS). 


Hainaut,  or  Hainault  (ha-no'),  Flem.  Hene-  Hajipur  (haj-e-por  ).  A  town  in  the  Muzaffar- 
gouwen  (heu'e-i^o-ven).  [F.  Hainaut.  formerly  pur  lUstrict,  Bengal.  British  India,  situated  on 
Mainault,  G.  Hennegau,  ML.  Hannonia,  Hagi-  the  Gandak,  near  its  junction  with  the  Ganges, 
noia,  or  ComiUitus  Eeiiegarensis,  Flem.  Hene-  about  o  miles  north-northeast  of  Patna.  Pop- 
SOHiren.- named  from  the  river  ^((((M-.]   A  prov-     ulation.  about  2o. 000. 


the  southwest.  Capital.  Mons.  It  was  a  medieval 
countship,  which  was  joined  through  marriage  to  Holland 
in  12^^.  In  1433  it  was  united  to  the  dominions  of  Philip 
the  Good  of  Burgundy,  subsequently  became  a  pos- 
session of  Spain.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  France  in 
l(>o9.  and  part  in  167*.  The  remainder  passed  to  Aus- 
tria in  1713-14  and  shared  the  fortunes  of  the  Bel- 
gian Netherlands,  Area,  1,437  square  miles.  Population 
(1593),  1,072,1112. 

Hainb'arg(hin'borG),orHaimburg(him'b6rG). 
A  town  in  Lower  Austria,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Danube  26  miles  east  by  south 
of  Vienna,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Carnun- 
tum.  There  is  a  ruined  castle  in  the  vicinity. 
Population  (1890).  5.075. 

Hainicben  (hi'nich-en).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Leipsic,  Saxony,  on  the  Little  Striegis  28  miles 
west-southwest  of  Dresden,  it  is  the  center  of  the 
German  flannel  manufacture.    Population  (1890),  8,260. 

Hair  of  Berenice.     See  Coma  Berenices. 

Haiti,  'IV  Hayti  (ha'ti;  F.  pron.  a-e-te'),  Sp. 
Santo  Domingo  (san'to  do-meng'go),  and  for- 


Hakim  (hii'kem).  orHakem  (ha'kem).  Bom 
985:  died  about  1021.  AFatimite  calif  inEgypt, 
996  to  about  1021,  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
Druses. 

Hakluyt  (hak'lot),  Bicbard.  Bom  about  1552 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  23, 1616.  An  English  ge- 
ogl'apher.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  took  holy  orders,  and 
was  attached  to  the  suite  of  the  English  ambassador  in 
France  15S3-S6.  In  1603  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  West- 
minster. While  in  France  he  published  an  annotated  edi- 
tion of  Martyr's  "De  orbe  novo,"  and  an  account  of  Lau- 
donniere's  expedition  to  Florida.  His  great  collection  of 
travels,  "The  Principall  Navigations, Voiages,  and  Discov- 
eries of  the  English  Nation,"  first  appeared  in  1589,  and 
was  republished  in  a  gi-eatly  enlarged  form,  in  3  vols., 
1598  to  ItiOO.    There  are  modem  editions. 

Hakluyt  Society.  [Named  in  honor  of  Richard 
Hakluyt.]  A  society  established  in  London,  in 
1816,  with  the  object  of  printing  annotated  Eng- 
lish editions  of  rare  works  on  early  geography, 
travels,  and  history.  It  has  published  a  large 
and  valuable  series  of  books. 


merlv  Bspanola  (es-pan-yo'la).  Latinized  as  Hakodate  (ha-ko-dii'ta),  or  Hakodadi  (ha-ko- 
Hispaniola  (his-pan-i-o'la).  An  island  of  the  '•'^-  •  ^^__  ^t  _ .-  ,  _  j  „ii-__. 
Greatei  Antilles,  and  next  to  Cuba  the  largest 
of  the  West  Indian  islands.  It  is  separated  from  Cuba 
on  the  west  by  the  Windward  Passage,  and  from  Porto 
Rico  on  the  east  by  the  Mona  Passage,  and  is  traversed 
from  east  to  west  by  3  mountain-ranges.  It  contains  min- 
eral and  especially  vegetable  wealth.  It  is  divided  po- 
liticaUv  into  the  republics  of  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo. 
It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1492,  and  in  1493  he  es- 
tablished on  it  the  first  Spanish  colony  in  the  New  Worid. 
Subsequently  it  was  neglected,  and  became  the  prey  of 
freeb<X)ters  and  bucaneers.  About  1632  French  buca- 
neers  settled  in  the  western  part,  which  was  definitely 
ceded  to  France  in  1697.  Bloody  revolutionary  and  slave 
revolts  in  the  French  colony  (1791-93)  ended  in  the  su- 
Their  leader,  Toussaint  Louver- 


dii'de).  A  seaport  in  the  island  of  Yezo,  Japan, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Hakodate  in  lat.  41°  47' 
X.,  long.  140°  44'  E.  It  was  opened  to  Ameri- 
can commerce  in  1854.  Population  (1891), 
55.077. 
Hakon  (ha'kon).  or  Haco  (ha'ko),  I.,  sumamed 
'  •  The  Good."  Bora  about  920 :  died  about  961. 
King  of  Norway.  He  was  an  illegitimate  son  of  Harold 
Haarfager,  and  was  educated  in  England  at  the  court  of 
King  -\lhelstan.  He  expelled  Harold's  son  and  successor 
Eric  and  usui-ped  the  throne  about  934.  He  alienated  a 
majority  of  his  subjects  by  attempting  to  introduce  Chris- 
tianity, and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  the  son  of  Eric  about 
961. 


SLTro'vet^rth'e'^^role  i^Tn'S  {™Sf  iVsTan^^^^^ 
its  independence  in  1801.  Temporarily  reduced  by  Le-  about  1263.  King  ot  Norway  trom  1J1(  to  a l30ut 
clere's  expedition  (1802-03),  the  blacks,  aided  by  the  Eng-  1263.  He  annexed  Greenland  and  Iceland  to 
lish,  recovered  the  western  part,  where  Dessalines  was  em-     Xorwav 

A  country,  tribe,  and  dialect 
of  Angola,  West  Africa,  between  the  Kuanza 


peror  1804-06.     Strusgles  between  the  blacks  and  mu-  -rj   -t.      /i,<i<i..K\ 
lattos  and  between  rival  leaders  led  to  the  division  of  this  UaJiU  ina  KO). 


Ngango,  and  Kutato  rivers.  The  country  is  high, 
undulating,  and  covered  with  prairie  and  forest.  The  peo- 
ple are  well  built.  Their  dialect,  still  unstudied,  belongs 
to  the  Elmbundu  cluster. 
Hal  (hal).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant. 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Senne  10  miles  south- 
west of  Brussels.  It  is  a  pilgrim  resort  on  account  of 
the  shrine  in  its  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  Population  (1890X 
10,441 


part  of  the  island  ;  but  it  was  reunited  under  Boyer,  who 
in  182-2  conqu,;red  the  Spanish  or  eastern  end.  In  1844 
the  Spamsh  part  became  independent,  and  since  then  the 
island  has  been  divided  politically  into  Haiti  and  the  Do- 
minican Republic,  the  former  occup\-ing  about  one  third 
in  the  western  part.  (See  these  names.)  Total  area,  about 
28,250  square  miles.    Population,  estimated,  1,380  000. 

Haiti,  or  Hayti.  A  republic  occupying  the  west- 
ern portion  of  the  island  of  Haiti.  Capital,  Port- 
au-Prince.    The  chief  export  is  coffee.    The  executive 

is  vested  in  a  president,  now  elected  for  7  years;  and  legis-  _  ,  „,  TTollo  n,a'is\  A  tr.-arr,  in  tl,o  ■Rvilor 
lation  is  intrusted  to  an  assembly  comprising  a  senate  and  Hala,  or  Halla  (ha^  la).  A  town  m  tUe  ±1J  aer- 
chamber  of  representatives.  The  prevailing  language  is  a  abad  district,  Smd,  British  India,  situated  in 
debased  French,  and  the  nominal  religion  is  Roman  Catho-  [at.  25°  48'  N.,  long.  68°  27'  E. 
lie.  Independence  was  proclaimed  1801;  Dess.Tlines  was  Tx,.  ,,  ,,./"^  rVrnm  Tfeh  halacli  to  so 
emperor  1804-06;  the  eastern  portion  of  the  island  was  Halacna  (ha-lak  a).  L*  romne D.  naacn,  JO  go, 
annexed  in  1822,  and  finally  separated  in  1843;  and  Sou-  the  way,  rule.]  Ihose  portions  ot  tlie  lalmua 
louque  was  emperor  1849-59,  under  the  title  of  Fanstin  I.  which  discuss  in  a  legal  manner  the  precepts 
It  has  suffered  continually  from  revolutions.    Area,  10,204    ^f  religion  and  law  regulating  the  life  of  man, 

squaremUes.    Population  (about  nme  tenths  of  which  are  ^^„„.q  ♦„  i„„.4o  i-^v,i«V,  cool 

blacksX  esUmated,  9.so,.ioo:  as  opposed  to  Agada  (which  see). 

Haizlnger  (hits'ing-er),  Anton.  Bom  at  Wil-  Halab  (ha'la).  A  place  mentioned  in  connec- 
fersdorf.  Lower  Austria.  March  14,  1796:  died  tion  with  Btabor  and  Gozan  as  one  in  which 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Dec.  31, 1869.  An  Aus-  Sargon  settled  the  deported  Israelites  (2  Ki. 
trian  tenor  singer.  xvii.    6,    xviii.    11):   perhaps    identical    with 


Hale,  Natban 

Halahu  mentioned  in  an  Assyrian  geograph- 
ical list  between  Arbaha  (Arrapaehitis)  and 
Eazappa  (Reseph). 

Hala  (ha'la)  Mountains.  A  mountain-range 
in  eastern  Baluchistan  and  the  western  part  of 
Sind.  British  India,  intersected  by  the  Bolan 
and  Mula  passes. 

Halas  (ho'losh).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Pest- 
Pilis-S61t-Kiskun,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat. 
46°  25'  N..  long.  19°  31' E.  "  Population  (1890), 
17.136. 

Halberstadt  (hal'ber-stat).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  on  the  Holzemme  30 
miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg.  It  has  large  trade 
and  manufactures.  The  cathedral,  rebuilt  very  slowly  af- 
ter a  fire  in  1179,  was  not  consecrated  until  1491,  so  that 
it  illustrates  the  entire  development  of  medieval  archi- 
tecture from  the  Romanesque  to  the  late  Pointed.  I'he 
west  towers  and  facade  are  in  large  part  Romanesque, 
the  nave  is  of  the  13th  century,  and  the  transepts  and 
choir  chiefly  of  the  14th.  The  choir-screen  is  of  the  rich- 
est Pointed  work.  There  are  notable  sculptures  in  wood 
and  in  alabaster  of  the  Crucifixion,  and  some  fine  16tb- 
century  paintings.  The  bishopric  of  Hiflbersladt,  founded 
as  early  as  the  9th  century,  was  granted  as  a  secular  prin- 
cipality to  Brandenburg  in  1648.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 3G.7S6. 

Halbig  (hal'bio).  Jobann.  Bom  at  Donners- 
dorf ,  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  July  13, 1814 : 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  29.  1882.  A  German 
sculptor.    His  chief  works  are  at  Mimich  and  near 

Oberammergau  (group  of  the  Crucifixion). 

Haldane  (hal'dan),  James  Alexander.    Bom 

at  Dimdee,  Scotland,  July  14,  1768:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Feb.  8,  1851.  A  Scottish  preacher, 
brother  of  Robert  Haldane.  He  officiated  in  a  large 
"  tabernacle  "  in  Edinburgh,  and  spent  mach  of  his  time 
in  itinerant  preaching. 

Haldane,  Robert.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  28, 
1764:  .lied  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  12.  1842.  A 
Scottish  philanthropist  and  theological  writer. 
He  spent  large  amounts  of  money  and  much  personal  ef- 
fort in  schemes  for  the  advancement  of  religion  in  Scot- 
land. Both  he  and  his  brother  James  left  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  becoming  Congregationalists  and  afterward 
Baptists.  He  published  "Evidences  and  Authority  of 
Divine  Revelation"  tlS16:  2ded.  1834),**Expositiouof  the 
Epistle  to  the  Romans  "  (1835-39),  etc. 

Haldeman  (hal'de-man).  Samuel  Stehman. 
Bom  near  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Aug.  12, 1812 :  died  at  Chiekies,  near  Columbia, 
Sept.  10,  1880.  An  American  naturalist  and 
philologist.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  the  natural 
sciences  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1S51,  and 
at  Delaware  College  in  1855,  and  became  professor  of  com- 
parative philolog)-  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1869.  His  works  include  "  Freshwater  Univalve  Mollusca 
of  the  United  States"  (1&40), ''  On  the  German  'N'emacular 
of  Pennsylvania  "(in  ''Transact ions  of  the  .-American  Philo- 
logical Society-  "  1870 ;  in  book  form  1872),  "  Zoological 
Contributions  "  (1&42-43X  "Elements  of  Latin  Pronuncia- 
tion "  (1851),  '■Aflixes  in  their  Origin  and  Application" 
(1865X  "  Outlines  of  Etvmologv  "  (1877),  "  Word-building  " 
(1881). 

Hale  (hal).  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Newbury, 
Mass.,  Nov.  23, 1797:  died  there,  July  15,  1863. 
An  American  clergyman  and  educator.  He  was 
professor  of  chemistr7"'and  mineralogy  in  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege 1S27-35,  and  president  of  Hobart  (ktllege,  Genera, 
New  York,  1836-58. 

Hale,  Ed'ward  E'Verett.  Born  at  Boston.  April 
3.  1822.  AJn  American  author,  editor,  andL'ni- 
tariau  clergvTuan,  son  of  Nathan  Hale  (1784- 
1863).  Among  his  works  are  "  Ninety  Days'  Worth  of 
Europe"  (1S61X  "The  Man  without  a  Country  "  (1861), 
"  Puritan  Politics  in  England  and  New  England  "  (186»X 
"The  Ingham  Papers"  (1870),  "His  Level  Best,  etc." 
(1872),  "Philip  Nolan's  Friends"  (1S76),  and  a  number  of 
volumes  of  sermons,  boys'  books,  etc.  He  was  editor  of 
the  '"Christian  Examiner,"  founder  "and  editor  of  "Old 
and  New,"  and  is  now  editor  of  "  Lend  a  Hand  "  and  as.'io- 
L-iate  (.-iJitor  of  "Tlie  lookout." 

Hale,  John  Parker.  Born  at  Rochester.  N.  H.. 
March  31,  1806:  died  at  Dover,  N.  H..  Nov.  19. 
1873.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  1&43-45 ;  United  States 
senator  1847-53  and  1855-65  ;  candidate  of  the  Free  Dem- 
ocratic party  for  the  Presidency  in  1852 ;  and  United 
States  minister  to  Spain  1865-69. 

Hale,  Sir  Mattbe'W.  Born  at  Alderley,  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  Nov.  1. 1609  :  died  at  -Alder- 
ley, Dec.  25,  1676.  A  celebrated  English  jurist. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  1653-58,  and  was  made 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  1660,  and  lord  chief  jus- 
tice in  1671.  His  chief  works  are  "Historia  Placitorum 
Coronse  "  (published  in  1736\  "  Histors-  of  the  Common  L.iw 
of  England," and  "Contemplations,  Moral  and  Divine." 

Hale,  Natban.  Bom  at  Coventry,  Conn.,  June 
6,  1755  :  died  at  New  York,  Sept,  22,  1776.  An 
American  patriot.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in 
1773,  entered  the  army  in  1775.  and  became  a  captain  in 
1776.  In  Sept.,  1776,  he  was  sent  by  General  Washington  to 
proctire  intelligence  concerning  the  British  at  New  York ; 
was  arrested  in  the  British  camp  ;  and  was  executed  as  a 
spy  by  order  of  Sir  William  Howe.  A  statue  was  erected 
to  his  meniorj-  in  New  York  in  1893. 

Hale,  Natban.  Bom  at  Westhampton,  Mass., 
Aug.  16,  17*4 :  died  at  Brookiine,  Mass.,  Feb.  9, 


Hale,  Nathan 

1863.  An  American  jounuUist.  nephew  of  Na- 
than Hale  (175i)-76).  He  was  eilitor  of  the  Bos- 
ton "  Daily  Advertiser"  from  1S14. 

Hale,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Josepha  Buell),    Born  at 

Newport,  N.  H.,  Oct.  1J4,  17!I0:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1879.  An  American  editor  and  writi-r.  she 
tecarae  editor  of  the  "  Ladies' 5I:i^'a7ine"i  Boston)  in  1>"J*, 
anilof  " Godey's Lady's Bi»k"(l'hiladelphia) in  1S37.  She 
wrutL-  "Woman's  Record"  (1863),  vtc. 

Haleb.    See  JJrppo. 

Hales,  Alexander  of.    See  AkiaMler  of  Hahx. 

Hales  (halz),  John,  sumamed  "  The  Ever-llcin- 
(uable."  Born  at  Bath,  En>;la7id,  April  19, 1.').S4  : 
died  at  Eton,  England,  May  19,  Ki.iG.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar  and  Arminian  divine.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow  of  Merton  CuUcKc. 
He  attended  the  Synod  of  Dort  in  inis.  anil  in  l«!9  tiecanie 
oanon  of  Windsor.  His  most  notable  work  is  "  Golden  Re- 
mains "  (18.W). 

Hales,  Stephen.  Born  at  Bekesbourne,  Kent, 
Sept.  7,  16(7:  died  at  Teddingt on,  near  London, 
Jan.  4,  1761.  An  English  physiologist  and  in- 
ventor. He  was  curate  of  Teddinpton,  Middlesex,  from 
1708  until  his  death.  His  chief  worli  is  "Vegetable  Stat- 
icks  "  (1727). 

Hal6yy  (ii-!a-ve'),  Jacques  Francois  Fromen- 

tal  Elie.  Born  at  Paris,  May  27,  1799:  died 
at  Nice,  March  17, 1862.  A  French  composer, 
of  Hebrew  descent.  He  entered  the  Conservatoire  in 
1809,  and  studied  with  Berton  and  Cherubini.  In  181!)  he 
took  the  grand  prix  with  his  "Ilerminie,"  In  1827 he  was 
professor  of  haiTOony  at  the  Conservatoire,  in  1833  pro- 
fessor of  counterpoint  and  fugue,  and  in  1840  professor  of 
composition.  He  wrote  "Lemons  de  lecture  musicale  " 
(1857),  "Souvenirs  et  portraits,  etc."  (1801).,  Among  his 
numerous  operas  are  "  La  Juive  "(1836),  "L'Eclair"  (1835), 
"LeJuif  errant  "(1862). 
Hal6'7y,  Joseph.  Born  at  Adrianople,  Turkey, 
Dec.  15,  1827.  A  French  Orientalist  and  trav- 
eler in  Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  noted  as  an  As- 
syriologist.  His  works  include  "  Rapport  sur  une  mis- 
sion arch^ologique  dans  le  Y^men  "  (1872),  "  Skdanges 
d'epigraphie  et  d'arch^ologie  s^niitiques"  (1874X  "  Re- 
cherches  antiques  sur  I'origine  de  la  civilisation  baby- 
loiiienne"(1876),  "Documents  religieux  de  I'Assyrie  et  de 
la  Babylonie,.etc."  (1883),  etc.  He  founded  the  "Revue 
S^mitique  d'Epigraphie  et  d'Histoire  Ancieime. '* 

Hal6vy,  L6on.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1802 : 
died  at  St.-Geiinain-en-Laye,  France,  Sept.  .3, 
1883.  A  French  poet  and  man  of  letters,  brother 
of  J.  F.  F.  E.  Hal^vy.  He  published  theatrical 
pieces,  translations,  historical  works,  etc. 

Hal^vy,  LudO'Vic.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  1, 1834. 
A  French  dramatist  and  author,  son  of  Li'-on 
Haldvy.  His  works  include  librettos  for  the  operas 
bouffes""La  belle  Helfene"  (lst!4),  "Barbe  Ideue"  (1806), 
"La  grande  duchease  de  Giirolstein "  (1867),  "La  P^ri- 
chole  "  (1S*)8),  and  for  the  operas  comiquea  "Cannen  "  from 
Merim(5e  (1876).  "  Le  petit  due  "  (1878),  "  La  petite  made- 
moiselle" (1879),  and  the  comedies  "  I'rou-frou  "  (1809), 
"  Le  reveillon"  (1872),  "La  boulc"  (1875),  "hi  cigalc" 
(1877),  "La  petite  mfcre" (1880),  "  Larouss()tte"(1881),  All 
these  were  written  in  collaboration  with  Meilhac.  .\niong 
his  novels  and  romances,  writttrn  alone,  are  "  I'n  scandale  " 
(I860),  "  L'Abl)(;  Conatantin  "(188l'),  "  Deux  mariages,  etc." 
(1885),  "  Mon  camarade  Moussard,  etc."  (18S6),  and  stories 
In  "  Karikari  "  (1892). 

Half  Dome  (hiit  dom),  or  South  Dome  (south 

dom).  An  inaccessible  mountain  near  the  east- 
ern end  of  the  Yosemite  valley,  <  'alifornia,  4,735 
feet  iibove  the  valley,  and  abo'ut  K.SIJO  feet  above 
seji-lcvel. 

Half  Moon.  The  vessel  in  which  Henry  Hud- 
son saili'd  from  Holland  l'<u'  America  in  1609. 
He  explored  the  coast  in  hei-,  and  went  up  the  river  called 
from  him  the  Hudson  River. 

Half  Moon,  The.  An  old  house  standing  in 
Aldcrsgalc',  London.  It  was  formerly  the  Half  Moon 
Taveni,  was  mucli  freciuented  by  litcnuy  men,  and  is  now 
alKn  called,  for  no  particular  rcasuii, "  Shak^iicre's  house." 

Halford  (hal'ford)  (originally  Vaughan  I,  Sir 
Henry.  Born  at  Leicester,  England,  Oct.  2, 
17()6:  died  at  London, March  9,  IH44.  An  Eng- 
lish )i]ivsician.  lie  publishcil  "KsBavHand  Orations 
d.liv.n-d  at  the  Royal  l'..llc^-.-  of  rliyhi.ians' ( l-:il),  etc, 

Haliburton  (hari-bir-ion),  Thomas  Chand- 
ler: iiscudonym  Sam  Slick.  ]'>cini  at  Witnl- 
siir.  Nova  Scotia,  Dec,  179l>:  died  at  Isli'wortli, 
near  London,  Aug.  27,  IWio.  A  British-.Anieri- 
can  humorist.  He  practlacd  law  at  Annapidls  Royal, 
and  became  chief  justice  of  tlieCi.urt  of  t'ominon  I'leaaof 

.Nciva  Soiitia  In  1828,  and,  on  the  abolition  of  tills  c t  In 

1810,  jmlge  of  the  .Supreme  Court.  He  ri-slgticd  and  went 
to  Ungland  in  18,ie,  II(^  wrote  "The  cloi'kmiikcr,  or  ,Say- 
lugs  and  Doings  of  .'lamnel  Slick  of  ,sllckville  "  (IH.17  :  2d 
series  1838,  :!d  scries  1840),  liislorlea  of  .N'ova  Scotia,  "  The 
Attacht^,  or  Sam  slick  In  f.nglaiid  "  (lK4:t),  "The  Bubblen 
of  Canada  "  (ls.'tll),  "I'lio  Old  .lutlge,  or  Life  in  a  Colony  '" 
(184:t),  etc. 

HalicarnaS8U3(hal'i-kiir-ims'iiH).  [(>r.  'iVmaf}- 
viwn/ir.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  ('aria, 
Asia,  situated  on  the  Cerninic  (iiilf,  on  the 
mainland  and  the  island  of  Zejihyria.  in  lat.  37° 
2'  N.,  long.  27°  25'  E.  It  wa»  founded  by  Ilorlans, 
and  was  taken  and  nearly  dcHtrnycd  liy  the  Macedonians 
about  3:U  it.  c.  It  Is  celebrated  for  tile  Mallftoleum.  the 
tomb  of  Mansotus,  In  antiquity  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  world.     It  was  built  in  352  H.  c,  with  the  coojieration 


475 

of  Scopas  and  the  most  celebrated  of  contemporary  sculp- 
tors. It  consisted  of  a  noble  quadrangular  peristyle  of 
Ionic  columns  uii  a  high  basement,  above  which  rose  a 
Iiyraniid  of  24  steps,  supporting  a  quadriga.  Important 
i-etnaiiis  of  the  abundant  sculptured  decoration  are  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  is  also  famous  as  the  birthplace  of 
II  crodotus  and  of  Dionysius.  The  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  niodrni  Budrun. 

Halicz  (hii'lich).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Dniester  !59  miles 
southeast  of  Lemberg.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 3,8,^7. 

Halidon  Hill.  A  hill  about  2  miles  northwest 
of  Berwick-on-Tweed,  England.  Here,  .luly  IB, 
1333,  the  English  under  Edward  III.  defeated  the  Scots 
under  the  regent  Archibald  liuuglas. 

Halifax (hal'i-faks).  [ME.  Halifax,  appar.from 
AS.  liid'Ki,  holy,  nuAfeax,  hair.  Another  view 
makes  the  second  element /ace.  The  legends 
which  explain  these  different  views  appear  to 
be  inventions.  ]  A  town  in  the  West  Hiding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Hebbele, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Calder,  14  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Leeds.  It  is  an  important  seat  of  the 
manufacture  of  woolen  (especially  of  carpets)  and  of  cot- 
ton. The  chief  buildings  are  the  town  hall,  the  piece- 
hall  (originally  useil  for  piece-goods),  the  parish  churchi 
All  Souls' Church,  and  other  churches.  It  returns  2  mem- 
bers to  rarliament.     Populationil901),  104,933. 

Halifax.  A  seaport  anil  the  capital  of  Nova 
Scotia,  situated  on  Halifax  harbor  in  lat.  44° 
40'  N.,  long.  63°  35'  W.  it  haa  important  commerce 
and  flsberies.  is  a  leading  military  post,  and  is  the  chief  na- 
val station  in  British  North  America.  It  is  very  strongly ' 
fnitlHid.     It  was  founded  in  1749.     Population   (1901), 

Halifax,  Earl  of.     See  ilnnUuju.  Charlrs. 

Halifax,  Marquis  of.    Si>e  Savile,  (iiarf/e. 
Hall   (hill),  Jlrs.   (Anna   Maria  Fielding). 

Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  .Ian.  6,  1800:  died  at 
East  Moulsey,  Surrey,  England,  Jan.  30,  1881. 
A  British  author,  Avifo  of  S.  C.  Hall,  she  wrote 
"Sketches  of  Irish  Character"  (1829),  "Lights  and  Shad- 
ows of  Irish  Life"  (18;18),  and  other  novels  and  tales  of 
Irish  life;  with  lier  husband,  "Ireland,  its  Scenery,  etc." 
(184l-4:i),  and  other  works. 
Hall,  Asaph.  Bom  at  Goshen,  Conn.,  Oct.  15, 
1829.  An  American  astrononier.  He  was  professor 
of  mathematics  in  the  navy  from  ls6;i,  and  was  stationed 
at  the  naval  observatory  in  Washington  from  1862,  retir- 
ing in  1891.  In  1874  he  observed  the  transit  of  Venus  at 
Vladivostok,  Siberia. 

Hall,  Basil.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  31,  1788 : 
died  at  Portsmouth,  England,  Sept.  11,  1844. 
A  British  naval  officer,  traveler,  and  author.  In 
the  Lyra  he  accompanied  Lord  Amherst's  embassy  to  China 
in  1815,  returning  in  1817.  During  this  voyage  impor- 
tant explorations  of  the  eastern  seas  were  made.  Hall 
had  an  interview  with  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena.  In  1827- 
182S  he  visited  the  Inited  States.  He  became  insane  in 
1&I2.  .\inong  his  works  are  "Account  of  a  Voyage  of 
Discovery  to  the  West  Coast  of  Corea,  etc."  (1818),  "Jour- 
nal written  on  the  t'oasts  of  Chili,  Peru,  and  Mexico" 
(1824),  "TiMvels  in  North  America"  (1829),  "Fragments 
of  Voyages  and  Travels  "  (1831-33), 

Hall,  Charles  Francis.    Boni  at  Rochester, 

N.  11.,  1821 :  died  in  (ireenlaud,  Nov.  8, 1871.  An 
American  arctic  e.xjilorer.  He  received  a  common- 
school  education,  and  followed  various  occupations,  includ- 
iuK  those  of  blacksmithing  and  engraving.  Becoming  in- 
terested in  the  fate  of  Sir  .lolin  Franklin,  he  undertook, 
fitted  out  by  private  suliacription,  a  journey  to  the  arctic 
rcgiona  In  search  of  the  documents  and  possible  survivors 
of  his  expedition.  Ho  left  New  London  May  '20,  1860,  and 
domesticated  hiniself  with  the  Kskimos,  whose  roving 
habits  brought  liirn  over  much  of  the  territory  he  desired 
to  explore.  He  rctui'iicd  to  New  London  Sept,  13.  I,s62, 
having  failed  in  the  main  object  of  his  journey,  but  hav. 
iiig  discovered  relics  of  Frobisher's  expedition  of  1577-78, 
He  made  a  second  Journey  of  a  similar  character  18<t4-(i9, 
during  which  hedlscovereil  numerous  relics  iif  the  Frank- 
lin expedition.  .Inly  3,  1,S71,  he  sailed  from  New  Iximlon 
in  the  Polaris,  In  command  of  an  expedition  to  the  north 
iwle.  The  Polaris  passed  through  .Smith  Sound  Into  Kane 
Sea,  thenco  through  Kennedy  and  Rotieson  chaniitds  to 
the  Pidar  Sea,  and  Aug.  30,  1871,  reached  lat.  82°  11'  N., 
the  highest  point  then  attained  by  any  vessel.  The  expe- 
dition went  into  winter  qnartcrs  at  'I'liank  God  Harbor, 
(Greenland.  He  became  ilH)ct.  24, 1871,  on  the  return  fnuii 
a  sledge  jouniev  to  Cajie  Brcvoort,  and  died  of  anoiilexy 
Nov,  8,  IM71.  llie'coiiiniaiKldi'Volvingon  S,  O,  Buddlngton, 
He  piililisbcd  ■■  Arctic  U.-scarclic,^  "  (1804). 

Hall,  Dominick  Augustine.    Bom  in  South 

Carolina,  1765:  dicil  at  New  Orleans,  Doe.  12, 
1H20.  ,\ii  Anierican  .inrist.  He  liecame  I'nited 
states  jililge  for  Louisiana  in  1812.  In  March,  1815,  wlille 
.New  Orleaii.,  was  under  martlat  law,  be  granted  a  writ  of 
Imlieas  corpus  for  the  reU'ase  of  bonis  Lonllllrr.  wlio  lia.I 
been  arrested  by  Genernl  Anilrew  Jackson  for  eiclting 
discontent  among  the  troojis.  General  Jackson  refusetl 
to  recognize  the  authority  of  the  court,  rearrested  I.oull. 
lier,  and  commlttcil  Hall  to  jail.  Hall,  havlnglieen  relcBseU 
the  next  day,  lined  the  general  ?1,0<I<I  fi>r  contempt  of  court 
In  disregarding  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  and  in  Imprlwni- 
ing  a  jiidvc. 

Hall,  or  Halle,  Edward.  Died  l.')47.  An  Ehr- 
lish  liistorinn,  aiillior  of  "The  Union  of  the  Two 
Noble  and  Illustrious  Families  of  Lancaster nn<l 
York"  (1542:  generally  called  "Hall's  Chroni- 
cle''), rirafton,  nollnshed,  and  Stow  borrower!  from  him, 
and  Sliakspere  followcil  bini  Iniumieof  his  historical  plays. 
The  chronicle  was  reprinted  in  1W19  by  Ellis. 


Halle 

Hall,  Fitzed'ward.  Born  at  Trov.  N.  Y..  March 
21.  1H25:  died  at  Mariesford,  Suffolk,  Feb.  1, 
1901.  An  American  philologist.  He  graduated 
at  Harvar.l  in  1846 :  resided  in  India  lH46-«2,biconiing  pro 
feasor  in  the  government  college  at  Benares  in  1H,'>3,  and 
servingaa  inspector  of  schools  forvariousdistricts  1855-62; 
went  to  London  in  1862,  and  became  professor  of  Sanskrit 
in  King's  College;  and  in  I8(i9  removed  lo  Mariesford, 
Suffolk.  He  iiublished  various  Sanskrit  works,  "  Recent 
Kxemplitlcationaof  False  Philology  "  (1872).  "ModemEng- 
lish  "  (1873).  "  On  English  Adjectives  in  -able  "  (1877),  etc. 

Hall,  James.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  19, 
179^:  died  near  Cincinnati,  (Jhio,  July  5,  1868. 
An  Anierican  Jiuthor.  He  published  "Letters  from 
the  West  "(1829),  "Legends  of  the  West"  (lK:i2),  "T;Ues  of 
the  Border  "  (ISS.".).  "  Sketches  of  the  West  "(1830),  and, 
with  McKcnncy,  "  History  of  the  Indian  Tribes  "(1838-44). 

Hall,  James.  Born  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  Sept. 
12.  1811;  died  at  Bethlehem,  N.  H.,  Aug.  7, 
1898.  A  noted  American  geologist  and  pa- 
I'l'ontologist.  He  was  assistant  professor  of  chemistry 
at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  School  18:r2-36,  wlien  he 
became  professor  of  geology.  He  betian  his  labors  on  the 
geological  survey  of  New  York  in  1836.  devoting  himself 
after  1843  chi.fly  to  p.aleontology.  He  published  "The 
rnleoutology  of  New  V<uk,"  etc. 

Hall.  Joseph.  Bom  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  Eng- 
laini,  July  1,  1574:  died  at  Higham,  near  Nor- 
wich, England,  Sept.  8. 16.56.  An  English  bishop 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow  ;  held  the  living 
of  Hawatcad  and  a  canonry  at  \N'olverhampton ;  and  be- 
came bishop  successively  of  Exeter  and  Norwich,  of  the 
latter  see  he  was  deprived  by  Parliament.  He  published 
satires  under  the  title  "  Virgidemiarnm  :  First  three  books 
of  toothless  satires"  (1.^97),  and  a  second  volume  "Last 
three  liooksot  byting.Satires"(1598),  "  Epistles '  (1608-11), 
"Contemplations  "  (1612-21.),  "  Paraphrase  of  Hard  Texts, 
etc. "  (163'i),  controversial  works,  etc. 

Hall,  Marshall.  Born  at  Basford,  Notts,  Eng- 
lan«l,  Feb.  IS,  1790:  died  at  Brighton,  England, 
Aug.  11,  1857.  An  English  phj-sician,  noted  for 
his  researches  on  the  nervous  system,  and  for 
the  "Marshall  Hall  method"  of  treating  as- 
]>h>'xia.  He]iractised  at  London  1826-,'i3  :  became  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Pllysicians  in  1841  ;  and  delivered 
the  Gnlatonian  lectures  in  1842,  and  the  ( 'roonian  18.',l.>-.'»2. 
His  chief  works  are  "The  Diagnosis  of  Diseases"  (1817), 
and  "  Principles  of  the  Theory  and  l*ractice  of  Medicine  " 

(1S<37). 

Hall,  Newman.    Bora  May  22, 1816 :  died  Feb. 

18,  1902.  An  English  Congregational  clergy- 
luiui.  He  was  minister  <»f  the  .Albion  Congregational 
Cliurch  at  Hull  from  1842  to  18o4,  when  he  took  charge  of 
Surrey  Chapel,  known  as  Rowland  IliU's  Chajtel,  ill  Black. 
friars  Road,  London.  In  1S76  he  removed  with  his  congre- 
gation to  Christ  ("linreh,  a  splendid  edifice  erected  cbielly 
tbrougli  his  e.xcrtions.  He  resigned  bis  pastorate  in  IHIW. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Lectures  in  America  "  (1868).  "  Pil- 
grim Songs  "  (1871),"  Conn;  to  Jesus  "and  other  tracts,  etc. 
Hall,  Robert.  Born  at  Arnesby,  Leicestershire, 
M;iy  2, 17(U :  died  at  Bristol,  Feb.  21.  1831.  An 
English  puliiit  orator  of  the  Baptist  Church.  He 
preached  at  Bristol  17&'i-90,  at  Cambridge  1791-1806,  at 
Leicester  1807-26,  ;iiid  at  Itristol  1826-31.  His  works  in  6 
vols,  were  editetl  \>\  tillntlms  Gregory  (1832). 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter.  Born  atWaterford,  Ire- 
land. May  9, 18(10:  died  at  Kensington,  London, 
March  16,  1S89.  A  British  author  and  editor. 
He  eilited  or  subedited  "The  Literary  obser^'er,"  "The 
Amulet,"  "New  Monthly  Magazine."  "The  Town,"  "Art 
Cnion  Journid,"  "Social  Notes."  He  wri)te  "Baronial 
Hallsof  England,  ctc,"(184S),  etc.,  and,  with  his  wife,  "Ire- 
land,  it.s  Scenerv,  etc."(  184 1-43X  and  verv  many  other  works. 

Halla.     Sce7/r;/(/, 

Hallam(  ha  ram),  Arthur  Henry.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don. Fell.  1,  IHll :  dieil  at  \icnna,  Sept.  15,  18;t;i. 
An  English  essayist,  son  of  Meni'V  llallam.  H« 
formed  an  intimacy  with  Tennyson,  to  whose  sister  he  w  aa 
betrothed,  and  by  whom  he  lias  been  commemorated  In  the 
poem  "In  .Memoriam."  His  literary  remains  were  pub- 
lislud  In  18:14. 

Hallam  (hal'am).  Henry.  Born  at  ^Vindso^, 
l';ngland,  July  9, 1777:  diid  at  Penshurst.Kent, 
England.  Jan.  21,  1S,59.  An  English  historian. 
He  grailnateii  with  tlie  degree  of  B,  A.  at  (ixford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1799,  was  afterward  called  to  the  bar,  and  wna 
for  many  years  a  commissioner  of  stamps.  In  181'-  lie  in- 
herited a  competent  fortune  from  his  father,  which  en- 
abled him  to  withdraw  fioin  the  |iraetlce  of  law  and  de- 
vote himself  to  historical  stnilli'S.  His  chief  works  arv 
"  A  View  .>f  til,'  stale  of  Kni'oiie  during  tbeMliMIe  Ages  ' 
(1818X  "The  Conatitutlonal  lllslory  of  England  from  the 
Accession  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  Heath  of  (icorge  II. "(1827), 
and  the  "IntriKliietloti  lo  the  Literature  of  Eurtipe  hi  the 
i.Mli,  Pith,  and  ITtb  Centuries"  (l,s37-;fll). 

Halland  (hiil'liinil).  A  mnritimelaen  of  south- 
ern Sweden,  lying  on  theCattegat.  Area,  1,899 
S(|unre  niilc's."     Popnhition  ( IH9;)),  1:17,002. 

Halle,  or  Halle-an-der-Saale  (hHl'le-Uu-der- 
zii'le),  formerly  also Halle-in-Sachsen(hiirie- 

in-ziik'sen).'  A  city  in  llie  pi-ovinee  of  Sa.xony, 
Prussia,  on  the  Saiile  20  miles  northwest  of 
Leipsic.  it  has  important  salt-works  and  consldemblc 
trade,  ami  manufactures  inacliinerr.  starch,  ami  sugar. 
Objects  of  Interest  are  the  unlvernlly.  ealhedral,  Maikt. 
kirche,  Church  of  St,  Maurice,  K«l  Tower,  l<.athaus,  and 
Franckc's  Ini'titulloiia.  It  »a»  the  birthplace  of  Handel 
Halb'  was  a  llansc.-illc  t^iwn.  It  was  acquired  by  Bran- 
denburg In  164.^,  I'be  French  slomied  11  In  1800,  Popu- 
lation (19U0),  1.^6,611. 


Halle,  Adam  de  la 

Halle,  Adam  de  la.    See  La  Halle. 

Halleck  (hal'ek),  Fitz-Greene.    Born  at  Guil- 

foril,  Conu..  July  8, 1790 :  died  at  Guilford,  Nov. 
19,  1S67.  An  American  poet.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  trustees  of  the  Astor  Library  (New  York).  With 
J.  R.  Drake  he  wrote  the  "  Croaker  "  papers  in  the  New 
York  "Evening  Post"  (1819).  Among  his  poems  are 
"Fanny"  (1S19X  "ilarco  Bozzaris"  (18-27).  His  poetical 
works  were  edited  and  published  in  1869  by  James  Grant 
Wilson. 

Halleck,  Henry  Wager.  Born  atWestemvllle, 
Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1815:  died  at 
Louisville,  Ky!,  Jan.  9, 1872.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839  ;  served  in  the 
Mexican  war  ;  was  promoted  captain  of  engineers  in  1853  ; 
and  in  18.54  resigned  his  commission  in  order  to  take  up 

■  the  practice  of  law  at  San  Francisco.  He  was  appointed 
major-general  in  the  Union  army  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  assumed  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  llissouri  Nov.  9,  18:il,  and  of  the  Department  of  the 
Mississippi  Marcli  11,  1862.  He  commanded  in  person  at 
the  siege  of  Corinth,  which  he  occupied  May  30, 1862.  He 
assumed  command  asgeneral-in-chief  of  all  the  armies  of 
the  United  States,  with  headquarters  at  Washington.  Jidy 

11,  1862,  an  office  in  which  he  was  superseded  by  General 
Grant,  March  12,  1864.  He  was  chief  of  staff  to  Grant, 
March  12,  lS64,-April  19,  1865,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  division  of  the  James.  He  published 
"International  Law  "  (1861),  "Elements  of  International 
Law  and  Laws  of  War  "  (1866),  etc. 

Hallein  (hiil'lin).  A  to«-n  in  Salzburg,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Salzach  8  miles  south 
of  Salzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  salt-mines.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  3,945. 

Hallelujah  Victory,  The.  A  victory  said  to 
have  been  gained  bv  the  Britons  over  the  Picts 
and  Scots  at  Mold  in  Flintshire,  March  30.  430. 
It  was  named  from  the  war-cp'  adopted  by  the  Britons 
at  the  suggestion  of  St.  Germain,  bishop  of  Auxerre,  who 
was  present  at  the  battle. 

Hallenga  (hal-leng'ga).     See  Bisliarin. 

Haller  (hal'ler),  Albrecht  von.  Born  at  Bern, 
Svritzerland,  Oct.  16,  1708 :  died  at  Bern,  Dec. 

12,  1777.  A  distinguished  Swiss  physiologist, 
anatomist,  botanist,  and  poet.  He  studied  at  Tu- 
bingen, Leyden,  and  Basel ;  traveled  in  France,  England, 
Holland,  and  Germany  ;  and  settled  as  a  physician  at  Bern 
in  1729,  where  he  became  city  physician  and  librari;m.  His 
works  include  "Elements  physiologise  corporis  humani" 
(1767-66),  "Bibliotheca  botanica"  (1771-72),  "Bibliotheoa 
anatomica"  (1774-77),  "Bibliotheca  chirurgica"  (1774-75), 
"  Bibliotheca  medicinae  practice  "  (1776-87),  "  Iconum 
anatoraicariun,  etc."  (1743),  etc. 

Haller,  Berthold.  Born  at  Aldingen,  near  Rott- 
weil,  Wiirtemberg,  1492 :  died  at  Bern,  Feb.  25, 
1536.  A  Swiss  preacher,  influential  iii  estab- 
lishing the  Reformation  at  Bern. 

Halley  (hal'i),  Edmund.  Born  at  Haggerston, 
Shoreditch,  Loudon,  Nov.  8, 1656:  died  at  Green- 
wich, Jan.  14, 1742.  A  celebrated  English  astron- 
omer. His  father  was  engaged  in  the  business  of  soap- 
boiling  in  London.  He  studied  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and 
in  1673  entered  Queen's  College,  O.vford,  but  left  the  uni- 
versity in  1676  without  taking  a  degree.  His  astronomical 
stodies  were  begun  in  his  boyhood  (his  first  communica- 
tion to  the  Royal  Society  was  sent  before  he  was  20),  and 
in  1676  he  sailed  for  St.  Helena  for  the  purpose  of  observ- 
ing the  positions  of  the  fixed  stars  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere. The  importance  of  observations  made  duringthis 
trip  led  Flamsteed  to  name  him  "the  Southern  Tjcho." 
On  Nov.  7, 1677,  he  made  at  St.  Helena  "  the  first  complete 
observation  of  a  transit  of  Mercury."  In  1678  he  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  a  friend  of 
Sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  printed  the  "  Principia  "  at  his  own 
cost.  He  was  assistant  secretarj'  of  the  Royal  Societj'  and 
editor  of  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions  "  1685-93  ;  was 
appointed  Savilian  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  in  1710 ; 
became  secretary  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1713 ;  and  was 
appointed  successor  to  Flamsteed  as  astronomer  royal  in 
1721.  From  Xov.,  1698,  to  Sept.,  1700,  he  explored  the  South 
Atlantic  in  the  Paramour  Pink  (returning  once  to  Eng- 
land) for  the  purpose  of  studjing  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass and  discovering  southern  lands,  and  reached  lat.  52' 
S.  In  1701,  in  the  same  vessel,  he  surveyed  the  tides  and 
coasts  of  the  English  Channel.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
studies  of  comets.  He  inferred  from  his  computations  that 
the  comets  of  1531, 1607,  and  1682  were  in  reality  the  same 
body,  and  predicted  its  return  in  1758,  a  prediction  which 
was  verified  by  its  appearance  on  Christmas  day  of  that 
year.    This  comet  has  since  been  known  by  his  name. 

Hallingdal  (hal'liug-dal).  A  valley  in  southern 
Norway,  about  lat.  60°-61°  N..  noted  for  its  con- 
nection with  the  ancient  sagas. 

Halliwell-Phillipps  (hal'i-wel-fil'ips),  James 
Orchard.  Born  at  Chelsea,  London,  June  21, 
1820 :  died  at  HoUingbury  Copse,  near  Brighton, 
Jan.  3, 1889.  An  English  antiquarian  and  Shak- 
sperian  scholar.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Halliwell, 
but  in  1872  he  succeeded  to  the  property  of  his  wife's  father, 
Thomas  Phillipps,  and  assumed  that  name.  He  became 
connected  with  the  Shakspere  Society  in  1841.  In  March, 
1872,  he  bought  the  theater  at  Stratford-on-Avon  ;  he  was 
also  the  means  of  buying  Shakspere's  house,  Xew  Place,  at 
Stratford-on-Avon,  and  conveyed  it  to  the  corporation  of 
Stratford.  Among  his  works  are  "Early  Historj'  of  Free- 
Masonry  in  England  "  (1843), "  Nursery  Rhymes  of  England, 
etc."(lS45X  "  Dictionarj-  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words  " 
(1847),  "Outlines  of  the  Life  of  Shakspere"  (1848).  In 
1853-65  he  published  a  folio  edition  of  Shakspere  in  16  vols., 
and  in  1862-71  "Lithographed  Facsimiles  of  the  Shakspe- 
rian  Quartos."  He  edited  many  Middle  English  and  early 
modem  English  works. 


476 

Hall  of  Fame,  G.  Euhmeshalle  (ro'mes-hal- 

le ).  A  buililiug  at  Munich.  Bavaria,  completed 
1853,  consisting  of  a  Greek  Doric  portico,  with 
projecting  wings,  raised  on  a  high  basement  of 
masonry.  The  portico  contains  80  busts  of  celebrated 
Bavarians.  The  colossal  statue  of  Bavaria,  in  bronze,  by 
Schwanthaler,  which  stands  beside  the  Ruhmeshalle.  is  62 
feet  high  :  it  represents  a  woman  of  robust  form  holdin.g 
a  wreath  in  her  raised  left  hand,  and  with  the  Bavarian 
lion  sejant  by  her  side. 

HallO'Well  (hol'o-wel  or  hal'o-wel).  A  city  in 
Kennebec  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Ken- 
nebec 2  miles  south  of  Augusta.  It  exports 
granite.     Population  ,1900),  2,714. 

Hallstadt  (hal'stat).  Lake  of.  A  lake  in 
the  Salzkammergut,  Austria-Hungary,  7  miles 
south  of  Ischl,  noted  for  picturesque  scenery. 
Length,  5  miles. 

Hallstatt  (hal'stat).  A  village  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  Hallstatter 
See  32  miles  southeast  of  Salzburg:  a  salt- 
mining  center. 

Hallue  (a-lii').  A  small  tributary  of  the  Somme, 
department  of  Somme,  northern  France.  Near 
it,  6  miles  northeast  of  Amiens,  the  Germans  (about  20.- 
000)  under  Manteuffel  defeated  the  French  (40,000-50,000) 
under  Faidherbe,  Dec.  23,  1870. 

Halluin  (a-lii-an').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nord.  France,  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  near 
the  Lvs,  11  miles  north  by  east  of  LiUe.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  14.841. 

Hallwyler  (hal'vel-er)  See.  A  lake  in  Switzer- 
land, 16  miles  north  of  Lucerne.  Length,  5i 
miles. 

Halm  (halm),  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Munich,  April 
5,1809:  diedthere.Oct.  5, 1882.  AGermau  clas- 
sical philologist  and  critic,  from  1856  director 
of  the  state  library  and  professor  at  the  univer- 
sity in  Munich. 

Halmstad  (halm'stiid).  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  laen  of  Halland,  Sweden,  situated  on 
the  Cattegat.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nissa,  in  lat. 
56°40'N..long.  12°52'E.  It  has  important  salmon- 
fisheries,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  old  castle.  Population  (1890), 
11,825. 

Halmstad,  Laen  of.    See  Holland. 

Halpine  (hal'piu),  Charles  G.  Bom  at  Old- 
castle,  Cotmty  Meath,  Ireland,  Nov.,  1829:  died 
at  New  York,  Aug.  3, 1868.  An  American  jour- 
nalist andhumorist,  author  of  the  "  Miles  O'Reil- 
ly "  papers,  etc.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1E51 ; 
became  assistant  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Post "  in  1S52,  and 
editor  of  the  New  York  "Leader"  in  1S57  ;  served  in  the 
Federal  army  1S61-64  ;  became  assistant  adjutant-general 
and  colonel  in  1862 ;  and  was  editor  of  the  New  York  "Cit- 
izen "  in  1864,  and  register  of  the  county  of  ^qv  York  in 
1867. 

Hals  (hals).  Frans.  Bom  at  Antwerp  about  1580 : 
died  at  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  Aug.,  1666.  A 
celebrated  Dutch  portrait-painter.  His  works  are 
in  all  the  principal  musetmis  and  galleries  in  England  and 
on  the  Continent.  The  "Hille  Bobbe  "  in  the  itetropoli- 
tan  Museum,  New  York,  is  probably  by  his  son  Frans, 
There  is  a  genuine  "  Hille  Bobbe  "  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 
Five  of  his  seven  sons  were  painters. 

Halstead  (hal'sted).  Atownin Essex,  England, 
situated  on  the  Colne  43  miles  northeast  of  Lon- 
don.    Population  (1891),  6,056. 

Halyburton  (hal'i-ber-ton),  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Dupplin,  Perthshire,  Scotland,  Dec.  25.  1674: 
died  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  Sept.  23,  1712. 
A  Scottish  divine,  professor  of  divinity  in  St. 
Andrews  University.  His  works,  "Natural  Religion 
Insufficient"  (1714),  ""The  Great  Concern  of  Salvation" 
(1721),  etc.,  were  published  posthumously. 

Halys  (ha'Us).  The  ancient  name  of  the  river 
Kizil  Irmak. 

Ham  (ham).  One  of  the  sons  of  Noah,  the  re- 
puted ancestor  of  the  Hamitic  races. 

Ham  (am).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
France,  situated  on  the  Somme  35  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Amiens.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle,  dating 
in  its  present  form  from  the  15th  century:  a  picturesque 
fortress  grouped  about  a  central  cylindrical  donjon  10} 
feet  in  diameter  and  100  high,  with  walls  36  feet  thick. 
Tliis  has  long  been  used  as  a  state  prison :  among  the 
prisoners  have  been  Joan  of  Arc,  the  prince  of  CondS,  Poli- 
gnac,  Louis  Napoleon  (l&40-46>,  Cavaignac,  and  Changar- 
nier.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  Germans  Nov.  21,  .'S7a 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,082. 

Hamadan  (ha-ma-dan').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  about  lat.  34°  48' 
N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  It  has  been  identified  with 
Ecbatana.  Population,  estimated,  30,000.  See 
Ei'hatnna. 

Hamah  (ha'ma).     See  Hamath. 

HamaKha-mal').  [Ar.7mma7.aram.]  Theusual 
name  of  the  second-magnitude  star  a  Arietis,  in 
the  forehead  of  the  animal. 

Eaman  (ha'man).  A  Persian  courtier  of  the 
5thcentary  B.  c.    (See  Esther  iii.-vii.)    He  was 


Hameln,  Piper  of 

hanged  on  the  gallows  he  had  caused  to  be 
made  for  Mordecai. 

Hamann  (ha'miin),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Aug.  27.  1.30:  died  at 
Miinster.  Prussia.  June  21,  178^,  A  noted  Ger- 
man litterateur  and  philosophical  writer,  sup- 
named  "the  Magus  of  the  North."  His  col- 
lected works  were  edited  by  Roth  1821^3. 

Hamar  (hii-mar').  A  small  town  in  southern 
Norway,  on  Lake  Mjosen. 

Hamasah(ha-ma'se).  [Ai-., lit. 'bravery.']  The 
title  of  various  collections  of  Arabian  poems,  of 
which  the  most  celebrated  is  that  in  10  books 
compiled  by  Abu-Teman  in  the  9th  century.  It 
was  edited  with  a  Latin  translation  by  G.  W.  F. 
Freytag  1828-51. 

Hamath  (ha'math).  [Heb.,' walled  place," for- 
tress.'] A  city  in  upper  Svria,  situated  on  the 
Orontes  in  lat.  35°  10'  N.,  long.  36°  39'  E., 
now  called  Hamah.  Hamath  was  capita]  of  a  king, 
dom  to  which  the  territory  of  Israel  reached  under  David, 
Solomon,  and  Jeroboam  II.  It  often  came  in  contact  with 
AssjTia.  In  the  great  confederation  of  the  12  cities  against 
Shalmaneser  II.,  about  KiO  B.  c,  Irhulena,  king  of  Ha- 
math, was,  with  the  King  of  Damascus,  the  leader.  Tiglath- 
Pileser  III.,  about  730  B.  c,  took  tribute  from  Eni-ilu, 
king  of  Hamath;  and  Sargon  (722-705)  records  that  he 
"rooted  out  the  land  of  Amatu."  Antiochus  IV.  Epipha- 
nes  (175-164)  gave  it  the  name  Epiphania,  by  which  it 
was  known  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  In  639  A.  D.  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Arabs.  The  Arab  historian  Abul- 
feda  was  its  governor  13H;>-31.  Hamath  is  in  Gen.  I.  IS 
enumerated  among  the  descendants  of  Canaan.  The  Ha- 
matites  were  closely  akin  to  the  Hittites.  if  not  a  HitUte 
division.  Of  late,  what  are  supposed  to  be  Hittite  inscrip- 
tions have  been  discovered  in  Hamath. 

Hamaxiki.     See  Levha.i. 

Hambach  (ham'baeh).  A  village  in  the  circle 
of  Neustadt,  Bavarian  Palatinate.  At  the  castle 
here  a  politic;\l  assembly  of  about  20,000  persons  (Ham. 
bacherFest)  was  held  May27, 1832.  This  is  noteworthyaa 
the  first  public  appearance  of  the  republican  party  in  Ger- 
many. 

Hamblet  (ham'blet),  Prince  of  Denmarke, 
Hystorie  of.  A  translation  from  one  of  Belle- 
forest's  "  Histoires  tragiques."  The  original  was 
written  in  1570,  and  the  translation  was  made  soon  after. 
It  is  in  black-letter  quarto.  There  can  be  very  little  doubt 
that  Shakspere  took  his  "Hamlet"  from  it, 

Hamburg  (ham 'berg;  G.  pron.  ham'boro).  [D. 
Hambro,  Dan.  Hambnrg,  F.  Hambounj,  It.  A»i- 
burgo.  Sp.  Hamburgo.']  A  state  of  the  German 
Empire,  comprising  the  city  of  Hamburg,  its 
suburbs,  the  neighboring  territory  of  Bergedorf 
and  some  smaller  districts,  and  the  outlying 
territory  of  Ritzebiittel,  inclosed  in  Prussia.  It 
is  a  republic,  having  a  Senate  (IS  members)  and  a  Biirger- 
schaft  or  House  of  Burgesses  (160  members).  It  has  1  mem- 
ber in  the  Bundesrat,  and  3  in  the  Reichstag.  'Ihe  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Protestant.  (For  history,  see  Hamburg 
(city),  below.)  Area,  158  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
768.349. 

Hamburg.  [D.  Hambro,  Hamhorgh,  Dan.  Sw. 
Hamborg,  F.  Hambotirg,  Sp.  Pg.  Hamburgo,  It. 
Amburgo,  ilL.  Hamburgum,  Hamburgo,  from  G. 
Hamburg.GHG.Hammabiirg.']  Afree eity,form- 
ing  with  its  teiTitory  a  state  of  the  German  Em- 
pire. The  city  is  situated  on  the  Elbe,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Alster,  in  lat  53°  33"  N.,  long.  9°  58'  E.  It  is  the  most  impor- 
tant seaport  of  Germany,  and,  next  to  London,  Liverpool, 
and  Glasgow,  the  chief  commercial  place  in  Europe.  It 
trades  especially  with  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  and 
northern  Europe ;  is  an  important  place  of  embarkation 
foremigrants ;  and  is  the  termiims  of  various  steamship 
lines,  including  the  Hambirrg-American  to  New  York,  Its 
exports  are  grain,  iron,  fancy  goods,  buttei;  hides,  etc.  The 
city  consists  of  the.Altstadtand  Neustadt,  and  the  suburbs 
of  St.  Georg  and  St.  Pauli.  Altona  adjoins  it.  There  are 
extensive  harbors  and  quays.  St.  Nicholas,  one  of  the 
most  important  of  modem  churches  in  the  Pointed  style, 
wasbuilt  by  Sir  G.  Gilbert  Scott.  The  architecture  repre- 
sents the  most  ornate  type  of  the  13th  century,  with  pro- 
fuse sculpture  inside  and  out.  The  length  is  285  feet ;  that 
of  the  transepts,  151.  The  western  spire  is  473  feet  high, 
and  is  surpassed  in  Europe  only  by  the  cathedrals  of  Co- 
logne, Ilm,  and  Rouen,  and  the  Eilfel  Tower.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Church  of  St.  Peter,  exchange, 
Johanneum  (library,  museum).  Lake  Binnen- Alster,  Kunst- 
halle  (picture-gallery),  zoological  garden,  and  museums. 
Hamburg  was  founded  about  SOS,  and  was  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  834-1223.  It  was  one  of  the  chief  Hanseatic 
cities.  Its  position  as  a  free  imperial  city  was  acknow- 
ledged in  1510.  "The  Reformation  was  introduced  in  1529. 
It  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1810 ;  an  attempt  at 
rebellion  was  punished  by  Davout  in  1813  ;  and  it  regained 
its  freedom  in  1^14.  It  has  been  successively  a  member  of 
the  Germanic  Confederation, North  Germ  an  Confederation, 
and  German  Empire.  In  1842  it  suffered  from  a  fire.  II 
joined  the  ZolUerein  in  18(>8.  Population  (1900;,  with 
sutiurt's,  70.^,7;;.^ 

Hamefkuttelli.    See  Atuamih. 

Hameln  (ha'meln).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  on  the  Hamel  and  "Weser 
24  miles  south  of  Hannover.  It  is  noted  in  connec- 
tion with  the  legendary'  "piper  of  Hameln  "  (see  belowX 
and  contains  the  "Rattenfangerhaus."  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  Swedish  victory  over  the  Imperialists  in  1633.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  13.675. 

Hameln  (ha'meln).  or  Hamelln  (ham'e-lin), 
Piper  of,  or  The  Pied  Piper  of.    In  medieval 


Hameln,  Piper  of 

legem!,  a  magiciau  who  iu  the  year  1284,  for  a 
stiiiulateil  sum  of  money,  freed  the  town  of 
HaiiK'lu  from  a  plague  of  rats  by  pla^-ing  on 
his  !)ipe  and  leadiug  the  vermin,  which  fol- 
lo\vo<l  the  music,  into  the  river  where  they  were 
drowTied.  When  tlie  towiibnien  refused  t^i  pay  tlie 
money,  the  piper  returned  and,  atjiiin  phiying  on  his 
nmsical  pipe,  led  the  way  througlithe  t5unt;en-.Strasse  out 
of  the  town,  this  time  followed  by  1;>0  children,  lie  led 
them  to  a  hill  called  the  Koppetiherg,  into  which  they  all 
entered  and  disappeared.  The  event  is  recoi-ded  in  inscrip- 
tions on  the  Itallians  and  elsewhere  in  the  town,  and  was 
lonK  regarded  as  histui  ical.  Tile  legend  has  been  told  in 
rinic  by  Robert  drowning.  He  apparently  founded  it  on 
Verstegan's  accinuit  in  Ids  "  Restitution  of  Decayed  Intel- 
ligence "  (1034).  r.raiidf-nliurg,  l.orch,  and  other  towns 
iiavea  similar  tradition,  and  there  are  Chinese  and  Persian 
legends  much  resembling  it. 
Hamerling   (lia'in-r-ling),  Robert.    Born  at 


477 

Comtp  de  Gramont  whose  "M^moires"  he 
Wl'ote  (1713).  He  also  wrote  '  Contes  de  Kerie,"ete. 
His  complete  works  were  published  in  1812. 

Hamilton,  Claud,  l'"rd  Paisley,  oommonly 
calhil  Lord  Claud  Hamilton.    Born  about 

1543:  died  lUliL'.  A  Scottish  politician,  fourth 
son  of  the  .secoud  Earlof  Arrau.  He  fought  for 
(Jucen  Mary  at  the  battle  of  Langside ;  was  implicated 
in  the  iissassination  of  the  regent  MuiTay ;  was  driven  f  roni 
Scotland  in  1571) ;  entered  the  service  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ; 
and  returned  to  .Scotland,  becoming  there  a  leader  of  the 
Roman  ('atholio  party. 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Belfast,  July 
•M,  lT."i.S:  died  ;it  Harrogate.  England,  July  23. 
1816.  A  British  writer.  She  wrote  "  .\  Hindoo  Ra- 
jali"(a  series  of  criticisms  on  England,  ITSXi),  "Memoirs 
of  Modern  Philosophies  "  (a  humorous  work,  IsOO),  "  Let- 
ters on  Education  "  (1801-02),  "The  Cottagers  of  Glenbur- 
nie  "  (1808).  etc. 


His  works  include  "thoughts  about  Art  "(1862),  "Etching 
and  Etchers "  (1866X  "Contemporary  French  Painters" 
(1867X  "  I'aintiiig  in  France,  etc."  (1808),  "  The  Intellectual 
Life '(1873),  "The  Oraphic  Art8"(1882),  "Human  Inter- 
course "  (1884).  He  also  wrote  several  romances,  and  re- 
printed (1H8S)  his  articles  written  for  "The  Portfolio,"  an 
art  periodical  wliich  he  planned  in  1869  l  and  in  1880  he 
published  "  French  and  English  :  a  Comparison,"  founded 
on  his  contriliiitions  to  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly." 

Hami  (hii-me'),  orKhamil  (kha-mel').  Alown 
iu  Sungaria,  Chinese  empire,  situated  about 
lat.  42°  50'  N.,  long.  93°  40'  (?)  E. :  an  imjiortant 
trading  center. 

Hamilcar  (ha-mil'kar),  sumamed  Barca  (biir'- 
kii)  or  Barcas  (biir'kas).  Killed  iu  Spain,  229 
or  228  B.  c.  A  Carthaginian  general.  He  held 
Mount  Ercte  (Monte  Pellegrino),  .Sicily,  against  theRoniaiis 
247-244;  held  Mount  Eryx  244-241;  suppressed  the  war 
witli  the  mercenaries  241-238;  and  began  the  reduction 
of  Spain  to  a  (.Carthaginian  province. 

Hamilton  (ham'il-ton).  A  town  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Clyde,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Avon,  10  miles  southeast  of  Glasgow.  Near  it  is 
Hamilton  Palace,  a  aeatof  the  Dukeof  Hamilton,  formerly 
noted  for  its  pictures  and  other  art  treasures  that  were 
sold  by  auction  in  1SS2.  The  ruined  Cadzow  Castlv,  tin' 
fornierseat  of  the  H-amiltons,  is  in  the  vicinity.  Botlnvell 
Brid^reis  nearby.  Hamilton  belongs  to  the  Falkirk  district 
of  parliamentary  burghs.     Population  (1801),  24,86.3. 

Hamilton.  A  to\vn  in  Victoria,  Australia,  situ- 
ated on  Grange  Burne  creek  in  lat.  37°  44'  S., 
long.  142°  1'  E, 


In  early  life  she  possessed  great  beauty  of  face  and  figure 
later  she  became  vei-y  fleshy.  She  attained  considerable 
social  success,  became  an  intimate  friend  ,<!  t/iu-en  Maria 
Carolina  of  Naples,  and  played  a  some"  liat  ini]ii>rtaut  part 
in  the  political  intrigues  of  that  court  in  relation  to  Eng- 
land. Xelsou  first  met  her  in  1703  at  Naples.  She  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1813,  but  was  released 
in  the  following  year. 

Hamilton,  Frank  Hastings.  Born  at  Wil- 
mington, Vt.,  Sept.  IU,  1813:  died  in  New  York 
city,  Aug.  11,  188(3.  An  American  surgeon. 
He'  was  connected  with  Bellevne  Hospital,  New  York 
city,  from  1861  until  his  death,  occupying  the  chair  of  the 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  P,ell.-vue  Medi- 
cal College  1868-76.  He  wrote  "A  Prnclical  Treatise  on 
Fractrnvs  and  Dislocations  "  (1800),  "The  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery  "  (1872),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Gail.  The  nom  de  plume  of  Mary 
Abigail  Dndgo. 

Hamilton,  Gavin.  Born  at  Lanark,  1730:  died 
at  Rome,  1797.  A  Scottish  painter  and  anti- 
quarian. He  painted  chiefly  classical  (Homeric)  sub- 
jects. His  most  important  labors  were  his  excavations  in 
Italy,  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  many  remains  of 
antiquity.  He  conducted  explorations  at  Hadrian's  villa 
near  Tivoli,  on  the  Ma  .^jipia,  about  the  Albaii  Mountains, 
and  elsewhere. 

Hamilton,  Lord  George  Francis.     Born  at 

Brighton,  England,  Dec.  17,  184').  An  English 
politician,  third  son  of  the  first  DuUo  of  Aber- 
corn.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  committee  of  coun- 
cil on  education  1878-80,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1885-SO 
anil  1886-02,  and  secretary  of  stale  fur  India  1hj5 


Hamilton.     The  capital  of  the  Bermudas,  situ-  Hamilton,  James,  second  Lord  Hamilton  and 


ated  on  Groat  Bermuda,  the  largest  of  t  he  gi'on] 

Hamilton.  A  city  and  lake  port,  the  capital  of 
Wentworth  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  Burlington  Bay,  western  end  of  Lake  On- 
tario, 30  miles  southwest  of  Toronto.  It  is  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  has  important 
commerce  and  manufactures.    Population  (I'.ioii.  .■>2,0;i4, 

Hamilton.     A  town  in  Madiso.r^  County,  >few  H^iiton;james;  second  Earl  of  Arran, 


hrst  Earl  of  Arrau.  Born  about  1477:  died  be- 
fore July  21,  l.-i2y.  A  Scottish  politician,  son 
of  James,  first  Lord  Hamilton .  He  was  created  earl 
of  Arran  by  .lames  IV.  in  l,'i03,  and  in  l.'il3  conmianded 
an  expedition  sent  to  aid  the  King  of  France  against  Eng- 
land. UesupportedthercgentAtbanydurinn  the  iiiin.ir- 
ity  of  .Tames  V.,  and  iu  l.il7  was  appoiiittd  a  m.iiilicr  of 
the  council  of  regencv,  of  which  be  became  president. 

Yo.^,  situatedon  the  Chenango  mvt.r^3(Vmnes  H^^^j^^^^l^fStdL^D^i^il^'Hlm^nrs:;;^! 
soutlieast  of  SjTactise.     It  is    he  scat  ol  the  Scottish  statesman,  ap- 

Bapt,stinshtut,onsHam,lt.,.iThcologn^  governor  of  Scotland  .luring  the  mi - 

inary  and  Colgate  (formerly  Madison)  Univer-     {;o,.i,y  ^f-^.^.y  ;„  1540.     He  was  forced  by  the 

TT    ''■•IX  A  c     t-     ■        ,!*„    „,..,;foi    nf     quecii  dowager  to  abdicate  in  1")54. 

^^'^i.^y^'SC'l^^^t:  U;:F  ^filtto^  Hamilton,  J^mes,     Hor.i  17.9 :  died  at  Dublin. 
River  20  miles  north  of  Cincinnati.     Popula- 
tion (1900),  23,914 


Hamilton.  A  family  of  the  Scottish  nobility 
descended  from  Sir'Gilbert  de  Hamilton  (13th 
century).  The  leading  representatives  are  the  Dukes  of 
Abercornand  Hamilton.  The  present  (ISlh)  Duke  of  Ilani- 
ilton  (.^uriiaiiie,  DoUKlii-s-Haniilloii)  is  the  premier  peer  of 
Scotland. 

Hamilton,  Alexander.  Born  in  the  island  of 
Nevis,  West  Indies.  Jan.  11,  17.'>7:  died  at  New 
York,  July  12,  1K|)4.  A  celebrated  American 
statesman.  lie  settled  in  New  Vork  in  1772  :  attracted 
attontirm  as  a  pamphleteer  in  the  political  agitation  pre- 
ceding the  Revolution,  1771-7.^1;  entered  the  Conliiienlal 
service  as  an  artillery  captain  in  1770;  waa  a  member  of 
Washington's  staff  1777-81  ;  .served  with  distinction  at 
Yorktown  in  1781  ;  was  a  membei;  of  the  Continental  Con- 
Tiress  1782-83,  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  n.^T.  and 
of  the  New  York  ratifying  convention  In  17S.H  ;  was  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  178»-9:'> ;  was  appointed  comnnuul 


hief  of  the  army  In  1799;  and  was  mortally  wouudedby  Hamilton,  Patrick.     Born  about  iri04:  burned 


Hamites 

of  the  War  of  1812,  and  it  was  in  spite  of  his  mandate  "to 
remain  in  Boston  until  further  orders"  that  Hull  in  the 
Constitution  gained  the  victory  over  the  Ouerriere. 

Hamilton,  Robert.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  June 
11 ,  1743  :  died  J  uly  14, 1829.  A  Scottish  mathe- 
matician and  economist,  iirofessor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Aberdeen.  He  wrote  an  "Inquiry  concern- 
ing the  Rise  and  Progress  ...  of  the  National  Debt  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  "  (181.3),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Schuyler.  Bom  at  New  York,  July 
2.j,  1S22:  died  M:irch  18,  1903.  An  American 
general,  sun  nf  .1.  ('.  Hamilton.  He  published 
"  History  of  I  ho  National  Flag"  (18r)3). 

Hamilton,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  1789: 
died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  7,  1842.  A  Scottish 
author,  brother  of 'Sir  William  Hamilton  (1788- 
18.')6).  Hewrote  "Cyril Thornton "(1827),  "Anualsof  the 
Peninsular  Campaign  "  (1829),  "  Men  and  Manners  in  Amer- 
ica "(183;!). 

^  .„  .Linlith- 

March 

ballad 

col- 

730: 
lied  at  Liuidon,  Ajiril  G,  1803.  A  British  diplo- 
matist and  archieologist,  grandson  of  the  third 
Duke  of  Hamilton.  He  was  British  envoy  at  Naples 
1764-1800.  He  made  extensive  collectionsof  ancient  works 
of  art,  coins,  etc.,  many  of  which  were  jiurchased  for  the 
British  Museum.  Hepurchased  from  itsfinderthe  "War- 
wick vase  "  (now  at  Warwick  Castle),  and  bought  the  cele- 
brated "Portland  vase  "  (which  see),  selling  it  again  to  the 
Duchess  of  Portland.  His  second  wife  was  the  notorious 
mistress  of  Lord  Nelson. 
Hamilton,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
March  8. 1788:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May  6. 1856. 
A  Scottish  philosoiiher.  He  was  made  professor  ol 
civil  history  at  Edinburgh  in  1821,  and  was  professor  of 
logic  and  metaphysics  there  18-36-56.  He  published  "  I'hi- 
losophyof  the  Unconditioned  "  (1829), and  other  contribu- 
tions  to  the  " r.diiiliuigb  Keview,"  collected  as  " Discus- 
sions in  Philosophy,  Literature,  and  Education  "(lS52-.i5X 
and  edited  Reid's  works  (1810)  and  Stewart's  works  ^1864- 
IS.'io).  His  lectures  on  "  Metaphysics  "  and  "  Logic  '  »  ere 
edited  by  Maiisel  and  Veitch  (lSr«-60).  See  "Life"  by 
Aeitch  (1800). 

Hamilton.William  Gerard.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  28,  1729:  died  there.  July  IG,  179G.  An 
English  politician.    He  w.as  elected  to  Parliament  in 

17,'4,  and,  Nov.  13, 17.''iB,  during  the  debate  on  the  aildrcss, 
delivered  Ills  maiden  speech,  which,  as  it  remained  hill 
most  notable  eltort,  procured  for  hiin  the  nickname  "sin- 
gle siieech  Hamilton."  He  was  a  connnissioncr  for  trade 
and  iilaiitalions  K.'iO-Ol,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
in  Inland  1703-84. 

Hamilton,  William  Richard.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, .lau.  9.  1777:  died  then-,  July  11,  ISi'ig.  An 
English  anliiiuary  and  iliploinutist.  He w.as secre- 
tary to  Lord  Elgin, 'amba.ssailor  at  Constantinople,  and 
aided  him  in  securing  and  bringing  away  the  Elgin  mar- 
bles (which  see).  In  18o9  he  became  nnder-secretaiy  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs,  and  was  minister  at  Naples  18*22- 
1825.  He  wrote  ".^^gyptiaca,  or  some  Account  of  the  An- 
tient  and  Modern  State  of  Egjiit,  etc."  (1800). 

Hamilton,  Sir  William  Rowan.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, Aug.  3-t.  iso.'i:  died  Sejit.  2,  1865.  A  cele- 
brateil  British  mathematician.  Hew. as  remarkably 
precocious,  especially  in  the  study  of  languages,  knowing, 
it  is  sai.l,  at  least  13  at  the  age  of  12  ;  entered  Trinity  Col- 
lege,  Dublin,  in  1823;  in  1824  discovered  by  theoretical 
reasoning  conical  refraction  ;  was  appidutcd  in  1827,  before 
gradimtion.  professor  of  astronomy  and  superintendent  of 
the  observatory  :  and  beeani-' president  of  theK^iyal  Irish 
Academy  in  18:17.  He  is  especially  eelebnitcd  as  the  in- 
vent<ir  of  i|uateinl(uis.  He  wn>te  "lA'Ctures  on  (Quater- 
nions "  (ls[i:i),  "  Tlie  i;iements  of  tjuatemions "  (1S6«),  etc. 

Hamilton  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Clinton,  Oneida  County,  New  York,  con- 
trolled by  the  Presbyterians.  It  was  founded  as 
an  academy  by  Samuel  Kirkland  in  1793,  and  chartered 
as  a  college  in  1812.  Connected  with  it  are  the  Maynard- 
Knox  Law  s.hool  and  tin  Lii.-nllel.l  (ihsei  vatory.  It  lias 
about  20  instructors  and  l.">0  students. 


Sojit.  Id,  is29.  A  British  teacher,  known  as 
theadyiicate  of  a  jiarticidar  method  of  instruc- 
tion in  languages.  The  "Hamiltonian"  method  was 
baaed  on  a  literal  rcnderingof  the  text  (prior  to  the  study 
of  gjannnar)  and  the  use  of  Interlinear  translations. 

Hamilton,  James.    l'>"rn  at  Cliarleston,  s.  C, 

-Mitv  8,  178G:  lost  at  sea,  ISTu.     An  American 

,      itician.    He  was  member  of  Congress  (Democrat)  TT-  .,...-,       j     A  district  in  Iho 

hom  South  Carolina  1823-29,  and  governor  of  South  Caro-  •'^.^^{'^P^'^,  *'  "        ,  X    Ji  „.  .  "t  Pvnv, ?,..<, 
Una  1830-.32.    While  governor  ho  advised  the  legislature     Alliihaliad  di\nsion.  .NorUn\  est  1  lo\  inces 


to  pass  the  .Nnlllllcation  Act,  anil  was  8ub»e<|Uently  In  com 
maad  of  the  troops  raised  for  the  defense  of  the  Statu  un 
der  Ibis  act. 
Hamilton,  James.     Born  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
Nov.  27,  1S14:  died  at  London,  Nov.  24.  18G7. 


Brit- 
sh  India.  int<'rsected  by  Int.  2.")°  30'  N.,  long. 
811°  E.  Poi^.nlation,  ;-)29,137.— 2.  The  capital 
of  (lie  Ilamirpur  district,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Bilwii  with  the  Jumna,  in  lat.  25° 
N..  long.  80°  12'  E. 


In- ... 

Aaron  Burr  in  a  duel  atWcehawken,  New  .Jersey,  .lilly  11, 
1804.  He  was  the  ebier  authoi  i>f  llie  "  ledi  ralisl  ■(whi,  b 
8oe).  His  works  have  been  edited  by  his  son  .).  C.  Uandl- 
ton(7  vols.,185l).  See  "Live9"by.I.  0,  Hamilton (18»l-40), 
Itenwick  (1811).  Morse  (1876),  Shea  (I.s.BO),  and  Lodge 
(1S8-). 

Hamilton,  Count  Anthony.      Born  probably 

at  Koserea,  Tipperary,  Irehiiid,  UUG:  died  at 
St.-Germain-en-Ijaye,  Fnitice,  .\iig.  6,  1720.  A 
French  author,  of  British  ilescent,  third  son  of 
Sir  George  Hamilton  (fourth  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Aborcorn),  and  brother-in-law  of  the 


at  SI.  .\iiihvws.  Feb.  29.  l.^>28,  A  Scottish  Re- 
former, son  of  Sir  P:itriik  IIannllon,and  graml- 
son  of  the  first  Ijorcl  Hamilton.  Heailopted  and  ad- 
vocaled  the  iloelrines  of  the  Ucfonnatliui,  and  was  put  to 
dilllh  as  a  hc'lelie 

Hamilton,  Paul.  Bom  in  St.  Pauls  parish, 
S.  ('.,  Oci.  1(1,  I7(i2:  died  at  Beaufort,  S.  C, 
June  30, 1816.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
comptrollerof  South  Carolina  1799-18IH;  governor  1804-00; 
and  was  secretary  of  the  navy  during  the  first  administra- 
tion of  .lames  Madison,  1809-13.  lie  endeavored  to  enforce 
Iho  embargo  policy  of  the  government  at  the  begiuoing 


est  times,  3  varieties  (a  i)Ble  and  red-liaired, 
a  redilish,  and  a  dark-brown)  have  been  dis- 
tinguished. The  blond  type  Is  found  among  the  Ber- 
bers ;  the  reddish  among  the  l.gypllans  and  lledja  ;  the 
dark-biiiwn  or  black  am.ing  the  Somal,  the  Calla,  and  the 
Fulbr  or  Fiilahs.  In  these  three  the  admixture  of  Nl- 
gritie  blood  Is  evident.  I'lie  earliest  civilisation  of  man- 
kind (that  of  Egvpt,  to  which  all  the  others  seem  to  beol- 
rectly  or  indirect Iv  Indebted)  fiourished  among  the  Ham- 
ites of  the  leddlsli  type.  In  the  Lower  Nile  valley.  The 
Hamille  family  of  languages  is  generally  divided  into  S 
subgroups;  (u)  the  Libyan  or  Berber,  spoken  fnmi  the 
Cauarv  Islands  to  ligypt ;  (6)  the  Egyptian,  compris- 
ing iiiil  Lgviitlau  and  Coptic  with  I's  4  dtilects:  (c)  the 


Hamites 

Ethiopic.  including  tlie  Bedja.  Dankalt,   Somali,  Galla, 
Agau,  Saho,  and  Bilin.    Tlie  Ethiopic  is  also  called  Cmh- 
•Mc  or  Punic.     Lately  the  Fulah  cluster  has  been  added 
by  some  to  the  preceding,  as  prevailingly  Hamitic.  Owing 
to  ethnic  and  hnguistic  mixtures  with  negroes,  it  is  im- 
possible to  draw  a  clear  line  between  Hamitic  and  Bantu- 
negro  languages  or  tribes.      Even  the  Hausa  and  Hotten- 
tot languages  show  traces  of  Hamitic  structure      Tlie 
Hamitic  languages  are  sometimes  called  semi-  or  sub- 
Semttic.      In  eastern  North  Africa  they  are  intermixed 
geographically  with  the  Semitic  ;  in  western  North  Africa 
the  Semitic  are  superposed  on  the  Hamitic.     See  African 
lawjuat/es  (under  Africa).  Fulah,  Hottentot,  Berber,  Bantu. 
Hamitic  (ha-mit'ik).    See  Hamites. 
Hamlet  (ham'let),  or  Amlet.     A  mythical  or 
semi-historieal  Danish  prineeivhose  story.origi- 
nat  ing  in  a  Danish  saga,  is  given  by  Saxo-Gram- 
matieus.    This  story  is  given  in  a  French  version  by 
Belleforest  in  1S70  in  the  fifth  volume  of  his  '■  Histoires 
tragiques."    The  English  translation  of  this  latter  was 
published  as  "  Hystorie  of  Hamblet. "  and  it  was  also  made 
into  an  English  play,  now  lost,  that  probably  served  as  a 
Btartmg.poiut  for  ,Shukspere's  ■■  Hamlet. "    Henslowe  men- 
tions a  play  of  this  name  as  represented  at  Newington  Butts 
June9, 1694,  which  was  an  "old  play."  Sh.ikspere's  "Ham- 
let" was  played  in  1600  or  1601,  and  printed  first  in  1603. 
It  was  entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Register,"  July  26, 1602, 
"A  booke  called  the  Kevenge  of  Hamlett  Prince  Denmarke 
as  yt  was  latelie  Acted  by  the  Lord  Chaniberleyne  his  Ser- 
vantes."    Tills  was  a  very  imperfect  text,  known  as  the 
first  quarto.    The  second  quarto,  published  in  1604,  was  a 
good  test,  thought  to  he  as  Shakspere  left  it.    The  third 
quarto,  areprintof  the  second,  appeared  in  1606  ;  thefourth 
in  1611.    There  is  a  fifth  quarto,  undated.    No  others  ap- 
peared during  Shakspere's  lifetime.     The  4  folios  are  es- 
sentially the  same  te.\t,  which  differs  from  the  quartos 
The  German  play  '  Der  Bestrafte  Brudermord,  oder  Prinz 
Hamlet  ausDa?nnemark"  ("Fratricide  punished  or  Prince 
Hamlet  of  Denmark  ")  is  now  thought  to  be  probably  a 
weak  copy  of  the  old  play  preceding  the  1603  quarto.     It 
18  not  known  precisely  when  it  appeared,  but  it  was  early 
m  the  17th  century.    (See  Shakipere. )    About  the  charac- 
ter of  Hamlet  and  his  real  or  feigned  insanity  there  h.is 
been  much  controversy.     He  shows  the  unfitness  of  a 
thoughtful  man  who  sees  both  sides  of  a  subject  to  deal 
with  questions  requiring  prompt  action  under  extraordi- 
nary circumstances. 

Hamlet.  An  opera  bv  Ambroise  Thomas,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1868.  The  French  words  are 
by  Barbier  and  Carre,  after  Shakspere.  It  was  produced 
in  London  in  Italian  as  "Amleto  "  in  1S69. 

Hamley  (ham'li).  Sir  Edward  Bruce.  Bom  at 

Bodmm,  Cornwall,  April  27, 1824 :  died  Aug.  12, 
1893.  A  British  soldier  and  author.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1843;  served  in  the  Crimean  war;  was  professor  of 
military  history  at  the  Statf  College,  Sandhurst,  185S-64  and 
commandant  of  the  Statf  College  1S70-77 ;  was  chief  of  the 
commission  for  the  delimitation  of  the  B.alkan  and  Arme- 
nian frontiers  1879-80 ;  and  commanded  a  division  in  the 
£gyptian  war  of  1S82.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Opera- 
tions of  War  Explained  and  Illustrated  "  (1866),  and  "  The 
Strategical  Conditions  of  our  Indian  Northwest  Frontier  " 

Hamiin  (ham'Iln),  Hannibal.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Maine,  Aug.  27,  1809  :  died  at  Bangor,  Maine, 
July  4, 1891.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Maine  1843-47;  TnitedStates  sen- 
ator 184S-57;  governor  of  Maine  in  1857;  Cnited  States  sen- 
ator 1857-61;  Vice.Presidentl861-65;  United  .States  senator 
1869-81 ;  and  Lnited  States  ministerto  Spain  1881-S3  He 
was  originally  a  Democrat,  but  differed  with  his  party  on 
the  question  of  slavery,  and  joined  the  Eepublicans  about 
I85o. 

Hamm  (ham).  Atownin  theprovinee  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ahse 
and  Lippe,  22  miles  south-southeast  of  Miin- 
ster.  It  manufactures  engines,  tacks,  etc.;  is  an  impor- 
tant railway  junction  ;  and  hiis  warm  baths.  It  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  county  of  Mark.  Population  (180O1. 
10,o03  ;  commune,  24, %9. 

Hammarskjold  (ham 'mar-sheld),  Lorenzo 
(origmally  Lars).  Bom  at  Tuna,  in  the  laen  of 
Kalmar,  Sweden,  April  7,  1785:  died  at  Stock- 
holm, ()ct.  15,  1827.  A  Swedish  critic  and 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  '"Svenska  Vitterhe- 
ten"  ("Swedish  BeUes-Lettres,"  1818-19:  re- 
visea  edition  1833). 

Hamme  (ham'me).  A  town  in  the  prorince  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Durme 
/is^'n    ?o°o°Q^'''^^**  °*  Brussels.      Population 

Hammelburg  Cham'mel-boro).  A  small  town 
in  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  on  the  Franco- 
man  Saale  22  miles  north  of  Wiirzburg. 

Hammer(ham'mer),Frledrlch  Julius.  Born 
at  Dresden,  June  7,  1810  ;  died  at  PiUnitz,  near 
Dresden,  Aug.  23,  1862.  A  German  poet  and 
Eovehst.  His  works  include  the  novel  "  Leben  und 
Traum  (1839),  the  poetical  collection  'Schau  um  dich 
und  schau  in  dich  "  (1851),  etc. 

Hammer  (ham'er),  The.  A  popular  sumame 
of  Judas  Maccaba?us. 

Hammer  and  Scourge  of  England,  The.  A 
sm-name  of  William  Wallace. 

Hammerfest  (ham'mer-fest).  A  seaport  in  the 
amt  of  Finmarken.  Norway,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Kvalo  in  lat.  70°  40'  N.,long.  23°  40' 
E.  It  exports  fish,  train-oil,  etc.,  and  h.is  trade  with 
Busaia.  It  is  a  favorite  starting-point  for  arctic  expedi- 
tions, and  IS  often  visited  by  tourists.    Population  (1891) 


478 


Hammer  of  Heretics,  The.  [L.  Malleus- He- 
reUcorum.'\  A  surname  of  Pierre  d'Aillv,  presi- 
dent of  the  Council  of  Constance  1414-^18,  and 
also  of  St.  Augustine. 

Hammer  of  Scotland,  The.     A  surname  of 

King  Edward  I.  of  England. 

Hammer-Purgstall  (ham'mer-pbrg'stal),  Jo- 
seph von.  Born  at  Gratz,  Stvria,  June  9, 1774: 
died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  23,  1856.  An  Austrian 
Orientalist  and  historian.  He  published  ••  Ge- 
schichte  des  osmanischen  Reichs  "  (1827-34X  "Geschichte 
der  goldenen  Horde  "  (1840),  "  Geschichte  der  osmanis- 
chen Dichtkunst  "  (1836-38),  "  Geschichte  der  arabischen 
Litteratur  "  (1850-57),  Oriental  texts,  etc. 

Hammersmith  (ham'er-smith).  A  borough 
(municipal)  of  Loudon,  situated  north  of  the 
Thames,  6  miles  west  by  south  of  St.  Paul's: 
formerly  noted  for  market-gardens  and  nurser- 
ies. Itreturnslmemberto Parliament.  Pop.  (1891)  97  237 

m.mmond(ham'ond),  Henry.  Bomat  Che'rtsey' 
Aug.  18,  1605 :  died  at  Westwood,  Worcester- 
shire, April  25,  1660.  An  English  divine  and 
scholar  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen  CoUege)  in 
1622 ;  obtained  the  living  of  Penshurst,  Kent,  in  1633  ■  be- 
came archdeacon  of  Chichester  in  1643 ;  sided  with'  the 
Koyalists  in  the  civil  war;  and  was  a  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1645-48.  Hammond  was  a  chaplain  of  the 
king,  but  was  not  allowe<i  to  attend  him  in  his  last  days. 
He  settled  at  Westwood  in  Worcestershire  about  1649  and 
remained  there  untU  his  death.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer. 

Hammondj  James  Henry.  Born  at  New- 
berry, y.  C  Nov.  15.  1807:  died  at  Beach  Isl- 
and, S.  C,  Nov.  13.  1864.  An  American  poli- 
tician, governor  of  South  Carolina  1842-44  and 
Lnited  States  senator  1857-60. 

Hammond,  Samuel.  Bom  in  Eichmond  County 
Va.,  Sept.  21,  1757:  died  at  Horse  Creek,  Ga.! 
Sept.  11,  1842.  An  American  Revolutionary 
commander  and  politician.  Hefought  with  distinc- 
tion at  Kings  Mountain,  Cowpens,  Eutaw,  and  other  bat- 
tles in  .south  CaroUna  and  Georgia  ;  was  militaiT  and  civil 
commandant  of  Upper  Louisiana  1805-24  ;  and  was  secre- 
tary of  state  in  South  Carolina  1831-35. 

Hammond,  William  Alexander.  Bom  at  An- 
napohs,  Md.,  Aug.  28.  1828:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  Jan.  5,  1900.  An  American  physi- 
cian, surgeon-general  of  the  army  1862^64. 
Amonghis  works  are  "Military  Hygiene "(1863),  "Insan- 
ity in  Its  Medico-Legal  Relations  "  (18ti«),  "Diseases  of  the 
^ervous  S.vstem"  (1871),  "Insanity  in  its  Relations  to 
Crime  (lSi3),  "Spiritualism,  etc."  (1876),  "Cerebral  Hy- 
peraemia,  etc.'  (1878),  "On  Certain  Conditions  of  Nervous 
Derangement "  (1881).  .\mong  his  novels  are  "Robert  Se- 
veme  (1806),  "Dr.  Grattan  "  (1884),  "Lai"  (1884),  "On 
the  Susquehanna    (1887),  etc. 

Hammurabi  (ham-mo-ra'be).  The  first  king  of 
all  Babylonia,  with  residence  in  the  city  of  Baby- 
lon. In  his  long  reign  (about  2287-2232  B.  c.)  he  showed 
himself  great  alike  m  war  and  peace.  He  drove  out  the  rem- 
nants of  the  Elamitic  invaders,  imited  Nortli  and  South 
Babylonia  (Shumu-  and  Akkad)  under  his  swav,  and  made 
Babylon  the  metropolis  of  the  united  kingdom  which  it 
remained  during  the  whole  of  its  existence  for  nearly  ■>  000 
years,  so  that  he  may  be  termed  the  founder  of  the  B"aby- 
loniari  empire.  After  freeing  and  uniting  the  country  he 
turned  his  attention  to  its  protection  and  interior  prosper- 
ity. To  obviate  the  disastrous  inundations  and  at  the 
same  tune  to  provide  the  country  with  water  he  executed 
one  of  tlie  greatest  works,  the  excavation  of  a  gigantic  ca- 
nal, named  after  him  nahr-Hammuraii,  later  famous  as 
"the  royal  canal  of  Babylon."  Besides  this,  he  constructed 
a  great  walk  along  the  Tigris,  and  erected  many  temples 
Numerous  inscriptions  of  him  have  survived. 

Hamoaze  (ham-6z').  The  estuarv  of  the  river 
Tamar,  near  PljTnouth,  England." 

Hamon  (ii-mon'),  Jean  Louis.  Bom  at  Plouha, 
C6tes-du-Nord,  France,  Mav  5,  1821:  tUed  at 
St. -Raphael,  Var,  France,  "May  29,  1874.  A 
French  painter,  chiefly  of  genre  scenes. 

Hampden  (hamp'den),"  Johll.  Bom  at  London 
in  1594:  died  at  Thame,  Oxfordshire,  England 
June  24, 1643.  A celebratedEnglish statesman. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1621,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  patriotic  party  in  the  Short  and  Long  Parliaments,  and 
was  one  of  the  "  five  members"  impeached  by  Charles  I. 

1642.  He  commanded  a  regiment  for  the  Parliament  164-'-^ 

1643,  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Chalgrove  Field  June 
Jk  ^^^'  ^^  '^  chiefly  known  as  the  defendant  in  the  case  of 
the  King  r.  John  Hampden  before  the  Court  of  Exchequer 
1637-38,  for  resisting  the  collection  of  the  obsolete  tax  of 
ship-money,  which  Charles  I.  attempted  to  revive  without 
the  authority  of  Parliament.  The  casewas  decided  against 
him,  but  in  1641  the  House  of  Lords  ordered  the  judgment 
to  be  cancelled. 

Hampden-Sidney  College.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  near  Farmville,  Prince  Ed- 
w^ard  County,  southern  Virginia :  founded  in 
1(75.  and  chartered  in  1783.  It  has  about  10 
iustmctors  and  130  students. 

Hampshire  (hamp'shir),  or  Southampton 
(suTH-hamp'ton):  abbreviated  Hants  (hants). 
[ME.  Hamtmishire,  Santesshire,  AS.  Hamlun- 
scir,  from  Hamtun.  Hampton  (Southampton), 
and  sc/>,  shire.]  Amaritime  county  of  England! 
boimded  by  Berks;on  the  north,  SuiTey  and  Sus- 
sex on  the  east,  the  English  Channel  on  the 


Hancock,  Albany 

south,  and  Wilts  and  Dorset  on  the  west.  Uto. 
eludes  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  is  traversed  by  the  North  and 
south  Downs  The  New  Forest  is  situated  in  the  southwest 
of  It.  It  contains  many  Roman  antiquities.  Area  1  (Wl 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  690,us6.  '    ' 

Hampstead  (hamp'sted).  {AH.  Hamstede.home- 
M^V  1  o  '^?'"°"gli  (municipal)  of  London, 
situated  4i  miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul's.  It  wai 
formerly  noted  for  its  mineral  springs,  and  as  a  literare 
center.  It  re  urns  1  member  to  Parlilient  llLnpst^a^ 
Heato  IS  a  well-known  pleasure-resort.    Populat^  a89?J 

Hampton  (hamp'ton).  A  village  in  Middlesex. 
England,  14  miles  west-southwest  of  London 
Population  (1891),  5,822. 
Hampton.  The  capital  of  Elizabeth  City  Coun- 
t.v,  \  irginia,  situated  on  Hampton  R6ads  15 
miles  north-northwest  of  Norfolk:  seat  of 
Hampton  Normal  and  Agi-ieultural  Institute 
(which  see).  Population  (1900),  3,441 
Hampton  Court.  A  royal  palace  on  the  Thames 
12  miles  from  Charing  Cross,  built  bv  Cardinal 
"1°,  'i^-  ,^  freat  part  of  the  highly  picturesque  battle- 
mented  Tudor  buildings  in  red  brick, surrounding  3  courti 
stdl  remains.  The  property  originaUy  consisted  of  aboS 
1^000  acres  of  more  or  less  barren  land  belonging  to  the 
Kmglit  HospitaUers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  It  wis  leased 
from  the  Priorj-  of  St.  John  in  1515  by  Thomas  Wolsey,  arch- 
bishop of  i  ork  and  primate  of  England,  who  erected  the 
origin;a  Gothic  palace.  In  1526  he  surrendered  the  estate 
toHenry  \  III.,  who  added  the  chapel  and  great  hall  1531-36 
In  the  reign  of  William  III.,  the  great  facade,  modeni 
state  ap.artments  and  a  gallerj-  for  the  cartoons  of  Raphael 
were  added  by  Sir  Christoidier  «  ren.  The  front  on  the  fine 
J-renchgardensislater.intheRenaissance style.  Theereat 
hall,  106  by  40  feet,  and  60  feet  high,  possesses  a  handsome 
open-framedroofwithelaboratependants.  The  state  apart- 
ments  are  nlled  with  paintings,  many  of  them  noted  works. 
The  cartoons  by  Raphael  have  been  removed  to  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  A  part  of  the  palace  is  now  occu- 
pied Ijy  persons  of  good  family  in  reduced  circumstances. 
Hampton  (  uurt^is  most  intimately  associated  with  James 
Chajles  I  ""'  "  ^^'^'^  °'  imprisomueat  of 

Hampton  Court  Conference.  A  conference 
appointed  by  James  I.,  at  Hampton  Court  in 
1004,  to  settle  the  disputes  between  the  Puritan 
party  and  the  High-Church  party  in  the  Church 
ot  England,  it  was  conducted  on  three  days  (Jan.  14, 
16,  and  18)  and  resulted  in  a  few  alterations  of  the  liturgv- 
but  entu-ely  failed  to  secme  the  objects  sought  by  the 
Puritans-  An  important  indirect  result  of  it  was  the  re 
vision  of  the  Bible  called  the  King  James's  or  authorize* 
version,  which  was  suggested  at  that  time. 

Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Insti- 
tute. A  training-school  fornegroesandlndians 
situated  uearHamptou,V3jginia,  established  by 
General  S.  C.  Armstrong  in  1868,  and  incorpo- 
rated by  the  State  of  Virginia  in  1870.  its  obfett 
IS  to  train  young  men  and  women  of  the  negro  and  Indian 
races  to  become  teachers  among  their  own  people. 

Hampton  Roads  (hamp'ton  rodi).  a  channel 
connecting  the  estuary  of  James  River  with 
Chesapeake  Bay,  situated  south  of  Fort  Monroe, 
V  irginia  Here,  March  8, 1862,  the  Confederate  ironclad 
\u^inia  (Merrimac)  destroyed  the  Federal  frigates  Cum- 
berland and  Congress ;  and  the  following  day  there  was  a 
contest  between  the  Virginia  and  the  ironclad  Monitor, 
th*  former  retiring.  This  was  the  first  engagement  be- 
tween u-onclads.     See  Monitor. 

Hampton,  Wade.  Born  in  South  Carolina  in 
17o4  :  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C.,  Feb.  4, 1835.    An 


American  general  and  poUtician.  He  served  with 
distmction  under  Marion  and  Sumter  in  the  Revolution  • 
obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  1813  ;  was  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  Sir  George  Prevost  at  Chateaugay,  Oct.  26, 
1813  ;  and  frustrated  the  expedition  against  Montreal  by 
f,'.?„4'"^U''°g°'^ss  to  cooperate  with  his  rival.  General 
>\  ilkinson. 

Hampton,  "Wade.  Bom  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
March  28. 1818:  died  there.  April  11, 190'>  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service 
?i"Z?aQ-*^'''°'  ^■'*"'i«0"  of  Wade  Hampton 
}}  '.?t:^°^''^-  He  «  as  an  able  cavalry  commander  in  the 
Civil  War,  commanding  the  Hampton  Legion  at  Bull  Run 
1861,  and  serving  with  distinction  at  Seven  Pines  Aiitie- 
\Tr  ^a'-^'^fiV'^'  '■^^•.  ^^  "'^^  fe'overnor  of  South  Carolina 
18 1 6- 1 9.  and  United  states  senator  from  that  State  1879-91 
namun  (hii-mon').  a  large  morass  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Baluchistan. 
Hanafites  (han'a-fits).  The  oldest  and  most 
important  of  the  four  orthodox  sects  of  Sunnite 
Mohammedans,  founded  by  Abu-Hanifah  of  Al- 
Kufah  (about  700-770),  a  puritan  in  doctrine 
and  the  author  of  a  system  of  jurisprudence. 
Also  Hanifites. 
Hanau  (ha'nou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Kinzig  and  Main,  10  miles  east  of  Frankf  ort-on- 
the-Main.  it  has  flourishing  commerce  and  luanufaC' 
tores.  The  Grimm  brothers  were  born  there.  It  was  the 
capital  of  an  ancient  countship  of  Hanau.  Here,  Oct.  30, 
1813,  Napoleon,  with  70,000  men,  encountered  on  the  retreat 
from  Leipsic  an  Austro-Bavarian  army  of  30,000  men  under 
Wrede,  who  was  compelled  to  retire  .after  having  inflicted 
seveie  losses  on  the  French.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
26,029. 

Hancock  (han'kok),  Albany.    Bora  at  New- 
eastle-on-Tyne.  Dee.  24,  1806:  died  there.  Oct 


Hancock,  Albany 

24, 1873.  An  English  zoologist.  He  wrote,  with 
AJler,  ■'  Jlouograph  of  British  Nudibianehiate 
Mollusfa"  (lb4.")-55),  etc. 
jHanCOCk  (hau'kok),  John.  Born  at  Quincv, 
I  Mass.,  Jan.  12,  1737:  died  at  Quiufy,OL't.8,1793. 
A  noted  Amei-ioau  statesman.  Hb  was  president 
of  tlie  Provincial  Congress  1774-76  :  president  vf  Congress 
1775-77 ;  the  first  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence ;  and  governor  of  Massachusetts  17Su-*5  and  1787-93. 

Hancock,  Winfield  Scott.  Born  at  Montgom- 
ery Square,  Pa.,  Feb.  14,  1824:  died  at  Gov- 
ernor's Island,  near  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1886. 
An  eminent  American  general.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1844  ,  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican 
war;  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War ;  served  under  McCIellau 
in  the  Peninsular  campaign  ;  commanded  tlie  first  divi- 
Bion  of  the  seeonil  corps  at  Aiitietam  Sept.  17,  18t>2,  and 
at  Fredericksburg.  Dec.  13,  1SG2 ;  commanded  a  corps  at 
Gettysburg,  July  1-3,  1803,  and  at  Spottsylvania  Court 
House  (where  he  took  4,04K)  prisoners),  May  12,  18tU  ;  was 
commander  of  the  militiu-y  department  of  the  Atlantic 
1872-86,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  1880. 

Hancock  House.  An  old  house  formerly  stand- 
ing in  Boston,  Massachusetts.  It  was  built  in  1737, 
and  was  the  residence  of  Governor  John  Hancock  1780-93. 
It  was  demolished  in  1863. 

Handegg  Fall  (hau'deg  fal).  A  cascade  of  the 
Aare,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Bernese  Ober- 
land,  Switzerland.     Height,  2.')0  feet. 

Hsuidel  (han'del),  George  Frederick,  G.  Georg 
Friedrich  Handel.  Born  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Feb. 
23, 1685 :  ilied  at  London,  April  14, 1759.  A  cele- 
brated German  composer.  He  studied  with  Zachau, 
organist  of  the  cathedral  at  Halle,  for  3  years.  He  then 
went  to  Berlin,  where  his  powers  of  improvisation  caused 
hnn  to  be  regarded  as  a  prodigy  ;  then  to  Halle,  where  his 
father  died.  It  became  necessary  for  him  to  support  his 
mother,  and  he  went  to  Hamburg,  where"  he  entered  the 
orchestra  of  the  Opera  House  as  '■  violino  di  ripieno."  He 
soon  became  known,  and  was  made  conductor.  In  1705 
bis  first  opera,  "Almira,"  was  produced  there.  In  1700  he 
went  to  Italy.  Returning  to  Germany  in  1709,  he  accei)ted 
the  position  of  Ivupellmeister  from  the  Elector  of  Han- 
over, on  condition  that  he  should  be  allowed  to  visit  Eng- 
land, having  already  received  pressing  invitations  to  do 
so.  He  first  went  to  London  in  1710.  His  opera  "Rinaldo" 
was  produced  there  in  1711.  He  undertook  the  direction 
of  the  Italian  opera  in  1720.  Buononcini  and  .\rio9ti,  both 
of  whom  he  had  known  at  Halle,  also  went  to  London 
about  this  time  and  formed  an  opposition  to  him,  which 
gave  rise  to  much  feeling  and  to  Byrom's  epigram  ending 
*  Strange  all  this  difference  should  be 
"i'wixt  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee!" 
From  1729-34  he  was  in  partnership  with  Heidegger  at  the 
King  s  Theatre.  In  Vi7  he  became  bankrupt.  In  1739. 
when  he  was  about  54,  he  began  to  compose  the  oratorios 
which  made  him  famous.  In  lT,"i2  he  was  attacked  by  eatu- 
racl.  and  was  couched  three  times. but  without  success.  He 
was  nearly  if  not  entirely  blind  for  the  rest  of  bis  life,  but 
continued  to  preside  at  the  organ  during  bis  ow'n  oratorios. 
His  fame  increased,  and  tlie  animosity  which  had  pursued 
him  during  his  earlier  years  died  away.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  oratorios  "Esther'  (172(i),  "Saul"  (1739),  "Israel 
In  Egypt '  (1739),  "  The  llessnih  "  (1742),  "  Samson  "(1743), 
"Judas Maccaba;us" (1747),  "Joshua" (1748),  "Jephthah" 
(1752),  etc.  He  wrote  23  oratorios,  more  than  40  oper.as, 
"Acis  and  Galatea"  and  "Alexander's  Feast"  (cantatas), 
besides  a  great  deal  of  church  and  chamtier  music,  odes, 
songs,  etc.  See  his  "Life"  by  Mainwaring,  Scholcher,  and 
Chrysander. 

Handel  and  Haydn  Society.    An  American 

musical  society,  founded  at  Boston  in  1815. 

Handel  Society.  1.  An  English  society  for  the 
publication  of  Handel's  works,  f.irmed  in  1843 
and  dissolved  in  1848.  His  works  were  issued 
1843-58.— 2.  [G.  HamJel-disrlhi-hafl.']  A  Ger- 
man society  for  the  publication  of  llaudors 
works,  formed  in  1856.  These  works  have  been 
published  since  18.59  under  the  editorship  of 
Chrysander. 

Handsome  Swordsman,  The.    [F.  Le  beau  sa- 

breur.^     A  surnanH-  given  to  Mitrat. 

Han  dynasty.    See  the  extract. 

In  the  year  207  n.  c.  another  period  of  anarchy  was 
ended  liy  Kaou-te,  who,  gathering  up  again  all  China  under 
his  rule,  founded  the  celebrated  Hun  dymisty,  which  nour- 
ished 1111  220  A.  II..  or,  roughly  speaking,  from  the  days  of 
Uaiuiibui  to  those  of  Caracalla. 

Hodijkin.  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  16. 

Haneberg  (hil'no-bero),  Daniel  Bonifacius 

von.  Born  iit  Tanne,  near  KiTnphn,  Havaii.i, 
.lune  17,  IHKi:  died  at  Spires,  Bavaria,  May 
31,  1876.  A  German  Koman  Oatholic  pi-chite 
and  theologian.  He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Mu- 
nich 184151,  abbot  1814,  and  bishop  of  Spires  187'-'.  He 
wrote  various  thcobigical.  historical,  and  polemical  works. 

Hanega  (han'e-gii).  A  tribe  of  Xorth  .\ineri<'an 
linlians,  living  on  the  west  coasi  of  I'riiice  of 
Wales  Island,  Alaska.  They  number  587.  See 
KnhiKrhdii. 

Hanes  (hsl'nez).  An  ancient  Egyptian  city 
(Isa.  .x.KX  4).     See  the  extract. 

Butwhatand  wherewas  Hanes?  The  Greek  translators 
of  the  old  Testament,  labouring  in  Egypt,  could  not  tell; 
the  patient  Clialdees  who  pnraiihrased  the  Scripture  In 
the  vulgar  tongue  of  Palestine  could  not  tell.  Gescnlils, 
»Jiat  prince  of  modern  Hebrew  scholars,  guessed  that 


479 

H.anes  must  he  the  city  which  the  Copts  called  Hues,  the 
Greeks  Heracleopolis,  the  town  of  Hercules,  one  the  civil, 
the  other  the  religious  name. 

/>«)(,•,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  31. 

Hang-chau,  or  Hangcho'w  (hang'chou).    The' 

eaiJital  of  the  province  'if  Che-kiang,  China,  sit- 
uated near  the  river  Tsieu-tang,  about  lat.  30° 
16'  N.,  long.  r_'0°  15'  E.  It  was  long  noted  tor  its  trade 
un.i  its  silk  m:inufai!tures,  and  as  a  literary  center.  It  was 
b.  Id  l.y  til.    Ini|.ings  1801-04.    Pop.,  estimated,  800,000. 

HangO-Udde  ^hilng'ge-O'de).  A  seaport  in  Fin- 
laud,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  in  lat.  59°  51'  N.,  long.  22°  57'  E. 
Here,  Aug.  7.  1714,  the  Russians  defeated  and 
captured  the  Swedish  admiral  Ehrenskjiild. 

Han-hai  (hiin-hi').  A  name  of  the  western  part 
of  thr  liobi  desert,  or  of  that  desert  itself. 

Hanifites.    See  U<intifitrs. 

Hanka  (hank'ii),  Vaclav.  Born  near  Konig- 
•jiiitz,  Bohemia,  Jime  10,  1791 :  died  at  Prague, 
Jan.  12, 1861.  A  Bohemian  philologist  and  poet, 
author  of  grammatical  works  on  Bohemian  and 
other  Slavic  languages. 

Hanke,  or  Haenke  (henk'e),  Thaddeus.  Bom 

at  Kreibitz,  Bohemia,  Oct.  .5.  1761  :  died  near 
Cochabamba,  Upper  Pei-u,  Dee.,  1817.  A  Bo- 
hemian botanist.  As  naturalist  of  Msilaspina's  expe- 
dition, he  went  to  Peru,  1790  ;  and,  after  visiting  Chile,  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico,  and  the  Philippines,  fixeil  his  residence  in 
Cochabamba,  1790,  founding  a  botanical  garden.  I'heuce 
he  made  Viuious  excursions.  He  published  in  Spanish  a 
work  on  the  Peruvian  tributaries  of  the  Amazon.  His  bo- 
tanical writings  were  printed  after  his  death. 

Hankel(hiink'el),WiIhelm  Gottlieb.  Born  at 
Ermsleben,  Prussia,  May  17.  1S14:  died  at  Leip- 
sie,  Feb.  18,  1899.  A  German  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  physics  at  Leipsic  1849-99,  best  known 
for  his  researches  in  electricity.  His  investi- 
gations have  been  principally  of  the  thermo- 
electric properties  of  crystals. 

Hankow,  orHan-kau  {hiiu-kou').   A  river  port 

ill  the  province  of  Hu-peh,  China,  situated  at 
the  continence  of  the  Han  with  the  Yangtse, 
opposite  Hanvang  and  nearlv  opposite  Wu- 
chang, in  lat.  30°  33'  N..  long.  114°  20'  E.  it  was 
opened  to  foreign  trade  in  1861,  and  exports  tea.  Pojju- 
lation  (1896),  about  6uo,oo0. 

Hanley  (han'li).  A  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, 31  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  is  noted 
for  pottery  manufacture,  and  returns  1  member  to  Parlia- 
nieat.     Population  (1901),  01,r>99. 

Hannah  (haii'ii).  [Heb., 'grace';  Gr.  'ft.i'ra.] 
A  wife  of  Elkaiiah,  and  mother  of  the  prophet 
Samuid. 

Hannay  (han'a),  James.  Bom  at  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1827:  died  at  Barcelona, 
Spain,  .Jan.  9,  1873.  A  British  critic,  novelist, 
and  miseellaueous  author.  From  1840-15  he  was  a 
midshipman  in  the  royal  navy,  and  consul  at  Barcelona 
1868-73.  Among  his  works  are  "  Satire  and  Satirists  " 
(ia54),  "Studies  on  Thackeray  "(1809),  the  novels  "Single- 
ton Fontenoy  "  (1850),  "  Eustace  Couyers  "  (1855X  and  crit- 
ical essays. 

Hannibal  (han'i-bal).  [Punic,' grace  of  Baal'; 
li.  Ildiiiiihul,  F.  ifiiiniilxi/,  A)iitil)(il,lt.  Amiibale, 
Sp.  Aiiibal.']  Born  247  B.  c.  :  committed  suicide 
at  Libyssa,  Bithynia,  prol)ably  183  B.  c.  A  fa- 
mous "Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Hamilear 
Barca.  Ho  accompanied  his  father  to  Spain  about  238 ; 
succeeded  Hasdrubal  as  ctuninander  of  the  arniy-  in  221 ; 
completed  the  coiujuest  of  Spain  south  of  the  Ebro  221- 
219  ;  besieged  and  took  Saguntum  in  219 ;  crossed  the  Ali)S, 
probably  by  way  of  the  Little  St.  Bernard,  in  218  ;  gained 
the  victories  of  the  Ticino  and  the  Trebia  in  218,  of  Uike 
Trasimene  In  217,  and  of  I'annie  In  216  ;  wintereil  at  Capua 
216-215 ;  captured  Tarentum  in212  ;  marched  against  Rome 
in  211 ;  and  was  recalled  to  Africa  in  203.  He  was  defcate<l 
by  Scipio  Africanus  .Major  at  Zama  202.  He  became  the 
chief  magistrate  of  Carthage,  and  about  195  was  exiled  to 
Syria,  and  later  to  Bithynia, 

Hannibal.  A  city  in  Marion  County,  Missouri, 
situated  on  llie  .\lississippi  in  lat.  39°  44'  N., 
long.  91°  23'  W.  It  is  iiii  important  railway, 
commercial,  aiui  manufacturing  center.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  12,780. 

Hannington  (han'ing-ton).  James.  Bom  near 
Brighton.  England,  Sejit.  3,  1847:  killed  near 
Lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  Oct.  29,  1885.  An  Eng- 
lish divine,  bisliop  of  e;istern  eonatorial  .\frica. 
He  soiled  as  a  missionary  for  Africa  In  March.  18*2,  but 
shortly  returned  to  England,  He  was  appointed  bishop, 
and  returned  to  Africa  In  1884.  In  1885  lie  heiuled  an  ex- 
pedition to  open  uji  a  route  to  Victoria  Nyanrji.  With  a 
small  parly  he  reache.l  the  lake,  but  was  captured  by  the 
natives  ancl  murdered. 

Hanno  (lian'o).  King  of  Gaza,  one  of  the  live 
confedenile  cities  of  the  Pliilislines.  He  isofUn 
mentioned  by  the  name  of  llninnu  In  the  Assyrfan  In- 
scriptions, and  was  Involved  In  the  conlUcI  lietwiVn  As 
Syria  and  Egypt,  Gaiu  being  the  fronller  fortress  on  the 
Egyptian  highway  barring  the  road  lo  Ibe  south.  He  is 
first  mentloneil  In  the  annals  of  llglalh  Plleser  III.  (74.- 
727),  against  whom  he  rebelled,  but  at  the  approach  of 
whose  army  (uhcut  7:12)  he  lleil  to  Egj  pt.  Afterward  he  al- 
lied hiniseff  with  Sabaco,  the  Elbioplan  king  of  Egyjit  (the 
biblical  So,  Assyrian  Sabe),  against  Surgon  II.  (722-705), 


Hanover 

shared  the  defeat  of  Sabac  in  the  memorable  battle  of 
Raphia  (720),  and  was  cai-ried  captive  to  Assyria. 

Hanno  {han'6).  Lived  probably  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  Carthaginian  navigator  who  led 
a  colonizing  e.xpeditioii  to  the  western  coast  of 
Africa.  An  account  of  his  voyage  is  extant  in  a  Greek 
translation  ("Periplus"). 

"In  the  flourishing  times  of  Carthage  "  (no  nearer  date 
is  known),  Hanno  and  Himilco,  two  brothers  belonging  to 
the  dominant  clan  of  51ago,were  despatched  by  the  Senate 
t/>  find  new  trading  stations,  and  to  found  new  colonies  of 
the  half-bred  "  Liby-Phcenician  "  population,  from  whose 
presence  the  State  was  always  anxious  to  be  freed.  Each 
admiral  was  in  command  of  a  powerful  fleet.  Hanno  was 
dii-ected  to  go  south  from  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  and  to 
skirt  the  African  cA§st ;  Himilco  was  in  like  manner  di- 
rected to  keep  to  the  coast  of  Spain.  The  records  of  both 
voyages  were  long  preserved  upon  tablets  in  the  temple 
of  Moloch  ;  and  nanno's  account  is  still  extant  in  a  Greek 
translation.  Hiinilco's  tablet  is  lost,  though  it  seems  to 
have  been  extant  as  late  as  the  fourth  century  of  the 
Christian  era:  but  its  form  is  known  from  the  "Periplus 
of  Hanno,"  and  its  substance  is.  to  some  extent,  preserved 
in  the  extracts  of  Avienus. 

ElUni,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  20. 

Hanno  (han'6),  surnamed  "The  Great."  Lived 
in  the  3d  centvu-y  B.  c.  A  leader  of  the  aristo- 
cratic party  at  Carthage,  an  opponent  of  Hamil- 
ear Barca  and  Hannibal. 

Hanno,  or  Anno  (an'o).  Saint.  Killed  1075. 
An  archbishop  of  Cologne.  He  became  chancellor 
of  the  empire  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  and  was  elevated 
to  the  see  of  Cologne  in  1056.  In  106'2,  placing  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  princes  disaffected  with  the  administra- 
tion of  the  regent  Agnes  of  Poitou,  he  abducted  the  young 
king  Henry  IV.  from  Kaiserswerth  to  Cologne,  and  usurped 
the  regency. 

Hannover  (hiin-no'ver),  Eng.  Hanover  (han'- 

0-ver),  F.  HanO'vre  (ii-nov'r).  A  province  of 
Prussia.  Capital,  Hannover.  The  main  portion  is 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea,  Oldenburg.  Schleswig  llol- 
stein,  and  Hamburg  (separated  from  these  two  by  the  Elbe) 
on  tile  north,  Mecklenburg  and  Brandenburg  (separated  by 
the  Elbe)  on  the  northeast,  the  province  of  Saxony  on  the 
east,  Brunswick,  Waldeck,  Lippe,  Schaumburg-Lippe, 
and  Westphalia  on  the  south,  and  the  Netherlands  and 
Oldenburg  on  the  west.  It  is  nearly  cut  in  two  by  Olden- 
burg. South  of  it  is  a  detached  portion,  separated  by  Bruns- 
wick, and  reaching  south  to  Hesse-Nassau,  and  there  are 
several  minor  exclaves.  The  surface  isgenerally  level ;  the 
Harz,  Weser  hills,  and  Teutoburger  Wald  are  in  the  south. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Ems,  Weser  (with  the  Alter  and 
Leine),  and  Elbe.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture. 
In  the  south  arc  mines  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  copper,  and  silver. 
'Ihere  are  considerable  manufactures.  The  province  is  di- 
vided intoO  districts  —  Hannover,  Hildesheim.Osnabrnck, 
Liineburg,  Aurich.  and  Stade.  The  great  majority  ,>f  the 
population  is  Protestant.  Hannover  formed  part  of  the 
old  duchy  of  Saxony.  The  \\'elf  house,  which  had  ac- 
quired Bavaria  in  1070,  obtained  Luneburg.  etc.,  in  1120. 
After  the  deposition  (1180)  of  Henry  the  l,i..n,  duke  of 
Saxony  and  Bavaria,  his  son  William  obtained  (1'203)  Lune- 
burg, the  Upper  Harz,  etc.  His  son  Otto  was  made  duke 
of  Brunswick  and  Liineburg  in  1'235,  and  acquired 
Celle,  Hannover,  etc.  There  were  various  divisions  and 
reunions,  and  finally  two  main  lines,  Liineburg  and 
Wolfenbutlel.  In  1692  the  principality  of  Luneburg  be- 
came the  electorate  of  Hanover.  The  second  elector, 
George  Louis,  succeeded  to  the  British  throne  asGettrge  I. 
in  1714  (founder  of  the  British  line  of  Hanover,  Bruns- 
wick, or  the  Gnelfa  :  see  (Vcorj/c  /.).  The  duchies  of  Bre- 
men and  Verden  were  acciuired  in  1719.  Hannover  waa 
occupied  by  the  French  in  1803  ;  was  ceded  (o  lYiissia  in 
1805  ;  and  was  taken  frtmi  Prussia  in  1807.  Piut  of  it  waa 
allotted  to  the  kingdom  of  XN'estpbalia  in  1807,  and  another 
portion  in  1810.  It  was  liberated  in  1813.  By  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  (1814-15)  it  was  i-aised  to  a  kingdom,  and 
received  accessions  (East  Frieslaml,  Hildesheiin,  etc.).  It 
entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  ISl.^i.  A  constitu- 
tion was  given  lo  it  in  18.'i3,  which  was  suspended  in  18:17. 
Hannover  was  separated  fnini  Great  Britain  in  1837,  Ernest 
Augustus,  duke  iif  Cumberland,  succeeding  King  ^^'illialn 
of  England.  An  alliance  between  Prussia,  Hannover,  and 
S:ixony  wiu*  formed  in  1849.  Hamniver  sided  with  Austria 
against  Prussia  in  1806.  It  was  annexed  to  I'russia  in  186t>. 
The  Duke  of  Cumberlaiul  (representative  of  the  house  of 
the  Guelfs)  resigned  his  claims  on  Hannover  In  1S1>2,  re- 
ceiving in  exchange  from  Prussia  the  "Guelf  fund."  (See 
Bruu^wiy-k.)  Area,  14, 8.'t3 square  iiiilrs.  Population  (ItHK)), 
2,r,yo,M:i;). 
Hannover,  Eng.  Hanover.    The  capital  of  the 

province  of  Haiinovc  r.  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leino  in  Int.  52°  23'  N.,  long.  9°  43'  E.  It  haa 
recently  become  an  important  railway,  coinmerclal,  and 
raanufactiniiig  center.  It  nninufaclilres  Iron,  machinery, 
etc.  Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  the  Waterloo 
column,  war  nionuinent,  Kestner  mu^ellnl,  palace,  Markt- 
kirehe,  museum,  picture-gallery,  Rathaus,  and  theater. 
Near  the  city  are  the  lleiTcnhaiisen  castle  and  the  poly- 
technic schotil  (former  HV/^';i-.'i*/i/<ww).  It  was  an  ancient 
llanseatfc  town  and  a  former  ducal  and  royal  capital. 
I'opulallon  (I'.illO),  nilh  sniinrbs,  '2:15, <^,. 
Hanoi  l  liil-no'i),  or  Kesho  (kesh'6).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tongking,  situated  iilionl  hit.  21°  10'  N., 
long.  105°  40'  E..  on  tlie  river  Siingkoi  or  Son(j- 
ka.      11    was  occnpieil   by  tlie   French   in   18S2. 

Hanotaux  ihan-6-t6').  Albert  Auguste  Ga- 
briel, llorn  at  Beaunvoir,  .\isiie.  Fi-ance.  Nov. 
19,  1853.  A  French  author  niid  statesman,  min- 
ister of  foreign  atTairs  1S94-95  and  lS0t>-98. 

Hanover.    See  Ilnnnortr. 

Hanover.  .\  town  in  Grafton  County,  New 
llnnipshire,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  River. 
It  is  tlic  sent  of  Dnrtinouth  College  (which  see). 
Population  (Ih'JOJ,  1,817. 


Hanover,  House  of 

Hanover,  House  of.  The  present  reigning 
family  of  tlie  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Bi'itain 
and  Ireland.     See  George  I. 

Hanover,  Treaty  of.  An  alliance  for  mutual 
aid  concluded  between  England,  France,  and 
Prussia,  Sept.,  1725.  It  was  directed  against 
the  union  between  Austria  and  Spain. 

Hanover  Court  House.  The  capital  of  Han- 
over County,  Virginia,  17  miles  north  of  Rich- 
mond. Here,  Hay  27, 1862,  the  Union  general  P'itz-John 
Porter  defeated  a  force  of  13.000  Confederates.  The  Union 
loss  was  397 :  that  of  the  Confederates,  between  200  and 
3J0  killed,  and  730  captured. 

Hanover  Square.  A  square  ^n  the  West  End 
of  London,  south  of  Oxford  street  and  west  of 
Regent  street.  It  received  its  name  in  the  days  of  the 
early  popnlarity  of  George  I.  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square, 
is  the  most  fashionable  church  for  maiTiages  in  London: 
it  gives  name  to  one  of  the  p.arliamentarj'  borougfis.  The 
squai-e  was  built  about  1731,  when  the  place  for  executions 
was  removed  from  Tybui'n,  lest  the  inhabitants  of  the 
*'  new  square"  should  be  annoyed  liy  them.  Tlie  bronze 
statue  of  William  Pitt  in  the  square  is  by  Chan  trey  (1831). 
Hare,  London,  11.  138. 

Hansa,  The.     See  Hanseatlc  League. 

Hansard  (han'sard),  Luke.  Born  at  Norwich, 
England,  July  5,  17.5:! :  died  at  London,  Oct. 
29, 1828.  An  English  printer,  best  known  from 
his  publication  of  parliamentary  reports.  He 
printed  the  ".Journal  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons from  1774." 

Hanseatic  League  (han-se-at'ik  leg),  or  the 
German  Hanse  or  Hansa.  A  medieval  con- 
federation of  cities  of  northern  Germany  and 
adjacent  countries,  called  the  Hanse  tovms,  at 
one  time  numbering  about  90,  with  afiSliated 
cities  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Europe,  for  the  pro- 
motion of  commerce  by  sea  and  land,  and  for 
its  protection  against  pirates,  robbers,  and  hos- 
tile governments.  At  the  height  of  its  prosperity  it 
exercised  sovereign  powers,  made  treaties,  and  often  en- 
forced its  claims  by  arms  in  Scandinavia,  England,  Portu- 
gal, and  elsewhere.  Its  origin  is  commonly  dated  from 
a  compact  between  Hamburg  and  Lubeck  in  1241,  al- 
though commercial  unions  of  German  towns  had  existed 
previously.  The  league  held  triennial  general  assem- 
blies (usually  at  Liibeck,  its  chief  seat) ;  and,  after  a  long 
period  of  decline  and  attempts  at  resuscitation,  the  last 
general  assembly,  representing  6  cities,  was  held  in  166y. 
The  name  was  retained,  however,  by  the  union  of  the  free 
cities  of  Lubeck,  Hamburg,  and  Bremen,  which  are  now 
members  of  the  German  Empire. 

Hansen  (han'sen),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Haders- 
leben,  Schleswig,  Nov.  23,  1821 :  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, July  11,  1890.  A  Danish  architectural 
painter. 

Hansen,  Peter  Andreas.  Bom  at  Tondem, 
Schleswig.  Dee.  8,  1795:  died  at  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, March  28,  1874.  A  noted  German  as- 
tronomer (originally  a  watchmaker),  director 
of  the  observatory  at  Gotha  from  1825.  He 
wrote  "  Methode  zur  Berechnung  der  absoluten  Stbrun- 
gen  derkleinen  Planeten  "(l&56-59\  "Tables  de  la  lime" 
(1857),  '•  Tables  du  soleil"  (with  Olafsen,  1854-67),  etc. 

Hansi  (han'se).  A  town  in  the  Panjab,  India, 
80  miles  northwest  of  Delhi.  Population,  about 
12,000. 

Hansom  (han'som),  Joseph  Aloysius.  Born 
at  York,  England,  Oct.  26,  1803 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  29, 1882.  An  English  architect,  inven- 
tor of  a  patent  safety  cab  which  was  named  from 
him  the  "  Hansom."  The  principal  feature  of  the 
original  vehicle  was  the  "suspended"  axle.  It  had  no  out- 
side seat. 

Hansteen  (han'stan),  Christopher.    Bom  at 

Christiania,  Norway,  Sept.  26,  1784:  died  at 
Christiania.  April  15,  1873.  A  Norwegian  as- 
tronomer and  physicist,  noted  especially  for 
his  researches  in  terrestrial  magnetism.  He 
published  "  Untersuchungen  iiber  den  Magnetismus  der 
Erde  '  (1819),  "  Resultate  magnetiscber,  etc.,  Beobachtun- 
gen  "  (1863),  etc. 

Hanswurst  (hans'vorst).  [G.,' Jack  Sausage.'] 
A  conventional  buffoon  in  old  German  comedy. 
See  Gottsclicd. 

He  was  servant,  messenger,  spy,  intrigant,  and  conjuror, 
and  was  dressed  in  motley  and  provided  with  a  crack- 
ing whip,  like  the  old  gleeman.  He  was  obscene  and  vul- 
gar, a  great  eater  and  drinker,  a  braggart  and  a  coward. 
He  was  the  hero  of  farce  and  the  jester  of  tragedy,  and  he 
even  forced  his  way  into  Hamburg  Opera  .  .  .  He  went 
under  different  names  at  different  periods,  Pickelheiing, 
Harlequin,  and  Hanswurst  being  the  most  frequent.  .  .  . 
.\s  early  as  1708  a  German  theatre  was  estatdished  in  the 
imperial  capital,  and  its  founder,  Joseph  Stranitzky,  a  Si- 
lesian,  made  extensive  use  of  the  characters  and  plots  of 
Italian  f:u-ce:  he  himself  acted  Harlequin,  to  whom  he 
gave  the  old  German  name  of  Hanswurst,  a  title  borne 
occasionally  by  the  clown  of  the  earlier  drama.  He  made 
him  appeal  more  d  irectly  to  the  Viennese.  His  Hanswurst 
came  from  S-alzburg,  just  as  the  Italian  .^rlecchino  came 
from  Bergamo,  and  both  were  made  to  speak  in  their  na- 
tive dialect.  As  Arlecchino  has  his  own  special  costume, 
made  of  triangular  patches  of  cloth,  so  Hanswurst  always 
appeared asa  peasant  with  the  characteristic  green  pointed 
hat.  Scherer,  Hist.  German  Lit.  (trans.).  I.  398. 


480 

Hantiwi  (han-te'we),  or Hantewa  (han-ta'wa). 

An  almost  extinct  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians.    See  Palaihidhan. 

Hants.     See  Hampshire. 

Hanuman  (ha 'no-man).  [Skt.,  lit.  'having 
(large)  jaws.']  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  monkey 
chief  who  is  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  Rama- 
yana.  He  and  the  other  monkeys  who  assisted  Rama  in 
his  war  against  Rjivana  were  of  di\ine  origin  and  superhu- 
man powers.  Hanuman  jumped  from  India  to  Ceylon  in 
one  bound,  toi'e  up  trees,  carried  away  the  Himalayas,  and 
performed  other  wonderful  exploits.  Accompanying  Rama 
on  his  return  to  Ayodhya,  he  received  from  him  the  reward 
of  perpetual  life  and  youth.  His  exploits  are  favorite 
topics  among  Hindus  from  childhood  to  old  age,  paintings 
of  them  .are  common,  and  there  are  temples  for  his  worship. 

Hanumannataka  (han"o-man-nat'a-ka).  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  a  di-ama,  by  various  hands, 
on  the  subject  of  the  adventures  of  the  mon- 
key chief  Hanuman,  written  in  the  10th  or  11th 
century. 

Hanway(han'wa),  Jonas.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  Aug.  12,  1712:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
5, 1786.  An  English  traveler  and  philanthropist. 
He  became  the  partner  of  an  English  merchant  in  St. 
Petersbiu-g  in  1743 ;  and  1743-44  made  a  mercantile  jour- 
ney to  Persia,  in  which  he  suffered  many  misfortunes. 
He  published  an  account  of  it  in  175;^.  His  later  years 
were  occupied  with  various  philanthropic  schemes,  espe- 
cially in  behalf  of  poor  children.  He  advocated  the  es- 
tablishment of  Sunday-schools.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  fii-st  habitually  to  carry  an  umbreUa  in  the  streets  of 
London. 

Hanyang  (han-yang').  A  large  city  Ln  China, 
nearly  adjoining  Hankow  (which  see). 

Hapafanda  (ha-pa-ran'da),  properly  Haapa- 
ranta  (ha-pa-rSn'ta).  A  small  town  in  the  laen 
of  Norrbotten,  Sweden,  situated  at  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  opposite  TorneS,,  on  the 
boundarv  of  Sweden  and  Finland,  in  lat.  65° 
51'  N.,  long.  24°  2'  E. 

Hapi  (ha'pe).  InEg^T)tian  mythology,  the  NUe 
as  a  deity;  the  god  Nilus. 

We  can  more  easily  understand  the  worship  of  the  god 
Hapi,  the  Nile.  We  can  readily  realise  that  the  Egyptians 
paitl  divine  honours  to  the  river  that  brought  tliem  all 
blessings.  It  is  true  no  special  temples  seem  to  have  been 
erected  to  this  god,  but  we  find  that  gifts  were  presented 
to  him  everywhere,  and  he  was  worshipped  as  a  god  in 
hymns  and  was  identified  with  other  gods. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion  (trans.),  p.  411. 

Hapitu.     See  Tusayan. 

Happy  Valley,  The.  In  Johnson's  '■  Rasselas," 
a  garden  of  peace  where  the  Prince  of  Abyssinia 
lived.  It  was  almost  impossible  to  get  into  or 
out  of  it.     See  Eassel^s. 

Hapsburg  (haps'berg;  G.  pron.  haps'boro),  or 
Habsburg(haps'b6rG). House  of.  [G. Hapsburg, 
Mab.iburij, ovig.  flai//(7(fe'Z»iHY/,hawk'scastle.]  A 
German  princely  family  which  derived  its  name 
from  the  castle  of  Hapsburg  (which  see),  and 
which  has  furnished  sovereigns  to  the  Holy  Ro- 
man Empire.  Austria,  and  Spain.  The  title  Count 
of  Hapsburg  was  .assumed  by  Werner  I.,  who  died  in  1096. 
Count  Rudolf  was  elected  empel-or  as  Rudolf  I.  in  1273 
and  acquired  Austria,  and  founded  the  imperial  line  which 
reigned  1273-91,  1298-1308,  1438-1740.  Rudolf  IV.  became 
archduke  of  Austria  in  1453.  In  1477  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.  acquired  the  domain  (except  the  duchy)  of  the 
ducal  house  of  Burgundy  by  marriage  with  the  heir- 
ess Mary,  and  in  1490  had  all  the  Hapsburg  possessions 
united  in  his  hands  by  the  abdication  of  Count  Sigismund. 
His  son  Philip  the  Fair  married  Joanna  the  Insane,  qneen 
of  Aragon  and  Castile.  Their  eldest  son  became  king  of 
Spain  as  Charle*  I.  in  1516,  and  emperor  as  Charles  V.  in 
1519;  their  second  son  Ferdinand  received  the  Austrian 
crown,  to  which  he  added  by  election  the  kingdoms 
of  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  The  Spanish  line  was  continued 
by  Charles's  son  Philip  II.,  and  reigned  1516-1700.  On  the 
abdication  of  the  imperial  c^o^vn  by  Charles  V.  in  1550.  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Ferdinand,  who  continued 
the  imperial  line,  the  last  male  representative  of  which 
was  Charles  VI.  On  the  death  of  Charles  VI.  in  1740,  his 
daughter  Maria  Theresa  succeeded  to  the  Austrian  inher- 
itance by  virtue  of  the  pragmatic  sanction  (which  see). 
She  married  Francis  I.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  of  the  house 
of  Lorraine,  who  became  emperor  in  174.5,  and  founded 
the  Hapsburg-Lorraine  line,  members  of  which  ruled  as 
emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  until  its  aliolition  in 
1806,  and  have  since"  ruled  as  emperors  of  Austria. 

Hapsburg  Castle.    See  the  extract. 

Hapsburg  is  a  castle  (built  about  A.  D.  1020)  in  the  Aar- 
gau  on  the  banks  of  the  Aar,  and  near  the  line  of  railway 
from  Olten  to  Zurich,  from  a  point  on  which  a  glimpse  of 
it  maybe  had.  "Within  the  ancient  walls  of  Vindonissa," 
says  Gibbon, "  the  castle  of  Hapsburg.  the  abbey  of  Konigs- 
felden,  and  the  town  of  Brugg  have  successively  arisen. 
The  philosophic  traveller  may  compare  the  monuments  of 
Roman  conquests,  of  feudal  or  .\ustrian  tyranny,  of  monk- 
ish superstition,  and  of  industrious  freedom.  If  he  be 
truly  a  philosopher,  he  will  applaud  the  merit  and  happi- 
ness of  his  own  time. "    Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p  213. 

Hapur  (ha-por').     A  town  near  Meerut,  India. 

Har.     Same  as  Hormahliu. 

Hara  (hii'ra).     In  Hindu  mythology,  a  name  of 

Sliiva. 
Haraforas.    See  Alfures. 
Harald.     See  Harold. 
Haran  (ha'ran).     [Heb.  Haran,  Assyro-Baby- 


Hardee 

Ionian  Barranu,  Gr.  Xappav,  L.  Carrie  or  Char- 
i-(7.]  A  city  in  Mesopotamia,  situated  on  the 
Bellas  (Belich,  ancient  Bihchus),  a  small  affl^ 
ent  of  the  Euphrates,  10  hours  southeast  fron 
Edessa.  The  Assyrian  meaning  of  the  name  is  'roa" 
probably  so  called  as  the  crossing-point  of  the  Syrian,  As- 
syrian, and  Babylonian  trade  routes.  In  the  Old  Testament 
it  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  patriarchs,  and 
Ezekiel  (xxvii.  23)  speaks  of  it  as  a  considerable  trading 
center.  It  is  often  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions. It  was  an  ancient  seat  of  the  worship  of  the  moon* 
god  Sin ;  and  >'abun,aid,  the  last  Babylonian  king  (65fr- 
538  B.  c),  relates  that  Sin,  in  a  dream,  commanded  him 
to  restore  his  temple  E-hul-hul  ('house  of  joy ')  in  Haran, 
which  was  destroyed  by  the  Scythians  during  their  inva- 
sion under  Asurbanip^.  Naltunaid  thereupon  restored 
or  rather  completed  the  restoration  of  the  temple,  and 
adorned  the  city.  Haran  became  famous  among  the 
Romans,  being  near  the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  Crassus  by 
the  Parthians.  About  the  time  of  the  Christian  era  it  ap- 
pears to  have  formed  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Edessa.  After- 
ward it  came  with  that  kingdom  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Romans.  In  the  4th  century  it  was  the  seat  of  a  bishop. 
At  present  it  is  a  sraaU  village  inhabited  by  a  few  Arab 
families. 

Harar  (ha-rar'),  or  Hurrur  (hor-ror').  1.  A 
small  state  in  the  Galla  country,  eastern  Africa. 
—  2.  The  oapital  of  Harar,  situated  about  lat. 
9°  23'  N.,  long.  42°  E.   Population,  about  37,000. 

Harari  (ha-ra're),  or  Adarl  (ii-dii're).  A  Se- 
mitic dialect,  mixed  with  Hamitic  words,  spoken 
only  in  the  important  city  and  small  state  of 
Harar.  The  language  is  allied  with  Geez  and 
Amharic.     The  people  are  Mohammedans. 

Harbour  Grace  (har'bor  gras).  A  seaport  in 
southeastern  Newfounciland,  situated  on  Con- 
ception Bay  29  miles  west-northwest  of  St. 
•John's.     Popidation  (1901),  5.184. 

Harburg  (har'boro).  A  river  port  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  south- 
ern ami  of  the  Elbe  6  miles  south  of  Hamburg. 
It  is  increasing  in  importance.  Population 
(1890),  3.5,081. 

Harcourt  (har'kort).  1.  A  character  in  Shak- 
sperp's  "Henry  IV.,"  part  2. —  2.  A  character 
in  Wyeherley's  play  "The  Country  Wife." 

Harcourt,  Siinon,  first  Viscount  Harcourt.  Born 
about  1661:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1727.  An 
English  politician.  Hew:is  attorney-general  1707-08, 
and  again  in  1710 ;  became  keeper  of  the  great  seal  in  1710 ; 
and  was  appointed  lord  chancellor  in  1713.  He  lost  hie 
office  in  1714.  He  was  a  friend  of  Pope,  Swift,  Gay,  and 
other  literarj'  men  of  his  day. 

Harcourt,  Simon,  first  Earl  Harcourt.  Bom 
1714:  died  at  Nuneham,  Sept.  16, 1777.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  general.  Hewas  appointed  am- 
bassador at  Paris  in  1768.  and  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land Oct.,  1772. -Jan.,  1777. 

Harcourt,  William,  third  Earl  Harcourt.  Bom 
March  20, 1743:  died  June  18,  1830.  An  English 
soldier.  He  took  part  in  the  Revolutionarj'  War  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  in  1776  captured  General  Charles  Lee 
in  his  own  camp  (a  service  fur  which  he  was  promoted 
colonel):  and  became  major-general  in  1783,  general  in 
1796,  and  fleld-marsh;U  in  1820. 

Harcourt,  Sir  William  George  Granville  Ven- 

ables  Vernon.  Born  Oct.  14,  1827.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  grandson  of  Edward  Vernon  Har- 
court, archbishop  of  York,  and  a  descendant  of 
the  first  Earl  of  Harcoiu't.  He  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Cambridge,  and  called  to  the  bar  in  1854.  He 
entered  Parliament  (for  Oxfor<l)  in  IbCS.sat  for  UaUy  1880- 
1895,  and  fur  West  Monmouthshire-  1895-.  He  was  solici- 
tor-general 1873-74,  home  secretaiy  1880-85.  and  chancel- 
lor of  the  exchequer  in  1886, 1892-94,  and  1894-95.  From 
March.  1894.  to  Dec,  1898,  he  was  leader  of  the  Liberal 
party  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  wrote  in  the  "Times," 
under  the  signature  of  Historicus.  a  series  of  letters  on 
international  biw.  which  were  republished  in  1863. 
Hardanger  Fjord  (har'diing-er  fyord).  One  of 
the  most  famous  fjords  of  Norway,  off  the  south- 
western coast.'about  lat.  60°  N.  It  extends,  under 
various  names,  northeastward  and  then  southward.  It  iB 
inclosed  by  mountains  and  snow-fields,  and  is  noted  foritfl 
grandeur.  Near  it  are  the  Folgefond  and  the  Vbringsfos. 
Length,  75  miles. 

Hard  Cash.    See  Very  Hard  Cash. 

Hardcastle  (hard'kas-l),  Kate.  In  Goldsmith's 
play  • '  She  .Stoops  to  Conquer,"  the  lively  daugh- 
ter of  Squire  Hardcastle.  She  takes  the  part  of  a 
barmaid  in  order  to  win  Marlowe,  who  is  afraid  of  ladies, 
and  so  "stoops  to  conquer." 

Hardcastle,  Squire  and  Mrs.  Characters  in 
Goldsmith's  play  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer."  The 
squire  is  an  English  countiy  gentleman  of  the  old  school, 
fond  of  eveiything  old.  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  his  second  wife, 
is  an  extremely  "genteel  "  lady  who  devotes  herself  to  the 
spoiling  of  her  ungrateful  hobbledehoy  of  a  son,  Tony 
Lumpkin. 

Hardee  (har'de),  William  J.  Bom  at  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  Oct.  10, 1815 :  died  at  Wytheville,  Va., 
Nov.  6,  1873.  An  American  soldier.  He  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1838,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Mexican  war.  He  entered  the  Confederate  army  with 
the  rank  of  colonel  at  the  outbre;ik  of  the  Civil  War ;  com- 
manded a  corps  at  Shiloh  ;  was  appointed  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  Oct.,  1862  ;  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Con- 
federate army  at  Perryville  :  and  in  Dec.  18t>4.  commanded 
the  army  which  defended  Savannah  against  .-herman. 


flardenberg                                                            481  Harless 

1  ITardpnherff  (har'deu-bero)    Georff  Friedrich     retaryl36T-«8,  secretary  for  war  1874-78.  secretary  for  India  also  wrote  a  iiumber  of  poUtical  tracts.    He  is  best  known 

Bkflf^^  Jnn  •   ,L,;,1  n    t  ,,   TJn^a  lf=       RoTi,    ,  f      1878-«>.  ^n^^rd  president  of  the  council  18S5^  and  l(iS«-  now  as  the  author  of  the  couplet 

'    ^ft^^tldrnrar  teeM    ?iu.si-.    m"v  '•       ?892-,  He  was  raiLlw  the  pee-^-e  as  Viscount  C^nbrook  ..Treason  doth  never  prosper :  whafs  the  reason! 

-i  .     ?  1     V  near  JlaiisIelU,   l  I  u^.^ia,  .MdJ    .,      ,„  i878,  and  was  created  earl  of  Cranbro..k  m  1892.  j.^^  -^ ,(         j,^^  „J,^  ji^„  call  it  treason." 

1,72:  died  at  Weissenf  els,  Prussia   Match  2:),  Hardy,  Latitia.Iu  Mrs.  Cowley's  c-omedy'- The  r  i^      ta-    .    .w            s        oq  irvi 

1801.    A  noted  German  poet  and  litterateur.    He     Belle's  Strata-'eui  "  a  voune  girl  betrothed  to  Harmgton,Jolm.  Died  at  Worms,  Aug.  23, 1613. 

wrote  the  novel  "Heinrich  von  oftcrdingcn,"  and  lyric     „^ :„„,_*    „^  °             ,/  ^,   .   j..            ,  .'    ,     •  .Vu  Knt;lish  nobleman, the  tirst  Lord  liariUKtou. 

poems.     His  works  were  published  in  1802.                               UoneOUTt.   She  is  piqued  by  his  mdilference  into playini!  He  waa  the  cousin  of  Sir  .lohn  HarinKton.     In  1«J3  he  re- 

Hardenberg.  Prince  Karl  August  von.    Bom    ^^^^^^^^C^^:r^':;:Su^i::^::^^  ^i^lS'i^STl^l-^^^l^y  "^'^^^ ed't"r  n^'eSa 

at  EssenroSe,  Hannover  Prussia,  May  31, 1750:  Hardy.  .Sir  Thomas.     Born    1709:  died    lS:!i1.  rr!!,n  thUrl?i.Lrrof\^,f  ■oinpo^Jdfr^tt/'e^^^^^ 

died  at  Otenoa,  Mov.  2b,  1822.    A  Pnissian  states-     An  Enu'lisli  naval  coiniiiander.  with  her  to  Coventry.    In  IBia  he  had  a  royal  patent  for 

man.     He  entered  the  I'russian  ministry  in  1791 ;  was  Haxdv  ThomaS      Born  in  Dorset,  June  2,  1840.  coining  brass  farthiiiKs  for  3  years,  granted  to  reimburse 

minister  of  foreign  atfai.slSM-«i  and  1807;  andwasmade       ,      Kri'.'lJHli  novelist       Hi,  works  include  "  I)esi>en.to  Wi" 'or  expenses  incurred  by  her  extravagance.    These  t»- 

chancellor  in  1810,  and  president  of  the  councU  in  1817.      „  ".r^i     ■'  /,V«a     ..ii  V„.  ..,     ,°^»  kens  were  called  "  Haringtons  '  in  ordinary  conversation. 

His  me,n..irs  were 'edited  by  Von  Eanke  in  1877.                       S*"'"^  "/„,  ^X*'  j-  "''•'^^Is^s';  .Vj-*^"  ^^f  the  Maddnt  ^e  went  abroad  as  royal  commissioner  to  se_ttle  the  joint- 

Harderwijk(har'dei-wik).    Atownintheprov-     Crtw^d'''(18kx"Tl,VH™Ht.hefbTrta'» 

ince  of  Cielderland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the     turn  of  tlic  .\ativo  ••(1«78),  ••  The  Trumpet-Major"  (l.-si. ,  Hanri  ( ha  re  re),  the  surname  of  AbU  MObam- 

Znvder  Zee  31  miles  east  of  Amsterdam      It  was      "'''"'"  ""  "  1'o«<"'"  (1S«-).  "-*  "roup  of  Noble  Dame.-  '  med  Kasim  ben  All.      [Ar.   Iiann.   silk-mer- 

folJ^tl    an  fnfpornrH?nsLnVp\H:a,S  theseat  o""      'Ss'-'^aS,")'  ''lude'lt;"ob";i"1r^9;''-seHam''in  ^•^""'■J     '*"■•"  "'  ^^^^^  '^^^""^  10^=   '"'"^  '''"«• 

university  from  lt>48  to  1818.    Population  (1891),  7.6»4.          '■  Hi]^,Ws  ilt-azinJ  ■'  t,  •' Ilelrt^^^^^  about  1122.     An  Arabian  poet.    The  most  famous 

Hardicanute  (har'di-ka-nut'J.      [Also  Harde-  Hardvn?  oi'Hardin?  (hii-'dinL')"  John      Born  of  his  works  are  hisMakamat  (■assemblies' or 'stances'), 

^rr,Zu     nnr,1n,;,,if     TT„,-H,n,;i„t  ■    TiU .     FI„nli    '^ o- J^-^' i     ,       .  ,  ,7^  ^   i      ^    h-   .      .     "    ■  consisting of.'.Ooratoiical, poetical. moral, encomiastic, and 

canuh,  Haraainut     Uattliacimt ,    ML,.    -"''''''-      13/8:  diod  ab.mt  14().).     An  English  chronicler,  satirical  discourses,  supposed  to  have  been  spoken  or  read 

eanutus.   Ab.   Hartliacmit.}      iSoru  about   lOlS):      a*  a  y.,uth  he  was  a  nieml>er  of   the  household  of  Harry  in  public  assemblies.     It  is  ciuisidered  among  the  Arabs 

died  at  Lambeth,  near  London,  June  8,  1042.      Percy  (HotspurX  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  sinews-  as  a  literai-y  classic  next  onlj  to  the  Koran.    Itwaglnpart 

Kinff  of  Enelaud  1040-4'    son  of  Canute  and     '""'.^'-    He  fouglit  also  at  the  battle  of  llomildon  and  nt  translated  into  English  by  Preston  and  fhcncry  ;  a  free 

tL.™        f  V, .„.,.,  „rl,r       n~'i              ,■        .  T^            ■       Agincourt.     He  was  constable  of  .Sir  Robert  Inifrevilles  Oerman  translation  of  the  whole  w..rk  by  Ruckert  exists, 

tmma  ot  :y  oinuaudy.      He  became  king  of  Denmark     castle  at  Kyme.  LincijlnBhire,  from  HSa.    UU  chroni.le  is  and  there  is  an  edition  of  the  original  by  .Silvestre  de  Sacy. 

iuioso,  and  nominal  king  of  the  West  Saxons  in  the  same     written  in  Englisli  verse,  and  comes  cl„«n  to  al>.iut  14:ti;.  tt„„-„-u„v~„  j_,   ,i,„  ,.;«!,  ,.l,..„'.l,...i       Tt,  Hiiwln 

year,  his  half-brother  Haloid  being  king  of  the  north.    .See     He  is  best  known  in  connection  with  certain  docnn,.  nth  Hanshchandra  (ha-rish-chal    » ha).      In  Hindu 

Uarold.                                                                                     forged  liy  him  nlatiiig  to  the  feudal  relations  of  the  »iot.  mythology,  the  twenty-eighth  king  of  the  30- 

Harding(har'ding),  Chester.   BomatConway,     tish  and  English  crowns.  lar  race,  celebrated  for  his  piety  and  justice. 

Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1792:  died  at  Boston,  April  1,  BUire  (bar).  The.    A  constellation.     See  Lepua.  He  is  the  subject  of  legends  in  the  Aitareyabrahmana. 

1866.     .An  American  portrait-painter.                     Hare,    Augustus   John    Cuthbert.       Born    at  Mahabharata,  and  Markandevapurana.      The  first  tells 

Harding^  James  DuAeld.     Born  at  Deptford,     K„m,..  March   13,  IS34:  died  at  8t.  Leonards,  '^^ ^^^l.^ll^Z^^^f^^T^^^jSl^  "^ ''' ''''"''^ 

Kent,  1/98  :  died  at  Banies,  Surrey   1863.    An     Jan.  22,1^103   An  English  author,  ncphewof  J.  C.  ^^^  (har'it),  or  Harita  (har'i-ta).    [Skt.,'  fal- 

English  landscape-pamter,  and  writer  on  art.     and  A.  W.  Hare.   He  wrote  "Walks  in  Rome"  (1871),  ,„„  ,  i  ,,„ii„...  ;  i, ,,.,„,„  n     t>i  ITiniln  rnvtliolnirv 

He  was  a  successful  teacher  of  his  art,  and  pub-     -Memorial.^  of  a  Quiet  Life"   (187^1    •;  Wan.lerings  in  '^!^'     .>;''"".'  Tiidra   or  the  sun   tN-^cal  of  tis 

lisbpd  cdiicntininl  works  imon  it                                 .Spam"  (W7:i),"  Days  near  Rome"  (18.4),"Citiesol  Nortli-  tUo  males  ot  Inoia,  or  tile  sun,  ly-picai  ot  Lis 

lisueuedutaxioiiai  woiKsuponii.                            ern  ami  Central  Italy  "  (I87i;i,  "Walks  in  Lon,lon"(iH78r,  rays:  according  to  Max  MuUer,  the  prototj-pe 

Harding,  John,     bee  Uunlyng.                                    "Citiesof  Southern  ItJily,  etc."  (1883).  "Cities  of  Central  of  the  Greek  Charites. 

Hardinge(har'ding),  Sir  Henry  first  Viscount     Italy"(l884),-studi«in  Russia"  (l&s.'^„,"Pari3"(1887).  Harivansha   (ha-ri-van'sha).     In  Sanskrit  lit- 

Haiduigeot  Lahore.     Boi-n  at  Wrotham,  Kent,  Hare,  Augnstus  William    Born  at  Rome  Nov.  eiuturc,  •  Hari's  (i.e.  Vishnu-Krishna's)  race': 

Match  30,   1780 :  died  near  Tunbridge  Wells,     1M,92  :  died  at  Koiuc,  1- eb.  18  1834.     AnEn^-  the  title  of  a  poem  of  10,374  verses,    it  purpoHs 

Sept.   24.    18.^6.     A.n    English   general,   distin-     lish  clergyman,  brother  of  J.  C.  Hare,  and  his  ^  ^e  a  part  of  the  SIah3bhaI■at!^  but  is  of  much  later 

guished  througliout  the  Peninsular  war  and  at     collaborator  in  "  Guesses  at  Truth.'  date.    The  first  part  treat.s  of  the  creation  and  of  the  pa- 

Ligny.     Hewassecretiiryatwar  under  Wellington  July,  Hare,  JuliuS  Charles.   Born  at  Valdagno, Italy,  triarchal  and  regal  dynasties  ;  the  second,  of  the  life  and 

1828,-July,  1830:  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  .luly-Nov.,     Sept.  13,  179.):  died  at  Hurstmonceaux,  Sussex,  advcnturesof  kri6hna;thcthird,oftliefutureof  t  henorld 

1830,a„dl8»4-35;secret.u-y  at  war  1811-14;  and  governor.     England,  Jan.  23,  1855.    Au  English  divine  and  ?i^  ^;,rsm.Tof^mii^    ^  ^''^'-    "  "^  I"-"b"Wy  «•"'- 

ueneral  of  India  1814-18,  serving  as  second  m  command     r;    ",       .'    ,         •^'     „„,.i, j^  .    „„  „f  T  o,..oo  1SJ.n  4.      ,                 I,  ..,,-..,  .r^               t     i^.       r. 

underOough  in  the  first  .Sikh  war.    He  w.as  commander-     theological  writer,  archdeacon  of  Lewes  184U.  Harkaway(hark'a-wa'), Grace.  InDionBouei- 

iii  eliief  of  the  British  array  1852-66,  and  was  made  Held-     He  held  the  living  of  Hurstmonceaux  fronim32     Among  a^n/^  comedv  "Loudon  jLssurance,"  a  young 

moshd  in  ISI'i                                                                                his  works  are  "  Mission  of  the  Comforter    (1840) ;  "  1  he  ,■<■,.;.,„                                        i         j          => 

in.ii»n,uinisDO.                  ,,.».,.      iu      C.-1               Conte8twithRome"(18.W);  "Vindication  of  Luther  ■ilSii);  woman  ol  fortune, 

Hardoi  (hur  do-e).     A  district  in  the  bitapur     conjointly  with  A.  W.  Hare,  "Guesses  at  Truth"  (I8i!7).|  Harlan  (hiU-'lan),  James.    Born  in  Clark  Couu- 

division,  Oudh,  Northwest  Provinces,  British  H^jg  Robert.     Born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  17,  ty.  111..  Aug. '2'),  1820:  died  at  Mount  Pleasant, 

India,  intersected  bylat.  27°  30' N.,  long.  80°  10'     lyyj.  jip,i  .^^  Pliiladclphia,  May  15,  1858.     An  Iowa,  Get.  5,  1899.    An  American  Republican 

E.  Area,  2,325  square  miles.   Population  (1891),     American  chiinisl.    He  was  professor  of  chemistry  in  (originally  a  Whig)  politician.     He  was  tinted 

1,113,211.                                                                                       the  medical  ib-p.-irtimnt  of  the  I'niversity  of  Pennsylvania  States  senator  from  loMfca  18&5-05  ;  secretary  of  the  inte- 

Hardouin    (ard-oah'),    Jean      Born   at  Quim-     I8I8-17.    He  invented  the  calorimotor  in  ISUi.     Howrote  rior  18i)f>-«(l;  and  I  nited  States  senator  1800-7.%  when  he 

per  1646-  died  at  Paris  Sept'3  1729    AFrcnch      "Clieinical  Apiuiratus  and  Manipulations  "(1830),  etc.  became  editor  ot  llie  "  WiL^hingt.m  Chronicle." 

Jesuit  classical  scholar',  numismatist,  and chro-  Harefoot,  Harold.     Soo  Harold.  Harlan,  John  Marshall.     Born  in  Boyle  Coiin- 

nologist.    He  mauitained  in  the  "Prolegomena  ad  cen-  Harflour  (iir-fler' ).  A  seaport  ill  the  department  ty,  Ky.,  .lime  1,  1.S33     An  Aiuerican  jurist.     He 

•uratnveterumscriptorum"  the  parado.x  that,  withafew     of  Soino-Inff  rieure,  northern  1  ranee,  situated  graduated  from  the  law  department  of 'TrTinsylvania  t  ni- 

exceptions,  all  the  works  ascribed  to  classical  antiquity     „u  the  Lezarde,  near  the  mouth  ot  the  Seine,  6  yersity  in  1853,  was  attorney-general  of  kentueky  1803- 

h^ieeenforgedbymonksinthemh  century;  under  the     ^j,,,  ^^,j  ,,,.  j,'^„,._    This  was  formerly  an  important  *,  -,>^beea,n^ 

direction  of  a  certain  Severus  Archontlns.     He  also  at-      ,„.„„.,      rt  ,»•.,.,  iwi....n.-riiniiMl  bv  the  Fnulish  in  the  15th  Pri""^  "^  ourt  in  isi  1. 

tacked  the  genuineness  of  ancient  coins  and  of  all  church     f«»P;  r';    \^  *-,'f|,;,7,;;,^°s5n'';";,,,^,„„V  Harland  (hiir'lau.l),  Marion.     The  pseudo.iJTU 

councils  before  that  of  Trent.                                          ,  ■Lr„-.™o^==  /)'■:,.' ,...i,.,i    V,ir,,^,^A  U-ummnnA  "f  Mrs.  Terhuue  (Mary  Virginia  Hawes). 

Hardt  (hart)  Mountains^    A^^oontin^ation  of  Hargraves^(l;ar  g.a^._).  _E^^^  2arlaw  (har-la').\  A  ilacels  miles  northwest 

and. 


the  Vosges  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria.         "l^  .,,;.'  ^'^'^''i'^^^^^^^^  of  Abcnicen.  Scotlan.l.    Here  the  Highlander,  who 

Hard  Times.     A  novel  by  Di.-kens,  published     ''S  '/•'"»"  andniinei,the<118COVererottliegOia-  ^^^^.^^  _,  aIm  rdeensbire  under  Dimald,  U.rd  of  the  Isles. 

origiuallvin"Household  Words"  in  18.54.     It     helds  ot  Ausira lia  in  18jl.  were  defeated  by  the  Earl  of  Mar,  HU. 

was  published  entire  in  one  volume  in  1854.       Hargreave  (bar  grev),  Charles  James.     Born  Harlech  (hiir '  letdi).     The  ancient  capital  of 

Hardwar,orHurdwar(hur-dwar').     [Skt.  Ha-     "*  Wiirtley.nearLeeds.Dec.,  lsJ(l:died«tB.ay  M,.,.io„<.thshire,  Wales,  situated  on  the  coast 

ridmra  gate  of  Hari,  i.  e.  Vishnu.]    ^Vn  ancient     "ear  Dublin,  Apnl  2J.  1800.     An  Lnglish  jurist  oj  ,„i|p^  ^outh  of  Carnarvon.    lu  castle  was  cp- 

..;*,.  r.w.  fhc  ,.;™v,t  v%o.,L-  «f  tbo  f;uii<rp«i  whpro  the     and  mathematician.   He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  tared  from  the  Lancastrians  by  the  Yorkists  In  1468,  and 

city  on  the  nght  bank  or  tne  l,ailges  wncre  iiie             .^^^.j  j^  ^„  j,,  j,,,^,,,,  ,„  ^^^^^^^  applleallons  for  the  held  ..ut  l.>ng  for  Charles  I.    The  natiomd  Cambrian  w«r- 

nver  breaks  through  into  the  plain.     It  Is  an  Im-      ^^'^  „,  estates  under  the  Kneinnl.ered  Estates  Act  of  I8III.  »ong,  "  The  March  ..f  the  Men  ..f  Harlech,"  is  said  to  haTO 

portant  place  of  annual  pilgrimage,  while  every  twelfth      ,^^^^^  ^^  ^  judge  of  the  l.iiii.le.l  K.Klates  Court  from  its  es-  i.riBiiiated  during  the  former  of  these  sieges.     Grore. 

year  a  peculiarly  sacred  feast  called  a  kumlih-inela  takes     ,ai,liBhment  in  1868.    He  pnlilislied  nuineious  mathcmat  TT.,ipij,n  ManiiRprint.R  and  MiqrAl1a.nv      See 

place.   The  concour.w  of  pilgrims  (yearly  100,000 ;  ut  tiie    |,.„|  „„,,,,,.,  iiarieian  Jttanuscripis  ana  misceuany.    oce 

kumbh-mela  3(X).000)  has  t'iven  rise  I..  Mil  important  fair.  TT„_i_o„_on  Hiiir'iTrov/)    .llLmaa      Born   orob-  lli'ihi/.  hutiirt. 

^'T',?8r?9''lT'"""^''^'^'""'""'"°'""'"''    '"" ■  ^twfiU  Blfu/lbirrLltiS:-  died  at'^^o,-  Harlem  (hUr'h.m)      1.  See  H',„Wr„,  -2.  The 

H^r,irk'^^rd'wik),Oharles.  Bom  at  Slings-    Un|ha,n,  Apnl    1778      An  Kng.ish^ mechanic  };-  ,:^  ,  "^f ^"^.^Xi^-    l^TrZ  t'- 

by,  Yorkshire    Sept.  22,  1821:   died  near  Ba-     ---^ ablt'\To4  l^V^^'^VaUmt^d  ^  eluded  U.L,.:  the  l^iist   and  Harlem  rivers, 

gneres-dc-Luchon,  l  ranee,  Aug.  18,  18.)U.     An     j,^,  ^^^^^  claimed  tor  Thonms  lligh^  but  on  iiisullklent  Kighth  Avenue,  and  lOOlh  street. 

English  clerg.vmaii  (arehdcacon  of  Ely)  and  ec-     evidence.    Hamreaves  established,  in  partnership  with  a  garlem  Rlver.    A  chnniu'l  separating  Maiihat- 

clesiastical  historian.     Among  his  works  are  "A  His-     Mr.  .lamea,  a  cotton-mill  in  Nottingham.  ,^^1^  Island  from  the  mninland  of  the  Stale  of 

tory  ol  the   Christian  c'hurch,  Middle  Age"  (18f'3-t>«).  Hari  (hii'ri).    In  1  liiidii  mythology,  aname  com-  j,j,,^^.  y^,^^    ^,,,1  ,.,„n,iuinieating  with  the  Kast 

ll^l,''.''"'V^"','!'■^■niefln^'ii^^^^^^^^                                       nionlydesignalingVishiiu,but  sometimes  given  Kivcr  on  the  east, and  through  Spuvten  Duvvil 

Iull,otoverapc,,pn,e,ntliel.miH,K.                                 to  other  gods.  creek  with  the  Hudson  on  the  west.     Length, 

Hardy  (hardi),  Arthur  Sherbunie.     Born  at  Harihara(ha-ri-har'a).    l,,  Hindu  mythology,  a  ,.,„„„  7  „,i,..,.    The  Harlem cania.eon.iectlng  with  th. 

Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  1.J,  184*.     An  American     ,.„„ii,inatioii  of  the  names  of  Vishnu  and  Shivn,  ii,„|„„,  mver,  was  ..lllcially  opened  June  17,  18».'.. 

novelist.     He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  iwm,  and  wn»     ropresiriting  the  union  of  I  he  two  deities.  Harlpnuin    (hiir'le-kin    or-kwin).      fit.    Arlrr- 

assistaiit  instriiitor  of  artlllerv  tactics  there  till  IS-n:  wuM  „   '.  p     .     ^^       ,.        ,.    ,  naxiequin    (iiai    i<    1^'"    "^             ,  ■„  ..V'l  '   „;,. 

professor  of  civil  etiglneering  and  mathematics  at  tlrlnnell  gFl-Rud.     '^'■'  /i;::;(^ " '„  .      „„„  j„„^  Will  '''"""'  '' "  ""'''•'/""'■]    A  conventional  clown  m 

College,  Iowa,  1870-73;  professor  ot  civil  engineering  In  Haring  (lia  ring),  Wllnelm.  pseudonym  Will-  (1,^  iiupiovised   Italian  comedv,  or  eommedia 

the  Chandler  Sclentlllc  School,  Dartmouth.  N.  11.,  1,'<7| ;     bald  Aloxis.      Horn  111  IJreslau,  Prussia,  June  ,[,.|i.  ,„.,,,      j,^,  ,,.,,,  „,^,  „,rv„„i  .,f  Pnntalone,  or  Panta- 

and  professor  of  mathematics  in  llartmontb  College  1878.     oi)    ^-lJf^ .  ,ij,.,|  „,  Arnsladt.  Thiiringia,  Di'c.  16,  \g„„  ^,„  noted  f..r  his  agllllv  and  gluttony,  ami  carried 

ere,;!.'"  iLlH 'r;i,,''';;^'swU7er^^^^                      «mrt"r^n.in'      I«71 .    A  Gcrmnn  novelist .     His  works  include  ■  Wal-  a  swl.rd  of  lath,     lie  was  the  deseendunt  of  the  ,dd  Roman 

iw'       Z:,!^l,;sw,,?^sa.     •'  lutl,    rw"^^^^^^^^                      ladmor  ■•  and  •S.-blossAvulon"  (which  he  Issue.!  In  18K1  »,,n,,lo(,a,,,);  tin.  .lerninn  Ilanswiirst  was  iKirrowed   mm 

The  wt?      f  I  ,.»trv  •■  (ISHl-,)  "p.rJse  R  se"      SSI                 and  1827  respectively,  umler  the  name  of  Walter  Scott).  him.     In  Kugl  «h  pantomime  llj.rle.,uln  was  <ll«"in;;'l  »"J 

The  Wmd  ,^  l)e8tin.>      (  8hi,).      1  ,i«>.   Rosi     (  s.si.,                „  rabanis"  (18:C),  "  Der  Roland  von  Berlin"  (1840),  ami  made  |Mipnl»r  by  the  acting  o    Rich,  W.vwlward    O  llrlen, 

Hardy,  Gathome.hrst  Earl  of  Cranbrook,   Horn     „ti„.r  i,„nance»  from  Cenmm  history.  and  (irimaldl.     lie  bar.lly  exlst.H  now  .«ve  In  Christmas 

at  Bradford,  Oct.  1,1814.     A  British  politician.  TTniHnotnTi   (hnr'inf  ton)    Sir  John        Bom  at  pantomlmeji.  Improvised  Italian  playa.  and  puppet  shows 

He  waaedueatLd  atoned  College,  Oxford,  and'calle.1  to  the  ^k%M    ne       Hnl  f   •v'i'and   l-VlT'die    "here  HarleSS  (hiir'les),  CJottlieb  Ohrfstoph  Adolf 

barin  1840.  Heontered  Parliament  asConservativemember     ^,' '"'"'• '".,"     ''»' ",  l.ng  a  ml.  l.ilil  .  .110.1  in.  re,  iiawcBo  v               \,,r,.,Mlieri'    Bavaria    Nov    21 

forLeominsterlnl847.amlwas,etuinedl.,rtheInlver«ity     Nov.  2(1,  1612,      An  Knglish  Jioet.     Ills  .hl.'f  w.,rk  JOU.      '.'""'■''    '^  V"^.' '"''V^V    ,«- ,       \  r  ,„  '  „ 

of  Oxford  in  la«)5.deteatingSIr.Ulad.it.)ne.  llcwaslDmesec-     wan  a  tnmslatlon  ..f  the  "Orlando  Furloso"  (I.'.IU).     He  IsOO:  .lle.l  at  .Muni.'ll.  ^I'pt.  o,  IMJ.      .\  Ut  rniaa 
c— :il 


Earless 

Protestant  theologian.  His  works  include  "Kom- 
mentar  uber  den  Brief  an  die  Epheser  "  (1834),  'Theolo- 
gische  Encyklopadie  uiid  Methodologie "  (1837),  "  Die 
ciiristliche  Ethik  "  (1842),  etc. 

Harleth  (har'leth),  Gwendolen.  The  principal 
female  character  in  George  Eliot's  novel  "Dan- 
iel Deronda." 

Harley  (har'li).  The  ' '  man  of  feeling  "  in  Mac- 
kenzie's novel  of  that  name:  a  sensitive,  irres- 
olute person,  too  gentle  to  battle  Tvith  life. 

Harley,  Robert,  first  Earl  of  Oxford.  Born  at 
London,  Dee.  5,  1661:  died  May  21,  1724.  An 
English  Tory  (originally  Whig)  statesman.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  16S9 ;  was  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Coniraons  1701-05;  was  secretary  of  state  17(M-<K:  was 
made  chancellor  of  the  eschequer  in  1710 ;  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  in  1711 ;  was  lord  treasurer  and  premier  1711- 
1714  ;  w,TS  impeached  for  high  treason  in  1715,  and  acquitted 
in  1717.  He  left  a  valuable  collection  of  manuscripts, 
which  was  iucreased  by  his  son  Edward  Harley,  and  even- 
tuall)  acquired  by  the  government  for  the  British  Museum. 
A  selection  of  rare  pamphlets,  etc.,  from  his  library  was 
published  under  the  title  ot  "The  Harleian  Miscellany' 
in  1744-46. 

Harlingen  (har'ling-en),  Fnesian  Hams 
(harnz).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Fries- 
land,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  North  Sea 
in  lat  53°  11'  X.,  long.  5°  24'  E  :  the  chief  com- 
mercial place  of  Friesland.  Population  (1891), 
10,110. 

Harlot's  Progress,  The.  A  series  of  6  satiri- 
cal pictures  by  WiUiam  Hogarth,  completed  in 
1733.  Five  of  them  were  burned  at  Fonthill  in  1755 ;  the 
siith  is  at  Goslord  House,  near  Edinburgh,  owned  by  the 
Earl  of  Wemyss.    Cyc.  Painters  atul  Paintings 

Harlow  (hiir'  16) ,  George  Henry.  Born  at  Lou- 
don, June  10,  1787:  died  at  London.  Feb.  4, 
1819.  An  English  painter  of  portraits  and  his- 
torical subjects.  His  most  notable  work  Is  a  portrait 
of  Mrs.  Siddons  as  Queen  Catharine  in  the  trial  scene  in 
Shakspere's  "Henry  vm." 

Harlowe,  Clarissa.     See  Clarissa  Barlowe. 

Harmacnis,  or  Harmais.    See  Hormakhu. 

Harmand  (ar-mon' ),  Francois  Jules.  Born  at 
Saumur,  France,  Oct.,  1845.  A  French  explorer. 
He  served  in  the  campaign  against  the  Kabyles  in  1S71, 
and  subsequently  attached  himseli  to  the  scientific  expe- 
dition under  Delaporte.  whose  objective  points  were  Tong- 
king  and  Cambodia.  As  the  other  members  of  the  e-\pe. 
dition  fell  sick  on  the  way,  he  proceeded  to  Tongking  with 
Garnier  as  his  only  companion.  He  visited  Cambodia  and 
explored  the  tributaries  of  the  Mekong  Eiver  187.^-81,  and 
in  1&S3-84  rendered  important  services  to«tbe  French  in 
the  contest  for  Tongking. 

Harmensen  (har'men-sen),  Latinized  Amilnl- 
US,  JakobUS.  Bom  at  Oudewater,  South  Hol- 
land,1560:  diedatLeyden,Oct. 19.1609.  ADuteh 
theologian,  leader  of  the  Ai  tninian  movement 
in  theology.  See  Setnonstrants.  He  studied  at  Ley- 
den,  Geneva,  and  Basel;  preached  in  Amsterdam;  and 
wa?  professor  of  theology  in  Leyden  1603-09.  His  works 
were  published  in  Latin  in  1629. 

Harmer  (har'mer),  Thomas.  Born  at  Norsvich, 
England,  Oct.,  1714  (?) :  died  at  Wattisfield,  Suf- 
folk, England.  Nov.  27, 1788.  An  English  clergy- 
man of  the  Independent  Church,  pastor  at  Wat- 
tisfield.  He  was  the  author  of  •'  Observations 
on  Various  Passages  of  Scripture"  (1(64),  etc. 

Hannodius  (har-mo'di-us)  and  Aristogiton 
(a-ris-to-ji'ton).  Killed  514  B.C.  Two  Athenian 
youths  who  liiUedHipparchus,  tyrant  of  Athens, 
in  514.  They  are  represented  as  entertaining  a  strong 
affection  for  each  other,  which  remained  unaltered  despite 
the  endeavors  of  Hipparchns  to  withdraw  that  of  the  young 
and  beautiful  Harmodius  to  himself.  Enraged  at  the  In- 
difierence  of  Harmodius,  Hipparchus  put  a  public  insult 
upon  him  by  declaring  his  sister  unworthy  of  carrying  the 
sacred  baskets  at  a  religious  procession,  in  revenge  for 
which  the  youths  organized  a  conspiracy  to  overthrow 
both  Hipparchus  and  his  brother  Hippias.  Harmodius 
and  Aristogiton  slew  the  former  on  the  festival  of  the 
great  Panathenica,  but  their  precipitancy  prevented  the 
cooperation  of  the  other  conspirators.  Harmodius  was  cut 
down  by  the  guard.  Aristogiton  w.as  captured,  and,  when 
put  to  the  torture  to  reveiU  his  accomplices,  named  the 
principal  friends  of  Hippias,  who  were  executed.  ^Vhen 
pressed  for  farther  revelations,  he  answered  that  there  re- 
mained no  one  whose  death  he  desired,  except  the  tyrant. 
They  are  represented  in  a  group  now  in  the  Museo  Nazio- 
nale,  Naples.  The  statues  are  copies  of  the  famous  archaic 
bronze  originals  which  stood  on  the  ascent  to  the  Athe- 
nian Acropolis.  Both  figures  are  striding  forward  ;  Aris- 
togiton, a  little  behind,  extends  his  left  arm,  over  which 
his  chlamys  is  wrapped,  to  cover  Harraodius*s  right  side. 
Harmodius,  wholly  uudraped,  with  right  arm  raised,  is 
about  to  strike  down  the  tyrant-  Aristogiton's  head, 
though  antique,  is  much  later  than  the  body. 
Harmon  (har'mon),  John,  otherwise  John 
Rokesmith  or  Julius  Handford.  In  Dick- 
ens's "Our  Mutual  Friend,"  the  heir  to  the  Har- 
mon property. 
Harmonia  (har-mo'ni-a).  [Gr. 'Ap/ioria.]  1.  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Ares  and  Aphro- 
dite, or,  according  to  another  version,  of  Zeus 
and  Electra.  She  was  given  by  Zeus  in  marriage  to 
Cadmus  of  Thebes.  All  the  gods  of  Olympus  were  present 
at  her  wedding,  and  she  received  either  from  Cadmus  or 
from  one  of  the  gods  a  robe  and  a  necklace  which  proved 
latal  to  every  person  who  saccessively  possessed  them. 


482 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  40)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris.  March  31.  1856. 

Harmonious  Blacksmith,  The.  An  air  upon 
which  Handel  wTote  variations,  and  which  since 
his  death  has  been  kno^vn  as  ''Handel's  Har- 
monious Blacksmith."  The  original  air  has  been 
attributed  to  various  persons. 

Harmonists  (har'mo-nists).  A  communistic 
religious  body  organized  by  George  Kapp  in 
Wiirtemberg  on  the  model  of  the  primitive 
church,  and  conducted  by  him  to  Pennsylvania 
in  1803 :  their  settlement  there  was  called  Har- 
mony (whence  their  name).  They  removed  to  Xew 
Harmony  injindiana  in  1815,  but  returned  to  Pennsylvania 
in  1825,  and  formed  the  township  of  Economy  on  the  Ohio 
near  Pittsburg,  and  later  a  new  village  of  Harmony.  They 
are  communistic,  holding  all  property  in  common  ;  they 
disconraiie  strongly  marriage  and  sexual  intercourse,  and 
hold  that  the  second  coming  of  Christ  and  the  millennium 
are  near  at  hand,  and  that  ultimately  the  whole  human 
race  will  be  saved.     Also  called  Rappists  and  Economites. 

Harmony  Society.    See  Harmonists. 

Harms  (biinnz),  Klaus.  Bom  at  Fahrstedt. 
Schleswig-Holstein.  Prussia,  May  25. 1778:  died 
at  Kiel,  Schleswig-Holstein,  Feb.  1,  1855.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian  and  preacher 
at  Kiel.  He  published  "Pastoraltheologie"' 
(1830-34),  volumes  of  sermons,  etc. 

Hamack  (har'nak),  Adolf.  Born  at  Dorpat. 
May  7, 1851.  A  noted  German  Protestant  theo- 
logian, professor  successively  at  Leipsic,  Gies- 
sen,  Mai-burg,  and  (1SS8)  Berlin.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  in  the  department  of  the  history  of  the 
ancient  church.  He  has  published  "Lehrbuch  der  Dog- 
mengeschichte  '  (1886-90).  etc.,  and  contributed  largely  t.j 
the  ninth  edition  of  the  '*  Encyclopedia  Britannica." 

Hamack,  TheodosiUS.  Bom  at  St.  Petersburg. 
Jan.  3, 1817:  died  at  Dorpat,  Sept.  23, 1889.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  of 
theology  at  Dorpat  184-5-75  (except  1853-66, 
when  he  was  professor  at  Erlangen) :  author  of 
various  historical  and  theological  works. 

Harney  (har'ni),  William  Selby.     Bom  at 

Haysboro,  Tenn.,  Aug.  '27.  1800:  died  May  9, 
1889.  "An  American  general.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1818,  served  as  a  colonel  in  the  Mexican  war  (ob- 
taining the  brevet  of  brigadier-general  for  gallantry  at 
Cerro  Gordo),  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1858. 
While  in  command  of  the  Department  of  Oregon,  he  took 
possession  in  1859  of  the  island  of  San  Juan,  which  was 
claimed  by  the  English  ;  and  was  in  consequence  recalled. 

Harney's  Peak.  [Named  from  W.  S.  Hamey.] 
The  highest  summit  of  the  Black  Hills,  South 
Dakota.     Height,  about  7,215  feet. 

Haro  (a'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Lo- 
grono,  northern  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro 
24  miles  west-northwest  of  Logroiio.  It  has 
some  trade.     Population  (1887).  7,.549. 

Haro,  Don  Luis  de.  Bom  1599:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Nov.  26,  1661.  A  Spanish  politician  and 
courtier.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Marquis  of  Carpio,  and 
a  nephew  of  the  Duke  of  Olivares.  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1643  as  prime  minister  and  favorite  of  Philip  IV.  He  car- 
ried on  an  unsuccessful  war  against  PYance.  Portugal,  and 
the  Dutch,  which  was  concluded  by  the  treaty  of  the  Pyre- 
nees in  1659.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  ablest  minister 
which  Spain  produced  in  the  17th  century.  His  public 
services  were  rewarded  by  the  erection  of  the  marqnisate 
of  Carpio  into  a  dukedom. 

Harold  (liar'okl),  suruamed  "  Blue-tooth"  (Har- 
ald  Blaataiid).  Died  about  985.  King  of  Den- 
mark, sou  of  Gorm  the  Old  whom  he  succeeded 
about  935.  He  obtained  the  overlordship  of  Norway 
on  the  death  of  Harold  Hai-fagr,  but  was  forced  to  recog- 
nize the  suzerainty  of  the  emperors  Otto  I.  and  Otto  II., 
by  whom  he  was  made  to  accept  Christianity.  He  was 
expelled  by  his  son  Svend  Forked-beard  at  the  head  of 
the  pagan  party,  and  was  killed  in  the  flight. 

Harold  I.,  sumamed"Harefoot."  [ME.  ifaroW, 
Harald,  AS.  Harold,  Harald,  from  ODan.  Har- 
ald,  Icel.  HaraMr.l  Died  at  Oxford.  March  17. 
1040.  King  of  the  English  1035-40,  illegitimate 
son  of  Canute  by  ^Ifgifu  of  Northampton.  At 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1035,  he  became  a  candidate 
for  the  English  crown  before  the  witan  in  opposition  to 
Canute's  legitimate  son  Hardicanute,  king  of  Denmark. 
He  obtained  bv  a  compromise  the  region  north  of  the 
Thames,  while  'Hardicanute  obtained  that  to  the  south. 
The  absence  of  Hardicannt  e  in  Denmark,  however,  enabled 
him  to  gain  many  of  the  latter's  adherents,  including  God- 
win, earl  of  Wessex.  and  in  1037  he  was  chosen  king  over  all 
England.  Hedied  during  the  preparations  of  Hardicanute 
for  an  invasion  of  England. 

Harold  II.  Bom  about  1022 :  died  Oct.  14, 1066. 
King  of  the  English  Jan.  6-Oct.  14,  1066,  son  of 
Godwin,  earl  of  Wessex,  and  Gvtha.  He  became 
earl  of  East  Anglia  alwut  1045  ;  was  banished  with  his  fa- 
ther by  Edward"  the  Confessor  in  1051,  and  was  restored 
with  him  in  1052 ;  succeeded  his  father  as  earl  of  Wessex 
in  1053  (giving  up  his  earldom  of  East  Anglia)  ;  and  was  the 
chief  minister  of  Edward  1053-66.  Probably  in  1064  he 
was  ship^vrecked  on  the  coast  of  Xormandy  and  fell  into 
the  bauds  of  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  who  compelled 
him  to  take  an  oath  whereby  he  promised  to  marry  Wil- 
liam's daughter  and  to  assist  him  in  securing  the  succes- 
sion in  England.  He  married  about  this  time,  probably  on 
his  return  to  England,  Ealdgyth  or  Aldgyth,  widow  of 
Grullydd,  and  sister  of  Eadwine.  earl  ot  the  ilercians ; 


Harpies 

and  on  the  death  of  Edward  procured  hie  own  election  w 
Idng.  Jan.  6,  1066.  He  defeated  his  brother  Tostig  (who 
had  been  deposed  from  his  earldom  of  Northujnbria  and 
outlawed  in  the  previous  reign)  and  Hai-old  Hardrada,king 
of  Norway,  at  Stamford  Bridge,  Sept,  25.  1066 ;  and  was 
defeated  by  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  and  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Hastings  or  Senlac,  Oct.  14,  1066.  His  mu- 
tilated body  is  said  to  have  been  recognized  among  the 
slain  by  his  former  mistress  Edith  Swan -neck,  and  to 
have  been  biiried  by  William's  order  on  the  coast  which 
he  sought  to  defend,  the  grave  being  marked  by  a  cairn  of 
stones. 

Harold  I.,  surnamed  Harfagr  or  Haarfager 

\  ■  Fair-haired  ').  Died  in  933.  iiiug  of  Norway 
860-930.  son  of  Halfdan  the  Black.  He  completed 
the  conquest  of  the  jarls.  or  petty  kings,  begun  by  his  fa- 
ther, and  repressed  freebooting,  which  caused  a  migration 
of  many  of  the  most  famous  vikings  to  Iceland  and  Nor- 
mandy (RoUo).  In  930  he  divided  his  kingdom  among  his 
sons,  of  whom  the  eldest,  Eric  Blodoxe,  retained  the  over- 
lordship. 

Harold  II.,  surnamed  Graafeld  CGrav-skin'). 
Died  in  963.  King  of  the  Noi'wegians'950-963, 
sou  of  Eric  Blodoxe. 

Harold  III.,  surnamed  Hardrada  ('the 
Stem ').  Died  Sept.  25,  1066.  King  of  Nor^ 
way  1046-66.  He  entered  the  military  service  at  Ckin- 
stantinople  in  1033,  became  commander  of  the  imperial 
guard,  and  defeated  the  .Saracens  in  IS  battles  in  Africa. 
He  invaded  England  in  alliance  with  Tostig,  the  outlawed 
brother  of  Harold  II.  of  England,  in  1066,  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  at  the  battle  of  Stamford  Bridge. 

Harold,  or  The  Last  of  the  Saxon  Kings.  A 
historical  romance  by  Bulwer,  published  in. 
184S.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  time  of  Harold  11. 

Harold  en  Italie.  A  symphony  composed  by- 
Berlioz  in  1834.  It  is  the  fourth  of  his  live  sym- 
phonies, and  the  idea  is  from  '•  ChUde  Harold." 

Haroun-al-Rashid.     See  Harun-al-Rashid. 

Harp  (hiirp).  The.    A  constellation.     Seeiyro, 

Harpagon  (ar-pa-gon').  A  character  in  Mo- 
liere's  comedy '■L'Avare"(takenfrom  Plautus's 
"Euclio"),  a  miser. 

Harpagon  does  not  absolutely  starve  the  rats ;  he  poB- 
sesses  horses,  though  he  feeds  them  ill ;  he  has  servant*, 
though  he  grudges  them  clothes :  he  even  contemplates  a 
man-iage-supper  at  his  own  expense,  though  he  intends 
to  have  a  bad  one.  He  has  evidently  been  compelled  to 
make  some  sacrifices  to  the  usages  of  mankind,  and  is  at 
once  a  more  common  and  a  more  theatrical  character  than 
Euclio.  EaUam. 

HarpagUS  (har'pa-gus).  A  general  of  CVrus. 
According  to  Herodotus,  he  was  descended  from  a  noble 
Median  house,  and  was  the  conUdential  attendant  of  As. 
tyages,  who  charged  him  with  the  duty  of  exposing  Cyrus. 
(Seeitandaiu.)  Instead,  however,  of  performing  that  duty 
in  person,  he  delegated  it  to  the  herdsman  Mitradates, 
who  substituted  a  still-bom  child  of  which  his  wife  had 
just  been  delivered.  "When  the  identity  of  Cyrus  was  dis 
covered,  Astyages  punished  Harpagus  by  serving  up  to- 
him  at  a  banquet  the  flesh  of  his  own  son.  Harpagus 
waited  until  CVrus  had  grown  to  manhood,  then  incite*! 
him  to  rebel  against  Asfyages,  and  effected  the  downfall 
of  the  latter  by  deserting  with  the  army  to  Cyrus.  He 
was  afterward  one  of  the  most  trusted  generals  in  CyniB'e 
service,  and  acted  a  prominent  part  in  the  conquest  of 
Asia  Minor. 

Harper  (har'per).  James.  Born  at  Newtown, 
L.  I.,  April  13.  1795:  died  at  New  York.  March 
27,  1869.  An  American  publisher  and  printer, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Harper  and  Brothers. 
He  was  associated  in  business  with  his  brothers 
Joseph  Wesley  ( 1801-70)  and  Fletcher  ( 1806-77). 

Harper,  William  Kainey.  Boru  at  New  Con- 
cord. Ohio,  July  26. 18.56.  An  American  scholar 
and  educator,  first  president  of  the  University 
of  Chicago  (1891). 

Harper's  Ferry  (har'perz  fer'i).  A  town  in 
Jefferson  County.  West  Virginia,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Shenandoah  with  the  Poto- 
mac. 49  miles  northwest  of  Washington.  It  is 
noted  for  picttu^sque  scenery.  It  w.is  seized  by  John 
Brown  Oct.  16, 1859.  The  Confederates  held  it  from  April 
to  June,  1861.  Here  the  Federal  commander  Miles  surren- 
dered to  the  C!onfederates  (with  federal  loss  of  11,785) 
Sept.  16,  1862. 

Harpies (har'piz).  [Gr.  "Ap-viai,t'he snatchers.] 
In  Greek  mvthology,  winged  monsters,  raven- 
ous and  filthy,  having  the  face  and  body  of  a 
woman  and  the  wings  of  a  bird  ot  prey,  ■with 
the  feet  and  fingers  armed  with  sharp  claws  and 
the  face  pale  with  hunger,  serving  as  ministers 
of  divine  vengeance,  and  defiling  everything 
they  touched.  The  Harpies  were  commonly  regarded 
either  as  two  (Aello  and  Ocypete)  or  three  in  number,  but 
occasionally  several  others  were  mentioned.  They  were 
originally  conceived  of  simply  as  storm-winds  sent  by  the 
gods  to  carry  off  offenders,  and  were  later  personified  as 
fair-haired  winged  maidens,  their  features  and  character- 
istics being  more  or  less  repulsive  at  different  times  and 
places.  The  Harpies  have  been  to  some  extent  confounded 
by  modern  scholars  with  the  Sirens,  who.  though  of  kin- 
dred origin,  were  goddesses  of  melody,  even  if  of  a  sweet- 
ness that  was  harmful  to  mankind,  and  were  represented 
as  women  in  the  upper  parts  of  their  bodies  and  as  birds 
below. 

The  mummy  lies  on  the  bier,  attended  by  Anubis,  the 
jackal-headed' gwi  of  embalmment.  The  Soul,  grasping 
in  one  hand  a  little  sail,  the  emblem  of  breath,  in  the: 


I 


Harpies 

other  hand  the  "  ankh,"  or  emblem  of  life,  hovers  over 
the  face  of  the  corpse.  Now  this  Soul,  this  "Ba,"  is  a 
loving  visitant  to  the  dead  man.  It  brings  a  breath  of  the 
sweet  north  wind,  and  the  cheering  hope  of  immortality 
in  the  sunny  Fields  of  Aahlu.  The  Greeks,  however,  mis- 
apprehending its  nature  and  functions,  conceived  of  it  as 
a  ra;ilevolent  emissary  of  the  gods,  and  converted  it  into 
the  Ilarpy.  We  have  next  tlie  Greek  ooncei)tion  of  a 
liarpy,  fromafragment  of  early  (Jreek  painted  warcfound 
at  Daphme.  But  we  have  a  still  liner  examjile  in  the 
illustration  reproduced  frcuu  the  famous  Harpy  Tomb  in 
the  British  Museum.  The  Harpy  is  carrying  otf  one  of 
the  daughters  of  Pandarus.  She  wears  a  fillet  and  pendant 
curls,  and,  besides  the  claws  of  a  bird,  she  has  human 
arms  like  the  Egyptian  "Ba,"  wherewith  to  clasp  her 
prey,  't'he  monument  from  which  this  group  is  copied 
w,as  discovered  by  Sir  Charles  Fellows  at  Xanthus,  in  I.ycia, 
and  it  dates  from  about  Ave  luuidred  and  forty  years  be- 
fore our  era.        Edwardx,  Pharaohs.  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  187. 

Harpignies  (ar-pcn-ye'),  Henri  Joseph.   Bom 

at  Valeucienne.s,  July,  1819.  A  noted  French 
landscape-painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Achard,  and 
first  exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1853.  A  number  of  his  works 
are  in  the  Luxembourg,  Douai.  Lille,  and  other  museums. 

Harpin  (ar-pah')-  A  character  in  Moliere's 
"Comtesse  d'Escarbagnas,"an  attack  upon  the 
financiers  of  the  time. 

Harpocrates  (har-pok'ra-tez).  A  deity  of  Egyp- 
tian origin,  identified  with  Horus,  adopted  by 
the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Harpocration  ^har-p9-kra'shi-on),  Valerius. 
Lived  2d  (4tli  f)  century.  A  Greek  rhetorician 
of  Alexandria,  author  of  a  lexicon  of  the  works 
of  the  Attic  orators  (edited  by  Dindorf  18.5.5). 

All  that  we  know  of  Valerius  Hai-pocration  is  contained 
in  the  brief  statement  by  .Suidas  that  he  was  a  rhetorician 
of  Alexandria  ;  and  that  besides  tlie  "Lexicon  to  the  Ten 
Orators,"  which  has  come  down  to  us,  he  wrote  a  book  of 
elegant  extracts,  which  is  lost.  Even  the  age  at  which 
he  nourished  is  quite  uncertain  ;  for  while  some  identify 
him  with  the  Harpocration  who  taught  Greek  to  the  em- 
peror L.  Verus  others  recognize  in  him  either  the  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Libanius,  or  the  physician  of 
Mendes,  mentioned  by  Athenwus. 

K.  0.  Midler,  Uist.  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  383. 

[{Doiuildmn.) 

Harpoot,  Harput.    See  Kharput. 

Harring(har'ring).HarroPaul.  Bornatlbens- 
dorf,  near  Husum,  Prussia,  Aug.  28, 1798:  com- 
mitted suicide  in  Jersey,  Channel  Islands,  May 
25, 1870.  A  German  writer  and  radical  agitator, 
author  of  the  novel  "Dolores"  (lS.58-.59),  etc. 

Harrington  (har'ing-ton),  James.  Born  at 
Upton,  Northamptonshire,  Jan.  7,  1011:  died 
at  London,  Sept.  11, 1677.  An  English  political 
writer.  His  chief  work  was  a  treatise  on  civil  govern- 
ment, "The  Comm<pnwealth  of  Oceana"  (16rit.i). 

Harrington,  Sir  John.    See  Jlariiifiton. 

Harriot,  or  Harriott  (har'i-gt),  Thomas. 
Born  at  O-xford,  England,  1.560 :  died  at  Lon- 
ilon,  July  2,  1621.  .An  English  mathematician 
and  astronomer.  Hi8"Artisanalytica!praxisadici|ua- 
tiones  algebraicas  resolvendas"  was  publiahcil  i>osthu- 
mously  in  1G31.  He  did  much  for  the  advancement  of 
algebra,  especially  tiy  enunciating  the  fundamental  jufn- 
ciple  that  an  eiiuation  is  the  product  of  as  many  simple 
equations  \\&  there  are  units  in  its  highest  power. 

Harris  (har'is).  A  district  in  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides, Scotland.  It  comprises  the  southern  part  of  the 
I;ugest  ishmd  (Lewis  being  the  northern  and  larger  part) 
and  a  few  smaller  islands. 

Harris,  James.  Bom  at  Salisburv,  Julv  20, 
1709:  died  there,  Doe.  22,  1780.  An  English 
classical  scholar  and  politician.  He  became  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty  in  17(53,  and  a  few  months  later  a  lord  of 
the  treasury,  retiring  in  17*15.  He  wrote  "Hermes,  or  a 
Philosophical  Enqniiy  concerning  t^niversal  Grammar" 
(17B1),  etc. 

narris,  James,  first  Earl  of  Malmesbury.  Bom 
at  Salisbury,  England,  .\pril  21,  174():  died  nt 


London,  Nov.  20,  1820.  An  English  diploma- 
tist and  politician.  Ho  was  made  secretary  of  embassy 
at  Madrid  in  17(18;  became  minister  at  Berlin  In  1772,  at 
St.  Petersburg  In  1776,  and  at  The  Hague  in  1784  ;  and  ne- 
gotiated the  marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  17!t4.  He 
wrote  "  Diaric.Hund  ('orreHpondcnce"(4  vols.,  edited  by  the 
third  Earl  of  .Malm,  sbiny,  18-14),  "Letters"  (edilcil  1870). 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler.  Born  at  Eniouion, 
Ga.,  Doc.  8,  1848.  An  American  writer  and 
journalist,  from  1876  on  the  staff  of  tlie  "  At- 
lanl  a  Constitution."  He  la  best  known  a«  the  author 
of  books  on  negro  folk-lore:  "Uncle  Ucmu»  :  his  Siings 
and  his  Sayings  "(l,s80),".NightBwith  Uncle  Kemnh"(18Ki), 
"  -Mingo,  anil  olbirSkelche8"(lSS4)."  Free  .Toe,  etc."  (1S87), 
"  Dadily  Jake,  tlic  Kuiiaway  "  (188)J). 

Harris,  John.  Bom  about  1667:  died  Sept.  7, 
1719.  An  English  divine  and  seientilie  writer. 
He  was  electe<l  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Sr)cicty  hi  KlJXl,  and 
its  secretary  in  1709,  and  delivereil  tlie  Boyle  lectures  in 
St.  Paul's  in  10118.  He  published  "  Lexicon  technlcuin,  or 
an  Universal  English  Oicthuiary  of  Arts  and  Sciences" 
fl70l),  the  llrst  of  Its  kind  In  English,  and  other  works 
(inatllematical,  historical,  etc.),  including  a  "  UoDectloll  of 
Vc.yagefland  Travels"  (17i).^i). 

Harris,  John.  Born  at  Ugbornugli,  Devonshire, 
Mnreli  .S,  1802:  <iie(l  near  LoMilon.  Dee.  21, 
18.51).  An  English  Congregationalist  elergviiuin. 
He  wrote  "The Great  'I'eaeher  "  (183.5),  ""Mam- 
mon" (1836),  "Man  Primeval"  (1849),  etc. 


483 

Harris,  Joseph.  An  English  actor  (played  from 
1661  to  1681).  He  was  auccessful  in  lioth  tragedy  and 
comedy.  [Not  to  be  cnnfounded  «ith  a  more  common- 
place actor  named  Joseph  Harri.-,  who  flourished  from 
li)61-:i0,  and  who  wrote  several  plays.  J 

Harris,  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "Martin  Chuzzle- 
wit,"  an  entirely  imaginary  person,  constantly 
qtioted  by  Sairey  Gaiu)i  as  one  for  whose  o])in- 
ions  she  has  gi-eat  respect,  in  order  to  lend 
greater  weiglit  to  her  own. 

Harris,  Thaddeus  William.  Bom  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Nov.  12,  1795:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Jan.  16.  1850.  An  American  en- 
tomologist. He  published  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Insects  of  Massachusetts,"  "  Insects  Injurious 
to  Vegetation  "  (1841).  etc. 

Harris,  William.  Born  at  Springfield,  Mass., 
April  29,  170.5:  died  Oct.  18,  1829.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  educator,  jiresident  of  Co- 
lumbia College  (New  York)  1811-29. 

Harris,  William  Torrey.     Born  at  Killingly, 

Conn.,  Sojit.  10,  is;!5.  An  American  philosoph- 
ical writer  and  educator.  He  was  superintendent  of 
the  pulilic  scluii.ls  ..f  St.  Louis  1867,  founded  tlu-'Mour- 
nal  «.'f  speculative  Phib)Sojihy  '  in  1867,  and  became  United 
States  commissituier  of  etlucation  in  1889. 

Harrisburg  (har'is-berg).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Pennsylvania  and  of  Dauphin  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Susquehanna  in  lat.  4(1°  16'  N.,  long. 
76°  53'  W.  It  has  important  manufactures,  especially 
"•'  iron  and  steel.  It  became  the  state  capital  in  1812.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  50,lfi7. 

Harrison  (liar'i-son).  A  town  of  Hudson  Coun- 
ty, New  Ji'rsev,  adjoining  Newark.  Population 
|190(I),  ll).590! 

Harrison,  Benjamin.  Born  in  Virginia  about 
17411:  died  April,  1791.  An  American  politi- 
cian, a  delegate  to  Congress  1774—77,  and  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  1782-85. 

Harrison,  Benjamin.  Born  at  North  Bend, Ohio. 

Aug.  20,  I.S33  :  died  at  Indianajiolis,  March  13, 
1901.  Twenty-third  President  of  the  United 
States,  grandson  of  President  W.  H.  HaiTi.son. 
He  graduated  at  Miami  University  in  IS.Ti  ;  studieil  law, 
and  practised  in  Indianapolis;  was  elected  (Republican) 
reporter  of  the  Indiana  Suiu-euie  Court  in  1860:  served  in 
the  Civil  War  1802-6',  as  commander  of  a  regiment  and 
brigade;  was  bri-vetted  brigadier-general;  took  an  active 
part  in  the  battles  of  Resaca  and  Peaeli  Tiet-creeU  in  IHt;4  ; 
and  was  reelected  reporter  in  1SIJ4.  but  tieelined  leelettion 
in  1868.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  Kepubliean  candidate 
for  governor  of  Indiana  in  1S76;  wils  United  states  senator 
1881-87  ;-a8  Republican  candidate  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dcury  in  1S88:  and  served  as  President  1889-113.  He  wa^ 
an  unsneec^ssfiil  candidate  for  reelection  in  1892. 

Harrison,  Doctor.  A  clergyman,  in  Fielding's 
"Amelia, "some  what  resembling  Parson  Adams. 

Harrison,  Frederic.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  18, 
1831.  An  English  jurist,  essayist,  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  Hehasbeenafrequentcontributorto 
the  "Nineteenth  ("entury  "and  other  periodicals,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Positivist  school  in  1870.  Among 
his  works  are  "Order  and  Progress"  (1874),  "Social  Stat- 
ics" (ls7r)),  "Present  and  Future  "(1880),  "The  Choice  of 
Books,  etc."  (1886). 

Harrison,  John.  Born  at  Foulby,  parish  of 
Wragby,  Yorkshire,  March  31,  1693:  died  at 
London,  March  24,  1776.  An  English  mecha- 
nician and  inventor.  He  invented  the  "grid- 
iron "  compensating  pendulum  and  the  chro- 
nometer. 

Harrison,  Thomas  Alexander.  Born  at  Phila- 

(lel|iliia.  .Ian.  17,  1S5:!.  An  .American  genre  and 
landscape  ]iainter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gi^'rOmc  at  the 
Kcole  lies  Beaux  Arts.  He  exhibited  llrst  in  the  Salon  of 
1881.  Annnig  his  woiks  are  "  An  bord  ilc  la  nier,"  "Coast 
of  Brittany  "(18.-<1),"  rlie  Amateurs,"  "  Llltlo  Slave  "(1883), 
"The  Wave,"  "Sea-shore  "  (I88;>). 

Harrison, William  Henry.    Born  at  Berkeley, 

(,'harles  Cilv  Coiiiilv,  Va.,  Feb.  9,  1773:  died  ill 
Washington,  D.  C.'.  Ajiril  4,  1.H41.  The  ninth 
President  of  the  United  Stales,  son  of  Benja- 
min Harrison.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  the 
Northwest  TeiTitory  1799-lsOO ;  was  governor  of  Inillann 
Territory  I'Ol-Ul;  and  gained  the  victory  of  Tlppecanoo 
in  1811,  and  that  of  the  TImines  in  IsW.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  (lllio  1H16-III.  United  States  senator  1820- 
18M,  and  Unlled  Stales  minister  toColonibIn  1828-29.  In 
18.'t(l  he  was  defeated  as  Whig  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  was  clecteil  (ill  the  "log  cabin  and  hard-elder 
campaign  ")in  IMO.  He  was  President  for  one  month  only, 
being  inaugurated  March  4,  1841. 
Harrison's  Landing.  .V  landing  on  the  lower 
.lames  K'iveriii  \'jiginia.  often  mentioned  in  the 
Civil  War. 

Harrisse  (Imr-es'),  Henri.    Bom  in  Paris,  of 

Itussian  Hebrew  )mreiits,  1830.  A  critic,  bilili- 
ographer,  and  historian.  Ho  became  n  natiiralieed 
citizen  of  the  United  Slates,  and  tor  some  years  nraellsed 
law  In  New  York.  He  lias  traveled  In  Anierlcaaml  In  many 
parts  of  Europe  In  search  of  ilocumenl^  relating  to  the 
early  history  of  the  New  World.  Among  his  importanl 
pubiications  are  "Itibliotlieca  Americana  Vetustissima ' 
(1866),  "Cri8t<inlic  Coloinli "(2  vols.  1884-86),  "Jean  ct  Se- 
bastian Cabot '  (1883),  etc. 


Hartford  Convention 

Harrodsburg  (har'odz-berg).  The  capital  oi 
Mercer  County,  Kentucky,  situated  30  miles 
south  of  Frankfort,  it  is  the  oldest  town  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  a  place  of  resort  on  account  of  its  mineral  wa- 
ters.    Population,  about  4,500. 

Harrogate,or  Harrowgate  (har'6-gat).  A  town 
iu  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  sit- 
uated near  the  Nidd  18  miles  west  by  north  of 
York.  It  is  noted  for  chalybeate,  sulphurous,  and  saline 
springs,  ami  is  one  of  the  principal  watering-places  in  Eng- 
land.   Population  (18111),  13,917. 

Harrow-on-the-Hill  (har'o-ou-THe-hil'),  or 
Harrow.  .\  vilhige  in  Middlesex,  liiigland,  11 
miles  northwest  of  London.  Its  school  for  boys 
ifoinuied  b>  .lohn  Lyon  in  1571,  opened  in  1611)  is  one  of 
the  great  puhlie  sehooi^  .1!   i. upland.     Pop   (>91).  .''',72.S. 

Harry  (har'i ),  Blind,  ^r  Henry  the  Minstrel. 

Lived  about  14(0-!t2.  A  S(■otti^h  niinislrel.  au- 
thor of  a  poem  on  William  Wa  I  laee(  prill  ted  l.")70). 
Acompletemanuscript,  dated  148H,isin  theAd- 
vocat  s'  Library,  Edinburgh.      Dirt.  Xiil.  JBiog. 

Harry,  Earl  of  Moreland,  History  of.    See 

J-Ool  llf  (jKtiliti/. 

Harry  Lorrequer.  A  novel  by  Charles  Lever, 
first  jiublislied  in  the  "Dublin  Magazine  "  in 
l'<37. 

Hart  (hiirt),  James  McDougal.  Bom  at  Kil- 
marnock,Scotland,  Mav  111.  182S:  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Oct.  24,  1901.  An  American  Itmd- 
seape-painter,  brother  and  pupil  of  William 
Hart:  noted  for  landscapes  antl  paintings  of 
cattle  and   sheep. 

Hart,  Joel  T.  Bom  in  Clarke  County.  Ky., 
in  1810:  died  at  Florence,  March  1,  18f7.  An 
American  sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  "Angelina," 
"II  Penseroso,"  "Woman  Triumphant,"  and  statues  of 
Henry  CLay. 

Hart,  John.  Born  at  Hopewell,  N.  J..  1708:  died 
there,  1780.  An  American  patriot,  delegate  to 
Congress  from  New  Jersey  1776.  and  a  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Hart,  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  183").  A  British 
diplomat.  He  entered  the  consular  service  in  China  in 
IS.'tl.  was  inspector-general  of  customs  in  China  186;i-8.">, 
and  w;ui  director  of  Chinese  imperial  maritime  customs 
l^s5-.    Created  a  baronet  in  1893. 

Hart,  Solomon  Alexander.  Bom  at  Plymouth, 

IS06:  died  at  London,  June  12, 1881.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter,  of  Hebrew  descent. 
Hart,  William.  Bom  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
March  31, 1823:  died  at  Mount  Vernon, N.Y..  June 
17,  1894.  An  American  landscape- and  jiiiiinal- 
painter,  brother  of  James  McDougal  Hart. 

Harte  (hiirt),  Francis  Bret.    Bom  at  Aiv>any, 

X.  v.,  Aug.  2.').  \S'M):  died  at  Camlierley.  Surrey, 
England,  Mayo,  1902.  An  American  poet  and 
novelist.  He  removed  to  California  in  18.^4,  and  founded 
tile  "  Overland  Monthly  "(San  Kranciscol  in  I86«.  In  1870 
he  was  made  professor  of  recent  literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity <>f  California,  but  resigned  and  removed  to  New  York 
in  1871.  He  was  United  States  consul  at  i'refebl, Germany, 
187s-.S(l,  and  at  (ilasgow  1880-8.'',.  and  afterwanl  lived  in 
Kiigland.  .Viiionu  his  many  works  are  "  The  Lnek  of  Roar- 
lng('anip"(1868).  "The  Outcasts  of  Poker  I'lat  '  11869), both 
appearing  ill  the  "Overhiiulilont  lily";  "Condensed  Novels, 
etc." (1870);  "The  Heathen  Chlnec"(in  verse.  1S70:  origi- 
nally appearing  as  "  Plain  Talk  fri>m  Truthful  James"  in 
the  "Overland  Monthly");  "Poems  "(1871);  "Stories  of  the 
Sierras  "(1872) ;  "Tales  of  the  Argonauts  "  (187ft) :  "tiabriel 
Conroy  "(1876);  "  Thankful  Blossom  '(ls77):  "Two  Men  of 
Sandy  Bar"  (a  drama.  1877)  :  "  California  Stories  "(1^S4)  ; 
"  A  .Milli.uiaire  of  Rough  and  Ready  "(18-<7)  ;  "A  Drift  from 
KcdwtMul  t'aini)"  and  "A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras  "(1888X 

Hartenstein  (hiir'ten-stin),  Oustav.  Born  at 
I'lauen,  Sa.xony,  March  18,  1808  :  died  at  Jena, 
Feb.  2,  1890.  A  (ierman  philosophical  writer 
of  the  Ilerbartian  school,  professor  of  philos- 
ophy at  the  rniversity  of  Lei)isic  1834-58.  He 
edited  Kant's  works  and  llerbart's. 

Hartfell  (hiirt'fel).  A  hill  in  Scotland,  on  the 
lioiiler  of  Peebles  and  Dumfries. 

Hartford  (hiirl' ford).  Aeity,  the  capital  of  Con- 
neetieiit  and  of  lliiflford  County,  situated  on 
llie  Coiineclieut  in  hit.  41°  46'  N!,  long.  72°  41' 
W.,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  It  Is  noted  for  iU 
wealth,  ami  is  an  lni|K)rlaiit  center  of  Insurance  business, 
book-publishing,  and  manufacturea(esnecially  of  Ilrearms, 
bicycles,  etc.).  II  is  the  seat  of  u  llicological  seminiiry 
(Co'ngregatloual).  of  Trinlly  College  (which  see),  and  of  the 
American  Deaf  ami  Dumb  Asylum,  Connect  lent  Retreat 
for  the  Insane,  llartfordOrphaii  Asylum,  and  other  benevo- 
lent luHtllulions.  II  was  settled  ill  liCl.'..  and  was  thescene 
of  the  attempt  of  Andros  to  secure  ilie  colonial  charter 
(hidden  In  the  "Charter oak  ")ln  li*'.  II  was  sole  capital 
liill.'i  1701.  and  capital  Jointly  with  New  Maven  1701-1873. 
Population  (lliooi.  T1l..s.".0. 

Hartford  Convention.    A  poliiical  assembly 

which  metal  llarlloid  Dec.l.'t,  1814.-Jan.5. 181.'). 
It  was  composed  of  12  delegales  from  Massachusetts  (in- 
cluding lis  president,  George  CalHiU  7  fnun  Connecticut, 
and  4  from  Rhode  Isl.ind  (appidnted  by  the  legislatures  of 
these  States),  and  2  from  New  Hampshire  and  I  trom  \  ef. 
moot  (ajiiiointed  by  counties),  all  Kederalisls.  It  published 
a  report  prolesliiig  auatnst  the  war  with  England  and 
against  the  action  of  the  United  Stales  government  in  re- 
fusing to  pay  the  expenses  of  defending  Massac  liii.^et  Is  and 


Hartford  Convention 


484 


Connecticat  because  those  States  refused  to  place  their  mi-  Harvard  University.  The  oldest  and  largest  in 


litias  UDder  the  control  of  the  Federal  gorenuueut,  and  rec- 
ommended, among  other  things,  the  restriction  of  the 
powers  of  Congress  pertaining  to  war  and  to  the  laying  of 
embargos.  Its  proceedings  were  carried  on  in  secret,  and 
the  convention  was  suspected  at  the  time  of  treason. 

Harthacnnt.     See  Hardkanute. 

Hartington  (har'ting-ton).  Marquis  of.    See 

Caiiinlit-h,  Spencer  Compton. 
Hartlepool.   See  East  Martlejwol  and  West  Miir- 

tlfpool. 
Hartley  (bart'li),  David.  Born  1705  (exact  date 
uncertain):  died  at  Bath,  England,  Aug.  28, 
1757.  An  English  materialistic  philosopher.  His 
chief  work  is  "  Observations  on  Man,  his  Frame,  his  Duty, 
and  his  Expectations  "  (1749).  He  explained  all  mental 
processes  as  founded  upon  minute  nervous  vibrations, 
which  he  called  -  Vibratiuucles."  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  English  a^sociational  psychologj'. 

Hartmann  (hart'man),  Karl  Robert  Eduard 
von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  2a.  1842.  A  German 
philosophical  writer,  noted  as  an  expoimder  of 
pessimism.  He  has  ivritten  "Die  Philosophie  des 
Unbewussten  "  ("  Philosophy  of  the  Unconscious,"  1869), 
"Phanomenologiedes8ittlichenBewus5tseins"(lS79),'-Das 
religiose  Hewusstsein  der  Menschheit,"  "  Die  Religion  des 
Geistes"  (1SS2),  etc. 

Hartmann,  Moritz.  Born  at  Duschnik.  Bohe- 
mia, Oct.  15.  1^21 :  died  at  Oberdobling,  near 
Vienna,  May  13. 1872.  A  German  poet  and  nov- 
elist. Among  his  works  are  "Der  Krieg  um 
den  Wald  "  (1850).  and  the  poem 
Eva"  ,ls.-il:. 

Hartmann  von  Aue  (hart'man  fon  ou'e).  Born 
in  Swabia  about  1170:  died  between  1210  and 
1220.  A  Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He  was 
a  liegeman  of  the  noble  house  of  Aue.  He  was  well  edu- 
cated, according  to  the  measure  of  the  time,  and  had  re- 
ceived instruction  in  Latin  and  French.  He  took  part  in 
the  Crusade  of  1197.  At  various  times  he  wrote  lyrics  and 
two  poetical  love-letters,  or  "Buchlein  "(•'  Booklets  ").  His 
epics  are  ■•Gregonus,"  the  legend  of  St-  Gregory,  based  on 
a  French  poem ;  '  Der  arme  Heinrich  "  ("  Poor  Henry  "),  a 
pious  tale  from  a  Latin  storj- ;  and  two  romances  from  the 
so-called  cycle  of  King  Arthur,  "  Erec  "  and  "  Iwein,"  both 
free  versions  of  originals  of  the  French  poet  Chrestien  of 
Troyes.  "Erec'  and  "Gregorius"  were  written  before 
1197,  "Der  arme  Heinrich  "  and  "Iweiu  "  after,  probably 
in  the  order  given.  In  "  Erec  "  he  introduced  the  Arthur- 
ian legend  into  German  literature. 

Hartranft  (har'tranft),  Jolin  Frederick.  Born 
at  XewHanover,  MontgomervOountv,  Pa..  Dee. 
16,  1830:  died  at  !s^oiTistown,"Pa.,  Oct.  17,  1889. 
An  American  general  and  politician,  governor 
of  Pennsvlvania  1873-79. 

Hartt  (hart),  Charles  Frederic.  Born  at  Fred- 
ericton,  New  Brunswick,  Aug.  23,  1840 :  died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  March  18,  1878.  An  American 
geologist.  He  studied  under  Agassiz.  and  accompanied 
him  to  Brazil  in  1S6S  ;  subsequently  he  was  piotessor  of 
geology  at-  %'assar  College  and  Cornell  University.  He 
made  repeated  excursions  to  Brazil,  and  in  1875  organized 
the  Brazilian  Geological  Commission,  under  the  govern- 
ment of  that  country  :  its  work  was  cut  short  by  his  death. 
He  published  "Geology  and  Physical  Geography  of  Brazil " 
(1870).  and  numerous  important  papers  on  geology,  pale- 
ontology, and  ethnology. 

Hartwick  ihart'wlk).  A  township  in  Otsego 
County,  central  New  York,  63  miles  west  of  Al- 
bany :"  seat  of  Hartwick  Theological  Seminary 
(Lutheran).     Population  (1890).  1,894. 

Hartz.     See  Hur-. 


stitution  of  learning  in  America,  situated  part- 
ly in  Cambridge  and  partly  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts.   The  college  was  founded  by  the  general  court 

of  the  colony  of  ilassachusetts  Bay  in  163ii.    Two  years ,.    ^ 

later  the  name  Harvard  was  given  to  it  in  memorj- of  John  garzburg  (harts'boro).  A  small  towninBruns 
Harvard  (see  above).    The  university  includes  Harvard     ^^.j.   jj^  ^^^^  ^arz  26  miles  south  of  Brunswick 


Hasdrubal 

ony  in  Prussia :  the  ancient  .Silva  Hercynia.  It 
is  divided  into  the  Upper  Harz  in  the  northwest  and  the 
Lower  Ilarz  in  the  southeast,  and  is  noted  for  mineral 
wealth  and  picturesque  scenery.  Among  the  chief  miner- 
als are  lead,  silver,  iron,  and  copper.  The  highest  summit 
is  the  Brocken  (3,745  feet).    Length  of  the  chain,  60  miles. 


\ 


College,  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  the  Graduate 
School,  the  Divinity  School,  the  Law  School,  the  Medical 
School  the  Dental  School,  the  School  of  Veterinar}'  Medi- 
cine, the  Bussey  Institution  (a  school  of  agriculture),  and 
the  Arnold  Arboretum,  the  first  five  of  which  are  situated  in 
Cambridge,  the  last  five  in  Boston ;  also  the  I  Diversity  Li- 
brarj-,  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  (popularly 
known  as  the  Agassiz  Museum),  the  University  Museum, 
the  Botanic  Gardens,  the  Herbarium,  the  Astrouomical 
Observator)-,  and  the  Peabody  Museum  of  .American  Aicha;- 
ology  and  Ethnology,  all  of  which  are  in  Cambridge.  It  is 
governed  by  two  boards — the  corporation,  consisting  of  the 
president,  treasurer,  and  5  fellows,  in  whom  is  vested  the 
title  to  the  property  of  the  university;  and  the  board  of 
overseers,  30  in  number  (besides  the  president  and  trea- 
surer). Until  I860  the  State  government  maintained  a 
more  or  less  direct  control  over  the  overseers,  but  since 
then  they  have  been  chosen  exclusively  by  the  alumni  of 
the  college.  The  number  of  teachers  at  present  (1903)  is 
.534  ;  of  students  in  all  departments.  4,261  (2,109  of  them  in 
the  college  proper).  There  were  also  94.5  students  in  the 
summer  school  in  1902.  The  endowment  of  the  univer- 
sity is  overS14,000,000 ;  its  other  property,  including  lands 
and  buiUiiiigs.  about  $5,000,000  more.  Its  annual  income 
is  over  Jl.OOO.OW.  Its  fellowships  and  scholarships  yield 
almost  ?100,CKXi  a  year.    The  library  contains  600.000  bound 

^    __         volumes,  not  including  pamphlets  and  maps. 

Adainuud  Harvey  (har'\-i),  Gabriel.  Born  at  Saffron  Wal- 
den,  Essex,  1545  (?) :  died  there,  1630.  An  Eng- 
lish author.  He  matriculated  at  Christ  s  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1566,  and  in  1570  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke. While  there  he  became  intimate  with  Edmund 
Spenser,  who  Introduces  him  in  "The  Shepherd's  Calen- 
dar "  as  Hobbinol.  He  exercised  for  some  years  an  influ- 
ence over  Spenser's  genius,  from  which  the  latter,  who  ad- 
mired him,  freed  himself  with  difficulty.  He  was  of  an 
arrogant,  bitter  spirit,  and  was  continuously  at  war  with 
those  who  smTouuded  him.  This  finally  culminated  in  a 
scurrilous  paper  warfare  with  Xashe  and  Greene,  which 
began  with  Greene's  "Quip  for  an  Upstart  Coiutier,"  writ- 
ten in  retaliation  for  contemptuous  references  to  himsell 
in  the  writings  of  Harvev's  brother  Kichard,  to  which  Har- 
vey replied  in  his  "  Four  Lettere "  (1592),  vituperating 
Greene  unmercifully.  Even  the  death  of  Greene,  which 
occurred  soon  after,  did  not  prevent  Har^-ey's  attempts  to 
blacken  his  character.  Xashe  now  began,  with  great 
powers  of  invective  and  sarcasm,  to  defend  his  friend's 
memorj-.  In  his  "Strange  News"  (1593)  he  proclaimed 
open  warres  "  against  Harvey  and  his  brother.    Harvey 


It  consists  of  the  villages  I^eustadt,  Biindheim,  and  .Schle- 
wecke,  and  is  a  noted  summer  resort.  Near  it  is  the  Burg. 
berg,  with  the  ruined  castle  of  Harzburg. 

Hasan,  or  Hassan,  and  Husein  (Arabic  pron. 
ha'sen,  ho-san').  Sons  of  All  and  Fatima, 
daughter  of  Mohammed.  Ali  was  Mohammed's  cou- 
sin, and  the  first  person,  after  his  wife,  who  believed  in 
him,  and  was  declared  by  Mohammed  his  brother,  dele- 
gate, and  vicar.  He  married  Fatima,  the  prophet's  daugh- 
ter, and  his  sons  Hasan  and  Husein  were  favorites  with 
Mohammed,  who  had  no  sons,  and  was  expected  to  name 
Ali  as  his  successor.  ..^t  Mohammed's  death  in  632  Ali 
was  passed  over,  and  Abu-Bekr,  Omar,  and  Othiuan  became 
successively  calils.  On  Othman's  assassination  (655)  Ali 
accepted  the  califate,  but  was  resisted  by  Moawiyah,  who 
had  set  himself  up  as  calif,  and  with  whom  he  fought  a 
bloody  but  indecisive  battle  in  Mesopotamia.  Shortlyafter 
Ali  was  fatally  stabbed  by  an  enthusiast  in  the  mosque  of 
Kufft.  The  Mohammedan  world  is  divided  into  the  two 
great  sects  of  Shiahs  and  Sunis.  The  Shiahs  reject  the 
first  three  califs  as  usurpers,  and  begin  with  Ali  aa  the  first 
lawful  successor  of  Mohammed;  the  Sunis  recognize  Abu- 
Belir,  Omar,  and  Othmau  as  well  as  Ali,  and  regard  the 
Shiahs  as  impious  heretics.  Husein,  one  of  All's  sons, 
married  the  daughter  of  Tezdigerd,  the  last  Sassanian  king 
of  Persia,  whence  Persia  became  specially  connected  with 
the  house  of  Ali.  Moawiyah  diedin680.  His  son  Yezid  suc- 
ceeded him  as  calif  at  Damascus.  DiU'ing  Moawiyah's 
reign.  All's  sons,  the  imams  Hasan  and  Husein,  lived  in 
retirement  at  Medina  ;  but  when  Moaw  iyah  died  the  peo- 
ple of  Kufa  sent  offers  to  Husein  to  make  him  calif.  He 
set  out  for  Kufa  with  his  family  and  relatives  to  the  num- 
ber of  80.  Then  ensued  the  tragedy  of  Kerbela,  familiar 
to  every  Mohammedan.  In  a  battle  on  the  plain  of  Ker- 
bela, Husein  and  his  men  were  slain.  The  women  and 
children  were  afterward  taken  in  chains  to  Damascus. 
The  sufferings  of  the  "Family  of  the  Tent,"  as  the  imam 
Husein  and  his  companions  at  Kerbela  are  called,  and  the 
death  of  Hasan,  who  was  p^is^tned  by  his  wife,  form  the 
subject  of  a  Persian  t.azya(see  Tazya\  or  religious  drama, 
resembling  the  Obei-ajnmergau  "Passion  Play."  This 
drama,  which  has  sprung  up  within  the  present  century, 
plays  a  great  part  in  the  religious  life  of  the  Persia  of  to- 
day. See  "A  Persian  Passion  Play"  in  Matthew  Arnold's 
"Essays  in  Criticism." 
Hasbeiya  (has-ba'ya).  A  town  of  the  Druses  in 
SjTia,  Asiatic  Tui'key,  36  miles  west  by  south  of 
Damascus:  perhaps  the  biblical  Baal-Hermon. 


replied  with 'Pierce's  Supererogation."   The  warf.are  con-  HasdlTlbal  (has '  dro-bal),  or  Asdmbal  (a: 

di-u-bal).  A  Carthaginian  omeer  of  high  rank 
in  the  army  of  Hannibal  in  Italy.  He  contributed 
greatly  to  the  victory  of  Cannse  in  216  B.  c.  by  a  cavahy 
charge  on  the  rear  of  the  Roman  infantrj-  after  having  put 

-ii.-uiu...    ^^  ^ ^ ^, ,      the  Koman  horse  to  rout. 

howCTerrn1)w\&rLdied  a"clinrax,Wd  in  1599  it  was  ordered  Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.     Died  in  Spain,  221 
by  authority  'that  all  Nashes  bookes  and  Dr.  Haney's     ^  ,_.    A  Carthaginian  gene 


tinned  till  in  1596  Nashe,  hearing  that  Har\ey  boasted  of 
having  silenced  him,  "published  his  famous  satire,  'Have 
with  you  to  Saffron  Walden,'  which  he  dedicated  by  way 
of  farce  to  '  P.ichard  Lichfield,  barber  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ' ;  and  to  this  Harvey  once  more  rejoined  in  his 
■  Trimming  of  Thomas  Nashe '  (1.597).     The  scandal  had. 


bookes  be  taken  wheresoever  they  may  be  found,  and  that 
uone  of  the  same  bookes  be  ever  printed  hereafter'  (Cwper, 
Atheme  Cant.,  ii.  306)."  (Diet.  Sat.  Bioii.)  Among  his 
works,  besides  those  mentioned,  are  '•  Rhetor,  sive  2.  Die- 
rum  Oratio  de  Xatura,  .Arte  et  Exercitatione  Rhetorica" 
(1577),  " Ciceronianus,  sive  Oratio  post  Reditum  habita 
Cautabrigise  ad  suos  auditores,"  etc.  (1577),  "  The  Storj-  of 
Mercy  Harvey"  (1574-75),  "Letters  to  and  from  Edmund 
Spenser  "  (1579-SO), '  A  Letter  of  Notable  Contents  "  (1593). 
Harvey,  Sir  George.  Born  at  .St.  Ninian's,  near 
Stirling,  Feb.,  1806 :  diedat  Edinburgh,  Jau.  22, 
1876.  A  Scottish  painter,  chiefly  of  landscapes 
fi-om  Scottish  historv  and  life. 


and  scenes 

Hartzenbuscb  (harts'en-bosh),  Juan  Eugenio.  Harvey,  William.    Born  at  Fc^lkestone,  Kent, 
id,  Sept.  6,  1806:  died  at  Madrid,     April  1.  1578 :  died 


at  London,  June  3.  1657.  A 
celebrated  English  physician,  physiologist,  and 
anatomist :  the  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood.  He  was  educated  at  Canterburj-  and  Cam- 
bridge (Gonville  and  Cains  CoUege),  where  he  graduated 
in  1597 ;  studied  at  Padua  ;  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
medicine  at  Cambridge  in  1602  ;  became  physician  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  1609  ;  was  Lmnleian  lecturer  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  1615-56 ;  and  became  physician 
extraordinarj-  to  James  I.  in  1618.  During  the  civil  war  he 
sided  with  the  Royalists,  was  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  and 
went  to  Oxford  with  the  king.  His  chief  works  are  "Ex- 
ercitatio  de  motu  cordis  et  sanguinis  "  ("  Essay  on  the  Mo- 
tion of  the  Heart  and  the  Blood,"  1628X  "Exercitationes 
de  generatione  animalium  "  (1651). 


Born  at  Madrid, 

Aug.  2,  1880.  A  Spanish  dramatic  poet,  of  Ger 
man  descent.  He  published  "  Los  amantes  de  Teruel " 
(1836),  and  other  dramas,  and  edited  critically  Calderon, 
Lope  de  Vega,  etc.    He  wrote  "  Cuentos  y  Fabulas   (1861). 

Harudes  (ha-ro'dez),  or  Charades  (ka-ro'dez). 
[L.  (Csesar)  Harudes,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Xapoidcc.] 
A  German  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Caesar  as  in 
the  army  of  Ario  vistus.  In  the  campaigns  of  Tiberius 
they  were  situated  on  the  lower  Elbe,  at  the  base  of  the 
Cimbrian  peninsula.  Notlung  is  known  of  their  ultimate 
fate. 

Harun-al-Kashid  (hii-ron'al-rash'id  or  -ra- 
shed')('AaiontheJust').   Calif  of  Bagdad  786- 

809,  the  fifth  and  the  most  renowned  of  the  Ab-  Harvey,  William.  Bom  at  Neweastle-on-TT,-ne, 
bassides.  Under  him  the  Eastern  califate  attained  the  England,  Julv  13,  1796 :  died  near  Eichmond, 
height  of  its  splendor  and  power.  All  the  lands  from  the  Eno-ianj  Jan.  13,  1866.  An  English  wood-en- 
Ja.\artes  and  the  Indus  to  Gibraltar  obeyed  his  rule,  and  ^^''^^  '  ,,  ,]„_:'„-  tj„  iUuatrntpit  T.nnp's 
Bagdadbecameacenteroflearningaudcivilization.  Harun  graver  and  designer.  He  lllustratea  l^ane  S 
madesuccessfulexpeditionsintotheGreekempire.forcing      "Arabian  rvights,    etc. 

theemperorNicephorus  to  pay  tribute,  whileheentertained  Har'wich.  (har'ij).  A  seaport  in  Essex,  England, 
friendly  relations  with  Charlemagne.  He  is,  however,  best  ^jtug^pj  oDDOsite  the  confluence  of  the  Stour 
known  from  the  tales  of  the  "Arabian  Nights,  in  which  -  ,  A  "  ,V  ;„  i„f  srio^^fi'V  \r.T.a  1°  M' V  Tt 
everything  curious, romantic,  and  wonderful  is  connected  and  Orwell,  in  lat.Ol  Ob  JS.,  long.  1  li  £..  U 
with  his  Same,  or  is  supposed  to  have  happened  in  his  is  a  summer  resort,  and  the  termmus  of  steam-packet  Uue» 
rejg,,  -^  rr  rr  ^  Antwerp  and  Rotterdam.     Population  (1»91),  8,191. 

Harvard  (har'vard),  Jobn.  Born  at  South  wark,  Harwood  (har'wud).  Ed'ward.  Born  at  Dar- 
London.1607:  died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Sept.  wen,  Lancashire,  1729:  died  at  London,  Jan.  14, 
14.1638.  A  clergyman  in  the  Massachusetts  col-  1794.  An  English  biblical  and  classical  scholar, 
ony,  the  first  benefactor  of  Harvard  College,  to  He  wrote  "A  View  of  .  .  .  Editions  of  the  Greek 
which  he  bequeathed  his  library  of  about  300  and  Roman  Classics'"  (1775),  etc. 
volumes  and  half  of  his  estate.  He  was  the  son  of  Harz  (hiirts),  sometimes \vritten  HartZ,G.  Harz 
a  butcher  of  Southwark.  London  ;  graduated  at  Emmanuel  qj.  HaTZgeblrgC  (hiirts'ge-ber-ge).  A  range  of 
College.  Cambridge,  in  1631 ;  and  emigrated  to  New  Eng-  mountains  in  Germanv,  situated  in  Brunswick, 
land    n  l(>:i7.     He  was  for  a  time  assistant  pastor  of  the     i"i"'ui<ilus  lu  ^  Z;  "  '  „  „(!ti„„„„-„.- „„fi  a,,-.. 

Krst  Church  of  Charlestown.  Anhalt,  and  the  provinces  of  Hannover  and  bax- 


eneral  and  politician.  He 
rose  to  prominence  as  a  leader  of  the  democratic  party  at 
Carthage  in  the  iiiten'al  between  the  first  and  second 
Punic  wars,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Hamilcar  Barca, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Spain  in  238.  He  subsequently 
returneii  to  Africa  to  assume  command  in  a  war  against 
the  Numidians.  whom  he  reduced  to  submission.  In  229 
he  succeeded  his  father-in-law_  as  commander  in  Spain, 
where  he  founded  the  city  of  New  Carthage,  and  largely 
extended  the  Carthagmian  power.  He  was  assassinated 
by  a  slave  whose  master  he  had  put  tu  death. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdmbal.  Died  203  b.  c.  A 
Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Hamilcar  Barca 
and  brother  of  Hannibal.  He  was  left  in  charge  of 
the  Carthaginian  forces  in  Spain  when  Hannibal  set  out 
on  his  e-xpedition  to  Italy  in  218.  He  maintained  the  war 
against  the  Romans  under  the  brothers  t'neius  and  Pub- 
lius  ."fcipio  with  varied  success  until  212,  when,  having 
been  reinforced  by  two  armies  under  Mago  and  Hasdrubal 
son  of  Gisco,  he  was  enabled  to  inflict  a  decisive  defeat 
upon  Cneius,  who  fell  in  the  battle,  Publius  having  been 
killed  a  short  time  previously  in  a  cavalry  engagement- 
He  was  defeated  by  Scipio  Africauus  at  Bsecula  in  209,  and 
probablv  in  the  same  year  crossed  the  PjTeuees  on  his  wa> 
to  join  ills  brotlier  in  Italy.  He  crossed  the  Alps  in  '207, 
but  was  attacked  and  defeated  by  the  Romans  under  C. 
Nero  and  M.  Livius  on  the  Metaurus  in  the  same  year  be- 
fore he  could  effect  a  junction  with  Hannibal.  He  fell  in 
the  engagement,  and,  according  to  Livy,  his  severed  head 
was  thrown  into  the  camp  of  Hannibal  by  the  victorious 
Romans. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  Died  about  200  b.  c. 
A  Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Gisco.  He  was 
sent  to  Spain  with  an  army  in  214,  and  on  the  departure 
about  209  of  Hasdrubal,  son  of  Hamilcar,  on  his  expedition 
to  join  Hannibal  in  Italy  was  left  with  Mago  in  command 
of  the  Carthaginian  forces  in  Spain.  He  w  as  defeated  with 
his  colleague  at  Silpia  or  Elinga  by  Scipio  Africanus  in 
•206 ;  was  in  command  of  an  army  opposed  to  Scipio  in 
Africa  in  204,  when  his  camp  near  Utica  was  fired  by  the 
Romans  and  nearly  the  whole  of  his  army  destroyed  ;  and 
is  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  taken  poison  to  escape 
the  fury  of  the  Carthaginian  populace. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  A  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral. He  was  commander-in-chief  in  the  war  against 
Masiuissa  in  160  B.  c.  Having  sustained  a  decisive  de- 
feat, he  was  punished  with  exile.  He  was,  however,  re- 
called on  the  outbreak  of  the  third  Punic  war  in  149.  and 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  forces  outside  the  walls  of 
Carthage.  He  defeated  the  consul  Manilius  in  two  engage- 
ments at  Nepheris  about  148.  He  subsequently  became 
commander  of  the  forces  within  the  city,  which  he  de- 
fended with  great  obstinacy  against  Scipio  in  146.  He 
finally  surrendered,  and,  after  gracing  the  triumph  ot 


Hasdrubal 


Seipio,  was  allowed  .o^pen^^^e^.  of  ^  ^l^l^Z^ 
chW  captivity.  It  Ifi'^'^ih  cowardice,  a..a  threw  herself 
SiriSrhaareifi-rt^"'-"-  of  the  temple  m  which 
she  had  taken  refuge^  ^^^  ^^ 

Base  (ba  ze)   ^arl  AU&usi,^  ^^^^  j^^ 

1830,  and  at  Jciia  If  0-«;i.  Hr^cme    .  ^^^^ 

L^'Jf^^e^SSir.t.^?^^  ■^^.hen.ei.chte  ■■  (1^. 

Base,  Karl  ^^^- .^"^'a^^^r^. 

Sfpruria^Alr^nafisSS.     A  German  arcbi- 

teetural  pa"it<?.''-  , ,  „ ,  q  ^  ^f  t^e  persons 
HasiS-Actra  (ha  ^Jf*  f ^^^'tj," Babylonian  Nitn- 
in  the  Izdubar  l;g<^"!'f '  °^;,^^  or  Gilgamesh.  He 
rod  epic,  ancestor  0  Izdubar  01  ^g._^_^^^,^,;, 
is  one  of  the  her«^s  of  that  poem  ana  ^^^^^  ^^  ^._^_  ^,  j 
andalifewiththegods  VihenlM  ^jj^„  1,^,^^^ 
asks  him  bow  he  obUuned  tms  ^^^^^^  _^  counterpart  to 
him  the  stoi?  of  the  aeiufee,  " "'  :.  He  was  living,  he 
U.e  accountsof  Bejosas  and  of  Oenc^^^^^^^  Euphrates  (Sip 
relates,  in  Surripak,  an  anueni  c    y  ^^^  ^^^  ^ 

par  or  Sepharvaim),  when  Ea,  t  le  go  ^  _^^  ^  ^^ 

^ised  him  o  the  dec  on  of  he  go  ^^^  himself,  h.s 
and  advised  him  to  buil.l  a  s'VP. "  , ,  j  when  the  waters 
family,  friends,  »"d  goods    Tins  he  'Ud  ^^^^^ 

„f  the  flood  disaPP'=''"*  \  '  riflce  to  the  g.  .ds.    After  this 
a  mountain,  and  "Sf f  *  a  sacrflc^^^^      .  g  ^^_.^^  ^.^ 
he  disappeared,  and  a  \oicelrom  11  ^^  ^^  ,,y<, 

panious  that  he  had  been  t  »n»la^d  to  u^^g^^ 
forever  as  a  reward  for  Jjis  P'ety;  ^  jjerosus  he  is  called 
termed  the  "  Babylonian  >oah  '"  ^^'^^  „f  ,he  first  10 
Xisuthros,  and  ''^PJS  „''"""'"= '"  '"'  '"^"'P'lV'" 
-^I^^SEu^sS^&l  S^"- -  ^'^■^"''""'"'' 
,,  .  or  ;fruif  -^P-^-^^^;';  \^,  „pper  Aare,  in 
Hasll(haz  li).  ,./'J'^J,g  pjiton  of  Bern,  Switzer- 
tirTJ^^  f^on:::lr  the  Grin.sel  to  the 

fjs'Ver.'^ff-anSiiesofeotton.   Popu- 
lation (1891),  18.225. 
Hasmoneans.    ^<;%^" ^ ''m^i^.s;  town  in  the 

Haspe  (ha^I^).     A  ™/^'^^'^:^,Xa.  situated  on  the 
province  of  WestpliaUa.riu^^sia.  ^^^ 

^""'^''.fuf^cureT     Popu^^^^^ 

,ron  manufactures,     r  p  .     ^^^^^ 

Hassan  (has'san).    A  distiia  j,_ 

intersected  by  lat.  12    M    i>i.,  ioi% 
Hassan.     See  Haw ".  3ori, 

Hassard  (haz'ard  ,  Jol»i^gI^fjf,«jYS^rrApril  18, 

at  New  York,  i^ept.  4,  l^-'f,;'J'^„d  musical  critic. 

1888.AnAraerican]0urnaUstan^^^^^ 

lnl866hebecameconnecte<wlththe^e  ^^1^^,  ^,.^^^^^^ 

and  for  many  years  was  «riterof  eaiioi  i      •        ,     ,„  ,87.7, 

sr^;&:t^or;^J-^-  ^„^_, 

Italian  singer,  the  wite  "^  J^/^'^^^^orf.  near 
Basse,  Johann  Adolf    Bm.  at  b  ^^^^.^^_  ^^^^ 

^;'?^;[«'^';^':.:i,Grauo^.aticco^ 


Hassler  (^Hs'ler,  Pe^d  Rudolph. , ^- 

;:;CN^-'2S^^3:AWissAn.n^^ 
fist.     He  was  for  fome  time  eomiected  witlUl.e      e^__ . 
metrical  survey  of  SwiUeriand    ^ut  ^""J  f^  i„3t„'„ce  of 
orateil  to  the  United  States,  w"':'"''  ;,,,„ssor  of  raathe- 
Albcrt  Gallatin,  he  became^  acting  Pf"'/^^  ^^^,3  until 

S-«^^S'^'--^'i^Mromthe 
latter  date  till  his  death. 


Hatiin  Raymi 


Gottingen.  His  «»;;''.''  ''C'rirkuU  Von.-  und  Re». 
.chreibung  der  .K™"fh«'!t™;'^'^^4  i,,elten  dea  Nerven- 
nlrntlotisorgane     (Wi),     ""-  ■^' 

api.iirat»"(i8r'5)-eic.  -prpdrik      Bom 

at  Ti'.rnevalla,intastt,otm.uii, 

14,  1722:   died  near.  Snijn;"  .-•;••  J-  ^ ''';., ^j^ 

Swedish  naturalist   and_  1 1  aM  ler. 

-  Iter  pal.estinum    (Ij."  ).  ,     province 

^^.^^Imf-'^ied'at  Mnrb...-,,  I'mssia,  th-. 

nctionary  minister  m  Hesse-Cassti  it>o 
1850-55. 


Bniiilian  coast.  Strait  <>'.  *."»?';  ,,'.,,i,,     pcep-sea  dredg- 

Hastenbeck  'l-^'^t^p'r' Prussfa  near"Hameln. 
province  of  H?""°7;^ J^,™X  >Iarshal  d'Estr^os 
Here,  July  •2(1,  ITS. ,  th«  Fren'.i  nnae  (.^lanj. 

li:uS=:™  stills- trris; 

invasion  of  England  893;8»7.  „„,,;„„j.,,  AS.  JIa'..- 

Countv.   '"".V.     "    -fi,  tl,o  Atississiiipi.  19  miles 
southeastotM.  t  .viii-    '     '.  ,.,„,„  (-.,,,,ntv,  south- 

H^5;gs,Francis^Bawdon^^'!-,S;:;js! 

the  American  war  diirm^  "liny ^^^ <^^^j     „, „,.,,  nused 
cans  at  the  battle  of  11     Kik»  succeeded  his 

to  the  peerage  as  ?'>".'"''•."";", anp.iinted  master-gen. 
tttthera'searl  of  ^oira  in  l.i«  •  "J^-W        .^^.^^,  ^,,  m^i,, 

?^l"-V''v«a°i;r:a"d'mar;.?s  oi  Hastings  in  1810 ;  and 
was  governorof  Malta  1824  ■().  c,,„rehill,  Ox- 

HastingB,  Warren.  .^«''\i|o^1,"ed  Aug.  22. 
fordshire,  England,  U^'  ■  ^' '  ;-  ,^  ,,,„,  „nt  to 
1818.     An  EuKl.sh  stiUesn  .  1.^^  ^.^^,„^.. 

Calcutta  as  a  w"ter  i  the  Eas^  Inm'  .,^,,,^  j„  ,;„!  ^e- 
came  a  member  f.  ''S^°'  ,e,,t  „ut  asa  meinber  of  the 
turned  to  Eng  »nd  in  1  M  .  «ei.t  ou  ,^.^,.„„r  „,  Ben- 

council  at  Madras...  1769,  and  b^^^^'^i  ^^  j,,,,!     ,„  1771. 

Kal  h.  1772,  a...l  fll^Ll'eh"!  si..gl^ '.e.-n'Hhir"' '""»'•'■*•• 
In  1781  he  expel  ed  ^''^f,,"  a  war  CiUitrihutloll  .igalnst  the 
who  refused  a  ',l«:n""''V  '  L.ated  poition  of  the  lamU 
Mahrattas  ;  and  in  1 ' « '.  "'7the  Nawab  of  O"'"'  (the  Be- 
„nd  treasure  of  '^' '"'''. ^'^'i'reSasViBtanee  to  Chait  Singh. 
Ki.m»fOudh),whohali  I'd'-r'j^'  ,  ,„  ,;g7  was  im. 

He  returned  to  EnK';"  f     '  J^^,'',J;'„„,i  n.iaden,eano.-s, 

peached  on  the  '■•'"J'-B", "  .'  '.f 'i,";  r"toence  to  .-halt  Singh 
fca,ed  ehielly  "..  his  c  "duet  iiriu  ,^^,,^^^  ^^ 

?;"»  '""t'jris'in"  7  tind  riildt.^  in  an  ac.ui.tnl  lnl79.. 

isi:'x;t;;gu:^:vo.Lt^..:^j;--j-;s 
nX'-n^-nijlSHKi^^"';^?^? 

14lil,  rcceiv.r  of  the  '^'^V^'  '",,.,'  ,,i  Mcn-tB,  ehamber- 
cha.nlKrlain  c.f  the  r,,y,.J^^n.s.lnl       '^  ^^^  ^..^^,^_,^ 

lain  of  North  Wa  es  '.!»-[''■,;  \  „„  i„v,,ding  army,  and 
lnU7r,  he  w,v,  »'=nt,V'l"  '  TiTlVil  le  w...  cx-ate.!  Ilaron 
a  treaty  of  peace  '"""",7'.„J''„o  Edward's  ehl.st  so,,. 
HiUitlngs.  He  swore  'yl\-f''[f" ',",;.  After  the  king  s 
but  was  on  bad  t<""" ',''''  rl..g  hi  n  to  agree  with  l..« 
death,  (lloucester,  ''•'«'"'',„  'St  ,.  coll.icil  held  in  the 
plans,  cluirged  hlin  «','''  .[,'^""'    J,,!   l.ehea.led   at  o.ioe. 

reigned  as  ,|ue< ...     J"'" 
linither,  Thothmes  111. 


Uhasp.easedhistoriansK,™.k™othr.iesn.as^^ 

Thothmes  II.  and  ■rhothn.eslll^  B  „  '  T  >'  thmes  II.,  and 
as  Q.icen  Consort  .  urii.p  the  ^^f'^"'  '  „(  ,he  reign  of 
as  Q"«n-',f/"'^  ,'Xrs  and  mosVemphatieally  by  Dr 
Thothmes  III.    By  "t""";,  ""  -suriier.     As  a  matter  of 

Brugsch,  she  >?  «V'';^  w  ,s  aefuSly  Qn^".  ^''-^  ^^^""'.'^e- 
fact,  however,  Uatasu  «  as  ■'"""'/.r',,  j  Uer  accession, 
lant,  during  the  lifetime  c^  Ju.'.e  "e"din"  '"at  of  her 
therefore^ates  f"™  » '"'^.^'",'rtlM  historical  inscr.p- 

LSePyiconite  E.  %^X^^Sz^,,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  261, 


;n^endana:ompa;,U.n  (fCommodoreTrunnion. 
HatCreek  Indians.  /- ^  .»^  ,. 

Hatfield  ^l^'^*    \^^'^iie^^or'h-noThwest  of  Lon- 

:^r'S"i.' is  hLS  House,  seat  of  the 

^^I7:^a  rhise''"A  large  tract  of  fenland  (now 
Hatfield  Onase.     ^  ■•    i-        Yorkshire. 
■Ivained)  near  ^^on-'   -^  '>  i^;^^'^g^^^.,,„i.^^ere. 

Hathaway  hath  •!-  f^j^^^-^  u^ytholog^,  a« 

local  forms  and  names.       __.,,.  r>„,.„  ir.  Wilt- 

Hathorne  (.;a^h^i),WUli.-  i^S^., 

lll^'  ^'i:^Hca..eol.ual^offici^.^He^ 

grated  to  America  in  It*-*  ■  "•;; "ea  at  ^^^^^ 

Seinber.,f  '"«  ^"""^J'^",""  ?PPt  with  the  French  agent 
of  Massachuse  ts  B7J*'^''^fth"  B"neraU•ourtolMassa■ 
D■.^ul,.eyinlMn;w^s,«akero^the^Bery_^_  ^^  ^^^  „, 

'^t^  /iJ^-cC-rrefUt t^subSiit  to  the  authority 
,,f  the  loval  commissioners.  ,..»._..„',        A 

HLtras(hii-triis'),.n-Hathras.h.^^^^^^ 

^:!f  ^rce^i^Utt-'^vf  ^'^  ;^^v 

I70  36'  N.,  long.  78°  5'  E.     Population  (1891), 

39  H^l. 
Hatshepsu.    See  H«'<'S".  j^   Kether- 

SnSdaW  lelsb/a'ieposed  clergy- 
in  tl..'  imagination,  and  is  llseii  ii»  "»'.•  1 

Ti:^terSTl.atS;:Dirk.    A  smuggler  in 
^*^^^  ott's  no^4^.>u>^Mant.nn^^ 

j^ir'!^o,ifi,;'y"^'^:^rs?^vn^'oJt.^u 
S(i.^i.''^i-,S::fo;r.h^^^--^- 

nant  inlluence  '•\''^"";"  '"",\,,,,i,ority  at  the  expense 

of  an  nmuly  nol  ilitj,  a  P"' V. "   ,' ,  part  of  the  ptn.ple 
'--I^.il-M'^^^llevarie^lnrhe^"  carried  away  by 
.'",,'■..  .1  .,.,..,.„  h,t,,  the  cniter  of  Etna. 


iither,  1  loinmeB  w. 

1  ,,..  \lr  Uhl.id  in  1841.  exea 

Her  tomb  «,»s  ->™;"";7itt.a  vlcl^'li  of  her  Un.ple  ; 
vated  i..  the  el."-"!''^- ''' '  "  ',',„,,  to  have  been  forgotte... 
but  its  hlentltyaj,pe»n-i.'-'J^'^^  ^.^.„^„^  ^,,  _  p.  .,„;. 


n;::ievn'i..;d  ;hV:^;7inio-the  crater  of  Etna. 

xi  VtnTT      )i,d'Hi9or970.  Archbishonof Main/.. 

HattO  II.  1 "  "  ■,:.„,,,  ,„  ^42  or  SM:t,  an.l  (..  9<i-S  wiui  ap- 
llo  becan.e  abbot  of  *"'','  ,''';' Vsnc^.ecd  Willia.n  of  Sax- 
pointed  by  the  J"'!''"^''':  '"•'.•.,'  A.cordi.ig  to  a  .nedi- 
Li-  i..  the  .irchbishop.  e  of  Mah  i-  „^  ,',\|",'..^i„„debi.rg 
cval  legend,  which  «  as  ;"X;;'n;',.  Je  ■«  .  nnlsl.meni  for 
Centuries,"  he  »  as  eate,.      '".''7,;  ^   ',,'^1 ,,   p,...ple  caught 

li!;:!;;;;',;;;^rni^t:^r;^!:;^r?'t^:i'i^mnei,.?va.ne,.dea. 

'    r   o  es.ape  f.-on.  his  assaila..ts.  VI„l,l,.„bv 

£a:tton.  Air  Christopher     Bi.;.Ho^^^^^ 

^■'■!}";''Ct'ii^9i.C;irha."-"c;^"f'^"r 

!a:;f"i.^::;«.i;;n"\'.'>-,n™.r5ri^""^e^ 

appointed  him  lord  >h»"ce\l"r  Aprn  ,^^,^t,,,,t 

?H^-;'rc;:;;ix'x;r;£f^nKii«.bethhyh.. 

„,a,.cful  da,,ci,.g  at  a  n.nsk  «     o  1  >.  ^^_^  ^^^^.^^^ 

Hatuey  O':to-ay  V     l   ,''^;  ^  V,.,  „f  OnnjabA  in 
,.|,i,.f.  ongmally  of  \hr  "  '^  J     '„,.„„,,,,, om  the 
Haiti.     lnl.M.<"rlMlhea,»nn        1.  - 
tyrannyof  niepmn  auls  and   -t»^  1«^,  Vcl„..,.ie,,  Imt  were 


Hatun  Kaymi 
celebrated  especially  at  Cuzeo  at  the  end  of  Au- 
gust. It  was  a  thanksgiving  for  the  harvest.  Praises 
were  offered  to  the  supreme  deity  and  to  the  sun,  mo^n 
and  lesser  dunnit.es.  There  were  solemn  .lances  and  p?": 
cessions  from  the  lemple  of  the  Sun,  and  the  feasting  Md 
rejo.c.ng  lasted  many  days.     Some  authors  state  thaTa 

tft^i  ^V^^Z^^'^'^'  "^^^-^  "'^•'^  "-^ '-' 

Hatun-nmas.    See  Pimas. 
Hatvan  fhot'von).     A  town  in  the  county  of 
iJeves,  Hungaiy,  situated  on  the  Zacryva  3'> 
aS90)f  e'gre"''*''^''"*  °^  Budapest.    Population 
Hat2feld'(hats'felt),  Hung.  Zsombolya  (zhom- 
Dol  j-a).     A  town  in  the  eountv  of  Torontal, 
ilungary,  situated  in  lat.  4.i°  ii'  X     long  '^0° 
44   E.     Population  (1890),  9,.580. 
Haubourdin  (6-bor-dau').      A   manufacturing 
town  m  the  department  of  Nord,  France    di° 
rectly  southwest  of  LiUe.     Population  (1891), 
commune,  7,457. 
Hauch  (houeh).  Johannes  Carsten  von.  Bom 
at  Fredenkshald,  Norway,  ilav  li\  1790:  died 
at  Rome,  March  4.  1872."  A  Danish  poet  and 
dramatist.     His  childhood  was  spent  in  Xorway.    In 
IbOJ  he  went  to  Copenhagen,  where  he  subsequently  stud- 
led  at  the  university.      After  taking,  in  1831,  the  degree 
or  doctor,  he  travele.l  in  Germany,  France,  and  Italy     Six 
rears  later  he  returned  to  Denmark,  and  was  appointed 
lector  at  the  Soro  Academy.    He  was  subsequently  (1846^ 
for  a  short  time  professor  in  Kiel.    In  1851  he  was  ap- 
poiiitetl  successor  of  Ohlenschlager  as  professor  of  esthet- 
ics in  the  I  niversity  of  Copenhagen,  a  position  which  he 
..^i'"'."'  )?'^  'Jeath     His  principal  works  are  the  tragedy 
libenus    and  the  drama  "Gregoiius  den  Syvende  "  both 
r"  ,^°..i"!i."?  '■'I  ^''^^  journey  to  Italy ;  the  historical 
novels  '/Vilhelm  Zabern"  (1S34X  "Guldmageren  -  ("The 
^,'Q>'°'«t»\f*"'rp"v,P°'"i.T'^"^"<"A^°"^hFamily," 
lo??^     Slottet  ved  Ehinen    ("The  Castle  on  the  Rhine  ■■ 
}?^^k     -^^t'^  ^""i""     (^^5),  "Charles  de  la  Bussiere- 
(lSo9);  and  thelaterdramas  "Svend Grathe, ■■  "Sostrene  paa 
Kmnek-ullen  ■    ("The  Sisters  of  Kinnekullen"),  "Tycho 
Brahes  Lngdom-  ("Tycho  Brahe's  Youth ').  '  Aeren  tabt 
ogvunden    ("HonorLost  and  Found  ").  A  voluraeof  Ivric 
poems,  "  Lyriske  Digte."  appeared  in  1842 ;  "  Lyriske  Di»te 
og  Romancer"  (' Lyric  Poems  and  Romances  ")  in  IS61  • 
and     Nye  Dlgtninger"  ("New  Poetical  Works")  in  1869.' 
nauck  (hak;,  Minnie.   Bom  at  New  York.  Xov. 
16.  18.52.     An  American  mezzo-soprano  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  concert  at  New  Orleans 
about  lS6o ;  in  opera  at  Xew  York  In  1868.    She  has  sun" 
with  great  success  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.    She 
made  the  success  of  Bizefs  opera  "Carmen  ■'  at  London  in 
18iS :  It  had  not  pleased  on  its  first  production. 
Hauff  (houf),  Wilhelm.     Bom   at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg.  Xov.  29,  1802:  died  at  Stuttgart' 
Xov.  18,  182 1 .     A  German  novelist  and  poet 
His  works  include  the  novel  "Lichtenstein  "  (is%)  the 
tales  "Die  Bettlerin  vom  Pont-des-Arts, "  "Das  Bild  des 
Kaisers. "  etc. 

Hang  (houg),  Johann  Ckristoph  Friedrich 

Bom  atXieder.^totzingen.  Wiiitembero-  ilarcli 
Qo'  ?I?n"  "^.'^^  '^^  Stuttgart,  Wiii-temberg,  Jan. 
c'r^  Orerman  epigrammatic  poet,  author 

of  ■  Zweihundert  Hyperbeln  auf  Herm  Wahls 
ungeheure  Xase"  (1804),  etc. 
Haug,  Martin.  Born  at  Ostdorf,  near  Balingen 
Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  30,  1827:  died  at  Eagatz! 
St.-Orall,  Switzerland,  June  3,  1876.  A  German 
Orientalist,  collaborator  of  Bunsen  at  Heidel- 
berg in  1856,  professor  of  Sanskrit  at  Poena, 
India,  m  1859,  and  professor  of  Sanskrit  and 
comparative  philology  at  Munich  1S68-76  He 
SL°if,"T°'^  '""^  Gathas,-ete."0858-«0),  "Essays  on  the 
fifS.^ '^yr^^^A  B  ■;  '"?^?'"^  Keligion  of  the  Parsees" 
(1862),   'Old  Zend-Pahlavi  Glossary"  (18681  "A  Pahlavi 

rmm'*.?-}^'^'X^«?>-  "Essay  o^he'Svi  Eangu^g"' 
Wel%  J^^  ^^S.^'^^V"'^"  (1872-74:  with  E.V 
West),  etc.  He  edited  and  translated  the  "Altareya 
Brahmana  of  the  Rigveda  "  (1863).  ^  .u  <=}  a 

Haugesund(hou'ge-s6n).  A  town  on  the  west- 
em  coast  of  Xonvay,  about  35  miles  northwest 
of  btavanger.     Population  (1891),  5,383. 

Haughtcjn  (ha'ton),  ■William.  Lived  in  the  last 
halt  ot  the  16th  century.  An  English  dramatist, 
^^■^"■n  tS  "°™'^«'' of  plays,  principally  in  collaboration 
with  Dekker,  Day,  Chettle.  and  others.  In  l&r2  he  was 
writing  a  play  called  "Cartwright"  Kothing  later  is 
lSZ"<T,]lZ-  1  Enslishmen  for  My  Money,  etc. "  (printed 
1616),  IS  the  only  play  he  is  known  to  have  written  alone. 

Haugwitz  (hous'Nitsi,  Count  Christian  Au- 
gust Heiimch  Kurt  von.  Bom  near  01s  Si- 
It-sia,  June  11,  1752:  died  at  Venice,  1831  '   A 

ml--l804^°'i*\t£or"*'^^  "'  ^"^'^'^  ''^^■- 

Haupt  (houpt;.  Herman.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
^MareU  2b,  181,.  An  American  engineer  and 
general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1835 ;  was  pro- 
fessor of  civd  engineering  and  mathematics  in  Pennsyl- 
vania CoUege,  Gettysburg.  1S44-47.  became  assistant  en 
gineer  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Railroad  in  184T' 
wi«ct.i8f  engineer  of  the  Huosac  tunnel  in  Massachusetts 
18oe-62 ;  and  during  the  CivU  War  was  aide  to  General  Ir 

bSefnT"1i7^Vr  ™".k  of  colonel,  and  chieTS'the 
Bureau  of  •,  nited  States  military  railways  in  charue  of 

gS'If  tlfe  TH  '"'"^""''p"-  ^?^«^'  "e  b^ecame  chUf'eS 
gineer  of  the  Tide-water  Pipe  Line  Company.    Author  of 

W,;'^r'ivi''''-i  °'  bridge  Construction  ••?1852ret^ 
Haupt.  MontZ.     Bom  at  Zittau,  Saxony,  July 


486     . 
27,  1808 :  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  5,  1874.     A  Ger- 
man philologist  and  Latin  poet,  professor  at 
Leipsic  1838-50.  and  at  Berlin  from  1853.     He 
edited  Ovid,  Horace.  Catullus  Tibullus,  Propertius  Vergil 
and  other  classics,  and  "Erec '  (1839),'  Der  arme  Heinrich  " 
(1842),  and  other  Middle  High  German  poems. 
Haupt,  Paul.     Bom  at  Goriitz,  Germany,  Xov. 
25,  1858.     A  German-American  Assvriologist, 
Semitic  grammarian,  and  Old  Testam'ent  critic. 
He  was  privat-docent  at  the  University  of  Gottingen  1880 
extraordinary  professor  of  Assyriology  at  the  same  univer- 
sity 18S3-S9,  and  professor  of  Semitic  languages  at  Johns 
Hopkins  Umversity,  Baltimore,  from  1883.   He  has  pub- 
lished numerousworks  on  Akkadian  and  Assyrian  subjects, 
and  IS  joint  editorof  "  Beitrage  zur  AssjTiologie."     \nione 
his  works  are-'Akkadische  und  sumerische  Keilschrift- 
t«te    and"Dasbabylonische  Ximrodepos."    He  is  now 
engaged  m  editing  a  tevt  and  translation  of  the  Bible 
piiiited  in  colors  to  exhibit  the  present  state  of  biblical 
•  Titicisni. 

Hauptmann  (houpt'man),  Moritz.     Bom   at 

l^r?'^^'^--,  ^^-  -'^'  ^™-=  '^'^'^  ''t  Leipsic,  Jan.  3, 
IbOb.  A  German  composer  and  writer  on  music 
He  was  cantor  at  the  Thomasschole  and  professor  of  coun- 
„IP°L°'  andco  s„j  ^j  ,j^^  Conservatory  in  Leipsic. 
m^^  Harmonik  und  der  Metrik" 

^uran  (ha-6-ran'  or  hou-riin').  A  district  in 
Syna,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  40'  X.,  long.  36° 
"10  E.,  nearly  corresponding  to  the  ancient  Au- 
ranitis  in  Bashan. 


Havasupal 


Haureau  f o-ra-6' ).  Jean  Barthelemy.  Born  at 
Pans,  Xov  9,  1812:  died  there,  April  29,  1896 
A  French  historian  and  publicist.  He  became 
editor-in-chief  of  the  "Courrier  de  la  Saithe"  at  Ma^t 

foT f  JP",  "  "'"  P°-'' x^'=  ^"^'"^  ^  y<^^'  "nd  wL  d^ec- 
tor  ul  the  Impnmene  Nationale  1870-82. 

Hausa,  or  Haussa  (hou'sS).     a  eountrv  and 
nation  situated  north  of  the  junction  of  the 
Xiger  with  the  Binue  River,  in  central  Sudan 
Hausa-land  is  almost  coextensive  with  the  modem  king- 
dom of  >okoto.     The  Hausas  form  the  most  important 

f  ,K  °b'  '?^  ^'^'^'"'-  ^^"y  ''<>l°"e  'o  the  -Vigritic  branch 
of  the  Bantn-negro  race,  slightly  mixed  with  Hamitic  ele- 
ments.  According  to  their  own  tradition,  their  father  was 
a  n^  and  their  mother  a  Berber.  The  Gober  section 
IS  of  Coptic  descent.  The  Hausas  are  Mohammedans, 
senii.eivili2e.t,  great  traders,  and  able  craftsmen.  In  the 
slaving  ti  raes  Hausa  slaves  were  in  great  demand  ;  to-day 
Hausa  soldiers  constitute  a  large  portion  of  the  British 
and  Kongo  state  forces.  In  the  middle  ages  the  Hausas 
foraied  a  great  negro  kingdom,  which  subsequently  broke 
up  into  small  states.  About  the  16th  century  the  Fulahs 
or  Fulbe  began  to  get  a  foothold  among  them,  and  in  ISO-' 
Othman  dan  Fodio  founded  in  Hausa-land  a  great  Fnlah 
empire.  From  this,  divided  among  his  sons,  spmng  the 
modern  siUtanates  of  Sokoto.  Gando,  and  Adamawa.  The 
Hausa  language  is  spoken  far  beyond  Hausa-land.  It  is 
euphonious,  simple  and  regular  in  structure,  and  eminentlv 
^LthlTT-r^  iterarj-  language.  The  principal  dialects 
Md  Da^   Katsena  (the  literarj-  standard),  Kano,  Gober, 

Hauser  (hou'zer),  Kaspar.  Died  at  Ansbaeh 
Bavaria,  Dee  17,  1833.  A  German  foundlin<r 
He  appeared  at  Nuremberg  in  1S2S,  and  was  taken  info 
custody  by  the  pohce,  to  whom  he  gave  his  name  as  Kas- 
par Hauser.  He  carried  on  his  person  a  letter,  purporting 
is  ,M*  v!*°  written  by  a  Bavarian  laborer,  which  stated 
that  the  bearer  had  been  found  at  the  writer's  door  Oct 
(,  1812.  A  note  was  inclosed,  which  purported  to'have 
been  written  by  the  mother.  It  stated  that  the  foundlin<''s 
name  was  Kaspar ;  that  he  was  bom  April  30  ISl'  ■  thlit 
his  father  was  a  captain  in  the  Sixth  Chevau-Wger  Regi- 
ment at  Knremberg;  and  that  his  mother  was  a  poor 
girl.  The  boy  said  that  he  had  been  confined  in  a  dark 
room  all  his  life,  untQ  one  night  a  man  placed  a  letter  in 
his  hand  and  directed  him  on  the  road  to  Nuremberg  He 
was  placed  by  the  city  under  the  care  of  Professor  G  Fr 
Daumer,  and  was  subsequently  adopted  by  Lord  Stanhope,' 
who  sent  him  to  Ansbaeh.  He  died  in  consequence  of  i 
wound  which  he  asserted  he  had  received  at  the  hands  of 
an  iinknown  person  who  had  enticed  him  to  a  rendezvous 
by  the  promise  of  information  as  to  his  origin.  His  story 
uiiderwentmanyromanticchangesin  popular  imagination. 

Hausser(hois'ser),Ludwlg.  BornatKleeburg 
Lower  Alsace,  Oct.  26,  1818 :  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  March  17, 1867.  A  German  histo- 
rian professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  wrote  "Deutsche 
Geschichte  vom  Tode  Friedrichs  des  Grossen  bis  zur 
Grundung  des  deutschen Bundes,"  "Geschichte derfranzb- 
sischen  Revolution  '  (1867).  "  Geschichte  des  Zeitalters  der 
Reformation    (186S),  etc. 

Haussmann(6s-man'),  Baron  Georges Eugtoe 
Bora  at  Paris,  March  27,  1809:  died  there,  Jan." 

P'P^^'  -^  French  magistrate.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar.  but  entered  the  ci^nl  service,  and  in  1853  be- 
came prefect  of  the  Seine,  which  post  he  occupied  until 
V  „P^  "^^^"^  °"'  '"'^'  works  for  the  sanitation  and 
embeUishment  of  Paris,  including  the  improvement  of 
the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the  park  of  Vincennes,  etc.,  and  of 
the  sewer  system  and  water-supply. 

Hausstock  (hous'stok).  a  peak  in  the  Todi 
chain  of  the  Alps,  in  Switzerland,  Heisht 
10,353  feet.  ^     ' 

Hautecombe  (6t-k6nb'),  A  Cistercian  abbey  in 
the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  about  13  miles 
north-northwest  of  Chamb^ry,  founded  in  1125. 
K  was  plundered  and  desecrated  during  the 
French  Revolution,  but  was  subsequently  re- 
stored. 

Haute-GaroiUie(h6t-ga-ron')(Upper(Jaronne). 
A  department  in  southem  France.    Capital, 


3n?,),  T^  a".,"'  bounded  by  Tam-et-Garonne  on  the 
north.  Tarn,  Ande,  and  Ariege  on  the  east,  Aniee  a^ 
Spain  on  the  south,  and  Gers  and  Hautes-Pjrt^^on  H^» 
wes^being  fonned  from  portionsof  the  ancient  iSguedSl 
?7|m     °^'   ^^^'--^S  square  miles.    Population  ("Six 

Halite-Loire  (hot-lwar')  (Upper  Loire).  A  de- 
partment of  France.  Capital,  LePuv.  It  is  bound 
ed  by  Puy-de-Dome  and  Loire  on  the  north,  Ard^chfon 
the  southeast,  I.5zere  on  the  south,  and  Cantai  on  the  we^? 
being  formed  from  portions  of  Langnedoc  and  AuveS 
^o?,ulS  ^llSirsfe^r"^'-    ^^  l."««luareLTe^ 

Haute-Mame  (h6t-mam')(IIpperMarae).  Ade- 
partment  m  n  ortheast  em  France.  Capital.Chau- 
mont.  It  is  bounded  by  Marae  and  Meuse  on  the  north. 
\  osges  on  the  east,  Haute-Saone  on  the  southeast  Cdti! 
d  Or  on  the  southwest,  and  Aube  on  the  west,  being  fonn^ 
chiefly  from  a  part  of  the  ancient  Champagne  The  1^ 
ing  industries  are  mining  and  iron  manufacture.  Area. 
2,402  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  243,633. 

Hautes-Alpes  (hot-zalp')  (Upper  Alps).  A  de- 
partment m  southeastern  France.  Capital,  Gan 
It  IS  bounded  by  Isere  and  Savoie  on  the  north,  Italy  on 
the  east,  Basses-AIpes  on  the  south,  and  Drome  on  the 
west,  being  formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  Dauphin^ 
Ihe  surface  is  mountainous.    Area,  2,158  square  miles' 

Population  (1891),  115,522.  =<4"are  mjies. 

Haute-Saone  (hot-son')  (Upper  Saone).  A  de- 
partment m  eastem  France.  Capital,  Vesonl 
It  IS  bounded  by  Haute-Mame  on  the  northwest,  Vosges  ok 
the  north,  Haut-Rhin  on  the  east,  Doubs  and  Jura  onthe 
south,  and  Cote-d'Or  on  the  west,  being  formed  from  a  por^ 
tion  of  the  ancient  Tranche  Comt*.  Area,  2,06'>  souare 
miles.    Population  (1891X  280,866.  ^ 

Haute-Savoie  (h6t-sa-\-wa')  (Upper  Savoy)  A 
department  in  eastem  France.  Capital,  Aineey. 
It  IS  boundrd  by  the  canton  of  Geneva  on  the  northwe^ 
the  Lake  of  Geneva  on  the  north,  Valais  on  the  east,  Ital5 
h»in^^  !'""''??'■  ^^''il"'  "^  ""=  ^">,  and  Aiii  on  the  west 
being  formed  from  the  ancient  Savoy,  ceded  bv  Italy  uj 
France  18«).  Thesnrfaceismountainous(includingMont 
26C-'67'  "^  ^"^^   """^      Population  "(1891X 

Hautes-Pyr^n^S  (hot-pe-ra-na')  (Upper  Pvre- 
nees).  A  department  in  southwestem  France 
Capital,  Tarbes.  It  is  bounded  by  Gers  on  the  north 
Haute-Garonne  on  the  east,  Spain  on  the  south,  and  Basses! 
Pyrtates  on  the  west,  being  formed  from  a  portion  of  the 
ancient  Gascony.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Pjrenees  and  otf- 
shoots.  Area,  1,749  square  miles.  Population  (1891)  »25  86L 

Haute-Vienne  (hot-vyen')  (Upper  Vienne  >. '  A 
department  m  westem  France.  Capital,  Li- 
moges. It  is  bounded  by  Vienne  on  the  northwest.  Indie 
on  the  north,  Creuse  on  the  east,  Correze  and  Dordogne  on 
the  south,  and  Charente  on  the  west,  being  formed  chiefly 
from  portions  of  the  ancient  Limousin  and  Marche  The 
leading  mdustry  is  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  '  Area. 
2,130  square  mUes.    Population  (1891X  372,87& 

Hautlein  (6t-lan' ),  Marquis  de.    A  gentleman 
ot  the  ancient  regime  at  whose  house  Scott  pro- 
fessed to  have  gathered  the  materials  of  "  Onen- 
tm  Durward." 
Hautmont  (ho-mon').  Amanufacturiii"town  in 
the  department  of  Xord,  France,  on  the  Sambre 
19  miles  east-southeast  of  Valenciennes.     Pop- 
ulation (1891).  commune,  10,238. 
Haut-Rhin.     See  Bel/ort,  Territory  nf. 
Hatiy  (a-iie').  Rene  Just,  Abb^.     Bbm  at  St - 
Just,  Oise.  France,  Feb.  28. 1743  :  died  at  Paris 
June  3, 1822.  A  celebrated  French  mineralogist 
the  founder  of  the  science  of  crvstallographv' 
He  taught  at  the  CoUege  of  Navarre  in  Paris  (from  1764)'- 
on  the  opening  of  the  Revolution  was  thrown  into  prison.' 
but  was  rescued  by  Geoffrey  SaintHilaire ;  and  became  a 
member  of  the  commission  of  weights  and  measures  1793. 
professor  of  physics  at  the  Normal  School  1795,  and  x,m- 
l^iT^  of  mineralogy  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History 
(1802)  and  t  he  Faculty  of  Sciences.    He  published  "  Ti-aitl 

^*'^!"f,''.S!f?'?  ",  ''^->'  "TiaiW  «*mentairede  physique - 
(1504),  "Traite  de  cristallographie,  etc"  (1822X  etc. 

Haiiy.'Valentin.  Bom  at  St.-Just,  Oise,  France, 
Xov.  13,  1745:  died  at  Paris.  March,  1822.  A 
French  instraetor  of  the  blind,  brother  of  R  J 
Haiiy. 

Hav^a  (ha-van'ii).  sometimes  Havannah  Sp 
La  Habana  (la  a-Ba'na)  or  San  Crist6ba'l  de 
la  Uabana  ('St.  Christopher  of  the  Haven'), 
F.  La  Havane  (la  hii-van').  A  seaport  antJ 
the  capital  of  Cuba,  situated  on  a  fine  bav  on  the 
northern  coast,  in  lat  23°  8'  X''.,  long.  82°  21'  W 
It  is  the  commercial  center  ot  the  West  Indies,  and  one  of 
the  pnncipal  commercial  cities  in  America.  The  chief  ex- 
ports are  sugar,  cigars,  and  tobacco ;  the  leading  manufac- 
ture IS  tobacco.  Havana  is  divided  into  the  "old "and 
new  towns,  thelatter  beyond  theoldwalls,  and  it  has  sev- 
eralhandsomesuburbs,  Itcontains  acathedral(begunl724) 
and  many  public  parks  and  promenades.  It  was  founded 
on  its  present  site  in  1619.  It  was  taken  several  times  in  the 
17th  century  by  bucaneers,  and  by  the  English  in  17ti  but 
restored  to  Spain  in  1763,     Population  (isi)9),  235.981 

Havana  Glen.  A  remarkable  glen  nearth'e  head 
of  f^eneca  Lake.  4  miles  from  Watkins  Glen, 
western  X''ew  York. 

Havasupai  (ha-va-so'pi).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians,  living  in  northwestern  Ari- 
zona. The  name  is  translated  as  •  down-in 
people  '  and  '  wiUow  people.'  They  number  214. 
See  Tuman. 


Havel 

Havel  (ha'fel).  A  river  iu  Pnissia,  joining  the 
Elbe  Smiles  northwest  of  Havelberg.  It  traverses 
several  lakes.  Its  chief  tribiitai-y  Is  the  Spree.  Length, 
about  :;20  miles,  nearly  all  of  it  navigable. 
I  Havelberg  (ha'tVl-bera).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
iuce  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  an 
island  in  the  Havel.  .59  miles  west-northwest  of 
Berlin.     Population  (1890),  commune,  0,975. 

Havelland  (ha'fel -land).  A  territory  in  the 
western  part  of  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  lying  Ijetween  the  Havel  and  the  lower 
course  of  the  Rhin. 

Havelock  (hav'e-lok).  Sir  Henry.  Bom  at 
Bishop-Wearmo\ith. England,  April  5.179.5:  died 
at  Lucknow,  British  India,  Nov.  24,  1857.  An 
English  general  i7i  India,  especially  distin- 
guished during  the  Indian  mutiny  of  18.57.  He 
relieved  Lucknow  Sept.,  1S57. 

Havelock  the  Dane,  The  Lay  of.  An  Anglo- 
Danish  story,  composed  before  1300.  It  contains 
the  legend  of  the  town  of  Grimsby.  There  is  a  French  lay 
called  "Le  lai  d'Havelok  le  Danois."  It  is  a  trans- 
lation of  a  French  romance  called  "Le  lai  de  Avelo.-, 
written  in  the  first  half  of  the  lith  century,  and  probably 
founded  on  an  Anglo-Saxuii  originaL  It  has  bcei\  edited  by 
SU'  F.  Madden  for  the  Roxburghe  Club  (1825),  and  reedlted 
for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  by  the  Key  ^V .  W,  Rkeat 
(ISOS)  Havelock  was  the  son  of  the  Danish  king  Birka- 
hecn.  He  was  put  to  sea  by  treachery,  and  was  saved  by 
ilrini,  a  flshernian.  who  brought  him  up  as  his  son.  (.nm 
was  rewarded  by  the  king  when  the  truth  was  discovered, 
•,nd  with  the  money  given  him  built  Grimsby,  or  Grim  s 


Haven  (ha' vn),  Erastus  Otis.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Nov.  1, 1820:  died  at  Salem,  Ore.,  Aug.  2, 
1881.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  He  edited  "Zion'sHerald"CBoston) 
1850-63;  was  president  of  the  University  of  Michigan  (Ann 
Arbor)  186:<-69,  and. .f  the  Northwestern  l"mversity(Evans- 
lon  Illinois)  180'.l-72  ;  and  became  chancellor  of  SjTacuse 
I  "i'verslty  in  1874.     He  published  "  Rhetoric  "  (1869),  etc. 

Haven  Gilbert.  Born  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  Sept., 
18'n-  died  at  Maiden.  Jan.  3,  1880.  An  Ameri- 
can bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
lb-  edited  "Zion's  Herald"  (Boston)  1867-i2. 

Haverford  College  (hav'er-ford  kol'ej).  An  in- 
stitution of  learning  situated  at  Haveno™. 
Pennsylvania,  9  miles  west-northwest  of  Ptula- 
delphia.  It  was  founded  18:^2,  opened  1833,  and  incor- 
p.irated  lSri6  ;  it  is  controlled  by  the  Society  of  Friends. 

Haverfordwest  (hav' er- ford -west  ),  Welsh 
Hwlffordd  (hol'forTH).  A  seaport  and  the 
caiiital  of  Pembrokeshire,Wales,  situated  on  the 
West  Cleddau  in  lat.  51°  48'  N.,  long.  40  57'W. 
Populatiou  (1891),  6,179. 

Havergal  (hav'er-gal),  Frances  Ridley.  Born 
at  Astley,  Worcestershire,  Dec.  14,  1836  :  died  at 
Swansea,  Wales,  June  3,  1879.  An  English  re- 
ligious writer.  She  published  the  "Ministry  of  Song  " 
(1870)  and  other  collections  of  devotional  poetn;  and  prose. 

Haverhill  (hav'er-il).  A  town  in  Suflfolk,  Eng- 
land.    Population  (1891),  4,.58/. 

Haverhill  (hii'ver-il).  A  city  (incorporated 
1870)  ia  Essex  County.  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  the  Merrimac  JO  miles  nortli  of  Boston.  V 
Is  noted  for  shoe  manufacture.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Whittier.     i-opillation  (19001,  37,175.  . 

Haverstraw  (hav'er-stra).  A  town  in  Kock- 
laud  Countv.  N.  Y.,  situated  on  tlie  Hudson. 
Populatii>n'(l'JOO),  village,  .5,93.5. 

Haverstraw  Bay.  Tlic  name  given  to  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  Hudson  below  the  Highlands 
and  north  of  Tappaii  Sea. 

Have  with  you  to  Saffron  Walden.    See  *«/- 

frtiii   W'liUlcn,  etc.  .  , 

Havilah  (hav'i-Ui).  In  the  description  of  Eden 
in  Gen.  ii.,  a  land  mentioned  as  eircompassed 
liV  the  Pishon,  one  of  the  four  rivers  whicli 
so  out  from  Eden,  and  as  containing  geld  and 
bedolach  and  shoham  stnne.  As  I'lshon  has  been 
Identlfltd  with  almost  all  rivers,  so  Havilah  was  -ought 
and  f..uiid  in  all  parts  of  the  earth,  notably  In  A' "':;";' 
(r„ldii.|an,l  India.  Frederick  IX-lltzsehwh,,  ..cat.-- Kin 
in  Mcs..p..tamia  near  Habyl.mia  (see  M..m),  ident  lbs  la^ 
vilahwith  lb.-  ir:..  1  in.mediately  to  the  south  an.l  west  ..f 
the  Eui.brales.  ILivilali  is  also  enumerated  in  Ucn.  x.  i 
an  .n.K  be  sons  of .  nsb,  s..n  ..t  Ham  ;  In  Gen  X.  29  among 
the  s.m«  ..f  Joktan,  a  descen.lant  ..f  Shem  ;  and  in  Oen.  xxv. 
18  it  appears  as  the  ,..utlu.,stern  limit  of  the  Ishmaellte 
Arabs  It  perhaps  .lesignatea  the  e.uit  or  8..ntheast  of 
Arabin  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  in  which  region,  "'•;'■'■';'''■'«•" 
Strabo  atribe  by  the  name  of  i-haul..tn;ans  lived,  who  were 
neighbors  of  th.'  Nabalojans  an.l  ll.izarenes  <ln  tli.;  other 
hand,  the  AnaliI.e  of  the  cbiaslcal  wrlU-ri.  (I'llny,  M.  in), 
a  people  with  a  town  Analis  (n..w  /.clhi)  ..n  Ih.'  Afiie.in 
coast,  s.,uth  ..t  the  Strait  of  Bab  elMandeli,  would  answer 
t.>  the  Cushite  Havilah.  .  n       j 

Haviland  ( hav'i-land),  John.  Born  at  Ounden- 
ham,  Somers.tsliirc,  in  1793:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia. March  JS.  1S52.  An  English  ardiitccl.  lie 
studied  with  .laines  Elines.  In  1S15  he  went  to  Kussla  t.. 
enter  the  imperial  co,-ps  ..t  engl,u-.rs_  The  '""''"luB  -;  r 
he  went  t..  the  United  States,  wh.^re  h.-  mmh>  a  "I"  ''"It  'of 
penitentiary  buildings  :  am..ngtl..Tn  werethat  at  l-lllsbnrg 
the  llrst  deiigncl  on  the  ra.llating  priiuilile  advora  c.l  by 
.Teremy  Bentham  ;  the  Eastern  I'eiiltentiary  at  Ihiladel- 
phia-  theToinbB.NewYork;  ami  the  Stale  penltontlaiies  of 


487 
New  Jersey,  Missouri,  and  Rhodelsland.  Heolsodesigned 
the  fnited  States  Naval  Asylum  at  N.irfolk,  the  I  nlted 
Slates  .Mint  at  Philadelphi!^  and  other  public  buildings 
His  prisons  were  considered  standard  at  the  time,  and  were 
visited  by  c.jmmissiouers  fr..m  England,  trance,  Russia, 
and  Prussia.  tt_™> 

Havre  (ii'vr),  Le,  or  Havre,  ir>rmerly  Havre- 
de-Grace  (a'vr-de-gi-iis').  [I'.,  'the  Haven, 
'the  Haven  of  Grace':  a  chapel  of  Aotre  Dame 
de  Urdcc,' OUT  Ladv  of  (irace,'  formerly  existed 
there.]  A  seaport'  in  the  department  of  Seuie- 
Inf(?rieure,  France,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Seine  in  lat.  49°  29'  N.,  long.  0°  7'  E.  It  is 
the  second  seaport  of  France,  and  the  terminus  of  sever.d 
steamship  lines;  has  abo.it  one  fifth  of  the  whole  foreign 
trade  of  France  (especially  with  America)'  and  is  note.l 
for  its  docks  and  ship-buil.ling  yards.  Ihe  Church  of 
Notre  Dame  and  the  museum  are  of  interest.  Hernar.lin 
de  Saint  Pierre  and  Casimn  Delavigne  were  born  here. 
The  town  was  founded  by  Louis  xn. ;  was  developed  by 
Francis  I. ;  was  occupied  by  the  English  in  1562-63 ;  and 
was  unsuccessfully  attacked  liy  the  English  in  1694.  Pop- 
ulalion  (1901).  129.014. 

Havre  de  Grace  (hav'er  de  gras).  A  town  in 
Harford  t  'ouuty,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna, near  its  mouth,  34  miles  northeast  of 
Baltimore.     Population  (1890),  3.244. 

Hawaii  (hsi-wi'e).  Tin-  largest  and  southeast- 
ernmost  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  It  contains  the  volcanoes  .\launa  Kea, 
Mauna  Loa,  an.l  Kilane:..  The  ibief  town  is  Hilo.  Area, 
4,01.1  s.|uaie  miles.     l',.pulati..n  (WOOi.  4n.M:;. 

Hawaiian  Islands  (ha-%vi'yan  i'landz),  or  Ha- 
waii, or  Sandwich  Islands  (sand  \vicli  i - 

landz).    A  grouii  of  islands  in  the  North  Pacih.'. 
about  lat  18°  55'-22°  15'  N.,  long.  154°  .50--lG0° 
15' W.    Capital,  Honolulu.   The  chief  islands  are  Ha- 
waii, Maui,  Oahu,  Kauai,  Lanai,  Kahulaui,  Jlolokal,  Nu- 
han      The  surface  is  largely  mountainous  and  volcanic. 
The  chief  export  is  sugar;  other  exports  are  rice,  l)aiianas, 
and  wool.  The  inhabitants  are  native  Uawaiians(3o,00.i.de- 
ereasin..-),  I'hinese  (21.616),  Japanese  (24,407),  rortuguese 
(15  191),  Americans  (3.081)).  British  (2.250),Gcrmans(l,432, 
eu-'      The  islands  were  discovered  by  Gaetano  in  1:.4-., 
ami  rediscovered  inl778byfook(who  gave  them  the  name 
Dwhyhee).     The  government  was  c.>nsolidat<d  by  ^.anie- 
hameha  I.  (who  died  in  1819),  and  idolatry  was  abolished 
in  1819;  the  next  year  the  American  missionaries  arrived. 
A  constitution  was  granted  in  1840,  and  a  more  liberal  one 
in  1887.    The  government  was  a  monarchy,  witli  king, 
cabinet,  and  legislature  (consisting  of  a  house  of  nobles 
an.l  house  of  representatives).     The  queen,  LUiuokalanl 
(who  ascended  the  throne  in  1891),  on  Jan.  la.  189.S,  at- 
tempted to  force  the  cabinet  t«i  approve  a  new  constitu- 
tion designed  to  give  greater  power  to  the  crown  and  l.i 
the  native  population.    This  they  declined  to  do.     ""-'an. 
17  1893,  the  queen  was  deposed  by  a  committee  of  piltJlu- 
safety,  and  a  provisional  government  was  f.irnicd,  hcadcl 
by  Mr.  Sanford  B.  Uole,  which  was  to  retain  otlice  un  il  a 
treaty  of  annexation  with  the  United  Stat.-s  sh.iulil  be 
concluded.     Such  a  treaty  was  sent  to  the  Senate  by  1  rcsi- 
dent  Harrison,  but  it  w.as  withdrawn  by  Presiilent  I  leve- 
land  on  the  groun.l  that  the  revolution  in  Hawaii  was 
wrongfullyaccomplished  by  the  aid  of  the  American  min_ 
i8t«r,  Mr.  Stevens,  and  the  American  naval  force,  and  thai 
the  queen  should  be  reestablished  on  her  throne.     Ills  .•  - 
fort  to  accomplish  this  end  l.y  diplomatic  means  failed. 
A  republi,-  was  proclaimed  July  4,  ls94     The  islamls  wcr_c 
annexed  to  the  United  States  by  act  ..f  ^<«-'«ress.iix]yi. 
IH'.iH  and  organize.!  a  •|\rrll..i-}  .lune  14, 1900.    Area,  6,449 


-.|uare  ndlcs.     I'.,puliiti..ii  ll'.iOO).  l.M.OOl. 

Hawar  ilia-war').  [Ar.  nl-hawiir,  the  intensely 
bright.]  Tlie  briglit  second-magnitude  .star 
(   Ursa'  Ma.ioris.  commonly  known   as  AHolh. 

Hawarden  (liar'dii).  A  town  In  Fliiitshiro. 
.Norl  11  Wales.  Hi  miles  soutli  of  l,iverpool.  Near 
it  is  Hawarden  Castl.-,  lb.-  r.si.l.iic' ..f  W.  E.  Gla.lston.-. 

Haweis  (hois),  Hugh  Reginald.    Born  is.is: 

died  1901.  An  l'",nglisli  clergyman  ami  author, 
lie  published  "Music  ami  M(U-als."  etc. 

Hawes  >  Ini/),  Stephen.  Born  about  147G:  died 
aboiil  152!!.  ,\n  English  poet.  He  wr.de  an  alle- 
gi.rical  p...-ni,  "  I'h.'  Pastime  of  Pleasure"  (ab.mt  1006), 
piniled  bv  Wyiikyn  de  \V..rde  inl!«l,  etc. 

Hawes,  William.  Bom  at  Eondon,  1785:  died 
there,  Feb.  18.  ls4f).  An  English  c.miposor  and 
musician.  He  inlr..duccil  Weber's  "Her  Freiachiitl" 
InU)  I'.nglan.l  1,S24,  after  which  he  adapted  many  openisf.M- 
Ihe  English  stage.  -r,-    i   •    » 

Hawes  Water.  A  lake  in  the  Lake  Distru't 
Westmoreland,  England,  9  miles  northeast  ot 
Ambleside.      Eeiigth,  2i  miles. 

Hawick  (Ini'ik).  A  town  in  KoxburKhshire. 
Scotland,  siluat.'d  ..ii  tlic  Teviot  40  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Eilinbiirgh.  It  inanufa.  tines  twcwls, 
hosiery,  etc.  Near  It  Is  Ib.inksome  T.;wer  Hawick,  Gala- 
shHs^lind  Selkirk  form  tin;  llawl.k  dWr  c  ■'  ''"^"j  '»  "' 
the  lior.ler  burghs),  returning  1  member  U>  larllauunl. 
I'.,pulall..iulH91).  19,204.  .,,,,■        i    . 

Hawkabites  (Inik'a-bits).    A  club  of  .iissolute 

vouiig  iii.n,  associateil  in  Eoiidon  aftertlie  Ixes- 
toration  f..r  the  pl.'asiire  of  lighting.  "Acliu.s..f 
nilllanswhosi- favorite  amusement  wa.H  toswagger by  night 
ab..ut  n.wn,  breaking  wln.low-s,  iipsetl  ng  V;:^»"»- ''™''''« 
(inlet  men,  etc,"    (OW  aiul  AVie  iMulon,  IV.  llkl.)    Also 

Hawke   (InVk).   Edward,   first  Baron   llnwk'^- 
Born  at  Eon.l.m.  I7II5:  ,lie,l  at  Snnbniy.  Mi.lille- 
sex,  Englaii.l,  (bM.   17,   1781.     A"  l^-'K^V,  ■*• 
miral.     He  delVated  the  French  off  Belle-lie  in 
1747,  and  oil  t^uiberou  iu  1759. 


Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 

Hawke  Bay  -\  bay  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
Nortli  Islaii.l,  New  Zealand. 

Hawkesbury  (haks'ber-i).  A  river  of  New 
South  Wales  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  north- 
east of  Svduey.     Leiigtli.  about  330  mUes. 

Hawker  (ha '  ker),  Robert  Stephen.  Born  at 
Stoke  Damerel,  Devonshire  :  died  in  1875.  An 
English  writer,  vicar  of  ilorwenstow,  Cornwall. 

Hawkeye  (hak'i)  State.  .\  popular  name  of  the 
Stat.'  .if  Iowa.  It  is  said  to  be  so  named  from 
an  In.iian  chief  who  onci-  lived  in  that  region. 

Hawkins  (ha'kinz).  Anthony  Hope.    Born  at 

E.irul'.n.  Feb.  9,  18fi3.  .\n  English  novelist, 
lie  writes  under  the  name  of  Anthony  Hope.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  ls87.  He  has  written  "A  Man  of 
Mark"  (1890),  "Father  Stalf.ud,"  'Sport  Royal."  "A 
Change  .d  Air,"  ''Ihe  Prisoner  of  Zenda,"  ■■The  Dolly 
IJialogues,"  "The  Indiscretion  of  the  Duchess,"  etc. 

Hawkins,  or  Hawkyns  (ha'kinz),  Sir  John. 

Bom  at  Plymouth.  1.532:  died  at  sea  off  Porto 
Kico,  Nov.  12, 1595.  An  English  naval  hero.  In 
1562, 1564,  and  15<>7  he  carrie.l  cargoes  of  slaves  from  Afri- 
ca to  the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  main.  Several  Eng- 
lish noblemen,  and,  it  is  said,  Queen  Elizabeth,  had  a  tinan- 
cial  interest  in  these  voyages.  The  trade  was  a  violation 
ot  Spanish  law,  and  ultimately  Hawkins  was  attacked  by 
a  Spanish  fleet  in  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  escaped 
with  difficulty,  after  losing  most  of  his  ships(Sept.  24,  l.i68). 
In  1673  he  was  made  treasurer  of  the  English  navy.  As 
rear-admiral  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Annada  (Aug.,  1.588).  and  was  knighted.  He  was 
with  Fiobishcr  on  (he  Portuguese  coast  in  1690.  and  died 
while  second  in  command  in  Drake's  expedition  to  the 
West  Indies. 
Hawkins,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  London, March  30, 
1719:  died  at  Westminster,  May  21,  1789.  An 
English  author.  He  wa.s  one  of  Dr.  Johnson's  execu- 
tors, and  wrote  his  life,  which  he  published  with  an  edition 
of  Johnson's  works  in  17s7.  His  chief  work  is 'A  General 
History  of  the  science  and  Practice  of  Music  "  (1776^ 

Hawkins,  or  Hawkyns,  Sir  Richard.     Born 

aliout  1562 :  died  at  Loudon.  Apnl  1 1 .  1022.    An 
English  naval  hero,  son  of  Sir  John  Hawkins 
( 1532-95).    He  was  early  engaged  in  West  Indian  enter- 
prises ■  took  part  in  the  defeat  of  the  Armada,  Aug.,  1588, 
and  iilthe  ilescent  on  the  Portuguese  coast  in  1090 ;  and  in 
June,  1693,  started  on  a  voyage  around  'he  «'•'■'''  "''"" 
Dainty.     After  touching  in  Brazil,  be  passed  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  and  took  and  plundered  Valparaiso;  but  he  was 
defeate.l  and  captured  after  a  har.l  light  in  San  Mateo  Bay, 
Peru   June  22  1591.     Taken  to  Lima,  he  was  sent  to  Spain 
in  1-.97  an.l  imprisoned  until  1602,  when  he  was  ransomed. 
Subs..iu.  iitlvbe  W.1S  vice  admiral  of  Devon,  and  second  in 
commaii.l  inSir  Robert  Mansell's  fleet  against  the  Alger- 
iiie  pirates.  W20-21. 
Hawks  (haks).  Francis  Lister.     Born  at  New- 
born, X.  C.  June  10.  1798:  die.I  at  New  lork. 
Sept.,  1866^     An  American  clergyman  of  the 
Protestant   Episcopal  Church,  and   historical, 
lc"al,  and  miscellaneous  writer.     Amoug  his 
works  is  •■Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  the  United  States"  (1836-41). 
Hawkwood   (hak'wd.l),   Sir  John.      Bora   in 
Essc.'i,  England,  about  1320:  dicil  at   Florence, 
Italy,  in  1394.     A  noted  English  leader  ot  con- 
dottieri  and  strategist.     He  served  under  Ihe  Black 
Prince  In  Krance,  and  after  the  peace  of  Breligny  organ- 
ized his  famous  While  Company,  whose  services  lie  sold  to 
various  Italian  powers.     He  tln.dly  became  the  permanent. 
military  advis  r  and  captiUn  general  of  Florence. 
Hawley   (lia'li),   Gideon.      Born   at   Stratford 
( Bri.lgeport),  Conn..  Nov.  11. 1727:  died  at  Mash- 
pee,  Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1807.    An  American  mission- 
arv.    He  graduated  at  Vide  in  1749,  and  In  Kf*  at  the 
ins'tance  of  the  e.immlssioners  of  Indian  affairs    esUiU- 
lished  a  mission  among  the  Iltxpiols  Indians  on  the  Sus. 
nuehanna  Kiver,  which  ho  abandoned  In  17r>6  on  account 
of  Ihe  old  French  and  Indian  war.  He8ubse<inenlly  served 
as  ellaplain  in  Colonel  Richard  Grldlej's  regiment,  and  In 
1767  was  appoinleil,  by  Ihe  c.iininissioiiers  of  the  Society 
•    for  Pn)pagatiMg  the  Gospel,  pastor  of  the  Indian  tribes  at 
Masbpec,  Ma.s.sachu8ett». 

Hawley,  Joseph.  Born  at  Northampton.  Mass., 
Oct. 8,  1723(1724?);  died  iu  Hampshire  County, 
March  10.  1788.     An  American  patriot. 

Hawley,  Joseph  Roswell.    B<u-n  at  Stewart  s- 

viUe,  .N,  t'.,t).'t.31, 182(1.  An  American  general. 
iouriialisl.  an.l  politician.  Ho  graduatwl  at  Ham- 
ilton College  iu  1847  :  wiw  admitted  to  the  bar  In  1860 ;  be- 
came e.lltor  of  the  Hartford  "  Press  "  In  18fi7  ;  served  as  a 
brigade  and  division  c(Unniauder  In  the  Cnlon  "■■»>  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War.  beinn  brevetted  major  general  In  ItXtt; 
was  president  of  the  Republican  National  Convention  In 
18118  ;  was  Repniilban  member  of  Congress  fr..m  t  onncctl- 
eut  ls-2-75  and  187i»-81 ;  has  been  Inlle.l  Stales  senator 
since  1881;  was  an  unsuecessfnl  candidate  f.ir  the  Hepun- 
llcan  nomination  for  l-resldenl  In  1S84  an.  1.-8S,;  and  wu 
preslilent  ot  the  United  States  Centennial  t  ommlMlon 

Hawtiiornden  (hA'th(5rii-deii).  A  glen  orvalley 
in  E.liiiloirglishire.  Scotland,  8  miles  south  of 
E.linbui"li.  The  estate  of  Hawlhoniden  was 
the  property  of  the  pod   William  Dmmmond. 

Hawthorne(ha'tliorii),  Julian.  Kornal  Boston, 
•Juno  22,  l.Slli.  .\n  .\iiieri<>iin  imvelist  and  inis- 
ccllaireouswrit.r.  SDii  of  Nat lianiel  Hawthorne. 

Hawthorne.  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Salem.  Maw., 
.Iiily  4,  1804:  died  at  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  May  1», 


Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 

1864.  Aoelebrated  American  novelist.  He  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  College  in  1S25  ;  served  in  the  custom- 
buuse  at  Boston  1&'!&-4I ;  joined  the  Brook  Farm  Associa- 
tion in  1S41 ;  settled  at  Concord,  Massachusetts,  in  1843  ; 
was  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Salem  1S46-49 ;  and  was  United 
States  consul  at  Liverpool  1853-67.  In  1861  he  returned  to 
the  United  States.  "Fanshawe,"  his  first  story,  was  pub- 
lished in  1826  at  bis  own  expense.  He  wrote  "Twice-told 
Tales"  (1837:  second  series  1842),  "Mosses  from  an  Old 
JIanse"(lS46),  "The  Scarlet  Letter"  (18501,  "The  House 
of  the  Seven  Gables "  (1851),  "The  Wonder-Book"  (1861), 
■' The  BUthedaleRomance  "(1852),"  Snow  Image  and  other 
Twice-told  Tales  "  (1862),  "  Life  of  Franklin  Pierce  "  (1852). 
"Tanglewood Tales  "(lS53),"The  Marble  Faun  "(1S60:  the 
English  edition  was  called  "Transformation,  or  the  Ro- 
mance of  Monte  Beni,"  also  1860),  "Our  Old  Home  "  (1863), 
"Pansie"  (1864:  also  c;illed  "The  DoUiver  Romance"), 
"  Note  Books  "(1868-72X"  Septiraius  Felton  "(1872). "  Tales 
of  the  White  Hills"  (1877),  "Dr.  Grimshawes  Secret"  (a 
fragment,  1883). 

Hawwa  (ha-wii').  {^Ai.aJ-hawwa,  the  serpent- 
charmer.]  A  rarely  used  name  for  the  star 
a  Ophiuchi,  commonlv  known  as  Sas-alaghue. 

Hay  (ha),  John.  Born  at  Salem,  Ind..  Oct.  8, 1838. 
An  American  author,  journalist. anddiplomatist. 
He  was  assistant  private  secretary  to  Presicient  Lincoln 
1861-05  ;  first  secretary  of  legation  at  Paris  1806-67 ;  charge 
d'affaires  at  Vienna  1867-68 ;  secretary  of  legation  at  Ma- 
drid 1868-70 ;  assistant  secretarv  of  state  1S79-S1 ;  ambas- 
sador to  Great  Britain  1897-98  :  secretary  of  state  1898-. 
He  published  "Pike  County  Ballads  "  (1871)  and  "  Castilian 
Days  "  (1871),  and  is  the  autlior,  with  J.  G.  Nicolay,  of  the 
"  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  "  (1886-90). 

HaydSe  (a-da').  An  opera  eomique  by  Auber 
(words  by  Scribe),  produced  in  Paris  in  1847. 

Hayden  (ha'dn), Ferdinand Vandeveer.  Born 
at  Westiield,Mass.,  Sept.  7,  1829:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Dee.  22, 1887.  An  American  geologist. 
He  graduated  at  Oberlin  College  in  1850,  and  at  the  Albany 
Medical  College  in  1853  ;  was  professor  of  geology  and  min- 
eralogy in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1865-72 ;  and 
was  connected  with  the  geological  and  geographical  sur- 
veys of  the  United  States  1859-86.  He  edited  the  first  S 
reports  (1867-76)  of  the  United  States  geographical  and 
geological  surveys  of  the  Territories,  and  is  the  author  of 
"Sketch  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  United  St.ites 
Geological  and  Geographical  Surveys  of  the  Territories" 
(1877),  "The  Yellowstone  National  Park  .and  the  Mountain 
Regions  of  Idaho,  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Utah  "  (1877). 

Hayden,  Mount,  or  Grand  Teton  (te-t6h'). 
The  highest  of  the  Three  Tetons,  Teton  Range, 
western  Wyoming.     Height,  about  13,600  feet. 

Haydn  (ha'dn;  6.  pron.  hi'dn),  Johann  Mi- 
chael. Born  at  Rohrau,  Lower  Austria,  Sept. 
14,  1737:  died  at  Salzburg,  Austria-Hungary, 
Aug.  10,  1806.  An  Austrian  composer,  brother 
of  Joseph  Haydn. 

Haydn,  Joseph.  Born  at  Rohrau,  Lower  Aus- 
tria, March  31.  1732:  died  at  Vienna,  May  31, 
1809.  A  celebrated  Austrian  composer.  He  was 
appointed  chapelmaster  to  Prince  Esterhazy  at  Eisen- 
stadt,  Hungary,  in  1760,  and  resided  in  London  1791-92 
and  1794-95,  His  works  include  "The  Seven  Words,  etc." 
(1785  :  a  cantata),  "The  Creation  "  (1798),  "The  Seasons" 
(*^  Die  Jahreszeiten,"  ISOl),  126  symphonies,  83  string  quar- 
tets, sonatas,  etc..  and  the  Austrian  national  hymn.  See 
his  life  by  Pohl,  1876-82. 

Haydon  (ha'don),  Benjamin  Robert.  Born  at 

Plymouth,  England,  Jan.  26.  1786:  committed 
.suicide  at  London,  June  22, 1846.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish historical  painter.  His  life  was  one  of  struggle 
and  of  disappointment  because  his  talent  was  not  appre- 
ciated. Among  his  works  are  "  Christ's  Entry  into  Jeru- 
salem" (now  at  Cincinnati),  "Tlie  Raising  «f  Lazarus," 
"  The  Judgment  of  Solomon  "  (in  the  National  Gallery, 
London).  He  published  "Lectures  on  Painting  and  De- 
sign "(1844—10).  His  life,  compiled  from  his  autobiogra- 
phy and  journal,  was  published  by  Tom  Taylor  in  1853. 

Haye,  La.     See  Hague,  The. 

Hayel  (ha-yel'),  or  Hail  (ha-el').  A  city  of 
Shomer.  Arabia,  situated  about  lat.  27°  40'  N., 
long.  42°  40'  E. 

Hayes  ( haz),  Catherine.  Bom  in  Ireland  about 
1825  :  died  at  London,  Aug.  11,  1861.  An  Irish 
singer.  She  made  her  d^but  in  1846  at  Marseilles,  and 
had  a  brilliant  career  in  Italy  and  Austria.  In  1849  she 
appeared  in  London,  but  soon  left  England  for  America, 
India,  Pol>'Tie5ia,  and  .\ustralia.  She  married  a  Mr.  Bush- 
nell  in  1S57.     Grove. 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel.  Bom  in  Chester  Countv, 
Pa..  March  .5,  1832:  died  at  New  York.  Dee.  l"7, 
1881.  An  American  arctic  explorer.  He  accom- 
panied the  second  Grinnell  expedition  under  E.  K.  Kane 
as  surgeon  1863-66.  Convinced  during  this  expedition  of 
the  existence  of  an  open  polar  sea,  he  solicited  subscrip- 
tions, as  the  result  of  which  he  was  enabled  to  fit  out  an 
expedition,  consisting  of  14  persons,  which  sailed  from  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  July  7, 1860.  He  wintered  in  Foulke 
Fiord,  lat.  78°  18'  N.,  near  Littleton  Island,  and  May  18, 
1861,  reached  a  point  which  he  placed  at  lat.  81°  35'  N., 
long.  70°  30'  W.,  although  the  correctness  of  his  observa- 
tions has  been  called  in  question.  He  returned  to  Boston 
Oct,  23,  1861.  In  1869  he  visited  Greenland  with  the  artist 
William  Bradford  in  the  Panther.  He  published  "An  Arctic 
Boat-Journey  "  (1860),  "  The  Open  Polar  Sea  "  (1867),  "  Cast 
Away  in  the  Cold  "(1868),  "  The  Land  of  Desolation  "(1872). 

Hayes,  Rutherford  Birchard.  Bom  at  Dela- 
ware, Ohio,  Oct.  4,  1822:  died  at  Fremont. 
Ohio,  Jan.  17,  1893.  The  nineteenth  President 
of  the  United  States.     He  served  in  the  Union  army 


4S8 

during  the  Civil  'W.'u-,  being  brevetted  major-general  of 
volunteers  in  1866  ;  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  Ohio  1806-67 ;  w:is  governor  of  Ohio  1868-72, 1876-77 ; 
was  a  Republican  candidate  for  the  presidency  in  1876 ; 
was  declared  elected  by  the  Electoral  Commission  March 
2,  1877,  and  served  1877-81.    See  Electoral  Commissi<m. 

Hayley  (ha'li),  William.  Born  at  Chichester, 
England,  Oct.  29,  174.5:  died  at  Felpham.  near 
Chichester,  Nov.  12. 1820.  An  English  poet  and 
prose-writer. 

Haym  (him),  Rudolf.  Born  at  Griinberg,  Si- 
lesia, Oct.  3.  1S21 :  died  Aug.  27,  1901.  A  Ger- 
man political  and  philosophical  writer.  Hi~ 
works  include  "  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  "  (1856).  "Hegi  1 
nnd  seine  Zeit "  (1857),  "Arthur  Schopenhauer"  (1864). 
"  Die  romantische  Schule  '  (1870),  "  Herder  "  (1880), 

Haymarket,  The.  A  London  market,  estab- 
lished in  1644  on  the  site  now  partly  covered 
by  the  Criterion  restaurant  and  theater  and 
Lower  Regent  street.  It  was  abolished  in  1830. 
The  place  is  called  Haymarket  Square,  or  the  Haymaiket. 

Haymarket  Square  Riot,  The.  A  riot  at  Hay- 
market Square  in  Randolph  street,  immediately 
north  of  Des  Plaines  street,  Chicago,  May  4, 
1886,  in  which  7  policemen  were  killed  and  60 
wounded  while  attempting  to  disperse  a  meet- 
ing of  anarchists.  Theinjuriesof  thepolicemenwere 
caused  chiefly  by  a  dynamite  bomb  thrown  by  some  one 
in  the  crowd,  supposed  to  have  been  a  person  named 
Schuaubelt,  who  was  never  arrested.  The  anarchists 
August  Spies,  Adolph  Fischer.  George  Engel,  and  Albert 
R.  Parsons  were  hanged.  Nov.  11,  18S7,  for  complicity  in 
the  riot,  while  Louis  Lingg  escaped  the  gallows  by  com- 
mitting suicide  in  prison.  Samuel  Fielden  and  Michael 
Schwab  were  committed  to  prison  for  life,  and  Oscar  W. 
Neebe  for  a  term  of  15  years,  but  they  were  pardoned  b-\ 
Governor  John  P.  Altgeld,  June,  1893. 
Haymarket  Theatre.  A  London  theater  stand- 
ing ill  the  Haymarket  opposite  Charles  street. 
Next  to  Drury  Lane  no  theater  in  London  is  so  rich  in 
theatrical  ti-adition  as  "the  Little  Theatre  in  the  Hay- 
market." During  the  patent  monopoly  it  was  a  kind  of 
chapel  of  ease  or  training-house  to  Drury  Lane  and  Covent 
Garden.  In  1720  one  John  Potter  purchased  the  site  of 
an  old  inn,  the  King's  Head,  in  the  Haymarket,  and 
erected  there  a  small  theater.  The  house  was  leased  to  a 
company  of  French  actors,  and  opened  with  "La  fille  a 
la  mode,  ou  le  Badeau  de  Paris,"  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Duke  of  Montague,  For  some  years  after  it  was 
called  "  the  New  French  Theatre."  Fielding's  is  the  first 
great  name  connected  with  this  theater.  In  1730  he  pro- 
duced "The  Tragedy  of  Tragedies,  or  Tom  Thumb  the 
Great,"  and  became  manager  in  1734.  In  Feb.,  1744, 
Charles  Macklin  opened  the  Haymarket  with  a  company 
largely  composed  of  his  own  pupils.  On  April  22,  1747, 
Samuel  Foote  assumed  the  management.  In  1766  he  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  the  theater  during  his  lifetime.  In 
1776  Foote  sold  the  theater  to  Colman  the  elder,  who  man- 
aged it  till  1794,  A^'hen  Harris  became  manager  in  1820, 
he  demolished  the  t-ld  house  (its  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  Caf^  de  I'Europe),  and  erected  a  new  one  a  little  far- 
ther north.  It  was  opened  .luly4, 1821,with  "The  Rivals. " 
'The  present  theater  was  built  in  1880. 

Haymerle  (hi'mer-le).  Baron  Heinrich  von. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Dec.  7,  1828 :  died  at  Vienna, 
()ct.  10,  1881.  An  Austrian  diplomatist  and 
statesman,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1879-81. 

Haymon.     See  Aymon. 

Haynau.     See  Hainan. 

Haynau  (hi'nou).  Baron  Julius  Jakob  von. 

Born  at  Cassel,  Oct.  14.  1786 :  died  at  Vienna, 
March  14,  1853.  An  Austrian  general,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  the  elector  William  I.  of  Hesse-Cas- 
scl.  He  was  commander  in  Italy  1848-49,  and 
in  Hungary  1849-50,  and  was  notorious  for  his 
cruelty. 
Hajnie  (han).  Isaac.  Born  in  South  Carolina, 
Sept.  23,  1745 :  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  Aug. 
4,1781.  An  American  patriot.  He  served  against 
the  British  at  the  siege  of  Charleston  in  1780,  when  he  was 
taken  prisoner  and  paroled.  He  subsequently  took  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king  on  the  assurance  of  the  Brit- 
ish deputy  commandant  at  Charleston  that  he  would  not 
be  called  xipon  to  bear  arms  against  his  country.  Being, 
nevertheless,  summoned  to  join  the  British  army,  he  con- 
sidered himself  released  from  his  oath,  and  became  colonel 
of  an  American  militia  company.  He  was  captured  and 
hanged  by  the  order  of  Colonel  Balfour  and  Lord  Rawdon, 
This  action  gave  rise  to  a  sharp  debate  in  the  British  Par- 
liament, and  caused  General  Greene  to  issue  a  proclama- 
tion Aug.  26, 1781,  in  which  he  announced  his  intention  to 
make  reprisals. 

Hayne,  Paul  Hamilton.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Jan.  1,  1831:  died  July  6, 1886.  An  Ameri- 
can poet,  nephew  of  R.  Y.  Hayne.  He  published 
volumes  of  poems  (1854-57),  "Avolio  and  other  Poems" 
(1869),  "  Legends  and  Lyrics  "  (1873),  etc. 

Hayne,  Robert  Young.  Bom  in  St.  Paul's  par- 
ish, Colleton  district,  S.  C,  Nov.  10,  1791:  died 
at  Asheville,  N.  C,  Sept.,  1840.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  .South 
Carolina  1823-32.  and  is  noted  as  an  opponent  of  the  pro- 
tective tariff  and  a  leader  of  the  nuliiflers,  and  for  his  de- 
bate with  Webster  in  1830.  He  was  governor  of  South 
Carolina  1832-34. 

Haynes  (hanz),  John.  Bom  at  Old  Holt,  Essex, 
England:  died  at  Hart  ford.  Conn.,  March  1, 1654. 
An  American  magistrate.  He  emigrated  to  Massa. 
chusetts  in  1633.  In  1036  he  became  governor  of  Massachu- 


Hazen 

setts  Bay.  and  in  1039  was  chosen  (first)  governor  of  Con, 
necticut,  an  office  to  which  he  was  reelected  in  alternate 
years. 

Hays  (haz),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  July 
5, 1796:  died  at  Philadelphia.  April  13(12?),1879. 
An  American  physician  and  scientist.  Hegradn- 
ated  at  the  Univei^ity  of  Pennsylvania  in  1816,  and  as  M,  D. 
in  1820  ;  became  editor  of  "The  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences"  in  1827;  established  the  "Medical 
News"  in  1843;  established  the  'Monthly  Abstract  of 
Medical  Science  "  in  1874  ;  and  was  president  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  1865-69.  He  edited, 
among  other  books,  Hoblvn's  "Dictionary  of  Terms  used 
in  Medicine  and  the  Collateral  Sciences"  (1846).  and  Lau- 
rence's "  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye  "  (1847). 

Hays,William  Jacob.  Born  at  New  York.  Aug. 
8,  1830  :  died  at  New  York.  March  13.  1875.  Aa 
American  animal-painter. 

Haystack  (ha'stak),  The.  One  of  the  principal 
summits  of  the  Adirondacks.  Height.  4  91& 
feet. 

Ha3rti.     See  Haiti. 

Hayward  (ha'ward).  Abraham.  Bom  at  Lvme 
Regis.  England,  Nov.  22, 1801 :  died  at  London, 
Feb.  2,  1884.  An  English  essayist  and  general 
writer.  Among  his  works  are  a  translation  of  "Faust" 
(1833),  "  Biographical  and  Critical  Essays  "  (1858-73),  etc. 

Hayward,  Sir  John.  Bom  in  Suffolk,  England, 
about  15C4  :  died  1627.  An  English  historian. 
He  published  "First  Part  of  the  Life  and  Raigne  of  King 
Henrie  the  I\'."(1599X  and  other  historical  works.  Parts 
of  his  history  (which  was  issued  under  the  patronage  of 
Essex)  appeared  to  Elizabeth  to  contain  treasonable  sug- 
gestions, and  he  was  brought  before  the  Star  Chamber  and 
imprisoned. 

Hazael  (haz'a-el  or  ha'z.a-el).  ['  God  sees.'] 
A  Syrian  officer  who,  after  miu-dering  Ben-ha- 
dad  II., became  king  of  Damascus  about  850  B.  c. 
He  was  engaged  in  hostilities  with  Ahaziah,  king  of 
Israel,  and  Joram.  king  of  Judah  (2  Ki.  viii.  28),  and  later 
with  Jehu,  king  of  Israel,  and  seemsto  have  held  the  king- 
dom of  Israel  in  a  kind  of  dependence.  Toward  the  close 
of  his  life  he  attacked  Judah.  taking  Gath,  and  was  in- 
duced by  Joash  to  retire  from  Jerusalem  only  through 
gifts(2Ki.  xii,).  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  he  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  Haza-ilu.  He  renewed  the  war  with 
Assyria  first  undertaken  by  Ben-hadad  in  alliance  with  Hit- 
tites.  Hamatites,  and  Phenicians.  but  was  defeated  by  Shal- 
maneser  II.  and  besieged  in  his  capital,  Damascus,  in  842. 
Three  years  later  Shalmaneser  again  entered  Syria,  and 
took  some  of  its  strongholds.  Haza-iln,  as  the  name  of 
.\rabian  kings,  occurs  in  the  inscriptions  of  Esarhaddon 
and  Asiu-bauipal. 

Hazara,  orHuzara  (huz'a-ra).  A  district  in  the 
Peshawar  division,  Panfab,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  long.  73°  15'  E. 
Area,  2.991  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
516,288. 

Hazard  (ii-ziir'),  D6sire.  -A.  pseudonym  of  Oc- 
tave Feuillet. 

Hazard  (haz'ard),  Ro'wland  Gibson.  Bora  at 
South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Oct.  9,  1801:  died  at 
Peacedale,  R.  I.,  June  24,  1888.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  author.  He  accumulated  a  fortune 
in  the  woolen  business  at  Peacedale,  Rhode  Island  ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Rhode  Island  Assembly  1851-52  and  1854- 
1866  ;  and  served  in  the  State  senate  1866-67.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  treatises  on  philosophical  and  politico- economic 
subjects,  including  "Essays on  theResourcesof  the  LTnited 
States  "  (1864). 

Hazard,  Samuel.     Born  at  Philadelphia,  May 

26,  1784:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  22,  1870. 
An  American  antiquarian.  He  published  "Register 
of  Pennsylvania"  (1828-36),  "United  States  Commercial 
and  Statistical  Register"  (1839-12),  "Annals  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1609-82,"  and  "Pennsylvania  Archives,  1682-1790" 
(1853). 

Hazard'ville  (haz'ard-vil).  A  village  in  the 
township  of  Enfield,  16  miles  north-northeast 
of  Hartford,  Connecticut:  noted  for  powder 
manufacture. 

Hazaribagh  (ha-zii-re-ba').  1.  A  district  in  the 
(Jhota  Nagjjur  division,  Bengal,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  24°  N.,  long.  85°  E.  Area, 
7,021  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,164,- 
321.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Hazari- 
bagh, situated  about  lat.  23°  58'  N..  long.  85° 
20'  E.     Population  (1891),  16,672. 

Hazebrouck  (Uz-brok').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  23  miles  west-northwest 
of  Lille.  It  is  a  raUwav  center.  Population 
(1891),  11,672. 

Hazen  (ha'zn),  William  Babcock.  Bom  at 
West  Hartford,  Windham  County,  Vt.,  Sept. 

27,  1830:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.  Jan.  16, 
1887.  An  American  soldier.  Hegraduatedat  West 
Point  in  1855,  and  in  1861  obtained  command  of  a  regiment 
of  volunteers,  with  which  he  took  part  in  the  operations  of 
General  Buell  in  Tennessee.  He  took  command  of  the 
19th  brigade  of  tlie  Army  of  the  Ohio  Jan.  6, 1862,  and  be- 
came brigadier-general  in  Nov.  He  participated  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Pittsburg  Landing,  tlie  siege  of  Corinth,  the  battle 
of  Perr,wille,  the  pursuit  of  General  Bragg's  army  out  of 
Kentucky,  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  the  campaign  in  Mid- 
dle Tennessee,  the  engagements  at  Chickamaugaand  Chat- 
tanooga, and  the  relief  of  Knoxi-ille.  As  commander  of  a 
division  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea.  he  captured  Fort 


r 


Hazen 

Mi'Allister  on  tl;'-  Suvaiinah  River,  and  opened  up  com- 
inuniciition  between  the  army  anil  the  Meet,  lie  was 
made  major-general  of  volnnteers  April  20,  1866,  the  rank 
t<i  date  from  Dei-.  l:i,  1864,  and  was  appointed  cliief  oflicer 
of  the  signal  servicf  in  IHSO.  a  post  wliich  he  held  until 
his  death. 
Hazleton(ha'zl-toii).  AeitymLuzenicCoimty. 


.      489 

the  popular  name  of  the  Tolbooth.  au  Edinburgh 
l)risoii,  demolished  in  1817.  This  story  is  supposed 
to  have  been  written  by  Peter  Pattieson,  a  schoolniaster, 
and  edited  by  his  friend  Jedediah  Cleishbotham  to  defray 
liU  funeral  expenses.  It  is  one  of  the  "  Tales  of  my  Land- 
lord." The  scene  is  laid  in  the  time  of  the  I'orteous  not 
in  tlie  reign  of  George  II. 


.-M>tern  Pennsvlvania,  85  miles  norUnvest  of  Heart's  Content.  A  seaport  and  eaWe  termi- 
Philadelphia.  Itis  afoal-minin<;epnter.  Popu-  nus  in  Newfoundland,  situated  on  Trinity  liay 
lati<m  (1900).  14,230.  in  hit.  47°  .53' N..  loiiK.  53°  22'  W. 

Hazlitt  (haz'lit),  William.  Born  at  Maidstone,  Heath  (heth),  William.  Bom  at  Koxbury, 
Kent,  April  10, 1778 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  18,  Mass.,  March  7  (2  f ),  1737:  died  at  Roxbury,  Jan. 
1830.  An  English  critic  and  essayist.    His  lit^erarj-     24,1814.     An  American  general  in  the  Kevolu- 


nirli  brought  him  into  contact  with  Leigh  Hunt,  Charles 
Lamb  Moore,  and  otliers.  with  all  of  whom  he  (luaneled. 
His  peculiar  temper  and  political  views  led  him  also  to 
allack  his  older  friends  Coleridge,  Southey,  and  ^\ords- 
worth.  He  is  perhaps  best  known  by  his  lectures  and  es- 
says on  the  English  drama,  .^mong  his  works  are  "cliar 
actersof  Shakspere's  Pl.avs' (1817),  'The  Round  Table 
11817),  "  View  of  the  English  Stage  "  (1818).  "  Lectures  on 
Enghsh  Poetry  "  (1818),  "Lectures  on  the  English  Cnniie 
Writers"  (1819).  "Dramatic  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Eliz- 
abeth "  (1821),  ■•Table  Talk"  (1824).  "  Spirit  of  the  Age  ' 
(1S2.';)."  Life  of  Napoleon  "  (1828),  "Plain  Speaker"  (1826), 
"  Original  Essays,"  and  "  Political  Essays." 


t  ionarv  War.  lie  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress 17"74-75  ;  ivas  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  Pro- 
vincial army  Dec.  8,  1774 ;  and  organized  the  forces  at 
Cambridge  Ijefore  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  (in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Continental  army  he  was  conmiissioned  hrig- 
adier-general  June  22, 177.1,  being  prr.moted  major-general 
\ug.  0.  1776.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  Major-Oeneral  \\  il- 
iiam  Heath  "  (17i)8).  ^.    ,  , 

Heathcoat  (heth'kot),  John.  Born  at  Dulhelc, 
near  Derby,  England,  1783:  died  near  Tiverton. 
England,  Jan.,  1861.  An  English  manufacturer, 
inventor  of  a  laee-makiiigmachiue  (about  1808). 


Hazlitt  William.    Bom  in  Wiltshire,  England.  Heathfleld,  Baron.    Xi>'J:ii<it.GeonieJugu^tus. 
Sept.  26,  1811 :  died  Feb.  22,  1893.     An  English  Heavenfield,  Battle  of  (634  ?  635).     A  battle 


writer,son  of  William  Hazlitt  (1778-1830),  scmnr 
registrar  in  the  bankruptcy  court,  ami  translat  or 
of  French  historical  works.  HealsoeditedJohnson's 
"  Lives  of  the  Poets,"  and  ivrote  on  legal  subjects. 

Hazlitt,  William  Carew.  Born  Aug.  22, 1 834. 
An  English  author  and  lawj-er.  son  of  William 
Hazlitt  (1811-93).  He  has  published  a  "History  of 
the  Venetian  Republic,  etc.  '  (lsr,.S-tiO),  and  has  edited 
"Old  English  Jest  Books  '  (1S64),  "Remains  of  the  Early 
Popular  Poetry  of  England  "(1864-W;),  "  English  Proverbs, 
etc  "(1869)  "Works  of  Charles  Lamb"  (1866-71),  "  Mem- 
oirs of  William  Hazlitt  "(1867).  Warton's  "  History  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry"  (1871;  with  others).  Blount  s  "Tenures  of 
LaTid,  etc  "(1874),  "Mary  and  Charles  Lamb,  etc."  (1874), 
Dodsley's  "Old  Plays"  (1874-76),  " .Shakspere's  Library" 
(1>57,=>),  etc. 


fought  near  the  wall  of  Antoninus  in  the  north 
of  Knglaud,  where  Oswald  of  Northumbria  de- 
feated the  Britons  under  Cadwallon  (Cadwalla), 
who  fell  in  the  engagement.  According  to  legend, 
Oswald  entertained  a  vision  of  St.  Coluraba.  the  founder  of 
Uii,  in  a  dream  the  night  before  the  battle.  The  appari- 
tion shrouded  the  English  camp  with  its  mantle,  and  said 
to  Oswald,  "  Be  strong,  and  do  like  a  man  ;  lo  !  I  ain  with 
thee."  On  the  morrow  Oswald  communicated  his  dream 
to  the  army,  \yhicli,  with  the  enthusiasm  born  of  peril, 
pledged  itself  to  become  Christian  if  it  conquered  in  the 
light ;  for  in  the  whole  Northumbrian  host  only  Oswald 
and  12  nobles  frinn  Hii  were  Christians.  So  Oswald,  as- 
sisted  by  his  soldiers,  set  up^a  cross  of  wood  as  a  standard, 
and  the'fleld  of  battle  was  in  after  times  called  Heaven's 
field,  in  allusion  to  the  miraculous  intervention  of  heaven 
>f  which  it  was  the  seen 


Head  (hed).  Sir  Edmund  Walker.     Born  near  gg^j^jgi  (heb'bel),  Friedrich.     Born  at  Wes- 
■'  ■■  "     '      '  ""'    ''    '--'— -^--   T....      selburen,  Schleswig-Holstein.  March  18,1813: 

died  at  Vienna,  Dec.  13,  1863.  A  German  dra- 
matic and  Ivric  poet.  His  chief  dramas  are  "  Oeno. 
veva"  (1843),  "Maria  Magdalene"  (1844),  "Die  Nibelun- 
gen"(1862). 
Hebe  (he'be).  [h.,  from  Gr.  "11,:*'/,  a  persouitica- 
tiou  of  youth.]  1.  In  Greek  mj-thology,  the 
goddess  "of  vouth  and  spring ;  the  personifica- 
tion of  eternal  and  exuberant  youth,  and,  until 
supplanted  in  this  office  by  Ganjnnede.  the  cup- 
bearer of  Olympus,  she  was  a  daughterot  Zeus  and 
Hera,  who  gave  her  as  yvife  to  Hercules  after  his  deiUca- 
tion,  as  a  rewai-d  of  his  achievements. 
2.  The  sixth  planetoid,  discovered  by  Henke 
at  Driesen  in  1847.  _ 

Bora  at  Basel, 
at  Schwetzin- 
German  poet. 
.' the  assistance  of 
frremia  he  was  enablcd'to  attend  school,"  and  subseiincutly 
studied  theology  at  Eriaiigen.  Ue  was  afterward  i)rofe8siir 
in  Karlsruhe,  and  held  various  ecclesiastical  titles.  His 
principal  work  is  his  "Alemannische  Oedichte"  (poems 
in  the  Alamannic  dialect),  yvhich  appeared  in  1SII3.  A 
number  of  prose  narratives  appeared  llrst  in  "  Dcr  rhe  n- 
Ische  Hausfretind "  1808-11,  and  were  collecteil  under 
the  title  "  Schatzkastleln  des  rhoinischen  Hauslreundes 
(isll). 
Heber  (he'bfer),  or  Eber  (e'ber).  The  epony- 
mous ancestor  of  the  ancient  Hebrews.  See 
llfbrcw)!. 
Heber  (he'ber).  Reginald.  Born  at  Malpas, 
Cheshire,  April  21,  1783:  died  at  Trichinopoly, 
British  India,  April  2, 1826.  An  English  prel- 
ate and  hymn-writer,  made  bishop  of  Calcutta 
in  1823.-  He  wrote  the  poem  "  Palestine,"  which  gained 
the  Oxford  prize  In  18112  (imblished  1801)).  In  thc'llymns 
written  and  adapted  to  the  Weekly  Church  Service  of  the 
Year,"  68  are  by  Bl.shop  Heber,  including  "  From  Ureen- 
lands  Icy  Mountains,  '  "  Brightest  and  Best,"  "  Holy,  holy, 
holy,  torilCod  Almighty,"  etc. 

~     "        "      Born  at  Westminster,  Eiig 


Maidstone,  England,  1805 :  died  at  London,  Jan 
28,  1868.     An  English  colonial  governor,  and 
writer  on  art.    He  published  a  "  Handljook  of  the  Span- 
ish and  JFrench  Schools  of  Painting  "  (1846).  etc. 
Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond.     Born  near  Roches- 
ter, England,  Jan    1,  1793:  died  at  Croydon, 
near  London,  July  20, 1875.    An  English  trav(d- 
er,  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada  (1835- 
Sept.   10,  1837),    and    author,  brother   of    Sir 
Qeorge  Head.    Among  his  works  are  ■'Bubbles  from 
the  Brunnen  of  Nassau"  (1833),  "Stokers  and  Pokers 
(1849)    "  Defenceless  State  of  Great  Britain  "  (1800),  '  A 
Fagot  of  French  Sticks"  (1862),  "  Descriptive  Essays  from 
the  Quarterly   Review"  (IS.SB),  "Mr.  Kinglake"  (1863), 
"The  Royal  Engineer'  (1869),  "Sir  John  Burgoyne   (18i2). 

Head,  Sir  Greorge 

land,  1782:  died 
English   traveler 
through  the  Manufact 
Summerof  1835"  (183.^-:i7) 

Headley  (hed'li),  Joel  Tyler.  Bom  at  Wal- 
ton, Delaware  Coiintv,  N.  Y. .  Dec.  30. 1813 :  died 
at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1897.  An  Ameri- 
can writer.  He  published  numerous  historical  and  bio- 
graphical works,  including  "  Napoleon  and  his  Marshals 
(1846),  "Life  of  Washington  "  (1867),  etc. 

Headley,  Phineas  Camp.    Born  at  vValton, 

N.  v..  1  line  '24.  isl'l:  died  .Jan.  ;i.  19().i.  An 
Americiiiii'lcrgyniaiiand  writer  on  biograiOiical 
misoellaneous'subicets.  brother  ot  Joel  iyler 
Headley.  His  works  include  "  The  Court  and 
Camp  of  David  "  (1868),  etc. 

Headlong  Hall.  A  novel  by  Peacock,  pub- 
lished in  1816.  ,,.  ,     . 

Headsman,  The.    A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 

Headstone  (h.'d'ston),  Bradley.    1"  D";'^,i:'f  ^ 

'•  ( )ur  Mutual  Friend,"  an  ungainly  and  still  Out 
excitable  schoolniaster,  madly  in  love  witli  Liz- 


I'mich  painter. 

Hubert,  JacQues  Ren6,  snrnamed  Le  P6re 

-      •    '  l{„,.,u,tAleiivon.l''niiiee,17.V.:di.d  Hebrus  (he'brus).     [Gr.  "Kftxir.] 


zieHexam,  and  the  deadly  enemy  and  would-he  Heber,  Richard.  .,,,.,,, 

murderer  of  Eugene  Wrnyburn.  land,  1773  :  died  0,;( ..  1833.     .\n  Lnglish  book 

Healey(he'li),GeorgePeter  Alexander.   Born     ,„nector.  half-brother  ol  Keginald  llolni-. 
JulylS,  1818:  died  June  24, 1894.   All  ^\juerican  Hubert    (a-lmr').   Antoine   AugUSte   Ernest 

jortrait-painter.  Born  at  Grenoble.  France,  Nov.  3,  181  (.      A 

Hearne  (h6rn),  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  174.i: 
died  1792.  An  English  explorerin  British  North 
America  1769-72.  He  wrote  an  "Account  .pf  a  Jour- 
ney from  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort  In  Hiiilson  »  Bay  to  the 
North- West,  umlertaken  .  .  .  for  the  illacovery  ol  Copper 
Mines,  a  North-West  Passage,  '  etc.  (179.'). 

Hearne,  Thomas.     Born  at  A\1iite  Waltham, 

Berks,  lOnglaiid,  1678:  die.l  June  10,  1735.  An 
English  ant i((iiarv.  IIi^  edited  Spehnan's  "Life 
of  Alfred  (he  Great,"  Leiand's  "  Itinerary"  and 
"Collectanea,"  Kobert  of  Gloucester,  Fordun, 
etc. 

Heart  of  England.  A  name  given  to  Warwick- 
shire from  its  central  position. 

Heart  of  Midlothian,  The.  A  novel  by  sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1818:  so  called  from 


Duchesne. 

at  I'aris,  March  24,  1794 
revolutionist.  He  was  of  obscure  nai 
education,  and  at  the  lieglnninK  of  tlie  French  Revolution 
was  living  in  poverty  at  I'aris,  having  lost  at  least  two 
situations  through  malversation.  On  the  outbreak  of  tlie 
Revolution  he  acciulred  Intlueiiee  In  the  dubs  as  a  scurri- 
lous and  vhdeiit  lait  ready  speaker  ami  writer,  and  wiw 
chosen  to  edit  a  new  Iti'volntlonary  puiier  called  "  Le  Pere 
DuchcBiio"  from  a  p.ipular  constitutional  paper  of  the 
Baine  name.  He  became  «ldely  known  In  the  provinces 
and  111  the  army  under  the  name  of  bis  paper;  was  a 
leader  of  the  most  violent  (action  In  the  Uevolutlomiry 
Commune  after  Aug.  Ill,  1792;  and  was  appointed  sulistl. 
lute  lo  the  procureur  syndic  Sept.  2  following.  On  May 
24   1793  he  was  arrested  by  order  of  the  more  moderate 


Hecataeus  of  Miletus 

party  in  the  Commune,  hut  was  released  in  consequence 
of  a'  demonstration  in  his  favor  by  the  mob.  He  insti- 
tuted, in  conjunction  with  Chaumettc  and  Anacharsis 
Clootz,  the  worship  of  the  goddess  Reason,  and  organized 
the  ultra-revolutionary  party  known  as  the  H^bertists  or 
■eiiratjef.  He  was  the  principal  witness  before  the  Revo;'- 
tionary  triliunal  against  .Marie  Antoinette,  whom  he  ac- 
cused of  incest  with  her  son,  and  procured  the  downfall 
of  Fabre  d'figlaiitine,  Desmoiilins,  and  Danton.  He  was 
sent  to  the  guillotine  by  Robespierre,  and  died  amid  the 
jeers  of  the  mob  whose  iiassion  for  blood  he  had  helped 
to  arouse. 
Hebrew  (he'bro).  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Hebrews,  one  of  the  northern  or  Canaanitic  di- 
visions of  the  Semitic  family  of  languages.  It 
is  the  language  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament  (with 
the  exception  of  portions  of  Daniel  and  Ezra),  and  became 
extinct  as  a  vernacular  tongue  3  centuries  before  the  Chris. 
tian  era.  It  is  still  the  language  of  the  synagogue,  and  is 
employed  as  a  scholars'  language ;  has  an  extensive  post- 
biblical  and  even  modern  literature  ;  and  is  becoming  the 
vernacuhu-  of  the  Jews  of  Palestine. 

Hebrew  Melodies.  A  collection  of  poems  by 
Lord  Bvron,  published  in  1815. 

Hebrew's  (he'broz).  [Aram,  'ebrdi/d,  Heb.  'ihrl 
(pi.  'ibriiii).  a  Hebrew,  referred  to  an  epony- 
mous Eber  or  Heber:  orig.  'those  of  the  other 
side'  (of  the  Euphrates).]  The  members  of  that 
branch  of  the  Semitic  family  of  mankind  de- 
seentJed,  according  to  tradition,  from  Heber,  the 
great-grandson  of  Shem,  in  the  line  of  Abra- 
ham, Isaac,  and  Jacob ;  the  Israelites ;  the  Jews. 

These  tribes,  first  of  all  trans-Euphratian,  which  had 
become,  by  crossing  the  stream,  cis-Euphratian.  took  the 
generic  name  of  Hebrew  (Ibrim. '  those  of  the  other  side '), 
though  we  do  not  know  whether  they  took  it  when  they 
placed  the  Euphrates  between  themselves  and  their  breth- 
ren who  remained  in  the  Paddan-Arani,  or  whether  it  was 
the  Canaanites  who  called  them  "those  from  beyond," or. 
to  be  more  accurate,  'those  who  had  cros-sed  the  river." 
lifiian.  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  76. 

Hebrews,  Epistle  to  the.    One  of  the  books  of 

the  New  Testament,  addressed  to  Christians  of 
Hebrew  birth  dwelling  in  Rome,  or  perhaps  in 
Palestine  or  Alexandria.  Its  chief  object  is  to  pre- 
sent a  parallel  between  the  symbolism  of  the  old  Testa- 
ment dispensation  and  thelife  work  of  Christ.  The  author 
is  unknown  —  perhaps  Barnabas,  or  less  probably  Apollos. 
The  authorship  has  often  been  ascribed  to  the  apostle 
Paul,  but  this  view  is  contrary  to  the  weight  ot  authority 
of  the  early  church,  and  is  opposed  by  most  modern  schol- 
ars. .'\  probable  date  of  composition  is  about  A.  D.  65. 
Hebrides  (heb'ri-dez),  or  Western  Isles.  [NL. 
Hebriilex,  an  error  for  L.  .fffftHrfc.*  (Pliny).var.  of 
llcbuilie,  Gr.  "EJociSn/  (Ptolemy),  pi.  of  "E,iov6a, 
applied  to  the  principal  island.]  A  group  of  isl- 
ands west  of  Scotland,  the  ancient  Ebudio  (Ptol- 
emv)  or  lleliudes  (I'linv).  .It  comprises  the  Outer 
IIebrides(Lewis  and  Harris, wliieh  together  form  the  largest 
island.  North  list,  Soulb  I'ist.  Barra,  and  smaller  islands) 
and  the  Inner  Hebrid.s  (Sky  e.  Mull,  loiia.  Eii;g,  Coll,  Tirce, 
Colonsay,  Jura,  Islay,  ami  smallei  islands).  Bute  and  Arraii 
are  also 'sometimes  included  in  the  Hebrides.  The  ishuids 
are  noted  for  picturesque  sceiierj'.  Politically  they  form 
part  of  Scotland,  Lewis  (or  the  Lewes) being  in  Ross-shire, 
and  the  rest  of  the  group  partly  in  Invenie.ss  and  partly  in 
Argyll-  TheearlyCeltic  iiiljabitants  were  rliri,~lianized  by 
loliiinba.  The  islands  were  eidonized  from  .Norway  in  the 
!lth  century  ;  wereceded  by  Norway  to  Scotland  in  1'2(;0 ;  and 
were  ruled  by  the  "  Lords  of  the  Isles  "  in  the  14th,  l.Mh.  and 
lOtli  centuries.  The  inhabited  islands  number  about  120. 
.\rea,  about  :i,o<iii  square  miles.    Population,  about  100,00a 

Hebrides,  New.    See  -V<ir  Hcbrklm. 

Hebron  (lie'brpn).  [Heb.,  'association'  or 
't'rieii.lsliiii.']  A  city  in  Palestine,  situated  on 
a  liill  among  the  mountains  ot  Judah.  about  7 
hours  south  of  Jerusalem.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
existing  biblical  towns.  According  to  Num.  xilL22,  itwas 
built  7  years  before  Zoan  (t.  • .  Taiiis.  the  capital  of  Uiwer 
EgyptX  anil  .loscphus  says  that  In  his  day  it  was  a.SoOyears 
old.  its  former  name  was  Kiriath  Arba  (Josh.  xiv.  i:().  It 
was  the  home  and  liurlal-place  of  the  patriarchs.  After- 
ward il  became  an  imjnirtant  city  in  the  territor>  of  Judah. 
David  resiiled  hen  tile  llrst  7  years  of  his  reign.  Ijiter 
it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  idumeans.  from  whom 
Judaa  Maccabeus  reeaptureii  It  (1  .Mac.  v.  66).  At  pres- 
ent It  has  about  lO.OOOiidiabitants.  ol  whom  600  are  Jews  : 
the  rest  are  Mobaininedans.  As  the  city  of  Abraham  il  is 
called  bv  Mohamm.-dans  AlHalil  ('City  of  the  Friend  of 
Ood').  iipoii  the  traililiiuial  site  of  the  burial-place  of  the 
patriarchs,  Maebpelab,  a  magnillccnt  mosque  is  creeled, 
accessible  only  to  Mohammedans  :  a  special  llrnian  of  the 
sultan  was  ret|iiired  lor  the  adinlttanee  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  111  18fi'.'.  the  .Marquis  ot  Bute  in  Isixl,  and  the  Crown 
Prince  of  ITuaslaln  Ixm.  Dean  Stanley  and  MajorConder 
have  examimil  the  mosque,  and  described  the  supposed 

The  ancient 

A  notorious  Kreneh     iiaiiic  of  the  river  Maritzn. 

arentage and  limited  HocatseUS  (hek-ii-te'us)  of  Abdora.     A  Greek 

philosiiphi'r  and  historian  who  lived  about  .120 

H.  C.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Skeptic  I'yrrho,  and  appears 
to  have  acciunpanled  Alcxaiuler  the  Oreat  on  his  Asiatic 
exiicdltl..n.  lie  wrote  a  work  on  the  Ilyperlioreans,  and 
another  on  Egypt,  Some  critics  also  attribute  to  him  a 
work  on  the  Jews.  An  edition  of  the  extant  fragments  ol 
his  works  has  been  published  by  P.  Zorn  ("  Uccatei  Al- 
deritu-  Fraglnenta.-  17.S0). 

Hecataeus  of  Miletus.    Died  about  4(6  b.c.    A 

(Jreek  geographer  and  liistorian.  He  was  the  »or 
of  liegesaniler.  and  was  ile»cende<l  from  an  ancient  anil 
llluBtrlous  family  nt  Miletus.     He  traveled  In  Egypt  and 


Hecataeus  of  Miletus 

elsewhere  to  obtain  materials  for  his  worics.  He  tried  to 
dissoade  the  lonians  from  the  revolt  against  the  Persians 
in  500,  and  subsequently  served  as  ambassador  to  Arta- 
phemes,  whom  he  prevailed  upon  to  treat  the  conquered 
insurgents  with  mildness.  He  wrote  "  Periesesis  "  (ire- 
fuTtyTjaf;),  etc.,  the  extant  fragments  of  which  have  been 
edited  by  R,  H.  Klausen  ("Hecatei  Hilesii  Fragmenta,' 
18S1) 

Hecate  (hek'a-te).  [Gr. 'Exdr)?.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  goddess  akin  to  Artemis,  of  Thraeian 
origin.  She  combined  the  attributes  of  Demeter  or  Ce 
res,  Khea,  Cybele,  Artemis  or  Diana,  and  Persephone  or 
Proserpine,  with  whom,  as  a  goddess  of  the  infernal  re- 
gions, she  was  to  some  extent  identified,  and  in  this  char- 
acter was  represented  as  practising  and  teaching  through 
her  emissaries  sorcery  and  witchcraft.  She  played  an  im- 
portant part  in  later  demonology. 

Hechingen  (hech'ing-en).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hohenzollern,  Prussia,  situated  31 
miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  3,743. 

Hecker  (hek'er),  Friedricli  Karl  Franz.  Bom 
at  Eichtersheim,  Baden,  Sept.  28, 1811 :  died  at 
St,  Louis,  March  24.  1881.  A  German  revolu- 
tionist, leader  with  Struve  of  the  insurrection 
in  Baden  in  1848.  He  settled  in  the  United 
States  in  1849. 

Hecker  (hek'er),  Isaac  Thomas.  Born  at  New 
York  city.  Dee.  18,  1S19.  died  there,  Dec.  22. 
1888.  An  American  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias- 
tic. He  was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  Brook  Farm 
Community.  He  became  a  priest  in  1849,  fomided  in  1S58 
the  order  of  the  Paulists.  of  which  he  was  appointed  supe- 
rior, and  established  the  "Catholic  World"  in  1865. 

Heckewelder  (hek'e-wel-der),  John  Gottlieb 
Ernest.  Bom  at  Bedford,  England.  March  12, 
1743 :  died  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Jan.  21,  1823.  A 
Moravian  missionary  among  the  Indians. 

Heckmondwike  (hek'mond-wlk).  A  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  8  miles 
southwest  of  Leeds.     Population  (1891),  9,709. 

Hecla,  or  Hekla  (hek'la).  [Icel.  Hel-la,  short 
for  Old  Icel.  Heklu-1jall"feU  or  hUl  of  the  hood 
(se.  of  snow?):  helclu,  gen.  of  Itella.  a  cowled 
or  hooded  frock.]  .A.  volcano  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Iceland,  70  miles  east  of  Reykja- 
vik. It  is  noted  for  the  frequency  and  violence 
of  its  eruptions.     Height,  5,108  feet. 

Hector  (hek'tor).  [6r.  "Exrup.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba :  champion 
of  the  Trojans,  and  the  principal  character  of 
the  Iliad  on  the  Trojan  side.  He  was  slain  by  Achil- 
les, who.  in  his  chariot,  dragged  Hector's  body  tiirice  round 
the  walls  of  Troy.  He  is  introduced  by  Shakspere  in  his 
"Troilus  and  Cressida." 

Critics,  old  and  new,  have  felt  the  remarkable  contra- 
dictions in  the  drawing  of  this  famous  hero  (Hector),  and 
yet  none  of  them  have  ventured  to  suggest  the  real  ex- 
planation. Even  Mure  and  Mr.  Gladstone  confess  that  in 
our  Iliad  he  is  wholly  inferior  to  his  reputation  ;  '*  he  is 
paid  off."  say  they,  "with  generalities,  while  in  actual  en- 
counter he  is  hardly  equal  to  the  second-rate  Greek  he- 
roes." Yet  why  is  he  so  important  all  through  the  plot 
of  the  poem?  Why  is  his  death  by  Achilles  made  an 
achievement  of  the  highest  order?  Why  are  the  chiefs 
who  at  one  time  challenge  and  worst  him  at  another  quak- 
ing with  fear  at  his  approach  ?  Simply  because  in  the  ori- 
ginal plan  of  the  Iliad  he  jca^  a  great  warrior,  and  becatise 
these  perpetual  defeats  by  Diomede  and  Ajax,  this  avoid- 
ance of  Agamemnon,  this  swaggering  and  "  hectoring  " 
which  we  now  find  in  him,  were  introduced  by  the  en- 
largers  and  interpolators  in  order  to  enhance  the  merits 
of  their  favourites  at  his  expense.  It  seems  to  me  certain 
that  originally  the  Hector  of  the  Iliad  was  really  superior 
to  all  the  Greeks  except  .\chilles,  that  upon  the  reti'-eraent 
of  the  latter  he  made  shorter  work  of  them  than  the  later 
rhapsodists  liked  to  admit,  that  he  soon  biu^t  the  gates 
and  appeared  at  the  ships,  that  Patroclus  was  slain  there 
after  a  brief  diversion,  and  that  in  this  way  the  whole  ca- 
tastrophe was  very  much  more  precipitated  than  we  now 
find  it.  Mahajfy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,.  I.  75. 

Hector,  Mrs.  (Annie  French):  pseudonym  Mrs. 
Alexander.  Born  at  Dublin,  1825:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  10,  1902.  A  British  novelist,  author 
of  ••TheWooing  O't"  (1873),  ■'  Ralph  Wilton's 
Weird"  (1875\  "Her  Dearest  Foe"  (1876), 
"The  Freres"'  ,1882),  etc. 

Hector,  or  Ector,  Sir.  The  foster-father  of 
King  Arthur. 

Hector,  or  Ector,  de  Mares,  Sir.  The  brother 
of  Sir  Lancelot,  and  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table. 

Hector  of  Germany,  The.  A  surname  of  Joa- 
chim II.  of  Brandenburg, 

Hecuba  (hek'u-bii).  [Gr.  'Ena/iri.']  In  Greek 
legend,  the  second  wife  of  Priam,  daughter  of 
Dymas  of  Phrygia  (according  to  others  of  Cis- 
seus).  She  was  enslaved  after  the  fall  of  Troy ;  witnessed 
the  sacrifice  of  her  daughter  Polyxena ;  and  saw  the  body 
of  her  last  son.  Polydorus,  who  w.as  murdered  by  Polymes- 
tor.  washed  to  her'  feet  by  the  waves.  On  the  mtu-derer 
she  took  vengeance  by  slaying  his  children  and  tearing  out 
his  eyes. 

Hecuba.  A  tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  in 
425  B.  C.  It  portrays  the  misfortunes  of  Hecuba,  widow 
of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  the  sacrifice  of  her  daughter  Po- 


490 

lyxena  at  the  grave  of  Achilles,  the  murder  of  her  son  Poly- 
dorus by  Polymestor,  and  the  vengeance  executed  by  her 
upon  the  latter. 

Hedda  Gabler.  A  play  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  pro- 
duced m  1890.  It  is  named  from  its  principal 
character. 

Hedemarken  (ha'de-mar-ken).  An  amt  in 
southern  Norway,  bordering  on  Sweden.  Area, 
10,618  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  119,129. 

Hedgeley  Moor.  Amoornear  Wooler,  Northum- 
berland, England,  where,  April  25,  1464,  the 
Lancastrians  under  Margaret  of  Anjou  were  de- 
feated by  the  Yorkists  under  Lord  Montacute. 

Hedjaz,  or  Hejaz  (hej-az').  A  vilayet  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  situated  in  western  Arabia, 
lyingalong  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  .Akabah, 
north  of  about  lat.  20°  N.  The  chief  towns  are 
Mecca,  Medina,  and  Jiddah.  Area,  96,500  square 
miles.    Population,  about  300,000. 

Hedon  (he'dpn).  In  Ben  Jonson's  play  "Cyn- 
thia's: Revels."  a  voluptuous  coxcomb  and  pol- 
ished courtier.  Marston  felt  that  he  was  ridi- 
culed in  this  character,  but  apparently  without 
reason. 

Hedwig  (hed'vig).  Hedwige,  or  Jadwiga.  Bom 

1371 :  died  at  Cracow.  July  17,  1399.  Queen  of 
Poland,  the  daughter  of  Lotus  the  Great  of  Hun- 
gary and  Poland.  She  was  chosen  by  the  nobles  of  the 
latter  countrj-  to  succeed  him.  and  was  crowned  in  1384. 
She  married  Jagellon,  ',jand  duke  of  Lithuania,  in  13i^6. 

Heem  (ham),  Jan  Davidsz  van,  or  Johannes 

de.  Bom  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  about  1600 : 
died  at -Antwerp  about  1684.  A  Dutch  painter 
of  still  life. 

Heemskerk  (hamz'kerk),  Egbert  van.  Bom 
at  Haarlem,  1610:  died  1680.  A  Dutch  genre 
painter.  ^ 

Heemskerk,  Egbert  van.  Bom  at  Haarlem, 
1645:  died  at  London,  1704.  A  Dutch  painter, 
son  of  the  preceding.     He  lived  in  London. 

Heemskerk,  or  Hemskerk  (hemz'kerk),  Mar- 
ten van  ( Marten  van  Veen) .  Bom  at  Heems- 
kerk, near  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  1498:  died 
at  Haarlem,  Oct.  1,  1574.  A  Dutch  historical 
painter. 

Heep  (hep),  Uriah.  In  Dickens's  "David  Cop- 
perfield,"  Mr.  Wickfield's  swindling  clerk  and 
partner.  He  is  a  cadaverous,  red-haired,  osten- 
tatious hypocrite. 

Heer  (har),  Oswald.  Bom  at  Nieder-TJtzwyl, 
St.-Gall,  Switzerland,  Aug.  31,  1809:  died  "at 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Sept.  27, 1883.  A  Swiss 
naturalist,  director  of  the  botanical  gardens  at 
Zurich  from  1835.  He  published  "Die  Kafer  der 
Schweiz"  (1838-41),  "Flora  tertiaria  Helvetia"  (1854-561, 
"Die  XJrwelt  der  Schweiz"  (1S65X  etc. 

Heeren  (ha'ren),  Arnold  Hermann  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Arbergen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  25,  1760: 
died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  March  7,  1842.  A 
German  historian,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
later  of  history  at  Gottingen.  He  wrote  "Ideen 
iiber  Politik,  den  Verkehr  und  den  Handel  der  vomehm- 
sten  Volker  der  Alten  Welt "(1793-96),  "Geschichte  des 
Studiums  der  klassischen  Litteratur"  (1797-1S02),  "Ge- 
schichte der  Staaten  des  Altertums"  (1799),  "Geschichte 
des  europaischen  Staatensystems  und  seiner  Kolonien  " 
(1809),  etc. 

Hefele  (ha'fe-le),  Karl  Joseph  von.    Bom  at 

Unterkochen,  near  Aalen,  Wurtemberg,  March 
15,  1809:  died  at  Rottenburg,  June  5, 1893.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic  (bishop  of 
Rottenburg  1869)  and  church  historian.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  ecclesiastical  historv-  and  Christian 
arcliseology  at  Tubingen  in  1840.  His  chief  work  is  ' '  Kon- 
zilieugeschichte  "  ("  History  of  Cliurch  Councils,"  1855-74). 

Heflfeman  (hef'er-nan),  Mr.  Michael.    The 

pseudonym  of  Samuel  Ferguson,  under  which 
he  wrote  "Father  Tom  and  the  Pope,  or  a  Night 
at  the  Vatican." 

Hegel  (ha 'gel),  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 
Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  27,  1770: 
died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14.  1831.  A  celebrated 
German  philosopher.  He  was  professor  at  ,Tena  in 
1806;  edited  a  political  journal  at  Bamberg  1806-08;  was 
rector  of  the  gymnasium  at  Nuremberg  1808-16 :  was  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg  1816-18 ;  and  succeeded 
Fichte  at  Berlin  in  1818.  His  philosophical  system  was 
during  the  second  quarter  of  the  19th  century  the  lead- 
ing system  of  metaphysical  thought  in  Germany.  It  pur- 
ports to  be  a  complete  philosophy,  undertaking  to  explain 
the  whole  universe  of  thought  and  being  in  its  abstractest 
elements  and  minutest  details.  This  it  does  by  means  of 
the  Hegelian  dialectic,  a  new  logic,  the  real  law  of  the 
movement  of  thought  (not  a  mere  form,  like  syllogistic), 
the  scheme  of  which  is  thesis,  antithesis,  synthesis,  the 
original  tendenc.v,  the  opposing  tendency,  and  their  uni- 
fication in  a  new  movement.  By  this  law  the  conceptions 
of  logic  develop  themselves  in  a  long  series.  This  law  of 
the  development  of  thought  is  assumed  to  be  necessarily 
the  law  of  the  development  of  being,  on  the  ground  that 
thought  and  being  are  absolutely  identical.  Hegelianism 
is  radically  hostile  to  natural  science,  and  especially  to 
the  Newtonian  philosophy  —  that  is,  to  all  the  methods 
and  scientific  results  which  have  sprung  from  the  "  Prin- 


Heidelberg- 

cipia."  One  of  the  characteristics  of  Hegelianism  is  its 
constant  readiness  to  recognize  continuity  both  as  a  fact 
and  as  acceptable  to  reason,  which  other  metaphysical 
systems  have  often  strug-jled  to  deny.  He  pubiisbed 
"Phanomenologie  des  Geistes"  (1807),  * '  Wissenschaf t  der 
Logik"  ("Science  of  Logic."  1812-16),  " Encyklopadie  der 
philosophischen  Wissenschaf  ten  "  ("  Encycloped^  of  Phil- 
osophical Sciences."  1S17),  "Grundlinien  der  Philoso- 
phic des  Eechts  "  (1821),  etc.  His  complete  works,  includ- 
ing those  on  the  philosophy  of  religion,  esthetics,  the 
philosophy  of  history,  and  the  history  of  philosophy,  were 
published  in  18  volumes  (1832-41). 

Hegel,  Karl.  Bom  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria, 
June  7. 1813 :  died  at  Erlangen,  Dec.  6.  1901.  A 
German  historian,  son  of  G.  W.F.Hegel:  profes- 
sor of  history  at  Rostock  (1841). and  later  I  ]s.')i;i 
at  Eilangen.  His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte 
der  Stailteverfassung  von  Italien"  (1847). 

Hegesippus  (bej-e-sip'ns).  [Gr.  'Hj-^ms-Trof.] 
Died  180  A.  D.  The  earliest  historian  of  the  (TTaris- 
tian  church.  He  was  a  Jew  by  birth,  but  embraced 
Christianity,  and  lived  at  Rome  in  his  later  years.  He 
^vrote  a  history  of  the  Christian  church  from  the  passion 
of  Christ  down  to  his  own  time,  fragmentf  of  which  axe 
extant. 

Hegeso(he-je's6), Monumentof.  [Gr. ■H)t?(T(j.] 
A  monument  in  Athens,  on  the  Street  of  Tombs, 
remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  relief-stele  of 
the  4th  centurj'  B.  c. 

Hegira.     See  Htjira. 

Hehe(ha'he),orWahehe(wa-ha'he),  ABantu 
tribe  of  German  East  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake 
Nyassa,  bordering  on  the  Wasango  and  Ma- 
henge.  The  country,  called  Uhehe,  is  moderately  motm- 
tainous,  and  strewn  with  great  boulders.  The  Wahehe  are 
strong  and  wailike,  using  assagais  and  elliptic  shields. 
They  own  cattle,  but  hardly  ever  eat  meat.  Their  head 
chief  is  (1894)  Mkuanika.  His  capital,  Kuirenga,  is  sor^ 
rounded  by  a  quadrangular  stockade 

Heiberg  (hi'bere),  Johann  Ludvig.  Born  at  Co. 
penhagen,  Dec.  14,  1791:  died  there,  Aug.  25, 
1860.  A  Danish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the 
son  of  the  dramatic  poet  and  satirical  writer  Peter  Andreas 
Heiberg(1758-1841),who,  in  consequence  of  several  offenses 
against  the  press  law  of  1799,  was  forced  to  leave  Denmark 
in  1800,  and  fled  to  France,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death.  The  younger  Heiberg  was  educated  in  Denmark, 
studying  at  the  Copenhagen  University,  where  he  took  the 
doctor's  degree  in  1817.  The  same  year  he  went  to  Paris, 
and  lived  there  with  his  father  until  1822,  when  he  was 
appointed  lector  at  the  University  of  Kiel.  In  1825  he  re- 
turned to  Copenhagen,  and  wrote  a  number  of  the  vaude- 
villes that  have  made  his  name  famous  in  the  history  of  the 
Danish  drama.  The  most  important  of  these  are  "  Kong 
Solomon  og  Jorgen  Hattemager  "("King  Solomon  and  Jor- 
gen  the  Hatter"),  "Aprilsnarrene"  ("The  April  Fools "X 
"Recensenten  og  Dyret"  ("The  Critic  and  the  Beast"), 
"De  Uadskillige  "  ("  The  Inseparable  Ones  ").  After  1827 
he  edited  the  weekly  journal  "  Den  flyrende  Post "  ("  The 
Flying  Post'^  and  subsequently  the  "Intelligensblade." 
In  1828  appeared  the  national  drama,  the  most  important 
of  his  greater  plays,  '•  Elverhbi  "  ("  The  Elf  Hill')  In  1829 
he  was  made  poet  and  translator  to  the  royal  theater.  The 
following  year  he  was  appointed  docent  in  the  new  mili- 
tary academy,  which  post  he  held  until  1836.  From  1849 
to  1856  he  was  the  sole  director  of  the  royal  theater.  Be- 
sides his  dramatic  works  and  the  esthetic  criticism  con- 
tained in  the  journals  mentioned,  he  wrote  many  l>Tic 
poems  and  romances.  His  poetical  writings,  "Poetiske 
Skrifter,"  appeared  at  Copenhagen  in  1862  in  11  vols.;  his 
prose,  "Prosaiske  Skrifter,"  at  Copenhagen  1861-62,  also 
in  11  vols. 

Heide  (hi'de).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein,  Prussia,  58  miles  northwest  of 
Hamburg.    Population  (1890).  commune,  7,444. 

Heidegger  (hi'deg-er),  John  James.  Bom  at 
Zurich  in  1659  (?):  died  at  Richmond,  Sirrrey, 
Sept.  5, 1749.  A  noted  theatrical  manager.  He 
managed  the  Haymarket  with  Handel  1729-34. 

Heidelberg  (hi'del-bero).  A  city  in  the  district 
of  Mannheim.  Baden,  situated  on  the  Neckar  12 
miles  southeast  of  Mannheim.  It  has  considerable 
trade,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  picturesque  surroundings. 
The  castle  is  a  famous  monument  founded  at  the  end  of 
the  13th  century  by  the  count  palatine  Rudolf  I.,  and  en- 
larged and  strengthened  by  succeeding  electors.  During 
the  16th  century  it  received  the  architectural  development 
which,  despite  disaster,  makes  it  still  one  of  the  richest 
productions  of  the  German  Renaissance.  In  1689  and 
1693  it  was  ruined  by  the  generals  of  Louis  XIV.,  but 
was  subsequently  restored.  It  was  finally  destroyed  by 
Are  from  a  lightning-stroke  in  1764.  The  ruins  are  the 
most  imposing  in  Germany.  The  picturesque  outer  walls 
and  towers,  now  broken  and  ivy -clad,  inclose  a  large  area  ; 
but  the  chief  architectural  attractions  are  grouped  about 
the  inner  court.  The  Otto  Heinrichs  Ban,  dating  from 
1556,  is  the  finest  example  of  the  early  German  Renais- 
sance. It  consists  at  present  of  3  stories  above  the  base- 
ment, with  engaged  columns  and  entablatures,  and  con- 
tinuous ranges  of  ornate  windows  with  central  midlion. 
The  doorway,  surmounted  by  armorial  bearings,  is  very  rich- 
ly treated :  its  two  entablatures  are  supported  by  atlantes 
and  caryatids.  Tlie  Friedrichs  Ban, of  1601,  is  a  good  example 
of  late  Renaissance  work  :  it  has  4  stories —  Doric,  Tuscan, 
Ionic,  and  Corinthian  — with  statues  of  emperors  and 
electors  in  niches.  This  building  is  now  in  part  restored 
as  a  museum.  The  university,  founded  by  the  elector  Ru- 
pert  I,  in  1386,  is  the  oldest  inthe  present  German  Empire. 
From  1556  it  came  under  the  control  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Reformation.  The  library  was  plundered  and  sent  to 
Rome  in  1623,  and  partially  returned  in  1816:  it  now 
consists  of  over  400,000  volumes.  The  university  was  re- 
organized by  the  elector  Charles  Frederick  of  Baden  in 
1803.     Heidelberg  was  the  capital  of  the  Palatinate  from 


I 


I^eidelberg 

tlie  13th  century  to  1720.  It  was  sacked  by  Tilly  in  1022, 
anii  by  the  French  in  ltJ8i»,  and  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
French  in  lii93  It  passed  to  liaden  in  1S03.  Population 
(ISitii).  commune,  31,739. 

Heiden  (hi'don).  A  village  aud  health-resort 
iu  the  eautoii  of  Appeuzell.  Sn-itzerlaiid,  8  miles 
cast  of  St. -Gall. 

Heidenheim  (hi'den-him).  A  manufacturing 
(own  in  the  Jagst  circle,  WUrtemberg,  on  the 
Breuz  44  miles  east  by  south  of  Stuttgart.  Pop- 
ulation (IStKi),  commune,  8,001. 

Heidenmauer  (hi'den-mou-er).  A  stone  ram- 
part on  the  summit  of  the  Kastanlenberg,  near 
I)iu-kheira,  Palatinate,  Germany,  probably  of 
ancient  Teutonic  origin,  noted  in  legend  and 
fiction :  also  other  similar  prehistoric  or  Roman 
remains. 

Heidenmauer,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1832. 

Heijn  (Mn),  Pieter  Pieterse.  Bom  at  Delfts- 
haven,  Netherlands,  1.577:  died  1029.  A  Dutch 
admiral.  He  served  as  vice-admiral  in  the  fleet  of  Ad- 
miral WiUeken  at  the  capture  of  San  Salvador,  Brazil,  in 
1621 ;  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  a  bloody  naval  battle  in 
All  Saints'  Bay,  Brazil,  in  1626  ;  and  captured  the  Spanish 
silver  fleet,  with  treasure  valued  at  12,000,(X)0  gulden,  in 
the  Bay  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  two  years  later.  He  was  sub- 
sequently placed  at  the  head  of  the  Dutch  navy  by  the 
stadtholder  Frederick  Henry,  and  was  killed  while  block- 
adinc  Dunkirk  in  1629. 

Heilbronn  (hil'bron).  A  town  in  the  Neekar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Neekar  26 
miles  north  of  Stuttgart,  it  has  important  manu- 
factures  and  commerce  The  Rethaus,  Ihurch  of  St.  Kilian. 
and  Deutsohes  Hans  are  of  interest.  It  was  formerly  a  free 
imperial  city.     Population  (1890),  commune,  29,941. 

Heilbronn,  Union  of.  An  alliance  between  the 
Swedes  and  the  German  Protestants  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  war  against  the  Imperialists, 
coiiohided  at  Heilbronn  in  1G33. 

Hell  dir  im  Siegerkranz  (Ml  der  im  ze'ger- 
kriiuts).  [G.,  '  Hail  to  thee  in  the  conqueror  s 
wreath.']  The  Prussian  national  hymn,  it  was 
written  by  Heinrich  Harries  in  1790  as  a  sonp  for  the  birth- 
day of  Chtlstian  VII.  of  Denmark,  adapted  totheETiglishair 
"God  saveGreat  tieorpe  the  King,'"  and  wasaiTangedin  its 
present  form  for  Prussian  use  by  B.  G.  .Schumaclier  in  1793. 

Heiligenstadt  (hi'lig-en-stiU).  A  town  in  the 
jirovinee  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leine  27  miles  east  by  north  of  Cassel.  it  was 
the  capital  of  the  old  principality  of  Eichsfeld.  Popula- 
tion (18911),  commune.  6,183. 

Heilsberg  (hilz'berg).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Pi'ussia,  situated  on  the  Alle  39 
miles  south  of  Konigsberg.  An  indecisive  battle  was 
fought  here  between  the  BYench  under  .Soult  and  the  Rus- 
sians under  Bennigsen,  June  10,  18u7.  Population  (1890), 
6,.W1. 

Heilsbronn,  or  Kloster-Heilsbronn  (klos'ter- 
bilz-brou').  A  small  town  in  Jliddle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  L")  miles  southwest  of  Nuremberg.  It 
contains  the  remains  of  a  medieval  Cistercian 
abbey. 

Helm  (am),  Frangois  Joseph.  Bom  at  Belfort, 
France.  Dec.  16, 1787  ;  aie<l  at  Paris,  Oct.  2, 186.5. 
A  French  historical  painter. 

HeimdalKhim'diil).  [(JN. /^/mrfn/^r.]  In  Old 
Norse  mythology.theguariiiaii  against  the  giants 
of  the  bridge  of  the  gods,  Bifrost,  at  the  end  of 
which  he  dwelt  iu  Himiiibjcirg.  lie  was  the  son  of 
the  nine  daughters  of  the  sea-gods -Kgir  and  Kan.  Ilepoa. 
sessed  the  trumpet  Ojallarhoni,  with  which  the  gods  were 
Anally  summoned  togetherat  Ragnarok,  when  heand  Loki 
slew  each  other  -As  his  name  and  his  attributes  indicate, 
he  was  a  god  of  light. 

This  god  is  briefly  described  hy  Vigfusson  ami  Powell  as 
follows;  "An  ancient  god  Is  lleiindal,  from  whom  the 
Amals  spring.  There  ai-e  strange  lost  ntyths  connected 
with  him ;  his  struggle  with  I.oki  for  the  Biisinga  necklace; 
the  flght  it]  which  they  fought  in  the  shujie  of  seals,  lie 
Is  *the  gods'  warder, 'dwelling  on  the  gods'  path,  the  Rain- 
how.  There  he  sits,  'the  white  god,'  'the  wlnd-llstetiitig 
Rod,'  whose  ears  are  so  sharp  that  he  hears  the  grass  grow 
in  the  flelds  and  the  wool  on  the  sheep's  backs,  with  his 
Blaflt-horn,  whose  trumpet- sound  will  ring  through  the  nine 
worlds,  f()r  in  the  later  legends  he  ha.s  some  of  the  attri- 
butes of  the  Angel  of  the  Last  Trumpet.  His  teeth  are  of 
gold;  hence  he  Is  'stud-endowed.'  Curious  genealogical 
myths  attach  themselves  to  him.  He  Is  styled  the  son  of 
nine  mothers  ;  and  as  Rig's  father,  or  Rig  himself,  the 
'walking  or  wandering  god,'  he  is  the  father  of  men  and 
the  sire  of  kitigs,  and  of  earls  and  ee'irls  and  thralls  alika 
His  own  name  is  epitheli,-,  perhaps  the  World  bow.  The 
meaning(>f  llallinskidi  [anutlier  name  of  liisl  is  obscure." 
Such  Is  a  summary  of  the  most  important  passages  referring 
to  Ileimdal.  Rhij^,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  82. 

Heimskringla  (hims'kring-lii).  [ON.  heimr, 
world,  and  Initiiiln,  circle.]  'f he  history  of  the 
Norse  kings,  from  tlie  earliest  inythieal  limes 
down  to  the  Itattle  of  Ke  in  1177,  written  by  the 
Icelander  SnoiTJ  Sturlnson  (1178-1241).  It  re- 
celves  Its  name  from  Its  first  words.  "Kringln  heimsins," 
the  circle  of  the  world.  In  subject-matter  and  literary 
style  it  Is  the  most  important  prose  work  In  Old  Norse 
literature. 

Heine  (hi'ml,  Heinrich.  Born  at  DUsseldorf, 
Prussia,  Deo.  13,  I7i)!l:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  17, 
1856.  A  celebrated  German  IvTic  poot  and  critic, 


491 

of  Hebrew  descent.  Destined  for  a  business  career,  he 
was  sent,  against  his  own  desire,  to  his  uncle  Solomon 
Heine,  a  banker  iu  Hamburg ;  but  through  the  tatter's  as- 
sistance he  Wiis  enabled  to  study  jurisprudence  at  Boim, 
Berlin,  and  tlottingen.  In  ls2ri  he  embraced  Christianity. 
He  lived  alternately  in  Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  Munich, 
After  1S31  until  his  death  he  lived  for  the  most  part  in 
Paris,  during  the  last  years  of  his  life  a  great  sutf  erer  from 
an  incurable  malaily.  FYom  1837  to  1S4S  he  received  an 
annuity  from  the  departmetit  of  foreign  affairs.  The  flrst 
collection  of  his  poem.s,  "(Jedichtc,"  appeared  in  182'2,  his 
"Buch  der  Lieder  '  ("  Book  of  Songs")  in  1S27,  "Keue 
Gedichte"  ("  .\ew  Poems")  in  1S44,  and  ''Romanzero  "  in 
1851.  Among  his  songs  are  some  of  the  best-known  l>Tics 
of  Germany:  for  instance,  "Die  Uirelei,"  "Uu  bist  wieeine 
Blumc,"  "  Naeh  Frankreich  zogen  zwei  Grenadier."  He 
also  left  a  number  of  characteristic  prose  works,  the  most 
celebi-ated  of  which,  the  "  Reisebilder  "  ("  Pictures  of  Tra- 
vel "),  had  appeared  in  4  parts  from  ls26  to  IKU.  The 
"  Romantisc  lie  Sehule,"  to  whieh  IleiiH-  himself  as  a  writer 
preeminently  belonged,  ajipeared  iu  IsMii.  His  complete 
works  appeared  in  Hamburg  lS61-6.'i,  in  21  volunn-s. 

Heineccius  (lu-nek'tse-os),  Johann  Grottlieb. 
Born  at  Eisenberg,  Germany,  Sept.  11.  1()81 ; 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Aug. "31,  1741.  A  Ger- 
man jurist,  professor  of  philosophy  (1720)  and 
later  of  law  at  Halle.  He  wrote  "  Elementa 
.jtiris  civilis"  (1725),  •' Historia  juris  civilis" 
(1733),  etc. 

Heinecken  (hi'nek-en),  Christian_  Heinrich. 

Born  at  Liibeek,  Germany,  Feb.  6,  li21 :  died  at 
Liibeck,  Jime,  1725.  A  (jerman  child,  noted  for 
his  extraordinary  precocity.  Heis  said  to  have  been 
well  vei-sed  in  the  b'istoiy  of  the  Bible  in  his  second  year, 
and  to  have  learned  French  and  Latin  in  his  third.  He  is 
also  known  as  "  the  Cliild  of  Liibeck." 

Heinicke  (hi'nik-e),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Naut- 
schiitz,  near  Weissenfels,  Prussia,  April  10, 
1727:  died  at  Leipsie,  April  30,  ]790.  A  Ger- 
man teacher  who  opened  the  first  institution 
for  the  education  of  deaf-mutes  in  Germany  in 
1778. 

Heinrich.    See  iJeiiri/. 

Heinrich  von  Meissen  (hin'rich  fon  mis'sen). 

Born  at  Mi-issen,  1250:  died  at  Mainz,  1318.  A 
Miihile  High  German  IjtIc  poet.  He  was  a  wander- 
ing singer.  In  1278  he  was  in  the  army  of  Hapsburg  ;  in 
1286  at  Prague.  He  is  said  to  have  founded  at  Mainz  the 
flrst  school  of  "blaster  Singers,"  so  called,  and  himself 
marks  the  transition  from  the  "  Minnesingers  "  to  the  later 
"Master  Singers."  Heis  also  called  Fl'auenlob,  a  name 
given  him  because  of  a  declared  preference  in  a  poetical 
contest  for  the  title  "Fran"  Oady,  mistress)  applied  to 
ivomen.  rather  than  "  Weib  "  (woman,  the  mere  opposite 
of  man).  The  women  of  Mainz  bore  him  to  his  grave, 
where,  at  the  cathedral,  histuonument  is  still  to  be  seen. 

Heinrich  von  Veldeke.    Seo  /vw,/,y. 
Heinse  (hin'ze),  Johann  Jakob   Wilhelm. 

Born  atLangewiesen.  Thiiringia,  Feb.  16, 1749: 

died  at  AseiiatTenburg,  Bavaria,  June  22,  1803. 

A  German  romance  writer.  Among  his  romances 

is  "  Ardinghello  und  die  gliiekseligen  Inseln" 

(1787). 
Heinsius  (!iin'se-os).  Antonius.    Born  at  Delft, 

1641  :    died  Aug.,  17211.      .\   Dutch   statesman, 

gi'and  pensionary  16S9-1720. 
Heinsius,  Daniel.    Born  at  (ihent,  June  9, 1 .580 : 

dieil  Feb.  25, 1<).55.  A  Dutch  classical  philologist, 

author  of  Greek  and  Latin  poems,  editions  of 

the  classics,  etc. 
Heinsius,  Nikolaas.     Bom  at  Levden,  .Tulv  20, 

Iti20:  dicMl  at  The  Hague,  Oct.  7, 1681.    .-V noted 

Duteli  elussical  [ihilologist  and  Latin  poet,  son 

of  Daniel  Heinsius. 

Heintzelman  (hint'sel-miin),  Samuel  Peter. 

Horn  at  Manheim,  Lancaster  Count  v,  Pa.,  Sept. 
30, 1805  :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  1, 1880. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1826;  served  In  the  Mexican  war;  became  brlgadier-gen 
eral  of  volunteers  May  17.  1861 ;  commanded  a  divisioii  of 
.McDowell's  army  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run;  cont- 
nninded  a  corps  at  the  battle  of  Williamsburg;  was  made 
major-general  of  volunteers  .May  5.  1862;  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks;  and  comnnitideii  the  right  wing  of 
Pope's  army  at  the  secomi  battle  of  IhiU  Run.  He  subse- 
quently held  ccumnand  of  the  Department  of  Washington 
and  of  the  Northern  Department.  He  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  by  a  special  net 
of  Congress  Ajiril  29,  1SII9. 

Heir-at-La'W,  The.  A  comedy  by  Colman  thi' 
younger,  iiidiliiecd  in  1797,  printed  in  1808. 

Heir  of  Linne,  The.  .\n  old  ballad  preserveil 
in  PiTcv's  "  lvolii|uos":  the  story  of  a  si)end- 
thrift  wlio  liiinlly  regains  his  lands  and  money. 

Heister  (liis'tcr),  Lorenz.  Horn  at  Frankfoi't- 
on-th.-.Maiii,Si'pt.  19,  1683:  died  al  Helmsledl, 
April  18,17.58.  A  German  surgeon,  profi'.ssor  of 
surgery  at  Ilelmstedt  from  1720.  lie  was  the 
founder  of  modern  German  surgery. 

Hejaz.     See  lliilja:. 

Hejira  (hrj'i-rii).  |"Ar..  'departure.']  The  era 
wfiicliforiiislhestartifig-pointof  the  Mohamme- 
dan cali'iidar,  July  1,5,  622.  commemorative  of 
the  llight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca  to  Medina. 
The  actiuil  date  of  the  tlighl  was  June  20. 

Hel  (hel).     [ON.,  a  )iersoni(ication  of  /»•/,  the 


Helena,  Saint 

abode  of  the  dead,  =  E.  7/t7/.]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Loki  and  the  giant- 
ess Augurboda  (OX.  Angrlxidha),  and  goddess 
of  Niflheim,  or  Niflhel,  the  realm  of  the  dead, 
below  the  eaith.  Originally  all  the  dead  went  to  her. 
In  later  mythology  oidy  she  is  horrible  in  appearance, 
half  bjue-black  ami  half  Ilesh-color,  and  heratiode  is  one  of 
misery  to  which  those  alone  go  who  die  of  age  or  illness. 

Helbon  (hel'bon).     An  ancient  name  of  Aleppo. 

Helder  (.hd'der),  The.  A  forlitied  seaport  in 
the  province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  Marsdiep  40  miles  north  of  Am- 
stcrdam.  it  is  an  important  commercial  place,  and  a 
Dutch  naval  station.  The  great  Helder  Dyke  defends  it 
fnun  the  sea.  Near  it  the  Dutch  under  Knyter  and  Tromp 
defeated  the  English  in  a  naval  engagement  Aug.  21,  1673  ; 
and  near  it  also  the  Rnglish  and  Russian  tnwps  lauded  in 
their  unsuccessful  expedition  of  1799.  Population  (18S9), 
conuiinne,  21,984. 

Helderberg ( hel'der-birg)  Mountains.  A  range 

ot  lulls  wist  of  Albany,  New  York,  an  offshoot 
of  the  Catskills. 

Helen  (hel'en).  [Gr.  'EMvri,  L.  Helena  :  hence 
It.  Khiia.  Sp.  Helena,  Eleita,  F.  Hi'leiic, E.  Helen, 
mien,  G.  Uekne.']  1.  In  Greek  legend,  the  wife 
of  Menelaus,  and,  according  to  the  ustial  tra- 
dition, the  daughter  of  Zeus  and  Leda,  or,  ac- 
cording to  another,  of  Zeus  and  Nemesis,  cele- 
brated for  her  beauty.  Her  abduction  by  Paris  was 
the  cause  of  the  Trojan  war.  Goethe  introduces  her  in 
the  second  part  of  "Faust, '  and  Faustus,  iu  Marlowe's 
play  of  that  name,  addresses  her  thus  : 

"Oh !  thou  art  fairer  than  the  evening  air 
Clad  in  the  beauty  of  a  thousand  stars  !  " 
Helen  of  Troy  is  one  of  those  ideal  creatures  of  the  fancy 
over  which  time,  space, and  circumstance,  and  moral  proba- 
bility, exert  no  sway.  .  .  .  she  moves  through  (ireek  he- 
roic legend  as  the  desired  of  all  men  ami  the  possessed  of 
many.  I'heseus  bore  her  away  while  yet  a  girl  from  Sparta. 
Her  brethren.  Castor  and  Polydeukes,  recovered  her  from 
Athens  by  force,  and  gave  to  her  .-Ethra,  the  mother  oC 
Theseus,  for  bondwoman.  .  .  .  ,slie  was  at  last  assigned 
in  wedlock  to  Menelaus,  by  whom  she  conceived  her  only 
earthly  child,  Hermione.  Paris,  hy  aid  of  Aphrodite,  won 
her  love  and  lied  with  her  to  Egypt  and  to  Troy.  In  Troy 
she  abode  more  than  twenty  years,  and  was  the  mate  of  De- 
iiihobus  after  the  death  of  P:iris,  When  the  strife  raised  for 
her  sake  was  ended,  Menelaus  restored  her  with  honor  to 
his  home  in  Lacedamion.  There  she  received  Telemachus 
and  saw  her  daughter  mated  to  Neoptolenms.  But  even 
after  death  she  rested  lu)t  from  the  service  of  love.  The 
great  Achilles,  who  in  life  had  loved  her  by  hearsay,  but 
had  never  seen  her,  clasped  her  among  the  shades  upon 
the  island  LeukC,  and  begat  Euphorion. 

Synwndx,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poet*,  I.  124. 
2.  In  Sidney's  romance  "Arcadia."  the  queen  of 
Corinth.  She  begs  and  carries  away  the  wounded 
body  of  the  knight  Amphialus,  falsely  sup- 
posed dead. — 3.  A  waiting-woman  to  Imogen 
iu  Shakspere's  '•  Cymbeline." — 4.  In  Sheridan 
Knowles's  play  '•  The  Hunchback,"  a  lively  girl, 
ill  love  with  Modus. 

Helen,  a  Tale.  The  last  novel  by  Miss  Edge- 
worth,  published  in  1834. 

Helena  (liel'e-nii).  A  Greek  painter,  daughter 
of  the  Egyptian  Timon.  She1s  said  to  have  lived  in 
the  time  of  the  battle  of  Issus,  and  to  have  paiiued  a  pic- 
ture of  that  subject.  This  picture  was  hung  by  \'espiisian 
in  the  Temple  of  Peace  at  Rome.  The  great  Ponipeian 
mosaic  of  the  battle  of  Issus  nmst  have  been  made  about 
this  time,  aiut  is  ]>erhaps  a  copy  of  the  picture. 

Helena,  l.  .Vcharacti'r  in  shakspere's  comedy 
"All's  Will  that  EmlsWcU."— 2.  In  Shakspere's 
play  "A  .Midsuniiiier  Night's  Dream,"  a;i  Athe- 
nian ladv  in  love  with  Demetrius. 

Helena,  iThe.     See  the  extract. 

The  Third  Act  (of  the  Becond  jiart  of  Goethe's  "Faust," 
in  which  Helen  of  Troy  is  Introdueed]  is  known  in  (Ut- 
many  as  '"i'he  Helena,"  not  only  because  it  was  separately 
published  In  ls27  umler  the  title  of  "  Helena  :  a  Chusico- 
Romantic  I'hantasnuigorhi,"  but  also  because  it  is  a  com- 
plete allegorical  poem  in  Itself,  inserted  in  the  Second 
Part  of  '•  Faust  "  by  vei;>'  loose  threads  of  attachment. 
(iouthe  began  its  composition  in  1800. 

It.  Tat/ti'r.  Notes  to  Faust,  part  2. 

Helena.  -V  tragedy  of  Euriiiides,  exhibited  in  412 
II.  C,  based  on  the  story  invented  by  Stcsichorus 
that  only  a  phantom  of  Helen  appeared  at  the 
siege  of  Troy,  the  mil  Hilen  being  in  Egypt. 

Helena  (hel'e-nii  or  he-le'nii).  The  capital  of 
Phillips  Cimiity,  Arkansas,  situated  on  tlio  Mis- 
sissip)ii  52  inilis  southwest  of  Memphis.  It  was 
unsuccessfullv  iillacked  by  the  Confederates 
.luly  4,  1863.  "  I'oinilatiou  ("l90(ll.  5,;5.50. 

Helena.  A  city,  the  ca]iitiil  of  Montana  and  of 
fiiwis  and  Chirke  Counly,  situated  in  lal.  4<5° 
.'Hi'  N.,  long.  1 1 1°  ;53'  \V.  it  isan  lmiK>rtant  buaincu 
center,  and  there  are  gold-in!ni-s  In  lis  vicinity.  It  woa 
settled  In  l.sr,!       I'Mpnhillon  lllNKIl,  1»,770. 

Helena,  Flavia  Julia,  Snint.    Died  about  328. 

Till'  mot  III  r  of  (  oiisl  anil  lie  tin'  Great.  She  was, 
according  to  some  aillliorities,  the  daughter  of  an  inn- 
kerper  at  Drepanum.  Billiynia;  acciinnng  to  others,  a 
Ilrltish  or  Caledonian  princess,  .'^he  berame  the  wife  of 
t'onstantius  Chloiiis,  who.  on  his  elevation  to  the  dignity 
of  Cn'siir  ill  2112,  divorced  her  in  onler  to  marry  TheiHlora, 
the  stepdani^iliT  of  the  Augustus  Maxltnianus  Hercules. 
Subsei(uently,  on  the  elevation  to  the  purple  of  Constan 


Helena,  Saint 

tine,  her  son  by  Constantius,  she  received  the  title  of  Au- 
gusta, and  was  treated  with  marked  distinction.  About 
325  she  made  a  pilgrriniage  to  Jerusalem,  where  she  built 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  and  that  of  the  Nativity. 

Helensburgll  (lifl'euz-bur-o).  a  town  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Clyde  20  miles  northwest  of  Glas- 
gow.    Population  (1891),  8,405. 

Helenus  (hel'e-nus).  [Gr.  "E/.fjof,]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  son  of  Priam,  celebrated  as  a  prophet. 
Shakspere  introduces  him  in  '•  Troilus  and 
Cressida." 

Helgoland  (hel'go-liint),  or  Heligoland  (hel'- 
i-go-land),  Friesiau  Hellige  Land.  ['Holy 
Land.']  An  island  in  the  North  Sea.  belonging 
to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  in  lat.  54°  11'  N.,  long.  7°  53'  E.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Oberland  and  rnterlaml.  (.'lose  by  is  the 
bathing-place,  the  Dune,  It  has  lobster-fisheries,  and  is 
frequented  for  sea-bathing.  The  population  is  of  Fiiesian 
stock.  Formerly  it  was  a  heathen  sanctuan'.  It  was  taken 
from  Denmark  by  Great  Britain  in  1S07,  and  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  in  1814.  In  1S90  it  was  ceded  to  Germany,  and  at- 
tached to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein.  Near  it  the 
Danish  fleet  repulsed  a  combined  attack  of  the  Prussians 
and  Austrians,  May  9,  1S64.  Length,  a  little  over  1  mile. 
Population.  2,086.  • 

Heliand (na'le-and).  [OS. Hiliand, AS.  Eselend. 
NHG.  Ueiland,  the  healer,  i.  e.  the  Saviour.] 
An  Old  Saxon  epic  poem  on  the  Saviour,  writ- 
ten in  alliterative  verse  by  an  unknown  author 
between  the  years  822  and  840.  it  is  a  Christian 
poem  with  old  Germanic  heathen  elements,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  extensive  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  important 
works  of  early  Gennanic  literature. 

Helias,  or  Helis,  or  Helyas.  The  Knight  of  the 
Swan.     See  Swan,  Knight  of  the. 

HelicanUS  (hel-i-ka'nus).  The  faithful  minis- 
ter of  Pericles.  Prince  of  Tyre,  in  Shakspere's 
play  of  that  name. 

Helicon  (hel'i-kon),  modem  Zagora  (za-go'ra). 
[Gt.'E?,ikui'.'\  In  ancient  geography,  a  mountain- 
range  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  celebrated  in  mythol- 
ogy as  the  abode  of  the  Muses.  It  contained  the 
fountains  of  Aganippe  and  Hippocrene.  Height,  5,736 
feet(?). 

Heligoland.     Sec  HrlijoJand. 

Heliodorus  (be-li-r.-do'rus).  [Gr.  'H/iodupoc, 
gift  of  the  sun.]  Born  at  Emesa,  S\Tia:  lived 
at  the  end  of  the  4th  century.  A  Greek  ro- 
mance-writer, a  Christian  bishop  of  Trieea  in 
Thessaly,  author  of  the  earliest  Greek  romance, 
the  ''>.93thiopica."   See  Theagenes  and  Chariclea. 

Heliogabalus.     See  Elagabalus. 

Heliopolis  (he-h-op'o-lisl,  Egyptian  An  lau), 
the  modern  Matarieb  (ma-ta-re'e).  [Gr. 
'K/xov7!o7d(,  city  of  the  sun-god.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  Lower  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Pelusiac  branch  of  the  Nile  in  lat.  30°  8'  X., 
long.  31°  24'  E.  "  it  stood  on  the  edge  of  the  desert, 
about  4}  miles  to  the  east  of  the  apex  of  the  Delta  ;  but 
the  alluvial  land  of  the  Delta  extended  5  miles  further  to 
the  eastward  of  that  city,  to  what  is  now  the  Birket-el- 
Hag."  {Rairlinfon.)  It  was  a  seat  of  learning  ("the  uni- 
versity of  Egypt ")  and  of  the  worship  of  the  sun-god  Ka. 

The  site  of  Heliopolis  is  still  marked  by  the  massive 
walls  that  surrounded  it.  and  by  a  granite  obelisk  bearing 
the  name  of  Osirtasen  [Usertesen]  I.  of  the  12th  dj-nasty, 
dating  about  3900  years  ago.  It  was  one  of  two  that  stood 
before  the  entrance  to  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  at  the  inner 
end  of  an  avenue  of  sphinxes  ;  and  the  apex,  like  some  of 
those  at  Thebes,  was  once  covered  with  bronze  (doubtless 
gilt),  aa  is  shown  by  the  stone  having  been  cut  to  receive 
the  metal  casing,  and  by  the  testimony  of  Arab  history. 
Tradition  also  speaks  of  the  other  obelisk  of,  Heliopolis, 
and  of  the  bronze  taken  from. its  apex. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IL  9.  note. 

Heliopolis.     The  ancient  name  of  Baalbee. 

Helios  (he'U-os).  [Gr.  "H>.(Of, 'He/.;of.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  sun-god  (called  Hyperion  by 
Homer),  son  of  the  Titan  Hyperion  and  the 
Titaness  Theia.  He  is  represented  as  a  strong  and  beau- 
tiful youth,  with  heavv-,  waving  locks  and  a  crown  of  rays, 
driving  a  four-horse  chariot,  rising  in  the  morning  from 
the  ocean  on  the  east,  among  the  Ethiopians,  driving 
across  the  heavens  in  his  glowing  car,  and  descending  at 
evening  into  the  western  sea.  At  night,  while  asleep,  he 
is  borne  along  the  northern  edge  of  the  earth  in  a  golden 
boat  to  his  rising-place  in  the  east.  Also  called  Phaethon 
(Gr.  'l'a€9wi')  for  his  brilliancy.  Inlatertimes  hewas  iden- 
tified with  Apollo. 

Helius  (he'li-us).  Died  68  A.  D.  A  Roman  court 
favorite.  He  was  a  freedman  of  the  emperor  Claudius, 
and  became  steward  of  the  imperial  demesnes  in  Asia.  He 
was  one  of  the  agents  employed  by  Agrippina  in  ridding 
herself  of  M.  Junius  Silanus,  proconsul  of  that  province 
in  55.  He  was  prefect  of  Rome  and  Italy  during  the 
absence  of  Xero  in  Greece  67-68,  being  invested  with  full 
power  of  life  and  death  even  over  the  senatorial  order. 
He  was  put  to  death,  with  Locusta,  the  poisoner,  and 
other  creatures  of  the  late  tjTant,  by  Xero's  successor,  the 
emperor  Galba. 

Hell  (hel),  Maximilian.  Bom  at  Sehemnitz, 
Hungary,  May  13,  1720 :  died  at  Vienna,  April 
14,  1792.  All  Austrian  astronomer.  He  entered 
the  Society  of  Jesus  about  1738,  and  was  director  of  the 
observatorj*  at  Vienna  1756-92.  In  June.  176^*,  be  made, 
in  Lapland,  a  successful  obsen'ation  of  th#  transit  of  Ve- 


492 

nus,  of  which  he  published  an  acconnt("  Observatio  tran- 
situs  Veneris,"  17?0).  He  is  the  author  also  of  a  number 
of  other  works,  including  "  De  paraUaxi  solis  "  (1773). 

Hellada.     The  modem  name  of  the  Spercheius. 

Helladians  (he-la'di-anz).  See  the  extract. 
otherwise,  while  Greek  was  fast  becoming  the  domi- 
nant speech  of  the  Empire,  the  name  of  Hellas  became  a 
geographical  expression,  the  name  of  a  single  theme  of 
the  Empire,  while  the  name  of  Hellenes  meant  only  the 
professors  of  the  fallen  faith,  whose  temples  supplied  ma- 
terials for  building  the  temples  of  the  new.  When  the 
people  of  the  theme  of  Hellas,  perhaps  of  a  region  a  little 
wider  than  the  theme  of  Hellas,  needed  a  geographical 
name,  the  new  Dame  of  Helladians  was  coined  to  express 
them.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  331. 

HellanicUS  (hel-a-ni'kus).  [Gr. 'E/L/.<i!>;KOf.]  An 
eminent  Greek  logographer.  He  was  a  native  of  My- 
tilene,  Lesbos,  and  lived  about  450  B.  c.  Nothing  is  known 
with  certainty  of  his  personal  histor}'.  According  to  an 
evidently  erroneous  account  by  Suidas.  he  lived  with  He- 
rodotus at  the  court  of  .^myntas.  The  same  doubtful  au- 
thority states  that  he  died  at  Perperene,  on  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  opposite  Lesbos.  He  was  a  prolific  writer,  and  was 
held  in  high  esteem  by  the  ancients.  His  works,  frag- 
ments only  of  which  are  extant,  included  a  history  of  At- 
tica, a  history  of  the  -Eolians  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  islands 
of  the  .Egean,  and  a  history  of  Persia,  Media,  and  Assyria 
from  the  time  of  Ninus  to  his  own  day. 

Hellas  (hel'as).  [Gr. 'E/./.ar.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, originally  a  town  and  small  district  in 
Phthiotis,  Thessaly,  and  later  the  lands  inhab- 
ited by  the  Hellenes  (see  Greece);  inarestricted 
sense.  Middle  Greece  (south  of  Thermopylse 
and  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth),  or  the  dis- 
tricts south  of  the  Ambracian  Gulf  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Peneius. 

Helle  (hel'e  i.  [Gr.  "E/./)?.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Athamas  and  Nephele.  She  was 
drowned  "In  the  Hellespont,  whence  its  name  ("  Sea  of 
Helle"). 

Hellebore  (hel'f-bor).  A  character  assumed  by 
Foote  in  his  part  of  the  devil,  in  his  play  "  The 
Devil  upon  Two  Sticks "  :  the  president  of  a 
medical  college. 

Hellen  (hel'en).  [Gr.  "E/./Itv.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  in  Phthia  (in  Thessaly),  eponymous  an- 
cestor of  the  Hellenes. 

Hellenes  (hel'enz).  [Gr.  "EW-^TTfc.]  1.  The 
ancient  Greeks ;  properly,  the  Greeks  of  pure 
race :  traditionally  said  to  be  so  called  from 
Hellen,  son  of  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha,  the  le- 
gendary ancestor  of  the  true  Greeks,  consisting 
of  the  Dorians,  .^olians.  lonians,  and  AchEPans. 
—  2.  The  subjects  of  the  modern  kingdom  of 
Greece,  or  Hellas. 

Heller  (hel'ler),  Stephen.  Born  at  Budapest, 
Hungary,  May  15,  1814:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 
1888.  A  Hungarian  pianist  and  composer  for 
the  pianoforte. 

Hellespont  (hel'es-pont).  [Gr.  'E/J.^a-ofroc, 
sea  of  Helle.  See  Hetle.']  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  name  of  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles. 
(See  Dardanelles.)  It  is  celebrated  in  the  legend 
of  Hero  and  Leander. 

Hellevoetsluis  (hel-le-v6t-slois'),  or  Helvoet- 
sluis  (hel-vot-slois').  Aseaportinthe  pro\ince 
of  South  Holland.  Netherlands,  situated  in  the 
island  Voorne,  on  the  Haringvliet,  17  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Rotterdam.  Here,  in  16S8,  Wil- 
liam of  Orange  embarked  for  England. 

Hell  Fire  Clubs.  Clubs  consisting  of  reckless 
and  unscrupulous  men  and  women.  A  number 
of  these  have  existed.  Three  such  associations  were  sup- 
pressed in  London  in  1721. 

Hell  Gate  (hel  gat).  A  passage  in  the  East 
River,  east  of  the  city  of  New  York,  noted  for 
its  dangers  to  navigation.  Obstructions  were 
removed  bv  explosion  at  Hallett's  Point  in  1876, 
and  at  Flood  Rock  in  1885. 

Hellin  (el-ven' ).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
bacete,  Sp'ain,  situated  in  lat.  38°  28' N,,  long. 
1°  39'  W.  It  has  sulphur  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (1887).  13,679. 

Hellowes  (hel'oz),  Edward.  Lived  about  the 
last  half  of  the  16th  centui-y.  An  English  trans- 
lator. In  1597  he  was  groom  of  the  chamber  in  the  royal 
household,  and  in  1600  received  a  pension  of  12  shillings 
a  day  for  life.  He  translated  three  works  from  the  Span- 
ish of  Guevara. 

Helmer  (hel'mer),  Nora.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Ibsen's  "A  Doll's  House."  Her  husband 
treats  her  as  if  she  were  a  child,  and  so  far  unfits  her  for 
real  action  that  when  she  begins  to  meddle  with  realities 
she  commits  a  crime.  On  awakening  to  a  knowledge  of 
her  real  self,  and  her  husband's  false  idea  that  he  can  be 
both  will  and  conscience  for  her.  she  leaves  him. 

Helmers  (hel'mers),  Jan  Frederik.  Bom  at 
Amsterdam.  March  7,  1767:  died  at  Amster- 
dam, Feb.  26,  1813.  A  Dutch  poet.  His  chief 
work  is  "De  Hollandsche  Natie"  ("The  Dutch 
Nation."  1812). 

Helmholtz  (helm'holts),  Hermann  Ludwig 

Ferdinand  von.  Born  at  Potsdam,  Aug.  31. 
1821 :  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  8, 1894.   A  celebrated 


Helsinglan^ 

German  physiologist  and  physicist,  especially 
noted  for  his  discoveries  in  optics  and  acoustics. 
He  became  military  physician  at  Potsdam  in  1843  ;  taught 
anatomy  at  the  Academy  of  Art  in  1848  ;  was  professor  of 
physiology  at  Konigsberg  1849-5,'.;  wasprofessor  of  anatomy 
and  physiology-  at  Bonn  185.^-58,  and  of  physiology  at  Hei- 
delberg 1858-71  ;  and  was  appointed  professor  of  physics  at 
Berlin  in  1871.  He  invented  the  ophthalmoscope  in  1S.'1. 
His  chief  works  are  '"  Handbuch  der  physiologischen  Op- 
tik"  ("Manual  of  Physiological  Optics,"  1856-66),  "Die 
Lehre  von  den  Tonempfindungen  "  ("The  Doctrine  of  the 
Sensations  of  Tone,"  1862),  "tjber  die  Erhaltung  der 
Kraft  "  ("  On  the  Conservation  of  Force,"  1^7). 

Helmond  (hel '  mont ;  F.  pron.  el  -mon ').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Neth- 
erlands, situated  on  the  river  Aa  in  lat.  51°  28' 
N..  long. 5^ 39'  E.  Population  (1889),  commune, 
9.0.57. 

Helmont  (hel'mont),  Jan  Baptista  van.  Bom 
at  Brussels  in  1578:  died  near  Brussels,  Dee.  30, 
1644.  A  Flemish  physician  and  chemist.  He 
spent  a  number  of  years  in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Eng- 
land, married  a  wealthy  lady  of  Brabant,  and  in  1609  set- 
tled on  an  estate  near  Brussels,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  chemical  investigations.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
firet  to  demonstrate  the  necessity  of  employing  the  bal- 
ance hi  chemistry,  and  to  have  introduced  the  word  "gas" 
in  the  terminology  of  that  science.  A  collective  edition  of 
his  works  appeared  as  "Ortus  medicinee  "  (1618). 

Helmstadt  (helm'stat).  A  village  in  Lower 
Fraueonia,  Bavaria,  10  miles  west  of  Wurzburg. 
Here,  in  the  Seven  Weeks'  War,  July  25,  1866,  the  Prus- 
sians defeated  the  Bavarians. 

Helmstedt  (helm'stet).  A  town  in  Bmnswick, 
Germany,  21  miles  east  of  Brunswick,  formerly 
the  seat  of  a  university.  Population  (1890), 
10,955. 

Helmund  (hel'muud),  or  Hilmend  (hil'mend), 
orHalmand  (hal'mand).  A  river  in  Afghanis- 
tan, flowing  in  a  generally  southwesterly  direc- 
tion into  Lake  Hamun,  with  no  outlet  to  the 
sea  :  the  ancient  Erymanthus  or  Erymandms. 
Length,  about  680  miles. 

Helolse  (a-lo-ez').  Born  about  1101:  died  at 
the  Paraclet,  near  Nogent-stir-Seine,  Prance, 
1164.  A  French  abbess,  celebrated  on  account 
of  her  relations  with  Abelard.  she  was  a  niece  of 
Fulbert,  canon  of  Notre  Dame,  .\belard  became  her  in- 
structor, and  soon  her  lover  and  seducer.  After  the  birth 
of  her  child  he  proposed  a  secret  marriage,  which  was  ac- 
complished only  after  much  opposition  on  the  part  of  He- 
loise,  for  she  preferred  to  sacrifice  her  own  future  rather 
than  that  of  Abelard.  She  even  denied  the  marriage  after 
it  was  performed,  and  retired  to  the  convent  of  .Argenteuil. 
The  enraged  Fulbert  revenged  himself  on  Abelard  by  in- 
tlicting  on  him  a  shameful  mutilation.  He  became  a 
monk,  and  Heloise  took  the  veil. 

Heloise.     See  Xoiirelle  Heloise,  La. 

Helos  (he'los).  [Gr.  TO  "E?.of.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  Laconia,  Greece,  situated  near 
the  sea  25  miles  southeast  of  Sparta. 

Helots  (he'lots  or  hel'ots).  [Gr.  Ei/Mrat  or 
E(/.<j-ff.]  A  class  of  serfs  among  the  ancient 
Spartans  who  were  owned  by  the  stat«.  were 
bound  to  the  soil  under  allotment  to  landhold- 
ers, and  fulfilled  all  ser-vile  fimetions.  The  He 
lots  paid  their  masters  a  fixed  proportion  of  the  products 
of  the  ground  cultivated  by  them.  They  served  as  light- 
armed  troops  in  war,  and  in  great  emergencies  bodies  of 
them  were  organized  as  regular  or  heavy-armed  troops,  in 
which  case  they  might  be  manumitted  as  a  reward  for 
bravery.  They  were  descendants  of  captives  of  war,  most 
of  them  probably  of  the  conquered  .\chffian  aborigines  of 
Laconia ;  they  were  very  cruelly  treated,  and  often  sys- 
tematically massacred,  to  keep  down  their  numbers  and 
prevent  them  from  organized  revolt 

Help  (help).  A  character,  in  Bunyan's  ''Pil- 
grim's Progress,"  who  pulls  Christian  out  of  the 
Slough  of  Despond. 

Helps  (helps).  Sir  Arthur.  Bom  at  Streatham, 
Surrey,  July  10.  1813 :  died  at  London,  March  7. 
1875.  An  English  autlior.  He  occupied  various  gov- 
ernment positions,  and  from  June,  186<;).  was  clerk  of  the 
pri\7  council,  enjoying  the  speciid  confidence  of  the  queen. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  social  essays,  "  Friends  in  Coun- 
cil "  (1847-59  :  3  series),  and  for  his  various  works  on  the 
early  history  of  Spanish  America,  especially  "  The  Spanish 
Conquest  in  America  "  (1855-61).  He  also  wrote  several 
dramas  and  romances. 

Helsingborg  (hel'sing-borg).  A  seaport  in  the 
laen  of  Malmohus.  Sweden,  situated  on  the 
Sound,  opposite  Elsinore,  in  lat.  56°  3'  N.,  long. 
'12°  42'  E.  Near  it  is  the  old  castle  of  Kiiraan. 
Population  (1890),  20,410. 

Helsingfors  (hel'sing-fors).  Finnish  Helsinki 
(hel'sing-ki).  A  seaport,  capital  of  Finland  and 
of  the  laen  of  Nvland,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Finland  in  lat.  60°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  57'  E.  It  is 
the  largest  and  chief  commercial  city  of  Finland,  and  the 
seat  of  a  university  (removed  from  Abo  in  1827);  was 
founded  by  Gustavus  Vasa  in  the  16th  centurj- :  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1808  :  and  became  the  capital  in  1819. 
It  is  an  important  naval  station.  Its  fortifications  were  un- 
successfully bombarded  by  the  Allies  in  186.5.  Population 
(1892),  6»j.734. 

Helsingland  rhel'sing-Uind).  A  district  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  laen  of  Gefleborg,  eastern 
Sweden. 


ii 


Helsingor  493  Henricians 

Helsingor.     Se"AVx"»«v'.  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan.    He  wrote  "System  of  Materia     He  was  professor  of  theoljgy  at  Uelnistedt  1777-86,  and  ab- 

Heist  (heist),  BartholomeUS  van  der.     Bnrn  in      M.-ilita  and  Therapeutics  ■(1859),  etc.  hot  of  Michatlstein.  near  BlankeuhurR  (1786),  and  of  Ku 

the  Netherlaiuis  1(U3- clieilat  \nisterctarii  KiTO  Hempstead  (hcini)'sted).  A  town  in  Nassau  niKslutter(l8o:i).  and  later  vice-president  of  the  consistory 
A  noted  Dutch  portrait-painter.  JHsbest-known  •-''o""t.v.  Long  Island.  New  York.  It  wa.s  for-  '^^^'^^^^XX^li'lnriiV']^::::"''''-  ^''  '"'" 
work  is  the  "Banquet"(at  .Vinstiniam).  merly  in  CiueeiisC..unty   an.la  part  of  it  wasin-  Henle(  hen 'le),FriedrlchGustaV  Jakob.  Born 

Helston  (hel'ston).  A  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng-  '•.'"Touted  in  the  ./i_ty..t  Nrw  \ork.  Popula-  at  Fiirth,  Bavaria,  July  9,  IHUy:  died  at  Got- 
land, situated  on  the  river  Cober  9  miles  west-  ''""  <  l'*"')-  town,  ./.Obfa.  tingen.  May  1.'!,  1885.  A  noted  German  physi- 
southwest  of  Falmouth.  Popidation  (1S9I).  gems.  See  ffo7HS.  „  rr  •  .  ologist  and  anatomist,  professor  successively  at 
3,198.                                                                           Hemskerk,. Marten  van.     See  HrevM.          Zurich  (1840),  Heidelberg (1844),  andGottingen 

Helstone  (hel'ston),  Doctor  MattheWSOn.  Th.-  HemsterhlllS  i  hwn  stcr-hois  .  Frans.  Bornm  (i8i52).  Hewrote-HandlmclTderrationellenPathologie- 
rector  of  Briarfield  in  Charlotte  Bronte's  "  Shir-  'h>'  Netherlands  about  1  /_J:  died  at  ]  lie  Hague,  (1846-52),  •■  H.andbuch  der  allRen.einen  Anatomic  "  (iSl) 
ley,"  an  uncompromising  and  brusk,  but  up-  I''*".  A  Dutch  philosopher  and  writer  on  es- _•  llaiMJi.n.h  der  Anatonne  .i,s  M.nschen  ■  iiK.55-73),ett. 
right  and  conscientious  man.     His  niece  Caro-    thetics,  son  of  Tiberius  Hemstcrhuis.  Henley  (hen'li),  John,  generally  called  "Orator 

line  is  one  of  the  principal  characters.  Hemsterhuis,  Tiberius.     Born  at   Groningcn,    Henley.       Born  at  Melton-Mowbray,  England, 

Helvellyn   (hel-vel'in)      The   second   peak    in    Netherlands,    ItiS.'i:    diid  at  Leyden,  April  7,    Aug.  3,  1692:  died  17')()  (ll'tOf).     Au  English 
height   in  the   Lake   District   in  Cumberland,     1™'-     A  Dutch  philologist  and  critic.    His cliief    preacher^elebiate,!  f,.r  his  eccentricities. 
England    8  miles  north  bv  west  of  Ambleside      "'"''''''  "'"''  ""  edition  of  the  - Onouia-sticon '    of  Pollux  Henley,  William  Emest.     Bom  Aug.  23,  1849: 
ShrS.uTfee't""''       ■''''"' ^"   '"'''■    S;p,res^?^4r"^^^^^^  '"?'^   ■'"'>■   '-'    ''■>'''■     Au  English  write'r  and 

Helvetia  (hd-ve'shia).     In  later  Latin,  a  part  Henault(a-n6' j.Charles  JeanFrangois.  Born    t"„uhe.?v,;';^,M'';{^'?L"'V,'>^^^  <.?l^'" 

of  Gaul  corresponding  generally  to  the  western    at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  108,^:  .lied  at  Paris,  Nov.  24,     ^^i:'/.,"-  ifo'il^o™     h;  ,Sst.T" A  S^^^^^^ 
andcentralportionsofthemodernSwitzerland:    1770.     A   French   historian.     Uc  wrote  "  Nouvei     (isss),  etc. 
used  also  poetically  for  Switzerland.  abr(>Ki5  chionoloRiiiue   dc  lliistoire   de  France"  (1744),  Henley-On-ThameS  (hen'li-on-temz'),  or  HcU- 

Helvetian  Desert."    See  I'echtlnnd.  '.','^'">^^"V„^;','I",''"'"8''l'"=  ^e  Ihistoire  d-Espat;ne  et  de    ley.     A  town  in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situated 

—    ■         ■  ■      ■"  '  '  •  ' "     —  -       ■  --  —  -     •  -      1  ottimal     (lei.*),  etc.  —  ^x^„  flii.„. .in  — :i„„ .    „i?  t i__      „  r,fp/1 


in  the  de- 
uce, situ- 

(■...,..,7,  leiiiiu  leautri   01  iii?>  iiiuc.      ne  was  iniuiaier  ai  i^eu       .,  ,       .  /.ooi^  ^  n-t* 

"'^'"'.^■.       ,..-..,.„.        ,     A  ,    .  T,  chars,  Fiteshiie,  1613-38,  and  afterward  at  EdinbuiKii.l^pi'hition  (1891),  commune.  6,9(2. 

HelVetlUS  (el-va-se-us  ),  Oiauae  Aarien.   Born  The  National  covenant (I638) and  the  solemn  League  and  HennegaU.      ^vv  Udltiinit. 

at  Paris  in  Jan.,  ITl.'J:  died  Dec.  26,  1771.     A  Covenant  (adopted  in  1643  by  the  Westminster  Assembly.  Hennepin  (hen'e-pin;  F.  pron.  en-pah'),  LouiS. 

French  philosopher  and  litterateur-.     He  was  ap-  »''''<:h  he  attended  as  a  Scottish  commissioner)  were  both    i3y,.,j  .,(  \x\\,  Belgium,  about  1640:  died  in  the 

pointed  farmer-general  about  1738,  and  soon  after  became  drafted  by  him,  and  were  larpely  his  productions.    He    Vptherlands  after  1701       A  French  missionary 

rhinih.rlim  (ntheniieeii      Til  17S1  be  m-irried  ihp  beiiiti.  presided  as  moderator  at  three  Important  general  asscni-    ^^^^'""^ '»'y'^-^  "^'  ..      *  j 

'^tlS^^S.^^^.Jl^^^i^^^:^.  Wies  (10:«,  1641  and  ,648):  at  tha'i  held  It  Glasgow  in    and  explorer.    ncM,do,,ged  ,0  the  order  of  R^coe^^ 

of  the  chief  centers  of  literaiT  society  in  Paris.    He  retired  >««  ""=  Scottish  lushops  were  deposed,  and  the  church    of  St.  i  rancis.  went  to  (_  a nada  in  1«< -i.  and  m  16, 8 J"n>«l 

to  his  estate  in  Perche  at  his  niarriiie,  and  devoted  hiiu-  "as  reconstituted  as  Presbyterian.  Henderson  had  various    I.a  Sillies  second  evpedition  to  the  W  est.      "f  "f  '»<^; 

self  during  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  philosophical  conferences  and  even  discussions  with  Charles  I.  on  pub-    spatched  by  La  Salle  from  tort  Crevec.e»th  t«  one 

studies.     He  published  in  1768  a  metaphysical  work  en-  '*'-•  (especially  ecclesia"fetical)  atfairs.  in  a  canoe,  Feb,  29,  11*0,  to  exploie  H'c  J"  ">'  »  f  "^L"'" 

li.led  ■•  De  res'prit."  in  which  he  derive'i  'all  virtue  from  HenderSOn,  JameS.     Born  in  the  north  of  Eng-    ^^^''^f  "t,*i'lS^ni  "Aprdll   C   an  Pdn.f.fg^ap 

self-interest,  and  which  was  burned  in  1759  by  order  of  ,;„„i  ,.,,out'l78;3  :  died  at  Madrid,  Spain,  Sept,    ?  vTty    U^verer  l^Sls  .^    St    Antt^^^^^^^ 

"  rtol lowing  Ta  %vVs"e^';Sar„e''d  *i  y'ilLderi^k  "the  ^^-  18^^-     An  English  author.     From  1819  to  1821  he    cued'by  Oreysolon  du  l.hut.  arrived  at  Que^bec  in  1682,  and 

r  eat  at  PoLdam      11  r-'ITuvres  c^^^^^  t.aveled  in  Brazil.     Subsequently  he  was  British  consul-    on  returning  to  Europe  was  made  guardian  of  the  con- 

n  hed  at  Lh^L'ei"i774  Lee  which  tTiemme^Hs^^^^  K™eral  at  BogotA  until  1836,     llis  principal  work  is  "His-     vent  of  Renty  in  Artois.     lie  publislied  "  Description  de 

rlnshiveaLared  nuraeious  other  ,f  Brazil  ...,,,„„,„„    jg,.!).        »"  la  Louisiane '■(les;)),  "Nouvclledecouverted'un  tresgrand 

Ljmons  nave  appeal ui.  .  Hpndprton    .tamfi'?   Pincknev       Born  in   Lin-    pays"  (1697  :  in  which  he  claims  to  have  descended  the 

HelvldlUS    (hel-vid'l-us).      A  pseudonym  of  ^enaerson,  dames  r-lIlCKIiey.     ooiu  '"V""      Mississippi  t..  its  mouth  in  uvso  -  a  cl.aim  .since  shown  to 

James  Madison.     Under  this  signature  he  re-  Sii'",  *:""'"> '.^ ;,'•,'  "^7^„^i'  ^^P^\  '^^    *"    be  false),  and  •■  .Nouveau  Voya..- ■  (ucis), 

plied  to  the  letters  of  Pacificus  (Hamilton)  in  Washington,  D.  t  ,  Juiie4,  18..8.    Au  American  Hennequin(en-kah'),PhilippeAugUStin.  Born 


tive  cssavs. 


,,,,.  ,..,^.,  v^  general  and  politician.     He  was  secretary  of  state    j,t  Lyons,  Franr-o.  17G;i:  ditnl  at  To\irnav,  Bei- 

Helvidius'Priscus.     See  Priscus,  Helvi<l/„.s.  .^faS^'iSlfef-'I^'"'"'  "'  ^"^  ''''^''  """  '"""^    siu'^.M'Wl'^.  1S33    A Fretu-h historical  painter, 

Helvoetsluis     ^e  Heller^Mni..  Henderson,  John.  Bom  at  London  in  1747:  .lied    ^^tr;^QumJ|.o^■^■f•;;ui:r'yms™^^^^^^^ 

Helyot(al-yo  ),  Pierre,  eallei I  PfereHippOlyte.  there,  Nov.  25, 178.1.     An  English  actor.    He  made    the  h-rench  People  "  (Rouen),  "Saul  and  the  Witch  of  En- 

lit'Tii  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1660:  died  at   Paris,  .Tan.  his  llrst  appearance  at  I'.ath  in  1772  as  Hamlet,  playing  at    dor"  (Lyons). 

5,  1716.     A  French  monk  and  ecclesiastical  his-  the  outset  under  the  name  of  (■.,urtncy.     During  his  llisl  Wonner  (en-ar'),  Jean  JaCQUeS.    Born  at  Bern- 

torian,  authot;  of  "  L'llistoire  des  ordres  mo-  ^Zn^.l^i^Zul^^^Z^^^^.X^^i^:^    wilier,  .Alsace  March  .-,  1829.     A  genre-painter, 

nastiques,  rellgieux  et  milltaires,  etc.     (Ill4-  ^t  the  Haymarket  with  success,  which  increased  until  he     pupil  of  Drolling  and  Plcot.     He  gained  the  grand 

1719).  stood  next  toGarrick  in  public  estimation.    He  made  ene-     prix  de  Rome  in  1S.SS,  and  a  llrst  class  medal  in  1878,     He 

Semachandra  (hii-raa-ehan'dra)       A  Sanskrit  mies  by  ids  talent  for  mimicry,  and  (lanick  is  said  to  have     was  made  mentor  of  the  Institute  in  1>89,     He  pa.»sed  live 

t^7trW'^.,T.h..,.   .,.,.1    ,r;.V,.„v>T,-i.,;;     c.wl    l.>  l,.,vo  been  jealous  of  him.     He  was  particularly  tine  in  soldo-    years  in  Italy.     Among  his  pictures  lue  "  Iji  Naiade,"  "  Lo 

lexicographer  and  giammarians.ud   to   h,  \e  .^J  His  repertory  hieludedallthe  best  tragic  ami  many    bon  Samaritain  "  (at  the  LuxeridKuirg),  -fdylle."  "Su- 

hved  A.  D.  1088-11(2:  author  ot  the  "  Abliidlia-  ,;„i„ic  roles,                                                                               zanne,"  and  "La  Madeleine." 

na-ehintamani"  (which  see).  Hendon  (hen'<ion).    A  suburb  of  London,  in  the  Hennersdorf   (lien'ers-dorf),    or   KathollSCh- 

Hemans  (hem'anz),  Mrs.  (Felicia  Dorothea  counlyof  Midillesex.  Population  (1891 ),  l.'),8:!.">,  Hennersdorf  (kii-to'lish-l.  A  village  in  north- 
Browne).  Born  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  2"),  1793:  Hendricks  (hen 'ilriks),  Thomas  Andrews,  western  Silesia,  Prussia,  near  Naumburg-on- 
died  near  Dublin,  May  16,  1835.  An  English  Burn  near  Zanesville,  Ohio,  Sept.  7,  islil:  died  the-t^ueiss.  Here,  Nov.  24,  174.'>,  the  Prus-slans  under 
poet,  best  known  for  her  lyrics.  Among  her  other  at  Indianapolis,  lud.,  Nov.  25, 1885.  An  Ami'ri-  Frederick  the  (ircal  defeated  the  .Saxons  and  Auslrlans 
poemBare"TheVe9persofPalenno  "(182:)),"  The  Forest  can  statesman.      He  was  memberof  Congress  from  In-     under  Ihe  liuke  of  Lomilne. 

sanctuai-y     (1,826).     "Poetical  Works  '  edited  by  ".  M.  j,^,,^  186I-6.';;  t'nlted  States  senator  186:)-6»  ;  governor. .f  HenneSSy  (  h«n '.•-si),  William  J.     Born  at  Tho- 

Rossetti,  l,M7:i.  Indiana  1873-77  ;  and  unsuccessful  Democratic  candi.lale    inastown,  Ireland,  in  1839.      A   landscape- anil 

Hemel-Hempstead   (hem  '  el  -hemp  '  Sted).      A  for  vice.  Pr..si,lent  in  1876,     He  was  el.cte.l  Vice-President    jj,.,„.o.,„unter.     He  went  t..  New  York  in  1841),  and  was 

small  town  in  H.itfor(lshire,Englan.l,24  miles  I"  >8»t-  «"'l  w""  Inaugurated  March  4,  1K.S.,,       ^                   i.]r,-l,-,]  mitl..nal  a.a.U'inician  in  isiti.     In  1870  he  went 

northwest  of  Londiui,  Henge(heng'g.'),.irMahenge(ma-heng  go).    .\     |„  |,,,iidi.n,  but  liv.-s  principally  in  Normandy. 

Hemes      See  .A.wc-.  liantulribeof  (i.rman  East  Alri.-a,  west  of  th.'  Henri  (.'"-le' )  I„  King  .>f  Haiti.    H,;' Chrisloplir. 

Hemicycle  of  Paul  Delaroche,  The.     An  en-  '^,"''J'  l^i^'i-,  iit  th,.  foot  of  the  .•.•ntral  iilatean    gg^jj  jjj  gt  g^  Cour.     A  .Irama  of  the  roman- 

.austic  mural  paintni-ad..r.iingth.'amphitliea-  They  are  marau.l.'rs.  an.l  imitate  ll»Mvays  an.l     ,  j,.  s,.1i.h. I,  by  Al.vx:.n.lre  Dumas  pf're,  produced 

t..rof  the  E,-„le.l..s  Beaux  Arts,  Paris.     In  it  are  '•'"ls''.'''f  ""*<'',",''';''"'*•  ,     ,,_       .,,.,,        i"l''-'9. 

Kroupeil7firepres.ntativcarti.sts  and  llgures  typifying  the  UCHglSt  ( hong  gisl ).     1)1. mI  -JMh.     a  chiet  ot  III.-  Hgnriade  (oil -ryii.l ' ).     An  epic  poem  by  Vol- 

art..fallperi...ls.     The  great  (Jreek  masters  Phi.llas,  Ictl-  ,1  utps,  j.unt  I'oun.li'r  wil  h  I  lorsaof  the  kingd..ni     ,,^1,,,,^  |„  K)  .■antos.     It  Is  a  pletureof  war  undertaken 

iius,  and  Apelles,  enthroned,  form  the  ccntralgr.jup.     The  ^f  Kent.    They  lan.led  at  Ebbslleet  aUiut  449.     Many  le-     n,  the  name  of  nllgi.in,  an.l  waa  Intended  to  inspire  a  ha. 

llgurcF  arc-  2:1  feet  high,  gonds  have  B|irung  up  ab.mt  Ihelr  names,  an.l  their  exis.     tr,.,l  ,,f  liit.ilenince  and  p.i»ecntl..n. 

Heming.orHemminge,  John.  Born  atSli..tlery,  tcncc  as  hlsl,.rieal  persomiges  has  been  .,uesll..n.-.l,  will.  Henrichemont  (..n-resh-m.'.li').  A  town  in  the 
1556(0:  .li.'.l  at  AMermanbury,  ( ..■(.  U),  16:!0.  -", 'Xnw'li  Ih';:  ,f"'Z  n  ber.l)  Ernst  Wil  d™  n^l  of  tMicr.  Franc-  16  miles  north- 
An  English  actor.  Litilei«kn.,wn..f  hiscariylife.but  Hengstenberg  (  .■  g  st.  n- beio),  trnst  Wll-  I  .  ^„|.  „,„„.,„,„  P..pulaf ion  (1891),  com- 
he  seems  to  have  been  t.-.a8>irer..f  the  King's  c..mpany..f  helm,  li..in  at  Fr.uid.'iiburg,  W  .'St  phalia,  H.i .  n,.illi,.,sl  .  iv.m^.  s,  i.puiuiioiui  Ji,,ium 
act.>r8.  He  played  in  the  llrst  part  of  "Henry  IV.,  "an.l  J(|,  |S(12  :  .li...l  al  H.'riin,  May  28,  1869.  A  (lir-  ''i'"".'' .•'■,"'■'•  ..,.,,  1  1.  d  tn-^oo  1.-0- 
in  .l.msons  "Volp.m.-, "  "  Alchen.ist, "  a...l  »ev.n.l  ..th.r  „„„,  l.,.„,,.„,  „„,  theologian,  leader  ..f  the  ..rtho-  HennCl(h.'n-rot  se).  JakOb.  BoI•uatUr088Ka^- 
..f  his  plays.  With  c.ndell  he  edite.l  the  llrst  f.,lln  .,f  "  '  ,  ,  ,1. ,  .,„s  ovofess.ir  .  f  Ih.'oloL'V  in  Berlin  lenbach,  Bavaria,  .Ian.  1,  1803:  .lie.l  at  Kooii- 
Shakspere  in  162:1.  To  this  he  owes  his  ,hlcl  tan,,-  He  dox  L  It  el  Ml  s,  P'ofesM.i  <  t  Ih. "  "f.,>  "  "el  1  11  Oennan-Aiucriean 
was  pi  i.icipal  pr..prietor.,f  the  Olobe  Theatre  iu,ilcl..»ely  fl-om  1826.  He  w...le  "Chrlsl..h.gle  .Us  All.n  1  .sta-  "■"->•  ■'•.•'  "  >  •  "  •  „,,  i„.,  „..,.,.„,  I„  IWH 
assu,'lal.-.l  with  Sliakspere,  who  mentions  him  in  his  will,  ments  "(IsaB-;!!.),  "  lleltragezur  Ivlnleltung  Ins  Alto  Testa-     communist.     Ileemlgnded  I..  Ihe  I  nlt.^l  S  .-^tc.s  In  IffiS 

JI^^M^„       «„,.    ir,  ..,;;.,„  mcnt"  (1831-39),  "K..mmentiir  uber  die  Psalmen  "  (1812-     an.l  sut>s..incnlly  )..ln..l  Ihe  llarm..nis    S<wle  y  f.ninded 

Hemling.      Soe  McmlnifJ.  '•'^•■^^  vli-                                                                                          hy  Uisii-gc  fcipp  which  was  th.-n  eslalillshed  Bl  Harmony 

Hempel  (hcm'pel),  Charles  Julius.    B.,rn  at  H6nin-Li6tard(a-nan'lva-iiir').  At..wiiinth..    i"  ""''•' ''''''1'1>  •'''•'"'"> ''ri';!',  I:"' VrllTvl^^^^^^^^^^ 

Solingen,  Prussia,  S.-pt.  5.  Isl  1 :  .lie.l  at  lirand  •^t.^l.Hnieiit  ot  Ptts-tlo-Oalais,  France.  10  miles    IS,;^"'^ l^'; l.l^^l.rid'lll  .'^^^^^ 

Uapi.ls,  Mich,,  Sept. 2.),  18.9.   A  (..'rman-Am.'ri-     south  of   Lill.-.      Poi.,  (1891).  .-.. 11. num.',  9,467.     thema.'.agem.'nl  ..f  ll ..minunltyun.l.T  Ihe  title  .if  llrst 

can   physician.      He  came  1..  Ameri.a  in  IS-V. ;  gra.ln-  Henke  ( h'lur'k.'X  Heinrich  Philipp  Konrad,     Irust.e.  which  position  he  retalneil  unlil  his. lealh. 

at,M. at  the  medical  .bpartimnl. if  the  rnlyorslty.d  Ne.v  ^^           ,  ||,,i,i,.,     |i|ii„swick,  (i.iniaiiv,  ,lulv  ll,  HenrlcianS  (hen-rish'an/.l.      1.    A  sect  of  reli- 

\ork  in  IK45 ;  became  profcss.ir  01  mal.Tla  m.Mll.a  an.l  ,-r„      ,■     ■     .  .,               ■    1     «i    ,    •>    luiio"       \  ■'•         **>^»"»«'»        ,.      ,_ ,    ■  .   «,V.|,,,,rl,iii,l    .111, 1   u..iillii>rn 

thenipcuti.s  in  the  llabncoann  Me.licI  ..dlcge  at  Phil-  1'">'2:  .li.'.l  at  Hrunswi.-k,  May   >,  1809       A  l.er-     g,..us  r.;f.>r  .i.-rs    n   Switz.-rhiml  an.l   sou  Hern 

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Henricians 

of  Lausanne. —  2.  The  followers  or  adherents 
of  the  emperor  Henry  IV.,  who  opposed  Gregory 
VII.  in  favor  of  the  autipope  Clement  III. 

Henrietta  Anna  (hen-ri-et'a  au'a),  Duehesse 
d'Orleuns.  [Fern,  and  dim.  of  Henry ;  F.  Hcn- 
riette,  It.  Enrighetta,  Sp.  Enriqueta,  Pg.  Hcti- 
riqueta,G  Senrictte.]  Born  at  Exeter,  England, 
June  16,  1644:  died  at  St.-Cloud,  near  Paris, 
June  30,  1670.  Daughter  of  Charles  L  of  Eng- 
land. She  maiTied  the  Due  d'Orl^ans  (brother 
of  Louis  XIV.)  in  1601. 

Henrietta  Maria  (ma-ri'ii),  Queen  of  England. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  25,  1609 :  died  near  Paris, 
Sept.  10, 1669.  Daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  France. 
She  married  Charles  I.  of  Eiiglaml  in  1625;  went  to  Hol- 
land in  1042  to  obtain  aid  for  the  king;  returned  in  1643; 
and  finally  left  England  for  France  in  1644. 

Henrietta  Temple  (tem'pl).  A  love-story  by 
Disraeli,  published  in  1S37. 

Henriette  (hen-ri-ef;  r.  pron.  on-ryet').  1.  A 
young,  simple,  and  natural  girl  smTounded  by 
the  pedantic  "femmes  savantes,"  in  Moli^re's 
comedy  of  that  name.  She  is  considered  by  the 
French  the  type  of  true  "svomanliness. —  2.  A 
character  in  Balzac's  *'Lys  dans  la  valine" 
C' Lily  in  the  Valley"). 

Henriquez,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la  Cueva. 

See  FertKUnk-:;  de  la  Cueva  Henriquez. 

Henriauez  de  Almansa  { en-re 'keth  da  al-man'- 
sa),  Martin,  Born  in  Alcanizes,  Spain,  about 
1525:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March  15,  1583.  A 
Spanish  administrator.  He  was  the  second  son  of  a 
Marquis  of  Alcafiizes.  He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  Nov.  5, 
1568,  to  Oct.  4,  1580,  during  which  period  the  Inquisition 
was  established  (1571),  and  the  great  cathedral  of  Mexico 
was  founded  (1573).  From  Sept.  23,  1581,  he  was  viceroy 
of  Peru,    He  was  an  excellent  ruler. 

Henriquez  de  Guzman  (goth-man').  Luis. 
Born  about  1600:  died  about  1667.  A  Spanish 
administrator.  He  was  count  of  Alba  de  Liste  and  gran- 
dee of  Spain ;  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  June  28, 1650,  to  Aug. 
1,  1653,  and  of  Peru  Feb.  24,  1655,  to  July  31,  1661.  His 
reign  in  both  countries  was  rather  uneventful.  He  was 
just  and  benevolent,  and  encouraged  learning. 

Henrioiuez  de  Rivera  (re-va'ra),  Payo.  Born 
at  Seville  about  1610  :  died  April  8,  1684.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  statesman.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Augustine  order ;  was  chosen  bishop  of  Guate- 
mala in  1657  ;  and  was  translated  to  Michoacan  in  1667, 
but  before  reacliing  his  new  diocese  was  made  archbishop 
of  Mexico  (1668).  From  Dec,  1673,  to  Oct.,  1680,  he  was 
also  viceroy.  Keturning  to  Spain,  1681,  he  was  appointed 
president  of  the  C'ouncU  of  the  Indies  and  bishop  of  Cuen- 
ca,  but  resigned  both  offices  and  died  in  a  convent. 

Henry  (hen'ri)  I,  [The  E.  name  Henry,  for- 
merly also  Henrie,  Henri,  assimilated  Herry,  now 
Harry,  is  from  OF.  and  F.  Henri,  Sp.  Enrique, 
Pg.  Henrique,  It.  Enrico,  from  ML.  Henrieus, 
from  OHG.  Heinrih,  G.  Heinrichj  D.  Hendrik, 
etc.,  chief  of  the  dwelling.]  King  of  Castile 
1214-June,  1217,  son  of  Alfonso  IX.  and  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Henry  11,  of  England. 

Henry  n.  Bom  1333:  died  in  May,  1379.  King 
of  Castile  1369-79,  natural  son  of  Alfonso  XI. 
He  was  known  before  his  accession  as  count  of  Tras- 
taniare,  and  ascended  the  throne  by  expelling  his  half- 
brother,  Pedro  the  Cruel,  with  the  aid  of  the  celebrated 
captiiin  Du  Guesclin. 

Henry  III.,  surnamed  "  The  Sickly."  Born 
1379:  died  1406.  King  of  CastUe  1390-1406,  sou 
of  John  I.  He  maiTied  Catharine,  daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Lancaster,  in  13S8,  and  in  1403  recognized  Bene- 
dict XIII.  as  pope  in  opposition  to  Boniface  IX. 

Henry  IV.,  sm-named  **  The  Impotent."  Born 
at  Valladolid,  Spain,  Jan.  6,  1425  :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Dee.  12, 1474.  King  of  Castile  1454-74,  son 
of  John  II,  He  married  Joanna  of  Portugal,  the  legiti- 
macy of  whose  daughter,  Joanna,  was  questioned  by  the 
Cortes.  He  therefore  adopted  as  his  heiress  his  sister 
Isabella  of  Castile,  who  married  Ferdinand  of  Aragon  in 
1469. 

Henry  L,  surnamed  Beauclerc.  [F.,  'fine 
scholar.']  Born  at  Selby  (?),  Yorkshire,  1068: 
died  Dec.  1,  1135.  King  of  England  1100-35, 
fourth  son  of  William  the  Conqueror  and  Ma- 
tilda. He  was  elected,  on  the  death  of  William  11.,  by  the 
witan  during  the  absence  of  his  elder  brother  Robert, 
duke  of  Nonnandy,  on  a  crusade.  He  restored  the  laws  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  as  modified  by  the  Conqueror,  re 
called  Anselm  (see  Aivselm),  and  suppressed  the  great 
feudatories,  for  whom  he  substituted  a  class  of  lesser 
nobles.  He  conquered  Normandy  in  1106  by  the  victory 
of  Tenchebrai  over  Robert,  who  was  kept  in  captivity  unt  il 
his  death  (llo4).  He  was  twice  married  — first  to  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  to  Adela, 
or  Adeliza,  daught-er  of  Hodfrey  Vll.,  count  of  Louvain. 
His  only  son,  William  (born  of  the  first  marriage),  was 
drowned  lathe  White  Ship  in  the  Channel  in  1120. 

Henry  II.  Born  in  1133:  died  July  6,  1189. 
The  first  Mng  of  England  of  the  house  of  Anjou 
(Plantagenet),  1154-89,  son  of  Geoffrey  Plan- 
tagenet,  count  of  Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter 
of  Henry  X.  He  claimed  the  English  throne  in  right  of 
!iis  mother,  who  had  been  deprived  of  the  succession  by 


Stephen  of  Blois.     In  1153  he"  was  nilopted  by  Stephen  as 
;■  by  the  treaty  of  Wallingfordfand  acceded  to 


his  successor  1 


494 

the  throne  on  Stephen's  death,  Oct.  25,  1154.  His  posses- 
sions outside  of  England  included  Normandy  and  the 
suzerainty  uf  Brittany,  inherited  from  the  Norman  kings  ; 
Anjou  and  Maine,  inherited  from  his  father;  and  Poitou, 
Guienne.  and  Gascony,  acfiuii^tl  by  m;irriage  with  Elea- 
nor of  Aquitaine  (U52).  He  compelled  Malcolm  of  Scot- 
land to  restore  the  English  counties  of  Northumberland, 
Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland,  granted  to  Malcolms 
father  by  Stephen,  and  to  do  homage  for  the  Scottish 
crown  (1157);  reduced  the  Welsh  to  obedience  in  3  expe- 
ditions (1158,  1163,  and  1165);  and  conquered  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Ireland  (1171).  He  consolidated  and  cen- 
tralized the  royal  authority  by  the  institution  of  fiscal, 
judiL-ial,  and  military  reforms,  the  chief  of  which  were  the 
improvement  of  the  coinage  (1158),  the  assignment  of  reg- 
ular circuits  to  itinerant  justices,  the  great  assize  or  trial 
by  a  jury  of  twelve  knights  (which  superseded  the  old 
modesof  trial  by  battle  and  by  compurgation),  the  comnui- 
tation  of  personal  military  service  for  a  money  payment  or 
scutage  (1153),  the  revival  of  the  ancient  fyrd  or  national 
militiaby  the  assize  of  arms  (1181),  and  the  extension  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  secular  courts  to  clerical  offenders  by  the 
Constitutions  of  Clarendon  (1164).  His  reforms  were  ve- 
hemently opposed  by  Thomas  Becket,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, in  so  far  as  they  related  to  the  church,  although 
after  the  unauthorized  murder  of  the  archbishop  by  four 
of  Henry's  knights  (Dec.  29, 1170),  and  Henry's  consequent 
penance  at  Becket's  shrine  in  July,  1174,  he  vu'tually  car- 
ried his  point.  In  the  last  year  of  his  reign  a  rebellion 
broke  out  under  his  sons  Richard  and  John,  assisted  by 
Philip  of  France,  during  which  he  died. 

Henry  III,  (of  "Winchester).  Bom  at  "Winches- 
ter, Oct.  1, 1207 :  died  at  "Westminster,  Nov.  16. 
1272.  King  of  England  1216-72,  son  of  John 
and  Isabella  of  Angonleme.  He  succeeded  at  the 
age  of  9  years,  under  the  regency  of  William  Marshal,  earl 
of  Pembroke.  His  title  was  disputed  by  Louis,  son  of 
Philip  of  France,  who  had  been  chosen  king  by  the  bar- 
ons opposed  to  John.  The  regent  defeated  Louis's  army 
at  Lincoln  May  20,  1'217,  and  compelled  hiiu  to  abandon 
his  claim  to  the  crown  after  having  suffered  theloss  of  his 
reinforcements  in  a  naval  battle  off  Dover,  Aug.  24.  1217. 
After  the  death  of  Pembroke  in  12l;>,  the  government  was 
carried  on  by  the  justiciiuy  Hubert  de  Burgh,  supported 
by  Stephen  Langton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  until  1232, 
when  Henry  personally  assumed  the  direction  of  affairs. 
He  married  Eleanor  of  Provence,  Jan.  14,  1236.  Of  the 
Prench  possessions  of  his  house,  he  retained  only  Aquitaine 
and  Gascony.  His  misgovernment  and  the  favoritism 
which  he  showed  toward  foreigners  provoked  arising  of 
the  barons,  who  compelled  him  to  accept  the  Provisions 
of  Oxford  in  1258,  whereby  a  series  of  reforms  were  carried 
out  by  a  commission  of  24  barons.  Henrj'  subsequently 
repudiated  the  Provisions  of  Oxford,  whereupon  the  bar- 
ons arose  in  arms  under  Simon  de  Montfort,  and  defeated 
the  king  at  the  battle  of  Lewes  May  14,  1264.  He  was  kept 
a  virtual  prisoner  by  Jlontfort  until  the  battleof  Evesham, 
Aug.  4, 12G5,  when  he  was  rescued  by  his  son  Edward. 

Henry  IV.  Born  at  the  castle  of  BoUngbroke, 
near  Spilsby,  Lincolnshire,  April  3,  1367:  died 
at  "Westminster,  March  20, 1413.  The  first  king 
of  Ensrlandof  the  house  of  Lancaster,  1399-1413, 
son  of  John  of  Gaunt  (foiu'th  son  of  Edward 
III. )  and  Blanche,  heiress  of  Lancaster.  He  was 
banished  by  Richard  IL  in  1398,  succeeded  his  father  as 
duke  of  Lancaster  in  1399,  and  in  the  same  yeai"  returned 
to  England  and  cajitured  and  imprisoned  Richard,  who 
was  deposed  hy  Parliament  at  London  Sept.  30,  1399.  He 
put  down  a  serious  rising  under  Harry  Percy  (Hotspur)  at 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  July  21, 1403,  in  which  Percy  was 
kUled. 

Henry  V,  (of  Monmouth).  Born  at  Monmouth, 
probably  Aug.  9,  1387:  died  at  Vincennes,  Aug. 
31, 1422.  King  of  England  1413-22,  son  of  Henry 
I"V.  and  Mary,  daughter  of  Humphrey  de  Bohim, 
earl  of  Hereford.  He  is  said  on  doubtful  authority  to 
have  been  wild  and  dissolute  in  his  youth,  and  is  so  repre- 
sented by  Shakspere.  As  king  he  was  able,  energetic,  and 
brave.  He  invaded  France  in  1415;  gained  the  brilliant 
victory  of  Agincourt  Oct.  25,  1415  ;  married  Catharine  of 
France  June  2,  1420;  and  concluded  the  peace  of  Troyes 
Hay  21,  1420,  by  which  he  was  accepted  by  the  French  as 
regent  and  heir  of  France. 

Henry  VI.  (of  "Windsor).  Born  at  "Windsor, 
Dee.  6,  1421:  died  at  London,  May  21,  1471. 
King  of  England  1422-61,  son  of  Henry  V.  and 
Catharine  of  France.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne 
at  the  age  of  not  quite  9  months,  under  the  protectorsliip 
of  his  uncle  John,  duke  of  Bedford,  the  protectorship  Iie- 
ing  exercised  by  Bedford's  brother  Humphrey,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  during  Bedford's  absence  as  regent  in  France. 
He  was  crowned  king  of  France  at  Paris  Dec.  16,  1431,  in 
accordance  with  tlie  peace  of  Troyes  (see  Henry  V.\  but 
by  1453  had  lost  all  his  possessions  in  France,  except  Calais, 
in  consequence  of  the  successes  of  Joan  of  Arc  and  Charles 
VII.  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Ren6,  titular 
king  of  JS'aples  and  Jerusalem,  April  22,  1445.  In  1453  he 
was  stricken  with  insamty,  and  a  contest  for  the  regency 
ensued  between  (^u-cii  Margaret  (supported  by  the  Duke 
of  Somerset)  and  Kithard,  duke  of  York.  The  Duke  of 
York  prevailed,  but  tell  into  disgrace  on  the  recovery  of 
Henry  in  1454.  He  thereupon  advanced  claims  to  the 
throneas  the  descendant  of  Lionel,  elder  brother  of  Henry's 
ancestor,  John  of  Gaunt,  both  of  whom  were  sons  of  Ed- 
ward ni.  War  broke  out  in  1455  (see  Wars  of  the  Roses, 
and  Edward  IV.),  and,  after  many  fluctuations  of  fortune, 
Henry  was  deposed  by  York's  son.who  was  proclaimed  king 
as  Edward  IV.,  March  4, 14C1.  A  rising  under  the  Earl  of 
Warwick  against  Edward  in  1470  restored  Henry,  who  liad 
been  imprisoned  since  1465  :  but  he  was  recaptured  in  tlie 
same  year,  and,  after  the  final  defeat  of  his  party  at  the 
battles  of  Barnet  and  Tewkesbury,  was  murdered,  it  is  said, 
in  the  Tower  of  London. 

Henry  VII,  Bom  at  Pembroke  Castle.  Jan.  28, 
14ri7:  died  at  Richmond,  April  21,  1509.  The 
fii'st  king  of  England  of  the  house  of  Tudor, 


Henry  III.j^ 

1485-1509,  son  of  Edmund  Tudor,  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, and  Margaret  Beaufort,  through  whom 
he  traced  his  descent  from  John  of  Gaunt,  son 
of  Edward  lU.  He  became  head  of  the  house  of  Lan- 
caster on  the  death  of  Henry  VI.  in  the  Tower  of  London- 
in  1471,  and,  as  an  object  of  jealousy  to  the  kings  of  the 
house  of  York,  spent  the  years  from  1471  to  1485  in  exil^ 
chiefly  in  Brittany.  In  1485  he  effected  a  landing  in  Eng- 
land, and,  having  gained  the  victory  of  Bosworth  Field^ 
Aug.  22, 1485,  in  which  Richard  III.  fell,  was  crowned  king: 
Oct.  30,  1485.  He  married  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of 
Edward  IV.,  Jan.  18,  1486,  whereby  he  united  in  his  own 
person  the  titles  of  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and  York.  He 
defeated  the  impostor  Lambert  Sinmel  (who  personated 
the  Earl  of  Warwick)  at  Stoke-upon-Trent  June  16, 1487, 
and  Nov,  23, 1499,  executed  the  pretender  Perkin  Warbeck^ 
who  personated  the  Duke  of  York.  Lord  Daubeney  de- 
feated the  rebel  Thomas  Flammock  at  Blackheath  June  17, 
1497.  Henry  married  his  son  Arthur  to  Catharine  of  Ara- 
gon Nov.  14,  1501,  and  his  eldest  d:iughter  Margaret  to 
James  IV.  of  Scotland  in  1502.  The  Statute  of  Drogheda,. 
or  Poynings's  Law,  was  passed  in  1494,  and  the  Cabots  dis- 
covered North  America  in  1497.  Henry's  distinguishing 
characteristic  was  his  avarice.  He  accumulated  a  fortune 
of  £2,000,000,  being  aided  in  his  extortions  by  his  agents 
Empson  and  Dudley. 

Henry  VIII.  Born  at  Greenwich,  June  28, 1491: 
diedat  Westminster,  Jan. 28, 1547.  King  of  Eng- 
land 1509-47,  son  of  Henry  Vll,  and  Elizabeth 
of  York.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his- 
fither  April  21,  1509,  and  June  11,  1509,  married  Catharine 
of  Aragon,  widow  of  his  brother  Arthur.  He  joined  the 
Holy  League  (which  see)  against  France  in  1511.  In  1513- 
he  took  personal  charge  of  the  war  in  France,  and  gained 
with  the  emperor  Mjiximilian  the  victory  of  Guinegate 
(called  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs),  Aug.  l(i,  1513.  During  his- 
absence  James  IV.  of  Scotland  made  war  on  England  in 
favor  of  France,  and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Flodden 
Sept.  9,  1513.  He  made  his  favorite  Cardinal  Wolsey  lord 
chancellor  in  1515,  and  in  June,  1520,  met  Francis  I.  of 
France  near  Calais  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.  In 
1521  he  wrote  the  "'Assertio  Septem  Sacramentorum "" 
against  Luther,  which  procured  for  him  the  title  of  De- 
fender of  the  Faith  from  Pol)e  Leo  X.  Aftei'  the  capture- 
of  Francis  by  the  Imperialists  at  Pavia,  he  concluded  an 
alliance  with  France  as  a  counterpoise  against  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  (Aug.  30. 1525).  In  1527  he  instituted  proceed- 
ings for  a  divorce  from  Catharine,  alleging  the  invalidity 
of  maniage  with  a  deceased  brother's  wife,  although  a 
papal  dispensation  had  been  properly  granted.  Enraged 
at  Wolsey's  failure  to  obtain  a  decree  for  the  divorce  from 
the  Pope,  he  dismissed  him  from  the  chancellorship,  and 
bestowed  it  on  Sir  Thomas  More  (1529).  At  the  instance  of 
Cranmer,  he  obtained  opinions  from  English  and  foreign 
universities declaiingtheinvaiidityof  the  marriage  andthe 
incompetency  of  the  Pope  to  grant  a  dispensation,  where- 
upon he  secretly  married  Anne  Boleyn  (Jan.  25, 1533),  while 
Cranmer  (who  had  lieen  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  1532)  declared  the  marriage  with  Catharine  void  (May 
23,  1533),  and  that  with  Anne  Boleyn  valid  (May  28,  153:i). 
In  1534,  in  consequence  of  the  refusal  of  the  Pope  to  grant 
the  divorce,  he  procured  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  Su- 
premacy, wliich  severed  the  connection  of  the  English 
chiu'ch  with  Home  and  appointed  the  king  and  his  suc- 
cessors protector  and  only  supreme  head  of  the  church, 
and  clergy  of  England.  He  executed  More  July  0,  1535, 
for  refusing  to  acknowledge  the  royal  supremacy.  At  tlie 
instance  of  his  new  adviser  Thomas  Cromwell,  who  was 
made  vicar-general  or  vicegerent  of  the  king  in  matters 
ecclesiastical  in  1535,  he  first  suppressed  the  smaller  (153ti> 
and  afterward  (1539)  the  larger  monasteries,  whose  prop- 
erty was  confiscated.  He  beheaded  Anne  Boleyn  on  the 
chai-ge  of  adultery  Slay  19,  1536.  He  married  Jane  Sey- 
mour May  20,  1530 (she  died  Oct.  24, 1537).  In  1539  he  pro- 
cured the  enactment  of  the  Statute  of  Sis  Articles  (which 
see).  He  married  Anne  of  Cleves  Jan.  6, 1540.  A  divorce 
and  the  execution  of  Cromwell  followed  in  the  same  year, 
as  well  as  a  marriage  with  Catharine  Howard,  who  was- 
sent  to  the  block  on  the  charge  of  adultery  Feb.  12,  1542. 
He  married  Catharine  Parr  July  12,  1543. 

Henry  IX.,  King  of  England.  A  title  assumed 
by  Cardinal  York  after  the  death  of  his  brother^ 
the  "Young  Pretender." 

Henry  I.  Bom  about  1011 :  died  Aug.  4,  1060. 
King  of  France  1031-60,  son  of  Robert  II. 

Henry II.  BornatSt.-Germain-eu-Lave,Francey 
Mareh31,1519:  died  at  Paris,  July  I0,i559.  King 
of  France  1547-59,  son  of  Francis  I.  He  married 
Catharine  de'  Medici  in  1533 ;  conquered  the  bishoprics  of 
Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun  from  Germany  in  1652 ;  captured 
Calais  and  Guines,  the  last  English  possessions  in  France, 
in  1558 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  a  tournament  in 
honor  of  the  marriage  of  his  daughter  Elizabeth  with 
Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

Henry  III.  Born  at  Fontainebleau,  France,. 
Sept.  19,  1551:  died  at  St.-Cloud,  Paris,  Aug. 
2,  1589.  King  of  France  1574-89,  third  son  of 
Heury  II.  and  Catharine  de'  Medici.  He  was,  while 
prince,  styled  Due  d'Anjou ;  defeated  the  Huguenots  at  Jar- 
nac  and  Moncontour  in  1569;  was  elected  king  of  Poland 
in  1573 ;  and  succeeded  his  brother  Charles  IX.  as  king  of 
France  in  1574.  He  sought  to  maintain  a  balance  of  power 
between  the  Huguenots  and  tlie  Koman  Catholics,  but  the 
favorable  peace  which  he  granted  to  the  former  in  1576 
(the  paix  de  monsieur)  occasioned  the  formation  of  the 
Holy  League  by  the  Koman  Catholice  under  Henry,  duke 
of  Guise,  and  compelled  him  to  take  sides  with  the  Koman 
Catholic  party.  The  death  of  his  brother,  the  Due  d'Alen- 
9on.  in  1584.  caused  the  question  of  the  succession  to  as- 
sume importance,  as  it  left  Henry  of  Navarre,  the  head  of 
the  Huguenot  party,  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne.  The 
Holy  League  proclaimed  the  cardinal  Charles  de  Bourbon 
heir  presumptive,  which  brought  on  a  renewal  of  the  war 
with  the  Huguenots  in  1585.  The  victory  of  Henry  of  Na- 
varre at  Coutras,  Oct.  20. 1587,  was  followed  by  a  conspir- 
acy of  the  leading  members  of  the  League  to  depose  the 
king,  whose  sincerity  was  mistrusted.    Henry  caused  the 


t 


495 


Henshaw 


«,a89iT,atIon  of  the  Duke  of  Guise  and  Im  brother,  Ix.uis     died  at  Pan,  France,  May  25. 1555.  Titular  king  Henry  ^f^I;  pj j;;;^';"'^ave?eft^ It  unfhiished, 
■i"'^"™!;,.  .„,ii„ni  de  cuise.  i,ut  was  foiced  to  take     „f  N,,  vaive.     He  was  an  unsuccessful  claimant     H>^'^^^*^  beii.K  bv  Fletcher  and  SlassiuKer.  It  ia 


•^Z'ZT  cL-";u,,a1T  ourse,"fiut'-w-^"fmcea"t,rta-ke     ofNava'rre:'    He  waV  an  unsuccessful  claimant 

refuuewithHenryol  Navarre,  in  whose  canip  at  St. -Cloua     ,„,)„,  (iirone  iu  1521.  „  ,„ 

H^n^Iv'^toratg^u'Sre  DerU(13n.  Henry  III.,  King  of  Navarre.     See  Be.ry  IV., 

iT^Jf  diei  at  Paris  May  H  (13?),  1610.     King  g^^"^' Vboh,- at  Lisbon,  Jan.  31.  1512:  died 
1  of  France  1589-1610,  son  of  Antome  de  Bour-  Henry  1^    l^  >  ^ -.^p 

bou  king  of  Navarre,  and  Jeanne  d'Albret.    Ue  .i-^^"      S:'""  i".  .     .  _>  c.  rr..... 

'  ,.^   . J    ,.*   *K^   U>ir.i...ni^f    narfi-  (in    the   ilea 

became 
the  I'rii 
Navarre 
Cliarl 
the  I 
»th 

left 

da'lmeTthe7a''rdi"ir!a"c'lmrfe8  de  "Bourbon  heir  presuinp- 
ilve  War  broke  out  in  con^eiiuence  in  1585.  The  car- 
di'ial  was  proclaimed  king  under  the  title  of  Charles  X.  by 
the  Leacae  on  the  death  of  Il.iiry  III.  in  158'1 ;  but  after 
defeating  the  Leaguers  utidei'  ll,e  Duke  of  Ma.venne  at 
Im  March  14,  l.nlW,  and  embia.ing  the  Roman  Cathohc 
religion  at  St.  Denis,  Jidy  2:..  l.i:>:i,  Henry  secured  the  gen- 
eral recognition  of  the  Roman  i  atholics,  and  was  crowned 
atChartrcs,  Feb.  -27,  1594,  although  the  war  was  stdl  con- 
tinued  by  the  League  in  alliance  with  Spain.  He  published 
the  Edict  of  Nantes  (which  see)  .April  13,  169S  and  con- 
cluded the  peace  of  Vervins  with  Spain  and  the  League 

tlUUVM    ...      t  ,..,n...i  VVo,-n  nf  thn  HntrllH- 


founded  on  Uolinshed's  "  Chronicle    and  lo>^  s  "  Christ  an 
Slaityrs,"  and  was  produced  in  1613.    As  we  have  it,  it  is 
not  the  play  of  that  name  that  was  being  acted  when  the 
Globe  Thi  aire  w;i3  burned  in  the  same  year.  _ 
Henry  Joseph.    Born  at  Albany,  N.l.,  Deo.  17, 


Bojador  in  1433,  discovered  Madeira,  tho  Azores, 
tbe  Senegal,  etc.  .^    __..,.  i.  tt»j^ 

Henry  Prince  of  Prussia  (G.  Fnedncn  Hem- 
rich  iudwig).  Born  at  Berlin.  Jan.  1^; J  '-^': 
died  at  Hheinsberg,  Prussia,  Aug.  3,  1^0  A 
Prussian  general,  brother  of  Frederu'k  the 
Great,  distinguished  in  the  Seven  Years  \\ar. 
especially  at  Prague  in  1757,  and  Freiberg  in 

iis'ti^5as^s"eU;Tt'i;'e%^^^^^^^^^^ 

„o*l    Uewas  assassinated  by  the  Roman  Cath.dic  fanatic     jj^veusburg,  Wurtemberg,  1129 :  died  at  Bruns- 
Ravaillac.  .      .,     ,,        ,   t.      wick,  Germaiiv,  Aug.  6, 1195.     Duke  of  Saxony 

aiid  Bavaria.  He  succeeded  as  duke  of  Saxony  in  1139 : 
received  Bavaria  in  1155  ;  was  deposed  and  his  dominions 
divided  in  1180;  and  submitted  to  the  emperor  mllM. 
Henry  of  Ghent.  Born  near  Ghent.  Be  giuni. 
probablv  about  1217:  died  atTouruay,  Be Iguini. 
1"93  -V scholastic philosopher,surnarae<l  'Doc- 
tor Solennis"  ('The  Illustrious  Doctor') 


Henrv  V      The  name  given  by  the  French  Le 
gitimiststotheComt'ideChambord.  SeeCTiam 

Henry  1..  surnamed  "  The  Fowler."  Born  876 : 
died  at  Memleben  on  the  Unsti-ut,  Prussian 
Saxonv,  July  2,  936.  King  of  Germany  919-9.1(j. 
son  of  Otto,  duke  of  Saxony     He  was  elected  king     t,)r  Solennis"  ('  TUe  luusirious  j^uc.uc  ;.  „^„,  „H-mbcr  ot  ti„-  .oniinemai  ^ 

i"  the  inroads  of  the  Hungarians,  whom  he  defeated     1110. 
(probably  on  the  Unstrut)  in  933.  ^n-i 

Henry  II  Saint.  Born  in  Bavaria,  May  b,  9  /  L 
(973  f)  •  died  at  Grona,  near  Gottingen,  Prussia, 
Julvl3  1024.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire, son  of  Henry  the  Quarrelsome  of  Bavaria 

lie  s  icci-eded  Otto  III.  as  king  of  Germany  in  1002,  and 

" „  c, owned  emperor  in  1014.     He  made  two  expeditions 

to  itidv  against  Arduin,  marquis  of  Ivrea,  who  had  been 

elected  khm  of  Lombardy  on  the  death  of  Otto.    Arduin 

was  overthrown  in  1013.        ,    „     ._  /-,  ^    oo    im?. 

Henry  III.,  "  The  Black."    Bom  Oct.  28, 1017: 

died  atBodfeld,in  the  Harz,  Germany,  Oct.  .), 

1056.   Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son 

of  Conrad  H.  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  ol 

Germany  in  1039.    He  curbed  the  power  of  the  feuda- 
tories, reduced  I'eter  of  Hungary  to  'h«  !>"'">""  "Vjh^^: 

ial  and  iluring  an  expedition  to  Rome  deposed  the  three 

^pe  "sv-lvester  III.,  Bene.lict  IX.,  and  Grego.7  \  L,  and 

|)upc3  ■  J",'-,='^^___.  ,'t    1 1,..,,.  1,„  ivns  crowned  emperor 


KiigliUid,  June  22,  1714.  An  English  biblical 
.•(imnicntalor,  son  of  Philip  Heniy.  Ho  became  a 
n.,nconf..rmiBt  minister  at  Chester  in  1«87,  and  in  1712  re- 
move.!  to  II;,.  kiiev.  His  chief  work  is  the  -Exposition of 
the  nld  aM.l  .New  Testament  "  (1708-10).  He  also  wrote 
•A  Method  fur  lTayer"(1710X  etc. 

Henry,  Patrick.  Born  at  btudley,  Hanover 
L\.untv,  Va.,  Mav  29,  1736:  died  at  Red  Hill, 
Charlotte  County,  Va.,  June  6,  1.9'l.  A  cele- 
brated American  orator  and  patriot.  He  was  the 
son  of  .lohii  Henr\ ,  a  Scotchman,  and  Sarah  V  inston,  a  de- 
scendant of  the  English  fainilyof  that  name  He  was  ad- 
mitted  to  the  bar  in  1700.  In  1765  he  entered  the  \  irginia 
House  <.f  Burgesses,  and  immediately  became  the  leader 
in  Virginia  of  the  political  agitation  which  preceded  the 
American  Revolution.  He  offered  a  series  <>'  re^"''  " 
declaring  the  Stamp  Act  unconstitutional.  May  29,  1(65, 
ami  in  May.  1773,  was  associated  with  Thomas  JeBerson 
R.  H  Lee  and  Dabnev  Carr  in  procuring  the  passage  of 
the  r,'-..luti..n  estid.lisidng  a  committee  of  correspondence 
for  inteic.urse  with  the  other  colonies.  He  was_a  promi- 
nent member  .if  til.'  Continental  Congress  of  17.4.  and  ot 
wasgoveniorof  \irginia 

ano  i.M^j...  ».."  ...  ■■•'^  -as  a  member  of  the  Rati- 
fyingCiuiventi.)n,where  he  acted  with  the  Anti-Federalists. 

Henry,  Philip.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  24, 1631 : 
died  at  Br..ad  Oak,  Flintshire,  June  24.  1696. 
An  English  nonconformist  divnne.  His  diariea 
were  published  in  1882. 

Henry.  Robert.  Born  at  Muirton  Stirling- 
shin'V.l).  18,1718:  dicdatEdlnburgh,^ov  24, 
1 7<)0  -V  Scott  ish  historian,  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory ..f  Knglmid  "  (1771-93).  , 

Henry  and  Emma.  A  poem  by  Pnor  upon  the 
,,H„I,  1  „r  llieold  ballad  "The  Nut  Brown  Maid. 

'-  tting 
trot- 


At  the  request  of  Alexander,  bishop  of  Lincoln  from 
u4  to  1147  (llio.  A  "■'''"■.  Prolnu.),  he  undertook  an  Eng- 
lish history  billowing  liede  by  the  bishops  advice,  and 
ex  rictiig'frmn  other  chroniclers.  Tlie  tlrst  editi..t,  of 
this  workNvas  carried  down  to  1129,  and  he  i':""'"  ";;  ,  ' 
add  to  it  at  various  times,  the  last  edi  ion  being  b i..iiMi 
down  to  1154,  the  year  of  Stephen's  death,  which  cul.l  n., 
ong  have  preceded  his  own,  as  we  And  a  new  arclule  cm. 
of  Huntingdon  in  1166.  The  early  portion  of  Henry  s  s- 
t„rin  Anu-lorum  "  is  taken  from  the  usual  sources,  the    11 1>- 

;,n<l  tradition  (as  in  the  story  of  Cnut  and  the  sea)  an.l     ^(..nfo,,^  ,ife  founder  of  the  Clay  family  ol  tn 
partlyfrom  his  own  invention.    After  112.  he  is  proi.aniy      ^^^^      ^^^  ^  _^  |^^_  Andrew  Jackson,  by  Grand  Bashaw 


!;?Ci;^a;:^dhir;,a,:;;.ll^-i^wriUencon^mp.,™.e,.^^ 
with  the  events  he  describes.  U'd-  ->"'■  '''"'J- 

Henry  of  Lancaster.  Born  about  1299 :  died  at 
Leicester,  May  13. 13G1.  An  English  noble,  son 
of  Heniy  ear? of  Lancaster  {1281(n-1345).   n- 


appointed  ( 


»t« Til  Ben."  lict  IX.,  and  GregoiT  VI.,  and  of  Henry,  earl  ot  l.ancasier  ^':-^'',^^'r '■""'• 
'ement  il..  by  w  on.  he  was  crowned  emperor  eommandeA  under  Edward  III.  '"  X' u"^der  F.t^a, 
len.ciio  i...    1       ,....„,,  ,h„  i.nnerial  nowcr  to     „,„„f„,i  onrl  .,f  Derby  in  1337  ;  fought  under  fciiwa; 


created  earl  f  Derby  in  1337  ;  fought  under  E.lward  at 
Vh-onfosse;  took  pan  in  tho  sea-light  betore  sluys;  was 
appo  nt'ed  captain-general  in  Scotland  in  i:«l :  and  was 
J^Ltena„tandcaptain.,fA,,u■t.■,.eMay,l.«5,-^^ 

ing 


ng  many  other  sucecss.'s.  In  1349  he  was  created  earl  j^.j,, .  .ij^.^i  j.^oliably  before  bv 
,t  Lincoln,  ami  appointed  vice-regent  »  '''"';"•:  '/„f„^,','^  Scottish  poet.  He  wrote  "Sch.xd 
.ony  aiid_of  thed.ichy  of  I'".''"'  •  .  I"  If  , ''?,.:;''?''-,' n,^     line. restament  ,if  Cresseid  "  (a_sor 


o„  ZSlni^s  S^'lii^.  'ie  r;^sei  ii^ilnperial  power  to 
its  highest  point.  „      ,         -r.  ■       x'   „    11 

Henry  IVT  Bom  at  Goslar,  r™ss_ia  ^ov  11, 
m.-.nr  died  atLifege,  Belgium,  Aug.  i.  1106  Em- 
peror of  the  HolV  Roman  Empire,  son  of  Henrj 
UI  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Germany  in 
l((.-.fi.  The  principal  oceurrenc;e  of  his  reign  was  the 
atruKgle  with  Hndcbraiid  (see  Gregrm)  VII\  ,""."" 
:Sed  emperor  in  1084  '^y  aem-tlJI-iyhoniheh^d  ele- 
vated  to  the  papal  see  in  opposition  '"."^K"!^',-  ""lif 
dpith  nf  Gregory  in  1085,  h  s  purtizans  elected  Vlct<ir  111.,      ,- -    -    

SiiLMrviniSna.iet  ii.weyrediti.."t..it.dytopr(3tect  Henry of Lausanne : -■ r-r-w-     ■*■ 

n™"n".:''in'm.'i  bis  .,n  .  ....r'ad  rebelled  a^ainst^hi,.,   "^^y^Renry  the  DeacoH,  Henry  the  permit. 

having  allH-.l  himself  with  the  P»P^>  P;":'>-,i.Vwi'sfj  e^  oto.  bled  about  1 148.  A  Fr..iich  i  luerant  prra.'h- 
llJiiS  l^i^h'ihe'J.;^'^;:  21-  ^^^il;^  impri^!ed  er  and  religious  reformer,  founder  of  .he  sec,  ,  d 
his  father.  .    .      .    -,.  tlie  lleiiri.Jiin 

♦  Henry  V.    Born  In 

Netherlands,  May  ! 

Holy  K"ma"  Empire,  son  of  Henry  IV- """""     ?!"' '?,';''?,,'':':/''^V|'r,'',::,,;;;,/;iV,T.;;unic.;v^^^^^ 


duke  of  Lancaster,  and  ma.le  .apUiin  and  admiral  o  he 
western  licet.  He  was  engage.l  in  numen.us  military  op- 
erations and  In  diplomatic  missions.  Am,.ng  hiseolitem. 
TH.raries  h.'  was  fani.ius  as  a  in..dcl  of  knighthood. 

iilso  called  HenrypfClu 


party,  and  foi  a  time  imprisoned     er  and  religious  reformer,  lounaer  or  ine  sec,  .., 

1h(.  lleiiriciiiiis.  .  ,     ,    ,       n  i.>n 

n   1081:  died  at  Nimvvegen.  ggnry  of  MarlboroUgh.  Flourished  about  14.U. 

23     112.').     Emperor  of   t)ie      ^\„  i.;„,,lis|i  ihronii-l.-r.     He  was  a  chaplain  In  Dublin, 

ire,'  son  of  Henry  IV.  wll..m  ,  heW  the  vicar,M.cs  of   Balscaddan  ,o^  ^.K,„aU,e  ill 


ters.     He  was  bv  Andrew  Jackson,  by  Grand  Bashaw,  a 

siinnose.l  Arabian  imp.irted  from  Algiers.  . 

Henry  Esmond  ( hen'ri  ez'mond).     A  novel  by 

Thnck.rav.  published  in  1852.    The  scene  is  laid 

hi  the  time  ..f  Duccn  Anne.    The  book  is  a  reproduction  of 

lie  manners,  t  louglits,  and  litera.7  style  which  preva  le.l 

Ei^l"  ml  at  ll.at*^pc-?iod.     Henry  Esmond,   he  pri.ie.pal 

c liaracter,  is  a  brave,  polished,  true,  and  loyal  gentleman. 

a  in™  t  to.,  self  sacrincing.     He  loves  Beatrll  Esmond,  but 

linaily-niarrieshcrniother.LadyOastlewood.   See i.iii«i<l. 

''""'"''  Eobert.     Born  about 

fidO  (Morley).     A 
_  .niaster  of  Dunferm- 

line "  "fesVamelit  ,jf  CresVeid  "  (a  sort  of  sequel  to  Chau- 

Mous  ■  ("  The  Count.7  Mouse  and  the  t  ".;>"»"  )•  "'» 
c.llected  works  were  edited  by  D.  l-aiiig  (1M15). 

Henry  the  Minstrel.  ^ See  Ha>-r,j.  BUnd. 

Henschel  <l.i  ..slnl).  Qeorg.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Feb.  18,  l.s.'.it.  .\.  niiisical  pertomier  and  con- 
diud  or.  'lie  has  a  barytone  voice,  an.lhas  minle  a  rcputo- 

tlou  as  a  concert-singer.  He  ■"'^V''' V'Vo-'-  Tn'',\,'si  e 
was  also  a  singer.  He  went  toEnglamI  in  IS. ,.  In  ls.sl  he 
was  nl...b.t.■.l.■..ndnet,.r..(tl..•lt..st..ns,ml.l..mvll^ches- 
tr       In  1SS5  he  organlied  the  Loii.loii  Symphony  Concena, 


kmgorGerl^riryiViiTgO.   Having  inherited  the  king-  gg^^^Jy""  '\  |,t!lorical  Jihiy  by  Shakspere,  acted 
donioftheTwoSi.rtle8throughhlswl(eCon9tanceliillsii,  Iienry  _v  •    .         ,  ,^.,,,,    >^.,  ; ^^^  ,  ^,^^  ,^_^_.„  ,^,„„ 


he  un,ie?t«ok  an  expedition  in  Italy  in  "»1  "  f:-;;;;'-',  ,'^ 
Inheritance  fnnn  the  usurper  Tanc.ed  of  L  ece        it  «  as 
compelled  to  retire  to  Germany  in  the  »»™-=  >'      "Y^; 
unsi  cecasful  siege  of  Naples.     Du._liig  th  s  eM  c.llti.,..  1 1.^ 
was  erowne.i  emperor  at  Rome.     He  subdue.l  the  ,s  cl  le» 
:,'two"Sc,|ueiflexpe.iitions(llfl4  and  1197)  a^^^^^ 
ne  was  about  t«  un.lerlake  a  crusade  to  the  H.ily  Uind. 
Henrv  VII.    Born  1202  :  died  at  Buon.'onvonto 
,u.a"sHMiH,  Italy,  Aug.  U,  1313      K,iiper.,r  o 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  the  (ount  ol 
Luxemburg:  he  succeeded  Albert  L  as  (.(.riiiaii 
king  in  1308.      He  granted  the  Swiss  cantons  docu- 
montnry  conllrmatloii  of  their  immediate  feudal  relation 
to  Ihe  empire,  and   their  con8e,,.umt  Independence  of 
Austria,  in  1309.    He  was  crowned  emperor  In  l.tlu. 
Henry  I.    Died  in  July,  1274.    King  of  Navarre 

Henry  IL  Born  at  Sanguesa,  Spain,  April,  1503 : 


in~irif)'r  Drilllcd  KilHI.  The  material  was  taken  from 
■■Tl.eVan...us  Victories  of  Henry  V.,"  and  with  the  two 
Iircvl.ius  plays  completes  a  tril.igy.  „..    „    . 

Henry  VI.  A  historical  play  in  J  parts.  The  (irit 
part  L«  acted  as  a  new  ..lay  In  IMK  V,,^"  "*;  ,''4^""> 
'written  in  lf*H-S9  by  sevem^  hands,  wl  h  »<1'»  '-;'»'  >  ™»^,- 
spere.     The  authors  have  bee.,  said  to  be.M"''^'"^,.,  ^  ," 


„os,T,  elder  sister  of  Felix  Mendelssohn,  and 
wife  (( let.  3,1829)  of  \V.  Heiisel.  a  I  '.ernian  paint- 
er Sill' publishi'il  several  bo.iks  of  songs. 
Hensel,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Trebbi.i.  l'j;''S8ia, 
.liilv  6  1794 :  .lied  at  Berlin,  Nov.  21.  IM.l.  A 
C.erman  hisl..rica1  imint.'r.  In  J  SJ8  I'e '•■■'■;"«« 
curt  painter.  He  married  tbe  sisl.-r  ol  Mem.els- 

.hii 


^S  „^^;r;i::':n.l'^"b:ir.;?:J:^.l;:%^^'y^^^i  H^nseltO.en'seU).  Adolf.  BornatS<0,wabach. 

,',,l^,;art    s  a   mns'ilp't  .,t  a  play  wlttcn  about  ir,S9  ami  ^ravaria   Mnv  12.  1814:  did  at  W  arn.bruiin,  S  - 

Ids  .ullnlf.i>4as"'lM,e|.Mrsirarl..ftbeC..ntci.l...,be.  1  )    1889.      A  noted  ii.'r.uan   pianist. 

wixt  the  two  K,.ii....is  Ib.uses  of  Vork  ami  I^";,-;""  ^•■■-   ,'  '?'.i'«\  ,';.,'',  ,„,u.  court  pianist  and  teacher  of  the   .,,. 


mostly  b>  " birlow.-,  wdth  touches  by  Shakspere.     These      ,^  ,  Mia,ll,.1ovyn.  C.inn 

Jfirce  pb.yswerc pb.ccl  by  He,.,l..g  ""•  *'»';^'''' '" ""^ """     „e„r  Fre.leinck,  Md.,  Jul} 
collected  edill.m  ot  Shakspere  s  plays  In  1023.  »l'" 


l„  i.cis  h,.  w.«  made  court  pianist  ami  icacmr  ..t  the  lin- 
,  ,    .,..  Jr^.  , .  SI    I'ctersl.urg      He  vlslle.1  England  111 

with  tb.'  .....dcrii  tr.-almeni  ..(  cxiciisi..!.-.. 

John  Prentiss  Kewley. 

lioini.  .ui.....e Conn.,  June  13,  1792:  died 

Jienr  Fre-lei-ick,  Md.,  July  19  (20  t),  18.V2.     .Vn 


flenshaw 

American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  became  rector  of  St.  Peter  s,  Baltimore,  in 
1817,  and  in  1843  became  bishop  of  Rhode  Island  and  rector 
of  Grace  Church,  Providence.  He  published  a  number  of 
theological  works,  including  a  volume  of  "Hymns  "  (5th 
ed.  1832). 

Henslow  (henz'lo),  John  Stevens.  Born  at  Ro- 
chester, England.  Feb.  6, 171)6:  diedatHiteham, 
Suffolk,  May  16, 1861.  An  English  botanist,  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy  at  Cambridge  1822-27,  and 
professor  of  botany  1827-61.  He  became  rector  of 
Hitcham  in  1837.  He  wrote  a  "  Catalogue  of  British  Plants ' 
(18"2J*),  "Principles  of  Descriptive  and  Physiological  Bot- 
any '(1S36),  "A  Dictionarj- of  Botanical  Terms  "(1857),  etc. 

Henslowe  (henz'lo).  Philip.  Died  in  IG16.  An 
English  theatiieal  manager.  He  beKun  life  as  ser- 
vant of  the  bailitf  of  Viscount  Montague,  whose  town  bouse 
was  in  Southwai'k.  Henslowe  took  care  of  the  property 
there,  and  gradually  made  money  and  bought  property. 
He  owned  the  Boar's  Head  and  other  inns.  In  lo^^o  he 
bought  land  on  the  Bankside,  and  in  1591  built  the  Rose 
Theatre  there.  In  1592  he  began  to  keep  the  accounts  of 
his  theatrical  ventures  in  his  "Diary."  In  it  he  gives  the 
dates  of  new  plays  and  the  amounts  he  paid  for  them.  This 
diarj'  is  of  ^Teat  value  to  students  of  the  drama.  In  1600 
he,  with  Alleyn,  built  the  Fortune  Theatre.  His  "  Diai-y  " 
was  edited  for  the  Shakspere  Society  (1841). 

Hentz  (heuts),  Mrs.  (Caroline  Lee  Whiting). 

Boru  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  1800:  died  at  Mari- 
auna,  Fla.jFeb.ll,  1856.  An  American  novelist. 
She  \\Tote  "Aunt  Patty's  Scrap-Bag"  (1846), 
^'The  Mob  Cap"  (1848). 

Henzada  fhen-za'dii).  A  district  in  the  Pegu 
division.  British  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  17° 
30'  N..  long. 95°  30'  E.  Area.  2. 298 square  miles. 
Popuhuion  (1891).  380.027. 

Hepburn  (hep'bern),  James,  fourth  Earl  of 
Both  well.  Born  about  1536:  died  1578.  A  Scot- 
tish noble,  husband  of  Mary  (Jueen  of  Scots.  He 
took  no  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  and  aided  Mary,  after 
that  event,  in  her  flight  from  Holyrood,  and  was  her  chief 
supporter.  He  was  the  principal  in  the  assassination  of 
Dariiley  ;  was  tried  for  the  mui'der,  under  circumstances 
which  made  his  conviction  practically  impossihle,  and  was 
acquitted.  On  April  24, 1567,  while  the  queen  was  return- 
ing to  Edinburgh,  she  was  met  by  Bothwell,  who,  with  a 
show  of  force,  carried  her  to  his  castle  of  Dunhar.  He 
obtained  a  divorce  from  his  wife  early  in  ifay,  and  mar- 
ried the  queen  soon  after  (IVI ay  15,  1567).  They  were  di- 
vnr,.t-d  in  1570.     He  became  a  pirate  and  died  insane. 

Hephaestion  (he-fes'ti-on).  [Gr.  ^U<paioTiL)iK'\ 
Lived  in  the  2d  centmy.  An  Alexandrian  gi-am- 
marian,  author  of  a  work  on  Greek  meters  (ed- 
ited by  Gaisford  ISiO). 

Hephaestion.  Died  at  Ecbatana.  325  or  324  b.  c, 
A  Macedonian  of  Pella.  the  intimate  friend  and 
companion  <^  Alexander  the  Great.  He  died  of 
fever  at  Ecbatana,  and  was  mourned  by  the  conqueror  with 
>.'xtr;iviit;aiit  demonstrations  of  grief. 

Hephaestus  (he-fes'tus).  [Gr.  "E(pai<JTog.'}  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  fire  and  metallic 
arts,  son  of  Zeus  and  Hera,  and  one  of  the  great 
Olj-mpians :  identified  by  the  Romans  "with  their 
Vulcan,  who  became  assimilated  to  him.  He  was 
the  creatorof  all  that  was  beautiful  and  mechanically  won- 
derful in  Olympus.  Volcanoes  were  held  to  be  his  smithy 
and  the  Cyclopes  were  his  journeymen.  Inart  he  was  rep- 
resented as  a  bearded  man,  usually  with  the  short  sleeve 
less  or  one-sleeved  tunic  {exomis)and  the  conical  cap,  and 
holding  the  smith's  hammer  and  tongs. 

Hephzibah  (hef'zi-ba).  [Heb.,  'my  delight  is 
in  her.']  The  wife  of  Hezekiah,  king  of  Judah  ; 
also,  a  name  to  be  given  to  the  restored  Jeru- 
salem (Isa,  Ixii,  4). 

Heppenheim  (hep'pen-him).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
16  miles  south  of  Darmstadt.  Near  it  is  the 
ruined  castle  of  Starkenburg. 

Heptameron  (hep-tam'e  ron).  [Irreg.  from  Gr. 
iTTTa,  seven,  and  ?/yipa/day.]  A  book  contain- 
ing the  transactions  of  seven  days.  The  "Hep- 
tameron" of  Margaret  of  AngoulSrae,  queen  of  Navarre 
(1492-1549),  is  a  collection  of  stories  supposed  to  have  been 
related  during  seven  days,  modeled  on  the  "Decameron  " 
of  Boccaccio. 

The  exact  authorship  of  this  celebrated  book  is  some- 
thing of  a  literary  puzzle.  Marguerite  was  a  prolific  au- 
thor, if  all  the  works  which  were  published  under  her  name 
be  unhesitatingly  ascribed  to  her.  Besides  the  poems 
printed  under  the  pretty  title  of  "  Les  Marguerites  de  la 
Marguerite,"  she  wrote  many  otlier  works,  and  the  **  Hep- 
tameron," which  was  not  given  to  the  world  until  after  her 
death  (155S).  The  house  of  Valois  was  by  no  means  des- 
titute of  literary  talent.  But  that  which  seems  most  likely 
to  be  the  Queens  genuine  work  hardly  con'esponds  with 
the  remarkable  power  shown  in  the  "Heptanienui."  On 
the  other  hand,  Marguerite  for  years  maintained  a  literary 
court,  in  which  all  the  most  celebrated  men  of  the  time, 
notably  Marot  and  Bonaventure  des  Periers,  held  places. 
If  it  were  allowable  to  decide  literary  questions  simply  by 
considerations  of  probability,  there  could  be  little  hesi- 
tation in  assigning  the  entire  "  Heptameron  "  to  Des  Pu- 
rlers himself,  and  then  its  unfinished  condition  would  be 
intelligible  enough.  The  general  opinion  of  critics,  how- 
ever, is  that  it  was  probably  the  result  of  the  joint  work  of 
the  Queen,  of  Des  Periers,  and  of  a  good  many  other  men, 
and  probably  some  women,  of  letters, 

Saintsbiiry,  French  Lit.,  p.  190. 

Heptanonus(hep-tan'o-mis).  [Gr.'E7rr«i'o///c.] 
In  ancient  geography^  the  part  of  Egypt  ex- 


496 

tending  from  about  lat.  27°  N.  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Delta  :  nearly  equivalent  to  Middle 
Egypt. 

The  Heptaoomis.  or  region  of  the  seven  provinces  or 
nomes,  the  northernmost  part,  is  far  broader  and  more 
productive  than  the  Thebais,  which  takes  its  name  from 
Thebes,  the  southernmost  district.  In  the  Ht-ptanuinis, 
about  seventy  miles  by  the  river  above  Cairo,  on  tlie  western 
bank,  stood  the  city  of  Hanes.  The  site  is  marked  by  the 
extensive  mounds  around  the  Arab  village  of  Ahnas-el* 
Medeeneh,  'Ahnas  the  capital,'  a  name  probably  preserv- 
ing the  i-emembrance  that  in  eai-lier  times  this  was  the 
chief  town  of  a  prorince.        Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  37. 

Heptarchy  (hep'tar-ki).  [From  Gr.  i-ra,  seven. 
iindapxii,  rule.]  A  name  formerly  loosely  given 
to  the  early  English  kingdoms  prior  to  theiv 
consolidation.  The  number  of  them,  however,  was  sel- 
dom exactly  seven,  and  their  union  or  confederation  was 
partial  and  temporary.  The  chief  kingdoms  were  Kent, 
Wessex,  Mercia,  East  Anglia,  Deira  and  Bemicia  (united 
as  Northumbria).  and  Sussex.     See  England. 

Heptateuch  (hep'ta-tiik).  [From  Gr.  t-irrd, 
seven,  and  Te'vxo^,  an  implement,  a  book. P  The 
first  seven  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  last 
two  (Joshua  and  Judges)  contain  the  history  of  the  Jews 
in  the  promised  land  under  the  theocratic  govt-rnment 
historically  developed  in  the  preceding  five  (the  Penta- 
teuch). 

Hepworth(liep'werth),  George  Hughes.  Bom 

at  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  4,  1833 :  died  at  New 
York,  June  7,  1902.  An  American  clergyman, 
lecturer,  and  writer.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  of 
the  Unity  in  Boston  I808-TO.  and  of  the  Church  of  the  Mes- 
siah in  New  York  city  1870-72,  when  lie  abandoned  the 
t'uitarian  and  entered  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  sub- 
sequently occupied  the  pulpit  of  tlie  Church  of  the  Disci- 
ples, and  eventuallv  accepted  an  appointment  on  the  New 
York  -Herald."  He  wrote  "The  Whip,  Hoe,  and  Sword" 
(1864),"  The  Criminal,  the  Crime,  the  Penalty  "  (1865),  etc. 

Hera,  or  Here  (he'ra,  -re).  [Gr.  "Hpa,  "Uprj.']  In 
Greek  mj-thology,  the  greatest  feminine  di\-in- 
ity  of  Olympus,  queen  of  heaven,  wife  and  sister 
of  Zeus,  and  inferior  in  power  to  him  alone. 
.She  was  the  type  of  virtuous  womanhood,  and  of  the  wife 
and  mother.  In  art  she  is  represented  as  a  majestic  wo- 
man, fully  clad  in  flowing  draperies,  characteristically 
with  a  crown  on  her  brow,  and  bearing  a  long  scepter.  By 
the  Romans  Hera  was  early  identitled  with  their  Juno,  ori- 
ginally a  distinct  di\inity ;  and  the  Latin  name  is  often  in- 
correctly given  to  the  Greek  goddess. 

Heraclea  (her-a-kle'a).  [Gv.'lliMKAeia.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  of  Magna  6ra?eia,  sit- 
uated near  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  about  lat. 
40°  10'  N..  long.  16°  41'  E.,  near  the  modern 
Policoro.  It  was  a  Tarentine  colony,  and  was  the  scene 
of  a  victory  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirns,  over  the  Romans 
iSO  B.  c. 

Heraclea,  sumamed  "Minoa"  (Gr.  M/iuo).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Sicily,  18  miles  west-northwest  of  Agrigen- 
tum. 

Heraclean  Tables  (her-a-kle'anta'blz),L.Tab- 
ulae  Heracleenses.  Two  fragmentary  bronze 
tablets  discovered  near  Heraclea  in  Mnu'naGra?- 
eia  about  the  middle  of  the  ISth  century,  and 
preserved  at  Naples.  They  contain  a  Latin  inscrip- 
tion (a  copy  of  the  "Lex  Julia  municipalis  "),  and  also  a 
nmch  earlier  Greek  inscription. 

Heraclea  Perinthus.    See  Periuthus. 

Heraclea  Pontica  (pon'ti-kii).  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  17'  N.,  long. 
31°  2,')'  E. :  the  modern  Bender  Erekli. 

Heraclea  Sintica  (sin'ti-ka).  In  ancient  ge- 
ographv,  a  town  in  Macedonia,  situated  about 
lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  23°  30'  E.:  the  modern 
Zeruokhori. 

Heraclea  Trachinia  (tra-kin'i-a).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  in  Mails,  Greece,  10  miles 
west  of  Thermopylaj :  a  Spartan  colony. 

Heracleidse.    See  Heradidx. 

HeracleitUS.     See  SeracUtus. 

Heracleonites  (he-rak'le-on-its).  The  follow- 
ers of  Heracleon,  a  Valentinian  Gnostic  of  the 
2d  century,  noted  as  a  commentator  on  the 
Gospel  of  John. 

Heracles.     See  Hercules. 

Heraclian  (he-rak'li-an).  Died  at  Carthage,  413 
.\.  D.  A  Roman  general.  He  assassinated  Stilicho 
in  40S  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor  Honorius,  for  which 
service  he  was  rewarded  with  the  office  of  count  of  Africa. 
He  remained  loyal  to  Honorius  during  the  usurpation  in 
409  and  410  of  .\ttalus,  the  creature  of  Alaric,  but  revolted 
in  413.  in  which  year  he  made  an  unsuccessful  invasion 
of  Italy.  He  was  killed  at  Carthage  by  emissaries  of  the 
emperor. 

Heraclidae  (her-a-kli'de).  [Gv.'l{paK?.ei6ai.'\  1. 
The  descendants  of  Heracles;  specifically,  in 
Greek  legend,  certain  Achsean  chiefs  claiming 
descent  fromHeracles, who  in  prehistoric  times 
joined  the  Dorian  migration  to  the  Peloponne- 
sus. The  sons  of  Heracles  were  said  to  have  been  ex- 
pelled from  their  heritage  in  the  Peloponnesus  by  Eurys- 
theus,  and  to  have  settled  in  Attica.  The  most  notable 
of  their  descendants  who  joined  the  Dorians  wereTeme- 


Herbert,  Oeorge 

nus,  who  in  ihe  partition  of  the  conquered  territories  oli- 
tained  Argos;  Proclus and  Eurysthenes,whoobtained  Lace, 
dffimon  ;  and  Cresphontes,  who  obtained  Messenia.  Tha 
invasion  of  the  Peloponnesus  by  the  Heraclidae  in  alliance 
with  the  Dorians  was  commonly  referred  to  as  the  returu 
of  the  Heraclidae. 

2.  A  tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  about  420 
B.  C.  "It  celebrates  the  honourable  conduct  of  Athens 
in  protecting  the  suppliant  children  of  Heracles,  and  lier 
victory  over  the  insolent  Argive  king  Eurj-sthens,  who  in- 
vades .\ttica  to  recover  the  fugitives.  The  play  was  ob- 
viously intended  as  a  political  document,  directed  against 
the  Ai-give  party  in  Athens  during  the  Peloponnesian  war.'* 
Mahajfy. 

Heraclitus  (her-a-kli'tus).  [Gr.  'ilpaK?j:iro^.] 
Born  at  Ephesus,  probably  about  535  B.  c. :  died 
there,  probably  about  475  B.  c.  A  celebrated 
•  treek  philosopher. 

Heraclitus.  An  elegiac  poet  of  Halieamassus, 
a  contemporary  and  friend  of  Callimachus. 

Heraclius  (her-a-kli'us).  Born  in  Cappadocia, 
Asia  Minor,  about  575 :  died  641.  Emperor  of 
the  East.  He  was  the  son  of  Heraclius,  governor  of 
Africa,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  the  result  of  a  con- 
spiracy between  his  father  and  Crispus,  the  son-in-law  of 
the  emperor  Phocas.  In  the  early  years  of  his  reign  the 
empire  was  terribly  ravaged  by  the  inroads  of  the  Avars 
and  the  Persians.  After  having  established  the  Croats  and 
the  Serbs  in  lUyricura  as  a  barrier  against  the  former  about 
620.  he  annihilated  the  power  of  the  latter  in  a  series  of 
brilliant  campaigns  622-628.  The  subsequent  yearsof  his 
reign  were  spent  in  an  inexplicable  inactivity,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  loss  of  Syria,  Palestine,  Mesopotamia,  and 
Egypt  to  the  califs. 

Heraclius  (a-ra-kle-iis').    A  play  by  Comeille. 

published  in  1647. 

Heras,  Juan  Gregorio  de  las.    See  Las  Herns. 

Herat  (her-af).  1.  A  territory  in  western  Af- 
ghanistan, bordering  on  Persia. —  2.  A  city  of 
Afghanistan,  situated  near  the  river  Heri-Rud, 
lat.  34°  22'  N. ,  long.  62°  9'  E.  it  is  a  place  of  strate- 
gic  and  military  importance,  defended  by  a  wall  and  earth- 
work, and  has  been  called  "the  key  of  India."  It  was  often 
captured  in  the  middle  ages  ;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged 
by  the  Persians  in  1.S37-3S,  and  taken  by  them  in  18.S6 ;  and 
was  taken  by  Dost  Mohammed  in  IStlS,  and  by  Abdurrah- 
man Khan  in  18S1.  It  has  undergone  over  .50  sieges.  It 
is  the  center  of  a  very  fertile  district,  and  is  a  natural 
emporium  of  trade.     Population,  about  30,000, 

Herault  (a-ro').  1.  A  river  in  southern  France. 
llowing  into  the  MediteiTaneau  31  miles  south- 
west of  MontpelUer.  Length,  about  100  miles. 
—  2.  A  department  of  southern  France.  Capi- 
tal, Montpellier.  it  is  bounded  by  Aveyrou  and  Card 
on  the  north,  Gard  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and 
Aude  on  the  south,  and  Tarn  on  the  west,  corresponding 
to  part  of  the  ancient  Languedoc.  Among  the  leading  pn-- 
ducts  are  oil  and  wine.  Area,  2,393  square  miles.  Popu. 
lation  (1891),  461,651. 

Herault  de  Sechelles  (a-ro'  de  sa-shel'),  Marie 
Jean.  Boi-n  at  Paris,  1760:  guillotined  at  Paris. 
April  5, 1794.  A  French  revolutionist.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  of  the  Conven- 
tion in  1792,  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  1793. 

Herbart  (her'bart),  Johann  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Oldenburg,  Germanj',  May  4.  1776:  died  at 
Gottingen.  Prussia.  Aug.  14,  1841.  A  noted 
German  philosopher,  professor  at  Konigsberg 
(1809)  and  later  (1833)  at  Gottingen,  the  foun- 
der of  a  school  noted  especially  for  its  work  in 
psychology.  He  published  "Lehrbuch  zur  Einleitung 
in  "die  Philo'sophie ''  (1S13X  "  Lehrbuch  ziu-  Psychologie  " 
(1816),  "Psychologic'  (1824-25),  "  Allgemeine  Metaphy- 
sik"  (1828-29),  "  Encyklopadie  der  Philosophic"  (1831). 
His  complete  works  were  edited  by  Hartenstein  (1850-52). 

Herbelin  (erb-lan'),  Madame  (Jeanne  Ma- 
thilde  Habert).  Born  in  Seine-et-()ise,  Aug. 
24,  1820.  A  French  miniature-painter.  She 
painted  the  only  miniature  admitted  to  the 
Louvre. 

Herbelot  (er-bl6'),  Barthelemy  d'.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dec.  4,  1625:  died  there,  Dec.  8,  1695. 
A  French  Orientalist.  He  published  "Biblio- 
th^que  orientale,  ou  dictionnaire  universel" 
ri697).  etc. 

Herbert  (her'bert),  Edward,  Lord  Herbert  of 
Cherbury.  Bom  about  1582 :  died  at  London, 
Aug.  20, 1(>48.  An  English  philosopher,  soldier, 
diplomatist,  and  historian.  His  chief  work  is 
"De  veritate"  ("On  Truth,"  1624). 

Herbert,  George.  Bom  at  Montgomery  Castle, 
Wales,  April  3,  1.593:  died  at  Bemerton,  near 
Salisbury.  Feb.,  1633.  An  English  poet,  bro- 
ther of  Edward,  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury.  He 
graduated  B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  161i 
and  M.  A.  in  1616,  when  he  was  elected  fellow.  In  1618 
he  was  prelector  in  the  rhetoric  school  at  Cambridge,  and 
in  1619  he  was  made  public  orator.  He  was  much  in  fa- 
vor at  court,  and  in  his  position  as  orator  it  was  his  duty 
to  WTite  all  official  letters  to  the  government  This  brought 
him  much  in  contact  with  public  men.  In  1627  he  resigned 
the  post  on  account  of  ill  health.  In  Ifi.W  Charles  I.  pre- 
sented him  to  the  rectory  of  Fuggtestone  with  Bemerton. 
"Wiltshire.  He  repaired  Bemerton  church,  which  is  said 
to  be  the  smallest  in  England.  It  was  restored  by  Wyatt 
in  1866.  Here  lie  wrotethe  religious  poems  for  which  he 
is  principally  remembered,  and  which  were  published  after 
his  death  in  a  volume  called  "The  Temple :  Sacred  Poems 


Herbert,  George 

»nd  Private  Ejaculations"  (ie;a).  In  1670  "  nii.r?  tlian 
20  000  copies  had  hcen  suM."  There  have  been  many  edi- 
tions, the  most  careful  heini;  that  of  Orusart  in  his  col- 
lec(e<l  eiJiti'in  of  Hcrhert  (1^74).  He  also  wrote  "A  Priest 
to  tin-  Temple,  or  the  Country  Par-son,"  in  prose  (lij.'t2),  etc, 

Herbert,  Henry  William:  pseudonym  Frank 

Forester.  Born  at  Loudon,  April  7, 11S07:  com- 
mitted suicide  at  New  York,  May  17,  1858.    An 


497 


Herero 


tlonsof  Hercules  worshiped  in  different  places  and  coun-  H6reaU(a-r6'),  JuleS.  Born  at  Paris,  1830 :  died 
tries  (as  the- Cretan  or  the  Egyptian  Hercules,  etc),  under  j^nf.  oq  yf^■;lJ  ^  French  laudscape-paiuter, 
thesaineorothernamBs,theattrihutcsof  thesevariousper-  ,    ,  usnecinllv  i'nr  ln«i  fionirr-s  of  •inim-ils 

sonithaiionsheinKessentiaUythcsame.butthcirleKendaiy     uoteU  especiallj  tor  Ills  n<^irc8  0tauimdls. 
history  heinn  ditferent.  Hercules  is  represented  as  brawny  UereOia  (a-ia    De-aJ,  JOSe  Mana.       Boru  at 
1  muscular,  with  broad  shoulders,  generally  naked,  or     Santiago  <ie  Cuba.  Dec.  31.  1H03:   died  at  To- 


draped  merely  in  the  skin  of  the  Neniean  lion,  the  head 
of  the  lion  being  ofteu  drawn  over  that  of  the  hero  as  a  hel- 
met.    He  is  usually  armed  with  a  club,  sonietinies  with  a 


Anglo-American  miscellaneous  writer,  author    bow  and  arrows.    See  izduhar  (OMhubar). 

of  historical  works,  novels,  translations,  etc.   He 

ii  heat  known  by  his  workson  sports  :  *'  Field  Sports  of  the 

I  nited  States  "(1S4»),  "Frank  Forester  and  his  Friends" 

(1849),    "Tlie   Horse  and   Horsemanship  of  the   United 

States"  (1857),  etc, 

Herbert,  John  Rogers.  Born  at  Maldon,  Essex, 
England,  .Jan.  'j:!,  1810  :  died  at  London,  March 
17,  1890.  An  English  historical  and  portrait 
painter.  He  was  elected  one  of  the  masters  of  the  gov- 
ernment school  of  design  at  .Somerset  House  in  IWl,  and 
royal  academician  in  1840.  He  decorated  the  peers'  rob- 
Ing-room  in  the  House  of  Lords.  His  picture  "  Sir  Thomas 
More  and  his  Daughter"  is  in  the  Vernon  collection,  Na- 
tional Gallery. 

Herbert,  Sidney,  first  Lord  Herbert  of  Lea. 
Born  at  Richmond,  Surrey,  Sept.  16,  1810;  died 

at  Wilton,  England,  Aug.  -',  1861.     An  English  ^       « „  -     „         .  „  .-         , 

statesman  younger  son  of  tjie  eleventh  Earl  of  Hercules.  One  of  the  ancient  constellations,  be 
Pembroke      He  was  secretary  at  war  1845-46,     tween  Lyra  and  Corona  Borealis,  representing 


It  has  long  been  recognised  that  Heraklea  was  the  bor- 
rowed Phoenician  Sun-god  ;  we  now  knijw  that  his  primi- 
tive prototype  had  been  adopted  liy  the  Phoenicians  from 
the  Accadians  of  Babylonia,  It  is  not  strange,  therefore, 
that  just  as  in  the  Greek  myth  of  Aphrodite  and  Adonis  we 

find  the  outlines  of  the  old  Chaldean  story  of  Istar  and      ^, 

Tanmiuz,  so  in  the  legends  of  Herakles  we  llnd  an  echo  of  Wpredia  PedrO  de     Bom  at  1' 

thelegcndsolGisdhulrar,  TheliondcstroyedbyGisdhubar     ,ii„,i  ,,„.'( '.i.li.    Ton    07   iryvl 

is  the  lion  of  Nemea;  the  winged  bull  made  by  Ann  to     <j;Pd  ne.ir  C  atliz,  Jan^  _(,  ioo4 

'ivenge  the  slight  ottered  to  Istar  is  the  winged  bull  of  " 

Krete  ;  the  tyrant  Khimibaba,  slain  by  ilisdhubar  in  "the 

land  of  pine-trees,  the  seat  of  the  gods,  the  sanctuary  of 

the  spirits,"  is  the  tyrant  fieryon  ;  the  gems  borne  by  the 

trees  of  the  forest  beyi  )nd  "  the  gateway  of  the  sun  "are  the 

apples  of  the  Hesperides  ;  and  the  deadly  sickness  of  Gis- 

dhubar  himself  is  but  the  fever  sent  by  the  poisoned  tunic 

of  >'essos  through  the  veins  of  the  Greek  hero. 

Sayce,  As-syria,  p.  111. 


1853-55,  and  1859-61,  and  colonial  secretary 
1855, 
Herbert,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  York,  England, 
about  1606:  died  at  York,  March  1,  1682.  An 
English  traveler  and  author.  He  obtained  a  place 
Id  the  suite  of  SurDodmoreCott..n,  ambassador  to  the  King 


a  man  upon  one  knee,  with  his  head  toward  tlie 
south,  and  with  uplifted  arms.  The  ancients  did 
not  identify  the  constellation  with  Hercules  ;  the  moderns 
place  a  club  in  one  hand  and  a  branch  of  an  apple-tree, 
with  the  three  heads  of  Cerberus,  in  the  other.  The  con- 
stellation contains  1  star  of  the  second  magnitude,  9  of  the 
third,  and  12  of  the  fourth. 


in  1867.  Herdimensionsare  — length, 32.'i feet ;  breadth, 
69  feet ;  displacement,  S,840  tons.  She  has  a  water-line 
belt  of  armor  from  6  feet  above  to  5  feet  below  the  water- 
line,  a  single-decked  central  citadel,  and  armored  bulk- 
heads at  each  end.  Thickness  of  armor,  6.  8,  and  9  inches. 
Armament,  8  lO-inch,  i  9-inch,  and  4  7-inch  guns. 


of  Persia,  in  1627.    After  the  death  of  Cotton  in  the  follow-  Hercules.  A  British  armored  war-ship,  launched 

Ingyear,  he  made  an  extensive  tour  of  the  Persian  domin-  - 

ions,  and  returned  to  England  in  1629,  He  adhered  to  the 
Parliamentary  cause  during  the  civil  war  ;  was  appointed 
to  attend  Charles  I,  during  his  contlnenjcnt  at  Ilnldenby 
in  1(547  ;  and  in  the  same  year  w:»s  app"inted  hy  the  king 
as  one  of  his  grooms  of  the  bedchamber.     He  wrote  "A 

Description  of  the  Persian  Monarchy "  (1634 :  reprinted  t,.,,  c      c        r>  ;;  /•  /7„..„„;„„ 

with  additions  as  "Some  Veares  Travels  into  Africa  and  Hercules,  PlUarS  of.  See  Pilhira  oj  Jlercidcs. 
Asia  the  Great  "in  1638)  and  "Threnodia  Carolina  "(1678  :  Hercules  and  Stag.  A  notable  anticpiP  bronze 
reprinted  with  additions  as  "  Memoirs  of  the  last  two  years  from  PoiuBeii.in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Palermo, 
lmorv"lh,g'ch^les  i''"?.!  n'o-2)  "^'"^  "'  '"'  ""  «i<'ilv.  The  figure  of  Hercules  is  slender  and  youthful : 
Hertorn  (Yfor'tn").-'  A  i^vn  in  the  province  l-,,-;-^  the  ,tag  by  one  horn,  and  forces  him  U,  the 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Piussia,  39  miles  northeast  of  Hercules  Buffoon.  See  Lacif,  John. 
Coblenz,  ,-,-,-       >      rr-     •«  •    Hercules  flnf  ant)  Strangling  the  Serpents.  A 

Herculaneum  Jjier-ku-la  ne-um).      [Ur.  .  Hpo;     painting  by  Sir  .Joshua  K.ynolds  (178S),  in  the 


lent  town  was  forgotten,  and  modern  Hercynian  ForCSt  (hfcr-sin'i-an  for'est).  The. 

er  its  ruins.    In  1709  an  inhabitiint  ol  I  ],_  ]Jci-ci,,ii(i  Siliui.Or.'EnKvviai/.r/.']    In  ancient 

which  reached  the  ancient  level  in  the  *-  ,-'  '     ,        '  ,.         ,-•      , ,  . . 

wuien  I eaeucu  L.ie  auv.  geography,a  mountaiu-raiige  forming thenorth- 


kMioi;  city  of  Hercules.]  An  ancient  city  of 
€ampania,  near  the  coast.  6  miles  southeast  of 
Naples,  directly  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius. 
It  was  overw  helmed  like  Pompeii  in  the  eruption  of  79  A,  I),, 
being  covered  in  this  and  succeeding  eruption-i  flrst  with 
mud  ajid  then  with  ashes  and  lava  to  a  depth  of  from  70  to 
112  feet.  The  ancient 
Aesina  grew  up  over 

Resina  sunk  a  well  which 

«tage  structure  of  the  theater,  and  brought  to  light  sculp- 
turesand  marble  facings.  Further  search  was  made,  solely 
for  the  marbles  and  works  of  art,  and  subsequently  exca- 
Tatlons  were  undertaken  l>y  the  government,  but  were  very 
Ignorantly  and  irregularly  conducted,  and  the  galleries 
pierced  were  in  great  p:ut  ftlleil  again.  Under  the  French 
rale  (1806-16)  systematic  explorations  were  instituted  ;  a 
little  was  done  between  1828  and  1837;  then  nothing  until 
Victor  Emmanuel  caused  the  resumption  of  the  work  in 
\Sm.  The  most  important  remains  are  the  theater,  basil- 
ii:a,  prison,  some  interesting  private  dwellings,  ami  por- 
tions of  several  streets  paved  with  lava.  In  Herculaneum 
were  found  a  number  of  carbonized  manuscriptson  papy- 
rus, some  of  which  have  been  deciphered,  and  some  of  the 
heat-known  statues  of  the  Naples  Museum,  including  the 
A^rippina,  .Sleeping  Faun  Aristides,  and  busts  of  Plato  and 
Iteniosthenes, 

Herculano  de  Carvalho  e  Araujo  dr-ko-lii'no 

de  kiirviil'vii  6  ii-rou'zliii),  Alexandre.  Born 
at  Lisbon,  Maivli  2.S,  1810:  died  Sept,  Hi,  1877. 
A  Portuguese  poet,  historian,  and  novelist.  His 
works  Include  the  p. .em  "  A  voz  do  propheta"  ("The  Voice 
of  the  Prophet,"  ls.li;),  "ilisloria  de  Portugal"  (1840-63), 
"Daorigemee8tabelccimentodaln<|iii.>.ir:io.in  Portugal" 
(IM."i4-,'.,'il,  the  novels  "  Eurico  ■  (1K17),  "d  mnngcdeClster" 
("The  Monk  of  Cister,"  1848),  etc, 

Hercules  (hir'kfi-lez),  Gr,  Heracles  (her'a- 
klez).  [Cr. 'lIpriK/lw.]  In  Greek  and  Roman  my- 
thology, a  mighty  hero,  originating  in  (jreek  le- 
gend, but  adopted  by  the  Ronians,and  worshiped 
as  the  god  of  physical  strength,  conragi',and  re- 
luted  cpialities.  According  to  the  mythical  account, 
his  father,  Zius(.Iupiter),  destined  him  to  the  sovereignty 
of  Tiryns  by  right  of  his  mother,  Alcrncne,  granddaughter 
of  Perseus,  but  was  thw artel  liy  llei-a(.Iuno).  After  Her- 
cules hail  performed  wonderful  deeds  in  behalf  of  Thebes, 
his  blrthphice,  Hera  consented  to  his  being  made  inunor- 
tal,  on  condition  of  liis  accomplishing  certain  superhuman 

»  feats  tor  his  rival  Kurvslheus  of  Tiryns,  in  which  he  suc- 
ceeded. These  teiil»,cail.il  the  "twelvclaliors  "of  Hercules 
wereaBfollow,<  :  (/Olhe  .Hlrjingllngot  the  Nciueanllon  ■,(li) 
the  killing  of  the  l.ernean  hydra;  (<•)  the  capture  of  the 
Ccryneiaii  stag  ;  ('/)  the  capture  of  the  Erymanthhin  boar; 
(<•)  the  cleaning  of  the  Augean  stables;  (f)  ""^  slaughter 
of  the  Stymphalian  hinls  ;  (.7)  the  capture  of  the  Cretan 
bull ;  (A)  the  captnrcof  the  man-eating  mares  of  lliomcdes; 
(i)  the  securing  of  the  girdle  of  llipiiolyte,  i|uecn  of  the 
Aniazims;  (j)  the  fetching  of  the  reil  oxen  of  Gcryon;  («•) 
the  procuring  ol  the  golden  apples  of  the  HeHperides  ;  (() 
the  bringing  to  the  up|ier  world  of  I  lie  dog  Cerberus,  guar- 
dian of  Hades,  I'he  subject  of  this  most  famous  of  the 
Herculean  legends  (of  comparatively  late  date)  Is  ilistin- 
guisbe<l  as  the  Tirynthian  Hercules  from  other  persunitlcu- 
c— 32 


luca,  Mexico,  May  7. 1839.  A  Spanish-American 
Jioet.  He  lived  successively  in  various  parts  of  Spanish 
America;  was  banished  from  Cuba  in  I82;j  for  taking  part 
i[i  an  attempted  insurrection  ;  p;tssed  two  years  in  the 
United  states ;  and  from  1825  resided  in  ilexico,  where  he 
held  \  arious  judicial  othces.  His  proems  have  had  numer- 
ous editions,  and  many  have  been  translated  into  other 
languages ;  his  "  Ode  to  Niagara  "  is  widely  known.  Many 
critics  cijusider  Heredia  the  greatest  of  the  .Spanish- Ameri- 
can poets. 

"       ■  Madrid  about  1.500: 

1554.  A  Spanish  sol- 
iier.  He  was  the  lieutenant  of  Vadillo,  and  governor  of 
Santa  Maria.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1529,  and  was  au- 
thorized to  colonize  and  govern  the  district  of  Nueva  An- 
dalucia,  coiTCsponding  to  northwestern  t.'olombia.  He 
founded  Cartagena  (.Ian,  14,  1.S33)  and  other  cities,  made 
many  expeditions  to  the  interior,  and  obtiiined  a  great 
amount  of  gold.  In  1537  he  was  acctised  of  irregularitiea 
and  sent  to  Spain,  but  was  restored  in  1539,  He  was  again 
forced  to  go  to  Spain  to  answer  charges  in  1548  and  1554  ; 
on  the  latter  voyage  he  was  shipwrecked  and  drowned. 
Hereford  (her'e-ford).  [ME.  Herrforil.  Hcrford, 
Jhrforth,  AS.  Ilercfnrd,  army-ford,  from  here, 
anny,  and /orrf,  ford.]  1.  A  counly  of  south 
midland  England,  it  is  hounded  by  Shropshire  on 
the  north,  Worcester  and  Gloucester  on  the  east,  Glouces- 
ter and  Monmouth  on  the  south,  and  Wales  on  the  west. 
The  chief  industry  is  agriculture.  It  is  noted  for  its  breed 
of  cattle,  and  is  sometimes  called  "the  garden  of  Eng- 
land,'   Area,  840  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  115,919. 

2.  The  capital  of  Herefordshire,  situated  on  the 
Wye  in  lat.  52°  4'  N.,  long.  2°  43'  W.  It  has  a 
trade  in  agricultural  produce.  The  cathedral  la 
a  highly  interesting  moimment,  founded  1079,  but  in  large 
part  built  in  the  course  of  the  13th  centurj'.  The  Ijidy 
chapel  is  a  beautiful  example  of  Early  English,  and  the 
great  square  central  tower  is  elfwctive.  The  lower  part 
of  the  nave  and  choir  retains  its  massive  cylindrical  Nor- 
man piers  and  round  arches  with  chevron-molding.  The 
work  above  is  later,  that  in  the  northwest  transept  being 
of  especial  beauty.  There  are  many  fine  tombs  and  beauti- 
ful old  church  furniture.  The  city  had  formerly  a  strong 
castle.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Garrick.  Population  (1891), 
20,267. 

Herencia  (a-ren'the-ii).     A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  ('iuda<l  Keal,  Spain,  77  miles  south  of 
Madrid,     Popidation  (1887),  5,924. 
St.Pet^^rsburg,    Thechildis  Jjerencia  CeballOS  (a-ren'the-il   tha-biil'yos), 

' "' '    °     Mariano.     Born  at  Cuzco,  1820:  died  at  Hua- 

nacu,  Feb.  2,  1873.  A  Peruvian  soldier  and  poli- 
tician. Ho  was  an  advanced  liberal,  took  part  in  vari- 
ous revolts,  and  waspromitient  in  (,'ongre88.  He  was  elected 
vice-president  iti  the  lialta  administration,  and  was  acting 
president  after  Balta's  death,  July  26  to  Aug,  2,  ls72.  Soon 
after  he  was  condemned  to  banishment,  and  was  shot  by 
.._...  -  the  soldiers  who  were  conducting  him  to  the  frontier, 

ern  boundary  to  the  then  known  Europe,  and  Herens(a-roii').Vald',G.Erillgerthal(a'riug- 
seemingly  identified  by  Aristotle  with  the  Al-  er-tiil).  An  alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Va- 
pine  mass,  it  has  been  variously  represetited  as  in  \g\^^  Switzerland,  situated  about  20  miles  east 
central  Oernumy  and  xs  identical  with  the  iiohraerwald,       j  Martiguv,  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

the  Thurnigerwald    e*'"        'o  ininlerii  (rencriiinnv  It  IS  llsn.    :  "        r.     ^T  _  r        ..,i_       ,,,,     ^ 

ally  made  t^j  conipritu 

(iennany  (Wesergehiige,  the  llarz.  the  Thuiingian  and 
S;ixon  highlands, Giant  .Mountains,  etc.). 
Herdecke(her'(Ic-ke),     A  town  in  the  province 


Hermitage  Museurn 
in  the  act  of  thn  illliiit.' the  two  serpents  ;  Iphicles  shrinks 
back,  and  Alcniena  with  attendants  rushes  in;  while  .Tuno 
appears  in  a  dark  cloud  above.  It  was  ordered  by  <  'atharine 
II.,  and  symbolizes  Russia's  strUL'gles,  as  a  new  nation, 
with  besetting  troubles. 


In  modern  geography  it  is  usu-  __-        ^,  _---\  w'        ■.  tiri.   *       %   i  •»  *  r     i  i   i.-*    ^ 

the  mountain  elevations  of  central  Here  (her)  Prophecy,  The.    A  bit  of  old  Lug. 


of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  on  the  Ruhr  northeast 
of  Elbert'eld-Barnien. 

Herder   (hcr'der),  Johann    Gottfried  von. 

Born  at  Mohrungen,  in  East  Prussia,  Aug.  25, 
1744:  died  at  Weimar,  Dec.  18,  1803.     A  Ger- 


lish  rime,  vvhicu  was  preserved  by  Abbot  Bene- 
dict. It  is  coimected  with  the  imago  of  a  hart  set  up 
in  1'289  by  Ralph  Fitzstephen  over  his  house  at  Here, 

The  date  of  the  setting  up  the  hart  was  that  of  the  death 
of  Henry  II,  and  the  accession  of  Richard  I.,  and  the 
probable  sense  of  the  lines  is  :  "  When  Ihtiu  seest  a  hart 
reared  up  in  Here,  then  shall  the  English  people  be  divided 
into  tliree  parts:  one  shall  go  all  too  late  into  Ireland." 
There  .lohn,  who  was  Lord,  removed,  at  his  brother  Rich. 


man  critic  and  iioet  of  the  so-called  classical  ]>e-     ard's  succession  to  the  English  crown,  the  lighting  John 
••  de  Courcy  frtim  directhin  ol  affairs,  and  maile  him  an 

enemy;  while  Richard's  coming  crusaiie,  exciting  the 
hopes  of  the  Irish  chiefs,  caused  them  to  patch  up  their 
own  quarrels  and  agree  on  a  combined  rising,  of  which  tlie 
most  nittahle  result  was  the  destruction  of  the  English 
army  at  Thurles.  The  i  csulta  would  have  been  serious  to 
England  if  the  insnrgentshad  not  again  fallen  out  among 
themselves.  Tllen  the  prophecy  proceeds—  "The  other 
into  Apulia,  with  protltaltle  remaining."  On  his  way  to 
the  Holy  Land,  Richard  renndned  at  Mossjna,  where.  In  a 
quarrel  about  his  sister's  dower,  he  extorted  from  Tan. 
crcd,  the  last  of  the  Norman  kings  of  Sicily,  forty  thousitmt 
ounces  of  gold,  and  betrothed  bis  nephew  Arthur  of  Bre- 
tagne  to  Tancred's  daughter.  Then  of  the  Ihinl  .livislon 
the  prophecy  adds—  "  The  third  in  their  highest  (,■)oalh^ 
all  drawn  to  vengeance,"  That  Is  to  say,  by  their  oath  as 
Crusaders  to  avenge  the  desecration  of  the  Holy  Place  by 
the  inlldel.  The  last  line,  as  given  by  Ilovcden,  Is  a  cor- 
ruption. This  Is  my  own  guess  at  the  unsolved  riddle  of 
the  last  part  of  the  Here  ProTdiecy,  ami,  if  not  In  every 
word  right.  It  seems  to  give  the  true  general  sense, 

.Worfci/,  English  Writers,  111.  Ml. 


nod  of  German  literature.  He  was  the  son  of  a  noor 
school-teacher.  Through  his  own  exertions  he  was  able  to 
attend  the  I'idvcrsity  of  Konigsbcrg,  where  he  supported 
himself  by  giving  jirlvate  instruction.  From  1704  to  1769 
he  was  a'teachcr  in  Higa,  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  nccepled  the  posilionof  compaiMon  to  the 
young  Prince  of  llolBlein  on  a  journey  to  Italy,  He  ac- 
companied the  latler,  howevei-.  only  as  far  as  Slrasburg, 
where  he  remaineil  the  succeeding  half  year.  In  1771  he 
received  u  call  as  jiastor  to  Kiickeburg,  where  he  lived 
until  1776,  At  the  recommendation  of  Goethe,  whom  he 
hail  known  In  Stnwlmrg,  he  was  called  that  year  to  Wei- 
mar as  court  chaplain  and  superintendent  of  the  church 
district,  and  here,  with  the  exception  ol  a  Jcuirncyto  Italy 
111  17H8,  he  lived  unlil  his  death.  In  1802  he  was  ennobled 
by  the  Elictor  of  liavarla.  His  llrst  Importnnt  works,  both 
of  which  were  published  In  Riga,  were  "Fragmente  uber 
die  neuero  deiilsehe  Llteratlir"  ("  Fragments  concerning 
the  More  Recent  German  Literature,"  1767),  and  "Kri- 
tischeWillder"("l'rltlcaI  Forests,  "17(111),  In  1772  appeared, 
'i'ber  den  Ursprung  der  Spraeh-  " 


further,  the  treatise  "I'ber  den  I  rsprung 

('■  On  the  Origin  of  Language "),     In  177:llie  i.nbllshed,  in  _       .               ,-„,.,-. 

collabontion  wIthOocthe,  "Vondeutscher  AH  nnd  Kunst  HererO(he.n'i'ro),orOvahererO(o-vu-ne-ni  ro). 

cinigetliigende  matter"  ('I^A  Few  Flying  Sheets  on  Gcr-  j,^  Hatitu  tribe  and  language  of  (Jermnii  South 


man  Style  nnd  Art  "),  In  1771  appeared  "  Die  altcste  t  r 
kunde  des  Menschengeschleehls'  ("TheOhlest  Record  of 
the  Human  Race),  The  most  Important  of  his  works  writ 
ten  in  Weimar  are  "Volkslleder'  ("  Kolk-Songs"  1778  and 
1779),  called  In  later  editions  'Stlminen  der  Volker  In 
I.ledem  "("  Voices  of  the  Xalionslii  Songs");  "Ideen  zur 
PhilosophlcderGesehlchtcderMenschhell'  ("ideas on  the 
I'hilosophy  of  the  History  of  Mankind,"  1784-91) ;  "  Brlele 
zur  Itpforderiing  der  lliinmnltal  "  ("  lA'tters  for  the  Ad. 
vancement  of  iiiimanilv, "  171i:i-l)7),  The  i)oem  "  Der  I'ld  " 
("The  lid  "),  written  i.Hn2-0,'l.  appeared  posthumously  In 
1805,  A  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  published  at 
Stuttgart,  1827-30,  iu  «0  vols. 


west  Africa,  in  what  is  called  Damaraland  or 
Hereroland.  Tliey  called  lliem«elves  Ovaherero,  and 
their  language  Otshlhcrcr.",  Hy  some  they  ere  called 
t'altle.Damaraa,  In  distinct  Ion  fn.m  the  mil-Onmaras-  The 
whole  lite  of  the  Herero  Is  engrossed  by  his  herds  of  caU 
tie,  which  he  well  nigh  worrlnps,  and  by  wars  with  the 
Nama-lloltentots,  whose  chief  business  Is  periodically  to 
raid  Herero  cattle,  the  ovaheiero  have  been  partly 
rlirlstlanlzed  by  Gennan  missionaries,  who  have  created 
a  considerable  literature  In  Olsliiherero,  This  langua«e 
belongs  to  the  same  cluster  im  that  of  the  Ovambo  tlid 
Ovliubuudu. 


Hereroland 

Hereroland  (he-ra'ro-laua).     See  Herero. 

Hereward  (hei'e-ward).  Flourished  about  1070. 
A  noted  English  outlaw  and  patriot  who  defended  Ely 
against  the  Normans.  He  was  a  Lincolnshire  man,  incor- 
rectly said  to  have  been  a  son  of  Leofric,  earl  of  Mercia. 
In  1070  he  joined  the  Danes,  who  had  appeared  in  the 
Humber,  and  attacked  Peterborough  and  sacked  the  ab- 
bey. He  took  refuge  with  his  band  in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  from 
which  he  was  finally  driven  by  William  the  Conqueror. 

ig  to  John  of  Peterborough,  he  was  suruamt 
Wahe."    Many  legends  sprang  up  about  his  name. 

Hereward  the  Wake.  A  historical  novel  by 
Charles  Kiugsiley,  published  in  1S66. 

Herford  (her'ford).  A  town  in  the  proTince  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Werre  and  the  Aa,  -IS  miles  -srest-south 


498 

Leipsic,  Nov.  28, 1772:  died  at  Leipsie,  Dec.  31, 
1^,  A  noted  Gei-man  classical  philologist, 
professor  at  Leipsic  1798—1848.  Among  his  works 
are  "De  metris  Gnecorum  et  Eomanorum  poetarum" 
(179t;X  "HandbucU  der  Metrik"  (1799).  "De  metris  Pin- 
dari"(lS17),  -'Deemendanda  rationeGrxeciegrammaticte" 
(1801).  He  edited  Euripides,  the  "Clouds  "  of  .\ristophanes 
(1799),  "  Homeric  Hymns  "  (181J6),  Bion  and  Moschus  (1S49X 

.  .  .  .£schylus(lSo-2l,  etc. 

According  to  John  of  Peterborough,  he  was  suruamed  "the  TT-TTnaTiTi   TCarl  'Pripdrir'h     Boni  at  Frankfort- 
Wake. "    Manv  legends  sorang  ud  about  his  name.  Mermaim,  JS^ri  i  ne(iricn.   com  at  r  lanKlort 

on-the-Mam,  Aug.  4, 1*04  :  died  at  CTOttmgen. 
Prussia.  Dec.  31, 1855.  A  German  archaeologist 
and  philologist,  professor  at  Marburg  (1832) 
and  later  (1842)  atGottingen.  His  best-known  work 
is  "  Lehrbuch  der  griechischen  Antiquitaten  "  ("  Manual 
of  Greek  Antiquities,"  lS41-o2). 
west  of  Hannover,  it  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and  HennamisDenkinal(her'manzdenk'mal).  A 
fl!^  "'sJ'">l">ifo«nd  an  ancient  nunnery.  Population  monument  of  the  chieftain  Ai-minius  at  Det- 
(  s,  ),     i-f  •  Tj  ,,.    ,   D  „,      f  mold,  Germany,  dedicated  in  1875.    The  arcaded 

ilencOUrt.     see  Jietjort,  name  OJ.  pedestal  is  lOO  feet  high,  and  the  colossal  statue  measures 

Hering(ha'ring),Constantin.  Born  at  Osehatz,     86  feet  to  the  point  of  the  uplifted  sword.    The  figure  is 
Saxony,  Jan.  1,  ISOO:    ilied   at   Philadelphia,     of  sheet-copper  secured  to  a  framework  of  iron. 
Julv  23, 1880.  A  German- American  homeopathic  Hermannstadt  (her'man-stat).     [Hung,  yagy 
physician.     He  published  "Rise  and  Progress     S.-eftew, Rumanian  .S(b»(.L.  0'6/«((/»(.]  The  cap- 
■—  ...-,„..  ^  ..   T>,      .  ■      ..     jfjjj  |j£  ^ijg  county  of  Hermannstadt.  Transyl- 

vania, situated  on  the  Cibin  in  lat.  4.5°  48'  N.. 
long.  24°  8'  E.  it  was  formerly  an  important  trad- 
ing center.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Ger- 
mans. The  Brukenthal  Palace  (with  collections)  and  the 
Rathaus  are  of  interest.  It  was  founded  by  German  col- 
onists in  the  12th  century;  was  formerly  capital  of  Tran- 
sylvania ;  and  was  the  scene  of  several  contests  between 
Hungarians,  Austrians,  and  Russians  in  1849.  Population 
(1890).  -21. 465. 

Hermann  und  Dorothea  (her'man  ont  dor-o- 
tii'ii).  .\n  idyllic  poem  by  Goethe,  published 
in  1797.  The  scene  is  laid  about  the  year  1796.  and  has 
a  basis  of  fact  in  a  story  connected  with  the  expulsion 
of  several  hundred  Protestants  from  his  territor>'  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Salzburg,  which  occurred  in  1731.  Her- 
mann is  an  established  citizen  of  a  little  town,  and  repre- 
sents a  settled  life  as  contrasted  with  the  wandering  and 
unsettled  one  of  the  fugitive  but  self-reliant  Dorothea  ex- 
iled from  her  home,  whom  he  finally  wins  and  marries. 

Hermanric  (her'man-rii),  or  Brmanaric  (G. 
Hermanrich).  Died  376.  King  of  the  East 
Goths.  He  was  descended  from  the  royal  family  of  the 
Amali.  and  ruled  over  a  loosely  welded  Gothic  confederacy 
extending  probably  over  northern  Hungary,  Lithuania, 
and  southern  Russia.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Huns  at 
the  beginning  of  the  migration  of  the  peoples  in  northern 
Europe,  and  fell  upon  his  sword  in  376,  having,  it  is  said, 
attained  an  age  of  over  one  hundred  years. 

Hennaphroditus  (her-maf-ro-di'tus).  [Gr. 
■Epi;a9po(S(-of.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  son  of 
Hermes  and  Aphrodite.  With  the  nymph  of  the 
fountain  Sahnacis,  iu  Caria,  he  was  united  iuto 
one  person.  ♦ 

Hennas,  Shepherd  of.  See  Sh  eplierd  of  Her  mas. 


of  Homoeopathy  "  ( 1S34). '  •  Domestic  Physician 
(1S37),  etc. 

Heringsdorf  (ha'rings-dorf).  One  of  the  lead- 
ing watering-places  on  the  Baltic,  situated  in 
the  island  of  Usedom.  Pomerania,  Prussia,  54 
miles  northwest  of  Swinemiinde. 

Heriot  (her'i-ot),  George.   Bom  at  Edinburgh, 

.  1563:  died  at  "London,  Feb.,  1623.  A  Scottish 
goldsmith  and  philanthropist.  He  founded  Her- 
iot's  Hospital  at  Edinburgh.  He  is  a  prominent 
figrire  in  Scott's  "Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Heri-Rud  (her-e-rod'),  or  Herat-Rud,  or  Hari- 
Rud.  A  river  in  northern  Afgliauistan  and  on 
the  Persian  frontier,  which,  under  the  name  of 
Tejend,  disappears  in  the  Turkoman  steppes. 
Asiatic  Russia,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N..  long.  60° 
E. :  the  ancient  Arius.  Length,  about  650  miles. 

Herisau  (ha're-sou).  The  largest  town  in  the 
half-canton  of  Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes.  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  river  Glatt  in  lat.  4i° 
23'  N.,  long.  9°  16'  E.  It  manufactures  muslin. 
Population  (1888),  12,970. 

Heristal,  or  Heristall.    See  Herstal. 

Herjedal  (her'ye-dal).  A  district  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Jemtland,  Sweden. 

Herkimer  (her'ki-mer),  Nicholas.  Died  at 
Danube,  X.  Y.,  in  Aug.,  1,777.  An  American 
Revolutionary  general,  of  German  extraction. 
He  commanded 'the  militia  of  Tryou  Cotinty,  who  in  1777 
marched  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Stanwix  on  the  Mohawk  Riv- 
er, which  was  besieged  by  the  British.    He  defeated  a  de 


ta'chment  ..f  the  BrTtish  at  Oriskany  in  Aug.  of  that  year,    Hermenogild  (htr'me-ne-gUd),  Saint.     Died  at 


but  was  himself  wounded  in  the  battle,  and  died  in  con 
sequence  of  an  unskilful  surgical  operation. 

Herkomer  (her'ko-mer), Hubert.  BomatWaal, 
in  Bavaiia,  May  26,  1849.  An  English  genre, 
landscape,  and  portrait  painter  He  came  to  .Amer- 
ica in  ISol  with  his  father,  a  wood-carver,  but  went  to 
England  in  1857  and  settled  in  Southampton,  where  he  en. 
tered  the  School  of  Art.  In  1865  he  visited  Munich,  and  in 
1S66  he  entered  the  schools  at  South  Kensington  under 
Frederick  Walker.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Institute 
of  Water  Colors  in  1871,  and  associate  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy in  1S79.  He  received  the  medal  of  honor,  Pai'is,  1^78. 
In  1373  he  settled  in  Bushey,  Hertfordshire,  where  he  es- 
tablished an  art  school  in  18S1.  He  revisited  America  in 
1882.  and  again  in  1SS3  and  1885.  He  was  appointed  Slade 
professor  of  art  at  Oxford  as  successor  to  John  Ruskin, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Academy  in  IsSo. 
Perkim,  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 

Hermandad  (er-man-daTH').  [Sp.,'a  brother- 
hood.'] In  Spain,  originally,  a  voluntary  organi- 
zation I  the  Santa  Hermandad,  or  Holy  Brother- 
hood) for  the  maintenance  of  public  order.  The 
first  Hermandad  was  formed  in  Aragon  in  the  13th  cen- 
tary,  and  another  in  Castile  and  Leon  a  few  years  later, 
chiefly  to  resist  the  exactions  and  robberies  of  the  nobles. 
They  soon  assumed  general  police  and  judicial  powers, 
under  royal  sanction ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  loth  century 
the  organizations  were  united  and  extended  over  the  whole 
kingdom.  The  Hermandad  was  soon  after  reorganized  as 
a  regular  national  police,  which  has  been  superseded  in 
later  times  by  a  civic  guard  on  the  model  of  the  French 
gendarmerie. 

Hermann.     See  Arminius. 

Hermann  (her'man).  sumamed  "The  Lame" 
(L.  Hermannus  Contractus).  Bom  July  18, 
1013 :  died  at  Reichenau.  Lake  (!lonstance.  Sept. 
24.  10.54.  A  German  historian,  author  of  a 
"Chronicon,"  edited  by  Pertz  in  "Monumenta 
GermaniiB  historica"  (1844). 

Hermann,  Friedrich  Benedikt  Wilhelm  von. 
Bom  at  Dinkelsbiihl,  Bavaria,  Dee.  5.  1795 : 
died  at  Munich,  Nov.  23,  1868.  A  German  po- 
litical econotnist  and  statistician.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  political  economy  at  Munich  in  1827, 
and  occupied  various  political  and  official  positions,  among 
them  that  of  head  of  the  statistical  bureau.  His  chief 
work  is  "Staatswjrtschaftliche  I'ntersuchuugen 
nomic  Researches,"  IsSJ  :  2d  ed.  1870). 


Tarraeo.  April  13.  585.     A  West-Gothic  prince, 
He  was  the  son  of  Leovigild,  king  in  Spain,  by  whom  he 

'  was  admitted  to  a  share  in  the  government  in  573.  He 
rebelled  against  his  father  and  was  pnt  to  death.  He  was 
canonized  by  Pope  Sixtus  V.,  tradition  having  pictured  him 
as  a  champion  of  the  Catholic  faith  against  the  Arian,  to 
which  his  father  adhered. 

Hermengyld  (hir'men-gild).  The  wife  of  the 
Constable  in  Chaucer's  "  Man  of  Law's  Tale," 
of  whose  murder  Constance  (Custance)  was 
falsely  accused. 

Hermes(her'mez).  [Gr. 'Ep//5c.]  InGreekmy- 
thology.  the  herald  and  messenger  of  the  gods, 
protector  of  herdsmen,  god  of  science,  com- 
merce.invention.  and  the  arts  of  Uf  e,  and  patron 
of  travelers  and  rogues:  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Maia.  bom  on  Mount  Cyllene  in  Arcadia. 
He  was  the  guide  (psychopompus)  of  the  shades  of  the  dead 
to  their  final  abode.  In  art  he  is  represented  as  a  vigor- 
ous youth,  beardless  after  the  archaic  period,  and  usually 
but  slightly  draped,  witb  caduceus.  petasus,  and  talaria  as 
attributes.  The  Roman  Mercury,  a  god  of  much  more 
material  and  solid  character,  became  identified  with  Her- 
mes.    The  name  has  also  been  given  to  quicksilver. 

Hermes,  or  a  Philosophical  Inquiry  concern- 
ing Universal  Grammar.    A  work  by  James 

Hanis.  published  in  1/51. 

Hermes  (her'mes\  Georg.  Bomat  Dreierwalde, 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  AprU  22,  1775:  died  at 
Bonn,  Prussia,  May  26, 1831.  A  German  Roman 
Catholic  theologian,  founder  of  the  system  of 
Hermesianism,  a  rationalizing  theory  of  the  re- 
lation of  reason  to  faith.  He  wrote  "Einleitung  in 
die  christkatholische  Theolcgie"  (1819-fS),  " Christkatho- 
lische  Dogmatik  "  (18»J-36). 

Hermesianax  (her-me-si'a-naks).  Bom  at 
Colophon,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the  last  part  of 
the  4th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  elegiac  poet. 
Fragments  of  his  works  have  been  edited  by 
Hermann,  Bergk,  etc. 

Hermes  of  Andiros.  A  statue  so  named,  in  the 
National  Museum.  Athens.  It  is.  in  fact,  a  sepul- 
chral statue  of  the  4th  century  B.  c,  the  finest  existing 
»  tu.ci     example  of  idealized  portrait-figures  of  this  class. 

("Eco-  Hermes  carrying  the  Infant  Bacchus.    An 

original  statue  l>v  Praxiteles,  in  the  museum 


Hermann,  Johann  Gottfried  Jakob.     Bom  at     at  Oh-mpia,  Greece.    Xhe  left  arm,  with  the  chUd, 


Hermogenes 

rests  on  a  tree-stump,  over  which  is  thrown  the  himatioiL 
The  right  arm  was  raised,  and  held  some  object  t^>  amuse 
the  child.  It  is  the  finest  rendering  of  a  beautiful  vouth- 
ful  flgiu"e  surriving  from  antiquity. 

Hermes  (Mercury)  in  repose.  A  beautiful 
Greek  original  bronze  of  the  school  of  Lygip- 
pus,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale.  Naples.  The  fig- 
ure leans  slightly  forward;  the  expression  is 
one  of  rest  and  amiability. 

Hermes  Trismegistns  (ti-is-me-jis'tus).  [Lit. 
•Hermes  the  thrice  greatest.']  The  Greek 
name  of  the  Egyptian  god  Thoth,  the  reputed 
author  of  42  encyclopedic  ^yorks  on  Egypt.  A 
partial  coUecrion  of  Hermetic  writings  was 
translated  into  French  by  Menard  in  1866. 

Hermia  (her'mi-a).  In  "Shakspere's  "A  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream,"  an  Athenian  lady,  the 
daughter  of  Egeus :  she  is  in  love  with  Lysan- 
der. 

Hermione  iher-mi'o-ne).  [Gr.  'Ep/ii6ifi.']  1. 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of  Menelaus 
and  Helen,  and  wife  of  Neoptolemus,  and  later 
of  Orestes. — 2.  The  wife  of  the  jealous  Leou- 
tes  in  Shakspere's  "Winter's  Tale.''  she  is  the 
Bellaria  of  Greene's  **  Pandosto,"  the  story  from  which 
the  '•  Winter's  Tale  "  was  taken. 

3.  A charaeterin  Racine's  "Androma que. ''said 
to  be  "the  most  personally  interesting  on  the 
French  tragic  stage." — 4.  The  wife  of  Damoa 
in  the  tragedy  '  •  Damon  and  Pythias "'  by  Baiiim 
and  Shell. 

Hermione,  Lady  ( Lad jr  Erminia  Pauletti).  A 
rich  Genoese  lady  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"The  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Hermiones  (her-mi-6'nez).  Herminones  (her- 
mi-no'nez),  orlrminones(er-mi-n6'nez).  [L. 
(Tacitus)  Herminones,  the  Latinization  of  a  hy- 
pothetical Germanic  fundamental  fonu  *£r- 
m(e)>ia:,  a  name  of  the  god  *Tiicu~.  *riH.  AS. 
lYir  (in  Tiwesdaeg),  ON.  Tyr,  OH6.  Zio.  L.  Ju- 
piter, Gr.  Zf !  f .  Ct.  AS.  Tiwesdaeg.']  According 
to  Tacitus,  one  of  the  three  great  divisions  of 
the  West-Germanic  people,  named  from  their 
ancestors,  the  three  sons  of  Mannus.  Ingvasoues, 
Herminones.  and  Istv^ones.  The  Herminones  com- 
prehended, particularly,  the  Upper  German  tribes.  The 
Ing%-jeones  lived  by  the  sea,  and  included  the  Lower  Ger- 
man tribes.  The  Istvjeones  were  the  tribes  of  the  Rhine 
region  who  ultimately  formed  a  principal  part  of  the 
Franks.  The  terms  are,  however,  of  inexact  ethnologic 
application.  Pliny  makes  a  fivefold  divisitm  in  tnav 
he  gives,  besides  the  three  groups  of  Tacitus,  the  Vin- 
dili  and  the  Pencini-Bastamse.  The  names  were  prob- 
ably in  their  first  use  not  ethnologic,  but  were  originally 
applied  to  Amphictyonic  unions  all  devoted  to  the  ctilt, 
under  different  attributes,  of  the  old  Germanic  heitveD- 
Tod. 

Hermitage,  The.  1.  A  palace  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  founded  by  Catharine  H.,  origi- 
nally in  the  form  of  a  paviUon  of  moderate  size, 
but  "rebuilt  in  the  19th  century,  especially  for  a 
museum,  in  a  neo-Greek  style  of  excellent  ef- 
fect, and  forming  one  of  the  best-designed  mu- 
seums existing,  it  measures  375  by  512  feet,  and  has 
2  interior  courts.  The  entrance  porch  is  supported  by  10 
colossal  hlmian  figures,  and  the  roof  of  the  grand  hall  resta 
on  16  fine  monolithic  columns.  On  one  side  of  the  build- 
ing is  a  copy  of  Raphael's  Loggie  in  the  Vatican,  which  sur- 
vives from  the  old  palace.  The  collections  include  im- 
port.ant  ancient  sculpture,  the  unparalleled  discoveries  of 
Greek  jeweln',  textile  fabrics,  and  other  minor  antiqui- 
ties, from  the  Crimea,  and  one  of  the  great  galleries  ol 
paintings  of  Europe. 

2.  A  fashionable  resort  at  Moscow.  Russia.  It 
is  a  garden  on  the  side  of  a  hill. — 3.  A  chalet 
built  in  the  valley  of  Montmorency,  France,  by 
Madame  d'fipinay  as  a  retreat  for  Jean  Jacques 

Rousseau.  He  passed  about  18  months  here  il7.i6-^7), 
writing  then  a  part  of  '*  La  nouvelle  Heloise  '  and  of  his 
"Dictionarv  of  Music."    Gretry  died  here  in  1813. 

4.  An  old  house  near  Nashville.  Tennessee,  the 
residence  of  President  Andrew  Jackson. 

Hermite,  Tristan  1".    See  Tristan. 

Hermocrates  (her-mok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  'Epuo^pn- 
7«-.]  Died  at  Syracuse  about  407  B.  c.  A  Syra- 
cusan  general  and  politician.  Hewasoneofthethree 
generals  who  in  414  were  intrusted  with  the  defense  of 
S\-racnse  against  the  Athenians,  and  who  after  several 
spirited  but  unsuccessful  engagements  were  depnved  ot 
their  commands.  He  was  one  of  the  commanders  of  the 
Svracnsan  squadron  in  the  naval  battle  of  Cynossema  in 
411.  He  was  banished  in  409.  and  was  killed  in  an  attempt 
to  make  himself  master  of  Syracuse. 

Hermodorus  (her-mo-do'ms)  of  Ephesus.  -^ 
Greek  philosopher  who  is  said  to  have  assisted 
the  decemvirs  in  drawing  up  the  laws  of  the- 
Twelve  Tables  at  Rome  in  451  B.  C. 

Hermogenes  (her-moj'e-nez).  [Gr.  'Epuojivw.J 
Born  at  Tarsus,  Cilicia :  lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  2d  century.  A  noted  Greek  rheto- 
rician. His  rhetorical  treatises  were  edited 
(in  the  "  Rhetores  Grseci  ")  by  Walz. 

The  greatest  technologist  of  the  period  now  under  COT- 
sideration  was  Hermogenes,  the  son  of  CaUppus  of  i-»> 


Hennogenes 

gas.  Theyear  of  hishirtli  is  imt  known,  but  he  was  only 
fifteen  when  the  fiiuiL*  uf  his  piecociuus  genius  as  an  ex- 
tenipuio  speaker  led  the  emperor  M.  Aurelius  to  send  for 
him;  anil  he  introiiuceil  himself  by  saylnj;,  "Behuld,  I  am 
come  to  you.  O  prinei-,  an  orator  requiring  a  peda!,'opue, 
an  orator  sliU  iookin-^  fur\v:nd  In  maturity."  Soon  after 
this  lie  became  a  pul.dic  te:ichcruf  rhetoric. 

K.  0.  MuUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc,  Greece,  III.  156. 

[{Donaldson.) 

Hennon  (her'tuon).  [Gr.  Ae/)/f(ji'.]  Aruountain- 
ridirt'  and  the  culminating  point  in  tlioranf;:^  of 
Anti-Libanus,  Syi'ia,  situated  about  35  miles 
west-southwest  of  Damascus :  the  modern  Je- 
bel-esh-Sheikh.     Height,  y,200  feet. 

Hermonthis  (her-mon'this).  [Gr.  '''Epfiui'dtc.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in  the  Thebaid. 
Egypt*  situated  ou  the  Nile  8  miles  southwest 
of  Thebes:  the  modern  Erment.  it  was  a  seat 
of  ancient  worship,  and  important  ruins  remain,  notably 
lli'i-se  of  a  temple  built  in  the  time  of  Cleopatra. 

Hermopolis.     See  HcrmupoIi.s. 

Hermopolis  (her-mop'o-lis),  or  Hermupolis 

(hcr-mup'o-lis),  Magna.  [Gr.  'E/j/zor  tto/jc  /'f- 
}a///,  great  city  of  Hernies.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Egypt,  situated  near  the  Nile 
in  lat.  27°  45'  N.:  the  modern  Eshmun  or  Ash- 
munein.  Near  it  are  the  tombs  and  grottoes  of 
Beui-Hassan  (which  see). 

Hermosillo  (har-mo-seryo).  A  city,  capital  of 
the  state  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  river 
Soiiora  about  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  110^45'  W. 
Po(Mii;)tioii  (  ]S95i.  8,:J7(). 

Hermsdorf  (herms'dorf),  Nieder-.    A  village 

and  tourists'  resort  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Pi-ussia,  42  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  Popu- 
lation (1.S90),  commune,  7,614. 
Hermilllduri(her-mun'du-ri  or  her-mun-du'ri). 
[L.  (Pliny)  HermnndHri,  Gi*.  (Strabo)  ''E/juui'div 
^of.]  A  German  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Suevi, 
first  mentioned  by  Strabo.  They  were  situated  on 
the  Saale  eastward  to  the  middle  Elbe,  and  adjoined  the 
Chatti  on  the  west,  in  the  Harz  region.  They  are  men- 
tioned under  their  old  name  fur  the  last  time  in  the  4th 
century.  They  in  all  probability  became,  finally,  tlie  Thu- 
riiiK'aiis. 

Hermupolis  (her-mup  'o-lis),  or  Hermopolis 

(her-mop'o-lis),  or  Syxa  (se'rii).  [Gr.  'Ep/iov 
JTOA/f,  city  of  Hermes.]  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  nomarchy  of  the  Cyelades,  Greece, 
situated  on  the  island  of  SjTa,  lat.  37°  26'  N., 
long.  24°  57'  E.     Population  (1889),  22,104. 

Hermus  (her'mus).  [Gr.  "Ep/^or.]  In  ancient 
l^cography,  a  river  in  western  Asia  Minor,  flow- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  Sm^mia  10  miles  northwest 
of  Smyrna  :  the  modern  Ghedis-Tchai  or  Sara- 
bat.     Length,  about  180  miles. 

Hemals  (her-nalz').  A  western  suburb  of  Vi- 
enna. 

Hernandez  (ar-niin'datli)i  Francisco.  Bom  at 

Toledo,  1514 ;  died  about  1578.  A  Spanish  nat- 
uralist. ?hilij»  II.  sent  him  to  RIexieo  with  the  eosmog- 
rapher  Franeisci*  Doniinguez,  to  study  the  natural  his- 
toi-y  of  the  country.  He  traveled  there  frnm  1571)  to  1570, 
and  prepared  10  folio  volumes  on  plants,  animals,  and 
minerala:  portions  of  these  were  published  in  lt;4S,  1051, 
and  179L 

Hernandez  C<5rdoba.  Francisco,  See  Cordoba. 
Hernandez  Giron,  Francisco.    See  Giron. 
Hernandez  de  Oviedo  y  Vald^s,  Gonzalo. 

Sfr  (trivdo  If   Vdlflis. 

Hernani,  ou  I'Honneur  Castillan.   A  tragedy 

by  Victor  Hugo,  acted,  after  much  opposition, 
Feb.  1!5,  18:{().     See  Eruani. 

The  main  subject  of  "liernani  "  is  the  point  of  honour 
which  contpels  a  noble  Spaniard  to  kill  himtielf.  in  obedience 
lothe  l>last  of  a  horn  sounded  by  his  mortal  enemy,  at  the 
very  moment  of  his  marriage  with  bis  beloved. 

Saintxburij,  French  Lit.,  p,  r>20. 

Hemdon  (h^TuMon),  William  Henry.    Horn 

at  Greensburg,  Ky.,  Dec.  2>^,  ISIM;  died  near 
Springfield,  111.,  March  18,  1S91.  An  Aincrican 
lawyer.  He  removed  with  his  parentH  to  Illinois  in  ].v_'0, 
and  in  lH4;i  entered  into  law  partnernhip  with  Abraiiani 
Lincoln,  whicli  eoiitinueil  in  form  until  the  death  of  the 
latter.     He  wrote  a  "Life  of  Al)raham  Lincoln  "  (188W). 

Hemdon,  William  Lewis.  Born  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  25,  lHi;3  :  died  Sept.  11*,  1H57.  An 
American  naval  otViccr.  in  l8r.l-52,beinR  then  a  lieu- 
tenant, he  waa  sent  witli  Lieutenant  Lardner  (libbon  Ut 
nm)(u  an  exploration  of  the  river  Amazon  and  Its  I'eruviau 
trlbutarieB.  The  reHUlts  were  publiHhed  by  the  I'nited 
States  government  as  "Kxphnation  of  the  Vallev  of  the 
Amazon  "(1863,  2  vols. ;  V<d.  \.  by  Herndon,  Vol.  II.  bylMI)- 
Iwn).  Ucnul<m  was  promoted  commander  in  iH-^fi ;  |o.ik 
•ervlee  with  tite  Panama  Mail  Steamship  (Company  ;  and 

Sorished  In  the  wreck  of  the  Ci  ntral  America,  which  went 
own  in  a  ryelone. 

Heme  the  Hunter.  A  traditionary  personage 
supposed  to  range  near  an  old  oak,  known  As 
Heriu''s  Oak.  in  Windsor  Park,  it  was  blown  down 
In  ll^i;:),  :ind  was  snppowed  to  be  about  <\'i{)  years  old. 
Queen  Victoria  phuitcd  a  yonn^;  oak  on  the  apot. 

Hernici  (lier'ni-si).  In  ancient  history,  an  Ital- 
ian peo])lc,  allied  to  the  Sabines,  tlwelling  in  the 


499 

Apennines  about  40  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 
Their  capital  was  Anagnia.  They  were  subju- 
gated by  Home  300  B.  C. 

Hernosand  (her'ue-siind).  A  seaport,  capital 
of  the  laen  of  Western orrland  (or  Hernosand), 
Sweden,  situated  on  the  island  of  Herntl.  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Angerman,  about  lat.  62° 
37'  N.,  long.  17°  50'  E.  It  has  some  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1890),  5,789, 

Hero  (he'ro).  [Gr.  "H/jw.]  In  Greek  legend,  a 
priestess  of  Aphrodite  at  Sestos,  ou  the  Helles- 
pont, beloved  by  Leander.  See  Hero  and  Le- 
an der. 

Hero,     ^ee  Heron. 

Hero.  The  daughter  of  Leonato,  and  friend  and 
cousin  of  Beatrice,  in  Shakspere's  '*Much  Ado 
about  Nothing."  The  real  story  of  the  play,  the  slan- 
derinjj;  of  Hero,  is  generally  left  out  in  the  stage  version. 

Hero  and  Leander.    1.  A  poem  in  340  verses, 

ascribed  tu  MusaMis.  "  Forgrace  of  diction,  metrical 
elegance,  and  simple  pathos,  whieh  avoids  all  \  iobitions  of 
good  taste,  this  little  canto  stands  far  before  ibe  other 
poems  of  the  same  age.  We  know  nothing  ul  tlie  history 
of  this  Musicns,  but  his  imitations  of  the  style  of  Nonims 
show  that  he  was  lat^^-r  than  the  poet  of  Panopolis.  He  is 
indirectly  referred  to  by  Agathias,  wlio  tlonrished  in  the 
first  half  of  the  sixth  centiu-y."    A'.  O.  Mulkr, 

The  poem  of  "Hero  and  Leander"  belongs  rather  to 
erotic  than  to  epic  poetry.  Its  subject  is  the  well-known 
story  of  Hero,  the  beautiful  priest  ess  of  Venus  at  Sestos.and 
Leander,  who  was  the  glory  of  Abydos  on  the  other  side  of 
the  water,  and  who  swam  across  the  Hellespont  every  even- 
ing to  his  fair  bride,  till  at  last  he  was  drowned  on  a  win- 
ter's  night,  and  his  body  cast  up  at  the  foot  of  Hero's  tower, 
who,  in  despair,  cast  herself  down  from  the  battlements, 
and  died  by  the  side  of  her  lover.  This  tragedy  of  Hero 
and  Leander,  the  Juliet  and  Romeo  of  the  Dardanelles,  was 
of  much  older  date  than  Mnsa-us.  It  was  well  known  to 
Ovid,  Virgil,  and  Statins,  an'l  had  become  a  popular  love- 
tale.  But  Musains  is  the  author  of  the  most  complete 
version  of  the  stoiy.  and  he  has  told  it  in  a  manner  which 
will  bear  criticism.  There  is  no  pause  in  the  brief  narra- 
tive from  the  beginning,  where  the  lovei-s  meet,  like  the 
hero  and  heroine  of  Heliodorusand  Sliakspere,  on  a  festive 
occasion,  down  to  the  fatal  issue  of  Hero's  passion.  The 
poet  does  not,  like  the  othei"  erotic  writers,  delight  in  his 
opportunity  of  describing  details.  There  is  nothing  to 
shock  the  most  delicate  reader,  and  the  grace  of  the  lan- 
guage is  sometimes  enhanced  by  a  conciseness  of  expres- 
sion which  would  have  done  credit  to  a  better  age.  The 
"Hero  and  Leander  "  of  Mnsieus  is  the  dying  swan-note 
of  Greek  poetr>',  the  last  distinct  echo  of  the  old  music  of 
Hellas. 

K.  0.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  370. 

[(Donaldfion.) 

2.  A  poem  of  Marlowe  and  Chapman,  based  on 
the  poem  of  Musa?us.  The  first  edition  consisted  of 
Marlowe's  portion,  2  sestiads  ;  the  second  edition  gave 
the  w  hole  poem,  the  remaining  4  sestiads  being  written  by 
Chapman  after  Sljulowe's  death.  Both  editions  appeared 
in  1598. 
Herod (her'od)  I.jSuniamed  "The  Great.''  [Gr. 
'HiKlxhfC.I  KiiJL^  of  Judea  40-4  B.  C.  Hecameof 
an  Idumean  family  which  was  converted  to  Judaism.  His 
father,  Antipater,  succeeded  during  the  coidlict  between 
Hyrcanus  II.  and  his  l)rother  Ariytotiulus  II.  in  obtaining 
a  hold  in  .ludean  politics  and  befriending  the  Konians.  Ac- 
cordingly when  Antipater  was  appointuil  byCiesarin47iJ.  C 
procurator  of  Judea,  Herod,  though  only  15  years  old,  was 
made  goveriujr  of  Galilee,  and  shortly  afterward  of  ('oele- 
Syria,  In  40  lie  had  to  llee  from  Judea  to  Rome,  and  was 
appointed  by  tliesuiuile  king  of  Judea.  In  37  he  took  pos- 
session of  Jerusalem  with  the  aid  of  the  Romans.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  on  the  side  of  Mark  Antony,  but  after 
the  battle  of  Actiuni  (31 B.  c. )  he  secured  the  favor  of  the  vic- 
torious (Jetavianus.  who  not  oidy  conllrnu'd  him  in  his  king- 
dom, liut  also  considerably  increased  his  territorj',  so  that 
it  extended  from  the  sea  to  Syria,  and  fioni  Damascus  to 
Egypt.  His  jiolicy  toward  Rome  was  that  of  cringing 
servility,  though  his  secret  aim  may  have  been  the  found- 
ing of  an  independent  monarchy.  His  attitude  toward  the 
people  over  whom  he  ruled  was  characterized  by  entire 
want  of  understanding  of  or  sympathy  with  its  n:iture, 
ideals,  and  aspirations.  His  rnlc  wasnuirked  by  unscrupu- 
lous selfishness  aii<l  liloody  despotism.  In  his  fanuly  rela- 
tionshe  showed  himself  pjisnionate,  jejdous,  and  cruel.  At 
the  same  time,  he  was  bold,  prudent,  uiuterstanding  his 
opportunities  and  knowing  how  t<i  avail  hinihelf  of  them. 
liberal,  and  fond  of  pomp  andclispbiy.  To  thesoinalitles 
may  he  a.srribed  bis  success,  anit  what  popularity  he  ob- 
tained. Thus,  to  strengthen  his  ]H>Hition  ho  had  his  bene- 
factor Uyrcanjis  II.  executed,  ami  it  was  assumed  that  his 
brother-in-law  Aristobnlus.  appointed  by  him  higli  priest, 
was  drowned  at  liis  Instigation  for  fear  of  his  great  popular- 
ity with  the  people.  The  people  he  held  in  alieyunce  by 
bloody  terror.  Even  the  magidllccnt  temple  begun  '20 
H.  C.  and  llnisheil  in  fe  years  (Jtntrph.,  Antii|.,  XV.  11)  could 
not  gain  him  the  hearts  of  the  outraged  people.  At  the 
same  time  with  the  temple,  he  erected  everywhere  thea- 
ters, gymtntsia,  and  heathen  temples.  Even  some  cities 
owe  tiioir  origin  to  his  love  of  building,  notably  Cwsarea. 
Samaria  was  turned  by  him  Into  a  fortri'HS,  and  nanipd  Se- 
baste.  In  a  tit  of  jealousy  he  executed  his  beautiful  wife 
Marianme,  gramhlaugbter  of  Hyrcanus  II.,  and  later  his 
two  sons  liy  her.  AlexandtTand  Arislobulns.  and  live  days 
befi)re  bis  death  bis  clilest  son  by  i>orin,  Antipater.  His 
la.st  onier,  according  to  a  well-known  story,  was  for  the 
massacre  of  the  nohleH  inunedlatety  after  his  ileeease,  so 
that  at  least  his  death  might  cause  mourning  (./<ix(*;>/i., 
Antiq.,  X  VII.<1.  r>).  Hedied  In  great  agony  friunaloathmune 
<llHease,  whicli  drove  Iiim  lo  a  Hutcldal  attempt,  1  li.r.  In 
Mat.  ii.  1  If.  he  Is  represented  a«  having  ordered  the  mansa- 
crc  of  the  Infaitts  of  HethU'hem.  In  order  lo  exterminnto 
the  child  Jesus,  an  act  which  wtuild  have  been  <|Uite  In 
harmony  with  his  character  ua  a  superatltiuus  despot  and 


Heron,  Matilda 

tjTflnt,  but  the  historicity  of  wliich  causes  chronologica] 
dilliculties. 

Herod  Agrippa.    See  Agrippa. 

Herod  Antipas  (her'od  aii'ti-pas).  Son  of  Herod 
liie  (treat,  apjiointed  by  his  father  successor  to 
the  throne.  Imt  invested  by  the  Romans  with 
only  the  tetrarchy  of  (ialilee.  He  first  married  the 
daugliter  of  Aretas,  king  of  the  NabathKans,  but  aban- 
doned her  to  marry  Herodias,  the  wife  of  his  half-brother 
Herod  Philip,  and  was  thus  involveil  in  a  war  with  Aretas. 
At  the  instigation  of  his  wife  be  bad  John  theBajjtist,  who 
reproached  him  for  his  crimin;il  marriage,  impris<}ned  and 
aftervv.ard  executed.  Jesus  called  him  "'the  fox."  When 
his  nephew  Agrippa  I.  was  made  king  (»f  Judea  by  Caligula, 
Antipas,  urged  by  his  wife,  repaired  to  Rome  also  to  ob- 
tain a  kingdom.  Agrippaaccu.sedhiniuf  treachery  to R^ime, 
and  Antipas  was  deprived  of  his  principality  and  banished 
to  Lyons.  He  was  followed  thither  by  his  wife,  and  both 
died  in  exile. 

Herodes,  Atticus,    See  Atticus  Herodes. 

Herodians  (he-ro'di-anz).  A  party  among  the 
Jews  in  the  time  of  Clirist  and  the  ai)Ostles,  ad- 
herents of  the  family  of  Herod.  The  Herodians 
iMiislituted  a  [tulitical  party  rather  than  a  religious  sect, 
Sonir  writei-s  suppose  that  tliey  were  for  the  most  part  Sad- 
dueees  in  religion. 

flerodianus  (he-ro-di-a'nus),  orHerodian  (he- 
ro'di-an).  [Gr.  'JlputhavS^.']  Born  about  170  (?) 
A.D.  :"died  about  240  (?)  a.  D.  A  Greek  histo- 
rian, resident  in  Italy,  author  of  a  Roman  his- 
tory for  the  period  180-238  A.  D.  (Commodus  to 
Gordian). 

Herodianus,  ^lius.  Bom  at  Alexandria :  lived 
at  tlie  end  of  the  i^d  century.  A  Greek  gi'am- 
niarian,  author  of  a  work  on  prosody. 

Herodias  (he-ro'di-ast.  Lived  in  the  first  Ii^alf 
of  the  1st  eentin-y.  The  sister  of  Herod  Agrip- 
pa I.,  wife  of  Herod  Philip,  and  afterward  sec- 
ond wife  of  Herod  Antipas.  half-brother  of 
Herod  Philip.     See  Herod  Antipas. 

Herodotus (he-rod'o-t us).  [Gr.  H/^mSoror.]  Born 
at  Haliearnassus.  Asia  Minor,  probably  about 
484  B.  c. :  ilied  at  Thtirii,  Italy,  pr(tbably  about 
424  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  historian,  sur- 
named  "the  Father  of  History."  According  to  the 
commonly  accepted  account  of  his  life,  gleaned  chiefly  from 
his  own  works,  he  was  the  son  of  Lyxes  ami  Dryo.  persons 
of  means  and  station  at  Haliearnassus:  asi^isted  in  the  ex- 
pnlsi((n  of  the  tyrant  Lygdanmsfrom  his  mdivecity  ;  trav- 
eled in  the  Persian  empire,  Egypt,  Asia  Minor.and  Greece; 
lived  in  Samos,  and  later  in  Athens  ;  and  settled  as  a  col- 
onist in  Thurii  (probably  in  444).  He  wrote  a  histtuy  in 
Obooks  (named  after  the  nine  Mu8e8)of  the  I'ersian  inva- 
sion of  Greece  down  to47!>  it.  C.  It  wasflr>t  printed  in  Ihe 
original  by  Aldus  Manutius  in  l.*)02,  a  Latin  version  by 
Valla  having  appeared  as  early  as  1474. 

About  fifteen  numnscripts  of  the  history  of  Herodottib 
are  known  to  critics;  ami  of  these,  several  are  not  of 
higher  antiquity  than  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  ceidur}'. 
One  copy,  in  the  I-Yench  king's  library  (there  are  in  that 
collection  live  or  six),  appears  to  belong  t^>  the  twelfth 
century;  there  is  one  in  the  Vatican,  and  one  in  the  Flor- 
entine library,  attributed  to  the  tenth  century ;  one  in  the 
library  of  Emmanuel  foUege,  Cambridge,  formerly  the 
property  of  Archbisliop  Sam-roft,  which  is  believed  to  be 
very  aneient ;  the  libraries  of  D.xford  and  of  ^'ienna  con- 
tain also  manuscripts  of  this  author. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  171. 

Herod  Philip  (her'od  (il'ip).  Dieilabont  34  A.D. 
Son  ()f  Herod  the  tireat  and  Cleopatra,  made 
tetrarch  of  Auranitis  and  the  nei^hborinfjr  re- 
;;ions  in  4  H.  c.  His  wife  Herodias  deserted 
him  for  his  baif-brotiier,  Herod  Antipas. 

H6rold  (a-rold'),  Louis  Joseph  Ferdinand. 

Born  at  Paris.  Jan.  *JS.  ITiM  :  dii-d:il  I'aris.  .Ian. 
11).  lS3:i.  A  note(l  Freiudi  composer  of  eomic 
operas.  He  took  the  grand  prix  de  Utunc  for  his  can- 
tata" Mile.  delaValliere'in  Usl'i.  His  works  include  "  La 
(Jioveiitu  di  Knrico  Quinto"  (ISUl).  "t'liarles  de  France" 
(with  Hoieldieu:  161(1),  "  1-es  rosii-res"  (ISI7).  "  I.e  prc^ 
nder  vcnu"  (1818).  "Les  tro(|UeurB''  (I81l»,  "L'Amour 
phit<inique"(181»).  "Le  niuletier"(1823).  "  Le  roi  Rem^  ' 
(1824),  "Le  dender  Jour  de  Missolonghi"  (1828),  "Eme- 
line'  (1828),  "Zampa"  (18.S1),  "La  nianiuise  de  Hrinvil- 
liers"  (l*il),  "Ul  nn^decine  sans  medecin '  (18;t2).  "  Le 
pre  aux  clcrcs'*  (1832'J,  "Ludovir'  (Midshed  by  HaliH-y : 
18;W),  etc.  He  also  wrote  a  great  deal  of  music  for  the 
pianoforte,  and  a  nundper  of  graceful  b:dh-ts. 

Heron  (he'ron).  or  HerO.  [tir.  "H/w.)!'.]  An 
Alexandrian  mathemalieian  of  the  'M\  eentiiry 
B.  ('.,  the  inventor  i>f  "Hero's  fountain,"  in 
whielia  jet  of  water  ismaintained  by  eondensed 
air.  and  of  a  maehine  netinp  on  the  principle 
of  l^arker'snnll.  in  whieh  tliemotion  is  produced 
bystt'ani.  Kraiimentsof  his  works  on  tneelianios 
have  bi'on  preserved. 

Heron, surnanied  "The  Yonn^jer."  A  Byzantine 
mathematician  and  natural  pnilosopber,  proba- 
bly (»f  Ihe  71  h  eenlurv. 

Heron  (her'on),  Matilda.  Horn  at  Londonderry, 
Ireland.  Oee.  1,  ISiSO:  died  at  New  York.  Mareh 
7.  1S77.  An  actress,  she  made  her  dt_Mui(  at  Phihidcl- 
phia  (1S.M),  when  quite  young,  an  lUancn  In  "  Kairio.  '  Her 
principal  part  wasCamllle.  In  18:.7  she  married  Kohert 
Stocpel,  a  niu)>tcinn,  and  wila  divorced  from  him  in  \Wd. 
Her  ilanghter,  Itijou,  also  an  actreu,  wan  l>orn  at  New 
York  In  1803. 


Heroopolites  Sinus 

Heroopolites  Sinus  (her-o-op-6-li'tez  si'uus). 
[Gi'.'H/juuTo/iV;;f  ko'Itto^,  gulf  of  Ileroopolis,  from 
;/ '  llfiuuf  -u'/  ic,  city  of  heroes,  a  city  on  the  coast.  ] 
The  aiieieut  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez. 

Heroplulus(he-rof'i-lus).  [Gr. 'Hpi5(6//.of.]  Born 
at  Chalecdon,  Bithynia :  lived  about  300  B.  c. 
A  Greek  anatomist  and  physician. 

Herostratus  (he-ros'tra-tus).  [Gr. 'HpdorpaTOf .] 
An  Ephesian  who  set  fiire  to  the  temple  of  Diana 


500 

Landseer,  the  keen  sympathy  for  animal  life  which  char- 
acterizes the  English  school. "  Many  important  race-horses 
were  painted  by  him.     Rice. 

Herrings,  Battle  of  the.  A  name  given  to  the 
engagement  between  the  French  under  the 
Count  of  Clermont  and  the  English  under  Sir 
John  Fastolf  near  Kouvray,  in  Feb.,  1429.  Sir 
John  was  carrying  provisions  to  the  English  army  besieg- 
ing Orleans,  and  these  provisions  consisted  chiefly  of  her- 
rings intended  for  the  Lenten  fast:  hence  the  name. 


(Artemis)  at  Ephesus  (as  it  happened,  on  the  Herrnhut  (heru'liiit).     A  town  in  the  govern- 


mental district  of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  45  miles 
east  of  Dresden :  the  chief  seat  o£  the  Moravian 
Brotherhood,  founded  1722. 
Herrnhuters  (hem'hot-ers).  A  denomination 
of  Moravians  or  United  Brethren  :  so  called  in 
Germany  from  the  village  built  by  them  on  the 
estate   of  Count  von   Zinzendorf  in   Saxony, 

named  Hemihut  (which  see).     See  Moravians. 

Smith,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and  Hcrschcl  (her'shel).     A  name  given  for  a  time 
[Mythology,  II.  439.        to  the  planet  now  l^nown  as  Uranus,  discovered 
Herrada,  Juan  de.     See  Eada.  by  Sir  William  Herschel. 

Herran  (ar-riin'),  Pedro  Alcantara.    Born  at  Herschel,  Caroline  Lucretia. 


night  of  the  birth  of  Alexander  the  Great)  in 
order  to  immortalize  himself. 

It  w.is  remarked  by  Hegesias  the  Magnesiaii  that  the 
coutiagration  was  not  to  be  wondered  at,  since  the  goddess 
was  absent  from  Ephesus,  and  attending  on  the  delivery 
of  Olympias :  an  observation,  says  Plutarch,  frigid  enough 
to  have  put  out  the  lire.  The  stroke  of  genius  in  question, 
however,  is  ascribed  by  Cicero,  whose  taste  it  does  not 
seem  to  have  shocked,  to  Timieus  of  Tauromeniuni. 


Born  at  Han- 


Bo^ota,  Oct.  19, 1800:  died  there,  April  26,  1872. 
A  Colombian  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
In  the  war  for  independence,  and  iu  Peru  1824-26.  He 
subsequently  was  prominent  as  a  liberal  in  the  civil  wars 
of  New  Granada,  at  times  as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
government  forces,  and  was  president  1841-4.S.     General 


nover,  Prussia,  March  16, 1750:  died  there,  Jan. 
9,  1848.  An  English  astronomer,  sister  and  col- 
laborator of  Sir  William  Herschel.  she  published 
a  "  Reduction  and  Arrangement  in  the  Form  of  a  Cata- 
logue in  Zones  of  all  the  .Star  Clusters  and  Nebulie  observed 
by  Sir  William  Herschel." 


Herran  was  known  as  the  "Hiisar  de  Ayacucho."  from  a  HerSChel,  Sir  John  Frederick  William.     Born 


brilliant  charge  which  he  made  in  that  battle. 

Herrenhausen  (her'ren-hou-zen).  A  royal  pal- 
ace in  Hannover.  George  I.  and  George  H.  of 
England  resided  there. 

Herrera,  or  Herrera  y  Tordesillas  ( er-ra'ra  e 
tor-da-sel'yiis),  Autonio  de.  Born  at  CueUar, 
Segovia,  1549:  died  at  Madrid,  March  29,  1625. 
A  Spanish  historian.  Philip  II.  made  him  chief  chron- 
icler of  America  and  one  of  the  chroniclers  of  Castile, 
offices  which  he  held  until  his  death.  His  greatest  work 
is  the  "Historia  general  de  los  hechos  de  los  Castellanos 
en  las  islas  y  Tierra  Firme  del  Mar  Oceano,"  in  8  decades 


at  Slough,  near  Windsor,  England,  March  V, 
1792:  died  at  Collingwood,  near  Hawkhiirst, 
Kent,  England,  May  11,  1871.  A  celebrated 
English  astronomer  and  physicist,  son  of  Sir 
William  Herschel.  He  continued  his  father's  re- 
searches on  double  stars  and  nebulte,  and  conducted  ob- 
servations at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1834-38.  His  chief 
work  is  "  Results  of  Astronomical  Observations  made  1834- 
1838  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope"  (1847).  Among  his  other 
works  are  "Study  of  Natural  Philosophy "  (1830),  "Out- 
lines of  Astronomy  "  (1849),  "Familiar  Letters  on  Scien- 
tific Subjects  ■■  (18«;),  etc. 


(.Madrid,  1601).    This  includes  the  history  of  America,  HetSChel,   Sir  William   (originally  Friedrich 


written  in  the  form  of  annals,  from  1492  to  1554,  and  is 
the  most  important  of  the  older  works  on  the  subject. 
Herrera  also  published  a  history  of  the  world  during  the 
reign  of  Pliilip  11.,  and  many  other  works. 

Herrera,  Fernando  de.  Born  at  Seville,  Spain, 
1534:  tiled  at  Seville,  1597.  A  celebrated  Span- 
ish lyric  poet,  surnamed  "the  Divine."  a  friend 
of  Cervantes  who  wi-ote  a  sonnet  in  his  honor. 
His  poetical  works  were  published  by  his  friend,  the 
painter  Francisco  Pacheco,  in  1582  and  1619.  He  also 
wrote  "Relacion  de  la  guerra  de  Chipre,  y  suceso  de  la 
batalla  naval  de  Lepanto  "  (1572),  and  **  Vida  y  Muerte  de 
Tonias  Moro  "  (1692). 

Herrera,  Francisco,  surnamed  el  Viejo  ('the 
Old ').  Born  at  Seville,  Spain,  about  1570:  died 
at  Madrid.  1656.  A  Spanish  painter,  etcher, 
engraver,  and  architect.  Among  his  best  works 
is  a  "  Last  Judgment,"  at  Seville. 

Herrera,  Francisco,  surnamed  el  Mozo  ('the 
Young').      Born  at  Seville,  Spain,  1622:  died 


Wilhelm).  Born  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  Nov. 
15,  1738:  died  at  Slough,  near  Windsor,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  25,  1822.  A  celebrated  English  as- 
tronomer, of  (ierman  birth.  He  joined  the  band  of 
the  Hanoverian  Guards  as  oboist  at  the  age  of  14  ;  de- 
serted and  went  to  England  in  1757  ;  was  engaged  in  the 
teaching  of  music  ;  and  attained  considerable  success  as  a 
violinist  and  organist.  He  instructed  himself  in  m-athe- 
matics  and  astron-  >ray  ;  and  in  1773  constructed  a  telescope 
with  which  he  observed  the  Orion  nebula.  In  1775  be 
erected  his  first  large  retiecting  telescope.  On  March  13, 
1781,  he  discovered  the  planet  I'ranus,  naming  it,  in  honor 
of  George  III.,  "Georgium  Sidus,"  a  name  which  was  not 
accepted  by  astronomers.  He  was  made  court  astronomer 
in  1782.  On  Jan.  11,  1787,  he  discovered  two  satellites  of 
Uranus  (Oberon  and  Titania);  on  Aug.  2S,  1789,a  sixth  satel- 
lite of  Saturn  (Enceladus),  and  on  Sept.  17,  1789,  a  seventh 
(.Mimas).  His  great  reflecting  telescope  (tube  39  feet  4 
inches  long)  was  erected  in  1789.  '"  In  nearly  every  branch 
of  modern  physical  astronomy  he  was  a  pioneer.  He  was 
the  virtual  founder  of  sidereal  science,  .^s  an  explorer  of 
the  heavens  he  had  but  one  rival — his  son."  Diet  Nat.  Bintj. 


at  Madrid,  1685.     A  Spanish  painter,  son  of  Hersent  (er-son'),  Louis.   Born  at  Paris,  March 


Francisco  HeiTera 
Herrera,  Jos6  Joaciuin  de.  Born  in  Jalapa, 
1792 :  died  at  Taeubaya,  Feb.  10, 1854.  A  Mexi- 
can general  and  statesman.  An  officer  in  the  Span- 
ish army,  he  followed  the  defection  of  Iturbide  in  1821, 
but  opposed  him  as  emperor.  He  was  several  times  min- 
ister of  war ;  was  president  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  and  was 
temporary  president  of  therepublic  in  1844.  He  was  elected 
president  Sept.  14. 1845,  but  was  compelled  to  resign  Dec. 
30  :  was  second  in  command  under  Santa  Anna  diu-ingthe 


10,  1777 :  died  there,  Oct.  2,  1860.  A  French  his 
torieal  and  portrait  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Regnault. 
Hersfeld  (hers'feld).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Geisa  and  Haune  with  the  Fulda,  32  miles  south 
by  east  of  Cassel.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  old 
Benedictine  abbey.  It  passed  to  Hesse-Cassel  in  1648.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  6,^"^ 


war  witl\  the  fnited  States;  and  was  again  president  dur-  Herstal  (hers' till),  formerly  Heristal,  or  HeriS' 


ing  a  peaceful  term,  M.ay  30,  1848,  to  Jan.  15,  1851. 
Herrera  y  Obes  (ar-ra'rii  e  6'bas),  Julio.  Born 
at  Montevideo  about  1846.  An  Uruguayan 
statesman.  He  was  ala\vyer  and  journalist;  was  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  In  1872 ;  on  the  fall  of  Ellaury  (1875) 
was  banished  ;  returned  in  1877  ;  and  was  minister  of  goV' 


tall  (her'is-tal).  A  town  in  the  pro\-inee  of 
Liege,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Meuse  3  miles 
northeast  of  Ijifege.  It  formerly  contained  a  castle, 
the  residence  of  Pepin  of  Heristal,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Pepin  and  of  Charles  the  Great  (?).  Population  (1890), 
13,877. 


ernment  under  President  Tajes.    At  the  end  of  Tajes's  Hertcl  (her'tel),  Albert.     Born  at  Berlin,  April 


term  Hen-era  was  elected  president,  March  1, 1890,  for  the 
term  ending  Feb.  28,  1804. 

Herreros,  Manuel  Breton  de  los.    Born  at 

Quel,  in  Logrono,  Spain,  Dee.  19,  1800:  died  at 

Madrid,  Nov.  13,  1873.   A  Spanislidi'amatic  and 

satiric  poet,  author  of  150  dramas.    Among  his 

comedies  are  "  Los  dos  Sobrinos,"  "  El  Ingenuo, "  "  El  Hom- 

bre  gordo,"  "Todo  es  farsa  en  este  mundo,"  etc. 
Eerrick  (her'ik),  Robert.      Born  at  London,  _i- .-„-     ,      „,„    „      ^    ,    „c    rr      ^    j   rr 

.\ug.,   1591:  died  at  Dean  Pi-ior,  Devonshire,  Hertford.     \_U^.  Bertford,  A^.  Heortford,  Heo- 

Oct.,  1674.    An  English  lyric  poet.    In  1613  he  was    rotford,  hart-ford,  from /(coro?,  hart,  and  /orrf. 


19,  1843.  A  Prussian  landscape-painter,  noted 
for  his  coloring. 
Hertford  (hert'ford  or  har'ford),  or  Herts 
(lierts).  A  county  in  south  midland  England. 
It  is  bounded  by  Bedford  on  the  northwest.  Camliridge 
on  the  north,  Essex  on  the  east,  Middlesex  on  the  south, 
and  Buckingham  on  the  west.  The  leading  industry  is 
agriculture.  Area,  635  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
220,162. 


a  fellow-commoner  of  St.  John's,  Cambridge.  In  161G  he 
went  to  Trinity  Hall  to  study  law.  In  1629  he  accepted  the 
I  living  of  Dean  Prior.  He  was  ejected  in  1647  for  his  roy- 
alist principles,  and  went  to  London.  He  was  restored  in 
1062.  He  T'ublished  "Hesperides,  or  the  Works  both  Hu- 
nianand  Divine  of  Robert  Herrick,  Esq."(1648).  His  com- 
plete poems  were  edited  by  Grosart  in  1S76.  Many  of  his 
poems  were  published  anonymously. 

Herring  (her 'ing),  John  Frederick.    Born  in 
Siun-ey,  1795:  died  near  Tunbridge  Wells,  Sept. 
23,  1865.     An  English  painter  of  horses.    After 
some  years  of  service  as  a  coachman  he  settled  in  Doncas-  tt--.ai,q 
ter.     His  best  works  were  portraits  of  race-horses.     He  ^erxna. 


ford.]     The  capital  of  the  county  of  Hertford 
situated  on  the  Lea  20  miles  north  of  London 
An  ecclesiastical  council  called  by  Theodore,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  met  here  in  673.    Population  (1891),  7,232. 
Hertford  College.     A  college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  about  1282  by  Elias  de  Hert- 
ford as  Hertford  or  Hart  Hall.    This  foundation 
(Hertford  College  from  1740)  was  dissolved  in  1805 ;  and 
the  buildings,  with  other  propert.v,  passed  to  Magdalen 
Hall  in  1822.    In  1874  Magdalen  Hall  was  dissolved  and 
llcrtford  College  reincorporated. 
See  Xerthu.'i. 


possessed  more  than  any  other  painter  of  his  day,  except  Hertogenbosch  (her'to-Gen-bosch"),  S,.or  den 


Herzberg 
Bosch,  6.  Herzogenbusch  (hert's6-gen-b6sh), 

F.  Bois-le-Duc  (bwii'le-duk').  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
situated  at  the  jimction  of  tb'?  Dommel  and  Aa 
in  lat.  51°  42'  N.,  long.  5°  Is'  E.  it  contains  a 
noted  cathedral,  and  was  formerly  strongly  fortified.  It 
was  taken  Uy  the  French  in  1794,  and  by  the  Prussians  in 
1814.     Population  (ls«9),  commune,  i7,103. 

Herts.   An  abbreviation  of  Hertfordshire.    See 

H()-tfunl. 
Hertz  (herts),  Henrik.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
Aug.  25,  1798:  died  there,  Feb.  25,  1870.  A 
Danish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of 
Jewish  parents,  but  embraced  Christianity.  He  studied 
jurisprudence  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen.  In  183S 
he  ti-aveled  abroad  at  the  expense  of  tlie  government,  and 
upon  his  return  was  given  the  title  of  professor,  and  an 
annual  pension.  His  first  important  work  was  a  series  of 
rimed  epistles  "Gjenganger- Breve  eller  poetiske  Epistler 
fra  Paradis"  ("Ghost  Lettei-s,  or  Poetical  Epistles  from 
Paradise  "),  whicli  appeared  in  1830,  and  whose  purpose 
was  esthetic  and  critical.  The  same  year  appeared  a  com- 
edy  in  verse,  "Amors  Genistreger"  ("  .\mor's  Clever 
Pranks  ").  Among  his  many  works  for  the  stage  are  the 
comedies  " Emma "  (1832),  "  Den  eneste  Fell  "  ("The  Only 
Error  "),  and  "  Sparekassen  "  ("  The  Savings  Bank,"  1836); 
the  romantic  plays  "Kong  Rene's  Datter  "  ("King  Rent's 
Daughter  "),  "  Svend  DjTings  Hus  "  ("  The  House  of  Svend 
Dyring  ");  the  vaudevilles  "  Kjarlighed  og  Politi "  ('  Love 
and  Politics"),  "  Arvingerne  "  ("The  Heirs"),  "De  Fat- 
tiges  DjTehave  "  ("  .\  Park  for  the  Poor").  During  18,58- 
1859  he  edited  the  weekly  journal  "Ugenlige  Blade."  His 
poems('-  Digte  ")  were  published  at  Copenhagen  (1851-62) 
in  4  vols. ;  his  dr.-unatic  works  ("Dramatiske  Vaerker")at 
Copenhagen  (ls.",4-73).  in  18  vols. 

Hertzberg  (herts'bero),  Count  Ewald  Fried- 
rich  von.  Born  at  Lottin,  near  Neustettin, 
Prussia.  Sept.  2,  1725:  died  May  27,  1795.  A 
Prussian  statesman.  He  negotiated  the  peace  of  Hu- 
bertsburg  in  1763,  and  conducted  the  foreign  affairs  of 
Prussia  1763-91. 

Hertzberg,  Gustav  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Halle- 
on-the-Saalc,  Prussia,  Jan.  19, 1826.  A  German 
historian,  professor  of  history  at  Halle.  His 
works  include  "  Geschichte  Griechenlands  unter  der  Herr- 
schaft  der  Romer"  (1S66-75X  "Geschichte  der  Perser- 
kriege"  (1877),  and,  for  encyclopedias,  contributions  on 
Greek,  Roman,  and  Byzantine  history,  etc. 

Hertzen,  or  Herzen  (hert'sen),  Alexander. 
Born  at  Moscow,  March  25, 1812:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  21,  1870.  A  Russian  author  and  political 
agitator.  He  published  in  London  and  Hamburg  in 
Russian,  French.  German,  and  English.  He  founded 
in  London  the  liberal  journal  "Kolokol"  ("The  Bell")  in 
1856.  Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Kto  Vinovat" 
("  Whose  Fault,"  1847),  "  Le  monde  russe  et  la  revolution  " 
(1860-62),  etc.  _ 

Heruli  (her'u-li),  or  Eruli,  or  .ffiruli  (er'u-li). 
A  Germanic  people,  first  mentioned  in  the  3d 
centiu-y  as  dwelling  near  the  Black  Sea,  nnj 
as  allies  of  the  Goths.  They  joined  with  other 
tribes  under  Odoacer  in  overthrowing  the  Western  Empire 
in  476.  Their  original  home  was  probably  on  the  Cimbrian 
peninsula,  whence,  according  to  Jordanes,  they  were  en- 
tirely driven  out  by  the  Danes  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th 
century.     Nothing  is  known  of  their  ultimate  fate. 

Hervas  y  Panduro  (ar-vas'  e  piin-do'ro).  Lo- 
renzo. Born  at  Cuenea,  Spain,  May  20,  1735: 
died  at  Rome,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1809.  A  Jesuit 
philologist.  He  taught  philosophy  at  Madrid,  spent 
some  years  in  America,  and  from  1S04  was  librarian  of  the 
Quirinal  at  Rome.  He  published  numerous  works  on  com- 
parative philology,  in  Italian  and  Spanish,  besides  books  on 
astronomy,  physics,  etc.,  and  a  cosmographical  work  in  21 
vols. 

Herve  (er-va'):  assumed  name  of  Florimond 
Bonger.  Born  at  Houdain,  Pas-de-Calais, 
June  30,  1825 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3.  1892.  A 
French  composer  of  operettas.  According  to  Pou- 
gin  he  claimed  to  be  the  founder  of  the  kind  of  music  ren- 
dered famous  by  Offenbach.  His  works  include  "L'CEil 
crevi5 "  (1867),  "Le  petit  Faust"  (18B9).  etc.  In  1887  he 
was  conductor  of  the  Empire  Theatre,  London. 

Hervey  (hcr'vi).  John,  Baron  Hervey  of  Ick- 
worth.  Born  Oct.,  1696:  died  Aug.,  1743.  An 
English  politician,  lord  privy  seal  1740-42.  He 
wrote  ' '  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  George  H."  (ed. 
by  Croker  1848). 

Hervey  Islands.    See  Cook  Islands. 

Herward.     See  Hereward. 

Herwegh  (her'veo),  (Jeorg.  Born  at  Stuttgart. 
Wiirtemberg,  May  31,  1817  :  died  at  Baden-Ba- 
den, April  7,  1875.  A  Gei'inan  political  poet.  He 
emigrated  from  Wiirtemberg  in  his  youth,  and  settled  at 
Zurich,  where,  in  1841,  he  published  a  volume  of  poims  of 
a  political  tendency,  entitled  "Gedicbte  eines  Lebendi- 
gen,"  which  obtained  great  popularity  with  the  Liberal 
party  in  Germany.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  un- 
successful revolution  in  Baden  in  1848. 

Herzberg  (herts'bero),  or  Herzberg-on-the- 
Elster  (cl'ster).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Black  Elster 
56  miles  south  of  Berlin. 

Herzberg,  or Herzberg-in-the-Harz  (hints).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prus- 
sia, on  the  Sieber  19  miles  northeast  of  Got- 
tingen.  It  has  an  old  castle,  and  was  a  former 
residence  of  the  dukes  of  Brunswick. 


Herzegovina 
TTprzeeOVina  (hert-se-go-ve'na),  Turk.  Hersek 
(her'?ek).  Formerly  a  sanjak  of  the  vilayet  ot 
Bosnia,  Tm'key,  since  1878  admimstered  by  Aus- 
tria-HnDKarv.  It  is  bounded  by  Bosnia  on  tlie  north 
•nd  nortlieakt,  Montenegro  on  the  southeast,  and  Dalinatia 
;„  t  e  west  "'d  southwest.  The  surface  .s  mountanious 
The  nhabitants  are  Slavs,  and  the  language  Servmn.  It 
was  conuuereU  by  the  Turks  in  1483  ;  was  the  scene  of  an 
rnsuSton  it,  lS75-7f.  •.  was  occupied  by  Austria-Hungary 
lU  Aug,  1878  :  and  was  again  the  scene  of  an  insurrection 
(which  proveil  unsuccessful)  in  ia*l-82 

Herzen,  Alexander.    See  Mert:cn. 

Herz.  mein  Herz,  warum  so  traiurig  ?  [t- , 
'Heart,  my  heart,  why  so  sorrowful  f  ]  A  pop- 
ular German  song.  The  words  were  written  by  .1.  R. 
Wys9  Jr.,  about  1812,  and  the  music  about  1814,  by  J.  L. 
F.Gluck,  a  clergyman.  T„v«K      Ra>-i>    nt 

Herzog  (hert'soo),  Johann  Jakob,  koiu  at 
B"elf Switzerland,  Sept.  12,  1805:  died  Sept. 
■m  1882  A  German  Protestant  theologian.  He 
„ak  D.oT;s8or  at  Lausanne  183.1-47,  at  Halle  1847-54,  and 
rt^rden  18?t-77.  He  edited  the  "Real-Encyklopadie 
J,  r  pSfstantische  Theologie  uud  Kirche  "  a864-«6). 
HerZOgenbUChsee  (hert's6-gen-boch-za  ).  A 
town  in  the  eauton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  20 
miles  northeast  of  Bern. 
Wpr70eenbusch.  See  UerUxjenhnsch ,  S. 
HmZoI  ErnstThert'sog  ernst),  A  Middle  High 
&rmanpoem,writteninBavanabyanunknown 
author  in  the  latter  part  of  the  12th  e^entiiry  It 
recounU  the  marvelous  adventures  in  the  Orient  o  the 
tonished  Duke  Ernst  of  Swabia,  who  was  at  war  with  his 
rteptather,  the  emperor  Conrad  II. 

Heiekiel  (he-za'ke-e  ),  Georg  Ludwig.    Bo™ 

at  Halle-on-the-Saale,  Prussia,  Aug.  12.  1819. 
died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  26,  1874.  A  German  jour- 
nalist and  man  of  letters,  author  of  poems,  his- 
torical novels,  and  a  life  of  Bismarck  (18fa8). 

Heshbon  (hesh'bon).  In  Bible  geography.acity 
in  Palestine,  about  36  miles  east  of  Jerusalem. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Sihon,  king  of  the  Amorltes.  and  af- 
terward beloilged  successively  to  the  Israelites  and  to  he 
Moabites.  It  was  tributary  to  Thothmes  III.  It  is  the 
modern  Hesban.  ,   .      .,      ,       i   i.     *-    i 

He8iod(he'si-od).    [Gr.'Ha.oiiof.]    A  celebrated 
Greek  poet.   He  was,  according  to  a  poem  attributed  to 
blm,  born  in  the  village  of  Ascra,  in  Bajotia,  and  Pr"'';; '  V 
Uved  about  735  B.  c.  His  youth  was  according  '"the  same 
authority,  spent  in  rural  pursuits  at  his  native  village    iU 
Ippears  tij  have  lived  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at 
Ordiomenus,  where  he  is  said  to  have  been  buried.     The 
obscurity  in  which  his  life  is  involved  bus  led  some  critics 
to  adopt  the  opinion  that  the  name  does  "Ot  ■"Z"'?.  nn  i^ 
actual  person,  but  is  a  mere  personification  of  the  B^otian 
or  Hesiodic  school  of  poetry,  as  opposed  to  the  llome™ 
or  Ionic.    Of  the  numerous  works  commonly  ascribed  to 
him  the  most  important  are  "  Works  and  Days    and  -  lle- 
OBony  ■•    The  former  is  chiefly  composed  of  precepts  on 
S  economy  and  maxims  of  morality ;  the  latter  is  an  ac- 
Sunt  of  ?h"o.igin  of  the  world  and  the  birth  of  the  gods. 
Hesione  (he-si'6-ne).  [Gr. 'n<T<o.;?.]  InC-reekle- 
gend,a  daughter  of  Laomedon,  king  of  Troy,and 
Leucippe.  Shewasexposed.asapropitiatorysacnflceto 
be  killed  by  a  sea-inonstcr  sent  by  Poseidon  to  devasMte 
rte  land    Hercules  slew  the  monster  and  set  her  free  aiid, 
when  the  proiniae<l  reward  was  refused  him,  took  Itoy, 
Sew  liom^don  and  his  sons,  and  gave  Hesione  to  his  com- 
panion, Telamon,  by  whom  she  became  the  mothei  of 

He8peria(hes-pe'ri-a).   [Gr.  'EaTtpm.]   Accord- 
ing to  the  ancient  Greeks,  the  region  ot  the  west, 
especially  Italy,  and  soraetimes.according  to  the 
poets,  the  Iberian  peninsula. 
rfesperides  (hcs-per'i-dez).   lGx.'TS.aircin,S,,rA  in 
Grei.k  mythology,  maidens,  guardianh  of  the 
golden  apples  which  Ga>a  (Earth )  caused  to  gi'ow 
is  a  marriage-gift  for  Hera.   They  dwelt  >"  Jl"^'  «; 
treme  west,  on  according  to  one  account,  among    In  ii.\ - 
^ZZl^.    According  to  Uesiod  th^y  we.x  daiighei^of 
Night :  in  later  accounts,  daughters  of  Atlas  and  Ucspcns, 
named  ^le,  Arethusa,  Erythcia,  and  Hcsperia 
He8peras(hes'pe-rus).  [Gr."E,T7rfpo.;  ]  Theeven- 
iugstar,iuGreefii.ivtholog>',sonofAstrn3Usand 
Eos  (according  to  llesiod).  He  was  regarded  as  iden- 
tical with  the  morning  star,  and  was  hence  called  the 
"Llght-hrlngcr."    Compare /'AospAonw. 
Hesperus.  In  Arthurian  legend,  the  name  given 
to  Sir  Pertolope,  the  Green  Knight.    Tennyson 
calls  hini  the  "  Evening  Star":  his  famous  combat  took 
place  at  dawn.     Sec  lletperm,  above. 

Hesperus,  Mount.    See  Jijn,<lcd  leak. 

Hess  (lies ),  Heinrich  Maria  von,  Born  at  Dus- 

geldorf,  Prussia,  April  ID,  17!!8:  died  a  Muiiicli, 
March  2'J,  186:!.  A  German  historical  painter, 
brother  of  Peter  von  Hess:  noted  for  his  frescos 
in  Munich.  „     .  ,    c,    -^ 

Hess,  Johann  Jakob.  Bon,  at  Zurich   SwUzei  - 

land,  Oct.  21,1741:  dird  there,  May  2!),  1828    A 

Swiss  Protestant  theolngiau.  His  chief  work  is 

••Lcheiisgrschiclitr  .li'su"  (1781). 
Hess,  Karl  von.     i'"'y»  at  DiisseUlorf.  I-r'-ssni, 

1801:  died  at  KeicheiihaU,  Bavaria,  ^ov.  l(>,lKi4. 

A  German  iininter,  brotliev  of  Pet^r  von  Hess. 

Hess,  Karl  Adolf  Heinrich.    Born  at  1  )resdeii, 

176il:  died  at  Wilhelnisdorf.  near  Vienna,  .Inly 
3. 184'.).  A  German  painter  of  horses  and  bat- 
tle-scenes. 


501 


Hess,  Karl  Ernst  Christo_ph.  Bom  at  Darm- 
stadt, 1  ic.n.ianv.  -la,,.  22.  17.->5  :  died  at  Munich, 
July  "•')  1828.  '  A  Gcniiau  engi-aver.  Among  his 
best-works aie  -A  Charlatan  "  after  Dow  "  Ascension  of  the 
Virgin  ••  after  Guido  Reni,  portraits  after  Rubens,  and  a 
"  Holy  Family  "  after  Raphael. 

Hess,  Peter  von.     Born  at  Diisseldorf ,  Prussia, 
July  2'J,  17'J2:  died  at  Munich.  April  4,  18/1. 
A  noted  German  painter  ot  battles  and  genre 
scenes,  son  and  pupil  of  Karl  Ernst  Chnstoph 
Hess,  and  pupil  of  the  Munich  Academy.    He 
served  in  the  campaiL-ns  of  1813-13,  and  went  to  Greece  ,n 
S3amltoKussiainls;«Uon,akest,,diesforba     epictu^^^^^ 
ordered  by  the  czar.    Among  his  works  are  "Batlleof  Arcis- 
sm--Aube"  "I'assage  of  the  Beresina."  "  Irench  Wagon- 
train  "  (National  Gallery  in  Berlin),  "Battle  of  Leipsic, 
"Battle  of  Austerlitz," etc. 
Hesse  (hes),  G.  Hessen  (hes'sen).    Alandgravn- 
ate  of  the  German-Koman  Empire.    It  lay  along 
the  Main  and  the  middle  Rlune,  and  's,'''"''!'"' ""''j^/f  *; 
ward  to  the  Weser.     The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the 
Chatti.     The  landgraves  of  Thuringia  became  rulers    n 
Hesse  in  the  12th  century.   On  the  extinction  of  the  Thu- 
rinL'ian  line  in   1247,  various  claimants  appeared.      In 
1263  by  the  treaty  of  Wettin.  Henry  of  Brabant  acquired 
certiin  possessions,  and  styled  himsel    landgrave  ad 
prince  of'^Hesse,  making  Cassel  his  capita  .  ^Jious  acyni- 
sitionswere  made(Giessen,  Horaburg.etc.).  PhiliptheMag- 
nanimous,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  was  one  of  the  lea.lers  of  the 
Reformation.    Athisdeathin  15«7  thecountry  wasdivnkd 
among  his  four  sons,  and  the  lines  of  Hcsse-Cassel  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Hesse-Rheinfels(extinguishedl583),and  Hesse- 
Marburg  (extinguished  1604)  were  formed,     hee  below. 

Hesse,  Grand  duchy  of.    A  grand  duchy  and 

state  of  the  German  Empire.  It  comprises  mainly 
two  separate  parts  -  the  northern,  consisting  of  the  prov- 
re  of  I'pper  Hesse  (Oberhessen),  surrounded  by  Prussia; 

and  the  southern,  consisting  of  the  P™""'='^^,  "^ ^/"X. 
burg  (east  of  the  Rhine)  and  Rhine  Hesse    west^of  the 
KMne).  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  west  and  »°rt'>' ^^^ 
Bavaria  and  Baden  on  the  east  and  south.     There  are  also 
nsmaUer  exclaves.     The  chief  physical  fea  ures  are    le 
odeiiwald  the  Vogelsberg,  outhers  of  the  launus  and  the 
piuro    the  Rhine  and  Main.     Hesse  has  considerable 
production  of  wine  and  flourishing  manufactures.     The 
?aS  is  Darmstadt ;  the  chief  city  Mainz.     The  govern- 
n  Su  aherclltary  constitutional  monarchy  with  a  grand 
duke  and  a  Landtag  ot  2  chambers.     Hesse  has  3  rtpre- 
sentatives  in  the  Bundesrat  and  9  in  "«  R«'f'^'?S;.,„?^'  = 
religion  of  the  majority  is  Protestant      The  la"'i|');™^ 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt  was  '-■onstitutedm  156,.    (bee  Wcssi 
above.)    It  lost  to  France  the  territories  west  of  the  Rhine 
,"ahe  wars  of  the  French  Revolution  ;  ceded  various  Ur.  - 
t^ries  in  1803,  but  was  largely  ;ncf<;'^«'l„'j>' ',";."'',"^^^/',, 
\I-iiTi7  theduehyof  Westphalia,  etc;  entered  thei  mlMl- 
e ra  ion  i^f  the  Rhine  in  lSo6,  and  became  a  grand  .lucby 
receWIng  territory  ;  joined  the  Allies  in  1813  ;  entered  the 
Germanfc  Confederation  in  1815  ;  ceded  the  duchy  of  V  e    - 
phaUa  to  lYussia  in  1815,  and  made  other  cessnms        t 
deceived  extensive  territories  and  the  towns  of  Ma  nz  ,  n 
Woo-ms ;  and  received  a  constitution  in  1820.     I    /"' 
with  Austria  against  Prussia  in  1866,  and  was  obliged  to 
make  contributions  and  cede  Hesse-Homburg  and  Jk  r 
tloiis  of  llnper  Hesse  to  Prussia,  the  grand  duke  being 
con  peUed'^U.  enter  the  North  German  ^'o"  « '^  '™,  ;;^ 
his  territories  north  of  the  -Mam.     From  that  time  it  h  u 
usValiy  been  called  Hesse    instead  of  Hesse-Darn.s  adt. 
Area,  2,965  siinare  miles.     Population  (WW'.  l,llii.*«»J- 
Hesse  (hes'se),  Adolf  Friedrich    Bom  at  Bres- 
lau,  Prussia,  Aug.  -W,  18011 :  died  there.  Aug. .., 
1803.     A  German  organist  and  composer  tor  tlie 

Hesse '(es),  Jean  Baptiste  Alexandre.    Born 

at  Paris,  Sept.  :!0.  IHOO  :  'lic'l  at  Pans,  Aug.  ,, 
1S7'J.  A  French  historical  painter,  nephew  ot 
N.A.Hesse.  ,„  ,  ,„^ 
Hesse,  Nicolas  Auguste.  Born  at  Pans,  1  /9o : 
died  it  Paris,  June  14,  1869.  A  French  histor- 
ical painter.  ,  „ „ 

Hesse-Cassel  (hes'kas'el),  or  Electoral  Hesse, 
G.  Hessen-Kassel  (hcs'sen-kas  sel),  or  Jiur- 
hessen  (kiir'lies-sen).  A  former  landgraviate 
and  electorate  which  lay  north  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt. It  was  formed  in  1667  at  the  'livlsio"  ••'  "'"  "JS'.;'," 
lands-  was  occupied  liy  the  French  in  theseven  \  cars  Wai  . 
urn?sirj:fS;lioi  troops  for  the  ''r''J»^»Xrito''r!;'wes  of 
United  .States  ;  lost  to  France  '" ''"'V.^l  "l^Zrah  ig- 

?  l^"thfL\:gInr.dWe'»tph,diain.J«,7    lu^^^^^^ 
restored  in  1813;  and  received  part  of  "'"  P  I  ,i  Ipallt) 
Fulda  and  .)thcr  territories  In  l»l.^  and  enUred  the  Gti- 
manle    '  n  t'leration.     A  constitution  was  proclaimed  In 
S      A  constitutional  struggle  betweca,  the    bera  »  and 
Uasscnptlug  in  Isr.o  led  to  the  armed  IntcrventU  n  of  Aus- 
tr^nafdofHaH-cnpllug,   "-f  ^';'-'T'' '  ;Jrii;!'iX;ite 
Prussia  1S66,  and  was  annexe.l  by  Prussia  >« '■«:.  ^ ''"K'^'-""-' 
portion  forms  iiart  "f  the  pn.vince  of  Hesse-N.issnn. 

iesse-Darmstadt  (1^-'''^;'''   r"4^^, '^\\Xi 

viate  of  Germniiv,  fornud  in  l.'itn,  now  called 
Ilcsse    Foritsl,islorv,se,'//<'.v,-r,(;niH(('(ii<'/'.V<>.r- 

Hesse-Hombure  (hes'hon/berg)    «•  Hessen- 

Homburgdics^sen-liom'borG).    A  forme,  lan.l- 

^.,  .   .  _  .  ..  *.    I         ■...>...)    1 1..... till  rir.i'ikl-ili't- 


HettstEdt 

Hesse-Nassau  (hes'nas'a),  G.  Hessen-Nassau 
(hes'sen-uiis'sou).  A  xirovince  ot  Prussia, 
formed  in  1868.  Capital,  Cassel.  It  comprises 
nearly  all  Hesse-Cassel,  nearly  all  Nassau,  part  of  Hesse- 
Horaburg,  the  other  cessions  made  by  Hesse  m  186«.  and 
those  made  by  Bavaria  in  1866.  It  is  surrounded  by  the 
Prussian  provinces  of  Saxony,  Hannover,  Westphalia,  and 
the  Rhine,  Hesse,  Bavaria,  Waldeck,  and  Saxe-W  eimar ; 
and  there  are  also  several  small  exclaves.  It  surrounds 
I  pner  Hesse.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and  in  part 
mountainous.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Agriculture 
and  industries  are  flourishing.  There  arc  2  government 
districts,  Cassel  and  Wiesbaden.  Area,  6,058  square  miles. 
Population  (I'JOOI,  l,bl)7,'J81  ,•    ,      .     t     ,j 

Hessian  (hesh'an).  The  German  dialect  of  old 
Hessian  territory  about  the  upper  Lahn,  the 
Fulda,  and  tlio  Eder.  With  t'pper and  Middle Fran- 
conianandThuringian,ltfoniisthegroupspeciflcallycalle<l 

Middle  German.  •    i     x- 

Hessians  (hesh'anz).  The  natives  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Hesse  in  Germany.  The  Hessians  as  a  race 
are  the  representatives  of  the  ancient  Teutonic  people  the 
Catti  (Chatti) ;  they  formed  various  minor  stales  in  Ger- 
many, of  which  the  chief  have  been  Hesse-Cassel  (an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1866)  and  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse, 
called  Hesae-Darmstadt  previous  to  1868. 

Hessus  (hes'stis),  Helius  Eobanus.  Born  at 
Halt'eliausen,  Hesse,  Jan.  6,  14SS :  died  at  Jlar- 
bui-g,  Prussia,  Oct.  4,  1.540.  A  German  poet. 
Among  his  Latin  poems  are  versions  ot  the 
Psalms  and  of  the  Iliad. 

Hestia  (hes'ti-ii).  [Gr.  'E<Tr/a.]  ^,1^  Greek  my- 
thology, the  goddess  of  the  hearth,  daughter  of 
Cronos  and  Rhea,  identified  with  the  Eoman 

Vesta.  ,  , ,     r. 

Hestia.  An  asteroid  (No.  46)  discovered  by  Pog- 
snn  at  Oxford,  Aug.  16,  1857.  ,      ,  ,        , 

Hesvan   (hes'van),    or  Heshvan   (hesh  van). 
[Hill  J     Tlie  eighth  month  of  the  Jewisli  year. 
corresponding  to  the  latter  part  of  Oct.  and  a 
part  of  Nov.     It  has  29  or  30  days.    Its  fuller  form 
is  Mnr-htshmn,  from  Babylonian  arai-ianuui  (with  cus- 
tomary phonetic  change),  eighth  month.     Like  the  other 
names  of  the  Hebrew  months,  it  was  borrowed  from  the 
Babylonians  about  the  time  of  the  exile. 
Hesychasts  (hes'i-kasts).     [Gr.  //ffiM-ao-yf,  one 
wlio  leads  a  retired  life.]    A  body  ot  monks  who 
lived  on  Mount  Athos  during  the  14th  century, 
and  aimed  to  attain,  by  the  practice  ot  con- 
templation and  asceticism,  perfect  serenity  ot 
mind,  and  lience  supernatural  insight  and  di- 
vine light,  with  knowledge  of  the  Heity. 
HesychiUS(he-sik'i-us).    [Gr.'HtriACf-]    P"t '" 
death  at  tlie  beginning  of  the  4th  century.     An 
Egyptian  bishop,  reputed  reviser  of  the  Septua- 
■'in't  and  the  New  Testament. 
Hesychius.     Lived  in  the  6th  (or  4th  ?)  century. 
A  Greek  grammarian  of  Alexandi-ia.    He  com- 
piled a  Greek  lexicon,  edited  by  Albert!  and  Ruhnken 
1746-66,  and  by  M,  Schmidt  1857-68 


.'raviale  ortiermanv.  Itlucluded  Ilombnrg-vor  clei- 
Tlo  le  (north  of  Frankfort-on-thc-Nlaln)  and  .Melsenhel.n 
lewee     1  HtbinePalali.iateandltlrkcnfeld).!  bninc.Y 

,f  from  ll,.ssc.I,armstadt  in  V.mK  «""  "";'';■„'•;''" 'J,^: 
to  llesse-Dannstadt  In  IsiHl.  and  Independent  In  ISl. 
■ece  vcd  Meisenheim  in  1816  ;  an,l  entered  he  liermanle 
•,,  fed  -ration  in  1S17.  By  extinction  of  the  ho.  »e 
March.  186<1,  It  r.'verted  to  UcsseDarmstadt.  wl'l''  >  I' 
i  .nt  1866  eVded  It  to  Prussia.  It  now  forms  part  of  the 
prSvlnce  of  HeMe.Nas«,u  and  of  the  Rhine  Province, 


The  most  important  Byzantine  lexicon  bears  the  name 
of  Hesychius  of  Alexandria,  who  appears  to  have  livwl  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  centuiT  :  but  has  uiiquestion- 
alilv  come  down  to  us  in  modifled  fonn.  including  many 
additions  ..f  a  much  later  date.  Hesychius  hinise  f  was 
probably  a  pagan,  and  a  large  portion  of  these  additions 
^insists  In  Biblical  glosses  which  must  have  proceo' «! 
from  the  pen  of  some  Christian  grammarian  The  value 
oMhe  work  is  not  lau.h  enhanced  by  these  later  additions. 
But  it  is  an  i„.  ^ti.nal.l.-  aid  to  the  study  of  the  classic^ 
authors  esneciiillv  Homer,  because  it  embodies  In  a  large 
measure  the  besttradiiions  of  the  older  groinmanans  of 
Alexandria.  It  was  derived  immediately  by  Hesychius 
fr'm,  the  dictionary,  in  Ave  l,ooks,  liy  Diogenianlis.  who 
lived  at  Heraclea,  in  the  Pontus,  m  the  time  of  Uadiian  . 
and  this,  again,  was  an  extract  from  the  great  dictloliar>', 
in  ninety-tlvc  books,  by  Pamphilus  and  Zopyrion,  of  the 

school  of  Aristarcbus.  

A-.  O.  Mulli-r,  Hist,  of  the  Lit  of  Anc.  Greece.  III.  384. 

{(^Donaldstm.) 

Hesvchius.  surnamed  '■  The  Illustrious."    Born 

at  Miletus.  Asia  Minor:  lived  at  the  beginning 

of  the  Otli  century.     A   Greek  historical   and 

biograivliical  writer.  _  ^ 

Hetaeria  PhiUke  (het-a-re'ii  fe-le  ke  ).    [NGr. 

h<u,va  <;.(/m;/.]  Asecri't  political  society  founded 

at  Odessa  in  1814  for  the  purpose  of  liberating 

Greece  from  the  Turkish  domination.     In  IS20  It 

chose  as  Its  leader  Prince  Alexan.ler  lly,.»ilanti,  who  in 

1S"1  Inaugurated  the  Greek  war  for  IndcpcndenLi. 

Heth  (he(li).    A  descendant  of  Canaan  (Gen.  x. 

ir,):    th.'    ancestor  of   the  family  Iron,   whom 

Abraham  purchased  the  cave  of   Machpelah 

(Gen   XX.).     See  UiltiUx. 

Hettner  (het'n.r).  Hermann  Julius  Theodor. 

Xrn  at  Leisersdorf.  near  tioldberg.  Prussia 
M'inh  1',  1S21 :  died  at  Dresden,  May  29,  IS.S.. 
\  ( ierniai,  historian  of  literature  aii.l  art.  He  lie- 
■a,  ,'  ,,     essor  at  .tena  In  18-.1,  and  In  1855  wen.    o  lir™- 

nV'o    Un.>  ;ilel"«d::'."M'l  ,Vnm,     "'-  'J^';:' «-;;,  "  '^  '•»■ 
enitnrgcscblcbtc  des  1>,  ,labrhnnderts     (18,16-.0). 

Hettstadt.  or  Hettstedt  (het'stet)  A  town  ,n 
111,,  i.rovince  of  Saxonv.  Pmssia,  situated  on  tlio 
Wi,!!.er'i^  ""!-''  «'>"♦•"'  °f  Magdeburg.  Popula 
tion  (18'J0),  commune,  8,641. 


Heuglln 
Henglin  (hoig'lin),  Theodor  von.     Born  at 

Hirsohlaiideii,  Gemiany.  Maroh  20.  1824:  died 
at  Stuttgart,  Nov.  5,  1876.  An  African  trav- 
eter  and  ornithologist.  He  was  an  able  naturalist, 
linguist,  marksman,  and  draftsman,  and  his  numerous  ex- 
peditious resulted  in  collections  and  published  works  of 
fare  scientific  value.  His  many-sided  explorations  carried 
him  to  Arabia.  Abyssinia,  and  Kordofan  (18.^0-55);  to  Ba 
yuda.  lied  Sea,  and  Somali  coasts  (lSo6) ;  to  Mensa,  Bogos. 
Barea,  Adua,  Gondar,  and  to  Djamma,  Galla-land.  where  he 
met  King  Theodorus  (IS61-62) ;  and  to  the  land  of  the  Dors 
as  far  as  the  Dembo  River  (1S63-WX  In  lS58-6tX  and  after 
1864,  he  published  7  important  works  on  his  journeys 
and  on  African  ornithology-  In  1S70-71  he  \isited  Spitz- 
bergen  and  Nova  Zembla.  on  which  regions  he  wrote  3 
volumes,  and  in  1874  he  made  his  last  African  tour  along 
the  Red  Sea  and  among  the  Beni  Amer. 
Heureaux  (e-ro'),  Ulisse.  Born  about  1846: 
assassinated  at  Moca,  Sauto  Domingo,  July  26. 
1899.  A  general  and  politician  of  the  Domini- 
can Republic.  He  took  an  important  part  in  the  war 
with  the  Spaniards  1866 ;  became  president  of  the  republic 
1882-83,  and  again  in  18S7;and  was  afterward  continuously 
reelected,  the  last  time  in  1897. 

Heuscb  {hesch ).  orHeus  ( hes).  Jacob  van.  Bom 

at  Utrecht.  1657:   died  there,  1701.     A  Dutch 
painter,  nephew  of  Willem  van  Heusch. 

Heasch,  or  Heus,  Willem  van.  Lived  in  the 
17th  century.    A  Dutch  landscape-painter. 

Hevelius  (he-ve'li-us  ;  G-.  pron.  ha-fa'le-6s).  ori- 
ginally Hewel  (ha'vel),  or  Hewelke  (ha-vel'- 
ke).  Johannes.  Born  atDantzic,  Prussia.  Jan. 
28, 1611 :  died  at  Dantzic,  Jan.  28, 1687.  A  Po- 
lish astronomer.  After  having  completed  his  studies 
at  Ireyden  he  traveled  in  Holland,  England,  France,  and 
Germany  1630-34,  when  he  returned  to  his  native  city  of 
Dantzic.  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  astronomy. 
He  was  elected  a  judge  in  16*1,  and  a  town  councilor  in 
1651.  Among  his  works  are  *'  Selenographia  *"  (1647)  and 
"Prodromus  astronomise  "  (1690). 

Hewitt  (hu'it),  Abram  Stevens.  Born  at  Hav- 
erstraw.  X.  Y..  July  31.  1822:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  18, 1903.  An  American  statesman,  son-in- 
law  of  Peter  Cooper.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  of 
Contrress  fr..m  New  York  187^79  and  1881-86.  and  mayor 
of  N'ew  Y'Tk  IS-ST-t^S. 

Hewitt,  John  Hill.  Bom  at  New  York  eitv, 
July  11,  1801:  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  Y, 
1890.  An  American  author,  in  1825  he  settled  at 
Baltimore,  where  he  engaged  in  literar>'  work,  and  was 
brought  into  rivalry  with  Edgar  Allan  Poe.  His  best-known 
work  is  the  ballad  *lne  Minstrel's  Ketum  from  the  War." 

Hexam  (hek'sam),  Lizzie.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters  in  Dickens's  "Our  Mutual 
Friend." 

Hexapla  i  hek'sa-pla).  [Gr.  ra  ecarr/Mj  so.  Bifi'/Ja, 
sixfold  ^Bible).]  An  edition  of  the  Bible  in  six 
versions.  The  name  is  especially  given  to  a  collection  of 
testsof  theOldTestamentcoilatedbyOrigen.  It  contained 
in  six  parallel  columns  the  Hebrew  test  in  Hebrew  char- 
acters and  in  Greek  characters,  the  Septuagint  with  criti- 
cal emendations,  and  versions  by  Symmachus,  Aquila.  and 
Theodotion.  There  were  also  fragments  of  several  other 
versions. 

Hexapolis  (hek-sap'o-lis),  Dorian.  [Gr.'Efd;ro- 
A^Cj  six  cities.]  In  ancient  Greek  history,  a  name 
given  to  a  league  of  six  Dorian  cities  —  Lindus, 
Ialysus,Camirusiall  in  Rhodes),  Haliearnassus, 
Cnidus.  and  Cos. 

Hexateuch  (hek'sa-tiik).  [From  Gr.  cf,  six, 
and  T£ixoc^  an  implement,  a  book.]  The  first 
six  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  sixth  book, 
Joshua,  relating  the  final  settlement  of  the  Jews  in  the 
promised  land,  is  a  continuation  of  the  Pentateuch,  and 
apparently  forms  with  it  a  complete  work,  homogeneous 
In  both  style  and  purpose. 

Hexham  (hek'sam).  A  town  in  Northtunber- 
land.  England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  20  miles 
west  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  it  contains  a  priorj- 
church.  Here,  May  15.  1464,  the  Lancastrians  under  the 
Duke  of  Somerset  were  t-'tally  defeated  by  the  Yorkists 
under  Lord  Montacute.  Somerset  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
was  beheaded  after  the  battla     Population  (1891).  5,945. 

Heyden  (M'den),  Jan  van  der.  Bom  at  Gor- 
kom.  Netherlands,  1637  (1640?):  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1712.    A  Dutch  architectural  painter. 

Heylin,  or  Heylyn  (hi'lin).  Peter.  Bom  at  Bur- 
ford,  Oxfordshire.  England,  Xov.  29, 1600:  died 
at  London.  May  8, 1662.  An  English  church  his- 
torian and  controversialist.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Cosmography  "  (1G62).'*  Ecclesia  Restaurata :  the  History 
of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  England  "(1661X  etc. 

Heyne  (lii'ne).  Christian  Gottlob.  Bora  at 
Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Sept.  25. 1729:  died  at  Got- 
tingen,  Prussia,  July  13, 1812.  A  German  clas- 
sical philologist  and  archieologist,  professor  at 
Gottingen  1763-1812.  He  published  "Opascula  aca- 
deraica  '^  (17S5-1812),  and  edited  Tibullus  (1755),  Ver^ 
(1767-75),  Pindar  (1773),  the  Hiad  (lSO-2).  etc. 

Heyse '  hi'  ze ) ,  Johann  Christian  August.  Bom 
at  Nordhausen,  Prussia,  April  21,  1764:  died  at 
Magdeburg,  Prussia.  June  27, 1829.  A  German 
grammarian,  teacher  successively  at  Olden- 
burg. Nordhausen,  and  Magdeburg.  He  publish- 
ed '■  Allgcmeines  Fremdwbrterbuch"  (1S04).  "Deutsche 
.Grammatik  "  (1814X  "Deutsche  Scholgrammatik  "  (1816X 
etc. 


502 

Heyse,  Johann  Ludwig  Paul.   Bom  at  Berlin, 

March  15,  ISSO.  A  German  novelist  and  poet. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  philologist  Karl  Wilhelm  Ludwig 
Heyse.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and  Bonn.  In  1849,  and 
again  in  1S52,  he  traveled  in  Italy.  Since  1S54  he  has  lived 
in  Munich.  His  principal  works  are  his  "Novellen/' 13  se- 
ries of  which  have  appeared  from  1S55  to  Itfil  under  vari- 
ous titles.  Besides  these  he  has  published  "Gesammelte 
Xovellen  .i.n  Verseu"  (ISo^i).  "SjTitha  "  (1S67),  "Die  Ma- 
donna in  Olwald  "  ("The  Madonna  of  the  Olive  Grove." 
1S79).  The  novels  "Die  Kinder  der  Welt  "  ("  The  Children 
of  the  World  ")  and  '•  In  Paradies  "  appeared  in  1S73  and 
1S75  respectively.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous  dramas 
written  at  various  times  from  185<J  to  ISSL  An  epic  poem, 
"Thekla,"  was  published  in  185S.  *' Das  Skizzenbuch" 
("  The  Sketch-bwk  "),  a  volume  of  poems,  appeared  in  1ST7 ; 
"Der  Salamander"  in  1879;  the  collection  of  poems 
'■  Vei-se  aus  Italien  "  in  l^SO.  His  collected  works  (■'Ge- 
sammelte Schriften  ")  appeared,  1S72-80,  in  14  volumes. 

Heyse,  Karl  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Born  at  Ol- 
denburg, Germany.  Oct.  15,  1797:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Xov.  25.  1855.  A  German  philologist,  son 
of  J.  C.  A.  Heyse:  professor  at  the  University 
of  Berlin.  He  continued  his  father's  grammatical  works, 
and  wrote  '"  System  der  Sprachwissenschaft "  (1856).  etc. 

Heyst  (hist).  A  sea-bathing  resort  in  the  prov- 
ince of  VTest  Flanders.  Belgium,  on  the  Xorth 
^ea  9  miles  north  of  Bruges. 

Heywood  (lia'wud).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England.  8  miles  north  of  ifan- 
chester.    Population  (1891).  23,286. 

Heywood,  John.  Bom  about  1500:  died  atMech- 
lin.  Belgium,  about  1580.  A  noted  English  epi- 
grammatist. He  was  a  sort  of  court  jester,  though  of 
good  social  position,  and  amused  by  his  powers  of  repar- 
tee. He  was  a  favorite  with  Queen  Mary,  but  when  Eliza- 
beth ascended  the  throne  he  retired  to  Mechlin,  where  he 
is  supposed  to  have  died.  He  wrote  3  interludes  in  which 
for  the  first  time  characters  were  personal  and  not  mere 
abstractions,  and  thus  paved  the  way  for  English  comedy. 
The  best-known  of  the  interludes  is  the  **Four  Ks:  "a 
merry  interlude  of  a  Palmer,  a  Pardoner,  a  Potycary,  and 
a  Pedlar."  printed  between  1543  and  1547.  His  "Epigrams 
and  Proverbs  "  (1562)  show  both  wit  and  humor,  and  were 
very  popular.  He  wrote  also  "The  Play  of  Love,"  "The 
Play  of  the  Wether,"  etc. 

Heywood,  Thomas.  Boi-n  in  Lincolnshije,  Eng- 
land: died  about  the  middle  of  the  l(th  cen- 
tury. A  noted  English  dramatist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer.  He  speaks  of  his  residence  at  Cam- 
bridge in  his  "  Apology  for  Actors,"  but  there  is  no  record 
of  him  there.  He  was  an  actor,  a  member  of  the  Lord 
Admiral's,  Earl  of  Southampton's,  Earl  of  Derbj-'s,  Earl  of 
Worcester's,  and  the  Queens  companies.  After  the  death 
of  the  queen  he  went  back  to  the  Earl  of  Worcester's  com- 
pany. '  He  was  a  proUfic  writer.  Among  his  plays  are 
'•The  Four  Prentices  of  London,  etc."  (produced  about 
1600:  printed  1615X  "Edward  IV."  (^in  2  parts),  "If  You 
Knew  not  Me,  You  Knew  Nobody,  etc."  (1605-06:  in  2 
parts),  "The  Royal  King  and  the  lioya]  Subject  "(printed 
1637:  acted  much  earlier),  ''A  Woman  Killed  with  Kind- 
ness" (acted  leoS:  printed  1607),  "The  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Eschanee"  (1607),  "The  Golden  Age"  (1611).  "The  Silver 
Age"(1612X  "The  Braaen  Age"  (1613),  "The  Iron  Age" 
(16S2  :  -2  parts).  "The  Fair  Maid  of  the  West "  (acted  1617 : 
printed  1631),  'The  English  Traveller"  (printed  1633), 
"Love's  Mistress  "(;636),  "The  Wise  Woman  of  Hogsden  " 
(163S),  "Fortuneby  Land  and  Sea  "(with  William  Rowley : 
printed  1655),  "The  Late  Lancashire  Witches  "(with  Rich- 
ard Brome:  1634).  He  wrote  the  lord  mayor's  pageants 
for  many  years.  Among  his  miscellaneous  works  are  trans- 
lations of  Sallust,  and  selections  from  Lucian,  Ovid,  and 
others;  "Troia  Britannica,"  a  long  heroic  poem  (1609); 
"An  Apolog)-  for  Actors"  (1612:  reprinted  with  altera- 
tions by  William  Cartwright  in  165s  ^"ith  the  title  'The 
Actors' Vindication  ") ;  *•  England'sElizabeth"(1631) ;  "  The 
Hierarchy  of  the  Blessed  Angels,"  a  long  didactic  poem 
(1635). 

Hezekiah  (hez-e-ld'a).  [Heb.,*God  is  my 
strength.']  King  of  Judah  for  29  years.  Thedate 
of  his  accession  to  the  throne  is  variously  given  as  727, 
726,  and  715  B.  c.  He  restored  the  service  of  Jehovah, 
purged  the  country  of  the  idolatrj'  which  was  spread  under 
his  father  Ahaz,  and  inaugurated  a  kind  of  revival  of  the 
theocratic  spirit.  He  obtained  a  series  of  victories  over 
the  Philistines.  Concerning  his  relation  to  Assyria,  ac- 
counts are  found  in  the  Old  Testament  as  well  as  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions.  Hezekiah  undertook  to  shake  jB 
the  Assyrian  supremacy  under  which  Judah  had  groaned 
since  Uzziah.  It  would  seem  that  Shalmaneser  TV.  and 
Sargoa  were  somehow  preveuted  from  punishing  him. 
But  Sennacherib  made  two  invasions  into  Judah.  The  first 
(702)  is  briefly  related  in  2  Ki.  xviii.,  according  to  which, 
after  Sennacherib  had  captured  all  the  fortified  cities  in 
Judah,  Hezekiah  submitted  and  sent  to  the  conqueror  at 
Lachish  300  talents  of  silver  and  30  talents  of  gold-  The 
prism  inscription  of  Sennacherib  relates  more  fully  that 
he  attacked  Hezekiah  because  he  kept  Padi,  king  of  Ek- 
ron.  prisoner  in  Jerusalem;  that  he  took  46  fenced  cities 
and  many  captives,  and  gave  a  part  of  his  territory  to  the 
kings  of  Ekron,  Ashdod,  and  Gaza ;  and  that  he  besieged 
Jerusalem,  shutting  up  Hezekiah  in  it  "like  a  bird  in  a 
cage."  Returning  to  Lachish,  Sennacherib  sent  a  letter 
through  his  chief  general  (tartan)  and  prime  minister  {rab- 
shake)  to  Hezekiah,  demanding  the  surrender  of  the  cap- 
itaL  The  result  of  this  invasion,  as  given  in  the  biblical 
record,  was  that  the  Ass>Tian  army  of  185,000  troops  be- 
sieging Jerusalem  was  smitten  by  the  angel  of  the  Lord  in 
the  night,  and  were  "all  dead  corpses."  The  Assyrian  in- 
scriptions contain  no  reference  to  the  catastrophe  of  the 
army,  which  is  mostly  explained  to  have  been  caused  by 
a  pestilence;  but  this  omission  is  easily  accounted  for  by 
national  pride.  The  eirtraordinary  event  is  corroborated 
by  a  tradition  preserved  in  Egypt,  and  heard  250  years  later 
by  Herodotus.  The  divergences  between  the  biblical  and 
the  Assyrian  accoonta  concern  more  Berioosly  the  chronol- 


Hicks,  Thomas 

ogy.  According  to  the  biblical  account  Hezekian  reigned 
727-699 :  for  the  destruction  of  the  kini:dom  of  Israel  in 
722  is  represented  as  takiu:;  place  in  his  6th  year,  and 
Sennacherib's  campaign,  which  fell  in  tlie  Utli  vearoi  Heze 
kiah,  would  have  to  be  put  in  713.  But  Sennacherib  did 
not  come  to  the  throne  before  705,  and  the  dale  of  the 
campaign  in  the  inscriptions  (701 1  is  therefore  preferable 
Again,  the  illness  of  Hezekiah.  his  recover}-,  and  the  con- 
gratulatory embassy  from  Merodach-Baladan.  to  whom  be 
showed  his  rich  treasures,  are  represented  in  the  Bible  as 
happening  after  the  collision  with  Sennacherib.  But  this 
must  have  occurred  before  the  treasurv  was  emptied  to 
pay  the  heavy  tribute  to  Assyria  (i.  e.,  704  or  703). 

H.  H.  The  pseudonym  (for  Helen  Hunt)  of  Helen 
Maria  Fiske  (Mrs.  Hunt ;  afterward  Mrs.  Jack- 
son). 

Hiawatha  (lii-a-wa'ta  or  hi-a-wa'tha).  A  per- 
sonage of  miractilous  birth.  ImowD  by  this  name 
among  the  Iroquois,  and  by  other  names  among 
other  tribes  of  North  American  Indians .  He  ww 
sent  among  them  to  teach  them  the  arts  of  peace.  "In  any 
form  the  tale  has  been  known  to  the  whites  less  than  SO 
years,  and  the  Onondaga  version  first  had  publicity  through 
Mr.  J.  V.  H.  Clark,  in  a  communication  to  the  >"ew  York 
'C<^nimercial  Advertiser.*  He  obtained  it  from  two  Ouou< 
daga  chiefs.  Scho'dcraft  used  these  notes  before  thef 
were  included  in  Clark's  history,  and  afterward  appropri- 
at4*d  the  name  for  his  Western  Indian  legends,  where  it 
had  no  proper  place.  About  the  same  time,  Mr.  Alfred 
B.  Street  had  a  few  original  notes  from  other  Iroquois 
sources,  which  he  used  in  his  metrical  romance  of  'Ftod- 
tenac'  along  with  some  from  Schoolcraft.  Thus,  when 
Longfellow's  'Hiawatha'  appeared,  1  was  prepareii  to 
greet  an  old  friend,  and  was  surprised  at  being  introdnctd 
to  an  Ojibway  instead  of  an  Iroquois  leader."  {W.  M,  Beau- 
champ,  Journal  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  IV.  295.)  Longfellow^ 
poem  "Hiawatha,  "published  in  1S5.^.  was  based  on  School- 
craft. The  latter's  "  Myth  of  Hiawatha  "  was  published  ia 
1S56.  and  dedicated  to  Longfellow. 

Hiazus,     See  Ya::oo. 

Hibbert  Lecrtures,  A  foundation  instituted  by 
the  trustees  of  Robert  Hibbert,  a  West  India 
merchant,  who  died  in  1849.  For  many  years  the 
trustees  applied  the  ftmds  mainly  to  the  higher  culture 
of  students  for  the  Unitarian  nainistiy.  but  in  1S78  re- 
solved to  institute  Hibbert  Lectures,  with  a  \iew  to  capa^ 
ble  and  really  honest  treatment  of  unsettled  problems  in 
theology,  apart  from  the  interest  of  any  particular  church 
or  system.  Amongst  the  lecturers  have  been  Mai  Miiller, 
Page  Renouf,  Renan,  Rhys  Davids.  Kuenen,  Beard,  K^. 
ville,  Pfleiderer,  Rhys,  Sayce.  and  Hatch.  Chamben'$  En- 
cijdopsdia,  V.  702. 

Hibemia  ihi-ber'ni-a).  or  Ibemia  (i-b^r'ni-a). 
or  Ivemia  (i-ver'ni'-a),  [L.  Hibemia,  Iren'ia, 
Jnverna,  lenia,  lerne ;  Gr.  'lovepvia^  lipi-jj:  all 
appar.  representing  the  Old  Celtic  form  of  Erin, 
Ire-land.^     An  ancient  name  of  Ireland, 

HibitOS(e-be't6s).  A  tribe  of  Peruvian  Indians 
on  the  upper  Huallaga.  apparently  a  branch  of 
the  Chunchos.  From  about  1076  to  1790  they  were 
gathered  into  mission  villages :  later  the  missions  vt-f 
broken  up.  the  Hibitos  returned  to  a  wild  life,  and  nothing 
is  now  known  of  them.     Also  written  Xibitog, 

Hibueros  (e-bo-a'ros}.orHigTieros  (e-gwa'ros). 
Tb€  Aztec  name  for  Central  America :  some* 
times  used  by  Cortes  and  others  before  1530. 

Hickathrift  (hik'a-thrift).  Tom,  A  mythical 
strong  man. 

Tom  Hickathrift  belongs  to  the  same  series  as  Jack  the 
Giant-killer,  one  of  the  popular  corruptions  of  old  north- 
ern romances.  It  seems  to  allude  to  some  orf  the  insur- 
rections in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  such  as  that  of  Hereward, 
described  in  Wright's  Essays,  ii.  91.  Spelman,  however, 
describes  a  tradition,  which  he  says  was  credited  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Tylney,  in  which  Hickifric  appears  as  the 
assertor  of  the  rights  of  their  ancestors,  and  the  means  he 
employed  on  the  occasion  correspond  with  incidents  in 
the  following  tale.  HcJlixctU,  Nursery  &h}'mea. 

Hickes  (hiks).  Greorge.  Bom  at  Newsham.  near 
Thirsk.  Yorkshire.  June  20.  1642:  died  Dee.  15, 
1715.  An  English  nonjuring  divine,  Anglo- 
Saxon  scholar,  and  controversialist.  .His  chief 
works  are  **  Institutiones  Grammaticse  Anglo-Saxonictt" 
(16s9),  "Linguarum  veterum  Septentrion^am  Thesau- 
rus" (1703-05). 

Hickok  (hik'ok).  Laurens  Perseus.  Born  at 
Bethel,  Conn.,  Dec.  29. 1798 :  died  at  Amherst. 
Mass.,  May  7.  1888.  An  American  clergyman 
and  metaphysician.  He  was  president  of  Tnion  Col- 
lege  1S66-68.  Among  his  works  are  '■  Rational  Psychology  " 
(184Si,  "Moral  Science"  (2S53X  'Empirical  Psychologj- '* 
(lSo4).  '■  Rational  Cosmology  "(1&5SX  ''Creator  and  Creation 
(1S72X  and  *•  The  Logic  of  Reason  "  (1S75). 

Hickory  (hik'o-ri).  Old,  A  nickname  given  to 
General  Andrew  Jackson,  from  the  toughness 
and  strength  of  his  character. 

Hickory  Pole  Canvass.  The  presidential  can- 
vass of  182S  in  behalf  of  Jackson  (''  Old  Hick- 
ory"). 

Hicks  (hiks),Elias.  Born  at  Hempstead.  X.Y., 
March  19,  1748:  died  at  Jericho.  X.T.,  Feb.  27, 
1830,  An  American  preacher  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  founder  of  the  denomination  of  the 
Hieksites.  He  published  "Observations  on 
Slavery  "(lSll).*'Do('trinal  Epistle  "(1S241. etc. 

Hicks,  Gteorge  Edgar.  Bom  at  Lymington, 
England,  iSlli.     An  English  genre-painter. 

Hicks,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Newtown.  Bucks  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  Oct.  18,  1823:   died  at  Trenton  Falls, 


Hicks,  Thomas  503  Hildesheim 

NY    Oct.  8, 1890.   Au  Amerieau  painter,  e.spe-  Hietan.     See  Comanche.  at  Poitiers,  Frano.-:  died  at  Poitiers,  Jan.  13, 

ciallv  of  portraits.    Amoug  liis  works  are  -  Ed-  Higden(liis'den),orHigdon(hig'don),Ranulf.     368  a.  D.     A  Gaulish  prelate  and  theologian,  a 
win  Booth  as  la-JO,""  Henry  WardBeeeber,"ete.     Diid  at  Cliester  about  Kiiio.     An  Eufjlish  ehnin-     noted  opponent  of  Arianism.    He  became  bishop  of 
Hicks    (hiks;.  William.   Hicks    Pasha.      Born     icl,^-.     lie  took  the  vows  of  ,.  Be„edic.i„c  in  .he  Abbey     Poitiers  at^ut  :«3^^  ^ 

*|31 :  killed  -ar  Kl  meicU  Kord^fan.  Africa^     l^jJ'^^^^S^l^^^l^S^^ll^^hr^^lir-'^d.S;  HiKs  "r  mla:;^^:  surnamed  Arela- 
Nov.  4,  lhb3.     ABritishoftcei.    He  commanded     ;;'""' '"^'=    "^  ^  tensis  ^ of  Aries')-     Born  in  Gaul  about  4U1 : 

!i''?eft?.yb;birxyT"t'VX^[rne',"^^^^  "''  HigginSOndnK'in-son),  Francis.    BorninEng-     ,Ii,.d  May  5,449.    A  Gaulish  prelate.    He  became 

■aiXaiiJarh  hiiks'lrec-hM    (Sir    Michael   Ed-     land  about  1587:   died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Aug.     bishop  of  Aries  in  429,  and  was  deprived  by  Leo  the  Great 
HlCkS-Ueacn   (mi>.s  uetu  ;,   oir    miLUd-ei   xiu  i,'„„i;cb  r.l.,v.rcTnuTi      ir.  ,>,.,in-,-!>ted     of  liis  r '.rhls  as  motn.pol  tan  n  445. 

•nrnr-A     Rfi,-,!  o t  T.i^TnlnTi  Oot   ^H    18o(      AiiEn"""     o,  lo.)i'.      Ao  JliJigiisn  ciergymaii,    lie  emijiiaieu  i  -w       -v       o        ti-i 

ward,    ■'^f''""' Yrv°";yv.,Hv;™^H.tnn^^^^^     t<^  Massachusetts  in  1029,  and  wrote  "New  England's  Pla..-  Hilary  (hil'a-n).     hee  Jldanus. 
lish  baronet,  and  Lonservatiye  politician.    He     ,^ti,jus  •■  (io.jn).  Hilary  S  Day,  St.    A  feast  commemorated  on 

r^t^''  cta,rS,.'":;f' the  "exchltuer'  a';i^.1'ui:r"r'iPe  Higginson,  iohn      Born  at  Haybrooke  Leices-  Jan.  h  by  the  Church  of  England,  and  on  Jan. 

Uonse  of  Commons  1885-88  ;  chief  secretai7  for  Iieland  tershire,  England,  Aug.  (),  lOK):  died  at  balem,  14  liy  the  t  liureh  of  Home.    The  Hilary  Term  at  Ox- 

issi-sr:  president  "f  the  lioard  of  trade  is8s-n2 ;  and  Mass.,  Dee.  9,  1708.     An  j\jnerican  clergyman,  ford  besins  on  Jan.  U,  and  ends  on  the  Saturday  next  be- 

clmii.el!or..ftheex.heciuerlHiir,^1902.                .,,,  son  of  Francis  Higginson.  fore  I'alm  .Sunday. 

Hick  or  Hycke  Scorner.   A  morality  printed  tjy  Higginson  Thomas  WentWOrth   Born  at  Cam-  in  law,  the  Hilary  Term  is  one  of  the  four  terms  of  the 

Wvnkvu  cl(.-  Worde.  bndccM'iss     Deo   ""   IS'^l      An  American  au-  Courts  of  Law  in  EnRland.    It  begins  Jan.  11  and  ends 

Tliplrcii+ocdiik'sitsl    A  secedinffbodvof  Friends  ^i      "  ,'-'i    '  '  "•  ,      ,'      '       "   '              *     *     i,„  „„  Jan.  31,    Tlie  Hilary  sittings  now  begin  Jan,  11,  and  end 

JllCKSlteS(hik  sU^^  Aseeemng  r  oayorr^^^^  fl,,,,.^  distinguished  as  an  opponent  ot  s  avery.  Wednesday  before  Ea-ster.    Formerly  the  sittings  of 

or  Quakers,  followers  ot  Elias  llicks,  tomied  in  jj^  f-raduated  at  Harvaid  in  ISII,  and  was  ordained  in  1847;  t,,^  (-ourts  of  Chancery  and  C.mmon  Law  were  regulated 

the  United  States  in  182( ,  and  holding  bocinian  retired  from  the  ministry  in  is.'is ;  and  was  colonel  of  the  j,    ^YLe  terms.                   Hapalje  and  Laurence,  Law  Diet 

doctrines  tlrstcolnred  regiment  in  theCivil  War.    Hehas  published  ■" 

TTi^ta'c  W0II      ThosossinTislinuspof  tliecountv  "Outdoor  Papers"  (1863),  "H.irvard  Memorial  liiugra-  Hlld.     hee  Eildil. 

^Pr^fu         •  J    1       1   K,^,Mt  i,Vi(iio  a,?,i  ?X;,  I''"««"  (1806),  "Malbone:  an  Oldport  Romance"  (1869),  Hilda  (hil'da),  or  Hild  (hild),  generally  called 

of  Mlddlese-X,  England,  built  in  1()12  and  taken  ..Army  Life  in  a  Blacli  Kegiraent"  (1870).  "Atlantic  Es-  ^„,^;';  TTiiJa""  pas    HiM   '[j    Hilda  ^      Bom  in 

down  in  17s2,  says "(1871),  "  Young Follis' History  of  theUnited  Stjites"  f.'^^'ii,-'",   w -Vi ■    ^       f  V     b  1  ■         i^-.  „1„,T  Kill. 

ffidalgO  de  Cisneros  y  Latorre  (e-dal'go  da  (l876),'"La/gerHistoryoftheUnite'dStates"(l884),"Hint8  tlie  West  Ridmg  of  Yorkshire    England.  614: 

■^ia^fi'Tfi^fil'i  t,?r'r5/BaUa7ar    Born  at  Car-  on  Writing  and  Speech-making"  (1887),  etc.  died  at  Whitby,  England,  Nov.  1<,  ()80.    An  Eng- 

thes-na  ros  e  la_-toi  ra)  Bal^^^^^^  High  Bridge.     .\  bn.lgc   l„iilt  l,s42-49  at  17.5th  lish  abbess.    She  was  a  descendant  of  the  royal  North- 

tegena  about  1-do:  d  ed  there,  June  9,  1829.  A  ^S"     ._^    B^^^^  ^  ^-  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^.^^^^^^            _  mr^hn-^r.  line,  became  abbess  of  Hartlepool  In  649,  and 

Spanish   general   and   administrator.     He  com-  ,         across  the  H'lrlem  Kiver  into  the  city,  founded  the  monastery  of  Whitby  in  6,i8. 

Z^^^}Z:^^ZS^^l^l^:^^V^^.  tt^^^^!^pZJ^^^^>=  arches.    tL  ^^^^^;^^-\^^i^;'^:Z 

^..^^^^'i^^^i^X^t^^it^i.X  ffi^hfly^'  h^'^;  :    a  bay  race-horse  by  Her-  'p^^S^^U^^:l)^p^^ 

Sx^k  possession  uf  the  office  ^July  30, 1809,  but  was  deposed     od,  foaled  in  1774.      He  was  the  property  of  Eichard  kept  a  peipetual  iglit  burning  and  where  tt^e  doves  came 

by  the  revolution  of  May,  IhlO  :  June  21,  1810,  he  was     Tal!tersall,  founder  of  "Tattersalts"  in  London,  who  made  to  be  fed,  is  shown  as  Hi  da  8  Tower  in  Rome, 

forced  to  leave  the  country.     The  Spanish  government     £-25,1100  by  his  piircliase,     "Tattersall's"  has  always  at-  HlldDUTghatlSen  ( Inlt   Oor(,-nou-zen).      A  town 

exonerated  him.     He  held  various  important  posts:  was     tributed  the  establishment  of  its  fortune  to  the  success  in  the  duchy  of  Sa.ve-Meiningen,  Germany,  sit- 

mlDistcr  of  marine  Sept.,  1818,  and  director-general  of  the     of  this  horse.    Highflyer  is  in  the  direct  male  line  from  ^.jfed  on  the  Werra  in  lat.  ."iO"  2G'  N.,  long.  10° 

s:^^sSi:S';;;:;s;^^;;^^;rs:n;^"ir°vz  :^^,n^s^n^:'°^^::'^^^"^^""^"'"'^'"''"°^-  '';:^j^^^:^^r%^^^;r^ 

^^  '"  ""^  ^■^"'-'"•«'=--'  "'  "'^  "^P-'-™'  "'  Highgate  (hi'gat).    1.  A  suburb  of  Wlon,  in  ^^{^^i^^^^^^  StB^'^'-T.- 

malVyC0Stilla(ekos,t.l'y.i)Miguel.Boni  ^::^^^,^^^^^^^^^^-s^^o^     n'-T''"'"T''''"'r'''?rH^"AFrlm.';^ef 

in  Guanajuato,  May  8,  17o3:  died  at  Cinhuahua,  the  level  of  the  Thames.                                                       at  Tours,  !■  ranee,  Dec.  18,  1134.  A  1"  reiich  prel- 

Aug.  1.  1811.     The  first  leader  of  the  Mexican  2.  An  old  gate  formerly  standing  at  the  south     ate,  theologian,  and  author,  bishop  of  Le  Mans 

war  for  independence.   He  was  curate  of  the  village  end  of  King  street,  which  runs  from  Whitehall     (made  archbishop  of  Tours  in  1123). 

of  Dolores,  where  he  proclaimed  a  revolt  Sept.  16,  1810.  jq  Westminster      The  gate-house  was  taken  Hildebrand  (hil'de-brand).     See  Greijori/  VII. 

The  undisciplined  army  which  he  gathered  marched  to-  i^^ni^iTo-j                                                                         (Hcinel 

ward  Mexico  and  defeated  Truxillo  Oct.  30,  1810;  but  it     ''."'7"'"  Y  jt  tt     1         m  _,-       •      tt,-ij«i,Co„,1       \  ,.olMi,..,fn,I  Ioo-or,rlorir  obiiT-ncfBr 

was  beaten  by  Ualleja,  and  Hidalgo  fell  back  on  Guadala-  High-Heels  and  Low-Hecls.     Two  parties  m  Hildebrand.    A  celebrated  legendary  character 

Jara.    Tlicre  he  raised  his  army  to  100,000  men,  but  was     l,illiput,  in  "Gulliver's  Travels"  by  Swift,  in-  of  (icrniiin  romance.    He  is  an  old  man,  part  of  whose 

•KSin  disastrously  defeated  by  Calleja  at  the  bridge  of  Cal-     t,.,,,ii,i  to  «qtiri7o  the  Tories  and  Whies.  story  is  told  in  the  "  Hildebnindslied,"  but  who  also  ap- 

diron,  Jan.  17.  1811.    He  resigned   and  Ded  toward  the  ,;  "^'i, "V^  W,^        Tbt^iame  Hven   to  Marv  pearsinthe-Nibelungenlied,""  Welrichvon  Bern.-Bite. 

United  States,  but  was  captured,  tried,  and  shot.                   Highland  Mary.        1  he   name  gl\  en   to  Mary  ^olf,"  the  "  Rosengaitcn,"  and  the  hero  legends. 

Hidatsa(he-da'tsii).  A  division  of  North  Ameri-     Campbell  and  Mary  Monson,  sweethearts  ot  Hiidebrandslied(hil'de-briiniis-led).  fG.,'Song 

can  Indians,  comprising  the  Hidatsa  proper  and     the  poet  Burns.                         a    i-  *  •  <.  •           n  nf  Hildebrand.']    An  Old  High  German  poem  in 

the  .\bsaroka  or  Crow.     The  Hidatsa  proper,  also  Highlands  (hi  landz)  The.   A  district  in  north-  ,iiiin.,..mye  verse,  of  unknown  authorshin,  pre- 

called.Miniiari.haveerroneouslybeenstyledOrosVentres.      ern  and  western  Scotland,  ot  vague  limits.     It  curved  in  a  fragmentary  form  in  a  single  manu- 

The  Hi.latsa  proper,  who  number  252,  are  in  a  village  <in      includes  the  Hebrides,  the  counties  of  Argyll.  Inverness,  •    ,  ,..i,:,,i,  ,i,,t„^  f-,,„,'  tl.p  ..iid  of  tlx-Htll  cen- 

the  Fun  Hertliobl  reservation.  North  Dakota.   See  Hiauan^      Koss  and  Ciomarty,  Sutherland,  and  Caithness,  and  parts  Script  w  Inch  dates  Irom  tbe  t  nU  ot  lUt  ntu  cen 

Hiddekel       See  Tiaris                                                          of   Nairn,   Elgin,    Banff,   Aberdeen,  Kincardine,   Forfar,  turv.     It  is  important  as  the  only  extant  example  of  old 

Wi^iwiha  "nii  d;m'linl'(m«sc  1     TTidimba.    (hi-      Perth,  .Stirling,  Dumbartim,  and  Bute,     The  inhabitants  (lerman  heroic  poetry.     Its  subject  is  the  combat  of  Hll- 

JUdUnda    (hl-aim   Oa)    (maSO,    maimoa    (m        „reniail,lv..f<Vltic  stock.     The  Highlands  are  celebrated  d.lnan.l  with  his  son  Hadubrand. 

dim  ba)  (fem.).  In  Hindu  mytho  ogy  a  power-     ,^^  ,.„,„^„;,.,,  ^,.,.„        they  contain  th..-  highest  mountains  Hildebrandt  (hil'de-briint),  Eduard.     Born  at 
fill  demon,  a  cannibal,  who  dwelt  in  the  lorest      ,„  On:.t  I'.iitain.    The  Higldandelans  to.. kan  active  part      ,,,,  ,,,•  ,    ,,",,,^„:, ,    ^,„,,    n   lum-  ,ii,„i  .,,  Hp,.ii,, 
to  which  the  Pandavas  retired  after  tlii^  burning     on  the  Royalist  side  in  tbe.-ivil  warsof  l(U2-00.  for  James     J.*ant/ic,  I  lUssia    Sept.  .1,  IMS.  and  at  .ISeUm, 

tTu        I  .,         .u         .     I,-,-    .-.    .       .1  II   in  11*    and  in  the  Jac.bite  risings  of  1716  and  1745.        Oct.  2o,  ISIlS.     A  ( .criiKiii  lands.'aiic-pninter. 

of  their  house.  He  sent  his  sister  Hidimba  to  hire  them  „■    l-i       j        i  xi.     tt.,j„„1,        \    ,..,..„„  nf  l,;i1c  ttji.3„vJ„«J4.    r<^-,^i-^^r,A   TV,ar^AAr      Unin-,   at 

to  him,  but  she  fell  in  love  with  Bhima.  Bhima,  refusing  Highlands  of  the  Hudson.    A  range  ot  hills  Hildebrandt,  Ferdinand  Theodor.    itoi-n  at 

her  advances,  had  to  fight  with  Hidirnlia,  whom  he  slew;  and  low  mountains  in  eastern  New  York,  in  Stettin,  Prussia,  July  2,  ]^U4:  died  at  Dussel- 
but  he  afterward  married  her.  Orange,  Putnam,  Dutchess,  and  Hockland  conn-  dorf,  Prussia,  Sept.  29,  1874.  A  German  his- 
HierapoUs  (hi-e-rap'o-lis).  [Gr. 'Ifp(Jn-o>»;,  sa-  ii(,g_  Prominent  points  are  Fishkill  Jlountjiin,  Storm  torical  ])ainter.  Amonghisbest  worksare  "Murderof 
Cred  citv.]  1.  An  ancient  city  of  Phrygia.  Asia  King  Crow's  Nest,  Donderberg,  Anthony's  Nose,  and  West  the  .Sons  of  Eilward  IV.  '(1836).  'Othello  relating  his  Ad- 
Minor,  situated  about  lat .  37°  .57' N.,  long.  29'=      Point.         ,      o-   Tir  ,.  .J^■,"i"v''"^''^2'■  X  ,.  Ti/r      •  1,  .r," 

E.:  the  modern  ParabukKalessi.  It  was  held  sacred  Highland  Wldow,  The.    A  story  by  Sir  Walter  Hildebrandt,  Johann  Mana._  Born  at  Dus- 

on  account  of  its  hot  springs  and  cave  "Plutonium,"  and     ScTitt,  |iiiblisli(.il  in  1S27.  seldcirf,  Germany.  Marcli  U>,  ISdc  dieiliiiMada- 

was  the  birthplace  of  Epictetus.  High  Life  Below  StairS.     A  comedy  farce  by  gascar,  Miiy  2!l,  b^sl.  .  An  African  traveler  and 

2.  An  ancient  city  of  Syria,  situated  in  lat.  30°     n,,,  ];,.^.   .fairies  Towiiley  (1709).     It  was  attrib-  botanist.    Theileldsof  his eiploniti.m  were— in  1872-73 

31'  N.,  long.  37°  56'  E. :    the  Greek  Bambyce     |,,,.,[  ,,,  ,  j-irricU  Bogos  and  .soinaliland  ;  in  1875  the  tni.t  between  Mom- 

(p«./,  ^.)   and  the  modern  Membid,j  High  Peak  (hi  p'ek).     An  elevated  region  in  the  J;-  "-J^M"-'  K.nb^  b;  \«:;:^^!„^;,-'"«--,','j:";',7,!- 

HieriZim  (hi-er  i-zim).     [Origin  doub  ful,  but     „„rthern  part  of  the  Peak,  in  Derbyshire,  Eng-  Vork  appeared  in  the  "Journal "of  the  Berlin  tieogrnphi- 

probably  due  to  some  mistake.  1  Kiccioli  sname     ijj„j^   Ki  miles  oast-southeast  of  Manchester,  cal  s.,ci.iy. 

forthe8tar,i<'ygni,ordinarilyknownas.(/(»>f«.     „oted  for  the  ("astleton  caverns.  Hildegard(liil'de-giird),  Saint.  Born  at  BBckel- 
Hiero  (hi'e-ro),  or  Hieron  (hi'e-ron),  I.      [Gr.  HighPeak  orMountLincoln(niountling'kon).  heiiii,  diiiccse  of  Mpinz,  Germany,  about  1098: 
'l»Vui.,]  I)ied  at  ('Mtaiiia,  Sicily,  4fi7  is.  c.  Tyrant     ,  )„(,  ,,|-  ,1,;.  ,.],i,,|'  Kuimnits  <d'  lln'  Cal  skills',  in  dinl  at    b'uiK'rtsberg.  near  Bingen,  Germany, 
of  Syracuse,  brother  of  Gelon  whom  ho  sue-     XcwYork.     Height,  aliout  :i,()00  feet.  Sejil.  17,  1 179.    A  tierman  abbess,  noted  for  her 
ceeded  about  478  B.C.      He  was  noted  as  a  pa-  ttj_,,_„  /-.  ,,,,.;' \      A  retrion  or  so-ealled  "tirov-  miraculous  visions.     She  foumled  the  convent 
tron  of  literature.    In 474  hedefeatcd  the  Etrus-     j,,^."-^,/  ji!;;,;  <'„  ,1,^  ,i,,„.  „f  (;„lunibus.    It  was  of  Kupcrlsberg  in  1148.     Her  revelations  were 
cans  near  Cuniee.                                                                 at  the  eastern  end  of  the  island,  and  wiw  governe.l  by  a  pubhshod  m  1(198. 
Hiero  II.    Born  about  307  B.  C. :  died  2 lb  b.  c.     chief  called  (■.>tubanaiMii,  wh.i  revolte.l,  liut  wiiM  ibialiy  Hildcn  (liil'den).   A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
King  of  Svracuse.  He  became  general  of  the  .Syracu-     subdueil  about  l.'.iif,.    It  Is  an  Indian  name.    Also  written  if),;,,,,  I'ri.viiice,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ittef 
sans  275  ;  king  270  ;  ally  of  Carthage  204  ;  and  permanent      llviwii  ami  Ciwrni-.  S  miles  ins|-M.,utlieast  of  Diisseldorf.      Popula- 
ally  ..f  Rome  263,                                               _                            Hi,iaZ.      See  /M/j'/- .  ,•  „  i„„,t  7  (llll) 
Hierocles  (hi-er'o-klez).   fGr.  'I'7K«/«.]     A  na-  Hika  (he'kil).     [Ar.  at-U.t,,;,.  the  white  spo  .]  '    '"''  '''''V^  '■,:,,;,„„  i,,,,,,       a  citv  in  the  prov- 
tive  of  ('aria,  Roman  proconsul  in  Bithyiiia,  and     A  name  given  lo  the  little  group  of  slars  ,n  Ih..  mideshe  m    1        U  s-^^^  t^^^^^^^    'i,,   to  l.-n    lie  In- 
later  in  Alexandria,  .luring  the  ivign  of  Diode-     ,,...,,  „r  Orion,  in  which  group  >  Is  the  most  con-  -  ,'     '/      •'        )    ";,..';■'  ,:r,",'.;;i';;;.,'.."^[l. 
tian:  .said  to  have  nieited  that  emperor  to  his     s,„cuous.                      ,,,.,„           ,-ri,,,  mu.wned  for  Its  specimen,  of  nudl.val  and  (Jernmn  Re- 
persecution  ot  the  Christinris.   He  wrote  a  work  In  Hilarion(lil-lari-on), Saint.    Born  at  1  liaUallia,  ,|„|sHance  buildings.     Tb.'  cathedral  l»  an  early-Roman. 
Greek,  now  lost,  entitled  "Truthlovlng  W.inls  t.i  the     yp^,.  (Jn/a    Palestine,  about  300  A.  n. :  died  m  esiiue  monument  with  a  late  roinledwuilb  aisle  and  north 
ChristianH,"  in  which  Christ  was  unfavorably  compared     ,,                071       \  lionnit  of  Pllli'stine.    Ho  intro-  transept.     Tli.  interior  has  been  barbarlle.l,  but  i.reserv,, 
with  Ajiollonius  of  Tyaniu     It  was  answered  by  Euscbius     'yi'""",  ••"■     '^  ,"                          ..nniitvv  Home  very  line  church  farnllnre  an.l  a  n..leworthy  seulp- 
of  Cesarea.                                                                                'hiced  inonasticisin  into  that     ountlj.  turc-d  Renaissance  ro..d.l..ft.    The  bms.  .I.M.re  between  the 
Hierocles.     Lived  in  the  5th  century  A.  D.      An  HilariuS  (hl-la'n-us).     |  li.  Illlnrills.ur.  ''"P'OC,  vestibule  at  the  west  en.l  and  the  nave  date  from  lol.,,  and 
Ale.xaiidrian  Neonlatonic  philosopher,  reputed     cheerful,  merry,  V.  Ililaiic,  It.  llano,  Sp.  Pg.  bearliilnterestlngnliefsof lhe"Kall 'nnd  ■Redemption 
author  ..fairextailtcomme^itaryoS  the  "Gulden    jm.no.]    Bornjn  Sardinia:  died  467.    Bishop  ]>;'|;;;,l;-,»'-r.;iri?:rBl;;!iruni*;\,l'^Tih^  '^0 
Verses "  of  Pythagoras.                                                   of  Homo  4f)l-4(i(.            ,.,□..                       1  of  the  noiilcst  Komanesque  monuments  in  Oermany.    It 
HieronvmUS  "   HoeJemmf.                                          HilariUS,  or  Hilary  (nil  n-n),  Samt:  surnamed  „.,^,|,ulltearlyln  the  nth  century,  nnd  somewhat  modllled 
Hierosolyma.     See  Jerusalem.                                   Pictaviensis  ('  I't   I'oil  iors ').     Bom  probably  In  the  l2tl.  and  l»th.    There  are  double  tmnsepu,  and  a 


Hildesheim 

choir  at  each  end,  that  toward  the  west  standing  over 
a  coiumned  crypt.  Every  tliird  support  of  the  nave  is  a 
massive  pier  ;  those  intervening  are  columns.  The  nave 
has  a  flat  wooden  ceiling  which  is  covered  with  remark- 
able scriptural  paintings  of  the  12th  century.  There  is 
a  fine  Romanesque  cloister  with  Pointed  vaulting.  The 
Church  of  St.  Godehaid,  one  of  the  most  notable  of  Genuan 
Romanesque  structures,  was  built  in  the  middle  of  the 
12th  century.  The  choii*  is  French  la  character.  Three 
massive  towers  characterize  the  exterior,  and  there  is  a 
rich  sculptured  doorway  on  the  northwest.  Other  ol>- 
jects  of  interest  are  the  Rathaus,  Knockenhauer-Amthaus, 
Wedekind  house,  etc.  Hildesheim  became  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  iu  818,  and  was  a  Hanseatic  town.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  33.481. 

Hildesheim.Bishopric  of.  Abisbopric  of  whieli 
the  city  of  Hildesheim  was  the  capital.  Its  seat 
was  removed  from  Elze  to  Hildesheim  in  818.  It  was  ac- 
quired by  Prussia  in  18iJ3,  was  made  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Westphalia  in  1S07,  and  was  assigned  to  Hannover  in 
1S15. 

Hildreth  (hil'dreth),  Richard.  Bom  at  Deer- 
field,  Mass.,  June  22,  1601 :  died  at  Florence, 
Italy,  July  11,  1865.  An  American  historian 
and  journalist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830, 
but  abandoned  law  in  1832  and  became  a  member  of  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Boston  "Atlas."  His  cliief  work  is  a 
"  Histor>-  of  the  United  .States"  (6  vols.  1849-56). 

Hilgard  (hil'gard),  Julius  Erasmus.  Bom  at 
Zweibriieken,  Bavaria,  Jan.  7,  1825:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  May  8,  1891.  An  American 
physicist.  He  emigrated  with  his  father  from  Germany 
to  the  United  States  in  1835,  and  in  1S45  was  appointed  to 
a  position  on  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  of  which  he 
was  superintendent  lSSl-85. 

TTillria.'h  (hil-ki'a).  [Heb., '  Jehovah  is  my  por- 
tion.'] The  high  priest  in  the  time  of  Josiah, 
king  of  Judah,  who  discovered  the  book  of  the 
law  in  the  temple. 

Hill  (hil),  Aaron.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10. 
168-5:  died  1750  (?).  An  English  poet,  drama- 
tist, and  general  ■writer. 

Hill,  Abigail.     See  Masliam. 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell.  Bom  in  Culpeper 
County,  Va.,  Nov.  9, 1825  :  killed  near  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  April  2,  1865.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847,  fought  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  became  a  colonel  in  the  Confederate  army 
in  1861.  He  served  in  General  Johnston's  command 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  commanded  a  brigade  at 
the  battle  of  Wilhamsburg  ;  became  a  major-general  in 
1862  :  participated  in  the  seven  days"  battles  around  Rich- 
mond and  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  reinforced 
General  Lee  at  Antietam  ;  commanded  the  right  wing  of 
General  Jackson's  corps  at  Fredericksburg ;  commanded 
the  center  at  Chancellorsville  ;  became  lieutenant-general 
in  1863  ;  commanded  a  corps  at  Gettysburg  ;  participated 
in  the  action  at  Bristol  Station  (1863) ;  repelled  with  Long- 
street  the  Union  attack  on  the  Weldon  Railroad  ;  and  was 
shot  near  Petersburg  by  stragglers  from  the  Union  army. 

Hill,  Daniel  Harvey.  Bom  at  Hill's  Iron 
Works,  York  district,  S.  C,  Julv  12,  1821:  died 
at  Chariotte,  N.  C,  Sept.  24, 1889.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  military  tactics  in  Washington  College,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1849 ;  professor  of  mathematics  in  Davidson  Col- 
lege, North  Carolina,  in  1S54 ;  and  president  of  the  North 
Carolina  Military  Institute  at  Charlotte  in  1859;  and  was 
commissioned  colonel  in  the  Confederate  army  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  In  Sept. ,  1S62,  during  the 
Maryland  campaign,  he  held  the  pass  in  the  Blue  Ridge, 
near  Booneslwro,  until  Jackson  had  captured  Harper's 
Ferr>'  and  Lee  had  crossed  the  Potomac.  He  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant-general  in  lb63,  and  commanded  a  corps 
under  Bragg  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga-  He  became 
president  of  the  Arkansas  Industrial  University  in  1877. 

Hill,  David  Bennett.  Born  at  Havana.  X.  Y., 
Aug.  29, 1843.  An  American  lawyer  and  Demo- 
cratic politician.  He  was  elected  lieutenant-governor 
of  Xew  York  in  1882 ;  became  governor  on  the  election  of 
Cleveland  to  the  presidency ;  waa  elected  governor  in  16S5, 
and  again  iti  I^St :  was  i'mted  States  senator  1891-97  ;  and 
was  defeated  tor  governor  in  1894. 

Hill,  Rowland.  Bom  at  Hawkestone,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Aug.  23, 1744  :  died  at  London, 
April  11,  1833.  An  English  preacher.  He  grad- 
oated  B.  A.  at  Cambridge  in  1769;  became  curate  of 
Eingsbon,  Somerset,  in  1773 ;  and  erected  Surrey  Chapel, 
London,  iu  1783.  His  most  notable  work  is  ''Village  Dia- 
logues" (1810). 

Hill,  Rowland,  first  Viscount  Hill.  Bom  at 
Frees,  Shropshire,  England,  Aug.  11, 1772 :  died 
at  Hardwicke  Grange,  near  Shrewsbury,  Eng- 
land. Dec.  10, 1842.  An  English  general,  nephew 
of  Rowland  Hill  (1744-1833).  He  entered  the  army 
as  ensign  in  1790 ;  was  promoted  lieutenant-general  in 
1809  ;  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  war  and 
at  the  battle  of  Waterloo ;  was  created  Baron  Hill  of  Al- 
marez  and  Hawkestone  in  1814  :  was  promoted  general  in 
1*25;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  1828-42 ; 
and  was  created  viscount  in  1842. 

Hill,  Sir  Rowland.  Bom  at  Kidderminster. 
England.  Dee.  3. 1795:  died  at  Hampstead,  near 
London,  Aug.  27,  1S79.  The  author  of  the  pen- 
ny postal  system.  He  published  in  1837  a  pamphlet 
entitled  "  Post  Office  Reform  :  its  Importance  and  Prac- 
ticability," in  which  he  recommended  the  adoption 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom  of  a  uniform  rate  of  1 
penny  for  letters  not  exceeding  half  an  oimce.  An  act  em- 
bodying this  proposition  was  passed  by  Parliament  in  1839, 


504 

and  the  penny  rate  was  introduced  in  1840.  He  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  postmaster-general  in  1846  ;  was 
secretary  to  the  post-office  lfr54-t>4  ;  and  was  knighted  in 

IS60. 

Hill,  Thomas.  Bom  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. . 
Jan.  7,  1818:  died  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 
1891.  An  American  educator  and  Unitarian 
clergyman.  He  was  president  of  Antioch  College  1859- 
1862,  and  of  Harvard  College  1862-68  ;  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  had  charge  of  a  Unitarian  church  at  Waltham, 
Massachusetts.  He  invented  a  number  of  mathematical 
machines,  the  best-known  of  which  is  the  occnltator ;  and 
was  the  author  of  "  Curvature  "  (1850),  etc. 

Hillah  (hil'la),  or  Hilleh  (hil'le).  A  town  in  the 
%-ilayet  of  Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on 
the  Euphrates  in  lat.  32°  28'  N..  long.  44°  28'  E. 
It  is  the  place  situated  nearest  to  the  site  of  ancient  Baby- 
lon, and  is  bnilt  almost  entirely  with  bricks  from  the 
mound  El-£asr,  i".  e.  the  ruins  of  the  once  gorgeous  palace 
of  Xebuchadnezzar.  Its  inhabitants  carry  on  a  brisk  trade 
in  bricks  which  they  dig  out  of  the  mounds  and  sell  as 
building  material    Population,  estimated,  about  10,000. 

Hillard  (hil'ard),  George  Stillman.  Born  at 
Maehias,  Maine,  Sept.  22. 1808  :  tiled  at  Boston, 
Jan.  21,  1879.  An  American  journalist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  published  "Six  Months  in 
Italy  "  (1853),  "  Life  and  Campaigns  of  George  B.  McClel- 
lan  "  (1864),  school  readers,  etc. 

Hillel  (hil'el).  Born  in  Babylonia,  a  descendant 
of  the  family  of  David.  President  of  the  San- 
hedrim 30  B.  "c.-9  A .  D. ,  appointed  by  Herod  I.  He 
lived  in  poor  circumstances,  and  went  to  Jerusalem  to 
study  the  law  under  Shemaiyah  and  Abtalion,  becoming 
there  the  reorganizer  of  Jewish  life  and  the  founder  of  "Tal- 
mudic  Judaism.  By  his  introduction  of  the  seven  dialec- 
tical rules  for  the  interpretation  of  the  law,  he  gave  its 
study  a  rational  basis.  He  also  enacted  many  reforms 
which  affected  the  whole  social  fabric  of  his  time.  He  was 
the  first  of  the  presidents  of  the  Sanhedrim  to  be  honored 
with  the  title  nasi(i.  e.,  *prince,''patriarch').and  the  pa- 
triarchate remained  thenceforth  hereditary  in  his  family 
until  its  extinction.  He  was  particularly  distinguished  for 
his  humility,  gentleness,  and  liberal,  humane  spirit.  From 
his  numerous  sayings  and  maxims  may  be  mentioned  "  Do 
not  judge  thy  neighbor  until  thou  hast  stood  in  his  place." 
"Do  not  believe  in  thyself  till  the  day  of  thy  death,"  and 
the  most  celebrated,  "Do  not  unto  others  what  thou  wouldst 
not  have  done  unto  thyself.  This  is  the  whole  law:  the 
rest,  go  and  finish.'' 

Hillel  n.  Patriarch  360  A.  D.  He  introduced  defi- 
nite rules  for  the  calculation  and  fixing  of  the  Jewish  calen- 
dar, which  still  form  the  groundwork  of  Jewish  reckoning, 

Hiller  (hil'ler),  Fertiinand.  Bom  at  Frankf  ort- 
on-the-Main,  Oct.  24, 1811:  diedat  Cologne,  May 
10, 1885.  An  eminent  German  composer,  pian- 
ist, director,  and  writer  on  music,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent. He  became  municipal  kapellmeister  at  Diissel- 
dorf  iu  1847,  and  at  Cologne  in  1850.  He  conducted  the 
Lower  Rhine  festivals  from  1S50  whenever  they  were  held 
in  Cologne.  His  works  include  the  oratorio  "  Die  Zersto- 
rtlng  Jerusalems  "  ( "  The  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  1839X 
symphonies  (notably  his  ''Spring  S)Tuphony  in  E"),  con- 
certos (notably  the  pianoforte  concerto  in  F  minor^  can- 
tatas, choral  works,  songs,  chamber  music,  etc. 

Hiller,  originally  Hiiller  (hiU'ler),  Johann 
Adam.  Bom  at  Wendischossig,  near  Gorlitz, 
Prussia,  Dec.  25, 1728 :  died  at  Leipsic,  June  16. 
1804.  A  German  composer  of  operettas,  songs, 
and  church  music,  resident  in  Leipsic  after  1758. 
He  was  the  first  to  compose  the  "  Singspiele"  (operettas), 
and  the  founder  of  a  series  of  public  concerts  since  fa- 
mous as  the  '■  Gewandhaus  Concerts  "  (from  being  given  in 
the  hall  of  the  Gewandhaus  after  1781). 

Hillerod  (hil'le-red).  A  town  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  Denmark,  21  miles  north-northwest  of 
Copenhagen,  it  is  noted  for  the  palace  of  Frederiks- 
l)org  (the  historical  museum  of  DenmarkX  an  imposing 
Renaissance  structure  of  red  brick  with  towers  and  peiii- 
ments,  built  early  in  the  17th  century  by  Christian  IV. 
The  apartments  of  the  interior  are  riclily  decorated.  The 
palace  church,  in  which  many  Danish  kings  have  been 
crowned,  is  excellent  artistically,  despite  its  exuberant 
richness  in  gilding  and  color. 

Hilleviones  (hil'e-'vi-o'nez).  The  name  given 
by  Pliny  to  the  Germanic  tribes  of  Scandinavia. 
It  is  of  unknown  etymology  and  uncertain  ap- 
plication. 

Hillliouse  (hil'hous),  James.  Born  at  Mont- 
ville,  Conn.,  Oct.  21,  1754:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Dec.  29,  1832.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  (Federalist)  from 
Connecticut  1796-1810. 

Hillhouse,  James  Abraham.  Bom  at  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Sept.  26,  1789 :  died  near  New  Ha- 
ven, Jan.  4,  1841.  An  American  poet,  son  of 
James  Hillhouse.  He  published  "The  Judgment:  a 
Vision  "  (1812),  and  the  dramas  "  Percy's  Masque  "  (1S20) 
and  "  Hailad  "  (1825).  In  1839  he  published  his  works  in 
2  volumes. 

Hilliard  (hil'viird).  Henry  Washington.  Bora 
at  Fayetteville,  N.  C,  Aug.  4,  1808:  died  at  At- 
lanta, Ga..  Dec.  17. 1892.  An  American  lawyer. 
He  graduated  at  South  Carolina  College  in  1826 ;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1829;  and  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Alabama  1845-5L  He  wasappointed  Confederate  com- 
missioner to  Tennessee  by  Jefferson  Davis,  and  held  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  army.  He 
was  United  States  minister  to  Brazil  1877-81.  He  wrote 
"Speeches  and  Addresses  "  (1855),  "De  Vane:  a  Story  of 
Plebeians  and  Patricians  "  (1865X  and  "  Politics  and  Pen 
Pictures"  (189-2X 


Hincmar 


Hilliard,  Nicholas. 

died  at  London,  1619. 

painter. 

Hill  of  the  Nymphs. 
Hillsdale  (hilz'dal). 


Bom   at   Exeter,   1537: 
An  English  miniature- 


See  yymphatum. 
A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Hillsdale  County,  southern' Michigan,  85  miles 
west-southwest  "of  Detroit :  the  seat  of  Hills- 
dale Collpffp  (Freewill  Baptist).  PoptUatioa 
(1900).  4,1.51.    ■  ^ 

Hill  Tipperah  (hil  tip'e-ra).  A  tributary  state 
of  British  India,  intersected  bv  lat.  23°  30'  N., 
long.  91°  45'  E.  Area.  4,086  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  137.442. 

Hilo  (he'16).  A  seaport  situated  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  the  island  of  Hawaii,  in  lat.  19°  44' 
N.,  long.  1.55°  4'  W. 

Hilversum  (hil'ver-snm).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  16  miles 
southeast  of  Amsterdam.  Population  (1889), 
commune,  12,393. 

Himalaya  (him-a'la-ya  or  him-a-la'ya),  or  Him- 
alayas (-yaz).  [Skt., 'snow-ai)ode.']  Amoim- 
tain  system  in  Asia,  extending  from  about  long. 
73°  to  96°  E.  along  the  northern  frontier  of  Hin- 
dustan :  the  ancient  Emodus.  Imaus.  etc.  itia. 
connected  with  theHindu  Rush  on  the  west,  and  with  the 
plateau  of  Tibet  on  the  north,  and  contains  the  sources  of 
the  rivers  Indus,  Ganges,and  Brahmaputra.  The  mountains 
rise  from  the  plain  of  the  Ganges  in  ranges  generally  par- 
allel The  two  main  chains  are  the  southern  or  Outer  Hima- 
laya, and  northern  or  Inner  Himalaya  ;  there  are  also  the 
sub-Himalayan  or  Siwalik  Hills  and  various  other  outer 
ranges.  The  highest  peaks  (the  highest  in  the  world)  are 
Everest  (29,002  feet).  Godwin-Austen  (28.250  feet).  Kun- 
chinjinga  (28,176  feet),  Dhwalugiri  (26,826  feet).  'Two  peaks 
apparently  higher  than  Mt.  Everest  were  seen  by  Graham 
in  1SS4.  The  range  is  crossed  by  few  good  passes  (by  non& 
except  in  the  western  partsX    Length,  about  l,5Cib  miles. 

Himera  (him'e-rS).  The  ancient  name  of  two- 
rivers  in  Sicily,  one  flowing  south  (the  Salso), 
and  the  other  north  past  Himera. 

Himera.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  on  thfr 
northern  coast  of  Sicily,  20  miles  southeast  of 
Palermo,  it  wasfonnded  by  Greek  colonists  in  the  Tth 
century  B.  c.  Here,  480  B.  c,  Gelon  of  Sirracuse  defeated 
the  C-arthaginians.  It  was  destroyed  al)out  408  B.  c.  Ther- 
mae (the  moaem  Termini)  was  founded  in  the  vicinity. 

Himilco  (hi-mil'ko).  [Gt. 'luiAKcjv.'i  1.  Lived 
about  500  (?)  B.C.  A  Carthaginian  navigator.  Ac- 
cording to  Pliny  he  conducted  a  voyage  of  discoverj-  from 
Gades  northward  along  the  coast  of  Europe.  Itis  inferred 
from  passages  in  the  "  Ora  Maritima  "  of  Festus  Avienua 
that  the  voyage  of  Himilco  may  have  extended  to  the  Sar- 
gasso Sea. 

With  a  little  good  fortune  the  admiral  [Himilco]  would 
have  discovered  America  more  than  2,000  years  before  the 
birth  of  Columbus,  but  "the  magicians  on  board  "were- 
too  powerful  to  allow  the  prosecution  of  the  adventtirous 
voyage.    They  had  arrived  at  the  Sargasso  Sea. 

£Uon,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  21. 

2.  Lived  about  400  b.  c.  A  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral in  Sicily. 

Himmel  (hiin'mel),  Friedrich  Helnrich.  Bom 
at  Treuenbrietzen,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov. 
20. 1765 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  8,  1814.  A  Ger- 
man composer,  author  of  the  opera  '•  Fanchon, 
das  Leiermadchen,''libretto  by  Kotzebue  (1805), 
"Der  Kobold"  (1804),  a  number  of  cantatas, 
oratorios,  songs,  etc. 

Himyarltes  (him'ya-rits).  The  former  people 
of  southwestern  Ajabia.  or  Y'emen,  said  to  be 
so  called  after  an  ancient  king  Himyar :  now 
more  often  known  as  Sabeans. 

Himyaritic  (him-ya-rit'ik).  The  former  lan- 
guage of  southwestern  Arabia,  especially  of  the 
Himyaritic  inscriptions.  It  was  an  Arabic  dialect, 
more  nearly  akin  to  Abyssinian  than  is  the  classical  Ara- 
bic ;  it  has  been  crowded  out  of  existence  by  the  latter. 

Hinayana  (hi-na-yil'na).  [Skt.,  '  Little  Vehi- 
cle.'] The  southern  school  of  Buddhism.  See 
Gnat  Vfhicle. 

Hinckley  (hingk'li).  A  town  in  Leicestei-shire, 
England!,  13  miles  southwest  of  Leicester. 
Population  (1891),  9,638. 

Hinckley,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England  about 
1618 :  died  at  Barnstable.  Mass.,  April  25.  1706. 
Governor  of  Plymouth  colony.  He  came  to  Scit- 
uate  with  his  parents  in  1635.  and  in  1639  removed  to  Barn- 
stable. He  was  deputy  governor  of  Plymouth  in  1680, 
and,  except  during  the  administration  of  Sir  Edmund  An- 
dros,  was  governor  1681-92. 

Hincks  (hingks),  Edward.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, 1792 :  died  at  Killyleagh,  County  Down, 
Ireland,  Dec.  3,  1866.  An  Irish  Assyriologist 
and  Egyptologist. 

Hincks,' Sir  Francis.  Bom  at  Cork,  1807:  died 
at  Montreal,  Aug.  18,  1885.  A  Canadian  states- 
man. He  emigrated  to  Canada  in  183^  founded  the  To- 
ronto "Examiner"  in  1838,  and  the  Montreal  ''Pilot"  in 
1844  :  was  premier  of  Canada  1851-54 ;  and  was  governor 
of  Barbados  and  the  Windward  Islands  1555-6*2,  and  of 
British  Guiana  1862-69. 

Hincmar  (hingk'mar).  Bom  about  806  :  died 
at  Epemav,  Dec.  21,  882.      A  French  prelate. 


fiincmar 


505 


He  was  descenrte.l  frntn  a  noble  West  Frankish  family, 
was  educated  at  tlu-  Alibeyof  St.  Denis  undei  HlUtmn,  and 
was  appointed  ai vhbishop  of  Khenns  hy  I  l.arles  tbe  BaU 
In  K45  He  played  a  eonspieuous  part  ni  the  tbeoloKieal 
movements  oif  his  time,  notably  in  tbe  predestinarjiin  eon 
Soversy.  in  whieh  he  supported  Pasehasu.sKadbe.tus 
HlBchief  work  is  the"Annales  Berliiiia...  (from  si.l  to 
M2)-  H's  complete  works  were  first  published  by  birmond 
in  1645 

Hind  (bind),  John  Eussell.  Bom  at  Nottiug- 
ha.li,  May  12, 1823 :  dif.l  Dee.  23, 1895.  An  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  was  superi.itendent  of  the  Nau- 
tical Almanac  Office  for  many  years,  a..rt  discovered  10 
planetoids  and  several  comets.  He  publ.shed  "  Ihe  .Sola. 
System"  (lS4f.).  "A.sl.o.i"miial  %  ocabnlary  (18a2),  tie- 
mentsof  AlKebra'(l<,..).  etc.  ,.   .      , 

Hind  and  the  Panther,  The.    A  satirical  poem 

bv  Drvden,  published  1(587 :  a  defense  ot  Roman 

Catholicism.     The  hind  typified  the  Church  of 

Uomo  ;  the  panther,  the  Church  of  EngUuid. 

Hindi  (hin'de).  A  modem  dialect  of  northern 
India,  differing  from  Hindustani  in  being  a 
purer  Aryan  dialect.     See  Hiiidiistmii. 

mndley  (hind'U).  A  manufacturing  town  m 
Lancashire,  England,  19  miles  northeast  of  Liv- 
erpool.    Population  (1891),  18,973. 

Hindley,  Charles.  Died  at  Brighton,  May,  1893. 
An  English  bookseller.  He  wrote  a  good  deal  for  the 
nress,  and  several  books,  but  is  best  known  as  the  author 
of  "Mother  Shipton»  Prophecy,"  assumed  to  have  been 
published  in  1-148. 

Hindol  (hin-dol').  A  tributary  state  of  Orissa, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  20°  40'  N., 
long.  85°  20'  E. 

Hindoos.    See  Hiiidus. 

Hinduism  (hin'do-izm).  Aterm  used  to  desig- 
nate the  aggregate  of  the  religious  beliefs  and 
practices  developed  in  modern  times  from  the 
earlierBrahmanism.  Hinduism  subordinates  the  wor- 
ship of  the  purely  spiritual  Brahman  (nom-  Brahma)  (see 
BrahinaX  with  its  first  manifestation  Brah.na  (brahma), 
to  that  of  Shiva  and  Vishnu,  or  of  their  w.ves,  or  of  some 
f..rm  ot  these  deities,  while  each  sect  e.\alts  itsown  god  to 
the  place  ot  the  Supreme.  The  Puranas  (which  see)  are 
its  Bible. 

Hindu  Kush  (hin'do  kosh).  A  range  of  moiui- 
tains  situated  mainly  in  Afghanistan  and  Katr- 
istan,  extending  from  about  long.  67°  to  (4  L. : 
often  identified  with  the  ancient  Paropamisus. 
It  is  a  western  continuation  of  the  Himalaya 
range.  Highest  point,  over  24,000  feet. 
Hindur  (hin-dor'  )•  A  native  state  in  the  Panjab, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  N.,  long.  76°  4.')'  h. 
Hindus  (hin'dbz),  or  Hindoos.  The  native  race 
in  India  descended  from  the  Aryan  couqucinrs. 
Their  p..rest  representatives  belong  to  the  two  great  h.s- 
toric  castes  of  Brahmans  and  Rajputs.  Ma.iy  of  the  noii- 
Arjan  inhabitants  of  India  have  been  largely  U.ndu.zed. 
The  Hindus  speak  vario..8  dialects  derived  from  Sanskrit, 
as  Hindi,  Hindustani,  Bengali,  Marathi,  etc.  Moreloosc'ly, 
the  name  includes  also  the  no.i-Arjan  inhabitants  of  I.idia. 

Hindustan  (l.iu-do-stan'),  or  Hindostan  (Idn- 
do-stiin'),  orlndostan  (in-do-stan').    The  land 
of  the  Hindus;  the  central  peninsula  of  Asia, 
or,  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  that  portion 
north  of  the  Vindhya  Mountains,  or  even  the 
valley  ot  the  upper  Gauges.     See  India. 
Hindustani(hin-do-stan'e).Oneofthelanguages 
of  Hindustan,  a  form  of  Hindi  which  grew  np  m 
the  camps  of  the  Mohammedan  conquerors  of 
India,  since  the  11th  century,  as  a  medium  of 
communication  between  them  and  the  subject 
population  of  central  Hindustan.    It  is  more  cor- 
rupted In  form  than  Hindi,  and  abounds  with  I'e.sianand 
Arabic  words.     It  is  the  ottlcial  lang..age  a..d  means  of 
general  Intercourse  throughout  nearly  the  whole  penin- 
sula.    Also  called  Urdit. 
Hinganghat  (hin-gan-gaf).     A  small  town  in 
the  Wardha  district.  Central  Provinces,  Briti.sh 
India,  situated  in  lat.  20°  34'  N.,  long.  78°  52'  E, 
Hinghani(bi'ig'am).  Atownin  Plymouth  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  sit.iated  on  Boston  harbor  1- 
miles  so.it  beast  of  Boston.     Population  ( 1900), 
,'i,(l.')9. 

Hinnom  (hin'om), The  Valley  of.  See  Gchennn. 

Hinojosa  (e-no-Ho'sii),  Pedro  de.  Bom  at 
Tnijillo  about  1490:  died  at  Chuquisaca,  Upper 
Peril,  May  0,  l.')53.  A  Spanish  soldier.  He  was 
a  follower  of  Pizarro  In  Per.. :  fought  against  the  Alma- 
gros  in  1038  and  ir.42 ;  followed  the  rebellion  of  (ion7.alo 
I'izarro  In  1546 ;  a.id  as  captain  of  his  ships  took  I'aiiania 
and  Nombro  do  DIoa.  (lasca  induced  Hinojosa  to  desert 
to  the  royal  side  with  his  whole  Heet  (Nov.  Ill,  iri4(i),  and 
this  dofectlon  Insured  the  defeat  of  the  rcbelllo.i.  (lasca 
gave  him  the  com.nand  of  his  army,  and  subseciuenlly  he 
was  made  governor  of  Cl.arcas,  where  he  received  rich 
g.ants.     II.'  was  nm.ilered  (here  by  conspirators. 

Hinojosa  del  Duque  (del  do'ka).  Alownintho 
province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  43  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Cordova.  Population  (18>^7),  9,470. 

Hinterland  (hin'ter-land:  0.  proii.  hin'ter- 
lant).  [G., 'back-land.']  A  German  term  used 
gpecifieally  for  regions  in  Africa  inland  from 
the  European  coast  possessions:  as,  the  British 


"  Hinteriand"  of  the  Gold  Coast,  or  the  German 
••Hinterland"  of  Kanionin. 

Hinter  Rhein  (hin'ter  rin).  [G.,'Baek  Ehme.  ] 
\  river  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  fewitzerlai.il, 
uniting  with  the  Vorder  Ehein  to  form  the  Khii.e 
at  Keichenau. 

Hinton  (hin'lon).  James.  Born  at  Keadiiig  in 
1822 :  tlied  Dec.  16, 1875.  An  English  physician 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a 
clothier  at  Uindon  i..  1838  :  became  a  member  of  the  Koyal 
College  of  s.irgeo.is  in  1847 ;  began  the  practice  of  medieuie 
atLo.idoninlsM;a.idwaslectiuxronauralsurgeryatt.uys 
Hospital  1SU3-74,  when  he  abandoned  med.c.ne  to  devote 
himself  to  philosophical  studies.  Among  his  works  !Ue 
•'Man  and  his  Dwelling- Place '■  (1859\  '"Ihe  >lystery  of 
Pai.i  ■■  (.im;\  anil  '■  The  Place  of  the  Physician  (18. 3)-  He 
edited  "Physiology  for  Practical  I  se  "  (18,4). 

Hinton  (hin'ton),  John  Howard.  Bom  at  Ox- 
ford, Euglaml,  March  24,  1791:  died  at  Bristol. 
England,  Dec.  17,  1873.  An  English  Baptist 
clergvman  and  author.  Hehad  charge  of  Devonshii-e 
Square  (Jhapel,  Bishopsgate  street,  London,  183"-«3.  He 
wrote  "Theology. or  an  Attempt  towards  a  Co.is.stent  V lew 
of  the  whole  Counsel  of  Ciod '•  (18271,  'The  Work  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  in  Conversion  Considered  "  (1830),  "  Memoir  of 
John  Howard  Hinton  "  (1835),  etc,  ;  and  edited  "The  H.s- 
tory  and  Topography  of  the  U..ited  States'  (1830-S2). 

Hioso  fhe-o'go).  A  seaport  in  the  main  island 
of  .Tapan,  situated  in  lat.  34°  40'  N.,  long.  13.5° 
12'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  places  of  Japan, 
opened  to  Eu.opean commerce  in  I8li8.  Population,  with 
Kobe  (1890),  l:iii,n(l8.  ,,         ,    r„ - 

Hiouen-Tsang  (he-wen'tsilng  ).  A  Chinese 
Buddhist  pilgrim  who  visited  110  countries  and 
places  in  India  629-645  a,  D.  Of  the  two  works  re- 
lating to  his  travels,  neither  was  written  by  himself.  The 
fli-st  is  a  bibliographical  .lotice,  in  which  his  travels  fonu  a 
principal  feature,  composed  by  two  of  his  pup.ls,  Hoe.-li 
and  Yen-Tso.ig  ;  the  second  ("  Jlemoirs  of  the  Countries  of 
the  West  •■)  was  edited  by  Pien-ki.  These  works,  translated 
into  French  by  Julien,  are  an  invaluable  source  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  times.  Hiouen-Tsang  is  said  to  have  translated 
from  Sanskrit  into  Chinese  057  works. 

Hipparchus(ln-par'kus).  [Gr."In-n-apjo(:.]  Died 
at  Athens,  514  B.  C.  A  tyrant  of  Athens,  son  of 
T'isistratus.  He  reigned  in  conjunction  with  his  brother 
Ilippias  from  .''.27  to  614,  when  he  was  slain  by  Harmod.us 
and  Aristogiton.    See  Barmodius.  _ 

Hipparchus.  Bom  at  Nicaea,  Bithynia :  lived 
aljout  160-125  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  astron- 
omer, the  founder  of  scientific  astronomy.  He 
catalo'-ucd  the  stars,  invented  the  planisphere,  and  made 
a  ..umber  of  most  in.portant  discoveries,  including  theec 
ecntricity of  the  .solar orbit,  s.itue of  thc.iie.iual.tiesof  the 
moon's  motion,  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  etc. 

Hippel  (hip'pel),  Theodor  Gottheb  von.  Born 
at  Gerdauen,  East  Prussia,  Jan.  31,  1(41:  died 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  April  23, 1796.  A  Ger- 
man humorist.  His  works  include  "UberdieEhc"("  On 
Marriage,"  1774),  "Lebenslaufe  naeh  aufste.gender  l.m.e 
('•Careers  according  to  a..  Ascending  lane,'  17.8-M),  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  published  1S27-38. 
Hippias  (hip'i-as).  [Gr.  'IrTriac]  Died  about 
490  B.  c.  A  son  of  Pisistratus,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded astyraut  of  Athens(.iointly  with  Hippar- 
chus) in  527.  He  was  sole  mler  from  514,  and 
was  expelled  in  510. 

Hippo,  or  Hippo  Kegius  (bip'o  re  ji-us).  [t.r. 
'iTTTTuv liacihhi^.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Numidia,  near  the  site  of  the  modern  Bona. 
Augustini^  wtis  bishop  of  Hippo,  It  was  burned 
by  the  Vanih.ls  in  430. 


Hiram 

trained  himself  for  a  large  knowledge  of  his  special  pursuit 
by  a  familiarity  with  the  metaphysic  of  the  day.  H.s  al- 
leged study  of  the  great  idague  at  Athens  is  not  corrol.o- 
rat«;d  by  a  comparison  with  Thucydides  accou.it.  llie 
works  pronounced  genuine  by  Litln;  in  the  large  collec- 
tion of  Hippoci-atic  writings  which  still  survive  are  these  j 
the  treatises  on  "Ancient  Medicine,"  on  'Prognosis 
(which  includes  our  diagnosis  in  the  largest  sense),  the 
"Epidemics  "(i.  and  iii.X  the  'Treatment  of  Acute  His- 
eases,"  the  tracts  on  joints,  fractures,  and  surg.cal  instru- 
ments applied  to  them,  on  head  wounds,  and  Hie  'Oath 
and  "  Law "  of  the  Euild.  .      __     _ 

ilahaffy.  Hist,  of  Cnassical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  4,. 

Hippocrene  (hip'6-kren  or  hip-o-ki-e'ne).  [Gr. 
'iTTT-.^p//.-;/.]  A  fountain  on  Mount  Helicon. Boe- 
otia,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 


Hippocrates  (lii-pok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  'linroKpazrK.l, 
Born  ill  f  he  island  of  Cos  about  460  B.  C. :  died 
at  Larissa,  Th.^ssaly,  about  377.  A  famous 
Greek  physician,  s.irnamed  "the  Fatherol  Med- 
icine." 'The  87  treatises  forming  the  socallc.l  "  Hippo- 
cratlc  Collection"  have  been  edited  by  Kuhn  182ft--2,,  by 
Ermcrins  185SM16,  and  by  Uiivi  1889-01  (with  translation). 
See  the  extract. 

The  life  of  Hippocrates  is  shrouded  in  a  strange  mist, 
considering  the  exiraonlinary  celebrity  of  tbe  ma...  In  the 
late  biographies  which  remain  to  us,  the  fol  owing  facta 
seem  worthy  of  record.  A  certain  Soranus  of  h..s,  other- 
wise  unknow...  Is  said  to  have  made  specml  research,  s 
among  the  records  of  the  Ascleplad  g.ilid  in  which  ll.|.- 
pocrales  was  set  dow..  as  the  sev.liteenth  In  descent  from 
the  god  Asclcplos,  and  bor.i  on  the  2.ith  of  the  inonlh  Ag- 
rhmus.  In  the  ye.Ir  4«0  ...  o.  The  InhablU.l.ts  were  si  II 
ollerlng  hinl  the  honours  of  a  hero.  He  seems  Ui  l.a»e 
travel  about  a  go<Hl  deal,  particularly  In  the  countries 
around  the  northern  -l^ean,  an.l  Jo  have  died  at  a.i  ad- 
vanced age,  at  Larissa  In  Thes^alv.  l.avhig  two  sons  Ihes- 
salus  a..d  Drakon.  Many  of  bis  .(escc.  ants  a.ul  followers 
In  the  school  of  Kos  were  called  afler  hinl  Sul.las  enu- 
merates seven  In  all  -so  that  this  addlll.Mial  u.H'Clalnty 
of  atlthorship  attaches  tohls  alleged  writings.  I  he  uiany 
statues  of  hi...  agn.,.il  In  rcj.rescntlng  bin.  with  his  b.'a. 
covcreil,  a  peculiarily  which  exclle.l  ma.,y  baseless  and 
some  abs.o'l  .■..nj.rl.ires.  Absln.cll..gc...etulIyfro,..  lu 
nun..^.ous  llip|....rales  mentioned  In  conleniporaiy  Attic 

llteraturi^,  there  arc  two  .n.do.il I  r.terem'csto  th.'grea 

physi.la....f  Kos  I..  Plato,  an.  on.;  n  'Y'"  ;M'"i7'''».jl  '''' 
{■stabllsh  the  epoid,  ..sslg.ieil  l.i  h  u.  In  lb..  bl.«rap  1.  es. 
lie  Is  said  to  Inivchcen  i.istrucle.l  by  ller.i,ll.usot  Si-  >.n. 
bria,  and  (lorglas.if  U'onlinl.  a  h^gen.l  arising  merely  (r..io 
theco..f.islngofthlsHerodlcuswlthanolherphy«lclanwb.. 
happ,  n.<l  to  be  the  br..therot  (i..rglas.  There  Is  no  v.sllgc 
..f  lither  Ilerodle.is'  practice  or  (lorglas  rhetoric  I'l  the  ex- 
tant treatises ;  hut  Hippocrates  assuredly,  like  Pericles, 


mm,    .-till.  I'.'*    i"    •'"-    — — ^^_ 

Hippodamia  (hip'o-da-mi'iil^or  Hippodameia 

(hip'o-da-mi'ii).  [Gr.'Is--odaut(0.]  InGreckle- 
geiid:  (a)  The  daughter  of  CEnomaus.  and  wife 
of  Pelops.  (6)  A  daughter  of  Atrax,  one  of  the 
LapitliH".  At  her  marriage  with  Perithous  the 
battle  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithaj  took  place. 
Hippodamus  ( hi-pod'a-mus)  of  Miletus.  [Gr. 
'lTTorio//or.]  AGreek  sophist,  architect,  and  en- 
gineer, wiio  laid  out  the  Piraeus,  and  later  con- 
structed Thuriou  and  Rhodes.  His  work  was  done 
on  dellnite  principles  and  according  to  a  carefully  devised 
systetn  which  was  always  followed  in  laying  out  new  (..reek 

HippoUta  ihi-pol'i-ta).  1.  See  Bippolyte.-  2.^ 
In  Shakspere's  "Midsummer  Nights  Dream, 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  betrothed  to  Theseus. 
She  also  appears  as  the  bride  of  Theseus  in 
"  The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen."— 3.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Wycherley's  comedy  '•  The 
Gentleman  Dancing  Master." 

Hippolyte  (hi-pol'i-te).  IGt-'Itt-oUt?!.]  In  clas- 
sical mvthology,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons,  she 
was  the  .laughter  of  Ares  and  Otrera,  and  wore  as  an  em- 
blem of  herdignitya  girdle  received  from  her  father.  Ihis 
girdle  was  coveted  by  Euiystheus.  who  ordered  Hercules 
to  fetch  it.  Hercules  was  kindly  received  at  her  court,  and 
was  promised  the  gudle ;  but  Hera  roused  the  An.azons 
by  spreading  thereport  that  tbeirqueen  was  being  robbed, 
and  II  ercules,  believing  that  Hippolyte  was  pL.tting  against 
his  life,  kille.l  her  and  carried  away  the  girdle. 

Hippolyte.     See  Hi/jipoUte. 

Hippolytus  (hi-pol'i-tns).  [Gr.  'IffffcSAfrof.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Theseus  and  Hippolyte 
or  Antiope,  and  stepson  of  Phuedra.  Pha^dl■a  fell 
in  love  with  him,  but  was  rep..lsed,  and  in  revenge  falsely 
accused  hin.  to  Iheseus  of  maki.ig  improper  proposals  to 
her  These.is  called  upon  Poseidon  to  avenge  him,  an.l. 
accordi.igly,  as  Hippolytus  was  riding  along  the  shore,  the 
go.l  sent  a  bull  out  ot  the  sea  against  him.  His  horses 
were  frightened,  and  hewas  thrown  out  of  his  chanot  and 
dragged  until  ho  died.  When  Theseus  discovered  the  in- 
nocence of  his  son,  Phwdra  killed  herself  in  despair.    See 

Hippolytus.  1.  A  tragedy  by  Euripides,  exhiO- 
iteil  in  428  B.  C. 

The  "  H  ippoly  tus  "  (of  Euripides]  is  our  earliest  example 
of  a  ioma..tic  subject  in  the  Greek  drama.  We  are  told 
that  it  .ilitained  the  llrst  place  agai.ist  lophon  a.id  I..n  s 
c.inipetltion,  but  we  are  not  t«ld  whether  or  what  other 
plays  a.c.mpanied  It,  nor  of  the  plays  it  defente.l.  The 
earlier  v.rsi.in  of  the  phiy  was  not  only  read  and  admired, 
but  p. .ssil.lv  copied  in  the  play  of  Seneca;  yet  it  failed  at 
Alh.  ns, .  hiVlly,  it  Is  thought,  because  of  the  b.ildness  with 
which  Plia.lra  told  her  love  in  person  to  her  steps.'ii,  and 
then  in  peso.,  malig.ied  him  to  his  father.  ,   „„„ 

Mahafii.  Hist,  of  classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  333. 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Seneca,  also  called  ''Phsedra," 
founde.l  upon  ihe  same  legend. 

The  ■'  Ilipp.'lytus"  of  Seneca,  from  which  the  scene  of 
Pha;dra'e  personal  declaratiim  to  Hippolytus  was  adopted 
by  Kaclne  in  bis  fan.ous  play.  Is  still  praised  by  Kreneli 
critics  It  was  highly  esteemed,  an.l  even  preferred  t.i  the 
Creek  play,  i..  the  Renalssa.ice.  It  was  acted  in  Latl.i  at 
Home  1.1  14»,S,  and  freely  rehandleil  by  (iarnier  in  a  t.en.  1. 
versio..  in  ir>7;l.  Tbe  next  celebrated  French  version  was 
that  of  t!ilberl,().ieen  christh.a's  Krench  minister,  i.i  ItHii. 
Hut  his  very  title,  "  Hippolyte.  on  le  Carson  Insensl  de, 
8..und8  strange,  and  the  play  is  said  nevertheless  to  have 
admitted  a  great  deal  of  gallant.y  In  tlie>  hero. 

Mahafu,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  S36. 

Hippolytus  Romanus.  An  ecclesiastical  writer 
..I'  I  III'  li.l  .eiitiirv.  He  wasapupllof  Ircnajus;  appeara 
I.I  have  been  bishop  ..(  l'..rtus  Homanus  (I'orlo);  and  was 
the  lea.ler  of  a  disalleited  a.id  Bchlsmalle  party,  orlh.vlox 
i..  doctrine  and  rigoristic  in  discipline,  during  the  p.mllll- 
eates  ot  Zephyrlnus  C^J^IS)  and  Calllstus  (•:l8-^-"i'J).  Ac- 
cording to  a  late  tiailltion  he  die.l  a  martyr  hi  -sarxlinla  In 
"ir.  or  '311  He  Is  comme.noralcil  by  the  R..inaii  Catholic 
Church  on  Aug.  •2'i-  Ills  chief  work  Is  ■  Phll..»..phumona, 
written  In  Greek,  a  manuscript  of  which  was  dlsc.iverejl 
at  M.iunt  Athos  in  1842  and  published  hy  Emmanuel  Mil- 

Hipponax  (lii-piVnaks).  [Gr. 'lT-ui<,]  Born 
at  Kiihesiis:  iloiirished  during  Ihe  second  half 
ot  the  61  h  centiirv  B.  r.  A  Gr.'ok  iambic  poet, 
generallv  reckoiie.l  as  Ihe  third  (with  Anliilo- 
ehus  ani\  Simoiiides):  note.)  ns  the  inventor  of 
the  cl.oliainbiis-  He  w.as expell.d  from  Ephesus by  the 
tyrants  Atbenagonis  an.l  Comas,  and  thereafter  resl.led  at 
cla7...inci»e.     He  was  deformed. 

giraeana.     See  hajnkaiia.  ,     rT>     1 

iram(l.i'ram^,orHuram(liu'ram).  [Perhaps 

shortened  from  .ilii-nim,  exalted  brother.]     1. 

King  of  T)Te  about  1000  B.  C,  a  contemporary 


Hiram 

of  David  and  Solomon.  He  raised  Tj  re  to  a  leading 
position  in  the  Pheuician  confederacy,  built  many  temples, 
and  subjugated  Cyprus.  He  entertained  amicable  rela- 
tions with  David  and  Solomon,  assisted  at  the  building  of 
the  temple  at  Jerusalem  by  furnishing  materials  and  arti 
sans,  and  entered  witli  Solomon  into  a  commercial  alliance. 
The  so-called  tomb  of  Hiram  is  shown  about  three  miU-s 
distant  from  the  modern  Tyre  (Sur).  but  it  is  said  to  ha^e 
been  originally  built  just  outside  the  eastern  gate  of  tlie 
continental  town,  which  thence  sloped  down  to  the  sea. 
It  is  a  "grey,  weather-beaten"  structure,  bearing  all  the 
marks  of  a  high  antiquity. 

2.  A  distingruished  worker  in  brass  brought  by 
Solomon  from  Tyre  (1  Ki.  vii.  13). 

Hiram.  A  town  of  Portage  County,  Ohio,  30 
miles  southeast  of  Cleveland,  the  seat  of  Hiram 
College  (Chiu'ch  of  the  Disciples). 

SUranyagarbha  (hi-ran-ya-gar'bha).  [Skt., 
'  golden  germ '  or  '  golden  womb.']  In  the  Eig- 
veda,  a  deity  who  is  said  to  liave  arisen  in 
the  beginning,  the  one  lord  of  all  beings,  who 
upholds  heaven  and  earth  and  gives  life  and 
breath,  and  whose  command  even  the  gods  obey. 
According  to  Manu  he  was  Brahma,  the  first  male,  formed 
by  the  undiscernible  First  Cause  in  a  golden  egg  resplen- 
dent as  the  sun.  .\fter  a  year  Brahma  divided  the  egg  into 
2  parts  hy  his  mere  thought.  One  part  became  the  heavens, 
the  other  the  earth  i  and  between  them  he  placed  the  sky, 
the  8  regions,  and  the  eternal  abode  of  waters. 

Hiren  (hi'ren).  [A  corruption  of  the  Greek 
Jrexe.']  A  strumpet,  a  character  in  Peele's  play 
"The  Turkish  Mahomet  and  Hiren  the  Fair 
Greek."  The  phrase,"HaTe  we  not  Hiren  here? "  which 
appears  in  Dekker's  *'.Satiromastix, "  Chapman's  "  Eastward 
Hoe, '  and  a  number  of  17th-century  works,  is  an  allusion 
to  her.  Pistol  in  Shakspere's  2  "Henry  IV."  appears  to 
apply  the  phrase  to  his  sword.  William  Barksteed  wrote 
a  poem  called  ■ '  Hiren,  or  the  Fair  Greek  "  in  1611. 

Hirhor  (her'hor).  A  high  priest  of  Amun  at 
Thebes,  the  founder  of  the  21st  (illegitimate) 
dynasty  of  Egyptian  kings,  ruling  at  Thebes. 
Brugseh  gives  his  date  as  1100  B.  C. 

Hixlas  Horn,  The.  A  "Welsh  poem,  written  by 
Owain,  prince  of  Powys,  in  the  12th  century. 
The  Hirl..s  horn  is  "a  drinking-horn,  long,  blue,  and  sil- 
ver-rimmed," which  Owain  fills  and  drinks  to  each  of  his 
chiefs,  with  a  song. 

Hirpini  (her-pi'ni).  In  ancient  history,  an  Ital- 
ian people,  of  Samnite  stock,  living  in  southern 
Samnium  in  the  district  near  Beneventum. 

ffirsau  (hir'sou),  or  Hirschau  (hir'shou).  A 
village  in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg, 
situated  on  the  Xagold  21  miles  west  of  Stutt- 
gart. It  was  noted  in  the  middle  ages  for  its  Benedic- 
tine monastery,  built  in  the  9th  century. 

Hirsch  (hirsh),  BaronMaurice de  (Baron Man- 
rice  de  Hirsch  de  G-ereuth ).  Born  at  Munich, 
Dec.  9,  1831 :  died  at  Ugyalla,  near  Komorn, 
Hungary,  April  21,  1896.  An  Austrian  finan- 
cier, capitalist,  and  philanthropist,  of  Hebrew 
descent.  His  great  wealth  was  partly  inherited  from  his 
father,  partly  increased  by  marriage,  and  to  a  great  extent 
gained  by  banking  and  by  transactions  in  railroads,  chiefly 
Turkish.  He  contributed  upward  of  S25,O0O,OOO  for  charit- 
able purposes,  largely  for  the  education  and  allegation  of 
the  sufferings  of  the  Jews.  Among  the  gifts  by  which  he 
is  best  known  is  that  to  the  Jewish  Colonization  Associa- 
tion  (¥10,()00,(XiO),  and  the  De  Hirsch  Trust  for  the  United 
States  (*2,.=.00,i.iOO). 

Hirschberg  ( liirsh'bero).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia.  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Zacken  and  Bober,  60  miles  west-southwest  of 
Breslau.  it  is  the  center  of  trade  in  the  Silesian  Moun- 
tains, and  the  center  of  the  Silesian  linen  manufacture. 
Populati..n  (1890X  16,214. 

Hirson  ler-soii').  A  town  iti  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  on  the  Oise  33  miles  northeast 
of  Laon,  noted  for  basket-making.  Poptilation 
(1891),  commune,  6.294. 

fiirtius  (her'shi-us),  Aulus.  Killed  near  Mu- 
tina.  Italy.  43  B.  c.  A  Eotnan  politician,  a  friend 
of  CsBsar,  the  reputed  author  of  the  eighth  book 
of  Ctesar's  "Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War." 
and  of  the  history  of  the  Alexandrian  war.  As 
consul  with  Pansa  (43)  he  defeated  Antony  at 
Mutina. 

Hispalis  (his'pa-lis).  or  Hispal  (his'pal).  The 
ancient  name  of  Se%-ille. 

Hispania  (his-pa'ni-a).  The  ancient  name  of 
t)ie  Spanish  peninsula. 

Hispaniola.     See  Espnilola  and  Haiti. 

Hissar(liis-sar').  1.  A  dependency  of  Bokhara, 
central  Asia,  lying  between  Russian  Turkestan 
on  the  north  and  Afghanistan  (separated  by 
the  Amu  Daiia)  on  the  .south. —  2.  The  chief 
town  of  Hissar,  situated  on  the  river  Kafirni- 
gan  about  lat.  38°  2.=i'  N.,  long.  68°  28'  E.  Popu- 
lation, about  1.5.000. 

Hissar.  1.  A  division  in  the  Panjab.  British 
India.  Area.  i^.SoS  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  1,311,067.-2.  A  district  in  the  Hissar 
division,  intersected  by  lat.  29°  N.,  long.  76°  E. 
Area,  5,163  square  miles.     Population  (1891), 


506 

776.006.— 3.  The  capital  of  the  distinct  of  His- 
sar, situated  in  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  75°  46'  E. 
Population  (1891),  16,854. 

Hissarlik.     See  Troy. 

Histiaea  (his-ti-e'ii).     [Gr.  'lartaia.]    See  Oreiis. 

Histiaeus(his-ti-e'us).  [Gr.'IffnoJor.]  E.xeeuted 
at  Sardis.  Asia  Minor.  494  B.  0.  A  tjTant  of 
Miletus,  a  friend  of  Darius  I.  of  Persia. 

Histoire  Comique  de  Francion  (es-twar'  ko- 
mek'  de  fi'ou-syoh').  [F..  'Comic  History  of 
Francion.']  A  fiction  by  Charles  Sorel,  chiefly 
remarkable  for  the  "  evidence  it  gives  of  an 
attempt  at  an  early  date  (1623)  to  write  a  novel 
of  onlinaiy  manners."    Saintsbiiry. 

Historia  Miscella  (Ms-to'ri-a.  mi-sel'a).  See 
the  extract. 

This  curious  farrago  of  history  forms  the  first  part  of 
Sluratori's  great  collection  of  the  " Scriptores  Eerum  Itali- 
carum."  The  first  eleven  books  are  substantially  the  work 
of  Eutropius  (the  familiar  Eutropius  of  our  boyhood),  and 
reach  down  to  the  death  of  Jovian.  The  authorship  of 
the  following  books  is  generally  attributed  to  Paulus  Dia- 
conus.  of  Aquileia,  who  died  in  799,  and  the  completion  of 
the  work  to  Landiilf  the  Wise,  who  flourished  in  the  elev- 
enth century.  Without  going  into  the  disputed  question 
as  to  this  authorship,  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  writer, 
who  is  confessedly  a  mere  compiler,  interweaves  large 
passages  from  Jornandes,  Orosius,  the  -Annalists,  and  the 
Ecclesiastical  Historians. 

Bodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  431. 

Histriomastix  (his  tri-o-mas'tiks).  [LL.,  'the 
player's  seoiu-ge.']  A  playby Marston.  produced 
before  1599,  in  which  year  Jonson  satirized  it 
in  his  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour."  It  was 
printed  in  1610. 

Histriomastix,  the  Player's  Scourge,  or  Ac- 
tor's Tragaedie.  Atreatise  by  Williatu  Prynne, 
published  in  1632,  though  dated  1633.  The  book 
was  designed  to  promote  the  total  suppression  of  stage- 
plays.  "  Prynne's  treatise,  as  is  well  known,  led  to  his 
beiiig  summoned  before  the  High  Commission  Court  and 
Star  Chamber,  which  condemned  his  book  to  be  burnt, 
and  the  author  to  be  expelled  from  the  Bar  and  his  Inn,  to 
stand  in  the  pillory,  to  lose  both  his  ears,  to  pay  a  fine  of 
£5,000  to  the  King,  and  to  be  perpetually  imprisoned.  .  .  . 
For,  about  the  time  when  the  book  was  published  —  ac- 
cording to  one  account  on  the  day  before,  according  to  an- 
other but  shortly  afterwards— the  Queen  anil  her  ladies 
had  themselves  acted  in  a  Pastoral  at  Whitehall."  (Ward. 
Hist.  Dram.  Lit.)  In  1649 a  mock  retractation, entitled  "ilr. 
William  Prynn  his  Defence  of  Stage-Plays,  or  a  Ketracta- 
tion  of  a  former  Book  of  his  called  Histrio-Mastix,"  was 
published. 

Hit  (hit).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Bagdad, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Euphrates  about 
100  miles  west-northwest  of  Bagdad:  the  an- 
cient Is.  It  is  famous  for  its  fountain  of  bitu- 
men.    Population  (estimated),  2.500. 

Hitchcock  (hieh'kok),  Edward.  Born  at  Deer- 
field,  Mass.,  May  24,  1793:  died  at  Amherst. 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1864.  An  American  geologist, 
professor  from  1825  of  chemistry  and  natural 
history  at  Amherst  College,  and  president  of  the 
college  1845-54,  with  the  professorshij)  of  natu- 
ral theology  and  geology.  Among  his  works  are 
"Geology  of  "the  Connecticut  Valley  "  (1S23),  "Elementaiy 
Geology"  (1840),  "Fossil  Footsteps"  (1S48),  "Religion  of 
Geology  "(1851),  "lUustrationsof  Surface  Geology  "(18.56), 
"Supplement  to  the  Ichnology  of  New  England"  (1S65), 
"Elementary  and  Popular  Treatise  on  Geology"  (ivith 
Charles  H.  Hitchcock,  1860),  "Anatomy  and  Physiology" 
(with  Edward  Hitchcock,  Jr.,  1860). 

Hitchcock,  Roswell  Dwight.  Born  at  East 
Machias,  Maine.  Aug.  15,  1817 :  died  at  Somer- 
set, Mass.,  June  16,  1887.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  theologian.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
church  history  at  Union  Theological  Seminary  (New  York) 
in  1855,  and  president  in  1880,  He  published  "Complete 
Analysis  of  the  Bible  "  (1869),  "Socialism  "  (1879),  etc. 

Hitchin  (hich'in).  A  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
England,  33  miles  north  bv  west  of  London. 
Population  (1891),  8,860. 

Hitchiti(he-che-te').  Adivisionof  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  The  name  is  from  a  Creek  word,  'to  look 
up '  (i.  e.,  the  stream).  The  language  was  spoken  on  the 
Chattahoochee  River,  Georgia,  and  spread  to  Flint  River 
through  Georgia  and  Florida.  The  Seminoles  were  a  half- 
Creek  and  haif-Hitchiti  speaking  people,  and  probably  the 
Yamassi  also.     See  Creek.     Also  Echeetee,  Etchila,  Ichiti. 

Hitopadesha(hi-t6-pa-da'sha).  In  Sanskrit  lite- 
rature, the  book  of  "Good  Counsel."  It  was  thefirst 
Sanskrit  book  printed  in  Nagari  letters  (see  Demnarjany. 
edited  by  Carey,  and  printed  at  Serampore  in  1S03,  It  had 
been  already  translated  by  Wilkins(Bath.l7S7) and  Sir  Wil- 
liam Jones(London, 1799).  Itisethico-didactic,and  iswhat 
theHindus  call  a  nitishastra  or'conduct-work.'  The  plan 
is  simple.  The  sons  of  King  Sudarshana  are  vicious.  He 
convokes  the  wise  men,  and  asks  if  any  one  is  able  to  re- 
form his  sons.  Vishnusharman  offers  to  do  so,  takes  them 
in  charge,  and  relates  to  them  the  stories  which  make  up 
the  collection.  'The  Hitopadesha  is  not  an  original  work, 
but  an  excellent  compilation  of  ancietit  material.  The 
sources  are  expressly  said  to  be  *"  the  Panchatantra  and 
another  work."  The  author  or  editor  is  said  to  have  been 
Narayana  and  his  patron,  the  prince  Dhavalachandra.  The 
woik'is  at  least  500  years  old. 

Hitteren  (hit'ter-en).  An  island  of  Norway, 
west  of  Trondhjem.     Length,  30  miles. 


Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Colt 

Hittites  (hit'its).  An  important  tribe,  descend- 
ed from  Heth,  son  of  Canaan,  the  son  of  Ham, 
settled  in  the  region  of  Hebron  on  the  hiU,  and 
often  mentioned  as  one  of  the  seven  principal 
Canaanite  tribes,  and  sometimes  as  comprising 
the  whole  Canaanite  population.  Hittite  kings  are 
mentioned  who  seem  to  have  dwelt  north  of  Palestine. 
About  the  middle  of  the  9th  century  B.  c.  they  disappear 
from  biblical  history,  some  scholars,  however,  distinguish 
the  latter  as  Syrian  Hittites,  whom  they  consider  a  differ- 
ent tribe  from  the  Canaanite  Hittites.  'They  have  lately 
been  identified  with  the  Eheta  of  the  Egyptians  and  the 
Chatti  of  the  AssjTian  monuments.  These  monuments 
agree  with  the  notices  of  the  old  Testament  in  depicting 
the  Hittites  .as  a  powerful  tribe.  Thothmes  III.,  of  the 
18th  dynasty,  fought  with  them  about  1600  b.  c.  in  ilegid- 
do.  Later  Seti  attacked  them  about  1350  B.  c,  and  Ramesea 
n.  (the  supposed  Pharaoh  of  the  oppression^  defeated 
them  not  long  after  at  Kadesh,  on  the  Orontes.  The 
Kheta  are  also  often  referred  to  in  the  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence of  Tel-el-Amarna.  The  Chatti  are  found  early 
in  collision  with  Assyria.  They  were  defeated  by  Tiglatfa. 
Pileser  I.  (1120-HiX>).  Asurnazirpal  (S84-S60)  carried  tneir 
princes  into  captivity.  Under  Shalmaneser  II.  the  Hit- 
tites entered  into  an  alliance  with  Ben-hadad  of  S>Tia,  but 
were  defeated  in  the  great  battle  on  the  plains  of  Syria, 
and  their  city,  Carchemish,  was  taken  in  855.  Twelve  Hit- 
tite kings  are  enumerated  as  contemporary  rulers  at  this 
time.  Sargon  fiuiilly  put  an  end  to  the  Hittite  indepen- 
dence in  717,  when  the  inhabitants  of  Carchemish  were  de- 
ported to  Assyria  and  the  city  was  repeopled  with  Assyrian 
colonists.  Monuments,  supposed  to  be  Hittite,  have  been 
discovered  since  1872  in  Hamath,  Aleppo,  Carchemish, 
Cappadocia,  Lycaonia,  and  Lydia,  which  would  show  that 
the  Hittite  empire  once  spread  over  the  greater  part  of 
Asia  ilinor;  audit  maybe  that  from  there  they  at  onetime 
pushed  their  way  into  northern  Syria.  The  question  whe- 
ther they  formed  one  race  with  the  Hittites  of  the  Canaan- 
ite stock  remains  an  open  one.  The  originators  of  these 
Hittite  monuments  are  considered  by  some  scholars  to 
have  been  a  "  Mongoloid  "  race.  The  art  exhibited  on  these 
monuments  is  still  of  a  primitive,  rude  character.  The  in- 
scriptions, in  hieroglyphic  characters,  have  not  yet  been 
deciphered.  Of  late  there  is  a  tendency  among  some  scholars 
to  consider  the  Hittites  as  a  race  speaking  a  Semitic  lan- 
guage akin  to  SjTiac  or  Aramaic,  and  to  regard  the  so- 
called  Hittite  inscriptions  as  the  work  of  another  people 
who  are,  for  the  time  being,  caUed  "pseudo- Hittites." 

Hittorff  (hit'tort).  Jacques  Ignace.  Born  at  Co- 
logne, Aug.  20,  1792:  died  at  Paris,  March  25, 
1867.  A  French  architect.  His  chief  work  is  the 
Church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  in  P.aris.  He  published  ".Ar- 
chitecture cntique  de  la  Sicile  "  (1826-30X  ".\rchitecture 
moderne  dela  Sicile"  (1826-35),  " Architectiure  polychrome 
Chez  les  Grecs  "  (1S51),  etc. 

Hitzig(hit'siG),  Ferdinand.  BomatHauingen, 
Baden.  Jvme  23. 1807:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden, 
Jan.  22,  1875.  A  German  exegete,  professor  at 
Zm-ich  (1833)  andlater  (1861)  at  Heidelberg.  He 
published  commentaries  on  Isaiah  (1S33),  the  Psalms  (1835- 
1S36),  the  minor  prophets  (1838),  Jeremiah  (1841),  etc. 

Hitzig,Friedrich.  Born  at  Berlin,  April  8, 1811 : 
died  Oct.  11,  1881.     A  German  architect. 

Hivites  (hi'vits).  An  ancient  Canaanite  people 
in  northern  Palestine. 

Hjelmaren  (hyel'mar-en),  or  Hjelmar  (hyel'- 
miir).  A  lake  in  Sweden,  10  miles  southwest  of 
Lake  Malar,  into  which  it  discharges  its  waters. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 

^j6rring(hyer'^ing).  A  town  and  bathing-place 
at  ahnost  the  northern  extremity  of  Jutland, 
Denmark. 

Ho.     See  Hwanglio. 

Hoadly,  or  Hoadley  (hod'li),  Benjamin.  Bom 
at  Westerham.  Kent.  England,  Nov.  14,  1676: 
died  at  Chelsea,  London,  April  17,  1761.  An 
English  di\-ine  and  controversialist,  bishop  suc- 
cessively of  Bangor  (1715),  Hereford  (1721),  Sal- 
isbury (1723),  and  Winchester  (1734).  He  origi- 
nated the  "Bangorian  controversy ''  (which  see)  by  his  ser- 
mon on  the  "Kingdom  of  Christ  "  (1717). 

Hoadly,  Benjamin,  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1706:  died  at  Chelsea,  London,  Aug.  10.  1757. 
An  English  physician  and  author,  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Hoadly.  He  wrote  "The  Suspicious  Husband  " 
?1747),  and  assisted  Hogarth  in  his  "Analysis  of  Beauty." 

Moangho.     See  Hiii:i>i</Iii>. 

Hoar (hor), Ebenezer Rockwood.  BornatCon- 
eord,  Mass.,  Feb.,  21,  1816:  died  there,  Jan.  31, 
1895.  An  American  jurist,  son  of  Samuel  Hoar. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court  18.'.»- 
1869 ;  United  States  attoniey-genenal  1869-70 ;  joint  high 
commissioner  on  the  treaty  of  Washington  1871 ;  and 
member  of  Con^rre.^s  from  Massachusetts  1873-75. 

Hoar,  George  Frisbie.  Born  at  Concord,  Mass., 
Aug.  29, 1S26.  An  American  statesman,  sou  of 
Samuel  Hoar.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Massachusetts  1869-77,  a  member  of  the  Elec- 
toral Commission  in  1S77,  and  United  States  senator  1877-. 

Hoar,  Samuel,  Boni  at  Lincoln,  Mass.,  May  18, 
1778 :  died  at  Concord,  Mass.,  Nov.  2,  1856.  An 
American  politician,  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1835-37. 

Hoare  ihor).  Prince.  Born  at  Bath,  England, 
about  17.55 :  died  at  Brighton,  Dec.  22. 1834.  An 
English  painter  and  playwright,  son  of  William 
Hoare. 

Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Colt.  Bom  at  Stourhead, 
Wilts,  Eugland,  Dec.  9,  1758 :  died  there.  May 


Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Colt 

19,  1838.     Au  English  auticiuiiry  aiicl  topogra- 
pher.    His  chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  Modern 
Wiltshire"  (1.H22-44). 
Hoare,  William.  Bom  about  1706  :iiied  at  Bath, 

Kii!;l:iiiil,  Dec-.,  1792.  Au  Euglish  historical  and 
portrait  paiiili-r. 

Hobart  (ho'biirt),  sotuotimcs  writ  t  I'll  Hobarton 
;  ho'liar-ton),"orHobartTO'Wll  (ho'liiirt  touii  or 
!io'bar-ton).  The  capital  of  Tasmania,  situated 
I  u  Sullivan's  Cove,  at  the  mouth  of  t  he  river  Der- 
«ent,  in  lat.  4:;°  .53'  S.,  long.  147°  21'  E.  It  was 
fouiidt'd  in  1S04,  and  is  the  chief  comiuercial  city  of  the 
colony.     Pdpillatioii  (1891),  24,905. 

Hobart  (ho'liiirt),  Augustus  Charles,  Hobart 

Paslia.  Bornat\Valton-on-thc-\Volds,Leicester- 
sliire,  .-Vitril  1, 1.S22  :  diedat  Milan,  June  19, 1880. 
Xn  Englisli  admiral  in  the  Turkish  service,  third 
-on  of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Buckinghamshire.  He 
>ntere(l  the  British  na\'y  in  1835;  became  naviJ  adviser  to 
the  Sultan  of  Turkey  in  1307;  suppressed  the  Cretan  re- 
liellion  in  18(>7  ;  was  appointed  admiral,  with  the  title  of 
pasha,  in  1»(19  ;  reorganized  the  Turkish  Heet  and  operated 
against  Russia  in  the  Black  Sea  in  1877  ;  and  was  promoted 
mushir  or  marshal  of  the  Turkish  empire  in  ISSl. 

Hobart,  Garret  Augustus.  Bom  at  Long 
Branch,  N.  J..  1844:  died  at  Paterson,  N.  J.. 
Nov.  21,  1809.  An  American  lawj-er  and  Ke- 
]>ublican  politician.  He  was  educated  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1869.  In  1872  he  served 
in  the  State  assembly  of  New  Jersey  ;  in  187ti  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  State  senate,  and  in  1881  its  president: 
and  in  1800  was  elected  Vice-President. 

Hobart,  John  Henry.  Bom  Sept.  14,  177,'): 
die.l  Sept.  10  (12?).  1830.  Protestant  Episco- 
pal bishop  of  New  York  lSl()-:!0. 

Hobbema  (hob'be-ma),  Meyndert  or  Minder- 

hout.  Born  at  Amsterdam,  or  Koeverdam, 
about  1638 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  Dec,  1709.  A 
Dutch  landscape-painter.  He  was  influenced  in  style 
by  Ruisdael.  He  is  noted  for  his  atmospheric  effects,  torie, 
and  brilliancy.  In  many  of  his  landscapes  figures  liave 
been  painted  by  other  noted  artists.  His  picture  of  "  The 
Henuitage,  .St.  I'etersburg  "  (1603)  is  owned  by  the  New 
York  Historical  Society. 

Sobbes  (hobz),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Westport 
(now  in  Malmesbury).  Wiltshire,  April,"),  1588: 
died  at  Hardwick  Hall.  Dec.  4,  1679.  A  cele- 
brated English  philosopher.  His  father,  Thomas 
Hobbes,  was  vicar  of  Charlton  and  Westport.  In  1603 
Hobbes  entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  160S.  He  soon  entered  the  service  of  William 
Caveiulish  llater  first  earl  of  Devonshire)  as  tutor  to  his 
eldest  son  (later  second  earl  of  Devonshire),  and  retained 
this  position  until  the  death  of  his  pupil  in  102H.  They 
made  a  continental  tnur  in  ItilO.  In  1020  he  became  trav- 
eling tutor  to  the  son  of  Sir  Uervase  Clifton,  and  visited 
Paris  and,  probably,  Italy.  He  returned  to  the  service  of 
the  Cavendishes  in  1031  as  tutor  to  the  third  Earl  of  Devon- 
shire, with  whom,  1634-37,  he  made  an  extended  tour  on  the 
Continent,  during  which  he  estaldished  friendly  relatitms 
with  many  distinguished  men,  including  ( ialileo,  Gassendi, 
Mersenne,  anil  Descartes.  Previous  to  this  time  (before 
1625  Ohe  had  served  llacon  as  amanuensis,  and  in  translat- 
ing some  of  his  essays  into  Latin.  He  lived  with  Devon- 
shire until  1IV41I,  when  fear  of  persecution  by  Parliament 
for  his  political  opinions  drove  him  to  Paris,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1051,  when,  in  the  belief  that  his  life  was  in 
danger  from  those  who  accused  hinmf  heii-iodoxy  and  even 
atheism,  he  rted  hack  to  Knglanil  and  luciinie  reconciled 
to  the  Croniwellian  goverrniient.  For  a  time  in  1040  he 
instructed  the  Prince  of  Wales  (later  Charles  II.)  in  math- 
ematics. After  the  Restoration  he  lived  with  the  Earl 
of  Devonshire.  Hobbes  was  a  pronounced  nominalist  in 
philosophy,  an  antagonist  of  scholasticism,  one  of  the 
suggesters  of  the  associational  psychology,  and  a  leader 
of  modern  rationalism.  He  insisted  especially  ujion  the 
complete  separation  of  theology  and  pliilosophy,  and  the 
subordination  of  the  church  t^»  the  slate.  He  is  best 
Itnown  from  his  doctrine  that  the  iHiwerof  the  state  is  ab- 
solute as  against  the  individual — that  it  is  the  '"  Levia- 
than "  that  swiillows  all,  a  mortal  god  who,  like  the  Deity, 
governs  accnrding  to  his  pleasni-e,  and  gives  peace  and  se- 
curity to  his  subjects.  His  chief  works  are  a  transilatlnn  of 
Thucydides,"!)!- cive" 1 10-12), "  Human  Nature,  or  I Ije  Fun- 
damental Elements  of  Policy  "(1050)." "De  corpi ire  politico" 
(10.^0),  "Leviathan,  or  the  Matter,  F'oriii,  and  Power  of  a 
C'onuu' in  wealth.  Ecclesiastical  ami  civil  "  (lO.M),  "Of  Lib- 
erty and  N'ece8Hity"(lor.4).  llisclli-ct'd  works  were  edited 
by  Sir  W.  Moleswi.rlh  1839-45,  in  16  vols.  (5  in  Latin). 

Hobbes,  John  Oliver.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 

Craigie. 
Hobhouse  (hob'lions),  John  Cam,  Lord  Brough- 
ton.  Bom  !it  Keilland,  near  Uristol,  .luiie  27, 
1786:  died  at  London,  June  3,  1869.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  writer.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1820  ;  became  secrelai-y  at  war  In  18:12 ;  was  appointed 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  March,  18.'t3,  but  soon  resigned 
his  olllre  and  his  seat;  reentered  Parliament  in  18;i4  ;  and 
was  [ircsident  of  the  board  of  control  I^;f5-4I,  and  again 
1840^ .'i2.  In  1819  he  was  arrested  and  romniitted  to  New- 
gate for  an  anonymous  pamphlet  ("  A  ']')  illhig  -Mistake  in 
'illomas,  Ixird  Erskine's  recent  Preface,  etc. "),  the  piiblica. 
tlon  of  which  was  held  to  he  a  breach  o(  privilege  by  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  was  the  most  Inthnate  friend  of 
Lord  Ityron,  a  nmnection  which  was  formed  at  Cambridge. 
They  travibd  logethcr  on  the  Continent  l.iMllHII.  Holi- 
hnuse  wasoiif  i.f  ISyron's  executors.  He  was  created  I>onl 
Broiighton  in  ls51.  Ho  wrote  "  Historical  Illustrations  of 
the  Fourth  Canto  of 'Chllde  Harold  •"  (2il  eil.  1818).  "A 
Journiy  through  Albania,  etc."  (1813),  etc.  His  "Diaries, 
Correspondence,  and  Memoranda  "  are  in  the  Iceoplng  of 
the  llritisli  Museum,  ami  could  not  be  opened  until  the 
Jear  19<lo. 


507 


Hoffmann,  Daniel 


Hobkirk's  Hill  (hob'kerks  hil).     A  place  near    ology"  (1871-73).    Among  his  other  works  are  "C^mmen- 
Camdeu.  South  Carolina.    Here.  April  25, 1781,  the    I;',7.""  j'""y>"^"  (l?36).  '"<'i  <;»sa>s  republUhed  from  the 
British  under  Lord  Kawdon  defeated  the  Americans  under       1  rmci  ton  Keview. 
Greene,  in  what  is  sometimes  called  the  second  battle  of  Hodge,  Hugh  LenoX.     Born  at  Philadelphia, 

.  Camden.  June  27,  1796;  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  26, 

floboken(h6'b6-ken).  AcityinHudsonCounty,  1873.  An  American  physician  and  medical 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  writer,  brother  of  Charles  Hodge.  He  became  iu 
New  York,  contiguous  to  Jersev  City.  It  is  the  1835  professor  of  obstetrli  s  in  the  I'niversity  of  Pcnn- 
terminus  of  several  steamship  and  railway  lines,  and  the  sylvania,  a  position  which  he  retained  until  1803,  when  he 
seat  of  the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technologj'.  Population  became  professor  emeritus.  He  wrote  "  Diseases  Peculiar 
11900),  o'.i,364.  to  Women"  (185!>1,"  Principles  and  Practice  of  ObBtetrics" 

Hobson(hol)'son).  Richmond  Pearson.  Horn  (18iH),and  •  ioeticide  •■  (IsiS). 
at  Greensboro," Ala.,  Aug.  17.  Is70.  An  Aiiier- HodgSOn  (hoj'son),  John  Evan.  Born  March  1, 
ican  naval  officer,  noted  for  his  exploit  in  blow-  1831 :  died  Jtme  19.  189.'i.  An  Englisli  painter 
ing  up  the  United  States  collier  .Merrimac  in  an  of  genre,  historical,  and  Moorish  subjects, 
attempt  to  block  tlie  channel  of  the  harbor  of  H6d-Mez6-V4s&rhely  (hod'me-zii-vii'shSr- 
Santiago  de  Cuba  June  3,  1898.  He  was  pro-  hely).  A  city  iu  tlie  county  of  Csongrfid,  Hun- 
tnoted  naval  constructor  June  23.  1898,  and  garv,  situated  in  lat.  46°  27' N.,  long.  20°  22'E. 
i-nptain  Feb.  26,  1901 ;  resigned  Feb.,  1903.  Population  (1S90),  r).-),47.'). 

Hobson,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1544:  died  Hoe  (ho),  Richard  March.  Bom  at  New  York 
1631.  A  carrier  and  keeper  of  a  livery-stable  city,  Sept.  12,  1812:  died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
at  Cambridge.  England,  in  the  first  half  of  June  7,  1886.  An  American  inventor.  He  per- 
thp  17th  cpiitiirv  iiisbnhif  nf  nbliiHnffbiBeiistomers  fected  in  1S46  B  rotai-y  piiuting-press  which  received  the 
I,  take  the  horse  ;^hich°ha^''ptLftob^^  "■■■•-''*  '^'^I'ili'j?^'!?,"?  n^^t^^  ■""  subsequently  invented 
gave  rise  to  the  expression  "Uobson's  choice"  — that  is,     '"«  "'"-  ^^^y.?A    \    T^T^Xt^   ->„„       Ti „f  A  .  * 

'this  or  none '  Hoecke  ( ho  ke),  Jan  vau  den.    Bom  at  Ant- 

Hoche  (osh).  Lazare.    Bom  at  Monti-euil,  near    werp,  1611:  died  there   1651.    A  historical  and 

Versailles.  France,  June  25, 1768 :  died  at  Wetz-    portrait  painter  of  the  F  emish  school     He  was 

lar,  Prussia.  Sept.  18  (19  ?),  1797.  A  French  gen-    '■•^''Jt  painter  to  Archduke  Leopold  William  in 

oral.      He  served  with  distinction  in  Alsace  in  1793 ;  sup-      ''•^'i  _  ^  

pressed  the  Vcndean  revolt  1795-90 ;  and  fought  against  the  Hoecke,  Robrecht  VaU  QeU.    Bom  at  Antwerp, 
Austrians  in  1797.  Nov.  30,  1622  :  died  after  1695.     A  genre,  land- 

Hochelaga  (ho-shel'a-ga).    A  tribe  or  village  of    scape,  and  battle  painter  of  the  Flemish  school, 
North  American  Indians,  on  the  site  of  Mon-    half-brother  of  Jan  van  den  Hoecke, 
treal  when  it  was  discovered  liy  Cartier  in  l.i35.  HcEdi  (he'di),  [L.  Iia'tli,  the  kids.]  The  two  stars 
It  had  disappeared  in  1003.     The  tribe  was  Iroquoi.an,  and     //  and  C  Auriga^. 


was  surrounded  by  Algonquian  tribes.    The  name  is  de-  HoBnlr  (he'nir).  fON.l  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
rived  from  a  word  meaning  'beaver  grounds.      See  Iro-     ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  three  gods  (Jdin,  Hceuir,  aid  Lodur 

(ON.   Lodhurr),  who  created  out  of  frees  in 
Midgard  the  first  man  and  woman.   Ask  and 


rived  from  a  word  meaning 
fruoinn. 
Hochheim(h6'liim;  G.  pron.  hoch'him).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  oi  Hesse-Nassau.  Prussia, 
situated  near  the  Main  4  miles  east  of  Mainz, 
celebrated  for  the  Hochheimer  wines. 

Hochkirch  (hoch'kirch),  or  Hohkirchen  (ho'- 

kirch-en).  A  village  in  the  governmental  dis- 
trict of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  6  miles  east-southeast 
of  Bautzen.  Here  Oct.  14,  1758,  the  Austrians  (about 
05,000)  under  Daiin  defeated  the  Prussians  (about  42,000) 


Embla.  Odin  gave  them  life,  Hoenir  sense,  and 
Lodur  blood  and  color. 
Hof  (hof),  formerly  Regnitzhof  (reg'nits-hof). 
A  city  in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Saale  in  lat.  50°  18'  N.,  long.  11°  55'  E. 
It  lias  important  niamifactures.  Population 
( 1890),  commune,  24.455. 


under  Frederick  the  Great,  the  loss  of  the  Prussians  being  Hofer(lio'fer),  Andreas.  Born  at  St.Leonhard, 
about  9,iX)0,  that  of  the  Austrians  about  0,000.  Passevr  vallev.  Tvrol.  Nov.  22.  1767:  executed 

Hochst  (hechst).  A  town  in  the  province  of  at  Mantua,  Italv,"  Feii!  iO,'  1810.  A  Tvrolese 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Main  patriot,  the  lieai'l  of  the  Tvrolese  insurrection 
6  miles  west  of  Frankfort -on-the-Mam.  Here,  on  ih09.  He  gained  victories  at  Sterzing,  Innshnick,  Isel. 
.lune  20, 1022,  Tilly  defeated  Duke  Christian  of  Brunswick  ^[^.^  .,„j  „.(^  (he  head  of  the  goveriino  nt  in  1S09. 
and  on  Oct,  11, 179.5,  the  Austrians  underClerfayt  defeated  TTnO-ma„  «-  ,  Ppxroncrp  fnr  a  Tathfr  \  trii- 
the  French  under  Jourdan.  Population  (1890),  commune,  Uonman,  Or  a  Itevenge  lOr  a  i  ainer.  -\  t  ra- 
jiji^r,  "^  geily  by  Henry  Chetlle,  produced  111  ]()02. 

HSchstadt  (hech'.stot).    A  small  town  in  the  Hoffman  (hof'nian),  Charles  Fenno.    Born  at 

governmental  district  of  Swabia,  Bavaria,  sit-    New  York  city  in  1801):  died  uI  Harrisburg,  Pa,, 
uated   on  the  Danube  23  miles   northwest   of    June  7,  1884.     Au  .-Vnierican  poet  and  novelist. 


He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  about  182S,  but  shortly  aban- 
doned the  profession  of  law  in  order  to  devote  liimself 
to  liteniture.  He  established  the  "Knickerbocker  -Maga- 
zine" in  18.'13,  and  subsei|Uently  became  proprietor  of  the 
"American  Magaaine,"  which  he  edited  for  many  ^eara. 

He  I line  insane  in  1849,  and  during  the  rest  of  his  life 

was  luiiilned  in  the  Harrisburg  Insane  Asylum.  The  first 
collection  of  his  poems.  "  The  Vigil  of  Faith,  a  Legend  of 
the  Adirondack  Mountains,  and  other  Poems."  appeared 
in  1812.  A  complete  edition  was  published  by  E.  F.  Uoff* 
man  ni  1874. 

Hoffmann  (Imr'niiin),  August  Heinrich.com- 
iiioiily  called   Hoffmann  von  Fallersleben 

(fon  lal'lers-la-ben).  Born  at  Fallersleben, 
llannover,  Prussia,  April  2,  1798:  ilied  at  the 
castle  of  Korvei,  near  Iloxter.  Prussia.  .Tan.  lil- 
20.  1S74.  A  iJerman  poel,  ]iliilologist.  and  lit- 
erary llistorian.  lie  studied  at  Oottlngen  and  lionn. 
In  1823  ho  was  made  custodian  of  the  university  library'  at 
llreslau,  and  in  18:10  professor  there  of  (Jennanic  iditlol- 
ogy.  In  1842,  in  eousei|Uence  of  the  views  expressed  In 
his" I ■npolitischcl,ieder"("XoniKilltical  Songs,"  1810-41), 
lie  wa-s  deprived  of  his  ]iosition.  and  for  several  years  luia 
no  settled  place  of  residence.  He  was  finally  ri-liabilitaleil 
in  1.S48.  tn  Prussia.  In  18.53  he  went  to  Weimar,  where  he 
engaged,  In  collalHiration  with  the  OermanistiiscarScbado, 
in  the  editorship  of  the  short-lived  "  Welinarisehe  .lahr- 
biicherfnrdeiilseheSprache.Lltcralnrnnd  Kunst  "("  Wei- 
mar Annals  for  German  Language,  Literature,  and  Art  "). 
After  18(10  he  lived  at  Korvei  as  llbniriau  !.•  the  Duke  of 
llatlliiir.  Among  llis  many  itoetlcal  works  iire"l.ieder 
null  Koman?.en' ('Songs  and  Romances,"  IS'Jl)  ".'agcr- 
llcder"("  Hunters"  Songs,"  1)^28),  "Klnderlieder"  ("Chil- 
dren's Songs,"  1K4:1-I7),  "  Deutsche  ()a88enlleder"(" Ger- 
man Street  Songs,"  1,'-I3),  "  l.lebeslleder  "  ('  I  ove  Songs," 
1811),  ".soldatenlicder"(" Soldiers'  Songs,"  18M-.V-'X  "  v«- 
terlaiul8lleder"("  Songs  of  Fatherland,"  1S71).  Among  his 
eiinallynnmemua  seieMtlflc  wrilings  are  "  Knndgniben  fur 
Oeschichte  deulscher  Snraclie  und  l.iteralur"  ("Tn-a- 
sures  for  the  History  of  tlieCcrman  Ijtnguage  and  Litem, 
ture."  1h;i(I-;i7).  "(leschlehle  des  deutschon  Klrchcnlleds 
bis  I,utlier"("  lllstorv  of  theCerninn  Church  Hymn  down 
to  Luther."  1831),  "  lioiir  llelgica'"  (a  collicllon  of  low 
(Jerinan  folksiuigs.  lvi.t-i'.2.  In  12  vols.).  '  Deutsche  I'hl- 
lologle  till  (irumlriss"  (  "sketch  of  Dcrmnn  Philology," 
I8;!0). 
An  Aiiiericnn  rrestiyterian  tlieologiun.  He  was  g^jmj^jjjj  Daniel.  Born  at  Halle,  Prussia, 
prote-shorin  1-rinceton  ■rbeologlcal  Seniiriaryfrom  l'^2•2  and  ,  -  ^  , .  ,j  '|  ,  Wolfenbllttel.  (tprmany,  1611.  A 
was  the  founder  of  the  "lllblleal  Keposllory  and  Prince-      ' '  ^  t     .i     _..    ..,„l.,.»^„«,i.,U<.f 

ton  Eevlew"  (18-26).    His  chief  work  Is  ".Systematic  Tht-    (5erman  Lutheran  controversiahst. 


Augsburg.  It  was  the  scene  of  three  battles:  (1)  Sept. 
20,  1703,  defeat  of  the  Imperialists  by  the  Bavarians  and 
French:  (2)  Aug.  13.  1704,  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  called 
the  battle  of  Hochstadt  by  the  (iemians;  r;i)  June  19, 1800, 
defeat  of  the  Austrians  by  the  F'reneh  unilcr  Morc.iu. 

Hochstetter  (hoch'stit-ter).  Ferdinand  von. 

Born  atEsslingen.W'iirteiiiberg.  April  30.  I.Sl'I)  : 
died  at  Oberdobling,  near  Vienna,  July  18,  ].>^84. 
A  (lertnan  geologist,  traveler,  and  geou;rapher. 
lie  became  prival-doceiit  at  the  I'niversity  of  Vienna  in 
IS.'iO,  geologist  to  the  Novanl  expeilition  In  1867,  and  was 
professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology  at  the  Vienna  Poly- 
technic Institute  ls«l  81.  He  wrote  "  Nciisceland  "(180:1), 
"(leologie  von  NiiLsieland  "  (1804),  "  Palaontologie  Ton 
Nensecland  "  (1804),  etc. 

Hodeida  (ho-da'dii  or  ho-di'dii),  or  Hudeide. 

.\  senport  in  Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  on  the 
lied  Sea  in  lat.  14°  47'  N.,  long.  4'2°  .54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, about  20.000. 

Hodel  (he'del),  Emil  Heinrich  Max,  called 
Lehmann, alsii  Traber.    Bmn  atLeipsic, May 

27,  IS,')7:  e.xei-iileil  -Vug.  16,  1S78,  A  (ierman 
Social  Deniocrnt  who  altempleil  to  assassinate 
Uie  emperor  William  by  firing  two  shots  from  a 
revolver,  neither  of  which  took  effect,  at  Berlin, 
May  11,  1K78. 
Hodge.  The  name  given  to  the  t>i)i<'al  peasant 
in  I'iiiginnil. 

Hodge  (lioi).  Archibald  Alexander.    Born  nt 

Princeton.  N.  J.,  July  18.  1S23:  dii-d  there.  Nov. 
11,  1886.  An  .\mericiin  Presbyterian  clergyman 
and  theoliigian,  son  of  Clinrles  IlodgiN  lie  was 
professor  of  ilidaitic  tbeologyin  Western  Theological  Sem- 
inar)-, Alleghcnv.  Pennsvlvanla,  1804-77,  and  in  1878  suc- 
ceeded his  latl'ier  as  iiroressor  of  didacllc  and  imlemic 
thcoliigy  at  Princeton  Thcologleal  Seminary.  Among  Ills 
works  are  "Outlines  of  Theology  "  (1800).  "The  Atone- 
ment "  (ISOs),  and  ".Manual  of  Forms'"  (revised  edillon, 
188,1). 
Hodge,  Charles.  Bom  at  Philadelnhia,  Dec,  28, 
1707:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  .lune  19,  1878. 
rrestiyterian  theologian 


Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  Amadeus 

Hoffinann,  Ernst  Theodor  Amadeus  (origi- 
nallT  Wilnelm).  Born  at  Konigsbeig,  Prussia, 
Jan."  24,  1776:  died  at  Berlin.  June  25. 1S22.  A 
German  romance  writer.  His  works  include  "  Phan- 
tasiestiicke  in  Callots  Manier"  ("Phantasy  Pieces  in  Cal- 
lots  Manner,"  lS14-l.iX  -  Elixire  des  Teufels"  (1S1»-16). 
"Nachtstiicke"  (IslT),  'Die  Serapionsbriider "  (1819-21), 
"  Kater  Mnrr  "  (1820-i2),  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Friedricll.  Bom  at  Halle,  Prussia, 
Feb.  19,  1660:  died  at  Halle,  Nov.  12.  1742.  A 
celebrated  German  physician,  author  of  "Sys- 
tema  medieinse  rationalis"  (1718-40).  He  be- 
came the  first  professor  of  medicine  at  Halle  in 
1693. 

Hoffmann,  LudwigFriedrichWilhelm.  Born 
at  Leonberg,  Wurtemberg,  Oct.  30,  1806:  died 
at  Berlin,  Aug.  28, 1873.  A  German  Protestant 
clergj-man.  He  studied  theologj-  at  Tubingen,  became 
pastor  at  Stuttgart  in  1833,  and  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Missionary  Institute  at  Basel  in  1S39.  He 
became  in  1852  court  preacher  to  Frederick  William  IV.,  on 
whose  ecclesiastical  policy  he  exerted  a  strong  influence. 

Eofgeismar  (hof'gis-mar).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau.  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Esse  14  miles  north-northwest  of  Cassel. 

Hofhuf  (hof-hof').orHofuf  (ho-fof).  The  capi- 
tal of  El-Hasa.  Arabia,  situated  near  the  Persian 
Gulf  about  lat.  2.5°  20'  N..  long.  49°  50'  E.  It 
was  taken  bv  the  Turks  in  1872.  Population, 
about  25.000". 

Hofmann  (hof'man).  August  Wilhelm  von. 
Born  at  Giessen,  Germany.  April  S.  1.^18:  dieil 
at  Berlin,  May  5. 1892.  Anoted  German  chemist. 
He  became  superintendent  of  the  Royal  College  of  Chem- 
istry (afterward  chemical  section  of  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines)  at  London  in  1S4S;  warden  of  the  British  mint  in 
1855 ;  professor  of  chemistry  at  Bonn  in  1S64  :  and  was 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Berlin  from  1S65  until  his  death. 
He  published  '•  Handbook  of  Organic  Analysis  "  (1853), 
"  Einleitung  in  die  modeme  Chemie  "  (6th  ed.  1877),  etc. 

Hofmann,  Johann  Christian  Eonrad  von. 

Bom  at  Nuremberg.  Bavaria.  Dee.  21.  1810: 
died  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Dec.  20,  1877.  A 
German  Lutheran  theologian,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Erlangen  in  1841,  ordinary'  professor 
at  Rostock  in  1842.  and  at  Erlangen  in  1845. 

Hofmann,  Richard.  Born  at  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, May  24,  1831.  An  Anglo-American  com- 
poser, pianist,  and  teacher.  He  has  lived  in 
New  York  since  1847, 

Hofwyl  (hof'vel).  Aji  estate  6  miles  north  of 
Bern.  Switzerland:  the  seat  of  the  educational 
institutions  of  Fellenberg. 

Hogarth  (ho'garth),  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  10,  1697 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  26, 
1764.  A  celebrated  English  painter  and  en- 
graver. In  1712  he  was  apprenticed  to  Ellis  Gamble,  a 
silversmith;  in  1718  he  turned  his  attention  to  engrav- 
ing ;  and  in  1726  he  first  became  known  by  his  plates  for 
*'  Hudibras."  In  1729  he  ran  away  with  Sir  James  Thorn- 
hill's  only  daughter,  and  was  married  at  Paddington 
church.  He  published  in  1733  "The  Harlot's  Progress," 
which  was  soon  followed  by  "The  Rake's  Progress."  In 
1735  Hogarth  obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  securing  the 
rights  of  artists  to  their  own  designs.  In  1736  he  painted 
on  the  stairway  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  "  The  Good 
Samaritan"  and  "The  Pool  of  Bethesda."  .\mong  his 
other  pictures  are  the  "  Distressed  Poet "  and  the  "  Enraged 
Musician  "(1741),  "  Marriage  a  la  Mode  "(1745),  "Industry 
and  Idleness  "  (1747).  He  made  a  famous  journey  to  France 
in  174S.  In  his  later  years  Hogarth  indulged  in  literary 
compositions,  and  wrote  "The  Analysis  of  Beauty."  He 
painted  a  number  of-portraits  of  himself,  the  best  of  which 
is  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Hogarth  is  essentially  a  comic  painter ;  his  pictures  are 
not  indifferent,  unimpassioned  descriptions  of  human  na- 
ture, but  rich,  exuberant  satires  upon  it.  He  is  carried 
away  by  a  passion  for  the  ridiculous.  His  object  is  "  to 
show  vice  her  own  feature,  scorn  her  own  image."  He  is 
so  far  from  contenting  himself  with  still  life  that  he  is 
always  on  the  verge  of  caricature,  though  without  ever 
falling  into  it  BailiU,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  190. 

Hogarth  Club.  A  London  club  for  artists,  es- 
tablished in  1870.  It  has  a  life  class,  sketching 
club,  and  reading-room. 

Hogg  (hog),  James.  Bora  at  Ettrick,  Selkirk- 
shire, 1770 :  died  at  Eltrive  Lake,  Nov.  21,  1835. 
A  Scottish  poet,  called  "the  Ettrick  Shep- 
herd "  from  his  oeeupation.  In  1790  he  began  to  be 
known  as  a  song-maker,  and  in  1796  his  education  had  ad- 
vanced so  far  that  he  began  to  write  his  verses.  In  1802 
he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Scott.  In  ISIO  he  settled  in 
Edinburgh  with  a  view  of  devoting  himself  to  literature, 
but  went  to  Eltrive  Lake  in  Yarrow  about  1816.  He  was 
"the  Shepherd  "  in  Wilson's  "Recreations  of  Christopher 
North."  Among  his  poems  are  "The  Queen's  Wake" 
(1813),  "The  Pilgrims  of  the  Sun  "  (181.5),  "Madoc  of  the 
Moor"  (1816),  "The  Poetic  Mirror,  or  the  Living  Bards  of 
Great  Britain"  (1816;  parodies),  and  "Queen  Hynde " 
(1826).  Among  his  prose  works  are  "The  Brownie  o'' Bods- 
beck,  etc."  (1817),  and  "Winter  Evening  Tales"  (1820). 
His  "Jacobite  Relics,  etc. "  (1819-20X  are  both  prose  and 
verse. 

Hogue  (bog),  or  Hague  (hag ;  F.  pron.  hag). 
La.  A  promontory  at  the  northwestern  ex- 
tremity of  the  department  of  Manche,  Prance, 
projecting  into  the  English  Channel,  in  lat. 


508 

49°  43'  N..  long.  1°  57'  W.  This  cape  is  generally 
incorrectly  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  great  victory 
of  the  English  and  Dutch  over  the  French  May  10  (N.  S. 
29X  1692,  ofl  the  fort  of  La  Hogue,  or  La  Hougue,  near  the 
northeast  extremity  of  the  peninsula. 

Hoh.     See  Qnileute. 

Hohe.     See  Assiiiibohi. 

HoheAchtiho'e  aeht).  One  of  the  chief  moun- 
tains of  the  Eifel,  western  Germany.  Height, 
2,490  feet. 

Hoheneck  (ho'en-ek).  The  second  highest 
summit  of  the  Vosges.  on  the  frontier  of  France 
and  Alsaee.west  of  Miinster.  Height,4.480feet. 

Hohenelbe  iho'en-el-be;.  A  town  in  Bohemia 
situated  on  the  Elbe  62  miles  northeast  of 
Prague.     Population  (1890).  5.736. 

Hohenems  (ho'en-emz),  orHohenembs  (ho'en- 
embz).  A  town  in  Vorarlberg,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  47°  21'  N.,  long.  9°  41'  E. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  4.972. 

Hohenfriedeberg  (ho  en-fre'de-bero).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  36  miles 
west-southwest  of  Breslau.  Here,  June  4, 1745,  Fred- 
erick the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  and  Saxons  under 
Prince  Charles  of  Lorraine.  The  Prussian  loss  was  about 
2,000 ;  that  of  the  Austrians  and  Saxons  was  4,000  killed  and 
wounded  and  7,000  prisoners. 

Hohenlimburg  (ho  en-lim'boro).  Atown  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  near  Hagen. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  6,204. 

Hobenlinden  (ho  ■  en-Un '  den ) .  A  ^•illage  in  Up- 
per Bavaria.  19  miles  east  of  Munich.  Here,  Dec 
3,  1800,  the  French  under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrian 
army  under  the  archduke  John.  The  Austrians  lost  8,000 
killed  and  wounded  and  12,0O0prisoners,  and  the  battle  vir- 
tually ended  the  war.  The  poet  CampbeU  wrote  a  lyric 
on  the  battle. 

Hohenlohe  (ho'en-16'e).  A  former  county,  later 
a  principality,  of  Germany,  mediatized  in  1806, 
and  now  mainly  included  in  the  circle  of  Jagst, 
Wurtemberg. 

Hohenlohe-lngelfingen(ing'el-fing-en),Prince 
of  (Friedrich  Ludwig).  Bom  at  Ingelfingen, 
Wurtemberg.  Jan.  31. 1746:  died  near  Kosel,  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  Feb.  15,  1818.  A  Prussian  gen- 
eral. He  gained  a  victory  over  the  French  at  Kaisers- 
lantern  in  1794.but  wasdefeated  by  Napoleon  at  Jena,  Oct. 
14,  1S06,  and  compelled  to  surrender  with  17,000  men  at 
Prenzlau.  Oct.  2S,  1SCK5. 

Hohenlohe-Schillingsf iir st  ( shil ' lings  -  f  iirst ) , 
Prince  of  (Chlod'wig  Karl  Victor),  Prince  of 
Batibor  and  Korvei.  Born  March  31, 1819:  died 
July  6,  1901.  A  German  statesman  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  Bavarian  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1866-70;  became  German  ambassad^ir  at  Paris  in  1874; 
and  was  appointed  governor  of  Alsace-Lorraine  in  1885. 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  German  Empire  Oct..  189t-Oct., 
1900.  succeeding  Caprivi. 

Hohenlohe- Waldenburg-Schillingsfiirst 
(val'den-bbrG-shiriings-fiii'St),  Prince  oft  Leo- 
pold Alexander).  Bom  at  Kupferzell,  near 
Waldenburg.  Wurtemberg,  Aug.  17, 1794:  died 
at  Voslau,  near  Vienna,  Nov.  13,  1849.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic.  He  was 
ordained  priest  in  1815,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
society  of  "Fathers  of  the  Sacred  Heart"  about  1816, 
canon  of  Grosswardein  in  1824,  grand  provost  in  1829, 
and  bishop  of  Sardica  in  partibug  inJideUum  in  1S44. 
He  several  times  came  into  conflict  with  the  civil  au- 
thorities as  a  practitioner  of  the  prayer-cure.  He  wrote 
"Der  im  Geist  der  Katholischen  Kirche  betende  Christ" 
0819),  etc. 

Hohenschtrangau  (ho  'en-shvang'ou).  A  medi- 
eval stronghold  in  Swabia.  Bavaria.  56  miles 
southwest  of  Munich,  said  to  have  been  raised 
on  Roman  foundations,  but  entirely  rebuilt  by 
Maximilian  II.  It  is  especially  interesting  for  its  fres- 
cos, which  include  the  "Legend  of  Lohengrin."  many  his- 
torical subjects,  the  "Life  of  a  Medieval  Lady,"  episodes 
of  chivalry,  etc.  The  garden  exhibits  a  reproduction  of  the 
Fountain  of  Lions  in  the  Alhambra. 

Hohensta'Ufen  (ho'en-stou-fen).  A  village  in 
Wiirtemberg.  23  miles  east  of  Stuttgart.  lu 
former  castle  was  the  seat  of  the  Hohenstaofen  family. 
Height,  2,237  feet/  ' 

Hohenstaufen.  A  German  princely  family.  It 
furnished  sovereigns  to  Germany  1138-12*'^  and  1215-54, 
and  to  Sicily  1194-1266.  Conradin,  last  of  the  line,  was  exe- 
cuted  126S.  See  "  Geschichte  der  Hohenstaufen,"  by  Rau- 
mer. 

Hohenstein  (ho'en-stin).  .  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernmental district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  48  mUes 
west-southwest  of  Dresden.  Population  (1890). 
7,546. 

Hohentrwiel  (ho'en-tvel).  A  mined  fortress  in 
Wurtemberg,  near  Singen.     Height.  2.273  feet. 

Hohenzollejm  (ho'en-tsol-lem).  Aprovince  of 
Pmssia,  inclosed  by  Wiirtemberg.  Area,  441 
square  miles.     Population  (1890).  66.085. 

HohenzoUem.  Aeastle  nearHeehingen.  south- 
em  Germany,  belonging  to  the  Prussian  royal 
family,  situated  in  the  Swabian  Alp.  It  was  be- 
gun in  1S50,  the  medieval  fortress  having  practically  dis- 
appeared, except  the  chapel.  The  exterior  walls  and  bas- 
tions reproduce  the  old  castle.    The  entrance  is  by  com- 


Holberg 

plicated  and  well-defended  ramps.  The  inner  buildings 
consist  of  several  wings  with  5  great  towers.  The  state 
apai'tments  are  adorned  with  polished  marbles,  gilding, 
and  color,  and  the  vaulting  is  admirable.  The  style  of 
the  14th  centurj-  is  consistently  followed  throughout* 
Height,  2,840  feet. 
Hohenzollem.  A  German  princely  family.  It 
ruled  over  Brandenburg  from  1415.  and  has  furnished  the 
kings  of  Prussia  since  1701  (German  emperors  since  1871). 

HchenzoUem-Sigmaringen  (sig'mar-ing-en). 
A  former  principality  of  Germany,  situated  in 
Wiirtemberg:  incorporated withPrussia in  1850. 

Hohe  Tauem.     See  Tauern. 

Hojeda.     See  Ojeda. 

Holbach  (G.  pron.  hol'bach  ;  F.  pron.  61-bak'), 
Paul  Henri  Thiry,  Baron  d'.  Bom  at  Hei- 
delsheim.  Baden.  1723:  died  at  Paris.  Jan.  21, 
1789.  A  French  skeptic  and  materialistic  phi- 
losopher. He  wrote  "Le  Cliristianisme  d^voil^,  etc" 
(1767),  "Le  systfeme  de  la  nature  '(" System  of  Nature," 
1770;  published  in  popular  form  as  "Le  bon  sens,"  1772), 
numerous  articles  in  the  "Encyclopedic, "  etc.  He  re- 
sided in  Paris  from  his  youth,  and  his  home  became  a  ren- 
dezvous for  the  free-thinkers  of  his  time.  His  diimers. 
were  exceptionally  celebrated,  and  earned  for  him,  from 
the  Abb^  Galiani,  "the  title  of  the  "premier  maitred'hdtel 
de  la  philosophie." 

Holbeach  \  hol'bech).  A  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  the  Holland  district.  Population 
(1891).  4,771. 

Holbein  (horbin),  Hans,  sumamed  "The  Eld- 
er." Bom  at  Augsburg.  Bavaria,  about  1460; 
died  there.  1524.  A  German  historical  painter. 
He  represented  the  realistic  tendency  of  the  Swabiaa 
school,  and  later  was  influenced  by  that  of  the  Italian  Re- 
naissance. His  "Altar  of  St.  Sebastian  "  (1516).  in  the  Old 
Pinakothek,  Munich,  is  his  masterpiece. 

Holbein,Hans,surnamed  ■•TheTounger.'"  Bom 
probably  at  Augsburg.  Bavaria,  about  1497: 
died  at  London,  1543.  A  German  historical  and 
portrait  painter  and  wood-engraver,  son  of  Hans 
Holbein  (1460-1524).  He  went  to  Basel  in  151.5,  and 
matriculated  in  the  painters'  gild  in  1519.  His  frescoe 
in  the  city  hall  at  Basel,  and  the  "Passion"  in  the  Basel 
Museum,  were  painted  about  1521-22.  In  1523  he  painted 
the  portrait  of  Erasmus  at  Longford  Castle.  .4bout  1536  be 
visited  Antwerp  to  see  Quentin  Massys,  and  afterward  went 
to  England,  where  he  was  lodged  at  Sir  Thomas  More's 
house,  near  London.  In  1528  he  went  to  Basel,  and  returned 
to  England  in  1532,  where  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  bis 
life.  He  became  court  painter  to  Henry  Till,  about  1536. 
Among  his  works  are  a  series  of  89  sketches  in  red  chalk 
and  India  ink,  belonging  to  this  period,  now  in  the  Wind* 
sor  collection ;  a  series  of  designs  for  wood-engraWnp, 
"The  Dance  of  Death.  '  engraved  by  Hans  Lutzell.urger, 
published  in  1538  and  1547 ;  a  portrait  of  Sir  Thomas  More 
(1527) ;  a  portrait  of  Anne  of  Cleves  (1539) ;  a  number  of 
portraits  of  German  merchant  goldsmiths  of  the  Steel- 
yard, some  of  which  are  in  Germany ;  "The  Ambassadors  " 
(in  the  National  Gallery.  1533) ;  and  portraits  of  Heury 
Vin.  and  of  the  principal  personages  of  the  time.  He 
also  designed  the  title-pages  to  Coverdale's  and  Cranmer's 
Bibles,  and  painted  some  important  works  with  religious 
subjects  ("  The  Last  Supper,"  "  The  Dead  Christ ."  eight  Pas- 
sion pictures,  etc.— all  in  the  museum  at  Basel;  "The  Na. 
tivity  "  and  "The  Adoration  of  the  Magi,"  at  Freiburg- 
im-Breisgau ;  "  Madonna. "  with  the  Meyer  family  at  Darm- 
stadt ;  "Madonna  and  Saints,"  at  Solothum,  etc.). 

Holberg  (hol'berG).  Ludvlg  von.  Bom  at  Ber- 
gen, Norwav.  Dec.  3.  1684 ;  died  at  Copenhagen, 
Jan.  28. 1754.  The  father  of  the  Danish  drama, 
and  the  greatest  name  in  Danish  literature.  His 
father,  who  had  risen  from  a  common  soldier  to  the  rank 
of  colonel,  died  when  he  was  still  an  infant,  and  his  mother 
when  he  was  10  years  old.  He  had  been  intended  for  the 
army,  but  showed  such  an  aptitude  for  study  that  ha^aft 
sent  to  the  Bergen  Latin  school,  and  in  1702  he  entered 
the  Copenhagen  Fnivei-sity.  Being  destitute  of  means,  he 
soon  came  back  again  to  Norway,  and  was  tutor  in  the 
family  of  a  clergyman  at  Voss.  A  year  later  he  again 
went  to  Copenhagen,  where  he  studied  theology  and  took 
his  examination,  but  shortly  after  returned  to  Norway  and 
was  again  a  tutor,  this  time  with  a  clergyman  at  Bergen. 
This  latter  had  been  a  great  traveler,  and  Hclberg.  through 
the  perusal  of  the  journal  he  had  kept,  was  inspired  with  a 
desire  to  see  the  world.  He  accordingly  set  out  for  Hol- 
land, but  went  only  as  far  as  Aix-la-Chapelle.  The  year 
after  he  returned  to  Norway  and  settled  at  Christiansand, 
where  he  taught  French  during  the  winter.  The  following 
spring  he  w.^nt  to  England  and  remained  2  years,  chiefly  at 
Oifoni,  where  he  supported  himself  by  teachini:  languages 
and  music.  Returning  to  Copenhagen,  he  established  him- 
self as  docent  at  the  university,  but  soon  after  accepted 
the  post  of  private  tutor,  and  accompanied  his  charge  to 
Germany.  ITpon  his  return  to  Denmark  he  was  again  a 
tutor  until  the  year  after  (1710),  when  he  was  admitted  as 
a  stipendiarv  at  Borch's  Collegium  in  Copenhagen,  when 
he  was  finallv  enabled  to  devote  himself  to  literary  work. 
In  1711  he  published  his  first  work,  "  Introduction  til  den 
Europaiske  Rigers  Historic  "  ("  Introduction  to  the  His- 
torv  of  the  Nations  of  Europe  ").  In  1714  he  was  made  pro- 
fessorextraordinarius,but  without  a  stipend.  Shortly.after, 
however,  he  was  made  the  beneficiary  of  the  "  Rosenkrants 
fund,'  and  was  thus  enabled  to  go  abroad.  He  accord- 
ingly sailed  to  Holland ;  traveled  on  foot  from  Brussels 
to  Paris,  where  he  remained  for  a  year  and  a  half;  pro- 
ceeded again,  partly  on  foot,  to  Marseilles  and  Genoa, 
where  he  fell  ill ;  and  afterward  «  enf  on  to  Rome,  where 
he  remained  the  whole  winter.  The  following  Feb.  he  set 
out  again  for  Denmark,  making  the  whole  journey  from 
Rome  to  Paris  on  foot  In  1718  he  was  made  professor 
of  metaphysics  at  Copenhagen  ;  later  he  became  profes- 
sor of  Latin  and  rhetoric,  and  ultimately  (1730)  of  history 
and  geography.  In  1719-20  appeared,  under  the  pseudo- 
nym Hans  Mikkelsen,  the  first  of  his  cbaracteristic  pro- 


Holberg 

diictions,  the  comic-heroic  pociu  "  Peder  Paars."  In  1722 
ho  hegan  to  write  comedies.  L'p  to  this  year,  when  the 
l);iiii5h  theater  was  opened  with  a  transhuion  of  Muliere's 
'  1/Avare,"  there  had  been  Frencli  and  (ierman  hut  no 
[)rtnish  theaters  in  Copenhagen.  Uolberti  was  applied  to 
tn  write  Danish  comedies,  and  this  year  the  first  of  them 
was  produced;  "Den  politiske  Kanderst.0ber "  ('* 'i'he 
I'ewterer  Politician  ")  Five  plays  were  furnislied  duriiiR 
the  year,  and  ultimately  lie  had  written  3S.  Anitinf:  the 
nios{  notable  of  these,  besides  the  one  mentioned,  are  "  Den 


509 

land,  and  Richard  .'-tanihurst  to  continue  from  1509  to  1547 
the  histtjry  of  Ireland,  which  Holin.shed  had  compiled 
chiefly  from  a  manuscript  by  Kdmund  Campion.  At  IrnnHi, 
ou  1  July,  107s,  a  license  tor  publishing  "  Kaphael  llol- 
linuesheila  Cronycle"  was  issued  to  .lohn  Uarrison  and 
George  Bishop,  on  payment  of  the  unusually  hij-'h  fee  of 
"XX-  and  a  copy."  l>'<:t-  iVa(.  Biog. 

Holkar  (bol'kiir).  A  Mahratta  family  in  the  18tli 

anil  iOtli  cr-iitiirics. 

Holkar's  Dominions.    See  indore. 

See  Neth 


Holstein 

1878.  An  American  nav;il  nftieer.  He  entered  the 
navy  In  I8U,  sen  ed  under  Decatur  in  the  Algerian  war  iu 
1815,  and  became  commander  in  1844.  In  1854,  while  lying 
oil  the  Mostiuito  Coasi,  he  bombarded  (Jreytown,  whose 
citizens,  it  was  alleged,  had  molested  the  American  resi- 
dents, iu  consequence  of  wliich  hasty  action  serious  diffi- 
culty was  narrowly  averted  with  (jreat  Britain,  who  claimed 
a  protectorate  over  N  icaragua.  He  resigned  in  1861,  in  order 
to  accept  a  commission  as  commodore  in  the  Confederate 
navy. 
Hollis(liori8),  Thomas.  Born  in  England,  16.59 : 
iHeil  1731.  An  English  merchant,  a  benefactor 
of  Harvard  College. 
Holo  (ho'lo).     A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 

..».,.»  , ,.     iVfriea,  settled  between  the  Kuangu  and  Luiyi 

iVpai"  of  Liineolnshire,  England,  largely  com-    rivers.  They  own  many  cattle,  but  live  in  a  very 
1  of  fens.  low  state  of  cult ure- 

.rTwe7efiiniish'ed,'rn"ferira"lw«~ever,  tohise^^^^  Holland,  GrCorge.     Born  at  London,  England,   Holloway  (lior6-wa).     A  district  in  the  north- 

ies.    Inl741  was  published  in  Latin,  at  Leipsic,  "Nicho-     j)(j^.    (j    IT'il  •  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  20,  1S70.     erii  part  of  London. 
i:\'''":eLin''"'N;luKUru.';5lrio^^^^  A  comedian:    After  a  career  of  some  success  in  Kng-  Holloway,  ThomaS.     Born   at  London     1748: 

m::^f^^^:^!^^^^^^^S^i\n^-     '""'-l •"=  ^^""'^  ^r  "'^!/l"--"d  ^'V^^ '"  '*''•  """"  '"' "'"' '    ''''" '  "' '  ''^:i?^^-r'^  Norwich,  England.  Feb., 
lie  considerable  propertv  that  he  had  accumulated  was     popular  favorite  until  his  death.  .   .     ,   n\  1**^'-      An  Liighsh  engraver.    His  chief  works  are 

ft,  at  bis  death,  to  the  Sorji  Academy.    He  was  buried  Hollana,  ^ir  Hcnry.     Born  at  KuutstorO,  blie-     engravings  after  Raphael's  cartoons,  and  illustrations  for 
lu  the  .Sort*  church.    Besides  the  above,  he  wrote  various     shire,  England,  Oct.  27,  1788:  died  at  London,      Lavater's  "Physiognomy." 

bistoric.il  and  other  works,  among  them"  DanmarksRiges     Q|,(.  27  1873      \n  English  phvsiciau  and  author.   Holm,  Saxe.     A  pseudonvm  under  which  a  num- 
^^:X^,S^^'^^:^^:^^2     HepnbHshed'-MedicalNot6sandReflections"     ]^:lV^;)-^^-X^<^:^l^^ 


.stiindesl^se'  ("The  Busy  Man"X  "Erasmus  Montanus,' 
■B.ar5elstuen' ("The  Lying-in  Room  ;)"Jeppe  pan  Bjer.  Holland  (hol'aiid  ;  I ).  pron.  hol'lant).    See.Vc?/(- 

c.t     (  ■■leppe  of  the   Mountain ^,  "Jacob  von   Ihybo,     "   ,        ,     ^  „     ■■  ,, ',,     ',     x-      ^^       .1    TT^,llo„.l 

■  Den  Vaegcl8indeae"(" The  Fickle  Woman").     In  1725     erinnds.     For    Holland,    ^o^th,    and    Holland, 
be  again  went  abroad,  and  remained  during  the  winter  in     .South,  see  North  Hollaiul  and  S(}Uth  HoUnntl. 

A  region  in  the  southeast 


iris.     After  172s,  the  year  of  the  great  conflagration  m  Holland  (liol'and) 
1  openhagen,  and  during  the  reign  of  christian  VI.,  no 
more  plays  were  written;  but  when  the  theater  was  re 
Inned  in  1747,  on  the  accession  of  Frederick  V.,  several     po 


lie 


and  several  humorous  epics  and  lyrics.  He  has  been  called 
"the  founder  of  modern  Danish  literature." 
Holborn  (ho'born ).     A  borough  (municipal)  of 
London.     Poinilation  (1891),  :i3,.')n;!. 

Holbrook  ( hoi '  bruk),  John  Edwards.  Born  at 
Beaufort,  S.  C,  Dec.  31,  1795:  died  at  Norfolk, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8, 1871.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  became  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  of 
South  Carolina  in  1824.  a  position  which  he  retained  up- 
ward of  SO  years.  His  chief  work  is  "American  Herpe- 
tology  ■  (1842). 

Solcroft  (horkroft), Thomas.   Bom  at  London 


Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert.    Born  at  Belcher-  Holmboe     (holm'be), 


town,  Mass.,  July  24,  1S19:  died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  12,  1881.  An  American  author,  journal- 
ist, and  editor.  He  was  an  editor  of  the  "  Spriiigfleld 
Republican  "  184&-(56,  and  editor-in-chief  of  "  Scribner's 
Monthly  '  (later  "The  Century  Magazine")  1870-81,  and 
one  of  its  founders.     He  wrote  "Timothy  Titcomb's  Let 

ters  to  the  Young  

on  Familiar  Subjects 
(1S.'>8)  and  "  Kathrina 
Bonnicastle"  (IS' 
turn  "  (1877),  etc 


Andreas. 


Born  in  the  district  of  Vuldcrs.  southern  Nor- 
way,Marclil9,179G:  died  April 2. 1882.  ANorwe- 
gian  philologist.  He  was  appointed  to  a  professorship 
in  the  University  of  Christiania  in  1825.  His  works  include 
"  Das  al teste  Miinzwesen  Norwegens  "  (1846),  "Sanskrit  og 
Oldnorsk  "  (1846),  "  Det  oldnorske  Verbum    (1848),  etc. 


"(1858).  "C.oldFoil  '(1859),  "Plain  Talks  Holmby  (hom'bi)  HoUSe.    An  old  mansion  near 

ects"  (1865);  the  poems  "Bitter-.sweet"  x,,rtliarapton  in  England,  in  which  Charles  I. 

hrina"  (18(8);  and  the  novels  "Arthur  .          '           ,1  ;„  nfi- 

■3),  "SeUoiks'  (1876),  "Nicholas  Min-  ^«L""1'^^' !  '  ^"a  C^  "     r> w„„.4„.„„,. 


Holmes  (homz),  Abiel.     Born  at  'Woodstock, 


Englisli  writor.  noted  as  a  translator.  He  gradu 
ated  at  CaMibri.lgc  (Trinity  Colle^-i)  in  ir.71,  and  after  159:. 
lived  at  Cov.-ntry.  His  translati.ms  iiR-lnde  Livy  (UiOO), 
the  "Natural  History  '  of  I'liny  (lt»l),  the  "Morals"  of 
Plutarch  (1603),  the  "  History  of  the  Cicsars"  of  Suetonius 
( lOlHi),  Camden's  "  Britannia  "  (1610),  and  the  "  Cyropiedia  " 

!,.„,=.■  a,...  v.^ ,     ^ — of  Xenophon  (li;32).  x^        .       ,         t 

on  Cumberland's  "Fashionable  Lover  "(1795),  etc.   He  also  Holland  HoUSe.  A  mansionin  Kensington,  Lon 


lutioii,  be  was  indicted  for  high  treason,  but  after  remain- 
ing for  about  two  months  in  Newgate  he  was  discharged 
without  a  trial.  Among  his  plays  are  "The  Follies  of  a 
Day,"  a  translation  of  Beaumarchais's  "  Mariage  de  Figaro  ' 
(produced  in  1784,  Holcroft  appealing  as  Figaro),  "The 
Road  to  Ruin  "  (1792  :  revived  in  1873,  and  translated  into 
Danish  anil  German),  "The  Deserted  Daughter,"  founded 


__  ,  ,         ,,-,,,.,      T  i_    -n  ii       T)  1      Sir  Walter  Cope,  it  was  built  in  160' 

Solder  (hol'dcr),  Joseph  Bassett.    ''"••"  "^ 

Lyn      "  ~~   ' 

citv 

He' 

herpetology 

In  New  York  city  from  1S70  until  his  death.     He  wrote  a 

"History  of  the  North  American  Fauna"  (1882),  "History 

of  the  Atlantic  Right  Whales  "  (IS&'O,  "The  Living  Wortd  " 

(1884),  etc. 

HSlderlin  (hel'der-lin),  Johann  Christian 

Friedrich.      Born    at   Lauffen,    Wiirtcinberg, 

Mar.-h  2(1.  1770:  died  af  Tiibingcn, 'Wiirtcinberg, 

.June  7,  1S43.     A  German  poet,  author  of  the 

romance   "Hyperion"  (1797-99),  lyric  poems 

(1820).  etc. 

Holdemess  (hol'der-nes).     The  peninsula  be- 
tween the  North  Sea  and  the  Humber,  in  the 

Kast  Iviiling  of  Yorksliire,  England. 
HolgerDanske  liorgeriliins'kc).   Thetutelary  H611enthal(hil'leu-taO. 


-  lews  in  the  various  cities  he  visited.  The  Earl  of  Arun. 
del,  ambassador  to  the  emjieror  in  les.";,  discovered  Hollar 
and  brought  bim  to  England.  About  ie:i9  he  became 
teacher  of  drawing  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  was  made 
royal  designer  on  the  prince's  accession  as  Charles  II. 
Hollar  enlisted  with  the  Royalists  in  the  civil  war,  and  was 
ade  prisoner  at  Basing  House  in  1(H5.     On  regaining  hii 


of  a  church  at  Cambridge. 

tborof  'Annals  of  America"  (1806:  new  ed.,  bringing  the 

narrative  down  to  IgB,  1829). 

Holmes,  Oliver  'Wendell.  Born  at  Cambridge, 

Mass.,  Aug.  29,  1809:  died  Oct.  7,  1894.  An 
American  poet,  essayist,  and  novelist,  son  of 
Abiel  Holmes.  Hewasprofessorofanatomyandphysi- 
ology  in  the  medicid  school  of  Harvard  University  from 
1847  to  1882,  when  he  resigned  and  was  appointed  professor 
emeritus.  He  contributed  to  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly  "the 
"Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast. Table"  (1857-58),  "Professor 
at  the  Breakfast-Table  "  (ls69).  "  Poet  at  the  Breakfast- 
Table"(1872)^and"Over  the  Tea-cups "(1S91);  and  wrote 

" " Angel" 

have 
Humor- 
•Be- 
(188^).  He  also  wrote  a  number  of  vol- 
umes of  essays,  and  memoirs  of  Ralph  Waldo  EmersoQ 
(1SS5)  and  of  John  Lothroj)  .Motley  (1878). 
Holofernes  (hol-o-fer'nez).  [Gr.  'O'/.oifi-pi'r/c,  also 
'O'/tK^qni/i;,  'i)i>iu;iii'}v>/c.']  A  general  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar: the  leading  character  in  the  book  of 
.luditli  (.Vpocrviiha  j.    He  was  killed  by  Judith. 


liberty  lie  Joined  ^^".'^^\i^  ^^'^^^^l:^^^^^^  Holofernes.  or  aoiophemes:i;  A  conventional 


ing  to  England  in  1652. 

Howard  to  Tangier  to  make  topographical  drawings.  In 
1640  appeared  26  plates  entitled  "tlrnatiis  Muliebris  Aii- 
glicaiius,  or  .Several  Habits  of  English  Women,  etc.,"  fol- 
lowed in  16 13  by  illustrations  of  feminine  cost  11  iius  in  other 
parts  of  Europe.  In  1672  be  made  plates  of  Lincoln,  York, 
etc.     His  rendering  of  architecture  is  especially  tine. 

A  picturesque  valley 
part  of  the  Black  Forest,  Ger- 


gemiis  of  the  Danes,  who,  according  to  the  le-  in  the  sontheni 

gend, sleeps  beneaththeKronborgatHelsingor  many,  east  ..f  l''rciburg. 

(the  Klsinore  of  Sliakspere's  "Hamlet"),  readv  Holies  (holz),  Denzil, Biiron  Holies.  Born  Oct. 

to  arise  when  Denmark  is  in  danger.     Loctil  le-  31,1.599:  died  Feb.  17. 1(i79.    An  Enghsh  states- 


gend  ]ihices  him  also  at  Miigeltondern,  in  North 
Si-hh-swig. 
Holies  (ho'lieh).     A  town  in  the  county  of  Neu- 
tiii.  Hiingarv,  4.')  miles  north  of  I'resburg.    Pop- 
uhitii.n  (isob).  .').747. 

Holinshed   (hol'inz-hed),  or  Hollingshead 

(horingz-hed),  Raphael.  Born  iirobably  at 
Sutton  Downes.  Clieshirc:  died  about  l.')80.  An 
English  chronicler,  lie  is  said  to  have  been  educated 
at  one  of  the  universities,  possibly  Cambiidge.  Ills  great 
\wirk,  "Chronicles  of  England.  Scotland, and  Ireland,"  waa 
begiiii  for  Keginald  Wolfe,  a  London  printer,  whose  service 
he  ent.  n  d  as  tianslator  early  In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 
(See  tlie  extract.)  A  second  and  enlarged  edition,  edited 
by  ,Iohn  Hooker,  was  published  after  llolinslied's  death 
(16S7). 


man,  second  son  of  Die  first  Earl  of  Chire.  He 
was  the  hrother-lii-law  of  Stratford.  In  1024  he  entered 
Parlianii-nt,  and  on  March  2.  1629,  was  one  of  the  two  who 
held  the  speaker  ill  Ills  chair  when  he  attempted  to  adjourn 
the  House  at  the  king's  order.  Two  days  later  he  was  ar- 
rested and  sent  t^j  the  Tower.  He  refused  to  acknowledge 
the  Jurisdiction  of  thecourtsover  what  was  doiiein  I'ailia 
ment,  and  was  heavily  fined.  The  sum  of  tS.imowas  voted 
to  him  by  the  Long  I'lUliament  as  compensation  tor  his 
pisses  in  the  alfair.  lie  was  an  influential  membi-r  of  this 
Tarllament.  was  one  of  the  members  Impeachid  by  the  king 
.Ian.  :l,  1612,  ami  fought  for  the  Parliament  at  Edgehlll  and 
Brentford.  Later  he  became  a  prominent  advocate  of  peace 
and  an  agreement  with  the  king,  was  opposed  to  the  Ind 


■haracterof  Italian  eonieily:  a  jiedant  or  pom- 
pons schoolmaster. —  2.  A  pedant  iu  Kabelais's 
"Gargantua  and  Panlagriiel."  He  teaches  Gar- 
gantua  to  say  the  alphabet  backward  in  a  years 
and  3  months. —  3.  A  pompous  schoolmaster 
in  Shukspere's  "Love's  Labour's  Lost,"'  taken 
from  tho  conventional  character  of  Italian 
comedy. 

As  for  the  notion  of  certain  critics,  that  Holofernes  vmi 
meant  for  a  satire  iii>oii  .lohn  Florio,  whose  ".See4iiid  Fruits" 
appearecl  in  1591,  containing  some  ix-llections  on  the  inde- 
corum of  the  English  stage,  we  cannot  discover  the  slight- 
est groiinil  for  it.  Shakes]ieare,  no  doubt,  had  ample  occa- 
sion to  laugh  at  the  pedantry  of  pedagogues  long  before  he 
know  any  tiling  of  Florio. 

lludnim.  Int.  to  Ix>ve'8  I..abour  '%  \jaii. 

Hoist  (hoist).  Hans  Peter.  Bornat  Copenhagen, 
Oct.  22.  1811:  die.)  .lune  2. 1893.  A  Danisli  poet. 
After  having  been  snceessively  a  teaeberaiul  a  newspaper 
editor,  be  became,  in  1875,  dramatllivlst  to  the  m>al  thea- 
ter at  Coiienhageii.  He  founded  in  1868  the  inagazino 
"  For  Romantlk  og  llistorie,"an<l  was  the  author  of"  Cde 
og  Iljemme,"  "  Den  lllle  Hornblaeser"  (1849),  etc. 


pendents,  and  in  li;t7  was  Impeached  with  10<.thers  by  the  Holst  (  holstl,  Hermann  Eduard  VCin.    Bom  at 


army  lie  fled  t4.  France,  and  In  .Ian..  1648,  was  expelled 
froni  l':irll;inieiit.  on  the  Kestoiatlonhe  was  created  Baron 
Holies,  and  was  ambassador  at  Paris  l«a-66. 


About  1.M8  Wolfe  designed  a  universal  history  and  cos-  HolleS,  John.    Horn  al  1  laiighton,  Noltiiighani 


raograpby,  with  maps  and  illustratloiis.  He  had  inher- 
ited Lcland's  notes,  and  he  himself  began  the  compllalion 
-of  the  English,  Scottish,  and  Irish  portions.  Iloliiished 
worked  for  some  years  under  bis  din-ction,  and  had  free 
access  to  Leiand's  manuscripts.  "  After  flue-and-twentle 
yearestravell  spent  therein, '  Wolfedied  In  1.^7.'l.  No  part 
of  the  great  project  was  then  ready  for  publication,  but 
three  well-known  publlsberi*,  (Icorge  Bishop,  .John  Harri- 
son,and  Luke  or  Liteaa  Harrison,  determined  to  persevere 
with  II,  and  Holinsb 
vice.  Alarmed  at  til 


sliiie,  alnmt  l.'itW:  died  there,  O't.  4,  lfi37.  An 
Englisli  ixdilician,  created  lirsl  earl  of  Clare  in 
ir)'j4. 

A   post  -bor- 


H   uii.iei    liin  oiit-t^iioii,   II nil    iiiivi   iiitu    __     ,...  ,  .,       ,,,,-       .,         , 

nuscriptB.     "After  flue-and-twentle  Hollldaysburg    (hoi  l-daz-b('Tg) 
erein,    Wolfedied  In  l.'.7:i.     No  part     nugh  and  the  caiiitnl  of  Blair  Co 


pitnl  oi  isiair  t.  ountv.  Pennsvl- 
vania,  situated  in  lat.  4n°2e'  N.,  long.  78°2.V  W. 
,e,„  Population  (19011),  '2,998. 
ntlnued  his  labours  In  their  sir-  HolllngS'WOrth  (lioriugz-werth).  A  character 
tbewnrkaeemedllkelytoassuine.  jn  I hnvt home's  "  Hlilhetlale  Komance."  He  is 
Wolfe's  successors  resolved  to  limit  their  plan  to  liistorleB  j  j^.  ,,,,iy  man  of  action  in  tlie  storv 
and  descriptions  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  only,  Ti-iUn-'  , i,„i';,,,,  ,  OpnriTft  Nirho'lR  Born  at 
and  to  omit  maps.  William  Harrison  was  engageil  to  as-  UOllins  (  hol  lliz  ).  Iteorge  WlCnOlS.  ""r"  «' 
•lit  Holinshed  In  the  descriptions  o(  England  and  Scot-     Baltimore.  Set)t.  "20.  1(99:  died  there,  Jan.  IS, 


Fellin,  Livonia,  liiissia.  .iniie  19  (N.  S.l,  1841. 
A  (ieniian  historian.  lie  came  to  the  Inlted  stales 
In  I861I,  and  settled  at  New  York,  where  he  conlrlbulwl 
to  the  jiresH,  and  In  1869  became  assistant  editor  of  the 
"DeiiLscb  Anierlkanlsches  Conversjilions. I.exlkon.  "  Ho 
became  professor  of  history  at  Slnisbiiig  t  niverslty  in 
IhT'i,  at  the  Inlverslty  of  Fr.lbnn;  In  1874,  and  al  Chicago 
University  In  1892.  .Kmong  bis  «ork«  are  "  Verfassunga. 
gCBChlellte  der  Verelnigten  stiulten  von  Amerika  "  (1871*- 
188.'.:  tninslaled  Into  EnglMi  as  " Const llullonal  and  Po- 
litical History  of  the  I  nlled  .stales  ■).  and  "  Life  of  .lohn 
C.  Calhoun  '  (l,s84). 
Holstein  (hol'stin).  The  southern  part  of  tho 
province  of  Si'hleswig-llolstein,  Prussia,  sepa- 
rated from  Sehleswig  by  the  Eider  and  the  Bailie 
( 'anal.  Therhtef  plaee  Is  Kiel.  Theinrfaie  is  generally 
low.  It  formed  part  of  the  realm  of  Charles  the  (Jrcal, 
and  waa  for  sevcril  centuriea  ruled  by  counts  of  the  bouM 


Holstein 

of  Schauenberg.  Srhleswig  and  Holstein  were  formally 
united  in  13S6.  In  1460  they  p;issed  to  the  kings  of  Den- 
marl;  (Oldenliurg  line).  Holstein  continued  a  tief  of  the 
empire ;  became  a  duchy  in  1474 ;  and  was  incorporated 
with  Denuiai-k  in  1S06.  The  King  of  Denmark  entered  the 
Germanic  Confederation  for  Holstein  in  lSir>.  It  received 
representative  government  in  1831 ;  rebelled  against  Den- 
mark lS48-nO  and  lSt>3-&4  ;  and  was  annexed  by  lYussia  in 
1S66.    See  Schle.^ncif/  and  Schleswiff-UoLstein  Wars. 

Holstein-Gottorp.    See  OkUuliuiy. 

Holston  (liol'ston).  Ariverin  eastern  Tennes- 
see, formed  by  the  North  and  South  Forks  near 
Kingsport.  It  unites  with  the  Clinch  to  form  the 
TeiHiessee  at  Kingston.  Length,  about  2Ch;i  miles  (in- 
cluding the  North  Fork,  over  300  miles);  navigable  to 
Kno-Wille. 

Holtei  (hol'ti),  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Jan. 
L'4,  1798:  died  there,  Feb.  12,  1880.  A  German 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  began  the  study  of  jurispru- 
dence, but  soon  abandoned  it  to  go  upon  the  stage,  and 
afterward  was  connected  with  the  theater,  in  various  places, 
as  actor,  director,  and  poet.  He  also  acquired  reputation 
as  a  Shaksperian  reader.  A  volume  of  poems("  Gedichte  '") 
appeared  in  1826.  His  princiiial  fame,  however,  as  a  poet 
rests  upon  his  •'.SchlesischeGedicbte"('*Silesian  Poem.s," 
1830).  Among  his  dramas  are  particularly  to  be  mentioned 
"  Leonore,"  '•  Lorbeerbaum  und  Bettelstab  "  ("Laurel  Tree 
and  Beggar  Staff  "),  "  Der  alte  Feldherr"  ("  The  Old  Gen- 
eral ■'),  "Die  Berliner  in  Wien  "  ("The  Iterliners  in  Vien- 
na "),"  Die  \yiener  in  Berlin  "  ("  The  Viennese  in  Berlin  "), 
all  of  which  appeared  in  his  "  Theater  "  (1867)  in  6  vtds. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  a  number  of  novels,  among  them 
"  Die  Vagabunden  "  ("The  Vagabonds,"  18.'i2),  "Christian 
Lammfell  "(lS53),"EinarmerSchiieider  "("A  Poor  Tailor," 
1S38),  "Der  letzte  Komodiant  "  ("The  Last  Comedian." 
1863). 

Holty  (hel'ti),  Ludwig  Heinrich  Christoph. 
Born  at  Mariensee,  near  Hannover,  Dec.  21, 
1748  :  died  at  Hannover,  Sept.  1,  1776.  A  Ger- 
man lyric  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman.  He 
studied'  theology  at  GOttingen,  where  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  poetic  brotherhood,  the  so-called  "  Hain- 
Bund. "  He  wrote  songs,  odes,  and  elegies,  and  the  patriotic 
idyl  "  Das  Feuer  im  "U'alde"  ("The  P^ire  in  the  Forest  "1. 
His  collected  poems  were  first  published  posthumously  in 
17S3. 

Holtzendorff  (holts'en-dorf ),  Franz  von.  Born 
:it  Vietinannsdorf,  Ukermark,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 
1829 :  died  at  Munich.  Feb.  4,  1889.  A  German 
jurist.  He  wrote  "  Franzosische  Recli«sznstiinde  "(1869). 
"  Die  Reform  der  .Staatsanwaltschaft  in  Deutschland  ' 
(1864),  "  Die  Prinzipien  der  Politik  "  (1869),  etc. 

Holub(h6'Iob),Emil.  Born  at  Holitz,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  7,  1847  :  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  21,  1902.  An 
-\frican  explorer.  After  practising  medicine  at  the 
diamond-tields  of  .South  Africa  (1872).  be  took  to  scientific 
exploration  and  collecting.  He  first  explirreil  the  Trans- 
viijil  (1873-74) ;  reached.the  Zambesi  River,  via  Shoshong,  in 
1875 ;  and  went  as  far  as  the  Barotse,  returning  to  Europe 
in  1879.  In  1884  he  was  again  at  the  Cape  and  on  his  way 
t<j  the  Zambesi.  The  looting  of  his  camp  by  the  Masbu- 
kulumbe  obliged  him  to  return  in  1887.  His  young  wife 
accompanied  him  on  this  second  exploration  of  the  Zam- 
besi valley,  and  rendered  heroic  service.  He  «rote 
"Seven  Years  in  .South  Africa'  (1880),  etc. 

Holy  Alliance,  The.  A  league  formed  by  the 
sovereigns  of  Russia,  Austria, and  Prussia  in  per- 
son after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  signed  at  Paris 
Sept.  26,  1815,  and  aftenvard  joined  by  all  the 
other  European  sovereigns  except  those  of  Rome 
and  England,  its  professed  object  was  to  unite  their 
respective  governments  in  a  Christian  brotherhood,  but 
its  real  one  was  to  perpetuate  existing  di,iiasties  by  tlieir 
joint  opposition  to  all  attempts  at  change.  A  special 
clause  debarred  any  member  of  the  Bonaparte  family  from 
ascending  a  European  throne.  The  league  came  to  an  end 
after  the  French  revolution  of  1830. 

Holy  Bottle.    See  Dive  BouteiUe. 

Holy  Coat.    See  Treves. 

Holycross  (ho-li-kros').  A  village  in  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Suir  3  miles  south  of 
Thurles.  Holycross  Abbey  is  a  very  notiible  Cistercian 
foundation,  now  ruined.  The  cruciform  church,  with  cen- 
tral tower,  has  round  arches  on  the  north  side  of  the  nave 
and  pointed  arches  on  the  south  side.  There  is  a  beauti- 
ful window  of  6  lights  at  the  west  end  of  the  nave,  and  a 
similar  one  in  the  chevet.  Each  transept  possesses  two 
beautifully  vaulted  and  arcaded  chapels :  those  of  the  north 
transept  are  connected  by  an  elegant  vaulted  passage.  In 
the  choir  st?nds  a  very  ornate  14th-century  altar-tomb  to 
a  countess  of  Desmond. 

Holy  Dying  and  Holy  Living.    Two  tractates 

by  .Jeremy  Taylor. 

Holy  Grail.  One  of  Tennyson's  "Idylls  of  the 
King."     See  Grail. 

Holyhead  (hol'i-hed),  Welsh  Caer-Gybi  (ka'- 
er-gib'e).  A  seaport  in  Anglesea,  Wales,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  53°  19'  N..  long.  4°  38'  W.  it  is  the 
terminus  of  the  mail-packet  line  to  Dublin.  Population 
(1891),  8,726. 

Holy  Island,  orLindisfarne  (lin-dis-fSm').  i. 

An  island(atlowwater  a  peninsula)  in  the  North 

Sea.  2  miles  from  the  coast  of  Noi-thumberland. 

and  10  miles  southeast  of  Berwick-on-Twepil. 

It  is  celebrated  for  the  ruins  of  its  monasteiy,  founded  by 

Oswald  635,  and  famous  under  St.  Cuthbert.    Length,  3 

miles. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Riigen,  and  also 

to  other  islands. 
Holy  Land.     See  Palestine. 
Holy  League,  The.   l.  A  league  between  Pope 


510 

Julius  n.,  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  and  the  states 
of  Venice  and  Switzeilaud.  foi-med  in  1511  for 
the  pui-pose  of  exjjelling  Louis  XII.  of  France 
from  Italy.  It  was  subsequently  joined  by  Henry  VIII. 
of  England'and  by  the  emperor  Maximilian.  It  was  dis- 
solved on  the  death  of  Julius  in  1513. 
2.  A  league  between  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
the  archbishops  of  Mainz  and  Salzburg,  and  the 
dukes  William  and  Louis  of  Bavaria,  George 
of  Saxony,  and  Eric  and  Henry  of  Brunswick, 
formed  at  Nuremberg  July  10, 1538.  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  in  Germany 
in  opposition  to  the  Smalkaldic  League. — 3. 
A  league  formed  by  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
France  in  1576  for  the  purpose  of  annihilating 
the  Huguenot  party  and  elevating  the  Guises 
to  the  thi'one.  It  owed  its  origin  to  the  dissatisfaction 
among  the  Roman  Catholics  with  the  peace  of  Chastenoy 
{paix  de  moiisieur),  concluded  in  that  year,  which  granted 
the  Huguenots  free  exercise  of  their  religion  in  all  parts 
of  France  except  Paris.  It  was  supported  by  Philip  II.  of 
Spain,  and  was  tinally  overthrown  by  Henry'lV.  in  1596. 

Holy  Mother  of  the  Russians.  An  epithet  of 
Moscow. 

Holyoake  (h61'i-6k),  George  Jacob.  Born  at 
Birmingham,  April  13,  1817.  An  English  re- 
foiiner.  He  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  promoting 
schemes  for  the  education  of  the  working-classes  and  for 
the  advancement  among  them  of  various  forms  of  coopera- 
tion. He  is  an  advocate  of  secularism.  Among  his  works 
are  "  The  History  of  Co-operation  in  England :  its  Litera- 
ture and  Advocates"  (1875-78)  and  "The  Rochdale  Pio- 
neers :  Thirty-Three  Years  of  Co-operation  in  Rochdale  " 
(1882).  of  which  a  ninth  edition  appeared  in  1883  under 
the  title  of  "Self-Help  by  the  People." 

Holyoke  (hol'yok).  A  city  in  Hampden  Coimty. 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  7 
miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures, especially  of  paper,  being  one  of  the  chief  paper- 
manufacturing  cities  in  the  world.  Population  (1900), 
45,712. 

Holyoke,  Mount.  The  chief  point  in  a  low 
range  (Holyoke  range)  in  western  Massachu- 
setts, southeast  of  Northampton.  Height,  955 
feet. 

Holy  Roman  Empire,  or  German-Roman  Em- 
pire, often  called  the  German  Empire,  G. 
Romisches  Reich  deutscher  Nation  ( rc'mish- 

es  rich  doieh'ernat-se-on'  ).orDeutsches  Reich 
(doieh'es  rich).  The  realm  ruled  by  the  em- 
peror who  claimed  to  be  the  representative  of 
the  ancient  Roman  emperors,  and  who  asserted 
(in  theory)  authority  over  the  nations  of  west- 
eru  and  central  Europe :  called  "holy"'  from  the 
interdependence  of  the  empire  and  the  chiu-ch. 
It  comprised  in  general  the  German-speaking  peoples  in 
central  Europe,  and  it  had  for  a  long  time  a  close  connection 
with  Italy.  Vai-ious  regions  outside  of  Germany  proper 
were  at  different  times  under  the  empire.  It  began  with 
Charles  the  Great,  king  of  the  Franks,  who  was  crowned 
emperor  of  the  West  800,  and  was  succeeded  by  various 
Carolingian  emperors.  By  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (843)  the 
Cai-olingian  dynasty  continued  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Charlemagne's  empire  (i.  e.  Germany).  The  German  na- 
tion grew  from  the  union  of  Thuringians.  Franks,  Saxons, 
Bavarians,  Swabians,  Lon-ainers,  etc.  The  Saxon  line  of 
German  kings  began  with  Henry  the  Fowler  in  919.  The 
lasting  union  of  Germany  with  the  empire  began  In  JJ62, 
when  Otto  I.,  king  of  Germany,  became  Roman  emperor. 
The  Saxon  line  of  emperors  continued  until  1024.  The 
Franconian  line  (Conrad  IV..  Heni-y  III.,  Henry  IV., 
Henry  V.)  reigned  1024  to  1125  ;  the  Hohenstaufen  o"r  Swa- 
bian  line  (Conrad  III..  Frederick  Barbaiossa,  Frederick  II., 
Conrad  IV.)  1138-1208. 1215-54.  There  was  an  interregnum 
from  1254  to  1273.  Emperors  from  the  Hapsburg,  Lu.\em- 
burg,  and  other  houses  reigned  1273-1437.  The  continuous 
line  of  Hapsburg  emperors,  who  were  powerful  Austrian 
rulers,  began  in  143S.  After  Maximilian  I.  and  Charles  V. 
the  empire  degenerated  through  the  17th  and  ISth  centu- 
ries ;  and  Francis  II.  (Francis  I.  of  Austria)abdicated  as  the 
last  emperor  in  ls06.  The  emperors  were  elected.  The 
number  of  electors  was  fixed  at  seven  by  the  Golden  Bull  of 
13.',6  —  the  archbishops  of  ilainz.  Treves,  and  Cologne,  the 
Count  Palatineof  the  Rhine,  the  King  of  Bohemii-ijlhe  Duke 
of  Sa.\ony.  and  the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg.  Bavaria  and 
Hannover  were  respectively  made  electorates  in  1623  and 
1692,  and  in  the  years  immediately  before  the  fall  of  the  em- 
pire Wiirtemberg,  Hesse-Cassel.  and  Salzburg.  By  lla.\i- 
milian  I.  the  empire  was  divided  into  10  circles  —  Bt^ 
gundian.  Westphalian.  Lower  Rhine,  Upper  Rhine,  Lower- 
Saxon,  Upper  Saxon,  Franconian,  Swabian.  Bavarian,  and 
Austrian.  See  German  Confederation.  Germany,  Pruitsia, 
Saxony,  and  the  ditferent  German  states;  also  Austria. 
Holyrood(h6'li-r6d)  Palace.  An  ancient  royal 
palace  of  Scotland,  situated  at  Edinburgh."  it 
was  originally  an  abbey,  founded  1128  ;  was  several  times 
burned  ;  and  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Rizzio  1566. 
It  is  a  large  and  picturesque  castellated  structure,  in  its 
existing  form  built  chiefly  about  1670.  Theapartmeiitsof 
Slary  Queen  of  Scots  are  preserved.  The  palace  replaced 
Holyrood  Abbey,  to  which  belonged  the  fine  ruined  Early 
English  church,  whose  tracery,  arcades,  and  other  details 
are  admirable.  The  abbey  possessed  the  ancient  privilege 
of  sanctuary,  and  for  debtors  this  survived  until  1880, 
when  imprisonment  for  debt  was  abolished. 

Holy  Sepulcher,  Church  of  the.    A  church  at 

Jerusalem,  consecrated  in  336.  The  originjil  build- 
ing was  in  the  form  of  a  rgtunda,  whose  shape,  at  least, 
siH-vives  in  the  existing  complex  structure.  It  assumed 
various  forms  in  the  course  of  the  middle  ages,  and  was  in 
gieat  part  rebuilt  after  a  fire  in  1808.  The  chief  entrance 
is  from  a  court  on  the  south,  and  has  handsome  recessed 


Homer 

pointed  Norman-Saracenic  arches.  In  the  interior  is  tho 
sepulcher  proper,  inclosed  in  a  16-sided  chapel  beneath  a 
dome  65  feet  in  diameter  i-esting  on  18  piers,  together  with 
a  great  number  of  chapels  appropriated  lo.lifierent  creeda 
and  nationalities,  or  marking  various  spot.-  traditionally 
connected  with  the  Saviour  s  passion.  Much  of  the  12th- 
century  Church  of  the  Crusaders,  originally  distinct  from 
the  Holy  Sepulcher,  is  included  in  the  existing  edifice:  it 
presents  beautiful  details  of  the  French  architecture  of  the 
style  of  transition  to  the  Pointed. 

Holy  Thorn.     See  Glastonbun/. 

Holy  War,  The.  1.  A  work  by  Thomas  Fuller, 
published  in  1639:  his  tirst  important  book. — 2. 
A  work  by  John  Bunyan,  published  in  1682. 

Holywell'  (hol'i-wel)".  A  town  in  Flintshire, 
North  Wales,  situated  near  the  estuary  of  the 
Dee,  14  miles  southwest  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,018. 

Holywell  street.  A  London  street  parallel  to 
the  Strand  from  Newcastle  street  to  St.  Clement 
Danes  Church :  so  named  from  a  "holy  well"  in 
that  locality,  it  is  occupied  chiefly  by  book-shops,  and 
was  formerly  notorious  as  a  place  of  sale  for  obscene  Ut-  * 
erature. 

Holzminden  (holts'min-den).  A  town  in  Bruns- 
wick, Genuany.  on  the  Weser  40  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Hannover.  It  has  a  school  of  en- 
gineering.    Population  (1890),  8,787. 

Homam  (ho-mam').  [Ar.  sa'd  al-}tomam,  the 
lucky  star  of  the  hero.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  r/  Pegasi. 

Homberg  (hom'bero).  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Ba- 
tavia,  Java,  Jan.  8.  1652 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
24,1715.  Achemist  of  German  descent.  He  dis- 
covered boracic  acid  and  "Homberg's  phos- 
phorus." 

Homburg,  or  Homburg-vor-der-Hohe  (hom'- 

borG-for-dei--he'e).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  a  spur  of  the  Taunus 
9  miles  north-northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main.  it  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  watering-placee 
in  Germany,  noted  for  mineral  springs,  formerly  for  its 
gaming-tables.  It  has  a  castle.  It  was  the  capital  to  1886 
of  the  former  landgraviate  of  Hesse-Homburg.  Populatioa 
(1S90),  commune,  8,863. 

Homburg.  A  small  town  in  the  Palatinate, 
Bavaria,  43  miles  southeast  of  Treves. 

Home  (hom),  Sir  Everard.  Born  at  Hull,  Eng- 
land, May  6, 1756:  died  at  Loudon.  Aug.  31. 1832. 
A  Scottish  surgeon  and  anatomist.  Hewasapupil 
of  his  brother-in-law  John  Hunter,  and  later  his  assistant. 
From  1821  he  was  surgeon  to  Chelsea  Hospital.  He  wrote 
"Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy"  (1S14-28).  etc. 

Home,  Henry,  Lord  Kames.  Born  at  Kames, 
Berwickshire.  Scotland,  1696:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Dee.  27,1782.  A  Scottish  judge  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  published  "Essays on  the  Princi- 
ples of  Morality  and  Natural  Religion  "(1751),  "  Elemeata 
of  Criticism  "  (1762),  and  various  legal  works. 

Home,  John.  Born  at  Leith,  Scotland,  Sept. 
21,  1722:  died  near  Edinburgh,  Sept.  5,  1808. 
A  Scottish  clergyman  and  dramatist,  author  of 
"Douglas"  (which  see).  He  was  settled  as  minis- 
ter at  Athelstaneford  in  East  Lothian  in  1747.  His  con- 
nection with  the  stage  aroused  clerical  hostility,  and  pro- 
ceedings against  him  were  begun  in  the  presbytery:  bat 
he  resigned  in  1757.  He  also  wTote  "  .\gis  "  (acted  1 7.''8). 
"  The  Fatal  Discovery  "  (1769),  '  ■  Alonzo  "(1773),  "  Alfred  " 
(1778). 

Home  as  Found.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1838. 

Home  Counties.  A  name  given  to  the  English 
counties  containing  London  and  in  its  imme- 
diate neighborhood.  They  are  Middlesex,  Sur- 
rey, Kent,  Essex,  and  Hertford. 

Homer  (ho'mer).  [L.  Homeriis,  Gr.  "Oiaipoc,  one 
who  puts  together;  a  hostage:  a  pledge  agreed 
upon  between  two  parties.]  The  poet  to  whom 
is  assigned  by  verj-  ancient  tradition  the  author- 
ship of  the  niad  and  the  Odyssey,  and  of  certain 
hj-mns  to  the  gods  ("Homeric  H^^nns'').  other 
poems  also,  as  the  "Batrachorayomachia "  ("Battle  of  the 
Frogs  and  Mice"),  were  with  less  cei-tainty  attributed  to 
him.  Of  his  personality  nothing  is  known.  Seven  cities  — 
■SmjTna.  Rhodes,  Colophon,  Salamis  (in  Cyprus),  Chios, 
Argos,  and  .\thens  —  contended  for  the  honor  of  being  bis 
birthplace  :  of  these,  the  best  evidence  connects  him  with 
Smyrna.  He  was  said  to  have  died  on  the  island  of  los. 
The  tradition  that  he  lived  on  the  island  of  Chios,  and  in  his 
old  age  was  blind,  is  supported  by  the  Hymn  to  the  Delian 
Apollo.  Modern  destructive  criticism  hasleil  to  the  doubt 
whether  such  a  person  as  Homer  existed  at  all.  the  great 
epics  which  bear  that  name  being  supposed  to  be,  in  their 
existing  form,  of  a  composite  chai-acter,  the  product  of  vari- 
ous persons  and  ages.  It  is  altogether  probable,  however, 
that  the  nucleus  of  the  Iliad,  at  least,  was  the  work  of  a 
single  poet  of  commanding  genius.  (See  Iliad,  Odyssey, 
and  the  quotation  below.)  \'ju'ious  dates  have  been  as- 
signed to  Homer.  -According  to  Herodotus  he  lived  about 
850  B.  0.;  others  give  a  later  date,  and  some  a  date  a.s  early 
as  1200  B.  c.  Hispoems  were  sung  by  professional  reciters 
(rhapsodists),  who  went  from  city  to  city.  (See  Homeridx.) 
They  were  given  substantially  their  present  form  by  Pisis- 
tratus  or  his  sons  Hipparchus  and  Hippias.  who  ordered 
the  rhapsodists  to  recite  them  at  the  Panathenaic  festival 
in  their  order  and  completeness.  The  present  text  of  the 
poems,  with  their  division  into  books,  is  based  upon  the 
work  of  the  Alexandrine  critics. 


Homer 

We  may  assume  it  as  certain  that  there  existed  in  Ionia 
schools  or  Initernilies  of  epic  rliapsodists  w!io  composed 
ail  J  Iccjled  ileroic  laysatfciists,  and  often  had  friendly  con- 
tciis  in  these  recitations.  The  origin  of  these  recitations 
ni.iy  be  sought  in  noi  thern  tireece,  from  which  the  fashion 
nii'-'tatcd  in  early  days  to  Asia  Minor.  We  may  assume 
thal  these  singers  l»ecame  pojjular  in  many  parts  of  tlreece, 
and  that  they  wandereil  from  court  to  court,  glorifying  the 
heroic  aiiccsttirs  of  the  various  chiefs,  thie  auioiig  them, 
called  llouR-r,  \v:is  endowed  with  a  genius  superior  to  the 
rest,  and  struck  out  a  plot  capalde  of  noijier  and  larger 
treatment.  It  is  likely  tliat  llii^  supn  iiirity  was  not  recog- 
nizeilat  the  time,  and  that  he  remained  all  his  life  a  singer 
like  the  rest,  a  wandering  miimtrel.  possibly  po(jr  and  blind. 
The  listening  pu  1)1  icgratlually  stamped  his  poem  with  their 
approval,  they  dennincled  its  frequent  recitation,  and  so 
this  Homer  bigan  to  attain  a  great  posthumous  fame.  Hut 
when  this  fame  led  people  to  inquiie  into  his  life  and  his- 
tory, it  had  already  passed  out  of  recollecliou,  anil  men 
supplied  by  fables  what  they  h.ad  forgoiten  or  neglected. 
■|  he  rhapsodists,  llo\ve\er,  then  turned  their  attention  to 
expanding  and  jierfrcting  his  poem,  which  was  greatly  en- 
larged ami  ciUlcd  the  Iliad.  In  doing  this  they  had  recourse 
to  the  art  of  writing,  «  hich  seems  to  have  been  in  use  when 
Homer  fr.imed  his  poem,  butwhich  was  certainly  employed 
when  the  plan  was  enlarged  with  episodes.  The  home  of 
the  original  Homer  seems  to  have  been  about  Smyrna,  anil 
in  contact  with  both  .Eolic  and  Ionic  legends.  Uis  date  is 
quite  uncertain  :  it  need  not  be  placed  before  800  B.  c,  and 
Is  perhaps  later,  hut  not  after  700  B.  c. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  81. 

Homer.Winslow.  Bom  at  Bo.ston ,  Feb.  24, 1836. 
An  American  f;enre-painter.  In  18«1  he  went  to 
Washington,  and  three  times  accompanied  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  in  its  campaigns.  His  tlrst  oil  pictures  were 
war  scenes  :  among  them  is  the  famous  *'  Prisoners  from 
the  tYont. "  In  later  years  he  has  lived  chiefly  in  New  York. 
He  was  elected  national  academician  in  1805.  He  has  pro- 
duced many  works  in  oils,  in  water-colors,  and  in  black 
and  white.  Among  h  is  pictures  are  "  The  Life- Line  "  (1884), 
"  Launching  the  Boat "  (1884),  etc. 

Homeric  Hymns.  A  group  of  Greek  hexameter 
poems,  5  of  considerable  length  and  29  shorter, 
anciently  ascribed  to  Homer.  Each  is  inscribed  to 
and  relates  a  legend  concerning  a  god  or  goddess.  The 
most  noted  are  the  ■'Hymn  totheDelian  Apollo,"  in  which 
an  account  is  given  of  the  Ijirth  of  Apollo  and  of  the  an- 

.  cient  festival  at  Delos  (the  author  describing  himself  as 
the  blind  bard  of  rocky  <  'hios);  the  "  Hymn  to  the  Pythian 
Apollo  ";  and  the  hymns  to  Hermes,  Demeter,  and  Aphro- 
dite. 

The  Homeric  Hyrana  are  essentially  secular  and  not  re- 
■  ligious ;  they  seem  distinctly  intended  to  be  recited  in 
competitions  of  rhapsodes,  and  in  some  cases  even  for 
direct  pay ;  they  are  all  in  form  preludes  ...  to  longer 
recitations,  apparently  of  epic  poems,  though  the  longer 
five  are  expanded  into  substantially  independent  compo- 
sitions. Mahafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I   129. 

Homeridae  (ho-mer'i-de).  See  the  extract  and 
Homer. 

In  fact,  in  addition  to  Creophylus  of  Samos  and  Cynae- 
thus  of  Chios,  both  of  whom  are  mentioned  as  friends  of 
Homer,  or  early  preservers  of  his  jioetry,  the  main  source 
of  early  traditions  about  Homer  seems  to  be  among  the 
clan  of  Homeridaj,  at  Chios,  who  claimed  him  as  their 
founder,  and  who  recited  his  epics  through  Greece.  In 
the  Hymn  to  the  Delian  Apollo  one  of  these  bards  speaks 
of  himself,  and  we  know  of  contests  being  held  among 
them,  such  as  are  described  in  the  alleged  contest  between 
Homer  and  Hesiod. 

ilahaffy.  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  28. 

Home  Rule  Bills.  Two  bills  introduced  into  the 
British  Parliament  by  Mr.  Liladstone,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  provide  a  separate  legislature 
for  Ireland.  Thellrat,  introduced  in  1886,  w.is  defeated 
on  the  seeonti  re.iding.  Jtme  7;  the  seeond,  introduced  in 
1893,  passed  the  House  of  Connm.ns  Sept.  1,  but  was  throw  u 
out  by  the  House  of  Lords  Sept.  s,  by  419  votes  t«i  41. 

Homespun  (hom'sptm),  Zekiel  and  Cicely. 

Brother  anil  sister  in  Colman  the  younger's  play 
"The  Hcir-at-Law."  Their  names  are  almost 
a  synonym  for  rustic  worth  and  simplicity. 
Homestead  (hom'sted).  AtownnearPittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
steel  (ilates  and  rails.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  strike 
and  shut-down  from  .Inly  to  Nov.,  I.s9*2,  which  was  at- 
tended with  very  serious  disturbances.  A  body  of  de- 
tectives wfio  attemptecl  to  gain  access  to  the  steel-works 
in  two  barges  were  attacked  by  the  strikers.  Winchester 
rifles  and  cannon  were  used  in  the  fight,  ami  oil  was  7K>ui-cd 
on  the  river  and  set  on  lire  to  burn  the  barges.  Many  on 
Iwith  sides  were  killed  or  wounded.     Population  tlUOO), 

Home,  Sweet  Home.    A  favorite  English  song. 

The  music  is  in  Bishop's  opera  "Clarl,  or  the  Maid  of 
Milan."  It  is  called  n  .Sicilian  air.  but  is  probably  llish- 
op's.    The  words  wen-  written  by  .l<dui  Howard  Payne. 

Homeward  Bound.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1.S38. 

Homildon  (hom'1-don)  Hill.  A  height  near 
Wuoler,  in  Northumberland,  Knglami,  wlit-re 
till'  Knglish  under  I'ercv  defeated  llu'  Scots  un- 
der Douglas  in  Sept.,  1402. 

Homme  Arm6,  L  (lom  ar-ma')-  [F.. 'The 
Armed  Man';  OF.  Laiiir  iirme,  Lommf  (irmi'.'\ 
1.  An  old  French  chanson,  the  melody  of  which 
was  used  by  some  of  the  musicians  of  the  l.'ith 
and  16th  centuries  as  the  canto  fiM'tno  of  a  cer- 
tain kind  of  mass  called  the  "  Missa  L'Homine 
arm(5."  The  origin  of  the  song  has  given  rise  to 
much  speculation. — 2.   A  French  dance-tune 


511 

said  to  date  from  the  15th  century,  and  printed 
with  sacred  words  at  Antwerp  in  1565.  Uriivc. 
Homme  qui  Rit,  L'.  [F.,  'The  Man  who 
haiighs.']  A  romance  by  Victor  Hugo,  pub- 
lishcil  in  1809. 

Hompesch  (hom'pesh),  Baron  Ferdinand  von. 

Born  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia.  Nov.  9,  1744:  died 
at  Moutpellier,  France,  1803.  The  last  gniiid 
master  of  the  order  of  St.  John.  He  was  elected 
in  1797,  and  was  exiled  from  Malt  a  by  the  French 
in  1798. 
Homs  (homs),  Hums  (hums),  Hems  (hems),  or 
Hims  (hims).  A  city  in  SjTia,  iVsititic  Turkey, 
situiited  on  the  Orontes  about  lat.  34°  45'  N., 
long.  36°  43'  E.:  the  ancient  Emesa.  It  was  noted 
in  ancient  times  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun  ;  was  frequently 
captured  and  recaptured  ;  and  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of 
Aurelian  over  Zentdua  in  272,  and  of  a  victory  of  Ibrahim 
Piisha  of  Egypt  over  the  Turks  in  July,  1832.  Population, 
about  20,0<;0. 

Honan(ho-niin').  A  province  in  northern  China. 

,\rea,  65,104  square  miles.   Population,  22,115,- 

827. 
Honda,  or  San  Bartolomeo  de  Honda  (siin  biir- 

to-16-ma'o  da  on'da).  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Toliraa,  United  States  of  Colombia,  situated  on 
the  Magdalena,  at  the  hetid  of  ua\igation,  about 
lat.  5°  12'  N.. long. 74°  50'  W.  Population,  about 
3.800. 

Hondekoeter  (hou'de-ko-ter),  Melchior.  Bom 

at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  about  1030:  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, April  3, 1695.  A  Dutch  painter  of  ani- 
mals, especially  of  fowls. 

Honduras  (hon-do'ras).  [Sp.  Honduras,  lit. 
'  depths,' pi.  of /iOHrf«(V/,  ilejrth,  from /lOHrfo,  deep, 
from  L./«MdH«,  bottom.  The  name  is  said  to  refer 
to  the  difficulty  the  first  explorers  had  in  finding 
anchorage  off  the  coast.]  A  republic  of  Central 
America,  bounded  by  Guatemala  on  the  north- 
west, the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  noith,  Nicaragua 
on  the  southeast  and  south,  the  Pacific  Ocean  on 
the  south,  and  San  Salvador  on  the  southwest. 
Capital,  since  Nov.,  1880,  Tegucigalpa :  the  old  capital  was 
Comayagua.  The  surface  is  much  varied,  with  numerous 
mountain-chains,  especially  in  the  west,  and  high,  open 
valleys  and  plateaus  ;  on  the  northern  coast  there  are  ex- 
tensive forest-covered  alluvions.  The  climate  of  the  high 
lands  is  temperate  and  healthful ;  portions  of  the  coast  are 
hot  and  insalubrious.  The  valleys  are  very  fertile,  and 
the  high  plains  support  large  herds  of  cattle.  Gold,  sil- 
ver, etc.,  ai'e  mined,  though  not  on  an  extensive  scale. 
The  principal  exports  are  fruits,  cabinet  woods,  hides, 
indigo,  and  precious  metals.  A  large  proportion  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Mestizos  or  Indians.  Spanish  is  the  com- 
mon language,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic. The  executive  is  vested  in  a  president  elected  for 
four  years;  congress  consists  of  a  single  house.  Hondu- 
ras was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1502;  was  conquered 
by  the  Spanish  1623-36  ;  formed  a  colonial  iutendencia  or 
province  in  the  captaincy  of  Guatemala ;  was  a  state  in 
the  Central  American  unit)n  1823-39  ;  and  has  since  been 
Indepenilent.  It  has  sulfcred  from  ptditlcal  revolutions 
and  from  wars  with  Salvador,  ("Juatennda.  and  Nicaragua. 
Arcii,  40,  InO  stiuare  miles.  l'opulation(18!);j),  about38(i,ooo. 

Honduras,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  lying  north  of  Honduras  and  east  of  Brit- 
ish Hondin-as  and  Yucatan. 

Honduras,  British.    See  ISritish  Hondums. 

Hone  (lion).  William.  Born  at  Bath,  England. 
.luiK^  3,  1780  (177!)  if):  died  at  Tottenham,  near 
London,  Nov.,  1842.  An  English  political  sat- 
irist and  miscelliineous  ■m-iter.  His  best-known 
works  are  "  Kven-day  Book  "  (1820),  "Table-book  "  (1827- 
1828),  "  Vear-booii  "  (1829). 

Honesdale  (lionz'dal).  Aposl-borough  ami  the 
capital  of  Wayne  County,  northeastern  I'enn- 
svlviinia,  situated  25  miles  northeast  of  Scran- 
tim.      I'opulnlion  -  l.MHI),  2,864. 

Honest  George.  A  nickname  of  George  Monk, 
Lord  Albi'Iiini-le. 

Hopest  Man's  Fortune,  The.  A  i)lay  by  Fletch- 
er, .Massinger,  and  others,  acted  in  l(il3.  it  was 
tlrst  printed  in  the  1047  folio.  Fletcher  wrote  a  poem 
'■  Upon  an  Honest  Man's  Fortune."  i)rinteil  with  the  play. 

d^nest  Man's  Revenge,  The.    See  Ailuist'.s 

rrdi/rdl/ 

Honest  Whore,  The.     A  jilay  by  Dekker  and 

Jliddlitcm,  in  2  parts.  Part  1  was  printeil  in 
1004;  Ihe  earliest  copv  extant  of  part  2  was 
printed  in  l(;3(l. 

Honeycomb(hun'i-k6m), Henry.  -V pseudonym 
of  Leigh  II  Nil  I.  Hi'  professes  to  be  a  descendant 
of  Ihe  Will  lloiicyeomb  in  the  "Spectator." 

Honeycomb,  Will,  one  of  the  imaginary-  club 
publishing  th(^  "Spectator." 

The  characters  of  Will  Wimble  and  Will  nnncycoml) arc 
not  a  wdiit  bi'hlml  their  friend,  Sir  Koger,  in  delicacy  ami 
felicity.  The  delightful  simplicity  ami  giH>d-huinonred  of- 
flciousness  in  the  one  are  setidl  by  the  graceful  attt^tnlioh 
and  courtly  pretension  In  the  other. 

natlM.  F,ng.  Poeta,  p.  l.to. 

Honeymoon,  The.  A  comedy  by  .John  Tobin, 
produced  in  1805.  It  is,  to  some  extent,  based  ontjhak- 


Hooch 

spere's  "Taming  of  the  Slu-ew,"  with  ideas  from  Fletchei 
and  Shirley. 
Honey^wood,  The  •'  good-natured  man"  in  Gold- 
smith's play  of  that  name.  He  suffers  from  a  foolish 
eagerness  t<(  please,  even  wishing  to  give  up  the  woman  he 
loves  to  a  friend  who  also  loves  her.  He  is  cured  by  Sir 
William  Honeywood,  his  uncle. 

Honfleur  (6ii-fler').  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Calvados.  France,  situated  on  the  estuary  of 
the  Seine  nearly  opposite  HaxTe.  it  has  consid- 
erable export  trade  t*)  England.  Formerly  it  wx-^  of  much 
more  importance.  It  was  frequently  taken  ami  retaken 
during  the  Hundred  Years'  War.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 9,4a0. 

Hong-Kong  (hong'kong').  [Properly  Hiang- 
KidiHi,  fragrant  streams.]  An  island  belong- 
ing to  Great  Britain,  lying  off  the  pro'vince  of 
Kwang-tung,  China,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Can- 
ton Ktver,  in  lat.  22°  17'  N.,  long.  114°  10'  E. 
Chief  place,  Victoria.  The  surface  is  niountainona. 
It  was  cede<l  by  China  to  Great  r.ritain  in  1842  (confirmed 
in  1843),  and  is  a  crown  colony  and  naval  station.  It  is  an 
important  commercial  center  and  free  port.  The  chief  ex- 
ports are  tea  and  silk  ;  the  chief  import,  opium.  .Area,  29 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  221,441. 

Honiton  (hon'i-tou).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  river  Otter  16  miles 
east-northeast  of  Exeter.  It  has  longbeen  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  lace.  PopiUation  (1891), 
3,216. 

Honnef  (hon'nef).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  10 
miles  southeast  of  Bonn. 

Honolulu  (ho-no-lci'lo).  The  capital  of  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  situated  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Oahu.in  lat.  21°  18'  N..loiig.  157°  52'  W.  It  has 
the  only  good  harbor  in  the  islands,  and  is  their  chief  sea- 
port and  seat  of  commerce.  It  was  the  center  of  the  rev- 
olutionary movement  of  1893.    Population  (19001.  39,306. 

Honors,  Rue  St.-     See  Tim   St.-Hmion-. 

Honoria  (hd-no'ri-ii),  Justa  Grata.    A  Roman 

princess,  .she  w  as  the  d.aughter  of  Constantius  III.,  em- 
peror of  the  West,  and  tJalhi  Placidia,  and  was  born  about 
418  A.  D.  Detected  in  her  seventeenth  year  in  an  intrigue 
with  Eugenius,  a  chamberlain  of  the  palace,  she  was  sent 
by  her  mother  to  the  court  of  Theodosius  at  Constantino- 
ple, where  for  sixteen  years  she  was  kept  more  or  less 
closely  guarded.  She  is  said  to  have  sent,  either  before 
i»r  after  her  disgrace,  a  ring  to  Attila,  with  the  reiinest  that 
he  claim  her  as  his  bride.  Subsequently,  in  4.^i0,  when 
seeking  acause  of  quarrel  with  the  Western  Empire,  Attila 
sent  an  embas.sy  to  \'alentinian,  claiming  the  person  of 
Honoria  and  her  share  in  the  empire.  The  date  of  her 
death  is  not  known. 
Honorius  (ho-no'ri-us)  I.  Died  638.  Pope  625- 
(i38.  lie  delivered  an  opinion  favorable  to  ^[onothclitism 
in  a  letter  to  Sergius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  about 
034,  in  consecjuence  of  wliich  he  was  condemned  by  the 
sixth  ecumenical  council,  held  at  C(mstantliiople  in  080. 

Honorius  II.  (Peter  Cadolaus).    Died  1073. 

.•\ll(illo|ie.  He  was  elected  by  the  Lombard  bishops, 
acting  under  the  inlli'ence  of  the  empress  Agnes,  in  oppo- 
sition to  Alexander  II.,  and  was  deposed  by  the  Council 
of  Milan  in  1004. 

Honorius II.( Lambert di Fagnano).  Died  1 130. 

I'o)ie  1124-30.  He  cnnclud.d,  while  cardinal-bishop  of 
Ostia,  the  Concordat  of  Worms  «  itii  Henry  V.  (1122).  He 
was  elevated  to  the  holy  see  in  opposition  to  the  anti- 
pope  Celestine  HI.  by  the  powerful  family  of  the  Fningi- 
paid,  lie  contlrme.l  the  ortierof  theTempiars  at  the  Synod 
of  Troyes  in  1I2S. 

Honorius  III.  (Cencio  Savelli).  Died  1227. 
Pope  1216-27.  He  contirmeil  the  order  of  the 
Dominicans  in  1216,  and  tliat  of  the  Fraueis- 

cans  in  12'23. 

Honorius  IV.  (Giacomo  Savelli^    Died  1287. 

Pope  l2.'^.'i-87. 
Honorius,  Fla'vius.  Born  at  Constantinople, 
Sept.  9,  384  A.  1). :  died  at  Ravenna.  .-\iig.  27,  423. 
Emperor  oft  he  West .  He  was  the  second  son  of  The- 
odosius, whom  he  succeedotl  in  the  western  half  of  the  em- 
pire in  30f».  while  his  brother  Arcadiiis  iidieiited  the  east- 
ern half.  He  Wiu>,  by  the  will  of  his  father,  placed  under 
the  guardianship  of  Stiliclio,  whose  dailgtiter  Maria  he 
married  in. '<9K.  Stiliclio  defeated  Ahiric  at  I'ollentia  in  403, 
and  in  4(XI  repulsed  the  nousimi  of  Kjulagaisus(wlio  pene- 
trated as  far  as  Florenecl,  but  was  put  to  death  at  the  in- 
stance o1  the  emperor  in  408.  In  4 In  Kome  was  taken  and 
Backed  by  Alaric.  During  the  relgu  of  Ilomuius  the  West 
Ootlis,  Franks,  and  Iturgiindians  settled  in  Uaill,  and  the 
Sucvl,  Vandals,  and  Alans  in  Spain,  while  Uritatn  and  Ar- 
niorica  made  themselves  virtualh  indeju'iident. 

Hontheim  (hont'him),  Johann  Nikolausvon. 

Born  al  Trier,  Prussia,  Jan.  27,  1701:  ilied  at 
M(inti|iiinlin,  Luxemburg,  Sept.  2,  1790.  A  Ger- 
man Roman  Catholic  prolate,  Idshop  in  /uirfihus 
of  Myrioptus,  anil  Miltragan  bishoji  of  Treves: 
an  opponent  of  rilriimontaiiism.  His  chief  work  , 
is  "  He  statu  eccleslie  et  legltiimi  potestate  Roniani  pontifl- 
cis"  (published  under  tile  pHemliuiyni  of  .lustinuB  Febro> 
iilns.  Ilia). 
HonvM  (hon'viid).  fHung..  lit.  'defenders  of 
llielatlierhind.']  The laiidwehrof Hungary, ex- 
clusive of  art  illery.  The  name  was  used  in  1848-49  to 
denote,  tlrst  the  volunteers,  and  then  the  entire  revolu- 
tionary lu-my. 

Hooch,  or  Hoogh  (htV-li  or  hog),  Pieter  de. 
Born  al  Riitlerdaiu  about  1C32:  di-jd  at  Hajir- 


Hooch 


512 


Hopkins,  Mark 


1         >.T   .i,„„i„„^„   oh,^„f1fi<<1       A  riiit-pli  o'Pnrp-     (1614),  and  "  Baeto  ■•  (1626).   His  principal  work  is  "Neder-  Hoolc  (hol),  John.     Born  at  London,  Dec,  1727 
lem,  ^ethe^lands,  about  IbKl^    A  Uuten  genre      J,„,i„',',h„  Historien'i" History  of  tlie  Netherlands"),  writ-     died  near  Dorking.  Enrf;      "  ^  ~ 


and.  1803.  An  English 
poet,  known  onlj-  as  the  translator  of  Tasso's 
"Jerusalem  Delivered"  (1763),  the  "Orlando 
Fui'ioso"  of  Ariosto  (1773-83),  and  other  Italian 


poems. 


„  -  •,     i?  XT-      1        T>  ..."-1..^...  landsclie  Historieu 

painter.     He  was  a  pupil  of  Nicolas  iSerghem.     j^^^  during  i«28-3S,  and  published  in  1042, 

HoOChOW,  or  Hu-chau  (ho'chou').     A  city  in  Hogg  (hoG),  Joost  van  der.     Born  about  1550  : 

the   pro\inoe  of  Che-kiang,    China.   53  miles     died  after  1613.     A  Dutch  captain  who,  in  1580, 

north-northwest   of  Haug-chau :    one    of    the     .^y^g  ti^g  leader  of  the  first  Dutch  colonists  in 

principal  centers  of  the  silk  industry.  Guiana.    They  settled  on  the  Essequibo  River,  but  were 

TTnnd  I'lii'id)   .TnViTi   Rpll       Born  at  Owinesville.     driven  out  by  the  Spaniards  and  Indians.    Returning  in  iLu""»u.     .  .^.^  .^...i.,,., 
ilOOa  (liua),d0nn  Ueii.      corn  ,u  w«in^t,%uie,  J      /j^.  f^rnjj. J  the  settlement  of  Demerara,  of   Hoopah.      hee  Hiqxi. 

Bath  County,  Ky. ,  June  1,  1831 :  died  at  New     e^^^^^\Zler  Hoog  was  the  governor.  Hooper  (hup'er  or  hop'er),  John, 

Orleans,  Aug^  30,  18,9.    A  Contederate  soldier  ^.^g^-,^,^_     A  town  in  the  prov-  ^  ■ -^     ^-     -      - '^  -  - 

in  the  Civil  War.    He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1853  ;  -^""S  v  Netherlands   situated  in  lat 

entered  theConfederatearmyatthebeginningottheCivil     y?,^:''  °*  V'^^"™^'-,^^*'?*?     °      '  ^""^'^'^'^  ^"^  ''^^• 

War  ;  commanded  a  division  of  Lee's  array  at  Antietam     ;>2°  43    JN.,  long.  tJ    ^»    t^. 

and  at  Gettysburg  ;  commanded  a  brigade  under  General  HOOgh.      See  Hoocll. 

Bragg  at  Chickamauga;  was  promoted  lieutcnant-geii-  WooghlV       See  Siuili. 

eral  ;  and  in  1864  succeeded  General  Johnston  as  com-  Tx„.„_+J^o'o-fQ-n  /h^lr'atra  tenl       A  small  town  in 

mander-in-chief  of  the  army  opposed  to  General  Sherman  HoOgStraeten  (hOG  Stia-ten).     A  small  town  m 

in  Georgia.    Abandoning  the  defensive  policy  of  his  prede-     the   province   of  Antwerp,   Belgium,  ^0  miles 

cesser,  he  attacked  General  Shenuan  20th,  22d,  and  28th     northeast  of  Antwerp. 

of  July,  1864,  but  was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss,  and  com-  -CTtraten.  Samuel  Van.  Bom  at  The 
pelled  to  abandon  Atlanta  Sept,  1, 1861.  He  was  defeated  „"»,  ".j-T^^'  ,?  1^7  .i; ']  "^  nordrecht  Neth- 
by  Gener.il  Thomas  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Nashville,  Hague  (.)  about  lb_/  .  (lieU  at  UortUecUt,  iNetn 
Dec.  16, 1864,  and  was  reheved  of  his  command  in  Jan.,  1865.      erlands,  Oct.  19,  lb,8.     A  Dutch  painter. 

■  '  Hook  (huk),  James  Clarke.    Born  at  London. 

Nov.  21, 1819.     An  English  historical,  marine, 

and  genre  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Royal  Acad 


Hood,  Mount.  One  of  the  most  celebrated  sum- 
mits of  the  Cascade  Range,  in  Oregon,  about 
lat.  45°  24'  N.,  long.  121°  40'  W.  Height  given 
as  11,200  feet  and  as  11,934  feet_. 

Hood, 


Born  in  Som- 
ersetshire, England,  about  1495:  bui"ned  at  the 
stake  at  Gloucester,  Feb.  9.  1.555.  An  English 
Protestant  bishop  and  martyr.  He  fled  from  Eng- 
land  to  escape  prosecution  for  heresy  in  1539,  and  resided 
at  Zurich  1547-49.  In  the  latter  year  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  became  chaplain  to  the  protector  Somerset.  He 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Gloucester  (after  a  struggle 
against  the  wearing  of  vestments,  yielding  only  when  he 
was  committed  to  the  Fleet)  in  15.S1.  In  1552  he  became 
bisliop  of  Worcester.  On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  was  . 
imprisoned,  accused  of  heresy,  and,  having  refused  to  re- 
cant, executed. 
Hooper,  William.  Born  at  Boston,  June  17, 
1742:  died  at  Hillsborough,  N.  C,  Oct.,  1790. 
An  American  politician,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 


Od' Robin.     A  traditionary  English  outlaw  Hook,  Theodore  Edward.     Born  at  London, 
d  pmJular  hero.     He  is  said  to  hav  e  been  born  at     Sept.  22    1 ,  88  :^  died  there   Aug.  24  1841      An 


and  pop 

Locksley,  Nottinghamshire,  about  1160.  He  lived  in  the 
■woods  with  his  band,  eitlier  for  reasons  of  his  own  or  be- 
cause he  was  really  outlawed,  his  haunts  being  chiefly 
Bherwood  Forest  and  Bamsdale  in  Yorkshire.  He  is  also 
said  to  have  been  the  outlawed  Earl  of  Huntingdon.     He 


English  humorist  and  novelist.  He  became  the  ed- 
itor of  "  John  Bull "  in  1820.  Among  his  novels  are  "  Max- 
weH"(1830),  "GilbertOurney"(1836),  "  Jack  Brag  "  (1837). 
etc.  He  was  the  original  of  Mr.  Wagg  in  Thackeray's 
Vanity  Fair. 


wasextravagant  and  adventurous,  and  though  kind  to  the  g--t    Walter  FarOUhar.       Bom  at    London 


poor  robbed  the  rich.  .According  to  one  tradition  the 
prioress  of  Kirkley,  to  whose  care  he  had  intrusted  himself 
to  be  bled  when  he  was  a  very  old  man,  treacherously  al- 
lowed him  to  bleed  to  death.  His  companions  were  Friar 
Tuck,  Maid  Marian,  Little  John,  Will  Scarlett,  .\llen-a-Dale, 
and  George-a-Greene.  He  is  a  favorite  subject  in  ballad 
tradition,  and  in  fact  the  ballads  are  to  all  appearance  the 


original  source  of  the  legends  concerning  mm.     ue  is  in-  -jinnVo    /In'itl     'Wa+'ha-niol         Rom    in    Ireland 
tim^ately  associated  with  the  May-day  festivities.     There  HookC    (hnk)     Nathaniel.       Born    mjf  eland 


trayed  the  adventure*  of  Robin  and  his  band,  but  were  HooV-     Robert.     Born  at  Freshwater,  Isle  of 
«„,n„  ,b.„.b..i  in  onp  nf  H,e  other  snorts,  the  "  n,„rr,s.      .^.^j^^.^  England,  July  18, 1635 :  died  at  London, 

March  3, 1703.  An  English  natui-al  philosopher 
and  mathematician.  He  wrote  ' '  Micrographia  " 
(1664),  etc. 


was  a  distinct  set  of  sports  in  vogne  at  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century,  called  the  Robin  Hood  sports.  They  por 
trayed  the  adventure*  of  Robin  and  his  ban  ' 
finally  absorbed  in  one  of  the  other  sports,  the  "  morris, 
which,  being  a  procession  interspersed  with  dances,  had  a 
tendency  to  absorb  the  characters  of  the  others.  .\  stop 
was  put  to  the  whole  at  the  Reformation,  when  penalties 
were  imposed  by  act  of  Parliament  upon  the  performers. 
Jtitson.     Child. 

Diligent  enquiries  have  been  made  to  ascertain  whether 
the  personage  known  as  Robin  Hood  had  a  real  existence, 
but  without  positive  results.  The  story  of  his  life  is  purely 
legendar}',  and  the  theories  in  regard  to  him  have  never 
beeu  advanced  beyond  hypothesis.  It  is  exceedingly  prob- 
able that  such  a  man  lived  in  the  12th  or  13th  century,  and 
that  the  exploits  of  other  less  prominent  populai-  heroes 
were  connected  with  his  name  and  absorbed  in  his  repu- 
tation. The  noble  descent  which  has  often  been  ascribed 
to  him  is  in  all  likelihood  the  result  of  the  niediev,il  idea 
that  the  great  virtues  e.visted  only  in  persons  of  gentle 
birth.  T^wkcnnan,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  48. 

Hood,  Samuel,  first  Viscount  Hood.  Born  Dec. 
1-2,  1724:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  27,  1816. 
An  English  admiral.     On  Feb.  21. 1759,  in  command 


emyinl83_6.  In^l854  hebegan  a  seriesof  English^pastoi-als.  Hoorn  (horn).     A  town  in  the  province  of  North 
" '         '      "  J  T       T  Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the  Hoornerhop  (a 

bay  of  the  Zuyder  Zee)  20  miles  north-north- 
east of  Amsterdam.  It  has  several  interesting  old 
buildings,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Schouten,  who  dis- 
covered Cape  Horn.  Near  it  a  naval  battle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  the  Spaniards  iu  1573.  It  was  for- 
merly the  capital  of  North  Holland.  Population  (1889)^ 
commune,  11,170. 

Hoom  (hom),  or  Hoome  (hor'ne),  or  Horn 
(horn),  or  Homes  (orn).  Count  of  (Philip  II. 

of  Montmorencj'-Nivelle).  Born  about  1520: 
beheaded  at  Brussels,  June  5,  15(38.  A  Dutch 
noble.  He  sen'ed  with  distinction  at  tlie  battle  of  St,- 
Quentin  in  1557,  and  Gravelines  in  155S,  and  was  arrested 
by  the  Duke  of  Alva  Sept.  9,  1567,  and  executed  in  com- 
pany with  the  Count  of  Egmont. 

Hoosac  Mountain  (ho'sak  moun'tan).  An  ex- 
tension in  western  Massachusetts  of  the  Green 
Mountains. 

Hoosac  Tunnel.  A  tunnel  of  the  Fitchbirrg 
Railroad  through  the  Hoosac  Mountain  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, opened  iu  1875.     Length,  4f  miles. 


March  13,  1798 :  died  at  Chichester,  England. 
Oct.  20,  1875.  An  English  divine  (dean  of  Chi- 
chester) and  -n-riter.  nephew  of  T.  E.  Hook. 
He  published  "A  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical  Biography  " 
(1845-52),  "  Church  Dictionarj' "  (8th  ed.  1859),  "  Lives  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  "  (ISfiO-V  " 


about  1690 :  died  July  19,  1763.     A  British  his- 
torian, author  of  a  ''Roman  History"  (1757-71). 


Hooker  (hk'er  or  hok'er),  Joseph.     Bom  at  =°P^t«°^| iij t^L*' '?^^,^!;  |?,^„^^^^^^ 


Hadley,Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1814:  died  at  Garden 
City,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  31, 1879.  An  American  soldier, 
suTnamed  "Fighting  Joe."  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1837;  served  with  distinction  as  a  captain  in  the 
Mexican  war ;  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
1861 ;  commanded  a  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac in  the  Peninsular  campaign  ;  eomm.anded  a  corps  at 
South  Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg;  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Jan. 
26, 1863 ;  waa  defeated  by  General  Lee  at  Chancellorsville, 
May  2-4  (when  at  a  critical  moment  he  was  stunned  by  a 
cannon-ball);  and  was  relieved  of  his  command  June  28, 
1863.  He  subsequently  served  as  a  coriis  commander  In 
the  Ch.attanooga  campaign  in  1363,  and  in  the  march  to 
Atlanta  in  1864. 


northern  New  Jersey,  about  50  miles  northwest 
of  New  York.     Length,  8i  miles. 

Hope  (hop),  Alexander  James  Beresford 
(later  (1854)  Beresford-Hope).  Born  Jan.  25, 
1820:  died  near  Craubrook.  Kent,  Oct.  20,  1887. 
An  English  Conservative  politician  and  -nTiter. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1841,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
its  debates  until  a  few  years  before  his  death.  In  part- 
nership with  John  Douglas  Cook  he  founded  the  "Satur- 
day Review"  in  1855.  lie  devoted  himself  especially  to 
the  promotion  of  the  interests  of  the  Church  of  England. 
He  wrote  "A  Popular  View  of  the  American  Civil  War" 
(1861),  "The  Results  of  the  American  Disruption  "  (1862i 
the  novel  "Strictly  Tied  Up"  (18«0),  etc 

Hope,  Anthony.   _See  Hawkins,  Anthony  Eope. 


of  the  Vestal,  he  captured  the  French  frigate  Bellona  after  HOOker,  bu- Joseph  Ualton.     Uorn  at  Ulasgow,  Hope,  ThomaS.     Bom  at  London  about  1((0 


a  fight  of  three  hours.  He  was  appointed  coramander-in 
chief  in  North  America,  April,  1767,  returning  to  England 
in  1771.  In  1780  he  became  rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  and 
was  sent  to  the  West  Indies  to  reinforce  Rodney.  He  was 
sent  to  blockade  Martinique  in  1781,  but  was  prevented 
from  accomplishing  his  object  by  a  French  fleet  under  De 
Grasse.  On  Aug.  28, 1781,  he  joined  Rear-Adniiral  Graves 
at  New  York.  He  commanded  the  rear  in  the  ti^lit  w  ith 
De  Grasse,  Sept.  5, 1781,  but  was  not  able  to  get  into  act  ion. 
In  Nov.  be  sailed  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  iigaiii 
met  De  Grasse.  He  was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Medi- 
terranean in  1793,  and  took  possession  of  the  harbor  and 
forts  of  Toulon  in  Aug.:  from  this  position  he  was  driven 
by  the  French  in  Dec.  He  captured  Bastia  May  19, 1794. 
Hood,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  May  23,  1798 : 
died  there.  May  3,  1845.  An  English  poet  and 
humorist.  He  began  the  study  of  engraving,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  art,  and  in  1821  became  an  under  editor  of 
the  "London  Magazine."  In  1830  he  began  the  "Comic 
Annual,"  and  in  1843  "Hood's  Magazine."  From  1835  to 
1837  he  lived  at  Coblenz,  and  from  1837  to  1840  at  Ostend. 
He  wrote  "  Whims  and  Oddities  "  (1826).  "  Plea  of  the  Mid- 
summer Fairies,  etc."  (1827),  "  Lamia  "  (published  1852), 
"Dream  of  Eugene  Aram  "  (1829),  "Tylney  Hall"  a  novel 
(1834),  "  Up  the  Rhine  "  (1844),  "  Song  of  the  Shirt "  (1843), 
"Bridge  of  Sighs,"  "Miss  Kilmansegg,"  "Epistle  to  Rae 
Wilson,"  etc. 

Hood,  Thomas.  Born  at  Wanstead,  near  Lon- 
don. Jan.  19,  1835 :  died  Nov.  20,  1874.  An  Eng- 
lish author,  son  of  Thomas  Hood. 

Hooft  (hoft),  Pieter  Corneliszoon.     Born  at 

Amsterdam.  March  16, 1581:  died  at  The  Hague, 
May  21,  1647.  A  Dutch  poet  and  dramatist. 
He  was  the  son  of  an  Amsterdam  burgomaster.  He  stud- 
ied at  Leyden,  having  previouslv  traveled  extensively  in 
France,  Italy,  and  Germany  (15(18-1601).  In  1609  he  was 
appointed  bailiff  of  Muiden,  and  in  the  following  years 
lived  during  the  summer  at  the  castle  of  Muiden,  and  in 
the  winter  at  Amsterdam,  in  which  places  he  gathered 
about  him  the  most  renowned  artists,  poets,  and  learned 
men  of  the  day,  since  known  in  Dutch  history  as  "  the  .Mui- 
den Circle."  His  lyric  poems  appeared  for  the  first  time 
collected  in  1636.  Among  his  dramas  are  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  the  pastoral  play  "Granida"  (1615),  the  tra- 
gedies ■'  Geraerdt  vanVelzen  "  (1613),"  Theseus  en  Ariadne  " 


1817.  A  noted  "EngUsh  botanist,  son  of  Sir 
W,  J.  Hooker.  He  has  published  "Flora  Antarctica" 
(1845^8),  "Rhododendrons  of  the  Sikkim-Himalaya " 
(1849-51),  "Flora  of  New  Zealand"  (1853-55),  "Student's 
Flora  of  the  British  Islands  "  (1870),  etc. 

Hooker,  Mount.  A  mountain  in  British  Colum- 
bia.    Height,  15.700  feet. 

Hooker,  Richard.  Born  at  Heavitree,  Exeter, 
England,  about  1553:  died  at  Bishopsbourne, 
near  Canterbury.  England,  Nov.  2, 1600.  A  cele- 
brated English  divine  and  theological  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1574,  and  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship in  1577:  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Drayton- 
Beauchamp,  Buckinghamshire,  in  1584;  was  appoiuted 
master  of  the  Temple  in  1585 ;  became  rector  of  Boscombe, 
Wiltshire,  and  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury  in  1591;  and  was 
rector  of  Bishopsbourne  1595-1600.  His  great  work  is  "  Of 
the  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity  "  (first  ed.,  4  books,  about 
1592  ;  fifth  book  1597 :  the  remaining  3  books  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death). 

Hooker,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Markfield.  Leices- 
tershire. England,  about  1586 :  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  7, 1647.  An  English  clergyman.  He 
emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1633,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Connecticut  colony.  He  was  the  author 
(with  John  Cotton)of  the  "  Survey  of  the  Summe  of  Church 
Discipline"  (16481. 


died  there,  Feb.  3,  1831.  An  English  novelist 
and  antiquarian.  His  works  include  the  novel  "Anas- 
tasius,  or  Memoirs  of  a  Greek:  written  at  the  Close  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  "  (1819),  "Costume  of  the  Ancients  " 
(1809),  "  Modem  Costumes  "  (1S12),  "  Historical  Essay  on 
Architecture  "(1836),  etc. 

Hopeful  (hop'ful).  A  companion  of  Christian 
in  Bunvan's  ''PilOTim's  Progress." 

Hope  Theatre,  The.  A  playhouse  opened  on 
the  Bankside,  Southwark,  London,  about  1581. 
It  was  originally  a  bear-garden.- 

On  the  same  bank  of  the  great  river  stood  the  Hope,  a 
playhouse  four  times  a  week,  and  a  garden  for  bear-bait- 
ing on  the  alternate  days.  .  .  .  When  plays  were  sup- 
pressed, the  zealous  and  orthodox  soldiery  broke  into  the 
Hope,  horsewhipped  the  actoi-s,  and  shot  the  bears.  This 
place,  however,  in  its  character  of  Bear  Garden,  rallied 
after  the  Restoration,  and  continued  prosperous  till  nearly 
the  close  of  the  17th  centurj-.       Daran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  29. 

Hophra.     See  Apries. 

Hopkins  (hop'kinz) ,  Ed'ward.  Born  at  Shrews- 
bury, England,  1600:  died  at  London,  March, 
1657.  -Aji  English  politician,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut in  alternate  years  from  1640  to  1654. 
The  last  election  occurred  after  his  return  to 
England  (16.52). 


Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson.    Born  at  Nor-  Hopkins,  John  Henry.    Born  at  Dublin,  Ire 


wieh,  England.  .Iulv6.  1785:  died  at  Kew.  near 
London,  Aug.  12. 1865.  A  noted  English  bota- 
nist, appointed  director  of  the  Royal  Botanical 
Gardens  at  Kew  in  1841.  He  published  numerous 
botanical  works,  including  "British  Jungermannia! " 
(1816),  "Flora  Scotica"  (1821),  "Icones  Plantarum  "  (1S37- 
1854),  "Species  Filicum"  (1846-53),  etc. 
Hooker,  Worthington.  Born  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  March  2,  1806:  died  at  New  Haven. 
Conn. .Nov.  6, 1867.  An  American  physician. and 
medical  and  scientific  writer.  He  was  professor  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  at  Yale  from  1862  until 
his  death. 

Hookey  Walker.    See  Walker. 


land.  Jail.  30, 1792  :  died  at  Rock  Point,  Vt.,  Jan. 
9. 1868.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  came  to  America  with  his  pa- 
rents in  1801:  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1818;  was  or- 
tbiiiied  in  1S24;  and  became  bishop  of  Vermont  iu  1832. 

Hopkins,  Lemuel.  Born  at  Waterbury,  Conn., 
June  19,  1750 :  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  April  14, 
1801.  An  American  poet.  He  practised  medicine 
at  Litchfield  from  1776  until  1784,  and  at  Hartford  from  1784 
until  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  so-called  Hartford  wits 
associated  in  the  composition  of  "The  .-^narchiad."  He 
wrote   'The  Hj-pocrite's  Hope"  and  other  poems. 

Hopkins,  Mark.  Born  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
Feb.  4, 1802  :  died  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  June 


513 


Tullus  Hostilius  for  their  combat  with  the  three     j.,   ^^^  Ge™»n,  anu  ircncu.  T?,ii„h„rP'h 

Curiatii  of  Alba  LonRa.    Twoof  then,  wcreslam,  but  g  j^er  (hor'uer).  FranClS.  Born  »*  I=''}'"J*"^„f '• 


Cunatn  ot  Aioa  uvnua.    i-uut  "•>■■■■  ■-•-  - --  ■ 


Hopkins,  Mark 

17  1887  An  American  e<lm-ator  and  author.  He 
wi  president  of  WiUiams  College  18.-i.i-72  and  pr^sHlj'"'- 
n«^l.e  Amerkiui  Board  of  (■o.nnussioneis  for  tore  giMs- 
ot  ""',-*"'"';a-- 'ntn  his  death.  His  works  include  Evi- 
j'°''"i'o  -hri  t  •  Iv  •■  (S  "  The  Law  ot  Love,  and  Love 
^t^"  y,^  :'and' "in  olltline  Study  of  Man"  (187:.). 
Hopkins,  Samuel.     Born  at  Waterbury  Cont; 

ihe  theological  discussions  of  New  England  m     let  n>  bhak.pere  s     t> 
his  day.    He  settled  at  Housatonic  (now  Great  Il:.rn..g- 
Um),  Massachusetts,  in  174:i,  and  at  New  urt  R  I.,  n.  1.70 
His  chief  wo.  k  is  a  '■  Systei.i  of  1  heoh.gj    (1791).    His  loi 
"vers  were  kn.jwn  as  Uopk.ns.ans  (Which  see) 

Hopkins,  Stephen.    Born  at  b'-'tuate   R.  I., 

Mwh  7  1707:  .li.?d  at  Providence,  K.  I..  July  IJ, 

1785      An  American  politician.    Ue  was  g.)vernor 

of  Rhode  Islajid  from  175.=.  to  1708,  with  three  short  inter- 

?'ls    and  s  S  the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  a 

"emiKM  of  (■.mgrcss  in  1776.    He  wrote  a  "History  of  the 

rianting  m.d  (Jrovvth  of  I>r<3vidence  adherent- 

WnnkiTmians  (hop-kin  zi-aiiz).     tn©  aauereiu. 
°o°''thf  theological  system  fotmded  by  Samuel 

Hopkins  (1721-1803)  and  developed  by  Emmons 

anil  others.    Hopkinsianism  was  Calvinistic  and  a  _ 

„tr,fH,pKvsteni  taught  by. lonathan  Edwards,   It      :),Gl3. 

lat'^'pda/stresio, The  so?erei|nty  and  decrees  of  .i.>d,   Horde  (hfer'de).     A  mamilacnirmg  i""" '"^^ 

decti..n  the  obligation  of  impenitent  sinners  to  subinit  o         .    .j^ge  of  Westphalia,  Prussia.  3  miles  south- 

?he  liv  ne  will,  the  overruling  of  evil  to  the  good  of    le     PO  J-      Population    1890),  16,346. 

3r?;:,fhiTete''r°Vro\%rwma^^^^^^^^^^^  See  «,>,«,•.     . 

SexXivelv  and  personally,  eternity  of  future  punish-  Hofgen   (hor'gen).     A   town  m  the    canton  O 

man  exclusively  a      y  ?.,  „„„i-,„.i„n„n,  no  binder     Zurich    Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  o 

Zurich'9  miles  south  by  east  of  Zurich.    Popu- 
lation (1888),  .5,518 

E  Theresien- 


Horten 


years  after  he  had  perished.   His  journal  was  published  in 
English,  German,  and  French. 


onnonents  one  at  a  time.  On  returning  to  Rome  'le  slew 
liTs  stcr  Horatia,  who  expressed  her  grief  for  one  of  the 
■  irhti  t<."vhon  she  was  betrothed.  For  this  he  was  con- 
demiicd  to  dea?i,  but  escaped  with  a  humUiating  punisli- 

"""''•  "■").      1.  The  friend  of  Ham- 

let "il'Shakspere's  '  •  Hamlet."  He  is  the  antithesis 
if  the  wavering  Hamlet,  He  takes  with  equal  thanks  the 
butfeta  ami  rewards  ot  fortune.  •»„„*»  tbo 

2.  In  Kowe-s  tragedy  •'  The  Fair  Penitent,  the 
friend  of  AUamont.  ,.,,,-.      „ 

Horatius  Codes  (ho-ra'shi-ns  ko  klez).    L'-. 

•One-eyed   H..ratius.']     A   Roman   legendary     „^  __„  _ ___, 

hero,  celebrated  with  his  two  companions  tor  ggrodenka  (ho-ro-den  kil 
thedefenseof  the  bridge  over  the  iiljer  against,     A„stria-Hun2ar\-,  situate. 


He  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by 


\ug  12,  1778:  died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.  8,  1817. 
A  British  politician  and  political  economist. 
Hornet  (hor'net).  An  American  ship  of  war. 
She"v:,s  of  18  guns  rating  and  480  tons  burden^  Her 
Brst  commander  was  Captain  •'"">'=«  •^^'^i;*.''",,,^"'  V^'fJ: 
apeake.)  On  Dec.  13,  l-li  she  blockaded  the  Bonne  I  ito- 
yVnne  (18  guns  rating)  at  San  Ndvador.  On  F  el .  ii.  M-j- 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Ikmcn.ra  River,  she  fell  to  »Uh 
the  British  war  brigs  F.spingle  (18  guns  rating)  and  Pea- 
cock, and  captured  the  I'eacock. 

Home  Tooke,  John.    See  Toole 

Hornisgrinde  (hor'nis-gnn-de).  A  summit  of 
the  Blu-k  Forest, Germany,about  10  miles  south 
of  Baden-Baden.     Height,  3,825  feet_.  . 

lorodenka  (ho-ro-den 'kil).  A  town  in  (jalicia, 
Austria-Hungary-,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Dniester.     Population  (1890),  11,102. 

by 

Is 


land  theology. 

Hopkinson.(hop'kin-son)   Francis 


Born  at 


anticipatea  tne -xewioiii.iu  ms,,,.j  u.  B 

ifnDkmson  (hop'kin-son),  franciS.  ^i*orn  a.  laiio.i  >.;5'™',' X;i,V  A  town  in  the  county  of  Tlnrsa  (hor'sa).  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Ayles 
WMd^-I^IISAS^^^  ^^^^-iBk^'-^'-  --'  •■l...shchief.brotherofHen.s, 
Lthor.   kewasa.ielep^toCongre^mNew^rsey,     stadt.     Population  (     ^_),  ^ , 


t:^'j'^n^^ilSi;SSf™""in^"^^fif :  Horicon'(hor;i-kon),    See  G^o^^X^r^ 

?;^vrotT«.e  "Battle  of  the  Kegs'  (1777),  and  other  hu-  HormakhU  (hor-ma'kho)       Ul  BgyPt^'^  P^^ 

m„r.ms  and  political  works,  thology,  the  rising  sun,  one  ot  the  pnnupai 

HVinson,  Joseph.  Born  at  PlnladelphlaNo^^  SV'.  ..              ,  „  ,  ^„    „_.b„.»,l  nt,  H,.h- 

1"  1770 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  lo,  1842.   An 


t  loiogy,  lue    lisiug    =""•  ^ 1  ■       1   „t   H,.i; 

forms  of  the  sun-god  Ra,  worshiped  at  Heli 
opolis,  and  represented  by  the  great  sphm.^  on 
the  southeast  corner  ot  the  great  pyramid  at 
Gizeh.     Also  Harmachis,  Baniais,  Bar. 
Hormayr  (hor'mir),  Baron  Joseph  von.    Bom 
at  Innsbi-uek,  Tyrol,  Jan.  20, 1782:  did  at  Mu- 
nich, Nov.  5,  1848.    A  noted  German  historian 
I(ewrote"Kritisch-diplomatischeBeitragezurncschichte 
Tir.Js°m  MiWelalter(lW2-03),"GeschicllU^.lergefurstcto^ 
(iiVfschaft  Tirol"  (180(1-08),  " Lebensbilder  aus  dem  Be- 
ficiungskriege "  (1841-44),  etc.  ^,,    .„o    rr      f 

Hormisdas  (hor-mis'das).  Pope  514-523.  Heef- 
f°  ted  the  I'ennion  of  the  churches  of  Rome  and 

-  ( 'oiistantinople  in  519.  , 

^  ^  Ti       ■    TTormirdas   lli.ir-miz'das),  or  Hormuz    (li.ir - 

Born  at  Provi-  HornilZ^<US   (^.^^^^^  ,,,,„,;, '591.     King  of  P..isia, 

^on  of  Khosrii  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  :><9. 
Horn  (h<-irn).  Cape.  Th.-  southern  end  o  a 
rockv  island  inthe  Fuegiaii  Archipelago  and  the 
southernmost  point  of  America,  lat.  5o  ■)J  fe., 
lorn?  67°  16'  W.  It  was  first  rounded  by  Le  Mairc 
and  Schouten  in  l.ilO,  and  namc.l  by  them  from  Hoorn  m 
North  Holland. 


Horrocks,orHorrox(hor'oks),Jeremiah.Bor_n 
at  To-xteth  Park,  near  Liverpool  about  101, 
died  at  Toxteth,  Jan.  3, 1641.  A  celebrated  Kng- 
lish  astronomer.  He  studied  at  Cambridge.  b"t  J'J  ""^ 
tike  a  degree  and  was  curate  of  Hoole,  near  ITefctoii  163^ 
1M§  He^made  tJie  first  observation  of  a  transit  of  Venus 
M639).  an  account  of  which  is  given  in  his  ■'%  eniis  in  sole 
visa  "(ree")  Other  posthumous  works  were  published  in 
Ict^  ^Ue  was  the  tlret  t..  assign  to  the  moon  an  elliptical 
orbU  with  the  earth  at  one  of  the  foci,  ami  in  a  measure 
anticipated  the  Newtonian  theory  of  gravitation. 

lorsa  (hor'sa).    Killed  at  the  battle  of  j  . 
font  4.55  (?).'A  Jutish  chief,  brother  of  Hengist 

HOTSt(hor'shelt),Theodor.B..rnatMunich 
M-iv.-h  16, 1829:  died  at  Munich,  April  3,  IM 1.  A 
German  painter  of  genre  scenes  and  battles. 
Horse-Fair,  The.     A  large  painting  by  Rosa 
Bonheui-,  nOw  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art  New  York,  it  represents  a  number  of  horses,  some 
ridden,  some  led.  trotting  toward  the  right     It  appeared 
In  the  salon  of  18f.3,  was  bcjllght  by  Gam  bar  laud  Ca  ^n- 
don  for  40,000  francs,  and  from  them  by  V, .  I  ■  ""«'». 
Weehawken,  New  Jersey,  in  18S7:  it  then  passed  to    he 
Stcwi?t  collection.    It  was  bought  an.lpresente.lo  the 
Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  by  Cornelius  Vander- 
b  It    La  dsecr  engraved  it  while  it>yas  in  Gan.bart  s  pos- 
session     Itos^i  r.,.i,b.urpai..tedforhis  use  areduced  copy: 
tbit  was  b  ..Ml.-  .tb.  .1  in  l»('«  to  the  NatLmal  Gallery.   She 
pi^iled  .'ihiT  replicas:  the  third  is  in  London  ;  the  fourth. 
a  small  water-color,  is  owned  in  England. 
Horselberg (her'sel-bcro).  See  Fenus,  Mountain 

of,  and  Tonnhiiiiscr. 
Horse-Shoe  Fall.     See  Xiariara. 
Horse-Shoe  Robinson.    A  historical  novel  by 
J.  P.  Kennedy.     The  scene  is  laid  in  the  boutU 
during  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Horsens  (hor'sons).     A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  ot  Jutlan.l,  Penmark,  situated  on  the  Hor- 
sens Fiord  in  lat.  55°  52'  N.,  long.  9°  51    h. 
Population  (1890).  17.290. 


American  jm-ist,  son  of  Francis  Hopkmson :  au- 
thor of  "  Hail,  Columbia"  (1.98). 
HoDkinsville  (hop'kinz-vil).  A  city  and  the 
capUal  oT^L-hristian  ("ounty,  southwestern  Ken- 
tuckv,  situated  70 miles  northwest  of  Nashville. 
Population  (1900),  7,280. 

Hop  0-  my  Thumb.  IF.lepcUt poucct  the  l.t- 
t°- thumb.  ]  The  hero  of  a  fairy  talo  of  the  same 
name  taken  from  the  French  of  Perraiilt.  He 
should  not  be  confounded  with  Tom  Th.imb,  ll'e  ^tory 
I,  an  0I.I  one,  taken  partly  from  the  .a.  vent.ires  of  Ulysses 
to  the  cave  of  Polyphemus,  ar.d  partly  from  the  fable  of 
Theseus  and  Ariadne.     Dunlvp. 

Hoppin  (hop'in).  Augustus.    ---,  .„-   t.tv 

deuce  R.I.,  July  13, 1828: diedatFlushing.N.Y 

AdHI  1,1896.  An  American  book-iUustrator.  lie 

nfustrated  works  by  many  well-known  an  h<n-«. 
HoDPner  (hop'm-r),  John.     Born  at  Lon.lon 

April  4,  175S:  died  Jan.  23,  1810.     An  English 

portrait-painter. 

Hot.     See  Horus.  ,  .     ti  t  i.,- 

Hor  (hor).     A  mountain  in  Arabia  Petriea.  b> 

some  authorities  identified  with  the  modern 

Jebel-Nebi-Harun    (4.360   feet).     It   was    the 

^s^^lii^^aukiuy  Horatius  Fiaccus.,  ^-^''r;!::..:^^  ^}?^^^^^u 

Bom  at  Venrs  a,  Apulia,  Dec.  8,  65  B.  c.  :  .h.;.l  Hornberg  (horn'berr.).     The  old  castle  of  Gotz 

at  Rome  Nov  27  8  B.  C.    A  famous  Roman  lyric     ,.„„  n,.,.li.-hingen.  It  is  situatc.l  on  the  Keckar.be  "w 

nn  1  s^frical  noe        He  was  the  son  of  a  f.  cc.ln.a,, ;  was      ,i„.s»„,crshei,.,  on  an  elevation  200  fee   above  the  1  iver. 

Xltla^liSfaml  Shells  jservc.l  in. b.-m^^^^^^^^  men "  (ISSS,.  etc.     ,         ,       ,,  .      <,,„„,  v„, 

LmyatlM,ilippiin42u.c.;aiiden,..ycd   be    .      ...^^^^^         ._.;(  miles  northeast  of  Freiburg.  Horsham  (hor'sham).    A  town  in  Sussex,  Eng- 

}''^''']?';'''V;Z^^^'''^^^^^>^-^^'^'^^  Homcastle  (h6rn'kas-l).     A  town  m  L.nco  i-  Xnd,  34  miles  south-southwest  ot  London.  Pop- 

wrr,tr"','.^^^^^^  Hhire,  England,  sitiiate.1  on  t  he  Baui  is  nules     „i,„ion  (,soi).  8.C,:i7  .      ^  m,  .t 

^Ode^(flrst3books24..r2:U..urtbb,,.,knbmitl^^^^^^  oast  ot  Lincoln.     Population  (1H91 ),  4..!. 4  ,._  „„•..„-,;^    ny,<,^^^.  V.H^^rA.     Bom  at 

tlls-dlrst  book  about  20,  second  "...;k  an.  the     Ar    1  ..c-  ^  George.     Born  at  (  ».«...,  Ken  , 

tica--aboutl3-8),and"CarnienSeculare   (1.).   Coiua^^^^      Kncland    Nov.  1,  1730:  did  at  Bath,  Liiglaiul 
eilitlons  have  been  pub  shed  by  Bentley  (1, 11),  Mcintkc,     Li'S'-i"'!.  ^^"J     ^  ^      ,,.      .j^,,  i,;^,,,,,,.  author  of 

^^eloS    ^^^^''<^y^>y^^^"-^°^^^^'^'     ''rJmVn;a;yonVelU..s'Wl^ 
nroduced   n  1040    its  snlject  is  the  combat  ..f  Home,  Richard  Hengist.  I  on,  :it  ''""''""•f"!  ■ 

(1K3S),  "Greg.irv  tli.'  S.'venlli"  (18-10).  etc. 

Home  Thomas"  Hartwell.    Born  at  B;;"-!';"; 

Oct  20  1780:  die.lal  London.  Jan. -.,  181)..  An 
English  biblical  s.'liolar.  His  chief  w..rk  Isan  "In- 
tn,.i;,ctl..n  I.,  the  Critical  Study  .ind  lvn..wledge  of  the 

ll.ilv  Si-ripl.ireB"(1818) 


was  Kumioru  pii.iLBo,.,  ".  =^. ..,,,..-    , 

Harvard  lS47-<«,  when  he  became  president  of  Hu- Kum- 
Sd Vhemlcl  Works,  Provi.lence.  Rh...  c  Island  He  dis- 
covered  the  mctb.ul  of  preparing  bakmg-pow.ler  co  - 
dXd  milk,  a,,.Ulie  niediVinal  acM  kn.,wi,  as  yl...-sf.^^^^^ 

acid."  Among  his  w.,rks  are  ••  The  1  l>""-y ,"'"  ^','1  .  North 
Jlaking  "  (is<il),  "  'l'"  Discovery  of  America  by  the  North- 
men "(ISSS).  etc. 


pseiidonyms.  ,     „  ,  -it., 

Horae  (ll.^'re).  [Gr.  'ilpm,  L.  Horn;,  hours.]  In 
classical  mythology ,  goddesses  who  presi.le  oyer 
the  changes  of  the  seasons  and  the  accompany  - 
hig  course  of  natural  growth  ''"'';'''';■">'•  ..'y:;"';; 
h.E  to  Ibjiner  they  arc  han.lmai.lens  of  /..-us,  wh.>  guard 
I  e  Kat,:","f  heave'ii  ami  control  the  weather;  «^'^";^ 
to  Ile»i.>d  they  are  daughters  of  Zeus  an.l  Ihemis,  nain..l 
Eu  .unla  'Oood  Order'),  Dice  (•  .T.istlce '),  ""'  Ij;  ™- 
(•  Peace  •),  guarilians  ..(  agriculture  ami  also  .,f  ►"'^™  '' 
pollli.^^1  order.  Their  numbervarie.l  tr<.,n  tw..,  "-"  A'''"^ 
rrlialio  m.ddesH  .)f  spring  I  .iwers,  an.l  CanK).  g.i.lde»»  ..I 
l,nm,lerCVt..l,lr,  ThcMlance,,f  .h..|...™w.i.a.ym. 

b.,llM.l  representation  of  the  wnrsc  of  the  seasons. 

Horatia  gens  (ho-ra'sliiil  jenz).  A  Roman 
l.atrician  g.ns  whose  sumaiiios  were  Barbatus, 
("ocli'S,  anil  Piilvillus. 

Horatii(h5-ra'shi-i),  The  Three.  In  Roman  le- 
gend, three  brothers  celebrated  in  the  reign  ot 
0.—  33 


Illation  (1891).  8.637.      ,       „,  ,      ^  . 

Horsley  (h.-.rs'in,  Charles  Edward    Bom  at 

Lon.lon,  1822:  died  at  Nf  w  \''rk.  1  eb.  28. 18,0. 

An  Kii.'lish  comp..scr,  s.iii  of  William  Horsley. 
Horsley,  John.     Born  at  Inveresk   Midlothmn 

1C,S5:  .li.-.l  al  M..rpeth,  Kngland,  Jan.  12,  L.l-. 

A  British  aii1i.|iiarv.  author  of  "  Britannia  Ko- 

niaiia,  or  Ih.' Ant i.iiiili.'s  of  Britain '■(l^:'-)-''t"'- 
Horsley,  John  Callcott.   Born  al  L..n.lon,  Jan. 

•"I  1S17.  AnKnglishl.istoricalandgenrepainter. 
Horslev  Samuel.  Born  at  L.m.lon.  Sent.  l.>, 
T7Se.l:Vt^righton.Enghind.(>t.4  186(;.  An 

En.'lish  bisliop  (of  SI.  Asaiih)  ami  s.'holnr.  Ho 
:,table  f..r  a  'cntn.versy  witli  l'-''"" -•>•;;,;,.' f'.,^« 

opposwl  S,.cinianlsm.  Am..iig  his  w..rk«  arc    '  "'H.  >l  <  rlt^ 

u'llmm.  tbellrsi  tourt.-cn  lli«torl.-al  B,.ok»of  IheOldTc^ 

^;;i;:r;^(?rneh;-vin.  Aoi^i;.Stoul,en  H0^fe^;;wJlliam.,^n.  .^^^^^^ 
K^5  i^^^s'so^.::^^:^'^;..^"^  i:r:;.?     l^±ii^l}or  his^gWs  (••  By  CeU^  Ar. 

^^!rj?^{^^.^Xim.Ger,an>^,n.772:,,i,.d^^ 

?X  t'J.l'auIp  '"  o-f ..;  African  As.o.llV.'loiu^V'.n'.n,  ^^^T  wej.cni  bank  of  the  ChriBliania  Fjord. 
i."cr.«se.l  ?  1."  M  iVanVonrim-nt  fn.m  Cair,.  oy.T  Mnrriik  3,.,  „,i,^„  „„„„,  l,y  west  of  Chnstinnm:  a  station 
r,,rrw'-r  Niger  171.8-iso,.  ^be  place  amUheap^^^^^^^  oftheNorwegiai  fleet.  Population  (1891),6,555. 
mate  date  of  his  death  were  not  ascertained  until  a  low 


Hortense 
Hortense  (or-tons')  (Eugenie  Hortense  de 

Beauhamais).  Born  at  Paris,  April  10.  1783  : 
died  at  Areuenberg,  Switzerland,  Oct.  5, 1S37, 
The  daughter  of  the  empress  Josephine,  wife 
of  Louis  Bonaparte,  and  mother  of  Napoleon 
III.  She  was  the  reputed  author  of  the  song 
"  Partant  pour  la  Syrie." 
Hortensia  gens  (h6r-teu'shi-a  jenz).  A  Koman 
plebeian  gens. 

Hortensian  Law  (hor-ten'shian  la),  The.  [L. 
lex  Hortensia.l  hi  the  history  of  ancient  Rome, 
a  law,  adopted  probably  in  286  B.  c,  which  de- 
cided that  the  decrees 'of  the  Comitia  Tributa 
should  be  binding  on  all  citizens,  patricians  as 
well  as  plebeians,  it  was  passed  in  consequence  of  a 
dangerous  uprising  of  the  plebeians,  and  received  its  name 
from  the  dictator  Hortensius. 

Hortensio  (h6r-ten'shi-o),  lu  Shakspere's 
"Taming  of  the  Shrew,"  a  suitor  of  Biauca. 

Hortensius  ( h6r-t en'  shi-us ) ,  Quintus.  Born  114 
B.  c. :  died  50  B.  c.  An  eminent  Roman  orator, 
a  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party. 

Hortibonus  (hor-ti-bo'nus),  or  Hortusbonus 

(hor-tus-bo'nus),  Is.  The  pseudonym  of  Isaac 
Oasaubon.  Caseau  in  the  Dauphinois  patois  he- 
ingjardiii,  the  pseudonym  is  literally  *'  bon  jar- 
din"  ('good  garden'). 
Horus  (ho'rus),  or  Hor  (hor).  In  Eg^'ptian  my- 
thology, a  solar  deity,  the  son  of  Osiris  and  Isis, 
and  the  avenger  of  his  father  upon  Set :  called 
by  the  Greeks  Harpocrates.  As  Osiris  was  the  sun  of 
night,  Horus  was  the  sun  of  day.  As  the  opponent  of  Set, 
he  figured  as  the  Elder  Horus ;  as  Horus  the  Child,  he  was 
the  rising  sun.  He  was  generally  represented  as  hawk- 
headed.,  and  is  hardly  distinguishable  from  Ra,  like  whom 
he  was  the  lord  of  Upper  Egj-pt. 

The  heaven-  or  sun-god  Horus  was  worshipped  almost 
as  generally  as  Ra,  He  was  honoured  in  various  shapes  in 
Eg>'pt ;  as  Haroeri  (the  elder),  Harpechrud  (Harpokrates, 
the  child),  as  the  son  of  Isis,  of  J»  ut,  or  of  Hathor,  in  many 
places  in  Upper  Eg>'pt  (as  at  Edfu)  and  in  Lower  Eg>-pt. 
His  sjTnhol  is  the  winged  sun-disc,  and  he  flies  through  the 
air  as  a  hawk.  His  chief  myth  is  that  of  the  flght  with 
Set.  But  it  is  diflBcult  to  trace  his  original  form,  as  he  is 
completely  absorbed  in  the  Osiris  circle,  to  which  he  cer- 
tainly did  not  originally  belong. 

La  Smissaije,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  408. 

Horus.  A  name  given  by  Mariette  to  Hor-em- 
hib,  an  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynast5\ 

After  several  insignificant  kings  came  Horus,  and  with 
him  the  series  of  legitimate  princes  begins  again ;  but  with 
him  there  also  set  in  a  violent  reaction  against  the  fanati- 
cal reforms  of  AmenophislV.  The  names  of  the  dethroned 
kings  were  everywhere  chiselled  out ;  their  buildings  were 
razed  to  the  ground,  and  the  capital  at  Tell-el-Amarna  was 
so  carefully  and  patiently  demolished  that  not  one  stone 
is  left  standing.  Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  43. 

Horvath  (hor'vat),  Mihaly.  Born  at  Szentes, 
Hungary,  Oct.  20,  1809:  died  at  Karlsbad,  Bo- 
hemia, Aug.  19,  1878.  A  Hungarian  historian 
and  politician,  minister  of  "worship  and  public 
instruction  in  1849.  He  wrote  a  "  Historj- of  the  Hun- 
garians" (1842^6),  "Historical  Monuments  of  Hungarj'' 
(1S57,  etc.),  "History  of  Hungary"  (1859-63). 

Hosea(ho-ze'a).orHosliea(h6-she'a).  The  first 
of  the  "minor  prophets."  He  flourished  in  the  king- 
dom of  Israel  under  Jeroboam  1 1,  and  his  successors.  Inhis 
prophecies,  which  consist  of  14  chapters,  he  represents  the 
relation  of  Israel  to  Yahveh  (Jehovah)  as  that  of  a  wife  to 
her  husband,  and  its  apostasy  as  the  faithlessness  of  a  wife. 
In  the  first  division  (i.-iii.).  which  originated  during  thelat- 
ter  part  of  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  II.,  these  ideas  are  syai- 
bolically  expressed  and  illustrated  by  the  prophet's  own 
experiences  in  his  married  life  with  a  faitliless  woman ; 
the  second  division  (iv.-xiv.),  belonging  to  the  period  of 
the  kin^s  following,  contains,  on  the  basis  of  the  same 
ideas,  a  series  of  discourses  in  which  the  sins  of  the  peo- 
ple in  all  ranks  are  exposed  and  censured.  Hosea's  style 
is  characterized  by  short  and  abrupt,  sometimes  obscure, 
sentences,  full  of  fervor  and  strong  feeling. 

Hosea  Biglow.     See  Biglow  Pajjer.^i. 

Hoshangabad  (ho-shung'ga-bad).  or  Hushang- 
abad  (hu-shung'ga-bad).  1.  A  district  in  the 
Central  Pro\inees,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  22^^  30'  N.,  long.  17°  30'  E.  Area,  4,594 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  529,945.— 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Hoshangabad,  sit- 
uated on  the  Nerbudda  about  lat.  22°  45'  N., 
long.  77°  37'  E.     Population  (1891).  13,495. 

Hoshea  (ho-she'a),  or  Hosea  (ho-ze'a).  [Heb., 
'deliverance,'  '  salvation.']  The  last  king  of 
the  ten  tribes,  successor  of  Pekah  son  of  Re- 
maliah,  whom  he  assassinated  in  a  revolution. 
and  vrhose  throne  he  usurped.  According  to  the 
annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  III.,  Pekah  was  killed  by  the  As- 
syrian king,  and  Hoshea  (Assyrian  .1  iisi)  was  appointed  his 
successor.  The  invasion  by  Tiglath-Pileser  of  the  king- 
dom of  Israel,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  many  cities,  the 
inhabitants  of  which  were  deported  to  Ass>Tia,  is  men- 
tioned in  2  Ki.  xv.  29.  Under  Tiglath-Pileser's  successor, 
Rhalmaneser  IV.,  Hoshea  "  conspired  "  against  the  Assyri- 
ans, seeking  an  alliance  with  the  EtO'.ptian  king  Shabaka 
(biblical  So).  This  led  to  the  destruction  of  Samaria  after 
a  three  years'  siege  by  Shalmaneser,  and  the  imprisoning 
of  its  last  king. 

Kosius  vho'shi-us),  or  OsiUS  (6'shi-us).      Died 


514 

in  Spain  about  358.  A  bishop  of  the  early  Chris- 
tian church  in  Spain.  He  was  appointed  to  the  see  of 
Cordova  about  300,  and  in  324  was  sent  by  Constantine  the 
Great  to  Alexantiria,  with  a  view  to  composing  the  diffi- 
culties between  Alexander  and  Arius.  He  is  said  by  some 
t.i  have  drawn  up  the  symbol  of  faith  adopted  at  the  Coun- 
cil of  Nice  in  S25. 

Hosius  (ho'se-os).  Stanislaus.  Born  at  Cracow, 
May  5,  1504:  died  near  Kome,  Aug.  5,  1579.  A 
Polish  cardinal,  a  leading  opponent  of  Protes- 
tantism in  Poland. 

Hosiner(hos'mer).  Harriet  G.  Born  afWater- 
town,  Mass.,  Oct.  6.  1830.  Aji  American  sculp- 
tor. She  studied  with  Stevenson  of  Boston,  and  (anat- 
omy) in  the  School  of  Medicine  at  St.  Louis.  In  18:>2  she 
went  to  Rome,  and  studied  with  Gibson.  After  2  years 
she  produced  busts  of  "Daphne"  and  "Medusa."  Among 
her  best-known  works  are  "(Enone  "  (1855),  "Zenobia  in 
Chains '■  (1S59),  "  The  Sleeping  Faun  "  (1867).  "TheWak- 
ing  Faun,"  "  Beatrice  Cenci,"  "  Puck  *' (1SS5).  The  foun- 
tain in  Central  Park,  Xew  York,  is  by  her. 

Hospenthal  (hos'pen-tal).  A  place  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  Pass,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  An- 
dermatt. 

Hospitalers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Order 

of  the.  A  body  of  military  monks,  which  took 
its  origin  from  an  earlier  commtmity,  not  mili- 
tary in  character,  under  whose  auspices  a  hos- 
pital and  a  church  had  been  founded  in  Jerusa- 
lem. Ita  military  organization  wasperfected  in  the  12th 
century.  After  the  retaking  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Moslems, 
these  knights  defended  Acre  in  vain,  took  shelter  in  Cy- 
prus,and  inthe  1-lth  century  occupied  the  island  of  Rhodes. 
In  1522  the  island  of  Rhodes  was  seized  by  the  Turks,  and 
the  knishts,  after  some  wanderings,  had  possession  given 
them  of  Malta,  the  government  of  which  island  they  ad- 
ministered until  it  was  occupied  by  >apoleon  in  179*. 
The  badge  of  the  order  was  the  cross  of  8  points,  without 
any  central  disk,  and  consisting  in  fact  of  4  barbed  arrow- 
heads  meeting  at  their  points  —  the  well-known  Maltese 
cross.  This  is  modified  in  modern  times,  with  slight  dif- 
ferences for  the  dilTerent  nations  in  which  branches  of  the 
order  have  survived.  At  different  time  s  the  order  has  been 
called  officially  Knii7hts  of  Rhodes  and  Knvjhts  of  Malta. 
It  maintains  to  the  present  day  a  certain  independent  ex- 
istence. The  most  famous  grand  master  of  the  order  was 
La  Valette,  who  successfully  defended  Malta  against  the 
Turks  in  15tj5.  That  branch  of  the  order  c:illed  the  baili- 
wick of  Brandenburg  was  revived  and  recognized  as  a  sep- 
arate order  by  the  King  of  Piussia  in  1S52.  The  dormant 
langue  of  England  was  revived  18-27-31,  and  is  again  lo- 
cated at  St.  John's  Gate,  Cierkenwell. 

Hotcangara.     See  Winnehago. 

Hotel  de  Cluny  (6-tel'  de  klu-ne').  The  pal- 
ace, in  Paris,  of  the  Abbots  of  Cluny  in  Bur- 
gundy, built  in  the  15th  and  16th  centiu-ies,  and 
now  a  museum  of  medieval  and  Renaissance 
decorative  art.  it  is  a  picturesque  example  of  the  late- 
Pointed  stjle,  with  towers,  square  mullioned  windows, 
higli  roofs,  and  tracer}* -framed  dormers.  The  little  chap- 
el is  elaborately  ornamented.  The  palace  occupies  the 
site  of  a  Roman  palace  assigned  to  Constantius  Chlorus. 
Of  this  the  baths  survive  in  part,  notably  the  vaulted  frigi- 
darium,  37i  by  65  feet  and  59  high,  and  decorated  with 
rostra. 

Hotel  de  Rambouillet  (de  ron-bo-ya').  A  fa- 
mous house  in  Pans,  on  the  Rue  St.  Thomas  du 
LoUT-Te.  It  was  destroyed  together  with  the  street  when 
the  Ijouvre  was  finished.  It  was  originally  the  Hotel  Pi- 
sani,  the  residence  of  the  father  of  Madame  Rambouillet. 
It  was  noted  as  being  the  center  of  a  literai-y  and  exclusive 
circle  out  of  which  afterward  grew  the  French  Academy. 
This  salon  was  instituted  about  1615  by  the  Marquise  de 
Rambouillet,  who  was  shocked  by  the  puerile  and  immoral 
society  of  the  period.  The  women  assumed  the  title  of 
"Les  precieuses,"and  proposed  to  devulgarize  the  French 
language.  The  men  called  themselves  "Esprits  doux." 
They  had  a  vocabularj'  of  their  own,  and  called  all  common 
things  by  uncommon  names.  They  also  had  a  conventional 
language  out  of  which  Saumaise  "composed  his  "Diction- 
naire  des  precieuses."  Richelieu,  Bossuet,  Corneille,  Des- 
cartes, La  Rochefoucauld,  Balzac,  Madame  de  Sevign^, 
and  others  were  members  of  this  coterie,  and  it  exerted  a 
good  influence.  Pedantrj-  and  affectation,  however,  in- 
creased, and  the  gatherings  declined  in  interest,  and  never 
recovered  from  the  irony  of  MoU^re  in  "les  precieuses 
ridicules  "  and  *'  Les  f  emnies  savantes."  though  it  was  only 
tlie  extravagances  of  a  few  that  he  attacked.  La  Bruyt-re 
also  took  occasion  to  quarrel  with  them. 

Hotel  des  Invalides  (6-tel'  da  zan-va-led^).  A 
great  establishment  founded  in  1670  at  Paris  for 
disabled  and  infirm  soldiers.  The  monumental  fa- 
cade, about  650  feet  long,  has  3  stories,  and  is  adorned  with 
military  trophies  and  an  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV. 
The  interior  possesses  halls  adorned  with  interesting  mili- 
taiy  paintings,  and  contains  the  Museed'Artillerie,  which 
includes  a  remarkable  collection  of  medieval  and  Renais- 
sance armor..  The  Church  of  the  Invalides  consists  of  2 
parts  —  the  Eglise  St.  Louis  and  the  Dome,  since  1S40  the 
mausoleum  of  Xapoleon  I.  The  nave  of  the  former  is 
adorned  with  captured  battle-flags.  The  D6me  was  built 
by  J.  H.  Mansart  in  1706.  In  plan  it  is  a  square  of  198  feet, 
surmounted  by  a  gilded  dome  on  a  circular  drum  which  is 
86  feet  in  diameter,  and  with  its  cross  and  lantern  344 
high.  The  entrance  is  adorned  with  2  tiers  of  classical 
columns  and  a  pediment.  The  tomb  of  Napoleon  is  a 
large  monolithic  sarcophagus  of  red  granite,  placed  be- 
neath the  dome  in  an  open  circular  crypt  20  feet  deep  and 
36  in  diameter.  The  walls  of  the  crypt  bear  allegorical 
reliefs,  and  against  its  12  piers  stand  colossal  Victories. 
In  alternate  intercolumniations  areplaced6trophies,  each 
of  10  tlatr?  taken  in  battle. 

Hotel deVilleCo-tel'devel).  Ahistoric  building 


Houdin 

in  Paris,  of  great  size, bm-ned  by  the  Commune  in 
1871,  but  carefully  restored  and  much  enlarged. 
The  original  structure  was  begun  in  1533  by  an  Italian,  Do- 
menico  da  Cortona :  this  is  represented  by  the  central  part 
of  the  existing  fai^ade,  which  offei-s  a  picturesque  combina- 
tion of  the  Italian  and  French  Renaissance  styles.  It  is 
of  2  stories,  flanked  by  pavilions  a  story  higher,  all  with 
high  hip-roofs,  and  siuiuounted  by  a  high  openwork  cen- 
tral  tower.  The  exterior  is  adorned  with  much  sculpture. 
The  rooms  of  state  display  splendid  sculptures  and  wall- 
paintings  by  the  most  distinguished  contemporary  artUta. 

Hotho  (ho'to).  Heinrich  Gustav.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, May  22,  1S02:  died  there,  Dec.  24,  1873.  A 
German  historian  of  art,  appointed  professor  at 
the  University  of  Berlin  in  1829.  He  was  director 
of  the  collection  of  prints  in  the  Royal  Museum  from  liS59. 
He  wrote  '*Geschichte  derdeutschen  und  niederlandischen 
Malerei '''  (1S40-43),  "  Die  Malerschule  Huberts  van  Eyck" 
(1855-58),  "Geschichte  der  christlichen  Malerei "  (1867~72X 
etc. 

Hot  Springs  fhot  springz).  A  town  and  water- 
ing-place, capital  of  Garland  County,  Arkansas, 
48  miles  west-southwest  of  Little  Rock.  It  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs.  Population  (1900), 
9.973. 

Hotspur.     See  Percy,  Henry, 

Hottentot-Bushmen  (hot'en-tot-bush'men).  A 
South  Afi-ican  race.  Ethnically  Lepsius  includes  the 
Hottentots,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmies,  with  the  Bantu,  in  the  • 
negro  race,  but  he  classes  the  Hottentot  and  Bushman 
languages  wirh  the  Hamitic  family.  He  derives  the  Hot- 
tentots from  Cushitic  Hamites  blended  with  Bantu  n^ 
groes.  Generally  the  Hottentots,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmies 
are  classed  as  one  race  or  two  separate  races.  There 
are  striking  differences  between  the  Hottentots  and  the 
Bushmen  in  structure  and  language,  but  their  physical 
and  linguistic  kinship  seems  to  be  well  established.  In 
the  Bushmen  the  distinctive  features  of  the  Hottentots 
with  regard  to  other  races  are  found  exaggerated.  These 
peculiar  features  are  (a)  the  color,  that  of  the  Bushmen 
being  brown,  that  of  the  Hottentots  yellow ;  (6)  the  stat- 
ure, the  Hottentots  being  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
Bantu,  while  the  Bushmen  rank  with  the  Pygmies ;  (c)  the 
tufty  hair  :  (tf)  the  diminutive  and  broad  nose ;  («)  the 
perpendiciilar  forehead:  (.0  the  tapering  chin  with  promi- 
nent cheek-bones;  (j?)  the  wrinkled  skin.  Intellectually, 
the  Hottentots  and  Bushmen  are  fairly  gifted.  By  do 
people  ai-e  the  Bushmen  more  ill-ti-eated  than  by  their 
nearest  of  kin,  the  Hottentots.  The  Hottentots  are  pas- 
toral; the  Bushmen  and  I*5"gmies  are  exclusively  given  to 
hunting.  The  Hottentots  are  independent,  even  aggres- 
sive ;  the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  are  timid,  and  hover,  ss 
Helots,  on  the  skirts  of  the  stronger  Bantu  settlements, 
which  they  supply  with  game.  See  Khoikkoinj  Bushmenf 
and  Africa  (with  subheadings). 

Hottentots  (hot'n-tots).  [Native  name  Khoi- 
khoht.  Hottentot  is  supposed  to  be  imitative  of 
stammering,  with  ref.  to  the  clicking  sounds  of 
Hottentot  speech.]  A  nickname  given  by  the 
first  colonists  to  the  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  because  of  the  clicks  and  other  strange 
sounds  of  their  language.  The  Hottentots  call  them- 
selves Khoikhoin,  'the  mem'  Sometimes  this  name  is  used 
for  the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  as  well,  all  three  being  con- 
sidered as  one  race.  In  this  acceptation  the  name  Hotten- 
tot-Bushmen (which  see)  is  to  be  preferred. 

Hottinger  (hot' ting- er),  Johann  Heinrich. 

Bom  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  March  10.  1620: 
drowned  in  the  river  Limmat,  near  Zurich, 
June  5, 1667.  A  Swiss  Orientalist  and  biblical 
scholar.  He  wrote  ^'Thesaurus  philologicus " 
(1644),  "  Etymologicum  orientale"  (1661),  etc. 
Houbraken  (hou'bra-ken),  Jacobus.  Bom  at 
Dordrecht,  Netherlands,  Dec.  25, 1698  :  died  at 
Amsterdam,  Nov.  14,  1780.  A  Dutch  engraver 
and  painter. 

Houchard  (6-shar'),  Jean  Nicolas.  Bom  at 
Forbach,  Lorraine,  1740 :  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Nov.  16,  1793.  A  French  general.  He  defeated 
the  Allies  at  Hondschoote  Sept.  6-8. 1793,  but  was  defeated 
at  Courtray  Sept.  15.  This  defeat  was  the  cause  of  his  ar- 
rest and  execution. 

Houdan  (o-don'  ),LuC  de.  Bom  at  Rennes.  1811 : 
died  at  Paris,  1846.  A  French  hydrographer. 
He  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  French  fleet  in  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  lS4i>-4;^  made  extended  surveys,  and  published  sev- 
eral works  on  the  Plata  and  Parang  and  on  South  Ameri- 
can hydrogrraphy  in  geueral. 

Houdetot  (od-to'),  Comtesse  d*  (Elisabeth 
Fran<?oise  Sophie  de  La  Live  de  Bellegarde). 
BomatParis.1730:  died  Jan.  22,1813.  A  French 
lady,  known  from  her  intimacy  with  Rousseau. 
She  is  described  as  Julie  in  Rousseau's  "  Nou- 
velle  Heloise." 

Houdin  (o-dan'),  Jean  Eiigfene  Robert.    Bora 

at  Blois,  France,  1805 :  died  there,  June,  1871.  A 
French  conjurer  and  mechanician.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  watch-making,  but  a  friendship  with  a  traveling 
juggler  and  a  love  of  works  on  natural  magic  turned  Ins  at- 
tention to  conjuring.  He  constructed  the  most  compH- 
cated  toys  and  automata,  and  in  1846  began  a  series  of 
juggling  exhibitions.  In  1855  he  received  the  gold  medal 
at  Paris  for  an  application  of  electricity  to  clocks.  In  1856, 
at  the  request  of  tlie  French  government,  he  went  to  Al- 
geria to  "hoist  with  their  own  petard,"  if  possible,  the 
priests  who  were  stirring  up  the  people  with  their  tricks. 
In  this  he  was  successful.  He  published  "Robert  Houdin, 
etc."  (1S57)." Confidences  "(1859),  and  " Les  tricheries des 
Grecs  devoil^es  "  (IStil),  exposing  gambling  cheats. 


Houdon 

Houdon  (6-d6n'),  Jean  Antoine.  Bom  at  Ver- 
Bailles,  France,  about  1741:  died  at  Pans,  July 
16  1828  A  noted  Freueh  sculptor.  He  won  the 
pri'x  de  Rome  at  tile  a(je  of  nineteeu  and  remained  in  Italy 
lOveai-s  during  the  period  of  Winckelmanii  and  the  exta- 
tatCs  at  I'ompeii  and  Heleulaneum.  While  111  Rome  he 
muTthe  famoiis  sU.tue  of  St.  Biuno  ^-^^fr^^^;^ 
Ant-es.  On  his  letuin  to  France  he  exhibited  m  the  .-laloii 
of  1771  a  statuette  of  Morphee,  which  gained  him  e"t  a  ce 
to  the  Academy,  and  soon  after  he  made  his  famous 
"Ecorche\-  reduced  copies  of  which  are  wejl  known  u.  the 
dn^^ing  schools.  He  visited  America  with  Franklin,  and 
J^ided  with  Washington  at  Philadelphia  »,here  he  mod- 
eled a  bust  from  which  he  alterward  made  his  Richmond 
Btatue.  In  1773  he  made  busts  of  Cathari.ie  of  Kussl-i  and 
of  Diderot,  and  in  177i  busts  of  Turgot  and  Muck,  and  a 
auxtae  of  Sophie  Arnould  as  Iphigenia.  In  the  Salon  of 
1781  he  entered  his  nude  statue  of  Uiana  (which  was  ex- 
cluded), the  statue  of  Tourville,  and  the  famous  \oltau-e 
of  the  Theatre  Framjais.  He  also  made  busts  of  Molieve, 
Kousseau,  Franklin,  and  D'Alembert.  His  bust  of  Butlon 
Is  perhaps  his  tlnest  work.  In  the  Revolution  he  was  de- 
nounced at  the  tribunal  of  the  Convention  for  liaving  a 
statue  of  a  saint  in  his  atelier,  jnd  escaped  through  the 
presence  of  mind  of  a  member  who  declared  that  the  work 
was  a  statue  of  Philosophy. 

Houghton  (hou'ton),  Baron.  See  ilibies,  Btch- 
ard  MiiHfkiov.  .      /^       a 

Houghton-le-Spring  (ho'ton-le-spnng  ).    a 
town  in  Durham,  England,  7  miles  northeast  of 
Durham.     Population  (1891),  6,476. 
Hougomont  (o-go-m6u')-    A  house  near  Water- 
loo, noted  for  its  importance  in  connection  with 
the  battle  of  Waterloo. 
Houlgate.     See  Bciizeval-Hoitlgate. 
Houndsditcll  (hounz'dich).     A  district  in  the 
east  of  London,  near  Whitechapel,  occupied 
lareelv  bv  Jews.   It  is  caUed  "Dogsditch  "  conteuiptu- 
ously  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.     Its  name  is  a  relic  of 
the  ild  foss  which  encircled  the  city,  formerly  a  recepta- 
cle for  dead  dogs.     Hare.  , 
Hounslow  (hounz'16).    A  town  m  Middlesex, 
England,  12  miles  west  by  south  of  bt.  Paul  s. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  coaching  center. 
Hounslow  Heath.     A  heath  formerly  situated 
west  of  Hounslow  (now  inclosed).    It  was  long 
notorious  as  a  resort  of  highwaymen.    A  mihtary  camp 
was  formed  here  by  James  II.  in  1686. 
Hours,  The.     See  Bora;.  x      •    /•• 
Housatonic  (hii-sa-ton'ik),  or  Ousatonic  (o-sa- 
ton'ik).     A  river  in  the  western  part  ot  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut,  flowing  mto  Lmig 
Island  Sound  13  miles  southwest  of  New  Ha- 
ven.    LciiKth,  about  150  miles. 
Household  Words.    A  periodical  conducted  by 
Charles  Dickens.     It  Ei-st  appeared  March  dU, 

House  of  Fame,  The.  A  poem  by  Chaucer.  The 
tofluence  of  Uante'is  marked  in  it,  and  Lydgate  speaks  of 
Sas  "  Dante  in  English."  Its  general  idea  is  from  livid 
though  the  tlrst  book  follows  Vergil.  Pope  converted  it 
Into  "The  Temple  of  Fame"  in  1715. 

House  of  the  Faun.    See  Pomjieu. 

House  of  Life,  The.  A  senes  of  sonnets  by 
Dante  Gabriel  Bossetti.  „ 

Admirable  as  are  his  ballads,  "The  House  of  Life,  re- 
co^l"g  apersmial  experience  transmuted  by  the  imagina- 
Uon.l8Rossetti's  highest  achievemen  '»J«f,^-u,  '>,'^  «•  ^^ 
two  other  "  sonnet-seque.ices,  •  and  my  t»  o,  ">  E'.Bl'^h  * 
etry  which  can  take  rank  beside  it,  ■'  I  he  Sonnets  of  Sh.ik- 
»Dere"  and  "Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese 
'  Dowden,  Transcripts  and  Studies,  p.  229. 

House  of  the  Seven  Gables,  The.    A  novel  by 

Hawthorne,  publislied  in  18.^1.    It  shows  the  trans- 
mission .if  personal  character  and  the  blightWg  inHuenco 
of  evil  action  to  succeeding  generations.       _ 
Houses  of  Parliament,  Loudon.     See  I  artia- 

House  that  Jack  Built,  The.  An  accumulative 
tale  "iven  in  "  Mother  Goose'sNursery  Rhymes. 
Th? original  of  "  Tlie  house  that  Jack  buUt "  Is  presumed 

to  be  a  hymn  in  "Sepher  U'ig.pf''':  '"'^f  ■„  '  \  'lelc^ 
historical  interpretation  was  llrst  Kl^f"  .".^  ^1,  ^,-  [ft  ;■•„ 
recht,  at  Lcipslc,  in  1731,  and  is  printed  In  ^}^<',.^l\"»l.''" 
Reformer  "  vol  xvU.,  p.  28.  The  original  is  In  the  Uialdeo 
languSlse  //aWiweJi,  Nursery  Ehymos. 

Houssa.     See  Hnt'.itt. 

Houssain,  or  Hussan.     See  Ha.'inn 


515 


Ho 

at 


lUSSam,  or  xiuaoau.     •  ■>  >    ...■■■■■ 

lussaye  (o-sa'),orit;.Hous8et.Arsfene    Borr, 

at  Uruveres,  near  Laon, France,  Maich  _«,  ihi.>. 

died  Feb.  26,  1896.     A  French  critic,  novelist, 

and  litterateur.    In  1818  he  was  for  a  short  time  en- 

tanglcMl  in  poliths.  In  1849  ''^I'^'fJ^H  wlM^T.nt  over 
Ciim-di.-  Francalse.  He  resigned  m  18:.6,  having  put  ovir 
aZ,,;lrel,Uy^.v  the  best-known  drannitlstsontf.es^ 

Ue  wrote  •■  l,a  nal.-rle  .le  portraits  du  \\  II'".  )\^*>: 
"Hiatoire  de  li.  peintnre  llainande  ct  hollalidl  Ise  (1«^"); 
"LE.  pire  c'est  la  paix,"  a  .■antata,  cmimsed  t..r  Kucl.e 

aftr  ircoup  d'«At  of  i8.'.i-,  besides "  Wr';;}''iVri'i.',; 

novels,  live  or  six  volumes  of  poems,  a  "^'n  .'<L'^ ,"'.,[  X' 
»,,rks,  histories,  etc.,  among  whhli  are  ,Le  rol  \  Italn 
etc."(18.W)  "Hlstoire  de  Tart  fran(;alB  (18(AI),  M"lliri. 
etc;-  (lasol  "  Le  livre  de  n.inult "  U887X  and  "Oonfesslons, 

Houssaye,  Henri.  "Bom  nt  Paris,  Feb.  24  1848. 
A  French  historian  and  critic,  son  of  Ars6ne 
Houssaye.  His  chief  work  is  "Histoire  d'A'cibi- 
aile  et  dc  la  repuldiquc  atheuienne,  etc."(1873). 


Houston  (hus'ton  or  hous'ton).  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Harris  County,  Texas,  situate.!  on 
Butfalo  Uavou  45  miles  northwest  ot  LTalvestoii. 
it  is  an  important  railway. commercial,  and  •"«""  ;'^''":  p. 
center.  Its  trade  is  chieHy  lu  cotton,  cotton-oil,  sut,.  i . .  o 
lumber.  It  was  settled  in  1S36,  a,nd  »"^,,^«"i"'  ?.'.■" ^ 
capital  of  the  .State  in  1837      Population  ivm).  **-'^- 

Houston  (hus'ton  or  hous'ton),  Sam.  °""' 
near  Lexington-;  Va.,  March  2,  1,93:  died  at 
Huntsx-iUe,  Texas,  July  2:.,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  statesman.  He  served  in  the  w  ar 
oi  181-2  ••  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee  1823- 
IS27  ■  was  governor  of  Tennessee  1827-29 :  .as  comnian.lcr- 
in-chief  of  the  Texaiis  defeated  the  >l«'™'.y''  rt"s41 
cinto  April,  18.36 ;  was  president  of  Texas  1^6-38  an  1MI~ 
1844  ;  was  Inited  Slates  senator  from  Texas  1845-&9 ,  and 
was  governor  of  Texas  1859-61. 

Houyhnhnms  (hou'iumz  or  ho  mmz).  A  coni- 
munitv  of  horses  desciibed  as  endowed  with 
reason  and  intelligence,  in  the  fourth  part  ol 
"  (juUiver's  Travels,"  by  Jonathan  bwitt. 

The  Houyhnhnms,  beings  endowed  with  reason  but  un- 
disturbed and  untenipted  by  the  passions  or  struggles  of 
an  earthly  existence,  are  not  brutes,  and  are  not  to  be  coni- 
pared  with  men.    Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Prosellction,  p.  1,  i. 

Hoveden,  Roger  of.    See  Hor/er. 

Howadji,  The.  A  pseudonym  of  George  William 

Howard  (hou'iird),  Catharine.  Executed  Feb. 
1"  1542  Daughter  of  Lord  Edmund  Howard, 
and  fifth  iiueen  of  Henry  VIII.  whom  she  mar- 
ried July  28,  1540.  She  was  convicted  ot  adul- 
tfrv  aiui  condemned  as  a  traitor. 

Howard,  Frederick,  fifth  Earl  of  Carbsle.  Born 
May  28, 1748 :  died  at  Castle  Howard,!  orkshire, 
England,  Sept.  4,  1825.  An  English  politician, 
viceroy  of  Ireland  1780-82.  He  was  c  hiet  of  the 
commissioners  sent  to  America  by  Lord  North 

Howard,  George  William  Frederick,  seventh 

E'lrl  of  Carlisle:    earlier  \iscount   Morpeth. 
Born  at  London,  April  18,  1802 :  died  at  Castle 
Howard,  Yorkshire,  England,  Dec.  o,  1864.     An 
English  statesman.  He  was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland 
183,&41;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  15^52 ; 
and  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1855-58  and  186  «4      He 
wrote  "Diary  in  Turkish  and  Greek  Waters    (1854),  and 
other  works  in  prose  and  verse. 
Howard,  Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey.     Borti  about 
1517:  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  London,  Jan.  21, 
1547      An  English  poet.    He  was  known  in  youth  as 
"  Henry  Howard  of  Kenninghall,"  from  an  estate  owned 
by  his  Irandfather  in  Norfolk.    He  received  an  unusual  y 
gjod  education,  and  from  1630-32  lived  at  W  "i'^?"'- «")>,","= 
voung  Dukeof  Richmond,  the  natural  son  of  HeniT  \  HI., 
Smpanying  the  king  to  Fiance  in  1632.     Uc  r.-m'''n/;f 
at  the  French  court  for  about  a  year.    In  1541  he  was  in- 
sta  led  KnTght  of  the  Garter,  and  in  1543  joined  the  Eng  is 
forces  at  Lindrecles  with  special  recommendations  I  on 
Henry  VIII.  to  Charles  V.,  and  a  little  later  was  appomte.l 
"up-bearer  to  the  king.     He  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  Boulogne,  of  which  he  was  made  go^^roor  in  1545,  but 
wiis  recalled  to  England  the  next  year.     H^M-Vh liZk^ 
ill,  and.wheii  his  death  was  near  Surrey  s  fatlie  ,  'he  ""'''^ 
of  Norfolk,  who  was  premier  duke,  was  suspected  o  - 

ing  at  the  throne.  A  month  before  the  king  s  death  both 
were  arrested,  and  the  Dukeof  Norfolk,  as  peerol  the  rea  n, 
was  tried  by  his  peers.  The  Ball  of  Surrey,  however  who 
had  only  a  courtesy  title,  was  tried  by  a  jury  picked  fo 
?he-occasion,  who  found  that  he  "f^'^e'V  ■""'\™;",^  >'  "'I'' 
treacherously  set  up  and  bore  the  arms  of  Edwai  the  to  - 
lessor,  then  used  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  m'^cd  «'!'  »  »' 
jolneJ  with  his  own  proper  arms.  He  had  >"'  »«  "'J^^. 
arms  without  iiucstion  In  the  presence  of  the  king,  as  the 
Howanls  befori  liii.i  had  done  since  the  r  grant  by  Iticluid 
II.  Howas  tried  for  high  treason  and  beheaded  Ui?P"-' »» 
wore  llrst  printed  as  -Songs  ami  Sonetes  *■'  ■""y" 
Miscellanv  in  1557,  with  those  of  Sir!  homas  Wya  t,  lie 
w^the  first  English  writer  of  blank  verse,  translating  the 
"e^nd  and  fourth  hooksof  the  'E"eijl.i"t- >l";,'";"lil"''' 
with  Wyatt  he  introduced  the  sonnet  into  English  litera- 
ture. 
Howard,  John.  Bom  probably  at  Hackney,  Lon- 
don Sept. 2, 1726:  died  at  Kherson,  Kussia,  Jan. 
20  1790.  An  English  iiliilanthropist,  celebrated 
for  his  exertions  in  behalf  of  prison  reform.  He 
was  appointed  high  sherllf  of  Bedfordshire  In  1.  i.t,  and  he 
acquaintance  with  prison  abuses  which  he  K'^""  '  ^ 
office  led  t«  his  career  as  a  reformer.  After  a  c  re  ul  r- 
sonal  Inspection  of  the  prls.ms  of  l"''}'"^- ^Z,lwrt llv- 
Ireland,  he  visited  those  of  Par  s,  Holland,  !•  ^J";  "r 
many,  and  Switzerland,  and  later  made  a  secon.l  tour  In 
England      He  published  "  The  State  of  the  Prisons  n  Eng- 


Howe  lis 

of  BuU  Run  and  Fair  Oaks,  a  division  at  the  batUes  of  An- 
tietam  and  Fredericksburg,  and  an  army  corps  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  Gettysburg,  .Missionary  Ridge,  and  '-!'''"»- 
nooga  ;  an  J  led  the  right  wing  of  Shermans  army  ui  the 
march  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea.  He  was  chief  of  the  F  reed- 
men's  Bureau  18t;r.-74.  and  was  promoted  major-general 
in  ISsi;.  lie  rctir.-d  in  ls'.i4. 
Howard,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Surrey  and  second 
Duke  of  Norfolk.  Born  in  1443:  died  May  21, 
1524.  An  English  soldier  and  politician.  He 
defeated  the  Scots  at  Flodden  Field,  Sept.  9, 

Howard, Thomas,Earl  of  Surreyand  third  Duke 
of  Norfolk.     Born  in  1473  :  died  at  Kenninghall, 
Aug.  25,  l.')54.     An  English  soldier  and  politi- 
cian. He  became  lord  higli  treasurer  in  1523,  and,  on  the 
maiTiage  of  his  niece  CathMine  Howard  to  Henry  >  111- 
in  1540,  gained  great  inlluence  at  court.    Through  the  in- 
fluence of  his  rival  the  Earl  of  Hertford,  he  was  ordered 
for  execution  on  the  charge  of  treason  in  1547,  but  was 
saved  by  the  death  of  Henry  VIII. 
Howard,Thomas,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Born 
March  111.  1536  :  died  June  2, 1572..    An  English 
politician,  son  of  Henry  Howard,  eari  of  Surrey. 
He  was  the  Brst  subject  in  England  under  l.lizabelh,  m- 
iismuch  as  there  were  no  princes  oi  the  blood  and  he  was 
the  possessor  of  the  highest  title  of  nobility.    He  wa*  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  of  the  northern  counties  m  15.^9     He 
ispired  t«  become  the  husband  of  liars'  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  joined  a  conspiiacy  for  her  liberation,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  was  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 
Howard,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Arundel.    Born  July 
7,  1.186:  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Oct.  4,  1640.     An 
English  nobleman.      He  was  employed  in  various  dip- 
lomatic missions:  and  formed  the  llrst  large  collection 
of  works  of  art  in  England,  part  of  which  was  presented 
to  the  University  of  Oxford  by  his  grandson  under  tne 
name  of  the  Arnndelian  marbles. 

Howard  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  found- 
ed in  1867,  and  designed  especially  for  the  high- 
er education  of  the  colored  race,  but  open  to 
all  races  and  creeds.  It  comprises  preparatory,  nor- 
mal, collegiate,  theological,  medical,  law.  and  industrial 
courses.  It  lias  about  50  instructors  and  700  students. 
Howe  (hou),  Elias.  Bom  at  Spencer,  Mass., 
July  9,  1819:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  \.,  Oct.  3, 
1867.  An  American  inventor.  He  completed 
the  first  sewing-machine  in  1845  (patented  in 
1846).  „  „ 

Howe,  George  Augustus,  \  iseount  Howe.  Bom 
1724:  killed  at  Ticonderoga,  N.\  ..July  8, 1/58. 
A  British  general,  brother  of  Earl  Howe. 
Howe,  John.  Born  at  Loughborough,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  May  17,  1030:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  2,  1705.  An  English  Puritan  clergy- 
niau.  He  became  domestic  chaplain  to  Cromwell,  and 
settled  in  London  in  1675.  His  complete  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1724,  including  the  "  Living  Temple  of  God 

Howe  Joseph.  Born  neat  Halifax,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, Dec.  13, 1804:  died  at  HaUfax,  June  1, 1873. 
A  Canadian  politician.  He  became  secretary  of  state 
and  superintendent-general  of  Indian  alfairs  in  1870,  »nd 
in  1873  wiis  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia. 
His  "Speeches  and  Public  Letters," edited  by  W .  Annand, 
were  published  in  18.''8. 

Howe,  Mrs.  (JuUa  Ward).  Born  at  New  York, 
Mav  27,  1819.  An  American  poet  and  philan- 
thriiiiist,  wife  of  S.  G.  Howe.  Her  noems  were  col- 
lected in  "Passion  Flowers"  ("*«).,""  o,™»'V.'t-'i'"' w"l^- 
(ls,Mil,  and  "Later  Lyrics"  (1866:  including  "The  Battle 
Hvniii  of  the  Itepublic, '  which  was  written  during  a  visit 
to  the  camps  near  Washlngt.m  In  1861).  She  has  also 
written  "Sex  In  Education"  (1874X  "Modern  Society 
(ISSO),  "  .Margaret  Fuller,  etc."  (1SS3). 

Howe  Richard,  first  Earl  Howe.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, iliirch  8.  1726:  died  Aug. .'),  1799.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral.  lie  was  made  vice-admiral  in  1776.  and 
In  Feb  1778,  appointed  comnnindcr-in-chief  in  America. 
Here  he  conducted  the  English  naval  ojieral ions  after 
the  beginning  of  the  Uevolnti,.n  until  1778  when  he_ re- 
turned to  England.  He  »  as  llrst  lord  of  the  admiralty  l(».t- 
1788.  <  In  .1  line  1 .  1794,  he  defeated  the  French  oil  t  slianU 
In  179t!  be  was  promoted  admiral  of  the  lleet, 

Howe,  Samuel  Qridley.  Born  at  Boston.  Nov. 
Ill,  ISOI:  .iicilnt  liostoii.  Jan.9.  1876.  An  Ainer- 


r;rin^prinV/7^'i78;;n8M;uii7«.,^h..m,.be 
isi:hLr!;:i:ey!:^^C^XK8;nc:hrw.^trjf 

°.  f  "  t  e  ,  n."«-  of  examining  the  n.llltary  hosp  las 
Whic.  engaged  L  this  work  he  was  attacked  by  canipfeyer 
,md  'lied      He  was  burled  at  Dopliluovka.     Ills  labors  led 

lo  many  imporlaiit  reforms. 

Howard,   John   Eager.     Born  in  Ba  timoro 

County,  Md.,  June  4,  m".:  died  at  Baltimore, 
Oct.  12,  1827.  An  Ameri<'an  Kevolntionnry  olli- 
cer  "and  politician.  Ho  served  at  the  I'owj.ens  J"  17sl. 
and  was  gi.vernor  of  Maryland  V»9-Vi  and  I  nited  SUtcs 

Howard,' oiiver  Otis.  Bom  at  Leeds,  Maine, 
Nov.  H.  1S30.  A  Union  general  in  the  Amen- 
ean  Civil  War.    He  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  battles 


icaii  philanthropist.  He  became  superintendent  of 
thel'erklnslnslituteforthe  Blindal  South  Boston  In  18;tS, 
ami  was  I'nited  States  commissioner  losanto  liomlnKO  in 
1871  He  piihlished"  Historical  .Sketches  of  thcGreek  Hev- 
olution"  (1828),  etc. 
Howe,William,Visconnt  Howe  Born  Aug.  10, 
1729:  (lied  July  12,  1814.  A  British  general, 
brother  of  Eari  Howe.  He  succeeded  Oage  as  coni- 
mander-ln-chlef  In  America  1775;  commandecl  "<  H""''" 
Hill  1775;  and  gained  the  victories  of  Long  Islaii, ,  W  hllc 
Plains  (177(1).  Brandvwine,  and  Oermanlown  (l.ii). 
Howell  (liou'el).  James.  Born  in  Wales  about 
1.-.05-  died  ItUW.  .\ii  English  aullior.  best  known 
for  liis  "  Lctlers"  (lW.'-.-.55K  He  edited  the  third 
and  fourth  editions  ot  (^dgrive's  "l-rench  and  English 
D  tionary  "  (lii.'.o  a.id  KUVil,  and  compile.l  ■>  PolMf'"!  dic- 
tionary ''l-tJlcon  TetragL.tion  "(lOtK)),  with  a  cl,.u.sll\«l 
nomendator,  lists  of  pro\ .  rl.s,  etc. 

Howells  (hou'elz).  WilUam  Dean,  ^^"^f 
Martinsville,  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  March  ], 


Howells 

1837.  An  American  novelist  and  poet.  He  was 
United  States  consul  at  Venice  1861-6.1 ;  editor-in-chief 
of  the  '■  Atlantic  Monthly"  1871-81;  an  associate  editor  of 
■'  Harper's  Magazine  "  1886-91.  He  published  "  Poems  of 
Two  Friends"  (with  J.  J.  Piatt,  1860),  "Venetian  Life" 
(1866).  "  Italian  .Tourneys  "  (1869).  "  Poems  "  (1867).  Among 
his  chief  novels  are  '■  Their  Wedding  Journey"  (1872),  "A 
Chance  Acquaintance"  (1873),  "A  Foregone  Conclusion" 
(1874),  "The  Lady  of  the  Aroostook  "  (1876),  "The  Undis- 
covered Couiitry"  (1880X"Dr.  Breen's  Practice"  (1881), 
"  A  Modern  Instance  "  (1882),  "  A  Woman's  Reason  "(188:!), 
"The  Kise  of  Silas  Lapham"  (1886),  "The  Minister's 
Charge  "(1880),"  Annie  Kilburn  "(18SS), "  World  of  Chance" 
(1S9S).  ■    "   ' 


516 


Hudibras 


and  farces.     He  edited  the  "Cosmopolitan  "  in  189: 

Ho'We's  Ca'Ve  (houz  kav).  A  large  and  remark- 
able cave  near  Schoharie,  New  York. 

Ho-witt  (hou'it),Mrs.  (Mary  Botham).  Bom  at 
Uttoxeter,  England,  about  1.S04:  died  at  Kome, 
ISSS.  An  English  authoress,  wife  and  collabo- 
rator ofWilliam  Howitt.  Among  her  separate  works  .,..,., 
are  translations  from  Frederika  Bremer  and  Hans  Auder-  MuancayO  ( wan-Ka  yo). 
sen,  and  juvenile  works.  Her  autobiography  was  edited 
by  her  daughter  (1SS9). 

flo-witt,  William.  Bom  at  Heanor,  Derbyshire, 
England,  1792:  died  at  Rome.  March  3.  1879. 
An  English  poet  and  miscellaneous  author.  He 
wrote  "Book  of  the  Seasons"  (1831).  "  Rural  Life  of  Eng- 
land "  (183SI,  "Visits  to  Remarkable  Places"  (1840-42), 
"Rural  and  Domestic  Life  of  Germany  "  (1842),  "History 
of  the  Supernatural,  etc."  (1863),  "Northern  Heights  of 
London,  etc."  (1869),  etc.;  jointly  with  his  wife,  "Litera- 
ture and  Romance  of  Northern  Europe  '  (18.S2).  "Ruined 
Abbeys  and  Castles  of  Great  Britain'  (1862-64),  of  the 
Wye,  etc,  (1863),  of  Yorkshire  (186.1),  of  the  Border  (1866). 

Ho'Wle-glass.     See  Eidexspiericl. 

Ho'WTah  (hou'ra).  A  suburb  of  Calcutta,  sit- 
uated west  of  that  city  on  the  Hugli.  Popula- 
tion (1S91),  116,606. 

Ho'WSOn  (hou'son),  John  Saul.  Bom  at  Giggles- 
wiek,  Yorksliire,  England,  May  5.  1816 :  tlied  at 
Bournemouth,  Hants,  England,  Dec.  15,  1885. 
An  English  clergyman  and  author.  He  published, 
jointly  with  W.  J.  c'onybeare,  "Life  and  Epistles  of  St. 
Paul "  (1850-32),  and  wrote  "  Metaphors  of  St.  Paul "  (1868), 
etc. 

Ho'Wtll  (houth) .   A  peninsula  in  County  Dublin, 

Ireland,  on  the  northern  side  of  Dublin  Bay. 
Hoxter  (heks'ter).     A  manufacturing  town  in 

the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on 

the  Weser  43  miles  south-southwest  of  Han- 


to  the  Chancas  untU  both  tribes  were  con-  Hubet  (ii-bar'),  Frangols.     Bom  at  Geneva, 
he  Inca  Pachac_utec  Yupanqui,^about^l420.     jujy  o,  1750 :  died  near  Geneva,  Dec.  31,  1831, 

rations  on  the  honey-bee.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Nouvelles  observations  siir  les  abeilles  "  (1792), "  Memoirs 
sur  I'influence  de  I'air  et  des  diverses  substances  gazeuseg 
dans  la  germination  des  ditf^rentes  plantes  "  (1801).  He 
early  became  blind  from  excessive  study,  and  conducted 
his  scientific  work  thereafter  with  the  aid  of  his  wife. 

nierlvomjof  the  rrchertcrties  in  Peru,  and  was  noted  for  Hubcr  (ho'ber),  Johannes.      Bom  at  Munich, 

'     '-^     „_-..,...•-..  „v,.,...    _4ug_  13^1830:  died  at  Munich,  March  19,  1879. 

A  German  philosophical  writer  and  leader  of 
the  Old  Catholic  party,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy (1855,  extraordinary;  1864.  ordinary)  at 
Munich :  author  of  "  Philosophic  der  Kirchen- 
viiter"  (1859),  "  Das  Papsttum  und  der  Staat" 
(1870),  '-Der  Jesuitenorden "  (1873),  etc. 


subordinate 

quered  by  the  ... 

Their  descendants  are  now  merged  in  the  general  popu 
lation  of  Peru. 
Huancavelica(wiin-ka-va-le'ka).  1.  A  depart- 
ment of  central  Pern.  Area.  10,814  square 
miles.  Population,  about  100,000.— 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Huancavelica,  situated 
about  170  miles  southeast  of  Lima.  It  was  for 
merly  one  of  the  richest  cities  in  Peru,  and  ■ 
its  quicksilver  mines,  now  abandoned.  Population,  about 
.^,(XX). 


[e  has  also  written  a  number  of  short  comedies  Huanca'VlllcaS  (wan-ka-vel  kas).     A  powerriU 


tribe  of  Indians,  presumably  of  Quiehua  stock, 

who  formerly  inhabited  the  lowlands  of  eastern 

Ecuador,  between  the  river  Daule  and  the  sea. 

They  were  conquered  by  Huaina  Capac  about  1600,  and, 

under  Inca  domination,  occupied  the  same  region  at  the  ,  _.,,-t,  -^Tiio-i. 

time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.     Their  descendants  are  HubOr,  Johaiin  Rudoll.  Bom  at  Basel,  bwitzer- 

merged  in  the  general  population  of  the  Guayaquil  valley,     land,  1608 :  died  1748.  A  Swiss  historical  painter, 

.   ,  _    ,      A  city  of  Peru,  in  the     sometimes  called  "the  Tintoretto  of  Switzer- 

southwestern  part  of  the  department  of  Junin,     land." 

in  the  valley  of  Jauja,  10.880  feet  above  the  sea.  Huber,  Madame  (ThereseHeyne).  BomatGot- 

It  gave  its  name  to  the  constitution  promulgated ^there     tino-en,  Pnissia,  May  7. 1764  :  died  at  Augsburg, 


Nov.  11 1, 1839,  which  was  finally  superseded  by  that  of  Nov. 
25,  1860.     Population,  about  5,000. 
Huanta  (wan'ta).     A  town  in  the  department 
of  Ayacucho,  Pern,  about  200  miles  southeast 
of  Lima.     Population,  about  4,000. 

HuanuCO  (wii'no-ko),  or  GuanUCO  (gwa'no-ko).  XT  ,        Victor  Aims      Bom 

l.AcentraldepartmentofPeru,comprehendingHub^^^^^^^ 


part  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Huallaga  with  the 
adjacent  mountains.  The  mountains  are  rich  in  min- 
erals, and  the  valleys  near  the  Huallaga  are  covered  with 
forest.  Huinuco  corresponds  to  an  Inca  province  or  re- 
gion of  the  same  name.  It  was  settled  by  Gomez  de  Al- 
varado  m  1539.  Area,  23,000  square  miles.  Population, 
about  80,000. 
2.  Thecapital  of  the  department  of  Hudnuco,sit- 


Bavaria.  June  15,  1829.  A  German  author, 
wife  first  of  G.  Forster,  and  after  his  death 
of  L.  F.  Huber,  and  daughter  of  C.  G.  Heyne. 
Her  "  Erzahlungen "  ("  Tales")  were  published 
1830-33. 

Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
"  nearWemigerode, 


in  the  Harz,  July  19, 1869.  A  German  literary 
historian  and  publicist,  son  of  L.  F.  Huber.  He 
became  professor  at  Rostock  in  1833,  at  Marburg  in  1836, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1843.  He  retired  in  18,50.  He  ivrote  "  Die 
Geschichte  des  Cid  "  (1829),"  Chronica  del  Cid  "  (1844X"  Die 
neuTomantische  Poesie  in  Frankreich"  (1833),  "Die  eng- 
lischen  Universitaten  "  (1839-40),  etc. 


nated  near  the  river  Huallaga  170  miles  north-  Hubert  (hii'bert ;  F.  pron.  ti-bar    ,  Saint.     Pi. 
northeastofLima,foundedinl542.  Population,     ^I'l'^^^-f^^^^^J^^^^l^l^^ 


about  7,500. 

Huanuco  Viejo,  or  Hudnuco  el  Viejo  (wa'no- 
ko  el  ve-a'Ho).  An  ancient  Imiian  town  of  Peru, 
about  40  miles  west-northwest  of  the  present  city 
of  Huanuco.   The  remains  of  Incan  architecture  found 


Died 

patron  of  hunters. 
Hubert.      A  character  in  Shakspere's  "King 
John ."    He  is  Hubert  de  Burgh,  justice  of  Eng- 

^^^__^^^^ land,  created  earl  of  Kent.    He  died  1243. 

here  are  among  the  finest  in  existence.  TheVlace  was  set-  Hubert  de  BUTgh.  See  Burgh. 
tied  by  the  Spaniards  in  1539,  but  abandoned  soon  after  for  HubOrtUSburg  (ho-ber  tos-borg).  A  castle  near 
the  present  capital.  Some  silver-mines  in  the  vicinity  were  ^Vermsdorf,  Saxonv,  25  miles  east  of  Leipsic. 
worked  in  the  18th  century.  rj.|,g  p^a^e  of  Hubertusburg  was  concluded  here  between 

nover.    Near  it  is  the  castle  of  CorveL    It  has  a  church  Huaoul  (wa'ke).     A  place  on  the  Desaguadero     Prussia,  Austria,  and  Saxony,  Feb.  15,  1763,  ending  the 
of  St.  Kilian.    Formerly  it  was  a  free  imperial  city  and     jjiygj.   Bolivia    It  is  notable  for  the  battle  of  June  20,      Seven  Years'  War.    Prussia  retained  Silesia. 
Hanseatic  town.     Population  (1S90),  commune,  6,646.  ign, in'which the'spanishforcesunderGoyenechedefeated  Hubli  (ho'bli).      A  town  in  Dharwar  district, 

Hoxton   (hoks'ton).     A   district  in  Shoreditch     the  patriots  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  Upper  Peru  under  Cas-     Bombay,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  15°  20' 
and  Hacknev.  London.    " it  was  sometimes  caUed     telli.  ...i...      .  ^  e    ^-     i    *♦!„„„      N.,  long.  75°  12' E.     Population  (1891),  52,595. 

Hogsdon  and  Hog  Lane.  ...  In  the  •  Domesday 'record  Huaraca  (wa-ra  ka.  A  great  festival  of  the  an-  Hiibner  (bub'ner).  EmiL   Born  1834 :  died  1901 

it  is  entered  as  Hocheston,  and  in  a  lease  of  the  time  of     eient  Peruvians,  held  at  the  time  ot  the  summer  """"^'- v  '  •__...-..      

Edward  III.  it  is  mentioned  as  Hoggestori^  .  .Hoxton  goigtiee.  The  youths  who  had  attained  sufficient  age  and 
has  long  been  noted  fortoe  number  of  Its  charitablynsti-  strength  were  then  admitted  to  military  rank,  with  various 
wT    1 )  ThonAury,  Old  and  New  London.V.  524.      "J^^^o^j^g  ^nd  testa  of  endurance. 

Hoy  {hoi).  An  island  of  the  Ork-neys,  southwest  Huaraz  (wa-rath').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
of  Pomona.  It  is  high  and  picturesque.  Length,  ment  of  Ancachs,  Peru,  sitnated  on  the  river 
13  mile<;  &  i  i  o  Santa  about  200  miles  north  by  west  of  Lima. 

Hoyden  (hoi'den),  Miss.     The  daughter  of  Sir    Population,  about  17,000.  HnhriPr  Baron  Josenh  Alexander  VOn     Bon 

TJnbelly  Clumsy  in  Vanbmgh's  comedy  "  The  Hwma  (--^e -).^  A^plaui  at  fte^^^^^  Hub^ner.Bar^u  Joseph  iUex^^^  ^^^^ 


AGerman  philologist,  sonof  Rudolf  Julius  Hiib- 
ner.  He  became  professor  of  classical  philology  at  the 
University  of  Berlin  in  1870,  and  was  editor  of  the  period!. 
cal  "  Hermes  "  1866-81,  and  of  the  "  .\rchaologische  Zei- 
tung  "  1868-73.  He  published  "  Grundriss  zu  Vorlesungen 
Uber  die  romische  Literaturgeschichte "  (4th  ed.  1878), 
"Grundriss  zu  Vorlesungen  uber  die  lateinische  Gram- 
matik"  (2d  ed.  18sli,  etc. 

Bom 


Relapse,"  a  pert  and  amorous  country  girl.  She 
was  a  great  favorite  with  both  actresses  and 
audiences. 

Hoyle  (hoil),  Edmund.  Born  1672:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  29,  1769,  An  English  writer  on 
games.  He  published  "Short  Treatise"  on 
whist  (1742:  included  in  his  book  on  games). 

Hoz  (6th),  Pedro  Sanchez  de.  Died  at  Santi- 
ago, Chile,  1548.  A  Spaniard  who,  in  1537,  re- 
ceived from  Charles  V.  authority  to  conquer 
and  colonize  Chile.  Pizarro  had  already  given  the 
same  right  to  Valdivia,  and  to  avoid  conflict  he  arranged 
that  the  two  should  be  associated  in  the  enterprise  (1539). 
Valdivia  speedily  became  the  real  leader,  but  Hoz  re- 
ceived rich  grants  of  land  and  Indians.  During  Valdivia's 
absence  in  Peru  he  plotted  to  seize  the  command :  the 
plan  was  discovered  by  Villagra,  and  Hoz  was  beheaded. 

Hrabanus  Maurus.    See  Babanus. 

Hradschin.     See  Prague. 

Hrots'Vitha.     See  Hom-itha. 

Huaina  Capac,  or  Huayna  Ccapac  (wa-e'na 

kii'piik).  Born  at  Tumibamba  about  1-150:  died 
Nov.,  1525.     The  eleventh  Inca  ruler  of  Peru 


em  extremity  ot 

its  name  to  the  battle  of  Oct.  20,  1647,  in  which  Gonzalo 

Pizarroand  hislieutenant Carvajal defeated  Diego Centeno^ 

Huascar  (was'kiir),or  IntiCusi  Hualpa(en'te 

ko'se  wal'pa).  Born  about  1495  (according  to 
Cieza  de  Leon,  in  1500):  died  at  Audamarca, 
Jan., 1533.  Aninca  chief.   At  the  death  of  his  father. 


An  Austrian  diplomatist.  He  was  minister  at  Paris 
1849-59,  and  ambassador  at  Rome  1865-67.  He  has  pub. 
lisbed  "Sixtus  V."(1S71),  etc. 

Hiibner,  Karl  Wilhelm.   Born  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  June  14.1814 :  died  at  Dusseldorf.  Prus- 

^^....v...  ^...-..  ^^......-^ -■•- sia,  Dec.  5,  1879.     A  German  genre-painter. 

HuaiuaCapac(Nov.,1525),theempu-ewasdividedbetween  Hiibner,  Rudolf  JuliUS  BennO.  Bom  at  Ols, 
Huascar  and  his  illegitimate  brother,  Atahualpa.  Huas-  Silesia,  Pnissia,  Jan.  2i ,  1806:  died  at  Losch- 
carhad  the  southern  and  Larger  part,  with  his  capital  at     ^..^^^  ^^^^  Dresden,  Nov.  7,  1882.     A  German 

works  are  "Roland," 
The  Golden  Age, "  etc 


Cuzco.     W.ar  broke  out  between  the  two,  and  Huascar  was  ,.   ,      .      ,        .    . 

eventually  defeated  and  captured (1532).   After  Alahualpa  historical  painter.    Among  Ins  works  are 

was  seized  by  Pizarro  he  feaied  that  the  Spaniards  would  " Samson,"  " .Tob  and  his  Friends,      The  Goldei 

interfere  in  favor  of  his  brother,  and  by  his  secret  orders  ^       /jjj^n    gyarlste  Elgis.     Bom  at  Toulouse, 

""-°"-  "'°°  "■—'"'  France,  Aug.  1,  1813 :  died  at  Paris,  March  26, 


Huascar  was  drowned. 
Huastecs  (wiis'teks).  A  tribe  of  Indians  near 
the  coast  of  eastern  Mexico,  in  southern  Tamau- 
lipas  and  northern  Vera  Cruz.  By  their  language 
they  are  allied  to  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan,  and  those  ethnol- 
ogists who  hold  that  the  Mayas  came  from  the  north  be- 
lieve that  the  Huastecs  were  a  tribe  left  behind  during 


1860.  A  French  Roman  Catholic  missionary  and 
traveler  in  the  Chinese  empire.  He  published 
"Souvenirs  d'un  voyage  dans  la  Tartaric,  le  Thibet,  et  la 
Chine  "  (18.50),  "L'Empire  chinois  "  (1854),  "Le  Christian- 
isme  en  Chine  "  (1S57),  etc. 


neve  tnat  ine  Huastecs  were  a  uioe  leii  ociiiiiii  uuiiiig  „   ,,  ,,      ,,.       t-i^\       A  .,oi.i;omoT.tQrv 

theu-  migration.    At  the  time  of  theconquest  they  lived  in  Huddersfield  (hud'erz-feld).     A  parliamentary 


villages,"generallv  of  wooden  houses,  and  practised  agri- 
culture. They  re'adily  submitted  to  the  whites,  and  have 
long  been  Christianized.  Also  written  Huastecas,  lluax- 
tecos,  and  GuaUscos. 


Also  writ- 


Accordine  to  Bias  Valera  he  had  ruled  42  years  at  the  time  ■|T,,,+,,ofic       Sop  fitintiivov 

ofhisdeath.    Balboa  says  33  years.    He  completed  the  con.   nuaiUSOS.     f^ee  i^uaimvb.  ■„^„„j„„„;„   „f 

questsof  his  father,  Tup.ac  Inca  Yupanqui,  penetrating  far  Huayias   (wi  las).      A  colonial  intenaencia  01 

south  into  Chile  and  subduing  the  province  of  Quito, where     Peru,  now  the  province  of  Aneaehs 

he  fought  a  memoralile  battle.     During  his  reign  the  Inca     ^^^  Hiiailas. 

empire  attained  its  greatest  extent  and  splendor.    At  his  ^t n !««.*       Gnn  Tli,niv,n  Cnrtnf 

death  it  was  divided  between  his  two  sons,  Huascar  and  Huayna  CcapaC.     See  Suflina  Capac 


Hualapal,    See  Walapai. 

Huallaga  (wUl-yii'ga).  A  river  of  Peru  which 
flows  north  and"  joins  the  Amazon  about  lat.  5° 
6'  S. ,  long.  75°  40'  W.     Length,  about  650  miles. 

Huamanga      See  Guamanga. 

Huancas  ( wan'kas).  An  ancient  tribe  of  Peru- 
vian Indians,  of  Quiehua  stock  and  language, 
who  inhabited  a  portion  of  the  present  depart- 
ment of  Junin  (province  of  Jauja).    They  were 


Hubbard  ( hub'Jird), William.  Born inEugland, 
1621 :  died  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Sept.  14, 1704.  An 
American  historian  and  clergyman.  He  wrote  a 
"History'  of  New  England " (published  1815),  and  a  'Nar- 
rative of  the  Troubles  with  the  Indians  in  New  England 

Hubbardton  (hub'ard-ton).  A  toivn  in  Rutland 
County,  western  Vermont,  14  miles  northwest 
of  Rutland.  Here,  July  7, 1777,  the  British  under  Fraser 
defeated  the  Americans  under  Francis  and  Warner.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  488. 


borough  in  the  West  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Colne  15  miles  southwest 
of  Leeds.  It  has  important  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly of  fancy  woolens.  Population  (1901  . 
95.008. 
Hudibras  (hii'di-bras).  A  satirical  poem  by 
Samuel  Butler,  directed  against  the  Puritans, 
published  1663-78:  so  called  from  the  name  of 
its  hero,  who  is  a  Presbvterian  country  justice. 
Accompanied  by  a  clerk,  one  of  the  Independents,  he 
ranges  the  country  after  the  manner  of  Don  Quixote,  witB 
zealous  ignorance  endeavoring  to  coirect  abuses  and  re- 
press superstition. 

The  greatest  single  prodnction  of  vrit  of  this  period,  I 
might  say  of  this  countrj-,  is  Butler's  "Hudibras. '  It  con- 
tains specimens  of  every  variety  of  droUerj-  and  satire, 
and  those  specimens  crowded  t.igether  into  almost  eye^ 
page  The  proof  of  this  is  that  nearly  one-half  of  his  line* 
are  got  by  heart,  and  quoted  for  mottoes. 

HadM,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  9L 


Hudibras,  Sir  517 

Hudibras,  Sir.  A  rash  and  melanoholy  man  in 
Spensei"'s  •'  Faerie  Queene."  It  is  thought  that  the 
poet  intended  to  slmdow  forth  the  Puritans  in  this  char- 
acter.    See  Hrulibras. 

Hudiksvall(lio'dilis-viil).  A  seaport  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Sweden,  south  of  Sundsvall.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  4,804. 

Hudson  (hud'son).  [Named  from  Henry  Hud- 
sou,  wlio  discovered  it  in  1609.]  Ariver  in  New 
York,  rising  in  tlie  Adirondaclis  in  Essex  County, 
New  York,  tiomng  south,  and  falling  into  New 
York  Bay  in  lat.  40°  42'  N.,  long.  74°  1'  W.   it  is  Huelva,  Alonso  Sanchez  de. 

celebrated  for  its  picturesque  scenery,  especially  in  its 
course  tlirouph  the  Highlands  and  past  the  Palisades.  In 
its  lower  course  it  is  called  the  North  River.  Tlie  Mohawk 
is  itJi  chief  trihutar)'.  Length,  about  350  miles ;  navigable 
to  I'roy,  151  miles.  On  its  barilis  are  Troy,  Albany,  Kings- 
ton, Poughkeepsie,  Newliurc,  Fishkill,  Cornwall,  West 
Point,  Sing  Sing,  Yonkers,  New  York,  and  Jersey  City. 
Hudson.  A  city,  river  port,  and  the  capital  of 
Columbia  County,  New  Y'ork,  situated  on  the 


ville  on  the  east,  Cadiz  on  the  southeast,  the 
Atlantic  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the  west. 
Area.  4,122  square  miles.  Pojiulation  (1887). 
2.54.831.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  proviuce  of 
Huelva,  situated  on  the  river  Odiel  54  miles 
west-southwest  of  Seville.  It  has  sardine  fisheries. 
Near  it  is  the  convent  of  La  RAbida,  where  Columbus  was 
sheltered  and  received  efficient  aid  for  his  voyage.  The 
simple  buildings,  with  the  iron  cross  before  the  door,  the 
two  arcaded  courts  surrounded  with  cells,  and  the  large 
hall  of  the  prior  Marchena,  remain  very  nearly  as  when 
the  discoverer  sojourned  there.    Population  (18S7),  18,195. 

The  name  given 


Hugo,  Victor  Marie 

113.5 :  died  at  London,  Nov..  1200.  An  English 
pri-lute,  made  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1186. 
Hugh  of  Lincoln.  An  English  boy  alleged  to 
have  been  put  to  death  by  Jews  at  Lincoln, 
England,  1255.  He  is  the  subject  of  the"  Prioress'sTale  ' 
in  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales," and  of  "AlphoHsus  of 
Lincoln." 

Hugh,  or  Hugo,  of  Saint  Cher.  Bom  at  St. 
Cher,  near  Vienne,  France,  about  1200:  died  at 
Orvieto,  Italy,  1263.  A  French  cardinal  and 
theological  compiler. 

Hugh,  or  Hugo,  of  Saint  Victor.  Bom  about 
1097:  liied  Feb.  11.  1141.  A  French  mystical 
theolotrian.     His  works  were  edited  in  1648. 


the  story,  this  man  dieil  in  the  house  of  Columbus  after 
having  revealed  tn  him  the  secret  of  the  discover)'.  The 
report,  in  a  nmeh  less  deliidte  form,  and  without  the  name, 
first  appeared  ijj  Oviedo's  history  in  1636.  It  is  now  gen- 
erallv  discredited. 

.l^l'baTk  oYt^Tnids^n^TrlnUnruth-of  IT-  Huen-Tsang  (hwen-tsang').  See  HiouenT.ano. 
l.any.     Population  (1900),  9,528.  Huesca  (wes'ka)      1.  A  province  of  Aragon 

Hudson,  George 

ilicd  at  London, 

speculator,  known  as  "  the  railway  king, 
Hudson,  Henry.    Died  in  Hudson  Bay  (?),  1611. 
A   noted   English   navigator.     He  was,  perhaps, 
grandson  of  Henry  Hudson,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 


by  Gaivilasso  de  la  Vega  (1609)  to  a  sailor  or 

pilot  who  is  said  to  have  discovered  land  west  j.  ,i  -  ,  -,     4     ,7.  ••     ^  ■■  .  -,'\ 

of  the  Canary  Islands  about  1484.    According  to  Hugh  Capet  („!;»  ^a^pet ;  1<  ^ pron.  ug^  ka-.pa_)_. 


Died  OctT  24,  996.  King  of  France  987-996,  son 
of  Hugh  the  Great  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 
duchy  of  France  and  in  the  countship  of  Paris 
in  956.  He  was  elected  king  on  the  extinction  of  the 
direct  line  of  Charles  the  Great  by  the  death  of  Louis  le 
Faineant  without  issue  in  i(S7.  He  found  the  royal  do- 
main restricted  to  the  region  bounded  by  the  Sonnne,  the 
Loire,  Normandy,  Anjou,  and  Champagne  ;  and  was  pow- 
erless to  resist  the  great  feudatories  -  the  dukes  of  Nor- 
mandy, Brittany,  Burgumiy,  and  Aquitainc,  and  the  counts 
of  jianders.  Champagne,  and  Vermandois  —  each  of  whom 
surpassed  the  king  in  military  power  and  in  extent  of  ter- 
ritory.    He  became  the  founder  of  the  Capetian  dynasty. 


njed  Hughenden  (Im'en-den).     A  village  iu  Buck- 


Saragossa.     Population  (18S7),  l:i,(m. 
Hudscar  (wes'kiir).     A  town  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guardal  in  lat. 


Muscovy  Company  in  1556.     In  1607  he  was  sent  out  by 

that  company,  in  the  Hopeful,  to  sail  across  the  pole  to 

the  Spice  Islands.    He  reached  the  east  coast  of  Greenland 

(lat.  69'-70")  in  June  ;  sailed  northward  along  the  co.ist  to 

lat.  73" ;  thence  went  along  the  ice-barrier  to  Spitzbergen. 

reaching  lat.  80°  23';  and  returned  to  England,  discovering 

.Ian  Mayen  (named  by  him  Hudson's  Touches)  on  the  way. 

Ill  KiOS  he  attempted  to  find  a  northeast  passage,    (in 

5l,arch  25,  1609,  he  set  sail  with  the  Good  Hope  and  Hall 

Jiloon,  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,     _  ,q„ 

with  the  same  object ;  but  his  crews  mutinied,  the  Good      ''■'-°-  ,,    _.  t->       •    ,        t.  i   i-i 

Hope  returned,  and  with  the  Half  Moon  he  sailed  across  Huot  (u-ef),  Pierre  Daniel.      Bora   at  Caen, 

the  Atlantic  to  Nova  Scotia.    Thence  he  sailed  southward,     France.  Feb.  8,  1030:   died  at  Paris,  Jan.  26, 

exploring  the  coast  as  far  as  Chesapeake  Bay.    In  .Sept.     y-.y^      ^  French  prelate,  bishop  of  A^Tanehes, 

he  explored  the  river  afterward  named  for  hnn,  ascend-  411  „i ,,.     „         ,    ,.V,  .    *•     „ 

ing  it  nearly  to  the  sit«  of  Albany.    In  1610  he  sailed  in     and  a  noted  scholar.    He  wrote  "  Demonstratio  evan- 

the  Discovery  to  And  a  northwest  passage,  and  entered      gelica"(1679)    "  Censura  philosop  nai  cartesiana!     (   Cn- 

Hudson  Strait  and  Hudson  Bay.     He  wintered  on  James      tique  of  the  Philosophy  of  Descartes,    1689),  etc. 

Bay.    On  his  return  his  crew  mutinied,  and  on  June  23,  HueXOtzinCO    (wa-HOt-then'ko).      [A   Nahuatl 

1611,  he  was  bound  andwith  8  others  set  afloat  in  a  small     jj^me.]     A  town  on  the  eastern  base  of  the  Iz- 


square  miles.     Population  (1887),  254,958. —  2. 

The  capital  of  the  province  of  Huesca,  situated 

40  miles  northeast  of  Saragossa.    It  was  occu_ 

by  the  Arabs  from  713  to  1096,  and  was  probably  the  ancient 

Osca.    It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  of  the  15th  century. 

'The  great  recessed  west  door  has  fine  statues  and  reliefs, 

and  the  alabaster  reredos,  sculptured  with  the  Passion  of  tt,,_t,oo  nn"i/'i    Tn'hn       Rnrn  in  Couiitv  Tvrone 

Christ,  is  by  the  master  who  executed  that  in  the  PUar  at  HUgfieS  (hu/),  J  Oim^_  uora  in  >;0™ty  Yrone, 


inghamshire,  England,  31  miles  west-northwest 
of  London.  Hughenden  Manor  was  the  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Beaconstield. 


Ireland,  June  24,  1797  :  died  at  New  Y'ork,  Jan. 
3, 1864.  A  Roman  Catholic  prelate.  He  became 
bishop  of  New  Y'ork  in  1842.  ami  archbishop  in  1S60.  He 
founded  St.  John's  College,  Kordham,  in  1839. 


boat  on  Hudson  Bay.    They  were  never  seen  again. 

Hudson,  Henry  Norman.  Bom  at  Cornwall, 
■Vt.,  Jan.  28,  1814:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  10, 1886.  An  American  Shaksperian  scholar 
and  Episcopal  clerg^^nan.  Hepublished  "Lectures 
on  Shakspere  "  (1848), "  .Shakspere  :  his  Life,  Art,  and  Char- 
acters, etc."  (1872),  "  Studies  in  Wordsworth  "  (1874),  "  Es- 
says on  F.ducation,  etc."  (1883).  He  edited  Shakspere  (11 
vols.)  in  1851-5G  and  (20  vols.)  in  1880-81. 

Hudson,  Sir  Jeffery  or  Geoffrey.  Born  at  Oak- 
ham, Rutlandshire,  England,  1619 :  died  in  1082 
A  famous  English  dwarf. 
bigh  till  he  was  about  30  years 
beight  of  3  feet  9  inches.  He  made  his  first  appe 
served  up  in  a  pie  at  the  table  of  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham. After  the  marriage  of  Charles  I.  he  was  a  iiage  in 
the  service  of  the  queen.  He  had  many  adventures  ;  was 
a  captain  in  the  royal  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war;  and  had  his  portrait  painted  by  Vandyck.  Scott  in- 
troduces him  in  "Peveril  of  the  Peak."  He  was  finally 
arrested  in  1682  upon  some  suspicion  connected  with  the 
Popish  plot,  and  confined  in  the  Gatehouse  prison.  He 
was  released,  and  did  not  die  there  as  Scott  and  others 
state.    tHet.  Xat.  Biog. 

Hudson  Bay.  An  inland  sea  in  North  America, 
inclosed  liy  British  America  on  the  east,  south, 
an(l  West,  iind  partly  inclosed  by  Southampton 
Island  on  the  north:  called  James  Bay  iu  the 
south.    It  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  through  Hud 


37°  47'  N.,long.  2°  33'  W.'   Population  (1887).  Hughes,  Thomas.     Bora  near  Newbury,  Oct. 

"  """  20, 1.H23 :  died  at  Brighton,  March  22, 1896.     An 

English  author,  reformer,  and  politician.  He 
was  educated  at  Rugby  under  Dr.  Arnolil,  and  was  later  as- 
sociated with  Canon  Kmgsley  anil  F.  D.  Maurice  in  the 
movement  for  improving  the  condition  of  the  poor  know  n 
as  Christian  Socialism.  He  lectured  in  the  United  States 
in  1870,  and  in  1880  he  founded  the  "Rugby  Colony"  in 
Tennessee.  He  was  made  queen's  counsel  in  18C9.  and 
county  court  judge  in  1882.  (Sie  Jtughy.)  He  wrote  "Tom 
Brown's  School-Days"  (1856),  "The  Scouring  of  the  «  lute 
Horse  "  (1858),  "Tom  Brown  at  Oxford  "  (1861),  "1  he  Man- 
liness of  Christ"  (1879),  "Rugby,  Tennessee  "  (1881),  etc. 


tac-cihuatl,  in  the  state  of  Puebla,  Mexico.    At 
the  time  of  the  conquest  the  tribe  of  Huexotzinco  was  =" 


depe,S,rd  SSost  alTayTatwarwRh  Hugli,  or  Hooghly  (hog'le).   The  westernmost 

andtheirconfederates.    In  1.524aconventwase8tablishcd     channel  of  the  Ganges,  at  its  delta.      Calcutta 
there,  parts  of  which  are  still  occupied.  jj,  situateil  on  it.     Length,  145  miles. 

Hufeland  (ho'fe-liint),  Christoph  Wilhelm.  -^^gn  or  Hooghly.  A  city  of  Bengal,  on  the 
Born  at  Langensalza,  Prussia,  Aug.  12.  1  <t)2  :  n°,^{  .^i,out  25  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  Pop- 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  2:),  1836.     AuotedGeraian     „i,jtio]j   about  31,000. 

Hugo.     See  lJii(/li. 

Hugo  (hii'go),  Gusta'7.  Bom  at  Lorrach,  Baden, 
Nov.  23.  17tU  :  died  at  Gottingen.  Prussia,  Sept. 
15,  1S44.  A  German  jurist,  author  of  "Lehr- 
bucli  descivilistischen  Kursus  "  (1807-22). 


physician  and  medical  writer.    Ho  wrote  "Makro- 

biotik.  Oder  die  Kunst  das  menschliche  Leben  zu  ver- 

langeni  "  (1790),  and  numerous  other  works. 

if.    He  was  but  18 or 20 inches  Hufolaud,  Gottlieb.    Born  at  Dantzic,  Prussia, 

ars  of  age,  when  he  grew  to  the     ^  ^    ^g    ^-^q      j;    j     ^  HaWe,  Prussia,  Feb.  IS, 

He  made  his  first  appearance     y„,.i       >>,  ui>.  •  i  .       „„;  . 

-'-1     .  .         isn,    A  German  .lurist  and  political  economist. 


xox,  ^v^eri,«.u.|uii,...^..i,o,...v„...„^>..^..,..  Hugo(hii'g6;  F.  pron.  ii-go'),  Victor  Marie. 
Hug  (hoG),  Johann  Leonhard.     Bom  at  Con-     ^^    \j  Besancon,  Feb.  26,  1802:  died  at  Paris 


stance,  Baden,  June  1.  1705:  died  .at  Freiburi 
Baden.  March  11.  I.s4(!.  A  German  Roman 
Catholic  biblical  critic.  He  wrote  "  Einleitung 
in  die  Schrif ten  des  Neuen  Testaments  "  (1808), 
etc. 

Hiigel  (hii'gel),  Baron  Karl  Alexander  An- 
selm  von.  Born  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  April 
25,  1796:  died  at  Brussels,  June  2,  1870.  A 
German  traveler  iu  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  ami 
elsewhere.  He  published  "Kaschmir  und  das  Reich 
der  Sikhs "  (1810-42),  "Das  Decken  von  Kabul"  (1851-52), 
etc. 


80nStralt,andnitb  theArcticOceanthroughFoxChanneL   ......         i^  i  c      1        c.  <-i 

ItschieltribntaiiesaretheChurchillanil  Nelson,  Itwas  HugCr  (u-je'),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Santee,  b.C, 
explored  by  Henry  Hudson  in  1610.  Length,  about  1,000  isOo:  died  at  CliarlesUm,  Doc.  7,  1877.  A  Con- 
miles.    Greatest  widlh,  about  i»0  miles.  federate  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  commaml- 

HudSOn  Bay  Company.     A  British  joint-stock     ,.,i  ^  division  under  General  Johnston  at  I'air  Oaks,  and 
company  chartered  in  1670  for  the  purpose  of     under  General  Lee  al  Malvern  HilL 
puridiasing  furs  and  skins  from  the  Iniliaiis  of  Huger,  Francis  Kinloch.     Born  at  Charleston, 
British  North  America.  Itsoriginal  possessions,     y.  c.,  Sept.,  1773:   died  there,  Feb.  14,^1855. 
called  the  Hudson  Bay  Temtory,  were  ceded  to 
tlie  government  in  1870. 

Hudson  Bay  Territory.  The  territory  wa- 
tered by  the  streams  (lowing  into  Hudson  Bay, 
Kranted  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Cotnpany  in  1670. 
It  was  incorporated  with  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  in  1870.  It  is  known  also  as  Rupert's 
Land. 

Hudson  Strait.  A  sea  jiassago  connecting  Hud- 
son Buv  on   the  southwest  with  the  Atlantic 


An  American  oflicer,  nephew  of  Isaac  linger 
He  joined  Dr.  Kric  Bollnian  in  the  unsucccsBtul  attempt 
to  libeiatc  La  Fayelte  from  the  (orticsa  of  Oliniitz  In  1707. 
with  the  result  that  he  was  imprisoned  by  the  Austrian 
government  nearly  eight  months. 
Huger  Isaac.  Born  on  Limerick  Plantation, 
S.  C,  March  19,  1742:  died  Oct.  17,  1797.  An 
American  general  ill  the  Revolution,  llecom- 
mandcd  the  left  wing  at  the  battlcof  Slono,  June  20, 1779; 
wiui  ilefeated  by  Tarlelon  and  \\  elisler  at  Slonk's  Corner. 
South  Carolina  :  and  commanded  the  Virginians  at  Guil- 
ford Court  UoUBO. 


on  the  east:  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in  H^ggj^g  (i,„g'in/.).  Sir  William.  Born  at  Lou 


1517.  Length,  about  500  miles.  Breadth,  about 
100  miles. 
Hu6,  orHu6-fu  (hci-ii'fo').  The  capital  of  An- 
nam,  situated  on  the  river  Hu6  about  lat.  16° 
30'  N.,  long.  107°  35'  E.  U  was  foriified  by 
French  engineers.  Population  (estimated),  30,- 
000;  with  stiburbs,  50,000. 


.Inn.  I'ob.  7.  1.S24.  All  Kuglisli  astronomer. 
iiuiod  for  his  rcHcarclies  in  spectrum  iiunlysis. 
Hugh  (hii),  F.  Hugues  (iig).  "the  Great."  or 
"tTieWhite."  Died  .lime  ]6,9.")6.  Count  otParis 
and  Duke  of  France.  He  married  Ilodwig.  sister  of 
the  emperor  Otto  I.,  by  whom  he  becaino  the  father  of 
liugh  cupi'f. 


Huelva  (wel'vii).    1.  A  pro\'ince  of  Andalusia,  Hugh,  or  Hugo  (hii'go),  of  Lincoln,  or  of  Ava- 
Spaiu,  bounded  by  Badajoz  on  the  north,  Sc-     Ion.  Saint.      Born  ut  Avalon,  1  ranee,  about 


May  22.  1885.  \  celebrated  French  poet,  the 
recognized  leader  of  the  romantic  school  of  the 
19th  ci'iitiiry  in  France.  His  childhood  was  spent 
jiartly  with  his  mother  in  Paris,  and  partly  in  Corsica.  Klba, 
Italy,  and  Spain— wherever  his  father,  an  olllcer  in  the 
French  army,  could  gather  his  fainil)'  about  him.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  from  his  mother,  and  also  at  the 
hands  of  an  t)ld  priest,  Lai-iviere.  In  1815  he  went  to  schoid, 
anil  thence  to  the  Lycc^e  Louis-le-tiraiul  in  Paris.  In  1816 
he  wrote  his  first  tragedy, "IiUnii'ne."  While  sf  ill  al  school 
lie  began  another  tragedy,  "Atht^lie,"  and  composed  a 
melodrama, "  Inez  de  Castro,"  and  several  poems.  He  also 
competed  for  a  prize  of  the  French  Academy  with  a  poem, 
"Sur  Its  avantages  de  I'etude  "  (lsl7),  Agidn,  in  Isls,  he 
competed  with  his  poems  "Sur  linstitution  du  jury  "and 
"Sur  les  avantages  de  renseignement  mutuel,"  His  suc- 
cess encouraged  lliin  to  send  to  the  Academy  of  Floral 
Gaines  at  Toulouse  "  Les  derniers  bariies,"  "  Les  viergcs  do 
Verdun,"  and  "  Le  rt^tablisseinent  de  Iu  statue  de  llenrt 
IV."  (1819),  for  which  he  was  awarded  the  principal  prize. 
In  18"J0  he  took  aiu>ther  prize  with  his  poem  *'  .Moise  sur 
le  Nil, "  and  was  made  matlie  is  jeux.floraux.  In  1819  ho 
had  founded  a  fiutnighlly  review.  "LeConservatellr  LittiS- 
ralre":  ho  wrote  alwifor  "La  Muse  Fran^aise  "  1 1  is  poeti- 
cal ciunpositloliB Include  " Odes  et  poijsles di^erses "(18'J'i). 
"Xouvelles  odes"  (1821),  "(Ides  et  ballades"  (1826:  of 
which  a  revised  and  enlarged 
"Les  orientates  "  (IS'JO), 

"  Les  chants  du  ci-opusciilc  '  (1835),  "  Les  voix  Inlerleures 
(18:17),  "Lob  rayons  et  les  ombres"  (bSIO),  "Les  chiltl- 
ment8"(I8.5;i),  "Lesconteniplationa"  (18,Ml-.57),  first  series 
of  "  La  ICgendo  des  sli'des  "  (1859),  "  Les  chansons  des  runs 
et  des  bols"  (18(151,  "  l.'Aiiinc  terrible"  (1S72V.  "  L'Art 
d'etre  grand-pere" (1877).  second  scries  of  "l.u  legendodoa 
BlMes  '  (lS77X"Le  pape  "  (1878),"  la  pllle  »upr>>nie  "(1S79), 
"LAne  (ISSo)."  Religion  et  religions"  (1880),  "U'smiaire 
vents  de  I'esprlt"  (18S1),  third  series  of  ■'  Iji  Kgelule  des 
sl^cIe9"  (18S:l),  "Iji  till  de  .Satan  "  (1886).  "  DIeu"  (1891), 
"  route  la  lyre  "(1888-9,1).  As  a  draniatlBl  Victor  IluBO 
adapted  "Amy  Robsiirf  '  (18J8)  from  Scott's  "Kenil- 
worth,"  and  also  wmle  "('M'niwell  "  (1827\  "  Marion  De- 
loriiie  "  (is-iii).  "  Hcrnani  "  ( ls:)o),  "  U-  rxil  s  amuse  "  (IS;12), 
*Lucricellorgln"(18.'!.'i).  " Marie ■l'iidor"(183.')),  "Angelo' 
ns:i.5),  "Ksm.ralda  "(18:l6),  "  Itily  lUas"  (1838).  "  I*s  Bur- 
graves  "(184:1),  "'I'oniuemada"  (1882),  "Le  lliriAfrc  en  11- 
berti'  "  (I8,M'.).  and  "  I.es  jiiineaux  '  (1889),  Vlclor  Hugo's 
prose  wrlliiigs  are  "  llan  d'Islande  ''(1H23),  "  Bug  .largnl  " 
(1826).  "  Le  dernier  lour  d'jn  coudaniniS " (18:i»),  ">'otre 


.'ditfon  apjieaied  in  1828), 
1  (eilille«d'autoinne"(1831). 


Hugo,  Victor  Marie 

Dame  de  Paris  "  (1831),  '"'Litt^rature  et  philosophie  m6- 
16es  "  and  ' '  Claude  Gueux  "  (1S3-1),  "  Le  Rhin  "  (1842),  "  Na-- 
pol6on  le  petit  "(1862),  '*Les  mis^rables"  (1862),  "Victor 
Hugo  racoiit^  par  ua  t^moin  de  sa  vie  "  (1863),  "  William 
Shakespeare  "  (1804),  **Les  travailleiirs  de  la  nier"  (1866), 
"L'Hoiume  qui  rit"(1869),  "Actes  et  paroles"  (1872-76), 
"  Quatrevingt-treize  "  (1874),  "Histoii-e  d'un  crime  "  (1877- 
187S>,  '•  Choses  vues  "  (1837),  "  En  voyage  :  Alpes  et  Pyr6- 
n^es  "  (1800).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  Jan. 
7, 1841.  His  interest  in  politics  and  journalism  led  him  to 
found  a  newspaper,  "LEv^nement,"  in  1848.  After  the 
revolution  of  this  year  he  was  exiled  (in  1851)'from  France, 
not  to  return  till  the  fall  of  the  empire  in  1870.  Ht-  went 
first  to  Belgium,  in  1852  to  Jersey,  and  in  1855  to  Guernsey. 
Victor  Hugo  was  elected  a  life  member  of  the  French  sen- 
ate in  1S76.  and  the  last  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to 
litoraiy  work. 

Huguenots  (hu'ge-nots).  [The  name  as  applied 
to  the  Protestants  of  France  vras  first  used 
about  1560,  being  apparently  imported  from 
Geneva,  where  it  appears  to  have  been  for  some 
time  in  use  as  a  political  nickname.  Its  par- 
ticular origin  is  unknown :  no  contemporary 
information  has  been  found.]  The  Reformed 
or  Cahinistic  commimionof  France  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  The  Huguenots  were  the  Puri- 
tans of  France,  noted  in  general  for  their  austere  virtues 
and  the  singular  purity  of  their  lives.  They  were  perse- 
cuted in  the  reign  of  FYancis  I.  and  his  immediate  suc- 
cessors, and  after  1562  were  frequently  at  war  with  the 
Catholics,  under  the  lead  of  such  men  as  Admiral  Coligny 
and  the  King  of  Navarre  (afterward  Henry  IV.  of  France). 
In  spite  of  these  wars  and  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 
(Aug.  24,  1572),  they  continued  numerous  and  powerful, 
and  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  issued  by  Henry  TV.  (1598),  se- 
cured to  them  full  political  and  civil  rights.  Their 
political  power  was  broken  with  the  surrender  of  La 
Rochelle  in  1628,  and  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  by  Louis  XIV.  (1685),  and  the  subsequent  persecu- 
tions, forced  hundreds  of  thousands  into  exile  to  Prussia, 
the  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  England,  etc.  Many  settled 
in  the  colonies  of  New  York,Virginia,  etc.,  but  especially  in 
South  (Carolina.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  at  the 
prt'sent  day  to  the  descendants  of  the  original  Huguenots. 

Huguenots,  Les.  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  fii-st 
produced  at  Pai'is  in  1836. 

Hugues  (iig),  Victor.  Born  at  Marseilles,  1761 : 
died  near  Bordeaux.  Nov.,  1826.  A  French  ad- 
ministrator. He  went  to  Santo  Domingo  in  1778,  was  en- 
gaged in  the  revolution  of  1789,  and  was  deported  to  France. 
The  Convention  made  him  commissioner  to  the  French 
West  Indies  (1704),  where  he  reconquered  Guadeloupe  and 
took  St.  Lucia  and  other  islands  from  the  English.  In  his 
government  of  Guadeloupe  he  showed  extreme  cruelty  to 
those  opposed  to  revolutionary  ideas.  He  fitted  out  several 
privateers  which  preyed  not  only  on  the  English  but  on 
North  American  commerce,  nearly  provoking  a  war  be- 
tween  the  United  States  and  France  (1798).  Recalled  in 
Dec,  1798,  he  was  made  governor  of  Cayenne  in  1799,  finally 
surrendering  to  the  English  Jan.  12,  1809.  He  was  again 
governor  of  Cayenne  1817-19. 

Huilliches(wel-ye-chas').  [Araueanian:  ImUU, 
southern,  and  ch^,  people.]  The  name  given  to 
various  hordes  of  Indians  of  the  Araueanian 
stock  who  inhabit  that  portion  of  Chile  near 
the  Gulf  of  Ancud.     See  Araucanians. 

Hmtzilihuitl(wet-ze-le'wetl).  [Nahuatl, ' hum- 
ming-bird.'] Died  in  1414.  An  Aztec  sovereign 
of  Tenochtitlan  (Mexico)  from  1403.  He  was  a 
son  of  Acampichtli,  and  married  a  daughter  of  the  Tec- 
panec  chieftain,  thus  strengthening  the  alliance  between 
the  two  tribes.  It  is  said  that  a  regular  system  of  laws  was 
first  established  during  his  reign. 

Huitzilopochtli  (wet-zel-6-p6ch'tle).  The  war- 
god  and  principal  deity  of  the  ancient  Mexicans : 
'*the  mythic  leader  and  chief  deity  of  the  Az- 
tecs, dominant  tribe  of  the  Nahuanation  "  (Ban- 
croft). He  was  represented  by  a  hideous  stone  idol,  be- 
lieved by  Bandelier  and  others  to  be  the  one  now  preserved 
in  the  museum  at  Mexico.  As  he  was  supposed  to  be  of 
a  very  sanguinary  disposition,  immense  numbers  of  human 
sacrifices  were  made  before  the  idol.  When  his  gieat  tem- 
ple was  dedicated,  in  1486,  it  is  stated  that  70,000  victims 
(evidently  an  exaggeration)  were  slain.  It  appears  that 
he  was  also  called  Mextli  (whence  the  name  Mexico,  given 
to  Tenochtitlan). 

Hulin,  or  Hullin  (ii-lan'),  Comte  Pierre  Au- 
gustin.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  6,  1758 :  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  9,  1841.  A  French  general  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  He  became  adjutant-general  to  Bo- 
naparte in  1796,  and  general  of  division  in  1802.  He  pre- 
sided at  the  court  martial  which  condemned  the  Ducd'En- 
ghien  in  1804,  and  in  1812,  when  governor  of  Paris,  put  down 
the  conspiracy  of  Malet  to  subvert  the  empire. 

Hull  (hul),  or  Kingston-Upon-Hull  (kingz'tpn- 
u-pon-hul').  A  seaport  in  the  East  Kiding'of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Hull  into  the  Humber,  in  lat.  53°  45'  N., 
long.  0°  19'  W.  After  London  and  Liverpool,  Hull  is 
the  principal  port  in  England.  It  is  an  important  terminus 
of  steam-packet  lines  to  domestic,  continental,  and  Ameri- 
can ports,  and  a  center  for  extensive  fisheries.  Trinity 
Church  is  one  of  the  greatest  of  English  parish  churches, 
in  the  Decorated  and  Perpendicular  styles;  it  exliibits 
highly  interesting  tracery.  Hull  became  an  important 
port  under  Edward  I.  Itw:ia  the  birthplace  of  Wilham  WU- 
berforce.     Population  (HK)1),  'J-lM.tilS. 

Hull,  A  town  in  Ottawa  County,  Quebec,  on  the 
Ottawa  River  opposite  Ottawa.  Population 
(1901).  13,993. 

Hull,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Derby,  Conn.,  March  9, 
1773(1775?):  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  13, 1843. 


518 

An  American  commodore.  He  commanded  the 
Constitution,  which  defeated  and  captured  the 
Guerriere  Aug.  19,  l.Slli. 
Hull,  William.  Born  at  Derby,  Conn.,  June 
24.  1753:  died  at  Newton,  Mass.,  Nov.  29,  1825. 
An  American  general .  He  served  through  the  Revo- 
lutionary War ;  was  governor  of  Michigan  Territoi-y  1805- 
1814;  and  surrendered  Detroit  to  the  British  in  1812. 

Hullin.     See  HhUu, 

Hulse  (huls).  John.  Born  at  Middlewich,  Che- 
shire, March  15,  1708:  died  Dee.  14,  1790.  An 
English  clergyman.  He  bequeathed  estates  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  which  form  an  endowment  for  the 
Hulsean  professorship  of  divinity,  for  the  Hulsean  lec- 
tures (on  the  Christian  evidences,  or  in  explanation  of  diffi- 
cult or  obscure  parts  of  Scripture),  and  for  certain  Hulsean 
prizes. 

Hulst  (hulst).  A  town  in  the  Netherlands,  16 
miles  west  by  north  of  Antwerp. 

Huma,  or  Wahuma  (wa-ho'ma).  A  pastoral 
tribe  of  Galla  origin  which  has  given  toKaragwe, 
Unyoro,  and  Uganda  their  royal  families,  in 
these  3  kingdoms  they  are  found  as  herdsmen,  giving  wives 
to  their  Bantu  neighbors,  but  keeping  otherwise  separate. 
In  Unyoro  and  Karagwe  they  are  honored;  in  Uganda 
they  are  rather  despised.  Like  the  Galla,  they  are  a  fine- 
looking  race.  Everywhere  they  speak  the  Bantu  languages 
of  their  neighbors  in  addition  to  their  own,  which  must 
be  of  Hamitic  structure. 

Humahuacas  (o-mii-wa'kas).  A  tribe  of  Indians 
who  inhabited  the  valleys  and  plateaus  of  the 
eastern  Andes,  in  what  is  now  the  Argentine 
province  of  Jujuy  and  southern  Bolivia.  Tliey 
made  a  brave  resistance  to  the  Spaniards  from  1592  to  about 
1G50,  when  the  remnantswere  taken  to  Rioja,  farther  south; 
there  they  soon  became  extinct  as  a  tribe. 

Humahwi.     See  Humawhi. 

Humaita  (d-ma-e-ta').  A  town  of  southwestern 
Paraguay,  on  the  river  Paraguay  15  miles  above 
its  confluence  with  the  Parana.  The  river  is  here 
greatly  narrowed.  Humaita  and  an  advanced  post  to  the 
south,  called  Curupaiti,  were  strongly  fortified  by  the 
elder  and  younger  Lopez,  and  they  are  memorable  for  the 
long  siege  which  they  Kustained  from  the  Brazilian  and 
Argentine  forces  during  the  war  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 
The  works  were  abandoned  July  25,  1868,  and  were  dis- 
mantled by  the  Brazilians. 

Humawhi  (.ho-ma'hwe).  An  almost  extinct  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.     See  Palaihnilian, 

Humbaba.     See  Khunibaha. 

Humbe(hom'be).  A  Portuguese  fort  and  county 
capital  on  the  Kunene  River, West  Africa,  Sev- 
eral wars  have  been  fought  here  between  the  Portuguese, 
the  Boers,  and  the  natives.     The  native  name  is  Unkuiiibi. 

Humber  (hum'ber).  [^fE.  Humher,  Hioiibre, 
AS.  Humher,  Humbre.']  An  estuary  formed  b}' 
the  junction  of  the  Trent  and  the  Ouse,  England. 
It  lies  between  Yorkshire  on  the  north  and  Lincolnshire 
on  the  south.  Length,  about  40  miles.  The  chief  ports  are 
Hull  and  Grimsby.  It  was  the  boundary  of  ancient  North- 
unihria (Deira)  and  Mercia. 

Humbert  (hum'bert).  It.  TJmberto(om-ber't6), 

I. ,  Ranieri  Carlo  Emanuele  Giovanni  Maria 

FerdinandoEugenio.  Born  at  Turin,  March  14, 
1S44  :  assassinated  at  Monza,  near  Milan,  July 
29, 1900,  King  of  Italy,  son  of  Victor  Emman- 
uel, whom  he  succeeded  in  1878.  He  commanded, 
while  Prince  of  Piednn  mt,  a  division  of  General  Cialdini's 
army  at  Custozza  June  2-1, 18GG.  Tliemostiiot;ibk- event  of 
hisrfi!J,nwasthef.'niiatirin  i>f  the  Triple  Alliance  (in  1882). 
Humboldt  (hum 'bolt;  G.pron.hom'bolt),  Baron 

Friedrich  Heinrich  Alexander  von.  Bom  at 

Berlin,  Sept.  14,  1769  :  died  there.  May  6, 1859. 
A  celebrated  German  scientist  and  author.  He 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Frankfort-on- the- Oder  and 
Gbttingen,  and  after  traveling  in  Holland,  Belgium,  and 
England  continued  his  studies  at  the  Mining  School  in 
Freiburg.  From  1792  he  was  for  several  years  mining  en- 
gineer at  Steben.near  Bayreuth,  but  resigned  the  positinn 
in  1797  to  travel  in  Switzerland,  I  tidy,  and  Fnuxt-.  In  I'aiis 
he  became  acquainted  with  Aim6  Bonpland,  witli  whom 
he  undertook  from  1799  to  1804  a  scientific  journey  to  South 
America  and  Mexico.  From  1809  to  1827  he  lived  for  the 
most  part  in  Paris,  engaged  in  scientific  work.  After  1827 
he  took  up  his  permanent  residence  in  Berlin.  In  1829,  at 
the  instance  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  he  undertook  an- 
other scientific  expedition,  to  Siberia  and  the  Caspian  Sea, 
Subsequently.until  his  death,  he  lived  in  Berlin.  The  re- 
sults of  the  American  journey  were  published  in  a  large 
series  of  works  with  thegenenxl  title  "Voyage  aux  ri^gions 
6quinoxiales  du  nouveau  continent."  They  include  "Re- 
lation historique "  (1814-25,  covering  only  the  first  part  of 
the  trip),  "  Essai  politi(nre  sur  la  Nouvelle  Espagne  "  (1811), 
"Essai  politique  sur  I'isle  de  Cuba"  (1826-27),  scientific 
monographs,  atlases,  etc.  The  "Asie  Centrale"and  other 
works  describe  the  Asiatic  journey.  The  "Examen  cri- 
tique de  I'histoire  de  la  gif  ographie  du  nouveau  continent, 
etc.,"  a  work  showing  great  research,  was  published 
1814-34,  and  "Kosraos"  1845-58.  The  latter,  perhnps  the 
greatest  of  Humboldt's  books,  was  first  puldislit  -I  in  (ier- 
man.     Commonly  known  as  Alexander  vmi  Hunilmlilt, 

Humboldt.  Baron  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Chris- 
tian Karl  Ferdinand  von,  commonly  kno^vn 

as  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt.  Bom  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  June  22, 1767:  died  at  Tegel,  near  Ber- 
lin, April  8,  1835.  A  German  philologist  and 
author.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder  and  Gdttingen.  He  afterward  traveled  extensively 
through  Europe,  and  acquired  a  mastery  of  the  principal 
modern  languages,     t'rom  1801  to  18UH  he  was  Vrussian 


Humphrey 

minister  resident  in  Rome.  The  latter  year  he  returned 
to  Berlin,  where,  as  minister  of  public  instruction,  he  waa 
active  in  the  foundation  of  the  new  University  of  Berlin. 
Afterward  he  was  minister  resident  in  Vienna  and  a  mem. 
ber  of  the  Vienna  Congress.  Later  he  was  minister  resi- 
dent in  London,  and,  finally,  minister  of  the  interior  in 
Berlin.  After  1819  he  lived  for  the  most  part  at  Tegel.  His 
principal  work,  "Ueber  die  Kawisprache  auf  der  Insel 
Jawa"("On  the  Kawi  Language  of  the  Island  of  Java"), 
appeared  pusfhumously  at  Berlin  lS3(.>-40,  in  3  vols.  The 
intrudiiitiun  to  tliis  woik,"  IV-biT  die  Verschiedenheit  dea 
meiisrhliLlit  II  Spiaclii)aues  uiid  ihren  Einflussauf  diegeis- 
tigf  En twickulung  des  Meiischengeschlechts"  ("On  the  Dif- 
ference in  the  f'onstruction  of  Language,  and  its  Infiuenee 
upon  the  Intellectual  Development  of  the  Human  Race"), 
has  been  published  several  times  separately.  "Briefean 
eine  Freundin"  ("letters  to  a  Friend,"  Charlotte  Diede) 
appeared  tlrijt  in  1847.  His  collected  works  were  published 
at  Berlin,  1S41-52,  in  7  vols.     Brother  of  the  preceding. 

Humboldt  (hum'bolt)  Lake,  or  Humboldt  j 
Sink.  A  lake  in  the  west  of  Nevada,  with  no  \ 
outlet  to  the  sea. 

Humboldt  Mountains.    A  range  of  mountains  J 

in  the  eastern  part  of  Nevada. 
Humboldt  River.     A  river  in  Nevada,  flowing  | 

into  Lake  Humboldt.  Length,  about  350  miles. 
Its  valley  is  traversed  by  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad. 

Hume  (hum),  David.  [The  name  Hume  is  the 
same  as  Home.']  Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  26 
(O.  S.),  1711 :  died  there,  Aug.  25,1776.  A  fa- 
mous Scottish  philosopher  and  historian.  He 
studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  went  to  France  in  1734,  where  he 
remained  until  1737,  chiefly  at  La  FUche  in  Anjou  ;  retired 
to  S'inewells,  Berwickshire,  in  1740  ;  became  a  companion 
to  the  Marquis  of  AnnandaJe  in  1745,  and  was  dismissed  in 
1746  ;  became  secretary  to  General  St.  Clair,  by  whom  be 
was  appointed  judge-advocate,  and  whom  he  accompanied 
on  an  embassy  to  Vienna  and  Turin;  was  appointed  keeper 
of  the  Library  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  at  Edinburgh  in 
1752  ;  visited  France  1763-60  ;  and  was  under-secretaryof 
state  1767-GS.  He  is  chiefly  celebrated  as  the  expounder 
of  skeptical  views  in  philosophy,  which  have  pioduced  an 
extraordinary  effect  upon  all  metaphysical  thinking  since 
his  day.  He  wrote  "A  Treatise  of  Human  Nature,  etc." 
(1739-4U),  "  Essays,  Moral  and  Political "  (1741-42),  "Philo- 
sophical  Essays  concerning  Human  UnderstaTiding"(1748: 
afterward  called  "An  Enquiry  concerning  Human  Under- 
standing "), "  Political  Discourses  "  (1751),  "An  Enquiry  con- 
cerning the  Principles  of  Morals"  (1751),  "Four  Disserta- 
tions "(1757), "  History  of  England  "(1754-61), "  Natural  His- 
tory of  Religion  "(1757),  "Two Essays "(1777),  "Dialogues 
concerning  Natural  Religion  "  (1779).  Collected  works  ed- 
ited by  Green  and  Grose  (4  vols.,  1S74) ;  life  by  J.  H.  Burton 
(1S46). 

Hummel  (hom'mel),  Johann  Nepomuk,  Born 

at  Presburg,  Hungary,  Nov.  14,  1778 :  died  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Oct.  17, 1837.  A  noted  Ger- 
man pianist  and  composer  for  the  pianoforte, 
author  of  concertos,  sonatas,  operas  (3),  etc.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Mozart^  kapellmeister  to  Prince  Esterhiizy 
1804-11.  conductor  at  Stuttgart  1816,  and  later  (1820)  con- 
ductor at  Weimar. 

Hummums,  The.    See  the  extract. 

In  the  southeast  corner  of  the  market-place  (Covent  Gar- 
den), and  occupying  that  portion  which  was  destroyed  by 
fli-e,  are  two  hotels,  known  by  the  strange  names  of  the 
''Old  Hummums  "and  the"  New  Hummums."  The  name 
is  a  corruption  of  "  Humoun."  Mr.  Wright,  in  his  "  His- 
tory of  Domestic  Planners  of  England,"  says:  "Among  the 
customs  introduced  from  Italy  was  the  hot  sweating  bath 
which,  under  the  name  of  the  hothouse,  became  widely 
known  in  England.  .  .  .  These  "Hummums,"  however, 
when  established  in  London,  seem  to  have  been  mostly  fre- 
quented by  women  of  doubtful  repute.  .  .  .  They  soon 
came  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  intrigue,  which  grad- 
ually led  to  their  suppression. 

Tiiornbury,  Old  and  New  London,  III.  25L 

Humorists,  The.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1671.  In  this  play  the  word 
humorist  has  its  early  meaning  of  a  capricious 
person. 

Humorous  Lieutenant, The.  A  play  by  Fletch- 
er, probably  produced  between  1618  and  1625, 
printed  in  1647. 

Humperdink   (horn '  per-  dingk),   Engelbert. 

Born  Sept.  1, 1854.     A  noted  German  composer. 
His  opera  "Hansel  und  Gretel."  produced  at  Weimar] 
Dec.  23, 1893,  has  earned  for  him  the  title  of  "the  modera  j 
Wagner. "  i 

Humplirey  (Imm'fri),  Duke  of  Gloucester,  called  j 
"  Good  Duke  Humphrey."    Born  1391:  died  at  j 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Feb.  23, 1447.  The  youngest! 
sonof  HenrvIV.by  his  first  wife,  Mary  Bohun.  He  j 
studied  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  was  noted  as  a  patron  ' 
of  learning  and  a  collector  of  booiis.     He  was  the  founder, 
by  his  gifts  of  books,  of  the  library  of  that  university.     In 
1420  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  England,  and  held  that  i 
office  nntil  the  return  of  Henry  V.  in  1421.     On  Henry's  j 
death  Gloucester,  though  only  deputy  for  Bedford,  became 
practically  protector  of  the  young  king  Henry  VI.,  through 

Bedford's'  c iiinitioii  w  illi  altairs  in  France.     In  1422  he 

married  .laciiuelinL,  only  daiipliter  of  William  VI.,  count 
of  Hainault,  to  whose  estates  she  had  succeeded,  but  of 
which  she  had  been  deprived;  and  in  1424  conquered  Hai- 
nault and  was  proclaimed  its  count.  In  142g  his  mai-riage 
with  .Jacqueline  was  annulled,  and  he  soon  married  his 
mistress,  Eleanor  Cobham.  His  protectorate,  which  was 
throughout  unfortunate,  was  terminated  by  the  coronation 
of  Henry  VI.,  Nov.  (■,,1429.  In  1441  he  wasdisgraced  through 
the  dialings  of  his  wife  with  the  astrologer  Eolingbroke. 
(See  Cuhham,  Kleitmir.)  In  1447  he  was  arrested  by  order 
of  the  king,  and  in  a  few  days  died. 


Humphrey,  Heman 

Humphrey,  Heman.  Bom  at  West  Simsbury, 
Harrlord  County,  t'onii.,  March  26,  1779 :  died 
at  fittsfleld,  Mass.,  April  3,  1861.  An  Ameri- 
can Congregational  clergyman  and  educator, 
president  of  Amherst  College  1823-4.5.  He  pub- 
lished "  Tour  in  France,  etc.''  (1838). 

Humphrey  Clinker,  The  Expedition  of.    A 

novel  by  Tobias  George  Smollett,  published  in 
1771.     ft  is  written  in  the  form  of  letters. 

They  [Mr  <^id  Mrs.  BramMeoii  their  expedition  in  search 
of  health)  pick  up  a  postilion  named  Humphrey  Clinker, 
a  convert  to  tlie  new  doctrines  of  Whitetield  and  Wesley, 
who  afterward  turns  out  to  lie  a  natural  sun  of  Mr.  Bramble 
himself,  and  who,  after  converlin;,'  lliss  Taljitha  and  Ml-s. 
Winifred  [Mrs.  Bramble's  maid],  marries  the  latter. 

Fursylh,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  289. 

Humphreys  (hum'fi-i/.),  Andrew  Atkinson. 

Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  2,  ISKI:  died  at 
Washington,  Dec.  27.  1883.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Union  army  in 
the  Civil  War,  commanding  a  division  at  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg in  18ti3,  and  a  corps  in  the  operations  about  Peters- 
burg 131M-65.  He  was  chief  of  engineers  in  the  United 
States  army  1866-79. 
Humphreys,  David.  Bom  at  Derby,  Conn., 
July,  17.52:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  21, 
1818.  Au  American  poet  and  difilomatist.  He 
published,  with  Barlow,  Hopkins,  an<l Trumbull,  the  "An- 
archiad  "  (178(>-8.s).  His  collected  works  were  published 
1790  and  18IM 

Humphrey's  Clock,  Master.  See  Master  Hum- 

phriii. 

Humphrey's  Walk,  Duke.  A  name  given  to 
the  middle  aisle  of  St.  Paul's  Church  in  London, 
on  account  of  the  tomb  of  Duke  Humphrey,  the 
son  of  Henry  IV.,  which  was  said  to  ))e  there. 

HumpoletZ  (hom'po-lets).  A  town  in  south- 
eastern Bohemia,  57  miles  southeast  of  Prague. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,913. 

Humuya  (o-mo'ya),  or  Ulua  (o-lo'it).  A  river 
in  Hondiu-as  which  flows  northward  and  falls 
into  the  Gulf  of  Honduras. 

Huna(ho'na).  Bom  212:  died  297.  The  prin- 
cipal of  the  Talmudic  Academy  in  Sora,  Meso- 
potamia. He  was  distinguished  both  for  learn- 
ing and  charity. 

Hunah  (ho'nii).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, living  on  Chichagof  Island,  Alaska.  They 
number  908.     See  Koluschan. 

Hu-nan,orHoonan(h6-nan').  A  i^rovinee  in 
central  China.  Area,  82,000  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 21,002,604. 

Himcamunca  (hung'ka-mimg'ka).  A  character 
in  Fielding's  burlesque  tragedy  "Tom  Thumb 
till-  Great."  She  is  the  daughter  of  King  Arthur  and 
Queen  DoUallolla,  and  is  sweet,  gentle,  and  amorous. 

Hunchback,  The.  A  comedy  by  J.  Sheridan 
Knowles,  produced  in  1832. 

Hundred  Days,  The.  The  period  of  about  100 
days,  from  the  middle  of  March  to  June  22,  1815, 
during  which  Napoleon  I.,  after  Ids  escape  from 
Elba,  made  his  final  effort  to  reestablish  his  em- 
pire. It  ended  in  the  crushing  defeat  at  Water- 
loo and  his  abdication. 

Hundred  Years'  War.  The  series  of  wars  be- 
tween Engl.ind  and  France  about  1338-14.53. 
The  English,  generally  victors  in  these  wars  down  to  about 
1430(C'r6cy,  Poitiers,  Apiiicourt,  etc.),  and  rulers  of  a  great 
part  of  JYancc.  were  tinally  expelled  entnely,  except  from 
Calais,  which  tliey  retained  for  about  a  century  longer. 

Hnndsriick  (honts'riik).  A  mounluin-range  in 
west<>rn  Germany,  between  the  Moselle  and 
Nahe,  connected  \vith  the  Vosges. 

Hunfalvy  ( hon'f ol-ve),  Jdnos.  Bom  at  Gross- 
Schlagendorf,  Zips,  Himgary,  .luuo  9, 1820:  died 
Dec.  6, 1888.  A  Hungarian  grugrapher,  brother 
of  Piil  Hunfalvy.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Phys- 
ical Geography  of  Hungary"  (18(>3-6U). 

Hunfalvy,  PAl.  Born  at  Gross-Sihlagendorf, 
Zips,  Hungary,  March  12,  1810:  dieil  Nov.  30, 
1891.  A  lluugarian  philologist  and  ethnog- 
rapher. 

Hungarian  Insurrection.  A  rising  in  Hungary 

against  the  tyranny  of  .\ustria,  1848-49.  Kos- 
suth was  ttie  (;bi',-f  leiid.'-r.  The  overthrow  of  .Metternich, 
the  reactionary  niiiii.^li-r,  at  Vienna  in  March,  1848,  was 
Innnedratfly  f.dlowed  by  a  revolutionary  movement  in 
Pest.  The  emperor  l-'erilinand  was  forcO'l  to  grant  a  sepa- 
rate Hungarian  ministry,  but  encouraged  .lellachieh,  the 
Ban  of  Croatia,  to  rrvnlf  against  Hungary.  In  t»ct,,  I81H. 
Hungary  ruse  in  insurrection.  'I'he  war  eontiiuied  under 
the  relgti  of  Francis  .loseph  (who  succeeded  [tec.  "2).  The 
chief  Hungarian  generals  were  llorgei.  Klapka.  item,  and 
DenibiuHkl.  In  April,  1H19,  (he  Hungarians  declared  tlndr 
Indepenilence,  and  proclainud  their  country  a  republic, 
with  Kossuth  as  governor.  I'.y  the  aid  of  Kus^lan  armies 
the  Austrians  con<iuered  the  country,  (iorgei  surrendered 
the  main  army  at  Vil.-'igos  Aug.,  1>19,  and  Kossuth  escaped. 
Austria  restored  the  constitutional  liberties  of  the  king- 
dom in  1M67. 
Hungary  (htmg'ga-ri).  [ME.  Ilunqaric,  Uon- 
garie,  Ot\  flnnfinrir,  F.  Ifnnrjrir,  Sp.  Pg.  TTini- 
gria,  It.  Uiiglinin,  Oni/iirin,  MIj.  IIinK/nriti  (G. 
Ungam),  from  Uungdri,   L'ngan,   Cngri,   I'gri, 


519 


Huntingdon 


middle  of  last  centtiry,  conceived  the  idea  that  the  Huns 
might  be  thus  identified,  and  with  intlidte  pains  has  writ- 
ten out  their  history  from  Chinese  sources,  and  has  exhiiv 
ited  it  in  its  connection  with  that  of  llie  various  Tartar 
conquerors,  who.  since  their  ilay,  liave  poured  down  upon 
the  civilised  kingdoms  of  Europe  and  .Asia  and  wasted 
them.  Uodffkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  5. 


MGr.  Oi7ypoi,  a  name  given  to  the  Magyars.  The 
Magyar  name  of  the  country  is  M(Uii/urorszdg.'\ 
A  country  of  central  Eiuope:  a  name  used  in 
three  distinct,  more  or  less  extended  senses, 
(o)  The  Transleithan  division  of  the  Austrian- 

Hungarianmouarchy,iucludingHungaryproper  „„^„  Ttn,;*„  ,.t>„i,*i,«i;+«,.  \.,  „..„io„+ ,„»r, 
with  Transvlvania,  Crotitia  a.ul  Slavonia,  and  Huns,  White  or  Ephthahtes  An  ancient  peo- 
...       „     T   "., .  -.■     ,-1  ,1    -,1,  1.,  ,.i„     pie  in  central  Asia,  near  the  Uxus.    Theywereso 

tiume.  In  this  sense  It  .s  a  kingdon.  united  wh.A,usia  J/^^j  ^  the  Greeks  on  account  of  their  cH-Uization.  It 
in  apersoual  union  under  tlie  en.].e.  „, ,  hut  having  its  ow  n      .^  supposed  that  they  became  established  in  tlie  region 

after  the  great  emigration  of  the  Huns.  They  were  finally 

blended  with  the  I'm-ks. 

Hunt  (hunt),  James  Henry  Leigh.  [The  sur- 
name Hunt  is  from  ME.  Iiiintt .  AS.  hiuita,  a 
hunter.]  Born  at  Southgate,  near  London,  Oct. 
19,  1784 :  died  at  Putney,  near  London.  Aug.  28, 
18.59.  An  English  essaT,-ist.  poet,  and  miscel- 
laneous author.  His  chief  works  are  essays,  the  poem 
■' .story  of  Rimini "  (1S16),"  Recollections  of  Lord  Byron  " 
09U,'292.  (fc)  Hungary  proper  and  Transylvania  (1828),  "Autobiography " (I8.i0). 
(now  ineorporateii  with  it).  This  is  the  main  part  Hunt,  Richard  Morris.  Bora  at  Brattleboro, 
of  thel'ransleithandivision  justdescribed.  Area,  108,2.')8  Vt.,  Oct.  28,  1828:  died  July  31,  1895.  An 
square  miles.    Pojiulatioii  (1900),  16,056,904.    (c)  Hun-     American  architect,  brother  of  W.  M.  Hunt. 


Reichstag  at  liudap,  st :  thi~  is  couiposeil  of  a  Table  of  Maj 
nates  and  a  Chamber  of  Deptitiest  numbering  4f»;>),  and  legis- 
lates in  general  for  the  Iranslcithan  cU\isi(Ui,  and  in  par- 
ticular for  Hungary  and  Transylvania.  In  the  Hungarian 
part  of  the  empire  less  than  one  half  are  Magyar,  the  re- 
mainder being  Kumaniaus,  Germans,  Slovak.-,  Seibo-Croa- 

tians,  Ruthenians.  etc.     As  regards  wW^i the  Roman 

Catholics  are  more  nmuerous  than  the  i;riM-k  l.'hnrch,  Prot- 
estants, and  Israelites.  (For  Croatia,  Sliiruniii,  Traiufiilva- 
nia,  see  these  names;  for  the  empire  in  general,  see  Aug- 
Iria.)    Area,  125,0;)9  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  19, 


Silesia(separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  north,  Galicia 
(separated  by  the  Carpatliians)  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
Bukowina  and  Transylvania  on  the  east,  Seivia  (separated 
by  the  Danube)  and  Croatia-Slavonia  (separated  by  the 
Drave)  on  the  south,  and  .Styria  and  Lower  Austria  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Leithaand  March)  on  the  west.  TheCarpathi 
ans  are  in  the  north  and  east;  the  Bakony  Wald  anil  spurs 


1892.  An  American  chemist,  mineralogist,  and 
geologist.  He  was  chemist  and  mineralogist  to  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada  1847-72,  and  was  professor  ot 
geology  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
1872-78.  He  wrote  "Chemical  and  Geological  Essays" 
(1874),  "The  Domain  ot  Physiology'  (2d  ed.  1882),  -A 
New  Basis  for  Chemistry"  (1887),  etc. 


of  the  Alps  are  west  of  the  Danube    The  leading  physical  -rr-.'-i  •nTiVliaTn  TtATitTr    Rom  ,nt  London   March 

features  kre  the  great  plains  of  the  Danube  and  Theiss.  ■'f,^*J  ^  imam  ilenry.  isom  at  J^^ 

The  country  produces  large  quantities  of  wheat,  barley,  28,  1/90 :  died  Feb.  10,  1864.  An  English  painter 

rye,  Indian  corn,  wine  ;  the  mineral  products  are  coal,  salt,  in  water-colors. 

iron,lead,copper,  silver,  gold,  etc.;  the  exports  are  wheat,  Hunt,  William  HolmaU.        Born    at   London, 


flour,  barley,  live  stock,  etc  Including  Transylvani:i,  Hun 
gary  has  63  counties.  The  capital  and  principal  city  is 
Budapest.  The  dominant  people  in  Hungary  proper  are 
the  JIagyars.  Hungary  proper  was  in  part  included  in 
Pannonia  and  Dacix  The  settlement  of  the  Magyars  un- 
der Arpad  took  place  about  896.  The  Magyars  made  many 
attacks  on  neighboring  lands,  and  were  defeated  by  Henry 
the  Fowler  and  by  Otto  the  Great  on  the  Lechfeld  (9;.5). 


1827.  An  Eijglish  painter,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Preraphaelite  school.  He  first  e.\hibited  in 
the  Royal  Academyin  1S46.  Among hiswoiks  are  "Awak- 
ened Conscience  "and  "  Light  ot  the  World  '  (18.'.4),"  Find- 
ing of  the  Saviour  in  the  Temple  "  (18l«),  "Isabella  and 
the  Pot  of  Basil "  (1808),  "The  Shadow  of  Death  "  (1873), 
'  Portrait  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti "  (1884). 


Hungary  was  Christianized  in  the  end  of  the  loth  century,   Huut.  William  MorriS.     Born  at  Brattleboro, 

,  1    .  .     .      _    _  ,.; I 4....  a,    ..',..—1-....  :.,  ii'uiA         iti>,.i,.i>        —  I-  ,       —       .^,   ..  ...       .         .T.  ...-1,  1 


and  became  a  kingdom  under  St.  Stephen  in  lOoO.  During 
the  next  two  centuries  it  increased  its  territories  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  Slavs.  The  constitution  of  the  "Golden  Bull' 
was  granted  in  1222.  The  country  was  terribly  ravaged  by 
the  Mongols  in  1241.  The  Arpad  dynasty  came  to  an  end  in 
1301,  and  was  followed  by  the  house  of  Anjou  (1309),  under 
which  Hungary  came  to  occupy  a  commanding  position. 
Louis  uniteil  the  crowns  of  Hungary  and  Poland  1370-82  . 
and  they  were  again  united  under  Ladislaus,  who  died  in 
1444.  War  against  the  Turks  was  carried  on  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Hunyady  (1442-56).  Matthias  Corvinus  reigned 
14.i8-90.  The  crowns  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  were 
united  1490-1626.  On  the  overthrow  of  the  Hungarians  by 
the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Mohacs  in  1S26,  a  great  part  of 
Hungary  passed  to  the  Turks,  and  Kerdinand  of  Hapsburg 
(later  emperor)  became  king  of  the  remainder  (with  Za- 
polya  as  rival  king).  Biida  was  recovered  from  the  Turks  in 
1686.  ThesovereiL'ntywasniadelu'r.ditaryintheHapsliurg 
family  in  1687;  andtluir  llnTigaiian  .loniiiiions  wci  e  cc.li-.l 
by  the  Turks  in  1699  and  1718.  Au  eigllt  years'  rebellion 
terminated  in  1711.  Ihe  revolution  of  1848-19,  under  the 
leaiiership  of  Kossuth,  was  suppressed  with  Russian  assis- 
tance. The  dual  .system  of  government  was  establishefl 
under  the  leadership  of  Deak  in  1867.  Area  of  Hungary 
proper,  91,609  square  miles.    Population  (18',iO),  12,996, 1 10. 

Hungerford  (hung'ger-ford),  Mrs.  (Margaret 

Hamilton  Argles).  Died  at  Bandon,  Ireland, 
Jan. '24, 1S97.  An  Irish  novelist.  MoU.d  her  books 
have  apjieared  under  the  pseudonym  "'Ihe  Duchess." 

HungU,  or  MahungU  (mii-hon'go).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  Angola,  west   Africa,   stretching  in 


straggling  settlements  from  the  head  wiiters  of  Hunter,  Robert   Mercer  Talial 

the  Dando  eastward  to  the  Kuangu  Iviver.     'ihe      a,,,,;i  ./i    iki)ii.  ,li,„i  TnU- 18    1887 
MahungU  grow  coffee,  which  they  sell  at  Dolido.  I.oanda,      Apul  -1,    1811.  .  dietl  Jul>  18,   188   . 


MahungU  grow . 

and  Ambrlz.      They  speak  a  dialect  of  Kongo  closely  re- 
lated U^  Mli.amba,  and  in  a  lesser  degree  to  Kimbundu. 

Hiiningen  (liU'ning-en).  F.  Huningue  (U- 
nan'g).  A  town  and  former  fortress  of  Upper 
Alsace,  on  the  Rhine  3  miles  north  of  Basel. 

Huna  (liunz).  ri'T-"-  lJ">i>ih  LGr.  Oln-im.  also  LL. 
Cliiiiiiii,  Cliiiiii.  LGr.  Xovi'voi,  Xoi'i'm;  doubtfully 
identiiied  witli  the  Chinese  Hioiignii  or  IIiidi;/- 
noo,  a  people  who,  according  to  Chinese  annals, 
constitiilod  about  the  end  of  the  3il  century 
B.  C.  a  powerful  emi)ire  in  central  .Asia.]  A 
Mongolian  riice  which,  having  crossed  the  Volgn 


Vt.,  March  31,  1824:  died  at  Isles  of  Shoals, 
N.H.,  Sept.  8, 1879.  A  noted  Americaii  portrait, 
landscape,  and  figure  painter,  a  pujiil  of  Cou- 
ture and  Millet.  Among  his  works  are  sketches  of 
street  life  in  Paris,  mural  paintings  in  the  Capitol  at  Al- 
bany, New  York,  etc. 

Hunter  (hun'ter).  David.  Bom  at  'Washing- 
ton. D.  C,  July  21.  ]S0L>:  died  at  Washington, 
Feb.  2,  1880.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  commanded  the  main  column  of  McDowell's 
army  in  the  Manas.saa  campaign,  and  participated  in  the 
battle  of  BuU  Run  July  21,  1861.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  South  in  March, 
180-2,  and  May  9,  following,  issued  an  order  liberating 
the  slaves  in  his  ilepartment  (Georgia,  Florida,  and  .South 
Carolina),  which  order  was  annulled  by  the  President  ten 
days  later. 

H'Onter,  John.  Born  at  Long  Caldei-wood,  Lan- 
arUshire.  Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1728:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Get.  16,  1793.  A  noted  British  surgeon, 
anatomist,  and  physiologist,  brother  of  William 
Hunter.  Ho  c(dlectcd  at  London  a  museum  of  anatom- 
ical, physiological,  and  patboloirical  specimens.  He  wrote 
"  Natural  Histoiyof  the  Human  Teeth"  (I77I-78X  'Trea- 
tise on  the  Blood,  luUammation,  and  Gunshot  Wounds" 
(1791),  etc. 

Hunter,  Mrs.  Leo.  The  author  of  an  ode  to 
''an  expiring  frug":  a  character  devoted  to 
celebrilRis,  in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers." 

Taliaferro.  Bom 
All  Ameri- 
can shitesnian.  He  was  a  uieniber  of  Congress  (Demo- 
cratic) from  Virginia  ls:i7-13  and  184.'i-l"  (speaker  18;i9- 
1811);  Cnitcd  states  senatxir  1847-t'l  ;  Confederate  secre- 
Uvry  of  state  in  1861 ;  Confederate  senator;  and  peace  com- 
missioner in  ISlia.  lie  became  treasurer  of  Virginia  in 
1877,  and  retired  from  public  life  in  1880.  He  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  framing  of  the  tarilf  act  of  1857. 
Hunter,  William.  Born  nt  Long  <^'alder\vood, 
l.nnarksliirc,  Scotland,  .May  23,  1718:  died  at 
London,  .Man-h  30.  1783.  A  Brilish  physician, 
amitoinisl.  and  pliysiidogist.  Hewasnotedasalec. 
turerou  ariatomv,  and  as  the  ci>llectorof  a  museum  (now 
ill  the  luiversitv  of  Glasgow)  He  wrote  "Anatomy  of 
the  Gravid  l'terus"(I774),  etc. 


about  300  and  totally  defeated  the  Alani,  united  Hunter,  Sir  William  Wilson.     Born  July  1!5, 


with  tlicm  and  then  attacked  the  Goths,  thus 
compelling  the  iiTiiption  of  the  <i0tlis  into  the 
Roman  F.inpire  about  37.">.  The  Huns,  with  various 
subject  tribes,  Invaded  Gaul  under  the  leadership  of  At  Ilia, 
and  were  defeated  near  Chabuis-siir-Manie  In  461.  (Coin, 
pare  Attila.)  The  fate  ot  the  Huns  l»  uncertain.  They 
were  probably  nicrgeil  in  the  later  Invaders. 

But  for  one  somewhat  disputed  source  of  lufonnatlon, 
all  is  dark  concerning  them.      That  sour.-e  Is  the  history 


1840:  died  near  O.xford,  Fi'b.  7.  1900.  An  Eng- 
lish stalislician  and  author.  He  received  an  aji- 
)iolnlnient  In  the  Indian  civil  service  in  186'2.  and  hecainc 
director-general  of  slallslles  in  India  In  ls7I.  lie  pub- 
lished "A  Ciunparallve  lii,ti..narv  ..f  Ihe  Languages  of 
India  and  High  Asia"  (1868),  "The  Imperial  Goiettecrof 
India"  (1881),  "Ihe  Indian  Empire''  (ISS-i),  "A  Brief 
Historv  of  the  Indian  Peojde  "  (1882|,  "  A  lUgUiry  ..f  Brit- 
ish India,"  Vol.  L  (18U»). 


That  sour.-e  IS  the  nislory  ,        ,  .         i      v     rirw   u-     i        J 

of  China.      If  the  Huns  be  the  Illong  nu,  whose  ravages  Huntingdon(hun  ting-don).    IXltj.  aunti/ngdntl, 

are  recorded  In  ihat  history,  then  we  have  a  inluiito  lie-  Il,iiit<n(ion,   IIiiiiIiikIkii.   AS.    Hi(ntan(Uni,   hun- 

countof  theirdolngsforc.  nlurlesbcforetheChrlstlanera,  ...    ,  ;,|  T      j     A  coiintv  in  south  midland  Kllg- 

nnd  weknow,  Infa.l.far  m.ireabout  themlhaliahouttho  t'""i"J       y   i  TT,.,,!,.      th.  i,  „„  i    l  i„  r-„     l„.|,l!,» 

Inhabitants  of  Gaul  or  lirltalu  before  thellnn-  of  .lulliis  hind,  also  called  Hllnls.    It  l.bound..l  byCainbrldge 

Cnjsar-  If  Ibev  are  not,  our  ignoranee  Is  ,  oniplete.      A  on  theeast,  Uedfordonthesouthamlsouthwe 

learned  and  laborious  Kreiichmaii,  M.  Degulgnes,  In  the  amiiton  on  the  west  and  north. 


St  and  North 
The  Durtbern  portion  be- 


Huntingdon 

longs  to  the  Fen  district.  Agriculture  is  the  leading  in- 
dustiy.  Area.  :^06  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  57,761. 
Also  Huntingdonshire. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Huntingdon, 
on  the  Ouse  57  miles  north  of  London.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  residence  of 
Cowper.     Population  (1S91),  4,349. 

Huntingdon,  Countess  of.   See  Shirley,  Selhia. 

Huntingdonians  (hun-ting-do'ni-anz).  A  de- 
nomination of  CalFinistie  Methodists  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  adherents  of  George  WMtefield 
and  Selina,  countess  of  Huntingdon,  after  their 
separation  from  the  Wesleys.  It  is  Congrega- 
tional in  polity. 

Huntington  (hun'ting-ton),  Daniel.  Bom  at 
New  York,  Oct.  14, 1816.  Ajq  American  painter, 
especially  noted  for  portraits.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Morse  and  of  Ininan.  and  was  elected  national  academician 
in  1S40.  He  was  for  many  years  president  of  the  Zsational 
Academy.  Among  his  paintings  is  "The RepubUcan  Court 
in  the  Time  of  Washington." 

Huntington,  Frederick  Dan.  Bom  at  Hadley. 

Mass.,  May  28,  1819.  An  American  liishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  pastor 
of  the  South  Congregational  Church  at  Boston  1842-55,  and 
was  Plummer  professor  of  Christian  morals  in  Harvard 
University  1855-60,  when  he  withdrew  from  the  Tnitarian 
denomination  and  took  orders  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  established,  with  Dr.  George  M.  Randall,  the 
"  Church  Monthly  "  in  1861,  and  in  1869  became  bishop  of 
Central  New  York. 

Huntington, Samuel.  Bom atWindham.Conn., 
about  1732:  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Jan.  5, 1796. 
An  American  politician,  a  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  as  member  of  Congress 
in  1776.  He  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1786- 
1796. 

Hunts  (hunts).  An  abbreviation  of  Huntingdon 
or  Hun  tiiuiclonsliire. 

Huntsville  (hunts' vil).  A  manufacturing  town 
and  the  capital  of  Madison  Countv,  Alabama, 
in  lat.  34°  45'  N.,  long.  86°  41'  "W."  Population 
(1900),  8. 068. 

Hunyady  (hon'yod-i),  Janos.  Born  at  Hun- 
yad,  Transylvania,  1387:  died  at  Semlin,  Croa- 
tia-Slavonia,  Aug.  11, 1456.  A  Hungarian  gen- 
eral. He  became  voivode  of  Transylvania  in  1442,  and 
was  chosen  regent  of  Hungary  on  the  death  of  Ladislaus 
I.  of  Poland  at  the  battle  of  Varna  in  1444.  His  most 
celelirated  exploit  was  the  successful  defense  of  Belgrad 
against  the  Turks  under  Mohammed  II.  in  1456. 

Hunyady  was  the  name  the  Christians  conjured  with. 
When  King  Sigismund  of  Huugar>'  was  flying  from  one  of 
his  unsuccessful  engagements  with  the  Ottoman  armies, 
he  met  and  loved  the  beautiful  Elizabeth  Morsiney.  at  the 
village  of  H?inyad^,  and  John  Hunyady  was  believed  to  be 
the  fruit  of  this  consolatory  affection.  "Whatsoever  his 
parents  were,"  says  Knolles,  "he  himself  was  a  politic, 
valiant,  fortunate,  and  famous  captain,  his  victories  so 
great  as  the  like  was  never  before  by  any  Christian  prince 
obtained  against  the  Turks;  so  that  his  name  became  unto 
them  so  dreadful  that  they  used  the  same  to  fear  their  cry- 
ing children  withal."  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  87. 

Hunza  (hon'za).  A  small  bill  kingdom,  nom- 
inally tributary  to  Kashmir,  situated  opposite 
Nagar  along  the  Hunza  Eiver.  it  joined  with 
Nagar  in  an  insurrection  crushed  by  British  troops  in  1891. 
It  commands  an  important  route  from  the  Pamirs  and 
Asiatic  Russia. 

Hunza  River,  or  Kanjat.  A  small  river,  north 
of  Ka.shmir,  which  unites  with  the  Gilgit. 

Huonde Bordeaux (ii-6n'  debor-do').  AFrencb 
chanson  de  geste.  It  supplied  Shakspere  with 
some  of  the  dramatis  persons  of '  'A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream." 

Huon  de  Bourdeaux,  though  written  in  verse  as  far  back 
as  the  thirteenth  century,  is  not  in  its  present  form  sup- 
iwsed  to  be  long  anterior  to  the  invention  of  printing,  as 
there  are  no  manuscripts  of  it  extant.  It  is  said,  indeed, 
at  the  end  of  the  work,  that  it  was  written  by  the  desire 
of  Charles  Seigneur  de  Rochefort,  and  completed  on  the 
29th  of  January,  1454;  but  it  is  suspected  that  the  conclu- 
sion is  of  a  date  somewhat  more  recent  than  the  first  part 
of  the  romance.  The  oldest  edition  is  one  in  folio,  with- 
out date,  and  the  second  is  in  quai-to,  1516.  There  are  also 
different  impressions,  in  the  original  language,  of  a  more 
recent  period.  Huon  of  Bordeaux,  indeed,  seems  to  have 
been  a  favourite  romance  not  only  among  the  French,  but 
also  with  other  nations.  The  English  translation,  executed 
by  Lord  Beniers  in  the  reign  of  Henry  ^^II.,  has  gone 
through  three  editions,  and  it  has  lately  formed  the  sub- 
ject of  the  finest  poem  in  the  German  language.  .  .  .  The 
incidents  in  the  Oberon  of  Wieland  are  nearly  the  same 
with  those  in  the  old  French  romance,  and  are  universally 
known  through  the  .   .   .   translation  of  Mr.  Sotheby. 

Diinlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  294. 

Huon  Gulf.    A  gulf  in  the  east  of  New  Guinea. 

Hupa  (ho'pa),  or  Hoopab.  A  tribe  of  the  Pa- 
cific division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  formerly  in  villages  along 
the  lower  Trinity  River,  California,  now  on  the 
Hoopa  valley  Indian  reservation,  California. 
See  Athapascan. 

Hu-peh(ho-pa'),  Hu-pih  (ho-pe'),  etc.  A  prov- 
ince in  central  China.  Area,  70,4.50  square  miles. 
Population,  33,365,005. 

Eupfeld  (hop'feld).  Hermann.  Bom  at  Mar- 
burg, Prussia,  March  31,  1796:  died  at  Halle. 


520 

Prussia,  April,  1866.  A  German  theologian  and 
Orientalist,  noted  as  a  biblical  critic.  Ue  was  pro- 
fessor at  Marburg  1825-43,  and  at  Halle  1843-66.  Among 
his  works  are  "tjbersetzung  und  Auslegung  der  Psalmeu  " 
(1855-61),  "Die  Quellen  der  Genesis  aufs  neue  untersucht " 
(1853),  etc. 

Huram.     See  Hiram. 

Hurdwar.     See  Hardwar. 

Hurepoix  (iir-pwii').  A  former  small  territory 
in  northern  France,  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise.     Its  chief  town  was  Dourdan. 

Hurlbut  (herl'but ),  Stephen  Augustus.  Bom 
at  Charleston,  S.  C.  Nov.  29, 1815  :  diedat  Lima, 
Peru,  March  27,  1882.  An  American  general 
and  politician.  He  became  a  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  the  Union  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  in 
1862 ;  was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  in  the 
same  year;  and  commanded  a  corps  under  General  Sher- 
man in  the  expedition  to  Meridian  in  Feb.,  1864.  He  was 
United  States  minister  to  the  United  States  of  Colombia 
18(>9-7,'i,  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  HlinoislS73- 
1877,  and  United  States  minister  to  Peru  from  1881  until 
his  death. 

Hurlothrumbo  (her-16-thnun'b6) .  A  burlesque 
opera  written  and  brought  out  by  Samuel  John- 
son ( 1691-1773)  in  1729.  He  played  the  part  of  Lord 
Flame.  The  piece  was  successful,  through  the  imperturb- 
able conceit  of  Johnson,  and  a  Hurlothrumbo  Society  was 
formed,  the  word  becoming  proverbial  for  absurdity  and 
nonsense. 

Huron.     See  Wyandot. 

Huron  (hii'ron),  Lake.  One  of  the  5  great  lakes 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  basin,  it  lies  between  Michi- 
gan on  the  west  and  the  province  of  Ontario  on  the  north- 
east and  south.  Its  chief  arms  are  Georgian  Bay,  Saginaw 
Bay,  and  Thunder  Bay ;  the  chief  island,  Grand  Manitou- 
lin.  It  is  connected  with  Lake  Superior  by  St.  Mary's 
River,  and  with  Lake  M  ichigan  by  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw. 
Its  outlet  is  St.  Clair  River.  It  is  named  from  the  Huron 
tribe  of  Indians.  Length,  270  miles.  Breadth,  excluding 
Georgian  Bay,  105  miles.  Depth,  from  300  to  1,800  feet. 
Height  above  sea-level,  581  feet.  Area,  estimated,  23,800 
square  miles. 

Hurrur.     See  Harar. 

Hurst  (herst),  John  Fletcher.  Bom  near  Sa- 
lem, Md.,  Aug.  17,  1834.  An  American  bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  a  writer 
on  church  history.  He  became  professor  of  historical 
theology  in  Drew  Theological  Seminar)'  (Madison,  Xew 
Jersey)  in  1871,  of  which  institution  he  was  president  1873- 
1880,  when  he  was  elected  bishop.  He  h;is  published  a 
"History  of  Rationalism  "  (1865).  an  "Outline  of  Church 
Historj-"  (1876),  "Short  History  of  the  Reformation  "(1884), 
"Short  History  of  the  Medieval  Church"  (1887),  "The 
Success  of  the  Gospel,  etc.  "(1888),  etc. 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza  ( or-ta'do  da  man-do'tha ) , 
Andres.  Born  at  Cuenca  about  1490:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  March  30,  1561.  A  Spanish  noble- 
man, marquis  of  Caiiete,  who  was  governor  of 
Cnenca,  and  from  June  29, 1556,  viceroy  of  Peru. 
He  took  vigorous  measures  against  those  who  iiad  been  in 
rebellion,  and  for  the  first  time  placed  the  government  of 
the  country  on  a  secure  footing.  SajTi  Tupac,  the  last  of 
the  Inca  chiefs,  was  induced  to  leave  his  mountain  fast- 
nesses and  resign  his  sovereignty, 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  Garcia,  Marquis  of  Ca- 
iiete from  1561.  Born  July  25,  1535:  died  Oct. 
15,  1609.  A  Spanish  administrator,  son  of 
Andres  whom  he  accompanied  to  Peru  in  1556. 
His  father  made  him  governor  of  Chile  1567-60,  where  he 
carried  on  a  successful  war  with  the  Araucanians.  Return- 
ing to  Spain,  he  served  in  the  war  with  Portugal.  He  was 
viceroy  of  Peru  from  Jan.  6,  1590,  to  July  24,  1590.  The 
ilarquesas  Islands,  discovered  in  1595  by  an  expedition 
which  he  sent  out,  were  named  in  his  honor. 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza  yLuna  (e  16'na),  Juan 
Manuel,  Marquis  of  Slontes-Claros.  Bom  at 
SeviUe  about  1560:  died  at  Madrid,  Oct.  9, 1628. 
A  Spanish  administrator,  viceroy  of  Mexico 
1603  to  1606,  and  of  Peru  Dec.  21,  1607,  to  Dec. 
18.  1615.  He  was  an  able  and  successful  ruler. 
Often  called  Juan  de  Mendoza  y  Luna. 

Hurter  (hor'ter),  Friedrich  Emanuel  von. 
Born  at  Sehaffhausen.  Switzerland.  March  19, 
1787:  died  at  Gratz,  Styria,  Aug.  27,  I860.  A 
Swiss  historian.  He  was  Protestant  pastor  at  Sehaff- 
hausen 1825-41.  In  1S44  he  went  over  to  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  becoming  an  exponent  of  ultramontanism. 
From  1846  (except  1848-52)  he  was  imperial  historiographer 
at  Vienna.  He  wrote  "Geschichte  Papst  Innocenz  m. 
und  seiner  Zeitgenossen  "  (1834-42),  "Geschichte  Ferdi- 
nands II.  und  seiner  Eltem    (1850-64),  etc. 

Hus,  John.     See  Huss. 

Hlisar  de  Ayacucho.     See  Herran,  Pedro  Al- 

rinitarn. 

Husbands  (huz'bandz).  Herman.  Bomin  Penn- 
sylvania: died  near  Philadelphia,  1795.  An 
American  revolutionist.  He  was  aleader  of  the  North 
Carolina  "  Regulators  "  1768-71,  and  of  the  "  whisky  insur- 
rection "  in  western  Pennsylvania  in  1794. 

Huscb  (hosh),  or  Husl  (ho'se),  or  Hush  (hosh). 
Atoivn  in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  near  the 
Pruth  38  miles  southeast  of  Jassy.  The  peace  of 
the  Pruth  (which  see)  was  signed  here  in  1711.  Popula- 
tion (1SS9-90),  12,660. 

Hushang  (ho-sheng').  According  to  Firdausi, 
the  second  Iranian  king.  He  first  senarated  iron  from 


Hutcninsonians 

ore,  and  practised  irrigation  and  the  breeding  of  animals. 
Hurling  at  a  serpent  demon  a  stone  which  struck  a  spark 
from  another,  he  was  led  to  ordain  the  worship  of  fire. 

Hushiarpur  (hosh-e-ar-por').  or  Hoshiarpur 

(hosh-e-iir-por').  1.  A  district  in  the  Jalau- 
dhar  di\ision,  Panjab,  British  India, intersected 
bv  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  76°  E.  Area.  2,244 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,011,659.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Hushiarpur.  situ- 
ated about  lat.  81°  35'  N.,  long.  75°  47'  E. 

Huskisson  (hus'ki-son),  William.  Bom  at 
Birch  Moreton,  Worcestershire.  England.  March 
11, 1770:  accidentally  killed  at  Eccles,  near  Man- 
chester, Sept.  15,  1830.  An  English  statesman 
and  financier.  He  was  secretarj-  of  the  treasury  ISOi-06 
and  1807-09 ;  president  of  the  board  of  trade  1823-27 ;  and 
colonial  secretary  1827-29. 

Huss  (hus;  G.  pron.  hos).  or  Hus,  John.  Bom 
at  Husinetz,  near  Prachatitz,  southern  Bohe- 
mia, July  6, 1369:  burned  at  Constance,  Baden, 
July  6,1415.  A  celebrated  Bohemian  religious 
reformer.  He  was  the  son  of  well-to-do  Czech  peasants, 
and  studied  divinity  and  the  liberal  arts  at  the  University 
of  Prague,  where  he  began  to  lecture  on  the  writings  of 
Wyclif  in  1398.  He  was  appointed  dean  of  the  philosophi. 
cal  faculty  in  1401,  and  was  rector  of  the  university  1402- 
1403.  In  1402  he  became  pastor  of  the  Bethlehem  Chapel 
at  Prague,  where  as  a  popular  preacher  in  the  Czech  lan- 
guagehe  spreadthedoctrinesof  Wyclif  amongthe  populace, 
and  sought  to  bring  about  a  reformation  of  ecclesiastical 
abuses  without  separating  himself  from  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church.  He  was  reelected  to  the  rectorship  of  the 
university  in  1409.  In  1412  he  denounced  the  bull  of  John 
XXm.  decreeing  a  crusade  against  Ladislaus,  king  of 
Naples  and  Hungary,  and  with  his  coadjutor,  Jerome  of 
Prague,  condemned  the  sale  of  indulgences,  with  the  re. 
suit  that  he  was  excommunicated  in  1413.  He  was  in  1414 
cited  before  the  Council  of  Constance,  where  he  was  ar^ 
rested  in  spite  of  a  safe-conduct  from  the  emperor  Sigis- 
mund,  and  burned  at  the  stake  as  a  heretic.  A  complete 
edition  of  his  works  was  published  in  1558. 

Hussars  of  Junin.  [ii-p.  Hiisares  de  Junin.']  A 
title  conferred  by  Bolivar  on  the  Peruvian  cav- 
alry which  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Junin, 
They  were  commanded  by  Miller. 

Hussein.     See  Hasan. 

Hussites  (hus'its).  The  followers  of  John  Huss. 
See  Hu.^s.  The  Hussites  organized  themselves  imm& 
diately  after  Huss's  death  into  a  politico-religious  party, 
and  waged  tierce  civil  warfroml419tol434.  Acompromise 
was  effected  1433-36.  They  were  divided  in  doctrine  into 
radical  and  conservative  sections  called  Taborit€»  and 
Calijitiiiei.  The  former  finally  became  merged  with  the 
Bohemian  Brethren,  and  the  latter  partly  ^vilh  the  Lu- 
therans and  partly  with  the  Roman  Catholics. 

Husum  (ho'som).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Sehleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  near  the 
Heverstrom  21  miles  west  of  ScUeswig.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune.  6,761. 

Huszt  (host).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Marma- 
ros,  Hungarv,  situated  in  lat.  48°  Ic  N.,loug. 
23°  17'  E.     Population  (1890),  7.461. 

Hutcheson  (huch'e-son).  Francis.  Bora  in, 
("bounty  Down,  Ireland,  Aug.  8,  1694:  died  atj 
Glasgow,  1746.  A  Scottish  philosopher,  pro 
fessor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow  1729— iCJ 
He  wrote  an  "Inquiry  into  the  Original  of  our  Ideas  oB 
Beauty  and  Virtue"  (1725),  "  Kature  and  Conduct  of  tha 
Passions  and  Affections"  (1728),  "System  of  Moral  Philo* 
ophy  "  (1755),  etc. 

Hutchinson  (hueh'in-son).  The  capital  of  Reno 
Countv,  soutbern  Kansas,  on  the  Arkansas 
River."    Population  (1900).  9.379. 

Hutchinson,  Mrs.  (Ajine  Marbury).  Born  ii 
Lincolnshire,  England,  about  1-590:  killed  by 
Indians  near  Hell  Gate,  N.  Y.,  l()4o.  A  religioua 
enthusiast,  the  leader  of  an  antinomian  fao 
tion.  She  emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  16 
and  was  banished  from  there  in  1637. 

Hutchinson,  John.    Bom  in  Nottingham,  Eng 
laud,  1016:  died  at  Sandown Castle.Kent,  EngJ 
land,  Sept.  11,  1664.     An  English  revolutionis 
and  regicide.     An  accotmt  of  his  life  (writteJ 
by  his  wife)  was  published  1806. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Boston,  SeptJ 
9,  1711 :  died  at  Brompton,  near  London,  JimeJ 
1780.  An  American  magistrate  and  historianJ 
He  became  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts  1769,  govJ 
ernor  1771,  and  resigned  in  1774.  Author  of  "History  or 
the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay"  (1765-67).  "CollectioBJ 
of  Original  Papers  relative  to  the  History  of  the  Colony  0 
Massachusetts  Bay  "  (1769). 

Hutchinsonians  (huch-in-so'ni-anz).  1.  Those 
who  held  the  views  of  John  Hutchinson  (1674 
1737),  a  secular  English  writer  on  theology  and 
natural  philosophy.  He  and  his  followers  interpret- 
ed the  Bible  mystically,  regarded  it  as  an  Infallible  source 
of  science  and'  philosophy,  opposed  the  Newtonian  sys- 
tem, and  laid  great  stress  on  the  importance  of  the  Hebrew 
language.  The  Hutchinsonian  school  existed  till  the  19th 
century. 

2.  In  American  history,  the  followers  of  Mrs. 
Anne  Hutchinson  (died  1643),  an  antinomian 
teacher,  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay 


Hutten 

Hutten  (hot'ten),  Ulrichvon.  Born  at  Castle 
Steckelberg,  near  FulJa,  Prussia,  April  21, 1488 : 
died  on  the  island  of  Ufenau,  Lake  Zurich,  Aug. 
23,  1523.     A  German  humanist.     Intended  for  the 


521 

Dionysus),  and  as  a  reward  were  transferred  to  the  heav- 
ens as  a  part  of  the  constellation  Taurus.  Their  rising 
with  the  sun  was  associated  with  the  beginning  of  the 
rainy  season.  The  Komans,  through  a  mistaken  etymol- 
ogy, called  the  constellation  "the  little  pigs " (Succula;). 


chiirch,  he  was  in  1498  placed  in  the  monastery  of  i'ulda,   Hvbla  Hersea   (hl'blii  he-re'a).      [Gr.  'ilpaia.^ 

whence  he  Hed  in  1506.     Ue  subsequently  studied  the      if,  .,  ,,,vi,.,,f  ,,,.n(,,.!,,iliv' a  fitv  of  southern  SicUv, 

humanities  at  viirious  German  and  Italian  universities,      i"  ''"'-!!.,'"  f:,<^ °K' ^l'"> '  V    ^       souiueiu  oi^-iav , 

including  those  of  Fninkfort-on-the-Oder  and  Payia.    He     about  .i.i  miles  west  ot  byraeuse. 

served 

the 

Oie 

Swaoiiiii  ijciifiuu  ii^iiiiioi.  1.1111,11,  ui.n.,  .,.1   ..  .11  v^....,'.,.^,  1"      --',.  ,v,     ';,        ,,•  ii"i,ri-i    1, ;.^ 

1619;  and  in  1622  fought  unsuccessfully  with  IV.mz  von  I't  htiiu,  II  miles  northwest  ot  Latauia. 
Sickingen  at  the  head  of  the  nobility  of  the  Upper  Khine  Hvbla  MinOT  (lli'blii  mi'uor),  or  Megara  Hy- 
against  the  spiritual  principalities.  He  was  a  friend  and  v-lgga  ( mes'a-rii  hl-b'le'ii).  "FGr.  "TJXa  »  uiKoa  or 
supporterof  Luther;  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the"Epis-  .  \i, .  „„„  ,A' fV' ?/«7«  1  "  Tr,  inniont  CTooornnhv 
tolie  Obscnnirnm  Virorum  "(which  see);  and  was  one  of  •"  ^It  ,apaTa  T,Uaia.i  in  ancient  geo^apny, 
the  principal  satirical  writers  of  his  time.  Worlis  edited  a  city  Ot  Sicily,  Situated  on  the  east  coast  about 
hy  E.  Boclcing  CI8.-.9-70) ;  life  by  Strauss  (1857).  12  miles  north  of  Syracuse.    It  is  celebrated  for  the 

Hutton  (hut'n),  Charles.  Bom  at  Newcastle-  honey  produced  in  the  vicinity.  Often  confounded  with 
on-Tyne,  England,  Aug.  14,  1737:  died  Jan.  27,  HyblaM.ajor.  ,  ,  _^  „  ,„,,  ,, 
1823.  An  Englisli  mathematician,  professor  of  Hydaspes  (hi-das  pez).  [Gr.  Tdaa-iK.] 
mathematics  at  the  Royal  Academy, Woolwich,  ancient  name  of  the  river  Jhelum. 
1773-1807.  Among  his  works  are  "JMhematical  and  Hyde(hid).  A manufaeturiug  town m Cheshire. 
Philo3ophicalDictionar}'"(l795),"Courseof  Mathematics"  England,  situated  near  the  iaiueb  miles  east  by 
(17118).  south  of  Manchester.     Population  (1891),  31,- 

Hutton,  James.     Bom  at  Edinburgh,  June  3,     (3go 
1726:  died  March  26,  1797.    A  Scottish  geologist  gy^e  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Clarendon.     Bom 
"°  "^"t"  " '''^"'"•^    atDLnton,  Wiltshire,  Feb.  18, 1608(0.  S.):  died 


The 


'  Theory 


and  natural  philosopher.     He  wrote 
of  the  Earth,  etc."  (1795),  etc 
Hutton,  Richard  Holt.    Born  at  Leeds,  June 
2, 1S26:  died  at  Twickenham,  Sept.  9,  1897.  An 
English  journalist  and  essayist,  editor  of  the 
"  Spectator  "  1861-97. 

Huxley (huks'llKThomas  Henry.  BomatEal- 
ing,  near  London,  May  4,  1825:  died  at  East- 
boui'ne,  June  29,  1895.  A  celebrated  English 
biologist.  Ho  was  educated  at  Ealing  School  and  at  Char- 
ing Cross  Hospital,  London  ;  served  as  assistant  surgeon  «  ,  ,,  i  i,  •  a 
on  board  H.  M.  S.  Rattlesnake  1846-60 ;  became  professor  Hyde,  Edward,  V  ISCOUnt  Combury  (later  third 
of  natural  history  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  and  Ful.  j^j^j-l  of  Clarendon).  Died  at  London,  April  1, 
lerian  professorol  physiology  at  the  Royal  Institution,  in  ,-„q  i  Fti,t1;«1i -nnliticinTi  He  was  o-ovemor 
1855;  was  installed  lord  rector  of  Aberdeen  University  for  ^'''^-  ^,  ^°S'i.SliPO""Cldn.  Me  was  ^ovemoi 
a  term  of  three  years  in  1874  ;  was  Rede  lecturer  at  Cam-  Ot  INeW  1  ork  I  (0_-U&. 
bridgeinl883;  andwaspresidentof  theRoyalSocietyl8!<3-  HydePark  (hid  park).    A  park  in  Westminster, 

'"' c  Hydrozoa"(i869),     London,  situated  24  miles  south  by  west  of  St. 

Paul's.    It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  London  parks,  ex 


at  Rouen,  France,  Dec.  9,  1674.  An  English 
statesman  and  historian.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1640 ;  became  chancellor  of  the  e-tchequer  in  1643  ;  was 
the  chief  adviser  of  Charles  I.  during  the  civil  war,  and  of 
Prince  Charles  during  his  exile ;  and  was  lord  chancellor 
of  England  1660-67,  when  he  was  impeached  and  banished 
by  Parliament.  His  chief  works  are  a  "True  Historical 
Narrative  of  the  Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in  England" 
(generally  termed  "History  of  the  Rebellion,"  i702-*M) 
and  "The  Life  of  Edward,  Earl  of  CHarendon, 
ten  by  Himself  "  (1769). 


.  Writ. 


1885.  Among  his  works  are  "Oceanic 
"Evidence  as  to  Man's  Place  in  Nature  "  (1863),  "Lectures 
on  the  Elements  of  <  omparative  Anatomy  "  (1864),  "  Les- 
sons in  Elementarj- Physiology  "(1S66),  "An  Introduction 
to  the  Classification  of  Animals  '(1869),  "Lay  Sermons" 
(1870),  "A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of  Vertebrated  .\nimals" 
(1871),  "Critiques  and  Addresses  "(1873),  "Physiography" 
(1877),  "  A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of  Invertebrated  Ani- 
mals "  (1877),  "  The  Crayfish  "  (1880),"  Science  and  Culture  " 
(1881),  "  A  Course  of  Practical  Instruction  in  Elementary 
Biology  "  (with  H.  M.  Martin,  1876),  "Essays  upon  some 
Controverted  Questions  "  (1892),  "Evolution  and  Ethics" 
(1893). 

Huy  (ii-e'),  Flem.  Hoey.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Lifege,  Belgium.     Ptipulatiou  (1890),  14,480. 

Hnygens,  less  correctly  Huyghens(hi'genz;  D. 
pron.hoi'Gcus),  Christian.  Born  at  The  Hague, 
April  14,  1629 :  died  there,  June  8,  1695.  A 
celebrated  Dutch  physicist,  astronomer,  and 
mathematician,  son  of  Constantijn  Huygens. 
He  discovered  a  satellite  of  Saturn  in  106.6,  and  the  ring 
of  Saturn  in  1659 ;  invented  tlie  i)eiidnluni  clock  in  1066 ; 
Improved  the  telescope  ;  and  developed  the  wave-theory 
of  light.     He  wrote  "ni>rologium  Oscillatorium  "  (1673), 

Huygens,  or  Huyghens,  Constantijn :  L.  Hu- 

geniUS.  Born  at  The  Hague,  Sept.  4, 1596 :  died 
at  his  estate,  Hofwijk,  March  28, 1687.  A  Dutch 
poet,  father  of  Christian  Huj-gens.  Ho  was  the 
»on  of  a  state  8ecret.ary.  He  studied  at  Leyden,  and  sub- 
sequently was  sent  upon  various  embassies,  first  to  Eng- 
land, then  to  Venice,  and  afterward  twice  again  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  knighted  in  1622.  In  1025  ho  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father's  position.  His  collected  poems  ap- 
peared for  the  first  time  in  1626,  under  the  title  "  Otia.  of 
Ledighe  Tren  "("Otia,  or  Idle  Hours"),  later  amplified  as 
"Korenbloenien '■  ("('(jrnflowers,'^  106,s-72)  in  27  books. 


tending  from  Westminster  to  Kensington,  and  covering  an 
area  of  about  390  acres.  It  originally  belonged  to  the  manor 
of  Hyde,  the  property  of  the  monks  of  St.  Peter,  Westmin- 
ster, which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Henry  VIll,  at  the  dis- 
solution of  the  monasteries.  During  the  CumnioinveiUlh, 
and  for  10  years  after  the  Restoration,  a  large  park  was 
leased  to  private  holders.  In  1670  it  was  inclosed  with  a 
wall  and  restocked  with  deer.  It  is  now  the  principal  rec- 
reation-ground of  London,  and  is  frequented  by  rich  and 
poor.  It  has  9  carriage-entrances  and  many  gates  for  pe- 
destrians. See  Serpentine,  St.  James's  Park,  Rotten  Row, 
and  Ladies'  Mile. 

Hyde  Park.  A  former  township  in  Cook  County, 
Illinois,  now  annexed  to  Chicago. 

Hyde  Park.  A  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts, situated  on  the  Neponset  River  8 
miles  south-southwest  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  13.244. 

Hyderabad  (lii"der-a-biid'),  or  Haidarabad 
(hi'dji-ra-bad'),  or  The  Nizam's  Dominions. 

The  principal  Mohaniinedan  state  and  most  im- 
jiortant  native  state  iu  India,  situated  in  the 
Deccan  between  the  British  provinces  of  Bom- 
bay and  Madras.  Capital,  Hyderabad.  The  sur- 
face iaa  low  plateau-  The  ruling  people  ;uo  Mohammedans. 
The  prevailing  languages  are  Telugu,  Marathi,  and  Kana- 
rese.  In  1687  it  was  made  a  Mogul  province.  About  1713 
the  viceroy  (Nizani-ul-.Mnlk)  became  independent.  In 
1748  there  was  a  disputed  succession,  one  of  the  rivals  he, 
Ilig  supported  by  Dnpb-ix  and  one  by  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. A  treaty  I'.f  :illiame  with  England  was  made  in  17<a.. 
In  the  mutiny  of  18,'.7  llyder.ibad  sided  with  England. 
Area,  82,6118  square  miles,     ropuliition  (1891),  11,6;;7,040, 


His  later  poems.  "('luyswcrk''("Cell-Work"),  were  pub-  Hyderabad,  or  Haidarabad.     The  capital  of 

HuOT'O'oi'su.n),  Janvan.     BomatAmster-  V,"^  ^"'*''  '^''  ".v<l<n'ub.d.  situated  on  the  river 

dntn    Ai.i-il  l"i    1(m'>-   .lio.l  tlipvn    1740       Aiiotpd  '^iHSi.     It  is  an  important  commercud  center.     Thecan- 

aam,  Api  II  l,),  lt.8-..   UieU  tlieic,  1(4J.      A  noted  j„„„„„t  q,  Secund'rabad  and  the  old  city  flolconda  are 

Dutch  painter  of  (lowers  and  fruit:   in  tins  de-  |„  j],,,  neighborhood.    Population  (1S91),  with  suburbs, 

partraeiit  the  ablest  painter  of  the  18th  century.  415,039. 

Hwang-ho(liw:uig'li6),orHuang-ho,i>rHoang-  Hyderabad,  or  Haidarabad.    A  eitv  in  Siiul, 

ho,  or  t lie  Yellow  River.   Thunorthenmiost  of     British    India,  on   the    Indus.    It  is  a  nianufaclnr- 
the  two  chief  rivrrs  of  Cliiiia.    Itriscs  in  Kokonor,      ing  center.    It  was  founded  In  I'tls,    Population  (ISiil), 


enters  Kan-su,  traverses  part  of  Mongolia,  reenters  Chimi. 
flowing  SMUth,  e;Lst,  and  liorthcast,  and  enters  the  tiuK  of 
Pe-chi-li.  It  is  called  "Chliia'sSon-ow  "  frum  its  frequent 
disastiou.i  Hoods.    Length,  estlniuted,  2,700  miles. 

H'wen  Tsang.     See  nioucn-Tsang. 

Hyacinths  (yU-sanf),  P6re.  See  Loyson, 
VJmrk'^. 

Hyacinthu8(hi-a-ain'thus)  [Gr. 'Tnwiflor.]  In 
Gi'eek  mythology,  a  beautiful  youth,  son  of 
Amyclas,  king  of  Amychn  in  Laconia,  anil  Dio- 
mede.  He  typified  the  early  vegetation  of  spring.  Ho 
was  killed  through  jealousy  by  ,,\ polio  (the  sun)  while  the 
two  were  playing  at  quoits"  on  the  banks  of  the  Eurotiis. 
From  his  blood  the  godcanstMl  the  hyat-inth  tospring,  and 
upon  the  petals  of  the  plant  was  thought  to  bo  nnirkeil 
the  exclamation  \\  ('woe!').  Mis  festival,  the  Hyaclli- 
Ihia,  was  tibserved  at  Amydro  during  three  days  In  July. 

Hyades  (hi'a-dez).  [Gr.  TiHlir.]  A  group  of 
nymphs,  daughters  of  Atlas  and  ./Ethra,  and  sis- 
ters of  the  Pleiades.    They  nursed  the  Infant  Zeus  (or 


Hyder  All  (lu'der  ii'le),  or  Haidar  Ali  tbi'- 

dilrii'le).  Died  at  Cliitlore,  British  India,  Dec, 
1782.  A  mahara.ja  of  Mysore-,  lie  was  of  obscure 
birth;  entered  the  Mysore  army  in  1749;  became  virlual 
ruler  of  Mysore  in  17.^'9 ;  and  usurped  the  title  of  maha- 
raja  In  1700,  The  EiiKllsh  having  formed  a  league  with  the 
Mahrattas  against  him,  in  17(i7  a  war  ensued  which  re- 
sulted ii  the  defeat  of  the  English,  who  wire  eonipclled 
to  sue  for  peace  in  1709.  In  alliance  with  the  Krench  and 
Mabrattas,  he  Invaded  the  Carnatic  In  1780,  hut  was  de- 
feated by  Sir  Eyre  Coote  at  Porto  Novo,  PoUlloor,  aud  sli.i- 
Mngur  In  1781. 

Hydra  (hi'drii).  [Qr.  wVn- water-snake. 1  l.In 
(freeU  mythology,  a  monstrous  dragon  of  Lake 
Ijermi  in  Argolis,  reiircsenf  ed  as  having  9  lieads, 
each  of  wliii'li,  boiiig  i-nl  <itT.  was  immediately 
succeeded  bv  2  new  ones  unless  the  wound  was 
cauterized.  'I'he  destruction  of  this  monster  was 
one  of  the  "twelve  labors"  of  Hercules. —  2.  An 


Hypatia 

ancient  southern  constellation,  representing  a 
sea-serpent,  it  is  of  Babylonian  origin,  like  most  of 
the  ancient  (-onstellations.  it  is  Ixjunded  by  the  ancient 
eonsti-Uations  Canis  Minor,  Argo,  Ceutaurus,  V'irgo,  Cor- 
vns.  Crater,  Leo,  and  Cancer,  and  by  the  modern  constel- 
lations Sextans  and  Monoceros  (which  separates  it  from 
Canis  Major).  It  contains  I  star  of  the  second  magnitude, 
and  about  400  stars  visible  to  the  naked  eye. 
Hydra.  [Gr.  "Tdpa.]  An  island  in  the  Greek 
Arcliipelago,  4  miles  from  the  Peloponnesus. 
It  contains  the  seaport  of  Hydra.  It  was  noted  for  its 
trade  before  the  war  of  independence,  and  took  a  leading 
part  in  that  war.  Length,  11  miles.  Population,  about 
7,000. 

Hydriotaphia,  or  Urn-Burial.    A  work  by  Sir 

Thomas  Brow^le,  published  in  1658.  "It  is  a  des- 
cant on  the  vanity  of  human  life,  based  on  the  discovery 
of  certaiu  cinerary  tims  in  Norfolk." 

Hyeres  (e-ar').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
\  ar,  France,  near  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
Riviera,  10  miles  east  of  Toulon :  the  ancient 
Castrum  Arearum.  It  is  a  noted  winter  health-resort. 
It  was  destroyed  in  the  religious  wars.  Massillon  was 
born  there.     Population  (1891),  commune,  14,982. 

Hygieia  (hi-ji-e'yil),  orHygeia  (hi-je'ya).  [Gr. 
'T);£ia,  later  erroneously  'Yjria,  health.]  1. 
The  goddess  of  health.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  .^sculapius. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  10)  dis- 
covered by  De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  April  12. 1849. 

Hyksos  (hik'soz),  or  Shepherd  Kings.  The 
name  given  to  kings  of  Egypt,  of  a  foreign  race, 
whose  mle  (about  2000  B.  c.)  fell  between  the 
13th  and  the  18tli  dynasty,  and  lasted,  according 
to  Manetho,  for  511  years. 

Hyksos  is  the  Eg>'ptian  hik-shasu, "  chief  of  the  Beduins," 
or  "Shepherds,"  Shasu  being  the  name  given  to  the  Se- 
mitic nomades  of  Northwestern  Arabia-  The  Hyksos,  how- 
ever, are  called  Men  or  Menti  in  the  inscriptions,  Menti 
being  explained  in  the  geographical  table  of  Edfu  to  be 
the  natives  of  Syria.  In  accordance  with  this,  Manetho 
speaks  of  Jerusalem  as  a  Hyksos  town,  and  their  Egyptian 
capital,  Zoan  orTanis,  is  connected  with  Hebron  in  Numb, 
xiii.  22.  It  is  possible  that  their  leaders  were  Hittite 
princes,  though  Lepsius  believes  them  to  have  come  from 
Punt  or  Southern  Arabia;  at  any  rate,  their  features,  as 
revealed  by  the  few  memorials  of  them  that  exist,  more 
especially  the  lion  of  San,  belong  to  a  very  peculiar  and 
non-Semitic  type.  Sayee,  Anc,  Ijnpues,  p,  31. 

The  exact  nationality  of  the  Hyksos  is  still  a  matter  of 
dispute.  All  we  know  with  certainty  is  that  they  came 
from  Asia,  and  they  brought  with  them  in  their  train  vast 
numbers  of  Semites  who  occupied  the  northern  part  of 
Egypt,  Comparatively  few  Hyksos  monuments  have  as 
yet  l)een  discovered.  These  exhibit  a  peculiar  t>'pe  of 
features,  very  unlike  that  of  the  Egyptians.  The  face  is 
thickly  bearded,  the  hair  being  curly,  with  a  pigtail  hang- 
ing behind  the  head.  The  nose  is  broad  and  sub-acpiiline, 
the  cheek-bones  high,  the  forehead  square  and  knitted, 
the  lips  prominent  and  expressive  of  intense  determina. 
tion.  The  kindly  urbanity  st»  characteristic  of  the  Egyp- 
tian face  in  statuary  is  rei)Iaced  by  an  expression  of  stern- 
nessand  vigour-  .\nioMg  tbeethnidMgieul  types  presente<t 
by  the  Egyptian  sculpt  ores  there  is  oidy  one  « liieh  can  be 
compared  with  that  of  the  Hyksos  monnments.  This  is 
the  type  peculiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  Northe.asten)  .s>Tia, 
in  the  district  called  Nahrina  by  the  Egyptians  and  Anmi. 
Xaharaim  in  the  old  Testament.  It  was  a  district  of  which 
the  centre  was  .Mitanni  in  the  fifteenth  and  following  cen- 
turies before  the  Christian  era;  and  since  the  cuneiform 
tablets  recently  discovered  at  Tel  el  .Vmarna  have  disclosed 
to  us  thcfacttiiat  the  langniige  i.f  ,Mitaniii  was  neither  Se- 
mitic nor  Indo-F.niopeitii,  we  mny  perhaps  conclude  that 
the  population  which  spoke  it  was  also  not), Semitic.  How- 
ever this  may  be,  if  we  are  to  regard  the  8t),c.alled  Hyksos 
sphinxes  of  sail  as  reproducing  the  Hyksos  type  of  coun- 
tenance, it  would  follow  that  the  hordes  which  over- 
whelmed Egjiit  in  thetwenty-lhird  century  B.  c.  were  led 
by  princes  from  Northern  Syria. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  9.->. 

Hylacomylus.     See  WaUlscrmiiUcr.  Martin. 

Hylas  (hi'las).  In  classical  mythology,  n  boy 
who  was  a  favorite  of  Hercules.  lie  was  carried 
off  by  the  Naiads,  who  fell  in  love  with  him  while  he  was 
drawhig  water  fi-om  a  fountain  in  Mysia. 

Hymen  (hi'mcn),  or  HymenasUS  (hi-mo-ne'us). 
[tir.  'T//VI',  'T/MTaior.]  tlriginally.  n  marriage- 
song  among  the  Greeks.  The  names  were  gradu- 
ally  personified,  and  Hymen  was  Invoked  as  the  gml  of 
marriage.  He  is  represented  as  a  taller  and  more  serious 
voiith  than  Kros,  carrying  a  bridal  torch. 

Symettuslld-met'us).  [Cr. 'T.i/'/mii;.]  The  nn- 
eicnt  name  of  a  mountain  in  Attica.  Greece, 
sontheasl  of  Athens  :  the  modern  Trelo  Vouni. 
It  was  celebrated  for  honev.  and  also  noted  for 
its  marble.     Height,  a.3()S  feet. 

H3nnir(he'inir).  [ON.]  In  Did  Norse  mythology, 
a  water-demon,  the  giant  of  the  winter  sen.  He 
dwelt  tar  In  the  east,  at  the  end  of  the  heavens,  by  the  sea. 
The  glaciers  resounded  when  be  relnrned  home  fmm  Iho 
chase,  and  his  beard  was  eoven.l  with  lee.  He  was  the 
original  owner  of  the  kettle  in  which  the  gods  brewed  ale. 

HyogO.     See  Ilioi/o. 

Hypatia  (hi-pa's'hiii).  [Or.  'Tn-ar/a.]  A  Neo- 
]il!il(>iiic  pliilosopher  of  Alexandria,  nt  the  end 
of  till'  4th  and  the  beginning  of  t  he. 'ith  century, 
celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  her  unhappy  fate. 
The  celebrity  of  Theon  Is  obscured  hy  that  of  his  daugh- 
ter Hypatia,  whose  sex.  youth,  beauty,  and  cruel  fati'  have 
mnde'hcr  the  most  interesting  martyr  of  phllnsophv.  After 
receiving  Instruction  in  mathematics  from  her  fattier,  who 
was  a  professor  at  the  Sluscum  In  his  native  city,  she  w  cut 


Hypatia 

to  Athens,  where  she  became  such  a  prcflcient  in  the  Pla- 
tonic philosophy  that,  on  her  return  to  Alexandria,  she 
presided  in  the  public  schools  there,  and  taught  at  once 
the  mathematics  of  ApoUonius  and  Diophantus,  and  the 
philosophy  of  A  mmonius  and  Plotinus.  Her  influence  over 
the  studious  and  educated  classes  in  Alexandria,  especially 
the  intimacy  which  subsisted  between  her  and  the  prefect 
Orestes,  excited  the  hatred  and  jealousy  of  the  narrow- 
minded  and  unpi-incipled  archbishop  ;  and  Cyril  found  no 
ditticulty  in  directing  the  brutabviolence  of  a  superstitious 
mob  agiiinst  one  who  was  described  as  an  enemy  of  the 
faith  and  its  ministers.  Headed  by  an  ecclesiastic  named 
Peter,  a  band  of  fanatics  attacked  Hypatia,  in  the  spring 
of  A.  D.  415,  as  she  was  passing  through  the  streets  in  her 
chariot,  dragged  her  to  one  of  the  churches,  where  they 
pulled  her  clothes  from  her  back,  and  then  cast  her  out 
into  the  street,  pelted  her  to  death  n  ith  fragments  of  earth- 
en\s'are,  tore  her  body  to  pieces,  and  committed  her  mu- 
tilated remains  to  the  flames. 

K.  0.  MuUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  in.  351. 

[{Donaldson.) 

Hypatia.  A  novel  by  Charles  Kingsley,  pub- 
lished in  1853. 

Hyperboreans  (hi-per-ho're-anz).  [6r.  'Tn-fp- 
jiopeoi,  those  who  are  beyond' the  north  wind.] 
In  early  Greek  legend,  a  people  who  lived  be- 
yond the  north  wind,  and  were  not  exposed  to 
its  blasts,  but  enjoyed  a  land  of  perpetual  sun- 
shine and  abundant  fruits.  They  werefree  from  dis- 
ease, violence,  and  war.  Their  natural  life  lasted  a  thou- 
sand years,  and  was  spent  in  the  worship  of  Apollo.  In 
later  times  the  Greeks  gave  the  name  to  inhabitants  of 
northern  countries  generally. 

Very  elaborate  accounts  have  been  given  of  the  Hyper- 
boreans both  in  ancient  and  modern  times.  Hecatseus  of 
Abdera,  a  contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great,  wrote  a 
book  concerning  them.  They  are,  however,  in  reality  not 
a  historic:J,  but  an  ideal  nation.  The  North  Wind  being 
given  a  local  seat  in  certain  mountains  called  Khipsean,  it 
was  supposed  there  must  be  a  country  above  the  north 
wind,  which  would  not  be  cold,  and  which  would  have  in- 
habitants. Ideal  perfections  were  gradually  ascribed  to 
this  region.  According  to  Pindar,  Hercules  brought  from 
it  the  olive,  which  grew  thickly  there  about  the  sources 
of  the  Danube  (01.  iii.  219).  When  the  country  had  been 
made  thus  charming,  it  was  natural  to  attach  good  quali- 
ties to  the  inhabitants.  Accordingly  they  were  made  wor- 
shippers of  Apollo  (Pindar,  1.  s.  c),  observers  of  justice 
(Hellan.  Fr.  96),  and  vegetarians  (ibid.).  As  geographical 
knowledgegrew,  it  was  necessary  to  assign  them  a  distinct 
position,  or  to  banish  them  to  the  realms  of  fable.  Herod- 
otus preferred  the  latter  alternative,  Damastes  the  for- 
mer. Damastes  placed  them  greatly  to  the  north  of  Scy- 
thia,  from  which  they  were  separated  by  the  countries  of 
the  Issedones  and  the  Ariniaspi  Southward  their  boun- 
dary was  the  (supposed)  Rhipjean  mountain-chain  ;  north- 
ward it  was  the  ocean.  (Ft.  1.)  This  arrangement  sufficed 
for  a  time.    When,  however,  it  was  discovered  that  no 


522 

mountain-chain  ran  across  Europe  above  Scythia,  and  that 
the  Danube,  instead  of  rising  in  the  north  (compare  Find. 
01.  iii.  25  with  Isth.  vi.  34),  rose  in  the  west,  a  new  posi- 
tion had  to  be  sought  for  the  Hyperboreans,  and  they  were 
placed  near  the  Italian  Alps,  and  confounded  with  the 
Gauls  and  the  Etruscans  or  Tarquinians.  A  different  and 
probabha  later  tradition,  though  found  in  an  earlier  wTiter, 
is  that  which  assigned  them  an  island  as  large  as  Sicily, 
lying  towards  the  north,  over  against  the  country  of  the 
Celts,  fertile  and  v.aried  in  its  productions,  possessed  of  a 
beautiful  climate,  and  enjoying  two  hjirvests  a  year.  In 
this  island  it  is  not  difficult  to  recognize  our  own  country. 
llauiiiison,  Herod.,  III.  27,  note. 

Hyperides,  or  Hypereides  (hi-per-i'dez).    [Gr. 

'T-cp£t6;ig,  'Yjrfp«l//f.]  A  celebrated  Attie  ora- 
tor, a  contemporary  (and  probably  a  younger 
contemporary)  of  Demosthenes,  and  the  son  of 
Glaucippus  of  the  deme  CoUytus.  He  supported 
Demosthenes  in  his  opposition  to  the  Macedonian  pai'ty ; 
later  (324)  took  part  in  his  prosecution  on  the  chai'ge  of 
bribery  by  Alexander ;  was  chief  instigator  of  the  Lamlau 
war ;  and  was  slain  at  Corinth  in  322. 

H3^erioil  (hi-pe'ri-ou  or  hi-per-i'on).  [Gr.'Tirc- 
piuv.]  1.  In  Greek  mrthology,  a  Titan,  a  son 
of  Uranus  and  Ga?a.  By  his  sister  Theia  he  was 
the  father  of  Helios,  Selene,  and  Eos. —  2.  The 
seventh  satellite  of  Saturn,  discovered  by  Bond 
Sept.  16,  1848. 

Hyperion.  1.  A  poetical  fragment  by  Keats, 
published  in  1820. —  2.  A  prose  romance  by 
Longfellow,  published  in  1839.  The  subjects 
of  the  two  works  are  entirely  different. 

Hyphasis  (hif'a-sis).  [Gr.  "Tpamf.]  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  river  Sutlej. 

Hypocrite,  L".  The  name  under  which  "  Tar- 
tufe  "  was  first  played. 

Hypocrite,  The.  A  play  by  Bickerstaffe,  in 
wliich  Gibber's  "Non-Juror,"  an  adaptation  of 
"Tartufe,"  survives.    It  was  prodticed  in  1768. 

Hyppolite  (e-po-lef),  Louis  Mondestin  Flor- 
vll.  Born  at  Cap  Haitien,  1827:  died  March  24, 
1896.  A  Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was 
a  mulatto,  the  son  of  one  of  Soulouque's  ministers;  first  at- 
tained prominence  in  the  civil  war  of  1865 ;  was  the  leader 
of  the  sanguinary  revolt  by  which  Legitime  was  defeated ; 
and  in  Oct.,  1889,  w!is  proclaimed  acting  president.  In 
May,  1S90,  he  was  elected  president  for  seven  years. 

Hyrcania  (her-ka'ni-a).  [Gr.  v  Tpnaria.l  In 
ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Asia  which  bor- 
dered on  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Oxus.  It  cor- 
responded in  part  to  northern  and  northeastern 
Persia. 


Hythe 
Hyrcanus  (her-ka'nus)  I.,  or  John  Hyrcanus. 

A  Jlarcabean prince  of  Judea  135-105  B.C.  Under 
him  the  political  achievements  of  the  Maccabees  were  con- 
solidated and  extended.  He  cleai-ed  the  young  state  of 
heterogeneotis  and  hostile  elements  by  driving  out  the  Hel- 
lenists from  Palestine  and  destroying  the  Samaritan  tem- 
ple on  Jlount  Gerizim,  thus  accomplishing  the  dissolution 
of  the  Samaritans  as  a  separate  religious  nation.  The  Ida- 
means  he  forced  to  accept  Judaism.  He  also  extended, 
by  successful  wars,  the  boundaries  of  Judea,  and  assured 
its  independence.  With  Rome  he  entertained  friendly  re- 
lations.   His  reign  was  compared  to  that  of  Solomon. 

Hyrcanus  II.  The  last  and  most  unforttmate 
of  tlie  Maceabean  princes.  He  was  of  a  weak,  irres- 
olute character,  but,  being  the  elder  of  two  brothers,  was 
at  the  dcatli  of  bis  mother,  Salome  Alexandra,  69  B.  c,  ap- 
pointed king,  while  tohis  more  energetic  but  rash  brother, 
Aristobulusll.,  was  bequeathed  the  high-priesthood.  Soon 
a  conflict  broke  out  between  the  brothers.  The  helpless 
Hyrcanus  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  crafty  Idumean  An- 
tipater,  father  of  Herod,  whom  he  adopted  as  his  guide 
and  counselor.  Antipater's  machinations  brought  Pom- 
pey  to  Jerusalem  in  63  B.  c,  an  event  which  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  end  of  Judean  independence,  and  resulted  in 
supplanting  the  Maceabean  race  by  that  of  Antipater,  the 
Herodians.  Aristobulus  II.  was  led  as  a  prisoner  by  Pom- 
pey  to  Rome,  and  was  there  poisoned.  The  weak  Hyrca- 
nus became  a  tool  of  Herod.  Even  of  the  dignity  of  the 
high-priesthood,  to  which  Herod  confined  him,  he  was  de- 
prived in  consequence  of  mutilation  which  he  suffered  at 
the  hands  of  the  invading  Parthians.  He  finally  died  the 
ignominious  death  of  a  criminal,  Herod  ordering  his  exe- 
cution on  the  charge  of  conspiracy,  30  B.  C. 

Hysmene  and  Hysmenias  (his'me-ne  and  his- 
me'ni-as).  A  Greek  romance  by  a  certain 
Eustathius  (or  Emathius,  or  Eumathias),  writ- 
ten not  earlier  than  the  9th  centtiry  A.  D. 

Hystaspes(his-tas'pez).  [Old  Feis.  Vishtdspa.'] 
See  the  extract. 

Hystaspes,  the  son  of  Arsames  and  father  of  Darius  —  the 
Gustasp  of  Persian  romance  — not  only  occurs  in  the  ge- 
nealogical lists,  Greek  and  native,  but  likewise  appears  in 
the  Behistun  Inscription  as  actually  living  in  the  reign  of 
his  son  and  serving  under  him.  According  to  Ctesias,  he 
was  accidentally  killed  as  he  was  being  drawn  up  by  ropes 
to  examine  the  sculptures  which  Darius  was  having  exe- 
cuted for  his  own  tomb.  I  have  already  noticed  the  prob- 
ability  that  Hystaspes  was  the  real  heir  to  the  throne,  on 
the  failure  of  male  issue  in  tlie  line  of  Cyrus,  but  waived 
his  right  in  favour  of  his  eldest  son. 

Hawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  257. 

Hythe  (hiTH).  [AS.  il^tt,  the  port.]  A  town 
in  Kent,  England,  on  the  Strait  of  Dover  11 
miles  west  of  Dover.  It  is  one  of  the  Cinque  Port^ 
and  a  military  station.    Population  (1891),  1,361. 


lacchus(i-ak'us).  [Gr."IaK,roc.] 
Lu  Greek  mythology,  a  divin- 
ity peculiar  to  Athens,  and 
important  from  his  intimate 
conneetion-ivith  the  Eleusin- 
ianmysteries.  Hewasasonof 
Demeter  and  Zeus,  and  a  brother 
of  Kora  (Proserpine).and  persoui- 
fled  the  raale  element  in  nature, 
ashis  sister  the  female.  At  Eleusis 
he  was  looked  upon  as  an  intermediary  between  the  (ireat 


hA  w!iH  lookeu  upon  as  an  iuiA;iiin-«i'*'j  ■"--■;  -- r^-  -- 

SodTesses  and  their  votaries,  and  presided  in  person  (rep 
fSented  by  an  image  crowned  with  myrtle  and  bearing  a 
JSchrover  the  splendid  procession  from  the  Eleus.n.um 
S  Atfcens  to  the  sekos  at  Eleusis,  and  over  the  mysterious 
I,-...  In  ?he  latter  sanctuary.  At  a  comparatively  late  date 
r»cchs  became  to  "omfixtent  confounded  with  a  new 
^ne  of  infant  Bacchus,  who,  as  a  son  of  Demeter,  was  en- 
tirelv  distinct  from  the  older  Dionysus.  ,     ,.,_       , 

Smo  (i-ak'i-mo).  In  Shakspere's  "Cymbe- 
UnT^a  worldly  and  affected  Roman  courtier: 
ft  brutal  villain.  He  conceals  himself  in  a  chest  in  Ini- 
oeen^rooinTand  so  furnishes  himself  with  detaUs  which 
seem  to  prove  her  unchastity.        .     „,    ,  ,     . 

iLeo  d-l'^o).  A  character  in  Shakspere's  tra- 
pedv  "  Othello."  He  is  the  ancient  of  Othello,  and  is 
filed  with  jealousy  of  bis  rank  and  power.  His  cool  and 
SlcuirtiiK  villainy,  his  speciousness,  and  his  bitter  sai- 
calculating  ™'*';'.»' .  „„^trast  to  the  noble  and  large- 
^Xe';0h"J^lo''*inorde7to  revenge  himself  for  the  loss 
"f  the  position  as  Othello's  lieutenant  which  he  failed  to 
.lire  (and  partly  apparently  from  sheer  love  of  evil),  he 
;.  s"  a  whi^rh"nd  of  passion  in  the  latter's  bre.ast^by 
IroUly  making  him  believe  in  the  unfaithfulness  of  Des- 
clemoua,  to  the  final  destruction  ot  aU  three. 

lamblichUS  (ja'm'bli-kns).  [Gr  '^m^^^^J-^ 
b!«-u  at  Chalcis,  Coele-Syria :  died  about  m  A.  D. 
A  Syrian  Neoplatonic  philosopher.      He  wrote 

^s^?-r^£vi^rs^s  a:^^ 

■■Sh^,nation  to  Philosophy  "were  edited  by  k.essling 

laDetiis  (i-ap'e-tus).  [Gr.  'laTrfrif.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  Titan,  son  ot  Uranus  and  Ofea, 
aildfathlr  of  Prometheus  Epimetheus,  Atlas 
and  Men<Btius.    He  was  thrown  by  Zeus  into 

TTiiL'.^^!^*T  n  nii'i-al     FGr.  'lavvyia.']   In  ancient 
^K^JI'a-i-  a  "V-^^^  vaguely  by  the  Greeks 

for  Mcssapia  or  Apulia.       „      ^,  ,     „. 

lapygians  (i-a-pij'i-anz).  See  the  extract. 
Under  the  general  name  of  lapygians  were  commonly 
i„c  uded  t  ree  distinct  tribes,  the  Messapians.  the  1/euce- 
tians  and  the  Daunians.  The  Urst-named  are  spoken  o 
iL^he^nhabitants  of  the  lapygian  P""'-"'^'.  '^'^it^y  ver  • 
Tarentuin  and  Bnindusium  (Strab.  vi.  p.  401).  1  '"-V  "^  '; 
geSe^aUy  derived  from  Crete,  ^^If^.^^^'^ZlTw- 


for  this  short,  dark  dolichocephalic  ty?e  we  may  adopt 
the  usual  and  convenient  name  "Iberian.^'  Professor  K-.l- 
leston  prefers  the  tern.  -  Silurian,"  and  it  has  been  vari- 
oubly  designated  by  other  writers  as  the  Euskariali  Basque, 
Berhe?,  oiSlediteJ-ranean  race.  By  some  *>»»'•»•"»';[« 
it  is  ca  led  the  "  Cro-Magnon  type,  from  a  skull,  P"^ •'''/ 
of  pateolithic  age,  found  in  a  sepulchral  cavern  at  Cro- 

Ma?noninP6rigord Before  the  arrival  of  the  brachy- 

ceXllc  Ligurian  race,  the  Iberians  ranged  over  the  great- 
er part  of  France.  We  trace  them  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Seine  the  Oise,  and  the  Marne,  frequently  in  association 
with  he  remains  of  the  J.i^-urian  invaders.  If,  as  seems 
Diobable  we  may  identify  tl.em  with  the  Aquitanl,  oneof 
Se  three  races  which  o.eupied  Gaul  in  the  ti-'e  o  fCa,sar, 
they  must  have  retreate.l  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  IJT- 
enees  before  the  beginning  of  the  historic  period.  It  is 
ta  this  regLn  mainly  in  the  valley  of  the  (iaroune,  that 
their  seDUlchr.aI  caves  are  the  most  numerous.  .  .  .  Iht 
IberLnia  short  Southern  dolichocephalic  race,  repre- 
sented  in  the  long  barrows  of  Britain  and  the  sepulchral 
elves  of  France  and  Spain.  The  stature  averaged  5  feet  4 
fnches?and  the  cephalic  index  71  to  74.  They  were  orthog- 
nathous  and  swarthy.  They  are  now  "■'^P«^™'f  '  |"™" 
of  the  Welsh  and  Irish,  by  theCorsicans,  and  by  the  Span- 
ish Basques.    Their  affinities  are  African. 

^  Taylor,  Aryans,  pp.  69,  9i,  iU. 


Ibadan  (e-ba'dan).   A  town  intlie  Yor^V'  """"o 
try7West  Africa,  about  lat.  7°  20'  N..  long.  4° 
10'  E      Population,  estimated,  100,(100. 
Ibarra  (e-bar'rii).     The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Imbabura,  northern  Ecuador,  about  Shinnies 
northeast  of  Quito.    It  was  destroyed  in  ISbh 
by  an  earthqi^ke  whi.di  killed  3,000  of  the  in- 
habitants.    Population,  about  13,000. 
Ibea  (i-be'a).     The  part  of  British  East  Africa 
foiTnerlv  under  control  of  the  Imiienal  British 
East  Africa  Company.    The  name  is  tormcl 
from  the  initials  of  tlie  al.ovo  words. 
Iberia  d-be'ri-ii).     [L.  IbSria,  Gr.l^>ip>a,  from 
Ihins,  Bibcrc:.-,  Or.  "lih/prr,  tlx^  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geo-raphy:    (")    The  pi'innsula  of 
southwestern  Europe,  comprising  the  modern 
Spain  and  Portugal.     ('-)  The  region  bounded 
by  the  Caucasus  Mountains  on  the  north,  Al- 
bania on  the  east,  Armenia  on  the  south,  and 
Colchis  on  the  west.     It  corresponds  nearly  to 
the  modem  Georgia. 
Iberian  (i-bo'ri-an) Mountains.    A  .lamesome- 
t  lines  given  to  tlie  mountains  in  central  and  east- 
ern Spain. 

Iberian  Peninsula.    The  southwesteni  ,.eniii- 

suhi  of  Euroiir,  comprising  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Iberians  ii-lie'ri-aiiz).    The  ancient  mhalntants 
of  the  Iberian  peuinsuUi.     See  tlie  extract. 


Iberus  (i-be'ms).  The  Latin  nanieof  the  Ebro. 
Iberville  (e-ber-vel'),  Pierre  le  Moyne,  Sieur 
T  Born  at  Montreal,  July  16,1661:  di(,d  at  Ha- 
vana, July  9,  1706.  A  French-Canadian  naval 
and  military  commander.  He  entered  the  French 
navy  at  the  age  of  fourteen  ;  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Sditioi.  aiainst  Schenectady  in  1690 ;  obtained  com- 
Sofa  frilate  in  l(j9i :  and  took  Forts  Nelson  and  Bour- 
bon on  Hudson  Bay  in  H194  and  1097  respectively.  In  lt.99, 
having  been  commissioned  by  the  French  government  to 
establish  direct  intercourse  between  If-'fnce  and  the  J  s^ 
sissippi  River,  he  erected  Fort  Hiloxi,  at  the  head  of  In Om 
bIv  the  first  post  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver.  He  sub  e- 
nuently  estaldished  other  posts  in  the  same  region,  and 
was  preparing  to  attack  the  cast  of  North  Carolina  when 
he  died  of  a  fever  at  Havana. 

Ibicuhy,  or  Ibicul  (f-be-kwe').  Ariver  in  south- 
ern Brazil,  joining  the  Uruguay  in  the  province 
of  Kio  Grande  do  Sul,  about  lat.  29°  20    S. 
Length,  over  300  miles. 
Iblisi     See  Ehlis.  ., 

Ibn  Batuta  (ibn  ba-to'ta),  properly  Abu  Ab- 
dallah.  Mohammed.    Born  at  Tangier,  Mo- 
rocco, about  1304:  died  at  Fez,  Morocco,  about 
1377      An  Arabian  traveler.     He  visited  northern 
and  central  Africa,  westeni  and  central  Asia  R"«"f  ■  l"" 
liV  rhina.  etc      His  '■  Trave  s  "  were  translated  into  hng- 
n'stM^y"    Lee'in  islg.and  into  French  by  C.  Defr^mery 
and  K.  Sanguinetti  1874-79. 
Ibn  Ezra.     See  Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra. 
IbnHauk\ll(ibnhou-kul').    Died  976  A.  D.    An 
\raliian  geograplier  and  traveler.   The  ob8erva_ 
tions  of  his  twenty  years  of  travel  in  the  coun(.r  es  of 
r;  we?f  put  doL^n  the  work  .;Uig.way»  and  ^ 

tries  '■  which  wiia  translated  into  English  'ly  ""  "  ""•'"' 
0^ele^^nnde^the  title  of  "The  Oriental  (ieography  of 
Ibn  Ilaukul,"  in  ISOO.  . 

Ibn  Khaldto  (ibn  khal-d8n'),  patronymic  of 
Abu  Zeid  Abdurrahman.    Bom  at  Tunis, 

K!°2 :  died  at  C.-iiro,  March.  1406.  An  Aral.nm 
historian.  His  chief  work  is  a  universal  hist(>ry 
which  treats  especially  of  the  Arabs  and  Ber- 

IbnkhalUkan(ibnkal'li.kiln).  Born  1211  A.D. 
at  Arbela:  died  I'JSl  A.  I),  at  Damascus.  An 
eminent  Ai'abian  sclndar  and  writer  lie  was 
scholar,  poet,  compiler,  biographer,  ami  l',li";"l'";\,,!„  •• 
celelrateS  biograpl.ieal  ^york.•■  ''•"'''"■;','';  iSush  and 
(•'  Wafiat-ul-Aiyan  ■' ).  has  been  translated  into  ^''W  «'•'"','' 
copiously  annotated  by  Bar<.n  Mactiuckin  de  Mane  (184i- 
1871). 

Ibn  Sina.  See  Jrirennn.  .  „  ,  TV  1 
Ibn  Tofail  (ibn  to'fii-il)  (Abu  Beker  Ibn  el- 

Tofeil).     An  Arabian  pliilosoplnr  and  physi- 
cian,acontein]>orary  of  tlie  Arabian  philosopher 

and  writer  Averroes.     He  llvc.l  toward  the  close  of 
tile  I'lh  centni-y  in  <.ne  of  the  Arabic  kingdoms  In  Spain. 
He^VrnprnidaTldlosophlcal  deserintionn  I  he^^^ 
voyages  of  Ibn  Y.,k,lhan,  translaled  t"t'  '    ■"  ™  ''^^J  ,°"^,' 
Narbonensis.  and  Into  l-nlln  by  r;'ei";k.;  b,  ni,l.    ^Sooral 


NarbonenslB,  an.i  niio  i."'",  ..,  ';"„;,,  •..■„.,,  ,,,,,i  ,„„. 
English  translation,  were  made  from  ,'.'  /' ' ,  'l,"  "J,  ''  ."j 
,„m  tlu>  -igimd  Ar.d.c  by  Mm..,   M^ 

Si,;;il^dln';;^  Mfeo;H';'i?in:V,;,lhan,  wrl,.enby  Abu 


f.xnioiieo  III  .lie..,., ;  j-j ,.,„ 

.Taafer  Ebn  Topball."     Sco  A utod,dncUu 

Ibo  (e'bii).    An  island  seaport  an.l  town  of  1  or- 
tugueseEast  .Xfrica.  in  lat.  12°  23    N. 

Ibo(e'bo)."rlgbo(eg'bo).     An  important  Afri- 
can tribe  dwelling  at  the  apex  of  the  Niger  delta, 
628 


and  extending  thenee  to  the  north  and  east 
The  chief  town,  also  called  Ibo,  is  ™  ™P°""n'  Nile? 
palm-oil  trade.  All  the  saves  exported  « ^o  »  "  «  >•  >«^r 
used  to  be  called  Ibos  in  North  America.  The  Ibo  tl  be 
comprises  some  minor  tribes  speaking  dialects  of  Ibo. 
naS  Isoama  (the  dialect  used  in  missionary  books). 
eCu  Abadj"  and  Abo.  The  Ibo.  being  a  trade  language 
fs  "fed  beyond  the  territory  of  the  tribe.    See  Igara  and 

Ibrahim  (ib-ra-hem'  )•  The  Arabic  form  of  A  bru- 

Ibrahim.  Died  in  153.5.  A  grand  vizir  of  Tur- 
key. He  was  the  son  of  a  saUor  at  Parga ;  was  captured 
bv  "corsairs  in  his  youth  ;  was  sold  into  slavery  at  Magne- 
sia, ai?dbeeLme  the  property  of  Soliman  II  'ly  whom  he 
was  made  virir  in  1523.  He  fought  with  dis'mction  in  he 
war  against  Hungary  in  1627,  and  was  put  to  death  at  the 
instigation  of  the  sultana  in  lo35. 

Ibrahim  of  Aleppo.  Died  in  1549.  A  celebrated 
Ottoman  jurist.  He  compiled  the  great  c"de  of  laws 
knowii  as  "  5Iulteka-al- Abhar  "  ('■  Confluence  of  the  Seas  ). 

Ibrahim,  ou  llUustre  Bassa.  A  romance  by 
Mademoiselle  de  SciuU-ry,  published  m  1641. 
Settle  wrote  a  tragedy  founded  on  this :  it  was 

published  in  1677.  -a„^^\o« 

IbrahimPasha(ib-ra-hem'pash  &)•  Bornatta- 
valla,  Rumelia,  1789 :  died  at  Cairo,  Nov.  9, 1848 
An  Egyptian  general,  son  (or  adopted  son)  ot 
Meheniet  All.  He  subdued  the  Wahhabees  181(i-18: 
commanded  against  the  Greeks  1824-27;  stonned  .\cre 
Mai"?  1^2  defeated  the  Turks  at  Homs  a.id  Konieh  in 
1832,  and  at  ^'isib  .luue  24, 1839  ;  and  succeeded  Mehemet 
KM.  as  viceroy  in  1848. 

Ibrail,  or  Ibraila.    See  BraXla. 

Ibreez.    See  Ivris. 

Ibsambul.    See  Abn-Simhel. 

Ibsen(ib'sen),Henrik.  Bom  at  Skien,Norway, 
March  20,'182H.    A  noted  Norwegian  dramatic 
noet.   He  at  flrst  studied  medicine,  but  soon  devoted  hiui- 
?elf  entU-ely  to  literature.     His  flrst  dramatic  a  (erupt, 
the  th?ee-act  tragedy  ■'  Katilina,"  was  puldished  at  Chiis- 
tian  a  in  1800  unde-r  the  pseudonym  Brynjolf   Bjarme^ 
In  the  same  year  he  went  to  Christiania  in  order  to 
pursue  his  studies  at  the  university     With  A.  (..  Mnje 
L"    Botten-Uansen    the   .''iWiograPher    young   men   o 
his  own  age,  he  engaged  in  the  ed  torship  of  the  si  on- 
ved  weekly  journal  -  Andhrimner,"  to  which  he  contrib- 
ted  ij^ics  and  satirical  pieces.     A  short  saga  piec^ 
■'  KKiimehoten  "  ("  Tlie  Warrb.rs  Mound  •>  written  at  this 
time,Tas  produced  upon  the  stage.     On  "•« ''^;^-'   »"  »' 
the  journal  the  following  year,  he  obtained   r.n  the  vo- 
linist  Ole  Bull   the  position  of  manager   "■"'•'":■»  ^ 
onened  National  Theater  at  Bergen,  a  post  which  he  held 
unt  1  1857     In  18r,2,  in  the  interest  of  the  theater,  he  un- 
dertookashort  journey  to  Denmark  and  (iermany  to  s  udy 
eeu"c  art      From  thisperi"'!  is  the  historical  drama  "  .  il  ■ 
diTt  rairsolhang  ■  ('The  Banquet  at  Solhang  1.    In  1867 
he  w"cXd   "  Christiania  as  director  of  the  Norwegian 
TheVJer      From  this  year  is  the  historical  drama  •'Fru 
liig.rti  Ostrmit  ■(••Mistresslngeratostrm.t  yvlilchsiiH 

a'.iuently,  however,  was  almost  wholly  rewritten.      l-Yom 

is' 8  is    1  o  historicuil   drama   ■■Hernuendene  paa  Udge- 

land  ••  (•■  The  Warriors  at  Ilelgeland  ").      •  Kjieil  ghe.  en8 

K     l.-die  "  (■'  Love's  Comedy  "),  the  llrst  o    the  satirical  BO- 

ci      plays  that  have  particularly  made  h,»  naine  famous. 

was   he  next  important  work  to  appear  (In  1802).    In  IMM 

apneared  the  historic  drama  "  KTongs-Kmnerne     ("Iho 

p'retenders ' ).  In  18.14.  after  writing  the  poem  "  En  Broder 

I  Nod'T'A  lirother  in  Need  ■)      a  demand  to  the  people  to 

akenpthe  cause  of  Denmark,  whieh,  however,    ell  ui l- 

eede.f-he  left  Norway  in  a  sort  o   voluntary  exile      In 

Uole   in  18,«  he  eompleted  one  of   "'J, •;■■■;;'  7'.  "''» 

works,  the  drama  "  Brand."    This  was  followed  Ih^  »  <-: 

ceedii  g  year  (1807)  by  the  dramatic  poem      Peer  (.yilt, 

a  .,    vHttiiTln  Italy.     Ills  next  work  was  the  "».' fie  c.m.;. 

edv  "DeUnces  Forbund  "  ("The  Young  Mens     nion, 

18(  7)-  like  all  his  later  works,  «  rlltei,  in  prose    I  his  wa. 

,,  lowed  ill  1S71  by  the  long  hisloric  dn.nia  "keiscTOg 

i^iiee^  nb'l  Halihan  "),  which  consists  of 

rrts-'\lulai.s  Apostasy  ".md".IuliaMtliel.ini.eror 

e   iieantiine  he  had  changed  his  place  of  residence, 

•W9  ,V'Et  Dukkehjem"  ("A  Dolls  House,'  tn.i.sl»t^ 
under  the  name  "N.na"),];.  he  ^V^;^,''"'.., '„'V;  k  ■ 
plays  are  ■•  OJengangere "  C  ."'"'f'^.  '%'';,  vidnn  en" 
lelide"  (•■  An  Knemy  "'''>V\  '"'''''•;,, \??,-i\,ln."Kn^^^^ 
..The  Wild  Din-k  •  1884^,  ,  -'-"^^"l.  ^.'^L 
[:,l"r'7l89i'i),  a  ;^^!  gn' ^t^r  S,.I,ies."("Arelll.ect  M^ 
,n.«"lS!)-'l  Among  his  minor  writ  lugs  are  tlR.  epic  lerje 
v'ge.i"  ™i  the  hing  p."m  ••  Paa  Vldderne" (I880X 


IbVCUS  (ib'i-kus). "  [Gr.  "I,JM*of.]  A  Greek  lyric 
poet  of  th.-  sc..ond1.alf  of  the  6th  century  n.  c, 
„,iii  at  Khegiiim.  Italy.  Uellve<lfor  the  greater  part 
of  his  lite  at  the  curt  of  Polycrate.  of  Sanios.    1-  nM^inent. 


rbycus 

of  his  poems,  which  were  chiefly  erotic,  have  survived.  Ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  he  was  mmdered  at  sea,  and  his 
murderers  were  found  out  through  some  cranes  that  fol- 
lowed the  ship  :  hence  the  "  cranes  of  Ibycus  "  became  a 
proverb  for  the  agency  of  the  gods  in  revealing  crime. 

Ica,  or  Yea  (e'ka).  A  town  in  western  Peru,  160 
miles  south-southeast  of  Lima.  Population 
(1889).  about  9,000. 

Ica.  A  maritime  department  of  Peru.  Area, 
6.295  square  miles.     Population,  about  60,000. 

19a  (e-sa').  called  Putumayo  (po-to-mi'vo)  by 
Spanish  Americans.  A  river  of  South  America 
which  rises  near  Paste,  southern  Colombia, 
flows  east  and  southeast  through  Colombia  and 
Brazil,  and  joins  the  Amazon  near  lat.  3°  S., 
long.  69°  W.  A  portion  of  the  middle  course  is  claimed 
both  by  Ecuador  and  by  Peru.  Length,  about  1,100  miles; 
navigable  for  nearly  900  miles.    Also  wTittou  Izd. 

Icaria  (i-ka'ri-a).  [Gr.  'iKopia.']  1.  A  site  in  the 
Kapedosa  valley,  Attica,  Greece,  north  of  Mount 
Pent  elieus.  excavated  by  the  American  School  at 
Athens  in  1888,  with  the  result  of  the  discovery 
of  architectiu'al  remains  and  interesting  sculp- 
ture, chiefly  archaic,  and  the  definitive  identi- 
fication of  the  site.  It  is  important  because  here,  ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  wine-malting  and  the  Dionysiac  cult 
were  introduced  into  Attica  by  Bacchus  himself ;  and  here 
was  born  Thespis,  who,  by  the  changes  he  introduced  into 
the  old  dithynmibic  songs,  became  the  originator  of  the 
drama,  of  whose  first  essays  Icaria  was  the  theater. 
2.  See  Icarian  Sea. 

Icaria,  A  cooperative  community  established 
in  1818  in  Texas,  removed  to  Nauvoo,  in  Illinois, 
in  18.')0,  and  in  1857  to  Adams  County,  Iowa. 

Icarian  Sea.  The  part  of  the  .SIgean  Sea  sur- 
rounding Samos  and  the  neighboring  small  isl- 
and of  Icaria.  Compare  Icarus. 

The  Icarian  sea  received  its  name  from  the  island  of 
Icaiia  (now  Nikaria),  which  lay  between  Samos  and  Myco- 
nus  (Strab.  xiv.  p.  915).  It  extended  from  Chios  to  Cos, 
where  the  Carpathian  sea  began. 

Sawlinsony  Herod.,  HI.  474,  note. 

Icarus  (ik'a-rus).  [Gr."'lKapoc.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  son  of  i)a;dalus,  drowned  in  the  Icarian  Sea 
(named, according  to  the  legend,  from  him), near 
Samos,  in  his  flight  from  Crete,  by  flying  so  near 
the  sun  that  his  innngs  of  wax.  made  by  D»da- 
lus.  melted.     See  Da'dalus  and  Icarian  Sea. 

Iceland  (is'land).  Dan.  Island  (es'land).  [For- 
merly Iseland,  Island,  from  leel.  Island.  Dan. 
Sw.  island,  land  of  ice.]  An  island  in  the  Xorth 
Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Denmark,  in  lat. 
63° 23'-66° 33'  X.,  long.  13° 32'-24°  35'  W..  about 
160  miles  east  of  Greenland.  Capital,  Reykja- 
vik. The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Iceland  is 
noted  for  its  volcanoes  and  glaciers.  Its  leading  occupa- 
tion is  the  raising  of  cattle.  The  religion  is  Lutheran.  The 
legislative  government  (according  to  the  constitution  of 
1874)  is  vested  in  the  king  and  a  local  assembly  (Althing) 
with  an  upper  chamber  of  12  members  and  a  lower  chamber 
of  24  members;  the  executive  being  vested  in  a  governor- 
general  appointed  by  the  king.  Iceland  was  settled  in  part 
by  IiTsh  monks  (from  about  795),  and  was  mainly  settled  by 
Northmen  about  870-930.  Christianity  was  introduced 
about  1000.  The  island  was  united  to  Xorway  in  1262,  and 
passed  to  Denmark  in  1380.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  liter- 
ary productiveness  in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  A  new 
constitutionwasgrantedinlS74.  Length,  300 miles.  Area, 
39,756  squiu-e  miles.    Population  (1890),  70,927. 

Iceland,  which  had  remained  undiscovered  till  long  after 
the  days  of  Charles,  was,  down  to  the  year  1262,  the  only 
absolutely  free  republic  in  the  world. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  185. 

Iceni  (i-se'ni).  An  ancient  British  tribe,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  England,  whose  queen,  Boadi- 
cea,  headed  a  formidable  insurrection  against 
the  Romans  in  61  A.  D. 

Ichabod  (ik'a-bod).  [Heb.,' no  glory.']  A  child 
(the  son  of  Phinehas  and  grandson  of  Eli)  so 
named  bv  his  mother,  who  died  in  giving  him 
birth  (1  Sam.  iv.  21). 

Ichang  (e-chang'\  or  Y-lin  (e-len').  A  treaty 
port  in  the  province  of  Hupeh,  China,  situated 
on  the  Yangtse  about  lat.  30°  45'  X.,  long.  111° 
25' E.  Itwasmadeatreatvport  inl877.  Popu- 
lation, 34,000. 

Ichiti.     See  Hitchiti. 

Ichlil  (ik-lel').  [At.  ihUl  al-Jehbah,  the  crown 
of  the  brow.]  The  third-magnitude  star  .J 
Scorpii. 

Icknield  Street  (ik'neld  stret).  An  ancient 
Roman  road  which  ran  through  Britain  from 
Xorfolk  to  Cornwall. 

IcolmkiU.    See  lona. 

Iconium  (i-ko'ni-um).  The  ancient  name  of 
Konieh. 

Iconoclast.  The  pseudonym  of  Charles  Brad- 
laugh. 

Iconoclast  Emperors.  Those  Byzantine  em- 
perors who  were  noted  for  their  opposition  to 
image-worship  in  the  Eastern  CTiurch.  The  con- 
troversy began  with  the  edict  of  Leo  the  Isaurian  in  726, 
and  continued  until  the  middle  of  the  9th  century. 


524 

Iconoclasts  (i-kon'o-klasts) .  A  sect  or  party  in 
the  Eu.steru  Empire  in  the  Sth  and  9th  centuries 
which  opposed  all  use  and  honor  or  worship  of 
icons,  or  images,  and  destroyed  them  when  in 
power.  The  party  of  Iconoclasts  was  originated  by  the 
emperor  Leo  the  Isaurian,  and  afterward  continued  or  re- 
vived by  Constantine  Coprouymus  and  other  emperors,  es- 
pecially Leo  the  Armenian  and  Theophilus.  The  emperors 
named  treated  those  who  honored  icons  with  great  cruelty, 
and  after  the  death  of  the  last  of  them  the  party  of  Icono- 
clasts soon  became  extinct. 

Ictinns  (ik-ti'nus).  [Gr.  'iKrirog.']  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  archi- 
tect, chief  designer  of  the  Parthenon.  He  also  de- 
signed the  temple  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  at  Eleusis, 
and  the  temple  of  .\pollo  at  Bassai,  near  Fhigalia  (the 
sculptures  of  this  temple  are  among  the  treasures  of  the 
British  Museum).  Other  architects  were  associated  with 
him  in  nearly  all  of  these  works.  Ictinns  and  Phidias  were 
identified  with  Pericles  in  the  execution  of  his  great  scheme 
of  public  works. 

Ida  (i'da).  [Gr. /)  "1(5;?  or  "Ida.]  1.  A  mountain- 
range  in  Phrygia  and  Mysia,  Asia  Minor.  At  the 
base  of  it  was  the  Troad.  ItVas  famous  in  Greek  legend 
especially  as  a  seat  of  the  worship  of  (?ybele.  Highest  sum- 
mit, Gargaron  (the  modem  Kaz  Dagh,  5,749  feet). 

Herodotus  appears  to  have  given  the  name  of  Ida  to  the 
highlands  which  close  in  the  valley  of  the  Scamander  on 
the  left,  lying  west  and  south  of  Bunarbashl 

Raidinson^  Herod.,  r\'.  42,  note. 

2.  The  central  mountain-range  of  Crete :  the 
modem  PsUoriti.  It  was  the  scene  of  legends 
of  Zeus.     Highest  point,  about  8,000  feet. 

Ida  (i'da).  Died  559.  A  chief  of  the  Angles, 
the  first  king  of  Bemicia.  He  began  to  reign 
in  Xorthumbria  in  547.  Ida's  immediate  kingdom 
did  not  probably  extend  south  of  the  Tees,  though  his 
power  may  have  been  felt  beyond  that  river ;  for  the  king- 
ship of  Deira,  between  the  Tees  and  the  Humber,  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  founded  until  his  death.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  Ida's  Bernicia  did  not  extend  as  far  as  the 
"Tees.  He  is  said  to  have  had  six  sons  by  queens  and  six 
by  concubines  (Florence).  The  consolidation  and  advance 
of  the  heathen  power  under  him  and  his  sous  caused  a 
wide-spread  apostasy  from  Christianity  among  the  Picts. 
He  reigned  twelve  years,  and  died  in  559.  On  his  death 
-Ella  (died  t^S)  became  king  in  Deira,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  extended  his  power  over  Bernicia  (Skene).  Diet, 
yat.  Bion. 

Ida,  or  Idda  (ed'da).  The  chief  city  of  Igara 
(which  see). 

Idaho  (i'da-ho).  One  of  the  Western  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Bois6 
City.  It  is  bounded  by  British  America  on  the  north. 
Montana  and  Wyoming  on  the  east,  Utah  and  Nevada  on 
the  south,  and  Washington  and  Oregon  on  the  west,  lying 
between  lat.  42°  and  49°  N.,  and  long.  111°  and  117°  10'  W. 
It  has  21  counties ;  sends  2  senators  and  1  representative 
to  Congress ;  and  has  3  electoral  votes.  It  contains  the 
Salmon  Kiver  Mountains,  and  on  the  eastern  border  the 
Rocky  and  Bitter  Root  Mountains.  The  leading  occupa- 
tions are  mining  of  gold  and  silver  and  cattle-raising.  It 
formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  cession  ;  was  originally  part 
of  Oregon  Territory,  and  later  of  Washington  Territory  ; 
and  was  organized  as  a  separate  Territory  in  1863  (includ- 
ing the  present  Montana  and  part  of  NVyomingX  The 
present  boundary  was  settled  in  1868,  and  Idaho  was 
admitted  as  a  State  in  1890.  Area,  84,800  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  161,772. 

Idaliuni(i-da'li-um),  orldalia(i-da'li-a).  [Gr. 
'Irfd/'joi'.]  A  town  and  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Cyprus,  sacred  to  Aphrodite,  who  was  some- 
times called  Idalia. 

Idar  (e'dar).  A  small  town  in  Birkenf  eld,  Olden- 
burg, Germany,  about  30  miles  east  of  Treves. 

Iddesleigh,  Earl  of.    See  Xorthcote. 

Iddhi  (id'd-hii.  [The  PaU  for  the  Skt.  rddhi, 
success.]  lu  Buddhist  theology,  the  name  for 
the  extraordinary  powers  over  matter  possessed 
by  the  Arhat  or  Buddhist  in  the  fourth  stage 
of  moral  perfection,  in  this  stage  he  has  gained  the 
Abhinnas,  "transcendent  faculties  of  knowledge,"  the  in- 
ner eye,  the  inner  ear,  knowledge  of  all  thoughts,  and  recol- 
lection of  previous  existences  and  Iddhi.  Under  Iddhi 
are  included  :  <1)  the  faculty  of  reducing  the  body  to  the 
size  of  an  atom;  (2)  increating  size  or  weight  at  will :  (3) 
making  the  body  light  at  will ;  (4)  reaching  any  object, 
however  remote  ;  (5)  unlimited  exercise  of  will ;  (6)  abso- 
lute power  over  one's  self  and  others ;  (7)  subjecting  the 
elements ;  (S)  the  suppression  of  all  desires.  See  Monier- 
Williams,  "Buddhism,"  pp.  133-245. 

Iddoa.     See  Edohirc. 

Ideler  (e'de-ler),  Christian  Ludwig.  Bom  at 
Gross-Brese,  Pmssia,  Sept.  21,  1766:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  10,  1846.  A  German  astronomer, 
professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1821. 
His  chief  work  is  "Handbuch  der  mathematischen  und 
technischen  Chronologic  "  (1825-26). 

Iden(i'den),  Sir  Alexander.  The  slayer  of  Jack 
Cade.     He  figures  in  Shakspere's  2  Henry  JY. 

Idle  (i'dl).  1.  A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  Aire  9 
miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolens.  Population  (1891).  7.118. — 
2.  A  tributary  of  the  river  Trent,  in  Xotting- 
hamshire,  England,  .i^thelfrith.  king  of  Xorth- 
umbria. was  defeated  and  slain  in  a  battle 
on  its  banks  by  Redwald,  king  of  East  AngUa, 
ill  617. 


Iglesias,  Jose  Maria 

Idler,  The.  A  series  of  essays  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
published  1758-60  in  a  newspaper  called  "The 
Universal  Chronicle." 

Idomeneus  (i-dom'e-nus).  [Gr.  'ISofieieic']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Crete,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing heroes  of  the  Greek  army  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Idria  (id're-a).  A  town  in  the  erownland  of 
Camiola,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Idi-izza  29  miles  north-northeast  of  Triest :  cel- 
ebrated for  its  quicksilver-mines,  discovered 
1497.     Population  (1890),  commune,  5,084. 

Idrisi  (id're-se),  or  Edrisi.  A  noted  Arabian 
geographer  of  the  12th  century.  Little  is  known 
concerning  his  life.  His  principal  work,  a  description  of 
the  world,  is  known  by  various  titles.  It  is  of  great  im- 
portance in  the  history  of  geography. 

Idro  (e'dro),  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brescia,  northern  Italy,  9  miles  north- 
west of  Lake  Garda. 

Idstedt  (id'stet).  A  village  in  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein.  Prussia,  5  miles  north  of  Schleswig.  Here, 
July  24  and  25. 1S50,  the  Danes  (38,000)  defeated  the  troops 
of  Schleswig-Holstein  (27,000). 

Idnmea.    See  Edom. 

Idun  (e'don).  [OX".  Idliunn.'\  In  Old  Xorse 
mythology,  the  goddess  who  had  in  her  keeping, 
in  Asgard,  the  apples  eaten  by  the  gods  to  pre- 
serve eternal  youth.  Later  myths  make  her 
the  wife  of  BraCT. 

Idylls  of  the  King.  A  series  of  poems  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  founded  on  the  Arthurian  ro- 
mances. They  comprise  "The  Coming  of  Arthur,"  "Ga. 
reth  and  Lynette, '  "Geraint  and  Enid,"  "Merlin  and  Vi- 
vien," "Lancelot  and  Elaine,"  "The  Holy  Grail,"  "Pellea* 
and  Ettarre,"  "The Last  Tournament,"  *•  Guinevere,"  and 
'■The  Passing  of  Arthur"  (published  lS59-S5)i 

Idzo  (ed'zo).  A  people  which  inhabits  the  Xiger 
delta.  West  Africa:  also,  its  language.  Theter. 
ritoryof  the  Idzo  comprises  the  Bonny  Brass,  New  Calabar, 
Akassa,  and  Okrika  townships  and  dialects,  and  extends  a 
hundred  miles  up  the  Nun  branch  of  the  Niger.  Some- 
times Idzo-  and  Ibo-speaking  settlements  are  found  inter- 
mixed, and  the  two  names  are  easily  confounded.  All  the 
Idzo  and  Ibo  people  are  now  under  British  protection. 

leme  (i-er'ne).     An  ancient  name  of  Ireland. 

If  (ef ).  A  small  island  2  miles  west-southwest 
of  Marseilles,  notedforits  fortress.  Chateau  d'lf 
(one  of  the  scenes  of  Dumas's  novel '"  Count  of 
Monte  Cristo'').  Mirabeau  and  Philippe  Egalit6 
were  confined  here. 

Iffland  (if 'fliind).  August  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Hannover,  Pmssia,  April  19, 1759  :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Sept.  22,  1814.  A  noted  German  actor  and 
dramatist,  director  of  the  national  theater  at 
BerUn  after  1796,  and  general  royal  theatrical 
director  after  1811.  His  best-known  plays  are  "Die 
Jager."  " Dienstpflicht,"  "Die  Advokaten,"  "Die  Miindcl," 
and  "Die  Hagestolzen." 

Iffley  (if'li).  A  village  near  Oxford.  England: 
noted  for  its  church,  which  is  of  small  size,  but  in  many 
ways  remarkable  for  the  interesting  moldings  and  other  de- 
tails of  its  early  Norman  architecture.  It  has  a  massive 
square  central  tower,  also  of  Norman  date. 

Igara  (e-ga'ra),  or  Igala  (e-ga'la).  An  African 
tribe,  of  the  Xigritic  branch,  settled  on  the  east- 
em  bank  of  the  Xiger,  between  the  Ibo  and  the 
junction  of  the  Xiger  and  the  Binue.  Ida  is  the 
capital.  The  language  seems  to  be  a  mixture  of  the  native 
Akpotto  with  Yomba  introduced  by  immigrants.  At  Ala, 
Ibo  is  spoken  concurrently  with  Igara.     See  Ibo  and  Idzo. 

Igbira  (eg-be'ra).  A  Xigritic  and  pagan  tribe, 
dwelling  on  both  banks  of  the  Binue  Riverabove 
its  confluence.  Fanda,  or  Panda,  is  the  capitaL  The 
Igbira  language  has  two  dialects.  Hima  and  Panda:  it 
shows  greater  affinity  with  Nupe  and  Yomba  than  with 
Igara.  The  Panda  people  have  been  driven,  by  the  Fulab 
invasion,  from  the  right  to  the  left  of  the  Binue.  into  the 
Akpotto  territory.  Igu  is  the  chief  town  of  the  Hima,  on 
the  right  bank.  The  Igbira  people  are  semi-civilized, 
peaceful,  industriou^  and  prosperous. 

Igel  (e'gel).  A  village  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  near  Treves.  The  Igel  monument,  or  Heiden- 
thurm,  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  Roman  monuments 
in  northern  Europe.  It  is  a  funeral  monument  of  the 
Secundini  family,  and  is  assigned  to  the  end  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. It  consists  of  a  tower  16J  feet  square  at  the  base, 
rising  above  the  basement  in  two  stages,  crowned  by  small 
pediments  and  a  pyramidal  finial.  Almost  the  whole  sur- 
face is  covered  with  reliefs  which  represent  mythologic4d 
scenes  and  symbols,  and  incidents  of  every -day  life. 

Igema  (i-ger'na).  or  Igeme  (i-gem').  or 
Yguerne  (i-gem').  In  the  Arthurian  cycle 
of  romance,  the  wife  of  Gorlois,  and  the  mother, 
by  Uther,  of  Arthur. 

Iglau  (ig'lou).  A  city  in  Moravia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  on  the  Iglawa  48  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Briinn.  it  has  flourishing  manufacture* 
of  plush,  etc.  A  treaty  was  concluded  here  in  1436  be- 
tween the  Hussites  and  Sigismund,  who  was  recognized 
as  king  of  Bohemia.    Population  (1890).  23.716. 

Iglesias  (e-gla'se-as).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cagliari,  Sardinia.  Italy,  32  miles  west  by 
north  of  Casliari.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation. 7.ono: 

Iglesias,  Jose  Maria.  Bom  at  Mexico  City, 
Jan.  5,  1823.   A  Mexican  politician,  lawyer,  and 


Iglesias,  Jos6  Maria 

author.  He  was  a  member  of  the  caliinet  of  Comonfort 
In  1■^'H,  and  <»f  that  of  Juarez  in  1808.  Ue  became  presi- 
dent of  the  .Supreme  Court  in  187:i,  and  by  virtue  of  tliat 
ollice  assumed  tlie  iiresidency  after  the  do«'nf;dl  of  Lerdo 
in  1876  ;  but  the  success  of  Diaz  compelled  him  to  give  up 
tiie  .'ifice.  He  is  the  author  of  several  works  on  Mexican 
liist,.ry. 
Iglesias,  Miguel.  Bom  at  Cajanmrca,  Aug.  18, 
ISlli.'.  A  I'eruvian  general  and  statesman.  He 
was  minister  of  war  in  1880 ;  took  a  principal  part  in  the 
defense  of  Lima,  Jan.,  18^1 ;  and  was  captured  by  the  Chil- 
eans, but  escaped.  Diu-inp:  the  confusion  of  1883  he  as- 
samed  the  presidency,  ami  signed  (Oct.  20,  18^3)  a  treaty 
of  peace  with  the  Chileans.  Caceres  refused  to  recogidze 
Iglesias.  and  civil  war  followed.  Caceres  occupied  Lima 
Dec.  1,  1.885,  and  both  the  leadei-s  resigned  the  goveriuuent 
into  the  hamls  of  an  executive  ministry,  pending  an  elec- 
tion which  resulted  in  favor  of  Caceres.  Iglesias  then  left 
the  country. 

Iglesias  de  la  Casa  (e-gla'se-as  da  la  ka'sa), 
J086.  Bom  at  Salamanca,  Spain,  Oct.  31, 1748: 
died  Aug.  26,  1791.  A  Spanish  poet.  His  col- 
lected poems  were  published  in  1798.  "Offended  at  the 
low  state  of  morals  in  his  native  city,  he  indulged  himself 
at  first  in  the  free  forms  of  Castilian  satire  :  ballads,  apo- 
logues, epigrams,  anil  especially  the  half-simple,  half-ma- 
licious letrillas,  ill  whicti  he  was  eminently  successful." 
Tic/i'iior, 

Igl6  (is'lo),  or  Neudorf  (noi'dorf).  A  mining 
town  in  the  count  v  of  Zips,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  HemAd  in  lat.  4.S°  56'  N.,  long.  20°  33'  E. 
Population  (1890),  7,34.5. 

Ignacio  (eg-nii'se-o),  Joaquim  Jos6,  Marquis 
of  Inhauma  from  Sept.  17,  1867,  and  Viscount 
1868.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  July  30, 1808 : 
died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  March  8,  1869.  A  Bra- 
zilian naval  officer.  He  distinguished  himself  in  many 
actions  from  1822;  was  minister  of  marine  IStil;  and  com- 
manded the  Brazilian  flotilla  in  the  Paraguayan  war  18137 
and  18IJS.  His  brilliant  pa.s.sage  of  HumaitA(Fcb.  19, 181S) 
was  his  greatest  exploit.  He  became  full  admiral  shortly 
before  his  death. 

Ignatieff  (ig-na'tyef),  Nikolai  Pavlovitch. 
Born  at  St.  Peter.8burg,  Jan.  29,  1832.  A  Kus- 
Bian  diplomatist.  He  was  ambassador  at  Peking  18r,9- 
18(>.'i.  and  at  Constantinople  18&4-77  ;  was  influential  in 

jiegotiating  the  treaty  of  .San  Stefano  in  1878;  and  was 
minister  of  the  interior  1881-82. 

Ignatius  (ig-na'shi-us).  Saint,  sumamed  The- 
Ophorus  (L-  Deifer,  lit.  'God-bearer').  [L., 
from  Or.  'lyviiTiog,  ardent,  iiery;  F.  Ignnce,  It. 
Ignazio,  Sp.  Iijnncio,  Iiiigo,  Pg.  Ignacio,  G.  Ig- 
naz.']  Died  between  104—117  A.  D.  A  bishop  of 
Antioch  who,  according  to  the  tradition,  suffered 
martjTdom  under  Trajan.  He  was  tbereputed  author 
of  epistles  to  the  Ephesians.  Komans,  Polycarp,  etc.  (ed- 
ited in  "  Corpua*Jgnatianum,"  1849). 

Ignatius  de  Loyola.    See  Loyola. 

Ignoramus  (ig-no-ra'mus).  A  famous  academi- 
cal comedy  WTitten  by  George  Ruggle,  1615,  as 
a  per.sonal  satire.  It  is  a  mixture  of  the  iambics  of 
Flautus  (from  whom  it  was  taken  through  tho  Italialt)  and 
Latin  and  English  prose. 

Igor  (e'gor),  Song  of  the  Band  of.  A  Russian 
epic  poem,  descriliing  the  struggle   of  Igor, 

Erince  of  Novgorod-Soverski,  with  the  pagan 
ordes  from  the  southwest.  It  is  supposed  by  some 
authors  to  have  been  inspired  by  Homer.  It  is  the  most 
ancient  of  the  Russian  epics  of  the  middle  ages,  and  the 
prototype  of  all.  The  ifS.  was  burned  in  the  great  lire  at 
Moscow  (lal2).  The  stoi7  had,  however,  beeu  edited  by 
Pushkin. 

IgU  Ce'giJ).     See  Ighira. 

Iguala,  Flan  of.     See  Iturhklc,  Agutitin  He. 

I^alada  (e-gwii-lii'THii).  A  town  in  tho  prov- 
ince of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Noya 
35  miles  northwest  of  Barcelona.  Population 
(1887),  10,201. 

Iguvium  (i-gii'vi-uin).  An  ancient  name  of 
Gubliio. 

Ijashne  (i-.iash'ne).  [Gujrati  for  tho  Pahlavi 
ytijisliK,  from  ynz,  yas,  to  wor.ship  by  sacrifices 
and  prayers,  kindred  with  Avcstan  yamid,  Skt. 
yajiia,  sacrifice.]  The  name  of  tho  ceremony 
attending,  among  the  Parsees,  tlie  solemn  recital 
of  the  Yasiia.  See  Ai'cxta.  In  it  arc  n»ed  conse- 
crated water,  a  kind  of  bread,  butter,  fresh  milk,  nieitt, 
tho  bninches  <»f  tlie  lionni  plant  with  one  of  the  imnie. 
granate,  the  juice  of  the  Homa  plant,  the  hair  of  an  ox, 
and  a  bundle  of  twigs  tied  together  by  means  of  a  reed, 
evidently  relics  of  ancient  sacritlclal  usages  agreeing  In 
part  with  tlir  Hnihmanlc. 

Ikelemba  (e-ka-lem'bii),  or  Ikelembe  (-be).  A 
soutlicru  Irilintary  of  the  Kongo,  which  it  joins 
near  tli pintiir. 

Ikenild  Street.    See  IcVnicM. 

Ilanz  (e'liints),  Roraansli  Glion  (lye-on').  A 
town  in  the  canton  of  GriHons,  Switzerland,  on 
the  Vorder  Rhein  at  the  junction  of  the  Lugnetz 
valley.  17  miles  west  of  Coiro.  It  was  tho  old 
capital  of  the  Gray  League. 

Ilcaester  (il'chos-ter),  formerly  Ivelcliester 

(iv'el-ehes-ter).  A  small  decayeil  lown  in  .Simi- 
erset,  Enghmd,  situated  on  the  Yen  31  miles 
southwest  of  Bath.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Roger  Bucou. 


525 
Ilderim  (il'de-rim).     See  Bajazrt. 
Ile-de-France  (el-de-frons').  Isle  of  France. 

1.  -Vn  :incient  government  of  Prance.  Capital, 
Paris.  It  was  bounde<l  by  Picardy  on  the  north,  Cham- 
pagne on  tile  east,  Orleanais  on  the  south,  and  Nonnandy 
on  the  west ;  and  was  so  called  because  included  between 
the  rivers  Seine,  ilarne,  .\isne.  Oise,  and  Ourcij.  It  cor- 
responded to  the  department  of  .Seine,  with  a  lai-ge  part  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  .Seine-etMarne,  Aisne,  and  Oise,  and  small 
parts  of  NievTe  and  Loiret.  It  was  the  portion  of  the 
country  about  Paris  that  was  most  completely  under  the 
control  cif  the  kings  — t.  e.,  the  royal  domain. 

2.  .Mauritius. 

Uetzk  (6-letsk').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Orenburg,  Russia,  near  the  junction  of  theHek 
and  Ural.     Population,  7,355. 

II  FiammingO.     See  John  of  Bologna. 

Ilfracombe  (il'f  ra-kom).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  British  Channel  43  miles  northwest  of  Exe- 
ter: formerly  an  imijortant  port.  Population 
(1S91),  7,692. 

Ilhavo  (el-yii'vo).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Aveiro,  province  of  Bcira,  Portugal,  27  miles 
north-northwest  of  Coimbra.  Population,  about 
8,000. 

Ilheos  (el-ya'os) .  A  former  hereditary  captain  cy 
of  Brazil,  corresponding  to  the  coast  from  Ba- 
hia  50  leagues  southward,  it  was  settled  in  LiSS, 
prospered  for  a  time,  but  fell  into  decay,  and  in  the  18th 
century  waa  incorporated  witli  Bahia. 

III  (e'le).  1.  A  river  in  central  Asia,  flowing 
into  Lake  Balkash  about  lat.  45°  40'  N.,  long. 
74°  20'  E.  Length,  from  800  to  900  miles ;  nav- 
igable in  its  lower  course. — 2.  A  colonial  de- 
pendency of  China,  situated  about  lat.  36°-49° 
N.,  long.  71°-90°  E.  Tlie  surface  is  elevated.  It  is 
divided  into  the  North  Circuit  (Sungaria)  and  the  South 
Circuit  (East  Turkestan). 

3.  See  KuUlja. 

Iliad  (il'i-ad),  The.  [Gr.  'lA/nc,  from  "Uiov,  Hi- 
um,  Troy.^  A  famous  Greek  epic  poem,  com- 
posed, acoordlngto  tradition,  by  tho  poetHomer 
(see  Momer) :  with  its  companion  poem,  the 
Odyssey,  tho  greatest  of  epics  and  "among  the 
most  ancient,  if  not  the  most  ancient,  works 
of  the  human  spirit  in  a  Eui-opean  tongue" 
(Geddcs).  The  subject  of  the  Iliad  is  the  ten  years'  siege 
of  Ilium  or  Troy  by  the  confederated  states  of  Greece 
under  Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycenie,  to  redress  the  injury 
done  to  Menelaus,  king  of  Spart.-!,  in  the  cariying  off  of  his 
wife,  Helen,  by  the  Trojan  Paris,  to  whom  Helen  was  given 
by  Aphrodite  as  a  reward  for  his  decision  in  favor  of  Aphro- 
dite in  the  contest  of  beauty  between  her,  Athene,  and 
Hera.  The  direct  narrative  relates  only  to  a  part  of  the 
last  year,  leaving  the  fall  of  the  city  untold.  The  mighty 
deeds  of  the  Greek  Achilles  and  of  the  Trojan  Hector,  son 
of  Iving  Priam,  supply  some  of  the  chief  episodes  of  the 
poem. 

Iliniza.    See  Illiniza. 

Ilissus  (i-lis'us).     [Gr. 'l/l(aij(Jf .]    AsraaUriver 

in  Attica,  Greece,  flowing  through  Athens. 

Ilithyia (il-i-thi'yii).  [Gr.  E;?.f;Oi(n.]  In  Greek 
mythology, tho  goddess  whopresidesover  child- 
birth: corresponding  to  the  Roman  I^ucina. 

Ilium  (il'i-um).  [Gr.  "1^.(01',  )■)  "J Xiof.]  In  ancient 
geogi'aphy,  a  place  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  iden- 
tified by  the  (ireeks  witli  the  legendary  Troy. 
It  was  frequently  destroyed  in  prehlst<»ric  times*;  was  re- 
built by  Greek  cnloiusts  in  the  (Jth  century  u.  c. ;  was  en- 
larged by  Lysimachus  at  the  end  of  the  4tll  centuiy  B.  r.  ; 
and  cntiTiued  (as  New  Ilium)  to  late  Konmn  times,  its 
site  has  lieiTi  id,  ntillrd  liy  Srhliemann  at  Uiss.ai-lik,  about 
lOO  miles  north  by  w  i-st  ui  .Smyrna.     Compare  Troij. 

Ilkeston  (il'kc.s-ldn).     A  town  in  Derby.shire, 

Knf,'lan(l,  8  miles  northeast  of  Derby.    Popula- 

lion  (IKOI),  11»,744. 
Ilkley  (ilk'li).     A  watering-place  in  Yorkshire, 

Kiif,'liind,on  theWharlc^  northwest  of  Bradford. 

I'.iinibilion  (1891),  5,767. 
Ilkshidites.     See  the  extract. 

Egypt,  during  the  niidli  and  tenth  centuries,  was  the 
theatre  of  several  revolutions.  Two  dynasties  of  Turkish 
slaves,theTo1unidesan<l  the  Ilkshidites,  established  them* 
selves  In  that  country,  which  was  otdy  reunited  to  the 
Caliphate  of  Bagdadf>>rn  brief  perioil  between  their  usur- 
pations. Frccmaii,  Hist.  .Saracens,  p.  111. 

Ill  (el).  A  river  in  Alsace  which  joins  tlie  Rhine 
7  miles  below  Strasburg.  Length,  about  125 
mill's;  navigable  from  near  Colmar. 

Illa-ticsi  (el'yii-lek'se).  One  of  tho  names  or 
titles  (;iven  by  the  ancient  Peruvians  to  their 
supreme  deity,  Uiraeoclia  (which  see).  Also 
written  IlUt-tiri  or  lilo-tieci. 

Ille  (61).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Pyr(''- 
nees-Orieiitales,  Prnnce,  on  the  Tet  west  of 
Pei-iiiunnn.   Population ( 1S91), commune, 3,34L 

Ille-et-Vilaine  (el-a-ve-lnn').  A  department  in 
iiorlliwi'sli'rn  Frnni'O.  Capital,  Keiines.  It  is 
liuunded  by  the  English  Clninnel  and  Mam-lie  on  the  north, 
.Mayenne  on  the  east,  l.oire-lnferleure  on  the  smitl),  ami 
('otes-du-Nor'd  and  Morbihan  on  the  west.  II  formed  part 
of  the  nnelent  Brittany.  Area,  2,&IKI  siiuare  ndles.  Pop* 
ulation  (1891),  02U,87I>. 


Illyria 

Iller  (il'ler).  A  tributary  of  the  Danube,  which 
it  joins  near  Ulm.  it  forms  part  of  the  Iwundarv  be- 
tween \yurtendierg  and  Baiaria-    Length,  about  IO1.1  miles. 

Illiberis  (i-lib'e-ris).  An  important  Roman  city 
in  Sjiain,  near  the  modern  Atarf6  and  Granada. 

lUiez,  Vald'.     See  Val  il'Illirz. 

Illiger  (il'Ii-gcr),  Johann KarlWilhelm.  Bora 

at  Brimswick,  (iermany,  Xov.  19,  1775:  died  at 
Berlin,  May  9-10,  lSi;i;  A  German  naturalist, 
lie  edited  a  "Magazin  fiir  Insoktenkunde,"  and 
published ' '  Prodromus  sy  stematis  mammalium 
et  avium,"  etc. 

Illimani  (el-ye-ma'ne).  A  mountain  in  the  Bo- 
livian Andes,  immediately  east-southeast  of  La 
Paz.     Height,  21,030  feet. 

Illiniza  (el-ye-ne'thii),  or  Iliniza  (e-le-ne'tha). 
A  mountain  in  Ecuador,  about  17,400  feet  high. 
See  the  extract. 

This  mountain  is  probably  seventh  in  rank  of  the  Great 
Andes  of  the  Equator.  It  is  slightly  inferior  in  elevation 
to  Sangai,  and  is  loftier  than  Carihuairazo.  It  has  two 
peaks,  or  rather  it  is  composed  of  two  mountains  that  are 
grouped  together,  the  more  northern  of  which  is  the 
lower,  and  is  called  Little  Illiniza.  The  sumnnts  of  both 
are  sharp,  and  during  the  time  of  our  stay  in  Ecuador  they 
were  completely  covered  by  snow. 

Whyinper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  130. 

Illinois  (il-i-noi'  or  -noiz').  A  confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  occupying 
Illinois  and  adjacent  parts  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
and  Missouri.  They  were  allies  of  the  French,  and 
therefore  the  Iroquois  in  l(i78  began  a  long  and  destruc- 
tive war  against  them.  The  name  is  from  illini,  'man' : 
their  own  pluial  uk  was  changed  by  the  French  to  their 
plural  ending  oU.  Their  Ave  principal  component  tribes 
were  Peoria,  Kask,askia,  Cahokia,  Taniaroa,  and  iliehega- 
mea.  The  assassination  of  Pontlac  t»y  a  Kaskaskia  in  17tJ5 
was  avenged  by  the  Lake  tribes  in  a  war  of  destruction. 
There  are  a  few  at  the  (jnapaw  agency,  Indian  Territory. 
.See  Jlfron<iuian. 

Illinois  (il-i-noi'  or -noiz').  One  of  the  Central 
States  of  the  United  Statesof  America.  Capital, 
Springfield ;  chief  city,  Chicago.  It  is  bounded  by 
Wisconsin  on  the  north  and  Lake  Michigan  and  Indiana 
on  the  east,  and  is  separated  bj  the  Ohio  froni  Kentucky 
on  the  south,  and  by  the  Mississippi  front  Iowa  and  .Mis- 
souri on  the  west.  The  siirface  is  generally  level.  I'he 
chief  mineral  products  are  coal  and  lead.  It  is  one  of  the 
(thief  .States  in  the  production  of  corn,  wheat,  and  oats, 
and  has  nourishing  manufactures.  It  is  the  first  State  in 
mileage  of  railways,  and  the  third  in  population  ;  has  102 
counties  ;  sends  2  senators  and  2.'>  representatives  to  Con- 
gress; and  has  27  electond  votes.  It  was  settled  by  the 
French  at  Kaskaskia  anil  elsewhere  in  1<J82 ;  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1703,  and  to  the  Ignited  States  In  1783; 
became  piu-t  of  the  .Northwest  Territory  in  1787,  and  part 
of  Indiana  Territory  in  1800;  was  made  a  separate  Terri- 
tory in  1899;  and  wasailmittedtothe  fnionin  1818.  Among 
later  events  were  Black  Hawk's  WiU"  in  1832.  and  the  Mor- 
mon troubles,  ctdniinaling  in  1844.  Area,  &tI,6ou  square 
miles.     Population  (1900).  •l.s21,5.'jo. 

Illinois.  A  river  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Des  Plaines  and  Kanka- 
kee in  Grundy  County,  40  miles  southwest  of 
Chicago.  It  joins  the  Mississippi  16  miles  above  Alton, 
and  is  connected  by  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  with 
Lake  M  IchigaiL    Total  length,  about  500  miles  ;  navigable 

245  miles. 

Illuminated  Doctor,  The,  L.  Doctor  Illumi- 

natus  (ddk'tiir  i-lu-ud-na'lus).  A  surmime 
given  to  the  scholastic  philosopher  Raymond 
Lidly  (123.">-1315),  and  also  to  the  German  mvs- 
tic  Johann  Taiiler  (1.300-1361). 
Illuminati  (i-lu-mi-na'ti).  [L.,  'the  enlight- 
ened.'] A  name  given  to  different  religious  so- 
cieties or  sects  because  of  their  claim  to  perfec- 
tion or  enlighlenment  in  religious  matters.  The 
most  noted  among  them  were  the  Alumbnidos  ('  the  En- 
li^ihtened)  «)f  Spain  in  the  itilh  century:  an  epbemenil 
society  ()f  Itelglum  and  northern  France  (alsit  calliil  (?«.'- 
rin<fit)U\  the  17th  century  ;  and  an  association  of  mystics 
in  southern  lYanco  In  the  18th  century,  comblrdng  the 
doctrines  of  Swedenboi-g  with  the  methods  of  the  FYee- 
masons. 

Illuminator  (i-lii'mi-na-tor).  A  surname  given 

111  Gregory  of  Armenia. 

Illusion  Comique  (e-lu-zyftii'  ko-mek'),  L'.   .\ 

tragicimiedy  liy  Corneille,  issued  in  1636,  "of 
tho  extremest  Spanish  tj-pe,  complicated  and 
improbable  to  a  degree  in  its  action,  which 
turns  on  the  motive  of  a  play  within  a  l>l«y, 
and  produci's,  as  the  author  himself  remarks,  » 
division  into  ]irolo|,'ue  (Act  i.),  till  imperfect 
comedy  (Acts  ii.-iv.),  and  a  tragedy  (Act  v.)" 
(Sdiiil.ihiiii/,  French  Lit.,  ji.  295). 

Illusions  terdues  duir-dii'),  Les.   [P.,  'lost  11- 

lusicins.'J  ,\  work  liy  Balzac,  in  3  jmrts,  written 
in  l.H,'i7-39— 13.  lie  drew  In  it  a  picture  of 
the  feuilletonists  which  exa.sperated  the  press 
against  him. 

Illyria  (ilir'i-ii),  F.  Illyrie  (e-lo-re'),  0.  lUy- 
rien  (il-le're-en).  [tir.  'l).?.vpic  or  'I/Aiyxn.] 
A  region  on  (he  western  coast  of  the  Balkan 
peninsula,  north  of  ({reece  proper.  Iin  lionnda- 
rtes  01-0  vague.     It  Is  included  now  in  ^lontonegro  and 


lUyria 

pftrt8  of  the  Austrian  and  Turkish  empires.  The  southern 
part  of  it  came  early  under  Greek  influence.  The  kinp- 
dom  of  lUyria,  with  Scodra  as  its  capital,  was  important  in 
the  3d  century  B.  c,  and  was  overtlirown  by  Rome  in  IBS 
B.  c.  For  the  ecclesiastical  Illyricum  and  the  modern  II- 
lyria,  see  below. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  second  branch  of  peo- 
ple occupying  the  north-west  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  the 
Illyrians:  the  last  linguistic  remains  of  this  branch  are  pre- 
served in  modern  Albanian.  According  to  the  probable 
opinion  expressed  by  H.  Kiepert  (Lehrb.  d.  alten  Geogni- 
phie,  p.  240,  f.),  this  tribe  in  pre-Hellenic  times  was  widely 
spread  over  Greece  under  the  name  of  Leleges. 

Schroder,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jeyons),  p.  430. 

Illyria.  A  titular  kingdom  belonging  to  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  the  Austrian-Hungarian 
monarchy,  comprising  the  five  erowrdands  Ca- 
rinthia,  Carniola,  Istria,  Triest,  and  Gorz  and 
Gradiska,  formed  from  the  Illyrian  Provinces 
ceded  to  Austria  1815. 

Illyrian  (i-Iir'i-an)  Provinces.  A  state  under 
French  control,  formed  by  Napoleon  in  1809 
out  of  cessions  by  Austria.  It  comprised  Carniola, 
Dalmatia,  Istria,  Fiume,  Trieste,  Gorz  and  Gradisca,  and 
parts  of  Carintliia  and  Croatia.     Restored  1815. 

Illyricum  (i-lir'i-kum).  IGi.'lA/.vpiKov.'i  1.  One 
of  the  four  great  prefeetm'es  into  which  the 
later  Roman  Empire  was  divided,  it  comprised 
the  dioceses  of  Macedonia  and  Dacia,  and  corresponded 
generally  to  Greece,  Crete,  Macedonia,  Albania,  and  Servia. 
2.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Boman  prefecture  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  Xoricum,  Dalmatia,  and  Pannonia 
(that  is,  nearly  all  of  Bosnia  and  that  part  of  Austria  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Adriatic). 

Ilmen  (il'men),  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novgorod,  Russia,  about  100  miles 
south-southeast  of  St.Petersburg.  It  discharges 
by  the  river  Volkhoff  into  Lake  Ladoga. 

Ilmenau  (il'me-nou).  A  town  in  Saxe-Wei- 
mar-Eisenach,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Ilm 
28  miles  southwest  of  Weimar.  It  was  fre- 
quently the  residence  of  Goethe.  Population 
(1890),  6,453. 

Ilminster  (il'min-ster).  A  town  in  Somerset, 
England,  situated  on  the  Isle  31  miles  north- 
east of  Exeter.     Population  (1890),  6,764. 

Iloilo  (e-16-e'16).  After  Manila,  the  principal 
port  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  it  is  situated  on  the 
island  of  Panay.  It  was  captured  from  the  Philippilie 
insurgents  by  the  United  States  troops  on  Feb.  11, 1S99. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

IlopangO  (e-Io-pan'go).  A  lake  near  the  city  of 
San  Salvador,  noted  for  a  recent  volcano  which 
has  formed  an  island  in  it. 

Deri  (e-16're),  or  Ilorin  (e-16'ren).  A  town  in 
the  Yoruba  country.  West  Africa,  about  lat.  8° 
30'  N.,  long.  4°  20'  E.  Population,  estimated, 
70.000. 

Use  (il'ze).  In  German  folk-lore,  aprincess  who 
was  changed  into  a  river. 

Usenburg  (U'zen-borG).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  in  the  Harz  18 
miles  west  of  Halberstadt. 

Ilus  (i'lus).  [Gr.  "I/lof.]  In  Greek  legend,  the 
son  of  Tros:  the  mythical  foimderof  Ilium. 

Ilva  (il'va).     The  Latin  name  of  Elba. 

Imaus  (im'a-us).  [Gr.  "luaof,  ro  ''I^uaoi'  6/30C.] 
In  ancient  geograph}',  the  name  given  to  the 
mountain  system  of  central  Asia,  extending 
east  and  west :  later  the  so-called  Bolor  range. 

Imbert  (an-har'),  Barthelemi.  Born  at  Ximes, 

•  France,  1747:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  23,  1790.     A 

French  poet,  noted  especially  for  his  fables. 

Imbros(im'bros).  [Gt.  "I/i,3pog.']  An  island  in 
the  ^gean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkev,  situated 
in  lat.  40°  10'  N.,  long.  25°  45'  E.  it  was  an  an- 
cient Athenian  possession.  Area,  98  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, about  6, iXX)  (mainly  Greeks). 

Imeritia  (e-me-rish'i-a),  orInieretia(e-me-ret'- 
sya).  A  region  in  the  government  of  Kutais, 
Transcaucasia,  Russia,  between  Georgia  on  the 
east  and  Mingrelia  on  the  northwest. 

Imgur-bel  (im'gor-bel).  ['  Bel  is  favorable.T 
One  of  the  walls  of  ancient  Babylon.    See  Babel. 

Imhotep  (em-ho'tep).  In  Egyptian  mythology, 
the  first-born  son  of  Ptah  and  Sekhmet.  with 
whom  he  formed  the  Memphic  triad.  He  was  the 
god  of  knowledge,  akin  to  Thoth,  and  was  identified  by 
tlu-  Greeks  with  .^^sculapius. 

Imitation  of  Christ.    See  De  imitatlone  Christi. 
Imlac  (ira'lak).  In  Johnson's  "Rasselas,"  a  man 

of  learning  who  accompanies  Rasselas  from  the 

monotonous  "happy  valley." 
Immanuel,  Emmanuel  (i-,  e-man'u-el).  [Heb., 

lit.'  God  with  us.']  A  name  that  was  to  be  given 

to  Jesus  Christ  (Mat.  i.  23)  as  the  son  bom  of  a 

virgin  predicted  in  Isa.  vii.  14.     As  a  personal 

name  aiso  written  Emanuel. 
Immenstadt  (im'men-stat).    A  small  town  in 

Swabia  and  Neulnirg.  Bavaria,  near  the  Uler  23 

miles  east  of  Lake  Constance. 


526 
Immennann  (im'mer-man),  Karl  Lebrecht. 

Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  April  24.1(96:  died 
at  Diisseldorf ,  Prussia,  Aug.  25, 1840.  A  German 
dramatist,  poet,  and  romance-writer.  His  chief 
romances  are  "Die  Epigonen"  (1836),  " MUnchhausen  " 
(lS3«-39). 

Imogen  (im'o-jen).  In  Shakspere's  play  "  Cym- 
beline,"  the  daughter  of  CymbeUne  and  wife  of 
Posthumus.  Her  characteristics  are  fidelity  and 
truth. 

Imogene  (im'o-jen).     See  AIo»:o  the  Brave. 

Imola  (e'mo-la).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  22  miles  southeast  of  Bologna,  on 
the  river  Santemo :  the  ancient  Forum  Comelii. 
It  is  the  center  of  a  wine-producing  region.  It  was  founded 
by  .Sulla.     Population,  about  11,000. 

Imola,  Innocenzo  da  (originally  Innocenzo 
Francucci).  Bom  at  Imola,  Italy,  about  1494 : 
died  about  1550.     A  Bolognese  painter. 

Imperial  (em-pa-re-al'  i.  A  former  city  of  south- 
emGhile(inthepresentprovinceof  Cautin),near 
the  Rio  de  las  Damas,  about  15  miles  from  the 
Pacific.  Itwas  founded  by  Valdivia  in  March.  1551.  and 
for  half  a  century  was  an  important  place,  becoming  the 
seat  of  a  bishop  in  15S2.  After  withstanding  many  assaults 
from  the  Araucanians,  it  was  destroyed  by  them  in  l&X). 
Xueva  Imperial,  a  small  modern  town,is  near  the  same  site. 

Imperial  City,  The.  A  common  epithet  of 
Rome. 

Imperial  Delegates  Enactment.  [G.  Seichsde- 
putationsha uplschluss.']  A  convention  drawn  up 
Feb.  25,  1803,  by  delegates  of  the  German  Em- 
pire under  French  and  Russian  influence,  and 
ratified  by  the  Reichstag  and  emperor.  The  prin- 
cipal provisions  were :  cession  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine 
to  France  ;  indemnification  of  the  secular  powers  who  lost 
possessions  thereby,  partly  by  the  secularizing  of  the  eccle- 
siastical powers(escept  the  electorate  of  Mainz  and  the  Teu- 
tonic Order  and  the  Order  of  St.  John),  partly  by  mediatiz- 
ing all  the  free  cities  except  Hamburg,  Bremen,  lilheck. 
Frankfort,  Nuremberg,  and  Augsburg ;  certain  territorial 
changes  in  Prussia,  Hiinnover,  Bavaria,  Baden.  Wiirteni- 
berg,  etc.;  the  abolition  of  the  electorates  of  Cologne  and 
Treves ;  and  the  creation  of  the  electorates  of  Wurtemberg, 
Baden,  Hesse-Cassel,  and  Salzburg. 

Impertinents,  The.    See  siiadwell. 

Impey  (im'pi),  Sir  Elijah.  Born  June  13, 1732 : 
died  Oct.  1,  1809.  A  noted  English  jurist,  the 
first  chief  justice  of  Bengal.  He  assumed  this  office 
in  1774,  and  acted  from  the  first  in  harmony  with  Warren 
Hastings.  In  1775  he  presided  at  the  trial  of  Nana  Ku- 
mar for  forgery,  and  sentenced  him  to  death.  In  1783  he 
was  recalled  and  impeached  for  his  conduct  in  this  case, 
but  was  honorably  acquitted. 

Importants  (im-p6r'tants ;  F.  pron.  an-p6r- 
ton' ).  The.  In  French  history,  a  political  clique 
formed  after  the  death  of  Louis  XITL,  1643.  It 
intrigued  against  the  government  unsuccess- 
fully. 

InachUS(in'a-kus).  [Gr."Ira,tor.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  a  river  of  Argolis,  flowing  into  the 
Argolic  Gulf  near  Argos. —  2.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  the  river  Inachus,  son  of 
Oceanus. 

Inagua  (e-na'gwa).  Great,  and  Inagua,  Little. 
Two  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  situated  at  the 
southern  end  of  the  group. 

Inaqulto.     Same  as  Anaquito. 

Inawashiro  (e-na'wa^she'ro).  One  of  the  two 
largest  lakes  of  Japan,  in  the  main  island,  about 
long.  140°  E.    Length,  about  10  miles. 

Inca  (ing'kii)  Empire.  The  region  ruled  by  the 
Incas.  At  first  it  was  confined  to  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  Cuzco.  To  this  were  successively  added  the  neigh- 
boring valleys,  the  Titicaca  basin,  parts  of  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Andes,  the  Peruvian  coast,  Quito  with  the 
neighboring  coast-regions,  and  northern  Chile.  In  its 
greatest  extent,  under  Huaina  Capac,  it  included  nearly 
all  the  highlands  of  Ecuador,  Peru,  Boliria,  and  northern 
Chile.  Its  length,  from  the  river  Ancasmayu,  north  of 
Quito,  to*  the  river  Maule  in  Chile,  was  .about  2,200  miles. 
The  breadth  varied  from  400  or  more  to  100  miles.  Soe 
Inca^. 

Inca  Manco.    See  Manco. 

Inca  Rocca  (en'ka  rok'ka),  called  Sinchi  Boca 
(sen'ke  ro'ka)  by  Montesinos.  The  sixth  Inca 
sovereign  of  Peru.  He  reigned  about  the  middle  of 
the  14th  century,  and  his  conquests  were  not  extensive. 
He  is  best  known  as  the  founder  of  public  works,  remains 
of  which  may  still  be  traced  at  Cuzco.  Bias  Valera  says  that 
he  held  the  crown  more  than  50  years,  but  this  is  verj' 
doubtful. 

Incas  (ing'kaz).  [Quichua,  'chiefs'  or  'lords.'] 
The  reigning  and  aristocratic  order  in  ancient 
Peru  from  the  13th  to  the  16th  century.  Mark- 
ham  and  others  believe  that  they  were  originally  a  tribe 
or  family  of  the  Quichuas  who  inhabited  certain  val- 
leys near  Cuzco  and  first  became  dominant  under  Manco 
Capac  about  1240.  Their  own  traditions  described  Man- 
co Capac  as  a  child  of  the  Sun.  From  him  descended 
the  twelve  other  historical  sovereigns  of  Pern,  the  last 
reigning  one  being  Huascar.  though  the  lineage  was  pre- 
Beo'ed  long  after.  These  sovereigns  (the  Incas  in  a  re- 
stricted sense)  always  married  their  own  sisters,  and  the 
throne  was  inherited,  in  general,  by  the  oldest  son  pro- 
ceeding from  this  marriage.  Children  by  their  other  wives 
could  not,  by  custom  or  law,  receive  the  crown,  though 
this  rule  was  broken  when  Atataaalpa  inherited  a  part  of 


India 

the  empire  in  1523.  The  rule  of  the  Incaa  was  absolute, 
but  very  mild,  and  maybe  described  as  an  extreme  form 
of  state  socialism  with  a  despotic  head  :  lands  and  a  large 
proportionof  goods  were  held  in  common.  The  Ineas  as 
an  order,  retained  all  the  important  civil  and  military 
offices,  and  the  sacerdotal  offices  were  confined  to  them'- 
thus  the  sovereign  was  the  head  not  onlv  of  the  state  ami 
the  army,  but  of  the  priesthood.  It  has  been  stated  that 
the  Incas  used  a  language  distinct  from  the  Quichua  but 
this  is  improliable.  The  word  Incas  is  often  used  lor  the 
wh.ile  Quichua  race.     See  Quichuas  and  Peru. 

Ince-in-Makerfield  (ins'in-ma'ker-feld).  A 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  near  Wigan.  17 
miles  northeast  of  Liverpool.  Population  (1891), 
19,2.55. 

Inchbald  (inch'bald),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Simp- 
son). Born  at  Stanningfield,  near  Bury  St. 
Edmunds,  England,  Oct.  15, 1753:  died  at" Lon- 
don, Aug.  1,  1821.  An  English  novelist,  dram- 
atist, and  actress.  Among  her  novels  are  "A  Sim- 
ple Story  ■'  (1791), "Nature  and  Art  '■(1796).  Shealso wrote 
"  Such  Things  Are  "  (1788),  and  other  plays. 

Inchcape  (inch'kap)  Rock.    See  Bell  Bod: 

Inchcolm  (inch'kom).  An  islet  in  the  Firth  of 
Forth.  Scotland. 

Incledon  (ing'kl-don),  Charles  Benjamin. 
Bom  at  St.  Keverne.  Cornwall.  England.  1763  : 
died  at  Worcester,  England.  Feb.  11,  1826.  An 
English  tenor  singer.  He  visited  the  United 
States  in  1817.     His  forte  was  ballad-singing. 

Inconstant,  The,  or  the  Way  to  Win  him. 
A  comedy  by  George  Farquhar,  produced  in 
1702.  It  IS  an  adaptation  of  Fletcher's  "  Wild- 
goose  Chase." 

Incredible  Things  in  Thule.  An  ancient  ro- 
mance by  Antonius  Diogenes  (about  the  1st 
century),  narrating  the  adventures  and  loves 
of  Dinias  and  Dercyllis.  The  lovers  meet  in  Thule, 
whither  each  has  fled,  Dinias  from  Arcadia  and  Dercyllig 
from  Tyre. 

Ind  (ind).  A  poetical  name  of  India  or  the  In- 
dies. 

Independence  (iu-df-pen'dens).  The  capital  of 
Jackson  Countv.  western  Missouri,  9  miles  east 
of  Kansas  City.     Population  (1900).  6.974.     • 

Independence  Hall.  A  building  in  Chestnut 
street,  Philadelphia,  where  on  July  4,  1776, 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  adopted 
by  Congress  and  read  to  the  people  assem- 
bled on  Independence  Square.  The  Continental 
Congress  assembled  here,  and  Washington  was  here  chosen 
commander-in-chief  in  1775.  The  building  is  now  used 
as  a  mnseizm  of  relics  connected  with  the  history  ol  the 
countrj". 

Inderab.     See  Andcrah. 

Index  Expurgatorlus  (in'deks  eks-per-ga-to'ri- 
us).  ['Expurgatory  Index.']  Catalogues  of  boolia 
comprising  respectively  those  which  Roman 
Catholics  are  absolutelylorbidden  to  read,  and 
those  which  they  must  not  read  unless  in  edi- 
tions expurgated  of  objectionable  passages.  They 
are  prepared  by  the  Congregation  of  the  Index,  a  body  of 
cardinals  and  their  assistants.  Pope  Paul  TV.  published 
a  list  of  forbidden  books  in  1557  and  1559.  The  Council  of 
Trent  in  1502  attempted  the  regulation  of  the  matter,  but 
finally  referred  it  to  the  Pope.  He  (Pius  TV'.)  published 
the  '  Index  Tridentinus"  in  1564,  often  reprinted,  with  ad- 
ditions, under  the  title  "Index  Librorum  iYohibitorum." 

In  1539  Charles  the  Fifth  obtained  a  Papal  bull  author- 
izing him  to  procure  from  the  University  of  Louvain,  in 
Flanders,  where  the  Lutheran  controversy  would  naturally 
be  better  understood  than  in  Spain,  a  list  of  books  danger- 
ous to  be  introduced  into  his  dominions.  It  was  printed 
in  1546,  and  was  the  first  "Index  Expurgatorius"  published 
under  Spanish  authority,  and  the  second  in  the  world. 
Subsequently  it  was  submitted  by  the  Emperor  to  the  Su- 
preme Council  of  the  Inquisition,  under  whose  authority 
additions  were  made  to  it ;  after  which  it  was  promulgated 
anew  in  1550.  Tichnor,  Span.  Lit.,  L  422. 

India  (in'di-a).  [Formerly  also  Indie  (still 
used,  in  the  plural,  in  East  Indies  and  West 
Indies)  and  Inde ;  F.  Indie,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  India,  6. 
Indien,  from  L.  India,  Gr.  'Ii-dia,  from  Indi,  Gr. 
'Ivdoi,  the  inhabitants.]  An  extensive  region 
in  southern  Asia.  The  name  India  is  and  has  been 
used  with  very  different  meanings.  With  the  ancients  it 
meant  the  country  of  the  Indus ;  later  it  was  extended 
through  the  peninsula,  and  sometimes  made  to  include 
Further  India  and  the  northern  islands  of  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago. In  modem  times  it  may  mean  what  is  some- 
times called  Hither  or  Nearer  India,  the  peninsula  whose 
natural  boundaries  are  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  Suliman 
Mountains,  the  Himalayas,  and  the  hill-ninges  east  of  Ben- 
gal :  in  this  sense  it  is  not  so  inclusive  as  the  political  India 
(("-  c,  British  India),  but  includes  on  the  other  hand  the 
French  and  Portuguesepossessions.  (See/'o;irfifArrn/,  God, 
ifah''.  Earikal,  Panjim,  Daman,  Dili.)  The  name  India 
is  also  sometimes  used  for  the  two  peninsulas  of  Hither 
and  Further  India,  and  sometimes  as  nearly  equivalent  to 
East  Indies.  The  ordinarj-  meaning,  however,  is  British 
India,  or  the  Indian  Empire,  officially  called  India.  This 
includes  Bengal.  Madras,  Bombay.  Sind.  Aden,  Assam.  Be- 
rars,  .Ajmere,  Central  Provinces,  Coorg,  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, Oudh,  Panjab,  Lower  Burma,  Fpper  Burma,  Anda- 
mans,  and  Quetta  and  the  Bolan,  having  an  area  of  964,992 
square  miles,  and  a  population  (1891)  of  221,172,952.  In  ad- 
dition there  are  the  feudatory  native  states,  including  Hy- 
derabad, Mysore,  Kashmir,  Baroda,states  inRajpntana,  au^ 
states  in  connection  with  the  Central  ProTinces,  (Centra) 


India 

India,  Panjab,  Bengal,  Ma<iras,  Bombay,  Northwest  Prov. 
Incea,  etc.  Theii'  area  is  iJ9r.,ltJ7  squai't;  miles,  with  a  pop- 
ulation (1891)  of  6t},05U,4T9.  Totid  ai'ea  of  India,  l,5(iit,15Lt 
squai'e  miles.  Population  (ISitl),  i;87,'2"2a,431.  The  approx- 
imate population  of  otht-r  itk'ions  uiuler  British  supervi- 
Bion,  including  Sikkirn,  British  Biduchistan,  tribes  on  the 
Burmese  frontier,  etc.,  is  about  Goo.ixta  The  most  impor- 
tant exports  of  India  are  wliyat,  rice,  cotton,  opium,  oil- 
seeds, jute,  hides,  tea,  and  indigo.  The  capital  is  Calcuttsu 
Government  is  vested  in  a  secretaiy  of  stute  for  India  fin 
London),  with  a  council  of  about  10  (also  in  lAtndon).  In 
India  the  government  is  administered  by  a  governor-gen- 
eral appointed  by  the  crown,  a  council  with  a  centralized 
system  of  governors,  etc.,  fur  provinces,  and  commissioners 
and  depu ty commissioners f or divisionsand  districts.  About 
three  fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Hindus  in  religion  ; 
Mohammedans  come  next  (over  50,000,000).  "To  them 
[the  Greeks]  for  a  long  time  the  word  India  was  for  prac- 
tical purposes  what  it  was  etymologically,  the  valley  of  the 
Indus.  Meanwhile  in  India  itself  it  did  not  seem  so  nat- 
ural as  it  seems  to  us  to  give  one  name  to  the  whole  region. 
For  thereisa  very  marked  ditference  between  the  northern 
and  soutliem  parts  of  it.  The  great  Aryan  community 
which  spoke  Sanscrit  and  invented  Brahminism  spread  it- 
self chiefly  from  the  Punjab  along  the  great  valley  of  the 
Ganges,  but  not  at  flrst  far  southward.  Accordingly  the 
name  Hindostan  properly  belongs  to  this  northern  region. 
...  It  appears  then  that  India  is  not  a  political  name,  but 
only  a  geographical  expression  like  Eitropeor  Africa."  {J. 
R.  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  p.  222.)  India,  mentioned 
in  Esther  i.  1,  viii.  0,  as  the  limit  of  the  territories  of  Abas- 
uerns  on  the  east,  denotes  probably  the  country  surround- 
ing the  Indus,  the  Panjab.  The  name  Indu  (Uindu)  also 
occurs  in  the  cuneiform  inscription  of  Nakhsh-i-llustem. 
Whether  and  liow  India  was  known  to  the  Pheniciaiis,  Ile- 
brews,  and  A ss>to- Babylonians  Ijefore  the  Persian  kings 
is  uncertain-  Theview  that  Ophir, whither  the  mercantile 
fleet  of  Solomon  and  Ilirara  went,  was  in  India,  has  been 
generally  given  up.  Tlie  knowledge  of  the  ancients  con- 
cerning India,  before  the  expeditions  of  Alexander  the  Great 
and  Seleucus  I.,  was  in  general  very  limited.  West  India 
(India  intra  Gaiii/e»i)  was  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans  the 
land  east  of  the  Iranian  highland  and  south  of  the  Ima- 
ua.  Alexander  the  Great  penetrated  India  as  far  as  the 
Hyphasis  in  the  east  and  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  in  the 
south.  The  island  of  Ceylon  w;i3  known  by  the  name  of 
Taprobane,  or  Salike,  the  inhabitants  being  callud  S;Ua;. 
Still  less  comprehensive  and  accurate  was  their  knowledge 
of  East  India  (India  extra  Ganoem).  Alongside  of  a  land 
of  gold,  silver,  an<i  copper  is  mentioned  a  golden  penin- 
sula, by  whiclj  probably  Malacca  was  meant.  As  names  of 
the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  occur  "the  island  of 
the  Good  God  "  (ayaSov  cai/xoco?),  perhaps  meaning  Suma- 
tra, and.Iabadin,  doubtless  Java.  The  chief  authentiratid 
facts  of  Indian  histoiy  are  the  fcdlowing  :  the  passage  by 
Aryan  tribes  of  the  northern  and  northwestern  mountain 
passes,  and  their  settlement  in  the  plains,  at  an  unknown 
period  ;  founding  of  Buddhism,  6th  centur>'  B.  c. ;  conquest 
of  the  Panjab  by  Alexander  the  Great,327-;i25n.c.:  aGreeo- 
Bactrian  kingdom  in  India  down  to  about  the  2d  century 
B.  C,  the  so-called  Scythian  invasions  following  or  accom- 
panying this  ;  Buddhism  displaced  by  Brahmanism.  about 
the  Cth  century  of  our  era  ;  invasion  of  Mahinudof  (Jhaznl 
(the  flrst  Mohammedan  invasion),  1001;  inva.sionof  Timur, 
1398  ;  expedition  of  Vasco  da  Garaa,  1493  ;  permanent  set- 
tlement of  the  Portuguese  at  Goa,  1510 ;  foundation  of  the 
Mogul  empire  by  Baber,  1526  ;  reign  of  Akbar,  1550-1005  ; 
formation  of  the  English  East  India  Company,  16W,  and 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  1002 ;  rise  of  the  Mali- 
ratta  power  under  Sivaji,  1057;  (ieath  of  Aurung-Zeb  and 
beginning  of  the  Mogul  decay,  1707;  rivalry  of  tVench  ami 
English  in  India  at  its  height  in  the  time  nf  Dupleix.  about 
1748 :  Clive's  victory  at  Plassey,  1757,  followecl  by  the  ac- 
quisition of  Bengal  ind  Behar ;  acquisitions  made  under 
the  administrations  of  Warren  Hastings  (1772-^5),  Welles- 
ley,  Cornwallis,  Minto,  Marquis  of  Hastings,  Ainherst,  Dal- 
housie  :  C:u-natic  annexed,  1801 ;  British  (I.4»wer)  Burma  an- 
nexed. 1820  and  1852;  flrst  Afghan  war,  LS;i8- 12;  annexation 
of  Sind,  ia4:t ;  annexation  of  the  Panjab,  181'.) ;  Sepoy  Mu- 
tiny, 1857  (suppressed,  1858) ;  transferenc-  of  tlie  adminis- 
tration from  the  East  India  Company  to  the  crown,  1858; 
Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  Empress  of  India,  1877  ;  second 
Afghan  war,  1878-80;  annexation  of  Upper  Burma,  ISSO. 
Recent  events  have  been  the  building  of  the  Sind-Quetta 
Railway  toward  the  Afghan  frontier,  thcaceiuisition  of  cer- 
tain teiTitoriea  in  Baluchistan,  the  suppression  of  the 
Hunza-Nagar  insurrection  la  1891,  the  Manlpur  revolt  in 
l»:n,  etc. 

India,  British.  Same  as  India,  in  the  present 
official  sense;  or,  more  strictly,  that  part  which 
is  under  direct  British  administration,  exclud- 
ini;  th(>  native  statos.     Sec  India. 

India,  Further,  or  Indo-China  (in'do-chi'na), 
or  India  beyond  the  Ganges.  The  south- 
eastern poninsula  of  Asia,  including  Bumia, 
Siam,  Cambodia,  Cocliin-China,  Annam,  Toug- 
kitit;,  Straits  Settlements,  etc. 

India,  Hither  or  Nearer.  The  great  central 
peninsula  in  southern  Asia,  with  the  natural 
boundaries  as  described  under  India. 

Indiana  (InHli-an'ii).  [XL.,  Mand  of  Intlians.'] 
One  (if  the  Central  Stales  of  the  l^nite<l  States. 
Capital,  Indianapolis.  It  is  bounded  by  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Michigan  r)n  the  north,  Ohio  on  the  east,  Illinois  on 
the  west,  and  Kentueky(HcparatedbytlieOhit))onthe80utli. 
The  surface  is  generally  level  and  undulntliiK.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  isaL^riculture.  Indiana  tHone  (if  the  clilrl 
States  in  the  production  >>f  wlieut,  and  the  uiglith  State  In 
population.  It  has  92  counties  ;  sends  2  setrntorn  and  13 
representatives  to  Congress;  nnd  has  Ki  electoral  votes. 
It  was  settled  by  the  Kn^nch  at  \'lncetine8  and  elHowhore 
early  in  the  18th  century  ;  wns  ceded  to  (ireat  Itrltnin  In 
17tt3.  and  to  the  United  States  In  17H.S  ;  became  part  of  the 
Northwest  Territory  in  17i*7 ;  and  was  made  a  separate 
Territory  In  18<K).  The  battle  of  Tippecanoe  occurred 
within  its  limits  In  1811.  It  was  admitted  to  the  Tnlon 
in  IHltl.  Area,  3(1,350  stiuare  miloi.  I'opulatiun  (I'JOHt. 
2.616,4(12. 


527 

Indiana.     A  novel  by  George  Sand,  published 

in  1^31. 
Indiana.     A  character  in  Steele's  "Conscious 

Lovers."    Mrs.  Gibber  made  a  great  hit  in  this 

part. 

Indianapolis  (in'di-a-nap'o-lis).  The  capital 
of  Indiana  and  of  Marion  County,  situated  on 
the  West  Fork  of  White  Kiver,  in  lat.  39°  48' 
N.,  long.  86*^  6'  W.,  nearly  at  the  geographical 
center  of  the  State,  it  is  the  chief  city  in  the  State, 
and  an  important  railway  center,  and  has  a  lai'ge  trade  in 
grain.  Among  its  chief  industries  are  pork-packing  and 
mining.  It  was  laid  out  in  ISiil,  and  was  chartered  as  a 
city  in  1M7.     I'npulation  (190u),  1C9.1(U. 

Indian  Archipelago.    See  Malay  Archipelago, 
Indian  Council.      See  Council  of  the  Indies. 

Indian  Emperor,  The,  or  the  Conquest  of  Mex- 
ico by  the  Spaniards.  A  play  by  Dryden,  a  se- 
quel to  •*  The  Indian  Queen,"  produced  in  16G5. 

Indian  Empire.     Same  as  British  India.     See 

Indian  Mutiny,  or  Sepoy  Mutiny.    The  revolt 

against  British  authority  in  India  1857-58.  its 
immediate  cause  was  the  introduction  into  the  Sepoy  army 
of  a  new  rifle  whose  use  required  the  touching  of  grease 
(on  the  cartridge)  :  tliis  olfended  the  religious  prejudices 
of  the  soldiers.  The  mutiny  began  at  Meerut  iluy  10.  Tlie 
centers  of  activity  were  Delhi,  Cawnpore  (where  in  July 
a  massacre  of  the  Europeans  was  ordered  by  Nana  Sahib), 
and  Lucknow.  Lucknow's  garrison  was  relieved  by  Ilave- 
lock  in  September,  and  again  by  Campbell  in  November ; 
Delhi  was  besieged  and  taken  in  1857  ;  Lucknow  wasflnally 
conquered  in  March,  ISfiS;  and  the  last  resistance  was 
suppressed  in  1858.  The  last  ilogul  (titular  emperor)  was 
Iianished. 

Indian  Ocean.  The  part  of  the  ocean  lying 
between  Asia  on  the  north,  Africa  on  the  west, 
the  Malay  Archipelago  and  Australia  on  the 
east,  and  an  arbitrary  line  (about  lat.  38°  S.) 
connecting  the  southern  extremities  of  Austra- 
lia and  Africa  on  the  south,  its  chief  arms  are  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  and  the  Arabian  Sea  (with  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  Red  Sea).  It  contains  Madag;iscar,  Mascarene  Islands, 
Socotra,  Ceylon,  Andamanlslands,  Nicobar  Islands,  Lakka- 
dive  Islands,  and  Maldive  Islands.  It  receives  the  drain- 
age of  tlie  Zambesi,  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  Indus,  Ganges, 
lirahmaputra,  Irawadi,  and  the  rivers  of  the  Deccan. 
Length  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Tasmania,  about 
(i,000  miles.     Average  depth,  about  14,O0<3  feet. 

Indian  Queen,  The.  A  tragedy  in  heroic  verse 
by  Sir  Robert  Howard  and  John  Di-yden,  pro- 
duced in  1G64. 

Indian  Territory,    A  temtory  of  the  United 

States.  It  is  bounded  by  Kansas  on  the  north,  Missouri 
and  Arkansas  on  the  east,  Texas  on  the  south,  and  (ikla- 
homa  on  the  west.  Its  surface  is  generally  level  and  roll- 
ing. Herding  is  the  chief  industry.  It  is  unorganized. 
Thelndian  tribes  Cherokees,Choctaws,Chickasaws,Creeks, 
and  Seminoles  conduct  their  own  atfairs.  Talilequah  in 
the  Cherokee  land  is  the  chief  town.  The  region  was  ac- 
(luired  in  1803  and  1846.  In  1834  it  was  set  apart  for  tlie 
Indians  who  were  removed  during  this  period  from  their 
original  homes.  The  portion  north  of  lat.  37"  was  ceded 
afterward  by  the  Indians  to  the  I'nited  States.  In  the 
Civil  War  the  Indians  sided  with  the  Confederates.  (For 
the  setting  apart  of  Oklahoma,  see  Oklahoma).  Area(l8lKi), 
;U, 400  square  miles.  Population  (11«X>),  392,0(i0. 
Indians  (in'di-anz)  (of  North  America).  The 
aboriginal  inhahitants  of  North  America.  They 
were  so  named  on  the  snpposition  that  the  landsdiscovered 
by  the  early  navigators  were  parts  of  India  ;  the  errone- 
ous name  h:is  continued  in  use,  notwithstanding  attempts 
at  its  correction.  Schoolcraft  invented  for  the  North 
Americans  the  names  AUjic,  to  denote  the  people  of  the 
eastern  coast ;  Abanic,  for  those  west  of  the  Mississippi ; 
andO«(w,for  those  who  live  between  these  limits:  but  no 
other  writer  has  used  them.  The  latest  attempt,  ecjnally 
unsuccessful,  calls  the  North  American  tribes  AvfiniMa-  . 
raSlonians  —  Marafion  being  a  name  for  the  river  Anuizon, 
and .^0H€0  aword  connected  with  a  Northern  myth.  Seri- 
ous mistakes  in  governmental  practice  as  well  as  In  the- 
ories came  from  eiTors  In  the  names  of  the  ethnic  divi- 
sions of  North  Americiu  Each  tribe  called  Itself  by  a 
name  in  its  own  language  which  often  was  metaphorical 
and  varying;  and  its  several  neighbors  called  It  in  their 
langimges  by  other  names,  which,  according  to  their  exist- 
ing rehdions,  might  be  terms  of  obloquy,  of  frien<lHhip,  or 
of  simple  tiqintrrapbic  de3crii)tIon.  The  methods  adopted 
by  the  Krench,  English,  Spanish,  and  Dutch  to  express  the 
native  pronunciation  added  to  the  cnnfusion,  and  a  large 

firoportion  of  these  viu-lous  forma  afterward  appeared  in 
iteratnre  and  in  statistics,  the  popnhition  (whhdi  was  It- 
self ninltiplled  through  fear  or  through  interest)  being 
sometimes  duplicated  over  and  over  again,  and  thus  vastly 
exaggerated  in  the  be.nt  ottirlnl  estimates.  SubHe4|uently 
many  of  the  erroneous  names  dlsa]ipeared,  ami  then  11 
was  Inferred  that  the  tribes  w)  named  had  become  ex- 
tinct. Krom  these  errors  arowe,  nniitdy,  the  opiidon,  stUI 
generally  entortjdned,  that  the  rapid  extinetlon  of  the 
North  Americans  is  without  a  parallel  In  history,  and 
that  It  is  due  to  an  Itdiereiit  defect,  Mtyled /rrn  natura, 
thntiik'h  wlilcb  civilization  Is  fatal  to  the  part  of  the 
human  rai-e  fnn?iil  In  the  western  hemlBphere.  The  pres- 
ent number  of  In<lians  in  the  Tnlted  Stalvfi  Is  about 
800,(XX(.  The  number  In  IlrltlHh  Ann-rica  Is  not  no  accu- 
rately known,  and  that  In  Mexico,  being  more  affected  by 
mixture  of  blood,  Is  >ttill  less  diitermlmible.  Besides  the 
actually  ascertained  errors  In  nomenclature-,  other  cun- 
slderatinns  affect  the  questions  concomlnR  population, 
habitat,  and  migrations,  upon  which,  together  with  bin- 
guage,  a  proper  classllleatlon  rlcperuls.  Before  the  Ktin*- 
pean  Invasion  the  North  Amerleftii  tribes  hail  reai'heil  a 
state  of  quast-cqullibrlum,  and  were  sodentary  to  the  ex- 


Indo-Europeans 

t«nt  that  their  territories  were  recognized,  and,  though 
many  of  them  held  districts  too  large  for  actual  occu- 
pancy, the  limits  were  substantially  defined.  While  ag- 
riculture had  commenced  in  some  parts  of  the  present 
area  of  the  United  States,  and  was  spreading,  it  nowhere 
sufficed  to  replace  hunting,  which  demands  enormous 
areas  per  capita  for  support;  and  the  population  had  not 
increased,  except  perhaps  in  a  small  part  of  Califomia,  so 
as  to  press  upon  the  foud-supply.  Contrary  to  the  cur- 
i-eut  opinion,  the  Indians  were  not  nomadic  until  after 
the  arrival  of  Europeans,  who  drove  many  tribes  from 
their  established  seats  to  those  occupied  by  other  tribes ; 
and  from  the  same  Eurojieans  they  procured  the  horse 
and  firearms,  both  of  which  were  necessary  to  a  nomadic 
life  under  the  existing  conditions.  The  wars  with  the 
inv:ulers  and  those  occasioned  by  their  pressure,  in  which 
firearms  were  used,  were  far  more  destructive  than  the 
former  quarrels  between  triites.  The  losses  and  gains  of 
most  of  the  tribes  during  recent  decades  are  now  known 
with  sufficient  precision  to  allow  an  estimate  of  the  elfect 
of  civilization  upon  them.  In  this  connection  it  must  be 
noted  as  important  that  many  individuals  of  aboriginal 
blood  have  disappeared  from  the  numerical  strength  of 
tribes,  not  by  extinction  but  by  absorption.  Krom  all 
these  considerations  it  is  concluded  that  the  Indian  pop- 
ulation of  North  America  at  the  time  of  the  Columbian 
discovery  was  not  very  greatly  in  excess  of  that  now  ex- 
tant. The  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  established  by  Congress 
in  1879,  h:is  brought  the  classitication  and  nomenclature 
of  the  Indians  of  North  America  into  system  and  approxi- 
mate accuracy.  The  tiibes  in  British  America,  Lower 
California,  and  the  I'nited  States,  including  those  found 
both  north  and  south  of  the  Mexican  border  and  exclud- 
ing the  remainderof  Mexico,  are  divided  Into  57  linguistic 
fainil  ies  or  stocks. fundamentally  differing  from  each  other, 
and  often  apparently  as  distinct  as  the  Aryan  and  Scythian 
linguistic  stocks.  In  all  the  stocks  were  languages,  some- 
times but  one  being  now  known,  sometimes  many,  the  dif- 
ferences between  which  were  such  that  the  speakers  failed 
either  entirely  or  in  large  part  to  understand  each  other. 
The  names  assigned  to  these  stocks  in  this  work  aie  those 
given  by  the  authority  who  flrst  recognized  each  particular 
stock  in  a  publication ;  and  the  tenninatitin  an  or  ian  is 
now  added  to  each  to  distinguish  between  the  stock  names 
and  tribal  names,  many  of  which  without  such  distinction 
would  be  identical  and  confusing.  The  57  linguistic  fam- 
ilies or  stocks  in  the  territory  mentioned  are  as  follows: 
Algonquian,  Athapascan,  Attacapan,  IJeothukan,  Cad- 
tluan,  Chimakuan,  Chimarikan,  Chinmiesyan,  Chinookan, 
Chitimachan,  Chumashan.  Coahuiltecan,  Copehan,  Costa- 
noan,  Eskimauan,  Esselenian,  Irotiuoian,  Kalapooian,  Ka- 
rankawan,  Keresan,  Kiowan,  Kitunnhan,  Koluschan,  Ku- 
lanapan,  Kusan,  Lutuamian,  Mariposan,  Moquelumnan, 
Muskhogean,  Natchesan,  I'alaihnihan,  I'inian,  Pujunan, 
Quoratean,  .Salinan,  Salishan.  Sustean,  Sidiaptian.  Shosho- 
nean,  Siouan,  Skittagetiin,  Takilin:in,  Tnnnaii,  Tlmuqua- 
nan,Tonikan,  Toukawan,Uchean,  W'aiilatpuan,  Wakashan, 
Washoan,  Weitspekan,  Wishoskan.  Yakonan,  Yanan,  Yu- 
kian.  Yuman,  and  Zuilian.  These  stocks  differ  widely  In 
the  amount  of  territorj*  occupied,  in  the  number  of  com- 
ponent tribes,  and  in  the  number  of  individuals  identified 
as  belonging  to  them.  Some  claimed  the  combined  areas 
of  a  number  of  the  present  States  and  Territories  of  the 
United  Stjites,  while  the  known  habitat  of  others  was  not 
more  than  a  modern  county  or  to\^'nship.  Some  are  dif- 
ferentiated by  the  language  of  a  sitigle  tribe  now  known  ; 
others  comprise  many  tribes,  those  of  the  Algonquian 
stock  amounting  to  600  separately  named  divisions,  each 
one  of  which  has  been  rcgnrde<l  by  some  authority  to 
be  a  tribe.  Some  arc  extinct,  or  are  represented  only 
by  a  score  of  living  persons,  while  others  number  tens 
of  thousands.  The  first  subdivision  of  the  linguistic 
stocks,  more  permanent  than  temporary  alliances  or 
leagues  for  special  purposes,  is  the  *'  confederacy  " ;  but  It 
Is  not  a  constant  basis  of  classification.  It  is  noticed  in 
certain  stocks  where  several  neighboring  tribes  have  acted 
together  for  a  considerable  period  in  an  approach  to  the 
nationality  common  in  civilization.  These  confederacies 
do  not  embrace  all  the  tribes  oi  any  stock,  and  are  not 
confined  to  people  speaking  the  same  language  ;  indeed, 
interpreters  have  been  required  in  the  councils  of  a  con- 
federacy between  the  delegates  of  the  comiKment  tribes. 
In  this  connection  It  must  be  noted  that  tribes  of  the 
same  linguistic  family  are  often  bitter  hereditury  enemies, 
so  that  language  does  not  aft'ord  a  pollticid  classitication. 
The  unit  of  classification  Is  the  tribe,  which  often  Is  In- 
distinguishable from  the  village.  The  latter  often  eK- 
tendeu  over  a  considerable  area,  and  was  normally  com- 
iH)sed  of  widely  separated  dwellings,  each  of  them  the 
Iiome  of  a  domestic  family,  though  sometimes  several 
families  occupied  the  same  dwelling.  Another  division  la 
the  clan  or  gens  ;  but,  as  it  Is  neither  political  nor  ethnic, 
and  as  It  Interpermeates  all  other  divisions.  Its  titles  are 
not  mentioned  In  this  work.  Those  appearing  here  al- 
phabetically as  the  names  of  confederacies  and  tribes  are 
selected  as  having  been  the  most  used  In  liteniture,  and 
are  not  expressed  In  the  determined  scientific  translitera- 
tion which  Is  re(|ulred  for  the  above-mentioned  67  lin- 
guistic stocks,  but  In  the  form  most  frequently  found  lu 
publications. 

Indies  (in'diz),  also  fonnorly  Indias  (in'di-az). 
The  uamo  pivon  by  (\)l\imbns  and  early  poogni- 
])hor8  to  tlio  Ainorit'an  islands  and  muinlnnd, 
then  8ni)]iosod  1o  bo  a  part  of  Asia:  hitor,  wh«»n 
their  true  nature  was  known,  they  were  dis- 
tin^ciiinheii  as  the  West  Imlies,  and  the  latter 
term  was  eventually  retained  fortlie  island*;  now 
bearint;  that  name.  Many  writers  of  the  ICth  century 
use  the  won)  fmliis  In  a  restricted  flense  for  the  country 
now  Ineluded  in  Mexico. 

IndieSfCouncil  of  the.    ^v*' Council  ftfth<'  Indu's. 

Indigirka  lin-de-nir'liii).  A  liver  in  eastern 
SilMM-ia.  (lowing  into  the  ArelieOeoan  about  lat. 
71°4()'  N..long.  150°  K.  Lenpth.about  900 miles. 

Indo-Ohina.     fie**  India,  Further. 

Indo-Europeans  (iti'do-vi-ro-pe'anz).  Tho races 
speaking  the  Indo-European  languages;  Ar- 
yans (wliii'h  see). 


Indo-Europeans 

lam  compelled  lo  opine  that  the  absence  of  the  ass  and 
the  camel,  together  with  the  presence  of  the  horse,  in  the 
pastoral  life  or  the  Indo-Europeans,  is  in  favourof  our  look- 
ing for  the  original  abode  of  the  Indo-Europeans  rather  in 
the  European  than  the  Asiatic  portion  of  the  steppe  district. 
Further,  the  locality  [banks  of  the  Volga]  proposed  by  us 
for  the  origiiKil  home  of  the  Indo-Europeaus  affords  the 
simplest  explanation  of  the  manifold  points  of  contact  be- 
tween the  Finns  and  the  Indo-Europeans.  in  language  and 
in  habits,  to  which  we  have  referred  in  various  passages  of 
this  work.    Schrader,  Arj-an  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  437. 

Indonesia  (in-do-ne'shia).  [XL.,  'Indian  isl- 
ands.']    A  name  for  the  Malay  Ai'chipelago. 

Indole  (in-dor').  1.  A  native  state  in  India, 
xmder  the  control  of  the  Central  India  Agency. 
It  consists  of  variotis  detached  tracts,  partly  in  the  valley 
of  the  Nerbudd.i.  It  isalso called  the  Holk:u-'s  Dominions. 
from  its  ilaliratta  ruler  of  the  Ilolkar  family.  It  was 
founded  by  auadventurerin  the  middle  of  the  ISth  century. 
The  mler  became  a  prince  feudatorv  to  Great  Britain  in 
ISIS.  Area,  9,625  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,I>1»4,150. 
2.  The  capital  of  Indore  state,  situated  in  lat. 
22°  42'  N.,  long.  75°  50'  E.  Population  (1891), 
92.329. 

Indra  (in'dra).  The  god  ivho,  in  Yedic  theology, 
stands  at  the  head  of  the  deities  of  the  middle 
realm — thatof  the  air.  The  especial  manifestation  of 
his  power  is  the  battle  which  he  wages  in  the  storm  with 
his  thunderbolt  (rfl/ra)  against  the  demons  Vritra  (*  sur- 
n>under'),  Ahi  ('continer'X  Shushna  ('parcher*),  and 
others,  who  in  the  form  of  mighty  serpents  or  dragons  en- 
compass the  waters  and  shut  olf  their  path,  as  well  as  that 
of  the  light,  from  heaven  to  earth.  He  is  originally  not  the 
supreme,  but  the  national  and  favorite,  god  of  the  Indo- 
Aiyan  tribes,  and  a  t.\-pe  of  hei-oic  might  exerted  for  noble 
ends.  He  becomes  more  prominent  as  ^'aruna  is  gradually 
obscured.  In  later  times  he  is  subordinated  to  the  triad 
Brahma-  Vishnu,  and  Shiva,  but  still  is  the  head  of  the 
heaven  of  the  gods.  He  is  the  subject  of  many  stories  in 
the  great  epics  and  the  Puranas. 

Indraprastha  (in-dra-prast'ha).  The  capital 
city  of  the  Pandu  princes.  The  name  is  stffl  known 
and  used  for  a  part  of  the  city  of  Delhi 

Indre  (aiid'r).  A  river  in  central  France,  join- 
ing the  Loire  17  miles  west-southwest  of  Tours. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Indre.  A  department  of  central  France.  Capital, 
Chateauroux.  It  is  bounded  by  Loir-et-Cher  on  the 
north.  Cher  on  the  east,  Creuse  and  Haute-Vieime  on 
the  south,  Vienne  on  the  west,  and  Indre-et-Loire  on  the 
northwest.  The  surface  is  level.  It  exports  grain.  It  was 
formed  from  the  ancient  Bas-Berry  and  parts  of  Orleanais 
andMarche.  Area,  •2,(524  square  miles.  Poptilation(lS91), 
292.SIS. 

Indre-et-Loire  (and'r-a-lwar').  A  department 
of  France.  Capital,  Tours.  It  is  bounded  by  Sarthe 
on  the  north,  Loir-et-Cher  on  the  northeast,  Indre  on  the 
southeast,  Vienne  on  the  south,  and  ilaine-et- Loire  on  the 
west,  and  was  formed  chiefly  from  the  ancient  Toiu^aine. 
The  surface  isgenerallylevel.  The  department  is  traversed 
by  the  Loire,  whose  valley  here  is  called  '■  the  garden  of 
France."  It  produces  grain,  wine,  hemp,  fruit,  etc.  Area, 
2.301  square  miles.     Population  (1S91).  337,298. 

Indulgence,  Declarations  of.  In  EngUsh  his- 
tory, royal  proclamations  promising  greater 
religious  freedom  to  nonconformists.  The  prin- 
cipal were  :  (a)  A  proclamation  by  Charles  11.  in  1671  or 
1672,  promising  the  suspension  of  penal  laws  relating  to 
ecclesiastical  matters  which  were  directed  against  noncon- 
formists. It  was  rejected  by  Parliament.  (!*)  A  proclama- 
tion by  James  II.  in  16S7.  annulling  penal  laws  against 
Roman  Catholics  and  nonconformists,  and  abolishing  reli- 
gious tests  for  office.  The  refusal  to  read  this  declaration 
by  several  prelates  led  to  their  trial,  and  was  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  revolution  of  16S8. 

Indus  (in'dus).  [Skt.  5!n(?AM.]  One  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  India.  It  rises  in  an  tmexplored  region  among 
the  Himalaya  of  Tibet,  about  lat.  32=  S.,  long.  82"  E.  It 
flows  northwest  through  gorges  in  Tibet  and  Kashmir. 
?Cear  the  northern  part  of  Kashmir  it  turns  south  and 
flows  through  British  India  (Panjab  and  Sind)  into  the" 
Arabian  Sea  by  a  delta  in  about  lat.  24'  X.  Its  chief  tribu- 
taries are  the  combined  rivers  of  the  Panjab  (Jheltmj,  Che- 
nab,  Ra\"i,  and  Sutl-^j.  through  the  Panjn.id)  and  the  Ka- 
bul.    Length,  about  l.StfO  miles ;  navigable  from  RorL 

Ine  (e'ne),  or  Ini  (e'ne),  or  Ina  (i'na).  Died 
729.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  688-726.  He  con- 
quered Kent  in  694,  defeated  the  Cymiy  of  Cornwall  in 
711,  and  between  090  and  693  published  a  series  of  laws, 
commonly  called  the  Laws  of  Ine,  which  form  the  earliest 
extant  specimens  of  West-Saxon  legislation.  He  abdicated 
in  725  or  726,  and,  with  his  wife  ^ithelburh,  made  a  pil- 
grimage to  Rome,  where  he  died. 

Ines  de  Castro.     See  Castro.  I/ies  de. 

Inexpiable  War,  The.  A  war  between  Car- 
tha>;i.-  and  her  mercenaries,  241-238  B.  c.  The 
latter  were  unsuccessful. 

Infanta  Maria  Teresa.  An  armored  cruiser 
of  7,000  tons,  the  flagship  of  Admiral  Cervera 
in  the  Spanish-American  war.  she  was  sunk  in 
the  battle  of  Santiago,  July  3,  1896 ;  was  raised  imder  the 
direction  of  Xaval-Constructor  Hohson ;  and  was  aban- 
doned in  a  gale  north  of  San  Salvador,  Nov.  1, 1898. 

Inferno  (in-fer'no ;  It.  pron.  in-fer'no).  The. 
[It.,  -hell.']  The  first  part  of  Dante's  '-Divina 
Commedia."  it  is  divided  into  34  cantos.  The  poet  is 
conducted  by  Vergil  through  the  realms  of  hell  to  an  exit 
"  where  once  was  Eden."    From  here  he  visits  Piwgatory. 

Inferuin  Mare  (Ln'fe-rum  ma're).     [L.,  'lower 
sea.']     See  Tyrrhenian  Sea. 
Inflexible  \in-flek'si-bl).    An  iron-clad  British 


528 

twin-screw  double-tmreted  battle-ship,  she  was 
launched  in  April,  1876.  Her  dimensions  are :  length,  o20 
feet ;  breadth,  75  feet :  draught,  2o  feet ;  displacement, 
11.400  tons.  The  armored  region  consists  of  a  submergetl 
hull  with  an  armored  deck  5  or  6  feet  below  water-line, 
and  a  central  rectangulai-  redoubt  or  bulwark  carrying  two 
turrets  placed  diagonally  at  opposite  comers.  She  car- 
ries foiu'  So-tou  guns  in  the  tmrets. 

Inganos.     See  ilocoas. 

Ingaiini  (in-ga'ni).  In  ancient  history,  aLigu- 
rian  tribe  which  dwelt  in  northwestern  Italy,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  • 

Ingelheim  (ing'el-him),  Nieder-,  and  Ingel- 
heim,  Ober-.  Two  small  towns  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Khine-Hesse,  Hesse,  8  miles  west  of 
JIainz:  formerly  noted  for  a  palace  of  Charles 
the  Great. 

Ingelow  (in'je-lo),  Jean.  Bom  at  Boston,  Lin- 
colnshire, in  1820 :  died  at  London,  July  20, 1897. 
An  EngUsh  poet  and  novelist.  Her  works  include 
poems  (1863,  1865,  1867,  1876,  1879,  1885,  1886),  '■  Studies 
for  Stories"  (1864),  "Mopsa  the  Fairy"  (1869),  "Off  the 
Skelligs"(anovel.  1872),  '■  Fated  to  be  Free  "  (1875),  "Sarah 
de  Berenger"  (1879).  "Don  John"  (ISSl),  "John  Jerome, 
etc."  (18S6X  "  .*  Motto  Changed  "  (1893X  and  a  number  of 
children's  books, 

Ingemann  (ing'e-man),  Bemhard  Severin. 

Bom  at  TorMldstrup,  Falster.  Denmark,  ilav 
28, 1789 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  24, 1862.  A 
Danish  poet  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  epic  "  Val- 
demar  de  Store  og  bans  Mand  "  (1824),  the  historical  novels 
■' ValilemarSeier "(1826),  "Erik iIenvedsBarndom"(lS-:S). 
■■Kong  Erik "  (1833),  "  Prinds  Otto  af  Danmark  "  (1835). 

Ingenhousz  (ing'gen-hous),  Johannes.  Bom 
lioO:  diedin England,  1779.  ADutchphysician. 

Ingermanland  (ing'er- man -land),  or  Ingria 
(Ln'gri-a).  An  ancient  district,  nowforming  a 
large  part  of  the  government  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Eussia.  It  passed  several  times  between  Sweden  and 
Russia,  and  was  acquired  by  Sweden  1617.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Peter  the  Great. 

Ingersoll  (ing'ger-sol).  A  town  in  Oxford  Coun- 
ty, Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames 
54  miles  west-southwest,  of  Hamilton.  Popu- 
lation (191-11 1.  4.573. 

Ingersoll,  Charles  Jared.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Oct.  3, 1782  :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  4, 

1862.  An  American  politician  and  author,  son 
of  Jared  Ingersoll.  Hewrote".A^HlstoricalSketchof 
the  Second  Warbetweenthe  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain "  (1845-52). 

Ingersoll,  Joseph  Reed.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
June  14, 1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  20, 1868. 
An  American  politician,  son  of  Jared  Ingersoll: 
United  States  minister  to  England  1850-53. 

Ingersoll,  Robert  Green.  Bom  at  Dresden. 
X.  Y..  .\ug.  11, 1833 :  died  at  Dobbs  Ferry,X.  T., 
July  21,  1899.  An  American  lawyer,  lecturer, 
and  poUtieian.  He  settled  as  a  legal  practitioner  at 
Peoria,  Illinois,  in  1857,  and  became  colonel  of  the  11th 
Illinois  cavalry  in  1862,  and  attorney-general  for  Illinois 
in  1866.  He  published  "  The  Gods,  and  Other  Lectures  " 
(1876).  "Some  Mistakes  of  Moses  '  (1S79),  "Great  Speeches" 
(1S87),  etc. 

Ingham  (ing'am).  Charles  Cromwell.  Bora  at 
Dublin,  about  1796 :  died  at  New  York.  Dec.  10. 

1863.  An  English-American  painter.  He  came  to 
the  I7nited  States  in  1816.  He  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

Ingham,  Col.  Frederic,  --i.  pseudonym  used  by 
Edward  Everett  Hale  in  "  The  Ingham  Papers  " 
and  other  works. 

Inghamites  (ing'am-its).  An  English  denomi- 
nation founded  by  Benjamin  Ingham  (1712-72), 
a  Yorkshire  evangelist,  which  combines  ele- 
ments of  Methodism  and  lloravianism.  The  con- 
version of  Ingham  to  Sandemanian  views  led  to  the  disrup- 
tion and  nearly  total  extinction  of  the  denomination. 

Inghirami  (eng-ge-ra'me),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Volterra.  Italy,  1772 :  died  at  Florence,  May  17. 
1846.  Ail  Italian  archaeologist.  He  wrote  "ilon- 
umenti  erruschi  o  di  etrusco  nome"  (1820-27), 
etc. 

Inghirami,  Tommaso,  sumamed  Fedra.  Born 
at  Volterra,  Italy,  147():  died  at  Rome,  Sept.  6, 
1516.     An  Italian  poet,  scholar,  and  orator. 

Ingleby  (ing'gl-bi),  Clement  Mansfield.  Bom 
at  Edgbaston,  near  Birmingham.  England.  Oct. 
29,  1823 :  died  at  Ilford.  Essex,  Sept.  26,  1886. 
An  English  philosophical  writer  and  Shakspe- 
rian  scholar.  Hewrotc"OntIinesof  TheoreticalLogic" 
(1856),  "The  Shakspcre  Fabrications"  (1859\  "Shakspere 
Controversy"  (1861),  ".\n  Introduction  to  Metaphvsics" 
(1864-69),  '■  Shakspeares  Centurie  of  Prayse.  etc.  '  (1874), 
■'  The  StiU  Lion  "  (1874  :  a  new  edition  1875,  entitled  "  Shak- 
spere's  Hermeneutics "),  "Shakspere:  the  Man  and  the 
IJook  "  (1877-81),  etc 

Inglis  (ing'lz),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh  in 
1810 :  died  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  20.  1891.  A 
Scottish  jurist.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  Tniversity 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish 
bar  in  1835.  He  was  solicitor-general  for  Scotland  in  1852, 
and  lord  advocate  in  1852  and  1S5S.  In  1858  he  was  ap- 
pointed lord  justice  clerk,  with  the  title  of  Lord  Glencorse, 


Inness 

and  from  1867  he  was  lord  justice  general  and  presidentof 
the  Court  of  Session. 

Inglis,Sir  JohnEardleyWilmot.  Bom  in  Nova 
Scotia.  Xov.  15,  1814:  died  at  Hamburg,  Sept. 
27,  1862.  The  defender  of  Lucltnow.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Inglis,  third  bishop  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  served 
in  Canada  in  1537,  and  in  the  Panjab  war  1848-19.  In  the 
Indian  mutiny  of  1857  he  was  second  in  command  to  Sir 
Henry  Lawrence  at  Chinhut  June  30,  and  at  Lucknow, 
where  the  garrison  was  besieged  in  the  residency,  July  l! 
When  Lawrence  was  wounded.  July  2.  Inglis  succeeded  to 
the  command,  and  conducted  the  defense  until  the  arrival 
of  Sir  Henry  Havelock,  SepL  26, 1S57.  On  this  date  also  he 
was  promcjted  to  major-general  and  created  K.  C.  B. 

Ingoldsby  Legends  (ing'goldz-bi  lej'endz  or 
le'jemlz).  A  series  of  satirical  stories  in  prose 
and  verse  by  Eichard  Harris  Barham,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Thomas  Ingoldsby,  Esq.  Theearlier 
numbers  were  published  in  "Bentley's  Miscellany,"  and 
afterward  in  "IheNew  Monthly  Magazine."  In  1840  the 
first  series  was  published  collectively  :  a  second  and  third 
series  in  1S47. 

Ingolstadt  (ing'ol-stat).  A  fortified  town  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Schutter  with  the  Danube.  44 miles  north  bywest 
of  Munich.  Its  imiversity,  founded  in  1472, was  removed 
to  Landshut  in  1800,  and  to  Munich  in  1826.  Its  fortifica- 
tions were  razed  by  the  French  in  l^OO.  It  was  besieged 
by  Gustavus  .\dolphus  in  1632.     Population  (1890X  17,646. 

Ingomar  the  Barbarian.  AplaybyMariaAnne 
LoveU.  produced  at  Drury  Lane  in  1851.  it  was 
a  translation  from  the  German.  It  has  been  a  favorite  on 
account  of  the  character  of  Parthenia. 

Ingraham  (ing'gi^a-am).  Joseph  Holt.  Bom  at 
Pcjrtland,  Maine,  18'09 :  died  at  Holly  Springs, 
Miss.,  Dec,  1860.  An  American  clergyman  and 
novelist.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Prince  of  the 
House  of  David  "  (1S55\  "  The  Pillar  of  Fire  "  (18.i9). 

Ingres  (ang'r),  Jean  Auguste  Domlni(ine. 
Bom  at  Montauban,  Aug.  29, 1780:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  14, 1867.  A  celebrated  French  histori- 
cal painter.  At  the  age  of  16  he  went  to  Paris  and  en- 
tered the  atelier  of  David.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1801 :  studied  for  5  years  in  Paris ;  and  went  in 
1806  to  Italy,  where  he  remained  about  15  years.  In  18'24 
the  "Vow  of  Lotiis  XIII."  was  exhibited  in  the  Louvre, 
and  the  artist  retiuued  to  Paris  in  great  favor.  He  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Institute  in  1825.  Among  his  works 
are  "(Edipus  and  the  Sphinx  "  (1808).  "Apotheosis  of  Ho- 
mer "(1826),"  Martyrdom  of  St.  .Symphorian  "  (1SS4X  "  Strat- 
onice"(1839),  "The  Golden  Age  "(unfinished,  1848),  "Joan 
of  -\rc  "  (1S54X  "The  Spring " (1856). 

Ingria.    See  Ingermanland. 

Ingvaeones  (ing-ve-6'nez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Ingie- 
rones,  the  Latinization  of  a  hypothetical  Ger- 
manic fundamental  form  *Ingvai,  a  name  of 
the  god  *Tlwaz,*T!u.  Cf.  AS.  (rune  song)  Ing, 
OHG.  Inc.  the  name  of  a  rune ;  OX.  Tngri.  Tngri- 
Freyr,  from  whom  the  Swedish  kings,  the  Tng- 
Ungar,  derive  their  descent ;  AS.  (Beowulf) /«</- 
(ci«e,  the  Danes.  From  v''J7''i  to  implore.]  See 
Hermioiies. 

Inhambane  (en-yam-ba'ne).  A  seaport  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  belonging  to  Portugal, 
situated  in  lat.  23°  50'  S.  Population,  about 
6,000. 

Inheritance,  The.  AnovelbyMissFerrier, pub- 
lished in  1824. 

Inimacas.     See  Enimagas. 

Inkerman  (ingk-er-man').  Aruinedto'K-ninthe 
Crimea,  Russia,  near  Sebastopol.  Here,  Kov.  5, 
1854,  the  English  and  French  defeated  the  Russians,  who 
had  made  an  unexpected  attack  on  the  English  camp.  The 
battle  was  severe,  and  the  loss  on  both  sides  great. 

Inkle  andYarico.  Amusical  comedy  by  George 
Colman  the  younger,  taken  from  the  '"'  Specta- 
tor" (Xo.  11).  It  was  produced  at  the  Haymar- 
ket  Aug.  4,  1787. 

Inland  Sea.     See  Smronada. 

Inman  (in'man),  Henry.  Bom  at  TJtiea,  N.  Y.. 
Oct.,  IsOl :  died  at  Xew  Y'ork,  Jan.  17,  1846.  An 
American  painter,  noted  for  portraits. 

In  Memoriam  (in  mf-mo'ri-am).  An  elegiac 
poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1850. 
It  is  a  philosophic  lament*  for  the  poet's  friend  Arthur 
Henrj*  Hallam,  and  is  Tennyson's  most  characteristic  work. 

Inn  (in).  One  of  the  chief  tributaries  of  the  Dan- 
ube, which  it  joins  at  Passau :  the  ancient  (Enus. 
It  rises  in  the  Orisons,  Switzerland,  traverses  the  Vpper 
and  Lower  Engadine  valleys,  the  Upper  and  Lower  Iim 
valleys  in  TjTol.  ami  Bavaria,  and  forms  part  of  the  boun- 
dary'between  Bavaria  and  Upper  Austria.  Length,  330 
miles ;  na\ngable  from  HalL 

Inner  Temple.    See  Inns  of  Court,  and  Temple. 

Innes  i  in'es),  Cosmo.  Bom  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Sept.  9.  1798:  died  at  KiUin,  in  the  Highlands, 
July  31,  1874.  A  Scottish  antiquary.  From  1846 
untU  his  death  he  was  professor  of  constitutional  law  and 
history  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Among  his  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  Two  Ancient  Records  of  the  Bishopric  of 
Caithness  '  (1*27),  "The  Book  of  the  Thanes  of  Cawdor' 
(18=.91,  "Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1S60).  "Facsimiles 
of  National  Manuscripts  of  Scotland  "  (1^7). 

Inness,  George.  Bom  at  Xewburg,  X.  Y.,  May 
1,  1825:  died  at  Bridge  of  Allan,  Scotland,  Aug. 
3.  1894.  A  noted  American  landscape-painter. 
He  studied  for  a  short  time  with  Kegis  Gignoux.  and  also 


Inness 

abroad  at  three  liiflerent  periods.     He  was  elected  na- 
tional acadeinkian  in  186S.    He  is  noted  for  his  coloring  „,...,„  ,-,.,,,,  „.,  .„(. 

snd  sensitive  reproduction  of  the  moods  of  nature.   Among     Population  (IbDO),  J,i20.        „„,,„„,;,,„*„*„  the  Inns 
his  works  are  "After  the  Storm  "  (1S69),"  View  near  Rome     InnS  of  Chancety.   Iims  suboramate  to  t  be  inns 


529 

sity.    It  was  made  a  city  in  1234.    Desperate  fighting  be- 
tween  the  Tyrolese  and  Bavarians  occuned  here  m  1809. 


(1*71)    "St.  Peter's,"  "The  Afterglow  "  (187S), 
(l&Sl)'  "  Niagara  Falls"  (1883),  ■'Sunset"  (1885). 


■Spring"     of  Court  i  whicli  see).     cUIIord's  Inn,  Clement's  Inn, 


Inverness 

ineffective ;  the  Augsburg  Interim,  proclaimed  also  by 
Charles  V.,  May  15, 1548,  hut  not  carried  out  by  many  Prot- 
estants ;  and  the  Leipsic  Interim,  carried  through  the  Diet 
of  Sa.tony,  Dec.  22.  I,i48,  by  the  efforts  of  the  elector  llau- 
rice.  and  enlarged  and  published  as  the  Greater  Interim 
In  March,  1641) :  it  nut  with  strenuous  opposition.     Keli- 


Innisfail  (in'is-fal).  A  poetiealname  of  L-eland. 

Innocent  (in'o-sent)  I.,  Saint.  Died  March  12, 
417  Bi'<boii  of  koine  40-J-H7.  During  his  poutifl- 
ritc'  Koine  w;is  sacked  by  Almic  (410).  He  is  commemo- 
rated in  the  jt->man  Catholic  Chinch  on  July  -iS. 


ken),  orlnterlaohen(in'- 

summer  resort  in  the  canton  of 


and  Lyon's  Inn  (pulled  down  in  1868,  now  the  site  of  thi-     gi„„gt<ileiation  was  securedforthe  Lutherans  by  thepeaco 
Globe' Theatre)  were  attached  to  the  Inner  'Temple;  New     ,,{  pa.ssau,  10.'j-2. 

Inn  and  .strand  Inn  (which  havi    "'  "'    

die  Temple  ;  Barnard's  Inn  and 

?eanV.flnn,^n  nia^nc:4tanJ,"warfo™eri;'  "u/ed  by-the     Bern,  Switzerland,  on  the  Aare,  between  Lakes 
Society  of  Si-rjeiinjls-at-law,  but  this  ceased  to  exist  in  18i7. 
'        "   ocieties  in  London  which 
candi- 


d  to  the  Inner  Temple  ;  >ew  ,,f  p^ssau,  lO.'j-i. 

lave  disappeared),  to  the  Mid-  Jnterlaken  (in'ter-la 

ad  Staple's  Inn  to  Gray  s  Inn ;  ^{i,.  k- X-en)      A  sum 

,  Inn,  to  Lincoln's  Inn.    Ser-  tei-laui-en;.   ^isuui 


,i,„,H  ihc  raaiority  of  the  cardinals,  refusing  to  recognize 
the  validity  of  his  election,  chose  Anacletus  II.  as  antipope. 
Ml  was  forced  to  seek  refuse  in  France,  where  Bernard 
of  Clairvaux  procured  his  recognition  by  the  court  and 
tlic  der'T.  He  was  installed  in  the  Lateran  at  Kome  by 
tlie  emperor  Lothair  in  UXl,  but  ,lid  not  gain  undisputed 
possession  before  the  death  of  Anacletus  in  1138. 

Innocent  III.  (Giovanni  Lothario  Oonti). 

Bom  at  AiKiRiii.  Italv,  in  IKil :  die<l  at  Peruc^a, 
Italy,  .Tilly  Hi,  I'JIO.      Pope  liyS-1216.    Hewasthe 
-HH  I'.f 'ci.nn't  I  rasinuindo,  of  the  house  of  Conti,  andClari- 
,1   i.lescendantof  thehouseof  ScottiatRome;  wasedu- 
.I'ed  at  Homo,  Paris,  an.l  Bologna;  became  a  canon  of  St. 
ti-r's  in  1181,  and  carilinal  deacon  of  St.  Sergius  and  St, 
i ;  irchus  in  11!W  ;  and  w:is  crowned  pope  Feb.  •2->,  1198.  fol- 
lowing in  the  footsteps  of  Gregory  VII..  he  made  it  the 
cldef  aim  of  his  ecclesiastical  policy  to  vindicate  the  papal 
claim  of  the  supremacy  of  the  church  over  the  state.     He 
forced  Philip  Augustus  of  France  to  take  back  his 


pri%-ilege  of  calling 
"  maintain  instruction  and 
examination  for  that  purpose ;  also,  the  pre- 
cincts or  premises  occupied  by  these  societies 
respectively.  TheyarethelnnerTemple,  Middle  Tem- 
ple, Lincoln's  "inn,  and  Grays  Inn.  The  first  two  originally 
belonged  to  the  Knights  Teniplare  (whence  the  name  Tem- 
iile).  These  inns  had  their  origin  about  the  end  of  the 
ISth  century.  The  inn  was  originally  the  town  residence 
of  a  person  of  iiuality.  "Before  the  Temple  was  leased  by 
lawyers,  the  laws  were  taught  in  hostels,  liospitia  curia-,  of 
which  there  were  a  s-'rcat  number  in  the  metropolis,  espe- 
cially in  tin-  iRi'„'bborli"od  of  Holborn  ;  but  afterwards  the 
Iiinsof  ( 'oui  t  and  1  lianicrv  increased  in  prosperity  till  they 
formed  what  stow  describes  as  "a  whole  university  of  stu- 
dents, practisers  or  pleaders,  and  judges  of  the  law  of  this 
realm,  not  living  on  common  stipends  as  in  the  other  uni- 
versities, as  is  for  the  most  part  done,  but  of  their  own 
private  maintenance,'  "    Hare,  London,  I,  59. 

„„,    Innuit  (in'ii-it).     See  Eskimaunn. 

gated  Inn-7iertel(iu'fer-tel).   The  region  between  the 


llie  capture  of  Constantinople  from  the  Greeks  and  the     Austria  in  1779,  to  Bavaria  in  lh09,  anil  agai 
fsiablishincnt  of  the  Latin  Empire  ;  deposed  Otto  IV.,  era-      ,       a  .^tria  in  1815. 


p.ror  "f  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  in  12ir.  crowned  his 
former  ward,  Frederick  of  Sicily,  emperor;  compeUed  m 
l'13,Iohn  of  England,  who  refused  to  accept  Stephen  Lang- 
ton  the  papal  nominee  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
l.urv,  to  acknowledge  the  feudal  sovereignty  of  the  Pope 
anil"  to  pay  an  annual  tribute  ;  ordered  the  crusade  against 
fliH  Albit'enses  in  l'*08  ■  and  presided  at  the  fourth  Lateran      n-.^.  ,..■--/, ,^.     '       ,    ,  j  i    i  ■         li,.<ii,u  .^3ov.^,.»^.v,.. ,-. -.w c-, ."'.^T'^'^    "  ,       ,-,.» 

un  ii  in  ifi^!   During  hi°pontiHcate  the  papal  power  Insatiate  Countess,  The.    A  tragedy  acted  11   Interpreter, Mr.  A  charaeterinBunyan's  ••  Pil 


Ino'wrazia'wCe-nov-rats'liiv),  or  Jung-Breslau 

(yong-bres'lou).  A  tovni  in  the  province  of 
Posen.  Prussia,  66miles  east -northeast  of  Posen. 
There  are  salt-works  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion (1S90),  commune,  16,.503 


Thun  and  Brienz.  27  miles  southeast  of  Bern. 
It  is  a  celebrated  tourist  center.  The  chief  avenue  is  the 
Hoheweg.      It  contains  a  casino  and  an  old  monasterj'. 

Population,  about  2,LiOO. 

International  (in-ter-nash'on-al).  The.  A  so- 
ciety (in  full,' 'Thelnternational  Working-men's 
Association"),  formed  in  London  in  1864,  de- 
signed to  unite  the  working-classes  of  all  coun- 
tries in  promoting  social  and  industrial  reform 
by  political  means.  Its  chief  aims  «  ere  :  (1)  the  sub- 
ordination of  capital  to  labor  through  the  transference 
of  industrial  enterprises  from  the  capitalists  to  bodies  of 
working-men  ;  (2)  the  encouragement  of  men  on  strike  by 
gifts  of  money,  or  by  preventing  laborers  of  one  locality 
from  migrating  to  another  when  the  laborers  of  the  latter 
are  on  strike  ;  (3)  the  overthrow  of  all  laws,  customs,  and 
I)rivileges  considered  hostile  to  the  working-classes,  and 
the  encouragement  of  w  hatever  aids  them,  as  the  shorten- 
ing of  hours  of  labor,  free  public  education,  etc, ;  (4)  the 
end  of  all  w  ars.  By  180"  the  International  had  become  a 
powerful  organization,  though  strenuously  opposed  by  the 
continental  European  governments  ;  but  its  manifestation 
in  1872  of  sympathy  with  the  doings  of  the  Palis  Commune 
in  the  preceding  year,  and  internal  dissensions,  caused  a 
great  loss  of  reputation  and  strength. 

^'"  International  African  Association.    An  in- 

teriiiitioiuil  commission  proyided  for  at  the 
Brussels  (,'oufcrence  of  1876.  Its  object  was  to  be 
theexplorationandcivilizationofcentral  Africa.  National 
committees  were  fonned  in  France,  tiermany,  Italy,  and 
elsewhere  to  cooperate  in  the  work.  Its  seat  was  Brus- 
sels Out  of  it  grew  the  Kongo  Committee,  the  Interna- 
tional Association  of  the  Kongo,  and  the  Kongo  free  State. 


iiltained  its  greatest  height.  t^.     ,     . 

Innocent  IV.  (Senibaldi  di  Fieschi).  Died  at 

Naples,  Dee.  7,  1254.  Pope  1243-54.  He  inherited 
from  his  predecessors  a  feud  with  the  emperor  Frederick 
II  who  had  been  excommunicated  by  Gregory  I.\.  in 
12;«.     After  the  death  of  Frederick  in  P260,  and  o£ his  son 


KilO.  and  attrilmteil  to  Marston,  though  altered 
by  Barksteed.  It  was  sometimes  mentioned  as 
'■"Barksteed's  Tragedy."'  The  play  which  bears  the 
latter's  name  (in  some  copies)  seems  to  have  been  con- 
densed by  him  from  two  others— one  a  tragedy,  one  a 
comedy.  Marston  jiroljably  wrote  the  play  in  1004.  Flcaij. 
).  One  of  the  chief 
gerwald,  west  of  Fried- 
richroda.     Height,  3,000  feet. 


the  papal  troops  5  days  before  Innocents  death.  i,, -..-„-^-,     . 

Innocent  V.  (Pietrodi  Tar antasia).    Born  in  instauratio  Magna  (in-sta-ra'shi-6  mag'nji). 

122."i:  died  at  Home,  June  22,  127G,     Pope  Jan.      |;i,.,'tli  '"     "'  "' " 

•Jll-June  22,  1270. 

Innocent  VI.  ( fitienne  d' Albert ).  Born  at  Bris- 

sac,  France  :  died  Sept.  12, 1302.     Pope  13o2-62. 
He  kept  his  court  at  Ayignon 


I'll  III  s  T'l-iigri'ss."  He  is  intended  to  typify  the  Holy 
Ghost.  The  house  of  the  Interpreter  was  just  beyond  the 
Wicket  Gate.  ,       ^, 

Inti  (en'te).  The  Quichua  name  for  the  sun, 
deified  and  worshiped  in  ancient  Peru  ;  hence, 
the  god  of  the  Incas. 

Inti-huasi  (On'te-wil'se).     [Quichua,  'house  of 
the  Sun .']     One  of  the  names  given  by  the  an- 
cient Peruvians  to  the  Temple  of  the  Sun  at 
-o —  ,  -     ,         Cuzco.     See  Curicancha. 

rent  reniwal.']     The  coiuprehensive  j.^j^^^    (en'trii).     A    town  in  the  province  of 

'     '  ^       '        '■""       '  ■  '    ■  the  ■western  shore 

ion,  about  .'i.OOO. 
Intransigentists(in-ti'an'si-jen-tists).  1.  A  rad- 
See  liai-on,  Fiducis.  i,>al  party  in  Spain  which  in  1873-74  fomented 

A  to-vra  in  the  prov-     „„  misuccessful  insun-ection.— 2.  A  factiouin 


the  emperor  Conrad  IV.  in  12.54,  the  struggle  ■was  con-  j        ,^            ( in'sels-bcro 

tinned  with  Manfred,  the  uncle  and  guardian  of  Conrad  s  InSeiSDerg    (  n  stis  ociu 

son  Conradin  of  Sicily,  who  iuHicted  a  decisive  defeat  on  summits  ot  the   Iniiriugt 

■    -       -         —  -■-"■  richroda.     Height,  3,000 

nstauratio  Magna  (in 

[I... 'tlie  great  renewal.',  .  .        ^.^mo,    ^^..    ,.-.,.     --    - 

philosophical  work  planned  and  partially  earned  2vTjjyj^j.j^^  northern  Italy,  on  t' 
out  by  Lord  Bacon,  comprising  the  "Advance-  ^j  ^.^^^  Maggiore.  Populati 
inent  of   Learning,''  "No\'um  Organum, '  etc.  Tntransieentists(in-ti'an'si-j< 


Avignon. 
Innocent  VIII.  (Giovanni  Battista  Cibo). 

Born  at  Genoa,  1432 :  dieil  July  25. 1492.  Pope 
1484_9'J.  Ue  was  involved  in  war  with  Ferdinand  ot  Na- 
ples whose  crown  he  ottered  to  Kenaldus,  duke  of  Lor- 
raine ;  and  kept  Zezim,  brother  of  the  sultan  Bajazet,  a 
close  prisoner  in  consideration  of  an  annii-.d  iiayment  of 
40  000  ducats  and  the  gift  of  the  sacred  apear  said  to  have 
pierced  the  side  of  the  Saviour. 

Innocent  IX.  (Giovanni  Antonio  Faccni- 
netti)  Born  at  Bologna.  Italy,  1519:  diedDec. 
30,  1591.      Pope  Oct.  29-l)i-c.  30,  l.Wl. 

Innocent  X.  (Giovanni  Battista  Pamfili). 

Born  at  Konie,  1572:  died  Jan.  7,  10:).i,  Pnpe 
Ifi44-,M.  H,.  ,-ond.  iiiniil  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  in 
10.'.1.  and  till-  .lansiTiist  biri-sy  in  n.r.:). 

Innocent  XI.  (Benedetto  Odescalchi).  Horn 

at  Coino,  Italy,  1611 :  died  Au£.  12,  1G89.  Pope 
167(1-89. 

Innocent  XII.  (Antonio  PignatelU).  Bom 

at  Xii)iles,  March  13,  1015:  died  Sept.2(,  liOO. 
Pope  1091-1700 


ofteii  simply  Jiistitiil.'i  An  association  of  the 
members  of  tho  live  French  academies,  L'Aca- 
deinie  Fran^'aise,  L'Acad^mie  des  Inscriptions 
et  Belles-Lettres,  L'Acadi5mie  des  Sciences, 
L'Acad^inie  desBeaux  Arts,  and  L' Academic  des 
Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques.  It  was  established 
by  the  Republican  Convention  in  1795,  and  is  siijiported 
by  Ihegovernnient.  Its  purpose  is  "  to  advance  the  sciences 
and  arts  of  research  by  the  publication  of  discoveries  and 
by  correspondence  with  otiier  learned  societies,  and  to 
prosecute  those  scientillc  and  literary  labors  which  shall 
have  for  their  end  general  utility  and  the  glory  of  the  n-- 
pulilic.^^  It  was  originally  called  L'Institut  National,  and 
thj  name  has  chang.d  with  the  various  changes  m  the 
government.  At  llrst  the  as.sociation  yvas  installed  at  the 
Liiuvrc,  but  in  1800  it  wiw  removed  U<  the  cllcge  des 
(Juatre  Nations.  There  is  n  geniral  annual  meeting  on 
(be  2r.th  of  o.tolier,  the  anniversary  of  its  fonnding. 

Institutes  of  Justinian.    Sir  ( ■o<'/;"^-  •/"'•'■••'■ 
Boni  Institutes  of  the  Christian  Religion.    L-.^"; 

stiliitii)    i:,li, limns   Clirisliini.-r.]     A  theological 
work  by  ('alyiii,  ]iiiblislieil  in  Latin  in  1530,  and 
l-'rench  in  15411. 


Pons,  or  (Lnijiontiim.  It  i«  noted  for  its  pictnrcsiiuc 
situation.  The  Franciscan  church,  or  llofkirche,  is  a  Ke- 
raissancc  building,  notable  especially  for  its  magnificent 
monument  to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  I  lie  kneeling 
llgure  of  the  emperor,  in  bronze,  on  a  great  marble  sar- 
cophagus, is  surrounded  liy  '28  statues  of  his  anceslors. 
The  sides  of  the  sarcophagus  are  adorned  with  24  reliefs  of 
scenes  from  the  emperor's  life,  most  of  them  by  the  Flem- 
hig  Colins.  These  reliefs  arc  among  the  llnest  sculpture 
of  the  Iflth  century;  many  of  the  figures  are  portraits. 
The  Schloss  Amras  is  a  line  castle  of  the  l:itll  century,  re- 
fitted and  enlarged  in  the  16th  by  the  archduke  Ferdinand. 
It  Is  now  a  museum,  with  very  interesting  collections, 
chiefly  historical,  including  medieval  and  modern  weapons, 
furniture,  industrial  art,  sculpture,  and  portmita.  The 
16th-ceiitury  Spanish  saloon  Is  notable,  as  la  the  oniate  late- 
Pointed  chapel.  It  has  several  other  castles  and  a  unlver- 
C— 34 


(1S1I4)  numbering  over  5.'.  volumes,  and  contalnInK  docu 

mentg  of  the  highest  Interest     "     "-"■ 

lilc  librar.y.  .      ■   ,  ■   . 

Insubres  (in  '  su-brO/.).  Ill  ancient  history,  a 
(lallic  (leople  in  Cisalpine  (iniil.  ilwelling  north 
1,1'  the  I'll,  in  Ihc  vicinity  of  .Milan.  They  were 
IliiMilv  siihjceled  In  Home  in  190  H.  C. 

Interim  (in' I  I'r-iin).  A  provisional  nrrangc- 
menl  for  the  settlement  ofri'ligious  ibtTerences 
between  Protestants  and  Komaii  f'alholics  in 
(iennanv  during  llie  Uerormalion  epoch,  iiend- 
ing  a  detiiiite  settlement  bv  a  clnirch  council. 
There  were  three  interims:  the  Katlsbon  Interim  pro- 
mulgated by  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  July  29,  1641,  but 


France  whose  parliamentary  progi^am  includes 
various  radical  reforms  and  socialistic  changes. 

Intrepid,  The.  l.  A  Tripolitan  vessel,  cap- 
tured anil  so  named  by  Americans,  in  which 
Stephen  Decatur  sailed"  into  the  port  of  Tripoli 
on  the  niglit  of  Feb.  10.  1804,  and  reca).tured 
and  burned  the  United  .States  frigate  Philadel- 
phia, -vvhich  had  fallen  into  the  enemy's  hands. 
The  vessel  was  afterward  blown  up  in  the 
harbor  to  destroy  Tripolitan  cruisers.— 2.  An 
Antic  exiiloringVcssel.  She  sailed  under  Com- 
mander Austin  in  18:50  from  England. 

IntrigO  (in-tre'go).  A  man  of  business  in  Sir 
I'niniis  Fane's  comedy  "Love  in  the  Dark,'" 
frniii  which  Mrs.  Ceiitlivre  took  Marplot. 

Intronati  (e"-ti'o-"ii'l<>)-  A  literary  academy 
I'mniilrd  at  Siena  in  1:525. 

Invalides,  Hotel  des.    See  Uout. 

Inveraray,  '>r  Inverary  (in-'ve-ra'n).  A  sea- 
port and  tlie  cajiilal  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland, 
sitiialed  on  Loch  Fyne  40  miles  northwest  of 
(ilasgiiw  :  noted  for  heiriug-tishery.  Popula- 
tion ( 1.H91).  82'2.  .      , 

Invercargill  (in-ver-kiir-gir).  A  town  in  the 
South  Ishiiid,  New  Zealand,  on  an  inlet  of  ho- 
veaiix  Strait.  11  exports  mutton,  etc.  Popu- 
Intii.n  (IS91),  8,551,  . 

Inverlochy  (in-ver-loeh'i).  A  I'ljce  in  Ar- 
gyllshire. Scotland,  situated  near  Loch  Lil  JJ 
iiiiles  iiortheasl  of  Oluin,  Here.  Feb.  2,  1645, 
Montrose  defeated  (he  Campbells. 
It  possesses  n  very  vidua-  JnyernesS  (i'l-vei'-nes').  1-  A  ootinly  of  Scot- 
land, bonndcd  by  Koss  on  the  north.  Nairn  niul 
KIgin  on  the  uorthetist,  Banff  ami  Aberdeen  on 
the  east,  Perth  and  .\rgyll  on  the  south,  and  tho 
Atlantic  on  the  west.  It  comprises  also  Harris, 
North  and  South  list,  Skye,  and  others  of  the  Hebrides 
The  surface  Is  mountainous.  It  Is  note,  for  Its  lakes 
and  for  picturesipie  sceueo.  T  >o  prevailing  lanKiiago 
is  Gaelic.    Area,  4,088  B.|uare  miles,     ropulalioii  (18111), 

2'  A  seaport  and  tho  capital  of  the  county  of 
Inverness,  situated  cm  the  Ness  m  lat.  5,°  .8 
N.,  long.  4°  13'  \V.    It  has  flourishing  coasting  and  fo> 


Inverness 

eign  trade ;  is  a  tourist  center,  and  the  capital  of  the  north- 
ern Highlands  ;  and  was  the  ancient  Pictish  capital.  Its 
castle  was  destroyed  by  the  army  of  the  Pretenderin  174ti. 
Inverness,  Furres.  Fortrose,  and  Nairn  form  the  Inverness 
district  of  parliiimentiiry  burghs.  Population  (I^IX  2t),865. 

Invincible  Armada,  The.     See  Armada. 
Invincible  Doctor,  The,  L.  Doctor  Invincibi- 

lis(ilok'tor  in-viu-sib'i-lis).  A  sui'uame  given 
to  the  scholastic  philosopher  William  Occam. 

Invoice  (in'vois).  One  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  Foote's  "  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks." 

Inwood  (in' wild),  Henry  William.  Born  May 
'22.  1794 :  supposed  to  have  been  shipwrecked 
March  20,  IJjviS.  An  architect,  the  eldest  son 
of  William  Inwood  (177I-1S43).  He  published 
"The  Erechtheum  at  .Athens"  (1827X  "Of  the  Resources 
of  Design  in  the  .\rchitecture  of  Greece,  Egypt,  and  other 
Countries  •nS43). 

Inwood.William.  Bom  at  Highgate  about  1771 : 
died  at  London.  March  16,  1843.  An  English 
architect.  His  chief  work  is  St  Pancras  New  Church, 
London  (1819-22),  which  is  an  adaptation  of  Athenian 
models,  chiefly  tlie  Erechthetnn. 

lo  (i'6).  [Gr.  'I<j.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the 
beautiful  daughter  of  Inachus,  king  of  Argos, 
Greece,  who  was  changed  by  Hera  (Juno),  in  a 
fit  of  jealousy,  into  a  white  heifer,  and  placed 
under  the  watch  of  Argus  of  the  hundred  eyes. 
When  .\rgus  was  killed  by  Hermes  at  the  command  of  Zeus, 
the  heifer  was  maddened'  by  a  terrible  gadtiy  sent  by  Hera, 
and  waudered  about  until  she  arrived  in  Egypt.  She  re- 
covered her  original  shape,  and  bore  Epaphus  to  Zeus. 
Epaphus  became  the  ancestor  of  .fgyptus,  Damaus,  Ce- 
pheus,  and  Phineus.  According  to  another  legend,  lo  was 
carried  off  by  Phenician  traders  who  landed  in  Argos. 
The  myth  is'generally  explained  to  be  Aah  or  the  moon 
wandering  in  the  starry  skies,  symbolized  by  the  hundred- 
eyed  Argus;  her  transformation  into  a  horned  heifer  repre- 
senting the  crescent  moon. 

Greek  mythology,  too,  knew  her  [.\starte]  as  16  and  Eu- 
ropa,  and  she  was  fitly  symbolised  by  the  cow  whose  horns 
resemble  the  supine  lunar  crescent  as  seen  in  the  south. 
Sayce,  Anc  Empires,  p.  195. 

lolaus  (i-o-lS'us).  [Gr.  'lo/aof.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  charioteer  and  companion  of  Hera- 
cles. 

lolcus  (i-ol'kus).  [Gr.  'Iw^JwSf.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  in  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  Pagassean  Gidf  near  Mount  Pelion :  the 
modem  Volo.  It  was  the  point  of  embarkation 
of  the  Argonauts. 

Ion  (i'on).  [Gr.  "Iwi'.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  ancestor  of  the  lonians,  the  subject  of  a 
tragedv  by  Euripides. 

Ion.  [Gr.  "lui'.]  1.  A  play  of  Euripides,  exhib- 
ited about  424  B.  C.  Its  theme  is  the  legend  that  Ion, 
eponymous  founder  of  the  Ionian  race,  was  the  son  of 
Creusa,  daughter  of  Erechtheus,  by  Apollo. 

There  is  no  character  in  all  Greek  tragedy  like  this  Ion, 
who  reminds  one  strongly  of  the  charming  boys  drawn  by 
Plato  in  such  dialogues  as  "Charmides"  and  "Lysis."  In 
purity  and  freshness  he  has  been  compared  to  Giotto's  chor- 
isters, and  has  afforded  Racine  his  masterpiece  of  imita- 
tion in  the  Joasof  the  "  Athalie."  But  I  would  liken  him 
still  more  to  the  child  Samuel,  whose  ministrations  are 
painted  with  so  exquisite  a  grace  in  the  Old  Testament. 
Mahafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  349. 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Tkomas  Noon  Talfourd.  pri- 
vately printed  in  1S35,  and  produced  the  nest 
year  at  Covent  Garden.  It  is  properly  a  dra- 
matic poem,  and  is  the  author's  masterpiece. 

Ion  of  Chios.  Bom  at  (?hios :  died  before  42 
B.  c.  A  Greek  poet.  Fragments  of  his  trage- 
dies and  lyrics  have  survived. 

lona  (i-o'nii),  or  IcolmMll  (i-kdm-kil').  [Ori- 
ginally Hii  or  /:  written  lona  by  Adanman, 
whence,  by  a  blunder,  lona.'^  An  island  of 
the  Inner  Hebrides,  in  Argyllshire.  Scotland.  IJ 
miles  southwest  of  Mull,  from  which  it  is  sep- 
arated by  the  Sotmd  of  lona.  The  cathedral  is  a 
small  but  very  interesting  building,  now  roofless,  though 
the  masonry  is  complete.  It  was  founded  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, but  exhibits  some  details  as  late  as  the  16th.  Some 
specimens  of  plate-tracery  in  the  square  central  tower  are 
especially  curious.  St.  ilartin's  and  Maclean's  crosses  near 
by  are  interesting  examples  of  the  many  sculptured  Runic 
crosses  with  which  lona  formerly  abounded.  It  was  an 
ancient  seat  of  the  Druids.  Columba  founded  a  monastery 
here  about  565,  which  became  a  leading  colonizer  in  the 
spread  of  Celtic  missions.  The  Culdees  were  replaced  by 
Benedictines  in  the  13th  century.  The  monastery  was  de- 
molished in  1151.   Length,  3^  miles.  Population,  about  200. 

loni.     See  Aienai. 

Ionia  (i-o'ni-aV  [Gr. 'Itnia.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  maritime  region  on  the  western  coast 
of  Lydia  and  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  with  Chios  and 
Samos  and  the  adjacent  islands.  It  comprised  on 
the  mainland  the  cities  Phocsea,  Clazomense,  £rythr%, 
Teos,  Lebedus,  Colophon,  Ephesns,  Priene,  Myus,  Miletus, 
and  later  Smyrna.  It  was  colonized  in  prehistoric  times 
by  lonians  from  European  Greece ;  was  conquered  by 
Ctosus  in  the  middle  of  the  6th  centtiry  B,  c. ;  passed  later 
to  Persia ;  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessftll  revolt  500- 
494  ;  became  on  the  close  of  the  Persian  war  a  dependent 
ally  of  Athens  ;  and  passed  to  Persia  in  3S7,  and  to  Mace- 
donia in  3:J4.  Later  it  fell  to  Pergamum  and  Rome.  Itw.as 
celebrated  for  its  wealth,  and  for  the  early  development  of 
art,  music,  philosophy,  and  literature. 


530 

Ionian  Islands  (i-6'ni-ani'landz).  1.  The  col- 
lective name  of  Corfu.  Santa  Maura.  Cephalo- 
nia.  Zante.  Paxo,  Ithaca,  and  Cerigo,  and  some 
smaller  islands,  belonging  to  Greece.  They  form 
the  modem  nomarchies  of  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  Zante,  and 
part  of  Argolis  and  Corinth.  They  were  acquired  by  Venice 
from  aliout  1400 ;  were  annexed  to  t'rance  in  1797 ;  were 
conquered  by  the  Russians  and  Tiu-ks  in  1799  ;  formed  the 
republic  of  the  "Seven  I'nited  Islands  "  1800-07 ;  were  an- 
nexed to  France  in  ISO" :  were  placed  under  a  British  pro- 
tectorate in  1S15  ;  and  were  ceded  to  Greece  in  1804.  See 
Ct/r/u,  Cephaloiiia,  and  the  other  separate  islands. 

2.  In  ancient  geography,  the  islands  belonging 
to  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor. 

Ionian  Sea.  [L./o«(H»i  J/«rf.]  The  part  of  the 
Mediten-anean  between  Greece  and  Albania  on 
the  east  and  Calabria  and  Sicily  on  the  west. 

los  (i'os).  [Gr.  "loc.]  An  island  in  the  ^gean 
Sea,  12  miles  south-southwest  of  Xaxos:  the 
modem  Xio.  It  now  belongs  to  Greece.  Popu- 
lation, about  2.000. 

l0'Wa(i'9-wa).  [PL.  also/oiras;  ' Gray ' or ' Dusty 
Xoses,'  a  name  given  to  the  Paqotce.]  A  tribe 
of  the  Tciwere  division  of  North  American  In- 
dians, from  which  the  State  of  Iowa  is  named. 
Thev  are  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  and  number 
(igobj  302.     See  Tciwen. 

lO'Wa  (I'o-wa).  One  of  the  Northwestern  States 
of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Des 
Moines.  It  is  bounded  by  Minnesota  on  the  north  and 
Missouri  on  the  south,  and  is  separated  on  the  east  by  the 
Mississippi  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  Missouri  from  Nebraska  and  by  the  Big  Sioux  from 
E^ota.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating.  The  chief 
minerals  are  coal  and  lead.  The  chief  occupation  is 
agriculture ;  it  is  one  of  the  leading  Slates  in  the  produc- 
tion of  com.  It  has  99  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  11 
representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  13  electoral  votes.  It 
formed  part  of  the  *■  Louisiana  Purchase  "and  of  Missouri 
Territory,  part  of  Michigan  Territory  16.^-36,  and  part  of 
Wisconsin  Territory  lS3ti-3S.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ments were  made  at  Burlington  and  elsewhere  in  1833. 
Iowa  was  made  a  separate  Territory  in  1S38,  and  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  in  1S46.  Area,  o6,0?jj  square  miles. 
Population  (1900|,  2.231,853. 

Iowa.  A  river  in  the  State  of  Iowa,  joining  the 
Mississippi  19milessouth  of  Muscatine.  Length, 
about  300  miles ;  navigable  from  Iowa  City  (80 
miles). 

lO'Wa  City.  The  capital  of  Johnson  County, 
Iowa,  situated  on  the  Iowa  River  51  miles  west 
bv  north  of  Davenport :  State  capital  from  1839 
to  1857.     Population  (1900).  7,987. 

Iowa  College.  A  coeducational  institution  of 
learning,  incorporated  in  1847,  opened  at  Daven- 
port. Iowa,  in  1848,  and  removed  to  GrinneU, 
Poweshiek  County,  in  1860.  it  is  controlled  by  Con- 
gregationalists,  and  has  about  35  instmctors  and  ,=^00  stu- 
dents. 

Iowa  State  University.  A  coeducational  in- 
stitution of  learning  at  Iowa  City,  Iowa.  It 
was  opened  in  1855.  "and  has  about  110  instruc- 
tors and  1.300  students. 

Ipek  (e-pek'),  Serv.  Pe6  (petsh).  A  town  in  the 
vilayet  of  Kossovo,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  42° 
35'  N.,  long.  20°  26'  E. :  "the  ancient  seat  of 
the  Servian  patriarch.  Population,  estimated, 
10,000. 

Iphicrates  (i-fik'r-a-tez).  [Gr.'I^ovpa-;?!:.]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  An 
Athenian  general,  noted  for  his  improvements 
in  the  equipment  of  the  peltasts.  He  defeated 
the  Spartans  near  Corinth  392  B.  C. 

Iphigenia(if'i-je-ni'a).  [Gr.'Ip(;fi'f(a.]  InGreek 
regeud,  the  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and  Clj-- 
temnestra  (or  of  Theseus  and  Helena).  Accord- 
ing to  one  legend,  when  the  fleet  which  was  to  sail  against 
Troy  was  becalmed  at  Aulis.  through  the  anger  of  .\rtemis 
with  Agamemnon,  the  seer  Calchas  (or  the  Delphic  oracle) 
declared  that  the  death  of  Iphigenia  was  the  only  means 
of  propitiating  the  goddess.  Agamemnon  sent  for  his 
daughter,  but  when  she  arrived  Artemis  carried  her  away 
in  a  cloud  toTauris.  and  a  stag  (or  other  animal,  or  another 
person)  was  substituted  for  her  in  the  sacrifice.  "^VTiile 
she  was  at  Tauris  as  a  priestess  of  Artemis,  her  brother 
Ortjstes,  accompanied  by  his  friend  Pylades,  came  with  the 
intention  of  carrying  off  the  celebrated  image  of  the  god- 
dess. Iphigenia  saved  him  from  being  put  to  death  as  a 
stranger,  and  fled  with  him  and  the  image.  Herstory  has 
frequently  been  made  the  subject  of  dramatic  poetry. 

There  were  "  Iphigenias  "  by  both  .Eschylus  and  Sopho- 
cles, which  were  soon  obscured  by  the  present  play  [of 
Euripides  J.  Both  Nsevius  and  Ennius  composed  well-known 
tragedies  upon  its  model.  Erasmus  translated  it  into 
Latin  in  1524 ;  T.  Sibillet  into  French  in  1549.  I>olce  gave 
an  Italian  version  in  1560.  There  are  obscure  French  ver- 
sions by  Rotrou  (1640X  and  by  Leclerc  and  Coras  (1675),  the 
latter  in  opposition  to  the  great  imitation  of  Racine  in 
1674.  Racine's  remarkable  play,  written  by  a  man  who 
combined  a  real  knowledge  of  Euripides  with  poetic  talent 
of  his  own,  is  a  curious  specimen  of  the  effects  of  French 
court  manners  in  spoiling  the  simplicity  of  a  great  mas- 
terpiece. .  .  .  An  English  version  of  Racine's  play,  called 
"Achilles,  or  Iphigenia  in  .Aulis,"  wasbrought  out  at  Drury 
Lane  in  1700,  and  the  author  in  his  preface  to  the  print 
boasts  that  it  was  well  received,  though  another  Iphigenia 
failed  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  about  the  same  time.  This 
rare  play  is  bound  up  with  West's  "Hecuba"  in  the  Bod- 


•  Iquitos 

leian.  The  famous  opera  of  Gluck  (1774)  is  based  on  Racine 
and  there  was  another  operatic  rei  ival  of  the  play  in  bub- 
lin  in  the  year  1846,  when  -Miss  Helen  Faucit  appeared  as 
the  heroine.  The  vereiou  (by  J.  W.  Calcraft)  w  as  based  on 
Potter's  translation,  and  the  choruses  were  set  to  music, 
after  the  model  of  Mendelssohn,  bv  R.  M.  Levey.  I  fancy 
this  revival  was  limited  to  Dublin.  Schiller  translated 
Euripides'  play  (17'.i0),  and  there  is  an  English  poetical 
version  by  Cartwrijjht,  about  1867  (with  the  "Medea "  and 
"Iph.Taur.'> 

JIahafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  37L 

There  yet  remains  the  very  famous  "Iphigenia"  of 
Goethe  for  our  consideration.  This  excellent  play  has  been 
extolled  far  beyond  its  merits  by  the  contemporaries  of  its 
great  author,  but  is  now  generally  allowed,  even  in  Ger- 
many, to  be  a  somewhat  unfortunate  mixture  of  Greek 
scenery  and  characters  witli  modern  romantic  sentiment. 
It  therefore  gives  no  idea  whatever  of  a  Greek  play,  and 
of  this  its  unwary  reader  should  be  carefully  reminded. 
Apart  from  the  absence  of  chorus,  and  the  introduction  of 
a  sort  of  confidant  of  the  king,  Arkas,  who  does  nothing 
but  give  stupid  and  unheeded  advice,  the  character  of 
Thoas  is  drawn  as  no  barbarian  king  should  have  been 
drawn  —  a  leading  character,  and  so  noble-that  Iphigenia 
cannot  bring  herself  to  deceive  him,  a  scruple  which  an 
Athenian  audience  would  have  derided.  Equally  would 
they  have  derided  Orestes'  proposal,  of  which  Thoas  ap- 
proves, to  prove  his  identity  by  single  combat,  and  still 
•  more  the  argument  which  Iphigenia  prefers  to  all  outward 
marks  — the  strong  yearning  of  her  heart  to  the  stranger. 
The  whole  diction  and  tone  of  the  play  is,  moreover,  full  of 
idealistic  dreaming,  and  conscious 'analysis  of  motive, 
which  the  Greeks,  who  painted  the  results  more  accu- 
rately, never  paraded  upon  the  stage. 

ilahaffy.  Hist,  of  aassical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  357. 

Iphigenia.  -A.  tragedy  by  John  Dennis,  acted 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  in  1700.  The  story  is 
taken  from  Euripides's  "Iphigenia  in  Tauris." 

Iphigenia  among  the  Tauri.  A  play  of  Eu- 
ripides, of  uncertain  date,  but  certainly  belong- 
ing_  to  the  poet's  later  period. 

Iphigenia  at  Aulis.  Aplay  of  Etiripides,  brought 
out  after  his  death  by  his  son. 

Iphig^nie.  X  tragedy  by  Racine,  acted  at  court 
in  1674.  in  public  in  1675. 

Iphigenle  auf  Tauris.  -A.  psychological  drama 
by  Goethe,  completed  1787. 

Iphigenie  en  Aiuide.  An  opera  by  Gluck,  pro- 
duced at  Paris  iu  1774. 

Iphigenie  en  Tauride.  .A.n  opera  by  Gluck, 
produced  at  Paris  in  1779.  The  story  of  "Iphigenia 
in  Aulis  "  has  been  set  to  music  by  moi-e  than  20  cumposerft 
besides  Glucii,  and  of  "Iphigenia  in  Tatiris  "  by  9  or  10. 

Ips,  or  Ybbs  (ips).  A  town  in  Lower  Austria, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Ips  ■with  the 
Danube.  58  miles  west  of  Vienna.  Population 
(1890),  commune.  4.286. 

Ipsambul.     See  Abu-Simbel. 

Ipsara  (ip-sa'ra).  or  Psara  (psa'ra).  A  small 
island  in  the  JEgean  Sea,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Scio,  belonging  to  Turkey:  the  ancient  Psyra. 

Ipsus  (ip'sus).  [Gr.  "Ii/iof.  'It/'oc.]  In  ancient 
geographv.  a  town  in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  about 
lat.  38°  41'  N.,  long.  30°  52'  E.  Here.  301  B.  C, 
Lysimachus  and  Seleucus  defeated  and  slew 
Aitigonus. 

Ips'wich  (ips'wich).  A  seaport  and  the  capital 
of  Suffolk,  England,  on  the  Onvell  64  miles 
northeast  of  London,  it  has  a  grammar-school,  re- 
founded  by  Elizabeth,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Wolsey. 
It  was  plundered  by  the  Danes  991  and  1000.  It  retum» 
2  members  to  Parliament.    Population  (1901).  66,6"22. 

Ips'wich.  A  river  port  in  Queensland.  Austra- 
lia, situated  on  the  Bremer  about  lat.  27°  35'  S., 
long.  152°  50'  E.     Population  (1891),  7,625. 

Ipswich.  --A  river  port  in  Essex  County.  Massa- 
chusetts, situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ipswich 
River.  25  miles  north-northeast  of  Boston.  Pop- 
ulation of  township  (1900).  4.658. 

Iqulchanos  (e-ke-chii'nds).  A  tribe  of  Pern- 
%ian  Indians,  of  the  Quichua  race,  in  the  'wild 
motmtain  region  of  the  department  of  Ayacu- 
cho,  west  of  Huanta.  They  have  retained  a  form  of 
tribal  independence.  During  the  revolution  they  fought 
on  the  side  of  the  royalists,  but  since  they  have  served  the 
Peravian  government  bravely,  especiallv  in  the  war  with 
Chile  1880-83.    Also  written  yqiiichaiws. 

Iquique  (e-ke'ka).  A  seaport  in  the  territorv  of 
Tarapacd.  Chile,  in  lat.  20°  12'  S..  long.  70°' 11' 
W.  Xear  here.  May  21, 1879,  occurred  a  naval  battle  in 
which  the  Chilean  ship  Esmeralda  was  sunk  by  the  Peru- 
vian monitor  Huascar.  Iquique  was  ceded  to  Chile  in 
1883,     Population  (1685),  15,391. 

Iquitos  (e-ke'tos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  upper  Amazon,  in  the  re- 
gion disputed  between  Ecuador  and  Pent.  For- 
merly they  were  found  about  the  rivers  Tigre  and  N'anay, 
where  missionaries  preached  to  them  from  1727  to  17G8. 
Some,  at  least,  relapsed  into  barbarism,  and  the  remnants 
live  on  the  left  side  of  the  Xapo.  They  are  naked  savages, 
and  use  poisoned  arrows,  Nothing  is  known  of  their  lan- 
guage. The  town  of  Iquitos,  Peru,  was  named  from  them. 
Also  written  Yquitos. 

Iquitos.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Lorete, 
Peru,  on  the  Maranon.  Population  ( 1889),  about 
3,000. 


Iraj 

Iraj  (e-rej')-  In  tbe  Shahuamah,  son  of  Farulun 
bv  Arnivaz.  In  the  division  of  his  realm  Fariiiun  nave 
to  Iraj  though  the  youngest  Iran,  and  to  Salni  and  Tur,  re. 
spectivelj-,  the  West  and  Tuian.  These  rose  against  Iraj. 
and  Tur  slew  him.  Ue  was  avenged  by  Minuchihi',  who 
slew  both  SiJm  and  Tur.    See  Salm. 

Irak  (e-rak' ).  Tho  tract  of  lami  wliieb  is  oallod 
Babylonia  by  Ptolpiny,  bounded  on  the  nortli 
by  Mesopotamia,  on  the  west  by  the  Per- 
sian Gulf  and  Susiaiia,  and  on  the  east  by  Su- 
siana,  Assyria,  and  Media.  It  was  invaded  by 
the  Arabs  "under  the  first  calif,  Abu-Bekr,  632- 
634  A.  D. 

Irak  Ajemi  (e-riik'  aj'e-me)  or  Adjemi.  A 
province  of  western  Persia,  lying  west  of  Kho- 
rasan  and  south  of  Azerbaijan,  Ghilan,  and 
Mazanderan.  It  corresponds  generally  to  the 
ancient  Media,  and  contains  Teheran  and  Ispa- 
han. 

Irak-el-Arabi  (e-riik'el-a'ra-be).  Same  as 
Irid: 

Irala  (e-ra'lii),  Domingo  Martinez  de.  Bom 
at  Vergara,  Guipuzcoa.  1487:  died  at  Itsi,  near 
Asuncion,  Paraguay,  1557.  A  Spanish  soldier. 
He  went  to  the  Rio  tie  la  Plata  with  Mendoza  in  1534,  and 
was  commodore  of  the  Heet  with  wliicli  Ayolas  ascended 
the  Parana  and  Paraguay  in  loSG.  In  1,^37  he  was  made 
governor  of  the  Spanish  colonies  on  the  Plata  and  Para- 
guay.  Succeeded  l)y  Cabcza  de  Vaca  in  1M2,  he  again  be- 
came governor  on  thelatter's  deposition  in  April,  1544,  and 
remained  in  power  until  his  death.  He  conducted  many 
important  expeditions,  and  first  opened  communications 
between  Paraguay  and  Peru. 

Irail(e-ran').  1.  Originally,  the  land  of  the  Ar- 
yans.—  2.  The  plateau  including  Persia,  Af- 
ghanistan, and  Baluchistan. — 3.  The  official 
name  of  Persia. 

Iras  (i'ras).  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "An- 
tony and  Cleopatra,"  a  female  attendant  on 
Cleopatra. 

Irawadi,  or  Irrawaddy  (ir-a-wad'i).  The  chief 
river  of  Burma.  It  isfonned  by  two  head  streams, 
Meh-kha  and  Mali-klin,  which  unite  near  Bhamo.  Its 
sources  are  unknown.  Perhaps  the  .Meh  kha  is  the  Lu- 
kiang,  or  the  Na,  a  large  river  in  Tibet.  The  Irawadi  flows 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  by  a  delta  about  lat.  16"  N.  The 
chief  mouths  are  tlie  Rangotm  and  Bassein.  Ava  and 
Mandalay  are  on  its  banks.  Length,  probably  about  l,.'iOO 
miles  :  navigable  from  Bhamo. 

Irbit  (ir-bif).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Nitza  about  lat. 
57°  30'  N.,  long.  63°  20'  E. :  noted  for  its  fair. 
Population,  about  5.700. 

Iredell  (ir'del),  James.  Born  at  Lewes,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  5, 1751 :  died  at  Edenton,  N.  C,  Oct. 
20,  1799.  An  American  jurist,  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1790-99. 

Iredell,  James.  Bom  at  Edenton.  N.  C,  Nov. 
2,  1788:  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C,  April  13,  1853. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician,  son  of  James 
Iredell.  He  was  governor  of  North  Carolina 
1827-28,  and  United  States  senator  1828-31. 

Ireland  (ir'land).  [ME.  Irchnul.  Irlaiid,  Yrland, 
Erland  (F.  trlande,  G.  Irlund,  from  E.),  AS.  Ira- 
land,  Irlqiid,  land  of  the  Irish,  from  Ira,  gen. 
of  Iras.  Tras,  the  Irisli.  from  Ir.  Eire,  Ireland, 
Erin.  See  Erin  and  lliheriiia.]  An  island  west  of 
Great  Britain,  forming  with  it  the  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  ami  Ireland.  Caiiital.lJub- 
lin.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north. 
west,  and  south,  and  separated  on  the  east  frtmi  Great 
Britain  by  the  North  Channel,  Irish  Sea,  and  St.  George's 
Channel.  Itcxtendsfrom  lat.  61*26  to.W21'  N.,long.  ,'>*23' 
to  10  '28'  W.  There  are  mountains  near  the  coast,  but  the 
Interior  is  generally  level,  and  abounds  in  lakes.  The  lead- 
Ing  occupation  is  jigriculturc,  and  chief  products  eei  eals, 
potatoes,  etc.  The  cliief  manufactures  are  linen,  woolen, 
spirits,  etc.  Ireland  is  divided  into  4  provinces  ^I'lster, 
Leinster,  Munater,  Connaught),  and  subdivided  Into  32 
counties,  finvernnient  is  administered  by  a  lord  lieu- 
tenant. apjHiinl'-d  by  the  British  government  for  the  time 
being,  assisted  liy  a  privy  council  at  I>ublin  and  a  chief 
secretary  in  Parliament.  The  kingdom  is  represented  by 
10;t  members  in  the  House  of  t'onnnons,  and  the  peei-age, 
which  at  present  (l.^it)  numbers  ITit  members,  apiioints 
2s  representative  peers  to  sit  in  the  House  of  Lords.  About 
70  per  cent,  of  the  population  are  Roman  Catholics.  The 
inhabitants  are  tnostly  of  Celtic  ile8Cent(exceiit  in  I  Is(ei-). 
The  colonizations  of  Ireland  by  Kirboigs,  Milesians,  and 
other  races  lu-e  legendai-y.  The  f<tllc»\ving  are  tbi'  leaiiing 
events  and  Incidents  of  Irish  history  :  Christianity  intro- 
duced by  St.  Patrick,  5th  century,  settlements  <ui  the 
eastern  coasts  by  tlie  Northmen,  nth  and  lolh  ctnlnries; 
Danish  invasions,  cnde<l  in  1014  by  the  victoi^'  at  Clontarf 
of  the  Irish  chieftain  Brian  Boru  ;  eoTKinest  of  the  Kng- 
lish  Pale  made  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  l>y  Strongbow,  be- 
ginning in  litis);  exiieiUtion  of  Pt)yninga  sent  hy  Henry 
VII.,  leading  (t)  I'oynintis's  Act.  14iM  ;  revolt  of  tlie  Irish 
under  theGenibiiin'sstijijiressetl  by  Henry  VI 11.,  who  took 
the  title  of  King  of  Irt-lainl  ;  rebellions  during  the  rt-ign 
of  Elizabeth,  nniUr  the  Uailership  <>(  sliane  (VNelll,  hiter 
of  Desmonil,  anil  bitir  of  lltigh  ( >'  N  till  (earl  of  Tyrone),  whi> 
wastlefeatcd  by  Monolj'iy  in  11101;  Knglish  and  Scottish 
settlement  niatle  in  rlsl,"'f  by  .lanjcs  I.;  the  lieutenancy 
of  Stralford,  fttllowetl  by  the  *' massacre ttf  1041 ";  rising  jnU 
down  (lt;4!>-;'>ii>  t^'  t'rinnwcU,  who  inatie  additional  settle, 
ments  of  iMiL'limi  and  Scots;  adherence  f>f  Irelanii  to 
James  11,  lljsii;  batlleottbe  Hoyne.Inly  l,l«S)p;  the  Irish 
Parliament  declared  Independent,  1782 ;  unaiicccssful  re- 


531 

hellion,  1708  ;  Actof  ITnion,  ending  the  sep.irate  Irish  P.ir- 
liament  and  uniting  Ireland  with  Great  Britain,  carried 
through  under  the  lieutenancy  of  Coniwallis  (came  into 
force  Jan.  1,  IsOl);  unsuccessful  rebellion  under  Kminet, 
1803;  Catholic  Emanciptitlon  passed,  1S29;  repeal  agita- 
tion under  O'Connell,  1842-14  ;  potato  famine  of  lS4()-47, 
followed  by  great  emigration  to  America ;  *'  Young  Ire- 
land" rebellion,  1S48;  Fenian  outbreaks,  1865  and  ls67 ; 
Land  Act,  IS70 ;  disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church, 
1871 ;  Land  Act,  1S81 ;  Lanil  League  suppressed,  1881 ;  -Na- 
tional League  organizBd,1882  ;  Pliteiii.x  Park  murders,  1882  ; 
Home  Rule  agitation  under  theleaiiof  Parnell  ;  introduc- 
tion by  ilr.  GItulstone  of  a  Home  Rule  Bill  which  failed 
to  pass  the  House  of  Commons,  1880 ;  Home  Rule  Bill 
passed  by  tlie  House  of  Commons,  but  rejected  by  the 
House  of  Ixirds.  ISiKi.  Area,  32,683  s(|uare  miles.  Popu- 
lation (I'.KUj.  l,4."it...'i4i; 

Ireland,  Join.  Bom  near  Wem,  Shropshire : 
died  at  Birmingham,  Nov..  1808.  An  English 
author.  He  worked  as  a  watchmaker  in  Maiden  Lane, 
London.  In  1780  he  published  tlie  "  Letters  and  Poems" 
of  John  Henderson  the  actor.  In  1793  he  edited  for  Iit»y- 
dell  "  Hogarth  Illustrated  "  (1791).  In  1798.  as  a  supple- 
mentai-y  voltinie  of  this  work,  he  published  his  "  Life  of 
Hogarth,"  with  engravin;:8  of  snme  hitherto  unpubli.shed 
di-awings.     This  is  the  standard  biography  of  Hogarth. 

Ireland,  John.  Born  at  Burnchurch,  County 
Kilkenny,  Ireland,  Sept.  11,  1838.  A  Roman 
Catholic  archbishop.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1S49 ;  was  educated  in  France ;  and  was  ordained 
priest  in  St.  Paul,  .Minn.,  in  ISCl.  He  was  consecrated  co- 
adjutor to  the  bishop  of  St.  I'iiul  in  1875,  became  bishop  of 
that  city  in  l.'->4.  ami  archl'ishop  In  1888.  He  has  written 
"The  Churcli  ami  .Modern  Society"  (1896). 

Ireland,  Samuel.  Bom  at  London :  died  there, 
July,  isoi).  An  English  author  and  engraver. 
Grig'inally  a  weaver  in  Spitalttelds,  London,  he  later  went 
into  business  as  a  dealer  in  prints  and  drawings,  instruct- 
ing himself  in  drawing,  etching,  and  engraving.  In  17f»0 
lie  won  a  medal  from  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  in  1764  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  for  the  first  and  only  time. 
From  1780  to  1785  he  etched  many  plates  after  Mortimer 
and  Hogarth,  iilso  Ruysdael  (1786)  and  Teniers  (1787).  He 
is  best  known  as  the  dupe  of  his  son,  William  Henry  Ire- 
land, in  the  affair  of  the  Shakspere  forgeries. 

Ireland,  William  Henry.     Born  probably  at 

Lomliiu,  1777:  died  there,  April  17,  1835.  A 
forger  of  Shakspere  matiuscripts.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  an  illegitimate  son  of  Samuel  Ireland.  He 
visited  Stratford-on-Avon  about  1704  with  his  father,  an  ad- 
mirer of  Shakspere,  who  fully  believed  a  story  of  the  recent 
ilestruction  of  shakspere's  own  manuscripts.  Gn  his  re- 
turn to  London  he  began  his  famous  series  of  forgeries  of 
Shakspere  manuscripts.  Among  these  are  a  mortgage  deed 
copied  on  old  parchment  from  a  genuine  deed  of  U>12,  which 
had  been  copied  in  facsimile  i>y  Steevens;  Shakspere's 
signature  on  the  liy-leaves  of  old  books;  a  transcript  of 
"Lear";  and  extracts  from  ''Hamlet"  (the  orthography 
copied  from  Chatterton's  Rowley  poems).  In  Feb.,  1795, 
these  documents  were  exhibitetl  by  the  elder  Ireland  at 
his  house  in  Norfolk  street.  Gii  Feb.  25  Dr.  Parr,  Sir  Isaac 
Heard,  Herbert  Croft,  Pye,  the  poet  laureate,  ami  16  others 
signetl  a  paper  testifying  to  theirbelief  in  their  gentiineiiess. 
Totheselrelandadiledanew  l)laiik  verse i.la>."  \'<»rtjgein 
and  ll^iwena,"  in  Shakspere's  aulo-raph,  jind  a  tragedy, 
"  Henry  II.,"  which  he  said  he  had  coined  from  Shakspere's 
original,  wliicli  were  examined  by  Sheridan  of  Drury  Lane 
antl  Hanls  of  Covent  Garden.  On  April  2,  1796,  "Vorti- 
gern  "  was  produced  by  Kenible  at  Drury  Lane.  Its  com- 
plete failure  led  to  the  exposure  of  the  entire  frainl,  ami 
before  the  end  of  the  year  Irelaiul  pnlilished  "An  Authen- 
tic Account  of  the  Shakespenrian  MSS."  He  also  published 
a  number  of  ballads,  poems,  novels,  memoirs,  and  transla- 
tlons.     Diet.  Sat.  liiog. 

Ireland  Island.     One  of  the  Bermudas. 

Irenaeus  (i-n^-ne'us),  Saint.  Born  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor: dictl  at  Lyons,  probably  in  202  A.  D.  A 
celebrated  Greek  churcli  fatlici'.  IL^  was  a  native 
of  Asia  Minor  ;  studied  untler  Polycjirji,  bisiinjxif  Smyrna  ; 
removed  to  Rome  about  l.'i5 ;  and  became  bisji.iiiuf  Lyons 
in  177.  He  died  a  martyr  during  thepei-s.-cnlion  nndertlie 
emperor  SeptimiusSeverus.  He  wrote  a  Greek  work  against 
heresies,  which  is  extant  in  a  Latin  translation  entitled 
"t-'ontra  hereticos"  (ed.  by  Stleren  1851-53,  and  by  Har- 
vey 1857). 

Irene  (i-ro'ne).  [Gr.  Ei/"/'''/,  peace.]  Born  at 
Athens  about  7.52  :  died  in  Lesbos.  Aug.  15,  803. 
A  Byzantine  empress,  .she  became  the  wife  of  the 
empcTor  Leo  W.  in  769,  and  from  780  to  71*0  was  regent  for 
her  son  Constantine  VI.,  whom  she  ilethroned  ami  blinded 
in  707.  She  was  tleposed  and  banished  by  Mcephorus  In 
802. 

Irene.  An  asteroid  (No.  14)  discovered  by  Hind 
at  London,  May  19,  1851. 

Irene.  A  tragedy  by  Samuel  Johnson.  It  was 
playeii  untler  the  title  "  ^lahomet  and  Irene,"  under  tlar- 
rick's  management,  Feb,  6,  1749.  Garrick  iilayed  Demo- 
trills. 

Ir6ne  (o-riin').  A  tragedy  by  Voltairi',  produced 
March  16,  1778.  He  was  crowned  with  laurel  In  his  box 
for  this  play  on  the  first  occasitm  on  which  he  was  able  t<» 
attenil, 

Ireton  (ir'ttui),  Henry.  Born  in  Nottingham, 
England,  Kill:  died  near  Limerick,  Ireland,  Nov. 
26,  1651.  An  English  Parliamentary  general, 
son-in-law  of  Crimiwell.  In  1026  he  became  a  gentle- 
man conimtmer  of  Trinity  College,  oxforti,  graduating 
H.  A.  In  16'J9.  At  the  beginning  tit  the  civil  war  he  was  the 
chief  BUpiMirler  of  the  Parliamentary  interest  In  Notting 
hanislilre.  anil  June  :<0,  164'2,  was  niatle  captain  of  the  Not- 
tingham horse.  He  attaehetl  himself  vei^  intimalvly  to 
t'romwell,  witll  whom  ho  liati  great  inlltience  ;  was  made 
eommis.sarv-general  of  the  Intrse  at  Naseby ;  and  married 
crtimwell'ri  liauKliter  Brl.lget.  June  1.'.,  1646.  On  Oct.  .30, 
16)5,  he  was  returned  to  Parliament  tor  Appleby.  He  took 


irnenus 

part  in  tlie  treaty  between  the  commissioners  of  the  army 
and  Parliament.  He  liopetl  to  lay  the  foundatitin  t^f  an 
agreement  between  the  king  and  Parliament,  and  to  es- 
tablish the  liberties  of  the  people  on  a  permanent  basis. 
When  Charles  I.,  however,  refused  the  "  Four  Bills,"  Ire- 
ton  advisetl  the  settlement  ot  the  alfairs  of  the  kingdom 
without  hiin.  In  the  trial  of  the  king  he  sat  regularly  in 
the  High  Court  of  Justice,  ami  signed  the  warrant  for  the 
king's  execution.  On  Aug.  15, 1649,  he  went  with  Cromwell 
to  Ireland  as  second  in  ctimmand,  and  became  his  tleputy 
.May  -29,  Itl5o. 

Iriarte,  or  Yriarte  (e-re-iir'ta),  Tomas  de. 
Born  at  Orotava,  Teiieriffe,  Canary  Islands, 
Sept.  18,1750:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept.  17,1791.  A 
Spanish  poet.  His  chief  works  are  "Lamusica" 
(1779),  ••Fabulas  literarias"  (1782). 

Iris  (i'ris).  [Gr. 'Ip(r.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
female  divinity,  messenger  of  the  gods,  often 
regartleti  as  the  personification  of  the  rainbow. 

Iris.  An  iisteroid  (No.  7)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  Aug.  13,  1847. 

IrisaiTi{e-re-sii're),  Antonio  Jos6  de.  Bora  at 
Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  Guatemala.  Feb.  7, 
1786 :  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June  10.  1868.  A 
Spanish-American  statesman  and  author.  He 
settled  in  Chile,  where  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
revolution  1810-18.  Sulpsetiuently  he  held  various  diplo- 
matic posts  for  Chile,  ami  from  1855  was  minister  of  tjua- 
teniala  and  Salvador  t^i  the  t'nited  States.  He  edited  sev- 
eral journals  in  various  Spanish-American  countries,  pub- 
lished liistorieal  ami  ])hilological  works  ami  a  collection  of 
satirical  poems,  antl  was  a  well-known  bibliophilist. 

Irish  (i'risli).  The  language  of  the  tiative  Celtic 
race  in  Ireland.  It  is  in  age  and  philological  value  the 
most  important  language  of  the  Celtic  famil.v,  though  its 
antitfuity  and  importance  have  been  much  exaggerated  by 
tradititm  and  patriotism.  The  alphabet  is  an  adaptation 
of  the  Latin.  As  heretofore  printed  the  letters,  like  the 
st>calletl  .AngltvSaxon  letters, are  usually  made  to  resem- 
ble a  conventionalized  form  of  the  Latin  alphabet  In  use 
in  Britain  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Gaelic  is  a  compara- 
ttvely  recent  fonii  of  the  Irish  spoken  by  the  Celts  of  Scot- 
land. It  differs  but  slightly  from  the  Irish  of  the  same 
age.  Modern  Irish  is  greatly  corrupted  In  pronunciation, 
as  compared  with  the  OKI  Irish  :  but  it  retains  in  great 
Ijait  llie  .lid  oithogrjipby.  A*  a  livin-^  spec,  it  ills  fast  go- 
ing out  of  use,  tlioti^ih  efforts  are  making  lo  preserve  it. 

Irish  Sea.  Abody  of  waterljing  between  Eng- 
land on  the  east  ami  Ireland  on  the  west,  and 
connected  with  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  North 
Channel  on  the  north  and  St.  George's  Channel 
on  the  south.     The  Isle  of  Man  is  in  its  center. 

Irish  Widcw,  The.  A  comedy  by  David  Gar- 
rick, ttikeu  in  part  from  ilolifere's  "Le  mariage 
forc^."  It  was  brought  out  Oct  2:1,  1772.  The  widow 
Brady  was  played  originally  by  Mrs-  Barry,  for  whom  the 
play  was  written. 

Irkalla.     See  rnif/al. 

Irkutsk  (ir-kotsk').  1.  A  government  of  Sibe- 
ria, bounded  by  Yakutsk  on  the  north  and  east, 
Trans-Baikal  on  the  southeast,  the  Chinese  em- 
pire on  the  south,  and  Yeniseisk  on  the  west. 
Area,  287.0(il  stpiare  miles.  Population  (1897), 
.501,237.  —  2.  Tlie  capital  of  the  government  of  Ir- 
kutsk, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Irkut  with 
the  Angara,  in  lat.  52°  17'  N.,  long.  104'=  12'  E. 
It  was  fotiiutcd  in  16.52,  and  is  the  chief  commercial  city 
of  Silieria  ami  the  seat  of  the  general  government,  and  Is 
noted  for  Ita  tea  trade.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  lire  in 
1879.     Population  (1897),  51.484. 

Innin  (er'min),  or  Irmino  (fr'mi-no).  In  Ger- 
manic mythology,  a  god,  eponymic  ancestor  of 
tlie  Iliriiiiiioiies. 

Irminones.     See  IIfri)iiniie,s. 

Irminsul  (cr'iiiin-.sdl).  A  Saxon  idol  cast  down 
by  (  liMi'leiiiagne.  near Ereslmrg,  about  772.  Her- 
mann. i>r  Arniinius,  the  hero  of  Teutonic  independence. 
was  the  object  of  the  Saxons' admiration,  antl  they  calle<l 
thisiiltd  Irmensaule(Heniiann  .Saille.  'llermann's'l'ilhtr'), 
from  afancictl  resemldance  of  the  word.  No  real  connec- 
tion t>f  the  iilol  witll  Hermann  existeil. 

The  Irmln-Sul,  or  Column  of  Hermann,  near  Eresburg, 
the  modern  Stadtberg,  was  the  chosen  object  of  worship 
to  the  deseenilants  of  llie  I'tieritsei,  the  Ghl  Saxons,  in  do- 
fence  of  which  Ihey  fimglit  desperately  against  Charle- 
magne and  his  Christ ianlr.ed  FYanks.  "Innin."  says  Sir 
Francis  Palgrave,  "  in  the  cloudy  Olympus  of  Teutonic  be- 
lief, appears  as  a  king  ami  a  warrior;  antl  the  pillar,  the 
Irmln-Sul,  bearing  the  statue,  ami  considered  as  the  sym- 
btil  <»f  the  ilelty,  was  the  Palladium  of  the  Saxon  nation 
until  the  temple  of  Kresbnrg  was  destroyeil  by  Charle- 
magne, ami  the  column  Itself  tninsferred  to  the  inonastory 
of  Corbey,  where  perhaps  a  portion  of  the  rutle  rtiek-Idol 
yet  remains,  covered  by  the  ornaments  of  the(>othie  era." 
f'ltilil)  Swilh.  lliel.  Worl.l,  III.  S«8. 

Irnerius  (*r-ne'ri-us).orWarneriU8  (wiir-ne'- 
ri-us).  Lived  first  part  of  the  12tli  century.  A 
noted  Italian  jurist.     See  the  extract. 

Irnerius,  by  universal  testimony,  was  the  founder  of  all 
learnetl  Invcsllgallon  Into  the  lawsof  Jiisllnlan.  Hegavo 
lectures  njion  litem  al  Bologna,  his  inllive  eily,  not  long, 
in  .Savigny's  opinion,  after  the  commenrement  of  the  cen- 
turj'.  Anil,  besiiles  this  oral  liistruetl.tn.  he  began  Iho 
pracllceof  making  glosses,  or  short  marginal  exnlanatlons, 
on  the  law-lmoks,  with  the  whole  of  which  lie  was  oc- 
(lllalnteil.  We  owealso  (o  him,  acconling  t4)aneienl  opin- 
ion, though  much  ciniiroverled  In  later  time^an  epiiomt 
ealleilihe  Aulhentlca.  iif  what  Gnivlna  calls  the  prolix  and 
illtllciilt  (sidebrosisati|Uegarrulls)  Novels  of  Jnslinian.ar. 
rangeil  according  to  the  titles  of  the  Code. ' 

llaWim,  Lit.,  p.  53. 


Iron 

iron  (i'^rn)j  Ralph.   The  nom  de  plume  of  Olive 

Sehreiner. 

Iron  Arm,  F.  Bras  de  Fer  (bra  de  far).  A  sur- 
name given  to  the  Huguenot  leader  De  Lanoue. 

Iron  Chest,  The,  A  play  by  George  Colman 
the  younger, with  music  by  Storace.  it  was  taken 
from' Godwin's  "Caleb  Williams,"  and  was  produced  at 
Dniry  Lane  -March  12,  1796. 

Iron  City,  The.  A  name  given  to  Pittsbiu-g, 
Pennsylvania,  ou  account  of  its  iron  manufac- 
tures. 

Iron  Duke.  A  British  war-sMp,lauiiched  in  1871. 
Her  chief  dimensions  are:  length,  280  feet;  breadth,  54 
feet;  draught,  2-2.7  feet;  displacement,  6.010  tons ;  thick- 
ness of  armor,  8  to  6  inches.  The  armored  region  consists 
of  a  belt  at  the  water-line  10  feet  wide,  and  a  double-decked 
central  citadel.  The  lower  battei-j-  has  only  broadside  fire 
from  6  12-ton  guns.  The  upper  battery  has  1  12-ton  gun 
and  an  indented  port  at  each  angle  for  fore-and-aft  as  well 
as  broadside  fire.  The  Iron  Duke  ran  into  and  sank  her 
sister  ship  the  Vanguard  otf  the  coast  of  Ireland  Sept., 
1S75. 

Iron  Duke,  The,    A  popular  surname  of  the 

Duke  of  Wt'Uingtou. 

Iron  Gates,  The.  A  celebrated  defile  in  the  Dan- 
ube, at  the  fonfiues  of  Hungary,  8ervia,  and  Ru- 
mania.    Length,  11  miles. 

Iron  Man,  The,    See  Talus. 

Iron  Mask,  Man  with  the.    See  Man,  etc. 

Ironmaster,  The.  A  play  translated  from  Oh- 
net's  "  Maitrt.'  de  Forges"  (1882)  by  Pinero,  and 
produced  in  1884. 

Iron  Mountain.  A  hill,  1,075  feet  in  height,  in 
St.  Francois  County,  eastern  Missouri,  67  miles 
south-southwest  of  St.  Louis,  noted  for  its  de- 
posit of  iron  ore. 

Ironside.  A  surname  of  Edmund  II.,  king  of 
England, 

Ironside,  Nestor.  A  pseudonym  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele  in  "The  Guardian." 

Ironsides,  Old.     See  Old  Ironmles. 

Ironsides,  The.  The  famous  regiment  led  by 
Cromwell  in  the  English  civil  war.  The  name 
was  afterward  applied  to  the  entire  army  un- 
der his  control. 

Ironton  (i'crn-ton).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Lawrence  Countv,  Ohio,  situated  ou  the  Ohio 
in  lat.  38°  33'  N'.,  long.  82°  30'  W.  It  is  the 
center  of  an  iron  district.  Population  (1900). 
11.86S. 

Iroq.UOian  (ir-o-kwoi'an).  A  linguistic  stoekof 
North  American  Indians,  historically  of  great 
importance  though  numerically  inferior  to  sev- 
eral others.  The  conductofapartofthesetribes, which 
are  collectively  called  Iroquois,  in  the  colonial  period 
markedly  shaped  thu  history  of  America  north  of  Mexico, 
as  at  the  first  collisions  they  became  the  allies  of  the  Eng- 
lish against  the  French,  and  by  their  early  procurement  of 
firearms,  perliaps  more  than  by  the  preeminent  valor  and 
sagacity  imputed  to  them  by  most  writers,  they  mastered 
aud  drove  off  from  immense  districts  all  the  tribes  before 
occupying  them  which  would  not  submit  to  their  rule. 
The  St.  Lawrence  River  valley  was  their  earliest  known 
habitat,  whence  they  gradually  moved  southwest  along  the 
shores  of  the  great  lakes.  Cartier  in  1535  found  between 
Quebec  and  Montreal  a  people  the  recorded  fragments  of 
whose  language  indicate  that  they  were  Wyandots.  (Sec 
Iroquois.)  The  Iroquoian  tribes  were  notably  sedentary 
and  to  a  considerable  extent  agricultural,  depending  com- 
paratively little  upon  hunting,  and  were  remarkable  for 
their  skill  in  house-building  and  fortification.  The  re- 
maining Indians  of  this  stock,  both  in  the  United  States 
and  in  Canada,  are  distinguished  for  their  advance  into 
civilization.  As  a  rule  they  are  prosperous  and  increasing 
in  numbers.  Their  whole  population  now  is  abimt  43,000, 
of  whom  over  34,000  are  in  the  United  States  and  nearly 
■9,000  in  Canada.  They  are  divided  both  linguistically 
and  geographically  into  4  groups,  as  follows :  northern 
group  — Wyandot.  Tionontati,  Tohotaenrat,  Wenrorono, 
Keuter,  Huchelaga;  central  group— Mohawk,  Oneida, 
Onondagii,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Erie,  Conestoga;  southern 
group  —  Tuscarora,  Nottoway,  Meherrin.  Chowanoc,  Co- 
ree;  Cherokt-e  group— Elati  or  Lower  Cherokee,  Middle 
Cherokee,  and  Atali  or  Upper  Cherokee.  The  name  of  the 
linguistic  stock  is  taken  from  the  fbrm  Iroquois,  which  has 
been  applied  specitlcally  to  the  confederacy  or  league  also 
called  the  "Five  Nations," and  later  the  "Six  Nations." 

Iroquois  (ir-o-kwoi').  [The  name,  given  by  the 
French,  was  derivedfrom  an  exelamationused  by 
the  speakers  of  the  confederacy,]  A  well-known 
confederacy  of  the  North  American  Indians. 
They  called  themselves  by  a  name  meaning' we  of  the  long 
house,"  also  by  another,  meaning  'real  men.'  The  Dela- 
ware name  for  them  was  Mengwe,  corrupted  into  Mingo. 
The  English  knew  them  as  the  Confederates  or  Five  Nations, 
and,  after  the  admission  of  the  Tuscarora,  as  the  Six  Nations. 
The  confederacy  was,  about  1540,  coniposed  of  five  tribes, 
Mohawk,  Oneida,  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  and  Seneca,  extend- 
ing  across  New  York  State,  in  the  order  named,  from  Hud- 
son River  to  Lake  Erie.  According  to  tradition  they  had 
before  lived  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  wlience  they  liad 
been  driven  by  Algoiiquian  tribes.  After procming firearms 
from  the  Dutch,  tliey  made  war  upon  all  the  surrounding 
tribes,  dnving  off  some,  incorporating  some,  and  making 
others  tributary,  mitil  their  rule  was  acknowledged  from 
the  Ottawa  River  to  the  Tennessee,  and  from  the  Kennebec 
to  the  Illinois  and  Lake  Michigan.  During  the  Revolution 
these  tribes  sided  with  the  English,  with  whom  they  had 
before  been  allied  against  the  French;  and  afterward  the 
Hohawks  aud  Cayugas  followed  Brant  in  a  body  to  Canada. 


532 

They,  with  some  individuals  of  other  tribes  of  the  confed- 
eracy, settled  and  still  remain  at  a  reservation  on  Grand 
River,  Ontario,  and  at  other  points  in  that  province.  Those 
in  the  United  States  are  on  leservations  in  New  York,  ex- 
cept theOneidas,  whoarechietlyat  Green  Bay, Wisconsin. 
The  so-called  Senecas  of  the  Indian  Territory  are  really 
"  Mingos  "  collected  from  all  the  Iroquois  tribes,  and  che 
Catholic  Iroquois  at  Caughnawaga,  St.  Regis,  and  Oka  have 
no  connection  with  the  confederacy.  The  numbei-s  of  the 
latter  are  now  about  15,000,  including  mixed  blood.  See 
iroquinan. 

Irrawaddy.    See  Irawadi. 

Irredentists  (ir-e-den'tists).  An  Italian  politi- 
cal party,  formed  in  1878  for  bringing  about  the 
"redemption"  ortheincorporationinto  the  king- 
dom of  Italy  of  all  regions  situated  near  Italy 
where  an  important  part  of  the  population  was 
Italiaa^  but  which  were  still  subject  to  other  gov- 
ernments, and  hence  called  Italia  irredenta  {"ui\~ 
redeemed  Italv'). 

Irrefragable  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Irrefragabilis 

(dok'tor  i-ref-ra-gab'i-lis).  A  surname  given  to 
the  scliolastic  philosopher  Alexander  of  Hales. 

Irtysh,  or  Irtish  (ir'tish;  Kuss,  pron.  ir-tish'). 
A  river  in  Suiigaria  and  western  Siberia,  which 
joins  the  Obi  about  190  miles  north  of  Tobolsk. 
It  traverses  Lake  Zaisan.  Its  chief  alfluentsare  the  Ishim, 
Tobol,  Bukhtarma  and  Cm.  Length,  over  1,600  miles  ; 
navigable  to  Lake  Zaisan. 

Irun,  or  Yrun  (e-ron').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  situated  near  the  French 
frontier  19  miles  southwest  of  Bavonne.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  9,264. 

Irus  (i-rus).  1.  In  Homeric  legend,  a  beggar  of 
gigantic  statui-e  who  kept  watch  overthe  suitors 
of  Penelope. and  was  employedby  them  as  ames- 
senger.  He  was  celebrated  for  his  voracity. — 
2.  The  Blind  BeggarofAlexandriain  Chapman's 
play  of  that  name.  He  assumes  many  disguises. 

Iruwai  (ir'o-wi).  A  tribe  or  division  of  North 
American  Indians  formerly  li\'ing  in  Scott  Val- 
ley, Siskiyou  County,  California.  In  1851  it  had 
seven  villages  and  an  estimated  population  of 
420.     See  Sastean. 

Irvine  (er'vin).  A  seaport  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  river  Irvine  23  miles  southwest 
of  Glasgow.     Population  (1891),  4,554. 

Irving(er'ving), Edward.  Boruat Annan, Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  Aug.  4,  1792:  died  at:  Glas- 
gow, Dec.  7, 1834.  A  Seottishpreacheranddivine. 
As  a  boy  he  was  much  influenced  by  tlie  services  of  the  ex- 
treme Presbyterians,  seceders  from  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
In  181-3he  obtained  the  mastership  of  the  academy  at  Kii-k- 
caldy,  where  he  formed  a  warm  friendship  for  Thomas  Car- 
lyle.  In  1818  he  went  to  Ediuburghto  prepare  himself  for 
the  ministry,  and  Oct.,  1819,  became  assistant  to  Dr.  Chal- 
mers in  Glasgow.  He  removed  to  the  little  chapel  iu  Hatton 
Garden,  London,  July,  1822,  wlien  he  immediately  won  ex- 
traordinary popularity.  At  this  time  begin  the  peculiar 
mental  and  religious  aberrations  which  are  associated  with 
his  career.  In  ilay,1828,he  made  a  tour  of  Scotland  with  the 
object  of  proclaiming  the  imminence  of  the  second  advent. 
Another  expedition  to  Scotland  followed,  and  in  1S30  his 
tract  on  "The  Orthodoxy  and  Catholic  Doctrine  of  Our 
Lord's  Human  Nature"  exposed  him  to  direct  charges  of 
heresy.  The  "unknown  tongues,"  a  pentecostal  phenom- 
enon, were  first  heard  in  ilarch,  1S30,  from  the  mouth  of 
Mary  Campliell.  They  were  at  first  heard  only  in  private 
assemblies,  butOct,  16, 1S31,  the  services  of  his  new  Regent 
Square  churcli  were  disturbed  by  a  woman  wlio  gave  utter- 
ance to  an  outbreak  of  nnintelligible  discourse.  An  at- 
tempted prosecution  for  heresy  failed  in  Dec,  1830 ;  but  on 
April26, 1832,  he  was  removed  from  his  church.  i>n  March 
13, 1833,  he  was  condemned  by  the  Presbytei-y  of  Annan  on  a 
charge  of  heresy  concerning  the  sinlessness  of  Clirist.  This 
practically  terminated  his  career.  The  "Irvingite"  or 
"Catholic  Apostolic  Church"  still  survives.  Diet.  Nat. 
Biog. 

Irving,  Sir  Henry  (real  name  was  John  Henry 

Brodribb).  Born  at  Keinton,  near  Glaston- 
bury, England,  Feb.  6,  1838.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  the  Sun- 
derland Theatre  in  1856.  After  playing  at  Edinburgh  for 
some  time  he  made  his  first  London  appearance  at  the  Prin- 
cess's Theatre  in  1859.  He  made  no  distinct  mark  till  1870, 
when  he  played  Digby  Grant  in  Alberys  "  Two  Roses."  He 
played  with  success  till  1874,  when  his  performance  of  Ham- 
let created  genuine  interest.  In  1S78  he  undt-rtook  the 
management  of  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  where  liis  success 
has  been  great.  He  has  produced  a  large  number  of  new 
plays  and  Shaksperian  revivals.  In  1883,  1884,  188i;,  1893, 
l8Jr>,  1899,  and  I'.iOl  la-  ram.-  to  the  United  States  with  his 
company,  includini^  Miss  IMIeiiTt-rry.  He  is  especially  dis- 
tinguished in  "jHamlet,"  "Othello,"  "  Mercliant  of  Ven- 
ice." "Richard  III.,"  "Richelieu,"  "The  Bells,"  "Louis 
XI.."  "Henry  VIII.,"  "Becket,"  etc.     Knighted  in  1895. 

Irving,  Theodore.  Born  at  New  York,  Maj'  9. 
1809:  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  20,  1880.  An 
American  clergyman  and  author,  nephew  of 
Washington  Irving. 

Irving, Washington.  Born  at  NewYork,  Aprils, 
1783:  died  at  Snnnyside,  nearTaiTytown,  N.Y., 
Nov.  28,  1859.  An  American  historian,  essay- 
ist, and  novelist.  He  was  the  son  of  an  Englishman. 
AVilliam  Irving,  who  came  from  the  Orkneys.  He  entered 
a  law  office  when  quite  young,  and  wrote  literary  squibs 
for  the  "Morning  Chronicle,"  under  the  pseudonym  "Jon- 
athan Oldstyle."  His  health  obliged  him  to  travd.and  ni 
1804  he  was  sent  abroad  for  two  years.  On  his  return  he 
undertook  the  publication,  with  James  K.  Paulding,  of 


•  Isabella 

"Salmagundi."  In  1S09  he  published  his  '*Historyof  New- 
York,  by  Diedrich  Knickerbocker."  Its  success  established 
his  literai-y  position.  In  181U  he  became  a  partner  in  a  com- 
mercial house  established  by  two  of  his  brothers.  In  1815. 
however,  he  went  abroad  again,  and  lived  there  till  ls3e 
In  1826  he  was  attach^  of  tlie  United  States  legation  at 
Madrid,  and  in  1829  was  made  secretarj'  of  legation  at 
London.  He  lived  principally  at  Sunnyside  (Wolfert's 
Roost)  from  1832  till  1842,  wheu  he  was  appointed  miu- 
ister  to  Spain.  He  returned  in  1846  to  Sunnyside,  where 
he  lived  till  his  death.  Besides  the  works  above  mentioned, 
he  wrote  "The  Sketch-Book"  (wliich  came  out  iti  parts 
in  1819,  and  collected  in  1820),  "Bracebridge  Hall,  or  tlie 
Humourists  "(1822),  "Tales  of  a  Traveler"  (1824),  "Life  and 
Voyages  of  Christopher  Columbus"  (1828),  "Chronicle  of 
the  Conquest  of  Granada"  (1829),  "Voyages  of  the  Com. 
panions  of  Columbus"  (18yl),  "The  Alhambra"  (1832), 
"Crayon  Miscellany  "(including  "Tour  on  the  Prairies," 
1835),  "Astoria, etc. "(with  Pierre  M.  Irving,  1836),  "Adven- 
tures of  Captain  Bonneville,  etc."  (1837),  "Oliver  Gold- 
smith" (1849),  "Mahomet  and  his  Successors"  (1850), 
"Wolferfs  Roost  "(1855),  "Life  of  George  \A'a8hington" 
(1855-50).  Works  in  the  "Geoffrey  Crayon"  edition  (26 
vols..  1880);  "Life  aud  Letters"  edited  by  Pierre  Irving 
(1801-67). 
Irvingites  (er'ving-its).  A  religious  denomi- 
nation named  from  Edward  Irving  (1792-1834) 
Irving  was  not  the  foundei  of  the  sect  popularly  called  af- 
ter  him,  but  accepted  and  promoted  the  si^read  of  the  prin- 
ciples upon  which,  after  his  death,  tlie  sect  was  formed. 
Its  proper  name  is  the  Catholic  Apostolic  Church,  and  it 
has  an  elaborate  organization  deri\ed  from  its  twelve 
"apostles,"  the  first  body  of  whom  was  completed  in  1835. 
It  recognizes  the  orders  of  apostles,  prophets,  evangelists, 
pastors  or  "angels,"  elders,  deacons,  etc.  It  lays  especial 
stress  on  the  early  creeds,  the  eucharist,  prophecies,  and 
gift  of  tongues.  It  has  an  extremely  ritualistic  service 
and  a!i  elaborate  liturgy.  The  adherents  are  not  numerous, 
and  are  found  chiefly  in  Great  Britain.  There  are  some  ou 
the  continent  of  Europe  and  in  the  United  States. 

Irwin  (er'wLu),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  1728: 
died  at  PaiTna,  May,  1788.     A  British  general, 

the  son  of  Alexander  Irwin.  As  lieutenant  in  hU 
father's  regiment  he  was  granted  ayear's  furlough  for  con- 
tinental travel  in  1748,  when  he  commenced  a  regular  cor- 
respiindeiice  with  Lord  Chesterfield,  which  continued  for 
twenty  years.  He  is  supposed  to  have  suggested  to  Ches- 
terfield his  paper  on  "Good  Breeding,"  which  appeared  in 
the  "  World,"  Oct.  30, 1755.  Irwin  afterwai'd  became  gov- 
ernor of  Gibraltar  (1766-68),  and  commander-in-chief  and 
privy  councilor  in  Ireland  1775. 
Isaac  (i'zak).  [Heb., '  the  laugher.'  See  exti'act 
below.]  A  Hebrew  patriarch,  son  of  Abraham 
and  Sarah,  and  father  of  Jacob  and  Esau. 

The  name  of  his  father  Isaak  is  probably  also  an  abbre- 
viation for  "Isaakel,"  'He  upon  whom  God  smiles.'  It 
may  be  that  the  lioly  tribe  was  so  designated  at  a  certain 
epoch ;  or  the  Isaakel  may  perhaps  have  been  a  Puritan 
group  anterior  to  that  of  the  Jakobel. 

Kenan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  90. 

Isaac  I.  Coinnenus.  Died  1061.  Byzantine  em- 
peror 1057-59.  He  was  elevated  by  the  army  in  oppo- 
sition to  Michael  VI.,  who  was  defeated  and  compelled  to 
abdicate.  He  resigned  the  crown  to  Constantine  Ducaa  in 
consequence  of  an  illness  supposed  to  be  mortal,  and  en- 
tered a  convent. 

Isaac  II,  Angelus.  Died  1204.  Byzantine  em- 
peror 1185-95  and  1203-04.  He  succeeded  Andronl- 
cus  Comnenus,  who  was  overthrown  by  a  popular  revolt. 
He  was  detlrroned  atid  blinded  by  his  own  brother,  Alex- 
ius III.,  in  1195 ;  but,  on  the  latter's  flight  before  the  Cru- 
saders, was  replaced  by  them  on  the  throne,  together  with 
his  son  Alexins  IV.,  in  1-203.  Together  with  his  son,  he  was 
supplanttd  by  Alexius  V.  in  1204. 

Isaac,  Sacrifice  of.    A  painting  by  Rembrandt, 

in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  Isaac 
lies  bound  on  a  heap  of  fagots;  Abraham,  kneeling  over 
him,  with  his  hand  on  the  boys  face,  is  about  to  give  the 
fatal  blow,  when  the  angel  strikes  the  knife  from  his  hand. 
The  entangled  ram  is  seen  in  the  wooded  background. 

Isabella  (iz-a-bel'a).  [F.  Isabeatt,  IsaheUc,  It. 
IsahcUa,  8p.  YsaheJ]  Pg.  Isabel,  G.  and  Dan.  Isa- 
helle.]  Born  1214:  died  at  Foggia,  Dec.  1,  1241. 
German  empress,  wife  of  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  and  second  daughter  and  fourth  child  of 
John,  king  of  England,  and  Isabella  of  Angou- 
leme.  Her  maiTiage  with  Frederick  II  was  concluded 
July  15, 1"235.  Her  daughter  Margaret  was  born  Feb.,  1237, 
and  by  marriage  with  Albert,  landgrave  of  Thuringia,  be- 
came ancesiress  of  the  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  house. 

Isabella  I.,  surnamed  '*  The  Catholic."  Born  at 
Madrigal.April  22,1451:  died  at  Medina  del  Cam- 
po,  Nov.  26,  1504.  Queen  of  Castile  1474-1504, 
daughter  of  John  II.  of  Castile,  she  married,  in  1469, 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  conjointly  with  whom  she  succeeded 
her  brother,  Heniy  IV.,  as  monarch  of  Castile  in  1474.  She 
equipped  the  expedition  of  Columbus  in  1492.  See  Fer- 
dinami  \'.,  King  of  Castile. 

Isabella  II.  (Maria  Isabella  Louisa).  Born  at 

Madrid,  Oct.  10,  1830.  Queen  of  Spain  1833- 
1868,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  VII.  whom  she 
succeeded  under  the  regency  of  her  mother, 
Maria  Christina.  See  Maria  Christina,  aud  Car- 
los, Maria  Jose  Isidoro  de  Bourbon,  Don.  she  as- 
sumed personal  control  of  the  govertmient  in  1843 ;  was 
deposed  and  banished  by  a  revolution  which  broke  out  at 
Cadiz,  Sept,  18, 186S ;  and  resigned  Iier  claim  to  the  throne 
in  favor  of  her  eldest  son  (afterward  Alfonso  XII.),  Jun» 
25, 1870. 
Isabella.  1.  Aeharacter  in  Ari«sto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  loved  by  Zerbino.  and  killed  by  Rodo- 
mont. — 2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  comedy 


Isabella 
"Measure  for  Measure,"  the  sister  of  Claudio, 
and  object  of  the  base  passion  of  A>igelo.  but 
resfueii  and  man-led  by  Viueentio,  the  duke.- 

3  A  character  in  Webstei-'s  tragedy  "  \  ittona 
Corombona,  or  The  White  Devil":  the  'sviie  ot  the 
Duke  oi  Braeliiano,  lover  of  Vittona.  To  shield 
bin.  from  the  vengeance  of  her  family  because  of  his  ill 
freatliient  of  her,  she  purposely  plays  the  shrew  to  make 
them  think  her  worthless.  „ .     ,,       .      ■    „i„„ 

4  The  "  insatiate  countess"  in  Marston  s  play 
of  that  name.  Slie  alternately  attracts  her  lov- 
ers and  induces  their  successors  to  kill  them.— 
6  The  wife  of  Biron  in  Southerne  s  '  i  atal 
Marriage."  she  marries  VUleroy,  being  deceived  into 
a  belief  fr.  Biron's  death ;  and  after  his  return  and  actua 
death  she  dies  distracted.  Isabella  was  a  favorite  part 
with  Mrs.  Barry,  Mrs.  Siddons,  and  other  tragic  actresses. 
The  play  was  afterward  known  as  "  Isabella. 
6.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Mrs. 
Ceutlivre's  comedv  "  Tlie  Wonder." 

Isabella  of  Angouleme.  Died  at  Fontehrand 
1246.  Queen  of  KiiiK  John  of  England  and 
daughter  of  Evmer,  count  of  Angouleme,  by  Ali- 
cia, daughter  of  Peter  of  Courtenay,  a  younger 
KOn  of  Louis  VI.  of  France.  She  was  married  to 
John  diu-ing  his  visit  to  France,  .^ug.,  1-2011  Her  first  son 
tSterward  Uenry  III.)  was  born  Oct.  1  1207  In  Dec 
1214,  she  was  imprisoned  in  Gloucester  by  orderof  John, 
and  was  probably  there  when  he  died.  In  121i  she  re- 
tamed  to  France,  and  May,  1220,  married  Hugh,  count 
of  La  Marche.  .    ,     ,  ^-r     ^ 

Isabella  of  France.     Bom  1292 :  died  at  Hert- 
ford, Aug.  23, 1358.  Queen  of  Edward  II.  of  Eng- 
land, and  daughter  of  Philip  the  Fair,  king  of 
France.     They  were  married  at  Boulogne,  Jan.  26, 1308. 
Her  arst  son  (afterward  Edward  III.)  ivas  born  >ov.  13 
131-'  at  Windsor.     Edward  II.  treated  her  with  extreme 
unklndness.     Driven  from  England  by  the  mtluence  of 
the  Despensers,  she  raised  an  army,  and  »;ith  Roger  Jlor- 
timer  in  command,  Sept.  24, 1326,  landed  at  Harwich,  begin- 
ning the  campaign  which  terminated  with  the  deposition 
of  Edward  II.  by  the  Parliament  in  London,  Jan.  7,  U-i, 
and  the  recognition  of  Edward  III.,  then  14  years  old    Isa- 
bella  and  Mortimer  ruled  in  his  name.     In  1330  Edward 
III  andHenryof  Lancaster  conspired  against  her,  and  she 
was  ;uTested  with  Mortimer  at  Nottingham,  Oct.  18.   Mor- 
timer was  executed. 
Isabella  of  France.  Bom  at  the  Louvre,  Paris, 
Nov.  9, 1389 :  died  at  Blois,  Sept.  13, 1409.     The 
second  daughter  of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and 
second  queen  of  Richard  U.  of  England.    The 
marriage  contract  was  signed  March  9, 1390,  when  she  was 
7  years  old.    After  llichard's  death  she  was  restored  to 
France  (July,  14iil),  and  June,  1404,married  Charles,  count 
of  Angouleme,  the  poet, 
Isabella   (so  called  from  Isabella  of  Castile, 
queen  of  Spain).     The  first  European  city  m 
the  New  World,  founded  bv  Christopher  Colum- 
bus, Dec,  1493,  on  a  small  bay  of  the  northern 
shore  of  the  island  of  Espanola  or  Haiti,  2o  miles 
west  of  the  present  town  of  Puerto  Plata.    It  was 
abandoned  soon  after  the  founding  of  Santo  Domingo  city, 
and  only  a  few  ruins  now  remain  to  mark  its  site 


533 

He  was  the  greatest  of  a  Vace  of  giants.  He  gave  their 
final  lorn,  to  Hebrew  ideas.  He  is  not  the  founder  of  Ju- 
daism ;  he  is  its  classical  genius.  Semitic  speech  reaches 
in  him  its  highest  combinations.  x  tt  jns 

Utiian,  Hist  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans),  U.  408. 


Isaiah's  poetical  genius  is  superb.  His  characteristics 
are  grandeur  and  beauty  of  conception,  wealth  of  imagi- 
nation, vividness  of  illustration,  compressed  energy,  ana 
splendor  of  diction.  „, . ,-    .    _  o,c 

IMcer,  Introd.  to  the  Lit  of  the  Old  Test,  p.  215. 

Isandula  (e-siin-do'la),  or  Isandlana  (e-siind- 
lii'nii).  A  place  in  Zululand,  South  Africa,  90 
miles  north-northwest  of  Durban.  Here,  Jan,  22, 
1879  an  overwhelming  force  of  Zulus  under  Cettiwayo  de- 
feated a  detachment  of  the  British  army  under  Colonel  rui- 
leine. 

Isar  (e'zar).  -V  river  in  northern  Tyrol,  and  m 
Upper  and  Lower  Bavaria,  joining  the  Danube 
near  Deggendorf  :  the  ancient  Isarus.  Munich 
.j„fi  T.ntiflshut  are  on  its  banks.  Length,  about 


Isabella  (e-zii-bel').  l.  A  young  girl  brought  u^i 
bv  Sgaiiarclle  in  Moliere's  "Eeole  des  mans. 
He  secludes  her  from  all  knowledge  of  the  world  or  of 
pleasure,  intending  to  marry  her.  She  eludes  his  vigi- 
lance and  marries  Valere.  See  Lionnre. 
2  An  amusing  and  mischievous  girl  in  Dry- 
den's  "  Wild  Gallant."  „.,.,,, 

Isabey  (e-/.ii-ba'),Eugfene  Louis  Gabriel.  Lorn 
at  Paris,  July  22,  1804  :  died  at  Lagny,  Seme- 
et-Mame,  April  27,  1886.  A  French  painter, 
son  of  J.  B.  babey,  noted  especially  for  his  ma- 
rines. Hewentto  Algiers  in  1830,  as  roy.al  marine-painter 
with  the  expedition  of  that  year.  He  received  medals  of 
the  first  class  in  1824, 1.s27, 1865,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Legion  o(  Honor  in  1832  and  oHlcer  in  W" 


Isabey,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Nancy,  France, 
April  11,  17G7:  died  at  Paris,  April  18,  18.).'5. 
A  French  miniature-painter,  a  pupil  of  Girar- 
det  and  Claudet  (at  Nancy),  and  of  Dumont 
and  David  (at  Paris).  Amonghisportraitsare those 
of  Josephine,  Napoleon,  his  marshals,  members  of  the 
Congress  of  Vienna,  etc.  . 

Isabinda  (is-a-bin'dii).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  "The 
Busybody."  the  daughter  of  Sir .lealouH  Traffick, 
who  kc'Cps  her  from  the  sight  of  all  men. 
IsaUS  (i-se'us).  [Gr.  'lowior.]  Born  at  Chalcis 
(at  .Vthens  f):  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  4th 
century  B.C.  One  of  thr  ten  Attic  orators.  Ills 
11  extant  orations,  niiiiiilv  ""  loiilestcd  inheritances,  have 
been  edltid  by  Scli.inuiiiini  (Is-'tl),  Hurmann  (Is.'iS).  Eng- 
lish translation  by  Sir  William  Jones. 
Isaiah  (i-za'yil  or  i-zi'yii).  [Ilob.,' salvation  ot 
Jehovah.']  A  Hebrew  prophet  who  prophesied 
from  740  B.  O.  till  701  u.  c.  Ho  was  thegrcatestof  the 
Hebrew  prophets  and  orators,  a  consistent  opponent  of 
the  policy  of  the  Hebrew  kings  to  enter  into  entangling 
alliances  with  fondgn  jKiwers.  Once,  however,  the  alli- 
ance with  Assyria  being  formed,  ho  cimnsclcd  the  keeping 
of  faith,  continually  asserting  that  no  dependence  coilld 
be  placed  on  Egvpl.  chapters  xl.-lxvl.  of  Isaiah,  which 
relate  to  the  lapiivity  and  return,  are  conslihreil  by  some 
scholars  the  work  of  a  postextlic  prophet  called  lleutero- 
Isalah. 


and  Landshut  are  on  its  banks.  Length,  about 
ISO  miles.  _     , 

Isaure  (e-z6r').  Clemence.     Born  at  Toulouse, 
France,  about  1450 :  died   at  Toulouse  about 
1500.      A  French  lady,  restorer  of  the  floral 
games  at  Toulouse  (1490). 
Isauria  (i-sa'ri-ii).    [Gr.  V  'laai'p/a.]    In  ancient 
geogi'aphy,  a  district  in  Asia  Minor,  bounded 
by  Phrygia  on  the  north.  Lycaonia  on  the  east, 
C'ilicia "on  the  south,  and  Pisidia  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  rugged.     The  inhabitants  were  famous  in 
-uerrilla  warfare.      They  were  defeated  by  Servilius  in  76 
B.  c,  and  by  Pompey,  but  continued  unsubdued. 
Isca'(is'ka),  or  Isca  Silurum.     A  Roman  city 
in  the  west  of  England,  remarkable  fonts  the- 
ater, its  temples,  and  its  palaces.     Part  of  its 
massive  walls  still  remain  at  Caerleon.  Wright, 
Celt,  etc.,  p.  137. 
Ischalls  (is'ka-lis).     An  important  town  in  an- 
cient Britain':  the  modem  Ilehester. 
Ischia  (es'ke-a).     An  island  belonging  to  Na- 
ples   Italv,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  ot 
Naples,  16  miles  west-southwest  of  Naples  :  the 
ancient  iEnaria  (sometimes  Pithecusa  or  Ina- 
rime),  and  medieval  Iscla.    It  contains  several  vol- 
canoes ;  is  noted  for  its  fertility  and  for  its  warm  baths ;  and 
produces  wine  and  frnit.     The  capital  is  Ischia.     It  »as 
visited  by  an  earthquake  in  1883,  causing  a  loss  of  aljout 
n  300  lives.    Area,  26  square  miles.    Population,  22,1,0. 
Ischl  (ish'l).     A  watering-place  m  Upper  Aus- 
tria, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Ischl 
and  Traun,  27  miles  east  by  south  of  Salzburg. 
It  is  the  favorite  resort  of  the  Austrian  royal  family  and 
nobility,  and  contains  salt  and  other  baths     It  is  the  cen- 
tral jioint  in  the  Salzkammergut.    Population  (1891),  com- 
mnne,  8,473.  , 

Iseghem  (e'se-oem).     A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Flanders,  Belgium,  25  miles  west-south- 
west of  Ghent.     It  has  manufactures  of  linen. 
Population  (1890),  9,965. 
Isenbras   (is'en-bras),    or   Isumbras    (is'um- 

bras)  Sir  A  hero  of  medieval  romance. 
Isengrim  ('is'en-grim),  Sir.  The  wolf  iu  "Rey- 
nard the  Fox." 
Iseo  (e-za'o),  Lago  d'.  A  lake  in  Lombardy, 
Italv,  15  miles  east  of  Bergamo:  the  ancient 
Lacus  Sebinus.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Oglw^ 
Length,  14i  miles.    Height  above  sea-level,  OOu 

Is§re  (e-zar' ).  A  river  in  southeastern  France, 
ioining  the  Rhone  7  miles  north  of  Valence: 
the  ancient  Isara.     Length,  about  l-o  miles. 

Istee.  A  department  of  France.  Capital,  (ire- 
noble.  It  is  bounded  by  Ain  on  the  north,  Savoy  on  the 
northeast,  llailtes-Alpes  .m  the  southeast  Drome  on  the 
southw  est,  an.l  Rlirtne  and  Loire  <.n  the  west,  and  is  formed 
from  the  northern  part  ,.f  the  ancient  Dauphin^,  llie  sur- 
face  is  monntainons,  particularly  i"  "'i?""")" ,»■.''" 
chief  occupations  are  „gn.  idttire,  working  of  mlnera  ». 
and  the  manufacture  ..t  gb.ves,  paper,  etc.  Area,  3,-01 
Bi|Uare  miles.     Population  (1891),  .^i2.14... 

Iserlolin  (e-zer-lon')-  A  town  in  the  province 
nf  Westphalia.  Prussia,  on  llie  Baar  44  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne.  It  has  a  large  trade,  and  man- 
ufactures wire,  needles,  bnuis  ware,  etc.  Near  it  are  cad- 
mia  mines.     Poimlation  (1890),  commune,  22,11,. 

Isernia  (0-ser'ne-il).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
CampobasHO,  Italv,  52  miles  nodh  of  Naples: 
the  ancient  yEs.Tnia.  It  contains  the  remains 
of  ancient  walls.  Population,  about  ,,000. 
I8eult(i-smt').  Ill  AH Inirian  romance:  (,i)  The 
liaiighter  of  Anguish,  king  of  Irela.id,  known  as 
Isenlt  the  Fair.  She  was  tlie  wife  of  Mark,  king 
of  Cornwall,  aJid  loved  Sir  Trislnim  or  I  rislniu 
(h)  The  dinighliT  of  Iloel  or  Howell,  king  of 
Brittaiiv.  She  was  the  wife  of  Sir  Tristram,  and 
was  known  as  laeult  of  the  White  Hands.  See 
Trislrnm. 


Isidonis  Hispalensls 

ta,  Iseo,  Isawde,  Isowde,  Isod,  Isold,  Vsiaut,  and  Ysottd, 
to  which  Hisolda  may  be  added. 
I>utUov,  History  of  Prose  Fiction,  I-  471  (Sttpplemcntary 

[notes). 

Isfendiyar  (is-fen-di-yar'),  in  Pers.,  correctly, 
Asfandiyar  (es-fen-di-yar'),  or  Aspandiyar 
(es-pen-di-yikr').     A  hero  of  the  Shahnamah, 
son  of  King  Gushtasp,  the  Coustantine  of  the 
Zoroastrians.  After  many  exploits  he  was  called  to  con- 
quer Ari.asp,  a  demon  king,  who  had  taken  captive  two 
daughters  of  Gushtasp,  and  t.i  restore  hissisters.     For  this 
he  undertook  his  "seven  labors."    Choosing,  like  Rustam, 
the  shortest  and  most  perilous  way  to  the  enemy's  strong- 
hold, he  first  slew  two  monstrous  wolves;  secondly,  con- 
(luercd  a  fierce  lion  and  his  mate;  thirdly,  slew  a  fierce 
dragon;  fourthly,  withstood  the  wilesof  a  beautiful  woman 
who  caught  in  Asfandivar's  niMise,  became  first  a  cat  and 
then  a  wolf,  and  finally  a  black,  flame-vomiting  .kinon,  and 
was  then  slain  by  him  ;  fifthly,  slew  a  Simurgb,  a  gigantic 
bird  which  tried  to  bear  him  away  ;  sixthly,  brought  his 
troops  through  a  furious  storm  of  wind  and  snow  ;  and 
seventhly,  traversed  a  deadly  desert.   Kcaching  the  braien 
fortress  Asfandiyar  collected  a  hundred  camels  and  en- 
tered it  with  his  warriors  disguised  as  a  merchant  caravan, 
when  his  brother  Bishutan  attacked  it  from  without,  as  he 
within      After  this  success  Gushtasp  wished  Asfandiyar  to 
go  against  Rustam,  to  whom  Kaiklmsran  had  given  Zabill. 
Kabul  and  Nimruz.     Asfandiyar  pleaded  the  nobility  and 
services  of  Rustam,  but  the  king  was  obdurate.     Rustam 
came  out  to  welcome  Asfandiyar, but  when  told  the  errand 
of  the  latter  refused  to  yield.    The  heroes  fought  on  two 
successive  days.    Kustam  was  wounded  but  recovered  and, 
guid.il  by  the  Simurgh  which  had  cared  for  his  infancy,  on 
the  second  day  lodged  an  arrow,  made  by  the  Simurgh  s 
direction  from  the  kazu  tree,  in  the  eye  of  his  antagonist, 
who  fell      Zal  and  Rustam  both  came  to  offer  sympathy, 
but  Asfandiyar  died,  intrusting  his  son  Bahman  to  the 
care  of  Rustam. 
Isha  (e'sha;  with  Vedic  accent,  e-sha  ).    [Skt., 
'Lord.']    A  title  of  Shiva;  also,  with  o  long,  the 
name  of  an  Upanishad  of  which  Ishavasya  is 
the  first  word.    It  is  also  known  as  the  Vajasaneyisan- 
hita  Vpanishad.    It  is  translated  by  Muller  in  "Sacred 
Books  of  the  East,"  L  311.  .„  ^      ,  » 

Ishbosheth  (ish-bo'sheth).  [Heb.,  'man  of 
shame.']  A  son  of  Saul,  proclaimed  king  of 
Israel  after  his  father's  death.     See  David. 

In  our  t«xt  of  the  Books  of  Samuel,  Saul's  son  and  suc- 
cessor is  called  Ishbosheth,  but  in  1  Chronicles  viii.  33  he 
is  called  Esllbaal.  Eshbaal  means  'Baafsman.'a  proper 
name  of  a  well-known  Semitic  type,  precisely  similar  to 
such  Arabic  names  as  Imrau-l-Cais,  '  the  man  of  the  gc^ 
Cais.'  W.  Jt.  Smith,  O.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  78. 

Ishim  (ish'im).     A  river  of  Siberia  which  joins 
till'  Irt  ish  about  120  miles  southeast  of  Tobolsk. 
Length,  about  1.000  miles. 
Ishmael  (ish'ma-el).      [Heb., 'God  heareth  ] 
The  sou  of  Abraham  and  Hagar:  regarded  by 
tlie  Arabs  as  their  ancestor. 
IshmaeUtes  (ish'ma-el-its).     The  descendants 
of  Ishmael.  Abraham's  son,  who,  as  is  related 
in  Gen.  x\\.  14,  was  driven  into  the  wilderness 
with  his  mother.  Hagar.    His  twelve  sons  were 
"  princes"  or  heads  of  tribes.     The  Ai-abs  re- 
>'aril  him  as  their  ancestor. 
Ishpeming  t  i«li'pem-ing).     A  city  in  Maniuette 
County,  northern  Michigan.  14  miles  west  by 
south  of  Marquette  :  the  center  of  an  iron  dis- 
trict.    Population  (1900).  13.255. 
Ishtar  (ish'tiir),  or  Istar  (is'tar).     The  pnn- 
eipal   and  most   poi>iilar  deity  of  tlu'  Ass^to- 
Babvlonians,  tlie  goddess  of  love  and  war.  unit- 
ing," as   it  were,  the   Aphrodit^  (Venus)   and 
Athene   (Minerva)  of  the  Greeks,   and  corre- 
sponding in  name  and  character  to  Ashtoreth 
(Astarte)  of  the  Svro-Canaauites.  only  that  she 
riil.il  the  planet  "Venus  while  Ashtoreth  was 
icieiitilied  with  the  moon.     In  her  warlike  character 
she  waaconceiv.il  by  the  Babylonians  as  ruling  the  morn- 
ing star-  as  g.Mldess  of  love  she  ruled  the  evening  stiu". 
In  her  fonner  character  she  wiuj  also  cidled  .4ii,»i(i(,  and 
had  her  principal  seat  of  worship  at  Agane.  in  the  temple 
Eulliar;  in  the  latter  character  she  waa  cspeclallv  wor- 
shiped at  Krech  (i Irchoe  of  the  (ireeks,  modern  W  lu^ka).  In 
the  temple  E-ana  C  House  of  Heaven  \  with  a  volnplu.ms 
cult    With  Iho  Assyrians  slie  was  the  wife  of  Bel,  and 
waa  sometimes  called  ISelit  ('Ijidyl;  they  distinguished 
between  Islitar  of  Arbda,  who  presided  over  battles,  and 
Ishtar  of  Nineveh.  In  whom  the  voluptuous  aspect  priv 
dominated.    Ishtar  alsooccurs  asan  apiiellali.m,  or  generic 
name,  lor  a  g.nldess  In  general.     On  the  relation  of  Ishtar 
lo  Tanimnz,  see  Aili'iiiji  anil  l;<iiibar 


Mr.  Lelth  (on  the  legend  of  Trlatttn,  p.  SB)  glvea  the  fol- 
lowing  enuineratlon  ot  the  forms  of  name  :  Isolde,  J  seus. 
Vseiitr.,  Yseut,  Ysseiil/.,  Ueiiti,  Yseiil  ^  sou,  ^  solt,  Isa  . 
Essyllt  Ysoue,  Yseultt  Isot,  Vsalde,  Y scuda,  Vicult, 
Iseiil  c  Isot,  Isodda,  Ysoude,  Ysonde,  Y»te,  lK)nd,l80t- 


m    imiiiiiiif-i  ni  %-   •• - 

Isidorian  Decretals.  The.    A  code  of  nativo 

and  foreign  canons  which  circulated  in  Spam 
in  the  (ith  eeiiturv,  and  was  aflerw.'ird  ac<>epted 
Ihroiighout  llie  Koman  Catholic  Church:  BO 
callod  from  Isidoius  Hispalensis,  who  was  er- 
roiii'oiisly  supposed  to  have  compiled  it.  Also 
callcMl  tli"e  Spanish  Decretiils  ^ 

Isidorus  (iz-i-do'ms)  Hispalensis,  or  Isidore 

(is'i-dor)  of  Seville.  P.<.rn  at  Cartagena  Spain, 
about  5C,0:  died  Aynl  4,  ()36.  A  Spanish  eccle- 
siastic and  miscellniicoiis  writer.  Hebowneblsh- 
ot>  of  Seville  In  (KIO.  His  works,  which  were  held  In  high 
eSl.-.m  .luring  the  mid.lle  ages  ''';'»,'•"  ""''^J,'',''''',,';'," 
elvn.ologlamm  llbri  xx  , "  ••  De  ecclesiostlcls  offlcl  s  llbri 
ihio  ■  and  "  Senlenlianim  sive  de  siimino  Ikuio  "hrl  Irwf 
lie  has  been  errone-nisly  accredited  with  the  compllatloD 
of  the  so-called  Isidorian  Decretals  (which  see). 


Isidro,  San 

Isidro  (e-se'dro),  San.     See  the  extract. 

Uis  [Lope'sl  subject  was  well  chosen.  It  was  that  of  the 
great  fame  and  glory  of  Sail  Isidro  the  Ploughman.  This 
remarkable  pei-souage.  who  plays  so  distinguished  a  part 
in  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  Madrid,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  born  in  the  twelfth  century,  on  what  afterwards  be- 
came the  site  of  that  city,  and  to  have  led  a  life  so  emi- 
nently pious  that  the  angels  came  down  and  ploughed  his 
grounds  for  him,  which  the  holy  man  neglected  in  order 
to  de%-ote  his  time  to  religious  duties.  From  an  early  pe- 
riod, therefure,  he  enjoyed  mtich  consideration,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  patron  and  friend  of  the  whole  territory, 
as  well  as  of  the  city  of  Madrid  itself.  But  his  great  hunors 
date  from  the  year  l.i98.  In  that  year  Philip  the  Third 
was  dangerously  ill  at  a  neighboring  village  ;  the  city  sent 
out  the  remains  of  Isidro  in  procession  to  avert  the  im- 
pending calamity  ;  the  king  recovered  ;  and  for  the  first 
time  the  holy  man  became  widely  famous  and  fashionable. 
Ticimor,  Span.  Lit.,  IL  165. 

Isis{i'sis).  1.  [Gr.'^Icr/f.]  In  Egyptian  mythol- 
ogy, the  chief  female  deity,  the  sister,  -nlfe,  and 
female  eounterpai't  of  Osiris,  and  the  mother  of 
Horns.  She  is  distinguished  by  the  solar  disk  and  cow's 
horns  on  her  head,  often  surmomited  by  a  diminutive 
throne,  and  bears  the  lotus  scepter.  By  the  Greeks  she  was 
identified  with  lo.  Uer  worship  in  a  modified  form,  as  a 
nature-goddess,  was  introduced  subsequently  to  the  .\lex- 
andrine  epoch  into  Greece,  and  was  very  popular  at  Rome 
from  the  end  of  the  republic.  TheGreek  and  Roman  priests 
and  priestesses  of  Isis  wore  a  specLil  costume,  and  had  as  an 
attribute  a  peculi."u-  metallic  rattle,  the  sistrum.  On  her 
statue  was  an  inscription  mentioned  by  Proclns  :  ''I  am 
that  which  is,  has  been,  and  shall  be.  My  veil  no  one  has 
lifted.  The  fruit  I  bore  was  the  Sun";  hence  the  well- 
known  allusion  to  a  mystery  as  "the  veil  of  Isis,"  or  as 
covered  with  "  the  veil  of  Isis. " 

Isis,  at  once  the  sister  and  wife  of  Osiris,  and  the  mother 
of  Horos.  At  Thebes  she  was  known  as  Mnt, 'the  mother,' 
with  the  vulture's  head  ;  at  Bubastis  as  Sekhet,  the  bride 
of  Ptah  and  daughter  of  Ea.  As  mother  of  Horos,  she 
was  named  Halhor  or  .\thor,  'the  house  of  Horos,"  iden- 
tified by  the  Greeks  with  their  Aphrodite,  and  confused 
with  Astoreth  by  the  Semites.  The  cow,  with  its  horns, 
symbolising  the  crescent  moon,  which  in  Egypt  appears  to 
lie  upon  its  back,  was  consecrated  to  her,  indicating  at  how 
er.^'ry  a  time  the  bride  of  Osiris,  the  Sun-god,  was  held  to 
be  the  moon.  She  was  also  identified  with  Sothis.  the 
dog-star,  and  in  later  days  with  the  planet  Venus.  All 
that  is  good  and  beautiful  among  men  comes  from  her ; 
she  watches  over  the  birth  of  children,  and  rocks  the  cradle 
of  the  Nile.  As  Neit,  too,  she  is  the  authoress  of  weairing 
and  of  the  arts  of  female  life.    Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  G4. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  42)  discovered  by  Pogson 

at  Oxford,  May  23,  1856. 
Isis.    A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Thames 

(England)  in  its  upper  course. 
Iskander  (is-kan'der).     [Turk,  form  of  Alexan- 

(ler.l     The  pseudonym  of  Alexander  Herzen. 
Iskander  Beg.     See  Scanderbeg. 
Iskanderun  ( is-kan-de-ron').  See  Alexandretta. 

Population,  about  2.500. 

IskanderuQ,  Bay  of  or  Gulf  of.    An  arm  of 

the  Mediterranean,  at  its  northeastern  angle, 
situated  between  Syria  and  Cilieia. 

Iskardo.     See  Sknr'do. 

Isla  es'la).  Jose  Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Sego- 
\-ia,  Spain.  1703:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  1781. 
A  Spanish  satirist  and  Jesuit  preacher.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  satirical  romance  "  Historia  del  faraoso 
predicador  FrayGenindio  de  Campazas"  ("History of  the 
Famous  Preacher  Friar  Gerundio  of  Campazas,"  175S-70). 
It  was  an  attack  on  the  style  of  popularpreaching,  which, 
originally  corrupted  by  Paravicino,  the  distinguished  fol- 
lower of  G<3ngora,  had  been  constantly  falling  lower  and 
lower,  until  at  last  it  seemed  to  have  reached  the  lowest 
point  of  degradafSbn  and  vulgarity.  The  assaUant  was 
Father  Isla,  who  was  bom  in  1703  and  died  in  1731,  at  Bo- 
logna, where,  being  a  Jesuit,  he  had  been  sent  as  an  eiile, 
on  the  general  expulsion  of  his  order  from  Spain. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  m.  286. 

Islam  (is'lam).     See  Koran,  Mohammed. 

Islamabad  (is-lam-a-bad').  A  town  in  Kashmir, 
situated  on  the  Jhelum  in  lat.  33°  43'  X.,  long. 
75°  17'  E. 

Island  City.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Mon- 
treal. 

Island  Number  10.  An  island  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Kiver, near  the  northwestern  comer  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  was  captured  by  the  Federal  army 
(under  Pope)  and  naw  (under  Foote),  April  7, 
1862. 

Island  of  Saints,  L.  Insula  Sanctorum  (in'su- 

la  sangk-to'rum).  A  medieval  name  given  to 
Ireland  as  an  early  stronghold  of  Christianity. 

Island  Princess,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher,  pro- 
duced at  court  in  1621.  printed  1647.  Afterbeing 
several  times  revived  with  alterations,  this  play  was  con- 
verted  into  an  opera  by  Motteux  in  1699,  the  music  being 
by  Daniel  Ptircell  and  others. 

IslandsMre  (i'land-shir).  Formerly  a  part  of 
Durham,  England,  now  a  part  of  Northumber- 
land. It  comprises  the  Fame  Islands  and  some 
districts  near  Berwick. 

Islands  of  the  Blest.     See  Fortunate  Islands. 

Islay  (i'la).  or  Isla  (i'la).  An  island  of  the  Heb- 
rides, belonging  to  Argyllshire.  Scotland.  15 
miles  west  of  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire.  It 
manufactures  and  eiports  whisky.  Formerly  it  was  the 
seat  of  the  Lords  of  the  Isles.    Length,  '25  miles.    Greatest 


534 

width,  17  miles.  Area,  220  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 

8.143. 

Isle  of  Dogs.     See  Dogs. 

Isle  of  France.    See  Mauritius. 

Isle  of  Honey.    See  the  extract. 

The  Welsh  bards  indulged  their  fancy  in  describing  the 

state  of  Britain  before  the  arrival  of  man.    According  to 

the  authors  of  the  earliest  Triads,  the  swarms  of  wild  bees 

in  the  woods  gave  its  first  name  to  the  "  Isle  of  Honey." 

Elton,  t>rigins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  2. 

Isle  of  Ladies,  The.     See  Dream,  Chaucer's. 

Isle  of  Man.    See  Man. 

Isle  of  Pines.    See  Pines. 

Isle  of  Wight.     See  Wight. 

Isle  Royale  (il  roi'al ;  F.  pron.  elrwa-yal').  An 
island  in  Lake  Superior,  belonging  to  Michigan, 
intersected  by  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  89°  W.  Length, 
45  miles. 

Isles,  Lord  of  the.  A  title  assumed  intermit- 
tently from  the  12th  to  the  16th  century  by 
various  Scottish  chieftains  who  maintained  a 
practical  independence  among  the  islands  west 
of  Scotland.  Some  of  the  most  notable  were  John  Mac- 
donald  (died  13S8)  and  Alexander  Macdonald,  and  the  elevr 
enth  Earl  of  Ross. 

Isles  of  Shoals  (Jlz  ov  sholz).  A  group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  lOmUes  southeast 
of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire.  They  belong 
partly  to  Rockingham  County  (New  Hampshire),  partly  to 
York  County  (Maine),  and  comprise  Appledore,  Star  Island, 
etc.    They  are  a  noted  summer  resort 

Isleta(es-la'ta).  [Sp..' little  island.']  The  name 
of  two  villages  of  the  Tigua  tribe  of  New  Mexico. 
The  main  village  lies  16  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Albu- 
querque, at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  F^  Railroad  and  Atlantic  and  Pacific  lines,  on  the 
Rio  Grande,  It  is  inhabited  by  about  1,059  Indians,  mostly 
of  Tigua  slock.  The  aboriginal  name  is  Shiehwhibak. 
Isleta  already  existed,  probably,  when  the  Spaniards  first 
colonized  New  Mexico  in  159S,  and  a  mission  was  estab- 
lished there  previous  to  1636.  Another  Isleta  in  Texas,  on 
the  Rio  Grande  9  miles  south  of  El  Paso,  was  founded, 
about  I'JS-i,  by  Indian  refugees  from  2few  Mexican  Isleta. 
It  has  a  small  population. 

Islington  i  iz'ling-ton).  A  municipal  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  the  north  of  London,  2 
miles  north  of  St.  PauVs.  It  returns  4  mem- 
bers to  Parliament.  Population  (1891).  319.433. 

IsUp,  Simon.  Died  1366.  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  consecrated  in  1349.  He  derived  his 
name  from  the  village  of  Islip  on  the  Cherwell  near  Oxford. 

Isly  (ez-le' ).  A  small  river  in  eastern  Morocco, 
near  the  Algerian  frontier.  Here.  Aug.  14, 1844, 
the  French  under  Bugeaud  defeated  the  troops 
of  Morocco. 

Ismail  (is-ma-el').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  at  the  Kilia  mouth 
of  the  Danube,  in  lat.  45°21'  N..  long.  28° 46'  E. 
It  was  formerly  a  Tiu-kish  fortress  :  was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1770. 1790  (stormed  by  Suvaroff,  when  3S,0(X1  Turks 
were  massacred),  and  ISO'^ ;  and  was  ceded  to  Russia  in 
1S12,  to  Rumania  in  18,">6,  and  back  to  Russia  in  1878.  Pop- 
ulation, 34.308. 

Ismail  Pasha  (is-ma-el'  pash'a).  Bom  1830: 
died  1895.  Khedive  of  Egypt  1863-79,  son  of 
Ibrahim  Pasha.  He  succeeded  Said  Pasha  as  khe- 
dive  in  1863  ;  annexed  Darfur  in  1874  ;  and  was  compelled 
to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his  son  Tewfik  Pasha  in  1879. 

Ismailia  (is-ma-e'le-a).  1.  A  small  town  in  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez.  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Suez 
Canal  47  miles  south  of  Port  Said :  founded  in 
1863.— 2.  See  Gondokoro. 

Ismid  (is-med'),orIskimid(is-ke-med').  Atown 
in  Asia  Minor,  57  miles  southeast  of  Constanti- 
nople, at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Ismid :  the  an- 
cient Nicomedia  (which  see).  Population,  es- 
timated. 15.000. 

Ismi-Dagon  (is'me-da'gou).  ['  The  god  Dagon 
has  heard  me.']  The  earliest  known  king  or  pa- 
tesi  (priest,  king,  or  ^"iceroy)  of  Ass.^Tia.  In  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  city  of  Ashur  (modem  Kileh-Sher- 
ghat)  were  found  bricks  of  a  temple  bearing  his  name,  and 
from  a  reference  to  Mm  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  I. 
(1120-1100  B.  c.)  it  was  concluded  that  he  lived  about  1840 
B.  c. 

Isnard  (is-nar'),  Maximin.  Born  at  Grasse, 
Var,  France,  Feb.  10,  1751 :  died  there,  in  1830. 
A  French  (Jirondist.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795. 

Isnik,     The  modem  name  of  Nicfea. 

Isnik,  Lake.     See  Asconia. 

Isoama.    See  Ibo. 

Isocrates  (i-sok'ra-tez).  [Gr.'IooxpdrT??-.]  Bom 
at  Athens,  436  b.  cV:  died  338  B.C.  One  of  the  ten 
Attic  oratoi-s,  distinguished  as  a  teacher  of  elo- 
quence after  about  392.  Of  his  orations  twenty- 
one  are  e.vtant. 

Thus  this  remarkable  writer  (Isocrates]  lived  through 
three  of  the  most  eventful  generations  in  Greek  history, 
and,  though  one  of  the  most  prominent  writersof  his  time, 
may  be  said  to  have  produced  no  influence  whatever  ex- 
cept upon  the  form  of  prose  writing.  For  he  was  in  no 
sense  a  thorough-going  man.  He  was  a  curious  combination 
of  sophist  and  patriot,  of  would-be  politician  and  philoso- 
pher, of  really  private  and  publk;  man  at  the  same  time. 
The  candour  and  honesty  of  his  nature  made  him  in  f  eel- 


Israfeel 

ing  a  patriot,  while  his  want  of  appreciation  for  deeper 
politics  prevented  him  from  seeing  the  evils  of  despotism, 
or  ticking  any  thorough  interest  in  the  forms  and  varieties 
of  constitutions.  His  bashfulness  compelled  him  to  re- 
main in  private  life,  while  his  vanity  tirged  him  to  appear 
in  public ;  his  profession  suggested  to  him  the  study  of 
philosoph,v,  while  his  intellect  was  incapable  of  under- 
standing its  higher  problems.  Thus  his  egregious  vanity 
and  seli-complacency  were  perpetually  wounded  by  the 
consciousness  that  he  had.  after  all,  not  made  his  mark 
upon  the  age,  and  that,  though  eminent  and  widely  re- 
spected, he  was  neither  consiUted  nor  obeyed  by  the  men 
whom  he  most  desired  to  influence.  He  aspired  to  the  po- 
sition of  a  Swift  or  a  Junius,  with  the  talents  of  an  Addison 
or  a  Pope.    Mahafy,  Hist  of  Classiial  Greek  Lit.,  II.  216. 

Isola  (e'so-lii).  A  small  town  in  Italy,  on  the 
Liris  about  60  miles  east-southeast  of  Rome. 

Isola  Bella  (bel'la)  and  Isola  Madre  (ma'dre). 
[It.,  'fair  island'  and  'mother  island.']  The 
two  chief  islands  of  the  Borromean  Islands 
(which  see)  in  Lago  Maggiore. 

Isola  dei  Pes(^tori  (da'e  pes-ka-t6're).  An  isl- 
and in  Lago  Maggiore.  [ 

Isola Grossa(gr6s'sa), or Lunga(long'ga).  [It., 
'great  island'  or  'long  island.']  An  island  in 
the  Adriatic  Sea,belonging  to  Dalmatia,  10  miles 
west  of  Zara.     Length,  26  miles. 

Isolde,  Isonde,  Isond.    See  Iseuli. 

Isonzo  (e-son'z6).  AriverinGorzandGradiska, 
Austria-Hungary,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Tri- 
est  13  miles  northwest  of  'Triest.  Length,  about 
80  mUes. 

Isouard  (e-zo-ar'),  orIsoard(e-z6-ar'),  Nicold. 
Born  at  Malta,  Dee.  6, 1775 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
23,  1818,  A  Maltese  composer,  usually  known 
as  Nicolo.  Author  of  about  33  Qperas,  among  which  are 
"Michel  Ange"  (1S02),  "CendriUon"  (1810X  'Joconde" 
(1S13),  "  Jeannot  et  Colin  "  (1814),  etc. 

Ispahan  (is-pa-han'),  or  Isfahan  (is-fa-han'). 
A  eitv  in  the  province  of  Irak-A jemi,  Persia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Zendemd  in  lat.  32°  39'  N.,  long. 
51°  45'  E.  The  Great  Mosque  was  buUt  by  Shah  Abbai 
in  the  16th  century.  The  entrance  to  the  sanctuary  is  by 
a  keel-shaped  arch  set  in  a  square  panel  adorned  with  in- 
scriptions and  arabesques  in  colored  tiles.  The  archway 
is  flanked  by  a  double  tier  of  deeply  recessed  arcades,  and 
behind  it  rises  a  large  pointed  bulbous  dome,  whose  sui^ 
face  is  decorated  u  ith  arabesques.  Before  the  dome  stand 
two  slender  cyUndrieal  minarets,  with  a  portion  toward  the 
top  corbeled  out  to  a  greater  diameter  and  crowned  by 
cylindrical  domed  finials.  The  interior  is  arcaded  in  two 
tiers.  TheBazarof  theTailorsisavery  rich  and  monumen- 
tal example  of  Persian  architecture.  The  distribution  con- 
sists of  wide  and  high  corridors  divided  into  bays  by  mas- 
sive  keel-shaped  arches,  and  covered  with  domes  on  pen- 
dentives  having  open  eyes  for  light  at  the  apex.  The  walls 
are  ornamented  with  colored  tiles,  and  the  arches  and  bal- 
ustrades over  the  square  lateral  booths  are  filled  with  geo- 
metric pierced  openwork.  The  Caravansary  of  Amin-Abad, 
on  the  road  to  Shirar,  is  an  octagon  inclosing  a  centra 
court.  The  gateway  opens  beneath  a  high  keel-shaped  areh 
which  is  flanked  on  each  side  by  two  superposed  deeply 
recessed  arches.  The  court,  in  the  middle  of  which  stands 
a  prayer-platform,  is  surrounded  by  chaUibers  for  travelers, 
behind  which  there  is  a  vaulted  corridor  with  quarters  for 
beasts  of  burden.  Ispahan  manufactures  fabrics,  weapons, 
etc.  It  was  captured  by  Tamerlane  1387  ;  was  the  capital 
and  an  important  city  of  600,000inhabitants  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury :  and  was  sacked  by  the  Afghans  in  1722.  Population, 
estimated,  60.000. 

Israel  (ii'ra-el).  [Heb.,' Soldier  of  God. 'or 'God 
is  a  warrior.']  A  name  given  to  Jacob  after  suc- 
cessfully wrestling  with  the  angel  (Gen.  xxxii. 
28).  Hence  his  descendants  were  called  the  peo- 
ple of  Israel.     See  Jetcs. 

Israel.  The  kingdom  of  the  northern  tribes  of 
the  Israelites  who  seceded  from  the  southern 
tribes  in  the  reign  of  Rehoboam,  953  B.  c.  (or 
perhaps  about  975).  Their  first  king  was  Jeroboam. 
Prominent  succeeding kingswere  Ahab,  .Tehu,  Jorani.  Jero- 
boam IL,  and  Pekah.  Elijah  and  Elisha  belonged  to  the 
northern  kingdom.  Sargon,  king  of  Assyria,  captured  Sa- 
maria, ended  the  kingdom,  and  carried  a  large  part  of  the 
people  into  captivity  in  7'22  or  721  B.  c.  Their  ultimate 
fate  has  been  the  subject  of  much  speculation,  and  they 
are  frequently  referred  to  as  the  lost  tribes.  They  have 
been  found  in  the  Anglo-Saxons,  the  American  Indians, 
etc.  There  seems  to  be  no  doulit,  however,  that  some 
intermingled  with  the  Assj-rians,  others  returned  to  the 
southern  kingdom,  and  still  others  are  to  be  found  in  the 
scattered  Jewish  communities  in  Africa,  Abyssinia,  and 
elsewhere.  Those  remaining  eventually  united  with  As- 
syrian colonists  and  formed  the  Samaritans. 

Israel  in  Egypt.  AnEnglish  oratorio  by  Handel, 
first  performed  April  4.  1739.  The  words  are 
thought  to  have  been  selected  by  Handel  him- 
self from  the  Old  Testament. 

Israels  (ez-ra-als').  Josef.  Bom  at  Groningen, 
1824.  A  genre-painter  of  the  Belgian  school. 
He  studied  painting  at  Amsterdam  under  Kruseman,  then 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  worked  in  the  atelier  of  Picot  His 
works  have  figured  at  the  expositions  of  Paris,  Brussels, 
and  Rotterdam.  He  received  a  flrst-class  medal  at  Paris 
in  1878,  and  a  grand  prix  at  the  Exposition  fniverselle  at 
Paris  in  1SS9.  Among  his  pictures  are  "Les  dormeuses** 
(1868),  "Retour"  (1878),  "Le  pot  au  fen,"  and  'Lejonrde 
repos." 

Israfeel,  or  Israfil  (es-ra-fel').  The  angel  of 
music.  His  voice  is  more  melodious  than  that  of  any 
other  creature.  He  is  to  sound  the  resurrection  trumpet 
the  last  day.    Koran. 


Issacuar 

iBSachariis'a-kar).  [Heb.;  meaning  doubtful.] 

1.  One  of  the  patriarchs,  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. 

—  2   OueofthetwelvetribesofPalestiue, dwell-     

ine  west  of  the  Jordan,  south  of  Zebulon,  and     branches.    One  of  them,  under  vaiioua  names,  seems  to 

north  of  Manasseh.    The  territory  iucluded  the     I'^ve  held  all_  the  southern  ,.irt  of  the  wester.,  »ast  of 

valley  of  Escb-aelon. 
Issik-Kul  (is'ik-kol).    A  lake  in  the  proviiice  of 


535 

But  whatever  we  make  of  the  Etruscans,  the  rest  of 
Italy  in  the  older  sense  was  held  by  various  blanches  of 
an  Aryan  race  nearly  allied  to  the  Greeks,  whom  we  may 
call  the  Italians.      Of  this  race  there  were  two  great 


Semiryetchensk.  central  Asia,  about  lat.  42°  20' 
N.,  long.  77°  30'  K.    Length,  112  miles.    Height 
above  sea-level,  .'),300  feet. 
Issoire  (e-swiir' ).     A  town  in  the  department  of 


Italy,  and  to  have  spread  into  .Sicily.  Some  of  the  tribes 
of  this  blanch  seem  to  have  been  almost  as  nearly  akin  to 
the  <ireeks  as  the  Epeirots  and  other  kindred  nations  on 
the  east  side  of  the  II  adriatic.  Of  this  branch  of  the  1  taliaii 
race,  the  most  famous  people  were  the  Latins ;  and  it  »  as 
the  greatest  Latin  city,  the  border  city  of  the  Latins  against 
the  Etruscans,  the  city  cf  Komeon  the  Tiber.which  became, 
step  by  step,  the  mistress  of  Latiunl,  of  Italy,  and  of  the 


Puv-de'-Dome  France. situated  on  the  Couze  19     JleditenanVan  world.    The  other  branch,  which  held  a 
ruy  ue  i^ome^r  laiiutr^.oi^utt^ t      t.  „„.  „„„      much  larger  part  of  the  peninsula,  taking  in  the  Sabines 


miles  south-southeast  of  Clermont.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Protestants  in  1574,  and  was  destroyed  by  the 
Catholics  in  1577.  It  contains  a  church  of  St.  Paul.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  6,182. 

Issoudume-so-duh').  Atowniuthe  department 
of  Indre,  France,  situated  on  the  Theols  17  miles 
northeast  of  Chateaurou.x.  It  has  an  old  keep 
(the  "Tour  Blanche"),  and  has  been  often  be- 
sieged.    Population  (1891),  13,.5(>4. 

ISSUS  (is'us).     In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 


Aequians,  Volscians,  Saninites,  Lucanians,  and  other  peo- 
ple who  play  a  great  part  in  Roman  history,  may  perhaps  be 
classed  t^^gether  as  Opicans  or  Oscans,  in  distinction  from 
the  Latins  and  the  other  tribes  allied  to  them.  These 
tribes  seem  to  have  pressed  from  the  eastern,  the  Hadri- 
atic,  coast  of  It.ily,  down  upon  the  nations  to  the  south- 
west of  them,  and  to  have  largely  extended  their  borders 
at  their  expense.  Freeman,  Ilist.  Geog.,  p.  46. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  Italy  in  general,  ancient 
or  modern. 


Cilicia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  head  of  Italian  Molifere,  The.    A  surname  sometimes 

the  Gulf  of  Issus  (the  modern  Gulf  of  Iskan-  frivcn  to  (ioldoni. 

deriin\    Three  notable  battles  were  fought  in  its  neigh-  Italian  Pindar,  The.     A  surname  sometimes 

borhood:  Alexander  the  Great  defeated  the  Persians  under  „iven  to  Chiabrera. 

Darius  111,333  B. o. ;  Septimius  Severus defeated  i"''  rival  jtalian  War  of  1859.    A  war  between  France 

Pescennins  Niger,  194  A.  i>.;  and  Heraclius  defeated  the  '■y^^Tr.   "„!:ii„„„  tit  n  „.,^  c„,,i;„;„  ^„„,1„..  v;„- 


Persian  army  of  Khusrau,  ii22. 

Isay  (e-se').  A  suburl)  of  Paris,  immediately 
southwest  of  the  fortifications.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  12,830. 

Istakhr.     S^ee  PcrsepoUs. 

IstambuLorlstambouKes-tam-bol').  A  Turk- 
ish name  of  Constantinople. 

Istar.     See  Ishtar. 

later  (is'ter).     A  Latin  name  of  the  Danube. 
See  Intlimitiii  saiictiiarii. 


(under  Napoleon  III.)  and  Sardinia  (under  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel)  allied  against  Austria,  for  the 
liberation  and  unity  of  Italy.  Victories  were  won 
by  the  allies  at  Montebe'llo  May  20, 1859,  at  llagenta  .June 
4,  and  at  Solferino  June  24.  Preliminaries  of  peace  were 
negotiated  at  Vill.ifranca  July  11,  and  the  treaty  of  Zurich 
was  signed  Nov.  10.  The  work  of  unifying  Itidy,  begun  by 
this  war,  was  continued  in  1860,  18(16,  and  1870. 
Italica  (i-tal'i-ka).  An  ancient  Roman  town 
near  Seville  in  Spain.  It  has  ruins  of  an  amphithe- 
ater, and  was  the  birthplace  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  The- 
odosius. 


Isthmian  games. 

lathmian  sanctuary,  The.   A  sanctuary  in  the  j^  y        (e-ta-lyait'),  Boulevard  des.    A  fa 

Isthmus  of  Corinth,  near  the  eastern  mouth  of  iidueuH  i"/a  j^     _/_'.,""  -.^.".^  r>„„:„ 

the  modern  canal.     It  was  the  seat  of  the  isthmian 

games,  which  were  celebrated  every  two  years,  and  were 

second  in  importance  onl;-  *-  "- "'  "' ■■     '^'"'  °°- 

cred  inclosnre.  which  was 


mous  street  in  the  central  part  of  Paris 
Italiens,  Lea.     See  Thedtre  Italien. 
ly  to  those  of  Olympia.    The  sa-  Italy  (it'a-b).      [Gr.  'Ira/.ia,  L.  It.  bp.  Pg.  Italia, 
s  stron-ly  fortified  in  the  time  of     F,  Italic,  G.  Italieii.'\     1 .  A  kingdom  of  south- 
Augustus  is  roughly  triangular  in  shape,  about  660  feet     ^^^^  Europe,  bouuded  by  Switzerland  and  Aus 
^7hfnirwe?e^Ve';l'upTe?:!rPoseiL'ir(U,"^                      tria-Hun|aryonthenorthAustria-Hungary,th< 
mon  (Ionic),  portions  of  the  aixldtecture  of  both  of  which      '  '-:•-—  S ..,„m,.,i,f.,..o„oo„  ,,„  tl.»  <.„.t 


have  been  recovered.  The  nortliern  wall  of  the  sanctuary 
coincides  with  the  great  defensive  wall  crossing  the  isth- 
mus. Outside  of  the  inclosnre.  to  the  south,  lies  the  sta- 
dium, in  which  the  chief  exercises  were  held,  and  to  the 
west  is  the  Roman  theater,  close  behind  which  was  the 
Greek  theater,  and  beyond  the  Sacied  Vale,  with  temples 
to  Demeter  and  Persephone,  Artemis,  and  Bacchus.  Al- 
most all  topographical  knowledge  of  this  historic  sancttl- 
ary  is  based  upon  the  exploration  made  in  1883  by  the 
French  School  at  Athens. 

latib  (is-teb'),  or  Shtiplie  (shte'ple).  A  town 
in  the  vilavet  of  Kosovo,  European  Turkey, 
situated  in  lat.  41°  41'  N.,  long.  22°  20'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (estimated),  about  10,000. 

latria  (is'tri-a),  formerly  Histria  (liis'tn-ii),  (i. 
latrien  (is'ti-e-en),  formerly  Histerreich  (ins'- 

ter-rich).  [Gr. 'lorp/a.]  A  margraviate  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  which 
forms  with  Gtirz-Gradiska  and  Triest  the  ad- 
ministrative district  of  KiistenhuMl.  Capital, 
Parenzo.  It  is  a  peninsula,  projecting  into  the  Adriatic, 
and  bounded  liy  Triest,  Oorz-Dradiska,  i  arniola,  and  Croa- 
tia. The  surface  is  generally  mnunt:iin..uH,  Kriiit  and 
wine  are  produced  hi  abundance,  l^t^ia  la  a  separate 
crownland,  though  belonging  adininistiativ.dy  to  Knsten- 
land,  and  has  a  Diet  of  3:i  members.  Tw.j  thirds  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Slavs  (Croats,  Serlis,  and  Sbivenes),  and  one 
third  Italians  (cities  and  coast).  It  w.as  incorporated  with 
Italy  about  the  time  of  Augustus  ;  was  largely  settled  by 
Slavs  ;  became  a  margraviate  In  the  11th  centiiiy  ;  was  in 
great  part  acquired  by  Venice  ;  pa.sscd  with  Venice  to  Aus- 
tria in  1797  ;  fonucd  a  part  of  the  Illyrian  Provinces  under 
Napoleon  ;  and  was  restored  to  Austria  in  181G.  Area,  1,911 
square  miles.     Popnl.ation  (18110),  317,610, 


the 

Adriatic  §ea,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east, 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  France  and 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  west.  Capital,  Rome. 
It  comprises  also  Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  some  smaller  isl- 
ands, and  is  divided  into  69  provinces  (comprising  16  com- 
partimenti).  The  government  is  a  hereditary  constitu- 
tional monarchy,  with  a  parliament  consisting  of  a  senate 
of  aljont  375  members  and  a  chamber  of  508  lieputies.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic;  the  prevailing  lan- 
guage Italian.  The  northern  districts  of  the  country  are 
occupied  by  the  Alps.  .South  of  these  is  the  valley  i.f  the 
Po ;  and  the  boot-shaped  peninsula  in  the  center  and  south 
ia  traversed  by  the  Apennines.  The  leading  industry  is 
agriculture,  the  chief  jiroducts  being  cereals,  wine,  silk, 
olives  oranges,  lemons,  etc.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
silk  ;  the  chief  exiiorts  silk,  olive-oil,  fruit,  wine,  and  sul- 
phur. The  following  are  the  leading  events  and  incidents 
in  Italian  history:  early  occupie.l  by  the  lapygians,  Os- 
cans, Latins.  Volscians,  Sabines,  Etruscans,  Ligurians,  Ve- 
Tieti(8ee  Jtomr,  Ulrurin,  Mwiiia  Oiircia) ;  entry  of  thefJauls 
into  northern  Italy  ali.iut  the  ,5th  century  B.  0.  ;  the  penin- 
sula consolidated  under  Koman  rule,  first  half  of  the  3d 
century  B.  C. ;  Koman  Emi)ire  of  the  West  overthrown  by 
the  Herilliaild  other  tribes  under  Odoacer,  476  A.  li. ;  <ldo- 
acer  (who  became  "  patrician")  overthrown  by  the  Kast- 
Gothic king Theodoilc,  493 ;  Narscsilefeiaed  thelastiiothic 
king  I'eias,  5.53, anil  Italy  became  an  exarchateof  the  HyZali- 
tine  empire;  loiidianl  kingdom  under  Alboln  established 
in  .5IH;  I/>riiiiards  in  |)..\ver  through  a  great  part  of  the  J.e 
ninsnia  while  part  r.-niain.-d  to  the  empire;  foundation  of 
tlie  Slates  of  the  clinrch  through  grants  by  Pepin  to  the 
Pope  of  the  exarchate  and  Pcntapolis  in  7.56  ;  dep.psltion  by 
Charlemagne  of  Desiderins,  hiat  kinn  of  the  Iximbards,  and 
annexation  of  his  ilominions,  774;  Cliarleniagne  crowneil 
emperor  of  the  I!.. mans,  lice,  ;'5,  sui ;  ii,,rtli.rn  Italv  ruled 
hycarolingians  unlil  tbeend  of  I  he  reign  oil  ■liarles  the  f  at, 
S87;  southern  Italy  ruled  by  Lcunbard  dukes  and  by  tlii' 
Byzantine  emidro  ;  rule  of  various  Italian  kings  in  north 


Istrla  or  latrOPOlis  ( is-tiop'o-lis).     [Gr.  'larfiia     crn  Italy  until  961 ;  accession  of  Otto  I.,  king  of  Oernmny. 

'Sor ■z,Jo>.,c.:i  see'tho  extract.        -^!-^/-:^js::!'^Xwiii;iiJ;^!:yrr^:r 


Istrla,  later,  or  (stropolis,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube 
or  later  was  n  colony  of  the  Milesians,  fonnded  about  the 
time  of  the  Cimmerian  Invasion  of  Asia  Minor.    (I'eripl. 

Pont  Eux.  p,  157.)    Its  name  remains  in  the  i lern  W  is 

terl  bat  its  site  vAs  probably  nearer  to  Kostendje. 

ItawUmon,  Ilerod  ,  III.  67,  note. 

Istnriz  (es-t8-reth'),  Francisco  Xavier  de. 
Bom  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1790:  died  Ajiril  Ki,  1H71. 
A  Spanish  politician  and  diplomatist,  lender  in 
the  revolution  of  lSi;0.  He  was  premier  in  18."i6  and 
1N46,  and  sulisequently  ambassador  in  London,  St.  I'etors- 
burg,  and  Paris. 

Istvaeones  (ist-ve-6'nez).  FL.  (Tacitus)  Is- 
txroncs,  the  Latinizatioii  of  a  hypothetical  Ger- 
manic fundamental  fonn  'Istm:.  a  supposed 
name  of  the  god  "TSwaz,  "Tin.  From  \f  idh, 
to  shine.]     See  Benniniini. 

Itaborahy  (e-tii-b6-ra-6').  Viscount  of.    See 

/fo(/ni/H<,s-  Torres,  Jnaqiiim  Jnsr. 
Italians  (i-tal'yanz).    1.  The  primitive  inhabi- 
tants of  Italy.    See  the  extract. 


perman.- ..,,        .-     ,.,     . 

the  Italian  cities  Genoa,  Pisa,  Venice,  Milan,  Amalll,  etc 
conciuest  of  southern  Italy  by  the  Normans  under  Robert 
(iulscaid,  who  was  recognized  by  the  Pope  as  duke  of 
Apulia  and  Calabria  in  1059;  struggle  between  popes  and 
emperors  in  the  llth.  Pith,  and  13th  centuries;  quarrels 
of  the  Ouelphs  and  Ghlbellines  begun,  llith  centnrv  ;  re- 
fonnsof  Arnold  of  ISrescia  suppressed  by  Frederick  llar- 
barossa,  1155;  Frederick  Harbarossa  worsted  by  the  cities 
of  the  fjombard  League  at  Legnano,  1176 ;  enil  of  the  Nor- 
man rule  in  southern  Italy,  1194  ;  participation  of  \  enico 
In  the  Cnisade,  and  overthrow  of  tlie  Greek  empire,  1204; 
cn.l  of  the  Swablan  line  In  Italy  with  the  overthrow  of 
Conradlu.  120.S  ;  the  popes  at  Avignon  1,^1  76  ;  spread  of 
the  Renaissance  movenienl  In  14tb  and  15lh  eenlurleB(the 
great  period  of  Italian  liteialure),  the  chief  Italian  slates 
at  this  period  being  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  the  Papal 
States,  the  duchy  of  Milan,  and  the  republics  of  \  enlce, 
Florence, and  Genoa;  Invasion  by  Charles  VIII.  of  France, 
1494  (boglnnini.'  of  the  period  of  foreign  inlerterence) ; 
the  Two  Sicilies  attacherl  to  Spain  In  l.'.o;i.  and  the  .Milan- 
ese soon  after,  Siiaidsh  Inlluence  lieconiing  ilomlnant  In 
Italy,  the  chief  Imlependent  states  being  the  Papal  .St4ite«, 
Tuscany  Modeiia,  Kemira,  Parma,  Venice,  and  I'ledniont  : 
Italy  the  scone  of  Napole.m's  campaigns,  1796  and  1797; 
the  Cisalpine,  Ligurlwi,  and  Tlborlne  republics  formed. 


It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend 

and  Venetia  gnmted  to  Austria,  1797;  -Napoleon  king  ot 
Italy  1S05,  his  kingiiom  comprising  the  Cisalpine  Repub- 
lic, Venetia,  Valtellina,  the  biBhopric  of  Trent,  and  the 
march  of  Ancoua;  kingdom  of  Naples  bestowed  on  Joseph 
lionaparte  in  1806,  and  on  Murat  in  1808;  Borne  annexed 
t4i  France,  1809;  the  old  division  nearly  reestablished  by 
the  Congress  of  Vienna  (Isl5).  the  chief  powers  being  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia,  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany,  th« 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Modena,  the  Papal  States,  and  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  while  .\ustria  held  L*unbardy  and  Ve- 
netia; unsuccessful  insurrections  in  southern  Italy,  Pied- 
mont, etc..  1820-21;  revolutions  of  1848-49,  under  the 
lead  of  Mazzini,  suppressed  by  Austria  (battle  of  No- 
vara.  March  2:1,  1.^49);  France  and  Sardinia  allied  de- 
feated Austria,  1869;  Lombardyanncxeii  to  Sardinia,  1869; 
Tuscany,  Parma,  .Modena,  and  Romagua  annexed,  1860; 
Naples  invaded  l>y  Garibaldi  in  1860.  and  annexed  ;  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  kin;;  of  Sardinia,  proclaimed  the  first  king 
of  Italy,  1861 ;  unsuccessful  attempts  of  Garibaldi  to  lib- 
erate Rome,  1862  and  1867;  capital  removeil  from  Turin  to 
Florence,  1866  ;  Italy  allied  with  Prussia  against  Austria 
in  the  war  of  1n66.  gaining  Venetia  :  occupation  of  Rome 
(which  became  the  capital)  Sept.  20,  1570  ;  entry  of  Italy 
Into  the  Triple  Alliance  1882.  Other  recent  events  are 
the  acquisition  of  foreign  {lossessions  in  Africa,  1886-89; 
the  increase  of  the  army  and  navy  ;  and  the  financial  diffl- 
ciilties.  Area,  110,623  siiuare  miles.  Population  (1901). 
32,475,255.  Foreign  possessitins :  Massowah  District, 
Assab  Territory,  Oaiilak  Archipelago,  abi>ut  260.000 
inhabitants  (see  Eritrea).  Protectorates :  Somaliland, 
Gallaland,  -Afar  Country,  etc. 

The  name  of  Italy  has  been  used  in  several  meaningsat 
different  times,  but  it  has  ahvays  meant  either  the  whole 
or  a  part  of  the  land  which  we  now  call  Italy.  The  name 
gradually  spread  itsell  out  from  the  extreme  south  to  the 
north.  At  the  time  when  our  survey  begins,  the  name 
did  not  go  beyond  the  long  narrow  peninsula  itself;  and 
indeed  it  hardly  took  in  the  whole  of  that.  During  the 
time  of  the  Roman  commonwealth  Italy  did  not  reacn 
beyond  the  little  rivers  Jlacraon  one  side,  near  Luna,  and 
Rubico  on  the  other  side,  near  Arimiuom.  The  land  to 
the  north,  as  far  as  the  Alps,  was  not  counted  for  Italy 
till  after  the  time  of  Caisar.   Freeman,  Uist.  Geog.,  p.  43. 

Northern  Italy  deserves  its  (ierman  appellation  of 
Wallschland ;  for  neither  the  Roman  nor  the  Iximbard 
conquest,  nor  the  ravages  of  Goths,  Huns,  or  Vandals, 
ever  rooted  out  the  offspring  of  those  Gallic  hordes  which 
settled  in  the  plain  of  the  Po  four  centuries  before  our 
era.  Rawlineon,  Herod.,  III.  185. 

2.  One  of  the  four  great  prefectures  in  the  later 
Roman  Empire.  It  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Italy, 
Ulyricum,  and  Africa,  corresponding  to  Italy  and  neigh- 
boring islands,  that  part  of  the  Austrian  empire  and  Ger- 
many northward  to  the  Danube,  and  nearly  all  the  western 
port  of  the  Rimian  possessions  in  Africa. 

3.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Italv.  It  comprised  Italy  and  neighboring  islands,  and 
Rha'tia  (Tyrol,  Orisons,  southern  Bavaria),  and  had  17 
provinces, 

Italy.  A  descriptive  poem  by  Samuel  Rogers, 
published  1822-28. 

Itasca  Lake  (i-tas'ka.  Ifik).  A  small  lake  in 
northern  Minnesota,  the  source  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, lat.  47°  13'  N.,  long.  95°  12'  W.  Height 
above  sea-level.  1,457  feet. 

Itenez  (eta'niiz),  or  Ites  (e-taz').  A  tribe  of 
Indians  of  northern  Bolivia,  on  the  rivers 
Guaiiori''  and  MumorC'.  It  appears  that  they  were 
anciently  found  as  f.ar  east  as  the  Paraguay.  They  are  saT- 
ages  of  a  low  grade,  and  have  always  been  independent. 
Their  language,  called  Itonama,  has  never  been  classified. 
Also  Itatm. 

Ites.     See  Itenez. 

Ithaca (ith'a-kii).  [Gr. 'WdA//.]  Oneof  the  Ionian 
Islands,  Greece.  2  miles  northeast  of  Cephalo- 
nia:  the  modern  Thiaki.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  chief  place  is  Vathy.  It  Is  famous  as  the  re- 
puteil  home  of  I'lysses.  Length,  14  miles.  Area,  37  square 
miles.     Population,  about  lo.OiKi. 

Ithaca.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Tompkins 
County,  New  York,  situated  near  the  head  of 
Cayuga  Lake,4G  miles  south-southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse. It  is  I  he  seal  of  ( 'ornell  University  (which 
see).     Population  (1900),  13,130. 

Ithake.     See  Ithaca. 

Ithamar(itli'ii-niar).  [neb.;Gr. 'ien/«ip.]  The 
yiiuiigcst  son  of  ,\aron. 

Ithamore  (ilir»-iii6r).  A  Turkish  slave  in  Mar- 
lowe's ".li  \v  of  Mulla."  "He  is  an  effective 
jiielui-e  of  the  basest  kiuJ  of  villain."      Ward. 

Ithobal.     See  Kthbaal. 

Ithome  (i-tho'me).  [Gr.  'Wu^i//.]  In  ancient 
geograpliy,  a  mountain  fortress  of  Messenia, 
(ireece,  28  miles  west-northwest  of  Spuria. 

Ithuriei  (i-thU'ri-el).  All  angel,  a  character  in 
Milton's  "Paradise  Lost,"  He  was  sent  by  Gabriel 
to  find  out  Satan.    The  slightest  Uiucb  of  his  spear  ex- 

Itineraries  of  Antoninus.  Two  ortlcial  lists  of 
the  slulioiis  or  the  roads  of  the  Koman  Empire, 
with  (listuiH'es  by  land  and  sen. 

Itinerary,  The.  An  account  by  John  Leland 
( l,')(U)-52)  of  his  .ionmeys  througli  F.ngland,  with 
ilescriptions  of  routes  and  matters  of  aiitioua- 
rinn  interest.  It  was  editeil  and  published  by 
Tliomns  Ilearne  in  1710. 

It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend.  A  novel  by 
( 'linrles  Keade,  published  in  1856  He  afterward 
dramatized  it. 


Itius  Portus 

Itius  Portus  (ish'i-us  por'tus).  [Gr.  to  "Itiov.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  place  from  which 
Ceesar  sailed  for  Britain :  generallj'  identified 
with  Wissant  or  Boulogne. 

ItO  (e'to),  Hirobumi,  Marquis.  Born  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Chosu,  Japan, in  1840.  A  noted  Japanese 
statesman:  premier  1886-88,1 892-96, Jau.-June, 
1898.  19"0-(H.  He  became  con\inced  of  the  advanta;.'es 
of  Western  civilization  through  visits  to  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  and  has  been  the  leader  in  the  introdnction 
of  European  ideas  and  political  methods  into  Japan.  He 
was  the  chief  founder  of  the  Japanese  constitution  of  18b9. 

Itonama.     See  Itene:. 

Ituraea  (it-u-re'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
district  hing  northeast  of  Palestine.  Its  location 
has  not  been  precisely  determined,  bnt  it  was  proliably 
southwest  of  Damascus  and  southeast  of  Mount  Hermon. 

Iturbide  (e-tor-be'Da),  AgUStin  de.  Born  at 
Valladolid  (now  MoreUa*,  Sept.  27,  1783:  died 
at  Padilla,  TamauUpas,  July  19,  1824.  A  Mexi- 
can revolutionist,  afterward  emperor.  He  was  a 
colonel  in  the  Spanish  army,  and  in  1820  was  in  command 
of  the  forces  operating  against  Guerrero  in  the  south.  On 
Feb.  24, 1821,  he  published  the  celebrated  manifestoknown 
as  the  "  Plan  of  Igual.i,"  in  whiclx  he  proposed  that  Mexico 
Bhould  be  made  independent  under  a  Spanish  Bourbon 
prince.  Guerrero  and  other  leaders  quickly  adhered  to 
this  plan  ;  the  viceroy  was  forced  to  resign  ;  and  O'Donoju, 
who  succeeded  him,  was  induced  to  recognize  the  inde- 
pendence of  Mexico  in  his  sovereign's  name.  But  Fer- 
dinand VIL  reg-arded  the  movement  as  a  rebellion,  and 
refused  the  crown  which  was  offered  to  him.  After  much 
quarreling,  Iturbide  himself  was  proclaimed  emperor  May 
18,  1822,  and  was  crowned  July  21.  A  strong  opposition 
to  him  was  quickly  manifested.  Santa  Anna  proclaimed 
a  republic  at  Vera  Cruz ;  an  army  of  insurgents  marched 
on  Mexico;  and  in  March,  1S23,  Iturbide  was  forced  to  re 
sign.  He  was  allowed  to  retire  to  Europe  with  a  large 
pension,  on  condition  that  he  should  not  return.  At- 
tempting to  enter  the  country  in  July,  1S24,  he  was  ar- 
rested and  shot, 

Iturbide,  AgUStin  de.  Bom  1863.  Grandson 
of  the  emperor  Iturbide.  His  mother  was  a  native 
of  the  United  States.  In  I860  he  was  adopted  by  the  em- 
peror Maxiniili.an,  and  made  heir  to  the  Mexican  throne. 
After  Maximilian's  death  he  was  taken  to  the  United  States, 
wliere  he  received  part  of  his  education.  He  is  now  an 
officer  in  the  Mexican  army. 

Ituzaing6(e-t6-za-eng-go').  A  plain  and  rivulet 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  of  Eio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  near  the  river  Santa 
Maria :  a  southern  branch  of  the  Ibicuy.  Here. 
Feb.  20, 1827,  the  Brazilians  (6,627)  under  the  Yiscount  of 
Barbacena  were  defeated  by  the  Argentines (10,557)  under 
Carlos  de  Alvear. 

Itys  (i'tis).  In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Tereus 
and  Proene.     See  Tereus. 

Itzehoe  (it'se-ho).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Sehleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the  Stor  33 
miles  northwest  of  Hamburg.  It  is  the  oldest  place 
in  Holstein,  and  was  formerly  the  place  of  meeting  of  the 
estates.    Population  (1S90),  commune,  12,481. 

luka  (i-u'ka).  The  capital  of  Tishemingo  Coun- 
ty, northeastei-n  Mississippi,  110  miles  east  by 
south  of  Memphis.  Here,  Sept.  19, 1862,  a  battle  was 
fought  between  tlte  Federals  under  Rosecrans  and  the  Con- 
federates under  Price.  Darkness  put  an  end  to  the  fight. 
The  Federal  loss  was  about  700  ;  that  of  the  Confederates, 
nearly  1,400.  Population  (1900),  882. 

lulus  (i-ii'lus).  Tn  classical  legend,  a  son  of 
Ascanius,  or,  according  to  other  accounts,  a  sur- 
name of  Ascanius  himself.     See  Ascanius. 

Ivan  (e-van')  I.,  suruamed  Kalita.  [Iran  is 
Euss.  for  Jo;i;i.]  Died  March  31,  1340.  Grand 
Duke  of  Moscow  1328^fl. 

Ivan  II.  Born  in  132(3 :  died  in  1359.  Grand 
Duke  of  Moscow  13.53-.59,  son  of  Ivan  I. 

Ivan  III.,  suraamed  "  The  Great."  Died  at  Mos- 
cow, Oct.  27,  1505.  Grand  Duke  of  Moscow 
1462-1505.  He  subjugated  Novgorod  in  1478, 
and  freed  himself  from  the  suzerainty  of  the 
Tatars  1480. 

Ivan  IV.,  surnamed  "  The  Terrible."  Born  Aug. 
25,  1530  :  died  March  18,  1584.  Czar  of  Russia. 
He  was  the  son  of  Vasili  IV.  whom  he  succeeded  as  grand 
duke  of  Moscow  in  1533.  He  assumed  in  1M7  the  title  of 
Czar  of  Russia, which  has  since  been  borne  by  the  monarchs 
of  RossLa.  He  annexed  Kazan  in  1552,  .\strakhan  in  1554, 
and  conquered  West  Siberia  near  the  end  of  his  reign. 

Ivan  V.  Born  Aug.  27, 1666:  died  Jan.  29. 1696. 
Czar  of  Russia  1(582-89.  He  was  the  half-brother 
of  Peter  the  Great,  to  whom,  being  mentally  and  physically 
unfitted  for  the  conduct  of  the  government,  he  resigned 
the  crown  in  1689. 

Ivan  VI.  Born  Aug.  24,1740:  died  Dec.  5,1764: 
Czar  of  Russia  174(5-41,  son  of  Anton  Ulrich  of 
Brunswick  and  Anna  Leopoldovna.  He  was  adopt- 


536 

ed  as  her  successor  by  the  Czarina  Anna  Ivanovna  whom 
he  succeeded  under  the  regency  of  Biron.  He  was  deposed 
by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  put  to  death  in  prison  in  consequence  of  a  rev- 
'  olution  in  his  behalf  by  Mirovitch. 

Ivanhoe  (i'van-ho).  A  historical  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1820:  named  from  its 
hero,  Wilfred,  knight  of  Ivanhoe.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  England  during  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
(1189-99). 

Ivanoff  (e-va'nof ),  Alexander  Andreyevitch. 
Born  at  St.  Petersbm-g,  l^iOG:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg. July  15,  1858.     A  Russian  painter. 

Ivanovo  (e  va'n6-v6).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  ^^adimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Uvo- 
da  66  miles  north-northeast  of  ^Hadimir.  It  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures,  especiallv  of  calico. 
Population,  20,910. 

Ivans,  Robert.     See  CapeUa.  n.  A.  de  Biito. 

Iviza  (e've-tha).  or  Ibiza  (e'Be-tha),  or  Ivipa 
(e've-tha).  One  of  the  Balearic  Islands.  50  miles 
southwest  of  Majorca :  the  ancient  Ebusus. 
The  chief  town  has  the  same  name.  Length, 
25  miles. 

Ivory  Coast.  That  part  of  the  coast  of  Upper 
Guinea,  West  Africa,  lying  west  of  the  Gold 
Coast  and  east  of  the  Grain  Coast,  or  Liberia: 
annexed  by  France  1892-93. 

Ivory  Gate,  The.  In  classical  mythology,  the 
gate  of  sleep  by  which  false  dreams  are  sent 
from  the  lower  world. 

I'vrea  (e-vra'a).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora  Baltea  29 
miles  north-northeast  of  Turin :  the  ancient 
Eporedia.  it  was  a  Roman  colony ;  was  for  a  time  the 
capital  of  a  marquisate  of  Ivrea ;  and  was  ceded  to  Savoy 
in  1248.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  castle.  Population,  com- 
mune, about  10,000. 

I'Vris  (i-'vres'),  orlbreez  (i-brez').  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

More  than  a  centtu^  ago  a  German  traveller  had  observed 
two  figures  carved  on  a  wall  of  rock  near  Ibreez,  or  Ivris, 
in  the  territory  of  the  ancient  Lykaonia.  One  of  them 
was  a  god  who  carried  in  his  hand  a  stalk  of  com  and  a 
bunch  of  grapes  ;  the  other  was  a  man  who  stood  before 
the  god  in  an  attitude  of  adoration.  Both  figures  were 
shod  with  Vioots  with  upturned  ends,  and  the  deity  wore 
a  tunic  that  reached  to  his  knees,  while  on  his  head  was  a 
peaked  cap  ornamented  with  horn-like  ribbons.  A  cen. 
tury  elapsed  before  the  sculpture  was  again  visited  by  an 
European  traveller,  and  it  was  again  a  German  who  found 
his  way  to  the  spot.  On  this  occasion  a  drawing  was  made 
of  the  "figures,  which  was  published  by  Ritter  in  his  great 
work  on  the  geography  of  the  world.  But  the  drawing 
was  poor  and  imperfect,  and  the  first  attempt  to  do  ad- 
equate justice  to  the  original  was  made  by  the  Rev.  E.  J. 
Davis  in  1S75.  He  published  his  copy,  and  an  account  of 
the  monument,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Bib- 
lical Archeeology  the  following  year.  He  had  noticed  that 
the  figures  were  accompanied  by  what  were  known  at  the 
time  as  Hamatliite  characters.  Threelinesof  these  were 
inserted  between  the  face  of  the  god  and  his  uplifted  left 
arm,  four  lines  more  were  engraved  behind  his  worship- 
per, while  below,  on  a  level  with  an  aqueduct  which  fed  a 
mill,  were  yet  other  lines  of  haU-obliterated  hieroglj"phs. 
It  was  plain  that  in  Lykaonia  also,  where  the  old  language 
of  the  countr>-  still  lingered  in  the  days  of  St.  Paul,  the  Hit- 
tite  system  of  writing  had  once  been  used. 

Sayce,  Hittites.  p.  61. 

Ivry-la-Bataille  (ev-re'lii-ba-tay').  A  village 
in  the  department  of  Eiu'e.  France.  42  miles 
west  of  Paris.  Here,  March  14, 1690.  Henry  IV.  defeated 
the  Catholic  Leaguers  under  the  Duke  of  Mayenne.  A 
memorial  pjTaniid  has  been  erected  on  the  battle-field. 

I'Vry-SUr-Seine  (ev-re'siir-siin' ).  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine,  France,  situated  near  the 
Seine  immediately  south  of  the  fortifications  of 
Paris.  It  has  important  manufactures.  Its  fort 
figured  in  the  war  of  the  Commune,  1871.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  22,357. 

Izils  (e-hels' ).  A  tribe  of  Indians,  of  Maya  stock, 
in  Guatemala. 

Ixion(iks-i'on).  [Gr. 'Ij/wr.]  In  Greek  legend. 
a  king  of  the  Lapithse,  father  of  Pirithous,  and 
father  by  a  cloud  (which  was  caused  by  Zeus  to 
take  the  form  of  Hera)  of  the  Centaurs.  For  boast- 
ing of  the  favors  of  the  fictitious  goddess,  he  was  punished 
in  the  lower  world  by  being  fastened  to  an  ever-revolving 
wheel. 

Ixion  in  Heaven,  A  burlesque  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  jrablished  in  1828. 

Ixtaccihuatl.    See  I:taceHiuatl. 

Ixtapalapa  (es-ta-pa-la'pa)  A  village  of  Mex- 
ico, in  the  Federal  District.  7  miles  southeast  of 


Iztaccibuatl 

Mexico  CMty.  Before  the  Spanish  conquest  it  was  a  place 
of  importance  on  the  canal  between  Lakes  Tezcuco  and 
Chalco,  and  was  noted  for  its  gardens.  On  an  adjoining 
hill  the  sacred  fire  was  kindled  at  the  beginning  of  each 
cycle  of  52  years.  Population,  about  3,000.  Also  writtea 
Ixtapalapam  or  Ixtapalapan. 

Irtlilxochitl  (est-lel-no-chet'l),  or  Ixlilxo- 
Chitl  (es-lel-Ho-chet'l).  Born  at  Tezcuco,  Mex- 
ico, about  1500.  A  son  of  the  chief  of  Tezcuco, 
in  Mexico,  who,  on  his  father's  death,  disputed 
the  succession  with  his  brother,  Cacama  (1516). 
The  war  ended  in  a  division  of  the  kingdom.  Cortes  sup- 
ported the  pretensions  of  Ixtliixochitl  and  deposed  Cacama. 
The  former  subsequentlyaided  Cortes  in  variouscampaigns. 

Ixtliixochitl,  Fernando   de    Alva   Cortes. 

Born  about  15(38 :  died  about  1(348.  A  Mexican 
historian,  of  native  race,  descended  from  the 
ancient  kings  of  Tezcuco.  He  was  an  official  inter- 
preter, and,  by  order  of  the  viceroy,  wTote  various  works 
on  the  ancient  Mexicans.  His  history  of  the  ChichimecB 
was  published  m  theKingsbo rough  collection,  and  a  French 
translation  was  printed  by  Ternaux-Compans  in  1840. 

Izabal  (e-tha-bal').  A  seaport  of  Guatemala, 
situated  on  Lake  Izabal  107  miles  northeast  of 
Guatemala. 

Izabal,  Lake.  --V  lake  in  Guatemala,  communi- 
cating with  the  Caribbean  Sea  by  the  RioDulce. 
Length,  about  30  miles.     Also  Golfo  Dulce. 

Izabel  de  Braganga  (e-za-bel'  de'bra-gan'sa). 
Princess.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  July  29, 1846. 
The  eldest  daughter  of  the  emperor  Pedro  II.  of 
Brazil,  and  heiress  to  the  Brazilian  throne  until 
the  abdication  of  her  father  in  1889.  On  Oct.  15, 
1864,  she  married  Louis  Gaston  d'Orleans,  Comte  d'Eu,  by 
whom  she  has  three  living  sons.  During  the  absence  of  the 
emperor  in  Europe  and  America  she  was  three  times  regent 
(1871-72, 1876-77, 1886-S9).     She  favored  the  clerical  party. 

Izalco  (e-thal'ko).  [Xahuatl.]  A  volcano  in  the 
western  part  of  Salvador.  4,937  feet  high,  which 
rose  quite  suddenly  in  the  latter  half  of  the  18th. 
century.  Ever  since  that  time  it  has  been  almost  con- 
stantly active,  the  eruptions  occurring  at  very  short  inter- 
vals. Occasionally  there  are  more  violent  outbreaks,  as 
that  of  March  19,  1809. 

Izar  (e-zar').  [Ar.  al-hdr,  the  girdle.]  The 
bright  third-magnitude  star  f  Bootis,  a  beauti- 
fully colored  double  star  in  the  waist  of  the 
constellation. 

Izard  (iz'ard),  Ralph.  Bom  near  Charleston, 
S.  C,  1742:  died  May  30, 1804.  An  American 
politician,  L'nited  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  1789-95. 

Izcohuatl  (es-ko-wat'l).  orlzcoatzin  (es-ko-at- 
seu').  [Xahuatl, 'obsidian  snake.']  Born  about 
1360 :  died  in  1436.  War-chief  or  (so-called) 
emperor  of  ancient  Mexico  from  1427.  Under 
him  the  city  first  rose  into  prominence,  and  became  the 
dominant  power  of  the  lake  valley.  Also  Izcoatl,  Itzcoatl, 
Izicoatl,  etc. 

Izdubar  (iz-do-bar'),  also  called  Gilgamesh 
(gil-ga'mesh).  The  principal  hero  of  certain 
ancient  Babylonian  legends.  They  are  called  the 
Baliylonian  "Ninirod  Epic,"  because  Izdubar  was  consid- 
ered tlie  prototype  of  ^Ninirod.who  is  mentioned  in  Gene- 
sis x.  The  exploits  of  Izdubar  are  briefly  as  follows :  Erech 
(Orchoeof  the  Greeks,  modem  "Warka),  the  capital  of  Slii- 
nar  (ShumirX  had  been  governed  by  Dn'uzu  (Tammuz, 
AdonisX  the  husband  of  Ishtar.  After  his  tragic  death  it 
was  subjected  by  the  Elamite  invaders.  In  this  emergency 
Izdubar  comes  from  his  native  place,  Marad,  to  Erech,  and 
with  the  help  of  the  demigod  Ea-bani  kiHs  the  last  Ela- 
mite usurper,  Khumbaba,  and  delivers  Erech.  Thereupon 
Islitar  offers  him  her  love  and  hand,  but  is  roughly  re- 
jected  by  him  and  reminded  of  her  former  amours,  which 
brought  oidyruin  and  death  to  the  lovers.  The  insulted 
goddess  cries  to  her  father  Ann  for  revenge.  Anu  create* 
a  monstrous  bull  and  sends  it  against  Erech,  but  the  ani- 
mal is  easily  killed  by  Izdubar  with  the  assistance  of  his 
friend  Ea-bani.  At'last  Ishtar  prevails  on  her  mother 
Anatu  to  smite  Ea-bani  with  death,  and  Izdubar  witli  a 
loathsome  disease,  a  kind  of  leprosy.  To  get  rid  of  hift 
malady  and  to  bring  back  his  friend  to  life,  Izdubar  decides- 
to  seek  for  his  ancestor  Hasisadra,  who  w-as  translated  to 
the  seat  of  the  blessed  and  enjoyed  there  immortality  with 
the  gods.  After  many  adventures  he  reaches  him.  Ha- 
sisadra describes  to  him  the  deluge  which  once  took  place, 
and  how  he  with  his  friends  was  saved  in  a  ship  that  he 
had  built  at  the  advice  of  the  god  Ea,  and  then  cures  him 
of  his  disease.  Izdubar  thereupon  returns  to  Erech,  and 
upon  his  lamentation  for  Ea-bani  the  gods  grant  the  lat- 
ter the  privilege  of  returning  from  th^  under  world. 

Iztaccmuatl  (es-tak-se'hwatl),  or  Ixtacci- 
huatl.  [Xahuatl,  from  iztac,  white,  and  ci- 
huatl,  -woman.]  A  mountain  in  Mexico,  north 
of  Popocatepetl.  Height,  16. 705  feet.  The  name 
originated  on  the  west  side,  where  the  mountain  beara 
some  resemblance  to  a  woman  lying  extended  in  a  white 
shroud.    The  summit  is  covered  by  glaciers. 


WK-iJ^J!*^ I,. ■o-iJ^iabalptir  (jnb  -  al  -  per  '  i.  or 
ri^' ,  /^^'-X?  ^\i  Jubbulpore  ( jub-biil-por' ). 
tJ^Jfiff-WVy'  !•  A  di\-ision  of  the  Central 
'^^  ^--'iBji'/.-  Provinces,  British  India. 
Area,  18,G88  square  miles. 
Population  (1881).  2,201.- 
633.-2.  A  district  in  the 
Jabalpiu- division,  intersect- 
ed by  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  78°  E. 
-Vrea,  3,948  sijuare  miles.  Population  (1891), 
748,146.-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Jab- 
alpur,  about  lat.  23°  10'  N.,  long.  80°  3'  E.  It 
is  an  important  trading  center.  Population,  in- 
ilu.liug  cantonment  (1891),  84.480. 

Jabbah  (jab'bil).  [Ar.  ikill  al-jehah,  crown  of 
tlie  forehead.]  The  fine  triple  star  v  Scorpii, 
■  ■f  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Jabbok  (jab'ok).  In  Bible  geography,  a  moun- 
tuin  stream  of  Gilead.  Palestine,  joining  the 
.liirdan  about  25  miles  north  of  the  Dead  Sea  : 
ilie  modern  Zurka.     Length,  about  50  miles. 

Jabesh,  or  Jabesh-Gilead  (Ja'besh-gil'e-iid). 
[Heb.,  '  dry.']  In  Bible  geography,  an  impor- 
tant town  in  Gilead,  Palestine.  Its  situation 
lias  not  been  identified. 

Jabez  (ja'bez).  A  person  mentioned  in  1  Chroii. 
iv.  9,  10  as  more  honorable  than  his  brethren. 

Jabin  (.ia'bin).  [Heb.,  'intelligent.']  In  Old 
Testament  history:  («)  A  king  of  Hazor  in 
Palestine,  defeated  by  Joshua  by  the  waters 
ofMerom.  Josh.  xi.  1-3.  (6)  A  king  of  Hazor, 
whose  general,  Sisera,  was  defeated  by  Barak. 
Judges  iv.  The  accounts  of  these  two  kinps  ami  tllcir 
overthrow  are  Tery  much  alike,  and  probably  relate  lu  the 
same  person  and  event. 

Jablunka  (yab-16n'k;i)  Pass.  A  pass  across  the 
Carpathians  in  Austria-Hungary.  It  connects  the 
ba.sins  of  the  Mlsa  in  Austrian  Silesia  and  the  Waa^  in 
Hungary,  and  is  traversed  Ijy  a  railway.  Height,  1.970 
feet. 

Jabne  (jab'ne),  or  Jabneel  (jab'ne-el  or  jab'- 
nel),  later  Janmia  (jam'iii-ii  or  jam-ni'a).  A 
Philistine  city  which  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  tribe 
of  Dan,  situated  between  Joppa  and  Ashdod, 
about  an  hour  distant  from  the  Slediterraueau  : 
the  modern  village  of  Yebna  or  Ibna.  It  was 
conquered  by  the  Maccabeans ;  given  by  Augustus  to  Her- 
od; and  by  the  will  of  Salome,  sister  of  Uerod.  lieoanic  pri- 
vate property  of  the  imperial  house,  but  was  destined  to 
play  an  important  part  in  .lewish  history,  liming  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Romans,  Titus  granted  permis- 
sion to  Jochanan  ben  Zaccai  to  establish  there  a  'I'almudic 
school.  After  the  fall  of  .lerusatem  a  Sanhedrim  was  also 
constituted,  and  .labiie  Ipccarne  for  centuries  the  center 
and  nursery  of  the  religious  and  national  life  of  the  dis- 
persed .lewish  community. 

Jaboatao  (zhii-V)wii-tiiii'),  Antonio  de  Santa 
Maria.  Born  nearPernambuco,  l(i95:  died  after 
1761.  A  Brazilian  Franciscan  author.  He.i,,ii- 
pied  various  posta  in  his  order,  of  which  he  was  chri>n icier 
in  Brazil.  His  most  important  work  is  the  "iirbe  Se- 
raphico  Novo  Brasilico"  (Part  I,  Lisbon,  ITtil  ;  Part  II, 
Rio  lie  Janeiro,  18.'>9).  It  Is  a  history  of  the  Seraphic 
Kranciscana  in  Brazil,  and  contains  much  of  general  in- 
teresL 

Jaca  (Hii'kii).  A  town  iuthe  province  of  Hues- 
ca,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Aragon  66  miles 
north-northeast  of  Saragossa.  It  has  a  cathe- 
dral, and  was  formerly  important. 

Jachin  (.ja'kin).  fH<b!,'(t!od)  establishes.']  1. 
The  fourth  son  of  Simeon.  Gen.  xlvi.  10. — 2. 
A  liricst,  head  of  tlie21st  course,  in  the  time  of 
David. —  3.  A  column  set  up  in  the  court  of 
Solomon's  temple.  Its  compauion  was  named 
Boaz. 

The  two  pillars,  Jachin  and  Boaz,  were  regarded  as  Ill- 
ram's  chef  d'o-nivres,  but  were  constructed,  jprobably,  In 
several  pieces.  The  shafts,  the  capitals,  and  the  bases 
were  certainly  distinct,  and  It  is  not  certain  that  even  the 
shaftA  were  in  one  piece.  The  wonilerfulness  of  the  pil- 
lars  was  In  their  ornamentation  rather  than  In  their  con- 
struction. Kach  was  adorned  with  "chain-work"  and 
"checker-work"(I  Kings  vli.  17),  with  "nets  "and  with 
"  pomegranates,"  two  hundred  of  these.  In  two  rows,  being 
embossed  on  either  column  (I  Kings  vll.  42). 

lia\clin«ijn,  Phoenicia,  p.  100. 

Jachmann  (viich'miin),  Eduard  Karl  Eman- 
uel. Born  at  Dantzic,  Prussia,  March  2,  1822: 
died  at  Oldenburg,  Oct,  23,  1887.     A  German 


vice-admiral.     He  defeated  the  Danes  near  Jasmund 
Mai'ch  17,  1S64.     He  became  president  of  the  ministrj-  of 
marine  in  1S67,  and  vice-admiral  in  IStiS,  and  was  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  North  Sea  1870-71- 
Jack  (.jak ),  Captain.     See  the  extract. 

Another  ally  appeared  at  the  camp.  This  was  a  person- 
age long  known  in  Western  tlresi<le  story  as  Captain  Jack, 
the  Black  Hunter,  or  the  lilaek  Kille.  It  was  said  of  him 
that,  having  been  a  settler  on  the  farthest  frontier,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Juniata,  he  returned  one  evening  to  his 
cabin  and  found  it  burned  to  the  ground  by  Indians,  and 
the  bodies  of  his  wife  and  children  lying  among  the  ruins. 
He  vowed  undying  vengeance,  raised  a  band  of  kindred 
spirits,  dressed  and  painted  like  Indians,  and  became  the 
scourge  of  the  red  man  and  the  champion  of  the  white. 
But  he  and  his  wild  crew,  useful  as  they  might  have  been, 
shocked  Braddock's  sense  of  military  fitness  ;  and  he  re- 
ceived them  so  ct)ldly  that  they  left  hira. 

Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  I.  204. 

Jack,  Colonel.     See  Colonel  Jack. 

Jack  and  Jill.  An  English  nursery  song.  Jill  or 
Gill  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  once  common  feminine  name 
Giflmn  or  Julian  (L.  Juliana).  In  Icelandic  mythology, 
Jack  and  Jill  are  two  children  kidTiapjied  by  the  moon, 
while  drawing  water,  which  is  carried  on  their  shoulders 
in  a  bucket  suspended  from  apole.  The  Swedish  peasatits 
still  account  for  the  moon-spots  in  this  way.  A  play  with 
this  title  was  popular  at  the  English  court  between  1567 
and  1578. 

Jack  and  the  Bean-stalk.  An  English  nur- 
sery tale,  founded  on  a  world-wide  myth.  It  is 
found  among  the  Zulus  of  South  Africa  and  the  North 
American  Indians,  as  well  as  among  the  races  of  Aryan 
descent. 

Jack  and  the  Bean-stalk  may  be  added  to  the  series  of 
English  nursery  tales  derived  from  the  Teutonic.  The 
bean->talk  is  a  descendant  of  the  wonderful  ash  in  the 
"  i;dda. "  HaUiwt'U,  Nursery  Rhymes,  p.  175. 

Jack  the  Giant-killer.  The  hero  of  a  nursery 
legend.  The  story  wasoriginally  in  Walter  ilap's book, 
and  he  obtained  it  from  France  in  the  early  part  of  the 
12th  century.  It  was  written  iit  British  or  .\rmoric,  and 
translated  into  Latin  by  Geolfrey  of  Monmouth. 

Jack  Brag.  A  novel  l)y  Theodore  Hook,  pub- 
lished ill  1837.  Jack  Brag  is  a  vulgiir  braggart  who 
contrives  to  get  into  gooii  society. 

Jack  Horner.  An  old  nursery  rime,  the  hero 
of  which  "sat  in  a  corner  eating  his  Christmas 
pie."  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  this  class  of  rimes, 
.\  copy  of  his  "pleasant  hist^iry  "  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,  which  is  in  substance  much  the  same  as 
"The  Fryer  and  the  Boy.  ■published  in  London  1617.  Hal- 
liwell  says  ■•  tioth  are  from  the  more  ancient  'Jack  and  his 
step-dame,' printed  by  .Mr.  Wright.* 

Jack-in-the-Green.  A  puppet  character  in  the 
Knglisli  May-day  games. 

Jackson  (jak'son).  [The  surname  Jackson 
stands  for  Jack's  son."]  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Jackson  County,  Micliigan,  situated  on  tlie 
(irand  Kiver  75  miles  west  of  Detroit.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  25,180. 

Jackson.  Tlic  capital  of  Mississippi  and  of 
Hinds  Ciiuntv,  situated  on  the  Pearl  1-iivcr  in 
lat.  32°  18'  N",  long.  90°  8'  W.  It  exports  cotton. 
Here,  .May  14,  lSf'.:l.  the  Federals  under  (Jrant  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  J.  F..  Jobii-'^ton.  Federal  loss,  300; 
I'.iMtcderate,  846.     Population  (IWloi,  7,«1G. 

Jackson.  A  city  and  the  cajiital  of  Madison 
County, Tennessee, situatcdon  the  Forked  Deer 
River  77  miles  northeast  of  Memphis.  It  ex- 
ports cotton.     Population  (1900).  14,511. 

Jackson,  Andrew.  Bom  at  tlie  Waxhaw  set- 
llciiieiit,  N.  I'.,  .\lai'.-li  15,  1767:  dii'd  at  tlic 
Hermitage,  luar  .N'aslivillc,  Teiin.,  .lune  8,  18-15. 
Tlic  seventh  I'rcsidcnl  of  tlic  I'nitcd  Slates 
( 1829-37 ).  lie  was  member  of  Congress  from  Tcmicssee 
1796-97  ;  t  nited  .states  senator  1797-»S  ;  justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Tennessee  179S-18II4  ;  defeated  the  Creeks 
at  Talladega  in  18l:t,  and  at  Einuckfau  anil  Horseshoe 
Benii  in  1S14;  captured  Pensacola  from  the  English  In 
1HI4 ;  defeated  the  Knglisli  under  Sir  Kilward  Pakeiiham 
al  Sew  llrleans  Jan.  8,  isl.'. ;  commanded  against  the 
Seminoles  1817-1,h;  was  governor  of  Florida  Territory  In 
ISJl  ;  was  I'liited  Slates  senator  from  Tennessee  I8'i3-2.'i ; 
was  an  unsucce8.sful  candidate  for  President  1824  ;  was 
elected  as  the  liemocratic  canilidate  tor  President  In  1828; 
and  was  reelected  In  ls;i-.'.  He  inaugurated  the  "spoils 
system  "  In  Federal  politics  by  dismissing  about  (IIKI  olllce. 
holders  during  the  llrst  year  of  his  administration,  as 
against  74  removals  by  all  the  preceding  Presidents.  In 
July,  1832,  he  vetoed  a  bill  recharlering  the  Bank  of  the 
I  nited  States.  He  published,  llec.  11,  1832,  a  proclamation 
In  answer  to  the  niillillcation  ordinance  passed  liy  ,Soulli 
Carolina  Nov.  24,  1832,  declaring  void  certain  obnoxioiu 
6S7 


duties  on  imports.  In  this  proclamatiOD  he  announced 
his  intention  of  enforcing  the  Federal  laws,  and  ordered 

United  states  tr<io[,s  to  Charleston  and  Augusta,  with  the 
result  that  the  nullillers  submitted. 

Jackson,  Charles  Thomas.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
Mass..  June  21, 1S05:  died  at  Somerville.  Mass., 
Aug.  29, 1880.  An  American  geologist  and  phy- 
sician. He  graduated  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1829,  and  after  having  completed  his  studies  abroail  prac- 
tised medicine  for  a  time  at  Boston.  He  eventually  aban- 
doned medicine,  and  in  1838  opened  alaboratory  at  Boston 
for  instruction  in  analytical  chemistry.  He  became  State 
geologist  of  Maine  in  383G,  and  of  Rllode  Island  in  1839, 
and  ill  1847  was  appointed  by  Congress  to  survey  the  min- 
eral lands  of  SUcliigan.  He  constructed  in  1834  a  tele- 
graphic apparatus  similar  to  that  patented  by  Morse  in 
1835,  and  in  1852  he  received  a  prize  from  the  French  -Aca- 
demy for  the  discovery  of  etherization. 

Jackson,  Mrs.  (Helen  Maria  Fiske,  later  Mrs. 

Hunt):  pseudonym  H.  H.  Born  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Oct.  18, 1831 :  died  at  San  Francisco,  Aug. 
12, 1885.  An  American  poet,  novelist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  In  1883  she  was  appointed  special 
commissioner  to  e.vamine  into  the  condition  of  the  Mis- 
sion Indians  of  CaliforniiL  Among  her  works  are  "Mercy 
Philbrick'8Choice"(187t;),  "Hetty's  Strange  Hi8tory"(1877), 
"A  Century  of  Dishonor,  etc."  (18S1).  and  "Ramona" 
(1884).  She  also  published  several  volumes  of  poems,  tales, 
"Bits  of  Talk,"  etc. 
Jackson,  John,  Bom  in  Yorkshire,  England, 
1778:  diedat  London,  June  1,1831.  An  English 
portrait-painter,  a  friend  of  WilkieandHaydon. 
One  of  his  best  works  is  the  portrait  of  Canova  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1820. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan,  commonly  called 
Stone'wall  Jackson.    Boi-n  at  Chirksburg,  W. 

Va.,  Jan.  21,  1824  :  died  near  Cliancellorsville, 
Va.,  May  10, 1863.  A  noted  Confederate  general 
in  the  American  Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1840  ;  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war; 
and  resigned  from  the  army  in  1852,  having  become  (ls51) 
professor  of  physics  and  artillery  tactics  in  \'trginia  ilili- 
taiy  Institute.  He  joined  the  Confederate  army  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War,  and  served  as  a  brigadier-general 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  .luly  21,  1861.  Having  at  a 
critical  period  in  this  engai:ciiit'iit  been  sent  forward  to  re. 
store  the  battle  on  the  i  onlcderate  left,  he  maintained  an 
exposed  position  against  gre.-it  odds  until  the  broken  forces 
were  enabled  to  rally.  In  ralh  ing  his  tri-ojis  cieiiend  Ber- 
nard K.  Bee  cried  :  "See,  there  is  .'ackson  standing  like  a 
stone  wall !  Rally  on  the  Virginians  I '  (w  hence  the  sobrl- 
(juet  Stonewall  Jackson).  He  was  promoted  major-general 
in  Sept.,  1S61;  was  defeatetl  by  tieneral  Shields  near  Win- 
chester, .March  23, 1862;  defeated  Genenil  Banks  at  Win- 
chester, May  25,  1862;  fought  an  indecisive  battle  with  Gen- 
eral Fremont  at  Cross  Keys,  June  8,  lstl2;  commanded  a 
corps  at  the  battles  of  t.aines's  Mill,  June  27,  ami  Malvern 
Hill, July  1,1862;  defeated  Oenenil  Banks  at  CedarMoun- 
tain,  Virginia.  Aug.  9, 1^62  ;  captured  Harper's  Ferry,  Sept. 
1,5,  1862,-  participated  In  the  battle  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 
1862;  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec. 
13, 1862  ;  was  prvimoted  lieiitenant-genernl ;  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  his  own  men  at  the  battle  of  Chancellors- 
ville  on  the  evening  of  May  2.  18('Ct,  as  he  was  returning 
from  a  reconnais.sa!ico  beyond  the  lines. 

Jackson,  William.  Bom  at  Exeter,  May  28, 
1730:  died  there,  July  12,  1803.  An  English 
musical  eompo.ser,  known  as  Jackson  of  Exe- 
ter. Hewrote"The  Lord  of  the  Maiior"(an  opera,  1780), 
"The  Metamorphosis"  (an  opera,  178:1),  and  much  churcil 
music,  settings  for  poems,  songs,  etc., and  several  vtdunioa 
of  imulrigals.  canziuieta,  etc. 

Jackson,  William.  Bom  at  Masliam,  York- 
sliiic.  .I;in.  9,  1815:  died  at  Bradford,  April  \^. 
l.Stiti.  An  English  musical  composer.  Besides  a 
number  of  hymns  ami  chant-s  he  wrote  "The  Deliverance 
of  Israel,  etc. "(an  oratorio,  ]>roduced  In  1847),  "Isaiah  '(an 
oratorio,  18.54),  songs,  and  a  giHitl  deal  of  sacred  music 
Ills  last  work.  "The  Praise  of  Music,"  was  comiK»sed  for 
the  Bradford  festival  (ISUii).    He  did  not  live  to  conduct  It. 

Jackson'Ville  (jak'son-vil).  A  citv  ami  the 
ciipitiil  of  lliiviil  Coiintv,  Floriihi.  situated  on 
the  SI.  John's  Hiver  in  hit.  3(P  20'  X..  long.  81° 
.39'  W.  It  Is  a  railway.  slcamlM>ar,  and  commercial  cen- 
ter, with  trade  in  gmln  and  fruit ;  Is  now  the  largest  city 
Inthe.siate:  and  l.<  noted  a»a  winter  health-resort,  Pop- 
lllalion  inNMII.  'J8,4'J'.I. 

Jacksonville.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Morgan 
County.  lUinoiH.  situated  near  Mauvaiseterrc 
Creek  30  miles  west  by  south  of  Siiringliehl.  it 
Is  the  seat  of  Illinois  College,  ami  has  various  other  educa- 
tional as  well  as  charitable  Institutions.  PopuliUon  (1900), 
15,ll7M. 

Jack  Sprat.     An  English  nursery  rime. 

Few  cliildn-n's  rhymes  are  more  common  than  those  re- 
lating to  Jack  Sprat  and  his  wife,  "Jack  Sprat  could  eat  no 


Jack  Sprat 

fat,"  etc. ;  but  it  i3  little  tliought  they  have  been  current 
for  two  centuries.  .Sul-Ii,  tiowever,  is  the  fact,  and  when 
Howell  published  his  Collection  of  Proverbs  in  1059,  p.  2o, 
the  story  relatecf  to  no  less  exalted  a  personage  than  an 
arcbdeacoH : 

"Archdeacon  Pratt  would  eat  no  fat, 
His  wife  would  eat  no  lean  : 
'Twixt  Archdeacon  Pratt  and  Joan  his  wife. 
The  meat  was  eat  up  clean." 

Halliwell,  Nursery  Rh>'me3. 

Jack  Tier.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  publislied  iu  18-18. 
It  is  a  recasting  of  "The  Ked  Rover." 

Jack  Upland.  An  attack  on  friars,  in  prose, 
added  by  Speght  to  Chaucer's  works  in  his  1602 
edition,  but  evidently  not  Chaucer's. 

JacmeKzhak-mel').  A  seaport  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Haiti,  lat.  18°  14'  N.,  long.  72°  34'  W. 
Population,  estimated,  ,30,000. 

Jacob  (ja'kob).  [F.  Jacohe,  Sp.  Pg.  Jacobo,  It. 
Jdciipo,  Giiu'oho,  G.  Dau.  S\v.  Jflfrofi  (in  vernacu- 
lar F.  Jacques,  Jaqiies,  -whence  E.  Jack),  from 
LL.  Jacobus,  Grv.'IaKuji,  Heb.  Yaqobh,  of  uncer- 
tain origin,  but  explained  as  '  supplanter.'  See 
James.']  The  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebekah  and  twin 
brother  of  Esau :  father  of  the  twelve  patriarchs, 
and  ancestor  of  the  Israelites.  The  date  of  his 
immigration  into  Egypt  is  given  by  Brugsch  as 
about  1730  B.  c. 

A  kind  of  synonjTn  of  Israel  was  Jakobel,  "He  whom  El 
rewards,"  or  "He  who  follows  El,  whomarclies  step  by  step 
In  the  ways  that  He  baa  traced. "  This  name  was  abridged 
to  Jacob,  as  that  of  Irhamel  was  to  Irhani,  or  Calbei  to 
Caleb.  Beni-Jacob  or  Beni-Israel  was  the  name  of  the 
tribe  ;  and  in  course  of  time  Jacob  was  taken  to  be  a  living 
person,  grandson  of  Abraham. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I,  90. 

Jacobabad  (ja'kob-a-bad').  ['Jacob's  city.' 
named  from  Gen.  Jolin  Jacob,  1847.]  A  to-wn 
and  military  station  in  Sind,  British  India,  about 
lat.  28°  14'"N.,  long.  68°  28'  E. 

Jacob  Faithful.  A  novel  by  Marryat,  published 
in  1834  •  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

Jacob!  (ja-ko'bi ;  G.  pron.  ya-ko'be),  Abraham. 
Born  at  Hartum,  Westphalia,  May  6,  1830.  A 
German-American  physician.  He  graduated  M.  D. 
at  Bonn  in  1851,  removed  to  the  United  States  in  1.S53,  and 
became  professor  of  diseases  of  children  in  the  New  York 
Medical  College  in  1861,  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  18ti7,  and  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1870.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Dentition  and  its  Derangements  "  (186.3),  "Infant  Diet" 
(1874),  "A  Treatise  on  Diphtheria  "  (1880),  and  "The  In- 
testinal I)iseases  of  Infancy  and  Childhood  "  (1S87). 

Jacob!  (ya-ko'be),  Friedrich  Heinrich.    Bom 

at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Jan.  25,  1743:  died  at 
Munich,  March  10, 1819.  A  noted  German  phi- 
losopher. He  was  the  son  of  a  merchant.  After  study- 
ing in  Geneva  he  applied  himself  (176-2) to  his  father's  busi 
ness.  In  1779  he  was  called  to  Munich,  where  he  became 
privy  councilor,  remaining  there  until  1794.  From  that 
date  until  1804  he  resided  in  various  places  in  northern 
Germany,  returning  in  tlte  latter  year  to  Munich,  where  he 
became  (ISO")  president  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  His 
chief  works  are  "Woldeniar"  (1779X  "Eduard  Allwills 
Briefsammlung"  (1781),  "Ober  die  Lehre  des  Spinoza" 
(1785),  "David  Hume  uber  den  Glauben"  (1787),  "Send- 
schreiben  an  Fichte"  (1799), 

Jacobi,  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  DUsseldorf, 
Prussia,  Sept.  2,  17-40 :  died  at  Freiburg,  Baden, 
Jan.  4,  1814.  A  Gorman  poet,  elder  brother  of 
F.  H.  Jacobi,  professor  of  philosophy  and  rhet- 
oric at  Halle,  and  later  of  literature  at  Freiburg. 

Jacobi,  Karl  Gustav  Jakob.  Born  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Dee.  10,  1804:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18, 
1851.  Aeelebrated  German  mathematician,  bro- 
ther of  M.  H.  Jacobi,  especially  noted  for  his  dis- 
coveries in  elliptic  functions.  .He was  professor  at 
KoniBsberglS27-!2,  and  later  taught  at  Berlin.  His  "i-'un- 
damenta  nova  tlieoriai  f  unctionum  ellipticarum  "  was  pub- 
lished in  18-29. 

Jacobi.  Moritz  Hermann.  Bom  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Sept.  21,  1801:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
March  10,  1874.  A  German  physicist.  He  went 
to  St  Petersburg  in  1837,  where  he  later  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  a  councilor  of  state. 
He  invented  the  process  of  electrotyping  1839  (described 
in  his  "  Galvanoplastik,"  1840),  and  the  application  of  elec- 
tromagnetism  as  a  motive  power, 

Jacobini  (yiUko-be'ne),  Ludovico.  Bom  at  Gen- 
zano,  near  Rome,  Jan.  6,  1832:  died  at  Rome, 
Feb.  27, 1887.  An  Italian  cardinal,  papal  secre- 
tary of  state  1880-87. 

Jacobins  (jak'o-binz).  1.  In  France,  the  black 
or  Dominican  friars:  so  called  from  the  Chttreh 
of  St,  Jacques  (Jacobus),  iu  which  they  were 
first  estabhshed  in  Paris. —  2.  The  members  of  a 
club  or  society  of  French  revolutionists  organ- 
ized in  1789  under  the  name  of  Society  of  Friends 
of  the  Constitution,  and  called  Jacobins  from 
the  Jacobin  convent  in  Paris  in  which  they  met. 
The  club  originally  included  many  of  the  moderate  leaders 
of  the  Revolution,  but  the  more  violent  members  speedily 
gained  the  control.  It  had  branches  in  all  parts  of  France, 
and  was  all-powerful  in  determining  the  course  of  govern- 
ment, especially  after  Robespierre  became  its  leader,  sup- 


538 

porting  him  in  the  measures  which  led  to  the  Reign  of  Ter- 
ror. .Many  of  its  members  were  executed  with  Robespierre 
in  July,  1794,  and  tlie  club  was  suppressed  in  November. 
Jacobites  (jak'o-bits).  1.  In  Englisli  history, 
partizans  or  adherents  of  James  II.  after  he  ab- 
dicated the  tlirone,  or  of  his  descendants.  The 
Jacobites  engaged  in  fruitless  rebellions  in  1715  and  1745, 
in  behalf  of  James  Francis  Edward  and  of  Charles  Edward, 
son  and  grandson  of  James  II.,  called  the  Old  and  Y'oung 
Pretender  respectively. 

2.  A  sect  of  Christians  in  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
etc.,  originally  an  offshoot  of  the  Monophysites. 
The  sect  lias  its*  name  from  Jacobus  Barada^us,  a*  Syrian, 
consecrated  bishop  of  Edessa  about  54L  The  head  of  the 
church  is  called  the  Patriarch  of  Antioch. 

Jacobs  (ya'kops).  Christian  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm.  Born  at  Gotha,  Gennany,  Oct.  6,  1764: 
died  at  Gotha,  March  30, 1847.  A  German  clas- 
sical scholar  and  author,  librarian  and  director 
of  the  various  art  collections  at  Gotha.  He  pub- 
lished translations  and  editions  of  the  classics,  juveniles, 
and  "  Elementarbuch  der  griechischen  Sprache  "  (1805). 

Jacobs,  Paul  Emil.  Bom  at  Gotha,  Aug.  18, 
1802:  died  there,  Jan.  C,  1866.  A  German  his- 
torical painter,  son  of  C.  F.  W.  Jacobs. 

Jacob's  Well.  A  well,  near  Sheehem,  where 
Jesus  conversed  with  a  woman  of  Samaria,  it 
seems  to  be  identical  with  the  Bir  Vakub,  still  existing 
near  Nablus. 

Jacoby  (ya-ko'bi),  Johann.  Bom  at  Kouigs- 
berg,  Prussia,  May  1,  1805:  died  at  Kouigsberg, 
March  6,  1877.  A  Prussian  radical  politician, 
of  Hebrew  descent. 

Jacopo  de  Voragine  (yil'ko-pd  de  v6-ra'ji-ne). 
Bom  at  Viraggio,  near  Genoa,  1230 :  died  1298. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  the  compiler  of  the  '•  Le- 
genda  aurea"  (ed.  by  Grasse  1846). 

Jacotot  (zhii-ko-to' ),  Jean  Joseph.  Born  at  Di- 
jon, France,  March  4,  1770:  died  at  Paris,  -July, 
1840.  A  French  educator,  professor  of  the 
French  language  and  literature  at  Louvain 
1818-40.  He  devised  a  method  of  instruction 
which  is  described  in  his  ' "  L'Enseignement  uni- 
versel"  (1823). 

His  method  of  teaching  is  based  on  three  principles :  1. 
All  men  have  an  equal  intelligence ;  2.  Every  m<an  has  re- 
ceived from  God  the  faculty  of  being  able  to  instruct  him- 
self;  3.  Every  thing  is  in  every  thing.  The  first  of  these 
principles  is  certainly  wrong,  although  Jacotot  tried  to 
explain  it  by  asserting  that,  although  men  had  the  same 
intelligence,  they  ditfered  widely  in  the  will  to  make  use 
of  it.  Still,  it  is  important  to  assert  that  nearly  all  men 
are  capable  of  receiving  some  intellectual  education,  pro- 
vided the  studies  to  which  they  are  directed  are  wide 
enough  to  engage  their  faculties,  and  the  means  taken  to 
interest  them  are  sufficiently  ingenious.  The  second  prin- 
ciple lays  down  that  it  is  more  necessary  to  stimulate  the 
pupil  to  learn  for  liimself  than  to  teach  him  didactically. 
The  third  principle  explains  the  process  which  Jacotot 
adopted.  To  one  learning  a  language  for  the  first  time 
he  would  give  a  short  passage  of  a  few  lines,  and  encour- 
age the  pupil  to  study  first  the  words,  then  the  letters,  then 
the  grammar,  then  the  full  meaning  of  the  expressions, 
until  by  iteration  and  accretion  a  single  paragraph  took 
the  place  of  an  entire  literature.     Encyc.  Brit.,  VII.  677. 

Jacciuard  (zha-kar'),  Joseph  Marie.    Bom  at 

Lyons,  July  7, 1752 :  died  at  Oullins,  near  Lyons, 
Aug.  7, 1834.  A  French  mechanic,  inventor  of 
the  Jaequard  loom  about  1801. 
Jacqueline  (zhiik-len'),  G.  Jakobaa  (ya-ko- 
ba'ii),  of  Bavaria  or  of  Holland.  Born  1401 : 
died  at  the  castle  Teilingen,  on  the  Rhine,  1436. 
Daughter  of  William  VI.  of  Holland,  whom  she 
succeeded  in  Holland  and  Hainaut  in  1417.  she 
carried  on  a  noted  conflict  with  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  to 
whom  she  surrendered  her  lands  in  1433. 

Jacquemont  (zhak-m6n'),  Victor.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  11,  1801:  died  at  Bombay,  Dec.  7, 
1832.  A  French  naturalist  and  traveler  in  In- 
dia (1829-32).  His  journal  and  two  volumes  of 
letters  were  published  after  his  death. 

Jacquerie  (zhak-re').  [F.,  from  Jacques,  a  com- 
mon name  for  a  peasant.]  In  French  history, 
a  revolt  of  the  peasants  against  the  nobles  in 
northern  France  in  1358,  attended  by  great  de- 
vastation and  slaughter. 

Jacques  (zhak)  I.,  Emperor  of  Haiti.  See  Des- 
.^alincs. 

Jacques  Bonhomme.  [F.,' Goodman  James.'] 
Among  the  French,  a  general  name  for  a  peas- 
ant :  used  somewhat  contemptuously. 

Jacquin  (zha-kan'),  Baron  Nikolaus  Joseph 
von.  Bom  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  Feb.  16, 
1727:  diedatVienna,Oct.  24, 1817.  Anoted bota- 
nist, professor  of  botany  and  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  and  author  of  numerous 
scientific  works.  From  1755-59Tie  made  exten- 
sive scientific  explorations  in  South  America. 

Jacundas  (zha-kon-das').  A  horde  of  Brazilian 
Indians  of  the  Tupi  race,  on  the  river  Tocan- 
tins,  below  the  confluence  of  the  Araguaya,  and 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  river  Capim.  Also 
written  Yaciindas. 

Jade,  or  Jahde  (ya'de).  Bay  or  Estuary.    An 


Jahangir 

inlet  of  the  North  Sea,  north  of  Oldenburg,  Gap. 
many. 

Jadin  (zha-dan.'),  Louis  Emmanuel.    Bom  at 

Versailles,  France,  Sept.  21, 1768 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  11,  1853.  A  French  composer,  author  of 
many  operas,  including  "  Jocoude"  (1790)  and 
"Mahomet  n."(1803);  "La  bataille  d'Auster- 
litz,"  an  orchestral  piece ;  and  many  string  quin- 
tets, nocturnes,  etc. 

Jael  (ja'el).  [Heb. ;  Gr.  'la;/?,.]  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  the  wife  of  Heber  the  Kenite,  and 
the  slayer  of  Sisera  (Judges  iv.  17-22).  See 
Sisera. 

Jaell  (ya'el),  Alfred.    Born  at  Triest,  Austria- 
Hungary,  March  5, 1832:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1 
1882.     An  Austrian  pianist  and  composer. 

Jaen  (na-en').  1.  A  province  in  Andalusia, 
Spain.  Capital,  Jaen.  It  is  bounded  by  Ciudad  Real 
on  the  north,  Albacete  and  Granada  on  the  east,  Granada 
on  the  south,  and  Cordova  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  Area,  5,184  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
437,842. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Jaen,  situated 
on  the  river  Jaen  in  lat.  37°  46'  N.,  long.  3°  49' 
W.  It  contains  a  castle  and  a  cathedral.  It  was  an  im- 
portant Moorish  city  and  the  capital  of  a  small  Moorish 
kingdom.    Population  (1887),  25,706. 

Jaffa  (Jaffa  or  yiif'fa),  or  Yafa  (ya'fa),  Heb. 
Japho  ( jii'fo).  A  seaport  of  Palestine,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  32°  2'  N.,  long.  34° 
47'  E.:  the  ancient  Joppa.  It  is  often  mentioned  in 
biblical  history.  It  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  by 
the  Crusaders ;  was  stormed  by  the  French  under  Kapoleon 
in  1(99 ;  was  taken  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1832 ;  and  was  re- 
stored to  Turkey  in  1841.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Jaffa- 
Jerusalem  Railway.     Population,  about  15,00a 

Jaffier.  A  conspirator  in  Otway's  "Venice  Pre- 
served."    He  is  the  husband  of  Belvidera. 

JafBia  (jiif'na),  or  Jaffnapatam  (jiif*na-pa- 
tam').  1.  An  island  at  the  northern  extremity 
of  Ceylon. —  2.  A  seaport  on  the  western  coast 
of  the  island  of  Jaffna,  situated  in  lat.  9°  41' 
N.,  long.  80°  E.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1617,  by  the  Dutch  in  1668,  and  by  the  British  in  1795.  Pop- 
ulation, about  40,000. 

Jagannatha.     See  Juggernaut. 

Jagas  (zhii-gils' ).  A  Portuguese  name  of  a  sav- 
age African  tribe  which  invaded  the  kingdom  of 
the  Kongo  in  the  16th  century.  They  are  called 
Giaghi  by  Italian  writers.     See  Fan  and  Yalta. 

Jagello  (ya-gel'16),  or  Jagjello.  Died  at  Gro- 
dek,  near  Lemberg,  1434.  Grand  Duke  of  Lith- 
uania from  1381.  He  embraced  Christianity  and  mar- 
ried Hedwig,  queen  of  Poland,  whereby  he  ascended  the 
Polish  throne  as  Wladislaw  II.  in  1386.  He  defeated  the 
Teutonic  Knights  at  Tannenberg  in  1410. 

Jagellons  (ya-gel'onz).  A  dynasty,  founded 
by  Jagello,  which  reigned  in  Poland  138(5-1572. 
It  fttmished  nders  also  to  Lithuania,  Hungary, 
and  Bohemia. 

Jagemann  (yii'ge-man),  Karoline.  Born  at 
Weimar,  Gei-many,  Jan.  5,  1778:  died  at  Dres- 
den, July  10, 1848.  A  noted  German  singer,  she 
made  her  debut  in  1795  at  Mannheim,  and  the  next  year 
at  Weimar  produced  so  great  an  effect  that  both  Goethe 
and  Schiller  interested  themselves  in  her.  In  1801  she  had 
another  success  at  Berlin.  On  her  return  to  Weimar  she 
became  the  mistress  of  the  grand  duke,  but  her  caprice 
was  so  troublesome  that  in  1817  Goethe  gave  up  the  direc- 
tion of  the  theater  to  avoid  her.  She  took  the  name  of  Ma- 
dame Keuendorf,  and  remained  at  Weimar  tiU  the  death 
of  the  grand  duke,  when  she  retired  to  Dresden. 

Jagerndorf  (ya'gem-dorf).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Silesia,  Austria-Hungary,  on  the  Oppa, 
near  the  Prussian  frontier,  14  miles  northwest  of 
Troppau.    Population  (1891),  commune,  14,257. 

Jagersfontein  Excelsior,  The.  The  largest 
known  diamondin  the  world,found  in  theOrange 
Free  State,  South  Africa,  June  2, 1893,  and  now 
in  London,  it  was  found  in  the  mine  of  the  Jagersfontein 
Company.  Its  weight  is  971  carats  ;  its  color  blue-white^ 
and  almost  perfect. 

Jagic  (ya'gich),  Vatroslav  (Ignatius).  Bom 
at  Warasdin,  Croatia,  July  6,  1838.  A  Croatian 
philologist,  professor  of  comparative  philology 
at  Odessa  1871-74,  and  later  at  Berlin :  author 
of  works  on  Slavnc  philology. 

Jagst  (yagst),  or  Jaxt  (yakst).  1.  A  river  in 
■\\  iirtemberg,  joining  the  Neckar  6  miles  north 
of  Jleilbronn.  Length,  over  100  miles. —  2.  A 
circle  of  northeastern  Wiirtemberg.  Area,  1,983 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  402,991. 

Jaguarao  (zha-gwa-ran').  The  southernmost 
city  of  Brazil,  in  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do 
Sui,  on  the  river  Jaguarao  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Lagoa  Mirim.  It  has  an  important  trade  with 
Uruguay.     Poptdation,  about  6,000. 

Jahanabad  ( ja-han-a-biid' ).  A  to  wn  in  the  Gaya 
district,  Bengal,  British  India,  28  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Patna.    Population,  about  20,000. 

Jahangir  (ja-han-ger').  Reigned  1605-27.  A 
Mogul  emperor,  son  of  Akbar. 


Jahde 


539 


Jahde.    See  Jade. 

Jahn  (vUii ),  Otto.  Bom  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  June 
ly,  1813:  dieil  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  bept.  9, 
1809.  A  distinguished  Germau  philologist,  ar- 
iliteologist,  aud  musical  and  art  t-ritic,  professor 
It  Leipsif  1S47-51,  and  at  Bonn  18.5.5-69.  He  pub- 
ii3hed  i'TLlephus  und  Tvoilus  "  (1&41),  'Die  hellenische 
Kunst  "  (lS4(i).  editions  of  Latin  and  Greek  classics,  a  lite 
of  Mozart  (1856-59),  ete. 
Jaihun  ( .ii-liOn ' ).  The  Persian  name  of  the  Oxus. 
Jaimini'(ji''"i-ui)-  A  Hindu  saint  andphiloso- 
iilier,  said  to  have  been  the  pupil  of  \  yasa,  to 
have  received  from  him  the  Samaveda,  and 
to  have  founded  the  Purvamimansa  school  ot 
Hiudu  philosophy.  , 

Jainas  (ji'naz),  or  Jains  (jmz).      [Froin  bkt. 
iina,  the  victorious  one]     A  Hindu  sect  which 
numbers  about  380,000,  at  least  half  ot  whom 
are  in  theBombayl'residency.  They  are  th,- follow. 
crVof  Jina,  the  'victorious,'  as  the  BuddhisU  of  l■."d,llH^ 
the  '  awakened.'    A  Jina  is  a  sage  who  lias  reached  oniniB- 
cience  and  who  comes  to  reestablish  the  corrupted  la«. 
TlKre  have  heen  24  Jliias,  iis  Buddha  had  24  predecessors. 
They  succeeded  each  other  at  iiuuiense  intervals,  their 
stature  and  term  ot  life  always  decreasing.     Like  the  Bud- 
dhas,  the  Jinas  became  deities.    They  have  goddesses.  Mia- 
Siuiadevis.  who  execute  their  commands.     Iheir  images, 
sometimes  colossal,  especially  in  the  Deccan,  are  numer- 
ous in  tlie  sanctuaries,  which  are  almost  all  of  a  distinct  nc 
and  ele-ant  type.     Next  to  the  Jiuas  rank  their  immecliate 
disciples,  tlie  lianadharas,  worshiped  as  guardian  saints 
and  many  deities  borrowed  from  the  Hindu  pantheon,  but 
who  do  not  share  the  regular  cultus.     This  cultns  is  akin 
to  the  Buddhist  in  having  the  same  offerings  and  acts  of 
Sth  and  homage.     Both  use  little  bells.    In  both  women 
have  the  same  rights  as  men,  and  both  practise  confession, 
>^lue  pilgrimages,  and  devote  four  months  of  the  year  es- 
Dccially  to  fasting,  reading  their  Scriptures,and  meditation. 
the  Jaina*,  like  the  Buddhists,  reject  the  \  eda  as  corrupt, 
to  which  they  oppose  their  own  Angas  as  the  true  \  eda 
They  have  no  sacerdotal  caste.     They  observe  the  ru  es  of 
ca«te  among  themselves,  but  without  attaching  to  them 
religious  significance.    They  have  promoted  iterature  and 
science,  especially  astronomy,  grammar,  and  romantic  lit- 
mture     Like  the  Buddhists  they  are  divided  into  a  cler. 
fcal  body  and  a  lay  (Yatis,   ■  ascetics,'  and  Shravakas, 
•hearers'),  but  the  monastic  system  is  less  developed. 
They  have  two  principal  sects;  theShvetambaras,  'having 
white  garments,' aud  the  Digami,„ra8,  'those  having  the 
air  as  their  gannent,'  who  go  nakjd  -  designations  applied 
to  both  clergy  and  laity.     The  first  have  the  highest  rank, 
but  the  second  are  more  ancient.    Both  sects  go  back  per- 
haps  to  the  5th  centui7  A.D.     They  are  rather  rivals  than 
enemies.   Anotherdivisionisthat  into  .Northern  andhmitli- 
ern  Jainas,  whicli,  originally  geographical,  has  extended  to 
the  canon  and  tlie  entire  body  of  traditions  and  usages. 
The  Digambara  Yatis  now  practise  nudity  only  at  their 
meals  w'hen  these  are  taken  in  common.     No  Hindu  sect 
is  more  rigorous  in  respect  for  and  abstinence  from  evei-y- 
thhig  that  has  life,  though  'he  Southern  Jamas  frequently 
practised  religions  suicide  in  the  middle  =«ef-    The  gen- 
eral doctrine  of  the  Jainas  is  nearly  like  that  of  the  Bud- 
dhists    They  are  atheists.     The  world  is  eternal      The) 
deny  the  possibility  of  a  perfect  being  existing  from  all 
eteniity.     The  Jina  became  perfect.     As  the  Buddhists 
have  their  Adibuddha,  the  Jainas  have  al'"  "turned  to  a 
sort  of  deism  in  their  Jinapati,  a  supreme  Jina.     Beings 
Tre  animate  and  inanimate.    Animate  beings  are  composed 
of  3..U1  and  body,  and  their  souls  areeternal-a  point  of  dc- 
T  ation  from  Buddhism.     Not  existence  but  life  is  evl   to 
the  .Jainas,  and  Nirvana  is  to  them  not  annihilation,  but 
Inuknce  into  endless  blessedness.     The  Jina  reveals  He 
means,  the  Triratna,  the  'three  jewels 'perfect  fa  tlin 
Se  Jina.  pe.-fect  knowledge  of  his  doctrine,  perfect  con- 
duct   'rhe  parallelism  of  Buddhist  and  Jaina  doctrine  and 
usage  extends  also  to  thetraditions  in  s.i  many  points  in,  i 
some  have  believed  Var.lhamaiia  or  Ma  uivna,    H"'  ►■','•  t 
hero,'  tlie  Jina  of  the  present  age,  to  be  i.lcnti.a  wdli  i..in- 
tami;  but  Buhler  thinks  he  has  discovered  data  which 
prove  that  Mahavira  was  a  real  personage  'I'f '"'jt  ;™ 
fiautama,  whose  real  name  was  Nirgran  tia  J™  'PU  ra, 
C  e.  the  ascetic  of  the  Jnatis,  a  Rajput  tribe      Still  Jain. 
Ism  must,  in  view  of  the  aftlliation  of  its  doc  rines  be  i   - 
aarded  as  a  sect  that  took  its  rise  in  Buddhi^ni.      I  It 
icriptures  of  the  Shvetanibara  .lainas  are  comprised  in  4^. 
worts,  in  (i  groups,  colh-div,  ly  rall.d  Agamas  and  w,  t  en 
In  a  lYakril  dialect  calle.l  Aidlcnnag.adhi  ;  those  of  the 
DIgamlmras  arc  In  Sanskrit,  and  still  little  known. 
Jaintia  Hills.     See  A7/rt.</  ond  Jnintia  Iltll.i. 
Jaipur.     See  .fcijporc. 

Jais  ( iii' is).  [Ar.  al-tais,  the  goat  ]  The  th.rd- 
inagiiitii.le  star  .1  Draconis:  the  "Nodus secun- 
dus"  of  tlie  old  catulo'^'ues. 

Jaisalmir,  or  Jaysalmir  (ji-sal-mer  ),  or  jes- 
almir  (j.s-al-mer').  1.  A  state  111  Ka.ipu- 
tana,  India,' intersected  by  lat.  '27°  N.,  long. 
71°  E  Area.  10,039  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  ll.'i.OTI.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
.Taisal'inir.  Population,  about  10,000. 
Jaiali  (.ia'ja-li).  A  Brahman  said  in  the  Maha- 
liiiaratii  to  have  acquired  by  asceticism  a  super- 
natural power  of  locomotion,  of  which  he  was 
80  proud  that  ho  thought  himselt'  siqiencr  to 
all  men.  A  voice  from  the  sky  telling  him  that  he  was 
Inferior  to  Tiiladhara,  a  Valshya  and  a  trader,  he  went  to 
ilim  and  learned  of  him. 

Jaice.      See  ./".V''.       ^    ,  , ,.        .   __„ 

Jaipur  (.iiij-por'),  or  Jajpore  (ja.i-por  ).  A  sa- 
cred tovvn  in  the  Outta.'k  .iistnct,  Bengal,  Bnt. 
ish  India,  situated  on  the  river  Baitnrani  in  lat. 
20°  ."il'  N.,  long.  86°  23'  E.  Population,  about 
10,000. 


Jakob  (va'kop),  Ludwig  Heinrich  von.    B_o  n 

at  Wettin,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  t  eb.  JO,  li.>9: 
died  at  l.auchstadt,  near  llerscburg,  Prussia, 
July  22,  1827.     A  German  philosopher  and  po- 
litical economist,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Halle  1791-1807.  and  of  political  economy  at 
Kharkoflf  in  1807,  and  at  Halle  1816-2(.     He 
wrote    "Grundriss    der  allgemeiuen    Liogik^ 
(1788),   "Lehrbuch     der    Nationalokouomie 
(180.5),  etc. 
Jakutsk.     See  TakutsV. 
Jalalabad.     Hee  Jclakibad.  ..       . 

Jalal  uddin  Rumi  (,1a-lal'  6d-den  ro-me  ). 
Born  at  Balkh.  12U7.  A  Persian  poet,  nisfather 
was  the  founder  of  a  ccdlege  at  Iconium.  to  the  direction 
of  which  his  son  succeeded  after  studies  at  Aleppo  and 
Damascus.  The  great  work  of  Jalal  uddin  is  the  Mesnevi, 
a  series  of  stories  with  moral  maxims. 

Jalandhar  (.iul'aiwlhar),  or  JuUunder  (jul'- 

lun-der).  1.  A  division  in  the  Paujab.  Bntisli 
India.  Area.  12,571  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  2,421,881.-2.  A  district  in  the  Jalan- 
dhar division,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  20'  N., 
loii".  76°  E.  Area,  1,433  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  907,583.-3.  The  capital  of  the 
division  and  district  of  Jalandhar,  75  miles 
east  by  south  of  Lahore.  Population  (1891), 
60.202.'  .^   , 

Jalapa,  or  Xalapa  (Ha-la'pa),  Aztec  Xalapan. 
[See  the  extract  below.]  The  capital  ot  the 
state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  situated  about  60 
miles  northwest  of  Vera  Cruz.  Population 
(1895),  18,173. 


James  I. 

Jambavat  (jiim'ba-vat).     In  Hindu  legend,  the 


J.alapa  (meaning  'place  of  water  and  sand") was  an  In- 
dian town  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest ;  and  because  of  its 
position  on  what,  for  a  long  while,  was  the  main  road  be- 
tween Vera  Cruz  and  the  City  of  llexicoit  early  became  a 
place  of  importance.  After  the  organization  of  the  Kepub- 
lie  it  was  for  a  time  capital  of  the  State  ot  V  era  Cruz.  Be- 
tween the  years  17-20  and  1777  a  great  annual  fair  was  held 
here  for  the  sale  of  the  goods  brought  yearly  by  the  fleet 
from  Cadiz:  whence  is  derived  the  name  Jalapa  de  la 
Feria,  frequently  applied  to  the  city  in  documents  of  the 
last  century.  Janmer,  Mex.  Guide,  p.  435. 


Jalaun(.iii-loun').  l.  A  district  m  tlie  Jliansi  di- 
vision. Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  1,4S0 
square  miles.  Population  (1891).  396,.!61.— 2. 
A  town  in  the  district  of  Jalaun,  in  lat.  26°  9  N., 
long  79°  22'  E.     Population,  about  10,000. 

JaUsCO.  or  Xalisco  (Hii-les'ko).  A  maritime 
state  of  Me.vico,  bounded  by  Durango,  Zacate- 
cas,  and  Aguas  Calientes  on  the  north,Guana- 
iuato  on  the  east,  Michoacan  and  Colima  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Guadalajara.  Area,  27,261  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  1,107,863. 

.Talna  (iiil'nii).  A  small  town  in  Hyderabad, 
India,  situated  in  lat.  19°51'  N.,  long.  75°  .53'  E. 

Jalpaiguri  (jiil-pi-go're),  or  Julpigori  (.i"l-pe- 

"O^re).  A  district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  '26°  30'  N  long.  88°  40'  K 
Area,  2,962  square  miles.  Population  (1891). 
681,3.52.  ,     .  ,  .     .^ 

Jamadagni  ( ja-mad-ag'm).  A  nshi  often  men- 
tioned wit  h  Vishvamitra  as  an  enemy  of  Vasish- 
tha,  and  sometimes  as  a  ilcscen.lant  of  P.hrigii. 
In  epic  poetry  he  is  the  son  of  lUiargava  Kichlka  and  tie 
father  of  five  sons,  ot  whom  tlio  most  renowncl  was  1  a- 
raslinrama.  The  \ialiabharata  and  Vishnu  Puraiia  contain 
various  legends  regarding  linn. 
Jamaica  (,ia-ma'k;i).  All  island  of  tlio  t'>'e»t.';i' 
.Antilles,  \\'est  Indies,  belonging  to  (.rent  Brit- 
ain, situated  in  the  Caribbean  Sea90  miles  scmth 
of  the  eastern  jiart  of  Cuba.  Capit^al.  Kiiigslon. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous,  the  Line  .Moun- 
tains i.  "he  east  rising  to  7,:«10  feet.  The  Island  has  abun. 
dant  vegetable  and  some  mineral  resources.  The  cliUI 
exports  are  suUar,  rum,  coffee,  fruits,  dye-woods  etc. 
Ja  naica  Is  a  crown  coh.ny,  with  a  If,"""''-""^''',!',''^''^^',',' ,',';,''; 
and  legislative  assembly.  It  was  discovered  by  (  ob  »  "  » 
May  4;MiM;   was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  l-'-"' •  '    ' 

waacon.iucredbythoF.ngllsh  In  WK.  >""')' ri""K»  "'','." 
Maroons  (..r  runaway  slaves). .ccurre.1  In  the  18th  eentui) 

The  slaves  were  emancipated  by  purchase  In  1S.14.  A 
negro  Insumotiiui  in  ISCI  was  suppressed  by  (Joyrnor 
Es?e  -ITie  Caicns  and  lurks  Islamis,  Cayman  Islands, 
and  a  few  smaller  Islands  are  'I'-'I"^^"''''";;'";'  "Vn?,',"!;  "^'"7 
Length,  144  miles.     (Irealest  w  .Itl..  .'.0  mlles^     A. « 1,  4-0, 

«,uare  miles.  Population  ('•»"»"'*-"','„?'"':;'  '..S  ad 
b'i  inclndlMg  about  «lO,iH)o  blacks,  120,000  colored,  and 
only  "onoo  whites,  the  remainder  being  coolies. 
Jamaicada-ma'kil).  A  village  inQueensCounty. 
L.mg  Island,  New  Vork:  iticorporated  in  he 
eilv  of  New  York.     Pop-  (1H97),  about  0,.500 

Jamaica  Bay.    -\n  inb'i  "f  the  Atlantic,  south 

of  Long  Island.  New  ^  ork. 

Jaman  (zhii-mon').  Col  de.    A  pass  in  the  cbu- 

t..n  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Mon- 
treux  over  the  Dent  de  Jaman  to  the  valley  of 
the  Siuino,  I'ribourg.     Height,  4,974  feet. 

Jaman,  Dent  de.     See  Dent  de  Jaman. 

Jamasee.    See  Vamasi. 


vliief  of  the  bears  who  with  the  monkeys  were 
allies  of  Kama  in  his  invasion  of  Lanka. 
Jambres.     See  Jiumes. 

Jambud-dpa  (jam-bo-dwe'pa).     A  name  of  In- 
liia  111  Sanskrit  poeti7,  and  restricted  to  India  in 
Buddhist  writings,  but  strictly  a  poetical  name 
for  the  whole  earth,  of  which  India  was  thought     . 
to  be  the  most  important  part.     In  the  Mahabha- 
rata  the  world  is  divided  into  seven  chrcular  dvipas   or 
continents,  of  which  Jambudvipa  is  the  first,  surrounded 
respectively  by  seven  oceans  in  concentric  belts,  the  moun- 
tain Mem,  or  abode  of  the  gods,  being  in  the  center  ol 
Jambudvipa,  which  again  is  divided  into  nine  \  arshaa, 
or  ountrics  separated  liv  eight  ranges  of  mountains,  the 
Varsha  called  Bharata  (India)  lying  south  of  the  Himavat 
(Himalaya)  range.      Jambudvipa  is  so  named  from  the 
jainbu  (rose-apple)  trees  which  abound  in  it,  or  from  an 
enormous  jainbu  tree  on  Mount  Meru. 
Jamburg  (viim'boro).     A  town  m  the  govern- 
i.uMit  of  St;.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situateil  on  the 
Liiga  OH  miles  southwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 
Population,  4,238. 
James  (iiimz).     [The  E.  name  James,  dial,  also 
./(■«/Hcs  (whence  coUoq.  .Jem  and  Jm),  is  from 
■    ME.  Jamrg,  also  Jam,  from  OF.  James,  another 
form  of  Jaqiies,  .Jacques,  from  LL.  Jacobus,  Ja- 
cob.   See  Jacob.]    There  are  several  persons  of 
this  name  who  hold  an  important  place  in  New 
Testament   historv.      (l)  The  son  of  Zebedee  and 
brother  of  the  apostle"  John.    Originally  a  fisherman,  he 
was  called  to  be  a  disciple  of  Jesus  and  an  apostle.      tie 
was  killed  by  Herod  Agrippa  (a.  d.  44).  and  is  the  only 
apostle  whose  death  is  recorded  in  the  Scriptures.  Accord- 
ing to  one  legend,  he  traveled  and  preached  111  Spain  ;  ac- 
cording to  another,  liis  body  was  miraculously  conveyed 
toCompostella,inSpain,andworshipedthere.  (-2) -James 
the  Lord's  brother.  "  author  of  the  "Epistle  of  James. 
He  is  described  as  holding  office  in  the  church  at  Jenisa- 
lem,  and  appears  to  have  been  president  of  the  councU 
that  met  there  in  A.  I..  SO  or  61.  He  is  also  called     James 
the  less"  (or  "the  little")  (Mark  xv.  40X  and  ill  early 
church   history  "James  the  Just."     (3)  An   apostle,  dis- 
tinguished as  "James  the  son  of  Alphteus,    identified  by 
many  with  "James  the  Lord's  brother." 

James,  The  General  Epistle  of.  A  New  Tes- 
tament epistle,  written  by  "James  the  L.ora  s 
brother."  It  was  written  from  Jerusalem,  and  is  ad- 
dressed to  the  twelve  tribes  of  the  Dispersion.  Its  main 
object  Is  to  inculcate  the  importance  of  practical  morality. 
James  I.  Born  at  Dunfermline,  1391 :  died  Feb. 
20,  1437.  King 'of  Scotland  1406-37,  son  of 
Robert  III.  and  Annabella  Drummond.  He  was 
cantured  by  the  English  while  on  his  way  to  France,  and 
was  detjiincd  in  captivity  until  142.S.  He  repressed  the 
great  feudatories  with  the  assistance  of  the  clergy  and  the 
burghs  aud  maintained  peaceful  relations  both  with  Eng- 
land aiid  with  France.  He  was  murdered  at  Perth  by  the 
Earl  of  Atholl  and  K..bert  Graham  o  1  ico 

James  II.    Bom  Oct.  16, 1430 :  died  Aug.  3. 1460. 
King  of  Scotland  1437-60,  son  of  James  I.  aud 
Jane  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Somerset.     He  con- 
tinucdhis  father's  policy  of  repressing  the  great  feudatories 
with  the  assistance  of  the  clergy  and  the  burghs :  and  on 
Feb  •>■'  14.i-i  stabbed  with  his  own  hand  the  Fjirl  of  Doug. 
las  w'lio  had  entered  into  a  treasonable  alliance  with  the 
Ea'rlB  of  Crawford  and  of  Koss,  and  whom  he  had  enticed 
to  Stirling  by  a  safi^conduct.     He  was  accidentally  killed 
by  -1  wedge  from  a  bombard  at  the  siege  of  Roxburgh. 
James  III.     Born  Julv  10.  1451:  died  June  11, 
1488.     King  of  Scotland  1460-88,  son  of  James 
II    and  Marv  of  Guelders.    He  favored  men  of  in- 
ferior rank  to  the  neglect  of  the  great  feudal  houses,  which 
provoked  a  rising  of  the  latter  under  his  son  James.     He 
was  dcteaU-il  by  the  rebels  at  .Sauchieburn,  June  11,  1488, 
an.l  was  killed  in  the  flight.         „,,„.,      ,.     ,  ,^,      ,„ 
James  IV.     Born  March  17, 14/J:  died  Sept.  9, 
1513.     Kiiigof  Scotland  14,8)^-1513.  son  of  James 
111.  and  Margaret,  daughter  of  Christian  I.  of 
Denmark.    Heheaded  the  rebellious  nobles  whodefeated 
and  killed  his  father  at  the  battle  of  .Sauchieburn,  June 
II   11S8      He  inalMtalned  peaceful  relations  with  Heiirr 
'      if  F.ngland,  whose  daughter  Mai-garet  he  married  in 

.  .    1  ..   .1...  ....I.-..  ....Oil.)..  ../     lli.tirv 


Vil   Ot  i-.ngiaiui,  wiKise  uiiiiKoivi  ..i...„,..^.  "-,  ""V-,-,- 

l',oi  ■  but  was  forceil  by  the  aggressive  attitude  of  Henry 
VllT  to  seek  an  offensive  alliance  with  1-Yance.  He  wm 
defeated  and  klUeil  by  the  Eari  of  Surrey  at  Umlden  Helil, 
Sept   ■.",  1.M:i.  during  an  invashin  ot  England  in  Henry  • 

absence  In  l-"ninee.  . 

James  V  Bom  at  Lmlilhgow.  April  10,  l.il  J: 
,lied  Dec.  14,  1.542.  King  of  Scotland  1513-4-2, 
son  of  James  IV.  and  Jiargaret,  daughter  of 
llenrv  VII.  of  England.  During  his  minority  the  re 
gencv  wasc.mdnetci  first  by  his  mother,  and  afterward  by 
the  I'mke  ..f  Albany,  lie  assumc.l  personal  exercise  of  the 
roval  prerogatives  In  l.vis.  He  was  a  vig..r,.n«  admin  »- 
trat.u-  protecte.l  the  poor  against  oppres.-ion  tnun  the 
noblei  ;.nd  mingled  freely  with  the  '''"''V';;'"  "',',',";:  .'.V^' 
under  the  Incognito  ol  "the  Undcman  of  llalllnbreich  \ 
wl lence  he  Is  often  called  "the  king  of  the  minnion^ 
h'  b  "ai  e  i  iv.dved  In  war  with  England  In  l.M'J,  and  siif- 
I,  red  111!  loss  of  an  army  under  Sinclair  at  Solway  .Moss, 
Nov.  24,  \r,V>.  ,     r,      .,        ^  in 

James  I.  Born  in  E.linburgh  Castle,  .June  19, 
1  "ffdied  at  Theobalds.  March  27  lfi2^-„  King 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  ll)0.t-2.>,  son 
of  Lord  Darnlev  iind  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  He 
iKcame,  on  the  ab.llcatlon  of  his  mother,  king  of  Scdiand 
ns  James  VI.  July  -Jl.  l.'.«7-.  and  by  virtue  of  hi.  descent, 
hotl  through  his  father  and  his  mother,  from  Margaret 
Tudor  daughter  ..f  llenr)  VII.,  succeeded  to  the  English 
ttroni  on  the  death  of  Ellxabeth  -ithont  l«iue,  March 


James  I. 


540 


f-.^'^h  ^^'"B  cTov^eA  king  of  j:,r,g\!,nA  (and  Ireland)     frinia.    In  1856  he  became  consul-general  to  Venice  where 
^ilfi^P^^::^;^  |;^dle..^_s.pa...a,,.TLcUera,ln..Ba.iaJr; 

Z:^t^J!i^^I£^:^!:^^S:ll^^TL^  J^?S^«,-  ^enry      Bo™  at  Albany   N.  T.,  June 

vinB  ri.Th*  nf  L-!n„ci,i.,  „...!„<•  ._.■ ,    i.   ."'."'     6,1611:  uieu  R t  Cam  Dntlge,  Mass. ,  Dec.  18  1882. 

An  American  theological  and  philosophical 
writer.  Among  his  works  are  "  Moralism  and  Cliristian 
ity    (1852), '•'"'—■-"-"   -    -      ■      --       - 


Janauschek 

tish  portrait-painter,  a  pupil  of  Rubens  with 
Vandyck:  called  the  Scotch  Vandyck.  He  re. 
turned  to  Aberdeen  162U,  and  established  himself  in  Edin- 

^m^l.^^7l  ^f^-  ^^''<=»  "^'""'^^  I-  "=^it>-'J  ScotiandTn 
IfcJ.T  he  sat  to  Jamesone,  and  paid  him  with  a  diamond 
from  hi.s  own  hand.  Several  of  his  portraits  in  Scotland 
pass  for  \  andycks.  In  Aberdeen  are  several  of  his  por 
Hn/iif"''  l-^P"^'"--,^  »f  the  .Sibyls.  His  own  portrait  of 
CuTefiJ^n'se.'BlS^e."'  "''^^'""^'  ^'  ''"""'-  '^  «' 


vine  right  of  kingship  and  of  episcopacy  :  in  his  foreign 
relations  lie  strove  to  maintain  peace  at  all  hazards  even 
totheprejudiceofhisnatural  allies,  the  Protestant  powers 
on  the  Continent.  He  presided,  in  1604,  over  the  Hampton 
Court  Conference  between  the  bishops  and  the  Puritans 
at  which  the  latter  sought  but  faUed  to  obtain  a  relaxa- 
tion of  the  laws  directed  against  nonconformists  In  the 
same  year  he  concluded  peace  with  Spain,  with  which  he 
had  inherited  a  war  from  his  predecessor  in  Em-land  •  and 
appointed  a  commission  to  revise  the  English  traiisl'ation 
oi  the  Bible,  which  commission  completed  the  so-called 
King  James  version  in  1611.  He  sanctioned  in  1RI6  penal 
laws  OI  increased  severity  .against  the  Roman  Catholics  in 

consequenceofthediscoveryoftheGunpowderPlot(which     i^oveusis    u».»).  "Uaisv  Jliller"  nR-*i    •.Ti».v,h„™„"       .<.  >V     .  W  

in»\'he  fL^Jf "'"'?  ^r''  "'It  S""'"'"^"  ^  P"'^"'  "^S"'"^-  <'5"eUsh  Men  of  Lttm  s^e  "ilrm'^'CmtidmcI"  (iSm  f  Norfolk.  It  was  the  site  of  the  Spanish  settlements 
!.°f-  ^  f  LonJon  and  Plymouth  companies,  the  former  of  "PortraitofaLady-dSSl)  "  DVsvMhler"?icomedv\«?}  ^"  ^>euel,  founded  by  Ayll„ii  1626  but  soon  ibanrifmld 
Tb  nl'7p''''";!','''=''-'"'™'™'°f-'=''"'^'^'''"-"">l'»"-'^>'ile     "A  little  Tour  in  fencV'  S)  "S^^  The  colonists  sent  by  the  Lo  don  Company  AnX^^^^^^^^ 

a  Ijand  of  English  separatists  fr. .111  Holland  founded,  with-     trafflo,  etc."  (1885X  "Tl  e  Bostonikns"  n^m   °  Prin?.        13, 10»7  ;  the  settlement  grew  slowlv  and  suffered  terriw/ 

of"  h'eluer fn  6'.r"irn"  "'  ^'"r"."^ '"  '" V-Tl""?  ^asamassima  ^  a^o),  '■  Pa^ll°PorTrait^^  88sf ""me  r^R^^^'^  "i  'he  starvinf  time  of  &^10.""ft  wlis  b^'e'd 
oi  tneiatter  in  1620.     Aiiothir  important  event  which  took     Real  Th  iig,  etc.  ■  (ls»3)  li'^A      -ine     ,„  Bacon's  RebeUion,  1676.     The  onlv  relies  are  the  lii»-»; 

gaceml(^6wasthercst,,rationofepiscopacyinScotl.and.    Ta„„_    t'v„  A„„!,i      -n  ^ -d,      :,^      ,^  of  the  church  and  a  few  timbs  " 

Hebeganinl611negotiatio,,sforthemairiageofliiseldest  "^^^^S,  JohnAngell.    Born  at  Blandford,  Dor-  TamP^tnTmi      Ar.U,-o  T  .•     ^, 

eon  Charles  with  a  Spanish  princess;  and  in  the  same  year  set,  England.  June  6, 1785 :  died  at  Birmin.'ham  "'"'"'SStOWn.  A  c-it\  and  summer  resort  in  Chau- 
entered  into  a  defensive  alliance  with  the  Protestant  Union     Oct.,  18.59.     An  English  Congregational  cTero-v'     ,^'^^}%  ^  punty.  ^  ew  \  ork,  situated  at  the  out- 

-     "    "'-' '  TlKo'r  James,  Thomas,     Bom  about  1593:  died  about  Jamestown,    ^he  only  town  in  the  island  of 


.     ,  ChristianitytheLogicof  Creation"  (1857),  etc. 

James,  Henry.     Bom  at  New  York,  April  15,     ^uueu  nouse,  Bannshir 
1S43.     An  American  novelist  and  critic,  son  of  James's  Palace,  St.     See  St  Jame'^\  Pnlnr. 

Sfs^^ie^.ri^^-at'^^Ir^varll-'l^fb^™??^^^^^^^^^^ 

periodicals  in  1866.    Since  1869  he  has  l"ve™mostIy  !n  ^f^^^!^"^  (jamz'toun).     [Named  from  James 

S"?l>'",-.  i"°"ghisworksare"TransatlanticSketches"    i'-l  ^}'}^  "''St  permanent  English  settlement  in 

(lS/5),  "A  Passionate  Pilgrim,  etc."  (1S~;>\  "The  Anieri-    thBlTintorl  e+ot-^,.  o;.,.„t..i.-„  t ^..    „         . 

can"  (1S77X  "The  Europeans"  (1878),  "French  Poets  aiid 

(English  Menof  Letters  series,  1879),  ■•Confidence"  (1880\ 
.,^°!;'.'?',' "'a I-ady  ■■  (1881), "  Daisy MUler "(a comedy.  1883) 
♦  «="".''  1°""'  '°  I'rance"  (1884),  "The  Author  of  Bell 
trafflo,  etc.  (^1885),  "The  Bostonians"  (1886),  "Princess 
tasamassima  '  (1880),  "Partial  Portraits "  (I88S)  "The 
Real  Thing,  etc.  "(isas).  v  ='~a      -luo 


---1  ----  ""-  i'^'"JO">riii,  i:,uguHii  seiuement  m 
the  Umted  States,  situated  in  JamesCitrCounty 
V  w'°f'''i%'^  '^'^  "^^^^^  ^''"''''  37 miles  northwest 


erick  v.,  head  of  the  union,   uc  itriuseu  10  ass 
in-law  in  the  struggle  with  the  emperor  Ferdii 

the  crown  of  Rnh,!,!,:^  ic^^    i'..,-.^. ,«.■,.!.   I-       .1^  .. 


and  ] 


-.-  — ..   ...  .„^  -iiu^,ii,.   .,,111  iiic  ciiiptrn     _ 

the  crown  of  Bohemia  (see  Frederick  V  ,  elector  palatine 
Ferdinand  II..  emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and 
Thirti)  J  ears  War)  :  and  after  the  defeat  of  Frederick  by 
the  Imperi.ilists  on  the  White  Hill,  and  the  invasion  of  the 
i'alatmate  by  the  Spanish  troops  in  1620,  sought  by  futile 
negotiations  to  induce  Philip  III.  of  Spain  to  reinstate  Fred 

enck  in  the  electorate  nnd  t.mccict  In  fai.^.^..; T_ 


St.  Helena^^  Population,  about  3.000. 


1635.     An  Engli.sh  navigator.    On  ilav  s  ifi.fi  he  t'XH^V-'-"^""-^/,      ts 

sailedfrom  Bristol  in  the  Henrietta  Maria  to  discover  the  V""  Q'^me  )■     Bom  1411:  died  1492.     A  eele 

..„„.,,,...„* ,_...,__ brated  Persian  poet.    His  name  was  Nuruddin  Ab- 


-_.-- — ...„. ...  ...,,  iA..uiic^t*i  iiiiiim  to  uiscoverrne 

northwest  passage  into  the  south  sea"  and  circumnavi- 
gate the  globe.  He  reached  Greenland  in  June,  and  sailed 
on  to  Hudson  Bay,  where  he  wintered.  He  reached  Eng 
land  Oct.  22,  1632 


-  .'^,  :— :" — ,  •■; *  •"••i'^**- ^^lopaiij  lureiiisiate  jrea-     land  Oct.  22  1632 

enck  in  the  electorate  and  to  assist  in  restoring  pe.ice    Inx  tT^"ii.  -r^.    , 

answer  to  a  rebuke  from  the  king  for  meddlin"  in  affairs  "^  ^mOS,  William.    Died  at  London,  Jlav  28, 1827. 

2[l'?^.]'?..'^"?'.°S  in  a  petition  against  pope?y  and  the    ^  British  writer  on  naval  history.    iVom  1801  to 


„i  „t  V  C J-      -  .    '"°  '"'  meuuiing  in  anairs 

of  state  by  sending  in  a  petition  against  popery  and  the 
proposed  .Spanish  marriage.  Parliament  passed,  Dec  18 
llCl,  the  Great  Protestation,  declaring  that  alfahs  which 
cojicerneii  the  king  and  the  realm  were  proper  subjects  for 
dehate  in  Parliament.  The  king  tore  the  T):,..'e  mntaining 
the  protestation  from  the  journal  of  tlu-  (■(iinnioiis  In 
1623hereluctantlypeiniiltedCharlesandtlieliukeofBuck. 
ingham  to  depart  for  Spain  to  conclude  the  negotiations 
for  a  marriage  treaty  which  had  lieen  kept  up  with  inter- 
ruptions, since  1611 ;  but  as  Philip  was  unwilling  to  pro- 
cure the  restoration  of  the  Palatinate,  Charles  and  the 
duke  returned  in  the  same  year,  and  the  negotiations  were 
finally  abandoned. 

James  ~ 


1813  he  was  an  att<irneyof  the  supreme  court  of  Jamaica 
and  proctor  in  the  vice-admiralty  court.  In  1812  he  waa 
in  the  I  nited  States,  where  he  was  detained  as  a  prisoner. 
In  March,  1S16,  he  pulilislied  "An  Enquiiy  into  the  Merits 
of  the  Principal  Xaval  Actions  between  Great  Britain  and 
,,  ."'l'^?.*'^'?^-"  I"  1*1"  'his  pamphlet  was  enlarged 
as  A  Full  and  Correct  Account  of  the  Chief  Naval  Oc- 
cuirences  of  the  Late  War  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States  of  America."  He  also  published  "TlieNav.al 
History  of  Great  Britain  from  the  Declaration  of  War  by 
i^ance  in  1793  to  the  Accession  of  George  IV  "  (i8'"'-''4  • 
second  edition  1826).  It  is  the  standard  wirk  on  the 
subject. 


r XT      -r,  ,  ^      .,  ,r,v,-    *  =""'""  -lo-o;.    -It  15  me  standard  work  on  the    ue  was  buried 

lames  n.     Born  at  St.  James's  Palace,  Oct.  14,  ^"hject.  trons 

1633:  died  at  St.  Germain.  Sept.  6,  1701.  King  James  Bay.  The  southern  portion  of  Hudson  Jamieson(j 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  1685-88,  son  ^^y-  ^°^^^  °^  '»*•  55°  15'  N.  Length,  about  250  March  3,  17i 
of  Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria.   Before  his  ac     ""^^s.  A  Scottish 


of  Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria.  Before  his  ac 
cession  he  was  known  as  the  Duke  of  York.  He  became 
lord  high  admiral  of  England  on  the  accession  of  his  bro- 
ther C^harles  II.  in  1660 ;  received  a  grant  of  the  New  Neth- 
erlands in  1664  ;  embraced  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  prob- 
ably before  1672  ;  and  was  forced  by  the  Test  Act  to  resign 
the  admu^alty  in  1673.  Under  the  guidance  of  Father  Peti  e 
his  confessor  and  chief  adviser,  he  aimed  on  his  accession 
to  make  himself  an  absolute  monarch  and  to  restore  the 
5"™*i'£''. .'"''',!:'  Church.  He  increased  the  standing  army 
from  6,000  to  about  30,1100  men  by  keeping  up  the  military 
force  raised  to  suppress  the  Scottish  rebellion  under  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth  in  1685.  and  granted  commissions  in 
the  new  regiments  to  Roman  Catholics.  He  published  a 
declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience  for  all  denominations 
m  England  and  Scotland  early  in  1687,  and  April  25, 1688 
ordered  the  declaration  to  be  read  in  all  the  churches  A 
petition  from  the  primate  and  six  bishops  against  the  order 
was  pronounced  a  seditious  libel  by  the  king,  who  sent  the 
seven  bishopsto  the  Tower  and  brought  them  to  tri.al  before 
Inne  in  n^i^'"!,'.?''"''''-  Thetrialresulted  in  acquittal 
,h^lf<}^h  '^l^  V;'  ^»™«.'1'V  ^"  invitation,  signed  by 
the  Earls  of  Danby,  Devonshire,  and  Shrewsbury  the  Bish- 
op of  London,  and  others,  was  despatched  to  William  of 
[!S^"f"'  '?  save  England  from  a  Roman  Catholic  tyranny. 
William  landed  at  Torb.ay  Nov.  6, 1688,  and  Dec.  22  James 
If  n'' ™  ■  ^™"f  <=>  Vhere  he  was  assigned  the  chateau  of 
St.  Germain  by  Louis  .\IV.  as  a  place  of  refuge  In  1689 
he  made  a  descent  on  Ireland,  but  was  totally  defeated  by 
W  illiam  at  the  battle  of  the  Boj-ne,  July  1,  1690. 
James.  A  river  in  Virginia,  formed  near  the 
border  of  Botetourt  and  Alleghany  counties  by 
tile  11  m^"  ^f  fim  i..^i- j/-i .  .       '' 

and 


miles. 

^^^^s  TiAncis  Edward  Stuart,  surnamed 

'■  Ihe  Pretender."     See  Stuart. 
Janieson  (ja'me-son),  Mrs.  (Anna  Brownell 


;  ^-..^— ...*  ^.^^^.     iiio  uiiui,;  waa  i>uruaain  Ab- 

durrahman, but  he  IS  known  as  Jami  from  his  birthplace 
J.-un  111  Khorasan.  He  began  his  career  as  a  general  stu- 
dent, but  later  devoted  liimself  especially  to  the  philoso- 
phy of  the  Sufis  under  the  Sheik  ul  Islam  Saaduddin  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  was  the  last  great  poet  and  mystic  of 
PersK^  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  author  of  99  works  in 
both  prose  and  verse.  "The  Seven  Thrones  "  is  thought  by 
a  native  critic  to  combine  the  most  exquisite  compositions- 
in  the  lersian  language,  with  the  exception  of  the  "Five 
Poems  of  Nizami.  The  7  poems  thus  termed  are  "The 
V  i"  ,  S"'*^'  "Salaman  and  Absal,""  The  Present  of  the 
Just,  The  Rosary,"  "The  Ixives  of  Laila  and  Mainun  " 
\usuf  and  Zulaikha,"  and  "The  Book  of  Alexander  " 
Other  works  are  a  "Spring  Garden  "  (t.  e.  a  book  on  ethics 
containing  anecdotes  and  fables  written  in  both  prose  and 
verse),  the  "Magazine  of  secrets."  and  a  biography  of  the 
Sufls  entitled  "Exhalations  of  Intimacy  or  of  Holiness." 
He  was  buried  at  Herat,  the  sultans  of  which  were  his  pa- 
trons. ^ 

(ja'mi-son),  John.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
■  "59 :  died  at  Edinbui-gh,  JiUy  12, 1838. 
clergyman,  antiquary,  and  philolo- 
gist. He  entered  Glasgow  University  at  theageof  9,  and 
was  licensed  to  preach  in  1781.  He  was  settled  in  Edin- 
burgh in  1797.  His  chief  work  is  "An  Etymological  Dic- 
tionary of  the  .Scottish  Language"(1808:  supplement  1825). 


Murphy,  an  Irish  mmiature-painter.  Fromtheaue  don  Serif  fi  isoi  a  ti  i  ■  -1 ,  -  , 
of  16  to  20  she  was  governess  in  the  family  of  the  Maro^il  He  w,«  fhV"  '  f  1'  ,  ^-  ^"^^^-^"^  '"^  '^^'^  animals, 
of  Winchester.  Abmit  l.v21  she  entered  uron  the  saSeser  w,„  ^%  ^°,"  °^  "  ''??  ^'' '"  '^•"■iosities  in  Hamburg.  He 
vice  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Littleton.  afterwS  Lord  father:  monoDoh-  ^f'that  I'LT^'^  "'"i™"''  '"  ^**"'  ^""^  ^'='"''"-^''  » 
ton.  Her  journal  was  publishedaiionymouslyas"AlaSy^  fca  c?rdens  ""'"""'<^'  ^''PPlying  menageries  and  zoolog- 
Diar>%  andthenas"TheDi;irj'ofanEnnuye^'inl8-'6  In  To^Svtj  ••■■  ■■A,^  .  .  -,  „ 
i^-'-='- •■-'  ■•  ' ■ ■       -^       'ni.-o.  in  Jamrud  (jam-rod').     A  ruined  fort  9  miles  west 


IS25  she  married  a  former  lover,  Robert  Jameson  "b.-i^ris'  ''^PJf  "tt  (jam-rod  ).      A  ruined  fort  9  miles  west 
jer:  but  they  soon  separated,  Jameson  going  as  judge  to    '^'-  Peshawar,  Panjab,  British  India,  at  the  en- 
amaica.     Her  "Characteristics  of  Women  "  appeared  in    trance  of  the  Khyber  Pass. 
183       In  1842  she  began  the  series  of  art  works  which  .Tfl.maliirt  CPc,-«    r.;.^„    ^„„,  ^t,ra'\      t_  -ci;..:,_,_.: 


TJ.T-"^  »  ,-'■"-.     '^"..  ^i.u  J  01  ail  ciiiiuyee    ini^-j6,    in 

}  -"  t.  ™-''"'"«d  '^  former  lover,  Robert  Jameson,  b.irris. 

ter;  h"*"  **""" '^    ■    ' 

Jama 

mla;  ^^^t,^^'^^^^^?^£^Z^,:^  JamsMd  (Pers.  pi-on.  jem-shed').    In  Firdausi, 
Galleries  of  London."   She  traveled  extensivel    in  Europe    ^^^  ^°"'"'''  "^S  '^^  ^^^  Pishdadian  or  earliest  dy- 

and  America,  and  in  1847  revisited  Italy  to  write  her  chef-    """'""      "---■        ■      - 

d  auvre^ "Sacred  and  Legendary  Art."  This  appeared  in 
four  parts ;  "Legends  of  the  Saints  "(1848),"  Legends  of  the 
,  ?,^il'' °i'''^''^  <1850),"Lcgends  of  the  Madonna"(18.i2) 
and  1  he  History  of  our  Lord,"  The  last  was  left  unfln^ 
ished,  and  was  completed  by  Lady  Eastlake  after  Mrs.  Ja- 
S"'^°".?,2^''  <•„  J^nio'ig  her  other  works  are  "Lovesofthe 
■...  <.}829)  "Celebrated  Female  Sovereigns  "(1831),  "Vis- 
its and  Sketches"(1834),"  Winter  Studies  and  Summer  Ram- 
bles in  Canada  (1838),  "Social  Life  in  Germany,"  a  trans 
ation  of  the  dramas  of  Princess  Amelia  of  Saxony  (1840) 
-Memories  of  the  Early  Italian  Printers"  (184,5),  aiid  "Mis 
cellaneous  Essays,"  chiefly  artistic  (1846) 


neai 

navigable  to  Richmond  (150  miles) 
James  IV.  A  play  by  Robert  Greene,  it  was 
written  about  1591,  but  was  not  printed  until  1698  The 
whole  title  is  "  The  Scottish  History  of  Janes  IV  slai^  at 
nodden."  It  contains  a  fairy  iuterlude^n  which  O^on 
appears.     Lodge  assisted  Greene  in  this  play         ""^'^"'^ 

James,  Army  of  the. 


nasty.    He  reigned  70O  years,  the  first  300  of  which  were 
happy  and  beneficent.    He  softened  iron  and  taught  ite 
use  in  the  arts,  taught  weaving,  distinguished  castes  sub- 
dued and  employed  the  devs  or  demons,  discovered  pre- 
cious stones  and  minerals,  invented  medicine    and  first 
practised  navigation.   In  his  homage  men  first  celebrated 
the  New  \  ear.    Death  was  unknown,  but  Jamshid  became 
proud  and  forgot  God.    He  was  forced  to  flee  before  Dahak 
(see.lzAiDnAai-a),  and  remained  concealed  100  years  when 
he  appeared  on  the  shore  of  the  China  Sea  only  to  be  seized 
and  sawn  asunder  by  Dahak.  Jamshid  is  the  Avestan  Vimo 
kshaeto,  'Shining  Yinia'  (see  IVma),  Sanskrit  Yama  (see 
i  07110).    Also  called  ycm. 
Alloa,  Clack-  Jamu  (jum-o'),  or  Jummoo  (jum-mo').  A  town 
died  at  Bangala    "'  Kashmir,  situated  on  the  Tavi  in  lat.  32°  44' 
-„-, -,-„.  1/,  1008.     A  British  matu-  ,^-' 'oug.  74°  54' E.     Population  (1891),  34,542. 
ralist  and  explorer.    He  visited  Borneo  inl877.  South  J^^^^^,  (jan'a-ka).  In  Hindu  leg(?nd  :  1.  A  king 
Africa  in  1878,  the  Rocky  Mountamsin  1882,  and  Spain  and     of  Jlithila.  of  the  solar  rapo     ■nn,„„  tc 

Alcrenn  in  istaj       Cin   To.,    .tn   loc"   u_  i .l  _        . 


Algeria  in  1884.  On  Jan.  2o,  1887,  he  became  the  natural 
1st  of  the  Emm  Pasha  Relief  Expedition  under  Henry  M 
Stanley,  contributing  £1,000  to  the  funds.     He  was  left  as 

,._,,.  second  m  command  of  the  rear  column  under  Major  B.artte- 

A  Federal  army  in  the    l5'>  '";„?l''''i'J''''>'  *■'""'  '"  ^***  witnessed  the  killing  of  a 
licb  n,.o,.ot..,)  ;  J-io"  .  "_   ,eirl  of  10  by  the  cannibals  of  Tippu  Tib 


—  i'".*^."^^"  ""^"i^  "IT  111  i\.iiiiueriey,  Lape  colony 
and  was  appointed  administrator  of  the  British  South  M- 
fml  .^^^'Tk'?  '.his  opacity  he  organize,!  an  attack 
}\P°!i  the  Matabele  111  1893.     In  1895,  at  the  instigation  of 


Amencan  Civil  War,  which  operated  in  lSfi4  iri  t^  °'  ^^  ^^i^''  cannibals  of  Tip, 

conjunction  .vith  the  Army  of  the  Potomar  K  ''^™®Son,  Leander  Starr.     A  Scottish  physi 
was  commanded  by  General  B.  F.  Butler.  "  and'Ls^/„S!'H"!,;r,l',':V.\!ii\.^™5^  C".'""? 

James,  Duke  of  Berwick.  See  Fityame.<:,James. 

James,  George  Payne  Rainsford.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  9,  1801:  died  at  Venice,  Mav9.  1860 
An  English  novelist  and  historical  wi-iter  while 
stiU  young  he  traveled  on  the  Continent,  read  historv-  and 
poetrj-  and  became  acquainted  with  Cuvier,  Darwin  and 
other  distinguished  men.  Under  the  influence  of  Scoffs 
works  he  began  to  write  romances  which  had  great  suc- 
??4^'  u  i?™^  encouraged  by  Scott  and  Washington  Irving 
Richelieu,  his  first  novel,  was  published  in  1829  He 
was  a  most  prohfic  and  mediocre  writer.   He  was  appointed 


of  Jlithila,  of  the  solar  race.  When  Nimi  died  with- 
out a  successor,  the  sages  rubbed  his  body  and  produced 
from  it  a  prince  "called  Janaka,  from  being  born  without 
a  progenitor."  He  was  the  first  Janaka,  20  generations 
earlier  than  Janaka  the  father  of  Sita. 
2.  King  of  Videha,  and  father  of  Sita.  Hewasre- 
markable  for  his  knowledge  and  sanctity.  The  sage  Yajna- 
valkya  was  his  priest.  He  refused  to  submit  to  the  pre- 
tensions  of  the  Drahmans,  and  asserted  his  right  of  per- 
forming sacrifices.  He  succeeded  in  his  contention,  for  it 
is  said  that  by  his  righteouslife  he  became  a  Brahman  and 
Rajarshi, 


t-Z^si  ii."  J 'r^"  1\1  '"""'.■     '"  *"'"'■  "''  ""^  msugation  of    ■">j'"='".. 

fn,vp.nT„n»n*^  i''^'''y'^.P''"^f''''''''''  *"  '«'"'  "n  "niied  Janamejaya  (jan-a-ma'.ja-ya).  In  Hindu  le- 
Bec,:ra"'a?,"dri^l'trabo?.''  l^'^^i^^J^!^  gend.  a  king,  son  of  Parikshit  and  great-grand- 
the  Bechuanaland  and  Matabele  mounted  police)  before  ?"  "*  Arjuna.  He  listened  to  the  Mahabharata,  as  re- 
tbe  preparations  were  complete,  and  was  oliliL-ed'  to  siir  "^™  "'>'  '^'aishampayana,  and  so  eicpiated  the  sin  of  killing 
r',"J^'"i]'^.*«»"h  African  Republic  at  DcKirnKup,  Jan'  -"'^"■"'""''r- 


9     TWO*;         ^j^   -.--—-"■—""   ..^I'".'in..  ai.   iyi.njlll   IVup    Jan. 

2,  1896.  President  KrOger  sent  him  to  Great  Britain  for 
trial.  In  July,  1896,  he  was  condemned  to  ser\e  a  fifteen 
months  term  of  imprisonment  for  having  infringed  the 
foreign  enlistment  act,  but  was  released  Dec.  3,  1896  on 
account  of  ill  health.  ' 


;  .  7     . f.".....- .i.iuiiicun.iie  writer,   ne  was  appointed    "-"^'S"  eiiiistmeur  a 

historiographer  royal  by  William  IV.,  and  in  that  capacity    account  of  ill  health 


a  Brahman. 

Janauschek  (yii'nou-shek),  Fanny  (originally 
Franziska  Magdalena  Romance).  Born  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  July  20,  1830.  A  Bohemian 
tragic  actress.  She  made  herfirst  appearance  at  Prague, 
and  in  1847  was  engaged  at  the  theater  at  Cologne.  The 
next  year  she  went  to  Frankfort,  where  she  remained  for 
12  years.  She  came  to  the  United  States  in  1863,  and  played 


Janauscbek 


541 


aucces^fully  In  the  principal  cHies.  She  l?^™f4Enfl'«'> 
at  this  time  in  order  to  play  Shakspere  ,  I" '»'% ^^e  ap^ 
peare  J  in  Londun.  She  has  again  visited  the  United  states 
and  nlaved  successful  engagements. 
Jandai  (jeu-dtl').  lu  the  bhahnamah,  a  trav- 
eler, a  noble  of  Furiduu's  court,  whom  he  seut 
to  Sarv,  the  Kiug  of  Yemen,  to  seek  his  three 
dauRhters  in  maiTiage  for  his  tlu-ee  sons,  balm, 
Tur,  and  Iraj.  ,  t    /-i.     i   ..+„ 

Jane  Evre  ( jan  ar).  A  noted  novel  by  Charlotte 
Brouti^  published  in  1847  under  the  pseudonj-m 
Currer  Bell .  Its  title  is  the  name  of  its  principal  char- 
«oter  a  woman  who  is  made  interesting  in  spite  of  a  lacK 
ofbea'trwrti!. money, and  all  the conyentio.al attributes 
of  a  heroine.  The  book  is  partly  autobiographical,  ad 
caused  much  cimmeiit,  bringing  its  writer  prominently 
before  the  public.  ,  t    j     r        n  .„„ 

Jane  Grey,  Lady.  See  Grey  ^nd Lady  Ja>ie  Giey. 
Jane  Seymour.    See  Sci/mour. 
Janes  (janz),EdmundStorer.  Bom  at  Sheffield, 
Mass.,  April  27,  1807:  died  at  New  ^ork  Sept 
18,  1876.    An  American  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church. 
Jane  Shore  ( jSn  shor) .    l .  A  tragedy  by  Chettle 
and  Day,  entered  in  Henslowe  s  "Diary    Maj, 
1603.  Ward  says  it  was  produced  in  1602.  It  was  thought 
to  be  a  revision  of  an  older  play.         „       „,        ,    „-,•„ 
2.  A  tragedy  by  Kowe  (1714).   See  Shore's  11  i.tc, 
and  Shore,  Jane. 

The  ballad  of  "Jane  Shore  •wQl  be  found  in  Percy's 
"Reliciues."  Itis  well  known  that  the-hme  shore  of  real 
history  survived  Edward  IV.  for  thirty  years.  The  char- 
acter  which  had  been  rendered  very  popular  by  Lhurch- 
?^rd's  Legend  of  "  Shore's  Wife  ■'  in  the  "  Mirror  for  Magl^ 
tmtes"  (see  "The  Retume  from  Parnassus  "i,  2),  appears 
in  a  few  scenes  of  "The  True  Tragcdie  of  Richard  III. 
JjjjJjJ  Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit. 

Janesville  (janz'vil).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Rock  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  KocK 
Kiver  Hi  miles  west-southwest  of  Milwaukee. 
Population  (WOO),  13,185. 

Janet  (zha-na'),  Paul.     Born  at  Pans,  April  30, 
1823 :  died  there,  Oct.  4, 1899.    A  French  philos- 
ODber.     He  was  professor  of  philosophy  at  the  College  of 
Bourges  1846-48,  and  at  Strasburg  1848-57.     He  became 
professor  of  logic  at  the  Lyc^-e  Louis  le  Grand  in  1867  and 
was  professor  of  the  history  of  pliilosophy  at  the  Soi  bonne 
1864-»7,    He  was  one  of  the  principal  advocates  of  llbei  ty 
of  9,-ientiflc  research.   He  was  the  author  of  "La  famlUe 
mm   "Histoire  de  la  philosophic  morale  et  politique, 
etc  ••  (1858),  "Etudes  sur  ladialectique  dans  Platon  et  He- 
gel'" (1880),  "La  philosophie  du  bonheur"  (1862),  'Le  ma- 
Mrialisme  contemporain  en  AUemagne,  etc.   (1864),  ■  Les 
probR-mes  du  XIX-  siecle'' (1872),  "Philosophie  dc  la 
?6volution  francaise"(1876),  "Les  causes  finales     (18,0), 
"Sainl>simon,  elc."(1878),  "  La  philosophie  fran^aise  coii; 
temporaine  -(1879),  "Les  maltres  de  la  pensce  moderne 
nssa)  ■•  Les  origines  du  socialisme  contemporain    (18SJ), 
'■Victor  «;ousin,  etc."  (1885),  "Histoire  de  la  philosophie^ 
etc  "  (with  G.  S(5ailles,  1887),  "Centenaire  de  1,89,  etc. 
0889).  "La  philosophie  de  Lamennais "  (1890),  "Lectures 
vaii&a,  etc."  (1890), etc.     He  als..  published  several  teit- 
bonks,  translated  Spinoza's  "God,  Man,  and  Happiness 
ami  Leibnitz's  "  New  Essays  on  Human  Understanding, 
and  cntriliuted  articles  ,.,11  the  liberty  of  thought  to  all 
the  iirliicipal  periodicals.  _       .       , 

Janiculum  ( ja-nik'u-lum),  or  Mons  Janiculus 

(moiiz  ia-nik'u-lus).  A  long  ridge  or  lull  in 
Borne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber,  extend- 
ing south  from  the  Vatican,  and  opposite  the 
Capitoline  and  the  Aventine.  It  is  the  highest  of 
the  hills  of  Rome,  attaining  opposite  the  Porta  San  lan- 
crazio,  at  about  the  middle  of  its  extent,  a  height  of  278 
feet  above  the  sea.  _  .    ,.  t„-   * 

Janik(ja-nek'),orYanik(ya-nek  ).  A  district 
in  the  vilayet  of  Tieliizond,  Asiatic  lurkcy. 

Janin  (zhii-nan'),  Jules  Gabriel.    Born  at  St.- 

ftienne,  France,  Feb.  Hi.  1>^<I4:  .lied  at  Pans, 
June  'JO,  1874.  A  French  novelist.  I'euiUetouist, 
litterateur,  and  dramatic  critic  in  the  ".Journal 
des  Debats."  He  wrote  "L'Ane  mort  et  la  femmcguil- 
lotinee"(18-29),"Barnave"(18:il),"Histolrodelalittcrature 
et  de  la  po.'sie,  etc."  (1832),  "  Histoire  de  France  for  the 
plates  of  "La  galerie  historhiue  de  \  erBaillcs  (I!*3,-).i), 
'•Vovage  en  Italic"  (18:»),  "La  .\,)rman, he  hirf.,niiiie 
(1813).  "La  liretagne  hlstorlque  (ISU),  "HHtoire  ,le  la 
Ilturtiture  dramatinue  "(from  the"  Uebats,  Is.l-fK,),  lie. 
Al^ger  eJ  so™emi«^  (18fl«), ■'Circe  "  (1867),  besides  many 
romances,  novels,  etc.  ^  .      .  „       •      n^,,, 

Janina  (vii'iie-nii).  A  vilayet  in  Albania  lur- 
kiv.  Area,  7,0'2.5  square  miles.  Population 
( iss.-)),  509,151.  Also  written  Yanina,  Jdiiiiim, 
.liiiiiiiiiiKi,  etc. 

Janina.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Jainna, 
situaleil  on  the  Lake  of  .Tanina  in  lat.  .19°  4H  IS., 
lon<'  "20°  54'  E.  It  has  Important  trade,  and  iimmifBC 
tures  of  gold  lace,  etc.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  ab,iut 
14'n  and  was  ll.mriahiim  In  (he  time  of  All  l'asha(li88- 
mi-i)  Population, '.lO.oiiu  (largely  Greeks). 
Janina,  Lake  of.    A  lake  in  Albania,  near  Ja- 

niiiii.     Length,  12  miles.  „     ,      , 

Janizaries  (jan'i-za-riz).  [Froin  Turk  new 
troops.']  A  fonner  body  of  Turkish  infantry', 
constituting  the  sultan's  guard  and  the  main 
standing  arniv,  first  organized  in  th.^  14lh  cen- 
tury, and  unt"il  the  latter  part  of  the  l<th  oen- 
turV  largely  recruited  from  compulsory  con- 
scripts and  converts  taken  from  the  Eayas  or 


Christian  9ub,iects.  In  later  times  Turks  and  other 
Mohanmicdans  joined  the  corps  on  ^'^^""'"''he  various 
i>riviU-,'.s  attached  to  it.  The  body  became  large  and  very 
'^owcfTil  and  turbulent,  often  controlling  the  1-,«t.n>^  oj 
the  irovenmient  •  and,  altera  revolt  purposely  piovoked 
;  the  sulian  Mahmud  II.  in  1826,  many  <housa,.d^^amza. 
ries  were  massacred,  and  the  organization  was  abolished. 
Jankau  (yiin'kou).  A  village  in  Bohemia,  3- 
miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.  Here,  March  6 
1645  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson  gained  an  important 
victory  over  the  Imperialists  under  Hatzfeld. 

Jan  Mayen  Island  (yiin  mi'en  i'land).  An 
uninhabited  ishiii.l  in  the  .\retic  Ocean  It  con- 
tains  an  .-xtinct  v,.lca,„.,  Mount  Be_erenberg  6.^« '^a^ 
high),  siluat.'d  inlat.  71  4  >.,  long.  ,  38  W.  ";'«'>'»■ 
covered  by  the  Dutch  navigator  Jan  Mayen  in  1811. 

Jannaeus.     Hee  Akxumler. 

Jannes  (jau'Oz)  and  Jambres  .(J^™.  .^^y!^)^ 
Names  given  by  St.  Paul  (2  Tim.  ui.  8)  to  the 
Egj'ptian  magicians  who  withstood  Moses  at 
Pharaoh's  court.  ^   t    i-   •  „i 

Jansen  (.jan'sen;  D.  pron.  yan'sen),  Latinized 
Jansenius  (jan-se'ni-us),  Cornells.  Born  at 
Aequoi,  near  Gorkum,  Netherlands,  Oct.  -8, 
1,585:  died  at  Ypres,  Belgium,  May  6,  l(j38.  A 
Dutch  RomanCatholic  theologian,  founder  ot  a 
sect  named  for  him.  See  Jansenists.  Hischief 
work  is  "Augustinus,  seu  doctrina  St  Augustiiii  de  liu- 
mame  iiatura  sanitate,  ajgritudine,  medicma,  etc.    (184U). 

Jansenists  (jan'sen-ists).  A  body  or  school  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  prominent  m  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries,  holding  the  doctrines 
of  Cornells  Jansen.  Jansenism  is  described  by  Cath- 
olic authorities  as  "a  heresy  which  consisted  >n  denying 
the  freedom  of  the  will  and  the  possibility  of  resist  ng 
diviieVace,"  under  "a  professed  attempt  to  res  ore  the 
anc"ent  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the  Church'  (Cath. 
Diet  )  It  is  regarded  by  Protestant  authorities  as  a  re- 
action within  the  Catholic  Church  against  the  theological 
casuistry  and  general  spirit  of  the  Jesuit  order,  and  a 
Je^Wal  of  the  Augustinian  tenets  upon  the  inability  of 
the  fallen  wUl  and  upon  efhcacious  grace  ((r.  i  .  I'lSHtr, 
Hist.  Reformation,  p.  451). 

Jansen  (yiin'son),  Kristoffer  Nagel.  Bom  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  May  5,  1841.  A  Norwegian 
poet  and  novelist,  author  of  poems  and  tales  in 
Norwegian  dialect.  -ht-  i,  i 

Janson,  or  Jenson  (zhon-son'),  Nicholas. 
Died  about  1481.  A  French  pnnter  and  en- 
graver who  set  up  a  printing  establishment  at 
Venice  about  1470.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  the 
introducer  of  the  roman  t)-pe.  .„,.,. 

JanuariUS  (ian-u-a'ri-us),  Samt.  A  Christian 
martyr  who  wa's  beheaded  under  Diocletian. 
He  wisbishop  of  Beneventum.  Relics  which  are  assert- 
ed to  be  his  head  and  some  of  his  blood,  are  preserved  at 
Wes  The  blood  is  supposed  to  have  the  miraculous 
power  of  heconiing  fluid  wh.n  it  is  brought  nearthehead- 
k  miracle  which  is  performed  for  the  ediflcatioii  of  large 
numbers  of  jieople  several  times  a  year.  His  festival  Is 
kejit  ill  the  Roman  Church  Sept.  19. 

January (jau'u-a-ri).  [L. Ju,iuarius{sc. mcisis), 
from  JaiiL.-]     the  first  month  of  the  year  ac- 
cording to  present  and  the  later  Roman  reckon- 
iur'.  eonsisliiig  of  thirty-one  days. 
January  and  May.     Pope's  version  of  Chau- 
cer's "Merchant's  Tale." 
Janus  (ja'nus).       [Prob.    couuected   witli     .r 
Zt,  <■  1     A  iirimitive  Italic  solar  deity,  regarded 
among  tlie  Komans  as  the  doorkeeper  ot  heaven 
and  the  esiieeial  patron  of  the  beginning  and 
ending  of  till  undertakings.     As  the  protector  of 
doors  and  gateways,  he  was  represented  as  ho  ding  a 
S  01  "cei^cr  in  th'e  right  hand  a>vV\,'',r,rhe  Indtwo 
nii.l  i,»  the  cod  of  the  sun  s  rising  and  setting  he  bail  two 
?rce     01  e  £  Si  .g    •>  the  cast,  an.l  the  othcT  to  the  west. 
Hi,  temp"e  at  Rome  was  kept  open  h,  time  of  war.  and  was 
,  loscd  . 'nly  in  the  rare  event  of  universal  peace. 
Janus.     Tlie  pseudonym  <if  Dr.  Johanii  Joseph 
Igiiaz'voii  Diilliiiger.        ,      ,      ^,        ,     ,     fr 

Janus  Quadrifrons.  Arch  of.    See  Arch  of  Ja- 

mis  (JiKidn/rdiis. 


Jamac 

native  Christiana  were  persecuted  from  1624.  The'Toku- 
Sawa  dvnasty  of  shoguus  began  il,  l^^- ioP*",'^,",  ube 
isolated,  except  for  restricted  trade  with  the  Dutch  till  the 
American  expedition  under  Perry,  1853:  he  forced  a  c,>iu. 
mercial  treaty,  March  31,  ISbi.  which  wai  foUowed  1) 
commercial  relati.inswitholhercountries.  Iheshogunate 

wasabolishcd  in  1867,  and  a  civil  war  ended  m  1868  m  the 
recovervof  full  powerby  theilikado.  More  recent  events 
are  aboliti.,..  of  the  feudal  system,  1871 :  anneication  of  the 
lioninlslaii.ls,  187(1,  and  of  the Loochoo  Islands,  18,9.  sup-  ^ 

nression  of  the  Satsuma  rebellion,  1877 ;  constitution  pro- 
mulgated 18^9  ;  first  paiUument  met.1890 ;  war  with  China 
and  acquisition  of  Pormosa,  18;*)-'J6.  (See  China.)  Area 
'exclusive  of  the  territory  recently  acquired  by  treaty 
from  ChinaX  147,6.55  square  miles.  Population  (1893X 
4 1  1 189  940 

Japan,  Sea  of.  That  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
which  lies  between  Japan  on  the  east  and  south, 
Korea  on  the  west,  and  .\siatic  Russia  on  the 
north.  It  communicates  with  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  by  the 
Channel  of  Tatary  on  the  north  and  the  Strait  of  La  P6- 
louse  on  the  northeast,  and  with  the  Pacific  by  the  Chan- 
nel of  Korea  on  the  southwest  and  Sangar  Strait  on  the 

Japetus.  The  eighth  sateUite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  Oct.,  1671. 

Japheth  (ja'feth),  or  Japhet  (ja  fet).  Accord- 
i,,.'  to  the  account  in  Genesis,  the  third  son  of 
Noah,  and  the  ancestor  of  various  nations  m 
northern  Asia  and  in  Europe  (in  general,  of  the 
so-called  Indo-European  race).     See  Shcm. 


Japai  (ja-jiati' ).     [Crr.ipted  from  /</.««f/«  (of 

Marco  Polo),  cornipl.'d  li 1  native  S,,,h<m  <u- 

yi,wo,i,  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun;  F.  .Iiipiw, 
Sp.  ./";"'«.  <i-  iind  D.  .liiiHui.  Pg.  ./<(;'<7<'.]  All 
empire  of  Asia,  lying  iti  the  Pacili.'  east  of  (  hi- 
na  Korea,  and  Siberia.  Capital,  Tokio.  It  com. 
nriies  four  principal  Islands-the  main  Island  (Uoiulil), 
KrSoLi.anll  Kl.isbiu.wllhnb,,.it  l,tl.K)»i,mlllslan.ls, 

Incudl  g  the  l.o,,cb,K,  an.l  Knrlle  gr..i.|.»,  ,  '  I"' '■"•^'.'';;• 
s  mounU.lnous  and  hlllv,  culm  Mating  'l'' ") !•'"',  ,'i:??'^ 
feet)  The  leading  occupation  Is  agrlciil  lire  The  ih.f 
..xn,  rts  are  silk  tea,  rke,  coal,  copper,  llsh,  lacqliur,  etc. 
S  uhnlnlstratlic  dlvl^ion.  are  u  and  .3  I*.;"  ("r  P'* 
fe.tnies)  There  Is  also  a  sulHllvlslon  nolltlcallv  Into  H.i 
nrovl  Ss  '"he  government  Is  a  llmltc.l  moiiar,'  ly,  with 
Snoperor,  cabinet  an,l  privy  council,  ami  an  Impcrla 
Parliament  compos.'.l  of  a  II. .use  of  Peers  an.l  a  lions,  of 
Kc  entatlv..s!  The  prevailing  rellKl..ns  'fe  Si;  n  ,,l-,ll 
an.\  Hnd.lhls.n.  Anthentl.  history  begins  "  "  "t  MK.  A  I^ 
K..rean  Inlluence  began  at  an  early  date  an.l  Huddl  Ism 
w  s  I  r.  lice.l  from  K..rea  about  5r.O.  The  sl.ognn  \"r|. 
"  n.  UHurpid  the  anlh..rlty  In  IIIC.  Mar.oPohi  visited 
th  Islands  In  the  13th  c.  ntury.  A  system  ,.f  feinia  ban.n- 
i^c  g,  ..w  up  :  the  Mlka.b.s  were  th,'  emper..r?.  hut  the  rea 
mmer  belo  iged  to  the  shoguns.  1lie  Portugu.se  tra.le.l 
wUh  Japan  from  1548  till  tiiolr  ejcluslon  In  l.«i.  and  the 


Attempts  have  been  made  to  explain  the  names  of  the 
tliree  sons  of  Noah  as  referring  to  the  colour  of  the  skin 
y^phethasbeencomparedwiththeABsyriamppatu.'white 
Sheni  with  the  Assyrian  samu,  'oUve-cooured  ,  while  in 
ilani  etymologists  have  seen  the  Hebrew  kham  to  be  hot 
But  aU  such  attempU  are  of  very  doubtful  value 

Saycf,  Races  of  the  0. 1.,  p.  4.i. 

JapurS,  (zhii-po-ra'),  or  Yapuri  (ya-po-rS^), 
called  bv  Spanish  Americans  Catjueta  (ka-ka  - 
fa)  \  river  in  Colombia  and  Brazil.  It  rises  In 
the  Andes  near  Popayan  and  joins  'he  Amaz..n  through  a 
network  of  channels  extending  from  about  l...ng.  6«  t«  6r 
W  Length,  about  1,5IJ0  miles ;  navigable  ncarl)  62o  miles. 
The  middle  course  lies  in  territory  churned  by  Ecuador. 

Jaquenetta  (jak-e-net'a).  In  Shakspere's 
''Love's  Labour's  Lost,"  a  country  maul  \Nnth 
whom  the  "high  fantastical  Armado  "  is  111  love. 

Jaques  (jaks  or  jiiks,  or  as  F.,  zhak;  on  the 
st^ge  often  pron.  as  if  mod.  L.,  ja  quez).  [t . 
Jannes,  Jarques,  froml^L.  Jiicobus,  Jacob.  From 
OF.  Jmiues  is  derived  ME.  Jal^cs,  JaA,  mod.  J!i. 
JrtcA'.]-  1.  In  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like  it, 
a  companion  of  the  exiled  duke.  Ho  is  usually 
spoken  of  as  "the  melancholy  Jaqucs. "  He  has  not  en- 
tered  on  this  life  with  patience,  but  poses  as  a  censurer  of 

2*"A"younger  son  of  Sir  Rowland  de  Bois  in 
tlie  same  play  is  also  named  Jaques,  and  is 
spoken  of  sometimes  as  Jaques  de  Bois.— d.  in 
Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "The  Case  is  Altered,"  a 
miser  with  a  likeness  to  Shakspere's  "  bhylock 
in  the  scenes  with  his  daughter. 
Jaaues  (zhii'kes),  Christovao.    A  Portuguese 

captain  who,  in  l.'.2li.  was  sent  with  a  stiuadron 
to  Brazil,  with  tlie  title  of  governor.  He  captured 
some  French  ships  on  the  coast,  founded  the  first  Portu- 
gueso  settlement  at  Pernambuco  (1527).  and  eii.lored^  far 
Bouth  as  the  Kio  de  la  Plata.  He  was  recaUed  in  15^. 
Jaraes.     See  Charaes.  .,„.,,  j 

Jarasandha  (.iar-a-sand'ha).  In  Hindu  egend, 
son  of  Hriha.Iratha,  and  king  of  Magadha.  Iiy 
the  favor  .if  Shiva  be  prevalle.l  over  many  kings,  and  es- 
necially  fought  against  Krishna,  attackhig  him  eighteen 
lines  When  Krishna  returned  from  Dvaraka  with  llhlma 
an.l  Arjuna  to  slay  Janisan.lha  and  release  the  captive 
kings,  JaraBan.lha  was  slain  by  Hhima. 

Jarcbi.    See  linshi. 

Jardine  (jiir'din).  sir  WilUam.  Bom  at  Edm- 
bm-.'li  Feb.  2:t,  1800:  died  at  Sandown,  Isle  of 
Wight',  Nov.  21,  1874.  A  Scottish  baronet  and 
natTirii'list.  His  chief  winks  are  "Illustratl..iiB  of  Orni- 
thology'(IBJtn),  "  Ihc  .Naturalist's  library  "(1845  :  which  be 
e'lit.Hl  and  In  part  wrote),"  The  I'l'""!"";.'.',  ^!'""".;''''*^ 
(1S,'.3)  "  lilr.ls  of  (ireal  Britain  and  Ireland    (18.8),  etc 

Jarita(jar'i-tii).  in  the  Mahabharata,  a  certain 
feiiiah'bird.  The  saint  Mandapala  returned  't^""  <[>o 
shailes  bi.aiise  he  had  no  s.,n,  became  a  male  bir.l  ba.l  tiy 
1 II  f.mr  sons,  an.l  then  abai..l..ned  her.  In  the  burning 
."the  Kliandiiva  forest  she  .levotedly  Pn'^'f  ','  , 'V,;  ^"/ 
dren,  wh..  were  saved  by  the  Intluenccof  Man.lapala  with 

jMley  '(' ji'r'ii  V  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "  Old  Curios- 
iU  ST.op,"lhe  merry,  kind-hearted  ownj-r  and 
eiliibilor  of  .larlev's  wax-works,  "the  delight 
of  the  nobility  mid' gentry,  and  the  peculiar  pet 
of  the  roviil  family." 

Jarlsberg  ( y iirls' ben  1 )  and  Laurvig  (lo-.r  %  ig). 

A  maril  i.i.e  amt  in  southern  ^''■■";'.••    ArP",  *^'->'> 
s.,i,are  miles.     Population  (1891   ,  U0,9.h. 
Jarnac  (zhiir-niik').     A  town  in  tlie.leparlment 
,Vt-  Charente.  western  France,  situated  on  the 
Chnreiile   17  miles  west  of  AngouU-me.    It  haa 

,  rr'ti'in't  trll. m  brandy  atut  «'"V,„?„rrtefJa"!:M  t'l^. 
W.>.  the  Catholics  un. ler  the  l>nke  of  A")'l>' "'^^"'S?  "'^ 
Iliign.'nots  un.ler  CondO  and  Collgny.  Population  (1891* 
commune,  4,880. 


Jarndyce 

Jarndyce(jam'dis),  John.  In  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House,"  the  owner  of  Bleak  House,  and  guar- 
dian of  Kichard  Carstone,  Ada  Clare,  and  Esther 
Summerson.  it  is  his  habit,  when  he  is  disappointed  in 
human  nature,  to  feel  a  severe  east  wind. 

Jarnsida  (yam-se'dai.  10^.  Janisidha  :  Jam, 
iron,  and  sidha,  side.]  The  first  law  code  of  Ice- 
land  under  Norwegian  sovereignty,  compiled 
*  from  old  Norwegian  laws  and  sent  to  Iceland 
by  King  Magnus  in  1271.  it  is  also  called  nakon- 
arbok,  having  been  erroneously  ascribed  to  King  Hakon 
Hakonsson.  It  met  with  strong  opposition  in  Iceland,  and 
was  soon  superseded  by  the  Jonsbok. 

Jaromierz  (ya'ro-merts).  A  town  in  Bohetfiia, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  66  miles  east-northeast  of 
Prasue.     Population  (1890),  commune,  6,925. 

Jaroslaff.     See  Yaroslaff. 

Jaroslaw  (ya'ro-slav) .  A  town  in  GaUeia,  Aus- 
t  ria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  San  57  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Lemberg.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 18,065. 

Jarric  (zha-rek'),  Louis  Etienne.  Bom  at  Les 
Cayes,  1757:  died  there,  Feb.  21, 1791.  A  Hai- 
tian mulatto  who,  in  1789,  was  delegate  to  the 
French  Assembly,  and  organized  there  the  So- 
ciety of  Amis  des  Noirs,  or  Friends  of  the  Blacks. 
Subsequently  he  was  engaged  with  Og^  in  a  revolutionary 
descent  on  Santo  Komingu.  and  was  captured  and  put  to 
death.     .See  Ofi>'. 

Jarrow,  or  Jarrow-on-Tyne  (jar'6-on-tin').  A 
mining  and  manufacturing  town  in  Durham, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  6  miles  east  of 
Newcastle.  Itcontains  the  ruins  of  a  monastery,  found- 
ed 681,  which  was  the  home  of  Bede.  Population  (1S91), 
33,632. 

Jarvie  ( jiir' vi),  Baillie  Nicol.  A  magistrate  of 
Glasgow,  a  character  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"Rob  Roy." 

Jasher  (ja'sher).  Book  of.  [Heb.,  'upright.'] 
A  lost  book  of  Hebrew  national  songs,  narratiug 
the  deeds  of  the  heroes  (upright  men).  Two  pas- 
sages in  the  Old  Testament  are  quoted  from  it :  the  famous 
song  which  mentions  the  standing  still  of  the  sun  (.Tosh. 
X.  13),  and  the  lament  of  David  over  Saul  and  Jonathan 
(2  Sam.  i.  18).  It  is  endent  that  the  work  cannot  have 
been  completed  before  the  time  of  David,  although  the 
nucleus  of  the  collection  may  have  been  in  existence  ear- 
lier. There  are  several  Hebrew  works  of  this  title  extant, 
and  one  forgery  which  appeared  in  England  in  1751. 

Jasmin  (zhas-man')7  Jacques.  Born  at  Agen, 
France,  March  6, 1798 :  died  Oct.  4, 1864. '  A  Pro- 
vencal poet.  He  was  known  as  the  last  of  the  trouba- 
dours and  the  "Barber  Poet."  His  father  was  a  composer 
of  the  burlesque  couplets  used  at  fetes,  charivaris,  etc.. 
and  he  accompanied  him  on  his  expeditious.  Put  at  hist 
in  a  seminary,  he  left  it  abruptly,  and  was  employed  iii  a 
barber's  shop  at  Agen  :  later  he  entered  thisbusinesson  his 
own  account.  His  first  work  was  called  "Charivari '"(1825). 
He  also  composed  a  great  number  of  popular  songs,  patri- 
otic odes,  etc.,  and  ''  .Mons  Soubenis"  ("My  Souvenirs"), 
written  in  the  patois  of  Agen,  a  dialect  of  thelangue  d'oc. 
The  first  collection  of  his  works  was  published  in  1S35  under 
the  title,  taken  from  his  profession,  "Papillotes."  His  name 
reached  Paiis  :  he  was  presented  to  the  king,  and  received 
the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  and  a  pension.  In  18.12 
the  .\cademy  granted  him  a  "prix  extraordinaire"  for  his 
Provencal  poems.  His  principal  poems  are  "L'Aveugle  de 
Castel-Cuill6  "  (1836),  translated  by  Longfellow ; "  Fiancon- 
netto"  (1840);  "Marthe  la  foUe"  (18M).;  "Les  deux  freres 
jumeaux  "  (1&15);  ''La  semaine  d'un  fils"  (1849);  etc. 

Jason  (ja'sgn).  [Gr.'Iao(Ji',thehealeroratoner.] 
In  (jreek  legend,  the  leader  of  the  Argonautie 
expedition.  He  was  bom  at  lolcos.was  ason  of  .Eson  and 
Polymede,  and  was  brought  up  under  the  instruction  of 
Chiron.  T?he  legends  concerning  him  are  nmnerous  and 
varied.  His  greatest  exploit  was  the  expedition  to  Col- 
chis with  the  other  ,\rgonauts  to  obtain  the  Golden  Fleece. 
This  he  secured  by  the  aid  of  the  sorceress  iledea,  daugh- 
ter of  .Eetes.  king  of  Colchis,  who  fell  in  love  with  him. 
She  protected  him  from  the  buUs  breathing  fire  and  hoofed 
with  brass  which  he  was  obliged,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
fleece,  to  yoke  to  the  plow,  and  from  the  armed  men 
who  sprang  up  from  the  dragon's  teeth  which  he  was  re- 
quired to  sow  in  the  fields.  From  other  perils,  also,  she 
saved  him,  and  fled  with  him  and  the  fleece.  Jason  finally 
desert«d  Medea.    See  Medea. 

Jassy,  or  Yassy  (yas'se),  or  Jash  (yiisht.  A 
city  in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Bach- 
lui,  near  the  Pruth,  in  lat.  47°  10'  N.,  long.  27° 
36'  E.  It  is  the  chief  city  of  Moldavia,  and  was  its  capi- 
tal from  about  1564  to  1861.  It  has  been  frequently  occu- 
pied by  the  Russians,  and  was  nearly  destroyed  by  janiza- 
ries in  182'2.  It  has  a  university.  A  treaty  was  made  here 
b  tween  Russia  and  Turkey  in  1792,  by  which  the  Russian 
frontier  was  extended  to  the  Dniester.  Population  (1889- 
1890),  72,859. 

JastrO'W  (yas'tro).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  in  lat.  53°  27' 
N.,  long.  16°  47'  E.     Population  (1890),  5,288. 

Jasz-Ap4thi  (yiis'o'pa-ti).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Szolnok,  Hungarv.  52  miles  east  of 
Budapest.     Population  (1890),  10,401. 

J5.SZ-Bereny  (yas '  be '  rany).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Szolnok,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Zagyva  42  miles  east  of  Budapest.  Population 
(1890),  24,331. 

Jataka  (jii'ta-ka).  [Skt.  jataka,iiova.jdtaka7n, 
nativity,  principles  of  nativity.]     Among  the 


542 

Buddhists,  a  former  birth  of  Shakyamuni,  and 
a  narrative  rcirarding  it;  "Birth-story."  The 
Jatakas  are  one  of  the  sacred  books  of  the  Kuddhists,  a 
division  of  the  Khuddakanikaya,  or  "collection  of  short 
treatises."  in  the  .Suttapitaka,  or  discourses  for  the  laity. 
There  is  evidence  of  the  existence  of  a  collection  so  named 
as  early  as  the  Council  of  Vesali  (about  380  B.  cX  They  were 
put  into  their  present  form  in  the  Suttapitaka  in  the  5th 
century  A.  P.  There  were  current  among  the  Buddhists 
fables  and  parables  ascribed  to  Buddha,  the  sanctity  of 
which  they  sought  to  increase  by  identifying  the  best  ch.ar- 
acter  in  any  story  with  Buddha  himself  in  a  formerbirth. 
Distinguished  by  quaint  humor  and  gentle  e:irnestness, 
they  teach  the  duty  of  tender  sympathy  with  animals. 
Many,  if  not  aU,  of  the  fables  of  the  Hitopadesha  may  be 
identified  with  them.  Thestoriesnumber550.  Theyhave 
been  edited  in  the  original  Pali  by  Fausbbll,  and  are  being 
translated  l>y  Rhys  Davids  and  tinder  his  superintendence. 
Rhys  Davids  terms  them  "  the  most  important  collection 
of  ancient  folk-lore  extant." 
Jatayu  (ja-ta'yo).  In  the  Ramayana,  a  bird, 
the  son  of  Vishnu's  bird  Garuda,  and  king  of 
the  vultures.  As  ally  of  Rama  he  fought,  to  prevent 
the  carrying  away  of  Sita,  against  Ravana  who  mortally 
wounded  him.  In  the  Piu^nas  Jatayu  is  the  friend  of 
Dasharatha. 

J4tiva,  or  Xdtiva  (nii'te-va),  or  San  Felipe  de 
Jclti'7a  (siin  fa-le'pa  da  Ha'te-vaj.  A  town  in 
the  pro-vinee  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Albaida  31  miles  south  by  west  of  Valencia :  the 
ancient  Sjetabis.  it  has  a  castle ;  was  noted  in  Roman 
times  for  linen  manufactures ;  and  was  the  birthplace  of 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  and  of  Ribera.  Population  (1887), 
14,099. 

Jats,  or  Jauts  (jats).  A  mysterious  race,  per- 
haps Hinduized  Scythians,  first  mentioned  in 
the  beginning  of  the  11th  centiu'y.  They  opposed 
the  invasion  of  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  by  whom  they  were 
defeated,  though  they  are  said  to  have  gathered  8,000  boats 
on  the  Indus,  In  Aurung-Zeb's  reign  they  were  banditti 
in  the  mountains  of  the  interior  of  India.  Increasing  in 
strength  under  their  chief  Suraj  Mai  in  the  18th  century, 
they  dictated  the  policy  of  the  Moguls.  Suraj  Mai  was 
killed  when  htlnting  in  bravado  in  the  imperial  park  at 
Delhi,  which  city  he  had  undertaken  to  besiege.  After  a 
contest  between  the  sons  of  Suraj  Mai.  their  survivor,  Ran- 
jit  Singh,  secured  the  chiefship.  "When  British  power  was 
est.ablished  in  northern  India,  Ranjit  Singh  was  allowed  to 
retain  his  territories,  viz.  Agra  and  its  district,  granted  to 
Suraj  Mai  by  Ahmad  Shah  as  the  price  of  his  desertion  of 
the  Mahrattas  before  the  bat  tie  of  Paniput.  Disagreements 
arising  between  the  English  and  the  raja,  Ix)rd  Comber- 
mere  stormed  and  captured  the  Jat  fortress  of  Dig  Jan.  18, 
1826,  and  ended  finally  their  power. 

Jaubert  (zho-bar'),  Amedee  fimilien  Probe. 
Born  at  Aix,  France,  June  3,  1779:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  20, 1847.  A  French  Orientalist,  author 
of  "filaments  de  la  grammaire  turque"  (1823), 
translator  of  Idrisi's  geography  (183()-4()),  etc. 

Jauer  (you'er).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wiitende  Neisse 
37mQes  west  of  Breslau.  It  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  the  ancient  principality  of  Jauer,  Population  (1890), 
commune,  11,576. 

Jauja  (Hou'Ha),  or  Xauxa  (nou'Ha).  A  town 
of  the  department  of  Junin,  Peru,  in  a  valley 
11,150  feet  above  the  sea,  and  108  miles  east  of 
Lima.  It  was  a  large  native  city  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest, and  was  Pizarro's  temporary  capital  before  the 
founding  of  Lima.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Jaunpur  (.ioim-por').  1.  A  district  in  the  Alla- 
habad division.  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.  82° 
40'  E,  Area,  1,550  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,264,949.-2.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Jaunpur,  situated  on  the  Gumti  35  miles 
north-northwest  of  Benares  :  formerly  an 
important  Mohammedan  capital.  Population 
(1891).  42,819. 

Jaunthal  (voun'tai).  or  Jaunerthal  (you'ner- 
tiil),  F.  Val  de  Bellegarde  (val  de  bel-gard'). 
An  alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg, 
Switzerland,  joining  the  valley  of  the  Saane  at 
Broc. 

Jauregui  y  Aldecoa  (nou'ra-ge  e  al-da-ko'a), 
Agustin  de.  Born  in  Bazan,  Navarre,  1708: 
died  at  Lima,  Peru,  April  27, 1784.  A  Spanish 
soldier  and  administrator.  Afterserving  in  the  West 
Indies  and  Portugal,  he  was  captain-general  of  Chile  1773  to 
1779.  and  viceroy  of  Peru  July  20, 1780,  to  April  13, 1784.  The 
revolt  of  Tupac  Amaru  took  place  during  his  terra  in  the 
latter  country.  He  died  from  the  results  of  an  accideiit  a 
few  days  after  giving  up  his  office. 

Ja'va  (ja'vii).  One  of  the  Sunda  Islands,  and  the 
most  important  island  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 
Capital,  Bata\'ia,  It  is  separated  from  Sumatra  on  the 
northwest  by  Sunda  Strait,  from  Borneo  on  the  north  by  the 
Java  Sea.  and  from  Bali  on  the  east  by  Bali  Strait,  and  bor- 
ders on  the  Indian  Ocean  south.  It  is  traversed  by  moun- 
tains throughout  its  length,  and  contains  many  volcanoes. 
Its  soil  is  noted  for  its  fertility.  The  chief  exports  are 
cotf  ee.  tea,  sugar,  indigo,  and  tobacco.  It  is  divided  into  22 
residencies,  under  Dutch  "  residents  "  and  the  governor- 
general  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  The  inhabitants  are  main- 
ly Javanese,  Madurese,  and  Sundanese.  Various  Hindu 
states  were  flourishing  here  prior  to  the  introduction  of 
Mohammedanism  in  the  15th  century.  Dutch  rule  com- 
menced in  1610,  The  island  was  taken  by  the  British  in 
1811,  but  restored  to  Holland  in  1816.  There  was  a  native 
insurrection  in  1825-30,   Colonial  system  of  enforced  labor 


Jean  de  Meun 

for  the  natives  was  introduced  in  1830,  modified  by  aiy 
agrarian  law  in  1870.  Area,  including  Madura,  50,65* 
square  miles.  Greatest  length,  6t'.4  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  about  129  miles.  Population,  with  Madura 
(1892),  24,284,969. 

Javan  (ja'van).  According  to  Genesis,  son  of 
Japhet  and  ancestor  of  Elisha,Tarshish,Kittim, 
and  Dodanim.  in  Ezek.  xxvii.  13  he  is  mentioned  a« 
carrying  on  trade  with  the  Tyrians  (compare  also  Isa,  livi. 
19),  In  all  these  passages  the  loniaiis  of  Asia  Minor  are  *  | 
meant,  with  whom  the  Orientals  were  earliest  and  best 
acquainted.  In  the  annals  of  Sargon  (722-705  a.  c.)  they 
are  mentioned  by  the  name  of  lavanu  (or,  by  the  frequent 
interchange  of  v  and  m  in  AssjTian,  lamanuX  and  figure  as 
pirates  on  the  coasts  of  Phenicia  and  Asia  Minor. 

Javary  (zha-va-re'),  Sp.  Yavary  (ya-va-re'). 
A  southern  affluent  of  the  Amazoii,  forming 
the  boundary  between  Brazil  and  Peru,  it  rises, 
presumably,  ne'ar  lat.  7°  .S.  and  long,  74°  W,,  and  after  a 
very  crooked  course  joins  the  Amazon  in  lat,  4'  15'  8., 
long.  69°  .'16  \V.  (nearly).  Most  of  the  course  is  navi- 
gable. By  existmg  treaties,  the  extreme  source  of  the 
Javary  (unknown)  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  boun- 
dary between  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  and  the  northwestern 
terminus  of  that  between  Bolivia  and  Peru,  Also  written. 
Javart. 

J&VBL  Sea.  That  portion  of  the  ocean  partly  in- 
closed by  Borneo  on  the  north,  Sumatra  on  the 
west,  Java  on  the  south,  and  Flores  Sea  on  the- 
east. 

Ja'Pea  (na-va'a).  A  seaport  in  the  pro-vince  of 
Alicante,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 
43  miles  northeast  of  Alicante.  Population 
(1S87),  7,441. 

Ja'vert  (zha-var').  An  officer  of  the  police  force 
in  •  •  Les  Miserables,"  by  Victor  Hugo.  He  is  the- 
incarnation  of  inexorable  law. 

Ja'W0r6w(ya-v6'rov),  or  Jaward'W  (ya-va'rov). 
A  town  in  Galieia,  Austria-Hungary,  28  miles- 
west  by  north  of  Lemberg.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  9,219. 

Jaxartes  (jak-sar'tez).  The  ancient  name  of  the- 
Sir-Daria. 

Jazt.    See  Jagst. 

Jay  (ja),  John.  Bom  at  New  York,  Dec.  12,1745: 
tliedatBedford,WestchesterCouitty,  N.Y.,May 
17,1829.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  New  "Vork  1774-77  and  1778- 
1779,  and  drewup  the  constitution  of  >"ew  Yorkin  1777.  He 
was  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1780-82 ;  peace  com- 
missionerat  Paris  178-2-83;  secretary  for  foreign  affairs  1784- 
1789 ;  contributor  to  the  "  Federalist ";  first  chief  justice  of 
the  T'nited  States  Supreme  Court  1789-95;  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  governor  of  New  York  1792 ;  special  minister 
to  Great  Britain  1794-95;  and  governor  of  New  Vork  1795- 
1801. 

Jay,  William.  Born  at  Tisburv,  Wilts,  May, 
1769 :  died  at  Bath,  Dec.  27, 1853.  An  English 
Independent  clergyman  and  religious  writer. 
His  best-knovm  work  is  "Morning  and  Evening. 
Exercises"  (1829-31). 

Jayadratha  ija-yad'rat-ha).  A  prince  of  the 
lunar  race,  and  king  of  Sindhu.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Dhritarashtra,  and  was  an  ally  of  the  Kauravas, 
In  the  absence  of  the  Pandavas  he  carried  off  Draupadi, 
Seized  t>y  them,  he  was  spared,  to  be  slain  by  Arjuna  in  the 
great  battle. 

Jayce,  or  Jajce  (yit'se),  or  Jaitza  (^it'sa).  A 
town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the  Verbas  in  lat. 
44°  16'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  towns  in 
Bosnia,  and  contains  a  number  of  mosques.  It  basa  noted 
waterfall.     Population  (18S5),  3,706. 

Jay's  Treaty.  A  name  given  to  the  treaty  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  con- 
eluded  by  John  Jay  Nov.  19,  1794,  and  ratified 
by  the  United  States  Aug.  18,  1795.  It  contained 
provisions  for  the  surrender  to  the  United  States  of  the 
northwestern  military  posts ;  for  the  settlement  of  the  east- 
ern boundary  ;  for  the  payment  of  British  debts  and  Ameri- 
can claims;  for  the  restriction  of  American  trade  in  the- 
West  Indies ;  and  for  neutrality  at  sea. 

Jazyges  (jaz'i-jez).  A  Sarmatian  people  who 
settled  in  Hungary  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era,  and  later  were  merged  in  the 
Magyars. 

Jeaffreson  (jef 'er-son),  John  Cordy.  Bom  at 
Framlingham,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan,  14,  1831: 
died  Feb,  2,  1901,  An  English  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  works  are  "  Isabel, 
the  Young  Wife  and  the  Old  Love,"  "A  Book  about  Doc- 
tors" (1860),  •'  Olive  Blake's  Good  'Work  "  (1862),  "  Live  it 
Down"  (1863),  •' Not  Dead  Yet"  (1864),  "Life  of  Robert 
Stephenson,  etc."  (1864),  ''Journals  and  Journalists,  etc,," 
"A  Book  about  Lawyers"  (1866),  "A  Book  about  the 
Cler^v"  (1870),  "Annals  of  Oxford"  (1870),  "The  Real 
Lord  Byron,  etc.  "  (lt83),  "Tlie  Real  Shelley,  etc,  "  (1885\ 
"  Lady  Hamilton  and  Lord  Nelson  "  (1887),  etc. 

Jealous  Wife,  The.  A  comedy  by  George  Col- 
man  the  elder,  produced  in  1761.  It  is  founded  on 
the  episode  in  Fielding's  "  Tom  Jones  "  where  Sophia  takes 
refuge  with  Lady  Bellaston. 

Jeames  (jemz).  [.Jeames,  formerly  pron.  jamz, 
is  a  var.  of  James.']  A  conventional  name  for 
a  footman  orflunkey.  Thackeray's  -'  Jeames's  Diary," 
wliich  appeared  in  "Punch,"  is  the  diarj-  of  a  footman,  and 
he  occasionally  used  the  name  as  a  pseudonym. 

Jean  de  Meun  (zhon  de  mun' )  (Jean  Clopinel)' 
(klo-pe-nel').    Born  at  Meun-sur-Loire,  Orlean- 


Jean  de  Meun 
,  abof  11250:  died  at  Paris  before  Nov.,  1305. 
.  iV.o  of  the  leading  French  j.oets  of  the  13th  cen- 
I  liiv.  Ue  is  known  chiefly  as  havinc  continued  after  a 
,\.  of  40  years,  "  Le  roman  de  la  rose,"  a  poen,  undertaken 
:  mt  -'37  l.y  a  young  poet,  Gulllaume  de  Lorns,  and  left 
■  :.:!lm,rete  at  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1277  Jean  de  Meun 
,va.^  still  a  student  in  Paris.    His  translatioi 


543 


tarib  ui=  ^,...=.-.ions  into  French 
oH^ude  the  "Ue  re  inUitari "  of  Vegetius  (1284),  the 
'„r  espondt-nee  of  Helo.se  and  Abelard,  and  Gerald 
l;  ,rri'  •■To,i,«raphia  Hiberniffi."   "L'.\nutW  spirituel  le, 

•slated  f  urn  the  English  of  the  monk  .Elred,  and  the 
■nncl  translation  of  Boethius3"De  consolationeph.loso- 

,i -a 'hive  both  been  lost.  Betweenl291andl2».;..lean  de 
Meun  wrote  his  " Testament,"  a  curious  piece  of  work  re 
plete  with  sarcasm  and  criticism,  especially  of  the  woliien 
'mdofthemendicantordersofhisday.  Also./«nde.Wcu-i</. 

Jeanette,  The.    See  De  Long,  G.  W. 

Jean  Jacques.    See  Bousseau,  Jean  Jacques. 

Jean  Jacques  I.    See  Dcssalines. 

Jeanne  d  Albret.    See  Albret. 

Jeanne  d' Arc.    Hee  Jon,,  of  Are. 

Jeanne  d'Arc  (zhun  dark').  An  opera  by  tiou- 
II oil,  in-oiluced  at  Paris  in  1873.  ^ 

Jean  Paul.     See  Jiich ter,  Jcwi Paul  Friedrich. 

Jebb  (jeb),  Sir  Richard  Clayerhouse  Born 
:Tt  Umidee,  Scotland,  A.it'-  ^^  l^l'  ^  noted 
British  scholar.  In  1875  he  became  professor  of  (ireek 
in  Glasgow  University,  and  in  1889  r'^f^l^jyok^^ov  <•{ 
I'reek  at  Cambridge.  He  has  represented  his  university 
in  the  House  of  Commons  1891,  1892-95,  189o_. 

Jebeil  ( je-bil' ),  or  Jubeil  (]u-lnl' ),  or  Jebail  (je- 
bal'  or  ie-bil').  A  town  in  Syi'ia,  situated  on 
tlie  Mediterranean  18  miles  north-northeast  of 
Beirut :  the  ancient  Bvblus,  and  biblical  Gebal. 

Jebusites  (jeb'u-zits).  A  Canaanitish  nation 
which  Ion"  withstood  the  Israelites.  The  strong- 
hold of  the  Jebusites  was  Jebus  on  Mount  Zion,  a  part  of 
the  site  of  Jerusalem,  of  which  they  were  dispossessed  by 
David. 

Jed(ved).  [At.  2/fff,  the  hand.]  Thetwothird- 
iiiatriiitude  stars  <5  and  e  Ophiuchi,  which  mark 
1 1  n  L'  i  a  nt's  left  hand.  <I  is  Jed  prior,  and  e  J  ed 
iH.hlirior. 

Jedaya  Penini  (je-da'yil  pe-ne  ne),  or  Bedar- 
shi  (lie-diir'Bhe).  A  Jewish  poet  and  writer  ot 
the  14th  centurv  in  Provence.  The  best-known  of 
his  works  is  his  didactic  poem, "  Meditation  on  the  \\  orld 
(' '  Bcchinath  Olain  ").  On  account  of  his  eloquence  and  the 
,  legancB  of  his  style,  he  was  called  "  the  Jewish  Cicero. 
Jedburgh  (jed'bur"o).  The  capital  of  Eox- 
burghshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Jed  41 
miles  southeast  of  Edinburgh.  Its  abbey  is  one  of 
the  chief  Scottish  ecclesiastical  ruins.  It  was  foumled  in 
•  1118  by  David  I.,  but  the  existing  nave,  welbproportioncd 
and  excellent  in  detaUs,  is  Early  English.  W  hat  remains 
of  the  choir  is  massive  Norman.  A  Romanesque  doorway 
nresents  elaborate  moldings,  in  which  the  chevron  is  con- 
.picuous.  The  nave  and  the  central  part  of  the  church  are 
practically  perfect  except  that  they  have  lost  their  vaults 
and  part  ..f  their  side  walls.  Jedburgh  was  famous  in  bor- 
der warfare ;  and  Jeddart  justice  was  proverbially  sum- 
mary, hanging  the  culprit  first  and  trying  W:'>  "."."li'™ 
(also  called  .ledwood  justice).  Population  (1801),  ,i,.i97. 
Jeddah.     Seo  Jidilah.  ,  T.-  1. 

Jefferies  i  jof 'riz),  John  Richard,  calh^i  Rich- 
ard Jefferies.  Bom  netir  Swindon,\\  iltshire, 
EiK'laiid,  Nov.  G,  1848:  died  at  Goring,  Sus- 
sex (?),  Aug.  14,  1887.  An  English  miscellane- 
ous writer,  noted  principally  for  his  deseriiitiona 
of  nature.  Author  of  "The  Game-Keeper  at  noine" 
(1878),  "Wild  Life  in  a  Southern  Countiy"  (1879).  '-J?ture 
near  London  "  (1883),  " StoiT  of  Jly  Heart  "(lss:i  "  I.ife  of 
the  Kiel. la  ■'  (1884),  "  Red-Deer  "  (1884),  "  Amaryllis  at  the 
Fair "  (1887),  etc.  .  .      ,f      , 

Jefferson   (jeCtr-snn).     A   nver  m  Montana, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Beaver  Read  and 
Wisdom    (or    Big    Hole)    rivere    in    Madison 
County.     It  unites  with  the  Madison  and  (_tal- 
latin  to  form  the  Missouri.    Total  length,  about 
200  miles. 
Jefferson,     The  capital  of  Manon  County,  east- 
em  Te.xas,   situated   on    Big  C>-press  Bayou 
40  miles  northwest  of  Shreveport,  Louisiana. 
Population  (1900),  2,8.J0. 
Jeffferson,  Joseph.     Born  at  I^hiladelphia,  !■  eb. 
"0    1S"'I      A   noted   .\inerican   actor.      He  is  the 
fourth  '.t'  bis  family  and  the  third  of  his  name  "n, 'Ij.'-' 
stage.     He  made  his  llr^t  appearance  as  the  child  in      1  I- 
zano"  at  the  age  of  thr.e  years.     Intll  1858  he  played 
minor  parts  ami  managed  several  .Southern  theatcis      In 
ISr.S  he  tiecamo  prominent  as  Asa  Trcnchard  in     fur 
American  Cousin.''     Later  he  became  a  "  star,     and  his 
Dr.  Pangloss,  Hob  Acres,  and  llr.  OUapod  are  well  known. 
He  is  prinel],ally  not.'d  for  his  performance  ,i(  HIpVan 
Winkle.     His  autolilography  was  i.ulibshed  in  1890 

Jefferson,  Mount,    one  <>r  the  summits  of  the 

Presidnilial    Hiiiige,   White    Mountains,    New 
lliunpsliiro,  near  Mount  Washington.     Height, 

•'i,7:;.'>  toet. 

Jefferson,  Mount.  Apeak  of  the  Cascade  M.uin- 
tiiiiis,  Orogon.  7.')  miles  southeast  of  Portland. 
Ileighl.  111,'JllO  IVof. 

Jefferson,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Shadwell,  Albe- 
marle Countv,  Va.,  April  2  (O.  S.),  1743:  di.Ml 
at  Montieello,  Albemarle  County,  July  4,  is.t). 
The  third  President  of  the  United  States  (1801- 


1809).  He  was  ft  member  of  the  Virginia  Hoase  of  Bur- 
gesses 1769-76  and  1776-78,  and  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress  177r.-7f.,  and  drafted  the  Declaration  lyf  Indepen- 
dence 1770.  He  was  governor  of  Virginia  1779-81;  member 
of  Congress  1783-84;  United  States  ""''s'", 'o  .';","'-^ 
178.S-89;  secretary  of  state  1790-93;  founder  of  t>>J  •  ™  ■ 
cratic-Kepnl.liean  party;  %  ice-President  l'»  :?^1;,  ' 
President  (elected  as  candidate  of  the  Uemocratic-Repub  • 
can  piuty)  tw,.  terms,  1801-09.  Among  the  chief  events  of 
hii  admiVistrations  were  the  war  with  Tripoli  "'«  I-""'; 
siaiia  Purchase,  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt,  the 
exiiloration  ..f  the  West,  and  the  embargo.  _  . 

Jefferson  City.  The  capital  of  Missouri  and 
of  Cole  Countv,  situated  on  the  MissOTn  m  lat. 
:iS=  li.'i'  X.,  hing.  02°  11'  W.    Population  (1900), 

Jefferson Ville  ( jef '^r-son-vil) .  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Clarke  County,  Indiana,  situated  on 
the  Ohio  at  its  falls,  opposite  Louisville,  Ken- 
tuckv.  Population  (1900),  10,774. 
Jeffrey  (jet'ri),  Francis,  Lord  Jeffrey.  Born' 
at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  23, 1773:  died  Jan.  36,  18o0. 
A  Scottish  critic,  essavist,  and  jurist.  He  was 
the  son  of  George  Jeffrey,  depute  clerk  in  the  Court  of 
Session.  He  studied  at  Queens  College,  Oxford,  for  a  part 
of  one  year,  1791-92,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish 
bar  Dec.  16,  1794.  The  "Edinburgh  Review"  was  started 
by  a  coterie  of  which  Jeffrey,  Sydney  Smith,  Brougham, 
and  liom'crwere  tliecliirfs,  at  the  suggestion  of  Smith,  who 
at  llrst  assumed  contn.l.  He  was,  however,  superseded 
by  Jeffrey,  who  became  responsible  editor.  The  llrst  nuni- 
l)er  was  published  (let.  10,  1802.  Its  success  was  imine- 
diate.  As  Brougham  was  the  principal  political  contribu- 
tor, the  politics  of  the  "Review  "were  those  of  the  iij  lugs. 
Jeffrey's  legal  practice  continued  to  increase  until  July  2, 
1829  whenhewas  unanimously  chosen  dean  of  the  Faculty 
of  Advocates,  and  resigned  his  editorship  of  the  "Review 
to  Macvey  Napier.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  lord  advo- 
cate After thapassage of  theReform  Bill hewas returned 
to  ParUamcnt  for  Edinburgh,  Dec.  19, 1832.  In  May,  1834, 
he  accepted  a  seat  in  the  Court  of  Session,  and  became 
U>nl  Jeffrey.  Jeffrey  visited  Aiucrica  in  1813  for  six 
months. 

Jeffreys  ( jef 'riz),  George,  Bai-on  Jeffreys.   Born 
at  Acton,  Denbighshire,  1048:  died  at  London, 
Anril  18,  1089.     An  English  .iudge.     HewascaUed 
to  the  bar  in  1068,  and  was  appointed  common  sergeant  of 
the  city  of  London  in  1671.     Seeing  no  hope  of  further 
advancement  from  the  popular  party  with  which  he  had 
hitherto  been  associated,  he  ingratiated  himself  with  tiK 
Duke  of  York,  with  the  result  that  he  was  appointed 
solicitor-general  to  the  duke,  and  was  knighted  m  10. , 
In  1678  he  was  made  recorder  of  London,  a  position  wliicli 
he  was  compelled  by  Parliament  to  resign  in  li«0.    lie 
became  chief  justice  of  Chester  in  168q^and  of  Enghind  in 
1083-  was  created  Baron  Jeffreys  of  Weni  in  1685 ,  and 
was  elevated  to  the  post  of  lord  chancellor  of  England  in 
1685     Ue  used  bis  position  as  chief  justice  and  as  cban- 
ceUor  to  transform  the  judiciary  from  a  stronghold  of  tlit> 
opposition  to  the  chief  agent  in  furthering  the  attempt 
<if  James  II.  to  make  himself  an  absolute  monarch,  ami 
rendered  himself  notorious  by  the  flagrant  "0U8''«  »"<1 
brutality  which  he  displayed  on  the  bench     (iee  Bloody 
Asmzef.)    He  was  imprisoned  on  the  overtlirow  ot  James 
II.,  and  died  in  the  Tower  of  London. 
Jehoahaz  (jo-h6'a-haz).   King  of  Israel  81.''>-798 
B   c.  (Buncker),  son  of  Jehu.     He  was  held  in  snb- 
ie'ction  by  Hazael,  king  of  Damascus,  who  compelled  hini 
to  reduce  his  army  to  60  horsemen,  10  chariots,  and  10,000 
infantry.    2  KL  xiii.  1-9. 
Jehoiachin  (,ie-hoi'a-kin).     King  of  Judah  S97 
B  c  (r)iincker),s<>n  of  Jehoiakim.    Ho  was,  after 

a  reign  of  three  months  and  ten  days,  c»r"f  > ,'"'"  "f 
Babylonian  captivity,  with  10,000  of  his  subjects,  by  Nebu- 
chadnezzar. 

Jehoiada  (if-hcd'a-dii).  nigh  priest  of  Judah. 
When  the  usurper  (jiieeVi  Athaliah  slew  the  members  of 
the  royal  house  of  Judah  in  843  li.  c.,  he  saved  the  prince 
Joash,  whcmi  he  brought  up  in  the  temple.  In  837  be 
headed  a  rebellion  by  wliieh  Athaliah  was  overthrown  and 
Joash  placed  on  the  throne. 

Jehoiakim  (.ie-hoi'a-ki'").  King  of  Judah  G09- 
."19711.  V.  (l)uncker),  son  of  .Tosiah.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  Jehoahaz,  who  wasdc|Hi8ed  by  I'baraoh.Ncebo. 
Afterthedcfeatof  Phanudi-Nciho  at  Cioelienosh  l.y  "'■eliu- 
chadnczzar  in  605,  he  reniain.d  virtually  independent  unlU 
Olio,  when  Nebuehadnczziirinvailed  his  kingdom  and  com- 
pelled his  submission.  ,,-,>     .,    ,.., 

Jehol(ya'hol),orOheng-te(cheng'te  ).  AtmM 

in  Moiigoha,  about  hit.  41°  N.,  lonp-  11«  '^■ 
It  cciitaius  a  summer  residence  of  the  (diinese 
emiieror. 

Jehoram.    See.Aoraw.  .  t   i  i 

Jehoshaphat  (je-hosli'a-fat).  Kmg  of  Judah 
ahoiit  S,:!-S4H  p..  r.  (Duncker),  sun  ol  Asa.  1  e 
marrUd  his  son  Jehoram  to  Athaliah,  daughter  ,,Ahab, 
king  of  Israel,  and  Jezebel;  ami  was  defea  ed  «l  '>  Al"  ' 
at  Itan.oth-Gilcad  l.y  the  king  of  .Syria.  1  K\.  xxW.  41-00, 
2  chrori.  xvll.  \x 

Jehoshaphat,  Valley  of.    The  name  ;>'>w  f  ^en 

to  llio  valli'y  lielwoen  .leriisalem  and  the  Mount 
III'  Olives. 

Jehovah.    See  Yahreh.  ,    .     , 

Jehu  I  ie'hfi),  sou  of  nanani.  A  prophet  of 
.liidiiliin  the  time  >d'Jch(ishaplint.s73-.s48  B.C. 

Jehu  sonof  Ji'li.>slia)>hat,Honof  Nimshi.  King 
ot  Israel  84:i-815n.c.,  and  the  founder  of  a  new 
dvnastv.      He  was  caiitiiln  of  the  army  under  Jch..nini, 

,  son  and  iuceess.ir  of  Ahab.  ami  at  the  or.ler  of '  "J'-^'P  »'l 
F.llsha  was  anointed  king,  and  commissioned  w  H'   <''' 
evecnilon  ot  judgment  on  the  house  of  Aha  ..lie  tl 
ruthlessly  exteimlnated  the  old  dynasty,  and  with  II  the 


Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander 

worship  a.ul  «oi>hipers  ol  llaal.  In  Ills  war  with  Hazael 
of  Syria  he  lo-st  the  East  Jorilan  region.  He  is  mentioned 
on  theblack  obelisk  of  shalmaneser  11.(860-824  B.  c.)amone 

the  kings  paying  tribute. 

Jehu.    A  common  name  for  a  coachman,  espe- 
cially a  reckless  one.     See  2  Ki.  ix.  20. 

Jeisk.     See  Ycish. 


Jekyll,  Dr.,  and  Mr.  Hyde.    See  Strange  Case, 

etc. 

Jelalabad  (jel  a-lii-bad'),  or  Jalalabad  (jal- 

a-la-l.iid').  A  town  in  Afghanistan,  77  miles 
east  of  Kabul,  it  was  successfully  defended  by  the  Brit- 
ish under  Sale  against  the  Afghans  in  1S42,  and  was  held  by 
the  British  1878-80. 

JeUl-ed-din-Rftmi.    See  Jalal  tiddin  Rumi. 

Jeletz.     See  Ydcts. 

Jelf  (jelf).  William  Edward.   Born  1811:  died 

Oct.  18,  187.").     An   English  scholar.     He  was 
.   the  anther  of  a  Greek  grammar  (1842-4')). 

Jellachich  de  Buzim  (yel'lii-ehieh  de  bot'sem ), 
Count  Joseph.  Born  at  Peterwardem,  Slavo- 
nia,  Oi-t.  Hi.  IHOl:  died  at  Agram,  Croatia.  May 
19,  lH.'i9.  A  Croatian  general.  He  was  appointed 
ban  of  Croatia  in  1848,  and.  incited  by  the  court  of  Austria, 
to<.k  up  arms  against  the  Hungarians  Sept.,  1848.  He  was 
Anally  completely  defeated  in  July,  1849. 

Jellalabad.     »ve  Jelalabad. 

Jellyby  (iel'i-bi),  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House,"  a  strong-minded  woman,  completely 
occupied  with  missionary  and  charitable  work, 
particularly  with  emigration  to  Borrioboola- 
( jha,  and  ha\-ing  no  time  to  attend  to  her  house- 
hold duties.  . 

Jemez  (lia'maz).orEnunes,or  Hemes.  .A  divi- 
sion of  the  Taiioan  linguistic  stock  ot  ^orth 
American  Indians,  occupying  the  pueblo  of  Je- 
mez, on  Jemez  River  20  miles  northwest  of  Ber- 
nalillo. New  Mexico.  Thepaebloof  Pecos  was  formerly 
occupi.d  bv  the  eastern  division  of  the  people  speaking  the 
Jemez  dial'ect,  but  since  1840  the  few  surviving  members 
of  the  Pecos  tribe  have  lived  with  their  kindred  at  Jemez 
pueblo  The  name  is  an  adaptation  of  the  Keresan  name 
of  Jemez  pueblo.     Number,  428.     See  Taiioan. 

Jenunapes,  or  Jemappes  (zhe-map' ).  A  village 

in  the  i.roviiice  of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  3  miles 

west  of  Mous.    It  is  famous  for  the  decisive  victory 

gained  bv  the  French  under  Dumouriez  over  the  Aiistrians 

under  the  Duke  of  .Saxe-Teschen,  Nov.  6, 1792.    It  was  he 

llrst  battle  won  for  the  republic,  and  was  followed  by  the 

occupation  of  Belgium.     Population  (1890),  11,682. 

Jemtland(yemt'liint).    1.  A  (former)  province 

of  Sweden,  about  lat.  63°  N.-2.  A  laen  of 

Sweden,  formed  from  the  former  province  of 

Jemtlaudandllerje&daleu.  Area.  19,593  square 

miles.     Population  (1890),  100,455. 

Jena  (ya'nii).     A  city  in  the  district  of  Apolda. 

Saxe-Wcimar-Eisenach,  situated  on  the  baale 

45  miles  southwest  of  Leipsic.    It  contains  a  castle. 

The  university,  founded  by  the  elector  John  Frederick  of 

saxony,  was  formally  opened  iu  1558,  and  reached  the 

height  of  its  celebrity  in  the  end  of  the  ISth  centurj-.    It 

his  a  library  of  about  20ti,(KW  volumes,  and  the  first  t.erman 

literary  journal  was  published  under  its  auspices  in  1785. 

A  victoi-J'  was  gained  here  l.y  the  French  (nunibciing  IIX).- 

000)  under  Naj.oleon  over  the  Prussians  and  .Saxons Omra- 

bcringoii,iKKi) under  Prince  H.dicnlohe,  Oct.  14, 181)6.   'The 

Prussian  loss  W!V<  12,IK)(1  killed  and  wounded,  and  15,000 

prisoners.     The  same  day  at  Auerstrtdt.  a  few  niilea  dte- 

tant   Dav.mt  defeated  another  Prussian  army.     Bee  .4i«T- 

,.(„,;;       |',.pulation  (IS'.KI).  i:i.449. 

JenghizKhan,.'rGenghisKhant,ieu'giskhaii), 

er  Jinghis  Khan  (.iiii  gis  khiin).  etc  (originally 
Temuchint  Born  near  the  river  ()non.  Mongo- 
lia, 1102:  died  ill  Mongolia,  1227.  A  Mongol 
con.iueror.  son  of  Yesnkai,  a  petty  tril.al  chief- 
tain. He  proclaimed  himself  khan  of  the  Mong.d  nalloii 
In  12i«;  completed  the  eominest  of  nortliern  Clilna  with 
the  capture  of  Peking  In  1215  ;  and  coniiuered  central  Asia 
1218-21. 

Jeniguich.    See  Cliciehnevi.  .      .     ,   ,     . 

Jenil,  Id-  Genii  (lia-nel').  A  nverm  .Andalusia, 
Spain,  i'.ining  the  (iiiadahiuivir  30  miles  west- 
soulh\v'esl..r('ordova.    Length,  about  I50milos. 

Jenkin  (jeng'kin),  Henry  Charles  Fleeming. 

Horn  near  Dtingeiiess.  March  2.'..  ISHIi;  died  at 
Edinlnirgli.  June  12.  1S85.  A  British  engineer 
and  electrician.  Ue  began  his  education  at  the  F-din- 
burgh  AcadelilT,  and  entered  the  I  niversily  of  (jenoa  III 
l,^^^where  he  t..ok  the  degree  of  M.  A.  1  he  praci  cal  par 
of  Ids  iirofession  ho  learned  I" ,  ^'L'.''",';',',,",  "'"•!';",". 
Manchester.     In  IS.'.H  he  began,  with  Sir  W  llliam  1  hoin- 

mu.  experiments  t..  determine  the  resistance 1  Insu  a- 

tloil  ot  electric  cables,  and  fl-..m  185S  to  ls,.i  was  especially 
..ccupled  Willi  practical  work  In  cable  telegraphy.  1  111 
reports  to  the  llrllish  Ass.iclali..n  of  the  eommlttec  on 
■■electric  standards"  In  l.scll  are  largely  hiswork.  1  e  was 
elected  F.  U.  S.  In  ISU;.,  and  professor  of  engineering  in 
I'nivcrslty  C.illeg...  L<.n<|on,  and  in  l.-tw  to  tile  same  chair 
In  F.dloh.irgh  I  nivcrslty. 
Jenkins  (ieng'kin/.l.  Ed-ward.  Born  at  Banga- 
lore India  l.'^3S.  .\  British  aiillior.  He  Is  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal,  and  1ms  written  a  number  nflH>ok»  and 
pamphletson  political  and  »..clal  subjeeta  :  the  best-known 
„lll„'seiB-(llnxs|laby"(ln70). 

Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander.  B..rn  m  Or.ingo 

Countv  Vn..l>ee.  11,  ISU;  died  at  \\  ashington. 


Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander 

D  C,  Aug.  9,  1S93.  An  AineiieaD  naval  officer. 
He  was  chief  of  staff  of  Farragut's  squadron  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  during  the  Civil  War.  and  was  promoted  reai-- 
admical  in  15^70. 

Jenkinson  (jeng'kin-son),  Anthony,  Died  at 
Tigbe,  Kutland,  Feb.,  1611.  An  EugUsh  sailor, 
merchant,  and  explorer.  He  began  his  career  in  the 
Levant  (1;>46),  visiting  most  of  the  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries In  1553  he  met  Soliman  the  Great  at  Aleppo,  from 
"Whom  he  obtained  privileges  for  trade  in  Turki&h  ports. 
In  15o7  he  was  appointed  captain-general  of  the  iluscovy 
Company's  fleet,  and  their  agent  for  three  years.  Their 
fleet  reached  the  Dwina  by  way  of  the  North  Cape  July  12, 
1557,  where  he  left  it  and  proceeded  overland  to  Moscow 
<Dec  6)  He  was  cordially  received  by  the  Czar,  under 
whose  protection  he  was  enabled  toproceedby  wayof  Xijui 
2sovgorod,  Astrakhan,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  KJiiva  to  Bo- 
khara, wher*^  he  arrived  Dec  '23, 1558.  After  two  months 
he  returned  to  Moscow  and  London  by  the  same  route.  In 
1561  the  journey  was  repeated  as  far  as  Astrakhan  (June, 
15(52).  whence  he  made  a  somewhat  unsuccessful  detour 
into  Persia.  He  returned  to  Moscow  Aug.  "20, 1563,  and  to 
London.  Sept  28,  1564.  He  was  the  first  Englishman  to 
penetrate  central  Asia. 

Jenkinson,  Charles,  first  Earl  of  Liverpool. 
Born  at  Winchester,  April  26,  1727:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  17,  1808.  An  English  politician, 
secretary  at  war  under  LordXorth  1778-82,  and 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1784-1801.  He 
Tvrote  *■  A  Treatise  on  the  Coins  of  the  Realm  " 
(1S05),  etc. 

Jenkinson,  Ephraim.  A  venerable-lookinfj 
swindler  iu  Goldsmith's  "Vicar  of  "Wakefield." 
He  swindles  the  vicar  out  of  his  horse. 

Jenkinson,  Robert  Banks,  second  Earl  of  Liv- 
erpool, Born  June  7. 1770:  died  at  London,  Dec. 
4,  1828.  An  English  politician,  eldest  son  of 
Charles  Jenkinson,  first  Earl  of  Liverpool.  He 
■was* educated  at  Charterhouse  and  at  Oxford  (1786-89).  In 
1739  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  the  Bastille.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1790.  In  1796 
Jie  became  by  courtesy  Lord  Hawkesbury  (Baron  Hawkes- 
tury  1S03),  and  in  1799  was  made  master  of  the  mint.  In 
ISCti  he  entered  the  Foreign  Otfice  with  a  seat  in  the  cai)i- 
net.  In  1803  he  was  responsible  for  the  failure  to  evacuate 
Maltaaccording  to  the  treaty  of  Amiens.  On  May  12, 1S04. 
iie  was  transferred  to  the  Home  Office,  and  became  leaderof 
the  House  of  Lords.  Duriiisr  the  Whig  ministry  lSt>6-07  he 
led  the  opposition.  Returning  to  the  Home  Office  March 
25,lSu7,  he  opposed  the  Catholic  emancipation  movement ; 
he  became  earl  of  Liverpool  upon  the  death  of  his  father 
(Dec.,  18'i8).  yrom  June,  1S12.  to  April.  1827,  he  was  prt-. 
mier  in  a  Tory  ministry.  He  was  a  prime  mover  in  sending 
Napoleon  to  St.  Helena,  and  in  the  readjustment  of  French 
affairs  in  1815  and  1818.  During  the  reform  struggle  he 
uniformly  followed  the  policy  of  forcible  repression  until 
1826,  when  he  seems  to  have  recognized  the  necessity  of 
modifying  the  Corn  Laws. 

Jenkins's  Ear,  War  of.  The  name  popularly 
given  to  the  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
bpain  which  broke  out  in  1739.  and  became 
merged  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 
Its  immediate  cause  was  the  grievance  of  an  English  mar- 
iner, Robert  Jenkins,  who  alleged  that  he  had  been  tortured 
by  the  Spaniards,  with  the  loss  of  his  ear. 

Jenne  (jen'ne),  or  Jinne  (jin'ne).  A  town  in 
Su<lau,  western- Africa,  situated  near  the  Niger 
about  250  miles  southwest  of  Timbuktu. 

Jenner  (jen'er),  Edward.  Bom  at  Berkeley, 
Gloucestershire.  May  17, 1749 :  died  there,  Jan, 
26,  1823.  An  English  physician,  famous  as  the 
discoverer  of  vaccination.  In  1770 he  became  a  pupil 
of  John  Hunter  in  London,  and  also  studied  at  the  same 
time  in  St,  George's  HospitaL  In  1773  he  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Berkeley.  His  investigation  of  cowpox  began  very 
early,  and  was  suggested  by  the  local  rustic  tradition  that 
the  dair)'maids  who  contracted  the  disease  were  exempt 
from  smallpox.  On  May  14,  1796,  he  vaccinated  a  boy  of 
eight  with  l>'mph  from  the  hand  of  a  dairjTnaid.  and  on 
July  1  inoculated  the  same  boy  with  smallpox.  The  ex- 
periment was  successful :  an  account  of  it  was  published 
Jane,  1798.  The  practice  of  vaccination  gradually  gained 
ground  until  in  1800  a  great  part  of  his  time  was  taken  up 
by  the  distribution  of  lymph,  much  of  it  in  America. 
Honors  came  tohim  from  every  quarter,  and  on  June  2, 1802, 
a  grant  of  £10,0>w  was  made  to  him  by  Parliament. 

Jenner.  Thomas,  Flourished  1631-56.  An  au- 
thor, engi-aver.  and  publisher,  in  the  reigns  of 
Charles  L  and  Charles  II.  he  kept  a  print-shop  at  the  Royal 
Exchange  which  was  frequented  by  Pepys  and  Evelyn. 
Among  his  works  are  the  "Soul's  Solace"  with  thirty  curi- 
ous copperplate  engravings  (1631X  "  Directions  for  the 
English  Traveller  ■  (lC4:i).  "A  Further  >'arrative  of  the 
Passages  of  these  Times  "  (l&lS), "  London's  Blame  if  not  its 
Shame  "  (1651).     Diet.  Sat  Biog. 

Jennings,  Sarah.  See  Marlborough,  I>uihess 
o/. 

Jenyns(jen'inz),Soame.  Born  at  London.  Jan. 
1,  1704:  died  there,  Dec.  18,  17S7.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer.  In  1722  he  entered  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  leaving  without  a  degree  in  1725.  He 
published  anonymously  "  The  Art  of  Dancing :  a  poem '" 
(1737)  and  a  collection  of  poems  {l~i>'2).  He  was  returned 
to  Parliament  in  1742.  In  1757  he  published  a  "Free  En- 
qnir>-  into  the  Nature  and  Origin  of  Evil,"'  and  in  1765 
"TheObjections  to  the  Taxation  of  our  American  Colonies 
by  the  Legislature  of  Great  Britain  brieffy  considered."  His 
"  View  of  the  Internal  E\idencesof  the  Christian  Religion  ' 
was  published  in  1776.  "Jenyns'  prose  style  was  regarded 
bv  his  contemporaries  as  a  model  of  ease  and  elegance." 
Ihct   Sat  Biog. 

-Jephthah  (jef'tha).     [Heb., '(God)  opens*  or 


544 

*  makes  free. ']  A  chieftain  and  judge  of  Israel 
whose  history  is  given  in  Judges  xi.-xii.  When 
he  went  to  battle  against  the  Ammonites,  he  vowed  that 
whatsoever  should  come  forth  from  his  home  to  meet  him 
on  his  return  "in  peace  from  the  children  of  Amnion  ' 
should  be  offered  up  as  a  burnt-offering.  The  Ammonites 
were  routed,  and  as  Jephthah  returned  the  first  to  come 
out  to  meet  him  was  his  daiighter  and  only  child.  She 
consented  to  the  fulfilment  of  his  vow  after  a  respite  of 
two  months. 

Jephthah.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  finished  in 
1751.  It  was  produced  in  1752.  and  was  the  last 
he  composed,  as  he  became  blind  at  this  time. 

Jephthes  (jef'thez),  or  Jephtha.  A  play  by 
George  Buchanan,  written  between  1539  and 
1542. 

Jequitinhonha  (zha-ke-ten-yon'ya),  or  Rio 
Grande  do  Belmonte  (re'6  gi-an'da  do  bal- 
mon'ta).  A  river  iu  Brazil  which  flows  into 
the  Atlantic  about  lat.  16°  S.,  long.  38°  50'  W. 
Length,  about  500  miles;  navigable  for  S4  miles.  The 
Salto  Grande,  about  10i>  miles  from  the  mouth,  is  one  of 
the  finest  cataracts  in  South  America. 

Jerace  (ya-ra'che).  Francesco.  Bom  at  Poles- 
tina.  Calabria.  1853.     An  Italian  sculptor. 

Jerba  (jer'ba).  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Ca- 
bes,  belonging  to  Tunis:  the  ancient  Meninx. 
It  is  known  as  the  island  of  the  lotus-eaters,  and  was  the 
scene  of  the  massacre  of  18,000  Christians  by  the  Turks, 
May  11. 1560.     Poole. 

Jeremiah  (jer-e-mi'a).  [Heb.,  prob.*  the  Lord's 
appointed  (or  exalted)  one.*]  The  second  of  the 
arreater  prophets  of  Israel.  He  lived  and  prophesied 
^uringthereignsofthekingsof  JudahfromJosiah  to  Zede- 
kiah  (from  6"29  to  about  5S0B.  c).  The  book  of  his  prophecy 
gives  numerous  details  of  his  personal  history.  It  is  largely 
occupied  with  denunciations  of  the  sins  of  the  nation  and 
warnings  of  e\ils  to  come  on  account  of  tfiem.  Some  of 
his  prophetic  utterances  were  accompanied  and  illustrated 
by  symbolical  actions. 

Jeremy,  A  witty  valet  in  Congreve's  * '  Love  for 
Love." 

Jeremy  Diddler.    See  ViddJer. 

Jerez,  Trancisco.    See  Xeres. 

Jerez  (or  Xerez)  de  la  Frontera  (Ha-reth'  da 

la  fron-ta'ra).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
diz. Spain,  situated  near  the  Guadalete  14  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz:  probably  the  ancient  Asta 
Regia.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  production  and  export  of 
sherry  wine.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Sara- 
cens under  Tarik  over  the  West  Goths  under  Roderic  in 
Til.  Alfonso  X  recovered  it  in  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century.    Population  (1SS7).  61.708. 

Jerez  de  los  Cabalieros  (Ha-reth'  da  16s  kii-Bal- 
ya'ros).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Badajoz, 
Spain,  39  miles  south  of  Badajoz.  Population 
(1887),  8,953. 

Jericho  (jer'i-ko).  In  Bible  geography,  a  city 
of  Palestine,  situated  west  of  the  Jordan  and 
14  miles  east-northeast  of  Jerusalem,  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  Joshua  and  rebuilt  by  Ahab ;  was  the  residence 
of  Herod  the  Great ;  was  destroyed  by  Vespasian,  rebuilt  by 
Hadrian,  and  again  destroyed  by  the  Crusaders. 

Jermyn  {jer'miu),  Henry,  Earl  of  St.  Albans. 
Bom  in  England  about  1600:  died  at  London, 
Jan.,  1684.  An Ensrlish statesman.  Inl6-24hewas 
attached  to  the  British  embassy  in  Paris,  and  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  Liverpool  in  1628.  On  July  %  1628,  he  be- 
came vice-chamberlain  to  the  queen.  He  represented  St. 
Edmuudsbury  in  the  Long  Parliament,  and  was  involved  in 
the  "first  army  plot"  to  overawe  Parliament.  March.  I&IL 
In  the  hostilities  which  followed  he  was  engaged  mainly  in 
procuring  w;ir  material  on  the  Continent.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1&43,  was  wounded  at  Auburn  Chase  Sept. 
18, 1643,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Jermyn  of 
St.  Edmondsbury,  Sept.  S.  He  returned  to  France  with 
the  queen  in  16i4  and  directed  her  correspondence,  the  in- 
terception of  which  exposed  the  king's  attempt  to  procure 
foreign  aid.  After  the  death  of  Charles  I.  he  remained  in 
France  with  Charles  n.  On  April  27.  1660,  he  was  created 
earl  of  St.  Albans.  At  the  Restoration  Jermyn  received 
many  favors,  his  success  being  largely  due  to  his  influence 
with  the  queen  mother.  He  was  made  ambassador  to  Paris, 
and  employed  himself  in  strengthening  the  influence  of 
Louis  XJV. 

Jeroboam  (jer-o-bo'am)  I.  King  of  Israel  953- 
927  B.  c.  (Duncker),  son  of  Xebat  of  the  tribe 
of  Epliraim.  He  organized  a  revolt  of  the  ten  northern 
tribes  against  Rehoboam,  and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Is- 
rael (1  Ki.  si.-xiv..  2  Chron.  ix.-xiiL). 

Jeroboam  H,  King  of  Israel  790-749  b.  C. 
(Duncker),  son  of  Joash  whom  he  succeeded. 
He  was  the  most  prosperous  of  the  kings  of  Is- 
rael {-  Ki.  xiv.). 

Jerome  (je-rom'  or  jer'om),  Saint  (Eusebius 
Hieronymus).  [Gr.  'Ispdwaoc,  sacred  name; 
L.  HirronijmHsAi.  Gerotiimo.Girolanio.Sp.Jero- 
)iimo,  Jeramo,  Pg.  Jeronimo^  F.  Jerome,  G.  Hie- 
ronymus.'] Bom  at  Stridon,  Pannonia,  about 
340:  died  at  Bethlehem.  Sept.  30.  420.  A  father 
of  the  Latin  Church.  He  studied  at  Rome  under  Do- 
natus  the  grammarian  and  Victorinus  the  rhetorician.  In 
373,  during  a  journey  through  the  Orient,  he  was  attacked 
with  a  severe  illness,  on  recovering  from  which  he  devoted 
himself  to  an  ecclesiastical  life.  He  became  a  presbyter  at 
Antioch  in  379,  and  in  382  removed  to  Rome,  where  he  be- 
came secretar>-  to  Pope  Damasus.  After  the  death  of  this 
pontitf  he  entered  a  monastery  at  Bethlehem.  He  pub- 
lished a  Latin  version  of  the  Bible,  known  as  the  Vulgate 


Jerusalem 

(which  seeX  and  by  Ijis  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Hebrew 
introduced  the  treasures  of  the  Eastern  Chtirch  into  the 
West  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  by  \'allarsi 
(1 734-42). 

Jerome,  King  of  Westphalia.     See  Bonaparte. 

Jerome  in  the  Wilderness.  A  painting  by  Ti- 
tian, in  the  Brera  at  Milan.  The  soUtary  flgure  of  the 
saint  is  broadly  and  vigorously  treated.  The  backgrotmd 
brings  to  mind  a  wild  scene  in  Friuli,  with  its  rocks,  pines, 
and  gnarled  oaks. 

Jerome  of  Prague.  Bom  at  Prague.  Bohemia, 
about  13G5 :  bui-ned  at  Constance, Baden.  May  30, 
1416.  A  Bohemian  religious  reformer,  an  asso- 
ciate and  follower  of  Huss.  He  was  condemned 
for  heresy  by  the  Coimeil  of  Constance.  1415-16. 

Jeronimo*  (je-ron'i-mo),  or  Hieronimo  (M-e- 
ron'i-mo),  The  first  part  of .  A  play  by  Thomas 
Kyd.  It  was  acted  in  15SS  or  1592.  The  only  version  ex- 
tant w:is  pi-inted  in  1G05.  The  second  part  was  called  ''The 
Spanish  Tragedy  "  (which  see).  Jeronimo,  the  hero  of  both, 
is  an  old  man,  the  marshal  of  Spain,  who  goes  mad  with 
grief  over  the  murder  of  his  son.  His  ravings  were  ridi- 
culed by  contemporary  and  later  dramatists,  and  became 
regular  expletives  in  the  slang  of  the  period.  Shakspere 
alludes  to  this  in  his  "  Go  by  Jeronymy  "  in  his  ''  Taming  of 
the  Shrew." 

The  two  "Jeronimo  "  or  '•  Hieronimo  "  plays  were,  as  has 

been  said,  extremely  popular,  and  it  is  positively  known  that 
Jonson  himself,  and  probably  others,  were  employed  from 
time  to  time  to  freshen  them  up,  with  the  consequence 
that  the  exact  authorship  of  particular  passages  is  some- 
what problematical.  Both  plays,  however,  display,  nearly 
in  perfection,  the  rant,  not  always  quite  ridiculous  but  al- 
ways extravagant , from  which  Shakespere  rescued  the  stage. 
SainUbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  74. 

Jerrold  (jer'old).  Douglas  William.    Bom  at 

London,  Jan.  3,  1803:  died  there,  Jxme  8,  1857. 
An  English  dramatist,  satirist,  and  humorist. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Samuel  Jerrold,  an  actor,  and  was 
brought  on  the  stage  when  a  child.  In  later  life  he  occa- 
sionally acted,  but  was  never  inclined  to  the  profession. 
His  education  was  very  slight :  his  knowledge  of  Latin, 
French,  Italian,  and  English  dramatic  Literature  having 
been  acquired  entirely  by  his  own  efforts.  From  1813  to 
1815  he  served  as  midshipman  in  the  royal  nav>",  which 
was  engaged  in  operations  against  Napoleon  in  Belgium. 
Returning  to  London  in  1S16,  he  maintained  himself  as  LI 
apprentice  to  a  printer,  and  by  contributions  to  periodical 
literature,  A  play,*'  More  Frightened  than  Hurt,"  was  pro- 
duced in  London  April  30, 1S'21.  and  later  in  Paris.  "Black- 
eyed  Susan,  or  All  in  the  Downs,"  produced  June  8,  1829, 
at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  was  his  first  important  success.  It 
was  brought  out  also  at  Drory  Lane  in  1835.  In  lSa6  he 
undertook  the  man;ii:ement  of  the  Strand  Theatre  without 
success.  He  now  turned  his  attention  to  the  reviews  and 
magazines,  contributing  to  the  "Athenseum."  '"Black- 
wood's," etc.  He  attached  himself  to  "Punch  "  at  its  ap- 
pearance in  1S41,  and  was  a  constant  contributor  until  his 
death.  His  articles  were  signed  Q.  His  greatest  success 
was  "Mrs.  Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures."  From  1S52  until 
his  deatli  he  edited  'Lloyd's  Weekly  Newspaper."  He 
wrote  about  W  plays. 

Jerrold,  William  Blauchard.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don. DfC.  23, 1S2G:  died  at  Westminster.  March 
10. 1884.  An  English  journalist  and  author,  eld- 
est son  of  Douglas  Jerrold.  On  the  death  of  hia 
father  be  succeeded  to  the  editorship  of  "  Lloyd's  Weekly 
Newspaper."  He  was  a  Liberal  in  politics,  and  defended 
the  North  in  the  Civil  War.  His  chief  work  is  a  'Life  of 
Napoleon  III."  (1875-^2).  He  wrote  a  ntunber  of  plays^ 
"Cool  as  a  Cucumber"  1,1851),  etc. 

Jersey  (jer'zi).  The  largest,  most  important, 
and  southernmost  of  the  Channel  Islands,  cap- 
ital St.  Heller's,  situated  in  lat.  49°  10'  N.,  long 
oo  y  's^^  j^  exports  potatoes,  cattle,  fruit,  oysters,  gran- 
ite, etc.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant-governor 
appointed  by  the  British  crown,  and  the  "states"  {a  local 
legislature).  It  is  the  5IL.  Ciesarea.  Length,  10  miles. 
Breadth.  5  to  6  mQes.  Area,  45  square  miles.  Population 
(1S91).  54,:.1S. 

Jersey  City,  The  capital  of  Hudson  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Hudson  opposite 
New  York,  it  is  the  terminus  of  many  railway  and 
steamerlines.  andhas  important  mannfacturesof  tobacco, 
etc.  It  was  formerly  called  Paulus  Hook,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  the  City  of  Jersev  in  1820,  and  as  Jersey  City  in 
1838.     Population  U900),  206,433. 

Jerseys  (jer'ziz).  The.  A  collective  name  for 
East  Jersey  and  West  Jersey,  into  which  New 
Jersey  was  temporarily  divided  in  1676. 

Jerusalem  (Je-ro'sa-lem).  [Heb.  Teri't^hdl^i 
or  Ytni/hdiaiftm,  probably  *  city  of  peace';  in 
the  Assyrian  inscriptions  rrsalitumu :  in  the 
tablets  of  Tel-el-Amama  rru-Salim  Gr.  ^lepov- 
Ga7.T/u,  L.  Hierosolyma,'\  The  ancient  capital  of 
Palestine,  regarded  by  the  Jews  still  as  their 
sacred  city,  and  as  a  holy  city  by  both  Giris- 
tians  and  Mohammedans,  its  identity  with  Salem 
(Gen.  xiv.  IS)  is  disputed.  It  first  appears  as  Jebus,  or  the 
city  of  the  Jebusites,  from  whom  David  captured  it  or  its 
site,  establistxing  himself  in  the  "  stronghold  of  Zion,"  and 
making  it  his  capital.  Its  situation  was  suitable  for  a  na- 
tional metropolis :  it  lay  in  the  territorj'  of  the  mighty  tribe 
of  Judah,  and  virtually  in  the  center  of  the  country.  33 
miles  from  the  sea  and  about  19  from  the  Jordan,  while  it 
was  the  more  secure  from  being  some  distance  off  the  great 
highroad  of  the  nations.  It  was  also  a  mountain  city,  sit- 
uated in  the  heart  of  the  "hill  countrj-,"  surrounded  by 
limestone  hills,  and  itself  on  the  eilge  of  the  chain,  its 
highest  point  being  'ioSi  feet  above  sea-level.  .Solomon 
beautified  it  bv  erecting  the  temple  as  a  stable  national 
sanctuary,  and" otherwise,  and  surrounded  the  city  with  a 


Jerusalem 

real  wall.  The  8«;cessionof  the  ten  tribes  under  Solomon's 
son  Kehobouiu  left  Jerusalem  tliL-  capitiil  of  the  soutliern 
kingdom  only.  I'ndrr  Kehoboam  it  was  invaded  by  the 
F.jryptian  kin^'  Sliish:ik.  and  the  temple  and  palace  were 
in  part  desjuuled  (ubont  UTO  b.  c).  I'nder  Joram  (848- 
>^U)  the  temple  was  ;i{,Miii  plundered  by  Arabian  and  fhil. 
i-tinc  hordes.  Jonsli,  king  of  Israel,  defealiiiK  Kinp  Ani- 
i/jab  of  Judah,  made  a  wide  breacli  in  the  walls  and 
-|M.i]fd  the  city.  Under  I'zziah  (792-740)  Jerusalem  and 
:ill  Jiiiah  enjoyed  prosperity,  but  were  visited  byaneartti- 
iji  ik  .  Hezekiah  provided  the  city  with  water  by  means 
■  i  A  .-siibteiTanean  c^ial :  in  his  rei<^n  it  was  bt-sie-jed  with- 
iiit  success  by  Sennacherib.  After  Josiah  fell  in  the  battle 
'I  Meyiddo,  Judah  was  at  the  mercy  of  F.^ypt.  Nechotook 
I  ilioahaz  prisoner,  and  exacted  a  heavy  hue  from  the  city 
ud  country.  Jerusalem  was  visited  by  Ni.-l)uchadnezzar, 
kiri-i  of  Babylon,  after  his  victory  over  the  Ky^yptians  at 

I  irchemish  :  probaldy  the  city  was  bcsiefred.  as  he  cairied 
If  some«'f  llic  vessels  of  the  temple.     In  5^7  the  Babylo- 

ans  reapjirared  before  Jerusalem:  the  city  surrendered, 
iL'  treasurii-S  of  the  temple  and  palace  were  pillaged,  and 
\inK  Jehoiaehin,  the  wlnde  court,  7,iM)0  warriors,  l.OOj  ar- 
i-ans,  etc.  (in  all  Hi,iiuni,  were  carried  off  to  Babylon.    Zed- 
kiah,  made  king  in  his  stead,  revolted  against  Babylon, 
itid  Nebuchadnezzar,  after  a  terrible  sieL;e  of  18  months, 
ijain  captured  Jerusalem  (586).     The  Babylonians  now 
irried  off  all  the  treasures  that  remained;  the  temple 
as  burned,  and  the  city  and  land  deserted  by  all  but  the 
i-y  poorest  class.     In  53t5  Cyrus  issued  a  decree  authoriz- 
nm  the  rebuilding  of  the  temide,  and  a  large  rolony.  coni- 
iiising  all  classes,  returned  to  Judah.     After  many  delays 
lie  temple  was  Hnislied  in  516.  and  the  city  and  its  walls 
were  rebuilt  under  Nchemiah.  about  44.'>.   In  ;>20  Jerusalem 
wastaken  by  I'toleniy  I.  Suter.    Tin-  liiLrh  priest  Simeon  the 
Just(a!jout  ;Jixi-i;Ti')  cllected  nian.\  ini[)rovements  in  the 
city.  In  lOSJudeaiame  under  tile  ruleof  theSeleucidiC.and 
.IiTUsalem  opened  its  gates  to  Antiochus  the  Great.     Un- 
der Antiochus  F,piphanes  (175-104)  it  again  became  a  thea- 
ter of  massacre:  in  170  he  slew  the  citizens,  plundered 
the  temple,  and  carried  off  many  captives ;  and  in  ics  his 
unny,  after  a  great  slaughter,  plundered  and  burnt  the 
i'ity,  and  destroyed  the  walls.     Antiochus  endea\ored  to 
(iiforee  tlu-  introduction  of  heathen  worship:  the  temple 
WHS  desecrated  aiid  the  observance  of  Jewish  ceremonies 
u-isabsnliitcly  forbidden.     This  persecution  pri>v<iketl  tlie 
Riiciressful  lisiriy:  of  tlie  Maccabees,  and  the  tenii)!-.' \\  as  pa- 
ri ii"<l  and  consccialed  anew  in  1(15.     The  city  enjoyed  pros- 

II  rify  under  .lolm  liyrcanus  I.  (135-lOf),  but  a  struggle  for 
:n;  throne  betwffii  two  Maccabees  resulted  in  rompLy'a 

lining  to  JiMU.salem  in  ti:iand  reducing  it,  and  in  an  inva- 
sion in  401  >y  the  Fart  hians.  In:j7u.<'.  Jerusalem  wa-^ taken 
by  Herod  with  the  aid  of  the  Itomans.  Herod  <_niln  llished 
it  with  palaces,  theatej-s,  gj'mnasia,  etc.,  and  i.>iteci.dly  by 
■  1 1'.- rebuilding  of  the  temple.    Healsoconipbtcd  thereeon- 

(ruction  of  a  fortn  ss  built  by  Jolni  ITynanns,  naming  it 

\iitonia,  after  .\rark  Antony.  Soon  altei'  Herod's  death 
,'udea  was  reduced  t^>  a  Roman  province,  and  Jerusalem 
«:ls  often  the  sci-Tieof  riots  and  bloody  encounters  bet  ween 
the  Jews  and  the  Koman  soldiers.  Theopjuessive  rule  of 
the  procurators,  especially  of  (Jessius  J^'lorus,  led  to  resls- 
tmcewbich  ended  m  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem.  The 
1  ity,  with  its  triple  walls,  was  besieged  first  by  Cestitis 
Morus,  the  governor  of  Syria,  ami  for  two  years  by  the  em- 
jjTors  Vespasian  and  Titus.  Within  it  was  ravaged  by 
p.irty  quarrels,  famine,  and  pestilence;  and  at  last,  after'a 
inN.st  heroic  resistance,  it  fell  in  70  a.  I>.  Its  tcmplewas 
I'liined,  and  it  lost  forever  its  jjolitieal  importance.  For 
mure  than  50  years  after  its  destruction  by  Titus,  Jerusa 

■rn  ceased  toi-xist,   Aboutl.'iritheemperor  Hadrian  erected 
town  on  its  site,  which  he  named  -Klia  t'apitolina,  or 

imply  .'Elia.  and  settleil  with  a  colony  of  veterans.  About 
tin;  same  time  a  revolt  undrr  Bar-Cochba  occurred,  in 
uhich  the  Jews  becam-!  masters  of  Jerusalem  and  attempt- 
ed to  rebuild  the  tempb*;  and  it  took  Julius  Severus,  the 
greatest  general  of  his  time,  two  years  to  recapture  it.  On 
the  site  of  the  teniiile  varitius  heathen  temples  were  now 
erected.  Jews  were  ftubidden  to  enter  it  on  pain  of 
death,  and  a  swine  wan  sculptuied  over  the  gate  leading 
to  Bethlcliem,  christian  pilgrhnagesto  Jerusalem  began 
as  early  as  the  3d  century  Helena,  mother  of  Constan- 
tine.  visited  it  fn  320,  ami  the  empress  Eudocia  in  4;is,  and 
numerous  churches  were  erected  on  the  holy  places.  It 
was  an  episcop.il  see  subordinate!  to  Ciesarea  till  after  the 
Council  of  Chalceilou  (451X  when  it  became  an  indepen- 
dent patriarchate.  It  was  taken  by  the  Persians  in  KM, 
but  was  regained  by  Heraclius  in  (i28.  In  GM  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Saracen  Omar:  it  bad  then  about  .'"tO.OOit  in- 
habitants. In  JtOI*  it  i>jmsfd  over  to  Egyptian  Fatiniiles. 
From  1  ODD  to  1187  it  wart  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Jerusalem  of  the  Cnisarlers,  who  slew  most  of  the  Mo* 
hamniedan  and  Jewish  iiduibltauts.  Captured  in  11H7  by 
Saladin,  it  was  surrendered  in  12*i?9  to  the  emperor  Kred- 
erlck  II,  Since  1244  it  has  been  in  possession  of  the  Mo- 
hamniedans,  and  since  ir>17  under  Turkish  rule.  In  IStH) 
Nap(deon  planned  the  capture  of  Jerusalem,  but  gave  up 
his  ifitcTition.  Mi'hemet  Alt.  pasha  of  Egypt,  took  pos- 
session of  it  in  1m:(2;  in  18:U  it  wjm  seized  and  held  for 
some  time  by  insurgent  Bedouins ;  and  in  IMl  it  was  again 
restored  to  the  sultan.  Modern  Jerusalem  is  a  citv  of  the 
vilayet  of  Syria.  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  in  lal.  ;tl  47  N., 
long,  .■ifi"  i:i' E.  The  christian  (piarter  occupies  the  north- 
west of  it,  the  MolKiinnu'dan  the  northeast,  the  Jewish 
the  soutluMst,  anri  the  Armenian  the  southwest.  It  is 
the  resideru!e  of  the  I'asha  of  Fab-stinc.  and  is  now  con- 
nected with  Jatfa  by  railway.  The  most  c<uispieuouH  eill- 
tlce  Is  (111!  Haram  csh  Sherif,  on  the  HU])pOHe(l  site  of  the 
temple.  IVtpuhitlon,  estimated,  about  40, fKXi. 
Jerusalem.  An  opera  by  Vortli,  produeod  n( 
Paris  ill  IS47. 

Jerusalem,  Council  of.    Acounoil  of  thp  npos- 

tU'S,  elders,  iiinl  Itfel  liren,  cohvoiumI  lit  .Tenisa- 
N'ln  .'jO  or  51  a.  D.  for  the  seltlenieiit,  of  (pU'S- 
tions  th:it  Imd  arisen  ret;:ifilinj;  the  reeof^nit i(in 
of  Gentile  ( 'hristijiiis  and  Du'  (»hli(^iition  of  llieir 
beingoircnnn'ised.  Tlie  deliverance  of  theconn- 
cil  is  giviMi  in  Aets  xv.  lili-liO. 

Already  the  peace  of  thellourishim:  conmiunlty  at  Antl- 
och  had  been  iiistur!)ed  by  some  of  the  more  zealouscoTi- 
verta  from  Jerusalem,  who  still  asserted  the  indispensable 
necessity  of  circumcision.     Paul  aiul  Barnabas  proceeded 

c  — :i.-> 


545 

as  delegates  from  the  community  at  Antioch  ;  and  what 
is  called  the  Council  of  Jerusalem,  a  full  assembly  of  all 
the  apostles  then  present  iu  the  metropolis,  solemnly  de- 
bated this  great  question. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  I.  403. 

Jerusalem,  Kingdom  of.  A  Clirist  ian  kingdom 
ju  Syria,  llOll-S?.  larf^^-ly  under  Freneh  iiiflu- 
eiiee.  It  was  Dnitinued  as  a  titular  kingdom, 
now  held  noininally  by  the  house  of  Austria. 

Jerusalem  Chamber.*  A  room  at  the  southwest 

side  of  Westminster  Abbey,  dating  from  137G 
or  1386.  Henry  IV.  died  in  tliisrooni.  The  Upper  House 
of  Convocation  of  tlie  Province  of  Canterbury  meets  in  it. 
It  probably  derives  its  name  from  tapestries  with  the  his- 
torj'  of  Jerusalem  on  them,  whieh  hung  on  the  walls. 

Jerusalem  Coffee  House.  Au  old  house  in  Com- 

hill,  Loniloit.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  city  news- 
liMinis.  and  is  frequented  by  merchants  ami  eiiptains  cim- 
meted  with  the  commerce  of  China.  India,  and  Australia. 
T'mb.-i. 

Jerusalem  Delivered,  It.  Gerusalemme  Lib- 

erata.  An  epic  poem  by  T<u'<itiato  Tasso,  re- 
lating to  the  deliverance  of  .b-nisalem  from  the 
unbelievers  by  the  Crusaders  under  (lodfrey  of 
Bouillon  (published  1581 ;  Knglish  translations 
by  Fairfax.  IGOn,  and  James,  1805). 
Jervis  (jer'vi^).  John,  Earl  St.  Vincent.  Born 
at  Meaford,  Jan.  1),  1735:  died  March  14,  1823. 
An  English  admiral.  He  entered  tlie  royal  navy 
as  able  seaman  Jan.  4,  1740.  8ept.  24,  17S7.  he  was  pro- 
moted rear-admiral,  and  in  1790  was  returned  to  Par- 
liament for  Wycombe.  Feb.  1,  17D;{,  he  became  vice-ad- 
miral, and  on  July  1. 1795,  was  made  admiral.  On  Nov. 
L'9,  179r),  he  joined  the  (bet  un  the  coast  of  Corsica  as 
eonnnander-iii  chief.  Sept.  2.'>,  1790,  he  was  ordered  to 
abandon  Corsica  and  the  Mediterranean  and  to  defend  the 
Channel.  To  i>revent  the  union  of  the  allied  Meet  with  the 
French  squadron  at  Brest,  he  took  up  a  position  off  Cape 
St  Vincent  Feb.,  1797.  On  Keb.  14  a  battle  was  fought, 
resulting  in  the  capture  of  four  Spanish  sliips.  He  was 
at  once  gazetted  to  an  earhlom  with  the  title  of  St.  Vin- 
cent. He  relinquished  his  command  June  l.">.  1799.  In  the 
summer  of  180O  he  again  entered  the  service  in  command 
of  the  Channel  fleet.  In  ISOl  he  became  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty.  On  the  collapse  of  the  Addington  ministry  and 
the  return  of  Pitt  to  power,  St.  Vincent's  n-f  innicntfrom 
the  admiralty  became  necessary.  After  the  d.atb  of  Pitt 
hi-  acain  entered  the  seiTice  with  the  actinu  rank  of  ad- 
miral of  the  tleet,  March,  1800,  but  was  relieved  April  '24, 
1S1I7. 

Jervis,  Sir  John,  Born  Jan.  12,  1802:  died  at 
London,  Nov.  1,  1856.  An  English  jurist,  lord 
ciiief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas.  He  was  second 
cousin  of  John  Jervis.  Earl  St.  Vincent.  He  studied  at 
Trinity  College.  Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1824.  From  1826  to  ls;J2  he  reported  in  the  E.vchciiuer 
court.  Dec.  18:12,  he  wasreturned  for  Chesterasa  Liberal 
in  the  first  reform  Parliament.  He  was  appointed  solicitor- 
general  in  18-1(S,  and  attorney-general  in  tlie  same  year. 
July  16,  ISSn,  he  was  api)ointed  lord  chief  justice  of  the 
Cimimon  Pleas.  In  1848  were  passed  three  bills  which  bear 
his  name,  regulating  the  duties  of  justices  of  the  peace. 

Jesi  (ya'se).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Ancona, 
easternItaly,sitnatedontheKsinoir)miIeswesf- 
S(.tuthwestof  Ancona  :  the  ancient  JEsis  or  yEsi- 
nm.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  is  noted  asthe  birtbplace  of 
the  emperor  Frederick  II.     Population,  about  12,(XHX 

Jesse  (jes'e).  The  father  of  David,  king  of  Is- 
rael. 

Jesse,  John  Heneage.  Born  1815:  died  at  Lon- 
don, ,hdy  7,  1S71.  An  Kurdish  historicalwriler. 
Ilepubli^heil  "  Jlemoii's  of  the  Court  of  England 
during  the  Keign  of  the  Stuarts"  (1840),  and 
similar  W()rks. 

Jessel  (jps'ol),  Sir  George.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  13,  1><24:  died  there,  March  21.  1883.  An 
English  jurist.  IK-  w:i3  the  son  of  a  Jewish  merchant. 
He  graduated  at  London  University  in  lS4:i,  and  was  called 
to  tile  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  184".  Jessel  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  Dover  in  Dec,  ISttS.  ami  was  appointed 
scdicitor-general  in  1871.  Ouring  hi^  tenure  of  odice  oc 
curred  the  Geneva  arbitration.  In  1873  he  was  made  mas- 
ter of  the  rolls. 

Jesselmere.     See  Jaisahnir. 

Jessica  (jes'i-kli).  In  ShakspereV  '*  Merchant 
of  Venice,"  the  tlaugliter  of  Sliylock.  She  elopes 
with  I-orenzo.  taking  her  father's  jewels  and  money,  "  A 
most  beautiful  pagan,  a  most  sweet  Jew." 

JeSSO.      See    Yc-o. 

Jessonda.  An  ojtera  by  Spohr,  first  produced 
at  Cassi'l  in  lSL*:i,  and  at  London  in  1840. 

Jessor,  or  Jessore  ( jcs-sor'  i.  A  district  in  Ben- 
gal, Britisli  India.  interHected  by  bit.  23°  N.. 
long.  89^30'  E.  Area,  li.i»2r>m|iuire  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (IH!»1).   l.HHM.HL'T. 

Jests  of  Gonnella.  Tln^  jests  of  tlie  domestic 
fool  of  Nicolo  d'Eslo :  they  wore  lu'iuted  iu 
ir)0(). 

Jesuits  (jez'u-ita).  [So  called  (first,  it  is  said, 
by  Calvin,  al)out  ir>.^)0^  from  the  name  given  to 
the  order  by  ils  founder  (  NIj.  Sitrirtas  Jtsu,  the 
Conii>any  (or  Society)  of  .Testis).]  The  mem- 
bers of  tlie  *'  Society  of  Jesus  "  (or  *'<  'onipiiiiy 
of  Jesus"),  founder!  by  Ignatius  l^oyola  in  l.'t:t4, 
and  contirmed  by  the  Pope  in  1540.  Tt.tmembor- 
sblp  Inclmies  two  general  elassex  (laymen,  or  temporal  co- 
attjutors,  and  prle^tn)  and  six  graded— nanielv,  noviec-R 
formed  temponil  coacljiitort, approved acholnstlcs.  formed 


Jewel 

spiritual  coadjutors,  ^he  professed  of  three  vows,  and  the 
professed  of  four  vows.  The  professed  oi  the  f<mr  vow6 
aie  the  most  intluential  class  :  they  form  the  general  con- 
gregation, and  till  the  highest  ollices  and  the  leading  mis- 
sions.  The  general  is  elected  for  life  by  the  general  con- 
gregation. They  were  expelled  from  France  in  l.'.&4  ;  re- 
.stored  in  1GI)3;  again  expelleil  in  1764.  and  for  the  last 
time  in  1S80.  They  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  1767,  and 
at  ditterent  times  from  various  other  countries.  In  177a 
tlie  order  was  suppressed  by  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  but  it 
was  revived  in  1814. 
Jesus  (je'zus).  [Or.  'LyffojV,  SaWour,  from  Heb. 
Jfhoshftft  or  Joshudj  Jehovah  is  salvation:  used 
in  Acts  vii.  45,  Heb.  iv.  8  for  Joshua.]  The 
personal  name  of  the  founder  of  Christianity, 
often  joined  with  the  official  name  Cliristj  the 
Anointed  One  {Jesus  ('hrist  or  Christ  Jesus).  He 
is  the  central  figure  in  the  Christian  I'eligion,  belief  in 
whom  as  the  Son  of  Cod  and  the  Saviour  of  men  is  its  dlB* 
tinctive  characteristic.  His  personality  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  much  controversy.  The  Trinitarian  doctrine  that 
there  iabut  one  (Jod  and  yet  three  equal  snbjeetsor  "per- 
sons" in  one  Godhead  is  that  now  accepted  generally 
throughout  Christendom,  the  essence  of  the  Father  and 
Son  being  regarded  as  the  same,  as  was  maintained  in  the 
early  church  by  the  liomocuisians  in  opposition  to  the 
Homoiousians,  who  held  that  their  natures  are  only  sim- 
ilar, and  the  Heterouusians,  who  held  tliat  they  are  dif- 
ferent. According  to  the  narratives  of  the  four  gospels, 
Jesus  was  born  of  Mary,  a  viigin  of  the  tribe  of  Judah  and 
family  of  David,  in  a  stable  at  IJcthlehem  ;  w.a8  brought 
up  as  a  carpenter  in  the  workshop  of  his  reputed  father ; 
entered,  when  about  :J0  years  of  age.  on  a  jmblic ministry; 
traveled  for  two  or  three  yeais  through  J udea  and  Galilee, 
teaching  and  working  numerous  miracles,  especially  of 
healing,  accompanied  more  or  less  by  twelve  men  whom 
he  had  chosen  as  his  disciples:  was  thereafter  seized  by  the 
Jews,  subjected  to  an  irregular  trial  on  a  charge  of  blas- 
phemy, handed  over  by  the  Jews  to  I'ilate,  the  Roman 
governor,  and  ultimately  sent  by  him  to  cniciflxion  ;  died 
on  the  cross,  was  buried,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  tltlrd 
day  rose  again  from  the  dead  :  was  afterward  seen  of  many 
witnesses;  and  forty  days  Inter  ascendi-d  into  Heaven. 
The  birth  of  Jesus  is  now  generally  believed  to  have  taken 
place  about  four  years  before  the  period  from  which  we 
reckon  our  years  in  the  vulgar  or  Clirlstian  enu 

Jesus,  Raphael  de.    See  Haphml  <k  Jesus. 

Jesus  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, England,  founded  in  1490  by  John  Al- 
eock,  bishop  of  Ely,  on  tlie  site  of  a  Benedic- 
tin<*  monastery.  The  chai.el  is  the  old  convent  church, 
sonuwlmt  eut  down  :  ils  anhitietureis  Norman  and  Early 
English,  with  some  Terjiendicular  interi»olation8. 

Jesus  College.  A  college  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,  founded  in  1571  by  Queen  Elizabeth: 
originally  intended  foi-  Welsh  students,  it  was 
rebuilt  in  1021-07,  and  restored  in  ISr.O.  The  chapel  (bnilt 
1G21)  is  notablcfor  its  wainscotingi.f  paneled  oak,  and  the 
hall  for  its  jioitrait-s  and  .lacolK-an  sereen. 

t- 

at 

JIadrid. 

Jethro  (jeth'ro).  [Heb., 'excellence.*]  A  priest 
or  chief  of  the  ^lidianites  who  inhabited  the 
southern  point  of  Sinai,  the  faiher  of  seven 
daugliters,  one  of  whom,  Zipporah, was  married 
to  Moses.  In  Ex.  ii.  is.  Num.  x.  20  the  name  is  given  as 
lleuel.  Perhaps  the  latter  was  his  i)ersonal  name,  and 
Jethro  an  honorary  title,  or  the  discrepancy  of  the  names 
may  be  duo  to  separate  and  independent  narratives.  By 
(ho  advice  of  Jethro,  Moses  apjMiinted  deputies  to  judge 
the  people  and  to  share  the  burden  of  government  with 
him  iV.\.  xviii.). 

Jeu  de  Paume  (zhe  do  jHtm).  Hall  of  the.  [F., 

•  tennis. 'J  A  building  in  ^■er^ailles.  France. 
It  is  famous  for  the  oath  to  form  a  con^titution  sworn  here 
by  the  rei)r*-sentativ»  s  of  the  Third  K>(atc  June  20,  1789. 

Jeunesse  Dor^e  (zhe-nes'  d6-ni').  [F.,  'gilded 
youth. 'J  In  French  history,  a  band  of  young 
men  who  formed  a  reactionary  faction  against 
the  Jacoltins  after  the  Uth  Thermidor,  vear  2 
(July  27,  1794). 

Jever  (ya'fer).  A  town  in  Oldenburg,  Germany. 
34  miles  north-northwest  of  Oldenburg:  former- 
ly the  chief  town  of  Jeverland,  an  old  division 
of  Friesland. 

Jevons  (.icv'onz).  William  Stanley,    l^orn  »t 

Liverpool.  Sept.  1.  ISt.'i:  .IiuwimmI  while  bath- 
ing near  Hastings.  Aug.  lit.  IsS'J,  An  English 
ceonomist  and  logician.  He  was  the  siui  of  a  nail- 
maker  and  iron  merchant  of  I.iverfMxd.  He  eiit«Teil  I  nl- 
versityCidlege,  I/uidon,fnls:)l,  and  sluille<lcbemi(tlry  with 
his  c<uisln.  Sir  Henry  RoMoe.  In  18"»3  he  became  assayer 
to  the  new  mint  at  Sydney.  Australia,  reslgriing  his  ap- 
pidutment  in  lsr>0  tn  return  to  rniverslty  rollege.  hVimi 
18*12  to  18(M  be  pultlisbed  numerous  diHserlations  on  cur- 
rency anil  finance.  In  \m\  appeare<l  \\U  "  I'ure  roglc,  or 
tin-  Logic  (»f  Quality  iipart  from  Qnantily,"  bused  on  the 
work  of  Boole.  In  ixl.'.  he  publlsht  d  a  work  on  the  ex- 
Innisllonof  theeoal-mines.  He  wasapp<dnted  to  the  chair 
of  logic  and  ptdlMcal  eciuiomy  atOwLUHt'olbge,  Mnnchc** 
ter.  in  18»)tl,  ami  to  the  pnifewsorsbtp  of  political  economy 
at  ITntversitv  College  In  1H7«.  This  he  pniunrd  In  1880. 
Hci>ub||shed"TheSubslltntlonofsindlarN'(lK<i!t),  "Stud- 
Its  in  I>e.luc(ive  I^igie  '  (1S8'I\  "Ibe  rrhiclples  of  ?^\. 
ence"  (is;.)!,  ••  Th.-  Thcori-  "f  I'oIKind  Economy  "  (U^'D- 

Jew,  The  Wandering.  See  WmiJehnq  Jcw^Thc. 

Jewel  (.ir.'eh.  John.  Horn  Mav  *J4.  irrjii:  died 
at  Monklon  Farleigh.  Sejit.  Ua.  iri7I.  Hishopof 
Salisbury.  He  gmduated  nt  Oxford  (Merton  College)  in 
IMo.  and  wnseleited  fellow  of  (\)rpnn  Chri«li  In  1642.  On 
the  accession  of  Mar)'  in  15.^»3,  Jewel  wns  deprived  of  hti 


ii.oi   I'll    it.>  )'iii(i.otn  ;oiu  .( ;it.  oiii.  .Ill  f>LiL'Lii. 

Jesus  Disputing  with  the  Doctors.    A  pain 

iii!^  by  Paolo  Voiouust",  iu  the  Koyal  Museum  i 


Jewel 

fellowship,  and  fled  to  Frankfort  March  13, 1566.  On  Mary'B 
de:ith  he  returned  to  England.  His  letters  to  Peter  Mar- 
tyr and  other  friends  at  this  time  are  a  valuable  source  of 
historical  information.  He  was  appointed  a  disputant  at 
the  Westminster  Conference  in  I5f)9,  preacher  at  Paul's 
Cross  in  June,  1560,  and  bishop  of  .Salisbury  in  July,  IStiO. 
In  1502  appeared  his  "Apologia  pro  Kcclesia  Anglicana," 
the  first  methodical  statement  of  the  Church  of  England's 
position  against  the  Church  of  Rome.  Jewel's  complete 
works  were  collected  under  the  direction  of  Archbishop 
Bancroft  and  published  in  1609. 
Jew  of  Malta,  The.  A  play  by  Marlowe,  it  was 
written  after  1588,  and  was  frequently  acted  between  1691 
and  1596.  It  was  reviveii  in  1601  and  16;i3,  and  in  1818  Kean 
produced  an  altered  version  at  Druiy  Lane.  The  earliest 
English  edition  extant  is  dated  1633,  and  was  edited,  some- 
what altered,  by  T.  Heywood.  It  presents  the  popular 
idea  of  an  avaricious,  murderous  Jew. 

There  was  an  older  play  of  "The  Jew,"  named  by  Ste- 
phen Gosson  in  his  *'  School  of  Abuse  "  as  setting  forth 
'"  the  greediness  of  worldly  choosers  and  the  bloody  minds 
of  usurers,"  which  seems  to  have  been  a  treatment  in  one 
play  of  the  two  fables  which  form  the  groundwork  of 
Shakespeare's  "  Merchant  of  Venice."  Some  years  after 
the  death  of  Marlowe  we  find  evidence  in  Germany  of  the 
existence  of  a  play  in  which  Barabas  of  "The  Jew  of  Mal- 
ta "  is  made  one  with  the  Jew  of  the  other  play.  It  has, 
therefore,  some  rough  features  of  resemblance  to  "The 
Merchant  of  Venice,"  and  in  the  course  of  this  piece  it  is 
to  be  observed  that  Barabas  changes  his  name  to  Joseph. 
Morley,  English  Writers,  X.  117. 

Je'WS  (joz).  [From  Jtulalt.']  Loosely,  the  Se- 
mitic nation  that  was  earlier  called  Hebrews, 
Israelites,  or  the  children  of  Israel ;  strictly, 
the  people  descended  from  the  tribes  of  Judah 
and  Benjamin  (see  Judah,  Kingdom  of).  After 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  (70  A.  D.)  these  were  scat- 
tered throughout  other  countries.  They  still  remain  a 
distinct  people,  often  oppressed  and  persecuted,  but  re- 
taining their  nationality  and  distinguished  by  specific 
characteristics.  Their  number  at  the  present  time  is  es- 
timated at  between  7,000,000  and  8,000,000,  about  6,500,000 
being  in  Europe. 

Jewsbury  goz'ber-i),Geraldine  Endsor.  Born 
at  Measham,  Derbyshire,  in  18112:  died  Sept. 
23,1880.  An  English  novelist,  she  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Jewsbury  of  ilanchcster.  In  1841  she 
became  associated  with  Thomas  Carlyle  and  his  wife,  and 
removed  to  Chelsea,  to  be  near  them,  in  1854.  Among  her 
novels  are  "Zoe"  (1846),  "The  Half-.Sisters"  (1848),  "Sor- 
rows of  Gentility  '  (1856),  etc.;  and  she  ^vrote  several 
children's  stories  and  short  tales. 

Jewsbury,  Maria  Jane  (afterward  Mrs. 
Fletcher).  Born  at  Measham, Derbyshire, Eng- 
land. (3ot.  25,  1800:  died  at  Poonah," India,  Oct. 
4,  1833.  An  English  author,  sister  of  Geraldine. 
She  wrote  "Phantasmagoria,  etc.,"  "Letters  to  the  Young," 
"Lays  of  Leisure  Hours,"  etc.  Her  best  work  appeared 
in  the  "Athenaeum."' 

Jeypore  (ji-p6r'),  or  Jaipur  (.ii-por').  1.  A  na- 
tive state  in  Rajputana,  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  76°  E.  it  passed  under  British 
protection  in  1813.  Area,  16,349  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,832,276. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Jeypore,  situated 
in  lat.  26°  55'  N.,  long.  75°  52'  E.  it  is  the  chief 
city  of  Rajputana,  and  an  important  financial  center,  and 
is  noted  for  its  tine  buildings.  It  was  founded  in  1728. 
Population  (1891),  158,906. 

Jezebel  (Jez'e-bel).  The  wife  of  Ahab,  king  of 
Israel,  whom  she  married  before  his  accession, 
and  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Atha- 
liah,  queen  of  Judah,  and  of  .Ahaziah  and  Jo- 
rara.  kings  of  Israel.  She  was  a  Phenician  princess, 
daughter  of  Ethbaal,  king  of  the  Sidonians,  and  estab- 
lished the  Phenician  worship  at  the  court  of  Ahab.  She 
was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Jehu. 

Jezreel  (jez're-el),  mod.  Zerin  (ze-ren').  In 
Bible  geography,  a  city  in  the  plain  of  Jezreel, 
Palestine,  situated  near  Mount  Gilboa,  53  miles 
north  of  Jerusalem,  it  was  the  capital  of  Israel  under 
the  dynasty  of  Ahab.  Ahaziah  and  Joram  were  killed 
here  by  Jehu. 

Jhalawar  (ja'la-war).  A  native  state  of  Raj- 
putana, India,  consisting  of  two  separate  por- 
tions, situated  west  of  Gwalior,  about  long. 
76°-77°  E.  It  is  under  British  protection.  Area, 
3,043  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  343,601. 

Jhana  (j-ha'na).     See  Dhyani  Buddha. 

Jhang  (jung)."  1.  A  district  in  the  Multan  divi- 
sion, Paujab,  British  India,  intersected  bv  lat. 
31°  15'  N.,  long.  72°  15'  E.  Area,  5.871  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  436,841.— 2.  A  town 
in  the  district  of  Jhang,  about  lat.  31°  18'  N., 
long.  72°  23'  E.     Population    (1891),  23,290. 

Jhansi(jan'se).  1.  A  division  in  the  Northwest 
Provinces,  British  India.  Area,  4,9S3  siiuare 
miles.  Popiaation(1881),  1,000,457.— 2.  Adis- 
trict  in  the  Jhansi  division,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  30'  N.,  long.  79°  10'  E.  Area,  1,640  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  409,419.-3.  A  for- 
tified town  in  Gwalior,  India,  situated  in  lat. 
25°  27'  N.,  long.  78°  33'  E.  It  was  the  scene  of  a 
massacre  of  Europeans  in  1857  ;  was  captured  by  the 
British  in  1858  ;  and  was  ceded  to  Gwalior  in  18B1.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  63,779. 

Jhelum,  or  Jhelam  (je'lum),  or  Jhylum,  or 
Jhilam  (ji'lum),  etc.  1.  One  of  the  rivers  of 
the  Panjab,  India,  rising  in  Kashmir  and  join- 


546 

ing  the  Chenab  in  lat.  31°  10'  N.  :  the  ancient 
Hydaspes.  On  its  banks  Alexander  the  Great  defeated 
Porus,  326  B.  c.  Srinagai-  in  Kashmir-  is  on  its  banks. 
Length,  about  460  miles. 

2.  A  district  in  the  Rawal  Pindi  division, 
Paniab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  33° 
N.,  long.  73°  E.  Area,  3,995  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  609,056.-3.  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Jhelum,  situated  on  the  river 
.Thelum  in  lat.  32°  55'  N.,  long.  73°  40'  E. 
Population  (1891),  12,878. 

Jlbaros.    See  Jivaros. 

Jicarilla  (He-ka-rel'yii).  The  northern  branch 
of  the  Vaquero  of  Benavides,  a  tribe  of  the 
Apache.  Prior  to  1799  they  ranged  north  of  northern 
New  Mexico  till  driven  out  by  the  Comanche.  The  Jica- 
rilla ai-e  closely  related  to  the  Earaone. 

Jiddah  ( jid'da),  or  Jeddah  ( jed'da).  A  seaport 
in  Arabia,  in  tlie  vilavet  of  Hedjaz,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  Red  Sea  in  lat.  21°  28'  N., 
long.  39°  11'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cen- 
ters of  Aj'abia,  and  the  landing-place  for  Mecca  pilgrims. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  of  the  Christians  1858.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  22,000. 

Jihun.     See  Aniii-Daria. 

Jijona  (He-Ho'naj.  A  town  in  the  pro\'inee  of 
Alicante,  eastern  Spain,  12  miles  north  of  Ali- 
cante.   Population  (1887),  6,198. 

Jilolo.     See  GHoIo. 

Jim  Crow  ( jim  kro).  A  dramatic  song  and  negro 
dance  brought  out  by  Thomas  D.  Rice,  the  lirst 
"negro  minstrel,"  in  Washington  in  1835.  Jo- 
seph Jeffei'son  appeared  with  him  in  tliis  dance 
when  only  4  years  old. 

Jimena  de  la  Frontera  (He-mii'na  da  la  fron- 
ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  pro^-ince  of  Cadiz,  Spain, 
north  of  Gibraltar.     Population  (1887),  8.622. 

Jimenes.     See  Ximenes. 

Jiminez  (ne-ma'nath),  Jesiis.  BomatCartago, 
June  IS,  1823:  diedatSan  Jos^,  Feb.  17, 1897.  A 
Costa  Rican  statesman,  president  of  the  repub- 
lic May  8, 1863,  to  May  8, 1865,  and  again  Nov.  1, 
1868,  to  April  28, 1870,  when  he  was  overthrown 
by  a  revolution.  He  was  moderate  in  politics, 
and  under  him  the  country  progressed  steadily. 

Jina.     See  Jainas. 

Jingas  (zlieng'gas).     See  Kr/ola. 

Jingle,  Alfred,  otherwise  Charles  Fitz  Mar- 
shall. A  swindler  with  an  airy  temperament 
and  a  glib  tongue,  in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Pa- 
pers." 

Jinnestan  (jin-es-tan').  An  ideal  region  in  the 
motmtaius  of  Kaf,  the  abode  of  jinns  and  peris 
and  devs,  in  Persian  mythology. 

Jisdra,  or  Jizdra  (zhez'dra)  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Kaluga,  central  Russia,  situated 
on  the  river  Jisdra  82  miles  southwest  of  Kaluga. 

Jitomir.     See  Zhitomir. 

Ji'Varos  (ne-va'ros).  A  race  of  Indians  in  Ecua- 
dor and  northern  Peru,  about  the  rivers  flow- 
ing into  the  upper  Amazon.  They  are  still  numer- 
ous, and  are  divided  into  many  petty  hordes  with  differ- 
ent names.  All  are  savages  of  a  rather  low  grade,  living 
mainly  by  hunting,  and  making  war  on  other  tribes ;  their 
language  has  never  been  classified.  For  arms  they  use 
lances  and  blow-guns  with  poisoned  arrows.  They  dry 
and  preserve  their  enemies'  heads,  and  also  those  of  their 
chiefs:  these  heads  are  well  known  in  museums.  Mis- 
sionaries preached  to  the  Jivaros  in  tlie  IGth  century,  but 
they  revolted  in  1599  and  destroyed  many  settlements; 
recently  they  have  received  Italian  missionaries.  Also 
\vritten  Jibaros,  Givaros,  or  Xivaros. 

Joah(j6'ab).  [Heb., '  Yah  veh  is  my  father.']  The 
commander  of  the  Hebrew  army  under  King 
David  (about  1033-993  B.  C).  He  commanded  in  the 
war  against  Ishbosheth,  the  son  of  Saul,  as  well  as  against 
the  Gentiles.  He  treacherously  slew  Abner,  Saul's  former 
captain,  after  he  had  become  reconciled  with  David  ;  and 
despatched  David's  rebellious  son  Absalom.  He  was  killed 
by  order  of  Solomon  for  conspiring  with  Adonijah. 

Joachim,  King  of  Naples.     See  Murat. 

Joachim  (yo'a-chim),  Joseph.  BomatlCittsee, 
near  Presburg,  Hungary,  June  28,  1831.  A  cel- 
ebrated Gei-man  violinist  and  composer.  He  has 
had  great  success  as  a  solo  and  quartet  player.  In  1S49 
he  was  made  leader  of  the  grand  duke's  band  at  Wei- 
mar. He  was  conductor  of  concerts  and  solo  violinist  to 
the  King  of  Hanover  1864-66,  and  head  of  the  musical 
school  at  Berlin  1868.  He  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  doctor  of  music  in  1877  from  Cambri(ige.  He  is  a  mas- 
ter of  technic.  and  his  style  is  recognized  as  a  model  both 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent. 

Joachimites  (j6'a-kim-its).  The  followers  or 
believers  in  the  doctrines  of  an  Italian  mystic, 
Joachim  (died  about  1200),  abbot  of  Ploris. 
The  most  important  feature  of  his  doctrines  was  the  belief 
that  the  history  of  man  will  be  covered  by  three  reigns: 
the  first,  that  of  the  Father,  from  the  creation  till  the  birth 
of  Christ;  the  second,  that  of  the  Son,  from  the  birth  of 
Christ  till  1260 ;  and  the  third,  that  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
from  1260  onward.  This  last  view  was  developed  by  his 
adherents  into  the  belief  that  a  new  gospel  would  super- 
sede the  revelation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  'These 
views  had  many  supporters  in  the  13th  century, 

Joachimsthal  (yo'a-chims-tal).    A  mining  and 


Joannes  VI.  Palaeologus 

manufacturing  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  in 
lat.  50°  23'  N.,  long.  12°  54'  E.  its  silver-mines 
were  celebrated  in  the  16th  century.  The  word  thaler, 
dollar,  is  derived  from  this  place.  Population  tl890),  com- 
mune, 7,046. 
Joan,  surnamed ' '  The  Fair  Maid  of  Kent. "  [From. 
Joamia.'i  Born  1328:  died  at  WaUingford  Cas- 
tle, Aug.  7, 1385.  The  wife  of  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales, "  the  Black  Prince,"  and  mother  of  Rich- 
ard II.,  probably  the  younger  daughter  of  Ed- 
mund of  Woodstock,  earl  of  Kent,  sixth  son  of 

Edward  I.  In  Oct.,  1330,  the  young  queen  Philippa  took 
charge  of  her,  and  she  became  "in  her  time  the  most 
beautiful  of  aU  the  kingdom  ('/)  of  England  and  the  most 
lovable  "  (Froisxart).  She  «  as  first  maiTied  to  Sir-  Thomas 
Holland,  steward  of  the  household  to  William  de  Monta- 
cute,  second  earl  of  Salisbury.  A  few  months  ifter  his 
death  (Dec.  28,  1360)  she  married  the  Black  Prince.  The 
man-iage  was  celebrated  Ijy  Simon  Islip(whom  see),  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  at  Lambeth,  Oct.  10, 1361.  Betw  een 
1362  and  1371  she  was  with  the  prince  in  Aquitaine,  where 
her  two  sons  Edward  and  Richard  II.  were  born.  The  Black 
Prince  died  on  June  8,  1376,  and  in  June,  1377,  Richard 
became  king.  At  her  interposition  in  1378  proceedings 
against  Wyclif  at  Lajibeth  were  arrested.  She  also  ex- 
erted all  her  infiuence  to  heal  the  breach  between  Richard 
and  John  of  Gaunt.     Diet  Nat.  Biog. 

Joan,  Queen  of  Scotland,  caljed  "Joan  of  the 
Tower."  Born  in  the  Tower,  London,  about 
July,  1321 :  died  Aug.  14, 1362.  The  fourth  and 
youngest  child  of  Edward  H.  and  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  France.  In  the  summer 
of  1327  Isabella  and  Mortimer,  in  the  name  of  Edward  III., 
proposed  to  Robert  Bruce,  then  besieging  Norham,  the 
marriage  of  his  sou  and  heir  David  to  Joan,  and  the  mar- 
riage was  included  among  the  conditions  of  the  peace  con- 
cluded at  Northampton,  April,  1328.  They  were  married 
at  Berwick,  July  12,  1328.  The  Scots  called  the  princess 
"Joan  Make-peace."  The  children  were  crowned  at  Scone 
Nov.  24,  133L  When  Edward  Baliol  seizeil  the  crown  of 
Scotland  (Sept.  24,  I:i32),  David  and  Joan  fled  to  Dumbar- 
ton, and  in  1334  to  the  Cluiteau  Gaillard  in  France  until 
May,  1341,  when  they  returned  to  Scotland. 

Joan.  A  mythical  female  pope,  supposed  to 
have  reigned  about  85,5-858.  she  is  represented  as 
of  English  descent,  although  born  at  Ingelheim  or  Mainz, 
and  as  having  Lallen  in  love  with  a  young  Benedictine 
monk,  with  whom  she  fled  in  male  attu-e  to  Athens.  After 
his  death  she  removed  to  Rome,  where  she  rose  to  the 
rank  of  cardinal.  She  was  elected  pope  as  John  VIII. 
on  the  death  of  Leo  IV.,  and  died  in  childbirth  during  a 
public  procession. 

Joan  of  Arc  (jo-an'  or  jon  ov,  ark),  F.  Jeanne 
d'Arc  or  Dare  (zhan  diirk),  called  "  The  Maid  of 
Orleans."  Born  at  Domremy,  Jan.  6, 1412 :  died 
May  30, 1431.  The  French  national  heroine.  She 
was  the  illiterate  daughter  of  a  peasant  proprietor  at  Dom- 
remy. At  the  time  of  lier  appearance  in  history  the  English 
were  masters  of  the  whole  of  France  north  of  the  Loire,  and 
the  queen  mother  Isaliella  supported  the  pretensions  of  her 
grandson  Henry  VI.  of  England  to  the  throne  of  France 
in  opposition  to  her  son  Charles  VII.  of  Fl-ance.  Accord- 
ing to  a  version  of  a  prophecy  by  Merlin,  which  was  cur- 
rent in  her  native  province  and  with  which  she  was  un- 
doubtedly familiar,  France  was  to  be  overwhelmed  with 
calamities,  but  was  to  be  delivered  by  a  virgin  out  of  the 
forest  of  Domremy.  She  imagined  tliat  she  heard  super- 
natural voices  commanding  her  to  liberate  France,  and 
eventually  gained  access  to  the  court  of  Charles  VII.,  who 
intrusted  her  with  the  command  of  an  army.  She  raised 
the  siege  of  Orleans  by  the  English,  May  8, 1429,  and  gained 
thegreat  victory  of  Patay,  June  18, 1429,  with  the  result  that 
Charles  VTI.  was  enabled.  July  17, 1429,  to  receive  the  con- 
secrated oil  at  Rheims,  where  the  kings  of  France  were 
anciently  accustomed  to  hold  the  coronation  ceremonies. 
She  w'as  captured  May  24, 1430,  while  defending  Compi^gne 
against  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  ;  was  sold  by  the  duke  to 
his  allies  the  English ;  and  was  burned  at  the  stake  as  a 
heretic  at  Rouen,  May  30,  1431. 

Joan  of  Arc.  A  painting  by  Bastien-Lepage,  in 
the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York.  The  maid, 
as  a  coarsely  dressed  Lorraine  peasant  girl,  leans  against 
an  apple-tree  amid  rustic  surroundings,  and  looks  upward 
with  a  rapt  expression.  Above  float  spectral  flgiu-es  of 
angels  and  of  knights  in  armor. 

Joanna  (jo-an'ii)  I.  [Fem.  of  Joannes.']  Died 
1382.  Queen  of  Naples  1343-82.  She  procured  the 
murder  of  her  first  husband,  Andrew,  prince  of  Hungary, 
in  134.5,  and  in  1346  married  Prince  Louis  of  Tarentum. 
She  was  expelled  by  Louis,  king  of  Hungaiy,  who  invaded 
Naples  to  avenge  the  death  of  Andrew,  but  was  restored 
in  13.'>2.  She  was  captured  and  put  to  death  by  the  usurper 
Charles  III.  (whom  see). 

Joanna  II.  Died  1435.  Queen  of  Naples  1414^ 
1435. 

Joannes.    See  Marnjd. 

Joannes  (j6-an'ez)  I.  Zimiskes.  Died  at  Con- 
stantinople, Jan.  10,  970.  Byzantine  emperor 
960-076.  Heput to  death  theemperorNicephorusrhocas, 
and  took  possession  of  tlie  throne  by  means  of  an  adulterous 
intrigue  with  the  empress  Theophano.  He  defeated  the 
Russians  in  971. 

Joannes  II.  Comnenus.    See  Calo-Joannes. 
Joannes  III.  Vatatzes.    Died  at  Nymphrenm, 

Oct.  30,  1255.     Emperor  of  Nicfea  1222-55. 
Joannes  IV.  Lascaris.     Emperor  of  Nicrea 

1259-61,  son  of  Theodore  H.  Lascaris  whom  he 

succeeded.     He  was  deposed  and  blinded  by 

Michael  Pala:>ologus, 

Joannes  V.  Cantacuzenus.    See  Can  facticeni(S. 
Joannes  VI.  Palsologus.  Bom  1332 :  died  1391. 

Byzantine  emperor  1341-91,  son  of  Androni- 


Joannes  VI.  Palaeologus     . 

cus  in.  wliom  he  sueoeeded  underthe  guardian- 
ship of  Joannes  (^antacuzenns.  He  was  forced  to 
fltmre  the  imperial  title  with  Cantacuzeuus  in  1347,  but 
became  sole  emperor  on  the  abdication  of  the  latter  in 
13.'.S. 

Joannes  VII.  Palaeologus.    Born  1390:  died 

I44S.     Byzantine  emperor  142.')-48. 

Joannina.    See  Janina. 

Joannites  (jo-an'its).  The  adherents  of  John 
Clirysostom  who  supported  him  after  his  de- 
position from  the  patriarchate  of  Constantino- 
j>le  iu  404. 

Joash  (jo'ash).  King  of  Israel  798-790  B.  c. 
(Diuicker),  sou  of  Jehoahaz.  He  expelled  the  Syri- 
an^ from  liis  kingdom,  and  defeated  and  ca|ilured  Amaziah, 
liinn  uf  ,1  udah,  and  iduTjdered  the  temple  at  Jerusalem. 

Joash.  King  of  Judah  837-797  B.  C.  (Duueker), 
BOn  of  Ahaziah.  He  was  the  only  prince  of  the  royal 
bouse  who  escaped  massacre  on  the  usurpation  of  tlie 
thruue  by  Athaliah  (whom  see).  Hewas proclaimed  by  the 
high  priest  Jehoiada(wliom  see),  who  overthrew  Athaliah. 
in  K37.  He  put  to  death  Zechariah,  the  son  of  Jehoiada,  in 
an^er  at  being  rebuked  for  restoring  the  worship  of  Baal, 
and  was  murdered  by  his  own  servants  during  an  invasion 
of  the  Syrians. 

Job  (job).  [Heb.  lydb.']  The  hero  of  a  book 
of  the  Old  Testament  named  from  him.  He  is 
a  man  of  great  wealth  and  prosperity,  who  is  suddenly 
overtaken  by  dire  misfortunes.  These  give  rise  to  a  series 
of  discussions  between  Job  and  a  number  of  friends  who 
come  to  visit  him.  The  problem  discussed  iswhethersuf- 
fering  is  always  the  punishment  for  sin,  and,  conversely, 
whether  sin  is  always  followed  by  punishment.  Job  as- 
aerts  his  righteousness,  and  his  friends  assume  that  his 
Buffering  must  be  a  pimishment  for  sin.  A  righteous  man 
Darned  Job  is  mentioned  in  Ezek.  xiv.  14,  but  it  is  gen- 
erally assumed  that  the  book  itself  is  not  historical  in  char- 
acter. This  assumption  is  found  as  far  back  as  the  Talmud. 
The  authorship  has  been  ascribed  to  Moses,  Jeremiah, 
Ezra,  and  other  liiblical  writers.  Some  modern  critics 
consider  it  an  Israelitish  production,  and  place  it  directly 
after  the  fall  of  Samaria  (72'.!  b.  c),  while  others  hold  that 
it  is  a  Judaic  producti<ni  dating  from  the  period  of  the 
Babylonian  captivity.  The  work  is  poetic  in  form,  with  a 
prose  prolo^iue  and  epilogue.  Some  writers  call  it  a  drama, 
others  a  didactic  lyric.  It  is  held  by  some  that  the  book 
In  its  present  form  is  not  the  original  poem.  The  prologue 
and  epilogue  are  considered  later  additions.  Tlie  speeches 
of  Elihu  (one  of  the  friends)  are  held  to  be  interpolations 
made  in  tlie  interest  of  orthodox  beliefs,  and  some  wxiters 
consider  still  other  passages  interpolations  made  from  tlie 
same  point  of  view.  The  great  literary  merit  of  the  book 
is  recognized  by  all  modern  ^vriters. 

Jocasta  (j6-kas'tii).  A  play  by  Gaseoigne  and 
Francis  Kinwelmarsh,  acted  in  irrfiii.  it  has  been 
supposed  to  be  the  only  Early  English  play  derived  from 
the  Greek,  but  is  really  a  translation  from  the  Italian  of 
Lodovico  Dolce. 

Jocaste  Qo-kas'te),  or  Epicaste  (ep-i-kas'te). 
[Gr.  'luKiiaT!/,  ETTiKdaTT/.l  In  (ireek  legend,  the 
wife  of  Laius,  and  mother  of  UCdipus  whom  she 
afterward  married.    See  CEclipns. 

Jocelin,  or  Joscelin  (jos'o-lin).  Flourished 
1200.  An  English  hagiographer,  a  Cistercian 
monk  of  the  abbey  of  Furness  iu  Lancashire, 
and  later  of  the  monastery  at  Down,  northern 
Ireland.  Ho  wrote  "Life  and  Miracles  of  St.  Walthen 
of  Melrose,"  "Life  of  David,  King  of  Scotland,"  "Life 
of  St.  Kentigern,"  "Life  and  Miracles  of  St.  Patrick,"  and 
was  probaldy  tlie  author  of  a  "Life  of  St.  Helen,"  and  a 
wr,rk  "De  Britonuiii  Episcopis"  melitiolieit  by  .siowe. 

Jocelin  de  Brakelonde.  Flourished  1200.  A 
native  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  chronicler  of 
St,  Edmund's  Abbey.  He  entered  the  convent  In 
1173.  His  chronicle  of  the  abbey  covers  tlie  period  from 
1173  to  120-2.  The  graphic  account  of  tlie  abbot  Samson 
anggested  (."arlyle's  "  Past  and  Present"  (1843). 

Jochanan  ben  Zaccai  (jo-ka'naii  lien  zak'Id). 
The  celebrated  founder  of  the  school  of  Jabne 
(which  sec),  and  head  of  the  Jewi.sh  commuuity 
after  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Ro- 
mans. He  had  a  school  in  JeruHaleni.  At  tliu  outbreak 
of  tlie  revolution  he  urged  the  nialiitciiaiice  of  prat^'  with 
Rome.  Later  he  managed  to  escape  f  nun  the  bcsicgrd  lity 
Into  the  Roman  camp,  being  caiTie<t  out  of  tliu  town  as  a 
corpse.  He  obtained  from  Vespasian  pennission  to  open 
n  school  in  Jabne,  and  tlirough  the  activity  lie  displayed 
an  head  of  tlie  school  and  president  of  tlie  Sanhedrim, 
wlilch  likewise  t^iok  up  its  abode  at  Jabne,  became  the  re- 
storer and  regenerator  of  Jewish  natlonai  life  out  of  the 
ruins  of  the  stat^  and  temple.  His  last  lilessing  t4>  his 
dlHciples  surrounding  hisdcath-Iied  was:  "May  the  fear  of 
(!od  intlnence  your  actlbna  as  much  as  the  fear  of  man." 

Jodelle  (zho-del'),  Etienne,  Sieur  do  l^vmodin. 
I'.oni  at  Paris,  l.''>31i:  died  there,  July,  i.")73.  A 
French  drama!  ic  poet,  a  member  of  tlie  I'lt^'iado, 
and  the  fouiuler  of  modern  F'rench  tragedy  and 
comedy.  He  wrote  the  tragedies  "Cleopi'itre 
captive"  (15.')2),  "Didon"  (1553),  the  comedy 
"  Kiigene,"  etc. 

Jodhpur  (.jod-piir').  1.  A  native  state  in  Raj- 
putnua,  India,  intersected  by  Int.  '_'(i°  N.,  long. 
(2°  E. :  called  aLso  Marwar.  It  panned  under  Brit- 
ish protection  In  1818.  Area,  .t7,44.'i  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,.')21,727. 

2.  The  capitnl  of  the  state  of  Jodhpnr,  situated 
in  lat.  20°  17'  N.,  long.  73°  4'  E.  Population 
(1891),  fil,H49. 

Jodrell ( jo'drol),  Ricbard  Paul.   Born  Nov.  13, 


547 

1745:  died  at  London.  Jan.  26,  1831.  An  Eng- 
lish classical  scholar  and  dramatist,  a  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson.  He  became  member  of  Parliament 
for  Seaford,  Sussex,  in  17IM.  He  wrote  "Philology  ^'f  the 
English  Language  "  (1820),' 'A  Widow  and  no  Widow  '  (pro- 
duced at  the  Haymarket  July  17,  1779),  "The  Persian 
Heroine."  a  tragedy  (printed  178ti.  and  acted  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Persian  amliassador  June  2,  1819). 
JoeKjo'el).  [Heb., 'Jehovah  is  God.']  Thesec- 
ond  in  order  of  the  minor  i)rophets  of  Israel. 
His  prophecy, which  consists  of  3  chapters,  is  spoken  partly 
in  Ills  own  name  and  partly  in  that  of  Jehovah.  It  fore- 
tells judgmcntsthat  aretocome  in  Israel,  exhorts  the  peo- 
ple to  repentance  and  reform,  and  promises  ultimate  i)le.ss- 
ings.    Its  date  has  been  much  disputed. 

Jogues  ( zhog),  Isaac.  Born  at  Orl(5ans,  France, 
Jan.  10,  1G07:  killed  at  Caughnawaga,  N.  Y., 
I  let.  18,  KUfi.  A  French  Jesuit  missionary.  He 
entered  the  order  of  tlie  Jesuits  in  1624;  was  ordained 
priest  in  1G36;  and  in  the  same  year  went  to  Canada,  lieing 
sent  there  .as  a  missionary  to  tlic  Hnrons.  He  was  cap- 
tured in  1642  by  the  Mohawks,  lint  escaped  with  the  as- 
sistance of  the  Dutch  in  164:1.  In  1640  he  voluntarily  re- 
turned to  the  Mohawks,  with  a  view  to  establishing  a  mis- 
sion ;  but  was  looked  upon  as  a  sorcerer  and  killed.  lie 
wrote  a  "Description  of  New  Netherlands,"  a  "Notice  of 
Ren^  Goupil."  and  a  "Journal"  of  his  captivity,  which 
have  been  published  in  the  "Collections  of  the  New  York 
Historical  Society." 

Jobanna.    See  Joanna. 

Jobanna  (jo-han'ii)  Island,  or  Anzuan  (iin-zii- 

iin'),  or  Anjuan  (iiu-jo-iin').  One  of  the  Co- 
moro Islands,  situated  in  Mozambique  Clianncl, 
east  of  Africa,  in  lat.  12°  16'  S..  long  44°  2.'/  E. 
It  is  governed  by  a  sultan  residing  at  the  head 
town,  Johanna.  Population  (estimated),  12,000. 

Jobannes  (yo-hiin'nes),  surnamed  Parricida 
('the  Parricide')  (Jobn  of  Swabia).  Born 
1290:  died  1308.  A  German  prince.  He  was  the 
nephew  of  King  Albert  I.,  whom  he  murdered  near  Win- 
disch,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  May  1,  1308,  for  withln.lding 
his  lieredit.ary  domains. 

Jobannesburg  (.yo-hiin'nes-borG).  A  town  in 
'Transvaal,  South  Africa,  about  300  miles  north- 
east of  Kiraberley.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Wit- 
watersrand  gold-fields,  hiid  out  in  1886.  Popu- 
lation (1896),  102,714. 

Jobannes  Secundus  (.io-hau'ez  se-kuu'dus) 
(originallvJanEveraerts).  BomaffheHague, 
Nov.,  15li:  died  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  l.")36. 
A  Dutch  poet,  noted  for  his  Latin  IjTies,  elegies, 
etc.     His  "  Basia"  was  published  in  1.539. 

Johanngeorgenstadt  (yo-hUn  ga-or'gen-stiit). 
A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  in 
the  Erzgebirge,  on  the  Schwarzwasser,  29  miles 
south-southwest  of  Chemnitz.  Population(1890), 
.5,124. 

Jobannisberg  (yo-han'nis-bero).  A  village  of 
Prussia,  on  the  Rhino  near  Wiesbaden.  It  is 
noted  for  its  vineyards,  which  produce  the  Jo- 
liannisbcrgcr  wine. 

Jobannot  (zh6-ii-u6'),  Alfred.  Born  at  Offen- 
bach, March  21, 1800 :  died  at  Paris.  Dec.  7, 1837. 
A  French  historical  painter.  He  was  first  known 
as  the  engraver  of  the  pictiu-es  of  Vernet  and 
Ary  ScheiTer. 

Jobannot,  Tony,  Born  at  OiTonbach,  Nov.  9, 
1803:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  4, 1852.  A  French  his- 
torical painter  and  engi'aver,  lirother  of  Alfred. 

Jobn  (.jon),  the  Apostle.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
Jon;  also,  after  the  L.,  Jolian  ;  ME.  Jon  (with 
long  vowel,  as  in  the  gen.  Jonrs,  whence  the 
mod.  sm-name  Jimix),  also  JoIkui,  OF.  Jolian, 
Ji'lian,  Jean,  F.  Jtnn,  Sp.  Jmin,  Pg.  Joiio,  It. 
(iiovanni,  Gianni,  (Han,  1).  Jan,  G.  Johaini,  Kuss. 
Irayi,  etc.,  from LL.  Joannes,  Johannes,  Gr. 'Iwoi- 
ivyf,  Heb.  Yehohliandn  (in  Eng.  O.  T.  Johanan), 
'the  Lord  graciously  gave.'  The  form  Jaek, 
often  used  as  a  familiar  substitute  for  John,  is 
really  a  short  form  of  Jaioh.]  One  of  tlie  three 
disi'iples  of  .Testis  who  were  adniitteil  to  closest 
intimacy  with  him,  iireeminently  "the  disciple 
whom  Jesus  loved."  He  was  tlic  son  of  Zcbcdcc,  and 
originally  a  llslierniari.  His  brotlier  James  and  he  wore 
designated  "Boanerges."  sons  of  thunder.  He  leanetl  on 
the  bosom  of  Jesus  at  the  last  supper,  and  was  present 
nt  the  crucillxlon,  wlu-n  Jchuh  committed  Ills  mother  t<i 
John's  specliil  care.  He  is  generally  ttelleved  to  Iiave  lieen 
the  aulllor  of  tlie  gospel  and  Ule  three  epIstlcH  tliat  Itear 
his  name,  and  also  of  the  Apocalypse  or  Revelalliui,  tliougli 
tile  (|iiestlun  of  theanthorstiipof  all  ttiese  has  more  or  les;* 
tieeii  matter  of  discussion.  Early  erclesinatirnl  trnilltions 
tell  that,  after  an  enforced  or  voluntary  exile  to  tlie  Isle  of 
I'atm"S,  lie  retnrnetl  to  Ephesiis,  anil  (ili-<l  there  at  a  great 
age. 

Jobn,  Tbe  Gospel  of.  Tlie  fourth  gospel,  the 
authorsliip  of  which  is  generally  attributed  to 
the  apostle  .Tohn.  it  bus  very  much  less  In  romnion 
with  tlio  other  three  gospels  than  they  have  with  each 
other.  Its  main  pnrj'ose  is  set  forth  in  the  book  itself: 
"These  are  written  tliat  ye  might  lielleve  that  Jesus  tstlie 
rhriftt,  tin-  Son  of  fb^l,  and  that,  believing,  ye  niiglit  ha'-e 
life  Ihroiigb  his  immo"  (\x.  31).  While  It  Is  largely  nar- 
rative, the  discourses  and  savings  of  Jesus  have  promt- 
nonce(Beee8peiiallyxlv.-ivlL).  The  date  usually  aasigiiod 
to  It  ia  from  80  to  UO  A.  I>. 


Jobn 

Jobn,  the  Baptist.  Born  about  5  (T)  B.  C. :  be- 
headed about  30  A.  D.  The  forerunner  of  JesuB, 
and  the  last  of  the  Hebrew  prophets. 

Jobn  I.,  Saint.  Pope  52:{-.52C.  Ue  was  a  native  of 
Tuscany,  and  was  elevated  on  the  death  of  Hormisdas.  In 
525  he  was  sent  t>y  Theodoric,  king  of  the  East  tloths,  at 
the  head  of  an  eml)assy  to  tlie  Byzantine  emperor  to  obtain 
toleration  for  the  -\rians,  in  which  he  was  only  partially 
successful.  He  was  suspected  by  Theodoric  of  having 
secretly  opposed  the  object  of  the  mission,  and  was  on  his 
return  thrown  Into  prison,  wliere  he  died.  He  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  May  27. 

Jobn  II.,  surnamed  Mercurius  (on  account  of 

his  eloiiuence).     Pope  .532-535. 
Jobn  III.   Pope  560-573.  Dui'ing  his  pontificate 

Italy  was  ravaged  by  frequent  incursions  of  the 

Lombards. 
Jobn  IV.    Pope  640-642.   Hewasanativeof  Salonaln 

Dalmatia,  and  condemned  the  Monothelitic  fonnula  of 

faith  prepared  by  Sergius  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor 

Ileraclius. 

Jobn  V.    Pope  685-686.    He  was  a  native  of 

Anfioch  in  Sma. 
Jobn  VI.     Pope  701-705. 
Jobn  VII.     Pope  70.5-707. 
Jobn  Vin.  Pope  872-882,  a  Roman  by  birth.  He 

cr.nvned  the  emperors  Charles  the  Bald  (875)  and  Charles 

the  Fat  (SSI),  and  paid  tribute  to  the  Saracens. 
Jobn  IX.     Pope  898-900. 
JohnX.  Pope  914-928.    He  was  elevated  through  the 

iniluenoe  of  his  mistress  Theodora,  a  courtezan  at  Rome. 

He  defeated  the  Saracens  near  the  Garigliano  in  916. 

Jobn  XI.  Born  906:  died  936.  Pope  931-932, 
son  of  Marozia  (whom  see)  and  Pope  .Sergins 
in.  He  was  deposed  by  his  brother  AJberic,  and 
tiled  in  prison. 

Jobn  XII.  Died  964.  Pope  955-963,  son  of  Alberic 
II.,  patrician  of  Rome,  ami  grandson  of  Marozia 
(whom  see).  He  called  to  his  aid  against  Berengarius  II. 
of  Italy,  Otto  I.  of  Germany,  whom  he  crowned  emperor 
in  :*62.  He  presently  conspired  against  the  emperor,  how- 
ever, ami  was  dejKtsed  Ijy  him  in  IH)3. 

Jobn  XIII.     Pope  9&5-972. 

Jobn  XIV.  Pope  983-984.  He  was  elected,  through 
the  intlueiiceof  the  emperor  otto  II.,  to  succeed  Benedict 
\'1I.,  lint  w:is  imprisoned  by  the  antipope  Boniface  VII.  in 
984,  and  ilied  jirobably  by  poison. 

Jobn  XV.     Pope  985-996. 

Jobn  XVI.  (Pbilagatbus).    Antii.oiu-  997-998. 

lie  was  elevated  liyCrescentins on  the  expulsion  of  Gregory 
V.  in  997,  but  was  inijjriSi-incd  and  blinded  liy  the  emperor 
OltuIII.  in  911S. 

Jobn  XVII.  (Sicco).     Pope  1003. 

Jobn  XVIII.  (Fanasus  or  Fasanus).    Pope 

ioo:!-(i;i. 

John  XIX.     I'ope  1024-33. 

Jobn  XXI.  (or  XX. ).     pope  1276-77. 

Jobn XXII.  (Jacques  d'Euse).  BornatCahors, 

France,  aliout  1244:  liied  13:14.  Pope  1316-34. 
He  made  his  residence  at  Avignon,  and  was  wholly  sub- 
servient to  the  Intel  ests  of  the  French  court.  He  opposed 
the  emperor  Louis  the  Bavarian,  whose  imperial  dignity 
he  olfered  to  Charles  the  Fair  of  France.  L^niis,  however, 
installed  Nicholas  V.  as  antipope  at  Rome  in  l.'t28,  but  on 
retiring  from  Italy  was  iinalile  to  prevent  Nicholas  from 
falling  into  tlie  hands  of  ,lohn. 

Jobn  XXIII.  (Baltasare  Cossa).  Bom  at  Na- 
ples about  1360 :  died  at  Florence.  Nov.  '22, 
1419.  Pope  1410-15.  He  served  as  a  corsair  in  his 
youth;  afterwiu-d  studied  at  tlie  University  of  Kdogna; 
was  created  a  canlinal  in  14n2 ;  and  in  1410  succeeded 
Alexander  V.,  whose  death  ho  waa  suspected  of  having 
encompassed.  He  was  opiKised  Ity  the  niitipopes  Bene- 
dict XIII.  anil  Gregory  XII.,  along  with  whom  he  waa 
deposed  by  the  C<nincil  of  Conslance  in  1415. 

John  (Sp.  Juan  (ii<i-iin'))  I.  Bom  Dec.  27, 
1350:  died  1395.  King  of  Aragon  1387-95.  son 
of  Pe.lr.i  IV. 

John  (S)..  Juan)  II.  Born  June  29.  1397:  died 
Jan.  211,  1 179.  King  of  Aragon  1458-79,  son  of 
Fcnlinnnd  1. 

John  (S]'.  Juan)  I.  Born  in  Aug.,  1358:  died 
13!l(l.      King  of  Castile  1379-90,  sonof  Henrv  II. 

John  (Sp.  Juan)  II.  Died  in  June,  1454.  Sing 
of  Castile  14116-54. 

John,  ti.  Johann  (vo'hiin),  surnamed  "The 
Blind."  Born  about  1296:  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Crt'cy,  Aug.  26,  1346.  King  of  Bohemia,  of 
the  hoii'se  of  Luxemburg,  1310— l(i.  He  fought 
at  the  battle  of  Miilildorf  in  1.322. 

John,  snrnanied  Lackland.  Born  probably  at 
Oxford,  Dec.  24,  1167  (f):  died  nt  Newark,  Oct. 
19,  1216.  King  of  England  ll!«t-I216,  son  oi 
Henry  II.  and  Eleanor.  He  ascended  the  English 
throne"  on  the  death  of  Ills  liruther  HIchanI  I.  without 
Issue.  His  succession  wa*  recognized  also  in  the  dllchy 
of  Normandv,  lint  the  lonls  of  Anjoii,  Maine,  and  Ton- 
mine  ileelared,  aeconling  l.i  their  cust.un  of  Inherllancc, 
In  favor  of  Arthur  astliesoii  of  an  elder bnither.  Having 
put  Arthur  to  dcalli  in  l'-'o:l,  hi»  French  llefs  were  dc- 
elaied  f.irfeiled  l>v  I'hlllp  II.  of  I'mnce.  who  l.wk  CliftleaH 
Gaillard,  the  Inst  of  .1. din's  stnuighidds  In  France,  March 
6,  1204.  on  the  death  of  Hubert  Walter,  arcliblsliop  of 
raliterlniry.  in  1205,  a  dispiileil  election  for  the  arcliblsh- 
oprir  was"  followed  by  a  reference  to  Rome,  wliieh  re- 
sulted In  the  elect  ion  of  St4'plifn  I.angt<ui  by  the  com* 
maiid  of  Pope  Innoccut  111.  In  1:21)6.    John  refuaod  to  reo- 


548 

1570;  gaiaed  a  naval  victory  over  the  Turks  at  Lepanto 
Oct.  7, 1571;  captured  Tunis lri73;  aud  wasgovernorof  the 
Netherlands  from  1576  uutU  his  death.  He  granted  the 
"perpetual  edict  "in  1577.  and  in  1578  declared  war  against 
the  insurgent  pro\  inces  under  William  of  Orange. 


John 

ognize  the  new  archbishop,  and  England  was  laid  under 
an  interdict  in  1208.  In  1212  the  Pope  issued  a  bull  de- 
posing John  and  intrusting  the  execution  of  the  deposi- 
tion to  Philip  II.  of  Knince.  John  made  his  peace  with 
the  Pope  by  consenting  to  hold  his  kingdom  In  fief  from 

the  Pooe  and  to  pay  :ui  annual  tribute  of  1,000  marks  John  Of  Beverley,   Saint.      Died  at  Beverley, 
(ilay  15,  1213).    He  thereupon  invaded  t>ance  in  aUian.e     Yorkshire.  721,     An  Enfflish  prelate,  bishop  of 
with  the  emperor  Otto  I\  .,  the  Flemish,  and  othei-s,  but     tt  _u    „    an-    .„  i  k:,i.„^  ^f  x^«i.  tas; 
was  defeated  wiih  his  allies  at  Bouvines  in  1214.    In  the     Hexham  68. ,  an.l  Uisliop  of  York  /Oo. 
■lean  time  the  barons,  with  whom  he  had  been  embroiled  John    Of  Beveiley.      Born    at    Beverley,  York- 
ever  since  his  accession  by  his  exactions  and  mi^ovem-     shire  :  executed  at  St.  Giles's  Fields,  Jan.  19, 

1414.     An  En^'lish  Carmelite  theologian,  iden- 
tified with  John  of  Beverley,  the  Lollai'd. 
John  of  Bologna.      [F.   Jeau   de  Bonlofj»e,  It. 
Giovanni  da  Bologna.^     Bom  at  Douai  about 


ment,  had  combined  to  secure  a  refonn  in  the  govern 
ment,  and  on  his  return  John  was  compelled  to  sign  the 
Magna  Charta  (which  see)  at  Runnymede,  June  15,  121f.. 
He  appealed  to  the  Pope,  who  declared  the  charter  void. 
The  biU'ous  retorted  by  declaiing  the  crown  forfeited  and 
bestowino:  it  upon  Lodis,  son  of  Philip  II.  of  France,  who 
landed  in  England  in  1216.  John  died  during  the  ensuing 
war,  and  his  opportune  death  preserved  the  crown  for 
his  son  Henry  HI. 

John  (F.  Jean)  n.,  sm-named  **Le  Bon"  ('the 
Good').  Died  at  London,  April  S,  1364.  King 
of  France  1350-64,  son  of  Philip  W.  He  was  de- 
feated and  captured  by  the  British  under  the  Black  Prince 
at  Poitiers  in  1356,  and  was  restored  to  liberty  by  the 
peace  of  Bretigny  in  1360. 

John  (Pg.  Joao)  L,  sumamed  "The  Great." 
Born  at  Lisbon.  April  22.  1357 :  died  Aug.  11, 
1433.  King  of  Portugal  13S5-1433,  Ulegitimate 
son  of  Pedro  I.     He  became  grand  master  of  Aviz  in 


1530:  died  at  Florence,  1608.  A  celebrated 
Italian  sculptor.  Hewassurnamed  bytheltalians  "H 
Fiammingo,"  from  his  birth  in  the  LowCountries.  Hewent 
to  Rome  when  quite  young,  and  submitted  work  to  Michel- 
angelo. After  twoyears  he  settled  in  Florence.  The  great 
fountain  of  Neptune  in  Bologna  was  begun  in  1563  and  fin- 
ished in  1566.  From  this  he  derived  his  name.  The  date  of 
the  "Mercury,"now  in  Florence,  his  most  popular  statue, 
is  not  known.  He  also  made  the  "Rape  of  the  Sabines" 
in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Cosmo  I. 
in  the  Piazza  della  Signoria,the  fountain  in  the  Boboli 
Gardens  (all  at  Florence);  the  giant  statue  of  the  Apen- 
nines at  IVatolino ;  a  charming  statuette  of  Venus  on  a 
fountain  at  Petraja ;  and  the  bronze  doors  of  the  cathedral 
of  Pisa. 


1364.  and  was  in  13S5  elected  to  succeed  his  legitimate  John   of  Damascns    (John   Damascene  or 

brother  Ferdinand  I.,  to  the  exclusion  of  Ferdinand's      -  —  -    — 

daughter  Beatrice,  wife  of  John  I.  of  Castile.    John  of  Cas- 

tUe  sought  to  enforce  his  wife's  claim,  but  suffered  a  de- 
cisive defeat  at  Aljubarrota,  Aug.  14. 1385.   John  the  Great 

married  Philippa,  daughter  of  John,  duke  of  Lancaster. 
John  II.,  sumamed  ''The  Perfect.''    Died  in 

Oct.,  1495.     King  of  Portugal  1481-95,  son  of 

Alfonso  V.    During  his'reign  Bartholomeu  Dias  John  of  Gamnndia, 

discovered  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1486). 
John  III.     Born  at  Lisbon,  1502:  died  1557. 

King  of  Portugal  1521-57,  son  of  Emanuel  I. 

He  introduced  the  Inquisition  about  1526. 
John  IV.,  surnamed  '^The  Fortunate."    Died 

Nor.  6.  1656.      King  of  Portugal  1640-56.    He 

headed  the  revolution  against  Spain,  whose  authority  he 

threw  off,  although  the  independence  of  Portugal  was  not 

formally  recognized  before  1668.    He  was  the  first  of  the 

house  of  Braganza. 
John  V.     Bom  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  22,  1689:   died 

July  31,  1750.     King  of  Portugal  1706-50,  son 

of  Petlro  n. 
John  VI.     Born  at  Lisbon,  Mav  13,  1767:  died 

there,  March  10,  1826.     King  of  Portugal  1816- 

1826,  son  of  Queen  Maria  I.    He  assumed  in  1799  the 

title  of  regent  for  his  insane  mother,  whom  he  succeeded 

in  1816.     Expelled  by  the  French  in  1807.  he  transferred 

the  government  to  Bi-azil,  where  he  resided  until  1S21. 
John  m.    Born  1537:  died  Nov.  17, 1592.   King 

of  Sweden  1568-92,  second  son  of  Gustavus 

Vasa.     He  deposed  and  nuu'dered  his  brother 

Erie  XIV.  ^hora  he  succeeded. 
John  II.  Casimir.     Bom  March  21, 1G09 :  died 

at  Xevers,  France,  Dec.  16, 1672.  King  of  Po- 
land 1648-68,  son  of  Sigismund  IH.  He  succeed- 
ed his  stepbrother  I-adislaus,  and  waged  war  with  Swe- 
den and  Russia,  with  which  powers  he  concluded  peace 

at  Oliva  May  3.  1660,  and  Andrussov  Jan.  20,  1667,  respec- 
tively.    He  abdicated  Sept.  16.  1668. 

John  m.  Sobieski.     Bom  at  Olesko,  Galicia, 

June  2,  1624:  died  June  17,  1696.  King  of  Po- 
land 1674-96.     He  brought  an  army  of  20,000  Poles  to 

the  relief  of  Vienna,  before  which  he  gained  a  celebrated 

victory  over  the  Turks  Sept.  12,  1683. 
John,  sumamed  '*The  Fearless."    Bom  about 

1370:  assassinated  1419.     Duke  of  Burgundy. 

son  of  Philip  the  Bold  whom  he  succeeded  in 

1404.     He  assassinated  the  Duke  of  Orleans  in 

1407,  and  was  at  strife  with  the  dauphin  (Charles 

vn.). 


Joannes  Damascentis),  sumamed  Chrysor- 

rhoas.  Born  at  Damascus  at  the  end  of  the  7th 
eentnry :  died  about  760  (?).  A  theologian  and 
father  of  the  Eastern  Church.  He  is  the  reputed 
authorof  the  romance  "  Barlaam  and  Josaphat."  His  works 
wereeditfd  by  Le  t^iuien  (1712). 

See  the  extract. 

John  of  Gamundia  was  a  mathematician  and  professor  of 
astronomy.  At  his  death,  in  the  year  1442,  he  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  rniversity  of  Vienna.  The  calendars  made 
by  him  were  highly  esteemed,  and  were  engraved  and 
printed  for  many  years  after  his  death.  In  his  researches 
after  old  prints,  the  late  R.  Z.  Becker,  of  Gotha.  discovered 
one  of  the  original  blocks  of  a  placard  or  poster  edition  of 
the  Calendar  of  John  of  Gamundia.  He  describes  it  as 
about  10^  inches  wide,  151  inches  long,  and  1^  inches  thick. 
The  block  was  engraved  on  both  sides. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  241,  note. 

John  of  Gaunt  ( coiTupted  from  Ghent),  Duke  of 
Lancaster.  Born  at  Ghent.  March,  1S40 :  died  at 
London.  Feb.  3,  1399.  The  fourth  son  of  Ed- 
ward ni.  In  1342  he  wascreated  earl  of  Richmond,  and  in 
1359  married  his  cousin  Blanche,  second  daughter  of  Henrj*. 
duke  of  Lancastt-r.  On  the  death  of  Henry  (May,  1361) 
and  his  eldest  daughter  Maud,  duchess  of  Bavaria,  "he  suc- 
ceeded by  right  of  his  wife  to  the  rar.k  and  possessions  of 
the  dukes  of  Lancaster.  Inl367heaccompanied  the  Black 
Prince  on  the  Spanish  expedition.  Blanche  died  in  1363, 
and  in  ISTlhemarriedConstance,  eldest  daughter  of  Pedro 
the  Cruel,  the  deposed  king  of  Castile.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land in  1372,  he  styled  himself  King  of  Castile  by  right  of 
his  wife.  Lancaster  was  constantly  engaged  in  the  struggle 
with  France,  but  although  a  brave  knight  he  was  never  a 
competent  general,  and  his  repeated  failures  contributed 
mach  to  his  increasing  unpopularity.  The  Black  Prince 
died  June  8, 1376,  and  the  Good  Parliament,  which  under 
his  patronage  had  undertaken  to  reform  abuses,  was  dis- 
solved. On  July  6  the  supreme  power  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Lancaster.  His  most  powerfulopponent,  William 
of  Wykehau),  was  disgraced.  In  the  struggle  with  the 
clerical  party  Lancaster  was  drawn  into  an  alliance  with 
the  Refonners.  especially  Wyclif  whom  he  defended  be- 
fore the  convocation  at  St*  Paul's,  Feb.  1*\  1377.  His  brutal 
behavior  excited  a  riot  in  London:  his  palace,  the  Savoy, 
was  attacked,  and  he  was  forced  to  take  refuge  with  Prince 
Richard  aud  his  mother,  the  widow  of  the  Black  Prince,at 
Kennington.  Edward  III.  died  June  21, 1377,  and  Richard 
II.  became  king,  and  Lancaster's  political  power  declined. 
He  was  engaged  in  futile  expeditions  to  France  and  Scot- 
land. While  absent  in  the  north  his  extreme  unpopularity 
was  shown  by  the  destruction  of  his  palace  of  thu  Savoy 
in  Wat  Tyler's  insurrection,  June  13,  13S1.  Richard  11. 
created  him  duke  of  Aquitaine  March  2.  1390,  and  he  as- 


John   G.  Johann.  surnamed  "  The  Constant."     s.stea  .nneptuu.ngtnet  rencn  treaty  iuay  24  ^^ 
ffi  J,me30  ™'8:  died  Aug.  16, 1532.  Eleetor  JoM  of  Gischala.  One  of  the  heroes  and  leaders 
of  Saxony,  co-regent  with  his  brother  Frederick 
the  Wise  uutil  the  death  of  the  latter  (May  5, 
1525).    He  was  the  Protestant  leader  at  Spires  1529,  and 
in  the  Smalkaldic  League  1531. 


Jolm,  Don.  1.  In  Shakspere's  comedy  •' Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,"  the  bastard  brother  of 
Don  Pedro  of  Aragon. —  2.  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  comedy  "The  Chances,"  a  hare- 
brained but  honorable  Spanish  gentleman. 

John,  Eugenie :  pseiidon>-m  E.  Marlitt.    Bom 

at  Arnstadf,  Thtrringia.  Germany.  Dec.  5, 1825. 
A  Ijerman  novelist.  Among  her  novels  is 
"  Goldelse  "  (1866).    See  Marlitt. 

John,  Baron  Franz  von.  Bom  at  Bruck. 
Lower  Austria,  Nov.  20. 1S15:  died  at  Vienna, 
May  26,  1876.     An  Austrian  general. 

John,  Little.    See  Little  John. 

John,  Prester.     See  Prester  John. 

John  of  Austria,  generally  called  Don  Juan  or 
John  of  Austria.  Born  at  Batisbon.  Bavaria, 
Feb.  24,  1547 :  died  near  Namur,  Belgium.  Oct. 
1.  1578.  A  celebrated  Spanish  general,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  by  Barbara 
B1  omberg.     He  defeated  the  Moriscos  in  Granada  1569- 


in  the  Judean  war  with  Eome.  He  first  gathered 
an  army  of  volunteei-s.  and  fortified  himself  in  his  native 
place,  Gischala,  a  sm;dl  city  in  Galilee.  Driven  out  by 
Titus,  he  fled  to  Jerusalem,  and  became  one  of  the  leading 
and  ruling  spirits,  distinguishing  himself  by  undaunted 
courage,  heroism,  and  military  ability.  He  had  at  last  to 
gi-ace  the  triumphal  procession  of  Titus,  and  perished  in 
a  dungeon  at  Rome. 

John  o'  Groat's  (jon  6  grots)  House.  A  locality 
in  the  county  of  Caithness,  Scotland,  in  lat.  58° 
oS'  N.,  long.  3° 4'  W..  ncarthe  northeastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

John  of  Hexham.  Flourished  1180.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  prior  of  Hexham  before  1178. 
He  continued  the  chronicle  of  Pymeon  of  Durham  over 
a  period  extending  from  llSfv-M.  It  deals  mainly  with 
the  church  in  the  north  of  England. 

John  of  Lancaster,  Duke  of  Bedford.  Born 
Jime  20,  1389:  died  at  Rouen,  Sept.  14.  1435. 
Regent  of  England  and  France.  He  was  the  third 
son  of  Henr>'  IV.  of  England  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Hum- 
phrey Bohu'n.  earl  of  Hereford.  He  was  knighted  at  his 
father's  coronation  as  one  of  the  original  knights  com- 
panions of  the  fiath,  and  in  1403  was  made  constable  of 
England  and  warden  of  the  East  Marches.  In  May,  1414, 
he  was  created  duke  of  Bedford  and  earl  of  Kendal,  and 
later  earl  of  iliclmiond.  He  commanded  the  troops  in 
the  north  until  the  death  of  Heniy  IV.  (Harcb,  1413X    On 


John  Nepomuk  Maria  Joseph 

Aug.  15, 1416,  the  fleet  under  his  command  won  the  great 
victory  over  the  French  in  the  Channel,  and  succeeded  in 
relieving  the  besieged  town  of  Hartleur;  and  in  1417  his 
expedition  into  Scotland  was  successful.  At  the  death  of 
Heni-y  V.  (Aug..  142-2)  he  assumed  the  regency.  To  secure 
the  alliance  of  Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy,  Bedford  married 
his  daughter  Anne  in  142:i.  His  administration  of  France 
continued  both  successful  and  beneficial  uutil  the  siege 
of  Orleans  (14l'S-2!i\  which  marks  the  appearance  of  Joan 
of  Arc  and  the  decline  of  English  supr-  macy.  Charles 
^'II.  was  crowned  king  of  trance  at  Kheims  July  17, 1429, 
and  Joan  of  .\rc  unsuccessfully  assaulted  Paris  Sept.  8, 
1429.  She  was  betrayed  to  the  English,  and  executed  May 
30, 1431.  Anne,  duchess  of  Bedford,  died  Nov.  13, 1432,  and 
Bedford  sacrificed  the  alliance  of  Philip,  dukeof  Burgundy, 
by  marrying  Jacqueline,  daughter  of  Pierre,  count  of  St, 
Pol,  April  20.  1433.  Philip  entered  into  an  alliance  with 
the  French  king,  thus  thwarting  Bedford's  hopes,  and  ter- 
minating the  French  dominion~of  the  English  king. 

John  of  Leyden  (properly  Johann  Bockelson 
or  Bockold).  Born  at  Levden  about  1510  :  put 
to  death  at  Miinster,  Westphalia.  Jan.  23.  1536. 
An  Anabaptist  fanatic.  He  succeeded  Matthiesenas 
leader  of  the  Anabaptists  in  Miinster  1534,  revolutionized 
the  city,  and  established  a  theocracy  or  Kingdom  of  Zion, 
of  which  he  was  crowned  king.  He  wasimpriS4»ned  by  the 
bishop  of  Miinster  in  l.'^.s.  He  is  the  subject  of  Meyer- 
beer's opera  "  Der  Prophet." 

John  of  London,  or  John  Bever.    Died  1311. 

An  English  chronicler,  monk  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  He  was  the  author  of  '"Commendatio  lamenta- 
bilis  in  transitum  ilagni  Regis  Edwardi  Quarti."  He  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  authorof"  Hores  Historiaruni  " 
(fr.iml26.=.  to  ISW). 

John  of  Luxemburg,  See  John.  King  of  Bo- 
hemia. 

John  of  Nepomuk.     See  Sepomuk. 

John  of  Peterborough.  Flourished  1380.  The 
alleged  author  of  the  '•Chronieon  Petrobur- 
geuse."  probably  an  imaginary  person. 

John  of  Salisbury,  surnamed  Parvus  ( '  the  Lit- 
tle ').  Born  at  Salisljury,  Wiltshire,  England, 
about  1115:  died  at  Chartres,  France.  Oct.  2.5, 
1180.  Anoted English  ecclesiastic,  scholar,  and 
author.bishop  of  Chartres.  In  use  hewent  to  Paris 
to  attend  the  lectures  of  Abelard.  He  also  studied  with 
Alberic  of  Kheims,  Robert  of  Melun,  and  William  of 
Conches.  At  Chartres  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his  classi- 
cal scholarship.  In  1141  he  returned  to  Paris  to  study  the- 
ology  under  ilaster  Gilbert  de  laPorree,  Robert  Pullus,  and 
Simon  dePoissy.  Inll4S  he  attended  the  council  held  by 
Eugenios  III.  at  Rheims,  and  followed  the  Pope  to  Rome. 
iVom  1150-64  he  lived  at  the  court  of  Canterbury  with 
Archbishop  Theobald.  He  was  repeatedly  intrusted  with 
delicate  affairs  of  st.ite,  and  frequently  visited  the  papal 
couit  in  Italy.  His  close  alliance  with  the  bishops  brought 
him  into  disfavor  with  Henry  II.,  which  obliged  him  to 
abandon  England  in  1164  and  find  shelter  at  Rheims.  He 
later  returned  to  Canterbury,  and  was  present  at  the  mur- 
der  of  Archbishop  Thomas  Becket,  His  works  consist  of 
his  letters,  "Policraticus,"  "Metalogicus,"  "Entheticup" 
"Vita  Sancti  .Anselmi,"  "Vita  Sancti  Thoma  Cantuar.." 
"Historia  Pontificalis."  His  collected  works  have  been 
edited  by  Giles  (1S4S). 

John  of  S'wabia.     See  Johannes  Parriciclo. 

John  (G.  Johann)  Baptist  Joseph  Fabian 
Sebastian,  Archduke  of  Austria.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Jan.  20,  1782:  died  at  Gratz,  Styria,  May 
10,  1859.  An  Austrian  general,  younger  son  of 
the  emperor  Leopold  II.  He  was  made  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Austrian  army  in  Bavaria  in  Sept.,  ISOO, 
and  was  defeated  by  the  French  under  Moreau  at  Hohen- 
linden.  Dec.  3. 1800.  In  1309  he  obtained  command  of  the 
Austrian  amty  in  Italy,  and  gained  a  victory  over  the  vice- 
roy Eugene  at  Sacile  April  16,  but  was  defeated  at  Raab 
June  14.  IS  .9.  He  commanded  on  the  Rhine  in  1S15,  and 
was  chosen  administrator  of  the  empire  by  the  German 
Xational  .Assembly  in  1S48  (resigned  1S49). 

John  Frederick  (jon  fred'er-lk),  G.  Johann 
Friedrich,  sumamed  "The  Magnanimous." 
Born  at  Torgau,  Prussia.  June  30,  1503:  died 
at  Jena,  March  3, 1-554.  Elector  of  Saxony,  son 
of  John  the  Constant  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1532.  He  was  one  of  theleaders  of  the  Smalkaldic  League. 
At  Miihlberg,  .\pril  24,  1547,  he  was  defeated  by  the  em- 
peror Charles  v.,  captured,  and  forced  to  renounce  the 
electorate.    See  ilithlberg. 

John  George  I.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Bom  March 

5.  1.385:  died  at  Dresden.  Oct.  8.  165G.  Elector 
of  Saxony,  in  the  Albertine  line,  second  sou  of 
the  elector  Christian  I.  and  Sophia,  princess  of 
Brandenburg.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Chris- 
tian II.  in  1611. 

John  George  11.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Bom  May 

31, 1613 :  died  at  Dresden.  Aug.  22, 1680.  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  eldest  son  of  John  George  L 
whom  he  succeeded  in  16.56. 

John  George  m.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Bom  June 
20. 1647 :  died  at  Tubingen.  Sept.  12. 1691.  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  son  of  John  George  II.  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1680.  Hetookpartinwarsagalnst  France, 
aided  the  emperor  against  the  Turks,  and  supported  the 
Venetians  in  the  Morea. 

John  George  rV.,G.  Johann  Georg.   Born  Oct. 

l>i.  1668:  died  April  27,  1694.  Elector  of  Sax- 
onv.  son  of  John  George  III.  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1691. 

John  (G.  Johann)  Nepomuk  Maria  Joseph. 
Bom  at  Dresden,  Dee.  12, 1801 :  died  at  Pillnitz, 


John  NepomuJc  Maria  Joseph 

near  Dresden,  Oct.  29,  1873.  King  of  Saxony 
1854,  brother  of  Frederick  Augustus  II.  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  sided  with  Austria  iti  the  Aiistro- 
Prussian  war  in  ISWi.joiiied  tlie  N'ortlniermanCoiifedcra- 
timi  im  its  furiii;ilii>n  iti  Istkl,  uni!  bt-eanie  a  member  of  tlie 
Oerniaii  Kinpire  in  1871.  He  pulilislieU  a  translation  of 
Dante's  "Divina  I'ommedia"  (183'J-49). 

JohnBull.  TheEuglishiiatioupersonified:  used 
also  for  an  Englishman. 

John  Bull,  or  The  Englishman's  Fireside.   A 

comedy  by  Coliuiin  the  younger,  [inMhiced  iu 
IHII.5. 

John  Bull,  The  History  of.  A  satirical  work 
by  Arbiitlmcit,  issued  originally  as  "Law  is  a 
Bottomless  Pit"  in  1712. 

7ohn  Buncle.  The  title  of  a  book  by  Thomas 
Amory  (1691  (?)-17.S8),  published  1756-66:  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  hero.  The  latter  mar- 
ries 7  wives  after  extremely  short  intervals.  He  is  "a  pro- 
Jijtinus  hand  at  matrimony,  divinity,  a  song,  and  a  peek." 

John  Company  (jon  kum'pa-ni).  An  old  col- 
loquial desiguatioii  for  the  Honourable  East 
India  Company,  in  familiar  use  in  India  and 
England. 

John  Dory.  A  fa\orite  old  ballad  frequently 
referred  to  by  writers  of  the  16tli  and  17th  cen- 
turies. 

John  Gilpin.  Aballad by  William  Co  wper,  pub- 
lished in  1785  (printed  anonymously  in  1782) : 
80  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

John  Hyrcanus.     See  Hyreanus. 

John  Inglesant.  A  romance  by  J.  H.  Sliort- 
h.iuse,  published  in  1881. 

John's  College,  St.     See  St.  John's  College. 

John  Scotus.     See  Erigena. 

John,  St.  (the  Baptist),  in  the  Desert.    1.  A 

painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Aecademia, Venice, — 
3,  A  painting  1  ly  Raphael,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence. 
St  John  is  represented  as  a  youth  of  15.  with  a  panther- 
Bkin  about  his  loins,  pointing  to  a  cross  beside  him.  This 
picture  is  very  familiar  in  enfrravings,  etc. 

John  the  Baptist,  Life  of.  A  series  of  7  frescos 

by  tibirlaudaio  (1490),  in  the  choir  of  Santa 
Maria  Novella,  Florence.  They  begin  with  the"  An- 

§el  and  Zacharias,"  and  end  with  the  "Dancing  of  Hero- 
ias,"  and  are  of  liigh  interest  not  oidy  for  their  inherent 
merit,  but  also  for  their  portraits  of  contemporary  Floren- 
tines, 

Johns  Hopkins  University.    An  institution  of 

learning  at  Baltimore,  Maryland,  founded  by 
Johns  Hopkins,  a  capitalist  of  that  cit  v,  who  died 
in  1873,  leaving  a  bequest  of  $7,000,000  to  be  di- 
vided between  tlie  University  and  the  Johns 
Ho]ikins  Hospital,  also  at  Baltimore,  The  uni- 
versity was  incoiporated  Aug.  24,  18G7,  and  was  opened 
f'lr  instrncti.in  in  Sept.,  1870.  It  consists  of  a  phikfsoplii- 
cal  faeulty,  alfording  instruction  in  letters  and  seience  to 
Rraduale  stndenls.     To  this  is  attached  a  collegiate  de- 

Eartment  for  undergraduates.  A  medical  seliool,  opened 
y  the  .Tolnis  Hopkins  Hospital  in  1S93,  forms  practically 
part  of  the  university.  It  has  about  125  instructors  and 
660  students,  of  which  about  three  flfilis  are  graduate 
Btudent-s. 

Johnson  (jon'son),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Raleigh, 
N.C.,Dec.2n,  1808:  diedinCarterConnty,Tenn., 
July  31, 1875.  The  seventeenth  President  of  the 
United  States  (18(i!5-69).  He  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Tennessee  1843-J».'J;  was  governor  of  Tennessee 
I(i.V(-57 ;  was  a  United  States  senator  I8.i7-C2 ;  was  inditary 
governor  of  Tennessee  1862-64  ;  was  elected  as  Ke]int>Iican 
caniiidate  for  Vice-1'resident  in  1864,  l)eing  in;mi:niat,d 
March  4,  1865;  succeeded  Lincoln  as  I'residetil  .\piil  l.'i, 

ISiir, :  and  was  elected  United  States  senatoi-  fr 'I'ennes- 

8CC  in  187.'>.  He  was  nominated  to  tlic  vi,H-i,rtsiileru  y  by 
the  Keputilieans  in  order  to  eoneiliate  (lie  war  Demoerats, 
and  on  his  unexpected  accession  to  tin*  pi-esldeney  it  was 
fouini  tlnit  his  Democratic  Htate-ri'.;lit  convictions  jilaced 
him  liopelessly  at  variance  with  tlie  Uepnbliean  majority 
in  Congress  on  the  iincwlifpuof  rec(nistrnction.  Tlll^  ipnir- 
rel  witli  Congress  caTiic  to  a  head  on  llis  attempting  to  re- 
move Edwin  .\I.  Stanton  from  tlie  secrefarysliip  of  war 
witliout  tile  cnnsent  of  the  Senate,  contrary  to  the  tcntire- 
of-ortlee  act  passed  over  llis  veto  March  2,  18<i7.  He  was 
iuipeaelied  for  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  but  was 
fie<|nltted(liy  a  vote  of  :i5  to  19,  very  little  sliort  of  the  two. 
Itiirds  vote  necessary  t^i  convictiiui)  after  a  trial  lasting 
from  Marcli  2:)  to  lliiy  26, 1808, 

Johnson, Ben.iamin.    Born  liion  (?):  died  Aug,, 

1742.  An  Kiiglisli  actor.  He  johicd  the  Dniry  Lane 
Company  as  a  scene-painter  in  I611.1,  and  In  17iN[  went  to 
tile  ilaymarket,  where,  Dec.  ;t,  1706,  he  pbiyed  Corliaccio 
in  Hen  ,Ionson's  "  Volpone."  He  jilayed  Ilrst  grave-digger, 
I'rdonins,  and  other  Hliaksperian  Jiarts,  but  was  es]iecially 
devoted  to  Iten  .lonson. 

Johnson,  Charles.  Born  in  1679 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Mai'ch  II,  1748,  An  English  dramatist. 
Among  llis  plavs  are  "Force  of  Friendship"  (1710),  '*L<ivt, 
in  a  Cliest"(17Ul),  "The  Wife's  Ueliet,  or  the  Husband's 
Curc"(1711),  "Country  Lasses,  etc." (17in),  "Ccellii,  orThe 
Perjured  I»ver"  (17.S.'t),  "The  Coltbler  of  l*reBt4Ui,"  liased 
on  the  "Taming  of  the  Slirew"  (1716),  etc. 

Johnson, Captain  Charles.  Flourished  1724-36. 
The  name  (prolmlily  a  pseudonym)  of  the  writer 
of  "A  General  History  of  the  Robberies  and  Mur- 
ders of  the  most  notorious  Py  rates,  and  also  their 
Policies,  Discipline,  and  (Government,  from  their 
first  Rise  and  Settlement  in  1717  to  the  present 


549 

year,  with  the  Adventures  of  two  female  Py- 
rates,  Mary  Read  and  Anne  Bonny  "(1724).  Some 
of  the  lives  are  reproduced  in  Howard  Pyle's  "The  Buca- 
neers  and  Marooners  of  America "(1891).  Diet.  Nat.  Bi^g. 
Johnson,  Eastman.  Bom  at  Lowell,  Maine, 
.luly  29, 1.S24.  An  American  genre- and  portrait- 
painter.  He  studied  at  Dusseldorf,  and  later  in  Italy, 
Paris,  Holland,  and  The  Uaguc.  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1860.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Ohl  Ken- 
tucky II(mie  "  (isnr),  "The  Old  Stage  Coach  "  (1871),  "  Husk- 
ing lice  ■  (ISTC),  '■  (  nmberry  Harvest  "  (1880). 

Johnson,  Edward.  Born  at  Heme  Hill,  Kent, 
about  1599:  died  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  April  23, 
1672.  A  historian  of  \ew  England.  He  came  to 
America  as  a  joiner,  prol)aldy  witli  Governor  Wintlirop  in 
lG:iO.  From  164:;  to  1871  he  was  chosen  annually  (except 
1648)  to  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives,  of 
which  he  was  speaker  in  165.^.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
New  England  from  tlie  English  Planting  in  1628  until 
16.12  "  (London,  icr4). 

Johnson,  Esther.    See  SMUi. 

Johnson,  Francis.  Born  1796  (?) :  died  at  Hert- 
ford, Jan.  29,  1S7C.  An  English  Orientalist.  In 
1824  he  accepted  the  chair  >tf  Sanskrit,  Bengali,  and  Telugu 
in  the  East  India  Company's  eiillege  at  Haileybury.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "  Persian  Dictionary  "  (1st  ed.  1S2U ;  2d  ed. 
18.'i2),  "the  most  important  contrilmtion  to  Persian  lexi- 
cography in  any  European  language"  {Diet.  Nat.  Biog.). 

Johnson,  Guy.  Born  in  Ireland  about  1740: 
dieil  in  the  Haymarket,  London,  March  5,  1788. 
An  American  Tory  andmilitia  colonel.  He  served 
in  the  Fiench  war  (17*57).  and  under  Jeffrey  Amherst  (1759- 
1760).  He  assisted  his  uncle.  Sir  William  Johnson,  in  the 
Indian  administration,  and  succeeded  him  as  superinten- 
dent at  llis  death  in  1774- 

Johnson,  Herschel  V.  Born  in  Burke  County, 
Ga.,  Sept.  18,  1812:  died  in  Jefferson  County, 
Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1880.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia 
1848-49;  governor  of  Georgia  1S53-57;  Democratic  can- 
didate for  the  vice-presidency  in  1860;  and  Confederate 
senator. 

Johnson,  Isaac.  Born  at  CUpsham,  Rutland- 
sliire,  England:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  30, 
1630.  One  of  the  founders  of  Massachusetts. 
He  came  to  Salera  with  Winthrop  in  1630,  assisted  in  found- 
ing tlie  first  church  in  Charlestown  July  30  of  the  same 
year,  and  on  Sept.  7  superintended  the  settlement  of  Shaw- 
mut  or  Boston. 

Johnson,  James.  Died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  26, 
1811.  A  Scottish  engraver,  publisher,  and  music- 
dealer.  He  published  at  Edinburgh  "The  Scots  Musical 
Museum  "  (1787-1803),  to  which  Burns  contributed  a  num- 
ber of  pieces. 

Johnson,  Sir  John.  Bom  1742:  died  at  Mon- 
treal, Canada,  Jan.  4, 1830.  A  British  general 
in  (lie  Revolutionary  War,  son  of  Sir  William 
Johnson. 

Johnson,  Manuel  John.  Bom  at  Macao,  China, 
May  23,  1805 :  died  in  England,  Feb.  28,  1859. 
An  English  astronomer.  In  i829hB  began  observing 
at  St.  Helena,  and  in  183.',  published  a  catalogue  of  606 
IM'incipal  stars  in  tlie  southern  lieniispheie,  winning  the 
Astronomical  Society's  gold  medal.  On  July  27,  1832,  he 
observed  the  solar  eclipse  at  St.  Helen.o,  In  183',  he  iiia- 
tricnlated  at  Magdalen  I  l;ill,  I  l.xtord,  and  graduated  in  18:19. 

In  18.'10  he  sneeeedcd  lii',.' I  at  lladclilfe  Observatory, 

and  published  IS  volumes  of  "  Kadclitfe  Observations," 

Johnson,  Reverdy.  Born  at  Annapolis,  Md,, 
May  21 ,  1796 :  died  there,  Feb,  10, 1876.  A  noted 
American  lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  United 
states  senator  (\Vhig)  from  Maryland  184.''>-l» ;  attorney- 
general  IslO-.iO;  United  Slates  senator  1863-68;  and  United 
states  minister  to  Great  lliilain  Istis  69.  He  negt>tiated  a 
treaty  witli  England  f'pr  tin-  sctlb-ment  of  the  Alabama 
claims,  which  was  rejecled  by  the  Senate. 

Johnson,  Richard.  Born  al  London,  1573:  died 
li).')9(.').  An  English  poet  and  (irose-WTiter. 
llis  best-known  work  is  the"  l<  anions  Historic  of  tlieSeavon 
Ctianipiona  of  Christemloni  :  St.  George  of  England,  St. 
Denis  of  France,  St.  James  of  Spain.  St.  Anthony  of  Italy, 
St,  Andrew  of  Scotland,  St.  Patrick  of  Ireland,  and  SI. 
David  of  Wales."  In  16ii3  ho  |iublislied  "Anglornm  I,a- 
chryniiD :  in  a  sad  passion  coinphiyning  of  the  lieath  of  our 
late  sovcraigiie  lady  Onciie  I'.lizalieth,  etc.";  in  1612  "  Tho 
Crown  Garland  of  Gi>lden  Roses";  etc. 

Johnson,  Richard  Mentor,  Born  near  Louis- 
ville, Ky,,<)cl.  17.  17SII:  ilii'dal  I'raiikl'ort,  Ky,, 
Nov,  19,  1S50,  All -Vniericiin  politician.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1807-19, 1  iiltod  States 
senator  1819-29, and  meinberof  Congress  1,S29  37,  Hewas 
elected  (Democratic)  Vice-President  in  18:17,  ami  served 
18;!7-4I,  ami  was  all  uiisuccossful  canilidatu  tor  the  vlcc- 
presideiicy  in  18(0. 

Johnson,  Samuel.  Born  nt  Guilford,  Conn,,  Get, 
14,  H19I'.:  died  at  SIralfoid,  Conn.,  1772,  An 
Aiuerii'iin  clergynnan  and  educator,  first  presi- 
dent of  King's  College  (Columbia  College),  New 
York,  1754-63, 

Johnson,  Samuel.  Born  at  Lidifii'ld,  Englnnd, 
So]. I.  IS,  1709:  died  at  Loudon,  Dee.  13,1784. 
A  eelelirated  English  le.xieograiilier,  essayist, 
and  ]loet.  He  was  the  son  of  Mieliacl  JidinS4in,  hook- 
selUr  at  I.lchtleld,  a  High  chnrchnian  and  Jacidille.  Ue 
lost  the  use  of  one  evi'  (lom  scrofula,  and  was  "touched" 
by  tjtiecn  Anne.  His  iint-oulh  appeiirance  and  manner 
were  against  him  lliroiigh  life.  In  1728  he  entered  Pem- 
liroke  College,  Oxford,  and  rcsideil  there  conllnnously  until 
Dec.  12, 1729,  and  afterward  at  intervals  until  Oct.  8,  17.)1. 


Johnston,  Alexander  Keith 

A  Latin  translation  of  Pope's  "  Messiah  "  (much  admired 
by  Pope)  was  written  at  this  time.  He  began  to  suffer 
from  violent  attacks  of  the  hypochondria  which  followed 
him  througti  life.  In  1732  lie  became  usher  at  Market  Bos- 
worth  seliuol,  but  soon  abandoned  the  place  and  returned 
to  x.iehtleld  and  Biriningtlam,  in  which  latter  town  he  mar- 
lied  a  .Mrs.  Porter,  .Inly  9,  1735.  Ue  established  a  school 
at  Edial,  near  Lielilield,  in  17;l6,  which  soon  failed.  Among 
his  pupils  was  David  GaiTick,  with  whom  he  started  for 
London,  .Marcli  3.  1737.  In  March,  1738,  a  Latin  ode  to 
Sylvanus  Urban  appeared  in  Cave's  "Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine," to  which  he  became  a  regular  contributor.  In  May, 
1738,  "London,"  an  imitation  of . I uveiad,  was  published  by 
Dodsley.  The  "Life  of  Savage"  appeared  in  Feb.,  1744. 
The  plan  of  his  dictionary,  inscribetl  to  Lord  Chesterfield, 
was  issued  in  1747.  The  booksellers  agreed  to  pay  £1.575 
for  the  copyright,  including  the  i-ntire  work  of  prepa- 
ration for  the  press.  He  employed  6  amanuenses,  5  (if 
whom  were  Scotchmen.  The  book  was  based  on  an  in- 
terleaved copy  of  Nathan  Bailey'sdictionary,  and  appeared 
in  2  volumes,  folio,  .\pril  15,  175.'S.  In  Jan.,  1749,  he  pub- 
lished the  "Vanity  of  Human  Wishes,"  the  finest  of  his 
poems.  His  tragedy  "  Irene  "  (begun  at  Edial)  was  pro- 
duced Feb.  6,  174'.i,  with  indiltcrent  success  by  Garrick  at 
Drury  Lane.  The  "llambler"  aippcarcd  every  Tuesday 
and  Saturday  from  ilarch  20, 17.^>0,  until  March  14, 1752,  and, 
with  the  e.xception  of  Nos.  10,  30,  44,  97,  and  100,  was  en- 
tirely his  work  (No.  97  was  written  by  Richardson).  His 
wife  died  March  17, 1752.  On  Fell.  20,  K.'i.'),  he  received  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  from  O.xford.  His  work  "Rasselas"  was 
written  in  the  evenings  of  one  week  in  1759.  Among  his 
political  tracts  is  "  Taxation  no  Tyranny  "  (1775),  in  answer 
to  the  address  of  the  American  Congress.  After  the  ac- 
cession of  Ijeorge  III,,  Johnson  received  a  pension  of 
£300.  During  his  last  years  he  devoted  himself  almost 
exclusively  to  society  and  conversation,  and  his  sayings 
and  doings  were  carefully  reported  by  Boswell  and  .Mrs. 
Piozzi  (Thrale).  In  1773  he  took  his  well-known  journey 
with  Boswell,  an  account  of  which  was  published  in  1775 
as  "  A  Journey  to  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland."  He  also 
wrote  nearly  all  the  numblrs  of  "The  Idler"  (1758-601 
and  published  an  edition  of  Shakspere  in  8  volumes,  witii 
notes,  in  1765. 
Johnson,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Warrentown, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  1715  :  died  near  Johns- 
town, N.  Y.,July  4,1774.  A  British  command- 
er and  magistrate  in  America,  superintendent 
of  Indian  affairs  in  the  colonies.  In  1744  he  was 
appointed  colonel  of  the  Six  Nations  by  Governor  George 
Clinton,  and  in  .\iiril,  1755,  by  General  Braddoek,  superin- 
tendent of  tlie  allairs  of  the  Six  Nations  witli  tlie  local  rank 
of  major-general.  He  commanded  the  provincial  forces 
in  the  attack  ag  linst  Crown  Point.  In  1760  he  commanded 
the  Indian  troops  in  the  advance  of  Amherst  on  Montreal. 
He  received  a  grant  of  land  in  the  Mohawk  valley  called 
"  King's  land,"  where  he  built  (174:1)  Fort  Johnson,  the  vil- 
lage of  Johnson  (now  Johnstown),  and  Johnson  Hall(17t>4). 
He  introduced  sheep  and  blooded  horses  into  the  Mohawk 
valley.  He  published,  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society."  a  paper  on  the  "Languages,  Custom, 
and  ilanncrs  of  the  Indian  Six  .Nations  "  (1772). 

Johnson,  William  Samuel.   Born  at  Stratford, 

Conn,,  Oct.  7,  1727:  died  at  Stratford,  Nov,  14, 
1819.  An  American  politician  and  scholar,  son 
of  Samuel  Johnson  (lt;9C-1772).  president  of 
Columbia  College  (17S7-1.S00). 

Johnston  (jon'ston),  Albert  Sidney.  Born  at 
Washington,  Mason  Countv,  Ky.,  Feb.  3, 1803: 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6,  1862.  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service. 
He  graduated  at  We^t  Point  in  1826;  was  chief  of  staff  to 
General  Henry  Atkinson  during  the  Black  Hawk  war  in 
1832  ;  resigned  from  the  army  in  18:t4;  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Texan  army  in  18:i6:  succeeded  Felix  Huston  as 
commander  of  the  Texan  army  in  1837  ;  was  secretary  of 
war  for  tlie  rcimblic  of 'I'exas  18."8  40;  served  as  colonel  in 
the  United  stales  army  during  the  Mexican  war;  omiiiand- 
ed  a  successful  expedition  nguinst  the  revolted  Mormons  in 
Utah  in  18.^7  ;  and  was  appointed  eoinmaiidcrof  tlie  Depart- 
ment of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  in  the  Confedenite  service 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  ISUl.  He  occupied 
IlowJing  Green,  Kentucky,  in  the  autumn  of  1.^451,  but  was 
forced  to  retreat  to Coriniil,  .Mississippi,  by  the  fall  of  Fort 
Donclson,  Feb.  Ill,  1S62.  Having  been  reinforced  by  Gen- 
erals Beauregard  iind  Bragg,  he  attacked  tiencral  Grant's 
army  at  Shiloh,  April  6,  ls62,  and  was  killed  abtnit  2  I'.  M. 
by  a  ball  which  severed  an  artery  of  his  leg.     See  Sfiitoh. 

Haiti.' ./. 
Johnston,  Alexander.  Born  at  Edinliurgli,l815 : 

died  at  llanipstead,  Feb,  2,  1891.  A  Scottish 
portrait- ami  lignre-painter.  He  is  known  from  va- 
rious portraits.  "I'lie  Interview  of  the  Itegeiit  Murray  with 
Maryt^uecii  of  Scots  '(Ihu).  '  The  Covenaiitera' Jlarriii«e" 
lls42),  etc. 

Johnston,  Alexander.  Born  at  BrooUlx-n,  N,  \ ., 
April  29, 1849 :  died  at  I'rineeton,  N,  J„  July  21, 
1889.  An  American  historian.  He  graduated  at 
Rutgers  College  in  1870  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  l.S7<l ; 
and  was  professm  of  jnrlsprildenee  and  political  economy 
In  IMiiccton  College  from  l.ss3  until  his  death.  Among  his 
works  are  •■  Hist.ny  of  American  I'olitics  "  (l,-7!i),  "  Ttie 
GemslBof  a  New  England  Stat.-  |C..nneclicntl "  (is.s.l).  "A 
History  of  the  I  niledStales"(ls>5),"Connectieiil  :  a  study 
of  a  ConimonweallliDeniiHiacy  '  (1S.S7).  and  "I  In-  United 
Stales  :  Its  History  ami  Coiistilullon"  (reprinted  from  Iho 
"  Encvelopa'dia  llritannlca."  I.ss7). 

Johnston,  Alexander  Keith.  Bom  at  Kirkhill. 

near  I'ciiicuil;,  Midhdliinii.  Dee.  28.  1804:  died 
al  Ben  Rliyd.liiig,  V-irlishire.  July  9,  1871,  A 
Scottish  gi'ogrnplier.  He  was  educated  nt  EdiiihiirRh 
University,  and  In  Is2ll  formed  the  llrm  of  W.  ami  A.  K. 
Johnston  with  his  l.iolher  William  Jidiiiston.  In  ls:ili  his 
first  maps  were  published  In  "A  Traveller's  Guide  llisik." 
On  Feb.  8, 1840,  he  was  made  geogmiitier  In  onlinary  to  the 
(iiieeii.  His  chief  publications  were  Helnrlch  Iierghniis  ■ 
"  National  Alias "(184:1),"  The  Physical  Atlas  "(1848)," Die. 


Johnston,  Alexander  Keith 

tlonary  of  Geography  "  (1860),  "  Atlas  of  General  and  De- 
scriptive Geography  "  (1852),  "The  Koyal  Atlas  of  Modem 
Geography"  (1S61). 

Johnston,  Alexander  Keith.  Boru  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  '2i.  1844:  died  at  Berobero,  Zanzi- 
bar, June  28, 1879.  A  Scottish  geogi-apher  and 
map-enfrraver.  in  1869  he  took  charge  of  the  geo- 
graphical department  of  the  London  branch  of  the  John- 
ston house.  From  1873  to  1875  he  accompanied  tlie  com- 
mission for  the  survey  of  Paraguay.  In  June,  1878,  he  was 
appointed  chief  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society's  expe- 
dition to  Lake  Nyassa;  arrived  at  Zanzibar  Jan.,  1379;  and 

.  there  died.  His  best-known  works  are  "The  Library  Map 
of  Africa"  (180tj),  '■  A  Map  of  the  Lake  Eegions  of  Eastern 
Africa," " Handbook  of  Physical  Geography  " (1870),  "The 
.Surface  Zones  of  the  Globe  "  (1874). 

Johnston,  George.  Bom  at  Simprin,  Berwick- 
.<liire,  July  20,  1797 :  died  July  30, 1855.  A  Scot- 
tish naturalist.  His  chief  works  are  "History of  Brit- 
ish Zoophytes"  (1838),  "History  of  British  .Sponges  and 
Lithophytes  "  (1842). 

Johnston,  Henry  Erskine.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Jlay,  1777:  died  after  1830.  An  English  actor: 
he  was  called  "the  Scottish  Roseius."  He  flrst  ap- 
peared in  London  in  1797,  and  until  1830  was  successful  in 
such  parts  as  Romeo,  Hamlet,  Sir  Edward  Mortimer,  Lo- 
thario, Sir  Archie  Macsarcasm.. Sir  Pertinax  Macsycophant, 
Douglas,  Count  Romaldi,  George  Baniwell,  Alonzo  in  "  Pi- 
zarro,"  etc.  In  1823  he  became  managerof  the  Caledonian 
Theatre,  Edinburgh,  but  soon  resigned.  In  Oct.,  1830,  he 
played  a  short  engagement  there,  after  which  there  is  no 
record  of  him. 

Johnston,  John  Taylor.  Bom  at  New  York, 
April  8,  1829:  died  there,  March  24.  1893.  An 
American  business  man  and  philanthropist. 
He  was  president  of  the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey 
from  its  beginning  till  1877,  ^hen  he  sacrificed  his  fortune 
in  an  effort  to  sustain  its  credit.  He  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  .\rt,  and  was  its  flrst  presi- 
dent, but  in  1889  his  health  forced  him  to  resign  this  office. 
He  was  connected  with  man^'  otlier  educational  and  benev- 
olent institutions. 

Johnston,  Joseph  Eccleston.  Born  near  Farm- 
ville,  Va.,  Feb.  3,  1807:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  March  21,  1891.  An  American  general 
in  the  Confederate  sers-iee.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1829 ;  was  promoted  captain  in  1846 ;  served  in  the 
ilexican  war  1846-47  :  was  commissioned  quarter-master- 
general  of  the  United  States  ai-my  in  1S60 ;  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  accepted  a  commission  as  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Confederate  service.  In  May,  1861,  he 
took  command  at  Harper's  Ferr>-,  where  he  was  opposed 
by  General  Patterson.  When  General  Beauregard  was  at- 
tacked by  General  McDowell,  July  18, 1861,  Johnston  eluded 
Patterson,  and  on  the  20th  or  21st  formed  a  junction  with 
Beauregard,  whom,  although  inferior  in  rank,  he  left  in 
tactical  command.  He  was  promoted  general  Aug.  31, 
1801.  He  afterward  (1862)  opposed  McClellan  in  tlie  Pe- 
ninsular campaign,  and  was  defeated  at  Williamsburg  May 
6,  and  at  Fair  Oaks  May  31, 1862.  He  was  defeated  by  Grant 
at  Jackson  May  14, 1S63,  while  attempting  to  relieve  Pem- 
berton  at  Vicksburg.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, witli  head- 
quarters at  Dalton,  Georgia,  where  he  was  required  to  op- 
pose the  advance  of  Sherman  toward  AtlanLo.  He  was 
compelled  to  retreat  across  the  Chattahoochee  eai-ly  in  July, 
1864,  after  having  fouglit  unsuccessful  engagements  at  Re- 
saca,  ilay  15,  and  at  Dallas,  May  28,  and  was  in  consequence 
superseded  in  his  command  by  General  John  B.  Hood,  July 

17.  1864.  Feb.  23,  1865,  he  was  restored  to  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  with  orders  to  oppose  Gen- 
eral Sherman,  to  whom  he  surrendered  at  Durham  Station, 
N.  C,  April  26, 1865,  General  Lee  having  previously  surren- 
dered to  Grant.  He  published  a  "  Narrative  of  Military 
Operations  Directed,  during  the  Late  War  between  the 
States,  by  Joseph  E.  Johnston"  (1874). 

Johnston,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Dundee,  Scotland, 
Dec.  1.5,  1733:  died  near  Edenton,  N.  C,  Aug. 

18,  1816.  An  American  jurist  and  statesman. 
He  went  with  his  father  to  America  in  1736.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  1781-82 ;  governor 
of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  178S-S9:  United  States  sen- 
ator 1789-93 ;  and  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  1800-03. 

Johnston,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Kirkhill,  near 
Penicuik,  Midlothian,  Oct.  27,  1802 :  died  there, 
Feb.  7, 1888.  A  Scottish  geographer.  In  1826  he, 
with  his  brother  Alexander  Keith  Johnston,  founded  the 
house  of  W.  and  A.  K.  Johnston,  geographical  publishers. 
He  waslord  provost  of  Edinburgh(1848-51),and  was  knight- 
ed in  1851. 

Johnstone  (.ion'ston).  A  town  in  Renfrewshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Black  Cart  10  miles 
west  by  south  of  Glasgow.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton,  etc.     Population  (1S91),  9,668. 

Johnstone,  Andre'w  James  Cochrane.  Bora 
May  24,  1767 :  died  some  time  after  July,  1814. 
A  British  adventurer  and  swindler.  Hewasamil- 
itary  otJicer,  memberof  Parliament,  and  colonial  governor. 
After  a  career  of  bribery  and  corruption,  he  speculated  in 
the  London  Stock  Exchange  on  fraudulent  reports  of  Na- 
poleon's death  Feb.  14, 1814,  was  found  guilty  of  conspiracy 
in  June,  and  was  expelled  from  the  House  of  Commons  in 
July. 

Johnstone,  Christian  Isobel.  Born  in  Fife- 
shire,  1781 :  died  at  Edinburgh ,  Aug.  26, 1857.  A 
Scottish  novelist  and  journalist.  Herchiefworks 
are  "Edinburgh  Tales,"  "  Clan  Alhin  "(a  novel), ' '  Elizabeth 
De  Bruce,"  lives  and  voyages  of  Drake,  Cavendish,  and 
Dflmpier,  *'Cook  and  Housewife's  Manual." 

Johnstone,  John  Henry.  Born  at  Kilkennv, 
Ireland,  1749:  died  at  London,  Dec.  26,  1828. 
An  Irish  actor  and  vocalist.    He  made  his  flrst  ap- 


550 

pearance  in  Dublin  about  1773 ;  sang  at  Covent  Garden, 
London.  1783-1803 ;  and  played  at  Drury  Lane  1803-2O. 

Johnstone,  William  Borthwick.  Bom  at  Ed- 
inburgh. July  21. 1804 :  died  there,  June  5. 1868. 
A  Scottish  landscape  and  historical  painter, 
better  knovm  as  a  connoisseur  and  as  the  first 
principal  curator  of  the  National  Gallery  of  Scot- 
laud. 

JohnstO'wn  (jonz'toun).  A  manufacturing  city, 
capital  of  Fulton  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Cavadutta  Creek  40  miles  northwest  of  Al- 
bany."  Population  (1900),  10,130. 

Johnstown.  A  city  in  Cambria  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  Stony  Creek  and  Cone- 
maugh  River  58  miles  east  by  south  of  Pitts- 
buj'g.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron.  It  and  the  places 
near  it  were  destroyed  by  the  bursting  of  a  reservoir  May 
31, 1889.  with  uloss,  at  the  lowest  estimate,  of  about  3,000 

'  lives.     PoplUation  (1900),  35,936. 

Johore  (j6-h6r').  Anativestate  atthe southern 
e-xtremity  of  the  Malay  peninsula.  It  is  under 
British  influence.  .\rea.  estimated,  20,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  200,000. 

Joigny  (zhwiin-ye').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne  14 
miles  north-northwest  of  AuxeiTe  :  the  Roman 
Joviniaeum.  It  has  noted  wines.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,218. 

Joinville  fzhwan-vel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Marne  Similes  southeast  of  Chalons-sur-Mame. 
It  was  the  seat  of  an  ancient  barony,  later  of  a 
principality.  Population  (1891), commune, 4,478. 

Join'ville,  Jean  de.  Bom  at  JoinviUe-sur- 
Mame,  Champagne,  about  1224 :  died  on  his 
ancestral  estates,  July  16,  1317.  A  French 
clironieler.  His  family  was  noble  and  wealthy,  and 
held  for  four  generations  the  office  of  seneschal  of  Cham- 
pagne. By  virtue  of  his  birth  he  had  access  to  the  court 
circles  of  Champagne  and  France.  He  followed  Louis  IX. 
on  the  seventh  Crusade  with  a  retinue  of  700  men,  and 
spent  sLx  years  in  Egypt  and  Syria  (1248-54).  In  1250,  at 
Saint-Jean-d'Acre,  he  drew  up  the  articles  of  his  religious 
belief,  his  "  Credo,"  which  he  subsequently  revised  in 
1287.  The  great  work,  however,  to  which  he  has  left  his 
name  is  the  "Histoire  de  Saint  Louis."  The  original  copy, 
presented  in  1309  by  the  author  in  person  to  Louis  le 
Hutin,  great-grandson  of  Louis  IX.,  is  lost.  A  second  copy, 
belonging  to  Joinville,  shared  a  like  fate  :  this  was  pre- 
sumalily  used,  however,  in  preparing  the  first  edition  in 
1.547-  The  best  modern  edition  was  made  by  Natalis  de 
Wailly  for  the  Soci^t^  de  I'Histoire  de  Francein  1868. 

Join'ville,  Prince  de  (Francois  Ferdinand 
Philippe  Louis  Marie  d'Orleans).    Born  at 

Neuillv,  near  Paris,  Autr.  14,1818:  died  at  Paris, 
June  16, 1900.  The  third  son  of  Louis  Philippe. 
He  was  in  the  French  naval  service  1834-48.  accompanied 
McClellan  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  1862,  and  served 
(incognito)  in  the  war  of  187i)-71. 

Jokai  (yo'ko-i),  Mor.  Born  at  Komorn,  Feb.  19, 
1825.  A  Hungarian  novelist,  journalist,  and 
politician.  Among  his  novels  are  "A  Hungarian  Na- 
bob "  (1854),  " Black  Diamonds "  (1873),  "The  Romance  of 
the  Coming  Century  "  (1874). 

Jokjokarta  (jok-yo-kiir'ta).  1.  Aresidencyin 
the  southern  part  of  Java,  Dutch  East  Indies. — 
2.  The  capital  of  Jokjokarta  residency,  situated 
in  lat.  7°  48'  S.,  long.  110°  21'  E.  Population, 
est.,  58,284. 

Joktan  (jok'tan).     See  the  extract. 

Arphaxad  was  the  grandfather  of  Eber  or  "Hebrew." 
"UntoEber,"  we  are  told  [in  Genesis],  "were  born  two 
sons :  the  name  of  one  was  Peleg  ;  for  in  his  days  was  the 
earth  divided ;  and  his  brother's  name  was  Joktan."  The 
tribes  and  districts  of  south-eastern  Arabia  traced  their 
descent  to  Joktan.  Among  them  we  find  Hazarmaveth. 
the  modern  Hadhraraaut ;  Ophir,  the  famous  sea-port  and 
emporium  of  the  goods  of  the  further  cast ;  Havilah,  'the 
sandy  region,'  compassed  by  the  river  Pison  (Gen.  ii.  11), 
and  occupied  by  the  sons  of  Ishmael  (Gen.  xxv.  IS);  and 
Amalek  (1  Sam.  xv.  7).  as  well  as  Sheba,  the  Saba  of  the 
native  inscriptions,  whose  ancient  capital  is  now  repre- 
sented by  the  ruins  of  Mareb  in  the  south-western  corner 
of  Arabia.  Sayce,  Races  of  theO.  T.,  p.  65. 

Joliba.    See  Xioer. 

Joliet  (jo'li-et).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Will 
County.  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Des  Plaines 
River  34  miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  It  is  a 
railwav  and  manufacturing  center,  and  contains 
a  State  prison.   Pop.  ,  1900),  29,3.53. 

Joliet  (zho-lya'),  Charles.  Born  at  St.-Hip- 
polyte,  Doubs.  France,  Aug.  8, 1832.  A  French 
novelist  and  litterateur.  He  has  written,  under  the 
pseudonym  J.  Telio  and  several  others,  for  "  La  Vie  Pa- 
risienne,"  "Chariv.ari,"  and  a  number  of  other  journals. 
Besides  his  novels  he  lias  written  "  L'Esprit  de  Diderot" 
(1859),  "Les  pseudonymes  du  jour  "(1867:  2d  ed.  1883), 
"  Curiosites  des  lettres,  etc."  (1884),  "  Le  tr^sor  des  curio- 
sit^s,  I'argot,  etc."  (1891). 

Joliet,  or  Jolliet,  Louis.  Born  at  Quebec,  Sept. 
21.  1645 :  died  in  May,  1700.  A  French-Cana- 
dian explorer.  He  was  intended  for  the  priesthood, 
and  took  minor  orders  in  1662,  but  abandoned  divinity  in 
1667,  and  became  a  merchant.  In  1672  he  was  commissioned 
by  Frontenac,  governor  of  New  France,  to  explore  the  Mis- 
sissippi River ;  and,  in  company  with  the  Jesuit  missionary 


Jones,  Jacob 

Jacques  Marquette  and  five  other  Frenchmen,  explored  the 
Fox,  Wisconsin,  Mississippi,  and  Illinois  rivers  in  1673. 

Jolley  (jol'i).  Sir  Joslin.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Etherege's  comedy  "She Would 
if  She  Could":  a  con\-i\ial  country  gentleman. 

JoUivet  (zhol-i-va'),  Pierre  Jules.  Bora  at 
Paris,  Jiuie  27, 1803 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  7, 1871. 
A  French  historical  and  genre  painter.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Gros  and  De  Juinne.  Among  his  pictures  are 
"  ilassacre  of  the  Innocents  "(1845  :  Rouen  Museum),"  Es- 
tablishing the  Magistracy  "  (1866 :  bought  by  the  stateX 
"Christ  among  the  Doctors"  (1865:  Prefecture  de  la 
Seine),  etc.,  and  portraits  of  Philip  III.,  Queen  Victoria, 
Prince  Albert,  and  others, 

Jolof.     Same  as  Wolof. 

Jomini  (zh6-me-ne'),  Baron  Henri.  Bom  at 
Payeme,  Vaud,  Switzerland.  March  6,  1779:* 
died  at  Paris,  March  24,  1869.  A  celebrated 
Swiss  military  writer,  in  the  French  military 
service  as  colonel  and  aide  to  Marshal  Ney. 
After  1813  he  was  in  the  Russian  service  as  lieutenant- 
general  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  emperor.  His  works 
include  "Traits  des  grandes  operations  militaires"(lS05), 
"Principesde  la  strategic  "  (1818),  "Histoire  critique  et 
militaire  des  campagnes  de  la  revolution  de  1792  a  1801, 
etc."  (with  Koch,  1819-24),  "  Vie  politique  et  militaire  de 
NapoWon  "  (1827),  "  Precis  de  I'art  de  la  guerre  "  (1838),  etc. 

Jommelli,  or  Jomelli  (yo-mel'le),  Niccol6. 
Born  at  Aversa,  near  Naples,  Sept.  11,  1714: 
died  at  Naples,  Aug.  28. 1774.  An  Italian  com- 
poser. He  ■wrote  the  operas  "Merope"  (1747), 
"Didone"  (1745),  "Arraida"  (1771),  etc.,  and 
cantatas,  oratorios,  and  church  music. 

Jonah  (jo'nii).  [Heb.,  'a  dove';  Gr. 'luvof,  E. 
Jonas.']  A  Hebrew  prophet  who  flourished  in 
or  before  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  II.  His  storj-  is 
given  in  the  Book  of  Jonah,  the  date  and  authorship  of 
which  are  unknown.  The  incident  of  the  whale  has  par- 
allels in  Babylonian,  Egyptian,  and  Greek  mythology. 

Jonas  (yo'nas),  Justus.  Born  at  Nordhausen, 
Prussia,  June  5,  1493:  died  at  Eisfeld,  Saxe- 
Meiningen,  Oct.  9, 1555.  A  German  Protestant 
reformer,  the  friend  and  collaborator  of  Luther. 

Jonathan (jon'a-than).  [Heb., 'gift  of  Yahveh.'] 
A  Hebrew  commander,  son  of  Saul  and  friend 
of  Da\id.     See  David. 

Jonathan,  Brother.  A  popular  nickname  for 
the  Amei'han  people.  Its  origin  has  been  explained 
in  several  ways,  but  is  not  definitely  known. 

Jonathan  Maccabseus  (mak-a-be'us).  Killed 
143  B.C.  The  fifth  son  of  Mattaithias,  and  leader 
of  the  Maccabees  after  the  death  of  Judas. 

Jonathan  Wild  the  Great,  The  History  of.  A 

novel  by  Fielding,  published  in  1743. 

Jon  Bee.     See  Badcock,  John. 

Jones  (jouz),  Anson.  Bom  at  Great  Barring- 
ton,  Mass..  Jan.  20,  1798:  committed  suicide  at 
Houston,  Texas,  Jan.  7,  1858.  A  Texan  politi- 
cian, president  of  Texas  1814  d5. 

Jones,  Da'vy.  The  name  given  by  sailors  to  the 
evil  spirit  who  is  supposed  to  rule  over  the  sea- 
demons  (hence  "to  go  to  Da'vy  Jones's  locker" 
is  to  dro\\'n  or  to  die).  The  name  has  been  said 
to  be  a  corruption  of  Jonah. 

Jones,  George.  Bom  Jan.  6,  1786:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  19, 1869.  An  English  painter.  He  en- 
tered the  Royal  Academy  in  1801  and  exhibited  annually. 
He  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  and  in  the  occupation  of 
Paris  after  Waterloo.  He  was  most  successful  in  battle- 
pieces. 

Jones,  Henry.  Bom  near  Drogheda,  Ireland, 
1721:  died  at  London.  April,  1770.  An  Irish 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  published  "Poems  on  Sev- 
eral Occasions"  (1749),  "The  Earl  of  Essex,"  a  tragedy 
(1752),  etc. 

Jones,  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  2,  1831 : 
died  there  Feb.  15, 1899.  An  authority  on  whist 
and  other  games  of  cards,  on  which  he  ■wrote 
under  the  name  of  Cavendish.  He  also  wrote  on 
lawn-tennis,  backgammon,  dominoes,  etc. 

Jones,  Hugh  Bolton.  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
1848.  An  American  landscape-painter.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  Return  of  the  Cows  (Paris  E.Kpo8ition, 
1878),  "The  Poplars  "  (Roy.al  .\cademy,  London),  "  Xear 
Maplewood  "(Metropolitan  Museum,  Sew  York),  ''Break- 
ing Flax  "  (<;'olumbian  Exposition). 

Jones,  InigO,  Born  at  London,  July  15,  1573: 
died  there,  June  21, 1652.  A  noted  English  archi- 
tect, styled  "the  English  Palladio."  He  went  to 
Italy  and  resided  there  many  years,  especially  in  Venice, 
whence  he  w-as  called  to  Denmark  by  King  Christian  IV. 
In  1620  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of  repairs  of  St. 
Paul's,  which,  however,  were  not  commenced  before  1631. 
In  1643  he  was  thrown  out  of  his  office,  and  in  1646  fined 
£345  for  being  a  royal  favorite  and  a  Roman  Catholic,  hav- 
ing been  taken  in  arms  at  the  capture  of  Basing  House. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  died  of  grief,  misfortune,  and  old 
age  at  old  Somerset  House  on  the  Strand.  He  sat  twice  to 
Vandyck.  and  a  portrait  by  this  master  has  been  sent  with 
the  Houghton  collection  to  St.  Petersburg.  Among  his 
works  are  thebanqueting-hall,  'Whitehall  (1619-22),  Covent 
Garden  Piazz.!,  the  famous  gateway  of  St.  Mary's.  Oxford 
(10:ii2).  the  equally  famous  portico  of  old  St.  Paul's  and  the 
reconstruction  of  that  church  (1631-41).  etc. 

Jones,  Jacob.  Born  near  Smyrna,  Del.,  1770: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.,  1850.   An  American 


Jones,  Jacob 


551 


aaval  officer,  commander  of  the  Wasp  at  the  JSnkoping  (yen'che-ping).    1 


capture  of  the  Frolic  iu  1812 

Jones,  John  Paul,  commouly  known  as  Paul 

Jones.  Horn  at  Kirkbean,  Kirkcudbrightshire, 
Scotland,  July  (J.  1747:  died  ut  Paris,  Sept.  12, 
1792.  A  Scottish-American  naval  adventurer. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  I'aul,  a  Scotch  gardener.  In  1773 
he  went  to  Virt'inia,  anil  in  1775.  under  the  assumed  name 


Josceljm 
A  laen  in  south-  Jorat  (zho-ra'  or  zho-rat'),  <i.  Jurten  (yor'ten). 


A  peace  between  Sweden  and  Dennuirk  was  concluded 
here  in  1S09.    Population  (ISW),  ID.BSi 


lawy 
Brest,  he  was  superseded.   Wln-n,  in  July,  1778,  war  began     it  received  its  name.    Like  the  Jarusida,  which 
between  France  and  England,  an  old  East  Indiaman,  the     ;..    gnnerseded    it,  was  n   (.nrnTiilitinn   bv  K;t,,t 
DncdeDuras,  was  converted  into  a  ship  of  war  called  the     /,  ""P'-rseueu,  11  was  a  compilation   Oy  King 
"Bonh'»nuneRichard(whielisee).  .Shesailcd,  nnderthecom-   ^lagnus. 

mand  of  .Tones,  with  the  Alliance,  Pallas,  Oerf  and  \  en-  JonSOn  (.ion'suii  I.  Benjamin,  usually  known  as 
m»nce,Au^.  14. 1779  They  sailed  around  Ireland  and  .Scot-  Ben  Jonson."  Born  at  Westminster,  1573  (?): 
land,  and  on  >cpt.  2.t  f'-ll  in  "itn  the  S'''->'^'=  ^-li  •^""«>'>"'i       ....  _        .        .   .  -  —      ..  .     _    v   ' 


cpt.  2:i  f'dl  in  "ith  the  Serapis  (44  guns)  and 
CouiiteiisoiScarborough(2ngun8).  The  battle  between  the 
Serapis  and  the  Rmhomnie  Richard,  one  of  the  greatest 
naval  engagements  in  history,  resulted  in  the  sun-ender 
of  the  Serapis  to  the  Rich.ard,  and  the  subsequent  sinking 
of  the  latter.  Jones  abandoned  the  .American  senice,  and 
entered  the  French  and  later  the  Russian  navy,  .\fter 
serving  under  Potemkin  in  the  Black  Sea,  withthe  rank 
of  rear-admiral,  lie  returned  to  Paris  in  1790. 

Jones,  John  Winter.  Bom  at  Lambeth.  June 
16, 1805:  died  at  Henley,  Sept.  7, 1881.  Libra- 
rian of  the  British  lluseum.  He  became  assistant 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum  in  IS;?".  Upon  the  retire- 
ment of  Panizzi  in  1866,  Jones  was  appointed  principal 
librarian. 

Jones,  Owen.  Born  in  Denbighshire,  Wales, 
1741 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  26, 1814.  A  Welsh 
antiijuarv.  He  jniljlished  "  M>'v\Tian  Ai'chaiol- 
ogy  of  Wales"  (lSOl-07),  etc." 

Jones,  Owen.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  15,  1809: 
died  there,  April  19,  1874.  An  English  architect 
and  writer  on  ornament,  son  of  Owen  Junes 
(1741-1814).  In  1851  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  works  and  decorations  of  the  exhibition  in  London. 
He  published  "I'lans,  Elevatiuns,  Suctions,  and  Details  of 
the  Alhambra"  (184-2-45),  "Grammar  of  Ornament"  (IS.'iU), 
"The  Polychromatic  Ornament  of  Italy  "(184G), "  I^.\ample3 
of  Chinese  Ornament"  (1867). 

Jones,  Paul.     See  Jones,  John  Paul. 

Jones,  Richard.  Born  at  Birmingham,  1779: 
died  at  Loudon,  Aug.  30, 1851.  .\n  English  ac- 
tor and  dramatist.  He  was  successful  in  light  comedy 
parts  and  farce.  He  claimed  the  authorship  of  "The  tJreen 
Man"(181>)and  of  "Too  Late  for  Dinner"  (1820),  which 
was  also  assigned  to  Theodore  Hook. 

Jones,  Thomas  Rymer.  Born  1810:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  10,  Is.SO.  An  English  comjiara- 
tive  anatomist  and  physiologist,  professor  of 
comparative  anatomy  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don 18.36-74.  His  chief  work  is  "General  Out- 
line of  the  Animal  Kingdom"  (183.8-41). 

Jones,  Tom.     See  Tom  Jones. 

Jones,  T.  Percy.  The  pseudonym  of  Professor 
Aytoiin. 

Jones,  William.  Born  in  the  parish  of  Llanfi- 
hangel,  Anglesca,  1()75:  died  at  London,  July 
3,1749.  An  English  mathematician.  lie  entered 
tne  service  of  a  merchant  in  London,  and  visited  the  West 
Indies,  afterward  teaching  mathematics  on  a  man-of-war 
and  in  London.  His  '•  yiew  Compendium  of  the  Whole 
Art  of  Navigation"  appeared  in  1702,  and  his  'SytiopsiB 
palmarlorum  matheseos  or  a  >ew  Introduction  to  the 
Mathematics"  in  17(Xi.  In  1711  he  edited  some  tracts  by 
Newton. 

Jones,  William.  Bom  at  Lowick,  Northamp- 
tonshire, July  30,  1726:  died  at  Nayland,  Suf- 
folk, Jan.  6,  1800.  An  English  clergyman  and 
tlieological  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Amonghis 
works  are  "fatholic  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity"  (1760)  and 
"Figurative  [.aiiguage  of  the  Holy  .Scripture"  (1780). 

Jones,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Westminster,  .Sept. 
28,  1/4(J:  died  at  Calcutta,  April  27,  1794.  A 
noted  English  (Jrieutalist  and  linguist,  ycning- 
est  son  of  William  Junes  the  maliiomalii-ian. 
Ho  entered  V'niverslty  I'ollegc,  Oxford,  in  17(>1,  and  be- 
came a  fellow  i>f  that  college  In  17<iii.  In  1770  he  published 
8  translation  into  French  of  the  Pci-sian  lifrof  .Nadir  Shah, 
brought  to  Kngland  by  Christian  VI  I.  of  Demnarli.  It  was 
followed  (1770)  by  the  "Traiti!  snr  la  poesle  orlenlale." 
In  1771  ho  issued  his  grammar  of  the  Pei'slan  language, 
followed  by  "  pDcnis,  consUtlngchlcfly  of  Iranslaticms  from 
the  Asiatick  languages,  etc."  (1772),  "l'<ie8eo8  Aslatlcie 
Commentariorutn  Llhrl  .Sex  "  (1774).  lie  was  called  to  the 
bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1774.  In  1778  he  imbllshed 
a  translation  of  the  ".Speeches  of  Iwens  In  Causen  con- 
ceniliig  the  Law  of  Succession  to  I*ropertyat  Atlierm."  Ills 
essay  on  the  "  Law  of  UallmentH"  appeared  In  I7HI,  and  In 
the  samj  year  was  Issued  the  translation  of  the  "  .Moalla- 
kat."  He  was  knighted  March  1:>,  178;i,  and  made  Judge 
of  the  high  


ern  Sweden.  Area,  4,447  square  miles.  Popu-  A  chain  of  heights  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  ,Swit- 
lation  (1S93),  193,268. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  zerland,  northeast  of  Lausanne.  It  forms  part 
laen  of  Jiinkiiping,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of  the  watershed  between  the  valleys  of  the 
of  Lake  Wetter  in  lat.  57°  48'  N.,  long.  14°  13'  E.     Rhine  and  Khone. 

It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  matches    J6rd  (verd).      [OX.  Jdrdh.'i     In  Old  Norse  mv- 

thology,  the  goddess  Earth,  the  wile  of  Odin  and 
the  mother  of  Thor. 

Bom  at  Antwerp 

A  Flemish  painter 

scenes  and  portraits. 

Jordan.     See  Jorclancs. 

Jordan  (jor'dan).     [Heb.  Yurdcn,  the  descend- 
er:   (ir.  'Io/)(!aiv7f,   L.  Jordaiics.  mod.  Ar.  Esh- 
Sherkih.l     The  chief  river  of  Palestine.    It  rises 
in  Anti-Libanus,  traverses  Lake  Meroni  (Uaieh)and  the  Sea 
,      ,  ,  ,       of  (jalilee,  and  llows  into  the  Dead  Sea  19  miles  east  of  Je- 

died  Aug.  0,  1637.    A  celebrated  English  dram-     rusalem.    Its  length  is  about  120  miles. 

atist.  His  parentage  is  not  certainlyknown.  His  mother  Jordan.  .\  river  in  Utah  which  flows  from  Utah 
married,  while  he  was  still  a  child,  a  master  bricklayer  said  Lake  into  Great  Salt  Lake.  Length,  about  40 
to  have  been  named  Fowler.    He  was  sent  to  a  school  at  St.      miles 

Martin's-in-the-Flelds,  but  was  soon  removed  to  Westmin-    t«..j«-     t»„— :j    04. ti  *   /-.    •  -n 

ster  school,  where  Willliuu  Camden  befriended  him.    After  "'P/?.^''!,  UaVld    btaiT.      Born    at  Gaines\nlle, 

N.  l.,Jan.l9, 1.S51.  An  American  naturalist  and 
educator.  He  studied  at  Cornell  fniversity,  receiving 
the  degree  of  M.  S.  in  I81 2,  and  of  LL.  D.  (honorary)  in  1886. 


a  somewhat  obscure  period  he  began  to  work  for  the  stage  : 
In  1 597  he  appeared  in  Henslowe's  '•  Diary  "  as  a  pl.ayer  and 
a  playwright  t.»  "The  Admiral's  ^len."  During  a  break 
with  thr.Vd  II  liral's  company  his  Hrst  extant  comedy,  "Ever>' 
Man  in  his  llnniour,"  wasolfered  to  the  rival  company,  the 
"Lord  chamberlaiirs  Servants."  It  was  accepted,  and  was 
performed  at  the  Globe  in  1598,  Shakspere  jdaying  in  it. 
Jonson  ranked  from  this  time  with  the  foremost  drama- 
tists of  the  period.  He  became  involved  in  quarrels  with 
Dekker  and  Marston,  and  in  the  plays  of  the  two  latter 
are  characters  attacking  or  ridiculing  him,  while  he  in 
turn  satirized  them  in  several  of  his  plays.  In  1603  he 
began  to  write  "  Entertainmenis, '  anil  in  1605  the  first  Jordan 
of  his  series  of  "Court  Mas(|ues."  He  was  in  favor  with  ■di"^"^ 
the  court,  and  his  life  now  entered  its  most  successful 
phase.  The  plays  performed  during  1605-16  ("  Epiccene," 
"The  .Alchemist,"  "Catiline,"  "Bartholomew  Fair,"  and 
"  I'he  Devil  is  an  .\ss")  are  among  his  best.  In  1613  he 
went  to  France  as  tutor  to  a  son  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
and  in  1618  he  made  his  well-known  pedestrian  journey 
to  Scotland,  .\bout  this  time  he  spent  some  weeks  at 
the  house  of  William  DruniniOnd  of  Hawthornden,  whose 
notes  of  his  talk  are  the  principal  source  of  his  biography. 
On  his  return  be  wrote  a  nan-ative  in  verse  of  his  adven- 
tures ("  Vnderwoods,  \o.  62").    Between  1621  and  1623  the 


In  1875  he  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Indiana  iledieal 
College.  He  was  assistant  on  the  United  States  Fish  Cora- 
mission  1877-91 ;  professor  of  zoology  at  the  Indiana  Fni- 
ver.'ily  1879-85,  and  its  president  1SS5-91  ;  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  appointed  president  of  theLeland  Stanford  Junior 
Unlvei-sity.  He  has  published  "Manual  of  the  Vertebrates 
of  the  .Northern  United  .States"  (1870  and  later  editions), 
"Contributions  to  North  American  Ichthyologv  "(1877- 
18S3),  "Science  Sketches "  (1888),  etc. 

Mrs.  (assumed  name  of  Dorothy 
Bland).  Born  near  Waterford,  Ireland,  about 
1762:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  France.  1816.  An  Irish 
actress,  known  as  Dolly  Jordan.  She  became 
the  mistress  of  the  DuSe  of  Clarence  (William 
IV. )  in  1790. 


As  an  actress  in  comedy  Mrs.  Jordan  can  have  had  few 
equals.  Genest  says  that  she  had  never  a  superior  in  her 
line,  and  adds  that  her  "Uypollta  "  will  never  be  excelled. 
Rosalind,  \  iola,  and  Lady  Contest  were  among  her  best 
characters.  iHcl.  .Vat.  Biog. 


king  raised  Jonson's  pension  to  £200,  and  the  greatest  ca-    t      j         nn.  ti  ..  t        i  , ,^,X 

lamity  of  his  private  life  occurred  — the  burning  of  his  li-  JO''".*^'  Anomas.    Born  at  London  about  1612: 


brary,  which  was  one  of  the  finest  in  England,  in  1626  he 
was  attacked  with  palsy,  followed  by  divipsy,  andwascon- 
lined  to  his  bed  during  his  last  yeara.  He  was  appointed 
chronologertothe  city  of  London  in  1628,  which  increased 
his  income;  but  his  powers  were  failing  and  his  next  play, 
"The  New  Inn,"  was  not  heard  to  the  end,  and  in  1631 
his  salary  as  chronologer  was  withdrawn,  lie  bronglit 
out  more  plays  and  masks,  and  in  1634  his  salary  was  re- 
stored. He  lived  three  years  longer,  during  wliich  time 
he  wrote  little.  "The  Sad  .Shepherd,"  unltnished,  w.a8 
found  among  his  papers.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  in  the  Pouts'  Corner.  The  political  crisis  at  this 
time  prevented  the  erection  of  an  elalxirate  tomb  which 
was  intended,  and  a  casual  visitor.  Sir  John  Voung,  caused 
"O  rare  Ben  Jonson"  to  be  cut  on  his  tomb.  Among 
his  friends  were  all  the  people  of  culture  of  the  time,  no- 


lii'd  aliiiut  Ui.s.i.  An  English  actor,  dramatist, 
and  jKii't.  He  suj.ported  himself  by  promiscuous  literary 
work,  largely  pi  :i:.'iaiizf.i.  until  1671,  when  he  was  made  part 
of  the  corporal  ion  of  LoihIoh  in  the  capacity  of  poet  to  that 
body.  Jordan  conducted  the  lord  mayor's  shows  for  four- 
teen years  with  great  success.  Amonghis  works  are  "  Poet- 
icall  Varieties  or  Variety  of  Fancies  "(1637),".\  Pill  Ui  Purge 
Melancholy  "(1637)  "The  Tricks  of  Youth  "(166,S),  "A  New 
Droll,  or  the  Counter  Scuffle  "  (16tl3),  "Money  is  an  Ass" 
(1663),  "  Rosary  of  Rarities  "  (16.'i9),  etc. 
Jordan  (yor'diin),  Wilhelm.  Born  Feb.  8, 
1S19:  died  Jan.  27,  1903.  .-V  German  poet. 
He  wrote  "Die  Nibclnngcn  "  ilst  part,  "  Sicfriilsage," 
1868;  2d  part,  "  Hildebrants  Heimkehr, '  1874),  dramas, 
'  Demiurgus,"  a  poem  (18,')'i-.'>4),  translations,  etc. 


tably  Chapman  and  Fklcher.     With  iShakspcre  he 'was  Jordaues  (jor-da'nez),or  Jordanis  (jor-ila'nls). 


less  intimate  :  but  the  theory  of  his  jealousy  of  the  latter 
has  been  completely  refuted  iiy  Girtord.  Among  his  plays 
are  "Every  Man  in  his  UumniiV" (acted  161)S,  printed  1601), 
"The  Case  is  Altered  "(16119,  printed  1609).  "Every  Man  out 
of  his  Humour"  (1599,  printed  16u<l),  "Cynthia's  Revels" 
(1000),"The  Poetaster,  etc."  (1601,  printed  16021,"  Sejanus, 
hl9Fall,"wilhanother(16li:i,  printed  1605),  "East ward  Ho," 
with  Chapman  and  Marston  (1604,  printed  1606),"  \olpone, 
or  the  Fox' (1605,  printed  ltai7),  "Epiciene,  or  the  silent 
Woman  "(1609),"  The  Alcheniist"(1610,  printed  1612),  "Cati- 
line, his  Conspiracy"  (1611),  "  Partholomew  Fair"  (161-1, 
printed  (folio)  1631),"  The  Devil  Isan  Ass  "(1616, f.dio  1631), 
"Thestapleof  News"  (lii-25,  folio  1631),  "Iho  New  Inn, 
etc."  (1629,  printed  1631),  "The  Magnetick  Lady  "(licensed 
1632,  folio  1640),  "A  Tale  of  a  Tub " (licensed  16:i3,  folio 
1040),  "The  Sad  Shepherd,  etc."  (folio  1611),  etc.  Besides  ■^Y,„.], 
these,  he  wrote  a  number  of  "  Masciues,"  "  Entertain-  tb__  T«n«-i,  t<j»  j 
ments," and  poems:  among  the  latter  are  Included  "  Epi.  JOrg,  JOSOgn  XiOmiUna 
grammes  "  (I>ublisbcd  1616)  ami  "  The  Fiirest,"  w  hich  con- 
tains his  bcstsoniis,  etc.,  up  to  1616,  most  of  which  wcro 


subseiiuently  published  under  the  name  <)f  "  Under- 
wooils"  (his  own  tllle)  after  his  death  (1640),  The  lines  to 
the  memory  of  shakspere  iiretlxed  to  the  Shakspere  folio 


or  (erroneously)  Jomandes  (jor-nan'dez).  A 
Gothic  (Alan)  historian  and  ecclesiastic  of  the 
6th  century :  by  a  probably  erroneous  tradition, 
bishop  of  Kavenna.  He  wrote  (in  .'.61)  "De  Orlglne 
Getarum."  often  called  the  "Getica,"  a  history  of  the  Goths 
compiled  from  Cassiodorns  and  others,  and  "liesumatem- 
pornni  vel  orlglne  aclibusi|Uc  gentis  Komanorum,"  a  uni- 
versal chronicle-  The  su]iiKisilion  that  he  may  have  been 
bishop  of  Croton  iu  Italy  is  rejected. 

Jorg   (ytrii),  Johann   Christian   Gottfried. 

Born  at  Predel,near  Zeit/., Prussia, Dec.  24, 1779 : 
died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  20. 18.56.  A  German  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer,  noted  especiall  v  for  his 
bstetries. 

Born  at  Immenstadt, 

Bavaria,  Doe,  23,  1819:  died  at  Lnndshut,  Nov. 
18.  1901.     .\  Bavarian  iiltrainontiiiii'  politieian 


n6'2:i)  were"  Hrst  Included 'in  Jonson's  works  by  Gilbjrd.  JorgCnSOn  (.Vor'gi>n-son),  Jorgen 
lie  wrote  several  prose  work-s,  among  which  are  ■'""'  '  '"     ' '"    " 


Timber 
or  Discoveries  made  upon  .Men  and  .Matter,"  usually 
known  as  "Discoveries  (ItMl),  and  "The  English  (irnin" 
mar  made  by  Ben  Jonson  for  tlie  benellt  of  all  strangers' 
(1640),  etc     His  works  were  llrst  collect eil  In  a  foil,      " 


'{  which  the  llrst  volume,  revised  by  himself,  apiieared  it 
1616,  the  secon.l  KCH)  41.  Whalley  (17661  llrst  eillledhim, 
and  in  IKioGJItoril  brought  out  an  edition,  reprinted  by 

Cnrniliigham  in  l.s76. 

Jonzac  ( zhon-ziik'  I.  A  town  in  the  department 
iprciniitiilc-liil'ericure,  France, 45milesnorthof 
Uonli-nnx.     I'opiilalion  (1891), commune,  3,431. 

Joodpoor.     See  Joilliimv. 


and  historian.    His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte 
des  grosseii  Baiiernkriegs  "  (Ift'iO). 

Born  at  Co- 
pinliagen,  1779:  iliod  In  New  Sonlli  Wales  about 
ls,'ili.     .\  Danish  adventurer,  governor  ut  b'o- 
laiid  1S(I9. 
iiiion,  Jomandes.    See  Jordanes. 


ourt  at  Calcutta.     In  1784  he  fcnindeil  tlu 

Bengal  Asiatic  .Society.     He  was  the  llrst  Kngllsh  scholar  JoonpOOr.      See  JdlllijlKr 

to  master  .Sanskrit,  and  to  recognlite  Us  Importance  for  T^nlin  r<i4-n/i  ,,.'i;,.  u;t'i\     A  .nlninnnit.. ;»  T„„ 

comparative  philology.     In  1794  ho  began  a  complete  dl-  Joplin  City  (jop    in  sit  1).   A  minrngcity  in  Jas 
gest  of  Hindu  law  with  tin-  "Institutes  of  Hindu  Law,"     Per  (.  ouiitv,  southwestern  Missouri,  situated  in 
tolloweil  by  "Mohammedan  Law  of  Succession  "and  "Mo-     lat.  37°  3     N,,    long,  94°  35'   W 
hammcdan  Law  of  Inheritance."  (1900),  26  023. 

Jonesboro  (jonz'bur  o).     The  capital  of  Clay-  Joppa.     See  ./nffV/. 


ton  ('ounty,  Georgia   18  miles  south  of  Atlaula,  Joram  (.i"'rani),  or  Jehoram  (ie-ho'ram).   Kinc 

Here  Aug.  31,  1H64,  the  federals  nnibr  Howard  repulsed        f,  .^-i    ^ ...  ,,         ,       .  ,    ,,     , 

the  Confederates  uniler    Hardee,   with  a   Federal    b.s^    ,"'  Israel  S.)1-,H4.1  11.  c.  (  I liin.'ker),  son  of  .-\liab 


Jortin  (.ior'tiii),  John.  Bom  at  London.  Oct. 
23,  1698:  died  there,  Sept.  5,  1770.  An  English 
church  hislorian  ami  critic,  ills  father.  Heimlus 
Jortin,  was  a  linglienot  exile.  He  was  educated  at  Clinr- 
terhouse  and  at  Jesus  College,  Cambriilge,  where  he  gratl- 
uated  In  1719-  In  1749  he  was  Boyle  lecturer,  and  became 
archdeacon  of  Lomloii  In  171M,  llisrhief  worksare  "I.ustis 
poetlcl"  (1722),  "Life  of  Erasmus"  (17f>s),  and  ".Seniions 
and  Charges"  (1771 -72), 

Jorullo  (Ho-riiryo).  A  volcano  in  tlie  state  of 
Miilumcan.  Mexico.  160  miles  west  by  south  of 
Mo.xicii,  formed  in  17.59.  Height,  4,265  feet. 
Population  Jorundfjord  (yi-'riin-fyoni).  One  of  the  most 
noted  liorcls  in  Norway,  on  the  western  coast, 
southeast  of  .'\alesiind. 


Soi 


/t.irliiiim  and  Josaphot. 

, ^,_ ^ ^^__^^  ,  '  .fort'lin. 

of  1,149,  and  Confederate  loss  of  about  'J,(ioo.    Population  Joram,  or  Jehoram.     King  of  Judah  848-H44  Joscelyn,  "r  Josselin  (jos'e-lin),  John.     Born 
(1900),  877.  B.  c,  son  of  Jchoshaphat.  1529:  died  at  High  Koding,  Essex,  Dec.  28, 1603. 


Josaphat. 
Joscelin. 


Joscel3m 

One  of  the  earliest  students  of  Anglo-Saxon.  He 
graduated  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  Latin 
flecretai7  to  Parker,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (155S),  and 
at  his  suggestion  made  collections  of  Anglo-^axon  docu- 
ments, which  he  annotated. 

Josef^  (yo-sef  i),  Rafael.  Born  at  Presliurg, 
Hungary,  in  1852.  A  noted  Hungarian  pianist 
and  composer:  a  pupil  of  Tausig.  He  has  puh- 
lislif-d  a  number  of  pieces  for  the  pianoforte. 

Joseph  (jo'zef).  [Heb.,  of  doubtful  meaning: 
perhaps  from  a  verb '  to  add ';  Gr.  'lutrz/iji.  L.  Jose- 
phus,  F.  Joseph,  It.  Giuseppe,  Sp.  Jose,  Josef,  Pg. 
Jose,  Jo:e,  G.  Joseph. 1  The  sou  of  Jacob  and 
Rachel.  He  played  an  important  part  in  traditional  He- 
brew liistory  He  was  sold  by  his  brethren  as  a  slave  into 
Egypt,  where  he  became  prime  minister  and  the  progeni- 
tor of  two  Israelitish  tribes,  Ephraim  and  Manasseh.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition  his  sale  took  place  in  the  reign  of  the 
Hyksos  or  shepherd  king  Aphobis.     See  Apfiobis. 

Joseph.  The  husband  of  Mary  the  mother  of 
Jesus. 

Joseph  I.  Born  at  Vienna,  July  26,  167S:  died 
April  17,  1711.  German  emperor,  son  of  Leo- 
pold I.  He  w.as  crowned  king  of  Hungary  in  1689,  and 
of  the  Romans  in  IGOO,  and  succeeded  to  the  empire  in 
1705.  He  continued  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

Joseph  II.  Born  at  Vienna,  March  13,  1741 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  20, 1790.  German  empe- 
ror, son  of  Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa.  He 
was  crowned  king  of  the  Romans  in  1764  :  succeeded  to  the 
empire  in  1765  ;  became  co-regent  with  Slaria  Theresa  in 
the  Hapsburg  dominions  in  1765;  took  part  in  the  War  of 
the  Bavarian  Succession  177.S-79 ;  and  became  sole  ruler  in 
1780.  He  proclaimed  the  "Edict  of  Tolerance"  in  1781; 
abii]i>hed  serfdom  ;  and  joined  with  Russia  against  Tm'key 
in  17s8. 

Joseph,  King  of  Naples,  later  of  Spain.  See 
Boiiiiparte. 

Joseph,  Father  (Frangois  Leclerc  du  Trem- 
blay).  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  4,  1577:  died  at 
Eueil,  Dec.  IS,  1038.  A  Fi-ench  Capuchin  monk, 
confidential  agent  of  Kichelieu. 

Joseph  of  Arimathea.  A  rich  Israelite  who  ap- 
parently was  a  member  of  the  Sanhedi-imatthe 
time  of  the  crueifLxion.  He  was  afraid  to  confess  his 
belief  in  Jesus  Christ.  After  the  crucifixion,  however,  he 
went  and  begged  the  body  of  Jesus,  and  bui'ied  it  in  his 
own  tomb.  There  is  a  legend  that  he  was  imprisoned  for 
42  years,  which  seemed  but  3  to  him  on  account  of  the 
Holy  Grail  which  he  kept  with  him  in  prison;  and  that 
he  carried  the  Grail,  after  his  release  by  Vespasian,  to 
Britain,  where  he  built  the  abbey  of  Glastonbury.  There 
isan  lUliterative  English  romance  "Joseph  of  Arimathea," 
written  about  1350  (edited  by  Professor  Skeat  in  1871). 
Robert  dc  Borrou  composed  two  versions  of  a  "Legend  of 
Josepli  of  Arimathe;!,  or  The  Little  St.  Grail,"  in  verse  and 
in  prose,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Walter  Map,  who 
wrote  the  "Great  Saint  Grail"  from  them. 

Joseph   of  Exeter,   L.  Josephus    Iscanus. 

Flourished  about  1200.  A  native  of  Exeter,  one 
of  the  best  medieval  Latin  poets  in  England.  He 
resided  much  in  France,  and  in  1183  went  with  Archbishop 
Ba.dwin  on  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  returning  to  Eng- 
land in  1190.  His  chief  works  are  "De  Bello  Trojano"  in 
6  books,  "  Antiocheis,"  a  poem  on  the  third  Crusade, 
"Panegyricns  ad  Henricum." 
Joseph  Andrews  (jo'zef  an'di'oz).  The  title  of 
a  novel  by  Fielding,  published  in  1742,  and  the 
name  of  its  hero.  He  is  represented  as  a  young  foot- 
man of  great  beauty  wlio  maintains  his  uprightness  and 
chastity  through  a  long  series  of  trials.  The  most  promi- 
nent and  famous  character  in  the  book  is  that  of  the  curate 
Parson  Adams,  (^ee  Adams.)  The  book  (said  to  have  been 
suggested  by  the  "Paysan  Parvenu"  of  Marivaux)  was  at 
first  intended  to  be  merely  a  satire  on  Richardson's  "Pa- 
mela.' but  it  grew  as  its  author  worked  upon  it. 

Joseph  Bechor  Shor  (.jo'zef  be-ehor'  shor').  A 
Jewish  scholar  and  biblical  commentator  of  the 
12th  century,  in  the  north  of  France. 

Josephine  (jo'ze-fen)  (Marie  Josephe  Rose 
Tascher  de  la  Pagerie).  Born  at  Trois-llets, 
Martinique,  June  23,  lil)3:  died  at  Malmaison, 
near  Paris,  May  29,  1814.  .  First  wife  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  and  empress  of  the  French,  she  removed 
to  France  in  1778;  married,  Dec.  13,  1779,  the  S^icomte  de 
Beauharnais  (who  died  1791) :  and  liecame  the  wife  of  Na- 
poleon March  9. 1796.  She  was  crowned  empress  in  1804, 
and  was  divorced  in  1809. 

Josephstadt  (yo'zef-stat).  A  fortified  toTra  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Elbe  66 miles  east  by 
north  of  Prague.     Population  (1890),  6.097. 

Josephus  (J6-se'fus),  Flavins  (Jewish  name 
Joseph  ben  Matthias).  Born  37  a.  d.:  died 
about  95.  A  celebrated  Jewish  historian.  He 
was  of  illustrious  priestly  descent,  and  related  to  the  Mac- 
cabean  house.  A  visit  to  Rome  in  his  early  years  filled 
him  with  enthusiastic  admiration  forit  and  its  institutions. 
At  tlie  outbreak  of  the  Judeo-Roman  war  he  was  intrusted 
by  the  Sanhedrim  witll  the  governorship  of  Galilee,  and  as 
such  took  part  in  the  war  against  Rome.  But  he  weakened 
the  province  under  his  administration  by  sowing  discord  ; 
and  wlien  the  fortress  Jotapata,  after  a  most  heroic  resis- 
tance, was  taken  by  Vespasian,  he  managed  to  save  his 
own  life  after  the  remnant  of  the  besieged  had  died  by 
their  own  hands.  Vespasian,  glad  to  have  him  on  his  side 
as_  a  guide  and  adviser,  received  him  with  courtesy  and 
friendliness,  and  he  remained  with  Vespasian  and  Titus, 
following  them,  after  the  fall  of  his  people,  to  Rome,  and 
living  in  the  sunshine  of  their  favor.  He  received  large 
tracts  of  land  in  Judea  and  an  annual  pension,  and  adopted 


552 

the  name  of  Flavius  after  that  of  the  imperial  family.  In 
Rome  he  wrote  his  work  "The  Jewish  War, '  in  7  books, 
at  first  in  the  Syro-Chaldaic  tongue  and  afterward  in  Greek. 
His  "Antiquities  of  the  Jews,  "a  history  of  the  Jewish  peo- 
ple from  the  earliest  times  to  2Q  A.  D.,  in  20  books,  is  a  de- 
fense of  the  Jews  against  Apion,  and  his  own  autobiogra- 
phy. In  his  HTi  tings  he  displays  a  great  love  for  his  nation 
and  religion.  His  works  are  not  only  the  most  compre- 
hensive and  important  source  of  information  for  the  his- 
tory of  his  times,  but  also  are  distinguished  for  their  ex- 
cellent historical  style,  which  gained  for  him  the  title  of  a 
Hebrew  Li^-y.  He  died  under  Domitian,  and,  according  to 
some  intimations,  as  a  martjT  to  the  faith  of  his  race. 
Joshua  (josh'ii-ii).  [Heb.  Tehoshua,  whose  help 
is  Yahveh.  See  Jesus.J  The  successor  of  Moses 
as  leader  of  the  Israelites.  He  was  the  son  of  Nun, 
of  the  tribe  of  Ephraim,  and  was  one  of  the  two  spies  who 
reported  favorably  of  Canaan.  He  was  an  attendant  of 
Moses,  who  designated  him  as  his  successor.  He  led  the 
nation  into  the  land  of  promise,  and  was  their  captain  in 
the  wars  that  resulted  in  their  peaceful  occupation  of  it. 
The  book  that  bears  his  name  consists  mainly  of  an  account 
of  the  settlement  of  the  Israelites  in  Canaan.  It  is  of 
composite  structure. 

Josiall(jo-si'a).  [Heb., 'Yahveh  heals.T  King 
of  Judah  640^609  b.  c.  (Duneker),  son  of  Amon. 
He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Pharaoh-Necho  at  the  battle 
of  Megiddo  in  the  valley  of  Esdraelon.  (  2  Ki.  xxii.-xxiv.  30, 
and2Chron.  xxxiv.-xxxv.)  He  brought  about  important  re- 
forms, destrojing  all  forms  of  idolatrous  worship.  It  was 
under  his  reign  that  the  priest  Hilkiah  found  the  book  of 
the  law.     .See  Deuteronomy. 

Josika  (yo'she-ko).  Baron  Miklos.  Born  at 
Torda,  Transylvania,  April  28,  1796:  died  at 
Dresden,  Feb.  27, 1865.  A  Hungarian  historical 
novelist.  Among  his  chief  novels  are  "Abafl"  ps36), 
"The  Poet  Zrinyi"  (1840),  "The  Last  BAtory"  (1838),  "The 
Bohemians  in  Hungary  "  (1840),  "A  Hungarian  Family  dur- 
ing the  Revolution"  (1861),  "The  Family  Mailly"  (1852) 
"Esther"  (1853). 

Josippon.  The  title  of  a  history,  in  Hebrew, 
which  originated  in  the  10th  century  in  Italy, 
and  which  the  author  (under  the  pseudonym 
Joseph  ben  Gorion)  claims  to  be  a  free  trans- 
lation of  Josephus's  historical  works.  The  his- 
torical events  are  mingled  with  legends  and  tiiles  which 
the  author  has  drawn  from  the  rabbinical  literature, 
Hegesippus,  the  oldest  compendium  of  the  authentic 
Josephus,  and  the  patristic  writings.  It  was  written  in 
a  kind  of  poetical  prose,  and  was  a  great  favorite  with  the 
Jewish  people  ;  it  has  been  translated  into  many  languages. 

Jos(iuin(zhos-kaii')orJosseDesprez(c",a-pra'). 

or  De  Pres  (de  pra),  Latinized  to  Jodocus  a 
Pratis  (j6-d6'kus  a  pra'tis),  or  a  Prato,  or 
Pratensis  (pra-ten'sis).  Born  at  or  near  St.- 
Quentin,  Hainault,  about  1450:  died  at  Cond^, 
Hainault,  Aug.  27, 1.521.  A  celebrated  Flemish 
composer,  "one  of  the  greatest  masters  of  the 
Netherland  school,"  author  of  masses,  numerous 
motets,  etc. 

Josse  (zhos),  Monsieur.  A  jeweler  in  Molifere's 
"L' Amour  medecin."  -when  asked  how  to  cure  a 
love-sick  lady  he  recommends  jewelry  at  once ;  hence  the 
sarcastic  phrase  "  Vous  6tes  orf^vre,  M.  Josse"  ('You  are 
a  jeweler,  Mr.  Josse')  —  that  is,  j'ou  advise  others  for  your 
own  benefit. 

Josselin(zhos-lan').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  on  the  Oust  23 
miles  northeast  of  Vannes.  The  castle,  a  seat  of  the 
Rohan  family,  and  the  former  abode  of  the  Connetablede 
Clisson,  is  a  fine  medieval  stronghold  with  lofty  walls  over- 
topped by  cylindrical,  conical-roofed  towers.  The  interior 
front,  in  the  Flamboyant  of  the  end  of  the  Pointed  style,  is 
highly  picturesque,  with  gables,  canopied  windows,  open- 
work parapets,  and  flaming  tracery. 

Jost  (yost),  Isaak  Markus.  Born  at  Bernbiu'g, 
Germany,  Feb.  22,  1793:  died  at  Frankf ort-on- 
the-Main,  Nov.  25,  1860.  A  German-Hebrew 
historian,  teacher  in  Berlin  and  later  (1835) 
in  Frankfort.  He  wrote  "Geschichte  der  Israeliten" 
(1820-29:  "Neuere  Geschichte  der  Israeliten,"  1846-47), 
"  Geschichte  des  Judentums  und  seinerSekten  "  (1857-59), 
etc. 

Jotapata  (j6-ta-pa'ta).  A  fortress  on  the  mod- 
ern hill  Tel  .lefat  in  Galilee.  During  the  Judeo- 
Roman  war  it  was  held  by  Josephus.  Forced  by  want  of 
food  and  water  to  surrender  to  Vespasian,  the  garrison  re- 
tired to  a  cavern  and  died  by  their  own  hands,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  general,  .Tosephus,  and  one  other. 

Jotham  (jo'tham).  King  of  Judah  740-734  B.  c. 

J6tunheim(ye''t6n-hlm).  [ON.  Jdtunheimr:  Jd- 
tiinn,  giant,  and  heimi;  world.]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  realm  of  the  giants:  also  called 
Utgard(ON.  ftijardhr),  the  outerworld.  It  was 
conceived  to  be  situated  in  the  extreme  north. 

Jotunheim  (yo'ton-him).  A  mountain  region 
in  Norway,  about  lat.  ^°  30'  N.  it  cont.ains  the 
highest  summits  in  the  counffy,  Galdhoppigen  (8,400  feet) 
and  Glittertind. 

Joubert  (zho-bar'),  Barthelemy  Catherine. 

Born  at  Pont-de-Vaux,  Ain,  France,  April  14. 
1769:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Novi,  Italy,  Aug. 
15,  1799.  A  French  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  TjTol  in  1797,  and  in  Piedmont  in  1798,  and  suc- 
ceeded Moreau  in  Italy  in  1799. 
Joubert,  Joseph.  Born  at  Montignae,  P^rigord, 
May  6,  1754 :  died  at  Paris,  May  4,  1824.  A 
French  moralist  and  man  of  letters.  Extracts 
from  his  manuscripts,  uuder  the  title  "Pens^es,"  were 


Jovellanos 

edited  by  Chateaubriand,  and  later  (1842),  under  the  title 
"Pens^es,  maximes,  et  correspondance."  by  Paul  Kayni. 

Joueur  (zho-er'),  Le.  A  eomedv  bv  Kegnard, 
produced  in  1696.  JLrs.  Centlivre's  '-"Gamester" 
was  adapted  fi-om  it. 

JouflEroy  (zho-frwa'),  Theodore  Simon.  Born 
at  Pontets,  Doubs,  France,  Julv  7,  1796:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  4,  1842.  A  noted  French  philo- 
sophical writer,  a  pupil  of  Cousin,  professor  at 
various  institutions  in  Paris,  and  after  1888  li- 
brarian of  the  university.  He  translated  Dougald 
Stewart  and  Reid,  and  wrote  "Melanges  philosophiques " 
(1833),  "Corns  de  droit  naturel"  (1835),  etc 

Jougne  (zhony),  Col  de.  A  pass  over  the  Jura, 
onthebordersof  Vaud,  Switzerland,  and  Doubs, 
France,  connecting  Lausanne  with  Pontarlier. 

Joule  (jol),  James  Prescott.  Bora  at  Salford, 
England,  Dec.  24,  1818 :  died  at  Sale,  Oct.  11, 
1889.  An  English  physicist,  noted  for  his  re-  .. 
searches  in  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat.  \ 
His  paper  on  "Electro-Magnetic  Forces"  (1840)  describes  ' 
one  of  the  earliest  known  attempts  to  measure  an  electric 
current  by  a  definite  unit.  In  a  paper  "On  the  Production 
of  Heat  by  Voltaic  Electricity  "  (1840)  he  first  announced 
the  law  "that  when  acurrent  of  voltaic  electricity  is  prop- 
agated along  a  metallic  conductor,  the  heat  evolved  in  a 
given  time  is  proportional  to  the  resistance  of  the  con- 
ductor nmltiplied  by  the  square  of  the  electric  intensity." 
This  discovery  was  largely  suggested  by  Ohm's  "  Die  pd- 
vanische  Kette"  (1827).  In  a  paper  (1843)  "  On  the  Heat 
Evolved  during  the  Electrolysis  of  Water,"  he  demonstrated 
that  the  mechanical  and  heating  powers  of  the  current 
are  proportional  to  each  other.  These  discoveries  led  to 
a  long  series  of  experiments  on  the  equivalence  of  heat 
and  energy,  which  occupied  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
a  paper  "On  the  Calorific  Effects  of  Magnetic  Electricity 
and  the  Mechanical  Value  of  Heat  "  (1843)  it  is  stated  that 
"  the  quantity  of  heat  capable  of  increasing  the  tempera- 
ture of  a  pound  of  water  by  one  degree  of  Fahrenheit's 
scale  is  equal  to  ...  a  mechanic^  force  capable  of 
raising  838  pounds  to  a  perpendicular  height  of  one  foot" 
Joule  made  his  final  experiments  in  1S7S.  and  the  physical 
constant  was  determined  to  be  772..55  foot-pounds. 

Jourdain  (zhor-dan'),  Alfonse,  Count  of  Tou- 
louse. Born  in  Syria,  1103:  died  at  Acre,  Pales- 
tine, 1148.  Euler  of  the  greater  part  of  southern 
France  112.5-48. 

Jourdain,  Monsieur.  In  Molifere's  "  Le  bour- 
geois gentilhomme,''  a  good,  plain  citizen,  con- 
sumed with  a  desire  to  pass  for  a  perfect  gentle- 
man. To  this  end  he  endeavors  to  educate  not  only  him- 
self but  all  his  family.  His  astonishment  at  learning  that 
he  had  been  talking  prose  all  his  life  has  passed  into  a 
proverb. 

Jo'urdan  (zhor-don'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste. 

Born  at  Limoges,  France,  April  29. 1762 :  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23, 1833.  A  French  mar.shal.  Hewas 
distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  1702-93 ;  became  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  north  ;  defeated  the  Austriaug 
at  Wattignies  Oct.  16,  1793,  and  at  Flenrus  June  26,  1794; 
was  victorious  at  Aldenhoven  ;  was  defeated  at  Hbchst 
Oct.  11,  1795 ;  was  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Sambre 
and  Mense ;  was  defeated  at  Amberg  Aug.  24,  and  WUrz- 
burg  Sept.  3, 1796 ;  was  commander  of  the  armyof  the  Dan- 
ube, and  was  defeated  at  Ostrach  March  21.  and  Stockach 
March  25,  1799;  was  made  governor  of  Piedmont  in  ISCK), 
and  marshal  in  1804 ;  and  attended  Joseph  Bonaparte  in 
Naples  and  Spain. 

Journey  to  London,  A.  The  name  given  by 
Vanbrugh  to  the  unfinished  comedy  afterward 
completed  by  Cibber  and  called  "The  Provoked 
Husband"  (produced  in  1728). 

Jou'venet  (zhov-na'),  Jean.  Bom  at  Rouen, 
Franco,  Aug.  21,  1(547:  died  at  Paris,  April  5, 
1717.  AFrench historical  painter.  Amonghischief 
works  are  "Descent  from  the  Cross."  "Esther  before  Aha- 
suerus,"  "Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes." 

Jou'vet  (zho-va'),  or  Jo'7et  (zho-va').  A  peak 
of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastern  France, 
east  of  Moutiers,  noted  for  its  view.  Height, 
8.410  feet. 

Joux  (zho).  Fort  de.  A  fortress  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Doubs,  France,  3  miles  south-southeast 
of  Pontarlier.  Mirabeau  was  imprisoned  here 
1775,  and  Toussaint  Louverture  died  here  1803. 

Joux,  Lac  de.  A  lake  on  the  borders  of  France 
and  Switzerland,  in  the  Val  de  Joux.  Its  outlet 
is  the  Orbe.     Length.  5  miles. 

Joux,  Val  de.  A  valley  in  the  Jura,  in  Vaud, 
Switzerhiud,  on  the  border  of  the  departments 
of  Doubs  flnd  Jura.  France,  traversed  by  the 
Orbe  and  the  Lac  de  .Joux. 

Jouy  (zho-e'), Victor  Joseph  Etienne  (called 
de  Jouy).  Boimat  Jouy,  nearVersaillesJrance, 
1764  (1769f^:  died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
France,  Se]it.  4,  1846.  A  French  dramatist  and 
man  of  letters.  Among  his  numerous  writings  are  "  Er- 
mitede  la  Chauss6e  d'Antin,  ou  observations  surles  moeurs 
et  les  usages  francais  an  commencement  du  dix-neuvieme 
sifecle  "  (1S12-14X  librettos,  comedies,  tragedies,  etc. 

Jo'va.    See  Opnta. 

Jove  (jov).     See  Jupiter  and  Zeus. 

Jovellanos  (no-vel-ya'nos),  or  Jove-Llanos, 
Gaspar  Melchor  de.  Born  at  Gijon,  Asturias, 
Spain,  Jan.  5,  1744:  died  in  Asturias,  Nov.  27, 
1811.     A  Spanish  statesman,  poet,  and  man  of 


Jovellanos 

letters.  He  wrote  the  comedy  "  El  delincuente  honrado  " 
("The  Honest  Criminal"),  the  tragedy  "Pelayo,"  prose 
works  on  politics  and  political  economy,  etc. 

Jovellanos  (Ho-vel-ya'nos),  Salvador.  Born  at 

Asuncion,  1833.  A  Paraguayan  statesman.  Driven 
out  of  the  country,  heest.-iblished  himself  in  the  Argentine 
Republic,  anti  in  1865  joined  the  allied  army  against  Lopez. 
At  the  enti  of  the  war  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  pro- 
visional government,  and  a  new  constitution  having  been 
adopted,  he  was  elected  president  in  Oct..  1871,  serving  from 
Dec.  12, 1871,  to  Nov.  25, 1874.  With  him  began  the  regen- 
eration of  Paraguay. 

Jovial  Crew,  A,  or  the  Merry  Beggars.    A 

comedy  b.v  Richard  Brome,  produced  in  1641, 
printed  in  1652. 

Jovian.     See  Jovionus. 

Jovianus  (j6-\-i-a'nus),  Flavius  Claudius. 
Born  about  332:  died  at  Dadastana.  Bitlivnia, 
Feb.  17,  304.  Emperor  of  Romt>  3G3-364.  lie  was 
elevated  by  the  army  on  the  death  of  .Tnlian  the  Apostate 
during  a  catnpaign  againstPersia.andpurch.isedthe  retreat 
of  himself  and  his  army  by  ceding  to  the  Persian  king  all 
the5  Roman  provinces  beyond  the  Tigris.  The  chief  event 
of  his  reign  was  the  publication  of  an  edict  restoring  Chris- 
tianity to  the  privileges  granted  by  Coustantine  the  Great. 

Jovius.    See  Gioiio. 

Jowett  Ciou'et),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Camber- 
ivoll,  London,  1.S17 :  died  Oct.  1, 1893.  A  noted 
Enfrlish  classical  scholar,  regius  professor  of 
Greek  at  Oxford,  and  master  of  BalUol  Collej:ce. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  vice-chancellor  of  the  university. 
His  works  include  "The  Dialogues  of  Plato  translated  into 
['.iiu'lisb,  with  Analyses  and  Inti-oductions  "  (1871.  3d  ed. 
la  <-),  a  translation  uf  Thuc>dides(18iil),  and  a  translation 
of  the  "Politics"  of  Aristotle  (188.^).  In  1S60  he  was  tried 
and  acquitted  before  the  chancellor's  court  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  on  a  charge  of  heresy. 

Jowf  (jouf),  or  Djof.  A  town  and  oasis  in 
Arabia,  about  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  40°  E. 

Joyce's  Country  (jois'ezkun'tri).  Adistrictof 
County  Galway,  Ireland,  lying  north  of  Conne- 
mara. 

Joyeuse  (zhwii-yez').  The  sword  of  Charle- 
magne. 

Joyeuse  Garde  (zhwii-yez'  gard).  La,  or  La 
Garde  Joyeuse.  In  medieval  romance,  the  cas- 
tle of  Lancelot  of  the  Lake.  It  was  given  to  him 
by  Arthur  for  his  defense  of  the  queen's  honor  in  a  con- 
flict with  .^irMador  who  had  accused  her  of  poisoning  his 
brother.  The  name  was  changed  from  Dolorous  Garde,  or 
La  Garde  Douloureuse,  in  honor  of  his  victory.  Itis  thought 
to  have  stood  at  Berwick-upon-Tweed. 

Berwick,  but  for  the  dulness  within  its  walla,  seems 

almost  as  worthy  of  being  called  Joyeuse  Garde  as,  both 

from  its  real  and  romance  history  of  siege,  conquest,  and 

reconquest,  it  is  of  being  remembered  as  Dolorous  Garde. 

Stuart  Glcnnie,  Arthurian  Localities,  III.  L 

J.  S.  of  Dale.  The  jtseudonym  of  F.  J.  Stimson. 

Juan  (Hi)-;in').     Sjianish  form  of  John. 

Juan,  Don.    See  Don  Juan. 

Juan,  Don.     See  John  of  Austria. 

Juana.     See  Joanna. 

Juana.or  Juanna(Ho-an'nii).  [Named  in  honor 
of  Prince  Juan,  the  son  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella.] The  name  given  by  Columbus  in  1492 
to  Cuba.  After  his  death  it  was  changed,  by  the  king's 
desire,  to  Feriiandina,  and  both  names  appear  in  some 
old  books  and  maps.     They  were  soon  abandoned. 

Juan  de  Arpli  (no-Un'  da  ar'ple).  Born  at  Leon 
about  I'j.S.") :  died  at  Madrid  about  tlie  beginning 
of  the  17th  century.  A  Spani.sli  goldsnnth,  the 
most  celebrated  member  of  a  numerous  family 
of  goldsmiths:  the  Spanish  Cellini.  Philip II. 
appointed  him  assayer  of  money  at  the  Segovia.  lie  left 
various  writings  on  orfevrerie,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 

Juan  de  Fuca  (.i'i'an  de  f  a'kil ;  8p.  pron.  Ilo-iiu' 
da  fti'ka),  or  Fuca,  Strait  or.  A  sea  pas- 
sage separating  Vancouver  Island  from  Wash- 
ington, and  connecting  the  I'acilie  Ocean  with 
the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  with  Admiralty  Inlet 
and  Puget  Sound. 

Juan  Fernandez  (llo-iin'  fer-niin'deth).  1.  An 
island  lirlniigiug  toCliile,  .situated  in  tlie  South 
Pacilic  in  lat.  33°  3.S'  S.,  long.  78°  .'53'  W.  The 
surface  is  rocky  and  mountainous.  It  was  discovered  by 
a  Spaniard,  .Juan  Fernandez,  about  l.W:* ;  was  a  resort  of 
buc.aneers  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries;  and  is  f.-nnoua 
for  the  solitary  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk  17o.t-*i!). 
Also  called  Mnit  a  Tirrnt.  Area,  36  sqiniro  miles. 
2.  A  grimi)  including  the  above  isltind,  Mas  a 
Fuera  (100  miles  west  of  it),  and  tlie  islet  of 
Santa  Clai'a.  Total  area,  72  sipuire  miles.  The 
popiilatiou  is  very  small. 

Juarez  (iio-il'reth),  Benito  Pablo.  Born  at 
Guelatao,  Oajaea,  March  21,  ISOti:  died  at  Mex- 
ico, July  18,  1872.  A  Mexican  liberal  politi- 
cian, of  pm-e  Indian  blood.  Unnished  by  Santa 
Anna  in  18.''i3,  he  rcturneil  in  185:i,  was  minlsler  of  Justice 
under  Alvarez,  ami  in  18.^>7  was  elected  jiresident  of  the 
supreme  court  and  vice-president  of  Mexico.  ,.\fter  tlio 
fall  of  Comonfort  (.Jan.,  IS.SS),  he  became  president  by  sinv 
cession,  but  the  reacliordsts  had  selzeil  the  governnient, 
and  .luarez  triinnpheil  ovci'  them  (Dec,  isdii)  only  after 
a  civil  war.  lie  was  regularly  elected  president  .March, 
1S61.  The  invasion  of  Mexico  by  the  French,  F.nglish, 
and  Spanish  ostensibly  in  support  of  foreign  bondliolilers 
(Dec,  18G1),  ended   in   the  occupation  of  .Mexico  by  the 


553 

French  (June,  1863),  and  the  proclamation  of  an  empire 
under  Maximilian.  .Tuarez  was  driven  U>  the  northern 
frontier,  but  on  the  withdrawal  of  the  French  army  (Jan., 
1867)  quickly  regained  strength,  and  Maximilian  was  cap- 
tured and  shot.  Juarez  entered  Mexico,  and  was  reelected 
president  Aug.,  1867.  Revolts  continued,  and,  though  he 
was  again  elected  in  1871,  the  northern  states  were  in  in- 
surrection when  he  died.  ^ 

Juarez  Celman  (siil-miin'),  Miguel.    Bom  at 

Cordoba,  Sejit.  29,  1844.  An  Argentine  politi- 
cian of  the  liberal  party.  He  became  president  Oct. 
12, 1886,  but  was  forced  to  resign  Aug.  6, 18!)U,  by  a  revolu- 
tion brought  on  by  the  financial  panic  of  that  year. 

Juarros  (no-ar'ros),  Domingo.  Born  at  Guate- 
mala city,  1752:  died  tliere,  1820.  A  Central 
American  priest  and  historian.  He  wrote  "His- 
toria  de  la  Ciudad  do  Guatemala  "  (2  vols.  1808-lS).  There 
is  an  abridged  English  translation  by  John  Bailey,  entitled 
"Statistical  and  Commercial  History  of  Guatemala"  (Lon- 
don, 1823).  The  work  is  important  for  the  history  ol  Cen- 
tral America. 

Juba  (jo'bii).  A  large  river  in  Africa,  which 
flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  near  the  equator. 
Now  jiroved  not  to  be  the  Omo. 

Juba  (,io'ba)  I.  Committed  suicide, 46  B.C.  King 
of  Numidia,  and  an  allj-  of  Pompey.  He  defeat- 
ed the  Caesareans  under  Curio  in  49,  and  was 
defeated  at  Thapsus  in  46. 

Juba  II.  Died  about  19  A.  D.  Son  of  Juba  I., 
made  king  of  Nnmidia  about  30  B.  c,  and  trans- 
feiTed  to  Mauretania  in  25  B.  c.  He  was  noted 
as  a  historical  and  general  writer. 

Jubal  (jo'bal).  According  to  Genesis,  a  son  of 
Lamech  by  Adah,  and  the  inventor  of  stringed 
and  wind  instruments. 

Jubbulpore.     See  Jabalpur. 

Juby  (ji)' be),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  western  coast 
of  ^Vfrica,  south  of  Morocco. 

J'UCar  (Ho'kiir).  A  river  of  eastern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Mediterranean  25  miles  south  by 
east  of  Valencia.     Length,  about  250  miles. 

Jucunas  (zho-ko-nas').  A  tribe  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians,  on  the  river  Japurtl  near  the  con- 
fines of  Brazil  and  Colombia.  They  are  of  tbe 
Arawak  linguistic  stock. 

Judaea.     See  Judca. 

Judah  (jo'dji).  [Heb.,  'praised';  Gr.  'IMa;, 
rarely  'loMa"  Judas.]  1.  One  of  the  Hebrew 
patriarchs,  the  fourth  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. — 
2.  The  most  powerful  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Is- 
rael. Its  teiTitory  was  bounded  by  Dan  and  Benjamin  on 
the  north,  the  Dead  .Sea  and  Idiunea  on  the  east,  Idumea 
and  Simeon  on  the  south,  and  tlic  Mediterranean  (nomi- 
nally) on  the  west.  It  was  suh.lix  idi-ii  into  the  districts  of 
the  mountain  or  hill  countrj',  the  wilderne-ss,  thesoutl),  and 
the  lowland. 

Judah  I.,  known  as  "  The  Prince"  (,ha-Xa»i),  or 
"The  Holy"  (ha-Qadosh).  Flourished  190-220 
A.  D.  The  seventh  patriarcli  and  president  of 
the  Sanhedrim  in  succession  from  Ilillel.  He 
resided  first  in  Tiberias,  afterward  in  Sepphoris,  and  was, 
accordingtoatradition,  on  friendly  terms  with  the  emperor 
Antoninus.  The  principal  work  of  his  life  consisted  in  the 
compiling  of  the  thousands  of  decisions  (halachoth  :  seo 
llalacha)  of  the  teachers  of  the  law,  which  lie  arranged 
according  to  subjects  and  redacted  as  the  Mishna  (which 
see)  in  6  orders  or  classes,  each  comprising  the  regulationa 
of  a  certain  branch  of  religious  or  social  life. 

Judah  II.  Patriarcb about  225  A.  D.,  grandson 
of  .ludjih  T.  lie  moderated  many  laws  bearing  on  the 
relation  of  Jews  to  lirathcn,  and,  according  to  a  tradition, 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  the  emperor  Alexander  Sevcrus. 

Judah,  Kingdom  of.  Tlio  southern  kingdom  of 
the  Jews,  cuini)rising  the  tribesJudah  and  Ben- 
jamin. The  northern  kingdoni  of  Israel  seceded  from 
it  in  the  reign  of  Rehol)oani  (about  053  ii.  c).  Among  its 
kings  were  Jelioshai)hat,  Joasli,  Uzziah,  llezekiah,  anil 
Josiah.  It  was  overthrown  in  .'i80  IJ.  c.  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar, who  carried  many  of  the  people  to  IJabylon. 

Judah  ha  Levi  (.iij'dil  hil  la've).  Born  about 
10.S5:  died  aliout  1140.  A  Spanish-.Tewish  poet 
anil  ]ihysiei:iii,  in  liim  the  Jewish-Spanish  remiissaiico 
of  pocti-y  rcailiiil  ils  Iiriv'bt  of  iieifection  of  form  and  iki. 
bility  and  Infliiirss  of  sutijeit -matter,  of  his  works  there 
survive  more  than  800  secular  iioeins,  ntid  more  than  300 
religious  poems.  He  was  also  the  author  of  an  npido- 
getical  woT-k  in  Arabic,  "  The  Book  of  Argumentation  atid 
Demonstration  for  the  Iiefenseof  the  Oppressed  Religion." 
better  known  by  the  title  of  the  llelu'cw'  translation.  "  Cho. 
zari."  According  to  a  tradition  heundi-rtouk  a  pilgrimage 
to.lcrtisalem,  and  was  there  tnunpled  to  death  by  a  Saracen 
rider. 

Judas  (.iii'daH),  surnamed  "TlieGaulouite,"  or 
"The  Galileitn."  A  Jewish  popular  lcii(h>r  in 
the  revolt  against  the  census  under  the  prefect 
Quiriiius. 

The  sect  of  Judas  the  Gaulonitc,  or,  as  he  was  called,  the 
Galilean,  nniv  bo  considered  the  lineal  inheritors  of  that 
mingled  spirit  of  national  independence  and  orreligious 
enthusiasm  which  had  in  early  days  won  the  glorioustri- 
umidi  of  frceiliitn  from  the  Syro-Grcclan  kings,  and  had 
maintained  a  stern  thougli  secret  resistjuice  to  the  later 
Asmoneans,  and  to  the  Idumean  dynasty.  Just  beforetho 
death  of  Herod,  it  hail  iiidueeil  the  six  thousand  Pharisees 
to  refuse  the  oath  of  allegianee  to  the  king  ami  to  his  Im- 
pi'rial  protector,  and  had  probably  been  tlie  secret  ineite- 
nient  in  the  other  acts  of  resistance  to  the  royal  authority. 
,ludas  the  Galilean  openly  proclaimed  the  unlawfulness, 


Judson 

the  impiety,  of  God's  people  submitting  to  a  foreign  yoke, 
and  thus  acknowledging  the  subordination  of  the  Jewish 
theocracy  to  the  empire  of  Rome. 

ilUinan,  Hist  of  Christianity,  I.  14L 

Judas  Iscariot  (jo'dasis-kar'i-ot).  [Heb.  (see 
Judah);  Gv.'loi6ag  'lanaiiiuTTig.  The  surname 
Iscariot  is  from  Krriolh  in  Judah.]    One  of  the 

twelve  apostles,  the  betrayer  of  Jesus. 
Judas  Maccabaeus  (j''''las"mak-a-be'us).  Died 
KJO  B.  c.  The  second  of  the  five' sons  of  Matta- 
thias  the  Ilasmonean.  He  succeeded  his  father  in 
1G6  as  commander  and  leader  in  the  struggle  against  An- 
tiuchus  Epiphanes.  In  Ihebattles  at  Bethhoronand  Beth- 
ziir  (soiitli  iif  .lerusalem)  he  gained  adecisive  victory  over 
the  Syiians,  and  on  the  iStb  Chisleu  (December),  164,  he 
entered  .lerusalem  and  reconsecrated  the  temple  ;  in  mem- 
ory of  this  event  the  feast  of  dedication  (hanukah)  w.as 
instituted.  Later  he  fought  many  battles,  and  at  last  fell 
in  an  encotuiter  with  the  Syrians'under  Baccbides. 

Judas  Maccabaeus.  A  n  oratorio  by  Handel,  pro- 
duced  in  London  1747. 

Judd  (jud).  Sylvester.  Bom  at  Westhampton, 
Mass.,  July  23,  1S13  :  died  at  Augusta,  Maine, 
Jan.  20,  1853.  An  .\merican  Unitarian  clergy- 
man and  author.  His  chief  work  is  the  ro- 
mance "Margaret"  (1845). 

Jude  (jod),  or  Judas,  Saint.  [Heb.:  seeJ«dah.'\ 
One  of  the  twelve  apo.stles.  probably  identical 
with  Thailileus  atid  Lebliieus  (doubtless  a  cor- 
ruption of  Tliaddius).  There  are  no  trustwor- 
tliy  traditions  concerning  him. 

Jude,  Epistle  of.  A  book  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, written,  not  by  the  apostle  Jude,  but  pos- 
sibly by  a  brother  of  Jesus.  He  describes  himself 
as  a  "brother  of  James,"  by  whom  the  brother  of  Jesus 
may  be  meant.  But  both  authorship  and  date  are  un- 
certain. 

Judea,  or  Judaea  (jo-de'ii).  {L.  Judaea.  Gr. 
'lov^aia,  f  rom 'loDiSaiof ,  Jew,  fTom'hii<hr,  Judah.] 

1.  The  southern  division  of  Palestine  in  the 
Roman  period,  lying  south  of  Samaria  and  west 
of  the  Jordan  and  Dead  Sea,  sometimes,  how- 
ever, including  territoiy  east  of  the  Jordan. — 

2.  An  occasional  name  of  the  land  of  the  Jews, 
or  of  Palestine. 

Judea,  Kingdom  of.    See  Judah. 

Judenburg  (yo'den-borc).  A  town  in  StjTia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Mur  36  miles 
west  by  north  of  Gratz.  Population  (1890), 
commmie,  4,642. 

Judges,  Book  of.  [Heb.  io/eWm.]  A  book  of  the 
Old  Testament:  so  named  because  it  gives  an 
account  of  the  history  of  Israel  under  the  rule 
of  a  series  of  leaders  called  judges,  it  describes 
the  transition  period  between  the  conquest  of  CaHaan  and 
the  growth  of  a  strong,  stable  government.  "The  judge  w  as 
chieftain  in  ancient  Semitic  connnunities,  and  the  chief, 
of  whatever  title,  always  exercised  juridical  functions. 
The  ancient  Carthaginians  called  their  rulers  by  the  same 
name,  suffetes.  The  most  famous  judges  were  Deborah 
and  Barak,  Gideon,  Jephthah,  Samson,  Eli,  and  Samuel. 
According  to  its  own  chronology,  tlie  book  covers  a  period 
of  410  years,  but  there  are  many  dilticultics  in  the  way  of 
the  acceptance  of  this  number. 

Judgment  of  Paris,  The.  1.  A  painting  by  Ru- 
bens, in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  three  god- 
desses, accompanied  by  their  attributes,  and  more  or  less 
conipletely  undraped,  stand  in  the  foreground  of  a  wood- 
land. Paris  sits  on  a  stone  holding  the  apple,  with  Mer- 
cury at  his  elbow  ottering  advice.  This  is  the  original  of 
the  i)ainting  iu  the  National  Gallerj-,  London. 
2.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  National  Galr 
lory,  London.  Mercury  olTers  counsel  to  Paris,  who  is 
seated  on  a  rock,  in  shepherd's  costume  :  opposite  stand  the 
three  goddesses,  more  or  less  undraped. 

Judith  (.jo'dith).  An  Early  English  poem,  prob- 
ably of  the  7th  century,  lirst  printed  in  1698. 

In  the  same  manuscript,  which  contains  the  only  known 
copy  of  "  Beowulf,"  is  a  fragment  —  about  a  fourth  part  — 
of  another  First-English  poem,  its  theme  being  the  Bible 
story  of  Judith.  Professor  Stephens  infers,  not  only  from 
its  gemiine  poetic  force,  but  fliun  its  use  of  a  variation  in 
the  number  of  accents  marking  cinniges  of  emotion,  a 
device  found  nowhere  else  in  First-English  except  in 
Ca'dmon's  Paraphrase,  that  the  shaping  ^if  this  poem  Is  to 
be  ascribed  to  Cicdmon.    Morlfij,  Knglisli  Writers,  II.  180. 

Judith.     The  name  of  (he  heroine  of  the  Book 

of  .Tiiililli  (which  see). 
Judith,  Book  of.  One  of  the  apocr\-i>hal  books 
of  tlio  I  Hd  'reslninent.  It  Is  a  historical  romance 
dating  from  the  .Maccabean  period  (proliably  from  about 
12!)  It.  o),  and  was  apparently  written  in  Hebrew.  Tlio 
original  text  is  no  loiigerextant ;  it  exists  at  present  in  two 
distinct  recensions,  the  Greek  and  the  Latin.  The  hero- 
ine Ik  mnned  Judith  (whence  the  name  of  the  book),  luid 
is  represented  as  a  milive  of  Itethulia.  In  order  to  de- 
liver her  native  city,  which  Is  besieged  l>y  Holofcrnes,  a 
general  of  the  King  of  the  Assyrians,  she  entera  the  As- 
syrian camp  under  the  pretense  of  wishing  to  betray  the 
city,  gains  admission  to  the  general'stent  llirough  her  ex- 
traordinary beauty,  and  slays  him  In  his  drunken  sleep, 

Judson  (jud'son).  Adoniram.  Born  at  Maiden, 
Mass.,  .Vug.  y,'  1788:  died  at  sea,  April  12,  1.8.50. 
All  American  Baptist  missionary.  He  settled  In 
Burma  in  181:1.  He  Iranslaled  the  Bible  Into  Burmese  In 
18:i6.  and  wrote  a  Burmese-English  dictionary. 


Jnel 

Jnel  (yo'ell.  Niels.  Bom  at  Copenhagen.  Mav 
8,  1629:  dicil  at  Copenhagen,  April  8,  1607.  A 
Danish  admiral,  distinguished  in  the  war 
against  Sweden  1675-77. 

Juggernaut  (jug'er-nat).  [A  corruption  of  the 
Skt.  •Jaguiinutha.  Lord  of  the  world.]  A  name 
of  Vishnu  or  Kiishna,  and  also  of  Rama  and 
Dattatreya,  both  incarnations  of  Vishnu.  He  is 
worshiped'elsewhere  in  India,  but  the  Jugannath  festival 
at  Puri,  near  Cuttack  in  Oiissa,  is  especially  celebrated. 
Its  special  feature  is  the  drawing  of  the  great  car.  Such 
cars,  attached  to  every  large  Vishnu  pagoda  in  the  south 
of  India,  typify  the  moving  active  world  over  which  the 
god  presides.  The  Jagannath  festival  takes  place  in  June 
or  July,  and  for  weeks  before  pilgrims  come  into  Puri  by 
thousands.  The  car  is  4.5  feet  high,  3o  feet  square,  and 
supported  on  16  wheels  7  feet  in  diameter.  Balaram;!,  the 
brother,  and  .Subhadni,  the  sister  of  Jagannatha,  have  sep- 
arate cars  a  little  smaller.  When  the  images  aie  placed 
on  the  cars,  the  multitude  kneel,  bow  their  foreheads  in 
the  dust,  and,  rushing  forward,  draw  the  cars  down  the 
broad  street  toward  Jagannath's  country  house.  The  dis- 
tance is  less  than  a  mile,  but  the  journey  takes  several 
days.  When  the  zeal  of  the  pilgrims  flags,  4,200  profes- 
sional pullers  drag  the  cars.  An  error  underlies  the 
common  foreign  conception  of  the  festival.  "  In  a  closely- 
packed  eager  throng  of  a  hundred  thousand  men  and 
women  under  the  blazing  tropical  son  deaths  must  occa- 
sionally occur.  There  have  doubtless  been  instances  of 
pilgrims  throwing  themselves  under  the  wheels  in  a 
frenzy  of  religious  excitement,  but  such  instances  have 
always  been  rare,  and  are  now  unknown.  The  few  sui- 
cides that  did  occur  were,  for  the  most  part,  cases  of  dis- 
eased and  miserable  objects,  who  took  this  means  to  put 
themselves  out  of  pain.  The  official  returns  now  place  this 
beyond  doubt.  J^'othing  could  be  more  opposed  lo  the 
spirit  of  Vishnu-worship  than  self-immolation.  According 
to  Chaitanya,  the  apostle  of  Jagannath,  the  destruction  of 
the  le.ast  of  God  s  creatures  is  a  sin  against  the  Creator. 
Self-immolation  hewouldhaveregarded  with  horror."  Sir 
W.  W.  HKHfcr,  statistical  Account  uf  Bcnual,  XIS.  59  fl. 

Juggernaut,  better  Jagannath  (ju-gun-naf). 
A  seaport  in  Orissa,  Bengal,  British  India,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  19°  48'  N.,  long.  8,=)°  49'  E.,  celebrated 
for  its  temple  and  festival  of  the  deity  Jugger- 
naut (which  see).  Also  called  Puri,  Popula- 
tion (1891),  28,794. 

Jugurtha  (Jo-ger'thS).  Killed  at  Rome,  104  B.  c. 
King  of  Numidia,  son  of  Mastanabal  and  grand- 
son of  Masinissa.  He  usurped  western  Numidia  in 
117,  and  eastern  Numidia  in  112.  A  war  with  Home  com- 
menced in  111,  and  he  contended  against  MeteUus  in  109 
and  108,  and  against  Marius  in  107.  He  was  captured  by 
Sulla  in  106. 

Juif  Errant  (zhii-ef  e-ron'),  Le.  [F.,  'The 
Wandering  Jew.']  An  opera  by  Hal^\'y,  first 
produced  at  Paris  1852. 

Juive  (zhuev').  La.  [F.,  'The  Jewess.']  An 
opera  by  Halevy,  first  produced  at  Paris  1835. 

Jujuy  (Ho-Hwe').  1.  The  northwestemmost 
province  of  the  ArgentineConfederation, bound- 
ed ou  the  east  and  south  by  Salta.  Area,  17,000 
square  miles.  Population  (1895),  49,.543. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Jujuy,  situated 
on  the  Rio  Grande  about  lat.  24°  10'  S.,  long. 
65°  20'  W.  Also  called  San  Salvador  de  Jujuy. 
Population  (1895),  4,159. 

Jukes  (joks),  Joseph  Beete.  Bom  at  Birming- 
ham, Oct.,  1811:  died  at  Dublin,  July  29,  1869. 
An  English  geologist,  in  1839  he  became  geological 
stu*veyor  of  Newfoundland,  and  in  1842  naturalist  to  the 
expedition  to  the  northeast  coast  of  Australia.  In  1846  he 
joined  the  British  Geological  Survey.  In  1850  he  became 
director  of  the  Irish  branch  of  the  survey,  and  lecturer  on 
geology  at  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  Dublin.  His  chief 
works  are  "Excursionsin  andabout  Xewfoundland"(ls42), 
"  Narrative  of  the  Surveying  Voyage  of  H.  H.  S.  Fly  "  ( WIT), 
"A  Sketch  of  the  Physical  Structure  of  Australia  '  (1850), 
"The  Geologj-  of  South  Stattordshue  Coal-Belds." 

Jukovsky  ( zho-kof '  ske ),  Vasili  Andreyev!  tch. 
Bom  Jan.  29,  1783:  died  at  Baden,  18.52.  A 
Russian  poet  and  translator.  He  translated  .SchQ- 
ler's  "Maid  of  Orleans,"  Byron's  "Prisoner  of  Chillou," 
Moore's  *■  Paradise  and  the  Peri,"  Gray's  "  Elegy,"  etc. 

Juli  (Ho'le).  A  village  of  Peru,  department  of 
Puno,  on  a  terrace  overlooking  the  southwest 
shore  of  Lake  Titicaca,  13,100  feet  above  the 
sea.  It  was  founded  by  the  Jesuits  as  a  mission  station 
in  1577,  and  is  celebrated  in  the  history  of  the  order. 

Julia (jo'lya).  [Ij.jtem.ot  Julius.']  Born  39b.  C: 
died  at  Rh'egium,  Italy,  14  A.  B.  The  daughter 
of  Augustus  Csesar  and  Scribonia.  she  married  in 
25  M.  itarcellus,  on  whose  death  in  23  she  became  the  wife 
of  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother 
of  C.  and  L.  Cjesar,  .Agrippa  Postumus.  Julia,  and  .Agrippina. 
After  Agrippa's  death  in  12  B.  c,  she  married  Tiberius. 
She  was  eventually  divorced  by  Tiberius,  and  banished  by 
her  father,  first  to  the  island  of  Pandatoria,  and  afterward 
to  Rhegium,  on  account  of  her  vices. 

Julia.  Bom  in  83  or  82  B.  c. :  died  in  54  B.  c. 
The  daughterof  Julius  Csesar  and  Cornelia,  she 
married  Cornelius  Caspio,  from  whom,  at  her  father's  com- 
mand, she  procured  a  divorce  in  order  to  become  the  wife 
of  Pompey  the  Great  in  59. 

Julia.  Died  28  a.  d.  The  daughter  of  M.  Vip- 
sanius Agrippa  and  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus 
Csesar.  she  became  the  wife  of  L.  .5:nulius  Paulus,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  M.  ^milius  Lepidus  and 
^^■"ibiij  first  wife  of  the  emperor  Claudius.    She  inherited 


554 

the  vices  of  her  mother,  and  was  banished  by  Augustus 
in  9  A.  D.  to  the  island  of  Tremerus,  where  she  died. 

Julia.  1.  In  yhakspere's  comedy  "Two Gentle- 
men of  Verona,"  a  girl  loved  by  Proteus. —  2. 
In  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  Rivals,"  the  long- 
suffering  object  of  the  fractious  jealousy  of  Falk- 
land.—  3.  In  J.  Sheridan  Knowles's  play  "  The 
Hunchback,"  a  t^-pe  of  commonplace  senti- 
ment. 

Julia  Domna.  Died  217  A.  d.  A  Roman  em- 
press. She  was  the  wife  of  Septimius  Severus,  whom  she 
married  about  175,  before  his  elevation  to  the  imperial 
throne,  and  by  whom  she  because  the  mother  of  Caracalla 
and  Geta.  she  was  originally  a  SjTian  priestess,  and 
tlu-ough  her  influence  as  empress  made  Oriental  religious 
rites  fashionable  at  Rome. 

Julia  gens(jo'lyii  jenz).  A  celebrated  patrician 
elan  or  house  in  ancient  Rome,  its  eponymic  an- 
cestor was  Julus.  the  grandson  or,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, the  son  of  .Eneas.  The  Julia  gens  was  one  of 
the  leading  Alban  houses  which  Tnllus  Hostilius  re- 
moved  to  Rome  on  the  destruction  of  Alba  Longa.  Its 
family  names  in  the  time  of  the  republic  were  Ciesar, 
lulus,  ilento,  and  Libo. 

Julian  (Jo'lyan),  surnamed  "The  Apostate" 
(Flavius  Claudius  Julianus).  [L.  JuUanus, 
spitmg  from  or  pertaining  to  Julius;  It.  Giu- 
liano,  Sp.  Julian,  Pg.  Juliao,  F.  Julicit.']  Born 
at  Constantinople,  probably  Nov.  17,  331  A.  D. : 
died  June  26,  363.  Roman  emperor  361-363, 
son  of  Julius  Coustantius  and  Basilina.  He  was, 
with  the  exception  of  a  half-brother,  Gallus,  the  only 
member  of  the  Havian  fiimily  wlio  escaped  massacre  on 
the  accession  of  Coustantius  II.  He  was  brought  up  in  the 
Christian  faith,  andreceived  an  excellent  education,  which 
was  completed  in  the  philosophical  schools  at  Athens. 
He  wiis  in  355  created  Csesar  by  Coustantius,  whose  sister 
Helena  he  married,  and  by  whom  he  was  invested  with 
the  government  of  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  He  made  his 
residence  chiefly  at  Paris,  and  in  357  defeated  the  Ala- 
raauni  in  a  great  battle  near  Strasburg.  He  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  his  troops  in  361,  and  was  marching  against 
Constantinople  when  the  death  of  Coustantius  left  him 
undisputed  master  of  the  empire.  On  his  accession  he 
publicly  announced  his  conversion  to  paganism  (whence 
his  surname),  and  published  an  edict  in  which  he  granted 
toleration  to  all  religions.  In  363  he  undertook  an  expedi- 
tion against  Persia,  during  which  he  was  killed  by  an  arrow 
while  pm-suing  the  enemy  after  a  bloody  engagement,  June 
26,  363. 

Julian,  Count.  In  Spanish  legend,  a  governor 
of  Andalusia  in  the  8th  century.  According  to  the 
story,  his  daughter  Florinda  was  seduced  by  Roderic,  and 
in  revenge  he  betrayed  Ceuta  to  the  Moors. 

Julian  Alps.  The  part  of  the  eastern  Alps  east 
and  southeast  of  the  Camie  Alps,  situated  in 
Venetia,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  Gorz-Gra- 
diska.  The  culminating  point  is  the  Terglou  (9,394  feet). 
The  pass  over  the  Julian  Alps  into  Italy  was  of  extreme 
impi.^rtance,  Iteing  traversed  by  the  West-Gothic  invaders, 
by  Kadagais,  by  Attila,  and  by  others. 

Julian  Emperors.  A  collective  name  for  the 
Roman  emperors  Augustus,  Tiberius,  Caligula, 
Claudius,  and  Nero,  as  members  by  birth  or 
adoption  of  the  family  of  Julius  Csesar. 

Julianists  (jo'lyan-ists).  A  sect  of  Monophy, 
sites  which  held  the  body  of  Christ  to  be  incor- 
ruptible: so  called  from  Julian,  bishop  of  Hali- 
carnassus  early  in  the  6th  centurj-. 

Jiilich  (yii'lieh),  F.  Juliers  (zhii-lya').  A  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Roer  16  miles  northeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle :  the 
Roman  JuUacum,  and  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  duchy  of  Jiilich. 

Jiilich,  Duchy  of.  A  medieval  countship  and 
duchy  of  Germany,  which  lay  west  of  the  elec- 
torate of  Cologne.  Capital,  Jiilieh.  it  becaibe 
united  with  Berg  in  1423.  Jiilich,  Berg,  and  Cleves  were 
united  in  1521.  "The  extinction  of  the  Cleves  ducal  house 
in  1609  brought  on  the  '"Contest  of  the  Jidich  Succession," 
settled  in  1666,  when  Brandenburg  received  Cleves,  and 
Jiilich  and  Berg  passed  to  Pfaiz-Neuburg.  Jiilich  was  ac- 
quired by  France  in  1801,  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1814-15, 
and  now  belongs  to  the  Rhine  Province. 

Julie  (zhii-le').  In  Rousseau's  "Nouvelle  He- 
loise,"  the  wife  of  Volmar,  and  the  mistress  of 
Saint-Preux. 

Julien  (zhii-lyan'),  Stanislas.  Born  at  Orle- 
ans. France,  Sept.  20, 1799:  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
14,1873.  A  French  Sinologist.  He  published  vari- 
ous translations  from  the  Chinese,  "Syntaxe  nouvelle  de 
la  langue  chinoise  "  (1S69-70),  etc. 

Julier  (yol'yer).  A  pass  in  the  canton  of  Ori- 
sons, Switzerland,  leading  from  the  Oberhalb- 
stein  valley  to  the  Upper  Eugadine.  It  was  used 
by  the  Romans.     Height,  7,500  feet. 

Juliers.     See  Jiilich. 

Juliet  (j6'li-et).  [Dim.  ot  Julia.']  1.  The  hero- 
ine of  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Romeo  and  Juliet" 
(which  see),  she  is  the  daughter  of  Capulet.  and  loves 
Romeo,  the  heir  of  the  hostile  family  of  ilontague. 
2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "Measure  for 
Measure,"  a  lady  loved  by  Claudio. 

Julius  (jol'yus)  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  337-352. 
He  was  a  supporter  of  Athanasius. 

Athanasius  took  up  his  residence  at  Rome,  and,  under 
the  protection  of  the  Roman  prelate,  defied  his  adversaries 


Junagarh 

to  a  new  contest  Julius  summoned  the  accusers  of  Atha- 
nasius to  plead  the  cause  before  a  council  in  Rome.  The 
Eastern  prelates  altogether  disclaimed  his  jurisdiction,  and 
rejected  his  pretensions  to  rejudge  the  cause  of  a  bishop 
already  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Tyre.  The  answer 
of  Julius  is  directed  rather  to  the  justification  of  Athana- 
sius than  to  the  assertion  of  his  own  authority.  'The  synod 
of  Rome  solemidy  acquitted  Athanasius,  Paul,  and  all  their 
adherents.  The  Western  emperor  joined  in  the  sentiments 
of  his  clergy.  A  second  council  at  Milan,  in  the  presence 
of  Constans,  confirmed  the  decree  of  Rome, 

Milinan,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  42L 

Julius  n.  (Giuliano  della  Rovere).  Bom  at 

Albezuola,  1443 :  cUed  Feb.  21, 1513.  Pope  1503- 
1513.  He  joined  the  League  of  Cambrai  against  Venice 
in  1508 ;  formed  the  Holy  League  against  France  in  1511 ; 
and  convened  the  fifth  Lateran  Council  in  1512.  He  was  a 
patron  of  literature  and  art. 

Julius  III.  (Gianmaria  de'  Medici,  later  del 
Monte  >.     Pope  1550-55. 

Julius  Africanus.    See  Africanus. 

Julius  Caesar.    See  Csesar. 

Julius  Caesar.  1.  A  historical  tragedy  byShak- 
spere,  probablv  written  in  1600  or  1601.  It  was 
not  printed  till  1623.— 2.  A  tragedy  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander,  earl  of  Stii'ling,  published  as 
"Csesar"  in  1604,  and  as  "Julius  Csesar"  in 
1607. 

Jullien,  or  Julien  (zhii-lyan'),  Louis  Antoine. 
Boi'n  at  Sisterou,  Basses-Alpes.  France,  April 
23,  1812:  died  near  Paris,  March  14,  1860.  A 
French  composer  and  musical  director,  in  1842 
he  began  his  annuabseries  of  concerts  at  the  English  Opera 
House.  His  aim  was  to  "  popularize  music."  He  was  in 
the  United  States  from  1852  to  1854. 

JuUunder.     See  Jalandhar. 

July  (jij-li',  formerly  jo'li).  [From  L.  Julius, 
July,  properly  adj.  (se.  lueiisis),  month  of  Julius, 
so  called  after  Juliun  Cfesar,  who  was  born  in 
this  month,  and  who  gave  it  this  name  when 
reformingthe  calendar.  It  was  previously  called 
Quintilis,  or  the  fifth  month.  The  name  Julius 
in  ME.  and  early  mod.  E.  was  commonly  July.] 
The  seventh  month  of  the  year,  consisting  o£ 
thirty-one  days,  during  which  the  sun  enters  the 
sign  Leo. 

July,  Government  of.  In  French  history,  the 
government  of  Louis  Philippe  (1830-48),  who 
was  called  to  the  throne  in  consequence  of  the 
revolution  of  July  (which  see). 

July,  Revolution  of.  In  French  history,  the  rev- 
olution of  July  27,  28.  and  29, 1830,  by  which  the 
government  of  Charles  X.  and  the  elder  line 
of  the  Bourbons  was  overthrown.  The  younger 
line  (Orleans)  was  soon  called  to  the  throne  in  the  per- 
son of  Louis  Philippe. 

Jumala  (yo-ma'la).    See  the  extract. 

The  highest  god  amongst  the  Finns  is  called  Jumala,  also 
Num,  or  Jilibearabaertje,  as  protector  of  the  flocks  ;  but 
this  last  only  amongst  certain  tribes.  The  word  Juiuala 
indicates  rather  the  godhead  in  general  than  a  divine  in- 
dividual ;  the  god  of  the  Chj  istians  is  also  often  called  Ju. 
mala.  Therefore  in  the  runes  another  name  is  more  prom- 
inent; namely,  I'kko,  the  old  man,  the  grandfather,  who 
sends  thunder.  Both  are  regarded  by  Castren  as  belong- 
ing to  the  air-gods ;  besides  these,  there  are  gods  of  the 
elements,  such  as  water-gods  and  earth-gods. 

La  Saussayej  Science  of  Religion,  p.  303. 

Jumanas  (zho-ma-nas').  A  race  of  Indians  in 
northwestern  Brazil  (Amazonas),  on  the  rivers 
Japura  and  Ic4,  sometimes  found  on  the  Ma- 
raiion,  and  probably  extending  into  Colombia, 
where  they  are  called  Tecunas.  They  belong  to 
the  Maj-pnre'  linguistic  stock,  are  di\ided  into  many  petty 
hordes,  live  in  fixed  villages,  plant  manioc,  and  are  gener- 
ally peaceful.  Their  faces  are  tattooed  as  a  tribal  mark. 
Also  written  Chumaiias,  Chimanos,  ShmnaiMS,  Xonuinai, 
Ximaiuts.  * 

Jumet  (zhii-ma').  A  manufacturing  and  min- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut.  Belgium, 
4  miles  northwest  of  Charleroi.  Population 
(1890),  23,927. 

Jumi6ges(zhu-myazh').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  Seine  15  miles  west  of  Rouen.  The  abbey 
church  of  the  Benedictines,  formerly  the  most  important 
monastic  monument  of  this  region,  is  now  a  noble  ruin, 
almost  roofless.  The  west  front  has  2  sciuare  towers,  oc- 
tagonal above,  and  a  projecting  porch.  The  nave  and  aisles 
are  round-arched,  with  alternate  square  and  circular  piers, 
and  there  is  a  great  tower  at  the  crossing. 

Jumilla  (Ho-mel'yii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Mureia,  Spain,  33  miles  north  of  Murcia.  Pop- 
idation  (1887).  14.334. 

Jumma  Musjid.     See  Ahmedatad. 

Jumna  (jum'nii),  or  Jamuna  (ya'mo-na).  A 
river  of  India,  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Ganges. 
It  rises  in  the  Himalaya,  and  joins  the  Ganges  near  Alla- 
habad. OnitsbaiUisareDelhi,Agra,andAllahabad.  Length, 
S60  miles. 

Junagarh  (jo-na-gar').  1.  A  native  state  in  In- 
dia, under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat. 
21°  N.,  long.  70°  30'  E.— 2.  The  capital  of  the 
stateofJtmagarh,  situated  about  lat.  21°30'N., 
long.  70°  24'  F,     Population  (1891),  31,640. 


Junction 

Junction  (jungk'slion)  City.  A  city  in  Geary 
C'liuiity,  eastern  Kansas.     Pop.  (1900),  4,695. 

June  (jon).  [From  L.  Junius,  June,  properly 
adj.  (.sc.  miHsiii),  month  of  the  family  of  Junius, 
from  Juniu.s,  a  Homan  gentile  name,  akin  to 
jtwenis,  young.]  The  si.\th  month  of  the  year, 
consisting  of  thirty  (lays,  during  which  the  sun 
enters  the  sign  Cancer. 

June,  Jennie.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Croly 
(Jeunio  Cunningham). 

Juneau  (.i<)-n6'l.  A  mining  town  in  Alaska. 
I'ovmlation  (1900),  l,St>4. 

Jung  (yiiug),  or  Jungius  (jun'ji-us).  Joachim. 
Born  at  Liibeek,  Germany,  Oct.  2:2,  15s7:  died 
at  Hamburg,  Sept.  17,  1657.  A  Gei-manpliilo- 
fiophical  writer  and  botanist,  ne  was  professor  o( 
matheiii.itics  .it  Gieasen  1600-14,  and  :it  Rostock  ltj'.i5-28, 
and  rector  of  the  Johunneum  at  Hamburg  1628-57. 

Jung,  Johann  Heinrich,  generally  called  stil- 
ling. Born  at  Im-Grund,  Nassau,  Germany, 
Sept.  12,  1740:  died  at  Karlsrulie,  Baden,  April 
2,  1817.  A  German  mystic.  He  was  professor  of 
economies  at  Marburg  17S7-1803,  and  later  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Heidelberg  and  Karlsruhe.  He  wrote  an  autobi- 
ograpliy  (published  as  "  Heiiu-ich  Stillin^rs  Leben  "  1806; 
contituK-d  1>17)  and  various  mystical  works. 

Jungbunzlau(yong-bonts'lou).  Amanufaetur- 
ing  town  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Iser  .31  miles  north- 
east of  Prague.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
11,518. 

Jongftau  (yong'frou).  [G.,  'virgin.']  One 
of  the  chief  mountains  of  the  Bernese  Alps, 
Switzerland,  on  the  border  of  Bern  and 
Valais,  13  miles  south  by  east  of  luterlaken. 
It  was  first  ascended  in  1811.  Height,  13,670 
feet. 

Jnnghulin  (yong'hon),  Franz Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Mansfeld,  Prussia,  Oct.  26,  1812:  died  at 
Lembaug,  Java,  April  24, 1864.  A  German  nat- 
uralist and  explorer  in  Java  and  Sumatra.  His 
chief  work  is  "Java,  seine  Gestalt,  Pflanzendecke,  und  in- 
nere  Bauarf  (1862-.'i4). 

Jnngmann  (yong'miin),  Joseph.  Born  at  Hud- 
litz,  Bohemia,  July  16,  177;!:  died  at  Prague, 
Nov.,  1847.  A  Bohemiau  philologist  and  his- 
torian of  literature.  His  chief  works  are  a  "  History 
of  Bohcniiun  Literature "  (1825),  and  a  "  Czech-German 
Dictionary  "(1835-39). 

Juniata  (jo-ni-at'ii).  A  river  in  Pennsylvania, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Little  Juniata 
and  the  Fraiikstown  Branch  at  Petersbm-g.  it 
Joins  the  Susquehanna  13  miles  northwest  of  llarrisburfi  ; 
Ifl  noted  for  picturesque  scenery  ;  and  has  a  total  k-iiKth 
of  about  150  miles. 

Junin  (Ho-nen').  1.  An  interior  department  of 
Peru,  northeast  of  Lima.  Population,  about 
200,000. —  2.  Atownof  the  department  of  Junin, 
southeast  of  L.ake  Chinchay-cocha.  it  gave  its 
name  to  a  buttle  fought  on  a  ijlain  to  the  south,  Aug,  6, 
1824,  in  which  the  patriots  under  Holivar  di-featedthe 
royaJists  of  Canteni<:.  Tlie  action  was  decided  ml  i rely  by 
the  cavalry,  and  without  the  use  of  firearms.  I'opulation, 
about  2,000. 

Junius  (jo'njTis).  The  pseadonym  of  the  un- 
known author  of  a  series  of  letters  directed 
against  the  British  ministry,  SirWilliain  Draper, 
the  Duke  of  (jrafton,  and  others.  The  letters  ap- 
peared In  the  London  "  I'ublic  Advertiser"  from  Nov.  21, 
1768,toJan.  21, 1772.  Their  authorship  has  been  attributed 
to  Edmund  Burke,  Kail  Temple,  and  others;  but  they 
probably  were  written  l)y  Sir  Philip  ^'ranci8. 

Junius  ( jii'ui-us),  Franziskus.  Born  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  1589:  died  at  Windsor,  England, 
Nov.  19,  1(J77.  A  German  student  of  tl]('  Teu- 
tonic languages,  sou  of  Franziskus  Junius. 
Among  his  works  is  "JDtymologicum  Anglica- 
num"  (ed.  by  Lye  1743). 

Junker  (vong'ker), Wilhelm.  Born  at  Moscow, 
April  6,  1H40:  .lied  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  13, 
1892,  An  .African  e.xplon-r.  After  studying  In  Ger- 
many, Switzerhmd,  and  KuMsin,  ,liinker  began  IiIm  caretT  as 
anexplnrerbytonrsin  Algi  riii:iricrruids(I873-7l),  in  Lower 
Egj-pt  (lH7r.),  Suakini,  Kussahi,  and  Khartum  (18711),  and 
Gnndokoro  und  Makaraka  as  far  as  Van  (1877),  returning  to 
Europe  In  1h7h,  Arcoinparded  lt>  bis  aH.4i.4lant  Hulindortf, 
he  returned  in  ls7!)  to  Khartum,  where  lb, -y  einbittlied  on 
the  steamer  Isinalli:i.  In  18.^0  8:1  hr  e\pl'>n-d  tin-  .Nyani- 
JJyam  and  .Momlmttu  iwuntrlcs  in  nil  direillona.  He 
crossed  and  followed  the  Welle  River  several  llnies,  and 
reached  Eniln  I'asha  at  LiuU),  on  the  upper  \\  lilte  Nile,  at 
the  close  cjf  18,8:1.  For  some  time  In^  was  held  in  virtual 
captivity  llu'ough  the  Mahdl  insurrection,  but  he  llnally 
succeeded  (after  the  failure  of  the  relief  expedition  under 
G.  A.  KIseher)  In  making  ins  way  from  \\'adelal  lo  the 
coast,  arriv|]ig  In  Zanzibar  In  Iiee,,  1886.  In  1887  he  wag 
again  in  Europe.  He  published  "Kelson  in  Afrltca" 
08111). 

Junkers  (yOng'kerz).  The  members  of  the  aris- 
tocraticparty  in  Pnissia  which  came  iiilopower 
under  Bismarck  when  lio  was  made  prime  min- 
ister in  lH(i2. 

Junkseylon.     Same  as  Salmifi. 

Juno(j<5'n6).  l.InKoman  mythology,thoqnoen 
of  heaven,  the  highest  divinity  of  the  Latin 
races  in  Italy  next  to  Jupiter,  of  whom  she  was 


555 

the  sister  and  the  wife.  She  was  the  parallel  of  the 
Greek  Hera,  with  whom  in  later  times  she  became  to  a 
considerable  extent  identilled.  .She  was  regarded  as  the 
special  protectress  of  marriage,  and  was  the  guardian  of 
woman  from  birth  to  death.  In  Kome  she  was  also  the 
patron  of  tile  national  finances,  and  a  temple  which  con- 
tained the  mint  was  erecti;d  toiler,  under  the  name  of  Juno 
Moneta,  on  the  I'apitoline.  In  her  distinctively  Italic 
cliaracter,  Juno  (called  Lanueina,  from  the  site  at  Lanu- 
viiuil  of  her  cliief  sanctuary,  or  Itottpita,  the  Protectress) 
was  a  war-goddess,  represented  as  chad  in  a  mantleof  goat- 
skin, bearing  a  shield  and  an  uplifted  spear,  and  accom- 
panied, like  Athene,  by  a  sacred  serpent. 

2.  The  third  planetoid,  discovered  bv  Hardiiig 
at  Lilienthal,  Sept.  1,  ]SI»4. 
Junot  (zhii-no'),  Andoche,  Due  d'Abrantfes. 
BoruatBiissy-le-Grand,  Oct.  23,  1771:  died  July 
29, 1813.  A  French  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1702 ;  accompanied  Bonaparte  in  Iiis  Italian  and  Egyptian 
campaigns;  became  a  general  of  divisi<m  in  1800;  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Paris  in  1806;  and  in  1807  commanded 
an  army  which  iTivade.l  I'urlugal  and  cajitured  Lisbon. 
Shortly  afterward  he  was  created  duke  of  Abranti"*s.  He 
was  defeated  1>\  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  at  Vimeiro  in  Aug., 
1808,  and  conipelled  to  evacuate  Portugal. 

Junot,  Madame  (Laure  Permon),  Duchesse 
d'Abrantfes.  Bom  at  Moiitpellier,  Nov.  6,  1784: 
died  at  Paris,  June  7,  1838.  A  French  author. 
She  married  General  .lunot  about  1800.  She  was  the  author 
of  "Souvenirs  liistori(|n.s  siir  Napoleon,  laR^volutino.  I,. 
Directoire,  le  Con.sulat,  rEmpirc  et  la  Kestauration  "(1831- 
1835),  "Histoire  des  salons  de  Paris"  (1837),  etc. 

Junqueira  Freire  (zhon-kay'rii  frav're),  Luiz 
Jose.  Born  at  Bahia,  Dec.  31,  1832  :"died  there, 
June  24, 1855.  A  Brazilian  poet.  Fronii86itoi&';4 
he  was  a  novitiate  in  a  cloister  of  Carmelite  monks,  where 
he  wrote  his  best-known  poems,  collected  in  the  "Inspira- 
^oes  do  claustro." 

Junta  (jun'tji).  [fip.  junta  (orig.  fern,  ot  junto), 
from  ij.juiictd,  fem.  oi  junctus,  joined.]  In 
Spain,  a  consultative  or  legislative  assembly, 
either  for  the  whole  country  or  for  ono  of  its 
sejiarate  parts.  The  most  celebrated  juntas  in  his- 
toi7  were  that  convened  by  Napoleon  in  1808  and  tlie  later 
revolutionary  juntas. 

Junto  (jun'to).  In  English  history,  a  grouj)  of 
Whig  politicians  very  influential  in  the  reigns 
of  William  III.  and  Anne.  Its  chief  members  were 
Somers,  Russell,  Wharton,  and  Montague,  They  were  the 
chief  leaders  of  the  party  in  I'arliament, 

Jupille  (zhii-pely').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  jtrovince  of  Lifege,  Belgium,  Smiles  east  of 
Liege. 

Jupiter  (j6'pi-ter).  [L.,  from  Jovis  (oarlierXlio- 
i'l.v,  Gr.  Zi  If,  lud.  Diaus)  oMApatcr,  father  Jove.] 

1.  In  Roman  mj-thology,  the  supremo  deity, 
the  parallel  of  the  Greek  Zeus,  antt  the  embodi- 
ment of  the  might  and  national  dignity  of  the 
Romans.  The  central  seat  of  his  cult  was  the  Capitoline 
Hill  at  Rome,  where  hehad  the  title  of  Optiinus  Maximus 
('  Best  and  Greatest').  He  was  primarily  a  divinity  of  the 
sky,  and  hence  w.as  considered  to  be  the  originator  of  all 
atmospheric  clianges.  His  weapon  was  the  tliunderbnit. 
He  controlled  and  directed  the  future,  and  sacrifices  were 
ottered  to  secure  his  favor  at  the  beginning  of  every  under- 
taking. Ho  was  also  the  guardian  of  projierty,  wliether 
of  the  state  or  of  individuals.  White,  tlie  color  of  the  light 
of  day,  was  sacred  to  him  :  hence  white  animals  were 
ollered  to  him  in  sacrifice,  his  priests  wore  wliite  caps, 
his  chariot  was  drawn  ijy  4  white  horse-s,  and  the  cr)nsiil8 
were  dressed  in  white  when  they  sacrificed  to  him  upon 
assuming  otllce.  Tlie  eagle  was  especially  consecrated  to 
him.  The  surviving  artistic  representationsof  Jupiter  are 
comparatively  late,  and  betray  Greek  Inltucncc,  imitating 
the  typo  of  the  Greek  Zeus.     Also  Jovi;. 

2.  The  brightest  of  Iho  superior  ]ilanets,  and 
tilt)  largest  body  of  the  solar  system  except  the 
sun  itself,  its  sidereal  period  of  revolution  is  11.8611)8 
.lullan  years,  and  its  synodical  period  3t»l)  days.  Ita  mean 
distance  from  the  sun  is  about  4.s3,0oll,00ll  miles.  Its  eiiua- 
torial  diameter  at  its  mean  distance  subtends  an  angle  of 
38",  BO  that  its  real  diameter  is  about  one  tenth  tlial  of 
the  sun  (which  subtends  1,1)22"),  and  aliout  11  times  that 
of  tlie  eartii  (tlie  solar  parallax  being  8",!)),  Juiiiler  is 
flattened  at  the  poles  l>y  no  less  than  one  seventeenth  of 
Its  <iiameter.  Its  niasi^  is  about  jn'ir  of  that  of  the  sun,  or 
31)4  times  that  of  the  eartti,  making  its  mean  density  only 
1.3,  that  of  the  earlh  being  taken  at  5.5.  Gravity  at 
Its  surface  is  24  times  that  at  the  earth.  The  most  re- 
markable feature  of  Ihe  aiipearanee  of  this  planet  Is  tlie 
equatorial  faselie  or  bands  which  cross  lis  disk.  These 
fasciie  subsist  geru-rally  for  inontliH  or  even  years,  but 
occasionally  form  In  a  few  lionrs.  Tliey  sonietlines  have  a 
breadth  of  ono  sixth  of  the  apparent  disk  of  the  planet. 
There  are  also  spots  of  milch  greater  permanence.  It  is. 
iiowever,  probable  that  no  solid  nuitler  can  be  seen,  ami 
rinite  doubtfid  wliether  any  exists  In  tile  jilanet.  The  spots 
revolve  about  the  axis  in  t)  lioiirs,  5.'»  inlniiles,  and  35  sec. 
onds,  but  the  wlilte  clouds  in  5)  minutes  less  tinie  I-'rom 
Ills  photometric  observatlonsZollner  calculates  thealbedo 
of  .lupiler  (o  be  11.6;  so  high  a  value  as  to  suggest  tluit  the 
planet  must  be  self-InmliioiiH.     .Fu|>iter  bus  r>  satellKes  or 

n lis.     The  fifth  (whicli  is  about  11  1,010  miles  from  lllu 

planet,  ami  of  very  small  diameter,  with  n  period  of  about 
12  hours)  was  tllscovered  by  Baniard  Sept.  n,  181)2.  The 
periods  of  revolution  of  the  others  are  as  follows:  |1)  Id 
I8h,  2Sni,  ,'t5.l)ir,s.  ;  (2)  3d  13ll.  17ni.  53.7:10b  ;  (.S)  7U  31l. 
511ln,  35,851B.  ;  (I)  Kid.  18h.  5ni.  0.928s. 

Jupiter  Amon.     Jupiter  as  identifled  with  the 

l''gy]dinii  .\iiioii, 
Jupiter  of  Otricoli.    A  marble  mask  restored 

as  a  bust,  tlie  finest  surviving  antique  head  of 


Justin,  Saint 

Zeus.  The  features  are  m.asBlve  and  imposing ;  the  heard 
is  full,  separated  into  locks  ;  and  the  abundant  hair  rises 
from  the  foreliead  aud  falls  down  on  both  Bides  of  tlie  face. 

Jupiter-Scapin.  A  sobriquet  given  to  Napo- 
leon I.     See  lieopin. 

Jupiter  Stator.  [L.,  'he  who  stays'  flight.] 
.lupiter  as  the  giver  of  victory  in  battle. 

Jura  (jo'iii).  A  chain  of  moimtains  in  eastern 
France  and  western  and  northern  Switzerland  : 
the  ancient  Jura  Mons  or  Jurassus.  it  extends 
from  the  junction  of  the  Ain  and  Rhone  to  the  junction 
of  theAareand  ithine.  The  designation  is  sometimes  ex- 
tended to  include  the  i)rolongation  througli  Baden,  WUr- 
temberg,  and  Bavaria  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Main, 
called  the  German  Jura,  and  subdivided  into  tne  Swabian 
Jura  and  Franconian  Jura.  The  highest  peaks  are  D61e, 
SI  out  Tendre,  Reeulet,  Cr6t  de  la  Neige,  Credoz,  etc.  (over 
5,oiM)  feet).  Length  of  French  and  Swiss  Jura,  about  180 
miles. 

Jura  (zhii-rii').  A  department  of  eastern  France. 
Capital,  Lons-le-.Saunicr.  it  is  bounded  by  Haute- 
Saftne  on  the  nortll,  Doubs  and  Switzerland  on  the  east,  Ain 
on  the  south,  and  t'oted'Or  and  .SaDne-et-Loire  on  the 
southeast,  and  formecl  part  of  the  ancient  IYanche-Comt6. 
Arifa,  1,927  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  273,028. 

Jura  (jo'rii).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
belonging  to  Argyllshire,  Scotland.  It  lies  4  miles 
west  of  the  mainlaiul,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Sound  of  Jura,  and  is  traversed  by  a  range  of  hills.    Length, 

27  miles. 

Jura,  Franconian.     See  Franconian  Jura. 

Jura,  Paps  of.  Two  conical  hills  in  the  island 
of  Jura,  Scotland,  about  2,.500  feet  in  height. 

Jura,  Sound  of.  A  sea  passage  separating  the 
isUiiid  of  Jura  from  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland. 

Jura,  Swabian.    See  Sicalian  Jura. 

Juripixunas.     See  Jurin. 

Juris  (zhij-res').  [Abbreviated  from  Tupi  Jm- 
ripixuna,  black-mouthed,  from  their  custom  of 
tattooing  the  face  so  as  to  form  a  black  mark 
about  the  mouth.]  Atrilieof  Indians  in  the  Bra- 
zilian state  of  Amazonas,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
upper  Amazon,  betwei'U  the  Japiira  and  I^d,  oc- 
casionally ranging  east  to  the  Kill  Xegro.  For- 
merly they  were  the  most  nunierous  and  ]Kuvertnl  tribe  of 
this  region,  but  they  are  now  greatly  reduced  in  iiumberB, 
and  most  of  them  have  been  amalgamated  with  the  country 
population.  They  are  divided  into  various  hordes,  have 
fixed  villages  and  plaiitatiiiiis,  and  arc  esjiecially  skilful  in 
the  use  of  the  bloM-giin.  'liny  are  classed  with  theWaypuri^ 
stock,  and  are  closely  related  to  the  Passes.  The  name  haB 
also  been  given  to  a  tribe  of  .Vrgentine  Chaco  of  the  Lule 
st*iek. 

Jurunas  (zho-ro'niis).  [Tupi  Ji/ni,  mouth,  and 
•una,  black.]  A  tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians  of  the 
Tupi  race,  on  the  river  Xingu  between  4°  and  8° 
S.  lat.  They  were  formerly  very  numerous  and  warlike, 
and  are  said  to  have  been  cannibals.  They  tjittooed  a  large 
black  i>atch  on  the  face  (whence  the  name).  The  JiirunaB 
still  number  several  thousand.s,  who  live  in  villages  and 
have  small  plantations.  Also  written  Jun/nnaji  and  Yu- 
rutKDi. 

Jlirupary  (zhii-ro-^)ii-re').  Among  Indians  of  the 
Tupi  race  in  Brazil,  a  mythi<'al  being  supposed 
to  iiersecute  and  soinotinies  to  kill  men.  He 
dwells  in  the  woods,  and  is  described  under  various  mon- 
al rolls  fonns.  The  old  missionaries  iilenlified  him  witli  tlie 
devil. 

Jussieu  (zlui-sve').  Adrien  de.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Dec.  23,  1797:  died  there,  June  29,  1853.  A 
French  botanist,  son  of  A.  L.  de  Jussieu.  He  wrote 
monographs  on  the  liutiicfM,  Meliarefe,  and  Matpigbiacetg, 

a  "('ours  elementaire  de  la  botaiiiqlle,"  etc. 

Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de.  Bom  at  Lyons, 

France,  April  12,  1748:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 
1836.  A  noted  French  botanist,  nephew  of  Ber- 
nard de  .lussion.  He  wrote  "Genera  plantariira  secun- 
dum oidines  naturales,  etc. '(17810,  "  Intnxluctio  in  hlsto- 
rlani  plaiitarum  "  (18:17),  ''  Ex|>osltion  d'lln  nouvcl  ordredc 
jilantes,  adopte  tlaiis  les  di^nionatratlons  du  jordln  royal" 
(1774),  etc. 

Jussieu,  Bernard  de.  Bom  at  Lyons,  France, 
Aug.  li,  Hi»9:  ilied  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1776.  A 
noti'il  Freiieh  botanist.  At  first  a  physician,  he  Inter 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  botany,  and  in  1758l)ecanio 
BiipeiinleiMlenl  of  (he  garden  of  the 'hlanon.  He  was  Iho 
foundiT  of  llie  naliiial  system  of  dasslfieallon  of  plants, 

Jussieu,  Joseph  de.  Born  in  1704  :  died  April 
11,  177'.l.  A  French  botanist.  In  1735  he  went  to 
Peru  wllh  rondamine  tiiid  Godiii,  He  spent  15  years  stndj- 
Ing  the  botany  of  the  Andean  legion,  paying  special  at- 
tention to  cinehona  tilants.  His  collections  were  loat 
through  Ihe  dishonesty  of  a  servant,  a  misfortune  which 
eansi  d  Jussieu  (o  lose  his  reason.  In  (Ills  state  ho  ro- 
tilrneil  to  France  In  1771. 

Juste  (zliiist ).  Theodore.  Bom  nt  Brussels,  Jan. 
II,  181H:  ,li,.,i  there,  Aug.  12,  1888.  A  Belgian 
historian.  Ills  works  Inelmle  "Illslolrcileln  Belglnuo" 
(18:18).  "lllstoire  du  la  n^volutlon  des  Pays-llin  sons  Phi- 
lippe II."  (185,'.-0,H),  "l,es  fondatciira  de  la  nionarehlo 

beige  "(18115-84),  etc. 

Justin  (jiis'lin).  T/ived  before  the  TA\\  century 
A.  I),  .\  Romnn  hislorinn,  iiutlior  of  an  ejiifome 
of  a  lost  history  by  Trogus  (ed.byDllbner  1831), 
etc. 

Justin,  Saint,  stimamed  "Tlio Martyr," or  "The 
Philosojjher."     Died  probably  about  163  A.  D. 


Justin,  Saint 

A  celebrated  Greek  church  father.  He  was  bom 
of  Greek  parents  at  ilavia  Xeapolis,  a  Roman  colony 
bailt  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Shechem  in  Palestine.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  stady  of  philosophy,  and  became 
an  adherent  and  a  teacher  of  the  Platonic  system.  Origi- 
nally a  pagan,  he  afterward  embraced  Cliristianity,  and 
is  sa'id  to  have  been  scourged  and  beheaded  at  Rome. 

Justin  I.  Died  Aug.  1,  527.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 51S-.527,  He  was  of  barbarian,  probably  Gothic,  ex- 
traction, and  was  a  native  of  Tauresium  in  Dardania.  He 
entered  the  guards  of  the  emperor  Leo  I.,  and  was  cum- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  imperial  guards  in  the  reign  of 
Anastasius,  on  whose  death  in  518  he  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror by  the  soldiers. 

Justin  n.  Died  Oct.  5.  578.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 56.5-578,  nephew  of  Justinian  I.  whom  he 
succeeded.  During  his  reign  northern  Italy  was  con- 
quered by  the  Lombards,  who  founded  the  Kingdom  of 
the  Lombards  in  508 ;  and  several  important  conquests 
were  made  by  the  Persians  in  the  Asiatic  provinces. 

Justina  (jus-ti'na).  [li., fem.  otJustiniis.'i  Pa- 
troness of  Padua"and(  with  St.  Mark)  of  Venice. 
She  is  said  to  have  been  a  native  of  Padua,  and  to  have  suf- 
fered martyrdom  at  that  city  in  304.  Her  supposed  relics, 
said  to  have  been  recovered  in  1177,  are  preserved  at  Pa- 
dua in  a  church  which  bears  her  name.  She  is  commem- 
orated by  the  Ri>man  Catholic  Church  on  Oct.  7. 

Justinian  (jus-tin'i-an)  I.  (Flavins  Anicius 
Justinianus),  sumamed  "The  Great."  Bom  at 
Tauresium.  Dardania,  Ill>Tieum,  probably  May 
11,483:  died  Nov.  14,  565.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 527-565,  nephew  of  Justin  I.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. He  married  in  525  Tlieodora,  an  actress,  who 
exercised  great  influence  during  his  reign,  chiefly  in  eccle- 
siastical allairs.  In  532  a  fight  broke  out  in  the  hippo- 
drome between  the  Green  and  the  Blue  factions,  the  lat- 
ter of  which  favored  the  emperor  and  the  orthodox  church. 
The  fight  spread  from  the  hippodrome  to  the  city,  and 
the  Green  proclaimed  Hypatius,  nephew  of  Anastasius 
I.,  emperor.  The  revolt  was  put  down  by  the  general 
Belisarius  with  the  assistance  of  the  Blue,  but  not  before 
30,030  of  the  insurgents  had  been  slain  and  a  large  part  of 
the  citv  destroyed,  including  the  Church  of  Saint  Sophia, 
which  was  rebuilt  .=.32-537  with  great  splendor  according  to 
plans  furnished  by  the  architect  Anthemius.  In  the  East 
Justinian  purchased  peace  from  the  Persians  in  531,  but 
in  the  West  the  victories  of  his  generals  Belisarius  and  Nar- 
ses  destroyed  the  Vandal  and  the  Ostrogothic  kingdoms 
in  .\frica  and  Italy  respectively,  and  restored  those  coun- 
tries to  the  Byzantine  empire.  An  important  event  of  his 
reign  was  the  publication  of  the  Justinian  Code  (which 
see). 

Justinian  II.,  surnamed  Rhinotmetus  ('he 
whose  nose  is  cut  off').  Died  in  Dec,  711.  By- 
zantiue  emperor  685-695  and  705-711,  son  of 


556 

Constantine  IV.  He  was  deposed  in  695  by  his  gen- 
eral Leontius.  who  cut  off  his  nose  and  banished  him  to 
Cherson.  He  made  his  escape  from  Cherson,  and  regained 
his  throne  with  the  assistance  of  Terbclis,  the  king  of  the 
Bulgarians,  in  705,  but  was  overthrown  by  Philippicus  in 
Til  and  killed. 
Justinian  Code.  The  body  of  Roman  law  com- 
piled and  annotated  at  the  command  of  the  em- 
peror Justinian.  This  consists  of  the  "Pandects,"  or 
the  condensed  opinions  of  the  jurists,  in  fifty  books  ;  the 
"Institntiones";  and  the  "XoveUae"or  "Novelise  Consti- 
tutiones."  a  collection  of  ordinances — the  whole  forming 
the  *'  Corpus  Juris  Civilis,"  or  body  of  civil  law,  the  most 
important  of  all  monuments  of  jurisprudence. 

Jiiterbog  (j-u'ter-boo).  or  Jiiterbock  (yti'ter- 
bok).  A  town  in  the  prorince  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Xuthe  40  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Berlin.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  \ictory  of 
the  Swedes  over  thelmperialists in  1614.  Population (1890), 
commune,  7,181. 

Jutes  (jots).  A  Low  German  tribe  which,  with 
the  Saxons  and  -\ngles,  invaded  Great  Britain 
in  the  5th  century.  .According  to  tradition  they  were 
invited  by  the  Britons  to  aid  them  against  the  Picts,  and 
landed  at  Ebbsfleet,  under  Hengist  and  Horsa,  about  449. 
They  founded  the  kingdom  of  £ent.  Their  connection 
with  Jutland  has  been iuatterof  dispute.  See  the  extract. 

Xow,  as  to  the  first  settlement  of  Jutes  under  Hengist 
and  Horsa  (Horse  and  Mare),  who  established  themselves 
in  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  whom 
Bede  distinctly  believed  to  have  come  from  Jutland,  it  is 
to  be  observed  that  Jutland  is  now  occupied  by  Panes, 
and  that  men  from  Jutland  settling  on  our  eastern  coasts 
in  the  days  of  the  Angles  were  called  Banes ;  but  that  in 
this  case  they  are  called  "Jutes," not  "Danes,"  and  do 
not  seem  to  have  been  Danish.  Where  there  has  been  a 
Danish  settlement,  towns  commonly  are  found  with  names 
ending  in  "by."  Thus  in  Lincolnshire,  within  a  dozen 
miles  of  Great  Grimsby,  there  stand  Foresby,  Utterby, 
Fotherbv,  Ashbv-cum-Fenby,  Bamoldby,  Irby.  Laceby, 
Keelby,  Grasby,  Brocklesby, Xlceby.  Yet  throughout  this 
"  Jute  "  region  of  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight 
there  is  not  even  one  place  to  be  found  that  has  a  name 
ending  in  "by."  There  is  no  clear  ground  for  asserting, 
although  it  has  been  suggested  as  one  way  of  conquering 
this  difficulty,  that  a  Germanic  people  occupied  Jutland 
in  the  middle  of  the  6th  century.  ...  Dr.  Latham  .  .  . 
argues  that  the  "Jutes"  of  the  first  settlement  were,  in 
fact,  Goths ;  or  that,  if  Jutes,  they  were  Jutes  who  came 
in  company  with  Goths,  and  that  they  came,  not  out  of  Jut- 
land, but  only  from  the  coast  of  Gaul,  across  the  straits 
that  divide  Gaul  from  Britain. 

ilortey,  English  Writers,  I.  244-246. 

Juthungi  (Jii-thun'ji).  Ih.  (Aiamianus)  Jutliini- 
gi.^    A  German  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Suevi 


Jyotisha 

and  a  part  of  the  Alamanni,  in  the  war  in  Ehetia 
during  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Caracalla  (a.  d. 
213).  Later  in  the  same  century  they  were  signally  de- 
feated  by  Aurelian  on  the  upper  Danube.  The  tribal  ap- 
pellation disappears  in  the  ."'th  centurv-,  after  which  they 
were  merged  in  the  Suevl  Their  original  ocation  is  un- 
known, 
Jutland  (jut'land).  [Dan.  Jylland.  G.  Jutland,] 
The  continental  portion  of  Denmark.  It  forms 
the  northern  part  of  an  extensive  peninsula  {the  ancient 
Cimbric  Chersonese),  the  southern  part  of  which  belongs 
to  Prussia.  It  is  bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  west, 
the  Skager  Rack  on  the  north,  the  Cattegat  on  the  east, 
and  Schleswig-Holstein  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level,  but  hilly  in  the  east.  Its  early  inhabitants 
are  said  to  have  been  Cimbri.  (Compare  Jutes,}  Area, 
9,743  square  mUes.    Population  (lS90t,  942,120. 

Juvavia  (jb-va'vi-a),  or  Juvavum  (jo-va'vuin). 
The  ancient  name  of  Salzburg. 

Juvenal  (jo've-nal)  (Decimiis  Junius  Juve- 
nalis).  Lived  about  60-140  A.  D.  -\  noted 
Eoman  rhetorician  and  satirical  poet  of  the  age 
of  Trajan.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  Sixteen  of  his 
satires  (in  five  books)  are  extant 

Juventas  (j6-ven'tas).  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  youth. 

Juxon  (juks'on),  William.  Bom  at  CTiichester, 
England,  1.582 :  died  at  Lambeth,  London,  June 
4, 1663.  An  English  prelate,  lord  high  treasurer 
of  England  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  In 
1598  he  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  became 
head  of  that  college  by  Laud's  recommendation  Dec.  Iflt 
1621.  In  1626  and  1627  he  was  vice-chancellor  of  the 
university.  On  Oct.  3, 1633.  he  was  created  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  on  March  6, 1636,  lorti  high  treasurer,  which  office 
he  resigned  on  May  17,  lt>41.  He  at  tended  Charles  I.  during 
the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  Newport,  during  his  trial, 
and  on  the  scaffold,  Jan.  30, 1649.  In  1649  he  was  deprived 
of  his  see.  At  the  Kestoration  he  was  made  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (Sept.  13, 1660).  Asa  churchman  he  was 
devoted  to  Laud. 

Jnza(j6'za).  [Ax.  al-ju::a,  the  central:  though 
the  propriety  of  the  epithet  is  rather  obscure.] 
The  fourth-inaguitude  star  ?.  Draconis,  in  the 
tip  of  the  monsters  taU. 

Jyotisha  (jyo'ti-sha).  [Skt.,  'relating  to  the 
heavenly  bodies.'  astronomy,  astrology.]  The 
name  of  the  Vedic  calentlar,  a  short  tract  giving 
the  knowledge  required  for  fixing  the  days  and 
hours  of  the  Vedic  saci-ifices.  It  has  had  a  certain 
significance  from  being  ranked  with  the  Veda,  but  is  of 
very  late  origin,  dating  from  the  4th  or  5th  century  a.  V, 


^.i\    I 


'9 


ship 


2.  A  liigh  peak  of  the  Hima- 
laya, now  known  as  Mount 
Goihvin-Austfn(  which  see). 
Ka(kii).  [Skt.,'thowho?'] 
Tbo  iiiexplioable ;  the  un- 
known. By  an  erroneous  inter- 
pretation of  tile  interrogative  pro- 
noun in  a  hymn  of  tlie  Kigveda 
(X.  121  —  kasmai  devaya  havislia 
vidhenia,*wliat  pod  shall  wewoi- 
with  the  oMati.m?')  the  word  A-a.'who,'  is  applied 


as  a  name  to  any  cliief  (,'ud  or  oljject  of  worship,  as  Praja- 
pati,  Brahma,  Vishnu,  air.  tlie  sun,  the  soul,  Yama.  It  is 
exalted  into  a  deity.  In  tlie  Puranas,  Ka  as  a  recognized 
Rod  is  even  ])rovidi'd  with  an  independent  genealogy. 

Kaaba,  or  Caaba  (kil'liii  or  ka'a-bii).    [Ar. 

kabali,  a  square  building.]  A  cube-shaped, 
flat-roofed  building  in  the  center  of  the  Great 
Mostiue  at  Mecca:  the  most  sacred  shrine  of 
the  Mohammedans.  In  its  southeast  corner  it  con- 
tains the  sacred  hhick  stone  called  hajnr  at  a^imid,  said 
to  have  been  originally  a  ruby  which  came  down  from 
heaven,  but  now  blackened  by  the  tears  slied  for  sin  by 
pilgrims.  This  stone  is  an  irregular  oval  about  seven 
uiches  in  diameter,  and  is  composed  of  about  a  dozen 
smaller  stones  of  ditfeirnt  shapes  and  sizes.  It  is  tlie 
point  toward  which  all  Xlohanmicdans  face  during  their 
devotions.  The  Kaalia  is  opened  to  worshipere  twice  or 
three  limes  a  year,  but  only  the  faithful  are  permitted  to 
approach  it. 

Ho\v  natural  stone-worship  w.as  amongst  the  Semites 
can  be  seen  in  the  name  Betylia,  wliich  has  become  the 
Keneral  name  for  all  sacred  stones  :  we  need  only  remem- 
ber tlie  numerous  time-honoured  stones  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament,  and  the  Kaabali  at  Wekka. 

La  Saimsaifc,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  S.'i. 

Eaaden  (ka'den).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eger  54  miles  west-northwest  of 
Prague.     Population  (1890),  6,889. 

Kaarta  (kar'tii).  A  Pellatah  state  in  west- 
ern Africa,  east  of  Senegambia,  intersected  by 
lat.  15°  N.,  long.  10=  W.  Capital,  Nioro.  It  is 
within  the  French  s])hpre  of  influence.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  :i(lii,l)iiO. 

Kabail(ka-bir),orKabyles(ka-bilz').  A  feder- 
ation of  Berber  tribes  in  Algeria,  Tunisia,  and  a 
few  oases  of  the  Sahara.  The  name  is  the  plural  of 
the  Arabic  word  for  tribe.  The  princijial  dialects  spoken 
by  the  Kabail  are  that  of  liugi,  tlie  Zouave,  the  Slmw  iali  or 
Zeiiatl.  that  of  Tuggurt,  Wargla,  that  of  tlic  Ueni  .\lzab, 
and  that  of  the  Sliamba.     See  Berber. 

So  far  as  outward  appearance  is  concerned,  the  Kabyles 
or  Rlllls  of  to-dav  might  be  fonnil  in  an  English  or  Irish 
village.  The  antiiplity  of  the  tyjic  wliich  they  exhibit  is 
evidenced  by  the  inoiiumcnls  of  I'.gypt,  where  their  an- 
^:estorh  are  portrayed  with  tlie  same  blond  features  that 
they  still  display,  dolichocephalic,  fair  haired,  blue-eyed 
and  white-skinned,  they  might  lie  mistakiin  for  that 
branch  of  the  Kelts  who  are  distingniabcd  for  their  gold- 
en hair  and  their  clear  and  freckled  skin.  Professor  dc 
Quatrefagcs  believes  that  they  are  the  lineal  descendants 
of  the  race  whose  remains  have  been  discovered  in  the 
caverns  of  Cro-.\Iagnon  in  the  P'rench  jirovince  of  VM- 
gord,  along  with  paleolithic  implements  ami  the  bones  of 
the  inammoMi  an<l  the  reindeer. 

Saijr,:  Races  of  the  O  T    p.  149. 

Eabale  tind  Liebe  (kii-ba'lo  out  le'be;.  A  trag- 
edy by  Schiller,  published  in  1784. 

£abandha  (ka-band'ha).  In  the  Ramayana,  a 
monstrous  Kaksliasa  slain  by  Kama.  Mortally 
wounded,  he  asked  Kama  t^i  bnni  his  body ;  and,  coniingout 
of  tbo  lire  ill  his  real  shape  a-*  a  Gandharva  (which  see),  ad- 
vised Itania  as  to  the  war  with  Havana. 

Kabarda  (kil-biir'ilil).  .\  monntainouH  region 
on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  belong- 
ing to  the  Terek  territory,  Russia. 

Kabbala,  or  Cabala  (kab'a-lil).  [lleh. qnhhn^ah, 
rcceiitioii,  the  tnysterious  iloctrine  receivcil  tra- 
ditionally.] The  tlieosopliy  or  my.stie  philoso- 
phy of  tlie  Hebrew  roll '.'i  on,  wliicdi  grew  up  ma  in- 
ly after  the  beginniiig  of  the  IDIh  ceiitiiry,  ami 
nourished  to  the  present  lime.  The  Kabliala  em- 
ployed itself  ill  a  mystic  exiilnnation  of  Deity  and  cosmog- 
ony, and  in  the  creation  of  nnldeii  meanings  for  the  sacred 
Hebrew  writings,  thus  drawing  intoits  prnvinceidltlie  lie- 
brew  law  and  philosophy.  Later  Kablmlists  pretended  to 
llnd  wonderful  meanings  even  in  the  letters  and  fonns  of 
the  saiTcd  texts,  and  made  for  themselves  elaborate  rules 
of  iiitei-pretation. 

Kabeiri.    See  cnlnri. 

Kabinda  (kii-ben'dii).    See  Ciibiiidn  and  Kongo. 

Kabir  (ke-licr').  [Arabic  knhir,  great.]  A 
Hindu  ndigious  reformer.  Ilo  was  a  weaver,  and 
probably  a  Mussulman  by  birth,  who  lived  at  Benaroa,  and 


also  at  Magar  near  Gorakhpur,  between  1488  and  1512. 
Ills  teachings  exercised  an  inip'-'l'tant  iiiHucnee  in  upper 
India  in  the  l.'tth  and  Ititli  centiiric-,  ami  f<irined  the  basis 
of  the  Sikh  niovt.nieiit  in  tlic  Puiij:il>.  (triginally  a  Mus- 
sulman, hebecanif.i  pnipil  el*  lianjanandaand  a  X'aishnava 
with  much  of  the  dcniecracy  and  telerance  of  Buddhism  ; 
but  he  denounced  all  idol-woi-ship.  and  taught  Vaish- 
navism  as  a  form  of  strict  monotheism.  True  religion,  he 
said,  meant  nothing  but  devotion  to  one  Goil,  whether 
called  Vishnu,  Raniii,  or  Hari,  or  by  Mohammedan  names. 
He  rejects  every  malLVoK-nt  (listinctlen  ef  caste,  religion, 
and  sect.  All  authority  in  faith  and  mei-als  belongs  to  the 
guru,  or  spiritual  guide,  though  the  rights  of  conscience 
of  the  believer  are  reserved.  Kabir's  aim  was  evidently 
to  found  a  religion  that  should  unite  Hindu  and  Mussul- 
man. 
Kabirpanthis  (ke-ber-piin't-hez).  ['  Those  who 
follow  the  path  of  Kabir.']  The  followers  of 
Kabir.  They  now  form  12  principal  branches,  which 
have  remained  in  eomniunion  notwithstanding  some  dif- 
ferences in  faith  and  practice.  Their  center  is  Benares, 
but  they  are  found  in  tJujarat,  Central  India,  and  as  far  as 
the  Deccan.  As  they  take  pains  to  conform  in  unessen- 
tials  to  the  usiiges  about  them,  it  is  dithcult  to  ascertain 
their  number.  At  the  end  of  the  last  century  .35,01X1  tenU 
part  in  a  nielah  at  Benares.  They  are  iiitluenlial  ratiier 
than  numerous, 

Kabrega  (kiib-ra'gii).    See  Ni/oro. 

Kabul,  or  Cabul  (kii-bol').  1.  A  province  or 
di%Tsionin  eastern  Afghanistan. —  2.  The  capi- 
tal of  jVtghauistan,  situated  on  the  river  Kabul 
in  lat.  ^4°  30'  N.,  long.  (i(J°  16'  E.,  6.000  ft.  above 
sea-level.  It  is  noted  as  a  commercial  and  strategic 
center,  and  is  famous  for  its  fruit.  It  was  fallen  by  Timur, 
and  by  Nadir  Shah  (1738).  The  British  oecuiiied  it  in  the 
first  Afghan  war  :  it  was  evacuated  by  them  in  .Ian.,  1842, 
and  retaken  in  Sept.,  1842.  In  the  second  Afghan  war 
(1878-SO)  it  was  the  scene  of  Cavagnari's  murder,  and  was 
captured  by  General  Roberts,  and  evacuated  by  the  British 
in  1880.  Population,  about  70,0i;0. 
3.  A  river  which  rises  in  Afghanistan  and  flows 
easterly  past  Kabul,  emptying  into  the  Indus  in 
the  Pan.iab  at  Attok,  east  of  Peshawar.  Length, 
about  270  miles. 

Kabunga  (kii-bong'gii).     See  Manclingo. 

Kabyles.     See  Kabail. 

Kacna  ( ka'cha).  Ason  of  Brihaspati  who  in  the 
Mahabharata  becomes  a  disciple  of  Shukra,  the 
priest  of  the  Asuras.  to  obtain  a  cliariii  to  restore 
the  dead.  Twice  kilhd  by  the  Asuras,  Kacha  is  re 
stored  by  Shukra  at  the  inlerccssion  of  Devayani,  his 
daughter.  A  third  time  killed,  his  ashes  are  mixed  with 
Shukra's  wine:  but  Shukra  revives  Kacha  within  his  own 
body,  teaches  him  the  chanii,  allows  himself  to  be  ripped 
open  for  Kacha's  exit,  and  is  in  turn  restored  by  Kacha. 
This  incident  is  said  to  have  caused  Shukra  t<»  prohibit  wine 
to  Brahmans.  When  Kacha  refuses  to  marry  Devayani, 
she  curses  him  with  the  hiss  of  the  charm,  and  he  condemns 
hei  t<»  be  sought  by  no  Ih-ahmau  and  to  well  a  Kshatriya, 

Kachh,  or  Cutch  (kuch).  A  native  state  under 
British  control,  south  of  Sind.  Area,G,500 square 
miles.    Popuhilion  (IH'H),  ,558,415. 

Kachh,  Gulf  of.    An  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 

Miiilli  of  Kiiidili  and  north  of  Kntliiawar. 

Kachh,  Ran  of,  or  Runn  of  Cutch.  Asaltnu- 

rass,  flooded  at  times,  situated  north  and  east 
of  Kachh,  and  comiiiunicating  with  the  Gulf  of 

Kuehh. 

Kachh  Gundava  (gun-dii'vii).     A  region  in 

easlerii  P.alucdiislnii,  east  of  Klielat. 
Kadambari  (kii-dam'ba-re).  A  claiighter  of 
Chitraralha  and  Madira,  whose  name  is  given 
to  a  celebraled  Sanskrit  prose  work,  a  kind  of 
romance,  written  by  liaiinbhalla  andooutinued 
by  Ills  son  in  about  tlie  7th  century. 

Kadapa,  or  Cuddapah  (kud'ii-pii).    A  district 

in  Madras,  Britisli  India,  intersected  by  lat.  15° 
N.,  long.  78°  :tO'  K. 

Kadesh  (ka'desh),  more  fully  Kadcsh  Barnea 

(ka'ilesh  bjir'ne-ii).  [Hid)., •sanctuary.']  1.  A 
)>lace  on  the  southern  boundary  of  the  F.ast  Jor- 
dan territory,  the  modern  Ain  Kiidish,  in  the 
country  of  the  .\zarime.  It  wasthe  headipiarlersof 
the  Israelites  in  their  wanderings  in  the  desert.  Miriam, 
the  sister  of  Mnses.  dleil  here;  the  episode  of  the  "waters 
of  strife"  took  place.here;  and  from  here  the  epics  were 
sent  out  to  iiivi-!4tigate  Canaan. 

2.  The  caiiital  of  the  Hittites,  on  the  Orontes 
near  Tel  Nebi  .Meiide.  About  isno  It.  c.  Itamescs  II 
of  the  null  dynasty  galneil  ll»ere  a  decisive  victory  over 
the  llittlles. 

Like  Carchcmlsh,  Kadesh  on  the  Orontos,  the  most  Buulh 
em  capital  the  Ulttltes  possessed,  woa  also  a  "holy  city." 
&S7 


Pictures  of  it  have  been  preserved  on  the  monumeDt«  of 
Ranieses  II.  We  gather  from  them  that  it  stood  on  the 
shore  of  the  Lake  of  Homs,  still  called  the  *'  I.ake  of  Ka- 
desh, "at  the  point  where  the  Orontes  tlowed  out  of  the  lake. 
The  river  was  eondueled  round  the  city  in  a  double  chan- 
nel, across  which  a  wide  bridge  was  thr()W  n,  the  space  be- 
tween the  two  channels  being  apparently  occupied  by  a 
wall.  Sayce,  Hittitcs,  p.  100. 

Kadiak  (kiid-yak'),  or  Kodiak  (kod-yak').  An 
island  in  ihe  I'acitic  Ocean,  bidonging  to  Alas- 
ka, situated  about  lat.  57°  30'  N.,  long.  153°  W. 
Length,  about  90  miles.  The  inhabitants  are 
Eskimos. 

Kadiiah  (kil-de'jil).    The  wife  of  Mohammed. 

Kadikoi  (kad-i-ko'i),  or  Kadikeui  (-ku'e).  A 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  ojijiosile  Coustanti- 
nojile:  the  ancient  Chalcedon. 

Kado  Hadacho  (kii'do  hii-da'cho),  or  Caddo- 
ques,  or  Cadodaquioux.  The  leading  tribe  of 
the  Caddo  Conrederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians.    See  Ciiililo. 

Kadom  (ka-dom').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tamboff,  Kussia,  situated  on  the  Moksha 
about  125  miles  soul  hwest  of  Nijni  Novgorod. 
Population  (188.5-89),  7,258. 

Kadur,  or  Cadoor  (kii-dor').  A  district  in  Jly- 
sore.  India,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  30'  N.,  long. 
76°  E.  Area.  2,635  square  miles.  Population 
(ISOI),  .3:i0.063. 

Kaempfer.    See  Kampfer. 

Kaf  (kUf).  In  Oriental  legend,  a  range  of  hills 
encircling  the  earth,  the  chief  abode  of  the 
,iinns. 

Kaffa.    See  Feodoxia. 

Kaffa  (kiif 'fii),  or  GomaraCgo'mii-rii).  A  region 
in  eastern  Africii,  about  lat.  6°-S°  N.,  long.  3.5°- 
38°  E.  It  is  on  the  border  line  of  the  British 
and  Italian  spheres  of  influence  in  East  Africa. 

Kaffir,  or  Kafir,  or  Caffre  (kaff-r).  [Ar.,  '  un- 
believer,' '  inlidel.'j  A  name  given  by  the  Arabs 
of  East  Africa  to  all  pagan  African  natives, 
and  adopted  by  the  Portuguese,  Dutch,  and 
English  of  South  and  East  -Vfrica.  In  English  the 
word  lias  been  used  to  signify  (a)  the  Kaffirs  proper,  con- 
sisting of  the  Xosa,  Vondo,  and  lenibii  tribes  ;  (6)  the  Zu- 
lus and  the  Kaltlrs  proper  taken  collectively,  as  distin- 
gnished  from  the  Bechuana.  Hottentots,  and  other  South 
African  natives  ;  (c)  the  Bantu  family, orall  negroes  south 
of  the  eiiuator. 

Kaffraria  (kaf-fra'ri-a).  The  country  of  the, 
K  a  Hi  IS,  in  South  Africa.  It  isnotanadmiiiistnitivo 
term,  though  Transkei  in  Cape  Cidony  is  sometimes  known 
as  Kalfraria  proper,  and  n  region  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  Cape  Colony  was  formerly  known  as  British  Kalfraria. 
Kaltlrs  are  found  in  Natal  and  neighboring  regions,  as  well 
as  in  Cape  Colony,  The  Kalhrs  have  been  repeatedly  at 
war  with  the  British,  especially  in  1819,  1834-S5,  1840-18, 
18.'>0-62,  and  1877. 

Kafiristan(kii-fe-ris-tiin').  A  mountainous  re- 
gion in  central  Asia,  on  the  border  of  Afghan- 
istan and  the  British  sjihere  of  influence.  Itsap- 
proximate  boundaries  are  the  Illndu-Kush  Mountains  on 
the  iiortli,  and  the  rivers  Panjshir  and  Kanar,  The  in- 
habitants (estimated  at  about  2n<l,(Klll)  are  various  related 
li.  allien  tribes. 

Kagoshima  (k!i-g<5-she'mii),  or  Kagosima  (kii- 

go-se'mii).  A  seajiort  in  the  island  of  Kiiisiii, 
.laiiun,  situated  in  lat.  31°  32'  N.,  long,  130°  .30' 
K.  It  is  a  very  old  city,  the  "seat  of  Ihe  manufaelnre  of 
the  celebrated  Satsnnia  crackled  faience."  It  was  bom- 
barded by  the  British  in  isoii.     ropiilation  (lM)n  i.il,«43. 

Kahlenberg.  or  Kalenberg  (kii'len-beni).    A 

spur  of  Ihe  Xorie  .Mjis,  in  l,ovver  Austria  near 
\'ielin!l.  It  is  now  ascended  by  a  mountain  railway. 
Near  Ibis  locality  liviil.  in  Ihe  Utb'eeliturv,  Ilo- tale  writer 
"I'falfc  von  Kablenbent  '  (■•  I'arson  of  Kablenlierg  "). 
Height,  l.-i:i.  feel. 

Kahnistkii'nia),KarlFriedrichAugu8t.  Bom 

at  Grei/.,  Germany,  Dee. 22,  1814:  diodatLeip- 
slc,  .rune  20,  1888!  AOeriiian  Protestant  theo- 
logian. Among  his  works  an-  "  Der  innerc  dang  dca 
deut.eben  I'roleHtuntlsmus"  (I8.''4),  " Lutherlscho  Dog- 
niallk  '  (1801). 

Kaboda  i  ka-ho'daV  A  learned  Brahman,  father 
of  Aslilavakra  (which  see). 

Kai  (ki),  pi.  Kayan  (ke-yiln').  [Kindred  with 
Skt,  k(iri,  wise,  a  sage,  poet;  Avestan  kavan, 
karija,  knri,  king.]  A  Persian  word,  meaning 
'  kiiig,'  and  especially  a  great  king,  prefixed  to 


Kai 

the  names  of  four  old  Iranian  kings,  Kawus, 
Khusrau,  Qubad,  and  LuJirasp,  to  which  some 
add  Gayumart  (also  spelled  Kayitmarth). 
Kaietur  (kii-e-tor')  Fall.     A  cataract  of  British 
Guiaua.  on  the  Potaro,  a  western  branch  of  the 
Essequibo.     It  was  discovered  bv  C.  B.  Brown 
in  1870,  and  is  822  feet  high  and  370  feet  broad. 
Kaifeng  (Id-feng'),   or  Kai-fung   (M-fung'). 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Honan,  China, 
situated   near  the  Hwang-ho   about   lat.   34° 
100  000  ^°°^'   ''"^^°  ^'  ^'      PoP'ilat'Oi"'  about 
Kaigani  (kl-ga'ne).    Adivision  of  the  Skittage- 
tau  stock  of  North  American  Indians.    They  have 
seven  occupied  and  three  abandoned  villages,  all  on  Tor- 
ester  and  Prince  of  Wales  islands,  off  the  west  coast  of 
British  America.    The  number  on  Prince  of  Wales  Island 
is  7SS.     See  SHttagetan. 
Kaikawus  (ki-ka-w6s').     In  the  Shahnamah, 
the  twelfth  Iranian   king,  son  of  Kaiqubad, 
reigning  150  years.    A  dev  or  demon,  disguised  as  a 
singer,  siniis  before  the  king  the  beauties  of  ilazandaran, 
whence  he  resolves  to  conquer  the  country.    Kaikaims 
succeeds  with  the  aid  of  Rustam,  who  has  his  seven  adven- 
tures during  this  w.ir.    (See  Itmtam.)    The  king  next  in- 
vades Hamavaran,  the  king  of  which  yields  to  him  and  gives 
him  his  daughter  Saudabah  in  marriage.     The  king  of 
Hamavaran,  however,  treacherously  seizes  Kawus  and  im- 
prisons him,  during  which  time  Afrasyab  attacks  Iran. 
Kustam  defeats  the  tliree  hostile  kings  and  delivers  Ka- 
wus.    The  war  with  Afrasyab  lasts  during  the  whole  reign. 
The  history  of  Kaikawus  contains,  besides  the  account  of 
Eustam's  seven  adventures,  that  of  Suhrab  and  that  of 
Syawaush.    (See  Suhrab,  Syau-aush.)    In  his  pride  Kaika- 
wus sought  to  By  to  the  heavens,  and  harnessed  to  his  throne 
four  eagles.     Wearied,  they  descended  and  threw  the  king 
on  the  ground  near  Amol.    He  escaped  with  his  life,  and, 
pardoned  by  God  for  his  arrogance,  ruled  oa    The  name 
is  the  Kaoses  of  the  Byzantine  historians. 
Kaikejri  (ki-ka'ye).     In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
princess  of  Kaikeya.  wife  of  King  Dasharatha 
and  mother  of  his  third  son,  Bharata.    Carefully 
tending  Dasharatha  when  wounded,  she  induced  him  to 
I)romise  any  two  favors.     Sheused  this  promise  to  procure 
the  e.vile  of  Kama  and  the  promotion  of  Bharata. 
Kaikhusrau  (present  Pers.  prou.  ki-khus-rou': 
earlier ki-khos-rou').   [SeeiTaf.  Khusrauisthe 
Skt.  sushrdvas,  Avestan  husravfinh  (nom.  liiisra- 
ra),  famous,  Gr.  'OapGK  and  Cliosrocs.J     In  the 
Shahnamah,  the  thirteenth  Iranian  king.    He 
reigned  60  ye.ars.    He  was  the  son  of  Syawaush  and  Faran- 
gis,  daughter  of  Afrasyab.     After  the  murder  of  Syawaush 
by  Gurwi,  Afrasyab  was  about  to  slay  Farangis,  that  none 
of  the  offspring  of  Iraj  nnght  live;  but  Piran  Wisah  per- 
suaded the  king  to  put  her  in  his  care.    Piran  saved  her 
child  when  born,  and  had  him  brought  up  by  shepherds 
Afrasyab,  frightened  by  a  dream  in  which  the  son  of  Sya- 
waush destroyed  him,  summoned  Piran,  who  allayed  the 
fears  of  Afrasyab  by  representing  the  boy  as  an  idiot  When 
he  warred  with  Kaikawus,  Afrasyab  sent  Farangis  and 
Khusrau  to  aremote  place,  but  Giv  found  them  and  bron"ht 
them  to  Kaikawus.  who  appointed  Khusrau  his  successor 
KJmsrau  continued  the  war,  and  slew  Afrasyab.     The 
name  Kaikhusrau  is  identified  with  thatof  the  elder  Cyrus, 
with  the  legends  of  whom  as  told  by  the  Greeks  there  are 
accordances. 
Eailasa  (ki-la'sa).     A  mountain  in  the  Hima- 
laya, north  of  take  Manasa.     Shiva's  paradise 
and  Kuvera's  abode  are  said  to  be  on  Kailasa. 
Kaiqubad  (earlier  Pers.  pron.  ki-ko-bad';  pres- 
ent Pers.  pron.  ki-ko-bad').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
the  eleventh  Iranian  king,  a  descendant  of  Fan- 
dun,  brought  by  Rustam  from  Mount  Alburz  at 
the  bidding  of  Zal  after  the  death  of  Garshasp. 
He  reigned  100  years,  building  cities  after  Rustam,  de- 
feating Afrasyab,  compelled  Pashang  to  sue  for  peace     He 
left  four  sons,  the  eldest  being  Kaikawus.    See  Qubad. 
Kaira  (ki'rii).     l.  A  district  in  the  governor- 
ship of  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  bv 
lat  22° 40' N., long.  72° 50' E.  Area,l,609  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  871,589.— 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  district  of  Kaira,  about  lat.  ''■2°  45'  N 
long.  72°  38'  E.     Population  (1891),  10,101. 
Kairwan  (kir-wan'),  orKirwan  (ker-wan').   A 
city  87  miles  south  of  Tunis,    it  is  a  holy  Moham- 
medan city,  founded  about  670.     The  Djamaat  es-Sehebi 
or  iIos<|ue  ot  the  Companion  of  the  Prophet,  is  the  chief 
sanctuary  of  the  city.     Within  the  usual  inclosing  waU 
there  are  four  beautiful  arcaded  courts,  domed  vestibules 
the  mosque  proper,  and  the  Shrine  of  the  Companion,  Ab^ 
dullah  ibn-Zemaa  el-Beloui,  a  small  domed  structure  with 
ornament  of  heterogeneous  character  and  date       The  re- 
mainder of  the  monument  abounds  with  the  richest  Arabic 
decoration  in  plaster-work,  inlaid  tiles,  elaboratecarpentrv 
and  color.     The  square  minaret  is  incrusted  with  tiles  and 
has  an  Ajiniez  window  in  each  face  at  the  top.    The  great 
mosque  of  Sidi  Akbar  is  a  venerable  monument  occupying 
the  northern  corner  of  the  city.    In  plan  it  is  a  rectant-le 
which  is  divided  into  three  parts,  the  place  of  worship 
proper,  the  vestibule,  and  the  cloistered  court  in  which 
stands  the  minaret.    The  mosque  proper  consists  ot  17 
aisles  of  8  arches  springing  from  coupled  columns  of  mar- 
ble and  porphyry.    These  columns  number  296,  and  in  the 
enV"!  building  there  are  439,  all  taken  from  old  Roman 
and  Christian  monuments.    The  mihrab  and  mimbar  are 
beautifully  ornamented.    There  is  a  central  dome,  which 
rests  on  porphyr>'  columns  about  42  feet  high.    The  court 
H  surrounded  by  a  double  arcade  with  coupled  columns 
Population,  estimaUd,  about  18,000.    Also  Eairoan,  Ke- 
rouaji,  etc. 

Kais.    See  JBienn. 


558 


Kaisariyeh.    See  Chorea. 

Kaiserhaus.    See  Gnxlar. 

Kaisersaal  (ki'zer-siil).     See  Aix-la-ChapeVe. 

Kalserslautern  (ki'zers-lou-tem).  A  city  in  the 
KhiuePalatiuate.Bavaria.situatedonthe'Lauter 
32  miles  west  of  llanuheim.  it  has  manufactures  of 
iron,  beer,  etc.,  ami  an  important  fruit-market  It  was  the 
reaulence  of  Fi-ederick  Barbarossa.  Here,  November  28- 
30, 1793,  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under 
Hoche  and  5(aj  23,  1794,  the  Prussians  under  .Mollendori 
again  defeated  the  French.     Population  (1895),  40,828. 

Kaiserswerth  (ki'zers-vert).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine 
-,'  mil?s  north-northwest  of  Cologne.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  trainine-school  for  Protestant  deaconesses,  founded  by 
H  liednerjund  has  a  noted  medieval  church. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  (ki'zer  vil'helm)  Canal  A 
ship-eanal  connecting  the  harbor  of  Kiel  with 
the  mouth  of  the  Elbe  near  Brunsbuttel     The 

??"i''i>?''\fT"  ■!,'.'."''  ?■  P?'  ""''  "P"'"^''  f""-  traffic  June 
19,  1S95.  Its  breadth  at  the  bottom  is  72  feet,  and  at  the 
surface  213  feet ;  depth,  29  feet  6  inches.  The  cost  of  con! 
struction  was  estimated  at  about  S39,000,000 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  Islands.  A  small  group  of 
islands  m  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  belonging  to 
Graham  Land. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  Land.  A  German  protector- 
ate (from  1884)  in  the  northeast  of  New  Guinea. 
Ai'ea.  estimated,  about  72,000  square  miles 
Population,  estimated,  110,000. 

Kaithal.    See  Kijthul. 

Kaiyuh-Khotana  (ki'yo-cho-ta'na).  A  confed- 
eracy of  several  tribes  of  the  northern  division 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, dwelling  on  the  plains  of  the  Yukon  and 
Kuskokwim  rivers,  in  the  interior  of  Alaska. 
See  Athapascan. 

KakongO  (ka-kong'go).     See  Kongo  Xation. 

Kaku  (ka-ko'),  or  Kakui  (ka-kii-e').  In  the 
Shahnamah,  a  grandson  of  Zohak,  who  allied 
himself  with  Salm  in  the  war  of  Faridun  and 
Mmuchihr  against  Salm  and  Tur,  and  was  slain 
by  Minuchihr  after  a  single  combat  lasting  al- 
most a  whole  day. 

Kalabagh  (kii-la-bag').  A  town  in  Bannu  ilis- 
trict,  Panjab,  British  India,  situated  on  tlie  In- 
dus in  lat.  32°  58'  N.,  long.  71°  36'  E.  It  is  noted 
tor  salt-quarries. 

Kalabar(kii-lii-biir').  Seera?«J«)-,£«-,and/fito. 

Kalafat  (ka-la-faf).  A  town  in  Wallaehia.  Ru- 
niania,  situated  on  the  Danube  opposite  Wid- 
din.  It  was  the  scene  of  encounters  between  the  Russians 
and  Turks,  resulting  in  the  retreat  of  the  former,  Jan.  6-10 
as.'4.    Population,  6,372.  ' 

Kalab.    See  Calah. 

Kalahari  (ka-lii-ha're)  Desert.  An  elevated  and 
partially  desert  region  in  South  Africa,  north  of 
the  Orange  River,  and  mainly  comprised  within 
the  Beehuanaland  protectorate. 

Kalah  Shergat  (kil'la  sher-gat').  The  mound 
of  niins  about  50  miles  south  of  Mosul,  repre- 
senting the  ancient  city  of  Assur. 

Kalakaua  (kal-a-kou'a )  I, ,  David.  Bom  Nov. 
16,  1836:  died  at  San'Franeisco,  Jan.  30,  1891.' 
King  of  Hawaii  1874-91,  son  of  Kepaakea  and 
Keohokalole,  niece  of  Kamehameha  I.  He  was 
elected  Feb.  12, 1874,  to  succeed  LunalUo.  He  was  com- 
pelled by  a  revolutionary  movement  to  grant  in  1887  a  new 
constitution  imposing  important  restrictions  on  the  royal 
prerogative. 

Kalamata  (ka-la-ma'ta).  The  capital  of  Mes- 
senia,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Nedon,  near  the 
coast,  in  lat.  37°  2'  N.,  long.  22°  8'  E. :  the  an- 
cient PhariB  or  Pherse.  it  was  held  by  the  Venetians 
1685-1718,  and  was  sacked  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1825.  Pop- 
ulation (1889).  commune,  15,479. 

Kalamazoo  (kal'a-ma-z6').  A  city  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan,  situated 
on  the  Kalamazoo  River  in  lat.  42°19'N.,  long. 
85°  34'  W.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and 
is  the  seat  of  Kalamazoo  College.  PoDulatiou 
(1900),  24,404.  ^ 

Kalamazoo  River.  A  river  in  Michigan,  flow- 
ing into  Lake  Michigan  41  miles  northwest  of 
Kalamazoo.    Length,  1.50  miles. 

Kalamita  (ka-lii-me'ta)  Bay.  .Aji  indentation 
of  the  western  coast  of  the  Crimea,  Russia. 

Kalanemi  (ka-la-na'me).  In  Hindu  mrthologv, 
in  the  Ramayaria,  a  Rakshasa,  uncle  of  Ravana! 
At  Ravana's  request  he  tries  to  kill  Hanuman,  assuming 
the  form  of  a  hermit  devotee  and  offering  him  food.  Ha- 
numan refuses  imd  goes  to  bathe.  His  foot  is  seized  by  a 
crocodile,  which  he'  kills.  From  the  body  rises  a  lovely 
Apsaras,  who  had  been  cursed  to  live  as  a  crocodile  until 
released  by  Hanuman.  She  warns  him  against  Kalanemi, 
who  is  seized  by  Hanuman  and  hurled  to  Lanka,  where  he 
falls  before  the  throne  of  Havana. 

Kalanos  (kal'a-nos).  The  Greek  name  of  a 
Brahman  (called  in  Lafm  Calanus)  who  followed 
Alexander  the  Great  from  India,  and,  becoming 
HI,  burned  himself  alive  before  the  Macedoni- 


Kali 


fonA  *^'"^®  months  before  Ale.xander's  death 
(3J3  B.  c),  which  he  had  predicted. 
Kalapooian  (kal-a-po'yan).  A  linguistic  stock 
ot  North  American  Indians,  embracing  the 
Ahantehuyuk,  Atfalati,  Calapoova,  Chelamela 
Lak-nuut,  Santiam,  Yamil,  and"Yonkala  diW- 
sions  with  their  numerous  bands,  it  formerlyoc 
cupied  the  mam  and  tributarj-  valleys  of  \\-illamette  Riyer 
Oregon,  above  the  falls.  The  tribes  were  large  early  in 
the  century,  but  suffered  severely  from  disease  in  1824- 
1825,  and  later  from  the  depredatory  Klikitat.  rhe  rem- 
nants of  these  tribes  are  on  Grande  Ronde  reservation. 
Oregon,  and  numbered  171  in  1890.  ' 

Kalapooyah.     See  Calapooi/a. 
Kalarash  (kii-la-rash'),  or'Kalarashi  (kS-ia- 
ra'she).    A  river  port  in  Wallachia,  Rumania, 
situated'  on  the  Danube  10  miles  northeast  of 
Silistria.     Population  (1889-90),  8,125.  [, 

Kalatamarefio.     Same   as   Catamarefio.     Seo 

Calclia(2iiis. 
Kalatch  (kU-laeh').  1.  A  Cossack  settlement 
m  the  government  of  Voronezh,  Russia,  about 
lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  41°  7'  E.— 2.  A  trading 
place  in  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Don  about  lat.  48°  43' 
N.,  long.  43°  30'  E. 
Kalau  (ka'lou).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  59  miles  south-south- 
east of  Berlin. 
Kalayavana  (kii-la-ya'va-na).  ['Black  Yava- 
na,'  'Greek,' or  'foreigner.']'  AYavana.  or  for- 
eign king,  who  led  an  army  of  barbarians  to 
Mathura  against  Krishna.  Krishna  lured  him  into 
the  cave  of  Muchukunda,  who  awoke  and  reduced  him  to 
ashes  by  a  glance. 

Kalbe  (kal'be).    A  town  in  the  province  of 

Saxony,  Pi-ussia.  situated  on  the  Saale  18  miles 
south  by  east  of  Magdeliurg.  Population  ( 1890). 
commune,  9.609. 

Kalckreuth  (kaik'roit).  Count  Frledrich  Adolf 
von.  Boru  at  Sottershausen,  near  Sangerhau- 
sen,  Prussia,  Feb.  22, 1737:  died  atBerlin,  June 
10, 1818.  APrussian field-marshal, distinguished 
in  the  defense  of  Dantzic  in  1807. 
Kaldu.     Seo  ChaJdca. 

Kalenberg,  or  Calenberg  (ka'len-bero).    A 
foi-mer  principality  of  Germany,  now  included 
in  the  circles  of  Hannover,  Wennigsen,  and 
Hameln,  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 
Kalergls   (ka-ler'gis),  Demetrius.    Bom  in 
Crete  about  1803:   died  at  Athens.  April  24, 
1867.     A  Cireek  general  and  politician. 
Kalevala   (ka-le-va'lii),  or  Kalewala  (ka-le- 
va'la).     [Kaleva,  heroic;  Ja,  affix  sig.  'abode': 
'  abode '  or  '  land  of  heroes.']     The  national  epic 
of  Finland.    The  elements  of  the  poem  are  ancient  pop- 
ular songs,  hitherto  orally  transmitted,  that  have  been  col- 
lected in  different  parts  of  Finnish  territory,  for  the  most 
part  within  the  present  century.   Short  fragments  of  myth- 
ical poetrj-  had  been  known  in  the  18th  century,  but  the 
ftrst  considerable  collection  was  published  by  "Zacharias 
Topelius  in  1S23.    The  poem  owes  its  present  coherent 
fonu  to  Elias  Lonnrott,  who  during  years  of  assiduous  labor 
collected  the  material  in  Finland  proper,  but  principally  in 
Russian  Karelia  eastward  to  the  White  Sea.     Lonnrotfs 
first  edition,  which  appeared  in  1835,  contains  12,000  verses, 
for  the  first  time  systematically  arranged  as  a  connected 
whole.  In  1849appearedasecondedition,containing nearly 
23,000  verses,  which  is  the  present  form  ot  the  poem.    The 
Kalevala  is  written  in  eight-syllabled  trochaic  verse  with 
alliteration,  but  without  rime.    The  whole  is  divided  into 
60  cantos  or  runes.   Its  subject-matter  is  mj-thical,  with  a    ■ 
few  Christian  elements.   Its  central  hero  is  Wainanioinen, 
the  god  of  poetrj-  and  music.    It  is  the  prototj-pe,  in  form 
and  contents,  of  Longfellow's  "Hiawatha." 
Kalgan  (kal-giin').     A  city  in  the  province  of 
Chihli,  China,  .situated  on  the  line  of  the  Great 
Wall,  120  miles  northwest  of  Peking.    It  has 
important  transit  trade,  especiallv  in  tea.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  70,000. 
Kalgueff.     See  Kolgueff. 

Kalhana(kal'ha-na).     [Skt.]    The  name  of  the 
author  of  the  Rajatarangini,  a  historv  of  Kash- 
mir, supposed  to  have  lived  about  1148. 
Kali  (ka'li).     In  Sanskrit,  a  name  of  the  die  or 
side  of  the  die  which  is  marked  by  one  point : 
personified  as  an  evil  genius  in  the  poem  of 
Nala.     Finding  that  Damayanti  had  chosen  Nala,  Kali, 
enraged,  entered  into  him,  and  caused  him  to  be  worsted  by 
his  brother  Pushkara  in  the  game  of  dice  in  which  Nala 
lost  his  kingdom,  his  wife,  and  even  his  raiment,  and  in 
consequence  of  which  he  became  an  exde. 
Kali  (ka'le).     [In  the  Vedas  Agni  has  seven 
flickering  tongues  for  devouring  oblations:  of 
these  Kali  is  the  black   or  terrible   tongue. 
The  word  came  to  have  the  following  meaning.] 
In  Hindu  mythology,  the  bloody  consort  of 
Shiva.    (Calcutta  is  Ealighatta,  the  ghat  or  landing- 
place  of  Kali.)    In  her  images  the  body  is  black,  or  dark- 
blue,  the  insides  of  the  hands  red.    Her  disheveled  hair 
reaches  to  her  feet.     She  has  a  necklace  of  human  beads 
and  a  cincture  of  bloodstained  hands,  while  she  standson 
the  body  of  Shiva.    Her  tongue  protrudes  from  her  mouth, 
which  is  marked  with  blood.    Bloody  sacrifices  are  made 


Kali 

to  her.  She  has  a  celebrated  temple  at  Ealighat.  nearCal- 
cntta,  whicli  during  her  festivals  swims  with  blood.  She 
perwjnifles  destroying  Time. 

Kalidasa  (kU-li-da'sa).  The  greatest  poet  and 
draiii:itist  of  India.  All  that  is  related  of  his  personal 
history  is  that  he  lived  at  rjjayini  or  (lujein,  and  that  he 
was  oiie  of  the  9  gems  of  the  einirt  of  Vikraniaditya:  but 
since  there  have  been  several  kings  of  that  name  at  Vjja- 
yini,  his  date  reniLiiiis  uneertuiu.  \\'ilson  believed  this  Vi- 
kraniaditya to  be  the  one  whose  era  liegiiis  ."itJ  B.  c.  Bhau 
Daji  identities  bini  with  Harsha  \'ikraniadityaof  the  mid- 
dle of  the  (jth  ceiitui-y.  aionier- Williams  gives  the  begin- 
ning of  tlie  M  kcntiii-y  as  the  date  of  Kaiidasa ;  Lassen, 
the  middle  of  the  2d  ;  Kern,  the  tlrst  half  of  the  6th  ;  .la- 
cubi,  the  middle  of  the  4th  :  ."^hankar  Pandit,  a  lime  prior 
to  the  middle  of  the  bth  ;  and  the  scmthern  Buiidhists,  the 
r.th.  Weber  assigns  the  comitosition  of  Kalidasa's  three 
Iriimas  to  a  period  from  the  2d  to  the  4th  century  of  our 
[■a  — the  period  of  the  Gupta  princes,  whose  reigns  oorre- 
;i(»nd  best  to  the  legendary  tradition  of  the  ';lory  of  Vi- 
■,rama.  Kaiidasa  is  the  undisputed  author  of  the  two 
hamas  Shakuntala  and  Vikramorvashi,  and  Weber  and 
.^liankar  Pandit  have  submitted  strong  grounds  for  ascrib. 
ingtohim  also  the  Malavikagniniitra.  The  Raghuvansha. 
Kumaras:imbliava,MeghadTita,  UitU8anhara.Nalodaya,and 
Shrutabodha  have  also  all  been  ascribed  to  him  with  va- 
r>'ing  degrees  of  improbability,  lie  is  known  to  Euro- 
pVans  especially  through  the  drama  of  .shakuntiila,  which, 
^^heIl  tlist  translated  by  .Sir  William  Jones  in  1789,  pro- 
liiced  such  a  sensation  that  the  early  success  of  .Sanskrit 
-uidies  in  England  and  Germany  may  be  ascribed  to  this 
masterpiece.  He  is  characterized  by  consummate  tact  in 
the  use  of  language,  delicacy  of  sentiment,  and  fertility  of 
imagination.     See  the  several  names. 

Kalika  (kii'li-kii).     The  goddess  Kali. 

KalikapuranaCkii'li-kii-iio-ni'na).  In  Sanskrit 
literature,  one  o£  eighteen  Upapuranas,  or  sec- 

■  indaryPuranas,containingaliout  9,000  stanzas, 

■  he  object  of  which  is  to  recommend  the  worship 
'I  Kali,  the  wife  of  Shiva,  in  one  or  other  of  her 
1 1  inns.  It  belongs  to  the  Shakta  form  of  Uindu  belief,  or 
ihr  worship  of  the  female  powers  of  the  deities.  A  remark- 
:.Ip1.-  liiiture  of  the  work  is  the  description  of  a  immber  of 
livi.i  ^  and  mountains  in  Assam,  suggesting  to  Wilson  the 
po.ssible  Assamese  origin,  or  origin  in  northeastern  Bengal, 
:f  the  Tantrikaand  Shakta  corruptions  of  theearlier  Hindu 
rrliglon. 

Kalilag  and  Damnag  (ku-le'lag  and  dam'nag). 
The  name  of  the  Syriac  version  of  the  original 
of  the  Panchatantra,  and  an  important  link  in 
the  genealogy  of  Indo-Eui-opean  folk-lore.  That 
original,  a  BuaJhist  Sanskrit  work  in  13  chapters  treating 
of  the  conduct  of  princes,  and  inculcating  its  doctrines  in 
the  form  of  beast-fables,  was  translated  from  Sanskrit  into 
Fahlavi  by  a  Pei-aian  physician  named  Barzoi  at  the  com- 
mand of  Khusrau  Nushirvan  (5:u-579  A.  D. ).  From  the  Fah- 
lavi version,  now  lost,  was  translated,  about  670  A.  P.,  the 
older  Syriac  version,  called  after  the  two  jackals,  Kara- 
taka  and  Damanaka,  who  figured  in  the  introduction  to  the 
SansJtrit  original.     A  notice  of  this  Syriac  version  had  been 

f (reserved  in  a  catalogue  of  Syriac  writings  ni:ide  by  Elied- 
e8U8,who  died  in  1318,  and  published  by  Asscniani  at  Itome 
in  1725.  A  Chaldean  bishop,  tJeorgius  Ebed-jesu.s  Kliay- 
yath,  on  his  way  to  the  ecumenical  ctMincil  in  1870.  stum- 
bled upon  a  inainiscript  of  this  versiuTi  in  the  episcopal 
liltrary  at  Mardin.  'I'hrouKh  the  mediation  of  the  Italian 
scholar  Ouidi,  and  a  wonderful  cond)iiiation  of  accidents 
and  efforts,  '■  the  lost  manuscript  "  was  madt:  known  t^> 
Europe,  and  at  last  pulilished  and  translated  by  Bickell 
(Lcipsic,  1876).  BickelTs  work  contains  an  important  in- 
troduction by  Benfey  resuming  the  results  (already  pul)- 
Ushed  in  his  Pantschatantra)  of  his  studies  in  the  history 
of  fable. 

Kalilah  and  Dimnah  (ka-le'Iii  and  dim'nii),  or 
Fables  of  Pilpay  (pil'l)a).  I'lie  ntime  of  the 
Arabic  translation  of  the  Fahlavi  translation 
of  the  Sanskrit  original  of  the  Pancliatantra. 
It  waa  made  by  Ab^allah  ibn  al-Mo<iatfa,  a  Pei-aian  convert 
to  Islam,  who  lived  under  the  calif  Al-Mansur  and  died 
about  760.  The  Arabic  was  publislied  by  I)e  Sary  in  1H16, 
and  an  English  translation  by  KnatchbnU  (Oxford.  18111). 
Kalilah  and  Dimnah  is  also  the  name  of  the  later  Syriac 
version  made  in  the  10th  <tr  11th  century,  edited  by  Wright 
and  translated  by  Keith-Kalconer  (Cambridge,  18«(i). 
Kdth-Falconer's  Introduction  is  a  clear  and  full  account 
of  the  history  of  Indo-European  fable.  See  KatUaij  and 
Daitiiiafi,  and  I'ilpay. 

Kalinga  (kil-lin'gji).  An  ancient  kingdom  of 
India,  whicli  extended  along  the  eastern  coast 
nortliward  from  the  vicinity  of  Madras,  and 
sometimes  included  Orissa. 

Ealingapatam,  or  Calingapatam  (ka-liiig"ga- 

]m-t;lin').  A  small  scapni-t  in  ( i;tnj:un  district, 
Madras,  Hritish  India,  silii.ttc'il  nt  tlic  mouth  of 
the  Vangsedliui-a  inl.it.  IS  '21'  .\.,  long.  .H-t°7' K. 

Kalir  (kii'ler),  Eleazar  Birrabi.  Lived  proba- 
bly in  the  9tii  century  in  Palestine.  The  most 
celebrated  and  product  ive  writer  of  the  syna- 
gogal  lioetry,  or  ;;/«/.  About  2nOof  his  poems  (iiih^'iii) 
are  extant.  His  subjects  are  mostly  taken  from  the  'I'al- 
miid.  His  style  is  terse  and  perspicuous,  liold  in  tlie  for- 
mation of  new  words  and  phrases,  and  often  artltlclal  by 
reas<ui  of  invrdved  vei"sillcation,  rimes,  and  acrostics, 

Kali8Ch(kii'lisli), David.  Horn  at  Hreslaii, Prus- 
sia, Fob.  2:t,  1H20:  ilied  at  Berlin,  Aug.  L'l,  1H72. 
A  Oeniian  humorist, of  Hebrew  descent,  founiler 
of  the  comic  journal  "  Kladilei'ndatseh  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1.S4H),  and  autlior  of  numerous  farces. 

Kalisch,  Marcus.  Born  at  Tr(>plow,  Prussia, 
May  lii,  ISliS  :  ilied  at  Howsley,  Derbysliire,  Kng- 
lanil,  Aug.  'J:i.  IS.S.').     A  (ierman  biblical  critic. 

Kalish,  Pol.  Kalisz  (kii'lish).    1.  A  government 


559 

of  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on  Prussia.  Area, 
4,392  sipiare miles.  Population, 837, 317. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kalish,  Russian 
Poland,  situated  on  the  Prosna  in  lat.  51° 46'  N., 
long.  18°  10'  E. :  the  ancient  Kalisia.  Here,  Oct. 
2i).  17U6,  the  Russian  and  Polishforces  defeated  the  Swedes ; 
and  here  an  ortensiveand  defensive  alliance  between  Rus- 
sia and  Prussia  was  concluded  Feb.  28,  1813.  Population 
(I89II),  2(1,1101.1. 

Kalitvenskaya  (kii-let-vens'kii-yii).  Acampin 
the  province  of  tlie  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Uonetz  about  81  miles  northeast  of 
Novotclierkask. 

Kaliya  ( kii'li-ya).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  five- 
lieaded  serpent-king  dwelling  in  the  Yamuna. 
His  mouths  vomited  fire.  Krishna,  when  a  child,  jumped 
into  his  pool,  and  waa  seized  by  Kaliya  and  his  attendants. 
Placing  his  foot  on  the  middle  head  of  Kaliya,  Krishna 
reduced  him  to  submission,  and  compelled  him  to  remove 
to  the  ocean. 

Kaliyuga  (ka-li-yS'ga).  In  Sanskrit,  the  name 
of  tlie  last  and  worst  of  the  fouryugas  or  ages  ; 
tlie  iron  age.  Their  names,  Kritayuga,  Tretayuga, 
Dvaparayuga,  and  Kaliyuga,  come  from  the  marks  on  dice, 
four  being  reckoned  as  best,  and  one  as  worst.  (See  Kali.) 
The  Kali,  or  fourth  age.  contains  1,200  years  of  the  gods,  or 
432,000  years  of  men,  and  began  Feb.  18,  3102  B.  C.  When 
it  ends,  the  world  is  to  be  destroyed. 

Kalk  (kiilk).  A  manufacturing  to\ra  in  the  Rhine 
Province.  Prussia,  opposite  Cologne.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  ^..'iSS. 

Kalkbrenner  (kiilk'bren-ner),  Friedrich  Wil- 

helm.  Born  at  Cassel,  1784:  died  at  Eughieii, 
near  Paris,  June  11,  1849.  A  Geiman  pianist 
and  composer  for  the  piano. 
Kalki  (kal'ki).  A  name  of  Vishnu  in  his  future 
cliaracterof  destroyer  of  the  wicked  and  liber- 
ator of  the  world  from  its  enemies.  This  will  be 
the  tenth  and  last  avatar  or  incarnation  of  Vishnu,  and 
will  take  place  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  and  last  age,  the 
Kaliyuga. 

Kallapuya.     See  Cnlapooya. 

Kallimachos.     See  CaUinmclius. 

Kalli-Nuddi  (kiil'le-nud'de).  Ariver  in  British 
India,  flowing  into  the  Ganges  47  miles  north- 
west of  Cawnpore. 

Kallundborg  (kal'lond-boro).  A  town  on  the 
western  coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  Den- 
mark. 

Kalm  ( kalm),  Peter.  Bom  in  Finland,  1715 : 
died  at  Abo,  Finland,  Nov.  16, 1779.  A  Swedish 
botanist.  He  published  "En  resa  til  NoiTa 
A  merika  "(' 'A  .Journey  to  North  America,"  17.53- 
1761),  etc. 

Kalmar,  or  Calmar  (kiil'mar).  1.  Amaritime 
laen  of  southeastern  Sweden,  including  the  isl- 
and of  Oland.  Area,  4,435  siju^re  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1894),  228,577.-2.  A  seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  laen  of  Kalmar,  situated  on  an  island 
in  Kalmar  Sound,  in  lat.  56*^.40'  N.,  long.  16° 
22'  E.,  opposite  the  island  of  Oland.  It  has  a  ca- 
thedral and  an  ancient  castle,  and  is  an  important  trading 
port.  A  union  of  the  kingdoms  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and 
Denmark  was  concluded  jiere.luly  2u,  1397.  I'opulation 
(189:!),  n.H72. 

Kalmar  Sound.  A  sea  ptissage  separating  the 
island  of  Oland  from  the  mainland  of  Sweden. 

Kalmashapada  (kal-mii-sha-pit'da).  In  Hindu 
mytliology,  a  king  of  tlie  solar  race,  son  of  Su- 
dasa,  and  a  descendant  of  Ikshvaku.  The  Maha- 
bharata  describes  him  as  encountering,  when  hunting, 
Shaktrl,  Viwlshtha's  eldest  son,  whom  he  struck  with  his 
whip.  The  incensed  Vasishtha  cursed  hlin  so  that  he  be- 
came a  cannilial.  After  twelve  years  he  waa  restored  by 
Vasishtha.  The  Vishnupurana  varies  and  amplifies  the 
legend. 

Kalmucks,  or Calmuck8(karmuk8).  A  brancli 
ol'the  .Miirigoliiin  family  of  peoples,  divided  into 
four  tribes,  and  dwelling  in  the  Chinese  empire, 
western  Siberia,  and  southeaHtern  Russia.  They 
were  nomads,  adherents  of  u  form  of  Buddliisin,  and  num- 
ber over  2(X),0U0. 

Kalna  (kal'nii),  or  Culna  (kurnjl).  A  town  in 
Bnrdwiiii  district,  Bengal,  British  lndia,sitiiated 
on  the  Bliagirathi  47  miles  north  of  t'nlcutla. 

K41noky  (kiil'no-ki),  Count  Qustav.  Born  at 
lielliiwilz, Moravia, Dec. 29, 1S:12:  cliedat  Briinn, 
Austria,  Feb.  13,  1898.  An  Austrian  statesinan 
and  diplomatist.  Ho  was  appointed  minister  iit  Coiien- 
bagen  in  1871,  and  ambassador  at  St,  Petei-sburg  lu  18S0, 
ami  was  made  nilidsterof  foreign  alfairs  from  ISSltolsalj. 

Kalocsa  (ko'loeh-o).  A  calhednil  city  in  the 
county  of  Pest-Pills-SC)lt  and  Little  Cumania, 
Hungary,  situated  near  the  Danube  67  miles 
south  of  Budapest.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Ro- 
man Catliolio  arebbisbop.  Populatiou  (1890), 
18,170. 

KalO-JohanneS.     See  rnln-.Tnninirs. 

Kalpa  (kal'iiiO.  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  day  of 
Brahnia,  consisting  of  l.OOn  yiigas,  or  432,000,- 
000  years.  A  month  of  Ilnihma  contains  80  kaliiaa,  12 
months  cnnslltulu  his  year,  and  100  yftirs  his  lite.  \\  e  are 
now  111  the  Mst  of  his  years.  The  word  also  means  'man- 
ner of  acting,'  practice  prescribed  by  the  Vcdaa. 


Eamcni 

Kalpasutras  Ckal-pa-s6'traz).  In  Vedic  litera- 
ture,  the  wurks  which  describe  the  ceremonial 
necessary  in  a  Vedic  sacrifice,  expressed  in  short 
technical  rules  (sutras) ;  among  the  Jainas,  the 
name  of  their  most  sacred  book.  It  gives  the  his- 
tory of  Mahavii-a.  the  last  of  the  24  deified  saints  or  Tirt  han- 
karas,  and  that  of  four  others-  Itsauthorwas  Bhadra  Bahu, 
who  compose<l  it,  according  to  Stevenson,  411  a.  p.,  while 
another  authority  makes  Its  date  032  A.  p.  The  Jainas  de- 
vote t<)  the  Kaljiasutras  five  of  the  eight  days  given  in  the 
middle  of  the  rains  to  reading  their  scriptures. 

Kalpeny  (kal'pe-ni).  [A  Hindu  name  of  un- 
certain meaning.]  The  tliird-magnitude  star 
>i  Aquarii,  more  commonly  known  as  Sadalsund, 

Kalpi  (kal'pe),  or  Culpee  (kul'pe).  A  town  in 
Jalaun  tiistrict.  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  .Jumna  45  miles  southwest 
of  CaTvnipore.  The  Indian  rebels  were  defeated 
here  by  Sir  Hugh  Rose,  May,  1858.  Population 
(1891i,  12,713. 

Kaluga  (kii-lo'gil).  1.  A  government  of  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Moscow, 
Tula,  Orel,  and  Smolensk.  It  has  flourishing 
manufactures.  Area,  11,942  siiuare  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,242,900.-2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kaluga,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Yatclienka  with  the  Oka,  in  lat.  ,54°  31'  N., 
long.  36°  10'  E.  It  hasfliourisliingmanufactures 
and  trade.    Population  (1892),  42,971. 

Kalusz  (kiil'losh).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Lomnicza  58  miles 
south  by  east  of  Lemberg.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  7,520. 

Kalvaria  (kiil-vii're-a).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Suvalki,  Russian  Poland,  situated 
on  the  Shelupa  84  miles  west-southwest  of  Vil- 
na.     Population  (1890),  10,087. 

Kalw,  or  Calw  (kiilv).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  district  of  Wtirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Nagold  23  miles  west  of  Stuttgart.  It  was  for- 
merly the  chief  town  of  a  countship  of  Kalw. 
Popiilation  (1890),  4,522. 

Kama  (kii'mii).  [Skt.,  'wish,'  'desire,'  'love.'] 
The  Hindu  god  of  love,  in  the  RIgveda,  desire  is  the 
first  movement  that  arose  in  the  One  after  it  had  come  Into 
life  through  the  ptiwer  of  fervor  or  abstraction.  It  is  the 
b(md  which  connects  entity  with  nonentity.  In  the  Tait- 
tiriyabrahmana  he  is  the  son  of  Dharma,  'justice,'  by 
Shraddha,  'faith,'  but  according  to  the  Hiu'ivansha  the  son 
of  Lakshmi,  'fortune.'  In  another  account  he  springs  from 
Brahma's  heart.  He  is  armed  with  a  bow  and  arrows,  the 
bow  being  of  sugar-cane,  the  bowstring  a  line  of  bot'S,  and 
each  of  tile  five  arrows  tipped  with  a  distinct  flower,  sup- 
posed to  con(|Uer  one  of  the  five  senses.  He  rides  on  a  par- 
rot or  sparrow,  attended  by  nymphs,  one  of  whom  bears 
his  banner  displaying  the  ^lakara,  or  a  fish  on  a  red  ground. 
His  wife  is  Rati  ('pleasure')  or  I'l-iti  ('affection'),  his 
daughter  I'risha  ("thirst '  or  'desire')^  and  his  son  AnI- 
niddha  ('  the  unrestrained 'X 

Kama  (kii'mii).  A  river  in  Russia,  the  largest 
tributary  of  the  Volga,  which  it  joins  42  miles 
south  of  Kazan,  lieiigth,  about  1,050  miles; 
navigable  from  Perm  (930  miles). 

Kamadhenu  (kii-ma-d-ha'no).  [Skt., 'wish- 
cow. 'J  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  fabulous  won- 
der-cow that  gratifies  all  wishes.  Also  called 
KditKittUuk  (kii-ma-d-ho'k),  'wish-milking,'  i.e. 
vielding. 

^amakura  (kii-mii-ko'rii).  A  place  nearYoko- 
Inima.  .Iiipan.  It  was  the  seat  of  government 
in  the  last  part  of  the  miildle  ages. 

Kamandaki(kil-iiian'da-ki).  In  Sanskrit  litera- 
ture, the  author  of  a  certain  Nitishastra  (which 
see). 

Kamaran  (kii-mii-riin'),  or  Cameran  (kam-e- 

riin').  .\n  island  in  the  Red  Sen.  beliiiigingtotlie 
liritisli,  situated  in  hit.  15°'20' N. ,|<,ng. 42-=  34'E. 

Kamba  ^kiill^bii),  or'Wakamba  (wii-kiim'bii). 

.\n  Afrieiin  tribe  of  British  KasI  Africa,  dwell- 
ing north  of  Mount  Kilimanjaro  and  bordering 
on  the  Masai.  The  country  Is  called  fkamba,  the  lan- 
guage Klkamba.  Very  imjierfectly  know  n,  this  tribe  and 
language  are  often  said  tobe  Bantu  ;  but  their  ilemoemtic 
government,  their  nomadic  and  pastoral  habits,  and  their 
nhysical  traits  show  llainltic  attlnity.  In  1S.S2  some  Wa. 
Kainba  settled  in  Csagiira.  The  Kilcnyn  people,  iiorlhern 
neightiors  of  the  Waknlnlta.  are  said  ti»  speak  a  mixture  of 
Klkainlta  and  Kwafi,  probaiily  an  iiitermedlar)'  ilialeet. 

Kambyses.    See  Cawhiscs. 

Kamcnatka  (kiim-chiit'kii).  [F.  KdHitrlidlka, 
(1.  Jiiiml.tflinlKii.]  A  large  peninsula  in  the 
Maritime  Province  of  eastern  Siberia.  It  extendi 
Intothe  Pacific  between  Berlng.Sea  and  Ihe.ScnotHkbotsk. 
II  Is  traversed  liy  volcanic  mountains  (blgbist  [Kilnt.  nearly 
lO.oiMi  feel).  'I'iie  leaiilng  people  are  the  Kainchadales.  or 
Kamehatkani'.  mostlv  KuHsi.'inlxed.  Kamchatka  was  oecu- 
pleil  bv  Itnssia  In  tin.  end  of  the  17th  eenlur)',  and  Ineor 
poraled  with  the  Maritime  Province  in  18f>lj.  Population, 
about  II,  .'.no. 

Kamchatka,  Sea  of.    Se«>  nrrhifj  Sen. 
Kamchi  (kiim'cliei.  Da'vid,  known  as  Radak 

from  I  he  initials  of  his  name  ili  alibi  D.Tvid  Kam- 
chi). Lived  111)0-1232  in  Narbonne.  France. 
One  of  the  most  intiuential  Jewish  grammari- 


Eamchi 

ans,  lexicographers,  aud  exegetes  of  the  middle 
ages.  His  Htljiew  grammar  and  dictionary  "The  Com- 
piler ("Jlidilol"),  witli  its  second  part  "  Koots"("Shura- 
shnn  ),  and  Ins  commentaries  on  several  books  oj  the  Old 
lestameut,  retain  their  value  to  the  present  time. 

Kamehameha  (ka-ma'ha-ma'ha  or  ka-me-hii'- 
me-ha)  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Great."  Born  1753  • 
died  at  Kailua,  Hawaii,  May  8,  1819.  Kino-  of 
the  Sandwich  Islands  1809-19,  son  of  the  chief 
?';?5^-  ?"  ^^y-T'^  ^"^^  "'  *he  western  part  of  Hawaii 
S..  !f  n^'J''  "■"h"!'-' "'J  of  Europeans  made  himself  n.as- 
tei  of  all  the  Sandwich  Islands  in  1809.  He  suppressed  lui- 
tnan  sacnflce,  and  encouraged  commerce  with  Europeans. 

Kamehameha  II.  Born  in  Hawaii,  1797 :  died 
at  London,  July  14,  1824.  King  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  1819-24.  son  of  Kamehameha  I. 
He  permitted  the  establishment  of  an  American  Protes- 
tant mission  in  18i0.  He  and  his  wife  died  of  measles 
at  London  during  a  visit  to  George  IV. 

Kamehameha  III.    Born  March  17. 1814-  died 
at  Honolulu,  Dec.  1,^),  18,54.    King  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  1824-54,  brother  of  Kamehameha 
n.  whom  he  succeeded.     He  introduced  a  con- 
stitutional form  of  government  in  1840. 
Kamehameha  IV.     Bom  Feb.  9, 1834 :  died  at 
Hono  ulu,  Nov.  30,  1863.    King  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  18o4-63,  nephew  of  Kamehameha  HI 
whom  he  succeeded. 
Kamehameha  V.    Born  Dec.  11, 1830 :  died  at 
Hono  ulu,  Dee.  11,  1872.    King  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  1863-72,  brother  of  Kamehameha  IV 
whom  he  .succeeded.    He  proclaimed  a  new  con- 
stitution in  1864. 
Kamenets-Podolski   (ka'me-nets-p6-d61'ske^ 
1  he  capital  of  the  government  of  Podolia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Smotritch  in  lat    48°  40' 
N.,  long.  26°  35'  E.   It  was  an  ancient  Polish  for- 
tress, and  was  held  by  the  Turks  1672-99.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  36.630.  ^ 
Kamenskaya  (ka-men'ska-va).     A  town  in  the 
province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  70  miles 
north  of  Novoteherkask. 

Kamenz  (ka'ments).  A  town  in  the  "overn- 
meutiil  district  of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  situated  on 
the  Black  Elster  22  miles  northeast  of  Dresden  ■ 
the  birthplace  of  Lessing.     Population  (1890), 

Kamerun  (kii-me-ron').  A  German  colonial 
possession  m  western  Africa,  on  the  Kamerun 
River,  extending  from  the  Bight  of  Biafra  north- 

tI?torate  inVffi4'^T?,„u'  '^^'"<'™".  •■"'"  i'  "as  made  a  pro- 
of  13  noo  feet      ArJf  ^q^'^^o""  ''lou'itiins  reach  a  height 

Kamerun  River.  A  river  of  western  Africa 
wlmdi  falls  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra  about  lat. 

Kames,  Lord.     See  Home,  Henry. 

Kamienic.     See  Kamenets-PodoM-i. 

Kammersee.    Same  as  the  Attcrsee. 

Kammin,  or  Cammin  (kam-men').  A  town  in 
fir  j.i^mnee  of  Pomerania,  Pi-ussia,  situated  on 
tlir  Kammin  Bodden  and  the  Dievenow  38  miles 
north  by  east  of  Stettin.     Population  (1890), 

Kampanerthal.     See  Cnmpanerthal. 
Kampen  (kam'pen).    A  town  in  the  province  of 

Uv^.ryssel,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Yssel 
4.3  miles  east-northeast  of  Amsterdam,  it  was 
formerly  a  Hanseatic  town  ;  hasflourishing  trade  and  man! 
town  m1  ',-r"*  ""f  "  '"eological  school,  "its  Stadhuir"; 
«,  ,  -ed  'm-inP'°T,"'"",'r  'i""'l"'S  "f  tl>e  Mth  centSry, 
b  T  .1  .f^?„  t  J  '«",''l«f  f»?a(ieis  adorned  with  anuml 
c,'n,„nrH"  ir.HOs:  *'»""J»>>">'  ""^hes.     Population  (1889), 

Kampen,  Nikplaas  Godfried  van.    Born  at 

Haarlem,  Netherlands,  May  15,  1776 :  died  at 

Amsterdam  Marcli  14, 1839.   A  Dutch  historian, 

p  ofessor  of  the  German  aud  Dutch  languages 

ami   hterat'ires,  and  later  of  Dutch  history, 

at  Leyden.    His  works  include  "Oeschiedenis  van  de 

fiansche  heers^chappij  in  Emopa  ■•(•■Histor^of  the  French 
Dominion  in  Europe,"  1815-25),  etc.  rencn 

Kampfer,  or  Kaempfer'  (kemp'fer),  Eneel- 

I'ry-?!     ,••  /??  ■■''  ^\^S0,  Germany,  Sept  16, 
16dl:  tiled  at  Lemgo,  Nov.' 2,  1710.    A  German' 
physician,  traveler  in  Japan,  the  East  Indies 
and  western  and  southern  Asia :  author  of  a 
History  of  Japan  and  Siam"  (London,  17-^7) 

Kampot  (kam'pot).  Tne  onlvseaport  of  Cambol 
^^l' ^-IIt^"^  ""^  '''P  C^"'f  of  *^'am  .about  lat. 
10°  4.J  N    long.  103°  47'  E.    Population.  3,000. 

Jiamptl  (kamp'te).  A  town  in  Nagiiur  district 
ofo°Vi'i^'"T"''''^-  '^"*''-'''i  I°dia,  situated  in  lat. 
Ilnno   ^^:'l""f.-™°l^''E.     Population,  about 

J^o.ono.     Also  humptee  or  Kamthi. 

K.amrup  (kam-rop').  A  district  in  Assam,  Brit- 
a^a  ^    \'  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long. 


560 


Kamthi.     See  Eampti. 

Kamyshin  (kii-me-shin').  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Volga  110  miles  sonth-southwest  of  Sara- 
toff. It  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Population, 
15,015.  ^  ' 

Kanada  {Tsa-na'da).  The  reputed  founder  of 
the  ^  aisheshika  school  of  Hindu  philosophy 

Kanagawa  (kii-na-ga'wii).  A  seaport  in  Japan, 
adjoining  Yokohama,  it  was  the placeoriginally  s^ 
Yokohama  "^  '^  '""''•  *""  *"°"  S^^^  way  to 

Kanakas (ka-nak'iiz).  [Native, 'man.']  Theab- 
ori.Sinal  inhabitants  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
ir,  w®  a  Polynesian  race,  resembling  the  NewZealand- 
ers,  but  of  lower  stature  and  lighter  frame.  Tliey  are 
brown  in  color,  and  have  (usually)  straight  hair.  In  tem- 
perament they  are  light-hearted  and  indolent.  They  have 
adopted  Protestantism.  .^ucyuaie 

Kananur  (ka-na-nor'),  or  Cananore,  or  Can- 
nanore  (ka-na-uor').  AseaportiuMalabardis- 
trict,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  11°  51'  N.,  long  75°  •>^'  E 
milTt''an^'sTa't[on''^  "'"  ^"''*  '°  ""'•""'J  is  an  important 

Kanafa,  or  Canara  (ka'na-ra).  North  A  dis- 
trict in  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat  15°  N..  long.  74°  30'  E.  Ai-ea,  3,910  square 
miles.     Population  (1891).  446,35L 

Kanara,  or  Canara,  South.  A  district  in  Ma- 
di-as,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  N 

Tf:  '^Mfmx*V>,'iv.^''*-  ^1"are  miles.     Voy 
ulation  (1891),  1,056,081.  ^ 

Kanaris,  Constantin'e.    See  Camris. 

Ka,nauj  (ka-nouj').  A  city  in  Fan^akhabad  dis- 
o-'^"^AT*'^'^^^'  Provinces,  British  India,  lat. 
Hind  ■^■'  '?°?-  ?°  S'^'  ^-  "  ^^^  •■•"  "nportant 
17  m  ^^^  '"         ™''''^'''  '^''^-      I'°P"l^tion.  about 

Kanawha  River.     See  areat  Kanawha. 

Kanazawa  ( kii-na-za'wa).  A  town  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  northeast 
ot  Kioto,  noted  for  its  porcelain  manufactures. 
Population  (1891).  96,666. 

Kanchinjanga.    See  Kuncliiiijiiiria. 

Kandahar,  or  Candahar  (kau-du-har'  or  kan- 

d;i-har').     1.  A  province  in  southern  Afghanis- 
tan.—2.  Thechiefcityof  southern  Afghanistan 
about  lat.  31°  42'  N.,  long.  65°  31'  E.     it  is  a  great 
commercial  center  and  an  important  strategic  point.     It  is 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great     It  was 

Ten^'h-^rT"^  ^'^''i""'^."'  «''"™''  ™<1  successively  by 
.TeuKhiz  Tmmr,  Baber,  Abbas,  and  Nadir  Shall.  It  was 
finally  taken  by  Ahmed  Shah  in  1747,and  was  the  capital  ui^ 
t  1 1 ,  ,4.  In  1839-41  it  was  held  by  the  British  under  Paw- 
nnson,  and  again  in  1879-81.  Nearit  Roberts  defeated  4vub 
Khan,  .Sept.  1, 1880.  The  British  strategic  .Sibi-Pishin  raU- 
Siffs'ow.''"'  "'  ""ghborhood.    Population,  estimated, 

Kandarv  (ken-dorv').  in  the  Shahnamah,  the 
vizir  to  whom  Zohak,  after  his  flight,  intrusted 
tiis  throne,  and  who  announced  to  Zohak  his  de- 
teat  by  1<  andun.     See  Gandareira. 

Kandavu  (kan-da-vo').  One  of  the  Fiji  Islands, 
1  acihe  Ocean,  situated  south  of  Viti  Levu 

Kanderthal  (kiin'der-tal).  A  vallev  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake 
ot  ihun. 

Kandu  (kau'do).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  sage 
beguiled  from  his  austerities  by  the  nymph 
Pramlocha,  who  was  sent  by  Indra  from  heaven 
tor  this  purpose.  Kandu  lived  with  her  several  hun- 
d  ed  years,  winch  seemed  as  one  day,  but  at  length  repud". 

bo^e  ^hfiSVarifhl.'"  "'"^«'""°'  ^'^''-"    ^■■-'™'^ 

Kandy,  or  Candy  (kiin'de).  A  town  in  Cevlon 
1)0  miles  northeast  of  Colombo,  it  contains  virions 
temples  and  royal  tombs  :  was  formerly  the  capita  of  ?he 
native  kingdom  of  Kandy  :  and  was  flmUly  occupied  by  he 
liritish  in  1815.     Population  (1891),  20,252.  ' 

Kane  (kan)  Elisha  Kent.  Born  at  Pliiladel- 
P'-'^l-.l^eb  3  1820:  died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Feb. 
10.  i»o  /  .An  American  physician,  scientist,  trav- 
So^fh^'ri  "^''"^r  '^''Viovev.  He  traveled  extensively  in 
flr^t^ri  ?r'  Europe,  and  the  East:  accompanied  the 
seiJch  n?  st  j<'^P<"lj"""  ,««  ""=  Ai-ctic  regions,  1850-51.  in 
r  ,?„,  11  "^  ■',°l'"  franklin  ;  and  commanded  the  second 
t.1  innell  expedition,  1863-55.  He  wrote  '■  The  V.  S  Grin- 
dUi on  ""naiKf "  p"®'"'  ,»"f  ,"The  Second  Grinnell  Expe- 
(inn  I,  ^  ^^-  F"  ^"i'hed  lat.  80"  56-  H.  (Cape  Constitu- 
tion :  by  some  placed  at  SI"  22'  K.). 

Kanem  (ka-nem').  A  vassal  state  of  Wadai, 
Sudan,  Africa,  on  the  northern  and  eastern 
shores  of  Lake  Chad.  It  is  within  the  French 
sphere  of  influence.  Area,  about  30,000  square 
iniles.     Population,  about  100.000, 

Kangaroo  (kang-ga-ro')  Island.  An  island  off 
the  coast  of  South  Australia,  about  lat.  36°  S. 
Length,  87  miles. 

Kangra  (kiin'gra).  A  district  in  the  Jalandhar 
dinsiou,  Panjab^  British  India,  intersected  bv 
lat  32°  N.,  long.  77°  E.  Area,  9.574  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  763,030. 


Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  The 

Kanin  (ka-nen')       A  peninsula  in  the  govern 

iiient  of  Archangel,  Russia,  projecting  into  the 

Arctic  Ocean  between  the  White  Sea  on    he 

west  and  tbe  Gulf  of  Tcheskaya  on  the  east 

It  terminates  in  Cape  Kanin. 

Kanishka  (ka-nish'ka).      The  name  of  one  of 

le  three  Indo-Scythic  kings  Huslika.  Jushka 

and  Kanishka,  recorded  in  the  Rajatarangin 

T;;i/q^!^s.i£r^i;;ijij-:^&£:'sS 

J^S^S-fanJ^S^I^S^S 
der  Kanishka  the  fourth  Buddhist  council  was  liekf  from 

scto^7^udl^s^i=:''"^•^"='■•''-=''^'^'■''^■«■■-^'-":- 

^i^^v?f  ('^°'f -sl^")-  Nagy,  G.  Kanlscha  (ka- 

ne  sua).  A  town  in  the  countv  of  Zala  Hun- 
gary, situated  iu  lat.  46°  28'  N  long  17°  E 
It  was  an  important  fortress  in  the  Turkish 
period.     Population  (1890),  20,619. 

Kanizsa,  6.  [Hung. .  '  old  Kanizsa.'l  A tovvn 
lu  t he  county  of  Bacs-Bodrog,  Hungary,  sitii- 
aS9o7l.5  49^'"''^  "'"''''  ^^«^®'^-    Popiilation 

Kanjut.     Same  as  Hxtnza. 

Kankakee  (kaug-ka-ke').     A  city  and  the  cap- 

K-ijitfi  '^'^''''''^^'"""'y'  Illinois,  situated  on 
nankakee  River  54  miles  south  by  west  of  Chi- 
cago.    Population  (1900).  13,.595' 

Kankakee  River.  A  river  in  northwestern 
Indiana  and  eastern  Illinois  which  unites  with 
the  Des  P  ames  in  Grundy  Countv.  Illinois,  to 
form  tlie  Illinois.     Length,  over  150  miles 

Kannmefates.     See  Canhiefates. 

Kano  (kii-no').    A  town  iu  Sokoto,  Sudan  (with- 
in tiie  British  Niger  territories),  about  lat.  12°N 
long.  8°  E.    It  manufactures  cloth,  shoes,  sanl 
dais,  etc.    Population.35,000.    Compare  .ffaiwa 

Kansa  (kan'sa).  In  Hindu  mythologv,  a  king 
of  Mathura,  son  of  Ugiaseua  and  second  cousin 

K,.:^,'"' .  ""^  "  •'""S  foretold  that  a  son  of  Dev.aki 
Kii»l  nas  mother,  would  destroy  him,  he  tried  to  kiU  al 
her  children       Balarama,  the  seventh,  smuggled  aw."v  to 

^ghU,"-  J,?/™"?'"  "P  \  «°'""'-  Whei,  Krishi  a^'tl  e 
o  ?1,^.Ih  1'"™,'"s  Piirents  tied,  upon  which  the  tyrant 
Oldered  a  general  massacre  of  all  vigorous  nnde  infants 

Jas^t?l?e1lTwSi!"""'"P"^^'^'"<"-  °'  ^"^"'"^  >"■'  ""-' 

Kansa  (kan'sa),  or  Konza,  orKaw.     [Their 

own  name  is  A'o«.-f  (kiin'za),  which  contains  a 
reference  to  the  wind.]    A  tribe  of  the  Dhegiha 
division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  State  of 
Kansas  and  to  the  Kansas  River.     They  are  in 
Oklahoma,  and  number  214.     See  Dhefiiha. 
Kansabadha  (kah-sa-ba'd-ha).     [Skt., 'the 
slaying  of  Kansa.']     A  Sanskrit  drama  by  She- 
shakrisluia,  written  about  two  centuries  ago, 
weak  in  plot  though  good  in  stvle.    See  Kansa 
Kansas  (kan'zas).    [Named  from  tlie  Kansa  In- 
dians.]    A  North  Central  State  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  Capital, Topeka.  Itisbounded 
by  Nebr.lskaon  the  north,  Missouri(separ.<ltedin  part  by  the 
Missouri  River)  on  the  east,  Indian  Territory  and  Oklaho- 
ma on  the  south,  and  Color.uio  on  the  west.      It  extends 
from  lat.  37"  to  40°  N.,  and  long.  94° 40'  to  102"  W.   The  sur- 
face IS  undulating,  and  the  soil  generaUv  fertile.  The  chief 
mineral  IS  co.al,  and  theleadiiig  industries  agriculture  and 
stock-raising.     It  has  105  counties :  sends  2  senators  and      ■ 
8  representatives  to  Congress;  and  has  10  electoral  voles 
It  was  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  and  was  made  a 
Territory  in  1854.   (See  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill)     Itwascol- 
onized  by  both  free-  and  slare-State  settlers,  and  a  bloodv 
civil  warbrokeout.    The  Topeka  Constitution  prohibiting 
slavery  was  formed  in  1855,  and  the  l.ecompton  Constftu 
tion  sanctioning  slaveryinlSS?.     John  Bronn  took  a  prom- 
inent part  as  a  partizan  antislavery  leader      The  Wviii- 
dotte  Constitution  forbidding  slavery  was  adopted  in  1S"9 
Kansas  was  admitted  as  a  State  Jan.  29,  1861.      It  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  Civil  War,  and  suffered  much  from 
raids.     A  prohibitory  amendment  to  the  constitution  was 
adopted  m  1880.     Kansas  has  been  one  of  the  chief  cen- 

T^;!'^  ?',""' ,f?ey^'=*  ?■"■'>'•     Area,  82.080  square  miles. 
Population  (191X1),  1,470,49;'). 

Kansas  City,  Kansas.  Tlie  largest  eitv  of  Kan- 
sas, capital  of  Wyandotte  Countv.  sitmated  on 
the  Missouri,  contiguous  to  Kansas  Citv.  Mis- 
souri, with  which  it  has  much  in  common. 
Among  the  leailing  industries  is  pork-naeking. 
Population  (1900),  51,418. 

Kansas  City,  Missouri.  A  city  in  Jackson 
Coiuity,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  in 
lat  39°  5'  N..  long.  94°  38'  W.  it  is  the  second  citv 
ol  tlie  State,  and  an  im|)..itaiit  railway  center.  Popula- 
tion (1000),  163.7.">2. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  The.  An  act  passed 
by  Congress  in  1854,  wliich  provided  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Territories  of  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska. It  introduced  the  principle  of  "squatter  sov- 
ereignty," or  local  option  on  the  slaverv  question,  for  the 
people  of  the  Territories,  thus  abrog.a'ting  the  Missouri 
Compromise  of  1820.  It  disrupted  finally  the  Whig  pnrtv, 
led  to  the  rise  of  tbe  Eepubli.-an  party,  and  wasan  impor- 
tant link  in  the  chain  of  events  leading  to  the  Civil  War. 


Kansas  River 

Kansas  River.  A  river  in  Kansas  which  joins  the 
Missouri  iica  r  Kansas  City.  It  is  formed  by  the  union 
o(  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  and  Solomon  River  near  Abilene, 
The  chief  tributary  is  the  Republican  Kiver.  Length,  in- 
dading  Smoky  Hill  Fork,  about  900  miles. 

Kan-SU  (kan-so').  A  province  in  the  northwest 
of  China.  Capital,  Lanchow-fu.  it  is  bounded  by 
Uongolia  on  the  north,  Shensi  on  the  east,  Szechuen  on 
the  floutll,  and  Tibet  on  the  southwest  and  west.  Are.i, 
126,450  square  miles.    Population  (IS'.Ki),  est.,  9,"61.f;00. 

Kant  (kant),  Immanuel.  Born  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  April  22, 1724 :  died  there,  Feb.  12, 1804. 
A  celebrated  German  philosopher,  one  of  the 
most  influential  thinkers  of  modern  times: 
fotinderof  the  "critical  philosophy."  Hewasthe 
son  of  a  saddler  in  very  moderate  circumstances.  His  early 
education  was  obtained  in  his  native  city,  where  he  entered 
the  university  in  1740  and  began  the  study  of  theology. 
Subsequently  he  was  tutor  in  sever.il  families,  but  took 
Ills  degree  in  1755  and  settled  as  docent  at  the  university. 
In  1766  he  received  a  small  salaried  position  in  the  Koyal 
library.  Finally  in  1770  he  was  made  professor  of  logic 
and  metaphysics,  a  position  which  he  held  until  his  death. 
Although  he  had  advantageous  calls  to  other  universities, 
he  preferred  to  remain  in  Konigsberg,  and  during  his 
whole  life  is  said  never  to  have  laeen  further  away  than 
Fillau,  some  30  English  miles  distant.  During  his  uni- 
versity career  he  lectured  not  only  on  logic  .and  the  vari- 
ous branches  of  metaphysics,  but  also,  at  various  times, 
on  antliropology,  physical  geography,  and  mathematics. 
His  first  treatise,  *'Gedanken  von  der  wahren  .Schatzinig 
der  lebendigen  Kr^te,"  appeared  in  1747.  Ilis  re.!!  liter- 
ary activity  began  in  1755  with  the  treatise  on  cosmic 
physics,  "Allgeraeine  Xatiugeschichte  und  Theorie  des 
Hiraraels"  ("General  History  of  Nature  ami  Theory  of  the 
Heavens").  In  17&4  appeared  "Beobachtungen  uber das 
Gefuhl  des  Schbnen  und  Erhabenen  "  ^''Observations  on 
the  .Sense  of  the  Beautiful  and  the  Sublime").  Inl7C6he 
published  "Traume  eines  Geistersehers"  ("  Dreams  of  a 
Ghost-seer").  The  first  of  his  great  philosophical  works, 
the  most  important  in  modern  philosophy,  appeared  in 
1781.  'this  is  the  "  Kritik  der  reinen  Vernunft  "("Critique 
of  l^re  Reason"),  in  which  he  endeavors  to  ascertain  the 
nature  of  the  transcendental  ideas  of  the  human  under- 
standing and  to  establish  the  province  of  certain  human 
knowledge.  His  second  greatwork,  the  "  Kritik  derprak- 
tischen  Vernunft"  ("Critique  of  Practical  Ileason"),  ap- 
peared in  1788.  This  treats  of  morals  :  according  to  it  the 
I'bas  of  God,  human  liberty,  and  immortality  are  postu- 
:  ifes  of  practical  reason.  Finally,  the  third  "Critique," 
■I  inquiry  into  the  faculty  of  judgment,  appeared  in  1790 
rider  the  title  "  Kritik  der  Urteilskraft"  ("Critique  of  the 
'>\ver  of  Judgment").  In  addition  to  the  works  men- 
I  ^■tned,  he  published  a  number  of  smaller  treatises  and  es- 
lys.  To  1784  belongs  the  short  essay  "Was  ist  Aufkla- 
iiing?"  ("What  is  Enlightermient?"),  which  pronounces 
lie  century  of  Frederick  the  Great  the  age  of  German  en- 
-'htenment.  "  Grundlegung  der  Metaphysik  der  Sit  ten  " 
Foundation  of  the  Sletaphysics  of  Etliics  ")  appeared  in 
17^5.  "Religion  innerhalb  der  Grenzen  der  blossen  Ver- 
i.unft. "  ("Religion  within  the  Limits  of  Mere  Reason")  in 
179;{.  "Metaphysische  Anfangsgriinde  der  Rechtslehre" 
('■.Metaphysical  Elements  of  Legal  Science")  in  1797.  A 
late  edition  of  his  collected  works  Is  that  of  Berlin  (1868- 
l'-~'i),  iu  8  volumes. 

Kantemir.     See  Cantemh. 
Kanth  (kiiiit).     A  small  town  in  the  province 
"f  Silesia,  Prussia,  13  miles  west-southwest  of 
!  ireslau.  Here,  May  14,  1807,  the  Prussians  de- 
•  ated  the  Bavarians. 
Kanuri(kii-no're).    A  Nigritic  nation  of  the  cen- 
tral Sudan,  on  the  west  of  Lake  (Jhad.    In  physl- 
il  appearance  and  in  language  the  Kanuri  people  dilfer 
'iiHlderably  from  the  Hausa.     They  are  very  dark  and 
ive  angular  features,  thus  resembling  their  neighljors 
ilie  Kancmhu.    According  to  their  tradition,  corroborated 
tiy  resemblances,  they  descend  from  the  Tibbu  or  Teda 
in  the  Libyan  desert.     They  accepted  Islam  early,  sub- 
jected neighbi>ring  tribes,  and  formed  the  kingdom  of 
Bomu.    Some  subjugated  tribes,  the  ]'.i-dd;i,  I'ika,  and  An- 

{'ok,  are  still  pagan,  and  retaiti  their  dialects.  'I'lie  Kanuri 
anguage  has  a  literature  WTitten  in  the  Arabic  character. 
Since  the  advent  of  the  present  dynasty,  the  Kanem  is  the 
court  dialect.  Other  dialects  are  the  Munio,  Ngurn,  and 
Oazir. 

Kanva  (kan'wa).  ['Deaf,'  according  to  an  In- 
dian scholiast.^  1.  One  of  a  class  of  evil  Ix'ings 
against  whom  a  charm  of  the  Atharvaveda  is 
directed. —  2.  A  Rishi  regarded  as  the  author  of 
several  hymns  in  the  Kigveila. — 3.  The  founder 
of  aVodie  school. — 4.  The  sage,  in  Knli<hi.'<a's 
Shakuntala,who  brought  up  Shaknutala  as  his 
daughter. 

Kanva  (kiin'wa).  In  Vodic  literature,  the  name 
of  one  of  the  two  recensions  (the  other  being 
the  Madhyanilina)  of  the  Vajasaneyisanliitii,  or 
WhiteYa.iurveda,andtlieShatapathabi'ahiiiana. 
Kdnrax  means  properly  '  the  descendants  of 
Kanva,'  and  so,  followers  of  his  school. 

Kanyakubja  (kan-ya-kol)'.ia).  The  ancient 
name  of  the  modern  Iiiiliau  ciiy  of  Kanau,),  on 
the  Kalinadi,  an  aflluentof  the  Ganges.  Kanya- 
kubja is  the  ( 'anogyza  of  classical  geography.  In  antl(|nity 
It  riinked  next  to  Ayodhya  iu  (luile,  aiul  its  ruins  arc  said 
to  occupy  an  area  greater  than  that  of  London. 

Kapila  (kap'i-la).  The  reputed  founder  of  the 
Sankhya  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. 

KapilavastU  (kap-i-la-vas't;;).  ['The  abode  of 
Kapila'  (\Veber).]  A  town  on  the  Kohini,  an 
affluent  of  the  Rapti :  the  capital  of  Shuddho- 
dana,  father  of  Shakyamuni. 

0,—  ,11'. 


561 

Kapnist  (kiip'nist),Vasili  Vasilievitch.  Born 

17.'>(i:  died  Oct.  28,  1823.  A  Russian  dramatist 
and  lyric  poet. 

Kapodistrias.    See  Cajto  d'Istria. 

Kapolna  (ka'p61-no).  A  village  in  the  county 
of  Heves,  Hungary,  5i)  miles  east-northeast 
of  Budapest.  Here,  Feb.  26  and  27,  1849,  the 
Austrians  defeated  the  Hungarians  under  Dem- 
binski. 

Kaposvar  (kop'osh-var).  A  town  in  the  coun- 
ty of  SUmeg,  Himgary.  situated  on  the  Kapos 
94  miles  southwest  of  Budapest.  Population 
(1890),  12.544. 

Kapp  (kiip),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Hamm,  Prus- 
sia, April  13, 1824;  tlied  at  Berlin,  Oct.  27, 18S4. 
A  German  historian,  politician,  and  lawyer, 
resident  in  New  York  1850-70,  where  he  prac- 
tised his  profession.  He  wrote  "Die  Sklavenfrage 
in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten  "  ("The  Slavery  t^uestion  in 
the  LTnited  States,"  lsr4),  "Geschichte  derSldaverei  in  den 
Vereinigten  Staaten  "  (''History  of  Slavery  in  the  United 
States,"  1860),  and  other  works  on  American  subjects.  He 
was  a  presidential  elector  in  1860,  and  commissioner  of 
emigration  1867-70.  On  his  rettum  to  Germany  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Reichstag. 

Kappadokia.     See  Cappadocia. 

Kappel,  or  Cappel  (k;ii)'pel).  A  -village  in  the 
canton  of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  10  miles  south 
of  Zurich.  Here,  Oct.  11,  1531,  Zwingli  was  defeated 
and  slain  when  leading  the  Protestiint  forces  against  those 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  cantons.  The  civil  wars  between 
the  two  faitlis  about  1529  to  1531  were  called  the  Wars  of 
Kappel. 

Kaprun  (kil'pron)  Valley.  A  valley  in  the  Aus- 
trian Alps,  directly  north  of  the  Grossglockner. 

Kapiurthala  (ka-por-tha'la),  or  Kopurthella 

(ko-]ior-thel'la).  A  native  state  in  the  Panjab, 
India,  intersected  bv  lat.  31°  20'  N.,  long.  75° 
20'  E.,  tributary  to  the  British. 

Kara  (kii'rii).  A  valley  in  eastern  Siberia,  about 
300  miles  from  Chita.  It  is  noted  for  its  gold- 
mines, worked  by  political  prisoners  and  con- 
victs. 

Karabagh  (ka-ra-bag').  [Turk.,  'black  gar- 
den.'] A  region  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
government  of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia, 
Russia. 

Karabel  (kii-ra-bel').     See  the  extract. 

The  Pass  of  Karabel  is  a  narrow  defile,  shut  in  on  either 
side  by  lofty  cliffs,  through  which  ran  the  ancient  road 
from  Ephesos  in  the  south  to  Sariles  and  Smyrna  in  tlie 
north.  The  Greek  historian  Herodotos  tells  us  that  the 
Egyptian  conqueror  Sesostris  had  left  memorials  of  him- 
self in  this  place.  "Two  images  cut  by  bini  in  the  rcjck" 
were  to  be  seen  beside  the  road  which  led  "from  Ejihe- 
sos  to  Phokaea  and  from  Siu-des  to  Smyrna.  On  either 
side  a  man  is  carved,  a  little  over  three  feet  in  height,  who 
holds  a  spear  in  the  right  haiul  and  a  bow  in  tlie  left.  The 
rest  of  his  accontren)ent  is  similar,  for  it  is  Egyptian  and 
Ethiopian,  and  from  one  shoulder  to  the  other,  right  across 
the  breast,  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  have  been  cut  which 
declare;  'I  have  won  this  land  with  my  shoulders.'" 
These  two  images  were  the  object  of  my  journey.  Oneof 
them  had  been  discovered  by  Renouard  in  I8.'!9,  and  shortly 
afterwards  sketched  by  Texier;  the  other  had  been  found 
by  Dr.  Beddoe  in  1S.')6.  Soiree,  Ilittites.  p.  54. 

Kara-Bugaz  (ka-rii'bo-gaz')  (or -Bogaz),  or 

Adji-Daria  (;i',ie-dii're-a).  A  gulf  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  nearlv  landlocked. 
Leiigtli,  no  miles. 

Karachi  (k;i-ra'ehe),  or  Kurrachee  (kur-a- 

che').  1.  A  district  in  Sind,  British  India,  bor- 
dering on  Baluchistan  on  the  west,  the  Arabian 
Sea  on  the  south,  and  the  Indus  on  the  east. 
Area,  14,182  square  niilcs.  Population  (1.S91), 
564,880.-2.  A  seaport  and  the  chief  city  of 
Sind,  situated  on  Karachi  Bay  in  lat.  24°  50' 
N.,  long.  67°  2'  E.  It  has  important  foreign  com- 
merce. It  was  annexed  by  the  British  iu  1843.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  including  cantonment,  105,11(9. 

Kara  George,  or  Karadjordje.    See  C-enn/. 

Karagwe  (ka-rii'gwe).  An  .African  kingdom  of 
German  East  Africa,  southwest  of  Lake  Victo- 
ria, in  a  mountainous  aiul  healthy  country.  The 
Iiopniation  is  composed  of  two  nices— the  Wanyand*", 
who  are  Bantu,  aiul  the  ruling  Wahumn,  of  Galla  slock. 
See  llniiia  and  Oinnla. 

Karahissar,  Afium-.    See  Afuim-Karahisaar. 

Karahissar(kii-rii-his-sar'),£8ki-.  A  town  near 
A  rMim-Kai'ahissar,on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sj-n- 
mnla. 

Karaites  (ka'rii-its).  [Heb.  qnraim,  readers, 
Kcri|itiiris(s.]  A  sect  among  the  .lews  which 
rejects  the  traditional  law  as  it  is  fixed  in  the 
Talmud,  ami  recognizes  only  the  I'entatcuchor 
five  books  of  Moses  as  biniling.  The  name  is  de. 
rived  friini  Hebri-w  qiini,  'to  read  ' —  i.  f.  adluTents  of  the 
iftw  that  was  written  and  readmit  opposition  to  the  tradi- 
tional law  which  orlgiinilly  was  oral.     11 rlgln  of  the 

sect  Is  ascribed  t<)  a  certain  Amm  ben  David,  of  Itabytonta, 
In  the  8th  century  A,  n..  who  became  leader  of  the  ant|. 
Talmudle  movement  in  Indignation  at  not  licing  chosen 
exlllarch  or  head  of  the  .Tcwlsh  conunindtv.  The  con- 
troversy between  the  Karaites  and  Tarinudists  has  been 
productive  of  an  accurate  and  rational  stutly  of  the  Bible 


Karczag 

on  both  sides.  The  sect  never  made  great  headway.  Small 
communities  of  it  linger  in  parts  of  Turkey.  .Syria.  Egypt, 
Galicia  (Austria),  Lithuania,  and  the  Crimea  (Russia)^ 

Karajitch  (ku-rii'yitsh),  Vuk  Stephanovitch. 

Born  at  Trschitsch,  Scrvia,  Xov.  7,  1787:  died 
at  Vienna,  Jan.  26,  18()4.  A  Servian  scholar. 
He  published  a  "Servian-German-Latin  Lexicon"  (1818^ 
Servian  grammar  (1824),  collection  of  Servian  folk-songs 
(lbiJ-65),  Servian  tales  (185a),  proverbs,  etc. 

Karak  (kii-riik').  A  small  island  iu  the  Persian 
(iulf,  lat.  29°  15'  X.,  long.  50°  17'  E.  It  has  a 
fi  ee  haven.    Also  Kurracl;  Kharak,  Kerak,  etc. 

Karakal  (ka-ra-kal').  A  town  in  WaUachia, 
Rumania,  situated  in  lat.  44°  8'  N.,  long.  24° 
1(3'  E.     Population,  10,915. 

Karakoram  (ka-rii-ko'ram).  A  mined  medi- 
eval city,  the  ancient  capital  of  Mongolia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Orkhon  River  about  lat.  47°  N.^ 
long.  102°  E. 

Karakoram  Pass.  A  pass  in  the  Himalaya, 
about  lat.  35°  30'  N.,  long.  78°  E.,  on  the  im- 
portant commercial  route  leading  from  Leh 
in  Kashmir  to  eastern  Turkestan.  Height, 
1S.5.")0  feet. 

Karakoram  Range.  A  range  of  the  Hima» 
laya.  The  preferable  name  is  Mustagh  Range 
(which  see). 

Kara-Kul  (ka-ra-kol').  A  large  lake  in  the 
Pamirs,  central  Asia,  west  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Chinese  Turkestan  and  the  Russian  pos- 
sessions.    Height  above  sea-level,  13,200  feet. 

Kara-Kum(ka'rii-k6m').  [Turk., 'black sands.'] 
A  sandy  desert  in  Asia,  northeast  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

Karaman,  orCaraman(ka-ra-man').  A  small 
town  iu  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key, 65  miles  southeast  of  Konieh  :  the  ancient 
Laranda.  It  was  the  capital  of  a  medieval  Turk- 
ish kingdom. 

Karamania,  or  Caramania  (ka-ra-mii'ne-fi). 

A  region  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor: 

largely  a  table-land. 
Karamnasa.    A  short  tributary  of  the  Ganges, 

on  the  border  of  Bengal  and  the  Northwest 

Provinces. 
Kara  Mustapha  (kii'ra  mos'ta-fii).     E.xecuted 

1683.    Grand  Vizir  of  the  Turkish  empire  1676- 

1683.     He  was  defeated  before  Vienna  by  bobi- 

eski  in  1683. 

Karamzin,orKaramsin(kii-r!im-zen'or-zin'), 
Nikolai  Mikhailovitch.  Bom  at  JlikhaUovka, 
I  Irenburg,  Dec.  1  (O.  S. ),  1765:  died  near  St. 
Petersburg,  June  3  (N.  S.),  1826.  A  Russian  his- 
torian, novelist,  and  poet.  He  founded  the  "Mos- 
cow Journal"  in  1789.  and  in  1802  "TheEuropean  Messen- 
ger. "  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Russian  Empire,  "  Blu- 
dow,  the  minister  of  the  interior,  adding  the  last  volume 
(1816-29;  French  translation  by  St. -Thomas  and  Jautfret), 
etc. 

Karankawan  (ka-ran'ka-wan).  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  now  e.\tinct, 
which  onca  occtipied  the  middle  portions  of 
the  coast  of  Texas.  They  were  remarkably  tall  and 
athletic  (whence  they  were  named  Keles,  'wrestlers.' by 
the  Tonkawc).  They  were  met  by  La  Salle  about  lt^7  un- 
der the  name  tif  Clamcoet.  and  were  virtually  destroyed 
by  the  Anglo-American  settlers  of  Texas. 

Karansebes  (ko'ron-she-besh).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  KrassA-Sziireny,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Tcmes  .54  miles  east-southeast  of  Temesvdr. 
Population  (1890),  5,4<)4. 

Kara  Sea  (kii'rii  se).  That  part  of  the  Arctic 
( b'eau  which  lies  southeast  of  Nova  Zerabia, 
northeast  of  European  Russia,  and  northwest  of 
Siberia.  It  is  navigable  for  the  Siberian  trade 
via  the  Yenisei  from  .Inly  to  September. 

Karasu(kii-rii's()).  [Turk.,  'black  river.']  The 
modern  Turkish  name  of  various  rivers,  partic- 
ularly of  the  ancient  Str\^non  and  of  the  west- 
ern branch  of  the  Euphrates. 

Karasu-Bazar  (kii-rii's()-bii-ziir').  A  town  in  the 
Criinea,  government  of  Tanridn. Russia, 28 miles 
e:ist-iH)rthi'ast  of  Simferopol.  Population  (18a'>- 
issi)),  i:i,s43. 

Karatcheff  (kii-rii-chef  or  -chof).  A  town  in 
the  goveriiment  of  Orel,  Russia,  48  miles  west- 
northweslofOrel.  Population  (188.5-89).  14.8.52. 

Karategin  (kii-rii-ta-gen').  A  mountainous  rp- 
gioTi  of  central  Asia,  in  Bokhara,  intersected  by 
lat,  39°  N,,  long.  70°  E.  It  wasnnnexod  to  Bo- 
kliar.'t  in  18(i8.     population,  about  100,000. 

Karauli.     See  Kirauli. 

Karawanken  (kii-rii-viing'ken).  A  range  of  the 
.Mps  ill  Carinthin,  Austria-Hungary,  south  of 
KIngeiifurl.  Highest  ]ieak, the  Stou  (7,326  feet). 

Karczag,  or  Kardszag  (kort'sog).  A  town  in 
thecounty  of  Great  Kumania,  Hungary,  36  miles 
wcst-southwestofDebreczin.  Population  (1890), 
18,197. 


Ear-Duniash 

Ear-Duniash.  [ '  Field  or  park  of  the  god  Dun.'] 
The  name  in  the  earliest  Babylonian  monu- 
ments for  the  distiict  immediately  adjoining  the 
city  of  Babylon. 

Karelia,  or  Carelia(kar-a-le'a).  An  ancient  dis- 
trict in  southeastern  Finland,  it  was  acquired  by 
.Sweden  in  tlie  13th  centurj',  and  was  ceded  in  part  to  Rus- 
sia in  1721,  tlie  remainder  sliaring  the  fortune  of  Finland. 

Karen  (kii-ren'),  or  Karens  (ka-renz').  A  native 
race  of  Bui-ma  and  Siam,  numbering  400,000  to 
450,000.  Many  of  them  have  been  Christianized. 

Karenina,  i^Jina.    See  Anna. 

Karia.     See  Caria. 

Karikal  (kii-ri-kal').  Atown  and  settlement  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  India,  belonging  to  France, 
situated  in  lat.  10°  55'  N.,  long.  79°  52'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  34,719. 

Karitena.     See  Earijtnina. 

Karkar  (kiir'kar).  A  locality  in  Syria,  on  the 
Orontes,  where,  in  854  B.  c. ,  Shalmaneser  11.  de- 
feated a  confederacy  of  ■western  princes,  includ- 
ing Ahab  and  Ben-hadad. 

Karl  (karl).  The  German  form  of  the  name 
Charles. 

Karli,  or  Carlee  (kar'le).  A  ^-illage  in  Bombay, 
British  India. 4.")miles  east-southeast  of  Bombay. 
The  rock-cut  hall  or  temple  here  is  the  largest  and  finest 
of  its  type  surviving  in  India.  The  plan  strongly  resembles 
that  of  a  Christian  church,  including  a  vestibule,  nave,  and 
aisles  divided  by  columns,  and  rounded  apse  with  deam- 
bulatory.  Thelengthisl26feet,  thewidth45i.  Thecolumns 
have  large  vase-formed  bases,  octagonal  shafts,  and  complex 
capitals  whose  leading  feature  is  two  kneeling  elephants 
bearing  human  figures.  The  roof  is  of  approximately  semi- 
circular section.  In  the  place  of  the  Christ  fan  altar  stands 
the  dagoba,  which  has  the  form  of  a  plain  dome  on  a  cylin- 
drical drum.  Upon  it  stands  a  square  tee  or  relic-casket 
which  supports  an  emblematic  wooden  parasol.  The  en- 
trance has  3  portals  surmounted  by  a  gallery.  Before  the 
vestibule  stands  a  lat,  or  lion  pillar,  no.doubt  one  of  an  origi- 
nalpair,  ThedateisplacedatTSB.C.  Somesimilartemples, 
as  at  Ajunta,  exhibitfatjades  very  eliiborately  sculpturedin 
architectural  forms  with  figure  and  geometrical  decoration. 

KarlingS  (kilr'lingz).     Same  as  Carolingians. 

Karlowitz,  or  CarlowitZ  (kar'16-vits).  Atown 
in  Croatia-Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  11'  N.,  long.  19°  56'  E. 
It  is  famous  for  its  wine.  A  peace  was  concluded  here  Jan. 
26,  1099,  between  Austria,  Russia,  Venice,  and  Poland  on 
one  side  and  Turkey  on  the  other,  whereby  Austria  acquired 
Transylvania  and  Hungary  between  the  Danube  and  Theiss; 
Russia,  Azoff ;  Venice,  the  Morea  and  conquests  in  Dalma- 
tia ;  and  Poland,  Podolia  and  the  Ukraine.  Population  (1890), 
6,490. 

Karlsbad,  or  Carlsbad  (karls'biid),  or  Kaiser- 
Karlsbad  (ki'zer-kiirls'bad).  Atown  and  water- 
ing-place in  Bohemia,  on  the  Tepl,  near  the  Eger, 
68  miles  west  by  north  of  Prague.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  wateriug-places  in  Europe.  According  to  triidi- 
tion,  its  mineral  springs  were  discovered  by  the  emperor 
Charles  TV.  in  1347.  The  principal  spring  is  the  Sprudel. 
Karlsbad  is  frequented  by  25,000  visitors  annually.  Popu- 
lation (189(1),  commune,  12,033. 

Karlsbad,  Congress  of.  A  congress  of  miuisters 
representing  Austria,  Prussia,  and  a  number 
of  minor  German  states,  held  at  Karlsbad  in 
Aug.,  1819,  to  discuss  the  democratic  movement 
in  Germany.  The  congress  resolved  to  recommend  to 
their  respective  governments  and  to  the  Diet  of  the  Ger- 
man Confederation  the  so-called  "Karlsbad  Decrees,"  the 
most  important  of  which  were  that  the  press  should  be  sub- 
jected to  a  rigorous  censorship ;  that  a  central  commission 
should  be  established  at  Mainz  for  the  investigation  of 
demagogical  intrigues;  that  the  Burschenschaft,  a  secret 
organization  among  the  students,  should  be  suppressed ; 
and  that  the  universities  should  be  placed  under  govern- 
ment inspection.  These  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the 
Diet  Sept,  20,  1819. 

Karlsburg  (kiirls'borG),  formerly  Weissen- 
burg  (vis'sen-borG).  [Himg.  G-iiuJa  Fclurvdr.'] 
A  fortified  town  in  the  county  of  Unterweissen- 
burg,  Transj'lvania,  situated  on  the  Maros  in 
laf.  46°  6'  N.,  long.  23°  33'  E.:  the  Roman  Apu- 
hxm.  In  the  citadel  are  the  cathedral,  Batthya- 
neum,  episcopal  palace,  etc.  Population  (1890), 
8,167. 

Karlshamn.orCarlshamn  (karls'ham).  A  sea- 
port in  the  laen  of  Blckinge,  Sweden,  situated 
on  the  Baltic  in  lat.  56°  10'  N.,  long.  14°  52'  E 
Population  (1890),  7,191. 

Karlskrona,  or  Carlscrona  (karls'kro-na).  A 
seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  laen  of  Blekinge 
Sweden,  situated  on  several  islands  in  the  Bal' 
tie,  in  lat.  56°  10'  N.,  long.  15°  36'  E.  it  was 
founded  by  Charles  XI. ;  is  the  chief  station  of  the  Swed- 
ish fleet;  and  has  extensive  docks.  Population  (1890), 
20,613. 

Ka,rlsrulie,  or  Carlsruhe  (karls'ro-e).  1.  A  dis- 
trict of  Baden,  lying  between  Mannheim  on 
the  north  and  Freiburg  on  the  south.  Area, 
993  square  miles.— 2.  The  capital  of  Baden, 
situated  6  miles  from  the  Rhine,  in  lat.  49°  1' 
N.,  long.  8°  24'  E.  it  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  fan 
radiating  from  the  palace.  It  has  recently  developed 
manufactures,  and  contains  a  noted  polytechnic  school,  a 
hall  of  art,  and  a  museum.    Population  (1890),  73,679. 


562 

Karlstad,  or  Carlstad  (karl'stad).  The  capital 
of  the  laen  of  Werinland,  Sweden,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  Klar-Elf  into  Lake  Wener, 
about  lat.  59°  25'  N.,  long.  13°  28'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  8,716. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt  (karl'stat).  A  small 
town  iu  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Main  14  miles  northwest  of  Wiirzburg. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt.  [Croatian  Karlovac.'] 
A  fortress  and  royal  free  city  in  Croatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Korana  with  the  Kulpa,  29  miles  southwest  of 
Agi-am.     Population  (1890),  5,559. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt  (originally  Boden- 
stein),  Andreas  Rudolf.  Born  at  Karlstadt, 
Franconia,  Germany,  about  1480 :  died  at  Basel, 
Switzerland,  Dec.  25,  1541.  A  German  Re- 
former, leader  at  Wittenberg  1521-22,  and  op- 
ponent of  Luther. 

Karlstein  (karl'stui).  A  castle  in  Bohemia, 
about  13  miles  southwest  of  Prague,  built  ( 1348- 
1357)  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  for  the  safe- 
keeping of  the  Bohemian  crown  jewels.  The 
chapel  in  the  great  tower,  in  which  they  were 
kept,  is  richly  adorned  with  inlaying,  gilding, 
and  color. 

Karmamimansa  (kar-ma-me-man'sii).  [Skt., 
'  inquiry  into  the  karman  (action),'  in  the  sense 
of  '  ritual,'  of  the  Veda.]  Another  name  of  the 
Purvamimansa  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. 

Karmat  (kar'miit),  sm'name  of  Hamdan  ben- 
Ashath.  The  founder  of  the  Karmathians 
(which  see).     Also  Carmatli. 

Karmathians  (kar-ma'thi-ans).  [So  named 
from  Kannat,  the  principal  apostle  of  t)ie  sect, 
a  poor  laborer,  who  jjrofessed  to  be  a  prophet.] 
A  Mohammedan  sect  which  arose  in  Tui'key 
about  the  end  of  the  9th  century.  The  Karmathi- 
ans regarded  the  Koran  as  an  allegorical  book,  rejected 
all  revelation,  fasting,  and  prayer,  and  were  communistic, 
even  in  the  matter  of  wives.  They  carried  on  wars  against 
the  califate,  particularly  in  the  10th  century,  but  disap- 
peared soon  after.  According  to  some  accounts  the  Druses 
developed  from  them. 

Kama  (kar'na).  In  Hindu  mythology,  son  of 
Pritha  or  Kunti  by  Surya.  '  the  sun,'  before  her 
marriage  to  Pandu,  and  so  the  unknown  half- 
brother  of  the  Pandava  princes.  He  was  bom 
equipped  with  arras  and  armor.  The  sage  Durvasas  had 
given  Kunti  a  charm  by  which  she  might  have  offspring  by 
any  god  invoked,  and  she  chose  the  sun.  Afraid  of  dis- 
grace, Kunti  exposed  the  child  by  the  Yamuna,  where  it 
was  found  by  the  charioteer  of  Dhritarashtra,  who  had 
it  reared  by  his  wife  Radha.  In  the  war  Kama  took  the 
partof  theKauravas,  and  was  at  last  killed  by  Arjuna.  Af- 
ter his  death,  his  relationship  becoming  known,  great  kind- 
ness was  shown  to  his  family. 

Kamak  (kiir'nak).  A  village  in  Egypt,  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Nile,  on  the  site  of  Thebes, 
famous  for  its  remains  of  antiquity.  The  Great 
Temple  extends  to  a  length  of  about  1,200  feet  from  west 
to  east,  and  is  comparatively  regular  in  plan.  The  double 
pylon  of  the  great  court  is  about  370  feet  wide  ;  the  court 
is  colonnaded  at  the  sides,  and  has  an  .avenue  of  columns 
in  the  middle.  A  second  pylon  follows,  and  opens  on  the 
famous  hypostyle  hall,  170  by  329  feet.with  central  avenue 
of  12  columns  62  feet  high  and  1\\  in  diameter,  and  122 
columns  42i  feet  high  at  the  sides.  The  lintel-blocks  of 
the  portal  are  41  feet  long.  A  narrow  court  follows,  orna- 
mented with  Osiride  Hgures  and  containing  two  obelisks, 
one  of  which  is  erect  and  is  97i  feet  high,  being  surpassed 
only  by  that  of  St.  John  Lateran  at  Rome.  This  court 
precedes  a  structure  containing  the  usual  series  of  halls 
and  chambers,  and  an  isolated  cella  or  sanctuary.  Behind 
this  building  is  another  large  open  court,  at  the  back  of 
which  stands  the  columnar  edifice  of  Thothraes  TIL,  an 
extensive  building  containing  a  large  hypostyle  hall  and 
many  comparatively  small  h.alls  and  chambers.  The  exist- 
ing temple  .appears  to  have  been  begun  by  Usertesen  I. 
(about  2700  B.  c),  to  whose  modest  foundation  extensive 
additions  were  made  by  Thotbmes  I.  and  III.,  Seti  I.,  Kame- 
ses  II.  and  III.,  and  Shishak  (about  950  B.  c).  The  mu- 
ral sculptures  are  vast  in  quantity,  and  highly  interest- 
ing in  character,  particularly  those  which  portray  the 
racial  characteristics  of  various  conquered  Asiatic  peoples. 
A  complete  temple  of  Amen,  built  by  Rameses  III.,  extends 
toward  the  south  from  the  great  court.  The  pylon  of 
Ptolemy  Euergetes  is  a  conspicuous  inonument  at  the 
end  of  the  long  avenue  of  sphinxes  leading  from  Luxor. 
The  pylon  has  a  single  large  square  portal,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  frieze  carved  with  the  winged  solar  disk  and 
by  the  overhanging  cornice.  It  is  covered  inside  and  out 
with  bands  of  sculpture  representing  Ptolemy  and  his 
queen  paying  honor  to  his  predecessors  and  to  the  gods. 
In  one  of  the  interior  compartments  Ptolemy  appears  in 
Greek  costume,  an  exceedingly  rare  type.  The  temple  of 
Khonsu,  one  of  the  Theban  triad,  was  founded  by  Rame- 
ses III.  It  is  notable  chiefly  for  its  beautiful  hypostyle 
hall,  whose  great  columns  and  epistyle  beams  are  deeply 
cut  with  hieroglyphs  and  with  coslanaglyphic  reliefs  of 
kings  and  divinities.  The  exterior  wall  also  presents 
much  remarkable  sculpture.    Also  Camac. 

Karnal(kur-nal').  1.  A  district  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  29°  45'  N., 
long.  77°  E.  Area,  2,440  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  683,718.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Karnal,  in  lat.  29°  42'  N.,  long.  76° 
57'  E.    Population  (1891),  21,963. 


Karsten,  Karl  Bernhard 

Karnapravaranas  ( kiir  '  na  -  pra  -  va '  ra  -  naz). 

[Skt., 'having  their  ears  as  a  covering.']  A  fabu- 
lous people  mentioned  in  the  Mahabharata,  Ra- 
mayana,  and  other  Sanskrit  works. 

Karnata, or Karnatas (kar-na'ta,-taz).  Names 
of  a  country  iu  India,  and  of  its  inhabitants, 
whence  the  modern  Curnatic.  The  name  Karnata 
was  anciently  applied  to  the  central  districts  of  the  penin- 
sula, including  Mysore,  while  the  modern  Carnatic  is  lim- 
ited to  a  not  exactly  defined  region  on  the  east  or  Coro. 
mandel  coast  of  India,  from  Cape  Comorin  to  about  16°  X 
It  is  no  longer  a  recognized  division,  and  exists  only  as  a 
desigMiition  for  the  theater  of  the  struggle  between  France 
and  England  for  Indian  supremacy. 

Karnatic.     See  Camalic. 

Karnten,  or  Karnthen  (karn'ten).  The  Ger- 
man name  of  Carinthia. 

Karnul  (kur-nol').  1.  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  15°  30'  N.,  long. 
78°  E,  Area,  7,514  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  817,811.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Karnul,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Hundri  and Timgabhadra,  in  lat.  15° 49'  N.,long. 
78°  4' E.     Population  (1891),  24,376. 

Karo(ka'r6),  Joseph benEphraim.  Thegreat- 
est  Talmudic  authority  of  the  16th  century 
(1488-1575).  When  a  child  he  and  his  parents  were  ex- 
iled from  Spain,  and  settled  at  different  times  in  Nicopo. 
lis,  Adrianople,  and  Pidestine.  Of  his  numerous  works 
the  best-known  are  his  commentary,  "House  of  Joseph" 
("Beth  Joseph"),  on  the  "Four  Rows"("  Arba  Turim  ")  of 
Ben-Asher,  and  especially  his  "Arranged  Table"  ("Shul- 
chan  Aruch  "),  a  methodically  arranged  compendium  of  all 
the  laws  and  customs  which  regulate  Jewish  life. 

Karolinenthal  (ka'ro-len-en-tal).  A  suburb 
of  Prague,  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Moldau 
northeast  of  the  city.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 19,540. 

Karoly  (ka'roly),  Na^-.  A  to  wn  in  the  coimty 
of  Szathmar,  Hungary,  37  miles  east-northeast 
of  Debreczin.     Population  (1890),  13,475. 

Karpathos.     See  Carpdtkus. 

Karr  (kar),  Jean  Baptiste  Alphonse.  Born 
at  Paris,  Nov.  24.  1808 :  died  at  Saint  Raphael, 
Var,  Sept.  29,  1890.  A  French  novelist,  jour- 
nalist, and  satirist.  In  1839  he  became  editor  of  the 
"Figaro"  and  founded  the  very  successful  little  satirical 
review  "LesGu6pes."  He  wTote  "Voyage  autour  de  mon 
j.ardin "  (1S45),  and  more  recently  "H^Iene"  and  "La 
maison  de  I'ogre  "  (1890).  He  also  wrote  many  political, 
literary,  and  humorous  fragments  and  sketches,  and  a 
large  number  of  novels.  He  lived  at  Nice  for  several 
years  before  his  death. 

Karroo  (ka-r6'),The  Great.  Adiy  and  elevated 
region,  partly  desert,  in  Cape  Colony,  between 
the  Zwarteberge  and  the  Nieuweveld  Berge. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Kars  (kars).  1.  A  province  of  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  lying  west  of  Erivan,  and  bordering 
on  Asiatic  Turkey.  Area,  7,308  square  miles. 
Population,  214,471. —  2.  A  fortress  and  the 
capital  of  the  territory  of  Kars,  situated  on  the 
Kars  Tchai  in  lat.  40°  37'  N.,  long.  43°  8'  E., 
about  6,000feet  above  sea-level.  It  is  now  an  almost 
impregnable  fortress,  but  was  captured  from  the  Turks  by 
Paskevitch  in  1828 ;  was  again  t.aken  by  the  Russians  Nov. 
28.  1855,  after  a  six  months'  defense  by  the  Turks  under 
General  Williams  ;  was  invested  by  the  Russians  in  1877, 
relieved  in  July,  again  besieged,  and  stormed  by  them 
Nov.  18,  1S77.  With  its  territory  it  was  ceded  to  Russia 
in  1878.     Population  (1891),  3,941. 

Karschin  (karsh'in)  (properly  Karsch),  Anna 
Luise.  Born  near  Schwiebus.  Prussia,  Dec.  1, 
1722 :  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  12,  1791.  A  German 
poet.  Her  collected  poems  were  published  ia 
1792. 

Karshi  (kar'she).  A  town  iu  Bokhara,  central 
Asia.  98  miles  southeast  of  Bokhara :  an  impor- 
tant trading  center.     Population,  about  25,000. 

Karshvan  (karsh'van),  or  Karshvar  (karsh'- 
var).  In  the  Avesta,  the  name  of  each  of  the 
seven  dirisions  of  the  world,  corresponding  to 
the  Hindu  d\-ipas.  (See  Jambudvrpa.)  In  Per- 
sian, Lislirar. 

Karst(karst).  [It.  Carso.  Slavic  iiras.]  A  des- 
olate limestone  plateau  in  the  Maritime  Prov- 
ince, Austria-Hungary,  north  of  Triest.  in  an 
extended  sense  the  Karst  includes  portions  of  the  Alps  in 
Carniola  and  neighboring  regions. 

All  over  the  Karst  (as  the  high  plateau  behind  Trieste 
is  called)  the  ravages  of  the  Bora,  or  north-east  wind,  have 
long  been  notorious.  Heavily-laden  waggons  have  been 
overturned  by  its  fury,  and  where  no  shelter  is  afforded 
from  its  blasts  houses  are  not  built  and  trees  will  not  grow. 
Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  165 

Karsten  (kiir'sten),  Hermann,  sumamed  "The 
Younger."  Born  at  Stralsund,  Prussia,  Nov.  6, 
1817.  A  German  botanist  and  traveler  in  South 
America,  professor  of  botany  at  Vienna  1868- 
1872.  His  works  include  ' '  Beitriige  zirr  Anato- 
mie  und  Physiologic  dcr  Pflanzen"  (1865),  etc. 

Karsten,  Karl  Bernhard.  Bom  at  Btitzow, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Nov.  26,  1782 :  died  at 


Karsten,  Karl  Bernhard  _ 

Schoneberg,  near  Berlin,  Aug.  22, 1853  A  Ger- 
man mineralogist.  He  wrote  "  System  der  Me- 
tallurgio  "  (1831-32),  etc. 

Kartavirya  (kar-ta-ver'ya).  [Skt., '  son  of  Kri- 
tavirya'J  A  hero  of  Hiniiu  mj-thology,  said  to 
bave"  been  really  named  Arjuna,  but  usually 
called  by  his  patronymic.  Worshiping  a  portion  of 
the  divine  being  called  Dattatreya,  in  whom  a  portion  of 
Brabnia,  Vishnu,  and  Shiva,  or  Vishnu  was  incarnate,  he 
obtained  a  tliousand  amis,  a  golden  chariot  answering  to 
his  will,  the  power  of  restraining  wrong,  tiie  conquest  of  the 
earth  and  the  disposition  to  rule  righteously,  invincibility, 
and  finally  death  by  a  man  of  world-wide  renown.  He 
ruled  8;>,000  years  with  unbroken  health  and  prosperity, 
according  to  the  Vishiiupurana.  Received  in  Jamadagni'a 
hermitage  by  the  sage's  wife,  he  carried  otf  "the  calf  of 
the  milk-cow  of  the  sacred  oblation, "whereupon  Parashu- 
nma  cut  olf  his  thousand  arms  and  killed  hiui.  He  is  the 
subject  also  of  other  legends. 

Karttikeya  (kiir-ti-ka'ya).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  of  vrar  and  the  planet  Mars  :  also 
called  Skanda.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of 
Shiva  or  Rudra,  to  have  been  born  without  a  mother,  and 
to  have  been  fostered  bytheKrittikasor  Pleiades  ;  and  so 
was  known  as  Karttikeya,  'son  of  the  Krittikas. '  He  was 
born  to  destroy  Taraka,  a  Daitya.  whose  austerities  had 
made  him  formidable  to  the  gods.  He  is  represented  as 
riding  on  a  peacock,  and  holding  a  bow  in  one  hand  and  an 
arrow  in  the  other. 

Kartam,  or  Kartoum.     See  Kliartum. 

ELarun  (kil-rou').  A  river  in  Persia  which  rises 
near  Ispahan, and  flows  first  west  and  then  south, 
joining  the  Shatt  el-Arab  (Euphrates-Tigris)  at 
Mohammerah.  It  is  navigable  (except  for  rap- 
ids at  Ahwaz)  to  Shuster. 

Karor,  or  Caroor  (ka-ror').  A  small  town  in 
Coimbatore  district,  Madras,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Amrawati  45  miles  west  by 
north  of  Tricbinopoli. 

Karwar,  or  Carwar  (kiir-war').  A  seaport  and 
the  capital  of  North  Kanara  district,  Bombay, 
British  India,  50  miles  south-southeast  of  6oa. 
Population  (1891),  14,579. 

Earytaina  (ka-re-ta'nii),  or  Karitena  (kii-re- 
ta'na).  A  locality  in  Arcadia,  Greece,  on  the 
Alpheus  about  10  mUes  northwest  of  Megalopo- 
lis: the  ancient  Brentlie.  The  castle  here,  a  great 
fortress  built  by  the  French  13th-century  princes,  is  one  of 
the  most  imposing  of  feudal  strongholds.  The  outer  walls 
with  towers,  the  great  keep,  dwellings,  magazines,  and  cis- 
terns,  all  remain, 

Kasan,     See  Ka-nn, 

Easan  (kiiz'an)  Defile.  A  celebrated  defile  in 
the  Danube,  on  the  borders  of  Servia  and  Hun- 
gary, near  the  confines  of  Rumania,  long  in- 
accessible by  land.  It  has  traces  of  a  Roman  road  built 
by  Trajan.  Near  it  are  the  Iron  Gates.  Width  of  the 
Danube,  Siq^feet.    Depth,  200  feet 

Kasanlik.    See  EazanUk. 

Easbek.     See  Eazhek. 

Easbin  (kaz-ben'),  or  Kasvin  (kaz-ven').  A 
city  in  the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  in 
lat.  36°  16'  N.,  long.  50°  3'  E.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant transit  trade,  since  it  is  on  the  main  route  from  Per- 
sia to  Europe.  It  was  fomierly  the  capital.  Population, 
about  30,000.    Also  Casbin,  Kmmii,  etc. 

Easchau  (kii'shou),  Hung.  Kassa  (kosh'sho). 
A  royal  free  city  and  the  capital  of  the  county 
of  Abau.i,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Hemad  in 
lat.  48°  42'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  it  is  a  commercial 
center,  and  is  noted  for  its  Gothic  cafhedral  uf  St,  Eliza- 
beth. Here,  Jan.  4,  1S49.  the  Austrians  under  Schlik  de. 
leated  theHungariansunderM^szfiros.  Population  (1800), 
28,884. 

Eashan  (ka-shiin').  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  95  miles  north  by  west  of 
Ispahan:  notedfor  its  manufactiu'es.  Popula- 
tion, about  25,000. 

Eashgar  (kash-giir').  1.  The  capital  of  East- 
ern Turkestan,  Chinese  empire,  situated  on  the 
Kizil-Su  about  lat.  39°  25'  N.,  long.  76°  7'  E. 
It  is  composed  of  an  old  and  a  new  city  ;  is  un  important 
commercial  and  manufacturing  center  ;  was  conquer-ed  by 
the  Chinese  in  the  middle  of  the  ISth  century;  was  the 
scene  of  a  successful  revolt  in  1805  ;  aiul  was  recon<iuered 
by  the  Chinese  1S76-77.  Population,  60,000-70,0<jO, 
2.  See  K(iNh(i(iri(i. 

Eashgaria  (kash-ga'ri-a),  or  Eashgar  (kiish- 

giir').  That  part  of  Eastern  Turkestan,  in  the 
Tarim  basin,  which  was  independent  of  Cliiua 
1805-77. 

Eashgil,  orKasgil  (kasb-  orkiis-gel').  A  place 
near  El-CJlieid,  Kordolan,  eastern  Africa,  at 
which  the  Malidi  annihilated  the  Egyptian 
forces  under  Hicks  Paslia  Nov.  3-4,  1883. 

Eashi  (kil'slio).  A  Sanskrit  name  of  the  mod- 
em Benares,  the  latter  name  being  the  San- 
skrit Varanasi. 

Eashikhanda  (kii-she-k-han'da).  [Skt.,  'Ka- 
shi  section.']  A  Sanskrit  i)oem  forming  part  of 
the  Skandaimraiia.  It  desirilxs  mimitcly  the  ten), 
pies  of  Shiva  in  and  ai)out  Benares,  and  is  presmned  to 
have  been  written  before  the  .Miihammeiian  conquest. 

Eashin  (kii-shen').   A  town  in  the  government 


5G3 

of  Tver,  Russia,  75  miles  northeast  of  Tver. 
Population  (1885-89),  6,833. 

Kashkar.    See  Chitral. 

Kashmir,  or  Cashmere  (kash-mer').  A  na- 
tive state  under  British  suzerainty,  bounded  liy 
Eastern  Turkestan  on  the  north,  Tibet  on  the 
east,  India  ou  the  south  and  southwest,  and 
Dardistan  and  the  Pamirs  on  the  west  and 
northwest.  Its  capital  is  Srinagar.  Ranges  of 
the  Himalaya  traverse  the  country.  Besides  Kashmir 
proper,  the  state  includes  H.altistan,  Ladak.  Jamu,  and  di- 
git. The  boundaries  toward  China  and  Russia  (Pamirs) 
are  uncertain.  Tlie  beautiful  "N'ale  of  Cashmere,"  in- 
closed by  lofty  mountains,  and  occupying  a  general  ele- 
vation of  upward  of  fi.iiOil  feet,  has  a  "length  of  about  90 
miles.  The  Jlielum  traverses  it  in  a  iiortliwesterly  direc- 
tion. It  is  noted  for  its  agricultural  lichesaiid  its  maiul- 
factures (Cashmere  shawls,  etc.).  Kashmir  is  governed  by 
a  maharaja  of  the  Dogra  Sikh  family.  It  was  conquered 
by  .\kbar  at  the  close  of  the  16th  centur.v,  by  the  Af- 
ghans in  the  middle  of  the  18th  centurj',  and  by  the  .Sikhs 
in  1819.  The  British  arranged  the  present  form  of  gov- 
ernment in  1846.  Its  northern  part  was  the  scene  of  the 
Hnnza-Nagar  war  against  the  British  in  1891.  Area,  80,900 
8(|uare  miles.     Population  (1891),  2,543,952. 

Kashshi.    See  Cosscans. 

Kashyapa  (kash'ya-pa).  A  sage  to  whom  are 
ascribed  several  Vedic  hymns;  in  later  mythol- 
ogy, the  husband  of  Aditi  and  12  other  daugh- 
ters of  Daksha,  and  father  by  them  of  gods,  de- 
mons, men,  and  all  animals.  He  is  also  regarded 
as  one  of  the  seven  sages,  and  as  the  father  of  Vivasvat  and 
Vishnu.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  a  personification 
of  the  race  who  resided  in  the  Caucasus,  on  the  Caspian, 
and  in  Kashmir.  Kashmira,  according  to  Burnouf,  is  for 
Kashyapamira, 

Easimbazar  (ka"sim-ba-zar'),  or  Cossimbazar 

(kos'sira-bii-zar').  A  iiiined  town  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  south  of  Mui'shidabad :  formerly 
a  flourishing  commercial  center. 

Easimoff,  or  Kassimoff  (ka-se'mof ).  A  town 
in  the  government  of  Riasan,  Russia,  situated 
on  'the  Oka  about  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  41°  20'  E. 
Population,  15,769. 

Kaskaskia  (kas-kas'ki-a).  [From  an  Indian 
tribe  name  (see  Illinois).']  A  river  in  Illinois 
which  joins  the  Mississippi  at  Chester.  Length, 
about  300  miles. 

Easmark  (kaz'mark),  or  K6smdrk  (kash'- 
miirk).  A  small  town  in  the  county  of  Zips, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Popr4d  in  lat.  49°  8' 
N,,  long.  20°  28'  E.     It  mantifactures  linen. 

Kassaba, orKasaba, orCassaba (ka-sii'ba).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Aidiu,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
about  35  miles  east-northeast  of  Smyrna.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 

Kassai  (kii-si').  A  large  southern  tributary  of 
the  Kongo,  its  principal  affluents  are  the  Sankuru  on 
the  right  and  the  Kuango  on  the  left.  It  forms  the  boun- 
dary between  the  Portuguese  sijhere  of  inttuence  and  the 
Kongo  Free  State,  and  then  traverses  the  latter. 

Kassala,  orKasala(ka-sii'lii).  Thechief  town 
of  Taka,  eastern  Africa,  situated  in  lat.  15°  25' 
N. ,  long.  36°  14'  E. :  formerly  "a  commercial  cen- 
ter. It  was  captured  by  the  Italians  from  the 
Mahdists,  Julv  17,  1894.  It  was  ceded  to  Egj^it 
in  1897.     Pop'ulation,  about  3,000. 

Eassel.     See  Cassel 

Kassr-el-Kebir  (kasr'el-ke-ber'),  or  Lxor 
(l-ks6r').  [Sp.  Alcazar-Qiiivir.~\  A  town  in 
northern  Morocco,  about  60  miles  south  of  Tan- 
gier. Here,  Aug.  4,  1578,  King  Sebastian  (jf 
Portugal  was  defeated  and  slain.  Population, 
estimated,  25,000. 

Kastamuni  (kiis-tii-mo'ne).  1.  A  vilayet  in 
Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  corresponding  to  the  an- 
cient Paphlagonia,  and  eastern  Bith>^lia.  Area, 
19,300  square  miles.  Population,  1.009.460.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  vilavet  of  Kastamuni, 
about  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  33°  42'  E.  Popula- 
tion, about  40.000. 

Eastner  (kest'ncr).  Abraham  Gotthelf.  Bom 

at  Leipsic,  Se|i1.  27.  1719:  die<l  at  (iiittingrn, 
Prussia,  .luue  20,  1800.  A  (icrnitm  mathciuati- 
cian  and  epigrammatist.  lie  wrote  "Anfangs- 
griinde  der  Matliematik"  (1758-09),  "Sinngo- 
dichte"  (1781),  etc. 

Eastoria  (kiis-to-re'a).  A  town  in  the  vilayet 
of  Monastir,  Turkev,  situated  on  Lake  Kastoria 
31  miles  south  of  Monastir:  the  ancient  Celo- 
trura.     It  was  taken  by  Alexius  I.  in  1084. 

Kastri.     See  Delphi. 

Kastril  (kas'tril).  In  Jensen's  "Alchemist,"  a 
young  cotmtry  fellow  anxious  to  learn  the  art 
of  quarreling. 

Easvin.     See  Jiashin. 

Kataba  (kii-tu'bii),  or  Catawba  (ka-ta'bjj).  A 

division  of  Nortli  .Vmericau  Indians,  which  in- 
cluded in  the  last  century  al)out  28  confederated 
tribes.  A  few  of  these  were  in  North  Carolina,  hut  niost 
of  them  were  in  Soutli  Carol ina.  The  j)rincipal  tribe  in  the 
latter  Slate  was  the  Kataba,  and  the  chief  one  in  the  for. 


Eatsena 

mer  was  the  Woccon.  Tlie  few  sur^'ivors  of  this  people  are 
on  the  Kataba  reservation  iu  York  County,  South  Caro- 
lina.    See  Siouan. 

Eataghan  (kil-ta-ghan').  A  region  in  the  north- 
east crn  part  of  Afghanistan,  between  the  Hiudu- 
Kiish  and  the  Amu-Daria. 

Eatahdin  (ka-ta'din),  or  Ktaadn  (ktadn). 
Mount.  The  highest  mountain  in  the  State  of 
Maine,  situated  in  Piscataqtiis  County  80  miles 
north  of  Bangor.     Height,  5,385  feet." 

Katak,  or  Kuttack,  or  Cattack  (ku-tak').  1.  A 
district  in  Oiissa,  Bengal,  Biitish  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  20°  30'  N.,  long.  86°  E.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Katak,  situated  on  the 
Mahanadi  about  lat.  20°  25'  N.,  long.  85°  56'  E.: 
the  chief  city  of  Ori.ssa.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Mahrattas  by  the  British  in  1803.  Population, 
about  50,000. 

Eatakana(kat-a-ka'na).  [Jap., from  lata,  side, 
and  kana,  for  kari-nn,  borrowed  names.]  One 
of  the  two  styles  of  writing  the  syllabary  of  48 
letters  in  use  among  the  Japanese,  the  other 
being  Himrjana.  The  Katakana  letters, which  are  said 
to  have  been  invented  by  Kibi  Daishi  about  the  middle  of 
the  8th  century,  are  formed  of  a  part  —  one  side  —  of  square 
Chinese  characters  used  phonetically,  and  are  confined  al- 
most exclusively  to  the  writing  of  propernames  and  foreign 
words.  In  Katakana  there  is  but  one  form  for  each  letter, 
where.as  in  Hiragana  many  of  the  letters  may  be  written  in 
a  variety  of  ways. 

Katana.     See  Catania. 

Katanga  (ka-tiing'gii).     See  Garengame. 

Katantra  (kii-tan'tra).  [Skt.,  lit. '  what  a '  (i.  e. 
great)  'tantra'  ('thread,'  'warp,'  'fundamental 
doctrine,'  and  then  "work'  or  'division  of  a 
work').]  A  Sanskrit  grammar  by  Sarvavarman, 
of  peculiar  interest  in  its  apparent  relation  to 
the  Pali  grammar  of  Kachehayana.  It  is  said  to 
be  the  special  grammar  of  the  Kashm'iras,  and  to  have  been 
the  subject  of  numerous  commentaries  from  the  12th  to 
the  16th  century. 

Katha  (ka't-ha).  1.  .-V  Hindu  sage,  the  founder 
of  a  school  of  theYajurveda. —  2.  AnUpanishad 
(which  see)  probably  more  widely  known  than 
any  other.  It  forms  part  of  the  Persian  translation  ren- 
dered into  French  by  AnquetU  Duperron,  was  translated 
into  English  by  Rammohun  Roy,  and  is  quoted  by  English, 
French,  and  German  writers  as  a  speciaien  of  ttie  mystic 
philosophy  of  the  Hindus,  It  has  been  most  recently  trans- 
lated into  English  by  .Muller  ("Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
Vol.  XV)  and  Whitney  ("Trans,  of  the  American  Philologi- 
cal Association,"  Vol.  XXI).  The  Upanishad  professes  to  be 
an  explanation  of  death  and  of  a  future  life,  drawn  against 
his  will  from  the  mouth  of  Death  himself.  Its  interest  is 
increased  by  its  story  of  Nachiketas  (which  see),  which 
also  occurs  in  the  Taittiriyabrahmaim, 

Katharnava  (ka-t-hiir'na-va).  [Skt.,  'sea  of 
stories.']  A  collection  of  about  35  compara- 
tively modern  stories,  in  Sanskrit,  attributed 
to  Shivadasa.  From  them  are  said  to  have  come  por- 
tions of  the  Hindi  Baital  Pachisi  and  the  Bengali  Batrish 
Singhasaii, 

Eathasaritsagara  (ka-t-ha-sa-rit-sii'ga-ra). 
[Skt.,  'ocean  of  the  streams  of  story.']  A 
collection  of  stories  in  Sanskrit  by  Somadeva- 
bhatta  of  Kashmir,  drawn  from  a  larger  work, 
the  Brihatkatha,  and  made  between  1063  and 
1081  A.  D.  The  work  contiiins  22,000  disiichs,  or  not 
quite  twice  as  much  as  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  together. 
The  text  ha.s  been  edited  by  Bruekhaus  (Leipsic,  1839-tWX 
aiul  translated  by  Tawiiey  (Calcutta,  18SLM>4). 

Kathay.     See  IHtliinj. 

Katherine,  or  Katharine.    See  Catharine. 

Katherine  (katli'e-rin).  1.  The  Shrew  in  Shak- 
spere's  comedy  "Tlii'  Taming  of  the  Shrew.'' 
She  is  the  daughter  of  Baptist  a,  and  is  married  to 
Pelruchio,  and  tamed  by  his  rough  treatment. 
—  2.  A  lady  in  attendance  on  the  Princess  of 
i"'rnnc('  in  Sliiiksperc's  '•  Love's  Laboui''s  Lost." 

Katherine  and  Petruchio.  A  jday  condensed 
anil  adapted  from  Sliakspere's  "Taming  of  the 
Shrew  "by  Garrick,  |irodueed  in  17.54.  It  is  still 
pliived. 

Kat'hiawar(k!it-e-ii-wiir').orKattywar(kiit-e- 

wiir').  A  pi'ninsula  in  western  liid in.  projecting 
into  the  Arabian  Sea  between  the  (iulf  of  Kachh 
anil  the  Gtilf  of  Cambay.  It  comprises  many  na- 
tive states.    Area,  2(l,.Vi»  square  miles,     iopulatio»(18l)I), 

Katishtya.     See  San  F(  line. 

Katkoff  (kiit-kof),  Mikhail  Nikiforovitch. 

Born  at  Moscow.  1820:  died  near  .M(.sco\v,  .\iig. 
1,  1H.S7.  A  Russian  journalist,  eilitor  of  the 
"  Moscow  tiazotte  "since  1861 :  noted  as  a  leader 
of  the  Panslavists, 

Katlamat.     See  Calhlamct. 

Katmandu.     See  Khatmandu. 

Katrine  ( kat'rin\  Loch.  A  lake  in  southwestern 
Perthshire,  Scot  liincl.  25  miles  north  of  Glasgow. 
It  ia  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.  It  contains  Ellen  a 
Isle,  etc,,  familiar  (niiu  Scott's  "Lady  of  the  Ijike."  The 
water  supply  of  (Glasgow  is  obtained  from  this  hike. 
Length,  8  nules. 

Katsena  (kii-tsii'uii).     See  Uaiisa. 


Eatsena 

Katsena,  or  Eatsina  (kat-se'na).  A  town  in 
Sokoto,  Sudan,  central  Africa,  about  150  miles 
east  of  Sokoto.     Population,  7,500. 

KattowitZ(kilt't6-vits).  Aniauufacturingtown 
iu  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  57  miles 
southeast  of  Oppeln.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 16,513. 

Kattjrwar.     See  Kathiawar. 

Katunski  (kii-ton'ski),  or  Katun,  Alps.   The 

highest  range  of  the  Altai,  in  the  government 
of  Tomsk.  Siberia.  For  the  highest  summits 
(the  Katunski  Pillars),  see  Altai. 

KatWB;,  or  Cutwa  (kut'wa).  A  town  in  Bard- 
wan  district,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Bhagirathi  and  Ajai,  77  miles 
north  of  Calcutta.     Population,  about  S,000. 

Katwyk-  or   Katwijk-aan-Zee    (kat'rtk-an- 

za').  A  watering-place  in  tlie  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Old 
Rhine  23  miles  southwest  of  Amsterdam.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  commune,  6,731. 
Katyayana  (kat-ya'ya-na).  [Skt..' descendant 
of  the  Katya  family.']  Tlie  celebrated  Sanski-it 
author  of  tlie  Varttikas  or  supplementary  rules 
to  Panini,  of  the  Yajurvedapratishakhya,  and 
of  the  Shrautasutras.  Hiouen-Tsang  represents  a 
doctor  Kia  to  yan  na  as  living  at  Tam.asavana  in  the  Pan- 
jab  3iX>  years  after  Buddlia's  death,  or  60  B.  c.  iWehcr.) 
The  Kathasaritsagara  identities  him  with  Vararuchi.  amin- 
isterof  Nanda,  father  of  Chandragupta,  according  towhich 
he  flourished  about  350  B.  c. 

Katzbach(kats'baeh).  Asmalltributary  of  the 
Oder,  which  it  joins  30  miles  west-northwest  of 
Breslau.  it  is  noted  for  the  battle  fought  Aug.  ■H\.  1813, 
on  its  banks,  near  Wahlstatt,  in  wliich  the  Allies  (0<1,(X)0) 
under  Bliicher  iKfe^ited  tin'  Ininh  (lod.ioo)  iuicUt  Mac- 
donald.     The  Frenthlost  12,0o0  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Eatzimo  (kilt-se'mo).  The  Queres  name  for  a 
mesa  or  table-rock  rising  about  500  feet  above 
the  basin  of  Acoma,  and  a  few  miles  from  the 
rock  on  which  that  pueblo  is  built.  The  Spanish 
name  for  it  is  Mesa  Encantada,  'enchanted  mesa.'  The 
folk-lore  tells  that  there  was  once  a  village  on  the  top  of 
Katzimo,  but  that  one  part  of  the  rock  fell  in,  and  the  in- 
habitants, cut  off  from  the  valley  beneath,  were  starved  to 
death.     The  rock  is  inaccessible  at  present. 

Kauai  (kou-i').  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
situated  in  the  northwest  of  the  group,  in  lat.  22° 
N.,  Ions.  159°  30'  W.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  The 
chief  product  is  sugar.  Area,  ^ii  square  miles.  Also 
.4(«»Mir  Aloni.     Population  (liJOO),  aij. 502. 

Kaufbeuren  (kouf 'boi-ren).  A  town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Swabia  and  Neubm'g,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Wertacli  47  miles  west-southwest  of 
Munich.  It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  7,331. 

Kauffmann  (kotif'miin),  Marie  Angelique 
Catharine.  Born  at  Coire.  Grisous,  Switzer- 
land, Oct.  30. 1741 :  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  5, 1S07. 
A  Swiss  historical  and  portrait  painter,  known 
as  Angelica  Kauffmann.  ShewenttoEnglandinl766, 
after  passing  many  years  in  Italy,  where  she  first  attracted 
attention  as  an  artist.  She  made  an  unfortunate  marriage 
with  an  adventurer  who  passed  for  a  Count  Horn  whose 
valet  he  had  been.  Her  second  husband  was  an  Italian 
painter  named  Antonio  Zucchi.  In  1781  she  left  London 
and  returned  to  Rome.  She  painted  many  pictures,  which 
are  represented  in  the  priiicipal  galleries  of  London  and 
the  Continent. 

Kaufmann,  or  Kauffmann,  Konstantin  Pe- 
trovitch.  Born  near  Ivangorod,  government 
of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  March  3, 1818 :  died  at 
Tashkend,  Asiatic  Russia,  May  16, 1882.  A  Rus- 
sian general.  He  was  appointed  militaiy  governor  of 
Turkestan  in  1867;  conquered  Samarkand  in  1868 ;  com- 
manded the  expedition  against  Khiva  in  1873 ;  and  con- 
quered Khokand  in  1875. 

Kaulbach    (kourbach),    Friedrich   August. 

Born  at  Hannover,  June  2,  1850.  A  genre-  and 
portrait^painter,  son  and  pupil  of  Friedrich 
Kaulbach.  He  settled  in  Munich  in  1872,  and 
became  director  of  the  Art  Academy  there. 

Kaulbach,  Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Arolsen  in 
Waldeck,  0>-t.  15,  ]sn5:  died  at  Munich.  April 
7,  1874.  A  historical  painter,  a  pupil,  at  the  Diis- 
seldorf  Academy,  of  Cornelius  whom  he  fol- 
lowed in  1825  to  Munich,  in  1839  he  went  to  Rome. 
In  1847  he  went  to  Berlin  to  decorate  the  Treppenhaus  of 
the  new  museum,  a  work  which  occupied  him  many  years. 
In  1849  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  academy  at 
Munich.  He  made  many  book  illustrations,  particularly 
for  "Reynard  the  Fox,"  (Joethe's  "Faust"  and  other 
works,  and  .Shakspere,  Schiller,  and  Wagner,  etc. 

Kaumains.     See  Commiche. 

Kaumodaki  (kou-mo'da-ke).  The  club  of 
Krishna,  given  him  by  Varuna  when  engaged 
with  him  in  fighting  against  Indra  and  burning 
the  Khandava  forest. 

Kaunitz  (kou'nits).  Prince  Wenzel  Anton 
von,  Count  of  Rietberg.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb. 
2, 1711:  died  June  27,  1794.  A  noted  Austrian 
statesman.  As  minister  to  France  (1750-62) he  formed 
an  alliance  between  France  and  Austria.    He  was  state 


564 

chancellor  and  chief  minister  1753-92,  and  formed  the  coa- 
lition against  Frederick  the  Great  1756. 

Kauravas  (kou'ra-vaz).  [Skt., •descendants  of 
Kuru.']  A  patronymic  applied  especially  to 
the  song  of  Dhritarashtra.     See  Muhabharutn. 

Kaus  (kas).  [Ar.  qaus,  a  bow.]  A  name  com- 
mon to  the  three  stars  /*.,  d,  and  f  Sagittarii.  a,  of 
the  fourth  magnitude,  is  Eaus  Borealis  ;  5,  of  the  third,  is 
Kaus  iledia  ;  and  t,  of  the  second,  is  Kaus  Australis. 

Kaus.     See  Eiisan. 

Kaushambi  (kou-sham'be).  The  capital  of 
Vatsa,  near  the  jimction  of  the  Ganges  and  the 
Jumna:  the  scene  of  the  drama Ratnavali  (which 
see). 

Kautilya  (kou'til-ya).  Another  name  of  Cha- 
nakya,  minister  of  Chandragupta.  See  Cliana- 
Injn. 

Kautsa  (kout'sa).  A  rationalistic  Hindu  phi- 
losopher who  regarded  the  Veda  as  devoid  of 
meaning,  and  theBrahmanas  as  false  interpre- 
tations. He  lived  before  Yaska,  the  author  of 
the  Nirukta,  who  replied  to  him. 

Kavala  (ka-vit'la),  or  Kavallo  (kii-viU'lo).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Saloniki.  Turkey,  situ- 
ated on  Kavala  Bay  80  miles  east-northeast  of 
Saloniki :  the  ancient  Neapolis.  Population, 
about  5.000. 

Kavanagh  ( kav'a-nah ) ,  Julia.  Born  at  Thurles, 
Tipperary,  Ireland," Jan.  7.  1824:  died  at  Nice, 
France,  Oct.  28, 1877.  A  British  novelist.  Among 
her  works  are  "  Madeleine  "  (1848),  "Nathalie"  (1850), 
"  Daisy  Burns "  (1853),  "Grace  Lee " (1856),  "  Queen  Slab  " 
(1863).  "  John  Dorrien  "  (1876),  etc.  She  also  wrote  "  French 
Women  of  Letters  "  and  "English  Women  of  Letters  "(1862). 

Kavasha  (ka'va-sha).  A  Risbi  to  whom  se\- 
eral  hymns  of  the  Rigveda  are  ascribed.  The 
Aitareyabrahmana  relates  that  theRishiswhen  sacrificing 
on  theSarasvati  drove  away  Kavasha  as  the  sun  of  a  slave, 
and  unworthy  to  drink  the  sacred  water  of  the  river.  When 
Kav.asha  was  alone  in  the  desert,  a  prayer  was  revealed 
to  him  by  which  he  prevailed  upon  the  Sarasvati  to  sur- 
round him,  whence  the  Kishis,  persuaded,  admitted  him  to 
their  companionship. 

Kaveri,  or  Cavery,  or  Cauvery  (ka've-ri).    A 

river  in  southern  India,  flowing  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  by  a  delta  about  lat.  11°  N.  It  is  much 
used  for  irrigation.  Length,  about  475  miles. 
Kavi  (ka've).  [From  Skt.  Ay((/,  poet,  or  kdri/a, 
poem.]  The  ancient  sacred  language  of  Java. 
Java  has  3  languages  —  the  vulgar,  the  polite,  and  the  an- 
cient —  all  having  words  in  vaiying  proportions  from  the 
Sanskrit,  Arabic,  and  Telugu,  as  the  result  of  immigration 
and  commerce,  though  the  general  structure  is  Malay. 
The  Sanskrit  is  traced  to  a  Hindu  immigration  about  2,oilO 
years  ago.  .  In  the  Kavi  is  \vi'itten  the  Javanese  literature, 
largely  of  Hindu  origin.  The  Kavi  language  and  Hindu- 
ism were  driven  from  J.avato  the  little  island  of  Bali  in  the 
15th  century.  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  made  a  special  study 
of  the  language  1836-40. 

Kaviraja  (ka-vi-ra'ja).  [Skt.,  'the  king  of 
poets.']  The  author  of  the  Sanskrit  poem  Ra- 
ghavapandaviya,  which  is  highly  esteemed  in 
India,  It  treats  in  the  same  words  at  once  the  story  of 
the  Ramayana  and  that  of  the  Mahabharata,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  characteristically  artificial  poems  of  its  class. 
Its  date  is  certainly  later  than  the  10th  centurj'. 

Kavirondo  (kil-ve-ron'do).  A  tribe  of  British 
East  Africa,  at  the  northeast  end  of  Lake  Vic- 
toria. It  is  split  into  many  clans,  pursues  agriculture, 
herding,  and  fishing,  and  speaks  a  language  distinct  from 
Bantu,  and  said  to  resemble  the  Shilluk.  The  tribe  is  not 
yet  satisfactorily  classified. 

Kavyadarsha  (kiiv-ya-dar'sha).  [Skt.:  k-dfi/a, 
poem,  and (uhirshci, mirror — 'mirrorof  poems,'] 
A  Sanskrit  treatise  on  poetics,  written  by  Dan- 
din  in  the  6th  century. 

Kavyani  (ka-vya-ne').  In  Persian  mythology, 
the  standard  of  Ka  wah :  a  leathern  apron  reared 
on  a  spear,  used  by  Kawah  as  a  standard  when 
he  suimuonrd  Faridun  to  overthrow  Dahak. 
FariiluM  adorned  it  with  gold  and  precious  stones,  and  until 
the  iloliammedau  conquest  it  was  the  royal  standard  -if 
Persia.  Enlarged  little  by  little  to  receive  the  jewels  added 
by  successive  kings,  it  was  22  feet  by  15  feet  in  size  when 
it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Arabs  at  the  battle  of  Kadisi- 
yah(A.lt.  636).  The  soldier  who  took  it  received  in  exchange 
the  armor  of  the  Persian  general  Galenus  and  30,000  pieces 
of  gold.  The  flag  was  cut  up  and  distributed  to  tlie  array 
with  the  general  mass  of  the  booty. 

Kavyaprakasha  (kiiv«ya-pra-ka'sha).  [Skt.. 
'  elucidation  of  poems.']  A  vSanskrit  treatise 
on  poetics,  written  by  Mammata  of  Kashmir  in 
the  12th  century. 

Kaw.     See  Ean'sa. 

Kawah  (ka-we').  In  Persian  mythology,  the 
blacksmith  who  asked  redress  against  Dahak 
(see  A:hi  Dahaka)  for  the  sixteen  sons  slain  to 
feed  his  serpents,  and,  on  the  restoration  of  the 
remaining  son,  excited  a  rebellion  and  sum- 
moned Faridun  to  restore  justice. 

Kawita.     See  Creik. 

Kay(ki).  A  ^-illage  in  the  province  of  Branden- 
burg. Prussia,  5  miles  west  of  Ziillichau.  Here, 
in  the  Seven  Years*  \A'ar.  the  Prussians  under  Von  Wedell 
were  defeated  by  the  Russians,  with  a  loss  of  8,000  (July 
23,  1769), 


Kean,  Edmund 

Kay  (ka),  John.  Born  near  Bury,  Lancashire, 
July  16,  1704:  died,  it  is  said,  in  France,  some 
time  after  1764.  An  English  inventor,  in  1733 
he  was  granted  a  patent  for  the  "  fly-shuttle,"  and  in  1745 
another  patent  for  a  *'  power-loom  "  for  narrow  goods.  Ilia 
inventions  were  stolen,  a  mob  wiecked  his  house, and  he 
himself  fled  to  France  where  he  died  in  destitution. 

Kay,  John.  Born  near  Dalkeith,  April,  1742 : 
died  at  Edinbm-gh,  Feb.  21,  1826.  A  Scottish 
painter  and  etcher.  His  '  •  Portraits  "  are  a  col- 
lection of  clever  caricatures  of  the  Edinburgh 
celebrities  of  his  time. 

Kay,  Sir,  called  "The  Rude"  and  "The  Boast- 
ful." In  the  Arthurian  tales,  the  foster-brother 
of  Arthur,  who  made  him  his  seneschal.  He 
was  treacherous  and  malicious.  Also  spelled 
Ee,  Kei,  Qiieiix,  Ketix,  etc. 

Kayanian  (ke-ya'ui-an).  The  collective  name 
of  several  Iranian  kings  whose  names  begin 
with  Kai.     See  Kai. 

Kayanush  (ke-ya-nush').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
a  brother  of  Faridun  who,  in  envy,  with  another 
brother  Purmayah  tries  to  destroy  Faridun.  See 
Purmajialt. 

Kaye  (ka).  Sir  John  William.  Born  at  Acton, 
Middlesex,  1814  :  died  at  London,  July  24, 1876. 
An  English  historical  and  biographical  writer. 
He  succeeded  John  Stuart  Mill  iu  the  political  and  secret 
department  of  the  India  Office.  His  works  include  "  His- 
tory of  the  War  in  Afghanistan  "  (1851),  "  Administration 
of  the  F.ast  India  Company  "  (1853),  "The  History  of  the 
Sepoy  War  in  India  1857-68"  (1864-76). 

Kayes  (kii-yas').  A  town  in  the  French  pos- 
sessions of  West  Africa,  on  the  Senegal  about 
lat.  14°  30'  N. 

Kaysersberg  fki'zers-bero).  A  small  town  in 
Alsace,  6  miles  northwest  of  Colmar.  It  was 
an  imijerial  residence. 

Kazali  (ka-za'le),  or  Kazala  (-la).  A  fortified 
trading  town  in  the  government  of  Sir-Daria, 
Asiatic  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sir-Daria  in  lat. 
45°  45'  N.,  long.  62°  10'  E. 

Kazan,  or  Kasan  (ka-zan').  1.  A  government 
of  eastern  liussia,  surrounded  by  Viatka,  Ufa, 
Samara,  Simbirsk,  and  Nijni-Novgorod.  it  is 
traversed  by  the  Volga  and  the  Kama.  Area,  24,601  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  2,208,917. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kazan, 
situated  near  the  Volga  about  lat.  55°  47'  N., 
long.  49°  7'  E.:  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Kip- 
tchak  khanate.  It  is  a  flourishing  commercial  center; 
manufactures  cloth,  leather,  etc.;  and  is  the  seat  of  a  uni- 
versity founded  in  1804.  It  was  conquered  and  annexed 
by  Russia  in  1552.  The  cathedral,  within  the  picturesque 
battlemented  and  towered  inclosure  of  the  Kremlin  cita. 
del,  was  built  in  1562,  and  resembles  the  Cathedral  of  the 
Assumption  at  Moscow.  The  curious  belfry,  of  later  date 
than  the  chm-ch,  displays  marked  Tatar  characteristics  in 
its  old  Russian  architecture.  The  Sumbeki  Tower,  be- 
lieved to  be  the  minaret  of  the  mosque  of  the  old  khans 
of  Kazan,  with  subsequent  restorations,  is  the  most  re- 
markable structure  in  Kazan.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  is 
pyramidal  in  outline,  rising  in  4  stages  to  a  height  of  244 
feet.  The  summit  is  crowned  by  the  imperial  arms  sur* 
mounted  by  a  gilt  ball.     Population  (1897).  131.r,o,'<. 

Kazanlik,  or  Kasanlik  (kii-ziin'lik),  or  Kezan- 
lyk  (ke-zan'lik).  A  town  in  Eastern  Rumelia, 
Bulgaria,  situated  near  the  Tundja  44  miles 
northeast  of  Philippopolis.  It  is  noted  for  the  pro- 
duction of  attar  of  roses.  It  was  captured  in  Jan.,  1878,  by 
the  Russians  from  the  Turks,  who  thereupon  surrendered 
the  Shipka  Pass.     Population  (1888),  9,480. 

Kazbek,  or  Kasbek  (kaz'bek).  One  of  the  chief 
peaks  of  the  Caucasus,  overlooking  the  Dariel 
Pass  about  75  miles  north  of  Tiflis.  in  legend 
this  was  the  scene  of  the  punishment  of  Prometheus 
Height,  16,533  feet. 

Kazerun  (ka-za-ron').  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  I'arsistan,  Persia,  51  miles  west  of  Shiraz. 

Kazinczy  (koz'int-se),  Ferencz.  Born  at  Er- 
Semely^n,  Bihar,  Hungary,  Oct.  27,  1759:  died 
in  the  coimty  of  Zemplin.  Hungary,  Aug.  22, 
1831.  A  Hungarian  author.  He  translated  va- 
rious Greek,  Latin,  German,  French,  and  Eng- 
lish classics  into  Magyar. 

Kazvin.     See  Eashin. 

Kean  (ken ),  Charles  John.  Bom  at  Waterford, 
Ireland,  Jan.  18,  1811 :  died  at  Chelsea,  Jan ,  22, 
1868.  An  English  actor,  son  of  Edmund  Kean. 
His  first  appearance  was  as  young  Nerval  in  1827,  after 
which  he  played  with  his  father  till  1833.  In  1842  he  mar- 
ried Ellen  Tree.  In  1860  Charles  Kean  leased  the  Prin- 
cess's Theatre,  at  first  with  Robert  Keeley ;  in  1851  he 
began  his  notable  series  of  spectacular  revivals.  He  was 
a  careful  Init  not  a  great  actor.  His  last  appearance  was 
as  Louis  .\I.  at  Liverpool  in  1867. 

Kean,  Edmund.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1787: 
died  at  Richmond,  May  15, 1833.  A  celebrated 
English  actor.  His  father  was  of  Irish  descent;  his 
mother  was  an  itinerant  actress  named  Anne  Carey,  who 
deserted  him.  He  played  children's  parts  about  1790.  and 
in  1795  he  ran  away  to  sea.  Under  his  mother's  name 
(Carey)  he  led  the  life  of  a  roving  actor  until  1806,  when  he 
first  appeared  in  the  Haymarket  as  Ganem  in  the  "Moun- 
taineers." On  Jan.  26,  1814.  he  appeared  at  Drury  Lane, 
when  he  was  very  successful  as  Shylock.     This  was  fol- 


I 


Eean,  Edmund  565  Kelly 

lowed  Iiy  Hamlet,  Dthello,  lago,  and  Luke  in  "Riches."  in  Galilee,  Palestine,  22  miles  southeast  of  and  in  1762  was  made  Bovcnior  of  SenchAtel.  He  wag 
One  of  his  greatest  successes  was  in  Lear  at  Dniry  Lane,      Tyre  pardoned  Ijy  Cicorgc  II.  in  1769  and  restored  to  his  estates. 

AprU,  1S20.     His  tirst  appearance  in  New  York  was  Nov.    ir-j    't-™,—       o       rn     7  -i  „  In  ITtM  he  was  recalled  bv  Frederick  the  Great. 

29.1;20.  HereturnedtoDrur)Laneinl»21asKichaidIII.,  ^eflor  Ijaomcr.  hee  Chcilorlaomcr.  Keith  James  Pranpis  TltiwarH  Rorn  Tipar 
and  played  there  at  intervals  until  1820  when  (Nov.  14) he  Kedron  (kO  '  ,liou  I.  vv  Kidron  (kill ' ron).  lu  Pet.^5,^.urSe,,fl^^^  ifnf^ n  flftHi'-  IrilM  «t  thf 
appeared  at  the  Park  Theater,  New  York.  He  continued  Bible  t'eO'Taiiliv  'i  brook  that  Dasses  to  the  J '^!\i^"' 'f*;; ^\'''l'>"'^  J'''"' IJ.  l^yl^-  Killed  atthe 
toSct  at  DrurjLane.fovent  (jarden.  and  elsewhere  ;  hut  ^  '.,,,  .f.^^^^'J;  2c'  tL  „i^™  .  }r  uf-^?  *?^  ^""le  ot  Hothkircli,  Oct.  14,  175«.  A  Scottish 
Iheirregulaiityof  his  life  destroyed  his  career.  iTon>  1828  ">'rtl' and  east  of  Jerusalem,  and  falls  into  the  general  iu  the  Hossian  and  Prussian  service, 
bis  health  continued  to  decline,  and  he  acted  only  occa-      1-"'^"  *<^'l-  second  SOU  of  Willinm   iiiiitli  Karl  Arnrischnl  of 

.ionally  from  that  time  until  May  16,  1833,  when  he  ilied.   Keeling  (ke'ling)  Islands,   or  CoCOS  (ko'koz)      S^.,,  ].    ,fi      „  ,       ,k  ?,       M       t.     ^°^°^ 

He  was  probaWyunequaled  as  Richard  in.,  Othello,  Lear,  T<slaTiri<;  A  frroiin  .,t  -;■„■,  1  .-ovil  -itnlU  in  tin'  ?  .^N?  ,  .,  ^^  f'Vf'  f'"'  ""'^  hrother,  George  Keith, 
and  Sir  GUes  Overreach  XSianQS.     A  group  ol  biii.iU  uiial  atolls,  ui  tla      tenth  Earl  Marischal,  in  the  ret-ellion  of  1710.    Heescaped 

■B- ,,,^.    /Tiii„„  fii,„„N      T>„,     ion-      1-    1     *     iiiaiauOcean.  luterspctedliy  lat.  12°6' b..  louf,'.      to  Krance,  where  he  resumed  his  studies.     In  1728  he  en- 

Ji.ean,  Mrs    (i,lien  iree;.     Uoru  IbUo.  dicU  at     950  55/  ^  _  annexed  bv  Groat  Britain  iu  IS.IG.        '^'-'^d  the  Itussian  service  as  a  major  general,  served  with 
London,  Aufr.  _1,  ISSO.      An   Engli.sh  actress.   Keene   fken)       A  citv"  and  tlio  cniiitnl  of  flip-     success  in  the  Turkish  war,  and  was  made  governor  of  the 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  182-2-23.    From  1836-39  ^f""V       1      xt        ri    """  V"^  "^^Pltai  01  v,i  e       i  kraine.    Frederick  the  Great  made  him  a  Prussian  held- 
•he  played  in  America.   In  1842  she  married  Charles  Kean,     '''"J^"  Lounty,  Aew  ilampshirc,  situated  on  the     marshal  (1747),  and  later  governor  ..f  Berlin, 
with  whom  she  played  leading  parts,  and  whose  success     Ashuelot  43  mOes  southwest  of  Concord.     Pop-  Kelth.VlSCOUnt.  ticeElphi,,slo,,c,  Gcorqc Keith. 

Ke'alSvXr'nTphilil,      Bom  at  Xew  York    T^iolT  ^1,       '  ^'«  ^-       it,  .  tt  Kej  (kej).     A  place  in  fealuchistan,  about  lat. 

Jiearny  (Kar  ni;,  rmup.    com  at  .^ew  lorK.  Keene,  Charles  Samuel.    Bom  at  Homsev,    '^q°\    lont^  6-«  50' E 

■^^^^  ''}^^?-  ^'■"'"^  ^*  Chantdly,  Va.,  Sept.  1,     Aug.  10,  ISL'3:  died  at  London,  Jan.  4, 1891.   An  Kelat"  HeeKliclal 

1862.    An  American  general.    He  became  a  second     English  illustrator  and  caricatm-ist.   He  worked  KelatiNadiri(kel-at'enii-de're^    Avervstron^ 

lleatenantin  1837;  senedTasa  volunteer  with  the  French     for  tlio  "Tllii«tr!itpil  T  nndnr,  TVrpn-=  "  onrl  utp,.  ■'^rSia'"  ■■■' "lirH  "'^'-''t  ena-ae  le).  Averystrong 

In  Algiers,  1839-40;  took  part  in  the  Mexican  war;  and     ^      .'/^     1  Itihtratcd  London  P«ews,    and  latei     tortress  in  Khorasan,  l^ersia,  near  the  Russian 

Kjsigned  from  the  army  in  1S.'>1.    In  1847  he  was  brevetted  _^^^      Iriuicn.  frontier. 

major  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  Contreras  Keene,  Henry  George.     Born  Sept.  30,  1781:  ITplp  rkp-InM    nr  'RaVolo  CV>m  Vp  15'^       At,   if,.; 

and  Churubusco.    He  fought  with  the  French  in  Italy  in     died  at  Tuubridtre  Wells    Jan    •>9    1864       a,,  ^^^^  (,ke  la   ),  or  iSaKeie  (ba-Ke-la  ).    An  Afn- 

18S9,  particularly  distinguishing  himself  at  the  battle  of     f„' ii«h  Pprs in"  f  l,^ln.     t    .   ,' ,"  u  .         '^'*'^  ^"^"^  °*  ""■  ^  ''''"''''  Kongo,  on  the  Ogowe 

Solterino.    On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  ap-     J^°g"f "  S^     ,i^  ^V  "°'^J-    J,"  l*;-*  J.^  became  profes-     River,  back  of  the  Mpougwe,  near  the  Crystal 

pointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  (Xew  Jersey),  and     f°''°'  ^^^^"^  "S'^^!'^',""  *'  V"  F^^' I"'*"'  ^°}^<^B<' »'  Hal-     Mountains      Their  Hnmaire  nukele^  is  of  Ra„t„  ^tr,,. 

became  maior-uenerjil  in  ISii"      He  c.inmnn.lpH  fh.  isf      leybiin',  near  Hertford,  England.     Among  his  works  are     fi"i"'iaiu>.     ineir  language  (l)ikele)  is  of  Bantu  struc- 

slwe^s^yXigadeinft^nklin'sm^^^^^^^^^  ,      AboVt™ -Uh?vM^™td7  u"?pUs  n^^^^^^^ 

the  Potomac  st.rye.d  in  the  battles  of  the  Peninsula  vJith  Keene,  LaUTa      Born  mEng  a,ul  m  1820:  ched     tlie^^^^k^Smt'tllVh'Mpong;!"  Th^ 

the  Ai-my  of  Virginia,  and  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  P,un.     at  Montelair,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4,  1873.     An  English     Fan  *•    t,  j 

He  was  kiUed  whUe  reconuoitering  near  ChantiUy.  actress.    She  came  to  the  United  States  in  1852,  and  was  Keler  (ka'ler)   B61a   (real   name  Albert  VOn 

lS.earsarge(Ker  sarj).  l.  a  mountain  m  Carroll  known  as  a  brilliant  light-comedy  actress.  She  became  Keler)  Born  at  Bartfeld  Hunearv  Feb  13 
County,  NewHampshire,  5  miles  north  of  North  the  manager  of  the  Varieties  Theater  in  New  York,  and  in  jj^oa.  ,]:„,]  vt  „«  icoo  '.  TT„n„o,!i..,,  „'„„,' 
Conwav  Heio-ht  about  3  -'50  fppt  Also  K,nr  1855  was  the  lessee  of  the  Olympic  (at  (h-st  called  'Laura  ^'^-^'-  ^'"'  ^°'^-  -^-  ^''''--  ^  Uungaiian  com- 
l^onway.  aeignt,  at5outd,_oUteet.  Ai^Aiar-  Keene's  Theater')  till  1S63.  Here  she  brought  out  many  poser  and  conductor.  He  composed  popular 
surge.— ^.  A  mountain  m  Merrimae  County,  new  plays,  among  which  was  " Our  American  Coujin,''  waltzes,  the  "Hurrah  Sturm"  galop,  the 
Aew  Hampshire,  21  miles  northwest  of  Concord,     with  Jefferson  and  .Sothern  in  the  cast  "  Friedrich  Karl"  march  etc 

Height,  about  2,950  feet  Keewatin  (ke-wii'tin).      A  district  in  British  Kelheim  (kel'him).    A  small  town  in  Lower  Ba. 

Kearsarge,  Tne.  A  wooden  corvette,  launched  Amenca.iyingtothenorthof  Manitoba,  andun-  yaria  situated  at  the  iuuetion  of  the  Altmiihl 
at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  Sept  1861.  der  its  government.  Area,  including  water,  ^jth  the  Danube,  12  miles  southwest  of  Ratis- 
Her  dimensions  were:  breadth  of  beam,  33  feet;  draught,      (yh.OOO  siiuare  miles.  >,„„      -t        ■.  ■    .J      ,        ,  t,  •    ■         i„       ,.  „     . 

IS  feet  9  inches.  Her  register  was  1,031  tons.  She  carried  Keff  rkefl  or  El-Kpff  Cel  kpf  1  A  smflll  town  r,  1  ^''^V  ^^ 'h'?  ?o'osfal  Befreiungshalle  ('Hall  of 
2  engines  of  400  horse-power  each,  and  her  armament  con-  '7,?  t'^^^^I^V-    ^.\-'^^^  lu         !  ''.  m       •  De  iverance  •)  erected  in  1S42-63  as  a  memorial  of  the  War 

listed  of  4  32.pounders,  2  11-inch  rifles,  and  1  30-pounder  J."  J  ""'**'  ?^  ""'f  ^  southwest  of  Tunis.  of  Liberation  (lbl3-15).  . 

rifle.    She  carried  163  men,  including  officers,  and  was  in  Kenama  (ke-hii  ma).     An  Indian  ra.ia,  a  char-  Kelland  (kel'and),  Philip.     Born  at  Dunster, 
command  of  Captain  John  A.  \Vinslow.    On  June  19, 1864,      aeter  in  the  poem ''The  Curee  of  Kehama,"  by     Somerset,  ISO'l^:  died  at  Bridse  of  Allan    Stir- 
on  Cherbourg,  she  sank  the  Confederate  cruiser  AlalMina.      Sniitlipv  t;,>„ci,;,.a  AtnT-T  ICO     AT3,.;<;  1, .,  ,n  *■    • 
On  Feb.  2,18:14,  she  vvas  wrecked  upon  Roncador  reel  in  the  T^°^,,t^-,,        ,,          •     .n,      •     1      p  r^w     ,              lingbh  re  May  7,  US,  9    A  British  mathematician 
Caribbean  Sea.                                                                         rLenl  (Kal).     A  town  m  the  circle  of  Olienburg.      He  graduated  at  Queen  s  College,  Cambridge,  in  1S34,  .ind 

Keats  (kets),  John.     Born  at  London,  Oct.  29,     ^^f '^"'  ^''"'^ted  at  the  junctioii  of  the  Kinzig     i"„,'!if  Se^i'ty  "'''* '"'°"''°'  °'  ""«'"™'««'=«  ">  Edin- 

1795:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  23,  1821.     A  famous    and  the  Rhine   opposite  Strasburg     «  "as  for-  j^,?        ,,,,■'■     a  rtplhprt  von      Bom  nt  Ploi 

TTn^iol,  r,npf     -a  *,      ,j    »V,.    .m,  ,.    7^     merlya  fortified  place,  and  was  bombarded  by  the  French  A.^"Cr  (.KCllci  ),  AaeiOert  von.     Horn  at  F'lei- 

inglisnpoet.   HewastheeldestchUdofThomaskcats,      in  1870.    Population  (1S90),  6,s90.  dclshoim,  Wiirtcmbeig,   Julv  5,  1812 :    died  at 

\^°Tlm■:tl^l7:Lt^ft^S'l'Z^°^-.^,^l^Z'^^^  A  river  in  South  Africa,  the     Tubingen,  Wiirtemberg.  March   13,  1883.      A 

was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  named  Hammond  at  Edmoii-     tonupr   boundary   lietween   Cape   Colony   and  noted  (jemian  pliilologist,  professor  of  German 

ton.  In  the  autumn  of  1814  he  went  to  London,  where  he  Katfraria.  literature  and  librarian  at  Tiibingen  after  1841 : 
attended  hospital  lectures  and  passed  an  esamination  at  Kei,  or  Key,  Islands  (kii  i'landz).     A  group  of     a  student  of  l^omance  and  Teutonic  literatures. 

bTamrE,a"efy'isslj;;iat'ed^uh  Sdgh  ^funt'sheiify!    ^^^Vf^'^^'^  ''^'H\nVl''^'^r'i'.'\'°'''  ""^""^  Kellermann  .  (kel'ler-mi.n),  Frantjois  Chris- 

and  Haydon.  The  sonnet  "On  first  reading  Chapman's  Ho-  lat.  &"-fa"  b.,  long.  133°  L.  Chief  island,  Great  tophe  (originally  Georg  Michael  Keller- 
mer"  was  written  in  the  summer  of  1815.  Various  poems  Kei.  Population,  estimated,  about  21,000.  mann),  Due  de  Valniv.  Burn  near  Rcithcubiir" 
Jl^y!,?"  p'"''"'.'"  Periodicals  and  in  Jlarch.  1817  a  collec-  Koighley  (ketli'li).  A  manufacturing  town  in  Bavaria,  Mav  30,  1735 :  died  Sept.  12,  1820.  A 
OonofPoemsbyJohnKeats  appeared.  In  Apri  ,  lsi7,  he  +i,„  vv„of  w:,i;  iv  1  i-  t-'  1  1  -^  i  ,  i^  1  "i  1  c/>  .  i  i.  j.-,  i^-v.  ^v 
began  "Endjinion"  at  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  finished  it  in  t^e  ^  est  Ridingot  Yorkshire,  England.  Situated  1- rench  marshal,  of  Gorman  extraction.  He  en- 
Dec.  "Isabella,  or  the  Pot  of  Basil"  was  written  in  Feb  on  the  Aire  16  miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds,  tered  the  French  army  inl752,8ervedwith  distinction  in  the 
1818.  "Endymion"  appeared  in  .May,  1818,  and  was  sharply  I'opulati(m  (1K91),  30,811.  Also  Kcitliteu.  ^"""t  \'-'a[s' War,  and  in  17!»2  Wiis  appointed  to  tlie  cum- 
criticizedin"Blackw,wds"(AuK.,1818)andinthe"()uar-  Kpiffhtlpv  Ckit'li)  Thnmao  Rnvn  in  Trpl-it»l  maud  of  the  army  on  the  Moselle.  He  gained,  with  I>u- 
terly  "  cSept ,  1818).  A  second  volume  of  his  more  mature  n  A  1 780  -rlL  V'Tv^  %  f  M  1^  1  q"  o'  ?-'","""'i  "  bri"""."  "^'j'fJ- "'"  "'«  P"ke  of  Brunswick  at 
work,  entitled  "Lamia,  Isabella  the  Eve  of  St  Agne8,and  *''^t"  ^'^■''  '"^d  at  Eritll,  Kent,  Nov.  4,  18/2.  \  alniy,,Sept  20, 17fl'2.  Hewas  created  a  senat<.r  in  IMH,  and 
other  poems  by  John  Keata,  author  of  'F.ndvnnion  '"  was  An  Irish  writer.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  "ilSOCwasintrusledby  Kapoleonwithtliecommandottho 
published  July,  18-20.  His  health  now  rapidly  deilined,  in  1803,  but  did  not  take  a  degree.  He  settled  in  London  "■'•■"•carmy  on  the  Khine.  He  was  created  a  peer  by  Louis 
and  he  sailed  for  Naples  .Sept  IS,  1820.    From  .XapUs  Ire     in  1S24,  and  was  mainly  occupied  with  the  preparation  of  .^  ,!"■'" ''''^-  _             •    Ti   . 

wenttoRoine(Nov.l2),wherehedicdattendcilbvhisfrien.l      university  text-books  on  historical  and  literary  subjects.  Kellermann,  FranQOlsEtienne.PucdeVnluiV. 

Severn.    He  was  burled  in  the  Protestant  cemetery.  He  wrote  "Faii^  Mytlii.I.ii.-y  "  (1828).  BornatMetz,  Lorraine,  1770:  died  June  2.  183'). 

Keble  (ke'bl),  John.     Bom  at  FairlVird,  Glou-  Keim(kim),  Theodor.    Born  at  Stuttgart, Wiir-  A  French  general,  sou  of  F.  C.  Kellermann.    Ho 

cestershire,   England,  April  25,   1792:   died   at     teraberg,  Dec.  17,  Isl'.i:  died  at  Giessen,  Hesse,  served  as  adjutant-general  to  Napoleon  in  Italy  in  I7'.i6, 

Bournemouth,  Hampshire,  EiiL'land  March  27      Nov.  17,  1878.     A  noted  German   Protestant  and  became  a  brigadier  general  in  1797.    He  decided  the 

1866.  An  English  cle'rgj-man  and  reli'gious  poet;     theologian  and  ecclesiastical  historian,  profes-  3'e,!^!?e"he'w^s"'irrrri'^Ll;Jraf:rd^v!r:■ 'j^-^^^^^^ 

one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  "Oxford  move-     sor_ot  tlieology  at  Zurich  (1800)  and  at  Giessen  ward  served  with  distinction  at  Austerlitz  (1805)  and  Wa- 

ment."  He  graduated  atOxford(CorpusChristi  College)      (11^73).    H.,  wrote  "tlcschichtclesu  von  Nazara"("  His-  terloo  (lbir>). 

and  from  18;il  to  1841  was  professor  of  poetiy  there.    He     tory  of  Jesus  of  -Nazareth,"  ls(;7-72),  works  on  the  Ilcfor-  Kelley( kei 'i), William  Darrah     BornatPhila- 

became  vicar  of  Hursley  (March  »,  lH:iC),  and  remained     "'a."on.  «'c- ,       ,    „    .    ,        ,       „  ileliiliin    Viiril  1"  lsl4- ,)i,.,I  ,,1  w',sliiniT(,i„  11  c 
there  Uiirtyyears.    His  influence  was  due  especially  to  his  KoiSet  (ki'zer),  Reinhard.     Born  at  Leipsic,      t,  V^o  \\     ir     .  r,  ■      '^       ;,    ^      ' 

hymns,  which  were  putilished  in  the  "Christian  Year"     1673:  diedat  HiimburL'  Sent  12  1739      Anemi-        ,;..,.,      ,  Aiueiiean  iiolUieiiin.     He  was 

(1827).     He  publishe,!  a  new  editi.m  of  Ilook.-r  (I8:i.l),  the     ,,pnt  rTP,V>,    n  o      ™   ie    .nmno^  ad.nltlcd  to  he  bar  in  IMl,  an.l  was  a  Repuldiean  member 

I'Libraryof  the  Fathers"  (in  conjunction  with  Newman   t^^^.^IV,"    "!'V!  '  -f      if^^  7r      •     ,     ,    t.  of  ('.uigress  froin  Pennsylvania  froin    861  until  his  death, 

and  Pusey,  begun  lajs),  seven  numlicrs  of  the  "Tracts  of  Keitn(ketll),  George,  lift  li  Earl  Manschal.  Born  He  published  "Letters  from  Europe"  (ISSO),  "The  >cw 

the  Times,'  etc.  about  1553:  died  at  the  Castle  of  Dminottar,  J!""'l' "  088' \etc 

Keble  College.     A  college  of  Oxford  Univer-    April  2,  1623.     The  founder  of  the  Marischal  Kellgren  (chel  gran),  Johan  Henrik.   Born  at 

sity,  founded  as  a  memorial  of  .Tohn  Keble,  and     College.  Aberdeen.    lie  was  educate.l  at  King's  Col-  ''.r'.'y-  ^V'''^  Gothland.  Sweden,  Dee.  1,  1  /.il  : 

designed  especially  for  students  with  limited     lege,  Aberdeen,  and  suceeedeilt.i  the  earldom  Oct.  11,  insi.  died  ut  Stoekliolni,  Ajiril  20,  li95.     A  Swedish 

means,    it  was  incomomterl  in   iR7n     Tlin  ert^n.ivo     In  Juno,  l.'.so,  he  Was  sciit  ns  ambassador  oxlraordlnao' to  lyric  ]ioel  and  critic.      His  collected  works  were 

balldin%  "cofM  ko7Xen   colo^ilaW  hipa^^^^^^  Denmark  to  conclude  the  match  between  the  .s.ottl.h  .,„l,liil,pd  in  1700. 

The  chapel  Is  in  the  Decorated  me.lievai  style  :  ?lie  s-.W^e     ^ Hfi,';,';;  l'?  ;i'f.:;je"  'aK  elf  """"•     '"  '""  '"■'  '"'""'"'  KellOKg  (kel'og).  Clara  Louise.     Boni  at  Sum- 

of  the  otherbiiildings  Is  later.     The  chapel  p.,sse8se«  Hoi-  -BJiiVT,  'Jii)!_»^'     if        •      a      .1        1     i        ii,-.,n  terville  S  C     liilv  l'>  184'>    An  Ampri..nn  onprn. 

man  Hunts  painting  the  "  Light  of  the  \vorld."  Keith,  GeorgO.     Born  in  Scotland  about  10.19:  i<  rMue,  D.  (..,  .iiii\  1.  IM..  An  Ameruanopern- 

KeC8kem6t(kech'kem-at)    Atownintlipcoiintv     ''iid  at  E.lbiirlcm,  Miireh  27,  1716.     A  Christian  singer  (soprano),  >yife  of  (  art  SIrakosch      Her 

ttoi^iemeMKCcu  Kcm-ai;.   Aiownintnecoiinty     />„.,i..,_  ,,„,|    A,>,rli,..,.,   „,1^L; ,.      n  ..  childhood  was  passed    n  New  Eng  and.     she  made  her 

OfPest-Pills-S61tandLittloCuTnania,Hiingan-,     ^       ,       ""'/y  (-''""'",  """■"""  ■\-,.  „"S  V;",'    "  first  nppearancelu  New  Vorklnls6I,andlnU.ndon  in  IcO". 

52  miles  southeast  of  Budapest.     It  has  consid-     ^ao '''."/T/ar";"  h  "ded  a  «r,;,rl"lf  f'acll^^^  ™^^  '"  ''^"^  »""  "'""""'■''  ""  •^•"«"-"  ""•'™  ••"""•"">•    ^^"'' 

erable  trade.     Population    1890),  48,493.  t!!fnV,uakerr  'ue'VVtuVn^l  iri'oiLo!;'  !  niw^'       ', ,'  't^I^  {''i'  "7-'";»'";'  ."f '  J"' ."'i;;','  <"'  r",'M'4l",o"r';:'"^ 

Kedar(ke'diir).     [Heb.,'dark,"duskv.'l    Ason     he  went  over  U.  the  est..blishe,l  chnreh.     In  17tV2  he  went  «•  r  re  .ert,.ire  wa.  large    ncludmg  .almui  «  "l-cms. 

of  Ishraael."  His  descendants  thoKedarem,  WOP,,  nevt      to  America  asone  of  the  llrsi  missionaries  sent  out  by  the  KellS  (kolz).      A  small  town  in  (  ounty  Meath, 

totheNabatLnMhenostCorlan^^^S  Society  for  tlu- P,npag„,|,,„ot  the(.o»p,I      Herc.urned  to  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blackwaler  37  miles 

Arabs.    They  aro  often  mentioned  In  the  Old  Testament    J-'^k'""'' i" '''^<- ""'I  »■•'» made  reclorof  Edburloii,  Sussex,  northwest  of  Dublin :  noted  for  anti.|uities. 

In  Pliny  (Hlstor.  Natur..  V.  12)  Ihey  are  calleil  Ccr/m-.  Keith,   George,   tenth    Earl    Mnriselial.     Born  Kelly  (kel'i).  John      Born  at  New  York,  April 

Asurbanlpal.klngof  Assyrla(«68-fl'>6ii.c.),mentlon«lnhls     1693  (f) :  (lied  near  I'olsdnin,  Prussia,  Jlav  2S,  01     luoi  .  ,i:,„i  „,  \-„...  York     Timip  1    m.mi       An 

annals  a  son  of  Hazilu  (Ilnzael)  as  king  of  the  country  of     1778        \  Sciitlisli  .Tncobite      lie  t.w,k  „n  «r,;..  f„r  V"       •  ,■,••,  '   r  m       '  ,,   ,, 

the  Kadri  or  Kidri.    T'he  settlements  of  the  Kedarenes     ,|  e  pVet^nde    a  ,    ■  t  s     rl  t     ,  ,\.,  ,m,^  Anierican  poliheian.  lea.ler  of  Tamninny  Hall. 

vTa^X  m  -'  I     .  \       T    T,-u,  I  Spanish  expedltl.m,  which  was  defeated  at  Olcnshlel  April  •■''•■'i>-5H ;  compt  ridler  18((i-H0 ;  and  unsuccessful 

n.eaesn(Ke  ilesli).     in  Bible  geography,  a  town     1,1710.    InnblhewasmndoPmuianambasaadortoParis,  candidate  for  governor  1879. 


Kelso 

Kelso  (kel'so).  A  town  iu  Roxburghshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Tweed  43  miles  south- 
east of  Edinburgh.  It  coutains  the  ruins  of  an  ab- 
bey founded  by  David  I.  in  the  I'ith  century.  Near  it 
are  Floors  Castle  (a  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Roxburghe)  and 
ruins  of  Roxburgh  Castle.    Population  (ISUl),  4,174. 

Kelts.     See  CfUg. 

Kelung,  or  Kilung  (ke-lung').  A  small  sea- 
port iu  northern  Formosa,  bombarded  bj-  the 
French  in  1884. 

Kelvin,  Lord.     See  Thomson,  WiUiam. 

Kemble  (kem'bl),  Adelaide.  Born  in  1814: 
died  Aug.  4, 1879.  Au  opera-siuger,  the  daughter 
of  Charles  Kemble.  She  had  little  success  till  1839, 
when  she  sang  in  Venice  as  Norma.  Her  reputation  contin- 
ued to  increase  till  she  retired  from  the  stape  upon  her 
marriage  to  Frederick  U.  Sartoris  in  1843.  She  wTote  "A 
Week  in  a  French  Country  House  "  (1807). 

Kemble  (kem'bl),  Charles.  Born  at  Brecknock, 
Wales,  Nov.  25,  1775:  died  at  London,  Nov.  12, 
1854.  A  noted  English  actor.  He  went  on  the  stage 
in  the  winter  of  1792-93,  and  played  ^Malcolm  in  "Mac- 
beth "  at  Drury  Lane  in  1794,  He  was  the  original  Count 
Appiani  in  "Emilia  Galotti "  (1794).  He  was  frequently 
associated  with  his  brother  John  Kemble  and  Mrs,  Sid- 
dons  in  the  production  of  new  plays.  On  July  2,  1800,  he 
married  Miss  deCamp,who  acted  afterward  as  Mrs.  Charles 
Kemble.  In  Aug.,  1832,  he  sailed  with  his  daughter,  Fanny 
Kemble,  to  America,  and  appearedas  Hamlet  in  Xew  York, 
Sept.  17,  1832.  In  1835  he  returned  to  the  Haymarket. 
His  last  appearance  was  April  10,  1840. 

Kemble,  Elizabeth.    See  Wlii flock,  Mrs. 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne,  generally  known  as 
Fanny.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  27,  1809:  died 
there,  Jan.  15,  1893.  An  Anglo-American  ac- 
tress, Shaksperian  reader,  and  author:  daughter 
of  Charles  Kemble.  Shemadeherflrstpublio appear- 
ance in  1829,  with  the  intention  of  retrieving  the  fortunes 
of  her  family,  in  which  at  the  end  of  3  years  she  was  sue- 
cessful.  She  visited  America  iu  1832,  and  married  Pierce 
I5utler  in  1834,  from  whom  she  afterward  obtained  a  di- 
vorce. She  resumed  her  maiden  name,  and  lived  at  Lenox, 
Massachusetts,  returning  to  Europe  at  intervals.  In  1848-49 
she  gave  her  first  series  of  Shaksperian  readings  in  Boston, 
followed  by  readings  in  other  cities.  In  these  she  was 
very  successful.  In  1851  she  again  went  upon  the  stage  in 
England.  From  1869  to  1873  she  was  also  in  Europe.  She 
wrote  "Journal  of  a  Residence  in  America"  (1835),  "The 
Star  of  Seville"(1837,  a  play),  "Poems  "(1844),  "A  Year  of 
Consolation  "(1847),  "Records  of  aGirlhood"(lS78),"lifotes 
upon  some  of  Shakspere's  Plays  "(1882),  "Records  of  Later 
Lite"  (1882).  "Life  on  a  Georgia  Plantation  "  (18()3). 

Kemble,  George  Stephen.    Born  at  Kington, 

Herefordshire,  May  3,  1758:  died  June  5,  1822. 
Au  English  actor,  brother  of  J.  P.  Kemble. 

Kemble,  John  Mitchell.  Born  at  London, 
April  2,  1807  :  died  at  Dublin,  March  26,  1857. 
An  English  philologist  and  historian,  sou  of 
Charles  Kemble  the  actor,  and  nephew  of  John 
Philip  Kemble  and  Mrs.  Siddons.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  in  1830.  On  Feb.  24, 1840,  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  examiner  of  stage-plays,  and  held  that  office  until 
his  death.  He  edited  "Beowulf"  (1333-37),  His  most 
important  works  are  his  unfinished  "  Tiie  Saxons  in  Eng- 
land" (1849),  and  the  "Codex  Diplomaticus  -•Evi  Sa.\o- 
nici "  (1839-40). 

Kemble,  John  Philip.  Born  at  Presoott,  near 
Liverpool,  Feb.  1.  1757  :  died  at  La.us.inne, 
Switzerland,  Feb.  26,  1823.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish tragedian,  son  of  Roger  Kemble.  in  1771  he 
left  a  Roman  Catholic  school  in  Staffordshire  for  the  Eng- 
lish college  at  Douai,  where  he  received  a  good  education ; 
but  he  could  not  agree  to  his  father's  plan  of  haviug  him 
enter  the  church.  He  played  in  his  father's  company 
while  still  a  child,  but  on  Jan.  8,  1776,  he  made  his  real 
d^but  at  Wolverhampton  as  Theodosius,  and  played  on 
the  York  circuit,  as  well  as  in  Dublin  and  Cork, with  grow- 
ing success  till  Sept,  30,  1783,  when  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  London  at  Drury  Lane  as  Hamlet,  Here  he 
created  a  good  deal  of  excitement  and  some  unfriendly 
criticism  :  he  had  not  yet  measured  the  full  extent  of  his 
power.  He  remained  with  this  company  for  19  years.  In 
Nov.,  1783,  his  sister,  Mrs.  Siddons,  first  played  with  him 
and  overshadowed  him.  In  1788-89  he  undertook  the 
management  of  Drury  Lane,  and  in  1802  of  Covent  Gar- 
den. It  was  on  the  occasion  of  his  opening  the  New 
Covent  Garden  Theatre,  in  1809,  with  a  new  scale  of  prices 
rendered  necessary  by  the  expenses  incurred,  that  the 
famous  "old-price  riots"  occurred.  He  was  a  stately  actor, 
with  a  somewhat  stilted  and  dcclamatoi-y  style.  In  Corlo- 
lanus  he  was  at  his  best,  but  he  won  applause  as  Richard 
III.,  Hamlet,  Cato.  Wolsey,  Zanpa,  Penruddock,  Jaques, 
Pierre,  Brutus,  Hotspur,  Octavian,  etc.  In  comedy  he 
was  not  so  successful. 

Kemosh.    See  Chemosh. 

Kemp,  or  Kempe  (kemp),  John.  Born  at  Olan- 
teigh,  near  Ashford,  1380  (»):  died  at  L.ambeth, 
March  22,  1454.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
He  was  a  student  and  later  a  fellow  of  Mcrton  College, 
Oxford.  In  1419  he  became  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  was 
translated  to  Chichester  in  1421,  ancl  to  the  see  of  London 
in  the  same  year.  In  1426  he  became  chancellor  and  arch- 
bishop of  Y'ork,  and  resigned  the  chancellorship  in  1432. 
He  was  made  cardinal  iu  1439.  In  1452  he  was  translated 
to  the  archltishopric  of  Canterbury. 

Kempelen  (kem'pe-len), Wolfgang  von.  Bom 
at  Presburg,  Hungary,  Jan.  23,  1734:  died  at 
Vienna,  March  26,  1804.  An  Austrian  mechani- 
ciaii,  noted  as  an  inventor  of  automata. 

Kempen(kem'peu),  orKempno(kemp'n6).  A 
town  iu  the  province  of  Poseu,  Prussia,  43  miles 


566 

east-northeast  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5.465. 

Kempen.  A  to^vn  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
38  miles  northwest  of  Cologne,  it  has  a  castle  and 
an  old  church,  and  is  the  supposed  birthplace  of  Thomas  a 
Kempis.     Population  (1890),  5,878, 

Kempenfelt  (kem'pen-felt),  Richard.  Bom  at 
Westminster.  1718 :  sank  with  the  Royal  George 
off  Spithead,'  Aug.  29,  1782.  Au  English  rear- 
admiral.  His  father  was  Magnus  Kempenfelt,  a  Swede 
in  the  service  of  James  II.  He  served  in  the  West  Indies, 
at  the  capture  of  Portobello,  and  passed  through  various 
grades  to  captain  of  the  Eliz.abeth  (1757),  In  1780  he  was 
made  rear-admiral  of  the  blue.  When  Lord  Howe  took 
command  of  the  fleet  (.\pril,  1782),  Kempenfelt  was  one  of 
his  junior  admirals,  his  flag  being  on  the  Royal  George  at 
Spithead,  In  refittingthis  ship,  theguns  were  shifted  to 
one  side  to  give  her  a  slight  heel ;  but  the  strain  was  too 
great,  and  she  broke  up  and  went  down  with  her  admiral 
aboard, 

Kemper  (kem'per),  Reuben.  Born  in  Fauquier 
County,  Va. :  died  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  Oct.  10, 
1826.  An  .American  soldier.  He  commanded  in  1812 
a  force  of  about  600  Americans  which  cooperated  with 
the  Mexican  insurgents  against  Spain,  and  in  1815  served 
under  General  ,(ackson  against  the  British  at  New  Orleans, 

Kempis,  Thomas  a.     See  Tlmmas  a  Kempis. 

Kempten  (kemp'ten).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
mental district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Bier  65  miles  southwest  of 
Mtmieh:  the  ancient  Campodunum.  Formerly  it 
was  the  seat  of  a  princely  abbacy.  It  is  the  chief  place  of 
the  Algau.     Population  (1890),  15, 760, 

Kemys,  or  Keymis  (ke'mis),  La'wrence.  Died 

in  Gruiana,  1618.  An  English  ship-captain,  a 
follower  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh ,  and  his  principal 
lieutenant  in  the  expeditions  to  Gmana.  His 
account  of  the  first  voyage  is  given  in  H.akluyt.  Kemys 
committed  suicide  .after  a  conflict  with  the  Indians  in 
which  Raleigh's  son  was  killed. 

Ken  (ken),  Thomas.  Born  at  Little  Berkhamp- 
stead,  Hertfordshire,  England,  July,  1637:  died 
at  Longleat,  Wiltshire,  March  19,  1711.  Au 
English  bishop  and  hymn-writer,  in  1679  he  waa 
chaplain  of  Marj-,  sister  of  the  king  and  wife  of  William  II., 
prince  of  Orange,  He  was  created  liislmimf  Bath  and  Wells 
in  1684.  On  Feb.  2, 1685,  he  attended  the  king's  death-lied. 
In  May,  1688,  he  was  one  of  the  "  seven  liishops  "  to  petition 
the  king  not  to  oblige  the  clergy  to  read  the  second  Declara. 
tion  of  Indulgence;  and  in  April,  1691,  he  was  deprived  of 
his  see  as  a  nonjuror.  His  most  widely  known  hymns 
include  the  morning  and  evening  hymns  "  Awake,  my 
soul,"  and  "  GI017  to  Thee,  my  God,  this  night"  (both  of 
which  end  with  the  familiar  doxology  "  Praise  God,  from 
whom  all  blessings  flow  "),  etc. 

Kena(ka'na).  [Skt.,'by whom?']  Anamegiven 
to  an  Upanishad,  also  known  as  the  Talavakara, 
from  a  school  of  the  Samaveda.  The  name,  like 
those  of  papal  bulls,  comes  from  the  initial  word  in  the  first 
sentence,  "  By  whom  sent  forth  does  the  mind  fly  when  sent 
forth'?"  It  is  translated  in  "Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
I.  147-153, 

Kendal  (ken'dal),  or  Kirkby-Kendal  (kerk'bi- 
ken'dal).  A  iovra.  in  Westmoreland,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ken  40  miles  south  of  Carlisle. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  cloth,  and  was  the  birth- 
place of  Catherine  Parr.    Population  (1891),  14,430. 

Kendal,  Mrs.  (Margaret  Brunton  Robertson). 
Born  at  Great  Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  March  15, 
1849.  -An  English  actress.  She  is  the  sister  of  the 
dramatist  T.  W.  Robertson,  and  for  some  years  was  known 
to  the  public  as  "  Madge  Robertson,"  assuming  the  stage 
name  of  Kendal  on  her  marriage  with  W.  H,  Grimston  in 
1869,  i^^e^  Keiidal,  W .  n .)  She  made  her  first  appearance 
in  London  as  Ophelia  in  1865,  and  soon  assumed  a  position 
in  the  first  rank  of  her  profession  as  an  actress  of  high  com- 
edy, Mr.  and  Mi-s.  Kendal  have  made  several  successful 
tours  in  America  (the  first  in  1889). 

Kendal,  William  Hunter  (the  stage  name  as- 
sumed by  William  Hunter  Grimston).  Born 

in  1843.  An  English  actor.  He  first  appeared  on 
the  stage  in  1861,  and  since  his  marriage  with  iladge  Robert- 
sou  has  played  leading  parts  with  her.  He  is  co-lessee  of  the 
St.  James's  Theatre,  London  with  Mr,  Hare, 

Kendall  (ken'dal),  Amos.  Born  at  Dunstable, 
Mass.,  Aug.  16.1789:  died  at  Washington,  D.C., 
Nov.,  1869.  An  American  politician,  postmas- 
ter-general 1835-40.  He  was  associated  with 
S.  F.  B.  Morse  in  his  telegraph  patents. 

Kendall,  Henry  Clarence.  Born  in  Ulladalla 
district,  New  South  Wales,  April  18,  1841 :  died 
at  Redfern,  near  Sydney,  Aug.  1, 1882.  An  Aus- 
tralian poet.  Hischief  works  are  "Leaves  from  an  Aus- 
tralian Forest"  (1869),  and  "Songs  from  the  Mountains" 
(1880). 

Kenealy  (ke-nel'i),  Ed'ward  Vaughan  Hyde. 

Born  July  2,  1819:  died  at  London,  April  16, 
1880.  An  Irish  barrister.  In  1850  he  was  impris- 
oned for  cruelty  to  a  natural  son,  six  years  old.  In  April, 
1873,  he  became  leading  counsel  for  the  claimant  in  the 
notorious  Tichborne  trial.  On  account  of  his  conduct  be. 
fore  and  after  this  trial,  he  was  expelled  from  the  circuit 
and  disbarred  (1874).  He  was  elected  member  of  Parlia- 
ment  for  Stoke  in  1875,  but  on  contesting  the  seat  in  1880 
was  not  reelected. 

Keneh,  or  Kenneh  (ken'e),  or  Geneh  (gen'e). 

A  town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile 
in  lat.  26°  12'  N. :  the" ancient  Csenopolis.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 


Kenneth  I. 

Kenelm  Chillingly  (ken'elm  chil'ing-li).  A 
novel  by  Bulwer  Lyttou,  published  after  his 
death  in  1873. 

Kenesa'w,  or  Kennesa'w  (ken-e-sa').  Moun- 
tain. A  mountain  iu  Cobb  County,  Georgia, 
25  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta,  it  was  the  scene 
of  fighting  between  the  Federals  under  Sherman  and  the 
Confederates  under  Johnston,  June,  1864. 

Kenesti  (ken'es-te).  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  di 
vision  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  live  along  the  western  slope  of  the 
Shasta  .Mountains  from  North  Eel  River  above  Round 
Valley  to  Hay  Fork ;  along  Eel  and  Mad  rivers  (down  the 
latter  to  Low  Gap);  and  also  on  Dobbins  and  Larrabie 
creeks,  California.  {See  Athapascan.)  Commonly  called 
Wailakki,  though  differing  from  the  Wailakki  proper. 

Kenia  (ka'nf-a).  Mount.  An  isolated  moun- 
tain iu  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  1°  20'  S.,  long. 
37°  35'  E.     Height,  18,000-19, 000  feet. 

Kenil'WOrth  (ken'l-werth).  A  town  in  War- 
wickshire, England,  5  miles  north  of  Warwick. 
The  castle,  one  of  the  most  admired  of  English  feudal 
monuments,  was  founded  about  1120,  and  was  long  of  note 
as  a  royal  residence.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the 
royalists  in  1266  (compare  Kenihcort'li,  Dictum  of) ;  was  the 
prison  of  Edward  II.  in  1327;  was  granted  to  Jolin  of  Gaunt, 
and  in  1562  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester  ;  was  the  scene  of  en- 
tertainments given  to  Queen  Elizabeth  (1575),  of  which  an 
account  is  given  in  Scott's  non-historical  novel  "Kenil- 
worth";  and  was  dismantled  under  Cromwell.  Among 
the  notable  features  of  the  ruins  are  the  Norman  keep, 
the  picturesquely  traceried  banqueting-hall,  and  the  manj 
towers  of  the  outer  line  of  defense.  Population  (1891). 
4,173. 

Kenil'WOrth.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  pub- 
lished in  1821.  The  scene  is  laid  in  England  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  Leicester 
and  Countess  Amy  Robsart  are  introduced. 

Kenil'WOrth,  Dictum  of.  An  award,  designed 
for  the  pacification  of  tlie  kingdom,  made  be- 
tween King  Henry  HI.  of  Eugland  and  Parlia- 
ment in  1266,  during  the  siege  of  Kenilworth. 

It  re-established  Henry  in  all  his  authority  ;  proclaimed 
amnesty  for  the  rebels  on  payment  of  a  fine ;  annulled  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford  and  the  conditions  recently  forced  on 
the  king ;  and  provided  that  the  king  should  keep  the 
charter  which  he  had  freely  sworn  to. 

Acland  and  Ransome,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  36. 

Kenites  (ke'nits  or  ken 'its).  In  Bible  history, 
a  nomadic  Midianitish  people,  dwelling  in  the 
Sinaitic  peninsula.  Later  they  were  probably 
absorbed  in  the  Israelites. 

Kenn  (ken),  or  Keish  (kash).  An  island  iu  the 
Persian  Gulf,  lat.  2G°  33'  N.,  long.  54°  1'  E.: 
formerly  called  Kais  and  Kish.  It  flourished 
in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries. 

Kennan  (keu'an),  George.  Bom  at  Norwalk, 
Ohio,  Feb.  16,  1845.  An  American  writer  and 
lecturer,  in  1864  he  was  sent  to  Siberia  by  the  Russo- 
American  Telegraph  Company  to  supervise  the  construc- 
tion of  lines.  He  returned  in  1868.  but  in  1870-71  he  ex- 
plored the  eastern  Caucasus.  In  1885-86  he  was  sent  by 
"The  Century"  magazine  to  Russia  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
vestigating the  condition  of  the  Siberian  exiles.  He  ti-av- 
eled  15,000  miles  in  northern  Russia  and  Siberia,  and  the 
results  of  his  observations  were  published  in  "The  Cen. 
tury  "  magazine(1890-91),  and  in  1891  in  book  fomi,  entitled 
"Siberia  and  the  Exile  System."  He  has  also  written 
"Tent  Life  in  Siberia"  (1870),  and  has  lectured  in  Eng- 
land and  America  on  the  exile  system. 

Kennebec  (ken-e-bek').  A  river  in  Maine  which 
rises  in  MooseEead  Lake  and  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  12  miles  south  of  Bath.  Length,  over 
160  miles ;  navigable  to  Augusta. 

Kennedy  (ken'e-di) ,  Benjamin  Hall.  Born  at 
Summer  Hill,  near  Birmiugliani,  Nov.  6,  1804: 
died  at  Torquay,  April  6,  1889.  An  Enghsh 
classical  scholar,  in  1836  he  became  head-master  of 
Shrewsbury  School,  and  in  1867  was  made  regius  profea- 
sor  of  (ireek  at  Cambridge,  and  canon  of  Ely.  From  1870 
to  1880  he  assisted  in  the  revision  of  the  New  Testameut. 

Kennedy,  Edmund  B.  Died  near  Albany  Bay, 
Australia,  Dec.  13,  1848.  An  Australian  ex- 
plorer and  government  surveyor  in  New  South 
Wales.  In  March,  1847,  he  led  an  expedition  to  trace 
the  course  of  the  Victoria  River,  In  Jan.,  1848,  he  at- 
tempted the  exploration  of  Cape  York,  and  died,  on  his  re- 
turn, between  Weymouth  Bay  and  All>any  Bay, 

Kennedy,  John  Pendleton.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Oct.  25,  1795  :  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Aug.  18, 
1870.  An  American  politician  and  novelist.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  1839-45,  and  sec- 
retaiy  1  'f  the  navy  1852-63.  His  chief  work  is  "  Horse-Shoe 
R^>bins"n  "(18:;,'>). 

Kennesa'w  Mountain.    See  Kenesmo  Mo  uniahi. 

Kennet,  or  Kennett  (kcn'et).  A  river  iri 
P^ngland  which  joins  the  Thames  at  Reading. 
Length,  about  50  miles. 

Kennet,  White.  Bom  at  Dover,  England,  1660 : 
died  at  London,  1728.  An  English  bishoij,  anti- 
quarian, and  theological  writer.  His  chief  work 
is  a  "Compleat  History  of  England"  (1706). 

Kenneth  (ken'eth)  I.  MiacAlpine.  Died  about 

SCO.  Kingof  the  Scots.  He  was  the  son  of  Alpin.  king 
of  the  Dalriad  Scots.  Hisf  ather  died  in  battle  with  the  Picta, 


Kenaeth  I. 

July  20, 834.  In  843  he  established  liis  rule  over  Alban,  or 
the  united  kingdom  of  the  Picts  and  Scots»  and  llxed  his 
capital  at  Scone. 

Kenneth  II.  Died  995.  A  Scottish  kiug,  sou  of 
Malcolm  I.  Dm-ing  bis  reigu  the  central  districts 
of  Scotland  were  consolidated  and  defended. 

Kennicott  (ken'i-kot),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Tot- 
nes,  Devonshire,  April  4,  171S  :  died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Aug.  18,  1783.  An  English  biblical 
scholar.  He  was  Radcliffe  librarian  at  Oxford  1707-83. 
His  special  work  was  the  collation  of  Hebrew  manuscripts, 
in  which  he  was  assisted  by  liis  wife.  She  founded  two 
Hebrew  schohu-shipsat  Oxford  in  memory  of  herhusbaiid, 
Kennicott's  chief  work  is  his  •'  Vetus  Testamentum  hebrai- 
cum  cum  vaiiis  lectionibus"  (1770-80).  His  coUectinn  of 
manuscripts  is  dt-posited  at  the  New  Museum,  Oxford. 

Kennington  (ken'ing-ton).  ['King's  town.']  A 
district  in  Lambeth,  London. 

It  was  here  that  (1041)  Ilardicanute  died  suddenly  at  a 
wedding-feast  —  with  a  tremendous  struggle  —  while  he 
was  drinking.     Nothing  remains  now  of  the  palace. 

Ilare,  Loudon,  II.  404. 

Kenosha  (ke-no'sha).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Kenosha  County.  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  34  miles  south  of  Milwaukee  :  a  trad- 
ing center.     Population  (1900),  11,606. 

Eensal  Green  (Ken'sal  greuj.  a  cemetery  in 
tl»e  northwestern  part  of  London. 

Kensett  (ken'set),  John  Frederick.  Bom  at 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  March  '22,  1818:  died  at  New- 
York,  Dec.  16,  1872.  An  American  landscape- 
painter.  He  spent  several  years(1840-17)in  Europe,  p.iint- 
iDg  in  England,  Italy,  etc.,  and  was  elected  national  acad- 
emician in  184l.>.  In  1S59  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commission  to  supervise  tlie  decoration  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington.  Among  his  works  are  "An  October  After- 
noon "  (18<U), '•  New  Hampshire  Sceneiy,"  "Afternoon  on 
the  Connecticut  Shore,"  "Lake  George,"  "Italian  Lake," 
etc. 

Kensington  (ken'sing-ton).  A  borough  (mu- 
nicipal) iif  Loudon,  north  of  the  Thames,  4 
milee  west-southwest  of  St.  Paul's.  It  contains 
Kensington  Gardens,  Kensington  Palace,  and  Holland 
House,  and  sends  2  representatives  to  Parliament.  (For 
the  niiiseuin,  etc.,  see  South  Kensin^jton  Museum.)  Pop- 
ulation (l^'Ji),  im,:',2l. 

Kent  (kent).  [ME.  Ecnt,  AS.  Cent,  Cxtit,  L.  Can- 
flaw,  Ca)i((a,Gr.Kai'rioi',  from  an  Old  Celtic  name 
represented  by  W.  Ca!«f.]  The  southeastern- 
most  county  of  England,  it  is  bounded  by  Essex 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Thames)  and  the  North 
Sea  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Strait  of 
Dover,  the  English  Channel,  and  Sussex  on  the  south,  and 
Surrey  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undulating.  The  soil 
is  highly  cultivated,  Kent  being  especially  noted  for  hop- 
raising.  It  was  the  scene  of  Cjesar's  invasions  in  55  and  54 
B.C.,  and  of  the  earliest  Teut^uiic  invasions  in  theStlicen- 
tur>,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Jutisli  kingdoms.  Its  conver- 
sion tcChristianitycommenced  under  Augustinein5*.i7,and 
tt  was  annexed  to  Wessex  in  823.  Area,  1,562  square  miles. 
Population  (1=91),  I,142,.i«4. 

Kent,  Pri  nc  e  Edward  Augustus,  Duke  of .  Born 

at  Buckingliam  House,  Loudon,  Mov.  2.  1767: 
died  at  Sidmouth,  Devonshire,  Jan.  i'i,ls2(l.  The 
fourth  son  of  George  III.  of  England,  and  father 
of  Queen  Victoria.  On  May  28,  1818,  he  married  Vic- 
toria Mary  Touisa,  widow  of  Emicli  Charles,  prince  <,f  J.ein- 
Ingen-Iiaclisburg-Hardenburg.  Their  only  child,  \'ictoria, 
was  born  at  Kensington  Palace,  May  24,  1819. 
Kent,  Earl  of.  A  characterin  Shaksi)ere'8  "King 
Lear":  nii  upright  and  faithful  counselor. 

Kent,  Fair  Maid  of.    See  Joan. 

Kent,  Maid  of  or  Nun  of.     See  Barton,  Eliza- 

h'lh. 

Kent,  James.  Bom  at  Philippi, Putnam  County, 
N.  Y.,  July  31, 1763  :  died  at  New  Y'ork,  Dec.  12, 
1847.  A  noted  American  .-iiirist.  Ho  became  judge 
o(  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  in  1798;  was  chief  jus- 
tice ol  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  1804-14 ;  and  was 
chancellor  1814-23.  His  chief  work  is  "Commentaries  on 
American  Law"  (1826-30). 

Kent,  William.  Born  in  the  North  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  1684:  died  at  London,  .Xjiril  12.  1748. 
An  English  painter,  sculptor,  architect,  and 
landscapi'-gardeiier.  Ho  stmlied  In  Kome,  where  in 
1710  he  attracted  the  notice  of  Ulchard  Hoyle,  third  eail  of 
Burlington,  with  whom  he  resiiled  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 
He  is  best  known  as  the  butt  of  Chestorllehl,  Hogarth,  and 
olhci  wits  o(  the  time. 

Kentigern  (ken'ti-gern),  or  MungO  (mnng'go). 
Saint.  Born  at  Culross,  Perthshire,  probably 
518:  died  Jan.  13, COS.  Theapostleof  the  Stratli- 
clyde  Britons  in  Scotlanil,  and  patron  saint  of 
Glasgow. 

Kentish  Town  (ken'tish  toun).  A  northern 
suburb  o(  London,  3  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Paul's. 

Kent  Island.  Tho  largest  island  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  .situated  in  Queen  Anne  County,  Maryland, 
7  miles  east  of  Annapolis.  The  rirst  seltlement  in 
Maryland  was  made  here  by  Claiborne  in  1031.  Lenglli, 
15  miles. 

Kent's  Cavern.  A  cavo  near  Torquay,  Devon- 
shire, England,  noted  for  t)ie  pnleolithic  flint 
tools  and  other  implements,  and  for  the  animal 
remains,  discovered  there. 


567 

Kentucky  fken-tuk'i).  [Prom  the  river  so 
named.  liiiitnckii  i."  an  Indian  word  variously 
esplaiued  as  meaning  'at  the  head  of  a  river,' 
'  river  of  blood,'  '  the  dark  and  bloody  laud '  or 
'ground.']  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  Capital, Frankfort. 
Largest  citv,  Louisville,  it  is  separated  by  the  .Mis- 
sissippi from  Slissouri  on  the  west,  by  the  Ohio  from  Ohio, 
Indianit,  and  Illinois  on  the  north,  and  by  the  Hip  Sandy 
from  West  Virginia  on  the  ea£t,  and  is  bounded  by  Vii-ginia 
on  the  southeast,  and  by  Tennessee  on  the  south.  It  lies 
between  hit.  36°  ;i0'  and  39"  6  N.,  and  long.  82  and  89'  38  W. 
It  is  mountainous  in  the  east;  the  "Blue  Grass  region"  is 
in  the  center.  The  chief  minerals  .-u-e  coal  and  iron  ;  the 
leading  occupations  .are  agriculture  and  the  breeding  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  mules.  It  is  the  tlrst  State  in  produc 
tion  of  tobacco  and  hemp.  It  has  ll'.i  counties ;  sends  2 
senators  and  U  representatives  to  Congress;  and  has  13 
electoral  votes.  Kentucky,  the  ancient  Indian  hunting- 
ground  ("dark  and  bloody  ground"),  was  explored  by 
IJaniel  Boone  in  17C9 ;  was  settled  at  Harrodsburg  in  1774  , 
was  formed  into  a  county  of  Virginia  in  1770;  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  in  1792;  was  distinguished  in  the  War  of 
1812  and  the  Mexican  war;  w.as  one  of  the  Slave  States; 
attempted  to  preserve  neutrality  in  the  Civil  War;  was 
occupied  by  Federals  and  Confederates  in  1801;  and  was 
the  scene  of  various  campaigns  and  raids.  Area,  40,400 
square  miles.    Population  ayoo;,  2,147,174. 

Kentucky.  A  river  in  the  State  of  Kentucky, 
joining  the  Ohio  40  miles  southwest  of  Cincin- 
nati. Length,  over  2.50  miles;  navigable  to 
Frankfort. 

Kentucky  Resolutions.  Nine  resolutions  pre- 
pared by  Thomas  Jefferson  and  passed  by  the 
legislature  of  Kentucky  in  1798.  a  tenth  was 
passed  in  1799.  They  declared  the  "alien  and  sedition 
laws "  void,  and  emphasized  the  rights  of  the  several 
States. 

KenwigS  (ken'wigz),  Morleena.  In  Dickens's 
"  Nicholas  Niekleby,"  a  young  lady  with  flaxen 
pigtails  and  white-ruffled  trousers,  who  has  a 
habit  of  fainting  at  intervals. 

Kenyon  (ken'yon),  John.  Born  in  the  parish 
of  'rrelawuev,  Jamaica,  1784:  died  at  Cowes, 
Isle  of  Wigh't,  Dec.  3,  1856.  An  EngUsh  poet 
and  philantliroj.ist.  He  studied  at  Charterhouse,  and 
in  1S02  etttered  ( ';init)ridgc,  leaving  without  a  <legree  in 
l.-iOS.  He  published  a  few  poems,  but  is  best  known  from 
his  charity. 

Kenyon,  Lloyd,  Baron  Kenyon.  Bom  at  Gred- 
ington,  Flintshire,  Wales,  Oct.  5,1732:  died  at 
Bath,  England,  April  4,  1802.  A  British  jiu-ist, 
lord  chief  justice  of  England  1788-1802. 

Kenyon  College.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Col- 
lege at  Gambler.  I  )iii<>.  it  is  attended  by  about  2o0 
'Students,  and  has  a  library  of  over  30,uon  volumes. 

Keokuk  (ke'o-kuk).  A  city  and  one  of  the 
cajiitals  of  Lee  County.  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  in  lat. 
40°  23'  N.,  long.  91°  26'  W.  It  is  a  railway  cen- 
ter and  canal  termiiuis.  and  has  iron  mainifactures. 
Meat-packing  is  an  important  industry.  Population 
ll'.lOOi,  14.f.41. 

Kephallenia.    See  Cijiiuiiiiiiia. 

Kepler  (Ueji'lcr),  Johann  (family  name  origi- 
nally Von  Kappel).  Born  at  Weil  der  Stadt, 
^Viirt(■mlperg,  \>ir.  27,  1571:  died  at  K;itisbon, 
Bavaria,  Nov.  15,  1030.  A  celebratoil  German 
astronomer,  one  of  tho  chief  founders  of  mod- 
ern astronomy.  lie  became  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Gratz  in  1593,  assistant  of  'I'ycho  at  Prague  in  1000,  and 
imperial  astronomer  in  1001,  and  was  professor  at  Linz 
1012-26.  His  name  is  especially  associated  with  the  three 
laws  of  idanetary  nn'tion  (Kepler's  laws).  The  (Irst  two 
were  announced  in  bis  "Ue  .Motibus  Stella?  Martis"  in 
IflOl),  and  he  discovered  tho  third  on  March  8,  1i;i.k.  The 
three  lawsare  as  follows;  (rt)  The  orbitsof  the  iilanctsare 
ellipses  having  the  sun  at  one  focus,  ih)  Tin-  areas  de- 
scribed by  their  radii  vectores  In  cqind  times  are  etjual. 
(c)  The  wptares  of  their  peri<)dic  tinn-s  are  prf>iK»rtional  to 
the  cubes  of  their  mean  distan(K*s  fr<un  the  sun.  His  com- 
plete works  were  edited  by  iYlsch  (ls:.8-71). 

Keppel  (kep'pel),  Arnold  Joost  van, (irst  Eail 

of  .Uin-marle.  Boi*n  in  the  \etlierl!in<is,  1661): 
died  May  30,  1718.  A  Dutch  otliccr  in  tho  ser- 
vice of  William  III.,  ami  later  of  the  States- 
(ieneral. 
Keppel,  Augustus,  Viscount  Kei>pel.  Born 
Ajiril  25,  1725;  ilied  Oct.  2.  1786.  An  English 
auiuiral,  second  son  of  William  Anne  Keppel. 
second  earl  of  Albemarle,  in  17.55  hetookconnnand 
of  the  North  American  stjuadlon  at  Hamt>ton  Knads.  He 
was  made  rear-admintl  of  the  lilue  In  1702.  vice  adndral 
In  1770,  admiral  of  tlu-  blue  In  177s,  ami  comnninder-ln- 
chief  of  the  licet  In  1778  On  .Iuly27,  1778,  he  engaged  (he 
French  tb-et  in  llie  channel  wllhoul  result.  Kor  his  be- 
havior i[i  this  battle  he  was  court-martialed  Jan..  1779. 
anti  ae,|nitted.  In  Kockingham'scablnet  he  was  appcdnted 
Hrst  lord  of  the  admiralty  (17H'.;),  and  created  viscount 
Keppel.     He  retireil  fri>ni  public  life  In  1783. 

Keppel,  George  Thomas,  sixth  Karl  of  Albe- 

niarlc.  It.ini  .lime  i:t.  li!l!):  <li.'d  at  London. 
Feb.  21.  ls',11.  .\ii  Fiiglisli  giMicTal  and  writer 
of  travels,  etc. 

Ker  fker),  John  Bellenden.  Born  iTfi.'i (r) :  died 

at  Kumriilge.  lliiiiipshire,  June,  1842.  An  Eng- 
lish botanist  mid  man  of  fashion.  He  was  the  eldest 
son  of  .lohii  Oawler  of  Kamrfdge,  nnd  Caroline,  danghler 


Kermanshah 

of  John,  Baron  Bellenden.  On  Nov.  5.  1804,  he  took,  by 
license  of  George  III.,  the  name  of  Ker-Bellenden,  but  was 
known  as  Bellenden  Ker.  In  ISOl  he  published  "Rcceiisio 
Plantarum."  In  1812  he  became  the  llrst  editor  of  the 
"Botanical  Register,"  and  served  until  1823.  In  1828  he 
published  his  "Iridearum  Genera."  A  portrait  of  Ker  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  was  sold  in  1887  for  £2,415. 

Ker  a.     See  Kcresan.        • 

Kerak  (ke-rak').  A  town  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Tur 
key,  48  miles  southeast  of  Jerusalem:  the  an- 
cient Kir-Hareseth,  a  city  of  the  Moabites. 
The  castle  of  the  Crusaders,  builthere  about  1131  by  King 
Foulques,  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  of  medieval  monu. 
ments.  The  walls  and  towers  iue  h>fty  and  massive ;  the 
passages,  colonnades  cisterns,  and  moats  are  of  great  ex- 
tent ami  interest.  A  subterranean  chapel  with  frescos  is 
very  curious.     Population,  estimated,  8,000. 

K6ratry  (ka-ra-tre'),  Auguste  Hilarion  de. 

Horn  at  Rennes,  France,  (let.  28,  1769:  ditcl 
Nov.,  1859.  A  French  politician  and  miscella- 
neous writer. 

K^ratry,  Comte  Emile  de.  Born  at  Paris.  March 
20, 1832.  A  French  jiolitician  and  publicist,  son 
of  Auguste  Hilarion  de  Keratry. 

Kerauli  (ker-a-le'),  or  Karauli  (kar-a-le')  or 
Kerowlee  (ker-ou-le').  1.  A  native  state  in 
Rajputana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N., 
long.  77°  E.  It  is  under  British  control. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Kerauli,  about  lat. 
26°  27'  N.,  long.  77°  4'  E.  Population,  about 
25,000. 

Kerbela  (ker-ba'lii),  or  Meshhed-Hussein 

(mesh-ed'hus-san').  A  town  m  the  vilayet  of 
Bagdad,  Asiatic  Tiu'key,  57  miles  south-south- 
west of  Bagdad:  the  sacred  city  of  the  Shiites. 
Population,  estimated,  about  60,000. 

Keres.     See  Keresan. 

Keresan(ka-re'san).  Alinguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  which  embraces  the  seden- 
tary tribes  occupying  the  pueblos  or  communal 
villages  of  Acoma,  Lagtma,  Cochiti,  Santa  Ana, 
San  Felipe,  Santo  Domingo,  and  Sia,  in  the  main 
and  tributary  valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande,  New 
Mexico.  The  stock  comprises  two  dialectic  groups:  one, 
the  pueblos  of  Laguna  and  Acoma,  with  their  outlying 
villages  ;  the  other  or  eastern  pueblos,  wliich  form  the  Kera 
or  Keres  group,  from  which  the  name  of  the  stock  is  ile- 
rived.  In  1542  the  tribes  inhabited  seven  villages ;  in  lfi82 
but  tlve  were  occupied.  Laguna  was  not  established  as  a 
pueblo  until  1699.  Except  Acoma.  none  of  the  Keresan 
pueblos  is  on  the  site  occupied  at  the  time  of  the  early 
Spanish  explorations.  They  number  ;j,5Co.  Also  Kcra, 
Keres,  Quera,  Quercs,  Quirix,  Chuchaeas,  Kemcliaichatl. 

Keresaspa  (ke-rc-sUs'pa).  ['  Having  lean,  slen- 
der horses.')  In  the  .\vesta,  a  hero  of  the  race 
of  Sama.  He  and  Urvakhshaya  are  sons  of  Thrita.  He 
avenges  the  murder  of  his  brother  by  Hitasjia,  and  slays 
the  dragon  Srvara  and  the  demon  (iandarewa.  In  the 
shabnamah  the  name  appears  as  Ciarshasp. 

Kerethim  (Uer'e-thim).     See  the  extract. 

David  instituted  a  bodyguard  of  Kerethim  and  Pclelhlni, 
or  rather  of  Cretans  and  Philistines  (2  Sam.  xv.  18),  to 
whom  the  Hebrew  of  2  Sam.  xx.  23  ailds  a  name  which  has 
been  obliterated  in  our  English  version,  the  Carians.  These 
foreign  soldiers  were  a  sort  of  Janissaries  attached  to  the 
persim  of  the  sovereign,  after  the  common  fashion  of 
Eastern nionarch.s,  who, teem  themselves  most  secure  when 
sunminili  il  liy  a  band  of  followere  uninlluenced  by  family 
comuctiuns  «  itli  the  people  of  the  land.  The  cons'iitution 
of  the  bodyguard  appears  to  have  remained  unchanged  to 
the  fall  of  the  Jltdiean  state. 

»:  It.  Smith,  O.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  249. 

Kerewe  (ke-ra'we),  orWakerewe  (wii-ke-ni'- 

we).  .\n  -African  tribe  of  (iernian  East  .-Vfrica, 
inhabiting  the  island  Ukcrewo  and  adjacent 
mainland,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Victoria 
Bukindo  is  their  capital.  Though  aiip.arentiv  Bantu,  their 
dialect  is  said  to  dilfer  considerably  from  that  of  tllclr 
Wasuknma  neighbors. 

Kerguelen  (k.ig'e-len)  Land,  or  Desolation 

Island.  -\n  uniiiliabiled  isliiiid  in  the  Soiitliern 
Ocenn,  intersected  by  lat.  49°  S.,  long.  6!^"  30'  E 
The  surface  Is  mountainous.  It  wan  discovered  by  tho 
Freiichimin  Kcrgui'len  Treniarec  in  1772:  annexixl  by 
Kranre  tK93.     Length,  about  IHI  nilb-K 

Kerkenna  (ker-ken'nin  Islands.    A  group  of 

is  1.1  mis  in  the  Gulf  of  Cubes  (Syrt is  Minor),  east 
"(  Tunis. 

Kerki  (kcr'ko).  A  town  in  Russian  central 
.\sia,  on  the  Oxus  south  of  Bokhara.  It  in  an 
iinportnnt  point  on  the  caravan  route,  and  is 
garrisoned  by  Russians. 

Kerkuk  dver'-kok'),  oflicinlly  Shahr  Zul  (shiir 
ziil)  (or  Zor).  A  town  in  the  vil.ivet  of  .Mosul, 
.Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  nn  the  Aiihem  00  miles 
southeast  of  Mosul.  Popidalioii,  estimated, 
12.000-15.000. 

Kerkyra.    See  Corfu. 

Kermadec  (kt'r-mn-dek')  Islands.    A  group  of 

small  islands  in  the  South  I'ncilic,  about   lat. 

Slip's.,  long.  178°  W.:  annexed  by  Great  Britain 

in  l.ssC). 
Kerman,    See  Kirmnn. 
Kermanshah.     See  Idrninnshahan. 


Kem-baby 

Kern-baby  (kem'ba-bi),  or  Kernababy  (.ker'- 
na-ba-bi).     See  the  extract. 

Let  us  take  another  piece  of  folklore.  All  North-country 
English  folk  know  the  Kernahaby.  The  custom  of  the 
"  Kernababy  "  is  commonly  observed  in  England,  or,  at  all 
events,  in  Scotland,  where  the  writer  has  seen  many  a  ker- 
nababy. The  last  gleanings  of  the  last  field  are  bound  up 
in  a  rude  imitation  of  the  human  shape,  and  dressed  in 
some  tag-rags  of  finery.  The  usage  has  fallen  into  the 
conservative  hands  of  children,  but  of  old  "the  Maiden" 
was  a  regular  image  of  the  harvest  goddess,  which,  with  a 
sickle  and  sheaves  in  her  arms,  attended  by  a  crowd  of 
reapers,  and  accompanied  with  music,  followed  the  last 
carts  home  to  the  farm.  It  is  odd  enoughthat  the  "Maid- 
en" should  exactly  translate  the  old  Sicilian  name  of  the 
daughter  of  Demeter.  "The  Maiden  "has  dwindled,  then, 
among  us  to  the  rudimentary  kernababy ;  but  ancient  Peru 
had  her  own  Maiden,  her  Hju-vest  Goddess. 

Lanff,  Custom  and  Myth,  p.  17. 

Kerner  (ker'uer),  Andreas  Justinus.  _  Born  at 
Ludwigsburg,  Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  IS,  1786:  died 
at  Weinsberg,  Wiu-temberg.  Feb.  21,  1862.  A 
German  lyrie  poet  and  medical  ■mriter.  He  was 
destined  at  the  outset  for  a  mercantile  career,  but  ulti- 
mately studied  natural  history-  at  Tiibiiigen,  where  he  was 
intimately  associated  with  I'hland  and  Gustav  Schwab, 
with  whom  he  founded  the  so-called  Swabian  school  of  poe- 
try. After  1S19  he  was  district  physician  at  Weinsberg. 
where  he  died.  His  poems  are  characterized  by  a  true 
lyric  quality ;  one  at  least  of  them,  the  "  Wanderlied  " 
(■■Wander  Song"),  has  become  a  genuine  folk-song.  He 
was  a  believer  in  spiritualistic  manifestations,  and  wrote 
several  works  in  this  field,  among  them  "  Die  Seherin  von 
Prevorst"  ("The  Prophetess  of  Prevorst ").  His  principal 
prose  work  is  "Keiseschatten  von  dem  Schattenspieler 
Luchs"  ("Magic  Lantern  Pictures  of  Travel  by  the  Ex- 
hibitor Luchs,"  1811). 

Keroualle,  or  Querouaille  (ka-ro-al'),  Louise 
Benee  de,  Duchess  of  Portsmouth  and  Aubigny. 
Born  1649:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  14,  1734.  Elder 
daughter  of  Guillaume  de  Penaneoet,  sieur  de 
Keroualle.  she  first  appears  as  maid  of  honor  to  Hen- 
rietta, duchess  of  Orleans,  sister  of  Charles  IL.  and  later 
to  Queen  Catharine.  She  became  mistress  of  Charles  II. 
in  1671,  and  on  July  29,  167-,  bore  him  a  son,  Charles  Len- 
no.v,  who  was  created  duke  of  Richmond.  She  was  nat- 
uralized and  in  1673  created  duchess  of  Portsmouth,  and 
made  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  queen.  In  1674  she 
was  granted  by  Louis  -VIV.  the  fief  of  Aubigny  in  Berry. 
After  the  death  of  Charles  n.  she  retired  to  Aubigny  for 
the  rest  of  her  life. 

Kerr  (ker),  Robert.  Born  at  Bugh fridge,  Rox- 
burghshire. 17.")5:  died  at  Edinburgh.  (Jet.  11. 
1813.  A  Scottish  author.  He  is  best  known  for  his 
"  General  History  and  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Travels  " 
(28  volumes :  1811-24). 

Kerry  (ker'i).  A  maritime  eoimty  in  llunster, 
Ireland.  It  is  separated  by  the  Shannon  from  (Hare  on 
the  north,  and  bounded  by  Limerick  and  Cork  on  the  east, 
Cork  on  the  southeast,  and  the  .-Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south- 
west and  west.  It  contains  Macgillicuddy's  Reeks  and 
the  Lakes  of  Killamey.  The  chief  town  is  Tralee.  Area, 
1,853  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  179.136. 

Kertch  (kerch).  A  seaport  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  Crimea,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Yenikale  in  lat.  45°  21'  N..  long.  36°  28'  E.:  the 
ancient  Panticap8?um.  it  is  noted  for  its  antiquities ; 
was  an  ancient  Milesian  colony ;  was  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus ;  was  occupied  later  by  the  Byzantine 
empire.  Genoese,  Turks,  etc.;  passed  to  Russia  in  1774; 
and  was  sacked  by  the  English  and  French  forces  in  1855. 
Population,  with  Yenikale,  30,892. 

Keshab  Chandra  Sen  (ke-shub'  chan'dra  san). 
Boru  1838:  died  18,84.  The  third  great  tfieistie 
reformer  of  British  India,  following  Rammohun 
Eoy  and  Debendranath  Tagore.  Underhis  leader- 
ship the  Br.ahmasamaj  or  Theistic  Church  was  led  to  break 
with  almost  all  the  traditional  Hindu  usages  spared  by 
his  predecessors,  even  the  distinction  of  caste. 

Kesho.     See  Hanoi. 

Kesmark.    See  EasmarJ:. 

Kesselsdorf  (kes'sels-dorf).  A  -rillage  5  miles 
south-n-est  of  Dresden,  Here,  Dec.  15,  1745,  the  Prus- 
sians under  Leopold  of  Dessau  defeated  the  Saxons.  The 
peace  of  Dresden,  putting  an  end  to  the  second  Silesian 
war,  immediately  followed. 

Kestenholz  (kes'ten-holts).  A  small  to-svn  in 
Alsace,  27  miles  south'n-est  of  Strasburg. 

Keswhawhay.     See  Eeresan. 

Keswick  (kez'ik).  Atown  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Greta  22  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Carlisle.  It  was  the  residence  of  Southey 
and  Shelley,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Der- 
wentwater,  Skiddaw.  PSor^rowdale,  etc.,  are  in  the  neigh- 
borhood.    Population  (1891),  3,905. 

Keszthely  (kest'helyl.  A  town  iu  the  county 
ot  Zala.  Hiingarv.  situated  on  Lake  Balaton 
in  lat.  46°  47'  X."  long.  17°  15'  E.  Population 
(ls;iO),  6.195. 

Ketch  (kech).  John,  surnamed  Jack  Ketch. 
Died  Nov.,  1686.  A  famous  English  executioner. 
On  Dec.  2,  1678,  his  name  first  appears  in  a  broadside  en- 
titled "The  Plotter's  Ballad,  being  Jack  Ketch's  incom- 
parable receipt  for  the  cure  of  Traitorous  Recusants,  etc." 
■'Punchinello"  was  about  the  time  of  his  death  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Italy,  and  his  name  passed  nat- 
urally to  the  executioner  in  the  puppet-show. 

Kete  (ka'te),  or  Bakete  (bii-ka'te).  A  ■widely 
scattered  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  on 
the  Kassai,  Luebo,  and  LubUashi  rivers.    Their 


568 

towns  are  intermixed  with  those  of  the  Bashi-lange.    An 
American  Presbyterian  mission  has  settled  among  them. 

Ketteler(ket'tel-er),  Baron  Wilhelm  Emanuel 
von.  Born  at  Miinster,  Prussia.  Dec.  25,  1811 : 
died  at  Bm'ghausen,  Upper  Bavaria.  July  13, 
1877.  A  German  eeelesiastie  and  Ultramontane 
leader,  made  bishop  of  Mainz  in  1850. 

Kettering  (ket'er-ing).  A  town  in  Xorthamp- 
toushire,  England,  13  miles  northeast  of  North- 
ampton.   Population  (1891).  19.454. 

Kettle  (ket'l),  Tilly.  Born  at  London  about 
1740  :  died  at  Aleppo,  S\-ria,  1786.  An  English 
portrait-painter.  His  portraits,  in  the  style  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  have  some  merit. 

Keux.     See  Eay,  Sir. 

Ke'W  (ku).  A  village  in  the  county  of  Surrey, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  9  miles  west 
of  London.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  botanical  gardens. 
These  originated  iu  gardens  laid  out  by  Lord  Capel  about 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  They  were  extended  by 
George  III.,  and  since  1840  have  been  national  propertj^. 
The  extent  of  the  gardens  is  75  acres,  and  that  of  the  ad- 
joining arboretum  178  acres. 

Kew  Obser'vatory.  The  central  meteorological 
observatory  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  at  Old  Rich- 
mond Park,  between  Kew  and  Richmond,  and  was  brrilt 
by  George  III.  for  the  observation  of  the  transit  of  Venus 
in  1769,  and  called  the  " Kings  Observator>'. "  About  70 
years  after  this  the  government  determined  to  cease  main- 
taining it,  and  in  184'2  it  was  handed  over  to  the  British 
Association  under  the  name  of  "Kew  Observatory."  In 
1871  it  was  transferred  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  is  now 
the  central  station  of  the  meteorological  office. 

Ke'Weena'W  (ke'we-na)  Bay.  An  arm  of  Lake 
Superior,  north  of  Michigan,  about  lat.  47°  N., 
long.  88°  W. 

Ke'Weena'W  Point.  A  peninsula  in  northern 
Michigan,  projecting  into  Lake  Superior:  noted 
for  its  copper-mines. 

Ke'w-kiang,  or  Kiu-kiang  Cku-ke-ang').  A 
citv  in  the  province  of  Kiangsi,  China,  situated 
on  "the  Yangtse,  lat.  29°  42'  N.,  long.  116°  8'  E. 
It  exports  tea.     Population,  about  50,000. 

Key  (ke).  Sir  Astley  Cooper.  Born  1821:  died 
at  Maidenhead,  England,  March  3.  1888.  A 
British  admiral.  He  was  the  son  of  a  surgeon,  Charles 
Aston  Key ;  entered  the  na\'y  in  1833  ;  and  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant  Dec.  22, 1842.  He  was  made  comm-ander 
atObligado  Nov.  20,1845.  He  commanded  the  Amphion  in 
the  Baltic  in  theRussian  war  1S54-55;  went  to  China  in  1857; 
was  made  rear-admiral  in  1866  ;  organized  the  Royal  Naval 
College  at  Greenwich  irr  1S72.  and  became  its  president  in 
1373 ;  was  made  vice-admiral  in  1S73,  and  admiral  in  1878 ; 
and  became  first  naval  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1879. 

Key,  Francis  Scott.  Born  in  Frederick  County, 
Maryland.  Aug.  9.  1780:  died  at  Baltimore, 
Jan.  11,  1843.  An  American  poet,  author  of 
"The  Star-Spangled  Banner."  His  poems  were 
published  in  1857. 

Key,  Thomas  Hewitt.  Bom  at  London,  March 
20.  1799 :  died  there,  Nov.  29,  1875.  An  Eng- 
lish Latin  scholar,  in  1826  he  was  made  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Virginia,  but  returned 
to  England  in  1827.  In  18^23  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  Latin  in  London  Vniversity,  and  in  1S42  professor  of 
comparative  grammar.  He  was  also  head-master  of  the 
school  attached  to  University  College  from  1842  until  his 
death.  Hepublisheda"LatinGrammar"(lS46).  HisLatin 
dictionary  appeared  in  1S8S. 

Keyes(kez),  Erasmus  Darwin.  Born  at  Brim- 
field,  Mass.,  May  29.  1810:  died  Oct.  14,  1895. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1832 ;  was  military  secretary  to  General  Scott  1860-61 ; 
and  became  major-general  of  volunteers  in  the  Union  army 
irr  1862.  He  corrrmanded  a  brigade  at  Bull  Run,  July  21, 
ISiil,  and  a  cdrps  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  May  31,  1862. 
He  published  "Fifty  Years'  Obsei-vation  of  Men  and 
Events"  (1SS4), 

Key  Islands.    See  Kei  Islands. 

Key  of  Christendom.  A  name  once  given  to 
Buda,  Hungary,  from  its  strategically  impor- 
tant position  between  Germany  and  Turkey. 

Key  of  India.    Herat. 

Key  of  Russia.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Smolensk. 

Key  of  the  Gulf.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Cuba,  on  account  of  its  position  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Key  of  the  Mediterranean.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  Gibraltar. 

Keystone  State.  A  popular  designation  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  central  State  of  the  original 
thirteen. 

Key  West  (ke  west),  Sp.  Cayo  Hueso  (ki'6 
wa'so)  ('Bone  Reef ').  1.  An  island,  one  of 
the  Florida  Keys,  belonging  to  Monroe  County, 
Florida,  situated  60  miles  southwest  of  Cape 
Sahle.  Length,  7  miles.  The  population  is 
largely  of  Cuban  and  Bahaman  descent. —  2. 
A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Monroe  County,  and 
the  southernmost  town  iu  the  United  States, 
situated  on  the  island  of  Key  West  in  lat.  24° 
33'  N..  long.  81°  48'  W.  it  is  an  important  United 
States  naval  station,  and  manufactures  cigars.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  17,114. 


Khazars 

Kezanlyk,  or  Kezanlik.     See  Ea::anlik. 

Kezdi-Vasirhely  (kez'df-va'shar-hely).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Haromszek,  Transylva- 
nia, Himgari.'.  34  miles  northeast  of  Kronstadt. 

ElhabarO'Vka  (kha-ba-rof'ka).  The  capital  of 
the  Maritime  Province.  Siberia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Ussuri  with  the  Amur,  about  lat. 
48°  30'  N.,  long.  135°  30'  E. 

Khadljah.     See  EucUjah. 

Khafra  (khaf'ra).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the 
4th  dynasty,  builder  of  the  second  of  the  gi'eat 
pyramids  of  Gizeh.  Also  Eephren,  Che2>hreii, 
Chahryes. 

The  statue  of  Khafra  [of  polished  green  diorite,  iu  the 
Gizeh  palace],  the  founder  of  the  Second  Pyramid,  which 
is  remarkable  not  only  for  it5  great  age  —  sixty  centuries  at 
least  —  but  for  its  breadth  and  majesty,  as  well  as  for  the 
finish  of  its  details.  It  is  therefore  a  rare  object.  It  also 
throws  an  unexpected  light  across  the  history  of  Eg>*ptian 
Art.  and  shows  that  six  thousand  years  ago  the  Egyptian 
artist  had  but  little  more  progress  to  make. 

Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  Ill* 

Khaibar  Pass.     See  Ehyher  Pass. 

Khairabad,  or  Khyrabad  (kj-ra-bad').  The 
capital  of  Sitapur  ilistriet,  Oudli,  British  India, 
50  miles  north  of  Lucknow.  Population  (1891), 
13.773. 

Khairpur,  or  Khyrpur  (klr-por').  a  native 
state  in  Sind,  India,  under  British  protection, 
intersected  bv  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  69°  E.  Area, 
6,109  square  riiUes.    Population  (1891),  131,937. 

Kialid  (eha'led),  or  Kaled  (ka'led).  Died  at 
Emesa,  8\Tia .  642  A.  D.  A  Saracen  general,  sur- 
named "the  Sword  of  God."  HecommandedtheSIec- 
can  force  which  defeated  Mohammed  at  Ohod  in  625.  He 
afterward  became  a  follower  of  the  prophet,  and  was  placed 
by  ilohammed's  successor.  .\bu-Bekr,  in  command  of  an  ex- 
pedition against  Syria.  He  defeated  the  Byzantine  army 
in  a  decisive  battle  on  the  Hieromax  (Yarinuk)  and  cap- 
tured Damascus  in  636. 

Khamil  (cha-mel'),  orHami  (ha-me').  Atown 
in  Eastern  Turkestan,  Chinese  empire,  about 
lat.  42°  50'  N.,  long.  93°  30'  E. 

Khandesh  (khan-desh'),  or  Candeish  (-dash'). 
A  district  in  Bombav.  British  India,  intersected 
bv  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area,  10,907  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  1,460,851. 

Khandwa  (khand'wa).  orKhundwa,  or  Cund- 
wah  (kund'wa).  The  capital  of  Ximar  district. 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated  about 
lat.  21°  46'  X..  long.  76°  21'  E. 

Khania.     See  Canea. 

Khanpur  (khan-p6r').  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Bhawalpur.  India,  situated  in  lat.  28°  37'  N., 
long.  70°  35'  E. 

Khan  Tengri  ( khan  ten'gre).  The  highest  peak 
of  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains,  central  Asia  (24,- 
000  feet). 

Kharezm  (kha-rezm').  A  country  of  central 
Asia,  lying  about  the  lower  Oxus  and  the  Aral 
and  Caspian  seas.  Its  monarchs  for  a  short  period  st 
the  beginning  of  the  13th  century  ruled  over  a  large  part 
of  central  Asia.     Also  Khxcarezm,  Ehorave^mia,  etc. 

Kharkoff  (ehiir-kof).  1.  A  government  of  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Kursk, 
Voronezh,  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Ye- 
katerinoslaflf.  andPultowa.  Area.  21.041  square 
mUes,  Population  (1892),  2,537,339.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kharkoff,  situated 
on  the  Udy  in  lat.  50°  X.,  long.  36°  11'  E.  It  has 
flourishing  fairs,  trade,  and  manufactures,  and  is  the  seat 
of  a  university.  The  city  was  founded  in  1650.  and  has 
been  a  center  of  Nihilism.     Population   (1S97),  17n.6S2. 

Kharput  (char-pot'),  orHarpoot  ihar-pof).  A 
town  in  Kurdistan.  Asiatic  Turkey,  70  miles 
northwest  ofDiarbekir.  Population,  estimated, 
about  20.000. 

Khartum,  or  Khartoum  (char-tom').  A  city  in 
Nubia,  situated  at  the  imion  of  the  White  Nile 
and  Blue  Nile,  in  lat.  15°  40'  X..  long.  32°  35'  E. 
It  was  founded  by  Mehemet  Ali  in  1823.  and  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Eg>-ptian  Sudan  and  an  important  com- 
mercial center.  It  was  occupied  by  (Gordon  in  1S&4-85, 
and  taken  by  the  troops  of  the  Mahdi  Jan.  ■JO.  1885.  It  was 
reentered  bv  the  British  Sept.  4  1S38.    Population.  26.000. 

Khasia  and  Jaintia  Hills.  A  district  in  As- 
sam, India,  under  British  control,  intersected 
by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  91°  30'  E.  Area,  6,157 
square  miles.     Population  (1881).  169,360. 

Khaskioi  (ehas-M-oi'),  or  Haskovo  (has-ko'- 
v6).  A  town  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria, 
about  45  miles  southeast  of  Philippopolis.  Pop- 
ulation (1888).  14.191. 

Khassi.     See  Tifire. 

Khatmandu,  or  Katmandu,  or  Catmandoo 
(kat-man-do').  The  capital  of  Xepal.  situated 
about  lat.  27°  42'  N.,  long.  85°  20'  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  about  50,000. 

Khazars.     See  Cha:ars. 


Ehelat 

Kbelat,  or  Kelat  (ke-laf ).  The  capital  of  Balu 
chistan,  situated  about  lat.  28°  55'  N.,  long.  66° 
30'  E.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  1839  and  1840,  and  in 
188S  Khelat  and  its  territory  were  incorporated  with  Brit- 
ish India.  Tiie  chief  part  of  Baluchistan  is  under  tlie  suze- 
rainty of  the  Khan  of  Khelat.  Population  of  the  town, 
14,000. 

Ehem  (chem).  Au  Egyptian  divinity.  See  the 
extract. 

Khem,  the  generative  principle  and  universal  nature, 
was  represented  as  a  phallic  figure  He  was  the  god  of 
Coptos  .  .  .  and  the  Pan  of  Chenimis  (Panopolis)  — the 
Egyptian  Pan,  who,  as  Herodotus  justly  observes  (ch.  145. 
book  il.>  was  one  of  the  eight  great  gods. 

Jtaivliiison,  Herod.,  II.  285. 

Kbemnitzer.     See  Chemnitzer. 

Kheraskoff  (ehe-ras-kof ),  Mikhail.  Bom 
Oct.  25,  1733:  died  at  Moscow,  Oct.  9,  1806.  A 
Kussian  epic  poet.  He  wrote  "Rossiada"  in 
12  books,  and  '•  Vladimir"  in  18  books,  besides 
minor  poems. 

Kheri(khe-re').  Adistrict in Oudh,British India, 
intersected  by  lat.  28°  N.,  long.  81°  E.  ^Vi-ea, 
2,965  square  miles.    Population  (1891 ),  903,615. 

Kherson  (eher-sou')-  1.  A  government  of  south- 
ern Russia,  surrounded  by  the  Black  Sea  and 
the  governments  of  Bessarabia,  Podolia.  Kieff, 
Yekaterinoslaff,  and  Taurida.  Area.  27,523 
square  miles.  Population  (1897),  2,728.508.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kherson, 
situated  on  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  46°  39'  N.,  long. 
32°  35'  E.  It  was  founded  by  Potemkin  in  1778 
Population  (1897),  69,219. 

Kheta.     See  Hittitts. 

Kheyr-ed-Din  Barbarossa.     See  Barbarossa 

Khilidromi  (ke-le-dro'me),  or  Khiliodromia. 
An  island  in  the  ^gean  Sea,  belonging  to 
Greece,  east  of  Skopelos  and  north  of  Euba?a  : 
probably  the  ancient  Peparethus  or  Halon- 
nesus.     Length,  13  miles. 

Khita.     See  Hittites. 

Khiva  (ohe'va).  1.  A  khanate  of  central  Asia, 
situated  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Oxus,  bor- 
dering on  Bokhara  on  the  southeast,  and  nearly 
surroimded  by  Russian  territory.  It  is  governed 
by  a  khan,  vassal  (|since  1873)  of  Russia.  The  leading  races 
are  Uzbegs,  Sarts,  Turkomans,  and  liberated  Persians.  The 
religion  is  Mohammedan.  Khiva  was  part  of  the  ancient 
Eharezm.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Russia  in 
1717  and  1S39.  and  conquered  by  Russia  in  1873.  Area, 
estimateil,  22,3i20  square  miles.  Population,  estimated, 
700,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  khanate  of  Khiva,  in 
lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  60°  E.  Population,  about 
5,000. 

Khnum.     An  Egyjjtian  deity.     See  Ea. 

Khodjend,  or  Khojend  (eho-jeud').  A  town  in 
Sir-Daria,  Turkestan;  Asiatic  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Sir-Daria  76  miles  west-southwest  of 
Khokand.     Population,  estimated,  35,000. 

Khoi,  or  Choi  (choi).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  situated  on  the  Kotur  in 
lat.  38°  32'  N.,  long.  45°  8'  E.  Near  this  place,  in 
1514,  the  Turks  under  Selira  I.  defeated  the  Persians  un- 
der Ismail.    Population,  estimated,  25,000. 

Khoikhoin  (koi-koin' ).  The  native  name  of  the 
Hottentots.  By  their  Bantu  neighbors  they  are  called 
Balawu  or  Balao.  They  occupy  the  southwestern  ex- 
tremity of  Africa,  mostly  in  German  territory  and  in  the 
Cape  Colony.  (For  their  physical  appearance,  sec  Hottentot- 
Bushmen.)  Though  involved  in  relentless  wars  with  the 
white  intruders,  with  Bantu  neighbors,  ami  \\  iili  jjcnple 
of  their  own  kin,  they  have  maintained  thenisi'lvts  u>  tliis 
day,  and  are  not  decreasing.  They  have  sut)jugated  a 
Bantu  tribe,  the  Hill  Damara,  forced  upon  it  their  own 
language,  and  almost  destroyed  another  Bantu  tribe,  the 
Ovaherero.  Most  of  them  are  now  semi-civilized.  The 
principal  tribes  are  that  of  the  Cape  (speaking  Dutch), 
the  Korana,  the  Griqua  or  Bastards  (half-l>reeds  of  mixed 
Hottentot  an!  Dutch  blood),  the  Gonaijua  in  tlie  Eastern 
Province,  and  the  Namaqua  in  German  Southwest  Africa. 
The  last  is  the  strongest  tribe,  imrabering  about  350,000. 
The  main  features  of  the  Klioikhoin  language  are  — (1)  In 
phonology  :  (a)  the  clicks  wliich  form  an  integral  part  of 
the  words;  (o)  the  musical  tunes  by  which  several  mean- 
ings of  a  monosyllabic  root  are  differentiated.  (2)  In  mor- 
phology ;  (c)  monosyllabic  roots  ;  (rf)  three  grammatic  gen- 
ders and  three  numbers  ;  (e)  the  masculine  and  feminine 
letters  identical  with  the  Hamitic  ;  (/)  the  use  of  post- 
positions as  in  the  Hamitic  family.  Exceedingly  rich  in 
grammatical  forms  and  in  word-store,  the  Khoikhoin  dia- 
lects are  also  well  provided  with  folk-tales,  animal  stories, 
and  proverbs,  many  of  which  have  been  collected,  but  few 
published.    See  Hottentots  an<i  Bantu. 

Khojend.     See  KIwiljcmL 

Khokand  (cho-kiind').  1.  A  former  khanate 
of  Turkestan,  now  the  territory  of  Ferghana 
in  Asiatic  Russia:  annexed  by  Russia  in  1876. — 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  ten'itory  of  Ferghana, 
Turkestan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  40° 
32'N.,long.  70°  30'  E.  It  is  an  important  trad- 
ing center.  Population  (1885-89),  54,043. 
Khons,  or  Chons.  See  KItuns. 
Khonsar  (clion-sar').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  73  miles  northwest  of 
Ispahan.    Population,  about  12,000. 


569 

Khoramabad  (eho-ra-ma-bad').     The  capital  of 

the  province  of  Luristan,  Persia,  situated  in  lat. 
33°  30'  N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 6.000 

Khorasan,  or  Khorassan  (cho-ra-san')-  A 
province  of  nortlieasteru  Persia,  bordering  on 
Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north  and  Afghanistan 
on  the  east.  Capital,  Meshhed.  It  is  largely  a  des- 
ert, and  has  suffered  from  invasions  at  all  periods  of  his- 
tory. Area,  estimated,  Vio,(ni(i  square  miles.  Population, 
estimated.  SOii.OOti  to  9uo,uoo. 

Khorsabad  (khor-sii-bad').  A  village  with  a 
mound  of  ruins  on  the  site  of  Dur-Sharukin 
('  wall  or  city  of  Sargon '),  a  city  founded  by 
Sargon,  king  of  Assyria.  723-705  B.  c.  It  is  about 
4  hours  distant  from  ancient  Nineveh,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Jebel-el-Maklub,  and  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Mosul. 
Between  the  years  1843  and  184S  Emil  Botta,  then  French 
consul  at  Mosul,  discovered  in  the  mound  the  palace  of 
Sargon,  the  walls  of  which  were  lined  with  bas-reliefs  con- 
taining a  full  record  of  Sargon's  reign  ;  and  Botta's  suc- 
cessor, Victor  Place,  excavated  In  1852  the  gates  of  the 
city,  which  were  supported  by  gigantic  winged  bulls.  The 
sculptures  are  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 

Khosru.     See  Khiisimi. 

Khotan  (eho-tan'),  or  Ilchi  (el-che').  A  town 
in  Eastern  Turkestan,  Chinese  empire,  situated 
in  lat.  37°  10'  N.,  long.  80°  2'  E.  Population, 
estimated,  40,000. 

Khotin.     See  Clioiin. 

Khufu  (ko'fo).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the  4th 
djTiasty,  builder  of  the  great  pyramid  atGizeh. 
See  I'l/ramid.  He  lived  about  2800-2700  i).  c.  according 
to  Lepsius  ;  about  3700  B.  c.  according  to  Brugsch.  Also 
Chet'ps,  Kht'ops,  Chembes,  Euphis. 

Khumbaba  (kum-ba'ba),  or  Chumbaba,  or 
Humbaba.  In  the  Izdubar  legends,  or  "Kim- 
rod  Epic,"  represented  as  the  last  Elamitio  ruler 
of  Babylonia  in  Ereeh,  who  was  slain  by  Izdu- 
bar and  his  friend  Ea-bani  (see  these  names 
and  Nimrod). 

Khu-n-Aten.     See  Ametthotep  IV. 

Khuns (khons), or Khonsu (khon'so).  InEgyp- 
tian  mythology,  the  sou  of  Amun-Ra  and  Slut, 
who  form  with  him  the  Theban  triad.  He  is  a 
lunar  deity,  and  as  such  we:U'S  the  disk  and  crescent  of  the 
moon,  his  inferior  place  being  further  marked  by  the 
child  s  plaited  side  lock.  Occasionally,  however,  he  is 
shown  as  hawk-headed,  and  thus  associated  with  the  sun. 

Khons,  the  3rd  member  of  the  Great  Triad  of  Thebes, com- 
posed of  Amun,  ilaut,  and  Khons  their  offspring.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  a  character  of  Hercules,  and  also  of  the 
Moon.  In  the  Etymologicum  Magnum,  Hercules  is  called 
Chon.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  II  286. 

Khurja  (kor'ja).  A  town  in  Bulandshahr  dis- 
trict. Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  50 
miles  southeast  of  Delhi.  Population,  about 
27,000. 

Khusrau  (khus-rou'),  or  Khosru  (kos-ro'),  or 
Chosroes  (kos'ro-ez).  [See  Kdikhnsrau.^  As 
Kaikliusrau,  the  thirteenth  Iranian  king  of  the 
Shahnamah  (see  Kaiklntsmit);  in  history,  the 
name  of  the  twenty-first  and  twenty-third  Sas- 
sanian  kings.  Khusrau  I.  (called  Nushirvan, 'the  gen- 
erous mind')  reigned  531-579.  He  had  several  wars  with 
the  Romans.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  first  in  632  or  533, 
Justinian  purchased  peace  by  an  annual  tribute  of  '140.000 
pieces  of  gold.  One  of  the  conditions  imposed  by  Khus- 
rau was  that  seven  Greek  philosophers  wlio  were  pagans 
should  be  allowed  to  live  in  the  R<.)nian  r.mpire  without 

persecution.    At  the  close  of  the  sec i  war  (540-561)  .lus- 

tinian  promised  an  annual  tribute  of  4n,i'0o  pieces  of  gold, 
and  received  in  return  the  cession  of  Colchis  and  Lazica, 
Khusrau  died  before  the  end  of  the  third  war,  which  be- 
gan in  571.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of  Persia. 
His  empire  extended  from  the  Indus  to  the  Red  Sea,  and 
large  portions  of  central  Asia,  perhaps  also  a  part  of  east- 
ern Europe,  recognized  him  as  their  king.  He  w^as  des- 
potic and  cruel  but  firm,  encouraging  agriculture,  trade, 
.tnd  learning.  He  caused  viirious  Greek,  Latin,  and  San- 
skrit works  to  be  translated  into  Persian.  Khusrau  II. 
(surnamed  Parviz  or  Parveez.'the  generous')  reigned  590  or 
591-628.  He  recovered  the  throne  of  his  father  Hi)rmisdas 
IV.  with  the  aid  of  the  Byzantine  emperor  Maurice.  After 
the  murder  of  Maurice,  Khusrau  made  war  upon  the  ty- 
rant Phocas,  conquering  Mesopotamia,  Syria,  Pjilestine, 
Egypt,  and  Asia  Minor,  finally  encamping  at  Chalcedon, 
oppositeCitnstaiitinnpIe.  Heraclius saved  theempire,  re- 
covering the  lost  provinces  and  carrying  the  war  into  Per- 
sia. Worn  out,  Khusrau  resolved  in  628  to  abdicate  in 
favor  of  his  son  Merdaza ;  but  .Shirvali  or  .Siroes,  his  eldest 
son.  anticipating  the  design,  put  his  father  to  death.  No 
Persian  king  lived  so  splendidly  as  Kliusrau  II. 

Khuzistan  (cho-zis-tiin' ).  A  i)ro viuco  of  west- 
ern Persia,  bounded  by  Luristan  on  the  north 
and  northeast,  Farsisi  an  on  tlie  east,  the  Persian 
Gulf  on  the  south,  and  Turkey  on  the  west.  It 
was  the  ancient  Susiana. 

Khyber  (chi'ber)  Pass.  A  narrow  and  difficult 
mountain  pass  in  eastern  Afglianistau,  leading 
from  Port  Jumrnd  to  Dakka,  and  commanding 
the  route  from  Peshawar  to  Kaliul.  It  has  been 
an  important  strategic  point.  It  was  traversed  by  Al<-x. 
ander  the  Great  and  by  many  later  armies,  including  the 
British  forces  in  the  two  Afghan  wars.  Also  Ehybar,  Khai- 
har,  etc. 

Khjrrabad.    See  Ehairabad. 

Khyrpur.    See  Khairpur. 


Kielce 

Kiakhta  (ke-ach'ta).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Transbaikalia,  Siberia,  situated  in  lat. 
50°  10'  N.,  long.  106°  50'  E.  It  has  border  trade 
with  China,  particularly  in  tea. 

Kiang-si  (kyiing'se').  A  province  of  China, 
bounded  by  Hu-peh  and  Ngan-hui  on  the  north, 
Che-kiang  and  Fu-kieu  on  the  east,  Kwang- 
tung  on  the  south,  and  Hu-nau  on  the  west. 
Area,  72,176  square  mUes.  Population  (1896), 
est.,  24,599,000. 

Eliang-SU  (kyang'so').  A  pro\-ince  of  China, 
bounded  by  Shau-tung  on  the  north,  the  Yellow 
Sea  on  the  east,  Che-kiang  on  the  .south,  and 
Honan  and  Ngan-hui  on  the  west.  Area,  44,500 
square  miles.  Population  (1896),  est. ,21,974,000. 

Kiao-chau  (ki-iio-chou').  A  city  and  seaport  of 
the  province  of  Shan-tung,  China.  It  was  occupied 
by  Germany  in  1897,  and,  with  adjoining  territory  amounts 
ing  to  about  200  square  miles,  became  a  German  protec- 
torate in  189S. 

Kickapoo  (kik'a-po).  [PI.,  also  A'(cA"rt7JOos.]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  of 
the  Ohio  valley,  and  prominent  in  the  history  of 
the  region  to  the  end  of  the  War  of  1812.  in  1852 
many  went  to  Texas  and  afterward  to  Mexico,  and  in  1S73 
some  were  brought  back  and  settled  in  tlie  Indian  Terri- 
tory. 

Kidd  (kid),  Captain  'William.  Born  probably 
at  Greenock,  Scotland:  hanged  at  Execution 
Dock,  London,  May  23,  1701.  A  notorious  pi- 
rate, lu  1695,  on  the  recommendation  of  Robert  Living- 
stone, a  ct-donist,  Richard  Coote,  earl  of  Bellamont,  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  Bay,  placed  Kidd  in  command  of  a 
privateer  with  a  special  commission  to  suppress  piracy. 
Bellamont,  Orford,  Somers,  Ripmney,  and  Shrewsbury  were 
to  pay  the  greater  part  of  the  cost.  His  ship,  the  Adven- 
ture, sailed  from  Plymouth  lor  New  York,  May,  1696,  and 
from  New  York  to  .Madag.ascar.  It  was  soon  reported,  how- 
ever, that  Kidd  had  l)ecome  a  pirate  himself,  and  when  he 
returned  to  Boston,  July,  1699,  he  was  arrested.  He  pre- 
tended that  he  had  been  overpowered  by  his  crew,  and  that 
acts  of  piracy  had  been  committed  against  his  will,  and 
that  other  ships  had  been  taken  under  French  passes.  He 
failed,  Ixowever,  to  give  a  satisfactory  account  of  the  Queda 
Merchant,  his  last  prize.  Kidd  and  several  of  his  crew 
were  sent  to  England  and  were  tried  at  tlie  Old  Bailey  and 
executed.  A  portion  of  tlie  Queda  Merclianfs  treasure 
was  buried  on  Gardiner's  Island,  New  York,  and  is  popu- 
larly supposed  never  to  have  been  recovered,  but  was  re- 
moved by  the  colonial  authorities  in  1699. 

Kidderminster  (kid'er-min-st^r).  A  town  in 
Worcestershire,  England,  situated  on  the  Stour 
16  miles  southwest  of  Birmingham.  It  is  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  carpets.  The  town  is  associated 
with  Richard  Baxter.     Population  (1891).  24,803. 

Kidnapped.  A  novel  by  R.  L.  Stevenson,  pub- 
lished in  1886. 

Kidron.    See  Eedron. 

Kieff  (ke'ef),  orKiev(ke'ev).  1.  A  government 
of  southwestern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Volhyuia,  Minsk,  TchernigolT,  Pul- 
towa,  Kherson,  and  Podolia.  The  soil  is  fertile. 
Area,  19,691  square  mUes.  Population  (1890), 
3,138,900.-2.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Kieff,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  50°  26' 
N.,  long.  30°  35'  E.  It  is  called  the  "  mother  city 
of  Russia."  The  Cathedral  of  .St.  Sophia,  founded  in 
1017  and  restored  in  the  14th  century  after  injury  by  the 
Tatars,  was  finally  put  in  repair  in  1850.  It  w.as  originally 
a  reproduction  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople  on  a  scale 
of  one  fourth,  and  this  original  structure  remains  almost 
intact,  but  snbsctiiirnt  additions  on  .all  sides  have  made 
the  church  niiuli  larger.  The  plan  is  almost  a  square; 
the  interior  heiglit  is  73\  feet;  the  height  of  the  cross  on 
the  highestof  the  7  domes,  154  feet.  The  main  p;irt  of  the 
interior  is  a  Greek  cross  with  arms  9i»  feet  long  and  '26 
wide.  Nearly  all  the  walls  and  arches  are  covered  with 
mosaics  on  a  gold  ground,  some  of  them  Byzantine.  The 
figure  of  the  Virgin  occupying  the  semi-dome  of  the  chief 
apse  is  especially  noteworthy.  There  are  many  curious 
frescos  in  the  galleries  and  subsidiiu-y  parts  of  the  churcli. 
There  is  a  very  fine  old  crypt.  The  I'echerskoi  monastery 
(with  its  catacombs)  and  flie  university  are  also  of  inter- 
est. 'The  city  was  the  ca]iilaU>f  the  grand  princes  of  Kictf ; 
Wiis  sacked  by  the  Mongols  in  1240 ;  passed  later  to  Lithua- 
nia and  Poland ;  and  was  annexed  to  Russia  in  the  17tli 
century.     Population  (1897).  "iLS.TaO. 

BUeff  (ke'ef),  Grand  Principality  of.  A  grand 
principality  of  Russia  in  the  middle  ages.  Un- 
der Oleg  (about  900)  the  seat  of  the  \  arangian  power  was 
transferred  to  Kieff.  After  1064  it  was  regarded  as  the 
head  of  the  other  Russian  principalities.  From  the  middle 
of  I  lie  12th  century  it  lost  its  preeminence.  It  fell  later  to 
the  'I'atars  and  Lithuanians,  and  finally  to  Russia. 

Kiel  (kcl).  A  scaiKirt  in  the  province  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  Kiel  harbor 
in  lat.  54°  19'  N.,  long.  10°  9'  E.  It  is  the  chief 
German  naval  station  in  the  lialtic,  and  the  principal  city 
of  the  province  ;  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  Europe ; 
and  is  the  terminus  of  a  canal  to  the  North  Sea,  opened 
1895.  Docks  and  cinays  have  been  recently  greatly  de- 
veloped. It  has  several  art  and  other  museums  and  a 
university.  A  peace  was  concluded  here,  .Ian.  14,  1814,  by 
which  Denmark  ceded  Norway  to  Sweden  and  Helgoland 
to  Great  Britain,  and  leccived  Swedish  Pomerania  and 
Riigen  from  .Sweden.     Population  (IIHHII.  107,938. 

Kielce  (ke-elt'se).  1.  A  govornmentof  Poland, 
Russia,  boinided  by  Piotrkoff  and  Radom  on 
tlie  north,  Austria-Hungary  on  the  east  and 
south,  and  Prussia  on  the  west.     Area.  3.89^ 


^®^*'®  5"0  King  George's  Sound 

square  miles.     Population,  692,328. — 2.    The  burv.  London  Feb  7  Ifil'^-  aipH  nt  WTiitoViQil      ^o„i^™.,„i  *  _„    »•       t-- 

eipital of  the  goverUent  of  Kielee,  situated  96  Lon'don?Mar°h  ll,  1683    in  EnllisL^madst'     UppefoeUte  °°  ^-^-^endge  clay,  in  the 

momT%^^  "^^'^  "         "'^'^-     P^P^'^"""  brother  of  Sir  William  Killigrew".    Hewaaapageoi  Kiilpolung   (kim-p6-long'),    orKimonlune 

Xlsytl),  I'.if'i'-.         _       _  Cliarles  I.,  and  remained  loyal  to  him  and  his  successor.      ikiin-nn.lHT,.,^     A  t^,^^i!:Tv„ii      v'^^P^^    ■  S 


brother  of  Sir  William  Killio^ew.    „„ ..  j«  u  pa^ic  ui 
,i„„,-,,  i.,i^„.  Cliarles  I.,  and  remained  loyal  to  him  and  his  successor. 

Eielland  (eherand),  Alexander  Lange  Born  ^'^  P^iluced  and  wrote  many  new  plays  and  built  several 
at  Stavauger,  Xorwav,  Feb  IS  1844  A  Xor  V>'^a'*=rs.  He  is,  however,  best  remembered  as  a  wit. 
„  -  1-  i  ,  ,  J.  T  _..  iL,  ±o^^.  ^  *^oi-  Among  his  plays  are  CLiracilla "  forinted  lAllY  "Th^ 
wegian    novehst.      He  studied  at  the  Tniversity  of     P^irson's  Wedding "  (1644).  etc.  CPrmted  1641),     The 

Chnstiania,  and  was  a.liuitted  to  the  bar  in  1S72.  but  has  KilUffrew    Thomai?    known  n«  "tlio  ,-«„r,o.o,.  " 
never  practised  law.    In  18S9  he  edited  the  'Stavaneer     R;t^,  •„  ?ii,    IP"    J-     i  r^  ^i    ,-,^  younger. 
Avis,"  and  in  1891  became  burgom.ister  of  StaTan<-er      Born  ,n  Feb.,  16o/ :  died  July  21. 1. 19.    AnEng- 
Among  his  works  are  "Novelletter"  (1879),  "Sye  Novel-     "**"  dramatist,  son  of  Thomas  KiUigrew  (1612- 
"       l'j'^3).     He  wrote  "Chit  Chat  "(1719),  etc. 


(1883),    ■Fortuna"  (1884)7  "Sne"  (1S86X  ''"■  Sai'ikt   Hans 
Fest  ••  (lfS7),  '■  Jakob  "(1891). 

^epert  (ke'pert),  Heinrich.     Bom  at  Berlin, 
July  31,  1818:  died  there.  April  21,  1899.     A 


( kim-po-long').  A  town  in  Wallaehia,  Rumania 
81  miles  northwest  of  Bukharest.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood is  the  German  colony  Eisenau.  Pod- 
ulation,  10,180.  *^ 

Kinbum  (kin-bom').     A  former  fortress  in  the 
government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  at  the 

i^er;(F8o);;"Ga;^an^;^\-i;;".(i^^^^A;i^^^^^^^^^^    iFs^r-Fe';^;;;""  c-hirch'Sr-  an9T etV'"'-'"  odest"'  "^^  ^""''^'^  ''*"^'^- ''  "^"'^^  '^''  °- 

ffi  ■■fortn„l'^W''P|ne"'\i^I<.^lrL''ttiLs^  Kincardine  (Mn-kar'din),  or  Tlie  Meams 

Fesfn>*7.  ...T..„^..n^^o„  ^      ^     ^--^^  H.U1S  London,  May  28  1606:  died  at  London,     (marnz).  Amaritimecountvof  SeotlandTo^ 

lb9o.    An  English  poet  and  dramatist.    Among    ed  by  Aberdeen  on  the  north,  the  Korth  Sea  on 

— -.   ....  ..^,,,  .,,  ,,,,.     .,    h;s  works  are  "Three  Playes"  (1665),  '-Four    the  east,  and  Forfar  on  the  southwest      Z°l 

noted  German  geographer  and  chartographer,  J'.f,'^  ^^'"^^t.  (l^e^,  sonnets,  etc.  383  square  miles.     Population  (1891)   35  49^  ^ 

pi^fessor  at  the  University  of  Berlin.  ^He  p„b:  ^lUlDgton  Peak  (kil'ing-ton  pek).     A  peak  of  Kinchinjinga.     See  A„„,.A7,y°4„    ^'      ' 

shed    -Atli^  von  Hellas"  (1840-46;  rerised  ed.  1S71>.     ^^'^  ^^rcen  Mountains  in  Rutland  County, Ver-  Kind-hart's  Dream      A  namnhlet  writ+P„  T^^ 

Fni."  1,?-2  f,'f' °.^','f "  ,"!*^5',-.  "-^™'^'-  Handatl.^ ,!ei-    mont,  7  miles  east  of  Rutland :  4,240  feet  Heurv  Oiettle  itV  1 W-^     pamphlet  written  by 

Kev      t^Tkien  """"^    (-Vised  ed.  1885),  etc.  KilUs  (kil'lis).  A  town  in  the  vUayet  of  lleppo,     -"-''  y^'ltTl.V^  I'lzi  J.^  '"^P"'^" -^  'he  flist 

Kiffa-(kif'fa).    [Ar.KiTa.  a  scale-pan.]    A  name    ;t\Von '^^S'oo?"'"' °°'''' °' '"''P^^-    "'"P' 

ot  two  stars  o  and  J  Libra.,  both  of  the  second  v^l™?;v,wi'i      -   '      ^       ,         .  ^     . 

magnitude.    The  former  is  Kifia  Australis  •  the    nf  n  ^,?^^™r  ^f l^-™™^"")-    -^  ^.^-^^tern  suburb 

latter,  Kiifa  Borealis.    They  are  also  known  as    Ci  'e   'was  ^^nfdlnTss'''*^"'''''^''''  ^-  ^• 
Kikinda  (ke'ken-do),  Nagy.     A  town  in  the  ^Jma^segg  (kil  man-seg),  Miss.     In  Thomas 

ST  22'768.*'^°"*"'    ^"^"^^-"-      ^"^'^1^*^°°  wfth'a  goMTnTg.  ^°^"  ^^  '^^™''  ^  ^^^^^^ 

Kikusni  (ke-ko'yo).     See  Kamha.  Who  can  forget  her  a 
Kilauea  (ke-lou-a'a).     An  active  volcano  in  the 

island  of  Hawaii,  Hawaiian  Islands,  about  30 


miles  southwest  of  Hilo.  Height,  about  4,000 
feet.  Circumference  of  crater,  about  Smiles. 
Kildare  (kil-dar').  l.  a  county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Westmeath  and  Meath 
on  the  north,  Dublin  and  Wicklow  on  the  east. 
Carlow  on  the  south,  and  King's  County  and 
Queen's  County  on  the  west.  It  is  famous  for 
Its  antiquities.    Area,  654  square  miles.    Popu 


.^..  „..  auspicious  pedigree,  her  birth,  chris- 

tenmg  and  chUdhood.  her  accident,  her  precious  leg.  her 
fancy  ball,  her  marriage  a  la  mode,  followed  in  swift  suc- 
cession by  the  Hogartliian  pictures  of  her  misery  and 
death  ■  E.  C.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  80. 

KilTnamock  (kil-mar'nok).  A  town  in  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  Kilmarnock  Water 
20  mOes  southwest  of  Glasgow,  it  manufactures 
carpets,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
"Kilmarnock  cowls."  Thetown  contains  relics  of  Burns. 
The  Kilmarnock  district  of  burghs,  returning  1  member  to 
Parliament,  comprises  Kilmarnock,  Dumbarton,  Port-Glas- 


allusion  to  ^hakspere  after  that  in  Greene's  "  Groats»  orth 
of  W  It  '.■  "Because  myselfe  haue  seene  his  demeanor  no 
less  ciuiU  than  he  exclent  in  the  qualite  he  professes  •  be. 
sides  diuers  of  worship  haue  reported  his  vprightness  of 
dealing,  wliich  argues  his  honesty,  and  his  facetious  grace 
m  WTitting,  that  approues  his  art" 

Kind  Keeper,  The.    See  Limherham. 

King  ( king).  Charles,  Bora  at  Xew  York,  March 
16.  17S9  :  died  at  Frascati,  Italy,  Sept.  27,  1867. 
An  American  journalist  and  educator,  son  of  Ru- 
fus  King:  president  of  Columbia  College  1849- 
1864.  " 

King,  Edward.  Bom  at  Cork.  Xov.  16, 1795 :  died 
at  Dublin,  Feb.  27,  1837.  An  Irish  writer  on 
Mexican  antiquities.  He  was  a  son  of  the  third  Earl  of 
Kingston,  and  by  courtesy  had  the  title  of  Viscount  Kings- 
borough.  Jlost  of  his  active  life  was  devoted  to  his  illus- 
trated work  "Antitiuitiesof  Mexico"  (9vols.  andaportion 
of  a  10th  vol.,  imperial  folio,  London,  1830-48).  In  this  he 
attempted  to  prove  a  Jewish  migration  to  Mexico. 

King,  Francis  S.  Born  m  Maine  in  1850.  An 
American  engraver,  principally  noted  for  wood- 
engraving.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Society  of  American  Wood-Engravers. 


iatinn"7lSQVr"7n"nfi°'  "o'  °"^"'T''  ""'1*1    ^'>P^:     ??>''.  Kenfrew,  and  Kutherglen.     Population  (1891).  28;i4 


„2!lL'.--'^t-°f.^?!!^yan  Methodists-    la^, :io  mUes" noi^heast  of -^^^r-^^Ci::   King;  Rufus. "  Bom  at  Scarboroi^h;-MaI^ 

March  24.  Ii55:  died  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island, 
-An  American  statesman 


,-»r      V.  „  ,:X,\*,-.,    ^"""'^>-""".      un  «  esieys  death 

(March  2.  1,91),  Kilham  became  a  leader  of  the  party  op-     lasi  •-■ — 

posed  to  the  estiblished  church.     He  was  eipeUed  from  ■R^ffi^oT. /l-l         •^,^^      a  n 

the   "Connection,     and  m   1797,  with   three   Methodist  JiJirUsn  (Kll-rush  ).    A  small  seaport  and  water- 
preachers  and  a  few  laymen,  established  at  Leeds  the    ing-place  in  County  Clare,  Ireland,  situated  on 

Tri"^^=^lio"c,fi-i'?°''^'-i°?-'  rru  ,  the  Shannon  36  miles  west  of  Limerick. 

"  v<f.P?*^^  e^lUm-its)^  The  members  of  the  Kilsyth(kil-sith').  A  town  in  Stirlingshire,  Scot 
«.  .  H  ^^"'"'^V,""  of  ^esleyan  Methodists":  land,  10  miles  northeast  of  Glasgow.  Herein' 
so  caUed  from  Alexander  Kilham  (1762-981,  the  15, 1645.  the  Royalists  under  Mont^se  defeated  th^'(ivf 
tounder  ot  tue  organization.  nanters.    Population  (1891), 6,064. 

Kilia  (ke'le-ii).  1.  The  northern  mouth  of  the  Kilwa  (kel'wa),  or  Quiloa  (ke'lo-a).  A  seaport 
Danube. — 2.  A  town  in  the  government  of  Bes-  iu  German  East  Africa,  situated  on  an  island  off 
sarabia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kilia  arm  of  the  ^^^  coast,  in  lat.  8°  58'  S.,  long.  39°  31'  E.  it  was 
Danube,  97  miles  southwest  of  Odessa  Ponu-  fo'""<l?<i  by  the  Arabs  in  the  loth  century,  and  the  Portu- 
lation,  8,014.  ^         guese  became  established  there  in  1508.  Population,  about 

¥??,-^^,f,;i„tl^  n'-f"-"'     ,   ->  -r^.,.         Kilwinning  (kil-win'ing).   A  town  in  Ayrshire 

^ii^n'^Ti"!  •*  .!  tl'"^""^''^"!'  .""".^l^Pia  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Garnock  'Smiles 
Njaro.  The  highest  known  mountain  of  Africa,  southwest  of  Gla^^^ow  ^,  i.„„t^A<  ,  "T^ 
situated  about  lit  'io  =i' S  lr.r>r,  ^7o  ij:' r  ,1  »o"iu"ebi  or  ijiasgow.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  ab- 
wit„  ■;  .  ^  V    '    o?"-  ■*'     -^^    ^-    "     bey,  and  as  the  earUest  seat  of  Scottish  freemasomv.  Ponu- 

has  two  summits,  connected  by  a  saddle  of  lava.     It  was     lation  (1891),  3,835  ."-om.i.  ropu 

^r/s"  f'elt.'"'  ^'•'"'  ^"^  i^«-h<^i'«  i»  i«s9    H'igh^  Kimball  (kim'bal).  Richard  Burleigh.  Bomat 
Kilkenny  (kil-ken'i).     1.  A  county  in  Leinster,    F.'^H^^^ld.  ^':  H,,  Oct.  11,  1S16:    died   at   New 

IPAlanrl  l-innr^/1rt.-l       V...      /"\..^ '  /,   *__        ...  ,, 


18^2  he  surveyed  and  charted  the  greater  part  of  the 
north,  ncjrthwest,  and  west  coasts  of  Australia-  and  a3 
commander  of  the  Adventure  was  .associated  with  Captain 
i  itzroy  in  surve.ring  the  southern  coasts  of  South  America, 
1826-30.  (fiee  Fitzroy,  Robert.)  King  pubUshed  a  narra- 
tive  of  his  Australian  survey,  various  chaits  and  sailine 
directions  of  the  regions  surveved  bv  him,  and  contributed 
to\  oLI  of  thenarrativeof  thevovageottheAdventnreand 
Beagle,  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  resided  at 
Sydney.  He  became  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list  in  1855. 


Ireland,  bounded  by  Queen's  Countv  on  the 
north,  Carlow  and  Wexford  on  the  eas't.  Water- 
ford  on  the  south,  and  Tipperaiy  on  the  west. 
-Area,  796  square  miles.  Population  (1891),' 
8i,261.— 2.  The  capital  of  Countv  KUkennv, 
situated  on  the  Xore   63  miles  southwest   of 


York,  Dec.  28,  1892. 


X.  Y.,  April  29,  1827.    „.„.^.,^„„ 

and  diplomatist.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  1784 ; 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787.andof  the 
Massachusetts  ratifying  convention  17S7-SS ;  I'nited  States 
senator  from  Xew  York  1789-96 :  United  States  minister  to 
Great  Britain  1796-1S03  ;  Federalist  candidate  for  the  lice- 
Presidency  in  1S04  and  ISOS  ;  United  States  senator  1813-25 ; 
and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1825-26.  He 
wrote,  with  Hamilton,  the  "Camillus  Letters." 

King,  Thomas  Starr.    Bom  at  Xew  York,  Dec. 

16,  1S24:  died  at  San  Francisco,  March  4, 1864. 

An  American  Unitarian  clergynian,lecturer,an(i 

author.    He  wrote  "  The  White  HiUs :  their  Le- 

.      .     -. ;•-   gends.  Landscapes,  and  Poetry"  (1859),  etc. 

r^^ii'SZr^Lrof  t?I  ^-f^T^^^^^-j^^^j^^^S-^' 


founded  the  town  of  Kimball  in  Texas ;  built  part  of  the 
first  railroad  in  that  State,  running  from  Galveston  and 
was  its  president  from  lS.>4-60.  He  wrote  "St.  Leger,  etc  " 
(lS50),"Letters  from  Cuba  "  (18;*).  ■  Undercurrents  of  Wall 
Street "  (1861),  "Was  he  Successful  ?  "(18631,  "Stories  of  Ex- 
ceptional Life  "  (1887).  etc.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had 
completed  "  Half  a  Century  of  Recollections." 


h,   ?,!?■     .^  '^'l''^'  buildings  are  the  castle,  founded  in  Kimberlev  (kim'ber-li).  fXamed  from  the  Earl 

tne  12tn  century  by  strongbow,  some  of  whose  towers  still     .^t' T.";^il,«..l«^  n   ti .„_;>-i  _i! /^_, .       ,       ,  tt- 

remain  (now  a  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde);  and  the 
cathedral,  founded  in  IISO,  a  fine  Early  English  huildin.. 
of  medium  size.  It  has  a  large,  low,  central  tower.  The 
western  fagade  presents  a  large  window  beneath  which  are 
inree  qnatrefoUs,  and  a  fine  doorway  of  two  trefoil-headed     necteo  uy  railway  witncape  town.  Population(] 

tTn^sepfrisfsln'^l'd^I^i'^h'S'Trower'^S^^ 

16  in  base  diameter.    The  entrancr  il'  8  feef  aS  the  Kimbundu  (kem-bon'd61.    The  native  language 

ground.    Population  (ISSIX  11,04a  of  the  Ambundu,  or  Angola  nation,  spoken  l>e- 

Killaloe  (kil-a-16').    A  small  town  in  Coimtv    ty^<?en  tbeLufuni  (Lifune),  Kuango,  andLonsa 

Clare,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Shannon  12  miles    rivers.  Wpst  Africa     \v;ti,*>,„:,i„-i:.„j  ._j — .-  "_ 


X.  C.,  _4pril,  17S6:  died  in  Dallas  County,  Ala., 
April,  1853.  An  American  statesman.  *  Hewu 
member  of  Congress  from  Sorth  Carolina  1811-16 ;  United 
States  senator  from  Alabama  1819-44 ;  United  States  minis- 
ter to  France  1844-46 :  and  United  States  senator  from  Ala- 
bama lS46-,=i3.  He  was  elected,  as  Democratic  candidate, 
\  ice- President  in  1852,  and  took  theoathof  office  at  Hai-ana 
in  1853. 


northeast  of  Limerick,  it  contains  a  cathedral  a 
handsome  cruciform  12th-centurv  structure  with  central 
tower,  and  a  recessed  Romanesque  doorwav,  elaborately 
sculptured.  In  the  churchyard  stands  a  curious  Irish 
stone  roofed  church. 

Killarney  (ki-lar'ni).  AtowninCo.  Kerry.Ire- 
laiiil,46miles  west-northwest  of  Cork,  inthenei-h- 
borhood  are  the  Lakes  of  Killamev,  a  chain  of  three  snTall 
lakes,  celebrated  for  their  beauty.  Population  (1891),  5,510 

KllUecrankie  (kil-i-krang'ki),  A  pass  in  Perth 
shire,  Scotland,  26  miles  northwest  of  Perth 


literary  uov.      ^.u^uiuei  uimtrti^tuc  na^tUUit.  ljUlM.Ut',  naKu. 

Songo,  Umbangala  or  K.asanji,  Mbondo,  Sgola,  and  Ithamba^ 
See  these  names  and  Uiyihundu, 

.     ^ .„, ,^.,  ^„....,.^.„  „i  J.  run    Kimchi  (kim'ke),  or  Kimhi  (kim'he),  David. 

Here,  July  17, 1689.  the  Highlanders  under  Viscount  Dun-      *^''''  Somchi. 

dee  (Claverhonse)  defeated  the  government  forces  under  KimmerianS.     See  CimmerMnx. 
Ki1Ww?vt'"''f''^" ''"''''"''«        •    T     .     Kimmeridge  (kim'er-i.i).     Alocalitv  inthe  Isle 
Jiimgrew  (kil  i-gro),  Thomas.     Bom  m  Loth-     of  Purbeek,  England,  which  gives  iame  to  the 


of  Kimberlev.]  ThecapitalofGriqualandWest,  T^J^^-,,^    v        ^     k    ,     -u   -n 

Cape  Colony,  about  lat.  28°  53'  S    lono-  040  40'  -I^Ulg  and  JMo  King,  A.  A  play  by  Beaumont  and 

E  Ithasbeendevelopedbythediamond-miningiu'dustn-.  T^.'^Titivl'?"^ '^  ^"- ^°^^  ^""^  '^ST'^  '^A^^^' 
The  diamond-fields  were  first  worked  in  isn.  It  is  con-  '^^^^S  ATtnur.  An  epic  poem  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
nectedbyrailwaywithCapeTown.  Population(1891).28,718.      published  in  1S49. 

pmberley,  Earl  of.    See  WodeUouse.  King  Arthur,  or  The  British  'Worthy.  A  dra- 

matic opera  by  Diyden,  music  by  Purcell,  per- 
foi-med  and  printed  in  1691. 
King  Cole.  -^  nursery  rime  :  a  legendary  sat- 
ire on  King  Cole,  who  reigned  m  Britain,  as 
the  old  chroniclers  inform  us.  in  the  3d  century 
after  CTirist.  AccordingtoRobertof  Gloucester,  he  was 
the  father  of  St.  Helena;  and  if  so.  Butler  must  be  wrong 
in  ascribing  an  obscure  origin  to  the  celebrated  mother  of 
Constantine.  King  Cole  was  a  brave  and  popuLir  man  iu 
his  day,  and  ascended  the  throne  of  Britain  amidst  the 
acclamations  of  the  people,     BaUiirell,  Xnrsen-  P.hvmes. 


nvers.  West  Africa.  With  the  civilised  and  semi-civ- 
ilized  -Angolans  this  language  has  extended  as  a  trade  lan- 
guage throughout  Lunda  and  Luhuku,  and  accompanied 
Portuguese  authorities  and  settlements  to  the  Benguella, 
Mossamedes,  andKongo  districts  of  the  provinceof  Angola. 
In  the  islands  of  S.  Thome  and  Principe,  just  north  of  the 
equator,  it  is  the  general  language  of  the  plantation  hands, 
being  also  understood  by  the  natives  of  these  islands.    The 


",....5.  .M,.-,^  u>iu,-iL,,wu  tjy   iiic  iiait.csui  nitric  iMaiius.      iije        ■ipr.l-ini.jfii-.Tic  ^f  fl 

dialects  of  Loanda  and  .Mbaka  prevail  for  intertribal  and   Tri„„-6"i~.°ll      '."iT'Vi    a """  -"X'T-'  i^-'—T 

literaryuse.   The  other  dialects  are  Klsama  Lubolo,  Baku     -"^g  Estmere.     A  ballad,  preserved  m  Percy  S 

Snntrn  nmv,o„™..io  „ ir„„„,i  Ml — 1„  x" — 1 J , rt „ „. ,.  '     "  Keliqucs. "  Tcla tlug  thc  story  of  Estmere.  king 

of  England,  who  slew  the  Soudan  of  Spain  and 


gained  a  \\-ife. 
Kingfisher  (king'fish'er).    A  city  in  Kingfisher 

County,  Oklahoma.     Population  a900).''2,301. 
King  George's  Sound.  An  excellent  harbor  at 

the  southwestern  comer  of  West  Australia. 


King  George's  War                                                    571  Kiptchak,  Khanate  of 

Kine  George's  War.    In  Amerieau  history,  the     ornate  Perpendicular.    It  wasbuilt  between  1446 and  1616.  King  William's  Town.     A  town  in  Cape  Colo- 

w.fwaged  by  Great  Britain  and  its  American     ?:\':  «^^'J^-''|;;rr'c'u'!^:tIu,'''i'r;e^^^  ">;-.  "^ '"l^.T^'Z"''  "'  ^"'^  ^°'^'^°"-     ^''l'"" 

colonies  against  1  ranee  and  its  Indian  allies,     chapel  mcasuies  290  by  85  feet.    The  other  buUdings  uf  J.^'i°2-(f''"J-.''  ,''-^- 

being  the  American  phase  of  the  War  of  the     the  college  are  modern.  King  William  S  War.  In  Amerieau  history,  the 

Austrian  Succession,  1741-18:  so  named  from  Bling's  County.    A  county  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  "ar  waged  by  Gnat  Britain  and  its  colonies 

George  II.                                                                     boundedby  Westmeath  and  Meath  on  the  north,  against  France  and  its  Indian  allies,  being  the 

King  Horn.     An  English  "geste"  of  the  13th     Kildare  on  the  east.  Queen's   County  on  the  American  phase  of  the  contest  between  vari- 

ceiitury.    it  is  probably  a  translation  from  the  French     south,  Tipperary  on  the  southwest,  and  Gahvay  ous  European  powers  and  Louis  XIV.  of  France 

of  ■■  Horn  and  Rimenhild,"  written  during  the  same  cen-     ami  Eoscommon  on  the  west.    Al'ea,  772  square  (1089-97). 

tury;  but  the  original  idea  of  the  poem  is  much  earlier.     ^j,gg_      Population  (1891),  65,563.  Kinkel  (kiuk'el),  Johann  Gottfried.     Bom  at 

T^na  TnhT,    or  TCvn<r  TnTian      A  nioi-ilitv  with  Kingslev  (kiugz'li),  Charles.     Born  at  Holne,  Oberkassel,  near  Bonn,  Prussia,  Aug.  11, 1815  : 

^^.ha^Wend.&fol^rplaVb;yohnVat     DefonsL^  LJh,  1819:   died  at  Eversley,  fiej  at  Zurich  Switzerland,  Nov.  12,  1882      A 

written  ijrobably  about  1538                                     Hampshire.  Jan.  23,  1875.     An  English  clergy-  German  poet,  historian  of  art,  and  revolution- 

ITitiir   TnhTi     '  A  historical  nl'nv  hv  Shaksnere       man  and  author.     He  studied  at  King's  College,  Lon-  'St-    Hepublished  "Gedichte"  (1843),  "Otto  derSchutz " 

img  JOnn.      A  mstoiical  plaj    Oy  bUakspere                 ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  Magdalene  CoUege,  Cambridge      He  (1849,  "  Nimrod "  <1857),  "DerGrobschmied  voD  Antwer- 

founded  on      Ihe  Troublesome  Keigu  of  King     becime  curate  and  later  rector  of  Eversley,  Hampshire,  Pc"    (186S),  ■■Geschichte  der  bildenden  Kunste"  (1845), 

John."     It  was  written  before  1598,  and  hrst     and  in  1S46  was  made  canon  of  Middleham.    He  was  ap-  e^'-       .    ,  _       ,       ... 

_printed  in  the  1623  folio.                                                  pointed  professor  of  English  literature  in  Queen's  College,  Eannaird  Head  (ki-uard'  bed).    A  promontory 

Kine  John,  Troublesome  Reign  of.      A  play     aLondon  institution,  and  laterbecameprofcssorof  modern  in  the   nortueast  of  Aljerdeenshil-e,  Scotland', 

*^   °     ,        '      1  „„    ■   1  ,  1  ■   ,    ,.        ,.  ■    •    i            .        history  at  Cambridge  (1860),  canon  of  Chester  (1860),  and  i„»    t^To  m'  x-     in„„    oo  Tp- 

classed  as  a  elironiclehistoiv.     it  is  in  two  parts      canon  of  Westminster  (1873).    In  1874  he  visited  America,  'r-  ""     'i^.  J^-,  long.  ..     W.            ,  „     ^,       ,, 

partIyproseandpartlyverse,proliablyactedinl5S8(Meay),      ^g  ^  ^^^^^^  j„  christian  socialism  he  published  many  KmrOSS  (klll-ros  ).       A  County  of  Scotland,  ly- 

printed  in  1591  («ard),  reprinted  in  1611  as     by  W.  Sh         pamphlets,  and  wrote  two  novels—"  Yeast"  (1848)  and  iiig  between  Perthshire  on  the  north  and  west 

?Serr-It'is  prob^bW  brPe\?e'wl'trLo  d'e  Gre'^^^               1' ''"°°  ^'>''^'' "  fi^""^'  .  ''«'■ ,  E"^^!"^V^  "'  .H'-ng-'T,:  a  and  Fife  on  the  south  and  east.     The  surface  is 

spere.      it  is  prooaoiy  ny  Peele,  wan  Lou„e,  oieeiie,  ana      drama,  appeared  in  1S48,  the  historical  novel  "Hypatia"  n-p„prallv  level        Avpn    7^  snunvp  miloo       Pnr, 

perhaps  Marlowe.                                                                            i„   iggg^  "  vVestward  Ho"  in   1866,  and  "  Hereward  the  ^f  5  '^   ,^ioi  f  'r  o^      '  '^  ^quaie  miles.      Pop- 

Kinglake    (king'lak),    Alexander  William.     Wake"inl866.     in  I859  he  was  made  one  of  the  Queen's  "^ition  (lBJi),b,_f<y. 

Born  Aug  5  1809-  died  Jan   2  1891      An  En"-     chaplains  in  ordinary.    Among  his  other  works  are  "Glau-  Kinsale  (kin-sal').     A  small  seaport  in  County 

lish  historian  of  the  Crimean  war.    m  1844  he  put-     T:i.?'a8^.^  ^'!^Ti^''w°L%\h^B''aim^^^  ^^'^IV  ^'I'^l^'^f  '''^''*'^^  °"  ^^^  ^'"^'^'"'  ^^  "^'^^^ 

Ushed  •■  Eothea,  or  Traces  of  Travel  Brought  Home  from      Tigl.  ^J.  Svs  ■,,,,?  Pnritons  ■•  nmirptr  '                 ^  S"^""'  "*  ^'"'^-     "  """^  »=''^'^"  ''>'  '^e  Spaniards  1601  and 

theEast.'   He  went  to  Algiers  in  1S45.    In  1864  he  followed     ^  °''^''     ^  lays  ami  1  uritans    (18  W),  etc.  retaken  by  the  English  1602,  and  was  the  place  of  landing 

the  army  to  the  Crimea,  and  stayed  until  the  siege  of  .Se-  KingSley,  Elbridge.     Born  at  Carthage,  Ohio,  o'  James  II.  in  1689,  and  of  his  embarkation  in  1690. 

bastopol.     The  "Invasion  of  the  Crimea"  appeared  in     1842.  An  American  wood-engi'aver.  Hisprincinal  Kinsayder.W.  Apseudonym  under  which  Mars- 

eigbt  volumes  between  1863  and  1887.    He  was  member  of     „orks  are  engravings  after  Inness,  the  Barbizon  painters,  ton  published  his  satires  entitled  "The  Scourge 

fn^S™"?  x]^'andVa™y        °"™"    ''     "^                   ^''."'  °'^''''  ^'*  >'"-™""g«  directly  from  nature.*^  of  Villanie."     In  the  play  "What  you  Will"  he  oddly 

ITiTurToar        V  tvim.ilvlw  SlnVsnprp  written  in   KlUgsley,  Heniy.    Boru  at  Barnack,  Northamp-  enough  applies  it  to  the  antagonist  he  is  abusing.    In  the 

i^ngljear.     .imaoiaj  uy  ssnah-spere,  wiuxeuin     j        j^:       England  Jan  2  1830- died  in  Sosspt  "Return  from  Parnassus"  he  is  apostrophized  as  "Mon- 

1605andiinntedinlb08.    "King  Lear  was  probably  on     Mw  ol  Ss^rr     a  '   #i;l1^l,  ,!1;    r  f  ^^  ^^^^  sieurKinsayder." 

the  stage  when  the  old  play  of  Leir  on  which  it  was  founded     May  24,  18/b.     An  Jinghsh  novelist  and  jour-  ti.„  .,<.„,1 ,. ..  t„i,„„  f    . ,  o  h  >.„  1    „„.^t     ti,      „„ 

wasp^lished."Thelatterisnottra8ical,andendshappUy.     nalist,  brother  of  Charles  Kingsley.     He  wrote  of  nnd Togs  rcroonb.g  Zeir  ta^l"    'lt"r^^^^^^^ 

"Therecan  be  no  doubt  that  Stafford,  thepublisher,  meant      "  Recollections  of  Geotfry  Hamlyn  "  (1859),  "Ravenshoe  "  pUnch  caIn  n  m  Eon  'a  liUle  doc^  aDnli^     also    n 

to  pass  off  this  old  play  as  Shakspere's."    It  was  pub-      (1862),  "Austin  Elliott  '  (1863),  "The  Hillyars  and  the  Bur-  Sdv  to  ^o  tiablvdXrued  man         ^'  ^^ 

lished  as  "The  true  Chronicle  History  of  King  Leir  and      tons"(1865),  "Leighton Court  "(1866),  ".SUcoteof  Silcotes"  '^'^'^"'  '"  "  piuauiy  ueio  meu  man. 

hisThreeDaughters,etc.,asithathbecndiveisandsundry     (1867),  "Stretton  "  (1869),  etc.  _.                                       Jaoruii,  tngiisn  uriteis,  a.  4U0. 

times  lately  acted,"  and  was  last  acted  in  1594.      shak-  Kinp-'c!  T.vtiti       Spp  f  mm  Upnii  Kiutyro   (kin-tir'),   or  Cantire  (kan-tir').      A 

spere's  play  was  published  as  "llr.  William  Shaksperc,  ^\^%,%  ivf  ",  •t,?:       /';„!,/;■„  V^-v  P^„„f„  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Argyllshire, 

HIS  True  Chronicle  History,  etc."     The  capital  HIS  is  ^^g  S  Mountain.     A  height  111  York  County,  £„„-.|„,,,]    ,,,;,,„  hetwpen  the  Firth  of  Clvde  nn 

thought  to  be  intended  to  distinguish  it  from  the  older     South   Carolina,   80  miles  north-northwest  of  O'^otlana,  l>iiig  between  tne  l^irtb  of  U>de  on 

play.    (Kra;/.)    Tate  adapted  Shakspere's  play  in  1681  and     Columbia.     Here,   Oct.  7,  1780,  the  Americans  under  *^'"^'',?"'"'^.*r.,     1,   n    ^..-w''^'^-*'".     .  .i"'^  .' 

Garrick    produced  "King  Lear  with  restorations  from     sevier  Shelbv  Camnbell  etc    defeated  the  RHtisli  .,nr.r  Its  southern  point,  the  Hull  of  kiutyre,  is  situated  m  lat. 

Shakspere'^^'innse.    Thfstory  of  Lear  was  originally  told     |t;^l'sot  wh'o' waTiltl ^  ";  iti'dfb";'? nfi^ef '^-    I'^"8">,  about  40  miles.  Great- 

by  Geotfrey  of  Monmouth,  and  IS  to  be  found  in  Layamons     and  wounded,  .and  648  prisoners.  .^?"'™''''''.ll  ™^''=^;„               .               .      ,,, 

"Brut    and  the" GestaRomanorum.       Holinshed repeats  ....          .         ,,  •       ,  j.      >       .                  ^        j  ii              •  KinZlg  (klllt  SIG)  I'aSS.     A  pass  in  the  canton 

it,  and  Spenser  gives  it  in  the  second  book  of  the."  Faerie  Kmgston  (king  ston)     A  seaport  and  the  capi-  ^^  ^ri,  Switzerland,  which  leads  from  Altdorf 

Queene.      The  old  ballad  of  "King  Leu-  and  his  Three     tal  ot  Jamaica,  Situated  on  the  southern  coast  *,,  fi,„  Ar„,^ito  Ti.oi  ;,,  «..i,,^,.,     t.  ■       »   ,• 

Daughters"  is  preserved  by  Percy!     It  is   not  certain     ;,,  lat.  17°  58'  N.,  long.   76°  48'  W. :  the  chief  .    ^ec  to    wfthS^varort^s  retreat  hS    Height"^ 790  fTt; 

whether  it  was  written  earlier  or  la  er  than  the  p  ay.             eommorcial  city  of  Jamaica.     It  was  founded  in  kinzuan    (Sn  ztr  116)       The  iangu  ge'  of  Vo- 

King-maker,  The.      A  popular  designation  of     1693  after  the  destruction  by  earthquake  of  Port  Royal ;  Tj^tf"    one  of  the  Comoro  Islands  East  Africa 

the  Earl  of  Warwick  (1420-71),  on  account  of     a,,d  was  severej^y  inju^d  1^  a  hurri^      in  1880,  and  by  l^tiruai'ii'lsVlantu  laruage,^a;ld"oexitis  win/o'tht; 

bis  influence  m  securing  the  accession  ot  Ed-     flfi-  "■  188..     Population  (I8JI),  46,o4..               ,  .,„  ,  Bantu  dialects,  and  with  .Malagasy  and  Arabic,  which  are 

ward  IV.  and  tlie  restoration  of  Henry  VI.            Kingston.      A  city  and  the  capital  of    Ulster  spoken  by  the  motley  crowds  of  immigrants.    Also  called 

King  of  Bath   The.     A  nickname  of  Richard     Comity,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  80  Umzuaui:  Anjuane. 

Nash.                 '                                                                  miles  north  of  New  York.     It  is  an  important  river  Kioko  (kyo'ko),  or  Makioko  (ma-kyo'ko).     A 

ICiTiir  nfTJiiTicPQ       A  Tiame  oiven  to  Collev  Cib-     port,  and  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  cement.    It  was  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Upiier  Kassai  valley,  also 

1^-^in  tlTe  -Xncird"                                                       l.'l'!;"?"  "^  ""=  British  Oct.  16,1777.     Population  ,190,.,,  called  Chibokwe  or  Kibokwe.  From  the  hea'd  waters 

TTinri  f\f  TfT^+rt-f       <pp   P/.1  tl'X'i^gyfnf                                -4.6.i.i.                                                                       ,        t^  of  the  Kassal  they  have  recently  e.\tended  down  its  val- 

mng  01  iveioi.     oet  .noj  «  J  ( ecot.                       .Kingston.    A  lake  port  and  the  capital  of  Fron-  ley  as  far  as  the  conlluence  of  the  Luebo  and  Lulua.    Ori- 

Jiing  01  Men,  ine.     a  title  ot  Z,eus  (Jupiter)     ^^^^^.  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  ginally  subjects  of  the  Lunda  tribe,  they  have  gained  the 

^}^'^  otXpuiwim^on.                ,,,    „           ^                site  of  the  French  fort  Frontenac,  at  the  head  upper  band  in  the  l.unda  coimtry,  and  depopulated  it  by 

King  Of  the  Beggars     Bamfyde  Moore  Carew.     „f  ^he   St.  Lawrence,  in  lat.  44°  11'  N.,  long,  k  Hl'/r(k'^^''len)    or  KiSlPr,    Monntainc      A 

King  of  the  Border,  The.  A  nickname  of  Adam    :.go  31'  w    itw.stikenbv  the  British  in  i76'^  Lidwas  ^io\en  V^jo  un),  01  isjolen,  Mountains.,  a 

,S,.ntt                                                                                          ;,      ^^.  "•     It  "as  taken  hynKcrmsnin  i/u-,  anawas  part  of  the  chain  of  Scandinavian  iMountams, 
_l''^oiL.                                                                                               the  capital  of  Canada  from  1841  to  1844.     It  is  an  impt)r-  ^     .        ,-                .,            ,  ..             i        ..  1    ..    ^.,o  xt 
King    of   the   Markets,    The.       l¥.  Lc  roi  des     tantnavalandmUltaiy  station.  Among  its  leading  indus-  tixt ending  northward  from  about  lat.  63°  N. 
Iidllci.l     A  name  given  to  the  Due  de  Beaufort     tries  is  that  of  ship-building.    Population  (I'.ioi),  17,961.  Kioto,  or  Kyoto  (ke-o  to),  sometimes  Miako 
(1616^69)  from  his  popularity  with  the  Parisian  Kingston  (in  St.  Vincent).     See  KitxjsUmn.  (me-ii'ko)  ('metropolis')  and  Saikio  (si-ke'b) 
populace.                                                                         Kingston,  Duchess  of  (Elizabeth  Chudleigh).  ('western  capital').     A  city  of  Japan,  on  the 
King  Philip's  War     In  American  history,  the    Born  1720:  died  near  Paris,  Aug.  2S,  17ss.     An  main  island,  about  lat.  3o°  N.,  long.  13.)°  30'  E. 
war  between  the  New  England  colonists  and    English  a^enttu^ss  who  niamed Captain  Her-  "J-^jriiS^ce^thL  lld^lo'^.r^U  186^^   UcSils 
the  confederated  Indians  (16/0-76)  under  the     vey  m  1<44  an<l  the  Duke  of  Kingston  in  li09.  ,|,„  imperial  palace.    The  pagoda  of  Kyomidzn  is  a  highly 
lead  of  Philip,  an  Indian  chief.     King  Philip     ,Foote  satirized  her  in  his  "  •Trip  to  Calais.    She  rcvciigud  ,,i,:ture8<iue  Buddhist  tower  of  6  stages,  with  widely  pro- 
was  killed  at  Mount  Hope,  B.  I.                                     hcrselfbyse™r.r,g  the  prohibitum  of  the  play.  .See  ^ua(,..  j,e,i„K  roofs  curved  upward  at  the  angles,  and  a  lofty 
Kine  Pvm       A  nickuan^  L'iven  to  John   Pvm  Kingston,  William  Henry  Giles.    BornatLou-  hooped  llmal.     Its  carved  woodwork  is  entirely  covered 
fJ^ra  hi^lfliiVn  e  L  a^Luamentarv  1^^^^^^          don.Feb.  28, 1814:  diedat  Willesden,  n.'ar  Lon-  with  red  lac„uer.    Population  (189-'),  297,627.        _ 
iioin  bis  mniiiniedsapaiJiamentaryleaaer.        ,i„,.'    »„_   r',oJ^   icoo       An   FnL'lish   novelist  KlO^Wan    ki'o-wan).     [Comanche  7i(fV0icf,  rat.] 
liSL^'^^ntc-  of      The  pWenth  „,ul   twelfth      ne'^v^rc^e'^-VfetiL'^slllnVhieh'  I84]  .^J'^lle  Pi'bn:  Mi!,--  -V  linguistic  'stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
iungs,  .Books   01.      ihe  eleventh  and  twelfth     |^,^^_..  .,[,us|,.inian  Sketches,"  and  numerous  b.,oks  for  represented  by  a  single  tribe,  the  Kiowa  (Kia- 
books  ot  tlie  Bible.     In  Hebrew  manuscripts  they  are     boys,  includingtravels  andtranslations  from  .Jules  Verne.  wayorKavowe)     They  early  lived  about  the  head  wa- 
undivided,  and  torn  a  continuous  narrative  of  the  Hebrew   KingStOn-OU-ThameS  (king'stdH-on-temz).     A  ters  of  tlie  Platte  River,  and  afterward  in  the  valley  of 
people   rom  the  later  days  of  King  David  to  the  captivity   7f,"°f  j,",,"    ,.oiVnt  V  of  Surrov"  EnL'land    situ-  'l'^'  "l'P«-  Arkansas.     They  now  number  1.140,  on  the 
ofJudah  in  Babylon.     The  division  into  two  b.ioks  was  first      l"«n  "V /'''    /  "''"'^  ,f  '^ ''' ' -^  ' /^"f''''"'''.  f „  '  Kiowa,  Comanche,  and  Wichita  reservation  in  Oklohama. 
made  in  the  septuagint  and  retaineil  in  the  \  uigate,  m     at  ed  on  the  1  lames  12  miles  southwest  ot  Lion-  ttj-i,-  '  _  ,i-;,,'ii  '  ,\  'D-,-,A-„--,A     H,^..,.  ..t  u.>,.,i,n-,j 
both  of  which  they  are  named  the  third  and  fourth  books     ,lon.     It  was  the  place  of  coromi.ion  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  ^.^Mf  f ,  VJ  i.''"^\'',,^,?^,trs[,    •  rfter        ,        M,!?,! 
of  Kings  (the  two  hooka  of  .Samue    being  the    Irst  and      ^-        („  th„  ]oth  century.     Population  (1891),  27,069.  ^  "1"'.  ',"  Y''^-  ,  ^V"''"^,     ''  'V  J      i    Vo     i    h T. 
second);  liencc,intbe  EnglisbBible,thedoubletille"The   Tr;»wro+/»»,  ,,«,..»,  TTi.ll       «   .,   ;/„;;  of  John  Loekwood  Kiplmg,  foiniorly  head  of  Ihe  Lahore 
first  book  of  the  Kings,  commonly  called  the  tbii-.llpo,,k  of  ^"SSJOn-UpOn-nUll.      o<  t   //"".  School  of  Industrial  Art.     He  was  educated  in  England, 
the  Kings,"  etc.     The  period  embraces  tln^  nigiis  ..f  all  the  KingStOWU  (  kjiig/,  toun  \.   A  seaport  and  water-  »,„!  returned  Ui  India  in  1S«0  as  8Ubedit.)r  ot  the  "  LiUiore 
klngsoflsr.aelandJudab.exeeptSauraandmostof  David's.      iiig-])l.ice   in   Cipiiiit}'  Dublin,  Ireland,  situated  Civil  and  Militaiy  Giizette."     He  returmil  to  England 
The  wcjrk  was  probably  composed  subst^mtially  before  the     ouDnlilin  111  V  7  miles  southeast  of  Dublin  '  for-  about  1S89,  and  lived  for  several  years  in  the  Cn  it  ed  .States, 
end  of  the  captivity,  the  compiler  being  Kuppos.'d  by  some     ^„,.i.,  ....n,,,.'  i  ),,,,|,,.,rv     Tt  istim  tprminnso'f  the  "^'  Published  while  in  India  stories,  sketeh.s,  and  poems 
to  have  been  a  eonfemporary  of  .Icremiab.    The  author-     ™011\  c  .iiii  ii  Dunli  .irv.  itist^o  terminus  ot  tlie  ,|„s„,.i|,tjv,.  ,,f  Indian  nn.l  Angh). Indian  militaiy  and  civil 
ship  is  nncLrtaiii.                                                                       ])ack(!t  line  trom  Uolyhoad.  Population  ^1891),  life:  "Departmental  Ditties,  etc."    "  Plain  Tabs  from  the 
Kinp<5hnrniicrb   'VisrniiTit.       Sen  JTiim    EtJmnr/J      17,352.  Hills,"  "  Mine  Own  IVopb.' "  Soldiers  Thiee,"  "BaiTaek- 
^Sl'e  rJ^lYf „^  Viscount.      S>ee  ill)  <7,  iajoarrt.   ^.  '       .                ,j.,      e.mital  of  St  Vincent  British  <'"om  Ballads,  etc..'  and  ,.|l,ers  ;  and,  after  leaving  Imlia, 

King  s  College.     A  college  of  Cambridge  Lni-  mngsto-wn.     luo  capita   ot  ftt.  Vincent, untisn     ..xbeLightihatFailed, ibe  Xanlahka"(^»Hli  lialestier), 

versitv,  founded  in  1441  by  Henry  VI.,  and  (in-     West  Indies,  situiaod  m  lat.  13°  9    N.,  long.  61°^    'Waiiylnventions, i'ho.TiingleHook,""TheSeeond.lun. 

ishedbvHenryVH.  and  Henry  VIII.    Thecharter     '•''"•    Poiiulation  (1891),  4, .547.  glo Book," "Tlie  Seven  .Sea»,"  "Captains Courageous,"  etc 

was  granted  July  10,1443;  the  buildings  were  begun  .Inly  King-te-chen  (king'te-chen').      A  city  in  the  KiptCliak     (ki)i-cliiik' ),    or    Kaptchak     (.kap- 

26,1440.    The  great  court  is  open  toward  the  street,  from      province   of  Kiangsi.    China,    .situated    on  tlie  chiik' ),Khanateof,i>rKingdomof  theGoldCn 

which  It  IS  separated  by  a  modern  many-turreted  giite  and     (;i,a,iir  iu  lat.  29°  10'  X.,  long.  117°  30'  E. :  cele-  Horde.  A  Mongol  kingdom  in  lOurope  and  Asia, 

rerpendicniar  screen.     On  the  west  side  stand  the llbrai-y     ,       ,   ^    "       ..                  ,    .                   p      *      „         xj  c          1     11       1           ,    l^.Vtn  „f  T  ...  .l,;..Sri.,..,  ;„  tt,. 

and  the  provost's  lodge.    On  the  north  side  is  the  chapel,     brated  lor  its  ])orcelain   manufactures.     Pop-  founded  by  descendants  ot  Jengliiz  Klian  m  the 

the  boast  of  Cambridge,  ranking  as  the  Unest  example  of     ulation,  estimateil,  about  500,000.  13th  century.     At  its  greatest  extent  it  reached  from 


Eiptchak,  Khanate  of 

the  Dniester  through  southern  Russia  and  western  Siberia 
to  central  Asia.  The  capital  was  Sarai  on  the  lower  Vol- 
ga. Novgorod  paid  homage  to  it.  It  was  overthrown  by 
Ivan  in.  of  Kossia  in  14S0.  "  In  the  course  of  the  fifteenth 
century  the  great  power  of  the  Golden  Horde  broke  up  into 
a  number  of  smaller  khanats.  .  .  .  The  Golden  Hoi-de  it- 
self was  represented  by  the  khanat  of  Astrakhan."  Free- 
vian.  ^^ 

Blirby  (ker'bi),  William.  Bom  at  Witnesham, 
Suffolk,  England,  Sept.  19,  1759 :  died  at  Bav- 
ham,  Suffolk,  July  4.  1850.  An  English  ento- 
mologist. His  chief  works  are  "  Monographia  Apum 
Angliie"  (1802),  ''History,  Habits,  and  Instincts  of  .Ani- 
mals "ilSSo),  "Introduction  to  Entomology  "(with  Spence, 
1S15-2C.1. 

Eirchbach.  (kirch'bach).  Count  Hugo  Ewald 
von.  Bom  at  Neumarkt,  Silesia,  Prussia,  May 
23, 1S09 :  died  Oct.  6, 1887.  A  Pms.sian  general, 
distinguished  at  Weissenburg,  Worth,  Sedan 
(1S70),  and  Mont-Valerien  (1S71). 

Eirchberg  (Idrch'berG).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  50  miles 
south  bv  east  of  Leipsic.  Population  (1890), 
7,730. 

Kirchheimbolanden  (kirch  ■  him-bo'lan-den). 
A  small  town  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria, 
16  miles  west  of  Worms. 

Kirchlieiin-unter-Teck  (kirch 'him -on' ter- 
tek').  A  town  in  the  Danube  circle,  Wtirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Lauter  15  miles  southeast 
of  Stuttgart.  It  has  an  important  wool-market. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  7.029. 

Kirchhoff  (kirch'hof),  Gustav  Robert.  Bom 
at  Konigsberg.  Prussia, ilaroh  12,  1824:  died  at 
Berlin,  Oct.  17,  1887.  A  noted  Genuan  physi- 
cist. He  was  professor  of  physics  at  Heidelberg  1854-74, 
and  at  Berlin  from  1874  until  his  death.  He  discovered 
(with  Bunsenlthe  method  of  spectrum  analysis  in  1860.  He 
published  "  Cntersuchungen  iiber  das  Sonnenspektrum" 
nS61),  etc. 

Kirchlioflf,  Johann  Wilhelm  Adolf.    Bom  at 

Berlin,  Jan.  6, 1S26.  A  German  philologist  and 
archaeologist,  professor  at  Berlin.  He  published 
"Die  homerischeOdyssee"(lS59).  "Die  umbrischen  Spnich- 
denkmaler  " (in  cooperation  with  Aufrecht,  1848-51),  "Das 
Stadtrecht  von  Bantia"  (1853),  ''Corpus  inscriptionumgrse- 
carum  "  fVol.  1, 1873X  etc. 

Kirghiz  (kir-gez').  A  nomadic  people  of  Mon- 
golian-Tatar race,  dwelling  in  southeastern 
Russia,  western  Siberia,  Russian  central  Asia, 
and  the  western  part  of  the  Chinese  empire. 
The  chief  divisions  are  K.ira-Kirghiz  and  Kirgliiz-Kazaks 
(dwelling  on  the  steppes,  and  comprising  the  Great.  Mid-" 
die.  Little,  and  Inner  Hordes).  Tlieir  numbers  are  esti- 
mated at  S.0OiJ,O<J<J. 

Kirghiz  Steppe.  An  administrative  division  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  southwest  of  Siberia,  it  com- 
prises .-Vkmolinst,  Uralsk,  Turgai,  Semipalatinsk,  and  Lake 
.\ral.    Area,  755,793  square  miles.    Population,  2,000,970. 

Kirin  (kir'in),  or  Girin  (gir'in).  A  town  in 
Manchuria,  Ciiinese  empire,  situated  on  the 
Sungari  about  lat.  44"=  N.,  long.  127°  E.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  120,000. 

Kiriris  (ke-re-res').  or  Cariris  (ka-re-res').  A 
tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians,  formerly  numerous 
in  the  interior  of  Bahia  and  Pemambuco,  now 
reduced  to  a  tew  hundred.  They  were  agriculturists, 
and  superior  to  most  Brazilian  tribes.  Von  den  .Steinen 
regards  their  language  as  a  remote  offspring  of  the  Carib. 

Kirjath-jearim (ker'jath-je'a-rim).  [Heb., 'for- 
est-town.'] In  Bible  geography,  a  town  of  the 
Gibeonites,  7  miles  west-northwest  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

BLirk  (kerk),  John  Foster.  Bom  at  Frederic- 
ton.  New  Brunswick.  1824.  An  American  histo- 
rian and  bibliographer.  He  has  published  a  "History 
of  Charles  the  Bold"  (1S63-6S),  and  a  supplement  to  Alli- 
bone's  "  Dictionary  of  English  Literature  "  (1891). 

Kirkbride  (kerk'brid),  Thomas  S.  Bom  near 
Mon-isrille,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  July  31,  1809: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  16. 1883.  An  American 
physician,  superintendent  of  the  Pennsvlvania 
Ho"spital  for  the  Insane  1810-83.  He  published 
"Hospitals  for  the  Insane"  (1854),  etc. 

Kirkcaldy  (ker-ka'di).  A  seaport  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  12  miles 
north  of  Edinburgh,  it  has  manufactures  ol  linen, 
floor-cloth,  machinery, etc.,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Adam 
Smith.  Kirkcaldy,  Burntisland,  Dysart.  and  Kinghorn  form 
the  Kirkcaldy  district  of  burghs,  returning  1  member  to 
Parliament.     Population  (1891),  27,151. 

Kirkcaldy,  Sir  William,  of  Grange.  Executed 
Aug.  3,  1573.  A  Scottish  soldier  and  knight, 
the  eldest  son  of  Sir  James  Kirkcaldy.  He  had 
a  prominent  share  in  the  mo'^'"'  of  Cardinal  Beaton,  May 
29,  1546.  He  was  impit<»rthwestrance  in  1547,  but  es- 
caped, and  was  employel  Killarneyd  VI.  in  secret  service. 
During  the  reign  of  Marj\beauly.  lernately  her  supporter 
and  opposed  to  her.  In  tb-ang't"*'*^"  governor  of  Edin- 
burgh Castle,  he  renewed Xjipf*  --dty,  and  held  the  town 
and  castle  for  her  until  the:,  i"©  taken  by  Sir  William 
Druo  .  May  -iS,  1573.  Vj.*"' 

Korkcudbright  (ker-kir'bri).  1.  A  maritime 
cotmtyin  the  southwest  of  Scotland,  also  called 
East  Galloway,     it  is  bounded  by  Ayr  on  the  north- 


572 

west,  Dumfries  on  the  northeast,  the  Solway  Firth  and  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  south,  and  Wigtown  on  the  southwest.    It 


Kittim 

Area,  874  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  125,- 
516. 


was  part,  of  the  ancient  lordship  of  Galloway ;  was  for^a  ^^-^^^q  (kesh-f-nef '),  Rumanian  KishlanOH 


time  under  the  rule  of  the  royal  steward  (and  hence  is  s 
called  the  "  stewartrj-  of  Kirkcudbright  "),  and  afterward 
under  the  Douglases ;  and  was  finally  united  to  the  Scottish 
crown  in  1455.  The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  north- 
west   Area,  898  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  39,986. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  countyof  Kirkcudbright, 
situated  on  Kirkcudbright  Bav  in  lat.  54°  50'  X. , 
long.  4°  3'  W.     Popularion  (1891),  2,530. 


(kesh-la-no'  or  -ngov').  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Byk  in  lat.  46°  .59'  X.,  long.  28°  49'  E. :  an 
important  trading  center.  Pop.  (1S97),  108,506. 
Kishm  (kishm),  or  Tamlah.  A  ban-en  island 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  belonging 
to  Persia.     Length,  55  miles. 


^h^'^i^^7i?'^-^^^.^!%.t:Z''^Z'''^  Kishon  (M'shon).    in  Bible  geography,  a  small 


West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  west  of 

Pickeiing.  famous  for  its  remains  of  mammals. 

Kirke   (kerki.   Sir  David.     Bom  at  Dieppe, 

France,  1596:  died  at  Ferryland. Newfoundland 


river  of  Palestine,  flowing  into  the  Bay  of  Acre 
8  miles  south-southwest  of  Acre :  the  modem 
Nahr  el-Mukatta.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  vic- 
tory of  Barak  over  Sisera. 


16oa     An  Enghsh  adventurer  in  Canada  and  ^^1^^^    gee  C/)/.s-?f». 
_Newtoundland.  .....         ^     KisUar  (kiz-le-iir').     A  town  in  the  Terek  Ter- 

Kirke  S  Lambs.     A  name  ironically  given  to    ^itorv.  Caucasus,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Terek 

the  Enghsh  mtantry  regiment  (Tangier  regi-    about  lat.  43°  55'  N.,  long.  46°  50'  E.     Popula- 

ment)  commanded  bv  Colonel  Percv  Kirke,  in-    tiond'^'^Oi   G  420 

famous  for  its  cmelty  in  the  instirrection  of  gigs  (kis7.  August.     Bom  at  Paprotzan,  near 

M ,th   ifiSn  pj^^^^  Prussia,  Oct.  11,  1802:   died  at  Berlin, 


Monmouth,  1685, 
Borki,  or  Khirki  (kir-ke').    A  town  in  the 

governorship  of  Bombav,  India,  situated  near 

Poona.     Poi>ularion  (1891),  10,951. 
Kirkintilloch  (kerk-in-til'oeh).  A  town  in  l^um- 

bartonshire,  Scotland,  7miles  north  of  Glasgow. 

Population  (1891),  10,312. 
Kirk-Kilisseh  (kirk-ke-lis'se),  or  Kirk-Kilis- 

sia  (kirk-ke-lis'e-a).      A  town  in  the  vUayet 

of  Adrianople,  Turkey,  33  miles  east  of  Adrian- 
Popularion.  estimated,  about  16,000 


Kirkiand'(keVk"land),*Samuel"  "Bom  Klstna  (kist'nii).  or  Krishna  (krish'na) 


March  24,  1865.  A  German  sculptor.  Among  his 
chief  works  is  ".Amazon  and  Panther"  (in  Berlin). 
Kissingen  (kis'sing-en).  A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on 
the  Franconian  Saale  29  miles  north  by  easi  of 
Wtirzburg.  it  is  noted  for  its  iron  and  salt  springs. 
Kear  the  town,  .Tuly  10,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
Bavarians  ;  and  it  was  also  the  scene  of  the  unsucct^^nl 
attempt  on  the  life  of  Bismarck  in  1874.  Besident  popu- 
lation, about  3.500. 

1. 


wich.  Conn.,  Dec.  1,1741:  died  at  Clinton,  N.Y., 
Feb.  28,  1808.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  a  missionary  among  the  Oneidas, 
New  York. 

Kirkup  (ker'kup),  SesTmour  Stocker.  Born  at 
London,  1788 :  died  at  Leghorn,  Jan.  3,  1880. 
An  English  artist,  in  1S16  he  settled  in  Italy,  and  be- 
came a  leader  m  the  literary  circle  which  included  Landor, 
the  Brownings,  Trelawney,  Seveme,  and  others.  With  the 
assistance  of  Bezzi  and  Henry  Wilde,  an  American,  he  dis- 
covered Giotto's  portrait  of  Dante  in  the  chapel  of  the 
Palazzo  del  Podesta,  and  made  the  sketch  which  was  repro- 
duced by  the  .Arundel  Society. 

Kirkwall  (kerk'wal).  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  island  of  Pomona  (the  Mainland)  in  lat.  58° 


A  river  of  the  Decean,  India,  flowing  into  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  about  lat.  15°  50'  N.  Length, 
about  800  miles. — 2.  A  district  in  the  governor- 
ship of  Madras.  British  India,  lying  along  the 
lower  course  of  the  river  Kistna.  Area.  8,397 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  1,855,582. 

Kis-Ujszall4s  ikish'oy'sal-lash).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Szolnok.  Hungary,  46  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Debreczin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  dis- 
trict court  and  contains  a  gvmnasium.  Popu- 
lation (1890).  12,527. 

Kitchai  (ke'chi),  or  Keechie  (ke'chi).  A  tribe 
of  the  Caddoan  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Their  habitat  in  1712  was  northeastern  Texas  and 
the  adjacent  p.-irts  of  Louisiana.  Now  it  is  on  the  Wichita 
resen'ation,  Oklahoma.     See  Caddoan. 


58'  N..  long.  2°  58'  W.  TheCathedral  of  St  Slagnus,  Bjt-Cat  Club,  The.  ALondon  club  which  flour 
founded  in  the  12th  century,  m  the  Romanesque  and  early-  .  ,  ,  ar-^nrH  ncr  fn  the  irpnprflllv  accented  ac 
Pointed  styles,  though  not  finished  until  I54ii,  is  well  pro-    ished,  aceoimug  to  tne  generauy  acceptea  ac 


iwrtioned,  and  has  a  central  tower  with  good  recessed 
Pointed  windows,  and  roses  in  the  transepts.  This  is  one 
of  the  three  old  cathedrals  in  Scotland  which  have  es- 
caped more  or  less  complete  ruin.  Population  (1891X 
3,926. 

Kinnan(ker-man'),orKerman(ker-man').   1. 


count,  from  1703  to  1733.  its  meetings  were  held  at 
the  "  Cat  and  Fiddle,"  kept  by  Christopher  Cat,  a  noted 
mutton-pieman,  near  Temple  Bar.  It  was  founded  by 
members  of  the  Whig  party,  and  among  its  frequenters 
were  Steele.  Addison,  Lord  Orford,  and  others.  Its  name 
is  thought  to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  the  landlord  of 
the  tavern,  though  the  "  Spectator,"  Xo.  9,  says  it  was  from 


A  province  of  southern  Persia,  lying  south  of    ^-^^  na„e  of  the  pies,  which  were  called  "kit-cats."    The 

Kherasan:  the  ancient  Carmania.    Area, about     "  "  '  '"'  "- '  t...,. 

60  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  300,000. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Kirman,  in 
lat.  30°  16'  N.,  long.  57°  5'  E.,  formerly  of  great 
commercial  importance.  Population,  estimated, 
30.000. 

Kirmanshahan  (ker-mSn-sha-han'),  or  Ker- 
manshah  (ker-man-sha').  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal i.f  the  district  Kirmanshahan  of  western 
Persia,  situated  in  lat.  34°  18'  N.,  long.  47°  12' 
E.  It  is  a  caravan  center.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 30,000. 


Kim  (kirn).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prtissia,  situated  on  the  Nahe  40  miles  south 
by  west  of  Coblenz.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 5,166. 

Kirriemuir  (kir-re-miir').  A  burgh  of  barony 
in  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  15  mUes  north  of  Dun- 
dee. The  chief  industrv  is  weaving.  It  is  the  "  Thrums  " 
Of  J.  M.  Barrie.     Population  (1891),  2,782. 

Kirsanoff  ikir'sa-nof).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Vo- 
rona  60  miles  east  of  Tamboff.  Poptdation 
(1885-89),  7.193. 

Kisama  (ke-sa'ma).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  between  the  Kuanza((^uanza)  and  Et's  Coty  House. 


club  occasionally  met  in  summer  at  the  house  of  Jacob 
Tonson  at  Barn  Elms,  where  a  room  was  built  for  it.  the 
walls  of  which  were  adorned  with  portraits  of  its  members. 
As  the  ceiling  was  low.  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  who  painted 
them,  used  a  small  canvas  (36  by  28  inches),  which  has  since 
gone  by  the  name  of  kit-cat  size. 

Kitchen  Cabinet,  The.  In  United  States  poli- 
tics, a  gi'oup  of  politicians  very  influential  with 
Andrew  Jackson  during  his  administration,  its 
chief  members  were  Major  Lewis  and  Amos  KendaU.  They 
were  "men  with  whom  he  could  smoke  and  converse  at 
random,  without  the  constraint  of  a  council  and  clashing 
minds"  {Schotder,  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  m.  495). 

Kitchener  ikich'e-nen,  Horatio  Herbert,  Vis- 


:ut  Kitchener  of  Khartum  and  AspiiU.  Bom 
June  24,  1850.  A  British  general.  He  served  in 
surveys  of  Palestine  and  Cyprus :  was  major  of  Egyp- 
tian cavalry  1882-84  ;  served'in  the  Nile  expedition  18S4  ; 
was  governor  of  Suakin  18S<>-8S  :  commanded  the  Dongola 
expedition  in  1896  and  the  Khartum  expedition  in  1898, 
defeating  the  dervishes  in  the  battle  of  Omdurman  Sept. 
2, 1898,  and  establishing  the  authority  of  Great  Britain  in 
the  Sudan,  of  which  he  was  made  governor  Jan.  21,  1S99. 
He  was  made  adjutant-general  iu  the  Egyptian  army  in 
188S  and  sirdar  in  1892 ;  was  promoted  major-general  in 
1896,  lieutenant-ijeneral  in  1900,  aud  gtrneral  in  1902 :  was 
raised  to  the  p.'erage  in  1898,  and  aiqiointed  chief  of  staff 
under  Lord  Rjjiierts  in  South  .Africa  in  l>yy,  and  succeeded 
bini  in  comnKiiui  there  in  Dec,  1900. 

A  noted  cromlech  near 


Longa  rivers  as  far  east  as  Dondo. 
Kisfaludy  (kish'fo-lo-di),  Kiroly. 


Tet,  County  Raab.  Hungary,  Feb.  5,  1788 :  died 
Nov.  21, 1830.  A  Hungarian  dramatist  and  nov- 
elist, brother  of  Sandor  Kisfaludy :  the  founder 
of  the  modem  Hungarian  drama.  Among  his 
plavs  are  "The  Tatars  in  Hungary"  (1812), 
"L"ene"  (1820),  etc. 

Kisfaludy,  Sandor.  Bom  at  Siimeg,  county  of 
Zala.  Hungary.  Sept.  27. 1772 :  died  Oct.  28, 1844. 
A  Hunsarian  Ivric  poet,  best  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  the  "Love  Poems  of  Himfy"  (1801-07). 

ELishangarh  (kish-an-gur'),  or  Kishengarh 
(kish-en-gur').  A  native  state  in  Rajputana, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long.  75°  E, 


Avlesford,  Kent,  England 
Bora  at  Kittatinny(kit'a-tin-i),  or  Blue  Mountains. -i 


range  of  low  moiintains  in  southern  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  and  northeastern  Pennsylvania, 
belonging  to  the  Appalachian  system.  It  is 
broken  bv  the  Delaware  Water  Gap. 

Battery  (kit'e-ri).  A  seaport  in  York  County, 
Maine,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua, 
opposite  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire.  It  con- 
tains a  United  States  naw-yard.  Population 
(1900),  2,872. 

Kittim  (Mt'im),  or  Chittim.  In  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, a  name  generally  assumed  to  designate 
the  island  of  Cypms,'where  the  Phenicians 
founded  the  city  of  CStium ;  in  a  wider  sense, 


Kittim 

tbe  inhabitants  of  the  islands  and  coast  of  the 
western  MediteiTanean.  The  isles  of  Cliittim 
are  mentioned  in  Isa.  xxiii.  as  a  resort  of  the 
TjTian  fleet. 
Kittistzu.    See  Gyjdestto. 


573 

Chinese:  son  of  M.  H.  Klaproth.  He  was  prof  essor 
of  Asiatiu  lailKUagea  at  Paris  1816-35.  He  publisliid  "Asia 
nolyglotta,"  a  classiflcatioii  of  the  peoples  of  Asia  in  ac- 
cordance with  tlie  aflinities  of  their  languages,  with  a  lan- 
guage-atlas (1823),  and  nuniei-ous  philological  and  geo- 
graphical works  anil  accounts  of  his  travels. 

mttlitz(kit'lits),  Baron  Friedrich  von.  Born  Klaproth,  Martin  Heinrich.  Born  at  Werni- 
HtBi"slau, Prussia, Feb.  10. 1709:  .liedatMainz,  gerode,  Prussia,  l>v>:  1,  1.4:!:  died  at  Berlin 
Germany,  April  10,  1874.  A  Gennau  soldier  Jan.  1,  1.S17.  A  Gernmn  chemist,  protessor  at 
(oantain)  oruitholoRist,  and  traveler.    He  wrot«     the  University  of  Berlin. 

'  Denk^rardigkeiten  einer  Keise  nach  dem   russischen  Klattau(kliLt'tou),Bohem.KlatOVy(kla  to-ve). 
Amerika,  nach  Mikronesien  und  durch  Kamtschatka       ^  tovrn  ill   Bohemia,   C8   miles   southwest   ot 

KittO  (kit'6),  John.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, Dee.  4,  1804:  died  at  Cannstatt,  Nov.  Zo, 
1854.'  An  English  compiler,  author  of  the  "Pic- 
torial Bible."  He  was  the  son  ot  a  Cornish  stone-mason. 
In  his  youth  he  fell  from  a  ladder  and  became  entirely 
deaf  The  Church  Missionary  Society  sent  him  to  Malta 
as  a  printer  in  1827.  In  1829  he  went  with  a  private  mis- 
-      '^  -     '-S  -* :....;«  1Q1.)      He  published 


Praguo.     Population  (1890),eommune,  10,811 
Klausenburg,  or  Clausenburg  (klou'  zen-boro 


Knapp,  Ludwig  Friedrich 

Bituated  partly  in  the  canton  of  Schaffhausen, 
Switzerland,  liartly  in  the  adjoining  portion  of 
southern  Baden. 

Kleve.     See  Clives. 

Klikitat  (klik'c-tat).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  wintered  in  ISO.'i  on  the  Yakima  and 
Klikitat  rivers,  Washiugt<:in,  in  the  region  conteiiuinous 
with  the  two  counties  named  after  thone  rivers.  At  that 
time  they  numbered  700.  There  aie  now  about  ll.l  on  the 
Yakima  reservation,  Washington.    See  Shahaplian. 

Klin  (klen).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia,  56  miles  nortiiwest  of  Moscow : 
the  ancient  seat  of  the  Romanoffs.  Population 
1 1885-89),  5,415. 


Bion  party  to  Bagdad,  returning  in  1832.  He  published 
'  The^L^st  Senses  ■•  (1845),  -  The  Pictorial  Bible  ■  (1835-38  . 
••  Pictorial  History  of  Palestine  and  the  Holy  Land  (1840), 
'•Cyclopedia  of  Biblical  Literature"  (1845),  "Daily  Bible 


It  was  fouudeil  by  the  Germans  in  1178,  and  was  taken  by 
the  Hungarians  1848.  It  contains  a  Magyar  university,  a 
Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  and  a  citadel.  Population 
(1890),  36,S.'-..'i.  . 

Klausen  (klou'zen)  Pass.     An  Alpine  pass  in  Ji.lintSl.(  KUut  se^ 

Switzerland,    leading    from    Altdorf,    Uri,    to 

Linththal,  Glarus. 
Klausthal.     See  Clausthal 


1799 ;  and  defeated 


Ilfu8tra*tians  "  (1849-  64).    Although  a  layman,  he  was  made 
D.  D.  by  the  University  of  Giessen  in  1844. 

Kitty  CUve.    See  CUve.         „     ^       .      -o- 

Kitunahan  (ki-to-na'han),  or  Cootenai,  orKoo- 
tenay.    A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  as  occupying  the  mountain- 
ous tract  between  the  two  upper  forks  of  the 
Columbia  River,  British  Columbia,  and  the  ad- 
jacent parts  of  the  United  States.     Earlier  tJiey  u      -d  t  tij- 
irobably  inhabited  the  territory  east  of  the  mountains,   Klein  (kliii),   JullUS   Leopold.     Bom  at  Mis 
Cut  were  driven  across  by  the  Blackfeet.  Their  chief  tribes     jj^ig^    Hungary,  1804:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  2, 
are  Cootenai  or  Upper  Cootenai,  and  Akoklako  or  Lower       g^g      ^  Gerinan  dramatist  and   historian  of 
^^^:^^y:Z^Z:^:t^^^^^^^.     Uteraturo.   msehiefworkisa-'Geschichtedes 
British  Coluiubia.                                                                 Dramas"  (12  vols.  18().)-(b). 

Kitzbiihl  (kits'biil).  A  town  and  summer  resort  Kleist  (klist),  Ewald  Christian  Von.    Born  at 
in  northeastern  Tyrol,  47  miles  east-northeast     Zeblin,  near  Kosliii,  Prussia,  March  3,  1715 : 


and  novelist.    He  wrote  the  play  ".sturm  und  Drang" 
(".storm  and  Stress."  1775),  which  gave  its  name  to  the  so. 
called  "  Sturm  und  Drang    period  of  Gcriuaii  literature. 
tV  manufacturing  town  in  the 
overument  of  Tcheruigoff,  Russia,  situated  in 
hit.  52°  44'  N.,  long.  32°  16'  E.      Population 
(188.5-89).  11,635. 
Kl^hPr   (kH-bar')    Jean  Baotiste      Born  at  Klissow(klis'6v).  A  plaice  in  the  government  of 
StT-n Sim,  ,t     753  (  754  ?^° afsM^sfnuTod  at  Cairo      Kalisz,  Russian  Poland,  near  the  Prussian  f ron- 
t^C^U^^'^-^or::i^r':X^^l     tier.  Here  J,dyl9,1702,CharlesXlI.ofSweden 
He 'served  in  the  Vendean  war  in  1798;  in  the  eastern      defeated  the  Poles  and  ba.xons. 
armies  1794-90 ;  and  at  Mount  Tabor  in  1799;  succeeded  KlisSUTa  (klis-so'ra).     A  gorge  made^  by    tne 
Napoleon  as  commander  in  Egypt  in  17"" 
the  Turks  at  Heliopolis  in  1800. 


of  Innsbruck.  .    ,.   .  . 

Kitzbiihler  (kits'bU-ler)  Alps.     A  division  of 
the  eastern  Alps,  on  the  confines  of  TjtoI,  Ba- 
varia,  and  Salzburg.     Its  highest  points  are 
over  8,000  feet 
Kitzingen(kit'sing-eu).  Atowum 
conia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  10  miles 
southeast  of  Wiirzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  boer. 
Population  (1890),  7,507. 
Kiukiang.     See  Kew-KUmg. 
Kiung-chau(ke-ong'ehou').    Tbe  capital  of  the 
ishuid  of  Hainan,  China,  situated  near  the  coast, 
HI  Int.  20°  N.,  long.  110°  25'  E.  Population, about 
ti  1,(100. 
Kiuprili.    See  KdprilL 

Kiusiu  (kyo'syo  ).      The  southernmost  of  the 
four  principal  islands  of  Japan,  southwest  of 
tlie  main  island  and  of  Shikoku.     Chief  city, 
Nagasaki.   The  surface  is  mountainous.    Area, 
]r,,,S40  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  0,228,- 
419. 
Kizil-Irmak    (kiz'il-ir-miik').      [Turk.,  'red 
liver.']     The  largest  river  of  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key :  the  ancient  Halvs.    Its  course  is  first  southwest 
and  then  northerly.    It  flows  into  the  lilack  Sea  about  lat. 
41   40  N  ,  long.  36  E.     Length,  about  (iiJO  miles. 
Kizil-Kum  (kiz'il-kom).     A  desert  in  central 
Asia,  southeast  of  the  Sea  of  Aral,  between  the 
Aniu-Daria  and  Sir-Daria. 
Kizil-Uzen  (kiz'il-o'zen).    A  chief  head  stream 
of  lh(^  river  Sefid,  in  Persia. 
Kizliar.     See  Ki.-iUar. 

Kjobenhavn.  The  Danish  name  of  Copenhagen. 
Kladno  (kliid'no).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  15  miles 
west-northwest  of  Prague.  It  has  iiii]iortaiit 
coal  and  iron-mines.  Populatioii(lS90),  17.215. 
Klagenfurt  (klii'gen-fort).  The  capihil  of  Ca- 
riiilhia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  46° 
37'  N.,  long.  14°  19' E.  Ithasmanufaduresof  white 
leail,  etc  Its  most  noted  building  is  the  House  of  the 
Estates      Population  (1890),  19,750  ,       ,     . 

Klamath  (klii'mat).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can iMiliaiis,  inhabiting  mainly  the  shores  of 
upper  Klamath  Lake  and  Sprague  Rivcr,oii  Kla- 
math Indian  reservation,  Oregon.  Tliey  number 
about  (mil,  distributed  in  11  settlements.  Also  Chimrt,  Kla- 
vut.  Tliniiiith,  Tlnviatl 
Klamath  (khl'mat).     A  river  in  soiilheni  (Jre- 


died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia,  Aug 
24,  1759.  A  German  poet  and  officer  (first  in 
the  Danish  and  then  in  the  Prussian  serWce). 
He  was  mortally  wounded  at  Kunersdorf  (Aug.  12,  17.W). 
His  best-known  poem  is  "  Der  Fnihling  "  ("  .Spring,"  1740). 

Lower  Fran-  Kleist  (klist),  Heinrich  Bemt  Wilhelm  von. 
Born  at  Frankfort-oii-the-Oder,  Oct.  18,  177/  : 
died  at  Wannensee,  near  Potsdam,  Nov.21, 1811. 
A  German  dramatist.  He  entered  the  army  in  1795, 
but  in  1799  left  it  to  study  at  Frankfort  and  Berlin.  In 
1801  he  went  to  Paris,  and  afterw:ird  to  Switzerlan<l,  where 
he  again  traveled  in  1803.     In  1804  he  was  given  a  subor- 


di'iatc  govermuent  position  at  Konigsberg,  but  resigned 

it  after  the  disastrous  battle  of  Jena.     '-  ■°"''  •■ — '  '" 

Dresden,  and  engaged  there  in  editor 


Danube  on  the  frontier  of  Hungary  and  Servia, 
between  Neu-Moldova  and  Orsova. 

Klondike  (klon'dJk).  A  river  in  the  North- 
west Territory,  Canada,  which  flows  into  the 
Yukon  at  Daw-son,  above  the  64th  parallel  north 
latitude.  It  is  noted  for  the  gold-mines  in  its 
vicinity. 

Klonowicz  (kl6-no'vich),  Sebastian  Fabian 

(called  Acernus).  BornatSulmiercyce.Posen, 
1551 :  died  at  Lulilin  about  1608.  A  Polish  poet. 
He  wrote  both  in  Utin  and  in  Polish.  Among  his  poems 
are  "Roxalana"  (1684),  a  translation  of  Cato's  "Disticha 
moralia"  (1002),  etc. 
Klonthal  (klen'tiil).  A  valley  in  the  canton  of 
Glarus,  Switzerland,  west  of  Glarus. 

Klopstock  (klop'stok),  Friedrich  Gottlieb. 

Born  att^uedliiiburg,  Prussia,  July  2, 1724:  died 
at  Hamburg,  March  14, 1803.  A  noted  German 
poet.  Before  1746,  when  he  went  to  .Tena  to  study  theol- 
ogy he  had  already  conceived  the  plan  of  the  religious  epic 

sueig,  uu.  .e^.^ocu  afterward  written  as  the  "  Messias"  ("The  Messiah  ").  In 
In  1807  he  went  to     Leipsic,  in  1748.  he  published  anonymously,  in  the  joui  nal 

lul  work  on  a  news-     •'  Bi  emer  Beitrage,"  the  ttrstthree  canUis  of  the  poem  1  his 


paper. 


„„„.-.  In  1809  he  went  to  Prague,  where  he  wrote  as  a 
pamphleteer  against  France  in  the  war  with  Austria  ;  but 
after  the  defeat  of  Wagram  he  returned  to  Berlin  and 
again  took  up  his  work  as  a  journalist.  The  tlrst  of  his 
dramas,  the  tragedy  "  Die  Familie  Schroflenstcin  '  ("The 
Family Schrolfenstein"),  appeared  in  1803  ;  "Aiuphitryon" 
in  1807  ;  the  tragedy  "I'enthesilea"  in  1808;  Ibechivalric 
drama  "Kathchen  von  Ucilbronn  "in  1810;  ami  the  comedy 
"  Der  zerbrochene  Krug  "  ("  The  Broken  Jug  ")  in  1811.  He 
also  wrote  "  Erzahlungcn"("Tales,"  lsiO-11),  and  a  tew  lyr- 
ics. His  fame  is  almost  wholly  posthumous.  His  literary 
efforts  mot  with  but  little  success  during  his  life,  and  he 
at  last  not  only  became  despondent,  but  was  actually 
threatened  with  need.  After  llrstcari-ying  out  the  promise 
he  had  made  to  a  female  fi  iind,  as  morbid  as  himself,  to 
kill  her,  he  comm  it  ted  su  i.  i.le  when  only  34  years  old.  Two 
dramas  were  published  after-  his  death  :  "  Die  Hernianns- 
schlacht  ("The  Battle  of  llcnnann,"t.  e.  Arminius),  and 
"  Der  Prinz  von  Ilomburg  "  ("  The  Prince  of  Homburg  ")• 
"Itobert  Gulscard"  isa  fragment.  His  collected  writings 
were  first  iiublislied  at  Berlin,  1820,  in  3  Vols. 

Kleist  von  Nollendorf  (klist  ton  ncd'leii-durf). 
Count  Friedrich  Heinrich  Ferdinand  Emil. 

Born  at  Berlin,  April  9,  1702:  died  at  Berlin, 
Feb. 17,  1823.  APrussian  lield-marslial,  distin- 
guished in  the  War  of  liiboralioii,  1813-14. 

Klemm  (klem),  Friedrich  Gustav.    Bom  at 
Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Nov.  12,1802:  diedatDres-  Klostemeuburg  (klos-ter-noi'boro).  Ato^vnm 
don,  Aug.  26, 1867".     A  noted  Geriuau  historian,  ....  ..  .i   -     ^     •> -ir. 

secretary  and  later  librarian  of  the  royal  libriiry 


same  year  lie  went  as  tutor  to  Langcnsalzil.  In  1750 he  ac- 
cepted the  invitation  of  the  poet  and  historian  Bodmer  to 
Zurich,  but  the  succeeding  year  was  summoned  by  the  King 
of  Denmark  to  Copcnliatriii,  that  he  might  there  And  the 
leisure  to  complete  his  jioenl.  He  remained  thereuntil 
1771 ;  went  then  to  Uamljurg ;  in  1776  was  for  a  year  in 
Kailsruhe ;  and  then  returned  to  Hamburg,  where  he  sub- 
sequently lived.  Tlie  "Messiius,"  a  poem  consisting  of 
twenty  cantos  written  in  hexameters,  did  not  appear  in  it8 
complete  form  until  1773.  "Geistliche  Lieder"  ("Keli- 
gious  Songs")  appeared  in  1758,  and  "Oden  "  ("Odes")  in 
1771  He  also  wrote  three  dramas  on  biblical  subjects: 
"  DcrTod  Adams  "("The  Death  of  Adam,"  1767),"  Salonio" 
("Solomon  "),  and  "  David  "(1772).  Three  others  werewrit- 
ten  on  subjects  from  early  national  history  :  "  Herniaiins- 
schlaeht"  ("The  Battle ..t  II.  rriiann,"l.  c  Arminius.  1769), 
"Hermann  und  die  Fui>tcn"(  '  Hermann  and  the  lYlnces," 
1784).  "  Hermanns  Tod  '  ("  Ueiinaim's  Death,"  1787).  The 
last  throe  dramas  were  in  prose  Interspersed  with  bardic 
choruses,  so  called,  and  were  consequently  niuned  by  him 
"  Bardlet e."  Minor  poems  are  the  ode  "An  meine  Freumle  " 
("  To  My  Wends,"  1747),  laler  changed  to  "  Wingolf,"  ad- 
ilrcssed  to  the  poets  of  the  .Saxon  .school ;  the  "Kriegslled  " 
("  War  Song  '),  written  in  1749  in  honor  of  l-"rederiek  tlie 
Great  ■  and  the  ode  "  Hennann  und  Tliiisnelda,"  written  in 
1762.  His  principal  prose  work  Is  "  Die  Oelehrtenrepublik  " 
("The  .Scholars' Kepublic,"  1744),  an  art  of  poetry  from  his 
own  standpoint.  His  cunipleto  works  appeared  (Leipsic, 
1844--15)  in  11  vols. 


at  DlM'sdell.  He  wrote  "Die  Oeschlehto  von  Bayern 
(1828)  "Allgemeinc  Knllnrgesehichtc  der  Mensclihelt^ 
(1843-62),"  Handbuch  der  gernuinlschen  Altertumskunde 
(183f>),  "Die  Frauen'(!85ll-r.8),  etc. 

Klengel(kleng'el),  Johann  Christian.    Bom 

at  Kessels.li.rl',  near  Divsd.'n.  May  5,  1751 :  died 
at  Dresden,  Dec.  ]'.»,  1824.  A  German  landscape- 
painter 


M  and  California,  traversing  t  he  two  Klamath  Klenze  (klent'se),  LeO  VOn.    Born  near  Hildos- 


go:. 

Lakes  in  southern  Oregon  siid  on  the  ( 'alifornian 
border,  and  flowing  into  iIk^  I'a<Mfic  about  lat. 
41"  35'  N.     Dength,  over  200  miles. 

Klamet.     See  hlamnlli. 

Klapka  (klop'ko),  Gyorgy.  Bom  at  Temesvdr, 
Hungary,  April  7, 1820:  ilied  at  Budapest,  May 
17,  1892.  A  Hungarian  general,  distinguished 
at  Kapoliia,  Komorn,  and  elsewhere  in  1849. 
Ho  capitulated  at  Koimirn,  Sept.  27,  1S49. 

Klaproth  (klilp'rot),  Heinrich  Julius.    Born 

at  Berlin,  Oct.  11,  17.S3:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  20, 
18.35.  A  celebrated  German  ( irieiitalist  and  Asi- 


heim,  Prussia,  Feb.  2!),  ]7Kt :  died  at  Munich 
Jan.  27,  1864.      A  German  arcliil<'ct.     Among  his 
works  are  the  "  Wnlhalla  "  (near  Hatisbon),  many  buildings 
In  Munich  (including  the  Glyplothek,Odeon,  and  I'lnako- 
thek),  etc.  .  , 

Klephts  (kl.'fts).  Greek  or  Albannin  brigands. 
As  a  class  the  Klephts  were  originally  those  Greeks  who. 
after  tbe  lurklsh  cori<|Ue«t  In  the  ir.th  century,  (onned 
armed  bands  or  eommunitles  in  nioinitaln  fast nessi'S,  and 
maintained  Iheir  liid,i..Md. nee,  defying  and  plundering 
the  Turks  and  their  a.lberenls.  They  gave  lumerful  aid 
to  the  palrlolB  in  tbe  war  o(  Indepemlence  (1821  28),  after 
which  thosi^  who  kept  up  their  organization  became  mere 
robbers.     Tiny  have  been  suppressed  In  Greece. 


Lower  Auslria,''6  miles  north-northwest  of  Vi- 
enna.    I'liimlation  (1890).  commune,  8,9.SS. 

Kloster-Zeven  (klos'ter-tse'fou),  Convention 

of.     Si-e  Cliistrr-Si  rci). 

Knabl  (knii'ld),  Joseph.  Born  at  Fliess,  Tyrol, 
.Inly  17,  lS19:die(lal  Munich,  Nov.  3,  1881.  A 
Tyroleso  sculptor.  His  works  are  chiefly  in 
Bavaria. 

K'naia-khotana  (kni'ii-eho-ia'nii),  or  Kenai 

(ke-ni').  A  nil  PC  of  the  northern  division  of  the 
Alhapascan  st.iekof  North  American  Indians, 
living  in  villages  along  Cook's  Inlet  and  the 
Kenai  Peninsnhi,  southern  Alaska. 

Knapp,  Georg  Christian.  Bom  at  Hallo,  Pnis- 

^iiiC  SVi.l.  17,  17.-.3  :  ,lied  at  Halle.  Oct.  14,  182;-) 
A  Gerinan  Prolistant  theologian,  professor  of 
theologvnt  the  University  of  Halle.     He  wrote 
"  V(vrlesiingen  fiber  ilie  christliche  Glaubens- 

l,.hre"'(lS-_'7),  etc. 

Knapp,  Ludwig  Friedrich.    Born  at  Michel- 

staift,  Hesse.  Feb.  22,  1814.  A  German  chemist. 
He  became  professor  In  the  rnlvcrslty  of  Oiesscn  In  1841. 

I         .    a. 1   .1.     I.,     lur. 


18.35.   AcelebratedGermanOrientalis  an.lAs,.     "'^'iV™-^    '7,      I'J^-'V' "'''('";,,  .^^^^^^  region     ^  l    ,    Sun "      .7  iWii^  and  In  the  Piljteeluilc  School  ^ 

itic  traveler,  especially  noted  as  a  student  ot  Klettgau  (klet  gou).     -v   mount.mious   iig'"" 


Knapp,  Ludwig  Friedrich 

Bmuswick  in  1S63.  Among  his  chief  works  are  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  cheinischen  Technologic "  (1847)  and  "Technol- 
ogische  Wandtafeln  "  (1S55-62). 

Knaresborough  {narz'bm''o).  A  town  in  the 
West  Ki'liug  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Nidd  16  miles  west-northwest  of  York.  It 
has  a  riiined  castle  and  some  natural  em'iosities. 
Population  (1891),  4.649. 

Knatchbull-Hugessen  (naeh'bul-hu'ges-en), 
Edward  Hugessen,  Lord  Brabourue.  :Bbru 
Ajuil  29, 1829 :  died  Feb.  G,  1893.  A  British  poli- 
tieian  and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Ox- 
ford, and  was  Liberal  member  of  Parliament  for  Sandhurst 
from  1S57  till  1870,  wIk-ii  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  He 
joined  the  Conservative  party  in  1SS5.  He  wrote  "Crackers 
for  Christmas"  (1870),  "Higgledy-Piggledy "  (1875),  and 
numerous  other  books  for  children. 

Knaus  (knous),  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Wiesbaden, 
Prussia,  Oct.  5,  1829.  A  noted  German  genre- 
painter,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  younger  Biis- 
seldorf  school.  Hewasapupil  of  Sohn and Schadow at 
Diisseldorf  1846-52,  studied  in  Paris  till  1860,  ami  was  pro. 
fesBoratthe  Berlin  Academy  from  1874  to  1884.  He  received 
first-class  medals  in  1855,  1857,  and  1859,  and  a  medal  of 
honor  in  1867. 

Enebel  (kna'bel),  Karl  Ludwig  von.    Bom  at 

Wallerstein,  Bavaria, 'Nov.  30,  1744:  died  at 
Jena,  Germany,  Feb.  23,  1834.  A  German  au- 
thor, best  known  as  a  friend  of  Goethe. 
Ekliecht  Ruprecht  (kneeht  ro'precht).  [G., 
'Knight  Kupert.']  The  German  genius  of 
Christmas,  corresponding  to  St.  Nicholas,  or 
Santa  Claus.  In  some  parts  of  Germany  he  is  supposed 
to  appear  just  previous  to  Christmas,  with  a  bag  on  his 
back  and  a  rod  in  his  hand,  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of 
the  children,  whom  he  rewards  or  punishes  according  to 
their  deserts.  The  actual  dispenser  of  gifts  on  Christmas 
Eve  is.  however,  the  Christ-child. 

Kneller  (nel'er).  Sir  Godfrey  (Gottfried  Knil- 

ler).  Born  at  Liibeck,  Germany,  Aug.  8, 1646 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  19, 1723.  A  German-Eng- 
lish portrait-painter.  His  father  was  a  portrait- 
painter  of  Liibeck.  Godfrey  was  sent  to  Leyden  to  study 
mathematics  and  fortification.  He  abandoned  the  career 
of  a  soldier  and  entered  the  atelier  of  Ferdinand  Bol  at 
Amsterdam,  receiving  probably  some  instruction  from 
Rembrandt.  In  1672  he  went  to  Italy ;  from  Italy  he  went 
to  Hamburg.  In  1675  he  found  his  way  to  England,  and  to 
the  patronage  of  Mr.  Vernon,  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  later  to  that  of  the  duke  himself ,  whose  por- 
trait he  painted,  and  who  recommended  him  to  Charles  II. 
For  Charles  he  painted  the  portrait  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Paris. 
He  succeeded  to  the  patronage  of  James II. .William  III., 
and  Anne,  and  was  knighted  March  3,  1691.  Some  of  his 
best  portraits  are  in  the  series  of  admirals.  He  was  con- 
temporary and  rival  of  8ir  Peter  Lely.  He  painted  the  por- 
traits of  ten  reigning  sovereigns. 

Knep.     '^ee  Kuipp. 

Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York,    A 

burlesque  history  of  Xew  York,  by  Washington 
Ir\ing,  published  in  1S09.  This  he  wrote  under 
the  name  of  Diedrioh  Knickerbocker. 

Kniebis  (kne'bis).  A  moimtain  group  in  the 
Black  Forest,  on  the  borders  of  Baden  and  Wiir- 
temberg,  about  lat.  48°  30'  N. 

Knight  (nit),  Charles.  Born  at  "Windsor, Eng- 
land, March  15,  1791 :  died  at  Addlestone,  Sur- 
rey, England,  March  9,  1873.  An  English  pub- 
lisher and  author.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Popular 
History  of  England"  (8  vols.  1856-62).  He  edited  "The 
Penny  Magazine"  (1832-4o),  "The  Penny  Cvclopeedia" 
(183^-44),  '*  The  Pictorial  Shakspere  "  (1841)"  ' '  The  English 
Cj'clopredia,"  etc. 

Knight,  James.  Died  at  Marble  Island,  Hudson 
Bay,  about  1719.  An  English  explorer,  and 
agent  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Fort  Albany  in  1673.  a*nd  of  the  Xelson  River  settle- 
ment in  1714.  In  Ills  he  built  the  Piince  of  Wales  Port 
at  the  mouth  of  Churchill  River.  In  June,  1719,  he  sailed 
with  two  of  the  company's  fleet  to  discover  the  fabled 
Straits  of  Anian,  and  to  search  for  gold.  The  expedition  did 
not  return,  and  a  searching  partyln  1722  failed  to  find  any 
trace  of  it.  The  wreck  of  the  ships  was  discovered  at  Mar- 
ble Island  by  a  whaling  party  in  1767.     Diet  yat.  Biog. 

Knight,  Joseph  Philip.  Born  at  Bradford- 
on-Avon,  July  26,  1812:  died  at  Yarmouth, 
1887.  An  English  composer  of  songs,  including 
*■  Rocked  in  the  Cradle  of  the  Deep,"  etc. 

Knight,  Richard  Payne.  Bom  near  Ludlow, 
Herefordshire,  1750:  died  at  London,  April  23, 
1824.  An  English  numismatist  and  areh^olo- 
gist.  About  1767  he  went  to  Italy,  and  again  in  1777  with 
Philip  Hackert,  a  German  painter,  and  Charles  Gore.  In 
his  biography  of  Hackert,  Goethe  translated  Kniglit's  di- 
arj'asthe  "Tagebuch  einer  Reisenaeh  Sicilien."  He  was 
again  in  Italy  in  178t'>,  associated  with  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton, British  ambassadorat  Naples,  and  began  hiscollection 
of  bronzes  with  Fox.  He  wrote  "An  Account  of  the  Re- 
mains of  the  Worship  of  Priapus  lately  existing  in  Iser- 
nia"(1786),  "An  Analytical  Essay  on  the  Greek  Alphabet." 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Symbolical  Language  of  Ancient  Art 
and  Mythology,"  etc.  He  bequeathed  to  the  British  Mu- 
seam  his  collection  of  bronzes,  coins/gems,  marbles,  and 
dra^vings. 

Knight,  Thomas  Andrew.  Bom  near  Ludlow, 
Herefordshire,  Aug.  12.  1759  :  died  at  London, 
May  11,  1838.  An  English  horticulturist  and 
botanist,  brother  of  Richard  Payne  Knight. 


574 

Knight  of  La  Mancha.    Don  Quixote  de  la 

Mane  ha. 
Knight  of  Malta,  The.     A  play  by  Fletcher, 
Massiufjcr.  ami  another,  produced  before  1019, 
and  printed  in  l(i47. 

Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle,  The.  A  mock- 
heroic  drama  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1613.  it  was  intended  to 
satirize  such  plays  as  Heywood's  "Four  Prentices  of  Lon- 
don," in  which  extravagantly  chivalric  and  knightly  lan- 
guage was  put  into  the  mouths  of  the  middle  class.  It 
was  doubtless  suggested  by  "Don  Quixote." 

Knight  of  the  Rueful  Countenance.    Don 

<^ui.\ote:  so  called  by  Sancho  Panza. 
Knight  of  the  Swan.    See  Sira)i  and  Lohengrin, 
Knights  (nits),  The.     A  comedy  of  Aristopha- 
nes, exhibited  in  4:^4  b.  c. 

The  play  ["Knights  "]  personifies  the  Athenian  Demos  as 
an  easy-going,  dull-witted  old  man,  with  Nikias,  Demos- 
thenes, and  Cleon  among  his  slaves,  among  whom  the  lat- 
terhasattained  atyrannical  ascendancy  byaltemate  bully- 
ing his  fellows  and  flattering  his  master.  By  the  advice 
of  oracles,  which  play  a  great  part  all  through  the  play, 
and  which  imply  an  earnest  faith  in  religion  among  the 
Athenian  people  of  that  day,  the  former  two  persuade  a 
low  sausage-seller  (Agoracritus)  to  undertake  the  task  of 
supplanting  Cleon.  He  is  assisted  by  the  chorus  of  Knights, 
who  are  deteniiined  enemies  of  Cleon,  and  who  come  in  to 
defend  their  friends,  and  attack  the  demagogue,  in  their 
famous  parabasis.  The  greater  part  of  the  remainder  is 
occupied  with  the  brazen  attempts  of  both  demagogues  to 
out-bully  one  another,  and  to  devise  bribes  and  promises 
to  gain  Demos'  favour.  At  last  Agoracritus  prevails  and 
retires  with  Demos,  whom  he  presently  reproduces,  appa- 
rently by  eccyclema,  sitting  crowned,  and  in  his  right 
mind,  heartily  ashamed  of  his  former  follies. 

Mahaffn,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  442. 

Knights,  The.  A  comedy  by  Foote,  produced 
in  1749,  printed  in  1754,  in  -which  he  played 
Hart  op. 

Knightsbridge  (nits'brij).  1.  In  old  London, 
the  bridge  across  the  Tyburn,  by  ■which  the  old 
Reading  road  passed:  so  called  from  the  manor 
of  Neyte,  near  Kensington,  W.  J.  LoJ'fic,  West- 
minster Abbey. —  2.  In  modem  London,  the 
street  which  forms  the  southern  boundary  of 
Hyde  Park.  Tlie  cavalry  barracks  are  here, 
near  Rutland  Gate. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle.  A  former  secret 

order  in  the  United  States,  in  sympathy  with 

the  Secessionists. 
Knights  of  the  Round  Table.     See  Round 

Table. 
Knight's  Tale  of  Palamon  and  Arcite,  The. 

One  of  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales.*'  itisare- 
casting  by  Chaucer  of  his  version  of  Boccaccio's  ' '  Teseide," 
which  he  made  before  he  wrote  the  "Legend  of  Good 
Women." 

The  "Knight's  Tale,"  in  particular,  naturally  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age, 
who  were  always  on  the  lookout  for  suitable  material. 
Upon  it  was  founded  an  early  play  called  "  Paleiuon  and 
Arcite"  that  has  not  come  down.  It  was  the  work  of 
Richard  Edwards,  and  was  produced  in  1566  at  O.rford  Uni- 
versity before  Queen  Elizabeth.  A  play  with  this  title  is 
also  recorded  by  Henslowe  under  the  year  15.!i4  as  having 
been  acted  four  times.  From  the  same  tale  also  was  avow- 
edly taken  the  drama  called  "  The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen," 
which,  when  first  printed  in  1634.  had  on  its  title-page  as 
authors  the  names  of  Shakspeare  and  Fletcher.  Whether 
either  had  anything  to  do  with  it  is  still  a  debated  ques- 
tion. Loitnsbiiri/,  Chaucer,  III.  68. 

Knight^S  Vision,  The.  An  allegorical  painting 
by  Raphael,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
In  the  foreground  a  youth  sleeps,  resting  on  his  shield. 
Beside  him  stand  two  girls:  one,  personifying  fame,  hold- 
ing out  a  sword  and  a  book ;  and  the  other,  representing 
pleasure,  extending  a  m>Ttle-blossom.  The  background  is 
occupied  with  rocks,  hills,  and  towers.  The  work  is  of 
Eaphael's  youth,  admirable  in  conception  and  execution. 

Knin  (knen).  A  town  in  Dalmatia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  on  the  Kerka  26  miles  northeast  of 
Sebenico.   Population  (1S90).  commime,  21,077. 

Knipp  (nip),  or  Knep  (nep),  Mrs.  Flourished 
about  1670.  An  English  actress.  She  probably  first 
appeared  as  Epiccene  in  Ben  Jonson's  "Silent  Woman  "in 
1664,  and  what  is  known  of  her  is  principally  from  the  en- 
tries in  Pepvs's  "Diary."  She  disappears  from  the  bills  in 
167S. 

ilrs.  Knipp  (or  Knep)  .  .  .  was  a  pretty  creature,  with 
a  sweet  voice,  a  mad  humour,  and  an  ill-looking,  moody, 
jealous  husband,  "who  vexed  the  soul  and  bruised  the  body 
of  his  sprightly,  sweet-toned,  and  wayward  wife.  Excel- 
lent company  she  was  found  by  Pepys  and  his  friends, 
whatever  her  horse-jockey  of  a  husband  may  have  thought 
of  her,  or  Mrs.  Pepys  of  the  philandering  of  her  own  hus- 
band with  the  minx,  whom  she  did  not  hesitate  to  pro- 
nounce a  "wench,"  and  whom  Pepyshiraself  speaksof  af- 
fectionately as  a  "jade  "  he  was  always  glad  to  see. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  59. 

Knipp  er dolling  (knip '  per  -  dol  -  ling) ,  Bern- 
hard.  Beheaded  at  Miinster,  Prussia,  Jan.  23. 
153G.  A  German  Anabaptist,  stadtholder  of 
Miinster  1534-35,  and  supporter  of  the  revolu- 
tionary acts  of  John  of  Leyden. 

Knistineaux.    See  Cree. 

Knobel  (kno'bel),  August  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Tscheeheln,  near  Sorau,  Prussia,  1807:  died  at 


Knox,  John 

(riessen,  Hesse,  May  25, 1863.  A  German  Prot- 
estant exegete,  professor  at  Breslau  and  after- 
ward at  Giessen. 

Knobelsdorff  (kno'bels-dorf).  Baron  Hans 
Georg  Wenzeslaus  von.  Born  near  Krossen, 
Prussia,  Feb.  1/,  1099:  died  at  Berlin.  Sept,  16, 
1753.  A  German  architect.  He  planned  the 
castle  of  Sans  Souci,  Potsdam ;  the  opera-house, 
Berlin;  etc. 

Knobnoses.     See  Giramha. 

Knolles  (nolz),  Richard.  Born  probably  at 
Cold  Ashby,  Northamptonshire,  about  1*550: 
died  at  Sandwich.  Kent,  IGIO.  An  English  his- 
torian of  tlie  Turks.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1565, 
and  became  master  of  the  ^^andwich  grammar-school. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "Generall  Historieof  the  Turkesfrom 
the  first  beginning  of  that  Nation  "  (1603). 

Knollys  (nolz),  Sir  Francis.  Born  about  1514: 
died  July  19,  1596.  An  English  statesman,  in 
1542  he  entered  Pailiament  for  Horsham.  In  Dec,  1558, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  privy  council  by  Elizabeth ;  Ir.ter 
was  made  vice-chamberlain  of  the  household  ;  and  in  May, 
1568,  with  Henry  Scrope,  was  charged  with  the  care  of  the 
fugitive  ilarj'  Stuart  at  Carhsle  Castle.  In  July  he  re- 
moved her  to  Bolton  Castle,  Lord  Scrope's  seat. 

Ejiolljrs,  or  Knolles,  Sir  Robert.     Born  in 

Cheshire  abotit  1317 :  died  at  Sculthorpe,  Aug. 
15,  1407.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  one  of  the 
principal  leaders  of  the  companies  of  free  lances,  and  in 

1358  commanded  the  "  Great  Company  "  in  N'ormandy.     In 

1359  he  made  a  raid  into  Auvergne  and  threatened  Avi- 
gnon and  the  Pope  (Innocent  VI.).  He  continued  his 
devastations  in  France  uiitiliyoT,  when  he  joined  the  Black 
Prince's  Spanish  t-xpedition  with  his  "Great  Company." 
In  1369  he  again  joined  the  Black  Prince  in  Aquitaine, 
In  1370  he  commanded  Edward  III. 's  expedition  to  Calais, 
ravaged  Artois,  Picardy.  and  Vermandois,  and  on  Sept.  24 
drew  up  in  oider  of  battle  between  Villejuif  and  Paris. 
Chai'les  V.  refused  to  tight,  and  Knollys  retired  into  Nor- 
mandy, where  he  lost  a  part  of  his  army  and  was  obliged 
to  return  to  England.  In  Wat  Tyler's  insurrection,  June, 
1381,  Knollys  was  placed  in  command  of  the  forces  of  the 
city  of  London,  and  rode  out  with  Richard  II.  to  the  in- 
terview at  Smithfield. 

Knosus.     See  Cnosus. 

Knowell  (no'^el).  The  Elder.  In  Jensen's 
comedy  '*  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  a  senten- 
tious old  gentleman.  His  humor  is  a  strained  solici- 
tude for  his  son's  morals.  This  character  is  said  to  have 
been  played  by  Shakspere. 

Knowles  (nolz).  James.  Born  1831.  AnEng- 
lish  architect  and  editor.  He  edited  the  **  Con- 
temporary Review"  1870-77,  and  the  "Nine- 
teenth Century  ■ '  fi'om  1877. 

Knowles,  Janies  Sheridan.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, May  12,  1(S4:  died  at  Torquay,  England, 
Nov.  30,  1862.  A  British  playwright.  His  father, 
James  Knowles,  and  Kichard  Erinsley  Sheridan  were  first 
cousins.  He  served  in  the  militia,  studied  medicine,  went 
on  the  stage,  and  taught  school  at  Glasgow  before  his  fii-st 
play  ("Caius  Gracchus")  was  produced  in  1815.  In  1830 
he  left  Glasgow  and  settled  near  Edinbiu-gh.  In  1834  he 
visited  the  United  States.  Until  1S43  he  continued  to  act 
at  intervals  both  in  his  own  plays  and  others.  He  also 
lectured,  and  in  1S44  became  a  Baptist  and  preached  at 
Exeter  Hall  and  in  other  places  sermons  against  Roman 
Catholicism,  Cardinal  Wiseman,  etc.  Among  his  chief 
plavs  are  "Caius  Gracchus"  (1S15),  "Virginius"  (1820), 
"William  Tell"  (1825),  "Alfred  the  Great "  (1S31),  "The 
Hunchback"  (1832),  "The  Wife,  etc."  (1833),  "  The  Beg- 
gar of  Eethnal  Green  "  (1834  :  abridged  from  "  The  Beggar's 
Daughter  of  Bethnal  Green,"  1828),  "The  Love  Chase" 
(1837),  "  Love  "  (1829).  "John  of  Prucida,  etc."(lS40),  etc. 
He  also  wiote  a  number  of  poems  and  tales,  and  adapted 
several  plays,  besides  publishing  his  lectures  on  various 
subjects. 

Know-nothinff  Party.     See  American  Party. 

Knox  (nr)ks).  Henry.  Bom  at  Boston,  Julv25, 
1750:  dit-d  at  Thomaston.  Maine,  Oet.  25,  1806. 
An  American  general,  distin^iished  as  an  ar- 
tillery general  in  the  Revolution:  secretary  of 
■war  178;>-95. 

Knox,  John,  Bom  at  Haddington,  1505:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Nov,  24,  1572.  A  celebrated  Scot- 
tish reformer,  statesman,  and  "writer,  in  1522 he 
entered  Glasgow  University,  but  does  not  appeal'  to  have 
graduated.  He  studied  law  and  acted  as  notarj-  at  Had- 
dington. In  1544  he  became  tutor  to  Francis  and  John, 
sons  of  Hugh  Douglas  of  Longniddry,  and  Alexander  Cock- 
bum,  eldest  son  of  the  Laird  of  Onniston.  At  this  time 
George  Wishart,  a  Lutheran,  sought  asylum  in  the  houses 
of  Douglas,  Cockburn,  and  Crichton,  and  exercised  a  pow- 
erful influence  on  Knox.  On  March  12, 1546,  Wishart  was 
burned  at  St.  Andrews  for  heresy.  His  death  was  avenged 
by  the  murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton  May  29.  Knox  took  ref- 
uge in  April,  1547,  with  his  pupils,  in  the  castle  of  St.  An- 
drews ;  was  urged  to  l»ecome  a  preacher ;  and  accepted  a 
"  call  "  from  the  congregation  there.  On  July  31, 1547,  St. 
Andrews  capitulated  to  the  French,  and  Knox  was  impris- 
oned in  the  galleys  until  Feb.,  1.M9,  when  he  was  released 
and  went  to  England.  For  two  years  he  preached  at  Ber- 
wick. In  1550  he  removed  to  Newcastle,  and  in  1551  was 
made  one  of  the  six  royal  chaplains.  As  such  he  assisted 
in  the  revision  of  the  second  prayer-book  of  Edward  VI., 
issued  Nov.  1, 1552.  On  the  accession  of  Mary  Tudor.  Knox 
tied  to  Dieppe,  and  in  1554  visited  Calvin  at  Geneva  and  Eiil- 
linger  at  Zurich.  In  Nov..  1554,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
English  congregation  at  Frankfort-on-the-^Main,  but  soon 
was  forced  to  return  to  Geneva.  In  1555  he  returned  to  Ber- 
wick, and  in  the  winter  traveled  about  Scotland  preaching 
and  writing.  On  May  15,  1556,  he  was  summoned  by  the 
bishops  to  appear  at  the  Blackfriars  Kirk  in  Edinburgh* 


Knox,  John 

He  came  with  so  powerful  a  following  that  the  prosecution 
was  abandoned.  He  returned  to  Geneva  in  the  summer  of 
1566.  In  15.'i8  he  published  the  first  and  second  "Blasts 
of  the  Trumpet  Against  the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  Wo- 
men,"  which,  originall.v  directed  against  .Maiy  of  Guise, 
regent  of  Scotland,  Mary,  queen  of  England,  and  Catharine 
de'  Medici,  were  destined  to  complicate  his  dealings  with 
Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart.  Knox  returned  to  Edinburgh 
in  1568.  The  regent  Mary  had  at  this  time  renewed  her 
"   ■     ~   "  tion  ;  a  riot  occurred  at  Perth, 

where  Knox  was  pre:iching ;  and  the  struggle  began  which 
ended  in  the  deposition  of  the  regent  by  the  Convention  in 
I  ilinburgh,  Oct.  21, 1S59,  and  her  death  June  10,  1.6liu.  On 
xa".  17, 15«0,  his  "  Confession  of  Faith  "  was  adopted  with 


575 


Koltzof 


tave,  ou  le  mauvais  sujet"  (1821),  "Men  voisin  Raymond  "  Kolbe,  Karl  Wilhelm.     Bora  at  Berlin,  March 

(ISiii),  "Andre  leSavoyard"n826),"Let)arbierdc  Paris"  ■; _  lYg^.    aied  at  Berliu.  April  8,  1853.     A  Ger- 

'i^^n;^V^yr"^'^^^::i^\^'b^'ll  man  historical  paLtter  and  phUologlst. 

famine  Gogo' (1844),  "La  mare  dauteuil"  fl861),  "Les  Kolberg,  or  Colberg  (kol  berG).    A  seaport  and 

enfantsduboulevard"(1863),  etc.,  and  many  other  stories,  waterinf^-plaoe  in  the  province  of  Pomerania, 


vaudevilles,  etc.  He  wrote,  with  Carmouchc,  "Lachouette 
et  la  colombe."  His  collected  works  tilled  50  volumes  in 
1844-10. 


persecution  of  the  Reformation  ;  a  riot  occurred  at  Perth,   Kock,  Henri  dc.      Born  at  Paris,  1819  :   died  at 

' ' "■"'  "-=»-"'"'i-i-"'---bi.i.     i^imay,  Seiue-et-Oise,  April  14, 1892.    A  French 

novelist  and  dramatist,  son  of  Paul  de  Kock 
whoso  style  he  imitated, 


change,  and  Roman  Catholicism  was  abolished  by  the  Kodungalur.      Same  as  Cranfjanore 


people  Knox  had  frequent  dramatic  encounters  with  her. 

He  was,  however,  maiidy  occupied  with  the  organization 

,if  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Scotland.    His  works,  of 

which  the  chief  is  his"  Historic  of  the  Reformation  of  Re-   fr^-y.-^.  ,^.p^\.K^>\       -i       a    fliatrlpt  in  tho  Pflninh 

ligioun  within  the  Realrae  of  Scotland,' collected  and  ed-  Konat  (ko-liat  ).      1.   A  OlstTicMn  me  ranjap, 

I's..    — ,,T_,_^  u,:....j  .-..  o.._, :.,  ,o«.      British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  33°  30    J«. 


scape-painter.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Rotterdam 
and  St.  Petersburg  academies  (lS4ii),  and  founded  an 
academy  of  design  at  Cleves  in  1841. 


ited  by  David  Laing,  were  published  in  6  volumes  in  1864. 
Knox,  Mrs.  (Isa  Craig).  Born  at  Edinburgh  in 
1S31.  A  Scottish  writer.  She  was  employed  on  the 
statf  of  the  "Scotsman"  for  some  time,  removed  to  Lon- 
don in  1857,  and  was  secretary  to  the  National  .\ssociaUon 


Prussia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Persante,  in  the 
Baltic.  (JG  miles  northeast  of  Stettin.  TheMarien- 
kii'che  and  llathaus  are  of  interest.  It  was  formerly  a 
strong  fortress,  and  is  noted  for  its  sieges.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1701,  and  was  successfully  defended 
against  the  French  iu  1807.  Population  (1890),  commone, 
10,999. 

Kolcsey(kel'ehe-i).FerenCZ.BomatSz6-Deme- 

ter,  Middle  Szoluok,  Hungary,  Aug.  8,  1790: 
died  at  Szathmdr,  Hungary,  Aug.  24.  1838.  A 
Hungarian  critic,  orator,  and  poet,  best  known 
as  joint  editor  of  the  periodical  "Life  and  Lit- 
erature" (182()-29). 
Koldaji  (kol-da'je).  An  African  tribe  of  Kor- 
ilofan,  west  of  the  Upper  Nile.  Related  to  the 
Nulla,  it  is  both  ethnically  and  linguistically  of  a  mixed 


^Tf  'K^Lloil^-iC^'o  "^r'  '"J  '  nrtTe"  KO  tog  koi'dhrgr  A  seaport  in  the  province 
ulation  (1891)   203,175._2    The  capital  of  the  -^^'^eile    Jutland    Denmark,  situated*^  on   the 

f'"*"fio''Q,??^'**V>'  T  r     'nSQlS   o?  ono       '     Kolding  Fjord  in  lat.  55°  30'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  E. 

- — .,    -  .  ^,        long.  71°  31' E.     Population  (1891),  27.003.  „        Amil  2S  1849   the  troons  of  Schleswig-Holstein 

for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science  tiU  her  marriage^     She   Rohath  (kcj'hath).      The  second  son  of  Levi.  under  Bon  n  defeated  the  Danes  under  Bulow:    Popula- 

wrote"TheBurnsFestlval,"theprizepoemattheCryBtal   ib"""'""^  ,     ,  '    ,,    -,    ,       -,      T„w;„>,   l,;i,tnrv       linn/l^l      fi6S 

Palace  celebration  .Ian.  2.6,  1S59,  and  has  since  published   KohatlllteS  (ko  hatl>lts).      In  Jewish  history,      tion  (1890)  .1.658.  „^  •i7-„l„„;„*  ^V;M  rrK'vofI 

-        -      -■  ■    - «.,....      the  descendants  of  Kohath,  the  second  son  of  Kolguef(kol-go'yef).  or Kolgujef(kol-go  yef). 

Le^-i.  The  Kohathites  were  one  of  the  tlu-ee  great  fami-  An  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  belonging  to  the 
lies  of  the  Levites,  and  had  charge  of  bearing  the  ark  and  government  of  -Al'changel,  Kussia.  Length, 
its  furniture  in  the  march  through  the  wilderness.   _      _      about  55  miles. 


several  novels,  "Tales  on  the  Parables  "  (1872),  "The  Little 
Folks'  History  of  England  "  (1872),"  In  Duty  Bound  "  (1S81), 
poems,  etc. 
KnOX'Ville  (noks'vil).     A  city  and  the  capital  of 


Knox'Coimty,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Hoi-  Koh-i-nUT  (ko'e-nor').     ['Mountain  of  light.']  KolhapUT  (ko-la-por').     1.  A  native  state  in 
' ■"  The  largest  diamond  belonging  to  the  British     southern  India,  under  British   control,  inter- 


ston  in  lat.  35°  58'  N.,  long.  83°  56'  W.    It  is  the 

chief  commercial  and  industrial  center  of  East  Tennessee,  crown.    It  was  acquired  by  Nadir  Shah  in  1739.  and  by 

nnd  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Tennessee.     It  was  set.  Queen  Victoria  in  1850.    It  then  weighed  180i>s  carats,  but 

lied  in  1789.    Abandoned  by  the  Confederates  in  Sept.,  has  been  recut,  and  is  now  lOO,"],  carats.    Also  Koh-(-noor. 

180S.  it  was  occupied  by  the  Federals  under  Bumside,  and  ir„-hiqtan  (ko-his-tan').     A  wild  region  in  een- 

V, us  besiesed  by  Longsireet  in  November  without  success,  "■viiiaucvu  v               ,  t.,  i„  .    wn^t  ^f  VnoVimST. 

Population  (1900),  32,6.'!7.  tral  Asia,  near  tlie  Indus,  west  of  Kashmir. 

Knutsford  (nuts'ford).     A  small  town  in  Che-  Kohl  (kol),  Johann  Georg.     Born  at  Bremen, 

shire,  England,  14  miles  southwest  of  Manehes-  April  28,  1808:   died  there,  Oct.  .8,  18(8, 


ter. 


German  traveler  and  author.    Alter  visiting  nearly 
untry  in  Europe,  he  traveled  extensively  in  the 


sected  bv  lat.  16°  30'  X.,  long.  74°  E.  Area.  2,816 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  913,131.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Kolhapur,  situated 
in  lat.  16°  42'  N.,  long.  74°  14'  E.  Population, 
about  39,000. 
'X  Kolima,  or  Kolyma  (ko-le-ma'  or  ko-le'ma). 
A  river  iu  the  government  of  Yakutsk,  Siberia, 


flowing  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  69°  30' 


and  exploration,  the  ones  best  known  being  "Geschichte 
der  Entdeckung  Amerikas"  (1801),  "Die  beiden  atesten 
Karten  von  Amerika"  (1860),  "A  Ilistoi-y  of  the  Discovery 
of  the  EastCoastof  North  Anierica"(in  coUectionsof  the 
Maine  Historical  Sucietv,  l--i;:().  and  "Geschichte  der  Ent- 
deckungsreisen  uml  Schilff ahrten  zur  Magellan's  Strasse  " 
0377) 

Kohlrausch  (kol'roush),  Heinrich  Friedrich 

Theodor.  Bom  at  Landolfshausen,  near  Got- 
tingcn,  Prussia,  Nov.  15,  1780:  died  at  Han 


See  Creek. 

Kobad.    See  Quhad. 

Kobe  (ko'be).  A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  near  Osaka.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  136.968. 

Kobell  (ko'bel),  Franz  von.  Born  at  Munich, 
July  19, 1803 :  died  there,  Nov.  11, 1882.  A  Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  poet,  professor  of  min- 
eralogy at  the  Universitv  of  Munich.  He  wrote 
"  Geschichte  der  Jlineralogie  1650-1860  "  (1804),  and  other 
works  on  mineralogy,  also  poems  in  the  Bavarian  dialect 
and  High  German. 

Kobelyaki  (ko-bel-yii'ke).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Vorskla  3S  miles  southwest  of  Pultowa.  Popu- 
lation, 15,421.  dianapolis.     Population  (1900),  1(1,609. 

Koberstein  (ko'ber-stin),  Karl  August.    Born  Koko-nor(k6'k6-n6r'),orTsing-Hai(tsing-hi'). 
at  Riigenwalde,  Pi-ussiii,  Jan.  10,  1797 :  dio(i  at     i_  x  lake  in  the  Chinese  empire,  n_e_ar  the_  bor- 


the  Prussians  (about  'M , 

The  victory  led  to  the  raising^of  the  siege  of  Prague  and 


der  of  Tibet  and  Kansu,  about  lat.  37°  N.,  long. 
100°  E.  Length,  66  miles.  Height  above  sea- 
level,  about  10,000  feet.— 2.  A  district  near  the 

lake, 
eu.  oy  uariscn  1SI2-H  anu  loin),  eic.  ■K■/^1o  l'L-n'li^^       1      A  -npniTKiiiln  in  northern  Rus 

Kobrln  (ko-bren').  A  town  in  the  government  Kola  (ko  la)      1.  A  pemnsula  in  norrnem  jvus 


Pforta,  PiTissia,  March  8,  1870.  A  Gorman  his- 
torian of  literature,  professor  in  the  national 
school  at  Pforta.  He  published  "Grundriss  der  Ge- 
schichte der  deutschen  Natinnalliteratur"  (1827:  revised 
ed.  by  Bartsch  1872-74  and  1884),  etc. 


of  Grodno,  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  52°  15'  N., 

long.  24°  24'  E.     Population,  9,345. 
Koburg.     See  Vi>hHr(i. 
Koch  (kocli),  Joseph  Allton.    Born  at  Obcr- 

gi^Vieln,  TjTol,  July  27, 1 1  lis :  died  at  Rome,  Jan. 

12,  1839.     A  Gei-man  historical  and  landscape 

painter. 
Koch,KarlHeinrichEmil.  Bomnear Weimar, 

Germany.  June  6,  1S09:  died  at  Berlin,  May  25, 

1879.    A"Gornian  botanist  and  Oriental  traveler. 

He  wrote  "Wanderungen  durch  den  Orient"  (18.16-17), 

"  Dendrologie  "  (1809-72),  etc. 
Koch,  Robert.  Born  at  Kl:iusthal,  Dec.  11, 1843 


the  evacuation  of  Bohemia.  Population  (I89(iX  commune, 
13,566. 

KoliS  (ko'lis).    [Hind.]   An  aboriginal  tribe  in 
the  hills  of  central  India,  whither  they  were 
driven  by  the  early  Aryan  settlers.    They  are  scat- 
tered widely,  as  cultivators  and  laborers,  throughout  south- 
ern India,  "but  have  preserved  their  original  language, 
customs,  and  superstitions, 
nofer,' Prussia,  Jan.  29-30,  1867.     A  German  KoUar  (kol'liir).  Jan.     Born  at  Mossocz,  Thu- 
historian,  teacher  successively  at  Barmen,  Diis-    r<5ez,  Hungary,  July  29,  1/93 :   died  at  \  lenna, 
seldorf.Miinster,  and  Hannover.  Hischief  work     Jan.  29, 1852.   A  Bohemian  poet,  Slavic  scholar, 

is  "Deutsche  Geschichte"  (1816).  "^'l^'^^'°'^?^?,?-',^''''J**^i^''j"\f  aiv     «.« 

Kokomo  (ko'ko-mo).     A  city  and  the  capital  of  KoUlker  (k.l'le-ker),  Rudolf  Albert.  Born  at 
Howard  Countv,  Indiana,  52  miles  north  of  In-     Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  6.  IM  , .    A  celebrated 

Swiss  anatomist   and  physiologist,  especially 

noted  asa  liistologist.  He  became  professor  of  physi- 
ology at  Zurich  in  184,6,  and  at  Wurzliurg  in  1847.  Among 
his  w.uks  ;irc  "  MiUr.iskoiiisclu-  Anatomic"  (1850-64), 
"UaiHlliucli. lcrllcwel.il.  In cdcsiUiifcbcn"  (186'2X"Ent. 
wickelungs._'ifcliiclite  des  .Menschcn  "  (1801),  etc. 

Kollin.    J'^eo  Koliit. 

Koln  (keln).     The  German  name  of  Cologne. 

Kolokol(koI-6-kol').  ['The  Bell.']  A  journal 
founded  by  Ale.xander  Hertzen  (or  Herzen)  in 
Lond.ui  in  1857.  It  was  pul^li^lu■d  in  Russian,  and 
ilenumded  llic  emancipation. .ft  he  serfs  and  other  reforms. 
It  bad  great  inlluence,  ami  many  cl.ies  were  smuggled 
into  Kussia,  lb. .ugh  prohibiteil  by  Ihe  government.  It 
was  publishc.l  till  181'..^.    In  isos  it  reappeared  in  Geneva, 


sia,  lying  between  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  th.- 
Wliite  Sea.— 2.  A  small  seaport  in  Lapland, 
governnient  of  Al'changel,  Russia,  about  lat.  68° 
.53'  N.,  long.  33°  E. 
Kolaba  (kol'a-ba).     A  district  in  the  govenior- 


ship  of  Bombay!  British  India,  intersected  bv     published  in  French,  but  without  much  succesa. 

lat.  18°  20'  N.,  long.   73°  20'  E.     Area,  1,872  Kolokol  (kol-()-kol'),  Czar.     The  great  bell  in 

square  miles.     Population  (1891).  .509,.584.     '         I  hi' Kremlin  at  Moscow. 
Kolapur,  "r  Kolapoor.     See  Kolhapur. 
Kolar,  or  Colar  t  kf.-Uir' ).  A  district  of  Mysore, 

India,  iutersecte.l  bv  lat.  13°  N.,  long.  78°  15'  E. 

Area,  3,0.59  squai-e  miles.     Population  (1891), 

.5!)1,030 


tin'  Kremlin  at  Moscow.  It  was  cast  in  its  present 
fomi  ill  1733,  but  fouryears  later,  owing  cither  to  »  Haw  or 
to  a  fall,  a  large  i)iece  was  broken  from  the  si.ic.  It  now 
fltan.is  on  a  circular  base  of  stxtne.  The  rings  on  the  sum- 
mit are  snitii..untc.l  by  a  large  ball  and  eros-s.  The  totjil 
ileiglit  is  L'li'  (.■.(.  the  base  circumference 07  feet  11  inches, 
the  great. si  ihukn.  Ks2feet.  nnd  the  weight  ab..nt  2(0  Ions. 

l-o-ko-trij'nis),   Theodoros. 


A("^rnphys^;:^a:,;;^;:das.T,;;disc;,vJrerof£,lauza(ko-ia'z|v).     [Of  <loubtfiil  derivation.]  Kolokot,^ms£ol^r.3^nis^ 

the  bacilli  of  tuberculosis  (1S,S2)  and  of  cholera,     Ric^ioli's  name  for  the  star  Ai'cturus:  seldom     '^  'j(f',;;,,,I,'  *'pJ|,''\,V;    if^l:)      A  (ii'eek   patriot 

(18.S3).    neledtheGerm.anexpediti,mtor,gyptandIn-     usedby  any  oueels(.._  He  becamcr»n  the 'ou'thkak  .Vthe  (ir.ek  war  for  inde 


dia  in  iss.t  to  investigate  cholera.    In  1890  h 
the  discov.-ry  of  a  cure  for  tuberculosis,  which  has  not 
been  supported  by  furtlier  experience. 
Kochab  (ko-kilb').     [Ar.  kaukab  al-shcmaU.  the 
starof  the  north.]    The  bright  third-magnitude 


need  Kolb  (kolb),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at  Spires, 
■  "        Rhenish  Bavaria.  Sept.  14,  1808:  died  at  Mu- 
nich,   May  16,   18.S4.     A  German    statistician, 
journalist, anil  politician.  Hepublished  "Hand- 
biich  der  vergleicheiulen  Statist  iU"  ( 1«57),  etc. 


star,.uirsa,Minoiis,oneofthet.vo    gu  •  u, IS  (Uoi'be),  Adolf  Wilhelm  Hermann. 

of  the  pole,"  ami  at  the  time  ot  I  tol emy  the  ^  Elliehaus,.,,,  near  GOtliugen,  Prussia,, 

actnal  pole-star,  being  then  consi.lerably  nearer  .  ,,j    ,  ^^j  j^^.ip^i,.,  Nov.  '25,  1.8.S4. 


to  the  pole  than  our  present  polo-star  was  at 
that  time. 

Kock  (kok),  Charles  Paul  de.  Bom  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  May  21,  1794:  died  at  Paris,  Aug. 
29,  1871.  A  F'rench  novelist  and  dramatist. 
He  excelled  in  descriptions  of  the  shady  side  of  lower  mid- 
dle-class life  in  Paris.   He  wrote  "Georgette  "(1820),  "  Gus- 


Sept.  _    ,  . 

A  noti'.l  G.riiian  chemist,  assistant  ot  Playfair 

in  tin'  .Mus.um  of  Economic  Geology,  London, 

1845,  an. I  jirofessor  of  chemistry  at  Marburg 

1,851,  anil  at  Loipsic  1805:  author  of  "Ausfiihr- 

lisches    Lehrbuch   der   orgauischen  Chemie" 

(1854-69). 


pcndence  in  IS21,  ..ne  of  the  chief  lenilers  against  Turkey, 
and  was  appointed  coniinander-in-chiet  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus In  1,^23. 

Kolomea  (ko-lo-ma'ii).  or  Kolomyia  (ko-io- 
me'yii).  A  town  in  (ialicia.  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Pruth  in  lat. 48°  32'  N.,  long.  2.5° 
T  E.     Population  (1S90),  comniune.  30,235. 

Kolomna  (ko-lom'nii).  A  town  ill  the  govem- 
nieiit  of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion ot  tlie  Kolonienka  with  the  Moskva,  60 
miles  southeast  of  Mo.scow.  Population  (1885- 
1889),  20.(')82. 

Koltzoflf ( k.iU-sof ' ),  Alexei  Vasilievitch.  Born 

at  Voronezh,  Oct.  26, 1809:  died  Nov.  12. 1842.  A 


Koltzoff 

Russian  poet,  kno-svn  as  "the  Russian  Burns." 
He  went  to  St.  Petersbiu-g  in  1836.  The  first  edition  ol  his 
poems  appeared  after  his  death,  in  1846,  edited  by  Biehnski. 
Some  of  his  poems  have  been  translated  by  Bodenstedt. 

Koluschan  (Ijo-lush'an).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  Their  name  isderived  from 
an  Aleut  word,  kalosh  or  kaluga,  meaning  'dish,'  alluding 
to  the  dish-shaped  labrets  worn  by  them.  They  are  also 
often  called  Thlinkit  or  TUnktt,  a  name  (meaning  '  people ') 
which  they  apply  to  themselves.  They  occupy  a  nai-row 
strip  along  the  northwest  coast,  together  with  adjacent 
islands,  from  the  mouth  of  Portland  Canal  in  lat.  66"  N. 
t<  that  of  Atna  or  Copper  River  in  lat  60°,  and  are  nearly 
all  in  Alaska.  They  number  aliout  6,000.  The  chief 
tril)es  of  the  stock  are  the  Auk,  Chilcat,  Hanega,  Hood- 
suiiu,  Hunah,  Keh,  Sitka,  Stahkin,  Taku,  Tongas,  and 
Yakutat. 

Koma-ga-take  (ko-ma-ga-ta'ke).  The  second 
highest  mountain  of  Japan,  in  the  western  part 
of  the  main  island.     Heiglit,  10,300  feet. 

Komensky.    See  Comoiius. 

Komorn  (ko'morn).  Hung.  Komarom  (ko'ma- 
rom).  A  royal  free  city,  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Komorn,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Island"  of  Sehiitt  at  the  junction  of  the  Waag  and 
Danube,  46  miles  west-northvpest  of  Budapest. 
It  is  noted  for  its  strong  fortifications.  The  Hungarian 
insurgents  under  Mack,  Guyon,  and  Klapka  successfully 
withstood  a  siege  and  bombardment  by  the  Austrians,  Oct., 
184S,  to  Sept.  27,  1849,  when  they  were  induced  to  capitu- 
late on  a  promise  of  amnesty,  which  was  but  partially  kept. 
Population  (1890),  13.076. 

Komotau  (ko'mo-tou).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
52  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  13,050. 

Eonde  (kon'de),  or  Makonde  (ma-kon'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  on  the 
Rovuma  River.  They  tattoo  themselves,  and  the  wo- 
men disfigure  themselves  by  wearing  the  pelele,  a  pieceof 
■wood  stuck  in  the  enormously  distended  upper  lip.  Their 
neighbors,  the  Mavia  and  Matambwe,  speak  dialects  so 
closely  allied  to  Konde  that  all  three  must  be  considered 
as  dialectic  variations  of  one  language. 

Kong  (kong).  A  highland  in  West  Africa, back  of 
the  Grain,  Ivory,  and  Gold  coasts.  It  was  largely 
included  in  a  French  protectorate  in  1889.  The  Kong 
Mountains  of  former  maps  are  in  reality  a  high  plateau. 

Kongo,  or  Congo  (kong' go),  Pg.  Zaire  (za-e're), 
called  by  Stanley  the  Livingstone.  A  river  of 
central  Africa.  It  rises  as  the  tuapnla  in  the  high- 
land separating  the  basins  of  Lakes  Tanganyikaand  Xyassa 
(about  lat.  10°  S.),  rounds  Lake  Bangweolo  on  the  south, 
flows  northward  through  Lake  Moero  to  Lake  Lanji,  and 
there  receives  the  Lukuga  as  an  affluent  from  Tangan- 
yika. The  united  stream,  now  known  as  the  Lualaba, 
flows  northward  to  Stanley  Falls,  beyond  the  equator, 
whence  to  the  sea,  over  its  main  course,  it  is  called  the 
Kongo.  It  discharges  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  0'  S., 
about  240  miles  southwest  of  Stanley  Pool.  It  is  naviga- 
ble by  ocean  steamers  from  its  mouth  to  Matadi  (110  miles) 
and  by  river  steamers  from  Stanley  Pool  to  Stanley  Falls. 
These  two  navigable  sections  are  being  connected  by  a 
railroad.  It  is  second  in  volume  to  the  Amazon,  and  is, 
among  .\frican  rivers,  next  to  the  Nile  in  length.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Aruwimi,  llobaiigi.  and  Kassai.  It  has 
been  explored  by  Cameron,  Livingstone,  Stanley,  and 
others.    Length,  estimated,  about  3,000  miles. 

Kongo,  French,  F.  Congo  Frangais  (kon-go' 
frah-sa').  The  official  name,  since  1891,  of  the 
French  possessions  between  the  Kongo  and  the 
Atlantic,  lying  south  of  the  German  territory 
of  Kamerun.  Previously  they  were  called  Gaboon,  Ga- 
bun,  or  Gabonie,  and  Quest  Africain.  The  area  is  about 
425,01X1  square  miles,  the  population  about  12, "00,000.  The 
country  is  fertile,  but  mostly  insalubrious.  The  coast  was 
discovered  by  tlie  Portuguese  in  the  15th  century,  and  held 
by  them  for  a  long  period.  In  1842  the  French  established 
their  first  trading-post  on  the  Gaboon  River,  and  extended 
their  authority.  In  186-2,  to  Cape  Lopez  and  the  Ogowe 
Itiver.  ^^^len  Stanley  revealed  the  course  of  the  Kongo, 
S.  de  Brazza  connected  the  colony  of  Gaboon  with  Stanley 
Pool  and  annexed  large  tracts  of  country.  The  claims  of 
France  were  recognized  by  the  Berlin  Conference  in  1885. 
By  an  agreement  made  with  Germany  in  1894,  French 
Kongo  extends  behind  the  Kamerun  northward  to  Lake 
Chad. 

Kongo  Free  State,  or  Kongo  Independent 
State,  or  Kongo  State:  omii;il  name,  Etat  In- 
d^pendant  du  Congo.  A  state  in  western  Al- 
rica,  recognized  and  defined  by  the  conference 
of  European  powers  at  Berlin  in  1885.  It  lies 
mostly  on  the  left  bank  of  the  lower  Kongo  and  the  Mo- 
bangi,  extending  to  the  northeastern  watershed  of  the 
Kongo  basin,  eastward  to  long. 30"  E.. and  southward,  main- 
ly on  that  meridian,  to  about  lat.  13"  S.  It  is  the  succes- 
sor of  the  International  African  Association,  founded  by 
Leopold  II.  and  organized  by  Stanley.  This  company  es- 
tablished stations,  annexed  lands,  hoisted  its  own  flag, 
which  was  first  recognized  by  the  United  States,  and  be- 
came so  aggressive  as  to  conflict  with  Portugal,  France, 
and  England.  The  Berlin  Conference  constituted  (Feb. 
26,  1885)  the  Kongo  State,  with  Leopold  II.  as  sovereign. 
The  conditions  under  which  it  received  most  of  the  Kongo 
basiu  as  its  sphere  of  influence  were  that  all  nations  and 
religions  should  have  equal  privileges  within  its  borders, 
and  that  free  trade  should  prevail.  The  latter  clause  was 
modified  by  the  Brussels  conferences  of  1890  so  as  to  ena- 
ble the  Kongo  State  and  other  countries  concerned  in  the 
Kongo  Free  Trade  Basin  to  levy  certain  import  duties. 
By  will,  dated  Aug.  2, 1889,  Leopold  II.  bequeathed  to  Bel- 
gium all  his  sovereign  rights,  and  by  the  convention  of 
July  3,  1890  (cuutlnued  Aug.  10, 1901),  lie  gave  Belgium  the 
right  to  annex  the  Kongo  State  after  a  period  of  10  years. 


576 

Government  is  in  the  hands  of  an  administrator  at  Bonia 
and  of  bureaus  at  Brussels,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
ELing  of  the  Belgians.  The  chief  exports  are  ivory,  rub- 
ber, nuts,  coffee,  palm-oil.  The  principal  state  stations 
are  Boma  (the  capital),  Matadi,  Leopoldville,  Equator, 
Bangala,  Stanley  Falls,  and  Luluaburg.  Estimated  area, 
900,000  square  miles.     Population.  30,000,000. 

Kongo  Nation.  A  great  Bantu  nation  of  West 
Afi'ica,  oecupjing  both  banks  of  the  lower 
Kongo  River,  in  its  widest  sense  it  consists  of  all  the 
tribes  between  the  Nyanga  River,  the  upper  Ogowe,  Stanley 
Pool,  the  Kuango,  and  the  mouth  of  the  Lufuni  (Lifune) 
River,  south  of  Ambriz.  The  tribes  north  of  the  Kongo 
River  speak  dialects  of  the  Kongo  language,  the  principal 
being  those  of  Loango,  Kakongo,  and  Ngoio ;  and  their 
beliefs,  customs,  industries,  and  physical  appearance  show 
a  common  origin  ;  but  at  the  time  of  the  Portuguese  dis- 
cover>',  in  14S4,  their  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Kongo  had 
already  become  merely  traditional.  The  Kongo  ^'ation, 
in  the  strict  sense,  was  and  is  composed  of  the  tribes  (called 
duchies  and  counties)  of  Mbamba,  Sundi,Paiigu,  Sonlio, 
Batta,  and  Pemba,  which  to  this  day  recognize  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  King  of  Kongo,  although  they  are  practically 
independent  of  his  control.  At  the  time  of  the  discover)-, 
the  nation  of  Angola,  ethnically  and  linguistically  distinct 
from  that  of  Kongo,  though  related,  still  acknowledged  a 
dependence  upon  that  of  Kongo,  The  decadence  of  this 
great  kingdom  was  temporarily  stemmed  by  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Portuguese  and  the  nominal  adoption  of  Chris- 
tianity, which  gave  a  new  luster  and  prestige  to  the  court 
of  Kongo.  But  the  relapse  into  heathenism,  constant  civil 
wars,  and  the  suicidal  exportation  of  slaves  to  America 
undermined  the  kingdom  so  thoroughly  that  in  1847  one 
of  the  royal  pretenders  was  installed  by  the  help  of  Portu- 
guese arms,  and  virtually  accepted  a  sort  of  protectorate. 
By  the  act  of  the  Berlin  Conference,  1S85,  Portugal  was 
allowed  to  occupy  and  hold  most  of  the  Kongo  proper  and 
Ngoio  (Cabinda),  whUe  most  of  the  tribes  of  Kongo  stock 
dwelling  north  of  the  Kongo  River  were  allotted  to  France, 
and  the  northern  margin  of  the  river  to  the  Kongo  State. 
TheKingof  Kongo hasbecomeaPortuguese  vassal,  and  his 
kingdom  has  been  organized  as  a  district  of  Angola.  The 
capital  of  the  district  is  Cabinda ;  that  of  the  native  king- 
dom is  San  Salvador.  The  Kongo  State,  holding  only  a 
trifling  portion  of  the  old  kingdom  of  Kongo,  is  in  nowise 
its  successor.  The  Kongo  language,  called  Kishi-kongo 
in  the  court  dialect,  and  Ki-kongo  in  the  river  dialect,  is 
purely  Bantu,  and  closely  related  to  (though  distinct  from) 
Kimbundu,  the  language  of  .\ngola.  Owing  to  the  growing 
missionary  literature,  the  use  of  Ki-kongo  is  extending  far 
into  the  Kongo  State,  and  it  bids  fair  to  become  one  of 
the  great  literary  languages  of  Africa.  The  dialects  corre- 
spond to  the  tribes  enumerated  above,  to  which  might  be 
added  Hungu. 

Kongo  State.     See  Kongo  Free  State. 

Kongsberg  (kongs'bero).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Buskerud,  Norway,  situated  on  the 
Laagen  45  miles  southwest  of  Christiania.  It 
contains  government  silver-mines,  discovered  about  1623. 
Population  (1891),  6,297. 

Konieh  (ko'ne-e),  or  Koniah.  (ko'ne-a).  1.  A 
vilayet  in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey.  Area,  35,373 
square  miles.  Population,  1,088,100.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  situated  in  lat. 
37°  56'  N.,  long.  32°  20'  E.:  the  ancient  Iconium. 
It  became  the  capital  of  a  Seljuk  sultanate  in  1097 ;  was 
taken  by  Frederick  Barbai-ossa  in  1190 ;  was  incorporated 
with  the  Turkish  empire  in  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 
Here  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated  the  Turks  under  Reshid 
Pasha,  Dec.  20, 1832.     Population,  estimated,  25,000. 

Konig  (ke'niG),  Friedlicll.  Born  at  Eisleben, 
Prussia,  April  17,  1774:  died  Jan.  17,  1833.  A 
German  printer,  inventor  of  the  steam-press. 
The  first  machine  was  patented  in  England  in  1810.  He 
patented  a  cylinder-press  in  1811. 

Konig  (ke'niG),  Heinrich  Josef.  Bornat  Fulda, 
Prussia,  March  19, 1790:  died  atWiesbaden,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  23, 1869.  A  German  novelist.  Among 
his  historical  novels  are  "Die  hohe  Brant" 
(1833)  and  "Die  Klubisten  in  Mainz"  (1847). 

Koniggratz  (ke'nig-grats).  [Bohem.  Hradec 
Krdhire.}  A  cathedral  city  in  Bohemia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Adler  vrith  the  Elbe,  62 
miles  east  of  Prague.  The  decisive  battle  of  the 
Seven  Weeks'  War  (often  called  the  battle  of  Sadowa)  was 
fought  near  Koniggratz,  July  3, 1866.  The  Prussians  (220,- 
984)  under  William  I.,  Crown  Prince  Frederick  William, 
Prince  Frederick  Charles,  and  Herwarth  von  Bittenfeld 
defeated  the  Austrian  array  (about  205 ,000)  under  Benedek 
The  loss  of  the  Austrians  was  about  40,000,  that  of  the  Prus- 
sians about  10,000.  A  history  of  the  battle  by  Jahns  ap- 
peared in  1876.     Population  (1890),  7,816. 

Koniginhof  (ke'nig-ui-hot).  [Bohem.  Dvitr 
Krdlorc.']  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  64  miles  east-northeast  of  Prague.  Here, 
June  29,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians.    Population  (1890),  eommtuie,  8.635. 

Koniginhof  Manuscript.  A  manuscript  con- 
taining old  Bohemian  poems  (date  about  1300), 
discovered  by  Hanka  at  Koniginhof  in  1817. 

Konig  Rother  (ke'nio  ro'ter).  [G.,  'King  Ro- 
ther.']  A  Middle  High  Gei-man  epic  poem,  writ- 
ten, near  the  middle  of  the  12th  century,  by  an 
unknown  author  in  Bavaria.  It  receives  its  name 
from  the  legendary  hero  Eother.  a  king  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire, who  wins  the  daughter  of  King  Constantino  of  Con- 
stantinople. Rother's  historical  prototype  was  Rothari, 
a  king  of  the  Longobardi  in  the  7th  century. 

Konigsberg  (kfe'nigs-berG),  Pol.  Krolewiec 
(kro-la'vyets).  A  seaport  and  fortress  and  the 
capital  of  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Pregel,  near  the  Frisehes  HaS, 


Kopitar 

in  lat.  54°  43'  N.,  long.  20°  30'  E.  It  consists  ol 
the  Altstadt,  Kneiphof,  LObenicht,  and  other  quarters, 
and  has  important  commerce  in  grain,  timber,  hemp,  flax, 
etc.  PiUau  is  its  outer  port.  The  palace  and  cathedral, 
the  statues  of  Kant,  Frederick  I.,  and  Frederick  William 
III.,  and  the  city  museum  are  noteworthy.  The  univer- 
sity, founded  by  Albert  L,  duke  of  Prussia,  in  1544,  haa 
an  important  observatory,  and  a  library  of  220,000  volumes. 
Konigsberg  was  founded  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in  1255. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  grand  masters  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  1457-1525,  and  of  the  dukes  of  Prussia  l.")26-161S. 
Frederick  I.  took  the  title  of  king  here  in  1701.  It  is  associ- 
ated with  the  life  of  Kant.  Population  (1900),  conimtme, 
187,S97. 

K6nigsberg-in-der-Neumark(ke'nigs-berG-iii. 

der-noi'miirk).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia,  52  miles  northeast  of  Berlin, 
Population  (1890),  commime,  5,864. 
Konigshiitte  (ke'nigs-hiit-te).     A  town  in  thel 
province  of  Silesia.  Prussia,  situated  in  lat.  50°1 
IS'  N.,  long.  18°  58'  E.     It  was  founded  in  1797,  and-] 
is  noted  for  its  iron,  steel,  and  zinc  works.    Population 
(1890),  commune,  86,502. 

K6nigslntter(ke'nigs-16t-ter).  Atown  in  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  13  miles  east  of  Bninswick.  It 
is  the  ancient  seat  of  a  Benedictine  abbey,  and 
is  associated  with  Lothaire  H. 

Konigsmark  (ke'nigs-mark).  Countess  Maria 
Aurora  von.  Born  at  Worms,  Esthonia,  Rus- 
sia, 1669 :  died  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia,  Feb. 
16,  1728.  The  mistress  of  Augustus  H.  of  Po. 
land,  and  mother  of  Marshal  Saxe. 

K5nigsmark,  Count  Philipp  Christoph  von. 
Born  1662 :  assassinated  at  Hannover,  July  X, 
1694.  A  Swedish  officer,  brother  of  the  Coun- 
tess von  Konigsmark. 

Konigssee  (ke'nigs-za),  or  Bartholomaussee 
(bar-tol-6-ma'os-sa).  A  lake  in  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Upper  Bavaria,  15  miles  south 
of  Salzburg,  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery. 
Length,  6  miles. 

Konigsstuhl  (ke'nigs-stol),  A  stone  structure 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  6  miles  south  of 
Coblenz.  It  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  Rhen- 
ish electors  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries. 

Konigstein  (ke'nig-stin).  A  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  oh  the  Elbe  18  miles 
southeast  of  Dresden.  Its  fortress  (800  feet 
above  the  Elbe)  is  considered  impregnable. 

Konigswinter  (ke'nigs-vin-ter).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  7  miles 
southeast  of  Bonn.  It  has  stone-quarries,  and  is  a 
center  for  excursions  to  the  Siebengebirge,  especially  to 
the  Drachenfels. 

Konitz  (ko'nits).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  Prussia,  64  miles  southwest  of 
Dantzle.     Population  (1890),  commune,  10,107. 

Konjara  (kon-ja'ra).  An  African  tribe  of  Dar- 
fur,  connected  ethnically  with  the  Nubas.  Lin- 
guists are  not  agreed  as  to  the  classification  of 
the  language.     See  Nnba-Fulah. 

Konkan  (kon'kan)  Coast.  A  region  on  the 
western  coast  of  India,  between  the  Ghats  and 
the  sea. 

Konotop  (ko-no-top' ) .  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tchernigoff,  Russia,  about  lat.  51°  15'  N., 
long.  33°  15'  E.     Population  (1885-89),  18,420. 

Konrad  (kon'rad),  suruamed  "  The  Priest."  The 
date  and  place  of  his  birth  and  death  unknown. 
A  Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He  wrote  at  the 
court  of  the  Guelph  duke  Henry  the  Proud,  about  1130,  the 
"Rolandslied"  (Sliddle  High  German  "Ruolantes  liet," 
"The  Song  of  Roland"),  a  free  version  of  the  French 
"Chanson  de  Roland,"  whose  motive  is  Charlemagne's 
expedition  against  the  Moors  in  Spain.  It  was  published 
by  Wilhelm  Grimm  (Gbttingen,  1838),  and  later  by  Kail 
Bartsch  (Leipsic,  1874). 

Konrad  von  Wurzburg  (kon'rad  fon  viirts'- 
borG).  Born  at  Wilrzburg :  died  at  Basel  in  1287. 
A  Middle  High  German  poet.  He  was  of  the  burgher 
class.  He  lived  alternately  on  the  Upper  Rhine,  at  Stras- 
burg,  and  at  Basel  where  he  died.  He  was  a  prolific  writer. 
His  works  are  "  Der  Welt  Lohn  "  ('*  The  Reward  of  the 
World  "),  written  about  1250 ;  the  legendary  poems  '*  Otto 
mit  dem  Bart"  ("Otto  with  the  Beard"),  "Schwanritter" 
('■  The  Swan-Knight "),  "  Engelhard  "  ;  the  legends  "  Alex- 
ius," "Silvester,"  "Pantaleon";  an  encomium  on  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  called  "Goldene  Schmiede "  ("The  (Soldeo 
Smithy  ") ;  the  F"rench  legend  "  Herzmare  " ;  the  romance 
"  Partonopier  und  lleliur  " ;  a  long  poem  left  uncompleted 
and  continued  by  a  later  poet,  "Trojanerkrieg"  ("The 
Trojan  War"):  and  an  allegory  called  "Klage  derKunst" 
("'  The  Complaint  of  Art "). 

Konza.    ^eeKansa. 

K6penick,or  CSpenick  (ke'pe-nik),or  Kopnick 
(kep'nik).  A  town  in  the  p^o^•ince  of  Branden- 
burg. Prussia,  situated  on  an  island  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Dahme  and  Spree,  8  miles  southeast 
of  Berlin.    Population  (1890),  commune,  14,619. 

Kopemick.     See  Copernicus. 

Koping  (che'ping).  A  small  town  in  Sweden, 
near  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Malar. 

Kopitar  (ko'pe-tar),  Bartholomaus.  Bom*  at 
Repnje,  Camlola,  Austria-Hungary,  Aug.  23, 


Eopitar 

17fW:  died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  11,  1844.  A  noted 
Slavic  philologist,  custodian  of  the  Imperial  Li- 
brary: editor  of  "Glagolita  Clozianus"  1836. 

Eopp  (kop),  Joseph  Eutych.  Born  at  Bero- 
miinster,  canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  1793: 
died  Oct.  25,  1866.  A  Swiss  historian,  author  of 
"Geschiehte  der  eidgenossischen  Biinde  "  (1845- 
18G2),  etc. 

Eopparberg  (kop'par-bera).  A  laen  in  central 
Sweden,  northwest  of  Stockholm:  also  called 
Falun.  It  is  rich  in  minerals.  Area.  11,421 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  199,595. 

Eoppen  (kep'pen),  Peter  von.  Born  at  Khar- 
koflC  Russia,  Feb.  19,  1793:  died  at  Karabagh, 
Crimea,  June  4, 1864.  A  Russian  archaeologist, 
statistician,  andscbolar.  He  published  an  ''Eth- 
nographical Map  of  European  Russia"  (1851), 
and  other  works  on  Russia. 

Koppenberg  (kop'en-bero).  In  the  legend  of 
the  Pied  Piper  of  Hameln  (which  see),  the 
mountain  into  which  the  sorcerer  and  the  chil- 
dren disappeared. 

Eopreinitz  (ko'pn-nits).  A  royal  free  town  in 
Croatia,  Hungary,  49  miles  northeast  of  Agi'am. 
Population  (1890),  6,512. 

KSprili  (ke-pre'le;.  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Prisrend,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Vardar  inlat. 
41°  43'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E.  Population,  about 
15,000.     Also  Kuprili,  KitipriU,  KyiiprUUi,  etc. 

Eorah  (ko'ril).  [Heb.,  'ice.']  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a  leader  in  a  rebellion  against 
Moses  and  Aaron.  The  "sons"ordeseendants 
"ofKorah" — the  Korahites  —  were  a  gild  of 
Temple  musicians. 

Koran  (kd'ran  or  ko-ran').  [Also  rarely  Coran, 
Quran,  formerly  also  Core;  with  the  Ar.  article, 
Alkoran,  Alcoran;  =  Turk.  Pers.  qurdn,  from 
Ar.  qnran,  qoran,  book,  reading,  from  (idrd, 
read.]  The  sacred  book  of  the  Mohammedans. 
It  is  the  most  Important  foundation  oil  which  the  Moham- 
medan religion  rests,  and  it  is  held  in  the  highest  venera- 
tion by  all  sects  in  the  Mohammedan  Church.  When  being 
read  it  must  lie  kept  on  a  stand  elevated  above  the  floor. 
No  one  may  read  it  or  touch  it  without  first  making  a 
legal  ablution.  It  is  written  in  the  Arabic  language,  and 
its  style  is  considered  a  model.  The  substance  of  tlie  Ko- 
ran is  held  to  be  uncreated  and  eternal.  Mohammed  was 
merely  the  person  to  whom  the  work  was  revealed.  At 
first  the  Koran  was  not  written,  but  entirely  committed 
to  memory.  But  when  a  great  many  of  the  best  Koran 
reciters  had  been  killed  in  battle,  Omar  suggested  to  Abu- 
Bekr(the8uccessorof  Mohammed)  that  it  should  be  written 
down.  Abu-Bekr  accordingly  commanded  Zeid,  an  amanu- 
ensis of  the  prophet,  to  commit  it  to  writing.  This  was 
the  authorized  text  until  23  years  after  the  death  of  the 
prophet  A  number  of  variant  readings  had,  however, 
crept  into  use.  By  order  of  the  calif  Osman  in  the  year 
50  of  the  Hejira,  Zeid  and  three  assistants  made  a  careful 
revision  which  was  adopted  as  the  standard,  and  all  the 
other  copies  were  ordered  to  be  burned.  Tlie  Koran  con- 
sists of  114  suras  or  divisions.  These  are  not  numbered, 
tut  each  one  has  a  separate  name.  They  are  not  arranged 
in  historical  order.  These  suras  purport  to  be  the  ad- 
dresses delivered  by  Mohammed  during  his  career  at  ilecca 
and  Medina.  As  a  general  rule  the  shorter  suras,  which 
contain  the  theology  of  Islam,  belong  to  the  Meccun  period  ; 
while  the  longer  ones,  relating  to  social  duties  and  rela- 
tionships, to  Medina.  The  Koran  is  largely  drawn  from 
Jewisli  and  christian  sources,  the  former  prevailing.  Muses 
and  Jesus  are  reckoned  among  the  prophets.  The  bibliiul 
narratives  are  interwoven  with  rabbinical  legends.  The 
customs  of  the  .Tews  are  made  to  conform  t^)  tliose  of  the 
Arabians.  Mohammedan  theology  consists  in  tile  studyof 
the  Koran  and  its  commentaries.  A  very  flue  collection 
of  Korans,  including  one  in  Cutte(  the  old  Arabic  character), 
Is  to  be  found  in  the  Khedival  Library  at  Cairo,  Egypt. 

Eorana  (ko-rii'na).     See  Khoikhoin. 

Korat  (ko-raf).  1.  A  small  state,  tributary  to 
Siam,  about  lat.  15° N.,  long.  102°  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  60,000.-2.  The  chief  town  of 
Korat.     Population,  about  6,000. 

Kordofan(kor-d6-fiin').  A  country  in  Sudan, 
Africa,  about  lat.  11°  30'-15°  20'  N.,  long.  29°- 
32°E.  Capital,  El-Obeid.  The  surface  is  a  steppe.  It 
was  conquered  liy  Egypt  in  1S21 ,  and  passed  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Mahdi  in  1883.  (iordon  estimated  tile  area  at 
100,000  square  miles,  and  the  population  at  300, (KK). 

Korea,  or  Corea  (ko-re'ii),  native  Cho-sen  and 
Eao-li,  surnamed  "  The  Hermit  Nation."  An 
empire  of  Asia,  bounded  by  Manchuria  on  the 
north,  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  northeast,  the  Si'a 
of  Japan  on  the  east,  Korea  Straiten  the  south- 
east, and  the  Yellow  Sea  and  China  on  tlui  west. 
Capital,  Seoul.  It  is  mainly  a  peninsula,  and  the  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  It  exports  cowhides  and  beans.  Tlio 
government  is  an  alisolute  monarchy.  It  became  inde- 
pendentof  China  in  ISU.').  (See  China.)  It  has  been  noted 
for  itsexclusiveness,  but  since  ls7U  Ikis  cinuluded  treaties 
with  diti(Ment  foreign  nations.  The  religions  are  liud- 
dhism  and  Confucianism.  Area,  estimated,  82,000  square 
miles.     Population,  about  IO,.'iOO,cxK). 

Eorea  (ko-re'il).  A  small  native  state  in  India, 
under  Britisli  control,  intersected  by  lat.  23° 
30'  N.,  long  82°  30'  E. 

Korea  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Yellow  Sea,  west  of 
Korea. 

C— 37 


B77 

Eoreish  (ko-rish).  The  most  celebrated  and 
iuHuential  of  the  Arab  tribes.  Its  position  is  due 
partly  to  the  fact  that  its  chiefs  acquired  as  early  as  the 
Dth  century  the  guardianship  over  the  Kaaba  in  Mecca, 
and  pai'tly  to  their  kinship  with  Mohammed. 

Korkyra.     See  Corcyra. 

Eorner  (k^r'ner).  Earl  Theodor.  Bom  at  Dres- 
den, Sept.  23,  1791 :  died  on  the  battle-field  at 
Gadebusch,  near  Schwerin,  in  Mecklenburg, 
Aug.26, 1813.  A  German  lyric  poet.  Inhiseigh- 
teenth  year  he  went  to  the  mining  school  at  Freiberg,  and 
subsequently  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Berlin.  In  1811  in 
Vienna  he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and  in  1812  was 
made  poet  to  the  court  theater.  A  number  of  dramas  are 
from  this  period,  among  them  the  comedies  "Der  Nacht- 
wachter"("The  Watchman  "),  "Dergrune  Domino  "("The 
Green  Domino")," Der  Vetter  aus  Bremen"  ("The  Cousin 
from  Bremen"),  and  the  two  tragedies  "Rosamnnde" 
and  "Zriny."  In  1813  came  the  call  to  arms  by  the  Prus- 
sian king,  and  he  left  \ienna  for  Breslau,  where  he  en. 
tered  the  Liitzow  Volunteer  Corps,  and  was  afterward 
lieutenant  and  then  adjutant.  At  Kitzen,  near  Leipsic, 
he  was  severely  wounded,  but  recovered  and  returned  to 
his  corps,  only  to  be  killed  shortly  after  at  Gadebusch. 
Many  of  his  poems  were  written  in  the  field.  His  lyrics 
were  published  in  1814  uiider  the  title  "  Leier  und 
Schwert  "  ^"  Lyre  and  Sword  ").  His  complete  works  were 
published  in  1834. 

Eoros  (ke'resh).  A  river  in  Hungary,  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Swift,  Black,  aiid  White 
Koriis,  and  flowing  into  the  Theiss  near  Cson- 
gri'id.     Total  lengtli,  over  300  miles. 

Koros,  Nagy-.     See  Xatjij-Koros. 

Korotcha  (ko'ro-eha).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kursk,  Russia,  77  miles  southeast  of 
Kursk.     Population,  9,726. 

Eorsor  (kor'ser).  A  town  on  the  western  coast 
of  Zealand,  Denmark. 

Kortetz  (kor'tets),  or  Cortitz  (kor'tets).  An 
island  in  the  Dnieper,  in  the  government  of 
Y'ekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  about  40  miles  south 
of  Yekaterinoslaflf. 

Kortiim  (kor'tiim).  Johann  Friedrich  Chris- 
toph.  Bom  at  Eichhorst,  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz,  Germany,  Feb.  24,  1788:  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  June  4,  1858.  A  German  histo- 
rian, appointed  professor  of  history  at  Bern  in 
1833,  and  at  Heidelberg  in  1840.  He  wrote 
"  Geschiehte  des  Mittelalters"  (1836-37),  ".Ge- 
schiehte Grieehenlands"  (1854),  etc. 

Eortum  (kor'tiim),  Earl  Arnold.  Bom  at 
Miihlheim-on-the-Ruhr,  Prussia,  July  5,  1745: 
died  at  Bochum,  Prussia,  Aug.  1(5, 1824.  A  Ger- 
man poet.  Hisbest-kno^vn  work  is  the  burlesque 
epic  "  Jobsiade"  (1784). 

Korvei.    See  Corvei. 

Eos.     See  Cos. 

Eoscinszko  i  kos-i-us ' ko ;  Pol.  pron .  kos-chosh'- 
kO),  TadeUSZ.  Born  at  Mereczowszczyzna, 
Lithuania,  Russia,  Feb.  12,  1746:  died  at  Solo- 
thum,  Switzerland,  Oct.  15,  1817.  A  famous 
Polish  patriot  and  general.  He  served  with  the 
Americans  in  the  Revolution  ;  fought  against  the  Russians 
at  Dubienka  in  1792  ;  was  commander-in-chief  and  dicta- 
tor in  the  Polish  insurrection  of  1794;  was  flmally  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  at  Maciejowice  Oct.  10,  1794 ;  was  re- 
leased in  1796;  and  resided  in  France,  Switzerland,  and 
elsewhere. 

Eoscinszko,  Mount.  The  highest  mountain  of 
Australia,  situated  in  the  Australian  Alps,  New 
South  Wales,  about  lat.  36°  27'  26'  8.,  long. 
148°  20'  E.     Height,  7,336  feet. 

Eosegarten^ko'ze-giir-ten),  Johann  Gottfried 
Ludwig.  Born  at  Altenkirchcn,  Riigen,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  10,  1792:  died  at  Greifswald,  Prussia, 
Aug.  18,  1860.  A  German  Orientalist,  son  of 
L.  T.  Kosegarten:  especially  noted  for  works 
on  the  Arabic  language  and  literature. 

Eosegarten,  Ludwig  Theobul.  Bom  at  Grevis- 
miihlen,  Mecklenburg,  Feb.  1,  17J58:  died  at 
Greifswald,  Prussia,  Oct.  26,  1818.  A  Gemiaii 
poet  and  novelist. 

Eosel,  or  Cosel  (ko'zel).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  74 
miles  southeast  of  Breslau.  Population (1890), 
commune,  5,761. 

E6sfeld,orEoesfeld(kes'feld).  A  town  in  tlie 
jiidvince  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
I'.erkel  20  miles  west  of  Miinster.  Population 
(1890),  5,614. 

Eosheish  (ko-shash').     See  the  extract. 

Very  rarely  arc  they  luiilt  of  hewn  stone,  like  that  groat 
dike  of  Kosheisli  which  was  conslrncted  liy  .Mena  in  prluKO- 
val  times,  in  order  to  divert  the  course  of  the  Nile  from 
llie  spot  on  which  ho  founded  Memphis.  (The  remains  of 
this  gigantic  work  may  yet  be  seen  about  two  hours'  dis- 
tance to  thesouthw  ard  of  .Mcydoom.  See  Herodotus,  book 
li.,  chap.  i)9.— TninslnliM-'s  note.) 

MuspiTii,  Egyptian  Archieology (trans),  p.  34. 

Eoslin,  or  Coslin  (kez'lin).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  I'omerania,  Prussia,  in  lat.  .'>4°  13' 
N.,  long.  16°  11'  K.     I'opulation  (1.890),  17,810. 

Eosloff,  or  Eozloff  (ko/.-lof).  1.  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated 


Eotzebue 

on  the  Lesnol- Voronezh,  44  miles  west  of  Tam- 
boff. It  has  important  trade.  Population 
(1890),  35,053.-2.  See  Eiipatorla. 
EosOVO  (ko'so-vo).  ['  Plain  of  the  blackbirds.'] 
A  plain  in  the  vicinity  of  Prishtina,  European 
Turkey,  near  the  Servian  frontier.  Here,  .Tune  15. 
l:i89,  the  Turks  under  Amurath  I.  completely  defeated  the 
Servians  and  their  allies  under  King  Lazarus.  Here  also, 
Get.  18-19,  1448.  the  Hungarians  under  John  Hunyady 
were  defeated  by  the  Turks.  Also  Eassoi'u,  Kosova,  Cot- 
*iy«,  etc. 
Eossuth  (kosh'ot),  Lajos  (Eng.  Louis).  Born 
at  Monok,  Zemplin,  Himgarv,  Sept.  19,  1S02: 
died  at  Turin,  Italy,  March  20, 1894.  A  cele- 
brated Hungarian  patriot  and  orator,  leader  of 
the  Hungarian  insiiiTection  of  1848-49.  He  was 
a  member(asa  proxy)of  the  Hungarian  Diet  1832-36:  was 
imprisoned  liy  the  Austrian  government  for  political  rea- 
sons 1S37-40;  was  editor  of  the  "Pest  .Tournal  "  1811-44; 
and  was  elected  deputy  to  the  Diet  in  1847.  In  1848  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  was  forced  to  grant  an  independent 
Hungarian  ministry,  of  which  Kossuth,  as  minister  of 
finance,  was  tile  virtual  head.  In  the  same  year  the  deal- 
ings of  the  Austrian  court  drove  the  Hungarians  to  insur- 
rection. On  April  14,  1840,  the  Diet  declared  tlie  inde- 
pendence of  Hungary,  aiul  njipointed  Kossuth  governor. 
Gn  .August  11, 18411.  he  lesignc'I  liis  powers  into  the  hands 
of  General  Gorgey  (see  Uiin'jnrian  Insurrection).  He 
lived  in  exile  in  Turkey  1849-51 ;  visited  the  I'nited  .States 
1851-52  ;  and  resided  later  in  London  and  Turin.  He  puti- 
lislied  his  memoirs  in  1881-82,  under  the  name  "Schriften 
aus  der  Emigration."  His  lettei-s  to  Bern  in  1849  were 
pulilished  by  Makray  at  Pest  in  1S72. 
Eostendil  (kos-ten-del' ),  Eiostendil  (kyes-ten  ■ 
der),Glliustendil(gycis-teii-del'),  etc.  Atoi\n 
in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Struma  42  miles 
southwest  of  Sofia.  Population  (1888),  10,689. 
Eoster.     See  Coster. 

Eostlin  (kfest'lin),  Julius.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  May  17,  1826;  died  at  Halle,  May 
12. 1902.  A  German  Protestant  the.  h  gian.  pro- 
fessor successively  at  (iiittingen  (1855),  Bres- 
lau (1860),  and  Halle  (1870).  His  works  include 
"Luthers  Theologie "  (1863),  a  biogi-aphy  of 
Luther  (2  vols.  1875),  etc. 
Eostomaroff  (kos-to-mii'rof ), Nicholas  Ivano- 

vich.  Born  in  1817:  died  at  St.  I'etersburg, 
April  19, 1885.  A  Russian  historian.  Hewasmade 
assistant  professor  at  Kieif  in  1840,  imprisoned  for  his  dem- 
ocratic sympathies  at  St.  Petersburg  for  a  year,  and  then 
banished  to  Saratotf,  and  forbidden  to  publish  or  teach.  He 
was  liberated  from  surveillance  in  18.M,  and  published  40 
volumes  of  historical  writings.  From  1858  he  w;is  profes- 
sor of  history  at  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg.  He  wrote 
valuable  monogmphs  on*'Bogdan  Khmielnitsky,"  "The 
False  Demetrius,"  and  "The  Revolt  of  Stenka  Razine," 
and  "Studiesof  the  Nationalities  of  Northern  Russia,"  etc. 
A  dissertation  on  the  Uniat  schism  was  suppressed  in  1842. 

Eostroma  (kos-tro-ma').  1.  A  government  in 
Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vo- 
logda, Viatka,  Niini-Xovgorod,  Vladimir,  and 
Y'aroslaff.  Area,  32,702  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1897),  1,428,893.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Kostroma,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Kostroma  and  Volga, 
about  lat.  57°  45'  N.,  long.  40°  55'  E.  It  has  a 
cathedral.     Population  (1889),  31,981. 

Eoswig  (kos'\-io).  A  small  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Elbe  39  miles  north 
of  Leipsic. 

Eotah(k6'tii).  1.  A  native  state  in  Rajputana, 
India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat. 
2.5°  N.,  long.  76°  E.  Area,  3,803  S(juare  ruiles. 
Population  (1891),  526,267.-2.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Kotah,  on  the  Chauilial.  about  lat. 
2.'i^  9'  N.,  long,  75°  49'  E.     Pop.,  about  40,0110. 

Eothen  (k6'ten).  A  city  in  Anhalt,  Germany, 
35  miles  northwest  of  Leipsic.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Anhnlt-Kothen  (definitely  united 
to  .Anhalt-Dessau  in  1803).  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures 
beet-root  silgiu-.     Populution  (1890),  18.216. 

Eotrl  (k6-tr5')-  A  town  in  Karachi  district, 
Siiid,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Indus  8 
miles  west   ot  ll.vil.raluui.     Pop,,  about  S,000, 

Eotthus,  or  Cottbus  (Uut'bos).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Bramlenburg,  Prussi;i,  on  tlie  Spreo 
68  miles  soulheastof  Berlin.  11  isa  railway  cen- 
ter, and  has  cloth  manufactures.  Population 
(1890),  34,910. 

Eotzebue  (kot'se-bii),  Alexander  von.   Bom 

at  Kiinigslierg,  Prussia,  Mnv  2S.  lSl."i;  died  at 
Munich,  Feb.  24,  l.SMI.  A  Kussinii  painter  of 
historical  and  battle  scenes,  son  of  \.  F.  F, 
von  Kotzebue.  Ho  won  the  great  gold  inedal  in  1844, 
lived  lu  Paris  till  1S48,  and  Anally  settled  In  .Muni.  Ii. 

Eotzebue,  August  Friedrich  Ferdinand  von. 

Bom  a1  Weimar,  (i.rinnny.  May  3,  1,61:  assas- 
sinated at  Mninilu'iui,  Baden,  March  23,  1819- 
A  German  dramalist.  lie  filled  several  offlccs  In  the 
Russian  public  service,  and  besl.les  liis  jilays  wrote  many 
tale.s  sketches,  historical  works,  etc.  Among  his  plays  arc 
"Die  dcutschen  Klelnstildter."  "Pagcnstreiche,"  "Die 
belden  Klin*[8berg,"  "  Menschenhass  un.l  Rene"  (known 
In  English  as  "The  Stranger"),  "Der  arnic  Poet,  '  "Die 
Kreuzfahrer,"  etc.    Ho  wrote  lu  all  more  than  200  playa. 


Kotzebue 

Kotzebue,  Moritz  von.  Born  May  11,  1789: 
died  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  6,  1861.  A  Russian  mili- 
tary officer,  and  traveler  in  Persia,  son  of  A.  P. 
F.  von  Kotzebue.  He  was  captured  by  the  French  in 
the  campaign  of  1812,  and  described  his  experiences  in 
"Der  russeische  Kriegsgefangene  unter  den  Franzosen" 
(1815). 

Kotzebue,  Otto  von.  Bom  at  Reval,  Russia, 
Dec.  30,  1787:  died  at  Reval,  Feb.  15,  1846.  A 
Russian  navigator,  son  of  A.  F.  F.  von  Kotze- 
bue. He  commanded  exploring  expeditions  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  1815-18  and  1823-2C,  and  wrote  narratives  of 
both  voyages  (published  1821  and  1830).  He  discovered 
numerous  islands,  and  the  sound  near  Bering  Strait  named 
from  him. 

Kotzebue,  Count  Paul  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Aiig.  10,  1801:  died  at  Reval,  Russia,  May  2, 
1884.  A  Russian  general,  son  of  A.  F.  P.  von 
Kotzebue. 

Kotzebue  Sound.  An  inlet  of  Bering  Strait, 
in  the  west  of  Alaska. 

Kovalevsky  (ko'val-et'ski),  Sonya  (Krukov- 


578 

pelled  with  the  other  missionaries,  he  was  able  to  labor  in 
Shoa  until  1S42.  In  1S44  he  founded  the  first  mission  sta- 
tion among  the  Wanyika  in  East  Africa.  During  one  of 
his  exploring  tours  in  the  interior  he  discovered  llounts  Ke- 
nia  and  Amholoila,  1S49.     He  returned  to  Germany  in  IS.W, 


Knsnna 

government  of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dnieper  (>4  miles  west-southwest  of  Pultowa  • 
an  important  commercial  center.  Population 
(1891),  54,831. 


but  revisited  Africa  as  interpreter  of  Lord  Napier  on  his  Kremlin   (krem'lin).      [Prom  F.   Icremlin   (with 


expedition  to  Abyssinia.  Many  valuable  Abyssinian  man 
uscripts  have  been  secured  through  him,  and  African  eth- 
nology and  philology  are  indebted  to  him  for  important 
contributions.  He  published  an  account  of  some  of  his 
journeys  in  "  Reisen  in  Ostafrika  "  (ISJS).  His  dictionary  of 
Kisuahili  appeared  in  1882,  shortly  after  his  death. 
Krapotkin  (krii-pot'kin).  Prince  Peter.  Born 
at  Moscow,  1842.  A  Russian  socialist  and  an- 
archist. He  is  a  member  of  the  oldest  Russian  nobility; 
was  brought  up  as  a  page  at  court ;  studied  geology  and 
geography  at  St.  Petersburg ;  became  secretary  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Society  ;  and  was  appointed  chamberlain  to  the 
czarina.  He  was  arrested  as  an  anarchist  in  1873,  but  made 
his  escape  in  1876.  He  was  imprisoned  in  France  1883-86 
under  a  law  directed  against  the  International  Working- 
men's  Association,  of  which  he  was  a  member.  He  is 
the  author  of  "Paroles  d'un  rivolt^"  (1885),  "In  Russian 
and  French  Prisons  "  (18S7),  etc.  Also  written  Erapotkine, 
Kropotkin,  etc. 


skv)      Born  at  Moscow  in  1850 :  died  at  Stock-  Krasicki  (kra-set'ske),  Ignatius.     Bom  at  Du 


holm,  Sweden,  Feb.  10, 1891.   A  Russian  mathe 
matician.     She  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  the  University  of  Stockholm. 
Kovno  (kov'no).     1.  A  government  of  Russia, 
bounded  by  Prussia  and  the  governments  of 


biecko,  Galicia,  Austria-Hungary,  Feb.  3.  1735 
died  at  Berlin,  March  14,  1801.     A  Polish  poet 
and  man  of  letters.    His  chief  poems  are  ''Mys- 
zeis"  ("Mousiad,"  1790),  and  "Monomaehia" 
("War  of  the  Monks")- 


Courland,  Wilna,  and  Suwalki.  Area,  15,692  Krasinski  (kra-sin'ske),  Sigmund.  Bom  at 
square  miles.  Population  (1887),  1,587,200.—  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1812 :  died  there,  Feb.  24,  1859. 
2  The  capital  of  the  govemment  of  Kovno,  A  Polish  poet.  Among  his  poems  are  "Nie- 
about  lat.  54°  54'  N.,  long.  23°  53'  E.,  at  the  boska  komedya"  (  "  Undmne  Comedy,'  1835- 
iunction  of  the  Vilia  with  the  Niemen.  It  has  1848),  '_' Ii-ydion"  (1845)  etc.  _ 
a  flourishing  trade.    Napoleon's  army  crossed  the  Niemen  KrasnOl  (kras-noi  ),  or  KraSUyi, 


A  town  in 


here  June  23-25,  1812.  The  Poles  were  defeated  here  by 
the  Russians  June  26,  1831.     Population  (1890),  68,768. 

.d^OVroff  (kov-rof ' ).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Vladimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kliazma 
36  miles  northeast  of  Vladimir.  Population 
(1885-89),  6,547. 

Koweyt  (ko-waf).  A  seaport  in  Arabia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Persian  Gulf  in  lat.  29°  23'  N.,  long. 
48°  E.     Also  Kuweit,  G-rane,  etc. 

Koyukukhotana  (k6-y6"kuk-eh6-ta'na).  A 
tribe  of  the  northern  division  of  the  Athapas- 
can stock  of  North  American  Indians,  living  in 
villages  along  the  Koyukuk  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  the  interior  of  Alaska.  See  Athapas- 
ciin. 

Koyunjik.     See  EKi/uiijik. 

Koza  (ko'za),  orMakoza(ma-k6'za),  or  Kosa. 
A  Bantu  tribe  in  eastern  Angola,  West  Africa, 
on  the  Chikapa  River.  They  are  of  LUnda  descent, 
but,  having  settled  in  Kiokoland,  they  have  adopted  Kioko 
customs. 

Kozelsk,  or  Koselsk  (ko-zelsk').  A  town  in 
the  govemment  of  Kaluga,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Zhizdra  40  miles  southwest  of  Kaluga.  Pop- 
ulation (1885-89),  5,926. 

Kozloff.    See  Eosloff. 

Kra  (kra).  The  isthmus  which  connects  the  Ma- 
lay peninsula  with  the  rest  of  the  Indo-Chinese 
peninsula. 

Krafft,  or  Kraft  (kraft),  Adam.  Bom  at  Nurem- 
berg (?)  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  eentiu-y : 
died  at  Schwabach  (f),  near  Nuremberg,  1507. 
A  German  sculptor  of  the  Nuremberg  school. 
His  chief  work  is  the  tabernacle  in  St.  Lau- 
rence's Church,  Nuremberg. 

Krafft,  Peter.  Born  at  Hanau,  Sept.  17, 1780 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  28, 1856.  An  Austrian  his- 
torical painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Hanau  Academy, 
afterward  of  Fiiger  in  Vienna.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1802, 
and  became  a  follower  of  the  school  of  David.  In  1806  he 
returned  to  Vienna,  but  did  not  become  known  till  1813. 
He  was  elected  memb_er  of  the  Vienna  Academy  in  that 
year,  and  in  181.')  of  the 
rector  at  the  Vienna  A 

vedere  Gallery  in  1828 ;  and  in  1839  honorary 
the  Copenhagen  Academy. 

Krain.     See  CarnMa. 

Krajova,  orKrayova,  or  Crajova  (kra-yo'va). 
A  town  in  Rumania,  situated  in  lat.  44°  19'  N., 
long.  23°  49'  E.     Population,  30,081. 
Krakatua  (kra-ka-to'a),  or  Krakatoa  (kra-ka- 
to'a).    A  small  island  in  the  Strait  of  Sunda, 
between  Sumatra  and  Java :  noted  for  a  volcanic 
eruption  which  began  Aug.  26,  1883.    The  accom- 
panying ocean  wave  destroyed  over  30,00*)  lives;  and  the 
eruption  was  followed  by  extraordinary  atmospheric  phe- 
nomena, visible  over  great  portions  of  the  globe,  attributed 
to  the  presence  of  the  volcanic  dust. 
Kralingen  (kra'ling-en).    A  small  fishing-town 
in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
near  Rotterdam. 
Kranach.    See  Cmimcli. 


the  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  30  miles 
soutliwest  of  Smolensk.      Here,  Aug.  14, 1812,  the 


aecom.  P.  term,  -in)  =  G.  l-reml,  from  Russ. 
l-reiiiU,  a  citadel,  fortress.]  The  citadel  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia.  Itisahighlypicturesqueandinteresting 
triangular  inclosure,  about  1^  miles  in  circuit,  fortified 
with  battleniented  walls  from  which  project  cylindrical 
and  squaie  towers,  many  of  them  terminating  in  spires 
behind  which  rise  the  multifonu  domes  and  belfries  of  the 
churches,  brilliant  with  gold  and  colors.  The  present 
walls  date  from  1492.  The  Kremlin  contains  the  imperial 
palace,  the  cathedrals  of  the  Assumption,  the  Archangel 
-Michael,  and  the  Annunciation,  the  Miracle  monastery, 
the  Ascension  convent,  the  arsenal,  and  the  famous  Great 
Bell.  The  Great  Palace  dates  for  the  most  part  only  from 
the  middle  of  the  present  century,  its  predecessors  having 
repeatedly  been  bunied,  the  last  one  by  the  soldiers  of 
Napoleon.  It  is  a  lofty  structure  of  little  architectural 
quality  without,  except  for  its  great  size,  but  of  unusual 
richness  within.  Among  the  state  apartments  are  the 
hall  of  St.  George,  the  Alexander  hall,  the  hall  of  St.  An- 
drew, and  the  throne-room,  all  splendidly  adorned  with 
paintings,  sculptures,  and  other  works  of  art,  all  OS  feet 
wide,  ranging  from  100  to  200  feet  long,  and  from  58  to  68 
high.  Several  of  the  chapels  also  are  noteworthy,  as 
well  as  the  Red  Staircase,  used  only  for  grand  functions 
ami  recalling  many  historic  scenes  from  Ivan  the  Terrible 
and  Peter  the  Great  to  Napoleon.  The  Treasury  is  ex- 
tremely rich  in  ancient  jewels  and  plate,  including  the  old 
regalia:  here  also  are  the  thrones  of  the  last  emperor  of 
Constantinople  and  of  the  old  Persian  shahs,  and  the  coro- 
nation-robes. 

Kremnitz  (krem'nits),  Hung.  Kormocz  b&nya 
(ker'mets  ban'yo).  A  royal  free  city  in  the 
county  of  Bars,  Hungarv,  situated  in  lat.  48°' 
43'  N.,  long.  18°  55'  E.:  noted  for  its  gold-  and 
PopiUation  (1890),  9,179. 


Population  (1890),  commune, 


,  ___^.  --,---,  silver-mines 

French  under  Muratand  Xey  defeated  the  Russians  under  KremS  (kremz).      A  town  in  Lower  AlLstria,  slt- 

Rajevsky;  and  here,  Nov.  16-19, 1812,  the  Russians  under  ^^ted    on   the    Danube   38   miles    west-north- 

Kutusoff  defeated  the  French  under  Jvapoleon.      An  obe-  i  „f  vio-n-nn 

lisk  was  erected  in  1843  in  commemoration  of  the  latter  ,„  .„;  *■     '*'""<' 

battle.  10.:i.'-;4.                                                            _^    ^ 

Krasnovodsk  (kras-no-vodsk').    The  capital  of  Kremsier  (krem'zer),  Slav.  Kromeriz  (kro'- 

the  Transeaspian  Territory,  Asiatic  Russia,  sit-  myer-zhizh).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria-Hun- 

uated  on  the  Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  40°  N.,  gary,  situated  on  the  March  22  miles  south  by 

long.  52°  45'  E.  east  of  Olmiitz.   It  was  the  seat  of  the  Austrian 

Krasnoyarsk  (kriis-no-yarsk').     The  capital  of  Reichstag  1848-49.     Population  (1890),  12,480. 

the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  situated  Kreutzer  (kroit'ser),  Konradin.      Born  near 

o.n  the  Yenisei  about  lat.  56°  N.,  long.  92°  30'  E.  Messkireh,  Baden,  Nov.  22.  1780 :  died  at  Riga, 


Population  (1889),  16,235. 
Krasnyi  (or  Krasnoi)  Jar  (kras-noi' yar).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Astrakhan.  Russia, 
situated  on  a  mouth  of  the  Volga  27  miles 
northeast  of  Astrakhan.     Population,  6,230. 


Russia,  Dec.  14,  1849.  A  German  composer  and 
conductor.  He  composed  numerous  operas,  including 
"Conradin  von  Schwaben"  (1812),  "Das  Nachtlager  vor 
Granada"  (1834),  and  '*Der  Verschwender";  an  oratorio, 
"  Die  Sendung  Mosis";  a  one-act  drama,  "Cordelia";  and 
part-songs. 


Kraszewski  (krii-shev'ske).  Jozef  Ignacy.  Kreutzer  (kret-sar'),Rodolphe.   BornatVer- 

Born   at  Warsaw,  July  26.  1812:  died  at  Ge-  '        -  "-       ..    -     .  ~ 

neva,  March  19,  1887.    A  Polish  novelist,  poet, 

critic,  historian,  and  general  writer,  author  of 

many  novels  of  Polish  life. 
Kratim  (kra-tem'),  or  Kratimer  (krat'i-mer). 

The  dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.   See  the  extract. 

Mahomet  has  somewhat  improved  on  the  story.  He  has 
made  the  Sleepers  prophesy  his  coming,  and  he  has  given 


sailles.  Prance,  Nov.  16, 1766:  died  at  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  June  6, 1831.  A  noted  French  vio- 
linist and  composer.  His  chief  work  is  forty  "  Etudes 
ou  caprices  pourle  violon."  He  also  wrote  thirty  or  forty 
operas,  violin  concertos,  sonatas,  etc.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Beethoven,  and  to  him  Beethoven  dedicated  the  fa- 
mous "  KreutzerSonata  "'  forpiano  and  violin,  ftrstplayed 
by  Beethoven  and   Bridgetower  at  Augarten   in  May, 

^„„„ ..,^^^.„r--.r"— ..    =, -■- -= ISf*- 

them  a  dog  named  Kratim,  or  Kratimer,  which  sleeps  with  KreUZburg  (kroits'boro).      A  town  in  the  prov- 
.,,„„  „.,.5  ,„v,.-„.,  ;.  ^„A..„^A  ,„;»>,  fi,o  ^if.  r.{  r.,.„„h„nv      ^^^^  ^f  Sllcsla,  Pmssla,  situated  on  the  Stober 

52  miles  east  by  south  of  Breslau.  Population 
(1890),  7,550. 

Kreuznach,  or  Creuznach  (kroits'naeh).    A 
town  and  watering-place  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nahe  21  miles 
west-southwest  of  Mainz.     It  is  noted  for  its 
springs    (iodine    and    bromine).      Population 
(1890),  commune,  18,143. 
Upper  Nile  in  1869,  but  returned  before  her  murder    About  Kriemhild.  or  Chriemhild  (krem'hild).   [MHG, 
1879  he  visited  Sokoto  and  the  Ahaggar  Tuaricks.   When  a      j,-,.;, ,,,,:,,  i  Tlip  IpcrPTidarvlieroineof  the  "Nibe- 
German  expedition  to  the  Niger  and  Binue  was  contem-     hnmlli  t.}  liie  legenclarj  neromeot  tne     INlDe 


them,  and  which  is  endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy 
As  a  special  favor  this  dog  is  to  be  one  of  the  ten  animals 
to  be  admitted  into  his  paradise,  the  others  being  Jonahs 
whale,  Solomon's  ant,  Ishmael's  ram,  Abraham's  calf,  the 
Queen  of  Sheba's  ass,  the  prophet  Salech's  camel,  Moses' 
ox,  Belkis'  cuckoo,  and  Mahomet's  ass. 
Barimj-Gould.  Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,  p.  102. 

Krause  (krou'ze),  Gottlob  Adolf.  BornatOck- 
rilla,  near  Meissen,  German}',  Jan,  5, 1850.  An 
African  traveler.    He  accompanied  Miss  Tinne  to  the 


expedition  to  the  Mger 

plated  in  1883,  he  was  sent  to  Lagos  in  order  to  prepare  the 
ground.   He  has  written  on  the  Fulah  and  Ghat  languages. 

le  Hanau  Academy;  professor  and  cor.  Krause,  Karl  Christian  Friodrich.  Born  at 
Academy  in  1823 ;  director  of  the  Bel-  Eisenberg,  Saxe-Alteiiburg,  May  6,  1781 :  died 
>8 ;  and  in  1839  honorary  member  of     ^^  Munich,  Sept.  27, 1832.     A  German  philoso- 

pher,  and  writer  on  freemasonry. 
Krauss  (krous),  Marie  Gabrielle.   Bom  at  Vi- 
enna, March  23, 1842.   A  noted  German  soprano 
opera-singer.     .She  made  her  debut  at  Vienna  in  1860, 
and  has  sung  with  success  in  all  the  capitals  of  Europe. 

Krauth  (krath),  Charles  Porterfield.  Born 
at  Martiiisl.urg,  W.  Va.,  March  17,  1823 
at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  2,  1883.  An  American 
theologian  of  the  Lutheran  Church,  professor  of 
mental  and  moral  science  and  vice-provost  m 
the  Universitv  of  Pennsvlvania 


The  Conservative  Reformation  and  its  Theology  "  (1871), 
etc.,  and  a  "  ■Vocabulary  of  the  Philosophical  Sciences," 
including  William  Fleming's  "Vocabulary  of  Philosophy," 

in  1877. 

Krayova.    See  Krajova. 
Krapf(krapf),JohannLudwig.BomatDeren-  ^^?^,--  ^a*Lf!^r5;.7/J 


dingen,  near  Tiibingen,  Germany,  1810:  died  at 
Kornthal,  Nov.  26,  1881.  An  African  mission- 
ary, linguist,  and  explorer.  After  studying  theology 
at  Tiibingen  and  Basel.he  entered  the  service  of  the  Church 
IdlBBionary  Society  1S37,  and  was  sent  to  Abyssinia.     £x- 


Kremenetz  (kre'ine-nets).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Volhvnia,  Russia,  situated  in  lat. 
50°  7'  N.,  long,  25°  43'  E.     Population,  11,398. 

Krementchug  (kra-men-chbg').    A  town  in  the 


iungenlied."  She  was  the  daughter  of  King  Gibich 
(whose  seat  was  at  Worms  on  the  lower  Rhine),  the  sister 
of  the  Burgundian  princes  Gunther,  Gemot,  and  Giselher, 
and  the  wife  of  Siegfried.  Afterward,  as  the  wife  of  Etzel 
(Attila),  king  of  the  Huns,  she  encompassed  tlie  death  of 
her  brothers,  and  avenged  Siegfried's  murder  at  their 
hands,  but  was  herself  slain.  In  the  Old  Norse  version  of 
the  legend  in  the  "  Volsunga  Saga  "  and  the  "  Edda,"  her 
counterpart  is  Gudrun. 
Krik.  A  pseudonym  of  Henry  G.  Crickmore,  a 
writer  on  the  turf  and  sporting  matters. 

^^^^  Kriloff.     SeeKri/loff. 

"ULa  Krimmitschau.     See  Crinimitscliau. 

Krimmler  (krim'ler)  Waterfalls.  A  series  of 
cascades  in  the  Austrian  Alps,  north  of  the 
Gross-Venediger.  Total  height,  1.300  feet. 
He  ;;bh;h;d  Krishna  (krish'na).  ['The  black.']  A  Hindu 
-  ^  ■  deity.  Originally  the  ethnic  god  of  some  powerful  con- 
federation of  Rajput  clans,  by  fusion  with  the  Vishnu  of  the 
older  theology  Krishna  becomes  one  of  the  chief  divini- 
ties of  Hinduism.  He  is  indeed  an  avatar  of  Vishnu,  or 
Yishnu  himself.  In  his  physical  character  mingle  myths 
of  Are,  lightning,  and  st«rm,  of  heaven  and  the  sun.  In  the 
epic  he  is  a  hero  invincible  in  war  and  love,  brave,  but 
above  all  crafty.  Hewasthe  sonofVasudeva  and  Devakl, 
and  born  at  >Iathura,on  the  Yamuna,  between  Delhi  and 
Agra,  among  the  Yadavas.  Like  that  of  many  solar  heroes, 
his  birth  was  beset  with  peril.  On  the  night  when  it  took 
place  his  parents  had  to  remove  him  from  the  reach  of  his 
uncle'  King  Kansa,  who  sought  his  life  because  he  had 


Krishna 

been  warned  by  a  voice  from  heaven  that  the  eighth  son 
of  Devaki  would  kill  him,  and  who  had  regularly  made 
away  with  his  nepliews  at  their  birth.  Conveyed  across 
the  Vamuna,  Krishna  was  brought  up  as  tlieir  son  by  the 
gheplierd  Nanda  and  his  wile  Yashoda,  together  with  Ids 
brother  Balararaa,  'Rama  the  strong,'  who  had  been  like- 
wise saved  from  massacre.  The  two  brothers  grew  up 
among  the  shepherds,  slaying  monsters  and  demons  and 
sporting  with  the  Gopis,  the  female  cowherds  of  Vrinda- 
Taiia.  Their  birth  and  infancy,  their  juvenile  exploit-s,  and 
their  erotic  gambols  with  the  Gopis  became  in  time  the 
essential  portion  of  the  legend  of  Krishna,  and  their  scenes 
are  to-day  the  most  celelirated  centers  of  his  worship. 
When  grown,  the  brotliers  put  their  uncle  Kansa  to  death, 
and  Krishna  became  knig  of  tlie  Va<lavas.  He  cleared  the 
land  of  monsters,  warred  against  inii)ious  kings,  and  took 
part  in  the  war  of  the  sons  of  I'anihi  against  those  of 
Dhritaraiihtra,  as  described  in  the  ilalial)harata.  He  trans- 
ferred his  capital  to  Dvaraka  ('  the  city  of  gates "),  the  gates 
of  the  West,  since  localized  ia  Gujarat.  There  he  and  his 
race  were  overtaken  1>>  the  final  catastronhe.  After  seeing 
his  brother  slain,  and  the  Yadavaskill  each  other  to  the  last 
man,  he  himself  pei-ished,  wounded  in  the  heel,  like  Achil- 
les, by  the  arrow  of  a  hunter.  The  bible  of  the  worship- 
ers of  Vishnu  in  his  most  popular  manifestation,  that  of 
Krishna,  consists  of  the  Bhagavatapurana  and  the  Bha- 
(tav.idgita.    See  these  words. 

Krishna.  A  river  and  district  in  India.  See 
Ktstna 

Krishnagar  (krish-na-gur'),  or  Kishmigur 
(kish-nu-f;ur').  The  capital  of  Nadi_va  district, 
Bengal,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Jalangi 
60  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  Population,  about 
26,000. 

Kriss  Kringle.    See  Criss  Ki)igle. 

Kristineaux.    See  Cree. 

Kristinehamn,  or  Cristinehamn  (kris-te'ne- 
hiimn).  Atown  in  the  laen  of  Karlstad,  Sweden, 
situated  on  LakeWener  20  miles  east  by  south 
of  Karlstad.     Population  (1890),  5,933. 

Kroia  (kroi'a),  or  Akhissar  (ak-his-sar')-  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Skutari,  Turkey,  28  miles 
northeast  of  Durazzo:  a  stronghold  of  Scan- 
derbeg. 

Krolevetz,  or  KroUevetz  (kro-lye'vets).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Tchernigoflf,  Russia, 
88  miles  east  of  Tchernigoff .  Population  ( 1892), 
13,208. 

Kronach,  or  Cronach  (kro'nach).  A  small 
town  in  tipper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  on  the  Kro- 
nach 55  miles  north  by  east  of  Nuremberg.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Lucas  Cranach. 

Kronenberg,  or  Cronenberg  (kro'nen-bero). 
A  manufacturing  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  21  miles  north-northeast  of  C61ogne. 
Population  (1890),  8,702. 

Kronoberg  (kro'no-berg),  or  Wesjo  (veks'y^). 
A  laen  in  southern  Sweden.  Area,  3,841  square 
miles.     Population  (1893),  estimated,  158,304. 

Kronos  (kron'os).     See  Cronus. 

Kronstadt,  or  Cronstadt  (kron'stut).  Hung. 
Brasso  (brosh'sho),  Rumanian  Brasov  (brii'- 
80v).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Kronstadt, 
Transylvania,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  45°  37' 
N,,  long.  25°  30'  E.  It  is  the  commercial  and  nianu- 
tocturlng  center  of  Transylvania.  The  chief  building  is  the 
Protestant  or  "Black"  church.  It  was  founded  at  the 
beginning  of  the  13th  centurj',  and  was  the  cenier  of  the 
Reformation  in  Transylvania.    Population  (189(J),  30,739. 

Kronstadt,  or  Cronstadt.  A  seaport  in  the 
government  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  island  of  Kotlin-Ostroff,  near  the  head  of 
theGulf  of  Finland,  in  lat.  60° N.,  long.  29°  46'E. 
it  is  the  port  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  the  chief  soajjort,  na- 
val fortress,  and  naval  station  of  Russia.  It  has  regular 
communication  (by  steamer)  with  Stockholm,  Stettin,  Lu- 
beck,  Havre,  etc.  It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great  1710. 
Population  (IKU"),  .'.9,539. 

Brook  (kruk),  Mr.  A  drunkard,  in  Dickens's 
"Bleak  House,"  who  perishes  by  spontaneous 
combustion. 

Krotoschin,  Pol.  Krotoszyn  (kro'to-shen).  A 
town  in  the  proWnceof  Posen,  Prussia,  54  miles 
south-southeast  of  Posen.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  10,646. 

Erozet,  or  Crozet  (kro-za'), Islands.  A  group 
of  small  uninliabitod  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean.  Possession  Island  is  situated  in  lat. 
46°  22'  S.,  long.  51°  30'  E. 

Eru,  or  Croo  (kro).  A  tribe  in  Liberia,  West 
Africa,  settleil  on  the  seaboai'd  between  the 
Bassa  and  the  Grebos,  to  whom  tliey  lire  related. 
The  Kni-men,  often  called  Krit-hmja,  arc  famous  as  a  people 
who  never  were  slaves,  as  e.\ccllcnt  sailors,  and  as  thrifty, 
hiu'd-working  laborers.  They  hire  themselves  out  t*t  all 
points  of  tile  West  Coast  for  a  period  rarely  exceeding  VI 
moons.  They  arc  an  athletic  race,  with  strong  chests  and 
arms,  but  rather  weak  legs.  Their  tribal  mark  is  a  black 
stripe  tattooed  on  the  forehead  from  the  hair  to  the  nose. 
Since  the  advent  of  the  American  missionaries  the  Krii- 
men  are  beginning  to  abandon  heathenism.  In  a<ldition 
to  their  native  tongue,  they  speak  an  English  ('rcole  con- 
sisting of  an  adapted  English  vocaltulary  combined  with 
Km  grammar. 

Kru-boys.    See  Kru. 

Kriidener  (krii'de-ner),  Baroness  of  (Barbara 
Juliane  von  Vietinghoff-Scheel).    Bom  at 


579 


Ku-Klux  Klan 


Riga,  Russia,  Nov.  11  (O.  S.),  1764:  died  at  Ka-  Kubale  (ko-ba'le),  or  Bakubale  (ba-ko-ba'le). 
rasu-Bazar,  Russia,  Dec.  13  (O.  S.),  1824.  ARus-  A  small  Bantu  tribe  of  southern  Angola,  West 
sian  pietist  and  authoress,  friend  of  the  czar  Africa.  They  are  herdsmen,  and  speak  a  dia- 
Alexander  I.  She  published"  Valerie,  oulettres  lect  of  the  Kunene  cluster, 
de  Gustave  de  Linar  a  Ernest  de  G."  ( 1803),  etc.  Kuban  (ko-ban' ).  1 .  A  river  in  Caucasia,  Rus- 
Krug  (krog),  Wilhelm  Traugott.     Born  at  Ra-    sia,  flowing  into  the  Sea  of  Azoflf  and  the  Black 


dis.  near  GrUfenhaiuicheu,  Prussia,  June  22, 
1770 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  12, 1842.  A  German 
philosopher.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder  in  1801,  of  logic  and  metaphysics 
at  Kbnigsberg  in  1804  (where  he  was  successor  to  Kant), 
and  of  philosophy  at  Leipsic  in  1809.  He  wrote  "Funda- 
mentalphilosophie"  (1803),  "System  der  theoretischen 
Philosophie  "  (1806-10),  etc. 

Kriiger  (kriig'er),  Franz.  Bom  at  Radegast, 
Dessau,  Sept.  3,  1797:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 
1857.  A  German  portrait-  and  horse-painter, 
often  called  "Pferde  (Horse)  Kriiger." 

Kruger  (kro'ger),  Stephanus  Johannes  Paul. 

Bom  in  Colesberg,  Cape  Colony.  Oct.  10,  1825. 


Sea:  the  ancient Vardanes or Hypanis.  Length, 
about  4.50  miles. — 2.  A  territory  in  Ciscauca- 
sia, Russia,  in  the  basin  of  the  river  Kuban. 
Area,  39.277  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
1,. 567,498. 

Kublai  E[han  (kob'li  khan).  Born  about  1216: 
died  1294.  A  Mongol  emperor,  grandson  of 
Jenghiz  Khan,  founder  of  the  Mongol  dynasty 
in  China.  He  reigned  (1259-94)  as  ruler  of  Cliina  and 
large  portions  of  western  and  central  Asia  and  Russia. 

Kuchan,  or  Kushan  (ko-shiin').  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Khorasan,  Persia,  90  miles  north- 
west of  Meshhed.     Population,  about  20,000. 


A  South  African  statesman,  the  president  of  Kuch  Behar,  or  Cooch  Behar  (kiich  ba-har') 


the  South  African  Republic.  He  was  chosen 
member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Transvaal  in 
1872,  and  has  four  times  served  as  president  (188.3-88, 
1888-93,  1893-98,  1898-1900). 

Erumau  (kro'mou).  A  town  in  southern  Bo- 
hemia, situated  on  the  Moldau  14  miles  south- 
west of  Budweis.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
8,331. 

Kru-men.    See  Kru. 


A  native  state  in  India,  under  British  control, 
intersected  by  lat.  26°  15'  N.,  long.  89°  20'  E. 
Area,  1,307  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
578.863. 

Eiicken  (kiik'ken),  Frledrich  'Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Bleckede,  Prussia,  Nov.  16,  IslO:  died  at 
Sehwerin,  Germany,  April  3,  1882.  A  German 
composer,  best  known  from  his  songs. 


Erummacher    (krom '  maeh  -  er),    Friedrich  Kudur-Mabuk  (k6^■der'ma-b6k')     An  Elamite 


Adolf.  Born  at  Tecklenburg,  Westphalia, 
Prussia,  July,  1767 :  died  at  Bremen,  April  4, 
1845.  A  German  Protestant  elergjTnan  and  re- 
ligious writer:  best-known  work,  "Parabeln" 
("Parables,  1805"). 

Erummacher,  Frledrich  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Mors,  Prussia,  Jan.  28,  1796:  died  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Dec.  10,  1868.  A  German  Protestant 
clergyman  and  religious  writer,  son  of  F.  A. 
Krummacher.  HeT\Tote  "EliasderThisbiter" 
(1828-33),  "Elisa"  (1837-41),  etc. 

Krummacher,  Gottfried  Daniel.  Bom  at  Teck- 
lenburg, Westphalia,  Prussia,  April  1,  1774: 
died  at  Elberfeld,  Prussia,  Jan.  30,  1837.     A 


ruler  who,  about  2272  B.C.,  invaded  Babylonia 
and  established  his  son  Rim-Sin  as  king  of 
Larsa  in  southern  Babylonia  (the  modern  Sen- 
kereh). 
Euenen  (kii'nen),  Abraham.  Bom  at  Haarlem, 
Netherlands,  Sept.  16,  1828:  died  at  Leyden, 
Dec.  10,  1891.  A  noted  Dutch  biblical  critic. 
He  became  extraordinary  professor  of  theology  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden  in  18.'^3,  and  ordinary  professor  in  1S55. 
He  was  rector  of  the  university  1801-62.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Historisch-kritisch  Onderzoek  naar  bet  ontstaan  en 
de  verzamelung  van  de  boeken  des  Ouden  Verbonds" 
("Historico-Critical  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and  Collection 
of  the  Books  of  the  Old  Covenant,"  ISei-O.'i),  "  De  Gods- 
dienst  van  Israel  tot  dea  Ondergang  van  den  Joodschen 
Staaf  (1869-70),  etc. 


Gei-man   Protestant  clergyman   and  religious  Euenlun.     See  Ewaiihoi. 


writer,  brother  of  F.  A.  Krummacher. 
Erupp  (krop),  Alfred.    Born  at  Essen,  Prussia, 
April  26,  1812:  died  July  14,  1887.     A  German 


Eufstein  (kof 'stin).  An  ancient  and  almost  im- 
pregnable fortress  on  the  Inn,  the  boundary  be- 
tween Austria  and  Bavaria. 


manufacturer.    He  obtained  control  in  1848  of  an  iron  Eugler    (kog'ler),  Franz  Theodor.     Born   at 


forge,  employing  three  men,  which  was  founded  by  his 
father  in  1810  at  Essen,  Prussia.  He  introduced  the  Besse- 
mer-steel process  into  Germany, was  the  first  German  manu- 
facturer to  make  use  of  the  steam  forging-hammer,  and  took 
a  leading  part  in  the  technical  development  of  the  German 
iron  and  steel  industry.  He  left  at  his  death  an  establish- 
ment employing  20,000  people.  It  is  known  throughout 
the  world  for  the  excellence  of  its  cannon-foundi7. 

Eruse 


Stettin,  Prassia.  Jan.  19.  1808:  died  at  Berlin, 
March  18,  1858.  A  noted  German  historian  of 
art,  and  poet.  His  chief  work  is  "  Handbueh  der 
Kunstgeschichte"  ("Manual  of  the  History  of 
Art,"  1841-t2). 
Euhn  (kon),  Franz  Felix  Adalbert.    Born  at 


Siuse  _(lo-o  ze)   Hemrich     Born  at  Stralsund  f  died  at  KiiUn  (  Beriin),  Mav  5,  1881.     A 

Dec.  lo,  1815:  died  at  Buckeburg,  Jan.  13, 1902.         ,  ,      .    ,ri  i -i^i      -Ll^.  r„   Ui    i :  * 

A  ft..  Jon  .lv„,„nti.f    ,„  ,^,  „„  wL.„  „„„  „;,>,»  „d.    celebrated  Gerinan  philologist  and  mythologist. 


A  German  dramatist.  In  1847  he  became  one  of  the  ed. 
itorsofthe"  Cidogne  Gazette  "  ;  in  1856  its  editor-in-chief ; 
and  in  1872  correspondent  at  Berlin.  Among  his  plays  arc 
"DieGriifln  •■  (18tiS>,  "Brutus"  (1874),  "  Marino  Faliero' 
(1876).  "Witzlar  von  liogen "  (1S.S2),  "Alexis"  (1882), 
"Arabella  Stuart  "  (lt<8S),  "  Hans  Waklnjann  "  (1890),  etc. 

Eruseman  van  Elten  (kro'se-miln  van  el'ten), 
H.  D.  Born  at  Alkmaar,  Nov.  14, 1829.  Aland- 
scape-painter.  He  studied  in  Haarlem  and  Brussels, 
and  settled  in  Amsterdam, whence  he  removed  to  New  York 
in  ISii.'i.  He  is  a  member  of  the  E..tterdam  and  Anister- 
ilamiu-.aikniies,  aiidof  the  National  Academy  at  Kew  York. 

Erusenstern  (kro'zen-steru),  Adam  Johann 
von.     Born  at  Haggiid,  Esthouia,  Russia,  Nov 


director  of  the  KoUniscbes  Gymnasium.  Ue  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  science  of  comparative  mythol- 
ogy. Among  his  works  are  "Zur  altesteii  Geschichte  der 
indogernianischen  Volker"  (184.U  "Die  Herabkunft  des 
Feiiers  lind  des  Gottertranks  "  (IS.'SO),  etc. 
Eiihner  (kU'ner).  Rafael.  Born  at  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, March  22. 1802:  died  at  Hannover,  Prus- 
sia, April  16,  1878.  A  noted  German  philologist, 
teacher  at  the  lyceum  in  Hannover.  He  pub- 
lished "  Ausfuhrliche  Granmiatik  der  griechischen 
Sprache"  ("Complete  Grammar  of  the  Greek  Language," 
1834-3.''i),  "Elementargraminatik  der  griechischen 
Spraihe"  (1S37),  and  other  Greek  and  Latin  graminars- 

Culenborg  (ko'- 

vincc  of  (iclder- 


8  (O.  S.),  1770:  died  at  Ass,  Esthonia,  Aug.  12  Euilenburg  (koi  Icn-bora),  or  ( 
(O.  S.),  1846.  A  Russian  admiral  and  navi-  fii-lJoi;<>)-  A  town  in  the  pro 
gator.  He  circumnavigated  the  world  180.3-06,  and  pub-  la'Hl.  Netheria.uls,  Situated  on  the  Lek  32  miles 
liBhed"Reise  urn  die  Welt  "("Journey  Round  the  World,"  south-soutlieast  of  Amsterdam.  Population 
lSlO-12),  "Atlas  de  I'oci^an  paciflque" (1824-27),  "Kccueil     (1889),  ('omiiiiine,  7,0.")3. 

de  memoires  hydrographhiues"  (1824-27),  etc.  EuitC  (kii-och'),  or  Lower  UmpQUa  (um'kwii). 

Eryloff,  or  Eriloff  (kre-lof  ),  Ivan  AndreyC;    a  tribe  of  Nortli  American  Indians.    They  fo 


vitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Feb.  13, 176S:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  21, 1844.  A  Russian  fabu- 
list. His  ill  success  as  journalist  and  dramatist  induced 
him  in  1797  to  become  the  Russian  tutor  of  the  children 
of  Prince  Galitzin.  In  1812  he  was  .appointed  one  of  the 
librarians  in  the  Imperial  Piitilic  Lihrary — a  position  he 
retained  for  nearly  twenty  years.  His  fables  are  quoted 
inRussina8"Iliidlbra8"wa8iii  England.  Theywero  pub- 
lished in  1809,  1811,  and  1810  (English  translation  by  Ral- 
stcm  1868). 

Etesias.     See  Ctcsias. 

Etesiphon.     See  Ctisiphon. 

Eua  (Uii'ii),  or  Makua  (mii-ko'ii) 
tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa. 

Euba  (kii'bii).  A  town  in  the  government  of  oq'  E.  it  is  mosilv  built  of  mud  houses,  and  was  rebuilt 
Baku,  Caucasus,  Russia,  50  miles  south-south-  j„  j847_i8^  after  an  'annvfrom  Wndal  had  destroyed  it.  It 
east  of  Derbend.     Poptdation  (1891),  13,917.  has  an  Important  trade,  being  at  the  end  of  the  great  route 

Euba  orBakuba(bii-k<i'l)il).    A  Bantu  trilie  of     across  the  Sahara.     Population  (estimated),  50,000. 
the  Kongo  Stale,  dwelling  between  the  Luhia,  Eu-Elux  Elan  (kfi'kluks  klan).     A  former  sc- 
Kassai    and  Saiikurii  rivers.  eret  organization  in  tlie  southern UnitedStates, 

Euba  or  Makuba  (mii-ko'bii).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  which  th.'  objcot  was  to  intimidate  the  ne- 
s.ttled  on  the  lower  Kubango  and  Tshobe  riv-  groes,  carpel -baggers,  and  "scalawags,  and  to 
ers.    They  are  peaceful  fishermen.  prevent  them  from  political  action,   itaroseprob- 


eriy  lived  in  21  villages  along  the  lower  part  of  I'mpqua 
Kiver,  Oregon.  The  few  survivors  are  now  on  the  Siletz 
reservation,  Oregon.  These  Lower  Uinpqua  In<lians  sluulld 
be  distinguished  from  the  I'pper  Umpijua  people,  who  are 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  (wliicil  see).  See  i'akvnan. 
Euka  (ko'kii).  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  the  central 
Sudan,  east  of  Lake  Chad  and  northeast  of  Ba- 
ghinni.  They  are  n^ov  siilijeiti'd  to  the  Tula  dynnstyof 
Itulala,  which  is  related  to  tlu'  lloniii  dynasty.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  Kiika  is  closely  :dlied  lo  that  of  Baghlrml, 
and  distinct  from  tliat  of  Wadai,  its  eastern  iieigh!-or. 

A  R„,,t,,  Euka  (kij'kil),  projieriy  Eukana,  or  Eukawa. 
A  uauiu  ,|,|^^^  capital  of  Bornu,  central  AfricM,  situated 
near  Lake  Chad  about  lat.  12°  .55'  N.,  long.  13° 


Eu-Kluz  Elan 

ably  in  1867 ;  was  guilty  of  numerous  outrages ;  and  was 
suppressed  in  conseguence  of  an  act  of  Congress  (the 
"force  bill ")  passed  in  1871. 

Kukolnik  (ko'kolv-nik),  Nestor.  Born  1808: 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Dee.  20,  1868.  A  Eus- 
sian  dramatic  poet  and  historical  novelist. 

Kuku-KhotO  (ko'ko-ko'to).  A  city  in  the  Chi- 
nese empire,  about  lat.  40°  50'  N.,  long.  111° 
35'  E. 

Eulanapan  (ko-la'na-pan).  [From  l-tileiiapo, 
stone  house.]  Alinguistio  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  were  also  called  Pomo  (derived 
from  a  word  meaning  'earth")  and  ilendocino  Indians. 
They  once  occupied  northwestern  California  from  the  Rus- 
sian River  watershed  to  near  Santa  Rosa,  and  from  Clear 
Lake  on  the  east  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  In  this 
family  more  than  fifty  small  tribes  were  included,  which 
together  made  a  large  population ;  but  now  only  a  few  scat- 
tered individuals  survive, 

Kuldja  (kol'ja).  The  capital  of  Hi,  Chinese 
empire,  situated  on  the  Hi  in  lat.  43°  55'  N., 
long.  81°  30'  E. :  an  important  trading  center.  It 
was  held  by  Russia  1871-81.  Population,  about 
12,500. 

Kulikovo  (ko'le-ko-vo).  [Russ.,' field  of  wood- 
cocks.'] A  plain  in  the  government  of  Tula, 
Russia,  near  the  Don.  Here,  in  Sept.,  1380,  the  Rus- 
sians under  Dmitri(surnamed  "Donskoi'  from  this  famous 
•'  battle  of  the  Don  "),  son  of  Ivan  II. ,  defeated  the  Mongols 
under  Mamai.  The  Mongols  are  said  to  have  lost  100,000 
men. 

Eullu  (ko-16').  A  portion  of  Kangra  district, 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  N., 
long.  77°  30'  E. 

KnlllLka  (kol-lo'ka).  The  name  of  a  famous 
Sanskrit  commentator  on  the  so-called  Laws  of 
Manu. 

Kulin(kolm).  [Bohem  C/(?j(wec.]  Avillagein 
Bohemia,  48  miles  north-northwest  of  Prague. 
Here,  Aug.  29  and  30, 1813.  the  Allies  under  Ostermann  and 
Kleist  defeated  the  French  (about  40,000)  under  Van- 
damme,  who  was  compelled  to  surrender  with  10,000  of 
his  men. 

Eulm,  or  Culm  (kolm).  [Pol.  Chelmno.']  A 
toma  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Vistula  70  miles  south  by  west 
ot  Dantzie :  the  oldest  town  in  West  Prussia. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  9,762. 

Kulinbacli,  or  Culinbach  (kolm'bach).  A  town 
in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
White  Main  48  miles  north-northeast  of  Nu- 
remberg. It  is  noted  for  its  breweries  of  Kulmbacher 
beer,  and  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  margraves  of 
Brandenburg.Kulmbach.    Population  (1890),  6,999. 

Kulpa(korpa).  Ariverin Croatia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, joining  the  Save  32  miles  southeast  of 
Agram.  Length,  over  200  miles.  It  is  naviga- 
ble to  Kailstadt. 

Kum  (kom),  or  Kom  (kom).  A  sacred  city  in 
the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  81  miles 
south-southwest  of  Teheran.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 20,000. 

Euma  (ko'ma).  A  river  in  the  government  of 
Stavropol,  Caucasia,  Russia,  flowing  iuto  the 
Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  44°  50'  N.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

Kumamoto  (ko-ma-mo-to').  Atownin  the  island 
of  Kiusiu,  Japan.     Population  (1891),  54,357. 

Kumania.     See  Cumania. 

Elimara  (ko-ma'ra).  [Skt.,  'new-bom  child,' 
'  youth.']  The  Youth  :  an  epithet  of  the  eter- 
nally youthful  god  of  war  Skanda  or  Kart  tikeya. 

Eiunarasambliava  (ko-ma-ra-sam'b-ha-va). 
[Skt.,  '  the  birth  of  Kumara,'  the  war-god.]  An 
"artificial  poem"  ascribed  to  Kalidasa. 

Kumarila  (kii-ma'ri-la).  A  celebrated  teacher 
of  the  Mimansa  system  of  Hindu  philosophy, 
and  opponent  of  the  Buddhists,  whom  he  is 
said  to  have  extii-pated  by  force  and  argument. 

Kumassi,  or  Coomassie  (ko-mas'se).  The  cap- 
ital of  Ashanti,  West  Africa,  about  lat.  6°  35' 
N.,  long.  1°  40'  W.  It  was  captured  by  the  British 
in  1874,  and  aj^ain  in  1895-96  ;  and  is  now  the  sea*  of  the 
British  Resident.     Population,  estimated,  18,000. 

Kumavm  (ku-man').  A  division  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  bordering  on 
Nepal  and  Tibet.  Area.  12,438  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  1,046,263. 

Kumbhakonam  (kom-ba-ko'nam),  or  Comba- 
conum  (kom-ba-ko'num).  A  town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Tanjore,  Madras,  British  India,  about 
20  miles  northeast  of  I'anjore.  Population 
(1891),  54,307. 

Kiimpta,  or  Coomptali  (kbmp'tii),  or  Coomtah 
(kom'ta).  A  seaport  in  North  Kanara  district, 
Bombay,  Britishlndia,  situated  in  lat.  14°  25'  N. , 
long.  74°  23'  E.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Kuncll  (koneh).  A  town  in  the  Northwest 
Pro\-inces,  British  India,  80  miles  southwest  of 
Cawupore.     Population,  about  14,000. 

Kuncninjinga  (k6n-chin''jmg'gS).     One  of  the 


5^0 

loftiest  peaks  of  the  Himalaya  (once  consid- 
ered the  highest),  between  Nepal  and  Sikhim. 
Height,  28,176  feet.    Also  Kinchinjinga,  etc. 

Kunduz  (kon-doz').  A  region  in  Afghan  Turk- 
estan, south  of  the  Amu-Daria  and  west  of 
Badakshan. 

Eunersdorf  (ko'ners-dorf).  A  village  4  miles 
east  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia.  Here, 
Aug.  12,  1759,  the  allied  army  of  Russians  and  Austrians 
(about  60,000)  under  Soltikotf  and  Laudon  totally  defeated 
the  Prussians  (48,000)  under  Frederick  the  Great.  Loss  of 
Prussians,  18,500  ;  of  allies,  16,0o0. 

Kung(k6ng),Prinee(KTlllg-Tsill-Wang).  Bom 
Jan.  11,  1833:  died  at  Peking,  May  29.  1898.  A 
Chinese  statesman,  brother  of  the  emperor 
Hien-fuug.     He  was  prime  minister  1861-84. 

Kungur  (kong-gor').  Atown  in  the  government 
of  Perm,  eastern  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sylva 
55  miles  south-southeast  of  Perm.  Population, 
12,106. 

Kunstmann  (konst'man),  Frledricli.  Bom  at 
Nuremberg,  Jan.  4,  1811 :  died  at  Munich,  Aug. 
15, 1867.  A  German  historical  and  geographical 
writer.  He  was  tutor  of  the  princess  Donna  Amalia  of 
Brazil,  in  Lisbon,  1841-46,  and  from  1847  was  a  professor 
in  the  University  of  ilunich.  His  best-known  works  are 
"  Afrika  vor  den  Eutdeckungen  der  Portugiesen  "  (18531, 
and"DieEntdeckung  AmerikasnachdenaltestenQuellen" 
(Munich,  1859,  with  atlas:  the  latter,  known  as  the  ''Mu- 
nich Atlas,"  gives  facsimile  copies  of  many  early  maps). 

Kunth  (kont),Karl  Sigismimd.  Bom  at  Leipsic, 
June  18,  1788:  died  at  Berlin,  March  22,  1850. 
A  German  botanist.  He  published  "  Nova  genera  et 
species  plantarum"  (1815-25),  "Enumeratio  plantarum 
omnium,  etc."  (1833-60). 

Kunti  (kon'te).  In  Hindu  mythology,  daughter 
of  the  Yadava  prince  Shura,  whose  capital  was 
Mathura  on  the  Yamuna.  She  was  the  mother  of 
Karna  by  the  Sun.  (See  Karna.)  Afterward  she  wedded 
Pandn  and  bore  Yudhishthira,  Bhinia,  and  Arjuna,  said 
respectively  to  be  the  sons  of  the  gods  Dharma.Vayu,  and 
Indra.  At  the  end  of  the  great  war  she  retired  into  the 
forest  with  Dhritarashtra  and  his  wife  Gandhari,  where 
they  all  perished  by  a  forest  fire. 

Kuopio  (k6-6'pe-6).  1.  A  laen  of  Finland,  Rus- 
sia. jVrea,  16,499  square  miles.  Population(1889), 
284,847.-2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Kuopio, 
situated  on  Lake  Kallavesi  about  lat.  63°  N., 
long.  27°  30'  E.     Population  (1890),  8,882. 

Kuprili.     See  Koprili. 

Kur  (kor),  or  Klira  (ko'ra).  A  river  of  Trans- 
caucasia, Asiatic  Russia,  flowing  by  a  delta  into 
the  Caspian  Sea,  about  70  miles  southwest  of 
Baku :  the  ancient  Cyrus.  Length,  about  700 
miles. 

Kural  (ko-ral').  ['Proverbs.']  An  admirable 
collection  of  gnomic  stanzas  in  the  Tamil  lan- 
guage, by  Tiruvalluvar  who  lived  about  the  3d 
century  a.  D.  Its  language  is  the  norm  of  literary  ex- 
cellence, and  it  has  exercised  a  great  influence  upon  Us 
people.    See  Tiruvalluvar. 

Kurdistan  (kor-dis-tan').  The  country  of  the 
Kurds,  a  region  of  vague  boundaries  in  eastern 
Asiatic  Turkey  and  western  Persia,  about  lat. 
34°-39°  N.,  long.  38°-47°  E.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous.  The  inhabitants  (the  ancient  Carduchi)  belong 
to  the  Aryan  race,  but  are  Mohammedans  in  creed.  They 
have  a  quasi  independence  under  their  chiefs,  and  are 
noted  for  their  robberies.  It  is  estimated  that  they  num- 
ber about  1,600,000  in  Turkey,  and  700,000  in  Persia. 

Kurds  (kordz).     See  Kurdistan. 

Kurg,  or  Coorg  (korg).  A  province  of  British 
India,  under  the  administration  of  the  governor- 
general  of  India,  intersected  by  lat.  12°  15'  N., 
long.  76°  E.  It  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain 
in  1834.  Area,  1,583  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  173,055. 

Kurgan  (kor-gan').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Tobol 
about  lat.  55°  30'  N.,  long.  65°  20'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  9,189. 

Kuria  Muria  (ko're-a  mo're-a)  Islands.  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Arabian  Sea,  off 
the  Arabian  coast,  in  lat.  17°  32'  N.,  long.  56° 
3'  E. :  a  British  possession. 

Kurigalzu  (kii-re-gal'z6).  The  name  of  two 
Babylonian  kings  of  the  Cossean  dynasty.  The 
flr«t  ("  the  Great")  must  have  lived  at  the  beginning  of  the 
15th  century  B.  c. ;  the  second  (•'  the  Small  ")  was  a  son  of 
Bum.aburiash,  and  reigned  about  140*1-1370  B.  c.  In  awar 
with  Bel-Nirari,  king  of  Assyria,  he  was  defeated,  andlost 
pai-t  of  his  territor}'. 

Kurile  (ko'ril)  Islands.  [Jap.  f'hishima.  Thou- 
sand Islands.]  A  chain  of  islands  (about  32 
in  number)  extending  from  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Kamchatka  to  Yezo.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  and  volcanic.  They  were  discovered  by  the 
Dutch  navigator  De  Vrees  in  16S1.  By  treaty  with  Russia 
in  1875  they  passed  entirely  to  Japan.  The  few  inhabitants 
are  .\inos, 

Kurisclies  Haff  (ko'rish-es  haf).  A  lagoon 
north  of  the  province  of  East  Prussia.  It  is  sep- 
arated from  the  Baltic  by  sand-dunes,  and  connected  with 
it  by  the  Memel  Deeps.    Length,  about  60  miles. 


Klissnacht 

Kurland.     See  Courland. 

Kurma  Avatar  (kor'ma  av-a-tiir').  The  "tor- 
toise incarnation"  of  Vishnu  (his  second).  Hetn- 
fused  a  portion  of  his  essence  into  an  immense  tortoise  to 
recover  certain  treasures  lost  in  the  deluge.  His  back 
sen'ed  as  a  pivot  for  the  mountain  Mandara,  round  which 
the  gods  and  demons  twisted  the  serpent  Vasuki.  From 
the  ocean  thus  churned  emei-ged  fourteen  objects ;  Am- 
brosia ;  Dhanvantari.  physician  of  the  gods :  Lakshmi  or 
Shri,  good  fortune,  or  beauty;  Sura,  goddess  of  wine: 
Chandra,  the  moon  ;  Rambha,  prototype  of  lovely  women : 
Uchchaihshravas,  prototype  of  horses  ;  the  wonder-jewel 
Kaustubha ;  Parijata,  a  celestial  tree  yielding  all  desires : 
Kamadhenu,  the  cow  granting  all  boons ;  Airavata,  pro- 
totype of  elephants ;  Shankha,  a  conch-shell  discomfit, 
ing  enemies  by  its  sound ;  an  unerring  bow  ;  and  a  deadly 
poison. 

Kurmark  (kor'mark).  The  former  name  for  the 
larger  (northern  and  western)  portion  of  the 
mark  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia.  It  comprised 
the  Altmark,  Mittelmark,  Ukermark,  etc. 

Kumegalle  (k6r-na-garie),orKomegalle  (kor- 
na-giirie).  A  sacred  town  in  Ceylon,  53  miles 
northeast  of  Colombo. 

Kuroshiwo  (ko-ro-she'wo).  [Jap.,  from  kuro, 
black,  and  sluu-o,  tide.]  'The  Black CmTent  or 
Gulf  Stream  of  Japan.  Beginning  about  20°  N.  lati- 
tude,  near  the  Bashi  Island  s,  between  Luzon  and  Formosa, 
it  flows  northward  along  the  eastern  shores  of  Formosa 
and  the  south  of  Loochoo,  till  it  reaches  the  26th  parallel 
of  latitude,  where  it  divides,  the  main  current  flowing 
northeast  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Kiushiu,  Shikoku,  and 
the  main  island  of  Japan.  About  lat.  38'  it  bends  more  to 
the  east,  and  continues  southward  of  the  Aleutian  Islands 
to  the  North  American  coast,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Pa. 
ciflc  drift.  On  the  coast  of  Japan  its  temperature  is  always 
several  degrees  higher  than  that  of  the  neighboring  waters, 
but  it  decreases  in  temperature  and  depth  as  it  runs  north. 
ward  and  eastward.  Its  breadth  increases  as  it  approaches 
the  American  coast. 

Kurrachee.    See  Karachi. 

Kursk  (korsk).  1.  A  government  of  Russia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Orel,Voro. 
nezh,  Kharkoff,  Pultowa,  and  Tchemigoff :  one 
of  the  chief  agricultural  governments  of  Russia. 
Area,  17,937  square  mUes.  Population  (1891), 
2,666,573. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Kursk,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kur 
and  Tuskora,  in  lat.  51°  44'  N.,  long.  36°  15'  E. 
Population  (1893),  57,320. 

Kuru  (ko'rb).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  prince  of 
the  lunar  race,  ruling  in  the  northwest  of  India, 
about  Delhi,  and  ancestor  of  Dhritarashtra  and 
Pandu,  though  the  patronymic  Kauravas  is  gen- 
erally used  of  the  sons  of  the  former. 

Kurukshetra  (ko-rok-sha'tra).  ['  Field  of  the 
Kurus.']  A  plain,  near  Deltii,  where  the  great 
battle  of  the  Mahabharata,  between  the  Kaura- 
vas and  the  Pandavas,  was  fought.  It  lies  south- 
east of  Thanesar,  not  far  from  Panipat,  and  has  been  the 
scene  of  many  historic  battles. 

Kurz  (korts),  Heinricll.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
28,  1805  :  died  at  Aarau,  Switzerland,  Feb.  24, 
1873.  A  German  historian  of  literature.  From 
1834  he  was  professor  of  the  German  language  and  liter- 
ature in  various  places  in  Switzerland.  He  wrote  "G©- 
schichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  "  (1851-72),  etc. 

Kurz,  Hermann.  Bom  at  Reutlingen,Wtirt«m- 
berg,  ]tov.  30,  1813 :  died  at  Tubingen,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Oct.  10,  1873.  A  German  poet,  nov- 
elist, and  litterateur. 

Kusai,     See  Strong  Island. 

Kusan  (kij'zan).  ['Lake,'  'lagoon,'  or  'inland 
bay.']  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians  who  formerly  lived  on  Coos  Bay  and  at 
the  mouth  of  Coquille  River,  Oregon.  They  are 
now  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  Tney  were  in  four 
tribes,  occupying  as  many  villages  —  namely,  Anasitch  and 
Melukitz.  on  Coos  Bay;  and  MuUnk,  or  Lower  Coquille, 
and  Nacu,  or  Nasumi,  at  the  mouth  of  Coquille  River. 
Also  Cookkoo-oose,  Eaus,  Kwdkwoos,  Coos. 

Kusel  (ko'zel).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Palatinate.  Bavaria,  39  miles  east-southeast  of 
Treves. 

Kusllk-i-Nakhud  (koshk'f-na-khod'),  or 
Kashk-i-Nakhud  (kashk'-).  A  town  in  Af- 
ghanistan, about  38  miles  west  of  Kandahar. 
Here,  July  27. 1880,  Aj-ub  Khan  totally  defeat- 
ed a  British  army  under  General  Burrows. 

Kusi  (ko '  se ) .  A  northern  tributary  of  the  Ganges, 
which  rises  in  Nepal.    Length,  about  325  miles. 

Kusi-Utah.     Same  as  Gosiute. 

Kuskoquim  (kus'ko-kwim),  Kuskokvim,  etc. 
A  river  in  Alaska,  flowing  into  Kuskoquim  Bay 
about  lat.  60°  N.,  long.  162°  15'  W.  Length, 
400-500  nules. 

Kusnetsk,  or  Kuznetsk  (koz-netsk').  A  town 
in  the  government  of  Saratoff,  eastern  Russia, 
115  miles  north  by  east  of  Sa  ratoff .  Population 
(.1893),  20,919. 

Klissnacht  (kiis'nacht),  or  Kiissnach  (kus'- 
nach).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Rigi,  7  miles  east-northeast  of 
Lucerne. 


Kustenaus 

Kustenaus  (kos-te-nous' ).  A  tribe  of  Brazilian 
ludians  discovered  by  Von  den  Steinen  on  the 
upper  Xingii  River  iu  1885.  They  are  distantly 
related  to  the  Arawaks  of  Guiana. 

Eustendje  (kos-teud'iii,  or  Kiistendje  (kiis- 
tend'je),  Rumanian  Constantza  (kou-stiint'- 
sii).  A  seaport  and  the  cliief  town  of  the  Do- 
brudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  iu 
lat.  44°  10'  N.,  long.  28°  39'  E.  It  was  the  ancient 
fiinstaiitiana.  Bituat*;d  at  the  end  of  Trajan's  Wall.  The 
ancient  Toini  is  in  the  vicinity.    Population,  7,9iM. 

Kiistenland  (kiis'ten-liint),  or  Maritime  Prov- 
ince. The  collective  name  for  the  three  crown- 
lands  Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Istria,  and  Triest,  in 
Austria-Huiifjary. 

Klistrin,  or  Ciistrin  (kiis-tren').  A  town  and 
fortress  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prus- 
sia, 8ituate<l  at  the  confluence  of  the  Warthe 
with  the  Oder,  .52  miles  east  by  north  of  Berlin. 
It  was  formerly  capitiil  uf  the  .Neumark.  lYederick  the 
Great  was  imprisoned  liere  173i>-3l.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  180«.     Population  (IS'M),  commune,  16,072. 

EuSU  (kci'so),  or  BakusU  (bii-ko'so).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Lualaba  River,  north  of  Nyangwe.  They  are 
agriculturists,  copper-smelters,  and  eannilKils. 

Kutabminar  (ko'tabme-nar').  Alotty  column 
of  red  sandstone  erected  by  the  Mussulmans  at 
Delhi  iu  India,  to  commemorate  their  decisive 
victory  over  the  Rajputs  in  1193,  which  gained 
for  them  the  sovereignty  of  the  Panjab.  It  is  5ij 
feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  13  at  the  top,  and  is  con- 
sidered the  highest  column  in  the  world.  Its  face  is  cov- 
ered with  texts  from  the  Koran.  Named  in  honorof  Kutab- 
uddin,  the  general  of  the  conqueror. 

Kutahia,  or  Kutaya  (ko-ti'ya).  Atown  in  Asia 
Minor,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  39°  28'  N.,  long. 
29°  52'  E.  It  is  a  trading  center.  A  peace  was  nego- 
tiated here,  May,  1838,  whereby  the  sultan  made  over 
Syria  and  the  province  of  Adana  to  Ibraliim  Pasha.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  40,000-60,000. 

Eatais  (ko-tis').  l.  A  government  in  Transcau- 
casia, Asiatic  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Black 
Sea  and  Asiatic  Turkey.  The  territories  of  Sukhum 
and  Batum  were  annexed  to  it  in  1882.  Area,  13,968  square 
miles.  Population  (1886-90),  998,620. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kutais, 
situated  on  the  Kion  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.,  long. 
42°  40'  K.,  acquired  by  Russia  in  1810.  Popu- 
lation (1892),  22,043. 

Kutchin  (ku-chiu').  A  general  name  given  to 
many  tribes  of  the  northern  division  of  the  Atha- 
pascan stock  of  North  American  Indians,  who 
live  on  and  near  the  Yukon  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  Alaska,  and  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  British  North  America,  west  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie River.  Sometimes  called  Loiichcux  nnd 
Qiiarrrlir.i.  They  number  about  1,974.  See 
Afltftpttscirii. 

Eutchuk-Kainardji  (kot  -  chok '  ki  -  niird '  je). 
Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  Russia  and  Tur- 
key, concluded  at  Kutchuk-Kainardji  (a  place 
in  Bulgaria  15  miles  southeast  of  Silistria)  July 
21,  1774.  Turkey  renounced  sovereignty  over.the  Tatars 
in  southern  Russia;  Kiissia  acquired  territory  and  strate- 
(Tical  points  in  the  Crimea  and  on  the  Black  .Sea. 

Eutno  (kot'no).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Warsaw.  Russian  Poland,  74  miles  west  of  War- 
saw.    Population  (1890),  10,056. 

Kuttack.     See  Cutldck. 

Kuttenberg  (k(it'ton-bero),Bohem.Hora  Kut- 

nAdH/rii  kiit'nii).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  39  miles 
cast  by  south  of  Prague.  Its  lead-mines  were 
longnotc(l  for  their  ]ircMluctiou  of  silver.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  coiuiuiini',  ]:f,563. 

KutusoflF,  or  Kutvizoff  (ko-to'zot),  Mikhail, 

Prince  of  Smolensk.  Born  Sept.  16,  171.'):  clii.l 
atBunzlau,  Prussia,  April  28,  1813.  A  Russian 
field-marshal.  He  served  in  tlie  Turkisli  and  Napole- 
onic wars ;  eommandtd  at  Austerlitz  Dec.  2,  Isori ;  sue- 
ceeded  IJarelay  de  Tolly  as  commander-in. chief  in  1812  ; 
ciiniriiandcrt  at  Borodino  In  1S12 ;  and  was  victorious  at 
Smolensk  Nov.,  1812. 

Kuty  (ko'te).    A  town  in  Qalicia,  Austria-Hun- 


581 

gary,  situated  on  the  Czeremosz  in  lat.  48°  16' 
N..  long.  2.5°  10'  E.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 0,3.53. 

Kuvera  (ko-va'ra).  [Skt. :  said  to  be  from  A«, 
what  a  (interrogative  and  depreciative),  and 
li ru,  body  (in  reference  to  his  ugliness).]  In 
Hindu  my  thology.originally,  the  cliief  of  the  evil 
beings  dwelling  in  darkness,  a  sort  of  Pluto; 
later,  the  god  of  riches  and  the  regent  of  the 
norlliern  (|Uarter.  His  city  is  Alaka  in  the  Himalaya, 
and  his  Kurden  (."haitraratha  on  Mount  Man<lara.  He  was 
half-brother  t)f  Ravanjl,  and  once  possessed  the  city  of 
Lanka  in  Oeylon,  from  which  he  was  driven  by  Ravana. 
He  is  represented  as  white  and  deformed,  having  three 
legs  and  only  eight  teeth. 

Kuyp.    See  Cuijft. 

Kuyimjik  (kii-yon-jek').  A\-illageand  amound 
of  niins  on  the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  which 
in  the  reign  of  Sennacherib  (705-C81  B.  C.)  was 
the  capital  of  Assyria,  and  remained  such  un- 
til its  destruction  in  608  B.  c. :  the  Mespila  of 
Xenophon.  It  represents  the  northern  quarterof  Nine- 
veh. It  lies  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Tigris,  nearly  op- 
posite to  the  modern  Mosul.  Opposite  to  it  lies  the  other 
mound  of  ruins  Nebbi  Yunus,  representing  the  southern 
quarter  of  Nineveh.  Between  them  flows  the  Chosr,  an 
auxiliary  river  of  the  Tigris.  Sir  Ueniy  Layard,  English 
ambassador  at  Constantinople,  discovered  in  Kuynnjik 
18j2,  the  l:u"gest  Assyrian  palace  thus  far  known  (the  so- 
called  southwest  palace  of  Sennacherib,  which  contained 
71  rooms);  and  HormuzdRassara,  1854, the  north  palace  of 
.\surbanipal,  with  the  great  collection  of  engraved  tablets 
known  as  "  the  Library  of  Asurbanipal."    See  yituveh. 

Kwafl  (kwii'fe).  An  African  tribe,  ethnically 
allied  and  conterminous  with  the  Masai,  but 
not  on  frieniily  terms  with  them.  Like  the  Masai, 
they  are  split  into  clans,  and  are  warlike,  nomadic,  and 
pagan.     They  are  called  Wakwafi  by  the  Bantu  tribes. 

Kwakiutl  (kwii-ke-otl').  Originally,  the  name 
of  a  single  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  in 
the  northeastern  partof  Vancouver  Island;  now, 
a  collective  name  given  to  three  tribes  of  the 
Haeltzuk  division  of  the  Wakashan  stock  — 
namely,  the  Kwakiutl  proper,  Walis-kwakiutl. 
and  Kucha.  In  1885  the  Kwakiutl  proper  num- 
bered 65;  the  Walis-kwakiutl,  48.  See  Hml- 
/.-«/,■,  1. 

Kwakwa  (kwii'kwa),  also  called  Avekvom.  A 
Nigi'itic  tribe  of  the  Ivory  Coast,  West  Africa, 
between  Liberia  and  Ashanti,  in  the  French 
sphere  of  influence.  Like  the  Kru-men,  they 
are  muscular  aiul  bold  sailors. 

Kwalhiokwa  (kwiil-he-o'kwa).  A  tribe  of  the 
Paeilic  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  on  Willopah 
River,  Washington,  near  the  Lower  Chinook 
Indians:  often  confounded  with  the  Owilapsh 
or  Whilpah.     See  Athapcisant. 

Kwangsi  (kwiing-se').  A  province  of  southern 
( 'hina,  liounded  by  KweichowanilHuiumon  the 
north,  Kwangtungon  the  east,  Kwangtung  and 
Tongking  on  the  south,  and  Yunnan  on  the  west. 
Area,  78,250  square  miles.  Population,  5,151,- 
327. 

Kwangtung  (Inviing-tiing').  A  province  of 
southern  t'liina. bounded  by  Iluiuin  andKiang.>-i 
on  the  nc^rtll,  I'uhkien  on  the  northeast,  lln' 
China  Sea  and  (iult  of  Tongking  on  the  soul!i. 
and  Tongking  aiul  Kwangsi  on  the  west.  Chiif 
city,  Cautuii.  Area,7y,4.")(i  scpiare  nules.  Popu- 
lal'i(ju  (Willi  Iliiinau).  29,700,249. 

Kwanlun(kwan-ldu'),  orK'WUnlun(kwun-),  or 
Kuenlun  (kwen-).  A  mountain-ehaiii  in  the 
(Viiiu'se  em]iin"  which  separates  Tilict  on  tlie 
south  from  Kasleru  Turkestan  on  the  norlii. 
Highest  peaks,  about  25.000  feet.  They  were 
paitiuUy  e.\jilored  bv  Pijeviilski  about  18S0. 

Kwapa(kwil'liiii.iprQuapaW(kw!i']ia).  .\  tribe 
of  the  Uhi'giha  division  of  North  .\iuerieiin  In- 
dians. The  name  they  give  themselves  is  Vkaqjm,  mean- 
ing 'those  who  went  down  stream'or  'with  the  current." 
the  correlative  of  t'7/if7/jAnn.  (See  Omaha.)  Some  of  them 
are  In  the  Indian  Terrltorv  ;  others  are  with  the  Osage  in 
Oklahoma.  Their  t..tal  munber  is  about  .'JOO.  The  Kwapa 
werecalleil  Akansaby  the  Illinois;  hence  the  nanu-  Arkati- 
Hat.    See  Uhe'jih<i. 


Kyzikos 

Ewatami  (kwa-ta'me),  or  Sizes  (siks'ez).  A 
village  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
Sixes  Creek,  Oregon,  now  on  the  Siletz  reser- 
vation, Oregon.     See  Athapascan. 

KweichOW (kwi-chou'),  or  Ktli-chau.  A  prov- 
ince of  China,  bounded  by  S/.echuen  ou  the 
north,  Hunan  on  the  east,  Kwangsi  on  the 
south,  and  Yunnan  on  the  west.  Area.  64,554 
square  miles.     Pop.  (1896),  est..  4.841.000. 

Ewlchpak.     See  Yulon. 

Kwiliute.     See  Quilcutc. 

Kwilu,  or  Kuilu  (kwe'16).  A  river  in  the 
Freiii'h  Kongo,  Africa. 

Kwokwoos.     See  Kiisan. 

Kworatem  (kwo'rii-tem).  A  dirision  of  the 
(juoratean  .stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  the  Ehnek,  Ikwanek,  Opigoi,  and 
Shiwo  bands  or  villages  on  Salmon  River,  north- 
western California.  The  name  is  also  applied 
by  the  natives  to  the  river.     See  Qiwratean. 

Kyaxares.     See  Cyaxans. 

Kybele.     See  Ci/bele. 

Kyd  (kid),  Thomas.  Lived  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  Kithcenturv.  An  English  dramatist.  He 
wrote  usually  on  bUx)ilcurdliug  subjects,  and  is  best  known 
by  his  two  plays,  "  The  First  Part  of  .leroninio  or  Hieroni- 
mo,  etc.,"  published  iu  1005,  and  "The  .Spanish  Tragedy" 
(licensed  159*2,  printedl599and  1602  ),writtenaftertheother, 
though  purporting  to  precede  it.  He  also  translated  Gar- 
nier's  "  Pompey  the  Great,"  known  as  "Comeliai^"  and  wrote 
".Si:)limon  and  Perseda,"  etc.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in 
poverty  in  \5'^5. 

The  well-known  epithet  of  Jonson,  "sporting"  Kyd, 
■  seems  to  have  been  either  a  mere  play  on  the  poet's  name^ 
or  else  a  iiicujt  a  non  tucmido;  for  both  ".Teronimo"  and 
its  sequel  are  in  the  ghastliest  and  bloodiest  vein  of  tra- 
gedy, and  "Cornelia"  is  a  moilel  of  stately  dullness. 

SainUbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit,  p.  "4. 

Kydonia.     See  Ci/donia. 

Kyffhauser  (kif'hoi-zer).  A  mountain  and  cas- 
tle in  Selnvarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  31 
miles  north-northwest  of  Weimar.  According 
to  tradition  it  is  the  sleeping-place  of  Freder- 
ick Barliarossa.     Height,  1.395  feet. 

Kygani,  or  Kaigani.    See  Skittafletau. 

Kyle  (kil).  The  central  district  of  AjTshire, 
Scotland,  between  the  Boon  and  the  Irvine. 

Kyme.     Sec  Cumir. 

Kymry.     See  ('i/mri/. 

Kynaston  (kin'as-ton),  Ed'Ward.  Born  at  Lon- 
don about  1040:  died  iu  Jan.,  1706.  An  English 
actor.  He  was rennirkably  handsome,  and  was  noted  for 
his  impersonation  of  female  p.-uis  in  his  youth,  and  for  his 
demeanor  in  the  i)arta  of  kings  and  noble  personages  in 
his  later  years. 

Kynaston,  sir  Francis.  Born  at  Oteley,  Shrop- 

sliirc,  iu  1587:  died  in  1(>42.  An  English  poet 
and  scholar,  in  lft!5  he  fimnded  the  "JIusa-um  Mi- 
nerva-," a  college  intended  to  give  instruction  to  "'our  gen- 
tlemen befnre  their  taking  long  journeys  into  foreign 
parts."  It  perished  with  its  founder.  He  published  a 
version  of  Chaucer's  '"Troilus  andCressida."and  a  romance 
in  verse,  "  I.eoline  and  .Sydanis,"  and  other  poems. 

Kyoto.     See  Kioto. 

Kypros.    See  I'ijprm. 

Kyrene.    See  Ci/rene. 

Kyritz  (ko'rits).  A  town  in  the  pro\"ince  of 
Brandenburg.  I'rtissia,  situated  on  the  JiiglitzSl 
miles  iiorlliwest  of  Berlin.  Population  (1890), 
coinniune.  5,(180. 

Kyrle  (Uerl  i.  John.  Born  at  Dymock.  Glouces- 
lersliii'o.  May  22,  1037:  died  at  Ross,  Hert- 
fordshire, Nov.  7,  1724.  A  benevolent  and 
public-spirited  man,  a  general  mediator  in  the 
neighborhooil  of  the  estates  he  inhi'rited  from 
his  father.  He  was  known  as  "the  Man  of  Koss."  Pope 
has  innnortallzed  Ilim  in  his  ".Moral  Essays,"  iii.  2[iO. 

KyrOS.      See  Cl/nis. 

Kythul,  or  Kaithal  (ki-thul').  A  town  in  Kar- 
lull  ilistrict,  Paii,ial>.  British  India.  92  miles 
nortli-norlliwesl   of  Delhi.     Population,  about 

14,(1011. 

Kyzikos.    See  Cycicus. 


aach  (lach).  A  small  lake  in 
the  EMne  Province,  Prussia, 
16  miles  -west-northwest  of 
Coblenz. 

Laaland  (la'land),  or  Lol- 
land  (lol'and).  An  island  of 
Denmark,  south  of  Zealand. 
Itssurfaceislevel.  ItforruswithFal- 
stertheprovinceof  Maribo.  Length, 
37  miles.  Area,  445  square  miles. 
La  Antigua  (la  an-te'gwa).  1.  One  of  the 
names  given  to  the  old  colony  of  Darien:  in 
full,  Santa  Maria  de  la  Antigua  del  Darien. —  2. 
Guatemala  la  Antigua.  See  Guatemala,  Old. 
Laar,  or  Laer  (lar),  Pieter  van.  Bom  in  the 
Netherlands  about  1613:  died  at  Haarlem, 
Netherlands,  about  1674.  A  Dutch  genre  paint- 
er, called  Bambocclo  ( '  cripple ' ) .  He  painted  with 
much  humor  and  naturalness,  and  his  style  was  imitated 
so  that  "bambocciade  "became  a  special  artistic  term  ap- 
plied to  scenes  of  low  life. 

Labadie,  or  La  Badie  (la  ba-de'),  Jean  de. 
Born  at  Bourg-en-Guienne,  France,  Feb.  13, 
1610 :  died  at  Altona,  Prussia,  Feb.  13,  167-1.  A 
French  mystic  and  separatist.  Originally  a  Jesuit, 
he  joined  the  Reformed  Church  in  1650,  and  founded  a  sect 
known  as  the  Labadists. 

Labadists  (lab'a-dists).  The  followers  of  Jean 
de  Labadie.  See  Labadie.  The  Labadists  were  Chris- 
tian communists.  Among  their  tenets  were  denial  of  the 
obligation  of  Sabbath  observance,  on  the  ground  that  life 
is  a  perpetual  sabbath  ;  belief  in  the  direct  influence  of  the 
Holy  Spirit ;  and  belief  in  marriage  as  a  holy  ordinance 
valid  only  among  believers,  the  children  of  the  regenerate 
being  bom  without  original  sin.  The  sect  disappeared 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  centmy. 

Laban  (la'bau).  [Heb.,' white.']  A  Syrian,  fa- 
ther-in-law of  the  patriarch  Jacob. 

Labanoff  de  Rostoff  (la-bii'nof  de  ros'tof), 
Prince  Alexander.  Born  1788 :  died  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, Dec.  8, 1866.  A  Russian  general  and 
historian.  He  wrote  "Lettres,  instructions,  et 
m^moires  de  Marie  Stuart,  reine  d'ficosse" 
(1844),  etc. 

La  Barre,  Antoine  le  Tbvie  de.    See  Barre. 

LabastidayDavalos(l!i-bas-te'daeda'va-los), 
Pelagio  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Zamora,  llicho- 
acan.  March  21.  1816:  died  at  Mexico  City,  Feb. 
5,  1891.  A  Mexican  ecclesiastic,  bishop  of  Pue- 
bla  from  July  8, 1855,  and  archbishop  of  Mexico 
from  March  19.  1863.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  conser- 
vatives and  church  party  in  the  struggles  of  1856 ;  was 
exiled ;  subsequently  was  active  in  the  movement  for  an 
empire ;  was  one  of  the  regents  in  1863 ;  and  was  again 
exiled  by  Juarez  in  1867. 

Labat  (la-bii' ),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1663:  died  there,  Jan.  6,  1738.  A  French  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  From  1694  to  1705 
he  was  stationed  in  the  French  West  Indies.  Diuing  this 
time  he  visited  many  French  and  English  islands  under 
government  commission.  Hepublished  "Nonveau  voyage 
auxlslesde  r,\m^rique,etc."(lst  ed.,  2vols.,1724;  3d  ed., 
with  additions,  8  vols.,  1742;  Dutch  and  German  transla- 
tions^, etc. 

Labe  (la-ba'),  Louise,  sumamed  La  belle  Cor- 
di^re  ("the  beautiful  ropemaker').  Bom  at 
Lyons,  France,  1526:  died  at  Lyons,  March, 
1566.  The  most  important  French  female  poet 
of  the  16th  century,  in  her  youth  she  was  a  soldier, 
and  was  sometimes  called  Captain  Loys.  She  was  the  au- 
thor of  elegies,  sonnets,  and  a  prose  work,  "IMbat  de  la 
folic  et  de  ramour." 

Labeatis  Lacus  (la-be-a'tis  la'kus).  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Lake  of  Scutari. 

La  Bella  (la  bel'la).  [It.,  'the  beautiful.']  A 
portrait  by  Titian,  in  the  Galleria  Pitti,  Flor- 
ence. It  is  a  three-quarter  length  of  Eleonora  Gonzaga, 
duchess  of  Urbino,  in  a  very  rich  damask  robe  of  blue  and 
gold,  with  white  slashings. 

Labelye  (liib-le'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Vevay, 
Switzerland,  Aug.  12,  1705:  died  at  Paris  (f) 
about  1781.  The  architect  of  the  first  West- 
minster bridge.  He  came  to  England  about  1725,  and 
was  appointed  ' '  engineer  "  of  the  bridge  in  May.  1738.  The 
bridge  was  opened  to  the  public  Nov.  is  1750. 

Laberius  (la-be'ri-us),  Decimus.  Born  about 
105  B.  c. :  died  at  Puteoli,  Italy,  Jan.,  43  B.  c.  A 
Roman  knight,  author  of  mimes  or  popular 
farces,  comic  and  satirical  poems,  an  epic  poem 


on  CsBsar's  Gallic  war,  and  a  prose  work  con- 
taining anecdotes,  etc. 

Labes  (la'bes).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Po- 
merania.  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Riga  45  miles 
east-northeast  of  Stettin.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,232. 

Labezares  (la-Ba-tha'res),  Guido  de.  Bom  in 
Biscay  about  1510:  died  in  the  Philippine  Isl- 
ands "about  1580.  A  Spanish  commander.  He 
went  to  Mexico ;  accompanied  VUlalobos  to  the  Spice  Isl- 
ands in  1S42,  returning  in  1549 ;  was  engaged  in  an  attempt  to 
settle  Florida  15.=)8-62 ;  was  royal  factor  of  Legazpe's  expedi- 
tion to  the  Philippines  in  1564  ;  and  after  Legazpe's  death, 
Aug.  20, 1572,  remained  in  command  of  tlie  conquests  un- 
til Aug.  24,  1575.  His  reports  on  the  Florida  expedition 
and  on  the  conquest  of  the  Philippines  were  published  in 
the  "Cartas  de  Indias,"  1877.     Also  writter  Labazares. 

Labiau  (la'be-ou).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  26  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Koni.gsberg.  By  a  treaty  concluded 
here  in  1656,  between  Charles  Gustavus  of  Sweden  and 
Frederick  William  the  Great  Elector,  the  sovereignty  of 
Brandenburg  over  East  Prussia  was  recognized, 

Labiche  (la-besh'). Eugene  Marie.  Bom  at 
Paris,  May  5.  1815:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23,  1888. 
A  French  dramatist,  author  of  numerous  suc- 
cessful comedies,  farces,  and  vaudevilles.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  in  1880.  A  col- 
lected edition  of  his  plays  was  issued  in  1879. 

Labienus  (la-bi-e'nus),  Quintus.  Killed  in 
Cilicia  about  39  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  son  of 
Titus  Labienus.  As  a  republican  and  Parthian  com- 
mander he  invaded  Syria  and  Asia  Minor  40  and  39  B.  c 

Labienus,  Titus.  Killedatthe battle  of  Munda, 
Spain,  45  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  distinguished 
as  Caesar's  legate  in  the  Gallic  war.  He  joined 
the  Pompeians  in  49  B.  C. 

Labillardifere  i^lii-be-yar-dyar'),  Jacques  Ju- 
lien.  Born  at  Alen9on,  France,  Oct.  23,  1755: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1834.  A  French  naturalist 
and  traveler.  Hepublished  "IconesplantarumSyrije" 
(1791-1S12),  "  XovEe  HoUandiieplantarum  specimen" (1S04- 
1806).  "iielation  du  voyage  ?i  la  recherche  de  La  P6rouse 
pendant  les  anuees  1791-1792  "  (ItOO),  etc. 

Lablache  (IS-blash'),  Luigi.  Born  at  Naples. 
Dee. 6,1794:  died  there.  Jan.  23,18.58.  Anopera- 
singer  of  French-Irish  descent  (his  mother  was 
Irish),  regarded  as  the  chief  basso  of  modem 
times.  He  made  hi:?  first  appearance  in  opera  at  Xaples 
in  1812,  and  from  this  time  till  1856,  when  his  health  began 
to  fail,  he  sang  with  great  success.  His  voice,  "when  he 
chose,  easily  exceeded  the  tones  of  the  instruments  that  ac- 
companied it." 

Laborde  (la-bord').  Alexandre  Louis  Joseph, 
Comte  de.  Bora  at  Paris.  Sept.  17,  1773  :  died 
there,  Oct.  24, 1842,  A  French  scholarandman 
of  letters,  son  of  J.  J.  Laborde.  He  wrote  "  Voy- 
age pittoresque  et  historique  en  Espagne" 
(1807-18).  etc. 

Laborde,  Leon  Emmanuel  Simon  Joseph, 

Comte  de.  Born  at  Paris,  June  15,  1807 :  died 
there,  March  25.  1869.  A  French  archjeologist 
and  traveler  in  Eg\-pt,  Arabia,  and  Asia  Minor, 
son  of  A.  L.  J.  de  Laborde.  Hewrote  "  Vovage 
en  Orient,  etc."  (1837-64),  etc. 
Labouchere  (la-bo-shar'),  Henry,  Lord  Taun- 
ton. Bom  Aug.  15, 1798 :  died  at  London,  July 
13,  1869.  An  English  politician,  of  Huguenot 
descent,  created  Baron  Taunton  of  Taimton 
Aug.  18,  1859.  The  Labouchere  family  (of  which  Hen- 
ry's father  was  the  tirst  to  live  in  England)  left  France  at 
the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.and  settled  in  Holland. 
In  1824  he  traveled  in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  He 
was  elected  (W*hig)member  of  Parliament  in  1^26  ;  was  ap- 
pointed a  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1S32  ;  became  master  of 
the  mint  in  1835,  and  a  memberof  the  pri\-j-  council  and  vice- 
president  of  the  board  of  trade  ;  was  under-8ecretar>-  of  war 
and  the  colonies  and  president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  1839  ; 
was  made  chief  secretary  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
in  1S46  ;  and  became  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  in 
1855,    His  title  became  extinct  on  his  death. 

Labouchere,  Henry.  Bom  1831.  An  English 
journalist  and  advanced  Liberal  politician, 
nephew  of  Henry  Labouchere,  Lord  Tarmton. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  diplomatic  service  from  1854  to  1864, 
He  represented  Windsor  in  Parliament  1865-66,  and  Mid- 
dlesex 1867-68,  and  since  1880  has  sat  for  Northampton. 
He  is  owner  and  editor  of  the  London  weekly  journal 
'  Trutli."  His  "Diary  of  a  Besieged  Resident  in  Paris" 
appeared  in  1871. 


Laboulaye  (lii-bo-la ' ) ,  £douard  RenlLefeb-Tre 
de.  Burn  at  Paris.  Jan.  IS,  1811 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  25,  1883.  A  French  jurist,  historian,  and 
politician.  He  became  professor  of  comparative  legis- 
lation in  the  College  de  1  ranee  in  1849,  and  was  made  dep- 
uty in  1871  and  life  senator  in  1875.  His  works  include 
"Histoij-e  politique  des  Etats-Vnis"  ("Political  History 
of  the  United  States,"  18.55-66),  "  Les  Etats-Unis  et  la 
France  "  (1862),  "  Paris  en  Amerique  "(1863),  "  Kecherches 
sur  la  condition  civile  et  politique  des  feinmes"(1843X 
translations  of  Channing's  works,  etc. 

Labourdan(la-bor-don'),orLabourd(la-b6r'). 
A  Basque  district,  situated  mainly  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr^n^es, 
France. 

Labourdonnais,  or  Labourdonnaie  (la-bor-do- 
na'),  Bertrand  Francois  Mahe  de.  Bom  at 
St.-Malo,  France,  Feb.  11,  1699 :  died  Sept.  9, 
1753.  A  French  admiral,  governor-general  of 
the  Isle  of  France  and  Isle  of  Bourbon.  He  cap- 
tured Madras  in  1746. 

Labra  (la'bra),  Eafael  Maria  de.  Bom  at 
Havana  in  1841.  A  Cuban  publicist,  a  resident 
of  Madi'id,  Spain,  since  1851.  He  has  represented 
Porto  Kico  in  several  legislatures ;  was  one  of  the  leadere 
of  the  abolition  party ;  and  has  published  many  works  on 
slaver)',  emancipation,  and  kindred  topics,  besides  histori- 
cal studies  on  Spanish  America,  etc, 

Labrador  (lab-ra-dor').  In  an  extended  sense, 
a  peninsula  comprised  between  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  the  Atlantic,  Hudson  Strait,  and 
Hudson  Bay  (the  southern  part  of  which  is  now 
included  in  Quebec,  while  the  western  part 
forms  the  Northeast  Territory) ;  in  a  restrict- 
ed sense,  a  dependency  of  Newfoundland,  in- 
cluding the  coast  from  Cape  Chudleigh  to  the 
Strait  of  Belle-Isle.  The  surface  is  rugged,  the  cli- 
mate rigorous,  Labrador  has  important  fisheries.  The 
inhabitants  are  mainly  Eskimos,  Indians,  and  French.  The 
interior  near  the  Grand  Falls  has  been  recently  explored 
by  American  parties.  It  was  discovered  by  the  ^Torsemen : 
and  in  1497  by  the  Cabots.  It  was  n-omed  by  G.  Cortert»*i? 
(1501)  "Terra  de  Lavradores"  (land  of  laborers  or  slaves). 
It  was  also  called  on  some  old  maps  Terra  Corterealis  (from 
Cortereal),  and  by  H^idson  Magna  Britannia.    Population, 

(19011,  3,947. 

Labrunie,  Gerard.     See  Gerard  de  Xerial. 

La  Bruyfere  (la  brti-Tar'),  Jean  de.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Aug. .  1645 :  died  at  Versailles,  May  10, 
1696.  A  French  moralist.  He  was  educated  in  Paris 
and  studied  law.  He  left  the  bar,  however,  to  fill  an  ad- 
ministrative position  in  Normandy  (1673-87),  but  resided 
in  Paris,  where  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  the  young  Duke 
of  Bourbon  in  16S4.  His  claim  to  literary  recognition  resla 
on  his  great  work  '*  Les  caracteres,"  which  he  undertook  in 
imitation  of  Theophrastus.  He  had  made  a  translation 
of  the  latter's  work,  and  appended  to  it  notes  on  the  cus- 
toms of  his  own  times.  The  first  edition  was  entitled  "  Ca- 
racteres de  Th^ophraste,  traduits  du  grec,  avec  les  carac- 
teres ou  les  mceurs  de  ce  siecle  "  (16881.  It  contained  386 
"  caracteres  " ;  the  fourth  edition  (1689)  contained  340  ad- 
ditional ones ;  the  fifth  added  141,  the  sixth  103,  the  sev- 
enth 110,  and  the  eighth  40,  The  ninth  edition,  contain- 
ing over  1,100  "  caractferes,"  was  in  press  at  the  timeof  La 
Bruyere's  death, 

Labuan  (la-bo-an').  An  island  in  the  East  In- 
dies, situated  about  6  miles  northwest  of  Bor- 
neo, in  lat.  5°  17'  N.,  long.  115°  15'  E.  Capi- 
tal, Victoria.  It  belongs  since  1846  to  Great  Britain, 
and  has  been  administered  since  1890  by  the  British  North 
Borneo  Company.  Area,  30  square  miles.  Population  (1891X 
6,853, 

Labjrrinth  (lab'i-rinth).  [L.  lahyrinthus,  from 
Gr.  >a,ii'piwoc.2  A  maze;  especially,  a  subter- 
ranean structure  having  many  intricate  pas- 
sages. Several  such  mazes  were  famous  in  antiquity. 
The  greatest  was  that  which  lay  near  Lake  Maris,  in  the 
FajTim,  Eg\-pt,  and  was  prob.-ibly  built  by  Amenemhat 
III.  (about  2300  B.  c).  According  to  Herodotus,  it  had 
3,000  halls  and  chambers,  half  of  them  above  ground  and 
half  below,  and  12  covered  courts.  Only  fragments  of  it 
remain.  (See  the  extract  below.)  Another  famous  laby- 
rinth (that  of  Crete)  was  fabled  to  have  been  built  for  King 
Minos  bv  Da;dalus,  on  the  model  of  the  Egj-ptian.  but  very 
much  smaller.  Its  real  existence  is  doubted.^  There  also 
was  one  on  the  island  of  Leninos  and  one  on  Samos. 

This  platform,  which  measures  one  thousand  feet  in 
length  by  eight  hundred  in  breadth,  represents  the  site  of 
the  Labyrinth— that  famous  building  of  which  it  was  said 
by  Herodotus  that  it  was  "larger  than  all  the  temples  of 
Greece  put  together,  and  more  wonderful  than  the  pyra- 
mids," The  Labyrinth  was  utterly  destroyed  by  order  of 
the  Roman  Government  some  seventeen  or  eighteen  cen- 
turies ago,  and  all  that  remains  of  its  former  magnificence 
is  this  platform,  heaped  six  feet  deep  with  thousands  and 


Labyrintli 

tens  of  thousands  of  tons  of  limestone  and  granite  chips. 
This  tremendous  destruction  was  undoubtedly  wroupht 
by  order  of  the  Roman  Government,  and  tlie  people  who 
smashed  up  and  quarried  out  the  most  splendid  ttulldin;^ 
of  the  ancient  world  lived  in  that  little  town  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  platform.  As  they  went  on  clearirl^; 
the  site  they  made  use  of  it  for  a  cemetery ;  and  so,  in 
course  of  time,  the  last  vestigres  of  the  laljyrinth  disap- 
peared, and  the  place  thereof  became  a  city  of  the  dead. 
It  was  this  cemetery  which  Mr.  I'etrie  explored  during  the 
seasons  of  1887-SS  and  ls83-«9  ;  and  it  was  here  that  he  dis- 
covered the  e.\traordinary  series  of  portrait.s,some  of  which 
are  here  reproduced  from  his  original  photographs. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  95. 

Lacaille  (la-kiiy'),  orLaCaille,  Nicolas  Louis 

de.  Boi'uatKuiuignv,  Ai'dL-imc'S,  Frauoe,  JIaivli 
15, 1713  :  died  at  Paris,  March  21,  17G2.  A  noted 
French  astronomer,  professor  of  mathematics 
in  Mazarin  College.  He  wrote  numerous  scientific 
works,  including  "  Astronomite  fundamenlu,  etc,"  (17.'>7), 
"Ccelum  australe  stelligerum,  etc.'"  (a  catalogue  of  over 
10,000  southern  stars,  170:1),  "  Tabulie  solares"  (giving  cor- 
rections for  planetary  perturbations,  17.'<8),  etc.  In  17;ii>- 
1740  he  was  employed  in  remeasuring  the  French  arc  of 
the  mericiian.  fie  conducted  a  successful  astronomical 
expedition  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  175o-.'i4. 

La  Calle  (la  kill  or  lii  kjil'la).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Coustantine,  Algeria,  40  miles  east 
of  Bona.     Population  (1891),  3,086. 

La  Calpren^de  (lii  kal-pre-nad'),  Gautier  de 
Costes  de.  Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Tolgon, 
near  Sarlat,  Dordogne,  France,  IGIO:  died  at 
Grand-Andely,  Oct.,  1663.  A  French  novelist 
and  dramatist.  He  wrote  the  historical  romances 
"Cassandre"  (1640),  "La  Cltopatre"  (1047),  and  "  Fara- 
mond,  ou  I'histoire  de  France  "  (lUOl);  and  several  trage- 
dies, including  "La  mort  de  Slitliridato "  (1637),  *'Bra(la- 
mante  "  (1636),  "Jeanne  d'Angleterre  "  (lB;i7).  "Lecomte 
d'Easex  '  (1639),  "  Edouard,  roi  d'Angleterre  "  (1640),  etc. 

Lacandones  (la-kiin-do'nes).  [F.  Lacandoits.'] 
An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Maya  stock,  in  northern 
Guatemala  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 
Formerly  they  were  numerous,  and  until  1750  were  hos- 
tile to  the  whites.  At  present  they  are  reduced  to  a  few 
thousand.  Those  called  Eastern  Lacandones  are  friendly 
to  stratigers,  though  living  inastateof  semi-indepenileiice 
and  retaining  most  of  their  ancient  customs.  The  Western 
Lacanilones,  on  the  Passion  River,  have  no  intercourse  with 
the  whites, 

Laccadi'ves  (lak'a-divz),  or  Laccadi'^e,  'ir 
Lakkadiv,  Island's.  A  group  of  small  coral 
islands,  situated  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  ■west  of 
British  India,  about  lat.  10°-12°  N.,  long.  72'=- 
74°  E.  They  belong  partly  to  Great  Britain,  partly  to 
Kanara,  The  leading  product  is  coir.  The  inhabitants 
are  SI  >plas  ;  the  religion  is  Mohammedan.  These  islands 
were  discovered  by  Vasco  da  Gama  1499.  Population 
(1891X  14,440. 

Lacedaemon  (las-e-de'mon).  [Gr.  AaKeSa!/iui'.'] 
A  name  anciently  given  to  Laeonia,  and  some- 
times to  Sparta. 

I^c6pMe  (lii-sa-pad'),  Bernard  Germain 
Etienne  de  la  Ville,  Comte  de.  Born  at 
Agon,  France,  Dec.  26,  1756:  died  at  Epinay, 
near  St. -Denis,  France,  Oct.  6,  18'25.  A  noted 
French  naturalist.  He  continued  Bulfon's  "Histoirc 
Datorelle  "  under  the  titles  "  llistoire  des  quadrupfcdesovi- 

Sares  et  des  serpents"  (1788-810  and  "Uistoire  naturelle 
es  reptiles  "  (1789).  He  also  published  "  llistoire  natu- 
relle oes  poissons"  (1798-1803),  "llistoire  des  cc'tacfjs" 
(181)4).  etc.  His  earliest  works  were  an  "  Essai  sur  Ic-lec- 
tricltd  naturelle  et  artiflcielle"  (1781),  an.l  the  "  Po(;-ti(|ue 
de  la  musique  "  (1785).  He  was  an  amateur  niusicia!)  of 
ability. 

Lacerda  e  Almeida  (lii-sar'da,  6  iil-ma'dii), 
Francisco  Jos6  de.  Bom  at  Sao  Paulo  about 
1750:  died  near  Tote,  Mozambique,  Africa,  1798. 
A  Portuguosc-Brazilian  engineer  and  traveler. 
From  1780  to  17fiO  he  was  engaged  in  northern  and  west- 
em  Bnizil  on  the  commission  employed  to  mark  the 
boundaries  of  that  country  with  the  .Spanish  coloides.  In 
1797  he  was  sent  to  explore  the  interior  of  Slozamblijue, 
where  he  died  of  malarial  fever.  Several  of  his  reports 
have  been  published, 

Lacerta  (la-scr'tiL).  [L.,' the  lizard.']  Asmiill 
constellation  wliiVli  iirst  appears  in  llic  ■' I'ro- 
droinus  Astronomiio  "  of  Ilcvclius,  |)ublish(Ml  in 
1690.  It  is  bonndeil  by  Cephcus,  f'ygnlis  Pegasus,  and 
Andromeda.  Its  brightest  star  is  of  the  fourth  niagidtude. 

Lachaise,  or  La  Chaise  (lii  slniz),  Francois 

d'Aiz  de.  Born  lit  Aix,  Loire,  Francf.  .Aug.  25, 

162-t:  iUvi\  at  I'liHs.  .Inn.  '20,  170U.     A  French 

Jesuit,  confi'ssor  of  I.niiis  XIV. 
Lachaise,  P6re,  Cemetery  of.    See  Pdre  Tm- 

fhai.ic. 
La  Chauss^e  (la  sho-sa'),  Pierre  Claude  Ni- 

"Velle  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  10!I2  :  diidiil  I'liris, 
March  14,  1754.  A  Frendi  dranialist,  the  in- 
troducer or  popttlarizer  of  th<i  so-called  |iatlu'tic 
comedy  (coinedio  larmoyante)  or  sentimental 
play :  author  of  "  Lo  pr6jug6  il  la  mode  "  ( 1735), 
etc. 

Laches  (la'kez).  [Or.  Adxvc-']  A  dialogue  of 
Plato  :  a  conversation  on  courage  between  liy- 
simachus,the  son  of  Aristiiles,  and  M('le«ias,the 
son  of  the  elder  Thucydidos  (wlio  are  consid- 
ering the  question  of  the  education  of  their 


583 

sons),  the  generals  Nicias  and  Laches,  and 
Socrates. 

Lachesis  (lak'e-sis).  [Gr.  A6xeaiC,  disposer  of 
lilts.]  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  three 
MiiTiii  or  Fates.     See  Fnlis. 

Lachine  (lii-shen')  Rapids.  Rapids  in  the  St. 
Lawreuoe  River,  a  tew  miles  above  Montreal. 

Lachish  (la'kish).  One  of  the  capitals  of  the 
Canaanites,  conquered  by  Joshua,  situated  on 
an  elevation  between  Gaza  and  Eleutlieropolis 
(Bet  Jibriu).  It  seems  to  have  been  an  important  fron- 
tier fortress  in  the  direction  of  Egypt.  It  was  concjuered 
by  Sennacherib  during  his  inva-sion  of  Judah  in  701  n.  c. 
A  representation  of  its  siege  was  found  on  a  slab  in  a  hall 
of  .Sennacherib's  palace,  which  was  excavated  in  the  ruins 
of  Kuyunjik.  It  was  again  taken,  after  a  long  resistance, 
by  Nebuchadnezzar.  After  the  return  from  captivity  it 
was  restored.  It  is  now  represented  by  the  stone  heaps  of 
Tel-el-Hesy.  This  site  was  excavated  in  18S9  and  the  fol- 
lowing years  by  Flinders  Petrie  and  Frederick  .Tones  Bliss, 
and  important  ruins,  pottery,  and  a  cuneiform  tablet  were 
(iisc<n'ered  there. 

Lachlan  (lak'lan).  A  river  of  Xew  South  Wales, 
Australia,  joining  the  Murrumbidgee  about 
long.  144°  10'  E.     Length,  400-500  miles. 

Lacnmann  (lach'miin),  Karl.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, (jermany,  March  4.  1793:  died  at  Berlin. 
March  13,  1851.  A  noted  txerman  philologist 
and  critic,  professor  at  Konigsberg  (1818)  and 
later  (1825)  at  Berlin.  He  wrote  "Zu  den  Xibelun- 
gen  nnd  znr  Klage  "  (1836),"  Betrachtungen  iiber  die  Ilias  " 
(1847),  and  published  editions  of  the  "  Mliclungenlicd  " 
(1826),  Waltlier  von  der  Vogelweide, Wolfram  von  Esehen- 
bach,  Propertius,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Lucretius,  etc. 

Lachner  (liieh'ner),  Franz.  Born  at  Rain,  Ba- 
varia, April  2,  1803:  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  20, 
1890.  A  German  composer  and  noted  musical 
director  at  ilunich.  Among  his.operaa  are  "Catarina 
Cornaro"  and  "  Benvenuto  Cellini."  He  also  wrote  sev- 
eral oratorios,  etc. 

Lachner,  Ignaz.  Boi-n  at  Rain,  Bavaria.  Sept. 
17,  1807:  died  at  Hannover,  Feb.  25,  1895.  A 
German  composer  and  violinist,  brotlier  of 
Franz  Lachner.  He  was  kapellmeister,  1861-75.  at 
the  city  theater  in  Frankfort.  Among  his  wtjrks  are  the 
operas  "Der  Oei'sterturm,"  "  Dif  Kegenhriider,"  and 
"  Lorelev."  and  a  favorite  Song  "Uhrrall  TJn." 

Lachner,  Vincenz.  Born  at  Rain,  Bavaria,  July 
19,  1811:  died  at  Karlsmhe,  Jan.  21,  1893.  A 
German  composer,  brother  of  Franz  Lachner. 
He  was  kapellmeister  at  Mannheim  from  1836- 
1873. 

Lacka'Wanna  (lak-a-won'ii).  A  river  in  north- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  joining  the  Susquehanna 
at  Pittston.  Its  lower  valley  is  noted  f(U'  the 
production  of  anthracite  coal.  Length,  about 
55  miles. 

La  Cloche  (F.  pron.  la  klosh),  James.  Born  in 
Jersey,  1(547  :  date  of  death  unknown.  A  nat- 
ural son  of  Charles  II.  of  England.  He  became 
a  Jesuit  in  16()7. 

Laclos  (lii-kl6'),  Pierre  Ambroise  Frangois 

Choderlos  de.  Born  at  Amiens,  France,  1(41 ; 
ilied  at  Taranto,  Italy,  Nov.  5. 1803.  A  French 
general  and  man  of  letters.    He  wrote  the  novel 

"  Les  liaisons  ilangereuses"  (1782).  etc. 

La  Condamine  (Uikoii-dil-men').  Charles  Ma- 
rie de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  28, 1701:  died  there, 
Feb.  4,  1774.  A  French  scientist  wlio  in  1735 
was  chosen,  with  Bouguer  and  Godin.  to  mea- 
sure an  arc  of  the  meridian  on  the  plain  of  l,)ui- 
to,  South  America.  The  expeditiim  occupied  nine 
years,  and  in  1744  La  Condamine  descended  the  Amazon  on 
his  way  to  Euroi)e.  He  publisheil  several  works  on  the 
measurement,  besides  "  Relation  abrijgi^'e  d'un  voyage  fait 
dans  I'interieur  de  I'Aniirlque  nii5ridionale  "  (1745),", lour- 
nal  d'un  voyage  fait  par  ordre  du  roi "  (17.'>1),  various 
pajiers  on  inoculation,  etc.  It  is  said  that  lie  carried  the 
llrst  knowledge  of  india-rubber  to  Europe, 

Laeonia (lij-k"'"'-!'*-  !•  In  ancient  geograjdiy, 
the  soutlieastern  division  of  the  Fcloponnesus, 
Greece,  lying  south  of  Argolis  and  Arcadia  and 
eastof  Mossenia.  Chietcity,  Sparta.  It  was  nearly 
surrounded  by  mountains  and  tiie  sea,  and  was  traversed 
by  (he  EurutiLS, 

2.  -V  noinari-liy  of  modern  (irei'ce.  lying  south- 
west of  LaccdnMiion.  .\ren,  457  sipiare  miles. 
l^ipiilation  (18!Mi),  (i2,.S39, 

Laconicus  Sinus  (la-kon'i-kus  si'nus).  Gulf  of 

Laeonia.  Inancieiit  gi'ograiihy,  the  arm  of  the 
Mcilitiiranciin  south  of  Laconiii. 

Lacordaire  ( lii-kor-dar' ).  Jean  Baptiste  Henri. 

Born  near  Di.ron,  May  12,  1S(I2:  (fled  at  Son'ze 
(Tarn),  Nov.  '22. 1861."  A  cilcbrateil  Frencli  di- 
vine, lie  entered  the  c.dlegeat  IMJon  In  1810,  graduated 
with  lumors  In  ISIH,  studied  ln>v,  and  finally  entered  an 
offlco  In  Paris.  In  18'2I  be  gave  up  law  for  theology  ; 
was  admitted  to  the  seminary  of  .Salnt-Sulpice  ;  and  three 
years  later  was  ordained  iirlest.  At  the  time  of  the 
revolution  ((f  .Inly,  18:«),  (he  Catholic  element  In  France 
sought  new  means  of  strengthening  Its  Inthiencc,  and 
thought  to  accomplish  that  end  In  preaching  the  ihwlrlnei 
of  liberty,  Ijicordalre  eagerly  followed  the  movement,  and 
was  active  in  editing  a  pai>er  called  "  L'Avenlr."  published 
for  the  first  time  Oct.  18, 1830.     Ho  retired  from  the  staS. 


Lacy,  Hugh  de 

however,  on  account  of  the  condemnation  passed  on  the 
undertaking  by  the  i>ontiHcal  court  at  Rome.  He  attained 
a  great  reputation  as  a  preacher  at  Notre  Uauie,  On  April 
6, 1840,  he  joined  the  Dominican  orderof  monks,  and  Feb.  2, 
1860,  he  was  elected  to  the  French  .\cademy.  Some  of  La- 
cordaire's  works  are  "  Consid(;rations  philosophiques  sur 
le  systeme  de  M.de  Lamennais  "  (1S^34),  "  Vie  de  .Saint  Do- 
niini(|ue  "  (l«4u),  "  Conf(;renccs  de  NotreDame  de  Paris  " 
(1835-50),"  Conft'rences  k  Lyon  et  h  Grenoble  '  (1845),"  Ser- 
mons Isolds  et  oraisons  funehres"  (1M4-47),  of  which  the 
finest  was  undoubtedly  the  funeral  oration  preached  over 
the  remains  of  General  Drouot  at  Nancy  on  May  *25,  1847  : 
and  lastly  a  voluminous  corrcepondence.  A  complete  edi- 
tion of  Lacordaire's  works  was  publishea  iu  six  volumes  in 
1858. 

Lacordaire,  Jean  Theodore.    Bom  at  Recey- 

sur-Ource,  Feb.  1,  l.sOl :  died  at  Liege,  Belgium, 
July  18,  1870.  A  French  entomologist,  brother 
of  J.  B.  H.  Lacordaire.  From  1825  to  1832  he  made  four 
journeys  in  South  America  ;  from  1835  he  was  a  professor 
at  the  University  of  Liege,  His  greatest„work  is  the  "Gen- 
era des  col^optt'res  "  (12  vols,  18,^(4-76 :  the  last  three  by 
Chapuis).  He  also  published  numerous  works  and  papera 
on  the  Coleoptera,  articles  on  South  America,  and  an  "In- 
troduction k  I'entomologie  "  (2  vols.  li>37-39). 

La  Coruna.     See  ('unnina. 

La  Coruna,  Count  of,  fifth  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 

Sec  Mf  ii(lii:ii.  I.(tr(ii;u  liunre:  dc. 

La  Cosa,  Juan  de.    See  Cosa. 
Lacressoniere  ( lii-kres-so-nyar'),  stage  name  of 
Louis  Charles  Adrien  Lesot  de  la  Penne- 

terie.  Bern  at  Chiiimv,  Haute-Marae,  Dec.  II, 
IS19 :  died  June  9,  1-S93.  A  noted  French  actor, 
lie  first  played  in  Paris  at  the  Amidgu  in  1842.  In  1847, 
joining  the  Tht-atre  Historique,  he  was  for  a  long  time  the 
impersonator  of  the  principal  characters  of  Souli^  and 
Dumas,  He  was  very  successful  in  the  double  rOle  in  the 
"  Courrier  de  Lyon." 

Lacretelle  (la-krMel'),  Jean  Charles  Domi- 

niQUe  de.  Bom  at  Metz.  Sept.  3.  17()6:  (lied  at 
Macon,  France,  March  26,  18.55.  A  French  his- 
torian and  journalist.  Among  his  works  is  "Histoire 
de  France  pendant  le  XVIII-^  siecle  "  (1808-12 :  continued 
for  the  revolution,  consulate  and  empire,  and  restoration). 
Lacroix  dii-krwii'),  Paul.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
27,  1806 :  died  there.  Oct.  16,  1884.  A  French 
novelist  and  historical  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter under  the  pseiidonjTn  "  Bibliophile  Jacob." 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  "Contes  du  Bibliophile 
Jacob,  etc.  "(l&ll:  reprinted  in  1844  as  "Ri^citshistoriques 
ala  jeunessc"X  "Ladance Macabre, etc. "(1832),  "Convales- 
cence du  vieux  conteur"  (1832-3(i-38).  "Rtimans  relatifs  k 
I'histoire  de  France  aux  XV*  et  XVI''  siecles"  (183S),  "  Le 
moyen  .age  et  la  renais-sance"  (conjointly  with  S^r(^,  1847- 
18.12).  "Curiosit(5s  de  I'bistoire  des  arts,  etc"  (18.18).  "Les 
arts  au  moyen  .^(ge,  etc."  (IstiS),  "Les  nneurs,  usages,  et 
costumes  au  moyen  Age,  etc.  "  (1871),  etc.  He  published 
many  catdogues  and  edited  a  mmiber  of  works.  He  also 
wrote  under  the  names  of  Pierre  Dufour  and  Antony 
Dubourg. 

Lacroix,  Sylvestre  Frangois.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1765 :  died  there.  May  25.  l.'<43.  A  noted  French 
mathematician.  His  chief  work  is  '•  Trnit*^  du 
calcul  difft'rentiel  etdu  calcul  integral"  (1797). 

La  Crosse  (la  kr(")s).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
La  Crosse  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the 
.Mississippi,  at  llie  mouth  of  the  La  Crosse  and 
Black  rivers,  in  lat.  4:!°  48'  N..  long.  91°  14'  W. 
If  has  important  lumber  trade  and  sawmills. 
Poliulaliondliiini.  28. .895. 

Lactantius  Firmianus  (lak-tan'shi-us  ftr-mi- 
a'nus).  Lucius  Cselius  (or  Caeciliusi.    Lived 

at  the  licginnini;  id'  (he  4lh  century.  A  Chris- 
tian ajiologisl.  iu<'('('i)l(>r  of  Crispus  in  Gaul 
iiliout  313:  calle(i  "  th(>  Christian  Cicero.''  His 
chief  work  is  "Divinarum  institutionuin  libri 
soptem"  ("Seven  Books  of  the  Di\Tne  Institu- 
tions"). 

La  Cuba  (lii  kii'bii).  A  castle  at  Palermo,  Italy, 
built  forrecreation  by  King  Williiiin  11.  in  1182. 
It  is  stpnire.  Its  loftv  walls  are  "rnamented  t*i  their  full 
height  w  ith  alternately  w  ide  and  narrow  Sarnceidc  i»oin(ed 
wall  arcades,  heiieatli  which  open  sevend  tiers  of  iiidnted 
wiruhtws.  the  highest  single,  the  others  coupled.  The 
castle  is  built  aminid  an  Interior  cotirt.  The  aeslgn  poe- 
sesses  nuich  elegance. 

La  Cue'Va.     See  Cucrn. 

Lacunza  (lii-kiin'sii).  Manuel.  Born  at  Santi- 
ago, Chih',  .Inly  19,  1731:  died  at  Imola,  Italy, 
June  17,  1801.  A  Jesuit  author.  After  the  expul- 
sion of  his  order  from  America  (l"fl7).  he  lived  a  very  so- 
I'ludi'd  life  in  Italy.  Ills  commentary"  La  venbla  del  Me. 
slas"  has  had  many  edidons. 

Lacy,  or  Lascy  (liis'("'\  Count  Franz  Moritz 

von.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg.  Oct.  16,  1725: 
.lied  at  Vienna,  Nov.  24,  1801.  An  Austrian 
liclil-marshal,  distiiigiiislied  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War. 

Lacy  (lii'si),  Henry  de.  Born  about  1249:  died  at 
London,  Feb.  5,  1311.  .\n  English  nobleman, 
third  I'larl  of  Lincoln;  an  iiitluential  counselor  of 
Kdward  I.  and  Kdwnril  II.  He  took  part  in  the  slog* 
of  llordeaui,  I'JIHI,  under  (be  Earl  of  Lancaster,  and  on  the 
death  of  the  latter  (.Inne  5)  was  chosen  general. 

Lacy,  Hugh  de.  Murdered  at  Durrow,  Ireland, 
Julv'25, 1 186.  An  English  soldier  and  conqueror 
of  Ireland,  llfth  Baron  Lacy,  and  first  Lord  ot 


Lacy,  Hugh  de 

Meath.  In  Oct.,  1171,  he  followed  Henry  IT.  to  Ireland. 
In  1172  he  recei\ed  the  submission  of  Roderick,  kiug  of 
Connaught.  and  was  granted  Meath  and  Dublin  Castle. 
He  secured  Meath  by  the  erection  of  numerous  castles. 
In  1173  he  fought  in  France.  His  administration  of  Ire- 
land was  chiu-acterized  by  peace  and  good  order.  He  was 
recalled,  temporarilj;,  in  1181,  returning  the  next  winter. 
On  July  2f;  1186.  while  inspecting  the  new  castle  at  Dur- 
row,  he  w.as  murdered. 

Lacy,  Hugh  de.  Died  at  Carrickfergus  about 
1242.  An  English  soldier,  created  earl  of  Ulster 
May  29,  1205:  noted  as  a  leader  in  the  partizau 
wars  in  Ireland  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century. 

Lacy,  John.  Born  near  Doncaster:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  17,  1681.  An  English  dramatist  and 
actor,  noted  in  his  day  as  a  comedian  and  mimic. 
He  was  the  original  Eaves  in  "The  Rehearsal."  Among 
his  plays  are  •'  The  Old  Troop,  or  Monsieur  Raggou  "  (about 
1665),  and  "Sir  Hercules  Buffoon,  or  the  Poetic:U  Squire" 
(1684). 

Lacy,  John  William  or  William.   Born  in  the 

last  part  of  the  18th  century:  died  in  Deyonshire 
about  1865.  An  English  bass  singer.  He  was  a 
pupil  at  Bath  of  Rauzzini,  and  also  studied  in  Italy.  His 
wife  was  also  a  singer  of  some  note.    She  died  in  March, 

1S68. 

Lacy,  Peter,  Count  Lacy.  Bom  at  Killeedy, 
Limerick,  Sept.  29,  1678 :  died  iu  Livonia,  May 
11,  1751.  A  noted  Irish  soldier,  made  a  field- 
marshal  in  the  Russian  army  in  1736.  He  served 
with  the  Irish  troops  in  France  "and  Italy  and  on  the 
Rhine  from  16L»-  until  the  peace  of  Ryswick ;  entered  the 
Russian  service  as  captain  of  infantry,  and  was  employed 
by  Peter  the  Great  in  training  the  Russian  troops ;  and 
served,  with  repeated  promotions,  in  the  various  wars  in 
which  Russia  was  engaged  until  his  retirement  in  17t;:. 
At  the  battle  of  Pultowa  he  commanded  a  brigade  of  the 
right  w  ing.    He  was  governor  of  Livonia  and  Esthonia. 

Ladak,  or  Ladakh  (la-dak')-  A  province  of 
Kashmir,  southeast  of  Baltistan  ai.d  west  of 
Tibet,  traversed  by  the  Upper  Indus.  It  is  the 
most  elevated  inhabited  country  in  the  world.  It  was  con- 
quered  by  Kashmir  in  1834-42.  Poi.ulation  (1891),  28,- 
274. 

Ladd  (lad),  George  Trumbull.  Born  at  Paines- 
ville,  Ohio,  Jan.  19,  1842.  An  American  theo- 
logian and  psychologist,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Bowdoin  College,  and  later  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity. He  has  published  "Doctrine  of  Sacred  Scrip- 
ture, etc."  (1882),  "Elements  of  Physiological  Psychology, 
etc. "  (1887),  "  What  is  the  Bible  ?  etc. "  (18S8),  etc.  He  also 
translated  Lotze's  "Outhnes  of  Metaphysics,  etc."  (1834), 
"  Outlines  of  Practical  Philosophy,  etc."  (1885),  "Outlines 
of  the  Philosophy  of  Religion"  (1885),  "Outlines  of  .-Es- 
thetics" (1886),  "Outlines  of  Psycholog}-"  (1886),  "Outlines 
of  Logic  and  of  Encyclopsedia  of  Philosophy  "  (1887). 

Lade  (la'de).  In  ancient  geography,  a  small 
island  in  the  ^gean  Sea,  near  Miletus.  Near  it, 
about  495  or  494  B.  c. ,  the  Persian  fleet  defeated 
the  Ionian  Greeks. 

Ladies  a  la  Mode.  A  play  by  Dryden,  produced 
in  Hi6s. 

Ladies'  Battle,  The.  A  comedy  by  Robertson, 
from  the  French  of  Scribe  and  LegouvS.  It  was 
produced  in  1851. 

Ladies'  Mile,  The.  A  drive  in  Hyde  Park,  Lon- 
don, on  the  north  side  of  the  Serpentine.  The 
Coaching  and  Four-in-Hand  clubs  meet  there. 

Ladies'  Peace.  [F.  Paix  des  dames.']  See  Cani- 
hraij.  Peace  of. 

Ladikieh  (la-de-ke'e),  or  Latakia  (la-ta-ke'ii). 
A  seaport  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated 
in  lat.  35°  .^^0'  N.,  long.  35°  47'  E.  :  the  ancient 
Laodicea.  it  exports  Ladikiyeh  tobacco.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,000-6,000. 

Ladislaus  (lad'is-las),  or  Ladislas  (lad'is-las), 
Saint.  King  of  Hungai-j'  1077-95,  sou  of  Bi51a  I. 
He  conquered  Croatia  and  Slavonia  in  1087. 

Ladislaus,  or  Lancelot.  Died  at  Xaples,  Aug. 
6, 1414.  Kiugof  Naples  1386-1414,  son  of  Charles 
HI.,  king  of  Naples  and  Himgary.  His  claim  to 
the  throne  was  disputed  by  Louis  ll.  of  Anjou,  who  was 
supported  by  the  popes  I'rban  ^^.  and  Clement  VII.  Boni- 
face IX.  declared  in  his  favor,  however,  and  he  was  ena- 
bled to  take  possession  of  his  capital  in  1400.  In  1403  he 
made  an  inetf  ectual  attempt  to  obtain  the  crown  of  Hun- 
gary. He  attempted  to  unite  all  Italy  under  his  sway,  in 
which  he  was  opposed  by  Boniface's  successors.  Innocent 
VII.  and  John  XXm.,  the  latter  of  whom  he  expelled 
from  Rome  in  1413.  He  died  before  he  could  consolidate 
his  conquests. 

Ladislaus,  King  of  Poland.     See  Wladislaio. 

Ladislaw,  Will.  One  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  George  Eliofs  novel  '•^liddlemarch": 
a  yoimg  artist  who  marries  Dorothea  Brooke 
after  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  Mr.  Casau- 
bon. 

Ladmirauit  (liid-me-ro'),  Louis  Rene  Paul  de. 

Born  at  Montmorillon,nearVieniie,  France, Feb. 
17,  1808:  ilied  at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1898.  A  French 
general.  He  commanded  adivision  at  Solferinuin  1859, 
and  an  army-corps  in  the  Franco-German  war  in  1*70.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  engagements  before  Metz, 
and  was  military  governor  of  Paris  Kn  -78,  when  he  retired 


584 

from  active  service.  He  published  "Bases  d'un  projet 
pour  le  recrutement  de  I'armee  de  terre"  (1871). 

Lado  (.la'do).  A  town  in  central  Africa,  situ- 
ated on  the  White  Nile,  near  Gondokoro,  about 
lat.  5°  N.:  founded  by  Gordon  in  1874. 

Ladoga  (la'do-gS),  Lake.  The  largest  lake  of 
Europe,  situated  in  northwestern  Russia  be- 
tween the  governments  of  Viborg,  Olonetz,  and 
St.  Petersburg.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Lakes  Saima, 
Ilmen, Onega,  etc., and  has  forits  outlet  the  Neva.  Length. 
130  miles.  Average  breadth,  68  miles.  Area,  6,996  square 
miles. 

Ladon  (ia'don).  A  name  given  to  the  northern 
head  stream  of  the  Ruphia  ( Alpheus)  in  Greece. 

Ladron  de  Guevara  (lad-ron'  da  gwa-vii'rii), 
Diego.  Died  in  Mexico,  1718.  A  Spanish  prel- 
ate who  was  successively  bishop  of  Panama 
(1689),  Guamauga  (1699),  and  Quito  (1703). 
From  Aug.  30,  1710,  to  March  2,  1716,  he  was  viceroy  of 
Peru.  He  was  superseded  on  the  ground  that  he  had  shown 
too  much  favor  to  the  colonists  in  his  expenditures,  and 
died  while  on  his  way  to  Spain. 

Ladrone  (la-dron')  Islands,  or  Mariana  (mii- 
re-a'na)  (or  Marianne  (ma-ri-au'))  Islands. 
A  chain  of  15  islands  in  the  North  Pacific, 
situated  in  lat.  13°-21°  N.,  long.  144°-146°  E. 
They  were  discovered  by  Magellan  1521,  and  were  occupied 
by  Spain  1668.  They  formed  a  dependency  of  the  Philip- 
pines- Guahan  now  belongs  to  the  I'nited  States,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  group  was  purcha>ed  liy  Germany  in 
1899.  Area,  4*20  square  miles.  Population,  largely  Olia- 
niorros  and  mixed  races,  10,172. 

Lady  Hideous  (la'di  hid'e-us).  See  the  extract. 
On  his  [Perceval's]  arrival  he  takes  vengeance  on  the  sen- 
eschal Kreux,  and  accompanies  Arthur  to  Carlion,  where 
that  prince  holds  a  full  court.  During  his  stay  there,  he 
one  day  sees  Lady  Hideous  pass,  who  loads  him  with  her 
maledictions.  Her  neckandhands.  says  the  romance,  were 
brown  as  iron,  which  was  the  least  part  of  her  ugliness; 
her  eyes  were  blacker  than  a  Moor's,  and  as  little  as  those 
of  a  mouse  ;  she  had  the  nose  of  a  cat  or  an  ape,  and  lips 
like  an  ox :  her  teeth  were  red,  Mke  the  yolk  of  eggs  ;  she 
was  bearded  like  a  goat,  was  humped  before  and  behind, 
and  had  both  legs  twisted, 

Dind'ip,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  177. 

Lady  in  Fashion,  The.    A  play  by  Gibber. 

Lady  Jane  Grey,  The.  1 .  A  play,  in  two  parts, 
by  Dekker,  Heywood,  Wentworth  Smith,  and 
Webster,  and  perhaps  Chettle.  It  was  produced  in 
1602.  The  parts  written  by  Dekker  and  Webster  were  cob- 
bled into  a  plav  called  "  The  Famous  History  of  Sir  Thomaa 
Wyatt,"  published  in  1607.  Fleay. 
2.  A  tragedy  by  Rowe,  produced  in  1715.  Ma- 
dame de  Stael,  Brifaut,  Soumet,  and  Tenny- 
son have  also  written  tragedies  on  the  subject, 
though  not  all  with  the  same  title. 

Lady  of  England,  The.  A  title  given  to  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Henry  I.,  wife  of  Geoffrey  V. 
of  Anjou,  and  mother  of  Henry  H. 

Lady  ot  Lyons,  The.  A  play  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 

produced  in  1838.  It  was  originally  written  under  the 
title  of  "The  Adventurer,"  which  was  alteredat  Macready's 
suggestion  to  "The  Lady  of  Lyons."  The  chief  incidents 
of  the  plot  were  suggested  by  a  tale  named  "The  Bellows 
Menders."  i/oi^o;/. -Famous  Plays. 
Lady  of  Shalott,  The.  A  poem  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1832.  It  is  substantially 
the  same  as  the  story  of  "Elaine." 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  F.  Dame  du  Lac.   A  name 

given,  in  Arthurian  romance,  to  Viyienue,  Vi- 
viane,  or  Vivian,  the  mistress  of  the  enchanter 
Merlin.  She  lived  in  a  splendid  palace  in  the  midst  of 
a  delusive  lake,  which  apparently  prevented  approach. 
In  the  romance  of  "  Perceforet "  the  name  is  given  to  .-'ebile, 
whose  castle  was  in  the  midst  of  a  river  covered  by  a  thick 
fog.     See  Vivian,  Merlin,  and  Perciforii. 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  The.  1  -  A  narrative  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1810.  It  is  so 
called  from  the  surname  of  its  principal  char- 
acter, Ellen  Douglas.— 2.  A  cantata  founded 
on  Scott's  poem,  the  music  by  G.  A.  Macfarren, 
produced  in  1877.— 3.  See  Donna  (hi  Lar/o. 

tady  of  the  Mercians.  A  name  applied  to 
^thellia>d.  dauditer  of  Alfred  the  Great,  and 
wife  of  ^Ethelred,  ealdorman  of  Mercia. 

Lady's  Last  Stake,  The,  or  The  Wife's  Re- 
sentment. A  comedy  by  Cibber,  produced  in 
1707.  It  is  a  Idnd  of  p'endant  to  "The  Careless 
Husband." 

Ladysmith  (la'di-smith).  A  village  in  Natal, 
South  Africa,  aliout  80  miles  north-northwest 
of  Pietermaritzburg,  at  the  junction  of  two 
railroads,  one  runnitig  into  the  Transvaal  and 
the  other  into  the  Orange  Free  State :  an  im- 
portant strategical  point  in  the  Boer  war  of 
1899.  General  White,  with  about  10,000  troops,  was  be- 
sieged here  by  the  Boers  from  Oct.  29, 1899,  to  Feb.  28,  UlOii, 
w  hen  he  was  rescued  by  the  British  under  General  Bullci . 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Laeken  (la'ken).  A  tillage  U  miles  north  of 
Brussels,  noted  for  its  royal  castle. 

Laelius  (le'li-us).  Caius.  Lived  about  200  B.  c, 
A  Roman  general  and  consul,  a  friend  of  Seipiu 
Africanus,  distinguished  in  the  second  Punic 
war. 


Lafayette 

Laelius,  Caius, sumamed  Sapiens  ('the  Wise'). 
Lived  about  140  B.  c.  A  Roman  orator  and 
philosopher,  a  friend  of  the  younger  Scipio 
Africanus.  He  is  the  chief  character  in  the 
"  De  Amicitia"  of  Cicero.     See  lie  Amicilia. 

Laennec  (le-nek'),  Ren6  Theophile  Hya- 
Cinthe.  BornatQuimper,  France,  Feb.  17, 1781; 
died  near  Douarnenez,  Finist^re,  France,  Aug. 
13, 1826.  A  French  physician,  professor  at  the 
College  de  France  from  1822.  He  was  the  inventor 
of  the  stethoscope  (described  in  his  "Traits  de  I'ausculta- 
tion  mediate  et  des  maladies  des  poumons  et  du  cceur," 
1819). 

Laer,  Pieter  van.    See  Laar. 

Laerdal  (lar'dal).  A  valley  in  western  Nonvay, 
east  of  the  Sogne  Fjord,  lat.  61°  N.,  noted  for  its 
picturesque  scenery. 

Laertes  (la-er'tez).  [Gr.  Aacprric.']  In  Greek 
legend,  the  father  of  tlysses. 

Laertes.  In Shakspere's  tragedy  "Hamlet,"  the 
son  of  Polonius  and  brother  of  Ophelia :  a  manly 
and  resolute  person,  a  foil  to  the  iiTesolute  na- 
ture of  Hamlet. 

Lsestrygones  (les-trig'o-nez),  or  Laestrygoni- 
ans(les-tri-g6'ni-anz).  In  the  Odyssey,  am\-th- 
ieal  race  of  cannibal  giants  visited  by  Ulysses 
in  a  northern  country,  where  "  the  nights  are  so 
short  that  the  shepherd  di'i'ving  his  flock  out 
meets  the  shepherd  who  is  driving  his  flock  in." 
They  were  placed  by  later  writers  in  Sicily,  south  of  Etna, 
and  by  the  Romans  near  Formiae  in  Latium. 

Laet  (lat),  Jan  van  or  Johannes  de.    Died  at 

Antwerp,  1649.  A  Dutch  author.  His  best-known 
work  is  *'  De  Xieuwe  NVereld,  of  Beschrijving  van  West  In- 
dien  "  (1626 :  enlai^ed  in  ItiiO  and  edited  in  various  lan- 
guages). It  is  a  general  description  of  America.  He  ed- 
ited Piso's  "Historia  Xaturalis  Brasilise,"  and  published 
various  controversial  and  other  works. 

Laetitia  (le-tish'iji).  An  asteroid  (No.  39)  dis- 
covered by  Chacornac  at  Paris,  Feb.  8, 1856. 

Laetitia  Ffampul.    See  Franqjul. 

Laetitia  Hardy.    See  HarcJi/. 

LaFarge(lafSrj),  John.  Bom.at  NewYorkin 
1835.  An Americanlandscape-andfigure-paint- 
er,  decorator,  glass-painter,  and  sculptor.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  "William  Hunt ;  was  elected  national  acade- 
mician in  1809 :  and  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Americaa 
Artists.  He  painted  an  altarpiece  for  St,  Peter's,  New 
York,  in  1863,  and  decorated  Trinity  Church,  Boston,  1876, 
and  the  chancel  of  St.  Thomas's  Church,  New  York.  1877. 
His  also  are  the  battle  window  in  the  Harvard  ilemorial 
Hall  (1:>80),  and  the  altarpiece  in  the  Church  of  the  Ascen- 
sion, New  York.  Latterly  he  has  devoted  himself  to  glasa- 
painting.  His  chief  work  in  sculpture  is  the  King  famOy 
monument  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

Lafaye,  or  Lafaist  (la-fa'),  Pierre  Benjamin. 

Born  at  Mont-Saint-Sulpice,  Yonne,  France, 
1S08 :  died  at  Aix,  June  5, 1867.  A  French  phi- 
lologist, professor  of  philosophy  in  the  faeiUty 
of  letters  at  Aix.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Dic- 
tionnaire  des  synonvmes  de  la  langue  frangaise, 
etc."  (1858-65)". 

Lafayette  (la-fa-vef),  Gilbert  de.  Bom  about 
1380:  died  Feb.  23.  1462.  A  marshal  of  France. 
He  was  made  marshal  in  1420,  and  afterward  became  one 
of  the  chief  counselors  of  Charles  VII.  He  contributed 
to  the  victory  of  Joan  of  Arc  at  Cirl^ans  in  14:29. 

Lafayette,  or  La  Fayette,  Marquis  de  (Marie 
Jean  Paul Eoch  Yves  Gilbert  Motier).  Born 
atthe  Chateau  deChavagniacAuvergne, France, 
Sept.  6. 1757:  diedat  Pal-is,  May  20, 1834.  Acele- 
br.ated  French  general  and  statesman.  Leaving- 
France  for  America,  he  entered  the  Revolutionary  armj- 
as  a  volunteer,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  in  1777; 
served  at  Brandywine,  Monmouth,  and  Y'orktown ;  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  France  1779,  and  in  1781  was  present 
at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  -Assembly  of  Notables  in  France  in  1787,  and  of  the 
States  General  in  1789 :  was  commander-in-chief  of  <he 
national  guard  1789-91 ;  commanded  an  army  against  the 
Austrians  in  1792,  and  in  the  same  year  left  France  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  his  opposition  to  the  Jacobins. 
He  w:is  imprisoned  as  a  political  suspect  by  the  Prus- 
sians and  Austrians  1792-97  ;  returned  to  France  1600:  re- 
visited America  lS'24-2o ;  and  commanded  the  national 
guard  in  the  revolution  of  1S30,  w-hen  he  was  instrumental 
in  placing  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne.  He  has  been 
nicknamed  "Grandison-Cromwell."  See  "M^moirea  et 
manuscrits  de  Lafayette  "  (•;.  vols.  1837-38). 

La  Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine  Pioche  de  la. 

Vergne,  Comtcs.^e  de.  Bnrn  at  I^aris.  March  16. 
1634 :  died  at  Paris,  Jlay,  1693.  A  noted  French 
novelist,  daughter  of  Aymar  de  la  Vergne,  gov- 
ernor of  Havre,  and  wife  of  the  Comte  de  La 
Fayette.  Some  time  after  the  death  of  her  husband  she 
formed  a  liaison  with  La  Rochefoucauld  (1607-80).  .Shew-as 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  "precieuses  "  of  the  Hotel 
Rarabouillet.  She  wrote  "La  princesse  de  Montpensier  ' 
(1660),  "Zaide"(1670:  written  with  and  published  under 
the  name  of  SegraisX  "La  princesse  de  Cleves"(1677,  with 
La  Rochefoucauld  :hermasterpiece).  etc. ."Histoired'Hen- 
riette  d'-Angleterre  "  (published  after  her  death),  etc.  Her 
"Letters"  were  published  in  18-23. 
Lafayette  (la-fa-ef).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the 
Wabash  60  miles  northwest  of  Indianapolis. 


Lafayette 

It  is  A  niauufacturing  arul  tradinu  L-entev,  and  the  seat 
of  Purdue  University  (agricultural).  Poi)ulatiou  (1900), 
18,116. 

Lafayette,  Mount.  The  hishest  peak  of  the 
Fraueoiiia  XIoiui tains,  New  Hampshire,  18  miles 
west-southwest  of  Mount  Washington.  Height, 
r,.-269  feet. 

Lafayette  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  chartered  in 
l>^l'ti  It  is  controlleil  by  the  Presbyteriana,  and  had  28 
instructors  and  over  aOO  students  in  1896-97,  with  alibrary 
of  25,(HiO  volumes. 

La  F6re  Champenoise.    See  Fdre  Champenoise, 

III. 

Lafeu  (liife')-  A  sagacious  old  lord  in  Shak- 
>l)ure's  '-All's  Well  that  Ends  Well." 

Laffitte  (lii-fet'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Bayonne, 
France,  Oct.  24,  17ti7 :  died  at  Paris,  May  26, 
1844.  A  French  banker  and  statesman,  pre- 
mier and  minister  of  finance  lS30-:il. 

Lafitau  (lii-fe-to'),  Joseph  Francois,  Bom  at 
Bordeaux,  1670:  died  there,  July  15,  1746.  A 
French  Jesuit  author.  From  1"12  to  1"17  he  was  a 
missionary  among  the  Iroquois  of  Canada.  He  published 
"3Ia'ur8  dcs  sauvsiges  ani^riquains  "  (1st  ed.  1724),  "His- 
toire  des  d^couvertes  et  des  conquestes  des  Portugais 
dans  le  nouveau  nionde'(173a),  and  a  memoir  on  ginseng. 
Lafltau  argued  for  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  American  race. 

Lafitte  (lii-fet'),  Jean.  Born  in  France  about 
1780:  died  probably  in  1826.  A  French  privateer 
and  smuggler.  He  was  the  commander  of  a  band  of 
adventurers  at  Barataria,  Louisiana,  1813-14,  and  served 
witli  the  Americans  at  New  Orleans  in  1815.  He  was  called 
"the  Pirate  of  the  Gulf." 

La  Flfeche.     See  F/irhe,  La. 

Lafond  (lii-fou'),  Gabriel,  called  Lafond  de 
Lurcy.  Born  at  Lurey-Lev}-,  March  '2o,  1802: 
died  at  Paris,  April  11,  1876.  A  French  sea- 
captain  and  author.  He  visited  various  parts  of  the 
world,  and  from  1849  was  consul-general  of  Costa  Rica  at 
Paris.  He  published  "  Voyages  autour  du  monde  et  nau- 
frages  c^lebres  "  (8  vols.  1844),  and  various  works  on  Span- 
ish America  and  on  commerce. 

La  Fontaine  (lii  fon-tan' ;  F.  pron.  lii  fon-tan'), 
Jean  de.  Born  at  Chateau-Thierry,  Cham- 
pagne, July  8, 1621:  died  at  Paris,  April  13, 169.'). 
The  most  noted  French  fabulist.  He  left  the  Col- 
lege of  Rheims  at  the  age  of  nineteen  to  study  for  the  min- 
istry, but  he  gave  up  that  pursuit  after  two  years.  He  is 
commonly  said  to  have  given  the  first  evidence  of  his  liter- 
ary genius  when  he  was  tweiity-six  years  olii.  His  name  is 
chieHy  associated  with  his  fatiles.  The  first  six  books,  pub- 
lished in  10f)8,  were  inscribed  to  the  Dauphin  of  France. 
The  next  five  books  appeared  in  167H  and  1679,  and  were  pref- 
aced with  a  eulogy  of  Madame  de  Montespaii.  The  twelfth 
book  was  dedicated  to  the  young  Duke  of  Bourgogne(1694). 
Besides  these  fables.  La  Fontaine  wrote  his  "Contes" 
(18(56),  "Amours  de  Psyche  et  de  Cupidon"  (1669),  "Nnu- 
veaux  contes"  (1671),  "  La  captivity  de  Saint  Malo"  (16:3), 
and  "Le  Quinquina  "(1682).  His  comedies,  "L'Eunuqu  " 
(translated  from  Terence),  "Le  Floreiitin,"  "La  coupe  en- 
chantf^e,'  '■  Je  vousprendssans  vert,"  "R<agot  in.  "were  col- 
lectedas'  I'i&cesdeth^-&trede.T.deLaFontaine"(17u2).  He 
bad  many  generous  patrons  in  the  highest  court  circles,but 
never  won  favor  in  the  eyes  of  Louis  XIV.  La  Fontaine  wag 
elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  n;8;i.  The  king,  how- 
ever  did  not  sanction  his  admission  till  several  months 
alter  his  election.  Among  his  friends  La  Fontaine  num- 
bered Racine,  Boileau,  and  -Moli^re. 

La  Foole  (la  fol).  Sir  Amorous.  A  "  bravo  he- 
roic coward"  in  .Tonson's  comedy  "Epicoene." 

La  Force  (lii  tors').  An  ancient  Parisian  prison, 
now  sujiiiressed.  It  was  situated  on  the  Rue  Pav(5e  au 
Marais  and  the  Rue  du  Roi  do  sicile.  It  was  built  in  120.''i 
by  Charles,  King  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  arul  was  the  residence 
of  the  dukes  of  La  Force  in  the  16th  century.  It  became  a 
prison  in  the  reign  of  Louis  .\  V.,  and  was  tlie  scene  of  the 
massacre  of  Sept ,  1792,  and  of  the  murder  of  the  Princesse 
de  Lamballe  ami  other  atrocities  of  the  Reign  of  Terror. 

La  Foret  (lit  fo-ra').  The  servant  and  liouse- 
keepet  of  Molifil'e.  She  was  an  excellent  critic  of  his 
plays,  ami  was  also  the  original  of  Madame  Jourdain  in 
"  l.e  bourgeois  gentilhomnie,"  and  of  Jacqueline  in  "Le 
medecin  nuilgri!-  Ini." 

Lafosse  (Hi-fos'),  Antoine  de  (Seigneur  <rAii- 
bigny).  Born  at  Paris  alioul  16:')l!:  died  there 
in  1708.  A  French  pofl.  Hi- wrote  four  plays,  one 
of  which,  "  Mardius  C;ipil<)liuii^  "  (Hilts),  is  worthy  of  note. 
In  it  he  gave  Honian  nururs  and  .■(il  line  tot  )tway'8  "  Veidce 
Preserveil."     His  works  wei-e  nilbliHlinl  in  1311. 

La  Fosse,  or  Lafosse,  Charles  de.    Bmn  at 

Paris,  June  Ifi,  164(1:  diod  at  Paris.  Dec.  Hi,  !71(i. 
A  Frcncli  historical  j)ainter,  a  pupil  of  Chau- 
veau  and  L<'lirun.  In  IB.'iS  he  went  t^ilOmic  ami  Ven- 
ice, where  he  studied  for  three  years.  He  was  elected 
member  of  the  Ac:ulemy  in  1673,  and  chancellor  in  1710. 
liedecoratecl  the  country  house  of  Lord  Mont^agueln  Eng- 
land, the  cunolii  of  the  Church  of  the  Invalides  at  Paris, 
the  choir  and  dome  of  the  Assumption,  a  part  of  the  palace 
at  Versailles,  etc..  and  hispictnresarein  lu-arlyall  theroyal 
palaces  and  the  museums,  ilost  of  them  have  been  en- 
(iraved. 

La  Fuente  (la  fwen'te),  Antonio  Gutierrez 
de.  Born  in  TarapacCi  about  17!)S.  A  Peruvian 
general.  He  was  conspiciuuis  in  the  civil  wars  1829  to 
1843,  wasvlcepresident  under  (Jamarra  Aug.,  1829,  to  April 
16,  1831;  was  one  of  the  claimants  of  the  presidency  1S34  ; 
and  led  the  revolt  whicli  dcjiosed  Meneiidez  in  1H42.  In 
later  years  he  was  senator  ami  alcalde  of  Lima. 

Lafuente,  or  LaFuente  (lii  fwen'te),  Modesto. 


585 

Born  at  Rabanal  de  los  Caballeros,  Palencia, 
Spain,  1806  :  died  Oct.  2.5, 1866.  A  Spanish  his- 
torian. Hischief  work  is  "Historia  general  de  Espaiia** 
(31)  vols.  1850-66).  He  was  known  also  for  his  satirical 
writings  under  the  names  of  Fray  Geruudio  and  Tira- 
beque  (1844-,'iO). 

Lafuente  y  Alcantara,  Miguel.  Born  at  Arehi- 
dona,  province  of  Malaga,  Spain,  July  10,  1817 : 
died  at  Havana,  Aug.,  18:50.  A  Spanish  histo- 
rian, author  of  "Historia  de  Granada"  (1843- 
1848),  etc. 

Lagado  (la-gii'do).  In  "Gullivei-'s  Travels," by 
Swift,  a  city  which  figures  in  the  voyage  to  the 
flying  island  of  Laputa. 

Lagamaru  (Ui-gii-mii'ro).  The  name  of  one  of 
the  deities  of  Elam  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions. It  appears  in  the  name  of  the  Elamite 
king  Chedorlaoiner( Assyrian  7i"(/Hr-/.»r/fn«nr). 

Lagarde(lii-gard')  (originally  Botticher),  Paul 
Anton  de.  Born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  2, 1827 :  died 
at  (Tottingen,  Dec.  22, 1891.  A  German  Orien- 
talist and  biblical  scholar.  He  held  a  profes- 
sorship in  the  University  of  GottLngen  from  1869 
until  his  death. 

La  Gasca,  Pedro  de.    See  Gasca. 

Laghouat  ( lii-go-iit ' ) .  A  town  and  military  post 
in  the  Sahara,  province  of  Algiers,  Algeria, 
about  lat.  33° 50'  N., long.  2°  53'  E.  Population, 
about  6,000. 

Laghukaumudi  (la-g-ho-kou'mo-de).  [Skt., 
•  the  Short  Ktiumudi.']  In  Sanskrit  literature, 
the  nam?  of  an  epitome  by  Varadaraja  of  the 
Siddhantakaumudi  of  Bhattojidikshita. 

La  Gloire  (lii  glwiir).  A  French  war-ship,  the 
first  fully  equipped  iron-clad  ship,  launched  in 
1858.  Her  length  was  254  feet ;  breadth.  55  feet:  depth, 
25  feet.  The  Napoleon,  a  two-decked  91.gun  ship  of  1857. 
was  razed  to  one  deck,  lengthened  23  feet,  and  armored 
from  stem  to  stern  with  5-inch  iron  plates. 

Lagny  (lan-ye').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seiue-et-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Marne 
15  miles  east  of  Paris.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,998. 

Lago  Maggiore.    See  Magyiore. 

Lagonegro  (lii-go-na'gro).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  38  miles  south  of 
Potenza.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  French  victory 
over  the  Neapolitans  in  1806. 

Lagos  (lii'gos).  A  small  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Algarve,  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°  8'  N.,  long.  .s° 
40' W.:  probably  the  ancient  Lacobriga.  It  was 
the  point  of  departure  of  the  expeditions  of  Henry  the 
Navigatoi",  In  its  Itay  the  British  fleet  under  Boscaweu 
defeated  the  French,  Aug.  17, 1759. 

Lagos  (la'gos).  1.  A  town  on  the  western  coast 
of  Africa,  in  lat.  6°  ■J8'  N.,  long.  3°  26'  E.:  a  com- 
mercial center,  it  was  captured  by  the  British  in  1S61 
and  annexed  by  them  in  1801. 

2.  A  British  protectorate,  situated  between 
Dalionii'V  (French)  and  Nigeria.  Area,  over 
21,000  sijuare  miles.     Pop.,  about  3.1100. liOO. 

LagOSta(lii-gos'tii).  A  small  island  of  Dalma- 
tia,  situated  in  the  Adriatic  Sea  8  miles  south 
of  Curzola. 

Lagrange  (lii-gronzh'),  Anna  Caroline  de, 

Countess  of  Stankowitch.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1825.  A  French  singer,  a  ]>upil  of  Bordogni. 
.She  nnule  her  debut  In  Italy,  and  has  sung  with  success 
in  all  the  great  cities  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.  In 
184S  she  married  Count  Stankowitch. 

La  Grange,  Charles  Varlet,  Sieur  de.   Born  at 

Amiens:  died  at  Paris,  March  1, 1092.  A  French 
actor.  He  ran  away  from  his  tutt)r  and  Joined  the  troupe 
of  Moliere,  from  whom  he  received  liistrnctiou.  He  after, 
ward  became  a  public  favorite.  He  edited,  with  Vinot,  the 
llrst  important  edition  of  Moliere  (1682).  His  wife  wag  also 
a  popular  acti'ess  of  comedy, 

Lagrange  dii-groiizh').  Joseph  Louis,  Comte. 

Horn  at  Turin,  Jan.  25,  ]73():  died  at  Paris, 
April  10,  1H13.  A  celel|rated  niathoinatician, 
of  French  dest-ent.  Ho  was  appointed  in-ofessor  of 
mathematics  at  the  ndlitary  school  In  lurin  in  I7f>4.and 
succeeded  Kuh-r  as  director  of  the  Academy  of  Berlin  in 
1766.  In  1787  he  established  himself  In  Paris.  He  jiub. 
lished  "  Mecanique  analytique  "  (1788),  "Tlu'orie  des  forn'- 
ticMis  iinidyticiues  "  (1799),  etc. 

La  Granja  (lii  griln'iiii),  or  San  Ildefonso  fel- 

da-fon'so).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  .Segovia,  Spain,  37  inih'S  north-norlhwcsl  of 
Madrid.  It  contains  a  royal  castle  built  by  Philip  V., 
surrounded  by  a  splendid  wooded  jiark  with  elaborate 
fountains  and  waterwtirks.  The  castle  wim  the  scene  of 
the  "revolution  of  Latiranja, '  Aug.,  18:16,  by  which  tjueen 
Mariadiristina  was  compelled  to  restore  the  Constitution 
of  1812. 

Lagthing  (liig'ting).  The  njiper  house  of  the 
Norwegian  Slorlhing  or  luirlmment,  consisting 
of  one  fourth  of  the  members  of  the  lutterelccted 
by  the  whole  body.     See  Storthintj. 

La  Guaira  (lii  gNvl'rii).  A  seaport  of  Vene- 
zuela, situated  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  10° 


Laihach,  Congress  of 

37'  N.,  long.  06°  57'  W. :  the  port  of  Caracas. 
Population,  about  8,000. 
Laguna  (la-go'nii).  [Pi.,  also  Lagunas.  Sp., 
'  lagoon.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
inhaljiting  a  group  of  small  pueblos  on  or  near 
the  Kio  San  jos^,  a  western  affluent  of  the  Bio 
Grande  in  New  Mexico.  The  pueblo  was  established 
lu  1699,  under  the  name  Kawaiko,  by  ZuftI  and  Keresan 
natives.  Since  the  advent  of  white  settlers  there  have 
been  formed  several  new  villages ;  Paguate,  Punyeestye, 
Punyekia,  Pusityitcho.  .Seemiinah,  \Vai)nehnseanmia.  and 
Ziarama.  These  were  formerly  summer  villages,  but  now 
are  permanently  occupied.  Population,  1,143.  See  Kere- 
S'in. 

La  Hague,     See  Hogue,  La. 

La  Halle  (lii  til).  Adam  de.  Bom  at  Arras, 
France,  about  1240:  died  in  Italy  about  1287. 
A  French  poet  and  tlramatist,  surnamed  "  Le 
Bossu  d' Arras "  (though  he  ajipeais  not  to  liave 
been  a  hunchback).  He  was  at  first  a  monk,  but  left 
his  convent  and  manied  ;  later  he  abandoned  his  native 
town  and  his  faTnily,and  went  first  to  Douai,  and  then  with 
Robert  of  Art<d3  to  Italy.  "In  'Li  Jus  de  la  Feuillle'  he 
has  left  us  the  earliest  comedy  In  the  vulgar  tongue 
known;  In  the  pastoml  drama  of  'Robin  et  Marion,'  the 
eal'liest  specimen  of  comic  opera."    Saintsburtj. 

Laharpe,  or  La  Harpe  (lii  iirp).  Fr6d6ric  C6- 

sar.  Born  at  Kolle,  Switzerland,  April  6,17.54: 
died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  March  30, 1838. 
A  Swiss  politician,  instructor  of  the  czar  Alex- 
ander I.  He  was  a  leader  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Helvetic  Republic  in  1798. 

Laharpe,  or  La  Harpe,  Jean  Frangois  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  20, 1739:  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
11,1803.  A  French  critic  and  poet.  Hischief 
work  is  "Lyc^e.  ou  cours  de  litt^rature  an- 
cienne  et  moderne"  (1800-18). 

La  Haye  (lii  a').  'The  French  name  of  the 
Dutch  's  Graven  Hage,  The  Hague. 

Lahidjan  (Ui-hed-jiin' ).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Ghilan,  northern  Persia,  situated  near  the 
Caspian  Sea  30  miles  east-southeast  of  Eesht. 
Population,  about  7,000. 

La  Hire  (lii  er)  (£tienne  Vignoles).  Born 
about  1390:  died  at  Montaubau,  Jan.  11,  1443. 
A  French  general,  distinguished  in  the  war  of 
Charles  VII.  against  the  English. 

Lahire,  or  Lahyre,  Laurent  de.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, Feb.,  1006:  died  there,  Dec.  1056.  A  French 
painter,  chiefly  of  religious  subjects. 

Lahn  (liin).  A  river  of  Germany  which  joins 
the  Rhine  4  miles  south  of  Coblenz.  Length, 
135  miles. 

La  Hogue.     See  Huguc.  La. 

Lahontan  dii-oii-tou'),  Baron  de  (Armand 
Louis  de  Delondarce).  Born  near  Jlonl-de- 
Marsan,  France,  about  1667:  died  at  Hannover, 
1715.  A  French  soldier  in  North  America.  He 
came  out  to  Canada,  probably  as  a  private,  in  16^3,  and 
served  against  the  lro(|Uois  and  the  r.nglish.  becoming 
eventually  theklng'slieutenant  in  Newfoundland  and  Aca- 
dia. He  published  "  Nouveatix  voyages  de  M.  le  baronde 
Lahontan  dans  PAmerique  septentrionale"  (170;iX  "Dia- 
logue de  M.  le  baron  ile  Lahontan  et  d  un  sauvage  dans 
PAmtirique,  avec  les  voyages  du  meme  en  Portugal '"  (17t>4X 
etc. 

Lahore,  or  Lahor  (lii-h<5r').  1.  A  division  of 
tlie  I'aniab,  British  India,  .Area,  8,987  square 
miles,  i'oiiulation  (1881),  2.191,517.  — 2.  Adis- 
trict  in  the  Lahore  division,  intersected  by  lat. 
31°  30'  N. .  1  ong.  74° E.  Area,  3,678  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  1,07:5,379.— 3.  The  capital  of 
the  Panjab,  and  of  the  district  and  division  of 
Lahore,  situated  near  (he  Ravi  in  lat.  31°  34' 
X.,  long.  74°  19'  E.  it  Is  an  Important  seat  of  trade, 
ami  contains  various  edncalional  institutions,  'there  are 
notable  buildings  herv  and  In  the  vicinity.  Including  the 
t<unb  of  Jahangir  ami  the  garden  of  Shah  .lehan.  l-ahore 
was  long  noted  for  Its  eariiets.  It  was  held  by  the  iJhaz- 
nevids  from  lii23  to  1186;  was  sackeil  by  the  iIong<ds  In 
1241;  was  taken  by  Baber  In  1.^22  ;  became  a  Mogul  capi- 
tal under  Akbar;  wiw  nourishing  umler  the  Moguls  and 
under  Rjinjit  Singh;  was  oceui>ied  by  the  British  In  1840; 
and  was  annexed  by  them  in  184'J.  Population  (1891),  In- 
cluding cantonment,  176,8.^4. 

Lahr  (liir).  A  town  in  the  circle  of  OfTenburg, 
liaden,  situated  on  the  Schtitter  17  miles  south 
liv  east  of  Utrasburg.  It  manufactures  tobacco, 
cigars,  etc.     Population  (1890),  10,805. 

Lalanas,     Same  as  J.aijaiias.     See  Guanas. 

Laihach,  or  Laybach  (U'bUiih).  [Slovenian 
IJiililjaiia.  It.  I.iiliiaiKi.]  Tlie  capital  of  Carni- 
ola.  Austria-IIungarv,  situated  on  the  Laibach 
in  lat.  46°  3'  N.,  loi'ig.  14°  31'  E, :  the  ancient 
Eraona.  It  h.asa  eastleand  a  ealludnil.  It  was  sacked 
by  the  Huns  in  the  r.lli  century,  and  by  the  Magyam  in  tf(X); 
passed  to  the  Hapsburgs  in  rJ76;  and  was  the  capital  of 
the  Illyrlan  Piii\ine.s  )-Mi«-l:i,  and  of  Ihe  kingdom  of  B- 
lyria  lslfi-40.     Population  (1S90X  .to,.''".''. 

Laihach,  Congress  of.  A  meeting,  Jan.- 
May,  1821,  of  the  emperors  of  Russia  and  Aus- 
tria, the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  Duke  of 
Modetin.andrepresentativesfromFrance.Oreat 


Laibach,  Congress  of 

Britain,  Prussia,  Sardinia,  etc.,  at  which  armed 
inteiTention  was  resolved  on  for  the  repression 
of  the  revolutions  in  Piedmont  ami  Naples. 

Laidley  Worm  of  Spindlestonheugh,  The.   A 

ballad  by  Duncan  Frasier  of  Cheviot,  made  in 
1270.  The  story  is  of  an  enchanted  lady  who  couhl  only 
l)e  released  from  the  form  of  a  "  laidley  worm  "  or  "  loath- 
some serpent  "by  a  knight  hrave  enough  to  give  her  three 
kisses.  The  same  story  exists  in  other  forms  as  "The 
Worme  of  Lambton,"  "The  Lambton  Worm  of  Durham," 
"Kempion,"  and  other  old  ballads.  "  The  name 'Kempion' 
is  itself  a  monument  of  the  relation  of  our  bjillads  to  the 
'Keempeviser.'"  {Child.)  The  version  preserved  inChild"s 
'■  English  and  Scottish  Ballads"  is  by  Mr.  Robert  Lambe, 
vicar  of  Norham :  some  of  the  stanzas,  however,  are  of 
older  origin. 

Laigle  (lagl).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Onie,  Normandy.  France.  33  miles 
northeast  of  Alen^on.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,078. 

Laila  (li'la)  and  Majnun  (mej-non').  A  hero- 
ine and  hero  of  Ai'ab  romance,  whose  story  has 
been  versified  by  several  Persian  poets,  notably 
byNizami  (1141-1202).  Kais(c.alled  Majnun, 'mad',' 
after  his  love  cost  him  his  reason)  w;is  the  son  of  a  proud 
chief  ;  Laila.  a  member  of  a  humble  tribe.  Chancing  to  see 
Laila,  Kais  loved  her  and  sought  her  in  a  search  in  which 
he  became  mad.  His  father  at  last  discovered  the  strong- 
hold of  Laila's  father,  and  asked  her  hand  for  his  son ;  but 
the  father  refused  to  wed  his  daughter  to  a  madman. 
Laila  goes  forth  hoping  to  encounter  ilajnun  w<andering 
in  search  of  her,  and  is  seen  by  a  prince,  Ibn  Salam,  whom 
her  father  compels  her  to  wed.  Laila  is  imprisoned  by  Ibn 
Salam,  but  escapes  and  meets  Majnun  in  the  desert.  Not 
able  now  to  make  her  his  wife,  he  sends  her  back.  She 
dies  of  grief,  and  Majnun  also  a  little  later  at  her  grave. 
Majnun  is  buried  beside  her.  Zaid,  Laila's  faithful  page, 
sees  a  vision  of  the  lovers  happy  in  paradise. 

Laing  (lang).  Alexander  Gordon.  Born  Dee. 
27.  1793:  murdered  by  Arabs  near  Timbuktu, 
Sept.  26,  1826.  An  English  soldier  and  African 
explorer. 

Laing,  Samuel.  Born  at  Kirkwall,  Orkney,  Oct. 
4,  1780 :  died  at  Edinburgh.  April  23,  1868.  A 
Scottish  author  and  traveler.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1S05,  and  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  under  Sir 
Arthur  Wellesleyand  Sir  John  Moore.  In  1834,  on  the  fail- 
ure of  his  business,  he  left  Orkney  and  traveled  in  Norway 
and  Sweden.  He  published  the  "Journal  of  a  Residence 
in  Norway  during  the  Years  lS3t-lS35  and  1830  "(1S36), 
"  A  Tour  in  Sweden  "(London,  1839).  In  lS4t  hepublished 
his  most  important  work,  the  translation  of  the  "  Heiras- 
kringla  or  Icelandic  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Norway" 
with  a  *'  Preliminary  Dissertation  "  (1S44  ;  revised  by  Ras- 
mus B.  Anderson  1889). 

Laing's  Neck.  A  pass  in  the  Drakenberg, 
South  Africa  :  the  scene  of  a  Boer  victory  over 
the  British  Jan.  28,  1881. 

Laird  (lard),  Macgregor.  Born  at  Greenock, 
1808:  died  Jan.  9,  1861.  A  Scottish  African 
explorer,  younger  son  of  William  Laird,  ship- 
builder and  founder  of  the  Birkenhead  house  of 
Laird.  He  dissolved  partnership  with  his  father  to  as- 
sist in  forming  a  company  in  Liverpool  to  develop  com- 
merce on  the  river  Niger. 

Lais(la'is).  [Gr.Aai^.l  The  name  of  two  Greek 
courtezans  celebrated  for  theirbeauty.  The  elder, 
probably  a  native  of  Corinth,  lived  in  the  6th  century 
B.  C,  and  was  famous  for  the  beauty  of  her  form  and  for 
her  vices.  She  died  at  Corinth,  where  a  monument  (a 
lioness  tearing  a  ram)  was  erected  to  her.  The  younger 
(born  probably  in  Hyccara,  in  Sicily,  and  brought  to  Cor- 
inth when  a  child)  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  4th  century 
B.  c.  Apelles  is  said  to  have  induced  her  to  follow  the 
life  of  a  courtezan.  She  was  slain  in  Thessaly  by  some 
women  whose  jealousy  she  had  aroused. 

Lais,  or  Laish.     See  Dnti,  3. 

Laius  (la'j-us).  [Gr.  Aaiof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Thebes,  husband  of  Jocaste  and  father 
of  OEdipus. 

Laiyang  di-vang').  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Shantung,  China,  about  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long. 
120°  .50'  E.     Population,  estimated,  50,000. 

Lajetmesse.    See  Albani. 

Lajeunesse  (lU-zhe-nes'),  Gabriel.  The  lover 
of  Evangeline  in  Longfellow's  poem  of  that 
name. 

Lake  (lak),  Gerard,  Viscount  Lake.  Bom  July 
27,  1744 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  20,  1808.  An 
English  general.  He  commanded  a  brigade  against  the 
French  in  Holland  in  1793  :  was  commander-in-chief  in 
Ireland  1797-98  ;  became  commander-in-chief  in  India  in 
18i)0  ;  gained  the  \  ictories  of  .\ligarh  and  Laswari  in  In- 
dia in  ISO:! ;  captured  Delhi  and  Agra  in  1803;  and  com- 
manded against  Holkar  ]S04-n5, 

Lakedaimon.    See  Laccdxmon. 

Lake  District.  A  region  in  Westmoreland 
and  Cumberland,  England,  which  abounds  in 
lakes  inclosed  by  mountains.  The  lakes  include 
Windermere,niswater.  Derwentwater,  and  Bassenthwaite 
Water ;  and  Skiddaw,  Helvellyn,  and  Scafell  Pike  are  the 
principal  mountains.  The  district  is  a  celebrated  tourist 
center  and  is  associated  with  the  poetry  of  Wordsworth. 

Lake  of  the  Thousand  Lakes.    A  name  given 

1o  Lake  Saima  in  Finland. 
Lake  of  the  Woods.     A  lake  on  the  frontier 

between  Minnesota  and  Canada    Its  outlet  is  by 

the  Winnipeg  River. 


586 

Lake  School.  In  English  literature,  a  name 
given  to  a  i.Toup  of  poets  including  Words- 
worth, Coleridge,  and  Southey,  from  their  resi- 
dence in  or  connection  with  the  lake  country 
of  England  (Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  anil 
Lancashire):  first  given  in  derision  in  the 
"  Edinburgh  Re%new." 

Lake  State.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Michi- 
gan, which  borders  on  Lakes  Michigan,  Supe- 
rior. Huron,  St.  Clair,  and  Erie. 

Lakewood(lak'wTJd).  A  town  in  Ocean  County, 
New  Jersey.  31  miles  east  of  Trenton :  noted 
as  a  winter  health-resort.  Pop.  (1900),  3.094. 

Lakhimpur,  or  Luckimpur  (luk-im-porM.  a 
district  in  Assam,  British  India,  intersected  bv 
lat.  26°  30'  N.,  lom^.  95°  E.  Area,  3,724  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  245,053. 

Lakhmids  (lak'midz),  Kingdom  of  the.     A 

medieval  realm  in  the  Euphrates  valley  (about 
500  A.  D.).  It  was  a  dependency  of  the  new  Per- 
sian kingdom. 

Lakonike.     See  Laconia. 

Lakmiut  (lak'mut).  A  division  of  the  Kala- 
pooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly on  Lakmiut  River,  Oregon,  but  since  1855 
on  Grande  Ronde  reservation.  They  number  29, 
e.'jclusive  of  the  Chepenafo,  a  Lakmiut  band  numbering 
28.  Lakmiut  is  the  n.ame  which  they  apply  to  themselves. 
Also  Chdukanmnche,  Lttckamiute,  etc.    See  Kalapooian. 

Lakshmana  (laksh'ma-na).  [Skt..  -having 
lucky  marks':  from  lakslimaii,  mark,  sign.]  In 
Hindu  mythology,  son  of  Dasharatha  by  Sumi- 
tra,  and  twin  brother  of  Shatrughua  and  half- 
brother  and  special  friend  of  Rama.  One  eighth 
of  Vishnu's  divinity  was  manifest  in  him.  A  fierce  war 
resulted  from  the  mutilation  by  Lakshmana  of  Shurpa- 
nakha,  Ravana's  sister,  who  had  attacked  Sita  on  being  re- 
pulsed by  both  Rama  and  Lakshmana.  When  Sita  was  car- 
ried off  by  Ravana,  Lakshmana  accompanied  Rama  in  the 
search  for  her.  He  broke  in  upon  Rama's  interview  with 
Kala,  or  Time,  to  save  him  from  the  curse  of  Durvasas, 
knowiTig  that  it  would  be  fatal  to  do  so.  When  he  then 
retired,  resigned,  to  the  river  .Sharayu,  the  gods  showered 
flowers  upon  hira  and  bore  him  to  heaven. 

Lakshmi  (laksh'me).  [Skt.,  •mark,'  'sign'; 
■with  or  without  j'api,  'bad,'  '  a  bad  sign,'  '  mis- 
fortune ' ;  in  the  older  language  usually  with 
puni/a,  'prosperous.'  'a  good  sign.'  'good  for- 
tune,' and  then  personified.]  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, the  goddess  of  fortune,  wife  of  Vishnu  and 
mother  of  Kama.  The  Ramayana  describes  her  as 
springing  like  .\phrodite  from  the  foam  of  the  ocean  when 
it  was  churned  by  the  gods  and  .\suras.  (See  Kiirma  Am- 
lar.)  She  appeared  in  full  beauty  with  a  lotus  in  her 
hand,  .\nother  legend  represents  heras  floatingon  alotns 
flower  at  the  creation.  She  is  said  to  have  four  arms, 
typifying  her  bounty,  but  is  generally  depicted  with  only 
two,  as  the  tj-pe  of  beauty,  and  holding  a  lotus.  The  theory 
of  incarnation  identifies  her  with  the  wives  respectively  of 
Parashurama,  Ramachandra,  and  Krishna. 

Lalande  (la-lohd'),  Joseph  Girome  Lefran- 
Qais  de.  Bom  at  Bourg.  Ain.  France.  Julv  11, 
1732:  died  at  Paris,  April  4.  1807.  A  noted 
French  astronomer,  appointed  professor  at  the 
CoU&ge  de  France  in  1762.  He  wrote  "Traite 
d'astronomie  "  (1764).  etc. 

Lalita'Vistara  (la-li-ta-vls'ta-rii).  [Skt.,  'sim- 
ple.artless  detail.']  The  standard  Sanskrit  work 
of  the  northern  Buddhists  on  the  life  of  Buddha. 
It  is  full  of  extravagant  fictions  in  his  honor,  but  is  of 
value  in  the  comparison  of  the  later  Northern  and  earlier 
Southern  traditions.  It  was  probably  composed  in  Nepal 
and  by  some  Buddhist  poet  who  lived  between  600  and 
1,000  years  after  the  death  of  the  Buddha.  It  is  p.artly  in 
prose,  partly  in  verse,  and  brings  the  life  only  to  the  time 
of  Buddha's  appearance  as  a  teacher. 

Lalitpur,  or  Lullitpur  (lul-lit-por').  A  district 
in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  24°  30'  N..  long.  78°  30'  E. 
jirea,  1.947  square  mUes.  Population  (1891). 
274,200.  ' 

Laila  Bookh  (lal'a  rok).  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Moore.  It  was  composed  about  1815,  and  published  in 
1817.  It  is  a  series  of  four  Eastern  stories  connected  with 
a  slight  prose  narrative  sHowing  how  these  poems  were 
recited  to  please  Laila  Eookh,  an  Indian  princess,  on  her 
journey  to  meet  her  betrothed,  the  Sultan  of  Bucharia,  in 
the  vale  of  Cashmere.  (See  Feramorz.)  F^licien  David 
produced  an  opera  "Laila  Roukh,"  founded  on  this  poem, 
in  1862.  The  words  were  by  Lucas  and  Carr6.  Rubinstein 
also  composed  one,  produced  in  1863.  A  number  of  other 
musical  compositions  have  been  based  on  it,  such  as 
Schumann's  "Das  Paradies  und  die  Peri"  and  Stemdale 
Bennett's  "Paradise  and  the  Peri." 

L'Allegro  (liil-la'gro).  A  poem  by  Milton, -writ- 
ten about  1632. 

Lally  (lii-le').  Thomas  Arthur,  Baron  de  Tol- 
lendal,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Romans  Drome  In 
Jan.,  1702:  beheaded  at  Paris,  May  9,  1766.  A 
French  general.  He  was  of  Irish  descent,  entered  in 
his  youth  an  Irish  regiment  in  the  fYench  service,  and  in 
1745  accompanied  the  pretender  Charles  Edward  to  Scot- 
land. He  was  appointed  commander-in. chief  of  the 
French  East  Indies  in  1756,  and  in  175S  assumed  the  of- 
fensive in  the  warwith  the  English  in  India.  He  was,  how- 
ever, compelled  to  surrender  to  Sir  E.  Coote  in  1761,  after 
having  sustained  a  siege  of  ten  months  at  Pondicherry. 


Lamas 

He  was  executed  by  order  of  the  parliament  of  Paris  on 
the  unjust  charge  of  treason  and  cowardice.  The  sentence 
was  annulled  liy  Louis  XVI.  in  177S. 

Lally-Tollendal  (lii-le'to-lori-dar).  Trophime 

Gerard,  Marquis  de.  Bom  at  Paris.  March  5, 
1751 ;  died  at  Paris,  March  11.  1830.  A  French 
politician  and  litterateur,  son  of  Count  de  Lally. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  ui 
1789. 

Lalo  (la-16'),  Edouard.  Bom  at  Lille  in  1823: 
died  at  Paris.  April  23,  1892.  A  French  com- 
poser, of  Spanish  parentage.  Among  his  composi- 
tions are  "  Fiesque,"  "  Namouna,"  and  "  Le  roi  d'ys,"  also 
a  number  of  symphonies  and  concerted  pieces,  a  diver- 
tissement for  the  orchestra,  and  music  for  a  Roman  panto- 
mime, entitled  ''Neron."  for  the  Hippodrome. 

La-malle.     See  Clielamela. 

Lama-miao.    See  DoJnn-iwr. 

La  Mancha,  Don  Quixote  de.  See  Don  Quix- 
(ite. 

Lamar,  or  Lamar  y  Cortezar  (la-mar'  e  kor-ta- 
fhiir'),  Jose.  Born  at  Cuenca  (now  in  Ecuador), 
1778:  died  at  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Oct.  11, 
1830.  A  Spanish-American  general.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  governmental  junta  in  1822  ;  commanded 
the  Peruvian  troops  at  Ayacucho  Dec.  9,  1824  ;  and  on 
Aug.  24,  1827,  was  elected  president  of  Peru.  He  at  once 
demanded  and  obtained  the  deposition  of  Sucre,  president 
of  Bolivia ;  provoked  a  war  with  Colombia ;  was  defeated 
near  Cuenca,  Feb.  26,  1829  ;  and  on  June  7,  1829,  was  de. 
posed  by  his  own  officers  and  exiled. 

Lamar  (la-miir'),  Lucius  Quintus  Cincinna- 
tus.  Born  in  Jasper  County,  Ga.,  Sept.  1, 
1825:  died  at  Macon,  Ga.,  Jan.  23,  1893.  An 
American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was  a  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi  1857-61; 
served  in  the  Confederate  militarj-  and  diplomatic  service 
during  the  Civil  War;  was  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Mississippi  1S73-77  ;  was  a  fnited  States  senator  1877-85 ; 
was  secretary  of  the  interior  1885-88 ;  and  was  appointed 
an  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  1888. 

Lamar,  Mirabeau  Buonaparte.  Bom  at  Louis- 
ville, Ga..  Aug.  IG.  1798 :  died  at  Richmond, 
Texas,  Dee.  19, 1859.  An  American  politician 
and  diplomatist,  president  of  Texas  1838-41. 

Lamarck  (lU-miirk'),  Jean  Baptiste  Pierre 
Antoine  de  Monet  de.  Born  at  Bazentin, 
Somme,  France,  Aug.  1,  1744 :  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  18,  1829.  A  celebrated  French  naturalist. 
He  entered  the  military  service  in  1760  ;  soon  abandoned 
this  for  the  study  of  medicine  and  the  natural  sciences: 
edited  for  several  years  the  "Annuaire  M6t6orologique  " ; 
then  devoted  himself  to  botany  and  published  "  Flore  f  ran- 
i;aise  "  (1773) ;  and  in  1792  became  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes.  During  the  last  17  years 
of  his  life  he  was  blind.  His  chief  works  are  "Histoire 
naturelle  des  animaux  sans  vertfebres  "  (1815-22)  and  "  Phi. 
losophie  zoologique  "  (1809).  He  was  one  of  the  fouuden 
of  the  doctrine  of  biological  evolution,  but  differed  from 
the  modern  (Darwinian)  theory  especially  in  his  view  of 
the  part  played  by  "  appetency  "and  the  active  exertioD 
of  the  organism. 

La  Marck,  Robert  de.    See  Fleuranges. 

La  Marck,  William  de.    See  Marcl-. 

La  Marmora,  or  Lamarmora  (lii-mar'mo-ra), 
Marehese  di  (Alfonso  Ferrero).  Bom  at  Tu- 
rin, Nov.  IS,  1804 :  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  .5, 
1878.  An  Italian  general  and  statesman.  He 
served  in  the  war  with  Austria  1848-49;  was  minister  of 
war  184S  and  1849-55  ;  commanded  the  Sardinian  contin. 
gent  in  the  Crimea  1855 ;  was  minister  of  war  18.^6-59 ; 
sen'ed  at  Solferino  in  1859;  was  premier  1S59-60  and  1864- 
1866;  and  was  chief  of  staff  in  1S66. 

Lamarque  (Ui-mark'),  Comte  Maximilien. 
Born  at  St. -Sever.  Landes,  France.  Julv  22, 
1770:  died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1832.  A  French 
general  and  politician.  His  funeral,  which  the  re- 
publicans desired  to  utilize  as  an  occasion  for  a  public 
demonstration,  gave  rise  to  an  insurrection  in  Paris. 

Lamartine  (la -mar -ten'),  Alphonse  Marie 
Louis.  Born  at  Macon,  Oct.  21,  1790 :  died 
at  Paris,  March  1, 1869.  A  celebrated  French 
poet,  standing  midway  between  the  ages  of  classical  and 
Romantic  literature,  Lamartine  combined  a  modern  spirit 
with  the  old  form  of  expression.  He  ranks  with  Victor 
Hugo  and  .Alfred  de  ilusset  among  the  foremost  poets  of 
the  19th  century.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  was  sent  to  for- 
eign countries  to  complete  his  education.  During  a  great 
part  of  the  time  he  was  away  he  lived  in  It.aly.  Lamartine's 
first  work  "  Meditations  poetiques  "(IS'20)  was  epoch-mak- 
ing in  the  history  of  the  new  Romantic  school.  Its  success 
was  immediate  :  it  went  rapidly  tlirough  thirty  editions. 
The  elegy  "  Le  lac  "  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  compositions 
of  its  kind  in  French  literature.  Further  poetic  writings 
are  "Les  nouvelles  meditations"  (1823),  "La  mort  de  So- 
crate "  (1S23),  "Dernier  chant  du  pelerinage de  Childe  Har- 
old "(18-25),  "Harmonies  po^tiques  et  relit'ieuses "  (1829X 
"  Jocelyn  "(1836),  "La  chute  d'un  ange  "  (is;-  ),"Recueille- 
ments  poetiques"  (1839).  In  prose  Lamartine  wrote  "Le 
voyage  en  "rient "  (1835).  "Ilistoire  des  Girondins"  (18471, 
"  Ilistoire  de  la  r(!volution  de  ti\T\er  "  (1S49).  "  Graziella  " 
(1852),  "  Histoire  de  la  restauration  "  (1851-63),  and  many 
other  works,  remarkable  at  least  for  their  style.  He  was 
intimately  connected  with  the  political  life  of  his  day,  and 
attained  great  success  as  an  orator.  He  w-as  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  the  provisional  government  of  1848.  He 
was  received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1830. 

Lamas  (la'mas),  Andres.  Born  at  Montevideo. 
Nov.  30,  1817.     An  Uruguayan  historian  and 


Lamas 

statpsman  He  has  heUl  various  high  civil  and  diplo 
inutic  positions,  but  is  best  Known  from  his  collection  of 
historical  documents,  portions  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished as  "Coleccion  de  obras,  documeutos,  etc.,  para  servir 
i  la  historia  del  Kio  de  la  Plata." 
Lamb  (lam).  Lady  Caroline.  Bom  Nov.  13, 1785: 
diod  at  Mt'lljourne  House.  Whitehall,  Jan.  2<i, 
18iS.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick Pousonby,  third  earl  of  Bessborough.  In 
1805  she  married  William  Lamb  (afterward  Lord  ifel- 
bourne),  from  whom  she  was  sepjirated  in  1S25.  She  waa 
involved  in  intrigues  with  Byron,  who  left  her  in  1S1;J.  She 
wrote  "  Glenarvon  "  (IsltJ),  which  contained  a  ciu-icature  of 
Byron,  "  A  Xew  Cant.)  "  (1S19),  "Graham  Hamilton  "  (1822), 
"AdaReis:  a  T;ile  "  (1823). 

Lamb,  Charles.  Bom  in  Crown  Office  Row,  in 
the  Temple,  London.  Feb.  10, 1775 :  died  at  Ed- 
monton, Dee.  27,  1834.  A  noted  English  man 
of  letters,  critic,  and  humorist.  His  father,  John 
Lamb,  was  engaged  in  his  youth  in  domestic  seirice,  and 
became  the  clerk  of  a  bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  In 
1782  Charles  entere.l  Christ's  Hospital  (Blue-coat  School), 
where  he  remained  uiitilNov.,  178^.  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
ridge was  a  fello\s--pupil  and  lifelong  friend.  In  1789  Lamb 
became  a  clerk  in  the  South  Sea  House,  and  in  1792  in 
the  India  House.  The  Lambs  left  the  Temple,  and  in  17i»6 
lodged  in  Little  tjueen  street.  Holiiorn.  In  1796  Mary  Lamb 
killed  her  mother  in  a  fit  of  temporary  insanity,  and  w.as 
placed  under  the  guai-dianship  of  her  brother  Charles  (her 
fatlK-r  being  almost  imbecile),  who  cared  for  her  during  the 
rest  of  his  life.  In  1790  Coleridge  published  in  "Poems  on 
Varinus  Subjects  "  four  sonnets  by  (^'harlcs  Lamb.  To  a 
second  e*lition  in  1797  Coleridge  added  poems  by  Charles 
Linib  and  Charles  Lioyd.  In  1798  was  published  a  little 
volume  of  blank  verse  by  Charles  Lamb  and  V'hiirles 
Lloyd,  and  later  a  "Tale  of  Rosamund  Gray  and  Old  lUind 
Margaret."  In  1S02  appeared  ".lohn  Woodvil,"  a  play, 
showing  the  influence  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  and  tlie 
writers  of  that  period.  "Mr.  H.."  a  two-act  farce,  was  pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  Dec.  10, 1805,  and  hopelessly  damned. 
His  flrat  success  was  in  "Tales  from  Shakspere"  (1807).  in 
which  Charles  did  the  tragedies  and  Mary  the  comedies. 
This  was  followed  by  "Specimens  of  Eiiglish  Dramatic 
Poeta  Contemporary  with  Shakspere  '(1808).  which  secured 
his  position  as  critic.  His  contributions  to  the  "  London 
Magazine"  began  with  "Recollections  of  the  South  Sea 
HoU3e,"Aug.,  1820,  signed  "  Elia."  Twenty-five  essays  thus 
signed  were  published  in  1S23  as  the  "Essays  of  Elia." 
In  1822  Charles  and  Mary  went  aliro.-id.  In  Miirch,18'25.  he 
was  retired  from  the  India  House  with  a  pt.-n^ion  of  £441 
a  year.  In  1833  were  jjublished  the  "Last  Essaysof  Elia," 
his  Last  literary  work.  He  died  iu  the  next  year.  His 
sister  survived  till  1S47. 

Lamb,  ^li-s.  (Martha  Joanna  Beade  Nash). 
Bom  at  Plainfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1S29:  died 
at  New  York,  Jan.  2,  1893.  An  Amei'icau  his- 
torical and  miscellaneous  writer.  She  was  the  ed- 
itor of  the  "  ilagazine  of  American  Histoid'  "from  1883,  and 
the  author  of  a  "History  of  the  City  of  New  York "  (1877- 
1S81),  etc. 

Lamb,  Mary  Ann.  Born  in  Crown  Office  Row, 
iu  the  Temple,  London,  17(34:  died  1847.  An 
English  autnor,  sister  of  Charles  Lamb  whom 
she  assisted  in  the  "Tales  from  Shakspere" 
(1807).     See  f.iimb,  Charles. 

Lamb,  William.  Born  March  15, 1779 :  died  Nov. 
24,  1848.  An  English  Wliig  statesman,  second 
\'iseount  Melbourne.  He  was  home  secretary  under 
Grey  1830-34,  and  was  prime  minister  July  17-Nov.  15, 
1834,  and  April,  1835,-Aug.,  IMl. 

Lamballe  (loii-biil').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  C6tes-du-Xord,  Brittany,  France,  situated  on 
the  (jouessant  12  miles  east-southeast  of  St.- 
Brieuc.  It  has  a  church  of  Notre  Dame.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  4,.524. 

Lamballe,  Princesse  de  (Marie  Th6r6se 
Louise  de  Savoie-Carignan).    Born  at  Turin, 

Sept.  8,  1749:  mui-dcred  at  Paris,  Sept.  3.  1792. 
A  French  princess,  the  daughter  of  tlie  Prince 
de  Carignan.  she  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  who  made  her  superintendent  of  the  royal 
household.  She  proved  her  loyalty  to  the  (|ueen  by  re- 
turidng  to  France  from  England  after  the  unsuccessful 
flight  from  Versailles,  and  voluntarily  sharing  her  im- 
prisonment for  a  week  in  the  Temple.  .She  refused  on  Sept. 
3  to  take  the  rjath  against  the  monarchy,  ami  was  literally 
torn  to  pieces  by  the  mob  as  she  emerged  from  the  court, 
hrmse. 

Lambe(lam).John,callod  Doctor  Lambe.  Died 

.Tune  23,  lli'JH.  .An  Knglisli  nstmldgei',  a  client 
of  tlie  Duke  of  Buckingliain,  killed  Ijya  J^ondon 
mob  on  accoimt  of  Ids  reputed  magical  influence 
over  the  duke  and  others. 

Lamber,  Juliette.    See  .iiinm.  Mim .  ICiIukdkI. 
Lambert  (laiu'inrO.  Aylmer  Bourke.    Born 

at  Bath,  Feb.  2,  17G1 :  died  ut  LoMdi.iL.  Jan.  ID, 
1842.  An  English  botanist,  vice-president  of  the 
Liimean  Society.  He  was  the  author  of  works 
on  the  genera  Cinchona  (1797)  and  Ptnu«(  1803- 
1824),  etc. 
Lambert,  Daniel.  Born  at  Leicester,  JFarch  13, 
177(1 :  died  at  Stamfonl.  July  21,  1809.  An  Eng- 
lishman celebrated  for  his  corjjulency.  At  his 
death  he  was  5  feet  11  inches  in  height,  and 
weighed  739  pounds. 

Lambert,  John  (originally  John  Nicholson). 

Hurned  at  Smithfield,  Nov..  l.")3S.  An  English 
priest  and  Protestant  martyr,  tried  before  the 


587 

king  and  peers  Nov.  16,  1538,  and  condemned 

for  denying  the  real  presence. 

Lambert,  John.  Bom  at  Calton,  near  Malham 
Tarn,  Yorkshire,  1G19  (l)aptized  Nov.  7):  died 
1()S3.  An  English  general,  distinguished  in  the 
Parliamentary  service  in  the  civil  war.  He  served 
as  colonel  under  Fairfax  1613-44  ;  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Marston  Moor ;  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  regi- 
ment of  f(x>t  in  the  "^ew  Model"  Jan.,  lW(i;  played  a 
prominent  part  as  leader  of  the  discontented  olUccr^  in 
the  disputes  between  the  army  and  Parliament  in  1647; 
was  made  general  of  the  northern  army  iu  Aug,,  1647; 
served  against  the  Scots  in  1648  (at  Preston  Aug.  17-19); 
received  the  surrender  of  Pontefract  March  22,  H>49 :  and 
served  as  second  in  command  under  (-'romwell  in  Scotland 
1650,  and  at  Worcester  165L  He  became  influential  on 
the  api>ointment  of  Cromwell  as  Protector;  was  a  member 
of  his  council  of  state  ;  advocated  the  making  of  the  pro- 
tectorship hereditary ;  and  attuned  great  civil  and  military 
influence  in  the  state.  But  he  refused  to  assent  to  the  pro- 
posed .assumption  by  Cromwell  of  the  title  of  king;  de- 
clined to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  re«iuire<l  by  Parlia- 
ment June  24,  1657  ;  and  resigned  his  commission  July, 
1657.  After  Cromwell's  death  he  entered  Parliament, 
regained  in  great  measure  his  influence  with  the  army  and 
in  the  state,  and  defeated  Sir  (Jeoige  Booth  at  Winwick 
Bridge  Aug.  19,  IiiiiO,  He  was  c:ishiered  Oct,  12,  Iftsa,  re- 
belled, intimidated  Parliament,  and  became  major-general 
of  the  army,  member  of  the  committee  of  safety,  and  the 
principal  man  in  the  state.  When  ^lonk  declared  for  the 
Parliament.  Lambert  marched  against  him,  but  his  arm,v 
went  to  pieces  and  he  was  deprived  of  all  lus  commands. 
At  the  Restoration  he  was  tried  and  exiled  to  (icrmany. 
In  1667  he  was  transferred  to  the  island  of  St.  Nicliolas  in 
Plymouth  Sound. 

Lambert,  sir  John.  Born  at  Tisburv, Wiltshire, 
Feb.  4, 1815:  died  at  London,  Jan.  27, 1892.  An 
English  lawyer,  politician,  and  \vriter  on  music. 
He  wrote  a  "  Grammar  of  Plain  (^hant,"  "Music 
of  the  Mi<ldle  Ages,"  etc. 

Lambessa(lam-bes'sii),orLamb6se(lou-baz'). 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Coustantine, 
Algeria.  (53  miles  south-southwest  of  Constan- 
tine:  the  ancient  Lambaisa,  or  Lambese,  and 
native  Tazzut.  It  contains  a  conrict  establishment 
(since  1850).  It  was  an  old  Roman  miliUiry  station,  and  con- 
tains important  remains  of  antiquity.  Tlie  Roman  pre- 
torium  is  a  rectangular  building  90  feet  long,65  wide,  and  49 
high.  The  entrance  is  on  the  north  :  it  is  flanked  by  two 
smaller  arches,  and  adorned  with  detached  colunnis  and 
niches  for  statues.  The  south  side  had  a  fine  Corinthian 
portico,  with  pilasters  on  the  wall  corresponding  to  the 
colunnis,  and  there  were  porticos  also  on  the  east  and 
west  sides.  The  interior  forms  a  great  hall,  with  archi- 
tectural decoration  on  the  walls.  A  temple  of  .lupiter, 
with  octastyle  f:i(;ade,  has  lately  been  excavated,  and  a 
tiiumphal  arch  of  Cunnnodus  survives  almost  entire. 

Lambeth  dam'lieth).  .\  niunicijial  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  London,  situatcil  south  of 
the  Thames,  it  contains  Lambeth  Palace.  The  bor- 
ough   returns    4    membei-s   to   Parliament.      Population 

(1H91),  27r>,J02. 

Lambeth,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Lambeth  in  1217  between  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke and  Prince  Louis  (Louis  VIII.  of  France), 
whereby  the  latter  agreed  to  leave  England. 

Lambeth  Articles.  Nine  articles  drawn  up  at 
Lambeth  in  1595,  intended  to  embody  the  C'al- 
vinistie  doctrine  respecting predestinatitm,  jus- 
tification, etc.  They  were  never  approved  by  thechiu'ch 
in  any  regular  synod,  and  therefore  possess  no  ecclesiasti- 
c;il  antliniity, 

Lambeth  Palace.  The  city  residence  of  the 
Ai'chbishop  of  Canterbury,  situated  in  Lambeth, 
near  the  Thames,  H  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Paul's.  It  wnsaciinircd  by  the  archl)i8hopBin  1197.  The 
I»resent  building  was  C'luunenced  in  the  13th  century.  It 
contains  a  valuable  library.    ^ 

Lambinet  (ion-be-na').Emile  Charles.    Born 

at  Versailles,  .Ian.  lil.  Isl5:  clioil  at  liougival, 
.Tan,  1, 1878.  A noteil French lamlscape-painter. 
He  was  a  pujjil  of  Boiselier,  Drolling,  and  Hor- 
ace Vernet. 
Lambruschini  (liim-bros-ke'nO),  Luigi.  Born 
at  (ioncia.  May  l(i.  177(i:  died  at  Konu',  May  12, 
1854.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  politician,  min- 
ister and  stale  councilor  uniler  Grcgorv  XVI. 
ami  Pius  IX. 

Lambton  (lam'(ou),  John  Oeor^e,  first  Earl  of 

Durham.  Born  at  Liunlun,  .\]iril  12,  1792:  died 
at  Cowes,  Isle  of  Wight,  .hily  2S,  1S40.  An  Eng- 
lish Whig  politician  and  diplomatist,  created  lia- 
ron  Durham  in  1M28.  and  earl  of  Durham  in  18,'13. 
Ho  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  lsl;{-2S  ;  wiw  ap|xiinted 
lonl  privy  seal  Nov.  22,  ls;io;  took  pari  in  the  prejmnitlon 
of  the  Ili-st  reform  bill ;  was  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
St,  Petersliurg  July.  18:t2.  and  to  Vienna  and  Berlin  Sept., 
1832;  was  niinister  to  St.  Petcniburg  ls:*5  ;t7 :  nn<l  was 
nmde  high  commissioner  for  the  settlement  of  certain  Ca- 
nadian (]Uestioris,  and  govern<»r.general  of  the  British 
provinces  in  North  America,  March  31, 1838.  He  resigned 
In  1S.'», 

Lamech  (lii'mek).  In  Old  Testament  history: 
(a)  The  son  of  Methusnol,  a  descendant  of  Cain, 
and  the  fatlu'r  of  Tubal-Cniu.  His  addross  lo 
his  wives  ((ien.  iv.  23,  '24)  is  probably  the  oldest 
e.xtant  Hebrew  poetry.  {!>)  The  son  of  Methu- 
selah, seventh  iu  deaceut  from  Setb,  and  father 
of  Noah. 


Lamont 

Lamego  (la-ma'gij).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Vizeu,  jjroviuce  of  Beira,  Portugal,  46  miles  east 
of  (Jporto.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  alleged  con- 
stitutional cortes  of  1143.     It  has  a  cathedral. 

Lame  Lover,  The.  --V  comedy  by  Foote.  pro- 
durcil  in  1770. 

Lamennais  (lii-me-na'),  F61icit6  Robert  de. 
Born  at  St.  Malo,  June  19, 17.S2:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  27,  18.54.  A  French  writerand  philosopher. 
FYom  eai'liest  infancy  he  was  dwarfed  in  stature,  nervous, 
and  irritable.  He  studied  under  his  uncle's  guidance, 
and  taught  himself  Greek,  Latin,  and  several  modem  lan- 
guages. Iu  time  he  became  strongly  attracted  by  the  jdlilo- 
sophicalteachingsof  the  18th  century,  especially  tln»8eof  J. 
J.  Rousseau.  Afterpnblishiugan  essay.  "Lesphilosophes," 
in  1802,  he  went  to  live  for  a  while  in  the  retirement  of  his 
native  region.  His  "Inflexions  sur  I'etat  de  I'^glise  en 
France  pendant  le  XVIII";  sitcle,  et  sur  sa  situation  actueUe' ' 
appeared  in  18' '8, but  was  suppressed  by  the  police  until  1814. 
In  Isll  be  taught  mathematics  iti  the  Seminar}-  of  St. 
Malo;  the  following  year  he  took  the  first  orders,  and  in 
1816  became  a  priest.  He  published  the  first  volume 
of  his  great  work  "Essai  sur  rimlitference  en  matiere  de 
religion  "  in  1817  ;  the  seconil  volume  is  <lated  1820,  and  the 
third  and  fourth  are  from  1822-23.  With  a  view  to  spread 
Ins  religious  ideas,  he  founded  a  paper  "L'Avenir"  (1830). 
His  doctrines  favoring  freedom  in  religious  matters  were 
not  approved  by  the  clergy,  and  his  fearless  utterances  led 
to  frequent  censure  and  condemnation  before  the  courts. 
In  1848  he  founded  a  new  paper,  "Le  Peuple  Constituant." 
His  last  appearance  as  a  political  writer  was  in  connection 
with  hismanagement  of  the  journal  "La  R^forme."  Among 
Lamennais's  works  are  "Melanges  religieux  et  pliiloso- 
I)liiques"  (1819-35).  "  Les  paroles  d'un  croyant,"  "  Le  li\Te 
dn  peuple  "(1837),  "Questions  politiques  etphilosophiques'* 
(1840)," L'Esquisse  d'une  philosophic  "(1842-16).  His  "  Dis- 
cnssii.'iis  critiques"  came  cult  in  1>56.  and  likewise  his 
transiiili f  I)ante's  "  Ilivina  Commedia.'" 

Lamentation  of  Mary  Magdalen.  A  spurious 
poem  introduced  in  the  eaily  editions  of  Chau- 
cer. It  was  inserted  under  the  impression  that  it  was  the 
lost  "Origeiies  upon  the  Maudeleyne,"  which  was  prob- 
ably a  translation  from  a  piece  attributed  to  Origen.  This 
idea  arose  fi-om  Chaucer's  lines  in  the  prologue  to  the  "Le- 
gend of  Got)d  Women," 

"He  made  also,  goone  is  a  greatfe  while, 
Origen^s  upon  the  Maudelain." 

Lamentations  (lam-en-ta'shonz).  A  book  of 
the  Old  Testament  of  which  the  authorship  is 
by  tradition  ascribed  to  the  prophet  Jeremiah. 
It  comprises  five  dirges.  Its  date  and  author- 
ship are  matters  of  (iisjiute. 

Lamettrie,  or  La  Mettrie  (la  me-tre').  Julien 
Offray  de.  Born  at  St. -Malo,  France.  Dec.  25, 
1709  :  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  11,  1751.  A  French 
materialist.  He  wrote  "Histoire  naturelle  de  PAme" 
(1745 :  ostensibly  translated  from  the  English),"  La  faculty 
vengee"  (1747:  a  satirical  comedy),  "  L'Houune  machine" 
(174S),  "L'Honime  plante'  (1748),  "Reflexions  philoso. 
phiqucs  sur  lorigine  ties  ainmaux  "  (17.1n),  "  Les  aiumaux 
ldusquenuichines"(17.'H»).  etc.  He  was  the  leader  of  French 
nntterialism  in  its  most  extreme  form,  and  was  persecuted 
for  his  opinions.  He  was  driven  fr()m  France  to  Holland, 
and  thence  to  Prnssiii,  where  he  found  an  asylum  with 
Frederick  the  Great. 

Lamia  (lii'mi-a).  [Gr.  Xa/tla.]  The  capital  of 
the  iiiiinarchv  of  Vhthiotis,  Greece,  situated 
in  lat.  38°  r>4'  N.,  long,  22°  27'  E.  it  was  an 
ancient  city  of  Mali^.  'riie  nindern  name  was  mull  re- 
cently Zittnd,  but  the  old  name  has  been  restored.  An' 
tipaterw-aa  besieged  here  323  B.  c.    Population  (IbS9),  6,8SS 

Lamia.  1.  In  classical  inythology:  («)  A 
ilaughter  of  Po.seidon,  the  mother  of  the  sibyl 
Herophile.  (i)  The  daughter  of  Belua.  Shewas 
a  Libyan  queen,  beloved  by  Zens,  and  transfonned  tlirough 
Juno  s  jealousy  into  a  hideous  cbilil-devonring  monster. 

Lilith,  the  nocturinU  female  vampire  i»f  the  Hcbrew-s, 
mentioned  In  Isaiah,  is  rendered  Lamia  in  the  Vulgate. 
In  the  plural  (l.amia').  they  appear  to  have  corresponded, 
very  nearly,  to  the  witches  of  the  Midtlle  Af;es,  who,  in- 
deed, were  then  fre^iuently  called  /.rtmi'vr.  Keats's  poem 
of  "  Landa  "  (1820),  in  which  the  bride,  recognized  by  the 
keeneyetl  sjige,  returns  to  her  original  serpent-form,  rep- 
resents another  of  the  suiK-rstitions  attache^l  to  the  race, 
Ji.  Tai/hrr,  Notes  to  Faust,  Pt,  II. 

2.  A  celebrated  Athenian  courtezan.  Inthesea- 
fight  oti  Salamls  3110  II.  c.  she  fell  Into  the  hands  of  IVme- 
trius  ami  captivated  him.  Her  sw-ay  was  uidiroken  for 
nnuiy  years,  and  she  w-as  noted  for  her  exlnivagance.  The 
Athrid;nis  and  Thelians  consecrated  temples  in  her  honor 
under  the  nione  of  .Vphnulile. 
Lamian  War.  A  war  in  which  Athens  and  its 
allies  weri>  defeated  by  Macedonia  tinder  An- 
tipiiter,  :t2.'i-322  B,  c. :  .so  naineil  from  the  siege 
of  Lamia  by  the  allies. 

Lammermuir(lam-nier-miir').orLammermoor 

(lam-mi'r-ni(>r').  Hills.  A  range  of  low  moun- 
tains in  I  lie  count  iis  of  Edinburgh.  Berwick, 
and  Haddington,  Scotlaiui,  extending  to  the 
North  Sea. 
Lammle  vlam'l),  Alfred.  In  Dickens's  "Our 
Mutual  Frii'tid,  "a  maluro  young  man,  a  swindler 
and  fortune-hunler.  He  marries  Sophrnnia 
AkerNhem,  each  of  the  pair  l)elie\ing,  mis- 
tnkcidv,  tli.'it  the  othi-r  was  wealthy. 

Lammle,  Mrs.  Alfred.    See  l.ammk,  Alfnd. 
Lamont    (lii'monti.  Johann   'Von.   .Born   at 

Itraeinar,    .•\berdeenshire,    Scotland,   Dec.    13, 
18U5 :  died  at  Bogenhausen,  uear  Munich,  Aug. 


Lamont 

6, 1879.    An  astronomer  and  magnetician,  direc- 
tor of  the  observatory  at  Bogenhausen.     He 
wrote  "HandbuehdesErdmaguetismus"(1849), 
"  Haiidbueh  des  Magnetismus"  (1867),  etc. 
Lamoracke  (Lamerocke,  Lamorake,  cu-.). 

Sir.   A  Kuight  of  the  Round  Table.   HewaskilUd 
liy  the  sons  of  King  Lot  fur  adultery  with  their  niother, 

Lamorici6re(la-m6-re-syar'),  Christophe  Leon 
Louis  Juchault  de.  Born  at  Nantes,  France, 
Feb.  5,  1806 :  died  near  Amiens,  France,  Sept. 
11,  1865.  A  noted  French  general.  He  entered 
the  army  as  an  engineer ;  served  with  distinction  in  Alge- 
ria  against  Abd-el-Kadir  ;  was  military  governor  of  Paris 
from  Keb.  24  to  June  28,  1848,  and  minister  of  war  from 
June  28  to  Dec.  28  of  the  same  year ;  and  was  deputy 
to  the  Legislative  Assembly  1849-51.  He  opposed  the 
schemes  of  Louis  Napoleon,  and  was  arrested  Dec.  2, 1S.'>1, 
imprisoned,  and  then  banished.  Ascnmmanderof  the  pa- 
pal forces  he  was  defeated  at  Castelfldardo,  ,^ept.  Is,  IsGii. 

Lamothe  (la-mot';,  Pierre  Alexandre  Bessot 
de.  Born  at  P^rigueux,  Jan.  8,  1823:  died  at 
Villeneuve-l^s-Avignon,  France,  Oct.,  1897.  A 
French  novelist.  He  is  well  known  for  his  series  of 
romances  for  the  young,  which  have  l)een  translated  into 
a  number  of  languages.  Among  his  other  works  are 
"Coutumes  de  Saint  Gilles  au  XIVc  siicle  "  (1873),  "  E.xfr 
cutions  de  Caniisards  faltes  h  Ximes  de  1702  a  1705" 
(1S75),  "Histoire  populaire  de  la  Prusse"  (1872),  etc. 

LaMotte(la  mot), Antoine  Houdart  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.l7,167i! :  died  there,  Dee.  26, 1731. 
A  French  poet  and  critic.  He  wrote  "  L'Europe  ga- 
lante,"  a  ballet  (1697),  *'Scanderbeg,"  a  lyrical  tragedy 
(173.5),  "Ines  de  Castro,"  a  tragedy  in  one  act,  in  verse 
(1723),  "Fables,"  etc. 

La  Motte-Fouque.    See  Fouqm'. 

Lampadion  (lam-pa'di-on).  The  conventional 
name  of  a  lively,  hot-tempered  courtezan  in 
later  Greek  comedy. 

Lampatho  (lam-pa'tho).  In  Marston's  play 
"  What  You  Will."  a  cynical  observer  intended 
to  represent  Marston  himself. 

Lampe  (liim'pe),  John  Frederick.  Bom  at 
Helmstadt.  Germany,  about  1703 :  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, July  25, 1751.  A  German  musician  resi- 
dent in  Great  Britain  from  about  1725,  noted 
as  a  bassoonist  and  composer.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  music  for  several  successful  burlesque  operas  and 
masks,  and  for  songs  and  hymns. 

Lampedusa  (lam-pa-do'sa).  A  small  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  east  of  Tunis,  situated  in  lat. 
35°  30'  N.,  long,  12°  36'  E.:  the  ancient  Lopa- 
dussa.  It  belongs  to  the  Italian  province  of  Girgenti. 
This  is  one  of  the  islands  said  to  be  the  original  of  Shak- 
spere's  "uninhabited island"  in  "The  Tempest." 

Lampertheim  (lam'pert-him).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  5  miles 
southeast  of  Worms. 

Lamprecht  (l&m'precht),  called  "  The  Priest." 
The  date  and  place  of  his  birth  and  death  un- 
known. A  Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He 
wrote,  about  1130,  the  "Alexanderlied"(''Song  of  Alexan- 
der "),  a  free  version  of  a  French  poem  by  Aubrey  de  Besan- 
5on,  whose  subject  is  the  life  and  deeds  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  It  was  published  at  Vienna  in  1860,  and  at  Halle  in 
1884. 

Lampridius  (lam-prid'i-us),  .Slius.  Lived  in 
the  first  part  of  the  4th  century.  One  of  the 
writers  of  the  "Augustan  History"  (which  see). 

Lampsacus(lamp'sa-kus).  [Gv.  A.ainjiaKOQ.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Mysia,  Asia  Minor, 
situated  on  the  Hellespont  in  lat.  40°  20'  N., 
long.  26°  39'  E.,  colonized  by  Ionian  Greeks. 

Lanai  (la'ni).  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
9  miles  west  of  Maui.     Length,  20  miles. 

Lanark  (lan'ark).  1.  Aninlandcounty  of  Scot- 
land, Ij'ing  between  Dumbarton  and  Stirling  on 
the  north,  Linlithgow,  Edinburgh,  Peebles,  and 
Dumfries  on  the  east,  Dumfries  on  the  south, 
and  Dumfries,  Ayr,  Renfrew,  and  Dumbarton  on 
the  west.  It  is  divided  into  the  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Wards.  The  city  of  Glasgow  is  in  the  Lower  Ward. 
Lanark  is  mountainous  in  the  south  and  east ;  is  traversed 
by  the  Clyde  ;  and  has  important  manufactures.  Area,  882 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,105,899. 
2.  The  county  town  of  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
on  the  Clyde  22  miles  southeast  of  Glasgow. 
Near  it  are  the  Falls  of  the  Clyde.  William  Wallace  was  in 
hiding  near  the  town.  Robert  Owen  had  mills  on  the  Clyde 
in  its  neighborhood.    Population  (1891),  4,579. 

La  Navidad  (la  na-ve-THaTH' ).  The  name  giv- 
en by  Columbus  to  the  fort  built  by  him  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Haiti,  in  Jan. ,  1493.  in  it  he  left 
43  (or  36  ?)  men,  constituting  the  fii'st  Spanish  settlement  in 
the  Xew  World.  Before  his  return,  in  Nov.,  the  garrison 
had  all  been  killed  by  Indians,  and  the  fort  destroyed. 
The  site  was  then  abandoned  for  the  more  favorable  one  of 
^^abella.  La  Navidad  w.as  a  short  distance  southeast  of  tbe 
lnL-M-tit  town  of  Cap  Haitien. 

Lancashire(lang'ka-shir).  A  maritime  county  of 
northwestern  England.  It  comprises  a  main  portion 
bounded  by  Westmoreland  on  the  north,  Yorkshire  on  the 
east,  Cheshire  on  the  south,  and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west, 
and  a  detached  portion  (called  Furness)we8t  of  Westmore- 
land. It  is  mountainous  and  picturesque  in  the  north  ;  is 
celebrated  for  the  production  of  coal,  for  commerce,  and  for 
manufactures  of  linen,  silk,  woolen,  etc.;  and  is  the  chief 


588 

seat  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  the  world.  It  contains 
the  cities  of  Liverpool  and  Matichester.  It  formed  part  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  .'<trathclyde  ;  w.as  made  a  county 
palatine  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. ;  and  sided  with  the 
Royalists  in  the  civil  war.  Area,  1,887  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891).  3,926.760. 

Lancashire  Witches,  The,  and  Tegne  O'Div- 
elly  the  Irish  Priest.  A  comedy  by  Shadwell 
(1681).     ComySire  Late  Lancashire  Witehes. 

Lancaster  (lang'kas-ter).  [From  Lan  (Lune) 
and  ceaster,  camp.]  A  seaport  and  the  county 
town  of  Lancashire,  situated  on  the  Lune  in 
lat.  54°  3'  N.,  long.  2°  47'  W.  It  contains  a  castle  on 
the  site  of  an  ancient  Roman  camp.  It  was  twice  burned 
by  the  Scots  in  the  14th  century ;  was  taken  and  retaken  in 
the  civil  war ;  and  was  entered  by  the  Jacobites  in  1715  and 
1745.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Whewell  and  Sir  Richard 
Owen.    Population  (18911,  31,038. 

Lancaster.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Fairfield 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Hocking  28  miles 
soutueast  of  Columbus.  Population  (1900;. 
8,991. 

Lancaster,  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Lancaster 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Cones- 
toga  62  miles  west  of  Philadelphia.  Itisamanu- 
facturing  and  commercial  center;  is  the  seat  of  tYanklin 
and  Marshall  College  and  Theological  Seminary  (Reformed 
Church) ;  and  was  State  capital  from  1799  to  1812.  Popula 
tion  (1900),  41.469. 

Lancaster,  County  of.    See  Lancashire. 

Lancaster,  Duchy  of.  A  possession  of  the  Eng- 
lish royal  family.  John  of  Gaunt  was  made  Duke  of 
Lancaster  in  1361.  '  The  revenues  and  title  of  the  duchy 
were  made  hereditary  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  Since 
1873  its  court  has  been  merged  in  the  system  of  the  rest  of 
England. 

Lancaster,  Dukes  of.  See  Henry  of  Lancaster 
and  JoJin  of  ijiiniit. 

Lancaster,  Edmund,  Earl  of,  surnamed 
•'Crouchback."  Born  Jan.  16,  1245:  died  at  Ba- 
yonne,  June,  1296.  The  second  son  of  Henry 
lU.  of  England  and  Eleanor  of  Provence,  made 
in  his  infancy  king  of  Sicily  and  Apulia  by  Pope 
Innocent  IV.  The  grant  of  the  kingdom  was  annulled 
by  Urban  IV.  July  29,  1263.  Lancaster  took  the  cross  in 
1268,  and  went  to  Palestine  in  1271.  His  nickname  was  due 
either  to  this  crusade  (from  the  cross  en  his  back)  or  to 
per8on.al  deformity. 

Lancaster,  House  of.  A  line  of  English  kings 
descended  from  John  of  Gatmt,  fourth  son  of 
Edward  HI.  The  kings  of  this  house  were  Henry  IV. 
(reigned  1399-1413),  Henry  V.  (reigned  1413-22),  and  Henry 
VI,  (reigned  1422-61). 

Lancaster,  Sir  James.  Died  at  London,  May, 
1618.  An  English  na\'igator.  Heserved  under  Drake 
against  the  Armada;  sailed  in  command  of  the  Edward 
Bonaventure  with  the  first  English  expedition  to  the  East 
Indies  in  1691,  returning  to  England  after  many  adven- 
tures in  May,  1594  ;  sailed  with  3  ships  against  the  Portu- 
guese in  1594,  capturing  Peniambuco  in  1.595 ;  and  com- 
manded the  first  fleet  of  the  East  India  Company  1600-03. 
From  him  Baffin  named  Lancaster  Sound. 

Lancaster,  Joseph.  Born  at  London,  1778 :  died 
at  New  York,  Oct.  24,  1838.  An  English  edu- 
cator. He  founded  in  1801  a  private  school  in  the  Borough 
Road,  Southwark,  London,  in  which  be  employed  the 
monitorial  system  of  instruction,  wIulIi  obtained  great 
popularity.  He  emigrated  to  tbe  LTnited  States  in  1818. 
He  published  "Improvements  in  Education"  (1803),  etc. 

Lancaster  Sound.  [Named  after  Sir  James 
Lancaster.]  A  channel  in  the  north  polar  re- 
gions, leading  from  BafSn  Bay  westward  to  Bar- 
row Strait,  about  lat.  74°  N.  Discovered  by 
Baffin  in  1616:  first  traversed  by  PaiTy  in  1819. 

Lance  (lans),  George.  Bom  at  Little  Easton, 
near  Dunmow,  Essex,  March  24, 1802:  died  near 
Birkenhead,  June  18, 1864.  An  English  painter, 
a  pupil  of  Haydon,  chiefly  known  by  his  paint- 
ings of  fruit  and  flowers. 

Lancelot.     Same  as  Lancelot  du  Lac. 

Lancelot  du  Lac.  A  French  Arthurian  romance. 
It  was  probiibly  the  work  of  Walter  Map  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  12th  century  :  a  Scottish  metrical  romance  "Lance- 
lot of  the  Laik"  was  made  from  this  at  the  end  of  the  15lh 
century.  Chrestien  de  Troyes's  metrical  romance  "  Le  Che- 
valier dela  Charette"  gives  some  of  Lancelot's  adventures, 
and  was  based  on  ilap's  prose  romance.  Sir  Thomas  Mal- 
ory's "Morte  d'Arthur"also  does  notgive  his  entire  stoi^. 
Sir  Lancelot  was  the  son  of  Ban,  king  of  Brittany,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  famous  knights  of  the  Round  Table,  He 
received  the  name  "du  Lac  "from  the  fact  that  he  was 
educated  at  the  castle  of  Vivian,  known  as  the  Dame  du 
Lac  or  Lady  of  the  Lake.  The  main  features  of  the  legend 
are  his  guilty  love  for  Guinevere  and  the  exploits  he  per- 
formed in  her  service,  and  the  war  with  Arthur  in  which 
his  passion  involved  him.  Guinevere  retired  to  a  convent, 
and  Lancelot  became  a  monk  and  a  holy  man,  and  died 
saying  masses  for  the  souls  of  his  old  companions  in  arms. 
He  was  the  father  of  Sir  Galahad  by  Elaine,  the  daughter 
of  King  Pelles,  who  is  not  the  Elaine  of  Tennyson's  poem, 

Lancelot  Greaves.    See  Sir  Lanncdot  Grearea. 

Lan-chau  (liiu-chou').  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Kan-su,  China,  situated  on  the  Hwaug- 
ho  about  lat.  36°  8'  N.,  long.  103°  55'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1896),  est.,  100,000. 

Lanciani  (liin-cha'ne),  Rodolfo  Amadeo.    An 

Italian  archaeologist.  He  is  professor  of  archseology 
at  the  University  of  Rome,  and  director  of  excavations  for 
the  Italian  government.   He  has  published  "Ancient  Rome 


Landnama  B6k 

in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries"  (1888)  and  "Pagan 
atid  Christian  Rome"  (1892),  and  is  now  issuing  "Forma 
urbis  Roma?,  etc.,"  in  eight  parts  (the  first  in  1S93). 

Lanciano  (lan-cha'uo).  Atownin  the  province 
of  Cliieti,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  42°  14'  N.,  long. 
14°  25'  E.,  nearthe  site  of  the  ancient  Anxanum 
of  the  Frentani.     Population,  about  17,000. 

Landa  (lan'da),  Diego  de.  Born  at  Cienfuentes, 
March  17, 1524:  died  at  i\Ierida,  Yucatan,  April 
30,  1579.  A  Spanish  ecclesiastic  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order.  He  was  sent  to  Yucatan  about  1551 ;  be- 
came provincial  of  his  order  there  in  1561 ;  and  in  1572  was 
created  bishop  of  Merida-  His  measures  for  the  extirpa- 
tion of  idolatry  were  excessively  severe,  and  by  his  orders 
hundreds  of  Indian  hieroglyphic  writings  were  destroyed. 
Landa  wrote  "Relacion  de  las  cosas  de  Yucatan,"  first  pub- 
lished in  1864. 

Landau  (lan'dou).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Queich  18  miles 
southwest  of  Spires,  it  was  often  taken  and  retaken 
in  the  Thirty  Y^ears"  War.  Later  it  belonged  to  France, 
and  .after  the  fall  of  Napoleon  it  passed  to  Bavaria.  The 
carriages  named  tatidaus  were  first  made  here.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  11,047. 

Landeck(liin'dek).  A  town  and  watering-place 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Bielt , 
54  miles  south  by  west  of  Breslau :  noted  foi 
warm  sulphur  springs.  Population  (1890),  2,683. 

Landells  (lan'delz),  Ebenezer.  Born  at  New- 
castle-on-TjTie,  April  13,  1808:  died  at  London, 
Oct.  1, 1860.  Au  English  wood-engraver,  a  pupil 
of  Bewick,  and  the  projector,  about  18&,  of 
"Punch." 

Landen  (lan'den).  A  town  in  Belgium,  23  miles 
west-northwest  of  Liege.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Pepin,  founder  of  the  later  Carolingian  line.  For  the  bat- 
tle of  Landen  (1693),  see  NeenHnden. 

Landen  (lan'den),  John.  Born  at  Peakirk, 
Peterborough,  Jan.  23,  1719:  died  at  Milton, 
Northamptonshire,  Jan.  15,  1790.  An  English 
mathematician,  author  of  ''  Residual  Analysis" 
{VJ&i:  only  the  first  bocji  published),  "A"  Dis- 
course Concerning  the  Residual  Analysis" 
(1758),  etc. 

Lander  (lan'der),  John.  Born  in  Cornwall,  1807 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  16,  1839.  An  English  ex- 
plorer in  Africa  (1830-31),  younger  brother  of 
Richard  Lander. 

Lander,  Richard  Lemon.  Born  at  Truro,  Corn- 
wall, Feb.  8,  1804 :  died  at  Fernando  Po,  Africa, 
Feb.  2  (7?),  1834.  An  English  explorerin  Africa. 
He  was  in  Cape  Colony  as  servant  to  Major  (later  General) 
Colebrooke  1823-24  ;  accompanied  Clapiierton  to  western 
Africa  1825-27 ;  and  explored  the  5iger  (with  his  brother) 
1830-31  and  1832-34.  He  published  his  journal  of  Clap- 
perton's  expedition  (1829),  another  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion (1830),  and  a  "Journal  of  an  Expedition  to  Explore  tb» 
Course  and  Termination  of  the  Niger"  (ed.  1832)- 

Landemeau  (loh-der-no').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finistere,  France,  situated  on  the 
Elorn  13  miles  northeast  of  Brest.  It  manufac- 
tures cloth.  Population  (1891),  commime.  8,497. 

Landes  (lohd).  A  department  in  southwestern 
France.  Capital,  Mont-de-Marsan.  It  is  bound- 
ed by  Gironde  on  the  north,  Lot-et-Garonne  and  Gers  on 
the  east,  Basses-P>Ten6es  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of 
Biscay  on  the  west,  corresponding  to  parts  of  the  ancient 
Guienne,  Gascony,  and  B^iuTi.  It  comprises  the  sandy 
plains  called  landes,  and  in  the  southeast  the  district 
Chalosse.  It  is  the  leading  forest  department  in  France. 
Area,  3,699  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  297,842. 

Landes,  The.  A  plain  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  France.  It  is  largely  composed  of  sands  and 
marshes,  and  much  of  it  is  covered  with  pine  forests. 
Length,  about  120  miles. 

Landeshut  (lan'des-hot).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Bober  51  miles 
southwest  of  Breslau.  it  has  flax  manufactures. 
An  intrenched  camp  here,  held  by  the  Prussians  under 
Fouquet  in  the  .Seven  Y' ears'  War.  was  stormed  and  takea 
by  the  Austrians  under  Laudon,  June  23, 1760. 

Landi  (liin'de),  Gasparo.  Born  at  Piacenza  iu 
1756:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  24,  1830.  An  ItaUan 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  modem  school  of  Italian  painting, 

Landin  (lan-din').     See  Zuhi. 

Land  League,  Irish.  A  league  formed  in  Oct., 
1879,  by  the  Irish  Nationalist  party,  under 
which  organized  resistance  was  made  to  the 
pa^inent  of  rent.  It  was  "  proclaimed  "  by  the 
Liberal  government  as  "  an  illegal  and  criminal 
association"  Oct.  20,  1881. 

Landnama  B6k.    See  the  extract. 

The  "  Landnama  B6k  "  was  a  development  from  the 
work  of  the  priest  Aj-i  Friithi,  the  son  of  Thorgil,  and  from 
another  of  the  same  kind.  Its  author  was  Sturia  Thor- 
tharson,  a  judge  in  the  Higher  Court,  who  died  in  1284, 
aged  seventy.  His  work  was  edited  by  Hauk  Erlendsen, 
who  was  himself  a  judge  in  the  Higher  Court  from  1294 
to  1334,  and  his  "  Landnama  Biik"  is  Thortharson's  with 
addition  of  facts  from  a  history  by  StjTmer  the  Learned, 
wherever  stjTmer  had  anything  to  add.  This  "Land- 
nama B(ik  "  (Book  of  the  Taking  of  the  Land),  the  fullest 
of  the  old  Icelandic  chronicles,  is  in  five  parts.  The  first 
t4-eats  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  the  island,  and 
the  other  four  are  given  to  a  description  of  its  severai 


Landnama  B6k 


589 


quarters,  including  detaU  as  to  the  famihes  by  wh'ch 
Sachwas  settle,!.  This  record  is  of  B«^'  r'^'""  *f  "l" 
verification  of  the  Sagas.    Marley,  English  Writers,  I.  2,1. 

Land  of  Beulah.    See  Beulah. 

Land  of  Cakes.  Scotland :  so  named  (m  jest) 
on  account  of  the  general  use  of  oatmeal  cakes 
as  an  article  of  diet.  . 

Land  of  Cockaigne.  A  popular  poem  assigned 
to  the  latter  part  of  the  13th  century,  bee 
Cockaigne. 

A  satire  upon  corruptions  in  the  Church,  that  painta  a 
Fool's  Paradise  for  monks,  wherein  aU  the  dellKhts  are 
sensual,  and  spiritual  life  passes  for  nothinR.  Ihe  Para- 
dise of  this  satire,  which  spread  through  several  countries 
was  entilled  "  the  Land  of  Cockaigne,  .  .  or  the  land  of 
animal  delights  painted  by  popu  ar  satire  as  'e  l.app> 
land  of  monks  who  had  turned  their  backs  upon  tliehigher 
lUe  to  which  they  were  devoted.  .*n  old  Oermau  poet  de- 
scribed it  as  "  Dat  edele  lant  van  Cock.engen.  In  what 
soirit  this  popular  satire  was  written  none  can  doubt 
when  they  tlnd  at  the  close  how  such  a  Paradise  as  it  paints 
is  to  be  earned  only  by  seven  years' wading  chm-deep  in 
swinish  fllth.  ilorley.  English  VV riters,  ni.  354. 

Land  o'  the  Leal  (land'  o  ine  lei')-  A  mj-thical 
laud  of  hapinnesa.  Lady  Naime,  in  her  poem  of  that 
name,  uses  it  for  heaven,  and  the  use  has  now  become  an 
accepted  one. 

Land  of  Steady  Habits.  A  popular  nickname 

of  Connecticut.  .         -,      . 

Land  of  Wisdom.  [F.  Pays  de  sapience.^  A 
name  given  by  the  French  to  >prniancly 

Landon  (lan'don),  Letitia  Elizabeth  (later 
Mrs.  Maclean):  pseudonj-mL  E.L.  Boi-n  at 
London  (Chelsea),  Aug.  U,  1802  :  died  at  Cape 
Coast  Castle,  .Africa,  Oct.  15, 1838  An  English 
poet  and  novelist,  wife  (June,  1838)  of  George 
Maclean,  governor  of  Cape  Coast  Castle.  She 
was  the  aLtlior  of  poems  (collected  1S38,  la  er  editions 
18.''0  1873\  the  novels  "Romance  and  Reality  (18J1), 
"Ancesca  Carrara"  (1834),  "Ethel  ChurchUl"  (1837), 
"Lady  Granard"  (1842),  etc.  Her  death,  probably  acci- 
dental  was  due  to  a  dose  of  a  preparation  of  prussic  acid. 

Lander  (lan'dor),  Walter  Savage.    Born  at 
Warwick,  Jani'SO,  1775  :  died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
Sept.  17,  18&1.    A  noted  English  poet  and  prose- 
writer.    He  entered  Trinity  College.  Oxford,  in  1793  ;  be. 
came  conspicuous  for  his  advocacy  of  republican  piinci- 
oles  •  and  was  rusticated  in  1794  for  firing  a  gun  (without 
damage  to  any  one)  at  the  windows  of  an  obnoxious 'loq. 
For  ^me  years  he  led  an  unsettled  life,  visiting  Paiis 
In  1802,  and  joining  the  Spaniards  at  Corunna  against 
the  French  in  1808.    In  1809  ho  purchased  Llanthony  Ab- 
bey, Monmouthshire,  and  in  1811  married  Julia  ThuiUler, 
daughter  of  a  banker.     A  combination  of  troubles  drove 
him  in  1814  to  Jersey,  then  to  Tours,  and  in  1815  to  Italy. 
In  1821  he  settled  in  tlorence,  where  he  resided  until  ls3S, 
when,  separating  from  his  wife,  he  went  to  England,    lie 
returned  to  Florence  in  1868.     He  published  "Poems 
0796),  ■•aebir"(1798),  "  Simonidea  '(18(16  :  English  and 
■      latin  poems).  "Count  Julian  '  (1S12),  " Idyllia  Hfi-oica 
(1814,  enlarged  1820),  "Imaginary  Conversations     (lb.4- 
1848)  "Citation  and  Examination  of  WUliam  Shakespeare 
touching  Deer-stealing,  etc."  (18»t),  "Pericles  and 
JUp'asia"  (1836),  "The  Pentameron  "  (ISi'T),"  Andrea  of 
Hungary  and  Giovanni  of  Naples"  (1839)  "  Fra  Rupert 
a840X  "  Hellenics  "  (1847,  revised  1869),  "  Poemata  ct  In- 
Jcriptiones"  (1847),  "Italics"  (1848),  "The  Last  Fruit  o 
an  Old  Tree"  (1853),  "  IJry  .Sticks  Fagoted  by  W.  S.  Landor 
0858X  "  Heroic  Idylls"  (1863),  etc. 

Landrecies,  or  Landrecy  (loii-dre-se').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on 
ii_  -  o \ IT  .«:!.. a  o/M,tb_GrMitlipnRt  of  \  alen- 


the  Sambre  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Valcu 
ciennes.  It  was  taken  from  the  French  by  Charles  V 
In  1543  •  passed  several  times  from  Spain  to  France  am 
back  agafn  In  the  17th  cei.tnry  ;  and  was  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  Allies  in  17!H  and  by  the  rra'W;-""*  J"  I*'"*- 
It  was  the  birtliplace  of  Dupleii.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,867.  . 

Landsberg  (lands'bora).  A  to-mi  m  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Lech  32  miles  west  by 
south  of  Munich.     Population  (18'JO),  4,300. 

Landsberg-an-der-Warthedands'beni-iin-der- 

viir'te).  A  town  in  tho  province  of  Jii-aiidon- 
burg,  Prussia,  situated  on  tho  Wartho  78  miks 
east  by  north  of  Berlin.  Population  (1890), 
26,825. 
Landseer  (land'ser),  Charles.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don ITllO:  died  there,  .July  22,  1879.  An  Eng- 
lish historiial  painter,  elder  brother  of  Sir  Ed- 
win Laiiilscor.  .  ,        i 

Landseer,  sir  Edwin  Henry.   Bom  at  London , 

March  7  1S1)2:  died  there,  Oct.  1,  187.J  (buned 
in  St.  Paul's  Calliedral).  A  celebrated  English 
animal-painter,  young.'st  son  of, Tohii  Landseer 
He  was  elected  an  associate..!  the  It.iyal  Aca.leiiiy  in  Is.!  1, 
and  member  1831.  and  was  knlghte.l  In  18.',0^  Among  his 
nu.re  noted  paintings  are  "  Nghtmg  Hogs  (1819),  (at  a 
Paw"  (182.1),  "Chevy  Chase"  (1826),  "Return  fr.ini  Deer, 
stalking''  (827),  "Illicit  Whiskey  still"  (1828).  "High 
ir(c''ld  "I.,nv\lfo''(!,s:n).;;J«ck  in  O.Ilee'',l&p  "^^ 
Walter  Scott  an.l  his  Dogs"  (18:13),  Suspenso  (Wll ), 
"Highland  Sh.'plKr.l's  I'hief  M..nrner  (1H.3,).  1;  '«'  « J" 
theOl.l  l).>gVct"(ls3s),  "Dignity  and  ImpiHli-nce  (1H39) 
"Slag  at  liny"  (isti;),  "Monarch  of  tho  Glen  (1851), 
"ll.iod  In  the  Highlands"  (1860),  and  "Titanlaand  Bot- 
tom" (ls.'".l). 
Landseer,  John.  Born  at  Lincoln,  England, 
1769:  died  at  London,  Feb.  29,  1852.    An  Eng- 


lish painter,  engraver,  and  writer  on  art:  father 
of  Sir  Eiiwin  Landseer. 

Landseer,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  17 J.-): 
died  there,  Jan.  20, 1880.  An  EngUsh  engraver, 
eldest  l.rotherof  Sir  Edwin  Landseer.  He  exe- 
cuted many  engravings  and  etchings  after  his 
brother's  paintings. 

Land's  End  (laudz  end).  A  granite  promon- 
torv,  the  southwestemmost  extremity  of  Eng- 
land, in  Cornwall,  situated  in  lat.  50°  4'  N^  long. 
5°  45'  \V. :  the  ancient  Bolerium.  Height,  60- 
100  feet.  .    ,     „  ^, 

Landshut  (liinds'hot).  1.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Lower  Bavaria,  Bavaria,  on  the  Isav 
3.S  miles  northeast  of  Munich.  The  Church  of  St. 
Martin,  Church  of  St,  Jodocus,  Holy  Ghost  Church,  castle 
of  Trausnitz,  and  new  palace  are  of  interest.  It  was  tiie 
seat  of  a  university  from  1800  to  1826.  Population  (1890), 
18,862. 

2.  Same  as  I.andeshut. 
Landskron  (lands'kron).     A  town  m  Bohemia, 
30  miles   m^rthwest  of   Olmiitz.     Population 
(ISOO),  5,843.  .     ^, 

Landskrona  (Ulnds'kro-nii).     A  seaport  in  the 
laen  of  Malmiihus,   Sweden,  situated   on  the 
Sound  in  lat.  55°  52'  N.,  long.  12°  50'  E.    It  has 
a  castle.     Near  this  place,  July  14, 1677,  the  Swedes  de- 
feated the  Danes.     Population  (1890),  12,253. 
Landsthing  (liins'ting).     The  upper  house  of 
the  Danish  Rigsdag  or  parliament.   It  consists  of 
66  members,  of  whom  12  are  appointed  for  life  by  the  crown, 
and  the  others  are  elected  for  8  years,  not  directly,  hut  by 
delegates  in  each  of  the  54  electoral  districts,  chosen  by 
thosi;  having  the  necessary  property  qualiflcatiou. 
Landstuhl  (liint'stol).     A  town  in  the  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  40  miles  west  of  Spires.   It  is  the 
seat  of  tho  Sickingen family.  Population  (1890), 
3  (542 
Lancitag  (lant'tiiG).     In  Germany,  the  legisla- 
ture of  a  countrv;  a  territorial  Diet;  now,  spe- 
cifically, one  of  the  Parliaments  of  the  countries 
constituting  the  German  Empire,  as  Prussia, 
Saxony,  Bavaria,  etc.,  and  of  some  of  the  crown- 
lands  of  Austria-Hungary,  as  Moravia  and  Bo- 
hemia.    Compare  Ilcirhsfng. 
Lane  (Ian),  Edward  William.     Bom  at  Here- 
ford, England,  Sept.  17, 1801:  died  at  Worthing, 
England,  Aug.  10.  1876.     A  noted  English  Ori- 
entalist and  Egvptologist.     His  works  include  "Ac- 
count of  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Modern  Egyp- 
tians" (1836 :  best  ed.  1860),  a  translation  of  the  "Arabian 
Nights"  (1834-40),  an  "Arabic-English  Lexicon    (lst.3-i4: 
Mid,  underthe  editorshipof  S.  Lane-Poole,  1877-92).    Lane 
visited  Egypt  three  times :  18'26-28, 18:13-35,  and  1842-49. 

Lane,  James  Henry.  Born  at  Lawrenceburg, 
Ind  June  22,  1814:  committed  suicide  at  Leav- 
enworth, Kansas,  Julv,  1866.  An  American 
politician,  a  leader  of  the  Free-State  party  in 
Kansas. 

Lane,  Joseph.  Bom  in  North  Carolina,  1801: 
died  there,  April  19,  1881.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  general,  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
the  vice-presidency  on  the  Breckenridge  ticket 

Lane,  Sir  Ralph.  Bied  at  Dublin,  Oct.,  1603. 
An  Eiif^lish  adventurer,  a  companion  of  bir 
Kichard  Grenvillo  in  his  expedition  to  tho  coast 
of  North  America  in  1585,  and  the  first  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia  then  founded.  The  set- 
tlers s.).>n  removed  to  R..an..ke,  and  were  all  taken  back  to 
England  by  Drake,  July,  l.'.s6. 

Laneham  (lan'ain),  Robert.  An  English  mer- 
ehant  in  tho  service  of  the  Eari  of  Leicester, 
and  doorkeeper  of  the  council-chamber,  who 
left  an  account,  in  the  form  of  a  letter,  of  the 
entertainment  given  by  Leicester  to  (Jueen 
Elizabeth  at  Kenihvoith  July,  1.575.  Copies  of  the 
letter  are  in  the  Ko.lleian  Library  and  the  library  of  the 
Itritish  Museum.     Laneham  appears  in  Scott  8     Keiill- 


Langendijk 

of  the  Conoueror,  he  played  an  important  part  In  English 
ecclesiastical  and  .  ivil  affairs.     He  wrote  "  De  cort>ore  et 
.^anguine  Domini,"  etc.    His  works  were  collected  by  Luo 
dAcher>'  in  IMS  ;  reprinted  by  Giles  1844. 
Lanfrey  ( loii-f  ra ' ) ,  Pierre.     Bom  at  Cham Mry, 
France,  Oct.  20, 1828 :  died  at  Pau,  France,  ^ov. 
15  1877.   A  French  historian  and  politician.    He 
published  "Histoire  de  Napol.5ou  I."  (1867-76),  "L-EglUe 
?t  les  philosophes  au  XVIIt  slide  "  (1855),  etc. 
Lang  (laug),  Andre-W.     Born  at  Selkirk,  March 
31  1844      A  Scottish  miscellaneous  writer.    He 
was  educated  at  th.-  Edinburgh  Aca.lemy,  St.  Andrews 
University,  and  Balliol  College,  iixfor.i.    He  was  elected 
fellow  of  Slerton.  Oxford,  in  1868,  and  api»inted  OlBora 
lecturer  on  natural  religion  at  St.  Andrew  s  in  1888.   He  is 
the  author  of    'Ballads  and  Lyrics  of  ()ld  mnce,  etc. 
(1872X   "Oxford,  etc."  (1S80),  "Xill  Ballades  in  Blue 
l'liiiia"(18s0;  with  additions  1881), "Thccntus,  Bion.aiid 
Moschus  rendere.l  into  English  ^rose'' (It^),  '■Helen  of 
Trov"  fl*')  "Ballades  and  Verses  Vain  "(1884),  "Custom 
and  Myth,  "ec."  (1884),  "Letters  to  Dead  Authors  '  (1886X 
"  ■The  Politics  of  Aristotle"  (18S6),  "Myth,  Kitua),  and  R^ 
ligion"  (1887),  "Crass of  Parnassus " (isivs), ;' Aucassin  and 
Nicolette"  (1887:  a  translation),  "Perraiill  8  fairy  Tales 
(a  translation),  "The  Blue  Fairy  Talc  B....k,"  "The  Red 
Kairy  Tale  Book,"  "The  WorMs  Desire"  (1890:  with  R  der 
Haggard),  etc.    He  also  iranslated  the  Odyssey  with  l"ro- 
fessor  Butcher,  and  the  Iliad  with  Walter  Lea  and  Ernest 
Myers,  and  has  published  a  series  of  critical  articles  on 
Shakspcre's  plays.  ,     o      . 

Lang,  John  Dunmore.  Born  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
land An.'.  25  1799:  died  at  Svdney.  Australia, 
Aug.  8, 1878.  '  An  Australian  Presbyterian  cler- 
e>-man,  iournalist,  and  politician.  He  was  editor 
of  "ihe  Colonist"  1835-40  and  "The  Press"  1851-52,  and 
author  ..f  •'  An  Historical  and  Statistical  Account  of  New 
South  Wales"  (1834),  "Historical  Account  of  the  Separa- 
tion of  Victoria  fr..ra  New  South  Wales"  (1870)  and  nu- 
merous other  books  and  pamphlets  on  the  Australian 

Langbaine  (lang'ban),  Gerard.  Born  at  Bar- 
ton, Westmoreland,  1609 :  died  at  Oxford,  Feb. 
10, 1058.  AnEnglish  scholar,  provost  of  Queen  s 
College,  Oxford,  1646-58.  He  was  an  ardeiit 
Eoyalist  during  the  ci%-il  war,  but  retained  his 
office.  3    T  1     -ic 

Langbaine-,  Gerard.  Bora  at  Oxford,  July  lo. 
lost:  died  there,  June  23,1692.  An  English 
student  of  dramatic  literature,  and  cntic:  an  in- 
veterate enemy  of  Dryden.  Hewrote  "MomusTri- 
umphans,  or  the  Plagiaries  of  the  English  Stage  Exposed 
etc"  (1687:  reissued  as  "A  New  Catalogue  of  English 
Plays"  1688).  and  "An  Account  of  the  English  DramaUo 
Poets,  etc."  (1691).  ^     ,         .     ,      rr 

Langdale,  Baron.     See  Bu-lerslcth.  Henry. 
Lange  (liing'ge), or  Bashi-lange  (bii  she-lang-. 
go).     See  Luba. 
Lange  (lang'e),  Friedrich  Albert.    Bo™  »' 

Wald,  near  Solingen,  Prussia,  Sept.  28,  18-S. 
died  at  Marburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  21, 1875.  A  Ger- 
man writer  on  philosophy  and  economics,  pro- 
fessor at  Marburg  1873-75.  His  principal  w-ork 
is  his  "Gcschichte  des  Materialismus "  (  His- 
tory of  Materialism,"  1806). 
Lange,  Helene.  Bom  at  Oldenburg  in  1848.  The 
bead  of  a  training  college  for  teachers  at  Ber- 
lin. She  is  one  of  the  foremost  representatives 
of  the  movement  for  women's  education  in  Ger- 


W'.rth.  _         ,  .r,  L  T 

Lane-Poole  (lan'pi.r),  Stanley.  Born  at  Lon- 
don l)ee.l8, 18.")4.  AnEnglish  numismatist.  He 
wrote  the  olBcial  "Catal.igue  of  the  Oriental  Coins'  f..r 
the  British  Museum.  It  appeared  In  8  voluniea  In  18,..- 
188:1,  and  was  crowned  by  the  I'lench  Institute.  He  als.. 
wrotea  "C«tal..gne..f  IndlaiiColns"  1.11885  On  "H'l  J'"' 
of  his  great-uncle  E.  W.  Lane,  the  Orientalist,  1"  18.  '■•'" 
contlnned  Ihc  latter's  Arabic  lexicon,  the  last  par  In  1887. 
He  was  sent  to  Egypt  in  1883  by  the  science  and  art  de- 
partment of  (he  British  Museum,  and  in  18s6  ho  went  to 
hnssia  ami  Turkey  to  stud/  numismatics      Am.'ng  his 

other  works  are  '' ^■■KyPt'•  (l*^')./' ?,'"''''\» '"  "  ^','^iy,'.';,f 
(1883),  "Tb..  Art  of  Ihe  ,Saracens  In  l-.jfypt  1886),  L  J."', 
the  Itlght  Hon.  Stratford  Canning,  Viscount  de  llcdcllllo 

Lan?ranc  (lan'frangk).  Bom  at  Pavia,  Italy, 
about  1005;  died  at  Canteriniry,  England.  May 
24  10S9.  A  celebrate. 1  ju'elale  and  scliohir,  arch- 
bishop of  Canlerburv.  He  emigrated  from  llaly 
and  establLhcl  a  scln.ol  at  Avranches,  France,  about  10:i9 ; 
entered  the  monastery  ..f  Bee  In  1042  ■  and  became  Its  prior 
nhniit  1045  He  ..ppose.l  the  marrlnge  of  WllllBin  and 
Mat  Idrbut  r.galne,!  .he  friendship  ,.f  William  about 
1050;  was  Inslalle.l  abbot  of  Caen  In  nxKi;  and  was  ,n..do 
archbishop  of  Canterburj  In  1070.    As  the  chief  counnolor 


many.  „ 

Lange.  Johann  Peter.  Bom  at  Sonubom.near 

Klberfel.i,  I'russia.  April  10, 1802 :  died  at  Bonn. 
Prussia.  .Julv  9,  1S84.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian,  pr.ifessor  of  theology  at  Zurich 
(1841)  and  later  (]S,')4)  at  Bonn.  Ho  published  the 
commentary  "  I'.ibelwerk  "  (1s:hI-7» :  English  translation  by 
Schalt.  etc.),  "  Das  Lebeii  .lesn"  V'  I.lfeof  .lesns.  1^4  4,), 
"Chri»tllcheDogniatlk"(lS41>-62),"tieschichtederkirclie 

Lange!  Ludwig.  Bora  at  Hannover,  Pri'ssia, 
March  4,  1825:  died  at  Leipsic,  .\ug.  18,  18i?;>. 
A  tiernian  archwologist.  author.it  "Handbuch 
der  riimischcn  Altertiinier"  (18,5(i-71),  etc. 

Langeland  (liing'o-llind).  An  island  of  Den- 
mark, situated  southeast  of  1- linen  and  west 
of  Laalaiid.  It  belongs  to  the  luut  of  Svendborg.  T.mn, 
Kudkl.d.i.ig.     Lingth.  :t2  miles.     Area.  106  sciuare  miles. 

Langenau  (liing'en-ou).  A  small  town  in  N\  ur- 
teiiiiierg,  11  miles  northeast  of  nm. 

Langenbeck  (liing'en-bek).  Konrad  Johann 

Martin.  Boi"  "t  Homeburg.  .l'"'«^"''  'V^'r','' 
1776;  dieil  at  (uittingen,  I'russia,  Jan. -4,  lh.)l. 
\  noted  (ioriiuiii  anatomist  and  surgeon,  pro- 
fessor at  Gi.tlingen  ls()4,  and  surgeon-general 
III'  the  llaiKiVerian  army.  . 

Langenberg  (liing'en-bero).  A  town  m  the 
Kliine  I'rovince,  Prussia,  29  m.Ios  nor  h-north- 
east  of  C.ilogne.     Population  (1890),  (.,824. 

Langenbielau  (lilng'en-bo-lou)  A  nyinufactur- 
ing  town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Pmssia,  35 
miles  soiith-s.iiilhwest  of  Breslau.  Popula- 
tiiin  (1890),  15.768. 

■Laneendiik  (liing'en-dik),  Pleter.     Born  at 

Ha:frie.n,  1683 ;  die-l  there,  17.56.  A  Dutch  .irani- 

ntist   an.l  poet.      Ills  father,  who  was  a  maKin,  died 

ariv  an.l  I.I '  .n.ilb.T  then  r.-m.iv.-.l  to  The  Hagn.;,  where 

sile  .uppom.1  hrrsclf  an.l  him  from  the  promts  of  a  llttl. 


Langendijk 

shop.  He  worked  at  this  time  as  a  damask-weaver  after 
patterns  of  his  own  designiTig.  Subseciut-iitly  he  went  to 
Amsterdam  as  a  designer  to  a  large  factory.  Here  appeared 
the  comedies  "  Don  t^uichot "  ("Don  Quixote,"  1711)  ;  "De 
Zwetser"  ("The  Braggart  ")  and  "Het  wederzijds  Hu«e- 
lyks  Bedrog  '  ("The  Mutual  Marriage  Deception  "),  both 
in  1712;  "Krelis  Louwen"  and  "  De  Wiskonstenaars  " 
("The  Mathematicians"),  bothin  1715:  "  De  Windhande- 
laars"aiid  "  Arlequijn  Actionist,"  both  in  1720.  In  1721 
he  published  his  poems  in  two  quarto  volumes,which  were 
followed  subsequently  by  three  more.  In  1722  he  returned 
to  Haarlem  as  a  designer,  and  lived  there  until  liis  death. 
In  this  last  period  fall  two  other  comedies,  "Xantippe" 
and  "Papirius,"  and.  finally,  the  comedy  not  quite  com- 
pleted at  his  death,  '.^pieghel  der  vaderlandsche  Koop- 
lieden"  ("A  Mirror  of  oiu*  Merchants").  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1760. 

Langensalza  (ISng'en-zalt-sa).  Amanufactiir- 
iufC  town  in  the  proWnce  of  Saxony,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Salza  19  miles  northwest  of  Er- 
furt. Near  this  town,  June  27,  1866,  the  Hanoverians 
(18,000)  under  Arendtschildt  defeated  the  Prussians  (8,700) 
under  Von  Flies,  and  the  Prussian  force  (increased  to  40,- 
000,  June  28)  compelled  the  capitulation  of  the  Hanoveri- 
ans June  29.    Population  (1890),  11,466. 

Langenschwalbach  (lang'sn-shvaJ-baeh),  or 
Schwalbach  (shvUrbach).  Asmalltovm  and 
watering-place  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau, I'russia,  8  miles  northwest  of  Wiesbaden : 
notedforitsmineral springs.  Population  (1890), 
2,698. 

Langevin(lonzh-van'),SirHector Louis.  Bom 
Aug.  26,  1820.     A  Canadian  politician. 

Langey,  Guillaume  du  Bellay,  Seigneur  de. 
Born  at  the  Chat  eaudeGlatigny,  1491:  diednear 
Lyons,  1553.  A  noted  French  general  and  dip- 
lomat. He  conducted  a  number  of  missions  to  the  Pope, 
England,  and  Germany  with  great  success,  and  in  1537  was 
made  viceroy  of  Piedmont  by  Fran(;ois  I.  He  wrote  his 
"  M^moires"  under  the  name  of  "Ogdoades"("huitaines"), 
because  he  divided  his  work  into  eight  Viooks  ;  they  were 
not  printed  till  17.'i7.  He  also  wrote  "Epitome  de  I'anti- 
quite  des  Gaules  "  (1566X  and  "Instruction  siu"  le  faict  de 
la  guerre"  (1588). 

Langham  (lang'am),  Simon.  Died  July  22, 
1376.  An  English  prelate.  He  became  abbot  of 
"Westminster  in  1349;  treasurer  of  England  in  1360;  bish- 
op of  Ely  in  1362 ;  chancellor  of  England  1363-66 ;  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  in  1366  (enthroned  March  25,  1367)  ; 
and  cjirdinal  in  1368.  He  resigned  his  archbishopric  Nov. 
27, 1368,  andwenttothe  papal  court  at  Arignon  in  1369.  He 
filled  a  number  of  important  places  in  England  and  in  the 
papal  sen'ice;was  made  cardinal-bishop  of  Preneste  in 
1373  ;  and  in  1374  was  again  chosen  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bur}',  but  the  Pope  refused  to  confirm  the  election. 

Langholm  (lang'om).  A  towTi  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Esk.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,643. 

Langhorne  (lang'hom),  John.  Bom  at  "Win- 
ton,  in  Westmoreland,  March,  1735 :  died  at 
Blagdon,  in  Somersetshire,  England,  April  1, 
1779.  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer,  rec- 
tor of  Blagdon  1765 :  best  known  by  his  trans- 
lation of  Plutarch's  "Lives"  (conjointly  with 
his  brother  William,  1770).  His  poetical" works 
were  collected  and  published  by  his  son  in  1804. 

Langhorne,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  London, 
1629:  diedatChariton.Kent.  Feb.26, 1715.  An 
English  merchant,  governor  of  Madras  1670-77. 

Langiewicz  (liing-gye'vich),  Maryan.  Bom 
at  Krotoschin,  Prussia,  Aug.  5,  1827:  died  at 
Constantinople,  May  11, 1887.  A  Polish  revolu- 
tionist, insurgent  leader  and  dictator  in  1863. 

Langland  (lang'land),  or  Langley  (lang'li). 
William.  Bom,  probably  in  South  Shrop- 
shire, about  1330 :  died  about  1400.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  author  of  the  "  Vision  of  Piers  Plow- 
man." and  probal>ly  of  a  poem  entitled  by 
Skeat  "  Richard  the  Redeless."  Of  his  life  very 
little  is  definitely  known.  From  passages  in  his  poems 
it  appears  that  his  early  years  were  spent  in  the  western 
midland  counties  of  England  (Worcestershire,  Shropshire); 
that  he  received  a  considerable  education,  and  probably 
took  minor  orders  ;  that  he  was  married  and  had  a  daugh- 
ter ;  that  he  lived  as  a  mendicant  singer ;  and  that  most  of 
his  later  life  was  spent  in  London,  where  he  dwelt  in  Com- 
hill.     See  Vision  of  Piers  Plonnnan. 

Langl6s  don-glas'),  Louis  Matthieu.  Born 
at  Perenne.  near  St.-Didier,  France,  Aug.  23 
1763  :  died  Jan.  28.  1824.  A  French  Orientalist, 
author  of  "  Instituts  politiques  et  militaires  de 
Tamerlan,  Merits  par  lui-meme,  en  Mongol" 
(1787),  ".Alphabet  Tartare-Mandchou"  (1787), 
etc. 

Langley  (lang'li I.Edmund  de.  Bornat  King's 
Langlev,  Hertfordshire.  June  5,  1341:  died  at 
Langley,  Aug.  1,  1402.  The  fifth  son  of  Edward 
III.  by  Philippa  of  Hainault,  created  first  duke 
of  York  Aug.  6,  1385.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
council  of  regency  on  the  accession  of  Richard  II. ;  went  in 
July,  1381,  at  the  head  of  an  expedition  to  aid  the  Portu- 
guese against  the  King  of  Castile,  returning  1382 ;  and  was 
regent  Sept.,  1394,  and  Sept.,  1396,  during  the  absence  of 
the  king.  Through  his  second  son  Richard,  earl  of  Cam- 
bridge, he  was  sn-eat-grandfather  of  Edward  IV. 

Langley,  Samuel  Pierpont.  Bom  at  Roxbury, 
Boston,  Aug.  22,  1834.     An  American  astronb- 


090 

mer.  He  became  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  Western 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Pittsburg,  in  1867,  and  in  1887 
was  appointed  secretarj'  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
He  has  published  "  Researches  on  Solar  Heat  and  its 
Absorption  by  the  Earth's  .Atmosphere  "  (1884),  and  "  The 
New  Astronomy  "  (1S87).  Since  then  he  has  been  engaged 
in  experiments  tending  to  demonstrate  the  possibility  of 
mechanical  flight ;  and  as  a  result  of  these  has  published 
•'  experiments  in  Aerodynamics"  (1S91),  and  "The  Inter- 
nal Work  of  the  Wind  "  (1894). 

Langlois  (lon-glwa'),  Jean  Charles.  Born  at 
Beaumont-en-Auge,  Calvados.  July  22,  1789: 
died  at  Paris,  March  24, 1870,  A  French  painter 
of  battle-scenes.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Horace  Vemet, 
and  in  1849  became  a  colonel  in  the  army.  He  also 
painted  several  panoramas  :  "The  Battle  of  Navarino," 
'  Burning  of  Moscow,"  "Captm-e  of  the  Malakoff,  etc." 


Lansdown 


beauty,  she  went  on  the  stage  in  1881.  She  has  visit«d 
the  I  nited  States  sevei-al  times. 
Languedoc  (lang'gwf-dok).  An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  southern  France.  Capital,  Toulouse,  it 
was  bounded  by  Guienne,  .\uvergne,  and  Lyonnais  on  the 
north,  the  Rhone  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and  Rous- 
sillon  on  the  south,  and  Foi.!;,  Gasconv,  and  Guienne  on 
the  west,  and  was  traversed  by  the  Ceveunes  Mountains. 
It  was  named  from  the  lawjue  d'oc,  or  Provencal,  the  lan- 
guage of  the  south  of  France.  The  departments  of  Haute- 
Loire,  Lozire,  Ardcche,  Gard,  Herault.  Aude,  Tarn,  and 
Haute-Ciaronne  correspond  to  it.  Haut-Languedoc  was  in 
the  west,  Bas-Languedoc  in  the  cast.  Languedoc  formed 
part  of  Gallia  Narbonensis  and  of  the  West-Gothic  king- 
dom. It  was  overrun  by  the  Saracens  in  the  8th  centurj- 
The  chief  powers  were  the  marquisate  of  Septimanii 
(which  became  in  the  10th  century  the  county  of  Tou- 
louse) and  Xarbonne.  Narbonne  was  annexed  to  France 
Langnau  (liing'nou).  The  chief  town  in  the  "'  l'--^'  ^"^  Toidouse  in  1270  or  1271. 
Emmenthal,  canton  of  Bem,  Switzerland,  situ-  Languedoc,  Canal  du.  See  Midi,  Canal  du. 
ated  on  the  Ilfis  and  Emme  16  miles  east  of  Languet  (loii-ga').  Hubert.  Born  at  Viteaux, 
Bem.     Population  (1890),  7,643.  Burgundy,1518:  died  at -Vutwerp.  Sept.  30,1581. 

Langobardi(lan-g6-biir'di).  [L.  (Tacitus)  i(7«-  A  French  political  writer  and  diplomatist,  au- 
(jiihardi,  Gr.  (Strabo)  .\.ayii6<}ap6oi,  (Ptolemy)  thor  of  "Vindiciae  contra  t.vrannos"  (1579), etc. 
An;;o.fop(So;.]  A  people  of  northern  Germany,  Languish,  Lydia.  In  Sheridan's  comedy  "  The 
first  mentioned  by  Strabo.  At  the  time  of  Tacitus  Rivals,"  a  fantastical,  romantic  girl,  unwilling 
they  were  situated  south  of  the  lower  Elbe,  adjoining  the  to  marrv  unless  the  affair  is  conducted  on  the 
Chauci.  1.1568-572  under  Alboin,  the.v  conquered  the  most  sentimental  principles.  B>ee  Absolute  &uiL 
part  of  northern  Italy  still  called  I/)mbardy,  and  founded      Tlpifrlfii  •^'-^  ^''owtui^  au\x 

the  kingdom  of  that  name,  which  was  afterward  extended     -""'P'^^.v-       -,,,,.,  ^i 

over  a  much  larger  territory,  and  was  finally  overthrown  Lamer  (la-ner  ),  Sidney.     Bom  at  Macon,  Ga., 
by  Charlemagne  in  774.  Feb.  3, 1842;  died  at  L^-nn,  N.  C,  Sept.  7, 1881. 

Langon  (lon-gon').  A  town  in  the  department  An  American  poet,  critic,  and  litterateur.  In 
of  Gironde.  France,  on  the  Garonne  24  miles     J.^'^.^e  was  appointed  lecturer^ on  English Jiterature  at 


southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Population  ( 1891),  com- 
mune. 4,733. 

Langres  (longr).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Mame 
in  lat.  47°  53'  N.,  long.  5°  20'  E. :  the  ancient 
Andematunnum,  it  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Lingones;  is  an  important  fortress,  and  a  bishopric  ;  man- 
ufactures cutlery ;  and  has  a  museum  and  some  antiquities. 
The  cathedral  is  an  important  early-Pointed  monument, 
still  containing  much  that  is  Romanesque.  The  interior 
is  imposing :  the  fluted  pilasters  and  sculptured  scroU- 
ornament  are  imitations  from  the  Roman.  The  chevet  is 
covered  with  a  semi-dome.  There  is  a  Renaissance  choir- 
screen  and  calvary.  The  flying  buttresses  are  architectu- 
rally interesting  as  presenting  the  earliest  type.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  10,719,  -  ... 

Langres,  Plateau  Of.  A  table-land  lying  around     ^'^  '."  ^T^Voo     "Girondist  deputy  to  the  Con- 
Laiigres  (which  see).    It  lies  on  the  watershed  -'^''^"""""^  ^'^-•,      rri,     o       ,    -. 
between  the  Meditenanean  and  the  North  Sea  Lanka  (lang  ka)._    The  Sanskrit  nameof  Cey 


the  Johns  Hopkins  I'nivei-sity,  Baltimore.  His  works  in- 
clude the  novel  "Tiger  Lilies"  (1867).  " Centennial  Ode " 
(1876),  "Science  of  English  Verse"  (1881),  "The  English 
Novel  and  its  Development  "  (1883),  and  "  Poems  "  (1884). 
He  edited  "Boys' Froissart"  (1879),  "Boys' King  Arthur' 
(1S80),  "  Boys'  Mabinogion  "  (1881), 

Lanigan  (lan'i-gan),  John.  Born  at  Cashel, 
Ireland.  1758:  died  at  Finglas  (in  an  asylum), 
July  7,  1828.  An  Irish  Roman  Catholic  clergy- 
man, author  of  an  "Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Ii-eland"  (1822),  etc. 

Lanjuinais  (lon-zhUe-na'),  Jean  Denis,  Comte. 
Born  at  Rennes,  France,  March  12,  1753:  died 
at  Paris.  Jan.  13. 1827.  A  French  politician  and 
political  writer,  deputy  to  the  National  Assem- 


and  English  Channel. 

Langside  (lang-sid').  A  village,  now  a  suburb 
of  Glasgow,  where,  May  13,  1568,  the  regent 
Murray  defeated  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

Langson  (lang-son').  A  town  in  Tongking, 
about  lat.  21°  40'  N.,  long.  106°  45'  E.  in  its  neigh- 
borhood, Feb.  12, 1885,  the  French  under  De  N^grier  de- 
feated the  Chinese,  and  March,  1885,  the  Chinese  defeated 
the  French. 

Langstaff  (lang'staf).  Es(i.,  Launcelot.    The 

pseudonym  of  Washington  Irving,  William  Ir- 
ving, and  James  Kirke  Paulding  in  "Salma- 
gundi.'' 

Langtoft  (lang'toft),  Peter  of.  Born  probably 
at  Langtoft,  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire  (the 
place  from  which  he  was  named):  died  about 
1307.  An  English  chronicler,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  England  to  the  death  of  Edward  I.,  in 
barbarous  French  verse.  The  latter  part  of  it  was 
translated  into  English  by  Robert  of  Brunne.  It  has  been 
published  by  Thorpe  in  the  Rolls  Series  1866  and  1868. 

Langton  (lang'ton),  Bennet.  Born  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 1737:  died'at  Southampton,  Dec.  18, 1801. 
An  English  Greek  scholar,  a  graduate  of  Trinity 
College.  Oxford.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  an- 
cient literatine  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  178S;  arid  is  now 
known  only  as  the  intimate  friend  ofDr.  Johnson. 

Langton,  Simon.  Died  1248.  An  English  eccle- 
siastic, archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  brother  of 
Stephen  Langton.  He  was  an  active  p.artizan  of  the 
barons  against  King  John  and  the  Pope,  but  under  Henry 
III,  possessed  great  mfluence  both  at  the  court  and  in 
ecclesiastical  affairs. 


Ion  or  its  capital,  renowned  as  the  habitation 
of  Ravana  and  his  demons,  whose  conquest  by 
Ramachandra,  after  his  wife  Sita  had  been  car- 
ried off  by  Ravana,  forms  the  subject  of  the 
Ramayana. 
Lankester  (langk'es-ter).  Ed'Win.  Born  at  Mel- 
ton. Suffolk,  April  23,  1814:  died  Oct.  30,  1874. 
An  English  physician  and  man  of  science.  He 
studied  at  London  Vniversity  1831-37,  graduated  M.  D,  at 
Heidelberg  in  1839,  and  settled  in  London  as  a  physician 
and  writer  for  the  press  in  1840.  In  1850  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  in  New  College,  London,  and 
in  18.'>9  was  elected  president  of  the  London  Microscopical 
Society.  He  edited  the  work  on  natural  histor>-  in  the 
"Penny"  and  "English  "  encyclopedias,  and  published  a 
"Natural  History  of  Plants  yielding  Food  "  (1845),  "Me- 
morials of  John  Ray  "(1845),  etc. 

Laiikester,  Edwin  Ray.  Bom  at  London,  May 
15, 1847.  An  English  anatomist  and  zoologist, 
the  eldest  son  of  E.  Lankester.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  was 
professor  of  zoology  in  Tnivcrsity  College,  London.  1874- 
1890 ;  and  has  been  Linacre  professor  of  comparative  anat- 
omy at  Oxford  since  1890.  lie  h.as  published  many  scien- 
tific papers,  and  contributed  numerous  articles  to  current 
serials  and  to  the  "Encyclopajdia  Britannica." 

Lannes  (lan  or  Ian).  Jean,  Due  de  Montebello. 
Born  at  Lectoure,  Gers,  France,  April  11.  1769: 
died  at  Vienna,  May  31,  1809.  A  celebrated 
French  marshal.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Italy 
1796-97,  and  in  the  Egyptian  ex])edition  1798-99  ;  gained 
the  victory  of  Montebello  in  1800 ;  served  with  distinction 
at  Marengo  in  18ixi,  Austerlitz  in  1805,  Jena  and  Pultusk 
in  1806.  and  Friedland  in  1807 ;  gained  the  victory  itf 
Tudela  in  18'18  :  captured  Saragossa  in  1809  ;  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  .Aspern,  May.  1^09. 


Langton,  Stephen.  Died  at  Slindon,  Sussex,  Lannes,  Napoleon  Auguste,  Due  de  Monte- 
July  9  (?),  1228.  A  celebrated  English  prelate  bello.  Bora  Julv  30,  1801 :  died  Julv  19,  1874. 
and  statesman,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  A  French  diplomatist  and  politician,  son  of 
leader  of  the  confederated  barons  against  John.     Marshal  Lannes. 

He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  lectured  Lannion  (lan-V(in')  A  town  in  the  dennrtinent 
there  on  theology  untU  1206 ;  was  made  car.linal.priest  in  -^^^"^  V  v^  i  -k  ?i  J  /  aepartment 
that  year;  was  elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (as  a  "*  eotes-du--Nord,  i  ranee,  situated  on  the  Guer 
„„:..  i,„. .i._^...,,_..:...  „„_=..-,,.  -u v..     34  miles  west-northwest  of  St.-Brieuc.     Popu- 

.      ..  .  -.  lation  (1891),  commune,  6,002. 

;^hihS) fr^m adm?s'sioJ  ^^  No^e  (la  no).  Fran?0is  de  surnamed  Bras 
m  thereafter  became  the  leader  Q©  Fei  ('  Iron  Arm'.  Born  lo31:diedat  Mon- 
eontour,  France,  Ang.  4.  1591.  A  noted  Freneli 
Hu£:uenot  ^eu  eral.  He  was  taken  prisonerat  Jarnac  and 
Moncontour  in  1.^69;  lost  his  arm  at  Fontenay-le-Comteiu 
157ii(and  supplied  its  place  with  an  iron  one  :  whence  his 
surname):  commanded  the  forces  of  La  Rochelle  ;  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  Spaniards  158rt-85;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  at  Lamballe  in  1591.  He  wrote  *•  Discours  poli- 
tiiiues  et  militaires  "  (lnS7). 


compromise  between  the  subprior  Reginald,  chosen  by 
the  monks,  and  John  de  Grey,  supported  by  the  king),  and 
consecrated  by  the  Pope  June  1" 
the  king  (in  a  long  struggle  w' 
to hissee until  1213;  and  soon 

of  the  contest  with  John.  On  April  17,  122'2,  he  opened 
a  church  council  at  Osney,  the  decreesof  which  (the "Con- 
stitutions of  Stephen  Langton")  are  the  earliest  provin- 
cial canons  still  recognized  as  binding  in  the  English  ec- 
clesiastical courts.  He  was  a  voluminous  wTiter.  and  was 
distinguished  as  a  theologian,  biblical  scholar,  historian, 
and  poet. 

Langtry  (lang'tri),  Mrs.  (Lily  Le  Breton). 
Born  at  St.  Heller's,  Jersey,  1852.     An  English  Lansdown  (lanz'doun).      A  place  near  Bath, 
actress.     After  gaming  celebrity  in  English  society  as  a     England,  where  the  Koyalists  under  Sir  R.  Hop- 


Lansdown 

ton  defeated  the  Parliamentarians  under  SirW. 
Waller,  July  S,  1643. 

Lansdowne,  Marquis  of.    See  Petty  and  I'etty- 

Fit^mtinrice. 

Lansing  (lan'sing).  The  capital  city  of  Michi- 
gan, situated  in  Ingham  County,  on  the  Grand 
River,  in  lat.  42°  46' N.,  long.  84°  33'  W.  it  is  the 
scat  of  the  State  AEricultural  College.  It  became  the  cap- 
itiil  ill  1M7.     I'.ipulutioii  (l'.10(l),  16,485. 

Lansingburg  ilan'sing-birg).  A  village  in 
Kenssi'liier  Cciiuity,  Xew  V'ork,  situated  on  tin- 
Hudson  St  miles  north-northeast  of  Albany.  It 
is  noted  for  its  brush  nianufucturt'S.  Population  (1900), 
1-J. .-.»->. 

Iiantfred(lant'fred),orLanfred(lan'fred).  An 
English  hagiographer  of  the  10th  century,  a 
monk  of  Winchester:  author  of  "  Do  Miraculis 
Swithuni." 

Lanuvium  (la-no'\'i-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  townofLatium,  Italy,  situated  20  miles  south- 
east of  Rome:  the  modern  Civita  Lavinia.  It 
was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Jmio  Sospita. 

Lanza  (iJin'zii),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Vignale, 
near  Casale-Monteferrato,  Italy.  1810:  died  at 
Rome.  March  9,  1882.  An  Italian  statesman, 
premier  1869-73. 

Lanzarote  (ISn-tha-ro'ta).  The  easternmost  of 
the  Canary  Islands,  situated  in  lat.  28°  55'  N., 
long.  13°  40'  W.  Capital,  Puerto  del  AiTeeife. 
Length,  31  miles.  Area,  311  square  miles.  Population, 
about  16,000 

lianzi(lan'ze),  Luigi.  Born  at  Montolmo,  near 
XIacerata,  Italy,  June  13, 1732 :  died  at  Florence, 
March  31,1810.  An  Italian  antiquary  and  writer 
on  art.  His  chief  works  are  "  Sappio  <ii  lincua  etrusca. 
etc. "(*' Essay  on  the  Etruscan  Language, '  1789),  "Storia 
pittorica  dell  Italia.  etc."("  Histoi-y  of  Painting  in  Italy,' 
1V92),  etc. 

Laocoon(la-ok'o-on).  [Gr.  Aao/ciJui'.]  In  Greek 
legend  (post-Homeric),  a  priest  of  Apollo  at 
Troy,  who,  because  he  had  offended  the  god, 
was  strangled,  with  one  of  his  sons,  by  two  ser- 
pents while  he  was  offering  a  sacrifice  to  Posei- 
don. In  Vergil's  version  of  the  story  two  of  his 
sons  are  killed  with  him. 

Laocoon.  A  famous  antique  group  in  the  Vati- 
can, Rome,  showing  the  Trojan  priest  of  Apollo 
and  his  two  young  sons  enveloped  and  bitten 
to  death  by  serpents.  It  is  a  masterpiece  of  anatomi- 
cal knowledge  and  skilful  execution.  In  style  it  is  sikiu 
to  the  Gigantomachy  of  the  Pergamene  altar,  and  it  is  at- 
tributed to  the  coiitemponineous  school  of  Rhodes.  The 
outatretcbed  arms  of  I^ocoon  and  one  son  are  falsely  re- 
■tored. 

Laocoon.  A  critical  treatise  on  art  by  Lessing, 
published  in  1766. 

Laodamas  (la-od'a-mas).  [Gr.  Aooda/iaf.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Eteocles,  and  king  of 
Thebes. 

Laodamia(la-od-a-mi'a).  [Gr.  Aaodd/ifm.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Acastus,  and  wife 
of  Protesilaus  with  whom  she  voluntarily  died. 
Wordsworth  published  a  poem  with  thistitle. 

Laodicea(la-od-i-se'a).  [Gr.  AaofSkfm.]  1.  An 
ancient  city  in  Phr.vgia,  Asia  Minor,  in  the  valley 
of  Lycus,  an  auxiliary  river  of  the  Majander  50 
miles  north  of  jVradus.  Itwas  one  of  (he  most  north- 
ern of  the  I'lieniciun  cities,  and  its  tn-iginal  name  was 
Ramantha.  It  did  not  attain  great  Inipnrtance  until  the 
timuof  the  .Sclcucidic.  Antiochusll.  reistablished  it  and 
naniL-d  it,  after  his  wife,  Laodicea,  and  it  soon  liecame  a 
prusperous  city.  In  1402  A.  Ii.  it  was  destroyed  hy  Tiniur, 
but  its  great  ruins  at  Kski-Uissar  are  still  witnesses  of  its 
former  splendor.  In  the  Apocalypse  it  is  one  of  the  con- 
gregations to  which  an  epistle  is  addressed. 
2.  See  I.futikii/ch. 

Laodogant.  in  Arthurian  romance,  the  father 
of  liuinevere. 

Laomedon  (l!i-om'e-<lon).  [Or.  \noul<^uv.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Ilus  and  Kurydice,  and 
father  of  Priaiu.  founder  and  king  of  Troy.  For 
an  offense  against  Poseidon  he  was  fftn-ed  to  citfer  his 
daughter  fle.sione  Ui  a  sea-monster.  Hercules  found  her 
chained  U*  a  rocli,  and  agreed  to  free  her  for  a  pair  of  nnigi- 
cal  horses  whieh  Zeus  h;iil  given  t<i  Laomedon  In  exchange 
for  (iariymede.  Laoniedon  failed  to  keep  his  promise,  and 
Hercules  captured  his  city  and  slew  him  and  all  Ids  sons 
eiccpt  Priam. 

Laon  (Ion).  Tho  capital  of  the  department 
of  Aisne,  France,  situated  in  lat.  49°  .3.!'  N., 
long.  ,3°  35'  K.:  tlie  Roman  Bibra.\,  Laudunum, 
or  Lugdunum  Clavatum.  It  is  a  forlined  town.  I.aon 
was  the  residence  of  tho  eiu-ly  kings;  was  the  seat  nf  a 
bishopric  from  about  r.iKl  to  the  Itemlntlon  :  often  changed 
hands;  and  snirend  in  the  English,  religions,  and  League 
wars.  The  French  under  Marniont  were  defeated  here 
with  heavy  loss  by  the  Allies  under  Itlucher,  March  11, 
1814.  Laon  surrendered  to  the  Uennans  Sept.  9.  1870. 
The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  splemlld  of  medieval 
monuments,  possessing  the  finest  west  fri>nt  after  those 
of  the  cathedrals  of  Rheims.  Paris,  and  Amiens,  The  style 
IB  early  I*.iinte<l;  the  facade  has  a  noble  projecting  porch 
of  s  great  arches,  above  which  are  arcadus  In  picturc«i|uely 
broken  ranges,  and  a  magnincent  rose,  surmounted  hy  2 
line  towers  The  chevct  is  square,  with  a  splendid  rose 
above  3  lancets.    The  Interior  is  admirably  proportioned. 


591 

400  feet  long  and  80  high.  There  is  a  double  triforium. 
The  cathedral  was  designed  for  9  towers  and  spires,  nu>6t 
of  which  were  completed :  but  the  spires  have  all  disap- 
peared, with  some  of  the  towers.  The  accessory  buiblings 
are  of  unusual  interest.  Population(1891), commune,  14, 129. 

Laonnais  (lii-na').  An  ancient  district  of 
France,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
.Aisne. 

Laos  ( lii'os).  A  race  of  Further  India,  northeast 
of  Siam  proper,  allied  to  the  Siamese,  to  whom 
t he  V  are  tributary.  Numbers,  estimated,  1,500,- 
ooo! 

Lao-tsze  (Iii'6-tsa').  Born  about  604  b.  c.  A 
Chinese  philosopher,  founder  of  the  system  of 
Taoism,  and  the  reputed  author  of  the  book 
"Tao-tehKing." 

La  Falata,  Duke  of.    See  yai-arra  y  Rocafnll. 

La  Paz  (la  jiiith;  local  pron.  la  piiz').  1.  A 
department  of  western  Bolivia,  on  the  Peru- 
vian frontier.  Area,  estimated,  171,098  square 
miles.  Population  (1888),  346,139,  exclusive  of 
wild  Indians. — 2.  A  city  of  Boliria,  capital 
of  the  department  of  La  Paz,  situated  in  a 
valley  of  the  Andes,  12,226  feet  above  sea-level, 
in  lat.  16°  30'  S.,  long.  67°  59'  W.  It  is  an  im- 
portant  commercial  place,  and  contains  a  cathedral  and  a 
university.    Population  (1893),  about  65,000. 

La  Paz.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Lower 
California,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia in  lat.  24°  10'  N.,  long.  110°  21'  W.  Pop- 
ulation   l'<95),  4,737. 

La  P6rouse  dii  pa-roz'),  Jean  FranQois  de 
Galaup,  Conite  de.  Bom  near  Albi,  France, 
Ang.  22,  1741 :  lost  at  sea  in  1788.  A  French 
navigator.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expedition 
which  set  sail  from  France  in  1785  and  arrived  on  the 
northeastern  coast  of  Asia  in  1787.  He  discovered  the 
Strait  of  F^rouse,  Aug.  9,  1787,  and  in  the  following  year 
suffered  shipwreck  and  perished  with  his  whole  expedition 
off  the  island  of  Vanikoro. 

La  P6rouse  Strait.     [Named  for  the  Count  de 

la  Perouse.]  A  sea  passage  separating  the 
islands  of  Saghalin  and  Yezo,  and  connecting 
the  Sea  of  Japan  with  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk. 

Lapham  (lap'am).  Increase  Allen.  Born  at 
Palm_\Ta,  N.  Y.,  March  7,  1811 :  died  at  Ocono- 
mowoc,  Wis.,  Sejit.  14. 1875.  An  American  geol- 
ogist, author  of  various  works  on  Wisconsin. 

Lapithse  (lap'i-the).  [Gr.  Xa-idai.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Thessalian  race,  descendants  of  La- 
pithes,  son  of  Apollo  and  Stilbe,  and  brother  of 
Centaurus.  They  were  governed  by  Pirithous,  a  half- 
brother  of  the  Centaurs.  On  the  occasion  of  his  marriage 
to  Hippodameia,  a  fierce  struggle  took  place  between  the 
Centaurs  (who  had  been  invited  to  the  wedding)  and  the 
Lapithie,  which  ended  in  the  expulsion  of  the  former  from 
Pelion.  The  cause  of  the  quarrel  was  the  attempt  of  a 
drunken  Centaur,  Eurytion,  to  c;irry  off  the  bride. 

Lapito  (lii-pe-to'),  Louis  Auguste.  Born  at 
St.-Maur,  near  Paris,  ]S05:  died  at  Boulogne- 
sur-Seine,  near  Paris,  April  7,  1874.  A  French 
landscape-painter. 

Laplace  (lii-pUis').  .Marquis  Pierre  Simon  de. 

iiiirii  at  Bcaumont-cn-Auge.  Calvados.  France, 
March  28.  1749:  died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1,S27. 
A  celebrated  French  astronomer  and  luatlie- 
matieian.  His  father  was  a  farmer.  Laplace  went  to 
Paris  and  obtained,  through  the  iTiIlileliceof  h'Abiiibert,  a 
position  as  professor  of  iiint  hematics  in  the  Krolc  Militaire. 
In  1799  Napoleon  made  him  minister  of  the  iiilcrior,  a  post 
which  he  held  only  six  weeks.  In  18o:i  he  wa.s  vice-presi. 
dent  of  tho  Senate.  He  was  made  a  peer  by  l.ouis  .Will, 
anil  marquis  in  1817.  Among  his  most  noted  researches 
arc  those  on  the  inc(inality  of  the  motions  of  .lupiter  aiul 
Saturn,  on  lunar  motions,  on  probabilities,  and  on  the 
titles.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  "  Meeanlqueci^'leste  " 
(17;>9-1825:  English  translation  by  Nathaniel  [towditeh). 
lie  published  also  "Exposition  (hi  systeme  du  nuimie" 
(1T1»1).  etc. 

Lapland,  or  Lappland  (lap'land).  The  country 
ill  till'  La|i|is.  silii.Mlid  in  the  extreme  north  of 
Norway,  Sweden.  Kiiilanil,  anil  the  north-west- 
ern part  of  the  governincnt  of  .Archangel, 
Russia.  The  inhabllants  are  chielly  Lapps  (estlnuited 
at  28.000X  comprising  Mountain  I  ajips  (chielly  nomadic) 
anti  Fisher  Lapps.  The  religionsore  l.ntherau'aud  Creek 
Church.  The  Lapps  were  reduced  by  the  Itussiana  In  the 
nth  century,  by  the  Norwegians  In  tho  14th,  and  by  tin- 
Swedes  in  the  l(.th. 

La  Plata.     See  liii>  ih-  In  I'latn. 

La  Plata  (lii  ]dil'lii).  One  of  the  old  names  of 
Siicri'  or  ('hu(|iiisaca,  BoliNia. 

La  Plata  (Hi  plii'tii).  \  port  and  the  capital  of 
the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Re- 
])iiblic,  situated  at  thi'  month  of  the  river  San- 
tiago, an  alllui'nt  of  thi'  Rio  de  la  Plata,  24  miles 
east-sontheast  (d'  Bucmios  Ayres.  It  wasfoinided  in 
Nov.,  18.vi,  and  its  growth  hits  been  phenomemd.  it  is  ikow 
the  most  IniiHirtant  port  of  the  ri'pnbllc,  and  has  a  cathe. 
dral.  astronomical  observatory,  mnseuni,  and  many  other 
Iinbilc  institutions.  The  suburb  of  'I'tdosn  Is  the  central 
Iioint  of  the  Argentine  railway  system.  Population  (1M>3), 
alHiiit  70.00II. 

La  Plata,  The  United  Provinces  of.  Tho  of- 

liciul   name   of  the   Argentine   Republic   from 


Laramie  Mountains 

1813  to  1830.  During  this  period  a  federal  system  pr*. 
vailed,  but  with  many  changes  and  much  coufusiou. 
Iruguay  was  included  during  a  part  of  the  time. 
La  Plata, Viceroyalty  of.  A  di\-ision  and  vice- 
royalty  of  Spanish  .South  America,  established 
in  1770  to  inchule  the  colonies  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
Tucuman,  and  Paraguay,  the  Banda  Oriental 
(Uruguay),  Charcas  (now  Boli\-ia),  taken  from 
Peru,  and  Cuyo  (Mendoza,  etc.),  separated  from 
Chile.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  the  present  countries  of 
the  Arcentine  Republic,  Iruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Bolivia. 
The  victToyalty  practically  came  to  an  end  in  1810,  and 
during  the  w.arfor  independence  the  countries  separated. 
Also  called  the  Viceroyalty  of  Buetwtt  Ayres,  from  the 
capital. 

Lapommeraye  (lii-iiom-ra'),  Pierre  Henri 
Victor  Berdalle  de.    Bom  at  Rouen,  Oct.  20, 

1839:  died  at  Paris.  Dec.  23,  1891.  A  French 
critic  ami  lecturer,  i,,  issi  he  took  charge  of  the 
course  of  dramatic  history  and  literature  at  the  Conser- 
vatory. 
La  Porte  (la  port').  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
La  Porte  Countv,  Indiana,  51  miles  east-south- 
east of  Chicago."     Population  (1900).  7,113. 

Lappenberg  (liip'pen-bero),  Johann  Martin. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  July  30, 1794  :  died  Nov.  28, 
1865.  A  German  historian,  keeper  of  the  ar- 
chives to  the  Hamburg  senate  1823-63.  He  wrote 
"Geschichte  von  England  "  ("  History  of  England,"  1834- 
1837:  continued  by  I'auli,  tnmslated  by  Thorpe),  the  history 
of  Hamburg  and  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  etc. 

Lapps  (laps).  A  race  from  which  Lapland  (which 
see)  takes  its  name.  The  Lapps  are  an  inferior  branch 
of  the  Finnic  race,  physically  dwarfish  and  weak,  and  low 
in  the  scale  of  civilization. 

Laputa  (la-pii'til).  A  flying  island  in  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels." 

In  the  voyage  to  Laputa  the  satire  is  directed  against  the 
vanity  of  human  wisdom,  and  the  folly  of  abandoning  use- 
ful occupations  for  the  empty  schemes  of  visionaries.  The 
philosophers  of  Lai>uta  had  allowed  theirland  to  run  waste, 
and  their  people  to  fall  into  poverty,  in  their  attempts  to 
"soften  marble  for  pillows  and  pin-cushions,"  to  "  jietrify 
the  hoofs  of  a  living  horse  to  prevent  them  from  founder- 
ing," to  "sow  land  with  chaff."  and  to  "extract  sunbeams 
from  cucumbers,  which  were  to  be  put  in  phials  hermeti- 
cally sealed,  and  let  out  to  warm  the  air  in  raw,  inclement 
summers."  Tuckerman,  Hist  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  176. 

Lar.     See  Lares. 

Lar  (liir).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Laris- 

tan,  Persia,  situated  about  lat.  27°  31'  N..  long. 

54°  10'  E.    Population,  estimated,  about  12,OO0. 
Lara  (lii'ra).     The  name  of  a  family  belonging 

to  the  (^astilian  aristocracy  of  the  10th  century, 

whose  adventures  have  been  made  the  subject 

of  many  ballads.     See  the  extract. 

The  ballads  which  naturally  fonn  the  next  group  are 
those  on  the  Seven  Ix)rds  of  Lara,  who  lived  in  the  time 
of  Garcia  Fernandez,  the  son  of  Feman  Gonzalez.  Some 
of  them  are  beautiful,  and  the  story  they  contain  is  one  of 
the  most  romantic  in  Sjjanish  history.  The  Seven  Ixirds 
of  Lara,  in  consequence  of  a  family  (juarrel,  are  betrayed  by 
tlifir  unrle  into  the  hands  of  the  Moors,  and  put  toileath": 
while  tlieir  father,  with  the  basest  treason,  is  confined  in 
a  Sloorish  prison,  where,  by  a  noble  MiMtrish  lady,  he  liaa 
an  eighth  son,  the  famous  Mudiura,  who  at  last  avenges 
all  tlie  wrongs  of  his  race.  On  this  story  there  are  above 
thirty  ballads;  someveryoUl  and  exhibiting  either  inven- 
tions or  traditions  not  elsewhere  reeorde<I,  while  othera 
seem  to  have  come  directly  from  the  "  (Jenend  Clironlcle. " 
Ticl-iior,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  128. 

Lara.  A  narrative  poem  by  Lord  Byron,  pub- 
lished in  1814:  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

Lara(lii'rii).  A  state  of  northwestern  Venezuela, 
between  Falcon  and  Carabobo,  with  a  small  ex- 
tent of  coast  on  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Capital, 
Burquisinieto.  Area,  9,296  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (estimated.  1S90V  260,681. 

Lara  ilii'rii).  Juan  Jacinto.  Born  at  Carora, 
Bar(|uisiineto,  177S:  diid  at  Baniuisimeto,  Feb. 
25,  1859.  A  Veneztudan  general  of  the  war  for 
indepenilencp.  lie  enlisted  in  isio,  and  held  many  im- 
THirtant  comuumdH  in  \'enezuela.  Colombia,  and  Peru  ;  led 
the  Colombian  troops  at  the  battle  of  Ayacuebo,  Kcc.  H, 
1824 ;  antI  renndued  in  commaiul  of  the  Colombian  con- 
tingent after  Holivar  li'ft  Peru  In  1820.  On  .Ian.  20.  1827, 
his  Innips  revolted,  made  him  prisoner,  and  sent  him  to 
Hogolii,  where  he  was  released.  This  event  leil  ti»  the  with- 
drawal of  the  I'olombiaus  from  Peru,  and  the  rejection  by 
tbiit  coniitrj  of  Holivar's  constitution. 

La  R4bida  (lii  rii'br-dii).  The  name  commonly 
given  to  the  Franciscan  convent  of  Santa  Maria 
tie  RAbida,  on  a  hill  near  the  town  of  Palos, 
Siiniii.  It  is  asKociated  with  several  Incidents  In  the  life 
of  Christopher Colundius.  The  corivenl.  which  had  fallen 
to  ruins,  was  restored  in  18.^5. 

Larache,  or  Larash.    See  ICI-Amish. 
Laramie  City  Oaf'"-"""'  sii'i).    Tli<-  capital  of 

.\  Ibimyt  on  III  \.\Vy  Inning,  situated  on  the  I'nion 
I'acilic  Rnilroail  45  mili'S  west-norllnvest  of 
('hrvonii.';  alr.i  linLreoiittr.   Population   1900), 

8.L'li7. 

Laramie  Mountains.     -V  range  of  mountains 

in  southern  \Vy iiig  and  northern  Colorado. 

II  extends  east  and  northeast  of  the  Laramie 
I'iaiiis. 


Laramie  Peak 

Laramie  Peak.  A  peak  of  the  Laramie  Moun- 
tains, situated  in  Wyoming  about  lat.  42°  20'  N. 
Height,  about  10,000  feet. 

Laramie  Plains.  A  plateau  In  southern  Wyo- 
ming, northwest  of  Cheyenne.  Its  height  is 
about  7,500  feet. 

Laramie  River.  A  river  which  rises  in  northern 
Colorado  and  joins  the  North  Platte  at  Fort 
Laramie,  eastern  Wyoming.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Laranda  (la-ran'da).  The  ancient  name  of  Ka- 
raman  (ivhich  see). 

La  Ravardi^re  ilii  ra-var-dyar'),  Daniel  de  la 
Tousche,  Sieur  de.  Born  in  Poitou  about  1570: 
died  after  1031.  A  French  Protestant  soldier. 
About  1609  and  1611  he  made  two  voyages  to  the  coast  ot 
northern  Brazil  for  trading  purposes.  Subseciuently  he 
joined  with  Francois  de  Uazilly  in  establishing  a  French 
colony  at  Slaranhao  (1612),  from  whence  he  explored  the 
Lower  Amazon.  The  colony  was  taken  "oy  the  Portuguese 
in  1616,  and  La  Ravardiere  remained  a  prisoner  for  3  years. 
In  1630  he  was  vice-admiral,  under  RazUly,  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  Barbaiy  corsairs. 

Larcher  (lar-sha' ),  Pierre  Henri.  Bom  at  Dijon, 
France,  Oct.  12, 1726 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  22, 1812. 
A  French  Hellenist,  translator  of  Herodotus 
(1786). 

Larcom  (lar'kom),  Lucy.  Bom  at  Beverly 
Farms,  Mass.,  1826:  died  April  17,  1893.  An 
American  poet.  In  her  youth  she  worked  in  a  factory 
at  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  was  a  contributor  to  the  '*  Lowell 
Offering."  From  1806-74  she  was  editor  of  "Our  Young 
Folks."  She  was  the  author  of  "  Ships  in  the  Mi8t>  etc.." 
stories  (1S59),  and  4  or  5  volumes  of  poems,  and  compiled 
and  edited  "Eoadside  Poems,  etc."(lS76),  "Hillside  and 
Seaside  in  Poetry"  (18TT),  etc.  Perhaps  her  best-known 
single  poem  is  "Poor  Lone  Hannah." 

Lardner  (lard'ner),  Dionysius.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, April  3, 1793:  died  at  Naples,  April  29, 1859. 
An  English  clergjnnan  and  scientifie  writer,  a 
graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  (1817).  in 
1>27  he  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
astronomy  in  London  fniversity.  He  eloped,  1840,  with 
the  wife  of  a  cavalry  offlcer  (afterward  marrying  her) ;  vis- 
ited the  United  States  and  Cuba;  and  in  1S46  established 
himself  in  Paris,  .\niong  his  numerous  publications  are 
the  'Cabinet  Cyclopedia"  (1830-J9),  to  which  he  contrib- 
uted the  articles  on  hydrostatics,  pneumatics,  arithmetic, 
and  geometry  (and  collaborated  in  others),  "The  Great  E.x- 
hibition  and  London  in  1S51 "  (1S52).  and  numerous  works 
and  papers  on  natural  science  and  railway  economics.  He 
is  notable  chiefly  as  a  popularizer  of  science. 

Lardner.Nathaniel.  Born  atHawkhurst,Kent, 
June  6, 1684 :  died  there,  July  24, 1768.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine  and  biblical  scholar, 
author  of  ''  The  Credibility  of  the  Gospel  His- 
tory" (1727-57:  anoteddefenseof  Christianity), 
sermons,  etc. 

Laredo  (la-ra'tho).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Santander,  Spain,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  It  has 
a  large  trade  in  fish.     Population  (1887),  4,850. 

Lares  (la'rez).  In  Eoman  antiquity,  a  class 
of  infernal  deities  whose  cult  was  primitive. 
They  were  looked  upon  as  natural  protectors  of  the  state 
and  family,  and  also  as  powerful  for  evil  if  not  duly  re- 
spected and  propitiated.  The-public  Lares,  originally  two 
in  number,  were  the  guardians  of  the  unity  of  the  state, 
and  were  honored  with  temples  and  an  elaborate  ceremo- 
nial. Aiter  the  time  of  Augustus,  at  least,  each  division  of 
the  city  had  also  its  own  public  Lares  {Lares  compitalest . 
The  private  Lares  differed  for  each  family,  and  were  wor- 
shiped daily  in  the  house,  being  domiciled  either  on  the 
family  hearth  or  in  a  special  shrine.  They  received  also 
especial  recognition  upon  every  occasion  of  festivity,  pub- 
lic or  private,  and  on  certain  days  devoted  particularly  to 
them,  and  claimed  tribute  alike  from  the  bride  upon  en- 
tering the  family  and  from  the  youth  upon  attaining  his 
majority.  The  chief  of  the  private  Lares  in  each  family,  the 
domestic  or  household  Lar  (Lar /amiiiarift)  in  the  fullest 
sense,  was  the  spirit  of  the  founder  of  the  family.  To  the 
family  spirits  were  often  added  in  later  times,  among  the 
household  Liu-es,  the  shades  of  heroes,  or  other  personal* 
ities  who  were  looked  upon  with  admiration  or  awe.  In 
their  character  as  malignant  divinities,  the  Lares  were 
commonly  classed  under  the  title  of  Lemures  or  Larva". 

Largs  (largz).  A  town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  victory  of  Alexander  III.  over  Haco  of  Norway  in 
1263.     Population  (1891),  3,187, 

Larino  (la-re'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Campobasso,  Italv,  situated  in  lat.  41°  48'  N., 
long.  14°  55'  E._    Population,  about  6,000. 

Larissa,  or  Larisa  (H-res'a).  1.  A  nomarchy 
of  northern  Greece,  ceded  by  Turkey  in  1881. 
Area,  since  1899,  1,622  square  miles.  Popula- 
rion  (1896),  86,513.-2.  The  capital  of  the  no- 
marchy of  Larissa,  situated  on  the  Salambria 
(Peneius)inlat.39°37'N.,  long.  22° 22' E.:  the 
ancient  capital  (under  the  name  Laiissa)  of  the 
district  Pelasgiotis,    Population  (1889),  13,610. 

Larissa  Cremaste  (la-ris'a  kre-mas'te).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  town  in  Thessalv,  Greece, 
situated  in  lat.  38°  56'  N.,  long.  22°  50'  E. 

Laristan  (lar-is-tiin').  A  province  in  southern 
Persia,  bordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf  south- 
east of  Farsi.stan.  Capital,  Lar.  The  surface  is 
largely  mountainous.  Area,  about  20,000  square  miles. 
Population,  about  90,000. 


592 

Larins  (la'ri-us)  Lacns.  [Gr.  fi  \apioc  TufivT/.] 
The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of  Como. 

La  Rive  (la  rev'),  Auguste  de.  Born  at  Ge- 
neva, Oct.  9,  1801 :  died  at  Marseilles,  Nov.  27, 
1873.  A  Swiss  physicist,  son  of  Charles  Gaspard 
de  La  Rive,  physician  and  chemist  (1770-1834). 
He  was  made  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Acad- 
emy at  Geneva  in  1823;  went  to  Paris  in  1830;  became 
corresponding  member  of  the  Institute;  went  to  London, 
and  w.as  admitted  to  the  Royal  Society ;  returned  to  Geneva 
in  1836,  and  conducted  the  "Biblioth^que  Universelle  de 
Geneve."  He  devoted  himself  to  the  investigation  of  the 
specific  heat  of  gases  and  the  conductibility  of  heat,  but 
especially  to  researches  in  electricity.  His  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  many  original  discoveries  in  magnetism,  elec- 
tro-dynamics, etc.  He  invented  the  process  of  electro-gild- 
ing, and  propounded  a  new  theory  of  the  aurora.  Among 
his  published  works  are  "M^moire  sur  les  caustiques" 
(1824),  "Th^orie  de  la  pile  voltaique"  (1S36),  and  a  com- 
plete treatise  on  electricity,  regarded  as  authoritative,  en- 
titled "Archives  de  T^lectricit^ :  Traits  de  I'^lectricit^ 
th^orique  et  appliqu^e  "  (1S54-,'SS). 

Larivey  (la-re-va'),  Pierre  de.  Bom  at  Troyes 
about  1550:  died  about  1612.  A  French  drama- 
tist. He  was  of  Italian  birth,  and  translated  his  Italian 
name  Giunti  into  Larivey.  He  may  be  considered  one  of 
the  creators  of  French  comedy.  Both  iloli^re  and  Regnard 
were  indebted  to  him.  His  comedies  were  published 
togetlier  by  VioUet-le-Duc  in  lfi79,  and  several  editions 
followed.  He  also  translated  and  imitated  Straparola's 
"Nights,"  etc. 

Larnaka,  or  Larnaca  (lar'na-ka),  or  Larnica 
(lar'ne-ka).  A  town  and  the  chief  seaport  in 
Cj^prus,  with  roadstead  in  lat.  34°  55'  N.,  long. 
33°  39'  E. :  the  ancient  Citium.  Population 
(1891),  7,i593. 

Laroche  (la-rosh'), Madame  (Maria Sophie Gu- 
termann).  Born  atKaufbeuren,  Bavaria,  Dec. 
6, 1731 :  died  at  Offenbach,  Hesse,  Feb.  18, 1807. 
A  German  novelist.  Her  novels  are  somewhat  after 
the  manner  of  Richardson,  .\mong  them  are  "Fraulein 
Stemheira"(1771),  "Ros.alien3  Briefe"(1779),  "ilelusinens 
Sommerlieder"  (1806),  etc. 

La  Rochefoucauld  (lii  rosh-fo-ko'),  Francois, 
sixth  Duke  of.  Prince  of  Marcillac.  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  15, 1613 :  died  there,  March  17,  1680. 
A  French  moralist.  He  is  known  in  literature  through 
his  maxims,  his  memoirs,  and  his  correspondence.  The  first 
edition  of  the  "Maxims"  was  issued  anonymously  under  the 
title  "  Reflexions  ou  sentences  et  maximes  morales  "(1665). 
The  fifth  edition  (1678),  published  during  the  author  s  life- 
time, is  considered  definitive.  A  sixth  edition  (1693)  con- 
tains 50  posthumous  maxims.  The  best  modern  edition 
was  made  by  Gilbert  for  the  series  of  the  "  Grands  ^cri- 
vains  de  ia  France  "  (1868).  La  Rochefoucauld's  memoirs 
were  published  in  1662  under  the  title  "  M^moires  sur  la 
r^gence  d'.\nne  d'Autriche."  His  correspondence  was 
made  public  in  1818  through  Belin's  edition  of  the  great 
moralist's  works. 

La  Rochefoucauld-Liancourt  (lyon-k6r'),Duc 
Francjois  Alexandre  Frederic  de.  Born  Jan. 
11,  1747:  died  March  27,  1827.  A  French  phi- 
lanthropist and  politician.  He  founded  on  his  estate, 
Liancourt,  near  Clermont,  a  model  school  for  the  education 
of  .poor  soldiers'  children,  which  in  1788  received  the  name 
"Ecole  des  Enfants  de  la  Patrie."  He  emigrated  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and  was  created  a  peer  at  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in  1814.  He  wrote  "Voyage, 
dans  les  Etats-Unis  d'Am^rique  fait  en  1795-97  "(1798),  etc. 

La  Rochejacciuelein  (larosh-zhak-lan'),  Henri 
du  Vergier,  Comte  de.  Born  near  datillon, 
Deux-Sevres.  Aug.,  1772:  killed  at  Xouaill^. 
March  4,  1794.  A  French  Vendean  leader.  He 
was  made  generalissimo  in  Oct.,  1703 ;  was  victorious  at 
Antrain  and  elsewhere  ;  and  was  defeated  at  Le  3Ians  in 
1793. 

La  Rochejacquelein,  Louis  du  Vergier,  Mar- 
quis de.  Born  at  St.  Aubin,  Deux-Sftvres, 
France,  Nov.,  1777:  killed  in  battle  at  Pont- 
des-Mathis,  near  St.-GiUes,  France,  June  4, 
1815.  A  French  Vendean  leader,  brother  of  the 
Comte  de  la  Roehejacfnielein. 

La  Rochejacquelein,  Marie  Louise  Victoir.e 
de  Donnisson,  Marquise  de.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, Prance,  Oct.  25, 1772:  died  at  Orleans, 
France,  Feb.  15,  1857.  A  French  royalist,  sec- 
ond wife  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Rochejacquelein. 
She  published  "M^moires"  (1815). 

La  Rochelle  (la  ro-shel').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Charente-Inf^rieure,  France,  sit- 
uated on  an  arm  of  the  Bav  of  Biscay,  in  lat.  46° 
9'  N.,  long.  1°  9'  W. :  the  medieval  Rupella.  It 
is  a  strong  fortress  and  an  important  seaport.  Its  fisheries 
are  flourishing,  and  its  trade  extensive  in  wine,  brandy, 
coal,  timber,  salt,  grain,  etc.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and 
contains  a  cathedral,  several  old  towers,  and  an  interest- 
ing h6tel  de  villc.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  .Aunis. 
After  various  changes  it  was  finally  restored  to  France 
about  1372.  After  1668  it  was  t(je  Huguenot  headquarters. 
It  was  besieged  by  Richelieu  1627  and  taken  1628  (through 
the  construction  of  a  mole,  and  in  spite  of  the  relief  expe- 
dition under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  in  1627>.  The  Eng- 
lish attempted  to  destroy  the  French  fleet  here  in  1809. 
Population  (1891'),  26.808. 

La  Rochelle,  Peace  of.  A  peace  signed  at  La 
Rochelle,  July  6.  1573,  whereby  Charles  IX. 
gi'anted  the  Protestants  partial  toleration. 

La-Roche-SUr-Yon  (lii-rosh'sUr-yon'l.     The 


Lasca,  II 

capital  of  the  department  of  Vendue,  France, 
situated  on  the  Yon  in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  1° 
27'  W.  The  town  was  founded  by  Napoleon,  and  was 
named  Napol^onville  1808-14,  Bourbon- Vendue  1814-48, 
and  Napoleon-Vendee  1848-70.  The  castle  Roche-sur-Ton 
was  formerly  important  in  the  English  and  religious  wars. 
Napoleon  erected  a  number  of  buildings  in  the  town,  which 
are  not  remarkable.    Population  (ls91),  commune,  12,215. 

Laromiguifere  (lii-ro-me-gySr'),  Pierre.  Bom 
at  Li\'ignae-le-Haut,  Aveyrou,  France,  Nov.  3, 
1756 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1837.  A  French 
pliilosophical  ■writer,  author  of  "  Lemons  de 
philosophie  "  (1815-18),  etc. 

La  RothiSre  (la-ro-tyar'),  A  village  23  miles 
east  of  Troyes,  Aube,  France.  Here,  Feb.  l,  1314, 
the  Allies  (100,000)  under  Blucher  defeated  the  Fi-ench 
(45,000)  under  Napoleon. 

Larousse  (lii-ros'),  Pierre  Athanase.  Bom  at 
Toucy,  Yonne,  France,  Oct.  23,  1817:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  3, 1875.  A  French  grammarian,  lex- 
icographer, and  author  :  editor  of  the  "  Grand 
diciionnaire  uiiiversel"  (1866-78). 

Larra  (liir'rii),  Mariano  Jose  de.  Bom  at 
Madrid.  March,  1809 :  committed  suicide,  Feb. 
13.  1837.  A  Spanish  satirist  and  dramatist. 
He  first  attracted  notice  by  his  "El  duende  Satirico" 
(1829)  and  "El  pobrecito  hablador "  (1832).  He  became 
editor  in  chief  of  the  "  Spanish  Review  "in  1833,  and  WTOte 
for  periodicals,  under  the  pseudonym  Figaro,  a  variety  of 
humorous  articles  published  in  5  volumes  as  "Figaro" 
after  his  death  in  1837. 

Larrazabal(liir-rii-tha'biil), Felipe.  Born  about 
1822:  died  1873.  A  Venezuelan  author.  He  l« 
best  known  for  his  "  Vida  del  Libertador  Simon  Bolivar," 
first  published  in  1S63  (Caracas,  2  vols.),  which  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  Larrazabal  collected  a  Ibrge 
amount  of  luanuscript  material  on  the  history  of  America, 
including  over  8,000  letters  of  Bolivar.  He  was  on  his  way 
to  Europe  to  arrange  for  the  publication  of  several  works 
when  he  was  drowned  in  the  \vreck  of  the  steamship 
Ville  du  Havre. 

Larrey  (lii-ra'),  Dominique  Jean,  Baron.  Bom 
near  Bagn&res-de-Bigorre,  France,  July,  1766: 
died  at  Lyons,  July  25,  1842.  A  noted  French 
surgeon.  He  served  first  in  the  navy,  and  then  in  the 
army,  and  became  distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  cam* 
paigns  as  the  head  of  the  medical  and  surgical  department 
of  the  army.  He  introduced  the  ambulances  volantes  (fly- 
ing ambulances).  He  published  "M6moires  de  m^decine 
et  de  chirurgie"  (1812-18),  etc. 

Larsa  (liir'sa).     See  Ellasar. 

La  Salle  (la  sal).  A  city  of  La  Salle  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois,  at  the  head  ol 
na^-igation,  100  miles  west-southwest  of  Chi- 
cago.    Population  ( 1900),  10,446. 

La  Salle  (la  siil'),  Antoine  de.  A  French  poet. 

See  the  extract. 

Critics  have  vied  with  each  other  in  heaping  unackn^w. 
ledged  masterpieces  on  his  head.  His  only  acknowledgec 
work  is  the  cliarming  romance  of  "  Petit  Jean  de  Saintr6." 
The  first  thing  added  to  this  has  been  the  admirable  satire 
of  the  "Quinze  Joyes  du  Mariage,"  the  next  the  famous 
collection  of  the  "Cent  Nouvelles,"  and  the  last  the  still 
more  famous  farce  of  "Pathelin."  There  are  for  once  few 
or  no  external  reasons  why  these  various  attributions 
should  not  be  admitted,  while  there  are  many  internal  ones 
why  they  should.  Antoine  de  la  Salle  was  bom  in  1398, 
and  spent  his  life  in  the  employment  of  different  kings 
and  princes :  — Louis  III.  of  Anjon,  king  of  Naples,  his 
son  the  good  King  Een^,  the  count  of  Saint  Pol,  and  Philip 
the  Good  of  Burgundy,  who  was  his  natural  sovereign. 
Nothing  is  known  of  him  after  1461.  Of  the  three  prose 
works  which  have  been  attributed  to  him  — there  are othere 
of  a  didactic  character  in  ntanuscript —- the  "  Quinze  .Toyes 
du  Mariage"  is  extremely  brief,  but  it  contains  the  quin. 
(essence  of  all  the  satire  on  that  honourable  estate  which 
the  middle  ages  had  elaborated. 

Sainisbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  147. 

La  Salle  (la  sal),  Jean  Baptiste.     Bom  at 

Rheims,  France,  April  30,  1651 :  died  at  Rouen, 
France,  April  7, 1719.  A  French  priest,  founder 
of  the  "Brethren  of  the  Christian  Schools." 

La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier,  Sienr  de.  Bora 
at  Rouen,  Nov.  22,  1643:  died  in  Texas,  March 
20,  1687.  A  French  explorer.  He  was  of  burgher 
descent;  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  with  whom  he  waa 
for  a  time  connected ;  and  in  1666  went  out  to  Canada.  In 
1669  he  set  out  upon  a  tour  of  western  exploration,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  discovered  the  Ohio  River.  In  the 
course  of  another  journey,  a  year  or  two  later,  he  explored 
the  upper  part  of  the  Illinois.  He  was  granted  a  patent  ot 
nobility  in  1673.  In  1679  he  established  Fort  Crtveca-ur 
on  the  Illinois  River,  near  the  site  of  the  present  Peoria, 
which  was  intended  as  the  starting-point  of  an  expedition 
down  the  Mississippi.  Returning  in  1680  from  a  journey 
to  Canada  after  supplies,  he  found  the  fort  destroyed  by 
the  Iroquois.  The  garrison,  under  Heni-y  de  Tonti,  had 
made  good  its  escape,  however,  and  afterward  rejoined 
La  Salle  at  Mackinaw.  Organizing  a  new  expedition,  he 
set  out  from  Fort  Frontenac  with  Henry  de  Tonti,  thirty 
Frenchmen,  and  a  band  of  Indians  in  1681,  and,  reaching 
the  Mississippi  by  way  of  the  Chicago  portage  and  the  Illi- 
nois River,  descended  to  its  mouth,  which  he  reached  April 
9,  16S2.  In  1684  hejled  a  band  of  colonists  from  France, 
intending  to  found  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. He  landed  at  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  which  he 
mistook  tor  a  western  outlet  of  the  river,  and  was  on  his 
way  to  Canada  to  procure  provisions  for  his  colony  when 
he  was  assassinated  by  some  of  his  disaffected  followers 
near  a  branch  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

Lasca,  II.     See  Gra.::iiii. 


Lascaris,  Andreas  Joannes 
Lascaris  (liis'ku-ris),  Andreas  Joannes  or 

JanOS  or  Janus.  Boru  at  Kliymlac'us,  in  Phry- 
gia,  about  1445:  died  at  Ki)me,  1535.  A  noted 
Greek  scholar,  resident  iu  Italy  and  France  after 
the  fall  of  Constantinople.  He  fli-st  sought  the  court 
of  Lorenzo  de  ilediej,  iind  after  his  patron's  deiitli  went 
to  Paris  where  he  taught  Greek,  In  1503,  uud  afrain  in 
1505,  he  was  French  aniliassador  at  Venice,  and  after  150S 
went  to  Rome.  His  most  notable  work  is  an  edition  of 
the  Greek  anthologj-  (1494).  He  also  edited  the  Greek 
scholia  on  tlie  Iliad,  etc. 

Lascaris,  Constantine.  FlourisheO  in  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  15th  centuiy.  A  Greek  scholar, 
settled  in  Italy  after  1453.  He  wrote  a  Greek 
grammar  ( 1476 :  the  first  book  printed  in  Greek). 

Lascaris,  Theodore,     See  Theodore  I.  Lascaris. 

Las  Casas,  Bartolome  de.    See  Casas, 

Las  Cases  ( las  kUz),  Comte  Emmanuel  Augus- 
tin  Dieudonne  de.  Born  near  Kevel,  Haute- 
Garonue,  France,  1706:  died  at  Paris,  May  15, 
1842.  A  French  historian,  companixm  of  Na- 
poleon at  St.  Helena  1815-16.  He  served  the  royal- 
ist cause  in  the  array  of  Cond6  in  1792,  and  then  went  to 
England,  returning  to  France  in  1799.  In  180S  N'apoleon 
made  him  a  baron,  and  gave  him  a  position  in  the  t-ouncil 
of  state.  When  the  emperor  was  sent  to  St.  Helena,  Las 
Cases,  with  his  eldest  son,  followed  him.  He  was  sent 
away  from  the  island  in  Nov.,  1816,  for  attempting  to  for- 
ward a  letter  to  Lucien  Bonaparte  without  the  knowledge 
of  the  commacdant,  and  was  confined  at  the  Cape  for  8 
months.  To  him  Napoleon  dictated  a  part  of  his  memoirs. 
He  published  "Memorial  de  Sainte-H^ltne"  (182'2-23). 

Lascy,     See  Lacn. 

LaSerena(la  sa-ra'na).  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Coquimbo,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Coquimbo  River,  in  lat.  29°  53'  S.  It  was  founded 
by  Valdiviairil544,  and  was  an  important  point  in  the  early 
history  of  Chile.  Coquimbo,  its  commercial  port,  is  7  miles 
soutliwest  of  it,  but  the  two  names  are  often  used  inter- 
changeably.    Population  (1885),  17,230. 

La  Serna  y  Hinojosa  (lasar'na  e  en-o-no'sa), 
Jos6  de.  Born  at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  1770  : 
died  at  Cadiz,  1832.  A  noted  Spanish  general. 
In  1816,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  he  was  put  in 
couimand  of  the  army  in  Upper  Peru.  He  was  defeated 
by  the  patriots  at  Salta  and  Jujuy,  and,  owing  to  disagree- 
nieuts  with  tlie  viceroy,  resigned  in  1819,  and  was  made 
lieutenant-general  and  president  of  the  council  of  war: 
soon  after  this  he  was  made  commander  of  the  army  against 
San  Martin.  On  Jan.  29, 1S21,  the  viceroy  Pezuela  was  de- 
posed by  his  officers,  and  La  Serna  was  put  in  his  place. 
La  Serna  was  forced  to  evacuate  Lima  July  6. 1821,  but  he 
kept  his  ground  in  the  interior  with  great  skill  and  resolu- 
tion, making  his  capital  atCuzco.  During  three  years  and 
8  half  he  was  practically  cutotf  from  Spain.  He  was  finally 
defeatea  by  .Sucre  and  captured  with  his  whole  army  at 
the  battle  of  Ayacucho,  Dec.  9.  1824. 

Las Heras  (las  a'ras),  Juan  Gregorio  de.  Born 
at  Buenos  Ayres,  July  11,  1780:  tUed  at  Santi- 
ago de  Chile,  Feb.  6,  186G.  A  Spanish-Ameri- 
can general,  in  1824  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  from  May  9  of  that  year  until  Feb.  7, 1825,  was 
acting  president  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  Soon 
after  he  retired  to  Chile,  where  he  resided  until  his  death. 

Lask  (Hisk).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Piotrkow,  Russian  Poland,  92  miles  southwest 
of  Warsaw.     Population  (1890),  5,677. 

Lasker  (las'ker),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Jaroein, 
Posen,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 1829:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  5,  1884.  A  Gennan  statesman,  one  of  the 
founders  and  leaders  of  the  National  Liberal 
party.  He  entered  the  Prussian  Landtag  in  18<;r>,  and  the 
German  Reichstag  in  1SG7,  and  headed  the  secessionists 
from  the  National  Liberal  party  in  1880. 

Lasker,  Emanuel.  Born  at  Berlinchen,  near 
Berlin,  Dec.  24,  1HG8.  A  noted  (ierman  chess- 
player. A  match  with  W.  Steinitz  f'-r  the  chess  cham- 
piunaliip  of  the  world,  played  March  l.T  ti>  May  '2(i,  18U4. 
at  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Montreal,  resulted  in 
lavnr  of  Lasker  by  10  games  to  0,  with  4  drawe.  He  also 
wun  the  return  match  in  181*0. 

Laski  (liis'ke),  or  a  Lasco  (ii  liis'ko),  John, 
Born  at  the  castle  of  Lnsk.  Poland,  14i>9:  died 
atKalisch,Pol:Mid,  Jan.  1:J.  1500.  A  Polish  Prot- 
estant tiieolofjiaii,  llio  second  soil  of  Jaroslaw, 
baron  of  Lask.  lie  studied  at  Bologna  Ifilfi-IT;  was 
ordained  a  priest  and  dean  at  <;nesen  1021 ;  went  to  Hiisel 
In  \Wl'A,  and  lived  for  a  year  with  Krasn)us ;  returned  to 
Poland  in  Oct.,  l.VJC;  and  became  bishop  of  Vesprim  In 
15iiit,  and  archduacon  of  Warsaw  in  \WMi.  He  became  a  re- 
fonncr  of  tin.-  Swiss  schfwd.  In  1.540  he  settled  in  Emden, 
East  Fricsliutd;  was  appointed  pastor  of  a  connreuatlon 
there  in  1&-I2 ;  went  to  KuKland  im  the  invitation  o(  Cr.inmer 
In  AuK.,lf)-18,  retumiuK  to  Ennlen  in  March,  IMD;  and  re- 
turned to  Entrland  in  May,  1,V>0.  remaining  there  until 
Sept.,  15&.3.  While  in  rnelamt  he  wan  t-nperintfiideiit  of 
the  Church  ot  Foreign  I'roteslants  in  L<»nd<)n,  and  took  an 
(niportant  iiart  iti  the  discussions  of  ecclesiastical  atfairs. 
He  was  a  vnlumini>U8  writer. 

La  Sorbonne.     See  Sorhonne,  La. 

Las  Palmas.     See  Pahnas,  Las. 

Las  Pilas  (liis  po'liis).  An  extinct  volcano  in 
Nii'jirngua,  Central  America,  oast-northeast  of 
Leon. 

Lassa.     Soo  Lhasa. 

Las  Salinas  (liis  aji-le'niia).  A  pUu'e  about  threo 
miles  north  of  Cuzco,  Peru :  so  called  because 
salt  had  been  obtained  there.    Here,  on  April  26, 


593 

1538.  the  forces  of  Diego  de  Almajrro  (the  elder),  command- 
ed by  his  lieutenant,  Orgonez.  were  defeated  by  tianeisi  <i 
Pizarrri's  array  under  his  brother,  Hernando.  Alaiayio 
was  captured  and  executed  soon  after. 

Lassalle  (la-siil'),  Ferdinand.    Born  at  Bres- 

hiu,  Prussia,  April  11,  1825:  tlied  at  Geneva, 
Aug.  31, 1864.  A  German  socialist  and  agitator, 
leader  in  the  German  social-democratic  move- 
ment. He  published  "Die  Philosophic  Herakleitos" 
(1858).  "Das  System  der  erworbenen  Rechte  "  ("System  of 
acquired  Rights,"  1801),  etc.  He  was  killed  in  a  duel 
prowinK  out  of  a  love-atfair. 

Lassalle,  Jean.  A  contemporary  French  oper- 
atic singer.  He  made  his  d6but  in  1871  at  Brussels,  and 
has  sung  with  great  success  in  Paris,  London,  and  Vienna. 
In  1893-94  he  came  to  the  Tnited  States.  His  voice  is  a 
barj'tone,  and  his  repertoire  includes  Telramund,  Rigo- 
letto,  Hamlet,  Gunther,  Nelusko,  etc. 

Lassell  (la-sel'),  William.  Born  at  Bolton, 
Lancashire,  June  IS,  1799:  died  at  Maidenhead, 
Oct.  5,  1880,  An  English  astronomer,  noted  as 
a  constructor  of  reflecting  telescopes  and  as  an 
observer.  He  discovered  the  satellite  of  Neptune  Oct. 
H),  1846, the  seventh  satellite  of  Saturn  (Hyperion)  Sept.  19, 
1848  (simultaneously  with  Bond),  and  the  two  inner  satel- 
lites of  l'ranus(Ariel  and  Umbriel)  (Kt.  24, 1851,  and  cata- 
logued a  large  number  of  new  nebulaj. 

Lassen  (las'sen),  Christian.  Born  at  Bergen, 
Norway,  Oct.  22,  1800:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia, 
May  8,  1876'.  A  noted  Norwegian  Orientalist, 
professor  at  Bonn  from  1830.  He  published  "lu- 
dische  Altertumskunde"(" Indian  Antiquities,"  1S44-C2), 
etc.,  edited  various  Sanskrit  works,  and  deciphered  the 
Old  Persian  cuneiform  inscriptions  ("Die  altpersischeu 
Keilinschrift€n,"  1836). 

Lassen,  Eduard.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  April 
13,  1830.  A  Belgian  composer.  He  went  to  Brus- 
sels when  onlytwo  years  old,  where  hereceived  his  musi- 
cal education.  In  1S51  he  took  the  government  prize,  in 
1857  his  opera  "Le  Roi  Edgard"  was  produced  at  Weimar 
under  the  care  of  Liszt.  Here  he  was  made  conductor  of 
the  court  theater  after  the  latter  retired.  Among  his 
otherworksare"Frauenlob,"  "DerGefaDgene,"and  "Tris- 
tan and  Isolde" — all  operas;  the  music  to  Sophocles's 
"CEdipus,"  to  Goethe's  "Faust,"  to  Hebbel's  "Xibelun- 
gen."  to  DevTient's  version  of  Calderon's  "Circe,"  and  to 
Goethe's  "Pandora."  He  has  also  \vTitten  several  sym- 
phonies and  a  large  number  of  songs  which  are  famous. 

Lassus  (las'us),  Orlandus:  or  Lasso  (las'so), 
Orlando  (originally  Roland  Delattre).  Born 

at  Mons,  Hainault,  1520  ( 1530  /) :  died  at  Munich, 
June,  1594.  The  leading  composer  (next  to  Pa- 
lestrina)  of  the  16th  century,  in  15.'.g  or  1557  he 
was  made  director  of  chamber-music  to  Albert  V.,  duke 
of  Bavaria,  and  iu  15G2was  made  chapel-master.  Herehe 
composed  the  famous  music  for  the  Seven  Penitential 
Psalms.  He  composed  over  2,000  works,  chiefly  sacred, 
including  between  50  and  60  masses,  and  a  number  of  mad- 
rigals, songs,  etc. 
Last  (last),  Doctor.  A  shoemaker  who  passes 
an  amusing  examination  for  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  Foote's  '*The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks." 

Lastarria  (liis-tii-re'a).  Jos6  Victorino.   Bom 

at  Raucagua,  1817:  died  at  Santiago,  June  14, 
1888.  A  Chilean  publicist  and  author.  He  held 
many  important  civil  positions,  and  published  works  in 
various  branches  of  literature :  the  most  valuable  of  these 
relate  to  the  constitutional  historj'  of  Chile. 

Last  Days  of  Pompeii.  A  historical  novel  by 
liuhvcr,  publisht'd  in  1834.  The  scene  is  laid 
chieilv  :it  Foiiipi-ii,  79  A.  D. 

Last  Judgment,  The.  Among  the  noted  paint- 
inf^s  with  this  subject  are  the  foUowiiij,',  (n)  A 
painting  by  Fra  Angelico  da  Fiesole,  in  the  Old  Museum 
at  Berlin.  It  is  an  altai-piece  in  :i  \mvtn.  (b)  A  famons 
painting  by  Michelangelo,  covering  the  entire  end  wall 
above  the  high  altar  of  the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome.  The 
composition  is  separated  into  fi  subdivisions:  (1>  almve, 
angels  with  the  emblems  of  Christ's  Pa-ssion ;  (2)  upper 
middle.  Christ,  with  a  gesture  of  con<lemiiation,  a.s  the  di- 
vine Avenger,  with  Mary  at  his  feet ;  (."()  on  both  sides,  the 
chief  of  the  elect ;  (1)  at  Christ's  feet,  the  angil  sounding 
the  trump  of  doom  :  (r.)  l)elow,  tlie  fate  of  those  awakened 
from  thedead,  the  hlesscil  bt>rne  uiiward.and  the  accursed 
diLsheddown  by  angels  and  hurled  by  devils  into  torment. 
'I'lie  painting  has  suffered  from  incensu  and  taper  Km<)ke, 
and  above  all  from  the  clothing, by  overscrupiihKis  ix>pes, 
of  many  of  Michelangelo's  undraped  llgurca.  (c)  A  fresco 
hi  the  Campo  Santo,  Pisa,  formerly  ascribed  to  Orcagnft» 
but  now  to  the  Lorcnzelti  (1350).  The  blessed  and  the 
lost  are  rising  from  tlieir  graves,  and  being  conducted  to 
one  side  or  the  other  by  angels  or  by  devils.  Many  great 
eccluaiastical  and  civil  dignitaries  are  represented  as  in 
the  latter  case.  TIic  subject  is  powerfully  presented; 
the  gesture  t>t  condemnation  made  by  Christ  toward  the 
damned  is  famous.  (</)  A  very  large  painting  by  Rubens 
(1017).  in  thei)ld  Tinakothek  at  Munich.  The  Three  Per- 
sons  of  the  Trinity  oecnpy  the  central  upper  part  of  the 
canvas.  Christ  sits,  as-Iinlge.  with  nplified  right  arm  ino- 
tfoningto  the  dead  to  rise.  Thesninis  aregathered  about 
the  Deity.  Helow.  the  dead  are  returning  to  life,  and  the 
entire  right  side  is  occupieii  by  the  damned,  wlio  iiro 
hurleil  down  to  perdition  by  thearehangel  Michael  with 
tiaming  sword  ('■)  An  altar]ti«'t*e  by  Koger  van  tier  Wey- 
den  (1447),  in  the  hospital  at  Beaune,  France.  It  eonsists 
of  9  c-onipartnionta,  wltli  (!  more  on  the  outside  shulters, 
and  contains  portndts  of  4'hanctdlor  Kollfii  (the  ihtnor).  of 
Philippe  Iu  Bon  of  Burgundy,  and  other  personages.  It  is 
ime  of  the  finest  of  early  Flemish  pii-tures,  beantlfnl  In 
color.  CO  '^  l>aintiiig  by  Fra  .\ngeIleo.  in  the  Accademia, 
Florence.  Christ  f  nrns  toward  the  blesHnl,  with  a  gesture 
of  doom  to  the  lost,  who.  as  they  rise  from  their  graves, 
arc  dragged  off  by  dovIU  to  their  fate.    Among  the  lost 


Lateran  Council 

appear  monks  and  even  popes.  The  angels  and  the  blessed 
U[(on  the  tlowery  meadows,  and  at  the  gates  of  paradise. 
are  of  the  u'reatest  beauty  and  charm. 
Last  Judgment,  The.  The  English  version  of 
Spohrs  oratorio  "Die  letzteu  Dinge,"produced 
in  18:30. 

Last  of  the  Barons,  The.    A  historical  novel 

bv  Bulwer,  published  in  1843,  founded  on  the 

life  of  the  K:.rl  of  Warwi(-k. 
Last  of  the  Fathers,  The,    St.  Bernard. 
Last  of  the  Goths,  The.    Roderick,  the  last 

ni()narch  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom  of  Spain. 

Last  of  the  Greeks,  The.    Philopoemen. 
Last  of  the  Knights,  The.    A  surname  of  the 

emperor  Maximilian  I. 

Last  of  the  Mohicans,  The.   One  of  the  '*  Lea- 

therstockiiig"  series  of  novels  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  18L*ti.  It  is  so  called  from  the  nickname 
of  Uneas.  one  of  its  leading  characters. 

Last  of  the  Troubadours,  The.    Jasmin. 

Last  Sigh  of  the  Moor,  The.    See  the  extract. 

There,  at  Padul,  on  a  spur  of  the  Alpuxarras.  Boabdil 
sUwd  and  gazed  back  upon  the  kingdom  he  had  lost :  the 
beautiful  Vega,  the  towers  of  the  Alhambra.  and  tlie  gar- 
dens of  theGeneralife;  all  the  beauty  and  maguitlcence  of 
his  lost  home.  "Allahu  Akbar,"  he  said,  "God  is  most 
great,"  as  he  burst  into  tears.  His  mother  Ayesha  stood 
beside  him  :  "You  may  well  weep  like  a  woman,"  she  said, 
"for  what  you  could  not  defend  like  a  man."  The  spot 
whence  Boabdil  took  his  sad  farewell  look  at  his  city  from 
which  he  was  banished  for  ever,  bears  to  this  day  the  name 
of  "el  ultimo  sospiro  del  Moro,"  'the  last  sigh  of  the  Moor." 
Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  267. 

Last  Supper,  The.  Among  the  noted  repre- 
sentations of  this  subject  are  the  following,  (a) 
A  painting  by  Dieric  Bouts(1467),  in  St.  Pierre  at  Louvaiu, 
Belgium.  This  is  the  central  panel  of  a  large  altarpiece. 
The  side  panels  are  in  the  Berlin  Museum.  (&)  A  paint- 
ing by  Justus  of  Ghent,  a  pupil  of  Van  Eyck,  in  the  Isti- 
tuto  di  belle  Arti  at  I'rbino.  It  is  a  beautiful  early-Flem- 
ish picture,  one  of  the  oldest  works  in  oils  in  Italy.  Fede- 
rigo  da  Slontefeltro,  with  his  family,  and  the  Persian 
ambassador  are  introduced  as  spectators,  (c)  A  painting 
by  Luca  Signorelli  (1512),  in  the  duomo  of  Cortona,  Italy. 
It  represents  Christ  as  distributing  bread  to  3  Icneeling 
apostles,  while  the  others  wait  grouped  behind,  (d)  A 
famous  wall-painting  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the  refec- 

.  tory  of  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie  at  Milan.  Christ  is  seated 
at  the  middle  of  the  table,  while  the  apostles  are  ranged 
on  each  side  of  him,  full  of  excitement  at  the  announce- 
ment of  his  impending  betrayal.  The  painting  has  suf- 
fered greatly  frtmi  damp,  abuse,  and  repainting. 

Last  Token,  The.  A  painting  by  Gabriel  Max. 
in  the  Jletropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York. 
It  shows  a  beautiful  young  girl  in  the  Koman  arena,  ex- 
posed to  wild  beasts.  Some  spectator  has  thrown  her 
downa  rose.  She  stands  over  it,  resting  her  hand  against 
the  wall,  and,  looking  up,  tries  to  distinguish  the  one  who 
has  pitied  her. 

Last  Tournament,  The.    One  of  the  '^Idylls 

of  the  KiiiiT."  by  Trnnyson. 
Las  Vegas  (las  va'j:iih).     A  city  in  San  Miguel 
County,  Nfw  Mexico,  east  of  Santa  Fe:  a  rail- 
road and  numufacturing  center.     Population 

(ii)00),  '^,r)^'2. 

Laswari  (las-wiir'e).  A  place  in  Kajputana, 
India,  78  miles  south  bv  west  of  Delhi.  Here, 
Nov.  1,  1803.  the  British  (about  4,000)  under 
Lake  <lefcated  the  Mahrattas  (O.OOU). 

Latacunga(ia-t;i-kon'gii).orTacunga(tii-kon'- 

giij.  A  citv,  capital  of  the  province  of  Leon, 
Ecuador,  in  lat.  0°  55'  S.,  long.  78°  45'  W.  u 
was  founded  in  V^'M  on  the  site  of  an  Indian  village.     Be* 

tween  1078  mid  I"!'"  it  wa.-^  destroyed  four  times  by  oarth- 
i|uake.s.      I'dpulalii'U  (lytlt.  about  l'_\iK«i. 

Latakia,  or  Latakivah.    Sec  /.adikij/th. 
Late  Lancashire  Witches,  The.    A  comedy 

by  Ib'ywocul.  ri*viv('<I  and  altered  by  Brome, 
ac'te<l  at  the  (ih>bc  in  1034.  I  ley  wood's  part  is  evi- 
dently ftumded  on  "Tho  Witches  of   Lancaster"   by  T. 

Potts,  Hil;{.    Fli-atf. 

Lateran  (hit 'e-nin). The.  A  pnlaoe  in  the  eastern 
]t;u-t  111  IvniiH'.  The  present  edillco  ilates  fr\nn  the  10th 
Ui  IHth  centuries.  The  palace  was  origimilly  named  from 
the  Kiiman  fandly  Lateranus  to  whieh,  until  the  time  of 
Nero,  it  belonged.  Nero  put  the  hint  owner,  Plautius 
Lateranus,  toilealh,  and  appropriated  the  palace.  It  was 
given  by  Constantine  (who  also  built  a  church  In  its  pre- 
cincts) to  the  ilishop  of  Home.  See  ^'^  Jolin  Latfran  and 
Scala  Santd. 

Till  tho  11th  century  the  Lateran  wa^  the  usual  residence 
of  the  p^)pe  ;  this  was  once  a  very  extensive  building,  cov- 
ering four  limes  its  ]iresent  area.  The  original  house  Ift 
said  to  have  belonged  to  the  senator  riautius  Latenuius  til 
tlio  reign  of  Nero  ;  but  the  existing  part  on  the  Hue  of  the 
Aurelian  wall  is  of  the  ;ird  centnry.  1  his  house,  which  had 
become  the  property  of  tho  emperors,  was  gi\cn  by  Con- 
stantine as  a  residence  for  S.  Svlve.sier ;  it  wiia  ver>'  much 
etdarged  at  many  periods  during  the  next  ten  eentmios; 
in  131)8  a  great  part  was  burnt,  ami  in  l.'VS'i  the  luieicnt 
palace  was  completely  deslrouil  by  Sixtus  V..  timl  tho 
present  palace  built  by  Domeideo  Knnlana.  The  Capella 
Saiicta  Siuictorum  is  the  only  relie  af  the  older  palace. 
The  present  palace  has  nev<r  been  used  as  a  papal  reid- 
deuce  :  in  the  ISth  century  it  was  an  orphan  .asylum,  and  U 
now  a  nniseum  of  ebutnical  seulptnre  and  early  Christian 
remains.  ./.  //.  MidiUUm,  In  Encyc.  Brit,  XX.  8:(5. 

Lateran  Council.  Thenaiue  of  a  number  of  ec- 
clesiastical councils  lield  in  tho  Lateran  Church 
at  Home.    The  following  Are  are  regarded  by  tho  Boniao 


Lateran  Council 


594 


Catholic  rhjirch  as  ecumenical :  (1)  The  council  of  1123,     at  Constantinople  in  120i.     It  was  overthrown 

under  Uahxtus  II.,  which  conhrnied  the  Concordat  of     and  «iir.i>ppHp,l  hv  flip  ri-pstnrp.n  Rv^aritino  orr, 

Worms  (which  see)  and  renewed  the  grant  of  indulgences     '^?"  ?"'^f.f/,  ""  "^ ''"''  (lestoreU)  iJyzantme  em- 

pronmlgated  liy  I'rhan  II.  in  favor  of  the  Crusaders,    (i)     pn'©  HI  ILol. 

The  council  of  1139,  under  Innocent  H..  which  condemned  Latin!  (la-ti'ni).  In  ancient  historv,  tlie  Latins, 

the  antipope  Anacletus  II.  and  Arnold  of  Brescia.     (3) 

The  council  of  1179,  under  .Alexander  111,,  which  declared 

that  the  popes  should  be  electecl  exclusively  Iiy  theci-IIi  ge 

of  cjxrdinals,  and  that  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  college 

should  he  necessaryto  form  avalid  election.  (4)'J'hecoun 

cilof  1215,  under  Innocent  III., which  condemned  the  Alhi 

genses. 

LeoX., 


Lauenburg 

alpinist,  in  1S32-34  he  traveled  in  North  America,  go- 
ing to  Jlexico  with  Washington  Irving,  and  in  Ifoo  was 
appointed  superintendent  of  the  Port  Philip  district  of 
.Sew  South  Wales,  and  later(Jan.  27, 18fd) lieutenant  gov- 

c' "f  Victoria,  a  post  which  he  resigned  May  5,  1864. 

He  imhlished  several  worlcs  of  travel. 


or  people  inhabiting  Latitim. 
^,^,*,!?^'-^'''wt'"^^',^,'^l^^®,**9-   ,Bom  <it  Floienee.  Latrobe,  Christian  IgnatiusT    Burn  at  Leeds, 


1230:  died  there,  V2'Ji.  An  Italian  poet,  scholar, 
and  orator.     His  most  noted  work  is  an  eney- 

,.   „,  .,    ,,.,,,_       ,     ,  ,      .  -  -  -     clopedia  ("Tr6sor")  written  in  French. 

[^^,^!:^,.SSu^^;:J!;,Vo('li;!r;'^l:;Sri/VS;:^  Latin  League.    A  confederation  of  the  cities  of 

Latmin,  existing  m  Italy  lu  the  earliest  liistoric 
times,  and  continuing  till  33S  B.  c.  when  the 
Latin  towns  were  finally  incorporated  in  the 


Lateran  Palace.     See  Lateran.  The. 

Latham  (la'tham),  John.  Born  at  Eltham, 
near  London.  June  27,  17-10:  died  Feb.  4.  1837. 
A  noted  English  physician  and  ornithologist, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Linnean  Society 
(1788).  His  last  years  were  spent  in  Winchester.  He 
published  -  A  General  Synopsis  of  Birds  "  (17S1-S6).  "  In- 
dex Ornithologicus  sive  Systema  Ornithologia;"(179  I),  ■'  A 
General  History  of  Birds  "  (H  vols.  1821-28),  etc. :  the  illus- 
trations of  the  last-named  work  were  all  designed,  etched, 
and  colored  by  himself. 

Latham  (la'tham),  Robert  Gordon 

Billingboroiigh,  Lincolnshire,  March  '2A,  181 
died  at  Putney.  March  9,  1888.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish pliilologist,  ethnologist,  and  physician.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1832  ;  pro- 
fessor of  English  in  University  College,  London,  1839  ;  and 
lecturer  and  .assistant  physician  at  Middlesex  Hospital. 
He  puldished  "  Norway  and  the  Norwegians  '  (1840),  "  The 
English  Language  "(IS41),  "An  Elementary  English  Gram- 
mar" (1843),  "A  Handbooli  of  the  English  Language" 
(1861),  an  edition  of  Johnson's  "  Dictionar)-,"  and  numerous 
works  on  ethnology. 

To  the  late  Dr.  Latham  belongs  the  credit  of  having  been 
the  first  to  call  in  question  the  prevalent  belief  [with  re. 
gard  to  the  origin  of  the  Aryans].  As  early  as  18S1,  in  his 
edition  of  the  Gemiania  of  Tacitus,  he  ventured  to  assert 
that  no  valid  argument  whatever  liad  been  produced  in 
lavourof  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Aryans.  He  maintained, 
on  the  other  hand,  that  a  European  origin  was  far  more 
probable.  Tmihir,  Aryans,  p.  2.i. 

Lathbury  (lath'bur-i),  Thomas.  Bornat  Brack- 
ley,  Northamptonshire,  1798:  died  at  Bristol, 
Feb.  11,  1865.  An  English  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian. He  was  vicar,  after  1S4S,  of  St.  Simon's,  Baptist 
Mills,  Bristol,  and  tlieautliorof  "  A  History  of  the  English 
Episcopacy,  etc."  (1836),  "The  .State  ..f  tlie'church  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Introduction  of  Christianity  to  the  Period 
of  the  Reformation  "(1839),  'A  History  "f  the  Convocation 
of  the  Church  of  England,  etc."  (1S42),  "A  History  of  the 
Non-Jurors,  etc."  (1845),  "A  History  of  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer  and  other  Books  of  .Authority  "(1868),  etc. 

Lathom  House.  A  place  in  Lancashire.  Eni,'- 
land,  13  miles  northeast  of  Liverpool.  Thepres- 
ent  house,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Lathom,  was  built  in  1750. 
The  oilier  liouse  was  defended  by  Cliarlotte  de  la  Trt^- 
mouille,  tlie  Countess  of  Derby,  .against  the  Parliamentary 
forces  in  1044,  and  taken  by  them  in  1645. 

Lathrop  (lii'tlirop),  Francis.  Born  at  sea  near 
theSaudwichlslands,  June  22, 1849.  An  Ameri- 
can portrait  and  decorative  painter,  brother  of  Latona  (la-to'na) 


lorksliire.  Feb.  12,  1758:  died  near  Liverpool^ 
May  6,  1836.  An  English  musical  composer.  He 
took  orders  in  the  Church  of  the  I'nited  Brethren,  and  in 
1795  was  appointed  their  secretary  in  England.  He  com- 
posed a  number  of  anthems,  a  "Te  Deuni,"  a  "Miserere, " 
etc.  ;  but  his  principal  work  was  his  "Selection  of  Sacred 
Mnsic  from  the  Works  of  the  most  eminent  Composers  of 
Germany  and  Italy"  (a  vols.  180(i-25). 


dominion  of  Rome.    According  to  the  eai-liest  tradi-  Latter-Day  Saints.     The  Jlorraons :  so  called 
tion,  the  league  included  thirty  cities,  among  which  Alba     by  themselves       See  MnniKDit: 

wiurolherlmpoS  ^t^^^^ 

at  Montagnae,  H^ranlt,  France,  March  23, 1725: 


Longa  held  tlie  preeminent  place. 
Aricia,  Lanuvium,  and  'I'uscnlum,  witn  otner  inipo 
communities  not  oritriiiaOy  included,  were  united  with  the 
league.  The  confiilcration  held  assemblies  in  the  grove 
of  Ferentino,  beluw  Marino  in  the  Alljan  hills,  and  had  a 
common  religions  sanctuary  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  La- 
tiaris  on  tlie  summit  of  the  Alban  Mount  (Monte  Cavo), 

„  where  annual  sacrifices  were  celebrated. 

J^^l'sio.  Latin  Quarter.  The  quarter  of  Paris  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Seine,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Sorlionue.  It  has  been  frequentedfor  centuries 
by  the  student  class. 
Latin  Union.  A  monetary  alliance  of  France, 
Belgium.  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  formed  by  con- 
vention Dee.  23,  1865,  and  joined  by  Greece  in 


1S6.S.  Its  object  was  the  maintenance  and  regulation  of 
a  uniform  interchangeaWe  gold  and  silver  coinage,  based 
on  tlie  P'rench  franc.  Its  limited  term  was  continued  by 
two  reiiewals(lS78  and  1885),  Belgium  withdrawing  on  the 

latter  occasion  and  adopting  the  single  gold  standard.         t        t.     ,-\      /t    %    xr    ■       •   ■, 
Latinus  (la-ti'nus).     In  Roman  legend,  a  king  Laube  (lou  be),  Hemrich 


died  at  Paris,  Jan.  1,  1805.  A  French  oflBcer  of 
engineers.  Not  being  successful  in  his  profession,  he  J 
conceived  the  idea  of  attracting  public  attention  by  send- J 
ing  an  imitation  infernal  machine  to  Madame  de  Pompa*] 
dour  and  going  himself  to  warn  her  not  to  open  it  as  he] 
had  discovered  a  plot  against  her.  Suspicion  beingaroused,  I 
he  was  arrested  and  confessed  the  whole  storj',  which  was  I 
not  believed.  By  command  of  Pompadour  he  was  impris- 1 
oned  in  the  Bastille  and  elsewhere  1749-S4.  He  was  treat- 1 
ed  with  extraordinary  severity,  but  continued  to  write  hial 
memoirs,  which  gave  an  account  of  his  numerous  escapeaj 
and  arrests.  I 

Lauban  (lou'biin).     A  town  in  the  province  of^ 
Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Quels  38  miles  west  by 
south  of  Liegnitz.      It  was  in  former  times  an 
important  town  of  Lusatia.    Population  (1890), 
11,921.  ' 


of  L.ati'ira,  father  «i  La^ania. 

Latin  War,  The  Great.  A  war  between  Rome 
and  Latium,  340-338  B.  C,  ending  in  the  subju- 
gation of  the  latter. 

Latium  (la'shi-um).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
part  of  central  Italy  lying  along  tlie  Mediter- 
ranean southeast  of  Etruria  and  northwest  of 
Campania.  Thenamewasoriginally  restricted  to  the  land 
of  the  Latins,  chiefly  comprised  iu  the  Roman  Campagna. 
Its  chief  cities  formed  a  league,  which  was  at  war  with 


Born  at  Sprottau, 


Prussia,  Sept.  18, 1806:  died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  1, 
1884.  A  German  novelist,  dramatist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous author,  one  of  the  leaders  of  '-Young 
Germany."  Among  his  dr.auiaa  are  "  Piococo  "  (1846), 
"  Struensee  "  (1S47),  "  Gottsched  und  Gellert  "(1847),  "  Die 
KarlsschtUer"(1847),  "Graf  Essex"  (1856) ;  and  among  his 
novels,  "Das  junge  Euiopa "  (1833-37 :  comprising  "Die 
Poeten."  ■  Die  Krieger,"  "Die  Biirger  ").  "  Reisenovellen  ' 
(1834-37),"DieGraflnChateaubriand"(lS43)."Derdeutsche 
Krieg  "  ( 1863-C.6),  etc.  He  also  wrote  "  Das  erste  deutsche 
Parlament  ■•  (1849). 


Rome340-338B.  c,  and  was  incorporated  with  Eomeafter  Laud  (lad).  William.      Born  at  Reading,  Oct. 


6.  P.  Lathrop.    He  studied  with  T.C.Farrer  and  Madox 
Brown  and  at  the  Royal  Academy,  Dresden.     He  assisted 


11.  c.  In  an  extended  sense  Latium  (also  Latium  Adjec- 
turn  or  Novum)  was  tlie  region  from  the  Tiber  to  tlie  Liris 
or  to  Mount  Massicus,  including  the  territories  of  the 
Latins,  Hernicans,  Volscians,  and  Auruncans,  and<in  part) 
of  the  -Equians. 

Latmus  (lat'mus).  [Gr.  .Xarfioc.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  mountain-range  in  Caria,  Asia 
Minor,  east  of  Miletus. 

Latobrigi  (lat-o-bri'ji  or  la-tob'ri-ji).  A  Celtic 
people  associated  with  the  Hel  vetii  in  their  cam- 
paign of  58  B.  C.  They  probably  lived  in  south- 
ern Baden. 

In  classical  mythology,  the 


Roman  name  of  the  Greek  godde 
by  Jupiter  of  Apollo  and  Diana 


sLeto.  mother 
See  Lcto. 


Burne-Jones  and  William  Morris  in  London,  and  came  to  La  Torre   (la  tor'ra).  MiSTiel  dp       Died  after 
the  United  States  in  1873.     His  decorative  work  is  in  the      icoq       A  q!'.,  .  t,  i„, '  ,Trr°,u„^>„.r',,.^    j.    ir 


i  decorative  work  is  in  the 
Metropolitan  iluseum  and  Trinity  Church  (New  York), 
and  the  Bijou  Theater  (Boston),  etc. 

Lathrop  (lii'throp),  George  Parsons.  Born  at 
Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Aug.  25,  1851 : 
died  at  New  York,  April  19,  1898.  "  An  Ameri 


1823.  A  Spanish  general  who  fought  under  Mo- 
rillo  in  Venezuela  and  New  Granada  1815-20, 
and  succeeded  him  in  command  at  the  end  of  the 
latter  year.  He  was  defeated  by  Bolivar  at  Cara- 
bolio  (which  see)  June  24,  1821. 


can  journalist  and  miscellaneous  author,  son-  LatoUT  (la-tiir'),  Louis  Antoine  Tenant  de. 

■     ■  -"        •  Bornat  St. -Y>iei.x,Haufe-Vienne,P>ance.  Aug. 

30,   1808:  died   at   Sceau.x.  Aug.   27,   1881.     A 
French  poet  and  miscellaneous  author. 
Latour,  Tomline.     A  pseudonym  of  W.  S.  Gil- 
bert. 

Latour  d'Auvergne  da-tor'  do-varnv'),  Th6- 
ophile  Male  Corret  de.  Born  at  Cariiaix,  Fin- 
istere,  France,  Nov.  23.  1743:  killed  at  Ober- 
liausen,  near  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  June  27,  1800. 


in-law  of  Hawthorne.  He  was  assistant  editorof  the 
"Atlantic  Monthly"  1875-77.  He  wrote  "A  Study  of 
Hawthorne"  (1876),  "A  Masque  of  Poets"  (1878),  "An 
Echo  of  Passion  "  (1882),  "  Spanish  Vistas  "  (1883),  "  New- 
port "  (18841.  •■Behind  Time  "  (188S),  etc. 

Latimer,  Darsie.  See  Redgauntlet  (Sir  Arthur 
Darsie). 

Latimer  (lat'i-mer),  Hugh.  Born  at  Thurcas- 
ton,  Leicestershire,  about  1485:  burned  at  Ox- 
ford, Oct.  16, 1555.  A  celebrated  English  prel- 
ate and  reformer.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at  Cambridge 
in  1510  ;  became  a  priest ;  rose  in  favor  at  court,  especially 
with  Cromwell,  and  obtained  the  benefice  of  West  King- 
ton (or  Kineton),  Wiltshire ;  was  cited  to  appear  before 
the  Bishop  of  London  on  a  charge  of  heresy  Jan.  29, 1532 ; 
recanted  April  10;  was  made  a  royal  chaplain  1534  ami 
bishop  of  Worcester  1535 :  and  resigned  his  bishopric 
July  1, 1539,  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  Act  of  the 
Six  Articles  (l)y  his  own  account  at  the  request  of  tlie 


7,  1573:  beheaded  at  London,  Jan.  10,  1645.  A 
celebrated  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  the  son  of  a  clothier.  In  1594  he  gradu- 
ated at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  :  was  made  vicar  of  Stam. 
ford  in  Northamptonshire  in  1G07,  and  of  Caxton  in  Kent 
in  1610 ;  and  was  elected  president  of  St.  John's  College 
May  10,  1611.  On  Jan.  22,  1621,  he  became  a  prebendary 
of  Westminster,  and  on  June  29  bishop  of  St,  David  s,  re- 
signing the  presidency  of  St.  John's  in  the  same  year.  He 
was  elected  bishop  of  London  in  1628,  chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  archbisliop  of  Canterbury  in 
1633.  Througliout  the  reign  of  Cliarles  I.  he  was  one  of 
the  foremost  supporters  of  the  king  and  most  influential 
men  of  the  state.  He  was  impeached  by  the  Commons 
(Long  Parliament)  Dec.  18,  1640,  and  coiiimitted  to  the 
Tower  March  1, 1841.  His  trial  began  March  12, 1644,  and 
he  was  executed  on  Tower  Hill  Jan.  10,  1645.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  as  a  part  of  the  "Library  of 
Anglo-catholic  Theology"  (1847-60). 

Lauder  ( hl'der),  Robert  Scott.  Born  at  Silver- 
mills,  Edinburgh,  June  25,  1803 :  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Ajiril  21,  1869.  A  Scottish  painter  and 
teacher  of  art.  His  subjects  were  taken  chiefly  from 
Scott's  novels,  as  "  The  Trial  of  Eftie  Deans  '  (1840),  'The 
Bride  of  Lainmermoor  "  (1831),  etc. 

Lauder,  William.  Died  in  Barbados  in  1771. 
A  Scotti.sh  literary  impostor,  a  graduate  of 
Edinbiu'gh  University,  wlio  rendered  himself 
notorious  by  charging  Milton  with  plagiarism 
(1747),  and  supportingthe  accusation  by  forged, 
garbled,  and  interpolated  quotations  from  mod- 
ern Latin  authors.  The  fraud  was  laid  bare  (1760)  by 
John  Douglas,  and  Dr.  Johnson,  wlio  had  countenanced 
Landers  attack,  forced  him  to  confess  his  guilt. 


French  .soldier,  named  by  Napoleon  "the  first  Lauderdale  Earls  and  Diikp<5  nf     See  Mnit 
<n.oTiorHoT.r,f  tiio^o,^„w;„"Vi,„  „„f„„„.i  ti,„ 1.  -"auaerQaie,  i:iaris  ana  i^UKes  01.    s>ee  mmt- 


gi'enacUer  of  the  republic"  (he  refused  the  rank 
of  general).  He  was  distinguished  in  the  w.irs  of  1792- 
1800,  and  was  commander  of  the  "Infernal  Coluinu."  So 
great  was  the  admiration  with  which  he  w.as  regarded  that 
from  his  death  to  1814  liis  name  was  retained  on  the  roU- 
call  of  his  company  of  grenadiers  as  a  mark  of  honor,  the 
color-sergeant  answering,  "Dead  on  the  field  of  honor," 


,  .                                      .   .-,,..„-  „,  ...^  when  it  was  called. 

king).     He  was  ordered  into  the  custody  of  the  Bishop  of  La  Trappe   (lii  trap).     X  medieval  Cistercian 

Chichester,  but  was  soon  released.     During  the  rei"n  of  v.v,-ii      j    "»f;-      -^  T^          ii  v  isceicidu 

Edward  VI.  he  regained  his  influence  a  court  and  identi  ^^^^^  ^°  ^he  department  of  Orne.  France,  near 

fled  himself  moreriosely  with  thrReforZuon      On  ?he  Mortagne.     It  was  founded  in  1140,  and  gave  /"^"""""-x '"".T- T ''■"'-  ,^   -o       ■  ^       .  r.         u 

accessi.m  of  Mary  he  was  arrested  and  committed  to  the  name  to  the  Trappists.      See  Trappists.                  ljauaonm6re  (lo-do-nyar  ),  Jiene  de.  A  t  rench 

'Tower  (Sept.,  1653);  was  sent  to  Oxford  with  Ridley  and  LatrPllIp  dii-trav')    Piprrp    A-nHri       Rnrn   nt 
Cranmer  to  defend  their  doctrines  regarding  the  mass  be-  ^^vrc^^^U"!   traj    ).  rierre  AUare.     -tsoin  at 


laniL 

Laudon  (lou'don),  or  Loudon,  Baron  Gideon 
Ernst  '70n.  Born  at  Tootzen,  Livonia,  Rus- 
sia, Feb.  2,  1717:  died  at  Neutitschein,  Mora- 
via, July,  1790.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  at  Prague  and  Kolin  in  1757,  and  at  Hochkirch  in 
1758;  was  Austrian  commander  at  Kunersdorf  in  1759: 
commanded  at  Landeshut  and  Liegnitz  in  1760 ;  stomied 
Schweidnitz  in  1761 ;  served  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian 
Succession  1778-79;  and  captured  Uelgrad  in  1789. 


,        .,      ,.   .  , J  regarding  the  mass  be- 

fore tlie  divines  of  the  two  universities,  .March  1564  ■  was 
excommunicated  April  20 ;  and  was  burned  with  Ridley 
"at  the  ditch  over  against  Balliol  College,"  Oct.  10  1655 
Latin  America.     A  collective  term  for  all  the 


Bri%'es,  Corrfeze,  France,  Nov.  29,  1762:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  6, 1833.  A  noted  French  zoologist. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Histoire  des  salamandres"  (1800), 
"Histoire  naturelledes  singes "(1801),  "Histoire  desfour- 
mis  "  (1802),  "Histoire  naturelle  des  reptiles"  (1802),  "His- 
toire naturelle  des  crust^ac^s  et  des  insectes  "  (180*2-0.5), 
" Families naturellesdurcgneanimar'(18'25),  "Courad'en- 
tomol.  .L'ie  "  (1831),  etc. 

'),  Charles  Joseph.    Born  at 


countries  and  islands  of  America  in  which  the 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  or  French  races  are  pre- 
dominant;   broadly    speaking,    all    of    South     ,. „, 

■*f™^"w  *^^"*'''^'  America,  Mexico,  and  most  Latrobe  (la-trob 

tIV-v,*!?       -^  ^°!iv*'    mu           ■         .  -u,.  ,  London.  March  20. 1,801:  dTed  there' Dee.  2, 187.5;  LauenburgTlou'Vi7-b6rG)V"  a' circle  in  the  prov- 

Ijann  empire,  ine.    l  he  empire  established  by  An  English  traveler  and  politician,  son  of  the     ince  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  lying  north 

tne  l^rusailers  ot  western  and  southern  Europe  musical  composer  C.  I.  Latrobe:  noted  as  an     of  the  Elbe,  bordering  on  Hamburg,  Lubeck, 


Huguenot  who  was  despatched  by  Coligny  in 
1564  to  caiTy  aid  to  the  Huguenot  colony  sent 
out  in  1562  under  Ribault.  Finding  Kibaulfs  set- 
tlement abandoned,  he  built  Fort  Carolina  on  the  St.  John's 
River  in  Florida,  in  June,  15G4.  The  fort  was  stormed  and 
the  garrison  massacred  by  the  Spaniards  under  Meuen- 
dez  de  Aviles,  Sept.  21,  1.5*6.5.  Landonnifere  escaped  with 
a  number  of  other  fugitives  to  England,  and  afterward 
returned  to  France.  He  wrote  "L'Histoire  notable  de  la 
Floride,  contenant  les  trois  voyages  faits  en  icelle  par  des 
capitaines  et  pilotes  francaiB"*(1586). 


Lauenburg  S®5 

Meeklonburg,  and  Hannover.     It  is  fertile,  and  Laurel  Ridge.     A  range  of  low  mountains,  of 

abounds  in  furests.    The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Pulabs.     t  he  .\j)ii:ilauhiau  system,  in  southwestern  I'eiin- 
It  (ornied  part  of  the  old  Saxon  ducliy.  On  the  fall  of  Hen-     gylvaiiia,  enst  cif  Chestnut  Ridge, 
ry  the  Lion  i,;  1180  itfcll  t^o  B.jn.^d^of  Asea,da,j,ndjt  Laurence  (la're.is).  Saint.     [Also  Lmcre>,ce ;  L. 

Liiiiniitiii.i,  luui-ol-erowned;  F.  Laurent,  It.  Li>- 


continued  in  that  family  (with  the  exception  of  a  few  years 
at  the  be;iinniny  of  the  loth  century,  when  it  belonged  to 
Uenncuk),  under  the  name  of  Saxe-Lauenbmg.  until  the 
extinction  of  tlie  Ascanian  line  in  1089.  There  were  sev- 
eral claimants  to  the  duchy.  It  finally  passed  to  Hano- 
ver in  1705,  and  followed  its  fortunes;  was  ceded  in  1^15 
to  Prussia,  which  immediately  ceded  it  to  Denmark  in  ex 


reiKo,  Sp.  Loie>i:<i,  Pg.  Loureu^n,  G.  I.nreiiz.l 
A  Christian  inartjT  of  the  3d  eentui-y,  roasted 
alive  in  an  iron  chair  at  Borne.  His  festival  is 
celebrated  on  Aug.  10. 


change  for  Swedish  Pomt-rania ;  was  taken  from  Denmark  Laurence,  Saint.      A  prelate  of  the  early  Eng- 


(see  Schlegicifl-Ilolstein  Wars)  in  18tU  ;  and  was  taken  pt-is- 
session  of  hy'Prnssia  in  1865.  Bismarck  received  the  title 
of  Inike  of  Lauenhurs  in  ISOo.  Ai-ea,  ^hl  square  miles. 
Population  (1S9U),  48,874. 

Lauenburg.  A  to  wn  in  the  circle  of  Lauenburg, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  26  miles  .southeast  of 
Hamburg.     Population  (1890),  .5,19(5. 

Lauenburg.  A  town  in  the  pro\'ince  of  Poine- 
raiiia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leba  .3H  miles 
west-northwest  of  Dantzic.  Population  (1890), 
7,8-_'V. 

Laufach  (lou'fach).  A  village  in  Lower  Fran- 
conia,  Bavaria,  28  miles  east -southeast  of  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main.  Here,  July  13. 1866,  the  Prus- 
sians defeated  the  Hessians. 

Laugerie  Basse  (lozh-re'  biis).  See  the  e.xtract. 
Frcfbably  the  very  earliest  record  which  we  possess  of 
any  actual  event  is  the  scene  depicted  on  the  fratrment  of 
an  antler  which  was  found  in  the  i-ock  shelter  at  Lauticrie 
Basse,  in  Auvergne.  X  prinneval  hunter,  naked  save  for 
the  long  hair  which  protects  his  body  from  (he  cold,  has 
crept  up  to  a  giaantic  LTrus  feedinfi  in  the  grass,  and  is 
seen  in  the  very  act  of  casting  a  spear  at  his  unsuspecting 
prey.  Taijtar,  The  Alphabet,  I.  16. 

Laughing  Philosopher,  The.  A  name  given 
to  Ueinoeritus  of  Abdera  because  he  was  said 
to  laugh  at  the  follies  of  mankind. 


lish  church.  He  succeeded  St.  Augustine  as 
archbisho])  of  Canterbur}'. 

Laurence.     Hee  Laurence. 

Laurence,  Friar.  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"  Komeo  and  Juliet":  a  Franciscan  friar,  the 
adviser  of  Komeo  ami  Juliet. 

Laurence,  Samuel.  Born  at  Guildford,  Sun-ey, 
1S12:  died  at  London,  Feb.  2S,  1884.  An  emi- 
nent English  portrait-painter.  Among  his  works 
are  portraits  of  many  men  of  letters,  including  tJarlyle, 
Whewell,  Browrung,  F.  D.  Maurice.  Dickens,  Sir  Ilenry 
Taylor,  l-'rouite,  Thackeray,  Tennyson,  and  Lowell. 

Laurens  (hl'rens),  Henry.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  1724:  ilied  there,  Dec,  1792.  An  American 
statesman.  He  became  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  1770; 
was  president  of  Congress  1777-7S ;  and  was  peace  com- 
missioner at  Paris  in  17S2. 

Laurens,  John.  Born  at  CTiarleston,  S.  C,  1753: 
killed  at  the  Combahee,  S.  C.  Aug.  27,  1782. 


An  American  soldier,  son  of  Henry  Laurens,  Lauterbrunnen  (lou'ter-bron-nen 
distmguisjied  for  Ins  gallantry  in  the  Kevolu-     _,^,,,j  j,.^^.;^,^  j,^  ^{^^  B^vn^^^  Oberla 


tionary  War. 
Laurent  (lo-ron'),  Fran(;ois.  Bom  at  Luxem- 
burg, July  8.  1810:  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  11, 
18,87.  A  Belgian  historian,  author  of  ''  fitudes 
sur  I'histoire  de  I'humanit^"  (1830-70),  etc 


Laugier(lo-zhvii'). Cesar deBellecour.Comto  Laurentian  (l;l-ren'sbi-an)  Mountains.    A 

de.     Born  at  Porto  Fen-.tjo,  Ell.)a,  Oct.  .5,  1789:     " .-:-..:-  .■.„  ts„.„:.,: *•;■ .i.. 

died  at  Florence,  Miirch  25,  1871.     An  Italian 

general  and  man  of  letters. 
Lauingen  (lou'ing-en).     A  town  in  Swabia  and 

Neubm-g,   Bavaria,  on   the   Danube  25   miles 

northwest  of  Augsburg:  the  birthplace  of  Al- 

bertus  Magnus.     Population  (1890),  3,845. 
Laun  (loun).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Eger  40 

miles  northwest  of  Prague.    Population  (1890), 

commune,  6,34G. 
Launce   (liins).     A  character  in  Shakspere's 

"  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,"  a  servant  of  Pro- 
teus, noteil  for  his  remarks  to  his  dog  Crab. 
Launcelot.     See  Lancelot. 
Launceston  (liins'ton).    A  town  in  Cornwall, 

Etiglaud.  situated  near  the   Tamar   20  miles 

north-northwest  of  Plymouth.     It  has  a  ruined 

castle.     Population  (1891),  4,345. 
Launceston.     The  second  largest  town  in  Tas- 
mania, situated  in  the  northern  part  105  miles 

north  of  Hobart.     Population  (1891),  17,208. 
Launfal  (liin'fal).  Sir.     A  knight  of  the  Round 

Table,  in   the   Arthurian   cycle   of    romance. 

Thomas  CHiestre  wrote  a  metrical  romance  with  this  title 

In  the  reign  of  Uenry  VI.    .See  Vision  of  Sir  Lum^fal. 
La  TTnion  (lii  ci-ne-on').   A  seaport  in  Salv.ador, 

Central  America,  situated  on  an  arni  of  Fonseca 

Bay  in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long.  87^  51'  W.    Popula- 
tion, about  2,000. 
Launitz  (lou'nits),Eduard  Schmidt  von  der. 

Bom  at  Grobin,  Courland,  Russia, Nov.  23, 1796 ; 

died  at  Prankfort-on-the-Main,Dee.  12, 1869.    A 

Russo-Gervnaii  sculptor. 

Launitz,  Robert  Eberhard.  Born  at  Riga,  Rus- 
sia, Nov.  4,  1806:  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  13, 

1870.     A  Russian-American  sculptor. 
Laupen  (lou'pen).     A  town  in  the  canton  of 

Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  at  the  junctiou  of 

the  Sense  and  Saanc,  10  miles  west-southwest 

of  Bern.     It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  Bern  over 

Fribourg  and  allies  in  I'SMK 
Laura  (lii'ril:  It.  jjron.  lou'ril)  (identified  with 

Laure  de  Ifoves,  later  Madame  de  Sale).  [L., 

'alaurel';  li..fti.\.  Laura.V.  Lanre.]   Born  1308: 

died  at  Avignon,  France,  April  6, 1348.  A  French 

lady,  beloved  by  Petrarch,  and  celebrated  in 

his  poems. 

When  Petrarch  first  beheld  her.  on  the  sixth  of  April. 

1827,  Laura  was  in  the  church  of  Avignon,     she  was  the 

daughter  of  Audibert  do  Xoves.  and  wife  ftf  Ungues  do 

Bale,  both  of  Avignon.     When  she  dieri  of  (be  jdagiie,  on 

the  sixth  of  April.  l:i48,  shehad  been  the  mother  of  eleven 

childnn.  .'^imuimli.  Lit.  of  South  of  Kurope,  I.  2.S2. 


Laveleye 

divia  was  killed  (Jan.  1,  1554),  and  during  the  next  three 
years  was  tlie  most  noted  and  succes-slul  of  the  Indian 
leaders-  He  was  eventnidly  defeated  and  killed  by  \  illa- 
gra  at  the  battl,^  of  ilalaquito.  Lautaro's  deeds  aie  cele- 
brated in  tlie  ",\raucana  "  of  ErcilhL 

Lautaro  (lou-tii'ro)  Society.  [Sp.  Sociedad  de 
Lautaro.]  A  secret  political  society,  originally 
established  in  various  Spanish  cities  during  the 
first  years  of  the  19th  century.  It  was  aOUiated 
with  the  Gran  Reunion  Americana(which  see),  and  had  for 
its  aim  the  emancipation  of  Spanish  South  America.  The 
first  .American  branch  (called  the  Lautaro  Ltidge)  was 
formeil  at  Buenos  Ayres,  by  Sau  Martin  and  others,  altout 
July,  1812.  InJan.,  1813,  itobtained  practical  controlof  the 
government  at  Buenos  Ayres,  and  during  the  succeeding 
years,  until  about  1823,  was  the  hidilen  moving  spring  of 
nearly  all  political  action  on  the  patriot  side. 

The  Lodge  of  Lautaro  was  not  a  machine  of  goTemmeDt 
or  of  speculative  propaganda,  it  was  an  engine  of  revola- 
tion,  of  war  against  a  common  enemy  and  of  defense 
against  internal  dangers.  Under  its  auspices  was  created 
the  first  popular  as.^embly  which  gave  foim  to  the  Bover- 
eignty  of  the  people  ;  to  it  was  due  that  spirit  of  propa- 
ganda which  characterized  the  Argentine  revolution,  and 
the  maintenance  of  the  alliance  with  Chile,  which  gave 
Independence  to  half  the  continent. 
Mitre,  The  Emancipation  of  South  America  (Eng.  trans, 
(of  Pilling,  1S93).  pp.  48,  49. 

Lauter  (lou'ter).  F.  Lutter  (lU-tar').     A  nver  ' 
in  (ierniany,  forming  in  i>art  the  boundary  be- 
tween the   Rhine  Palatinate   and  Alsace.      It 
joins  the  Rhine  9  miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe, 
Length,  51  miles. 

).    A  valley 
land,  Switzer- 
land, 33  miles  southeast  of  Bern.   It  is  noted  for 
the  Staubbach,  Triimmelbach,  and  other  falls. 

Lavagna  (lii-viin'ya).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Ita'lv,  22  miles  east  by  south  of 
Genoa.     Population  (1881),  3,751. 

Laval  (lii-val').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Mayenne,  France,  on  the  Mayenne  in  lat. 
48°5'  N.,  long.  0°48'  W.  it  is  noted  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  ticking,  and  for  its  castle  and  cathedral.  Formerly 
a  barony,  it  was  made  a  conntship  in  1429.  Near  it  the  \'en- 
dcans  u'niler  La  l;ocbej;i,-.|U.  1.  in  defeated  the  republicans 
Oct.  LM-ir,,  179:i.     I'opuhiti.in  (is.U).  commune,  .111,374. 

La  Valette,  Jean  Parisot  de.    See  Vak  tte. 

Juan.  Born  at  Buenos 
assassinated  at  Jujuy.  Oct. 
9,1841.  An  Argeutinian  general.  He  fought  under 
San  Miirtin  in  Chile  and  Peru,  and  against  the  I'.iazilians 
1825-'.i8.  In  Dec,  1S2S.  he  deposed  and  shot  Dorrego,  the 
Federalist  governor  of  Buenos  A>Tes,  and  was  himself 
governor  for  a  year.  Subseiiuenlly  he  was  the  leader  of 
the  opposition  to  Ito.sas.  and  in  1839,  at  the  head  of  pro- 
vincial forces,  m;u-ched  on  Buenos  Ayres ;  but  after  repeated 
defeats  he  waa  forced  tofiy  to  Ju}uy. 


range  of  inoinitains  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 

forming  the  watershed  between  the  Hudson 

Bay  and  St.  Lawrence  River  systems.     Often 

referred  to  as  the  "  Height  of  Land." 
Laurentie  (16-ron-te'), Pierre  Sebastien.  Born 

at  Ilouga,  Gers,  France,  Jan.  21.  1793:  died  at 

Paris,  Feb    9,  1876.     A  French  historian  and  To^-Ug  (lii-viil'va) 

Legitimist  iom-nalist,  author  of  "  Histoire  de      f         ,>,f  in  itqt.' 

France'  (1841-43),  etc. 
Laurentius  Valla,     See  Valla,  Laurentius. 
Laurentum  (la-ren  turn).     In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  city  of  Latium.  Italy,  situated  near  the 

coast,  16  miles  southwest  of  Rome:  the  ancient 

capital  of  Latium. 
Lauria  (lou're-a).     A  town  in  the  province  of 

Potenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  40°  2'  N.,  long.  LaVallifere  (Uiv.a-lyar'),Fran(;oise  Louise  de 


Laura  Matilda.  A  writer  of  sentimontal  verse 
in  Horace  and  James  Smith's  "Rejected  Ad- 
dresses."    See  .Iniia  Matilda. 

Lauraguais  (U'l-rii-ga').  An  ancient  division  of 
Languedoc,  France,  situated  near  Casteluau- 
darv.  It  now  forms  parts  of  the  departments 
of  Aude,  Tarn,  and  Haute-Garonne. 

Laurel  (la'r<li  Hill.  A  cemetery  near  Fair- 
mount  Park,  Philadelphia. 


15°  49'  E.  Population,  about  11,000, 
Laurie  (lou'ri).  Robert.  Born  about  1755 :  died 
at  Broxbourue,  Hertfordshire,  May  19,  1836. 
An  English  mezzotint  engraver.  His  name  was 
variously  written  Lowery,  I-owry,  Lawrie,  etr. 

Laurier  (16'ri-a),  Sir  Wilfrid.  Hiu-n  at  St. 
Ijin,  (Quebec,  Nov.  20,  1841.  A  Canadian  states- 
man, lie  was  minister  of  inland  revenue  1877-78;  was 
appoitUed  queen's  cr)nnsel  1880;  became  leader  of  the 
Lib.ral  party  1887,  and  is  premierof  Canaila  (1S96-).  lie 
was  knighted  m  1897. 

Laurioa  ( la'ri-on  orla-ri'on),  or  Laurium  (la'- 
ri-ura  iir  la-ri'um).  [dr.  Xaipiov.  .\ai  pi i(n>.^  A 
mountain  at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  At- 
tica, Greece,  It  was  celebrated  in  antiquity  for  its  sil- 
ver-mines llccently  its  mines  have  been  worked,  and 
produce  lead.  zinc.  etc. 

Laurvig  (lour'vig),  or  Larvik  (liir'vik).     A 

soajiiirl  m  llic  province  of  Jarlsberg-Laurvig, 
southern  Norway,  03  miles  south-southwest  of 
C'hristiania.  near  the  mouth  of  the  Laagcn  on 
the  Laurvig  Fjonl.     Popuhitioii  (1^91),  10.932. 

Lausanne  (lo-ziin').  The  cai>ital  of  the  canton 
of  Vainl,  Switzcrlandi  situated  near  Lake  Ge- 
neva in  lat.  46°  32'  N.,  long.  6°  3.'^'  E.  :  the 
Roman  Lausonium.  It  is  an  educational  and  literary 
center,  and  has  a  museum  and  a  T)ieture  gallerj.  The  ca- 
thedral.dating  from  (he  middle  of  the  i:(lli  century,  is  by  far 
(heflncst  meilievalnninument  In  .Switzerland  Thetransepts 
have  low.arcailt'd  to^s■ers  on  the  east  siile,  and  the  facades 
exhibit  fine  roses,  Thci-e  is  a  tower  at  the  crossing  witha 
slendersplre,  ami  a  tine  towerim  the  ft(aith  slileof  the  west 
front,  terminating  in  two  tiers  of  arcades  and  angle.pinna- 
cles.  The  Bcnlptiirod  portals  also  are  tine.  The  Interltir 
is  of  great  symnudry  ami  beauty,  with  a  noteworthy  trifo 
rinni,  and  contains  nnuiy  remarkable  monnnients,  among 
them  that  of  Victor  Amadeus  VIII.  of  Savoy.  The  length 
oftheinllMdn\ll»;i.'i2  feet,  length  of  transepts  ir.iJ,  height 
of  vaulting  lid.  The  adndrable  restoration  was  plantie<l  by 
ViolU-t  Ir  Due.  Lausanne  was  nnide  the  seat  of  a  blsb- 
opric  In  the  (Itli  century  ;  was  conquered  by  Bern  In  ir,;«l ; 
and  beianu!  the  capital  of  the  cnntcui  of  l.<>man  In  1798,  ami 
of  t  he  canton  idVauil  inlHO.1,  Olbbon  was  ft  resident  of  tlio 
city.     Population  (ls:i4),  :ill,121. 

Lausitz.     See  l.iiKatia. 

Lautaro  (lou-tii'ro),  or  Latur  (Ui-tOr')-  Born 
about  l;V/i5:  died  Feb.  ('.),  1.5.57.  An  Arauca- 
ninn  Indian  of  Chile,  n,-  was  the  son  of  a  chief;  was 
captured  by  the  Spaidards  ;  and  became  a  servant  of  the 
governor  \'alillvla,  I'.seauing  in  1.^3,  he  Joined  his  conn. 
Irymen,  tvok  port  In  the  battle  of  Tucapel,  In  which  Val- 


La  Baume  Le  Blanc,  Duchesse  de.  Born  at 
Tours,  France,  Aug.  7,  1644:  died  at  Paris,  June 
6,  1710.  A  mistress  of  Louis  XFV'.,  whose  at- 
tention she  attracted  in  1661.  She  was  created  a 
duchess  In  KKW,  and  retired  to  a  convent  in  1074,  after 
having  been  superseded  in  the  king's  atfeclions  by  the 
Manpiisc  de  Montespan.  She  is  the  reputed  author  of 
"Kellixions  sur  la  niisericorde  de  Dieu  "(ItiSfi), 

Laval-Montmorency  ( lii-viir  moh-mo-ron-se' ), 
Frantjois  de.  Bom  at  Laval,  France,  March  23, 
1622:   died  at  Ouebec,  May,  1708.     A  Frencli 

prelate  in  Caiiaua. 

Lavater  dii'vii-ter),  Johann  Caspar.    Born  at 

Zurich,  Nov.  1.5,  1741 :  died  tlicre.  .Ian.  2,  1801. 
A  Swiss  poet  and  theologian,  the  founder  of  Iho 
so-called  sciei'.ce  of  physiognomy.  He  studied 
theology  at  Zurich,  where  he  subsequently  lived  as  a 
clergyman,  and  where  he  tiled  from  (he  efieets  of  a  wound 
received  from  a  French  soldier  at  the  capture  of  the  elly 
In  1799.  As  a  poet  he  is  chiefly  known  by  his  "Schxvel- 
zerlieder"  ("Swiss  .Songs,"  17(i7).  "Aussichten  in  die 
Ewigkdt "  ("  lAioka  into  EternKy  ")  appeared  the  follow  ing 
year.     His  principal  work,  in  which  lie  gives  an  account 

of  his  scicM, f  pbysi.vgnomy  and  attempt-s  its  justlfica. 

tion.  Is  "  l'lnsii>gnomische  Fragmente  zur  Befordernng 
der  Mensi-lu-nkennlniss  und  Menscheidiebe  "  ("  I' hysh'g- 
nonilcal  Fiaglnents  for  the  Promotion  of  a  Knowledge  of 
.Man  and  of  Love  of  Man."  1776-7S)  Coeihe  eonlrlbnted 
to  it  a  chapter  on  the  skulls  of  animals.  Ills  complete 
wiirka  were  published  183(1-38,  In  0  volnmea. 
Lavaur  (lii-vor').  a  cathedral  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  France,  sitmtted  on  the 
Agout  20  miles  east-nortlieast  of  Toulouse.  It 
was  llic  leading  town  of  the  Albigenscs.  Pop- 
ulalion  (1891),  cominune,  6,477. 

La  Vaiuc,  or  Lavaux  (lii-v6'),  G.  Ryffthal 

(ref'tiil).  A  district  in  the  canton  of  Viiud. 
Switzerland,  north  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva  and 
east  of  Lausanne.  , 

Lavedan  diiv-doi'.'),  Henri  L6on  Emlle.  Born 

at  Orleans,  April,  18.59.  A  French  litterateur, 
elected  to  the  Academy  in  1898.  Uewrllo«for"Ln 
Vie  Parlilenne  "  under  the  mime  o(  llancheeourt,  and  !• 

the  alllbor  of  comedle.'i,  tales,  etc, 

Laveleye  (liiv-hV),  Emile  Louis  Victor  de. 

Biun  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  April  5,  1S'J2:  died 
at  Doyon,  near  LitV.  Jan-  3.  1892.  A  Belgian 
politicaleconomist  and  jiolitical  writer.  Among 
Ills  works  arc  "  De  It  propi  fete  et  dc  sea  formes  priml- 


Laveleye 

lives"' (1S73),  "Le  parti  cMncal  en  Belgique"(1874),  "Le 
protestantisrae  et  le  t-atholicisme  "  (1875),  "  Le  socialisme 
contemporaiu  "  (1S81X  etc. 

Lavello  (la-vel'lo).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  3'  N.,  long. 
15°  46'  E.     Population,  about  6,000. 

La  Vendee.     See  Vendee. 

Lavigerie(la-vezh-ie'),  Charles  Martial  Alle- 
mand.  Born  at  Bayonne,  Oct.  31,  18125 :  died 
at  Algiers,  Nov.  26,  1892.  A  French  cardinal, 
chiefly  known  as  an  opponent  of  the  slave-trade 
in  Africa.   He  became  bishop  of  Nancy  in  1863,  arch- 


596 


Layamon 


in  its  internal  financial  affairs.  Meanwliile,  in  1718,  the  Hornet  he  captured  the  Britisli  ship  Peacock.  Feb.,  1813. 
"BanqueG6nerale"ha(ibeeiitraiisforniedintothe"Banque  He  was  defeated  and  ramtally  wounded  as  commander  o* 
Eoyale,"  with  Law  as  director-general  and  its  notes  guar-  the  Chesapeake  against  tlie  shannon,  June  1,  1813.  .See 
anteed  by  the  king.     On  '.Jan.  5,  1720,  Law  was  made  con-     Chempeakc. 

troller  general  of  finance,  and  on  Feb.  33  the  company  LaWrence,  John  Laird  Mair,  Lord  Lawrence, 
and  the  bank  were  combined.    For  a  while  the  '■  System  "    3,-,,.^  gj  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  England,  March 


For  a  while  the  ' 
prospered,  fortunes  were  made  in  speculation,  and  Law 
possessed  great  power ;  but  the  overissue  of  paper  money 
and  the  hostile  action  of  the  government  brought  on  the 
catastrophe,  and  in  May,  1720,  the  "System"  collapsed. 
Law  was  driven  from  France  and  his  estates  were  confis- 
cated. In  Dec,  1730,  however,  he  was  invited  by  the  czar 
Peter  to  take  charge  of  the  finances  of  Russia.but  declined. 
Later  (1721)  he  returned  to  England,  remaining  there  until 
172.S  when  he  went  to  Italy. 


(Theodore  CQaude  Henri  Hersart) 

Quimperle,  Finist^re,  France,  1815:  died  1895. 
A  French  philologist,  noted  for  works  on  the 
language  and  literature  of  Brittany. 

Lavinia  (la-vin'i-a).  1.  In  Roman  legend,  the 
daughter  of  Latlnus  and  wife  of  -Sneas. — 
2.  The  daughter  of  Titus  Andronicus  in  Shak- 
spere's  (?)  "Titus  Andronicus." 

Lavinium  (la-vin'i-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Latium,  Italy,  15  miles  south  of  Rome. 

Lavoisier  (la-vwii-zya'),  Antoine  Laurent. 
Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  16,  1743:  guillotined  at 
Paris,  May  8, 1794.  A  celebrated  French  chem- 
ist, the  chief  founder  of  modern  chemistry,  and 


4, 1811 :  died  June  26,  1879.  An  English  states- 
man and  administrator  in  India,  yoimger  brothel 
of  Sir  Henry  M.  Lawrence.  He  went  to  India  in 
1829 :  became  one  of  the  administrators  of  the  Panjab  1849, 
chief  commissioner  1853,  and  governor-general  of  India 
18C3-69.  The  services  which  he  rendered  as  governor  of 
the  Panjab,  during  the  Sepoy  mutiny,  earned  for  him  the 
title  of  "savior  of  India.'" 

A  pseudonym  of  George 


bishopof  AlgiersandCarthageinlS67,andcardinalinlSS2.  /-,,.!         -r,      ,       1 

La  Villemaraue  (la  vel-mar-ka'),  Vicomte  de  Law,  Thomas.    Born  at,  Cambridge,  England,  Lawrence,  Slingsby, 
—  -    -         ^       -    "enri  Hersart).     Born  at     Oct.  2o^Lo9:  died  at  Washmgton,  D.  C,  Oct.,    Henrv  Lewes. 

Hereford,  March 

10,  1775.     An 

English  soldier,  distinguished  by  his  services 

in  India  1748-59,  made  major-general  in  the 


1834.    The  seventh  son  of  Edmund  Law,  bishop  Lawrence,  Stringer.    Born  at  H( 
of  Carlisle.     He  emigrated  to  America  in  1793.  became    q    1697:    died  at    London,   Jan. 


a  friend  of  Washington,  and  married,  as  his  second  wife, 
Eliza  Parke  Custis.  granddaughter  of  Martha  Washington. 
He  wi'ote  several  works  on  financial  topics. 
Law, William.  Born  at  King's  Cliffe,  near  Stam- 
ford, Northamptonshire,  1686:  died  there,  April 
9,  1761.  An  English  controversial  and  devo- 
tional writer,  a  graduate  of  Emmanuel  College, 
Camliridge,  and  for  a  time  tutor  of  Edward  Gib- 
bon, father  of  the  historian  :  author  of  "A  Se- 
rious 
etc. 
of  the  mysticism  of  Jakob  Bohme. 


East  Indies  in  1759.  He  went  to  India  as  major  to 
take  command  of  the  troops  of  the  East  India  Company, 
and  at  once  began  the  labors  in  military  oiganization  which 
e:irned  for  him  the  title  of  "father  of  the  Indian  army." 
He  was  chiefly  occupied  in  fighting  the  French  and  check- 
ing the  growth  of  theu'  influence  in  India.  His  last  service 
was  the  defense  of  Fort  St.  George  during  its  famous  siege 
by  the  French  under  Lally,  176S-69. 


•if  1  ^? ,l?^7''''''  ^""^  Holy  Life"  (1728),  Lawrence,  Sir  Thomks.    Bom  at  Bristol,  May 
About  1740  he  came  under  the  influence  •^4^^^6^9'^Vied  at  London,  Jan.  7,  1830.     A  cele- 


the  reformer  of  chemical  nomenclature.   He  was  Lawes  (laz),  Henry.  Born  at  Dinton, Wiltshire, 

'" "— -' -^  A.....^^..  .,,„.,„„^„„    Dee.  (f),  1.595:  died  at  London,  Oct.  21, 1662.  An 

English  musician  (a  memberof  the  king's  band), 
composer  of  the  music  for  Milton's  "Comus" 
(1634),  and  of  numerous  songs  and  anthems. 
He  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Lawes,  William.   Killed  at  the  siege  of  Chester, 


the  son  of  a  tradestnan,  and  was  educated  at  the  Colle^ 
Mazarin.  In  17t)9  he  was  appointed  farmer-general  of  the 
revenue,  and  in  1776  director  of  the  government  powder- 
mills.  In  May,  1794,  he  was  attacked  in  the  Convention  as 
an  ex-farmer-general,  and  was  sentenced  to  death  by  the 
Revolutionary  tribunal.  He  overthrew  the  old  "phlo- 
gistic "  chemistry.  His  chief  work  is  "  Traits  ^l^mentaire 
de  chimie  "  (1789). 

Lavoro,  Terra  di.    See  Caserta. 
Law  (la),  Edmund.     Born  at  Cartmel,  Lanca- 
shire, June  6,  1703:  died  at  Carlisle,  Aug.  14, 


brated  portrait-painter,  son  of  an  innkeeper  of 
Bristol.  He  was  knighted  April  22,  1815,  and  elected 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  to  succeed  Benjamin 
West,  March  20, 1820.  He  was  patronized  by  George  IIL, 
and  among  his  sitters  were  a  large  number  of  notable  per- 
sons. 
Lawrence,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Cirencester, 
England,  July  16,  1783:  died  at  London,  July 


of  Henry  Lawes.     He  wrote  the  music  for  va- 

_,_.__.   ^       ,    rious  masks,  instrumental  pieces,  etc. 

1787.  An  English  prelate  (bishop  of  Carlisle)  Lawfeld  (law'feld).  A  village  in  the  province 
and  theological  and  philosophical  writer.  Hewaa  of  Liraburg,  Netherlands,  near  Maastricht.  Here, 
madearchdeaconof  the  diocese  of  Carlisle  in  1743;  master  July  2,1747,  the  French  under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the 
of  Peterhouse  in  1756  ;  librarian  of  the  University  of  Cam-  allies  under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
bridge  in  1760  ;  Knightbridge  professor  of  moral  philoso-  Lawgiver  of  FamaSSUS,  The.  A  nickname  of 
phyinl764;  and  bishop  of  Carlisl^e  in  1768.  ^  He  ptiblished     Nicholas  Boileau. 

Lawrence.     See  Laurence. 
Lawrence  (la'rens).     A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Douglas  County,  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Kan- 


Sept.,  1645.  An  English  composer,  elder  brother    5,  1867.     A  noted  English  surgeon  and  anato- 


" Enquiry  into  the  Idea  of  Space  and  Time"  (1734), 
"  Considerations  on  the  State  of  the  World  with  Regard  to 
the  Theoi7  of  Religion  "  (1745),  etc. 
Law,  Edward.     Born  at  Great  Salkeld,  Cum- 
berland. Nov.  16,  1750:  died  at  London,  Dec.  13, 
1818.     A  noted  English  jurist,  son  of  Bishop 
Edmund  Law  made  Baron  EUenborough  April 
19,  1802.    He  graduated  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  in 
1771;  was  called  to  the  b.ar  June,  17S0;  was  leading  coun- 
sel for  Warren  Hastings,  and  appeared  in  other  famous  Lawrence 
trials  ;  became  attorney-general  under  Addington,  Feb.  14.     -.^ 
1801 ;  entered  Parliament  March.  1801 ;  and  became  lord     '^'' 
chief  justice  of  England  April  12,  1802.    In  1806  he  ac- 
cepted a  seat  in  the  cabinet,  under  Addington.  without 
oflice.     His  most  important  attempt  in  legislation  was  the 
act  which  bears  his  name  (now  repealed),  by  which  the 
number  of  capital  felonies  was  largely  increased. 


sas  River  25  miles  east  by  south  of  Topeka. 
It  is  a  railway  center,  has  flourishing  manufactures  and 
trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  State  University.  It  was 
founded  by  Free-Soil  settlers  in  1854,  became  an  anti- 
slavery  center,  and  was  sacked  and  burned  by  <  'onfederate 
guerrillas  under  Quantrell  in  1863.    Pop.  (190O),  10,862. 


mist.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery 
at  the  College  of  Surgeons  in  1815,  and  in  1829  successor 
of  Abernethy  as  lecturer  on  surgery  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  <  If  his  works  his  "  Lectures  on  the  Physiology, 
Zoology,  and  Xatural  History  of  Man  "  are  noted  from  the 
fact  that  the  courts  (led  by  Lord  Eldon)  refused  to  protect 
their  author's  rights  in  them  because  they  were  held  to 
contradict  the  Scriptures. 

La'wrence,WilliamBeach.  Bom atNew York, 
Oct.  '23, 1800 :  died  at  New  York,  March  26, 1881. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician.  Among  his 
works  are  "Law  of  Charitable  Uses" (1845), "Visitation and 
Search"  (1858),  "t'nmmentaire  sur  les  elements  du  droit 
international  "  (1868-SO).  He  edited  Wheaton's  "  Elements 
of  International  Law  "  (1855). 

Laws  of  Candy,  The.  A  play  by  Massinger  and 
Fletcher,  printed  in  1G47.  It  was  probably  written 
about  1G19.    The  plot  is  from  one  of  Cinthio's  novels. 


isse.x  (jounty,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Merrimac  25  miles  north  of  Boston.  It  was  made 
a  city  in  1853,  and  is  one  of  the  leadingmanufacturing  cities 
of  New  England.  Cotton  and  woolen  are  the  chief  manu- 
factures (mills:  Pacific,  Atlantic  Cotton,  Washington, 
Everett,  I'embcrton,  etc.).     Population  (19U0),  62,559. 


Law,  Edward.  Bom  Sept.  8,  1790:  died  Dec.  La'wrence,  Abbott.  Born  at  Groton,  Mass., 
22,1871.  An  English  statesman,  earl  of  Ellen-  Dec.  16,  1792:  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  18,  1855. 
borough,  eldest  son  of  Baron  EUenborough, chief  An  American  merchant  and  politician,  brother 
justice  of  England.  He  graduated  (M.  A.)atSt.  .Tohn's  of  Amos  Lawrence.  He  w,is  United  States  minister 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1809  ;  was  appointed  lord  privy  seal  to  Great  Britain  1849-52,  and  founded  the  Lawrence  Scien- 
under  Wellington  in  1828;  was  transferred  to  the  presi-     tiflc  School  at  Harv.ard. 

dency  of  the  board  of  control  in  the  same  year,  and  became  La'wrence,    AmOS.       Born    at    Groton,    Mass., 
interested  in  Indian  atf  airs;  went  out  of  ofBce  In  1830 ;  and     j^^pj.;!  oo    j^jgfj;    cljed  at  Boston,  Dee.  31,  1852. 


and 
was  appointed  governor-general  of  India  (succeeding  Lord 
Auckland)  Oct.  20,  1841,  a  post  which  he  held  until  1814. 
During  his  administration  he  annexed  Sind  (which  was 
conquered  by  Sir  Chiirles  Napier)  and  Invaded  Gwalior, 
conquering  the  ilahrattas  at  Maharajpore,  Dec-  28,  1843. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  Lord  EUenborough  in  1818,  and 
was  advanced  to  an  earldom  in  1844. 

Law  (F,  pron.  la'6),  Jacques  Alexandre  Ber- 
nard, Marquis  of  Lauriston.  Born  at  Pondi- 
cherry,  India,  Feb.  1, 1768:  died  at  Paris,  June 
10,  1828.  A  French  marshal  and  diplomatist. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  Ragusa,  Wagram, 
Bautzen,  Leipsic,  etc. 

Law  (la),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  April,  1671 : 
died  at  Venice,  March  21,  1729.  A  celebrated 
financier  and  projector  of  commercial  schemes, 
the  son  of  a  goldsmith  and  banker,  in  April,  1694, 
he  killed  "Beau"  (Edward)  Wilson  in  a  duel  in  London 
and  was  condemned  to  death,  but  escaped  to  the  Continent 
where  for  a  time  he  led  a  roving  life,  largely  that  of  a  gam- 
bler: at  the  same  time  endeavoring  to  secure  the  adoption 
by  various  governments  of  his  banking  and  other  financial 
schemes,especiallyof  his  plans  for  the  issUe  of  paper  money, 
of  which  he  was  an  earnest  advocate.  In  May,  1716,  he, 
with  others,  founded  the  Banque  G6n6rale,  and  succeeded 
in  carrying  out  with  success  his  views  with  regard  to 
paper  currency,  his  notes  being  accepted  in  payment  of 
taxes,  and  comraandingapremium  over  specie.  Soon  after 
this  he  acquired  from  the  French  government  control  of 
the  territory  then  called  "  Louisiana  "  for  colonization  and 
trade,  the  "Compagnie  d'Occident"  being  incorporated 
for  this  purpose  in  1717  ;  an  enterprise  which  became  fa- 
mous under  the  name  of  "The  Mississippi  Scheme"  or 
"The  System."    This  companysoou  absorbed  the  East  In- 


A  city  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Lawson  (la'son),  Cecil  Gordon.  Born  at  Wel- 
lington, in  Shropshire,  Dec.  3, 1851 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  10,  1882.  An  English  landscape- 
painter,  fifth  son  of  the  painter 'UHliam  Lawson. 
Lawson,  Sir  John.  Died  at  Greenwich,  June 
29,  1665,  from  a  wound  received  in  the  action 
off  Lowestoft  June  3.  An  English  sailor,  com- 
mander in  the  service  of  Parliament  1642-56  and 
1659,  and  then  in  that  of  theking.  He  served  under 
Vice- Admiral  Penn  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  under  Blake 
in  the  North  Sea,  and  became  vice-admiral  in  1653  In 
1659  he  took,  by  order  of  Parliament,  command  of  the 
fleet  in  the  "  Narrow  Seas.  •  In  1601-(>4  he  commanded  a 
fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  succeeded  temporarily  in 
coercing  the  corsairs  of  Tunis  and  Algiers. 
He  Lawson,  John.    Died  1712.    A  .Scotch  surgeon 


An  American  merchant  and  philanthropist. 
gaveaboutS20,000  to  the  academy  at  Groton, which  received 
the  name  of  Lawrence  Academy  in  1843. 

La'wrence,  Charles.  Died  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  Oct.  17, 1760.  An  English  general  (com- 
mander of  a  brigade  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg), 
lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia  1754,  and 
governor  1756. 


represented  Carlisle  in 

-.„....  —   --„  T.        .  ,_      T>  t     i"'""" " „..„.„„,.-„„,  „.id  from  1880  to  1900  sat 

La'wrence,  Sir  George  St.  Patrick.     Born  at    foradlvlsion  of  Cumberland.  Hcisoneof  themoststren- 
Trincomalee    Cevlon    March   17,  1804:  died  at     uousadvocatescfthecauseof  tempeiani-e,  and  was  recog- 
London,  Nov.  16,  18,84.     An  English  general,     nized  as  the  leading  lmn,„rist  nftl 
elder  brother  of  Sir  Henrv  M.  Lawrence.     He  La'wton(la'ton),  Henry  W. 
served  with  distinction  in  India  from  1822  to  1864,  except    Ohio,  March  1 1 ,  1843 :  died  at  ban  Mateo,  neai 


who  came  to  America  as  surveyor-general  of 
North  Carolina  in  1700.  He  traveled  extensively 
through  the  Carolinas  in  the  prosecution  of  his  business, 
writing  down  his  experiences  and  observations  as  he  went. 
He  became  an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  Indians,  and  in 
1712  they  waylaid  and  murdered  him.  His  book  "A  New 
Voyage  to  Carolina,  etc.,"  was  published  in  London  in  1709. 
Born  in  Cumberland, 
English  baronet 


House  of  Commons. 
Born  at  Toledo, 


for  a  brief  period,  and  was  made  major-geiier:U  in  1861. 
He  wrote  "Forty-three  Years  in  India " (1874). 

Lawrence,  Sir  Henry  Montgomery.    Born  at 

Matura,  Cevlon.  .June  28,  1806:  died  at  Luek- 
now,  July  4,  1857.  A  noted  English  general 
and  administrator  in  India.  He  was  the  fourth  son 
of  Colonel  Alexander  Lawrence  (an  Indian  ofticer),  and 
brother  of  Lord  Lawrence  and  Sir  George  St.  P.  Lawrence. 
He  served  in  India  from  1822.  and  was  appointed  resident 
at  Lahore  Jan.  8,  1847;  president  of  the  board  of  adminis. 
tration  in  the  Panjab  April  14,  1849 ;  governor-general' 


Manila,  Philippine  Islands,  Dee,  18,  1899.  An 
American  general.  He  served  as  a  volunteer  on  the 
Union  side  in  theCivil  Wai-.rising  to  the  brevet  rankof  colo- 
nel ;  entered  the  regular  army  in  1866  ;  served  in  the  Wtst 
against  the  Indians,  and  became  famous  for  his  successful 
operations  against  Geronimo ;  was  commissioned  Iiriga- 
dier-general  of  volunteers  iti  1898  ;  commanded  a  division 
in  the  attack  on  Santiago ;  captured  El  Caney  .luly  1 ;  wiis 
promoted  major-general  of  vohniteers  July  8;  and  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  a  corps  in  the  Philippines  m 
the  same  year. 


dia  and  China  companies  (being  thereafter  known  as  the  T  n-^-v^TinQ    Tqttioo      ■Rnvn  nt 

"Corapagnie  des  Iiides"),  the  African  Company,  the  mint,  ''^  7^™*^,X'qT  7   i  ?  5      t 

andthepowerof  recfivers-generai.  thusbecoraingsupreme  Uct.   1,    i*oi:   uiea  at  sea,   < 

bothin  the  American  and  Asiatic  commerce  of  France  and  *          *                   ,     «« -  - 


igentinRajputana'lSSSfandchief'co'mmissionei^ofiiiidh  Laxenburg   (laks  '  eu-b6rG),   or  Lachseuburg 
1857.    When  the  mutiny  broke  out.  May,  1857,  he  was  in     (],^,ks'pn-borG).       A  village  in  Lower  Austria, 

Lucknow,  the  defense  of  ''•"jVf  r=Hi'',!-^iH,'»  ."lithnr    9  miles   south  of  Vienna,  noted  for  its  royal 
he  died  from  a  wound  received  July  2.    He  was  the  author  .111 

of  several  works  on  India.  castle  and  park.  ,-,-,, 

Burlin"-ton,  N.  J.,  Layamon  (la'ya-mon),  or  Laweman  (la  m,in). 

June  5^1813      An    [ME.  irt^'omoH,  also  in  a  later  te.xt  of  the  poem 

American  naval  officer.     While  in  command  of  the    Laweman,  in  other  places  Lagemann  (ML.  L,m- 


Layamon 

mannus),  from  AS.  *lii(jiiiiiiui,  lahman  (=  Icel. 
Imidnmillir,  logmadkr),  'law-man.'  a  judge  or 
juror.]  Lived  about  1200.  Axi  EiiRlish  priest, 
author  of  a  semi-Sasou  paraphrase  of  \Vaee"s 
"Roman  de  Brut."  See  Brut.  All  that  is  known 
of  his  life  is  contained  in  a  few  passages  of  his  work  which 
refer  to  himself.  From  these  it  appears  tliat  lie  was  a  priest 
and  lived  at  "Ernley"— that  is,  Areley  Kegis  in  North 
Worcestershire. 

Layanas  (li-ii'nas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Matto 
tirosso,  Brazil,  a  branch  of  the  Guanas  (which 
see). 

Layard  (la'Srd),  Sir  Austen  Henry.    Bom  at 

Paris,  llarc-ii  5,  ISIT:  died  at  London,  July  5, 
1894.  An  Eniilisli  ar<-ha>ologist  and  diploma- 
tist, noted  for  his  archieological  discoveries  in 
Asiatic  Turkev.  lie  was  a  member  of  Parliament  for 
Southwark  1860-70 ;  under-secretar>-  for  foreign  affairs 
1861-fi6  ;  commissioner  of  works  1S6S-69 ;  minister  to  .Spain 
1809-77 ;  and  ambassador  to  Constantinople  ISTT-SD.  He 
published  "Nineveh  and  its  Remains"  (1848).  "Fresh 
Discoveries  at  Nineveh,  and  Researches  at  Babylon " 
(185.?),  "The  Monuments  of  Nineveh"  (1849-53).  "In- 
scriptions in  the  Cuneiform  Character  from  Assyrian 
Monuments  "  (18^1),  etc. 

Laybacta.     See  Laibach. 

Laycock(la'kok),  Thomas.  BorninWetherbv, 
Yorkshire,  1812:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  2"l, 
1876.  An  English  phvsinlogist,  professor  of  the 
practice  of  phj'sic  in  Hiliiilmr:.'li  University.  He 
wrote  "A  Treatise  on  the  Nervous  Diseases  of  Women" 
(ISMO),  "Slind  and  Brain  "  (ls:,9),  etc. 

Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel.    A  narrative  poem 

by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1S05.  The  scene 
is  laid  on  the  Scottish  border,  IGth  century. 
Lays  of  Ancient  Borne,  The.     A  volume  of 

poems  by  Macatday,  published  in  1842. 

Lazarillo(laz-ii-riri6).  l.  A  character  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  "The  Woman-Hater," de- 
scribed as  a  voluptuous  '"smell-feast"  in  the 
old  dramatis  personse.  He  is  a  poor  and  hungry  cour- 
tier, whose  whole  soul  is  given  to  the  subject  of  delicate 
eating,  with  a  particular  desire  toward  an  urabrana's(flsh's) 
head,  which  he  pin-snes  through  the  play  and  finally  ob- 
tains by  marrying  its  possessor. 

2.  A  character  in  Jliddleton's  play  "  Blurt,  Mas- 
ter Constable,"  a  Spanish  gentleman  of  exag- 
gerated etiquette. 

I^zarillo deTormes  (la-tha-rel'yo da  tor'mes). 
A  work  by  Diego  Hurtado  de  Meudoza  (first 
known  edition  1053),  the  autobiography  of  aboy, 
"  Little  Lazarus,"  who  began  life  as  the  guide  of 
a  blind  beggar.  "  With  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  good- 
humor  and  great  i|Uicknessof  i)iuts.  he  learns,  at  once,  the 
cunning  and  profligacy  thatcpialify  him  torisetostill  great- 
er frauds  and  a  yet  wider  range  of  adventures  and  crimes  in 
the  service  successively  of  a  priest,  agentleman  starving  on 
his  own  pride,  a  friar,  a  seller  of  indulgences,  a  chaplain, 
and  an  alguazil,  until,  at  last,  from  the  most  disgraceful 
motives,  he  settles  down  as  a  married  man ;  and  then  the 
Btory  terminates  without  reaching  any  proper  conclusion, 
and  without  intimating  that  any  is  to  follow,"  {Ticknor.) 
The  book  enjoyed  great  popularity.  Starvation  is  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  an  art.  It  was  "the  foundation  for  a 
class  of  Actions  essentially  national,  which  under  the  name 
of  the  git&to  picare^co,  or  the  style  of  the  rogues,  is  as  well 
known  as  any  other  department  of  Spanish  literature,  and 
one  which  the  'Gil  Bias'  of  Le  Sage  has  made  famous 
throughout  the  world."    Tu-knor. 

Lazarus  (laz'a-rus).  1.  In  New  Testament  his- 
tory, the  brother  oi  Mary  and  Martha,  and  friend 
of  Jesus,  who  raised  him  from  the  dead. —  2.  A 
character  in  one  of  the  parables  of  Jesus,  a 
beggar  at  the  gate  of  Dives,  a  rich  man. 

Lazarus  (laz'a-rus),  Emma.  Born  at  Xew  York, 
July  22,  1849:  died  there,  Nov.  19,  1887.  An 
American  poet,  of  Hebrew  origin,  she  wrote 
"Admetus"  (1871),  "Songs  of  a  Semite"  (1882),  a  prose 
work  "  Alide  :  an  Episode  of  Goethe's  I-ife  "  (1874),  etc. 

Lazarus  (lat'sa-r()s),MoritZ.  Born  at  Filelme, 
Posen,  Sept.  15,  1824:  died  at  Meran,  TjtoI, 
Ai)ril  13,  1903.  A  (iernnin  philosopln-rof  Her- 
liartian  tendencies,  professor  of  jisycliology  at 
Hern  (lS(i0-(>ti)  and  later  (1873)  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin.  He  wrote  "  DasLeben  derScele  in  Mo- 
nograpliien  liber  seine  Erscheinungen  utid  Oesetze"(lH.■■^^,- 
I'^i7),  ilc,  unci  edited,  with  Steinthal,the"Zeit8chritttur 
Vidkeijisycbitlo^'ie  und  Si)racluvissenschaft." 

Lea(le).  A  river  in  England  wliich  joitis  the 
Tliarrii'stiear  Ilii'Isleof  Dogs,  London.  Lengtli, 
uttDut  45  nulcs. 

Lea,  Henry  Charles.    Born  at  Pliiladelphia, 

Sept,  19,  1,S25.  An  American  author  and  pub- 
lisher, son  f)f  Is:iac  Ijea.  He  has  iiublisbcd  "  Super- 
stition ami  Force"  (ISfld),  "Sacerdotal  Celibacy  "  (1887), 
'■studii-s  in  church  History"  (18011),  " -V  History  of  the 
In.inisilion  of  the  .Middle  Ages  "  (1887-88),  etc. 

Lea,  Isaac.  Born  at  Wilmington.  Del.,  Miirch 
4,  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  7,  1S8().  An 
American  naturalist.  Amcuig  hia  worksare  "Contri- 
liution.stoi!coloRy"(ls:;:!),  '■  Fossil  Footmarks  '  (18r.3),  and 
munerous  important  papers  on  conchology. 

Leach  (lech),  William  Elford.  Horn  at  Ply- 
mouth, England,  179(1:  ilied  of  (diolcra  !it  (he 
Palazzo  San  Sebastiaiio,  near  Tortona.  Italy, 
Aug.  25, 1836.     An  English  physician  and  natii- 


597 

ralist,  assistant  librarian,  and  later  assistant 
keeper,  of  the  natural-history  department  in  the 
British  Museum:  noted  especially  for  his  work 
in  eiitomologv  and  malacologv.  He  withdrew  from 
the  nuisenm  in  1821.  Hi-  published'"Tbe  Zocih.gical  .Mis- 
cellany "  (1814-17),  "  Malacostraca  podophthalma  Britan- 
niai,  or  a  Monogi-aph  on  the  British  Crabs,  etc."  (18ir)-10), 
"Systematic  Catalogue  of  the  Specin)ens  of  the  Indigenous 
Mammalia  and  Birds  that  are  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  etc."  (1816),  "  A  Synopsis  of  the  .Mollusca  of  Great 
Britain,  etc."  (ed.  by  J.  E.  (iray  1852  :  but  in  part  printed 
and  circiUated  as  early  as  1820). 

Leadheater  (led'be "ter),  Mrs.  (Mary  Shackle- 
ton).  Born  at  Ballitore,  County  Kildare,  Ire- 
land, Dec,  1758:  died  there,  June  27,  1826.  .\n 
English  writer,  of  (Quaker  birth,  a  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Burke,  she  published  "Poems  ' 
(1808),  "Cottage  Dialogues  among  the  Irish  Peasantry" 
( 1811),  "  Cottage  Biography  "  (1S22),  "  Annals  of  Ballitore  " 
(published  1862  as  "The  Leadbeater  Papers"  by  R.  D. 
Webb). 

Leadville  (led'vil).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Lake  County,  Colorado,  situated  about  10,200 
feet  above  sea-level,  78  miles  southwest  of  Den- 
ver. It  is  noted  for  the  mining  of  silver  and  lead  (and 
formerly  of  gold).     Settled  1877.     Pop.  (liXHI),  12,465. 

League  (leg),  The.  [F,  La  Ligue.']  Specifically, 
in  French  historj",  the  Holy  League,  formed  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  interest  in  157G.  The  Guise 
family  was  at  its  head,  and  it  carried  on  for  many  years  a 
contest  against  Henry  of  Navarre.    See  lloht  Lea<jue. 

League  of  the  German  Princes,  The.    [G. 

Dcr  Fiirstcnhund.']  A  league  formed  at  the  in- 
stance of  Frederick  the  Great  in  July,  1785,  be- 
tween Prussia,  Hannover,  and  the  electorate  of 
Saxony,  against  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  it  was 
aftenvard  joined  by  Brunswick,  .Mainz,  Hesse-Cassel,  Ba- 
den, Mecklenburg,  Anhalt,  and  the  Thuringian  lands. 

League  of  the  Public  Weal.  [F.  Lhjue  du  hien 
publiqiic]  A  union  of  jiowerful  French  nobles 
formed  against  Louis  XI,  about  14G5. 

Leah  (le'ii).  [Heb.,  probably 'wild cow.']  Elder 
daughterof  Laban.and  first  wife  of  Jacob  (Gen. 
xxix. ).  she  became  the  ancestress  of  the  six  tribes  Reu- 
ben, Simeon,  Levi,  Judah,  Issachar,  and  Zebulon.  She  also 
became  the  mother  of  Dinah,  the  only  daughter  of  Jacob 
mentiimed.  She  was  buried  in  the  double  cave  (Mach- 
pelah),  the  family  burial-place  of  the  patriarchs,  at  Hebron. 
Gen.  xlix.  31. 

Leahy  (le'hi),  Edward  Daniel.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1797:  died  at  Brighton,  Feb.  9,  1875.  An 
Engli  h  painter,  best  known  from  his  portraits. 

Leake  (lek),  Sir  John.  Bom  at  liotherhithe, 
England,  165G:  died  at  Greenwich,  Aug.  21, 
172().  An  English  sailor.  He  was  knighted  Feb.,  1704, 
and  made  rear-admiral  of  Great  Britain  ilay  20, 1709.  Ue 
relieved  Barcelona,  April,  1706;  received  the  submission 
of  (^artagena  in  May  ;  and.  with  the  cooperation  of  the  land 
forces,  captured  the  city  of  Alicante,  and  secured  the  sur- 
render of  Majorca  and  Iviza.  Ue  was  appointed  admiral 
and  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean  Jan.  U\ 
1708,  and  cooperated  in  the  reduction  of  Sardinia  and  Mi- 
norca. In  Dec.  he  again  received  a  commission  as  admiral 
and  commanilerin-chief.  In  1709  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  lords  of  the  admiralty. 

Leake,  William  Martin.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
14,  1777:  died  at  Brighton,  Jan.  6,  ISGO.  A  noted 
English  autitiuarian  and  classical  topographer. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Militiuy  Academy  at  W'ool- 
wich  ;  served  in  the  W'est  Indies  1794-98  ;  went  (with  the 
rank  of  captain)  to  Constantinople  as  instructor  in  artil- 
lery practice  in  1790:  traveled  through  Asia  Minor  and 
Cyprus  in  1800;  and  joined  the  Turkish  army  in  Egypt  (via 
Athens,  Cyprus,  and  Syria)  1801.  He  was  employed  in  a 
survey  of  Egypt  until  March,  1802.  Itj  ISO.i  he  visited 
Greece,  and  remained  there  engaged  in  surveys  and  ex- 
plorations and  dipbunatic  negotiations  until  1807.  In 
1808  he  went  to  Greece  on  business  of  the  British  govern 
ment,  returning  to  Englaiul  in  1809.  He  was  appointed 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  June  4,  ISIS.  Amiuig  his  publi- 
cations are  "The  Topography  of  Athens  "  (1821),  "Journal 
of  a  Tour  in  Asia  Minor"  (18'24),  "Travels  in  the  Morea" 
(1830),  "Travels  in  Northern  Greece"  (18,')5),  "Nuraisniata 
Hellenica"(18,'i4-.TO). 

Leamington  ( 1  em '  i  n  g-i  on ) ,  or  Royal  Leaming- 
ton Spa,  forMirily  Leamington  Priors.  .\  lown 

and  watering-place  in  WaruicUshire.  England, 
situate<l  on  tlio  Leam  2  miles  east  of  Warwick. 
Saline  springs  were  discovered  here  about  1780.  It  is  a 
central  jioint  tor  various  excursions  (Warwick,  Stralford- 
on-Avon,  Keidlworth,  Coventi-y,  etc.).  Population  (1891), 
2(l,9:io. 

Leander  (le-an'der).  fGr.  Ar/nrd/'or:,]  In  (ireek 
legend,  a  youth  of  Abydos,  the  lover  of  Hero. 
Each  night  he  swam  the  Hellespont  to  visit  her  in  her 
tiiwer  at  Lesbos.  One  stormy  idglit  the  light  in  the  tower, 
liy  which  his  crturse  was  guided,  was  extinguished,  anil 
he  perished.  His  body  was  wnsheil  ashore,  aiul  on  discov- 
ering it  Hero  threw  herself  from  her  tower  and  wa.s  killed. 

Ldandre  (la-ouMr).  l.  Th(>  rival  of  Li'lio  in 
Molierc's  comedy  "L'fttourdi," — 2.  The  son  of 
GC'ronte  in  "L(5S  fourberies  de  Scapin." — 3. 
The  lover  of  Lucindo  in  "Le  mddecin  inalgr(^' 
lui." 

Leaning  Tower.    See  I'i.in. 

Lear  ( ler).  tilso  Leir,  Lir,  and  Leyr.  A  mythi- 
cal king  of  Britain,  See  tko  extracts,  and  Jiing 
I.ciir. 


Lebanon 

"  Lir"  was  another  Ocean  god  who  was  worshipped  both 
in  Ireland  and  Britain.  He  appears  in  the  Irish  romance 
on  "the  fate  of  the  Children  of  Lir  "as  a  king  of  the  divine 
race  whose  children  were  turned  into  swans  by  enchant- 
ment :  "  and  the  men  of  Erin  were  grieved  at  their  depar- 
ture, and  they  made  a  law  aud  proclaimed  it  throughout  the 
land,  that  no  one  should  kill  a  swan  in  Erin  from  that 
time  forth."  In  the  Welsh  histories  he  appears  as  "Lear." 
According  to  the  version  in  Geotfrey  of  Monmouth's  his- 
tory, which  Shakespeare  adopted  as  the  framew<irk  of  his 
tragedy.  King  Lear  built  the  town  of  Leicester  alxnit  the 
time  when  Amos  was  a  prophet  in  Israel ;  and  his  daugh- 
ter Cordelia  is  represented  as  burying  him  in  a  vault  under 
the  River  Sore,  which  had  been  originally  built  as  a  Tem- 
ple of  Janus.  Elton,  Drigins  of  Eiig.  Hist.,  p.  279. 

After  the  death  of  Brutus  the  author  of  Perceforest  drags 
us  through  the  history  of  his  numerous  descendants.  One 
of  these  monarchs  is  King  Leyr,  whose  story  was  first 
related  of  a  Roman  emperor  in  the  Gesta  Romanorum, 
and  was  afterwards  told  of  the  British  monarch  in  the 
Chronicle  of  Geoffrey  of  Momuouth.  These  works  were 
the  origin  of  Shakspeare's  celebrated  tragedy,  which,  how- 
ever, differs  so  far  from  them  that  both  in  Geoffrey 'sChron- 
icle  and  Perceforest  the  events  have  a  happy  conclusion, 
as  Cordelia  defeats  her  sisters  and  reinstates  her  father 
on  the  throne.  From  Perceforest  the  tale  had  found  its 
way  into  Fabyan's  "Concordance  of  Histories,"  written  in 
the  time  of  Henry  VII.,  and  thence  passed  into  various  la- 
mentable ballads  of  the  death  of  King  LejT  and  his  three 
daughters,  of  which  the  catastrophe  probably  suggested  to 
.Shakspeare  the  tragic  termination  which  he  has  given  to 
his  drama.  The  stoi-y  of  King  Lear  is  also  in  the  tifteentli 
chapter  of  the  third  hook  of  Warner's  "Albion's  England," 
ami  in  Sjicnser's  "  Faery  l^ueen  "(book  2.  canto  10),  where, 
in  conformity  with  the  romance  and  chronicle,  the  war 
against  the  sisters  has  a  successful  termination  : 
"So  to  his  crown  she  restored  him  again. 
In  which  he  dyde,  made  ripe  for  death  by  eld." 

DuiUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  240. 

Lear,  Edward.  Born  at  London,  May  12,  1812 : 
died  at  San  Remo,  1888,  An  English  artist  and 
wi'iter,  best  known  from  his  ornithological  and 
other  zoological  drawings.  He  assisted  as  drafts- 
man J.  Gould,  Swaiuson,  Grey,  and  others.  Among  his 
publications  are  "Illustrations  of  the  Family  of  the  Psit- 
tacidie  "  (1832),  "Book  of  Nonsense"  (1846),  "Journal  of  a 
Landscape  Fainter  in  Corsica"  (1870). 

Lear  of  the  Steppe.     A  novel  by  Turgenieff. 

Learmont,  Thomas.    See  Thomas  the  Khymer. 

Learned  Blacksmith,  The.    A  name  given  to 

Elihu  Burritt. 

Leatherhead,  Lanthorn.  In  Ben  Jonson's  com- 
edy "Bartholomew  Fair,"a  toy-man  who  is  said, 
though  on  doubtful  authority,  to  be  intended  to 
ridicule  Inigo  Jones,  with  whom  Jonson  had  a 
continual  iinarrel. 

Leatherstocking.  A  name  given  to  Natty 
Bumpo  in  some  of  Coopei-'s  novels,  which  are 
hence  called  the  "Leatherstocking novels."  He 
is  also  called  Uaickeyc,  the  Trapper,  the  I'ath- 
Jiiider,  and  the  Decrslai/er. 

In  "The  Pioneers,"  "The  Last  of  the  Mohicans,"  "The 
Prairie,"  "The  Pathfinder,"  and  "The  Deerslayer"  figures 
the  character  of  Leatherstocking,  than  whom  no  fictitious 
personage  has  a  greater  claim  to  interest.  His  bravery,  reso- 
lution, and  woodlaiui  skill  make  him  a  type  of  the  hiu"dy 
race  who  pushed  westward  the  reign  of  civilization. 

Tltckennan,  Hist,  of  I'.ng.  Prose  Fiction,  p.  307. 

L6au(la-d'),Fleni.Zout-Leeuw,  -^  town  in  the 
province  of  Brabant,  Belgium,  18  miles  east  of 
]i(nivain:  noted  for  the  church  of  St.  Leonhard. 

Leavenworth  (lev'en-werth).  A  city  and  the 
capital  <rf  Leavenworth  Countv,  Kansas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Missoiu'i  in  lat.3'.)°"l!t'  X.,long.94° 
58'  W,  It  is  a  railway,  comuiercial,  aiul  numufacturing 
center.  It  was  settled  in  18.^4,  and  was  formerly  the  largest 
citv  in  the  State,  but  is  now  the  fourth  in  population. 
Population  (1000),  20,736. 

Lea'ves  of  Grass.    A  collection  of  poems  by 

Walt  Wliitmiin.  The  first  edition,  containing  12  poems. 
w.as  published  in  18r>r):  the  second  edition  (;r2poeins).  in 
18,'iC;  the  third,  including  the  first  and  second  editions, 
in  1860. 
Lea'Titt  (lev'it),  Joshua.  Born  !it  Heath,  Mass., 
Sept.  8,  17i)4:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16, 
1873.  An  American  journalist,  lecturer,  and 
aniislaverv  politician.  He  founded  the  New  York 
"  F.vangclist '"  in  I8:f].  and  became  imtnagiug  editor  of  the 
New  York  "In.lcpcnderit  "  in  1818. 

Lebadeia,  or  Lebadea.    See  LUadia. 

Lebanon  (Icb'a-npn),  [Heb., 'the  whil<'.']  The 
lofty  inountaiVi-rango  in  the  southern  p.'irl  of 
Syria,  which  runs  on  its  western  skirls  from 
northeast  by  iioilh  to  southeast  by  soulh,  and 
extends  in  one  tmbrokeu  dorsal  ridge  to  a  dis- 
tance of  more  tlian  1 00 miles:  the  classii'al  Liba- 
nus,andthe  el-1  oilman  of  the  Arabs.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Nahr  cl-Keblr  (the  classical  Eleuthe- 
rus)  near  'niixilis  ami  lliiins.  Its  highest  suunuit.s  rise  In 
the  north,  lieainning  with  the  Jebel  el-Akra  (4.MK)  feet). 
It  rises  till  It  attains  near  Beirut  aud  Triji'lis  In  the  Jeliel 
cl-Machmal  the  height  of  lO.oKi  feet,  and  in  the  Dahr  el- 
Kodib  10,052  feet,  which  i.s  overtowere.l  by  the  I'innirun 
(10,.'i:i9  feet).  At  the  lieieht  of  7.r.0(>  feet  the  French  built 
In  1863 a  post-road  Icailing  trcuu  Itehut  toI>ama8cus.  From 
this  pass  the  mountain  gradually  shipes  down  ti>  the  val- 
ley of  the  Litany.  Lebanon  consists  mainly  of  limestone. 
It  is  ciit  througli  by  many  gorges,  ravines,  and  gliuis.  with 
here  and  there  trcinendous  chasms  aud  precipices  that  de. 
scend  for  nearly  a  thousand  feet.    The  peaks  of  the  Macb- 


Lebanon 

mal  and  Kodib  are  clothed  with  snow  eight  months  In  the 
year,  while  in  the  ravines  the  snow  never  melts.  From 
these  snow-peaks  the  nanie  of  the  mountain  is  derived. 
Of  the  chief  ornament  of  Lebanon  in  ancient  time,  the 
cedars,  there  still  e.\ist  small  j^oupson  many  places  in  the 
mountain,  the  largest  consisting  of  about  3o0  trees,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Machmal.  Lebanon  is  still  covered  with  in- 
dustrious villages  and  monasteries,  and  adorned  with 
gardens  of  olives,  dates,  llgs.  mulberries,  and  other  fruit- 
trees.  It  exhibits  the  greatest  vaiiety  in  its  climatic  con- 
ditious  and  the  character  of  its  soil,  so  that  an  Arabian 
poet  has  said  of  it:  "The  winter  is  upon  its  head,  the 
spring  upon  its  shoulders,  the  autumn  in  its  bosom,  and 
at  its  feet  slumbers  the  summer."  Lebanon  is  inhabited 
by  Mohammedans,  Druses,  and  Maronite  Christians.  Op- 
posite Lebanon  on  the  east  side  is  Anti-Lebanon  or  .\nti. 
Libanus  (which  see).  Between  the  two  ranges  is  inclosed 
the  great  and  fertile  v.alley  of  Bik'ah,  called  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  Coele-SyriaC  hollow  Syria'),  cut  through  by 
the  rivers  Asi  and  Litany  (the  classical  Orontes  and  Leon- 
tes).  and  containing  the  city  of  Baalbec,  with  its  magnifi- 
cent ruins.  In  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Lebanon  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  Libmlnu  as  the  chief  source  from 
wliicli  the  Assyrian  kings  procured  costly  woods  for  their 
buildings. 

Lebanon,  A  town  in  Grafton  County,  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  about 
50  miles  northwest  of  Concord.  Population 
(1900).  4,965. 

Lebanon.  A  manufacturing  city,  the  capital 
of  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania,  25  miles 
east  by  north  of  Harrisbui'g.  Population  (1900), 

Lebanon  Springs.     See  Xcw  Lebanon. 

Lebas  (le-ba'),  Philippe.  Born  at  Paris,  1794: 
died  1S61.  A  French  archa?ologist  and  philolo- 
gist. He  wrote ' '  Voyage  arch^ologique  en  Grece 
et  en  Asie  Jlineure,"  etc. 

Lebbseus  (le-be'us).  [Gr.  AfJJaiof.]  A  sur- 
name (Mat.  X.  3)  of  Jude,  one  of  the  apostles. 

Lebda  (leb'dii).  The  modern  name  of  Leptis 
Magna. 

Le  Beau.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "As  you 
Like  it,"  a  corn-tier  in  attendance  on  Frederick 
the  usurping  duke. 

Le  Beau  (le  bo),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, Oct.  15, 
liOl:  died  at  Paris,  March  13,  1778.  A  French 
historian,  professor  of  eloquence  at  the  College 
de  France  1752:  author  of  "Histoire  du  Bas- 
Empire"  (1756-79),  etc. 

Lebeau,  Jean  Louis  Joseph.  Born  at  Huy, 
Belgium,  Jan.  2,  1794:  died  at  Huy,  March  19, 
1865.  A  Belgian  statesman,  prominent  at  the 
time  of  the  Belgian  revolution  (1830).  He  was 
minister  of  justice  1S32-34,  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs 

1840-41. 

Lebedin  (leb-e-den')-  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kharkoff,  Russia,  85  miles  northwest 
of  Kharkoff.     Population  (1893),  16,419. 

Lebedos  (leb'e-dos;.  [Gr.  Af^Jcdof .]  In  ancient 
geography,  an  Ionian  seaport  of  Lydia,  Asia 
Minor,  25  miles  northwest  of  Ephesus. 

Lebedyan  (leb-e-dyan').  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tambofif,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Don  106  miles  west  by  north  of  Tamboff .  Popu- 
lation (1893),  7,250.  ■ 

Lebert  (la'bert),  Hermann.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  June  9,  1813:  died  at  Bex,  Switzerland, 
Aug.  1,  1878.  A  German  physician,  noted  as  a 
pathologist.  He  practised  medicine  for  a  time  in  Paris, 
and  was  professor  at  Zurich  in  1S53-59,  and  at  Breslau 
18.n9-'4.  He  wrote  "Physiologic  patliologique "  (1845), 
"  Anatomic  pathologique  "  (1854-62),  "AUgemeine  Patho- 
logic" (18ti5),  etc. 

Leblond  (le-blon'),  Jacques  (Jacob)  Chris- 
tophe.  Born  at  Frankf  ort-on-the-Maiii  in  1070 : 
died  at  Paris  in  1741.  A  German  painter  and 
engraver.  He  was  noted  for  his  miniatures,  and  in  1720 
set  on  foot  in  London  a  process  of  printing  engl-avings  in 
coliir.  which  he  explained  in  "II  (.'oloretto"  (1730). 

Leblond  (le-bl6ii'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  near 
Autun,  Dec.  2,  1747:  died  at  Guzy,  Aug.  15, 
1815.  A  French  naturalist  and  traveler.  From 
1767  to  1802  he  resided  in  Guiana,  part  of  the  time  engaged 
in  government  scientific  work.  He  published  "Voyage 
aux  Antilles  et  \  I'Amerique  lKridionale"(lS13),  and  works 
on  Guiana,  on  applied  botany,  etc. 

Leboeuf  (l^-bef),  Edmond.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec. 

6, 1809  :  died  near  Argentan.  Orne,  June  7, 1888. 
A  French  marshal.  He  was  chief  of  the  artillery  staff 
during  the  Crimean  war;  commanded  the  artillery  of  the 
French  army  in  Italy  in  18.59 ;  was  minister  of  war  1869- 
1870 ;  and  was  made  a  marshal  of  France  in  1869.  On  be- 
ing .asked  by  the  emperor,  when  war  seemed  imminent 
with  Prussia,  as  to  the  condition  of  the  army,  he  answered 
that  it  was  perfectly  equipped  down  to  the  buttons  on  the 
gaiters.  He  was  compelled  to  resign  when  its  actual  condi- 
tion became  manifest  at  the  beginning  of  the  w.ar.  He 
lived  in  retirement  after  the  restoration  of  peace. 

Le  Bossu  (le  bos-sii'),  Rene.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1631:  died  in  1680.  Subprior  of  the  Abl)ey  of 
St.  Jean  de  Chartres.  He  published  "  Trait6  du 
poeme  4pique"  (1675). 

Lebrija  ( la-bre'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Seville,  Spain,  34  miles  south  by  west  of  Seville. 
Population  (1887),  11,933. 


598 

Lebrim(le-brun'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, Feb. 
22.  1619 :  died  there,  Feb.  12,  1690.  A  noted 
French  historical  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Vouet, 
and  studied  at  Rome  1642-46,  where  he  met  Poussin  who 
instructed  him  in  the  antiquities  of  Rome.  On  his  return 
to  France  he  undertook  notable  works,  and  in  1648  became 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Academic  Royale  de  Peinture. 
In  1660  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  Gobelins,  and  was 
charged  by  Louis  XIV.  with  the  series  of  pictures  from  the 
life  of  Alexander  the  Great  reproduced  in  tapestry.  In  1679 
he  undertook  the  great  works  in  the  Galerie  de  Versailles. 
Lebrun  exercised  despotic  power  in  art.  After  tne  death 
of  Colbert  in  1683  he  met  with  more  oppositior.. 

Lebrun,  Charles  Francois,  Due  de  Piacenza. 
Born  at  St.-Sauveur-Landeliii,  Mancue,  France, 
March  19,  1739 :  died  near  Dourdan,  France, 
June  16,  1824.  A  French  politician.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Assembly  ;  was  elected  to  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795  ;  became  third  consul  in 
1799,  archtreasurer  of  the  empire  in  1804,  and  duke  of 
Piacenza  about  1806 ;  and  was  governor  of  Holland  1810-13. 

Lebrun,  Mme.  (Marie  Anne  Elisabeth  Vigee). 
Born  at  Paris,  April  16, 1755  :  died  there,  Marcli 
30,  1842.  A  French  portrait,  historical,  and 
landscape  painter.  In  17S3  she  was  made  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy.  She  was  also  an  jxssociate  mem- 
ber of  the  academies  at  Bologna,  Parma,  Berlin,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Copenhagen,  and  Geneva.  She  left  over  650  por- 
traits, 200  landscapes,  and  15  historical  pictures. 

Lebrun,  Pierre  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov. 
29,1785:  died  at  Paris,  May  27, 1873.  A  French 
lyric  and  dramatic  poet.  Among  his  dramas  is  "Ma- 
rie Stuart"  (1820).  "Voyage  en  Gr^ce,"  a  series  of  epic 
fragments,  retiections,  etc..  w,as  published  in  1827.  He  also 
wrote  a  number  of  occasional  odes,  etc. 

Lebrun,  Ponce  Denis  Ilcouchard,  surnamed 
Pindare.  Bom  at  Paris,  Aug.  ll,  1729:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  2,  1807.  A  French  Ij-ric  poet.  His 
works  were  published  (4  vols.)  in  1811. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  glory  of  Delille  as  the  greatest 
poet  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  century  was  shared  by 
a  writer  whom  his  contemporaries  surnamed  (absurdly 
enough) Pindar.  Escouchard  Lebrun  hadastrange  resem- 
blance to  J.  E.  Rousseau,  of  whom,  however,  he  was  by  no 
means  a  warm  admirer.  Like  his  forerunner,  he  divided 
his  time  between  bombastic  lyrics  and  epigrams  of  very 
considerable  merit.  Lebrun  was  not  destitute  of  a  certain 
force,  but  his  time  was  too  much  for  him. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  393. 

Lecce  (lech'e).  1.  A  province  in  the  comparti- 
mentoof  Apulia,Italy:  formerly  called  TeiTa  di 
Otranto.  Area,  2,623  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  620,265.-2.  The  capital  of  the  pro\-ince 
of  Lecce,  situated  in  lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long.  18° 
11'  E.  It  stands  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Lupire.  hiis 
a  cathedral,  and  numbers  tobacco  and  Lecce  oil  among  its 
products.    Population  (1891),  estimated,  about  29,000. 

LecCO  (lek'ko).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Como, 
Italy,  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Lecco, 
30  miles  north-northeast  of  Milan,  it  has  manu- 
factures of  silk,  cotton,  etc.,  and  is  one  of  the  scenes  of 
Manzoni's  "Promessi  Sposi." 

Lecco,  Lake  of.  The  southeastern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Como,  Italy.     Length,  12  miles. 

Lech  (lech).  A  river  in  T>to1  and  southern  Ba- 
varia, joining  the  Danube  25  miles  north  of 
Augsbm-g:  the  ancient  Liens.  Length.  177  miles. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  Lech,  Gustavus  Adolphus  defeated 
the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  (who  was  mortally  wounded 
in  the  battle),  April  16,  1632. 

Lechevalier  (le-she-va-lya'),  Jean  Baptiste. 
Born  nearGoutances,  France,  July  1, 1752:  died 
at  Paris,  July  2,  1836.  A  French  arehseologist. 
He  wrote  "Voyage  de  la  Troade,  etc."  (3d  ed.  1802), 
"  Voyage  de  la  Propontide  et  du  Pont-Euxin  "  (1800), 
"  I'lysse-Horaer,"  a  work  on  the  authorship  of  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey  (1829),  etc. 

Lechfeld  (leeh'felt).  A  large  plain  in  Bavaria, 
soutli  of  Augsburg,  between  the  Lech  and  the 
Wertach.  Here,  Aug.  10,  955,  Otto  I.  defeated 
the  Magyars. 

Lechhausen  (lech'hou-zen).  A  town  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Lech  opposite  Augs- 
burg.    Population  (1890),  10.341. 

Lechthal  (G.  pron.  lech'tal)  Alps.  A  group  of 
the  Alps  near  the  valley  of  the  upper  Lech,  on 
the  borders  of  Bavaria  and  Tyrol. 

Lecky  (lek'i),  William  Edward  Hartpole. 
Born  near  Dublin,  March  26,  1838.  A  noted 
British  historian,  in  1886  he  became  an  opponent  of 
Home  Rule,  to  which  he  had  been  supposed  favorable. 
His  works  include  "The  Leaders  of  Public  Opinion  in 
Ireland  "  (1861),  "  History  of  the  Rise  and  Influence  of  the 
Spirit  of  Rationalism  in  Europe  "  (1865).  "  History  of  Eu- 
ropean Morals  fi'om  Augustus  to  Charlemagne "  (1869), 
"  Ilistory  of  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Centun-  "  (1878- 
1890). 

Leclerc,  or  Le  Clerc  (le  klar),  Jean.  Born  at 
Geneva,  March  19,  1657 :  died  at  Amsterdam, 
Jan.  8,  1736.  A  Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 
He  published  biblical  commentaries,  edited  the  "Biblio- 
theque  nniverseUe  et  historique  "  (1686-93),  etc. 

Leclerc,  Victor  Emmanuel.  Born  at  Pontoise. 
near  Paris,  March  17,  1772:  died  at  Cap  Hai- 
tien,  Santo  Domingo,  Dec.  2,  1802.  A  French 
general,  in  1797  he  married  Pauline,  sister  of  Napoleon 


Leda 

Bonaparte;  accompanied  his  brother-in-law  to  Egypt- 
and  was  prominent  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Directory.  In 
Dec,  1801,  he  was  sent  with  25,000  men  and  a  large  fleet 
under  Admiral  Villaret-Joyeuse  to  subdue  the  island  of 
Santo  Domingo.  Toussaint  Louverture  made  a  desperata 
resistance,  but  finally  capitulated  and  was  subsequently 
arrested  m  June,  1802,  and  sent  to  France.  New  uprisinga 
of  tlie  blacks  followed,  and  the  French  army  was  decimated 
by  ytUow  fever,  of  wliich  Leclerc  himself  Anally  died  In 
the  end  the  French  were  obliged  to  abandon  the  island 
having  been  beaten  rather  by  disease  than  by  the  natives' 

Lecocq  (le-kok'),  Alexandre  Charles.    Bom 

at  Pans,  June  3,  1832.  A  French  composer  of 
comic  operas.  His  works  include  "  Fleur  de  iki  " 
(1868).  " Le  beau  Dunois  "  (1870),  "Le  b.arbier  de  Trouville " 
(1871),"  La  fllle  de  Madame  Angot "  (lS73),"Les  Pres  Sainf- 
Gervais  ■  (1S74),  "Girofle-Girofla"  (1874),  "Le  pompon" 
(18i5l,  "La  petite  mariee"  (1S76),  "Kosiki"  (1877),  "La 
Marjolaine  "  (1877),  "  La  petite  mademoiselle  "  (1879)  "  La 
princesse  des  Canaries  "  (1883),  etc. 

Lecompton(le-komp'ton).  AsmallcityinDoug- 
lasCoimty,  Kansas,  sit  uatedon  the  KansasRiver 
16  miles  east  of  Topeka  :  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  Territory  of  Kansas.     Pop".  (1900),  408. 

Lecompton  Constitution.  A  pro-slavery  con- 
stitution framed  during  the  agitation  for  the 
admission  of  Kansas  to  the  Union  by  a  consti- 
tutional convention  at  Lecompton,  Sept.  5- 
Nov.  7,  1857,  and  rejected  as  a  whole  by  the 
people,  Jan.  4,  1858.  The  clause  sanctioning 
slavery  was  separately  submitted,  Dec.  21, 1857, 
and  adopted. 

Le  Conte  (lekont),  John.  Born  in  Liberty  Coun- 
ty, Ga.,  Dec.  4,  1818:  died  at  Berkeley,  Cal., 
April  29,  1891.  An  American  pliysicist.  He  was 
professor  of  physics,  industrial  mechanics,  and  physiology 
in  the  University  of  California  from  1869  until  his  death, 
and  president  of  the  university  1876-81.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  papers  printed  in  scientific  journals  both  in 
the  United  States  and  abroad. 

Le  Conte,  John  Lawrence.  Born  at  New  York, 

May  13, 1825 :  diedatPhiladelphia,Nov.  15,1883. 
An  American  naturalist.  Hemadescientificjourneys 
in  various  parts  of  the  United  States  and  elsewhere;  wasa 
United  States  surgeon  of  volunteers  during  the  Civil  War; 
and  was  chief  clerk  of  the  United  States  mint  at  Philadel- 
phia from  187S  until  his  death.  He  was  the  author  of  "Clas- 
sification of  the  Coleoptera  of  North  America"  (1862-73: 
later  editions  with  Dr.  G.  E.  Horn),  "List  of  Coleoptera  of 
North  America  "  (1866),  and  many  important  entomological 
papers.  His  collections  were  bequeathed  to  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 
Le  Conte,  Joseph.  Born  in  Liberty  County^  6a., 
Feb.  26,  1823 :  died  in  the  Yosemite  Valley, 
July  6,  1901.  An  American  physicist.  He  was 
professor  of  geology  and  natural  history  in  the  Univereity 
of  California  1869-1901.  He  published  "Religion  and 
Science"  (1874),  "Elements  of  Geology"  (1878),  "Sight: 
an  Exposition  of  thePrinciplesof  Monocularand  Binocular 
Vision  "  (1881),  "  Compend  of  Geology  "  (1884),  and  "  Evo- 
lution "  (18.S8J. 

Leconte  de  Lisle  (!e-k6nt'  de  lei)  (Charles 
Marie  Rene).  Born  on  the  He  Bourbon,  Oct. 
25,  1818:  died  at  Louveciennes,  July  17,  1894. 
A  French  poet.  After  graduating  with  honors  he  spent 
some  time  in  IndLa,  then  came  to  France  and  settled  down 
permanently  in  Paris.  His  works  bear  ample  testimony  to 
his  fondness  for  antiquity, whether  Scandinavian,  Hellenic, 
or  Oriental.  His  first  volume  of  Greek  studies,"  Po^^mes 
antiques,"  appeai-ed  in  1852,  and  was  followed  by  "Poemes 
et  poesies  "  (1854),  "  Le  chemin  de  la  croix."  published  in 
the  "Revue  Fran^aise  "  (1859),  "  Poemes  barltares  '  (1802), 
"  Kain,"  published  in  "  Le  Parnasse  contemporain  "  (1869), 
and  "  Poemes  tragiques  "  (1884),  Leconte  de  Lisle  is  widely 
known  as  a  translator  :  in  this  capacity  he  published 
"L'lliade"  (1866),  "Hymnes  nrphiques "  (1869),  and 
"L'Odyss^e"  (18B7).  He  translated  Ilesiod  in  1869,  Hor- 
ace in  1873.  Sophocles  in  1S77,  and  Euripides  in  1885.  He 
made  two  attempts  to  write  for  the  stage:  "Les  Erinnyes" 
(1S72)  is  a  study  of  .Eschylus  and  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets, 
and  "  L'Apollonide  "  is  a  lyric  drama  based  on  the  *'  Ion  "  of 
Euripides.  A  candidate  for  the  French  Academy  in  1873 
and  1877.  he  was  defeated  in  spite  of  the  support  of  Victor 
Hugo  ;  but  ultimately,  Feb.  11,  1886,  he  was  elected  to  flU 
the  vacancj  caused  by  Hugo's  death. 

Lecoci  (le-kok'),  Henri.  Born  at  Avesnes, 
France,  1802 :  died  1871.  A  French  naturalist. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Etude  de  la  g^ographie  bo- 
tanique  de  I'Europe"  (18.54-58). 

Lecouvreur  (le-kbv-rer')  (originally  CoU- 
vreur),  Adrienne.  Born  at  Damery,  near  Eper- 
nay,  April  5,  1692:  died  at  Paris,  March  20, 
1730.  A  noted  French  actress.  She  made  her  d«- 
but  at  the  Com^die  Frangaise  May  14,  1717.  and  attained 
a  high  rank  in  both  comedy  and  tragedy.  She  was  one  of 
the  mistresses  of  Maujice  of  Saxony,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  poisoned,  from  jealousy,  by  another,  the  Duchesse  de 
Bouillon.  She  was  buried  secretly.  Voltaire  ^vrote  a  poem 
upon  her  death  and  burial,  and  she  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a  drama  by  Scribe  and  Legouv^  (1849). 

Le  Creusot,  or  Le  Creuzot.    See  Crensot,  Le. 

Lectoure  (lek-tor').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Gers,  lat.  43° 
56'  N.,  long.  0°  38'  E. :  the  ancient  Lactora. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Armagnacs  in  1473.  The  church 
was  formerly  a  cathedral.     Population  (1891),  2,931. 

Leda(le'da).  [Gr.Ar/da.J  1 .  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  wife  of  Tyndareus,  and  mother  of  Helen, 
Clytemnestra,  Castor,  and  PoIIuxm  According  to 
the  later  legends,  she  was  approached  Dy  Zeus  in  the 


Leda 

form  of  a  swan,  ami  bruught  f')rth  two  eggs,  from  one  of 
whirli  came  Castor  and  Clj'temnestia,  and  from  the  other 
Pollux  and  Uelen. 

2.  All  asteroid  (No.  38)  discovered  by  Clia- 
cornae  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1856. 

tedebour  (la'de-bor),  Karl  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  Stralsund,  Prussia,  July  S,  ITS."):  died 
at  Munich,  July  4,  1851.  A  German  botanist, 
professor  of  natural  history  at  Dorjiat  1811-30. 
He  wi-ote  "Flora  Altaiea"  (1829-33),  "Flora 
Rossiea"  (1841-53),  etc. 

Leddchowski  (led-o-chov'ske),  Count  Mieczys- 
law.  BornOet.29. 1822:  died  July  22,  1902.  A 
Polish  cardinal,  made  archbishop  of  Poscu  and 
Gnesen  1865,  and  removed  in  1874  for  opposi- 
tion to  the  May  laws.  In  1892  he  was  made 
general  prefect  of  the  Propaganda. 

Ledru  (le-drii' ).  Andr6  Pierre.  Born  at  Chan- 
tenay,  Jan.  22,  1761 :  died  at  Mans,  July  11, 1825. 
A  French  priest  and  author.  He  was  naturalist  in 
Baudin's  expedition  to  the  Canaries  and  West  Indies  179f}- 
1798,  and  published  an  account  of  the  voyage  (2  vols.  1810), 
a  *■  Histoire  de  la  prise  de  Mans  en  1562,"  an  essay  on  the 
Guanclies,  etc. 

Ledru-Eollin  (l6-drii'ro-lan'),  Alexandre  Au- 
eiiste.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1808:  died  at 
Fontenay-aux-Roses,  near  Paris,  Dec.  31,  1874. 
A  French  Radical  politician  and  advocate  of 
universal  suffrage.  He  w:\3  provisional  minister  of 
the  interior  in  1S18,  and  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  in 
the  same  year. 

Ledyard  (led 'yard).  John.  Born  at  Groton, 
Conn.,  1751 :  died  at  Cairo,  Egj-jit,  Nov.  17, 1789. 
An  American  traveler.  He  accompanied  Captain 
Cool£  on  his  third  voyage  around  the  world  1776-^0.  and  in 
1786  set  on  ton  a  journey  tlirotighiiorthcru  Europe  and  Asiii, 
hut  was  arrested  at  Irkutsk  as  a  spy  i\h.  -24, 178H,  and  com- 
pelled to  abandon  his  project.  Ilesetoutunavoyageof  dis- 
covery to  central  Africa,  inidertlie  patrouageof  tlie  African 
Association,  in  .lune,  1788,  in  the  course  of  wljich  he  died. 

Ledyard,  William.  Bom  at  Groton,  Conn., 
about  1750 :  died  Sept.  6,  1781.  An  American 
Revolutionary  officer.  He  defended  Fort  Griswold, 
near  New  London.  Connecticut,  against  a  greatly  superior 
force  of  British  under  Lieutenant-Colon  el  Eyre,  Sept.  c,  1781. 
The  fort  was  eventually  carried  l)y  ilajor  Kr(unlleld,  on 
whom  the  command  had  ilevolved  by  the  death  of  his  su- 
perior ofHcers.  Ledyard  is  said  to  have  been  run  through  the 
body  with  his  own  sword  Ijy  Bromfleld  after  tlie  surrender. 

Lee(le).  A  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  ou  the  Housatonic  37  miles  west- 
northwest   of  Springfield:   a  summer  resort 
Population  (1900),  3, .596. 

Lee,  Alfred.  Born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Sept. 
9.  1807 :  died  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  April  12, 
1887.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  vn-ote  a  "Life  of  the 
Apostle  Peter"  (1852),  etc. 

Lee,  Alice.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Scott's  "Woodstock." 

Lee,  Ann.  Born  at  Manchester,  England,  Feb. 
L'!»,  1736 :  died  at  Watervliet,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  8.  17S4. 
The  foundress  of  the  American  Society  of  Shak- 
ers. She  was  the  daughter  of  a  blacksmith:  was  era- 
r>loyed  as  a  factoiy  ban<l  and  cook ;  and  was  entirely  un- 
educated. About  17^)8  she  joined  the  Shakers,  a  band 
of  seceders  from  tlte  Society  of  Friends ;  in  17«»2  was  mar- 
ried to  a  blacksmith,  one  Abraham  Standerin  (standley,  or 
Stanley):  in  1770  was  imprisoned  as  a  Sabl)atlibreaker  for 
preaching  her,  newly  discovered  gospel  of  celil)acy,  and 
posed  as  a  wonder-worker  and  recipient  of  the  gift  of 
tongues ,  in  1774  emigrated  to  America;  and  in  1770 found- 
ed, at  what  was  afterward  Watervliet,  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Sliakera.  She  was  called  l>y  her  followers  "Mother 
Ann." 

Lee,  Arthur.  Born  in  Westmoidand  Coimty, 
Va.,  Dee.  20,  1740:  died  in  Middlesex  County, 
Va.,  Dee.  12,  1792.  An  American  <iiploraatist. 
and  stiitesninn,  brother  of  R.  H.  Lee.  He  liccame 
American  ageTit  in  England  in  1770;  was  appoitded  com- 
Toiasioner  to  France  177<i;  conducted  negotiations  with 
i  ranee,  Spain,  Prussia,  and  Holland;  and  returned  to 
America  in  17so.    He  was  a  member  of  C<uigres3  1782-S5. 

Lee,  Charles.  Born  at  Dernhall,  Cheshire,  Eng- 
land, 1731:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  2,  1782. 
A  general  in  the  American  Revolutionary  ser- 
vice. He  was  appointed  major-general  by  the  ('ontinental 
'  nngress  in  177.'>;  w.as  captured  by  the  Hritish  at  liishead- 
i:irters  at  Baskhig  Ridge,  New  .Jersey,  4  miles  from  his 
0 my,  In  1770  ;  and  was  exchanged  in  1778.  lie  disobeyed 
tlic  m-l'i  Ml  i;eneral  Washingt^)n  at  the  batthj  of  Mon- 
montli  111  1 ,  ,s,  and  waa  sentenced  by  a  court  nnirtial  to 
oiic  .Ti  :ir  -  -ii-jMiision  from  military  service,  llo  waa  after- 
ward diTUiisscd  altogether  by  Congress. 

Lee,  Fitzhugh.  Horn  iti  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
Nov.  19,  18:j.'i.  An  -\iuerieaii  soldier  ;ind  poli- 
ticiati,  nepliew  of  General  R.  E.  Lie.  lie  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  185(1 ;  served  as  <'avalry  eoni- 
uiatuleriuall  the  campaigns  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Vir- 
ginia (Conlederatt-).  rising  to  the  rank  of  major-general 
ill  Aug.,  18(W  ;  was  governor  "t  Virginia  18sil-S!i;  and  was 
I'nitedStatescotisul-gencral  in  Havana, Cuba,  .June,  1806,- 
A])ril,  18118.  He  was  appointed  major-general  of  volun- 
teers in  1898. 

Lee, Francis.  Born  at  Cobham,  in  Surrey, Marcli 
12,  1661 :  died  at  Gravelines,  Flanders,  Aug.  23, 
1719.  An  English  physician  and  scholar,  a  grad- 


599 

uate  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  especially 
noted  for  his  knowledge  of  Oriental  literature. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot.  Born  at  Stratford, 
Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  Oct.  14,  1734:  died 
at  Richmond,  April  3,  1797.  An  American 
jjolitician,  brother  of  R,  H.  Lee.  He  signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  member  of 
Congi-ess  from  Virginia, 

Lee,  Harriet.  Born  at  London,  1757:  died  at 
Clifton,  near  Bristol,  England,  Aug,  1, 1851.  An 
English  author,  daughter  of  John  Lee  the  actor, 
and  sister  of  Sophia  Lee,  her  collaborator  in  the 
"Canterbury  Tales"  (1797-1805).  she  .also  pub- 
lished '*The  Errors  of  Innocence,"  a  novel  (1786).  *'The 
New  Peerage,  or  our  Eyes  may  Deceive  us,"  a  comedy  (1787), 
"Clara  Lennox,"  a  novel  (1797),  etc.  "Kruitzner,"  one  of 
her  "Canterbury  Tales,"  was  dramatized  by  Lord  Byi'on  as 
"Werner." 

Lee,  Henry.  Born  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va,,  Jan.  29, 1756:  died  at  Cumberland  Island, 
Ga.,  March  25,  1818.  An  American  general, 
sumamed  "Light  Horse  Harr}-."  He  -was  distin- 
guished in  the  Revolution  as  the  commander  of  "Lee's 
Legion";  was  governor  of  Virginia  1792-95;  took  part  in 
the  suppression  of  the  whisky  insurrection  in  1794;  and 
was  member  of  Congress  1799-lbOL  He  wrote  "Memoirs 
of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Department"  (1809). 

Lee,  Henry.  Born  iu  Nottingham,  Oct.  27, 1765: 
died  at  London,  March  30,  1836.  An  English 
wi-iter  and  actor.  He  was  the  author  of  the  farce 
"  Caleb  Quotem,"  first  acted,  under  the  title  "  Throw  Physic 
to  the  Dogs,"  at  the  ilaymarket,  July  6,  1798. 

Lee,  Holme.     The  pseudonvm  of  Harriet  Pan-. 

Lee,  John  Edward.  Bom  at  Hull,  Dec.  21, 1808 : 
died  at  Torquay,  Aug.  18. 1887.  An  English  anti- 
quarian and  geologist.  His  works  include  "Isca  Si- 
lurum,  or  an  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Sluseum  of  An- 
tiijuities  at  Caerleon"  (1862),  "Selections  from  an  Anti- 
quarian's Sketch-book  "  (1850),  "  Note-book  of  an  -\mateur 
Geologist "  (18S1),  etc.,  and  translations  of  several  .orchnio- 
logical  works. 

Lee,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Hatfield,  1653  (?):  died 
at  London,  1692.  An  English  dramatist.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Westminster  School  and  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  wrote  "Nero"  (1675),  "Gloriana" 
(1676),  "Sophonisbii,  or  Hannibal's  Overthrow  "(1676),  "  The 
Riv.-il  Queens,  or  the  Death  of  Alexander  the  Great "  (1077 : 
in  which  appeared  the  line  "When  Greeks  joined  Greeks 
then  was  the  tug  of  war  "),  "Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus" 
(1678),  "C!e8arBorgia"(1680),  "Theodorus"(lC80),  "Lucius 
Junius  Brutu8"(1681,  i)ublished  1685);  witli  Dryden,  "The 
Duke  of  Guise"(l(!82)  and  "Constantine  the  Great  "(1084). 
Lee  became  Insane  in  16S4,  and  was  confined  in  an  asylum 
for  5  years.    He  died  in  a  lit  of  intoxication. 

Lee,  Patty.     A  jiseudonym  of  Alice  Cary. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry.  Bom  at  Stratford",  West- 
moreland Count.y,  Va.,  Jan.  20,  1732:  died  at 
Chantilly,  Va.,  June  19,  1794.  An  American 
statesman  and  orator.  He  was  a  prominent  member 
of  tlie  \'irgiiii:i  bouse  of  burgesses:  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  in  1774  ;  was  the  authorof  the  memo- 
rial to  the  people  of  British  America,  and  probable  author 
of  the  address  to  the  king  (1771) ;  was  a  meuibcr  of  Congress 
1775;  wrote  tlie  atldn-ss  to  tlie  jieople  of  <;reat  Britain  in 
1775;  introduced  the  resolutions  for  independence  June 
7,  1776;  was  several  times  reelected  to  Congress;  and  was 
United  States  senator  from  \"irginia  1789-92. 

Lee,  Robert.  Born  at  Tweedmouth,  England, 
Nov.  11, 1804:  died  at  Torqu.ay,  England,  March 
14,1868.  A  clerg.\Tnau  of  the  established  church 
of  Scotland,  professor  of  biblical  criticism  iu 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  dean  of  the 
chapel  royal  (1847).  He  was  conspicuous,  and  ulti- 
mately successful,  as  an  a<lvocate  of  the  use  of  instrumen- 
tal music  and  other  so-called  "innovations"  in  public 
wor.ship.  He  published  a  Kcference  Bible  (1864),  "The 
Ilcform  of  the  Church  in  Worship,  Government,  ami  Doc- 
trine (Part  I,  Woi-sliip)"  in  1864,  and  various  devotional 
works,  sermons,  etc. 

Lee,  Robert  Edward.  Bom  in  Westmoreland 
Coimty,  Va.,  Jan,  19,  1807:  died  at  Lexington, 
Va,,  Oct.  12,  1870.  A  celebrated  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service,  son  of  Henry 
Lee.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1829  ;  served  w  Ith 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war;  was  superintendent  of 
West  Point  Military  Academy  18.S2-55:  commanded  the 
forces  opposed  to  John  Brown  in  18f)9;  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the  L'niteii  States  army  April.  1S61 ;  wiw  ap- 
pointed maj(n--general  of  the  Virginia  forces  fn  April, 
1801 ;  waa  the  third  in  order  of  seniority  of  the  live  Ciui- 
federato  generals  appointed  In  1801 ;  was  made  connuand- 
er  of  the  Army  rif  Noitbern  Virginia  Juno  :t.  1802;  com- 
manded in  the  Sevi'ii  Days'  Battles  and  In  the  Manasuas 
campaign  ;  invaded  Maryland  and  commanded  at  Antletam 
antl  Fredericksburg  in  18r.2,andatChiincellor8vllle  in  18t>3; 
invaded  Mainland  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was  defeated  at 
Gettysburg  III  lso;i ;  was  opposed  to  Grant.  1864-415,  at  the 
Wilderness.  Spottsylvania,  Cold  Harbor,  Petersburg,  etc.; 
abandoned  Petersburg  April  2.  1865;  and  RUrremlerod  to 
Grant  at  Appomattox  April  9,  1805.  He  was  president  of 
Washington  College  (Lexington,  Virginia)  1865-70. 

Lee,  Samuel.  Born  at  Longnor,  near  Shrews- 
bury, May  14.  1783:  died  at  Bailey,  Hertford- 
shire, Dec.  16,  1852.  An  English  elergymnn 
an<l  linguist  (originally  a  car])enler  by  trade), 
professor  of  Arabic  in  (Cambridge  University 
1819,  regiu.s  professor  of  IlQbrow  1831-48,  and 
rector  of  Bailey  1838-52.     Ho  was  the  author  of 


Le  Fanu 

works  (translations  of  parts  of  the  Bible,  etc.)  in  Syriac. 
Malay,  Persian,  Arabic,  t'optic,  and  Uindustaui ;  a  Hebrew 
grammar ;  a  Hebrew.  Clialdee,  and  English  leiicou  ;  etc. 

Lee,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Wallis).  Born  at  Colchester, 
Sept.  10, 1791:  died  at  Frith,  Kent,  Sept.  22, 1856. 
An  English  writer  and  artist.  She  was  married  in 
1813  to  the  naturalist  Thomas  Edward  Bowdich  (died  1824). 
and  again  (182il)  to  Itoliert  l.cc.  Author  of  -'Taxidermy" 
(1820),  "Excursions  in  Madeira  and  Porto  .Santo  "  (1825), 
"The  Fresh-water  Fishes  of  Great  Britain  "  (1828 :  illus- 
trated by  herselO,  "  Adventiu-es  in  Australia  (1851),  etc. 
She  accompanied  her  flret  husband  to  Africa  in  1815. 

Lee,  Sophia.  Born  at  London,  1750:  died  at 
Clifton,  March  13,  1824.  An  English  novelist 
and  dramatist,  a  sister  of  Harriet  Lee,  with 
whom  she  collaborated  in  the  production  of  the 
■'Canterbury  Tales."  Author  of  "The  Chapter  of 
Accidents,"  a  comedy  (produced  Aug.  5,  1780),  "The  Re- 
cess." a  novel  (1785),  "Almeyda,  Queen  of  Grenada,"a 
tragedy    (17il6),  etc. 

Lee,  Vernon,     A  pseudonym  of  Violet  Paget. 

Lee,  William.  Born  at  Calverton  (?),  Notting- 
hamshire: died  at  Paris  about  1610.  An  Eng- 
lishman, a  graduate  of  Cambridge  University 
the  inventor  of  the  stocking-frame,  in  i59S  "he 
produced  a  pair  of  silk  stockings,  knit  by  his  machine, 
whicli  he  presented  to  the  queen.  His  invention  was  op- 
posed, in  the  interest  of  the  hand-knitters,  and  he  took  it 
to  France,  only  to  meet  with  failure  there  also.  His  death 
is  said  to  have  been  the  result  of  this  disappointment. 

Leech  (lech),  John.  Bom  at  London,  Aug.  29, 
1817:  died  at  London,  Oct.  29,  1864.  A  cele- 
brated English  caricaturist,  especially  noted  for 
his  contributions  to  "Punch,"  His  father  was  an 
Irishman,  the  proprietor  of  a  coffee-house,  and  a  man  of 
some  culture.  John  went  to  Charterhouse  school,  where 
he  gained  the  friendship  of  Thackeray.  He  left  the  scliool 
at  16.  and  was  apprenticed  to  one  Whittle,  a  surg^n,  at 
Haxton,  an  extraordinary  character  who  furnished  him 
with  much  material.  He  continued  his  medical  studies 
with  Dr.  John  Cockle  of  the  Royal  Free  Hospital.  He 
llnaliy  abandoned  medicine,  and  at  18  published  "Etch- 
ings and  Sketches  by  A.  Pen,  Esq."  When  Seymour  shot 
himself  in  1830,  Leecll  applied  to  Dickens  for  the  place  of 
illustrator  of  "Pickwick  Papers,"  but  failed  to  obtain  it. 
It  was  only  about  1840  that  Leech  matured  the  style  and 
manner  which  aftenvard  made  him  famous.  In  1841  he 
joined  the  staff  of  "Punch,"  on  which  he  remained  23 
years. 

Leeds  (ledz).  [ME.  Lcfh.s:  Lalis,  AS.  Lokhs  (in 
translation  of  the  L.  1e.\t  of  Beda).  The  name 
has  been  attributed  by  conjecture  to  a  chief 
named  Leod  ;  if  so,  the  proper  AS.  form  would 
be  Leodcs  (sc.  6k  Wi  or  tun).']  A  city  iu  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Aire  in  lat.  53°  48'  N..  long.  1°  31'  W.  it  is  the 
largest  city  of  Yorkshire,  and  the  fifth  in  point  of  size  in 
England,  the  chief  seat  of  the  English  woolen  manufac- 
ture, and  an  important  railway  center.  The  leading  manu- 
factures arc  woolen,  flax,  iron,  machinery,  clothing,  caps, 
leather,  lx)ots.  The  city  contains  Yorkshire  College,  li- 
brary (founded  by  Priestley),  town  hall,  exchanges,  etc.. 
and  has  triennial  musical  festivals.  Tl»e  principal 
cliurches  are  St.  Peter's,  St.  Saviour's,  St.  John's,  and  All 
Souls.  Mill  Hill  Chapel,  which  was  founded  in  1072. 
was  rebuilt  in  1849.  Dr.  Joseph  I*riestley  was  its  minister 
for  seven  years.     Population  (loiili,  428,',i5:{. 

Leek  (lek).  A  town  in  Staffordshire,  England, 
26 miles  south  bv  east  of  Manchester.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  14,128. 

Leer  (lar).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leda,  near  tlie 
Ems,  in  lat.  53°  14'  N.,  long.  7°  27'  E. :  a  trad- 
ing town.     Popidation  (1890),  11.075. 

Lees  (lez),  William  Nassau.  Born  Feb.  26, 
1825 :  died  at  London.  March  9, 1889.  An  Eng- 
lish major-general  (Indian  army)  and  Oriental 
scholar,  for  a  time  princijial  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan College  in  Calcutta.  He  was  the  author  of  nu- 
nierous  books  and  jiajiei's  on  Oriental  Siibjeets. 

Leeuwarden  (la'wiir-den).  The  ea])ital  of  the 
province  of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  Ee  in  lat.  .53°  12'  N.,  long.  5°  47'  E.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  mnnufactures  gold  ami  silver  wares, 
and  has  several  interesting  buildings.  Population  (181V2), 
3ii,08!». 

Leeuwenhoek  ( la' wen-hiil<  ),  or  Leuwenhoek, 
Antonius  von.  Bom  at  Delft  .Netherlands, Oct. 
21,  1632 :  died  at  Delft,  .\ug.  26,  1723.  A  Dutch 
iniei'iiseopist  and  naturalist.  He  discovered  red 
blood-corpuscles,  infusoria,  spermatozoa,  and  the  capillar)- 
elrcnlation  of  blood.  His  complete  works  (4  vols.)  were 
published  1710-2-2. 

Leeuwin  (le'win  or  la'vin).  Cape.    A  cape  at 

tlie  soulliwestern  extremity  of  Australia. 

Leeward  (lu'iird)  Islands.     -V  nunie  apjJied 

to  three  distinct  groups  of  the  islands  form- 
ing the  West  Indies  (wnicli  see),  (a)  ThcRroupof 
Islands  north  of  Venezuela  and  west  of  'rrinidail ;  the 
Leeward  Islands  of  the  Spaniards,  (fc)  Same  as  Grratfr 
Antiltin.  See  .Infi'Wcji.  (c)  A  British  colony  in  the  north- 
em  division  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  West  Indies,  which 
comprises  Antigua,  Barbuda,  Ketloiida.  St.  KItts.  Nevis. 
Virgin  Islands.  Montserral,  Aiigiillla.  antl  Dominica.  Tliey 
ar^  ruled  by  a  goveriuir,  fe«lcial  executive  council,  and 
feileral  legislative  council.  Area,  701  sqnareniiles.  I'opii 
latloii(18lin,  1'27,723. 

Le  Fanu  (le-fii'uii  or  lef'n-nii),  Joseph  Sheri- 
dan.    Born  at  Dublin,  Aug.  28,  1814'  died  at 


Le  Fann 

Dublin,  Feb.  7,  1873.  An  Irish  journalist  and 
novelist,  of  Hu^enot  descent.  As  a  journalist  he 
was  connected  with  the  "Dublin  University  Magazine," 
"The  Evening  Mail,''  and  other  journals.  He  wrote  the 
ballads  "Phaudhrig  Crohoore"  and  "Shamus  O'Brien" 
(1837).  .\mong  his  novels  are  "The  House  by  the  Church- 
yard "  (1S63X  "Uncle  SUas"  (1864),  "Guy  Deverell "  (isesi, 
"The  Tenants  of  Malorv "  (1S67),  'A  Lost  Xame"  (l»<i>). 
"The  Wyvem  Myster5-"(1869),  "Checkmate"  (ISTOX  "The 
Kose  and  the  Kev"  (1S71),  "Chronicles  of  Golden  Friars" 
(1S71X  "In  a  Glass  Darkly  "  (1872),  etc. 

Lefebvre  (le-favr'),  Francois  Joseph,  Due  de 
Dantzis;.  Bom  at  Euffaeh,  Alsace,  Oct.  25, 
175.5 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14^  1820.  A  French 
marshal.  He  fonght  at  Flenms  in  1794,  Altenkirchen 
in  1796,  and  Stockach  in  1799;  captured  Dantzic  in  1S07; 
and  served  thrv>ughout  the  Napoleonic  campaigns. 

Lefebvre-Desnoaettes  (le-fiivi-'da-no-et '), 
Comte  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  14, 1773: 
lost  at  sea,  April  22,  1822.  A  French  cavalry 
general. 

Leffebvre  d'Etaples.    See  Faber,  Jacques. 

Le  Fevre  (letavr).  A  poorlieutenant  in  Sterne's 
"Tristram  Shandy,"  with  reference  to  whose 
death  Uncle  Toby  swore  his  famous  oath  which 
the  recording  angel  dropped  a  tear  upon  "and 
blotted  it  out  for  ever." 

Lefkosia.     See  Xicosia. 

Le  Flo  (le  flo),  Adolphe  Emmanuel  Charles. 
Bom  at  Lesneven,  Finistere,  France,  Xov.  2, 
1804 :  died  at  Xechoat,  Nov.  16, 18.s7.  A  French 
general,  politician,  and  diplomatist,  minister 
of  war  1870-71,  and  minister  at  St.  Petersburg 
1871-79. 

Lefroy  (le-frol').  Sir  John  Henry.  Bom  at 
Ashe,  Hampshire,  Jan.  28,  1817:  died  at  Le- 
warae,  Cornwall,  April  11,  1890.  An  English 
soldier,  administrator,  and  man  of  science.  He 
was  occupied  in  taking  magnetic  observations  at  St.  He- 
lena 1S40-42 ;  was  transferred  to  the  observatory  at  Toronto 
in  1S42 ;  journeyed  to  Hudson  Bay,  traveling  by  canoe 
and  on  snow-shoes  about  5,500  miles,  to  obser^'e  magnetic 
phenomena  1&43-44,  and  obtained  very  valuable  results; 
returned  to  England  in  IS^-S ;  was  made  inspector-general 
of  army  schools  in  1857,  colonel  in  1865,  and  director-gen- 
eral of  ordnance  in  1868 ;  and  was  appointed  governor  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Bermudas  in  1S71,  and  governor 
of  Tasmania  in  1S80,  returning  to  England  in  1S82-  He 
published  works  on  military  aifairs,  and  numerous  scien- 
tific books  and  papers. 

Legate  (la-gre'),  Hugh  Swinton.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  Jan.  2, 1789:  died  at  Boston, 
June,  1843.  AnAmericanpoliticianand  lawyer. 
He  w,is  member  of  Congiess  from  South  Carolina  1837-39, 
attorney-general  ls41-4o,  and  secretary  of  state  1843. 

Legaspi,  Miguel  Lopez  de.    See  I^pnspc. 

LIgataire  Universe!,  Le.  A  comedy  by  Eeg- 
nard,  produced  in  1708. 

Legate  (leg'at).  Bartholomew.  Born  in  Essex 
about  1575:  bvimed  at  Smithtield,  March  18. 
1612.  An  English  preacher  of  the  Seekers,  a 
sect  of  Mennonite  Baptists:  the  last  person 
burned  for  heresy  at  Smithfield. 

Legations,  Siege  of  the.    See  Siege. 

Legazpe  (la-gath'pa),  or  Legaspl  (la-gas'peX 
Imguel  Lopez  de.  Born  at  Zumarraga,  Gui- 
puzcoa,  about  1510:  died  at  Manilla,  Aug.  20, 
1572.  The  Spanish  conqueror  of  the  Philip- 
pines. For  some  years  he  was  chief  secretary  of  the  city 
government  of  Mexico.  In  1564  he  was  made  general  of 
the  forces  destined  to  conquer  and  settle  the  Philippine 
Islands.  He  founded  San  Miguel  in  Zebii,  May,  1565 ;  took 
possession  of  various  other  islands ;  began  the  conquest  of 
Luzon  in  1571 ;  and  founded  Manila  in  May  of  that  year. 

Legend,  Sir  Sampson.  In  Congreve's  "Love 
for  Love,"  an  overbearing  old  man  with  a  per- 
verse and  ill-natured  wit. 

Lege'nda  Aurea.    See  Golden  Legend. 

Legende  des  Si^cles,  La.  [F.,  'the  legend  of 
the  centuries.']  A  collection  of  short  epic 
poems  by  Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1859-77. 

Legend  of  Good  Women.  An  unfinished  poem 
by  Chaucer,  based  on  stories  from  Ovid,  Li\"y, 
and  others.  Nearly  all  are  in  Boccaccio's  "De  Claris 
mulieribns, "  but  Chaucer  follows  the  original  authorities. 
He  also  borrowed  from  Dante,  Vergil,  and  Guido  da  Co- 
lonna. 

Legend  of  Jubal,  and  other  Poems.    Poems 

liy  George  Eliot,  published  iu  1S74. 

Legend  of  Mon'trose.  A  historical  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1819.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Scotland  in  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century. 

Legendre  (le-zhondr').  Adrien  Marie.  Bom  at 
Toulouse,  Sept.  18,  1752:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1833.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician.  He 
became  professor, of  mathematics  at  the  Ecole  Militaire 
and  then  at  the  Ecole  Xormale  in  Paris ;  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  .\cademy  in  1783 ;  and  in  1787  took  part  in 
measuring  a  degree  of  latitude  be.tween  Dunkirk  and  P.ou- 
logne.  His  chief  works  are  "Elements  de  geumetrie" 
0794),  "Essai  snr  la  theorie  des  nombres  "  (1798),  "  Traite 
des  fouctions  elliptiques  "  (1S27-32X 

Leges  Begise  (le'jez  re'ji-e).  [L.,  'laws  of  the 
kijQgs.']    Ancient  laws  which  are  "supposed  to 


600 

be  decrees  and  decisions  of  the  Roman  kings, 
but  which  in  reality  represent  traditional  laws 
of  a  very  high  age,  which  were  not,  however, 
written  down  till  a  later  time,  and  were  then 
arbitrarily  assigned  to  single  kings  "  {Teitffel  and 
Schicabe  (trans.)). 
Legge  (leg),  George,  Baron  Dartmouth.  Bom 
1648 :  died  in  the  Tower,  Oct.  25,  1691.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral,  grandnephew  of  the  first  Diike  of 
Buckingham.  He  was  created  Baron  Dartmouth  Dec. 
2,  1682,  and  appointed  admiral  and  commander-in-chief 
by  James  IL,  Oct.,  16SS,  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  and 
repelling  the  Dutch  fleet.  This  he  failed  to  do.  remaining 
inactive,  and  after  the  flight  of  the  king  submitted  to  the 
Prince  of  Orange  and  was  relieved  of  his  command,  Jan. 
10,  16S9.  He  was  accused  of  treason  (conspiracy  to  betray 
the  country  to  the  French  in  the  interest  of  James)  and  was 
committed  to  the  Tower  1691. 

Legge  (Bilson-Legge  after  1754).  Henry.  Bom 
May  29,  1708:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Aug. 
23,  1764.  An  English  politician,  fourth  son  of 
the  first  Earl  of  Dartmouth.  He  was  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  Robert  Walpole ;  was  appointed  secretarj"  for 
Ireland  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  Oct.,  1739 ;  entered 
Parliament  in  1740 ;  became  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  April, 
1745  :  was  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  King  of 
Prussia  Jan,,  174S  ;  became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
April  6, 1754,  in  Newcastle's  administration,  retiring  Nov. 
20, 1755 ;  resumed  this  office  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire 
Nov.  15, 1756,  retiring  in  April.  1757 :  and  was  appointed  to 
it  a  third  time  Juiy  2, 1757.  He  assumed  the  name  Bilson- 
Legge  to  secure  an  inheritance  left  him,  on  this  condition, 
by  a  cousin,  Leonard  Bilson. 

Legge,  James.  Bom  at  Huntlv,  Aberdeenshire, 
Dec.  20, 1815 :  died  at  Oxford,'Nov.  29,  1897.  A 
Scottish  sinologist.  He  labored  as  missionary  at  Ma- 
lacca and  Hongkong  from  1839  to  1S73.  and  in  1876  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Chinese  at  Oxford  University.  He 
published  a  noteworthy  edition  of  the  Chinese  classics, 
with  translation,  prolegomena,  and  notes,  in  28  volumes 
(1861-86),  for  which  he  received  the  Julien  prize  of  the 
French  Institute  in  1S75. 

Legge,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Norwich,  1535 :  died 
at  Cambridge.  July  12, 1607.  An  English  scholar 
and  Latin  dramatist.  He  was  a  graduate  and  feUow 
of  Trinity  College,  and  later  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  appointed  master  of  Caius  College  Jtme 
27, 1573,  He  was  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in  loSS 
and  1593.  His  best-known  work  is  a  Latin  tragedy  "Kich- 
ardus  Tertius"  ("Eichard  IIL"). 

Legge,  William.  Bom  Oct.  14,  1672:  died  at 
Blackheath,  Dee.  15,  1750.  An  English  noble- 
man, son  of  the  first  Baron  Dartmouth,  created 
Yiseotmt  Lewisham  and  Earl  of  Dartmouth 
Sept.  5,  1(11.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for 
the  southern  department  June  15,  1710. 

Legge,William,secondEarl  of  Dartmouth.  Bom 
June  20,  1731 :  died  at  Blackheath,  Kent,  July 

.  15,  1801.  An  English  politician  who  was  sec- 
retary of  state  for  the  colonies  1772-75.  He  became 
presid'ent  of  the  trustees  of  a  ftmd  collected  in  England 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Indian  charity  school  fotmded  by 
Eleazar  Wheelock  at  Lebanon,  Connecticut.  Wheelock 
afterward  removed  to  Hanover.  New  Hampshire,  where  he 
founded  a  college  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Dartmouth 
in  1769.    See  Dartmouth  CoUege. 

Leggett  (leg'et),  William.  Bom  at  Xew  York, 
1802:  diedatNewEoehelle,X.Y.,May29,1839. 
An  American  author.  He  was  connected  with  the 
New  York  "  Evening  Post "  1829-36.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Leisure  Hours  at  Sea  "  (1825),"  "Tales  of  a  Countrj'  School- 
master'' (18-55),  and  "Naval Stories"  (1835). 

Leghorn  (leg'hom  or  leg-hom').  A  province 
iu  Tuseanv.  Italv.  Area,  133  square  mUes.  Pop- 
ulation (1891).  124.603. 

Leghorn,  It.  Livomo  (le-v6r'no),  F.  Livoume 
(le-vom').  [F.Liiotirne,  Sp. Liorna.lt. Lirorno, 
ML.  Liburnum.  Liburni  PorfK*.]  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Leghorn,  Italv,  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean  inlat.  43°  33'  N.,  long.  10°  17'  E. 
Next  to  Genoa  it  is  the  most  important  seaport  in  Italy. 
It  has  a  large  trade  ^vith  the  Levant  and  Black  Sea,  and  is 
engaged  in  iron  sbii>-l>uilding  and  other  manufacturing 
industries.  The  trade  is  iu  grain,  cotton,  wot-l,  silk,  etc 
It  is  a  frequented  watering-place,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
Royal  Naval  Academy.  It  was  acquired  by  Florence  in 
1421;  rose  to  importance  under  the  Medici;  and  ceased 
to  be  a  free  port  in  1S67.     Fop.  (ISKIl),  commune,  98,321. 

Legion  of  Honor.  In  i"rance,  an  order  of  dis- 
tinction and  reward  for  civil  and  military  ser- 
■vices,  instituted  in  May.  1802,  during  the  consul- 
ate, by  Xapoleon  Bonaparte,  but  since  modified 
from  "time  to  time  in  important  particulars. 
Under  the  first  empire  the  distinctions  conferred  invested 
the  person  decorated  with  the  rank  of  legionary,  officer, 
commander,  grand  officer  or  grand  cross.  Theorderholds 
cousidei-able  property,  the  proceeds  of  which  are  paid  out 
in  pensions,  principally  to  wounded  and  disabled  members. 

Legislative  Assembly.  1-  The  collective  title 
of  the  legislature  in  the  State  of  Oregon  and 
the  Territories  of  the  United  States ;  also,  the 
title  of  the  lower  house  or  of  the  single  legis- 
lative body  in  many  of  the  British  colonies. — 
2.  In  French  history,  the  legislative  bodies  of 
1791-92  and  1849-.51."  as  distinguished  from  the 
Constituent  Assemblies  of  1789-91  and  1848-49. 

LegnagO  (len-ya'go).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Verona,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige 


Leibnitz 

22  miles  southeast  of  Verona :  one  of  the  for- 
tresses of  the  "  Quadrilateral." 
Legnano  0cn-ya'n6).  Atown  in  the  province  of 
Milan,  Italy.  18  miles  northwest  of  Milan.  Here, 
May  29,  1176,  the  Lombard  League  defeated  Frederick 
Barbarossa. 

Legouve  ile-go-va').  Gabriel  Jean  Baptiste 
Ernest  Wilfrid.  Bom  at  Paris.  Feb.  15,  1807: 
died  there,  March  14,  1903.  A  French  drama- 
tist, litterateur,  and  member  of  the  Academy: 
son  of  G.  M.  J.  B.  Legouve.  In  I8sl  he  received  tte 
appointment  of  director  of  studies  at  the  Normal  School 
at  Sevres,  with  the  title  of  inspector-general  of  public  in- 
struction. Among  his  dramas  \writteu  alone  or  conjointly 
with  Scribe)  are  "  Adrienne  Lecouvreur  "  (1849X  "  Conteft 
de  la  reine  de  Navarre"  (18501,  "Bataille  des  dames" 
(1851),  •'Medee"(1855),  "  Les  doigtsde  fee"  ("Fairy  Fin- 
gers,"  1858),  "B#atri.v,  "  a  comedy  written  to  introduce 
Ristori  in  a  French  play  (1861).  "Miss  Suzanne"  (1867), 
"  Les  deux  reinesde  France"  (produced  in  1^72|,  "I'ne  Se- 
paration "  (1877),  etc.  His  plays  were  published  1887-Sa 
He  also  published  !if-:trly20  volumes  of  p-.ems,  dramatic 
essays, etc    Elected  uiember  of  the  Atw'iemy  in  1!^. 

Legouve,  Gabriel  Marie  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom 

at  Paris,  June  23, 1 1 1>4 :  died  there,  Aug.  30, 1812. 
A  French  poet  and  dramatist.  Among  his  play* 
are  "La  mort  d'Abel  "(1792).  "Epicharis  "(1793),  "iteocle" 
0799),  and  "La  mort  de  Henri  IV."  (IsOCJ. 

Legree  (le-gre'),  Simon.  A  brutal  slave-dealer 
in  "Uncle Tom's  Cabin. "by  Mrs.  Stowe. 

Legros  (le-gro'),  Alphonse.  Bom  at  Dijon, 
France.  May  8.  1837.  An  historical,  gem'e,  and 
portrait  painter.  He  was  pupil  of  Lecoq  de  Boisban- 
dran  and  of  the  Beans  -Arts.  He  went  to  reside  in  London 
in  1863.  He  became  prof  essi^r  of  etching  at  South  Kensing- 
ton, and  was  Slade  professor  of  fine  :irts  at  Vniversity  Col- 
lege, London,  1876-93.  His  portrait  of  his  father  (1857 )  :ind 
"The  Angelus "  (18c.9)  first  attracted  attention.  Amonip 
his  other  works  are  "Ex  Voto"  (1861\  "Amende  honor- 
able"(lS6S),  "Old  Woodbumer"  (1881),  etc.  He  is  also 
noted  as  an  etcher,  and  for  his  drawings  in  sepia  and  chalL 

Legros,  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris,  1666 :  died  at 
Eome.  1719.  .\  French  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  the  Vestal  of  the  Tuileries  garden  and  numerous  rfr 
ligious  groups  in  the  churches  of  Rome  and  Paris. 

Leh,  or  Le  (la).  A  chief  town  in  Lauak.  Kash- 
mir, near  the  upper  Indus.  It  is  H,500  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  an  important  trading  center  for  the  route* 
between  India,  Turkestan,  and  Tibet.  Population,  about 
5,000. 

Lehigh  (le'hi).  A  riverin  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
which  joins  the  Delaware  at  Easton.  Length, 
about  120  miles.  It  is  navigable  to  White  Haven.  It» 
valley  is  noted  for  anthracite  coaL 

Lehigh  University.  An  institution  of  learning- 
at  South  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  founded  in 
1866  by  Asa  Packer,  it  is  non-sectarian,  and  ha» 
about  40  instructors  and  325  students. 

Lehmann  (la'miin).  Charles  Ernest  Eodolphe 
Henri.  Bom  at  Kiel.  Prussia,  AprU  14,  1814: 
died  at  Paris,  March  30, 1882.  A  noted  German- 
French  historical  painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Us. 
father  Leo  Lehmann  and  of  Ingres.  In  1847  he  was  natnial- 
ized  at  Paris  as  a  French  citizen.  He  was  a  member  of  tbfr 
Institute  (1S64)  and  of  the  superior  council  of  the  Beaux 
Arts  (1875),  and  also  a  professor  there. 

Lehmann,  Lilli.  Bom  at  "Wiirzburg  in  1848.  A 
(Jerman  soprano  singer.  She  was  the  pupil  of  her 
mother,  also  an  opera-singer.  She  made  her  debut  afc 
Prague,  and  first  appeared  in  Berhn  in  1870.  She  has  snny 
in  German  opera  for  several  seasons  in  the  ITnited  States 
and  has  been  especially  successful  in  her  rendering  of 
Wagner's  music-   She  married  Herr  Kalisch,  a  tenor  singer. 

Lehnin  (la-nen'),  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg.  Prussia,  30  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin,  noted  for  its  Cistercian  monastery. 

Lehrte  (ler'te).  A  town  and  important  railway 
junction  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Pmssil^ 
12  miles  east  of  Hannover. 

Leiah,  or  Leia  (la'ya).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Dera  Ismail  Khan,  Panjab.  British  India,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  30°  .59'  X.,  long.  70°  59'  E.  Pop- 
tdation.  about  17.000. 

Leibl  (li'bl),  Wilhelm.  Bora  Oct.  23,  1844; 
died  Dec.  5. 1900.  A  portrait-  and  genre-painter, 
a  pupU  of  Piloty  in  Munich.  He  went  to  Paris  ia 
1869,  and  returned'  to  Munich  in  1S70.  He  studied  th» 
manner  of  Holl>ein  very  cb'Sely.  ^^ 

Leibnitz,  or  Leibniz  (lib'nits).  Baron  Gottfried 
Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Leipsic.  July  6, 1646: 
lUed  at  Hannover,  Nov.  14, 1716.  A  celebrated 
German  philosopher  and  mathematician.  His 
father  was  professor  of  law  at  Leipsic.  He  entered  the 
university  there  in  1661.  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of 
jurisprudence  and  pliUosophv;  studied  mathematics  at 
Jena  in  1663 ;  returned  to  Leipsic ;  and  in  1666  took  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  law  at  Altdorf.  In  1667  he  entered  the 
sen-ice  of  the  elector  of  Mainz,  where  he  remained,  occu- 
pied with  literary  and  political  hibors,  until  about  1673. 
In  1676  he  est.ablished  similar  relations  with  the  Duke  « 
Brunswick-Luneburg,  »nd  served  him  and  his  success<M« 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Leibnitz  is  celt  brat  ed  for  the 
universaUrt  of  his  genius,  as  well  as  for  his  special  achieve- 
ments in  niathematics  and  philosophy.  In  the  former  he 
was  the  inventor  of  the  differential  and  integral  calculus 
(the  principle  of  which  was  independently  discovered  Mr 
Newton);  and  in  the  latter,  of  the  doctrine  of  monadsand 
the  preestablished  h.armonv.  Among  his  numerous  worts 
are  "  De  Arte  combinatoria  "  (16t'«).  a  history  of  the  house 
of  Brunswick  (edited  by  Pertz  1&»3^5X  "Codex  juns  gen- 


Leibnitz 

tium  dlplomaticu8  "(1«!)3).  "Thtodic^e"(lT10),  "\onveaui 
essaiaaurrentenderaent  humaiu"  (written  1704  :  publislicd 
after  Leibnitz's  deatliX  ete. 
Leicester  des'ter).  [Fonnerly  also  Leijcv-'ter 
(and  iu  I  lie  title  and  surname  Lester) ;  ME.  Lei- 
cester, Lcicetcr,  Lci/eetcr,  AS.  Leyeectster,  Lti/a- 
eeastcr,  Ligeraccaster,  Liguracciister,  prob.  orig. 
L.  Legionis  ctistni,  camp  of  the  lei^ion.]  1. 
The  capital  of  Leicestershire,  on  the  Soar,  lat. 
52°  38'  N.,  Ion-;.  1°  8'  W. :  the  Roman  Kuta\ 
The  leading  muiiufacture  is  hosiei-y,  l>ut  bouts,  etc.,  are 
aJso  nianufnetun-d  The  t<twn  cont^xins  renmins  o(  a  cas- 
tle, several  old  churclies,  the  Jewry  Wall,  and  other  Ro- 
man anti(iuitie8.  It  was  an  ancient  British  and  Roman 
town,  and  one  of  the  "Five  Hor(jn;;hs"  of  the  Danes.  It 
was  a.ssociated  with  Richard  III.  Stormed  by  t_'harles  I., 
May,  I6i5,  it  was  retaken  by  Kairfjix,  .lane,  UM.').  It  re- 
turns '2  members  tn  Parliament.  Population  (1901),  211,- 
674. 

2.  A  north  midland  county  of  England.  It  is 
bounded  by  Derby  on  the  northwest.  Nottint'llam  oti  the 
north,  Lincoln  and  Rutland  on  the  east,  Northampton  on 
the  sotithcast,  and  Warwick  on  the  southwest,  'i'he  surface 
is  un<lulatitr&; ;  the  chief  mineral  coal.  It  maimfactures 
wooleti  hosiery,  ami  is  noted  for  Leicester  sheep  and  as  a 
huntingcouuty.  Area,  824  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
373,5»). 

Leicester,  Earls  of.    See  Montfort,  DiuiUij,  sui- 

iiei/,  and  Cub-. 
Leicester  Square.  A  square  in  the  West  End 
of  L/Oiidon.  It  has  been  the  most  popular  resort  of  for- 
eigners of  the  miildle  classes,  especially  of  French  visi- 
tors to  London,  and  6migris.  Till  the  present  century  the 
square  was  known  as  **  Leicester  Fields,"  and  until  the 
time  of  Charles  II.  it  continued  to  be  uninclosed  country. 
On  what  is  the  north  side  of  the  square  Leicester  House 
was  built  for  Robert  Sidney,  earl  of  Leicester,  from  whom 
it  was  rented  by  Eliz.abeth,  queen  of  Boliemia — "the 
Queen  of  Hearts"  — who  died  there  Feb.  13,  1662.  Fred. 
erick,  prince  of  Wales,  resided  there  in  1737.  Hare,  Lon- 
don, II.  124. 

Leichhardt  (lich'hart),  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
Ludwig,  Bom  at  Trebatsch,  near  Beskpw, 
Prussia,  Oct.  23,  1813:  disappeared  in  Austra- 
lia, 1848.  A  German  explorer  in  Australia.  He 
traversed  Queensland  and  Arnhem  Land  1844-45,  and  at- 
tempted to  traverse  the  continent  in  1818.  He  was  last 
heard  from  April  3,  1848,  being  then  on  the  river  ( 'ogoun. 
He  published  a  "Journal  of  an  Overland  E.vpeilition  in 
Australia,  from  Moreton  Bay  to  Port  Essington,  during 
the  Years  1844-45  "  (1847). 

LeicUingen  (lieh'linK-en).  Atowninthe  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wujiper  12 
miles  north  by  east  of  Cologne.  Population, 
about  .5,000. 

Leidy  (li'di),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  9,  1823:  died  there,  April  30,  1891.  An 
American  naturalist,  professor  Of  anatomy 
(1853)  and  director  of  the  department  of  biol- 
ogy (1884)  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  .Sciences  (188J),  and  held  other  otliccs.  Among 
his  works  are  "Elementary  Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy  " 
(1800:  rewTitten  1889),  "Cretaceous  Reptiles  of  the  United 
Htates  "(18G5),  "  Extinct  Mammalian  Fauna  of  Dakota  and 
Nebrask,i,  etc."  (1870),  "Extinct  Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the 
Western  Territories"  (Vol.  1, 1874).  "  Description  of  Verte- 
brate Remains  from  the  Phosphate  Beds  of  South  Carolina  " 
(1S77),  "Tape-Worm  in  Birds"  (1887),  etc. 

Leigh  (le).  A  iiiauufa<'ttirinK  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, EnKlanil,  20  miles  east-northeast  of  Liv- 
erpool.    Populnlion  (1891),  28,702. 

Leigh,  Edward.  Born  at  Shawell,  Leicoster- 
shire,  March  24,  1002:  ilied  at  Rushall  Hall. 
Stafforilshiri^,  .Tune  2, 1071.  An  English  Puri- 
tan thoolot^an.  lie  wrot«  "Critica  Sacra,  or  Philolo- 
gicall  and  Theologicall  oltservations  upon  all  the  (Jreck 
Words  of  the  New  Testament,  etc. "  (liisii),  "  I  'ritica  Sacra : 
Oliservations  on  all  the  Radices  or  Primitive  Hebrew 
Words  of  the  (lid  Testament,  etc."  (1042).  etc. 

Leigh,  Egerton.  Born  in  Cheshire,  181.'):  died 
at  London,  .luly  ].  1870.  An  English  soldier 
(lieutemmt-colonel  of  militia)  and  antiquarian: 
author  of  "A  (ilossarv  of  Words  used  in  the  Di- 
alect of  Cheshire"  (1877). 

Leigh,  Sir  Amyas.  'i'he  principal  character  in 
Kin;;>li-y's  novid  "Westward  IIo!" 

Leighton  (la'ton),  Alexander.  Born  in  Scot- 
land, 1.")(>S:  died  1049.  A  Scottish  physician  and 
divine.  lie  was  a  tierce  op|,^»nt;nt  of  KomaTdsm,  and 
was  fined,  mutilated,  anil  imprisoned  (1630-40)  for  his  at- 
tack upon  the  episcopacy  anil  the  (jueeri,  ami  released  and 
recompensed  with  a  girt  of  .t:tI,tKH)  by  the  Long  Parliament. 
He  wrote  "Speculum  Belli  Sacri.  or  the  I/toking  Olass  of 
War  "  (l(ri4),  anil  "An  Appeal  to  the  Parliament,  or  Slon's 
Plea  against  the  I'relacle'' (102.'<). 

Leighton,  Alexander.  Born  at  Pundee  in  1.800: 
died  Dec.  24,1874,  A  Scottish  writer  and  editor : 
wriirr,  in  p;irt,  of  the  "Tales  of  the  Borders."' 

Leighton,  Frederick,  Lord.  Born  Dec.  3, 1830  : 
died  Jan.  2"),  ]89(i.  A  noted  English  hislorieal 
and  portrait  painter.  When  II  years  old  he  slndleil 
drawing  in  Rome  under  Francesco  Metl.  llestuilied  at  the 
Berlin  Academy,  the  Florence  .Academy,  at  Frankfort,  at 
Brussels,  at  the  Lo'^vrc  life  school  at  Paris,  and  finally  fin- 
three  years  at  Rome.  He  exhibited  at  the  Koyal  Academy 
"The  Procession  ol  Cimabne's  Madonna*"  (1855);  It  Is  at 
Buckingham  Palace,  lie  then  ri'tnrmd  to  Paris  to  study 
under  Ary  SchelTer,  and  sent  pictures  nearly  every  year  to 
the  Uoyal  Academy.    He  was  elected  royal  ucadeiniclan  In 


601 

1869,  and  president  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1878,  when  he 
was  knighted.  He  was  made  a  baronet  in  ls85.  He  traveled 
extensively  in  Kilrope,  Egyi)t,  and  the  East.  He  was  also 
a  fine  sculptor  and  mnsiciaii.  Among  his  paintings  are 
"Romeo  and  Juliet"  (IS.'iS),  "Odalisque"  and  'Star  of 
Bethlehem  "(1802),  "Orpheus  ami  Euryilice"(lb04),  "  ller- 
ciUes  wrestling  with  Death"  (1871),  "Industrial  Arts  of 
Peace"  (1873),  "Daphnephoria"  (1S76),  "Wedded"  (l.s82'l, 
"Cymonanillphigem'a  "(1S.S4).  He  also  painted  a  triptych 
illustratill'.;  Music  for  a  ceiling  in  Mr.  .Marquand's  house 
in  Ne«'  \tnV.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  Jan.  1, 18!t6. 
Perkiiiji,  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 
Leighton  (la'ton),  Rohert.  BornlGll:  diedat 
Loiidoii.  June"  25,  1684.  A  Scottish  prelate, 
oritjinally  a  Presbyterian  divine.  He  was  made 
principal  of  the  Uidvcrsity  of  Edinburgh  and  professor  of 
divinity  in  16.53  ;  was  bishop  of  Dunblane  (on  the  restora- 
tion of  the  ci)iscopacy)  lt)01-70 ;  and  was  archbishop  of 
Glasgow  1670-74.  His  "Rules  and  Instructions  for  a  Holy 
Life  "  and  other  works  were  published  posthumously. 

As  saint,  author,  and  peacemaker,  Leighton  presents  a 
combination  of  qualities  which  has  called  forth  almost 
um'ivalled  tributes  of  admiration.  i>tc(.  yal.  Bio;i, 

Leighton-Buzzard  (lii'ton-buz'ard).    A  town 

in  Bedfordshire.  Englanii,  situated  on  the  Otise 
38  miles  northwest  of  London.  I'opulation  of 
parish  (1891),  0,704. 

Leila,  or  the  Siege  of  Granada.  A  novel  by 
Bulwer  Lytton,  published  iu  1838. 

Leine(li'ne).  AriverinGermany,joininf;the  Al- 
ler  25  miles  north  by  west  of  Hannover.  Length, 
about  120  miles. 

Leinlngen  (li'ning-eu).  A  former  county  of 
Germany,  situated  in  the  modern  Hesse  and 
Rhine  Palatinate.  Itwasinadeaprincipalilyinl77!>; 
an  exchange  of  territories  was  made  iu  1803 ;  and  the  princi- 
pality was  mediatized  ISOii. 

Leinster  (len'ster  or  lin'st^r).  One  of  the  four 
pro\inces  of  Ireland,  occupying  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  the  island.  It  is  made  up  of  Leinster 
proper  in  the  south  and  Meath  in  the  north,  and  com- 
prises the  following  counties  :  Louth,  Meath,  Wcstmeath, 
Longford,  King  s  County,  Kildare,  Dublin,  Uicklow,  Wex- 
ford. Callow,  Kilkenny,  and  Queen's  County.  The  king- 
dom of  Leinster  was  under  native  rulers  until  the  Anglo- 
Norman  invasion  in  the  12th  century.  Area,  7,622  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,187,760. 

Leipa.     See  Bolimiseli-Lfipa. 

Leipnik  (lip'nik).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Betschwa  16  miles 
east-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,389. 

Leipsic  (lip'sik),  0.  Leipzig (Hp'tsio).  [Of  Slav, 
origin,  from  liji,  lijia,  a  linden ;  L.  Lii>sia.J  Acity 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Li- 
ster. Pleisse,  and  Parthe  iu  lat.  51°  20'  N.,  long. 
12°  23'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  commercial  centers 
in  tJermany,  the  first  city  in  Saxony,  the  center  of  the 
Cerman  book  trade,  and  the  leailing  city  in  the  world  in 
bookselling  and  i>ublishing,  and  one  of  the  leading  musical 
centers.  Its  annual  fairs  at  Jubilate,  Michaelmas,  and 
New  Vcar  are  celebrated.  The  sales  at  the  fairs  include 
furs,  cloth,  leather,  linen,  glass,  etc.  There  are  manufac- 
tures of  pianos,  tobacco,  cigars,  etc.  Among  the  objects 
of  interest  are  the  theater,  museum  (with  picture-gallery), 
.\ugustenm(sfatof  the  university),  (  Hd  (iewandliaus.  New 
Gewandtians,  Katbaus.  war  mominieiit,  Marktpl,it/„  Pleis- 
scnbnrg  (f'>rmi  i-  citadel),  bourse,  1:,  foiniation  inonunicnt, 
Ethnogiapbiiiil  .MilsinMi.and  Museum  of  the  ll.iok  Tni.le. 
The  univi-rsil\,  foniiiled  in  1 109  on  the  secession  of  Ciinian 
stmlentsfrom  the  Inivrrsily  of  I'ragiie,  ranks  as  the  second 
or  third  in  size  of  the  Oerinan  universities.  It  has  about 
:i,00o  students,  and  a  library  of  over  500,000  volumes.  The 
city  is  the  seat  of  the  supreme  courts  of  the  eniirtre.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  l.citmitz  and  of  Richaid  \N'agin'r. 
Leipsic  was  an  ancient  Slavic  settlement.  It  received  jirivi- 
leges  from  the  Margrave  of  .Meissen  in  the  I'Jth  century,  and 
developed  into  a  great  conunercial  center  in  the  later  mid- 
dle ages;  was  besieged  and  taken  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War;  was  the  scene  of  riots  in  1S48  49;  and  wasoccupieii 
by  the  Prussians  IHl^tJ.  (For  battles  fonglit  here,  see  below.) 
Pojinlation  (1900;,  willi  incorpoiati-d  suburbs,  4.05,089. 

Leipsic,  Battles  of.  1.  A  victory  gained  Sept. 
7(1).  S.),  1631,  by  the  Swedes  and  .Snxons  un- 
der (iiistavus  AdiilphuH  over  the  Imjierialists 
under  Tilly.  Also  called  the  first  battle  of 
Breitenfeld. —  2.  A  victorv  gained  Oct.  2.'! 
(O.  S.).  1642,  by  the  Swedes  under  Torslensiin 
over  the  Iiuperialisis  under  Leopold  of  .Vustria 
and  I'iccolomini.  j\lso  called  Ihe  second  buttle 
of  Breitenfeld. — 3.  A  victory  gained  by  the 
Prussians,  Russians.  Austrians,  and  Swedes 
(200,000  at  first,  300,000  later)  under  Sdiwarz- 
enberg  over  the  Fremdi  (aliont  180,000)  under 
Na))oleon,()cl.  16-19,  1813.   Tln-lossof  the  Allies  is 

estimated  at  54, (MKi  killed  and  « nded  ;  that  of  the  Frencli 

at  40,iKMi  killed  and  wounded  and  ,'lo,iilHi  prisoners.  The 
victoiT  virtually  secured  the  liberation  of  Cermanv.  Also 
called  "the  I '.ail  lent  the  Nations"  ("  Volkersehlacht  "). 

Leipsic  Collociuy.  A  conference  between  Lu- 
theran and  Reformed  theologians,  held  at  Leip- 
sic ill  1(>31. 

Leipsic  Disputation.  A  theological  contro- 
versy belwei'ii  Lulher  ami  Knrlstadt  on  one 
side  and  Ivk  on  the  other,  held  nt  Leipsic 
June  27-July  15,  1519. 

Leipsic  Interim.  A  statement  of  belief  dra«ni 
up  uy  Melauehthon  and  other  German  Protes- 


Lekain 

tant  theologians,  making  important  concessions 
to  the  Roman  Catholics.  It  was  formally  adopt- 
ed in  Dec,  1548. 

Leisewitz  (li'/.e-vits),  Johann  Anton.    Bom 

at  Jlanuover,  May  9,  17.'>2:  died  at  Brunswick, 
(jermany,  Sept.  10,  1806.  A  German  drama- 
tist, author  of  the  tragedy  "Julius  von  Tarent" 
(1776),  etc. 
Leisler  (lis'liT),  Jacob.  Died  at  New  York, 
May  16,  1691.  An  .\inerican  patriot.  He  was  a 
native  of  Frankfort-on-the-ilaiu,  Germany ;  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1660  as  a  soldier  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company  ;  acquired  a  fortune  by  trade  with  the  In- 
dians *  and  became  a  captain  in  the  military  force  stationed 
at  New  York.  He  headed  the  movement  which  deposed 
the  Jacobite  lieutenant  governor  Francis  Nicholson  and 
Jiroclaimeil  William  and  Mary  in  June,  11389.  He  assumed 
without  fortnal  authority  the  functions  of  a  royal  lieuten- 
ant-governor, but  laid  liown  his  power  on  the  arrival  of 
Henry  Sloiighter  as  governor  in  Hiol.  in  spite  of  which  he 
was  tried  and  executed  for  treason.  The  sentence  was 
so  manifestly  unjust  that  it  is  said  Sloughter  hesitated  to 
sign  the  death-warrant  until  heated  with  wine. 

Leisnig  (lis'niG).  A  to'wn  in  Sa.xony,  situated 
on  the  Freiberger  Mulde  28  mUes  southeast  of 
Leipsic. 

Leitch  (lech),  William  Leighton.  Born  at 
Glasgow,  Nov.  22.  1.S04 :  died  Aiiril  25. 1883.  A 
Scotch  ])aiuter,  \nce-prcsi<lent  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Painters  in  \Vater  Colors,  and  espe- 
cially noted  as  a  teacher  of  his  art. 

Leith  (leth).  A  seaport  and  parliamentary 
borough  in  the  county  of  Edinburgh.  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  north-northeast 
of  Edinburgh,  and  contiguous  to  that  city.  It 
has  important  docks,  ship-building,  and  foreign 
and  coasting  trade.     Population  (1901 1,  76.667. 

Leith,  Sir  James.  Bom  at  Leithhall,  Aber- 
deenshire. Aug.  8,  1763 :  died  at  Barbados, 
Oct.  16,  1816.  A  Scottish  soldier,  appointed 
lieutenant-general  in  1813.  He  served  at  Toulon 
in  1703;  in  Ireland  (as  colonel)  1798-1803 :  at  Lugo  1809; 
atCorunna.at  the  siege  of  Badajoz,  and  at  Salamanca  1812; 
and  at  St,  Sebastian  181."?.  He  was  appointed  commander 
in  the  West  Indies  and  governor  of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
1814. 

Leitha  (li'tii).  A  river  in  Lower  Austria  and 
Hungary,  which  joins  the  Danube  near  Unga- 
risch-Altenburg.  Ijengtli.  1 10  niiles.  It  forms  in 
part  the  boundary  between  .\ustri;i  and  Hungarj'  (heuce 
the  terms  Ci^ifilhan  anil  TiaitM>  ilfian). 

Leitmeritz  (lit'mer-its).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  34  miles  north-northwest 
of  Pr.ague.  It  is  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultunU  region 
("the  Bohemian  Paradise"),  and  has  manufactures  of 
beer.     Poiiulation  (18iK)).  commune,  11, .342. 

Leitomischl  (li'to-mishl).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
sitiiatid  on  the  Lautschna  46  miles  north  by 
west  of  Briiun.  Population  (1890),  commime, 
8,(112. 

Leitriin(le'trim).  The  northeastemmost  coun- 
ty in  Connaught,  Ireland.  It  Is  bounded  by  Donepd 
Bay  on  the  northwest,  Kennanagh  and  Cavan  on  the  north- 
east. Longford  on  the  si uit beast,  and  Roscommon  and  Sligo 
on  the  southwest-  Area,  610  square  miles.  Population 
(1801),  78,618. 

Lei'7a(lay'vii).  Ponciano.  Born  about  1828.  A 
liolilician  of  llundiirtis.  Aided  by  Guatemala  and 
S.ilvador,  he  deposed  Alias,  Jan.,  1874.  talking  the  title  of 
Ijrovisioiiiil  president ;  was  elected  president  Feb.  1. 1875; 
j.ut  down  an  insurrection  in  1876;  and  resigned  Jtine 8, 1H76, 
to  prevent  nnol her  civil  war.  Subseouently  he  wasininls- 
t+T  of  war  under  Bogran,  and  succeeded  him  as  president 
Nov.  10,  ISOl,  but  resigned  Aug.  .s,  1893. 

Leiva  y  de  la  Cerda  (lay'vU  e  da  lii  ther'Tiia), 

Juan  de,  Maniuis  of  Leiva  and  l.abrada  and 
Count  lit  llanos.  Born  about  1610:  died  after 
16(i7.  A  Spanish  nubleinan,  viceroy  of  Mexico 
Sept.  16.  16(i0,  to  .lune  28.  1664.  He  wasoneof  the 
woi-st  rulers  I  hat  the  country  ever  had,  and.  when  finally  de- 
imst  li.  he  scheuied  to  retain  bis  jdaee  until  forced  tiy  the 
Audience  to  give  It  up.  Returning  to  Spain  in  16*16,  he  en- 
tered the  Carmelite  order. 

Lejean  ( le-zhoii' ).  Guillaume.    Born  nt  Plou^-- 

gat-(;uer;iiiil.  Finislere,  Fiance,  1828:  died  at 
Pliiuegat-(iuei-iind.  Feb.  ],  1871.  A  French 
traveler  in  southeastern  Europe,  the  Nile  val- 
lev,  and  western  Asia. 

Lejeune  (le-/.hen').   Baron  Louis  Francois. 

Born  at  Strasburg.  1775:  died  nt  Totilouse, 
France.  1848.  A  distinguished  French  general, 
and  painlerof  bailies. 
Le  Jeune,  Claude  or  Claudin.  Born  at  Valen- 
ciennes aliiiut  l.'i30  (fj:  died  about  1.598.  A 
I''ren<di  eom])oser.  Ills  fame  rests  on  his  setting  of 
Maixit  and  Itciui's  psalnl^  ininted  after  his  dcBlh.  This 
went  through  many  editions,  and  wii»u»e<l in  all  the Calvln- 
Istie  I  burches.  except  in  swllierland. 

Lekain    (h''-kai'i')    (originally    Cain),  Henri 

Louis.  Born  at  Ptiris,  April  14.  172.S:  died  at 
Paris,  Fob.  8.  1778.  A  noted  French  tragedian. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  goldsmith,  and  was  noted  as  a  maker  of 
delicate  surgical  instrnment.s.  In  17.'iO  he  created  an'de  In 
"  1a*  nniuvais  riche  "  which  altnictedtheattentlon  of  Vol- 
taire, who  remained  his  friend.  It  was  the  custom  to  com- 
pare lilm  with  Garrlck,  but  they  bad  little  In  common.    Ho 


Lekain 

left  interesting  memoirs,  with  letters  from  Garrick,  Vol- 
taire, etc.  These  were  published  by  Uis  son,  and  reedited 
by  Talma  in  lS2o, 

L.  £.  L.  The  initials  (used  as  a  pen-uame)  of 
Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (Mrs.  Maclean). 

Leland  (le'land),  Charles  Godfrey.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Aug.  15,  lS-2i  :  died  at  Floreuee, 
Italv.  March  20,  1903.  An  American  author. 
He  resiiied  princip.iUy  at  London  1869-80,  and  gave  much 
time  to  the  study  of  the  language  and  customs  of  the  Gip- 
sies, .^mong  his  works  are  "Hans  Breitmann's  Party, 
and  Other  Ballads  "  (1868  :  burlesque  poems  in  Pennsyl- 
vania Duteh;  there  were  four  series  of  these),  *"  Poe- 
try and  M\'stery  of  Dreams  "(1S55),  "'English  Crypsies.  etc." 
(1873),  "Minor  Arts,etc."(1880),  ■■TheGypsies"(lSS-2),and 
'•  Practical  Education  "  (ISSS). 

Leland  Ud'and).  or  Leyland,  Jolin.  Bom  at 
London  about  1506:  (lied  April  IS.  1552.  A 
noted  English  antiquary.  He  studied  at  Cambridge 
(Christ's  College,  where  he  proceeded  B.  A.),  Oxford  (All 
Souls  College),  and  Paris,  and  entered  the  church.  He  was 
appointed  king's  antiquary  in  1533,  with  a  commission  to 
search  for  English  antiquities  in  all  libraries  and  other 
places  where  they  might  be  found  ;  and  for  this  purpose 
journeyed  for  six  years  (1536-4-2),  through  England,  making 
exhaustive  researches  and  minutely  recording  his  observa- 
tions. He  was  adjudged  insane  in  1550.  .Most  of  his  work 
was  left  in  manuscript  at  his  death.  His  "Itinerary"  was 
published  in  ITIO,  and  his  "Collectanea  "  in  1715. 

Leland,  Jolin.  Born  at  Wigan,  England,  Oct. 
IS,  1691 :  died  at  Dublin,  Jan.  16,  1766.  An 
English  Presbrterian  clergyman  and  controver- 
sialist, pastor  in  Dublin.  He  was  the  author  of  "A 
View  of  the  Principal  Deistical  Writers  that  have  Appeared 
in  England  During  the  Last  and  Present  Centuries  "(1754- 
1756),  etc 

Leland  (le'land),  John.  Born  at  Grafton,  Mass., 
May  14, 17-54 :  died  at  Xorth  Adams,  Mass.,  Jan. 
14  1S41.     An  American  Baptist  clerer\Tnan. 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University.  A  co- 
educational institution  of  learning  at  Palo  Alto, 
Califoraia,  founded  in  1S91  by  Leland  Stan- 
ford in  memory  of  his  son.  It  has  about  85  in- 
structors and  1,225  students. 

Leleges  (lel'e-jez).  In  ancient  history,  apeople 
represented  as  living  on  the  coasts  of  Greece, 
Asia  Minor,  and  the  islands  of  the  JJIgean. 

Leleux  (le-le'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Paris,  Xov. 
1.').  1S12:  ilied  there,  July  27.  1S91.  A  French 
painter  of  landscape  and  genre  scenes. 

Leleux,  Armand.  Bom  at  Paris,  1818:  died 
there,  June,  1SS5.  A  French  genre-painter, 
brother  of  Adolphe  Leleux.  and  pupil  of  Ingres. 

Lelewel  ile'le-vel),  Joachim.  Bom  at  Warsaw. 
March  21, 1786 :  died  at  Paris,  May  29.  1S61.  A 
Polish  historian,  noted  especially  for  his  studies 
in  the  geography  of  the  middle  ages.  His  works 
include  "G^ographie  des  Arabes"  (1S51),  "G^ographie  du 
moyen  age  "  (1852-57),  and  various  works  on  Polish  histoiy 
and  antiquities.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  history  at 
the  Vniversity  of  Warsaw  in  1816,  and  soon  after  at  Wiina. 
In  1S24  he  was  deprived  of  his  position  for  political  reasons, 
and  became  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Polish  revolution  of 
1830. 

Lelie  fla-le')-  The  "  6tourdi  "  in  MoUere's  play 
of  that  name.  His  singular  carelessness  and  ^totirde- 
rie  bring  to  naught  all  the  astonishing  schemes  for  his 
benefit  concocted  by  Mascarille,  his  valet. 

Lely  I  le'li),  .Sir  Peter  (originally  Van  der  Vaes 
or  Faes).  Bom  at  Soest,  Westphalia,  Sept.  14, 
1618 :  died  at  London,  Nov.  30, 1680.  A  famous 
Dutch-English  artist,  court  painter  to  Charles 
H.  He  studied  in  Haarlem  under  Franz  Pietersz  de  Greb- 
ber  (Grelber),  and  worked  there  until  1641,  when  he  went 
to  England  with  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who  wedded  the 
Princess  Mary  in  that  year.  He  remained  in  England  and 
enjoyed  until  his  death  great  popularity  as  a  portrait- 
painter,  his  pictures  of  the  beauties  of  the  court  of  Charles 
II.  being  especially  famous.  He  executed  portraits  of 
William  of  Orange,  of  Mar}-,  and  of  a  large  number  of  the 
most  eminent  men  and  women  in  England  during  his  time. 
The  name  Lely  was  assumed  by  his  father,  who  was  bom 
in  a  house  bearing  the  sign  of  a  lily. 

Lemaire,  or  Le  Maire  (le  mar),  Jean.  Bom  at 
Beiges,  or  Bai-ia,  in  Hainaut,  1473:  died  about 
1548.  A  Belgian  poet  and  historian,  after  1504 
secretary  and  librarian  to  Margaret  of  Austria. 
His  most  important  work  is  his  "Illustrations 
de  Gaule  Belgique"  (1812). 

Lemaire,  Nicolas  ^loi.  Bom  at  Triaucourt, 
Meuse,  France,  Dec.  1, 1767:  died  Oct.  3,  1832. 
A  French  classical  scholar.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor  of  Latin  poetry  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters.  Paris,  in 
1811.  of  which  he  became  dean  in  1S25.  After  the  Eesto 
ration  he  undertook,  as  chief  editor,  the  publication  of  the 
'•  liihliotheca  classica  latina,"  a  series  of  Latin  authors, 
wliii  h  he  did  not  live  to  complete.  _ 

Lemaitre  (le-matr' ),  Frederic.  Born  at  Havre. 
France,  July  21.1800 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  26, 1876. 
A  noted  French  actor.  He  studied  two  years  at  the 
Conservatoire,  but  made  his  first  public  appearance  on  four 
feet  as  the  lion  in  a  poor  melodrama, "  Pyrame  et  Thisb^," 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Odfon  reftised  to  engage  him 
though  he  was  backed  by  Talma.  He  made  slow  progress. 
btlt  in  1823,  being  cast  for  the  melodramatic  part  of  Robert 
Macaire  in  a  tame  play  in  which  he  feared  he  could  make 
no  impression,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  playing  it  as  a 
comic  part.    From  this  time  his  success  as  a  comedian  was 


602 

complete.  He  was  considered  in  France  the  greatest  dra- 
matic artist  of  his  time,  with  the  exception  of  Talma.  His 
play  "Robert  Macaire,"  with  Saint- Amand  and  Antier, 
was  played  over  live  hundred  times  in  succession. 

Leman  (la-moii').  -^  French  department  and 
Swiss  canton  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Lake 
of  Geneva  during  the  era  of  the  French  Eevo- 
lution- 

Leman,  Lake.     See  Geneva,  Lake  of. 

Lemanic  Republic.  The  name  assumed  by  the 
canton  of  Yaud,  Switzerland,  Jan.,  1798,  as  an 
independent  state.  It  entered  the  Helvetic  Re- 
public as  the  canton  of  Leman  in  April,  1798. 

Lemannus  (le-man'us).  or  Lemanus  (le-ma'- 
nus),  Lacus.  The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva. 

Le  Mans.    See  Mans,  Le. 

Le  Marchant  (le  miir-shoii').  John  Gaspard. 
Bora  in  Guernsey,  1766 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Salamanca,  July  22,  1812.  An  English  soldier, 
made  major-general  in  1810.  He  served  in  Flanders 
1793-t*4  ;  was  governor  of  the  Royal  Military  College  ISi)!- 
1810 ;  and  commanded  a  brigade  of  cavalry  in  the  Penin- 
sula lSlO-12. 

Le  Marchant,  Sir  John  G-aspard.  Bom  1803 : 
died  at  London,  Feb.  6,  1S74.  A  son  of  Major- 
General  J.  G.  Le  Marchant,  appointed  lieuten- 
ant-general in  1864.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of 
Xewfoundland  1847-52,  and  of  Xova  Scotia  1852-57 ;  gover- 
nor of  ilalta  1859-64  ;  and  commander-in-chief  at  iladras 
1^65-63. 

Lemberg  (lem'bera),  Polish  L'WO'W  (Ivov).  [L. 
Leopolis,  F.  Leopoh']  The  capital  of  Galicia. 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Peltew  in  lat. 
49°  51'  N.,  long. "34°  E.  its  trade  is  important.  It  is 
an  archiepiscopal  see  of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Armenian, 
and  United  Greek  churches,  and  has  cathedrals  of  these 
churches.  It  also  contains  a  university,  a  polytechnic 
institution,  and  Ossolinski's  National  Institute.  It  was 
founded  in  the  13th  century ;  conquered  by  Casimir  the 
Great  of  Poland  in  1340 :  besieged  by  the  Cossacks  in  1648, 
and  by  the  Turks  in  1672  ;  taken  by  Swedes  in  1704  ;  an- 
nexed" by  Austria  in  1772 ;  and  bombarded  in  the  outbreak 
of  1S4S.     Population  (1900i ,  159,618. 

Lemercier  (le-mer-sya'),  Jacques.  Bom  at 
Pontoise  about  15S5:  died  at  Paris,  1660.  A 
celebrated  French  architect.  In  1618  he  was  ap- 
pointed architect  du  roi,  and  in  1620  he  rebuilt  the  bridge 
at  Rouen.  In  1624  he  took  charge  of  the  works  at  the 
Louvre,  which  had  not  advanced  beyond  the  constructions 
of  Pierre  Lescot :  these  he  doubled  on  the  western  and 
southern  sides,  quadrupling  the  intended  size  of  the  cotirt. 
In  the  middle  of  the  western  side  he  built  the  Pavilion 
d'Orloge,  crowned  by  the  famous  cAryatids  of  Jacques  Sar- 
roziiL  In  1627  he  constructed  the  Chateau  de  Lilly.  He 
w.as  the  favorite  architect  of  Richelieu,  and  in  1629  built 
the  Palais  Richelieu,  later  developed  into  the  Palais  Roy- 
al. .\bout  the  same  time  also  he  built  the  church  and 
buildings  of  the  Sorbonne.  He  superseded  Frangois  ilan- 
sart  as  architect  of  the  Church  of  Val  de  Gr^ce.  In  1636. 
with  Salomon  de  Brosse,  he  built  the  lanterns  of  the  ca- 
thedral of  Troyes.  In  16i2  he  succeeded  Clement  Mete- 
zeau  at  the  Oratoire  at  Paris,  and  in  1653  he  built  the  choir 
and  p:irt  of  the  nave  of  St.  Roche, 

Lemercier,  Louis  Jean  Nepomuctoe.  Bom  at 

Paris,  April  21, 1771:  diedJune7,lS40.  AFrench 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  wrote  a  number  of  plays, 
among  which  are  "Tartufferevolutionnaire"(1795),  "Aga- 
memnon "(produced  1794),  "Ophis"(l  798),  "Charlemagne," 
'•Baudouin,""St.  Louis,"etc.  Among  his  poems  are"  Pan- 
hj-pocrisiade,  ou  la  comedie  inf  ernale  du  seizieme  siecle  " 
(1819),  "  Les  ages  franc;aiSj'  etc. 

Lemery  (liim-re'),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Rouen, 
France,  Xov.  17,  1645 :  died  at  Paris,  June  19, 
1715.  A  noted  French  chemist,  author  of 
"Cours  de  chimie"  (1675),  etc. 

Lemgo  (lem'go).  A  town  in  the  pi-incipaUty  of 
Lippe,  Germany,  41  miles  southwest  of  Hanno- 
ver. It  has  mantif  actures  of  meerschaum  pipes. 
Population  (1890),  7,290. 

Lemnos  (lem'nos),  mod.  Limno  (lim'n6),or 
T.imTii  (lem'ne).  It.  Stalimene  (sta-le-ma'ne). 
[Gr.  A;;,uiof .]  An  island  in  the -Sgean  Sea,  be- 
longing to  Tiu'key,  situated  in  lat.  39°  50'  X., 
long.  25°  20'  E.  Chief  town.  Kastro.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  It  was  long  famous  for  its  earth  ("  terra  sigil- 
lata  Lemnia  •).  It  was  sacred  to  Hephaestus  in  ancient 
times :  was  conquered  by  Miltiades ;  and  was  in  1657  ac- 
quired by  the  Turks  from  the  Venetians.  Length,  about 
20  miles.    Population,  about  20,000  (mainly  Greeks). 

The  m5'th  ran  that  in  Lemnos  at  the  time  of  the  Argo- 
nautic  expedition  there  were  no  males,  the  women  having 
revenged  their  ill-treatment  upon  the  men  by  murdering 
them  aU.  The  Argonauts  touched  at  the  island,  and  were 
received  with  great  favour.  They  stayed  some  months,_and 
the  subsequent  population  of  the  island  was  the  fruit  of 
this  visit  Hypsipyle,  the  queen,  had  twin  sons  by  Jason. 
Sophocles  wrote  a  tragedy,  which  is  lost,  upon  this  piece 
of  ancient  story.  Ratdingon,  Herod.,  m.  116. 

Lemoine.    See  Le  iloyne. 

Lemoine  (le-moin'),  Henry.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  14,  1756 :  died  there,  April  30,  1812.  An 
English  bookseller  and  writer.  He  published  "  Ty- 
pographical Antiquities  :  the  History,  Origin,  and  Progress 
of  the  Art  of  Print  ins,  etc."  (1797),  etc 

Lemoine,  Jean  Baptiste.    See  Biemille. 
Lemon  (lem'on),  Mark.    Bom  at  London,  Xov. 
30, 1809 :  died  at  Crawley,  Sussex,  May  23. 1870. 


Lensa 

An  English  journalist,  dramatist,  and  novelist, 
one  of  the  foimders  and  the  first  editor  .} 
"  Punch"  (1843-70).  Among  his  numerous  plays  aic 
"Hearts  are  Trumps,"  "Lost  and  Won,"  "Self-.\ccusa- 
tion."  and  "Love  and  War."  He  also  %vrote  a  number  uf 
fairy  tales,  and  published  a  "jest-book"  in  1867. 

Lemonnier  (le-mo-nya'),  Pierre  Charles.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Xov.  23.  1715 :  died  near  Bayeux, 
France,  1799.     A  French  astronomer. 

Lemos,   Count   of.     See   Fernandez  de   Castro 

Afi'lrnilf  1/  Fortuijal.  Pedro. 
Le  Moyne  (le  mwan'),  Antoine,  Sieur  de  Cha- 
teauguay.  Bom  at  Montreal,  July  7, 1683 :  died 
at  Rochefort,  France.  March  21, 1747.  A  French- 
Canadian  commander,  son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne. 
He  served  under  Iberville  against  the  English  1705-06*;  was 
made  commandant  of  the  troops  in  Louisiana  in  1717,  aui* 
king's  lieutenant  of  the  colony  in  1718 ;  was  governor  o' 
ilartinique  1727-44 :  and  became  governor  of  Isle  Royaie 
or  Cape  Breton,  in  1745. 

Le  Moyne,  Charles,  Sieur  de  Longueuil,  Bom 
in  Xormandy.  France.  1626:  died  at  Villemarie, 
Canada.  16S3.  A  French  pioneer  in  Canada. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  border  warfare  against  th* 
Iroquois  and  the  English,  and  was  ennobled  by  Louis  XI'V. 
in  1668. 

Le  Moyne,  Charles,  Baron  de  Longuetiil.  Bom 
at  Montreal,  Dec.  10,  1(556:  died  at  Montreal, 
JimeS,  1729.  -\Fi'eneh-Canadian  commander, 
son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  made  governor 
of  Montreal  and  created  a  6aron  in  1700 ;  became  comman- 
dant-general of  Canada  in  1711,  and  governor  of  Three 
Rivers  in  1720 ;  and  was  reappointed  governor  of  Montreal 
in  1724. 

Le  Moyne,  Jacques,  Sieur  de  Sainte-H^llne. 
Bora  at  Villemarie,  Canada,  -A.pril  16, 1659 :  died 
at  Quebec,  Oct.,  1690.  A  French-Canadian  offi- 
cer, son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  expedition  which"  captured  and  plundered 
Schenectady  in  IfStO.  He  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  mo- 
ment of  victor}-,  while  defending  the  passage  of  the  -St. 
Cliarles  against  the  British  admiral  Phips. 

Le  Moyne,  Joseph,  Sieur  de  Serigny.  Born  at 
Montreal.  July  22,  1668:  died  at  Rochefort, 
France,  1734.  A  French  naval  officer,  son  of 
Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  made  governor  of 
Rochefort  in  1723. 

Le  Moyne.  Paul,  Sieur  de  Maricourt.  Bom  at 
Montreal, Dec.  15,1663:  killed  March  21,1704. 
A  French-Canadian  commander,  sou  of  Charles 
Le  Moyne. 

Le  Moyne,  Pierre.    See  TbernTle. 

Lempa  (lem'pii ).  A  i-iver  in  San  Salvador,  Cen- 
tral America,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  about  40 
miles  southeast  of  San  Salvador.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Lempri^re  (lem-prer'),  John.  Bom  in  Jersey 
about  1765 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  1,  1S24.  Aa 
English  classical  scholar.  He  became  assistant  mas- 
ter of  the  grammar-school  at  Reading  in  17S8 :  was  master 
of  the  grammar-school  at  Abingdon  1792-1808  ;  and  later 
(1S09)  was  master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Exeter.  He 
published  "Bibliotheca  Classica,  or  a  Classical  Diction, 
arj-,  etc."  (17SS),  etc. 

Lemuel  (lem'ii-el).  [Heb  :  etym.  tinknown.] 
An  unknown  king  mentioned  in  Prov.  xxxi.  1, 
4.  The  rabbinical  commentators  identified  him 
with  Solomon. 

Lemuria  (le-mfi'ri-a).  Sclater's  name  for  a 
land  supposed  to  have  formerly  existed  in  the 
Indian  (Deean,  connecting  Madagascar,  the  pen- 
insula of  India,  and  Sumatra. 

Lena  (le'nji:  Russ.  pron.  la-na').  One  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  Siberia.  It  rises  near  Lake  Baikal, 
flows  northeast  and  north,  and  empties  by  a  delta  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  72°-73°  N.  Yakutsk  is  on  its  banks, 
and  the  chief  tributaries  are  the  Vitun,  Vilui,  and  Aldan. 
Its  delta  was  noted  in  the  De  Long  expedition,  and  is  also 
famous  for  its  mammoth  ivory.    Length,  about  2.800  miles. 

Lenaea  (le-ne'ii).  [Gr.  A^aia.]  The  "feast  of 
vats,"  an  ancient  Greek  festival  in  honor  of  Dio- 
nysus. It  was  held  at  Athens  in  the  month  Gamelion 
(Jan.-Feb.).  at  the  Lenaeimi.  There  was  a  great  public 
feast,  and  then  the  people  went  in  procession,  with  jesting 
and  mockery,  to  the  theater. 

Fragments  of  lists  of  dramatic  authors,  and  their  vic- 
tories, are  stiU  being  found  about  the  acropolis  and  the 
theatre  at  .Athens,  and  from  the  publications  of  them  by 
komanudes  in  the  Mheimion.  Bergk  has  endeavoured  to 
reconstruct  the  chronology  of  the  drama.  His  conclusions 
have  been  contested  by  Kbhler,  and  are  as  yet  uncertain. 
But  he  has  probably  established  this  much,  that  while  the 
tragic  contests  were  carried  on  at  the  greater  Dionysia, 
in  the  city,  and  in  spring  time,  and  recorded  since  about 
01.  04,  the  winter  feast  of  the  Lenaea  In  the  suburbs  was 
originally  devoted  to  comedv,  which  was  not  recognised 
bv  the  state  till  about  01.  79'.  In  01.  84  new  regidationa 
were  introduced,  probablv  by  Pericles,  according  to  which 
tra^c  contests  were  established  at  the  Lensea,  and  comio 
admitted  to  the  greater  Dionysia.  From  this  time  both 
kinds  of  contests  were  carried  on  at  both  feasts,  and  in 
the  great  theatre.  But  as  the  Lentca  was  only  a  home  feast, 
and  not  attended  by  strangers,  a  victory  gained  there  was 
by  no  means  of  the  same  importance  as  a  victor>-  before 
the  great  concourse  of  citizens  and  visitors  in  the  spring, 
and  consequentlv  they  were  seprirately  catalc^ned. 

Ma'hafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Grsek  Lit.,  L  247. 


Lenau  603  Leo  X. 

Lenau  na'nou),  Nikolaus.    The  nseudonvm  of  Lennox  Oon'oks).    An  old  division  of  Seotlaiid.  !?"'',?,"  °'  paintings  which  she  gave  t«  the  art  Ralleries  of 

NiPUibsch  von  Sti-clilinau.                              '                It  cnLspoiulodto  D.imbartonshlre,  a  large  pai-t  of  Stir-  "I^ '' "lY!;:^]'  'n,'""  "'"^^^^         "''.''  ';!"„^^':'^"'"'  "" 

Totihao-hrlfil/bS.-^h-)  Prani'VOT,     Porr,  nt  Sfhvo       "ngshire,  iin,l  p.irts  of  I'erth  and  Kenfrevv.  propo-e,!  I, Men  Library  as  the  New  \ork  PuWic  LilM-ary. 

\  M.ha^^iti    Ba'^r  f  I  w  T'  Ji"  "    A   Ger^  I-ennox,  Charles,  livst  Duke  of  Hichmond.  B,  .rn  Lfns  (  ons).    A  to^vn  m  the  department  o   Pas- 

!;;.:„  P"aitpkinter.    Hewasapupil  o/the  Mmd  h    July  liS),' 107-  died  at  O.,odwood,in  Sussex,  May  tT^ftlrrTu^^^Iir"',     T    '  'T'  ^^ 

Academy  a.id  of  Orafle  and  Piloty,  wliuni  in  1858  he  accom-     27,  1723.     A  natural  SOU  of  Charles  II.  ami  tlie  l^^t      „„"  r,",„    .n  i  S»    V  ^S."  "  ?'  ""P"^}!'"\';o^- 

p:,„i..ltoRo,„e.    I,n8«  he  J,ecu,,u.  professor  in  the  Wei-     Du.-hess  of  Portsmouth.    He  went  to  Paris,  at  the  ft\«l  th^el^iiU  nisf  n.YeHhe  ard^ 

mar  .\Tt  school,  but  resigned  in  lSh2  and  went  to  Italyand     Revolution,  in  the  service  of  .lames,  but  later  changed  Popnlation   IMU)  commune  j3"g\,","'"'' '''-"■"""     ""*■»• 

Spain,  where  he  studied  and  copied  the  old  luastere  for     both  his  politics  and  his  religion,  becoming  reconciled  to  Lpntpn    Stiiffp       A   inmi.'lilpt  Tiv  Vnsbo     „„K- 

Ilaron  Schack's  gal  ery  in  Munich.     After  h,s  return  to      King  William  and  entering  Ilie  Church  of  England.     He  '^^'f'^^P.  ^^™®-      ^   pamplllet   by  ^a8he,    pub- 

Municli  he  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  p.jreraiture.      was  an  uiipiinciplcd  adventurer.  lisiioii  iii  i.j;i:).    It  is  a  lively  description  of  Great  Yar- 

J-i urn  ly72  to  1879  he  worked  in  Vienna,  visited  .Morocco,   t  ft*^^^™.   nv       l         ti-     i  t»   i         p  u*   i             i         i  numth,  where  he  had  found  a  safe  shelter  with  a  pane- 

:nui  spent  the  winter  of  1875-7Bin  Egypt  with  .Makait  and  -LieanOX,  Unarles,  tliiid  i)iike  ot  KichmoiKl  and  ^y,.^^  „„  the  red  herring,  its  staple  commodity 

1,01  ipold  M  idler.   He  became  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Acad-     Lenuo.\.     Born  at  London,  Feb.  22,  173.J :  died  Lgnthall  (lent 'al),  William      Born  at  Henlev- 

>->»ymim.                                                        ■             at  Goodwood,  Sus.sex,  Deo.  29,  1800.     An  Eng-  on-Thames,  .Juiie.'l.591 :  died  .Sept.  3, 106'>     A"u 

Lencas(lan  kas).  A  race  of  Central- Amencan  lish  diplomatist  and  politician.  Hewasministerat  English  lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  a  mem- 
Indians  in  central  and  southern  Honduras  and  Paris  1785 ;  secretary  of  state  for  the  sontln  rn  department  i,er  of  the  Short  Parliament  and  speaker  of  the  Long  Par- 
Dorthern  Nicaratjua.  At  present  they  are  semi-civ-  ^''?'!-  andma8ter-general<)f  tlieordnanr,-,withas,-.t  inthe  Uanient  (.\ov.  3,  IMo,- April  20, 1«53), a  position  which  he 
lllzed.  Of  their  history  and  relations  to  the  whites  little  <^^  "n?t,  VS>3-i;>-  He  defended  the  action  of  the  American  nlled  with  ability  and  success.  He  became  famous  from 
IB  known.  Their  language,  divided  into  several  dialects  colonies  m  resisting  theg.)vernnient,advoc,itcd  the  redress  his  refusal  to  tell  I'harles  whether  or  not  any  one  of  the 
shows  no  relation  with  those  of  the  surrounding  tribes.  It  ,  Brievances  in  Ireland,  and  pronounced  in  favor  of  uni-  "flye  members  "  was  present  when  the  king  attempted  to 
Is  known  as  Chontal,  a  term  also  applied  to  the  languages  ^'"'^^  suttrage.  arrest  them  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  was  also  speaker 
of  various  other  tribes.    See  C/iu//Mfe.                                   LennOX,  Mrs.  (Charlotte  RamsaV).     Born  at  of  the  first  P.arlianipnt  summoned  by  Cromwell,  and  was 

Lenclos  (loti^klo'),  orL'EnclOsAime   called     New  York.  1720 :  died  in  England,  Jan.  4, 1804.  i:^::,^lJ!::^^^ri:^^^i^^Ji^:^  '^'^Z 

Ninon  de.     Born  at  Pans,  May  15,  1010:  died     An  hnglish  novelist  and  poet,  daughter  ot  Colo-  later  contributed  to  bring  about  the  Restoration, 

there,  Oct.  17, 1700.     A  noted  French  woman  of    ne]  James  Ramsay,  lieutenant-governor  of  New  Lentienses  (len-ti-en'sez).     [L.  (Ainmianus) 

pleasure.  Although  she  gave  herself  up  to  a  free  life,  she     York.     .She  published  "The  Female  Qui.xote"  (1762),  Lenticiixrit.]    AGermaiitiibe, a  southern  branch 

was  never  a  public  courtezan.  .She  reUiined  her  beauty  and     "Shakespeare  Illustrated  ■■  (17.53^^^^^  "The  Sister,"  a  com-  ^f  j^^  Alamanni,  dwelling  ii    the  3d  centurv  in 

charm  tovui-j-oliiage.  SlaaemoisellebciuWrydrewherpoi-      edy  (actea  liO!»),  etc.  •        i_     ^i             iu     x-^i      -n    j        c-            i" 

trait  in  "  Clelie  "  under  the  n.une  i.f  Chuisse.  .she  receiVed  LennOX,  Lord  WilliamPitt.  Born  at  Wiaestead  ]^^  ''^8"^"  *°  f'f,  "°'''^,?i*'";  ^"^""^  ^'"''  T-^?'*" 

the  highest  society  in  her  salon,  which  has  been  compared      .\>>h„,.  v.ivL-cli;,-<.    tJcit    oa    i7no-  rHort  nt  1  r,,,  Constanttus    ChloniS    (298)  led  an   expeaition 

for  its  tone  with  the  Hotel  Kambouillet.     Madame  Scar-      ,         iV  ,    Vc     ''--i    '^PP"^ •-'•'•/',-'•'•  '"'''^ '^"^  V"""  against   them. 

ron  (afterw.ard  de  Maintenon).  Madame  de  Lafayette,  and     "on.  }■  eb.  18,  18.S1.     Au  English  soldier,  writer,  t  jl^.-,,-  ,,„„  ^ -,.,  =  ^       a  .„,_  .•„  .y,^  Tirovinne  of 

Christina  o(  Sweden  were  her  friends.      St.  Evrenlond,     and  journalist,  fourth  son  of  the  fourth  Duke  of  ^entmi  ( len-te  ne).     A  town  m  the  province  of 

La  Rochefoucauld,  D'Estr^es,  the  great  Con.le,  and  three     Richmond.     He  wi'Ote  several  novels,  books  on  ^^racuse,  bicily.  21  miles  northwest  ot  SjTa- 

generations  of  tlie  family  of  S6vign6  were  among  her  lov-     o-norts    etc  cuse  :  the  ancient  Leontiui.    It  was  founded  by  coin- 

ers.     .\ccording  to  Voltaire,  Richelieu  was  the  first  of  T          •      fn'      ■•   /»     ai            j         a  ii.      j.      t.  nists  from  Naxos  in  729  b.  c,  became  subject  to  Syracuse, 

these.                                                                                        iienoir  (le-nwar  ),  Alexandre  Albert.     Born  and  wasa  prosperous  Greek  city.   Population(lSS11, 12,7«. 

Lendinara  (leu-de-na'rii).  A  small  town  in  the  ^  P'^V'S'  1,^?1=  *^^'^']  there,  Feb.  17,  1891.  A  Lentulus  (len'tu-lus),  Publius  Cornelius,  stir- 
province  of  Rovigo,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  French  architect  and  archaeologist,  son  of  M.  A.  „ai,,ed  Sura.  Executed  at  K..nic,  Dee.,  03  B.  c. 
t lie  Adigetto  20  miles  southwest  of  Padua.            Lenoir.    He  wrote  a  number  of  works  on  archi-  a  Roman  jiolitician,  pretor  and   conspirator 

Le  Neve  (le  nev),  John.     Born  at  Bloomsbury,     tet'tu™  ancient  and  nio.lern.  „.ith  Catiline  in  03  B.  c. 

London,  Dec.  27   1079 :  died  1741.     An  English  ^^°9ir  <'''-"%'J.''  \^^^^^^  Alexandre.     Bom  at  Lenz  (lents).    A  town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 

antiquary,  author  of  "Fasti  Eeclesiro  AngHca-     ^^^^'''  P^'  "'^\  ^'^V'  ^'f'^.'V'  ^''"^'  -^"""^  "'  Switzerland,  13  miles  south  of  Coire.     It  was 

na?"  (1710^    "Monumenta  Ansrlicana"  fl717)       ^°^^-    A  French  arcliiBologist.    His  works  include  fonnerlv  a  strategic  point. 

nas     (KM),     Monumenta  Angiicana     (liU),     "Musee  des  monuments  frames"  (iSM).  "Uistoire  des  t          g-jiv  o^VoV      Born  at  Leipsic  AnrU 

etc.                                                                                            arts  en  France,  prouvee  par  les  monuments "  (ISIO).  etc.  ,  .,"?tfj®'  .  . .      "SKar.     i3oru  ai  l^eipsic,  Apru 

Le  Neve,  Peter.     Bo™  at  London,  1001 :  died  Le  Noir,  M,s.  (Elizabeth  Anne  Smart).    Born  ^1  ''^t,,  "^  'V""'"!  K™  °g'f  ^f  African  trav- 

m   Nortolk,  Sept.  24,  1729.     An   English  antl-     about  liT)-  died  at  C-ivevslmm     Alnv  fi    1841  '"'^''     After  a  few  geological  explorations  in  Austria,  he 

nnarv       He  left  extensive  manuscrint  collee        a  ^      ^■  I'  *"''  ,.1^  Ua\eisliam,  -May  t>,  IfvU.  accompanied  the  expedition  of  (iussfeldt  to  West  Africa 

quarj.     rie  leii  exieusno  manuscript  eouec-    An  English  novelist  and  poet,  daughter  of  the  (1874),  and  explored  Morocco.  Timbuktu,  and  Senegal(is79). 

tions,  but  printed  nothing.                                          poet  Christopher  Smart :  author  of ' '  Village  An-  Foiled  in  his  attempt  to  determine  the  watershed  of  the 

Lenfant    (lon-foii'),    Jacques.      Born   at   Ba-     nals"(1803),  "VlllageAnecdotes"(1804)   "Mis-  Nile  and  Kongo  basins  (188.'.),  he  crossed  (he  continent  by 

zoches,  France,  April  13,1001:   died  at  Ber-     eellaneous  Poems"  (1825)    etc  w.ay  of  Tanganyika  and  Nyassa  lakes,  returning  t«  Vienna 

lin,  Aug.  7, 1728.    A  noted  French  Protestant  Leaore  (le-nor')    AbilhidbyBiirger:  so  called  Sig^.e.  ^V^^^^i^:::^:X^!^^;!'^S^n!: 

theologian   and   church    historian,   author    of     from  the  name  of  its  heroine.  buktu:  Reise  durch  M.irokko,  .Sahara,  und  .Sudan  ■•(!6»4). 

"  Histoire  du  concile  de  Constance  "  (1714),  etc.  Lenormand  (h'-nor-moii'),  Marie  Anne  Ade-  Lenz,  Jakob  Michael  Reinhold.  Born  at  Sess- 

LengUas,orLengoas(lan'g^vaz).[Sp., 'tongues':  laide.    Born  at  Alenvou,  France,  Mav  27,  1772:     wegiii.  Liv.min.  Jan.  12  (.\.  S.  23),  1751:  died 

80  called  from  their  custom  of  inserting  in  the  died  at  Paris.  June   25,  1.843.     A  celebrated     near  Moscow,  May  23-24, 1792.    A  German  poet 

lower  lip  a  piece  of  wood  which,  at  a  distance,  French  fortune-teller.     She  wrote  a  number    of  the  "Sturm  mid  Drang'' period.     His  works 

made  them  appear  as  if  their  tongues  were  pro-  of  books  on  subjects  connected  with  her  pro-     were  edited  by  Tieck  (1828). 

traded.]     A  trihe  of  South  American  Indians,  fession.  Lenzburg  (lents'boro),     A  small  town  in  the 

formerly  numerous  and  formidable  in  the  (Jran  Lenormant  (le-nor-moii'),  Charles.     Bom  at     canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 

Chaco    region,  west  of  the    river    Paniguav.  Paris,  Juno  1,  1802:  died  at  Athens,  Nov.  24,     Aa  east  of  Aarau. 

They  appear  to  have  been  an  offshoot  of  the  ( ■hi.|nit.,s  of  I859.      A  French  archajologist  and  numisma-  Lenzen  (leiit'sen ).     A  small  town  in  the  prov- 

«em"nt*randVere^nea^rt'^x^^^^^^^^  tist.    His  chief  works  (with  cidlabm-ators^  are  "Trdsor  de     iuee  of  Brand.Miburg  Prussia  00  miles  north  of 

800  remained  near  Corrientes.    The  reran.ints  are  merged  ""niisinatuiueet  .1.  gljpthiue    (1838-6o),"Llitode8monu-     Magdeburg.     Here,  Sept.  4,  929,  the  Germans 

in  other  tribes.  mo.it8cenunoKiaplii.ii.es    (1844-67).                                       defeated  the  Slavs. 

Lenk  (longk).     A  town  and  watering-idaco  in  Lenormant,  FranQOis.    Born  at  Pans,  Jan.  17,  Leo(le'6).   [L.. 'the lion.']  .iVn  ancient  zodiacal 

the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  on  (ho  ''''■'"■  ^I'ed  at  Paris,  Doc.  10,  1883.     A  noted     constellatioti,  the  Lion,  containing  Hegulus,  a 

Simiiie  35  miles  south  of  Bern.  1- roneli    an-hioologist    a  tid   historian,    son    of     sfarof  magnitude  U,  and  two  stars  of  the  second 

Lenkoran  Cleng-ko-ran').  A  town  inthe  govern-  '■  '■'!  ■''   l"','i"'i"'|"t,-    ."';'„'':"''''f  ';;?'"'|''  "Manuel     magnitude.    It  Is  easily  f.nind.  for  the  pointers  of  the 

ment  of  Baku  Transcnucnsia    Hiissin    situated  i"'!"*'""'^  ancienne  de  lOrient^^   (IbuS),     Lettres  assyno.     ,5   .  (  „          „j  t  8„utiK.||y  to  its  brightest  star,  distant 

^   tb  >   r' tr^,,:  «rr  W  *r«o'ir"  M    '1         ^ao  '"'•''I'"''*  et  epigraphniues"  (1871-72),    'Les  sciences  oc     „bout  45  decrees  from  the  southernmost  of  them.     Four 

on  the   Caspian   Sea,  lat.  38°  40    N.,  long.  48°  cultes   en   Asie     (is71-7r,),  "Les  origlnes  de  llilstolrc     stars  in  the  body  of  Leo  form  a  characteristic  trapezium, 

50'  E.  :  Stormed  and  annexed  by  the  Ru.SSians  d  aprts  la  liible     (ISsO-S-i),  etc.                                                    and  th.>Be  about  the  neck  and  inane  make  a  sickle.     It  la 

1813.  Len6tre(U')-n6tr'),  Andr6.  Born  at  Paris,  March     the  llftli  sign  of  the  zodiac,  its  symbol  as  such (li)  showing 

Lennep  (len'nep).     A  manufacturing  town  in  12,  1013:  died  at  Ver.saiUes,  Sept.  15,  1700.     \    the  lion's  mane, 

the  Rhine  Province,  Pnissia,  22  miie.s northeast  notedFrencharehitc.-t  audlainlscape-gardener.  Leo  I.,  Saint,  surnained  "The  Great."     Born 

of  Cologne       Population  (1890)    6  4.')5  In  1076  I/niis  .\IV.  a. rdi.l  to  him  letters  of  ennoble-     prnbnlilval    Kmne:diedat    Home  401.     Pope 

Lennep,  David  Jakob  van.     Born  at  Amstor-  "',"='','•    "'"v"''"'  T'\^-  "'"*  l''"  ':■;■'',""•'  «■"'''■"»"'  ""^     44ll-40l."    Ile  extended  the  authority  of  the  Roman  see, 

.?n,i    V  il  V    1  -)    im  ■  died   a     Aumterdnm    Feb  •^^'""™'','''^  Vaux-  e-\  icoinptc.     He  also  deslgnejl  thegn,-.      „,„,  ,„  .,f,.,  induced  Attila  to  leave  Italy  without  attacking 

',;'•-'-■          1   t\    .    .               ■       '  AV«te".blI'b  -l  eb.  dens  and  parks  wh.dly  or  in  part,  at  Versailles,  Ran,b,>ull.      r,,,,,^      m^  „,„rk„   including  sermons  and  letters,  have 

10,  IS.i.i.     A  Diiteb  classical  philologist.  let,  Saint-Cloud,  chantllly,  Meudon,  Fontaliieldeau,  the     i,,.,,,,  ,,,i|tid  bv  liallcrlnl  (17'>»-57) 

Lennep,  Jacob  van.  Bom  at  Anisterdam,  March  !;;';t"Kensmg\mUirdens''st™J,m',cs'8  PaVk'a'^  Leo  IL     I'oVc  <i82-083.' 

24,1802:  diedat()oMtcibeek,nearArnheni, Aug.  i.„rk.     In  Rome  he  designed  the  gardens  of  the  Villa  Leo  III.    Died -May  25,  810.    Pope  79.5-810.    He 

25,  1808.      A  Dutch  novelist  and  poet.    Ho  was  Ludovisi,  the  Villa  Pampliill,  the  Qulrinol,  the  Vntlciin,     I'rowued  Charles  tne  Great  Roman  emperor  iu 

the  son  of  the  Amsterdam  jirofessor  ami  poet  llavid  .lakob  and  the  Villa  AlbanL                                                                     SOO. 

van  Lennep.     He  studied  JurlsjinKlcnce  at  Leydeii,  and  LenOX  (Wu'oks).     A  town  and  summer  resort  LeO  IV      Pone  847-8.55. 

t:t''rw;:^';.?^seti^!vememl,^;';:^ibe'^^^^^^^  -'  liei^^slUre  county,  Massachusetts,  si.iia.ed  Leo  V.     Po.i.  903. 

His  "Aeadcniischeldyllcn"("  Academic  Idvis"),  a collcc-  Hear  (ho   llousatonic  40  miles  wes(-nortliwesl  LeO  VI.      Pope  9'J'<-929. 

tionof  iioeiiison  student  life,  appeared  in  18'2U.     A  second  of  Springfield.     Po|)ulat  ion  ( 19(10),  2,942.  LeO  VII      Pope  930-:i39 

genSuii'Nelheriandol;;?™^^^^^  A  idiaraeter  iu  Shakspore's  "  Macbeth,"  Leo  VIIL     Pope  !H!3-9(u. 

fanieasapoet.  He  also  wrote  numerous  dramatic  pieces,  allmneul  Srolland.  LiOO  lA.(lJnmO).  Horn  ill  .Alsace. .Mine  Jl,  1(K1_': 
among  them  the  comedies  "Het  Dorp  an  do  Orenzcn"  LenOX,  James.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  19,  died  at  b'oiiir,  April  19,  10r>4.  Pope  1049-54. 
O'Tho  Village  on  tlio  Frontier")  and  "Het  Dom  over  do  isiiil;  ,li,.,|  there.  Fob.  IS,  1H80.  An  American  Ho  was  .iifcated  and  .■n|>tured  bv  (he  Normans 
cdSSUU^l^a^aro'S^isiriorV^^^^^  bil.li.M.hilist  a,i,i  pbilaiitliropist,  founder  of  the  at  .\stag,,,nu,  ne.uM'jvilolla,  June  18,  Itm^^^^^^ 
ot  Sir  Waltcr.Scott.  The  iirineipidof  themare  "De  Plceg-  Leiio.x  Library  iu  New  ^  oik  oily.  LeO  X.  (GlOVanm  de  MedlCl).  Born  at  1' lor- 
zoon"  ("The  Foster-son,'' ISM),  "lie  Roos  van  Dekama"  LejjoX  Library.  A  imblic  nd'erence  library  ence,  Dec.  H,  1475:  diid  at  Koine,  Dec.  1,  1.521. 
("The  Rose  of  DekanuC'  18,111).  the  series  of  iiarrativea  f,,,,,,,],,,!  i„  X,.w  York  in  1S70  bv  James  Lenox.  Pope  1513-21,  second  s.in  ot  Lorenzo  de' Medici, 
orl''  isBTl"'"Urd^^^^^^^^^  The  building  Is  on  Fifth  Avenue  bet;vecn  7iul.  and  71»l  He  Upelledthepettylyranis  from  theeccle.laatlcal  st.ate^ 
Museh"  mnn  "n„  I  I,  vali,  -J,.,,  ^iTJlh  7,.vn,^^  «r  ••  «»''•'"'".  '"'InK  "'<-'"t'-"'  '■'"■''■  "  '"nlains  a  museum,  art  added.PerugIa,  Slnlgaglla,  ami  Fernio  to  tho  .lomalns  of 
(■•The  Ai  t  ure?of  Obu.7Censta^  Ills  n^H  galleries,  library  (containing  about  110,000  volumes),  and  the  church,  and  restored  Parma  an.l  Placenra  to  the  holy 
enl  worW  ,.,  .„  ^,,w^^^^^^^  1^  2'  l„„  ?  il  '  lecture-room  Its  principal  aim  Is  In  the  direction  of  see.  Iluring  his  pontincale  the  Keformallon  began  with 
rn  nrneesliV-  79'^/,,"^,,  o.?^^^^  "  Volumes;  his  American  history  an.l  hlstorbal  study  of  the  English  HI-  Luther's  protest  against  the  sale  of  Indulgences  In  1.M7 
romances  IS.",,.-?.,  In  .3  volumes.  ble.    An  annex  has  b,  i  n  built  In  7otli  street,  thnuigh  n     (See  l.uthcr,  Mnrlin,  and  Rr,<„rmation,  The.)    He  was  a 

Lenm-Lenape.     See  Delaware.  bequestfroniMrs.  Robert  L.  Stewart,  tucontaiji  a  flue  col-     liberal  patron  of  art  and  literature. 


Leo  XI. 

Leo  XI.  (Alessandro  de'  Medici).  Bom  1535: 

died  April  27.  KiOS.     Pope  1605. 

Leo  XII.  (Annibale  della  Genga).  Bom  1760: 

died  FeV).  10.  18L'il.     Pope  1823-29. 

Leo  XIII.  (Giacchino  Pecci).  Born  at  Carpi- 
iieto,  near  Anagni,  Italy,  March  2,  1810 :  died 
at  Eome,  July  20,  1903.  Pope  1878-1903.  He 
was  sent  as  nuncio  to  Brussels  in  ly43  ;  was  created  arch- 
bishop ol  Perugia  in  lS4fj,  and  cardinal  in  185a;  and 
was  elected  succcBsor  of  Pius  IX.  Feb.  2U,  1S78. 

Leo  I.,  .surnamed  "The  Thraeian"  and  "The 
Great."  Bom  in  Thrace  about  400:  died  Feb. 
3,  474.  Byzantine  emperor  457-474.  His  anny 
under  Anthemius  defeated  the  Huns  at  Sardica  ahout  466. 
He  afterward  concerted  with  Anthemius,  who  had  in^the 
meantime  been  elected  emperor  of  Rome,  a  joint  attack 
on  Genseric  in  Africa,  which  failed  through  the  treachery 
of  the  Byzantine  gener.al  Aspar. 

Leo  II.  Byzantine  emperor  474,  grandson  of 
Leo  I. 

Leo  III.,  surnamed  "The  Isaurian."  Born  at 
txermanicia,  Armenia  Minor:  died. June  18,  741. 
Byzantine  emperor  718-741.  He  successfully  de- 
fended Constantinople  against  the  Arabs  who  besieged 
the  city  717-7'20.  He  prohibited  the  worship  of  images  in 
72B. 

Leo  v.,  surnamed  "The  Armenian."  Killed  at 
Constantinople,  820.  Byzantine  emperor  813- 
820.     Defeated  the  Bulgarians  in  814  and  815. 

Leo  VI.,  surnamed  "  The  Wise"  and  "The  Phi- 
losopher." Died  911.  Byzantine  emperor  886- 
911,  sou  of  Basil  I. 

L6o  (la-6'),  Andre.  A  pseudonym  of  Madame 
Champseix. 

Leo  (la'6),  Heinricll.  Born  at  Eudolstadt,  Ger- 
many, March  19,  1799 :  died  April  24,  1878.  A 
German  historian,  from  1828  professor  of  history 
at  Halle.  His  works  include  "Geschichtederitalienischen 
Staateu"  (1S29-30),  "Zwolf  BUcher  nie.lerlandischcr  Gu- 
schichten'  (1832-35), "Lehrbuch  derUniversalgeschichte" 
(1835-14),  works  on  German  philosophy,  etc. 

Leo,  Leonardo.  Bom  at  San  Vito  dejjli  Sehiavi, 
Italy,  1694:  died  1746.  A  noted  Neapolitan 
composer  and  professor  of  music.  He  was  the 
author  of  nearly  5'1  operas  (among  them  "  Sofonisbe,"1719), 
dramatic  cantatas,  about  100  sacred  compositions,  etc. 
Among  his  sacred  works  is  a  celebrated  "  Miserere  "  com- 
posed in  1743.  For  this  he  received  a  pension  from  the 
Duke  of  Savoy. 

Leo  Africanus  (le'6  af-ri-ka'nus)  (Hasan  ibn 
Mohammed).  Died  after  1526.  A  Moorish 
geographer,  author  of  a  description  of  Africa 
(published  in  Italian  in  1588). 

Leoben  (la-6'ben).  A  town  in  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  28  miles  northwest  of  Gratz.  Here, 
April  18, 1797,  Bonap.arte  signed  a  provisional  treaty  with 
the  Austrians,  secretly  .agreeing  to  give  them  the  greater 
part  of  the  mainland  territory  of  Venice  in  return  for  the 
Netherlands.  It  was  modified  by  the  peace  of  Campo- 
Formio  (which  see).     Population  (1890),  6,S13. 

Leobschiitz  (la'op-shiits).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Zinna  73  miles 
south-southeast  of  Breslau.  Population  ( 1890), 
12,559. 

Leocadie  (la-6-ka-de').  A  lyrical  drama  by 
Scribe  and  Melesville,  music  by  Auber.  It  was 
produced  at  the  Op^ra  Comiqiie  Nov.  4,  1824. 

Leochares(le-ok'a-rez).  [Gr.  Xtux^pli-i  Lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  4th  centiuy  B.  c.  An 
Athenian  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Scopas  and  asso- 
ciated with  him  on  the  mausoleum  of  Haliear- 
nassus.  He  is  probably  represented  liy  the  Ganymede 
and  eagle  of  the  Vatican,  supposed  to  be  a  copy  of  his 
celebrated  work. 

Leofric  (le-of'rik).  Died  at  Bromley,  Stafford- 
shire, Aug.  31,  1057.  An  earl  of  Mereia,  son  of 
Leofwine,  ealdorman  of  the  Hwiecas,  a  power- 
ful nobleman  who  shared  with  Godwin  and 
Siward  the  chief  influence  in  the  kingdom  dur- 
ing the  reigns  of  Harilicanute  and  Edward  the 
Confessor.  His  wife  was  Godiva  (Godgifu),  the 
subject  of  a  well-known  legend.     See  Godira. 

Leofric.  Died  Feb.  10,  1072.  An  English  prel- 
ate, appointed  bishop  of  Devonshire  and  Corn- 
wall in  1046.  The  seat  of  the  bishopric  was,  at  his  re- 
quest, renuived  from  Crediton  to  Exeter  in  1050. 

Leof^srine  (le-of 'wi-ne).  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Hastings,  Oct.  14,  1066.  A  younger  son  of 
Rarl  (Todwin.  He  was  governor  after  1057  of  a  p.art  of 
the  kingdom  comprising  Kent,  Surrey,  Essex,  Middlesex 
(except  London),  Hertfordshire,  and  Buckinghamshire. 
He  fell  fighting  under  the  standard.  His  death  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Bayeux  tapestry. 

Leoline(le'6-lin),Sir.  A  character  in  Coleridge's 
"Christabel." 

Leo  Minor (le'omi'npr).  [L..' the  lesser  lion.'] 
A  constellation  between  Leo  and  the  Great  Bear, 
first  introduced  in  1690  by  Hevelius. 

Leominster  (lem'ster).  A  town  in  Hejeford- 
shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Lug  12  miles 
north  of  Hereford.  It  had  formerly  a  priorv. 
Population  (1891),  5.675. 

Leominster  (lem'in-ster).     A  town  in  Worees- 


604 

ter  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Nashua  River  38  miles  west-northwest  of  Bos- 
ton. Population  (1900),  12,392. 
Leon  (la-on').  1.  A  former  kingdom  in  Spain, 
bounded  by  Asturias  on  the  north.  Old  Castile 
on  the  east,  Estremadura  ou  the  south,  and  Por- 
tugal and  (jalicia  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally mountainous.  It  comprised  the  modern  provinces 
of  Leon,  Zamora,  and  Salamanca.  The  name  of  Kingdom 
of  Leon  was  given  to  the  Asturian  dominions  (see  Astii- 
7"i«u)  early  in  the  loth  century.  Leon  was  united  with  Cas- 
tile  in  1037,  separated  in  1157,  ami  finally  reunited  in  1230. 
2.  A  province  of  Spain,  bounded  by  Oviedo  on 
the  north,  Paleneia  on  the  east,  Valladolid  on 
the  southeast,  Zamora  on  the  south,  and  Orense 
and  Lugo  on  the  west.  Area,  6,167  square  miles. 
Population  (1887),  380,229.-3.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Leon,  situated  on  the  Torio  and 
Bernesga  in  lat.  42°  37'  N.,  long.  5°  38'  W. :  the 
Roman  Legio  Gemina.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the 
finest  in  Spain,  is  of  the  13th  century,  and  evidently  by  a 
French  architect.  There  are  three  great  roses,  and  the 
vaulting  is  bold  and  lofty.  The  triple  recessed  and  sculp- 
tured western  doors  are  the  best  in  .Spain.  The  chapel  of 
Santiago  has  Flemish  windows.  Leon  was  a  Roman  fron- 
tier town,  and  was  very  early  reconquered  from  the  Moors. 
Population  (1887),  13,446. 

Leon.  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Leon, 
Nicaragua,  situated  about  lat.  12°  25'  N.,  long. 
86°  53'  W.  It  contains  a  cathedral.  Founded  on  Lake 
Managua  in  152%  it  was  removed  to  its  present  site  in  1610. 
Population,  estimated,  25,000. 

Leon  (in  Mexico).     See  Leon  de  los  Aldamas. 

Leon(la-6n').  InBeaumarchais's"Lamerecou- 
pable,"  the  supposed  son  of  Count  Almaviva: 
really  the  son  of  the  countess  and  Ch^rubin  her 
page. 

Leon  (le'on).  A  character  in  Fletcher's  "Rulo 
a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife." 

Leon,  Juan  Ponce  de.    See  Ponce  de  Leon. 

Leon  (la-6n'),  Luis  Ponce  de.  Born  in  Belmonte 
in  1528 :  died  in  1591.  A  distinguished  Spanish 
scholar,  theologian,  and  poet.  He  was  a  monk  of 
the  order  of  St.  Augustine,  and  professor  of  theology  and 
sacred  literature  at  the  t'nirersity  of  Salamanca.  He  was 
persecuted  by  the  Inquisition  and  imprisoned,  but  finally 
was  set  at  liberty. 

Leon,  New.     See  Nuevo  Leon. 

Leon,  Nuevo  Reino  de.    See  Nuevo  Leon. 

Leon,  Pedro  de  Cieza  de.     See  Cieza  de  Leon. 

Leon,  Ponce  de.     See  Ponce  de  Leon. 

Leonais.     See  Lt/onesse. 

Leonardo  Aretino.    See  Bruni. 

Leonardo  da  Pisa.  Bom  at  Pisa,  1175 :  date  of 
death  unknown.  An  Italian  mathematician. 
He  studied  mathematics  in  the  Orient,  and  was  the  first 
to  apply  algebraical  fonnulfe  to  geometrical  demonstra- 
tions in  his  treatise  '*  Algebra  et  Almuchabala."  His  real 
name  was  Leonardo  I'.onacci,  more  frequently  known  as 
Fibonacci  itilius  IJ.macci). 

Leonardo  da  Vinci.    See  Vinci. 

Leonato(le-o-nii't6).  AcharacterinShakspere's 
■•  JItu-h  Ado  about  Nothing,"  the  governor  of 
Messina  and  the  uncle  of  Beatrice. 

Leon  de  los  Aldamas  (la-6n'  da  16s  al-da'mas), 
or  Leon.  A  citv  in  the  state  of  Guanajuato, 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  Torbio  about  190 
miles  northwest  of  Mexico.  Population  (1894), 
47,739. 

Leonforte  (la-on-for'te).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  Sicily,  Italy,  40  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Catania.  Population  (1881), 
15,(>45. 

Leonhard  (la'on-hiirt),  Gustav.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, Nov.  22,  1816:  died  Dee.  27,  1878.  A  Ger- 
man geologist  and  mineralogist,  son  of  K.  C. 
von  Leonhard.  Ue  was  professor  at  Heidelberg.  His 
chief  work  is  "  Handworterbuch  der  topographischen 
Mineralogie"(IS43). 

Leonhard,  Karl  Casar  von.  Born  at  Rumpen- 
heim,near  Hanau,  Prussia,  Sept.  12,  1779:  died 
at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  Jan.  23, 1862.  A  German 
geologist  and  mineralogist,  professor  of  miner- 
alogy and  geognosy  at  Heidelberg  1818-62. 

Leoni  (la-6'ne),  Leone.  Born,  probablj-  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Arezzo,  about  1509t  died  at 
Milan,  July  22,  1590.  An  Italian  sculptor  and 
medallist.  He  fh-st  appears  in  Venice  associated  with 
Titian  and  Pietro  Aretino.  In  1537  he  met  Benvenuto 
Cellini  at  Padua  in  competition  for  the  medal  of  Bembo. 
Through  the  good  will  of  Ferrante  Gonzaga  he  entered  the 
service  of  Charles  V.,  and  remained  attached  to  the  impe- 
rial household  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Many  of 
his  works  are  in  the  Mus6e  de  Prado  at  Madrid.  Statues 
of  Charles  V.  and  the  Queen  of  Hungary  are  at  Madrid. 
Medallions  of  Charles  V.  are  at  the  Louvre  and  at  Vienna. 

Leonidas(le-on'i-das)  I.  [Gr.  AEww'Jaf .]  Killed 
at  Thermopylte,  Greece, 480 B.C.  A  Greek  hero, 
king  of  Sparta,  f.amous  for  his  defense  of  the 
pass  of  Thermopyla;  against  the  Persian  army. 
He  was  slain  in  company  witli  300  Spartans  and 
700  Thespians.     See  Tliermopi/lx. 

Leonidas.  An  epic  jjoem  by  Glover,  published 
iu  1737. 


Leopold  I. 

Leonidas  of  Modern  Greece,  The.  A  name 
given  to  Markos  Bozzaris. 

Leonine  (le'o-nin).  In  Shakspere's  "Pericles," 
the  attendant  of  Dionysia,  employed  to  murder 
Marina:  he,  however,  sells  her  for  a  slave. 

Leonine  City.  That  part  of  the  city  of  Rome 
which  is  west  of  the  Tiber  and  north  of  Tras- 
tevere.  It  contains  the  Vatican,  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
and  the  district  between  (known  as  the  Borgo),  and  is  in- 
closed within  a  separate  line  of  walls.  It  was  first  forti- 
fied by  Pope  I.eo  IV.  (whence  the  name). 

Leonists  (le'o-nists).  A  name  sometimes  used 
for  the  members  of  the  religious  body  known 
as  the  Waldenses. 

LeonnatUS  (le-o-na'tus).  [Gr.  -Vforvarng.]  Died 
322  B.  c.  A  general  of  Alexander  the  Great,  one 
of  the  ablest  of  his  officers.  On  Alexander's  death, 
LeonnatUS  received  the  satrapy  of  Hellespontine  Phrygia. 
Hefell  in  battleagainstthe  Athcniansand  theirailieswhile 
seeking  to  relieve  Antipater  who  was  blockaded  in  Lamia. 

Leonnoys.     See  Lyoncsse. 

Leonore  (la-6-uor').  In  Moliere's  "ficole  des 
maris,''  the  sister  of  Isalielle.  She  has  been  brought 
up  by  Ariste,  the  brother  of  Sganarelle,  on  a  system  the 
reverse  of  that  pursued  by  the  latter  witli  Isahelle. 

Leonora  d'Este.  The  daughter  of  the  Duke  of 
Ferrani,  with  whom  Tasso  fell  in  love.  Forthis 
her  father  imprisoned  him  in  a  madhouse  for  seven  years. 

Leonore  da-o-nor'),  ou  L'Amour  Conjugal. 

An  opera  by  Bouillj^,  music  by  Gaveaux,  pro- 
duced at  the  Op^ra  Comique  Feb.  19.  1798. 
The  book  was  translated  into  Italian,  composed  by  Paer, 
and  produced  at  Dresden  Oct.  3,  1804.  It  was  also  trans- 
lated into  German  by  Jos.  Sonnleithner  Oate  in  1804)  and 
composed  by  Beethoven.  (See  Fidelia.)  The  dates  of 
Beethoven's  overtures  are  as  follows:  Leonore  I*;o.  2,  in 
C,  for  the  production  of  the  opera.  Nov.  20,  1805  ;  Leo- 
nore No.  3,  in  C,  for  the  production  of  the  modified  opera, 
March  29,  1806 ;  Leonore  No.  1,  in  C.  for  a  performance 
of  the  opera  at  Prague,  May,  1807,  which  did  not  take  place  ; 
Fidelio,  in  E,  for  the  second  and  final  revision  of  the  opera. 
May,  1814.     Grove. 

Leontes  (le-on'tez).  A  prominent  character  in 
Shakspere's  "Winter's  Tale,"  the  King  of  Si- 
cily. His  jealoJisy,  unlike  that  of  Othello,  is  wilful  and  ty- 
rannical. He  is  the  Egistus  of  Greene's  "  Pandosto,"  from 
which  the  play  was  taken. 

Leontes.     See  Litany. 

Leon'tini.     See  Lentini. 

Leopardi  ( la-6-piir'de),  Alessandrcj.  Born  in  the 
second  half  of  the  15th  century :  died  some  tims 
before  1545.  A  Venetian  sculptor  and  architect. 
In  1487  he  was  banished  from  Venice  for  forgery,  but  was 
recalled  about  1490  to  finish  the  Colleoni  statue  begun  by 
Verocchio  :  this  he  did  in  1496.  He  signed  his  name  on 
the  girth  of  the  saddle,  and  was  called  ever  after  "del  Ca- 
ballo."    He  also  made  the  pedestal  of  the  statue. 

Leopardi,  Count  Giacomo.  Born  at  Recanati, 
Italy,  June  29,  1798:  died  at  Naples,  June  14,, 
1837.  An  Italian  poet  and  philologist.  Hewasfrom 
his  youth  sickly  and  deformed,  was  educated  at  home,  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  clas- 
sics. He  published  in  1818  an  ode  to  Italy,  in  which  he 
lamented  the  political  and  intellectual  degeneracy  of  his 
country,  and  which  created  a  profound  impression.  Other 
odes  in  the  same  vein,  notably  one  occasioned  by  Cardi- 
nal Mai's  discovei-y  of  part  of  Cicero's  "  De  republica," 
shortly  secured  for  him  a  place  among  the  first  lyric  poets 
of  Itaiv.  His  writin^^  are  marked  by  a  tone  of  despair 
which  has  placed  him  among  the  leaders  of  modern  pes- 
simism. He  went  in  1822  to  Rome,  where  he  prosecuted 
the  study  of  philology.  He  afterward  resided  during 
short  periods  at  Recanati,  Bologna,  Florence,  Rome,  and 
Naples.  The  first  collective  edition  of  his  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  1824.  A  collection  of  miscellaneous  prose  essays, 
which  are  hardly  inferior  to  his  poems  in  point  of  style, 
was  published  in  1827  under  the  title  of  "Operetta  mo- 
rali."  His  works  have  been  edited  by  Ranieri  ("Opere,"^ 
1846-80)  and  (.'ugnoni  ("Opere  inedite^'  187S-8U). 

Leopold  (le'o-iiold)  I.  [G.  Leopold,  Lenpold, 
F.  Leopold,  'Sp.  Pg.  It.  Lcopoldo,  from  OHG. 
Liutpald,  Liulbahl  (G.  LnitpoM).  bold  for  the 
people.]  Born  at  Coburg,  Germany,  Dec.  16, 
1790:  died  at  Laeken.  near  Brussels,  Dec.  10, 
1865.  King  of  the  Belgians  1831-65,  youngest, 
son  of  Francis,  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg.  He  married 
Princess  Chai-lotte,  daughter  of  George  W.  of  England, 
in  1816;  refused  the  crown  of  Greece  in  1830;  was  elccte<j 
king  of  the  Belgians  1S31 ;  and  married  Princess  Louise, 
daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  in  1S32. 

Leopold  II.  Born  at  Brussels,  April  9,  1835. 
King  of  the  Belgians  since  1865,  son  of  Leopold 
I.  He  married  the  archduchess  Marie  Henriette  of  Aus- 
tria in  1858.  He  founded  in  1876  the  International  African 
Association.     See  also  Kongo  Free  State. 

Leopold  (le'o-pold)  I.  Born  Jinie  9, 1640:  died 
at  Vienna,  May  5,  1705.  Emperoi'  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  1(358-1705,  second  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand III.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  empire,  in  the 
hereditary  Hapsburg  dominions,  and  in  Hungary  iu  165S. 
War  broke  out  with  the  Turks  in  1661,  and  lasted  until  1664, 
when  a  victory  of  the  imperial  general  Montecucculi,  at  St. 
Gotthardon  the  Raab.  secured  the  conclusion  of  a  truce  for 
20  years.  In  1672  the  emperor  joined  Brandenburg  in  sup- 
poll  of  Holland  against  Louis.\IV.  of  France.  Peace  was  con- 
cluded in  1679  at  Nimwegen,  where  the  emperor  was  forced 
to  cede  Freiburg  in  the  Breisgau  to  France.  In  1682  a  sec- 
ond war  broke  out  with  the  Turks,  who  were  called  in  by 
the  Hungarian  magnates  under  Tokoly.  The  grand  vizir 
Kara  Mustapha  invested  (July  14, 1688)  Vienna,  which  was 


Leopold  I. 

defended  by  Riidiger  von  Starliemberg.  The  siege  was 
raised  by  John  Subieski.  king  of  Poland,  and  Charles,  duke 
of  liOrraine,  Sept.  1*2,  ItiS'J.  A  victory  by  the  imperial  gen- 
eral Prince  Eugene  at  Zenta,  in  lti!)7,  brought  about  the 
peace  of  Carlowitz (which  see)in  16;nj.  Tliruugh  the  claim 
uf  his  family  to  the  throne  of  Spain,  vacated  by  the  death 
f  L'hai'les  II.,  he  liecame  involved  in  the  War  of  tlie  Span- 
h  Succession  (see  Spanish  Su<-ce.^si>'it,  Wiir  tif).  which  was 
.  .ntinued  under  his  successors  Joseph  I.  anil  Charles  VI. 

Leopold  II.  Born  May  a,  1747:  died  ilai-eli  1, 
1792.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Emi)ire 
1790-92,  tliiid  son  of  Francis  I.  and  Maria 
Theresa.  He  was  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  1765-90,  and 
^ticceeded  his  brother  Joseph  II.  as  eiuperur  in  1790.  lie 
rmed  an  alliance  with  Prussia.  Feb.  7,  1792,  against 
\i>lutionar>'  France,  and  died  just  as  hostilities  were 
..l...ut  to  begin. 

Leopold,  Prince  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  caUed  ''Der 
Alte  Dessaner"  ('The  Old  Dessauer').  Bom 
at  Dessau,  Germany,  July  3,  1676:  died  at  Des- 
sau, April.  1747.  A  Prussian  field-marshal. 
He  was  distinguished  at  Hdchstadt  in  17U3,  Blenheim  in 
17IM,  Cassano  in  J705.  Turin  in  1706,  etc.;  was  made  field- 
marshal  in  1712 :  captured  Rugen  in  1715 ;  and  gained  the 
Tictories  of  Neustadt,  Jagerndorf,  and  Kesselsdorf  iu  1745. 

Leopold  I.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany.  See  Leo- 
pold II.,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Leopold  II.  Born  Oct.  3, 1797:  diedatBrandeis, 
Bohemia.  Jan.  29, 1870.  GrandDuke  of  Tuscany 
1S24-.59,  second  son  of  the  grand  duke  Ferdi- 
nand III.  He  granted  in  1847  a  liberal  constitution, 
which,  however,  he  abolished  in  18.52.  He  was  expelled  by 
l!i'-ib-Tnncraticparty  in  1859,  and  Tuscany  was  united  with 
>  u  liiiiia. 

Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert.     Born  at 

liuckingham  Palaci'.  A])ril  7,1853:  died  March 
-S.  1.SS4.  Duke  of  Albany,  youngest  son  of 
Miieen  Victoria,  noted  for  his  patronage  of  lit- 
erature and  education. 

LeopoldvlUe  (le'o-p61d-vil).     A  station  in  the 

Kongo  Free  State,  situated  on  the  Kongo,  at 

Stanley  Pool,  in  lat. 4°  22'  S..  long.  15°  16' E.    It 

as  founded  by  Stanley  in  1882.    A  railway  has  been  con- 

uucted  between  this  place  and  MatadL 

Leosthenes  (le-os'the-nez).  [Gr.  Xcuadevric.] 
liii'd  323  B.  c.  An  Athenian  general,  command- 
er of  the  combined  Greek  armies  in  the  Lamian 
war,  323  B.  c. 

Leotychides  (le-o-tik'i-dez).  [Gr.  Aeurvxi&i'.-'i 
I  lied  at  Tegea,  Greece,  about  469  B.  c.  A  Spar- 
I  Mil  kipg,  victor  at  Mycale  iu  479  B.C. 

Leovigild.  King  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain  569- 
•'iSO.     See  the  extract. 

Le<ivigild  was  in  many  ways  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of 
his  time.  A  bold  and  skilful  general,  he  subdueil  the  king- 
dom of  the  Sneves  in  the  northwest  of  .Spain,  wrested  from 
the  emperor's  soldiers  several  of  the  cities  which  they  had 
-occupied,  and  brought  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  penin- 
BUla  into  complete  subjection.  He  built  fortresses  and 
founded  cities,  established  a  new  system  of  administration 
•oi  the  kiugdttm,  and  made  many  new  laws  suited  to  the 
altered  needs  of  liis  people.  It  was  under  his  linn  rule  that 
the  Goths  and  the  Romanised  natives  were  taught  to  feel 
themselves  to  be  the  fellow  subjects  of  one  kingdom,  and 
so  the  process  began  which  ended  in  the  complete  blending 
■of  the  two  peoples  into  one.  .  .  .  It  will  be  remembered 
that  Southey,  in  his  poem  of  "Roderick,"  in  the  complete 
l>Iending  speaks  of : 

"The  golden  pome,  the  proud  array 
Of  ermine,  aureate  vests,  and  jewelrj', 
With  all  which  Leovigild  for  after  kings 
Left,  ostentatious  of  his  power." 
The  name  of  Leovigild,  however,  is  best  known  on  account 
•  of  the  tragic  story  of  the  rebellion  of  his  eldest  son  Ermene- 
^lld,  honoured  in  later  ages  as  a  saint  and  martyr  of  the 
•Catholic  Church.  The  cause  of  trouble  was,  in  this  in- 
etance  as  in  many  others  in  Visigoth  history,  a  Frankish 
marriage.  The  bride  whom  leovigild  nbtahicd  for  his  son 
was  Ingiinthis.  the  young  daughter  of  sigcb.i  t  and  Itrun- 
hlld,  and  the  wedding  was  celebrated  in  Tolc^lo  with  the 
splendid  ostentation  of  which  the  king  was  so  fond.  Er- 
mencgiM  bad  already  reccivfil  from  his  father  a  share  in 
the  kingly  dignity,  ami  Leovigild  hoped  that  the  marriage 
with  a  Frankish  princess  would  help  to  ensure  his  son's 
succession  tothetrown.  But  t  lie  young  <langlitcr  of  linin- 
hild  belongcil  of  course  to  the  Calhidic  faith;  and  (;ncen 
'Oofswhitha(the  widow  of  Athanagild,  whom  Leovigild  had 
married)  was  a  bigoted  Arian.  I'he  Frankish  historian 
Gregory  of  Tours  tells  the  story  that  iloiswintha  dnigged 
Ingurithis  to  the  ground  by  her  hair,  beat  her  cruelly,  and 
then  forced  her  to  undergo  baptism  by  an  Arian  priest. 
Very  likely  this  is  pure  tiction,  but  it  seems  to  be  true  that 
(^ueeii  iloiswintha  and  her  ilaughter-iii-law  fpiarreled  so 
much  that  Leovigild,  for  the  sake  "f  ] trace, was  glad  to  send 
his  son  to  Seville  as  ruler  of  Southern  Spain. 

nrmllru,  Stoi-y  of  the  (iollis,  pp.  ,')2I ,  8'22. 

Lepage,  Bastien-.    See  So-iiicn-Ltpiiiif. 

Lepanto  (h-pan'to).  AHmnll  town  in  (he  nom- 
archy  of  .\cariiaiiia  and  yKlolia,  fJreoco,  sitii- 
ated"on  the  Gull'  of  Lei_iauto  in  Int.  38°  25' N., 
long.  21°48'  E. :  the  aneientNaupactus.  It  was 
an  Athenian  military  station  5th  century  n.  c, 
and  was  taken  from  the  Venetians  bv  the  Turks 
in  1499. 

Lepanto,  Battle  of,  A  naval  \nctor>' gained  Oct. 
7,  1571,  by  tlio  Italian  and  .S|innisli  flrols,  under 
Don  John  of  Austria,  over  the  Turks,  west  of 
Lepanto. 

Lepanto,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Gulf  of 


605 

Patras :  the  ancient  Corinthiaeus  Sinus  (Gulf  of 
Corinth).  It  separates  Middle  Greece  from  the 
Peloponnesus. 
Lepe  (la'pa),  Diego  de.  Born  in  Spain  about 
1460:  died,  probably  iu  Portugal,  before  1515. 
A  Spanish  navigator.  In  Dec,  1499,  he  sailed  from 
Palos  with  two  vessels,  following  nearly  in  the  track  of 
Pinzon  and  reaching  the  coast  of  South  America  south 
of  Cape  St.  Augustine :  thence  he  followed  the  shore  to 
Venezuela,  returuiug  to  Spain  in  June,  1500. 

Lepidus  (lep'i-dus),  Marcus  .Slmilius.  A  Ro- 
man consul  (137  b.  C.)  and  orator.  He  was  sent  into 
Spain  during  his  consulship,  and  conducted  an  unsuccess- 
ful war  against  the  Vacca^i. 

Lepidus,  Marcus  .^mllius.  Died  about  77  b.  c. 
Father  of  Lepidus  the  triumvir.  He  was  consul  in 
78  B.  c,  and  was  defeated  by  Pompey  and  Catulus  at  Rome 
77  B.  c. 

Lepidus,  Marcus  .SmiUus.    Died  13  b.  c.    a 

Roman  politician,  a  member  of  the  triumvirate 
with  Uctavian  and  Antony  in  43  B.  c.  He  was 
deposed  in  36. 

Lepontil  (le-pon'sU-i).  In  ancient  geography, 
an  .Upine  people  in  Rhietia,  chiefly  in  what  is 
now  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland. 

Lepontine  (le-pon'tin)  Alps.  [Named  from 
the  Lcpontii.]  That  part  of  the  Alps  which  ex- 
tends from  the  Simplon  Pass  eastward  to  the 
Spliigen  Pass.  It  comprises  the  St.  Gotthard,  Ticino, 
and  Adula  Alps.     Monte  Leone  is  11,660  feet  in  height. 

Leporello  (le-p6-rel'16).  The  valet  of  Don  Gio- 
vanni in  Mozart's  opera  of  that  name.  lie  exe- 
cutes the  perfidious  orders  of  his  master,  sympathizes  with 
his  success,  helps  him  out  of  scrapes,  and  is  a  physical  and 
moral  coward.     Compai-e  Mascarille  and  S'janareUe. 

Lepsius  (lep'se-6s),  Karl  Richard.  Born  at 
Naumburg,  Prussia,  Dec.  23,  1810:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, July  10,  1884.  A  celebrated  German  Egyj)- 
tologist  and  philologist.  He  conducted  the  Prussian 
expedition  to  Egypt  1842-46:.  Among  his  works  are  "  Denk- 
maler  aus  Agypten  und  Athiopien "  ("ilonuments  of 
Egypt  and  Ethiopia,"  1840-59),  "  Chronologic  der  Agj-pter  " 
(1848-10),  "Briefe  aus  Agypten,  etc."  (1862),  "Ubcrden 
ersten  agyptischen  Gotterkreis  "  (1851),  etc.  He  also  pub- 
lished "A  Standard  Alphabet  for  reducing  Unwritten 
Languages  and  Foreign  Graphic  Systems  to  a  Uniforai 
Orthography  in  European  Letters"  (1855). 

Leptis  Magna  (lep'tis  mag'nii),  or  Neapolis 

(ue-ap'6-lis).  [Gr.  AtVT(f.]  In  ancient  gcogra- 
ph}',  a  seaport  in  northern  Africa,  situated  in 
hit.  32°  38'  N.,  long.  14°  13'  E.  :  the  modern 
Lebda.     It  was  a  Phenician  colony. 

Lepus  (le'pus).  [L.,' the  Hare.']  An  ancient 
southern  constellation,  situated  south  of  Orion 
and  east  of  Canis  Ma.jor.  Its  brightest  stiir,  of  2.7 
magnitude,  is  in  a  line  from  the  middle  star  of  Orion's 
belt  through  the  sword  of  Orion. 

Le  Puy.     See  Vuii. 

LerdoaeTejada(lar'do  da  ta-Hii'THa),  Miguel. 

Born  at  Vera  Cruz,  1814  :  died  in  Mexico  City. 
Mareh22, 1861.  A  Mexican  liberal  politician  and 
author.  In  1S56  he  was  Comonfort's  minister  of  the 
treasury ;  held  other  important  ollices  ;  was  a  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  from  1860  ;  and  was  twice  a  presidential 
candidate.  His  best-known  book  is  "  Apuntes  hist<»rico8 
de  la  heroica  cjudad  de  Vera  Cruz  "  (5  parts,  18.^)0-5.5). 

Lerdo  de  Tejada  y  Correal  (e  kor-rii-iir),  Se- 
bastian. Born  in  Jahipa,  April  25,  1825  :  diccl 
at  New  York,  April  21, 1889.  A  Mexican  slates- 
niaii,  brother  of  Miguel  Lerdo  de  Teiada.  Hewaa 
the  leading  minister  of  Juarez  18(^-71.  Elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Supreme  Court,  he  became,  by  virtue  of  that 
office,  president  of  Mexico  on  the  death  of  Juarez  (July  18, 
1872).  He  was  contirmed  in  the  position  by  an  election, 
and  claimed  to  have  been  reelected  in  1870 ;  but  In  Nov. 
of  that  year  he  was  driven  from  Mexico  by  the  revolu- 
tionary army  of  Diaz. 

Lerici  (ler'e-ehG).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  (lenoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  (iulf  of 
S^)ezia35  miles  northwest  of  Pisa. 

Lerida  (ler'e-thii).  1.  A  province  in  Catalonia, 
Spain,  which  borders  on  France.  Area,  4,775 
s(|iinic  miles.  Population  (1KM7),  285,417. —  2. 
Tlic  capital  of  the  province  of  LCirida,  sitiiiiled 
on  the  Segre  in  lat.  41°  33'  N..  long.  0°  39'  E.: 
the  ancient  Ilcrda.  It  is  strongly  forlillcd  ;  has  n  ca- 
thedral, one  of  the  best  existing  examples  of  early-Pointed 
architecture  ;  and  formerly  had  a  university.  The  place 
was  the  scene  of  Cicsar's  victory  over  tin-  PompelanR(  Afra- 
nius  and  Pelrelus)  in  49  H.  0.  It  surrendered  to  the  French 
In  1707  anil  1810.     Popuhll  ion  (1887),  21.88.1. 

L^rins  (la-raiV),  lies  de.  .\  group  of  small  isl- 
ands in  the  Mediterranean,  opjiositi*  Cannes, 
southeastern  France.  The  chief  islands  are 
St.-IIoH'irat  and  Slc-Marguerilr. 

Lermontoff  (ler'mon-tofK  Mikhail  Yurie- 

■rttch.  Horn  at  Moscow,  Oct.  15,  1H14:  kill.'ii 
in  llie  Caiieasiis,  July  27,  1841.  .\  Russian  jioet 
and  novelist,  surnamecl  "the  poet  of  lh(>  Cau- 
casus," whither  he  was  twice  exileil  (1837,  1840), 
and  whore  he  was  killeil  in  a  duel,  ills  best-known 
works  are  the  novel  "Hero  of  our  Time," and  the  pi>eins 
'*  Song  of  (he  Tsar  Ivan  Vasslllevltch."  '"  Ismail-Bey,"  and 
"The  Demim.  " 
Lerna  (ler'nii).     [Cit.  \tpva.'[     In  ancient  geog- 


Lesina 

raphy.  a  marshy  region  in  Argolis,  Greece,  south 
of  j\j-gos.  It  is  notable  in  ( Jreek  mythology  for 
the  Lernean  hydra.     See  Nereides. 

Lero  (la'ro).  A  small  island  of  the  Sporades. 
^Egeau  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  32 
miles  south  of  Samos  :   the  ancient  Leros. 

Leroux  (le-ri)'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
17,  1797 :  died  there,  April  12.  1871.  A  French 
philosophical  writer,  journalist,  and  socialist, 
leader  of  the  Humanitarians.  His  chief  work 
is  "De  rhunianite"  (1840). 

Leroy-Beaulieu  (le-rwii'bo-lyfe'),  Pierre  Paul. 
BornatSaumur,  France,  Dec.  9, 1843.  A  French 
political  economist.  He  became  professorof  political 
economy  at  the  Ecole  Libre  des  Sciences  PoUtiqiies  at 
Paris  in  1872,  and  in  the  same  year  founded  "'  L  Econo- 
mistefran^ais."  Among  his  works  arc  "De  I'dtat  social 
et  intellectuel  des  populati<ms  ouvrieres"  (186S),  "Traits 
de  la  science  des  finances  "  (2d  ed.  1879). 

Lerojr  de  Saint-Arnaud.    See  Saint-.lmaud. 

Lerwick  (Kr'wik  or  lir'ik).  A  seaport  and  the 
chief  town  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland, 
situated  in  lat.  C0°  9'  N.,  long.  1°  9'  W.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  3,783. 

L6ry  (la-re').  Jean  de.  Born  at  La  Margelle, 
Burgundy,  153-t:  died  at  Bern,  Switzerland, 
1611.  A  Protestant  minister  and  author.  Hewas 
with  Villegaignon  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  1555-68.  Sub- 
sequently he  preached  in  the  south  of  France;  narrowly 
escaped  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  (1572)  ;  and  was 
among  the  Protestants  besieged  in  Sancerre.  His  last 
■years  were  passed  in  Switzerland.  He  wrote  "  \'oyage 
faictenlaterredu  Bresil  "(1578.  and  numerous  subsetjuent 
editions),  and  "Kelation  du  siege  de  Sancerre  "  (1574). 

Le  Sage,  or  Lesage  (Ic-siizh'),  Alain  E,en6. 
Bom  at  Sarzeau,  Morbihan,  May  8,  1668  :  died 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Nov.  17,  1747.  A  noted 
French  novelist  and  dramatist.  He  studied  phi- 
losophy and  law  at  Paris,  and  was  enrolled  as  a  parliamen- 
t:uy  advocate,  but  soon  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
His  chief  work  is  the  novel  "Gil  Bias"  (1715-3.'>).  Among 
his  other  works  are  the  novel"  Lediable  boiteux"  (1707); 
the  plays  "  Le  point  d'honneur"  (from  the  Spanish  of 
Rojas,  1702),  "  Crispin  rival  de  son  maitre  "  ^1707),  "Tur- 
caret  "(1708),  etc. ;  the  short  works  "La  valise  trouvii-e  " 
and  "Une  journ^e  des  Parques";  and  "Guzman  d'.AIfa- 
rache,"  " Estevanille Gonzales, "  "Le  bachelierde Salaman- 
que,"  and  "Vie  et  aventures  de  M.  do  Beauchene,"  ro- 
mances all  more  or  less  borrowed  from  Spanish  originals. 
He  also  translated  Boianlo'a  "  Orlando  innamorato,"and 
wrote  for  the  theatre  de  la  foire  (see  the  extract). 

Lesage  is  said  to  have  written  no  less  than  twenty-four 
farce-operettas,  as  they  may  perhaps  best  be  termed,  for 
these  bo.ards  [the  thi^'atrc  de  la  foire),  and  thetot;U  number 
which  he  wrote  for  them  as  whole  or  piu-t  author  is  stime- 
times  put  at  sixty-four  and  sometimes  at  a  hundred  and 
one.  Sainlsburi/,  FYench  Novelists,  p.  73. 

Lesath  (le-sath').     [.\r.  les'ah.  the  sting.]    The 

tliinl-iiiagnitude  star  i'  Seorpii,  at  the  end  of  the 

creature's  tail. 
Lesbia  (lez'bi-ii).     The  name  by  which  Clodia, 

the  favorite  of  Catullus,  is  referred  to  in  his 

poems. 

Lesbian  Adventures,  The,  or  Lesbiaca  (les- 
bi'a-kji).  A  Greek  romance,  attributed  to  Lou- 
giis.     See  Vdjiliiiis  and  Cliloc. 

Lesbos  (loz'bos).  [Gr.  Aio.Jof.]  An  island  in 
the  .I'^gean  Sea,  intersected  by  lat.  39°  N.,  long. 
20°  20'  E.,  west  of  Mysia,  Asia  Minor :  the  niod- 
eri\  Metelino.  Chief  town,  Mytiiene.  Thesurface 
is  mountainous  ;  soilfertilc.  It  was  colonized  by.Eolians; 
was  celebrated  as  a  seat  of  literature  ;  anil  was  acquired 
by  the  Turks  in  U02.  (See  further  under  Miililenf.) 
Length,  about  4:)  miles.  Po|>ulation,  estimated,  about 
.'lO.fHio  (mainly  Greeks). 

Lesches  (les'kcz),  or  Lescheus  (les'kus).  [Gr. 
.\((T)'/'.'>  -^'"Vf-]  Born  at  Pyrrha,  near  Myti- 
iene, about  700  B.  c.  One  of  the  so-called  cyclic 
poets,  author  of  an  cjiic  entitled  "The  Little 
li'md''  ('lAia^  /iiKiiii).  in  four  books.  It  was  designed 
to  he  a  supplement  to  the  Iliad  of  Homer,  and  related  the 
events  which  followed  the  ileath  of  Hect(»r^ namely,  the 
fate  of  Ajax,  the  exploits  of  llysscs,  the  fall  of  Tri»y,  etc. 

LeSCOt  (hs-ko'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris  about 
1510 :  died  Se])t.  10, 1578.  Anoted  French  archi- 
tect. About  all  that  is  known  of  his  personal  histor)'  is  de- 
rived from  a  poem  by  Ronsiird,  and  the  ace»uints  of  the  royal 
buildings.  He  wasimictieally  the  first  arehiteclof  Franco 
to  employ  the  classic  forms  in  a  truly  classic  way,  jirevious 
attciii)>ts  being  largely  inllllenced  by  Gothic  feeling.  His 
work  Isconsldercd  the  best  that  the  Kenalssance  produced 
in  Fnuice.  He  was  made  architect  of  the  lAUivre  Aug.  S, 
1540,  and  retiiined  the  oHlce  as  huig  as  he  Ilvetl.  Thai  i»art 
of  the  LoUvro  which  was  built  by  I.escot  consists  of  tlio 
western  side  Boulh  of  the  Tour  d'ofloge,  which  stands  upon 
the  foundations  of  the  great  hall  of  Philippe  Auguste,  and, 
with  a  Kiwer  ritof,  remains  Just  as  Lescot  left  it  ;  the  Pa- 
vilion du  Itoi,  renn>delcil ;  and  the  westeni  half  of  the 
south  side,  also  remodeled.  It  Is  the  oldest  p<U'tion  of  the 
present  palace,  and  hasfnrnJKhiHl  the  type  wlifch  has  been 
followed  throughout  the  building. 

Lesghians  (les'gi-!ni/.).  .\  collection  of  tribes 
living  iu  Daghestan.  Caucasus,  Russia.  Their 
religion  is  a  form  of  Mohammedanism.  Xuiu- 
bi'r  eslimated  at  461,000. 

Lesina  (les'e-nii).  1.  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belonging  to  Daltuatia,  Austria-Hungary, 


Lesina 

intersected  by  lat.  43°  8'  N.,  long.  17°  E. 
Length,  43  miles. —  2.  A  seaport  on  the  island 
of  Lesina.     Population  (1890),  3,596. 

Leskovatz  (les'ko-vats).  A  town  in  Servia, 
situated  on  the  Veternitza  in  lat.  42°  56'  N., 
long.  21°  57'  E.     Population  (1S90),  12,132. 

Leslie  Ues'li  or  lez'lij,  Alexander,  first  Earl  of 
Leven.  Bom  about  1580:  died  at  Balgonie, 
FLfeshh-e,  April4, 1661.  A  Scottish  general,  long 
in  the  service  of  Charles  IX.  of  .Sweden,  and 
6usta\'us  Adolphus,  in  the  campaigns  against 
Russia,  Poland,  Denmark,  and  Austria,  in  1628 
he  compelled  Wallenstein  to  raise  the  siese  of  jfralsund, 
and  in  1630  seized  the  island  of  Eiigen  for  tlie  Sivedish  king. 
He  was  made  fleld-maishal  in  1636.  He  returned  to  Scot- 
land, and  identified  himself  with  the  Covenanters,  resign- 
ing from  the  Swedish  service  in  1S3S.  The  organization 
and  command  of  the  .Scottish  army  were  intrusted  to  him. 
He  captured  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh  Castle  in  1639,  but 
resigned  in  June  of  that  year  in  order  that  there  might  be 
no  obstacle  to  the  proposed  peace  with  Charles.  On  the 
rupture  of  the  peace,  he  resumed  his  position  as  general 
(April,  1640V  In  1644  he  led  an  army  into  England  to  sup- 
port the  Parliament,  and  took  p.art  in  the  battle  of  ilarston 
Moor,  where  the  troops  under  his  command  were  routed. 
(See  MarsUin  Moor.)  He  was  relieved  of  his  command 
May  11, 164S,  but  assumed  it  again  in  l&iS  when  Cromwell 
threatened  Scotland.  In  1661  he  was  suiprised  and  cap- 
tured by  a  body  of  English  horse.  cniTied  to  London,  and 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  from  which  he  was  soon  released. 

Leslie,  or  Lesley,  Charles.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  July  17, 1630:  died  at  Glaslough,  Mona- 
ghan,  Ireland,  April  13.  1722.  A  British  non- 
juror (Jacobite)  and  controversialist.  Hewasan 
opponent  of  William  III.  whom  he  attacked  in  a  pamphlet 
"  Gallienus  Eedivivus,  or  Murther  will  out "  (1695 :  a  princi- 
pal authority  on  the  Glencoe  massacre),  of  Burnet  ("Tem- 
pora  mutantur,"  1689),  TiUotson,  and  others.  He  also  at- 
tacked the  Quakers  ("The  Snake  in  the  Grass,  or  Satan 
transformed  into  an  Angel  of  Light "  (1696).  and  other  pam- 
phlets) and  the.Tews,  and  engaged  in  political  controversies. 
His  best-known  work  is  "A  short  and  E.isy  Method  with 
the  Deists  "  (1698).  He  was  obliged  to  leave  England  (1711) 
to  avoid  arrest  on  account  of  his  political  opinions,  and 
later  joined  the  household  of  the  Pretender,  whom  he  ar- 
dently supported. 

Leslie,  Charles  Robert.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
19,  1794 :  died  there.  May  5, 1859.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish painter  and  writer^  son  of  Robert  Leslie, 
an  American.  HewenttoAmericawithhisparentsin 
1799,  returned  to  England  in  1811  to  study  art,  and  became 
a  pupil  of  Allston  and  West,  and  a  close  friend  of  Consta- 
ble. In  1833  he  was  for  a  hrief  period  instructor  of  drawing 
at  West  Point.  He  was  professor  of  painting  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy  1848-62.  Among  his  works  are  numerous  por- 
traits (Washington  Irving.  Scott,  Dickens  as  Bobadil,  etc.), 
"SirRogerde  Coverley  going  to  Church"  (1819).  '•  Amont- 
the  Gypsies  "(1829),  illustrationsoflrving's  "Sketch-book" 
and  "  Knickerbocker,  "  May-day  Revels  in  the  Time  of 
Queen  Elizabeth"  (1821),  "The  Taming  of  the  Shrew" 
(1831),  "  Columbus  and  the  Egg  "  (1835),  etc.  He  wrote 
"Memoirs  of  John  Constable"  (1845),  "Handbook  for 
Young  Painters  "  (1855),  "  Autobiographical  Recollections" 
(editi'.l  1)\  Taylor,  1S05),  "  Life  of  Reynolds  "  (completed  by 

Tayl-ir,  LSis.). 

Leslie,  David.  Died  1682.  A  Scottish  general, 
first  Lord  Newark.  He  was  colonel  of  horse  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  but  returned  to  Scotland  in  1640  to 
support  the  cause  of  the  Covenanters,  and  was  appointed 
major-general  in  the  Scottisharray  under  the  Earl  of  Leven. 
At  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  in  which  the  troops  under 
Leven  were  routed  by  Rupert,  he  with  Cromwell  stood 
firm,  and  won  the  day.  His  part  in  the  victory,  which  was 
ignored  by  Cromwell,  has  been  much  discussed,  but  it  w.as 
certainly  an  important  one.  On  Sept.  13, 1616,  he  defeated 
Montrose.  He  later  supported  the  cause  of  Charles  II., 
and  was  defeated  by  Cromwell  at  Dunbar  Sept.  3,  1660, 
and  again  at  Worcester.  He  was  captured  and  confined 
in  the  Tower  until  1660.  After  the  Restoration  he  was 
created  Lord  Xewark. 

Leslie,  Eliza.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Xov.,  1787: 
died  at  Gloucester,  X.  J.,  Jan.  2,  1858.  An 
American  authoress,  sister  of  C.  R.  Leslie :  pub- 
lished ''Domestic  Cookery  Book"  (1837;.  etc. 

Leslie,  Frank  (the  assumed  name  of  Henry 
Carter).  Born  at  Ipswich,  England,  1821 :  died 
at  New  York.  Jan.  10, 1880.  An  American  pub- 
lisher, foundfr  (1855)  of  "Frank  Leslie's  Illus- 
trated Newspaper." 

Leslie,  or  Lesley,  John.  Bom  Sept.  29,  1527: 
died  at  Guirtenburg,  near  Brussels,  May  30, 
1596.  A  Scottish  Roman  Catholic  prelate  and 
historian,  bishop  of  Ross,  a  partizan  and  influ- 
ential adviser  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  her 
agent  in  many  affairs  during  her  imprisonment. 
He  was  involved  in  the  Norfolk  conspiracy,  and  was  con- 
fined in  the  Tower,  and  later  transferred  to  Famham  Castle. 
In  1573  he  was  released.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Scotland, 
partly  in  Latin  (157S)  and  partly  in  Scotch  (published 
1S30),  and  various  other  works, 

Leslie,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Largo,  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  April  16,  1766:  died  at  Coates,  near 
Largo,  Nov.  3,  1832.  A  Scottish  physicist  and 
geometrician,  made  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Edinburgh  1805,  He  wrote  an  "Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  and  Properties  of  Heat"  (1804),  "Elements  of 
Geometry  "  (1809),  ■'Geometrical  Analysis"  (1821),  "Ele- 
ments of  PhvsicB"  (1S23),  etc. 

Leslie,  Thomas  Edward  Cliffe.  Bom  in  Ire- 
knd,  1827:  died  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  Jan.  27. 
1882.    A  British  political  economist.    He  was  ap- 


606 


pointed  professor  of  jurisprudence  and  political  economy 

in   t^ueen's  College,  Belfast,  in   1853.      He  wrote  "  Land 

Systems  and  Industrial  Economy  of  Ireland,  England,  and 

Continental  Countries"  (187o),  "Essays  on  Political  and 

Moral  Philosophy  "  (1879).  etc. 
Lesly,  Ludovic.  In  Scott's  "QuentinDui'ward," 

an  archer  of  Louis  XL's  body-guard,  called  Le 

Balafre  from  a  sear  on  his  face. 
Lespinasse_  (la-pi-nas').  Mademoiselle  JuUe 

Jeanne  £leonore  de.   Bom  at  Lyons  (baptized 

Nov.  19,  1732) :  died  at  Paris,  May  22,  1776.     A 

French  letter-writer  and  leader  of  societv.   she 

was  the  illegitimate  daughter  of  the  Countess  d'Albon.  In 

175  i  Madame  duDeffand,  who  had  become  blind,invited  her 

to  li\  e  with  her.    For  ten  years  they  presided  together  over 

their  fashionable  and  literary  salon.    At  the  end  of  that 

time  they  quarreled,  and  JIademoiselle  Lespina.sse  estab- 

liihedherself  elsewhere  with  D'Alemhert.  wlio  lived  with 

her  in  a  curious  sort  of  relationship  till  her  death. 
During  this  time  she  was  a  gracious  hostess,  and  a  bond 

of  union  to  many  men  of  letters,  especially  those  of  the  -         •    ■  •    , . 

younger  philosophe  school    But  this  is  not  what  gives  her  LeSSinian  (le-sm  i-an)  Alps.     A  group  of  the 


Lettres  Edifiantes 

written  by  the  Hamburg  professor  and  philosopher  H  s 
Reimarus,  published  from  1774  to  1778.  involved  him  in  3 
biitercontioversy  with  Pastor Goeze of  Hamburg-.  Against 
him  he  wrote  the  scathing  polemics  contained  in  his  "Auti- 
Goeze,"  which  appeared  also  in  1778.  This  same  yeai 
was  published  "Ernst  und  Falk,  Gesprache  fur  Frei- 
maurer  "  ("  Ernst  iind  Falk,  Dialogues  for  Freemasons  ") 
In  1779  appeared  thedrama'.NathanderWeise"("  Nathan 
the  Wise"),  and  in  1780,  finally,  the  treatise  "Die  Erzie- 
hung  des  Menschengeschlechts  "  ("  The  Education  of  the 
Human  Race  ")  —  like  the  "  Anti-Goeze  "  papers  and  "  Na. 
than,"  a  result  of  the  theological  controversies  of  the  last 
years  of  his  life.  His  collected  works  were  published  in 
Berlin  1825-28,  in  32  vols. :  and  again,  by  Karl  Lachmann 
in  Berlin  1838-40,  in  13  vols.  ' 

Lessing,  Karl  Friedrich.     Born  at  Breslau,  I 

Prussia,  Feb.  15, 1808 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
June  0,  1880.  A  German  historical  and  land- 
scape painter,  grandnephew  of  G.  E.  Lessing. 
Many  of  his  subjects  were  taken  from  scenes  in  | 
the  life  of  Huss. 


her  place  here.  Her  claim  rests  upon  a  collection  of  love- 
letters,  not  addressed  to  D'Alembert.  She  was  thirty-four 
when  the  earliest  of  her  love  affairs  began,  and  had  never 
been  beautiful.  When  she  died  she  was  forty-four,  and 
her  later  letters  are  more  passionate  than  the  e.irlier. 
Her  first  lover  was  a  young  Spaniard,  the  Marquis  Gonsalvo 
de  Mora:  her  second,  the  Count  de  Guibert,  a  poet  and 
essayist  of  no  great  merit,  a  militiu-y  reformer  said  to  have 
been  of  some  talent,  and  pretty  evidently  a  bad-hearted 
coxcomb.     To  him  the  epistles  we  have  are  addressed. 

Saiiitsbiiry,  Short  Hist.  French  Lit,  p.  417. 
[Published  by  the  widow  of  Guibert  in  1809.) 

Lesseps  (les'eps;  F.  pron.  le-seps'),  Vicomte 
Ferdinand  de.  Born  at  Versailles,  France, 
Nov.  19,  1805:  died  near  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1894. 
A  celebrated  French  engineer  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  ambassador  at  Madrid  in  1848,  and  was  sent  on  a 
special  mission  to  Rome  in  1849.  He  is  chiefly  known  as 
the  projector  and  engineer  of  the  Suez  Canal,  work  on 
which  was  commenced  in  1859,  and  which  was  opened  in 
1J69.  He  afterward  formed  a  company  for  the  purpose  of 
cutting  a  canal  through  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  work 
on  the  canal  began  in  1881.  The  scheme  collapsed,  and  a 
judicial  inquirj-  into  the  affairs  of  the  company  resulted 
iTi  a  sentence  of  imprisonment  against  De  Lesseps  in  1893, 
which  was  not  carried  into  effect.  He  published  'Lettres, 
etc.,  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  du  canal  de  Suez"  (1875). 
See  Suez  Canal,  Pniwjna  Canal. 

Lessines  (les-sen').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut.  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender  26 


Alps  on  the  border  of  Tyrol  and  Italy,  between  1 
the  Adige  and  the  Brenta. 
Lesson  in  Anatomy,  The.  A  painting  by  Rem- 
brandt  (1632),  in  the  museum  at  The  Hague, 
Hollanii.  It  represents  Nicolaus  Tulp,  a  noted  anato- 
mist, demonstrating  the  anatomy  of  the  dissected  arm  of  a 
corpse  to  several  students,  in  presence  of  twoniembers  of 
the  gUd  of  surgeons.    AU  the  figures  are  portiaits. 

Lestocct  (les-tok').  Count  Johann  Hermann 
von.  Born  at  Celle,  Prassia,  April  29,  1692: 
died  Jime  23,  1767.  A  surgeon  at  the  Russian 
court,  a  favorite  and  councilor  of  the  empress 
Elizabeth  1741-48. 

L'Estrange  (les-tranj').  Sir  Roger.  Bom  at 
Hunstanton,  Xorfolk,  Dec.  17,  1616:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  11,  1704.  An  English  journalist 
and  royalist  pamphleteer,  licenser  of  the  press 
under  Charles  H.  and  James  II.  He  sen-ed  in  the 
royal  army  against  the  Parliament,  and  in  an  attempt  to 
carry  out  a  plot  for  the  captm-e  of  Lynn  was  betraved, 
arrested,  and  condemned  to  death,  but  remained  at  New- 
gate until  1648,  when  he  escaped  to  Holland.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1653.  In  16ti3  he  was  appointed  surveyor 
of  printing-ollices  and  licenser  of  the  press,  and  founded 
"The  Intelligencer"  (Aug.  31)  and  "The  News,"  both  of 
which  ceased  to  exist  in  1666.  From  1681  to  1687  he  issued 
the  "Observator."  He  published  a  great  number  of  pam- 
phlets^political  and  personal.  "The  Fables  of  .Esop  and 


miles  west -southwest  of  Brussels.     Popidation    ?'•;«'•  gl"'V«°til>'hoIogistswithMoralReflections"(i692)k 

flSQO)    fi ''''i  IheWorksof  FlavmsJosephus  compared  with  the  Origi- 

T\.^^iJ.Ln-'-      \   r.   iiv    1.1  T.   1.      ■  T,  nalGreek"(1702Xatranslationof  the  "Vision  of  Queve- 

Lessmg  (les  smg),  Gotthold  Ephraun.    Bom    do,"  etc.  ^ 

at  Camenz,  Upjper  Lusatia,  Jan.  22.  1729:  died  LesueUT  (le-sii-er'),  Eustache.     Bom  at  Paris, 


at  Brims%vick,  Feb.  15, 1781.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  critic.  His  father  was  a  clergy- 
man. He  attended  school  at  Camenz  and  Meissen,  and 
in  1746  went  to  Leipsic  to  study  theology.  Instead,  how- 
ever, of  pursuing  his  studies  in  this  direction,  he  soon  gave 
his  principal  attention  to  the  theater.  In  1748.  in  his  thii-d 
semester  at  the  university,  was  produced  his  first  comedy, 
" Der  j unge  Gelehrte "  (" The  Young  Scholar  ").  His  asso- 
ciation with  the  theater  having  given  offense  to  his  parents, 
he  was  summoned  home.    Hesoon,  nevertheless,  returned 


Nov.  19,  1617:  died  there,  April  30,  1655.  A 
French  historical  painter.  His  chief  work  is 
"Life  of  St.  Bruno"  (Louvre). 
Lesneur,  Hubert.  Born  at  Paris  about  1595; 
died  at  London  about  1652.  A  French  sculp- 
tor, resident  in  England  after  1628.  He  completed, 
in  1634,  bronze  statues  of  the  king  and  queen,  now  in  St. 
John's  College,  O.xford,  and  executed  many  works  for  the 
king. 


to  Leipsic,  where  he  matriculated  as  a  student  of  medi-  Lesueur  Jean  Francnis     Bom  nt  ■Dnipnt  Ploa. 

cine.    This  same  year  (1748)  he  went  to  Berli.i,  where  he  J^     "p",,,.    a  1,1  ..t-ilTi     v„„  r  i f    , -lo 

supported  himself  by  making  translations  aiid  writing  5'*^;    \"^"'   •     -)l^^'i^*^'o  ^^^nce.    Jan.    15,   1y63: 

criticisms,  reviews,  and  original  work.    In  I7.il  he  went  "led  at  Pans,  Oct.  6, 1837.    A  French  composer, 

to  Wittenberg  to  complete  his  studies  at  the  university,  author  of  the  opera  "Les  bardes"  (1804)    etc 

After  taking  the  degree  of  master,  he  returned  to  Berlin  LeszCZVIl<!ki       See  Sfnni\}niiQ  r*c-/.-./.,t.;-; 

in  1752.     In  1751  he  had  already  published  a  collection  of  T  o+^o  r  ll^tlTi\     '-     ^r<IJII>lajiSl.es..C..ynsl,  I 


Lethe  (le'the).  [Gr.  .V//0(?.]  InGreekmythology: 
(fl)  The  personification  of  oblivion,  "a  daugh- 
ter of  Eris.     (6)  The  river  of  oblivion,  one  of 
the  streams  of  Hades,  the  waters  of  which  pos-> 
sessed  the  property  of  causing  those  who  drank 
--,,----    ,  ___     of  them  to  forget  their  former  existence.    Ari- 
Freethinker"),  "Der  Schatz"  ("The  Treasure").    He  had     osto  places  it  in  the  moon,  and  Dante  in  Durea- 
also  written  a  numberof  Anacreontic  poems,  poetic  fables,      tnrv  to  iu  puigo 


poems  under  the  title  "Kleinigkeiten"  ("Trifles").  In 
1753  he  began  the  publication  of  his  collected  works,  two 
volumes  of  which  were  issued  that  ytur,  two  in  1754.  and 
two  more  in  175.",,  in  which  year  he  also  wrote  his  first 
tragedy,  "Miss  Sara  Sampson."  Several  comedies  fall  in 
this  eaily  period,  n.imely,  "Der  Misogyn"("The  Misogy- 
nist"), "Die  Juden" ("The  Jews"),  "Der  Freigeist"  ("The 
Frppt^l^nt.-..,-"^  "t^o,- c>>,ot„"/,<T»     "  -.      „    .     . 


tory. 
Lethe.     A  play  by  Garrick,  produced  April  15, 

_...  _.     1740,  and  subsequently  enlarged. 

Berlin.andbeganthere  the  following  year,  in  conjunction   Lethebv  deth'bi),  Heiirv       Born  -it  Plvmmith 
with  Moses  Mendelssohn  and  the  bookseUer  Nicolai,  his      1816- died  at  I,07,  Imf  Aln^^h  oo^r-.'     ^ 
"  Litteraturbriefe  "  ("  Letters  on  Literature  "),  which  were     ,  •  ,    ' ,        ■  ,  ^'O'l'^O"  •  March  28. 18 ,  b.     An  Eng- 
continued  down  to  1765.    He  published  too,  at  this  time,     "^'^  enemist,  lecturer  on  chemistrv  at  the  Lon- 
a  collection  of  prose  fables,  a  number  of  odes  iu  prose,  and     don  Hospital :  author  of  ' '  Food :  its  VarietieSi. 
the  one-act  tragedy  "Philotas."  and  sketched  the  plan  of     etc."  (1S70). 

a  "Faust,"  which,  however,  was  never  written.     In  1760  T  a+mot-'h a  nai-'.,^H  t^r\        *(-„„-„•     ii, 
he  went  to  Breslau  la  secretary  to  General  von  Tauentzien     ■^VS-^''^® '\.     ™f-te).      A  town  m  the  province 
In  1763  he  nTote  the  comedy  "Minna  von  Barnhelm,"     O'   ^^  estphalia,  Prussia,  east  of  Elberfeld-Bar- 
which  was  not  published  until  1767.     From  Breslau  he     men. 

returned  in  1765  to  Berlin,  where  he  next  wrote  his  great  LetO  (le'to)       [Gr  A,;r^.]     In  Greek  mythologjv 

the  daughter  of  the  Titan  Cceus  and  Phcebe, 


epigrams,  and  didactic  poems.  In  the  autumn  of  1755 he 
returned  once  more  to  Leipsic,  where  with  sliglit  interrup- 
tions he  remained  until  1757.     In  1758  he  went  back  to 


critical  wurk  "Laokoon,"  which  was  published  in  1706. 
The  succeeding  year  he  went  to  Hamburg  in  order  to  take 
part  as  a  critic  in  the  foundation  of  a  German  national 
theater.  The  result  of  this  undertaking  w.as  the  series  of 
dramatic  criticisms  published  twice  a  week  fr.>m  1767  to 
1769  under  the  title  "  Hamburgische  Dramaturgic  "("  Ham- 
burg Dramaturgy").     In  1768  appeared  "Briefe  antiqua- 


and  mother  by  Zeus  of  ApoUo  and  Artemis.  Ac- 
cording to  the  earlier  form  of  the  myth,  she  was  the  wif& 
of  Zeus  before  he  married  Hera;  according  to  the  later 
form,  his  mistress  after  his  marriage  with  Hera.  Her 
name  became  Latona  in  Roman  raythologj- 


a  call  as  librarian  to  the  ducal  library  in  Wolfenbuttel,  a 
position  which  he  held  from  the  spring  of  1770  until  his 
death.  In  1772  appeared  the  tragedy  "Emilia  Galotti." 
Fi'om  1773  to  1781  were  published  a  series  of  "Contribu- 
tions to  History  and  Literature  from  the  Treasures  of  the 
Wolfenbuttel  Library  "(" Beitriige  zur  Ges 
teratur  aus  den  Schatzen  der  Wolfenbiitti 

"Fragmente    eines     Wolfenbiittelscheu    Ungen , 

theological  criticisms  purporting  to  be  extracts  from  the 
writings  of  "an  anonymous  Wolf enbutteler, "  but  really 


...  printer,  living  in  the 

second  half  of  the  15th  century,  who  was  "the 
first  printer  who  set  up  a  printing-press  in 
the  city  of  London.  ...  He  probablv  died  or 

,.„ „__ ^     ceased  printing  about  1483"  (Diet.  Xa'f.  Biog  ). 

zMGeschiWeundLit:  Lcttres  f  difiantes:  in  full  "Lettres  fidifiantes 
tcC'\^^':::^.:^e.^^-    etCurieuses,ecritesdesmissionsetrangeres£ar 


quelques  missionaires  de  la  compagnie  de  J^- 
Rus."    A  collection  of  letters  from  Jesuit  mis- 


R 


Lettres  £difiantes 

gionaries,  principally  in  America  and  Asia,  first 

?ublished  at  Paris,  in  34  vols.  12mo,  1702-76. 
here  are  many  other  editions,  that  of  1780-S3  in  2(J  vols, 
being  generally  preferred ;  later  ones  have  various  addi- 
tions ;  and  there  is  a  second  collection  entitled  "  Nouvelles 
Lettrts  Ediliantes  des  missions  de  la  Chine  et  des  Indt-s 
Orientales"(Svols.  181S-23).  .Spanish  and  Italian  editions 
have  lieen  published,  and  an  abridged  one  in  En^;li^ll, 
Many  of  these  letters  are  of  great  historical  and  etlino- 
graijliical  interest. 

Letts  (lets).  A  branch  of  the  Lithuanian  or 
Lettie  race,  inhabiting  chiefly  the  Russian  prov- 
inces of  Courlaud,  Livonia,  and  Vitebsk.  The 
Letts  call  themselves  Latvis. 

Letzten  Dinge,  Die.  [G.,  '  The  Last  Things.'] 
An  oratorio  by  Spohr,  produced  at  Cassel  on 
Good  Fridav,  iS26.  It  is  known  in  English  as 
"  Tbe  Last  Judgment." 

Leucadia,  or  Leucas.     See  Santa  Mama. 

Leuchtenberg  (loich'ten-bero).  Formerly,  a 
small  princely  laudgraviate  in  the  Upper  Palati- 
nate. It  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Bavarian  dynasty 
in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  Eugene  de  Beauhar- 
nais  was  made  duke  of  Leuchtenberg  in  1S17. 

Leucippe  and  Cleitophon  (lu-sip'e  and  kli'to- 
fou).  A  Greek  romance  by  Achilles  Tatius, 
written  in  the  5th  century. 

The  story  [by  Achilles  Tatius]  is  entitled  '*the  adven- 
tures of  Leucippe  and  Cleitophon,"  in  eight  books.  Its 
chief  merit  consists  in  the  desci-iptions  in  which  it  ;iboun<ls: 
the  incidents  are  complicated  and  tedious,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  hero  is  below  contempt.  The  probability  of 
the  narrative  is  quite  overthrown  by  the  awkward  machin- 
ery. The  hero,  Cleitophon,  tells  his  own  story,  from  the 
third  chapter  of  the  first  book  down  to  the  end  of  the  ro- 
mance, without  any  interruption  from  the  unknown  lis- 
tener, who  happens  to  lie  looking,  with  hiiu,  at  a  picture 
of  tile  rape  of  Europa.  Tbe  ilnnnatispersoiise  are  Hippias 
of  Tyre,  who  has  two  children  by  dirt'erent  mothers,  (-'leito- 

Ehon  and  Calligone ;  Sostratus,  the  brother  of  Hippias, 
is  wife  Pauthia,  atid  his  daughter  Leucippe ;  Cleinias,  the 
cousin  of  Cleitophon  ;  a  cunning  slave,  SatjTus  ;  Menelaus, 
an  Egj'ptian,  whose  aciiuaintance  Cleitophon  makes  when 
he  runs  away  with  Leucippe  from  Berytus  to  Alexandria : 
certain  pirates  and  soldiers;  Melitte,  a  supposed  widow 
of  Ephesus,  but  residing  at  Alexandria,  who  falls  in  love 
with  cleitophon,  and  induces  him  to  marry  her,  in  the  be- 
lief that  Leucippe  is  dead ;  Thersander,  the  husband  of 
Melitte,  who  had  escaped  from  shipwreck  without  her 
knowledge  ;  and  Sosthenes,  the  slave  of  Thersander.  All 
these  parties  make  their  entries  on  the  stage  with  melo- 
dramatic exactness;  everylnnly  appears  at  the  critical 
time ;  and,  in  spite  of  all  difficulties,  the  lovers  are  united 
at  the  end  of  the  piece. 

E.  0.  MuUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  356. 

[(Donaldson.) 

LeUCippuS  (lii-sip'us) .  [Gr.  AeimivTroc.']  Lived 
about  500  B.  c.  A  noted  Greek  philosopher, 
founder  of  the  atomic  school  of  philosophy. 

Leuckart  (loik'art),  Karl  (Jeorg  Friedrich 
Budolf.  Born  at  Helmstedt.  Germany,  Oct.  7, 
1822:  died  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  (5,  1S9S.  A  German 
zoologist,  professor  at  Leipsic  from  1869 :  esjie- 
cially  noted  as  a  helminthologist.  He  published 
"Die  Parasiteu  des  Menschen"  (1863-76),  etc. 

Leucopetra  (lu-kop'e-tra).  [Gr.  AciwoTf7pn.] 
In  ancient  geography:  '(«)  A  promontory  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Italy:  the  mod- 
ern Capo  dell'  Armi.  (b)  A  village  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Corinth.  Here,  146  B.  c,  the  Romans 
under  Mummius  defeated  the  Achroan  League 
under  Diseus. 

Leucothea  (lu-ko-the'ii).  [Gr.  AcvKolMa.']  A 
uaniu  of  Ino. 

Leucothea,  or  Leukothea.    An  asteroid  (No. 

35)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  April  19, 1855. 

Leuctra  (liik'tra).  [Gr.  rd  AeMr/ja.]  luancient 
geography,  a  village  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  about 
7  miles  southwest  of  Thebes.  It  is  celebrated  for 
the  victory  gained  here,  371  B.  C,  by  the  Thebans  under 
Ei)aminonila8  over  the  Spartans  under  Cleombrotus. 

Leuk  (loik),  F.  Loueche  (lo-esh').  A  village  in 
tlie  canton  of  Valais,  iSvvitzerland,  situated  on 
tlie  Rhone  14  miles  nortlieast  of  Sion. 

Leuk,  Baths  of,  G.  Leukerbad  (loi'ker-biid). 
.V  village  5  miles  north  of  Leuk,  note<l  for  its 
liot  mineral  baths. 

Leukas.     See  Santa  Maura. 

Leuthen  (loi'ten).  A  village  in  tlie  proWiico 
of  .Silesia,  Pnissia,  10  miles  west  of  Breslau.  It 
was  tile  scene  »{  a  victoi-y  Kuinud  Dec.  5,  17^7,  by  tlie  Prus- 
sians (;{0,()00)  under  Freilerick  the  Great  over  the  Anstrians 
(80.000)  under  Prince  Charles.  The  Austrian  loss  waa  about 
7.000  in  killed  and  woiindcil,  and  many  thousands  were 
taken  jirisoners.  The  PruHsian  loss  wius  aluuit  ."1,000,  This 
battle  is  a  remarkable  instanco  of  Frederick's  superiority 
in  tactics. 

Leutkirch  (loit'kirch).  A  small  town  in  Wiir- 
leiiilicrg,  41  miles  south  of  Ulm. 

Lcutschau  (loit'shou).  Hung.  Locse  (le'cha). 
Tlio  ciipital  of  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  49°  2'  N.,  long  20°  35'  E.  Popula,- 
tioii  (isno),  6,318. 

Leutze  (loit'se),  Emanuel.    Bom  at  Gmiiml, 

Wiirtcmberg,  .May  24,  1816:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  July  18,  1868.     A  Oerman-American 


607 

historical  painter  of  the  Diisseldorf  school. 
Among  his  works  are  "Washington  Crossing  the  Dela- 
ware," "Washington  at  Monmouth,"  "Landing  of  the 
Norsemen,"  "Cromwell  and  his  Daughter,"  etc, 

Leuwenhoek.     See  Lceuwenhoek. 

Levadia.     See  Livadia. 

Levaillant  (le-va-yon'),  FranQois.    Bora  at 

Paramaribo.  Dutch  Guiana,  17.53:  died  at  S6- 
zanne,  France,  Nov.  22,  1824.  A  French  orni- 
thologist, and  traveler  in  southern  Africa  1781- 
1785.  He  published  accounts  of  his  travels 
(1790  and  1796). 

Levambert  (le-vou-bar'),  Louis.  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, 1614:  died  1670.  A  French  sculptor.  Much 
of  his  work  is  in  the  park  of  Versailles. 

Levan  (la-von').  Louis.  Bom  in  1612:  died  in 
1668.  A  noted  French  architect.  Hisflrstwork,  ap- 
parently, was  in  l&i3  at  the  Chateau  de  Vaiix-le-Vicompte. 
He  was  afterward  charged  with  the  transformation  of  the 
Chateau  de  Vincennes.  He  succeeded  Lemercieras  archi- 
tect of  the  Louvre  and  Tuileries,  and  completed  the  eastern 
and  northern  sides,  except  the  portico  of  Perranlt,  At  the 
Tuileries  Louis  XIV.  ordered  L^van  to  remodel  the  pal- 
ace, which  he  did  at  the  expense  of  De  I'iJrme's  work, 
leaving  intact  only  the  order  of  the  Rez  de  Chansst^e.  He 
also  built  the  Pavilion  de  .Marsan  and  the  old  Pavilion  de 
Flore.  In  1661  he  linilt  the  Palais  des  Quatres  Nations, 
now  the  Institut,  He  was  also  the  first  architect  of  Saint 
Sulpiee,  and  built  the  Chapel  de  la  SalpStrifere,  Saint-Louis 
en  rile,  etc.  He  added  two  pavilions  and  an  orangerie  to 
the  old  Chateau  de  Versailles  built  by  Louis  XIII. 

Levana  (le-va'nii).  In  Roman  mythology,  a 
goddess,  the  protectress  of  children. 

Levana,  An  educational  treatise  by  Richter, 
published  in  1807. 

Levanna(le-van'na).  Apeakof  theGraianAlps, 
on  the  frontier  of  France  and  Italy.  Height, 
11,940  feet. 

Levant  (If-vanf),  The.  [D.  levant,  G.  Levante, 
Dan.  a-w.' levant,  F.  Icrant,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  levante, 
from  JIL.  levan(t-)s,  the  suni'ise,  the  east,  the 
orient;  prop,  adj.,  rising:  applied  to  the  sun.] 
The  region,  east  of  Italy,  lying  on  and  near  the 
Mediterranean,  sometimes  reckoned  as  extend- 
ing east  to  the  Euphrates  and  as  taking  in  the 
Nile  valley,  thus  including  Greece  and  Egypt ; 
more  specifically,  the  coast  region  and  islatids 
of  Asia  Minor  and  Syria:  a  name  originally 
given  by  the  Italians. 

Levantina,  Valle.     See  Lerentina. 

Levanto  (le-vUn'to).  A  small  town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  on  the  Riviera  12  miles  northwest  of 
Spezia. 

Leven,  Earl  of.     See  Leslie,  Alexander. 

Leven  (le'vn),  Loch.  1.  A  salt-water  loch  on 
t  lie  boundary  of  Argyll  and  Inverness,  Scotland. 
It  joins  Loch  Linnhe. —  2.  See  Lochlevcn. 

Leventina  (la-ven-te'na),  or  Levantina  (la- 
van-te'nii),  Valle,  G.  Livinenthal  (le-fe'nen- 
tiil).  The  valley  of  the  upper  Ticino  from 
Airolo  to  Biasca,  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Swit- 
zerland.    Length,  about  22  miles. 

Lever  (le'ver),  Sir  Ashton.  Born  at  Alkring- 
ton,  near  Manchester,  March  5,  1729:  died  at 
Manchester,  Jan.  24,  1788.  An  English  natu- 
ralist, noted  as  a  collector.  His  extensive  collection 
of  various  objects  of  interest  —  the  Leverian  Sluseum  — 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  sights  of  London.  It  was 
disiiosed  of  by  lottery  in  1788,  and  dispersed  by  auction  in 
180U. 

Lever,  Charles  James.    Bom  at  Dublin,  Aug. 

3],1S06:  died  at  Triest,  .Tune  1,  1872.  An  Irish 
novelist,  of  English  descent.  Hegrnduated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin ;  studied  medicine  (which  he  prac- 
tised in  Brussels  1840-42)  ;  was  editor  of  the  "  Dublin  I'ni- 
versity  Magazine"  lH42-*ri ;  settled  in  Florence  in  1847; 
and  was  appointed  consul  at  Hpezia  in  18.^7,  and  at  Trie.st 
in  1867.  He  wrote  "Harry  I.orre(juer"  (1837),  "Charles 
dWIalley"  (1840),  "Tom  Burke  of  Ours"  (1844),  "Arthur 
0'Leary"(lS44),  "Roland  Ca8her'(18.i0).  "The  DoddFam- 
ily  Abroad"  (l!-f.3-6J),  "Con  Cregan "  (1849),  "The  Dab 
tcnis  "  (18r.2),  "  Lord  Kilgolibin  "  (1872),  etc. 

Leverett   (lev'<r-et).   Frederick   Percival. 

Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  IL,  Sept.  11,  1803:  died 
at  Boston,  C)ct.  6,  1836.  An  American  classical 
scholar,  author  of  a  Latin  lexicon  (1837). 
Leverett,  Sir  John.  Bom  in  England,  1616: 
died  March  16,  lli79.  A  colonial  governor  of 
.Massachusetts  1673-79. 

Leveridge  (icv'er-ij),  Richard.    Born  in  i(i70: 

died  .Mari-li  22, 1758.  An  English  singer.  Ho  bad 
a  very  deep  bxss  voice,  which  was  iinini|iaired  for  many 
years.  About  1719  he  opened  a  colfee-liouHe  In  Covent 
Garden,     He  published  a  volume  of  songs  with  music  ill 

1727. 

Leverrier  (l6-va-rva'),  Urbain  Jean  Joseph. 

Born  at  St.-L6,  France.  Maicli  11,  isi  1  :  diedat 
Paris,  Sept.  23,  1877.  .\  noteil  French  iislrono- 
mer,  who  shares  with  J.  C.  .Vdams  the  honor  of 
discovering  the  planet  Neptune  in  1846.  (See 
Xeptnne.)  He  became  director  of  the  Paris 
Observatory  in  1854. 
Leveson  (lu'son),  sir  Richard.  Bom  1570:  died 
at   London.  J'ulv,  1605.      An  Enirlish  admiral. 


Levites 

appointed  vice-admiral  of  England  in  1604.  He 
commanded  a  squadron  despatched  (unsuccessfully)  to  the 
Azores  to  capture  the  Spanish  treasure-ships  in  I60O,  and 
defeated  the  Spaniards  in  the  harbor  of  Kiusale  Oct,,  1601, 
and  in  Cezimbra  Bay  June  3,  1602. 

Leveson-Gower,  Lord  Francis.    See  Egerton, 

Francis. 

Leveson-Gower  (lu'son-gor'),  G«orge  Gran- 
ville, first  Duke  of  Sutherlauil.  Bom  at 
London,  Jan.  9,  17.58 :  died  July  19,  1833.  An 
English  nobleman,  eldest  son  of  the  first  Mar- 
quis of  Staft'ord  by  his  second  wife,  daughter 
of  the  first  Duke  of  Bridge  water:  created  duke 
of  Sutherland  in  1833.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  177S-98  (escept  1784-87),  and  was  am- 
bassador at  Paris  1790-92.  By  inheritance  and  by  marriage 
with  the  Countess  of  Sutherland,  he  became  possessed  of 
vast  wealth. 

Leveson-Gower,  Lady  Georgiana  Charlotte. 

Born  Sept.  23,  1812:  died  Jan.  19.  1885.  An 
English  novelist,  daughter  of  the  first  Earl  Gran- 
\ille :  after  her  marriage  in  1833  Lady  Georgi- 
ana FuUert  on.  She  wrote  "  Life  of  St,  Francis  of  Rome, 
etc."  (1886),  "Laurentia"  (1861),  "Rose  Leblanc  "  (1861), 
■  ■  TooStrange  not  to  be  True  "(1864), "  Constance  Sherwood" 
(1865).  "A  Stormy  Life  " (1867), " Mrs.  Gerald's  Niece  "  (1869), 
"A  Will  and  a  Way"  (1881),  and  various  lives  of  saints, 
and  translations,  principirlly  from  the  French. 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville,  first  Jlarquis  of 
JStafliord.  Born  Aug.  4,  1721 :  died  Aug.  15, 
1805.  An  English  nobleman.  The  third  son  of  the 
first  Earl  Gower,  he  succeeded  his  father  in  1754,  and  was 
created  marquis  of  Stafford  in  1786.  He  was  a  lord  of  the 
admiralty  in  1749,  lord  pi  i^-y  seal  1755-57  and  1784-94,  and 
president  of  the  council  1767-79  and  17b3-S4. 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville,  first  Earl  Gran- 
\-ille.  Born  Oct.  12,  1773 :  died  at  London.  Jan. 
8,  1846.  An  English  diplomatist,  created  Earl 
Granville  in  1833:  third  son  of  the  first  Mar- 
quis of  Stafford.  He  was  ambassador  extraordinary  at 
St.  Petersburg  1804-05,  minister  at  Brussels  1S16,  and  am- 
bassador at  Paris  1824—11  (with  interruptions). 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville  George,  second 
Earl  Gran-sille.  Born  at  London,  ilay  11, 1815 : 
died  at  London,  March  31,  1891.  An  English 
Liberal  statesman,  eldest  son  and  successor 
(1846)  of  the  first  Earl  Granville.  He  entered  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1836,  and  the  House  of  Lords  in  1846. 
Hewasunder-secretaiyof  state  for  foreign  art'airs  1840-41 ; 
vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymaster  of  the 
forces  1848-51  (entering  the  cabinet  1851);  successor  to 
Palmerston  in  the  foreign  office  1851-52  ;  and  president  of 
the  council  1862-54.  In  June,  1S59,  he  attempted,  with- 
out success,  to  form  a  cabinet,  and  accepted  the  presi- 
dency of  the  council  under  Palmerston,  He  was  appoint- 
ed secretary  of  st,ate  for  the  colonies  under  Gladstone  in 
1868,  and  was  secretary  for  foreign  affairs  1870-74.  It  was 
during  this  administration  that  the  treaty  of  Washington 
was  signed.  (See  Alabama  claims,  and  n'asfttn;itoii,  Trt-atjf 
o/.)  He  reassumed  charge  of  the  foreign  office  under  Glad- 
stone 1880-85. 

Levi  (le'vi).  A  son  of  Jacob  and  Lefth,  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Levites. 

Levi  (la've  or  le'vi),  Leone.  Born  at  Ancoua, 
Italy,  June  6, 1821  :  died  May  7,  1888.  A  noted 
jurist  and  statistician,  of  Hebrew  descent,  re- 
siding from  1844  in  England.  He  became  professor 
of  commerce  at  King's  College  1852,  and  was  the  author  of 
"Coniniercial  Law:  its  Principles  and  Administration, 
etc."  (18.'')0-52),  "Slanual  of  the  Mercantile  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland "  (1854),  "Annals  of  British  Legislation,"  "His- 
tory of  British  Commerce  and  of  the  Economic  lYogress 
of  the  British  Nation,  17«;i-1870"  (1872),  etc.  He  early 
became  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  England. 

Le'viathan,  The.    See  ifoMns. 

Leviathan  of  Literature,  The.  A  surname  of 

Dr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

Le'Vico  (lev'e-k(3).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  9  miles  east -southeast  of  Trent.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  5,651. 

Levin,  Rahel.     See  Vamhaiien  ran  f.nse. 

Levis  (lii-ve'  (ir  lev'is),  or  Point  Levi  (le'^^). 
Ariver))ort  in  tlie  |iroviiice  of  t^bieln'c,  Canada, 
situated  on  tlie  St.  Lawrence, omiosite  Quebec. 
Populatii.M  (1901)  7,7.83. 

Levita,  Elias.    See  EUas  Lcrita. 

Levites  (le'vits).  1.  In  Jewish  history,  the  de- 
scendants of  Levi,  one  of  the  sons  of  .Tacob  ; 
the  tribe  of  Levi.  —  2.  Specifically,  a  body  of 
assistants  to  the  priests  in  the  tabernacle  and 
temple  serv'ice  of  the  Jews.  This  body  was  com- 
posed of  all  males  of  the  tribe  of  Levi  between  .SO  (or  26) 
and  6i)  years  of  age,  exclusive  of  the  family  of  Aaron, 
which  constituted  the  priesthood.  Originally  they  guard- 
ed the  tabernacle,  and  assisted  In  ciu-rying  it  anil  its  ves- 
sels, and  In  preparing  the  corn,  wine,  oil,  etc,,  for  sacrifice  ; 
they  furnislied  the  music  at  the  services,  ami  had  charge 
of  Uie  sacred  treasures  ami  revenues.  After  the  settle- 
ment In  Palestine  they  were  relieved  of  some  of  these 
duties,  but  assumed  those  i>f  religious  guides  and  teach, 
ers.  Later  they  were  also  tbe  learned  class,  and  became 
scribes.  Judges,  etc.  They  were  allowed  no  territorial  pos, 
sessions,  except  thirty-live  cities  in  which  they  lived,  sup. 
ported  by  tithes  on  Ihe  produce  of  tbe  lands  of  tlie  tribes. 
The  Levites  wore  divided  into  three  families,  which  bort 
the  names  of  the  sons  of  Levi  —the  Gcrslioultes,  tbe  Ko 
hatbites,  and  the  Mentrites. 


Leviticus 

Leviticus  (Ic-vit'i-kus).  ['  The  book  of  the  Le- 
vites.']  A  canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, the  third  book  of  Moses  or  of  the  Pen- 
tateuch, containing  principally  the  laws  and 
regulations  relating  to  the  priests  and  Levites 
and  to  religious  ceremonies,  or  the  body  of  the 
cereraouial  law. 

Levkas  (lev'kas),  Amaxiki,  Amazichi  (a- 

miiks-e'ke),  Santa  Maura  (siin'tli  mou'rii), 
Hamaxiki  (hii-maks-e'ke),  etc.  Asea[)ortand 
the  chief  place  in  the  island  of  Santa  Maura, 
Ionian  Islands,  Greece,  situated  at  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  the  island.  Population 
(1889),  5,539.  , 

Levkosia.    See  Xieosia. 

Levroux  (le-vro').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Inilre,  central  France,  13  miles  north  by  west 
of  Chateauroux.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,203. 

Levuka  (la-v6'ka).  A  town  in  the  Fiji  Islands : 
formerly  the  capital. 

Levy  (le'vi).  Amy.  Born  at  Clapham,  Nov.  10, 
1861:  committed  suicide  Sept.  10,  1889.  An 
English  poet  and  novelist,  of  Hebrew  descent. 
She  MTote  several  voluiues  of  poems ("  Xantippe  and  other 
Poems"  (1881),  "A  Minor  Poet"  (1884),  "A  London 
Plane-tree  "  (1&S9))  and  the  novel  "  Eeuben  Sachs  "  (1889). 

Levy  (la-ve'),  Calmann.  Born  at  Phalsbourg. 
Lorraine,  Oct.  19, 1819:  tlied  June  18, 1891.  A 
French  bookseller  and  editor,  brother  of  Michel 
L6vy,  with  whom  and  a  third  brother  he  formed 
the  firm  of  Michel  Levy  freres. 

Levy  (la-ve'),  ^inile.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  29, 
1826:  died  there,  April  4, 1890.  AFretichgenre- 
and  portrait-painter.  Hewasapupilof  theEcoledes 
Beaux  Arts,  of  De  Pujol,  and  of  Picot,  and  won  the  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1854.  Among  his  works  are  *'  Lerepaslibredes 
martyrs"  (1859),'*V'erciiigetoris  serendanthC^sar"(1863), 
"Venus  ceignant  sa  ceinture"(lSH3),  *' La  mortd'Orphee" 
(1866),"  Le  jugement  de  Midas"  (1S70),"  Le  saule"  (1876), 
"Jeune  mere  "  (1881),  "Cu-ce"  (l,s.v.i),  "Sil^ne"  (1890),  etc. 
He  decorated  tlie  mairie  of  the  16th  arroudissement  1S85- 
1887,  and  had  much  success  in  pasteL 

L6vy,  Michel.  Born  at  Phalsbourg,  Lorraine, 
Dee.  20,  1821 :  died  at  Paris,  May  6,  1875.  A 
French  bookseller  and  publisher. 

Lewald  1 15' vald),  Fanny,  later  Madame  Stahr. 
Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  March  24,  1811 : 
died  at  Dresden,  Aug.  5,  1889.  A  German  nov- 
elist and  Wl'iter  of  travels.  Among  her  novels  are 
"Prinz  Louis  Ferdinand"  (1849),  "Von  Geschlecht  zu 
Geschlecht "  (1863-65). 

Lew-chew  Islands.    See  Loochoo  IsIaixJs. 

Lewes  (lii'es).  The  capital  of- Sussex,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ouse  45  miles  south  of  London. 
Here,  May  14,  1264,  Henry  III.  was  defeated  by  the  baronc 
under  Simon  de  Montfort.  Henry  and  his  son  gave  them- 
selves up  to  the  barons  after  the  battle.  Population  (1891). 
10,997. 

Lewes,  or  Lewis  (lii'is),  Charles  Lee.  Bom  at 

London,  Nov.  29,  1740 :  died  July  23  (June  26?), 
1803.  A  noted  English  comedian. 
Lewes  (lu'es),  George  Henry.  Born  at  London, 
April  18,  1817:  died  at  Londou,  Nov.  28,  1878. 
An  English  phUosophieal  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  largely  influenced  by  the  philosophy  of 
August  Comte.  Lewes  was  married  in  1840,  but  in 
18f>4  left  his  wife,  living  thereafter  with  Miss  Mary 
Anne  Evans  (George  Eliot).  He  wrote  a  "'Biographical 
History  of  Philosophy  "  (1845-46),  "The  Spanish  Drama " 
(1847),  "The  Life  of  Goethe " (1865),  "Seaside  Studies" 
(1858),  "  Physiology  of  Common  Life  "  (1869-tiO),  "Studies 
in  Animal  Life"  (1862),  "Aristotle"  (1864),  "Problems  of 
Life  and  Mind"  (1874-79),  "Actors  and  the  Art  of  Acting" 
(1875),  "  Physical  Basis  of  Mind  "  (1877).  He  was  the  flist 
editor  of  the  "  Fortnightly  Review  "  (1865-66). 

Lewes,  Mise  of.  [From  OF.  wise,  a  settling,  a 
judgment.]  An  agreement  between  the  English 
defeated  party  under  Henry  IH.  and  the  barons 
under  Simon  de  Montfort,  in  V2(yi.  directly  after 
the  battle  of  Lewes.  It  provided  for  native 
councilors  and  the  reorganization  of  Parlia- 
ment. 

Lewin  (lu'iu),  Thomas.  Born  April  19,  1805: 
died  Jan.  5. 1877.  An  English  lawyer,  antiquary, 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  "A  Practical 
Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Trusts  and  Trustees  "  (1837),  "  The 
Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul"  (lS51X"An  Essay  on  the 
Chronology  of  the  New  Testament"(I854),  etc. 

Lewis  (lu'is),  or  The  Lews  (liiz).  The  north- 
ern and  larger  portion  of  the  main  island  of  the 
Hebrides,  Ross-shire,  Scotland,  situated  27 
miles  west  of  the  mainland,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Minch.  Chief  town,  Storno- 
way.     Area,  575  square  miles. 

Lewis.     See  Louis. 

Lewis,  Andrew.  Born  in  Donegal,  Ireland, 
about  1720:  died  in  Bedford  County, Va.,  Sept. 
26,1781.  An  American  soldier.  He  was  major  in 
Washington's  regiment  in  Bi-addock's  expedition  in  1755, 
and  commander  of  an  expedition  against  the  Shawnesse 
Indians  in  1756  ;  served  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1758,  and  was  captured  and  taken  to  iloatreal ;  gained  the 


608 

victory  of  Point  Pleasant  over  the  Indians,  Oct.  10,  1774 
(as  major-general);  and  served  as  brigadier-general  in  the 
Continental  army  March  1,  1776,  to  April  5,  1777. 

Lewis,  Charles.  Born  at  Gloucester,  England, 
17.53  :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jul}'  12,  1795.  An 
English  painter  of  still  life. 

Lewis,  Charles  George.  Born  at  Enfield,  Mid- 
dlesex, June  13,  1808  :  died  June  16.  1880.  An 
English  engraver,  best  known  for  his  engrav- 
ings of  Landseer's  works. 

Lewis,  David.  Born  in  Wales  about  1G83 :  died 
at  Low  Leyton,  Essex.  April,  1760.  A  British 
poet,  author  of  "  Philip  of  Macedon,"  a  tragedy 
(1727). 

Lewis,  Die.  Born  at  Auburn,  N.  T.,  March  3, 
1823 :  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  May  21,  1886.  An 
American  homeopathic  physician,  well  known 
as  a  lecturer  on  hygiene  and  an  advocate  of 
various  methods  of  physical  culture.  He  wrote 
"New  Gymnastics"  (1802),'  "Weak  Lungs"  (1863),  "Our 
Girls  '  (1871),  etc. 

Lewis,  Edmonia.  Bom  near  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1845.  An  American  sculptor,  of  African  and 
Indian  descent.  Her  first  known  work  was  a  bust  of 
Colonel  Shaw  who  commanded  the  first  colored  regiment 
in  the  Civil  War.  .She  went  to  Rome  in  1867.  Anmng  her 
works  are  "The  Death  of  Cleopatra"  (1876),  "The  Old 
Arrow-maker  and  his  Daughters,"  "The  Marriage  of  Hia- 
watha," etc. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  (Estelle  Anna  Robinson^.  Bom 
near  Baltimore  about  1824 :  died  at  London, 
Nov.  24,  1880.  An  American  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer.  Among  her  works  is  the  tragedy 
"Sappho  of  Lesbos  "  (1866),  which  was  translated  into  Greek 
and  played  at  Athens. 

Lewis,  Francis.  Bom  at  Llandaff, Wales,  March, 
1713:  diedatNewYork,Dec.l9. 1803.  An  Amer- 
ican patriot,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence as  member  of  Congress  from  New 
York. 

Lewis,  Frederick  Christian.  Bom  at  London, 
March  14.  1779 :  died  at  Enfield,  Dec.  18,  1856. 
An  English  engraver  and  landscape-painter. 
He  engraved  works  of  Raphael,  ilichelangelo,  Claude, 
Poussiu.  Flaxman,  Turner,  Landseer,  etc. 

Lewis,  Sir  George  Cornewall.  Born  at  London, 
April  21,  1806:  died  at  Harpton  Com-t.  Radnor- 
shire, April  13,  1863.  An  English  statesman, 
scholar,  and  author.  He  was  poor-law  commissioner 
for  England  and  Wales  1839-47:  under-secretary  for  the 
home  department  1848 ;  financial  secretary  to  the  treasury 
1850-52 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  18.'i5-58 ;  home  sec- 
retary 1859-61 ;  and  secretary  for  war  1861-63.  His  chief 
work  is  an  "Enquiry  into  the  Credibility  of  the  Early  Ro- 
man History  "  (18r>5). 

Lewis,  Ida.  Boi-n  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1841. 
The  daughter  of  the  keeper  of  the  Lime  Rock 
lighthouse.  She  is  noted  for  her  courage  in  sav- 
ing life.  She  married  William  H.  Wilson  in  1870. 

Lewis,  John.  Born  at  Bristol,  England,  Aug. 
29,  1675:  died  Jan.  16,  1747.  An  English  biog- 
rapher, antiquarian,  and  bibliograjiber,  author 
of  biographies  of  Wyclif,  Caxton,  Pecoek,  and 
Fisher,  and  of  numerous  other  works  on  various 
topics. 

Lewis,  John  Frederick.  Born  at  London,  1805 : 
died  at  Walton  on  the  Thames,  Aug.  15,  1876. 
An  English  etcher  and  painter,  at  first  of  ani- 
mals, but  later  of  Highland,  Italian.  Spanish 
(for  which  he  was  called  "Spanish  Lewis"), 
and  Oriental  subjects.  His  latest  (Oriental) 
pictures  are  the  best-known. 

Lewis,  Matthew  Gregory.    Bom  at  London. 

July  9,  1775 :  diecl  at  sea  (of  yellow  fever).  May 
14,  1818.  An  English  poet,  dramatist,  and  ro- 
mance-writer, best  known  as  the  author  of  "  Am- 
brosio,  or  the  Monk  "  ( 1795),  from  which  he  was 
commonly  known  as  "Monk"  Lewis.  Hevisited 
Weiniarl792-93;  became  an  attach^  of  the  British  legation 
at  The  Hngue  1794  ;  sat  in  the  Houseof  Commons  1796-1802 ; 
and  went  to  Jamaica  (where  he  owned  property)  Nov., 1815, 
and  again  toward  the  end  of  1817.  He  also  wrote'*  Village 
Virtues,"  a  satire  (1796),  "The  Castle  Spectre"  (acted  at 
Drury  Lane  Dec.  14,  1797),  "Talcs  of  Horror"  (1799),  "  Al- 
phonso,  King  of  Castile,"  a  tragedy  (1801).  "Adelgitha,"  a 
tragedy  (acted  at  Drury  Lane  April  30,  1807),  etc, 

Lewis,  Meriwether.  Born  near  Charlottesville, 
Va.,  Aug.  18,  1774:  committed  suicide  near 
Nashville,  Tenn,,  Oct.  8,  1809.  An  American 
explorer,  joint  commander  with  Clark  of  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  United  States  1.S04-06. 

Lewis,  Morgan.  Born  at  New  York,  Oct.  16, 
1754 :  died  at  New  York,  April  7,  1844.  An 
American  general,  jurist,  and  politician,  son  of 
Francis  Lewis:  governor  of  New  York  180.5-06. 

Lewis,  Tayler.  Born  at  Northtimberland.  N.  Y. , 
March  27,  1802:  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
May  11, 1877.  An  American  scholar  and  author. 
He  became  professor  of  Greek  at  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1838.  and  at  Union  College  in  1849.  Aniong  his 
works  are  "Six  Days  of  Creation  "  (1855),  '"The  Bible  and 
Science "  (1856),  "The  Divine  Human  in  the  Scripture" 
(1860). 


Leyden,  John 

Lewis,  William  Thomas.    Born  at  Ormskirk, 

Lancashire,  about  1748:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
13,1811.  A  noted  English  comedian.  Amongthe 
parts  which  he  created  are  Falkland  in  the  "  Rivals  " 
Wyndham  in  the  "Man  of  Reason,"  Sir  Charles  Racket  in 
"Three  Weeks  after  Marriage,"  CounseUor  Witmore  in 
Kenrick's  "Duellist,"  Beverly  in  Colmau's  "  Man  of  Busi- 
ness," Arviragus  in  Mason's  "Caractacus,"  Millamour  in 
Murphy's  "Know  your  own  Mind,"  Doricourt  in  the 
"Belle's  Stratagem,"  and  Egerton  in  the  "Man  of  the 
M'orld."    Diet.  Aat.  Bioff. 

Lewis  River.     See  Snal-e  Hirer. 

Lewiston  (lu'is-ton).  A  city  in  Androscoggin 
County.  Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscoggin, 
opposite  Auburn.  31  miles  north  of  Portland, 
Its  leading  manufactures  are  woolen  and  cotton.  Itisthe 
sea^t  of  Bates  College  (FreewillBaptist).  Population  (1900), 

Lexington  (lek'sing-ton).  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Fayette  County,  Kentucky ,"22miles  south- 
east of  Frankfort,  it  is  a  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing center ;  has  a  famous  horse- market ;  and  is  the  seat 
of  Kentucky  University.  It  was  settled  in  1775.  Popula- 
tion (19O0),  26,369. 

Lexington.  A  small  town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  11  miles  northwest  of  Boston. 
It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  first  iiloodshed  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  April  19,  1775.  The  British(800  mem  un- 
der Colonel  Smith  left  Boston  on  the  night  of  April  18,  tu 
take  the  military  stores  in  Concord.  The  advance  under 
Major  Pitcau-n  was  confronted  at  Lexington  Green  by  about 
60  minute-men  under  Captain  Parker,  and  this  force  was 
dispersed  with  the  loss  of  7  Americans  killed.  The  British 
proceeded  to  Concord,  and  a  part  of  the  force  was  repulsed 
at  theConcord  bridge  by  the  minute-men.  Colonel  Smith 
ordered  a  retreat,  and  maintained  a  running  fight  back  to 
Charlestown  with  the  constantly  increasing  Americans. 
At  Lexington  he  was  reinforced  by  1,200  men  under  Lord 
Percy.  The  British  loss  was  273;  the  American  loss,  88. 
The  fighting  at  Concord  is  often  called  the  battle  of  Con- 
cord, while  the  entire  day's  fighting  is  called  the  battle  of 
Lexington.     Population  (1900),  3,831. 

Lexington.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Lafayette 
Coimty,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  40 
miles  east  by  north  of  Kansas  City.  The  Federals 
under  Mulligan  surrendered  here  to  the  Cojifederates  un- 
der Price,  Sept.  21,  1861.     Popnhition  (18(»),  4,190. 

Lexington.  The  capital  of  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia,  situated  on  North  River  108  miles  west 
by  north  of  Richmond.  Itistheseatof  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute  and  of  Washington  and  Lee  University 
(which  see).     Population  (1900),  3,203. 

Lexington.  A  famous  American  bay  race-horse, 
foaleii  in  1851. 

Lexintbn.orLessington  (les'ing-ton),  Stephen 

de.  Lived  about  the  middle  of  the  ISth  century. 
An  English  ecclesiastic,  abbot  of  Stanley  in 
Wiltshire,  later  abbot  of  Savigny  in  Normandy 
(1229)  and  ,(1243)  of  Clairvaux.       . 

Lexovii  (lel<s-o'vi-i).  In  ancient  history-,  a  Cel- 
tic people  in  northern  Gaul,  which  lived  near 
the  English  Channel  west  of  the  Seine. 

Ley  ( le) ,  James.  Born  1550 :  died  March  14, 1629. 
An  English  jurist  and  politician,  created  first 
Earl  of  Marlborough  Feb.  5,  1626.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  for  Ireland 
in  1604,  lord  chief  justice  of  England  1622,  and  lord  high 
treasurer  1624.  He  succeeded  Bacon  as  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  pronounced  the  judgment  of  the 
Lords  upon  him. 

Leybourn  (le'bern),  William.  Bom  1626:  died 
about  1700.  An  English  surgeon  and  mathema- 
tician. He  was  the  author,  with  Vincent  Wing,  of  the 
first  English  treatise  on  astronomy,  "  Urania  Practica " 
(1648).  He  also  published  "  Planometria  "  (ItiSO :  repuh- 
lished  as  "The  Complete  Surveyor"  1653),  " Arithmetick, 
Vulgar,  Decimal,  and  Instrumental"  (1657),  "Census 
Mathcmaticus"  (1690),  "  Panarithmologia,"  the  earliest 
English  ready  reckoner  (1693),  etc. 

Leycester  (Ics'ter),  Sir  Peter.  Bom  at  Nether 
Tabley,  Cheshire.  March  3,  1614:  died  there, 
Oct,  11,  1678.  An  English  antiquary,  author  of 
"  Historical  Antiquities"  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  and  particularly  of  Cheshire  (1653). 

Leyden,  or  Leiden  (li'den).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated 
on  the  Old  Rhine  6  miles  from  the  North  Sea 
and  22  miles  southwest  of  Amsterdam  :  the  Ro- 
man Lugdunum  Batavorum,  and  the  medieval 
Leithen.  it  was  the  birthiilace  of  Rembrandt,  Jan 
Steen,  Gerard  Douw,  and  other  painters.  The  university, 
founilcd  in  157.5, isattendedbyatiiiutl,i)OOstuilents,and  has 
valuable  museums  of  natural  history,  ethnou'raphy,  arche- 
ology, etc.,  an  oo^eivatory.  and  a  library  of  ■2(X),(KK)  volumes. 
Otlier  objects  of  interest  are  the  Stadhuis,  Church  of  St. 
Pancras,  Church  of  St.  Peter,  the  mound  Burg,  Museum  of 
Antiquities,  Natural  History  iluseum,  Municipal  Museum, 
Ethnographical  Museum,  and  Botanic  Garden.  Ley<len 
was  fonuerly  noted  for  its  cloth  manufacture:  wasunsuc- 
cessfuUy  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1573-74  ;  and  was 
the  residence  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  1609-20.  Population 
(lOOOi.  .'i4,421. 

Leyden,  John.  Boi-n  at  Denholm,  Eoxburgh- 
smre,  Sept.  8, 1775 :  died  at  Bataria,  .Java,  Aug. 
28,  1811.  A  noted  Scottish  poet,  physician, 
and  Orientalist,  He  was  appointed  .assistant  suigeon 
at  Madras  1803  ;  traveled  extensively  in  India;  settledin 
Calcutta  in  1806:  was  made  a.^say-master  of  the  mint 
there  in  1810 ;  and  went  to  Java  in  1811,  where  he  died. 


Leyden,  John 

He  published  "A  Historical  and  I'liilusophical  Sketch  of 
theOiscovetiesarul  St-ttlu-iut'iitsuf  Ilu- Europeans iti  North- 
em  and  Western  Africa  at  the  Close  of  the  EiL'hteentli  t'fui- 
ttiry"  (ITIfOX  an  "Essay  on  the  L:inKUaj:rs  and  Literature 
of  the  Indo-Chinese  Nations"  (in  "Asiatic  Researches"), 
etc.    His  poeticid  remains  were  published  in  1819. 

Leyden,  Jolin  of.    See  John  of  JA-ydcn. 

Leyden,  Lucas  van.     ><»'c  Lucas  ran  Leyden. 

Leys  (li^  or  la),  Baioii  Hendrik.  Bom  at  Aut- 
werp,  Feb.  18,  1815:  .licl  there,  Aug.  26,  1869. 
A  Belgian  historical  and  genre  painter. 

Leyte(la'e-taor  la'ta).  Au  Lslaml  of  the  Philip- 
pines, about lat.  11° N.,  long.  124°  50'  E.  Length, 
about  115  miles.     Population,  about  270,000. 

LhameOS.     See  Llameos. 

Lhasa  (Ihii'sil),  or  Lassa  (liis'sa).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tibet,  situateil  in  lat.  29°  39'X.,  long.  90° 
.')7'  K.,  about  11,900  feet  above  sea-level,  it  is 
an  importanttrading  center ;  iscelebrated  as  the  residence 
of  the  ^raiid  tama  and  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage ;  and  is  re- 
markable fur  the  nuinberof  its  convents.  The  chief  build- 
ing is  the  grand  tenijde.  It  became  the  residence  of  the 
dalai  lama  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  It  has  been 
visited  by  very  few  Europeans  (as  by  Hue  in  1S4C).  Pupula- 
tion,  about  26,0^10. 

L'Hopital,  or  L'Hospital  (lo-pe-tiil'),  Michel 
de.  Born  at  Aigueperse,  Puy-de-D6me,  France, 
about  1505 :  died  March,  1573.  A  noted  French 
statesman.  He  was  in  1547  sent  on  a  mission  to  the 
Council  of  Trent,  which  was  at  that  time  sitting  at  Bo- 
logna. He  was  made  superintendent  of  the  royal  flnanres 
In  1554,  and  in  1560  became  chancellor  of  France.  He 
caused  the  States-General  to  be  assembled  at  Orleans  in 
1560.  and  procured  the  passage  in  1562  of  the  Edict  of 
Jan.,  which  granted  toleratinn  to  the  Huirnenots.  His 
liberal  policy  was,  however,  distasteful  to  the  Guises,  and 
civil  war  broke  out  in  1562  in  spite  of  his  efforts  to  main- 
tain peace.  He  was  dismissed  from  office  in  1568.  His 
complete  works  were  edited  by  Dufey  (1824-25). 

Lhuyd  (loid),  Edward.  Born  1G60:  died  June 
30. 1709.  A  British  scholar  and  naturalist,  best 
known  from  his  researches  in  Celtic.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Lithophjlacii  Britannici  ichnographia,  etc." 
(16'.f9),  a  catalogue  of  the  figured  fossils  of  tin-  Ashmolcan 
Museum.  "  Arclwologia  Britannica"  (17>-l7),  etc.  He  be- 
came a  fellow  of  the  Koyal  .Society  in  1708. 

Liais  {lyai.  Emmanuel.  Bom  at  Cherbourg, 
Feb.  15,  1820:  (.lied  there,  March  5.  1900.  A 
Frencli  astronomer.  Hc  was  attached  to  the  Bureau 
of  Longitudes  from  1H52  ;  was  sent  to  Brazil  on  a  scientific 
niisBiou  in  1858;  and  bad  c-liar^'e  of  the  .Astronomical  o)i- 
eervat^iry  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  several  years.  Hi-  jnib- 
llahed  several  works  on  Brazilian  geography,  etc.,  and  on 
a-.trononiy, 

Liakhoff  (le'aeh-of ).  An  island  in  the  New  Sibe- 
ria grouji,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Liancourt-sous-Clermont  ( 1  von  -  kor  'so  -  Icler- 
mon').  A  manutacturing  to\vn  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  30  miles  north  of  P.nris. 
It  cmtainsaruinedcastleof  its  dukes.   Pop.  (IHOl),  .'),617. 

Liao-yang  (lyou-yiitig').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  ^Sheng-killg,  Manchuria,  southwest  of 
Miikdo,,. 

Liar,  The.  -Vn  adaptation  by  Foote  of  Cor- 
m-illc's  •■  1,1'  menteur."  He  himself  played  the 
p.irl  iif  VmiTig  Wilding  tlic  liar. 

liibaniUS  (li-bS'ni-us).  Bom  at  Antioch,  Syria, 
about  314  A.  D.  A  Greek  sophist.  His  ora- 
tions and  declamations  were  edited  bv  Keisko 
(1791-97). 

From  his  autobiography  and  letters,  as  well  as  from  the 
numerous  works  which  he  has  left  us,  Libanius  is  lictter 
known  to  modern  scliolaj-s  than  any  sophist  of  the  fourth 
century.  He  was  born  alMUlt  a.  1>.  314  at  Antioch  on  the 
Orontes.  of  a  distinguished  family,  ami  after  receiving 
there  some  part  of  his  early  training,  to  which,  however, 
he  does  not  revert  with  in-jch  respect  or  gratitude,  he  be- 
took himself  to  Athens,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  in  the  ardent 
hope  of  tlnding  there  all  the  teaching  which  ho  re(iulrcd. 
The  account  which  he  gives  of  his  adventures  in  that  uni- 
versity furnishes  us  with  a  curious  picture  of  the  stati?  of 
learning  In  the  fourth  century.  The  rival  profcsstus  had 
press  gangs  of  st  iidents  w  ho  had  sworn  allegiance  to  them, 
and  who  forcibly  seized  on  all  fre.'ihmen  and  canied  lliem 
otf  to  their  own  leclure-rooni.  Although  Libaniils  had 
determined  beforehand  which  of  the  sophists  he  wished 
to  attend,  he  was  kidnai>ped,  as  soon  as  he  entered  the 
city,  by  the  adherents  of  another  teacher,  from  whom  he 
was  again  seized  by  an  opposition  gang  and  obliged  lo 
take  the  u|<li  to  their  master.  In  this  thraldom  he  was 
detained  ffff  five  years,  when  the  riotoiissophists  were  for 
a  time  d  jspbici'd  and  he  was  jiroiiioted  to  one  of  I  lie  cliatrs. 
K.  I).  MulUr,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  (;reece,  III.  2!M. 

Llbanus.     The  liatin  name  of  Lebanon. 
Libau  (le'bnii),  l.ctlisli  Leepaja  (hi'iiii-yii).    A 

seaiMirt  in  thegovemtiioiil  o|  ( 'oiirlnnd,  Kiissia, 

situated  on  the  Baltic  Sea  in  lilt.  5G°  31'  N.,  long. 

21°E. :  an  ituixirtanti'.xport  place.    Population 

fI8S.-,-89).  :!2,.')3.8. 

Libby  Prison,  The.     .\  notorious  Confedenife 

militiiry  prison  in  I.'ichtnond,  Virginia,  during 
the  Civil  War:  originally  a  tobai'co  wari'lioiisc>. 
It  was  afterward  lakendown,  carried  to  Chi- 
cago, and  there  set  iiji  as  a  war  museum. 
Libelt  (16'belt ).  Kar(51.  Born  at  Po.sen,  Prus- 
sia, April  8, 1807 :  died  near  Gollautseh,  Prussia, 
c— :w 


609 

June  9,  1875.  A  Polish  politician  and  philo- 
sophical writer. 

Liber  (li'ber).  In  Italian  mythology,  a  god  of 
wine,  afterward  identified  with  the  Greek  Di- 
onysus (Bacclius). 

Libera  (lib'e-rii).  In  Italian  mj'thology,  a  god- 
dess, wife  of  the  wine-god  Liber,  afterward 
identified  with  the  Greek  Persephone. 

Liberal  Party.  In  British  politics,  the  name 
by  which  tlie  Whig  jiarty  has  been  known  since 
about  the  time  of  the  livst  Keform  Bill.  It  hiui 
generally  advocated  reforms  in  govermnent  and  extension 
of  power  to  the  people,  has  favored  free  trade,  and  in  the 
last  few  ye:u-8  has  advocated  Home  Rule  for  Ireland.  It 
has  held  olllce  under  Grey,  ilelbourne.  Kiissell,  Aberdeen, 
l'alnur.stoii,  Gladstone,  and Kosebery  as  prime  ministers. 

Liberal  Unionists.  In  British  politics,  a  party 
formed  in  188(3  by  the  secession  from  the  Lib- 
eral party  of  those  who  objected  to  Gladstone's 
Home  Rule  proposals.  They  act  generally  with  the 
Conservatives,  their  recognized  leader  being  the  M:u"quis 
of  Hartington  (now  Duke  of  DevonshireX 

Liberation,  War  of.  IG.  BcJ'reiKnyfilriefi.']  A 
name  given  by  the  Germans  to  tlie  war  of  the 
jVllies  against  tile  French  in  1813-14.  A  leading  re- 
sult w.as  the  freeing  of  various  German  states  from  French 
occupation  and  influence. 

Liberator,  The.  An  autislavery  paper  pub- 
lished at  Boston  1831-65,  edited  bv  Garrison. 

Liberator,  The.    1.  [Sp.  i7X(itrV«rfw.]    The 

title  of  Simon  Bolivar.  The  municipality  of  Caracas, 
after  he  had  taken  that  city  from  the  Spaniards,  proclaimed 
hira  Oct.  13.  Isl3,  '•.SiUvador  de  la  I'atiia,  Libertador  de 
Venezuela  "  (■  Savior  of  the  Country,  and  Liberator  of  Vene- 
znela  ").  The  title  of  Liberator  of  New  Granada  was  con- 
ferred on  him  after  the  battle  of  BoyacA,  Aug.,  ISl'J  ;  and 
that  of  Liberator  of  Peru  after  the  victory  of  Ayacucho  in 
1824. 

2.   A  suriiuiiie  of  O'Counell. 
Liber  de  Hyda  (li'ber  de  hi'dii).    See  the  e.x- 
tract. 

.*  circumstantial  account  of  the  foundation  of  the  schools 
of  I  Ixford  in  theyear  886  is  to  be  found  in  the  Liber  de  fli/ila, 
a  mona.stic  record  which  seems  to  liai  e  been  compileildur- 
ing  the  second  half  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  professes 
to  give  a  list  of  the  original  staff  of  teachers.  St,  Neot  and 
St.  Grimbald  are  stated  to  have  given  lectures  on  tb.ology, 
Asseron  grammar  and  rhetoric,.iohn,a  monk  of  St.  I  (avid "s, 
on  logic,  music,  and  arithmetic,  and  another  monk  of  tlie 
same  name,  on  geometry  and  .xstrononiy.  The  absence  of 
any  allusion  to  lectures  on  medi'ine  or  law  may  be  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  compiler  of  the  Liber  tie  Uijda  was  a  monk 
who.  as  such,  had  no  interest  in  cilherof  these  branches  of 
study.  He  shows  himself  singularly  inaccurate  as  to  the 
history  of  Oxford  in  bis  own  century,  for  he  states  po>i- 
tively  that  the  University  had  its  aliode  outside  the  .Voith 
Gate  until  the  year  1354,  and  used  the  church  of  St.  Giles 
as  its  formal  place  of  assembly.  Li/'e,  Oxford,  p.  241. 

Liberia  (li-be'ri-ii).  A  negro  republic  on  the 
Western  coast  of  Africa.  exten<liug  from  about 
(p  40'  W.  about  400  miles  along  tlie  coast  to  th" 
northwest.  Cajjital,  Monrovia.  The  coast  is  low. 
Tropical  products  are  exported.  The  govci  nmcnt  is  vested 
in  a  president  and  a  congress  comprising  a  senate  and  a 
house  of  representatives.  Liberia  was  founded  by  tree 
negroes  sent  by  the  American  Colonization  Society  In  1822 
and  was  deihired  independent  in  1847.  Area,  estimated. 
.')7,oiiii.si|nare  miles.     Po|iulation,  esiiinnted,  l.ntUi.miii 

Liber Pontificalis(li'b('rpon-tif-i-ka'lis).  [L.. 

'  liook  of  the  I'ojie.']  A  work  containing  the 
lives  of  thi>  popes  from  .St.  Peter  to  Stephen  VI. 
It  has  been  attributed  to  Anastasius  Bibliothecarius,  but 
wilboiit  ancient  authority. 

Liber  Studiormn  (li'ber  stfi-di-6'rum).     [L., 

•  liook  of  studies.']  .\  volume  of  studies  by 
Turner,  the  English  lamlsi-api'-painter.  He  i>iib 
lisbe.l  it  I.sois-Kj  with  a  desire  to  rival  Claude's  "  Liber 
Veritatis." 

Libertad(le-ber-tiiTll').  A  maritime  department 
in  northwestern  Peru.  Capital,  Trujillo.  The 
old  department  of  Llbertad,  formed  In  1825  from  tbo  colo- 
nial intendency  of  Trujillo,  embraced  also  the  present  de- 
partments of  Alnaziuias,  Cajaniarea,  Lambayeijiie,  and  I'i- 
ura,  which  have  been  si-parated  from  it  at  diUerent  times. 
Area,  IS  765  soiiare  miles.     i'o|iulation  (ls7li),  147,541. 

Libertine.  The.  \  tragedy  by  Thomas  Sliad- 
well,  iirodiKiil  ill  1117(1.  It  Is  professedly  derived  from 
"II  .\tlieisIo  I'liliiiiiiato,"  but  apparently  from  Mollbre's 
"Doll  Jnaii." 

Liberty  Bell,  The.  A  famtms  tx  II  cast  in  Lon- 
don ill  ]7.'i2.  It  bore  the  motto  "  l"roclalm  liberty 
tluoiigbont  the  land  unto  all  file  inhabitants  thereof"  It 
was  afterward  recast  at  I'hlladelphia,  will)  the  same  In. 
scriptlon,  and  It  was  rung  when  the  lieelanilionof  Irnlepeu- 
dence  was  adopted  by  Congress.  It  is  now  in  Indepentlence 
Hall  in  rliilaiblpliia. 

Liberty  Enlightening  the  World.    A  colo.s.sul 

ligiire  formed  (d  plates  of  luoiize  on  nil  iron 
framework,  suiiported  on  a  high  granite  pedes- 
lal,  on  Bedloe  s  Island  in  New  York  Bay.  Tho 
lluure  reiiresents  a  robustly  formed  woman,  fully  draped 
in  (ireck  tunic  ami  mantle,  and  diademed,  holding  a  torch 
In  her  uplifted  right  hand.  The  height  of  the  statue  Is 
151  feet  ;  of  the  peileslal,  l.Vi.  It  Is  by  the  sculplor  Bar- 
tlloldl.  and  is  a  gift  made  to  tho  Cnlted  States  by  ponnlar 
subscription  by  the  people  of  l-'rance.  The  pedestal  was 
designed  by  Richard  M.  Iluiit,  ami  paid  for  by  iMtpular  sub- 
script ion  in  the  I'liited  States.  Thestatuewaslnaugurated 
in  188R. 

Liberty  Party. 


Lichfield 

antislavery  party,  founded  1839-4Q,  it  opposed 
the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  nominated  James  G.  Bimey 
for  President  of  the  luited  States  in  1840,  and  again  in 
1844,  when  he  polled  02,263  votes.  This  vote  incidentally 
caused  the  defeat  of  Henry  Clay  and  the  election  of  James 

Liberty  Tree,  The.  An  elm-tree  formerly  stand- 
ing on  Washington  street,  Boston.  ElBgies  of  ob- 
jectionable persons  were  hung  upon  it  during  the  Stamp 
Act  excitement,    A  building  now  covers  its  site. 

Liber  Veritatis  (ver-i-ta'tis;.  [L.,  'book  of 
truth.']  A  collection  of  original  drawings  by 
Claude  Lorrain.  There  are  six  copies  in  existence: 
one  is  at  Chatsworth,  England. 

Libitina  (lib-i-ti'ua).  An  ancient  Italian  god- 
dess of  gardens,  vineyards,  and  voluptuous 
pleasures,  identilied  with  Venus  as ' 'Venus  Libi- 
tina." She  was  also  goddess  of  death  and  of  the  dead, 
and  ui  this  aspect  was  later  identified  with  Proserpine.  A 
piece  of  money  was  deposited  in  her  temple  for  every  one 
who  died  in  Rome. 

Libius  Severus  (lib'i-us  se-ve'rus).  A  Roman 
emperor,  a  Lucanian  by  birth,  proclaimed  em- 
peror at  Ravenna  Nov.  19,  461.  He  died  at 
Rome.  Aug.  15.  4C5. 

Libollo.     See  Lnhnlo. 

Libourne  (le-l)oru').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Giroude,  France,  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Isle  and  Dordogne,  18  miles  east-north- 
east of  Bordeaux.  It  exports  mne,  brandy,  etc. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  17,807. 

Libra  (U'brii).  [L., 'the  balance.']  An  ancient 
zodiacal  constellation,  representing  au  ordi- 
nary pair  of  scales.  This  constellation  was  not  com- 
monly used  among  the  Greeks,  its  place  being  occupied 
by  the  Chelse,  or  Scorpion's  Claws.  It  is  found,  however, 
in  all  tlie  Egyptian  zodiacs  gidng  back  to  600  h.  c. ;  but 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  is  not  so  old  as  the  rest  of 
the  zodiac  (that  is.  2,iXio  years  or  more  a.  c).  Its  principal 
stai-8.  Kitfa  borealis  and  Kifla  australis,  2.7  and  3.0  mag- 
nitudes respectively,  are  at  the  base  of  an  isosceles  triangle 
of  which  .Antiir'S  forms  the  Vertex- 

Libre-fille  (lebr-vel').  The  capital  of  French 
Kongo,  about  32  miles  north  of  the  equator,  on 
the  Bay  of  Gaboon,  it  consists  of  the  French  town, 
where  the  government  buildings,  the  hospit.al,  and  the 
Catholic  mission  attract  attention,  and  of  the  suburbs 
Glasstown  and  Baraka,  where  foreign  traders  reside  and 
American  Presbyterians  have  their  mission  station.  The 
nucleus  of  the  native  population  was  formed  by  a  settle- 
ment of  liberated  slaves. 

Libro  deTasas(le'bro  da  tii'sas).  [Sp.,  'book 
of  rules'  or  'laws.']  A  code  of  laws  and  regu- 
lations compiled  under  the  direction  of  the  vice- 
roy Toledo  for  the  government  of  Peru.  I'luy 
were  promulgated  af  dilferent  times,  the  llrsl  instalment 
being  dated  Oct.  18.  1672.  1  he  l.ibrodeTasas  was  founded 
partly  on  the  un  written  Inca  laws,  parll)  on  ancient  Spanish 
legislat  ion,  and  partly  on  rules  establisheil  by  the  Council  of 
the  Indies.  The  country  w-as  divided  intoV"rr#v/ii/iie/itoj< 
(abolLshed  in  1781^;  the  duties  of  olhcers  were  defined  ;  and 
it  was  liiiected  that  the  Indians  should  be  governed  hy 
their  own  chiefs,  subject  to  the  viceroj.  The  niitta,  or 
forced  labor  of  the  Indians,  was  contlrnied  and  regnlateth 
These  rules  were  the  basis  ttf  the  Peruvian  colonial  laws, 
and  to  .some  extent  of  those  of  the  republic. 

Libro  d'Oro(le'br6d6'r6).  [It..' book  of  gold.'] 
1.  A  roll  or  register  of  the  noble  families  of  a 
state  (ir  proviiiee,  with  the  list  of  their  estates; 
an  institution  of  the  Italian  republies  of  the 
middle  ages,  the  most  famous  being  that  of  Ven- 
ice. Ileiico — 2.  By  extension  and  in  the  way 
of  :illiision,  any  list  "or  imaginary  list  of  titles  of 
honor,  or  the  like. 

Libumia(li-ber'ni-ii).  [Gr.  .\(  ?oipi7n.]  In  an- 
cient geogrii]ihy,  a  country  in  Illyria.  along  the 
Ailrialic,  corresjionding  to  the  western  part  of 
moilern  Croatia  and  northern  Dalmatia,  and 
neighboring  islanils.  The  inlialiitaiits  were 
celebrated  as  navigators  and  pirates. 

Libya  (lib'iii).  IUt.  \i,iit/.]  lu  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  name  of  varying  signification,  denoting 
.\frica.  or  Al'iica  (•.\elu(iingKgypt,  or  Africa  ex- 
eluding  Kgypt  and  Ethiopia. 

Libyan  Desert.  In  ancient  times,  the  Sahara  : 
now  reslrieleil  toils  eastern  portion. 

Libyan  languages.     See  lUrhrr.i  ami  IlnniUrs. 

Libyan  Seai  lili  iim  so).  Innncient  geographv. 
that  ]iart  of  the  .\lediterraiiean  which  exieiiilit 
from  .Africa  proper  eastward  to  Egypt :  tho  Ro- 
man Lihycmu  JIaro. 

Licata  (le-kii'tii),  or  Alicata  (U-lf'-ka'tu).    A 

seaport  ill  the  ))roviiice  it  i  iir,'enli.  Sicily,  situ- 
ated on  llie  southern  coast  1.'7  miles  southeast 
of  (iirgenti,  ill  the  nioulli  of  the  Salso.  It  ex- 
ports sulphur.  I'opuhilion  ( ISSI ).  17.478. 
Lichfield  iMcli'fOldi.  I'Thelield  of  thedeiul.'] 
A  I'ily  in  SlafTiu'dsliire.  England.  14  miles  norlli 
by  east  of  Hiniiitigliam.  Tbo  cnihedral  Is  a  largo 
and  impressive  ebiircb,  mostly  <»f  the  l:tlh  nnil  14th  cm. 
tiiries.  The  exterior  is  inarked  by  its  three  lofty  spires, 
the  central  one  built  b\'  Wren.  Thevvest  front  iscovercd, 
except  the  space  taken  by  the  great  central  window,  with 
,.  .  arcades  forming  niches  (or  alaiulloustjituca.     the  detail* 

In  United  States  politics,  au     of  the  orDament  are  of  great  beauty.    The  nave  has  a  lire 


Lichfield 


610 


trUorium;  the  choirhas  none.  The  Lady  chapel  termiiiates  Lidkopinff  (lid'che-pill*') 
in  a  polygonal  chevet,  said  to  be  the  only  example  of  this     of  Sk-n-jlTovcr  ><iro,lcn   ait'i 
numuU  Pointed  form  in  an  English  cathedral.    The  hand-     "„  ^Kaiauoig,  ftn-eilen,  bit! 


A  town  in  the  laen 
nglish  cathedral.    The  hand-     ^^i  '''>;""  ""'S.  ""  f '^";  situated  on  Lake  Wener 
some  16th-centurj- windows  were  brought  from  a  convent      '"  nines  northeast  ot  (jotnenburg.     Population 
ne:ir  Liege.     The  cathedral  measures403liy6S  feet ;  length      (1890),  5,180. 

spi;e?->^.'"'The?e  isl^f  !nte"/esH"^'ob'?o\,^^o'ctgoL°  cC  ^'^  ^^'2-  J*"^^^  %'^*==  Edemil.   Bom  at  Eger, 
ter-house.    Lichfield  was  the  birthplace  of  Sarauel  John- 
son.   It  was  made  a  bishopric  about  656,  and  was  an  arch- 


bishopric for  a  few  years  at  the  close  of  the  8th  century 
It  was  besieged  by  the  Parliament  in  1643.  It  manufac- 
tures ale.     Population  (1891X  7,8«. 

Lichtenberg  (lich'ten-berG).  A  former  jjrinci- 
pality  of  Germany,  lying  between  the  Rhine 
Palatinate  and  Birkenfeld.  It  was  granted  to  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  in  1816;  was  made  a  principality  in 
1SI9;  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1834 ;  and  is  now  the  circle 
of  Sankt-Wendel,  Rliine  Province. 

Lichtenberg,  Georg  Christoph.  Born  at  Ober- 
ramstadt,  near  Darmstadt,  Germanv,  July  1, 
1742:  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  24,  1799.  A  Ger- 
man physicist  and  satirist,  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen.  He  is  best  known  as  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  electrical  figures  named  from  him.  His 
w.irks  wi-re  published  ISOO-Oo. 

Lichtenstein  (lieh'ten-stiu).  A  town  in  the 
kiiiixdom  of  Saxonv,  14  miles  west-southwest  of 
Clu-iniiitz.     Poi>uhition  (1890),  8,804. 

Lichtenstein,  Martin  Heinrich  Karl.    Bom 

at  Hambui'g,  Jan.  10.  1780:  died  at  sea.  Sept.  3, 
18.57.  A  German  African  traveler  and  zoolo- 
gist, appointed  professor  of  zoology  at  Berlin 
in  1811.      He  lived  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1802-06. 


near  Drammen,  Norway.  XoT.  6,  1833.  A  Nor- 
wegian novelist.  He  entered  the  naval  academy  at 
FrederiksvKrn,  but  a  year  later  was  forced  to  give  up  this 
career  because  of  near-sightedness.  Subsequently  he  stud- 
ied jurisprudence  at  Christiania,  and  ultimately  settled  at 
Kongsviuger  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Here  he 
also  found  time  for  journalistic  work,  and  made  frequent 
contributions  to  journals  and  periodicals.  In  1864  ap- 
peared a  first  collection  of  poems.  In  ISG."*  he  removed  to 
Christiania  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literature. 
His  first  novel,  "Den  fYemsynte"  (!'The  Foreseer"),  ap- 
peared in  1870.  With  government  assistance  he  now  spent 
a  summer  in  travel  in  the  north,  the  fruit  of  which  was 
"  Fortallijiger  og  .Skildringer  fra  >'orze"  ("  Tales  and  De- 
scriptions of  Norway  "),  and  then  was  enabled  to  undertake 
a  journey  to  Rome.  His  next  novel,  "  lYemasteren  Frem- 
tiden  eller  Liv  nordpaa"  ("The  Bark  Future,  or  Life  up 
North,"  1872),  was  a  description  of  Norse  life  at  sea,  the 
direction  in  which  he  has  made  his  particular  fame.  This 
was  followed  in  1874  by  his  most  widely  known  novel, 
"Lodsen  og  hans  Hustru"  ("The  Pilot  and  his  Wife"). 
Results  of  his  Italian  journey  were  "  Fanfulla,"  "Antonio 
Banniera,"  and  the  lyrical  drama  "Faustina  Strozzi  "  (all 
from  1875).  "  Thomas  Ross  "  (1878)  and  "  Adam  .Schrader  " 
(1879)  are  novels  of  city  life.  "Rutland  "  (ISSl)  is  a  sea 
story.  A  three-act  comedy.  "  Grabows  Kat,"  was  success- 
fully produced  in  Christiania  and  Stockholm.  Of  late  years 
he  h;is  lived  much  abroad  (alternately  in  Stuttgart,  Berch- 
tesgailen,  and  Dresden),  but  has  recently  again  taken  up 
his  residence  in  Norway. 


Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the 

Limburg  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  north, 
Rhenish  Prussia  on  the  east,  Luxemburg  on  the 
south,  Namur  on  the  southwest,  and  Brabant  on 
the  west.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Walloons. 
Area,  1,117  square  miles.  Population  (1893). 
789,151.-2.  lU  Leodiuni.]  The  capital  of  the 
pro\inee  of  Liege,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Ourthe  and  Meuse,  in  lat.  50°  39'  N..  long.  5°  33' 
E.  It  is  tlie  center  of  an  important  minin'.-  region  of  coal, 
iron,  etc. ;  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  firearms  ;  and 
haa  also  manufactures  of  engines,  zinc,  etc.  The  cathedral  is 
of  very  early  foundation,  but  the  e.visting  nave  was  rebuilt 
in  1528,  and  the  choir  in  1280.  The  dunensions  are  276  by 
111  feet :  height  of  vaulting,  80.  St.  Jacques  is  a  late- 
Pomted  church  with  polygonal  chevet  and  radiating  chap- 
els, and  a  Bne  Romanesque  west  tower.  On  the  north  is 
a  notable  r.enaissance  portal  of  the  16th  centurv.  The  inte- 
rior is  very  rich,  with  intricately  carded  moldings  around  the 
arches,  color-decorationon  the  vaulting.ieth-century  glass 
and  a  sculptured  stone  choir-screen.  The  dimensions  are 
260  by  100  feet ;  height  of  vaulting.  75.  The  state  univer- 
sity, founded  in  1S17,  has  about  1,600  students.  The  Palais 
de  Justice  was  formerly  the  episcopal  palace.  Liege  was 
sacked  by  Charles  the  Bold  in  1467  and  1468,  and  was  often 
besieged  and  taken.  It  belonged  to  France  from  1794  to 
1814.    Population  (1900),  173,70a 

Liege,  Bishopric  of.  A  former  bishopric  extend- 
ing northward  and  southwestward  of  the  city  of 
Liege,  it  belonged  to  the  Westphalian  circle  of  the  em- 
pire ;  was  acquired  by  France  in  1794  ;  passed  by  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  to  the  Netherlands ;  and  in  1831  was  ceded 
to  Belgium. 


Liegnitz  (leg'nits).  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Liegnitz,  Silesia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Sehwarzwasser  and 
Katzbaoh,  in  lat.  51°  13'  N.,  long.  16°  9'  E.  its 
manufactures  are  extensive  and  varied,  and  it  has  a  flour- 
ishing trade.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  principality  of 
Liegnitz  down  to  1675,  wheTi  it  was  acquired  by  Austria. 

I'  ''■■'s  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1742.    Near  it  was  fought  the 

ent  Rome.    The  first  member  of  the  gens  who  ob-  tj-i,-- /io'i,„.\  •pi-QT./.ic,    R^..>,  ofR„,ii„  T\r„»„i,      ''attle  of  Katzbach  lsi3.     Population  (1890),  46,874. 

i  the  consulship  was  C.LiciniusCalvusStolo,  364 B.C.      i|  i|y,y%-  ^'^^V ■^?^^?-^^     ?v^  o  Yo-o'''^?;'^'^^  Lieenitz    Battles  of       1     A  battle  fmitrht  pt 

icinu  almost  constantly  occupied  high  offices  of  state     18, 1800:  died  at  New  \ork,  Oct.  2, 1872.    AGer-  -iJj^&lU^Z.  -Daines  01.      1.  A  battle^  touglit  at 

;„,.,.  „.,„„..».,„..K„„-„,,.„;,.„.,.u.: j:-..=...      man-American  publicist.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the     ^''^'^'statt.  near  Liemi 

Prussian  authorities  in  1819  and  1S24  ;  removed  to  the 


He  wTote  "  Reisen  im  siidlichen  Afrika'  ("Travels  in  LiebaU  (le'bou).     A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
Southern  Africa  ■•1810-11).  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  54  miles  southwest 

Iiichterfelae(heh  ter-fel-de).    A  village  6miles     of  Breslau.     Population  (1890),  5,036 

rf.'il'^r'''^™!  ^r '"°-  '  •"•''•'  ^  V^°2^  ^°y  T'^f ';  Liebenstein  (le'be,.-stin).    A  watering-place  in 
Licinia  gens  (li-sm   i-a  jenz).     A  celebrated     .Saxe-Meinin^en,  in  the  Thuringian  Forest  12 

plebeian  clan  or  house,  of  uncertain  origin,  m     ,aiios  south  of  Eisenach. 

ancient  Rome.    —    ■■    ■         •        -  ■  -      - 


I'nited  states  in  1327 ;  edited  the  "Encyclopaedia  Ameri- 
cana "  (1829-33) :  and  was  professor  of  history  and  political 
economy  in  SouthCarolina College  1835- 56,andinColunibia 
College  1857-72.  His  works  include  "  Manual  of  Political 
Ethics"  (1838),  "Legal  and  Political  Hermeneutics"  (1839), 
"Civil  Liberty  and  SelfGovernment"  (1853),  "Guerrilla 
Parties"  (1S62).  "Instructions  for  the  Government  of  the 
-Armies  of  the  United  States  in  the  Field  "  (1883),  etc. 

antf  Sextius  376'b' c"  and  Lieber,  Oscar  Montgomery.    Born  at  Boston, 
g  obstructive  contest! 'They     fSP}-  ^\'^^^p  '■  ^'"^<^  at  Richmond.  Va.,  June  27, 

, .. .   .       ..   .     lSb2.     An  American  geologist  and  chemist,  son 

of  Francis  Lieber. 

Lieberkiilm  (le'ber-kiin),  Johann  Nathanael. 
Born  1711:  died  at  Berlin,  1765.  A  noted  Ger- 
man anatomist.  The  Lieberkiihnian  glands  were 
named  from  him. 

Liebig  (le'bio),  Baron  Justus  von.     Born  at 


tained 
The  Licinii 

until  in  the  4th  century  they  obtained  the  imperial  dignity. 
Their  family  names  are  Calvus  (with  the  agnomens  Esqui- 
liiius  and  Stolo);  Crassus  (with  the  agnomen  Dives),  Geta, 
LuLuUus,  Macer,  Murena,  Nerva,  Sacerdos,  Varus,  The 
following  cognomens  are  more  in  the  nature  of  personal 
surnames  than  family  names :  Archias,  Ciecina,  Damasip- 
pus.  Imbrex,  Lartius.  Lenticulus.  Nepos,  Proculus,  Regu- 
lus,  Rafinus,  Squillus,  and  Tegula. 

Licinian  (li-sin'i-an)  Laws  or  Rogations.    A 

collection  of  laws  proposed  by  the  Roman  trib 
unes  Lieinius  Stolo 
passed  367  after  a  long 

provided  that  one  of  the  consuls  must  be  a  plebeian  ;  tha"t 
no  person  could  occupy  more  than  500  jugera  of  the  pub- 
lic land  ;  that  interest  on  debts  should  be  deducted  from 
the  principal  and  the  balance  paid  in  three  years;  and 
that  plebeians  should  be  admitted  to  the  College  of  the 
.Sibylline  Books.  There  were  provisions  limiting  the  cattle 
on  the  public  lands  and  limiting  the  slave  labor  on  large 
estates. 

Lieinius  (li-sin'i-us)  (Caius  Lieinius  Calvus 
Stolo).  A  Roman  tribune  who  proposed  the 
Licinian  Laws  (which  see). 

Lieinius  (Caius  Flavins  Valerius  Licinia- 
nus).  BomiuDacia:  kiUedatThessalonica,324 
A.  K.  A  Roman  emperor.  He  was  made  Augustus 
.by  Galerius  in  307.  In  313  he  married  Constantia.  sister 
of  Constantine  the  Great.  He  defeated  Maximinusin  the 
same  year,  whereby  he  became  sole  ruler  of  the  East.  In 
314  he  became  involved  in  war  with  Constantine,  who  had 
made  himself  sole  ruler  of  the  West.  Peace  was  shortly 
concluded,  but  a  new  war  begun  in  323  ended  in  his  defeat 
and  death- 
Licking  (lik'ing).  A  river  in  Kentucky,  join- 
ing the  Ohio  at  Newport,  opposite  Cincinnati. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 
Lick  (lik)  Observatory.  An  observatory  found- 
ed and  endowed  by  James  Lick,  a  wealthv  CaU- 
fornian  (1796-1876),  and  transferred  to  the  re- 
gents of  the  University  of  California  in  1888. 
It  is  situated  on  the  sanunit  of  Mount  Hamilton  in  Santa 
Clara  County,  California,  east  of  San  JosS.  It  is  in  lat  3T 
21'  3 "  N.,  long.  121*  21'  40"  W.  It  contains  a  refracting  tele- 
scope of  36-inch  aperture,  made  by  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons. 

Liddell  (lia'el).  Henry  George.  Born  1811: 
died  at  Ascot,  Berks,  Jan.  18,  1898.  An  English 
clergyman  and  classical  scholar,  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  185.5-92.  HepublishedwithE.  Scott 
a  Greek  lexicon  (1843 :  7th  ed.  1883),  and  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  Rome  "  (185.t(,  etc. 

Liddesdale  (lid'ez-dal).  The  valley  of  the  Lid- 
del,  a  small  tributary  of  the  Esk,  in  Roxburgh- 
shire. Scotland. 

Liddon  ( lid'on ),  Henry  Parry.  Bom  at  North 
Stoneham,  Hampshire,  Aug.  20,  1829 :  died  at 
Weston-super-Mare,  Sept.  9,  1890.  An  English 
High-church  clergyman,  celebrated  as  a  preach- 
er.   He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  1850,  where 

he  identified  himself  with  the  Oxford  (High-church)  move-   Ti«J«.  «l,.,„  tit-_i.«  /i-' i        -/  /j.    \ 

ment.     In  1554  he  became  vice-principal  of  the  theological  Lieoer  OhnC  Worte  (le  der  O  ne  vor  te) 
college  at  Cuddesdon  (resigning  in  1859),  and  in  1859  vice- 
principal  of  St.  Edmunds  Hall,  Oxford.     In  1863  he  was 
appointed  select  preacher  to  the  university  (reappointed 
1870,  1877,  1884) ;  in  1870  a  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  where  he 

preached  with  great  effect ;  and  in  1886  chancellor  of  St.   - -i         /i    -   i-\    ,-.    r  ■■^^-   m.    ,i-^,  ■  s       ■,-.    - 
Paul's.    He  published  several  series  of  sermons  and  other  Liege  (lyazh),  (j.  LuttlCh  (lut  tich),  D.  Luik 
religious  works.  •  (loik).     1.  A  province  of  Belgium,  bounded  by 


Wahlstatt,  near  Liegnitz,  April  9.  1241.  it  was 
a  victory  for  the  Mongols  under  Batu  over  the  Germans 
and  Poles;  but  the  Mongol  advance  into  central  Europe 
was  checked,  and  the  contest  is  hence  regarded  as  one  of 
the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 
2.  A  ^-ietory  gained  near  Liegnitz,  Aug.  15, 
1760,  Ijy  Frederick  the  Great  over  the  Austrians 
under  Laudon.  It  prevented  the  junction  of 
the  Austrians  and  Russians. 
Lierre  (le-ar'),  Flem.  Lier  (le'er).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Great  and  Little  Neethe,  10 
miles  southeast  of  Antwerp,  it  has  sUk  factories, 
and  the  Church  of  St.  Gomarius  is  noteworthy.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  20,133. 

Liestal  (les'tiil).     The  capital  of  the  half-can-  ^ 
ton  of  Basel-Land,  Switzerland,  situated  on  th»  rT 


Ergolz  8  miles  southeast  of  Basel.     Population 

(18.88),  4.927. 

Darmstadt,  May  12, 1803:  died  at  Munich,  April  Lievens,  or  Livens  (le' vens),  or  Lievenz,  Jan. 
18,18(3.     A  celeln-ated  German  chemist,  ap-     Born  at  Levden,Oet.  24, 1607:  died  at  Antwerp 
pointed  professor  of  chemistry  at  Giesseu  in     about  1663.'    A  Dutch  painter  and  engraver. 
1824,  and  at  Munich  in  1852.     He  established  at  Lievin(lya-vah').   A  town  in  the  department  of 
Giessen  a  noted  laboratory  for  researches  in  organic  chem-      Pas-de-Calais    northern    Frnncp    situatprl   Ticar 
istry  and  the  appUcation  of  chemistry  to  agriculture,  food,      j  „*  ,"^  Vf' ais,  noniicrn  1-  raiiee,  Sltuatea  near 
etc.     With  Poggendorlf  he  wrote  the  "Handworterbuch  , -^  t'      ^°P'^'^ti_on  (1891),  12,417. 
der  Chemie  '  ('Dictionary  of  Chemistry."  1837-64).    His  Life  Let  US  Cherish.    [G .  Fieut  euch  des  Lehenfl.'\ 
works  include  "Handbuch  der  organischcn  Chemie  "  (in     A  favorite  German  song,  written  by  Martin  Us- 
Geigers  "Handbuch  der  Pharmacie,"  1839),  "  Die  orga-      teri  of  Zurich  niihlislipil  in  17qfi     Themnoio  woa 
nische  Chemie  in  ihrer  Anwendung  auf  Agrikultur  "  (" Or-     ^'^^}°^  /-uricn,  puDlisUeU  m  1  (9b.    1  be musiC  was 
ganic  Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Agriculture,  "  1840),     Written  by  Hans  Georg  Nageh  m  1(93.      G-rove. 
••  Die  Tierchemie  oder  organische  Chemie  in  ihrer  Anweu-  Life  of  Christ,  The.     A  remarkable  series  of  six 
dungaufPhysiologieundPathologie"("AnmialChemistry     paintings  by  Rembrandt,  executed  about  1640 

for  the  Stadholderof  the  Netherlands,  and  now 
in  the  Old  Pinakothek,  Munich.  The  finest  of  the 
series  is  the  "Entombment,"  whose  chief  group  is  thrown 
into  vigorous  relief  by  a  ray  of  strong  light  amid  the  som- 
ber surroundings.  In  the  "  Nativity,"  the  Virgin  sits  be- 
side the  infant  Jesus,  who  lies  on  a  bed  of  straw  before  the 
wondering  shepherds.  St.  Joseph  holds  a  lamp,  from  which 
all  the  light  of  the  picture  proceeds. 


or  Organic  Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Physiology  and 
Pathology, "  184'2), "  Chemische  Brief  e"(translated  into  Eng- 
lish .as  "Familiar  Letters  on  Chemistry,"  1844),  "Grund- 
satze  der  Agrikulturchemie  "  (1855),  "Theorie  und  Praxis 
der  Landwirthschaft "  (1856),  "Naturwissenschaftliche 
Briefe  uber  die  modeme  Landivirthschaft "  (1859),  etc. 

Liebknecht  (lep'kneciht),  Wilhelm.    Born  at 
Giessen,  Hesse,  March  29,  1826:  died  at  Char- 


lottenburg,  Aug.  6,  1900.   A  German  politician  Liffey  (lif 'i).    A  river  in  eastern  Ireland  which 


anil  journalist.     He  took  part  in  the  revolutionary 
movement  in  Baden  in  1848,  and  lived  in  exile  in  Swit^r 


flows  into  Dublin  Bay  at  Dublin.  Length,  about 
50  miles. 


land  and  England  from  1H49  to  1862,  when  he  returned  to  t":'„^^^Z' n-      -i   ■        ,    ai    •    x_         t-       ,   ■      xt 
He  joined  the  Internation.al  in  1864,  became   LlganUS  (ll-ga  ri-us),  QuiUtUS.      Lived  in  the 


Germany. 

the  leader  of  the  Verband  deutscher  Arbeitervereine  in 
1868,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Reichstag  by  the 
Social  Democrats  in  1874. 


middle  of  the  1st  century  B.  c.    A  Roman  com 
mander,  an  adherent  of  Pompey,  defended  be 
fore  Ca;sar  by  Cicero. 
Liechtenstein  (litih'ten-stin).    An  independent  Liger  (li'jer),  or   Ligeris  (-is).     [Gr.  Aay^p.J 
principality  of  Europe,  bounded  by  Vorarlberg    The  Latin  name  of  the  Loire, 
on  the  east,  the  canton  of  Grisons( Switzerland)  Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the.     A  celebrated 
on  the  south,  and  the  canton  of  St. -Gall  on  the    charge  made  by  the  Light  Brigade  of  670  men, 
•west.  Capital, Vaduz.  The  surface  is  generally  moun-    under  Lord  Cardigan,  on  a  Russian  battery  at 
tainous.    The  government  is  vested  in  the  Prince  of  Liech-     Balaklava    Oct    25    18,54     Thp  mmmanH  tn  ,-hor«» 
'^e\tZnfJiSl^C-li'V''i?^"^''':l"'"'"^^^^^^^      XtS  there  has^e^JrmuchVspXrw^^^^^^^^^ 
1?  17l1  "and  b5r4d^,f  thj  CerL,rn'%™"f  ?P'I"'''P'^J-';      Lord  Cardigan  by  Lord  Lucan.  in  pursuance  of  orders  is- 
1866     \rea  6°,  sonire  mil.       Sfn,?l  ^°"'7^,':?''°"  """'     sued  by  Lord  Raglan.     There  was  a  battery  in  front,  a  bat- 
1866.     Area,  6.,  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  9,434.         ,ery  oh  each  flank,  and  Russian  riflemen  on  both  sides. 

According  to  Cardigan's  account  (Kmglake),"the  time  oc- 
cupied from  the  movement  of  the  brigade  to  the  attack  to 
the  time  of  re-forming  on  the  same  ground  did  not  exceed 
twenty  minutes—  the  distance  passed  over  was  one  mile 
and  a  quarter,  at  the  lowest  calculation  —  and  in  that  space 
of  time  300  men  who  had  gone  into  action  were  killed, 
wounded,  or  missing,  and  396  horses  were  put  horsde  com- 
bat. Of  the  670  men  who  had  gone  into  action,  only  195 
were  mounted  when  the  brigade  re-formed  on  the  ground 


.  [G., 
'  songs  without  words.']  A  series  of  pianoforte 
pieces  by  Mendelssohn.  Six  books,  containing  six 
songs  each,  were  published  before  his  death,  and  two 
others  after  it. 


Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the 


Gil 


from  which  tliey  had  iiu.ved  off,  umi  during  the  engage-    cientgeofn*aphy,  thatpartof  the  Mediterranean 

raeiit  24nrticerswerekiIlL'durwounded."   Ten iiysou's lyric     ^yliich  lies  near  I  iiruria 

on  thf  charge  is  well  known.  t  ■  tt  ntt.  ''i-i-    '      i-       \       t^  \ 

Ll  Hung  Chang  do  hong  cliang).     Horn  about 

lH*J3iuthe  pruvitu'eof  Anliwci :  died  at  Peking. 


Lightf oot  1  lit '  flit ) .  John.  Bom  at  Stoke-upon 
Treiif,  England,  March  2i).  1602:  died  at  Ely, 
Dee.  (),  1075.  An  eminent  Hebraist  and  rabbini- 
cal sciiolar.  Ue  was  rector  successively  of  Stone  (Staf- 
ford), St,  Biirtliuloniew's  (London),  an<t  (Jreat  Munden 
(Hertfordshire);  a  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly ; 
and  vice-chancelldr  nf  ('iunliridjre  University  (ni.>l).  He 
was  appointed  tna  inclntidat  Ely  inHitiS.  His  chief  works 
are  "Horie  llebraira-  i_i  liilmudica?'  (I(>:»8-7;)  aud  a  ''Har- 
mony of  the  Fi)ur  Lvanirtlists,  etc."  (1G4-1). 

Lightf  oot,  Joseph  Barber.  Horn  at  Liverpool, 
April  13,  18liS:  dieil  at  Bournemouth.  Dee.  21, 
1889.  An  English  prelate  and  scholar,  made 
bishop  of  Durham  in  1879.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Catnbridgc  (Trinity  College)  in  1851.  became 
a  fellow  of  Trinity  in  18'i'J,  and  ilulscan  professor  of  divin- 
ity in  1861.  In  1871  he  wasappotiili'dacanon  of  St.  Panl's. 
He  was  an  intlueiitial  number  of  the  connnittee  for  the 
revision  of  the  >'ew  Testament.  He  pui'lished  commen- 
taries on  St.  Pauls  Epistles  to  the  (iahitians  (ISOfi),  the 
Philipplans(18(>8),  and  the  Colussians  and  rhiIfn)on(ls7r'), 
"A  J^'resh  Revision  of  the  New  Testament"  (1871),  an  edi- 
tion  of  Ignatius  and  I'ulycarp  (1&8;»),  sermons,  addresses, 
etc. 

Light-Horse  Harry.  A  surname  of  the  Ameri- 
can cavalry  commander  Henry  Lee. 

Lighthouse  of  San  Salvador,  The.  The  Izalco 
volcano,  in  the  republic  of  Salvador:  so  called 
because  the  light  of  its  almost  constant  erup- 
tions is  visible  far  at  sea. 


Nov.  7,  1901.  A  noted  Chinese  statesman, 
known  as  "the  Bismarck  of  Asia."  He  joined 
General  Gordon  in  opposing  theT'ai-p'inKrcbel]i<tnagainst 
Tatar  rule  :  they  were  successful,  both  receiving  the  yellow 
jacket  and  the  thret-eyed  peacock's  feather,  the  Iiighcst 
orders  bestowed  by  the  emperors.  He  was  appointed 
viceroy  of  t'hi-Ii  province  and  senior  grand  secretary  of 
state  in  1870,  remaining  the  int*Tmediary  between  China 
and  the  world  at  large  until  the  beginning  of  the  war  with 
Japan.  With  the  tirst  reverses  of  the  war  of  1894, nn  the 
Chinese  side,  his  encniies  prevailed  upon  the  emperor  to 
strip  him  of  his  highest  decorations,  and,  later,  he  was 
obliged  to  share  tlie  command  i>f  the  army  with  Prince 
Kung.thceinperor'suncle.  Later  stillheand  Prince  Knng 
were  sujiersetied  in  conunaad  of  the  army  bjW.iu-knii-yi. 
an  enemy  of  Li.  Kutatthe  close  of  the  war,  after  ineffec- 
tual efforts  by  others;,  Li  Hung  rhang  was  made  the  hitdi 
eoniraissionerforClihia.with  absolute  poweis,jindbr(ing!it 
about  an  ayreeiiunt  for  i>race  between  his  country  mid 
Jai>an.  He  was  the  oru'anizer  of  the  only  Ixidy  of  modern 
sohiJersChina  employed,  the  founder  of  hernavy  of  modern 
ships,  the  builder  of  her  first  railway.  The  faults  of  the 
Chinese  armyforwhich  he  was  degraded  early  in  the  war 
were  due  to  the  weakness  and  ignorance  of  the  Tsuiig-li- 
yanien,  the  board  which  condu  ctcd  the  war,  and  to  w  hich 
Viceroy  Li  was  subordinated.  He  was  prime  minister  of 
China  1895-98.  He  visited  Eurojie  and  the  I'niteil  Stab  s 
in  ls'.t(i.  In  July. 1900.  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Chi-li. 
and  i>Iayed  an  important  part  in  the  negotiations  which 
accompanied  and  followed  the  sie^e  of  the  legations.  He 
was  one  of  the  Chinese  peace  commissioners. 


Light  of  Asia,  The.     A  poem  by  Sir  Edwin  Ar-  IJ;lbTime  (lil'I^eni)  Jolm.    Born  at  Greenwioli. 


uolil,  piiblisliccl  in  1S78. 

Light  of  the  World,  The.    1.  An  oratorio  in 

two  parts  by  Sir  Artliur  Sullivan,  ])r<idui.'cd  in 
1.H73. — 2.  A  poem  by  Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  pub- 
lished in  1890. — 3.  A  noted  piirturc  by  Holniaii 
Hunt.  It  represents  tlle  Saviour  stiuidiiit.'  at  iiipht  lie- 
fore  u  eloseil  (liior  witli  ;i  liL-'liftii  laiilei  ii  in  1m>  lianil.  It  waa 
pres-eutetl  tu  Kettlet-'olIi-K-    '  '\I"rd  li\  Mi  >   riidTiiasComlie. 

Ligne  (leny),  Prinri-  Charles  Joseph  de.    Born 

at  Brussels,  May  12,  1733 :  died  at  Vienna,  Dee. 
13.  1K14.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  wrote 
*'il*!-langesniilitaires,  littdraires,etseiitilnentaires"(l79'>- 
1811).  "  tKuvres  poBthunies"  (1817),  etc. 

LignitZ.     See  Liciinit:. 


Eniilaud,  about  16U:  died  at  Eltham,  Auk-  iiH, 
l&'w.  An  English  political  agitator  and  Puri- 
tan ijamphletcer.  He  was  arrested  Dec.  11, 1637,  on  the 
cIlarKe of  ijrintiiigunlictMised  books (Pryniie'a  and  otliers). 
whipped  and  pilloried,  and  imprisoned  until  released  at 
the  opening  of  the  Lung  Parliament.  At  the  battle  of  Brent- 
ford he  w;i9  taken  prisoner,  and  was  subsecjuently  tried  for 
treason,  but  was  exehanRed  in  IMS,  and  beeame  (1644 )  lieu- 
tenant-eolonel  of  dragoons.  He  was  several  times  im- 
prisoned and  fined  for  seandalous  attacks  on  persons  of 
authority,  and  Ihially  tried  for  sedition.  Notwithstanding 
liis  aeciuittal,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Tower,  thence  U> 
Elizabeth  Castle,  Guernsey,  and  from  there  to  Dover 
Castle  (Oct.,  165.^).  He  became  a  l^uaker,  aud  sliortly  after 
that  Cromwell  released  him.  Ue  wrote  a  large  number 
of  controversial  pamphlets. 


Ligny  (len-ye').     A  village  in  the  province  (,f  Lilburne,  Robert.   Born  in  Durham,  1613 :  died 


at  St.  Nicholas  Island,  1665.  An  English  "  regi- 
cide," brother  of  .John  Lilburne.  He  was  an  officer 
(colonel  of  infantry)  in  the  I'arliamentarv  armv  and  in 
Dec..  1648,  w.asappointedoneof  Charles's  jmfges,  and  signed 
his  dealli-warrajit.  In  the  Scottish  campaigns  (lu."-,!)  he 
serve. 1  with  ilisdnction,  and  was  rewarded  by  I'arliauient. 
At  tlie  Ite^toralion  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to  ileath, 
but  the  sentenee  was  not  executed.  He  died  a  prisoner. 
Lili.     See  Schiinemann. 


Namur,  Belgium,  25  miles  sotith-southcast  of 
Brussels,  a  victory  was  gained  here  by  Napoleon  t»vcr 
the PrussiansunderBlucherJuneie,  1815.  Lossofthe  I'l-us. 
eians,  1-2,000;  of  the  French,  8,000. 

Ligny-en-Barrois   (len-ye'oii-ba-rwii').    A 

town  in  the  (lci)artinent  of  Meuse,  Franco,  sit- 
uated 11  miles  soutlieast  of  Bar-le-Due,  on  the 
Ornain.     Po|,uhiti..n  (1891),  5,101. 

Llgon  (lig'on),  Richard.     An  English  royalist  Lilienstein  (loryen-stln).     One  of  the  chief 
who,  having  lost  his  fortune,  emigrated  to  Bar-  _  heights  of  t  he  Saxon  Switzerland,  southeast  of 
bados  in  1647.     Soon  after  his  return  in  1«.'.0,  his  credi-    Dresden.      Height,  1,325  feet, 
tors  cast  him  into  prison,  where  he  dieii.     He  published  y  .....     /i-i/.,,  ,        rrr  i      x  i    ^    ,  .     -    , 

"A  True  anil  Exact  Hist.ory  of  Barba.l..es'(I.(>nd.,n,l(i.-,o),-""ltn  (111  illi).      [Ueb.,  translated  'night  mon- 
which  is  the  best  of  the  early  works  on  that  islarjd.  ster':  usually  referred  to  the  Semitic  word  for 

Ligonier  (lig-o-ner'),  John  (Jean  Louis),  Earl  'night.']  A  demon  that  dwells  in  deserted 
Ligonier.  Born  at  Castres,  France,  Ncjv.  7, 16H0:  places,  mentioned  in  Isa.  .\xxiv.  14:  in  rabbin- 
died  April  2S,  1770.  A  distinguished  English  ical  literature  depicted  as  a  female  roaming  in 
soldier,  of  Huguenot  descent,  made  field-mar-  the  night,  and  especially  dangerons  to  children 
shalandEarlLigonierof  Kipley.  Surrev, inlTGC.  and  to  women  in  childbirlh.  'l-hodemon  isproba- 
He  came  toEngland  in  16117;  entered  the  army  under  Marl-  bly  of  Babyl.niian  origin:  its  name  occurs  frequently  in 
borough  in  17"2,  and  took  part  ir\  all  the  ndllt.ary  events  '»"  Incantations.  'Ihe  Talinudists  say  that  the  name  of 
Mil  1710;  was  apj.ointed  gMV.rnor  of  Kort  St.  I'hilip,  Mi-     Adam's  llrst  wife  was  Lilith. 

norca;  became  In iK;idiri.g,i,eral  and  imijor-genend   in  Liliuokalani  (le-le-wo-ka-lii'nCi).    Born  Sept.  2, 

1H3.K.     The  e.x-(|ueen  of  the  Hawaiian  Islamis: 


1739;  commandt-d  the  I'jiglihh  infantry  at  the  battle  of 
Fontenoy,  May  11,  174;',;  and  was  commander-in-chief  of 
the  British  forces  at  the  battle  ot  Kaueoux,  Oct.  11,  1746. 
He  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  La^vfeld,  July  i, 
1717. 

Liguoii  (le-gw6're),  Alfonso  Maria  de".  Bum 

at  llarianella,  near  Nayjles,  Sept.  2(i,  11)96:  died 
at  Nocera  ilei  Pagani,  Italy,  Aug.  1,  1787.     An 


sister  of  King  Kalakaua.  she  married  an  American, 
.John  O.  Doniinis,  who  was  governor  of  Oahu.  He  died  in 
1801,  and  in  the  same  year,  on  the  death  of  the  king,  she 
ascended  the  throne.  In  I80;i  she  waa  deposed.  (See 
Hawaiian  Ixlaiulti.)  Her  heiress  presumptive  was  her 
niece,  tiaughter  of  her  y<iunger  sister  and  A.  S.  Clegh()rn, 
govern4)r  of  Oahu  aftei-  the  death  of  Pominis. 


Italian  theologian,  founder  of  Ihii  order  of  tho  Lille  (lei),  formerly  L'Isle  (lei),  Flem.  Ryssel 


Kedemptorists  in  1732.  Among  his  works  are 
"Theologia  moralis"  (1755),  "Tlonio  apostoli- 
cus"  (17.S2),  etc. 
Liguria  (li-gu'ri-ii).  In  ancient  geography,  Ihe 
country  of  the  Ligiirians,  in  northwestern  Italy 
and  southeastern  Franco.  Atthelimeof  Augustus 
It  was  included  between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  rivers 
Var,  Po,  'l'rebbll^  ami  Magra,  Originally  It  exlen.hd  be- 
yond these  limits.  It  wiw  at  war  with  K.>Mie  fr-ini  altout 
200  H.  C.  tu  about  12U  II.  C.  ;  anil  was  tlnally  subjugated  14 
II  r. 


(ris'sel).  The  eajjilal  of  the  department  <d' 
Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Deulo  in  lal. 
.50°  S8'  N.,  long.  3°  2'  E.  It  iaan  linporLantfortress; 
Is  one  of  the  elilef  cities  of  France,  ami  a  great  mannfae. 
turlng  center ;  has  grown  largely  in  late  years ;  and  hac 
manufactures  of  woolen,  cotton,  and  linen  goods,  threa'l, 
sugar,  machluei-y,  etc.  Lille  was  fortitbd  by  Baldwin  I\'. 
of  Flanders  (about  10;<0)  ;  passed  to  Burgundy,  ami  later  to 
the  House  of  IlapHburg;  was  taken  by  I.outs  XtV.  in  1667  : 
w.iHtiikenbytbe  I  Mike  of  Marlborough  III  I'ns,  but  restored 
to  Ki  an<'e  in  17l:i ;  all<l  was  iiusileeessfully  besieged  by  the 
Austrian-,  In  17112.     PopulatUm  (lIKil),  ■jir,,4.tl. 


.         .  Ill  17112.     .,., 

Llgunadl.pmmle-go  re-ii,).    Acompartimento  Lillebonne  (lel-timi').     A  lo^vn  in  the  depart 

ol   modern   Italy,  comprising  tho  provinces  of    ment  of  Seine-Inf.'.riein-e.  France,  .m  the  Bolbec 

l.cnoa  an.l  Porto  Maurizio.  ,,,  ,„i,,.,^  ,.,,„,  ,,f  ,,.,,.,.„  .   ,i„.  |{,„„„„  .li,|i„b,imi. 

LlgUrian  (h-gu  n-nn)  Alps.      That  part  of  tho  u  e.mtalns  a  ruiue.l  nie.lievnl  eiLMlle  an.l  Unman  alitl.|lli. 

.\lps  in  norlhwestem  Italv  which  extends  from  ties,  Inelnding  a  tin  ater  which  Is  the  bestpreservLHl  exiiiii. 

the  Col  di  ttiovi  tci  the  Col  di  Tenda.  I'l"  »"  '■"■  '""""'■     I'opnlatlon  (IWIIX  eoniiiiiine,  ii,wiO. 

Ligurian  Apennines.    That  part  of  the  Apen-  Lillehammer  (liric-hiim-mer).    A  small  town 

nines  which  extends  from  the  Jjigiirian  Alps  in  southern  Norway, situated  on  bake  MjiiHeii. 


to  the  borders  of  Tuscany 

Ligurian  Republic.  The  mime  assumed  by  tho 
re)iublii'  of  lienoa,  formed  on  the  mmlel  of 
Fr.incc,  in  1797.    It  was  annexed  to  France  1805. 

Ligurian  Sea,     [L.  Liijimdcum  J/«rc.]    In  an- 


LillerS  de-lur' i.  .\  tnwn  in  the  deiiMrtmeiit  of 
Pas-de-Caliiis,  northern  France,  23  miles  north- 
west of  Arras.  It  is  saiil  lo  have  coiitaini'd  tho 
earliest  artesian  well.  Population  (IBUl),  coin- 
mirne,  7,609. 


Lima  e  Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de 
Lillibullero  ilil  'i-bu-le'rd).  or  Lilliburlero 

(-ber-le'ni).  A  iiolitical  .soug  satirizing  .lames 
II.  <ir  England,  who  had  made  an  unwelcome 
nomination  to  the  lord-lieutenancy  of  Ireland. 
ItwaswrittiMibyLoniWTiartonaboul  1686.  Tbeniusicwas 
by  Henry  Purcell,  originally  a  iiiaich  or  (|Uickstep.  The 
song  isthemerest  doggerel,  but  contributed  a  great  impe- 
tustotherevoluliouof  16!!8.   The  whole  army  and  tliepeo- 

.  pie  sang  it  constantly.  The  taking  retrain  "  Lilliburlero 
bullen  a  la"  (which  is  said  to  have  been  a  watchwoni  of 
the  Irish  Roman  Catholics  in  their  massjicre  of  the  Prot- 
estants in  1641)  was  specially  adapted  to  the  music  of  the 
quickstep  with  which  tile  soldiers  were  familiar. 

Lilliput  (lil'i-put).  A  country  on  the  shore  of 
which  Gulliver  is  wrecked,  in  Swift's  "Gulli- 
ver's Travels."  The  inhabitants  (the  LilliputianB)  were 
so  small  that  Gulliver  was  a  giant  to  them. 

Lilliput.  A  play,  taken  from  "Gulliver's  Trav- 
els.'' produced  by  (jarrick  in  Dec,  1756.  It  was 
])layed  by  children  whom  he  trained  himself. 

Lillo  (lil'o),  George.  Born  near  Moorfields, 
Feb.  4, 1693:  died  at  London.  Sept.  3, 1739.  An 
English  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Dutch  jew- 
eler (his  mother  was  English),  and  was  bred  to  his  father's 
trade.  He  wrote  "  Sylvia,  or  the  Country  Burial,  "a  ballad- 
opera  (acted  1730) ;  "  The  Merchant,"  renamed  "  The  Lon- 
don .Merchant,  or  the  History  of  Ceorge  Barnwell,"  and 
usually  called  "George  Barnwell  "  (acteil  17.'J1),  long  a  suc- 
cessful play  ;  "Britannia,  ortheKoyalLovers"(actedl734); 
*'  The  Christian  Hero  "  (acted  17;H6)  ;  "  Fatal  Curiosity  " 
(acted  1736) ;  aud  an  adaptation  of  an  old  play,  "  Arden  of 
Feversham,"  completed  after  Lillo's  death  by  John  Hoad- 
ley  (acted  1759). 

Lilly,  John.     See  ii/fy. 

Lilly  (lil'i).  William.  Born  at  Diseworth,  Lei- 
cestershire, May  1, 1602 :  died  at  Uersham,  June 
9,1681.  A  noted  English  astrologer  and  prophet. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  series  of  almanacs  (lt>t4-^l,  yearlyX 
of  many  prophetic  piuiiphlets,  of  the  "Christian  Astrology" 
(1647).  lung  ;ui  aiHhnj  ity  on  the  art  (reprintcii  as  an  "Intro- 
duetinn  to  Astiolui;), 'is.vj),  ,ii  the  "True  Histoiyof  King 
James  I.  and  King  Charles  1."  {16.^»1),  and  of  "The  History 
of  Lilly's  Life  and  Times"  (171.'')).  an  autobiography  He 
resided  in  London  1620-66,  and  after  that  at  Hersliam. 

Lily  (lil'i  1,  William.  Born  at  Odiham,  Hamp- 
.shire,  England,  about  1468:  died  at  London, 
1522.  A  noted  English  grammarian,  a  friend  of 
Colet,  Erasmus,  and  Jlore,  and  one  of  the  tirst 
teachers  ofGreek  in  England.  He  studied  the  class- 
ics in  Italy  under  Sulpicius  and  Vompiuiius  I.a;tu8,  and  in 
1512  was  appointed  high  master  of  Colet's  school  in  St. 
Paul's  Churchyard.  He  contributed  a  Latin  syntax("Gr«m- 
maticesRudimeut;i")tothe".Iiditio"of  Colet  (l.^>01>?).  and, 
with  the  aid  of  Erasmus,  wrote  a  syntax  ("Absolutissimus 
de  octo  oratioiiis  partium  constructione"),  published  in 
1.M3.  The  two  (''.t:ditio"  and  "Absolutissimus")  were 
revised  and  combined  as  a  Latin  gi-aniiuar  (l.MO),  entitled 
"Institutio  conipendiaria  totiusgrammatica',  etc.,"  which 
was  again  issued,  in  altered  form,  in  l.W,  under  the  title 
"A  Short  Introduction  of  t^i-ammar,  etc."  In  this  form  it 
was  used  and  (piotA'd  t>y  Shakspere.  It  was  the  Dational 
Latin  grammar,  and  continued  in  popular  use  in  various 
editions  for  many  years. 

Lilybaeum  (lil-i-be'um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  near  the  promontory  ot  Lilybivuni  (at  the 
western  extremity  of  Sicily:  now  Cape  Boto), 
founded  by  Carthage:  the  modern  Marsala 
(which  see).  It  was  besieged  aud  tiually  taken 
liv  thi'  i;.>mans  250-241  B.  C. 

Lily  Maid  of  Astolat.  The  name  given  to 
Khiiiie  in  the  stiiry  of  Sir  Lancelot. 

Lily  of  the  Valley,  The.    See  Lys  dans  la  Val- 

Irr.  I.e. 

Lima  (le'mil).  The  caiiital  of  Peru  and  of  the 
department  of  Lima,  situated  ill  lat.  12°  2'  S., 
long.  77°  7'  W.,  7  miles  east  of  its  seaport  Cal- 
lao.  It  is  tlie  leading  comnieivial  center  of  Peru.  Tho 
cathedral  is  a  large  building  in  a  style  baseil  on  the  Keliaia* 
sauce.  The  university,  cluu-tered  by  Charles  V.  In  l.'iBl,  is 
the  oiliest  In  America.  Lima  was  founded  by  I'iuirro  in 
lf»;lf,;  has  been  often  visited  by  earthiiuakes,  most  disas- 
tltiusly  Oct.  2s,  1740;  has  been  tile  scene  of  fie<(iieiit  In- 
surrections ;  waa  entered  t>y  the  army  of  San  ilartln  1821 ; 
and  was  ocellpleil  by  the  Chileans  from  Jan.  17,  1881,  to 
Oct.  '.il,  lss;t.     I'opulallon  (l.Mil),  103,;..'.6. 

Lima  (li'mij).  -\  city  and  the  capital  of  Allen 
County,  western  Dhio,  84  miles  northwest  of 
Columbus:  noted  as  the  center  of  a  petroleum 
region.     Poiiuliilioii  (19001,21,723. 

Lima  ( le'inii ),  Audience  of.  The  supreme  court 

of  I'eru  during  the  colonial  jieriod.  It  was  estab- 
lished in  1.^44,  and  originally  there  was  no  a|)i>eal  from  its 
deelHlons  exceiit  111  civil  cases  Invidvliig  more  than  10,(NlO 
pesos  de  oi-o :  later  Its  powers  were  somewhat  restrlcttMl. 
Tho  audiences  of  Chile,  Cliarcas,  ete.  were  siilKmlliinte  to 
it.  The  viceroy  was  ex  oltielo  |iresidenl  ot  the  audience; 
lircase  of  a  viieiiney  In  his  olllee  one  of  tlli'  auditors  tuH'aine 
pri-!*i"lent.  and  acted  (ul  inliTim  as  vlc«li>y. 

Lima  e  Silva  (le'mii  e  sel'vii),  Francisco  de. 

Born  at  Hio  de  .Innciro,  .Tiily  5, 1785 :  died  there, 
Pee.  2,  18.53.  A  Hrazilinn  general  and  states- 
man. Ill  1H24  he  suppressed  the  revolt  at  Pernanibuco. 
After  Ihe  abdii  alion  ,,t  Pedro  I.  (April  II.  18.111  he  was  a 
member  of  the  teinporar>-  regency,  and,  by  the  death  of  one 
of  his  colleagues  and  the  retirement  of  the  other,  renialneil 
the  sole  ruler  iiiilll  Oct.  12, 18:16.  Soon  after  this  he  was 
elected  senator. 

Lima  e  Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de,  Baron,  Count, 

Muripiis,  and,  from  March   23,   1869,  Duko  of 


Lima  e  Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de 

Caxias.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Aug.  25, 1803: 
died  nearthat  city.  May  7,  ISSO.  ABraziliau  sol- 
dier and  statesman,  son  of  Francisco  de  Lima  e 
Silva.  As  president  of  Maranhao(Feb.,  1*40,  toMay.  1»»1), 
Sao  Paulo  (May,  1842,  to  Dec,  1M2),  aud  Rio  Gramle  do  .Sill 
(Dec,  1S42,  to  Oct.,  l*4<j),  he  crushed  rebellions  in  all  those 
provinces.  In  1851-52  he  commanded  the  Brazilian  anny 
which,  in  alliance  with  I'rquiza,  drove  the  dictator  Rosas 
from  Buenos  Ayres.  A  conservative,  he  was  senator  from 
1S55 ;  minister  of  war  June,  ISoo;  and,  by  the  death  of 
the  Manjuis  of  Parana,  premier  SepL  3.  iSo6,  to  May  3, 
1857,  and  again  ilarch  3, 1861,  to  May  4, 1»62.  From  Oct, 
ls6*i,  to  Feb.,  lS<i9.  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bra- 
zilian f'>rces  in  Paraguay,  and  during  a  portion  of  the  time 
commanded  the  Argentine  forees  also.  This  period  was 
marked  by  the  great  successes  of  the  war,  including  ilie  oc- 
cupation of  Hnmait^.  July,  186S,  and  of  Asuncion,  Jan.  5, 
1869.  He  was  for  a  third  time  premier  June  25,  1S75,  to 
Jan.  1,  1878;  attained  the  military  rank  of  marshal  Dfec, 
ISta;  and  was  the  only  duke  created  during  the  empire. 

Limagne  (le-many').  A  fertile  district  in  the 
basin  of  the  Allier.  Auvergtie,  France,  forming 
part  of  the  department  of  PiiT-de-D6me. 

Limasol,  or  Limassol  (le-ma-sol').  A  seaport 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Cyprus,  situated  in  lat. 
34°40'X.,long.33=3'E.  It  exports  wine.  Pop- 
ulation (1891).  7.388. 

Limbach  (lim'bach).  A  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  8  mUes  west-northn-est  of  Chemnitz. 
It  manufactures  stockings,  etc.  Population 
{1890).  11.834. 

Limberham,  or  The  Kind  Keeper.    A  play  by 

Dryden,  produced  in  IGiS.  The  character  of  Lim- 
berham is  said  to  be  a  satire  of  the  Duke  of  L;\uderdale, 
but  there  were  also  features  of  Shaftesburj'  in  it. 

Limborch  (lim'borch;,  Philippus  van.  Bom 
at  Amsterdam.  June  19.  1633:  died  there,  April 
30.  1712.  A  Dutch  Arminiau  theologian,  pastor 
and  later  (1668)  professor  in  the  College  of  the 
Eemonstrants  in  Amsterdam.  He  was  a  friend 
of  Locke,  who  addressed  to  him  his  ''Epistola 
de  tolerantia." 

Limburg  (lau-bor').  A  province  of  Belgium, 
bounded  by  the  Netherlands  on  the  north  and 
east.  Capital.  Hasselt.  Area,  931  square  miles. 
Population  (1893).  226.997. 

Limburg  (lim'bore).  A  province  of  the  Nether- 
lauds,  bordering  en  Prussia  and  Belgium.  Cap- 
ital. Maestricht.  Area, 850square miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  259.593. 

Limburg.  A  former  duchy,  corresponding  to 
till-  two  provinces  defined  above.  It  passed  m  Bra- 
bant in  1283  ;  was  divided  between  Spain  and  the  Nether- 
lands in  1648 ;  was  under  French  rule  from  171H  to  1814  ; 
was  allotted  to  the  Netherlands  in  1814-15 ;  joined  Belgium 
i  II 1S30 ;  and  in  1839  was  divided  between  Belgium  and  the 
Neiht-rlands. 

Limburg.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Liege,  Bel- 
gium, on  the  Vesdre  17  miles  east  of  Liege.  It 
was  the  former  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Limburg.  Near  it, 
at  Herve,  the  Limburger  cheese  is  manufactured. 

Limburg-on-the-Lahn  (Um'bbro-on-THe-lan'). 
A  town  in  the  pro\ince  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Lahn  21  miles  east  of  Co- 
blenz:  noted  for  its  cathedral  (13th  century), 
andforthe  "  Limburg  Chronicle,"  which  records 
its  history. 

Limburg-"on-tlie-Leiine  (Jen').  See  Sohenlim- 
biii-'j. 

Limerick  (lim'e-rik).  1.  A  county  in  Mvmster, 
Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Clare  (separated  by  the  Shan- 
non) and  Tipperary  on  the  north,  Tipperary  on  the  east,  Cork 
on  the  south,  and  Kerry  on  the  west  ITie  soil  is  fertile, 
especially  near  the  Shannon  and  in  the  "Golden  Vale." 
Area.  1.064  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  158,912, 
2.  The  capital  of  Countv  Limerick,  situated  on 
the  Shannon  in  lat.  52° '40'  N..  long.  8°  37'  W. 
It  consists  of  English  Town  (on  an  island),  Irish  Town,  and 
Newtown  Perr>-,  and  is  an  important  river  port.  The  cathe- 
dral wasfoundedin  the  12th  centurj-,  but  modified  through 
the  latermiddle  ages.  It  has  no  transepts,  and  possesses  a 
fine  tower  over  the  west  end-  The  exterior  is  battlemented. 
The  nave  has  Early  English  arches,  but  round  arches  in 
the  triforium  ,  the  choir  has  a  stpiare  chevet  with  a  win- 
dowof  early- Pointed  type.  Theaisleshavebeen  encroached 
upon  to  form  an  extensive  series  of  chapels.  Limerick  was 
a  Danish  town  in  the  9th,  loth,  and  llth  centuries :  w.as  con- 
quered by  the  English  in  1174  ;  was  taken  by  the  English 
under  Ireton  in  1651 ;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  Wil- 
liam III.  1691) ;  and  was  the  last  Jacobite  stronghold,  sur- 
rendering to  the  English  Oct.  3.  1691.  It  was  known  as 
"  the  City  of  the  Violated  Treaty  "  (see  below).  Population 
(1S91),  37,072. 

Limerick,  Treaty  of,  or  Pacification  of.  A 
treaty  concluded  between  the  English  com- 
mander Ginkel  and  the  Irish  commander  Sars- 
field.  Oct.,  1691,  granting  amnesty,  liberty,  and 
other  privileges  to  the  Irish  Catholics,  and  per- 
mission to  vnlunteer  in  the  French  serrice.  The 
Irish  Parliament,  however,  insisted  on  its  being 
virtually  ignored 

Linifjord(lim'fy6rd).  A  sea  passage  cutting  off 
the  northern  portion  of  Jutland.  Denmark,  from 
the  main  division.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Linunat  (lim'mat).  A  river  ifi  northern  Swit- 
zerland which  flows  through  the  Lake  of  Zurich 


612 

and  joins  the  Aar  near  Bragg  (Aargau).  It  is 
called  the  Linth  in  its  upper  course.  Total 
length,  about  SO  miles. 

Limnse  Uim'ne).  [L.,  from  Gr.,'the  marshes.'] 
A  region  in  ancient  Athens,  important  as  the 
seat  of  the  earliest  cult  of  Bacchus  and  the  tirst 
rudimentary  dramatic  performances  in  Athens, 
and  also  important  from  the  standpoint  of  to- 
pography. It  has  long  been  placed  on  the  maps  to  the 
south  of  the  Acropolis  and  the  Dionysiac  theater ;  but  Dorp- 
feld  has  adduced  reasons  which  may  be  accepted  as  con- 
clusive for  shifting  it  far  to  the  northwest,  so  that  it  em- 
braces the  neighborhood  of  the  Dipylon  gate. 

Limoges  ( le-mozh' ).  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute- Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Vienne  in  lat.  45°  50'  N..  long.  1°  16'  E. :  the 
Roman  (jtugustoritum.  its  porcelain  manufactures 
are  celebrated,  and  there  are  also  manufactures  of  textiles 
and  shoes.  £aolin  is  exported.  The  cathedral  was  begun 
in  the  13th  century,  but  the  nave  was  only  partly  com- 
pleted by  the  16th :  the  remainder  has  lately  been  added. 
The  interior  is  high  and  imposing.  It  possesses,  though 
displaced,  a  remarkable  rood-loft  of  1533,  covered  with 
sctUptures.  Limoges  was  the  capital  of  the  LemoWces,  and 
was  a  flourishing  Roman  city.  It  consisted  of  *wo  towns 
in  the  middle  ages.  It  suffered  in  the  £[)glish  and  Hugue- 
not wars ;  was  sacked  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1370 ;  was  the 
former  capital  of  Limousin  ;  and  suffered  from  plague  and 
fires.  It  was  a  center  of  the  enameling  industry  from  the 
12th  to  the  16th  century.    Population  (19nl).  S:i..=^69. 

Limousin  (le-mo-zan').  An  ancient  government 
of  France.  Capital.  Limoges.  It  was  bounded  by 
Marche  on  the  north.  Auvergne  on  the  east,  and  Guienne 
on  the  south  and  west,  corresponding  generally  to  the 
department  of  Correze  and  a  large  part  of  Haute-Vienne. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  LemoWces.  It  passed 
with  Eleanor  of  .\quitaine  to  Henry  II.  (of  England),  a  cen- 
tury later  to  Brittany,  and  in  the  15th  century  to  the  house 
of  Albret-    Henrj-  IV.  united  it  with  the  French  crown. 

Limousin,  Leonard.  Bom  at  Limoges  about 
1505:  died  before  Feb.  10,  1577.  A  French 
painter,  enameler.  and  engraver,  the  greatest 
of  the  enamelers  of  Limoges.  His  portraits  are  es- 
pecially celebrated.  At  the  commencement  of  his  work 
Leonard  copied  the  engravers  very  closely.  His  oldest 
known  work  (1532)  is  a  copy  of  .an  engraving  from  Albrecht 
Durer.     The  latest  date  given  for  his  enamels  is  1574. 

Limoux  (le-mo').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aiide.  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Aude 
13  miles  south-southwest  of  Carcassonne.  Pop- 
ulation (1891).  commune,  6,371. 

Limp,  Sir  Luke.  The  principal  character  in 
Foote's  play  of  "  The  Lame  Lover,"  played  by 
himself. 

Limpopo  (Iim-p6'p6).  A  river  in  southern  Af- 
rica, forming  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  Transvaal  Colony,  and  flowing  into  the 
Indian  Ocean  near  lat.  25°  S.  LengtD,  esti- 
mated, about  900  miles.  .4180  called  Bempe, 
Crocodile  Eii-er,  Ou>i.  Inhampura,  etc. 

Linacre  (lin'a-ker).  Thomas.  Born  probably 
at  Canterbury,  England,  about  1460 :  died  at 
London,  Oct.  20,  1524.  A  noted  English  physi- 
cian and  classical  scholar,  the  projector  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
in  London,  and  the  founder  of  lectureships  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford,  in  14S4,  and  traveled  and  studied  in 
Italy,  taking  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Padua.  He  returned  to 
Oxford,  and  had  among  his  pupils  in  Greek  More  and  Eras- 
mus. 8oon  alter  Henry  VIII.  came  to  the  throne,  Linacre 
was  appointed  one  of  his  physicians,  and  thereafter  lived 
chiefly  in  London.  He  received  priest's  orders  in  1520. 
He  published  grammatical  works  and  translations,  espe- 
cially of  (jalen,  from  Greek  into  Latin. 

Linares  (le-na'res).  1.  An  interior  province  of 
Chile.  Area,  3,488  sotiare  miles.  Population 
(1891),  estimated.  116.656.— 2.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Linares,  situated  90  miles  north- 
east of  Concepcion.     Population  (1885).  7.711. 

Linares.  A  town  in  the  prorince  of  Jaen, 
southern  Spain,  29  miles  north-northeast  of 
Jaen :  probably  the  ancient  Silpia.  It  is  the 
center  of  a  copper-  and  lead-mining  region. 
Population  (1887).  29.t".(i2. 

Linares  (le-na'res),  Jose  Maria.  Bom  at  Po- 
tosi,  July  10.  1810  :  died  at  Valparaiso,  Chile, 
1861.  a"  Bolivian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of 
the  interior  under  Santa  Cmz ;  president  of  the  senate  and 
acting  president  of  the  republic  1848 ;  and  in  1857  was 
elected  president.  His  rule  was  progressive,  but  he  was 
deposed  by  a  revolution  Jan.,  1861. 

Lincei(lin-cha'e),The.  ['L^-nxes.']  An  Italian 
academy,  founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
century  by  Frederic  Cesi,  the  son  of  the  Duke 
of  Acqua  Sparta.  Its  special  object  was  the  study  of 
physical  science,  and  its  members  called  themselves  the 
Lynxes  from  their  desire  to  pierce  into  the  dejdhs  of  truth. 
Porta,  Galileo,  Colonna,  and  others  were  members. 

Lincoln  (ling'kon).  A  maritime  county  of  Eng- 
land, next  to  Yorkshire  the  largest  in  the  coun- 
try. It  is  bounded  by  Yorkshire  (separated  by  the  Hum- 
her)  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  e.ist,  Norfolk  on 
the  southeast.  Cambridge  and  Northampton  on  the  south, 
Rutland  on  the  southwest,  Leicester  and  Notts  on  thewest. 
and  Yorkshire  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally leveL      It  is  partly  occapied  by  the  Fens  (drained 


Lincoln,  Fair  of 

in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries) ;  is  an  important  agricul- 
tural county ;  and  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  parish 
churches.  It  formed  part  of  ancient  Mercia,  later  of  the 
Danelagh.     Area,  2,646  square  miles.     Population  (]S91>, 

472.878. 

Lincoln.  The  capital  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Witham  in  lat.  53°  14' 
N.,  long.  0°  33'  W.:  the  Roman  Lindum  Colo- 
nia,  or  simply  Lindum.  The  cathedral  is  a  grand 
building,  founded  in  the  llth  century,  but  rebuilt  in  the 
end  of  the  12th  and  the  first  hall  of  the  13th.  The  exte- 
rior is  characterized  by  its  3  square  towers  — the  central 
t.jwer  262  feet  high,  and  the  2  of  the  west  front  200  feet 
high.  The  west  front  has  3  great  arches  corresponding 
to  the  nave  and  aisles,  around  which  and  in  front  of  the 
towers  is  built  a  wide  arcaded  screen  flanked  by  turrets. 
The  gable  between  the  towers  is  very  richly  ornamented. 
The  portals  are  Norman.  The  square  east  eiid  and  the  lat- 
eral elevations,  with  their  double  transepts,  are  of  beau- 
tiful Early  English.  The  imposing  interior  is  for  the  most 
part  Early  English.  The  choir,  inclosed  by  a  Decorated 
screen,  is  Early  English  except  the  5  easternmost  bays  (fin- 
ished 1280),  which  constitute  the  celebrated  Angel  Choir, 
so  called  from  its  sculptured  figures  of  angels.  The  stalls 
are  of  the  14th  century.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral 
are  480  by  80  feet ;  length  of  western  transepts,  220  feet ; 
height  of  vaulting,  82.  The  cloister  and  chapter-house  are 
of  the  13th  century.  The  city  contains  many  medieval 
buildings  of  interest.  It  has  some  trade  and  manufac- 
tures agricultural  implemeuts.  It  was  important  in  the 
Roman  and  Saxon  periods,  and  was  a  chief  town  of  the 
Danelagh.  Stephen  captured  its  castle,  and  was  defeated 
near  it  by  partizans  of  MatUda  in  114L  The  castle  was 
taken  by  the  barons  in  1216,  and  by  the  Parliamentarians 
in  1C44.     Population  (1891X  41,49L 

Lincoln.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Logan  Coun- 
ty, central  Illinois,  28  miles  northeast  of  Spring- 
field. It  is  the  seat  of  Lincoln  Universitv  (Cum- 
berland Presbyterian).     Pop.  (1900),  8,962. 

Lincoln.  The  capital  of  Nebraska  and  of  Lan- 
caster County,  situated  on  Salt  Creek,  lat.  40° 
49'  N.,  long.  96°  46'  W.  it  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
university  ;  is  a  railroad  center ;  and  has  a  trade  in  grain 
and  .attle.  It  was  settled  in  1867.  Population  (1900), 
40,169. 

Lincoln,  Abraham.  Bom  in  Har-lin  County, 
Ky.,  Feb.  12,  1809  :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  15,  1865.  The  sixteenth  President  of 
the  L'nited  States.  He  was  descended  from  a  Quaker 
family,  of  English  origin,  residing  in  the  middle  of  the 
ISth  century  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.  His  grand- 
father emigrated  from  Virginia  to  Kentucky  about  1780. 
His  father,  Thomas  Lincoln,  settled  with  his  family 
in  Indiana  in  l,■^16,  and  in  Illinois  in  1830.  His  mother  was 
Nancy  Hanks,  Thomas  Lincoln's  first  Avife.  He  left  his 
father's  home  soon  after  settling  in  Illinois,  and  after  fol- 
lowing various  occupations,  including  those  of  a  farm  la- 
borer, a  salesman,  a  merchant,  and  a  surveyor,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1S36,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  at 
Springfield  in  1837.  He  served  first  as  a  captain  and  after- 
ward as  a  private  in  the  Black  Hawk  war  in  1832  :  was  a 
Whig  member  of  the  Illinois  State  legislature  1834—42 : 
and  was  a  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1847- 
1849.  In  1858,  as  Republican  candidate  for  United  States 
senator,  he  held  a  series  of  joint  discussions  throughout 
Illinois  with  the  Democratic  caudidate,  Stephen  .\.  Doug- 
las, in  which  he  took  a  pronounced  stand  against  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery.  This  debate  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  country,  and  in  186<.t  he  was  nominated  as  candidate 
for  President  by  the  Republican  party.  The  disunion  of 
the  Democratic  party  secured  for  him  an  easy  victory. 
He  received  18'-'  electoral  votes  against  72  for  John  C. 
Breckenridge,  candidate  of  the  Southern  Democrats:  39  for 
John  Bell,  candidate  of  the  Constitutional  Union  party; 
and  12  for  Stephen  A.  Dougl.as,  candidate  of  the  Northern 
Democrats  ;  and  was  inaugurated  on  March  4,  1861.  His 
election  was  the  signal  for  the  secession,  one  after  ano- 
ther, of  the  slave  States  of  the  South,  and  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Confederate  States  (which  see).  Hostilities  be- 
gan with  an  attack  by  the  Secessionists  of  South  Carolina 
on  the  Federal  troops  at  Fort  Sumter.  April  12, 1861.  'The 
fort  surrendered  on  the  13th.  On  the  15th  a  call  was  is- 
sued by  the  President  for  75.000  volunteers,  and  the  con- 
trol of  events  passed  from  the  cabinet  to  the  camp.  (See 
CivU  War,)  He  proclaimed  a  blockade  of  the  Sontheni 
ports  April  19,  1861 :  and  Sept.  22.  1862,  issued  a  procla- 
mation emancipating  all  slaves  in  States  or  parts  of  States 
which  should  be  in  rebellion  on  Jan.  1,  1863.  He  was  re- 
elected president  by  the  Republican  party  in  1864,  receiv- 
ing 212  electoral  votes  against  21  for  George  B.  McClellan, 
candidate  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  hegan  his  second 
term  of  office  March  4.  1865.  He  entered  Richmond  with 
the  Federal  army  .April  4,  lS6o.  two  days  after  the  flight  of 
the  Confederate  government ;  and  was  occupied  with  plans 
for  the  reconstruction  of  the  Soutn  when  he  was  shot  by 
John  Wilkes  Booth  at  Ford's  Theater,  Washington,  April 
14,  1865,  and  died  on  the  following  day.  Numerous  biog- 
raphies of  Lincoln  have  been  published,  the  most  compre- 
hensive of  which  is  that  by  J.  G.  Nicolay  and  John  Ilay 
(159')). 

Lincoln,  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
Jan.  24. 1733 :  died  there.  May  9,1810.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  through  the  Revolution:  un- 
successfully besieged  Savannah  in  1779 ;  and  surrendered 
Charleston'to  the  British  in  1780.  He  was  secretaiy  of 
war  1781-84,  and  suppressed  Shays's  rebellion  in  1787. 

Lincoln,  Earls  of.     See  Laoj  and  Clinton. 

Lincoln,  Enoch.  Bora  at  Worcester.  Mass. .  Dec. 
2^,  17s?:  died  at  Augusta,  Maine,  Oct.  8.  1829_. 
An  American  polirieian  and  author,  son  of  Levi 
Lincoln.     He  was  governor  of  Maine  1827-29. 

Lincoln,  Fair  of.  A  battle  fought  at  Lin- 
coln, England.  1217.  in  which  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke defeated  the  French  under  Louis,  son  of 
Philip  n. 


Lincoln,  Hugh  of 

Lincoln,  Hugh  of.    See  //«;//<. 

Lincoln,  Levi.  Bom  at  Hiugham,  Mass.,  May 
15,  1741):  dieil  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  April  14, 
1820.  An  American  politician,  attoruey-t^eneral 
1801-0.5,  and  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1808-09. 

Lincoln,  Levi.  Born  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Oct. 
2.i,  1782-  died  there,  May29,1868.  An  Anierieau 
politician,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln  ( 1749-1820).  He 
was  governor  of  Massachusetts  182.>-34,  and 
member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1835- 
1841. 

Lincoln,  Mount.  A  peak  of  the  Koeky  Moun- 
tains, in  Colorado,  northeast  of  Leadville.  On 
its  summit  is  a  meteorological  station.  Height, 
14,L'97  feet. 

Lincoln,  Robert  Todd.  Born  at  Springfield, 
111.,  Aug.  1, 1843.  An  American  politician,  son 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  seeretarv  of  war  1881-85 
and  minister  to  England  1889-93. 

Lincoln  College.  A  college  of  the  University 
of  0.\"ford.  It  was  founded  by  Richard  Fleming,  Mshop 
of  Lincoln,  in  1427,  as  a  defense  of  tlieCatliolic  faitli:ii;aitist 
heretical  opinions;  and  refounded  in  147s  l)y  Thomas 
Kutherani,  hishopof  Lincoln,  later  lord  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land and  archbishop  of  Yorlt. 

Lincoln's  Inn.  One  of  the  London  Inns  of  Court. 
It  takes  its  name  from  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  who  built  his 
town  house  here  in  the  14th  century,  on  property  originally 
Itelonging  to  the  Black  Friars.     See  Inns  o/  Court. 

Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.    The  largest  square  in 

London.  It  is  near  the  junction  of  High  Holborn  and 
Chancei-y  Lane,  and  is  surrounded  by  lawyers'  cilflces,  I.in- 
colti's  Inn,  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  the  .soane 
Museum,  It  was  laid  out  by  Inigo  .tones.  The  spot  for- 
merly bore  an  evil  reputation.  Babington  and  other  con- 
spirators for  MaryQueen  of  Scots  were  "hanged,  bowtlled, 
and  quartered"  here  in  1680,  and  William,  Lord  Russell, 
unjustly  suffered  for  high  treason  here  in  1683.  See  JWn- 
coin's  Inn, 

Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre.  A  theater  for- 
merly standiuff  on  the  south  side  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields.  ItwasbuiltbyChristopherRichandopened 
by  John  Rich  in  1714  In  1734  Italian  operas  were  given 
here  In  1756  it  was  converted  into  barracks  and  used  for 
other  purposes  till  1848,  when  it  was  demolished  to  make 
room  for  an  addition  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  Two 
other  theaters  near  its  site,  the  Duke's  Theatre  (16G2-71) 
and  the  theater  in  Little  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  (lti!>.>-1705), 
are  sometimes  confounded  with  it. 

Lind  (lind),  Jenny  (Madame  Goldschmidt). 
Born  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  6, 1820 :  died  at  Wvnd's 
Point,  Malvern,  Nov.  2,  1887.  A  famousSwe- 
dish  singer.  She  first  appeared  at  the  royal  theater, 
Stockholm,  as  Agatha  in  "l)cr  Freisirhutz,"  March  7,  lii'M; 
studied  in  Paris  1WIM2  ;  returned  to  Stockholm  1S42-14; 
studied  and  sang  in  Germany  1844^7  ;  and  sang  in  England 
1847-48,  and  in  America  18riO-52.  She  was  married  Ut 
Otto  Goldschmidt,  a  musical  conductor  and  composer,  in 
Boston,  Feb.  5,  18.'»2.  From  18S;{-86  she  was  professor  of 
singing  at  the  Royal  College  of  ilusic. 

Lindabrides  (liu'da-biidz).  A  character  in  the 
"  Mirror  of  Knighttood."  she  is  often  mentioned  by 
old  writers.  ^From  her  celebrity  Lindabrides  became  with 
them  a  corinnon  name  for  a  mistress  or  a  courtezan. 

Linda diChamouni(len'da do  sha-mo'ni).  An 
opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Vienna 
184.2. 

Lindau  (liu'dou).  A  town  in  Swabia,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  two  islands  in  Lake  Constance,  in 
hit.  47°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  42'  E.  Formerly  a  free  im- 
penal  city,  it  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1805.  It  is  a  favorite 
summer  resort.     Population  (1890),  5,349. 

Lindau,  Paul.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia, 
.luiio  3.  1K39.  A  German  critic,  dramatist,  and 
novelist. 

Lindau,  Rudolf.  Born  at  Gardelcgon,  Prussia, 
Oct.  10, 1830.  AGerman novelist,  journalist, and 
miscellaneous  writer,  brother  of  I'aid  Lindau. 

Linde  (lin'de),  Samuel  Bogumil.     Born  at 

Thorn,  Prussia,  1771:  died  at  Warsiiw,  .\ug.  8, 
1847.  A  Polish  ic.xicoKrapher.  He  pnldished  a 
dictionary  of  the  Polish  language  (6  vols.  1807- 
1814) 
Linden  (lin'den).  A  manufacturing  suburb  of 
Ilaimovor,  Prussia.     Population  (1890),  28,035. 

Lindesey.    See  Linihi/i. 

Lindesnas.    Seo  Aa,-( ,  Tlic. 

Lindisfarne.    See  lloh/  l-.i/ind. 

Lindley  (lind'li),  John.  Horn  at  Catton,  near 
Norwich,  Feb  5,  1799:  died  Nov.  1,  1865.  A 
noted  English  botanist  and  horticulturist,  jiro- 
fessor  of  botany  in  the  University  of  London 
(Universitv  College)  1829-CO.  He  wrote  "Synopsis 
01  the  British  Flora  (182ii),  "Key  to  Structural  and  .Sys- 
tematic Botany  "(18:15 :  enlaigi-il  as  the  "Klementsof  Hot- 
any'  1841),  "The  I'heory  of  Horticulture"  (184(1:  enlarged 
*r  "The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Horticulture"  1842),  "Tlio 
VeRetnble  Kingdom"  (1846).  etc.  He  was  the  eilitor  of 
the  •  llolanical  Kiglster"  (1826).  of  the  ".lournal  of  the 
UorlicMltnial  Society"  (184U-.V)),  and  of  the  "(iardeners' 
Chronicle' (IMI-ll.',). 

LindO(len'd(>).  Juan.  .\  Contrat-Aincricanpoli- 
tii'inn,  president  ol  Salvador  fur  a  short  time 
(1.H41-42),  and  prosidont  of  Honduras. I  an..  1847, 


613 

to  March,  1852.  He  subdued  a  revolt  attempted 
by  IJuardiola  in  1850. 

Lindor  (lin'dor).  A  poetical  name  for  a  lover, 
usinilly  a  slicphenl  lover. 

Lindpaintner  (lint '  pint-ner),  Peter  Joseph 

von.  Born  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  Dec.  8,  1791: 
died  at  Nonnenhorn,  Lake  Constance,  Aug.  21, 
IH.'iO.  A  German  <'omposer. 
Lindsay  (liu'za).  The  capital  ofVictoriaCounty, 
Ontario,Cana(ia. situated  onthe  Scugog 56 miles 
northcastof  Toroiilo.    Population(l'901),  7.0t)3. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Died  1454.  A  Scottish 
noble,  fourth  earl  of  Crawford,  surnamed  "the 
Tiger  Earl"  and  "Earl  Beardie,"  made  heredi- 
tary sheriff  of  Aberdeen  in  1446,  and  warden  of 
the  Marches  in  1451.  Hcraisedaforceagainst  James 
II.,  after  the  murder  of  his  ally  the  Earl  of  I)ougla8  (Feb. 
21,  H.-.2),  but  was  defeated  at  Brechin  May  18,  1462. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Died  Juno  5,  1607._  A 
Scottish  noble,  created  Lord  Spynie  in  1590, 
second  son  of  the  tenth  earl  of  Crawford,  and 
vico-chamberlai  n  to  .lames  VI.  He  was  accidentally 
slain  while  endeavoring  to  stop  a  quarrel  between  two 
kinsmen.     Uis  death  is  the  subject  of  an  old  ballad. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Bom  Jan.  is.  17:52:  died 
near  Wigan.  Laucasliire,  May  27, 1S25.  A  Scot- 
tish noble,  sixth  earl  of  Balcarrcs  from  17G8  and 
twenty-third  earl  of  Crawford  from  1808,  made 
general  of  the  British  army  in  1803.  He  served  as 
commander  of  an  infantry  battalion  atTiconderoga,  .luly  7, 
1777,  and  was  involved  in  Burgoyne's  surrender,  remaining 
a  prisoner  until  1779.  In  1793  (then  major-general)  he  was 
appointed  commander  of  the  forces  iti  .U-isey,  and  in  lT'.t4 
governor  of  Jamaica,  where  he  remained  till  I-oi.  He  en- 
gaged in  adnel  with  Benedict  Anmld,  l>nt  refused  to  .^hoot 
in  his  turn,  preferring,  as  he  said,  to  leave  Arnold  "to  the 
executioner." 

Lindsay,  or  Lyndsay,  Sir  David.    Bom  1490: 

died  before  April  18, 15.55.  A  Scottish  poet, 
appointed  Lyon  king  at  aiTusabotit  1529.  He  was 
the  son  of  David  Lyndsay  of  the  Mount  in  Moiumail,  Fife, 
and  of  Garmylton,  near  iladdington.  He  was  the  author 
of  "The  Dreme,""The  Compl.aynt  to  the  King"  (I.wn), 
"The  Complaynt  of  Bagache,  the  Kingis  auld  Uuund,  to 
Eawtie,  the  Kingis  best  Itelovit  Dog  "(a satire  on  the  court), 
*' AneSatjTC  of  tlie  Three  Estaits  "(1540  :  a  dramatic  i,oem 
satirizing  abuses  in  church  and  state,  acted  again  in  lf>.'i5), 
"The  Monarchie"  (154:1 :  his  last  and  longest  poem),  "The 
Register  of  the  Arms  of  the  Scottish  Nobility  and  Gentry  " 
(first  published  in  1821),  "Kattie's  Confession  "(a  satire  on 
the  confessional),  etc. 

He  was  a  reformer  before  the  Reformation,  and  an  advo- 
cate for  the  "common  well"  before  the  word  common- 
wealth had  a  place  in  English  speech. 

itackaif,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Lindsay,  Patrick.  Died  Dee.  ll,  1589.  A  Scot- 
tish noble.  si.xthLordLinds.ayof  the  Byres,  said 
to  have  been  the  first  of  the  nobles  to  give  open 
support  to  the  cause  of  the  Ket'ormers.  He  played 
a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  Scotland  during  M;u-y's 
reign  and  the  regencies  of  MuiTay  and  Morton,  lie  sup- 
ported the  plot  for  the  murder  of  Rizzio;  wasguardian  with 
Lord  Ruthven  of  Queen  Mary  in  Lochleven  Ciistle  ;  was 
deputed  to  obtain  the  signature  to  the  deed  of  abdication: 
anri  decided  by  his  skill  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Lang- 
side,  in  whicli  she  was  defeated. 

Lindsay,  Robert.  Bom  at  Pitscottie,  Fifeshiro, 
about  15110:  died  about  1.565.  AScottish  writer, 
author  of  a  history  of  Scotland,  first  published 
in  1728. 

Lindsey  (lin'zi),  Parts  of.  A  district  (riding) 
in  the  norlhern  anil  central  parts  of  Lincoln- 
shire, Eiif^liiiid. 

Lindum  (lin'dum).  [Gr.  Alvdov."]  Tbe  Roman 
name  of  Lincoln  (England). 

Lindus  (lin'diis).  |(ir.  Ai'iiSof.]  In  ancient  geog- 
rajihy,  a  town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Rhodes: 
the  modern  Liiido. 

Line  (lin),  Francis(alias  Hall).  Bom  probably 
at  London.  1:595:  died  at  Liefji-.  Nov.  25,  1675. 
An  English  .lesuit,  ]irofesscir  of  Hebrew  and 
mathematics  in  the  .Tesuit  colle(;e  of  Liege,  lie 
wrote  "Refutation  of  the  Attempt  to  Square  the  Circle" 
(16(10).  "TrnctatuH  dc  cor^)orutn  iriMeparabilitati' "  (Hl(ll), 
"An  Fi.xjdication  of  the  lllall  set  up  in  the  King's  (larden 
at  I/)Mdon,  an.  l(l(i»,  etc."  (1U73),  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Ba- 
ronu'ter,"  etc. 

Linet  (li-nef).  In  Arthurian  romance,  the  sister 
of  Liones  of  Castle  Perilous.  In  tbe  "Morte  d'Ar- 
thur"  she  engages  (lareth  to  rescue  Liones.  He  docs  so, 
and  marries  her;  but  Tennyson  in  "Oaroth  and  Lynetto" 
makes  him  tnarry  Lynetle. 

Ling  (ling).  Peter  Henrik.    Boi-i^  at  Ljunga, 

STiiahiiid,  Sweden,  Nov.  15,  1776 ;  died  at 
SloeUholiM,  May  3,  1H39.  A  Swedish  poet,  and 
founder  of  the  so-calleil  "movement  cure." 

LingaPurana  (ling'gii  in'i-ril'na).  ThePurana 
in  which  Shiva  exphiins  the  objects  of  life :  vir- 
tue, wealth,  jileasure,  and  final  liberation.  It 
contains  U.llOO  stanzas,  ami  is  not  earlier  than 
the  Sill  or  91h  cenlurv. 

Lingard(liiig'giir'n.  John.  BomatWinehester, 
Knt;land,  Feb.  ;5,  1771:  died  at  Hornbv,  I<aii- 
(•ashire,  England,  .Tidy  17,  1S51.  An  ^iiirlish 
Uomat;  Catholic  priest  and  historian,     lie  was 


Linlithgow 

vice-president  of  the  Roman  Catholic  College  at  CrYx>khaU. 
near  Durham  (later  St,  Cuthberl's  College,  I'shaw).  untii 
1811.  From  that  time  until  bis  death  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Hornby.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  England"  (8 
vols.  1819-30 :  last  edition,  revised  by  the  author,  10  vols. 
1&I9-51),  "Antiuuities  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Church "  (1806 . 
eidarged  as  "The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Anglo- 
Sa.xon  Church,"  1845)^  etc. 

Lingen  (ling'en).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ems  36 
miles  northwest  of  Osnabriick.  Population 
(1890),  6,304. 

Lingo  (liug'go).  A  character  in  Foote's"Agree- 
abli'  Surjirise." 

There  are  in  this  (play)  some  of  the  most  felicitous  blun- 
ders in  situation  and  character  that  can  be  conceived  ;  and 
in  Lingo's  superb  replication,  "  A  scholar !  1  was  a  master 
of  scholars,"  he  has  hit  the  height  at  the  ridiculous. 

Ilaziitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  230. 

Lingoa  Geral  (leng'gwii  zha-ral').  [Pg., 'com- 
mon language,']  The  Indian  language  fonner- 
ly  universal  in  the  settlements  of  the  interior  of 
Brazil,  and  still  spoken  on  the  upper  Amazon. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  various  dialects  of  the  Tupi 
tongue  were  spoken  over  the  greater  part  of  Bi-azil,  and 
the  Jesuits  adopted  them  as  the  medium  for  their  teach- 
ings. These  dialects  became  amalgamated  through  in- 
tercourse between  the  niLssions ;  Indians  of  other  tribes 
bniught  into  tlie  missions  readily  learned  the  Tupi,  and 
niodilled  it  by  words  from  their  own  languages;  other 
words  were  introduce<l  from  the  Portuguese  ;andgnidually 
a  language  w:»s  formed  «  Inch,  tliough  based  on  the  original 
Tupi,  differed  from  it  consideraldy.  It  is  closely  allied  to 
the  modem  tJuarany  of  Paraguay. 

Lingones  (ling'go-nez).  [Gr.  Alyyovtc.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  Celtic  tribe  livingin  eastern 
Gaul,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  modem  Langres 
(Haute-Marne). 

LiniersyBremont  (Sji.len-e-ars'  e  brii-mont'), 

Santiago  Antonio  Maria  de  ( F.  Jacques  An- 
toine  Marie  Deliniers-Br^mont).    Bom  at 

Niort  (Deux-Sevres),  France,  Feb.  6,  1756:  died 
near  Buenos  Ayres,  Aug.  20,  1810.  A  royalist 
in  the  Spanish  naval  service.  He  commanded  a 
force  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  retaking  Buenos  Ayres  from 
the  English  in  1806,  and  defending  it  against  Whitelock  in 
1807.  The  people  deposed  the  weak  viceroy  Sobremonte, 
and  put  Liniers  in  his  place,  .Aug.  14,  1.^06;  but  he  was 
dismissed  by  the  Spanish  central  junta  in  July,  1809. 
He  retired  to  Cordoba  and,  on  hearing  of  the  revolution  of 
May  10, 1810,  collected  a  force  and  attempted  to  reestjiblish 
royal  authority,  but  was  captured  and  shot. 

Link  (liugk ).  Heinrich  Friedrich.  Born  at  Hil- 

desheim,  Prussia,  Feb.  2.  1767:  died  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  1, 1.S51.  A  iioted(iermanl)otanist.  Uewas 
appointed  professor  of  natural  bistorj*.  chemistry,  and 
botanyat  Kostock  in  179"-'.  prttfessor  of  chemistry  and  bot- 
any at  BreslauinlSll,  and  profes.sor  of  botany  and  director 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  Berlin  in  lsl5. 

Linkinwater  (ling'kin-wii-ter),  Tim.  In  Dick- 
ens's •'Nicholas  Nickleby,"  the  faithful  and 
trustworthy  clerk  of  Cheeryble  Brothers. 

Linkoping  (lin'che-ping).  The  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Linkoping,  situated  on  theStangiin  107 
miles  southwest  of  Stockholm.  It  is  an  ancient 
town.  The  cathedral  (begun  ll.M),  finished  1499)  is  Roman- 
esque in  architecture  except  the  tine  Pointed  choir.  Popu- 
lation (IMII),  I'J.IKW, 

Linley  (lin'li).  Eliza  Ann.  Bom  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, 17:54:  died  at  Bristol  in  1792,  An  English 
soprano  singer,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas 
Linley,  and  in  1773  uuirried  R.  B.  Sheridan  under  romantic 
circinnstances.  Foot  c  used  them  for  the  plot  of  his'*  Maid 
of  Bath."    See  Linmt,  KUtij. 

Linley  (lin'li).  George.  Bom  at  Leeds,  1798: 
died  at  London,  Sept.  10.  1.S65,  An  English  mu- 
sical comiKiser  and  poet,  best  known  as  the  au- 


dieil  at  Ijondon,  Nov.  19,  1795.  An  English 
coin)ioserand  teacher  of  music.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  music  of  the  opera  "  The  Duenna"  with  his  sou 
Thomas  (175(J-78)  as  collabi>ralor  (1775),  "The  Camp" 
(1778),  "Tile  Carnival  of  Venice"  (1781),  "The  Stranger* 
at  Home, "  etc.  In  1776  he  left  Bath,  where  he  had  lived, 
for  Ix)ndoii,  and  with  Ills  soii.in-law,  Sheridan,  and  Itich* 
ard  Ford  Istught  liarrlck's  share  in  Drurj'  Lane  Theatre, 
where  be  w:ta  illrcctor  of  music  for  a  numner  of  years. 
Linley,  William.  Born  at  Bath.  1771:  dieii  at 
Loinlon.  .May  6,  1835.  An  English  writer  and 
composer,  voungest  son  <d"  Thomas  Linley,  for 
a  (ime(179b-9(),  and  ag:iin  1800-06)  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  East  India  Company  at  Mailras.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  operjitic  piei-e.H,  glees,  etc., 
"Shaksper. 's  lininuitic  Lyrics  (1S16),  and  several  novcia 
and  poems.  ^^ 

Linlithgow  (lin-lith'go).  or  West  Lothian  (lo'- 

Tlli-ani.  .\  countv  in  Scotland.  Iniundcd  by  the 
Eortli  on  the  nortli,  Edinburgh  on  the  east  and 
south,  Lanark  on  the  southwest,  and  Stirling  on 
(he  northwest.  The  surface  Is  diverelfled.  The  lead- 
ing iniluslriesare  agriculture  anil  coalmining.  Area,  120 
square  miles.  I'opidatlon  (IMU),  r.2.sil«. 
Linlithgow,  'i'he  county  town  of  Linlithgow, 
Scotland,  16  miles  west  by  northof  Edinburgh. 
Its  palace,  a  residence  of  the  i<i>verclgn»  of  Scotland,  and 
the  birthplace  ot  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  was  built  between 
the  Mill  and  the  17th  century,  and  fonns  a  square  mass 
w  lib  low  !<,»  ers  at.  the  angles.    I'opulstinn  (ISDIX  4,156. 


Linnaeus  61-1  Lismore 

IiinnaeUS(li-ne'us),CaroluS(KarlvonLinn8).  I"  issa  he  mamed  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  de  Lippstadt  Oip'stat).  A  townintheDrovincpnf 
Born  at  Rashult.  Smalaud  Sweden,  Mav  13.  ^"P"^''  lord  of  Connaught  ;md  earl  of  rister.  and  Maud  Westphalia  Pnis-*ia  situated  on  the  Linnp  ?7 
]7n7-  .l,arl  Qt  T-Tiaol.i  <n-.>Ji  T„.,  in  'i  "Q  oi  Lancaster.  By  her  he  had  a  daughter,  Philippa,  who  in  ".^  'F"'^iid.  J^i"»»i^.  simaie^  on  tue  Jjippe  i}^ 
iiO(.  died  at  Lpsala,  t<^euen,  Jan.  10.  1,, 8.  ises  married  Edmund  Mortimer,  thtrd  earl  of  March,  and  miles  southeast  of  Muuster.  Population  (1890), 
A  celebrated  Swedisn  botanist  and  naturalist,      who  thus  transmitted  to  the  Vorkist  house  her  claim  to     10.183. 

founder  of  the  "Linnean  system"  in  botanv.     the  throne.     Froiuisei  to  1366  lie  «as  the  kings  lieuten-  Lipsia  (lip'si-a).     The  Latin  name  of  Leinsie 
He  made  a  journey  to  tipland  in  1732:  resided  in  the     ant  mire  and,    Elizabeth  having  died  (1362).  he  was  again  Linsius  ( lip'se-^s)   Jll-jt^vsTlnpS  T  in«      rI™ 
Ketherlands  17S5-3S :  and  became  professor  of  medicine     married  to  ^  lolante,  daughter  oi  Galeazzo  Visconti  of  '^V-'^'^  uip  se-os),  tTUStUS  (JOeSt  liips  '.    Born 
Oater  of  botany) at  rpsala  in  1741.    Among  his  works  are      -MUan,  June  5,  1363.  at  OveiTSSClie,  near  Brussels.  Oct.  IS.  1547:  died 

"S.Tstemanatar,e"(l73J),  "Fundamenta  bot.-inica'  (17361,  LioneS      See  Li  net.  at  Louvain,  Belgium,  March  23. 1606.  AFlemish 

-'ph!f,^nh!XY,T/,-n--',\.'.*"°'^  '''?P°"''^^'"..(;i?I)'  Lionesse.     See  Li/onesse.  philologist  and  critic     His  chief  work  is  an 

T,-r,fr?r       -7    rv'    Sr     ''t        ™  ^n  LionHunt.   Alarge  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the     edition  of  Tacitus  (157.5). 

^i^^ectetn^hemrn  '""'•^     "^    "^'^1  Pinakothek  at  Munich"    a  number  of  men!  ^^PSi^S,  Richard  Adelbert.   Bom  at  Gera,  Ger- 

lai^e  iidtei^m  me  moon.  ^^       ^        ^  mounted  and  on  foot,  are  fighting  two  lions,  which  have     many,  Feb.  14,  l,s30:  died  at  Jena.  Au".  19.  1892. 

■'',"l°?ii,  ^^'^  ^}>'  J?™-.„  Bom  at  London.  June     wounded  or  killed  three  of  their  assailants.  A  Gei-man  Protestant  theolo<rian.  professor  at 

10.  1 '  9- :  died  at  Redhill,  Surrey,  Jan.  20,  1882.  Lion  of  Chaeronea.     A  recumbent  figure  form-     Jena.     His  chief  work  is  ■■  Lehrbuch  der  evangelisch- 
A  noted  i-uglish  pamter  m  oil  and  water-color,     ing  the  monument  on  the  common  tomb  of  the     protestantischen  Dogmatik"  (I876)i 
best  k-nown  for  his  landscapes.  Greeks  who  feU  in  the  battle  against  PhiUp  of  Lir,  Lyr.     See  Lear. 

lannet  (hn  et),  Kitty.     A  poor  and  pretty  ac-    Macedon  in  338  B.  c.  Liria  (le're-a).     A  town  in  the  province  of  Va- 

tress,  the  chief  character  in  Foote's  "  The  Maid  Lion  of  God.     A  surname  of  the  calif  All  lencia,  Spain.  12  miles  northwest  of  Valencia, 

of  Bath.'  Lion  of  Lucerne.     See  Lucerne,  Lion  of.  Population  (1887),  9,089. 

Lumhe  (Im  e).  Loch,    An  arm  of  the  sea  in  Ar-  Lion  of  the  North.     A  surname  of  Gustavus  ^iris.     See  Garigliano. 
gyllshire,  Scotland,  connected  -ivith  Loch  Eil     Adolphus  of  Sweden.  Lisaine  (le-zan').     A  small  tributary  of  the  Sa- 

on  the  northeast,  the  Sound  of  Mull  on  the  west.  Lion's  Mouth.  [It.  Boeca  di  Leone.'\  A  famous  vourense,  department  of  Haute-Saone,  eastern 
and  the  Firth  of  Lorn  on  the  south.  Length,  hole  or  opening  in  the  wall  of  the  antechamber  Fraaee.  In  its  vicinitj-,  near  Hfericourt,  was  fought  the 
about  20  miles.  of  the  Great  Council  in  the  Doge's  palace,  t'^^'v  '  of  Belfort  (which  see). 

i'?"0,S-.„^,«'.e,^' '"'-'•,  „  _  Venice,  through  wMch  anonymous  accusations  ^^''°^.  \VA^'  '??3'0,-Prancisco.     Bora  at 

LmsklUvlm'skil). Mary.  Bom  at  Whitby,  York-     were  passed  in     Jflieeler      '  Iguara,  Maranhao,  March  22.  1812:  died  at  Lis- 

shire,  Dec.  13,  1840:  died  at  Whitby,  April  9,  r^intarii  (Wo  tar'l  Toaii  VHa^^n  T!^^  f  \''°'  P<""t"gal.  April  26.  1863.  A  BraziUan  au- 
1891.   An  English  novelist  (pseudonym  Stephen  TS^Z.   17^^'.    L\\i  i-^o^'^f-     ??>  ^^°''-  He  is  best  k-nown  for  his  "JornaldeTimon,"  issued 

Yorke) :  author  of  ' '  Tales  of  the  Xorth  Riding"     1:!°^  '  I  ■  ^^^'Z;,*^-  t.  '^  °?ted  por-     in  12  numbers  f,-pm  1852  to  ISSS,  and  consisting  of  satlS 

(1871^  "aeveden"  (1876)  "The  HnveTi  iiTirfer  \^-  ^""  genre-painter  of  the  French  school,  cai  poutical,  and  historical  essays.  His  -Vlda  do  Padre 
it     TI■^^'>!^aar\      t  ''      -^"6  iiaven  under     His  portraits  in  p.astel  stiU  preserve  their  color.     Among     Antonio  V  letai "  was  published  in  1871. 

tneiliil     US*")!  etc.         _  hisworksare  "La  belie  Liseuse"(lT46)."LabelleChoco- Lisbon  (Iiz'bon),Pg.  andSp.  Lisboa(lez-bo'ii) 

lanth  (Imt).  The  name  given  to  the  liimmat  in  latiere"  (1746),  etc,  and  portraits  of  the  Pope  and  many  of  F.  Lisbonne  (lez^bon')  G  Lis<U5.boTi  (lis'sa 
itsuppercourse  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe.  ^^^^^     The  capital  of  Portugal,  situated  in  the' 

Linthtal  (Imt'tal).  A  smaU  manufacturing  Lipan  Oe-pan  ).  A  tnbe  of  the  Apache  group  province  of  Estremadura, 7n  the  Ta<Tis  near 
town  m  the  canton  of  Glarus.  Switzerland,  on  °'^  .^>oitti  American  Indians,  in  1799  the  lipanoc-  its  mouth  in  lat  ^8°  4^^'  X  Inna  0°  ii' -n-  ■  ti,<. 
the  Linth  10  miles  south  of  Glarus.  '^"P'^'J  «!'«  central  part^ot  T«as,  extending  from  the  Co-     ancient  Oli^ipo  and  Felicitari  di*       t,  i.     • ' 

Tin+nn  Clin't«„^   "Vf,.^    i-PMr,„  T^™\       T)  .i.     manche  country  about  Eed  River  south  to  the  Rio  Grande,     f^^ent  uiiMpo  ana  r  elieitab  Julia.     Ithasimpor- 

Ijinton  (lin  ton),  i\lrb.  (tliza  Lynn).  Bom  at  More  recenth  they  have  moved  southward  into  Mexico  '*"'  commerce,  especially  with  Great  Britain  and  Brazil, 
Ke.swiek,  Feb.  10.  1822:  died  at  London,  July     where  they  extend  as  far  .as  Durango.    See  Apaches         '     ?i">  is  the  terminus  of  various  steamer  lines.    The  cele- 

ot^JLtn"to^„"^"'''°°"''"*'"*'^"*^°^'""^fjP"^,-?^^^r'•V     rr.       ...      1  cr-ritr^lS^eUIS^ciS^^Tb^dretfl-p-oilA*^ 

T-   tlUiiTMS-  T)  <.T-  1    .      -,  „„    lapan  (le  pa-re).     1.   The  chief  island  of  the  arches,  the  largest  204  feet  high  with  a  span  of  95  feet.  The 

Ximton,  WlUiajn.    liom  at  Liverpool,  April  22,     Lipari  group:  the  ancient  Lipara.    it  was  colo-  cathedral  was  originally  a  fine  Romanesque  building,  but 

li91:   died  at  London,  Aug.  18,  1876.    An  Eng-     nized  by  the  Greeks,  and  was  held  later  by  Carthage  and  "^  been  disfigured  by  earthquakes  and  modernization. 

lish  landscape-painter  and  writer    author   of    Rome.'  The  royal  palace  of  Ajuda  is  a  large  buUding  in  a  com- 

'^clf::r¥''i'''''T?,^'''^^''''%'['^''%  fo^iriTJonf''''^''^^''''^''''-*^'''''''  ^^t.^'SnSii^^^'isf;;^^,'^^^^ 

"Colossal    Vestiges    of    the    Older    Nations"  town  _ot  the  CTOUp.  man  city:  wa«  captured  by  the  Saracens  about  716:  was 

(1862),  etc.  •  iiipan  Islands.     A  group  of  volcanic  islands    taken  from  them  by  Alfonso  Lin  lU";  was  made  the  capi- 

Linton,  William  James.      Bom  at  London  north  of  SieUy  :  the  ancient  ^olia?.  Vulcanise,  '-"^  '"  ^*-'-:-  Yl^  't  "°  "°.^'  fiourishius  state  about  1520; 

1812 :  died  at  New  Haven.  Conn.,  Dec.i9, 1897.  t^P'^^^^^%  ,^«  P^P.iP^  i?}ands  are  Lipari,  Strom'-  ITo^^'lflt  ^JM^r^'^'t^^i^t^^^^^l^^ 

An  Engb-sh-American  engraver.  Radical  politi-    ^'^u^'S"AUcS'<Sr"'^Sy":Se^'L''^e?e^'f'^^^^^^^  t''^  "'^^)=  '^'^  "<="»  ",- the'lYrncH'sS^-J^  suS^r^l' 

cian.  and  author.    He  removed  to  the  United  States    iTnds"  were  S^cupL  W  tLTailcLl^and  \^^^^^  ^°'"  "  ^"^Ty."^  """^  ■■^™"^  ""boat  1831.  and  in  1859 

in  1867,  living  first  at  New  York,  and  then  at  .New  Haven,  lere  tonally  .inSi  to  SicUyM™beC^n°W?he  nnfv  1^,^'"^%'^,^1  ^^H?"'  *"'"■•  '',""="  ""^  burthplace  of  St. 

Connecticut,  where  he  h.ad  an  engraving  estabUshment:  mce  „f  mIssi^    A^e^  4^ -s^u^e^S'^Popi^^^^^^  ia^tonT/oSJl  S^"U'™°'"'' ^"^ '^"'^  "^"'''' ^'-    """P"" 

His  works  include  •'Claribel,  and  Other  Poems     (1865)  17  3i-i                                        -h  •"     uium.    ioi-umnou,  iation(19«U),  3oi,000. 

'■LtfeofThomasPaine,'"TheEnglishRepublic,'a"His-  T.inpfot  dp  netik-M      A  to^nm  ir,  fho  „^^„ *  LlSDUm  (lis'bem).      A  town  in  the  Counties  of 

tory  of  Wood  Engraving  in  America  '  ,18^^),  "  Poems  and  ot^  T!^I„ffP^*lt,/;,l^R*°^ '''  't  S"^™'^! "*  Antrim  and  Down,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  La- 

Tianslations' (1889),  etc.    He  edited  "  Golden  Apples  of  9^    lamboffi,   central   Russia,   situated  at  the  gan  8  miles  southwest  of  Belfast      It  mauufac 

Hespems."  which  he  pri..tedhimseU  (1882), -Rare  Poems  junction  of  the  Lipovka  with  the  Lesnoi-Vo-  frt,r„°  k^J^    oJf^  w  o  Lt^Zi     i     "™'''?"\'»«- 

of  the  16th  and  17th  Centuries"  (1883).  etc.  Jonezh,  82  miles  west  by  south  of  Tamboff  J?Jq^^'Vo'?.'-n°'^  ^"^  ^  cathedral.     Population 

Lintot  (Un'tot),  Bamaby  Bernard.    Bom  at  It   has  mineral    springs.     Population   (1893),  tSoo™  nTc'wii   rii,„-c+,-„^  T  „.^™-„      c 

Southwater.Sussex.Dcc.  1.1675:  died  at  London,  16.834.                             ^            ^                >■  '^^'''  IJSCOW(hs  ko)   Christian  Ludwig.     Born  at 

Feb.3,1736.  An  English  bookseller,  noted  as  the  lappa  (Up'po).  Atown  in  thecountyof  Temes,  3;J^FlS,.^pt           '"A  1  ?n  i4o  ^  'a  n"^ 

publisher  of  the  translations  of  the  Iliad  and  ifiSgarv  situated  on  the  Maros  30  iLiles  northl  °?i^  Eilenburg,  (Germany.  Oct.  30, 1, 60.   A  Ger- 

Odyssy  and  other  works  of  Pope  :  a  prominent  east  of  Temesvar.     Population  (1890).  7.000.  t?<,1=,w    li  ,,-jr    V*  ,™  ■    n.    a       „.         ,    , 

figure  in  the  Uterary  anecdotes  of  the  period.  Lippe  (lip'pe).   A  river  in  Germany  which  rises  r^u-^"'    wJl^k  A  town  m  the  department  of 

Linus  (li'nns)^    [Gr.A,Vor.J    An  exclamation  of  in  the  Teutoburgerwald  and  joins  the  Rhine  nitit  Id'TnT  !'    V      i^'^     ?  ?V^^  ^^''k" 

grief  or  lamentation,   of  Eastem  origin,  per-  at  Wesel.     Len^h,  158  miles.  J"^*  and  Touques.  26  miles  east  of  Caen  :  the 

nnrltt  o"?-  f  "'"^  ^^"'^  ^""^"^    *'^°''^^  ^-  I^PPS.  ,«0>?etimes  called  Lippe-Detmold  (lip'-  Z'nelf  ^^^^^^X  one"o?°Si='m'osUnTe°Sttag*"„1 

norance  ot  its  meaning.  pe-det'molt ).  Apnneipalityot  theUei-man  Em-  Xorman  churches,  exhibiting  the  long,  sharp  Xormanlan- 

The  words  were  carried  across  the  western  sea  to  men     Pife,  surrounded  bythe  provinces  of  Westphalia,  cets,  the  central  lantern,  and  other  characteristic  local 

01  an  alien  race  and  language.    " Cit  aUinon,  ailinon '     Hesse-Nassau,  Hannover  (Pmssia),  and  Wal-  '»rc'?'te<:'"ral  jnd  sculptural  forms.    It  was  the  ancient 

SonUI?;  ^'  '^''h  "!?  ^'^"^  n^'?K*  -t*";™"'  """^  'J^-^dyin  deck,  and  comprising  also  three  small  enclaves.  LT^^ard^lislaPdM  Tto^^^t^'^omSl  Fncr 
Homeric  d.iys  the  dirge  was  attributed  to  a  mythic  Linos     rQT>itQl    r>otm7.1,l    t.  ■  .  j,,    ..,.    m     ^  ,.  J-dSKSara  (US-Kara  ).    A  townin  (.^omwall.  ±.ng- 

whose  tragic  fate  was  commemorated  in  its  opening  words:  „?,?!  vVJ^T-  f  I«  >s  traversed  by  the  Teutoburger-  land.  16  miles  northwest  of  Plymouth.  Popu- 
-Oimoj,  Unos!-    Unos,  however,  had  no  existence  ex-     }T=»1'^.  ana  "bounds  in  forests.  Its  government  is  a  constitu-     lation  (ISO! )    3  9,84 

ceptina^pulaietvmol(5y-  theGreekai«n^sinrealin-     5™»1  hereditjurj- monarchy,  and  it  sends  1  member  to  the  /=l"o° 'J;?;;^^^'      cVh».   .,    t,t  i     a., 
thePhcenicianfliVfn.,   'Ta^  for  ns  '  "Irith  whVch  the  ^     Bundesrat  and  1  member  to  the  Reichstag.   ITie  prevailing  L  Isle-Adam.     See  VtUiers  de  L'Isle-Adam,  Phi- 
mentations  for  the  death  of  the  divine  Adonis  were  wont     '"«''S?'^°  '.^  Protestant.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Che-     lippe  de. 

Sayce.  Anc.  Babylonians.  p.22a     S^iSo^^n^^^^th'^G^^an^rnf^edeSVon'^in^^T  I^,l|« Cia)'^!^?^-!.^"™  ^^<^"*  ^f^^i  ff  f^P*" 

Linz  (lints).  The  capital  of  Upper  Austria  situ-  »'«'  '^e  North  German  Confederation  in  1866.  Area,  469  -•  ^^^- .  .^  Englishwoman,  wife  of  John  Lisle 
ated  on  the  Danube  in  lat  4S°17'X    lon<'  14°    ^^''^re  miles.    Population  (isooi,  i3S,95j.  the  regicide,  executed  on  the  charge  of  harbor- 

17'  E.  It  has  flourishins  mauufactures'an'd  trad°e  and  1"^^^?'  SchaiUnbUTg-.  See  Sclmumhurg-Lippe.  ing  a  dissenting  minister,  John  Hickes,  who  was 
contains  a  cathedral  and  a  museum.  It  was  unsucces«-  Lippi  (lep  pe),  FllippmO  or  Lippino.  Bom  accused  ot  treason.  She  was  tried  before  Jeffreys  .and 
fully  besieged  by  insurgent  peas-ants  in  1626,  and  was  about  1460:  ilied  about  l-iO.i.  An  Italian  paint-  ter  death  w.is  a  judicial  munler.  Her  second  daughter, 
taken  by  the  Bavarians  in  1741.  Here,  Mav  17,  1809,  the  er  illeoitimate  son  of  Filiimo  T.irmi  •  worVs  Bridget,  was  the  wife  of  Leonard  Hoar,  president  of  Har- 
troops  of  Saxony  and  Wiirtemberg  defeated  the  Austrian^     T-   a    ^/t^  r  uippo  l^ippi .    worKS     vard  CoUege. 

Population  a890X  47,685.  ^      '==««<' '"e  Austnans.     ehieflv  at  Florence.  Lisle,  Leconte  de.     See  Leconte  de  lAsle. 

Linz.  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine  Province.  Prus-  Lippi,  i  ra  Fllippo.    Born  at  Florence,  1402  (?) :  L'Isle,  Rouget  de.     See  Souget. 
sia.  on  the  Rhine  15  mUes  southeast  of  Bonn.      ^^^.  ^^  Spoleto,  Italy,  Oct.  9,  1469.    A  noted  Lisle,  or  L'lsle  (lel).  William.    Born  at  Tand- 

Lion  (le-6n),  Golfe  du.  [F., 'gulf  of  the  lion.']  I^uan  pamter.  His  chief  works  are  frescos  in  ridge,  Surrey,  about  1579 :  died  at  Wilbraham, 
An  arm  of  the   Mediterranean   Sea,  south  of  ,■  '^^-'''t  t.  t-.  Sept.,  1637.  An  English  scholar  and  poet,  noteci 

France:  erroneously  caUed  the  Gulf  of  Lyons    LiPpi,  Lorenzo.     Born  at  Florence,  1606:  died    especially  for  his  studies  in  Anglo-Saxon.    He 

Lionarte  (li-o-nart')"    In  the  romance  of  Ama-  -.^"'-'''f-  1*^"^-     ^^  Italian  poet  and  i.ainter.  publishcdinl623.with3nEnglishtranslatiTO.  the  treatise 

dis  de  Gaul:-  («)  A  k^g  of  England  father  of  ^^flrTeV Viud^on^mGracetoeenwood  ifom  '^^^^^t^^'^:;^^^^^^^^!:^ 
of^tmadi  '^  ^  sonof  Esplandian  and  grandson    ^/^^^^^pV^r'-SnoXg^'co^m^^  LismahagO  (Us-ma-ha'go.  Capt^^  Aproud^ 

OI  .-iniaais.  ,        „  iQoq      An"  An^o^ino.,   o„fb„,.  "  .  V        *^V      disputatious,  but  honorable  Scottish  ofiicer,  in 

Lionel  Lmcoln.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  ^^;%,e^^^Ztt^f,^':.^:^^'^^'^^lf^,  Smollett's -Himiphrey  Clinker.'.'  He  marries 
m  io_j.     _      ,.    .  ,     .  Years  ■■  (1S67),  "Xew  Life  in  New  Lands  "(1873).  etc.  Tabitha   Bramble  after  romantic   adventures 

V^^  o^o  it^°s    l,°^;f°**T,l^-T?°,™  ?^*  ^°-^oS-  LiPPSpringe  (lip'spring-e).  A  to  wn  in  the  prov-     among  the  Indians. 

^°V  •■  f  ■  ^>,<'datAlba.  Italy,  Oct.  7.1368  inee  of  wlst^ihalia  P^ssia,  6  miles  northeast  Lismore  (liz-mor').  An  island  in  Loch  Linnhe, 
n^reuTe  thi^^o^'^f  FH        ^^^  ^^i^^v^  °^     "^  Paderbom.  I,  is  at  the  source  of  the  Lippe,  and  has     -Argyllshire.  Scotland.  6  miles  north  of  Oban. 

•  Clarence,  third  son  of  Ldward  III.  and  Philippa.     warm  springs  of  Glaubers  salt    Population  (1890),  2,431.     Length,  nearly  10  miles. 


Lismore 

Lismore.  A  small  town  ill  the  counties  of  Wa- 
terfonl  andCork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blaek- 
water  28  miles  northeast  of  Cork.  It  has  a  castle 
and  cathedral. 

Lissa  (lis'sii).  1.  Aji  island  of  Dalmatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, about  lat.  43°  3'  N.,  long.  1(5°  10' 
E. :  the  ancient  Issa.  It  is  famous  for  its  wine.  In 
a  naval  battle  fought  near  the  islaud,  July  20,  imti,  the 
Austriaus  uuder  Tegettholf  defeated  the  Italians  luider 
Persano.  Length,  11  miles.  I'opulation  (1830),  7,S71. 
3.  A  t'ortitied  town  oil  the  island  of  Lissa.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  4,822. 

Lissa,  Pol.  Leszno  (lyesh'no).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Poseu,  Prussia,  40  miles  south  by 
west  of  Posen.  it  was  founded  by  the  Moravian  Bi-etli- 
ren  in  the  middle  of  the  IBth  cintury.  and  beeaiue  their 
chief  seat  in  Poland.     Population  (l^uu),  13,040. 

IiiSSardO  (li-siir'do).  A  coiioeited  man-servant 
in  Mrs.  CentlivTe's  comedy  "The Wonder."  His 
voluble  love-affair  with  Flora  forms  the  under- 
plot of  thei)lay. 

List  (list),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Reutlingen,Wili'- 
temberg,  Aug.  6,  1789 :  committed  suicide  at 
Kufstein,  Tyrol,  Nov.  30,  1846.     A  noted  Ger- 


615 


Little  Venice 

A  popular  stimame  of  Ste- 


much  enthusiasm,  and  Beethoven  kissed  hlmafterhe  had  Little  Giant,  The, 

finished  playing.     He  went  to  Paris  to  study,  and  became     pbell  A    l)(]Uglas 

intimate  with  Victor  Hugo.  Lamartine,  George  Sand,  and  t  ;i+i„>,™_4.n_  /lit  1  ^l•.Tr>T.'tnn^       A  witprin<r 

others.     From  1835  to  184..  lasted  liis  connection  with  the  Ijlttienampton  (lit-l-Darap  ton).     A  watenng- 

Coratesse  d'Agoult  (Daniel  Stern),  by  whom  he  had  three     "  ' ""■  "*  '        """' 


children,  one  of  whom  married  Von  Billow  and  afterward 
Richard  Wagner.  In  IMii  be  became  musical  director  at 
Weimar,  where  he  brought  out  Wagner's  "Tannhauser" 
and  "Lohengrin "and  Berlioz's  "Benvenuto  Cellini."  He 
resigned  his  appointment  in  1S.19  and  divided  his  time  be- 
tween Weimai-,  Rome,  and  Budapest.  He  revisited  Eng- 
land in  1886.  In  1865hcentered  the  church,  and  is  known 
as  the  Abbe  Liszt.  Among  his  numerous  works  are  "  Sym- 
phonic Poems,"  the  oratorios  "Christus"  and  "Saint  Eliza- 
beth," ■'llhapsodie  hongroise,"  and  other  aiTangements 
and  many  jjianoforte  pieces,  etc.    He  published  8  or  9 


'l)i 


books,  among  which  are 

("The  (jipsies  and   their  Music,"  1861),   "Loliengrin 

Tannhauser,"  works  on  Franz,  Chopin,  Schumann,  etc. 

Litany  (le'tii-ne).  A  river  of  Syria  which  tlows 
into  the  MediteiTauean  4  miles  north  of  Tyre : 
the  ancient  Leontes.  It  is  called  near  its  mouth 
tlii-Nalir-cl-Ka.simiveh.  Length,  over  100 miles. 

Litchfield  (lieli'tVld").  The  capital  of  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  27miles  west  of  Hartford. 
It  was  the  seat  of  a  noted  law  school  1784^-1838. 
Population  (1900),  3.214, 


place  in  the  county  of  Sussex,  England,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  Arun,  on  the  English 
Channel,  18  miles  west  of  Brighton.  Popula- 
tion (1891).  4,4.'52. 

Little  Iliad,  The.  A  Greek  epic  poem  of  the 
Trojan  cycle,  bv  Lesehes,  a  Lesbian.  It  coutiu- 
ued  the  Iliad  to  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Little  John.  On  o  of  the  chief  followers  of  Robin 
Hood,  said  to  have  been  one  John  Nailor.  He 
was  onoruiously  tall  and  strong. 


L^?™ri)r':'LohengrJ^'' ;  Littlejohn  (lit'1-jon)  Hugh.  The  name  given 
to  John  Hugh  Lockhart,  son  of  John  Gibson 
Lockhart,  and  gi'andson  of  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
for  whom  the  latter  wrote  "  Tales  of  a  Grand- 
father." 

Little  Kanawha.  A  river  in  West  Virginia 
which  ,ioins  the  Ohio  at  Parkersburg.  Length, 
over  100  miles. 

Little  Mac.  A  nickname  of  General  George  B. 
McClclhm. 


man  political  economist:    For 'an  attack  upon  the  Literary  Club,  The.     A  club  founded  in  1764  Little  Magician,  The.    A  popular  name  of  Mar- 


A    surname    of 


by  Sir  Joshua 'Re  vuolds,  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  tin  Van  Buicn. 

and  others.    It  met  originally  at  the  Turk's  Head  in  Little    MarlborOUgh,   The. 

Gerard  street,  and  continued  to  meet  there  till  1783.    Af-  Scliwcriii. 

ter  several  removals,  in  ITllS  they  settled  in  the  I'hatclied  Little  MisSOUri.     A  river  in  eastern  Wyoming, 

House  in  .St.  James's  street.     "So  originated  and  was  u„„tli,..,s:t..rii  Mnntaiia   mid  wpstpni  Dakota       Tt 

formed,"says  Forster,  '■  that  famous  club  which  had  made  soutlieastirn  Montana,  ana  westeni  uaKora.     It 

itself  a  name  in  literary  history  long  before  it  received,  at  ]oinstheM,sso.u-i83railesnorthwestof  Bismarck.  Length, 

Garrick'8  funeral,  the  name  of  the  Literary  Club."    The  ab™' -f™' ""  "^s.                                      ,        .      ,,                  , 

name  was  changed  to  "the  Johnson  Club,"  and  on  the  Little  Nell.      A  child  character  m  the    novel 

taking  down  of  the  Thatched  House  the  club  removed  to  ■'(^)l,l  Curiositv  Shop,"  by  Dickens, 

the  CLirendon  Hotel  in  Bond  street,  where  it  celebrated  T.jt+ionairo  nit"'I-nn  i)   nnrnpliiK!      The  nseudo- 

its  centennial  in  1884.    It  is  still  in  existence.    Chainbers;  lilttiepage  ( llt^l  paj ),  0()rneilUS.     j  ne  psi  tiuo 

'  ' ""  ^ '  '•■",  under  which  he 


government  of  WUrtemberg  he  was  imprisoned  in  1822,  and 
again  in  1824.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1825  ; 
returned  toiJermany  in  1,832  ;  and  resided  at  Hamburg  and 
later  in  Leipsic,  Pai-is.  and  Augsburg.  His  chief  works  are 
"Outlines  of  a  New  System  of  Political  .Economy  "  (1827), 
"  Das  natinnale  System  der  politischen  Okonomie "  ("The 
National  System  of  Political  Economy,"  1841). 

Lista  y  Aragon  (les'ta  e  a-ra-gon'),  Alberto. 
Born  at  Triana,  near  Seville,  Spain,  Oct.  l-'i, 
1775:  died  at  Seville,  Oct.  5,  1848.     A  Spanish 

lyric  poet,  critic,  and  mathematician.  na  uein-euniami  ioo«.   ii  i=  o..,. ...  ^.^o.,.,...,.;.   ^,„.,„„^,o,  -,  y-         t^  -    - 

Lister   (lis'ter).   Joseph,   first  Baron    Lister.      Timbs.  nyiaol  James  Fenimore(_oopcr, 

Bo ni  April  .5,  1827.    An  English  surgeon,  noted   Litemum  (li-ter'num).     In  ancient  geogi-aphy,     wn.tc  ".Satanstoe 

for  liis  introduction  of  the  antiseptic  method  of     a  town  in  Campania,   Italy,  situated   on  the  Ljlttle  Pans.      A  name   sometimes  given 
bandaging:  professoratKing'sOollege, London,      coast  about  14  miles  northwest  of  Naples. 
1877-92.   Made  a  baronet  1883,  and  a  baron  1896.    LithgO-W  (lith'go),  William.     Boru  at  Lanark, 
Lister,  Joseph  Jackson.   Born  at  London,  Jan.     1582:  died,  probably  at  Lanark,  about  1645.    A 

'    "   '     --        ~  .      „     ..  .      .         Scottish  traveler  in  Europe  and  the  East.    He 

was  the  author  of  "  The  Totall  Discourse  of  the  Earo  Ad- 
ventures and  Painfull  Peregrinations  of  Long  Nineteen 
Years,  etc."  (London,  1032),  "a  book  of  uncommon  value 


18U0:  died  at  Kent  House,  Knightsbridge,  Lithuania  (lith-ii-a'ui-il).  [Pol.  Litira,  ( 
16  5,1842.  An  English  novelist  and  drania-  ,,„^,  p  Lithudnh;  Ij"  Lituania.-]  A  f, 
,,  registrar-general  ot  England  and  Wales    gniudiluchy  of  Europe,  iu  its  later  history 


11,  1780:  died  Oct.  24,  1869.  An  English  wine 
merchant  and  optician,  noted  for  the  improve- 
ments which  he  introduced  in  the  construction 
of  the  object-glasses  of  microscopes,  duo  to  his 
discovery  of  the  pi'iuciple  of  aplanatic  foci. 

Lister,  Thomas  Henry.    Born  near  Lichfield 
in  18U0     ■■    '        " 
June  5 
tist, 

(1836).  He  was  the  author  of  "Romance  of  Real  Life, 
"Flirtation, '"Uranby,"  "Epicharis  "(a  tragedy),"  Life  and 
Administration  of  Edwaid,  llrst  Earl  ot  Clarendon " (1837- 
1838),  etc. 

Lister  (lis'tor)  and  Mandal  (man'dal).  The 
southernmost  proWnce  of  Norway.  Area,  2,804 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  78,738. 

Liston  (lis'tou),  John.  Born  at  London  about 
1776 :  died  tliere,  March  22,  1846.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  played  llrst  in  the  north  of  England,  ap- 
peared at  the  Haymarket  June  10,  180.'>,  and  at  Covent 
Garden  Oct.  15,  ISOtJ,  and  was  connected  with  these  thea- 
ters for  many  years.  He  acted  later  at  Drury  Lane  and 
the  OIyin]jic,  retiring  in  18S7.  He  acted  a  large  number 
of  comic  parts,  of  which  the  most  successful  was  his  "Paul 
Pry. '  His  wife  (died  1854)  was  a  successful  comic  actress 
and  singer. 

Liston  .  .  .  belonged  rather  to  farce  than  comedy.    Like 
Suett,  he  excited  more  laughter  than  he  ever  enjoyed  him- 

■   self,     lie  BUtfcred  from  attacks  of  the  nerves,  and,  in  his 
most  humorous  reiiresentatiuns,  was  the  more  humorous 
from  his  humor  always  partaking  of  a  melancholy  tone. 
Domii,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  351. 

Liston,  Sir  Robert.  Born  at  (Jvertoun,  jiarish 
of  Kirkliston,  Scotland,  Oct.  8,  1742:  died  near 
Edinburgh,  July  15, 1.S30.  A  British  diplomatist. 
He  was  secretary  of  emba.S8y  at  Madrid  March,  17s:l ;  niin- 
Iflter  plcnipotcntiiiry  there  .May,  1783,  to  Aug.,  1788;  envoy 
extraordinar/ at  Constantinople  1793-96;  and  amlmssador 
at  Washingt<ml790.  He  was  later  envoy  at  The  Hague,  and 
ambassador  at  ('onstantinople. 

Listen,  Robert.  Born  at  Ecclesmachan,  Lin- 
li(hi.;owshire,Oct.28, 1794:  died  at  London,  Dec. 
7, 18t7.  A  Scottish  surgeon,  professor  of  chem- 
ical surgery  in  the  University  of'Londoii  (from 
1835),  noted  especially  for  his  skill  as  an  oper- 
ator, and  as  the  inventor  of  a  splint,  named  from 
him,  which  is  used  in  eases  of  dislocation  of  tlu^ 
tlii-li. 

Lisuarte  of  England.  In  the  romance  ■'  .\madis 
of  (iaul,"  till'  Kiii^'of  Erigliind.aiid  the  father  of 
(Irianii,  the  wile  n!  Amadis. 

Lisuarte  of  Greece.    The  grandson  of  Amadis, 

and  son  of  Esplandian.     Two  of  the  books  of  the 
Amadis  of  (Jalll   romance  contain   his  adventiiri's :   the 
seventh,  by  Feliciano  do  Silva(151l);  and  the  cMghtli,  by 
Juan  ina.7.  (U>2U). 
Liszt  (list),  Franz.    Born  at  Raiding,  Hungary, 


more  than  of  places,  .  .  .'probably  the  earliest  authority 
for  cotl'ee-drinking  in  Europe,  Turkish  batlis,  etc."  (Diet. 
Sat.  Bid'/.), 
• -  - -  -     '■         G.  Li- 


to 
Brussels. 

Little  Parliament.  The  Parliament  convened 
by  Cromwell  Jidy  4,  1053:  so  called  from  the 
small  number  —  about  140 — of  its  members.  It 
constituted  Cromwell  Lord  I'rotector.  It  is  also  called, 
from  one  of  its  members,"Barebone'a  Parliament."  See 
Burbon. 
and  iiiterest  for  its  descriptions  ot  men  and  manners  even  Little  Phil.     A  nickname  of  General  Philip  H. 

Sheridan. 

Little  Popo.  [G.  Klein-Popo,  native  name  Ane- 
//y.]  The  capital  of  Togoland  (which  see),  a 
seaport  on  the  Slave  Coast,  western  Africa,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  6°  12'  N.,long.  1°  46'  E. 

Little  Red  Riding-hood,  P-  Le  Chaperon 

Rouge,  G.  Rothkappchen.  A  nursery  tale  of 
a  little  girl  who  forgets  her  mother's  eoniniand 
"to  speak  to  no  one  whom  she  meets."  She  tells  a 
wolf  that  she  is  going  to  her  grandmother's  cottage  with 
some  wine  and  bread.  He  reaches  the  cottage  before  her, 
eats  her  grandmother,  and.  when  Little  Ited  Kiding-hooil 
arrives,  devours  her.  lii  the  German  at  this  point  a  hun- 
ter comes  who  rijia  open  the  wolf,  and  Red  Kiiliiig-hood 
and  her  grandmother  are  restored  to  life.  This  legend  ia 
found  in  many  countries,  but  conies  to  us  from  Pcrraulfa 
French  version,  whicli  lie  probably  derived  from  the  Italian 
stories  of  Straparola  and  the  '  I'entamerone." 
Little  Rock.  The  capital  of  Arkansas  and  of 
Pulaski  ( 'ounty,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  Kiver 
ab.oit  hit.  34°" 44'  N.,  long.  92°  16'  W.  It  Imsa 
lloMri^biiii;  trade  in  c.itton.     Pii|illlation  (1900),  38,307. 


ormer 
unit- 
ed with  Poland.  It  comprised  what  are  now  the  gov- 
ernments of  Kovno,  Grodno,  Vilna,  Minsk,  Mohilelf,  Vi- 
tebsk, and  Suwalki  of  Russia.  The  siU'face  is  level.  It 
is  noteii  for  its  horses,  cattle,  and  game.  Lithuania  proper 
was  the  region  about  Vilna,  which  waa  its  capital,  'the  in- 
habitants are  principally  Lithuanians  and  Wliile  Kns^iaus. 
Lithuania  became  consolidated  in  the  beuiiiiiing  of  the 
13tii  century.  tJedimin  (1315-10)  was  tlie  n  al  foiimicrof 
its  power.  It  made  various  eomiuests  at  the  expense  of 
the  Kussians,  including  Kietf  ;  cleared  the  lower  Dnieper 
of  the  Mongols  in  1308;  was  united  with  Poland  under 
.fagello  in  1386;  and  was  also  Christianized  iiiiibr  Jagrllo. 
Under  Vifov,  its  grand  prince  (13n2-lJ.'io),  it  i.;:iiiie.l  Smo- 
lensk and  acijuired  great  power.  It  was  dcllnilcly  united 
with  Poland  in  1501,  and  the  union  was  made  closer  by  the 
Diet  of  Lublin  in  1.^09.  After  that  it  followed  the  fortunes 
of  Poland. 

Litorale.    See  Ku.-iiiiilainl. 


Litta  (let'tii),  Count  Pompeo.     Born  at  Milan,  Little  Russia.     A  name  given  to  the  division  of 
Sept.   27,  1781:  died   at   Milan,  Aug.  17,   1852.     Kussia  comprising  the  governments  of  Khar- 
An  Italian  historian,  author  of  "Fainiglie  cide-     kolT,  KielT,  Pultowa.  and  Tehernigoff.     lu  soma 
bri  d'ltalia"  ("Celebrated  Families  of  Italy,"     cl.assin.ations  Volhynia  and  Podoliaare  hicluded. 
1819-83),  etc.  Little  Tibet.     Same  as  Jlaltiatan. 

Littell(li-tel'),Eliakim.     Bom  at  Burlington,  Littleton  (lit'l-ton),  Adam.     Born  at  Hales- 
N.  J.,  Jan.  2,  1797:  died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,     oweii,  Worcestershire,  Nov.  2,  1027:  died  Juno 


May  17,  1870.     An  iVmerican   publisher.     He 
oslablished   the    periodical   "Littell's   Living 
Age"  (Boston,  1844). 
Little  (lit'  I ),  Thomas.  A  psemlonym  of  Thomas 
Moore.     He  published  a  volume  of  amatory  poems  in 


isns  under  tlii 
Little.' 
Little  Bear.     See  Ursa  Minor. 
Little  Belt.     The  strait  between  Fiinen  and  the 
pen  insula  of  Jutland.    The  Swedish  army  under 
CharlesX.  marched  across  it  on  the  ice  to  Fiinen 
ill  I(i5s. 

Little  Corporal,  The.    See  Corporal. 
Little  Dog.     See  Ciniis  Minor. 
Little  Dorrit.  An. 

lished  serially  from  Dec,  18.55,  to  June,  18!)7 
Little-endians.  Soo  Biu-indians. 
Little  Falls.  A  eitv  in  Herkimer  County, 
New  York,  silinited  at  falls  of  the  Moh;iwk,  64 
miles  west-northwest  of  Albany  II  has  man- 
ufactures and  a  cheese-market.  Population 
(1900),  1(),3,S1. 
Oct.  22,  1811:  died  at  Bavreuth,  Bavaria.  July  Little  French  Lawyer,  The.  A  comedy  by 
31,  18,86.  A  celebrated  Hungari;ui  comiioser,  Fletcher  and  Massinger.  written  about  1620, 
and  one  of  the  greatest  of  pianists.  Ho  made  liis 
first  public  appearance  when  only  9  years  old  at  (iden- 
burg.    In  1823  at  a  concert  in  Vienna  ho  was  received  with     "Ouzman 


30,  1694.  All  Englisli  scholar.  He  was  rector  of 
Chelsi'a  ItX'iB,  chaplain  of  Charles  II.  1670,  rect<ir  of  Over- 
ton. Hampshire,  ItVSi,  and  of  the  Cliurch  of  St.  Bololnh, 
AMersgate,  llis;i-4J9.  His  principal  work  is  a  Latin  uic- 
tioiiary,  '  Lingua- latinu'  liber  dlctionariusquiulripai'titus  " 
(Lomlc'.ii,  1073). 


sname.    Ho  is  also  spoken  of  as  " Master  j^j^^jg^Qjj^  jj^^g^j^j^,,,,,)   Littleton.     Born  at 


vel  by  Djckens.^  Uwaspub-  Littleton.  Sir 
Wori'estershir 


Munslow.  Shropshire,  1589:  died  at  0.\ford, 
.Vug.  27,  1645.  An  English  .jurist.  Ho  wan  chief 
Justice  of  North  Wales  1021 ;  recorder  of  London  Dec  7, 
1031 :  solieitorgeneral  Oct.  17,  lii34  ;  chief  Justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas  Jan.  '27,  lino  ;  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seiU 
Jan.  18,  Itlll ;  and  llrst  coiiiini.'^Bioner  of  the  treasury  May 
18,  Kill,  lie  argued  against  Hampden  In  the  »liip.money 
owe,  and  wasa  linn  partizan  of  the  king.  In  Jlav.  1IM2,  ho 
followed  tlie  king  to  Volk,  taking  the  seal  willi  him. 

Thomas.  Born  at  Frankley, 
■  ,  1402:  died  at  Frankley.  Aug. 
23, 1481.  A  noted  English  ,j«rist,  ehlest  son  of 
Thomas  Weslcote  of  Weslcote,  near  Barn- 
staple, and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  do 
Littleton  of  Frankley.  In  baptism  ho  recoiTcd  hU 
motlier's  surname.  He  w'as  made  Justlco  of  the  Common 
Pleas  April  2".  IIIW,  aniLwas  the  author  ot  a  fammis  work, 
In  law-l'rench,  on  tenures,  whicli,  Willi  Coke's  commentary, 
waal.Mig  I  III- authority  on  the  Englisli  law  of  real  properly. 
(Iritit  I'lliicle. 


and  iirinteil  in  1647.    The  plot  is  from  ••  The  Spanish  xLtig  vLnict    a' name  sometimes  given   to 
Itogue,    a  nove   wh  eh  was  also  used  by  Aleiiian  in  his  iJltnc    vemi-o.     "    ii.mi."-  .:?,,.,.:„,, 

••(Juzman  de  .ufarache. "  Areiidal,  Norway,  on  account  of  its  situation. 


Littlewit 

Littlewit  (Iit'1-wit),  John.  A  foolish  proctor 
in  Ben  Jonsou's  "Bartholomew  Pair."  He 
adores  his  hypot-ritieal  wife  Winifred. 

Litton  (lit'on),  Marie  (Mary  Lowe).  Born  in 
Derbyshire,  1847:  died  at  London,  April  1. 1884. 
An  English  actress,  wife  of  Jlr.  W.  Robertson, 
successful  as  a  player  of  comedy,  and  a  theatri- 
cal manager.  She  first  appeared  at  the  Prin- 
cess's Theatre  March  23,  1868. 

Littorale.    See  Kilstciikiiid. 

Littre  (le-tra'),  Maximilien   Paul  fimile. 

Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  1, 1801 :  died  there,  June  2, 
ISSl.  A  Preneh  philoloirist  and  philosopher.  He 
graduated  with  high  honors  from  college,  and  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine,  which  he  never  completed.  His  decided 
taste  for  literary  labors  induced  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  acquisition  of  Greek,  Arabic,  and  Sanskrit.  As  a  jour- 
nalist he  wrote  for  the  "Journal  Hebdomadaire  de  Mede- 
cine,"  "  Le  National,"  "E.\p(5rience,""  Journal  des  Savants," 
"  Revue  de  Philosophic  Positive,"  etc.    He  was  a  fervent 


616 

Drusus),  who  was  compelled  to  divorce  her  in  order  that 
she  might  become  the  wife  of  the  future  emperor.  She 
was  accused  of  committing  various  crimes,  even  of  hasten- 
ing  the  death  of  her  husband  in  her  endeavor  to  secure 
the  succession  to  her  son  Tiberius.  For  a  time  after  the 
accession  of  the  latter  she  was  all-powerful  in  the  state, 
but  was  soon  forced  to  retire  from  public  affairs. 

Liyigno  (le-ven'yo),  Valle  di,  G.  Welsch-Li- 
Vinen  (velsh'le-ve'nen).  The  upper  valley  of 
the  Spol.  in  the  northern  part  of  the  province 
of  Soudric,  northern  Italy,  bordering  on  the 
Grisons  (Switzerland). 

Living, or Lyfing.  Died  June  12, 1020.  Anarch- 
bishop  of  Canterbury,  the  successor  of  ^Ifheah . 
He  crowned  Edmtmd  Ironside  and  Canute. 

Living,  or  Lyfing.  An  Anglo-Saxon  prelate, 
bishop  of  Crediton  (1027),  of  Cornwall  (date  uu- 


Llanos  de  Chiquitos 

ment  of  Russia,  one  of  the  Baltic  provinces. 
Capital,  Riga,  it  is  bounded  by  Esthonia  on  the  north. 
Lake  Peipus,  Pskoff,  and  Vitebsk  on  the  east,  Coiu-lanJ 
(sep:iratcd  by  the  Duna)  on  the  south,  and  the  Gulf  of  Riga 
on  the  west.  The  island  of  Osel  belongs  toil.  The  surface 
IS  manily  level.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Letts  and  E*. 
thoniaus.  The  nobility  is  German.  The  prevailing  reli. 
gion  is  Protestant.  Livonia  was  the  nucleus  of  the  do. 
minions  of  the  Livonian  (.Sword-Bearer)  Knights  who 
began  their  settlements  in  1201.  In  1237  they  united  with 
the  Teutonic  Order.  The  Prussian  and  Livonian  Knights 
were  separated  in  1621.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  order 
(1.158-61)  Livonia  was  for  a  short  time  a  kingdom  After 
some  changes  it  became  Polish  in  1682  ;  passed  to  Sweden 
1660  (having  been  conquered  by  Sweden  in  1621-26)-  and 
was  annexed  toEussiain  1721.  It  is  being  Russified  like  the 
other  B.altic  provinces.  Area,  18,168  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  1.229.468. 

eertam),  and  also  of  Worcester  (1038).    He  was  LiwX■'iUT^t^11'fe,c^      -R  .  -p  .      ■ 

a  councilor  of  Canute,  and  his  companion  in  his  pilgrimage  •^,"y*^,("y  1_)  (lltUS  IilVlUS).      Bom  at  Patavium 


to  Rome,  and  was  later  a  partizan  of  Earl  Godwin  and  a 
J         *     r.i-    J     ^- .        . -.  -■    T-- supporter  of  his  house. 

aavocateof  the  doctrine  of  positivism,  and  greatly  admu-ed   T.iiriTiirotnTi    (Hi-'i.irr  c■f/^„^     ■D-„„1,l,  .,1  „4.       r. 

AugusteComte.    At  the  death  of  Coiite,  Littr(S  wasrecog-        ,'?,°^^??'^/ xt       S  ,>r''  Brockholst.     Born 

nized  as  the  head  of  the  positivist  school.    Hisgreatwork     atJNew  lork,  JNov.  25,  l/fx:  died  at  Washington, 

is  unquestionably  the  -'Dictionnaire  de  la  langue  fran-     D.  C,  March,  1823.     An  American  iurist  son  of 

9aise"  (1863-72).     He  made  a  French  translation  of  the     William  Livingston.      He  was  a  iud^e  of  the 

works  of  Hippocrates  (10  vols.  1839-61 ,  and  .ilso  published     Tnited  States  Siitit-pitip  rm^t  IRdftJoT 

translations  of  Strauss's  "Life  of  Jesus"  (1839-40)  and      S    ."'^'^*-'^''=^f  Supreme  tourt  180(>-23. 

Pliny's"  Natural  Histoiy"  (1848).    He  edited  the  works  of  IjlVingSton  (liv  mg-ston),  Edward.     Born  at 

Armand  Carre!  (18.')7),  and  a  new  "Dictionnaire  de  mede-     Clermont,  Columbia    Countv,  N.  Y      Mav  26 

£L"i.fe?*J^',.^°\".A'=*','??^.'''!"™'^«'"°'.''°»H!.a''dpapers^on     1764 :  died  at  Rhinebeck,  N.  Y.,  May  23, 'l836[ 

An  American  jurist  and  statesman,  brother  of  Lizard,  The.     See  Lacerta 

R.  R.  Livingston.    He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Lizard  Head,  or  Lizard  Point,  or  Lizard  (liz'- 

New  York  1795-1801 ;  mayor  of  New  York  1801-03  ;  mem-     afD-      The    southenimost    point    of    England 

her  of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1823-29;  United  States     -■■^--^-  '  ---   '-'  .,    ,    .     -,     -    '^       -? 

senator  1829-31 ;  secretary  of  state  1831-33 ;  and  United 
States  minister  to  France  1833-35.  He  prepared  a  code  of 
criminal  law  and  procedure  (1833).  His  complete  works 
(2  Vols.)  were  published  in  1873. 


positivism,  he  wrote  "Le  cholera  oriental"  (1832)^  "His- 
toire  de  la  langue  frani;aise"  (1862),  "Etudes  sur  les  bar- 
bares  et  le  moyen-age  "  (1S67),  "MSdecine  et  midecins" 
(1872),"Restauration  delalcjgitimitc;  etdesesalli(5s"(1873), 
"La  science  au  point  de  vue  philosophique  "  (1873),  "  Lit- 
tSrature  et  histoire  '  (1S76),  "De  I'fStablissement  et  la  troi- 
sieme  republique  "  (1»80),  etc.  Littre  was  one  of  the  finest 
linguists  and  scientists  of  his  century.  He  was  elected 
to  the  French  Academy,  Dec.  30,  1871. 

Littrow  (lit'trou),  Joseph  Johann  von 


(Padua),, 59  B.C.:  died  there,  17  a.  D.  The  great- 
est of  Roman  historians,  and  the  most  impor- 
tant prose-writer  of  the  Augustan  age.  He  wrote 
a  comprehensive  history  of  Rome,  from  the  founding  of 
the  city  to  the  death  of  Drusus,  in  142  books,  of  which  onlv 
35  are  extant  (l-IO  and  21-46).  and  also  several  philosophi- 
cal  dialogues  and  a  work  on  rhetorical  training.  He  spent 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  (over  40  years  of  which  were 
given  to  his  historj-)  at  Rome. 
Lixouri  (liks-6're).  A  town  in  Cephalonia, 
Greece.     Population  (1889),  5,740. 


.  T3-    1,  «m  •    i     T.  ,-     ;  Jhannvon.   Bom  Livingston,  John  Henry.  Bom  at  Poughkeep- 
at  Bischof-Teimtz,  Bohemia,  March  13,  1781:     sie,  N.  Y.,  May  30,  1746:  died  at  New  Bruns- 


died  Nov.  30,  1840.  An  Austrian  astronomer, 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Vienna,  author  of 
"Die  Wunder  des  Himme'ls  "("  The  Wonders  of 
the  Heavens,"  1836),  etc. 

Littrow,  Karl  von.  Born  at  Kazan,  Russia. 
July  18, 1811 :  died  at  Venice,  Nov.  16, 1877.  An 
Austrian  astronomer,  son  of  J.  J.  von  Littrow. 

Liukiu  Islands.     See  Loochno  Islands. 


wick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  20, 182,5.  An  American  clergy- 


situated  in  Cornwall,  lat.  49°  .58'  N.,  long.  S* 
12'  W.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  the 
whole  peninsula. 
Lizars  (li-zarz'),  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh 
about  17S7:  died  May  21, 1860.  A  Scottish  sur- 
geon, professor  of  surgery  in  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons.  Edinburgh :  noted  for  the  intro- 


New  York,  1776. 
i-!^'"'^*i!Pr''^'*''  '"■  Luitprand  (16'it-  Livingston,  Robert  R.    Born  at 
prajid).     King  of  the  Lombards  from  about  712     Nov.  27, 1746:  died  Feb.  26, 1813.    A 

An  Ital 


man  of  the  Dutch  Refoi-med  Church,  president  duction  of  the  operation  for  the  removal  of  the 

of  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunsvriek.  upper  jaw.     He  published  "A  System  of  An- 

Livingston,  Philip.  Bom  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  Jan.  atomical  Plates  of  the  Human  Body"  (1822) 

1.5,  1716 :  died  at  York,  Pa.,  June  12,  1778.     An  etc. 

American  politician,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  Llameos  (lya-ma'os).     A  race  of  Indians  of 

of  Independence  as  member  of  Congress  from  northern  Peru,  on  the  river  Marafion  near  Nau- 

TvT„„T7„„i.   iTra  ta,  the  lowerHuallaga,  and  the  Javary:  formerly 


An  American 
statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress;  chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  York 
1777-1801;  secretary  of  foreign  affairs  1781-83 ;  and  United 
States  minister  to  France  1801-06.  He  negotiated  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase  in  1803,  and  was  associated  with  Fulton  in  TriaTihpri'«"finn  bp^',•s^ 
furthering  steamboat  navigation.  •" ,°;""°il°  Ual-Der  is) 


to  744. 

Liutprand,  or  Luitprand.  Died  972. 

ian  chronicler.  He  wrote  "Antapodosis "  and  other 
histories  of  his  time  (ed.  by  Pertz  in  "Monumenta  Ger- 
man iie  "  1839,  and  by  Dummler  1877). 

Livadia  (li-va'de-ii).  An  estate  and  summer 
resort  of  the  Russian  imperial  family,  situated 
on  the  southern  coast  of  the  Crimea,  about  32 
miles  east-southeast  of  Sebastopol. 

Livadia  (liv-a-de'a),  or  Levadia  (lev-a-de'a). 
1.  A  town  in  Bceotia,  Greece,  57  miles  north-  t  •    • 

west  of  Athens:  the  ancient  Lebadeia  (Greek  -Ijl^ngStone  (liv'ing-ston). 
Af,3d(Jfm).  •  It  was  noted  for  its  oracle  of  Tro-  y7  p^^^^<^J  for  the  Kongo, 
phonius.— 2.  A  name  formerly  given  to  Middle  Livingstone,  Alexander.     Died  April  2,  1622 
Greece.  .  A  Scottish  noble,  created  iii-st  earl  of  Linlith- 

Live-Oak  State.    The  State  of  Florida.  t^-'"''  "'  ^*'**^''  i*^""' 

Liverpool  (liv'er-pol).  A  seaportin  Lancashire,  Livingstone,^  Charles.     Born  at  Blantyre,  Lan 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey,  3  miles  froru     "       '         ^"'' 


found  between  the  Tigi-e  and  Napo.  The  Llameos 
are  rather  undersized,  but  were  formerly  very  warlike 
They  are  agriculturistsand  industrious.  The  remnants  are 
mostly  merged  in  the  general  country  population.  Their 
language  appears  to  have  no  relation  to  those  of  other 
tribes.  Also  Yame«s,  Lamas,  or  Lamistas,  and,  in  Portu- 
guese. Lliameos. 


Livingston,  William.  Born  1723 :  died  at  Eliza- 
bethtown,  N.  J.,  July  25,  1790.  An  American 
politician,  brother  of  Philip  Livingston.  He  was 
governor  of  New  Jersey  1776-90,  and  a  member 
of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787. 

A  name  proposed 


A  town  in  Carnarvon- 


shire, Wales,  at  the  base  of  Snowdon,  10  miles 
south  of  Bangor:  a  tourist  center. 
LlandaflF  (lan-daf).  The  smallest  British  city, 
situated  on  the  Taff  in  Glamorgan,  South  Wales : 
a  mere  suburb  of  Cardiff.  Llandafl  is  said  to  be  the 
oldest  episcopal  see  in  Great  Britain.  The  cathedral  is  a 
small  building,  representing  in  its  construction  all  the 
stages  of  medieval  .architecture.  It  has  been  thoroughly 
restored  m  the  present  century.  The  fine  west  front  has 
more  of  a  French  character  than  is  usual  in  Great  Britain 
There  are  no  transepts.  The  interior  is  imposing-  the 
Norman  arch  of  the  Lady  chapel  is  notable  ;  and  thert  is  a 
square  chapter-house  with  central  pillar. 


the  Irish  Sea,  in  lat.  53°  24'  N.,  long.  3°  4'  W. 
It  is  the  principal  seaport  in  England  and  in  the  world, 
and  in  respect  of  population  the  second  city  of  England'; 
is  the  terminus  of  many  steamship  lines,  especially  trans- 
atlantic (Cunard,  White  Star,  International,  etc.)  to  New 
York  ;  has  large  trade  with  the  United  States,  Canada,  In- 
dia, China,  Australia,  South  America,  Ireland,  etc.  ;  exports 
cotton  goods  and  other  manufactured  articles,  coal  etc  ■ 
imports  cotton,  provisions,  cattle,  grain,  timber,  sugar,  to^ 
bacco,  etc.;  and  has  extensive  shipbuilding,  and  manufac- 
tures of  ro]ies,  sugar,  iron,  chemicals,  etc.  St.George's  Hall 
opened  in  18.54,  a  modern  classical  building,  formsthe  chief 
architectural  ornament.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the 
town  hall,  exchange,  revenue  buildings,  Liverpool  Univer- 
sity College,  Museum  of  Japanese  Art,  Walker  and  other 
art  galleries,  and  the  very  extensive  docks.  Liverpool  re- 
ceived a  charter  from  King  John  in  1207  ;  was  incorporated 
HI  1 229  ;  and  was  taken  by  Prince  Rupert  in  1644.  The  com- 
mencement of  its  prosperity  dates  from  the  last  half  of  the 
17th  centuiy.  It  was  largely  engaged  in  the  African  slave- 
trade  and  in  smuggling.  It  developed  greatly  in  the  18th 
and  still  more  in  the  19th  century.  It  w.as  the  birthplace 
of  \\ .  E.  Gladstone  and  Ills.  Ileiuans.     P.jpulation  (1901); 

Liverpool.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Queen's 
County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mersey,  70  miles  southwest  of  Halifax.  Pon- 
uiation  (1901),  1,937.  ^ 

Liverpool,  Earls  of.    See  Jenl-hison. 


arkshire,  Feb.  28,  1821:  died  near  Lagos,  Oct.  Llandudno  (lan-diid'no).     A  watering-place  in 

28, 1873.     A  clergyman  and  missionary,  brother    Carnarvonshire,  North  Wales,  situated  at  the 

of  David  Livingstone.     He  emigrated  to"  the  United     ™outh  of  the  Conway,  on  the  Irish  Sea,  38  miles 

states  in  1840 ;  gr.adu.ated  at  the  Union  Theological  .Semi-     west  of  Liverpool.    There  is  a  fine 

nary,  New  York  city,  in  1850  ;  returned  to  England  in  1857;      round  Great  Orme's  Head 

and  went  with  his  brother  to  Africa,  remaining  with  him  T.lanpllir  Ha  r,othn;\     A  co„^„,  <■  ■     n    '        V, 

until  1863.    In  1864  he  was  appointed  British  consul  at  -Hi^^^^Jy  M?"2S*,  ")•  .A  seaport  m  Carmarthen 


"marine  drive" 
Population  (1891).  7.333. 


Fernando  Po. 

Livingstone,  David.  Born  at  Blantyre,  near 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  March  19, 1813 :  died  at  Chi- 
tambo,  central  Africa,  April  30,  1873.  A  cele- 
brated African  explorer  and  missionarv.  From 
1840-49  he  was  medical  missionarj'  among  the  Bechuana 
of  .South  Africa.  He  discovered  Lake  Ngami  in  1849  ;  ex- 
plored the  Zambesi  and  Kuanza  basins  to  Loanda  1861-54  • 
recrossed  the  continent  from  Loanda  to  Kilimaiie,  discov- 


shire.  South  Wales,  situated  on  an  inlet  of  Car- 
marthen Bay,  11  miles  west-northwest  of  Swan- 
sea. There  are  manufactures  of  iron,  copper,  tin  etc. 
and  coal  is  exported.  Population  (1891),  23.937. 
Llanero  (lya-na'ro),  corrupted  into  Yanero 
lya-na'ro).  ['People  of  the  plains.']  A  tribe 
of  the  Apache  group  of  North  American  Indians. 
In  1799  the  Llanero  were  on  the  great  plains  between  the 
Eio  Pecos  and  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande.  See  Apaches. 


ley  in  Unyanyembe  in  1872.  and  returned  to  Lake  Bang- 
weolo ;  and  died  at  Chitambn  from  dysentery  in  1873. 
His  body  was  carried  to  the  coast,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey  April  18,  1874.  He  wrote  "Missionary 
Travels  in  South  Africa  "  (1857),  and  a  "Narrative  of  an 
Expedition  to  the  Zambesi  "  (1805).  "The  Last  Journals  of 

. , D.avid  Livingstone  "  were  published  in  1874. 

Livia  (liv'i-ii).     In  Middleton's  play  "Women  Livius  (liv'i-us).  Saint.     Died  656  (?).     An  eo- 
beware  Women," an  artful  and  malicious  court     fl<^siastie, called  "the  Apostleof  Brabant," con- 
lady  who,  with  consummate  knowledge  of  the     ("efiiin?  whose  life  (if  indeed  he  existed  at  all) 
world,  betrays  Bianca  (hence  the  title  of  the     I'^tle  is  recorded, 
play).  Livius  Andronicus.     See  Andronicus. 

Livia  Drusilla  (Hv'i-a  dro-sil'la).     Bora  about  I'i''''ny  (liv'ne).     A  town  in  the  govemment  of 
56  B.  c. :  died  29  A.  D.  The  wife  of  Augustus  and     *^''''''-  f'^ntral  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sosna  75 
motherof  Tiberius  and  Drusus.  She  was  the  daugh-     miles. southeast  of  Orel.     Population,  20,3.58. 
ter  of  Livius  Drusus  Claudianus.  and  was  married  to  Ti-  LlVOnia  (li    v6'ni-a),  G.  Livland  or  Liefland 
berms  Claudius  Nero  (the  father  of  her  sons  Tiberius  and     (lef 'lant),   F.  Livo'nie  (le-v6-ne').     A  govern- 


ering  Victoria Ftdls,  in  1855  ;  led  a  government  expedition  LlanffollpTi  (Isn-o-ot)i'lPTi'i      4  ir,,^-^U^Tt^,'^ul^\l 

up  the  Zambesi  and  Shire  rivers,  and  discivcrcd  Lakes  i^!:°   at  SM  w^,         ieu).    A  town  m  Deilblgh- 

.Shirwa  and  Nyassa.  1868-69 ;  explored  the  Eovuma  val-  '■'^'re.  North    Wales,   situated    on    the    Dee   31 

ley  in  1866,  the  Chambezi  in  1867,  and  Lakes  Tanganvika,  miles  sonth-southwest  of  Liverpool.     Popula- 

Jloero,  and  Bangweolo  1867-«8 ;  was  atUjiji  in  1869 ;  ii.iTi-  tion  ( 1891 ),  3,225. 

gatedTangan5ika,and  was  driven  back  by  the  Manyema;  LlaT10<5  (Sn  nron  lvn'Tins>  r«,i  f^,^rv,  77...„„ 
was  relieved  by  Stanley  at  Tjiji  in  1871;  parted  with  Stan-  „  «„?  «  i  J  n  ^  ?  ^^  ^°^'-  .'-''P-'  "°™  "'""'• 
,._.-_„..  ,     .    .      .       •-.      _        _  a  Mat  tield.J     A  name  given  m  manv  parts  of 

Spanish  America  to  large  tracts  of  open  land: 

in  a  special  manner,  and  in  a  geographical  sense. 


to  the  Llanos  del  Orinoco  or  de  Venezuela,  ly- 
ing principally  in  Venezuela,  with  extensions 
into  Colombia.  They  comprise  nearly  all  the  space  be- 
tween the  Orinoco  and  its  delta,  the  coast-r.ange  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  the  Eastern  Cordillera  of  Colombia  as  far  as  the 
Vichada  branch  of  the  Orinoco  (about  lat.  5°  It.).  The 
total  area  is  probably  150,000  square  miles,  and  most  of  it 
is  quite  flat  and  near  the  sea-level ;  but  some  parts  are 
varied  with  table-topped  hills  a  few  hundred  feet  high. 
During  the  rainy  season  large  areas  are  overflowed.  The 
llanos  are  thinly  inhabited,  and  the  only  industryis  grazing, 
immense  herds  of  cattle  being  kept  iii  a  nearly  wild  state. 

Llanos  de  Chiquitos,  or  Llanos  de  los  Chi- 
quitos  (da  16s  che-ke'tos).  An  extensive  plain 
in  eastern  Bolivia,  in  the  departments  of  Santa 


Llanos  de  CMquitos 

Cruz  andChuquisaca,  extending  from  the  moun- 
tains of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  nearly  to  the 
river  Paraguay.  It  ia  continuous  with  the  Gran  Chaco 
on  the  south,  consists  of  grass-lands  varied  with  woods 
or  with  scattered  trees,  has  occasional  isolated  hills,  and 
contains  few  inhabitants  except  Indians.  Portions  in  the 
east  are  atniualh  i-vertlowed. 

Llanos  de  Guarayos  (gwa-ra'yos).  A  northern 
extension  of  the  Llanos  de  Chiquitos,  near  the 
river  San  Miguel. 

Llanos  de  Manso  (man'so)  or  de  Manzo  (raan'- 
tho).  A  portion  of  the  Chaco  region  of  South 
America,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of 
Bolivia,  between  the  rivers  Piloomayo  and 
Paraguay.  In  the  16th  eentiirj'  this  region  was 
conceded  to  Andres  Manso  for  colonization. 

LlanQUihue  (lyan-ke'wa).  A  province  of  Chile, 
about  lat.  41°  "S.  Capital,  Puerto  Montt.  Area, 
7.823  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  esti- 
mated, 74,818. 

Llerena  (lya-ra'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Badajoz,  southwestern  Spain,  55  miles  north 
of  Seville.     Population  (1887),  6,179. 

Llewel3m,  or  Llywelyn  (in  full  Llywelyn  ab 
Gruffydd  (lo-el'in  ab  grii'feTH)).  Died  1282. 
Prince  of  Wales  1246-82,  nephew  of  DaWd  II. 
whom  he  succeeded.  He  supported  the  English 
barons  under  Simon  de  ilontfort  against  Henry  III.,  and 
was  defeated  witli  them  at  Evesham  in  126.5,  He  refused 
to  do  homage  to  Edward  I.,  whereupon  the  latter  subdued 
Wales  in  1277.  He  subsequently  revolted,  and  fell  in 
battle. 

LloqneYupanqui(ly6'kayo-piin'ke).  [Quichua: 
llnqiie,  left-handed;  yupanqid,  you  will  count. 
i.  e.  great.]  Third  sovereign  of  the  Inca  line  of 
Peru.  According  to  the  best  chronologies,  he  ruled  in  the 
last  quarter  of  the  14th  century.  He  made  few  conquests. 
Acosta  calls  him  Jaguarhuarque.  Also  written  Loque  Yu- 
panqui,  etc. 

Llorente  (lyo-ran'ta),  Juan  Antonio.  Born 
near  Calahorra,  Aragon,  March  30,  1756:  died 
at  Madrid,  Feb.  5,  1823.  A  Spanish  historian. 
He  was  a  priest,  though  holding  rationalistic  views,  and 
fmra  1789  to  1801  was  general  secretary  of  the  Inquisition. 
Under  .Joseph  Bonapaite  he  received  charge  of  the  con- 
fiscated property  of  the  Inquisition  and  the  religiousorders, 
and  in  18'i9  was  ordered  to  examine  the  archives  of  the 
Inquisition  and  write  its  history.  When  the  French  were 
driven  out  of  Spain  he  retired  with  them  to  Paris,  where 
his  history  of  the  Inquisition  was  published  1817-18.  It 
was  strongly  condemned  by  the  Koman  Catholic  authori- 
ties, and  he  was  interdicted  from  performing  priestly  func- 
tions. In  1822  he  published  a  French  edition  of  the  prin- 
cipal works  of  Las  C'asas,  with  a  biography  .  and  the  same 
year  a  work  on  the  popes,  which  was  condemned  t>y  the 
government :  he  was  ordered  to  leave  Paris,  He  pub- 
lished various  other  works,  principally  on  Spanish  history 

Lloyd  (loidl,  Charles.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
Feb.  12,  1775 :  died  at  Chaillot,  near  Versailles, 
Jan.' 16,  1839.  An  English  poet,  a  friend  (and 
pupil)  of  Coleridge  ( with  whom  he  lived  for  some 
time)  and  of  Lamb.  He  became  insane  about 
1815,  and  died  in  a  madhouse. 

Lloyd,  Edward.  Flourished  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century.  The  keeper  of  a  eof- 
fee^iouse  in  Tower  street,  London,  and  later 
(1692)  of  "Lloyd's  Coffee  House"  in  Lombard 
street.  His  coffee  house  became  thecenterof  ship  brok- 
ing and  marine  insurance.  He  published  a  paper,  "  Lloyd's 
News"  (Sept.,  360C,-Feb,,  1697),  which  was  revived  as 
"Lloyd's  List"  (1720),  containing  shipping  and  commer- 
cial news.  From  him  the  association  and  the  corporation 
ni.w  kiutwn  as  "Lloyd's"  were  named. 

LloydjEdward.  BomatThorntonHeath,  Sur- 
rey, Feb.  16, 1815 :  died  at  Westminster,  April 
8,  1890.  A  London  publisher,  founder  (1842) 
of  "  Lloyd'sIUustratedLondon  Newspaper,"aiid 
after  1876  proprietor  of  the  "Daily  Chronicle." 

Lloyd,  Edward.  Born  March  7,  1845.  An  Eng- 
lish tenor  singer.  Ho  made  his  first  great  success  in 
1!<71,  at  the  rjloucester  festival,  singing  in  Bach's  "St.  Mat- 
thew "  passion  music.  He  has  since  been  successful  in 
oratorio  and  concert  music. 

Lloyd,  Henry.  Born  in  Merionethshire  about 
1720:  died  at  Huy,  Belgium,  June  19,  1783.  A 
Welsh  soldier  of  fortune,  for  a  time  lay  brother 
in  a  religious  house,  and  successively  iu  the 
service  of  the  Pretender,  of  Franco,  of  Austria, 
and  of  Prussia.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the  War  be- 
tween the  King  of  Prussia  and  the  Empress  of  Oerinanv 
and  her  Allies"  (London,  1766-S2),  "A  Political  and  Mili- 
t.ary  Rhapsody  cm  the  Defense  tit  (treat  I'.ritain  "  (177'.i),  etc, 

Lloyd,  Humphrey.  Horn  tit  Dublin,  A|iril  16, 
1800:  died  there,  .lau.  17,  ISSl.  A  Britisli  man 
of  science,  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1867-81.  He  is  noted  for  his  researches  in  optics  and 
magnetism,  and  particularly  ft  >i-  iiis  experimental  discovery 
of  conical  refraction  in  biaxial  iT>stals,  the  existotice  of 
which  had  been  theoretically  ileteitnined  by  Sir  W.  K. 
Hamilton,  His  works  include  ",\  Treatise  on  Light  ami 
■Vision  "  (1830.  "Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Wave  Tlieory 
of  Light  '  (18.57),  "Treatise  on  Magnetism,  General  and 
Terrestrial"  (ls74),  etc. 

Lloyd,  Robert.  Born  at  Westminster,  17.33: 
died  in  the  Fleet  Prison,  Dec.  15,  1764.  A  Brit- 
ish poet.    He  was  a  graduate  of  Westminster  School  and 


617 

of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  later  was  usher  at  'West- 
minster School.  He  wrote  "  The  .Actor  :  a  Poetical  Epistle" 
(1700),  "The  Tears  and  Triumphs  of  Parnassus,"  etc.  He 
was  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1763. 

Lloyd,  William.  Bom  at  Tilehnrst,  Aug.  18, 
1627:  died  at  Hartlebury  Castle,  Worcester- 
shire, Aug.  30,  1717.  An  English  prelate,  bishop 
successively  of  St.  Asaph  (1680),  Lichfield  and 
Coventry  (1692),  and  Worcester  (1700).  He  was 
one  of  the'  sLx  bishops  tried  on  the  charge  of  publishing  a 
seditious  libel,  and  acquitted  June  29,  1688,  and  was  an 
earnest  supporter  of  the  Revolution. 

Lloyd's  (loidz).  An  association  at  the  Royal 
Exchange,  London,  comprising  underwriters, 
merchants,  shipowners,  and  brokers,  for  the 
furtherance  of  commerce,  especially  for  marine 
insurance  and  the  publication  of  shipping  news. 
It  originated  in  meetings  at  Lloyd's  Coffee  House  about 
16S8.  The  present  rooms  include  a  restaurant  accessible 
only  to  members  of  Lloyd's  and  theirfriends.  See  Lloyd, 
Edward  (18th  century),  above. 

Lloyd's,  Austrian.  \lt.  Lloyd Attstro-ungarico, 
G.  Ostemichisch-Vnfiarischer  Lloyd.}  A  mer- 
cantile company  in  Triest,  founded  iu  1833  for 
the  furtherance  of  Austrian  commerce,  it  com- 
prises 3  sections  :  (a)  insurance ;  (b)  steamship  lines  in  the 
Mediterranean,  Black,  and  Red  seas,  etc, ;  (c)  publication 
of  periodicals, 

Lloyd's,  North  German.  [Gr.  Norddeutsclwr 
Lloyd.}  A  company  in  Bremen,  founded  in 
1857,  for  maintaining  regular  steamship  lines 
between  Bremen  and  New  York,  Baltimore,  and 
other  ports:  also  between  New  York  and  va- 
rious Mediterranean  ports. 

Lloyd's  List.  Aperiodical  containing  shipping 
intelligence,  issued  by  Lloyd's  (London)  since 
1716,  as  a  daily  since  1800. 

LljTWarch  Hen.  A  Cymric  poet,  living  in  the 
last  part  of  the  6th  century. 

Llywelyn  ab  Gruflfydd.    See  Llewelyn. 

Loadstone,  Lady.  The '■magnetic lady," a char- 
ai-tir  in  Ben  .Jonson's  play  of  that  name,  she  is 
rna^rnetic  in  the  sense  of  making  her  house  attractive,  and 
80  drawing  to  it  a  variety  of  guests. 

Loaisa,  or  Loaysa  (16-i'sii),  Garcia  Jofre  de. 

Born  at  Placencia,  Caceres,  about  1485:  died 
July  30,  1.526.  A  Spanish  captain,  eommenda- 
dor  of  the  order  of  St.  John,  who,  in  1525,  was 
put  in  command  of  a  fleet  destined  to  follow  up 
the  discoveries  of  Magalhaes.  He  left  Spain  with 
7  ships,  July  24,  1,525:  reached  the  Strait  of  JIagellan  iu 
Jan.,  1526-  lost  there  one  of  his  ships:  passed  the  strait 
safely  with  the  rest ;  but  died  during  the  voyage  across  the 
Pacific,    One  ship  only  reached  the  Moluccas, 

Loanda  (16-iin'dii),  properly  Sao  Paulo  de 
Loanda  (san  pou'lo  de  lo-an'dii).  A  seaport 
and  the  capital  of  the  Portuguese  pro'vince  of 
Angola,  Africa,  in  lat.  8°  48'  S.,  long.  13°  13'  E. 
Population,  estimated,  about  14,000. 

LoangO  (16-iing'g6).  A  region  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  extending  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Kongo  to  about  lat.  4°  S.  it  is  now  divided  be- 
tween the  Kongo  Free  State,  Portugal,  and  France. 

Loano  (16-a'n6).  A  small  town  iu  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  coast  39  miles  southwest  of  Genoa. 
Here,  Nov.  23-24,  1795,  the  French  under  Sch^- 
rer  defeated  the  Austrians.  The  victory  was 
mainly  due  to  Massena, 

Loayza(16-i'tha),orLoaysa(16-i'sii),Geronymo 
de.  Born  at  Truxillo.Estremadura,  Spain,  about 
1500 :  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Oct.  25, 1575.  A  Span- 
ish Dominican  ecclesiastic.  He  was  a  missionary 
at  Cartagena,  New  Granada,  1.526-31,  and  in  1537  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  that  diocese :  became  bishop  of  Lima 
in  1543 ;  and  was  the  first  archbishop  in  1548,  During  t  lie 
rebellions  of  Goriziilo  I'iziirro  and  Ginm  he  adhered  to  the 

king,  but  did  his  best  tci  jinv.  Tit  hi Ishcd,    In  15.52  and 

1507  he  presided  over  prnvineial  cnuncils, 

Lobau  (16'bou).  An  island  in  the  Danube,  near 
Vienna.  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  after 
the  battle  of  Aspern  in  1809. 

Lobau  (le'l)ou).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, 41  miles  east  of  Dresden  :  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal toivns  of  ancient  Lusatia.  Population 
(1890),  8,378. 

Lobau.  A  town  in  the  province  of  West  Prus- 
sia, Prussia,  sil  tutted  on  the  Sandelle  75  miles 
southeast  of  Dantzic,   I'opulatioii  (1890).  4, .593. 

Lobeira  (lO-biTe-rU),  or  Loveira  (lo-vu'e-iii), 
VasCO  de.  Born  at  t)p(irto,  IVu-tugal,  about 
the  middle  of  the  14th  century:  died  at  Elvas, 
I'ortugal,  about  1403.  A  Portnguoso  romanee- 
wriler  and  soldier  (in  the  service  of  John  I.  of 
Portugal,  bv  whom  lie  was  knighted  in  1385): 
reputed  author  of  the  famous  romance  "Ainadis 
of  Gaul"  (which  see), 

Lobengula  (lo-bcng-gii'lii).  ['The  defender,'] 
Horn  about  1833 :  died  1894.  Kin^  of  the  Mata- 
liclo  (see  Miit(difle),  a  son  of  Mosilikatso.  He  woa 
lorn;  feared  as  a  powerful  warrior  and  persistent  oppo- 
nent "f  rliristianity  and  civilization  in  his  kingdom  :  but 
lln;dlythe  liritish  "Suntli  African  Conipany  succeeded  in 
otdaining  from  him.  in  exchange  for  imjuTived  firearms 
and  annnunition,  permission  to  settle  in  ilashonaland  and 


Locke,  John 

to  exploit  its  gold-mines.  As  soon  as  the  company  had 
built  Fort  Salisbury  and  supplied  it  well  with  men,  artil- 
lery, ammunition,  and  provisions,  it  provoked  the  ilata- 
bele  with  a  view  to  seizing  their  territory.  In  the  war 
which  ensued,  in  1893,  the  brave  Matabele  re^ments  were 
mowed  down  by  Slaxim  guns  and  dispersed  by  cavalry  iu 
several  engagements,  A  decisive  battle,  in  which  600 
Matabele  and  only  one  white  man  fell,  was  fought  on  Oct, 
23,  some  thirty  miles  from  Buluwayo,  Lobengula's  capital. 
The  latter  was  taken  without  further  resistance  and  the 
king  pursued  as  a  fugitive.  In  his  flight  he  managed  to 
entrap  and  kill  Major  Wilson  and  his  detachment, 

Lobenstein  (16'ben-stin).  A  to-wn  and  health- 
resort  in  Eeuss  (younger  line),  Germany.  39 
miles  south-southeast  of  Weimar.  Population 
(1890),  2,603. 

Lob-Nor  (lob'nor'),  A  lake  in  Eastern  Tur- 
kestan, about  lat,  39°  N.,  long.  89°  E.  It  re- 
ceives the  Tarim,  and  has  no  outlet. 

Lobo  (16'bo).  Jeronimo.  Born  at  Lisbon  about 
1.593 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Jan.  29,  1678,  A  Portu- 
guese Jesuit,  missionary  in  Abyssinia, 

Lobos  (lo'bos)  or  Seal  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  west  of  Peru,  situated  (Lobos  de 
Tierra)  in  lat.  6°  27'  S,,  long.  80°  49'  W.  They 
are  noted  for  guano  deposits. 

Lobositz  (lo'bo-zits).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  sit^ 
uated  on  the  Elbe  35  miles  north-northwest  of 
Prague.  Here,  Oct,  1,  1766,  Frederick  the  Great  de- 
feated flie  Austrians  under  Browne,  Population  (1890), 
commune,  4,269. 

Locarno  (16-kar'n6).  A  to'wn  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  situated  on  Lago  Mag- 
giore  11  miles  west  of  Bellinzona.  It  was  an- 
nexed to. Switzeriand  in  1513.  Pop.  (1888),  2,556. 

Locatelli  (lo-ka-tel'le),  Pietro. '  Born  at  Ber- 
gamo, 1693:  diedat  Amsterdam,  17(i4,  A  noted 
violinist.     He  was  a  pupil  of  Corelli  at  Rome. 

Lochaber(Ioeh-a'ber).  Amountainous  district 
in  the  southern  part  of  Inverness-shire,  Scot^ 
land, 

Lochaber  No  More.  An  air  claimed  for  both 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  of  which  some  two  or  three 
versions  are  extant.  The  source  of  these  is  in  Scot- 
tish minstrelsy  called  "Lord  Ronald  (or,  according  to  Sir 
W,  Scott,  RandaU  my  son."  The  air  in  Ireland  is  known  as 
"Limerick's  lamentation,"  ,  ,  ,  The  verses  "Farewell  to 
Lochaber, "  ending  "And  then  I  '11  leave  thee  and  Lochaber 
no  more,"  were  wi-itten  by  ADan  Ramsay.    Grove. 

Loches  (losh).  A  town  in  the  department  of  In- 
dre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Indre  22 
miles  southeast  of  Tours.  The  chateau,  a  residence 
of  the  old  counts  of  Anjou,  of  the  Plantagenet  kings,  and 
of  the  kings  of  France  as  late  as  the  16th  century,  is  a  great 
pile  of  massive  walls  and  square  and  cylindrical  towers, 
several  of  which  are  occupied  by  the  grim  dungeons  of 
Louis  XI,  It  was  the  place  of  imprisotinient  of  La  Bahie, 
Commines,  and  Sforza.  The  palace,  of  the  16th  and  16th 
centuries,  with  flue  Renaissance  front,  is  now  the  sous-pre- 
fecture. Tlie  interesting  Chapel  of  St.  Ours  displays  rich 
Romanesque  ornament.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
5  132, 

Lochiel's  (loch-elz')  Warning.  A»poem  by 
Thomas  Campbell:  so  called  from  its  subject, 
Donald  Cameron  of  Lochiel. 

LocMn'Var  (loch-in-viir').  A  ballad  in  the  poem 
of  "Marmion,"  by  Sir  Walter  Scott:  so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  liero.  the  young  Lochinvar. 

Lochleven(loeh-le'vn).  A  lake  in  Kinross-shire, 
Scotland,  18  miles  north-northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh. On  an  island  in  it  are  the  remains  of  a  castle 
which  was  the  scene  in  1.567-68  of  the  imprisonment  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  The  Leven  carries  its  waters  to  the 
Firth  of  Forth.     Length,  'S\  miles, 

Lochnagar  (loch-na-giir').  A  mountain  in  the 
southwest  part  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland. 
Heiglit,  3,780  feet. 

Locke  (Ink),  Da'sdd  Ross:  pseudonym  Petro- 
leum V.Nasby.  Born  at  Vestal,  BromeCotiiitv, 
N.  v.,  Sejit.  20,  1833  :  died  in  ]8,S8.  An  Ameri- 
can l"ilit  ical  satirist ,  lie  commenced  in  IStiO  the  pub- 
lication of  the  "  Nasliy  Letters,"  contributed  chiefly  to  the 
"Toledo  Blade." 

Locke,  John.  Born  at  Wrington,  Somerset.  Aug. 
29.  Iti32 :  died  at  dates.  High  Lavcr.  Essex.  Oct. 
'28,  17lM.  A  celebrateil  English  philosopher,  one 
of  the  most  influential  ( hiidsers  of  modem  times. 
His  father  was  a  lawyer,  ami  a  captain  in  the  Parliamen- 
tary army.  Locke  was  educated  at  Westminster  School  (of 
which  Hushy  was  head-master),  and  at  Christ  church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  graduated  in  Feb.,  10.56.  He  contiiuied  to 
reside  at  Oxford,  and  was  for  brief  jieriods  lecturer  on 
Greek,  lecturer  on  rhetoric,  ami  censor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy. In  Dec,  1(W5,  and  Jan.,  1600,  he  accompanied  Sir 
Walter  \'ane  as  secretary  on  a  mission  to  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg.  On  his  return  he  again  went  to  Oxford  to 
study  medicine,  lint  did  not  lake  a  degree.  In  1007  he  he- 
came  a  member  of  the  f.imily  of  tlie  (later)  Fjirl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, at  first  as  physician  and  afterward  as  confldcntlal 
ageiit.  In  1660  he  drew  ni>  a  constitution  for  the  colonists 
of  Carolina,  of  which  Sliattcsbnry  (then  Ashley)  was  one  of 
the  lorils  propriitors,  I'hrongh  his  patron  Locke  was  ap- 
pointed secretitr>'  of  presentations  in  1672.  and  secretary  of 
ihe  council  of  trade  1073-76.  He  visiteil  France  in  1072, 
and  again  1675-79,  After  the  fall  of  Shaftesburv,  l,<Kki- be- 
came an  objcrt  of  suspicion,  and  fouml  it  necessary  (1083) 
to  escape  to  Holland  where  he  remained  luitil  lOS'.i.  In 
this  year  he  became  commissioner  of  appeals.    From  1691 


Locke,  John 

he  resided  at  Gates,  High  Laver.  Essex,  in  the  family  of 
Sir  Franuis  Masham.  His  chief  work  is  the  "Essay  con- 
cerning Humane  Understanding"  (1090:  four  subsequent 
editions,  revised  l>y  Locke,  appeared  1694, 1(395, 1700, 1708). 
Among  his  other  writings  are  several  letters  "Concerning 
Toleration"  (1689  (Latin  and  English),  1090),  "Two  Trea- 
tises on  Government"  (1690),  " Some  Thoughts  concern- 
ing Education  "  (1693),  etc.  Various  collective  editions 
of  his  works  have  been  published.  Locke  was  the  founder 
of  the  English  and  French  "sensational"  philosophy  and 
psycliology,  and  the  skeptical  application  of  his  principles 
by  David  Hume  led  Kant  to  the  development  of  the  "  crit- 
ical "  philosophy. 
Locker  (lok'er),  Frederick.  Born  1821:  died 
May  30,  1895.  Au  English  poet,  writer  of 
'vers  de  soei^t^."    He  niaiTied  as  his  second  wife 


618 

159.5,  probably  written  by  Peele  and  Tilney 
about  1585.  it  has  been  ascribed  to  Shakspere  (from  the 
initials  W.  S.  on  the  title-page)  and  to  Marlowe.  The 
plot  was  taken  from  Holinshed,  based  on  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth. 
Locri  Opuntii  (6-pun'shi-i).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  Greek  people  living  north  of  Boeotia  and 
opposite  Euboea:  so  named  from  Opus,  their 


Logistilla 

ous.  The  chief  islands  are  Hindo,  Langb,  Andb,  Ost-VaagO, 
and  Vest-Vaagd.  The  chief  industry  is  the  cod  and  her^ 
ring  lishery.     Population,  about  20,000. 

Loftus  (lof'tus),  Lord  Augustus  William 
Frederick  Spencer.  Bom  Oct.  4,  1817.  An 
Englisli  diplomatist,  fourth  son  of  the  second 
JIarquis  of  Ely:  ambassador  to  Kussia  1871- 

1879. 


country  of  the  Locri  Epienemidii. 
Locri  Ozolse  (6'zo-le).   In  ancient  geography,  a 
Greek  people  living  along  the  Corinthian  Gulf, 
west  of  Phocis.     The  origin  of  the  name  is 

__     doubtful. 

the  daughter  of  Sir  Curtis  Lampson,  anil  assumed  the  LocriS  (lo'kris).      In  ancient  geography,  a  divi- 


name  of  Locker- Lampson.  Among  his  poems  are  '■  Lon. 
don  Lyrics"  (1867  and  1S70),  "ratchwork"  (1S79).  He 
edited  "  Lyra  Elegantiarum  '  in  1869,  and  contributed  to 
various  periodicals. 

LockerlDie  (lok'er-bi).  A  town  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  11  miles  east-northeast  of  Dum- 
fries.    Population  (1891),  2,391. 

Lockhart  (lok'iirt),  John  Gibson.  Born  at 
Cambusnethan,"  Lanarkshire,  July  14,  1794 : 
died  at  Abbotsford,  Nov.  25,  1854.  A  Scottish 
author 

Scott.  He  became  an  advocate  in  1816 ;  joined  the  staff 
of  "Blackwood's  Magazine"  in  1818;  married  Sophia,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  1820 :  and  edited  the 
"Quarterly  Review"  lS2i>-63.  His  principal  work  is  the 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott"  (7  vols.  1836- 
1838).     Among  his  other  publications  are  "Peter's  Letters 


chief  town.     The  name  sometimes  includes  the  Loftus,  William  Kennett.     Bom  at  Eye,  Eng- 

"        ■  ""   '  '""  laud,  ;ibouf  1820:  died  at  sea,  Nov.,  1858.     An 

English  arehieologist.  He  published  "Travels 
and  Researches  in  Chaldsea  and  Susiana  "  ( 1857), 
etc. 
Log  (log) ,  King.  In  ^sop's  "  Fables,"  a  worth- 
less and  heavy  log  sent  by  Jove  to  the  frogs  who 
prayed  for  a  king.  They  complained  to  him 
of  this  inert  monarch,  and  be  sent  them  a  stork 
who  ate  them  up. 


sion  of  middle  Greece,  occupied  by  the  Locri 
Epienemidii  and  Locri  Opuntii,  or  eastern  Lo- 
crians,  and  the  Locri  Ozolse,  orwestern  Locrians. 
Locusta  (lo-kus'tii).  A  professional  poisoner  Logajl  (16'gan),  George.  Born  at  Stentou,  near 
li\-ing  at  Eome  about  54  A.  D.  Juvenal  speaks  of  Philadelphia,  Sept.  9,  1753:  died  there,  April 
her  as  the  agent  for  ridding  many  a  wife  of  her  husband,  g  ;^goi_  j^  American  poUtieian,  gl'andson  of 
and  Tacitus  as  "long  reckoned  as  among  the  uistrumcnts        '  it     in        „„  ;„  itoo  „i(.i, 

of  government."  Shewas  employed  by  Agrippina  to  pre-  James  Logan.  He  went  to  France  m  1798  with 
pare  a  poison  for  the  emperor  Claudius.     She  was  exe-     the  design  of  averting  a  war  with  that  country, 

._.,  i,,^,.  _„,  ^— -.     cuted  in  the  reign  of  Galba.  and  was  United  States  senator  from  Pennsyl- 

noted  as  the  biographer  of  Sir  Walter  Lodfeve  (16-dav').     A  town  m  the  department  of    ^^nia  1801-07. 

H^rault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Lrgue  Logan,  James.  Born  at  Lurgan,  County  Ar- 
29  miles  west-northwest  of  MontpelUer:  the  magh,  Ireland,  Oct.  20,  1674:  died  near  Ger- 
Eoman  Luteva.  it  has  important  manufactures,  par-  mantown.  Pa.,  Oct.  31,  1751.  An  American 
ticularlj  of  woolen  (military  cloth),  and  contains  a  cathe-     colonial  politician.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Society 

of  Friends,  and  accompanied  William  Penn  to  America  as 


drai.    It  was  formerly  ruled  by  viscounts.     Population 


to  his  Kinsfoik"(i8i9):-;'Adam  B'^'-ir.^'ifKj^and^^.^her  Lodge aoj)_, Henry ;Cabpt.^B_ornat_Bo_ston,Ma^^   f^^;^';} 

and  "The  BalTantyne  Humbug  Handled"  (1839),  ^<>   -^   ^      .       .  -    -  - -^ 


novels;  translations  of  "Ancient  Spanish  ] 


(1891),  commune,  9,060. 


12, 1850.  An  American  historian  and  politician. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1871;  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1876 ;  was  university  lecturer  on  American  history  at 
Harvard  1874-79  ;  was  editor  of  the  "  North  American  Re- 
view "  1873-76,  and  of  the  "  International  Review  "  1879-81 ; 
and  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 


chusetts 1886-93  when  he  was  tr.ansferred  to  the  United  Lggan  (16'gan),  John,  assumed  name  of  Tah- 
States  Senate.    Hehas  pubUshed"A  Short  Histoi-yof  the -"^s^'.'..^.  '^•'-  -     '      - 


English  Colonies  in  America"  (ISSl),  "Alexander  Hamil- 
ton" (1882),  "  Daniel  Webster  "  (1883),  "  Studies  in  History  " 
(1884),  etc. 

Population  Lodge,  Thomas.  Bom  at  West  Ham,  near  Lon- 
don, about  1556 :  died  1625.  An  English  nov- 
elist, dramatist,  lyric  poet,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.     Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Rosalynde 


theBattleof  theSenses"  ^_._   ,, 

War  "  a  tragedy  (1594),  poems  (1689),  "Phillis"  and  "Life 
and  Death  of  William  Longbeard,  etc."  (1693),  "  A  Fig  for 
Momus,"  satires  (1.696).  He  also  wrote,  with  Greene,  an- 
other play,  "A  Looking-glass  for  London  and  England" 
(1594),  wliich  was  very  popular.  t  i_        a  i 

Lodi  (16'de).    A  citv  in  the  province  of  Milan,  Logan,  John  Alexander. 


Lock  Haven  (lok  ha'vn).     A  city,  the  capital 

of  Clinton  County,  Pennsj'lvania,  situated  on 

the  West  Branch 'of  the  Susquehanna,  69  miles 

northwest  of  Harrisburg.     It  has  a  flourishing  lum- 
ber trade.     Population  (190U),  7,210. 
Lockport  (lok'port) .     A  city  and  the  capital  of 

Niagara  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Erie 

Canal  22  miles    north-northeast   of    Buffalo 

It  has  flourishing  manufactures. 

(1900),  16.581. 

Lockrpy  (lok-rwa')  (properly  Simon),  Edou- 
ard  Etienne  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  July 
18, 1838.  A  French  journalist  and  Eadical  poli- 
tician, son  of  J.  P.  Lockroy.  He  was  minister  of 
commerce  and  industry  1886-87;  minister  of  public  in- 
struction 1888  ;  minister  of  marine  1898- June,  1899. 

Lockroy,  Joseph  Philippe  Simon,  called.  Born 
at  Turin,  Feb.  17,  1803:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 
1891.     A  French  dramatist  and  comedian. 

Locksley  (loks'li).  The  name  assumed  by 
Eobin  Hood  at  the  tournament  at  Ashby  de 
la  Zouche,  in  Scott's  "  Ivanhoc." 

Locksley  Hall.  A  poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 
lished in  1842. 

Lockyer(lok'yer),  Sir  (Joseph)  Norman.  Bom 
at  Eugby,  flngland.  May  17, 1836.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  has  published  "Elementary  Les- 
sons in  Astronomy  "  (1868),  "  Contributions  to  Solar  Phys- 
ics" (1873),  "The  Spectroscope"  (1873),  "Studies  in  .Spec- 
trum An.alysis  "  (1878),  "The  Dawn  of  Astronomy  "(1894),  etc. 

Locle  (lok'l),  Le.  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland.  10  miles  northwest  of  Neu- 
ehatel.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of 
watches  (established  in  1680)  and  of  lace.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  11,312.  ^^^^__      ^_^  ^^^  ,„,,„„„. 

Locmariaquer  (lok-ma-ryii-kar').   A  seaport  in  LQ^'onieriaVl*^-'l^-°i^''ri-^)- '  The  Latin  name 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  France,  11  miles     ^^^  medieval  principality  of  "Vladimir  in  Vol- 
west-southwest  of  Vannes,  celebrated  for  me-    jjy^ja  ^Ueh  became  part  of  the  kingdom  ol 
galithic  monuments.  ,.,,.,,  ^,  ,     ,  .        Poland.     The   Emperor   of   Austria-Hungary 

Locofocos  (lo-ko-fo  koz;.    In  United  States  his-    ^,gj^j.g  ^^^  ^^je  of  King  of  Galicia  and  Lodo- 
tory,  the  equal-rights  or  radical  section  of  the     meria 

Democratic  party  about  1835;  by  extension,  in  Lo^gj-g  (16-d6r').     A  cascade  in  Cumberland, 
disparagement,  any  of  the  members  of  that     E„„i.i„d,  near  Keswick. 

party.     The  name  was  given  in  allusion  to  an  incident  LoHovico  (16-d6-ve'k6).    A  kinsman  of  Braban- 
whichoccurredatatumultuousmeetingof  the  Democratic   ""V    r     ,j.     ,  ,     t./v, 

party  in  Tammany  Hall,  New  York,  in  18:»,when  the  radi-   J\0_  in  .'snaKSpeie  S 


his  secretary  in  1699.  He  was  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Pennsylvania  1731-39,  and  as  president  of  the  coun- 
cil was  for  two  years  acting  governor  of  the  colony  after 
the  death  of  Governor  Gordon  in  1736.  He  bequeathed 
over  two  thousand  volumes  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
which  now  form  part  of  the  Philadelphia  Library  under  the 
title  of  the  Loganian  Library.  Hewrote  "  Experimenta  et 
Meletemata  de  Plantarum  Generatione  "  (1739),  etc. 


gah-jute.  Sorn  about  1725:  killed  near  De- 
troit, 1780.  An  Indian  chief.  He -was  a  Cayuga  by 
birth;  lived  many  years  near  Eeedsville,  Pennsylvania,  in 
friendly  intercourse  with  the  whites;  and  became  a  chief 
among  the  Mingoes.  His  family  was  murdered  by  the 
whites  on  the  Ohio  in  1774,  whereupon  he  instigated  a 
war  against  them.  He  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with 
a  party  of  Indians, 


Euphues  Golden  Legacie,  etc. "  (1690),  "Euphues  Shadow :  Logan,  John.     Born  in  Scotland  in  1748 :  djed 

■     -  •••      -  "     -  (lfi9-2),  "The  Wounds  of  the  Civil -""o^"',""-^  --.„„        .    ~  .  .    _      .       ■*» 

oems  1.689).  "Phillis"  and  "Life    at  London,  Dec,  1(88.  _  A 


Scottish  lyric  poet. 
He  published  his  poems,  with  those  of  Michael  Bruce,  in 
1770.  The  much-debated  question  whether  the  "Ode  to 
the  Cuckoo  "is  the  production  of  Bruce  or  of  Logan  is  still 
matter  of  dispute. 

Born  in   Jackson 


italy,'  situated  on  the  Addaln  lat.  45°  18'  N.,  County,  111.,  Feb.  9,  1826:  died  at  Washington, 

long.9°30'E.    It  contains  a  cathedral,  and  the  church  D.  C,  Dec.  26,  1886.    An  American  general  and 

Incoronata,  begun  in  1476  from  a  design  by  Briimante.  statesman,  unsuccessful  Eepublican  candidate 

It  is  especially  noted  for  the  mamifacture  of  Parmesan  foj.  tj^g  -^ice-presidency  in  1884.    Heser%'ed  in  the 

cheese  and  of  uiajolic-u    It  was  founded  by  Frederick  Bar-  Mexican  war;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Hlinois  186»- 

barossa,  in  place  of  the  neighboring  Lodi  \  ecchio  (the  ^ggj    ^^^^g^  „i,h  distinction  in  the  Civil  War  under  Grant 

Roman  Laus  Pompeia),  destroyed  m  1158.     Population  ^  jggj^  j,,  t,,g  Vicksburg  campaign  of  1863,  and  in  north- 

(1891),  18,689.  gj.,1  Georgia  under  Sherman  in  1864 ;  was  member  of  Con- 

T.nHi  Battle  of     A  A-ictory  gained  May  10,  1796,  gress  from  Illinois  1867-71 ;  and  was  I'nited  States  sena- 

by  thfprench  undcT  Napofeon  over  the  Anstri:  t°y,«;iT^; -f  l^'^^-     He  published  "The  Great  Con- 

^fTe"gSfe?stroo6)  ^^^^'Z^Zf^e'lfZT^il  IjOgau  Mount    AmountainsituatedinYulfcn, 

The  Austrians  posted  behind  the  bridge,  numbered,  ac-  Canada,  2o  miles  northeast  of  Mount  St.  Llias, 

cording  to  Thiers,  16,000  (probably  less).    Lannes  was  the  jn  lat.  60°  34'  N.,  long.  140°  24'  W.     Height, 

first  man  across  the  bridge  Napoleon  (who  won  this  day  jg  5^4  f^gj       jj  j     probably  the  highest  moun- 

the  enithet" Little  Corporal  )  the  second.     The  Austrian  .    '     ■     t-t     »t,    \           ■ 

loss  wS  2,500 -the  French  loss,  probably  2,000.     The  tam  m  North  America 

battle  is  known  as  "the  terrible  passage  of  the  bridge  of  Logan,  Oll'Ve.     See  bykes. 

Lodi."    It  was  foUowed  by  the  capture  of^MUan.  Logan's    CrOSS  Eoads,  or  Mill   Springs.      A 

locality  in  Wayne  (bounty,  Kentucky,  on  the 


cal  faction,  after  their  opponents  had  turned  otf  the  gas, 
relighted  the  room  with  candles  by  the  aid  of  locofoco 
matches.  The  Locofoco  faction  soon  disappeared,  but  the 
name  was  long  used  for  the  Democratic  party  in  general 
by  its  opponents.     Often  abbreviated  Locos. 

Locri  Epienemidii  (16'kri  e-pik-ne-mid'i-i).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  Greek  people  dwelling 
along  the  Maliac  Gulf,  north  of  Phocis :  so 
named  from  Mount  Cnemis. 

Locri  Epizephyrii  (ep'''i-ze-fir'i-i),  or  Locri.  In 
ancient  geogi-aphy,  a  citvin  southern  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  coast  in  lat."38°  15'  N.,  long.  16°  15' 
E.  Its  site  is  near  the  modem  Gerace.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Locrians  of  Greece  ;  was  closely  allied  with  Syracuse  in 
the  4th  century  n.  c;  and  vacillated  between  Rome,  Pyr- 
rhus,  and  Carthage  in  the  3d  century  B.  0.  A  Greek  Ionic 
temple  of  Persephone,  of  the  Bth  century  B.  0.,  has  been 
recovered  by  excavation  here. 

Locrine  (16'krin).  Amythioal  Mng  of  England. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Briite  or  Brutus,  and  the  father 
of  Sabrina,  celebrated  in  Milton's  "Conius."  His  story  is 
told  in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth. 

Locrine.     A  tragedy  published  anonymously  in 


Cumberland  Eiver,  where,  Jan.  19,  1862,  the 
Federals  under  Thomas  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates imder  Crittenden.  See  Mill  S^niiigs. 
Logansport  (lo'ganz-port).  Acity  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Cass  County,  Indiana,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Bel  and  Wabash  rivers,  70  miles 
north  by  west  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  flourish- 
ing trade  and  car-works.     Population  (1900), 

:;^^l;^S3^^^r:  iS^aa^goti)  Frie^ichvon,B..inSilga. 

1604:  died  at  Liegnitz,  July  2y,  Ibao.  A  "Pr- 
man  poet.  He  was  councilor  to  the  Duke  of  Brieg  and 
Liegnitz.  He  belonged  to  the  first  Silesian  school  of  poets, 
and  was  the  principal  epigrammatist  of  the  period,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  German  literature.  In  1654 
he  published,  under  the  title  "Sinngedichte"  ('Epi- 
grams "),  a  collection  of  more  than  3,600  poems,  many  of 
which  are,  however,  but  rimed  couplets.  A  complete 
edition  was  published  at  Tubingen  in  1872. 
Loggia  dei  Lanzi  (loj'jii  da'e  land'ze).  A  me- 
dieval vaulted  portico,  one  of  the  characteristic 
buildings  of  Florence,  begun  1374.  The  front  tiM 
three  great  round  arches  with  molded  columns,  a  ncn 
bracketed  cornice  and  balustrade,  and  medallions  of  the 
Theclogical  Virtues  in  the  spandrels.  In  the  portico  are 
placed  Cellini's  "Perseus,"  Donatello's"  Judith,'  and  other 
important  Renaissance  and  antique  statues. 


Othello. 
L6dz(16dz).    A  ci 
kow,EussianPoland 

saw.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Polish  textile  manufacture, 
the  leading  manufacture  being  cotton.  Population  (1897), 
314,780. 

Loegres,  Logres.  The  name  by  which  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth  calls  England,  from  Logris  or 
Locrine,  son  of  the  legendary  King  Brute. 

Lofting  (lef 'ling),  Peter.  Born  at  Tollforsbruch, 
near  Walbo,  Sweden,  Jan.  31, 1729 :  died  m  Ven- 
ezuela, Feb.  22,  1756.  A  Swedish  botanist,  a 
pupil  and  friend  of  Linnseus.  In  1761  he  accom- 
panied a  Spanish  scientific  expedition  to  Venezuela,  and, 
after  traveling  extensively  in  the  province  of  CunianA,went 
to  the  missions  of  Guayana,  where  he  died  of  a  fever.  An 
account  of  his  travels  was  published  in  Swedish,  under  the 
direction  of  Linnseus,  in  1758. 

Lofoten  (16-f6'ten)  (less  correctly  Lofoden  or 


Loffoden  (lof-fo'den))  Islands.  A  group  of  Logic,  Bob.  ^ee  Tow  fl"rf  Jcn.v. 
islands  belongingto  the  province  of  Nordland,  Logistilla (lo-jis-til'la).  In  "  Orlando  Furioso^ 
Norway,  situated  west  of  the  mainland  about  tlie  sister  of  Alcina  and  Morgana.  She  repre- 
lat.  67°  30'  to  69°  20'  N.    The  surface  is  mountain-     sents  reason  or  virtue. 


Logone 

Logone  (16-gd'ne).  A  tribe  of  the  central  Sudan, 
soutlieast  of  Lake  Cliad,  between  Boruu  and 
Bagfiii'Uii.  They  number  about  250, OiX).  They  are  vassals 
of  lioiiiu,  but  ;u'e  self-governing  ;  they  are  related  alike  to 
the  Makaris  and  the  Musgu  ;  and  their  language  is  said  to 
have  affinity  with  Hausa  and  Galla. 

Logrono  (16-gron'y6).  A  pro\'iuee  in  Old  Cas- 
tili-',  Sjtain.  It  is  bounded  by  Alava  and  Navarreon  the 
nurth,  Navarre  and  Saragussa  on  the  east,  Soria  on  the 
soutii,  and  Burgos  on  the  west.  It  beloTigs  to  the  Ebro  val- 
ley.  Area,  1,945  square  miles.     Population  (1887),  181,465. 

Logrono.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Lo- 
jTronn,  situated  on  the  Ebro  about  lat.  42*^  26' 
N..  Ion?;.  2°  36'  W.:  the  Roman  Julia  Bnga. 
Population  (1887),  15,667. 

Logrono,  Pedro.  Bom  at  Guadalajara,  Spain : 
died,  probably  in  Mexico,  after  1567.  A  Span- 
ish priest.  His  "Manual  de  los  adultos  para  bautizar"- 
(known  only  in  a  fragment)  is  probably  the  oldest  existing 
hook  published  in  America.  It  was  printed  at  Mexico  in 
1540. 

Lohardaga  (16-har-da'ga),  or  Lohardugga  (16- 
hiir-dut;'ga).  A  district  in  Beiif^al,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  23°  30'  N.,  long.  85°  E. 
Area,  7,140  square  miles.  Population  (1891) 
1,128,885. 

Loheia,  or  Loheyyah  (16-ha'ya).  A  seaport  in 
Yeiiu'u,  Ai'abia,  situated  on  the  Red  Sea  in  lat. 
lo^  42'  N.,  long.  42°  39'  E.  Population,  5,000- 
6,000. 

Lohengrin  (16'en-grin).  [MHG.  Loherangriiu 
LohctKjrin.^  lu  German  legend,  the  mythical 
knight  of  the  swan,  the  son  of  Parzival,  and 
a  knight  of  the  Holy  Grail.  He  is  carried  in  a  boat 
drawn  by  a  swan  to  Antwerp,  where  he  becomes  the  hus- 
band of  the  Princess  of  Brabant,  on  the  condition  that  she 
ehalt  never  ask  his  name.  She  nevertheless  breaks  the 
agreement,  and  the  swan  comes  with  the  boat  and  bears 
him  away  to  the  Grail.  Allusion  is  made  to  his  history  at 
the  end  of  the  poem  "Parzival,"  written  by  Wolfram  von 
E8chenbach  between  1205  and  1215.  He  is  also  mentioned 
in  the  "Titurel,"  written  by  one  Albrecht  between  1260 
and  1270 ;  and  the  same  legend  is  the  subject  of  the  poem 
"Schwanritter"  ("The  Swan  Knighf'X  by  Konrad  von 
Wurzburg  (died  1287),  who  does  not,  however,  connect 
his  hero  with  the  Grail.  A  poem,"  Lohengrin,"  later  re- 
modeled under  the  name  "  Lorengel,"  written  by  an  un- 
known author  in  Bavaria  before  1290,  gives  a  detailed 
history  of  the  mythical  knight.  The  legend  has  been 
localized  on  the  lower  Rhine  as  well  as  on  the  8chelde. 

Lohengrin.  A  romautie  drama,  composed( words 
and  iiiii.sie)  by  Ki<-Uard  Wagner  in  1847,founded 
on  the  poem  of  "Lohengrin."  It  was  first  produced 
at  Weimar  under  the  direction  of  Liszt  in  1850,  and  was 
produced  at  London  May  S,  1875. 

Lohenstein  (lo'en-stin),    Daniel  Kaspar  von. 

Born  at  Niraptseh,  Silesia,  Jan.  2^i,  1635:  died 
at  Breslau,  April  28, 1683.  A  German  poet  of 
the  second  Silesian  school. 

Lohr  (lor).  A  town  in  Lower  Franconia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  on  the  Main  40  miles  east  by  south 
of  Frankfort.     Population  (1890),  4,207.* 

Loi  (loi),  or  Baloi  (bii-loi').  A  Bantu  tribe  set- 
tled on  the  lower  Mobangi  River  in  the  Kongo 
State  and  French  Kongo. 

Loigny'(lwii^i-ye').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Kure-et-Loir,  France,  south  of  Chartres.  it 
gives  name  to  the  battle  of  Loigny-Poupry,  Dec.  2,  1870, 
gahicd  by  the  Germans  under  the  Grand  Uuke  of  Met-klen- 
biirg  over  the  French  under  Aurelle  de  Paladines,  and 
forming  part  of  the  battle  bi-foie  Orleans. 

Loir  (Iwiir).  A  river  of  nortliwestem  France, 
joining  the  Sarthe  5  mile.s  north  of  Anf^crs.  the 
Roman  Liderieus.     Length,  about  190  miles. 

Loire  (Iwar).  The  largest  river  of  Franco:  the 
Koman  Liger.  it  rises  in  the  Gerbier-des-.Toncs,  de- 
partmentof  Ardeche,  flows  tirst  toward  the  north  an<l  then 
toward  the  west,  and  falls  into  the  liay  of  liiscay  at  St.- 
Nftzaire,  33  mihs  west  of  Nantes.  It  is  iiotcd  for  its  inun- 
datintis,  and  is  inipoi-tant  in  history.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Allier,  Cher,  Indre,  and  Vienne  on  the  left,  and  the 
Maine  on  the  right.  Length,  over  GOO  miles  ;  navigable 
for  ships  to  Nantes. 

Loire.  A  department  of  central  France.  Capi- 
tal, St.-fitiennO.  It  is  hounded  by  Allier  on  the  north- 
Wfcst^.Samie-ct-Luiro  on  the  north.  Rhone  and  Isere  on  the 
east.  Ardr(-hc  on  the  south,  Haute- Luiru  on  the  southwest, 
and  l'uy-de-l>OTue  on  the  west,  and  formed  imrl  of  the  an- 
cient Lyonnais.  The  snrfne.e  is  largely  mountainous.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  river  Loire,  and  has  important  indus- 
tries, especially  coal-mining  and  dependent  mainifactures. 
Area,  1,828  square  miles.     Population  (1801),  010,227. 

Loire_,  Army  of  the.  1.  A  French  army  im- 
provised after  tlu*  battle  of  Sedan  (Sept.  1, 
1870)  for  the  relief  of  Paris.  It  was  eommanded 
by  Aurelle  do  Pahulines.— 2.  After  the  begin- 
ning of  Dec,  1H70,  the  part  of  the  first  army 
commanded  })y  ( 'haiizy  (the  remaining  part  be- 
ing connniunled  by  Pourbaki). 

Loire,  Haute-.    See  Ihiute-Loirc 

Loire-Inf^rieure  (Iwjlr'au-fa-ryt^r')-  A  depart- 
ment of  western  France,  (.'apital,  Nantes.  It 
is  bounded  by  Morbihan  and  Illc-et-Vilaine  on  tlie  north, 
Maine-et-Loire  on  the  oast,  Vendt^e  on  the  smith,  and  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west,  and  formed  part  of  the  ancient 
Brittany.    The  surface  is  Hat.     It  has  llourisliing  agricul- 


619 

tural  industries,  commerce,  and  manufactures.  Area, 
2,«53  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  &i5,2(i3. 

Loiret  (Iwii-ra').  A  department  of  eentral 
France.  Capital,  Orleans.  It  is  bounded  by  Eure- 
et-Loiron  the  northwest,  Seine-et-Oise  and  Seine-et-Marne 
on  the  north,  Vonne  on  the  east,  Nievre,  Cher,  and  Luii-et- 
Cher  on  the  south,  and  Loir-et-Cher  on  tlu-  west,  being 
formed  principally  from  part  nf  th--  anei._nt  Orleanais.  It 
has  flourishing  agricultural  iinhistries  and  manufactures. 
Area,  2,t)14  squai-e  miles.     Population  (Ifc^ltl),  ;J77,718. 

Loir-et-Cher  (Iwiir'a-shar').  A  department  of 
central  France.  Capital,  Blois.  It  is  bounded  by 
Eure-et-Loir  on  the  north,  Loiret  on  the  northeast,  Cher 
on  the  southeast,  Indre  on  the  south,  Indre-et-  Ix)ire  on  the 
southwest,  and  Sarthe  on  the  northwest,  being  formed 
from  parts  of  (irleanais  and  a  small  part  of  Touraine.  It  is 
a  rich  agricultural  department.  Area,  2,451  square  miles. 
Population  US91),  28U,358. 

Loja,  or  Loxa  (lo'Ha).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Jenil  29  miles 
west  of  Granada,  it  was  formerly  a  strong  fortress. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  I486.  Population  (1887), 
19,120. 

Loja,  or  Loxa  (lo'Ha).  A  town  in  Ecuador, 
about  lat.  3°  55'  S.,  long.  79°  25'  W. :  noted  for 
cinchona.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Loka(16'ka).  [Skt./ world.']  A  world,  in  Hin- 
du works,  the  triloka,  or  three  worlds,  are  generally  heaven, 
earth,  and  hell.  Another  division  gives  seven,  exclusive  of 
seven  hells  (patalas).  The  upper  worlds  are  (1)  the  earth ;  (2) 
the  space  Ijetween  earth  and  sun,  the  region  of  the  saints  ; 
(3)  Indra's  heaven,  between  the  sun  and  the  pole-star  ;  (4) 
Maharloka,  the  usual  abode  of  Bhrigu  and  other  saints; 
(5)  the  abode  of  Brahma's  sons,  Sanaka,  Sananda,  and  Sa- 
natknmaia ;  (6)  the  abode  of  the  Vairagins ;  (7)  the  abode  of 
Bralima.  The  first  three  are  destroyed  at  the  end  of  each 
kalpa,  orday  of  Brahma;  the  last  four  at  the  end  of  his  life. 
The  Sanlvhya  and  Vedanta  schools  recognize  eight  lokas: 
(1)  that  of  the  superior  deities ;  (2)  that  of  the  Pitris,  Rishis, 
and  Prajapatis;  (3)  that  of  the  moon  and  planets;  (4)  that 
of  the  inferior  deities;  (5)  that  of  theGandharvas;  (6)  that 
of  the  Rakshasas ;  (7)  that  of  the  Yakshas ;  (S)  that  of  the 
Pishachas.     See  these  words. 

Lokapalas  (lo-ka-pii'laz).  [Skt,/ guardians  of 
the  world.']  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  deities 
who  preside  over  the  eight  points  of  the  com- 
pass: f.  e.j  the  four  cardinal  and  four  interme- 
diate, Theyarelndra,  E. ;  Agni,  S.E. ;  Yama,  R.  ;  Surya, 
S.W.  ;  Varuna,  \V.;  Vayu,  N.W.;  Kuvera,  N.;  Soma,  N.  E. 
Each  of  these  has  an  elephant  who  helps  to  protect  the 
region  :  these  ai'e  also  known  as  Lokapalas. 

Lokeren  (lo'ker-en).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Durme  23  miles  northwest  of  Brussels.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  19,667. 

Loki  (lo'ke).  [ON.:  lok,  end;  IJiikOy  liika,  to 
close,  end.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  god 
of  destruction.  His  father'was  the  giant  Farbauti  ({_)X. 
Fdrbanti),  Iiis  mother  Laufey  or  Nal  (ON.  Ndl).  By  the 
giantess  Angurboda  (ON.  Awjrbodha)  he  had  3  children: 
the  Midgard-serpent,  the  Fenris-wolf,  and  Hel.  Loki 
had  throughout  a  twofold  nature.  He  was  of  handsome 
appearance  but  of  evil  dispositiim,  and  was  at  the  same 
time  the  friend  and  the  enemy  of  the  gods.  For  his  evil 
deeds  he  was  finally  seized  by  tlie  gods  and  hound.  Over 
Jiim  was  set  a  serpent  whose  poison  would  have  fallen  in 
drops  upon  his  face  IkkI  not  his  w  ifo,  Sigyn,  caught  them 
in  a  bowl.  He  was  freed  at  Ragnaruk,  when  he  and  Heim- 
dall  slew  each  other. 

Lokman  (lok-man')-  [Ar.  Luqmdn,  called  *'  The 
Wise.'']  The  reputed  author  of  a  collection  of 
faliles  in  Arabic.  Luqman  is  the  title  of  the  3lst  su- 
rah  of  the  Koran,  in  the  11th  verse  of  which  are  found  the 
words  *'  We  gave  to  Lucjman  wisilom."  To  this  shadowy 
character  have  been  ascribed  the  circumstances  and  say- 
ings of  a  number  of  nK-n  :  lienee  Lokman  has  been  rep- 
resented as  a  nephew  of  Job  or  Abraham,  a  councilor  of 
David  or  Solomon,  Balaam,  an  ugly  Ethiopian  slave,  a  king 
of  Yaman.  a  tailor,  a  carpenter,  a  shepherd.  The  fables 
arevery  likr  ilin^f  .,i  i;>up,  jnid  still  more  like  those  of  Syn- 
tipas.  M;iii\  ;ir.  •>]  (itctk  oiJLiiTi,  and  a  immber  of  them 
go  back,  ;is  dn  Uii>  iiililcs  of  I'ilpay,  to  Indian  originals. 
They  were  llrstput  into  their  intsent  form  by  an  F-u'yptian 
Christian  named  Bai.snuKi,  j  tubal dy  toward  tin-  end  of  the 
13th  century.  They  wvn-  tlrst  I'ditcd  (with  a  Latin  tians- 
lation)  by  i^rpeniua  (Leydcn,  Hilf>).  liecent  editions  are  by 
Rodiger(--id  ed.  1839)  and  DcreidKuirg  (1850). 

Lola  Montez.     See  GUhcrt,  Marie  1).  E.  11. 

Lollards  (lol'ardz).  [From  MD.  LoUacrd,  one 
who  mumbles  prayers  or  hymns.]  1.  A  semi- 
monastic  society  foi"  Ihecart^  of  tlu^  sick  and  I  lie 
burial  of  the  dead, which  originated  at  Antwerp 
aboutiaOO.  AlsoeaIh'iUV7//7r.s-.— 2.  TheKnglish 
followers  of  Wyolif.  Mdlicrcnts  of  a  wide-spread 
movoment,i)artly])olitieal  and  socialistic, 'and  in 
some  respects  anticipating  Protestantism  and 
Puritanism,  in  tlie  14th  and  15th  centuries.  They 
were  also  called  Bible  men,  from  their  reverence  for  the 
Bible.  They  dittered  on  some  judnts  both  nnntng  them- 
selves and  fiom  Wyclif,  but  in  the  nntln  condemned  the 
use  of  inuiges  in  Lhurehes,  pilgrimages  to  the  tombs  of 
saints,  the  temporal  loidwliip  of  the  clergy,  the  hierarchi- 
cal organization,  pajial  aiUhorily.  rdigluus orders,  ecclesi- 
astical flccoratioiis,  tin-  cirrinony  of  the  muss,  the  tloc- 
trine  of  transubstantiatjon,  \vai:ing  of  wars,  and  capital 
punishment-.  ^>onieot  lluni  engagi'd  in  seditious  proceed- 
ings, and  they  were  severely  i)ersecuted  for  more  than  a 
hundred  years,  especially  after  the  adoption  of  a  special 
statute  ("  De  hroretico  e(unburendo  ")  against  them  in 
1401.  Lolhirds  were  very  numemn.H  at  the  close  of  the 
14th  centin-y.and  perhai>s  fiirrne<l  later  part  of  the  Lancas- 
trian i>arty  in  the  Wars  of  the  Hoses. 


Lombard  street 

Lolli(lol'le),  Antonio.  Born  at  Bergamo, Italy, 
about  1730 :  died  in  Sicily,  1802.  A  noted  Ital- 
ian violinist.  He  played  with  success  in  Stuttgart,  St. 
Petersburg,  Paris,  and  infrequently  at  London,  "Owing  to 
the  eccentricity  of  his  styleof  composition  and  execution, 
he  was  regarded  as  a  madman  by  most  of  the  audience." 
liurnen.  Hist,  ilusic,  IV.  680. 

Lollius  (lol'i-us).  An  imknown  author  from 
wliom  Chaucer  professed  to  have  derived  various 
thinp^s  in  his  poems.  He  seems  to  stand  for  Petiarch, 
Boccaccio,  and  others,  and  '"occupies  in  English  pot-try 
very  much  the  same  position  as  .lunius  in  English  i>olitics"' 
{Lounnbury,  Studies  in  Chatn-er,  11,  411). 

Lolo  (lo'lo),  or  Balolo  (ba-16'16).  A  great 
Bantu  nation  of  the  Kon^o  State,  occupying  the 
basins  of  the  Lulongo,  Tshuapa,  and  Lomami 
rivers  in  the  horseshoe  bend  of  the  Kongo  Kiver, 
between  Lake  Leopold  and  Stanley  Falls. 

L'Olonnois  (16-lo-n\va'),  FranQois.  Died  in 
Costa  Rica  about  1668.  A  French  bucaneer 
and  pirate,  noted  for  his  ferocity.  He  was  trans- 
ported to  the  West  Indies  for  crimes,*  joined  the  buca- 
neers  as  a  common  sailor,  rose  to  high  command  among 
them,  ami  from  166(3  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Central  Ameri- 
ca. He  waseventually  wrecked,  and  was  killed  by  Indians. 
His  real  name  is  supposed  to  have  been  Jacques  Jean 
David  Nan. 

Lolos  (lo'loz).  A  race  of  aborigines  in  west- 
ern China,  on  the  Tibetan  frontier, 

Lom  (lorn).  A  river  in  Bulgaria,  joining  the 
Qanube  atRustchuk.  It  was  the  scene  of  Turk- 
ish victories  over  the  Russians,  Aug.-8ept., 
1877. 

Lomami  (16-ma'me).  One  of  the  great  afflu- 
ents of  the  Kongo  River,  which  it  joins  on  the 
left  bank  midway  between  Stanley  Falls  and 
the  Aruwimi,  it  has  its  source  near  lat.  10°  S.,  and  its 
mouth  near  lat.  I'N., running  parallel  witli  the  Lu:Uaba 
from  south  to  noi-th.  It  was  discovered  by  Cameron,  and 
is  also  called  Boloko.  Lomami  is  also  the  name  of  an 
affluent  of  the  Saukuru. 

Lombard  (lom'bard),  Peter,  L.  Petrus  Lom- 
bardus  (pe'trus  lom-bar'dus).  Born  at  No- 
vara,  Italy,  about  1100 :  died  at  Paris,  1160.  An 
Italian  theologian,  appointed  bishop  of  Paris 
in  1159.  He  was  surnamed  "  Master  of  Sentences,"  from 
his  work  "Sententiarum  libri  IVC'l-'our  Books  of  Sen- 
tences ").     See  Book  of  Sentences. 

Lombard!,  I.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at  La 

Scala,  Milan,  in  1843.  Much  of  the  music  was 
afterward  used  by  him  in  the  opera  "  Gerusa- 
lemme." 

LombardLeague.  An  association  betweenBres- 
cia,  Bergamo,  Mantua,  Verona,  Cremona,  Tre- 
viso,  and  other  cities  of  Lombardy  and  north- 

'  ern  Italy,  founded  in  1167  for  protection  against 
Frederick  Barbarossa.  it  rebuilt  Milan,  dtfeated 
Frederick  at  Legnaiio  in  1176,  and  secured  liberties  by  the 
peace  of  Constance  in  1183.  It  was  renewed  against  Fred- 
erick II.  in  1226. 

Lombardo  (lom-bar'do),  Pietro.  Died  in  1515. 
A  Venetian  architect.  The  name  Lombardo  was  the 
patronymic  of  many  north  Italian  artists  who  ttourished  in 
Venice  from  the  middle  of  the  15tli  to  the  begimungof  the 
ICth  century.  It  is  associated  with  a  large  class  of  wnrks 
peculiar  to  tlie  early  Renaissance  in  Venice.  The  most 
definite  personality  of  the  school  is  Tietro  the  architect, 
to  whom  are  attributed  two  altars  in  the  clioir  of  San 
Marco  (1462,  1471),  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria  dci  Mira- 
coli  (begun  in  1480),  the  monument  to  Dante  (1482)  at  Ka- 
venna,  the  Vendramini  palace,  the  tomb  of  Doge  Tietro 
Mocenigo  in  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  ami  the  Moro  chapel 
in  San  Giobbe.  He  was  nnnlo  director  of  public  works 
aiai'ch  15,  1400.  The  anonymous  marbles  which  have  been 
classed  as  belonging  to  the  school  of  the  Lombardi  coni- 
preliend  nearly  all  the  Renaissance  work  produced  about 
1475-1550.  Martino  Lombardo  is  also  noted  as  liaving 
built  the  Rcuola  di  San  Marco  and  (he  San  Zaecaria  in 
Venice.  It  is  not  known  whether  or  not  he  was  the  son 
of  Pietro.  To  the  Lombanli  family  also  belong  Tullio,  An- 
tonio, and  <;inlio  (sons  of  I'ietro),  Santi,  and  .Moro.  The 
last  i>robaldy  came  from  Bergannt. 

Lombardo-Venetian  Kingdom.    A  kiiifrdom 

const ilutud  by  Austria,  in  ISl'iout  of  the  Italiiin 
territories  assigned  to  her  by  the  Conjjrcss  of 
Vienna,  it  comprises  Lombardy.  Venetia,  and  Mantua.- 
Lombardy  was  ceded  to  Victor  Krnnmnuel  in  ISfi!'.  ami 
Vcuetiii  ittid  Mantua  were  surriiuU-rid  to  him  in  IxitV 

Lombards  (loni'biird/,.  ]\>riiicrly  Inni'bjiiNlz). 
[Appar.  'long-beards. 'J  Tlu-  natives  or  inhab- 
itants of  Lombardy  in  Italy.  The  name  is  used 
more  specillcally  for  the  memlicrs'  of  the  Germanic  liibu 
(Longobards)  whoaliout  5(i8,  under  Alboin,  cominered  the 
part  of  muthern  Italy  still  called  Lond>jirdy,  and  fv>unded 
the  kingdom  of  that  name,  which  was  afterward  extended 
over  a  much  larger  territory,  ami  wns  tlnally  overthrown 
by  Charlemagne  in  7M.  In  old  London  the  name  I.om- 
biu'ds  was  generic,  and  was  applied  to  foreiut  merchanta 
from  southern  Kurope,  but  more  esiu'ciallj-^o  represen- 
tatives of  the  great  houses  of  Die  northern  Italian  cities. 
They  also  i-stablisbed  lhemselvef>  in  France,  chielly  at 
Nim'es  iind  Moutpellier.     i^ee  Ltnuhard  strct'f. 

Lombard  street.  A  street  in  the  City, London, 
where  the  Ijombard  merchants  of  the  middlo 
ages  established  themselves  before  the  n^gn 
ot'  Kdwnrd  II.  with  theGermansof  the  Steelyard  tliey 
engrossed  the  more  pnilltable  branches  of  English  lr:ide. 
The  goMsmiths  weem  to  have  had  the  most  re:id>  moTuy. 
On  occasion  they  lent  money  on  interest,  and  gradually 


Lombard  street 

took  up  the  business  of  banking,  as  it  was  then  understood. 
Tliey  did  not  call  themselves  bankers,  bat  kept  'Tiiuaing 
cashes"  or  current  accounts.  In  1077  there  were  no  lees 
than  thirty-seven  goldsmiths  keeping  "running  cashes" 
in  Lombard  street.  The  seizure  by  Charles  I.  of  £200,000 
stored  in  the  Tower  forced  them  tu  keep  their  money  in 
circulation,  and  was  practically  the  origin  of  modern  sys- 
tematic banking.  (Compare  Lombards.)  Lombard  street 
is  now  a  great  banking  center. 
Lombardy  (lom'bar-di).  A  Teutonic  kingdom, 
founded  in  568  by  Alboin,  which  comprised  at 
its  height  a  large  part  of  northern  and  central 
Italy.  Its  capital  was  P.avia.  Various  Lombard  duchies 
(as  Benevenfco)  were  founded  further  south  in  Italy.  See 
Lombards. 

Lombardy.  [It.  Xombardia.']  A  eompartimento 
in  northern  Italy.  It  includes  the  provinces  Como, 
Milan.  Pavia,  Bergamo,  Sondrio,  Brescia,  Cremona,  and 
Mantua,  comprising  the  alpine  and  subalpine  regions  in 
the  north  and  the  Lombard  plain  of  the  Po. 

Lombardy.  A  theme  (province)  of  the  Byzan- 
tine empire,  in  the  early  part  of  the  middle 
ages,  situated  in  southeastern  Italy. 

Lombok,  or  Lomboc  (lom-bok')-  -Aji  island  of 
the  Lesser  Sunda  group.  East  Indies:  the  native 
Tauah  Sasak.  it  is  separated  from  Bali  on  the  west  by 
the  Strait  of  Lombok,  and  from  Sumbawa  on  the  east  by  the 
Strait  of  Alias.  The  surface  is  gt-nerally  niountainous. 
It  is  under  native  rulers,  and  the  inhabitants  are 
chietlySassaks  (Mohammedan).  Area,  about  2,000  square 
miles. 

Lombroso  (lom-br6'z6),  Cesar.  Born  at  Ven- 
ice, Nov.,  1836.  A  noted  Italian  criminologist 
and  alienist.  Among  his  works  are  "TheCriminal:  an 
Anthropological  and  Medico-legal  Study,"  "The  Man  of 
Genius,""Epileptic  Insanity,"  "  Political"  Crime  and  Revo- 
lutions," "The  Physiognomy  of  the  Anarchist,"  and  "The 
Female  Offender  '  with  William  Ferreri  (I8K4). 

Lombroso,  Jacob  or  John.  A  Jewish  physician 
who  lived  in  the  colony  of  Maryland  1656-65. 
He  practised  his  profession  and  acquired  land ;  was  ar- 
rested on  the  charge  of  blasphemy  ;  but  escaped  through 
the  general  amnesty  proclaimed  by  Kichard  CromweU. 

Lome  (lo'ma).  The  principal  port  of  Togoland, 
Slave  Coast,  western  Africa. 

Lome  Arme.     See  Momme  Jrme,  L'. 

Lomenie  (lo-ma-ne'),  Louis  Leonard  de.  Bom 
at  St.-Yrieix,  Haute-Vienne,  France,  Dec.  3, 
1815 :  died  at  Menton,  France,  April  2,  1878. 
A  French  man  of  letters,  author  of  "Galerie 

des  contemporains"  (1840-47),  "  Beaumarehais 
et  son  temps"  (1855),  etc. 


620 


Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 


"wrds'w!.rtt'wel?Ham'r2;:  Londonderry,  Marquises  of. 

Woolwich.    The  Univeisity      '  ""'-J« '"/'*«'->'<- «")■?. 


liamentary  purposes  London  is  divided  into  f8  coustitu- 

encit-s  with  1  member  eacii,  except  the  City,  which  returns 

2  members  (West  Ham  is  sometimes  included  in  parlia- 
mentary London,  making  60  divisions):  Battersea,  Ber- 

niondsey,  Bethnal  Green  (2),  Bow  and  Bromley.  Brixtnn, 

Camberwell  North,  Chelsea,   City  of  London,"  Clapham, 

Deptford,  Dulwidi,    Finsbury  (2).  Fulhani,   Greenwich, 

Hackney    (3),  Haggerston,    Hammei-smith,   Hampstead, 

Holbiirn,  Hoxton,  Islington  (il,  Kensington  (2),  Lambeth 

(2),  Lewisham,  Liniehouse,    Marj'lebone  (2),  jlile  End, 

Nenington  West,  Norwood,   Paddington  (2),  Peckham, 

Poplar,  Kotherhithe,  St.  George   (Hanover  Square),  St. 

George  s-in-the-East,  St.  Pancras    ■-■"■•         ■ 

Stepney,  Strand,  Walworth, 

Westminster,  Whitechapel 

of  London  is  also  represented,  London  was  prohablv  LoudoU  ProtOCOl 
an  ancient  British  town.  It  appears  to  have  been  reset, 
tied  by  the  Romans  about  43  A.  u..  and  Londinium  ^called 
also  Augusta)  was  the  capital  of  Britannia  in  the  last  part 
of  the  Roman  period,  .\fter  the  departure  of  the  Romans 
(about  410)aud  in  the  early  Saxon  period  its  history  is  ob- 
scure, though  there  were  bishops  of  London  from  the  7th 
century.  It  was  plundered  by  the  Danes,  and  rebuilt  by 
Alfred  and  Athelstan.  It  received  a  charter  from  Wil- 
liam I.,  and  many  privileges  from  Henry  I.  By  the  14th 
century  its  commerce  had  greatly  developed.  The  insur- 
rection of  Wat  Tyler  occurred  in  13S1.  London  sided  with 
the  Yorkists  in  the  T.'ars  of  the  Roses,  and  with  the  Par- 
liamentarians in  the  civil  war.  It  was  scourged  by  the 
plague  in  1C6.5,  and  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  the 
great  fire  of  1666.  A  financial  panic  happened  in  1720,  and 
the  "  No- Popery  "  riots  in  1780.  The  "Great  E-thibition  " 
of  1851  was  the  first  of  the  international  expositions ;  it  was 
followed  by  another  in  1862.  (Forvariousobjects  of  inter- 
est (the  British  Museum,  the  GuiHhall,  the  Monument, 
the  National  Caller;-,  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  Eoyal 
Academy,  St,  Paul's  Cathedral,  the  Tower,  Westminster 
Abbey,  ete.X  and  for  very  many  local  details,  see  the  spe- 
cial headings.)    The  London  Government  Act  of  1899  di 


lanticon  the  north,  Antrim  and  Lough  Neagh  on  the  east, 
Tyrone  on  the  south,  Tyrone  and  Donegal  on  the  west,  and 
Lough  Foyle  on  the  northwest.  Its  chief  manufacture  is 
linen.  Area,  816  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  152.009. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Londonderry, 
situated  on  the  Foyle  in  lat.  '55°  N.,  long.  7°  19' 
W.  :  formerly  called  Derry.  its  chief  manufacture 
is  linen.  It  contains  a  cathedral.  A  monastery  was  founded 
here  by  Columba  in  546.  The  city  is  celebrated  tor  its  buc- 
cessf  ul  defense  by  the  Irish  Protectants  against  James  II 
(April-Aug.,  16S9).    Population  (1891),  32,893. 

See  Stewart  a.ti 


vided  the  administrative  county  of  London  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  City)into  28  municipal  boroughs :  Battersea, 
Bermondsey,  Bethnal  Green,  Camberwell,  Chelsea,  Dept^ 
ford,  Finsbury,  Fulham,  Greenwich.  Hacknev,  Hammer- 
smith, Hampstead,  Holbom,  Ishnirtnn,  Kensiiigton.  Lam- 
beth, Lewisham,  Marylebone,  Paddington,  Poplar,  .St. 
Pancras,  Shorcditch,  Southwark,  Stepnev,  Stoke  Newlng- 
tou,  Wandsworth,  Westminster,  Woolwich. 

London.     A   city  and  the  capital  of  Middle- 
sex County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
Thames  in  lat.  43°  N.     It  is  a  manufacturing 
and  commercial  center.      Population   (1901) 
37,983.  '' 

London,  Convention  of.  A  convention  con- 
cluded between  England  and  France,  Oct.  22, 
1832,  for  the  purpose  of  coercing  Holland  into 
withdrawing  its  troops  from  Belgium. 


Lpm^nie  de  Brienne  (16-ma-ne'  de  bre-eu'),  London,  Treaty  of.     The  name  of  a  number  of 


Etienne  Charles  de.  Born  at  Paris,  1727:  died 
in  prison,  Feb.  15-16, 1794.  A  French  politician 
and  prelate.  Hebecame  archbishop  of  Toulouse  in  1763 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  in  1787 ;  and 
succeeded  Calonne  as  comptroller-general  of  finances  in 
1787.  He  was  made  premier  and  archbishop  of  Sens  in 
178S,  but  was  forced  to  resign  the  premiership  in  the  same 
year,  after  having  convoked  the  States-Geneml  for  May  1, 
1789,     He  was  succeeded  by  Necker. 

Lomond  (16'mond;,  Loch.  A  lake  in  Scotland, 
the  largest  in  Great  Britain,  it  lies  between  Dum- 
bartonshire on  the  west  and  Stirlingshire  on  the  east,  and 
is  famous  for  its  beauty.  Length,  25  miles.  Greatest  width, 
7  miles.    Its  outlet  is  the  Leven. 

Lomwe  (lo'mwe).     See  Kua. 

Lomza  (lom'zha).  1.  A  government  of  Russian 
Poland,  bordering  on  East  Prussia.  Area.  4,667 
square  miles.  Population  (1887-89),  608.683.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Lomza, 
situated  on  the  Narew  78  miles  northeast  of 
"n'arsaw.     Population  (1890).  18,405. 


treaties  concluded  at  London  between  England 
and  other  powers,  chief  among  which  are  the 
following,  (o)  The  treaty  of  July  6, 1S27,  between  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Russia,  whereby  those  powers  agreed 
to  compel  Turkey  and  Greece  to  accept  their  mediation 
with  a  view  to  restoring  peace  in  the  East.  Greece  was 
to  be  made  autonomous  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  sul- 
tan, the  Mohammedan  population  wag  to  be  removed,  and 
the  Greeks  were  to  receive  possession  of  all  Turkish  prop- 
erty in  Greece  on  the  payment  of  an  indemnity.  The  of- 
fer of  mediation  was  rejected  by  Turkey,  which  resulteti 
in  armed  intervention,  (b)  The  treatyof  Nov.  15,  lb31, 
between  Great  Britain,  France,  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Rus- 
sia, for  the  settlement  of  the  Belgian  question.  It  pre- 
scribed, among  other  things,  that  Belgium  and  Holland 
should  bear  separately  the  debts  which  they  had  contracted 
before  the  union,  and  that  they  should  share  the  liabili- 
ties contracted  since.  The  treaty  was  eventually  carried 
out.  (c)  The  treaty  of  1832  between  England,  France, 
Russia,  and  Bavaria,  by  which  the  crown  of  Greece  was 
given  to  Frederick  Otho.  second  son  of  the  king  of  Bava- 
ria,    (d)  The  treaty  of  ilarch  13.  1871,  by  which  the  signa- 


1.  The  protocol  of  May  8. 
1852,  Ijy  which  the  gi-eat  powers  recognized 
Prince  Christian  of  (jliicksburg  and  his  male 
descendants  as  heirs  to  Denmark,  includinir 
Schleswig  and  Holstein.     It  was  not  ratified  by 

'  the  German  Diet  or  the  estates  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein.— 2.  The  protocol  of  March  31, 1877. 
by  which  the  great  powers  called  upon  Turkey  to 
make  peace  with  Montenegro  and  to  carry  "out 
certain  reforms  affecting  the  Christian  popula- 
tions in  the  sultan's  dominions.  It  was  rejected 
by  the  Porte,  and  Russia  alone  took  up  arms 
against  Turkey. 

London  "Wall.  A  Roman  wall  built  between  3."<0 
and  369  around  London.  It  inclosed  380  acres.  There 
were  two  gates  in  it  —  the  western  gate,  now  Newgate,  for 
the  Pretorian  way  or  Watling  street;  and  the  northern 
gate,  for  the  road  to  York,  or  Ermine  street,  now  Bishops- 
gate.  Therewasalso-agateat  thebridgeat  Dowgate,  ai;d 
possiblyone  at  Billingsgate,  During  the  Danish  invasion 
the  wall  was  broken  down,  but  was  restored  by  Alfred  in 
886.  Posterns  were  then  opened  at  Ludgate,  at  Cripple- 
gate,  and  probably  at  what  was  later  iloorgate.  The  wall 
was  kept  up  till  compiiratively  modern  times,  and  frag, 
ments  of  it  are  stUl  discernible.  The  most  notable  portion 
is  in  the  street  now  called  London  Wall,  between  Wood 
street  and  Aldermanbury. 

Long  (long),  Charles  Chaille-.  Bom  at  Prin- 
cess Anne,  Somerset  County,  Md. ,  July  2, 1842. 
An  American  soldier.  He  served  as  a  volunteer  in  the 
American  Civil  "War,  attaining  the  rank  of  captain  ;  and  in 
1869  received  an  appointment  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
Egyptian  army.  He  was  made  chief  of  staff  to  General 
Gordon  in  1874,  and  in  the  same  year  was  employed  on  a 
diplomatic  and  geographical  mission  to  the  interior  of 
Africa.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  the  Egyptian  ser- 
vice in  1877,  and  in  1887  was  appointed  United  States  con- 
sul-general and  secretarV'  of  legation  in  (^orea-  He  has 
published  "Central  Africa  "  (1876)  and  "The  Three  Pr.>- 
phets — Chinese  Gordon,  the  Mahdi,  and  Arabi  Pasha" 
(1SS4). 

Long,  George.  Bom  at  Poulton,  Lancashire. 
England,  Nov.  4,  1800 :  died  at  Chichester.  Aug. 
10, 1879.  An  English  classical  scholar,  historian, 
geographer,  and  misceUaneous  author. 

Long,  George  "Washington  de.    See  De  Long. 

Long,  John  Davis.  Bom  at  Buckfield,  Maine, 
Oct.  27,  1838.  An  American  statesman.  He»»s 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives 
1875-78,  and  three  times  speaker  of  the  House;  lieutenant- 
governor  1879 ;  governor  l.^B0-S2;  United  States  congress- 
man 1883-«9;  and  secretary  of  the  navy  1897-1902.  He 
pulilished  a  translation  of  Vergil's  "  -Eneid     in  1879. 

Long,  Loch.  An  arm  of  .the  Firth  of  Clyde,  be- 
tween Dumbartonshire  and  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land.    Length,  17  miles. 

Long  Acre.  A  street  in  London,  near  Covent 
Garden,  running  into  Drury  Lane.  It  is  or  was 
the  headquarters  of  caiTiage-builders. 


_        w.a  x^,.,.,..^. ,.  ^....-lut,.  tory  powers  of  the  treaty  of  Paris  (which  see)  of  lSiS6  aC'  ,    -  .         - 

LonatO  (16-na  to).     A  town  in  the  province  of     ceded  to  the  demand  of  Russia  to  strike  out  the  clauses    Lougaville  (long'ga-vU).     A  lord  attending  on 
Brescia,  northern  Italy,  14  miles  east-southeast  T°™'it'if'"-ft"jt.™h.!^'^f     a„  „.q,.„„*: i  ;„„^:       l^''.  ^'"?  2^  Navarre  in  Shakspere's  "Love's 


of  Brescia.  Here,  Aug.  3,  1796,  the  French  un 
der  Bonaparte  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Wurmser. 

Londinium  (lon-din'i-um).  The  Roman  name 
of  London. 

London  (hm'don).  [L.  Londinium,  origin  un- 
certain ;  F.  Londres.  It.  Londra,  Sp.  Londres.'] 
The  capital  of  England  and  seat  of  the  govern- 
ment of  the  British  empire,  the  largest  and  most 
important  city  in  the  world,  and  its  principal 
business  and  financial  center,  it  is  situated  in  the 
counties  of  Middlesex,  Surrey,  and  Kent,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Thames,  about  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat  61° 30' 
48"  N.,  long.  0"5'  48"  W.  (St.  Pauls  Cathedral).  In  its  wid- 
est extent  (the  Metropolitan  Police  District  with  the  City 
of  London  Police  District,  which  together  form  "Greater 
London  ")  it  occupies  an  area  of  690  square  miles  and  con- 
tains (1901),  6,581,372  inhabitants.  Of  tliese,  according 
to  the  census  of  1901,  4,536.541  reside  within  the  "Inner 
Ring"  (see  County  of  London,  below)  or  Registration 
District  and  2,044,831  within  the  "  Outer  Ring  "  or  subur- 
ban district.  For  administrative  purposes  this  vast  cen- 
ter of  population  is  variously  subdivided.  The  City  of 
London  proper  (generally  called  "The  City  ")  is  little  over 
a  square  mile  in  extent,  and  had  in  1901  a  population  of 
only  26,923.  It  extends  along  the  north  bank  of  the 
Thames  from  the  Temple  to  the  Tower,  and  northward 
as  far  as  Holborn  and  Finsbury  Circus,  and  is  the  business 
center,  its  "  day  "  population  exceeding  300,000  in  1901. 
It  has  a  distinct  administration  under  the  lord  mayor, 
■with  26  other  aldermen  and  a  court  of  common  council. 
The  rest  of  "Inner"  London  forms  an  administrative 
county,  which  since  1888  has  been  under  the  control 
of  the  London  County  Council  of  118  members.    For  par- 


London,  "frniversity  of.  An  educational  insti- 
tution, founded  at  London  in  1836,  which  con- 
fers degrees  after  examination,  but,  until  1900, 
proWded  no  courses  of  instruction. 

London  Bridge.  The  first  of  the  bridges  across 
the  Thames  at  London,  situated  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  half  a  mile  above  the  Tower.  The 
earliest  structure  of  which  there  is  historical  record  was 
destroyed  Nov.  16,  1091.  by  a  storm  and  high  tide.  The 
first  st^>ne  bridge  was  built"ll76-1209  on  a  wooden  founda- 
tion. It  consisted  of  20  arches.  The  roadway  was  926  feet 
long,  60  feet  above  water,  and  40  feet  wide.  Houses  were 
built  upon  it,  and  in  course  of  time  it  became  a  continuous 
street  with  3  openings  on  each  side  to  the  river.  A  chapel 
of  St.  Thomas  Becket  stood  upon  the  east  side.  The  super- 
structures were  repeatedly  devastated  by  fire,  most  notably 
the  great  fire  of  1666.  Tlie  eleventh  span  from  the  South- 
wark end  formed  a  drawbridge  flanked  by  a  tower  built  in 
1426,  on  the  top  of  which  were  stuck  the  heads  of  persons 
executed  for  treason- 
moved  in  175! 

Kennies,  was  begun  March  15, 1S24,  and  opened 
1831.     It  stands  about  ISO  feet  above  the  site  of  the  old 
structure,  which  was  pulled  down  in  1832.     It  is  920  feet 
long,  56  feet  wide,  and  55  feet  high,  and  the  central  span  is 
150  feet. 

London  Company.  A  company  of  merchants 
and  others  dwelling  in  and  near  London,  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  planting  colonies  in  Ameri- 
ca. It  was  chartered  in  1606,  founded  a  colony 
at  Jamestown  in  1607.  and  was  dissolved  in  1624. 

Londonderry  (lun'don-der-i).  1.  A  maritime 
county  in  Ulster,  Ireland,     it  Is  bounded  by  the  At- 


Labour  's  Lost." 

Long  Branch.  A  town  iu  Monmouth  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  coast  29 
miles  south  of  New  York.  It  is  a  fashionable 
seaside  resort.     Population  (1900).  8,872. 

Long  Bridge.  A  bridge  about  a  mile  long,  built 
across  the  Potomac  at  Washington.  District  of 
Columbia.  It  was  the  main  avenue  of  communication 
with  the  .\rmy  of  the  Potomac  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  strongly  fortified. 

Longchamp,  or  Longchamps  (16u-shon').  A 
race-course  at  the  end  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne, 
west  of  Paris.  It  was  long  noted  for  its  prom- 
enade.    An  abbey  formerly  stood  here. 

Longchamp  (16n-shon').  "William  of.  Died 
at  Poitiers.  Jan.  31, 1197.  An  EnsUsh  prelate, 
bishop  of  Ely  and  chancellor  of  Richard  I. 


Th^  ^Mi:nZl%%7X!ir^7^^^e  Longfellow  aong'fel-o,,  Henpr  Wadsworth. 

:un  March  15, 1824,  and  opened  Aug.  1,      Born  at  Portland,  Maine,  1  eb.  -'.  j^O,  ._  (l;ed 

at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  24,  1882, 


A  dis- 
tinguished American  poet.  He  graduated  at  Bow- 
doin  College  in  1826;  traveled  in  Europe  1826-29;  was 
professor  of  modem  languages  at  Bowdoin  1S29-;J5  ;  again 
visited  Europe  1835-36 :  and  was  professor  of  modern  lan- 
guages and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard  College  1836-54.  He 
continued  to  reside  at  C:imbridge.  His  poetical  works  in- 
clude "Voices  of  the  Night"  (1)n-9i,  'Ballads  and  other 
Poems'  (1841),  "  Poems  on  Slaven"  (1842),  "  Spanish  .--tu- 
dent"(1843).  "Poets  of  Europe"  (1845:  trans,),  "Belfry  of 
Bruges  and  other  Poems  "  (1S45),  "Evangeline  :  a  Tale  ol 
Acadie  "  (1847),  "  Seaside  and  Fireside  "  (1849).  "  The  Gold- 
en Legend  "  (1851).  "  The  Song  . if  Hiawatha  "  (1S55X  "The 


Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

Courtship  of  Miles  Standisli  "(1858),  "Birds  of  Passage" 
/1858-(i;i),  "Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn"  (1*S6j),  "Flower-de- 
Luce  "  (1867),  a  translation  of  the  "  Divine  Comedy  "  (1867- 
1870),  "New  England  Traaedies  "(1868),  "  The  Divine  lYa- 
gedy  "  (1871),  " Tluee  Books  of  Song "  (1872),  ■ '  Aftermath  " 
(1873),  "Hanging  of  the  Crane"  (1874),  "  Slorituri  Salu- 
tamus"  (1875),  "ilask  of  Pandora  (187.'i).  "Keramos  and 
other  Poems"  (1878),  "Ultima  Thule"  (1880),  "Hermes 
Trismegistus"(1882),  "In  the  Harhor " (1882).  His  prose 
works  are  "Ontre-Mer"  (1835),  and  the  novels  "Hypeiion" 
(1839)  and  "  Kavauagh  "  (1849).  He  also  edited  "  Poems 
of  Places"  (:;l  vols.  1876-79). 

Longfellow,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Portland,  Maine, 
June  18,  1819:  died  there,  Oct.  3,  1892.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman  and  hymn-wri- 
ter, brother  of  H.  W.  Longfellow.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1839,  and  at  the  Divinity  School  in  1846.  He 
was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Fall  River,  Massachusetts,  1848- 
1853;  in  Brooklyn  1853-60;  and  in  Germantowii,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1878-82.  He  then  returned  to  Cambridge.  He  edited 
a"Lifeof  Henry  Wadsworth  Longffllow  "  (1S86)  and  "Final 
Memorials."  etc.  (1887),  and  published  a  number  of  books 
of  hymns,  and  "  Thalatta  :  a  Book  for  the  Seaside  "  (with 
T.  W.  Higginson,  1853). 

Longford  (long'ford).  1 .  A  county  in  Leinster. 
Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Leitrim  on  the  northwest, 
Cavan  on  tli^  northeast,  Westmeath  on  the  east  and  south, 
and  Lough  Ree  and  Roscommon  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level.  Area,  421  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  52,617. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Longford,  situ- 
ated on  the  Camlin  68  miles  west-northwest  of 
Dublin,     Population  (1891),  3,827. 

Longhi  (long'ge),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Monza, 
near  Milan,  Oct.  13,  1706:  died  at  Milan,  Jan. 
2,  1831.  A  noted  Italian  engraver.  His  best- 
known  works  are  engravings  after  Correggioand  Raphael. 

LonglmanUS.     See  Artarcrxes  I. 

Longinus  (lon-ji'nus).Dionysius  Cassius.  Born 
about  210  A.  D. :  executed  273.  A  celebrated 
Greek  critic  and  philosopher,  chief  counselor 
of  Zenobia,  and  the  instructor  of  her  children. 
"To  him  is  ascribed,  though  doubtfully,  the  essay  'On 
Sublimity,'  one  of  the  best  pieces  of  literary  criticism  in 
the  language.''  (Jebb.)  On  the  fall  of  Zenobia,  Longinus 
was  beheaded  as  a  traitor  by  the  command  of  the  emperor 
Aurelian. 

Longis  (lon'jis),  or  Longius  (lon'ji-us).  The 
name  given  in  the  middle  ages  to  the  soldier 
who  pierced  the  side  of  Jesus  with  his  lance. 

Long  Island,  An  island  forming  part  of  the 
State  of  New  York.  It  is  separated  from  Connecti- 
cut on  the  north  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  from  the 
mainland  of  New  York  on  the  northwest,  and  Manhattan 
Island  on  the  west,  by  Long  Island  Sound  and  the  East  Ki\er; 
it  is  also  bordered  on  the  west  by  New  York  Bay  and  the 
Narrows.  The  surface  is  diversifled,  and  the  coast-line  is 
much  indented.  It  is  divided  into  3  counties  —  Suffolk, 
Queens,  and  Kings  /containing  Brooklyn)  — and  contain.s 
many  seaside  resorts.  It  was  discovered  by  the  Dutch  in 
1609,  and  was  first  settled  by  them  about  1632-36.  Length, 
118  miles.  Greatest  width,  23  miles.  Area,  1,682  square 
miles. 

Long  Island,  Battle  of.   A  battle  fought  at  the 

western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27, 1776, 
in  which  the  British  under  Howe  defeated  the 
Americans  under  the  immediate  command  of 
Sullivan.  Stirling,  and  Putnam. 

Long  Island  City.  A  former  city  of  Queens 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  separated  from 
Brooklyn  on  the  south  bj'  Newtown  Creek :  in- 
corporated in  New  York  city  (act  of  1896).  it  com- 
prises Hunter's  Point,  Astoria,  Ravenswnod,  etc.,  and  has 
extensive  manufactures.     Population  (1897),  about  45,000. 

Long  Island  Sound.  -An  arm  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  which  separates  Connecticut  and  the 
mainland  of  New  York  on  the  north  from  Long 
Island  on  the  south,  it  is  connect,ed  with  the  ocean 
on  the  east  by  the  Race,  and  with  New  York  Bay  by  the 
East  Kiver  on  the  southwest.  Length,  about  110  miles. 
Greatest  width,  about  20  miles. 

Longjumeau  (lon-zhu-mo')-  A  town  in  the  de- 
partmentof  Seine-et-Oise, France, on  theYvette 
12  miles  south  of  Paris.  A  treaty  of  peace  between 
the  Catholics  and  Protestants  was  signed  here  March  23, 
1.^68,  but  war  broke  out  again  si.v  months  later.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,651. 

Longland.     See  Langhnid. 

Longman  (long'man).  Thomas.  Born  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  1609 :  died  at  London,  June  18, 
17.5.5.  An  English  publisher.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  his  uncle,  John  (tsborn,  a  London  bookseller,  \vith  whom 
he  later  entered  into  partnership,  and  to  whose  business 
he  ultimately  succeeded  al)out  1734.  He  was  part  owner  of 
"Chambers's  Cyclop.Tdia"  and  of  Johnson's  "Dictionary." 

Longman,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1730: 
died  near  London,  1797.  An  English  publisher, 
uepliew,partner,and  successor  of  Thomas  Long- 
man (1699-17.5,5). 

Longman,  Thomas  Norton.  Born  at  London, 
1771 :  died  at  llampstead,  Aug.  29,  1842.  An 
English  publisher,  son  and  successor  of  Thomas 
Longman  (1730-97).  He  published,  with  Rees,  Lard- 
ner's  and  Rees's  cyclopedias,  Lindley  Alurray's  "Englisli 
Grammar,"  and  works  of  Scott,  Moore,  Macaiilay,  Words- 
worth, Southey,  and  others.  After  1826  they  were  sole 
proprietors  of  the  "  Edinburgh  Review." 

Long  Meg  of  Westminster.  A  name  given  to 
a  noted  scold  and  procuress  in  the  time  of  Henry 


621 

VIII.  A  play  with  this  name  was  performed  at  the  For- 
tune Theatre  in  15'c>4.  The  name  "Long  Meg"  has  since 
been  gi\en  to  a  number  of  things  of  unusual  length,  par- 
ticularly to  a  column  of  red  freestone  near  Penrith,  Eng- 
land. It  is  15  feet  in  circumference  and  18  feet  high,  and 
is  supposed  to  be  part  of  a  Draidical  temple. 

Longobardi,  Longobards.    See  Langobardi. 

Long  Parliament.  The  Parliament  which  as- 
sembled on  Nov.  3,  1640,  and  carried  ou  the 
civil  war.  On  its  showing  a  disposition  to  come  to  terms 
with  the  party  of  Charles  I.,  it  was  "purged,"  Dec.  6, 1(>48, 
by  the  e.\puIsion  of  a  large  number  of  its  members.  It 
then  abolished  the  House  of  Lords,  and  apjiointed  the 
High  Court  of  Justice  which  tried  and  condemned  the 
king.  The  Parliament  was  forcibly  dissolved  by  Cromwell 
on  April  20, 1653,  but  was  twice  restored  in  1659,  and  was 
finally  dissolved  in  March,  1660,  after  providing  for  the 
summoning  of  a  free  Parliament.  In  its  lator  history  it 
was  known  as  the  Kump  Parliament. 

Long's  Peak  (longz  pek).  A  peak  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Colorado,  about  45  miles  northwest 
of  Denver.     Height,  14,270  feet. 

Longstreet  (long'stret),  Augustus  Bald-win. 
Born  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  Sejit.  22,  1790:  died  at 
Oxford,  Miss.,  Sept.  9, 1870.  An  American  cler- 
gyman of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  edu- 
cator, and  humorous -vvriter.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  "Georgia  Scenes"  (1840).  He  also  wrote  "Master 
William  Mitten  "  (1S58),  etc.  » 

Longstreet,  James.  Bom  in  Edgefield  district, 
S.  C  Jan.  8,  1821.  An  American  general  in 
the  Confederate  sei'vice.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1842 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  entered  the 
Confederate  service  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in 
1861;  waspromotedmajor-generalinthesame  year;  com- 
manded a  corps  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Kun ; 
commanded  the  right  wing  of  Lee's  army  at  Antietam  ; 
commanded  a  corps  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  at 
Gettysburg ;  led  the  left  wing  at  Chickamauga ;  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  BurnsideatKnoxville  in  1863;  andserved  with 
distinction  in  the  Wilderness  in  1864,  and  before  Richmond 
1864-65.   He  was  United  States  mmister  to  Turkey  1880-81. 

Longsword  (loug'sord),  Richard.     A  son  of 

Henry  II.  Rosamond  Clifford  has  long  been  said  to  be 
his  mother. 

The  evidence  of  Longsword  being  Rosamund's  son  is 
equally  untrustworthy,  and  the  fact  is  discredited  by  all 
sound  recent  historical  writers.  The  name  of  his  "true 
mother  is  unknown  even  in  early  tradition.  The  argu- 
ment, drawn  from  the  grant  made  to  Longsword  by  his 
father,  shortly  before  his  death,  in  1188.  of  the  manor  of 
Appleijy  in  Lincolnshire,  rests  on  a  confusion  between  that 
manor  and  the  manor  of  Appleby  in  Westmoreland,  which 
was  held  by  Rosamund's  family,  the  Cliffords. 

Notes  and  Queries,  8th  ser.,  III.  293. 

Long  Tom.  A  42-pound  gun,  originally  part  of 
the  armament  of  the  French  line-of -battle  ship 
Hoche,  captured  by  the  English  1798,  and  sold 
to  the  Americans.  It  was  used  during  the  French  at- 
tack on  Haiti  in  1804 .  was  dismounted  till  1812 ;  and  was 
placed  on  the  Gener.al  Armstrong,  which  ran  the  blockade 
of  the  British  at  New  Orleans,  .■^ept.  9,  1814.  This  vessel 
ran  into  the  bay  near  Horta,  Fayal,  for  water  after  an  en- 
counter with  a  British  squadron,  in  which  she  was  rendered 
helpless.  Long  Tom  was  dismantled,  and  lay  at  Fayal  till 
it  was  brought  back  to  New  York  on  the  steamship  Vega 
April  18, 1893,  through  the  efforts  of  Colonel  Reid,  the  son 
of  the  commander  of  the  General  Armstrong. 

Long  Tom  Coffin.    See  Cofiin. 

Long  Tom  Indians.    See  Chelamela. 

Longton  (long'ton).  A  town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  34  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  has 
manufactures  of  pottery,  etc.  Population  (1891), 
34,327. 

Longueville  (16hg-vel'),  Duchesse  de  (Anne 
Gene'sdfeve  de  Bourbon-Conde ) .  Born  at  Vin- 
ceunes,  near  Paris,  Aug.  28,  1619 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  15,  1679.  Sister  of  the  gi'eat  Cond6,  and 
one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the  Fronde.  She 
was  aftei-ward  a  leading  Jansenist. 

LongUS  (long'gus).  [Gr.  AdjQ'of.]  A  Greek  ro- 
mancer and  sophist,  probably  of  the  5th  centmy 
A.  D. :  author  of  the  pastoral  romance  "  Daphni's 
and  Chloe"  (which  see).  Nothing  is  known  of  his 
life,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  name  "  Longua  "  has 
been  rightly  assigned  to  him. 

LongUS  (the  grammarian).     See  Vcliiis  Longiis. 

Longuyon  (16n-gy6h').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  situated  at 
the  .iimetion  of  the  Ci'usne  atid  Chiers,  35  miles 
northwest  of  Metz.  It  has  important  hardware 
manufactures.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2,618. 

Long  Walk,  The.  A  straight  avenue,  about  3 
miles  long,  in  "VVindsor  Park  near  London. 

Longwood  (long'wi'iil).  A  farm-house  in  the 
interior  of  the  island  of  St.  Helena:  the  resi- 
dence of  Napoleon  in  his  exile. 

Long'Wy  (16u-we').  A  fortified  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  nortlioastom 
France,  situated  on  the  Chiers  34  miles  north- 
west of  Metz.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians in  Aug.,  1792,  and  .Sept.,  1815,  and  by  the  German 
forces  in  1871.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,978. 

LonigO  (16-ne'g6).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Vicenza,  northeastern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Gua  19  miles  east  b.y  south  of  Verona. 


Lopez,  Carlos  Antonio 

Lonnrot  (len'rot),  Elias.  Born  at  Sammatti, 
Nyhmd,  Finland,  April  9,  1802:  died  there, 
March  19,  1884.  A  Finnish  scholar,  one  of  the 
founders  of  modern  Finnish  literature.  He  ed- 
ited the  "Kalevala"  (1835-49),  and  collections  of  Finnish 
poems,  proverbs,  and  riddles,  and  published  a  Finnish- 
Swedish  lexicon  (1874-80). 

Lons-le-Saunier  (16h'le-s6-nya').  The  capital 
of  the  dejiartment  of  Jm-a,  France,  situated  on 
the  Valliere  in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  5°  33'  E. : 
the  Roman  Ledo  Salinarius.  it  contains  noted  salt- 
springs,  and  has  a  museum.  It  was  an  ancient  Gallic  and 
Roman  town.  Rouget  de  I'lsle  was  born  here.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  12,610. 

Loochoo  (16-cho'),  or  Liu-kiu  (lyo'kyo'),  or 
Riu-kiu  (ryo  kyo)  Islands.  A  gi  oup  of  islands 
southwest  of  Japan,  to  which  they  belong.  The 
chief  islands  are  Okinawa  and  ( Mhinia.  The  chief  port  is 
Nafa  They  were  annexed  to  .liipan  in  1874.  Area,  950 
square  miles.     Population  (l^M;ii.  41o,sSl. 

Looking  Backward:  2000-1887.    A  story  by 

Ed\v:iril  Hcllamy,  published  in  1S8S.  Inithesets 
lortli  his  views  of  the  "next  stage  in  the  industrial  and  so- 
cial development  of  humanity."  His  idea  is  a  pure  so- 
cialism. 

Looking-Grlass  for  London  and  England,  A. 

A  play  by  Lodge  and  Greene,  ])ul>lished  in  1-594. 
The  plot  is  the  story  of  Jonah  and  the  Ninevites,  with  ap- 
plication to  London  and  England.  It  was  probably  written 
about  1590. 

Lookout  (luk'out),  Cape.  A  cape  in  North  Car- 
olina, projecting  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat. 
34°  37'  N.,  long.  76°  31'  W. 

Lookout  Mountain.  A  ridge  in  northwestern 
(ieorgia  and  adjacent  parts  of  Tennessee  and 
Alabama.  It  is  1,600  feet  above  the  Tennessee 
River. 

Lookout  Mountain,  Battle  of.  A  part  of  the 
battle  of  Chattanooga,  a  Federal  ■victory  won 
by  General  Grant  over  the  Confederates  tinder 
Bragg.  In  the  storming  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24, 
1863,  the  Federals  were  under  the  immediate  command 
of  Hooker,  and  advanced  up  the  northern  face.  Owing  to 
the  heavy  mist  on  the  mountain-side,  the  battle  is  often 
called  "the  battle  above  the  clouds." 

Loomis  (16'mis),  Elias.  Born  at  Willington, 
Conn.,  Aug.  7,  1811:  died  at  New  Haven,  Aug. 
15,  1889.  An  .American  mathematician  and 
physicist.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1830.  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Western  Reserve  College  1837-44, 
of  natural  philosophy  at  the  I^niversity  of  the  City  of  New 
Y'ork  1844-00,  and  of  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy  at 
Yale  1860-89.  He  published  a  series  of  mathematical  text- 
books, including  '*Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry" 
(1848),  "Elements  of  Algebra  "(1851),  "  Elements  of  Geom- 
etry and  Conic  Sections  "  (1851). 

Loos  (los).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
France,  immediatelv  west  of  Lille.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  7,924. 

Loosjes  (los'yes),  Adriaan.  Born  on  the  island 
of  Texel  in  1761 :  died  at  Haarlem  in  1818.  A 
Dutch  novelist  and  poet.  He  was  intended,  at  the 
outset,  for  the  church,  but  became  a  bookseller,  a  calling 
which  he  foUoweil  until  his  death.  He  wrote  the  volume 
of  poems  "Minnezangen  "  ("Love  Songs,"  1783),  the  epic 
"De  Ruyter"  (1784),  and  a  number  of  dramas.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is,  however,  his  romances.  These  are  the  his- 
torical novels  "Frank  van  Borselen  en  Jacoba  Min  Bei- 
jeren  "  (1790-91).  "  Charlotte  van  Bourbon  "  (1792),  "  Hugo 
de  Groot  en  Maria  van  Reigersbergen  "  (1794),  "Louise  de 
Colligny  "  (1803),  "  Johan  de  Witt "  (1805).  They  were  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of  contemporary  character  sketches  in 
three  parts,  undetthe  title"Zcdcrijke  Vertalen"("Moral 
Tales,"  1804-05).  *l"he  novel  "Historie  van  Mejnfvrouw 
Susanna  Bronkhor3t"("The  History  of  Miss  Susanna  Bronk- 
horst,"  1806-07)  was  in  epistolary  form.  His  principal 
historical  novel,  "  Maurits  Lijnslager,"  was  the  next  to  ap- 
pear (1808).  This  was  followed.  Anally,  by  four  others : 
"HillegondaBuisman"(1808).  "Lotgevallen  vanden  Heere 
R.  J.  van  Golstein"  ("The  Adventures  of  Mr.  R.  J.  van 
Golstein,"  1809-10),  "Robert  Hellcmans"  (ISlfi),  and 
"Johan  Wouter  Blommestein  "  (1816). 

Lopamudra  (lo-pii-ino'drii).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, a  girl  whom  the  sage  Agastya  formed  from 
the  most  graceful  parts  of  different  animals 
and  introduced  into  the  palace  of  the  King  of 
Vidiirbha,  who  believed  her  to  be  his  daugliter. 
Wlicn  she  was  gi'own,  Agastya,  who  had  formed  her  that 
he  might  have  a  wife  after  his  own  heart,  asked  Inr  in 
marriage.  Her  name  is  explained  as  meaning  that  the 
animals  sufTcred  loss  (lopa) by  lur  engrossing  of  tlicir dis- 
tinctive beauties  (niudrii),  such  as  the  eyes  of  the  deer. 

Lope  de  Rueda.    See  liimia. 

Lope  de  Vega.    See  Vriin. 

Lopez  (16'patli),  Cape.     A  cape  on  the  western 

coast  of  Africa,  situaledinlal,0°,'i(!'S.,long.  8° 
44'  K. 

Lopez  (lo'piith,  locally  Ifi'paz),  Carlos  Anto- 
nio. Born  near  Asuncion  aboul  1795:  died 
there,  Sept.  In,  1862.  Prcsideiil  of  Paraguay. 
He  was  made  llrst  consul  March  12,  1811,  and  from  that 
time  was  practically  dictator  Klected  president  for  10 
years  in  1844,  he  was  reelected  for  3  years  in  1854,  and  for  7 
years  in  1857 :  but  these  elections  were  merely  nominal, 
since  (\>ngrcss  simply  obeyed  his  orders.  His  arbitrary  acts 
caused  r. 'iisi ant  (luarrels  with  foreign  nations,  and  in  18.S9 
the  I'liited  states  sent  a  squadron  to  the  I'lata  to  enforce 
demands  against  him  :  in  this  case  he  offered  to  submit 
the  iiuestion  of  damages  to  arbitration,  but  subsequently 
evaded  the  claim. 


Lopez,  Francisco  Solano 

Lopez,  Francisco  Solano.  Bom  at  Asuncion, 
July  24, 1826  or  1827 :  died  near  the  Aquidaban, 
JIarch  1, 1870.  A Pai-aguayan soldierand  states- 
man, son  of  Carlos  Antonio  Lopez.  On  the  death 
of  the  elder  Lopez,  Sept.  10,  1862,  he  assumed  the  eiecu- 
tive  by  virtue  of  his  father's  will,  and  convoked  a  congress 
which  eletfted  him  president  for  10  years.  Having  pre- 
viously  made  secret  prepai-ations  for  war,  he  interfered  In 
the  quarrel  of  Brazil  and  Uruguay,  and  finally,  without 
previous  declaration  of  hostilities,  seized  a  Brazilian  mail 
steamer  which  was  ascending  the  river  (Nov.,  ISGl).  Soon 
after  tliis  he  sent  a  large  force  to  invade  Matto  Grosso,  a 
Brazilian  province,  and  made  war  on  the  Argentine.  This 
led  to  the  alliance  of  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  .\rgentina 
against  Paraguay,  and  a  long  and  bloody  struggle.  (See 
Triple  Alliance.  War  of  the.)  .As  the  events  of  the  war 
turned  against  him.  his  despotism  and  cruelty  bordered  on 
insanity.  In  many  of  his  worst  acts  he  appears  to  have 
been  influenced  by  his  Irish  mistress,  kno^m  as  ^ladam 
Lynch.  In  186S  several  hundred  natives  and  foreigners 
were  arrested,  tortured,  and  executed  on  an  entirely  un- 
proved charge  of  conspiracy :  they  included  generals, 
ministers,  judges,  bishops,  priests,  merchants,  foreign  con- 
suls, andhisown  brothersandbrothers-in-law.  The  Amer- 
ican minister,  Mr.  Washburn,  was  only  saved  by  the  timely 
arrival  of  a  United  States  gunboat,  and  two  members  of 
the  legation  were  tortured.  Driven  at  length  from  Asun- 
cion,  he  retreated  to  the  interior  with  a  small  force,  was 
surprised  near  the  river  Aquidaban  by  a  Brazilian  force, 
and  was  killed  with  bis  eldest  son. 

Lopez,  Hermogenes.  A  Venezuelan  politician, 
president  of  the  republic  Feb.  20,  1886,  to  Feb. 
20. 1888. 

Lopez,  Jos§  Hilario.  Bom  at  Popayan,  Feb. 
IS,  1798:  died  at  Xeiva,  Nov.  27, 1869.  A  New 
Granadan  (Colombian)  general  and  politician. 
From  March  7, 1S49,  to  March  7,  1S52,  he  was  president  of 
New  Granada.  Under  him  slavery  was  abolished  (Jan.. 
1852),  and  various  changes  were  made  in  the  direction  of 
a  federal  form  of  government.  In  1854,  and  again  from 
1859  to  1862,  he  fought  on  the  side  of  the  federalists,  part  of 
the  time  as  commander-in-chief;  and  on  the  triumph  of 
his  party  was  made  a  member  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment 1862-63  Later  he  was  president  of  Tolima,  and  in 
1S67  was  named  commander.in-chief  of  the  array,  but  soon 
retired. 

Lopez,  Narciso.  Born  in  Venezuela.  1798  or 
1799:  died  at  Havana.  Cuba,  Sept.  1,  1851.  A 
Spanish-American  general  and  filibuster.  He 
fought  against  the  patriots  in  Venezuela,  and  subsequently 
against  the  Carlists  in  Spain,  where  he  was  governor  of 
Valencia  1839,  and  became  general  in  1840.  In  1841  he 
went  to  Cuba,  became  involved  in  revolutionary  plots,  and 
in  1849  fled  to  the  United  States.  Thence  he  organized 
three  filibustering  expeditions.  The  first(lS49)  wasstopped 
by  the  United  States  authorities;  the  others  (May,  1850. 
and  .\ug.,  1351)  left  Xew  Orleans  and  reached  Cub.a,  but 
resulted  disastrously,  and  Lopez  was  finally  captured  and 
shot  with  many  of  his  followers. 

Lopez,  Vicente  Fidel.  Bom  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
1814.  An  Argentine  author,  son  of  Vicente 
Lopez  y  Planes.  In  1874  he  was  made  rector  of  the 
Universityof  Buenos  Ayres.  .\raong  his  works  are  "Razas 
del  Peru  anteriores  a  la  conquista,"  "Tratado  de  derecho 
Romano,"  and  "Historia  de  la  Kepublica  Argentina."  He 
edited  the  "  Revista  del  Rjo  de  la  Plata." 

Lopez  de  Gomara,  Francisco.    See  Gomara. 

Lopez  de  Villalobos  (da  vel-ya-16'b6s),  Rui. 
Died  at  Amboyna,  East  Indies,  1546.  A  Span- 
ish navigator,  a  relative  of  Antonio  de  Mendoza, 
viceroy  of  Mexico.  In  Nov.,  1.542.  he  sailed  from  the 
west  coast  of  Mexico  with  a  small  fleet  destined  to  form  a 
coloiiy  in  the  Philippine  Islands  ;  but  his  ships  were  scat- 
tered by  storms,  he  quan'eled  with  the  Portuguese  of  the 
Moluccas,  and  in  the  end  the  enterprise  was  given  up. 
ilost  of  the  members  of  the  expedition  returned  to  Europe 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Villalobos  dying  on  the  way. 

Lopez  de  Ziifiiga  (thon'ye-gii),  Diego  de,  Count 
of  Nieva.  Bom  in  Spain  about  1520:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  Feb.  20,  1-564.  Viceroy  of  Peru 
from  April  17,  1561.  He  led  a  loose  life,  and, 
as  was  supposed,  was  assassinated  by  a  jealous 
husband. 

Lopez  Pacheco  Cabrera  yBobadilla  (pa-cha'- 
ko  ka-bra'rS  e  bo-bii-THerya).  Diego,  Duke  of 
Escalona  and  Marquis  of  Villena.  Died  after 
1643.  A  Spanish  administrator.  He  became  vice- 
roy of  Mexico  Aug.  28,  1640.  Owing  to  his  being  related 
to  the  royal  house  of  Portugal,  which  at  this  period  sepa- 
rated from  Spain,  he  was  au  object  of  suspicion,  and  this 
was  increased  by  his  quarrels  with  the  visitador  Palafox. 
On  June  9,  1642.  he  was  arrested,  and  soon  after  sent  to 
Spain.  There  he  cleared  himself  of  all  charges,  and  was 
appointed  viceroy  of  Sicily. 

Lorbrulgrud  (lor'brul-gmd),  The.  The  capital 
of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  "  Gulliver's  Travels." 

Lorca  (lor'ka).  A  city  in  the  pro\Tnce  of  Mur- 
eia.  southeastern  Spain,  situated  on  the  San- 
gonera  35  miles  southwest  of  Murcia.  It  has 
a  castle.     Poptilation  (1887),  58,327. 

Lord  (lord),  John.  Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
Dee.  27,  1810:  died  at  Stamford,  Conn.,  Dee. 
15, 1894.  An  American  historian.  He  was  pastor 
of  Congregational  churches  in  New  Marlborough,  Massa. 
ehusetts,  and  U  tica.  New  York ;  lecturer  un  history  at  Dart- 
mouth College  1866-76  ;  and  public  lecturt-r  from  1843.  He 
wrote  "  Modem  History'  (1850),  "  The  Old  Roman  World  " 
(1867),  "  Ancient  States  and  Empires  "  (1869),  "  Ancient 
History  "(1876),  "  Beacon  Lights  of  History  "(1883-94),  etc. 

Lord  (lord).  Nathan.  Bom  at  Berwick,  Maine, 
Nov.  28,  1793 :  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  Sept.  9, 


622 

1870.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
president  of  Dartmouth  College  1828-63." 

Lord  Cromwell.  A  play  once  attributed  to 
Shakspere  on  account  of  the  initials  W.  S.  on 
the  title-page  of  the  edition  of  1602. 

Lord  Fanny.    See  Faymtj. 

Lord  of  Burleigh.  -A.  poem  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son, showing  the  disadvantages  of  an  unequal 
marriage. 

Lord  of  the  Age.  A  title  of  Solimau  the  Mag- 
nificent. 

Lord  of  the  Isles.     See  Isles,  Lord  of  the. 

Lord  of  the  Isles.  A  narrative  poem  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1814.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Scotland  early  in  the  14th  centurv. 

Lorel  (16'rel).  InBen  Jonson's  "  Sad  Shepherd," 
a  swineherd,  a  rustic  lover  of  Earine.  There  is 
very  beautiful  rustic  imagery  in  his  part,  taken  from  Ovid's 
song  of  Polyphemus  to  Galatea. 

Lorelei,  or  Loreley  (16're-li),  or  Lurlei  Gor'li). 
A  dangerous  clifif  on  the  Ehine,  between  St. 
Goar  and  Oberwesel,  the  traditional  abode  of  a 
river  siren,  it  is  the  subject  of  poems  by  Heine  and 
others,  and  of  operas  by  Mendelssohn  (fragmentary)  and 
Lachner.     Height  above  the  Ehine,  430  feet 

Lorelei,  Die.  1 .  An  opera  begun  by  Mendelssohn 
in  1847.  "The  words  are  by  Geibel.  It  has  since 
been  composed  by  Max  Bruch  (1864). — 2.  An 
opera  by  Lachner,  with  words  by  Molitor,  pro- 
duced at  Munich  in  1846. 

Lorencez  (lo-ron-sa'  \  Comte  de  (Charles  Fer- 
dinand Latrille  >.  Bom  at  Paris.  May  23. 1814 : 
died  in  Beam,  AprU  25.  1892.  A  French  gen- 
eral. He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Crimean  war,  and 
from  April  to  Nov.,  1862,  commanded  the  French  army  of 
invasion  in  Mexico.    On  May  5  he  was  repulsed  at  Puebla. 

Lorente  (lo-ren'te).  Sebastian.  Born  about 
1820 :  died  at  Lima,  Nov..  1884.  A  Peruvian  his- 
torian .  From  1845  he  was  professor  of  history  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  San  Marcos.  His  most  important  works  are  "His- 
toria  del  Peru  "  (5  vols.  1860)  and  "  Historia  de  la  Conquista 
del  Peru  "(1861).  He  contributed  various  Important  arti- 
cles  to  the  "Revista  Peruana." 

Lorenz  (16'rents),  Ottokar.  Bora  at  Iglau. 
Moravia.  Sept.  17, 1832.  An  Austrian  historian, 
professor  of  history  in  Vienna  from  1862.  His 
works  include  "  Deutsche  Geschichte  im  13.  und  14.  Jahr- 
hundert '  (1j63-«7),  with  Scherer  "Geschichte  des  Elsass" 
(18711  etc. 

Lorenzana  y  Butron  1 16-ren-tha'na  e  bo-tron'), 
Francisco  Antonio.  Born  in  Leon.  Spain, 
Sept.  22, 1722 :  died  at  Eome,  April  17. 1804.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  historian.  He  was  bishop  of 
Plasencia  1765  :  archbishop  of  Mexico  1766-72  ;  and  arch, 
bishop  of  Toledo  and  primate  of  Spain  1772-1800.  In  1789 
he  became  a  cardinal.  During  the  French  Revolution 
he  protected  many  banished  priests,  and  by  direction  of 

» Charles  IV.  he  accompanied  and  aided  the  Pope  during 
his  French  captivity.  .-Vfter  ISOOhe  resided  at  Rome.  His 
most  important  works  are  '*  Historia  de  Nueva-Espaiia" 
(1770  :  founded  on  the  letters  of  Cortes),  and  several  books 
(in  Latin)  on  the  Mexican  ecclesiastical  councilsr 

Lorenzo  (lo-ren'z6).     See  Laurence. 

Lorenzo.  1.  A  Venetian  gentleman  in  love  with 
Jessica,  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of  Venice." — 
2.  The  principal  character  in  Shirley's  tragedy 
"  The  Traitor,"  the  kinsman  and  favorite  of  the 
duke :  a  subtle  and  traitorous  schemer  for  the 
duke's  death. 

Lorenzo  de'  Medici.    See  Medici,  Lorenzo  de'. 

Lorenzo  Marques  (16-rau'so  mar'kes).  A  sea- 
port iu  Portuguese  East  Africa,  situated  on  Del- 
agoa  Bay  in  lat.  25°  58'  S. ;  also,  the  province  of 
which  this  is  the  capital. 

Loreto(lo-ra't6),orlioretto(lo-ret't6).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Ancona,  eastern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Musone  13  miles  south  by  east 
of  Ancona.  The  Chiesa  della  Santa  Casa  here  is  a  beau- 
tiful late-Pointed  building  of  1465,  with  a  Renaissance 
marble  facade  and  three  celebrated  bronze  doors  bearing 
Old  and  New  Testament  reliefs.  The  three-aisled  interior 
incloses  beneath  the  central  dome  the  Santa  Casa,  a  famous 
pilgrimage  shrine,  reputed  t4)  be  the  veritable  house  of  the 
Virgin,  transported  by  angels  from  Nazareth  and  miracu- 
lously set  down  in  Italy  on  Dec.  10. 1294.  The  Santa  Casa 
is  44  feet  long,  29i  wide,  and  36  high ;  it  is  incased  in 
marble,  with  columns  and  niches,  and  panels  sculptured 
by  Sansovino  with  scenes  from  the  life  of  the  Virgin ;  and 
in  its  present  form  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  productions 
of  the  Renaissance.  The  interior  is  disposed  as  a  chapel, 
and  displays  the  r<.'Ugh  masonry  of  the  original  structure. 

Loreto.  An  inland  department  of  Peru.  Ai-ea, 
about  17,000  square  miles.    Pop.  (1876),  61,125. 

Lorient,  or  L'Orient  ( 16-ryon').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan.  France,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Scorff  and  Blavet  into  the 
ocean,  in  lat.  47°  45'  N..  long.  3°  22'  W.  it  is  an 
important  seaport,  is  strongly  fortified,  and  has  a  noted 
dockyard  and  arsenal.  It  was  developed  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury when  the  French  East  India  Company  founded  their 
ship-building  yards  there.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  British  in  1746     Population  (1S91).  42,116. 

Loring  dor'ing),  William  Wing,  called  Lor- 
ing  Pasha.  Bom  in  North  Carolina,  1818: 
died  Dee.  30,  1886.     An  American  soldier.     He 


Lorraine,  Henri  n.  de 

served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  during  the  Civil  War  wa; 
first  a  brigadier-general  and  afterward  a  major-general  h 
the  Confederate  army.  He  ser\'ed  in  the  Egyptian  arm} 
1869-79,  attaining  the  rank  of  a  general  of  division.  H't 
published  "  X  Confederate  Soldier  in  Egypt "  (1884). 

Lorinser  (lo'rin-ser),  Karl  Ignaz.  Bom  at 
Niemes.  Bohemia,  Jtily  24. 1796 :  died  at  Patsch- 
kau,  Silesia,  Oct.  2, 18o3.  A  German  physician, 
known  from  his  studies  of  contagious  diseases. 
He  wrote  "Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Rinderpest  "  (1831), 
'■  Die  Pest  des  Orients  "  (1837),  etc. 

Loris-Melikoff  (lo'ris-mel'i-kof).  Mikhail  Ta- 
rielO'witch  Tainoff,  Count.  Born  at  Tiflis, 
Russia,  .Jan.  1,  1826 :  died  at  Nice.  Dee.  22, 1888. 
A  Russian  general  and  statesman,  of  Armenian 
descent.  He  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Russian  army  in  Armenia  in  1877  ;  was  defeated  by  Mukh- 
tar  Pasha  at  Zewin  and  at  Guediklar  in  the  game  year; 
stormed  Ears  in  1877  ;  was  created  a  count  in  1878 ;  was 
appointed  governor-general  of  Xharkofi  in  1879 ;  and  was 
minister  of  the  interior  1880-81.  1 

Lorme,  Marion  de.    See  Delorme.  \ 

Lormes  (lorm).     A  town  in  the  department  of ' 
Nievre,  France,  39  miles  northeast  of  Nevers. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  2,979. 
Loma  Doone  (lor'na  don\  a  Roma&ce  of  Ex- 
moor.     A  novel  bv  R.  D.  Blackmore.  published 
in  1869. 

Lome  (lorn).  Marquis  of  (John  George  Ed- 
ward Henry  Douglas  Sutherland  Camp- 
bell). Bom  at  London.  Aug.  6,  1845.  A  British 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  the  eighth  Duke  of  Ar- 
gyll :  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  April,  1900.  He 
married  the  Princess  Louise,  fourth  daughter  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria, in  1S71.  He  represented  Argyllshire  in  ParUament 
1868-78,  and  was  governor-general  of  Canada  1878-83. 

Lorrach  (ler'raeh).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Wiese  6  miles 
northeast  of  Basel.  It  has  considerable  manu- 
factures.    Population  (1890),  9,147. 

Lorrain,  Claude.     See  Claude  Lorrain. 

Lorraine  i  lo-ran'  ),G.  Lothringen  ( I6t'ring-en), 
L.  Lotharingia  (lo-tha-rin'jia).  Aregion  which 
as  a  lordship  has  varied  greatly  in  medieval 
and  modern  times,  but  has  always  been  on  the 
border  between  France  and  Germany,  it  was 
originally  the  realm  of  Lothaire(son  of  Lothaire  I.,  empe- 
ror of  the  Romans),  who  inherited  it  in  855.  This  king- 
dom, which  existed  but  for  a  few  years,  was  included 
mainly  between  the  Rhine,  Scheldei  Meuse,  Saone,  and 
the  Alps.  Lorraine  appears  as  a  duchy  about  911,  and  be- 
came  an  imperial  fief  under  Henry  the  Fowler,  About 
959  the  division  was  made  of  Lower  Lorraine  (which  de- 
veloped into  the  separate  duchies  of  Brabant,  Limburg, 
etc.)  and  Upper  Lorraine.  The  latter  continued  an  im- 
perial fief.  The  bishoprics  of  Metz,  Tool,  and  Verdun 
were  annexed  to  France  1552.  Lorraine  was  several  times 
conquered  by  France  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  giveo 
to  Stanislaus  of  Poland  in  1737,  and  on  his  death  in  1766 
reverted  to  France.  The  region  thus  annexed  constituted 
a  grand  government  with  its  capital  at  Nancy,  and  was 
bounded  by  Luxemburg  and  Prussia  on  the  north,  the 
Palatinate  on  the  northeast,  .-llsace  on  the  east,  Franche- 
Comte  on  the  south,  and  Champagne  on  the  west  It  was 
afterward  transformed  into  the  departments  of  Meuse, 
Moselle,  Meurthe,  and  Vosges.  In  1S71  part  of  it  (Ger- 
man Lorraine)  was  ceded  to  Germany.  This  forms  the 
district  (Bezirk)  of  Lothringen  in  Elsass-Lothringen  (Al- 
sace-Lorraine), with  Metz  as  capital,  having  an  area  of 
2,431  square  miles,  and  a  population  (1890)of  510,392.  The 
remaining  part  (fYench  Lorraine)  comprises  the  depart- 
ments of  Meuse,  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  and  also  that  of 
Vosges.  • 

Lorraine,  Cardinal  of  I  Charles  deGuise).  Bom 
Feb.  17,  1524:  died  Dec.  26.  1574.  A  French 
prelate,  diplomatist,  and  politician,  brother  of 
the  second  Duke  of  Guise.  He  became  archbishop  of 
Rheims  in  1538,  and  cardinal  in  1547,  and  was  minister  of 
finance  under  Francis  II.  and  Charles  IX.  He  was.  with 
his  brother,  the  leader  of  the  Roman  Catholic  party  against 
the  Huguenots. 

Lorraine,  Charles  de,  fourth  Duke  of  Guise. 
Bom  Aug.  20. 1571:  died  near  Siena,  Italy,  1640. 
A  French  noble,  son  of  the  third  Duke  of" Guise. 

Lorraine,  Claude  de,  first  Duke  of  Guise.  Bom 
Oct.  20,  1496:  died  at  Joinville,  France,  April 
12, 1550.  A  French  general  and  politician,  son 
of  Rene  11..  duke  of  Lorraine. 

Lorraine,  Frangois  de,  sumamed  '■  Le  Balafr^." 
second  Duke  of  Guise.  Bom  Feb.  17. 1519:  died 
Feb.  24.  1563.  A  French  general  and  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Guise.  He  defended 
Metz  against  Charles  V. ,  1552-53 ;  captured  Calais  in  1558 : 
gained  the  victory  of  Dreux  over  the  Huguenots  in  1562  ; 
and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Orleans,  Feb.  IS,  1563. 

Lorraine,  Henri  I.  de,  sumamed  "Le  Balafr^." 
thii'd  Duke  of  Guise.  Bom  Dee.  31, 1.550:  died 
at  Blois,  France,  Dec.  23,  1588.  A  French  gen- 
eral and  politician,  son  of  the  second  Duke  of 
Guise.  He  became  head  of  the  Catholic  League  in  1576; 
and  in  1588  entered  Paris  with  an  army,  with  a  view  to  de- 
posing the  king,  Henry  ILL,  at  whose  instigation  he  wan 
assassinated  at  Blois. 

Lorraine,  Henri  U.  de,  fifth  Duke  of  Guise. 
Born  at  Blois.  France,  April  4,  1614 :  died  at 
Paris,  June.  1664.  A  French  general  and  ad- 
venturer, son  of  the  fourth  Duke  of  (Tuise.  He 
took  part  in  the  insurrection  at  Naples  1647-48. 


Lorraine,  Louis  de 

Lorraine,  Louis  de,  second  Cardinal  of  Guise.  Lot. 
Born  at  Dumiiierre,  Jura,  France,  July  6,  1555 :     way 
assassinated  at  Blois,  France,  Dec.  24, 1588.   A 
French  ecclesiastic  and  politician,  sou  of  the 
second  Duke  of  Guise. 

Lorraine,  Louis  de,  third  Cardinal  of  Guise. 
Born  about  15S0 :  died  at  Saiutes,  France,  June 
21,  1621.  A  French  ecclesiastic,  son  of  the  third 
Duke  of  Guise. 

Lorraine,  or  Hapsburg-Lorraine,  House  of. 
A  royal  house  descended  from  Frani.-is  of  Lor- 
raine, who  became  grand  duke  of  Tu.scauy  in 
1T37,  married  Maria  Theresa  (the  last  Haps- 
burg),  and  was  Holy  Roman  emperor  1745-65. 
It  f ui'nished  thenceforth  the  emperors,  Austrian 
sovereigns,  and  rulers  of  Tuscany. 

Lorrls  (lo-res'),  Guillaume  de.  Died  about 
1240  (or  1260).  A  French  trouv&re,  author  of 
the  beginning  (4,670  lines)  of  the  "  Roman  de  la 
Rose,"  which  was  continued  by  Jean  de  Meun. 
Of  hi«  life  nothing  is  known. 

Lorsch  (lorsh).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Star- 
kenburg,  Hesse,  on  the  Wesehnitz  9  miles  east 
of  Worms.  It  is  a  very  ancient  town.  The  Mi- 
chaelskapelle  dates  from  the  9th  century.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  3,683. 

Lortzing  (lort'sing),  G-ustav  Albert.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Oct.  23, 1803 :  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 1851. 
A  German  composer  of  comic  opera.  Among 
his  opei'as  are  "  Zarund  Zimmermann  "  (1837), 
"Wildsehiitz"  (1842),  "Undine"  (1845). 

Losada  (16-sii'THa),  Diego  de.  Born  in  San 
Luear  de  Barrameda,  Spain,  about  1520:  died 
at  Tocuyo,  Venezuela,  1569.  A  Spanish  soldier. 
He  served  for  several  years  in  Venezuela,  and  in  1567  was 
sent  to  conquer  the  country  of  the  Caracas  Indians;  found- 
ed Caracas  1567  or  1568 ;  and  carried  on  a  bloody  war  with 
the  Indians,  wlio  submitted  only  after  the  death  of  their 
chief,  Guaicaipuro.  Quarrels  about  the  distribution  of  en- 
cmniendas  led  to  Losada's  deposition  from  command  in 
1569.    Also  written  Lozada. 

Losada,  or  Lozada,  Manuel.  Born  near  Tepic 
about  1825  :  died  there,  July  19, 1873.  A  Mexi- 
can bandit.  He  was  of  mixed  blood,  but  always  lived 
among  the  Tepic  Indians,  becoming  their  acknowledged 
chief.    Though  often  engaged  in  cattle-thieving  and  high. 


623 

In  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  a  king  of  Nor- 
in  Malory's  "Morto  d'Arthur/'  a  king  of 
Orkney,  in  the  first  he  marries  Anne,  sister  of  Arthur; 
in  the  s'ecoiid  he  marries  ilargawse,  the  sister  of  Arthur. 
Tennyson  makes  him  the  husband  of  Bellicent  and  king  of 
Orkney. 
Lot  (16).     A  river  in  southern  France,  joining 


Louis  II. 

France,  Dec.  31,  1838.  A  French  statesman. 
He  was  elected  in  1876  to  the  chamber  as  a  Republican,  and 
was  reelected  in  1877  and  1881;  elected  to  tlie  senate  in 
1886 ;  minister  of  public  works  Dec,  1887,-April,  1888 ; 
president  of  the  council  and  niini.sler  nf  the  interior  1892  ; 
minister  of  tlie  interior  (vmdcr  M.  Kibot)  Dee.  &-10,  1892  ; 
president  of  the  senate  1896-99  ;  president  of  France  Feb. 
18,  1899-. 


the  Garonne  at  AiguiUon.     Length,  300  miles ;  Jjoucheux      See  Kiitdiin. 


navigable  from  Entraygues  (194  miles). 

Lot.  A  department  of  southern  France,  capi- 
tal Cahors,  formed  chiefly  from  the  ancient 
Quercy  in  Guienne.  it  is  bounded  by  Corrbze  on  the 
north,  Cantal  and  Aveyron  on  the  east,  Tani-et-Garonne 
on  the  south,  and  Lot-et-Garonne  and  Dordogne  on  the 
west.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  2,012 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  253,88.5. 

Lot  (lot),  Parson.  A  pseudonym  of  the  Rev. 
Charles  Kingsley  1848-56. 

Lot-et-Garonne  (lo-ta-gii-ron').  A  department 
of  France,  capital  Agen,  formed  from  parts  of 
the  ancient  Guienne  and  Gascony.   it  is  bounded 


Loudon.Baron  Gideon  Ernst  von.  See  Laudon. 
Loudon  (lou'doii),  John  Claudius.    Bom  at 

C'ambuslang,  near  Glasgow,  April  8, 1783 :  died 
at  London,  Dee.  14,  1843.  An  English  land- 
scape gardener  and  horticulturist.  He  published 
"Encyclopjedia  of  Cottage,  Farm,  and  Villa  Architecture" 
(lS;t2),  "Arboretum  et  Frtiticetum  Britannicum"  (1838), 
and  other  encyclopedic  works. 
Loudun  (lo-diui').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vienne,  France.  39  miles  southwest  of  Tours. 
An  edict  or  treaty  was  published  here  1616,  favoring  Cond6 
and  the  malcontent  nobles  and  the  Protestants.    Popula- 


tion (1891),  connnune,  4,052. 

by  Dordogne  on  the  north.  Lot  and  Tam-et-Garonne  on  » x,   /i  .♦•»    T«*u«   n^n'hn-m      'R/^T.n  of  Cl-waa-r, 

the  east,  Gers  on  the  south,  and  Landes and  Gironde  on  the  LoUgh  (hit  ,  John  Graham.  Bom  at  Green- 
west.  It  is  mainly  an  agricultural  department  Area,  head,  Northumberland,  Lngland,  about  1804: 
2,067  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  296,360.  died   at   London,  April  8,   1876.     An   English 

Lothair   (16-thar')   I.,  G.  Lothar  (lo'tiir).  F.     scidptor. 
Lothaire  (I6-tar').     Born  about  795:  died  at  Loughborough  (luf'bur'o).    A  town  in  Leices- 
Priim,  Prussia,  Sept.,  855.  Emperorof  the  Holy    tershire,  llngland,  10  miles  north  by  west  of 
Roman  Empire  840-855,  eldest  son  of  Louis  le    Leicester.  It  manufactures  hosiery,  etc.  Popu- 
D(5bonnaire.    On  the  death  of  his  father  a  war  broke     lation  (1891),  18,196. 

out  between  him  and  his  brothers  Louis  the  German  and  LouhanS  (lo-oil').      A  town  in  the  department 

of  Saone-et-Loire.  France,  23  miles  southeast 


Charles  the  Bald  over  the  division  of  the  empire.  He  was 
defeated  by  them  at  Fontenay  841,  and  consented  to  the 
treaty  of  Verdun  in  843,  by  which  he  was  left  in  possession 
of  the  imperial  title  and  of  the  territory  included  between 
the  .\lps,  the  Rhine,  the  Meuse,  the  Saone,  and  the  Rhone. 

Lothair  II.,  called  "The  Saxon."  Died  near 
Trent,  Tyrol,  Dee.  3, 1137.  Emperorof  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  1125-37.  He  was  made  duke  of  Sax- 
ony in  1106 ;  was  elected  king  of  Germany  in  1125 ;  and 
was  crowned  by  the  Pope  in  1133. 

Lothair.  Born  941 :  died  986.  King  of  France 
954-986,  son  of  Louis  IV. 

Lothair  (16-thar').  1.  A  Norman  knight  in 
M.  G.  Lewis's  tragedy  "Adelgitha."  He  proves 
to  be  Adelgitha's  son.  The  part  was  played  by 
Macready. — 2.  The  principal  character  in  Dis- 
raeli's novel  of  that  name,  published  in  1870. 


way  robbery,  his  power  made  him  feared,  and  he  wasflat-  LothariUgia.     See  Lorvciine. 

tered  by  the  various  governments:  Maximilian  even  ac-  Lothario  (16-tha're-6).      1.  The  principal  male 

knowledgedhis  rank  as  general.    Early  in  1873  beheaded     ^jjaracter  in  Rowe's  play  "  The  Fair  Penitent." 


an  uprising  in  which,  it  is  said,  20,000  Indians  were  engaged 
Defeated  by  General  Corona  near  Guadalajara,  Jan.  28, 1873, 
he  was  soon  after  captured  and  shot. 
Los  Altos  (16s  al'tos).  The  name  given  to  a  por- 
tion of  western  Guatemala  which,  on  Feb.  2, 
1838,  seceded  to  form  a  si.xth  state  of  the  Cen- 
tral American  Confederacy.  It  embraced  the  de- 
partments of  Solobi,  Totonicapan,  and  Quezaltenango,  cor- 


of  Chalon-sur-Saone.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4, .548. 
Louis  (16'is  or  16'e)  I.,  siu-named  "Le  Pieux" 
and  "  Le  D6bonnai're."  [E.  Letois,  F.  Louis,  It. 
Liiifji  or  Lodovico,  Sp.  Luis,  Pg.  Lui:,  L.  Ludo- 
vicus,  G.  Ludwig.']  Bom 778:  died  on  an  island 
in  the  Rhine,  near  Mainz,  June  20.  840.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  814-840,  son 
of  Charles  the  Great  whom  he  succeeded.  He  es- 
tablished in  817  an  order  of  succession  in  accordance  with 
which  Ids  eldest  son  Ix)thair  was  to  inherit  the  iinix-rial  title 
with  Austrasia  and  the  greater  part  of  Gennany.  while  the 
rest  of  the  empire  was  to  be  divided  among  his  yminger  sons 
Pepin  and  Louis.  He  married  a  second  wife  in  819,  and  in 
S29  modified  the  order  of  succession  adopted  in  817  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  give  Charles,  a  child  of  his  second  marriage, 
Alamannia,  with  the  title  of  king.  The  three  elder  sons  re- 
volted in  consequence,  and  he  was  compelled  to  surrender 
by  the  defection  of  his  troops  on  the  Field  of  Lies,  near 
Cobnar,  in  Alsace,  in  833.  He  was  liberated  by  Louis  and 
restored  to  the  throne  in  834. 


He  is  a  libertine  ("that  haughty  gallant,  gay  Lothario"), 

the  seducer  of  Calista,  the  fair  penitent.     His  name  h.is  .  ,.,rr.L      r>  ii     -n  i.      » 

become  the  synonym  for  a  fashionable  and  unscrupulous  LOUIS,  surnained  "the  German.       liorn  about 


rake.  He  was  the  original  of  Richardson's  Lovelace. 
2.  A  German  gentleman  and  aristocrat  in 
Goethe's  "Wilhelm  Meister's  Lehrjahre."  He 
bears  an  undoubted  resemblance  to  Karl  August,  and  is 
worshiped  by  Wilhelm  Meister 


responding  nearly  to  the  present  departments  of  those  Lothian  (lo'THi-an).    A  former  division  of  Scot- 
names,  together  with  Huehuetenango,  San  Marcos,  Ketal-  land,  reaching  at  One  time  from  the  English  bor- 
huleu,  and  Suchitepequez.     A  constitution  was  adopted,  ,       .'    (.),„  -ci^^tv,       „      t.     t  t   n,-       M;.ii„fi,!„„  o„rl 
and  Marcelo  M.,lina  was  elected  president,  Dec,  1838.  The  "er  to  the  Forth.     For  East  Lothian  Midlothian,  and 
state  was  recognized  by  Salvador,  and  at  first  by  (Juatemala,  .,West  Lothian,seoffaddin<7to«,  £rf»nM,ryA,  and  LiMhgow. 
but  was  destroyed  by  Carrera  in  Jan.,  1840,  and  reincorpo-  Lothnngen.     See  Lorraine. 
rated  with  Guatemala.  Loti  (lo-te'),  Pierre.     See  Viaud,  Louis  Marie 
Los  Angeles  (los  an'je-les;  Sp.  pron.  16s  ang'-  Julien. 
He-les).     A  city  and  the  capital  of  Los  Angeles  Lotophagi  (15-tof'a-ji).     [Gr.  AuToipdyot,  lotus- 
County,  Califomia,  situated  on  the  river  Los  eaters.]     The  lotus-eaters;  in  Greek  legend, 
Angeles  in  lat.  34°  5'  N.,  long.  118°  13'  W.    It 
is  the  center  of  an  orange-  and  grape-growing  district,  and 
is  a  winter  health-resort.   It  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1781,  and  was  taken  from  the  Mexicans  in  1846.    Popula- 
tion (1900),  102,479. 

Los  Angeles,  or  Anjeles.    The  capital  of  the 

province  of  Biobio,  Chile.     Population,  about 

10,000. 
Losecoat  Field.  The  battle  of  Stamford  ( 1470) : 


especially  as  given  in  the  Odyssey,  the  name  of 
a  people  who  ate  the  fruit  of  a  plant  called 


IVIIUVVII    UIIVIV^J      nil-    IIIIIIIU    <Jl      UUbM)f  Illlf^l     <l»i-.<<<'ll    \.ll^    <■•-■•  vi>-.,i  ■•  l/,tl.IV     VU     i    I 

coast  of  Africa  in  Tripoli,  and  on  the  island  of  Meninx  LQ^iiig    ^^ 
(Lotophagttia,  modern  Jerba)  in  Tunis.  (J;  ,      'V-. 


!if.^"^L'!!!;.''"'f„*l;iffl:!t*'''^  '■''^''  L6tSChenthal(16t'shen-tiU).    Tlie  valley  of  the 

Lonza,  a  riglit-hand  tributary  of  the  Rhone, 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  about  13  miles 
west-northwest  of  Brieg. 

AteMson,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fi5  Railroad,  23  j'^n'  ^aifir!i  Thf^'^'Spp  Lotonhani 
miles  south  of  Albuquerque.  The  name  is  de-  i'^J^^t^t 'to^'  B,,Hnlf  HprmaC  Ti'. 
.■.„r.A  t — „  ♦!,„  s,,„„L.i,  fir^iiiao  ^f  i.nnn  Lotze/iot  sc)._Ku(lolt  Uermanii.  n; 


away  their  coats  in  their  flight. 
Los  Herreros.    See  Mcrrcros,  Manuel  Breton  de 

los. 
Los  Lunas  (16s  16'niis).     A  settlement  on  the 


rived  from  tlie  Spanish  families  of  Luna. 
Los  Reyes,  Ciudad  de.    See  Ciudad  de  los  Reyes 

and  Limn. 
Lossing  (los'ing),  Benson  John.  Bom  at  Beek- 

maii,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1813:  ilied  near  Dover 
Plains,  N.  Y.,  June  3,  1891.  An  American  his- 
torian and  journalist.  Among  his  works  are  "Pic- 
torial Field-Book  of  the  Rcvoluti.in  "  (18BO-.52),  "History 
of  the  United  States  "  (1  S54-f>C,),  "  History  of  the  Civil  War 
in  tlie  United  States"  (18(il!-e9),  "Pictorial  I'"leld-Book  of 
the  War  of  1812"  (1869),  etc. 

Lossnitz  (les'nits).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Sa.xoiiy,  17  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  Pop- 
ulation (1890).  5,886. 

Lost  Leader,  The.  A  poem  by  Robert  Browning, 
referring  to  Wordsworth. 

Lost  Tales  of  Miletus,  The.  A  volume  of  poems 

by  Biilwor  Ijytton,  published  in  1806. 
Lot  (lot).     In  Old  Testament  liistory,  the  son 
of  Haran  and  nephew  of  Abraham. 


804:  died  at  Frankfort,  Aug.  28,  876.  King  of 
Germany  843-876,  son  of  the  emperor  Louis  I. 
(whom  see).  On  the  death  of  his  father  he  united  with 
his  brother  Charles  against  Lothair,  whom  they  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Fontenay  in  841.  By  the  treaty  of  Verdun 
in  843,  which  tinally  settled  the  dispute  as  to  the  division 
between  the  lirotliers,  he  received  the  whole  of  Germany 
east  of  the  Rliine,  and  ilainz.  Spires,  and  Worms  on  the 
west.  He  is  commonly  regarded  as  tlie  founder  of  the 
German  kingdom. 
Louis  II.  Born  about  822 :  died  87.'5.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  855-875,  son  of  the 
emperor  Lothair  I.  whom  ho  succeeded  in  Italy. 
He  was  crowned  king  of  Lorraine  by  the  Pope  in  872,  in 
opposition  to  his  uncles  Charles  the  Bahl  and  Louis  the 
German,  the  throne  of  Ixirraine  having  been  vacated  by 
_  _     the  death  of  his  brother  Lotliair  in  809. 

the  lotus,  coi/jecturaiiyTdentiiied  withVarious  LouisIII.  Died929(917?).  Emperorof  the  Holy 
plants  which  have  borne  that  name.  Those  of  the  Roman  Empire  901-905,  son  of  Boso,  king  of 
followers  of  Odysseus  or  Ulysses  who  ate  of  it  are  described  Provence.  He  acceded  to  the  throne  of  Provence  in  890  ; 
as  being  rendered  forgetful  of  their  friends  and  unwilling  was  crowned  emperor  in  WU  ;  and  was  deposed  In  905  by 
to  return  to  their  own  land.  In  historical  times  a  people  Berengarius  I.  of  Italy,  by  whom  ho  was  blinded  and  sent 
known  under  the  name  of  Lotophagi  lived  on  the  northern      back  to  Provence. 

suriiamed  "The  Child."  Born  893:  died 
111.  King  of  Germany  900-911,  son  of  the  em- 
])0ror  Arnult".  He  acceded  at  the  age  of  six,  and  the 
government  wa.s  conducted  chlelly  by  Hatto,  archbishop 
of  Mainz.  During  his  reign  Gennany  was  devastated  by 
the  Magyars  or  liungariaua.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Caro- 
lingians  in  Germany. 
Louis  IV.,  surnamcd  "The  Bavarian."  Bom 
12S():  .liiMl  iH'nr  Munich,  Oct.  11.  i;!47.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  F.inpire  1314-47.  sou  of  the 
Dulse  of  Bavaria.  Hewas  opposedby  lYederick, duke 
of  Austria,  whom  he  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Miihl- 
dorf  in  1322.  He  was  crowned  emperor  In  1328.  In  1338 
the  electoral  princes  met  at  Rhcnse,  where  they  adopted 
resolutions  to  the  etTcct  that  the  emperor  derived  his  right 
to  the  German  and  imperial  crowns  by  virtue  of  his  elec- 
tion liy  the  electoral  princes.  Independent  of  any  corona- 
tion by  the  Pope. 

86:  died 
1825-48, 
son  of  Maximilian  I.  Josejili.  He  was  a  patron  of 
art  and  literature.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  111 
184.S  he  abdicated  In  favor  of  his  son  Maxinilliuli  II. 
Louis  II.  Born  at  Nvmphenbiirg.  near  Munich, 
Aug.  2.'),  184.'i:  died  .tune  13,  1,8.86.  King  of  Ba- 
varia  1864-.86,  sou  of  Maxiinilian  11.  He  supported 
Austria  against  Prussia  in  ISM,  and  Pnissin  against  France 
in  1870-71.  He  Jidned  the  North  Gennan  Zollverein  In 
1807  and  became  a  member  of  the  German  Kmplrc  In  1871. 
Ho  la  chlcllyjtnown  aa  the  patron  of  Hlchard  Wagner. 


oni  at  Baut- 
zen, Saxony,  May  21,1817:  died  III  Berlin,  July 
1,  1881.  A  noted  German  iiliilosdiihc'r,  psycholo- 
gist, and  physiologist,  professor  of  iiliiloso]>hy 
atGiitlingen  1844-81.  in  1881  be  was  appointed  pro. 
fessor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin,  lie  opposed,  as  a  physi- 
ologist, tlie  theory  of  a  "vital  fi>rce";  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  iihysiologlcal  psyilndogy ;  and,  a«  a  metaphy- 
sician, elaborated  a  system  of  idcal-reallsm  or  teleologl 
cal  ideali 
"Ilandw 

" Allgcni., .  —  -  „-- 

Naturwissenschaften"  (1842),  "System  der  Philosophic 
("  Loglk."  1843,  revised  1874  ;  "  Metaphyslk,"  1878),  "  All- 
gemeine  Physiologie  des  korjterlichen  LebeiiB "  (1861), 
"Medizlni8cheP8ycholo«l.e"(1862),"Mikrokc.8mus"(185B- 
18U4),  "Oeschlchte  dor  AsthetlklnDeutscblaud"  (1808), 
etc. 

Lotzen  (let'son).  A  town  in  the  proWnce  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  68  miles  southeast  of 
Kiiiiigsberg.     Population  (1890),  5,272. 

Loubet  (I6-ba'),  Emile.    Bom  at  Marsanne, 


Jlaborated  a  system  ol  Kicai-reansm  or  leieoiogi-  ,|q„  ^y  the  Pope. 

disnl.     He  puldisbed  notable  articles  In  Wagner  s  ,.  „.,:„  t      ■»„..,  ..f  «t..ool,„,.o.    .\,i,r  n'\  17 

ivortelbncll  der  Physiologie,"  "  Mctapbysik  "  (184(1).  LOUIS  I.  „"  "  ", '1*  2*™**'l'."  f^'  ')"  f '  -''  }  ' 

iieine  Pathologic  und  Tlicrapie  als  mecbaiiisclie  nt  Nic(>.  Feb.  29,  186h.  King  of  Havana 


Louis  n. 

Having  become  insane,  he  was  confined  in  the  palace  of 
Berg  on  Lalie  Starnberg,  near  Munich,  in  IS86,  and  com- 
mitted suicide  by  drowning  in  the  lake. 

Louis  I.,  King  of  France.     See  Louis  I.,  Empe- 
ror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 


624 

vm.  of  England.  Henrj-  and  the  emperor  defeated 
Longueville  at  Guinegate  in  the  '•  battle  of  the  spurs  " 
Aug.  16, 1513,  and  the  French  were  in  the  same  year  ex- 
pelled from  Italy ;  but  Louis  succeeded  in  brealdng  up  the 
league  by  diplomacy,  and  was  preparing  to  reconquer  ililan 
when  he  died. 


Louisiana 


Louis IL,surnamed''LeBegue"(F.,' the  Stam-  t'1'!!;"Vt^      r  * -p     .  •     v, 

merer').    Bom84C:  diedatCompieme.Frauoe.  ^S^f  ?jLn^,^<\™  ,^t  f°°t^°ebleau,  France, 


merer').'  Bom8-tC:  died  at  Compiegne,  France. 
April  10,  879.  King  of  France  877-879,  son  of 
Charles  the  Bald. 
Louis  in.  Bom  about  863 :  died  882.  King  of 
France  (conjointly  ivith  his  brother  Carloman) 
879-882 .  son  of  Louis  II, 


Sept.  27,  1601:  died  at  St.  Grermaia-en-Lave' 
France,  May  14,  1643.  King  of  France  1610-^ 
1643,  son  of  Henry  IV.  He  succeeded  under  the 
regency  of  his  mother  Marie  de  Medicis ;  was  declared  of 
age  in  1614 ;  and  married  Anne  of  Austria  in  1615.    In  1614 

,  „„„  „^  ^^^^^  ii.  he  summoned  the  States-General,  wtiich  were  not  snm- 

Louis  IV.,  sumamed  "'  D'Outre-Mer"  CF  .  'from     """^d  agy""  before  the  Kevolution  of  17S9.    In  1624  he 
bevond  seas'1.     Rom  »^^  ■  Hi^H  o=u      ?r;„„  ^f     chose, as  his  pnm     ^    ■ - 


beyond  seas').  Bom  921:  died  954.'  King  of 
France  936-954,  son  of  Charles  the  Simple.  Dur- 
ing his  reign  the  kingdom  was  practicaUv  governed  bv 
Hugh  the  Great  and  other  powerful  vassals.'  He  received 
his  surname  from  the  fact  that  he  was.  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  carried  to  England  bv  his  mother,  Eaiiffiiu,  sister 
of  Athelstan,  king  of  Englaiid,  to  avoid  falling  into  the 


ue  minister  Richelieu,  whom  he  maiu- 


^  ecker  resigned,  owing  to  the  faUure  of  the  court  to  sup- 
port his  financial  reforms,  and  falonne  became  minister 
ol  nuance  in  ITSa  He  gratifled  the  court  bv  securingiiew 
loans,  but  the  increasing  deficit  compelled' him  to  resign 
in  l.t-,.  He  was  foUowcd  by  De  Brieune.  who  advised  the 
lang  to  convoke  the  States-General,  which  had  not  met 
since  1614.  The  States-General  convened  at  \ersaiUes  in 
May.  1,^9,  and  enabled  the  nation  to  give  expression  to 
the  revolutionary  tendencies  which  had  been  fostered  by 
generations  of  misrule.  (See  French  Keviiutinn.)  The 
weak  and  vacillating  king,  acting  on  the  advice  of  his 
gueen,  refused,  until  too  late,  to  grant  the  demands  of  the 
popular  party,  but  could  not  be  induced  to  adopt  energetic 
measures  to  resist  them.  France  was  declared  a  republic 
in  1,  ;i-2.  and  Louis  w.is  executed  Jan.  21, 1793,  after  a  mock 
trial  by  the  Convention. 


,,uuoc  iu  uis  piime  luiniMer  Kicueiieu,  whom  he  main-     '"'"  ■"'  'ne  uonvention. 

tained  in  office  until  Eichelieus  death  in  1642.    The  chief  T.nnig  VUII       R>,.„  „*T-„.„„-ii       i:-  ■.. 

results  of  his  reign,  due  to  the  policy  of  I^chelien  ^rl  r.°"^?--?--.V^.-     ^om  at^  ersaiUes.France.March 


results  of  his  reign,  due  to  the  policy  of  Richelieu  were 
the  destruction  of  the  political  power  of  the  Huguenots 
which  was  completed  hy  the  siege  and  capture  of  Eochelle 
1627  K :  the  central  ization  of  the  government  in  the  hands 
of.  the  king,  who  was  made  independent  of  the  nobles  and 
the  parliament ;  and  the  abatement  of  the  power  of  the 

house  of  AnsPria    whose  T»r*ir,rtnH.ir-iTi/>.i  in  IT,,...^.. : 


2i^.  _1,S3:  (Ued  in  the  Temple,  Paris,  June  8, 
li95.  Titular  king  of  France,  second  son  of 
Louis  XVI.  and  ilai-ie  Antoinette.  He  became 
dauphin  in  1789,  was  imprisoned  in  the  Temple  in  179-' 
and  was  proclaimed  king  by  the  emigres  on  the  execution 


titvLcki  nail©  Ol  xiiiiice  uv  tne  noDies.     £ 
England  on  the  death  of  "Rudolph  in  936. 


Louis  v.,  surnamed  '-'Le  Faineant"  (F.,  'the  LouiS   XIV.,  sumamed  "Le  Grand"  (F..  'the 
Slus-s-arci '^.     Rnrii  flfifi.  dicl  Viutr  QS7      ttit,™     Great').   Born  at  St -r}prTnQiT>_c.T._T  «.,-„  i^^ 


Sluggard').     Born  966:  died  May,  987.     King 

of  France  986-987,  sou  of  Lothair."    He  was  the 

last  of  the  Carolingians  in  France. 
Louis  'Vl.,  sxuTiamed  ' ' Le  Gros"  (F. , '  the  Fat '). 

Born  about  107S:  died  1137.     King  of  France 

110>i-37,  son  of  Philip  I.  He  made  Suger,  abbot 

of  St.  Denis,  his  chief  minister. 
Louis  "Vn.,  sumamed  "Le  Jeune"  and  "Le 

PieiLs"  (F.,  'the  Young'  and   'the  Pious')- 

Born  about  ^'""     "    ' 

J-lo*— oUj  son  ^t  A..V-IUO    ,  i.      -ne  io._»ii  parnit-l'— *yj  in 

the  second  Crusade,  and  in  ll,i2  divorced  his  wife,  Eleanor 


- — — ■- •,  .....s  «.  ^.,5i«.,.,a,  to  avoid  falling  into  the  the  parliament ;  and  the  abatement  of  the  power  of  the  and  was  nriv-Himert  t.^Tirh;- fhl^™  ™;  "'^i>^>:  m  J'.w-^ 
hands  of  his  rival,  Rudolj.h  of  Burgundy,  who  had  been  house  of  Ausrri;^  whose  preponderance  ii^  EuroM  wiS  in-<^  of  his  ff  tK'n  ™  hnf  W^f  emigres  on  the  executiMi 
elected  king  pi  France  by  the  nobles.     He  returned  from     trievably  lost  by  the  interrention  of  F^nce^^we^en  t!!^^    4-wim    !'ox       ^  f       S?^"-'   ''"*  "^U/u,,™,  E. 

xxhixxaix  ,•„.!,„  tk;>^ -I- — .  T,-._    o  _  „. ,  ,.  "  ^"™^°  Louis  Xvni.  (Stanislas  Xavier).    Bom  ai 

■^'ersailles.  France,  Xov.  17, 1755:  died  at  Paris 
Sept.  16. 1824.  King  of  France  1814-24,  Young- 
er brother  of  Louis  XVI.  He  emigrated  in  1791,  and 
assumed  the  royal  title  on  the  death  of  Louis  XVII.  (whom 
see)  in  1793.  He  .ascended  the  throne  on  the  fall  of  >'apo- 
leon  in  1^14.  and  promulcated  a  constitution  based  on  the 
Lnghsh  model.  He  was  expelled  bv  Napoleon  in  March, 
islo  (see  Hundred  Day/),  and  was  restored  by  the  allied 
armies  in  June.  1815. 

Louis  XI.  A  melodrama  bv  Casimir  Delavigne 
produced  in  1832.  Boucicault  wrote  an  English  ver- 
sion m  1S46.  Henry  Irving  is  identified  with  the  character. 


Ureal  ).  Born  at  St. -Germain-en-Lave.  France 
Sept.  5  (16  ?),  1638 :  died  at  Versailles,  France' 
Sept.  1,  1715.  King  of  France  1643-1715,  son 
of  Louis  Xm.  and  Anne  of  Austria.  Heascended 
the  throneunderthegnardianshipof  his  mother,  whochose 
Cardinal  M.izarin  as  her  chief  minister.  He  was  declared 
of  age  at  fourteen,  but  retained  Mazarin  in  office  until  the 
cardinal  s  death  in  16«1,  when  he  assumed  personal  con- 
trol of  the  government.  He  assumed  the  direction  of  af- 
fairs at  a  time  when  the  poUcy  inaugurated  bv  RicheUea 


'the    ioung'   and    'the   Pious')  '^P^' "."me  when  the  poUcy  inaugurated  bv  RicheUea     i:'"S"'>^5'^'  '"  ^^o--     "ouc'cault  wrote  an  English  rer- 

1120  :  died  1180      Kino-  of  Franne  ?",  continued  by  Mazarin  had  made  the  Bourbons  abso-  /'on.""  l5«-  Hemy  Imng  is  identified  with  the  character, 

of  Tm.iivT      ^'  .    1    °  w      .^°*^.''  lat?  at  home  and  paramount  abroad.    The  reforms  of  Col-  I^UIS,  Pierre  Charles  Alexandre.      Bom  at 

oti^ouib  Nl.     He  took  part  (114. -49)  m  bert,  his  comptioUer-general  of  the  finances  0661-83),     AI.  Mame.  France    1787-  died  at  Paris   187" 

sade,  and  in  11,^2  divorced  his  wife,  Eleanor  swelled  his  treasury  while  promotino-  industn-  and  e^       A   T?ro„  „i,  Vt    ?•    ■  in'  ^'^"[^'^  „^",^'  -^  ,  - 

m  seel  who  mnrrieH  ITpnrv„f  l„i^,  /^„ft„  oniv-  an.)  fh„«=  „f  f  „....„.•, 'i,.--  _,.'"/?.   _.._"^  ™?-?*0'l-      A    ±  rCUCh   pfavSlCiaU.       He   WTOte    •  ■  Rppbevflioa 


ofPoitou(whomse\whora^ar^"ekSeS;yof  AnTou  StT^^     om>T^T?hosToTL"u™i;'i;ri^;n"SerorwS  U^flTx"     ^  ^i''^??''  physician.     He  wrote  -R 
wardHenryU  of  England)inthesameyear.    Heretained     transformedhlsarmvintothemost perfectmilitarvo^nf'  ,^^  ^^  *"'^P  typhoide"  (1828),  etc. 

rtnr,n..fh»»,r1.„,>,,f„fHi....„„..=....v,.. .„,^.     gtiou  ui  EuTopc.     His  desire  of  conquest  and  dr^mfof  a"  Louis  NapoleOU.      See  Xapoleon  III. 

French  universal  monarchy  embroiled  him  in  numerous  Louis  Philinne  ilo'e  A-Ipti'I    cv^or 


^  ^^^..xj  x^,  XXX  ^xxx^xaixxif  lu  iiic  aduic  J  c^T.     jiereiaineu 

during  the  earlier  part  of  his  reign  his  father's  great  min- 
ister, Suger. 

Louis  vm.,  surnamed  "Le  Lion."    Born  1187: 
di.-d  at  Montpensier,  Anvergne,  France,  Xov.  8, 


— .  —  ^~xxxx^.^      ^x.xx,  «,.3iic  ,^1  Luiique^i  ai 

iYench  umversal  monarchy  embroiled  him  in  n 
wars,  in  which  his  anus  were  sustained  by  Turenn 


122ii.     King  of  France  1223-26,  sou  oFphilip     s^I 


Augustus.  He  married  Blanche  of  Castile,  grand- 
daughter of  Henry  II.  of  England,  In  1200,  and  in  1216  was 
offered  the  English  crown  by  the  barons  in  opposition  to 
John.  He  landed  in  England  in  1216 ;  but  after  the  death 
of  John  the  barons  graduallv  went  over  to  the  court  party 
which  recognized  John's  son,  Henry  III.;  and  he  returned 
to  lYance  in  1217. 

IiOuis  IX.  {St.  Louis).     Bora  at  Poissv,  France, 
April  25, 1215 :  died  near  Tunis,  Aug*.  2-5. 1270. 


in  numerous  Louis  Philippe  (16'e  fi-lep'),  sumamed  "Eol 

Luxemlx>uSrc7tinirVmi^l-eniTm%"';ndVauba:^°"^^^  9!'°T^--''F-'A-^\''i^^''^'^-  5°™  ^'  ^''"'- 
first  war  (1667-6?)  was  fought  with  Spain  on  account  of  the  ^'  "•  '^"^'  died  at  Claremont,  England,  Aug. 
Spanish  Xetherlands.  which  he  claimed  through  his  wife    26,  18-50.   King  of  the  French  1830-48.  son  of 


i-i^-    _-,„.--^.  ^„^    x^  ...iivaiio.     iie  lavorea  me 

devolution,  and  served  under  Dumouriez  against  the  Aus- 
triaus,  but  became  involved  in  the  conspiracy  of  his  chief 
against  the  republic,  and  found  himself  compelled  to  join 
the  emigres.  He  returned  to  France  on  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons  in  1S14.  and  was  restored  to  his  herediiaiy 
estates.  On  the  deposition  of  Charles  X.  in  1830.  he  was 
elected  by  the  deputies  and  peers  to  the  vacant  throne 
chiefly  at  the  instance  of  lafayette.  He  wts  deposed  bv 
the  revolution  of  Feb.,  1S4S. 


--- .     "xxxx^xxxx-x      vx      AlliU^     X    .    .     Ul     OUaill.  It    WOS 

ended  by  the  treaty  of  .\ix-la-Chapelle,  and  resulted  in  the 
acquisition  of  a  number  of  fortified  towns  on  the  BelHan 
frontier.  His  second  war  (1672-7S)  was  directed  ag^nst 
Holland  supported  by  the  Empire.  Spain,  Brandenburg 
and  Sweden,  and  resulted  in  the  acquisition  of  territo^ 
from  ^pal^  and  Austria  at  the  peace  of  Xiniwegen.  I5 
lt)81  he  annexed  Str;ishurg  (see  iit-uiiimi.CA<ii;i6,-r*o/ land 
in  16S5 revoked  theEdictof  Nantes(which  sec)      His  third 

?*■ c't:^ To-;i"\"'   """;'-;  ^"S-^- ■'■-'"■      ^.'^P.***-»"''^asjvith  England,  the  Netherlands,  the  Em-     the  revolution  of  Feb    i«i«      ~" '' •' 

Knigof  France  1226-,0,  son  of  Louis  ^Tll.     He     P'je,  spam,  and  Savo.v.  and  concerned  the  Palatinate  to     '°^  r«™m"on  olieb,  i^ 

undertook  a  crusade  in  1248 ;  captured  Damietta  in  1249 •     ^ '"V''  ^^  ''"'*  c'aim.    It  was  unsuccessful,  and  was  ended  -"OUIS  William  I.     Bom  at  Paris.  April  8.  1655 : 

.„.i.i.._; . — .:.= ,^.-„  .  ..       -^  ,j^^     "-v  the  peace  of  Ryswick,  by  which  Alsace  and  .^trasbnrg    died  at  Bastatt.  Baden.  Jan.  4.  1707.     MarCTave 

ttired  'vere formally  Ceded  to  France.  His  fourth  war  ^70^-^4^  r>f  Ra.lor.  t,  .  v  •-..-...  '.  ■  -">"S'«<>e 
'"'^-  concerned  the  succession  in  Spain,  whoseTlm>neLcato^  ?4.^q,  »^h  ?  ^^''l'"^'"'  <?i^.t"i"ion  against  the  Turks 
for  his  grandson.  Philip  of  Anjon.  I^  this  w^ he  fou™h^  l^^siom  ^  ""^  ^'"'^  "  ^^^ ^="'  °'  ""^  ^^P""'^'" 
afterl703,  almost  single-handed  against  the  bulk  of  Eu^  T°°;^fn-.  -  -N  r-  T  •  .,  ■  -,  ^  „ 
rope.  (See  Spanish  Succemon,  War  of.)  The  peace  of  -"OllSa  (lo-e  za).  G.  Luise  (lo-e'ze).  Bom  at 
Utrecht  (1713)  and  of  Rastatt  and  Baden  (1714)  secured  Hannover.  March  10.  1776:  died  at  Hohenzie- 
spam  for  his  grandson,  but  left  Louis  with  an  e-xhausted  ritz.  ilecklenburg-Strelitz.  Julv  19  1810  A 
XpcaVfi£'^''^°liT^i.cf hViS^ilnL'd^S^^^^^^  celebrated  dueen^of  Pmssia.'^e  ^fFrederiet 
death  of  Colbert,  and  of  his  bigoted  and  intolerant  policv  ,"  "Uam  111. 

toward  the  Huguenots,  which  drove  50,000  families  from  Louisa,  or  Luisa,  Miller.     -Ajl  opera  by  Verdi. 

irance,  the  country  was  prostrated,  and  the  way  prepared     first  produced  at  Xardes  1849 

France"Y31^1^"s7nTf"phrii7n-:^"Het2rit^d     'tMed'th''eM°ug,^'J°n  A^eTi^^ncI  ^"^  ^'''  '^  "''^  Lf^isa  Ulrica  ,  lo-e'ia  ul-re'ka),  Queen  of  Swe- 

the  kingdom  of  Savarre  through  his  mother,  Joan  of  Xa-  Louis  X"V.     Bornat  Versailles.  France  Feb  15      "^°'     ■'^°™  "^^y  -^-  l~-0  :  died  Julv  16,  1782. 

varre,  in  1305.  1710;  died  at  Vei-sailles,  Jlav  10, 1774.  '  King  of    "^'^^  °'^'  Adolphus  Frederick  of  Sweden,  and 

France  171.5-74.  great-grandson  of  Louis  X*!^*      sister  of  Frederick  the  Great :  a  patron  of  art 
During  his  minority  the  government  was  administered  b.v     ^^'^  science. 

the  Duke  of  Orleans.    He  was  declared  of  age  in  17-23,  and  LouisbUTg  (16'is-berg  or  lo'e-bere).      A  ruined 
m  1,2;,  married  Mane  Leczinska.  daughter  of  .st..nisi»=      fortress  on  the  coast  of  Cape  Breton,  Xova  Sco- 
tia, situated  in  lat.  45°  53'  X.,  long.  60°  W.    it 


uiiu^iLuuik  a  ^luaaue  m  ±z-ia;  captureu  iiamietta  m  1249- 
and  during  an  expedition  against  Cairo  was  defeated  by  the 
Ayouhite  sultan  Tooninshih  (Almoaden)  and  captured 
with  the  wholeFrench  army,  in  -4pril.  1250.  He  was  liber- 
ated on  the  evacuation  of  Damietta  and  the  payment  of  a 
ransom,  and  returned  to  France  in  1254.  He  siirrendered 
Perigord,  the  Limousin,  and  southern  Saintonge  to  Henry 
IIL  of  England  in  1259.  in  return  for  which  the  latter  re- 
nounced his  claim  to  Normandy,  Anjou,  Maine,  Touraine, 
Poitou,  and  northern  Saintonge.  He  undertook  a  crusade 
against  Tunis  in  1270.  during  which  he  died.  He  was  can- 
onized by  Boniface  VIII.  in  1297. 
louis  X.,  sumamed  "Le  Hutin"  (F  'the 
Quan-eler').  Bom  1289 :  died  1316.  King  of 
1314--" 
ngd 
varre,  in  1305 

Louis  XI.  Bom  at  Bonrges,  France,  July  3, 
1423:  died  at  Plessis-les-Tours,  near  Tours 
France,  Aug.  30, 14S3.  King  of  France  1461- 
1483,  son  of  Charles  ^^I.  He  destroyed  the  power 
of  the  great  feudatories,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
absolute  monarchy  which  afterward  obtained  in  France. 
The  arbitrary  and  perfidious  measures  which  he  adopted 
•provoked  a  conspiracy  of  the  nobles  under  the  lead  of 
■Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy.  The  conspirators  organ 
nizeda"leagueofthepublicweal."andfou  '  ■  ' 
tie  at  Montlhery  in  146.i,  but  succumbed  t. 
of  the  king,  who  detached  Charles  the  Bold  „.,„  ....^  „u,^, 
of  Beiry  by  bribeiy.  After  having  destroyed  his  less  for- 
midable opponents,  he  made  war  on  Charles,  who  allied 
himself  with  Edward  IV.  of  England.  On  the  death  of 
Charles,  at  the  battle  of  Nancy  against  the  Swiss  in  1477 
he  united  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  with  the  crown  In  14si 
he  obtained  possession  of  Provence,  Anion,  and  Maine  bv 
the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Anjou. 

Louis  Xn.,  sm-named  "  The  Father  of  the  Peo- 
ple." Born  at  Blois,  France,  June  27.  1462: 
died  Jan.  1,  1515.  King  of  France  1498-1515, 
a  descendant  of  the  younger  son  of  Charles  V. 
and  founder  of  the  "branch  line  of  Valois-Or- 
leans.  He  divorced  his  wife,  Jeanne,  daughter  of  louis 
XI..  and  mairied  (1499)  Anne  of  Brittany,  widow  of  Charles 
VIII.,  in  order  to  retain  the  duchy  of  Brittany  for  the 
crown.  In  1499  he  expelled  Ludovnco  Moro  and  took  pos- 
st-sdon  of  Milan,  to  which  he  laid  claim  as  the  grandson  of 
V  alentina  \  isconti.  He  conquered  Naples  in  1501  in  alU- 
ance  with  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  of  Aragon,  but  disagreed 
with  his  ally  over  the  division  of  the  spoil,  with  the  result 
that  his  army  was  defeated  bv  the  Spanish  general  Gon- 
zalvo  de  Cordova  on  the  Gari'gliauo  in  15o3.  In  150S  he 
joined  the  emperor  Maximilian.  Pope  JuUus  11.,  and  Ferdi- 
Mnd  the  Catholic  in  the  League  of  Cambray  against  Venice. 
The  Pope,  however,  who  feared  the  presence  of  the  French 
In  Italy,  negotiated  in  1511  the  Holy  League  with  Venice 
«nd  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  for  the  expulsion  of  the  French: 
•the  league  was  afterward  joined  by  the  emperor  and  Hemy 


. ^xxx.  xjx  ^.xxx^xxxxa.     jjc  »ii*a  uc(-iiii^;u  Ol  agein  1.  .:^,  ana 

m  1,25  mamed  Marie  Leczinska,  daughter  of  Stanislas 
the  dethroned  king  of  Poland.  On  the  death  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans  in  1723,  the  Duke  of  Boiirbon  was  appointed 
prime  minister.  He  was  in  1726  superseded  bv  Fleurv 
after  whose  death  in  1743  the  government  was  cbnducte'd 
by  appointees  of  the  king's  mistresses  Pompadour  and  Dn 
Barry.     In  1741  Louis  joined  the  coalition  against  Maria 

;  of  Austria  ^See    xitlStyinn    Vxrrxxxa^ixCxxxx      II*....  ^^\ .3 


was  built  by  the  French  after  the  peace  of  Itrecht  (1713) ; 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  a  New  England  force  under 
Pepperell,  June  17,  1745;  was  restored  in  1748:  and  was 
again  besieged  and  taken  by  the  British  under  Amherst 
July  27, 1758. 


..-t,..„.„.„  „.^c.u-  i>.ui.>.     ill  i,.ii  iA'uis  joinea  tne  coaution  against  Maria     "&""•  "v.-^.^^.^^  axxxx  l^uvcu  uj  mc  j^iiiisu  uuuer  .-imnersi 

lughta  drawn  bat-  Theresa  of  Austria  (see  ^lu^n'an  Si«ces«-o,Cn-oroa  and  t'''^>; -"' V=^     ,,     ,  r, 

i.>       A'f'°^^''5'  ?'35»PaJ'tytothepeaceof  Aix-la-Chapelleinl748.    "lnl7.>J   LoUlSe  (lo-ez')  of  SaVOV.      Bom  at  Pont-d'Ain, 

roved' his^L?fn/  ^n''1n!'riL'"'.2^,^'"'I  between  the  French  and  the  EngUsh     France,  1476:  died  about  1531.    The  mother  of 

royed  his  less  for.-  in  Araenca  without  any  declaration  of  war  .see  Frenxh     Francis  I.  of  France.      She  was  twice  re^nt! 


.m^.v.^v/1  .Tusui.!,  "iiu  MaMii  ui>i  extremely  popular, 
aftenvard  incurred  the  dislike  of  the  people,  and  whose 
influence  was  exerted  for  the  maintenance  of  the  system 
of  favoritism  which  obtained  at  court.  On  ascending  the 
throne  in  1774,  he  appointed  Tnrgot  minister  of  finance. 
The  finances  were  in  extreme  disorder,  dating  from  the 
(Closing  .years  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  temper 
of  the  nation  had  been  roused  bv  the  waste  and  incompe- 
tence under  Louis  XV.  Tureotbegan  a  series  of  reforms 
which  were  opposed  by  the  nobility  and  the  clergy,  with 
theresult  that  he  was  superseded  by  Necker  in  1777'  Lonis 
recognized  the  independence  of  the  United  States  in  1778 
and  sent  an  army  and  a  fleet  to  their  support,  which  ma- 
terially assisted  in  securing  the  peace  of  Paris  between 
the  I  nited  States  and  Great  Britain  in  1783.  France  con- 
cluded a  separate  treaty  with  Great  Britain  in  the  same 
je^-  On  the  conclusion  of  peace,  the  French  troops  which 
had  been  employed  in  .-Vmerica  returned  enthusiastic  for 
Ireedom  and  a  republican  form  of  government.    In  1781 


xxxx.  i..aivyu  i,vi*^^,  vuici  ciL_i,  *^ e «  v.'iieaiis.  it  IS 
bounded  by  .Arkansas  and  Mississippi  on  the  north,  Mis- 
sissippi and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Texas  on  the  west.  Its  north- 
ern boundary  is  lat.  33°  N.  It  is  separated  partly  from 
Texas  by  the  Sabine,  and  from  Mississippi  by  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Pearl.  The  surface  is  generally  leveL  in  part  oc- 
cupied by  swamps  and  alluvial  lands.  It  abounds  in  for- 
ests. The  chief  industry  is  agriculture.  The  leading  pro- 
ducts are  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  and  Indian  com.  It  is  the 
leading  State  in  the  production  of  sUL^ar.  It  has  59  par- 
ishes (corresponding  to  the  counties  of  the  other  StatesX 
sends  2  senators  and  7  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has 
9  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  De  Soto  in  1541,  by 
Marquette  in  1673.  and  by  La  Salle  in  ieS2  :  was  settled  by 
the  French  under  Iber\-iile  and  Bienville  about  1700 :  was 
granted  to  Law's  company  in  1717.  but  in  1732  reverted  to 
the  crown ;  was  ceded  by  France  to  Spain  in  1763;  wu 


Louisiana 


^^Ketroceded  to  France  in  1800  ;  was  purchased  by  the  United 
^^^ptates  in  1803  (see  Louisiana  Purchase) ;  was  made  a  sep- 
^^"irate  Territory  (the  Territory  of  Orleans)  in  1S04  ;  had  the 
portion  east  of  the  Mississippi  annexed  in  1810 ;  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Union  in  1812  ;  seceded  Jan.  26, 1861 ;  was  large- 
ly occupied  by  the  Federals  1862-63  :  and  was  readmitted 
in  June,  1S68.  There  were  rival  State  governments  under 
Kellogg  (Republican)  and  McEnery  (Democrat)  in  1872- 
1874.  The  disputed  electoral  vote  for  President  in  1876 
was  given  to  Hayes  by  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877. 
Area,  48,720  square  miles.     Population  (1000).  1,381,625. 

Louisiana  Purchase.  The  territory  which  the 
V  nited  States  in  1803,  uuiler  Jefferson's  admin- 
istration, acquired  by  purchase  from  France, 
then  under  the  govemiuent  of  Bonaparte  as 
first  consul.  The  price  was  $15,000,000.  The  purchase 
consisted  of  New  Orleans  and  a  vast  tract  extending  west- 
ward frniii  tlie  Mississippi  River  to  the  llocky  Mountains, 
and  U•o^^l  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  British  America. 

Louisiana  Territory.  That  part  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase  which  is  not  included  in  the  pres- 
ent State  of  Louisiana.  It  was  formed  in  1804. 
The  name  was  changed  to  Missouri  Territory 
in  1812. 

Louisville  (lo'is-vil  or  16'i-vil).  The  capital  of 
Jefferson  County,  Kentucky,  situated  at  the  falls 
of  the  Ohio  River  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  85° 
45'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  Kentucky,  and  has  im- 
portant trade  in  tobacco,  provisions,  and  whisky.  The 
other  leading  industries  are  pork-packing  and  the  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements,  leather,  wagons,  ce- 
ment, wnod-work,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  1778.  and  is 
often  called  Falls  City.     Population  H900),  204,731. 

Louie  (16-la').  A  town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
garve,  Portugal,  situated  in  lat.  37°  4'  N.,  long. 
7°  54'  W.     Population  (1890),  18,872. 

LoupgarOU  (16-ga-ro').  [F., 'a  werwolf.']  A 
leader  of  the  giants  in  Rabelais's  "Gargantua 
and  Pautagruel."  Pantagruel,  becoming  angry  with 
him;  picked  him  up  by  the  ankles  and  used  him  like  a  quar- 
ter-staff. 

Loups.     See  Delaware  and  Mahican. 

Lourdes  (lord).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Hautes-Pyr^nees,  France,  on  the  Gave  de  Pau 

13  miles  south-southwest  of  Tarbes.  It  contains 
an  ancient  castle,  and  is  famous  as  a  place  of  pilgiimage. 
The  basilica  and  the  subterranean  Church  of  the  Kosary 
are  noteworthy,  but  interest  centers  in  the  grotto  in  which 
the  Virgin  is  said  to  have  appeared  to  a  peasant  girl.  Ber- 
nadette  Soubirous,  in  1S58,  and  disclosed  to  her  the  mirac- 
ulous properties  of  the  spring  which  the  pilgrims  visit. 
Population  (1B91).  commune,  6,976. 

Louren(;o  Marques.     See  Lorenzo  Marques. 

Louth  (louTH  or  louth).  A  maritime  county  in 
Leinster,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Armagh  on  the 
north,  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  east,  Meath  on  the  south,  and 
Meath  and  Jlonaghan  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating ami  in  tlie  norttieast  mountainous.  Tlie  chief  towns 
ai-e  Difiglu'da  aiidDuudalk.  Area, 316 squaremiles.  Popu- 
lation (1S91).  71,038. 

Louth.  A  town  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lud  24  miles  east-northeast  of 
Lincoln.     Population  (1891),  10,040. 

Louvain  (lo-van'),  flem.  Leuven  (le'ven  or 
lii'ven)  or  Loven  (lo'veu),  G.  Lowen  (le'ven), 
L.  Lovania  (16-va'ni-a).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brabant,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dyle 
16  miles  east  of  Brussels.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
beer.  The  hdtel  de  ville,  or  town  hall,  is  one  of  the  most 
elegant  of  the  characteristic  late-Pointed  Flemish  civic 
edihces.  St.  Pierre  is  a  liandsome  15th-centuiy  church 
containing  many  fine  paintings,  especially  the  "St.  Eras- 
mus"and  the  "Last  Suj»per"of  Dieric  Bouts,  anda  sculp- 
tured tabernacle  f>0  feet  higli.  The  pulpit,  in  the  peculiar 
Flemish  style  (1742),  rei)reseiit8  "St.  Peter's  Denial"  and 
the  "  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,"  with  life-size  figures  beneath 
palm-trees.  The  university,  founded  in  1426,  is  attended  by 
about  1,300  students.  In  tlie  middle  ages  Liaivain  was 
the  capital  of  Brabant,  and  a  leading  center  of  cloth  manu- 
facture. An  unsuccessful  insurrection  of  the  weavers 
against  the  nobility  in  1378  was  followed  soon  afterw.ard 
by  tlie  emigration  of  many  citizens.  Population  (1893), 
41,003. 

Louverture,  or  L'Ouverture,  Toussaint.    See 

Toussaiii t  Lonrirliire. 

Louvet  de  Couvray  (lo-va'  de  ko-vra'),  Jean 
Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris,  .June  11,  17(30:  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1707.  A  French  revolution- 
ist and  novelist,  a  deputy  to  the  Convention  in 
1792.  Ho  wrote  the  novel  ''Les  amours  du 
chevalier  do  Faublas"  (1787-89). 

Louviers  (!o-vya').  A  town  in  the  deiJiirtmont 
of  Euro,  northern  Prance,  situated  on  the  Eiire 

14  miles  south  by  east  of  Kouen.  It  has  flour- 
ishing raanufacturos,  especiallv  of  cloth.  Pojiu- 
latiou  (1891),  communo,  9,979) 

Louvois  ( 1  c  ■)- vwii' ) ,  Fran(?ois  Michel  Letellier, 

Marquis  de.  Born  ut  Paris,  .Jan.  18,  1041:  dicMl 
July  16,  1691.  A  noted  French  statesman,  min- 
ister of  war  under  Louis  XIV.  1600-91 .  He  or- 
ganized the  French  standing  army. 
Louvre  (liivr).  A  castle  (in  Paris)  of  the  kings 
of  Franco  ^rom  or  b(;fori'  tin'  Kith  centin'y.  and 
the  chief  royal  palace  nntil  Louis  XIV.  built 
Versailles.  The  existing  palace  was  begun  by  Francis  I. 
In  imi,  and  was  extended  by  his  successors  down  to  Louis 
XIV.,  who  added  much,  including  the  imposing  east  front 
■C— 40 


625 

with  its  celebrated  Corinthian  colonnade,  670  feet  long, 
Willi  28  pairs  of  coupled  columns.  Napoleon  I.  made  some 
additions,  to  which  Napoleon  III.  added  very  largely :  and 
the  present  republic  has  rebuilt  a  large  section  of  the 
north  wing  which  was  burned  by  the  Commune.  The 
whole  forms  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  historically  in- 
teresting buildings  in  the  world.  Thefagade  on  the  west 
side  of  the  court  ranks  as  the  most  perfect  example  of  the 
early  French  Renaissance;  the  additions  of  Catharine  de 
Medicis  are  also  architecturally  important.  Those  of  Napo- 
leon III.,  while  less  pure  in  style,  are  of  great  richness, 
with  profuse  use  of  sculpture.  In  the  interior  the  splen- 
did Galeiie  d'Apollon.  rebuilt  by  Louis  XIV.,  is  one  of  the 
few  apartments  which  retain  their  original  aspect.  A 
great  part  of  the  interior  has  been  occupied  since  1793  by 
the  famous  museum,  and  successive  governments  have 
employed  the  best  artists  at  their  command  for  its  deco- 
ration. 

Lovania.    The  Latin  name  of  Louvain. 

Lovat  (16'viit).  A  river  in  Russia,  flowing  into 
Lake  Ilmen  opposite  Novgorod.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

Lovat  (16'vat),  Lord.     See  Frnser.  Simon. 

Lovatz  (lo'viits),  Turk.  Loftcha  (lof'cha).  A 
small  town  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Osma 
about  lat.  43°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  42'  E.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Russians  Sept.  3,  1877. 

Love.  A  plav  by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  pro- 
duced in  1839". 

Love  k  la  Mode.  A  farce  by  Macklin,  printed 
in  1793:  written  in  17.59. 

Love  and  a  Bottle.  A  comedy  by  George  Far- 
quliiir,  ]iroduced  in  1699. 

Love  and  Business.  A  miscellany  by  George 
Farquliiir,  printed  in  1702. 

Love  and  Death,  and  Love  and  Life.  Com- 
panion paintings  by  George  Frederick  Watts. 
of  London,  in  the  former  Death,  a  white-draped  figure, 
crushes  Love  back  among  garlands  of  roses,  and  forces  his 
way  tlirough  a  portal.  In  the  latter  Love  guides  and  aids 
Life,  a  fair  young  girl,  undraped,  up  a  rough  ascent,  while 
flowers  spring  up  in  his  footsteps. 

Love  and  Honour.  A  play  by  Davenant,  li- 
censed 1034,  printed  1(349,  and  revived  with 
great  success  after  the  Restoration. 

Love  at  a  Venture.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Cent- 
livi-e,  printed  in  1706.  It  is  founded  on  T.  Cor- 
neille's  "Le  galant  double."  See  Double  Gal- 
lant. The. 

Loveby  (luv'bi).  The  vrild  gallant  in  Dryden's 
play  of  that  name. 

Love  Chase,  The.  A  comedy  by  J.  Sheridan 
Knowles,  produced  in  1837. 

Love  for  Love.  A  comedy  by  Congreve,  printed 
in  1095. 

Those  who  will  take  the  pains  to  read  this  tedious  drama 
[Otway's  "Friendship  in  Fashion  "]  will  perceive  tliat  Con- 
greve deigned  to  remember  it  in  the  conip(jsition  of  his 
exquisite  masterpiece,  "  Love  for  Love."  The  llero  in  each 
case  is  named  Valentine,  and  Malagene,  Otway's  tiresome 
button-holer  and  secret-monger,  is  a  clumsy  prototype  of 
tlie  inimitable  Tattle.  Gosse. 

Love  in  a  Forest.    A  play  adapted  from  Shak- 

spere's  "As  you  Like  it"  by  Charles  Johnson 

in  1723. 
Love  in  a  Maze.  A  comedy  by  Shirley,  licensed 

in  1631.    The  title  was  borrowed  by  Dion  Bouei- 

cault  for  a  comedy  in  1844. 
Love  in  a  Riddle.  A  pastoral  by  Cibber,  printed 

in  1729.     This  was  written  in  imitation  of  the  "  Beggar's 

Opera,"  and  played  at  Drury  Lane  on  Jan.  7,  1729.     It  was 

hissed  by  Cibber's  enemies,  and  converted  into  "Damon 

and  Phillida."    Diet.  Nat.  Bioij. 
Love  in  a  Tub.     See  Comical  Ecvcnpe,  The. 
Love  in  a  Village.     A  comic  opera  by  Isaac 

Bickerstaffe,  produced  in  1762,  printed  in  1763. 

The  music  is  by  Arne. 

Love  in  a  Wood,  or  St.  James's  Park.  A  play 
by  Wycherley,  produced  in  1672. 

Loveira.     See  Lobeira. 

Lovejoy  (luv'joi),  Elijah  Parish.  Born  at  Al- 
bion, Maine,  Nov.  9, 1S1I2  :  killed  at  Alton,  111., 
Nov.  7,  1837.  An  American  clorgyraan  and 
journalist,  an  opponent  of  slavery,  killed  by  a 
pro-slavery  mob  at  Alton. 

Lovejoy,  Owen.  Born  at  Albion,  Maine,  Jan.  6, 
1811 :  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  25,  1864. 
An  American  clergyman  and  antislavery  poli- 
tician, brother  of  E.  P.  Lovejoy.  Ho  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  ]857-()4. 

Lovel  (Inv'el).  In  Ben  .Tunscin's  comedy  "  The 
New  Inn,"  a  soldier  and  scholar,  and  a  cliivalric 
lover.  This  part  contains  some  of  Jonson's 
most  beautiful  poetrj'. 

Lovel.  The  name  under  whidi  Charles  Lamb 
ill'scribes  his- father,  John  Ijumb,  in  "Old 
Benchers  of  tlie  Inner  Temple." 

Lovelace  (luv'las).  The  ])rincipal  male  char- 
aclcr  in  Richardson's  novel  "t'lnrissa  Har- 
lowo":  an  unscrujuilous  libertine  whose  name 
has  become  a  synonym  for  characters  of  that 
nature.    Ileisanextiansidii  nf  Kowe's  Lcillinrio. 

Lovelace  (luv'las).  Countessof  (Augusta  Ada 


Love's  Cure 

Byron) .  Bom  Dee .  10, 1815 :  died  Nov.  29, 1852. 
Tlie  daughter  of  Lord  Byron. 
Lovelace,  Richard.  Born  in  Kent,  1618 :  died 
at  Loncion,  1(358.  An  English  Cavalier  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Gloucester  Hall, 
Oxford.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Parliament  in  1642  ; 
took  part  in  the  siege  of  Dunkirk  in  1646;  and  was  im- 
prisoned on  his  return  to  England  in  1648.  He  was  released 
after  tlie  king's  execution,  but  his  estate  was  spent,  and  he 
died  in  poverty  in  the  jiurlieus  of  London.  In  1049  lie  pub- 
lished "  Lucasta  "  (from  Lux  Casta,  his  name  for  Lucy 
Sacheverell) :  this  was  revised  while  lie  was  in  prison. 
After  his  death  his  brother  collected  and  published  his 
poems  as  "Lucasta:  Posthume  Poems  "(1659).  His  name 
survives  chiefly  on  account  of  his  IjTics  "  To  Althea  from 
Prison  "  and  "  To  Lucasta  on  going  to  the  Wars." 

Loveless  (luv'les).  A  character  in  Cibber's 
comedy  "  Love's  Last  Shift,"  and  in  its  continu- 
ation, Vanbrugh's  ' '  The  Relapse  ":  a  debauched 
libertine.  He  grows  weary  of  his  wife,  Amanda,  in  six 
months;  leaves  the  country  and  his  debts  behind  him; 
and  returns  penniless  to  England  to  reform  and  be  for- 
given (after  a  "  Relapse  "  with  lierinthia)  by  Amanda  whom 
he  really  loves. 

Loveless,  Elder.  The  principal  male  charac- 
ter in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play  "  The 
Scornful  Lady."  He  is  a  suitor  of  the  lady,  who  scorns 
and  flouts  him  ;  init  in  tin;  end  he  wins  her  by  a  trick. 

Loveless,  Young.  The  brother  of  the  elder 
Loveless:  a  lieartless,  callous  prodigal. 

Love  Lies  a  Bleeding.    See  Philaster. 
Lovell  (luv'el),  George  William.  Bom  in  1804 : 

died  at  Hampstead,  May  13,  1878.  An  English 
dramatic  writer.  Among  his  plays  are  "The  Provost 
of  Bruges  "  (1836),  "  Loves  Sacrifice  "  (1842),  "  Look  before 
you  Leap "(1846),  "The  Wife's  Secret " (1846),  "The  Trial 
of  Love"(lSS2). 

Lovell,  Mansfield.  Bom  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Oct.  20, 1822:  died  at  New  York,  June  1, 1884.  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service. 

Lovel  the  WidO'Wer.  A  novel  by  Thackeray, 
published  in  1861. 

Lovely  (luv'li) ,  Ann.  A  character  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  comedy  "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Lover": 
an  heiress  to  win  whom  Colonel  Fainwell,  her 
lover,  disguises  himself  as  the  real  Simon  Ptu-e 
whom  she  was  intended  by  her  guardian  to 
marry. 

Love  makes  the  Man,  or  the  Fop's  Fortune. 

A  comedy  by  (^'ibber,  made  from  Fletcher  and 
Massinger's  "  Custom  of  the  Country"  and  "  Ei- 
der Brother."  It  was  acted  and  printed  in 
1701. 
Lover  (luv'i^r),  Samuel.  Born  at  Dublin,  Feb. 
24,  1797  :  died  at  St.  Heliers,  July  6,  1868.  An 
Irish  novelist,  song-'svi-iter,  and  painter.  His  chief 
novels  are  "Rory  O'More  "  (1837 :  it  was  dramatized  and  had 
arun of  108 nights) and  "Handy  Andy  "(1842).  His  "Songs 
and  Ballads"  were  published  in  1839,  including  "The 
Angel's  Whisper,"  "The  Low-backed  Car,"  "The  Four, 
leaved  Shamrock,''  "  Molly  Bawn,"  "Father  Molloy,"  etc. 

Lovere  (16-va're).  A  town  in  northern  Italy, 
on  the  Lake  of  Iseo  21  miles  north-northwest 
of  Brescia. 

Lover's  Complaint,  A.  A  poem  by  Shak- 
spere,  written  probably  in  1593-94,  but  pub- 
lished with  the  sonnets  in  1609.     Fleay. 

Lover's  Leap.  A  promontory  <vt  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Leucas  (Santa  Maura), 
Ionian  Islands:  the  traditional  scene  of  the 
death  of  Sapjiho. 

Lover's  Life,  Complaint  of  a.  A  poem  in- 
serted in  the  Kith-century  editions  of  Chaucer, 
and  attributed  to  him.  Manuscript  authority 
gives  it  to  Lj'dgate. 

Lovers'  Melancholy,  The.  AplaybyFord,  pro- 
duced in  16'28,  iiriiitod  in  1029.  This  play  contains 
the  celelirated  contention  between  the  nightingale  and  the 
musician  from  Strada. 

Lovers'  Progress,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher  and 
Massinger,  ]iriiited  in  1(547.  "The  plot  is  taken  from 
D'Audignicr's  'Ilistoirc  tragi-eoniiiiue  de  notro  temps,' 
1015.  .  .  .  This  play  is  unquestionaldy  a  revised  version 
of  the  '  Wanilering  Lovers.'  a  play  licensed  6  Dec,  162S, 
and  may  be  identitlcd  with  the  'Tragedy  of  Cleiuider ' (as- 
cribeil  to  Massinger),  which  was  iierformod  at  Blackfriars 
7  May,  16.'J4.  A  jilay  called  'Tlic  Wandering  Lover*  or  The 
Picture'  was  entered  in  the  *  Stationers' Kegistcr'  H  Sept., 
165;J,  as  a  work  of  Massinger.  In  spite  of  the  puzzlInK 
after-titlo  the  entry  |>robably  refers  to  the  '  Lovers'  Pro- 
gress.'"   liullnv. 

Lovers'  Quarrels.  A  play  by  King,  altered 
frnm  Vnnliriigirs  "The  Mistake ''in  1790. 

Lover's  Vows.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
pro.luced  at  Covent  Garden"  Oct.  11, 1798.  It  is 
i'roiii  Kotzidiue. 

Love's  Contrivance,  or  Le  M^decin  Malgr6 

lui.  A  cimicily  liy  ^Irs.  Cciitlivre,  aetcil  nnd 
printed  in  1703.  K  wa?*  taken  from  "Lo  mi^decin  nial- 
gre  Ini  "  and  "  I.e  niariage  forcc^  "  by  MoliiTc. 

Love's  Cure,  or  the  Martial  Maid.    A  play. 

probnlily  by  Massinger  iiiid  Middleton  accord 
ing  to  Bulleii.  Fleay  thinks  it  was  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  altered  by  Miiaainger.  It  waa  produced  about 
1623,  printed  1647. 


Love's  Labour  's  Lost 

love's  Labour 's  Lost.  A  comedy  by  Shakspere, 
produeed  in  1589,  printed  in  1598.  Various  changes 
were  made  in  it  in  1597,  when  it  was  retouched  for  a  court 
performance.  The  title  is  "A  pleasant  conceited  Comedy 
as  it  was  presented  before  her  Highness  this  last  Chi-ist- 
mas.  Newly  corrected  and  augmented  by  W.  Shakespeare. 
Imprinted  1698."  This  is  the  first  appearance  of  .shak- 
speres  name  on  a  play  title-page.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
an  earlier  version  existed.     Mvrley  ;  Fleay. 

Love's  Labour 's  Won.  A  lost  plav  by  Shak- 
spere, printed  in  1600,  and  entered  in  tlie  "Sta- 
tioners' Register  "  Aug.  23. 1600.  it  is  probably  the 
original  of  "Much  Ado  tibout  Nothing,"  as  it  was  called 
"Benedict  and  Bettris  "  when  acted  before  King  .lames  in 
1612-13,  although  presented  that  same  Christmas  to  Prince 
Charles,  the  Palatine,  and  Lady  Elizabeth  under  its  proper 
name.     Fleay. 

Love's 

comedy 

brugh's  "Relapse ""is  a  sequel 

pington.  Lord. 
Love's  Metamorphosis.      A  comedy  by  Jobn 

Lyly,  published  in  1601. 
Loves  of  the  Angels,  The.  A  poem  by  Thomas 

Moore,  publisheil  in  1822. 


626 


Lubbock,  Sir  John 


matist,  son  of  Charles  Lowell.    He  graduated  at     bishop  of  London.    He  nuWished  "Pr»i„.H^„„   > 

Harvard  College  in  1838.    In  Jan.,  1855,  on  the  resigna-     sacra p^esi  Hebraoru^  "r  L?ctu  efj^^  the^ac?ed  Poetr? 

tion  of  Longfellow,  Lowell  was  elected  to  his  professor-     of  the  Hebrews,"  1753)  a  translation  of  TsnishVi™  1,^ 

ship  at  Harvard.    He  did  not  assume  it  at  once,  but  went  Loxa      See  T mn  "^''°^'*"°°  °'  '^""^  (1'  '8'.  «'<;. 

abroad  and  spent  two  years  in  the  study  of  modern  Ian-  t  X„ni  n    •  /   1 1  "^/r 

guages,  and  in  perfecting  himself  in  Old  French  and  Pro-  -HV-y^f  ^'°^  ?■">  MonsieUT.     A  catchpoll  in  Mo- 

venijal  poetry.    On  his  return  he  took  the  chair  of  belles-     "ere  s  "Tartufe":  a  very  small  part  made  fa- 

lettres.    He  was  editor  of  the  "Atlantic  Monthly"  1867-     mous  by  Coquelin 

1862,  and  of  the  "North  American  Review"  1863-72.    HeT.nxT-al   f.oirinn   /..ffi^.iol   ♦;fi„  .    -M-.-Ti  /^    i 

was  sent  as  United  States  minister  to  .Spain  1877-«0  and  ^°Jf'-i.   •Region  (oflbcial  tjtle  :   Military  Order 

t„  r:v„„  R,.;toi„  iQoo  o=    ir„  j„,=..„.„..' .     of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States). 


to  Great  Britain  1880-85.  He  delivered  many  public  ad- 
dresses both  in  England  and  in  the  United  States,  a-d  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  English  dramatists  at  the  Lowell 
Institute  in  1887.  These  were  published  after  his  death. 
Among  his  poetical  works  are  "A  Year's  Life"  (1841) 
"Poems"  (1844,  1848,  1849,  1854),  "Complete  Poetical 
Works"  (1850,  1858,  1880),  "The  Vision  of  .Sir  Launfal" 
(1845),  "A  Fable  for  Critics"  (1848),  "The  Biglow  Papers  " 
(two  series,  1848  and  1867),  "Mason  .and  Slidell    etc  " 


Loves  of  the  Plants,  The.     The  second  part  Lowell,  John.     Born  at  Boston,  May  11,  1799 

of  the  "  Rntnnic  rjflTiS^Ti  "  n.  Tr*.Tcifio/] +i.Qo+;c.^  ««      died   r.t  Rnmhnv   MiiT/iVi  4    le^R        A..    A.«^«^ 


prose  works  and  essays  are  collected  in  "Conversations  on 
Some  of  the  Old  Poets"(1846),  "  Fireside  Travels  "  (1864) 
"Among  ray   Books"  (1870  and  1876),  "My  Study  Win- 

dows"(1871),  "Democracy"(1886),and  "PoliticalEssays"      Caledonia.  '       "  •  "   

1^?'     H.s"Letters"wereedited  by  Professor  Nortoniu  Loyola  (lo-yo'la),  IgnatiuS  dO  (InigO  LopeZ 


A  society  organized  at  Philadelphia,  April  15. 
1865,  to  commemorate  the  services  audperpetu- 
ate  the  memory  of  those  who  served  in  the  Union 
ai-my,  and  to  afford  relief  to  soldiers  who  sur- 
vived the  war.  Memliership  descends  to  the  eldest 
male  lineal  descendant  according  to  the  rules  of  primo- 
gemture.  ' 

group  of  small 

situated  in  the 

-, Caledonia,  in  lat.  21° 

S. ,  long.  167°  E.  The  chief  islands  are  Litu,  Uea,  and 
Mare  (or  Nengone).  The  group  is  a  dependency  of  New 
Caledonia. 


died  at  Bombay,  March  4, 1836.  An  American 
mercliant,  son  of  F.  C.  Lowell:  founder  of  the 
Lowell  Institute  at  Boston. 

am  nor  appear  till  IV  yi'.  Lowell,  Mary.     See  PiitiHim,  Mrs. 

Loves  of  the  Triangles,  The.  A  satirical  poem  Lowell,  Robert  Traill  Spence.    Bom  at  Bos- 

by  Canning  and  Frere,  jiublished  in  the  "  Anti-     ton,  Oct.  8,  1810:  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 

Jacobin."    It  was  in  ridicule  of  Erasmus  Dar-     Sent.  12.  1891       An   AmoT-^noi,  T?T^ic„«,,„i  „i^ — 

win  and  his  "  Loves  of  the  Plants." 


of  the  "Botanic  Garden,"  a  versified  treatise  on 
botany,  by  Erasmus  Darwin,  published  in  1789 
The  first  part,  "  The  Economy  of  Vegetation,' 
did  not  appear  till  1792 


Love_ Spell,  The.     See  Elisire  d'Amore. 

Love's  Pilgrimage.  A  romantic  comedy  by 
Fletcher  and  another,  probablv  written  bv  1612. 
It  was  printed  in  1647.  The  plot  is  "from  a  novefof  Cer- 
vantes, and  a  part  of  Jonson's  "  New  Inn  "  is  incorporated 
in  it.    Fleay  identifies  it  with  "The  Hi8toi7  of  Cardenio  " 

Low.do),  Seth.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
18,18,50.  An  American  educator.  He  was  elected 
mayor  of  Brooklyn  in  1881  and  again  in  1883,  and  president 


Sept.  12,  1891.  An  American  Episcopal  cler- 
gyman, instructor,  poet,  and  novelist:  son  of 
Charles  Lowell  and  elder  brother  of  James 
Russell  Lowell.  He  published  the  liovel  "The  New 
Priest  in  Conception  Bay  "(1858),  "Fresh  Hearts  that  Failed 
Tlu-ee  Thousand  Years  Ago,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1860)  "An- 
tony Erode, "  a  story  (1874),  etc. 

Lowenberg  (le'ven-bero).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sober 
64  miles  west  of  Breslau.     Population  (1890), 

-_-..  --  _.  . J .^...^i «..« t.,it.ii,  II,  iooo,  iiiiu  piebiueni.      4  78'^ 

of  Columbia  University,  New  Vork,  in  1890.     In  1901  he  T  s.r^„«l /t  >  i  ■■      ^        .  ,       -    ,       „. 

resignedthepresidency  of  the  university  and  was  elected  -"OWenDurg  (le  ven-borG).     Apeak  of  the  Sie- 
mayor  of  New  York.  bengebirge,  m  the  Rhineland.     Height,   1,505 

Low,  Will  H.     Born  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  May  31,  feet. 
1853.     An  American  figure-painter,  noted'also  Lower  Bavaria,  G.  Niederbayem  (ne"der- 
for  his  decorative  work  and  designs  for  staine.d  bi'ern).     A  government  district  in  the  south- 
glass,  and  as  an  illustrator.    He  was  a  pupil  of  east  of  Bavaria,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Dan- 
Carol  us  liuran,  ube.      Area,  4,152  square  miles.     Population 

Low  (lo)  Archipelago,  or  Paumota  (pou-mo'-    (1890),  664,798. 

ta),oiPaumotu(-to),  orTuamotu(twa-m6'to)  Lower  California.     See  Califorma,  Lower.            i-.....""=.  i.. -..cseue.aiiimiau  uprising  wnich  followed 
Islands.     An  extensive  gi'oup  of  small  islands,  Lower  Canada.     See  Ontario    Quebec                        the  .Spaniards  were  driven  beyond  the  Biobio. 
chiefly  coral,  situated  in  the  South  Pacific,  east  Lower  Chinook.     One  of  the' two  divisions  of  ^'OyfOn  (Iwa-zoii'),  Charles,  called  Pere  Hya- 
of  the  Society  Islands  and  south  of  the  Marque-    the  Chiuookan  stock  of  North  American  Indi-     ?W*"®-,  tT*^™  '^^  Orleans,  France,  March  10, 
sas  Islands.     They  are  a  French  protectorate,      ans.     Its  chief  tribes  are  the  Ai-tsmilsh  (col-  a  w.,„„,.i !.,....._.-_     _. 

LowCountnes.     A  name  given  (a )  to  the  Neth-    Iective),Chinook  proper,  and  Clatsop.    SeeChi- 
erlands;  (0)  to  the  low  region  near  the  North    nonkan. 

Sea  comprised  in  the  modern  Netherlands  and  Lower  CoquiUe.     See  Kusan. 
Flanders  (Belgmm).  Lower  Empire.      [P.  Bas-Ewpire.1     A  name 

ijOWe  (lo),  bir  Hudson.     Born  at  Galway,  Ire-    given  to  the  Byzantine  emph-e. 

Under  the  names  of  the  "Greek  Empire."  the  ■i.ower 
Empire  "—  whatever  may  be  the  exact  meaning  of  that  last 
strange  formula— not  a  few  readers  and  writers  are  con- 
tent to  conceal  their  ignoranceof  athousand  years  of  event- 
ful history.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  IIL  232. 


de  Recalde).  Born  at  the  castle  of  Loyola 
Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  1491:  died  at  Rome,  July  3l' 
1556.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  prelate,  founder 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  He  was  educated  as  a  page 
at  the  court  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  and  afterward 
joined  the  army.  While  recovering  from  a  severe  wound 
received  at  the  siege  of  Pamplona  by  the  French  in  1621 
he  was  converted,  and  dedicated  himself  to  the  service 
of  the  Virgin.  He  entered  in  1628  the  University  of  Paris, 
where,  with  a  number  of  fellow-students,  among  whom 
were  Laynez,  Bobadilla,  Rodriguez,  and  Pierre  Lefewe,  he 
projected  in  1634  a  religious  order,  which  received  the 
name  of  the  Society  or  Company  of  Jesus,  for  the  conver- 
sion of  the  infidels,  and  to  counteract  the  Pi-otcstant  Ref- 
ormation. The  order  was  confli-med  by  Pope  Paul  III  in 
1640,  and  Loyola  became  its  first  general  in  1541,  although 
Laynez  was  from  its  inception  really  the  controlling  spirit 
of  the  org.anization.  He  remained  in  office  until  his  death 
He  wrote  in  Spanish  "Constitution  of  the  Order"  and 
"Spiritual  Exercises  "  (1548).  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Ribadeneira,  Maffei,  Bouhours,  and  SpuUer. 

Loyola,  Martin  Garcia  Onez  de.  Born  in  Gui- 
puzcoa about  1548:  died  between  Imperial  and 
Angol,  Chile,  Nov.  22,  1598.  A  Spanish  cava- 
lier, nephew  of  Ignatius  Loyola.  He  went  to  Peru 
in  1568,  distinguished  himself  in  the  campaign  against  the 
Inca  Tupac  Amaru,  and  finally  captured  him  in  1671.  Sub- 
sequently he  married  the  Inca's  niece.  In  1692  he  was 
appointed  captain-general  of  Chile.  There  he  prosecuted 
the  Araucanian  war  with  vigor,  but  was  eventually  sur- 
prised by  the  Indians  at  a  camp  and  killed  with  60  com- 
panions. In  the  general  Indian  uprising  which  followed 
the  .Spaniards  were  driven  beyond  the  Biobio. 


--»..w  x--/,  ......  **«iAi3wij.  ±jKmA  ciL  \jaiway,  Are- 
laud,  July  28,  1769:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1844.  A  British  general,  governor  of  St.  He- 
lena during  the  captivitv  of  Napoleon,  181.5-21 

Lowe  (le've),  Johann  Karl  Gottfried.  Boni 
at  Ldbejun,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1796 : 

died  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  April  20,  1869.     A  Ger-  Lower  Rhine   Circle, 
man  composer  of  ballads,  songs,  and  oratorios.     "     '  "  '       " '   '  ' 

L5we,  Johanna  Sophie.  Born  at  Oldenburg 
Germany,  March  24,  1815:  died  at  Budapest, 
Nov.  29,  1866.     A  German  opera-singer. 

Lowe  (16),  Robert,  Viscount  Sherbrooke.  Born 
at  Bingham,  Nottinghamshire,  Dee.  4, 181 1 :  died 
at  London,  July  27, 1892.  An  EngUsh  politician. 
He  was  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymas- 
iSJ'<?l!;'^''''l"*°^^^''  •  ■'•icepresidentof  the  education  board 
1869-64  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1868-73  •  and  home 

llT^f-nl^lf-''*-  P^  ^^^  ^  ^'il'"^''  but  OOTosed  his  paHy 
as  an  "Adullamite  "  on  the  question  of  reform  in  1866, 

Lowe  (le  ve),  Wilhelm,  called  Lowe-Kalbe 
Born  at  Olvenstedt,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia' 
Nov.  14,  1814:  died  at  Meran,  Tyrol   Nov   '> 


1827.  A  French  pulpit  orator.  He  became  a  priest 
m  1851,  and  afterward  entered  the  order  of  the  Carmelites 
About  1866  he  removed  to  Paris,  where  he  acquired  a  repiil 
tatioii  for  eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  for  boldness  in  de- 
nouncing abuses  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  mar- 
ried  in  1872 ;  was  chosen  curate  of  a  congregation  of  Liberal 
Catholics  at  Geneva  in  1873;  and  founded  a  "Galilean" 
congregation  at  Paris  in  1879. 

Lower  Lozfere  (16-zar').  A  department  in  southern 
France,  capital  Mende,  formed  chiefly  from  the 
ancient  G^vaudan  in  Languedoc.  it  is  bounded 
Ijy  Cautal  on  the  northwest,  Haute-Loire  on  the  northeast, 
Ardeche  on  the  east,  Gard  on  the  southeast  and  south  and 
Aveyrononthewest.    The  surf  ace  is  mountainous 


nate,  etc. 

Lower  Saxon  Circle,  G.  Niedersachsischer 
Kreis  (ne-der-zek'sish-er  kris).  One  of  the 
ten  circles  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  com- 
prising Magdeburg,  Liineburg,  Wolfenbilttel, 
Ltibeck,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Hildesheim,  Hal- 
berstadt,  Mecklenburg,  Holstein,  etc. 
Lower  Spokane.    See  Siiolcune. 

icac      A   r.  "    '.■;^.-"."'"'">  j^j-iui,  xxuv.  .i,  Lower  Umpqua.    See  Kuite. 

ivo^Vfi^f^  '^'"'   ^''.''.^ic'fo^'   member  of  the  Lowerzer  See  (lo'vert-ser  za).    A  lake  in  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  (1848),  president  of  the     canton  of  Schwyz,  Switzeriand,  northeast  of 
Stuttgart  Pariiament  (1849).  and,  later,  liberal    the  Lake  of  Lucerne.     Length,  24  miles. 
r^^}lu  'n  -*?e  K'^'^l'stag  and  Prussian  Landtag.  Lowestoft  (16'stoft  or  lo'e-stoft).  A  seaport  and 
Lowell  (lo  el).     One  of  the  capitals  of  MidcUe-    seaside  resort  in  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on 
se.\- County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  falls    -■■----""      —     -         '-   ''.^-    • 
of  the  Men-imac  and  its  junction  with  the  Con- 
cord, 24  miles  north-northwest  of  Boston     it  is 
n.  led  for  manufactures,  especially  of  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  and  was  long  the  chief  seat  of  cotton  manufacture 
in  America  (established  1823).    It  is  sometimes  called  the 
"  Manchester  of  America  "  and  the  "Spindle  Citv  '    It 
became  a  town  in  1826;  a  city  iin836.     Pop.  (WOO),  9'4,96;i. 


_„„„,   G.   Niederrheinischer     fYJironontnewest.rhe  surface  is  mountainous.    Area 

Kreis   (ne-dei-ri'nish-er  kris),    or  Electoral  TS,Twf'^''i-^i??r'''T  ('*">■  "=^'?''- 

Rhine  Circle  G  KurrheiniqehPr  KVpi«  ah>    ^^^^laba  (lo-a-la'ba).      A  name  given  to  the 

riS-er  krisr  ■  &f Tefei I'ciJd 'fo['the'    7^11^'  "'  ''"'  ^°"^°  '"''  *°  °°^  "'  "^  ^^^^^ 

Luba  (lo'bii),  or  Baluba  (bii-lo'ba).     A  great 
Bantu  nation  of  the  Kongo  State,    it  extends  from 

flip  .'OnflllPll.'P    nf    tllP   U'.ico'ii     .in.-l    T„1,..,    *..    T..,..,    ri.„. 


..... — -- — ^.    .^.^v^..,    .^    ,^nii,^.u,   j_.u^ia.iavA,   oiLHrttcii   UU 

the  North  Sea  10  miles  south  of  Yarmouth.   Ne.ar 


,     .       "  *-.-"^w  .....uiv.     xt  e.\Leiius  HOOT 

the  confluence  of  the  Kassai  and  Lulua  to  Lake  Tangan- 
yika and  to  Katanga,  and  includes  the  Basliilange,  Ba- 
songe,  W.arua  (of  Cameron),  Moluas  (of  the  Portuguese 
authors),  and  the  BaUilia  of  Katanga.  All  these  tribes  are 
independent,  and  speak  dialects  of  the  one  Luba  language. 
In  physical  appearance  the  Baluba  are  tall,  well  formed, 
bronze-colored,  and  intelligent.  I'he  tribe  of  the  Bashi- 
lange,  forming  the  western  wing  of  the  nation,  is  said  to 
be  mixed  with  the  first  occupants  of  its  territory.  This  is 
called  Lubuku— i  e.  'friendship'— by  the  people  of  An- 
gola. 

Liibben  (liib'ben).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Pi-ussia,  situated  on  the  Spree 
45  miles  south-southeast  of  Berlin.  Population 
(1890), " 


the  Dutch.    Population  (1891),  23,347.' 
'  Lowicz  (16'vich).     A  town  in  the  government 
of  AVarsaw,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Bziu-a  47  miles  west  by  south  of  Warsaw.  Pop- 

..  — .......  .t.-.j,  ,1  tiij  11,  loou.       xop.    1I"JUUJ,  y4  'IG'I      T      /f    0,C±V. 

Lowell,  Francis  Cabot.  Bom  at  Newburvport'  ■^P'^S  (^°  '"'™)'  John.    Bom  1576:  died  1659. 

Mass., April7,1775:diedatBoston, Sept. 2,1817!  ^°  English  actor,  contemporary  with  Shak- 
An  American  merchant,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  ?P^11^'  He  played  some  of  the  greater  characters,  includ- 
the  cotton  manufacture  at  Waltham  and  Lowell,  a'teve™  at  Rrel.Hn'lfi''  *"'  ''•■'^''  '""'^'"^  ""^  '^^'"^  ^'^^^™'' 
Csf 'Fero''&!ft.  ^°™  ^^^"J^nilt'  ^^^  houth     Robert.     Bom  at  Winchester, 


mv  iiuiiu  .jra  iv  min-o  suuiuoL  iarmourn.    Near     (inyu),  6, 198. 

itinl665the  British  HeetundertheDukeofYorkdefeated  Lubbprland       See  Cnfl-nimip 
the  Dutch-    Pnnnintinn  nsnii  ■nii7  iiuuoeridna.     nee  vochdujiie. 

Lubbock  (lub'ok).  Sir  John  William.  Born  at 
London,  March  26.  1803:  died  near  Farnbor- 
ough,  Kent,  June  20,  1865.  An  English  astron- 
omer and  mathematician,  treasurer  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Royal  Society  1830-35.  He  wrote 
"On  the  Theory  of  theMoon  and  on  the  Perturbations  of 
the  Planets  "  (1833),  etc 


Lubbock,  Sir  John,  Baron  Avebury.  Born 
April  30,  1834.  A  noted  English  naturalist 
and  politician:  son  of  Sir  John  William  Lub- 
bock ;  raised  to  the  peerage  Jan..  1,  1900.  He 
represented  the  University  of  London  1880-19011.  He  is 
president  of  the  Linnean  Society  and  of  the  Institute  of 


Lubbock,  Sir  John 

Bankers,  a  trustee  of  tlie  British  M  useum,  a  vice-president 
of  tlie  Royal  Sot-iety,  etc.  liis  works  include  "  Prehistoric 
Times"  (1865),  "Orij;in  of  Civilization  and  the  Primitive 
Condition  of  Man"  (1870),  "(tri^nti  aiul  Metamorphoses 
of  Insects  "  (187:t),  "  On  British  Wild  Flowers,  etc."  (1876), 
"Relations  between  Plants  and  Insects  "  (187S),  "Scienti- 
fic Lectures"  and  "  Addresses  Political  and  Educational" 
(1879),  "  Ants,  Bees,  and  Wasps,  etc."  (1^82),  '  Fifty  Years 
of  Science"  (1881),  "(i'haptersin  Popular  Natural  History" 
(1883),  and  "  On  the  Senses,  Instincts,  and  Intelligence  of 
Animals,  etc. '  (1888). 

Liibeck  (lU'bek).  A  state  of  the  German  Em- 
pire, comprising  the  city  of  Liibeck  and  a  small 
adjoining  territory,  inclosed  by  the  Baltic, 
Mecklenburg.  Holstein,  and  the  principality  of 
Liibeck  (belonging  to  Oldenburg),  it  is  a  repub- 
lic, government  being  administered  by  a  senate  of  14  mem- 
bers and  a  Burjrerschaft.  or  house  of  burgesses  (120  mem- 
bers). It  has  1  member  in  the  Bundesrat,  and  1  in  the 
Reiclistag.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  Area, 
115  square  miles.     Population  (WOO),  90,775. 

Liibeck.  A  free  city  of  Germany,  forming  with 
its  teiTitory  a  state  of  the  German  Empire.  The 
city  is  situated  on  the  Trave  and  Wakenitz  in  lat.  53'  52' 
N.,  long.  lli°  41'  E.  It  is  among  the  leading  German  sea- 
ports, and  has  a  large  trade  in  timber,  tar,  wine,  grain, 
etc.,  with  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark,  and  regular  steam 
communication  with  the  Baltic  ports.  The  cathedral  was 
built  between  the  12th  and  the  14th  century.  The  nave 
and  transepts  are  Romanesque,  the  aisles  and  choir  Point- 
ed. The  spires  are  .•!94  feet  high.  The  Rathaus,  completed 
in  1442,  is  a  characteristic  example  of  the  style  of  medieval 
brick  building  developed  here.  It  consists  of  two  wings  at 
right  angles,  with  large  gables  and  picturesque  spires.  A 
fine  Renaissance  entrance-hall  and  stair  were  afterward 
added.  The  interior,  late-Pointed  in  character,  contains 
much  that  is  of  artistic  interest.  The  Holsten  Thor  is  a 
picturesque  medieval  gateway,  built  in  1477.  Liibeck  was 
founded  in  1143  ;  was  ceded  to  Henry  the  Lion;  became  a 
free  imperial  city  in  1226;  took  the  lead  among  the  cities 
of  the  Hanseatic  League :  sided  with  the  Reformation  in 
1531:  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1810;  became  in- 
dependent in  1813;  and  has  been  successively  a  member 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  the  North  German  Con- 
federation, and  the  German  Empire.  Population  (1890), 
63,  .590. 

Liibeck,  Principality  of.  A  district  forming  a 
part  of  the  dominions  of  Oldenburg,  situated 
north  of  the  free  city  of  Liibeck.  Chief  city, 
Eutin.  Under  the  old  German  Empire  it 
was  ruled  by  prince-bishops,  and  in  1803  was 
annexed  to  Oldenburg.  Population  (1890), 
34,718. 

Liiben  (lii'ben).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  14  miles  north  of  Liegnitz.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  6,131. 

Liibke  (liib'ke),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Dortmund, 
Pmssia,  Jan.  17,  1826:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  April 
5,  1893.  A  noted  German  historian  of  art.  He 
was  professor  of  the  history  of  art  and  of  archaeology  at 
the  polytechnic  scliool  at  Zurich  l&61-(>0,  at  the  similar 
school  in  Stuttgart  1866-85,  and  at  the  technical  high  school 
atKarlsruhe  1885-93.  Among  his  works  are  "Geschichte 
derATchitektur"(1855),  ''GrundrissderKunstgeschichte  " 
("Outlines  of  the  History  of  Art,"  1860),  "Geschichte  der 
Plastik"  ("History  of  the  Plastic  Art,"  1863),  etc. 

Lublin  (16'blin).  1.  A  government  of  Russian 
Poland,  bordering  on  Galicia  and  the  govern- 
ments of  Volhynia,  Siedlce,  and  Radom.  Area, 
6,499  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,0.59,- 
959. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Lu- 
blin, situated  on  the  Bistrzyca  92  miles  south- 
east of  Warsaw,  it  is  the  chief  town  of  Russian  Po- 
land after  Warsaw  and  L<jdz,  and  has  manufactures  of 
woolens,  etc.  It  was  a  place  of  importance  under  the 
Jagellons.  The  union  of  Poland  and  Lithuania  was  pro- 
claimed here  in  1569.  The  city  was  taken  by  Charles  in 
1703,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1831.  I'opulation  (1893), 
61,930. 

Lubolo  (lo-bo'lo).  A  country,  tribe,  and  dialect 
of  Angola,  West  Africa,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Kuanza  River,  between  Dondo,  Pungo  Aiidon- 
go,  and  Bailundo.  The  country  is  mountainous  and 
fertile ;  the  tribe  is  independent,  and  governed  by  petty 
chiefs.     The  dialect  belongs  tx)  the  Kimbundu  language. 

Lubuku  (lii-bd'ko).     See  Liilia. 

Luca  Giordano.     See  Giordano. 

Lucan  (lii'kan)  (Marcus  Annseus  Lucanus). 
Born  at  Cordova,  Spain,  39  A.  D.:  committed 
suicideGiiA.  D.  A  Roman  poet  and  ))rose-writer, 
author  of  tlie  "  Pharsalia,"in  10  books,  an  epic 
poem  on  the  civil  war  between  Ctesar  and  Pom- 
pey.  See  I'li<irs<dia.  He  was  forbidden  by  Nero, 
through  jealousy,  to  recite  in  public,  and  in  revenge  joined 
the  conspiracy  of  I'iso.  He  was  betrayed,  and  by  a  promise 
of  pardon  was  induced  to  tur'u  informer;  but,  after  denoun- 
cing his  mother  and  his  other  accomplices,  he  was  con- 
demned to  death.  He  anticipated  his  punishment  by  caus- 
ing his  veins  to  be  opened. 

Lucan,  Earl  of.     See  Sarsfwhl,  Pntricl-. 

Lucan,  Third  Earl  of  (George  Charles  Bing- 
ham). Born  at  London,  Ajiril  Ki,  ISdO;  died 
Nov.  10,  1,8.SS.  A  British  general  and  lield-mar- 
Stial.  He  became  a  major-general  in  1851,  and  com- 
manded the  cavalry  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  was  largely 
responsible  for  the  charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

Lucania  (Ifl-ka'ni-il).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
division  of  southern  Italy.  It  was  bounded  by  Cam- 
pania, Samuium,  and  Apulia'  on  the  north,  the  Gulf  of 


627 

Tarentum  on  the  east,  Bruttium  on  the  south,  and  tbe 
TyTrhenian  Sea  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  inhabitants  were  Lucanians  (a  branch  of  the 
,  Samnites)  and  Greeks  on  the  coast.  It  was  reiluced  by 
Rome  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 

Lucaris  (lo-kii'ris),  Cyrillus.  Born  about  1572: 
mtirdered  1638.  A  reforming  prelate  of  the 
Greek  Church.  He  became  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1621. 

Lucasta.     See  Lorelace,  Richard. 

Lucas  van  Leyden  (lo'kiis  van  liMen)  (Lucas 
Jacobsz).  Born  at  Leyden  abotit  1494:  died 
there,  1.533.     A  Dutch  engraver  and  painter. 

Lucayans  (lo-ki'anz).  [Sp.  Lucai/os,  from  some 
Indian  word.]  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of 
the  Bahama  Islands.  They  were  the  first  Americans 
encountered  by  ('(jlumbus,  who  descril)ed  them  as  a  mild 
and  indolent  race,  living  piU-tly  by  agriculture,  and  going 
naked.  It  appears  that  their  language  was  related  to  that 
of  Cuba  and  Haiti,  and  probably  they  were  of  Arawak 
stock.  Their forelieadswereartificiallytlattened.asis shown 
by  recently  discovered  skulls.  Eai'ly  in  the  lOtli  century 
niany  thousands  of  them  were  induced,  by  false  promises, 
to  go  to  F.spaiiola,  where  they  were  enslaved;  others  were 
carried  ott  by  force,  and  in  a  few  years  all  had  perished. 

Lucayos  (lo-ki'6s).  The  name  originally  given 
by  the  Spaniards  to  the  Bahama  Islands,  from 
the  Indians  who  inhabited  them.  It  is  still  u-sed 
occasionally,  principally  by  Spanish  authors. 

Lucca  (lok'kii).  A  province  of  Tuscany,  Italy. 
It  was  made  a  principality  by  Napoleon  for  his  sister  Elisa 
Bacciocchi ;  was  granted  as  a  duchy  to  Maria  Louisa  of 
Spain  in  1815 ;  and  was  annexed  by  Tuscany  in  1847.  Area, 
5.58  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  288,637. 

Lucca,  F.  Lucques  (luk).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Lucca,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  43°  51' 
N.,  long.  10°31'  E. :  theRomanLuca.  It  is  noted 
especially  for  silk  manufactm-es,  and  also  for  oil  and 
woolen  manufactures.  The  cathedral  (duomo)  is  a  notable 
medieval  church  with  arcaded  exterior.  The  exterior  is 
remarkable  for  its  rich  inlaid  work  in  colored  stone,  repre- 
senting hunting  scenes.  The  interior  hsis  round  arches 
below  with  massive  piers,  a  high  triforium  with  rich  tra- 
cery, and  a  low  clearstory  with  circular  windows.  The 
so-called  "Tempietto,"  in  one  aisle,  is  a  little  octagonal 
domed  Renaissance  temple,  built  in  1482  to  receive  the 
Oriental  crucifix  called  the  Volto  Santo.  San  Giovanni  is 
an  early  basilica  with  later  medieval  alterations.  The 
chief  portal  has  a  fine  Romanesque  relief  of  the  Virgin, 
with  the  apostles  and  angels.  The  fluted  columns  of  the 
nave  are  Roman.  The  old  Lombard  baptistery  is  59  feet 
square;  it  has  a  remarkable  14th-century  dome  on  pen- 
dentives.  TheDeposito di  Mendicita(poorhouse_), formerly 
the  Palazzo  Borghi,  is  a  fine  example  of  an  Italian  medie- 
val palace  (1413)  designed  for  defense.  It  is  of  red  brick, 
with  traceried  windows,  and  has  a  high  tower.  There  are 
considerable  remains  existing  of  a  Roman  amphitheater, 
of  date  about  100  A.  D.,  though  the  arena  is  occupied  by 
the  Piazza  del  Mercato.  It  had  two  tiers  of  54  arches,  and 
could  seat  about  10,000.  One  of  the  entrance  gates,  in  rus- 
ticated masonry,  survives.  Lucca  was  an  ancient  Italian 
town,  and  became  a  Roman  colony  about  177  B.  c. ;  was 
the  seat  of  a  medieval  ducliy,  and  later  of  a  republic ;  be- 
longed to  Pisa  in  the  14th  century;  and  became  inde- 
pendent in  1309.  It  was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1797. 
Population  (1891),  about  76,000. 

Lucca,  Bagni  di.  [It.,  'baths  of  Lucca.']  A 
watering-place  in  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lima 
14  miles  north  by  oast  of  Luoea. 

Lucca,  Pauline.  Bom  at  Vienna,  April  24, 1841. 
A  noted  German  opera-singer.  Her  parents  were 
Italian.  Her  voice  is  a  full  soprano.  She  made  her  d^but 
atOlmiitzin  1859  .as  Elvira  in"Ernani."  In  1861she  roused 
great  enthusiasm  at  Berlin,  and  was  engaged  as  court  singer 
for  life  there.  She  was  also  successful  in  London  in  1803, 
and  sang  there  nearly  every  season  till  1872.  In  that  year 
she  resigned  herposition  at  Berlin  and  came  to  the  United 
States.  She  returned  to  Europe  in  1874,  and  sang  in  nearly 
all  the  great  cities  except  Berlin.  She  married  Baron 
Rahden  in  18G5,  and  was  divorced  from  him.  Later  she 
married  M.  dc  Wallhofen,  who  recently  died. 

Luce  (los).  In  Shakspere's  "Comedy  of  Errors," 
a  female  servant. 

Lucena  (lo-tha'nii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  tbe  Cascajar  37 
miles  south-southeast  of  Cordova.  Population 
(1887),  21,271. 

Lucentio  (16-sen'shi6).  In  Shakspere's  "Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,"  an  accomplished  young  stu- 
dent from  Pisa,  whose  skilful  wooing  of  Bianca 
foi-ms  the  under|ilot  of  the  play. 

Lucera  (lo-cha'rii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Foggia,  Italy,  10  miles  west-northwest  of  Fog- 
gia  :  the  anoioMt  Luccria.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  a 
castle.  The  latter,  iMiilInn  (In- site  of  the  .lassical  citadel 
by  the  emperor  Knilcriik  1 1.,  is  of  great  extent  and  impos- 
ing aspect.     Population,  about  14,000. 

Lucerne  (Ifi-scrn';  F.  pron.  lii-siirii').  G.  Lu- 
zern  (lii-tserii').  1.  .V  canton  of  Switzerland, 
boimded  by  Aargau  on  the  norlh,  Zug  -and 
Schwyz  on  the  east,  Unlerwalden  on  lln'  south- 
east, and  Bern  on  tlie  south  and  west,  its  surface 
is  hilly  and  mountainous.  It  is  one  of  the  four  Forest  Can- 
tons, and  sends  7  nienibers  to  the  Natiomd  Council.  The 
prevailing  language  is  German,  and  the  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  Lucerne  joined  the  League  of  the  Forest  Cantons 
in  1332.  It  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Sempach  In  1:186,  and 
annexed  the  F.ntlebuch  at  the  begimiing  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. It  was  part  of  the  Helvetic  liepublic.  In  1847  it 
was  the  leading  nienilier  of  the  S(uiderbund  (which  see). 
Area,  579  square  miles.     Population  (1888),  Ki0,:i60. 


Luciana 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Lucerne,  situ- 
ated at  the  outflow  of  the  Reuss  from  the  Lake 
of  Lticerue.  in  lat.  47°  3'  X.,  long.  8°  18'  E.  it 
is  a  central  point  for  tourists.  The  Reuss  is  crossed  here 
by  two  interesting  old  bridges.  The  Kapellbriicke  is  a 
roofed  bridge,  having  154  subjects  painted  on  the  interior 
of  the  roof,  most  of  them  from  the  legendsof  Sts.  Mauritius 
and  Leodegar,  the  patrons  of  Lucerne.  The  picturesque 
medieval  Wassertlmrm  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  river, 
beside  the  bridge.  The  Muhlen-  or  Sprener-Briicke  is 
another  roofed  l>ridge  ;  the  iimer  side  of  its  roof  is  painted 
with  an  elaborate  Dance  of  Death.  Other  objects  of  in- 
terest are  the  Lion  of  Lucerne  (see  below),  Hofkirche, 
Gletscher-Garten,  and  Rathaus  (with  antiquarian  mu- 
seum). Near  the  city  are  the  Eigi,  Pilatus,  etc.  It  was 
founded  on  the  site  of  a  monastery.  It  was  occupied  by 
the  federal  troops  in  the  Sonderbund  war  (1847).  Popula- 
tion (188S),  20,.571. 

Lucerne,  Lake  of,  or  Lake  of  the  Four  Forest 
Cantons,  G.  Vierwaldstattersee  (fer-viilt'- 
stet-ter-za).  A  lake  in  Switzerland,  border- 
ing on  the  four  cantons  Lucerne,  Schwyz, 
Uri,  and  Unterwalden.  it  is  irregular  in  shape.  Lo- 
cally it  is  divided  into  tlie  Luzernersee,  Alpnachersee, 
KUssnachtersee,  Uniersee  or  Bay  of  Uri.  Gersauersee,  and 
Weggisersee.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Reuss,  which  has  its 
outlet  at  Lucerne.  Violent  winds  prevail  on  it.  It  is  bor- 
dered by  lofty  mountains  (Rigi,  etc.),  and  is  famous  for  its 
magnificent  scenery  and  for  the  legendary  history  of  Wil- 
liam Tell.  Length,  23  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  1,436 
feet. 

Lucerne,  Lion  of.  A  famous  piece  of  sculpture, 
by  Thorwaldsen,  commemorating  the  heroism 
and  devotion  of  nearly  800  Swiss  guards  who 
died  to  save  Louis  XVI.  in  the  attack  on  the 
Tuileries,  Aug.  10.  1792.  The  colossal  figure  of  the 
crouching  lion,  transfixed  and  dying  but  still  faithfully 
defending  the  lilied  shield  of  France,  is  carved  in  tlie  round 
in  a  recess  in  the  face  of  an  upright,  vine-draped  rock,  in  a 
littlepark,  at  Lucerne.  A  conmiemorativeinscription.with 
the  names  of  the  officers  killed,  is  cut  in  the  rock. 

Lucetta  (16-set'ta).  A  waiting-woman  in  Shak- 
spere's "Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona." 

Luchaze  (16-cha'ze),  orBaluchaze  (ba-lo-cha'- 
ze).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa. 
They  live  between  the  head  streams  of  the  Kuito  River, 
southeast  of  Bihe,  in  a  beautiful  wooded  country.  They 
are  related  to  the  Ambuela  and  Ngangela  tribes,  file  their 
fore  teeth,  wear  skins  and  baobab  cloth,  and  are  clever 
iron-  and  copper-smiths.  They  obtain  their  pottery  by  bar- 
ter. Their  granaries  are  large,  and  their  villages  clean  and 
well  built. 

Luchon.     See  Bagnercs-de-Lnclion. 

Lucia  (lli'shia).  Saint.  [L.,  fem.  of  Lticixis;  E. 
Lucy.']  A  martyr  of  the  primitive  church  in 
Syracuse,  who  perished  during  the  persecution 
of  Diocletian.  According  to  the  legend,  she  rejected 
a  pagan  suitor  whom  her  mother  desired  her  to  marry,  was 
denounced  as  a  Christian,  and  was  condemned  to  be  out- 
raged, but  escaped  this  fate  and  died  in  prison.  She  is  the 
patroness  especially  of  those  who  suffer  from  distemper  of 
the  eyes. 

Lucia.  In  Southerne's  "Sir  Antony  Love,  or  The 
Rambling  Lady,"  a  young  girl  who  disguises 
herself  as  a  man  (Sir  Antony)  and  follows  her 
lover  to  win  him.  She  is  the  "  rambling 
lady." 

Lucia  di  Lammermoor  (lo-che'ii  de  liim-mer- 
mor').  An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced  at 
Naples  in  1835,  at  Paris  in  1839,  at  London  in 
1838  in  Italian  and  in  English  in  1843.  Tlie 
plot  is  from  Scott's  "  Bride  of  Lammermoor." 

Lucian  (lii'shian).  [(ir.  \ovKiav6c.  L.  Liieioiiii.s.'i 
Born  at  Samosata,  Syria,  about  120  a.  d.  :  died 
about  200.  A  celebrated  Greek  satirist  and 
humorist.  He  was  a  free-thinker,  attacking  with  pun- 
gent satire  the  religious  beliefs  of  his  time  :  for  this,  ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  he  was  called  "the  Blasphemer,"  and  . 
was  torn  to  pieces  by  dogs  —  doubtless  a  pious  invention. 
He  wrote  rhetorical,  critical,  and  biographical  works,  ro- 
mances, dialogues,  poems,  etc. 

Lucian  (160  A.  P.),  a  native  of  ,Samosata  on  the  Euphrates, 
lived  to  write  Attic  prose  which,  though  by  no  means  fault, 
less,  was  the  best  that  had  been  written  for4iH)years.  His 
"Dialogues  of  the  Gods,  "almost  Homeric  in  their  freshness 
and  almost  Aristophanic  in  their  fun,  bring  out  the  ludi- 
crous side  of  tile  pojiular  Greek  faith  ;  the  "  I)iidi>gnes  of 
the  Dead"  are  brilliant  satires  on  the  living.  Inhis".\iie- 
tion  of  Philosophers"  the  g(tds  knock  down  each  of  the 
great  thinkers  to  the  highest  biddi-r  ;  Socrates  goes  for 
about  £600;  Arist.)tle  for  a  fifth  of  that  sum.  .  .  .  Much 
historical  interest  brlnn-rs  to  bis  skfteh  of  "  Peregrinus," 
a  mainvhoin  heicprescntsasbaving  been  aChristian.  .  . 
His  "Timon,  ■  tlie  misanthrope,  is  interesting  in  connec- 
tion with  Shakspere's  play.  The  "  N'eracions  History,"  a 
mock  narrative  of  travel,  is  the  original  of  such  books  as 
"Gulliver's  Travels."  Lucian  has  much  in  eomnion  with 
Swift,  and  more,  perhaps,  witli  \'olt!iire. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit,  p.  LW. 

Lucian.  Born  at  Samosata, Syria, about  240a.1).: 
martyred  at  Nicomedia,  Bithynia,  about  312.  A 
theologian  and  biblical  critic,  presbyter  of  An- 
t  iocb,  who  was  jmt  to  death  as  a  Christian  under 
^laximin.  Little  is  known  of  his  career.  He  was  the 
reputed  author  of  a  creed  which  was  submitted  to  the 
Synod  of  Antioch(S41)  as  a  substitute  for  the  Niecno  Creed, 
and  which  is  said  to  have  been  adopted  by  a  Semi-Ariun 
synod  in  Caria  in  367. 

Luciana  (16-si-a'n|i).  In  Shakspere's  "Comedy 
of  Errors,"  tbe  sister  of  Adriana. 


Lucianists 


628 


Lucianists  (lu-shian-ists)v      The  followers   of     was  condemned  and  put  to  death  by  the  ECTolntlonarytri- 
Lucian  or  Lucau,"a  Mareionite  leader  in  the     bunalouachaigeof  treusoii. 

9,1  .«.t,„rv.  who'tant^ht  that   the  aeti.al  soul  LucknOW   or  Lakhnau  (luk  nou)      1  •  A  divi- 

siou  in  Oudh,  Britisu  Jndia.     Area, 4,o04 square 


2d  century,  who  taught  that  the  actual  soul 
and  body  of  a  man  would  not  come  forth  in  the 
resurrection,  but  some  representative  of  them. 
Lucifer  (lu'si-fer).  [L., 'light-bringing.']  The 
morning  star ;  the  planet  Venus  when  it  appears 
in  the  morning  before  sunrise  :  when  it  follows 
the  sun,  or  appears  in  the  evening,  it  is  called 
Hespenis,  or  the  evening  star.  The  name  "  day-star  " 
is  applied  by  Isaiali  figuratively  to  a  king  of  Biibylon : 
this  was  rendered  in  the  .authorized  version  by  *'  Lutrifer." 
From  this  passage  (Isa.  xiv.  12)  the  name  was,  by  mistake, 
also  given  to  Satan. 

Panda?monium,  city  and  proud  seat 
Of  Lucifer  ;  so  by  allusion  call'd 
Of  that  bright  star  to  Satan  paragon 'd, 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  426. 

Lucifer.  Died  371  a.  d.  A  bishop  of  Caliris 
(Cagliari)  in  Sardinia,  a  fierce  controversialist, 
and  founder  of  a  sect  of  Luciferians  named  from 
him,  whose  chief  tenet  was  that  no  bishop  who 
had  conformed  in  any  measm-e  to  Arianism  could 
retain  his  rank  if  he  rejoined  the  orthodox  party. 


miles.  Population(lS81),  2,622,681.— 2.  Adis- 
trict  in  the  division  of  Lucknow,  intersected  by 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Area,  967  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  774.163.— 3.  The  capital  of 
Oudh  and  of  the  district  of  Lucknow,  situated 
on  the  Gumti  about  lat.  26°  52'  N.,  long.  80° 
55'  E.  It  manufactiu-es  gold  and  silver  brocade,  muslin, 
etc.  Among  the  chief  buildings  is  the  mausoleum  imani- 
bara,  a  great  hall  dating  from  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tuiy,  and  one  of  the  most  interesting  productions  of  the 
later  Indian-.Saracenic  style.  The  plan  is  rectangular,  263 
by  145  feet.  The  flue  central  hall,  162  by  63*  feet,  is  ar- 
caded  on  both  sides  and  flanked  in  front  by  a  porch  and  at 
thebackbyagaller)-.  Each  end  presents  an  octagonal  room 
and  two  closed  side  chambers.  The  vaults  are  formed  in 
thick,  solid  masses  of  concrete,  precisely  according  to  the 
ancient  Roman  system.  The  general  effect  is  picturesque 
and  impressive,  though  the  ornamental  details  show  de- 
cadence. Lucknow  was  defended  (at  first  under  Sir  Henry 
Lawrence)  against  the  Indian  mutineers  July-Sept,  1857 ; 
relieved  by  Havelock  Sept.  25 ;  again  relieved  by  Campbell 
Xov.  17 ;  and  finally  captured  by  Campbell  JIarch,  1858. 
Population  (1S91),  witli  cantonment,  273,028. 


%'=i^.^i^"-^,?^i-    ^.'^^'^^rr.T^I.'}.^^:}  L^ck  of  Eden  Hall  The.    A  drinking-cup  long 


of  Lytton  (Owen  Meredith),  published  in  1860 
Luciiius  (lii-siri-us),  Caius,  Born  at  Suessa 
Aurunea,  Campania,  about  180  B.  c. :  died  at 
Naples,  103  B.C.  A  Latin  satirical  poet,  author 
of  "  Saturro,"  miscellaneous  poems  containing 
a  very  free  criticism  of  contemporary  life. 
Lucina  (lii-si'na).     In  Roman  mythology,  the 


]ireserved  at  Eden  Hall  in  Cumberland.  Accord 
ing  to  "^otes  and  Queries,"  Feb.  18.  1893,  it  is  still  in  ex- 
istence. It  is  a  chalice  of  enameled  glass,  and  is  of  10th- 
century  workmanship,  presumably  Venetian.  There  is  a 
legend  that  the  luck  of  the  Musgrave  family  depends  on 
its  preservation : 

"  If  this  cup  either  break  or  fall, 
Farewell  the  luck  of  Eden  Hall." 


goddess  who  presided  over  childbirth,  consid-  ^           (la-soh').     A  town  in  the  department  of 

ered  as  a  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Jmio,  but  fre-  ^.  ^  ^ -^             >     p               ^     .^     ^      j^  ^  La 

quently  contused  with  Juno  or  «ath  D  ana    bhe  r^,,,,!,'^.                     ^^^  ^^^^^  repnblicans  defeated 

corresponded  more  or  less  closely  to  the  (jreek  ,he  Vendeans.    It  h.as  a  cathedraL     Popolatiou  (1891), 

goddess  Ihthyia.  commune,  6,636. 

Lucinde  (lii-sand').   1.  The  daughter  of  Sgana-  LuQOn.     See  Luzon. 

relle  in  MoliSre's  "L' Amour  m^decin." — 2.  The  Lucrece  (lii-kres').     {Jj.  Lncretia.']    A  poem  by 

daughter  of  G^ronte  in  Moli^re's  "Le  m^decin  Sliakspere,  published  in  1594. 

malgre  lui."   It  is  to  cure  her  that  Sganarelle  is  Lucretia  (lii-kre'shiii).     In  Roman  legend,  the 

obliged  to  pretend  to  be  a  doctor.  wife  of  Tarquinius  Collatinus.    HerrapebySextus 

LuciO  (lii'shio).    A  fantastic  and  profligate  char-  Tai-(iuin[us  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  Tarquins  and  the 

acter  in  Shakspere's  "  Measure  for  Measure."  establishment  of  the  rejiublic.    See  Se.it "J- 

Lucius  (lu'shius).  [L.,  'pertaining  to  the  light  or  Lucretia,  or  the  Children  of  Night.    A  novel 

daybreak ' ;  Gr.  Aoi-»of,  It.  i«nV),  Sp.  Lucit,  Pg.  !'>'  K>il"-"-  ^^-^"0".'  l'".l^lf  .^^^  "  ^^^\   „ 

LucM,  F.  Luce.-\     Bishop  of  Adrianople  in  the  Lucretia  gens  (lu-kre  sliia  jenz).     A  Roman 

4th  century.     He  w.is  expelled  from  his  see  by  the  patrieian,  and  later  also  plebeian,  elan.  Its  sur- 

Arians  about  340 ;  appealed  to  the  Roman  Council  under  names  were  (patrician)  Xnciptmus,  (plebeian) 

Julius,  which  ordered  his  restoration  —  a  decree  which  was  Gallus,  Ofella,  Vespillo,  and  Cams, 

resisted  by  the  Eusebians  in  his  diocese;  and  was  finally  LucretiuS  (lu-ki-e'shius)  (TituS  LucretiUS  Ca- 

reestablished  in  liis  see  by  Constant ius,  in  accordance  with  ^       g           ^  jj           probably  about  96  B.  C. : 

the  decision  of  the  Council  of  Sardica.  i-    i  .->  i  i-   c-        „      a       i   i     %.    i  t>               vi 

T      .      -r     -a-  \,        c -D         o-o  o-<  died  Oct.  1.3, 5.5  B.  c.   A  celebrated  Roman phil- 

LuciUS  I.     Bishop  of  Rome  2a3-2o4.  .     ^    .  .     .     >                                                      i" 

Lucius  II.  (Gterhard  da  Caccianamichi).  Died 

Feb.  25,  1145.     Pope  1144-45.     He  was  killed 

by   a  stone  thrown   during  the  insui'rection 

against  the  papal  government. 
Lucius  III.  (ITbaldo  Allucingoli).    Died  Nov. 

24,  1185.     Pope  1181-85. 


osophical  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  "De  rerum  na- 
tura"  ("  On  the  Nature  of  Things  "),  a  didactic  and  philo- 
sophical poem  in  six  books,  treating  of  physics,  of  psy- 
chology, and  (briefly)  of  ethics  from  the  Epicurean  point 
of  view.  He  committed  suicide  probably  in  a  fit  of  insan- 
ity. According  to  a  popular  but  doubtless  erroneous  tra- 
dition, hia  madness  was  due  to  a  love-phUter  adukiuistered 
to  him  by  his  wife. 
Lucius.  1.  In  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Julius  Lucrezia  Borgia.  See  Borgia. 
Csesar,"  a  boy,  a  servant  of  Brutus. — 2.    In  LucreziaBorgia(16-krat'se-abor'ia).  Anopera 


Shakspere's  "Cymbeline,"  a  general  of  the  Ro- 
man forces. —  3.  In  Shakspere's  (?)  "  Titus  An- 
dronicus,"  the  son  of  Titus.  He  has  a  son  who  is 
also  namedLucius. — 4.  In  Shakspere's  "  Timoo 
of  Athens,"  a  flattering  lord  ;  also,  in  the  same 


by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Milan  in  1834. 
The  words  were  adapted  from  Victor  Hugos  play  of  the 
same  name,  produced  at  Paris  in  1S33.  The  ojiera  was 
produced  at  the  Italiens  in  1840,  and  was  at  once  stopped 
by  Victor  Hugo.  The  words  were  rewritten  and  called 
La  Rinegata."    Grove. 


play,  a  servant  who  waits  on  Timou's  creditors.  Lucrezia  Floriani  (flo-re-a'ne).      A  novel  by 


lucius  Junius  Brutus.  A  tragedy  by  Andrieux 

produced  at  the  Com^die  Fran(;aise  in  1830. 
Lucius  Junius  Brutus.Father  of  his  Country. 

A  tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1681. 
IiUCka(lok'a").  Asmalltown in Saxe-Altenburg, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Schnauder  18  miles 
south  of  Leipsic.  Here,  May  31,  1307,  the  Thu- 
ringians  defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Philip 
-^  Nassau 


George  Sand,  published  in  1846. 

Lucrine  (lii'krin)  Lake.  In  ancient  geography, 
a  small  salt-water  lake  in  Campania,  Italy,  9 
miles  west-northwest  of  Naples:  the  Roman 
Lacus  Lucrinus,  modern  Lago  Luarino.  It  was 
famous  for  its  oysters.' 

Luc-SUr-Mer  (liik'siir-mar').  A  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Calvados.  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  10  miles  north  of  Caen. 


ll^kau  (ISk'ou).    A  small  town  in  the  province  Lucullus  (lu-kurus),  Lucius   Licinius,  sur- 


of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Berste 
47  miles  south  by  east  of  Berlin.  Here,  June  4, 
1813  the  Prussians  and  Russians  under  Von  Billow  defeated 
the  French  under  Oudinot. 

Liicke (Ui'ke),  Gottfried  Christian  Friedrich. 
Born  at  Egeln,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Aug. 
23,  1791  •  died  at  Gottlngen,  Feb.  14,  1855.  A 
German  theologian,  professor  successively  at 
Berlin,  Bonn,  and  Gottingen.  He  wrote  "Kom- 
mentar  iiber  die  Schriften  des  Evangelisten  Johannes  " 
("Commentary  on  the  Writings  of  the  Evangelist  John," 
1820-32),  etc. 

Luckenwalde  (lo'ken-val-de).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 


named  Ponticus.  Born  probably  about  110 
B.  c:  died  about  57  B.  c.  A  Roman  general. 
He  served  under  Sulla  in  the  East ;  was  curule  edile  in  79, 
and  consul  in  74  ;  defeated  llithvidates  in  Asia  Minor  74- 
71  ;  defeated  Tigranes  near  Tigranocerta  in  69  ;  and  was  re- 
called to  Rome  in  66.  He  was  afterward  famous  for  his 
wealth  and  his  luxury.  His  villas  at  Tusculum  and  near 
Neapolis  were  famous  for  their  splendor,  and  he  is  said  to 
have  expended  fabulous  sums  on  his  table.  He  was  the 
first  to  introduce  cherries  into  Italy.  He  was  also  a  col- 
lector of  books  and  a  patron  of  learning. 
Lucy  (IG'si).  [FromL.  Lucia  (which  see).]  1. 
In  Sheridan's  comedy  "  The  Rivals,"  a  clever 
waiting-maid  of  great  apparent  simplicity. — 
The  rival  of  Polly  in  Gay's  "Beggar's  Opera." 


„  2  .... 

the  Nuthe  29  miles  south  by  west  of  Berlin.    It  Lud  (hid).     In  Gen.  x.,  the  fom'th  in  the  list  of 
manufactures  cloth,  etc.      Population  (1890),     the  children  of  Shem. 
18,008. 

Luckner  (lok'ner).  Count  Nikolaus.  Bom  at 
Cham,  Bavaria,  Jan.,  1722:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Jan.  4, 1794.  A  general  in  the  Dutch  and  Ger- 
man and  (after  the  Seven  Years' War)  in  the 
French  service.     He  became  a  marshal  in  1791.  and 


Tlie  name  Lud,  which  follows  that  of  Arphaxad.  cannot 
be  correct.  The  reading  must  be  corrupt,  though  it  is 
impossible  to  conjecture  what  it  could  originally  have 
been.  Lud  or  Lydia belongs  to  a  different  zone  from  that 
of  the  children  of  Shem,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  is  already 
referred  to  under  the  name  of  Magog. 

Sauce.  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  64. 


Ludovisi  Ares 

Lud  (lud).     A  mythical  king  of  Britain. 

The  association  of  LlOd,  or  "King  Lud  "  as  he  has  come 
to  be  called  in  English,  with  London,  is  apparently  found- 
ed on  a  certain  amount  of  fact :  one  of  the  Welsh  names 
for  London  is  Caer  Lud,  or  Lud's  Foil,  and  if  this  is  open 
to  the  suspicion  of  having  Vieen  suggested  first  by  Geof- 
frey, that  can  hardly  be  supposed  possible  in  the  case  of 
the  English  name  of  Ludgate  Hill.  The  probability  is 
that,  as  a  temple  on  a  hill  near  the  Severn  associated  him 
with  that  river  in  the  west,  so  a  stiU  more  ambitious 
temple  on  a  hill  connected  him  with  the  'Ihames  in  the 
east ;  and  as  an  aggressive  creed  can  hardly  signalize  its 
conquests  more  effectually  than  by  appropriating  the  fanes 
of  the  retreating  faith,  no  site  could  be  guessed  with  more 
probability  to  have  been  sacred  to  the  Celtic  Zeus  than 
the  eminence  on  which  the  dome  of  St.  Pauls  now  rears 
its  magnificent  form.      Bhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  129. 

Luddites  (lud'lts).  A  name  given  to  the  riot- 
ers who  attempted  to  destroy  machinery  at  Not- 
tingham and  elsewhere  in  England,  1811-12 
and  1816 :  so  called  from  a  man  named  Lud. 

Luden  (16'den),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Loxstedt, 
near  Bremen,  April  10,  1780 :  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, May  23,  1847.  A  German  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Jena.  His  chief  work  is  a 
•'Gesehichte  des  deutschen  Volks"  (1825-37: 
"  Hi.story  of  the  German  People  "  to  1237). 

Liidenscheid  (lii'den-shid).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia.  Prussia,  34  miles  northeast 
of  Cologne.     Population  (1890),  16,169. 

Liideritzland  (lii'dev-its-land).  The  region 
around  Augra  Pequeiia,  annexed  by  Germany 
1884.  It  is  now  included  in  German  Southwest 
Africa. 

Liiders(lii'ders),  Count  Alexander.  Bora  Jan. 
26, 1790 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  13,  1874. 
A  Russian  general.  He  served  in  the  Turkish  war 
1828-29,  in  the  Polish  insurrection  1831,  and  in  the  Cauca- 
sus ;  defeated  the  Hungarians  at  Schassburg  July  31, 1849  ; 
was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Crimea  1866  ;  and  was  gov- 
ernor of  Poland  1861-62. 

Ludewig  (lo'de-vio),  Hermann  Ernst.  Bom 
at  Dresden,  Oct.  14,  1809:  died  at  Brooklj-n, 
Dec.  12,  1856.  A  German-American  bibliogra- 
pher. He  published  "  Literature  of  American 
Local  Hi.story"  (1846-48),  etc. 

Ludgate  (lud'gat).  [Possibly  from  the  legen- 
dary British  king  Lud.]  An  old  gate  of  the  City 
of  London.  In  the  earlier  history  of  the  city,  all  the  re- 
gion between  the  city  and  W  estminster  was  a  marsh  or  fen, 
and  the  only  western  egress  was  by  Watling  street  at  New- 
gate. Laterthe  fen  was  filled  up,  the  "  Straunde  "road  was 
made,  and  Ludgate  was  built  some  time  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. The  gate  itself  was  for  a  long  time  used  as  a  prison, 
but  was  abandoned  when  Newgate  was  built.  Ludgate 
■was  destntyed  in  1760,  except  the  statue  of  Elizabeth, which 
still  stands  I)v  St.  Dunstan's  Church. 

Ludgate  Hill.  A  London  street  running  di- 
rectly west  from  St.  Paul's. 

Ludhiana  (lo-de-a'na).  1.  A  district  in  the 
Pan  jab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  50' 
N.,  long.  76°  E.  Ai'ea,  1,453  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  648,722.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Ludhiana,  about  lat.  30°  53'  N.,  long. 
75°  54'  E.     Population,  about  40,000. 

Ludington  (lud'ing-tou).  A  city  in  Mason 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  mouth  of  Pfere  Marquette  River,  in  lat. 
43°  56'  N.,  long.  86°  26'  W.  Population  (1900), 
7,166. 

Ludlow  (lud'16).  A  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Teme  and 
Corve,  25  miles  south  of  Shrewsbury.  The  castle 
is  a  magnificent  ruin,  chiefly  of  the  12th  century,  with 
many  huge  Sijuare  towers  on  its  outer  walls,  a  great  keep 
with  angle-turrets,  and  ruins  of  a  circular  Norman  chapel- 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  lords  president  of  Wales,  and 
for  a  time  a  royal  abode.  Ludlow  was  taken  by  the  Par- 
liament in  1616.     Population  (1S91X  4.460. 

Ludlow,  Edmund.  Born  at  Maiden  Bradley, 
Wilts,  England,  1617  (if)  :  died  at  Vevay,  Swit- 
zerland, 1692.  An  English  general  and  repub- 
lican politician.  He  was  one  of  King  Charles's  judges 
in  1649,  and  signed  his  death-waixant ;  was  deputy  of  Ire- 
land 1651-62;  and  lived  in  exile  after  1660.  His  "Me- 
moirs "  were  published  1698-99. 

Ludlow,  Johnny.  The  pseudonjou  of  Mrs. 
Henry  Wood. 

Ludlow's  Code.     See  Code  of  1650. 

Ludolf  (lo'dolf ).  Hiob.  Born" at  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
1624:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  April  8, 
1704.  A  German  Orientalist,  noted  especially 
for  his  works  on  the  language  and  history  of 
Abyssinia. 

Ludovisi  Ares  (lo-do-ve ' ze  a'rez )  or  Mars.  -Aji 
antique  marble  statue  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome,  discovered  .in  the  Renaissance  period 
near  the  Piazza  Campitelli.  The  figure  is  of  colossal 
size.  The  god  is  represented  seated  in  an  easy  position, 
as  if  resting  from  effort,  on  a  rock,  against  which  lean  his 
greaves  and  circular  shield.  The  right  leg  is  extended  ;  the 
left  is  raised  and  supported  on  the  helmet,  which  rests  on 
the  ground.  The  hands  are  crossed  on  the  left  knee,  the 
left  holding  a  sword.  The  face  bears  a  calm  expressionn, 
the  glance  being  directed  fonvard,  as  in  reflection.  The 
chlamys,  the  only  garment,  has  slid  down  from  the  shoul- 


Ludovisi  Ares 

ders,  and  its  foliia  lie  loosely  about  the  hips  nnd  over 
the  thighs.  An  Eros,  with  quiver  heside  hiiu,  sits  on  the 
ground  behind  the  god's  right  leg.  From  nmrkson  the  left 
shoulder  and  below,  a  tlgure  completing  the  group  appears 
to  be  missing  :  this  may  have  tieen  another  Eros,  a  Nike, 
or  au  Aphrodite.  The  w(u-k  is  held  by  mo.st  authorities  to 
be  a  good  copy  of  an  original  of  the  school  of  Lysippus. 

Ludovisi  Juno.  A  colossal  head  in  the  V^illa 
Luflc>visi,  Rome,  it  is  one  of  the  most  impressive  con- 
ceptions of  the  Gieek  Hera,  ascribed  by  the  best  critics  to 
an  .\ttic  artist  of  the  early  4th  century  B.  c.  The  calm  oval 
face  is  crowned  with  an  ornamented  stephane. 

Ludovisi  Palace.     See  Villa  Ludovisi. 

Ludwig.     The  German  form  of  the  name  Louis. 

Ludwig  (lod'vio;,  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm. 

Born  Dee.  29,  1.S16:  died  April  i;:i,  l.S!).'..   A  noted 


629 


Lundy's  Lane 


important  papers. 
Ludwig,  Otto.  Born  at  Eisfeld,  Saxe-JIeinin- 
gen,Feb.  11,  1813:  died  at  Dresden,  Feb.  2.5, 
18(w.  A  German  poet  and  novelist.  His  chief 
works  are  the  tragedies  "Der  Erhforster"'(1853)  and  "Die 
Makkabaer"(1854),  and  the  tale  "Zwischen  Hinimel  und 
Erde    (ISnU). 

Ludwigsburg  (lod'vaos-boro). 
Xeekar  circle,  Wiii-temberg,  situated  8  miles 
north  of  Stuttgart,  it  was  founded  at  the  beginning 
of  the  18th  century ;  contains  the  second  royal  residence 
and  a  noted  royal  palace  ;  manufactures  organs,  etc.;  and 
is  an  important  militsiry  station.  Population  (1800),  17,332. 

Lndwig's  Canal.  A  canal  in  Bavaria  which 
joins  the  Danube  and  Main.  It  connects  Bamberg 
on  the  Regnitz  with  Dietfurt  on  the  Altraiihl.  Length, 
110  miles. 

Ludwigshafen  (lod'viGs-ha-fen).  Atowninthe 
Rhine   Palatinate, 


2. 

on 

the  ancient  LiicusAugusti.  The  cathedral  is  a  large 
church  of  the  12th  and  l;ith  centuries.  From  time  im- 
memorial the  consecrated  host  has  here  been  permanently 
exposed  day  and  night.  The  circuit  of  the  city  walls,  of 
Roman  foundation,  and  still  in  great  part  Roman,  is  com- 
plete. There  are  sulphur  baths  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion (ISS"),  19,9;,i 

Lugo.  -V  small  town  in  the  province  of  Ra- 
venna, Italy,  14  miles  west  of  Ravenna. 

LugOS  (lii'gosh).  The  capital  of  the  county 
of  Krass6-Szor6uy,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Temes  32  miles  east  by  south  of  Temesvir. 
It  was  the  last  place  of  resort  of  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tionists in  1849.     PopiUation  (1890),  12,489. 

[According 

red  or  bay 

name  of  the 

fourteenth  Iranian  king,  successor  of  Kaikhus- 

rau,  and  a  descendant  of  Kaipishin,  third  son  of 

Kaiqubad.    He  is  said  U^  have  etdargcd  and  beautified 

Baikh,  and  to  have  there  built  a  flre-temple  called  Adar 

Burzin.     He  had  two  sons,  Gushtasp  and  Zarir.    To  the 

former,  represented  as  the  patron  of  Zoroaster,  he  left  his 

kingdom,  retiring  to  his  flre-temple  at  Balkh. 

A  town  in  the  Luimbe  (Iwem'be),  orOvaluimbe  (6-vil-lwem'- 

be ).     A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 

east  of  Bihe.     They  are  a  good-looking  and  peaceful 

people,  given  to  Ashing  and  herding,  and  are  frequently 

harassed  by  their  neighbors  of  Bihe. 

Luini  (lo-e'ne),  or  Luvini  (lo-ve'ne),  Bernar- 
dino. Bom  at  Luiuo,  Italy,  about  147.'):  died 
about  153.5.  An  Italian  painter  of  the  Lombard 
school.     Many  of  his  works  are  in  Milan. 

Luino  (lo-e'no),  or  Luvino  (lU-ve'no).    A  small 


ine   falatinate     Bavaria,   situated  on    the     on  Lago  Magmore  43  miles  nortl 
Rhine   opposite    Mannheim:    formerly  called  Luitpold  (loTt-polt),  Prince.     I 


tovni  in  tlie  proWnee  of  Como,  Italy,  situated 

,,       ,    .         „           ,         ,,    ,  on  LagoMaggiore  43  miles  northwest  of  Milan. 

„,   .       ,--             ^l=i"nheim:    formerly  called  Luitpolddo^it-polt),  Prince.     Born  March  12, 

Khemschanze.     It  is  the  chief  commercial  place  of  1S21.     Third  son  of  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria,  and 

the  Palatinate.    Population  (1890),  28.768.  ,,„,i„     *t       ■    tt         i  r>4»     t                  i     c  ^ 

t„j™,-™„v„j   /i-i'     „    i-i\      r  o            <•  T    J  undo  of  Louis  II.  and  Otto  I. :  regent  of  Bava- 

Ludwigslied  (lodVios-  ed).     ['Song  of  Lud-  ^a  since  .June,  1886. 

wig.']     A  poem    m  Old  High  Gerinan,  on  the  Luitprand.     Use  Liutprand. 

victory  of  Kmg  Louis  HI.  over  the  Normans  in  Lujg.     See  Louis. 


881. 


Ludwigslust   (lod'viGs-lost).     [G., 'Lud wig's 

delight.']      A  town  in  Mecklenbiu-g-Sehwerin, 

Germany,  22  miles  south  of  Schwerin.     it  is  the 

second  grand-ducal  residence.     Population  (1890),  G,500. 
Lugano  (lo-gii'no).     A  town  in  the  canton  of 

Ticino,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 

Lugano  13  miles  south  by  west  of  Bellinzona. 

It  is  the  chief  commercial  place  of  the  canton,  and  is  a 

central  point  for  tourists.    It  was  annexed  to  Switzerland 

aliout  1512.     Population  (ISS.'i),  5,244.  T     V       r" 

Lugano,  Lake  of,  it.  Lagodi  Lugano  (lii'go  de  ,'^,®.!..^:lPv.  t  : 
lo-gii'no)  or  Lago  Ceresio  (che-ra'ze-6).  A 
lake  situated  partly  in  northern  Italy,  partl.v  in 
the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  its  outlet  is 
theTresa  (into  Lago  Ma'.'giore).  It  is  noted  for  its  lieauty. 
Length.  20  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  2  miles.  Heightabovo 
sea-level,  890  feet. 


The  capital  of  the  province  of  Lugo,  situated  LulongO  (lo-long'go)^   An  affluent  of  the  Kongo 
the  Minho  in  lat.  42°  .59'  N.,  long.  7°  32'  W. :     River  which  drains  the  couiitrv  between  the 

equator  and  the  bend  of  the  Ko'ngo.     The  Lo- 
pori  and  the  Maringa  are  its  principal  arms. 

I  iiiiai.  iiiv,  ueic  u,;cu  pciiiiiiiieniiy    y  .       ,  ,_  ~^         ,  *  * 

The  circuit  of  the  city  walls,  of  iiUmmi  (lum  e).  A  tnbe  of  North  American 
Indians,  now  on  tin-  Lumini  reservation,  on 
Bellingham  Bay,  Whatcom  County,  Washing- 
ton. They  number  about  300.  See  Halishan. 
Lumpkin  (lump'kin),  Tony.  In  Goldsmith's 
comedy  "  She  Stoops  to  C,"onquer,"an  ignorant, 
noisy,  conceited  countrj'  squire,  both  loutish 
and  vicious.  Liston  was  noted  for  his  perform- 
ance of  this  part. 

The  widow  Blackacre  and  her  son  are  like  her  lawsuit 
—  everlasting.  A  more  lively,  palpable,  bustling,  ridicu- 
lous picture  cannot  be  drawn.  Jern"  is  a  hopeful  lad, 
though  undutiful.  and  gets  out  of  had  hands  into  worse. 
Goldsmith  evidently  had  an  eye  to  these  two  precious  char- 
acters in  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer."  Tony  Lumpkin  and 
his  mother  are  of  the  s:\me  family,  and  the  incident  of  the 
theft  of  the  casket  of  jewels  and  tlie  bag  of  parchments  ia 
nearly  the  same  in  both  authors. 

Uadilt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  IDS. 

Luna  (Ifi'nii).  [L.,  'the  moon.']  The  Italian 
goddess  of  the  moon.  She  had  at  Rome  an  ancient 
sanctuary  on  the  Aventine  and  a  temple  on  the  Palatine. 
The  latter  was  illuminated  at  night 

Luna.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Italy, 
near  the  site  of  the  modern  Spezia. 

Luna  (lo'nii),  Alvaro  de.  Born  1388:  died 
14.53.  A  Spanish  -courtier  an.l  poet.  He  became 
a  p.'ige  at  the  courtof  John  II.  of  Castile  1408.  rising  quickly 
to  the  position  of  favorite  an<i  minister.  He  was  made 
constable  of  Castile  in  1423  ;  exiled  through  the  influence 
of  the  grandees  in  1427  ;  recalled  in  1430,  and  made  grand 
master  of  the  order  of  St.  James  of  Compostella:  exiled 
1439,  and  recalled  1445 ;  and  intrusted  with  the  command 
of  the  array.  Having  lost  the  favor  of  the  king,  he  fell  a 
victim  t4i  a  conspiracy  of  the  court  nobles  ;  was  arrested 
in  Hnrgos  April  6, 145:J ;  and  shortly  after  was  executed  at 
Valladolid. 

Luna,  Pedro  de.    See  Benedict  XIII. 

Lunalilo    (lo-na-le'lc5).       Born     at     Honolulu, 

Hawaiian  Islands,  .Ian.  31,  1835:    died  there, 

Feb.  3,  1874.     King  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 

,,     .  1K73-74. 

also  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.    He  has  been  re-  Luna  y  Arellano  (lo'nii  e  a-ral-yii'no),  Tristan 


Luke  (liik).    [L.iwcfl.s,  Gr.  Aoti/cor.]    The  author, 
according  to  tradition,  of  the  third  gospel  and 


garded  as  identical  with  the  Luke  several  times  mentioned 
in  the  New  Testament  as  a  companion  of  St.  Paul  (called 
in  Colossians  "the  beloved  physician").  Of  his  life  little 
is  known.  According  to  tradition  he  was  a  painter  as  well 
as  a  physician.  Whether  or  not  he  suffered  inartyrdom  is 
uncertain.  His  symbol  is  the  ox  (often  winged),  which 
was  given  him  as  an  emblem  of  sacrifice  and  priesthood 
because  "  he  devised  about  the  priesthood  of  Jesus  Christ." 

The  third  gospel,  attributed 
by  tradition  to  Luke,  the  companion  of  St.  Paul'. 
Llikmanier  (lok-miin'yer).  A  pass  on  the  bor- 
der of  tho  cantons  of  Grisons  and  Ticino,  Swit- 
zerland. It  connects  Dissentis,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Rhine,  with  Biasca,  in  the  valley  of  the  Ticino.  Height, 
0,290  feet. 


Lugansk  (lo-g!insk').Atowninthegovemment  ^H^?,^  (16'koy).     A  town  in  the  province  of 


of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  situatccf  on  the  Lu- 
gan  about  lat.  48°  30'  N..  long.  39°  25'  E.    it  is 


Siedlce,  Russian  Poland,  58  miles  east-south- 
^     ^^  ast  of  Warsaw.     Population,  7,156. 

the  center  of  a  coal-mining  region,  and  has  iron  manufac-   Lokoyanoff  (lii-ko-yil'nof).     A  small  town  in 
tiir.-s.    Popubdion  (i885-«9),  10,046.  the  government   of   Nijni-Novgorod,    Russia, 

Luganski,  Eosak.     See  Duhl,  Vladimir.  about  80  miles  south  of  Ni.jni-Novgorod. 

Lugdunensis,  or  Gallia  Lugdunensis  (gari-il  Lukuga  (lo-ko'gjl).    The  western  outlet  of  Lake 
lug-du-nen'sis).      A   province   of   the   Romafi     Tanganyika  into  the  Kongo  system. 
Erapii-e,  situated  in  Gaul,  it  extended  from  Lugdu-  Lule3,(l<j'le-a").  The  capital  oif  the  laen  of  ISToiT- 


The 


num  (Lyons),  northward  to  the  line  of  the  lower  Seine  (in- 
cluding Paris),  and  northwestward  through  Brittany  to  the 
ocean,  comprehending  the  upper  course  of  the  Seine  and 
nearly  the  entire  course  of  the  Loire.  It  was  conquered 
by  Julius  Cajsar  58-51  B.  c. 

Lugdunum  (lug-dii'num) 
Lyons. 

Lugdunum  Batavorum  (bat-a-v6'rum). 
Koiiian  name  of  Leyden. 

Ltigenfeld  (lu'gen-tVlt).  [G.,  'field  of  lies.'] 
The  name  given  to  tho  field  near  Colmar  (Al- 
sace) where,  in  H33,  Louis  the  Pious  was  led 
by  treachery  to  surrender  to  his  sons. 

Luggnagg  (lug'iiag).  An  imaginary  island 
mentioned  in  "Gulliver's  Travels"  by  Swift. 

Lugii  (lu'ji-i),  or  Lygii  (lij'i-i).  [L.  (Taci- 
tus) Ltuiii,  Gr.  (Slrabo)  Ao^JTO^]  The  collective 
name  of  a  Germanic  people,  first  mentioned  by 
Strabo,  in  the  region  between  the  middle  anil 
upper  Vistula  and  the  Oder,  in  the  )ireeent 
Silesia,  Posen,  and  Poland.  The  Burgundii  fornud 
their  northern  part.  The  Buril  and  tho  A'andall  were  also 
Included  under  the  common  name.  The  Liigil  were  early 
In  the  1st  century  iiiidiT  the  sovereignly  of  Maroboduus, 
the  Marconiannic  king. 

LugnetZ  (log'nets)  Valley.  A  valley  in  the 
Western  jiart  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,' Switzer- 
land, south  of  Ilanz.     Length,  IH  miles. 

Lugo  (lo'go).  1.  A  province  of  Galicia.  Spain. 
It  is  lioundeil  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north.  Oviedo  and 
Leon  on  tho  east,  Orense  on  the  south,  and  Pontevcdra 
and  Corunna  on  the  west.  The  surface  Is  generally  moun- 
tainous. Area,  3,787  square  miles.  Population  (liJ8"), 
482,105. 


botten,  Sweden,  situated  on  tho  Gulf  of  Both 
Ilia,  at  the  mouth  of  tho  Lule&Elf,  about  lat.  05° 
3()'  N.,  long.  22°  10'  E.  It  has  trade  in  timber. 
Population  (1891),  5,0.32. 
The  Roman  name  of  Lule&  Elf.  A  river  in  northern  Sweden  which 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 
Lules  (lii'les).  A  South  American  Indian  tribe, 
formerly  inhabiting  the  plains  of  the  Gran 
C'haco,  west  of  tho  river  Paraml.  about  lat.  30° 
S.  The  Jesuit  Barcona  nreaehed  to  them  In  1890,  and 
wrote  a  grammar  of  their  language,  which  he  called  Tonl- 
cote.  Since  that  time  the  tribe  has  disappeared,  and  Is 
either  extinct  or  is  known  by  sonie  other  name.  Possibly 
tho  modem  Vilelas  are  descended  from  it. 
Lule  (16'le)  stock.  The  name  given  by  some 
ethnologists  to  a  group  of  South  .\merican  In- 
dian tribes  of  the  Cliaco  region.  The  VIKIas,  Ma- 
taras,  the  ancient  Lilies,  and  others  are  Included  in  it.  T'he 
tiibes  are  very  imperfectly  known,  ami  the  proposed  elas- 
slUcation  isdciiibirul. 

LuUy,  or  Lulli  (lii-le'i,  Giovanni  Battista. 

Born  at  Florence,  1(1113:  died  at  Paris,  March 
22, 1687.  A  noted  French  composer,  chielly  of 
operas.  He  was  tlie  founder  of  tho  French 
gi'and  oiier.a. 

Lully(luri), Raymond.  [Jj.RaimiDidusLiiUiin.] 

Horn  at  Palma,  Balearic  Islainls,  about  1235: 
(lied  on  his  return  from  Africa,  .tune  30,  1315. 
A  Sjianish  scholastic  aiidiilclieniist,  missionary 
to  the  Mohammedans.  His inlsslonary labors  led  him 
to  Asia,  and  several  times  to  Africa.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  system  of  logic.  "Ars  Magna,"  and  of  many  other  works. 


de.  Born  in  Aragon  early  in  the  16th  century. 
A  Spanish  captain.  He  served  under  Coronado  in 
northern  ilexico  in  1539.  In  1559  he  was  given  command 
of  an  expedition  destined  to  conquer  and  colonize  Florida, 
of  which  he  was  named  governor.  He  sailed  from  Vera 
Cruz  in  June,  with  13  ships  and  a  force  variously  given  at 
from  500  to  2,000  men  ;  nnd  in  Aug,  formed  a  settlement, 
probably  on  Santa  Rosa  Bay.  Most  of  his  ships  were  shortly 
after  lost  in  a  hurricane ;  the  men,  after  great  suffering, 
mutinied  ;  and  in  1501  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 
Luna  went  to  Havana,  and  thence  returned  to  Mexico  in 
1562. 

Lund  (lond).  A  city  in  the  laen  of  Malmohus, 
Sweden,  situated  9  miles  northeast  of  Malmo 
and  23  miles  east  of  (Copenhagen  :  the  medieval 
Londinum  Gothoriim.  The  cathedral,  reputed  the 
finest  church  in  Scandinavia,  was  built  about  the  middle 
of  the  11th  century,  and  has  been  well  restored.  In  style 
it  is  Romanesque,  with  a  group  of  5  towers  and  a  semi- 
circular apse.  The  remarkable  crypt  contains  a  monu- 
mental well.  The  university  was  founded  in  10(i8,  and 
has  about  0(X)  students.  Lund  is  an  important  medieval 
city;  was  the  sejit  of  an  archbishopric  from  1104  to  1636; 
and  was  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  Danes  by  the  Swedes  in 
1070,  and  of  a  treaty  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  In  1679. 
It  was  frciiuently  a  royal  residence,  and  was  the  place  where 
Tegller  lived.     I'opilialion  (1S91),  15,091. 

Lund,  Peter  William.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
Denmark,  June  14,  1801 :  died  at  Lagoa  Santa, 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  May  .5,  1880.  A  Danish 
naturalist.  He  traveled  In  Brazil  from  1827  to  IS-SO,  and 
retiirni'd  to  that  country  in  18:U  on  a  scientific  mission 
from  the  government  of  Uiissia-  In  1834  he  flxed  his  resi- 
dence at  LagOa  Santa,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  the  exploration  of  the  nninerons  limestone  eaves 
of  Minas  Oeraes,  and  the  study  of  the  fossil  (t^uateriiary) 
animals  found  In  them.  Of  tllese  he  discovered  sevend 
hundred  species. 

Lunda  (liin'dii).  A  great  Bantu  nation  and 
kingdom,  recently  divided  between  Portuguese 
.Angola  and  the  Kongo  State.  Muata-Vamvim.tho 
ruler  of  Lundii,  was  at  one  time  the  head  of  an  empire  ex- 
tending from  the  Kuango  River  to  the  l.ualabn,  including,  at 
the  extreme  ntirthwest  and  southeast,  the  vass.-d  states  of 
^lueiie  Tutu  Kassongo  anil  Miiata  Cazemlu-,  and  In  the 
southwest  the  Kloko  imtlon.  The  l.iinda  tribe  occupies 
the  basins  of  the  upper  Kassal  and  I, ulna.  Tlioy  haven  line 
]ihysii|uc,  like  the  Balnba,  and  are  friendly  to  the  whites, 
but  are  lazy  and  given  to  slave-tniding.  Weakene<l  by 
feuds,  they  are  victimized  by  the  Mnkioko,  their  niuiilnHl 
vassals,  and  are  powerless  to  resist  tin*  eiirnmehnients  of 
the  whites.  The  l.unila  langnnge  dilfirs  little  In  struc- 
ture from  Kiinbiindu,  the  language  of  AngnliL 

Lundy  (Imi'di)  Island.  A  small  island  in  the 
Bristol  riiannel,  27  miles  west-northwest  of 
Bariistaiile,  Devonshire,  Kngland. 

Lundy's  Lane  (lun'<Iiz  liin).  A  road  'lending 
westward  from  Niagara  River,  near  Niagara 
Palls.  Here,  July  2.'.,  1814,  a  battle  was  fought  (called 
also  the  liattlc  <d  Brldgewnter  or  of  Niagara)  between  th« 
Americans  (2,000)  under  Brown  and  the  British  (4, .''CO)  ud. 


Lundy's  Lane 

der  Drummond.  The  British  were  repulsed,  but  afterward 
returned  and  kept  possession  of  the  field.  American  loss, 
852 :  British,  878. 
Liineburg  (lU'ne-bora).  1.  A  former  princi- 
pality, now  a  government  district  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 
The  surface  is  generally  level.  It  was  the  ancient  inher- 
itance of  the  Welf  family.  The  duchy  of  Liineburg  grew 
into  the  electorate  (later  the  kingdoni)'of  Hannover  (which 
see). 

2.  The  capital  of  Liineburg,  situated  on  the 
Ilmenau  26  miles  southeast  of  Hamburg,  it  has 
manufactures  of  salt  and  cement.  It  is  an  ancient  Hanse 
town.  The  War  of  Liberation  opened  here  with  a  defeat 
of  the  French  under  Morand,  April  2,  1813.  Population 
(1S90),  20,327. 

Liineburg  Heath,  G.  Liinebnrger  Heide  (lii'- 
ne-boro-er  hi'Je).  A  moor  iu  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  north  of  Celle. 

Lunel  (lii-nel').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
H^rault,  southern  France,  15  miles  east-north- 
east of  Montpellier.  It  has  trade  in  muscat 
wines.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,793. 

Lun^Vllie  (lii-na-vel').  A  cityin  the  department 
of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  near  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Metrrthe  and  Vezouze  16  miles 
east-soutlieast  of  Nancy.  It  is  a  commercial  and 
manufacturing  center,  and  contains  a  noted  riding-school 
and  a  chateau.  It  was  the  capital  of  Lorraine  in  the  18th 
century.  The  emperor  Francis  I.  was  born  here.  Popula- 
tion ^18;11),  21,542. 

Luneville.Peace  of.  A  treaty  which  the  emperor 
concluded  with  France  at  Lun^Wlle  Feb.  9.1801. 
France  received  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  The  arrange- 
ments made  with  Austria  by  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio 
were  continned ;  Tuscany  was  ceded  to  Parma ;  and  the 
Cisalpine,  Ligurian,  Helvetic,  and  Batavian  republics  were 
recognized.  It  was  the  beginning  of  the  end  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 

Lungasi  (long-ga'se).  An  African  river  and 
tribe  of  Karaerun. 

Lupaca  (lo-pii-ka').  The  dialect  formerly  spoken 
by  a  branch  of  the  AjTnara  Indians  of  Bolivia. 
See  Aymards. 

Lupercal(lu'per-kal).  ISeeLiqjercits.']  Agrotto 
near  the  we.stern  angle  of  the  Palatine  Hill,  in 
ancient  Rome,  dedieated,aecordiug  to  tradition, 
by  the  original  Arcadian  settlers  to  Lupercus,  a 
Latin  i-nstie  deity,  it  was  the  den  of  the  she-wolf  that 
suckled  Rom ulusand  Remus.  AstimewentontheLupercal 
was  adorned  architecturally,  and  its  decoration  w.as  re- 
newed by  Augustus.  Near  the  Lupercal  was  the  Ficus 
Kuminalis,  the  fig-tree  beneath  which  Romulus  and  Re- 
mus were  left  by  the  retiring  waters  of  the  Tiber,  and  above 
it  was  the  primitive  thatched  hut  preserved  to  imperial 
days  as  a  relic  of  Romulus. 

Lupercalia  (lii-per-ka'li-a).  [See  Lupercal.'] 
One  of  the  most  ancient  of  Roman  festivals,  cel- 
ebrated every  year  in  the  middle  of  February. 
The  origin  of  the  festival  is  older  than  the  legend  of  Rom- 
ulus and  the  wolf,  with  which,  as  with  the  Greek  cult  of 
Pan,  it  was  sought  later  to  connect  it.  It  was  originally  a 
local  purilication  ceremony  of  the  Palatine  city,  iu  which 
human  victims  were  sacrificed  in  the  Lupercal  cave  near 
the  Porta  Romana,  after  having  been  conducted  around  the 
walls.  In  historic  times  the  victims  were  goats  and  a  dog, 
and  the  celebrants  ran  around  the  old  line  of  the  Palatine 
walls,  striking  all  whom  they  met  with  thongs  cut  from 
the  skins  of  the  slaughtered  animals.  These  blows  were  re- 
puted to  preserve  women  from  sterility.  The  divinity  of 
the  Lupercalia  was  the  old  Etrurian  god  Inuus,  akin  to 
Mars. 

Lupercus  (lii-per'kus).  [L.,  'he  who  wards  off 
the  wolves.']  The  god  Inuus  as  the  protecting 
deity  of  shepherds. 

Lupus  ( lu'pus ) .  [L. ,  'a  wolf. ']  An  ancient  south- 
ern constellation,  the  Wolf,  representing  a 
beast  held  by  the  hand  of  the  Centaur.  It  has 
two  stars  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Lur  (lor).  A  tribe  of  central  Africa,  occupying 
a  wide  district  northwest  of  Albert  Nvanza. 
Their  customs  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Wanyorb,  whose 
nominal  suzerainty  they  .acknowledge.  The  accent  and 
the  ground-w<jrds  of  the  Lur  language  are  identical  with 
those  of  the  .Shuli,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Madi. 
Both  may  belong  to  one  cluster  with  .Shilluk. 

Luray  (lii-ra')  Cave.  A  cave  in  Page  County, 
Virginia,_  near  Luray,  78  miles  west  by  south 
of  Washington,  it  consists  of  numerous  chambers 
extending  over  a  large  area,  and  is  especially  remarkable 
for  its  enormous  stalactites.    It  was  discovered  in  1878. 

Lure(Iilr).  Atownin  the  department  of  Haute- 
Saone,  France.  17  miles  east  by  north  of  Vesoul. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,838. 

Lurewell  (Iflr'wel),  Mistress.  A  character  in 
Farquhar's  comedy  "The  Constant  Couple": 
a  jilt  with  a  strong  desire  to  wreak  vengeance 
on  men  for  the  wrongs  done  her. 

Lurgan  (ler'gan).  A  town  in  County  Armagh, 
L'eland,  19  miles  soutl(west  of  Belfast.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  11,447. 

Luria  (lo're-a),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Jerusalem, 
1534;  died  1572.  One  of  the  most  celebrated 
and  influential  Jewish  cabalists  and  mvstics. 
His  teachings  were  published  by  his  disciple  Hayi'm  Vital 
Calabrese  in  the  works  "  Tree  of  Life  "  ("  Ez  ha-Hayim  "), 
"Book  of  Transmi.jrations"("Sepher  ha-Gilgutm "),  and 
•'Book  of  Gleamiugs  "  ("Sepher  ha-Likutim  "). 


630 

Luristan  (lo-ris-tiin').  A  province  of  western 
Persia,  bordering  on  Tiu'key.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.     Population,  estimated,  300,000. 

Lurlei.     See  Lorelei. 

Lur  line  (ler-leu').  An  opera  by  Wallace,  first 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  iu  1860. 

Lusatia  (lii-sa'shia),  G.  Lausitz  (lou'sits).  A 
region  in  Germany,  nowineludedinthekingdoms 
of  Saxony  and  Prussia.  Its  early  inhabitants  were 
Slavs,  and,  though  partly  Germanized,  it  still  has  a  large 
population  of  Slavs  (VV ends).  It  was  a  mark  or  march  on 
the  border  of  the  empire.  Upper  Lusatia  (Ober-Lausitz), 
in  the  southern  part,  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  from 
Bohemia  about  1253.  Lower  Lusatia  (Nieder-Lausitz),  in 
the  northern  part,  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  early  in 
the  14th  century.  Upper  Lusatia  was  gained  by  Bohemia 
in  1346,  and  Lower  Lusatia  in  1373.  Lusatia  belonged  tem- 
porarily to  Hungary  in  the  second  half  of  the  15th  century. 
With  Bohemia  it  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in 
1626.  It  was  ceded  by  Austria  to  Saxony  in  1635.  Lower 
Lusatia  and  part  of  Upper  Lusatia  were  ceded  by  Saxony 
to  Prussia  in  1S15. 

Lushais,  A  nomadic  race  living  on  the  frontier 
of  Assam,  Bengal,  and  Burma,  about  lat.  24° 
N.,  long.  93°  E. 

Lusiad  (lu'si-ad).  The.  The  national  epic  of 
Portugal,  by  Camoens,  published  in  1572.  it  has 
been  translated  into  Enghsh  by  r.anshawe,  Mickle,  Mus- 
grave,  Mitchell,  and  others.  It  is  in  10  cantos,  containing 
1,102  stanzas.    See  the  extract. 

The  poem  on  which  the  general  reputation  of  Camoens 
depends,  usually  known  under  the  name  of  the  Lusiad,  is 
entitled  by  the  Portuguese  "Os  Lusiadas,"  or  the  Lusi- 
tanians.  It  appears  to  have  been  the  object  of  the  author 
to  produce  a  work  altogether  national.  It  was  the  exploits 
of  his  fellow-countrymen  that  he  undertook  to  celebrate. 
But,  though  the  great  object  of  the  poem  is  the  recital  of 
theP'.irtuuMiese  conquests  in  the  Indies,  the  author  has  very 
happily  succeeded  in  embracing  all  the  illustrious  actions 
performed  by  his  compatriots  in  other  quarters  of  the 
world,  together  with  whatever  of  splendid  and  heroic 
achievement  historical  narration  or  popular  fables  could 
supply.  It  is  by  mistake  that  Vasco  da  Gama  has  been 
ret»resented  as  the  hero  of  Camoens,  and  that  those  portions 
of  the  work  not  immediately  connected  with  that  com- 
mander's expedition  are  regarded  as  episodes  to  the  main 
action.  There  is,  in  truth,  no  other  leading  subject  than 
his  country,  nor  are  there  any  episodes  except  such  parts 
as  are  not  immediately  connected  with  her  glory. 

Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Eui-ope,  U.  480. 

Lusignan  (lii-zen-yon').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  western  France,  16  miles  south- 
west of  Poitiers.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  castle 
(built,  according  to  fable,  by  the  fairy  M^lusine).  The 
family  of  Lusignan  furnished  kings  to  Jerusalem  and 
Cyprus.     Population  (1801),  commune,  2,164. 

Lusignan,  G-uy  of.     See  Guy  of  Lusignan. 

Lusitania  (lu-si-ta'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  country  of  the  Lusitanians,  comprising  the 
modern  Portugal  to  the  river  Duero,  and  adjoin- 
ingparts  of  western  Spain,  in  a  later,  more  extended 
use,  it  was  one  of  the  Roman  provinces  into  which  His- 
pania  was  divided  by  Augustus. 

Lussin  (los-sen').  An  island  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
about  lat.  44°  35'  N.,  belonging  to  the  crown- 
land  of  Istria,  Austria-Hungarj-.  Length,  about 
20  miles. 

Lussin^Piccolo  (16s-sen'pik'k6-16).  A  seaport 
on  the  ishmd  of  Lussin,  Istria,  Austria-Hungary. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  7,634. 

Lust's  Dominion,  or  the  Lascivious  Queen. 

A  play  published  in  1657.  it  was  attributed  to  Mar- 
lowe, and  was  published  as  his  in  1057;  but  it  is  probably 
the  same  play  as  "The  Spanish  Moor's  Tragedy,"  now  at- 
tributed to  Dekker,  Haughton,  and  Day,  published  Feb.  13, 
1600.  Although  the  play  as  it  exists  dates  from  ICOO,  it 
was  certainly  founded  on  a  much  older  one.  Fleay. 
Lute-Player  (liit'pla'er).  The.  A  painting  by 
Caravaggio,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, A  youth,  who  wears  a  white  shirt,  is  seated 
at  a  table  singing  tohislute.  On  the  table  are  flowers,  fruit, 
and  books. 

Lutetia,  or  Lutetia  Parisiorum  (lu-te  'sh  i-ii  par- 
is-i-6'mm).  [F.Lulecc.']  1.  TheRbmannameof 
Paris.  The  town,  the  chief  seat  of  the  Parisii, 
was  an  inconsiderable  place  iu  Roman  times. 
—  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  21)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris,  Nov.  15,  1852. 

Luther  (16'ther),  Martin.  Born  at  Eisleben, 
Pi-ussian  Saxony,  Nov.  10,  1483:  died  there, 
Feb.  18, 1546.  A  German  reformer  and  trans- 
lator of  the  Bible.  His  father,  who  was  a  slate-cutter 
by  trade,  removed  with  his  family  to  Mansfeld  the  year 
after  the  birth  of  the  son.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained at  JIagdeburg.  and  at  Eisenach  (1498),  where  he 
lived  with  Frau  Ursula  Cotta.  In  1,501  he  matriculated  at 
the  University  of  Erfurt  for  the  study  of  jurisprudence. 
He  took  his  examination  in  1505,  and  subsequently  deliv- 
ered lectures  on  the  physics  and  ethics  of  .\ristotle.  This 
same  ye.ar,  against  the  wishes  of  his  family,  he  determined 
to  become  a  monk,  and  entered  the  Augustine  monastery 
at  Erfurt.  In  1507  he  was  consecrated  a  priest,  and  iii 
1.^'08  was  called  as  professor  of  philosophy  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wittenberg.  In  1510  he  went  to  Rome  on  business 
connected  with  his  monastic  order.  In  1512,  after  his  re- 
turn to  Wittenberg,  he  was  made  doctor  of  theology.  His 
first  important  action  in  the  direction  of  ecclesiastical  re- 
form was  his  publication,  Oct.  31, 1517,  on  the  church  door 
at  Wittenberg,  of  ninety-flve  theses  against  the  sale  of 
indulgences  by  the  Dominican  Tetzel.    His  propositions 


Lutuamian 

were  immediately  condemned  as  heretical,  and  violent  at- 
tacks were  made  upon  him  from  various  quarters,  both 
before  and  after  a  summons  to  Rome,  which  he  did  not 
obey.  In  1520  he  published  his  famous  "Address  to  the 
Christian  Nobles  of  the  German  Nation,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  tract  "On  the  Babylonian  Captivity  of  the 
Church  of  God."  This  same  year,  together  with  his  adher- 
ents, he  was  formally  excommunicated  by  Leo  X.,  and 
his  writings  were  burned  at  Rome,  Cologne,  and  Louvain. 
He  retaliated  by  publicly  burning,  at  Wittenberg,  the  bull 
of  excommunication  and  the  decretals  of  the  Pope,  to 
whom  he  now  renounced  all  allegiance.  At  the  Diet  of 
Worms,  April,  1521,  whither  he  was  summoned  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  he  made  the  celebrated  speech  which 
ended  with:  "There  I  take  my  stand.  I  can  do  naught 
else.  So  help  me,  God.  Amen."  In  spite  of  his  vigorous 
defense  of  his  doctrines,  he  was  proscribed  by  the  em. 
peror.  On  his  return  from  Worms,  through  the  Thuringian 
Forest,  he  was,  by  order  of  his  friend,  the  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony, ostensibly  taken  prisoner  and  conveyed  to  the  Wait- 
bu?g,  at  Eisenach,  where  he  remained  in  disguise  the  fol- 
lowing ten  months  under  the  name  of  Junker  Georg. 
During  this  time  he  translated  the  New  Testament  into 
German,  and  had  already  completed  it  when  he  left  the 
Wartburg  in  Mai'cij,  1522.  At  this  time,  in  spite  of  a  new 
proscription  by  the  emperor,  he  returned  to  Wittenberg, 
and  delivered  there  a  series  of  sermons  against  the  fanati- 
cism of  the  puritanical  image-breakers.  Here,  too,  was 
published  this  same  year  the  translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. He  had  already  begun  the  translation  of  the  Old 
Testament,  of  which  the  books  of  Moses  were  put  into 
print  in  1523  and  the  Psalms  in  1524  ;  and  in  this  latter 
year  appeared  also  his  first  hymn-book.  In  1524,  further, 
he  laid  aside  his  cowl,  and  in  1525  married  Katharina  vou 
Bora,  a  nun,  who  had  renounced  her  vows  and  left  the 
convent.  From  1526-29  he  was  engaged  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  new  church  service.  In  this  latter  year,  also,  he 
engaged  in  the  conference  at  Marburg  with  Zwingli  and 
otber  Swiss  divines.  The  Lutheran  translation  of  the 
whole  Bible,  completed  in  1532,  was  finally  published  in 
1534.  It  was  revised  in  1541,  and  the  subsequent  editions 
of  1543  and  1545  also  received  a  few  amendments.  During 
the  whole  of  his  struggles  for  theReformation,  he  wrote  nu- 
merous polemical  pamphlets  which  exhibited  him  as  a  most 
powerful  though  passionate  controversialist.  His  "Tisch- 
reden  "(*' Table-Talk  ")  contains  his  opiniouson  a  varietyof 
subjects,  the  principal  source  of  the  material  being  I^u- 
terbach's  "Tagebueh"  ("Diary")  from  1538.  In  1630  he 
began  to  make  a  new  version,  in  prose,  of  J^sop's  and 
other  classical  fables.  Besides  prose,  he  also  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  sacred  hymns,  whose  prototype  in  construction  and 
melody  he  found  in  the  folk-songs.  The  "Hymn-Book  "of 
1524  contains  four  hymns  written  by  him ;  that  of  1545 
thirty-seven.  In  the  edition  of  1528  was  published  for  the 
first  time  the  most  celebrated  of  his  hymns,  "Ein  teste 
Burg  ist  unser  Gott,"  written  in  1527,  the  melody  of  which 
he  is  also  said  to  have  composed.  Luther  is  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  the  present  literary  language  of 
Germany  — that  is,  of  New  High  German,  so  called.  In 
his  "  Tischreden "  he  states  his  language  to  be  that  of  the 
Saxon  Chancery,  to  which,  in  reality,"  his  early  writings 
closely  conform.  It  is,  however,  not  the  language  of  the 
court,  but  of  the  people,  and  much  of  the  vocabulary  of  the 
Bible  translation  has  been  drawn  from  Low  German  as 
well  as  from  High  German  sources.  In  this  sense  he  is,  as 
he  is  frequently  asserted  to  be,  the  real  creator  of  the 
present  language.  His  own  language,  contrasted  in  his 
early  aiid  later  writings,  shows  a  distinct  progression  to- 
ward a  more  consistently  normalized  and  universal  form. 
The  Bible  translation  permanently  established  the  literary 
language  of  Germany.  Books  were  written  afterward,  no- 
tably in  Switzerland,  in  dialect,  but  they  are  in  an  ever  de- 
creasing minority,  and  writers  and  printers  in  all  parts  of 
German-speaking  territory  soon  accepted  the  language  of 
Luther  as  a  standard  to  which  they  consciously  or  un- 
consciously conformed.  A  good  complete  edition  of  his 
works  is  that  published  at  Erlangen,  1826-57,  in  67  vol- 
umes. 

Liitke   (lut'ke),  Count  Feodor  Petrovitch. 

Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  17  (O.  S  ),  1797: 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Aug.  8  (O.  S.),  1882. 
A  Russian  navigator.  His  narrative  of  his  jour- 
ney around  the  world  was  published  1834-36. 
Luton  (lut'pn).  A  town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 30  miles  north-northwest  of  London,  it  is 
the  chief  seat  of  English  straw-jdait  manufacture.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  80,005. 

Lutrin  (lii-tran'),  Le.  [F.,  'the  lectern.']  A 
mock-heroic  poem  by  Boileau-Despr6aux,  pub- 
lished in  1674. 

Lutter  am  Barenberge  (lot'ter  am  ba'ren- 
berg-e).  A  village  in  Bninswick,  Germany,  23 
miles  south-southwest  of  Bninswick.  Here,' Aug. 
27,  1626,  the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  defeated  the  Danes 
under  Christian  IV. 

Lutter'WOrth  (lut'er-werth).  A  small  town  in 
Leieester,shire,  England,  29  miles  east  of  Bir- 
mingham. Wyelif  was  rector  of  the  parish  for 
the  last  ten  years  of  his  life. 

Liittich  (liit'tich).    The  German  name  of  Li&ge. 

Ltittringhausen  (liit'tring-hou-zen).  A  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  23  miles  north- 
east of  Cologne.  Population  (1890),  commime, 
10,498. 

Lutuamian  (lo-to-am'i-an).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  eomprisingthe  Kla- 
math and  Modoc  tribes  which  formerly  occu- 
])ied  the  region  of  Little  and  Upper  Klamath 
lakes,  Klamath  marsh,  and  Sprague  River,  Ore- 
gon, extending  into  northern  California.  This 
territory  is  mainly  embraced  by  the  Klamath  reservation, 
where  about  750  survivors  of  the  two  tribes  reside.  There 
are  also  84  Modoc  in  Indian  Territory.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  a  Pit  River  word  meaning  '  lake. ' 


Liitzen 

Llitzen  (lat'sen).  A  siuall  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  11  miles  southwest  of  Leip- 
gic.  Two  important  battles  were  fought  here.  (1)  A 
victory  was  gained  by  the  Swedes  (about  18,0)X))  under 
Oustavus  Adolphus  over  the  Imperialists  (towards  80,000) 
under  Wallenstcin,  Kov.  16,  163'i.  Ihe  Swedish  king  was 
killed,  and  was  succeeded  in  command  by  Bemhard  of 
Saxe- Weimar.  (2)  On  May  2, 1813,  a  victory  was  gained  by 
the  French  army  (115,000)  under  >;apuleon  over  the  allied 
Russians  and  11-ussians  (about  70,000)  under  Wittgenstein. 
Napoleon  was  unable  to  follow  up  his  vict«ry.  The  battle 
ia  frequently  called  the  battle  of  Grossgorschcn. 

Lutzk  (lotsk),  or  Luck  (lotsk).  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Volhyuia,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Styr  about  lat.  50°  45'  N.,  long.  25°  20'  E. 
Population  (1885-89),  14,165. 

Liitzow  (liit'so).  Baron  Ludwig  Adolf  Wil- 

lielni  von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Prussia,  May 
IS,  1782:  died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  5-0,  1834.  A 
Prussian  general,  commander  of  the  Liitzow 
'•free  corps"  or  "black  troop"  in  1813. 

Lux  (loks),  Adam.  Bom  at  Obernburg,  Bava- 
ria, 17G(3:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Nov.  4,  1793.  A 
Girondist  deputy  to  the  Convention  from  Mainz 
iu  1793. 

Luxembourg  (Uik-soii-bor').  Due  de  (FranQois 
Henri  de  Montmorency-Bouteville).  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1628 :  died  at  Versailles,  France, 
Jan.  4, 1695.  A  French  marshal,  a  rclati%-e  and 
a  companion  of  Cond^.  He  served  in  the  wars  against 
Spain  and  Holland ;  defeated  the  Prince  of  Waldeck  at 
Fleurus  in  1690  ;  and  defeated  William  of  Orange  at  Steen- 
kcrke  in  1692,  and  at  Ncerwinden  in  1693. 

Luxembourg,  Palace  of  the.  A  palace  in  Pa- 
ris, built  by  Debrosse  (1615-20)  for  Maria  de' 
Metlici.  There  are  3  stories,  the  lowest  arcaded,  with 
entablatures  and  coupled  pilasters  between  the  windows. 
The  well-proportioned  fronts  are  marked  by  projecting, 
high-roofed  pavilions.  The  smaller  diameter  of  the  rec- 
tangle is  about  300  feet.  The  large  court  is  now  colonnaded. 
Many  of  the  interior  apartments  are  splendidly  painted 
and  adorned  with  sculpture.  Since  the  Revolution  this 
former  royal  palace  has  ser^'ed  as  the  House  of  Peers  or  of 
the  Senate,  and  has  long  contained  a  museum  of  art.  The 
Museum  of  Slodern  Art  is  now  removed  to  anew  building 
on  the  west  of  the  Petit^Luxenibourg,  Rue  Vaugirard. 

Luxemburg  (luk'sem-berg;  F.  pron.  liik-son- 
bor').  A  province  of  Belgium.  Capital,  Arlon. 
It  is  bounded  by  Namur  and  Liege  on  the  north,  Rhenish 
Prussia  ami  the  grand  duchy  of  LuxemVnirg  on  the  east, 
France  on  the  south,  and  France  and  Namur  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  Iiilly.  It  has  important  minerals,  including 
iron  and  slate.  Annexed  to  Belgium  1839.  Area,  1,706 
square  niilt-s.     Population  (1893),  213,155. 

Luxemburg  (luk'sem-berg;  D.  pron.  lok'sem- 
boro),  F.  Luxembourg  (llik-soii-bor'),  old  form 
Lutzelburg.  Agrandducby  of  Europe.  Cap- 
ital, Luxemburg.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince of  Prussia  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Lorraine  on  the 
south,  France  on  the  southwest,  and  Belgium  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  a  low  table-land.  It  lies  maiidy  in  the  basin 
of  the  Moselle,  which  is  on  its  eastern  border.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  is  agriculture.  Iron  ore  occurs  in  abun- 
dance. The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy,  ad- 
ministered by  a  grand  duke  and  a  chamber  of  45  deputies. 
It  belongs  to  the  German  ZoUverein.  The  religion  is  Ro- 
man Catholic.  The  prevailing  language  is  German.  Lux- 
emburg formed  part  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  was 
a  coimtship  in  the  middle  ages.  It  furnished  the  empe- 
rors Henry  VII.  (1308),  Charles  IV.  (1347),  Wenceslaus 
(1378),  atid  Sigismund  (1411).  It  was  united  in  personal 
union  with  Bohemia  in  1310';  became  a  duchy  in  1354  ; 
and  passed  to  Burgundy  in  1443.  It  passed  with  the  Neth- 
erlands to  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  and  to  Spain.  Part  of 
it  was  ceded  t()  France  in  1650.  It  was  ceded  to  Austria 
in  1713,  and  was  conquered  by  France  1794-95.  By  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  (1815)  it  was  made  a  grand  duchy  under 
the  rule  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation.  It  joined  the 
liclgian  revolt  against  the  Netherlands,  and  continued 
provisionally  in  Belgian  hands  until  1839,  when  part  of  it 
was  ceded  to  Belgium,  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  ruliT]g 
as  grand  duke  over  the  remainder.  It  entered  the  ZoU- 
verein in  1842,  and  ceased  to  beapartof  Germany  in  ISro. 
Its  neutrality  was  guai-anteed  by  the  treaty  of  London  in 
1867.  In  ikiH)  the  crown  passed  to  Adolf  of  Nassau. 
Area,  998  sijuare  miles.     Population  (189ii),  211,088. 

Luxemburg,  formerly  Liitzelburg.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  grand  duchvof  Luxemburg,  situated 
on  the  Potrusse  and  Alzette  in  lat.  49°  37'  N., 
long.  6°  7'  E.  It  haw  a  remarkably  picturesque  situa- 
tion, and  cfnisists  of  the  oberstadt  and  I'nterstadt.  For- 
merly it  was  ■cbhrated  for  its  fortitlcations,  strengthened 
by  Van  ban  and  utliers;  and  it  has  often  been  besieged.  It 
was  garrisoned  by  the  Prussians  1815-67.  The  fortitlca- 
tions were  in  great  part  demolished  after  the  treaty  of 
1S07.     Population  (1890),  18,187. 

Luxeuil  fliik-s(\y').  [1j.  I.nxovium.']  A  town 
in  the  department  of  llaute-SaAne,  situated  37 
miles  northeast  of  Vesoul.  It  has  noted  mineral 
Bj)rings.  It  had  an  abbey  in  the  middle  ages.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,811. 

Luxor  (luk'sor  or  liik'sor).  A  village  in  Upper 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile,  in  lat.  25°  39'  N., 
on  part  of  the  site  of  tlio  ancient  Tliebcs.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  imticpiities,  which  inilnd'-  a  vrry  large 
and  complex  temple  built  by  AnicTdioI.p  III.  and  Itame- 
ses  II.  The  buildings  of  Uanieses  form  tin-  j>resrnt  front 
of  the  temple,  and  wen-  preci-dcd,  at  tin-  cinl  of  a  great 
dromoR  of  H[phinxes  lea<litig  t.i  Karrmk.  by  two  beautiful 
obflisks  of  red  granite,  one  of  whitrlt  remains  in  xitit,  and 
the  other  stands  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris,    lie- 


631 

fore  the  large  double  pylon  of  Raraeses's  court  are  two  co- 
lossal seated  statues  of  himself.  The  court  is  surrounded 
by  a  double  range  of  columns.  Beyond,  the  avenue  to  the 
buildings  of  Anienhotep  makes  a  sharp  angle  and  meets 
the  pylon  of  the  court,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  double 
colonnade.  Thebuildingsbehiiid  thecourtcontainagreat 
number  of  chaml>ers  and  an  isolated  sanctuary,  all  pro- 
fusely sculptured  and  colored. 

Luynes  (lii-eu'),  Due  de  (Charles  d' Albert). 
Born  at  Pont-St. -Esprit,  Gard,  France,  Aug.  5, 
1578:  died  Dec.  1.5,  1621.  A  French  courtier, 
,1  favorite  of  JjOuis  XIIT. 

Luynes,  Due  de  (Honore  Theodoric  Paul  Jo- 
seph d  Albert).  Born  at  I'aris,  Dec.  15,  1802: 
died  at  Rome,  Dee.,  1867.  A  French  archseolo- 
gist. 

Luz  (loz).  A  district  in  southeastern  Balu- 
chistan. 

Luz  (liiz).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Hautes- 
PjT^nees,  France,  26  miles  south  of  Tarbes.  It 
is'noted  for  its  springs  and  for  its  fortified  church.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  1,507. 

Luzern.     The  German  name  of  Lucerne. 

Luzon,  or  Lu^on  (16-zon';  Sp.  pron.  16-thon'). 
The  largest  island  of  the  Philippines.  The  sur- 
face is  largely  mountainous.  It  contains  Slanila,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  group.  Area,  40,875  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  3,442,941. 

Luzzara  (lot-sa'ra).  A  village  in  the  province 
of  Reggio  nell'  Emilia,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Po  14  miles  south-southwest  of  Mantua.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  drawn  battle  between  the  Imperialists  under 
Prince  Eugene  and  the  French  and  Spanish  forces  under 
VendOme,  Aug.  16,  1702. 

Lvoff  (l-vof),  Alexei.  Bom  at  Reval,  Russia, 
May  25  (N.  S.  June  5),  1799:  died  near  Kovno, 
Russia,  Dec.  16  (N.  S.  28),  1870.  A  Russian 
composer,  author  of  the  Russian  national  hymn 
(1833). 

Lyaeus(li-e'us).  [Gr.  Aira?oc.l  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  who  frees  from  care:  a  surname 
of  Bacchus. 

Lyall  (li'al),  Edna.  The  pseudonym  of  Ada 
Ellen  Bayiy. 

LycabettUS  (lik-a-bet'us).  [Gr.  Ai«a/5vT-of.] 
A  red  rocky  hill  rising  amid  the  northeastern 
outskirts  of  Athens  to  a  height  of  910  feet  above 
the  sea,  or  670  above  the  city,  it  is  a  very  con- 
spicuous object  in  the  landscape,  presenting  from  most 
points  of  the  city  the  general  form  of  an  .abrupt,  slightly 
concave  cone;  there  is,  however,  beyond  a  slight  depres- 
sion, a  long  ridge  behind  it.  Upon  the  top  stands  a  small 
chapel  of  St.  George.  The  view  is  very  extensive.  On  the 
southern  slope  is  the  Large  reservoir  built  by  Hadrian 
and  Antoninus  Pius,  which  still  supplies  the  city. 

LycaeUS  (li-se'us).  [Gr.  Avmlog,  the  Lycsean; 
from  Mount  Lycseum  in  Arcadia.]  Iu  Greek 
mythology,  a  surname  of  Zeus. 

Lyeaon  (li-ka'on).  [Gr.  M'Kaui'.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  king  of  Arcadia,  for  his  impiety  changed 
into  a  wolf  (or  killed  by  lightning). 

Lycaonia  (lik-a-6'ni-ii).  IGr.  XvKaovla.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor. 
Chief  city,  Iconium.  it  was  bounded  by  Galatia  on 
the  north,  Cappadocia  on  the  east,  Cilicia  on  the  south, 
and  Pisidia  and  Phrygia  on  the  west.  Sometimes  it  in- 
cluded Isauria,  and  sometimes  it  was  included  in  Cappa- 
diicia.     Surface  elevated. 

LyceiUS,  LyceuS  (li-se'us).  [Gr.  Al'Keiog,  per- 
haps (from/(i'Kof,  wolf)  'wolf-slayer.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  an  epithet  of  Apollo. 

Lyceum  (U-sc'nm).  [Gr.  AiVnor.]  A  gymnasium 
and  exercise-ground  of  ancient  Athens,  lying 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ilissus,  at  the  place 
now  called  llissia,  a  short  distance  east  of  the 
palace  garden,  it  was  dedicated  to  Aptdlo  Lyceius, 
and  was  already  the  chief  gymmisinm  of  Athens  in  the 
time  of  Pisistratus.  It  was  noted  fnr  its  tine  groves  of 
plane-trees.  Aristotle  and  his  disciples  formed  the  habit 
of  discussing  their  pbilnsophy  while  following  the  shady 
walks  of  this  gymnasium,  and  hence  received  the  name  of 
Peripatetics. 

Lyeia  (lis'i-ii).  [Gr.AvKin.l  111  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  division  of  Asia  Minor.  iKirdering  on 
the  Mediterranean  and  on  Caria,  Phrygia,  Pi- 
sidia, and  Pamphylia.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
The  Lycians  aided  the  Khita  against  Rameses  II.  Its  23 
cities  formed  the  Lycian  League.  It  was  comiuered  by 
Persia  in  the  6th  centuiy  n.  c,  and  afterward  passed  to 
llaccdcm,  F.gyiit,  Syria,  and  llnally  to  Rome. 

Lyeians  (lis'i-anz).  The  inhabitants  of  Lycia; 
especially,  a  riice  inhabiting  iincient  Lycia,  Ar- 
yan or  Indo-European  in  langnage,  as  is  shown 
by  important  inscriptions  in  a  peculiar  char- 
acter recently  recovered  and  elucidated.  The 
Lyeians  seem  to  have  exerted  considerable  intluenco  in 
early  days  on  the  Greeks,  especially  through  their  worship 
<if  Apidlo.  Interesting  monuments  of  their  architecture 
and  sculpture  have  lieen  brought  togelller  in  the  British 
Museum.  Some  sculptures  found  in  Lycia  vie  in  rellne- 
ment  with  the  riper  archaic  art  of  Attica. 

Lycidas  (lis'i-das).  A  shepherd  in  Vergil's  third 

liucdlic. 
Lyeidas.  An  elegiac  poetn  by  Milton  (])nblished 

11)37),  i<mimemorating  the  death  of  his  friend 

Edward  King. 


Lyell 

Lyck  (lik).  A  town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  river  and  lake 
Lvck  in  lat.  53°  49'  N.,  long.  22°  21'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  9,682. 

Lyeon  (li'kon).  [Gr.  A.iiKuv.']  Lived  in  the  3d 
centurj-  B.  c.    A  Greek  Peripatetic  philosopher. 

Lycophron  (li'kof-ron).  [Gr.  AvKdippov.'i  Bom 
at  Chalcis,  Euboca:  lived  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
A  noted  Alexandrian  tragic  poet  and  gramma- 
rian. His  only  extant  jioem  is  the  "Alexandra  "  or  "Cas- 
sandra," comprising  about  1.40<J  iambic  verses,  in  which 
Cassandra  predicts  the  results  of  the  voyage  of  Paris  to 
Sparta. 

Lycopolis  (li-kop'o-lis).  [Gt.)'/Avk(jv!t67.i;.']  An 
ancient  city  in  Egypt,  whose  ruins  are  near  the 
modern  Sitit. 

LycurgUS  (li-ker'gus).  [Gr.  Awoipjoc.]  Lived 
probably  iu  the  9th  century  B.  c.  A  Spartan 
legislator,  the  traditional  author  of  the  laws 
and  institutions  of  Sparta. 

LycurgUS.  Born  at  Athens  about  396  e.g.:  died 
about  323  B.  c.  An  Attic  orator,  son  of  Ly- 
cophron of  the  aristocratic  family  of  the  Eteo- 
butadai.  He  was  thrice  appointed  manager  of  the  Athe- 
nian finances  for  terms  of  5  years  each.  Only  one  entire 
oration  of  Lycurgus  is  extant. 

Lydda  (lid'a).  A  place  in  the  territory  of  Ben- 
jamin: in  tiie  Old  Testament  Lod.  In  Acts  it  is 
mentioned  in  connection  with  a  miracleperfonned  by  Peter. 
During  the  .ludeo- Roman  war  it  was  destroyed  by  Cestius 
Gallus.  After  the  uprising  of  Bar-Cochba  it  became  the 
seat  of  a  Talmudical  school.  It  was  also  an  episcopal  see, 
and  in  445  a  council  was  held  there  at  which  Pelagius  de- 
fended himself.  Tradition  makes  it  the  birthplace  of  St. 
George,  where  he  also  was  buried.  In  1191  it  was  de 
stroyed  by  Saladin,  and  in  1271  sacked  by  the  Mongols.  At 
present  it  is  a  village  (Ludd)  with  a  church  of  St.  George, 
situated  between  Kamleh  and  Jaffa. 

Lydgate  (lid'gat),  Doctor.  A  physician  in 
George  Eliot's  "Middlemarch."  He  is  ambitious, 
but  a  selUsh  wife  takes  the  savor  out  of  his  ambition,  and 
he  dies  a  comparatively  young  and  obscure  man. 

Lydgate,  who  has  received  a  true  vocation,  whose  intel- 
lectual passion  predestines  him  to  far-resonant  action  in 
the  world  of  scientific  research, — Lydgate,  against  whom 
the  temptations  of  the  flesh  and  the  devil  would  have  been 
idle,  is  subdued  by  that  third  enemy  of  man,  the  world, 
incarnated  in  the  form  of  a  creature  [Rosamond]  with 
feminine  voice,  swan-like  neck,  perfectly  turned  shoulders, 
exquisite  curves  of  lip  and  eyelid,  and,  hidden  behind 
these,  the  hardness  of  a  little  sordid  soul. 

Dowden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  281. 

Lydgate,  John.  Bom  at  Lydgate,  near  New- 
market, about  1370:  died  about  1451.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  both  O.xford  and 
Cambridge,  and  later  in  France  and  Italy  (Init  this  is  doubt- 
ful). He  entered  the  church  in  1389.  He  gained  a  jwsi. 
tion  as  poet  at  the  court  of  Henr>*  IV.,  which  beheld  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Heniy  V.  and  after  the  accession  of  Henrj- 
VI.  After  1390  he  made  the  actiuaintance  of  Chaucer,  ami 
often  calls  himself  "Chaucer's  disciple."  His  numerous 
works  include  "F'lUlsof  Princes,"  a  narrative  poem  written 
between  14313  and  1438  ;  "Troy  Book,"  in  heroic  couplets. 
containing  a  panegj'ric  on  Chaucer  (1412-20  :  first  printed 
by  Pynson  in  1513)  ;  "The  story  of  Thebes,'  intended  as 
an  additional  Canterbury  tale  (about  1420);  "The  Life  of 
Our  Lady,"  a  religious  narratire  ptieni.  ]irint«'d  byCaxton 
in  1484;  "The  Paneeof  lieath,"'froni  the  French,  printed 
first  inl554(also,  with  Unlhein's  lirawings,  in  1791);  "The 
Court  of  Sapience,"  a  philosophical  work,  printed  by  Cai- 
ton  (1481?);  "The  Temple  of  Glass,"  printed  by  Caxton 
(1479?);  and  a  number  of  lives  of  saints,  allegories,  fables, 
historical  and  political  poems,  satires,  etc.  "The  Com- 
plaintof  the  Black  Knight,"  which  was  attributed  to  Chau- 
cer, is  by  Lydgate',  ami  also  a  number  of  the  minor  poems 
which  have  been  attributed  to  Chaucer. 

Lydia  (lid'i-a).  [Gr.  AfiSi'n.]  A  country  occu- 
pying the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  border- 
ing oi}  the  ^■Egea;!  Sea  and  on  Mysia.  Phrygia, 
anil  Caria.  The  old  name  of  it  seems  to  have  been 
Maionia.  and  it^  inhabitants  a  division  of  the  adjacent 
Plirygians.  Later  it  was  invaded  by  Semites,  who  gave  it 
the  nanu'  of  Lydia  (compare  the  Old  Testament  Lud,  de- 
scendants of  Sheni,  Geti.  x.  22).  The  name  Mn>onia  \ras 
afterwaril  confined  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  country,  and 
Lydia  to  the  western.  About  700  H.  C.  a  revolution  over- 
threw the  Semitic  reign,  and  brought  the  native  dynasty 
of  the  Mcnnnndie  to  the  throne,  with  Gyges  as  first  king. 
Under  them  Lydia  rose  to  the  position  of  a  mighty  kingdom 
extending  from  the  coast  to  the  river  Halys,  with  Sardesft.s 
capital.  The  prosperous  tireek  cities  were  brought  either 
to  subjection  or  alliance.  Hut  under  the  fifth  and  best- 
known  of  the  dynasty,  Crirsus,  the  Lydlan  empire  was 
brought  to  a  sudden  eml  by  the  Persian  concpieror  Cyrus, 
who  in  540  n.  c.  captured  Sardcs  ami  the  king  himself. 
I'Yom  the  I'ersians  Lydia  passed  over,  through  Alexamler 
the  Great,  to  Svria,  and  later  to  Emncncs  of  Pcrgamum. 
During  the  Roman  period  Lydia  formed  a  separate  prov- 
ince, will!  Sardcs  ascapilal.  Sardes  wa."  a  pr.>minent  epis- 
copal sec(compare  Rev.  iil.  1),  but  wasilestroyed  by  Tinnir 
in  1402  \.  I).  I.vilia  is  now  a  lurkish  pnivince,  with  the 
ciliesSmvrna,  Mani8sa(thecla.ssical  Maglu-sia),  and  Aidin. 
To  the  l.JMlians  is  ascribed  the  invention  of  coins,  and  the 
oldest  coins  thus  far  founil  are  th.ise  of  Lydia. 

Lye  (li).  Edward.  Bom  at  Totnes,  Devonshire. 
1694:  died  at  Yardley-Hastings,  Nortlinmpton- 
shiro,  .\ug.  19,  1767.  An  Englisli  philologist, 
author  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  anil  Gothic  dietion- 


arv  (1772). 
Lyell  (li'el).  Sir  Charles.     Bom  at  Kinnordy, 
Forfarshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  14,  1797:  died  at 


LyeU 

London,  Feb,  22.  1875.  A  celebrated  British 
geologist.  He  graduated  at  Orford  (Eseter  College)  in 
1819;  studied  law;  was  secretary  of  the  Geological  Society 
1823-26;  traveled  on  the  Continent  with  Murchison  in 
1828 ;  became  professor  in  King's  College,  London,  in  1831 : 
was  elected  president  of  the  Geological  Society  in  1835  and 
1836,  and  again  in  1S49  and  ISoO ;  traveled  and  lectured 
in  the  United  States  in  1S41,  lS46-iti,  1852,  and  1653 ;  was 
knighted  in  1848 :  and  was  president  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion in  1864.  He  is  espectally  famous  as  an  opponent  of  the 
older  aatastropMsra  in  geology.  His  works  include  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Geology  "  (3  vols.  1830-33). "  Elements  of  Geology  " 
(1S38:  later  editions  called ''A  Manual  of  Elementary  Geol- 
ogy "X  ■'  The  Antiquity  of  Man  "  (1863),  "  Travels  in  North 
America"  (184Si  "A  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States  of 
North  America  (1849),  "  The  Student's  Elements  of  Geol- 
ogy '•  (1871X 

LyeU, Mount.  [Namedfrom SirCharles LyelL] 
A  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  California,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Yosemite.  Height,  13,190 
feet. 

Lyfing.    See  Living. 

Lygdamis  (lig'da-mis).  Lived  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c.     A  Greek  tvrant  of  Kaxos. 

Lying  Lover,  The,  or  "the  Ladies'  Friendship. 
A  comedy  by  Steele,  prodnoed  in  1703.  It  'was 
taken  from  P.  Corneille's  "Le  meuteur." 

Lying  Valet,  The.  A  play  by  David  Garrick, 
adapted  by  him  from  Motteux's  "Novelty." 

Lykia.     See  Li/cia. 

Lyly  (Ul'i).  John.  Bom  in  the  Weald  of  Kent 
about  15.54:  died  at  London,  Nov.,  1606.  An 
English  dramatist  and  novelist.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Magdalen  College)in  1573  ;  went  to  London,  where 
he  entered  upon  literary  work  and  endeavored  to  establish 
himself  at  court ;  championed  the  bishops  in  the  "Martin 
Marprelate"  controversy  ;  and  became  a  member  of  Par- 
liament in  1589  (reelected  in  1.593.  1697.  and  1601).  His 
principal  work  is  "Euphues,  or  the  Anatomy  of  Wit  "(which 
see),  which  brought  into  prominence  the  affected  style 
named  from  it  "Euphuism."  In  the  ^larprelate  contro- 
versy he  \vrote  "Pappe  with  a  Hat<;het,  etc."  He  also 
wrote  a  n«mber  of  plays,  including  "Alexander  and  Cam- 
paspe,"  "Sapho  and  Phao,"  "Endimion,  the  Man  in  the 
Moon,'  etc. 

Lyly's  two  secrets  are  in  the  first  place  an  antithesis 
more  laboured,  more  monotonous,  and  infinitely  more 
pointless  than  Macaulay's  —  whicll  antithesis  seems  to 
have  met  with  not  a  little  favour,  and  w-as  indeed  an  ob- 
vious expedient  for  lightening  up  and  giving  character  to 
the  correct  but  featureless  prose  of  Ascham  and  other 
"Latiners."  The  second  was  a  fancy  which  amounts  to  a 
mania  for  similes,  strung  together  in  endless  lists,  and 
derived  as  a  rule  from  animals,  vegetables,  or  minerals, 
especially  from  the  Fauna  and  Flora  of  fancy.  It  is  impos- 
sible to  open  a  page  of  **  Euphues  "  without  finding  an  ex- 
ample of  this  eccentric  and  tasteless  trick,  and  in  it,  as 
far  as  in  any  single  thing,  must  be  found  the  recipe  for 
euphuism  pure  and  simple.  As  used  in  modern  laiiguage 
for  conceited  and  precious  language  in  general,  the  term 
has  only  a  very  partial  application  to  its  original,  or  to  that 
original's  author.  Indeed  Lyly's  vocabulary,  except  occa- 
sionally in  his  similes,  is  decidedly  vernacular,  and  he 
very  commonly  mingles  extremely  homely  words  with  his 
highest  flights. 

Saintsfmryj  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  37. 

Lyme-Regis  (lim're'jis).  A  seaport  and  bath- 
ing-plaee  in  Dorset.  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  26  mUes  east  of  Exeter.  The 
Duke  of  Monmouth  landed  here  in  his  rising  of 
16S.5.     Population  (1891),  2,365. 

Lymfjord.     See  Limfjord. 

Ljnnington  (lim'ing-ton).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Hampshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Lym  with  the  Solent,  13 
miles  southwest  of  Southampton:  noted  for 
vacht-building.     Population  (1891).  4.551. 

tynch  (lineh),  Charles.  Bom  1736':  died  1796. 
A  Virginia  planter  and  colonel.  He  is  said  to  have 
set  himself,  in  conjunction  with  two  neighbors,  to  secure 
good  order  by  punishing  offenders  with  stripes  ^t  banish- 
ment without  process  of  law.  Tins  is  said  to  be  the  origin 
of  the  expression  "lynch  law." 

Lynch,  Patricio.  Bom  at  Santiago,  Chile.  1824 : 
med  at  sea.  May,  1886.  A  Chilean  naval  officer, 
of  Lrish  descent.  After  entering  the  navy,  1838.  he 
was  permitted  to  take  service  with  the  British  marine 
1840-47.  In  1865  he  fought  against  the  Spaniards.  In  1880 
he  ravaged  the  northern  coast  regions  of  Peru ;  subse- 
quently commanded  a  division  in  the  attack  on  Lima; 
and  was  military  governor  of  that  citv  for  the  Chileans. 
May  4,  1881,  to  Oct.  22,  1SS3.  He  deposed  and  imprisoned 
President  Calderon,  Nov.,  1881,  and  in  1883  invested  Igle- 
sias  with  supreme  power.  He  carried  away  a  vast  amount 
of  plunder.     From  1SS4  to  1886  he  was  minister  to  Spain- 

Lynch,  Thomas.  Born  in  Prince  George  par- 
ish. S.  C,  Aug.  5,  1749:  lost  at  sea.  1779.  An 
American  politician,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  as  delegate  to  Congress  from 
South  Carolina  in  1776. 

Lynch,  William  F.  Bom  in  Virginia,  1801 :  died 
at  Baltimore,  Oct.  17. 1865.  An  American  naval 
offieer.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expedition  to  the 
Jordan  and  Dead  Sea  in  1848.  and  published  a  narrative  of 
She  expedition  (1849).  Later  he  was  in  the  Confederate 
service 

I^nchbnrg  Qineh'berg).  A  city  in  Campbell 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  James  River 
91  miles  west  by  south  of  Richmond.     The  chief 


632 

industry  is  tol>acco  manufacture.  It  was  founded  in  1786. 
The  Confederates  used  it  as  a  base  of  supplies  in  the  Civil 
War.     Population  (1900),  18,891. 

Lyndhurst,  Baron.    See  Copley,  John  Singleton. 

Lyndsay.    See  ZiiuUa;/. 

Lyngenfjord(liing'en-£y6rd).  One  of  the  finest 
fiords  in  Norway,  on  the  northern  coast,  near 
lat.  70°  N.  It  is  hemmed  in  by  mountains  and 
glaciers. 

Lynmouth  (lin'muth).  A  village  of  Devon- 
shire, England,  near  Barnstaple  :  noted  for  its 
picturesque  situation. 

Lynn  (lin).  A  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  Lynn  harbor  10  miles  north- 
east of  Boston.  It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  manofac- 
ture  of  shoes,  and  for  leather  manufacture.  It  was  settled 
in  1629,  became  a  city  in  1850.  and  was  devastated  by  fire 
in  1889.    Population  (19001.  e«,513. 

Lynn,  Ethel.     The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Beers 

{Ethelinda  Eliot). 
Lynn  Regis  din  re'jis),  or  King's  Lynn.    A 

seaport  in  Norfolk,  England,  situated  on  the 
Great  Ouse,  near  the  Wash,  in  lat.  52°  45'  N., 
long.  0°  24'  E.  It  has  important  commerce.  It  was  a 
famous  port  in  old  times,  and  was  visited  by  various 
monarchs.    Population  (1891),  18,265. 

Lynton  (lin'ton).  A  village  of  Devonshire, 
England,  neaif  Barnstaple:  noted  for  its  pic- 
turesque situation. 

Lynx  (lingks),  The.  A  smallnorthem  constella- 
tion, introduced  by  Hevelius  in  1690,  the  name 
being  chosen  because  the  sharp-sightedness  of  a 
lyiLx  is  reqtiired  to  distinguish  any  of  its  stars. 
It  is  placed  between  the  Great  Bear  and  Auriga,  north  of 
the  Twins.  Its  ten  brightest  stars  are  of  the  fifth  magni- 
tude. 

Ly6-Baa.     See  MitJa. 

Lyon  (li'on).  Mary.  Bom  at  Buckland,  Mass.. 
Feb.  28,"1797:  died  at  South  Hadley,  Mass., 
March  5, 1849.  An  American  teacher,  founder 
of  Mount  Holyoke  Female  Seminary  (South 
Hadley),  of  which  she  was  principal  1837-49. 

Lyon,  Ma'tthe'W.  Bom  in  Wicklow  County, 
Ireland.  1746:  died  at  Spadra  Bluff,  Ark.,  Aug. 
1.  1822.  An  American  politician,  member  of 
Congress  from  Vermont  1797-1801,  and  from 
Kentucky  1803-11. 

Lyon,  Nathaniel.  Bom  at  Ashford.  Conn. ,  Jul V 
14, 181s :  killed  at  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.,  Aug.  10, 
1861.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war.  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  ren- 
dered efficient  service  to  the  Union  cause  as  commander 
of  the  United  States  arsenal  at  St.  Louis.  He  captured  a 
force  of  Secessionists  at  Camp  Jackson.  Missouri,  in  May, 
1861 ;  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Department  of  Mis- 
souri in  June,  1861 :  defeated  the  Secessionists  at  Boone- 
ville,  June  17. 1861 :  and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Wil- 
son's (Treeij,  Missouri,  Aug.  10, 1861. 

Lyonesse  (li-o-nes').  or  Leonnoys.  A  mythi- 
cal region  near  Cornwall,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle 
of  romance.  It  was  the  land  from  which  Arthurcame, 
and  of  which  Meliadus  was  king.  Tristram. the  sonof  the 
latter,  was  also  l>orn  there.  It  is  said  to  be  more  than  40 
fathoms  under  water  between  the  Land's  End  and  the  isles 
of  Scilly,  the  sea  having  gradually  encroached  upon  the 
land- 

Lyonnais  (le-o-na').  An  ancient  government 
of  France.  It  was  bounded  by  Burgundy  on  the  north, 
the  Sa6ne  and  Khone  on  the  east,  Languedoc  on  the  south, 
and  Auvergne  and  Bourbonnais  on  the  west  It  com- 
prised Lyonnais  proper,  Forez,  and  Beaujolais,  and  formed 
essentially  the  departments  of  Kh6ne  and  Loire.  Lyon- 
nais proper  was  a  medieval  county.  It  was  united  to 
France  by  Philip  the  Fair  in  1307. 

Lyons  (li'onz),  F.  Lyon  (le-6h').  The  capital 
of  the  department  of  Rhone.  France,  situated 
at  the  jimction  of  the  Saone  with  the  Rhone,  in 
lat.  45°  46'  N. ,  long.  4°  49'  E. :  the  ancient  Lug- 
dunum.  It  is  the  third  city  in  France,  a  fortress,  and 
a  great  railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing  center. 
It  has  the  largest  silk  manufactures  in  the  world.  Tlie  ca- 
thedral, chiefly  of  the  12th  and  13fh  centuries,  has  an  ex- 
ceedingly impressive  interior.  There  are  double  aisles, 
and  fine  roses  in  both  transepts  and  in  the  west  front.  The 
medieval  glass  is  magnificent,  and  the  tracery  illustrates  the 
entire  development  of  medieval  architecture.  The  exterior 
is  much  masked  by  abutting  buildings,  but  is  avhnirable 
where  \idbie.  The  churches  of  Notre  Dame  de  Fourvlferes 
(modern),  of  Ainay  (chiefly  P.omanesqne),  and  of  St,-Ni- 
zier,  the  hatel  de  vLUe,  the  palais  des  arts  (containingpic- 
ture-galleries,  sculpture,  antiquities,  natural-history  col- 
lections, marbles'),  the  bourse,  and  the  Academic  Universi- 
taire  (with  5  faculties)  are  noteworthy.  Lyons  was  founded 
by  Greeks  in  560  B.  c. ;  was  developed  especially  by  the 
Roman  consul  Plancus  41  B.  c. ;  was  the  capital  of  Lugdu- 
nensis ;  was  made  by  Claudius  a  Roman  colony ;  was  the 
capital  of  the  first  liurgundian  kingdom,  and  afterward 
passed  to  the  Franks ;  was  plundered  by  the  Saracens  in 
the  Sth  century ;  came  under  the  power  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Lyons ;  and  was  united  to  France  at  the  beginning  of 
the  ilth  century.  Two  important  councils  were  held  there 
(1245  and  1274).  Its  silk  industry  suffered  from  the  revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685.  Revolting  against 
the  Convention,  it  was  besieged  in  1795  and  partly  de- 
stroyed by  Collot  d'Herbois.  Since  then  it  has  been  the 
scene  of  several  insurrections,  especially  in  1S34.  A  great 
inundation  visited  it  in  1S56.  It  was"  the  birthplace  of 
Claudius,  Caracalla,  Suchei,  and  Ampere.  Population 
(1901),  453,145. 


Lysippus 

Lyons  ili'onz).  A  former  city  in  Clinton  County, 
fowa.  situated  on  the  Mississippi;  now  incor- 
porated in  the  city  of  Clinton. 

Lyons.  The  capital  of  Wayne  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal  33  miles  east  bv 
south  of  Rochester.   Pop.  (1900).  village,  4,30(5. 

Lyons,  Edmund,  Lord  Lyons.  Bom  at  Burton, 
Hampshire.  Nov.  29, 1790 :  died  at  Arundel  Cas- 
tle. Nov.  24,  1858.  A  British  admiral  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  minister  at  the  court  of  -Athens  1835-49, 
to  the  Swiss  Confederation  1849-51,  and  then  to  Sweden. 
In  1853  he  was  appointed  (then  a  rear-admiral)  second  in 
command  in  the  Mediterranean.  He  played  an  important 
part  in  the  Crimean  war,  becoming  naval  commander-in- 
chief  in  Jan. .  1855.    He  was  created  Baron  Lyons  in  1856. 

Lyons,  Gulf  of.     See  Lion,  Golfe  dn. 

Lyons,  Richard  Bickerton  Pemell,  first  Earl 
Lyons.  Born  at  LT.Tnington,  England,  April  26, 
1817:  died  at  London.  Dee.  5,  1887.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  son  of  the  first  Baron  Lyons. 
He  was  minister  to  the  United  States  1858-65,  and  ambas- 
sador to  Turkey  1865-ti7,  and  to  France  1S67-S7.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  the  second  Baron  Lyons  in  1858,  and 
was  created  Viscount  Lyons  in  18S1  and  Earl  Lyons  in  1887. 

Lyra(li'rii).  [L..'thel\Te.']  An  ancient  north- 
em  constellation,  representing  the  lyre  of  Her- 
mes or  of  Orpheus.  Also  called  Tlie  Harp.  The 
brightest  star  of  this  constellation  is  Vega  (a  Lyrae),  It 
is  the  seventh  in  order  of  brightness  in  the  heavens,  and 
the  third  brightest  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  being  half 
a  magnitude  brighter  than  a  standard  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude. It  forms,  with  two  small  stars  near  it,  an  equilat- 
eral triangle,  one  of  the  most  striking  configurations  of 
the  summer  sky.  Vega,  Arcturus,  and  Polaris  form  a  large 
triangle,  nearly  right-angled  at  Vega. 

Lyrical  Ballads.  A  collection  of  poems  by 
Wordsworth  and  Coleridge,  including  the  hit- 
ter's "Ancient  Mariner,"  published  in  1798. 

Lys  (les),  or  Leye  (H'e).  A  river  in  northeast- 
era  France  and  western  Belgium,  which  joins 
the  Schelde  at  Ghent.  Length,  127  miles ;  navi- 
gable 98  miles. 

Lysander  (li-san'der).  [Gr.  Ai'ffovdpof.]  Killed 
near  Haliartus,  Boeotia.  Greece.  395  B.  c.  A 
Spartan  commander.  He  gained  the  victory  of  No- 
tium  in  407,  and  that  of  .Egospotami  in  405,  and  took  Athens 
and  destroyed  its  walls  in  404. 

Lysander.  In  Shakspere's  '•  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream."  ayoungAthenianinlove  withHermia. 

Lys  dans  la  Vallee,  Le.  A  novel  by  Balzac, 
•nritten  in  1835-36. 

Lysefjord  (lii'se-fyord).  A  fiord  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  Norway,  near  Stavanger.  it  is 
inclosed  by  high  mountains,  and  the  scenerj*  is  of  remark- 
able grandeur.    Length,  23  miles. 

Lysias  (Us'i-as).  [6r.  Aiwiaf.]  Died  about 
380  B.  c.  t)ne  of  the  ten  Attic  orators.  He  lived 
at  Thurii  until  about  412,  and  later  at  Athens,  and  lived 
in  exile  under  the  rule  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  4*>4.  See  the 
extract. 

Lysias  did  a  great  work  for  Attic  prose,  and  is,  in  his 

own  style,  one  of  its  most  perfect  writers.  He  broke  away 
from  the  stiff  monotony  of  the  old  school,  and  dared  to  be  ■ 
natural  and  simple,  using  the  language  of  daily  life,  but 
with  perfect  purity  and  grace.  His  father  was  a  Syracusan, 
and  Lysias,  though  bom  at  Athens,  had  not  the  rights  of 
a  citizen.  After  passing  his  youth  and  early  manhood  at 
Tliurii  in  south  Italy,  he  settled  at  Athens,  a  wealthy.man, 
in  412  B.  c.  In  404'hf  fled  from  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  who 
had  put  his  brother  Polemarchus  to  death  ;  and,  after  the 
restoration  of  the  Democracy,  impeached  Eratosthenes,  one 
of  the  Thirty,  in  the  most  splendid  of  his  extant  speeches 
(403  B.  c),  the  only  one  which  we  know  that  he  himself 
spoke  at  .\thens.  But  in  38S  B.  c.  he  addressed  the  as- 
sembled Greeks  at  Olympia,  in  a  fine  speech  of  which  we 
have  a  fragment,  urging  them  to  unite  against  the  two 
great  foes  of  Greece  —  Dionysius,  tyrant  of  SjTacuse,  in 
the  west,  and  Persia  in  the  east.  The  speech  "Against 
Agoratns  "  (399  B.  c  ?)  was  written  for  the  impeachment  of 
an  informer  who  had  slandered  away  the  lives  of  citizens 
under  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  The  great  majority  of  our  34 
speeches  were  composed  by  Lysias  for  his  clients  to  speak 
in  public  or  private  causes.  Jehb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  118. 

Lysicrates  (li-sik'ra-tez),  Choragic  Monument 

of.  The  finest  surWving  example  of  this  class 
of  Greek  monuments.  It  consists,  above  a  cubical 
base,  of  a  cylindrical  stnicture  9  feet  in  diameter  with  6 
engaged  Corinthian  columns.  The  roof  is  cut  from  a  sin- 
gle block  of  marble,  and  is  crowned  by  a  rich  anthemion- 
acroterium.  The  graceful  reliefs  of  the  frieze  represent 
the  chastisement  of  the  Tyrrhenian  pirates  by  Bacchus. 
Lysimachus  (li-sim'a-kus).  [Gr.  Avm/Jaxoc.'i 
Bom  at  Pella  (?),  in  Macedonia  (of  Thessalian 
parentage),  about  361  B.  c. :  killed  at  the  battle 
on  the  plain  of  Corns.  Asia  Minor,  281  B.  c.    A 

feneral  of  Alexander  the  Great.  After  the  latter's 
eath,  he  received  the  kingdom  of  Thrace.  He  joined 
the  league  against  Antigonus  in  315 ;  assumed  the  title  of 
Idng  in  306 :  was  one  of  the  victors  at  Ipsus  in  301 :  re- 
ceived a  large  part  of  .-Vsia  Minor ;  olitained  MacedoniA 
2S7-2Sfi  ;  and  was  finally  defeated  by  Seleucus  Nicator. 
Lysippus  (h-sip'us).  [Gr.Ai'(J(-Tof.]  Flourished 
about  372-316  B.  c.  A  Greek  sculptor,  a  native 
of  Sic  von.  According  to  Pliny  he  revised  the  canon  of 
Polyclitus,  making  the  head  smaller,  the  legs  longer,  and 
adjusting  details  to  a  greater  elongation.  This  new  canon 
has  been  preserved  in  the  Apoxyomenus  of  the  "V'ntican, 
which  was  discovered  in  1849,  and  is  a  very  perfect  copy 
of  the  great  bronze  original  placed  by  Agrippa  before  his 


Lysippus 

baths  in  Rome.  Lysippus  nlso  developed  and  fixed  the 
eitreme  athletic  type  in  Hercules,  whom  he  repeatedly 
represented.  A  small  table  figure  of  Hercules  in  Ijronze 
was  made  for  Alexander,  and  carried  about  with  him  in 
his  campaigns.  It  was  afterward  owned  i)y  Hannibal  and 
Sulla.  The  Torso  Belvedere  is  supposed  ttj  have  been  copied 
from  this  figure  by  ApoUonius  of  Athens.  Through  Chares 
of  Lindus  his  characteristics  were  transmitted  to  tlie  great 
Rhotlian  school  wliicli  produced  the  Laocoon.  Lysippus 
was  the  favorite  sculptor  of  Alexander  the  Great,  and  author 
of  most  of  his  portraits  in  sculpture. 

Lysis  (li'sis).  A  dialogue  of  Plato :  the  narra- 
tion by  Socrates  of  a  eonversation  on  friend- 
ship ■which  took  place  in  a  palaestra  outside  the 
walls  of  Athens,  between  himself,  the  boj-ish 
friends  Lysis  and  Menexenus,  Hippothales,  and 
Ctesippus. 

Lysistrata  (li-sis'tra-tii).  A  comedy  of  Aristo- 
phanes, exhibited  in  411  B.  C. 

Lyskamm  (les'kam).  A  peak  of  the  Valais 
Alps,  immediately  west  of  Monte  Kosa.  Height, 
14,890  feet. 

Lysterfjord  (liis'ter-fyord).  A  northeastern 
arm  of  the  Sogne  Fjord,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Norway.     Length,  23  miles. 

Lystra(lis'tra).  [Gr.  Ararpa.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Lycaonia,  Asia  Minor :  position 
undetermined. 


633 

Lyte  (lit),  Henry  Francis.  Bom  at  Kelso, 
Scotland,  June  1,  1793:  died  at  Nice,  France, 
Nov.  20,  1847.  A  British  hymn-writer,  author 
of  "Abide  with  me,"  etc. 

Ljrttelton  (lit'el-ton),  George,  first  Baron  Lyt- 
telton.  Born  at  Hagley.  Worcestershire,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  17,  1709:  died  there,  Aug.  22,  1773. 
An  English  author  and  politician.  He  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  1756-56.  His  chief  works  ai-e  "Ob- 
servations on  the  Conversion  and  Apusth'sliii*  of  St.  Paul " 
(1747),  "Dialogues  of  the  Dead"  (17(iM),  "llistoryof  Heni7 
II."  (1767-71),  and  poems. 

Lytton  (lit'on),  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 
Bulwer,  first  Baron  Lytton.  Born  at  London, 
May  25,  1803:  died  at"  Torquay,  Jan.  18,  1873. 
A  noted  English  novelist,  poet,  dramatist,  poli- 
tician, and  orator.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (B.  A. 
1826) ;  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1831-tl  and  1852-*6 ; 
was  colonial  secretary  1858-59 ;  and  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age inlS66.  He  wrote  "Fall<land  "(1827), "I'elham,  or  the 
Adventuresof  aGentleman"(lS28),  "TheDisowned  "(1829), 
" Devereux " (18291,  "Paul  Clifford  "  (1S:)0).  "Eugene  Aram  " 
(1832),  "Godolphin"  (1833),  "England  and  the  English" 
(1833),  "  Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine  "  (18.34),  "  Last  Days  of  Pom- 
peii "  (1834),  "Uienzi"  (183.-.).  "The  Student"  and  "The 
Crisis"  (1836),  "  Ernest  ilaltravers"  (18:i7),  "  Alice,  or  the 
Mysteries  "(1838),  "Athens,  its  Rise  and  Fall "  (1837),  "Leila  " 
(1838),"  Night  and  Morning" (1841),  "Zanoni"(lS42),"I,ast 
of  the  Barons  "  (1843),  "Lucretia,  or  the  Children  of  the 


Lytton 


Night"(1846)," Harold "(1848).  '■TheCa.\tons"(1860),  "My 
Novel,  or  Varieties  of  English  Life  "  (1853), "  What  will  He 
do  with  It?"  (1858),  "A  Strange  Story  "(1861),  "Caxtoniana" 
(1863),  ■' Kenelm  Chillingly " (1873),  "  The  Parisians  "(1873), 
"The  Coming  Race"  (1871),  "Pausanias,"  an  unfinished 
romance,  edited  l>y  his  son  (1876).  Among  his  poems  are 
"  Poems  and  Ballads  of  Schiller  "(translation,  1844),  "  The 
New  Timon "(1847),  "King  Arthur " (1849),  " St.  Stephens  " 
(18611),  "Lost  Tales  of  Miletus"  (1866),  translation  of  Hor- 
ace's "(Ides"  (1869).  Among  liis  dramas  are  "The  I.ady 
of  Lyons  "  (1838),  "  Richelieu  "  (1839),  "  Cromwell "  (1842), 
"  .Money  "  (1840),  "  Not  so  Bad  as  we  Seem"  (1852X  "The 
Rightful  Heir  "  (1869)w 

Lytton,  Edward  Robert  Lytton  Bulwer,  first 
Earl  of  L^-tton :  pseudonym  Owen  Meredith. 
Born  at  London,  Nov.  8,  1831:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  24,  1891.  An  English  diplomatist,'  poli- 
tician, and  poet:  son  of  the  first  Baron  Lytton. 
He  succeeded  liis  Lather  as  the  second  Baron  Lytton  in 
1873,  and  was  created  earl  of  Lytton  in  1580.  He  was  min- 
ister to  Portugal  1874-76 ;  governor-general  of  India  1878- 
1880;  ambassador  to  France  1887-91.  He  wrote  "Clytem- 
nestra"  (1865),  "Tlie  Wanderer"  (1859),  "Lucile"  (1860), 
"Serbski  Pesme:  National  Songs  of  Servia"  (1861),  "The 
Ring  of  Amasis  "  (1863),  "Chronicles  and  Characters  "  and 
"Poems"  (18(i7),  "Orval"  (1869),  "Julian  Fane"  (1871), 
"Fables  in  Song  "  (a874),  "  Poems  "  (1877),  "  The  Life,  Let- 
ters,  and  Literary Remainsof  Edward  Bulwer,  Lord  Lytton," 
Vols.  I  and  II  (18S3),  "Glenaveril,  or  the  Metamorphoses" 
(1885),  "After  Paradise"  (1887).  etc.  "King  Poppy"  was 
published  posthumously  in  1892. 


:^t^'^ 


\c:^  '''■v-'^M^^:<l^g-^^^  ""-'' 


t\/ 

um. 

^Jv>t&^"aiSiS& 

aartens,  Maarten.  The  nom 

do  plumj'of  J.M.H.vauder 

Poorteu-behwarz,  a  modern 

novelist. 

Maas.     See  Metise^  a  river 

in  Fniiioe  and  Belgium. 

MaassluiS  (mas'slois),  or 

Maaslandsluis  (mas'iant- 

slois).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated on  the  Meuse  10  miles  west  of  Rotterdam. 

Maastricht.     See  Maestricht. 

Mab  (mab),  Queen.  [Orig.  Tr.  Medh,  '  queen'  of 
Connaught.  mentioned  in  Ii-ish  poems  about  the 
year  1100.  The  ordinary  etym.  from  W,  mah^  a 
ohild,  has  no  hasis  of  fact.  See  Mahbwgion.'] 
In  fairj'  and  folk  lore,  the  faii'ies' midwife,  she 
is  first  inentioned  as  Queen  Mab  in  Shakspere's  "Romeo 
and  Juliet,"  i.  4.  Drayton  introduces  her  in  his  "Xym- 
phidia,"  written  several  years  later,  and  Ben  Jonson  in 
his  "  Entertainment  of  the  Queen  and  Prince  at  Althrope." 
Shakspere  reprei^ents  her  not  only  as  adroit  in  all  kinds  of 
teasing'  and  mischief,  but  as  the  hag  Nightmare  herself. 
She  is  the  fairies'  midwife  — that  is,  the  fairy  whose  duty 
it  is  to  deliver  the  fancies  of  men  and  to  produce  dreams 
by  driving  over  the  sleeper  in  lier  chariot.  Titania,  the 
fairy  queen,  is  not  the  same  person.  In  Shelley's  "Queen 
Mab"  she  has  a  wider  sphere,  and  is  made  to  rule  over 
men's  thoughts. 

Maba  ( ma'ba ).  The  largest  tribe  of  Wadai,  liv- 
ing in  the  northern  portion  of  central  Sudan, 
Africa.  It  is  of  Nigritic  stock,  largely  Mohammedan, 
and  composetl  of  22  tribes  (Kodoi,  Malanga,  Madaba,  Mat- 
lamba,  Kondongo,  Kadjanga,  Karanga,  etc.),  all  speaking 
ditferent  dialects  of  ilaba,  which  is  understood  beyond  its 
own  territory,  ilaba  slaves  used  to  be  exported  tothe  east 
coast,  while  their  neighbors  went  to  the  west  coast.  The 
ruler  of  Wadai  must  be  born  of  a  Maba  woman. 

Mabillon  (ma-be-y6ii').  Jean.  Born  at  St.- 
Pierremont,  Ardennes,  France,  Nov.  23,  1632; 
died  at  Paris,  Dee.  27,  1707.  A  noted  French 
scholar  and  historian,  a  member  of  the  Bene- 
dictine order.  He  lived  after  1664  in  the  Abbey  of  St.- 
Germain-des-Pr^s  in  Paris.  His  works  include  "Acta  sanc- 
torum ordinis  S.-Benedicti  "  (1668-1702),  "  Vetera  analec- 
ta  "  (1675-85),  *'  De  re  diplomatica  "  (1681),  "  Musieum  Itali- 
cum  "  (1687-89),  etc. 

Mabinogion  (mab-i-no'gi-on).  The.  The  fairy 
tales  and  romances  of  the  Welsh.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Mabinogion  is  the  plural  of  the  Welsh  word  mahinogi, 
which  means  instruction  fo**  the  young  —  the  word  being 
derived  from  mab,  a  child,  and  the  same  root  running 
through  many  words  with  a  like  sense.  Queen  Mab  herself 
included.  .  .  .  The  great  collection  of  these  tales  is  at 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  in  a  MS.  volume  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  known  as  the  Red  Book  of  Hergest,  of  which  the 
tales  have  been  published,  both  in  the  original  Cymric  and 
in  a  delightful  English  translation,  as  the  Mabinogion,  by 
Lady  Charlotte  Guest  (now  Schreiber),  who  takes  the  word 
Mabinogion  as  simply  meaning  stories  for  the  young.  The 
Mabinogion  thus  represented  contains  Welsh  versions  of 
three  of  the  French  Arthurian  romances  by  Chrestien  de 
Troyes,  namely,  "The  Lady  of  the  Fountain,"  and  among 
the  notes  to  it  the  text  of  the  "Chevalier  au  Lion,"  with 
which  that  story  corresponds;  "Peredur,  the  son  of  Ev« 
rawc,"  corresponding  to  the  "  Percival  le  Gallois  "  of  Chres- 
tien ;  and  "Geraint,  the  son  of  Erbin,"  which  is  his  "Erec 
and  Enide."  Besides  these,  in  the  Mabinogion  are  two  Brit- 
ish tales  ascribed  to  the  time  of  King  Arthur,  "Kilhwch 
and  01  wen"  and  the  "Dream  of  Rhonab^vy."  The  rest  are 
tales  in  which  King  Arthur  does  not  appear,  or  is  named 
only  as  by  interpolation —namely,  "Pwyll,  Prince  of 
Dyved  " ;  "  Branwen,  the  Daughter  of  Llyr  "  ;  "  Math,  the 
Son  of  Mathonwy  " ;  these  four  being  the  sections  wliich 
Professor  Rhys  regards  as  tlie  foundation  of  the  Mabino- 
gion ;  the  rest,  beinglatereditions,  are,  besides  the  Arthur 
romances  already  named,  the  "  Dream  of  Emperor  Maxi- 
mus,"  "  Uudd  and  Llevelys,"  and  the  romance  of  "Ta- 
iiesin."  Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  257-259. 

Since  the  publication  of  Lady  Charlotte  Guest's  edition 
of  the  Mabinogion  the  iilea  seems  to  prevail  that  any  Welsh 
tale  of  respectable  antiquity  may  be  called  a  Mabinogi, 
plural  Mabinogion,  but  there  is  no  warrant  for  so  extend- 
ing the  use  of  the  word ;  and,  of  the  eleven  stories  contained 
in  Lady  Charlotte  Guest's  collection,  only  four  are  entitled 
to  be  called  Mabinogion,  More  strictly  speaking,  they  are 
not  Mabinogion  so  much  perhaps  as  the  "  four  branches  of 
the  M  abinogi. "  The  word  Mabinogi  is  derived  from  Mabi- 
nog,  and  that  was  a  term  belonging  to  the  bardic  system, 
meaning  a  sort  of  a  literary  apprentice  or  young  man  who 
was  receiving  instruction  from  a  qualitled  bard;  and  the 
lowest  description  of  Mabinog  was  one  who  had  not  ac- 
quired the  art  of  making  verse.  The  inference  to  be  drawn 
is  that  Mabinogi  meant  the  collection  of  things  which 
formed  the  Mabinog's  literaiy  training  and  stock  in  trade, 
so  to  say.    He  was  probably  allowed  to  relate  the  tales 


forming  the  four  branches  of  the  Mabinogi  at  a  fixed  price, 
but  he  was  usually  a  young  man,  not  a  child  in  the  nursery, 
and  it  is  utterly  wrong  to  suppose  the  Mabinogion  to  be 
nursery  tales.  Bhit-s,  Arthurian  Legend,  pp.  1,  2. 

Mably  (ma-ble'),  Gabriel  Bonnot,  Abbe  de. 
Born  at  Grenoble.  France,  March  14, 1709 :  died 
at  Paris,  April  23,  1785.  A  French  publicist, 
elder  brother  of  CondiUac.  For  a  time  he  was  sec- 
retary to  his  uncle  Cardinal  Tencin,  and  was  occupied  with 
diplomatic  atf  airs ;  but  he  soon  gave  up  his  office,  and  there- 
after lived  in  retirement.  He  wrote  "Pai-allele  des  Ro- 
mains  et  des  Frangais "  (1740),  "Observations  sur  les  Ro- 
mains  "  (1751),  "Observations  sur  I'histoire  de  France" 
(1765),  "Droit  publique  de I'Europe "  (174S),  "Entretiens 
de  Phocion  "  (1763),  etc. 

Mabuse.     See  Gossaeri. 

Mac.  [Gael.  7)iac,  Ir.  mac,  W.  7>iaj),  mal),  also 
ap^  ah,  a  son,  Goth,  magus,  a  son.]  An  ele- 
ment, usually  a  conjoined  prefix,  in  many 
Scotch  and  Irish  names  of  Celtic  origin,  cog- 
nate with  the  Welsh  Ap-,  signifying  *son,'  and 
being  thus  equivalent  to  the  Irish  0\  the  Eng- 
lish -son  OT-s,  and  the  Norman  Fit::-.  The  prefix 
is  either  written  in  full,  Mac-,  or  abbreviated  to  Mc-  or  J/^-, 
which  in  works  printed  in  the  British  Isles  almost  invari- 
ably appears  as  M' — the  abbreviated  form  being  followed 
by  a  capital  letter,  while  Mac-  takes  a  capital  after  it  but 
rarely.  Thus  a  name  may  be  variously  spelled  as  Macdonald 
(rarely  MacDonnld),  McDonald,  or  M'Dmiald ;  so  Mackenzie, 
McKenzie,  or  M'Kenzie,  etc.  In  alphabetical  lists,  names 
with  this  prefix,  however  written,  are  properly  entered  in 
the  place  of  Mac-. 

Macaber,  or  Macabre.    See  Dance  of  Death. 
Macadam  (mak-ad'am),  John  Loudon.    Bom 

at  Ayr,  Sept.  lil,  17o6:  died  at  Mott'at,  Nov.  26, 
1836.  A  Scottish  engineer,  inventor  of  the  sys- 
tem of  macadamizing  roads. 

Macaire(ma-kar').  Achansonde  geste,  written 
in  a  mixed  French  and  Italian  dialect.  The  MS. 
was  discovered  in  Venice,  and  was  published  in  1866  by  M. 
Guessard  at  Paris.  It  contains  the  original  of  the  well- 
known  story  of  the  dog  of  Montargis. 

Macaire,  Robert.  A  typical  villain  in  French 
comedy,  originally  an  assassin  heavily  loaded 
with  crimes.  He  was  transformed  by  Frederic  Le- 
maitre  into  an  adroit  highwayman  and  fripon,  which  is 
au  amiable  diminutive  of  thief.     See  Robert  Macaire. 

McAllister,  Fort.     See  Fort  McAllister. 

Macao  (mji-kou'  or  ma-ka'o).  A  Portuguese 
settlement  and  city,  situated  on  an  island  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Canton  River,  China,  in  lat. 
22"^  11'  N.,  long.  113°  33'  E, :  formerly  the  seat 
of  important  commerce.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
Portuguese  in  the  second  half  of  the  IGth  centurj'.  Popu- 
lation, 67,030. 

Macarians(ma-ka'ri-anz).  1.  The  followers  of 
the  monastic  system  or  customs  of  the  elder 
Macarius  of  Egypt,  or  of  the  younger  Wacarius 
of  Alexandria,  contemporary  monks  of  the  4th 
century,  who  "were  noted  for  their  severe  asceti- 
cism.—  2.  The  followers  of  the  Monothelite 
Macarius,  patriarch  of  Antioch  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. 

Macarska,    See  Malcarska, 

McArthur  (mak-ar'ther),  Duncan.  Bom  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Jime  14,  1772:  died 
near  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  Api-il  28,  1839.  An 
American  pioneer  in  Ohio,  general  in  the  War 
of  1812,  and  governor  of  Ohio  1830-32. 

Macartney  (ma-kiirt'ni),  George,  Earl  Macart- 
ney. Born  at  Lissanoure,  Antrim,  Ireland, 
May,  1737:  died  at  Chiswick,  England,  March 
31,  1806.  A  British  diplomatist  and  colonial 
governor,  appointed  the  first  British  envoy  to 
China  in  1792. 

Macassar  (ma-kas'sar).  1.  A  former  native 
kingdom  in  Celebes. — 2.  A  department  in  the 
residency  of  Celebes. —  3.  The  capital  of  the 
residency  of  Celebes,  situated  on  the  coast  in 
lat.  5°  8'  S.,  long.  119°  24'  E.  It  has  a  flourishing 
trade,  and  was  made  a  free  port  in  1846.  Population  (1892), 
18,7S7. 

Macassar,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage  separating 
Borneo  on  the  west  from  Celebes  on  the  east. 

Macaulay  (ma-ka'li),  Mrs.  (Catharine  Saw- 
bridge).  Born  in  Kent,  England,  1733 :  died 
June  22,  1791.  An  Enf;lishliistorian,  author  of 
a  *' History  of  England"  (1763-83).  etc. 

Macaulay,*  Thomas  Babington,  Baron  Macau- 


lay.  Born  at  Rothley  Temple,  Leicestershire, 
England,  Oct.  25,  1800:  died  at  Kensington, 
London,  Dec.  28,  1859.  A  celebrated  English 
historian,  essaAist,  poet,  and  statesman.  He  en- 
tered Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1818,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1820.  He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1830- 
1834  ;  a  member  of  the  supreme  council  in  India  1S34-38 ; 
member  of  Parliament  lti39-47;  secretary  at  war  183&- 
1841 ;  and  paymaster-general  1846-47.  He  reentered  Par- 
liament in  1S52,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1857. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  England  "  (reigns  of  Jaraea 
II.  and  William  III.:  Vols.  I  and  II  published  1848; 
UI  and  IV,  1855;  V,  1861).  He  published  ''Lays  of  An- 
cient  Rome  "  (1842).  His  complete  works,  including  es- 
says, biographies,  and  speeches,  were  -edited  in  8  vols, 
by  Lady  Trevelyan  in  1866.  See  life  by  G.  0.  Trevelyan 
(2  vols.  1870). 

Mapayo.     See  Maceid, 

Macbeth,  (mak-beth').  Killed  at  Lumphanan, 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  1057  (1056?).  AScot- 
tish  chieftain.  He  killed  Duncan  1040  (1039?),  and  was 
proclaimed  king  of  Scotland.  He  was  defeated  by  Si- 
ward  at  Dunsinane,  Perthshire,  in  1054.  He  is  the  hero 
of  a  tragedy  of  the  same  name  by  Shakspere.  See  the 
following. 

Macbeth.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  its  first 
recorded  production  is  April  20,  1610,  but  it  is  thought 
to  have  been  played  before,  and  revised  by  shak- 
spere in  1606.  It  is  thought  to  have  been  reduced 
to  the  form  of  the  1623  folio  by  iliddleton  about 
3622  (Fleay).  The  story  is  from  Holinshed.  Davenant 
produced  an  adaptation  printed  in  1674  —  not  1673,  as  is  usu- 
ally said,  wliich  is  probably  Betterton's  version  (Funiess). 
It  is  not  known  precisely  when  it  was  first  produced,  but 
probably  before  1664.  It  was  more  like  an  opera,  with 
music  by  Matthew  Lock,  and  it  held  the  stage  till  Garrick 
restored  the  Shakspere  version.  In  1773  Macklin  tirst 
dressed  Macbeth  in  his  native  costume;  Garrick  had  been 
accustomed  to  wear  the  imiform  of  a  military  officer  of 
the  time.  The  character  of  Macbeth  is  that  of  a  man  of 
acquired  though  not  constitutional  coxirage,  tempted  by 
ambition  to  treachery  and  murder.  Before  he  commits  the 
crime  he  wavers  and  shudders  at  both  end  and  means; 
but,  once  made  resolute  through  the  courage  of  his  wife, 
he  goes  forward  to  subsequent  murders  through  fear  of 
discovery  and  defeat.  "  Lady  ilacbeth,  like  all  in  Shak- 
spere,  is  a  class  individualized :  of  high  rank,  left  much 
alone,  and  feeding  herself  with  day-dreams  of  ambition, 
she  mistakes  the  courage  of  fantasy  for  the  power  of  bear- 
ing theconstqaencesof  the  realities  of  guilt.  Hers  is  the 
mock  fortitude  of  a  mind  deluded  by  ambition ;  sheshamea 
her  husband  with  a  superhuman  audacity  of  fancy  which 
she  cannot  support,  but  sinks  in  the  season  of  remorse,  and 
dies  in  suicidal  agony."  Coleridge,  Lects.  on  Shak.,  etc., 
p.  375. 

Macbeth.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  produced  at 
Florence  in  1847,  and  at  Paris  in  1865. 

MaccabsBUS,  Judas.    See  Judas  Maccahseus. 

Maccabees  (mak'a-bez),  The.  [From  Macca- 
hi  (see  below).]  A  family  of  heroes  who  be- 
came the  deliverers  of  Judea  and  Judaism  dur- 
ing the  bloody  persecutions  of  the  Syrian  king 
Antiochus  Epiphanes,  175-164  B.  c,  and  after- 
ward established  a  dynasty  of  priest-kings 
which  lasted  until  supplanted  by  Herod  in  40 
B.  C.  The  original  name  of  the  family  was  the  Hasmo- 
neans.  It  consisted  of  the  aged  Mattathias  and  his  live 
sons,  Jochanan,  Simon,  Judas,  Eleazar,  and  Jonathan,  liv- 
ing at  Modin,  a  small  town  near  Jerusalem.  "When  the 
sutferings  of  the  Judeans  at  the  hands  of  the  Syrians  be- 
came unbearable,  and  the  existence  of  the  Jewish  religion 
was  at  stake,  Mattathias  and  his  sons  became  the  leaders 
of  an  open  rebellion  against  Antiochus.  On  Mattathias 
and  his  sons  being  summoned  by  Apelles,  one  of  the  Syr- 
ian overseers,  to  sacrifice  to  the  gods,  Mattathias  an- 
swered, "If  all  the  people  in  the  kingdom  obey  the  order 
of  the  monarch  to  depart  from  the  faith  of  their  fathers, 
I  and  my  sons  will  abide  by  the  covenant  of  our  forefa- 
thers." When  one  of  the  Judeans  approached  the  altiu- to 
sacrifice  to  Jupiter,  Mattathias  rushed  upon  the  apostate 
and  killed  him  at  the  altar.  His  sons  then  fell  upon  Apel- 
les  and  his  troops,  killed  them,  and  destroyed  the  altar. 
Gradually  an  army  of  religious  patriots  rallied  around 
these  hero-leaders,  and  carried  on  a  kind  of  guerrilla  war- 
fare against  the  oppressing  Syrians,  Mattathias  died  in 
167,  appointing  Judas  as  his  successor  in  the  command, 
and  Simon  as  the  man  of  counsel.  Judas  bore  the  name 
"  Maccabi,"  either  made  up  of  the  initials  from  the  He- 
brew words  ml  kamocha  baelim  Jehovah  (*Who  is  like 
thee  among  the  gods,  Jehovah?'),  or  derived  from  the  He- 
brew word  viakeb,  'aharamer,' expressive  of  his  heroism 
(compare  Charles  Maiicl),  and  gave  by  his  genuinely  he- 
roic bearinghisname  to  this  whole  glorious  epoch  of  Jew- 
ish history.  For  the  rest  of  the  history  of  this  race,  with 
which  that  of  Judea  is  intimately  interwoven,  seeAle^ 
ander  Jannieus,  Afistobidus.  Herod,  and  Judas  Mac- 
cabieiis. 

Maccabees,  Books  of  the.   The  last  two  books 

of  the  Apocr^^:)ha.     They  contain  a  record  of  the  lie- 


Maccabees,  Books  of  the 

role  struggles  of  the  Maccabees  from  168  to  135  B.  c.  The 
first  book  was  written  in  Hebrew,  the  second  in  Greek. 

Maccabees,  The,  O.  Die  Makkabaer.     An 

opera  by  Kubinsteiu,  tirst  pnnliK-ed  at  lierlin, 
1875. 

McCall  (ma-kal' j,  George  Archibald.  Boiu  at 
Fhiladelpli'ia,  March  IG,  ISdj :  died  at  West  Clies- 
tpr,  Pa.,  Feb.  25,  1868.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1822,  and  served  in  the 
Klorida  and  Mexican  wars,  and  in  tlie  Federal  army.  Vir- 
ginia, 1861-02.  In  May,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  briga- 
diei-i:eneral  of  volunteers.  He  commanded  at  the  battle 
of  Mechanicsville,  June  20,  1862,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
on  June  3*^.  and  contined  for  several  weeks  in  Libby  prison. 
He  resigned  in  Mai-cli,  1863. 

MacCallum  More  (ma-kal'um  mor).  A  name 
given  to  tile  earls,  maniuises,  and  dukes  of 
ArKyll. 

M'Carthyima-kar'thi),  Justin.  Bom  at  Cork, 
Nov.  122,1830.  An  Irish  journalist,  politician, his- 
torian, and  novelist.  He  was  a  Home  Rule  member  of 
i'nrlianient  1879-1900,  and  on  the  fall  of  Farnell  l)ecanie  the 
chairman  of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  party ;  ret,igned  Jan., 
1896.  His  works  incluile  "History  of  Our  Own  Times" 
<l»:8-80),  "History  of  the  Four  Georges"  (18M),  '-Tiie 
Epoch  of  Reform  '  (1682),  "  My  Enemy's  Daughter  "  (1SG9). 
"Lady  Judith"  (IS'il),  "A  Fair  .Saxon  '  (1S73),  "  Donna 
Quixote"  (18791,  "Oaniiola"  (1885), etc.  With  Mrs.  Camp- 
beH-Praed  he  wr«te  the  novels  "  Tlie  Right  Honorable" 
(18861.  •The  Rebel  Rose  "  (1887),  etc. 

Macchiavelli.     See  MachiuvelU. 

McClellan  i  ma-klel'an),  George  Brlnton.  Bom 

at  I'hiladelphia,  Dec.  3,  1820:  died  at  Orange, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  29,  1885.  A  celebrated  American 
general  and  ])olitician.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
In  1846;  served  in  the  Slexican  w-ar  1846-48;  was  sent  to 
Europe  during  the  ( "rimean  war  to  report  on  military  sys- 
tems (1855-56) ;  and  was  occupied  witli  railroad  imsiness 
1857-61.  In  May,  1861.  lie  1^'as  commissioned  majnr-geneial 
iu  the  United  states  army,  and  was  appointed  eomniander 
of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio.  His  success  in  \\  e.st  Vir- 
ginia in  Jnno  and  July  led  to  his  appointment  as  com- 
■  mander  of  the  Department  of  the  Potomac  in  August.  He 
urgftnized  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ;  was  general-in-chief 
of  the  armies  Nov.  1, 1861. -March  U.  1862  ;  conducted  the 
Peninsula  campaign  March-August,  1862 ;  commandeii  at 
Antietam  Sept.  17,  1862  ;  and  was  superseded  t)y  Burnside 
.Nov.  10,  1802.  Ue  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the 
Democratic  party  for  the  presidency  in  1864,  and  was  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  1878-81.  He  wrote  "  McClellan'a 
Own  Story"  (1886),  military  reports,  text-books,  etc. 

McCleniand(ma-kler'nand),  John  Alexander. 

Born  .May  30.  1812 :  died  Sept.  2li,  ISKIO. 
An  American  general  and  politician.  a  lawyer 
by  profession,  iie  joined  the  Federal  army  at  the  begin- 
ning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  served  at  Belmont  and  at  Fort 
Donelson  Cwhere  he  commanded  the  right  of  the  line,  and 
for  his  services  was  promoted  major-general),  and  led  a 
division  at  Shiloh.  He  relieved  Sherman  in  the  command 
of  the  expedition  against  Vicksburg  in  1863,  and  captured 
Arkansas  Post  in  the  same  year.  He  led  the  13th  army 
coips  until  July,  1863,  and  resigned  in  Nov..  1864. 
Macclesfield  (mak'lz-feld).  A  town  in  Che- 
shire, England,  16  miles  south-southeast  of  Man- 
chMter:  noted  for  silk  and  other  manufactures. 
Pfmulation  (1891),  .36,009. 

M'Clintock  (ma-klin'tok),  Sir  Francis  Leo- 
pold. Born  at  Ibundalk,  Ireland,  1819.  A  Brit- 
ish admiral  and  arctic  explorer.  He  took  part  in 
various  Franklin  relief  expeditions,  commanding  the  Ilnal 
e\IM-ditioii  I^,'",7-.^)0.  In  IS.")!  he  made  a  sledge  j<mrney  of 
.■.l.'iiil  :w  miles  along  the  north  shore  of  Pairy  .Hound. 

McClintOCk,  John.  Born  at  l'hiladel])liia,  Oct. 
27, 1814 :  died  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  March  4,  1870. 
An  American  clergyman  and  theologian  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Drew 
Theological  Seminary  (Madison,  Now  .lerscy) 
1867-70.  He  was  the  leading  editor  of  Mct'lintockand 
Strong's  '*Cyclopa;dia  of  Biblical,  Theological,  and  Eccle- 
siastical Literature  "  (1807-81). 

McCloskey  (mjj-klos'ki ),  John.  Born  at  Brook- 
Ivn,  N.  Y..  March  20,  1810:  died  at  New  York, 
(Jet.  10.  18K.').  An  American  jirelate.  He  ivas 
president  of  SI.  .tohn'sfnllege,  Fordliam,  New  York,  1841- 
1842:  was  appointed  bishop  ui /jr;r^V>(/,(  in  1844  ;  was  bi.sb- 
op  of  Albiiny  1817-''4  ;  beciime  atcbliishop  of  New  Voi  k  in 
18114  ;  and  was  created  the  tirst  American  cardinal  in  IST.'i. 

McCluer  Inlet,  .\narm  of  thi' sea  on  the  norlli- 
westcrii  coast  of  New  (iiiii\ca. 

M'Clure  (ma-kliir'  i.  Sir  Robert  John  Le  Me- 

SUrier.  Biirn  at  Wexford,  Ireland,  .Jan.  28, 
18117:  dieil  at  London,  Oct.,  1873.  A  British  na- 
v>il  officer  and  arctic  eN]ilori'i-.  n,.  iiimovered  tlie 
iiiiriliwest|)awigefronithe  l':i.  iliei.iili,  .\iI;Mitle.is:(i  .',4. 

McCook  dnn-kiik'),   Alexander  McDowell. 

Horn  A)iril  22,  1831:  died  .June  12,  19113,  An 
American  general.  He  jiradnate.i  at  West  Point  in 
lH."i;t ;  served  in  New  Mt  xieo  against  the  Indians  18.'»2-.'i7, 
eiinnnanded  the  1st  Ohio  recinient  at  Hull  Run,  luid  was 
t'revetteil  major;  lieeanre  tirigadiergoneral  of  volunteers 
in  Sept.,  Isr.l,  arid  major-general  in  1862;  and  served  at 
Sliiloh.  Mnifree.*.lioi-o,  Chickamunga,  and  elsewhere.  He 
WHS  bpcvettfil  lirigadier-generiil  in  tin*  regular  arniv  in 
186.'i.  In  lH80h  ■  lieiame  eoloiiel  of  the  f.th  infantry, 'and 
later  lo.ik  eliarge  of  the  military  seliool  al  Fort  l.eaven- 
worth.  Brigadier-general.  U.  S.  A..  IS'.KI;  major-general 
18(14;  retired  1S'.I5. 

McCormick  (inn-kor'niik),  Cyrus  Hall.    Born 


635 

at  "Walnut  Grove,  W,  Va,,  Feb.  1."),  1809:  died 
at  Chicago,  May  13,  1884.  An  American  manu- 
facturer, the  inventor  of  a  reaping-machine. 

McCosh  (ma-ko.sh'),  James.  Born  at  Carske- 
och,  Ayrshire,  April  1,  1811  :  died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J..  Nov.  16,  18W.  A  Scottish-American 
philosopher  and  educator.  He  was  professor  at 
Belf:i3t,  Ireland,  1851-68  ;  president  of  Princeton  College, 
New  Jersey,  1S68-S8.  Among  his  works  are  "  Method  of 
the  Divine  Government "  (1850),  *'  Intuitions  of  the  Mind  " 
(1860),  "The  Supernatural  in  Relation  to  the  .Natural" 
(1862),  "Examination  of  Mill's  Philosophy,  etc."  (1866), 
"Laws  of  Discursive  Thought "  (1869X  "Christianity  and 
Positivism  ' (1871),  "TheScottish  Philosophy  "(1874),  " The 
Development  Theory,  etc."  (1876),  "Pliilosophic  Serie«" 
(1882-86 ;  republished  as  "Realistic  Philosophy  defended 
in  a  Philosophic  Series,"  1.^7),  "Psychology,  etc."  (1887), 
"Religious  Aspects  of  Evolution"  (1888). 

McCrea  (ma-kra').  Jane.  Born  in  New  Jersey, 
1754:  killed  near  Fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  .July  27, 
1777.  An  Aiuericaii  woman,  murdered  (it  is 
said)  by  Indian  allies  of  Burgoyue. 

M'Crie'(ma-kre'),  Thomas.  Born  at  Duns, 
Nov.,  1772 -died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  5, 1835.  A 
Scottish  Presln-teriau  clergyman  and  author. 
His  works  include'a  "Life  of  John  Knox'  (1812),  "  Life  of 
Andrew  Melville"  (1^19),  "The  Reformation  in  Italy" 
(IS:;7),  etc. 

McCulloch  (ma-kul'p),  Ben.  Born  in  Ruther- 
ford County,  Tennessee,  Nov.  11,  1811:  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark,,  M.arch  7, 1862, 
-An  American  general  iu  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice. He  served  in  Texao  under  Houston,  and  in  the 
Mexican  war.  He  cumraanded  at  Wilson's  Creek  1861,  and 
led  a  eoiijs  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge. 

Macculioch  (ma-kuroch),  Horatlo.  Born  at 
(ilasgowinNov.,  1805:  died  at  Edinburgh,  June 
24, 1867.  A  Scottish  landscape-painter.  He  be- 
gan to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1829,  and 
was  elected  an  academician  in  1838,  about  which  time  he 
settled  at  Edinburgh.  Among  his  best-known  pictures 
are  "Inverloehy  Castle,"  "Evening,"  and  "A  Lowland 
River"  — all  in  tlie  National  Gallery  in  Scotland. 

McCulloch,  Hugh.  Born  at  Kenuebunk,  Maine, 
Dec.  7,  1808:  died  May  24,  1895.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  comptroller  of  the  euiTency 
1863-65,  and  secretar3'  of  the  treasury  1865-69 
and  1884-85.  He  funded  the  national  debt  dur- 
ing his  lirst  term  as  secretary. 

Macculioch  (ma-kul'oeh),  John.  Born  in 
(iuernsey,  Oct.  6.  1773:"died  Aug.  20,  1835.  A 
Scottish  geologist.  He  graduated  as  M.  D.  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1793 ;  became  chemist  to  the  board  of  oidnance 
in  18:J3;  practised  medicine  at  Blackheath  1807-11;  and 
was  employed  by  the  government  in  various  scientilic  ca- 
pacities, being  appointed  geologist  to  the  trigonometrical 
survey  about  1814.  He  was  for  a  time  lecturer  on  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich, and  afterward  at  the  East  India  Company's  College 
at  Addiscombe.  Among  his  works  are  "A  Description  of 
the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland,  including  the  Isle  of  Man'* 
(1819),  and  "Highlands  and  Western  Isles  of  Scotland" 

(1824). 

M'CuUoch,  John  Ramsay.   Bom  at  Whithom, 

Wigtownshire,  March  1,  1789:  died  at  London, 
Nov.  11,  1864.  A  Scottish  statistician  and  po- 
litical economist.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh  without 
taking  a  degree;  was  editor  of  the  "Scotsman"  1818-211; 
was  professor  of  political  economy  at  the  University  of 
London  (now  Univei-sity  College)  1828-32  ;  and  was  comp- 
troller of  the  stationery  olhce  from  18;J8  until  his  death. 
Among  his  chief  pnt>Iieation8are"The  Principlesof  Polit- 
ical Economy  "  (1825),  "A  Dictionai-y,  Practical,  Theoreti- 
cal, and  Historical,  of  Commerce  and  Commercial  -Naviga- 
tion "(ia32),  and  "A  Statistical  Account  of  the  British  Em- 
pire "  (1837),  the  last  of  wliich  waa  written  in  collalioration 
with  others. 

McCullough  (ma-knl'o),  John  Ed-ward.  Born 

at  Coleraine,  Ireland,  Nov.  'J,  ls;!7  ;  iHod  nt 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  8,  1885.  An  American 
tragedian.  He  was  lirought  to  the  Tnited  states  in 
1853,  and  in  1855  made  his  Itrst  ajipearance  at  Philadelphia. 
He  played  mneli  with  Foi-rest,  who  left  him  Ids  iiianu- 
scrijit  plays  and  I'eganled  him  as  his  histrionic  successor. 
In  ls-<4  lie  lii'oke  down  l>oth  mentally  and  iihysically,  and 
died  insane, 

Macdonald  (miik-do-niir),  fitienne  Jacques 

Joseph  Alexandre,  Due  di'  Tarenle.  Born  ul 
Siuicerre,  Cliir,  Fi'iince,  Nov,  17,1765:  died  ;it 
his  cln'iteau  ( 'oui'cidtes,  near  Guise,  Loire,  Sept. 
25, 1840.  AFrenidi  niaishal.  He  adopted  the  cause 
of  the  French  Revolution  ;  fought  as  colonel  at  Jem:i]ipes 
In  1792,  becoming  briuailler-genei-al  in  the  same  year  and 
general  of  division  in  17!i.'>  for  his  services  under  IMchc- 
gru  ;  fouglit  on  the  Rlitiie  and  in  Italy  in  1796;  was  made 
governor  of  the  Itoinan  States  in  1798  and  of  Najiles  In 
17;il>;  was  defeateil  by  Suvarotf  at  the  Trebbla  June  17-19, 
17!HI;  made  the  passage  of  the  Splngen  in  1801  ;  was  esjie- 
clally  distinguished  at  Wagram  July  6,  i.sir.i,  where  he 
cai-ned  the  rank  of  marshal  ;  conuuamleil  the  left  wing  in 
theRiisslan  invasion  In  1812:  and  served  In  the  campaigns 
of  l»l;i-14.  He  was  defeated  at  Kalzhach  in  1SI3. 
Macdonald  (mak-don'nld).  Flora.  Born  in 
1722:  died  at  Kingslmrgh,  Mjirch  5,  1790.  A 
Scoltisli  .Tacohi  to  heroine.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Ranald  Macdonald,  a  farmer  in  South  I'tsI,  an  Island  of 
the  Hebrides.  Slie  assisted  Prince  Charles  Edward,  who 
was  a  fugitive  after  the  battle  of  Cnlloden,  to  escape,  dis. 
[illsed  as  her  feiniile  attendant,  from  the  Island  of  Ben- 
lecula  to  Skye,  J'uic  27,  1740.    In  1750  she  married  Allan 


g^: 


Macedonia 

Macdonald,  with  whom  she  emigrated  to  North  Carollua 
in  1774,  and  who  became  a  brigadier-general  in  the  British 
army  in  the  American  Revolution.  She  returnetl  in  1779 
to  Scotland,  where  she  was  afterward  rejoined  by  her  hus- 
band. 
Macdonald,  Gteorge.  Born  at  Huntly,  Scotland, 
in  1824.  A  Scottish  novelist  and  poet.  Among 
bis  works  arc  "  Phantasies,"  a  poem  (185s),  "  David  Elgio- 
brod  "  (1862),  "Alec  Forbes  of  Howglen  "  (lst.5),  "  Annals 
of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood  "  (1860),  "The  Seaboard  Parish  " 
(1868),  "Robert  Falconer  "  (1868),"  Wilfrid  Cumberincile" 
(1871),  "Malcolm  "(1874). "The  .Marquis  of  Lossie  "(1877X 
".Su-Gibbie"  (1879),"  What  's  Mine 's  Mine"  (1886), "The 
Elect  Lady  "  (1888).  etc.  He  has  also  written  a  number  of 
b'Hiks  for  the  young,  and  "  Unsjioken  Sermons  "  (1866-89) 
and  "The  Miracles  of  Our  Lord"  (1870).^ 

Macdonald,  John.  Died  about  1498.  The  fourth 
and  last  Lord  of  the  Isles,  and  eleventh  Earl  of 
Ro.ss. 

Macdonald,  John,  called  "The  Apostle  of  the 
North."  Born  at  Reay,  Caithness,  Nov.  12, 1779: 
died  at  Urquhart,  .April  16,  1849.  A  Scottish 
Presbyterian  clergyman.  Hewas  a  man  of  great  in- 
fluence as  a  maintainer  and  promoter  of  evangelical  reli- 
gion in  the  north  of  Scotland. 

Macdonald,  Sir  John  Alexander.  Bom  at  Glas- 
gow, Jan.  11, 1815:  died  at  his  residence,  Earns- 
eliffe  Hall,  near  Ottawa,  June  6,  1891.  A  uQted 
Canadian  Conservative  politician.  He  became  re- 
ceiver-general in  1847  :  attorney-general  for  Canada  West 
(an  oftice  whioh  he  repeatedly  held)  1854 ;  prime  minister 
1357-58  (Cartier  assuming  the  premiership  in  the  latter 
year,  the  ministry  being  known  as  the  "Cartier-Macdon- 
ald  "  until  its  downfall  in  1862) ;  prime  minister  1808-73 ; 
and  again  1878-91.  He  was  one  of  the  British  commis- 
sioners who  signed  the  treaty  of  Washington.  His  great 
political  service  was  the  effecting  of  Canadian  federation. 

Macdonald,  La'Wrence.  Born  at  Gask,  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  1798:  died  at  Rome,  March  4, 
1878.     .-V  Scottish  sculptor. 

McDonough  (mak-don'6),  Thomas.  Born  in 
New  Castle  County,  Del.,  Dec.  23, 1783:  died  at 
sea,  Nov.  16,  1825.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  defeated  the  British  squaiiron  under  liownie  on  Lake 
Chaniplain  Sept.  11,  1814,  and  was  appointed  captain  in 
that  year. 

McDougall  (mak-do'gal),  Alexander.  Born 
on  the  island  of  Islay,  Jicotland,  1731:  died  at 
New  Y'ork,  June  8,  1786.  jVn  American  Revo- 
lutionary general.  He  was  defeated  at  White  Plains 
1770.  In  1777  ho  was  promoted  major-general.  He  waa 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  1780  and 
1784. 

McDo'Well  (mak-dou'el),  Ir'vin.  Bom  near 
Colnmbus,  Ohio.  Oct.  15, 1818:  died  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, Mav  5, 1885.  An  American  major-general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1838,  and  taught  there  1841- 
1845  ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen- 
eral Wool,  and  acting  adjutant-general,  being  brevetted 
captain  for  his  services  at  Buena  Vista  ;  was  made  briga- 
dier-general May  14,  1861,  and  given  command  of  the  De- 
parlmentof  Northeastern  Virginia,  and  in  a  few  days  (May 
29)  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  commanded  at  Bull 
Run  in  1861 ;  waa  commander  of  a  corps  (Army  of  the  Rap- 
pahannock) in  Virginia  in  1862 ;  served  at  Cediu-  Mountain 
and  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  and  was  later  a  de- 
partment commander.  He  was  promoted  major-general 
in  the  t  iiited  states  army  in  1872. 

Macdo'well,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Belfast,  Aug.  12, 
1799:  died  at  London,  Dec  9,  1870.  An  Irisli 
8Cul]>tor.  Ho  studied  under  Pierre  Francois  Chenu,  a 
French  sculptor,  at  London;  tirst  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1822;  and  became  an  academician  in  1846.  He 
executed  marble  statues  of  William  Pitt  and  the  Earl  of 
Chatliani,  and  designed  the  group  typical  of  Europe  for 
the  .-\ltieit  meinnrial  in  Hyde  I'ark. 

Macduff  (niak-duf).  A  Scottish  hero,  thane  or 
earl  of  Fife.  According  t<i  tradition,  be  was  the  chief 
Instrument  in  overthrowing  the  usurper  Macbeth  at  the 
battle  of  Liiinphanan  in  Aberileenshire,  Aug.  15, 1057,  and 
in  restoring  Malcolm  Canmore  to  the  Scottish  throne.  For 
this  service  he  was  granteil,  nniinig  other  privileges,  that 
of  a  sanctuary  to  which  he  and  his  sncceswirs  might  Ilee  in 
case  of  committing  unpremeditated  slaughter.  'This  sanc- 
tuary consisted  of  a  crt>ss,  called  the  Cross  .Maedulf ,  which 
stood  north  of  Newburgh,  in  the  pass  leading  to  Strath- 
earn:  its  pedestal  still  renuUns;  the  cix>ss  itself  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Reformers  In  l.''..'i9.  He  appears  in  Shak- 
spere's  "  3Iacbeth  "as  a  man  once  mild  ami  compassionate, 
but  divested  of  the  milk  of  human  kindneaa  by  tlic  exter- 
mination of  Ills  family. 

McDuffie(niak-duri), George.  Bom  iu  Coluiu- 
liia  Cdiintv  (now  WariTu  County),  tin..  1788: 
died  in  Sumter  dislriid,  S.  C.,  Atnrcli  11,  1851. 
An  American  statesman  and  orator,  a  iironii- 
nent  supporter  of  inillilication.  Ho  was  member 
of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1821-34;  governor  of 
South  Carolina  I834-W5;  and  Inited  States  seuBtor  1843- 
1846. 

Macedo  (mli-sa'di.i),  Joaquim  Manuel  de. 

Hum  al  llaborahv,  proviio'c  of  K'io  de  Janeiro, 
June  24,  1820:  died  a(  Rio  de  Janeiro,  .-Vpril 
11,1882.  .\  Brazilian  iiiithor.  In  IsM boliccnma 
iirofessor  of  history  in  the  Pedro  U.  College.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  rpmanees  "X  M.ireninha."  "O  Fornstelro, " 
etc.,  and  "A  Nebulosa,  '  a  rinnance  in  blank  verse  which 
appeared  in  l.sf>7.  His  "Corographia  do  Bra«ll "  (2  vols. 
1S7:I)  had  a  »  Ide  circnlallMn. 

Macedon.     Sep  Maciitonin. 

Macedonia (miis-e-do'ni-ii).  [Gr.  Mamrfoi/o.j  In 
ancient  geography,  a  country  of  southeastern 


Macedonia 


636 


Europe,  of  vague  limits.  It  lay  north  of  the  ^ean  lishedinl775andthewholeia]782.  It  describes  the  char- 
Sea  and  Thessaly,  east  of  Illyria,  and  west  of  Thrace,  sepa-  acter  and  manners  of  the  times,  and  contains  an  account 
rated  from  Illyria  by  the  Scardus  ^lountains.  The  chief  of  the  "American  Contest."  Many  editionswerepnblished. 
rivers  were  the  Asius  O'-'wJm)  and  Strymon;  the  chief  Macfirbis  (mak-fer'bis).  Duald :  Eng.  Dudley 
cities,  Edessa,  Pella,  and  Thessalonica.    Macedonia  was     Perblsie,    Ii'.    Dubhaltacll    MacFirbllisigh. 


not  originally  a  part  of  Hellas.  It  first  became  powerful 
under  PhlUp.  (See  Macedonian  Empire.)  Its  possession 
was  contested  by  Alexander's  successors,  and  was  finally 
obtained  by  Antigonus  Gonatas  about  2"S.  The  Macedo- 
nians were  defeated  by  Rome  at  Cynoscephalae  in  197,  and 
finally  at  Pydna  in  168,  and  Macedonia  w;is  made  a  Roman 
province  in  140.  It  is  now  a  part  of  Turkey,  its  inhabitants 
lieing  chiefly  Bulgarians,  Greeks,  and  Turks. 

Macedonia.  A  diocese  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  later  Roman  prefecture  of  lUyricum  (Mace- 
donia. Epiru^  and  Greece). 

Macedonian   (mas-e-do'ni-an)   Empire.    The 


McEean 
Machin  (mak'in),  or  Macham  f-am),  Robert 

1  he  legendary  discovert- r  of' Madeira.  He  i=  renT 
resented  as  an  English  squire  who  fled  from  England  with 
Ins  inamorata,  Anna  d'Arset  or  Dorset,  daughteruf  a  power- 
ful noble  at  the  court  of  Edward  HI.  The  vessel  in  which 
he  sailed  was  driven  by  stress  of  weather  to  the  coast  of 
an  unknown  island,  where  he  landed  with  part  of  the  crew 
at  a  port  which  they  named  Machico.  During  their  ab- 
sence the  ship  was  driven  out  to  sea,  and  Anna,  who  had 
remained  on  board,  died  of  grief  and  fatigue,  while  Machin 
and  his  companions  made  their  way  to  .Spain  and  thence 
to  tngland.  His  story  incited  the  Spanish  and  the  Portu- 
guese to  search  for  the  island,  which  was  found  by  Gonsal- 
yez  Zarco  in  1419.  The  legend  was  first  printed  in  the 
Descobnmentos  "  of  Antonio  Galvano  (1503-o7X  of  which 
Hakluyt  published  a  translation  in  160L 


empu-e  built  up  by  tMlip  (who  reigned  359-336     literary  son  and  heir  of  this  "wretihed  poetaster. 

L,?,'ii'Il'^/'''^,''°»'^''r  ^^^r  ^l'"''^-  ^?,^*^^-^J:    "  McFlimsey  (mak-flim'zii.  Flora.   The  subject 

included  at  itsgreatestcKtent  Macedonia,  Greece.  Thrace,  _«  Willi-iVn  ill..,,  R„tlo,.'=  c.lt;,.;.  oi  „.;.:.„, 
Asia  Minor,  Sj-ria,  Egypt,  Jlesopotamia;  Babylonia,  As^  ?*  \Y."i'l°l  -V'*^",  ^^^^^^  ^  satuical  poem 
Syria,  part  of  Armenia,  and  the  countries  comprised  in  the        -^  otuiug  to  W  ear. 

modem  Persia,  Afghanistan,  Baluchistan,  western  India,  MacGahan  (ma-gan').  JanuariuS  AloysiuS. 
and  a  largepart  of  centrid  Asia.     The  empire  was  divided     Born  in  Ohio,  Jilue  12,  1844:  died  at  Constanti- 


Born  in  1.5S5:  died  in  1670.  The  last  of  the 
hereditary  chroniclers  of  Ireland.  His  chief 
workis  a  manuscript  treatise  onlrish  genealogy, 
completed  in  1650. 

MacFlecknoe,  or  a  Satire  on  the  True  Blue 
Protestant  Poet  T.  S.  A  satirical  poem  by 
Dryden  (.16S2),  directed  against  Shadwell:  it 
served  as  a  model  for  the  "Dunciad."  riecknoe 
was  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  very  much  addicted  to  scrib-  .,    , .„„  ,„  ^^^ 

blingverses.    His  name  has  been  chieflypreservedbvthis  Mae'hTiola'h  Cmnl.- r>o'lo\    T„  ni,i 'p„  <-  „      ii.- 
satire,  in  which  the  author  has  depicted  Shadwell  as  the  ■'"•a'Cnpeian  (mak-pe  la).  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a  cave  m  Hebron,  Palestine :  the  burial- 
place  of  the  patiiarchs.    See  Hebron. 


under  Alexander's  successors  —  the  chief  di\isions  being 
Macedonia,  Egypt,  Syria,  Pergamum,  Bithynia,  Rhodes, 
and  Greek  states. 

Macedonians (mas-e-il6'ni-anz).  1.  Thenatives 
or  iuhabitauts  of  ancient  Macedonia.  TheMacedo. 
ni.'rtis,  the  conquerors  of  Greece  and  of  many  other  coun- 
tries, have  generally  been  regarded  as  not  Hellenes,  or  gen- 
uine Greeks,  although  they  used  the  Greek  language. 


West  of  the  'Thracian  ilistrict  in  antiquity  was  the  abode 
of  the  Macedonians,  whose  language,  in  spite  of  the  scanty 


nople,  June  10,  1878.  An  American  journalist 
and  war  correspondent.  He  was  correspondent  for 
the  "  New  York  Herald "  during  the  Franco-Prussian 
war  1870-71  ;  went  on  the  Russian  expedition  against 
Khiva  in  1S73,  described  in  *"  Campaigning  on  the  Oxus. 
and  the  Fall  of  Khiva  "  ;  accompanied  the  Arctic  expedi- 
tion on  the  Pandora  in  187.=^,  described  in  "  I'nder  the 
Xorthern  Lights."  In  1876  he  began  a  celebrated  series 
of  letters  to  the  London  ''Daily  News,"  on  the  Bulgarian 
atrocities. 


Macias  el  Enamorado  (ma-the'as  el  a-nii-mo- 

rii'THo).  [•  Macias  the  lover.']  ASpanishgen- 
tleman  and  troubadom-  of  the  first  half  of  the 
loth  centurj'.  He  fell  in  love  with  the  wife  of  a  knight 
of  Porcuna.  He  expressed  his  passion  in  his  verses  and 
was  finally  imprisoned  and  killed  by  the  husband  while  he 
was  singing  her  praises  at  the  window  of  his  prison  His 
few  poems  were  greatly  admired,  and  constant  allusions 
to  him  and  his  fate  were  made  in  ballads  and  popular 
songs.    Ticknor. 

Maciejowlce  (ma-cha-yo-vit'se).     A  village  in 
Poland,  about  4.5  miles  south-southeast  of  War- 


saw.    Here.  Oct.  10,  1794,  the  Russians  under 

remams  in  which  it  is  pre7e"i^S°to""us7show;'iKS"M- Mc^^   (ma-ge'),   Thomas  D'Arcy.     Bom   at  Madefo'WsS(ma-cha-VOT'sk?)  WaMaw Ai'ot 
h«ffh»n^„-l''M  "r"  •""  "'f^^'  "'^'.i^  '?  °'""i'=-    ■^il^''?    Carlingfora,  Ireland,  April  13, 1825:  killed  at  Ot-'     andef    Bo™  ITO    died  Peh  l  '  ^aclaw  Alex- 
has  then  nghtly  been  a  tendencv.  gathering  strength  of    tawa,  ganada,  April  7, 1868.     An  Irish  journal-     ^^'^^^^  -f"'"!' 93.  died  Feb.] 

ist  iu  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  and 

Canada.     He  wrote  "Irish  Settlers  in  Amer- 
<,,j,„,^  .         B     ,     „    V    T         ,       ,„,      ica"  (1851),  "Historv  of  Ireland"  (1862),  etc. 
**™''"->  ^7^°  P^opi^^  ('^-  Y  Jf^^o"^)- P'^«i'  MacGimcuddy-s  Reeks  (ma-gil-i-kud'iz  reks). 

-■o,7+;^i°ii"^';'i!„°,4.r^'i'^'''l°^"*l]^'    ,°P?  i^^^        '^^^  highest  mouutain-range  in  Ireland,  situ- 
QT,  ,„nT,  „  ,.,     ,„  4...  1..  ,,.   __j  i,.       ated  iu  County  Kerrv  west  of  the  Lakes  of  Kil- 

lamey.     Height,  about  3,400  feet 


ghtly  been  a  tendency,  gathering  strength  of 
late,  to  regard  the  tribe  of  the  Macedonians  as  the  portion, 
left  behind  in  the  north,  of  the  Greek  people,  whose  origi- 
nal abode  was  at  the  foot  of  Olympus,  and  perhaps  even 
further  north  still. 


stantinople  in  the  4th  centurv,  who  denied  the 
distinct  existence  and  Godhead  of  the  Holv 


Spirit,  which  he  conceived  to  be  a  creature  o'r  McGiilivraytma-gil'i-%T5).  Alexander.    Bom 


merely  a  divine  energy  diffused  through  the 
universe.     Members  of  this  sect  were  also  known  as 
Marathonians  and  Pneumatomachi. 
often  called  by  this  name,  and 
was  also  given  to  the  Macedonians 

Macedonian  Wars.  Wars  between  Rome  and 
Macedonia:  (1)  214-205  B.  c,  when  Philip  V. 
fought  in  alliance  with  Carthage ;  (2)  200-197 


in  Alabama  about  1740:  diedatPensaeola,Fla.. 
Feb.  17,  1793.    A  chief  of  the  Creek  Indians. 


ichi.    The. >5emi-Arians were  MarGilliiTTn-D-    'Wi'llinTn       Bnm   at  Okl    Aher 
i  the  name  of  Semi-.4rians  ■"i'*'''""""^.*/'  _V,."^,°'™'   ,^°™  f^  Uia  Aper- 
ians  in  the  proper  sense,  deen,  Jan.  2o,  1,9b:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Sept.  4.  .       ,       ,    .,         ,     «,       ,      .^       . 
----.           ^              ,     is.^'i      A  Scottish  naturalist,  especially  noted  Mcllvaine(mak-il- van  ), Charles Pettlt.  Born 

gist.  He  was  professor  of  natural  his-    ^t  Burlington,  X.  J.,  Jan.  18, 1799 :  died  at  Flor- 


10,1883.  A  Polish 
historian,  professor  at  Warsaw.  He  wrote  a 
"History  of  Slavic  Jurisprudence"  (1832-35), 
etc. 
Maciel  Parente  (ma-se-al'  pa-ran'te),  Bento. 
Bom  about  1570 :  died  in  Rio  Grande  do  Norte, 
Feb.,  1642.  A  Portuguese  soldier.  He  was  promi- 
nent in  the  conquest  of  Maranhao  and  Para  16ln-20.  As 
governor  of  Pari  (1621-2G)  he  founded  the  first  Portu- 
guese settlements  of  the  lower  Amazon.  In  16o7  the  cap- 
taincy of  Cabo  do  Norte  (Brazilian  Guiana)  was  formal 
and  granted  to  him  in  perpetuity  ;  and  in  1638  he  was  made 
governor-general  of  Par.i  and  Maranhao.  In  Nov.,  1641,  he 
surrendered  to  the  Dutch  expedition  which  conquered 
Maranhao,  and  shortly  after  died  in  captivity. 


1852.     A  Scottish 
as  an  ornithologist.  He  was  profi 
tor}'  in  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  from  1S41.  His  chief 
„v-     T>,-,-     -IT  ,    „     i    ,  ,  =■  T^',  ~    '•    .      — '      work  is  a  "HistoiT  of  British  Birds"  (1S37-52). 

^ln^fl'i?J■n'^-^  def^-atedbyFlanuninusat  Macgregor(ma-greg'or).  John.  BomatGraves- 
Cynoscephalffi  (W/) ;  (3)  1,1-168,  whenPerseus     endTEnlland,  Jan. K 1825:  died  at  Boscombe, 


T\;a^     i.n   t  Qco      Eoyonthe  Jordan,  Red  .Se.!,  and  Gennesareth"(lS69X  etc. 

fe  w.«^°;?*ifJ'.-  Macgxegor,  or  Campbell,  Robert,  eommonly 

called  Rob  Roy.     Born  m  10,1:  died  Dec.  28, 
„.        1734.     A  Scottish  freebooter.     See  Hob  Roij. 
j^Jf^^  Machault,  or  Machaut  (ma-sho').  Guillaume 

de.  Boruaboutl2S4:  died  after  1370.  A  French 

poet  and  musician.  Chaucer's  indebtedness  to  him  is 

marked.     "  A  native  of  Champagne  and  of  noble  birth,  he 

early  entered,  like  most  of  the  lesser  nobility  of  the  period,  MacI'VOr   (mak-e  vor),   FergUS. 

the  ser\icejof-great  feudal  lords.    He  was  chamberlain  to    chief,  a  character  in  Scott's  novel 


was  defeated  by  ^milius  Paulus  at  Pydna  (168) ; 

(4)  149-148,  soon  after  which  Macedonia  was 

made  a  Roman  province. 
Macedonius  (mas-e-do'ni-us), 

Patriarch  ot  Constantinople.     He  was  ordained 

by  the  Arian  party  in  341,  and  deposed  in  360. 
Maceio  (ma-sa-yo'),  orMaQayo  (ma-si-6').    The 

capital  of  the  state  of  Alagoas,  Brazil,  situated 

near  the  coast,  lat.  (of  lighthouse)  9°  40'  S.,  long. 

35°  45' W.    Population,  about  12,000. 
McEntee  (mak'en-te),  Jervis.     Bom  at  Ron- 

dout,  N.  T.,  July  14, 1828:  died  there,  Jan.  27, 

1891.    An  American  painter  of  landscapes  and 

figures.    He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National  Aca- 
demy in  1861.    He  is  particularly  noted  for  his  autumn 

and  winter  landscapes. 

Macerata  (mS-cha-ra'ta).     1.  A  province  iu 

the  compartimento  of  the  Marches,  Italy.  Area, 

1,087  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  242.479. 

—  2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Macerata, 

situated  in  lat.  43°  18'  N.,  long.  13°  26'  E.     It 

has  a  universitv  and  a  cathedral.    Population 

(1891),  estimated,  23,000. 
Maceroni  (It.  prou.  mil-eha-ro'ne),  Francis. 

Born  at  Manchester  in  1788:  died  at  London, 

July  25,  1846.     An  English  inventor  and  mili- 
tary adventurer.    He  was  of  Italian  extraction;  was  Marbiat!  (■ma-chi'a«;) 

o^"  i%tri^UTLrafTe"r'^a1d"tc"^^^^^^ 
brigadier-general  in  the  senice  of  the  Republic  of  Colom- 
bia, for  which  he  procured  supplies  of  men  and  arms  at 


near  Bournemouth,  July  16,  1892.    An  English 


enee,Italy,  March  13.1873.  An  American  bishop 
and  theologian  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  bishop  of  Ohio  1832-73.  His 
best-known  work  is  "Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity" (1832). 


traveler.    He  wrote  "A  Thousand  Miles  in  the  Rob  Eoy  Macintosh  (mak'in-tosh),   Charles.     Bora  at 
Canoe  on  Rivers  aiKl  Lakes  m  Europe"  (isecn,  "The  Rob    Glasgow,  Dec.  29,  1766:    died  at  Dunchattan 


near  Glasgow.  July  25.  1843.  A  Scottish  chem- 
ist and  inventor.  He  introduced  from  Holhind  the 
manufacture  of  sugarof  lead  in  17S6 ;  started  the  first  alum- 
works  in  Scotland  in  1797  :  and  in  1828  assisted  J.  B.  Neil- 
son  in  bringing  into  use  his  '*hot-blast"  process  for  con- 
verting iron  into  steeL  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  inventor 
of  the  water-proof  fabric  called  macintosh  or  mackintosh 
cloth,  patented  in  1S23. 

A  Highland 
Waverlev." 


v.,  finally,  as  it  appears,  becoming  in  someway  connected 
with  Pierre  de  Lusignan,  king  of  Cyprus.  His  works  were 
very  numerous,  am<.innting  in  all  to  some  SO,CiOO  lines,  of 
which,  until  recently,  nothing  but  a  few  extracts  was  in 
print.  In  the  last  few  years,  however.  'La  Prise  d'.\lexan- 
drie,'  a  rhymed  chronicle  of  the  exploits  of  Lusignan,  and 
the  ■  VoirDit,'a  curious  love-poem  in  the  style  of  the  age, 
have  been  printed.  Besides  these,  his  works  include  nu- 
merous ballades,  etc.,  and  several  long  poems  in  the  style 
of  those  of  Froissart,"  Saint^hurtt,  French  Lit.,  p.  102. 
Macheath(mak-heth'), Captain.  Theprincipal 
character  in  Gay's  "Beggar's  Opera":  a  gay  and 
dissolute  highwayman. 

A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Washington  Countv,  Maine,  situated  on 
Machias  River  in  lat.  44°  43'  N.,  long.  67°  27' 

W.    Population  (1890),  2.035. 

Pans  and  London.    He inventedanimproved  steam-coach  IVTap-hiavpllWrnqlc-i-n-verii)  'N'ipnnln     Born  at 
for  common  roads,  which  was.  however  rendered  valueless  JMiacniavem  (maK  i  a  vei  11),  JNICCOIO.    corn  ar 


Philip  the  Fair,  and  at  his  death  became  the  secretary  of     g  beheaded  after  the  rout  of  the  Jacobite 

John  of  Luxembourg,  the  well-known  king  of  Bohemia.  f*^y^yji^^ 

After  the  death  of  this  prince  at  Cr^cy,  he  returned  to  the  -.^^^•^*        _,-  _, 

service  of.the  court  of  France  and  served  John  and  Charles  Maclvor,  Flora.    The  Sister  of  Fergus  Maclvor, 


by  the  introduction  of  railways.  He  published  "Interest- 
ing Facts  Relating  to  the  Fall  and  Death  of  Joachim  Mu- 
ral, King  of  Naples"  (1817). 

Macfarren  (mak-far'en),  Sir  George  Alexan- 
der. Bom  at  London,  March  2,  IS  13:  died 
there,  Oct.  31. 1887.  An  English  composer  and 
■writer  on  music.  He  was  professor  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy of  Music  1834.  and  principal  1875.  Among  his 
works  are  the  opei-as  "The  Devil's  Opera"  (1838),  "Don 
Quixote  "(1846),"  Robin  Hood  "  (1860>,  "Jessy  Lea  "  (186:i), 
etc.,  and  the  oratorios  "St.  John  the  Baptist"  (1873).  "The 
Uesunection  "  (1876),  "Joseph  "  (1877),  besides  a  numl>er 
of  cantatas  anduiumerous  cathedral  services,  etc.  He  also 
pubUshed  the  "Ttudiments  of  Harmony  "  (1S60),  "Six  Lee 
tnres  on  Harmony"  (1866).  etc.,  and  harmonized  Chap- 
pell's  "Popular  Music  of  the  Olden  Time."  His  eyesight 
gradually  failed,  and  from  about  1860  he  was  totally  blind. 

McFingal  (mak-fing'gal).  A  Hudibrastic  epic 
poem  by  Jolm  Trumbull.     The  first  canto  was  pub- 


Florence,  May  3,  1469:  died  at  Florence,  June 
22,  1527.  A  celebrated  Italian  statesman  and 
author.  He  was  descended  from  a  noble  but  impoverished 
family,  and  was  the  son  of  Bernardo  Machiavelli,  a  jurist. 


and  the  principal  female  character,  in  Scott's 
novel  "  Waverley."  She  refuses  Waverley,  and 
after  her  brotlier's  death  retires  to  a  convent. 
Mack  VonLeiberich(makfonli'be-rich), Baron 
Karl.  Born  at  Xenslingen,  Franconia'Aug.  24, 
1752:  died  at  St.  Polten,  Austria,  Oct.  22,  1828. 
An  Austrian  general.  In  1798  he  commanded  the 
Neapolitan  army  against  the  French.  He  was  sent  as  pris- 
oner of  war  to  Paris,  whence  he  escaped  in  ISoO  by  violat- 
ing his  parole.  He  capitulated  at  1  Im  to  Napoleon  Oct. 
17,  1805. 

Mackay  (ma-ki').  Alexander  Murdoch.  Bora 
at  Rhynie,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  Oct.  13, 
1849 :  '  died  in  Usambiro,  Africa,  Feb.  8.  1890. 
A  noted  African  missionary.  As  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer, he  was  sent  to  Uganda  with  the  first  party  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society  in  1876,  and  reached  his  pest 
in  1878.  He  labored  in  Uganda  uninterruptedly  until  his 
death.  He  had  a  great  influence  over  King  Mtesa,  was 
very  popular  among  the  people,  and  rendered  invaluable 
services  as  a  pioneer  of  civilization. 


He  is  said  to  have  studied  undcrMarcelloVirgilioAdriani,  Mackay,  CharleS.     Bom  at  Perth,  March  27, 
although  little  is  known  of  his  youth  and  education.    He  -      -.    -         _        ,  ^.  •    .-. 

was  in  1498  appointed  secretary'  to  the  Dieci  di  Lii'ert;\  e 
Pace  at  Florence,  by  whom  he  was  employed  in  numerous 
diplomatic  missions  to  the  petty  states  of  Italy,  to  lYance, 
and  to  German}'.  He  was  deprived  of  office  on  the  return 
of  the  banished  Medici  in  1512,  and  in  1513  was  impris- 
oned and  put  to  the  torture  on  suspicion  of  conspiring 
against  Giovanni  de'  Medici.  He  was,  however,  released 
in  the  same  year,  and  retired  to  a  country  estate  near  San 
Casciano,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits. 
His  chief  works  are  "II  Principe "(" The  Prince"),  "Isto- 
rie  fiorentine  "  ("  Florentine  History  "),  "Artedella  guerra  " 
(**.\rt  of  ■War"\  "Discorsi"  (essays  on  Lhy  and  govem- 
mentX  '*  Mandragola  "  nnd  other  comedies.  His  complete 
works  were  edited  in  8  vols,  in  1813.  (See  Principe,  II.) 
Also  ilacchiavelli. 


1814:  died  at  London,  Dec.  24,  1889.  A  Scot- 
tish poet.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Glasgow  .-Vrgns"  1844- 
1847,  editor  of  the  "Illustrated  London  News"  1852-,^9, 
and  special  correspondent  of  the  London  "Times"  at  New 
York  during  theCivU  War.  He  revealed  in  the  "Times" 
in  1862  the  existence  of  the  Fenian  conspiracy  in  America. 
Among  his  works  are  "  The  Salamandrine,  or  Love  and  Im- 
mort.aiitv  "(184-2).  "  Voices  from  the  Crowd  "  (1846), "  Voices 
from  the  Mountains"  (1847),  and  "Historj-  of  the  Mor- 
mons "  (1851). 

McKean,  or  Mackean  (ma-ken'),  Thomas. 
Born  at  New  London.  Chester  County.  Pa., 
March  19.  1734:  died  at  Philadelphia.  June  24, 
1817.  An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was 


McKean 


Declaration 

Peiinsyl 

17!»-18i 

McKeesport  (ma-kez'pon  -,    ,„ 

legheny  Countv,  Pemisylvama,  situated  at  tlie 
iunctiou of  the  Yovigh ioglieuy  and  Mon ongahela, 
10  miles  southeast  of  Pittsburg.  Population 
(1900),  34,227.  _         „       „.     ~ 

Mackenna,  Benjamin  Vicuna.    See  iivum 

MiirlcillKI.  .X      J- 

Mackenzie  (ma-ken ' zi).  [Named  for  its  dis- 
,  coveier.  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie.]  A  river  in 
British  Xorth  Ameriea.  it  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains as  the  Atlialiasca,  traverses  Lake  .\thabasci^  issues 
thence  as  the  .Slave  River,  traverses  the  Great  slave  Lake, 
iSa  issues  thence  as  the  ^Iackenzle.  It  flows  into  the  Arc- 
tic Ocean  about  lat.  i/l  N.   Total  length,  over  2,0<)0  miles. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander.  Died  at  Jluluain, 
near  Uuiikeld,  March  U,  1820.  A  Scottish  ex- 
plorer. He  entered  the  service  of  the  Northwest  Fur 
Company  in  1779,  and  in  17s9coniiuanded  an  explonns;  oxpe- 
dltion  to  the  Northwest,  during  which  he  discovered  the 
Mackenzie  River,  .Tune 29, 17S9.  He  afterward  conducted 
an  expedition  from  FortChippewayan  to  the  Paciflccoast, 
which  he  reached  near  Cape  .Menzies.  .lune  22, 1793,  being 
the  tlrst  white  man  to  make  the  overland  journey.  He  was 
knighted  in  1802.     He  published  "Voyages  on  the  River 


637 


Macon 


accepted  the  recorderehip  —  _ ,     .     ,.      .  „      , 

missioned  judge  in  the  court  of  vice-admiralty  at  Bombay 
in  18U6  ;  returned  to  England  in  1811 ;  entered  Parliament 

'^^^:::^^:i^X^^  "^^"^^^  Macleod/mrman.  ■  Bo™  at  Camp..eltown, 
Ethic.Tirhilos()pliy"(l830)and"Historyof  theRevolution  Argyllshire,  June  3,  1812:  died  at  Glasgow, 
in  England  in  Itiss  "  (1S34). 


Hankins"  (187ii),  ••Economics  for  Beginners"  (1878), 
'•  Elements  of  Economies"  (1881-86),  "Theory  and  Prac- 
tice of  Hanking"  (1583-S6). 


Macklin  (mak'lin).  Charles.  Born  ill  Ireland, 
11)97  (f):  died  at  London.  July  11.  Ii9i.  An 
Engli.sh  actor  and  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of 
William  JPLaughlin,  but  changed  his  name  to  Mechlin, 
afterward  Macklin.  In  1713  he  was  a  scout  or  badgeinan 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Little  is  known  of  his  eai'lylue. 
He  was  playing  at  Lineoln's  Inn  Theatre  about  1725,  and 
rose  steadily  in  public  favor  till  his  famous  appeai-ance  as 
Shylock  in  1741.  From  this  time  he  played  consUiiitly  in 
tragedy,  comedy,  and  farce  for  nearly  50  years.  «  hen 
about  90  years  old  he  created  the  part  of  Sir  I'ertinax  >.ac- 
syeophant  in  his  own  play  "  The  Man  of  the  W  orld,    one 


June  It).  1S72.     A  Scottish  clergyman.     He  was 
parish  minister  successively  oj!  Loudoun,  in  Ayrshire  ;  Dal; 


keitb,  ne:ir  Edinburgh  ;  and  Barony  parish,  (ilasgow  ;  and 
w.as  eilitor  of  the  Edinburgh  •'  Christian  Instructor  "  from 
1S4!),  and  of  "Good  Words"  from  18(;o.  In  1S67  he  waa 
sent  by  the  General  Assembly  to  visit  thf#mission  stations 
in  India.  Among  his  works  are  •■  I'arish  Papers  "  (1»(52X 
•'Wee  Davie"  (1864),  "The  Starling"  (1867),  "Character 
Sketches"  (187-2),  etc,  -kt         ,-      , 

McLeod,  Xavier  Donald.    Born  at  ^ew  \  ork, 

Nov.  17,  1821 :  killed  near  Cincinnati,  July  20, 
1S(),'>,     An  American  poet   and   miscellaneous 
.    .  ,.  ,  .        r.        author,  son  of  Alexancier  McLeod. 

ofthemostarduouscharactersinhislarge repertory.  Dur-  ^  j    ^  p  mj,-       rjj^  gf  g  British  sub- 

ing  this  time  he  also  wrote  plays,  taught  acting,  and  kept  mciie0(l  Uase,  -l-ne-      iue  ua 

a  Jolfec-house  for  some  years  in  Covent  Garden.  His  ex^  ject,  Alexander  McLeod,  tried  in  Aew  lorK 
treniequ.arrelsomenessembitteredhislifeandendangered  ytate,  1841,  for  his  part  m  the  burning  ol  tlie 
his  success.    He  «™te  ;' King^  Hejip;_  vn."^^(produced    ^,p,„„pr   Caroline  in  Niagara   Kivcr   in    1837. 

McLeod  was  acquitted. 


1746)    "Love  k  la  Mode"  (17.--9),  and"The  Man  of  the 
World"  (1781:  originally  "The  True-born  Scotchman, 


ir«r.). 


St  Lawrence  and  through  the  Continent  of  North  America      i,.,,.,.  ,.  .      ,         ,        ,-!•,     nt^^^^A^^  Tta-^ 

to  the  Frozen  and  Pacillc  Oceans  in  the  years  1789  ami  1793     MackonOChlB  (ma-kon  0-ki),  Alexanaer  Her 


Maclise  (mak-les' ),  Daniel.    Born  at  Cork.  Ire- 


(1801). 

Mackenzie,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Logierait, 
near  Duiikclil,  I'crtlishire,  Scotland,  Jan.  28, 
1822:  died  at  Toronto,  April  17, 1892.  A  Cana- 
dian politician.  He  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1842  ;  be- 
came editor  of  the  "  Lambton  Shield"  at  Sarnia  in  1852 ; 
was  elected  to  the  provincial  parliament  of  Ontario  in 
1861;  enteredtheHrst  r)ominionHouseof  Commonsinl»67; 
and  was  premier  187:i-7S. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  George.  Born  at  Dundee,  Scot- 
land. 1G36:  died  at  Loudon,  1691.  A  Scottish 
lawyer.  He  became  king's  .advocate  in  Scotland  1677. 
He  strained  his  powers  as  pr.isecutor  to  such  excess,  espe- 
cially against  the  Covenanters,  that  he  was  known  as  the 
•'Bloody  Mackenzie." 

Mackenzie,  Henry.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Aug., 
1745:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  14, 1831.  A  Scot- 
tish novelist.     He  wrote  "  The  Man  of  Feeling  "  (1771), 

■    "The  Man  of  the  World"  (1773),  "Julia  de  Ruubign^ 


iot.  Bnrii  at  Fareham,  Hampshire,  Aug.  11, 
1825:  found  dead  near  Ballachulish.  Scotlaud, 
Dec.  17, 1887.  An  English  clerg,\Tnau.  He  was 
prosecuted  from  1867  to  1882  for  ritualistic  practices  at  his 
church,  St.  Albans,  Holborn,  where  for  2U  years  he  worked 
among  the  lowest  poor.  He  resigned  in  accordance  with 
the  dying  wish  of  Arcbl)ish.)p  Tail,  The  practices  in  ques- 
tion have  been  generally  allowed  since. 
McLane  (mak-lan'),  Louis.  Born  at  Smyma, 
Del.,  May  28,  1786:  died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  7, 
1S57.  An  American  politician.  He  was  United 
states  senator  from  Delaware  1827-29 ;  Vnitcd  States  min- 
ister to  Great  Britain  1829-31;  secretaiT  of  the  treasury 
1831-33 ;  and  secretary  of  state  1833-34. 

McLane,  Robert  Milligan.  Bom  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  June  23, 1815:  died  at  Paris,  April  16, 
1898.  An  American  diplomatist,  son  of  Louis 
SlcLane.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland 
1847-51,  and  United  States  minister  to  China  ls63-or 
Mexico  1859-60,  and  to  France  1S85-S8. 


Mackenzie  Sir  Morell      Born  at  Leytonstone,  Maclaren  (mi>"w'»r^<'] )-  Archibald      Born  in 
'5^f7,''f8!7:di^l"af  London,  Feb.  3,  1892.     A    the  Highlands  of  «->'--  •.M''>-.^,;,X      He 

Hospital  1866-73  ■  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hos-     of  them  successful. 

pital  for  Diseases  of  the  Throat  at  London  in  1863.  He  was  Maclaren.Ian.  Pseudonvm  of  Dr.  John  Watson, 
nvited  to  Berlin  in  18871.)  attend  the  Crown  Prince  of  Ger-  iyr„„i,y_j  '  (mak-la'rin),"Colin.  Born  at  Kil- 
many  (afterward  Frederick  III),  who  was  attacked  with  iVAaciauxm  (UJ  iiv  n     .    ; ,  """"•  ^ , . 

a  raklady  which  eventually  proved  to  be  cancer  of  the    modan,  Argyl  sliire,  l  eb.,  1*^^^ '  *"?;!, "J*  ^i," 
throat  andwhich  terminated  fatally  Junel5, 1888.    Among    burgh,  June  14,1746.     A  noted  Scottish  mathe- 
his  works  are  "  Manual  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Nose  " 
(1880-84)  and  "  Use  of  the  Laryngoscope  "  (1866). 

Mackenzie,  Robert  Shelton.  Born  at  Drews 
Court,  County  Limerick,  June  22, 1809:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  30,  1880.  An  Irish  author. 
Became  to  the  ITnited  states  in  1852.  He  wrote  "Titian, 
a  Venetian  Art-Novel"  (1843),  "Life  of  Guizot  (1846), 
"Mornings  at  Matlock"  (1850),  ••TresilUan"  (1859),  and 

'■Partnership 'cnCommandite,'"alegalcommercialwork  i    i-    /\   X  „f„„a¥i^a  _ 

(1847)..    He  edited  with  many  notes  SlieU's  ^^skej^hcs^^  McI^WS^(.u^|- ^.  La^y^tl^  "tr^^oUyn,  N/Y.;  1852;    Ai.  American  hist.). 


matieian  and  pbvsicist.  He  graduated  at  Glasgow 
about  1713 ;  became"  professor  of  mathematics  m  Mai-r 
schal  College.  Aberdeen,  in  1717 ;  and  in  1724  wasappointed 
a  deputy  professor  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  lit 
wrote  "  Geoinctria  Organica,  sive  Descriptio  Linearum  t  ur- 
varumUnivcr8ali3"([72u),  "ATreatiseof  Klu.xions  (1,42), 
"  A  Treatise  of  Algebra,  with  an  Appendix  lie  Line;irum 
Geometricarum  Pr.mrietatibus  Generalibus"  (1748),  and 


im  Prijprietatibus  Generalibus"  (1748),  a 
t  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Philosophy"  (174^). 


laud,  Feb.  2,  1806:  died  at  London,  April  25, 
1870.  A  British  historical  and  figure  painter. 
He  left  a  bank  clerkship  for  the  studio  of  the  Cork  Society 
of  Arts  In  18-28  he  entered  the  academy  at  London,  and 
won  the  gold  medal  (1831)  for  his  historic  coinposition 
"  The  Choice  of  Hercules. "  He  was  made  an  academician 
in  1840.  He  painted  a  portrait  of  Dickens  (1839),  hut  his 
later  years  were  chiefly  engrossed  with  the  decorations  of 
the  Houses  of  Parliament,  especially  with  the  famous 
water-glass  pictures  '  The  Meeting  of  Wellington  and 
Blucher  "  and  "  The  Death  of  Nelson,"  His  drawings  of 
The  Story  of  the  Norman  Conquest "  are  notable.  He 
also  designed  illustrations  for  many  books,  among  them 
Moore's  "Irish  Melodies,'  Lytton's  "Pilgrims  of  the 
Rhine,"  etc. 

Maclnre  (mak-lur'),  William.    Bom  at  Ayr, 

Scotland,  1763:  died  at  San  Angel,  near  Mexico, 
March  23,  1840.  An  American  geologist.  Me. 
nioira  of  his  geological  survey  of  the  l.>nited  States  were 
published  in  1809  and  ISl".  . 

,5";o  MacMahon  (mak-mii-6n'),  Comte  Mane 
Edme  Patrice  Maurice  de.  Due  de  Magenta. 
Born  at  Sully,  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  June  13, 
1808 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17, 1893.  A  marshal  of 
France,  and  president  of  the  French  republic. 
He  was  the  descendant  of  an  Irish  family  which  lied  to 
France  on  the  fall  of  the  Stuarts,  and  was  of  noble  birth, 
his  father  being  a  peer  of  France.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1825  •  served  in  Algeria  1830-60 ;  and  in  the  siege  of  sebas- 
topol  during  the  Crimean  war,  led  the  ilivision  which 
stormed  the  M:dakotf  Sept.  8, 18.^5,  He  commanded  an 
army  corps  in  Italy  during  the  wai-  of  France  and  Sardnua 
against  Austria  in  1859,  in  which  year  he  was  made  a  mar- 
shal of  France  and  created  duke  of  Jlagenta  as  a  reward 
for  his  services  at  the  battle  of  that  name.  He  was  gov- 
ernor-general  of  Algeria  1864-70.  and  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Franco-Prussian  war  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  flrst  army  corps.  He  was  totally  defeated  at  \V  orth, 
Aug  6  i.>,70,  and  was  overwhelmed  at  Sedan,  sept.  I.  Ue 
was  for  a  time  a  prisoner  of  war  in  Germany  1B70-71, 
suppressed  the  Commune  at  Paris  in  1871,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  French  republic  1S73-7H. 

-r.-  -t       Born 


He 


'  An  Account  Ol  .->u  isiiiti;  ^ic„  .wit  o  i  ■ii.".j",'"j     \-.  -  /-         v,,;,,,. ,...  .i,.- .  t^. -i- ,"' ~  , "  t  i.       t>      t. 

Born  at  An-  McMaster  (mak-mis  ter),  Jonn  iJacn 


the  Irish  Bar,"  the  '•  Noetes  Ambrosianie,' 


July  23, 1897,     An  American  soldier  in  the  Con 
federate  service.     He  was  promoted  majiu'-general 
May  23, 186'2,  and  commanded  a  division  at  Gettysburg  and 
in  other  imiiortant  battUs,  . 

McLean  (mak-lan'),  John.  Born  lu  Moriis 
Countv,  N.  J..  March  11,  1785:  died  at  Cincin- 
nati, April  4,  1861.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician.  lU- was  m.-nibcrof  Congress  from  Ohio  1S13- 
1816  ;  postmaster-gen.  ral  ls2:i--2'.) ;  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  18'29-61 
candidate  f.>r  the  Republican  nomin; 


■Klosterhcim,  ■  Dr,  Maginn'a  works,  etc. 

Mackenzie,  William  Lyon.  Bom  in  Scotland, 

March  12, 1795:  died  at  Toronto,  Canada,  Aug. 

2H,  1861.    A  Canadian  politician  and  journalist, 

a  leader  of  tlie  Cauailian  rising  1837-38. 
Mackinac,  or  Mackinaw  (mak'i-na),  formerly 

Michilimackinac  (mik"i-li-mak'i-na),  strait 

of.     A  strait  connecting  Lakes  Michigan  and 

Huron,  and  separating  the  northern  and  south- 
ern peiiinaulas  of  Michigan. 

McKinley  (ma-kin'li),  William.  Born  at  Niles,    1856  and  l.sco.  ,,    _  . 

Trumbull  Coiintv,  Ohio,  .Ian.  29,  1843:  died  at  Maclean  (mak-lan  ),  John. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  .Sept.   14,1901.     An  American    is;!5  (?) :  die.l  tlure,  Mardi  1.),  1890.     An  L.ig- 
statesmau.     He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the    Ush   actor.     He  ma,le  his  hrst  appearance  m 
rankof  major;  was  attorney  ..f  StarkCounty,  Ohio,  1869-     l.S.')9.      He  was  a  good  but  not  cmimMit  acioi. 
1871;   was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  jyjgLennan     (mak- leu  '  an),    John    FergllSOn. 
1877-'J1 ;  was  chairman  of  tlie  platform  committee  in  the     ij,,_„  „t  i,.,.,.,-noss  Oct    14    1.S27:  died  at  Haves 
R.pi.bliean  National  Conventions  of  1884  and  1»8S;  was    uorii  at  un  <  i m  .  >, 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  in  Con- 
gress 1889-91 ;  was  defeated  as  Republican  candidate  for 
member  of  Congress  in  1890 ;  was  elected  g.ivernor  of  Ohio 
hy  the  Republicans  In  1891;  was  reelected  in  1893;  and 
was  elec^ted   President  in  1896,  and  again  in  I'JOO.    On 
Sept.  6,  lllol,  while  attending  the   Pan-American  Exposi- 
tion at  Hntlalo,  he  was  sliot  by  Leon  Czcdgosz,  an  an- 
archist. 

McKinley  Act.  A  tarifl"  act,  named  from  the 
chairman  (William  McKinley)  of  the  Ways  and 
Means  Committee,  which  became  law  Oct.,  1890. 
Some  of  its  leading  provisions  are  Increased  duties  on  tin.  McTjeod  (mak-1 
plates.andonbarleyandsomeotheragricnituralproducis;  ----'■- 
a  general  increase  in  the  tluties  on  wool  and  woolen  and 
cotton  manufactures ;  and  the  remission  of  the  duty  on  raw 
sugar  (with  a  b<uinty  to  domestic  sugar  producers).  An- 
other important  part  was  the  reciprocity  feature,  which 
provided  for  the  remission  of  duties  on  sugar,  molasses, 
tea,  cofl^ee,  and  hides  from  countries  which  should  remove 
duties  on  American  imported  products.     Repealed  1894. 


nan.  He  became  professor  of  hisL.ry  in  the  I  niversily 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1SS3,  He  has  published  •'A  History  of 
the  People  of  the  Inited  States  '  (I.sSX  el  sp  ),_  etc. 

MacMonnies  (mak-mun'i/.).  FredericK  Wil- 
liam. P'orn  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  Sept.  '-.s,  I'-li.i. 
An  American  sculptor.  He  studied  in  New  York, 
Pari»,  Munich,  and  London,  His  principal  »"rks  are  a 
fountain  at  the  Columbian  r-\l,>"*"",">' l^'  ""'  "i','^, 
(City  Hall  park.  New  ■*iik),  ••Fame  («  eat  Point),  Dl- 
ina  "  ■■  Uacchante,"  and    •  Pan  of  K...hallion.' 


61;  and  unsnccessful  iyr„JT,|)  )  ,„ak-uab' ),  Sir  Alan  Napier.    Born  at 
ationforl'icsnlcntln  iMLCJNaD  (^  ^  ,.^^^^^^^^^  .^^^^    ^^^    ^.^^^  ^.^^^,  ^^^  ,j,^^,.^„. 

Born  at  London,     to,  Canada,  Aug.  8,  1862.     A  Canadian  states- 


Common,  Kent,  June  16,  1.S81.  A  Scottish  sociol- 
ogist.     He  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar  in  1S.-.7.  and 


man.  He  was  a.linitted  to  the  bar  in  18-26;  was  elected 
to  the  legi.slalure  of  I  pper  Canada  in  1830  ;  and  as  colonel 
„  mililia  repressed  the  rebellion  of  18;i7-SS.  He  w,i> 
knighted  in  18  ;8 ;  was  prime  minister  of  the  united  prov. 
inees  of  Canada  18.'^l-66  ;  and  was  made  ii  baronet  In  lts>7, 
anil  a  member  of  the  legislative  council  m  .ISO. 
McNielduak-iu'D.John.  HornatHillsl.orough, 
N  II  ,  1784;  died  al  Wasliington.  I).  <  .,  I'd). 
1   1S.50      All  American  orticer,  distinguished  at 


in   1871  became  parliamenlaiy  draftsman  f..r  .^co.ia,,.,.      -,i,  ,«.„,.     .vii  ^,1110.  .>..»»  ......v.,  —  ■,■-,-;--   ;,o,. 

He  is  known  chiefly  from  his  researches  in  connection  with     jin,  ijattlosof  Chil)pewa  and  Lundy  s  li.iiu  lfM4 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  marriage,  which  led  bim  to 
adopt  the  theory,  in  which  he  had  to  some  extent  been  an- 
ticinated  bv  the  Swiss  lurist  llachofcn,  Ihat  the  primitive 


tlcipated  by  the  Swiss  Jurist -.,,         ,     'i  1 

form  of  marriage  was  exogamy,  of  which  jiolyandry  and 
polygamous  or  inonogamons  monandry  were  successne 
developments.  Thisthecuy  Isexpoumled  lu  his  principal 
woi  k,  "  \n  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  the  Form  ot  (  aplure 
i"  Marriage  Ceremonies"  (186:.). 

ud'),  Alexander.      Born   in 


Macnish(mak-iiish'),  Robert.  Born  at  (.lasgow, 
Feb.  15,  1.802;  died  at  (ihisgow.  Jan.  Id.  IMi. 
A  Scottish  medical  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Macomb  (ma-kom'  or  ma-kom'),  Alexander. 

Horn  at  Detroit,  Mi.'h.,  April  13,  1(82;  died  at 
Wiishington,  D.  C,  June  25,  \M\.  An  Am.>ri- 
cau  maior-general.  He  defeated  the  British  under 
Prev.st  at  Platlsburgh.  Sept,  II,  ISU;  and  was  command- 
er-in-chief ot  the  army  1828-41. 


Mull, Scotland.  June  12. 1774;  died  at  New  York, 

Feb   17    1S33.     An  -Vmericiin  (•lergymau  of  the     ■,-,„-. - ;-  "~,  -..i  „»  ti,„  .io,>oi.t 

Ke   ■.rue  1   I'resbvterian  Church,  and  ■-.•ligious  Micon  (mii-ko.i')      .T'"-" --"P'ta' "1,*^^.^^^"' 
wr  ter      lie  w.ispastor  of  the  First  Reformed     meni  of  S«6ne-et-Lo.re   t  ranee,  -tuajeil^oii  Ihc 
PreshvterianCliucliof.N.'wYorkal.out  1801-33.     Saoue  in  lat.  4(.°  19    N..  '<'"'^-  •*_ '*-^.  '^^" 
MacLeod,  Henry   Dunning.      Born  at   Edin-     Roman  Matisco  ^duorum.    IthasflourtshlnKcom 


the 


Micon 

merce  and  manufuctures,  and  contains  a  ruined  cathedral 
and  some  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  a  place  of  some  im- 
portance in  the  time  of  Cfesar.  It  suffered  in  the  Hugue- 
not wars.    Population  (1891),  commune,  19,573. 

Macon  (ma'kon).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Bibb 
County,  central  Geor^a,  situated  on  the  Oemul- 
gee  80  miles  southeast  of  Atlanta,  it  is  a  railway, 
commercial,  and  manufacturing  center  ;  has  a  large  trade 
in  cotton ;  and  is  the  seat  of  various  educational  institu- 
tions.   Population  (1900) ,  -^Hi. 

Ma(;on  (ma-s6n'),  Le.  Aoomlc  opera  by  Auber, 
words  by  Scribe  and  Delavigne,  produced  in 
1825. 

Macon  (ma'kon).  Nathaniel.  Bom  in  Warren 
County,  N.  C'.,  1757 :  died  there,  June  29, 1837. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  North  Carolina  1791-1815,  speaker  1S01-0<J,  and 
Vnited  States  senator  1816-28.  He  was  chosen  president 
pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  in  1826. 

Maconnais  (ma-ko-na').  A  former  district  of 
France,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire.  It  was  united  to  France  under 
Louis  XI. 

MacoriX-  or  Macoris.  In  the  early  history  of 
Haiti,  a  region  or  "province"  which,  at  the 
time  of  the  conquest,  was  under  the  chief  Guari- 
onex.  It  was  iu  the  interior,  south  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Isabella,  and  included  a  large  part 
of  the  Vega  Real. 

Macpherson  (mak-fer'son),  James.  Born  at 
Euthven,  Inverness-shire,  Oct.  27,  1736:  died 
Feb.  17, 1796.  The  alleged  translator  of  the  Os- 
sianic  poems.  In  1759,  while  a  schoolmaster  in  his  na- 
tive village,  he  showed  to  "Jupiter"  Carlyle  and  John 
Home  some  fragments  of  Gaelic  verse  with  translations. 
They  were  published  in  1760,  and  excited  so  much  interest 
that  he  was  sent  to  the  Highlands  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
covering more  of  these  poems.  The  result  was  that  he 
publislied  the  "Poems  of  Ossian,"  consisting  of  '■Fingal, 
an  Epic  Poem  in  six  books"  (1762),  and  "Temora,  an  Epic 
Poem  in  eight  books"  (1763).  The  controversy  which  at 
once  arose  as  to  their  genuineness  (as  Gaelic  remains)  has 
not  yet  been  settled,  though  opinion  is  generally  against 
ilacpherson-  In  1764  he  was  sent  as  governor-general  to 
the  Floridas  ;  in  1779  was  made  .igent  to  the  Xabob  of  Ar- 
col ;  and  in  1780  entered  Parliament,  where  he  sat  for  10 
yeiirs.  He  also  wrote  ''Histor>"  of  Great  Britain"  (1775), 
etc. 

Macpherson,  James  Birdseye.  Bom  in  San- 
dusky County,  Ohio,  Nov.  14,  1828:  kUled  be- 
fore Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  22, 1864.  An  American 
general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1853;  waschief 
engineer  on  the  staff  of  General  Grant  in  1862;  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  corps  of  Grant's  army  in  1S63 ; 
and  in  the  same  year  routed  part  of  Joseph  E.  Johnston's 
army  at  Kaymond,  and  with  the  aid  of  Sherman's  corps 
defeated  Johnston  at  Jackson.  He  also  served  with  dis- 
tinction at  Campion  Hill  and  in  the  assaults  on  Vicksburg 
in  1863,  and  in  IStH  took  part  in  Sherman's  campaign  in 
Georgia  as  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Macpherson,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Sleat,  in  the 
Isle  of  Skye,  in  1745:  liiedat  Brompton  Grove, 
Jan.  12,  1821.  A  Scottish  politician.  He  went 
out  to  Madras  as  purser  in  an  East  India  ship  in  1767  ;  re- 
turned to  England  as  a  financial  agent  of  the  Xabob  of  the 
Camatic  in  176S  ;  became  a  writer  in  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's service  at  Madras  in  1770 ;  was  appointed  to  the  su- 
preme council  at  Calcutta  in  1781;  and  on  Warren  Hast- 
ings's resignation  succeeded  to  the  govemor-generalshin 
of  India  as  senior  member  of  the  council  in  17S5.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1786,  and  in  the  same  year  was  super- 
seded as  governor-general  by  Lord  ComwaUis. 

Macc|.uarie  (ma-kwor'e).  [Xamed  from  Lach- 
lau  ilacquarie,  governor  of  South  Wales  1809- 
1821.]  A  river  in  New  South  Wales,  which 
flows  through  marshes  into  the  Darling  about 
lat.  30°  15'  S.     Length,  about  400  miles. 

Macquarie  Islands.  A  group  of  small  uninhab- 
ited islands  southwest  of  Xew  Zealand.  The 
northern  end  is  situated  in  lat.  54°  19'  S.,  long. 
1.58°  56'  E. 

Mactjuart.     See  Rougon-Macquart. 

Macready(mak-re'di),'William  Charles.  Born 
at  London,  March  3, 1793:  died  at  Cheltenham, 
April  27, 1873.  A  noted  English  tragedian.  His 
faftier  was  an  actor  and  manager  of  the  theater  at  Bir- 
mingham where  Macready  made  his  first  appearance  in 
1810.  In  ISia  he  appeared  in  London  at  Covent  Garden. 
In  1837  he  had  advanced  to  the  front  rank  of  his  profes- 
sion, having  lor  many  years  strugtrled  for  supremacy  with 
Kean,  Young,  and  .Charles  Kemlile.  He  then  undertook 
the  management  of  the  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  and  pro- 
duced Shakspere'splays.  After  two  seasons  he  abandoned 
it  and  played  in  the  provinces  and  in  Paris.  He  managed 
the  Drury  Lane  Theatre  1841-43.  He  made  several  visits 
to  America,  during  the  last  of  which  occurred  the  famous 
Astor  Place  riot  (which  see).  In  1851  he  left  the  stage. 
He  was  noted  for  his  Macbeth,  Cassins,  Lear,  Henry  IV., 
lago,  Virginius,  Richelieu,  and  other  parts. 

Macrinus  (ma-kri'nus),  Marcus  Opelius.  Boi-u 
at  Csesarea,  Mauretania,  164  A.  D. :  kUled  in 
Cappadocia,  218.  Eoman  emperor  217-218.  He 
was  of  humble  origin ;  was  admitted  to  the  senice  of  the 
emperor  SeptimiusSeverus  at  the  instance  of  the  favorite 
Plautianus ;  and  was  appointed  prefect  of  the  pretorians 
by  Caracalla,  whose  murder  he  instigated  and  whom  he 
succeeded.  He  was  signally  defeated  by  the  Parthians  at 
Nisibis,  and  was  defeated  and  Idlled  by  the  partizans  of 
Elagabalus  who  succeeded  him. 

Macro  (ma'kro),  Nae-nus  Sertoriua.    Killed 


638 

about  38  A.  D.  A  prefect  of  the  Eoman  pre- 
torians under  Tiberius  and  Caligula. 
Macrobius  (ma-kro'bi-us),  Ambrosius  Theo- 
dosius.  Lived  probably  at  the  beginning  of  the 
5th  century.  A  Roman  grammarian.  His  extant 
works  are  a  collection  of  essays,  "Satumaliorum  con^ivi- 
orum  libri  septem  "  (imperfect),  and  a  commentary  on 
Cicero's  ''Dream  of  Scipio." 

MacSarcasm  (mak-siir'kazm),  Sir  Archy.  A 
noted  character  inMacklin's  "Love  alailode.'' 

Macsycophant  (mak-sik'o-fant),  Sir  Perti- 
nax.  A  hard,  worldly  old  man  in  ilacklin's 
"ilan  of  the  World,"  ambitious  for  his  son,  and 
quite  insensible  to  degradation  if  upheld  by 
worldly  influence.  Maeklin  created  the  part 
himseli  when  about  90  years  old. 

MacTab  (mak-tab' ).  The  Hon.  Miss  Lucretia. 
One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Colmau's 
"Poor  Gentleman":  a  proud  and  prudish  old 
maid. 

Macusis  (ma-ko-sez').  A  tribe  of  Indians  of  the 
Carib  stock,  inhabiting  the  open  lands  of  south- 
western British  Guiana  and  the  adjacent  parts 
of  Brazil  and  Venezuela.  Formerly  they  ranged 
northwestward  to  the  Orinoco,  and  were  very  numerous  and 
warlike.  They  are  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousands,  who 
are  friendly  to  the  whites,  but  are  practically  independent. 
They  are  of  darker  color  than  the  other  Guiana  tribes,  well 
formed  and  athletic,  and  very  cleanly.  Their  houses  are 
grouped  in  small  villages,  and  they  cultivate  manioc  and 
other  plants.     Also  written  llacuchis  or  Macuxis. 

MacVeagh  (mak-va'),  Wayne.  Bom  at  Phoe- 
nixville,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  April  19,  1833. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1856 ;  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1870-71 ; 
was  United  States  attorney-general  imder  President  Gar- 
field in  1881 :  and  was  ambassador  to  Italy  1803-07. 

Madagascar  (mad-a-gas'kar).  An  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  east  of  southern  Africa,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Jlozambique  Chan- 
nel. Capital,  Antananarivo.  Itextendsfromabout 
lat.  12°  to  25^  35'  S.  The  surface  in  the  interior  is  generally 
elevated  and  mountainous.  The  productions  are  tropical 
Tamatave  is  tlie  chief  port.  The  government  was  a  mon- 
archy. The  inhabitants  and  language  are  Malagasy.  The 
leading  tribe  is  theHovas.  The  state  religion  is  Christian- 
ity. Madagascar  was  early  visited  by  the  Arabs,  and  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1506.  The  introduction 
of  Christianity  under  Radama  I.  (1810-28)  was  followed  by 
a  persecution  of  the  Christians  under  Queen  Ranavalona  I. 
(1828-61).  A  w.^u-  with  France  in  1S83-85  was  terminated 
by  a  treaty  (Dec.  12,  1585)  establishing  a  French  protec- 
torate. In  1896  it  became  a  French  colony,  and  iu  Febru- 
ary, 1897,  the  queen  was  deposed.  Length,  about  976  miles. 
Greatest  breadth,  about  850  miles.  Area,  about  228,500 
square  miles.    Population,  estimated,  3,500,000. 

Madai  (ma'di).  A  name  given  in  Genesis  x.  as 
that  of  the  third  son  of  Japhet:  commonly  re- 
garded as  the  eponjTnic  ancestor  of  the  Medes. 

Madame  Bovary  ("bo-va-re').  A  novel  by  Flau- 
bert, published  in  1857.  It  is  notable  as  an  ex- 
pression of  "realism." 

Madan  (mad'an).  Martin.  Bom  in  1726:  died 
at  Epsom,  May  2,  1790.  -\n  English  Methodist 
divine.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  174S,  but  shortly 
abandoned  law  in  order  to  enter  the  ministry,  and  was  for 
many  years  chaplain  to  the  Lock  Hospital.  He  is  chiefly 
known  as  the  author  of  '* Telyphthora  "  (1780),  in  which  he 
advocated  polygamy. 

Mad  Anthony.  A  nickname  often  given  An- 
thony Wa^Tjc  on  account  of  hisreeklessbraveiy. 

Mad  da'valier,  The.  A  surname  of  Prince  Ru- 
pert, nephew  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

Maddaloni  (miid-dii-lo'ne).  Ato\vnin  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  situated  15  miles  north- 
east of  Kaples.     Population  (1881),  17,072. 

Madden  (mad'en),  Sir  Frederick.  Bom  at 
Portsmouth,  Feb.  16,  1801:  died  at  London, 
March  8, 1873 .  An  English  antiquary  and  paleog- 
rapher. He  became  assistant  keeper  of  manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum  in  1828,  and  head  of  the  manuscript 
department  in  1837.  He  edited  "Havelok  the  Dane  "(1S28). 
Layamon's  "Brut "  (1847),  Matthew  Paris's  "Historia  An- 
glorum"  (Rolls  Series,  ls6O-6:0,  and,  \vith  Josiah  Forshall, 
Wyclifs  Bible  (1850). 

Madden,  Sir  George  Allan.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  3,  1771:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Dee.  8,  1828. 
A  British  general.  He  entered  the  British  army  in 
1783 ;  served  in  Corsica  in  1794,  in  Portugal  1797-lSOO,  and 
in  Egypt  in  1801 ;  and  was  compelled  to  retire  from  the 
service  about  1802  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  a  su- 
perior officer.  He  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
Portuguese  iirmy  in  1809,  and  commanded  a  brigade  of  cav- 
alrj-  at  Fuente  de  Cantos  (Sept.  15,  1810),  where  he  saved 
the  Spanish  army  by  charging  a  superior  force  of  French 
hussars.  He  was  made  marechal  de  campo  in  the  Portu- 
guese service  in  1813,  and  in  1819  was  promoted  major- 
general  in  the  British  army  (in  which  he  had  previously 
been  reinstated  in  recognition  of  his  services  in  the  Penin- 
sular war). 

Madeira  (ma-da'e-ra).  The  largest  tributary  of 
the  Amazon,  into  which  it  flows  about  lat.  3°  25' 
S.,  long.  58°  48'  W.  The  chief  head  streams  are  the 
Manior^,  Beni,  and  Itenez  (or  Guapore).  Total  length,  in- 
cluding; the  Slamor^,  about  2.000  miles. 

Madeira  (ma-de'ra ;  Pg.  pron.  ma-da'e-ra).  [So 
called  with  ref .  to  the  forest  which  once  covered 


Madison,  James 

it:  from  Pg.  madeira,  wood,  from  L.  materits 
matter.]  The  chief  of  the  Madeira  Islands! 
belonging  to  Portugal,  situated  in  the  AtlautiJ 
Ocean  west  of  Africa.  The  chief  town  is  Funchal,  lat. 
32"  ;<8'  X.,  long.  16°  54'  W.  The  surface  is  mountainousau  i 
picturesque.  The  chief  pioducts  are  wine  and  sugar.  Tin 
inhabitants  are  of  Portuguese  descent.  The  island  is  not.. 1 
as  a  health-resort.  Itwas  visitedbythePortusueseinH! 
and  colonized  by  them  about  1420.  It  was  occupied  by  t  i 
British  in  ISOl,  and  from  1807  to  1814.  Length,  32  mile- 
Madeira  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  forming  • 
Portuguese  province,  including  Madeira,  Porto 
Santo,  and  some  smaller  islands.  Area,  5()5 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  134.040. 
Madeleine  (mad-lan').  Church  of  the.  A 
church  in  Paris,  begun  under  Louis  XV.  and 
Louis  X^^.,  but  not  finished  imtil  1842.  At  the 
end  of  the  ISth  century  it  was  determined  to  build  the  pres- 
ent church  in  the  Rue  Royale,  to  complete  the  architec- 
tural scheme  of  the  Place  de  la  Concorde ;  and  the  first 
stone  was  laid  -April  13,  1764.  Coutant  d'lvrj',  the  archi- 
tect, died  in  1777,  and  was  succeeded  by  Couture,  who  de- 
molished the  works  already  under  way  and  substituted  a 
plan  of  his  own.  The  Revolution  put  an  end  to  the  work, 
but  the  empire  revived  it  under  the  name  of  the  Temple 
k  la  Gloire ;  and  the  work  owes  its  present  character  to 
VignoiL  It  is  a  huge  Roman-Corinthian  temple,  measur- 
ing 141  by  354  feet,  and  100  high,  on  a  raised  basement. 
It  is  a  peripteros  of  8  by  18  columns,  without  windows, 
with  frieze  richly  sculptured  with  garlands,  and  the  tj-m- 
pauum  of  the  south  facade  filled  with  a  colossal  group  of 
sculpture  representing  (Thrist  as  the  judge  of  the  world- 
The  interior  forms  a  great  hall  lighted  from  above :  it 
is  effective,  and  richly  adorned  with  painting  and  sculp- 
ture. 

Madelon  (mad-16n').  One  of  the  " preeieuses 
ridicules"  in  Moliere's  play  of  that  name.  She 
takes  the  more  romantic  name  of  Polisena. 

Mademoiselle,  La  Grande,  or  Mademoiselle. 

See  iloiitjien^itr. 

Mademoiselle  de  Belle-Isle.  A  play  by  Alex- 
andre Dumas,  produced  in  1839. 

Mademoiselle  de  Maupin.  A  novel  by  Th6o- 
phile  Gautier,  published  in  1835. 

Madenassana  ( ma-den-as-sa 'na ) .  See  Biisli men. 

Maderaner  Thal(ma-de-ra'nertal).  An  Alpine 
valley  in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  south 
of  Altdorf.     Length,  8  miles.  ■ 

Madge  Wildfire.  -4.  madwoman  in  Scott's 
"Heart  of  MiiUothian." 

Madhava  tma'dba-va).  orMadhavacarya  (-va- 
char-ya).  [Skt..  "the  learned  Madhava,'  or 
'the  teacher  Madhava';  from  dalrya,  teacher, 
especially  of  the  Veda.]  A  great  Hindu  scholar 
of  the  14th  century.  He  was  the  author,  or  reputed 
author,  of  great  commentaries  on  the  Rig-  (in  conjunction 
with  Sayana),  Yajur-,  and  Samaveda,  of  the  Xyayam-ola- 
vistara,  the  San'adarshanasangrahji,  the  Parasharasmritiv- 
yakhya,  the  Sankshepashank-oravijaya,  the  Kalanirnaya, 
and  other  works.  He  was  the  prime  minister  of  Sangama, 
who  began  to  reign  at  Vijayanagiu-a  about  13"J6,  and  of 
Bukka  I.,  who  began  to  reign  about  1361.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  90.  The  circumstance  that  so  many  works  are 
ascribed  to  Madhava  and  his  brother  Sayana  is  explained 
by  the  Hindu  practice  according  to  which  works  composed 
by  order  of  a  distinguished  person  bear  his  name.  Accord- 
ing to  Bumell  the  two  names  denote  one  person,  Sayana 
being  the  Bhoganatha  or  mortal  l)ody  of  Madhava,  the 
soul,  identified  with  Vishnu  ;  and  the  29  writings  current 
under  the  name  of  Madhava  all  proceed  from  Madhava 
himself,  and  were  composed  during  30  of  the  55  years 
betw-een  1331  and  1386.  which  he  spent  as  abbot  of  the 
monastery  at  Shringeri  under  the  name  of  Vidyaranya,  'for- 
est of  knowledge.'  Weber  disputes  the  identification  of 
Madhava  and  Sayana  ("Literarisches  Centralblatt,"  1S73, 
p.  1421). 

Mad  Heracles  (Hercules),  The.   -^  tragedy  by 

Euripides,  exhibited  about  4'20  B.  C.  It  portrays 
Heracles's  rescue  of  his  family  from  Lycus,  a  Theban  ty- 
rant :  the  slaughter  of  his  wife  and  children  by  him  in  a 
sudden  attack  of  madness ;  and  his  return  to  sa'nity. 

Madi  (ma'de).  An  African  tribe  dwelling  on 
the  banks  of  the  Nile,  north  of  Albert  Xyanza, 
and  bordering  on  the  Lur  and  Shuli  tribes,  with 
whom  it  is  related  in  physique  and  customs  but 
not  in  language.  The  latter  shows  affinity  with  the 
Makaraka  dialect  of  Xyam-Nyam,  and  also  with  the 
Nyangbara.  It  is  rich  in  monosyllables,  and  has  a  jerk- 
ing accent.  A  subtribe  of  the  Mittu  is  also  called  Madi, 
but  the  two  are  not  related. 

Madison  (mad'i-son).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
38  miles  north-northeast  of  Louisville,  it  has 
pork-packing  and  other  flourishing  indtistries.  Population 
(1900),  7,*3o. 

Madison.  A  borough  in  the  township  of  Chat- 
ham, Mori'is  Coimty,  Xew  Jersey,  23  miles  west 
of  Xew  York:  the  seat  of  Drew  Theological  Sem- 
inary (Methodist  I.     Population  (1900),  3,754. 

Madison.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Wisconsin 
and  of  Dane  County,  situated  between  Lakes 
Mendota  and  Monona,  in  lat.  43°  5'  X..  long. 
89°  30'  W.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade; 
is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  :  aiul  is  a  health 
and  summer  resort.     Population  (19(X)(,  19,164. 

Madison,  James.  Bom  in  Rockingham  County, 
Va.,  Aug.  27. 1749:  died  March6, 1812.  AnAmer- 


I  Madison,  James 

ican  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Kpiscopal  Church, 
president  of  William  and  Aliirv  Colk-ge  1777- 
1812. 
Madison,  James.     Bom  at  Port  Conway,  Va., 
•     March  10,  1751 :    died  at  Moutpelier,  Orange 
County,  Va.,  Juno  28,  1836.     The  fourth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  ( 1S09-17) .    He  ^aduated 
at  Princeton  College  in  1771 :  was  a  dt-U-gate  lo  Congress 
from  Virginia  J  T8<>-*3,  and  to  the  Constitutional  Convention 
'  of  1787  ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1789-97  ; 

(Irewup  the  Virginia  Resolutions  of  1798;  was  secretary  of 
-t;ite  ISul-OO  ;  was  elected  President  as  Democntic  candi- 
rinte  in  1808  ;  and  was  reelected  in  1812.  War  was  declared 
V.  ith  Great  Britain  in  181'2  ^see  War  of  1812).  Ue  was  asso- 
ciated with  Jay  and  Hamilton  in  the  c<.iniposition  of  the 
'•  Federalist  '{which  see).  lie  left  many  manuscripts,  some 
of  which  have  been  publislied  in  "Madison  Papers"  (3 
vols,  livlu)  and  "  Letters  and  other  Writings  "  (4  vols.  1865). 

Madison  Square.  A  public  park,  six  acres  in 
extent,  in  New  York  city,  bounded  by  Fifth 
Avenue,  23d  street,  Madison  Avenue,  and  20th 
street.  It  was  originally  the  junction  of  the  Blooming- 
dale  road  and  old  Boston  road. 

Madison  Square  Garden.  A  place  of  amuse- 
ment in  New  York  city,  architeetnrally  notable 
not  only  for  its  great  size,  but  also  for  its  suc- 
cessful ai-tistic  treatment,  completed  in  1890. 
It  combines  an  amphitheater  300  feet  long  and  2(H>  wide,  a 
theater,  a  concert-hall,  a  dining-hall,  and  a  roof-garden. 
The  architecture  is  a  plain  rendering  in  yellow  brick  and 
terra-cottaof  a  good  type  of  the  Spanish  Renaissance,  with 
a  single  main  story  of  round-arched  windows  above  the 
basement.  The  front  is  adorned  above  the  cornice  with 
colonnaded  loggias  of  considerable  extent,  and  below  with 
fine  arcades  covering  the  sidewalk  and  springing  from 
shafts  of  polished  granite.  At  the  angles  are  placed  tur- 
rets terminating  in  pavilions,  which  are  repeated  in  the 
middle  of  the  front  and  at  the  base  of  the  grt-at  stiuju-e 
tower  which  rises  from  the  soutli  side.  This  tower  re- 
produces the  famous  (liralda  at  Seville,  upon  a  Somewhat 
reduced  scale  and  with  the  ornament  git-atly  siniplifled. 
It  is  332  feet  liigli  to  the  head  of  the  crowning  statue. 

MS-dler(mad'ler),  JohannHeinrichvon.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  May  29, 1794:  died  at  Hannover,  March 
14.  1874.  A  German  astronomer,  professor  at 
Berlin  1837-40,  and  professor  and  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Dorjuit  1S40-C5.  He  published  a 
map  of  the  moon  (1834-30),  "Allgemeine  Selenographie" 
(1837),  '•PopulareAstronomie"(1841),  "DieCentmlsonne" 
(1846X  "Die  Eigenbewegungen  der  Fixsterne"  (1S5G),  etc. 

Mad  Lover,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher,  produced 
bi'fore  lOlS,  printed  in  1047.  it  is  founded  on  Jo- 
Bcphus,  Ant.,  .wiii.  Handello  has  the  same  story.  It  con- 
tains afuol  unite  in  tla*  Shakspcrian  vein. 

Madman  of  the  North.    A  surname  given  to 

I'liarles  XII.  of  Sweden. 

MadoC  (raad'ok).  A  legendary  Welsh  prince, 
said  to  have  discovered  America  about  1170. 
He  is  tlio  subject  of  a  i^oem  by  Southey  (1805). 

Madonna  ( ma-don 'ji).  [It.,  *nav  lady ' ;  specifi- 
cally, *Our  L'ady,'  the  Virgin  Mar>'.]  Of  the 
numerous  pictures  with  this  subject,  the  follow- 
ing are  among  the  most  noted,  n)  Madonna  and 
Child,  with  St.  John,  sometimes  called  tlie  Aldobrandini 
or  Gai-vagh  iladonna  :  a  painting  by  Kaphael,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery.  London.  (2)  Madoima  and  Child,  with  St. 
John  and  Angels  :  apaintingby  Saiidrollottieelli,  inthe  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.  The  picture  is  characterized  by 
the  beautiful  pjses  of  the  hedge  in  the  b;irkgi")iiTid.  (3> 
Madonna  and  Child,  with  SS.  Jerome  and  St  li;i>.li;iM.  called 
the  MadonnadellaRondine  from  tliL- swallow  whirii  ligurca 
In  theconipnsition  :  a  small  painting  liy  ('rivelli,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gaikry,  Jx)ndon.  (1)  .Madonna  and  Child  :  a  paint- 
ing by  Murillo,  in  the  museum  at  iJp  sdL-n.  The  Virgin  sits 
on  a  stone  bench,  holding  thef.'hild,  wlio  leans  his  head  on 
his  hand  :ig;iingt  her  bre:Lst.  (r.)  M:ni<'inia  and  Child,  with 
8S.  John  and  Catharine:  a  painting  l>y  Titian,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gidlery,  Ijjndon.  (li)  .Madimiia  dcgli  Ansidci  (|'of 
the  Ansidei'),  from  the  Miirlic-ruiigb  rn]li_ctinn :  a  pamt- 
ingby  Raphael  fir>iMl),  in  the  NatiunalGalKry,  l-nndnn.  The 
Virgin  Is  seated  on  a  high  thronf.  hnl.ling  tlie  child  and 
reading  from  a  bonk  ;  «in  either  side  stand  .-^t.  J.ihn  and  St. 
Nichohisof  r.ari.  Tliia  is  the  tlncst  Kaphiitl  in  Gnat  Lrit- 
aln.  It  is  8ometitnc.-4  c;illcd  thi;  JSlrnbrim  Miidnnna.  (7) 
Madonna  de  liiSrrvillita  ('of  the  najikin ')  :  a  nhbratcd 
painting  by  Murillo  (;ibi)ut  niV'i).  i"  ""^  niu.srum  at  Se- 
ville. Spain.  The  Virgin,  seen  in  half  length,  holds  the 
Child  on  her  left  arm.  He  appears  to  be  struggling  to  es- 
cape. According  to  tradition  it  was  painted,  In  the  absence 
o(  canvas,  on  a  tableiiapkin  supplied  by  the  conk.  (8)  Ma- 
donna della  Casa  d'Albii  ('of  the  house  of  .Alva  ")  :  u  small 
but  noted  painting  by  Raphael  nr»(Ht).  fu  the  Hermitage 
iliisfum,  St.  I't'tersburg.  Tlie  picture  is  circular,  with  a 
landscape  backgrounil.  'I'bc Virgin  is  seated  on  thegroinid  ; 
the  Child  rests  partly  on  her  knee,  and  seizes  u  cross  held 
by  the  infant  St.  John,  who  kneels  l)eHldc  him.  (it)  Ma- 
donna della  Cesta  (' r)f  the  basket'):  a  painting  by  Correg- 
glo,  in  the  National  Galler>',  Londnn.  The  Virgin  is  seated 
on  a  grassy  bank,  hoUliiig  the  Child  on  her  knee :  In  the 
background  St.  Joseph  Is  seen  working,  ( 10)  Madonna  della 
Rosa  (•  of  the  rose '):  a  i);tintlTig  by  I'arniigiaidno,  In  the 
nniMcutn  iit  Dresden.  TheVirgln  has  given  the  Child  a  rose, 
whiil)  he  holds  as  he  lies  with  one  hand  renting  on  a  globe 
ty  pi  tying  the  earth.  (11)  Madonna  della  Verdnra('of  the 
nie;i<ii.w  'y.  a  painting  by  Rajihael  (IfiOti),  In  the  Iinperijl 
(J;dlt'i-y  at  Vienna.  The  Virgin  sits  in  a  memlow  studded 
with  tlowcrs :  before  her  are  tin*  infant  Christ  and  the  boy 
St  John,  who  kneels  and  presents  ii  cross  to  Jesus.  The 
type  Is  that  of  the  Belle  Jardiniere  and  the  Madonna  del 
CardelUno.  (12)  Madonna  del  Rosarin('of  the  rosary'):  a 
large  painting  by  Caravagglo,  In  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned  ;  SS.  I'eter  Martyr  and 
Domiidc  are  distributing  wreaths  of  roses  among  the  as- 
sembled people.    (Ui)  Modomia  del  Itosariu  ('of  the  ro- 


639 

Bary  "):  a  paintingby  Murillo,  inthePulwichGaller>',  Eng- 
lanii.  The  \ii-gin,  seated  among  clouds.  h:is  the  Child  un 
her  lap.  lie  holds  a  rosary,  which  the  Virgin  holds  id^o. 
Beneath  are  angels.  (14)  Madonna  del  Rosario  :  one  of  Van 
Dyck's  tlntst  paintings  (1*.23),  In  the  chapel  of  the  same 
name  at  ralermo,  Sicily.  Tlie  Virgin,  surrounded  by  cher- 
ubim and  attended  by  saints,  extt-nds  a  rose-garland  to 
St.  Dominic,  while  St,  Rosalie  kneels  before  her.  (1&)  Ma- 
donna di  Casa  Tempi :  a  painting  by  Raphael  (15(XJ),  in 
the  Old  Pinakothck  at  Munich.  TheVirgin.  In  half-length, 
stands,  holding  the  Child  in  her  arms,  in  a  landscape  \s  ith 
a  town  in  the  Inickground.  (Ui)  Madoiuia  di  San  Sisto.  ur 
Sistine  Madonna  :  a  famous  paintingby  Raphael  (Ifilb),  in 
the  museum  at  Dresden.  It  was  boui.;ht  by  the  elector 
Augustus  111.  in  176-4  from  the  Benediitine  monastery  at 
Piacenza,  It  represents  the  Virgin,  holding  the  (.'liihl.  ad- 
vancing among  clouds,  surrounded  by  cherub  f;ices  ;  ;it  the 
left  Rope  Sixtns  II.  kneels  in  adoration,  and  at  the  riuht 
St.  Barbara  looksdriwn  and  out  (if  (he  picture.  Below,  two 
winged  cherubs,  familiar  in  pnjmlar  ri']iioductioiis,  lean 
on  a  parapet  Inuking  nii\\  anl,  (17)  Madonna  in  Adoration  : 
a  painting  by  Francesco Francia  (al)out  l&oo),  in  the  t)ld 
Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  Virgin,  standing,  adores  the 
Child,  who  lies  before  her  in  a  bower  of  roses.  (18)  Madon- 
na Niccolini:  a  paintingby  Raphael  (l.Sos),  in  Panshanger 
House,  England.  The  Virgin  sits  holding  the  ChIM  on  a 
white  cushion.     Also  called  the  large  Cowper  Madonna. 

(19)  Madonna  of  Burgomaster  Meyer  :  a  famous  painting 
by  Hans  Holbein  the  younger  (about  ir)i!5),  belonging  to 
the  Princess  Charles  of  Hesse- D:u-mst ad t.  It  represents 
the  Virgin,  crowned,  standing  in  a  niche,  holding  against 
her  brejuit  the  Child,  whose  left  arm  is  extenderl  in  bless- 
ing. At  the  Virgin's  feet  kneel  Burgomaster  Meyer  of 
Basel,  his  first  and  second  wives,  his  (laughter,  and  a  boy 
who  supports  a  nude  child.  An  old  copy  in  the  Dresden 
museum  was  until  1S71  held  to  be  the  original.  (20)  Ma- 
donna of  St.  Francis:  a  painting  by  Correggio  (U.14-ir>), 
in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned  be- 
neath a  canopy ;  about  her  head  are  a  radiant  nimbus  and  a 
circle  of  cherubs.  Before  the  throne  are  ranged  SS.  Francis 
and  Anthony  of  Padua,  and  SS.  John  and  Catharine.  (21) 
Madonna  of  the  Rocks  :  a  painting  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
in  the  National  Gallery,  L<jndi>n.  It  represents  the  Virgin 
and  Child,  with  the  adoring  St.  John  and  an  angel,  amid  a 
landscape  of  cljlfs.  It  is  a  replica,  with  somemoditlcations, 
of  the  Vierge  aux  Rochers  in  the  Louvre.  (22)  Madonna 
of  the  Chenies :  a  painting  by  Titian  (about  1508),  in  the 
Imperial  Gallery  at  Vienna.  The  Virgin  sits  behind  a  para- 
pet on  which  the  Child  stands  holding  a  bunch  of  cherries. 
The  boy  St.  John  stands  below,  and  SS.  Joseph  and  Zach- 
arias  at  the  sides.  (23)  Madonna  of  the  Grapes  :  a  small 
paintingby  Martin  Schongauer,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  Virgin,  who  is  seated  on  a  bench,  plucks  a 
berry  from  a  bunch  of  grapes  and  offers  it  to  Jesus,  who 
stands  in  her. lap  with  his  arms  around  her  neck.  St. 
Joseph,  with  an  ox  and  an  ass,  is  seen  in  the  background. 
(24)  Madonna  with  Saints :  a  painting  by  Titian,  sometimes 
called  the  Madonna  with  the  White  Lady,  in  the  museum 
at  Dresden.  The  Child  is  held  on  the  Virgin's  lap  by  St. 
John,  and  adored  by  SS.  Paul  and  Jerome  and  the  Mag- 
dalen. The  Magdalen  is  richly  robed  in  white  (whence  the 
popular  name  of  the  picture).  (25)  Madonna  with  St.  John 
the  Baptist  and  St.  Mark,  and  outside  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Mark  :  a  triptych  by  Fra  Angelico,  in  the  Ulfizi,  Jlorenee, 
one  of  his  most  adnjired  works.  The  Madonna  is  sur- 
rounded by  twelve  angels  playing  on  musical  instruments. 

(20)  Madonna  with  Angels  :  one  of  the  most  noted  paint- 
ings of  Sandro  Botticelli,  in  the  Uflizi,  Florence.  The  Vir- 
gin sits  writing,  attended  by  angels,  while  others  supjiort 
a  crown  over  her  head.  The  Child  hidds  a  pomegranate 
and  reaches  out  for  his  mothers  writing  hand.  (27)  Ma- 
donna with  Angels,  Apostles,  and  Saints:  a  noted  paint- 
ing by  Duceiodi  Buoninsegna  (end  of  VMh  centurj'),  in  the 
Duomo  at  Siena,  Italy.  It  is  the  chief  Sienese  painting  of 
its  lime,  somewhat  archaic  in  type.  (2s)  ]MadonnadelSacco 
('of  tlie  sack'):  a  fresco  by  Andrea  del  Sarlo(ir.25),  in  the 
Chiostrodei  Mortiof  Santissima  Annnnziata,  Florence.  It 
is  H  Holy  Family,  and  is  named  from  th<-  sack  iigainst 
which  Joseph  is  leaning  reading.  (2;')  .Madonna  del  Divino 
Amore  (*of  the  divine  love'):  a  ji:iinting  by  R:iph;iel.  in  the 
Mnseo  Nazionale.  Naples.  TIic  Virgin,  with  Iiands  elasfnd 
behind  tlie  Ctiild  jnessed  to  h<T  breast,  is  juaving.  Cliii^t 
bleSHesthejouthliilliaiitistwliile  holding  St.  Elizabeth  by 
iho  hand.  Joseph  is  walking  slowly  behind  the  grono. 
(;in)  Madonna  della  Sedia  or  Seggiola  (Jchair  '  or  'little 
chair'):  a  famous  painting  by  Ra])hael,  in  the  PltU  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  perhaps  the  nuister's  most  pojuilar  work. 
The  picture  is  circular.  "The  young  mother,  a  "beautiful 
peasant  girl,  sits  in  an  ann-chair  pressing  her  Child  to  her 
bosom  with  an  air  of  calm  happiness,  while  the  boy  St. 
John  stands  reverently  at  her  knee.  (;U)  Madonna  della 
Scodella  ('of  the  little  bowl ')  :  a  painting  by  Correggio,  in 
the  Pinacoteca  at  Parma,  Italy.  It  is  an  eiiisode  of  rest 
during  the  lliu'lit  into  Fgypt,  described  aa  a  painted  poem 
of  fannlyli:ipiiine.ss,  beautiful  In  light,  color,  and  thought, 
nnrl  with  accompaniment  of  Corregglo's  eharnilng  angels. 
(32)  Madonna  della  .Miserleordia  (*of  pity'),  the  \iigin  in- 
terceding for  the  people  of  Lucca:  n  beautiful  painting  by 
Fra  Bart(dommeo,  in  the  Palazzo  Pubblicoat  Luee;i,  Italy. 
Chrht  ajtpcars  above,  a  majestic  figure.  (:t3)  Madonnadel 
Cardellino  Cof  the  Ihistlellneh  *):  a  palutlng  by  Kaphael, 
in  the  rillzl,  Florence.  The  Virgin,  graceful  and  of  very 
sweet  expression,  sits  on  a  mossy  bank,  with  the  child 
Christ  and  St.  J«din  at  her  knee.  (:t4)  Madonna  ilel  Bal- 
dacchinoCof  the  canopy*):  a  painting  by  Rajdiael.  In  the 
OalleriaPltti.Horence.  The  Virgin  Isenthronedln  a  tlomed 
niche,  beneath  a  canopy  wlhme  draperies  lu-e  supported 
by  two  long-robed  angels.  The  Child  sits  stniling  on  her 
knee,  playing  with  his  toes.  Several  saints  are  In  atten- 
dance. (3f.)  A  painting  by  (Mnnibue  ( l'i7"),  In  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  Florence.  It  was  the  nmst  notalde  painting  of 
its  day,  and  wlieii  llniHltetl  was  borne  to  the  church  In  a 
popular  procession.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned,  with  (he 
Chiht  on  her  knee,  and  six  attenilant  luigels,  the  whole  on 
a  gold  ground.  Some  of  the  Byzantine  stltrnesn  and  eon- 
ventionality  retnalns.  but  in  expresi^fon  and  In  naturalness 
of  drapery  and  movement  the  jilcture  Justifies  the  admira- 
tion it  excited.  (;m)  Madonna  with  two  Angels  plavlng on 
musical  instrutneiits :  an  nlt:irptec<>  by  Giovimnl  Bellini, 
In  Santa  Marladel  Frarl  at  Venice.  Tlie  side  eompartnicnts 
contain  St.  Henedict  and  St.  Nicholas,  each  with  a  com- 
panion. (37)  Madonna  itf  Pesaro:  a  votive  picture  over  17 
feet  high,  by  Titian,  In  Sunta  Maria  del  l-Yart  at  Venice.  In 


Madrid 

technical  perfection  and  sjilendor  of  color  this  is  one  of 
Titian's  finest  paintings.  The  seated  Madonna,  holding 
the  Child  on  her  knee,  inclines  graciously  tow  ar<l  tlie  kneel- 
ing donor  of  the  ineture,  the  senator  Benedetto  Pesaro.  in 
presence  ofSt.  Francis,  St.  Anthony  of  Padua,  and  St.  Peter, 
and  of  other  dignitaries  of  the  I'esari.  i,38)  Madonna  of  the 
Green  Cushion  :  a  pidnting  by  Andrea  ."Milarioof  Milan,  in 
the  Ix)uvre,  Paris.  The  Virgin,herhe.ad  shrouded  in  while, 
is  suckling  the  child,  w  hu  lies  on  a  green  pillow.  The  land- 
scape background  is  pleasing,  and  the  color  verj- brilliant. 
(;i',t)  Mationna  del  Coniglio  (of  the  rabbit ') :  a  celebrated 
painting  by  Titi:m,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  TheVirgin  is 
seated  on  the  ground  with  her  hand  on  a  white  rabbit,  to 
the  delight  of  the  infant  Christ,  who  is  held  by  St.  Catharine. 
(40)  Mationna  della  Vittoiia  :  a  beautiful  pa'ititinc  by  Man- 
tegna.  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  TheVirgin.  holding  the'infant 
Christ,  sits  in  an  overarched  bower,  between  SS,  Michael 
and  Maurice  ;  In  front  are  St.  Elizabeth  with  St.  John,  and 
Franct'sco  Gon/jiga  of  Mantua,  kneeling,  over  whom  the 
Virgin  makes  a  gesture  of  blessing.  A  relief  of  the  Fail 
of  Man  appears  on  the  pedestal  of  the  Virgin's  throne.  (41) 
Aladonna  with  the  Diadem  :  a  j):unting  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Louvre.  Paris.  The  Virgin,  wearing  a  coronet,  kneels,  with 
the  boy  St.  John  beside  her,  and  lifts  the  covering  from 
the  sleeping  Chi!d.  (I2)Madorniaand  Child  with  St.  Anna  : 
one  of  the  finest  paintings  of  Leonardc*  da  Vinci,  in  the 
Lou\Te,  Paris.  The  Virgin  is  seated  in  St.  Anna's  lap,  and 
Rui)ports  the  Child,  who  is  playing  with  a  Iamb,  amid  a  (air 
laiidscai)e.  (43)  See  Orlt^aits  Madonna. 

Mador  (ma'dor),  Sir.  in  Arthurian  romance, 
a  Scottish  knifflit  slain  by  Sir  Lancelot  of  the 
Lake  on  account  of  his  attack  on  the  reputation 
nf  (iuinevere. 

Madou  (mii-do').  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Brus- 
sels. Jan.  26,  ITim  :  di.-.l  tfiore,  April  3. 1877.  A 
Belgian  genre-iiainter  ami  litho^apher.  He  pub- 
lished a  number  of  illustrated  works,  "Scenes  of  Society," 
"Picturesque  Views."  etc.,  from  1821-10.  Many  of  hlB 
pictures  are  humorous. 

Madoz  (mii-dotli'),  Pascual.  Born  at  Pam- 
plona, Spain,  May  17.  ISOO  :  died  tit  Genoa,  Dec. 
11,  1870.  A  Spanish  author  and  liberal  poli- 
tician. He  published  '*  Diccionario  geogrifioo, 
estadistico  ^  hislorico  de  Espaua"  (1848-50), 
etc. 

Mad  Parliament.    See  ParUamcui,  Mad. 

Madras  (ma-dras').  1.  A  governorship  and 
presidency  of  British  India,  comprising  the  east- 
ern or  Coi'omandel  coast,  a  larf^e  part  of  the  in- 
terior of  the  Deccan.  and  part  of  the  western 
or  Malabar  coast.  The  principal  mountains  are  the 
East  and  West  Ghats;  the  chief  rivers,  the  CJodavari,  Ka- 
veri,  and  Kistna.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture. 
Government  is  administered  by  a  governor  and  council. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Hindus,  This  province  wa» 
formed  from  the  states  of  the  Carnatic,  Tanjore,  parts  of 
Mysore,  ete.,  in  thelast  half  of  the  18th  century  and  the  be- 
ginning of  the  19th.  Are:i,  141,189  sttuare  miles.'  Popula- 
tion (1891),  35,6;i0,410. 

2.  The  capital  of  Madras,  situated  on  the  coast 
in  lat.  13°  4'  N.,  long.  80°  15'  K.  Its  commercial 
quarter  is  the  Hlack  Town.  Madras  is  the  third  in  imiH>r- 
tance  of  the  seaports  of  British  India  ;  exiM>rts  coffee,  cot- 
ton, et<;.;  and  is  the  seat  of  various  societies  and  educa- 
tional institutions.  It  was  founded  by  Francis  Day  of  the 
East  India  Company  in  10^9;  was  made  a  presidency  in 
lOfi^ ;  was  unsu^essfulty  attacked  by  the  natives  in  1702 
and  1741 :  was  captured  by  I^abourdonnais  in  174t),  and  re- 
stored to  the  British  in  174S ;  and  was  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged by  the  French  in  17&8-f>9.  Its  (exposed)  roads  are 
often  visited  by  hurricanes,  moat  disaslrvHisly  in  1872. 
Populiition(lS91>,  4fi2.518. 

Madrazo  (niii-Ti[ra'tli6\  Jos6  de.  Born  at  San- 
t:ui.i.-r.  Spain,  April  liS.  17sl ;  died  May  8, 1859. 
A  Spnnish  liistorieiil  and  portrait  |>ninter. 

Madrazo,  Raimimdo  de.  Bin-u  at  Kome,  July 
-4,  1S41.  A  ^cnre-  and  portrait-painter,  the 
son  and  puj)il  of  FederitMi  Madrazo.  Amonghis 
works  are'The  Entl  of  a  Masked  lijdl  "  (Is7S)."  Fete  dur- 
ing Carnival,"  "  Kl  .laleo.'  "  Pierrette"  (187^),  "La  S4.»u- 
brette  "  (l!sS2),  "The  Domino  "  (lss:iyjL-te. 

Madrazo  (mii-Turii'tho)  y  Kunt,  Federico. 

HornKeb.ll*.  lS15:tliedJunen.lSl>4.  A  Spanish 
Iiistorical  and  portrait  painter,  son  of  Jose  de 
Madrazo.  lie  studied  at  Paris  with  W  inlerhalter.  Ho 
was  court  painter  and  professor  nt  the  Madrid  Aendemy. 
He  founded,  with  (tcliua,  "  El  Artlsta,  '  an  art  Journal,  in 
ISHCt,  and  \\>ia  made  foreign  ass4>ciatet)f  tin  Beaux  Arl.><  in 
I87;t.  Among  his  works  are  "  Gotlef  roy  de  Bouillon  iin>- 
elaimed  King  t>f  Jerusalem  "  (is;i9),  "  Maria  Chriclina  as 
a  Nun,  etr.'"(lKi;t),  "The  Women  at  the  Sepulcher  "(IdJfi), 
and  many  jiortraits  of  noted  persons. 

Madre  de  Deusimii'dre  de  da'os).  Gaspar  da. 

Horn  at  Santos.  Sao  !*anbi,  1714:  died  in  Sao 
Paulo,  1S(H.  A  Urazilian  Henedietiiic  nionknnd 
Iiistorian.  He  Is  l>est  known  for  his  "Menioriiib  paran 
historia  da  CapUanfa  de  S.  Vicente;'  (llsbon,  1797;  Kio 
di'  .laneiro,  ls47),  a  work  of  great  historical  ^ulue. 
Madrid  ima-th-id';  Sp.  pron.  niii-TiireTU '). 
[Sp.  Madriii,  Ar.  Mtijrit.  ML.  Majoritum.']  1. 
A  province  in  New  I'astile.  S])ain.  Area.  'J.0i*7 
S(puire  miles.  Topidation  (1SS7),  (iSL',(J44. —  2. 
Theenpital  of  S|>ainaiiil  of  llio  |irovinee  of  Ma- 
drid,situnted  oTi  the  Mnnznnares  in  lat.40*>25' 
N..  h)nf^.  '.y^  42'  \V.  it  stands  on  a  plateau  2,160  feet 
above  sea-level,  nearlv  In  the  geographlciil  center  of  Spain. 
The  Church  of  San  Knuicisco.llnlshed  in  I7si.lsa  great  ro- 
tintda,  with  a  dome  \i\.\  feet  hlirh,  an  apse  and  three  domed 
ehapcls  radially  amuiped  i>n  each  side.  The  Interior  is  re- 
markable f<tr  Its  spiiclousnesR,  and  for  Itfl  profuse  deconit  Ion 
In  sculpt ure and  paintingby  modernmasterB.  The myal pal- 
ace, begun  In  1737,  1b  impoilng  from  lt«  great  size  and  U« 


Madrid 

fine  situation  on  a  lofty  terrace  above  the  river  Manza- 
nares.  The  royal  arraop'  is  a  uuitiue  collection  of  splen- 
did medieval  and  Renaissance  armor,  arms,  banners,  and 
trappings,  a  large  proportion  of  which  was  actually  used 
\>y  some  of  the  most  famous  personages  in  Spanish  history 
(Charles  V.,  Philip  II.,  Isabella  the  Catholic,  the  CJran  Capi- 
tan,  Pedro  the  Cruel,  Don  Jolm  of  Austria,  etc.).  The 
bronze  statue  of  Philip  IV.,  by  Montaiies  (19  feet  high), 
in  the  Plaza  del  Oriente,  cast  in  Florence  in  ltV40,  ranks 
as  one  of  the  finest  equestrian  statues  existing  :  the  horse 
prances,  with  no  support  but  his  own  hind  legs.  The 
Museo  del  Prado,  or  lloyal  Museum,  mnks  as  one  of  the 
great  galleries  of  paintings  of  the  world,  excelling,  more 
especially,  in  the  masterpieces  of  Miu-illo  and  Velasquez. 
Madrid  was  a  Moorish  outpost ;  was  taken  froni  the  Moore 
in  1083;  became  a  favorite  residence  of  Charles  V.,  and 
was  made  the  capital  by  Pliilip  11.  in  1560  :  was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1S08-13;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  vari- 
ous insurrections  (1868,  etc.).     Population  (IS'.'Tt,  .">li^.l.".o. 

Madrid,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.  of  France,  signed 
Jan.  14,  1.526.  Francis  was  released  from  captivity  in 
return  for  the  cession  of  Burgundy  and  other  concessions. 

Madridejos  (.ma-THre-THa'nos).  A  town  iu  the 
province  of  Toledo,  Spain,  37  miles  southeast 
of  Toledo.     Population  (1887),  6,578. 

Madrigal  de  las  Altas  Torres  (mad-re-gal'  da 
las  al'tiis  tor'ras).  A  small  place  neai'  Medina 
del  Campo,  Spain,  said  by  some  to  be  the  birth- 
place of  Isabella. 

Madura  (mii-db'ra).  An  island  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies,  north  of  Java,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Strait  of  Madura.  Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Madura.  1 .  A  district  in  Madras,  British  India, 
intersected  bv  lat.  10°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area, 
8,808  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  2,608,- 
404. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Madura, 
situated  on  the  Vaigai  in  lat.  9°  55'  N.,  long. 
78°  9'  E.  The  great  temple  here  was  built  for  the  most 
part  in  the  early  17th  century.  The  inclosure  forms  a  rec- 
tangle 7l'0  by  840  feet,  with  a  lofty  pyramidal  gopura  or 
pylon  in  the  middle  of  each  face.  The  choltry,  or  columned 
hall,  of  TirumuUa  Xayak  (about  1650),  built  to  receive  the 
chief  local  divinity  during  his  annual  visit  to  the  kins,  is 
333  feet  long  and  105  wide,  with  4  ranges  of  cruciform  piers, 
all  richly  sculptured,  and  presents  an  imposing  effect. 
The  piers  of  the  facade  exhibit  figures  in  the  round  of 
prancing  horses  resting  their  fore  feet  and  bodies  on  groups 
tif  soldiers  beneath  them.    Population  (1^91),  87,428. 

Madvig  (mad'vig),  Johan  Nicolai.  Born  at 
Svaneke,  Bornhoka.  Denmark,  Aug.  7,  1804: 
died  at  Copenhagen,  Dee.  13, 1886.  Aeelebrated 
Danish  philologist  and  statesman.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  Copenhagen,  at  first  (1829)  of  the  Latin  language 
and  literatiu-e,  and  later  of  classical  philology;  minister 
of  public  worship  1*48-51;  and  later  inspector  of  public 
instruction.  His  cliief  works  are  a  Latin  grammar  (1841), 
"Advers-ariacritica"  (1871-73),  "Die  Verfassung  und  Ver- 
widtung  des  roniischen  Staats"  (ISSI),  etc. 

Mad  World,  A,  my  Masters.  1.  A  dialogue 
by  Nicholas  Breton,  printed  in  1603. — 2.  A 
play  by  Middletou.  probably  produced  in  1606. 
It  was  printed  in  1608.  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  copied  it  in 
"The  City  Heiress,"  and  it  was  used  by  Charles  Johnson 
in  "Country  Lasses."  '> 

Mseander  (me-an'der).  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Mendere. 

Maeatae  (me-a'te).  A  warlike  tribe  in  the  south 
of  Scotland  and  north  of  England,  just  beyond 
the  Roman  wall. 

Maecenas  (me-se'nas),  Caius  Cilnius.  Died  8 
B.  c.  A  Roman  statesman  and  patron  of  litera- 
ture. He  was  descended  from  an  ancient  Etruscan  fam- 
ily, and  belonged  to  the  equestrian  order.  He  appeals  in 
40  as  the  agent  of  Octavianus  (afterward  emperor  under 
the  title  of  .\ugustus)  in  negoti,ating  a  marriage  with  Scri- 
bonia,  daughter  of  Libo,  the  father-in-law  of  Sextus  Pom- 
peius.  He  was  intrusted  with  the  administration  of  Rome 
during  the  absence  of  Octavianus  on  an  expedition  against 
Pompeius  in  36 ;  and  after  the  battle  of  Actium  in  31,  when 
Octavianus  made  himself  master  of  the  Roman  world, 
urged  him  to  establish  an  empire  instead  of  restoring  the 
republic.  He  remained,  with  Agrippa,  the  chief  adviser 
of  Augustus  down  to  16,  when  he  became  estranged  from 
his  master  and  retired  to  private  life.  He  was  the  friend 
and  patron  of  Horace  and  Vergil,  and  wrote  a  number  of 
works,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant, 

Maelar.     See  Miilar. 

Maelstrom  .(mal'strom).  A  celebrated  whirl- 
poolor  violent  current  in  the  -Arctic  Ocean,  near 
the  western  coast  of  Norway,  between  the  isl- 
ands Moskenaso  and  Varo,  formerly  supposed 
to  stickin  and  destroy  anythingtbat  u]>]iriia(ihed 
it  at  any  time,  but  now  known  not  to  be  danger- 
ous except  under  certain  conditions. 

Maeonla  (me-o'ni-ii).  The  ancient  name  of 
Lydia,  Asia  Minor. 

Maeonides  (me-on'i-dez).  [Gr.  Maiciwd/^f.]  A 
surname  of  Homer,  a  native  (according  to  one 
account)  of  Mteonia. 

Maeotis  Palus  (me-6'tis  pa'lus).  [G-r.  ^  Ma(u- 
Tii'Aifivri.'^  The  ancient  name  o£  the  Sea  of 
Azofif. 

Maerlant  (mar'lant),  Jacob  (de  Coster)  van. 

Born  probably  at  Maerlant,  on  the  island  of 
Voome  (date  unknown):  died  at  Damme,  near 
Bruges,  after  1291.  A  Flemish  poet.    He  was  ap- 


640 

parently  a  sacristan  in  Maerlant,  as  is  inferred  from  the 
title  "de  Coster"  given  him  in  one  of  his  works.  He  be- 
came, ultimately,  town  clerk  at  Damme,  where  he  died, 
and  where  a  statue  has  been  erected  to  him.  He  was  the 
founderof  the  didactic  school  of  poetry  in  the  Netherlands. 
His  pnncipal  work  is  the  long  poem  (after  a  Latin  original) 
"Spieghel  Ili<ti)riel  "("^Mirrorof  History"),  begun  in  1283 
and  left  uncompleted  at  his  death.  Among  his otlier  works 
are  the  romantic  poems  '"Troyen  "and  "  Alexander "  (after 
French  originals);  "Der  Xaturen  Bloeme"  ("Flowers  of 
Nature"),  "Heimelijkheid  der  Heimelijkheiden "  ("The 
Secret  of  .Secrets"),  "Rijmbijt)er'  ("Rime  Bible")— all 
after  Latin  origi  nals ;  a  strophic  dialogue, ' '  Wapene  Mai"- 
tijn";  and  the  poem  *•  Van  den  Lande  van  over  Zee"  ("Of 
the  Lands  over  the  Sea  "),  a  summons  to  the  Crusades.  He 
has  been  called  "the  father  of  Dutch  poets." 

Maestricht,  or  Maastricht  (miis'trieht),  6. 
Mastricht  (mas'trieht).  The  capital  of  the 
pro\'iuce  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Meuso,  in  lat.  50°  51'  N., 
long.  5°  42'  E. :  the  Roman  Trajectum  Superius, 
and  medieval  Trajectum  ad  Mosam.  it  has  flour- 
ishing manufactures  and  trade.  Formerly  it  was  a  very 
strong  forti-ess.  The  chief  attractions  are  the  old  church 
of  St.  Servatius,  and  in  the  vicinity  tlie  Petersberg  sand- 
stone quan'ies.  It  was  a  Roman  town,  and  later  frequently 
a  Frankish  royal  residence ;  was  afterward  held  by  the 
dukes  of  Brabant  and  bishops  of  Liege :  was  taken  by  Alex- 
ander of  Parma  in  1579,  by  Prince  Frederick  Henr>'  of 
Orange  in  16;i2,  by  the  French  in  1673  and  1748,  and  again 
by  the  French  under  Kl^ber  in  1794  ;  and  was  held  by  the 
Dutch  against  the  Belgians  in  1830.  Population  (1890), 
32,676. 

Maeterlinck(met'ej--lingk),Maurice(Mooris). 

Born  iu  1864.  A  noted  Belgian  poet.  Hewentto 
Paris  in  1886,  where  he  came  under  the  influence  of  \il- 
liers  de  I'lsle-.^dam.  Among  his  works  are  "Serres 
chaudes "  (poems),  the  dramas  " Les  aveugles,"  "La 
princesse  Maleine,"  "Les  sept  princesses,"  "L'Intruse," 
"  Pell^as  et  Melisande,"  "  La  quenouille  et  la  besace," 
"  Ti'ois  petits  drames  pour  mariounettes,"  and  various 
critical  uorks. 

Maeviad,  The.     See  Baviad. 

Maevius.     See  Burins. 

Mafeking  (maf 'e-king).  A  town  in  British  Be- 
chuanaland,  in  lat.  25°  51'  S.,  long.  23°  41'  E. 

Maffei  (maf-fa'e),  Francesco  Scipione,  Mar- 
quese  di.  Born  at  Verona.  Italy,  June  1,  1675: 
died  at  Verona,  Feb.  11, 1755.  An  Italian  poet, 
archfeologist,  and  litterateur.  Hewrote  the  tragedy 
"  Merope  "  (1713),  "  Verona  illustrata  "  (1731-32),  etc.  His 
complete  works  were  published  in  1790. 

Maffla,  or  Mafia  unii-fe'a).  A  formidable  se- 
cret society  iu  Sicily,  organized  for  the  pm-pose 
of  promoting  smugglingandprotectingitsmem- 
bers  against  the  police. 

Mafra  (ma'fra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Es- 
tremadura,  Portugal,  18  miles  northwest  of  Lis- 
bon. The  royal  palace,  founded  in  1717  in  emulation  of 
the  Escorial,  is  an  enormous  rectangle,  the  long  sides  mea- 
suring 770  feet,  and  contains  866  rooms,  the  finest  of  which 
is  the  great  library.  The  domed  church  is  well  propor- 
tioned and  incrusted  in  good  taste  with  colored  marbles. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Magadha,  or  Magada  (mag'a-da).  An  an- 
cient empire  in  India,  corresponding  generally 
to  the  modem  Behar  and  Ouilh.  Its  capital  was 
Pataliputra.   It  was  flourishing  about  300  B.  c. 

Magadoxq  (mag-a-dok's6  ;  Pg.  pron.ma-ga-do'- 
sho).  A  town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa, 
situated  in  lat.  2°  2'  N.,  long.  45°  25'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  4,000. 

Magalhaes  (ma-giil-phs'),  Benjamin  Con- 
stant Botelho  de,  generally  known  as  Ben- 
jamin Constant.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  1838 : 
died  there,  Jan.  22,  1891.  A  Brazilian  repub- 
lican, one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolution  of 
Nov.  15,  1889.  He  was  secretary  of  war,  and 
for  a  time  of  posts  and  telegraphs,  in  the  pro- 
visional government. 

Magalhaes,  Domingos  Jos6  Gongalves  de, 

Visconde  de  Araguaya.  Born  Aug.  13.  1811: 
died  July  10, 1882.  A  "Brazilian  poet  and  diplo- 
matist. He  is  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  romantic 
school  in  Brazilian  literature.  Of  his  numerous  poetical 
works  the  best  known  are  "  A  t^onfederatjilodosTamoyos," 
an  epic  (1S57),  "  Mysterios  "  (1858),  and  "  Urania  "  (1862). 

Magalhaes,  Femao.de.  [Sp.  Frrnando  de  Mo- 
gallancs ;  F.,  G.,  and  E.  generally  Ferdinand 
Magellan.']  Born  at  Saborosa,  Traz-os-Montes, 
Portugal,  about  1480 :  died  on  the  island  of  Mac- 
tan,  Philippines.  April  27, 1521.  The  discoverer 
of  the  Strait  of  Magellan  and  of  the  Philippine 
Islands.  He  served  with  the  Portuguese  in  the  East 
Indies  1505-12,  and  in  Morocco  in  1514.  He  complained 
that  his  services  were  not  properly  rewarded,  and  formally 
renounced  allegiance  to  Portugal  in  1517;  went  to  Spain  ; 
and.  in  conjunction  with  Ruy  F.aleiro,  another  Portuguese, 
offered  to  find  for  Spain  a  western  passage  to  the  Moluc- 
cas, maintaining  that  those  islands  were  outside  of  the 
hemisphere  which,  by  treaty,  had  been  assigned  to  Portu- 
gal for  conquest,  (^ee  Tordesiifias.)  Charles  V.  accepted 
the  plan,  and  fitted  oul  for  the  expedition  a  government 
squadron  of  5  ships  and  265  men.  At  first  ilagalhaes  and 
Faleiro  were  made  joint  commanders,  but  later  Faleiro 
was  separated  from  the  expedition,  and  Magalhaes  re- 
mained in  full  command.  The  squadron  sailed  from  San 
Lucar,  Sept.  2ii,  1519.  and  touched  at  Madeu-a.  Soon  after 
the  veedor,  or  iuspector,  Juan  de  Cartagena,  refused  to 


Magdalene  College 

obey  commands,  and  was  arrested.  Reaching  the  Bra- 
zilian coast,  they  stopped  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  Bay,  Dec.  13- 
26  ;  explored  Rio  de  la  Plata  Jan.  10-Feb.  7,  1520 ;  and  on 
MiU-ch  31  reached  the  port  of  San  Julian  on  the  Patago- 
nian  coast,  where  Magalhaes  decided  to  winter.  Three  o( 
the  captains,  with  their  ships'  crews,  joined  by  Juan  de 
Cartagena,  mutinied  against  this  order,  but  were  subdued, 
one  being  kdled  in  the  struggle  and  another  executed. 
Cartagena  and  a  priest  were  abandoned  on  the  coast.  One 
of  the  ships  was  lost  in  a  reconnaissance  southward  ;  and 
the  Spaniards  had  shght  encounters  with  the  Indians, 
whom  they  described  as  a  race  of  giants.  On  Oct.  21  the 
squadron  reached  the  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan 
(called  by  the  commander  Todos  los  Santos),  and  passed 
through  after  losing  another  ship, which  became  separated 
and  returned  to  Spain.  They  reached  the  Pacific  (so  called 
by  Magalhaes)  Nov.  28,  1520 ;  kept  at  first  to  the  north, 
then  northwest  and  west ;  discovered  a  few  islands,  among 
others  the  Ladrones;  suffered  greatly  from  bad  food  and 
water,  and  from  scm-vy  ;  and,  misinformed  of  the  position 
of  the  Moluccas,  kept  too  far  north,  discovering  the  Phil- 
ippines March  16.  1521.  The  King  of  Zebu,  one  of  the 
islands,  was  very  friendly  to  the  Spaniards,  made  a  foiiual 
act  of  allegiance  to  Spain,  and  was  baptized  with  several 
hundred  of  his  subjects  ;  but  in  an  attack  on  the  unfriendly 
natives  of  Mactan,  Magalhiies  was  killed  with  several  of 
his  men.  Soon  after  the  King  of  Zebu  revolted  and  mur- 
dered 27  Spaniards,  including  Serrano  and  Barboza  whom 
they  had  elected  captains.  The  survivors  burned  one  of 
their  vessels,  and  in  the  remaining  two,  after  various  wan- 
derings (in  which  they  discovered  Borneo  and  lost  more 
men),  reached  the  Moluccas.  There  they  loaded  with 
spices  ;  one  of  the  ships,  the  Trinidad,  attempted  to  reach 
Panama,  but  failed ;  and  the  Victoria,  with  18  men,  ar- 
rived in  Europe  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  thus  making 
the  first  voyage  around  the  worl(L  See  Cano,  Juan  Sebas- 
tian del. 

Magalhaes  de  Gandavo,  Pero  de.    See  Gan- 

d(iro. 
Magallanes  (ma-gal-ya'nes).  A  territory  of 
Chile,  comprising  the  region  south  of  about  lat. 
47°  S.,  the  coasts  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  an(i 
the  western  portion  of  Tierra  del  Fuego.  Ai-ea, 
75,292  square  miles.     Population  (1893),  3,283. 

Magallanes,  Fernando  de.    See  MagalhSet, 

Fcindii  (If. 

Magan  (ma-gan' ),  or  Makan  (ma-kan').  A  geo- 
graiihical  name  occurring  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions. Its  meaning  is  not  certain,  but  it 
probably  designated  the  Arabian  coast. 

Magarifios  Cervantes  (mii-ga-ren'yos  ther- 
viin'tes),  Alejandro.  Born  in  Montevideo, 
1826.  An  rrui,'uayaii  author.  He  has  published 
"E-itudios  histciricos  sobre  elEiodelaPlata,"  "La  Iglesia 
y  el  Estado,"  several  volumes  of  poems,  etc. 

Magdala  (mag'da-la).  [Gr.  MaySa>.d;  pi<efer- 
ably  Mayadav.]  In  biblical  geography,  a  town 
in  Palestine,  situated  on  the  western  shore  of 
the  Sea  of  Galilee :  the  modern  El-Mejdel.  The 
form  Magadan  is  preferable. 

Magdala  (mag-da'la).  A  stronghold  in  Abvs- 
sinia,  situated  in  lat.  11°  22'  N.,  long.  39°  25'"E. 
It  w!is  captured  in  1868  by  the  British  under  Sir  Robert 
Napier,  who  in  consequence  was  created  Baron  Napier  of 
Slagdala. 

Magdalen  (mag'da-len).     See  Mary  Magdalen. 

.\mong  the  numerouspaintingsof  this  subjectthefollowing 
are  notable.  (1)  A  painting  by  Correggio.  in  the  museum  at 
Dresden.  The  Slagdalen  lies  on  the  ground  amid  a  thickly 
wooded  landscape,  supporting  her  head  on  one  elbow  and 
reading  intently.  Herlorm  is  wrapped  in  dark-blue  drapery, 
whichleavesthe  bustand  feetb.are.  (2)  .\  picture  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  by  some  considered  his  masterpiece,  in  the  Pina- 
coteca  at  Tm-in.  Mai-y  is  portrayed  anointing  the  Saviour's 
feet.  (3)  A  painting  by  Tintoret.  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Roc- 
co  at  Venice.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  wild-landscape  back- 
ground,  full  of  stormy  light  and  fantastic  with  tangled 
laurel.  The  figure  of  the  Magdalen  is  small  (4)  A  paint- 
ing by  Titian  (familiar  in  reproductions),  in  the  PittiGallery, 
Florence.  It  is  the  picture  of  a  beautiful  woman,  her  un- 
draped  shoulders  and  bust  enveloped  in  her  rich  golden 
hair,  and  with  uplifted,  teai-ful  face  and  eyes.  (5)  A  paint- 
ing by  Titian  (about  1561),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St 
Petersburg.  The  figure,  seen  half-length,  is  lightly  draped, 
the  partly  exposed  neck  and  breast  are  veiled  by  the  flow- 
ing  hair.  The  skull  and  open  book  are  introduced  as  at- 
tributes. (0)  Death  of  the  Magdalen  :  a  celebrated  paint- 
ing by  Rubens,  in  the  musee  at  Lille,  France. 

Magdalena  (mag-da-la'na).  The  chief  river  of 
Colombia.  It  fiows  by  a  delta  into  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
about  lat.  11°  N.  Itschief  tributary  is  the  Cauca.  Length, 
about  1,050  miles ;  navigable  to  the  vicinity  of  Honda(620 
miles). 

Magdalena.  A  department  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  bordering 
on  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north  and  on  Vene- 
zuela on  the  east.  Capital,  Santa  Marta.  Area 
(including  the  peninsula  of  Goajira),  about 
27.900  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  about 
140.000. 

Magdalen  (ma"'da-lenormad'lin)  College:  in 
full  St.  Mary  Magdalen  College.  A  college 
of  Oxford  University,  founded  in  1457  by  Bishop 
WajTlflete.  The  charter  was  issued  in  1458,  and  the 
foundation-stone  was  laid  May  5, 1474.  The  most  notable 
feature  of  the  college  is  a  tower  of  singular  beauty. 

Magdalene  (mag'da-len)  College.    A  college 

of  Cambridge  University,  England,  founded  in 
1519.  The  Pepysian  Building  in  the  second  court  con- 
tains Pepys's  library,  the  MS.  of  his  "Diary,"  and  many 
other  literary  treasures  and  curiosities. 


Magdalene  College 

•I'hir  College  ol  .SI.  Mary  Magilulcm;  ..rifiiiated  in  two 
raesfiuasos  gnintcU  by  Uuiiry  VI.  in  14;:s  tu  the  Benedic- 
tine House  of  Croy  land  fortheconvenienieuf  those  monks 
who  wished  to  study  at  CamljriilKe.  Out  of  these  mes- 
suages, or  on  theii'  site,  a  house  w:us  i,'radnally  constructed 
for  the  general  use  of  the  Bencdicli  r;  Order,  '■  different 
monasteries  linildim;  ditferent  portions;  thus  Ely  built 
one  chamber,  W  aldeii  a  second,  Ramsey  a  third,"  says  Ur. 
Caius  ;  and  so  late  as  1777 Cole  saw  the  arms  of  Ely  in  the 
spandrels  of  the  door  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  court. 
Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  21u, 

Magdalen  fmaK'ila-lcn)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  the  (iulf  of  8t.  Lawrence,  bo- 
loiiKiiit;  to  (^ueliee,  Canada,  situated  northeast 
of  I'riijce  Edward  Island.  The  chief  oecmia- 
tioii  is  fisliiiig.     Population,  about  3,000. 

Magdeburg  ( miip'de-boro).  The  capital  of  tlie 
province  of  Sa.xonv,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  in  lat.  52°  8'"N.,  long.  11°  39'  E.  It  con- 
sists of  the  city  jiroper  and  four  suburbs,  and  U  a  power- 
ful fortress.  It  is  the  center  of  the  German  suiiar  trade : 
is  one  of  lheleadi?igconnaercial  centers  in  Germany;  and 
has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  tobacco,  spii-its,  chicory, 
etc.  The  cathedral,  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  with 
later  to«  ere,  measures  SiK)  by  105  feet :  height  of  the  spire 
of  the  north  tower,  :i.i7  feet.  The  clioir  and  radiating  chapels 
recall  in  style  the  l^Yench  lUiinanesque:  the  western  por- 
tions are  Pointed.  The  sculptured  west  portal  is  magnili- 
cent.  There  are  choir-stalls  of  the  14th  century,  and  many 
beautiful  tombs,  especially  that  of  Archbishop  Ernst  by 
the  noted  Vischer,  with  figures  of  the  twelve  apostles. 
Magdeburg  was  founded  in  the  9th  century.  A  Benedic- 
tine monastery  was  established  there  by  Otto  the  Great. 
It  became  an  archbishopric  about  9t;7,  and  was  an  impor- 
tant Ilanseatirtown.  The  Refonnation  wasintroduteilin 
1;V24.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  .Maurice  of  Saxony  in 
l.'i;ii)-.')l ;  resisted  Wallenstein  in  1629;  was  stormed  and 
^acKed  by  Tilly  in  IKil  (with  the  massacre,  it  is  sail,  of 
30,0.10  pei-sons);  was  governed  after  the  Reformation  by 
archbishi>ps  and  adnjinistrators;  was  secularized  in  16'8  ; 
was  annexed  to  Brandenburg  in  1C80 ;  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  ISOfi ;  and  was  restored  to  Prussia  in  1814.  Pop- 
ulation iliioO).  ■i-i:\.f>t\:i. 

Magdeburg,  Centuries  of.  An  ecclesiastical 
history  of  the  first  1,300  years  of  the  Christian 
era.  in  which  the  records  of  each  centiu-y  oc- 
cupy a  volume.  It  was  compiled  by  a  number  of  lYot- 
estants  at  Magdeburg,  and  was  published  at  Basel  1.500- 
15T4. 

Magellan  (ma-jel'an),  Ferdinand,  See  Mapal- 

lidcs,  Firiiao  ilr. 

Magellan  ( ma-jel'an), Strait  of.  Asea  passage 
separating  the  raaiuUmd  of  {South  America  from 
the  grou]!  of  Tieira  del  Fuego,  and  connecting 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  <  iceans.  Length,  over 
300  miles.     Sec-  Matjiilliai a,  Fcrnao  dc. 

Magellan's  Sea.     See  Mar  A/'j-^-alianico. 

Magendie  (mii-zhoi'i-de'),  FranQois.    Born  at 

Bordeau.x,  France,  Oct.  1.5, 1783:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  7.  1S,')5.  A  French  physiologist,  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  College  do  France,  especially 
noted  for  e-\])eriments  on  the  i>hysiology  of  the 
nerves.  Among  his  works  are  "Precis  ^l^mentaire  de 
physiologic"  (isni),  "Le^-ons  sur  les  phdnomfenes  phy- 
siques de  la  vie"  (ls;j.'>-38),  "Ee^tonsaurlesfonctionsetles 
maladies  du  systcrnc  uerveux"  (1830). 
■Magenta  (mii-jen'tii).  A  small  place  near  the 
river  Tiiiiio  in  Ijombardj',  Italy,  about  15  miles 
west  of  Milan.  Hero,  June  -1,  1869,  a  notable  victory 
was  won  by  the  allied  French  and  Sardinians  (.'i.'>,OtX)  ?)  over 
the  Austrians  (76,1  Hjn?)  under  Gyulai.  The  emperor  Nai)o- 
leon  III.  was  nominally  in  command  of  the  allies.  luit  the 
chief  credit  belonged  to  .MacMahon,  who  was  afterward 
created  duke  of  Magenta.  The  loss  of  the  victors  was 
4,00(1 ;  that  of  the  .\n8trians,  lo.ooo.  besides  prisoners.  The 
battle  led  to  the  occupation  of  Milan. 

Magenta,  Due  de.    See  Maryfaimn. 

Magero  dnii'i,'!- iv).     The  island  of  Norway  on 

which  the  Xorlh  Cape  is  situated. 
Maggia   (mild'jil),  Valle.      An    Alpine   valley 

in  the  cant<in  of  Ticiim,  Switzerland,  north  of 

Lago  Maggiore. 

Maggiore  (miid-jo're),  Lago,  V.  Lac  Majeur. 

[It.,  ' greater  laUe.']  One  of  the  chief  lakos  of 
nortlii'i'ii  Italy,  situ.'ited  on  the  l)order  of  Italy 
and  llie  canton  of  Ticino  in  Switzerland:  the 
Roman  Lacus  Vei'bauus.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Ticino;  (ithcr  tributaries  are  the  Kosa  and  Maggi.a.  It 
contains  the  IS<ii  romean  Islands,  and  is  famous  for  pictu- 
resque scenery.  On  its  banks  are  Euino.  Locarno,  Intra. 
Pullanza,  etc.  Its  nortbeni  part  is  called  the  Lake  of  Lo- 
carno.   Height  above  sea-level,  (M.'i  feet.    Length,  ;t7  miles. 

Maghiana  (mii-ge-il'iiii).  The  capital  of  tin- 
ilislrict  of  .Iliam;,  Panjab,  British  India,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  31°  Hi' N.,  long. 72°  21' E.  Pop- 
ulation, about  lO.OdO. 

Maghreb  ( Tuiig-reb' ).  An  Arabic  word  for '  sun- 
set'  and  '  west,' a])plied  Ijy  Arabs  to  Morocco 
andloall  northwestern  Africa  and  S])aiu.  Com- 
))are  .Iriihir. 

Magi  (mu'ji).  [L.,  from  Or.  May,,,.-]  1.  The 
members  of  the  learned  ami  jiriestly  caste  in 
ancient  Persia,  who  hail  ollicinl  (duirge  of  the 
sacred  rites,  practised  inler])ri'la1  ion  of  dreams, 
professed  sui>erMnt ural  arts,  and  were  distin- 
guished ))y  ])ec\diarities  of  dress  and  insignia. 
Their  origin  may  be  traced  to  the  Akkadians,  tlic  earliest 

1.-41 


641 

settlers  of  the  lower  Euphrates  valley.  The  first  biblical 
lelerence  to  the  Magi  occurs  in  Jer.  xxxix.  3,  13,  where  a 
Babylonian  rali-niag,  nr  cliief  of  the  Magi,  is  mentioned 
ill  connection  with  the  siege,  capture,  and  rule  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

2.  The  "  wise  men  "  who,  according  to  the  Gos- 
jiel  of  Matthew  (ii.  1,  2),  came  from  the  East  to 
Jerusalem  to  do  homage  to  the  new-born  King 
of  the  Jews.  A  Iraditionas  old  asthe2d  century(resl- 
ing  on  Ps.  Ixxii.  10,  Is;u  xlix.  7)  makes  them  king.s,  and  at 
a  later  period  tlie  names  Melchinr,  kaspar,  and  Balthasar 
became  attached  to  them.  As  the  Urst  of  the  pagans  to 
whom  the  birth  of  the  ilessiah  was  announced,  they  are 
honored  at  the  feastof  the  Epiphany  :  in  the  calendar,  how- 
ever, tlie  three  days  immediately  following  the  first  of  the 
newyearare  called  after  them.  In  works  of  art  the  young- 
est  of  them  is  n^presented  as  a  Moor. 

Magians  (ma'.ji-auz).     See  Magi,  1. 

Magic  Flute,  Tie.    See  Zauberflote. 

Maginn  (ma-gin'),  William.  Bom  at  Cork, 
.July  ] 0,171)3:  died  at  Walton-on-Thames,  Aug. 
21,  "lS4l!.  An  Irish  author.  Hegiaduated(B.  A.)at 
Trinity  College,  Dulilin,  in  1811 ;  condticteil  a  private  school 
atCork  1813-23  ;  and  founded  "  Fraser's  Magazine  "  in  l&'io. 
Uc  is  known  chietly  as  the  author  of  "The  City  of  Demons" 
and  "  Bob  Burke's  Uuel  with  Ensign  Brady."  His  "  Slis- 
cellanies"  were  edited  by  Dr.  Shelton  .Mackenzie  18.^f>-.'J7. 

Magister  Sententiarum.    [L.,  'master  of  sen- 

tfucos.']     See  lUml:  iif  S(  ntnices. 

Magliabechi  (miil-vii-bek'e),  Antonio.    Born 

at  Floi-once,  Oct.,  I(i.'i3:  died  July  i,  1714.  .\n 
Italian  bibliophile.  He  was  for  many  years  lilnaiian 
of  Cosmo  III.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  ;  and  was  famous 
for  his  vast  and  varied  knowledge  of  languages  anil  anti- 
quities. He  lieqneathedto  thegrandduke  a  valuablecol- 
Icction  of  manuscriptsand  early  editions,  which  now  forms 
part  of  the  Biljlii.tcca  Na/ionale  at  Florence. 

Magna  Charta,  or  Magna  Carta  ( mag'nji  kiir'- 

tii).  Tlie  great  charter  of  the  lilicrties  (Magna 
Charta  Libei-tatnni)  of  England,  granted  and 
sealed  by  King  John  in  a  conference  between 
him  and  his  barons  at  Eimu3mede,  June  !■"), 
1215.  Its  most  important  articles  are  those  which  pro- 
vide that  no  freeman  shall  be  taken,  or  imprisoned,  or 
proceeded  aualnst,  except  by  the  lawful  judgment  of  his 
peers  or  In  nccoidame  wlt^  t^.e  iS'.T  of  the  land,  and  that 
no  scutage  or  aid  shall  be  imposed  in  the  kingdom  (.except 
certain  feudal  dues  from  tenants  of  the  crown),  unless  by 
the  connnon  council  of  the  kingdom.  The  remaining  and 
greater  jiart  of  the  charter  is  directed  against  abuses  of 
the  king's j)owcr  as  feudal  superior.  The  cliarter  granted 
by  Henry  III.  is  only  a  confirmation  of  that  of  his  father, 
King  .Tonn. 
Magna  Graecia  (mag'nii  gre'shiii).  [L.,  'gi'eat 
<  ireece.'J  In  ancient  geography,  thenamegiven 
lotheiiartof  southern  It  a  lyeolonized  by  Greeks. 
Among  the  leading  cities  were  Cuma;,  Crotona,  Sybaris, 
MetaiMmtnm,  Locri,  Rbegium,  Tarentuni,  Thnrii,  Hera- 
clea.  and  Nea]>oli8.  Its  most  Hourishing  period  was  the 
7th  and  Gth  centuries  a.  r, 

Magnalia    Christi    Americana.     [L.,  'tlu' 

mighty  works  of  (Jhrist  in  America.']  An  ec- 
clesiastical historv  of  Now  England,  by  Cotton 
Mallier,  imblisheii  in  170^  (new  ed.  IS.'iS). 

Magnan  (miin-von'),  Bernard  Pierre.    Born 

at  Paris,  Dec.  7,  17tll:  died  at  Paris,  May  29, 
186.5.  A  French  marshal.  He  repressed  the  insur- 
rection in  Lyons  in  1849,  and  aided  in  the  coup  d'6tat  of 

is.nl, 

Magnano  (miin-ya'no).  A  place  in  northern 
1 1  a  ly,  2(>  miles  west  of  Parma.  Here,  April  6, 1799, 
the  Austrians  under  Kray  defeated  the  French  under 
Scherer. 

Magnentius  (niag-nen'shius).  Died  3.53  A.  1). 
K'oiiiaii  eniporor  3.'i0-3;">3.  He  murdered  Constans 
and  UHiiri)ed  the  western  j)rovinces  of  the  empire  in  30U, 
but  was  defeated  by  Constantius  at  Mursa  in  S61,  and 
committed  suicide  to  avoid  capture  in  3.''>3. 

Magnesia  (mag-ne'shiii).  [(ir.  Mnyviicin.']  In 
.iiiriont  geography,  the  easternmost  district  of 
Thessaly,  Ureece,  Inu'deriiig  on  the  JOgean  Sea 
and  the  Pagasean  (iulf.  It  is  suiiimsed  that  nmg- 
netlcore  was  first  found  here,  and  that  from  this  the  word 
iitdiiait  is  derived. 

Magnesia.  1.  In  ancient  geograjihy,  a  city  in 
Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  14  miles  southeast  of  Ephe- 
sus:  often  called  Magnesia  ad  J[n>andrum.  Tlio 
temple  of  Artemis  LeiK-ophryne,  hu|-e.  is  one  of  the  most 
magidllcentof  ancient  nuinunieiits,  rebuilt  about  ijoo  n.  r. 
as  an  Ionic  iisendodijiteros  of  8  by  I.'i  coltunnH,  measuring 
100  by  18(1  feet.  'Ihe  cella  had  jironaos  and  o|ilslhodoni"M 
with  2  columns  in  ant  is.  The  frieze,  now  in  the  I/iuvre, 
bears  reliefs  of  combats  Iietweeu  (Jreeks  ami  AnnizoiiH. 
Tlie  temple  stood  in  a  splendid  peribolos  surrounded  by 
Doiic  porticos.  There  are  also  remains  of  a  Ihcati-r  of 
the  4tli  century  ii.  e.,  with  later  mollifications,  and  of  a 
large  stadiinn. 

2.  A  city  in  Lydia,  .\sia  Minor,  situated  on  the 
llermus"20  miles  nm-tlieast  of  Suiyrmi:  often 
called  Magnesia  ad  Sijiylum:  the  niodeni  Ma- 
li issa  (wliieh  see).    Her.-.  I9ii  H.  c.  the  Komans  Under 

Siljilo  Asialicns  ilele;lleil    \lilloilnis  Ibc  Great. 

Magnetick  Lady,  The,  or  Humours  Recon- 
ciled. A  eoinedy  by  i'.iii  .lonsiin.  Il  was  li- 
censed rnul  acted  in  iti32,  luit  not  publislied  till 

i(;4o. 

Magnificat  (mag-nif'i-kat).  \li.  maqnificat ;  as 
used  iu  the  Vulgate,  Luke  i.  46,  "Magnificat 


Maguana 

anima  mea  Domimim."]  The  song  or  hymn  of 
tlie  Virgin  Mary  iu  Luke  i.  4(>-.5.5,  beginning 
"  My  soul  <loth  magnify  the  Lonl."  It  isver>  sim- 
ilar to  the  song  of  llaunah*(sam.  ii.  1-10).  whicli  has  ac- 
cordingly been  called  the  Old  Testament  ^lagnitlcat  llie 
Magnificat  was  in  use  iu  the  hours  or  daily  service  of  the 
Christ  iun  church  as  early  as  about  5  0  x.  p.  In  the  Greek 
church  it  is  called  the  Ude  of  the  ThecAocos.  It  was  at 
first  niiiitted  from  the  American  Prayer-book,  but  was  re- 
sloreii  ill  1880. 

Magnin  (mUu-yan'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
iN'ov.  4,  1793:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1862.  A 
French  di-amatic  critic.  He  wrote  "  Les  engines  du 
thi'atre  en  Europe"  (1838X  "  Histoire  Ues  Marionettes" 

(l.s.VJ),  etc. 

Magnus  (mag'nus)  I.,  surnamed  "The  Good." 
King  of  Norway  1035-47,  and  of  Denmark  1043- 

1047,  son  of  St.  Olaf. 

Magnus  III.,  sumamed  "  Barf od  "  ( •  Barefoot '). 
Died  Aug.  24, 1103.  King  of  Noi-way  1093-1103. 
He  conquered  the  Orkneys  and  the  Hebrides,  and  was 
kilb-il  liefore  Dublin  during  an  iinasion  of  Ijehiiid. 

Magnus  VII.,  surnanud  "Lagabo'ter"  ('Re- 
former of  the  Laws').  Died  May  9, 1280.  King  of 
Norway  1262-80.  He  collected  and  published 
a  new  code  of  laws. 

Magnus  II.,  sumamed  "  Smek."  Born  in  1316 : 
■  liidatsca,  Dec.  1,  1374.  King  of  Sweden  131"- 
13(13.  Ho  was  deposed  by  the  nobles,  who  ele- 
vated All^ert  of  Meeklenbiug. 

Magnus  (miig'nijs),  Eduard.  Boi-n  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  7,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  8,  1872.  A 
German  portrait-painter  and  writer  on  art. 

Magnus,  Heinricn  Gustav.  Born  at  Berlin, 
-May  2,  lsii2:  died  ;it  Berliu,  April  4,  1870.  A 
noted  German  chemist  and  physicist,  professor 
of  physical  teclinol..gy  at  Berlin  1834-69.  He 
publisfied  in  Poggeiidoiil  s"-' Annalen,"  and  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences,  a  number  of  im- 
portant papers  on  chemistry  and  physical  topics. 

Magnusen,orMagnussen(mag'nos-sen),Finn. 

Born  at  Skalholt,  Iceland.  Aug.  27, 1781  :  died  at 
Copenhagen,  Dee.  24,  1847.  A  noted  Icelandic 
arcliiPologist,  appointed  professor  at  Copenha- 
gen in  1815.  Uc  was  the  author  of  important  works  on 
tlie  elder  Edda,  and  on  Norse  mytholog) ,  literature,  and 
aniiiinities. 

Magnusson  (miig'nos-son), Arne  or Arni.  [L. 
.l/«o»cf«.s'.]  Born  in  Iceland,  1GG3:  died  at  Co- 
penhagen, Jan.,  1730.  A  noted  Icelandic  his- 
torian and  archieologist.  He  became  secretary  of 
the  royal  archives  iu  l(i97,  and  professor  of  history  and 
Danish  antiquities  at  the  I  niversity  of  Copenhagen  m 
1713.  He  made  a  notable  collection  of  Icelandic  manu- 
scripts. 

Magny  (miin-ye'),  Oli'yier  de.  Borti  at  Caiiors : 
died  about  15()0.  A  French  poet,  author  of 
•'Les  amours"  (1553),  "Les  gayeti^s"  (15,54), 
"Les  soupirs"  (1557),  and  "Les  odes"  (15.59). 

MagO  (ma'go).  A  Carthaginian  general  of  the 
6th  century  B.  C,  the  reputed  organizer  of  the 
military  system  of  Carthage. 

MagO.  A  Carthaginian  naval  commanderof  the 
Itli  century  B.  c,  distinguished  in  the  wars 
with  Ihe  Syracusans  39t>-392,  and  later  suffete 
or  king  of  Carthage. 

MagO.  The  c<miiiiander  of  the  Carthaginian 
forces  in  Sicily  343  B.  c.  the  ally  of  Hicetas  in 
his  struggle  wiih  Timoleon.  His  conduct  of  the 
campaign  was  marked  by  cowardice,  and  on  his  return  to 
Ca'thage  he  comntitted  suicide. 

MagO.  Died  203  B.  c.  (about  193  B.  c.  t).  A 
Carthaginian  general,  younger  brother  of  Han- 
nibal. He  accompanied  his  bi-other  toltaly*218  II.  c.,  sup- 
ported Hasdrubal  in  .'^pain  216  a.  c,  and  was  defeated  by 
Scipio  at  .Silpla  200  11.  c. 

Magog.     See  the  extract,  and  Gog. 

For  an  explanation  of  .Magopwe  must  go  to  the  prophet 
Ezekiel.  lie  tells  us  (xxxviii.  2)  that  -Magog  was  the  land 
of  (lOg,  "  the  chief  prince  "  of  Tubal  ami  .Meshech.  i;og 
is  thu  tiugu  of  (he  yVssyrian  inscriptions,  the  (iygesof  Ihe 
(ireeks:  and  in  Magog,  therefore,  we  nuist  see  a  title  of 
Lydia.  The  name  is  evidently  a  compound  of  that  ofOog; 
perhaps  it  represents  tlio  Assyrian  Mat  Uugi,  or  '  country 
of  tJugiL*  Uttifce,  Raccii  of  tlie  O.  T.,  p.  ib. 

Magoon(ma-gon'),Elias  Lyman.  Born  at  L.i> 

anon,  N.  it.,  Oct.  2D.  l.Slo  :  diiil  at  Philadel- 
phia, ^ov. 25,1886.  An  -\merican  Haptist  clergy- 
man iind  wiitir.  His  works  iuclndc  "(batorsof  tl  c 
.American  Kevolution  "  (ISIS),  "  Kepiibliean  Clirisllanily  ' 
(ISl'.l),  elc. 

Magruder  (ma-gro'd('>r),  John  Bankhead.  Horn 

in  Winchester,  Va..  Aug.  15,  ]S10;  diedal  Hous- 
ton, Texas.  Pel).  19,  1871.  .-Xii  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confcilerate  service.  He  urailuat<d  at 
West  Point  In  is:*);  serveil  In  Ihe  Mexican  war  I8J0-47  ; 
SCI  veil  as  a  major  uein  rnl  at  ibe  battle  ol  .Mnlvoni  lllll, 
July  1,  lSi;2  ;  and  was  apiiointed  cominiinder  of  the  Dcparl- 
ment  of  leviis,  Oct.  in.  1M.2  He  allerward  served  under 
the  em|>eror  Maximilian  uf  .Mexii  o. 
Maguana  (mii-gwii' nil).  A  region  or  "province" 
in  Ihe  soulliweslern  |mrt  of  the  island  of  Haiti 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest.  Its  principal 
cacique  was  Caouubo. 


Maguelonne 

Maguelonne  (mSg-lon').  A  former  seaport 
on  tlie  Mediterranean,  about  10  miles  south  of 
llontpellier,  France,  it  was  built  liy  the  I'hocieans, 
and  destroyed  by  Charles  Martel  737.  and  Bnally  by  Louis 
Xm.  1633.    There  is  a  ruined  cathedral  on  the  site. 

Magui.     See  Tiisaiiaii. 

Maguindanao.     See  Mhidanno. 

Maguire  (ma-gwU-'),  John  Francis.    Bom  at 

Cork,  Ireland,  1815:  died  at  Cork,  Nov.  1.  1872. 
An  Irish  journalist  and  author.  He  published 
'■  The  Pontificate o(  Pius  IX."  (1S70),  "The  Irish  in  .Amer- 
ica ■■  (1868),  etc. 

Magyar  (mo'dyor),Laszl6.  BomatMaria-The- 
resiopol,  Austria-Hungary,  1817:  died,  at  Cuio. 
nearBenguella,  West  Afnea,  Nov.  9,  1864.  An 
Atrican  traveler.  After  many  voyages  as  officer  and 
captain  of  Austrian  and  American  ships,  he  went  to  Bra- 
zil (1844).  and  thence  to  the  Kongo  and  Angola  (1847-48). 
settling  in  Bihe.  He  visited  the  .Muata  \'amvo  in  IS.W  and 
the  Kunene  Kiver  in  1S52  ;  then  entered  the  Portuguese 
service  and  founded  a  settlement  at  Lucira  Bay.  Only  the 
first  volume  of  his  "  Reisen  in  Siidafrika,  1849-57,"  has 
been  published  (1859). 

Magyars  (mo'dj'orz).  [Hung.,  from  Turk,  iiia- 
.i(ir.]  The  members  of  a  race,  of  the  Finno- 
Ugrian  stock,  which  invaded  Hungary  about 
the  end  of  the  9th  century,  and  settled  there, 
where  it  still  forms  the  predominant  element 
of  the  population.     See  Hmujarij. 

Mahabaleshwar  (ma-ha-ba-lesh-vrur').  A 
health-resort  in  Bombay,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Western  Ghats  about  lat.  17°  57'  N., 
long.  73°  40'  E. 

Mahabharata  (ma-ha-bha'ra-ta).  [^Maluihlid- 
rata-dklii/diia,  great  Bharata  story;  or,  more 
briefly,  ilahabliarata.']  The  name  of  one  of  the 
two  great  epics  of  ancient  India,  the  other  being 
the  Ramayana.  it  contains  over  lOO.duo  distichs,  di- 
vided into  18  parvans  (' knots  '  or  'joints,*  and  then  'sec- 
tions,' •  chapters ').  It  is  about  eight  times  as  large  as  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  together.  The  tales  originally  compos- 
ing it  were  probably  first  circulated  in  prose,  and  put  later 
into  metrical  form.  They  may  have  existed  several  cen- 
turies before  our  era,  but  there  is  no  satisfactoiy  evidence 
as  to  their  date.  Xeither  is  there  better  as  to  their  au- 
thors. They  are  ascribed  to  Vyasa,  "  the  arranger, "  called 
also  Krishna  Dvaipayana ;  but  as  the  same  Vyasa  is  the 
reputed  compiler  of  the  Vedas,  Puranas,  and  otherworks, 
no  historical  value  can  be  attached  to  the  detail.  Scarcely 
a  fourth  of  the  poem  is  taken  up  by  the  main  narrative. 
The  rest  consists  of  inserted  episodes  and  diverse  accre- 
tions, which  are,  aside  from  minor  additions,  either  nar- 
ratives of  the  ancient  or  mythical  history  of  India,  the- 
ogony  and  cosmogony,  or  didactic  and  dogmatic  matter. 
To  the  first  class  belong  the  episodes  of  Nala  and  Shakun- 
tata,  to  the  third  the  Bhagavadgita.  Thus  through  con- 
stant accretion  the  Mahabharata  became  a  sort  of  encyclo- 
pedia of  India,  intended  by  the  Brabmauic  authors  for 
the  Kshatriya  or  militai-y  caste.  Krishna  Dvaipayana  is 
said  to  have  taught  the  poem  to  his  pupil  Vaishampayana. 
who  recited  it  at  a  festival  before  King  Janamejaya.  The 
leading  subject  is  the  great  war  between  the  Kauravas 
and  the  Pandavas,  who  were  descendants  through  Bharata 
from  Puru,  the  ancestor  of  one  branch  of  the  lunar  race. 
The  follomng  is  a  brief  summary  of  the  main  story  :  The 
two  brothers  Dhritarashtra  and  Pandu  were  brought  up  in 
their  royal  home  atHastinapura,  about  60  miles  northeast 
of  Delhi.  Dhritarashtra,  the  elder,  being  blind,  Pandu  be- 
came king  Pandu  had  5  sons  —  Yudhishthira,  Bhim.a,  and 
Arjuna  by  Kunti,  and  Nakula  and  .Sahadevrf  by  Madri. 
These  are  called  the  Pandavas.  and  are  types  of  heroic  ex- 
cellence. Dhritarashtra  had  100  sons,  of  whom  the  chief 
was  Duryodhana.  These  are  called  the  Kauravas,  and  are 
represented  as  altogether  bad.  After  Pandu's  death  the 
Pandavas  were  brought  up  with  the  Kauravas  by  Dhrita- 
rashtra, who  made  his  nephew  Yudhishthira  heir  appa- 
rent. Yudhishthira's  exploits  having  excited  the  ill  will  of 
the  Kauravas,  the  Pandavas  went  to  the  King  of  Panchala, 
whose  daughter  Draupadi  became  their  common  wife. 
MUtv  this  alliance,  in  order  to  reconcile  the  feud,  Dhri- 
tarashtra divided  his  kingdom,  giving  Hastinapura  to  his 
sons,  and  to  his  nephews  a  district  in  the  southwest,  where 
they  built  Indraprastha,  the  modern  Delhi.  Here  the 
Pandavas  lived  for  a  time  happily  under  the  rule  of  Yu- 
dhishthira. Once,  however,  Dhritarashtra  held  at  his  cap- 
ital a  great  assembly  to  which  came  the  Pandavas.  In  a 
game  of  dice  with  Duryodhana,  Yudhishthira  lost  wealth, 
kingdom,  brothers,  and  wife,  when  by  a  compromise  the 
Pandavas  agreed  to  give  up  their  portion  of  the  kingdom 
for  12  years  and  remain  incognito  for  a  thirteenth.  They 
retired  with  Draupadi  to  the  Kamyaka  forest  on  the  Saras- 
vati,  and  dwelt  tliere  12  years.  In  the  fourteenth  year  they 
demanded  their  possessions,  but  in  vain  ;  hence  the  great 
war,  in  which  they  overthrew  the  reigning  house,  slew 
Duryodhana,  and  got  back  their  kingdom.  In  the  present 
poem  the  story  of  the  combat  is  e.vtended  tlu'ough  sevenal 
books.  When  Yudhishtliira  is  crowned  in  Has^napura, 
Bhishma,  leader  or  the  Kauravas,  though  mortally  wound- 
ed, instructs  him  on  the  duties  of  kings  through  20,000 
distichs  and  then  dies.  In  the  17th  book  the  Pandavas 
renounce  the  kingdom,  and  in  the  ISth,  the  last,  they  as- 
cend to  heaven  with  Draupadi.  (For  a  fuller  account,  see 
Monier-Williams's  "  Indian  ■VVisdom,"xiii.  xiv.)  The  com- 
plete text  of  the  Mahabharata  has  been  printed  at  Bom- 
bay and  at  Calcutta,  An  attempt  at  a  complete  translation 
into  French  by  Fauche  was  interrupted  by  his  rleath.  Tliis 
translation  is  in  many  respects  untrustworthy.  Several 
episodes  have  been  often  translated  into  v.arious  modern 
languages,  notably  the  Nala  and  the  Bhagavadgita  (which 
see). 

Mahabhashya(ma-ha-bhii'shya).  [Skt.,' great 
commentary':  contracted  from  t7/«trtm{m»«n7in- 
bhaslnja,  great  commentary  on  grammar.]  In 
Sanskrit  literattire,  Pataujali's  commentary  on 


642 

the  grammatical  sutras  of  Panini,  written  some 
time  between  B.  c.  140  and  (50  a.  d.  it  is  not  a 
full  corament.aiy  on  Panini,  but  with  some  exceptions  a 
commentary  on  the  Varttikas,  or  critical  remarks  of  Katya- 
yanaon  Panini.  It  is  a  paramount  authority  in  all  matters 
relating  to  classical  Sanskrit  grammar.  There  is  a  photo- 
lithographed  eiiition  by  Goldstiicker  and  a  translation  of 
40  pages  by  Ballantyne. 
Mabadeva  (ma-ha-da'va).  [Skt.,  'the  great 
god.']  1.  A  name  of  Shiva. —  2.  In  the  history 
of  Buddhism,  a  schismatic  teacher  who  is  said 
to  have  lived  200  years  after  Buddha's  death. 
Mahadevi  (ma-ha-da've).  [.Skt.,  'the  great 
goddess.']  A  name  of  Devi,  the  wife  of  Shiva. 
See  Devi. 

Mahaffy  (ma-haf 'i),  John  P.  Bom  in  Switzer- 
land, 1839.  An  Irish  classical  scholar,  professor 
of  ancient  history  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1871-1901.  Hehas written  "SocialLife  in  Greece"  (1874) , 
"A  History  of  Greek  Classical  Literature  "  (1880).  etc. 

Mahakashyapa  (ma-ha'Tiash'ya-pa).  The  dis- 
ciple of  Buddha  to  whom  are  ascribed  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  Abhidharma  and  the  found- 
ing of  the  Sthavira  division  of  the  Vaibhashika 
school. 

Mahan  (ma-han'),  Alfred  Thayer.  Born  Sept. 
27,1.S40.  An  American  sailor  and  writer  on  naval 
history.  He  became  midshipman  in  1859,  lieutenant  in 
1861,  lieutenant-commander  in  1S65,  commander  in  1872, 
captain  in  1885 ;  and  retired  in  1896.  He  was  made  lecturer 
on  history,  strategetics,  and  tactics  in,  and  president  of,  the 
United  States  Saval  War  College.  In  ISiM  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Chicago.  He  has  written  sevei'al  important 
works:  "The  Gulf  and  Inland  Waters  "(188:1),  "Influence 
of  Sea  Power  upon  History  1660-1783"  (18H0),  "Influence 
of  Sea  Power  upon  the  French  Revolution  and  Empire  1793- 
1812"  (1892).  a  "Life  of  Admiral  Farragut"  (1894),  and  a 
"  Life  of  Nelson  "  (1897). 

Mahan  (ma-han'),  Asa.  Born  at  Vernon,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  9,  1800:  died  at  Eastbotu-ne,  England, 
April  4,  1889.  An  American  clergyman,  edu- 
cator, and  author.  He  became  president  of  Oberlin 
College  in  lS3.i,  a  position  which  he  held  until  about  1850. 
He  afterward  held  similar  positions  at  Cleveland  Univer- 
sity and  Adrian  College,  aiichigan.  Among  his  works  are 
''System  of  Intellectual  Philosophy"  (1845).  "Science  of 
Logic  "  (1867),  and  "Critical  History  of  Philosophy  "(1883). 

Mahan,  Dennis  Hart,  Born  at  New  York,  April 
2,  1802 :  died  near  Stony  Point,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  16, 
1871.  An  American  military  engineer.  He  was 
professor  of  engineering  at  West  Point  from  1S32  until  his 
death,  holding  also  the  office  of  dean  after  1S38.  He  com- 
mitted suicide  by  drowning  in  a  fit  of  insanity.  Among 
his  works  are  "lYeatise  on  Field  Fortifications"  (1836) 
and  "Military  Engineering"  (1865-67). 

Mahan,Milo.  BornatSuflfolk,Va.,May24,1819: 
died  at  Baltimore,  Sept.  3, 1870.  An  American 
elergjTuan  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
brother  of  D.  H.  Mahan.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"History  of  the  Church"  (1860:  new  ed.  1872). 

Mahanadi,  or  Mahanuddy  (mii-ha-nud'i).  A 
river  in  British  India,  which  flows  by  a  delta 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  about  lat."  20°  N. 
Length,  over  500  miles.  It  has  a  large  discharge. 

Mahanaim  (ma-ha-na'im).  [Heb.,  'double 
camp.']  In  Old  Testament  geogi'aphy,  a  place 
in  Palestine,  east  of  the  Jordan  and  north  of  the 
Jabbok.  Its  exact  position  is  unknovni.  It 
was  taken  by  Shishak. 

Mahanataka  (ma-ha-na'ta-ka).  [Skt.,  'the 
gi'eat  drama.']  In  Sanskrit  literature,  a  name 
of  the  Hanumanuataka  (which  see). 

Mahanoy  City  (mii-ha-noi'  sit'i).  A  borough 
in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvauia,  109  miles 
northwest  of  Philadelphia :  the  center  of  a  coal- 
mining region.     Population  ( 190(1 1,  i;i,."il)4. 

Mahapralaya  (ma-hsi-pra'la-ya).  [Skt.,  'the 
great  dissolution.']  In  Hindu  belief,  the  total 
destruction  of  all  things  at  the  end  of  a  kalpa, 
when  the  seven  Lokas  and  their  inhabitants, 
saints,  gods,  and  Brahma  himself,  are  annihi- 
lated. 

Mahapuranas  (ma-hii-po-ra'naz).  [Skt.,  'the 
great  Puranas.']  The  Vishniipurana  and  the 
Bhagavatapurana. 

Maharajpur  (mii-hii-riii-por').  A  tillage  in 
Gwalior.  India,  51  miles  south  of  Agra.  Here, 
Dec,  1843, the  British  under  Gough  defeated  the 
Jlahrattas. 

Maha'vansha (ma-ba-van'sha).  [Skt.,  'history 
of  the  great  families'  (of  Ceylon).]  The  name 
of  two  Pali  works  on  the  history  of  Ceylon  from 
the  earliest  times  to  the  death  of  King  Maha- 
sena  (302  A.D.  ).  The  older  work,  probably  composed  by 
monks  at  Anuradhapura  in  Ceylon,  was  read  in  public  by 
command  of  King  Dhatusena  (45'.)-177  A.  D. ).  The  younger 
work,  a  continuation  of  the  elder,  was  composed  by  Ma- 
hanama,  son  of  an  aunt  of  Dhatusena,  The  Pali  form  of 
the  name  is  Mahavanso,  the  above  the  Sanskrit.  The  first 
volume  of  a  text  and  translation  by  Turnour  appeared  at 
Colombo,  1837. 

Maha'Vira  (ma-ha-ve'ra).  [Skt., 'great  hero."] 
A  name  of  Rama  and  other  personages,  but  es- 
pecially of  the  24th  or  last  Jina,  or  deified  saint 


Mahon 

of  the  Jainas  (which  see).  His  legendary  history 
is  given  in  the  Kalpasutra  and  the  Mahaviracharitra,  sacred 
books  of  the  Jainas.  The  points  of  contact  between  his 
legend  and  that  of  Buddha  have  led  some  to  identify  the 
two.  According  to  BUhler,  however,  Mahavira  was  a  dis- 
tinct personage  whose  real  name  was  Nirgrantha  Jnati- 
putra,  "theasceticoi  the  Jnatis,"  a  Rajput  tribe.  Accord, 
ing  to  Williams,  most  scholars  are  now  of  opinion  that  Ma- 
havira was  a  contemporary  of  Gautama  Buddha,  and  that 
the  Jainas  were  an  independent  skeptical  sect  a  little  ante- 
cedent to  the  Buddhists  and  their  rivals.  Williams's  "  Bud- 
dhism," p.  5'29;  B.ai'th's  "Religions  of  India,  "  p.  14811. 

Maha'Viracharita  (ma  -  hii  -  ve  -  ra  -  cha '  ri  -  ta). 
[Skt.,  ■  the  exploits  of  the  gi'eat  hero '  (Rama).] 
1.  A  Sanskrit  drama  by  Bhavabhuti,  translated 
by  Wilson  and  Pickford. —  2.  [In  this  sense 
usually  written  -charitra.'\  The  exploits  of  Ma- 
havira (the  Ai'hat),  a  work  in  Jaina  Prakrit 
held  in  great  estimation  by  the  Jainas.  See 
Mahavira. 

Mahayana  (ma-ha-ya'na).     See  Great  Vehicle. 

Mahdi  (mii'de).  [Also  sometimes  il/e/(rffe;  lit. 
'the  guided  or  directed  one.']  According  to 
Mohammedan  belief,  a  spiritual  and  temporal 
ruler  destined  to  appear  on  eartli  during  the 
last  days.  Some  sects  hold  that  the  Mahdi  has  appcai-ed, 
and  in  concealment  awaits  the  time  of  his  manifestation. 
There  have  been  a  number  of  pretended  Mahdis.  of  whom 
the  latest  of  importance  was  the  chief  whose  armed  fol- 
lowers resisted  the  advance  of  the  British  troops  into  the 
Sudan  in  1884-85,  and  overthrew  the  Egyptian  power  in 
that  region,  which  they  continued  to  hold.  The  belief  ap- 
parently grew  out  of  the  Jewish  belief  in  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah. 

It  is  from  the  descendants  of  'Alee  that  the  more  devout 
Moslems  expect  the  ilehdee,  who  is  to  reappear  on  eai-th, 
in  company  with  the  Propliet  Elias,  on  the  second  coming 
of  Cllrist.  J.  P.  ISroim,  The  Dervishes,  p.  74. 

Mahdi,  or  'the  well-guided, 'is  the  name  given  by  the 
Shl'ites  to  that  member  of  the  family  of  'All  who,  accord- 
ing to  their  belief,  is  one  day  to  gain  possession  of  the 
whole  world,  and  set  up  the  reign  of  righteousness  in  it. 
Eticyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  570. 

Mahe  (ma-ha').  The  chief  island  of  the  Sey- 
chelles group,  Indian  Ocean. 

Mahe.  A  seaport  and  small  settlement  belong- 
ing to  France,  situated  on  the  Malabar  coast  of 
India,  in  lat.  11°  42'  N.,  long.  75°  32'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  8,349. 

Mahe  (B.  F.  Mahe  de  Labourdonnais).    See 

LaboKrdoiinais. 
Mahican  (ma-hik'an).  [Native  name:  'wolf 
according  to  some,  or  'seaside  people'  accord- 
ing to  others.]  A  tribe  or  a  loose  confederacy 
of  North  American  Indians.  When  first  known  they 
occupied  both  banks  of  the  upper  Hudson  River,  extending 
north  nearly  to  Lake  Chaniplain,\vest  to  Clatskill  Creek, 
and  east  into  Massachusetts.  Their  council-fire  was  first  at 
Schodac,  on  an  island  near  Albany ;  but,  owing  to  the  pres- 
sure of  the  Mohawks,  many  of  them  migrated  to  the  Sus- 
quehanna River  at  and  near  Wyoming  valley,  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  the  vicinity  of  the  Delawares  and  Munsees.  with 
whom  they  afterward  removed  to  Ohio  and  lost  their  iden- 
tity. In  1736  those  in  the  Housatonic  valley  were  col- 
lected at  Stockbridge  and  called  by  that  name.  The  French 
included  them  with  other  tribes  under  the  name  Loups. 
Their  two  principal  divisions  known  to  the  English  were 
the  Mahican.  or  Mohican,  on  the  upper  Hudson  and  Hous- 
atonic rivers,  and  Mohegan  (which  see),  or  Monhegan,  on 
the  lower  Connecticut  River,  both  of  which  were  often 
called  River  Indians  and  confounded,  though  historically 
distinct.     See  Alironqumn. 

Mahidpore,  or  Mahedpore.    See  Mehadpur. 

Mahi  Kantha  (mii'he  kiin'thS).  A  collection 
of  native  states  in  India,  under  the  protection 
of  Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  N. ,  long. 
73°  E.  Area,  9,300  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  581,568. 

Mahmud  (ma,-m6d')  I.  [A  form  of  Moham- 
med.'] Born  1696:  died  1754.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1730-54,  son  of  Mustapha  II.,  and  nephew  of 
Ahmed  HI.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  compelled 
Austria  to  cede  Belgrad  in  1739. 

Mahmud  II.  Born  July  20,  1785  :  died  July  1, 
1839.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1808-39,  brother  of 
Mustapha  IV.  whom  he  succeeded.  Hecarriedon 
an  unsuccessful  war  against  Russia  1809-12.  In  1821  the 
Greeks  began  a  war  of  independence,  and  after  the  defeat 
of  his  fleet  by  the  allied  fleets  of  France,  England,  and 
Russia  at  Navarino  (1827),  and  the  capture  of  Adrianople 
by  the  Russians  (1829),  hewas  compelled  in  18'29  to  sign  the 
peace  of  Adrianople,  which  secured  the  independence  of 
Greece.  He  massacred  a  large  number  of  tlie  janizaries 
in  1826  and  reorganized  the  army,  and  at  his  death  was 
engaged  in  a  war  with  Mehemet  Ali.  viceroy  of  Egypt. 

Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  surnamed  "The  Great." 
Born  about  971 :  died  at  Ghazni,  i^ighanistan, 
1030.  Sultan  of  Ghazni  997-1030,  son  of  Su- 
buktigin.  He  professed  Islam,  and  made  twelve  great 
expeditions  against  the  infidels  of  liidia,  besides  carrying 
on  important  wai-s  in  central  Asia.  He  extended  his  vic- 
tories from  the  Tigris  to  the  Ganges,  and  from  the  Indian 
Ocean  to  the  Oxns. 

Mahomet.    See  Mohammed. 
Mahomet.  A  play  by  Voltaire,  produced  at  Brus- 
sels in  1741. 

Mahometans.    See  Mohammed. 
Mahon.    See  Port  Mahon. 


Mahon,  Charles  James  Patrick 

Mahon  rma-hun'),  Charles  James  Patrick, 
calK'l The  O'Gorman  Mahon.  Bmu  at  Ennis, 
County  Clare,  ilaix-li  17,  ISUD:  ilied  at  Lomlou, 
June  iy,  1891.  An  Irish  politician  and  adven- 
turer. He  was  memlier  of  Parliaineut  for  Eimis  1847-02  ; 
Bcrvetl  under  tlie  Russian,  Turkish,  and  Austrian  tlaga ; 
was  a  general  in  the  government  anny  during  the  civil  war 
in  I'rntruay  ;  commanded  a  Chilean  Heel  acainst  Spain  ; 
was  a  colonel  in  the  Brazilian  service  ;  fought  in  the  Union 


643 

dueed  in  1771.  The  play  holds  up  to  ridicule  (as  Sir. 
Flint)  Mr.  \\'alter  Long,  who  behaved  shanictuUy  to  the 
Slaid  ui  Bath,  the  Sliss  Linley  who  afterwiU-d  married 
Kichard  Brinslev  .Sheridan. 

Maid  of  Honor,  The.    1 .  A  play  by  Massinger, 
printed  in  ItilJi;.     Kemble  altered  and  produced 
it  in  1785,  with  Mrs.  Siihions  in  the  ca.st. —  2. 
An  opera  by  Balt'e,  iiro<lueed  in  1847.    The  sub- 
,ieet  is  thes'amo  as  tliat  id'  Flotow's  "Martha." 
"    .     A  play  in  verse 
,  produce<l  in  1838. 
urnaiue  of  Marga- 
Mahon,  Lord.     See  Stfnihopc  ret,  i|ureii  of  Scotland  lUS.j-OO. 

Mahone  (ina-hon'),  William.  Born  in  South-  Maid  of  Orleans,  The.  Joan  of  .\tc  :  so  named 
ami.touCountv,Va.,  Dee.  1,1826:  died  at  Wash-  on  account  of  h.r  efforts  for  the  relief  of  Or- 
iiiKtou,  D.  C,  bet.  8,  189.5.  An  American  poli-  l^ans.  Schiller  produced  a  play  with  this  title, 
tician.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  army  during  the  "  I>ie  Jiiugfrau  von  Orleans."  published  1802. 
Civil  War,  oljtaining  the  rani;  of  major-general;  became  Maid  Of  Sker,  The.  A  novel  by  R.  D.  Black- 
afterward  the  leader  of  the  Keadjuster  parly  in  Virginia;  more  pul)lislHMl  in  1872. 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  ^■irginia  1S81-87.  -M-SA  nf  fho  Mill    The      A  nlnv  hv  T<ianf  Biek- 

Mahony  (mah'o-ni),  Francis.  Born  at  Cork,  •'*lai«'  °*  ^'^^.  ^Hi.  J-^§r..A  5iay  t>y  Isaac  jjick 
Ireland,  about  1804:  died  at  Paris,  Jlav  18, 1866. 
An  Irish  journalist  and  poet,  known  by  the 
psendoii\Tn  of  "  Father  Prout."  lie  was  educated 
for  the  priesthood  in  Paris  and  Rome,  and  was  (jrdaincd, 
Imt  al>out  18;i4  gave  up  his  calling  and  l)egan  to  write  on 
the  stalf  of  "Frasers  Slagazine."  The  articles  which  he 
contributed  were  published  as  "  Reliiiues  of  Father  Prout " 
in  lS:jtj ;  a  final  volume  was  published  in  187tj  by  Blan- 
chard  .lerrold.  He  contributed  to  ■'  Bentley's  Magazine," 
and  wrote  to  the  "  Daily  News  "  from  Rome  for  some  years. 
Tliese  letters  were  published  as  "  Facts  and  Figures  from 


erstafl'e,  printed  in  1765.     It  was  founded  on 
Kichardson's  ••Pamela." 
Maid  of  the  Mist,  The.    Anne  of  Geierstein 

in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 
Maidstone  (mad'ston).  The  county  town  of 
Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Medway  32 
miles  east-southeast  of  London,  it  has  manu. 
factures  of  paper  and  beer.  The  Church  of  All  Saints  and 
the  buildings  of  the  former  College  of  AM  Saints  are  note- 
worthy. The  Kentisli  Royalists  were  defeated  here  by 
I'airfax,  .Tune  i,  K^S.     Population  (1S91),  .•i2,150. 


Italy,  by  Don  Jeremy  Savonarola,  Benedictine  Monk,  m  Tji-";y,^  T^o«'o,1tt  T\,'a  \  r\]av  hv  14oiiiTnr.iit 
1847  lie  retired  to  a  monastery  in  1864,  and  died  there.  Maid  S  Tragedy,  ihC.  A  play  by  Beauinont 
Mahrattas,  orMarhattas(ma-rat'az).  A  race  and  Fletcher,  hrst  acted  not  later  than  1611, 
of  Hindus. inhabiting  western  andeeiitral  India,  printed  in  1619.  Walleraltereditinlcsa.andMacready 
who  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  conquered    P';™'"",r'-/'i'.t'',*^'";"io??  Snowies,  an  adaptation  called 

1,1  ,    .  i,      1  •   1    ii        c  1  1  he  Bridal    al pout  1834. 

and  rtilcd  many  states,  of  which  they  formed  a  Maiella  (mi-el'la).     One  of  the  loftiest  groups 
confederation,  but  which  are  now  largely  under    ^^  j,^^  ^^  i^iues,  in  central  Italy,  southwest  of 


British  rule.    They  are  Brahmans  in  religion,  but  differ 
physic:dly  from  other  Hindus,  and  have  a  distinct  Hindu 
ct,  the  Mahratti  (Marathi).    Their  power  was  at  its 


Height, 


diale 

height  about  1750.  They  were  defeated  by  Ahmed  Shal 
at  J'anipat  in  1761.  The  war  in  which  they  were  engaged 
with  the  British  in  1775-82  was  undecisive  ;  inthatof  1803 


Chieti  and  south  of  the  Gran  Sasso. 
0.170  feet. 

Maienfeld,  or  Mayenfeld  (mi'en-felt).     An 
old  town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
with  the  British  in  1775-82  was  undecisive  :  in  tliat  of  1803  .i  „  T,>i,:.,f,  no-n- Roo-nty 

Welle8ley(\Vellitigton)gained  thevictoriesof  As8.ayeand     '''VV  «       ,         V  *^-,,        v        4  f     *■«    u.   „ 

Arg  Mun.  and  Lal^e  those  of  Aligarh  and  Laswari ;  and  in  Maikop,  orMaykop  (mi  kop).    A  fortified  town 
.,   .    , — ,  ,„.,    ,.,_.. ■..  j__-. =_.,.., __i-_     in  the  territory  of  Kuban,  Caucasus,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Byelaya  about  65  miles  southeast 
of  Yekaterinodar.    Population  (1889),  24,494. 
A  fiend  alluded  to  in  Shakspere's  "  King  Mailand.     The  Gei'mau  name  of  Milan. 

Mailath  (mi'lat).  Count  Janos.    Born  at  Buda- 
pest, Hungary,  Oct.  3,  1786 :  committed  suicide 


that '  if  1816-18  the  Mahrattas  were  again  decisively  beaten. 

TlK-y  number  about  l'2,0uO,000. 
Mahren(ma'ren).  TheGerraannameof  Moravia. 
Mahu, 

Lear.' 

Mai  (mii'e  or  mi).  Angelo.  Born  at  Schilpario, 
I)rovince  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  March  7, 1782:  died 
near  Rome,  Sejit.  9,  1854.  An  Italian  cardinal, 
noted  as  a  philologist  and  antiquary.  He  dis- 
coveied  various  manuscripts  and  palimpsests^  and  edited 
Cicero's  '•  De  republica  "  (18*22),  etc. 

Maia(ma'yii).  [Gr.Ma/a.]  1 .  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  eldest  of  the  Pleiades,  mother  by  Zeus 
of  Hermes. —  2.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  Bona 
Dea. —  3.  The  star  '20  Pleiadum,  which  is  sur- 
rounded with  an  adhering  nebulosity  that  was 
discovered  by  photography. 


in  the  Starnbergersee,  Bavaria,  Jan.  3, 1855.  A 
Hungarian  historian  an<l  poet.  His  chief  works 
are  "Geschichte  der  Magyaren"  (1828-31)  and 
"GpschichtedesosteiTeichischenKaiserstaats" 
(1S:M-50). 
Maillet  ( ma- va ' ) .  Jacques  Leonard.  Born  July 

12. 1823:  died  Feb.  15. 1S94.  A  French  sculptor. 
He  studied  with  I'radier,  and  obtained  the  prix  de  Home 
inlH47withliis"Tdl6maque."  He  exhibited  at  the  Salons, 
and  executed  a  number  of  ilecorative  groups  at  the  new- 
Louvre,  the  flpera  House,  the  churches  of  Saint  Severin, 
Sainte  Clotilde,  Saint  Leu,  etc. 


Maida  (mi  da).  A  place  in  Calabria,  Italy,  13  Maimansinh  (mi-man-sin'),  or  Mymensing 
miles  west  of  Catanzaro.  Here,  .July  4,  1806,  (,„i.ni,,n-sJnK').  A  ilistrict  in  Bengal,  British 
Iho  r.ritish  defeated  the  i  rench  under  Heynier.     j^jj^^^  intersected  bylat.  24°  30'  N..  long.  90°  E. 

Maideh.     See  J/«"/«.  ,    „      .,      Area,  6.332  square  "miles.     Population  (1891), 

Maiden,  The.     A  name  given  to  a  sort  of  guil-    :!  470  186. 
lotino  which  the  regent  Morton  introduced  into  jjaimatchin  (mi-mii-chen').     A  trading  town 
Scotland.     He  was  himself  beheaded  by  it  in    |„  .M„„„„ii;i,  on  the  Siberian  frontier  opposite 

Maidenhead  (ma'dn-hed).  A  town  in  Berk-  Maimbourg(man-b6r'),  Louis.  BornatNancv, 
shire,  hngland,  situated  on  the  Thames  28  miles  p,,.i„ce,  IGIO :  died  at  Paris.  Aug.  13,  1686.  A 
west  of  Lon.lon.     Population  (1891),  10,00/.  French  Jesuit  church  historian. 

Maiden  Lane.  l.  A  street  m  Loudon,  between  Maimene(mi-ma'ne),  orMaimana(mi-ma'nii). 
Coventtiarden  and  the  Strand.  Andrew Marvell  1  j^  district  in  northern  Alglnuiistan,  about 
Turner  the  laiHlscape.paint«r,  and  Voltaire  lived  here  at  .  ,  .,,.0x7  i„...,  fiioin'17  o  'PI...  ,.l.:r.f' t.^t,-,i 
dilfcrent  times.  The  name  is  said  to  have  been  given  from  lit.  .!(.^  N.,  long.  (U°  40  h.— 2.  1  he  chief  tonn 
an  image  of  the  Virgin  which  cuice  Blo..d  there.  ol  the  district  of  Maimene. 

2.  A  street  in  New  York,  running  from  Broad-  Maimonides  (mi-inon'i-dez)  (MoseS  ben  Mai- 


way,  opposite  Cortlandt  street,  southeast  to  the 
East  River. 
Maiden  Queen,  The.   Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 

l.'llol. 

Maid  in  the  Mill,  The.    A  comedy  by  Fletcher 

and  Kowley,  produced  in  16'23.  "The  plot  Is  taken 
partly  from  Uoin^alo  ile  Cespjdes'a  'Oerardo  and  partly 
tr..Tii  a  niivcl  of  Uandello."  (ISidlm.)  A  droll,  called  "The 
Siirpi  isc,"  was  made  from  this  jday.  and  is  in  "The  Wit.H." 
Maid  Marian.  Robin  Hood's  sweetheart  in  the 
olil  ballads.  She  was  the  daughter  of  an  earl,  and  loved 
Robin  llooil  when  hewasearlof  Huntingdon,  Whenhewas 
lianislied  to  the  "merry  greenwood,"  slio  dressed  herself 
as  a  page  and  followed  him,  living  with  his  conipany  as  a 
virgin  huntress  till  the  nialTiage  rites  could  be  perfomied. 
This  is  the  most  popular  of  the  legends  concerning  her. 

Maid  of  ArtoiS,  The.     An  opera  by  Biilfo,  pro- 

dn 1  in  ls:i(i.     It  contains  the  song  "The Light 

of  OtlicrDavs." 

Maid  of  Athens.    Tlie  daughter  of  Theodore 

Macri.  a  consul  at  Athens,     .she  made  Byron's  nc. 
quaintanee,  and  he  is  said  to  have  addressi-d  to  her  the 
song  beginiung  "  Maid  of  Athens,  ere  we  part." 
Maid  of  Bath,  The.     A  comedy  by  Footo,  pro- 


mun,  also  called  Maimuni  "f,  after  the  initi.ils 
of  his  name  1  Kalibi  .Mosis  lien  M.iiniun),  Ram- 
bam  :  in  .\rabic.  Abu  Amram Musa ben Mai- 

mun  Obaid  Allah>.  Born  al  Conluva.  Sp;iin. 
ill  1135:  died  in  i'J04.  The  most  celebrated 
Jewish  schohir,  jihilosoplu'r,  ami  writer  of  the 
middle  ages.  In  him  the  scientific  development  of  Ju- 
daism in  Spain  reached  its  climax.  Ile  brought  order  and 
system  into  the  chacilic  masses  of  Talmudic  literature, 
pointed  out  the  alms  and  dirc'ctiiins  of  religlo-philoKophlcal 
studies,  and  brought  as  far  as  this  can  bedotie  — .ludaisni 
and  jihilosophv  into  harmony.  Ills  family  had  to  lly  before 
the  persecutions  of  the  Almohades  to  Fez.  where  for  many 
years  thoy  were  obligeil  to  conceal  their  religion.     Here 

Mosea  beea ,  by  assoclall"?!  with  Moliammeilan  schol. 

nrs,  thoroughly  aciplainted  with  tbi'  Arlstol.dian  pbllowi- 

Iihy.  In  lllif-  the  family  emigrated  from  Fez  by  way  of 
'nlesllne  toF.gyid,  ami  settled  in  FoslaKolil Cairo),  where 
the  father  id  .Nlainiun  died.  .Moses  first  »uppoiled  the 
family  by  trading  in  Jewebi.  He  next  devoted  himseli  to 
medicine,  and  sidiseqnentiy  became  pliyslrian  to  Saladln'a 
Buceossor.  At  the  same  time  he  wjta  chief  rubbi  <if  Cairo. 
Of  hlswiitiiiKsnniybe  mentioned  a stiorl  sclent ihc  treatise 
on  tile  Jewish  calendar,  and  another  011  the  terms  used  in 
logic ("Milolhhigguyon''),  written  before  his  twenty-third 
year,    lu  lltiShe  producuU  hla  Urist  great  work,  acuiumen- 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

tary  on  the  .Mishnah,  written  in  Arabic.  His  greatest  and 
ino'st  comprelieiihive  wurk,  on  which  he  labored  for  ten 
years  (llTo-o*!).  is  tlie  "  Kejietitioli  of  the  luiw  "("  MIshneh 
Torah"),  also  called  the  "Strong  Hand"  ("Yad  llahaza- 
qah").  vvritten  in  Hebrew.  It  is  a  masterly,  systematic 
exposition  in  14  books  of  the  whole  of  the  Jewish  law  as 
cont:uned  in  the  Pentateuch  and  the  vast  Talmudical  lit- 
erature. It  was  precedeil  by  a  small  .\raliie  introduc- 
tion, "Book  of  the  Commandments  "("Seferlia-Mivvoth")^ 
containing  a  treatise  on  the  (il3  precepts  of  the  law.  Bis 
philosophical  work  par  excellence  is  the  "fJuide  of  the 
rerplexed"  (■■Dalalt  al  Hairin";  Hebrew  "More  Nebu- 
cliini  "  ),  written  in  Arabic.  It  is  divided  Into  three  parts. 
The  first  treats  of  the  anthi-oponiorpbic  ex  jucs^ions  found  ill 
the  Bible,  ami  of  the  religio-pbih)Sc.pliiral  sects  ;  the  sec- 
ond of  eternity  and  the  creation  of  the  worlil ;  the  third 
contains  a  rational  explanation  of  the  comiiiandments  of 
Scripture,  of  his  lesser  writings  may  be  mentioned  "An 
Kpistle  on  Ap<istasy  "  (  "Iggereth  ha-shemad  ">,  in  which 
he  contends  that  Islam  is  not  as  bad  as  paganism,  and 
that  the  feigned  accommodation  to  it  was  not  alisolutely 
culpable  ;  "An  Epistle  to  Yemen  "  (  "  Iggereth  Temiin  " ), 
an  exhortation  to  the  Jews  in  South  Arabia  not  to  be  led 
astray  by  false  Messiahs  ;  "A  Treatise  of  Moses  "  ("  Pirke 
ilosheh")  on  medical  subjects;  ".A  Treatise  on  Happi- 
ness "  ("  Perakim  be-Uai;laehah  ");  and  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Unity  of  God"  ("  Ma'amar  ha-Yihnd").  He  was  also  the 
first  to  condense  the  dogmatical  tenets  of  Judaism  into  13 
articles  of  faith,  which  found  a  place  in  the  Jew  ish  liturpy. 
His  writings  caused  bitter  disputes.  He  was  condemned 
by  many  as  a  heretic,  and  his  works  were  burned.  But 
at  last  he  was  recognized  as  "the  light  of  the  West" 
{ner  ha-ma'arbi)  and  "the  great  eagle"  (lia-tiefeer  ha- 
gadrtl),  and  the  saying  was  applied  to  him  that  "from 
Nioses  (the  lawgiver)  uiito  Moses  (Maimonldes)  there  has 
been  none  like  unto  Moses." 

Main  (man;  G.  pron.  min),  F.  Mein  (man). 
The  most  important  of  the  right-hand  tributa- 
ries of  the  Rhine:  the  ancient  Mtenus.  It  Is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  \\1iite  Main  and  Red  Main  near 
Kulmbach,  Bavaria,  and  joins  the  Rhine  opjiosite  Mainz. 
It  is  njivigabie  to  its  junction  with  the  Regnitz.  The  chief 
towns  on  its  banks  are  .Schwcinfurt,  Wurzlnirg.  Aschaffen- 
burg,  (llfenbach,  and  F'rankfort.    Length,  about  300  miles. 

Main,  Spanish.     See  Spanish  Main. 

Maina  (mi'nii).  A  rugged  peninsula  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  east 
of  the  Gulf  of  Koron. 

Mainas.     See  Maynas. 

Mainau  (mi'nou).  A  small  island  in  the  Uber- 
lingersee  of  the  Lake  of  Constance,  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Baden.  It  had  for- 
merly a  commandery  of  the  Teutonic  Order. 

Maine  (man).  [F.,  perhaps  from  the  second 
element  of  the  OldCeltic  name  (L.  Cciiomanni)-^ 
A  former  govei-nment  in  northern  France:  the 
country  of  the  ancient  Cenomaiini.  Chief  city, 
Le  Jlans.  Including  Perche,  it  was  bounded  by  Nor- 
mandy on  the  north,  Orl(''anais  on  the  east,  Touraine  and 
Anjou  on  tlie  south,  and  Brittany  on  the  west,  correspond- 
ing generally  to  the  departments  of  Mayenne  and  Rarthe. 
It  was  a  countship  in  the  middle  ages ;  was  conquered  by 
William  of  Normandy  in  1IMJ;1;  was  united  to  Anjou  1110, 
and  with  Anjou  became  united  to  England  in  1154;  was 
conquered  by  Pliilip  Augustus  of  France  about  1204;  and 
after  several' separations  was  reunited  to  France  in  14sl, 

Maine.  A  river  in  the  department  of  Maine-et- 
Tjoire,  France.  It  is  formed  by  the  unitui  of  the  Ma- 
ycnneandSarthe,  and  joins  the  Loirencar  Angers.  Length, 
abimt  7  miles. 

Maine.  [In  the  charter  granted  by  Cliarles  I. 
in  1639  named  "The  Province  or  Countie  of 
Mdi/ne,"  because  regarded  as  a  part  of  "the 
Mayne  Lande  of  New  England."]  The  nortli- 
easternmost  State  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, and  oni'  of  the  New  England  States.  Capi- 
tal, Augusta;  chief  city,  Portland.  It  Is  bounded 
by  the  province  of  tjuebee  on  the  north,  New  Brunswick 
on  the  east,  the  .\tlantic  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
New  Hampshire  and  Quebec  on  the  west,  extending  from 
lat.  43°  4'  to  47*  '28'  N.,  and  from  long,  tW  67  to  71"  7' 
W.  The  anrface  is  hilly,  and  in  the  northwest  and  north 
mountainous,  the  highest  summit  being  Mount  Katahdin. 
The  cllief  lake  is  Mimsehead  Lake;  the  chief  rivers,  the 
Saeo,  Androscoggin,  Kennebec,  Penol'scot,  and  St,  John, 
The  coast-line  is  deeply  indenti-d.  The  State  contains 
many  places  of  summer  resort.  The  leading  oeeujmllons 
are  agriculture,  fishing,  lumbering,  ship.buildlng,  and  com- 
merce. Among  the  chief  pi-oduels  are  lumber,  ice,  bnild- 
iiig-stone,  and  cotton  goods.  It  is  the  seeoiid  .Slate  In  the 
Fnlon  In  fisheries,  it  has  10  counties,  sends  2  senators 
aiul  4  representatives  to  Congress,  anil  has  0  electoral 
votes.  It  was  early  visited  by  the  Cabots,  Verraiano.  Oos- 
bold,  Prlng,  and  oiher  exidnrem.  Attempts  at  cidonim- 
Hon  were  made  by  the  French  under  Du  Moots  in  li!»4,  and 
by  the  Kngllsh  In  1«07.  The  fll-»t  p.inianeni  settlement 
dales  from  about  1023.  Maine  was  merged  In  the  "|m)V- 
Ince  of  Massaehusells  Buy  '  In  101)1.  and  became  a  sepa- 
rate  State  in  18-20,  A  boundary  dispiile  willi  (ireat  llril- 
aiii  was  settled  In  1812.  The  ".Maine  llqiinr  law  •'  was 
passed  ill  ls.',l.  There  was  a  dispute  t.ir  the  g..vcrnorshlp 
between  the  liepnblicans  and  the  "  Fus^lni^ts  '  (l)cniii- 
crals  and  Creenbackers)  lS71t  80.  Area.  :t:!,o40  sqllaro 
miles.     I'opubitloii  (lliOOl,  r,lM,<fl«. 

Maine.  A  United  states  battleship,  blown 
III)  in  the  harbor  of  Havana.  Feb.  15,  1898. 
81ie  was  of  0.U82  tons  displacemcnl,  and  was  lauiiclle.l  in 
lSi*0.  The  naval  court  of  inquiry  app'^lnted  by  the  United 
States  government  rep"rte.l  (.March  22)  that  "the  Molne 
was  destroyed  by  the  explnslon  of  a  submarine  mine, 
whMi  caused  the  parilal  I  xplci-ioii  "f  two  or  more  of  her 
forward  magazlii'-," 

Maine,  sir  Henry  James  Sumner.   Bom  Aug. 


l.j,  182; 


died  at  Cannes,  Feb.  3.  1888.     A  dia- 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

tinguished  Entriish  jurist.  He  studied  at  Cambridge, 
where,  in  1847,  he  became  regius  professor  <:>f  civil  luw,  u 
position  which  he  lield  until  1854.  He  was  caUed  to  the 
bar  in  1850;  became  reader  on  Roman  law  and  jurispru- 
dence at  the  Inns  of  Court,  London,  in  1852 ;  was  legal 
member  of  ci>uncil  in  India  1862-69 ;  was  Corpus  professor 
of  jurisprudence  at  Oxford  1869-78 ;  was  elected  master 
of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridjre,  in  1877:  and  in  1SS7  became 
Whewell  professor  of  international  law  at  Cambridge. 
Among  his  works  are  "Ancient  Law"  (1S61\  •'Villaut- Com- 
munities" (1871).  'Early  History  of  Institutions"  (1S75), 
'•  Disseriations  on  Early  Law  and  Custom  "  (ISS::).  "  Popu- 
lar Government"  (1SS5X  and  "Intemationd  Law"  (lfi«8). 

Maine  de  Biran (man  de  be-roh')  (Marie Fran- 
gois  Pierre  Gonthier  de  Biran).    Bom  Nov. 

29.  17GG:  died  at  Paris,  July  10. 1824.  A  French 
royalist  politician  and  noted  philosophical  wri- 
ter. He  was  one  of  the  administrators  of  the  department 
of  Dordogne  in  1795,  and  a  m.-mber  of  the  Council  of  Five 
Hundred  in  1797.  His  works  were  edited  by  Cousin  1834- 
1S41,  and  in  1859  were  published  his  "CEuvres  ineditts," 
edited  by  F.  NaWlle  and,  after  his  death,  by  E.  Is'aville. 

Maine-et-Loire  (mau'a-lwar').    A  department 

of  western  Frriiiee.  Capital,  Angers.  Itisbounded 
by  Mayenne  ami  Sarthe  on  the  north,  Indre-et-Loire  on 
the  east,  Vienne,  Deux-Sevres,  and  Vendee  on  the  &^iitl), 
and  Loirelnferieure  on  the  west,  and  is  formed  chietly 
from  the  ancient  Anjou.  The  surface  is  hilly.  The  de- 
partment, which  is  traversed  by  the  Loire,  is  rich  in  agri- 
cultural produce  and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  Area, 
2.743  sqtiare  miles.     Population  (ISJl),  51S,5S9. 

Maine  Liquor  Law.  A  stringent  law  directed 
agrainst  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  as  a  bev- 
erage, enacted  in  Maine  in  1851.  It  was  the 
first  prohibitory  law  in  the  United  States. 

Maingau  ^min'gou),  A  former  district  on  the 
i'>>.v.i-  Main,  now  divided  between  Bavaria, 
11  -sse.  and  Prussia. 

Mainland  (mau'land),  or  Pomona  (po-mo'na). 
The  lari,^est  of  the  Orkney  Islands. 

Mainland.   Thelargest  of  the  Shetland  Islands. 

Main  Plot, The.  Aconspii"acyinl603infavorcf 
Arabella  Stuart  ai?ainst  James  I.  of  England. 
Kaleigh  was  implicated  in  it.  and  was  imprisoned."  It  was 
the  principal  or  "main"  plot  of  two  orsanized  against 
;Tanie5  on  his  accession.     Compare  Bye  Plot. 

Mainpuri,  or  Mynpuri  (min-po're).  1.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  bv  lat.  27°  X.,  long.  79°  E.  Area, 
1,701  square  miles.  Population  (1891). 7G2.163.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Mainpuri,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  27°  14' N.,  long.  79°  3'  E.  Popula- 
tion, about  20.000. 

Maintenon  (mant-non').  A  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situated 
on  the  Eure  37  miles  west-southwest  of  Paris. 
It  was  a  place  of  some  importance  in  the  time 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  Louis  XV. 

Maintenon,  FranQoise  d'Aubigne,  Marquise 
de.  Boi*n  in  a  prison  at  Xiort,  France,  Xor. 
27, 1635:  died  at  St.-Cyr.  near  Versailles,  April 
15,  1719.  The  second  wife  of  Louis  XIV.  she 
was  the  granddaughter  of  Agrippa  d'Aubij^e,  and  the 
daughter  of  Constant  d'Aubigne  who  was  imprisoned  as 
a  malcontent  On  the  death  of  her  mother  she  found  her- 
self in  abject  poverty,  and  was  married  in  1652  to  the  kind- 
hearted  wit  and  poet  Scarron,  who  offered  either  to  pay 
for  her  entrance  to  a  convent  or  to  make  her  his  wife.  She 
lived  nine  years  with  him,  and4:heir  salon  was  frequented 
by  the  intellectual  society  of  the  time.  In  1000  he  died, 
and  left  her  again  in  poverty.  Her  pension  was  discon- 
tinued in  1666  at  the  death  of  Anne  of  Austria,  who  had 
augmented  it,  and  it  was  not  till  1669  that  Madame  de 
M'lntespan  gave  her  the  charge  of  her  son  by  Louis  XIV 
She  was  given  a  large  income  and  a  house  at  Vaugii-ard  in 
which  to  bring  up  this  child  and  another,  bom  later,  in  se- 
crecy. She  was  devoted  to  them,  and  establishe  1  an  as- 
cendancy over  the  heart  of  the  king,  who  advanced  her  to 
various  positions  in  the  court.  In  167-1  she  puixhased  the 
estate  of  Maintenon,  and  in  1678  the  king  made  it  a  mar- 
quisate.  In  1685,  two  years  after  the  death  of  the  queen, 
Madame  Maintenon  married  Louis  privately.  Her  influ- 
ence was  almost  unbounded  in  matters  both  of  churcli  and 
state,  and  she  was  a  patroness  of  letters  and  the  fine  arts. 
Her  somewhat  questionablcposition  induced  her  to  behave 
with  rigid  propriety,  and  her  reputation  for  orthodoxy  was 
extreme.  She  founded  a  home  for  the  daughters  of" poor 
gentlemen  at  St.-Cj-r,  and  en  th.e  death  of  the  king  shere- 
tired  there  for  the  rest  of  ht-r  life. 

Mainz  (mints),  F.  Mayence  (ma-yons'),  E. 
sometimes  Mentz  (ments).  The  capital  of  the 
pro\iJice  of  Rhine-Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  the  motith  of  the 
Main,  in  lat.  50=^  X.,  long.  8°  16'  E. :  the  Roman 
Mo2:ontiacum  or  Magontiaeum.  it  is  an  important 
strategic  point,  and  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Ger- 
many; has  extensive  commerce  by  the  river  and  by  rail- 
way, especially  in  wine;  and  has  important  manufactures, 
particularly  of  leather  and  furniture.  The  cathedral,  one 
of  the  most  interesting  monuments  of  the  Rhenish  Ro- 
manesque, was  founded  in  975  on  a  different  site.  It  has 
been  repeatedly  ruined  by  tire,  and  was  finally  restored 
much  in  its  existing  form  after  the  fire  of  llSl.  It  is  a 
large  cruciform  church,  nith  pseudo-transepts  at  the  west 
end  also.  Both  east  and  west  ends  are  flanked  by  towers, 
and  larger  polygonal  arcaded  towers  surmount  bi»th  cross- 
ings. The  eastern  apse,  with  its  rich  arcading  beneath 
the  roof  and  its  curious  gables,  is  highly  picturesque.  The 
main  entrance  is  on  the  north  side.  The  interior  has 
been  adorned  with  mural  paintings  designed  by  Veit :  it 
contains  a  remarkable  number  of  monumental  tombs  of 


644 

all  ages.  There  are  many  statues  of  emperors  and  elec- 
tors, and  some  fine  glass.  The  cathedral  is  300  feet  long 
and  150  wide  :  the  vaulting  is  89  high.  The  cloister  is  ut 
the  early  loth  centurj'.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the 
electoral  palace  (with  libr 
tionsX  statue  of  Gutenberj 
St.  Stephen,  and  citadel. 
was  the  situ  ot  a  Roman 
Superior.  It  was  ruled  by  the  archbishops  (electors)  of 
Mainz,  except  for  a  period  of  about  liOO  years,  terminating 
in  1402,  during  which  time  it  was  a  prominent  member  of 
the  League  of  Rhenish  Towns,  It  was  called  'the  Golden 
Mainz."  Formerly  it  had  a  university.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Swedes  in  1031,  and  by  the  French  in  1044  and  16&5  ; 
was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1792,  retaken  after  a  siege 
in  1793,  ceded  to  France  in  1801,  and  assigned  to  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  in  ISIG.     Population  (1S9<J),  72,059. 

Mainz,  Electorate  of.  One  of  the  three  ecclesi- 
astical electorates  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 
The  archbishopric  of  Mainzappeai-s  in  the  time  of  Boniface 
(about  750)  as  the  most  important  in  the  eastern  Frankish 
dominions.  It  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  seven  elec- 
torates in  1356.  In  ISOl  its  possessions  left  of  the  Rhine 
were  ceded  to  France.  In  1803  Erfurt,  Eichsfeld,  and  the 
Thuringian  possessions  were  ceded  to  Prussia.  Other  pos- 
sessions parsed  in  1S03  to  Hesse-'  "assel,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
Nassau,  etc.  The  coadjutor  Dalberg  received  Ratisbon, 
Aschatfenburg,  and  Wetzlar,  and  the  arch iepisc opal  dig- 
nity passed  to  Ratisbon.  The  elector  renounced  his  pos- 
sessions in  1S13.  In  1S14-15  tiie  recent  territories  uf 
Mainz  fell  to  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Bavaria,  Nassau,  etc. 

Maipo,orMaipU(mi'po):  often. butincorreetly. 
wi'itten  and  pronounced  Maipii  (mi-po').  A 
river  of  Chile,  crossing  the  province  of  Santiago 
about  7  miles  south  of  Santiago  City.  It  gave  iis 
name  to  a  battle  fought  on  a  plain  by  its  northern  bank, 
April  5, 181S,  in  which  5,000  patriots  under  San  Martin  de- 
feated 5,500  Spaniards  underOsorio.  Tlie  patriots  lost  l.OCO 
in  killed  and  wounded,  and  1.000  Spaniards  were  killed. 
Osorio  escaped,  but  all  his  princip:il  officers  and  2,200  men 
surrendered.  This  victory  retrieved  the  defeat  of  Cancha 
Rayada,  and  practically  secured  theindependenceof  Chile. 

Maipures.     See  AIa)jpures. 

Mairet  (ma-ra').  Jean.    Bom  at  Besan^on  in 

IGO-lr:  died  there  in  16S6.  A  French  dramatist. 
He  has  been  called  "the  French  Marston."  In  1031  (1029 :) 
hismost  notedplay.  ''Sophonisbe."was produced.  Amoi^ 
his  other  plays  are  'Sylvie."  "Virginie,"  'Roland  Furi. 
eux,""Sidonie,"''Sylvanire, " 
on  la  Cleopatre,"  etc. 

Maison  (ma-z6n'),  Marquis  Nicolas  Jqsephde. 
Born  at  Epinav,  near  Paris.  Dec.  19,l(il:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  iS,  1840.  A  French  marshal.  He 
served  in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  and  commanded  the 
expedition  to  the  Morea  1S28-29. 

Maison  Oarree  (ma-z6h'  ka-ra').  [F.,  'square 
house.']  An  ancient  building  at  Ximes,  France, 
perhaps  the  most  perfect  of  sui'viving  Roman 
temples,  it  is  assigned  to  the  2d  century.  It  is  a  Co- 
rinthian hesastyle  pseudoperipteros,  with  11  columns  on 
the  flanks,  on  a  raised  basement  with  steps  in  frcmt,  and 
measures  40  by  76  feet,  and  40  feet  high.    "It  is  constructed 


Majlath 

eeparate  publications  exist :  "Lettres  et  opuscules  in^dits 
du  Conite  Joseph  de  Maistre"(1851)  and  *■  Memoires  puli- 
tiqueset  corre>poudance  diplomaliuue  de  Joseph  de  Mais- 
tre  ■'  (185S). 


of  Joseph  de  Maistre.  He  served  m  youth  in  the  array 
of  Piedmont,  and.  after  the  occupation  of  Piedmont  by  the 
French  in  17i>8,  took  part  in  the  Austrian  and  Russian  cam- 
paign in  Italy  (1799).  In  the  same  yeai-  he  went  to  Russia, 
where  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-genei-al.  He  wrote 
"Voyage  autour  de  ma  chambre'  {'Journey  round  my 
Room,  "1794,  in  the  style  of  Sterne:  written  while  under 
arrest  for  taking  part  in  a  duel),  '-Le  l^preux  de  la  cil^ 
d'Aoste  "(1S12).  "La  jetme  Siberienne '  (1S15),  "  Prisonniers 
du  Caucase' (1815),  "Expedition  nocturne  autour  de  ma 
chambre  "  (1S25). 

The  chief  merit  of  these  works  (of  de  Maistre],  as  of  the 
less  mannerised  and  more  direct  "Prisonniers  du  Caucase  " 
and  "JeuneSib^rienne,"  resides  in  theii-  dainty  style,  in 
their  singular  narrative  power  (Sainte-Beuve  says  justly 
enoughthat  the  "PrisonniersdnCaucase"has been  equalled 
byno  other  writer  except  Merimee),  and  in  the  remarkable 
charm  of  the  personalitj-  of  the  author,  which  escapes  at 
every  moment  from  the  n  ork. 

Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p  144. 


Maita  Capac.     See  Mayta  Ccapac. 

Maitland  (mat'iand).  A  town  in  New  South 
M'ahs,  Australia,  situated  on  Hunter  Kiver  83 
miles  north  by  east  of  Svdney.  Population 
(1891),inoludingEastandWestMaitlandJ0.2l4. 

Maitland,  Sir  Frederick  Lewis.   Born  at  Ean- 

keilour,  Fife,  Sept.  7,  1777 :  died  off  Bombay, 
Nov.  30. 1839.  A  British  rear-admiral.  He  was 
stationed  oiT  Rochefort  in  command  of  the  Belleruphon  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Waterloo,  under  instructions  to  intercept 
Napoleon,  who  opened  negotiations  with  him  July  lu,  1815, 
for  permission  to  sail  for  tlie  United  States,  rie  refused 
his  consent  in  the  absence  of  instructions  from  the  govern- 
ment, but  offered  to  carry  Napoleon  to  England.  Napo- 
leon embarked  in  the  Eellarophon  July  lo,  and  Aug.  7  was 
transferred  to  the  Northumberland  off  Beriy  Head.  Mait- 
land was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1S30,  and  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  the  East  Indies  and  China  in  1837. 
He  wrote  ''Narrative  of  the  Surrender  of  Buonaparte  and 
of  his  Residence  on  board  H.  M.  S.  Bellerophon,"  etc 
Athenais,""Marc  Antoine,      (i8i?GX 

Maitland,  Jolin,  Lord  Maitland  of  Thirlestane. 
Born  about  1545 :  died  at  Thirlestane,  Oct.  3, 
1595.  A  Scottish  politician.  He  became  lord  pri\7 
seal  of  Scotland  in  1567,  and  spiritual  lord  of  session  in 
1568  ;  supported  the  cause  of  Marj-  Queen  of  Scots  against 
the  Presbyterian  party;  in  1587  was  made  chancellor  by 
James  ^^.  (afterward  James  I.  of  England);  and  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Maitland  of  Thirlestane  in 
1590.  By  his  advice  James  consented  to  the  act  establish- 
ing the  church  on  a  strictly  Presbyterian  basis. 
Maitland,  Jolin,  second  Earl  and  first  Duke  of 
Lauderdale.  Bornat  Lethington,May  24, 1616: 
died  at  Tunbrido:e  Wells,  Aug.  20  (24?),  1682.    A 

with  the  optical  reflnement  of  the  curved  horizontal  lines     Scottish  politician,  son  of  John  Maitland,  first 

hitherto  considered  peculiar  to  the  Parthenon  and^ther     E^pi  ^f  Lauderdale 


Greek  temples  of  the  5th  and  6th  centuries  E.  C"  (ff*.  H. 
Goodyear,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Archfeol.,  X.  1). 

Maison Doree,  La Hiima-zon'  do-ra').  [F./the 
giWed  house.']  A  noted  restaurant  in  Paris. 
situated  on  the  Boulevard  des  Italiens.  It  was 
built  bv  Lemaire  in  1S39, 


He  became  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  in  1643,  and  a 
member  of  the  joint  committt-e  of  the  two  kingdoms  in 
1644 ;  aftenvaid  joined  Prince  Charles  in  his  exile :  and  on 
the  Restoration  became  the  chief  adviser  of  Charles  II.  in 
Scottish  affairs,  a  position  which  he  used  to  establish  the 
absolutism  of  the  crown  both  in  the  church  and  in  the 
state.     He  w*as  created  duke  of  Lauderdale  in  1672. 


■Kjr    •        ■  /      -  -    *\     T    1         «  -         ai.ii.v-.     xie  « .li  Li-eaieo  uuKe  "i  L.auaeraaie  m  loiz. 

Maisonneuve  (ma-zo-nev  ),  Jules  Germain  Maitland,  Samuel  Roffey.    Born  at  London. 


FranQOis.     Born   in    1809:    ilieu    in    1894.     A 
i'reueh  surgeon,  author  of  many  surgical  works. 

Maisonneuve,  Sieur  de  (Paul'de  Ciomedey). 

Died  at  Pans.  Sept.  9,  1G76.     Governor  of  Mon- 
treal 1G42-04.    He  was  a  native  of  Champ.igne,  entered 


Jan.  7,  1792:  died  at  Gloucester.  Jan.  19,  1866. 
An  English  clerg_\-nian.  and  theological  and  his- 
torical \Triter.  He  was  librarian  to  the  Archbishop  ot 
Canterbury  1J3S-J8.  Among  his  works  are  '■  The  Dark 
Ages  "  (1*44)  and  'The  Reformation  in  England  "  (1849). 


the  French  army  in  his  youth,  and  was  the  leader  of  a  Maitland,   ThomaS,      The   nom   de   plume    of 
band  of  colonists  who  arrived  at  Quebec  in  lt>41  and  set-     Robert  Buchanan. 

tied  at  Montreal  in  1642.    He  remained  governor  of  the  •WoI+i-tiiI    TirjlHorT,    ^f    T  ^t-'ki-^,^^-^        -d  

M,  when  he  w£  removed  from  Maitland,    William,  Of    Letllington.  _    Bom 


colony  at  Montreal  until  16&J, 
office,  and  returned  to  France, 

Maistre  (mastr),  Joseph  Marie,  Corate  de. 
Born  at  Chamhery.  Savoy.  April  1.  1754 :  died 
at  Turin.  Feb.  26,  1821.  A  French  statesman, 
writer,  and  philosopher.  Joseph  de  Maistre  was  one 
of  the  greatest  writers  in  the  French  language  since  the 


about  1.528:  died  at  Leitb.  June  9.  1573.  A 
Scottish  politician.  He  studied  at  the  University  of 
St.  Andrews  and  on  the  Continent,  and  af  tenvard  became 
secretary  to  Mar>'  Queen  of  .-^cots,  whose  cause  he  sup. 
ported  against  the  Scottish  reformers.  He  was  captured 
at  the  surrender  of  Edinburgh  Castle  to  the  English  May 
29, 1573,  and  died  in  prison. 


days  of  Voltaire  and  Rousseau.  His  familv  was  of  French  MaittairC  (ma-tar' ),  Michel.  Bom  in  France, 
origin,  but  this  particuhu-  branch  had  settled  in  S;ivDy  as  IGGS :  died  at  London,  Sept.  18,  1747.  A  French 
early  as  the  lith  century,  and  had  sworn  allegiance  to  the  i,:Ki;n.T,.o«v,„,.o„.q  „in-„;„ii  ,1+  ■„ 
King  of  Sardinia.  The  eldest  of  ten  children,  he  prepared  pioliographer  and  classical  editor.  He  wasa  teacher 
to  follow  his  father's  calli.ig  and  become  a  magistrate.  On  '",  estminster  School  1695-1(47.  His  chief  work  is  "An- 
completing  his  classical  studies  under  the  .results,  he  left  -^'"f^  typographici    (1,19-41). 

home  and  took  up  the  study  of  law  in  Turin.  In  17SS  he  JuaiWand  (ini-wand  ).  Alocalityn-est  of  Kan- 
becamesenatorof  Savny.butatnotimewasheinsynipathy  dahar,  Afghanistan.  Here,  Julv -17.  ISSO  the.Wghans 
with  the  judiciarj- duties  of  his  office.  He  emigrated  at  (9,OJ0)  under  Avub  Khan  defeated  the British(2,4:6)under 
the  time  of  the  French  Revolution,  and  spent  several  yeare  Burrows.  The  British  loss  was  »ii  kUled  and  107  wounded, 
in  Switzerland  and  northern  Italy.    After  residing  some     This  has  also  been  called  the  battle  of  Kushk-i-Nakhud. 

Bom  at 
Florentine 


lu  owii^cuaiiu  aim  nuiuiein  iiaiy.     Aiiei  resiuini:  some  ims  nas  also  oeen  called  the  battle  of  Kushl 

time  in  Sardinia  in  a  diplomatic  capacity,  he  tinally  went  MajanO  (ma-va'no).  Benedetto  da, 

to^t.Petersburgasenvoyextraordmaryandministerpleni-  -^r--   _     \  ,  ,n     t    1  ■>!      oi    1  in-      » 

potentiaiyof  the  King  of  Sardinia  (1802-17):  this  is  by  far  ->la,iano.  l+t_  .  ttiecl -May  _4,  149  / .    A. 


the  most  brilliant  period  in  his  political  and  literary  life. 
One  of  his  earlier  publications  that  had  made  his  name 
known  thi-oughout  Europe  was  the  "  Considerations  sur  la 
revolution  fran^aise  "(179tiV  During  the  period  of  his  resi- 
dence at  the  Russian  capital  he  kept  up  a  voluminous 
correspondence.  He  wrote  an  ■ '  Essai  sur  leprincipe  genera- 
teur  des  institutions  hnmaines"(1810X  *'Des  delais  de  la 
justice  divine  "  (181,^). "  Du  pape  "  (1819).  "  De  I'eglise  gaUi- 
cane"  (1821),  "Soirees  de  Saint-P^tersbourg"  (1821),  an.t 


sculptor  and  architect.  He  began  as  a  worker  in  wood 
mosaic.  Early  in  life  he  went  to  Hungary  in  the  ser>-ice 
of  King  Corvinus.  After  his  return  he  desiLmed  the  Strozzi 
palace,  the  comer-stone  of  which  was  laid  in  1489.  In 
1401  he  made  the  monument  to  Filippo  Strozzi  in  Santa 
Maria  Novella.  He  went  to  Faenza  to  sculpture  the  monu- 
mental altar  of  San  Savino  for  the  Duomo  1471-72.  On  his 
return  to  Florence  he  made  the  marble  pulpit  of  Santa 
Croce. 


Examen  de  la  philosophic  de  Bacon    (183:i).    On  the  ex-  MajaUO,  Giullano  da.     Bom  at  llaiano,  1432  ■ 
minister's  return  to  Turin,  the  Kins  of  Sardinia  bestowed     fljpfl  1  iqfi         A  scnlntnr  and  hiiildpp    elder  hro. 
numerous  honors  upon  him.     .Joseph  de  Maistres  letters     IV*^^  ^Z\i'        .   f       P^r    .       ■''^°'^'^'  ^^^^'^  "^ 
were  edited  many  years  after  his  death,  and  afford  a  valu-     tber  ot  ±Senedetto  da  Majano. 
able  insight  into  the  privacy  of  his  thought  and  life.    Two  Majlath.     See  Maildth, 


Majnun 

Majnun.     See  Luila  mid  Mnjniin. 

Major  (ma'jor),  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  3, 1818  :  died  at  Kt-nsiiigton,  June  25, 
1891.  An  English  liistorian  and  geographer. 
He  was  coniu-cted  with  the  British  Musl-uiii  library  1S44- 
1880  ;  was  lloiiorary  st-crrtaryut'  thL-lIakluyt  Society  1849- 
1858;  an<i  was  vice-president  ui  tht-  ICuyal  (ieoi^ruplucal 
Society.  He  publislied  a  "  Life  of  Tritae  Henry  of  Portu- 
gal, suriiamed  the  Navigator  "  (1808),  "The  Diseoveriesof 
Prince  Henry  the  Navigator  aiid  tlieir  Results"  (1877), 
"  BiblioKraphy  of  the  First  Letter  of  i'hristopher  Colum- 
bus" (1872),  and  edited  for  the  Ilakluyt  Society  "Select 
Letters  of  Christopher  Columbus  "  (1847)  aud  various  other 
works. 

Majorano.    See  Caffarelli. 

Majorca  (ma-j6r'ka),  or  Mallorca  (miil-yor'- 
kii).  The  largest  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  Spain. 
Capital,  Palma.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  northwest. 
Olive-oil,  wine,  etc.,  are  exported.  Tlie  museum  in  the 
castle  of  the  Coiide  de  Montenegro  is  a  very  remarka- 
ble and  valuable  collection  of  antiiiuities,  chietiy  Roman, 
formed  by  Cardinal  Despuig  toward  the  close  of  the  18th 
century  by  extensive  excavations  dnringten  years  at  Aric- 
cia,  near  the  Alban  Lake.  The  chief  treasure  is  a  head  of 
Augustus.  Area,  about  1,300  square  miles.  See  Balearic 
Islands. 

Majorian.     See  Afajnrianus. 

Majorianus  (ma-j6-ri-a'nus),  Julius.     Roman 

emperor  of  the  West  457— 4(il.  lle  was  elevated  by 
Riciraer  (whom  see)  in  407,  defeated  the  Vandals  on  the 
coast  of  Campania  in  458.  but  losthis  fleet  through  treach- 
ery at  the  battle  of  Carthagena  in  460.  He  was  forced  to 
abdicate  by  Ricimer,  who  viewed  witli  concern  his  grow- 
ing popularity.  He  died  shortly  after,  probably  put  to 
death  by  order  of  Ricimer. 

Majuba  (mii-jo'ba)  Hill.  A  height  in  the  Dra- 
keuberge,  South  Africa.  Here,  Felj.  2",  1881,  about 
450  Boers,  with  slight  loss,  defeated  about  700  British. 
Of  the  latter  !I2,  including  Gen.  Sir  G.  P.  CoUey,  were 
killed,  and  about  150  wounded. 

Makah.     See  Tlnasaht. 

Makallah  (mii-kal'la),  or  Maculla  (mii-kul'la). 
A  seaport  in  Hadramaut,  soutliern  Arabia,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  14°  32'  N.,  long.  49°  3'  E. 

Makari  (mii-ka're).  A  Nigritie  tribe  of  Bornu, 
central  Sudan,  which  inhabits  the  province  of 
Kotoko  and  the  vassal  kingdom  of  Logone. 
They  are  kinsmen  of  the  Gamergu,  Musgu,  and  Mandara; 
are  daiker  and  shorter  than  the  Kanuri ;  and  profess  Islam-, 
ism.     See  Ma^a. 

Makarieff  (ma-kii're-ef).  1.  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Kostroma,  Eussia,  situated  on 
the  Unsha  110  miles  north  of  Nijni-Xovgorod. 
Population  (1893),  6,09.5.-2.  A  small  town 
in  the  government  of  Ni.jni-Novgorod,  Russia, 
gituated  on  tlie  Volga  4.5  miles  east-southeast 
of  Niini-Novgoi-i)d:  formerly  noted  for  its  fair. 

Makarska,  or  Macarska  (ma-kurs'ka).     A 

small  sea.]iort  in  Iialmatia,  on  the  Adriatic  34 
miles  southeast  of  Spalato. 
Makart  (miik'ilrt),  Hans.     Bom  at  Salzburg, 
Austria,  May  28,  1840 :  died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  3, 
1884.     A  noted  Austrian  historical  and  figure 

Sainter.  Ue  studied  at  Vienna  under  Ruben,  and  at 
[anich  under  Piloty,  and  after  visiting  Paris,  ll<jme,  Ven- 
ice, and  other  cities  finally  settled  in  Vienna  in  1809  at 
the  request  of  the  emperor  Francis  .loseph,  who  in  1879 
gave  him  the  title  of  professor.  Among  his  chief  works 
are  the  "Homage  of  the  Venetians  to  Catarina  Cornaro," 
"  Entry  of  Charles  V.  into  Antwerp,"  "  Hunt  of  Diana." 
"Plague  in  Horence,"  "Cleopatra,"  "The  Five  Senses," 
"  Ophelia,"  etc. 

Mak6  (mo'ko).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
(.'sanad,  Hungary)  situated  near  the  Mams  1.5 
miles  east  by  south  of  Szegediu.  Population 
(1S!II|),  32,GG3. 

Makololo  (mjl-ko-lo'lo).   See  X/janfja  and  liotse. 

Makrisi  (mak-io'zo),  Al-  (Taki-uddin  Ali- 

mad).  Born  1306:  died  1442.  An  Aiabian  his- 
torian. The  name  JIakrisi  is  derived  from  his  birth- 
?lace,  Makris  near  llaalbec.  His  "Egyptian  History  and 
opography  "  is  still  an  important  work,  and  some  of  his 
works  have  been  translated  into  Latin  and  French. 

Makua  (mii-ko'ii).     See  KiKi. 

Malabar  fmal-a-biir').  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  11°  N.,  lung. 
76°  E.  Area,  .5,.585  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  2,6ri2,.5tir). 

Malabar  Coast.  A  name  often  given  to  the 
western  coast  of  Briti.sh  India,  bordering  on 
the  Arabian  Sea;  it  is  properly  confined  to  the 
southern  part. 

Malacca  (ma-lak'il).  1.  See  Malaij  I'cniiinula. 
—  2.  A  territory  in  the  British  colony  of  the 
Straits  Settlements,  Malav  Peninsula.  Area, 
659  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  92,170,— 
3.  A  seaport,  ca)ii(al  of  fheferritoi'v  of  Malacca, 
situated  on  tlie  Strait  of  Malacca  Iil  lat.  2°  12' 
N.,  long.  102°  16'  E.  it  was  formerly  under  Porta- 
gui-s.-:Mi,l  bit.T  nn.l.r  Dutch  rule.    P..11.,  esliniatcil,  l«,r,f,7. 

Malacca,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passagi>  separating 
Sumatra  from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  con- 
necting the  Chimi,  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Width,  30-200  miles. 

Malacbi  (mal'a-ki).    [Heb.,  'ray  messenger,' or 


645 

'messenger  of  Yahveh.']  The  last  of  the  minor 

prophets. 
Malachy  (mal'a-ki).  Saint.     Bom  in  Armagh, 
Ireland,  about  1094 :  died  at  Clairvaux,  France, 
Nov.  2,  1148.     An  Irish  prelate,  archbishop  of 
yViTiiagh  aiul  papal  legate  in  Ii'oland. 

Malade  Imaginaire,  Le.  [P.,  'the  imaginary 
invalid.']  A  comedy  bv  Moli4re,  produced  in 
1073. 

Maladetta  fmii-la-tlet'tii),  or  Monts-Maudits 

(muii-iuO-de').  A  group  of  the-  central  Pyre- 
nees, on  the  Spanisli  side,  soutli  of  the  main 
range.  It  contains  the  highest  summit  of  the 
Pyrenees,  the  Pic  de  N^thou. 

Malaga  (mal'a-gii;  Sp.  pron.  mii'lii-ga).  1.  A 
province  in  Andalusia.  Spain.  It  is  bounded  by 
Seville  on  the  northwest,  Cordova  on  the  north,  t;ranada 
on  the  east,  the  .Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  Cadi/,  on 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  mountain-ranges.  The  chief 
products  are  griipcs,  sugar,  and  tropical  fruits.  The  area 
is  2,824  square  miles.  Population  (1887),  619,977. 
2.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Malaga,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat. 
36°  43'  N.,  long.  4°  25'  W. :  the  ancient  Malaca. 
It  is  the  chief  seaport  of  Spain  after  Biu-celona,  exporting 
grapes,  raisins,  wine,  olive-oil.  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  lead, 
etc.  The  cathedi-al,  begun  in  153S,  but  not  completed 
until  1719,  is  very  large  (the  vaulting  being  130  feet  high), 
but  is  built  in  a  heavy  bastard  Corinthiun  architecture, 
with  tawdi-y  decoration.  The  carved  woo.len  Renaissance 
choir-stalls,  however,  are  superb,  the  58  large  figures  of 
saints  with  their  emblems  being  especially  noteworthy, 
ilalaga  wjis  probably  founded  by  the  I'henicians ;  was  taken 
by  the  lloors  about  711 ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Fer- 
dinand the  Catholic  in  1487  ;  and  was  taken  by  the  Fremh 
in  1810.  It  figured  conspicuously  in  the  troubles  of  1808 
and  1873.    Population  (18971,  I2.'i,.579. 

Malagasy  (mal-a-gas'i).  [PI.  and  sing.]  The 
inhabitants  of  Madagascar.  They  are  an  off- 
shoot from  the  Malay-Polynesian  group. 

Malagigi  (mii-la-je'je).  In  the  Charlemagne 
cycle  of  romances,  an  enchanter  and  magician, 
the  cousin  of  Rinaldo. 

Malagrowther  (mal-a-grou'THer),  Malacbi. 

A  jiseudonym  of  Sir  "Walter  Scott  in  "Three 
Letters  by  Malachi  Malagrowther"  on  paper 
money,  first  published  in  the  "  Edinburgh  Week- 
ly Joumal"iu  1826.  InlSSOafourthletterwasadded. 
Sir  Mungo  Malagrowther  is  a  malicious  old  coiu-tier  in 
Scott's  novel  "The  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Malabide,  An  ancient  fortified  mansion  near 
Duljlin,  Ireland,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
Talbot  family,  and  still  iu  their  possession.  It 
is  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  pure  Norman 
architecture  in  Great  Britain. 

Malakoff,  or  Malakhoff  (mii'la-kof).  A  forti- 
fication which  formed  one  of  the  principal  de- 
fenses of  Seliastn)iol.  Crimea.  On  Sept.  8, 1865,  the 
French  carried  it  by  storm.  The  evacuation  of  Sebastopol 
commenced  immediately  after  its  capture. 

Malalis  (mii-lii-lez').  A  horde  of  South  Amer- 
ic'aii  Indians  of  the  Tapuya  stock,  in  Minas 
(ieraes,  Brazil,  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Rio 
Doce.     As  a  tribe  thej'  are  nearly  extinct. 

Malaprop  (mal'a-prop),  Mrs.  A  vain,  good- 
natured  woman  in  Sheridan's  "Rivals," remark- 
able for  her  misapplication  of  words. 

Mrs.  Mai.  There,  sir,  an  attack  upon  my  language !  what 
do  you  think  of  thatv  —  an  aspersion  ujion  my  ])arts  of 
speech  I  was  ever  such  a  brute!  Sure  if  I  reprehend  any- 
thing in  this  world,  it  is  the  use  of  my  oracular  tongue, 
and  a  nice  derangement  of  epitaphs. 

SheTHtan,  Rivals,  iii.  3. 

M9,lar,  or  Maelar  (ma'liir),  or  Malaren  (ma'- 

lilr-en).  A  lake  in  eastern  Sweden,  connecting 
with  the  Baltic  at  Stockholm.  It  contains  over  l,2oo 
islands.   Stockholm  is  situated  on  it.    Length,  about  80 

miles. 

Malatesta  (mil-H-tes'tii).  [It.,  'bad  head.'] 
An  Italian  family  niliiig  in  Rimini,  Italy,  and 
in  other  (larts  of  the  Romagna,  from  the  13th 
to  the  15th  century. 

Malatia  (mii-lii-to'ii),  or  Malatiyeh  (mii-lii-fo'- 

ve).  A  town  in  thevilavet  of  Diarbekir,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  about  lat.  38°  30'  N.,  long.  38°  25'  E.: 
the  ancient  Melitene.  The  Persians  were  defeated 
here  by  the  Byzantine  forces  in  577.    Populathui,  about 

I'O.OIrf). 

Malatimadbava  (mii'Ma-tC'-mil'd-ha-va).  A 

Sanskrit  drama  by  liliavabliuli:  soealleil  from 
its  heroine  and  hero,  Malati  and  Madhava.  It 
has  been  translated  by  Wilson.  For  plot,  see  Williaiifs's 
"  Indian  Wisdom,"  ]t.   1>0. 

Malavikagnimitra    (mli-la-vi-kiig-ni'mi-tra). 

[Skt.,  'Malavika  and  Agniniitra.']  A  Sanskrit 
drairui,  very  probably  by  Kaliilasa.  It  tn'ais  of 
the  loves  of  l\ing  .Agnimitm  and  Malavika.  a  girl  in  the 
train  of  his  queen  Dharini.  There  is  an  ejiitome  by  Wil. 
son  in  his  "  Hindu  Theatre,"  For  the  plot,  see.also,  Wil- 
liams's "  Inilian  Wisiloui."  p,  478.    Translation  by  Tawney. 

Malay  (nia-la')  Archipelago.  Eastern  Arcbi- 
pelago,  i>r  Indian  Arcbipelago.  .\n  exten- 
sive group  of  islands  lying  south  and  southeast 
of  Asia.    It  includes,  among  others,  Sunnitra,  Java,  Uor- 


Malcontent,  The 

neo,  Celebes,  Bali,  Lombok,  Sumbawa,  Hores,  Sandalwood 
Island,  Timor,  and  the  Moluccas,  The  Philippines  are 
often  included.  an<l  sometimes  Papua,  the  Andaman  Isl- 
ands, and  theNicobar  Islands.  The  in  habitants  are  chiefly 
of  Malay  or  Papuan  race.  \\  ith  tite  exception  of  the  north- 
ern face  of  Boi-neo,  almost  the  entire  region  is  under  Dutch 
domination.  The  eastern  half  of  Timor  is  a  Portuguese 
government.     See  the  respect  ive  names. 

Malay  Peninsula,  m-  Malacca  (ma-lak'ji).   A 

peninsula  al  the  southii-ii  extremity  of  "Asia, 
connected  with  tlie  rest  of  Fiu-ther  India  by  the 
Isthmus  of  Kra,  and  terminating  in  Cape  Roma- 
nia. It  lies  between  the  Gulf  of  siam  and  the  ChinaSea  on 
the  east  ancl  the  Bay  fif  Bengal  and  the  strait  of  Malacca  on 
the  west ;  istniversed  by  a  mountain-range;  and  is  divided 
politically  into  Siamese  possessions.  British  possessions 
(Straits  Scttb-meiits).  and  .Malay  stalesd'erak,  Johor.  etc., 
in  alliance  Willi  I  :rc:.t  l!ril;iiii).  Thechief  races  are  Malays, 
Siamese.  Chinese,  and  Negritos.  Area,  estimated,  70,000 
square  miles.     Population,  estimated,  <>5o,000. 

Malay-Poljmesian  (ma-la'pol-i-ne'sian).  A 
family  of  languages  occupying  most  of  the  isl- 
ands of  the  Pacific,  from  Madagascar  to  Easter 
Island  (not,  however,  Australia  and  Tasmania, 
nor  the  central  parts  of  Borneo  and  New  Guinea, 
and  of  some  other  of  the  large  islands),  toge- 
ther with  the  Malay  Peninsula.  Its  principal 
branches  are  the  Malayan," of  the  peninsula  and  the  islands 
nearest  it,  and  the  Polynesian,  of  the  great  mass  of  scat- 
tered islands  (including  Madagascar  and  New  Zealand)  ;  to 
these  is  added  by  many  the  Melanesian,  of  the  Fiji  Archi- 
pelago and  its  vicinity,  which  others  regard  as  a  separate 
family.  The  languages  are  of  extreme  simplicity  in  regard 
both  to  phonetic  and  to  grammatical  structure. 

Malays  (ma-laz').  ^  [E.  Mtihn/,  F.  Malais,  G. 
Miitiijr,  Russ.  Malai,  etc.,  Malay  Orati;/  Mulaiju, 
Malay  man.]  The  natives  of  Malacca  or  the 
Jlalay  Peninsula,  or  of  the  adjacent  islands. 

Malbone  (mal-bon').  Ed'ward  G.  Born  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  Aug.,  1777:  died  at  Savannah,  Ga., 
ilay  7,  1807.   An  American  portrait-painter. 

Malbrough  (mul-brok'),  or  Malbrook  (mal- 
briik').  A  celebrated  French  song,  connnencing 
"  Malliriiugh  s'en  va-t-en  guci're."  Thcauthorsot 
wtirds  and  music  nic  not  certainly  known,  but  it  probably 
dates  from  about  170:1.  Marie  Antoinette  took  a  fancy  to  it 
in  1781,  and  it  became  popular  throughout  France,  after 
which  heaumarchais  introduced  it  in  "  l.e  niariage  de 
Figaro  "  in  1784,  and  Beethoven  repeateil  it  in  his  "  Battle 
.Sjmiphony  "  (181.'!),  as  the  symbol  of  the  French  army.  The 
air  is  that  to  which  "We  won't  go  home  till  morning"  is 
sung.     Grove. 

Malchin  (miil-chen').  A  town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Peene  57 
miles  east  bv  north  of  Sehwerin.  Population 
(1890),  7.298". 

Malcolm  (mal'kom  or  ma'kom)  I.  [ME.  Mal- 
colm, Miilcoli/ii,  AS.  M.rlrolm ;  (Jael.  Caluni.] 
Died  in  954.  "King  of  Scotland  943-954.  He  an- 
nexed Jloray  to  the  Scotlish  kingdom  in  943. 

Malcolm  II.  Mackenneth.  Died  Nov.  25, 1034. 

King  of  Scotland  100.5-34.  He  gained  the  throne 
by  defeating  and  killing  Kenneth  III.  at  Mouzievaird, 
Perthshire,  in  lOO.'i ;  was  repulsed  with  great  slaughter  by 
Vchtred,  son  of  Waltheof,  ealdorman  of  Northumbria.  In 
an  attack  on  lairham  iu  1000;  and  married  his  daughter 
to  Sigurd,  jarl  of  Orkney,  in  1008.  During  his  reign  Ix>. 
thian  and  Cumbria  nortli  of  the  Solway  were  annexed  to 
Scotland.  • 

Malcolm  III.,  called  Canmore.  Died  Nov.  13, 

1(193.  King  of  Scotland  10.54-93,  son  of  Dun- 
can I.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  defeat  of  the 
usiu-per  .Miu-beth  by  Karl  Siwardof  Northumbria  July  27, 
lor>4,  which  was  followed  by  his  own  victory  at  Lumpha* 
nan  in  Aberileenshire,  where  Macbeth  was  slain.  He  was 
crowned  at  Scone  April  2r>,  1057,  and  in  10f)8  miu-ried  Mar- 
garet as  his  second  wife,  through  whose  infiuenee  the 
Roman  ritual  was  introduced  into  Scotland,  In  1070  he 
supported  the  cause  of  his  brother-in-law,  Edgar  Atheling, 
but  was  obliged  to  do  homage  to  William  the  Conqueror 
at  Abemethy  in  1072.  lie  was  defeated  and  slain  by  .Mo- 
rel of  liamborough  near  the  Alne,  at  a  place  w  hich  after- 
ward received  the  mtme  of  Malcolm's  Ci-osa,  Shakspere 
introduces  him  in  "  Macbeth," 

Malcolm  I"V.,  sumamed  "  The  .Maiden ,"  Born 
in  1141:  died  at  .lodburgh.  Dec.  9,  1105.  King 
of  Scotland  H5:i-(i5,  son  of  1  lenry,  and  grandson 
of  David  I.  whom  he  succeeded.  lie  was  compelled 
to  surrender  to  Henry  II.  of  F.ngland  al  Cbesler  In  1107 
the  fiefs  granted  to  hfs  grandfather  by  Malibhi.  niolherof 
Henry  II.,  in  return  for  the  assistance  of  the  scois  uKainst 
Stei>ben,  anil  in  nf>9  served  as  an  Knglish  bariui  In  tlteex- 
petlifion  against  Toulouse. 

Malcolm,  Hcward.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
I'.l,  1799:  died  at  Pliilad.diihia,  Marcli  2.5,  1879. 
An  .Xiniuicnn  l!a]itisl  idergyman  and  writer. 
Anuing  his  works  are  a  "Dictimuiry  of  the  ilible"  (1828X 
"Travels  in  South. ea-iteni  Asia"  (ls;t9i,  etc, 

Malcolm,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Burufoot,  Dura- 
friesshire.  May  2.  17(;9:  .lieil  May  30,  1833.  ,\ 
Scotlish  iiiilitician.  He  received  a  commission  In  the 
Kast  India  (.'ompany's  service  In  17,sl ;  was  governor  of 
ltond)ay  1S27*:{0;  and  was  Tory  member  <»f  Parliament  for 
I.auiu'c'siou  ls:ii-3'J.  He  wrote  a  "Pollllcnl  History  »»f  In- 
dia" (ISU),  a  "llisloryof  Persia"  (1815),  etc. 

Malcontent,  The.  A  play  by  Marston,  acted 
in  11)01,  printed  in  1604.  Another  edition,  aiig- 
nii^nted  by  Webster,  appeared  the  same  j'ear. 


Malcontent,  The 

Then  came  Marston's  completest  work  in  drama.  "The 
Malcontent,  "an  anticipation,  after  Elizabethan  fashion,  of 
■•Le  Misanthrope"  and"The  Plain  Dealer."  Thoughnot 
free  from  Marston's  two  chief  vices  of  coarseness  and  exag- 
gerated cynicism,  it  is  a  play  of  great  merit,  and  much  the 
best  thing:  he  has  done,  though  the  reconciliation,  at  the 
enil,  of  such  a  husband  and  such  a  wife  as  Piero  and  Au- 
reliii,  between  whom  there  is  a  chasm  of  adultery  and  mur- 
der, again  lacks  verisimilitude. 

Saintsburi/,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit,,  p.  19S. 

MalczewsM   (mal-ehev'ske),  or  Malczeski 

(miil-ehes'ke),  Antoni.  Born  about  1792:  died 
at  Warsaw.  May  2,  1826.  A  Polish  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  a  narratire  poem,"Marja"  (1825). 

Maldah  (mal'da).  A  district  in  Bengal,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  ^^.,  long.  88°  E. 
Area.  1,902  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
814.919. 

Maiden  (mal'den).   AcityinMiddlesexCounty, 

"Ma.ssaehusetts.  situated  on  MaldenBiver  5  miles 
north  of  Boston.     Population  (1900).  33.6(34. 

Maiden  Island.  A  small  island  in  the  Pacific, 
northwest  of  the  Marquesas.  It  is  a  British  pos- 
session. 

MaldiTe(mardiT)  Islands.  [Native  name  Mal- 
dira,  iIdJ(1h-a ;  from  /»«?- (uncertain)  and  iJha, 
Skt.  drijia,  island.  Cf.  Laccadive  lsUinds.~\  An 
archipelago  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about500 miles 
southwest  of  Ceylon.  Capital,  MaU.  The  islands 
comprise  17  atolls,  and  are  ruled  by  a  sultan,  tributary  to 
the  British  government  of  Ceylon.  The  religion  is  Moham- 
medan.    Population,  about  30,000. 

Maldon  (mal'don).  A  river  port  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Blackwater  37  miles  east^ 
northeast  of  London.  Here.  991,  the  Danes 
defeated  the  English.  The  battle  is  described 
in  an  Anglo-Saxon  poem.  Population  (1891), 
5.397. 

Malea  (ma'lf-a).  [Gr.  MaAfa.]  1.  The  ancient 
name  of  Cape  Malia. — 2.  In  ancient  geography, 
the  soiithernmost  point  of  the  island  of  Lesbos. 

Male-bolge  (mS'le-borje).  In  Dante's  "In- 
ferno." the  eighth  circle.  It  was  filled  with  holgi 
or  pits. 

Malebranche  (mal-bronsh').  Nicolas.  Bom 
at  Paris.  Aug.  6.  1638:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  13, 
1715.  A  French  metaphysician,  a  follower  of 
Descartes.  He  sought  to  overcome  the  dualism  of  the 
Cartesian  philosophy  by  the  doctrine  that  God  is  the  real 
ground  of  all  being  and  knowing,  and  that  we  "see  all 
things  in  him."  His  principal  work  is  "Kecherche  de  la 
T^rif^"  ("Search  for  Truth,"  1674).  He  also  wrote  "Con- 
versations chretiennes"  (1C77),  "Traits  de  la  nature  et  de 
la  grrice*  (lOSO),  "Meditations  chretiennes  et  m^taphy- 
siqnes"  (1C)S3),  "Traite  de  morale"  (16S4),  "Entretienssur 
la  metaphysique  et  la  religion  "  (16S7),  etc 

Maler  Kotla  (ma'ler  kot'la).  A  small  native 
state  in  India,  protected  bv  the  British,  situated 
about  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  long,  75°  50'  E,  Popula- 
tion (18911,  75,755, 

Malesherbes  (mal-zarb'),  CliretienGuillannie 
de  Lamoignon  de.  Bom  at  Paris.  Dec.  6, 1721 : 
guillotined  at  Paris,  April  22,  1794.  A  noted 
French  statesman,  president  of  the  "cour  des 
aides"  (1750)  and  director  of  the  press.  He  was 
minister  under  Louis  S'\^.  and  liis  counsel  (1792-93)  before 
the  Convention.  He  was  arrested  (Dec,  1793)  and  con- 
demned to  death  by  the  Eevolutionary  tribunal  on  a  charge 
of  treason. 

Malespin  (ma-las-pen "i,  Francisco.  Born  about 
1800 :  died  at  San  Fernando,  Salvador,  1846.  A 
Central  American  soldier  and  politician.  Hewas 
commandant-genei-al  of  Salvador  in  1S41,  and  on  Sept.  20 
of  that  year  headed  the  revolution  which  deposed  Cai^as 
and  put  the  aristocratic  party  in  power.  Thereafter  he  was 
the  leading  spirit  in  Salvador,  and  became  president  Feb. 
5.  1&44.  He  had  two  wars  with  Guatemala  in  IS-H,  and  at 
the  end  of  that  year,  in  alliance  with  Honduras,  invaded 
^Nicaragua,  taking  Leon  after  a  terrible  siege  (.Tan.  24, 1845), 
and  committing  m.my  atrocities.  In  his  absence  he  was 
deposed  (Peb. -2, 1^5),  and,  attempting  to  recover  his  place, 
was  captured  and  shot. 

Malespina  (mii-las-pe'na),  Alejandro.  Bom 
about  1750 :  ilied  at  Cadiz  about  1810.  A  Span- 
ish navigator  who,  from  1789  to  1794,  command- 
ed a  surve\-ing  exjiedition  on  the  western  coast 
of  South  and  North  America.  He  penetrated  to  lat 
60'  N.  in  search  of  a  passage  from  the  Pacific  to  the  At- 
lantic, and  subsequently  returned  to  Spain  by  way  of  the 
East  Indies. 

Malespina  Glacier.  [Named  in  honor  of  A.  Ma- 
lespina.] A  glacier  in  Alaska,  between  Mount 
St.  EUas  and^the  Pacific. 

Malet  (ma-la'),  Claude  FranQois  de.  Born  at 
Dole.  Fi'anee,  June  28. 1754 :  executed  at  Paris, 
Oct.  29,  1812.  A  French  general,  head  of  an  un- 
suceessftil  conspiracy  against  Napoleon  in  Oct., 
1812.  He  was  of  noblefamily,  an  ardent  republicau,  and 
entered  the  army  at  the  a^e  of  si.\teen. 

Malet,  Lucas.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.William 
Hanison,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Charles 
Ringsley. 

Malevole.  The  name  assumed  by  Giovanni 
Altofronto,  foi-merly  duke  of  Genoa,  a  character 


646 

in  Marston's  play  "The  Malcontent,"  to  which 
he  gives  its  name. 

Mamerbe  (mal-arb').  Frangois  de.  Bom  at 
Caen  in  1555:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  16, 1628.  A  cele- 
brated French  poet.  His  studies,  begun  in  his  native 
city,  were  continued  at  Paris,  and  completed  at  Basel  and 
Heidelberg.  Hewas  married  in  loil,  and  spent  much  of  bis 
time  in  southern  France.  Oneof  his  first  compositions,"Les 
larmes  de  Saint- Pien'e,"  was  published  at  Paris  in  15S7. 
Before  the  close  of  the  century  he  had  written  his  ode  to 
Duperier  entitled  "Consolation  sur  La  mort  de  sa  fille," 
and  had  addressed  odes  to  Henry  IV.  and  Marie  de 
M^dicis.  His  ambition  to  become  court  poet  was  realized 
about  1605.  He  was  presented  to  the  king,  and  remained 
in  residence  at  court  till  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  in  1610, 
and  was  then  further  retained  during  the  minority  of  Louis 
"VTTT  The  best  modern  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of 
Ludovic  Lalanne  and  Ad.  Regnier  for  the  "Collection  des 
grands  ecrivains  de  la  France  "  (Paris,  5  vols.  1862-69).  Mal- 
herbe's  claims  to  recognition  lie  in  the  nicety  of  his  vocabu- 
lary, the  purity  of  his  expression,  and  the  perfection  of  his 
verse.  Boileau,  in  his  "  Art  poetique,"  hailed  him  in  the  of  t- 
quoted  words:  "Entin Malherbe vint."  Contemporaneous 
writers,  however,  sumamed  Mallierbe  "le  tyran  des  mots 
et  des  syllabes"  ('the  tyrant  of  words  and  syllables '). 

Mali.     See  ilandingo. 

Malia  (ma'le-a).  Cape.  A  promontory  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Laconia,  Greece:  the 
ancient  Malea. 

Maliacus  Sinus  (ma-li'a-kus  si'nus).  [L.,'Ma- 
liae  Gull'.']  In  ancient  geography,  an  arm  of 
the  ^Ilgean  Sea,  south  of  Thessaly,  Greece :  the 
modern  Gulf  of  Lamia. 

Malibran  (ma-le-bron'),  Madame  (Maria  Fe- 
licita  Garcia),  later  Madame  de  Beriot.  Born 
at  Paris,  March  24,  1808 :  died  at  Manchester, 
England,  Sept.  23,  1836.  A  celebrated  opera- 
singer,  daughterand  pupil  of  Manuel  delPopolo 
Vicente  Garcia.  Her  voice  was  a  contralto.  In  1824 
she  appeared  in  public  for  the  first  time  at  a  musical  club. 
Her  operatic  debut  was  on  June  7,  lS2o,  in  London,  where 
she  took  the  place  of  Pasta,  who  was  ill.  She  made  a  great 
sensation, and  wasat  once  engaged  for  the  rest  of  theseason. 
Shortly  after  this  she  went  to  >"ew  York  with  her  father.  In 
the  miilst  of  a  successful  season  there  he  married  her  to 
Mr.  Malibran.  who  soon  became  bankrupt.  In  1S27  she  left 
him  and  returned  to  France.  Siie  sang  with  increasing 
success  in  Paris,  London,  and  other  cities  till  the  time  of 
her  death.  lu  1836  she  married  the  violinist  De  Beriot, 
with  whom  she  had  lived  from  1630. 

Malignants  (ma-Ug'nants),  The.  In  English 
history,  the  adherents  of  Charles  I.  and  his  son 
Charles  H.  during  the  civil  war :  the  Royalists ; 
the  Cavaliers:  so  called  bythe  Roundheads,  the 
opposite  pai'ty. 

Malincbe.     See  Malintzin. 

Malines.     See  Mechlin. 

Malintzin  (ma-lent-zen').  The  name  given  by 
the  Mexican  Indians  to  Marina,  the  Indian  mis- 
tress of  Hernando  Cortes.  See  Marina.  Either 
her  original  Indian  name  was  Malina,  or  the  Indians  so 
pronounced  her  Spanish  name ;  and  the  suflix  -tsin  (*  chief,* 
'lady  ')was  added  out  of  respect.  Subsequently  Cortes  him- 
self was  called  Malintzin,  the  name  in  this  case  meaning 
'lord  of  Marina.*  The  Spaniards  corrupted  Malintzin  to 
Jifalinche. 

Malis  (ma'lis).  [Gr.  //  Ma?jf  77/.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  of  Greece,  south  of  Thes- 
saly and  north  of  Doris. 

Mall  (mel  or  mal).  The.  A  broad  promenade 
in  St.  James's  Park,  London,  planted  with  rows 
of  trees.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  somewhat  similar 
promenade  in  the  Central  Park,  >'ew  York.   See  Pall  MaU. 

Mallarino  (mal-ya-re'no),  Manuel  Maria. 
Bom  in  Cauca,  1798:  ilied  at  Bogota.  Jan.  6, 
1872.  A  politician  of  New  Granada  (Colombia). 
He  was  vice-president  under  Obando  in  1853, 
and  president  1855-57. 

Mallet  (mal'et),  originally  Malloch(mal'loch), 
David.  Born  at  Crieflf.  Perthshire,  about  1700: 
died  in  England.  April  21, 1765.  A  Scottish  poet 
and  author.  He  wrote  the  plays  "  Mustapha  **  (1739X 
"Eurydice'*(173r„and " Elvira "(1763).  "Alfred,aMasque," 
was  written  with  Thomson, and  "Rule,  Britannia,"  one  of 
the  songs  contained  in  it,  has  been  claimed  for  both. 
Among  his  poems  were  "  The  Excursion  "  (172S),  "  The 
Hermit  **  (1742),  and  several  volumes  of  miscellaneous 
verse. 

Mallet  (ma-la'),  Paul  Henri.  Bom  at  Geneva, 
1730:  died  there,  Feb.  S,1S07.  A  Swiss  historian 
and  student  of  Scandinavian  antiquities,  pro- 
fessor of  belles-lettres  at  the  Academy  of  Copen- 
hagen 1752—60.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  history 
at  the  Academy  of  Geneva  in  the  latter  year.  He  pub- 
lished an  "Introduction  ix  lliistoire  du  Danemark,  etc'* 
(1755-56),  "Xorthem  Antiquities"  (1770),  "  Monuments  de 
la  mythologie  et  de  la  poesie  des  Celtes  et  particulierement 
des  anciens  Scandinaves** (1756),"  Histoire  dn  Danemark *' 
(17.5S-77),  etc 

Mallet  du  Pan  (ma-la'  dii  pon),  Jacques.  Bora 
at  Geneva,  1749:  died  in  England.  May  10. 1800. 
A  Swiss  publicist.  He  was  professor  of  French  liter- 
attu-e  at  Cassel  in  1772  :  soon  went  to  London,  where  he  oc- 
cupied himself  with  joum.olism  ;  founded  the  "Memoires 
Historiques.  PoUtiques.  et  Litteraires  *'  at  Geneva  in  1779  ; 
went  to  Paris  in  17S3.  where  he  founded,  with  Pankoucke, 
the  ".Journal  Historique  et  Politique,"  later  combined 
with  the  "  Mercure  de  France  "  (suppressed  in  1792) ;  fled 


Malone 

from  France  in  1792  ;  and  settled  in  London  in  1799,  where 
he  founded  the  "Mercure  Britannique.'* 

Mallock  (mal'ok),  William  H'urrell.   Bom  in 

Devonshire  (?j.  1849.  An  English  author.  He 
was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  gained  the 
Xewdigate  prize  there  in  1871.  Among  his  works  are  "  The 
xsew  Republic,  etc."  (1877),  "  The  New  Paul  and  Virginia, 
etc."  (1S7S),  "Lucretius"  U878X  "Is  Life  worth  li\'ing?'* 
(1879),  "Poems"  (18SU),  "A  Romance  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century  "  (1881),  "  Social  Equality,  etc  "  (188^),  "  Property 
and  Progress,  etc."  (1884),  "Landlords  and  the  National 
Income**  (1884),  "Atheism  and  the  Value  of  life,  etc." 
(1884),  "  The  Old  Order  Changes  **  (1886X 

Mallorca.     See  Majorca. 

Mallory  (mal'o-ri  1,  Stephen Eussell.  Born  in 
Trinidad. West  Indies,  1813 :  died  at  Pensacola, 
Fla.,  Nov.  9, 1873.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  a  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Florida  1851- 
1861,  when  he  resigned  on  the  secession  of  his  State.  He 
was  in  the  latter  year  appointed  by  President  Davis  sec- 
retary of  the  navy  of  the  Confederate  States,  a  position 
which  he  held  until  the  end  of  the  war  in  1865. 

Mallow  (mal'o).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blackwater  18  miles 
north-northwest  of  Cork.  It  contains  a  warm 
mineral  spring.     Population  (1891),  4,366. 

Malmaison  (mal-ma-z6n').  A  hamlet  a  few 
miles  west  of  Paris,  noted  for  its  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  empress  Josephine  1798-1814. 

Malmedj  (mal'me-de).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province.  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warche  25 
miles  south  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Population 
(1890),  4,447.  : 

Malniesbury(mamz'ber-i).  AtowninWiltshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Lower  Avon  23  miles       1 
east-northeast  of  Bristol.    It  formerly  contained  a 
Benedictine  monastery.    Hobbes  was  bom  there.    Popu- 
lation (1891),  2,964. 

Malmesbury,  Earl  of.     See  Harris,  James.  il 

Malmo  (mal'me).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  laen  ft 
of  Malmohus,  situated  on  the  Sound,  nearly  op- 
posite Copenhagen,  in  lat.  55°  36' N.,  long.  13°  E. 
It  is  the  third  city  of  Sweden  in  importance ;  h^s  manu- 
factures of  gloves;  exports  grain,  etc  ;  and  was  foi-merly 
one  of  the  leading  northern  seaports.  A  truce  between 
Prussia  and  Denmark  was  concluded  here  in  184S.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  49,402. 

Malmohus  (mal'me-hos).  The  southernmost 
laen  of  Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Baltic,  Sound, 
and  Catteeat.  Area,  1,347  square  miles.  Pop- 
idation  (1893),  estimated,  374.621. 

Malmstrom  (malm '  strem),  Bemhard  Elis. 
Born  in  Nerike,  Sweden,  March  14,  1816:  died 
at  ITpsala,  June  21, 1865.  A  Swedish  poet  and 
writer.  He  studied  at  Upsala,  where  in  1843  he  became 
docent,  and  in  1856  professor  of  esthetics  and  the  history 
of  literattire.  His  first  work  was  the  epic  poem  '"Ariadne," 
which  appeared  in  1838.  In  1840  he  was  awarded  the  prize 
of  the  Swedish  Academy  for  the  elegiac  cycle  "  Angelica. " 
Among  his  other  poetical  works  are  the  narrative  poem 
"Fiskarflickanfran  Tunnels6'*("  The  Fisher  Maid  of  Tun- 
nelso  ")  and  a  number  of  lyrics.  In  the  field  of  criticism 
he  is  the  author  of  "  Literaturhistoriska  Studier"("Studiea 
in  Literary  History")  and  the  collection  of  lectures  "  Grund- 
dragen  af  Svenska  Titterhetens  Historia  **  ("  Elements  of 
the  History  of  Swedish  Literature,'*  published  after  his 
death,  1866-68,  5  vols.). 

Maloja  (ma-16'yii).  It.  Maloggia  (ma-lod'ja). 
A  pass  in  the  southern  part  of  the  canton  of 
GWsons,  Switzerland,  connecting  the  Upper  En- 
gadinewithChiavenna(inltalv).  Height,  5,960 
feet. 

Malojaroslavetz,  orMaloyaroslavetz  (malo- 
ya-ro-slii'vets).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Kaluga,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Lusha  66  miles 
southwest  of  Moscow.  Here,  Oct.  24, 1812,  Na- 
poleon was  checked  by  the  Russians.  Popula- 
tion (1885-89),  4.479. 

Malone  (ma -Ion').  The  capital  of  Franklin 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Salmon  River. 
42  miles  west  by  north  of  Plattsburg.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  village,  5,935. 

Malone,  Edmund.  Boi*n  at  Dublin,  Oct.  4, 1741 : 
died  at  London.  April  25, 1812.  An  Irish  literary 
critic  and  Shaksperian  scholar.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  in  1763  went  to  London  and  be- 
came alaw  student  in  the  Inner  Temple.  Returning  to  Ire- 
land, he  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1767.  Not  long  after 
this  his  father's  death  left  him  in  possession  of  a  small  estate 
and  sufBcient  money  to  hve  upon.  He  therefore  returned 
to  London  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  Hesoon  entered 
the  best  political  and  literary  society,  and  counted  among 
his  friends  Johnson,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Bishop  Percy, 
Burke.  Canning,  Horace  Walpole,  and  others.  His  edition 
of  Shaksperewas  published  in  1790,  but  he  had  prei  iously 
written  an  "Attempt  to  ascertain  the  order  in  which  the 
plays  of  .Shakspere  were  written  "  (1778),  a  supplement  to 
Johnson*s  edition  of  Shakspere  (1780),  containing  observa- 
tions on  the  Elizabethan  stage  and  the  text  of  5  plays 
wrongly  ascribed  to  Shakspere.  etc.  He  published  an  edi- 
tion of  Su- Joshua  Reynolds's  works  in  1797,  and  an  edition 
of  Dryden,  4  volumes  of  which  appeared  in  1800.  Besides 
writing  a  number  of  minor  works,  he  found  time  to  devote 
himself  to  book-collecting,  andaccumulateda  largelibraiT. 
After  his  death  the  greater  part  of  it  was  sent  to  Oxford. 
He  left  material  for  another  edition  of  Shakspere,  which 
was  published  bv  James  Boswell  the  younger  in  1821,  and 
is  known  as  the'  "third  variorum  Shakspere,"  sometimes 
as  "BosweU's  Malone." 


Malory 

Malory  (mal'o-ri),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  probably 
about  1430:  died  after  14i0.  Tlie  author  of  the 
prose  roiuaneo  ''Morte  Arthure"  (which  see). 
Ijittle  is  known  of  him. 

Malou  (nia-lo' ),  Jules.  Born  at  Ypres,  Belgium, 
ik-t.  19,  ISIO:  dieil  at  Brurssels,  July  11,  1886. 
A  Belgian  politician  of  the  clerical  party,  pre- 
mier 1871-78  and  1884. 

UalpigM  (mal-pe'ge),  Marcello.  Born  near 
Bologua,  Italy,  March  10,  1GJ8 :  died  at  Rome, 
Nov.  29,  1694.  An  Italian  anatomist  and  physi- 
ologist, the  founder  of  microscopic  anatomy. 
He  was  lecturer  on  medicine  at  Boloj;ii;i  tlnfifi)?  proft'ssor 
at  Pisa  (li;r>7),  at  li^jlogiia  (lOUll),  at  Jlessiiia  (Illtii),  and 
again  at  P.ulo^'na.  In  1091  he  went  to  Rome  as  pliysician 
to  Pope  Innocent  .\II. 

MalplaCLUet  (miil-plii-ka').'  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  France,  near  the  Belgian 
frontier,  20  miles  east  of  Valenciennes.  It  was 
the  scene,  Sept.  11,  1709,  of  a  victory  of  the  allied  English, 
Dutch,  and  Austrian  forces  (about  1-20,000)  under  the  Duke 
of  Marlboi-ough  and  Prince  Eugene  over  the  French  (about 
90,000)  under  Villars.  The  loss  of  the  Allies  was  about 
80,000;  thatof  the  French,  probably  from  11,000  to  14,000. 

Malstatt-Burbach  (mill 'stat-bor' bach).  A 
town  in  the  Khine  Province,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Sa.ar,  opposite  Saarbriicken,  32  miles 
south-southeast  of  Treves.  It  has  iron  manu- 
factures.    Population  (1890),  18,134. 

Malstrom.     See  Maeh-trom. 

Malta  (nial'tji),  F.  Malte  (miilt).  [Probably 
Phenician, 'refuge.']  The  chief  of  the  Maltose 
Islands,  situated  about  lat.  35°  5.5'  N.,  long.  14° 
30'  B. :  the  ancient  Melita.  Chief  town,Val('tta. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point. 
The  island  anciently  beloiiged  to  the  Phenicians,  aTui  later 
to  the  Kiiuiaus.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  shipwreck  of  St. 
Paul.  (For  fnrtluT  history,  see  Maltrfc  Island^;.)  Length, 
17  miles.     lireadtli,  0  miles.     Area,  about  95  square  miles. 

Malta,  Knights  of.  Bee  Hasintalers  of  St.  John 
of  Jcrimdhm.  Order  of  the. 

Malte-Brun  (miil'te-bron;  F.pron.  miUt-bruii'), 
Conrad  (originally  Malte  Conrad  Brunn). 
Born  at  Thisted,  Denmark,  Aug.  12,  1775:  died 
at  Paris,  Dee.  14,  1826.  A  noted  Danish-French 
geographer  and  publicist,  author  of  "Pi'eeisde 
geographic uuivcrselle"  (commenced  1810,  con- 
tinued by  Huot),  collaborator  with  Mentelle 
and  Herbin  in  "  Gi5ographio  math^matique, 
etc."  (1803-07),  and  founder  of  the  "Annales 
des  voyages"  (1808). 

Malte-Brun,  Victor  Adolphe.     Born  1816: 

died  1889.  A  French  geographer,  son  of  (jon- 
rad  Malte-Brun:  general  secretary  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Society  of  Paris. 
Maltese  (mal-tes'  or  mal-tcz')  Islands.  A 
British  colony  in  the  Mediterranean,  compris- 
ing Malta,  Gozo,  Comino,  and  two  i.slets.  Capi- 
tal, Valetta.  They  produce  corn,  cotton,  tropical  fruits, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Maltese.  The  ishinds 
were  comiuered  by  the  \'andals,  (loths,  and  Saracens  (5th 
to  9th  century);  belonged  to  Sicily  from  the  i2th  to  the 
16th  century  ;  were  granted  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in 
1530  ;  resisted  the  Turks  1,'j05,  when  a  siege  of  Malta  con- 
ducted  by  Mustapha  Pasha  was  successfully  opposed  by  the 
Knights  ;  were  conquered  by  Bonaparte  in  17'.i8  ;  and  were 
taken  by  the  English  in  1800,  their  possession  heing  con- 
firmed by  treaty  in  1H14.  The  colony  is  administered  by  a 
governor  with  an  executive  council  and  a  cm  i  icil  i  'f  g.  ivern- 
ment.    Area,  llOsquare  miles.    Poi)nlatinn  (IMi2),  lOO.Ssi). 

Malthus  (mal'thus),  Thomas  Robert.  Horn 
near  Guildford,  Surre.y,  Feb.  17,  ]7(iti:  died  at 
St.  Catharine's,  near  IBath,  Dec.  23,  1834.  An 
English  political  economist.  He  gradnat(^d  at  Cam- 
bridge in  178.S  arul  became  a  fellow  of  .Tesus  College  in 
1793.  In  1708  he  took  orders,  and  w.as  made  curate  of  Al- 
bmy,  Surrey.  In  170S  he  published  his  llrst  essay  on  the 
"Principle  of  "Population,"  wliieh  he  dcllnes  to  lie  that 
population  increases  in  a  geometrical  and  means  of  HUt)si8. 
tence  in  an  arithmetical  ratio,  and  that  vice  and  crime  arc 
necessary  cliecks  of  this  increase  in  numbers  (the  so-called 
"Malthusian  doctrine").  He  published  in  1803  a  re\  ision 
of  the  "Essay  on  Population."  In  1805  he  was  nia<U'  pm- 
feasor  of  history  and  political  economy  at  llaileytmry. 
Uis other  woiks  are  "The  Nature  and  Pnigressof  Kent  " 
(1815),  wliicli  stated  the  now  generally  accepted  theory  <if 
rent,  and  "  Political  Econonty  "(1820).  In  politics  he  was 
a  Whig ;  he  supported  the  Catholic  emancipation,  and  ac- 
cepted the  Reform  liill. 

Maltitz  (miil'tits),  Baron  Apollonius  von. 

Born  at  tiera,  Germany,  Juno  U,  1795;  die  il  at 
Weimar,  (fei'many,  March  2,  1870.     A  Cierman 
poet,  dramatist,  and  novelist,  brother  of  F.  F. 
von  Maltitz. 
Maltitz,  Baron  Franz  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 

Nuremberg,  June  (i,  1794:  died  atBoppa.rd,  Prus- 
sia, April  25, 1857.  A  (ieianan dramatic  and  lyric 
poet. 

Maltitz,  Baron  Gotthilf  August  von.  Born  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  .luly  9,  1794 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, June  7,  1837.     A  (icrman  poet. 

Malton  (raal'ton).  A  town  iti  Vorkshiro,  Fng- 
1,M ud,  situated  on  thoDorwi'nl  17  miles  northeast 
of  York.  It  comprises  New  Malton,  Old  Malton, 
and  Norton.     Population  (1891),  4,910. 


647 
Maltzan  (miilt'san),  'Heinrich  Karl  Eckardt 

Helmuth  von,  Baron  of  Wartenbergand  Peuz. 
lin.  Born  at  Dresden,  Sept.  6,  1826:  committed 
suicide  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.  22, 1874.  A  German 
traveler,  ethnologist,  philologist,  and  archaeolo- 
gist. He  published  works  descriptive  of  his  travels  in  Ara- 
bia, northern  Africa,  and  the  East  generally  (including 
"  Meine  Wallfahrt  n.ich  Mekka,"  1866). 

Malula  (mii-lo'lii).  A  village  in  Syria,  situated 
between  Damascus  and  Baalbec.  It  fs inhabited  by 
Christians  only,  and  the  Aramaic  dialect  of  the  time  of 
Clu-ist  is  still  spoken  there. 

Malusduii-liis'),  foienne Louis.  Bomat  Paris, 
June  23,  1775:  died  there,  Feb.,  1812.  A  French 
physicist  and  engineer,  noted  for  discoveries  in 
optics,  especially  the  polarization  of  light  by  re- 
flection. 

Malvasia.     See  Monemhama. 

Malvern  (mal'v^rn).  A  health-resort  in  Wor- 
cestershire, England,  7  miles  southwest  of  Wor- 
cester. It  comprises  the  town  of  Great  Malvern  and  sev- 
eral villages.  Near  itarethe  Malvern  Hills.  Ithasapriory 
church,  and  a  college  and  other  schools.  Population  (1891), 
0,107. 

Malvern  Hill  (mal'vern  hil).  A  plateau  near 
the  .James  River,  Virginia,  southeast  of  Rich- 
mond. Here,  July  1,  18G2,  the  Federals  under  llcCIel- 
lan  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Lee  (the  last  of  the 
' '  Seven  Days'  Battles  "). 

Malvern  Hills  (mal'vern  hilz).  Arange  of  hills 
on  the  borders  of  Worcestershire  and  Hereford- 
shire, England.  Highest  point, Worcester  Bea- 
con (1.444  feet). 

Malvolio  (mal-vo'li-6).  In  Shakspere's  comedy 
"Twelfth  Night,"  Olivia's  steward,  a  conceited, 
grave,  self-important  personage  foi-ced  into 
comic  positions  by  the  fantastic  nature  of  the 
situation. 

Malwa  (mal'wii).  A  former  kingdom  in  central 
India,  and  afterward  a  Mogul  province.  It  be- 
longs no  w  chietl.y  to  ludore,  Bhopal,  SintUiia,  and 
other  native  states. 

Malynes,orMalines(ma-len'),ordeMalines, 
Gerard.  Flourished  158G-1641.  An  Englishmer- 
ehant  and  econorhist,  the  son  of  an  English  mint- 
master.  He  came  to  England  with  his  father  in  1561.  In 
15S6  he  was  commissioner  of  trade  in  the  Low  Countries, 
and  in  1609  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the  mint.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  English  economists  to  recognize  the 
natural  laws  on  which  modern  economy  is  based.  Among 
his  works  are  "  A  Treatise  of  the  Canker  of  England's  Com- 
monwealth "  (1601),  "St.  George  for  England"  (1601),  "The 
.Maintenance  of  Free  Trade"  (1622),  "Consuetudo  vel  lex 
mercatoria  "  (1622). 

Mama  Occlo  Huaco  (mil 'ma  6k '16  wii'ko). 
[t^uicluui:  )«(/«((,  mother;  occlo,  from  occlani, 
to  hatch  ;  huaco,  probably  from  huacco,  a  spar- 
row-hawk.] The  traditional  first  mother  of  the 
Inea  princes  of  Peru,  daughter  of  the  sun  and 
sister  and  wife  of  Manco  Capac,  whom  she  ac- 
companied in  his  wanderings  until  he  founded 
Cuzco.  Subsequently  she  taught  the  Indian 
women  to  spin  and  ■weave.  Also  written  Mania 
(hUo  Iliiacii. 

Mamaea,  or  Mammaea  (ma-me'ii),  Julia.  Born 
at  Emesa,  Syria.  The  wife  of  (Jessius  Marcia- 
nus,  and  the  mother  of  Ale.Kander  Severus.  She 
was  the  first  cousin  of  CaracaUa  and  the  aunt  of  Elagabalus. 
She  was  in  numy  respects  a  woman  of  high  character. 

Mambrino  (mam-bre'no).  A  pagan  king  in  an 
old  romance,  "  Innamoramento  di  Kinaldo,"an- 
tei'ior  to  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso."  He  is 
killed  by  llinaldo.  Xo  mention  is  made  in  this  romance  of 
his  helmet,  but  in  "  Orlando  Furioso  "  Kinaldo  is  said  to 
liave  won  it.  It  is  the  same  Ilelmet  so  fiequently  men- 
tioned in  "Don  tjuixoti', "made  of  pure  gold,  and  reniU-ring 
its  wearer  invisible.  Don  Quixote  took  i)Ossessiou  of  a 
l)arber'8  basin  wliich  he  conceived  ti>  be  the  helmet  of  King 
Mamltrino. 

Mamelucos  (mii-ma-16 '  kos).  [Pg.  Mamcluco, 
a  MiiMu'luko;  applied  in  Brazil  to  persons  of 
mLxod  Indian  and  negro  blood.]  A  name  given 
l)y  tlie  Jesuits  of  I'araguay  to  bands  of  Brazil- 
ian (Sito  Paulo)  slave-hunters  who,  in  the  17th 
century,  attacked  their  missions,  carrying  olT 
thousands  of  Indians.  Some  of  the  Jesuit  writers  er- 
roneously described  tlic  Mamelucos  as  an  indi'iM-iulcnt 
race,  forming  what  they  called  the  "  MamelucoRepnIplic." 
n  mistalte  which  has  been  copied  ivy  various  English  his- 
torians. 

Mamelukes  (mara'e-luks).  A  corps  of  cavalry 
formerly  e.xisling  i'ii  Egypt,  whose  chiefs  were 
long  the  sov<'rcigii  rulers  of  the  country.  Thi'y 
originated  with  a  l)ody  of  Mingrelians,  Turks,  lind  olber 
slaves,  who  were  sold  by  Jcnghiz  Khan  to  tlle  I'.gyptiau 
sultan  in  the  i;itli  ceiituiy.  Alxiut  1251  they  eslablislod 
their  government. in  Egypt  by  making  one  i>f  tlieir  own 
number  sultan.  Their  government  was  overthrown  by 
Selim  I.  of  Turkey  in  1517,  but  they  formed  part  of  the 
Egyjitian  army  luitll  ISll,  when  Meh'einot  All  destroyed 
most  of  them  iiy  a  general  massacre. 

Mamers(ma'merz).  An  Italian  (Osean)  name 
of  the  god  Mars.  He  was  worshiped  by  the  Romans 
as  a  rustic  divinity,  one  of  the  rural  Lares. 


Manacicas 

Mamers(ma-mar').  Atowninthe  department 
of  Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Dive  24  miles 
north-northeast  of  Le  Mans.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,016. 

Mamertines  (mam'6r-tinz).  [L.  Mamertini.1 
In  ancient  history,  a  band  of  Campauian  mer- 
cenaries who  became  rulers  of  Messina  about 
282  B.  C.  Their  request  for  aid  from  the  Romans  and 
Carthaginians  (caused  by  an  attack  from  Uiero  of  Syra- 
cuse) brought  about  the  first  Punic  war,  261  B.  c. 

Mames  (mil'mas),  or  Mams  (miiinz).  [Said  to 
be  a  corruption  of  the  Cakchiquel  mem,  a  stut- 
terer, applied  to  the  Maya-speaking  nations.] 
An  ancient  Indian  tribe  of  Guatemala,  of  the 
Maya  stock.  They  occupied  the  region  now  included 
in  the  department  of  Totonicapan  (nortl.west  of  Guate- 
mala City),  and  under  their  chief,  Caibil  Balani,  made  a 
brave  resist.ance  to  the  Spaniards.  They  were  conquered 
by  Gonzalo  de  Alvarado  in  1525,  and  their  descendants  are 
now  amalgamated  with  the  country  population. 

Mamiani  della  Revere  (mii-me-a'ne  del'laro'- 
ve-re),  Count  Terenzio.  Born  at  Pesaro,Italv, 
1800:  tiled  at  Rome,  May  21, 1885.  An  Italian 
philosopher,  poet,  and  statesman  in  the  papal 
and  later  in  the  Italian  service.  Hewas  minister 
of  the  interior  to  Pius  IX.  in  1848,  and  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  for  a  short  time  in  the  same  year;  professor  of 
philosoi)hy  at  Turin  1S57-60 ;  and  in  IStiO  minister  of  put>- 
lic  instruction  under  Cavour.  His  works  include  "Rinno- 
vamentt)  della  filosofia  antica  italiana"  ("Revival  of  the 
Ancient  Italian  Philosophy,"  1S34),  'Dialoghi  di  scienza 
prima  "  (1S46),  "  Confessioni  d'un  metaflsico  "  (1865),  etc. 

Mamilia  gens  (ma-mil'i-a  jenz).  A  Roman 
plebeian  gens,  comprising  the  families  Limeta- 
nus,  Turrinus,  and  Vitulus. 

Mamilius  (ma-mil'i-us).  In  Shakspere's  play 
"The  Winter's  Tale,"  a  boy,  the  young  prince 
of  Sicilia. 

Mammaea.    See  Mamxa. 

Mammon  (mam'on).  [S_\T.  mdmdntJ,  riches.] 
A  Syriac  word  used  once  in  the  New  Testament 
as  a  personification  of  riches  and  worldliness, 
or  the  god  of  this  world;  hence,  the  spirit  or 
deity  of  avarice ;  cupidity  personified. 

Mammon,  Sir  Epicure.  In  .Tonson's '  •  Alchem- 
ist," a  worldly  sensualist  finally  gulled  by  his 
own  rapacity. 

The  judgment  is  absolutely  overwhelmed  by  tlie  torrent 
of  magnificent  images  with  which  Mammon  confounds  the 
incredulity  of  Surly,  and  inflames  the  supposed  ambition 
of  Dol.  There  is  a  "towering  bravery  "  in  his  sensuality 
which  sets  him  above  all  power  of  imitation.         Gijford. 

Mammoth  Cave  (mam'oth  kav).  The  largest 
known  cave,  situatedinEdmonson  County,  near 
Green  River,  Kentucky,  75  miles  south-south- 
west of  Louisville.  It  extends  over  an  area  of  8  or  10 
miles  in  diameter,  and  consists  of  numerous  chambers  con- 
nected by  avenues  which  are  said  to  be  in  the  aggregate 
150  miles  in  length.  The  stalactitic  formatiiuis  are  of 
great  beauty,  and  the  animal  inhabitants  iU"e  of  great  in- 
terest   The  cave  was  discovered  in  1809. 

Mamor^  (mji-mo-ra').  A  river  in  Bolivia,  one 
of  the  principal  head  streams  of  the  Madeira. 

Mamre  (mam're).  lu  t)ld  Testament  geogra- 
phy, a  ijlace  in  Palestine,  probably  near  He- 
bron. • 

Mamun.     See  Al-Mamiai. 

Man(ni:in).  Isle  of.  An  island  in  the  Irish  Sea, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat. 
.54°  1.5'  N.,  long.  4°  30'  W.,  17  miles  south  of 
Scotland,  and  nearly  equidistant  from  England 
and  Ireland :  the  ancient  Eubonia  and  Manx 
Mannin  or  Vannin.  Capital,  Douglas.  The  cen- 
tral part  is  mountainous,  the  highest  point,  Suaefell,  rising 
to  2,034  feet.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant- 
governor,  executive  council,  and  House  of  Keys  (forming 
the  Tynwald).  English  is  generally  spoken,  and  the  mi- 
tive  Manx  is  fast  disappeming,  'The  island  was  ruled 
by  Northmen  from  the  9th  or  10th  to  the  13th  century  ; 
was  annexed  to  Scotland  by  Alexander  lU.;  and  was  laf- 
tcrward  ruled  by  varii>us  kings.  It  was  ruled  l»y  the 
Stanley  (Derby)  family  from  the  begirming  of  the  1.5tli 
century  to  17:i.'),  when  it  j):Lssed  to  tlie  earls  of  Athole.  In 
1705  the  Britisti  government  ac(|Uired  most  of  the  royal 
rights  of  the  Athole  famil.v,  the  last  rights  falling  to  the 
crown  in  1S29.  Lenglh,  32  miles.  Area,  220  square  miles. 
Population  (1S91).  55.598. 

Manaar,  <n-  Manar  (mii-niir').  A  small  island 
northwesi  of  Ci'vlou. 

Manaar,  Gulf  of.  .\n  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
partly  inclosed  by  Ceylon,  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  India,  and  the  chain  of  islands  conueet- 
iug  them. 

Manabi  (mii'nii-Bo).  A  maritime  province  of 
Ecuador,  north  of  Giiavaquil.  Population, 
(i4,i2:;. 

Manacicas  (mii-uii-se'kils).  A  division  of  the 
Chi(iuilos  Indians  who,  in  the  17th  century,  oc- 
cupied the  region  now  embraced  by  northeast- 
ern Bolivia,  near  (he  river  Paraguay.  They  were 
very  inunerous,  and  w,'re  tli\iih-d  into  many  petty  hordes 
or  villages,  defendetl  Ity  stockades.  The  Manacicas  were 
gathered  into  mission  villages  by  the  Jesuits,  and  became 
amalganuited  with  the  other  Chiquitos  tribes. 


Manacor 

Manacor  (ma-na-kor').  A  town  in  Majorca, 
Bali-ai-ie  Islands,  Spain,  30  miles  east  of  Palma. 
Wine  is  exported.     Population  (1887),  19,635. 

Managua  (ma-na'gwa).  The  capital  of  Nicara- 
gua, situated  ou  Lake  Managua  in  lat.  12°  7'  N., 
long.  86°  12'  W.     Population,  about  17,000. 

Managua.Lake.  A  lake  inNiearagua, northwest 
of  Lake  Nicaragua,  into  which  it  discharges 
its  waters  by  the  Tipitapa.  Length,  about  40 
miles. 

Manantadi.  A  town  in  the  Malabar  district. 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  about  lat.  11° 
4S'  N.,  long.  76°  E.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Manaos  (ma-nii'os).     A  tribe  of  Indians  ou  the 


64S 


Manetho 


uaua  ^Liia-na  os;.     A  trioe  of  Indians  ou  the     tlie  Unitarians, 
northern  side  of  the  Amazon,  about  the  lower  Manchester  Poet,  The.     Charles  Swain. 
InT'Z  ?i  c ,    n!"^^""^.^  -  •  J^"^ "■"  °f  ■^'  ="™'^  *'°'='^'  Manchester  Ship-Canal.    A  canal  for  sea-yes- 

anJ  are  closely  alhed  to  the  Bares  of  the  same  region,  sels  connectintf  Manchester  En<rlTn,l  with  V), a 
An  agricultural  and  paciflc  nation,  they  readily  received  MlLV,"T^„rf'l  ""'^P'^"?'*'*^;  -E-ngland,  n  ith  the 
the  Jesuit  missionaries,  anil  during  the  18th  century  were  ^'''^J  ^^  Eastham  m  Cheshire :  opened  May  21, 
partly  civilized.    Their  descendants  have  adopted  the  For-      l'^94. 

tuguese  language  and  customs.  The  city  of  Manios,  tor-  Manchuria,  OrMantchuria  Cman-cho'ri-al  A 
:r:;'f,,?„'?r,i°:VlH!^'=.?i','i.?jJ.i"_ '.".- t-''-^'  <>--ed     dependency  of  Sa^Ues  to  thenonhlL  tt 

China  nrnnftr.  ami    hnrHpra  olon  nn  \f nn n-,-.! ; o     mu^..:., 1 


factures  of  silk,  paper,  etc.   Population  (1900).   Mandaeans  (man-de'anz).      [From  NL    Man 

<(^''*'  ';•<»"  Manda3anJ/a«(fa,  knowledge,  .'uo- 
sis.]     A  very  ancient  religious  body,  stiUfoSud 
though  Its  members  are  few,  in  the  southern 

?k-y,  d  nf  rn  ^k""""-  The  religion  of  the  Munda^ans  is 
a  kind  of  Unosticism  retaining  many  Jewish  and  I'arsee 
elements.  They  worship  as  divine  beings  a  mmberof 
persomflcations  especially  of  the  attributes  or  names  of 
God.  Also  called  j;«idatVe*.A'«.5<,rra„.s-.  and  S«Wan*  and 
by  a  misunderstanding.  Christian)^  of  St  J„l,n  ' 

Mandalay  (man'da-lii),  or  Mandelay  (man'- 

de-Uo.  The  capital  of  the  former  kingdom  of 
■wm"'  ^^''^^*'''^  "''"'■  tlie  Irawadi  about  lat. 
■"",  „''  was  founded  in  isrs,  and  contains  the  royal 

reduce.     Population,  with  cantonment  (ls91),  1S8S16 
Mandan  (man- dan)._  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.     They  were  originally  in  several  tribes  or  vil- 
lages which  have  been  consolidated  since  the  latter  part 

of  illR  18th    fpntiirv        ThoT-  ,.,^^^ i..    „_i  .  r. 


10.601. 
Manchester.  A  city  and  formerly  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Hillsborough  Countv,"New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  Merrimae  16  miles  south 
by  east  of  Concord,  it  is  the  largest  city  of  the  State 
and  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  cotton  and  woolen  manufac- 
tures in  the  country,  manufacturing  also  engines  macliin- 
ery,  etc.  It  was  incorporated  as  Ueriyfleld  in  iV.'il  •  the 
nam,-  was  changed  to  llanchtster  in  1810 ;  and  it  became 
a  city  in  1846.    Population  (1900),  56,987. 

Manchester,  Earl  of.    See  Montagu,  Edward 
Manchester  New  College.  A  college  at  Oxford, 
founded  originally  at  London  in  the  intere.st  of 


its  name  from  them.  °  Also  written  Manaui. 

Manaos  (mii-na'os),  formerly  Barra  do  Rio 
Negro  (bar'rii  do  re'o  na'gro).  The  capital 
and  principal  city  of  the  state  of  Amazonas, 
Brazil,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio 


of  the  18th  century      They^vere^^JarirextemiraTed  by 
smallpox  in  1S37.     The  survivors  number  252,  and  oeci.DT 
?■'■'!  i^ll"  ,'=°""°°°  "•'">  »'e  Uidatsa  and  Arikara  on  the 
Kirt  Berthold  reservation,  North  Dakota.     See  Himum 
Mandane  (man-da'ne).      [Gr.  yiavdai-r/  ]     The 

irV"'"'',,?*  *^i^f"^-  According  to  Herodotus,  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Astyages.  king  of  Media,  and  wife  of  Cam- 
byses,  a  Persian  noble,  and  on  the  birth  of  Cyrus  Astyages 
was  induced  by  a  dream  to  order  the  infant  to  be  put  to 
death,  (see  Ha,-pagm.)  On  discovering  his  grandson, 
ten  years  later,  Astyages  sent  him  to  his  parents  in  Persia 


^.^y^^^^^^^j  ^^  r^uiiatt.  XL  lies  Lo  Mie  norcneast  ot 
Uiina  proper,  and  borders  also  on  ilongoli.1,  Siberia,  and 
Korea,  and  is  divided  into  three  provinces:  Shingkiii"  Ki- 
rin,  and  Hilung-chiang.  The  ranges  of  the  Long  White 
-Mountamsare  in  theeastand  center.  The  chief  towns  are 
Mukden,  Kirin, and  New-chwang.  TheManchuscoiiquered 

N<^:6riiii;;ab^vePt;;;;;thln^l^^zr     '^ '- ^oJ^ ^^"^^iiesf '  J^^JS^  ^i^^ US:  M^Sa ^ 

It  has  an  important  trade,  especially  in  rubber  and  is  Manpliiic!    r.T  TWo-r.^'i, „   /  i  ■•   ,k    '77,  •"*«<'Uiitird' ^man-ua  ia),orUanaala(wan-da  la). 

connected  with  the  upper  Amaz'on  anS  its  branches?am?      lSo»,      iS,  ,'^^°?r'i"''°','r''°^?\    ^^^^      f^igntic  (partly  Mohammedan)  tribe,  north  of 
with  ParA,  Kio  de  Janeiro,  Europe,  and  the  United  States,     f">i<^><^WS,    Mantchnos    (Chm.    Manchll),    trom     Lake  Chad,  Africa.    Its  lan-uage  is  allied  with  fho. 

hv  ,..„„,„,,„„.„, „ .._ ..      Manchu    J/f,«cA«,   lit.    'piu-e':    applied    by  the      of  theOamergu.     In  theMahdi  waS^MS^^^^ 

founder  of  the  Manchu  d-VTiasty  to  his  family  -iJr     B;ifc'Kar:is  and  Xuers  in  destroying  Egyptian  posts 
or  the  people  oyer  whom  he  ruled.]     A  race  be"-  £J^° ^   ^^7,-     '- '^''  Mandalay. 
nging  to  the  Tungusie  branch  of  the  Ural-  Mandeville  (man' de-\il),  Bernard.     Bom  at 
"  Dordrecht  Holland,  about  1670:  died  Jan   21 


Population  (1893),  about 


by  regular  lines  of  steamers. 
•20,UOll. 

Manassas  (ma-nas'as).  Ayillage  in  Prince 
William  County,  Virginia,  31  miles  west-south- 
west of  Washington.  The  battles  of  Bull  Eun  were 
named  battles  of  Manassas  by  the  Confederates. 

Manasseh  (ma-nas'e).    [Heb.,'who  causes  for 


longmg  to  the  Tungusie  branch  of  the  Ural- 
Altaic  family,  from  which  Manehm-ia  takes  its 
name,  and  which  conquered  China  in  the  17th 
century. 


.-;/-    L— ".,    vviiu  causes  lor-     »:triiiui\. 

gettulness  ;  Gr.  UamaaK.^     1.  One  of  the  sons  Mancil'la,  Lucio.     See  Mansilla. 

ot  the  patriareli  Joseph.- 2.  One  of  the  ten  Mancini(man-ehe'ne),  Hortense,  Duchesse  de 

trioes  ot  the  Hebrews,  dwelling  p.artly  east  of     i^f"-"-"'    "r .-.,.„  „<--e> :.,  i,;>,^.  if  ^  j  _,  ^,    , 


4.1  T  1 1        --"J,    V.,.  v,iiiiiK,    iJ<llLiy    cast   OL 

the  Jordan  and  partly  west  of  the  Jordan  and 
north  of  Ephraim.— 3.  A  king  of  Judah.  son  of 
Hezekiah.   He  reigned  697-642  B.  c.  (Duucker). 

Manasseh  ben  Israel  (ma-nas'e  ben  iz'r.a-el). 
Born  m  Portugal,  1604:  "died  at  Middleburg, 
Noy.  20,  1657.  A  Jewish  theologian  and  states- 
man. After  the  death  of  Charles  I.  he  undertook  to 
abolish  the  legal  exclusion  of  the  Jews  from  England 
wliich  had  existed  since  the  reign  of  Edward  I  Cromwell 
appointed  an  assembly  of  lawyers  and  divines  to  consider 
his  petition.  In  Dec  1655,  the  legal  prohibition  was  re- 
m. .%  cd.     More  fully  Manasseh  hen  Joseph  ben  Israel. 

Manayunk  (mau-a-yungk').  A  manufacturin.' 
suburb  of  Philadelphia,  situated  east  of  the 
S.-huylkiU  and  northwest  of  the  city  proper. 

Manbhum  (miin'bhom).  A  district  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  mter.seetedbvlat.  23°  30'  N.,  long. 
86°  30' E.  Area.  4, 147  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891).  1.193,328.  ^ 

Mancera,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
Tnliilo  ij  Leijva,  Pedro  de. 

Mancha  (man'chU),  La.  A  former  proyinee  of 
Spain,  nearly  identical  with  the  modern  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  in  a  wider  sense  it  included 
also  parts  of  Albacete,  Cuenca,  and  Toledo.    It  is  the  coun 


,— -"  ^"^    "^/j  .U.VX  ut;uoc,  J-'uciie»se  ue 

Mazarin.  Born  at  Rome  in  1640 :  died  at  Chelsea, 
England,  in  1699.  Sister  of  Laure  and  Olympe 
Mancini,  noted  at  the  court  of  Charles  II.    she 


1733.  A  Dutch-English  writer.  He  studied  at  the 
Erasmus  school  m  Rotterdam,  took  his  degree  in  medicine 
at  Leyden  m  1691,  and  settled  in  London.  In  1714  he  pub- 
lished  his  "Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Moral  Virtue  "  with 
notes,  under  the  title  "The  Fable  of  the  Bees,  or  Private 
Vices  Public  Benefits,"  which  was  pronounced  a  nuisance 
by  the  grand  jury  of  Middlesex  in  1723.  His  other  works 
?f^,,N  !','^^"^'^5J^  Hypochondriack  and  Hysteric  Passions" 
nifi,.  '','■?,*=  Thoughts  on  Religion "(1720),  "A  Modem 
Defense  of  Public  News    (1740). 


— rC         ZV      ^r,      \     ^"'"'  ""^  "-.uaiicff  j.1.    sne     ^i'iJ.1.     rree  inougnts  on  Keligion    (1720)   " 
as  the  most  beautiful  and  intelligent  of  Cardinal  MaEarin's     Defense  ot  Public  News  "(1740) 
nieces,  and  he  received  many  offers  for  her  hand.    Among  MandeviUe,  Sii'  John,     the  reputed  wi-iter  of 
her  lovers  were  Charles  II.  (not  then  king),  Turenne  Pe-     "  '  i*-> --—  '-     "       '  .   ■^"",^«^P"teu  wiiter  ot 

Hrn  TT    thii  f,ifi,T.Q  I-:..™  ..e   t>^..* ,    .-,i._r,__     /■  ^         '. 


dro  II  the  future  king  of  Portugal,  Charles  of  Lorraine 
and  others.  He  finally  m,-uTied  her  to  the  Marquis  de  La 
.Meilleraye,  who  took  the  name  and  arms  of  Mazarin.  He 
treated  her  with  gloomy  severity,  and  she  found  a  refuo-e 
from  his  jealousy  in  England,  where  she  engaged  in  an  to- 
trigue  with  Charles  II. 


a  14th-eentury  book  of  travels.  The  author  calls 
himself  .Ii-hande  MandeviUe,  or  John  Maundevylle  knight 
ot  St  Aubin  or  St.  Albans,  England,  and  says  that,  starting 
on  Michaelmas  day,  1322  (or  1332),  he  visited  Turkey  Ar- 
™'^"nk^,j'*^'  ^""'^'  ^y"''''  ^"bi.-!,  Eg.vpt,  Libya,  Ethio- 
...e-^  ......  ^u»i„;=,ii  P"^  Chaldea.  Amazonia,  and  India.     The  book  is  how- 

Maneini,Signora(LauraBeatrice01iva).Bom    H;T;L'„7Ced°u^on'wmia"Titid:n''s'i,^^^^^^^^ 

at  Naples,  1823 :  died  at  Florence,  July  17, 1869.     ^X'-t  !}^°''}<'°i  Pordeuone  (1330).    The  original  »  as  in 
An  Italian  poet,  wife  of  Pasquale  .Stanislaus    ?.,''.^"'Vhr,-1.'*'""""^'''''P''^'°*''=''''>"«''''g<'. dated 

at  Rome,  1635 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1657.    A  MandeviUe,  William   de.     Died  at  Rouen 

niece  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  and  mother  of  the    ^''"■-  !-*•  H'^S-    Third  Earl  of  Esse.x  and  Earl  or 

Duo  de  Vendome.  Count  of  Aumale.     in  1177  he  went  on  a  crusade  with 

Mancmi,  Olympe,  Comtesse  de  Soissons  and     f,''    ''i?"u°',°^/'^"'''^'^-    I"  1189  he  accompanied  Henry 

r=i?afi«i.S"»,\-;.'£^^^^ 

and  mistress  of  Lours  XR^    she  was  the  wife  of 


— ^  "-    ..-..^...o  .lu.  ,  .     oue  was  ll 

EugSne  (of  .Savoy)  and  mother  of  Prince  Eugene.  She  was 
a  kind  of  Lucrezia  Borgia,  and  lied  from  France  to  escape 
the  consequences  of  her  crimes. 


dcng  gii).     An  important  negi-o nation  of  West 
Africa.      The  principal  tribes  and  dialects  are  the  So- 


ao  parts  ot  AlDacete,  Cuenca,  and  Toledo.    It  is  the  coun-  "'«  consequences  of  her  crimes. 

^^:^:i^s^;:^c^^^^:^^^t  ^f^tltl^ ^^''^"^l^ stanisiao.  bo™  at  cas- 

Aziier    Jabalon,  Zancara,  and  Giguela!    It  is    he  mS^t  f,'?'-^ «™"'a.  "ear  Ariano,  Italy,  March  17,  1817 : 

spr.rsely  populated  province  of  Spain.  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  26,  1.S8S.    An  Italian  states- 

Manche  (monsh).  La.    [P..  lit. 'the  sleeve.']    1.  man  and  jurist.    He  was  minister  of  public  instruction 

The  I  rench  name  for  the  English  Channel  —  2  isk-^  ■„,;»;=.„.„,■  <.....- .„._...   


^..v,,..  .uc  jj.iuuiyai  Liiue;,  anu  uiaiects  are  the  So- 
ninke,  Mahnke.and  Bamb.ara;  thesmallertribes  Kabunga, 
Toronka,  and  Jalunka.  The  suiHx  -nga  or  -jiJ-d  signifies 
'people.'  The  Mandingos,  th.jugh  negroes,  are  less  dai-k 
than  the  Wolofs,  and  are  good  metal-workers,  agricultur- 
ists, traders,  and  herdsmen.  They  are  mostly  Mohamme- 
dan. In  the  middle  ages  Mali,  on  the  Niger,  was  the 
capital  of  a  great  negro  kingdom  which  finalh- succumbed 

...„.  .„.  ...  ^„^,,,,  ,,,,,,,  _  ^       March,  1862,rmTni;tcrofl,rstic;T„Tw^,^;;;n8VT'^'- and     J?4o)  ""-""^  °'  '"^  ''''^^''  "•'^  ^"^"^'^'  ''"'^""-  "°"''-' 

t^^^i'^^^Xt^.^^S.^  MSre4°S."li;:Xeof  Chancers  .'Can- Mank    or  M^^^^^^      (mund'la)      A  district' 

i^^rr^^gi^iri^sMsSHl  p^^^^^^^xz^i:^!^^  'i^c^.p^^i^^^t'ix 

east,  and  Mayenne  and  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the  south     Its     '"''  '•'"""g  Apollo  of  the  deceitfulness  of  Coronis.  0>"3°  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  339,373. 

■-''^"'''.IL'i'"''-,    ^'produces  cider,  live  stock,  etc.    Area,  Manco  Capac  or  Ccapac  (man'ko  ka-pak'l    Mandogarh.    A  ruined  city  in  India,  southwest 

Mp TiXiJf  r'    "^l^P;""*'™  (i®l>; 51^815.  The  traditional  first  father  of  the  lucas  of  Peru:    "^  V''''^"'^-   I'  "^^^ ^"^^  e^'P'tal  of  the  old  kingdom 

jyiancnester  (man  ehes-ter).     A  city  m  Lanca-     and  founder  of  the  Inea  monarchy.   Accordinr-  to    "'  M^il^-a. 

^Qo  oo' w^i      _   ^J.'^'^t*'"  0°  the  Irwell  in  lat.     the  legend,  he  was  the  child  of  the  sun,  and  was  sent  with  Mandricardo  (man-dri-kar'do).     The  son  of 

jj!^  s'^'<=':»n>i  file,  Mama  Occlo  Huaco,  to  civilize  the  In-  Agrican  in  Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's  "  Orlando  " 
dians.  One  of  the  stones  represents  him  as  advancing  He  laid  siege  to  Albracca  for  the  love  of  Angelica  aiid 
"nk  i^to  the°'.i^ound  T;'or^"'*  X'""^'"'  '™"iH  "':i'=''  ^"^^  slam  by  onando.    He  is  noted  fo.  his  pride  afdcruelfy 

Sui^ru'ifdfdTh-e'VitVorc''^^^^^^^  ^^."l^^  l^rr  ■'^'''-'^-  /",  r^*^-^'  ^^r^-. 

him  one  of  four  brothers  who  issued  from  a  rave  in  the    ^■'  ^  People  liying  in  central  France,  north  ot 

valley  of  the  Vilcamayu.    It  is  believed  that  Manco  Capac  the  ^-Edui.     Their  chief  town  was  Alesia. 
a'  :-■-  — "^r  ■,•■"".',•-••'""•""'"} '*»'"P-canai.    The  cathe-     }™s  a  real  personage,  probably  the  chief  of  a  smiill  trilie  Manduria  (man-do're-a).    A  town  in  the  nrov- 

dral  has  double  aisles,  and  though  short  is  exceptionally     '"  the  Vilcamayu  valley,  whence  by  force  or  policv  he  ince  of  Lecce    southeasterrT  Italy   sitififffH  91 
wide :  It  measures  220  by  112  feet.    It  is  Pernendicular      reached Cuzoo(though  hedidnotfoundit),  and,  acduirinc-         •,  J-^ecce.Somneabtein  Italy   situated  J& 

of  the  eariy  14th  centurv.  but  much  restnr„,t     The  choir-     "."^  ■<^"<l«rship  there,  laid  the  foundations  of  the  Iiica  em-  ""PS  southwest  ot  Brmdisi.    Population  (1881), 

..."      Ttire.  *-^  Qfi- 


53°  29'N.:ion.g.  2°  fs"'  W.  Salford,  on  the  opposite 
bank,  13  practically  part  of  Manchester.  It  is  the  chief 
nianufacturing  place  of  England,  the  center  of  the  Eng- 
lish cotton  manufacture  and  trade,  and  one  of  the  nrinci 
pal  cotton  centers  in  the  world.  It  has  also  manufactures 
of  ivoolen,  silk,  machinery,  and  chemicals,  and  has  many 
manufacturing  suburbs.  It  is  connected  with  Liverpool 
by    he  Bridgewater  Canal  and  by  aship-caiml.     The  cathe- 


...-..,  .    .„  u.....o«..-o    i,^v    uy    ili    ICCU        It    IS    fei 

of  the  early  14th  century,  but  much  restored 
stalls,  dating  f-^— >  ikac  .,1 ,,_    . 


---   „  from  1506,  show  excellent  carving,  and  the  ,£'    '  8,86a. 

clearstoiT  IS  of  unusual  beauty^    Other  objects  of  interest  ManCO    (man'ko):    called   ManCO  Inca,    Inca  ManeS  (ma'nez). 

±f,^"^^'n!!:f„l-^;:^?,L«^'';,.™'}™ge,  town    Manco_, _Manco  Inca  Yupanaui,  and,'incor-  m..p+.    ,.«...- 


:,■-'/""'*"'■■"""■"  ".-..".J-,  v^iiicruojecisoi  interest 
are  the  cotton-factories,  Free-Trade  Hall,  exchange,  town 
h.a  :,  Royal  Infirmary,  Owens  College,  Chetham  College. 
Atheiiieiim,  several  art  galleries,  and  the  Assize  Courts 
llanchesler  occupies  the  site  of  the  Roman  Mancunium' 
It  was  known  as  a  manufacturing  place  by  the  14th  cen- 
tury; developed  rapidly  during  the  last  half  of  the  isth 
century;  was  a  leading  center  of  the  reform  agitation  in 
the  early  part  of  the  19th  centuiy  (the  scene  of  the  "Peter- 
loo  massacre  "  in  181!)) ;  and  became  the  center  of  the  aiiti- 
eomi  law  and  free-trade  movements  under  the  lead  of  Cob- 
deii  and  Bright.  Population  (1901),  843,969. 
Manchester.  Atown  in  Hartford  County  Con- 
necticut, 7  miles  east  of  Hartford.    Ithas'mauu- 


See  Mani. 


^fn^\^^r^X'^?'  l^'^P^^I^i'  ■■^'^'  "!<^0'-  Manet  (mii-na'),  Edouard.     Bom  at  Paris  in 

1 500 ;  '^A^t^P^S^''  "r  Ccapac  II.  Born  about    1S33 :  died  there,  April  30, 1883.  A  Frencli  genre- 

"•.i'''i^i'tiu^?!'°IS^_^°«i'H"'^''^='<^<"'^P'^«     painter,  pupil  of  Cpnture.   He  was  the  founder  and 

hpflli   ("if    t.hp    TninrP.CCinnict    cdlrtnl       "ini-l    Vl^>^^    ir-wan*-     inttttanna 


of  Peru,  and  brother  of  Huasear. 
of  Atahualpa  and  Huasear  he  was  recegn 
(Xov.,  l.')33)  as  the  rightful  sovereign  of  z-eru.  aim  wai 
crowned  at  Cuzco ;  Jbut  he  had  no  real  power,  and  was  vir- 
tually a  prisoner.  In  April,  1536,  he  escaped,  raised  an 
army  and  besieged  Cuzco  and  other  Spanish  strongholds, 
l-lnal  y  defeated  in  l.-iS?.  he  retired  to  the  mountains  of 
V  Ucabamba,  whence  he  kept  up  a  predatorv  warfare.  He 
was  killed  by  some  fugitive  followers  of  the  younger  Alma- 
gro  who  had  taken  refuge  with  him. 


and  priest.  He  was  a  native  of  Sebennytus,  in  Lower 
Egypt,  and  lived  about  260  B.  c.  He  wrote  a  history  of 
Egypt  in  Greek,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant. 

Egyptian  by  birth  and  priest  by  profession,  Slanetho,  he- 
sides  being  instructed  in  all  the  mysteries  of  his  religion, 
must  have  also  been  conversant  with  foreign  literature. 


Manetho 

for  he  was  a  Greek  scholar,  and  equal  to  the  task  of  writ- 
ing a  complete  history  of  his  own  country  in  that  lan- 
guage. Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  3. 

Manfred  (man'fred).  Born  about  1231 :  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Benevento,  Italy,  Feb.  26, 12G6. 
King  of  Sicily,  an  illegitimate  son  of  the  em- 
peror Frederick  II.     He  was  prince  of  Tai-entuni  and 

*  regent  till  tlie  accession  of  Conratf  IV.  in  1253;  became  r-*- 
gent  for  Conradin  in  1254 ;  was  crowned  king  in  1258 ;  and 
was  defeated  and  slain  at  Benevento  by  Charles  of  Anjou. 

Manfred.  The  Prince  of  Otranto,  the  principal 
character  in  Walpole's  "  Castle  of  Otranto." 

Manfred.  A  dramatic  poem  by  Lord  B.iiTon,  pub- 
lisher! in  1817.  It  was  so  called  from  the  name  of  its 
hero,  Manfred,  who  in  Byron's  own  words  is  -'a  kind  of  ma- 
gician who  sutfers  from  a  half-unexplained  remorse."  He 
lives  in  a  castle  among  the  .-\lps,  ar.d  is  subst;intially  alone 
throughout  the  piece.  Schumann  wrote  music  for  this 
drama  and  adapted  it  for  the  stage  himself ;  it  was  first 
produced  by  Liszt  in  Weimar  in  1852.  It  was  put  on  the 
stage  as  a  play  in  England  in  1863,  Mr.  Phelps  playing  Man- 
fred. 

Manfredonia  (miin-fre-ilo'ne-a).  A  seaport  ill 
the  province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  situated  in  lat. 
41°  38'  ISr.,  long.  15°  S.'i'  E.  it  is  near  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Sipontum,  whose  inhabitants  were  transferred  to 
Manfredonia  by  Manfred  about  1201.  Population  (1881), 
8,324. 

Manfredonia,  Gulf  of.  An  indentation  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  Italy,  east  of  Manfredonia. 

Mangalia  (man-ga-le'ii).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
Dobrudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea 
27  miles  south  of  Kiistendji.  Population  (1889- 
1890),  7,888. 

Mangalore  (maug-ga-16r ' ) ,  orMangalur  (mang- 
ga-lbr').  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  .South  Kanara 
district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  in  lat. 
12°  52'  N.,  long.  74°  51'  E.  It  was  taken  by  Tippu 
Saibinl784.  In  1799  it  became  British.  Population  (1891), 
40,922. 

Mangalore,  Treaty  of.  A  peace  concluded 
1784  between  the  Briti.sh  and  Tippu  Saib,  on  the 
basis  of  a  mutual  restitution  of  conquests. 

Mangan  (mang'gan),  James.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
May  1,  1803:  died  in  Meath  Hospital,  June  20, 
1849.  An  Irish  poet.  Hischiefworksare'Tlomances 
and  Ballads  of  Inland  "  (1860).  "  German  Anthology  " 
(1819),  "  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Jlunster  "  (1849). 

MangbuttU  (iniing-bot'to).     See  Moiiihuttii. 

Mangi  (mang'ge),  or  MangU  (maug'go).  A 
country  of  Asia,  described  by  Marco  Polo.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  southern  China. 

Mangoni  (iniin-go'ne).     See  Zidii. 

Mangues  (miin'gas),  or  Chorotegans  (ch6-r6- 
la'gaus).  A  tribe  of  Indians  which,  at  the  time 
of  tile  conquest,  occupied  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Managua  in  Nicaragua.      They  formed  numerous 

gopulous  villages.     The  ^Mangues  are  believed  to  have 
een  an  offshoot  of  the  chiapanecs  (which  see). 

MangTim(mang'gum),  Willie  Person.   Born  in 

Orange  County,  I'^.  C,  1792:  died  at  Red  Moun- 
tain, N.  C,  Sept.  14,  1861.  An  American  'Whig 
Solitician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
forth  CaroUna  1831-36  and  1840-53. 

Manhattan  Island  (man-hafan  I'land).  An 
i.sland  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  lying  be- 
tween that  river  on  the  west,  Spuyten  Duyvil 
Creek  and  Harlem  River  on  the  north, East  River 
on  the  east,  and  Now  York  Bay  on  the  south. 
It  forms  the  principal  part  of  the  city  of  New  York.  Length, 
14  miles.  Oreatestwidth,  21  miles.  Area,  about  22  square 
niiles. 

iklanheilU.     See  Mannheim. 

Mani  (mil-ne').  A  ruined  city  of  Yucatan,  Mex- 
ico, about  45  luilcs  south  <if  Mcrid:i.  .^ccurdint.' 
to  Indian  accounts  itw;is  scttbil  by  tin-  M;iy:is,  umiIli-  tin- 
TotulXiu  chiefs,  aft.-rthualKUidc.nim-Mituf  .MiiyL.piin.  Tlic 
last  chief  8Ubn)itted  to  the  Spaniards  in  1541. 

Mani  (mii'ne),  or  Manes  (ma'uez),  or  Mani- 
Cll86US(maii-i-k6'usj.  The  founder  of  Mauiche- 
ism.  The  only  source  of  information  alunit  him  that  is 
comparatively  creilible  is  the  Mohannnedan  tradition.  He 
was  born  2l5-21(i  A.  P.,  and  rcccired  a  careful  education 
from  his  Lather,  Kutak,atCtcsiphon.  Putak  connected  him- 
self Liter  with  the  sect  of  tlic  Moghtasilah.  or  'Kajitists.' 
in  southern  Babylonia,  which  had  absorbed  Christian  elc 
ments,  and  tlius  made  his  son  aciiuainted  with  dilfcrent 
formsof  religion.  Only  at  the  age  of  2.''>or:io  did  Mani  begin 
to  proclaim  his  new  religion,  and  this  he  did  at  the  court  of 
Sapor  I.  He  undcrtonk  long  journeys  into  Transoxiana, 
western  Chimi,  and  southward  as  far  as  India,  and  sent  forth 
disciples  in  the  interest  of  his  faith.  Returning  to  the  Per- 
sian capital  i  n  the  last  years  of  Sapor  I .  (ali<  mt  ;'7n).  he  gained 
adllerents  even  at  court,  but  was  at  last  imprisoned  anil  put 
til  lligbt  through  the  hostility  nf  the'Maglans  on  whom  the 
king  was  dependent.  Sapor's  successor  Ilormuz  seems  tn 
have  been  more  favorable,  but  liahram  I.  aliandoned  Mani 
to  the  Magians  and  had  him  i  ruciflfd  in  the  year  27ti-277 
A.  p.  Mani  composed  a  number  of  works  and  epistles, 
which  were  known  to  the  Mohammedan  historians,  but 
are  now  lost.  The  Flhrist  reckons  seven  jirincipal  works 
—  six  in  Syriac  and  one  in  Persian.  The  name  of  the  Per- 
sian worU  is  not  given  in  the  extant  form  of  the  Fihrist.liut 
it  is  conjectured  tiiat  it  may  have  been  the  Artang  (pron. 
6r-teng-g'),  or  'Holy  Gospel,*  of  which  mention  is  made 
in  tlie  "Acta  Archelai"  and  elsewhere  among  Western 
writers.  These  "Acta,"  extant  in  a  Latin  translation  from 
a  Greek  original  of  which  some  extracts  are  preserved  in 


649 

Epiphanius,  purport  to  describe  a  dispute  between  Ar- 
chelaiis,  bishop  of  Carehar  in  Mesopotamia,  and  Manes. 
They  are  a  chief  source  of  the  Western  tradition  as  to 
Manes,  but,  besides  lieing  of  entirely  uncertain  authorship 
and  date,  bear  upon  their  face  marks  indicating  that  tliey 
are  only  a  polemic  treatise  put  on  literary  grounds  in  the 
form  o<  an  alleged  debate.  They  have  the  authority  of  a 
historical  novel,  not  that  of  a  history. 

Mania  ( ma'ui-ji).  An  old  Italian  goddess  of  the 
dead  (Manes),  mother  of  the  Lares  by  Mercur}-. 
she  was  a  daughter  of  the  river-god  Almo,  and  was  origi- 
nally named  Lara-  .Jupiter  deprived  her  of  her  tonguefor 
betraying  his  secret  amours. 

Manica  (mii-ne'kii).  See  A'tVrrt,  iToiiomofoipii, 
iiiid  Mnsliiitialaiid. 

Manicheans,  or  Manichaeans  (man-i-ke'anz). 

The  followers  of  -Mani.  See  Maui.  Manicheism 
was  the  old  B.abylonian  religion  of  nature,  modified  by 
Christian  and  Persian  elements,  elevated  into  a  gnosis,  and 
subjecting  human  life  to  stringent  regulation.  .Vccording 
to  Mani,  a  realm  of  light  and  a  reidm  of  darkness  have 
always  been  opposed  to  each  other.  In  the  visible  world 
both  are  mingled.  Tile  object  of  the  world  is  to  free  the 
lightfrom  the  intermingled  darkness.  Christ  was  sent  for 
this  end,  but  the  apostles  misrepresented  his  doctrine. 
This  Mani  was  sent  to  restore.  The  object  of  Manichean 
ethics  was  to  purify  the  elements  of  light  and  attain  free- 
dom from  those  of  darkness;  hence  the  three  seals  —  those 
of  the  mouth,  the  hand,  and  the  bosom.  The  first  forbids 
unclean  food,  such  as  tire  flesh  of  animals  and  wine;  the 
second,  any  tralhc  in  things  involving  the  elements  of  daik- 
uess;  the  third,  every  gratiflcation  of  sexual  desire,  even 
m.arriage  being  forbidden.  There  was  a  rigorous  system 
of  fasts,  Sunday  being  regularly  and  Monday  generally  so 
observed.  The  Manichean  prayed  4  times  a  day,  preceding 
each  prayer  by  ablution,  and  turning  toward  the  sun,  the 
moon,  or  the  north  as  the  seat  of  light.  Tlie  prayers  were 
addressed  to  the  God  of  light,  to  the  whole  kingdom  of  light, 
to  the  angels,  and  to  Mani.  The  rigidity  of  the  system  was 
mitigated  by  distinguishing  between  the  electi  or  perfecti 
(perfect  Manicheans) and  the  cateehumeni  or auditOres (the 
secular  Manicheans).  For  the  latter  tlie  stringency  of  the 
requirements  was  somewhat  relaxed.  The  church  had  in  all 
five  gradations:  (1)  the  teachers  ilani  and  his  successors; 
(2)  the  administrators,  bishops  ;  (3)  the  elders,  presbyters  ; 
(4)  the  electi ;  and  (5)  the  auditores.  The  worship  was  sim- 
ple, and  consisted  of  prayers,  hymns,  and eeremoniesof  ad- 
oration. Manicheism  first  gained  a  firm  footing  in  Persia, 
Mesopotamia,  and  Transoxiana.  The  seat  of  its  pope  was 
for  centuries  at  Babylon,  and  then  at  Samarkand.  It  pene- 
trated the  Roman  Empire  in  the  reign  of  Probus  (about  2S0 
A,  P.),  and  spread  rapidly  after  330,  Hnding  its  most  numer- 
ous adherents  in  North  Africa,  Augustine  being  an  auditor 
for  nine  years.  Traces  of  Manicheism  are  found  in  the 
history  of  the  Catholic  Churcli  until  the  13th  century. 

Manihiki  (luii-ne-he'ke)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  the  central  Pacific,  between  the 
.Marquesas  and  Union  Islands. 

Manila  (mii-ne'la),  sometimes  written  Manilla 
(ma-nil'a).  The  capital  of  the  Philippine  Isl- 
ands ami  of  Luzon,  situated  in  Luzon,  on  Ma- 
nila Bay,  in  lat.  14°  36'  N.,  long.  120°  58'  E.  it 
comprises  the  city  proper,  Binondo,  and  various  suburbs, 
and  was  the  chief  seatof  Spanish  oommercein  the  Pacific, 
Hemp,  cigars,  coffee,  sugar,  etc.,  are  exported;  the  lead- 
ing manuiacture  is  cigars.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  a 
university.  Manila  wns  founded  liy  the  Spaniards  in  l.'"i71; 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1762  ;  was  captured  by  tlie 
United  States  forces  Aug.  13,  1898  ;  and  has  often  been  dev- 
astated by  earthquakes.  The  Sfiaiiisli  fleet  was  destroyed 
by  a  United  States  squadron  under  Commodore  Dewey 
off  CavitiS,  near  Manila,  May  1,  1898.  Battles  with  the 
Pliilippiiie  insurgents  occurred  near  Manila  Feb.  6.  1899. 
and  later,  in  wliieh  tlie  American  troops  were  victorious, 
I'op.  (1887),  154,002  ;  (IS'.)K),  with  sublirlis.  est.,  ;illO,IHI(l. 

Manilian  La'W  (ma-uil'i-an  la).  In  Roman  his- 
tory, a  la  w  proposed  by  Caius  Manilius  in  66  B.  c. , 
granting  to  Porapey  extraordinary  powers  in 
the  East,  including  the  command  of  the  Mithri- 
datic  war.  It  was  supported  by  Cicero  in  his 
oration  "Pro  lege  Manilla"  ("For  the  Manilian 
Law"). 

Manilius  (ma-nil'i-us),  Caius.  Lived  in  the 
tiisl  li.ilt'of  the  1st  century  H.  C.  A  Roman  trib- 
uue  (tiG  B.  c. ),  jiruposer  of  tlie  Manilian  Law. 

Manin  (mii-neu'),  Daniele.  Bom  at  Venice, 
-May  13,  1804:  dicil  at  Paris,  Sept,  22,  1857.  An 
Italian  patriot.  Ho  was  the  leader  of  the  revolution 
wliicll  broke  out  against  Austria  at  Venice  in  1818,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  chosen  jiresideiit  of  the  republic  of  St. 
Mark  proclaimed  by  the  insurgents.  The  city  was,  how- 
ever, compelled  to  surrender  to  the  Austrians  in  1849 after 
a  heroic  resistann-,  and  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  exile 
at  Paris, 

Manipur,  or  Mannipur  (man-i-i)dr').    Anativo 

stale  in  India,  iiitersceted  bv  lat.  24°  40'  N., 
long.  94°  E.,  under  British  influence.  Cajiital, 
Manipur.  A  serious  rising  against  the  Brit- 
ish occurred  hero  in  1891.  Population  (1881), 
221,070. 

Manissa  (tuii-nis'ii),  or  Manisa  (mii-ne'sii).  A 
cify  ill  tile  vilayet  of  Aidiii,  .Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  llermiis(Sarabal)  20  miles 
iioi'l  lieast  of  Smyrna  :  the  ancient  Magnesia  ad 
Sipylum.  (See  Maiiiirsia.)  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton,  etc.  Pojiulation,  estimated,  40,000- 
.)0,01I0. 

Manistee  (man-is-te').  A  river  in  Michigan. flow- 
ing into  liake  Michigan  at  Manistee.  Length, 
iiboiil   130  miles. 

Manistee.     A  cify  and  the  capital  of  Manistee 


Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus 

County.  Michigan, situatedon  Lake  Michigan,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Manistee  River,  in  lat,  44°  14' 
N.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufacture  and  export  of  lumber ; 
it  lias  the  largest  shingle  nianufaetures  in  the  world.  Pop- 
ulation ILIOO),  14,2i;o. 

Manitenerys  (ma-ne-ta-na-res').  A  tribe  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians,  living  in  a  wild  state  on  the  river 
Puriis.  They  have  been  variously  referred  to 
the  Pano,  Carib.  and  jlaj-pure  stocks. 

ManitO  (man'i-tO),  or  ManitOU  (-tii).  [Algon- 
kiii.]  Among  certain  of  the  American  Imiians, 
a  sjiirit  or  other  object  of  religious  awe  or  rev- 
erence, whether  a  good  or  evil  spirit  or  a  fetish. 
Two  manitos  or  spirits  are  spoken  of  by  preeminence,  the 
one  the  spirit  of  good,  the  other  the  spirit  of  eviL 

The  Pt^re  Paul  le  Jeune  remai-ks.  "  The  savages  give  the 
name  of  Manitou  to  whatsoever  in  nature,  good  or  evil,  is 
superior  to  man.  Therefore,  when  we  speak  of  God,  they 
sometimes  call  him  "The  Good  Manitou,"  that  is,  ''J'he 
Good  .Spirit.'"  The  same  P^re  Paul  le  Jeune  says  that  liy 
Manitou  his  flock  meant  un  ange  ou  quelque  nature  puis- 
sante.    II  y'en  a  de  bons  et  de  mauvais. 

Lan:/,  Myth,  etc.,  11.45. 

Manitoba  (man-i-to'ba  or  man^i-to-ba').  A 
province  of  Canada,  it  is  bounded  by  Assiniljoia  on 
the  west,  Saskatchewan  on  the  northwest,  Keewatin  on 
the  north,  the  Northeast  Ten-itory  and  Ontario  on  the 
east,  and  the  United  States  on  the  south.  The  surface  is 
generally  level.  The  province  isnoted  forits  wheat.  Itis 
governed  by  a  lieutenant-governor  and  a  legislative  assem- 
bly. The  inhabitants  are  of  British  origin,  with  many 
French  Canadiansand  Russian  Mennonites.  .Manitoba  was 
a  part  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  territory.  It  wasset- 
tled  in  1812.  its  earl .\' name  being  tlie  Red  River  Settlement, 
It  entered  the  Dominion  in  1870.  The  Riel  insurrection 
occurred  in  1809-70.  In  188.'i  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad 
wasflnished.  C^o-'  d  >\'iiinipeg.  Area,  73,956  squaremiles. 
Population  (1901 1.  2.i"),211. 

Manitoba,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Manitoba,  south- 
west of  Lake  Winnipeg,  it  discharges  into 
Lake  Winnipeg.     Length,  over  100  miles. 

Manitou.     See  Mmito. 

Manitou (inan'i-to).  Atown  and  summerresort 
at  tlie  foot  of  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado.  It  is  noted 
for  its  mineral  springs.     Pop.  ( 1900),  1,303. 

Manitoulin  ( man-i-to'lin)  Islands.  A  groiip  of 
islands  in  Lake  Ilm'on,  comprising  Grand  Mani- 
toulin (length  about  80  miles),  Little  Manitou- 
lin, Drumiuond,  etc.  They  belong  to  Ontario 
(except  Drummoud,  which  belongs  to  Michi- 
gan). 

ManitO'WOC  (man'i-to-wok').  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Manitowoc  County,  Wiscon-sin,  situ- 
ated on  Lake  Michigan,  at  t)ie  mouth  of  Mani- 
towoc River,  76  miles  north  of  Milwaukee. 
Population  (1900),  11,786. 

Manivas  (mii-ue'viis).  A  tribe  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians  on  the  upper  Rio  Negro.  Cassiqui- 
are,  Orinoco,  and  (iuaviare.  They  are  of  Maypure 
stock,  live  ill  fixed  vill-iges,  sulisist  by  agriculture  and 
fishing,  and  are  of  a  mild  and  tractable  dis[iosition.  .\t 
jiresent  most  of  them  are  partly  civilized,  and  they  are 
much  employed  as  rubber-gatherers.  They  still  number 
several  thousands.  Also  written  Maniwas.  Manitivas^ 
Baniva.i. 

Mankato  (man-kii'to).  A  manufacturing  city. 
the  capital  of  Bliu'  Earth  County,  Minnesota, 
situated  on  Mimicsota  b'ivcr  70  miles  south- 
west of  St.  F'aul.      Population  (liHMl).  I0.;j99. 

Manley  (man'li),  Mrs.  (Mary  de  la  Riviere), 

Born  in  the  isle  of  Jcrsev.  or  Guernsey,  about 
1()72:  died  atliambethlliil.Julyll.  1724.  ABrit- 
ish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  political  pamphle- 
teer, daughter  of  Sir  ln'ogir  Mauley,  and  biga- 
tiiouswireof.Tidin  Manley  of  Truro,  on  May  28,1709, 
she  published  "Secret  Memoirs  and  Manners  of  Seveivtl 
Pei-sons  of  QuiUity  of  both  Sexes,  from  the  New  Atjilantis," 
usually  known  as  "The  New  Atalantis,"  devoted  entirely 
to  intrigue  and  scandal.  She  was  arrested  for  libel  Oct, 
2!1,  170!i,  iind  discharged  Feb.  IS,  1710.  She  al."o  published 
"The  Power  of  Love,  in  Seven  Novels "  (1720),  "  Memoira 
of  Europe,  etc."  (1710),  etc.  She  died  at  the  house  of  Bar- 
ber, a  printer,  with  wliom  she  had  lived  .'or  some  years. 
Manlius  CapitolinUS  (man'li-us  kap'i-to-li'- 
iius),  Marcus.  Died  384  a.  c.  The 'deliverer 
of  tlio  Capilol  at  Rome  from  the  Gauls.  He  was 
a  patrician  by  Idrth,  and  was  consul  in  392.  According  to 
tradition,  he  was  aroused  bj  the  cackling  of  geese  one 
night  when  the  Gauls,  who  were  besieging  the  Capitol  un- 
der Brennus  ill  390,  attempted  to  surprise  the  fortress,  and, 
collecting  a  handful  of  men,  repelled  the  attack.  To  this 
circumstance  the  origin  of  his  surname  Caidtolinus  is  com- 
monly ascribed,  alt  hough  it  was  also  liorne  by  his  tat  her  and 
had  already  acquired  the  force  of  a  family  name  In  his 
gens.  Ill  385  he  began  to  champion  the  cause  of  the  ple- 
beians against  the  patricians,  with  a  view  to  making  him- 
self tyrantof  Rome,  and  in  the  followingyear  wasarrested 
by  the  dictator  Caniillus.  He  was  tried  in  the  I'n  telinian 
grove,  instead  of  on  the  Campus  Martiu^  which  com- 
manded a  view  of  the  Capilol,  and  was  sentenced  to  bo 
fhrowM  from  the  r:iipeijiM  roek. 

Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus  (iin-pe-ri-6'- 


sus  lor-kwa  tusi,  TitUS.  .\  Roman  hero.  He 
was  a  son  of  the  dictator  L.  >liii)liiis  CapitoHnus  Iinperio. 
sus;  was  elected  militar>'  tribune  in  .162  11.  c.;  and  in  .Slil 
served  under  the  dictator  T.  ttiiiiitius  Ponnlls  against  the 
Gauls.  During  this  campaign  he  slew  a  gigantic  Gaul  in 
single  comliat  in  the  presence  of  the  two  armies,  and  de. 


Manlius  Impeiiosus  Torquatus 

spoiled  him  of  a  chaiu  (torques\  which  he  placed  around 
his  uwii  neck  (whence  the  surname  Torquatus).  He  was 
appointed  dictator  in  3o:i  and  :igiiin  in  ;449.  and  was  consul 
in  347,  S44.  and  MO.  During  his  third  consulship,  while 
engaged  with  his  colleague,  P.  Decius  Mus,  iu  a  campaign 
against  the  Latins,  he  put  to  death  his  own  son.  who,  con- 
trary to  ordei-s,  fought  and  killed  in  single  combat  an  ene- 
my from  the  opposing  army. 

Manlius  Torquatus,  Titus.    Died  202  b.  c.   a 

Komau  general.  He  was  consul  in  235  and  224,  and 
dictator  in  2Ui5.  During  his  lirst  consulship  he  conquered 
the  S.ardinians,  after  whose  subjugation  the  Romans  en 
joyed  a  brief  period  of  universal  peace,  the  temple  of 
Janus  being  closed  for  the  first  time  since  Suma  I'oni- 
pilius.  He  opp<jscd  the  ransom  of  the  prisoners  taken  bv 
Hannibal  at  Canna;  in  216,  and  g.iined  a  decisive  rictorj- 
over  the  Carthaginians  in  :>ardinia  in  215. 

Manlius  Vulso  (vni'so).  Cnaeus.  A  Roman 
loiisul  1S9  B.  c.  He  defeated  the  Galatians  in 
.\sia  Minor. 

Manly  (mau'li).  l.  in  Jonson's  "Devil  is  an 
Ass,"  a  Toung  gallant,  the  friend  of  'Wittipol.— 
2.  The  "plain  dealer"  in  Wvcherley's  play  of 
that  name.  He  is  a  Imitalized  earieature  of 
Jloli^re's  Alceste.— 3.  In  Vanbrugh  and  Gib- 
ber's ••  Provoked  Husband,"  a  man  of  worldly 
good  sense. 

Mann  (man).  Sir  Horace.  Bom  1701:  died  at 
Florence,  Italy,  \ov.  6, 1786.  An  English  diplo- 
matist and  \irtuoso.  In  1740  he  became  envov  ex- 
traordinary and  minister  plenipotentiarv  to  the  court  of 
Florence,  and  retained  that  post  until  hisdeath.  His  prin- 
cipal dnty  was  to  watch  the  (lid  Pretender  (James  Stuart 
prince  of  \Vales\  Ho  is  chiefly  known  from  his  corre- 
spondence with  Horace  Walpole  1741-86. 

Mann,  Horace.  Bom  at  Franklin.  Mass..  Mav 
4.  1796:  died  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio.  Aug.  2, 
1859.  An  American  educator,  noted  for  his  re- 
forms in  the  Massachusetts  school  system.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  liar  in  1S23 ;  was  secretary  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts board  of  education  lS37-fS :  was  a  WTiig  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  lS»S-,".3  •  fras  presi- 
dent of  AntiochCollege(i'ellow  Springs)  1852-59;  and  was 
unsuccessful  Free-Soil  candidate  for  governor  of  Massa- 
chnsetts  iu  1852. 

Mannering  (man'er-ing).  Max.  A  pseudonym 
of  .Josiah  Gilbert  Holland. 

Manners  (man'erz),  Charles,  fourth  Duke  of 
Kutland._  Bora  March  1-5, 1754:  died  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  24. 1787.  An  English  statesman,  eldest  son 
of  .John  Manuei-s,  marquis  of  Granbv.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge  (M.  A.  1774X  and  became 
member  of  parliament  for  the  Tniversity  of  Cambridge  in 
lii4.  In  ],,5  he  protested  against  the  t.ixation  oi'the 
-American  colonies.  He  succeeded  his  grandfather  as 
duke  of  Rutland  May  29.  1779,  and  on  Feb.  11,  17S4  was 
appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  advocated  the 
legislative  union  of  Ireland  with  England. 

Manners,  John,  Marquis  of  Granbv.  Bom  Ano-. 
2,  1721 :  died  at  Scarborough,  Oct."  18, 1770.  i^i 
English  general,  eldest  son  of  John,  third  duke 
of  Rutland.  He  w.as  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge 
In  1741  he  became  member  of  Parliament  lor  Grantham  ■ 
in  17  Jo  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  "  Leicester  Blues  " ;  iii 
1755  major-general :  in  1759  lieutenant-general,  serving  at 
Minden  (Aug.  1,  1759):  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
British  contingent  in  Germany  Aug.  14.  1759.  He  fought 
with  great  bravery  at  W.arburg  (Julv  31. 1760).  at  Tillings- 
hausen  (July  15,  1761),  at  Gravenstein  (June  24  176"),  and 
at  Homburg  (Aug.  6, 1762).  His  portrait  was  twice  painted 
by  RejTiolds.  ^ 

Manners,  John  James  Robert,  seventh  Duke 
of  Kutland.  better  known  as  Lord  John  Man- 
ners. Born  Dec.  13,  1818.  An  English  Con- 
sei-vative  politician,  second  son  of  the  fifth  Duke 
of  R  utland.  He  was  commissioner  of  works  1852, 1858-59 
and  1S6*-6S,  postmaster-general  1874-80  and  1SS5-S6,  and 
chancellor  of  theduchyof  Lancaster lSSO-92.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  in  the  dukedom  March  2. 18S7.  He  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  tli-;  ■•  \  oung  England  "  movement.  He  pub- 
lished 'England  s  Trust,  and  Other  Poems  "  nsil),  "  Notes 
of  a  Cruise  in  Scotch  Waters"  (1S50X  etc. 

Manners-Sutton  (man'erz-sut'on),  Charles 
Born  Feb.  14.  175.t:  died  at  Lambeth,  Julv  2l' 
1828.  Archbishop  of  Canterburv,  fourth"  son 
of  Lord  George  Manners-Sutton,  "and  grandson 

^f  ifr;,  ',^""^'  '^"""^  f  Rutland.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Cambridge;  was  rector  of 
Averhani-with-Kelham  in  >"ottingh.imshire  in  1785-  was 
bur  fn''l&6'''^'°  '"  *™'  =  '"''  ""^  archbishop  of  Canter- 
Mannheim  (man 'him).  The  northern  admin- 
istrative ilistrii-t  of  Baden. 
Mannheim,  or  Manheim.  A  eitv  of  Baden  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Neekar  with  the 
Rhine,  in  lat.  49°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  28'  E.  it  i=  verv 
regularly  built ;  is  the  chief  commercial  center  of  the  up- 
per Khine:  has  trade  in  grain,  tobacco,  c.ffee,  petroleum 
etc.;  and  h.as  manuLactures  of  cigars,  machinei-}-,  niirnirs! 
v^' .  1.  "'""'■  harbor,  and  dock*  are  extensive  The 
chief  budding  is  the  grand-ducal  castle  (with  antiuu.Trian 
collections  and  picture-gallery).  There  is  a  noted  theater 
ilannheim  was  founded  in  1606 :  was  destroyed  in  the 
S^o'^Vw.i  "^  i""""  '''■  '^"^  ^^nc''  ■"  1688:  •'"^ame 
f,t.n  S  ,1°^^''^  Palatinate  in  1720:  was  bombarded  and 
t^en  by  the  French  in  1794 :  and  was  ceded  to  Baden  In 
«»J.  Population  (I'.wi,  e..nimune.  140.3*4. 
ManniTIg  (man'ing),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Albany. 
N.  Y.,  Aug.,  1831 :  died  at  Albany,  Dec.  24, 1887. 


650 

An  American  Democratic  politician,  secretary 
of  the' treasui-y  lS.S.5-87. 

Manning,  Henry  Edward.  Bom  at  Totter- 
idge.  Hertfordshire,  Julv  15,  1808:  died  at 
Westminster,  Jan,  14,  1892.  An  English  cardi- 
nal.    He  was  the  youngest  son  of  WiUiam  Manning,  a 

"est  India  merchant      Ha  unta^aA  ti ;.,  .oo.t   _^j 

Balliol  College,  Orf 

was  his  tutor,  and  \ .„  „.  „.„„o^„,„;  .,„ 

was  made  a  fellow  of  Merton,  O.Yford,  in  1S:J2.  and  was  or 
daincd  rector  of  WooUavington-cum-Gralf  ham  in  1833.  He 
was  married  >ot.  7, 1833,  and  his  wife  died  July  24  1837 
In  1810  hewas  created  archdeacon  of  Chichester.  He  took 
no  part  in  the  secession  of  Ward  and  Newman,  but  con- 
tinued a  leader  of  the  High-chuich  party  until 'iSJS  In 
May,  1S48.  he  visited  Rome,  and  on  his  re"tum  found  hun 


Mansfeld,  Count  Ernst  von 

faitMessncss-a  faithlessness  based  not  on  want  of  love 
for  Des  Gneux.  but  on  an  overmastering  desire  for  luxury 
and  comtort  with  which  he  cannot  alwa,s  supplv  he? 
The  storj-  which  is  narrated  by  Des  Grieux,  and  'wl,"!; 
has  a  most  pathetic  ending,  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
perfect  simplicity  and  absolute  lifelikeness  of  the  chi 

.-  . ,, „,....  .,.»„„„.g,  a     acter-drawing.  ■S<>m«*«'«n/,  French  Ut.,  p  420 

chant.    He  entered  Harrow  iu  1822,  and  lUTanncniio  t^x  „;;  i  />        .  ^  .       , 

ixiord.  in  1827,  where Ch^irles  Wordsworth  -"M-aiOSflue  (ma-nosk  ).     A  town  m  the  depart- 
d  w  illiam  E.  Gladstone  an  associate.  He     '"tut  ot  Basses-Alpes.  France,  40  mUes  north   ' 
w  of  Merton.  O.Ylord.  in  18!2.  and  was  or.    northeast   of  Marseilles.      Population  (1891) 

couimune.  5,572. 
Manresa  (man-ra'siil.     A  manufacturing  town 
m  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Cardoner  32  miles  northwest  of  Baree- 

self  in  opposition  to  the  established  church.    In  \nriL  -vr-     .     i>  ^  -x  i    j^  ™,    ''  — °i'- 

1850,  he  resigned  his  archdeaconry,  and  on  June  14  1S51    -""f^  ^  Bewitched,  The,  Or  The  DeVil  tO  Do 

was  ordained  a  priest  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.    Iii     abOUt  Her.    .\  eomedv  bv  Mrs.  Ceutlivre  Dro- 

ISc^  he  was  made  D.  D.  by  the  Pope,  .and  instaUed  as  su-     duced  in  1709.  "      "  ie,pro 

penorof  the  "Congregation  of  the  Oblates  of  .St.  Charles"  MaTi<!  rmnVil   To    Tl,o  «„r.;t  i    ftu    j        _^ 

at  K.a.vswater  (March  31,  1857).     On  .\pril  30, 186.5,  he  sue-  Tf  2fi?^     ti^"         *        ■!  '='*P"'>1  of  the  department 

..«„.i„.i  r.„..i,„.,  w: .  ,•'      -•-..     •.       ^     of  Sarthe.  France,  Situated  on  the  Sarthe  in  lat 


at  K.a.vswater  (.March  31,  1857).  On  .\pril  30, 186.5,  he  suc- 
ceeded Cardinal  Wiseman  as  archbishop  of  Westminster 
and  H  as  created  cardinal  March  31,  lS7.i.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of '-rnity  of  the  Church"  (1S42),  "Temporal  .Mission 
?.  oiif  5?,'y  9'^°^'  (l^"")-  "  Temporal  Power  of  the  Pope  ' 
(1866),   'England  and  Christendom  '  (1867),  etc. 

Manning,  James.  BomatElizabethtown.X.J 
O^n.  22.  1738:  died  at  Providence,  R.I.,  Julv, 
li91.     An  American  Baptist  clergyman,  first 
president  of  Brown  University  (Providence) 
1765-90. 

Manning,  or  Mannyng,  Robert,  or  Robert  of 
Bninne.  Lived  m  the  latter  part  of  the  13th 
and  the  commencement  of  the  14th  centurv.  An 
English  chronicler  and  poet.  He  was  a  narive  of 
Bruune  in  Lincolnshire,  and  in  1288  jomed  the  Gilbertine 
canons^at  Sempringham.  He  wrote  " Handlvng  Svnne" 
(1303),  a  translation  of  the  "ilanuel  des  Pechiez  "  o'f  Wil- 
liam of  Wadlngton,  who  wrote  in  the  time  of  Edward  I  ■ 
"  The  Chronicle  of  England  "  (finished  in  ISSi)  ■  and  "  Medi- 
t.acyunsof  theSoperof  ourLordelhesus,  etc."  Hewasin 
no  sense  a  historian,  as  his  work  was  not  original  ■  and  his 
importance  is  entirely  literary.     OiVf.  Xat.  Biog. 

Manny  (man'i).  or  Manny,  Sir  Walter,  after- 
ward Lord  de  Manny.  Died  at  London,  Jan. 
lo,  13(2.  The  founder  of  the  Charterhouse, 
London.  He  was  a  native  of  Mannv,  near  Valenciennes 
Hamaat,  and  a  fellow-townsman  of  Froissart  He  prob^ 
ably  came  to  England  with  Queen  Philippa  in  13'7  and 
was  knighted  in  1.331.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  sol- 
diers of  Edward  IIL  In  1.371  he  was  Ucensed  to  found  a 
house  of  Carthii^ian  monks  to  be  caUed  'La  Salutation 
Mfere  Dieu.  This  Chartreuse  became  the  London  Charter- 
house (which  see). 

Manoa  (ma-no'ii).  The  fabled  citv  mled  by  El 
Dorado,  or  the  gilded  king.  According  to  mo"st  of 
the  accounts  it  was  built  on  an  island  in  a  lake  called  P.a- 
nma,  or  on  its  shores.    See  El  Dorado. 

Manoah  (ma-no'a).  In  Bible  historv.  the  fa- 
ther of  Samson. 

Manoas.    See  C'onibns. 

Manoel  (mii-no-el'),  or  Manuel,  I.,  King  of 
Portugal.     See  Emanuel. 

Man  of  Blood,  The.  A  name  given  bv  the  Eng- 
lish Piu-itaus  to  Charles  I. 

Man  of  Blood  and  Iron,  The.    A  name  given 

to  Bismarck. 

Man  of  Business,  The.  A  comedy  bv  George 
Colman  the  elder,  produced  in  1774. 

Man  of  December,  The.  [F.  L'homme  de  De- 
cemhre.']  A  name  given  to  Xapoleon  IH.  in 
ISiO,  when  he  was  deposed,  in  allusion  to  his 
coup  d'etat  in  Dec,  1851. 

Man  of  Destiny,  The.    Xapoleon  I. 

Man  of  Feeling,  The.  -A.  novel  by  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie, published  iu  1771. 

Man  of  Law's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's 
•'Canterbury  Tales."  Gower  tells  the  storv-  in  his 
■Coniessio  Amantis."  It  was  taken  from  the  \nglo. Nor- 
man chronicle  of  Nicolas  Trivet.  The  prologue  contains 
a  list  of  some  of  Chaucer's  works 


or  Mansard  (mon-sar'),  Francois 
aris,  Jan.  23. 1598 :  died  there,  Sept ,  23," 


48°  1'  X.,  long.  0°  11'  E. :  the  ancient  Vindiuum 
or  Suindmum  it  has  a  trade  in  poultry  and  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  sail-cloth,  etc.  The  cathedi-al  has  a  massive 
round-arched  12th-century  nsive,  and  a  ver>- flue  light  13th- 
century  choir,  5-3i5led,  having  12  radiating  chapels,  beau- 
tiful tracer},  and  a  world-famous  display  of  medieval 
glass.  The  Lhurch  of  Notre  Dame  de  la  Couture  the  an- 
cient abbey  buildings  (containing  the  prefecture,  museum 
and  libran),  and  the  Museum  of  Historical  M.inuments  are 
also  of  mterest.  Le  Mans  was  the  capital  of  the  .ancient 
Aulerci  1.  enomani,  and  the  capital  of  Maine  :  was  the  birth- 
place of  Henry  II.  of  England;  and  w.is  many  times  be- 
sieged, especially  by  Henrj-  IV.  in  15S9.  Here,  Dee..  1793. 
the  FYench  republicans  under  Marceau  defeated  the  \  en- 
^^^1!^"'}."  ^  Kochejacquelin  ;  and  here.  Jan.  10  and  12, 
IS,  1,  the  Germans  under  Prince  Frederick  Charles  defeated 
nwi '*"I^M  ?™^  °'  ""*  ^'"^  '^^'^  Chanzy.    Population 

Mansart,  ._  . 

Bom  at  Paris, ^.^„„ .  ...^^^  ^^ 

1666.  A  noted  French  architect.  He  revived  tlie 
use  of  "Mansard"  roofs  about  1G50:  they  had  been  em- 
ployed about  wo  years  before  by  Lescot,  but  ilansart  a 
name  was  now  given  to  them.  He  built  the  churches  of 
.'-ainte-Marie  de  Chaillot.  the  Minunes  de  la  Place  Ruvale 
the  ■N  isitation  de  Sainte- Marie  in  the  Rue  .^int- \ntOine' 

--     „ -,...„....  „.^..uu,    „r.,  ,a,e„.-ipnnps       "<^;^,^'.'^  """"ois  chateaus  :  that  known  as  the  Ckiteali 

Hainaut,  and  a  fellow-townsman  of  Froi-art     He  p?o^  ^^  iI»'*<"^-'"'-'"ne  is  the  most  famous. 

-v.,  .   .......  isr,  and  Mansart,  Jules  Hardouin.  Born  at  Paris,  April 

-'"■ l(>,1645:diedatVersailles,  Mavll.  1708.  Acele- 

brated  French  architect,  nep'hew  of  Fran^-ois 
Mansart.  He  built  the  Chateau  de  Oagny  for  the  resi- 
dence of  Madame  de  Montespan.  and  was  so  much  of  the 
courtier  as  to  gain  not  only  an  enormous  fortune  but  the 
notice  of  the  king,  who  heaped  honors  upon  him  He  di- 
rected all  the  principal  architectural  worksof  Louis  .\n' 
including  the  building  of  the  p.-dace  of  VersaUles  the 
Maison  de  Saint-Cyr,  the  Grand  Trianon,  the  dome  of  the 
Hotel  des  Invalides  (perhaps  his  greatest  work),  the  Place 
\  endome,  the  Place  des  \  ictoires,  etc. 

Mansel  (man'sel).  Henry  Longueville.  Bom 
at  Cosgrove,  Xorthamptonshire,  Oct.  6.  1820: 
died  at  Cosgrove  Hall,  July  30, 1871.  An  Eng- 
li.-^h  metaphysician.  He  matriculated  at  St.  John's 
tollege.  Oxford,  June  11.1S39;  was  ordained  in  1845:  was 
appointed  Bampton  lecturer  in  1S5^ :  and  in  1S6S  was  made 
dean  of  St.  Pauls.  In  metaphysics  he  was  a  follower  of 
Sir  «  ilham  HamUton.  and  developed  the  latter  s  theon-  of 

the  conditioned."  Among  his  works  .are  "  Phrontisterion, 
orOxford  in  the  Nineteenth  Centurv. "an  imitation  of  .Aris- 
tophanes (1S50X  "The  LimiU  of  Demonstrative  Science 
Considered  '  (ISoSX  'On  the  PhUosophv  of  Kant  "  (1856) 
the  article  on  met,aphysics  in  the  eighth  edition  of  the 

Encycloptedia  Britannica  "  (1857X  "Bampton  Lectures  " 
(1858),  etc. 

Mansel,  or  Maunsel  (man'sel).  John.  Died  at 
Florence,  Jan.,  1265.  An  English  militarv  ec-  , 
clesiastic,  keeper  of  the  seal  and  counselor  of 
Henry  HI.  He  was  brought  up  at  court,  and  on  Nov. 
8, 1246,  received  the  custody  of  the  pri%-y  seal.  He  was  one 
of  Henr>  s  chief  adiisers.  He  held  at  one  time  30o  bene- 
fices, with  a  rental  of  18,000  marks.  In  the  struggle  with 
the  barons  iu  1262  he  fled  to  France,  and  his  holdings  were 
taken  from  him. 


a  nst  of  some  of  Chaucer's  works.  taKen  Irom  him. 

Man  of  Mode,  The,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter   Mansfeld  (miins'felt;.     i.  a  former  countv  of 

A  comedy  by  Etlierege  (1676).  '     '  'ertuany,  which  lay  -    - 


A  comedy  by  Etberege  (1676). 
Man  of  Ross,  The.     See  Ki/rle,  John. 
Man  of  Sedan,  The.    Xapoleon  IH. 
Man  of  Steel,  The.     -An  epithet  (L.  Adanmn- 

tiiis)  given  to  Origen  on  aecotint  of  his  strength 

and  tireless  industrv 


Man  of  the  People,  The. 


l^harles  James  lox  on  account  of  a  satire  bv 
George  Colman  the  vounger. 

Man  of  the  "World,  "The.  1 .  A  novel  bv  Mac- 
kenzie, published  in  1773.— 2.  A  comedy  by 
Macklin.  first  played  in  1781. 

Manon  Lescaut  (ma-u6n'  les-ko').  A  romance 
written  by  the  Abbe  Prevost.  published  in  1733, 
appended  to  "Memoirs  of  a  Man  of  Qualitv." 


.^........_, ,  ,.^tii  ia_,  west  of  the  Saale,  and  is 

now  iu  the  government  district  of  Mei-seburg, 
Prussian  Saxony,  it  fell  in  1781:1,  on  the  extinction  of 
the  reigning  house,  partly  to  Prussia  and  partly  to  Saxony. 
Since  the  Napoleonic  period  it  has  belonged  entirely  to 
Prussia. 

2.  A  to-»vn  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Pms- 


.  _  ^.  .-i.  lonu  m  lue  province  ot  Saxonv,  I'ms- 
A  name  given  to  sia,  38 mUes  south  of  Magdeburg,  capital  of  the 
lint  ot  a  satire  bv     former  onnntv-«f  M.jT,cf.»M     T,fn,„.  1: 1  1, 


Bnt  he  [Prevost]  would  have  been  long  forgotten  had  it 
notbeen  for  an  episode  or  postscript  of  the  "  Mi^moires" 
entitled  ".Manon  Lescaut,  "  in  which  all  competent  criti- 
cism recognises  the  first  masterpiece  of  French  literature 
which  can  property  be  called  a  novel.  Manon  is  a  young 
girl  with  whom  the  Chcv.aUer  des  Grieux.  almost  as  vonng 
as  herself,  Lalls  frantically  in  love.  The  pair  flv  to'PariJ 
and  the  novel  is  occupied  with  the  description  of  Manon's 


former  county  of  Mansfeld.  Luther  lived  here 
in  his  early  youth.  Population  (1895),  2,775. 
Mansfeld,  Count  Ernst  von.  Bom  1580:  died 
near  Zara,  Dalmatia,  Xov.  29,  1626.  A  cele- 
brated (Jerman  general,  natural  son  of  Count 
P.  E.  von  Mansfeld.  He  was  educated  bv  his  god- 
father Ernest,  .archduke  of  Austria,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  soldier  in  the  Spanish  and  in  the  imperial  service. 
In  1610  he  embraced  the  Reformed  faith,  and  entered  the 
service  of  the  Protestant  I'nion.  In  1618.  when  the  head 
of  the  union,  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.,  was  ele- 
vated to  the  throne  by  the  Protestant  estates  in  Bohemia, 
he  became  oommander-in-chief  in  that  countrv.  .\f  tcr  the 
disastiwus  battle  on  the  White  Hill  (which  see),  at  which 
he  was  not  present,  he  maintained  a  brilliant  but  uneijual 
contest  against  the  Imperi;Uists  in  Germanv.  He  was  de- 
leated  by  WaUenstein  at  Dessau,  April  25,  1626. 


Mansfeld,  Count  Peter  Ernst  von 
Mansfeld,  Count  Peter  Ernst  von.  Boru  July 

10,  l.'iir :  (lic'l  May  22,  l(!(i4.  A  < i.-iman  general. 
He  ser\'t'd  uiiiler  tlie  emperor  Cliarles  V.  and  under  his  son 
Philip  XI.  uf  Spuin  ;  was  for  a  time  governor  of  Luxcni- 
barff ;  and  in  Uii)!  succeeded  tlie  Dul<e  of  I'arma  as  Kover- 
nor-generaluf  tlie  ^'etlierlands,  a  post  wliicti  he  held  two 

years. 

Mansfield  (luanz'feUl).  A  town  in  Xottinfrhaiu- 
sliiiv,  Englan<l,  15  miles  north  of  Xottiugham. 
Population  (1891),  15,925. 

Mansfield.  A  city,  capital  of  Richland  County, 
Ohio.  ()4  miles  north-northeast  of  Columbus.  It 
is  a  railway  and  industrial  center.  Population 
(liinii,,  17,(110. 

Mansfield,  Charles  Blachford.  Born  at  Royner, 
Hampshire,  May  8,  1819:  died  at  Loudon,  Feb. 
Jil.  1855.  An  English  chemist  and  traveler.  He 
discovered  tile  method  of  extracting  benzol  from  coal-tar, 
and  tiiuslaid  the  foundation  for  the  aniline  industry.  In 
1850  he  traveled  iti  Brazil  and  Taraguay.  Ue  dil;d'  from 
the  elfects  of  an  explosion  of  naphtha  while  preparing 
benzol.  He  wrote  "  Aerial  Navisratinn  "  (1850).  and  "  Let- 
ters from  Brazil  and  Paraguay  "  (pit-sthumous). 

Mansfield,  Earls  of.    See  Murray,  David,  and 

Mum:;/,   Williiiiii. 

Mansfield,  Joseph  King  Fenno.   Bom  at  New 

Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  22.  JS03 :  died  Sept.  18, 1S62. 
An  American  general.  Ue  commanded  at  Washing- 
ton Ist'.I,  and  was  nnirt;illy  wounded  at  Antietani  1S62. 

Mansfield,  Mount.  The  most  noted  summit  of 
the  (.ireen  Mountains,  Vermont,  20  miles  east 
of  Burlington.  It  was  long  considered  to  be  the 
highest  of  thr>  range.     Height,  4,070  feet. 

Mansfield,  Richard.  -  Born  in  Helgoland,  in 
1857.  A  lieniiau-Ameriean  actor.  He  has  ob- 
tained success  in  America  both  as  tragedian 
and  comedian. 

Mansfield  College.  A  college  founded  at  Ox- 
ford in  18S(1,  especiiilly  for  members  of  non-es- 
tablished churches.  SI  udentsmust  be  graduates 
in  arts  of  some  recognized  university. 

Mansfield  Park.  A  novel  by  Jane  Austen,  writ- 
ten in  17'JG,  published  in  1814. 

Mansilla  (man-sel'yii),  Lucio.  Bom  at  Buenos 
AjTes,  1792:  died  1871.  An  Argentine  general, 
brother-in-law  of  the  dictator  Kosas.  in  1S45  he 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  under  R^)Sas,  and  was 
defeated  at  Funta  de  Obligado  by  the  combined  British 
and  French  fleeiL  Nov.  20. 

Mansilla  de  Garcia  (miin-sel'ya  da  gar-the'ii), 
Eduarda  (nee  Mansilla).  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayri's,  183S.  An Ai-gi'n(ineno%'elist.  Ini8:..'jshe 
married  .MnnU'-l  iJarcia.  a  diplomatist,  she  has  piihlished 
several  novelsof  Artrentinccustonisand  iiisturical  rpisodes, 
including  "  El  .Medico  de  San  Luis, ""Lucia  ilii:ind:i,"ana 
"  Pablo,  6  la  vida  en  las  pampas  "  ;  the  last  was  translated 
into  French. 

Mansion  House,  The.  The  official  residence 
of  the  lord  ma.vor  of  Ijoiidon,  situated  i  mile 
east  of  St.  Paul's.  It  was  begun  in  1739.  The  front 
has  a  fine  hexastylc  Corinthian  pedimented  portico.  The 
suite  of  state  apartments  contains  some  excellent  modern 
statues  and  paintings. 

MansO  de  VelascO  (miin'so  da  vS-liis'ko),  Jos6 
Antonio,  Count  of  Siii)erunda.  Born  in  Biscay 
about  lliit.'i:  died  after  17G2.  A  Spanish  soldier 
and  adiniiiisf  ralor.  ile  served  in  the  War  of  Succes- 
sion ;  was  ciiptaiii-general  of  Chile  17:i5-4.'j ;  and  viceroy  of 
Peru  July  12,  174o,-Oct.  PJ,  1761.  His  administration  in 
the  latter  country  was  longer  than  that  of  any  other  vice- 
roy, and  was  distinguished  for  excellence.  The  great  earth- 
quake whicli  (lestroyed  Lima  and  Callao,  Oct.  28,  1746, 
occurred  during  his  rule. 

JIanson  (man'son),  George.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Dec.  :i.  1850:  died  in  Devonshire.  Eng- 
land, Feb.  27,  1876.  A  Scottish  painter  in 
wati-r-colors. 

MansOS  (miin'sos).  [Sp.,fromTO«nso,tame.]  A 
trilie  of  seini-nomadic  aborigines,  from  the  banks 
of  the  Rio  (irande  in  southern  New  M(  xico, 
who  were  Christianized  by  Fray  Garcia  de  San 
Francisco,  a  Franciscan,  in  the  first  half  of  the 
17th  century,  and  in  Ui.">9  wtU'O  transferred  to 
the  present  site  of  El  Paso  del  Norte  in  northern 
Chihuahua.  There  are  still  a  few  families  dwelling  at 
the  latter  place,  but  they  liavo  adopted  the  mode  c»f  life 
and  customs  of  tlic  tiortluTU  Mexicans.  Some  of  the  older 
men,  however,  still  preserve  the  language  of  the  tribe  and 
many  of  the  primitive  rites  and  religious  practices. 

Mansur.     See  .ll-Mauxur. 

Mansurah(iiiiin-s<)'ril).  A  town  in  Lower  Egypt. 

situated  on  the  Daniietta  branch  of  the  Nile, 

50  miles  west  by  south  of  Port  Said.     Near  It,  in 

"    12.'>0.  Louis  I.\.  of  Krance  waa  defeated  by  the  KgyptlaiU}. 

I'opulaliou  (IHMTi    :!('., l:;l. 

Mant  (luaiit ),  Richard.  Born  at  Southnnipton. 
England,  Feb.  12,  1776:  dit^d  at  Hallyinoney. 
Ireland, Nov. 2,1848.  An  English  aulliof,bisliop 
of  Down,  Connor,  and  Droiiinre  in  Ireland.    He 

was  jiunt  author  with  llDyly  of  an  "Ai fated  Iltbic" 

(1814),  and  pnldished  a  "History  of  the  (.'hiirch  of  Irelaml  '* 
(18401,  etc. 

Mantalini  (mnn-ta-le'ne).  The  husband  of  Ma- 
dame Maiitiilini  in  Dickens's  "Nicholas Nicklo- 
by,"  a  feeble-minded,  elegant  person. 


651 

Mantchuria.     See  Manchurin. 

Mantegna  (miiu-tau'yii),  Andrea.  Bom  near 
Padua,  Italy,  1431:  died  at  Mantua,  Italy,  Sept. 
13, 1506.  A  celebrated  Italian  historical  painter 
ami  engraver.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Triumph 
of  Cajsar  "  (Hampton  Court),  "  Madonna  della  Vittoria  " 
(Louvre),  "Christ  in  the  Oiu'den  "  (Baring  collection^  "St. 
(Jeorge"  (Venice  Academy),  "The  Dead  Christ"  (Brera, 
Milan),  "Parnassus."  "The  .Man  of  .Sorrows  "(Copenhagen), 
"  The  Crucifixion  "  and  "Adoration  of  the  Magi  "  (.New 
York  Historical  .Society),  "St.  Sebastian"  (Vieima  Mu- 
seum), "Sununer  and  Autumn,"  "Samson  and  Delilah," 
"  Triumph  of  Scipio  "  (National  Gallery,  Ivondon),  etc. 

Mantell  (man'tel),  Gideon  Algernon.    Burn 

at  Lewes,  Sussex,  1790:  died  at  Loudon,  Nov. 
10,  1852.  An  English  geologist.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  shoemaker,  and  was  apprenticed  to  .lames  Moore,  a 
surgeon,  at  Lewes,  with  whom  he  later  entered  into  part- 
nership. His  cidlection  of  fossils  was  sold  to  the  British 
Museum.  Anunig  his  works  are  "Fossils  of  the  South 
Downs  "  (1822),  "  The  Oeology  of  the  .Southeast  of  England" 
(1S33),  "Geological  Excursions  round  the  Isle  of  Wight 
and  along  the  Adjacent  Coast  of  Dorsetshire  "(1847).  etc. 
He  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  R^jyal  Society  in  182.".. 
Mantes  (mont).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine  35 
miles  west-northwest  of  Paris.  Its  clnuch  of  Notre 
Dame,  of  the  end  of  the  12th  century,  is  interesting  as  a 
reduced  reproduction  (including  the  west  front  with  its 
galleries,  rose,  and  twin  S4iuare  towers)  of  >'otre  Dame  in 
Paris.     Popidation  (1891),  7,032. 

Manteuffel  (miin'toif-t'el),  Baron  Karl  Rochus 

Edwin  von.  Born  at  Dresden,  Fel).  24,  1809: 
died  at  Karlsbad,  Bohemia,  June  17,  1885.  A 
Prussian  tield-marshal.  He  became  chief  of  the  mili- 
tary cabinet  in  18.'>7  :  served  in  the  Danish  war  18t;4  ;  was 
governor  of  Schleswig  1805-00  ;  as  coTliniander  of  tlie  ilain 
army  defeated  the  South  Germans  at  Hochhauseu  lUld 
elsewhere  in  1800;  commanded  the  1st  army  corps  at 
Colondjcy-.N'ouilly  Aug.  14,  1870,  and  Noisscville  Aug.  31- 
Sept.  1 ;  as  commander  in  the  north  defeated  the  French 
at  Anuens  1870 :  commanded  the  army  of  the  south  in 
1871,  and  the  army  of  occupation  in  France  1S71-73;  and 
was  ai)p<'inted  governor  of  Alsiiee- Lorraine  in  187!). 

Manteuff'el,  Baton  Otto  Theodor  von.  Born  at 

Liibben,  Prussia,  Feb.  3,  1805:  died  near  Gols- 
sen,  Prussia,  Nov.  26,  1882.  A  Prussian  reac- 
tionary politician,  minister  of  the  interior  1848- 
1850,  and  prime  minister  1850-58. 
Mantianus  (man-ti-a'nus),  orMatianus  (ma-ti- 
a'nus).     An  ancient  name  of  Lake  Urumiah. 

Mantinea  (man-ti-ue'ij),  or  Mantineia  (-ni'ii). 

[Gr.  MaiTivcia.'}  In  ancient  geograiihy,  a  city  in 
Arcadia,  Greece,  situated  43  miles  southwest  of 
Corinth.  It  was  the  scene  of  several  battles  :  in  418  a.  c. 
the  Spartans  defeated  the  .Athenians  and  Argives  ;  in  :{02 
n.  0.  the  Thebans  under  Epaminondas  defeated  the  Spar- 
tans and  allies  ;  and  in  207  or  200  B.  0.  Philopmmen,  gen- 
eral of  the  Aelia^an  League,  defeated  the  Spartans. 

MantininoOnan-to-ne'no).  An  island  reported 
to  Columbus,  1492-93,  bv  the  Indians  of  Haiti. 
He  understood  them  to  say  that  it  was  iidiabited  by  Ama- 
zon women.  The  name  was  a  corruption  of  the  Carib  Ma- 
i/hiina,  corresponding  to  the  modern  Martiinque. 

Manton  (man'ton),  Joseph.  Born  abont  1766 : 
died  at  Maida  Hill,  .June  29.  1835.  An  English 
gunsmith.  He  patented  many  improvements  in  large 
ancl  small  arms,  and  was  a  i)rincipal  mover  in  the  intro- 
duction of  the  percussion  system. 

Mantua  (man'tu-ji).  A  province  in  Lombardy, 
Itnlv.  Area,  912  square  miles.  Poptilatiou 
(1891).  307,768. 

Mantua,  It.  Mantova  (miin'to-va).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  prcivince  of  Mantua,  Italy,  situated 
on  an  island  in  the  Miiicio,  in  lat.  45°  0'  N., 
long.  10°  47' E.  It  is  a  strcmS fortress.  The  chief  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Church  of  San  Andrea,  cathedral, 
ducal  pahace,  nniseum  of  anti<iuities.  and  Palazzo  li.l  W- 
(with  works  l)y  (Jiulit)  Ktuinnio).  It  is  Tioted  in  art  history 
lor  its  connection  with  .Mantegna  and  Komano,  and  has  an 
academyof  sciences  ;in<i  arts.  It  was  the  home  of  Vergil, 
who  was  born  in  the  neighborhood.  It  was  a  Ouel[»h 
town  ;  was  ruled  by  the  Oonzaga  family  ;  anil  was  cajutal 
of  the  duchy  of  Mantua.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Imperial- 
ists in  1030;  besieged  by  the  French  under  Boiniparte  in 
17l«l-97,  and  taken  in  171)7  ;  and  held  by  the  Freindi  umlcr 
the  Napoleonic  regime  but  restored  to  Austria  in  1S14. 
It  was  one  of  the  fortresses  of  the  Austrian  "Quadri- 
lateral." In  1800  it  was  ceded  to  Italy.  Population  (I8III), 
estimated,  .-Ill.lKJO. 

Mantua,  Duchy  of.  A  former  Italian  nnirtiui- 
snle  and  (liieliv.  I'lie  ti-rrltory  was  ruled  by  the  fam 
lly  of  (ionzaga  from  aliout  i:i28  to  1708.  and  by  Austria 
1708-1)7;  belonged  to  the  clHalplne  Itepubllc,  kingdom  of 
Italy,  etc..  171)7-1814  ;  i>n».secl  to  Austria  in  1814  ;  and  was 
ceded  to  Italy  in  IB-W  and  Isoc. 

Mantuan(niaii'tri-aii)Bard,iirMantuanSwan. 

.\  siirnaiiio  •<(  N'l'rgil  ns  a  nalivr  of  .Mnritim. 
Mantuan  War.     A   war  fur  the  succession  lo 
tllc'dueliy  cd'  Mnutun,  1628-30.   TheDnkeof  Nevers, 
supported  by  France,  was  eonllrined  as  duke  In  op{)08llion 
to  the  Imperialist  candidate. 

Manu  (ma'no).    In  Saiislcrit,  man;  man  collec- 

tivi'ly;  mankirnl;  the  Demiurge  ;  oneofachiss 
of  fourteen  demiurgic  In-ings.  tMtch  of  whom 
jiresiiles  over  a  .Maiivnnlara,  '  interval  or  jierioil 
of  n  Mantl.'  The  llrst  in  order  of  these  Is  called  .Sva- 
vambhnva,  as  sprung  from  Svayambhil,  the  self-existent, 
Idetltttteil  witll  Uraluna,  who  dividetl  himself  Into  two 
persons,  male  and  temiUe,  whence  was  produced  VIraJ, 


Manutius,  Paulus 

and  from  him  the  first  Manu.  This  Manu  Svayambhuva 
is  a  sort  of  secondary  creator.  He  produced  ten  Praja- 
patis,  'lords  of  creatures,'  atid  these  again  seven  other 
Maims.  Of  these  ttie  seventh,  ilaim  Valvasvata,  'the  sun- 
born,'  is  the  Manu  of  the  presold  period,  and  is  regarded 
as  the  progenitor  of  the  present  mce  of  beings.  He  liaa 
been  compared  to  Noah,  from  various  legends  of  his  preser- 
vation from  a  deluge  by  Vishnu,  or  by  Biahma,  iji  the 
form  of  a  tish.  He  was  tile  founder  and  first  king  of 
Ayodhya,  afterward  reigned  over  by  Ikshvaku,  his  son, 
founder  of  the  sohu"  race.  Manu  Vaivasvata's  daughter 
Ila  nnirried  Budha,  son  of  Soma. '  the  moon,'  and  ancestor 
of  the  lunar  race.  To  Maim  Valvasvata  are  ascritied  the 
so-called  "Laws  of  ilanu  "  and  a  work  on  Vedic  rituaL 
I'pon  the  first  seven  are  to  follow  seven  other  Manus, 

Manu,  La'WS  of.  Until  recently,  the  ilesig- 
nation  commonly  employed  for  the  Manava- 
dharmashastra,  which  native  tradition  regarded 
as  the  law-book  of  Manu  (see  Manu),  but  wliich 
the  scholars  of  to-day  view  as  the  law-book 
of  tlie  Manavans.  The  works  constituting  the  Veda 
in  its  broader  sense  fall  into  the  three  classes  of  .Sanhita, 
Brahmana,  and  Sutra,  or  text,  exposition,  and  brief  rule. 
Chief  among  the  last  :u-e  the  Kaliiasutras,  or  '  ceremony 
rules,'  many  important  families  having  each  its  distinct 
Eatpasutra.  This  Kalpasutra  was  divided  into  Shranta- 
sutra,' rules  for  the  fire  sacrifices' ;  Grhyasutra,  'domestic 
usages';  and  Dharmasutra,  'sacred  law.'  The  Sutnis  are 
in  mingled  prose  and  verse ;  the  Dharmashastras  are  a 
later  metrical  recast  in  the  ordinary  ejiie  meter  of  ante- 
cedent Dharmasutras  ;  and  the  Manavadharmashastra  is 
such  a  reca.st  of  a  Manavadharniasutra,  or  is  the  law- 
book of  the  ilanavans.  Out  of  clannish  differences  grew 
various  Caranas,  or  'schools,'  in  which  Vedic  traditions 
were  handed  down.  The  Manavans  were  a  school  of  the 
Black  Yajurveda.  Of  the  ilailrayaniya  branch  of  the 
schools  of  the  Black  Yajurveda  there  are  still  some  sur- 
vivors in  western  India  who  call  their  Sutras  Manavasu- 
tras.  The  occasion  of  the  recast  was  the  development  — 
besiiie  the  sectarian  schools,  which  studied  exclusively  a 
singlebranchofthe\'eda  — of  non-sectarian  schools, whose 
teachings  claimed  vididity  for  all  Aryans.  These  compiled 
from  the  only  locally  vali<[  sectarian  Sutras  a  school-book 
intended  to  be  systematic,  complete,  and  generally  valid, 
and  the  Manavan  Dhannasutra  was  chosen  as  its  basis 
from  the  greatness  of  the  name  of  the  let:eiidary  ^fanu. 
By  interpreting  the  title  as 'of  Manu,"  they  had  an  authori- 
tative name  to  commend  their  work.  Perhaps  one  half 
of  the  present  work  consists,  however,  of  additions  to  the 
original,  drawn  from  popular  metrical  maxims,  and  made, 
as  Biihler  thinks,  at  the  date  of  the  recast,  which  he  con- 
siders to  be  lietween  100  B.  c.  and  the  2d  century  A.  I>.  (For 
a  general  account  of  the  character  and  contents,  see  Wil- 
liams's "  Indian  Wisdom,"  pp.  211-*294.  For  the  literature, 
see  Lanman's  "Sanskrit  Iteader  " (Boston  :  Ginn  and  Co.), 
p.  340,  from  which  the  above  view  is  taken.)  It  was  first 
translated  from  the  original  by  Sir  William  Jones.  The 
most  recent  translations,  accompanied  by  valuable  intro- 
ductions, are  those  of  Buhlcr  ("  Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
vol.  XXV.)  and  Hurnell  (Trubner). 

Manuel  (man't)-el).  A  tragedy  by  Charles 
Kolii-rt  JIaturin,  produced  at  Driirv  Lane  March 
8,  ]S17,  with  Keau  in  the  title  role. 

Manuel  I.  Comnenus.  Born  about  1120 :  died 
Sept.  24.  1180.  Byzantine  emjicror  1143-80, 
son  of  the  emperor  Calo-Joannes.  He  pennitted 
the  Crusaders,  under  Conrad  III.,  emiieror  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire,  and  Louis  VII.  of  France,  to  pass  tlirough 
his  dominions  in  1147,  and  in  1148  repelled  an  invasion  of 
Greece  by  the  Normans  uiuler  Koger,  king  of  Sicily.  He 
was  totally  defeated  by  the  Turks  at  ilyriocephalus  In 
11  TO. 

Manuel  II.  Palaeologus.    Died  1425.    Byzan- 

t  ine  emperor  1391-1425,  son  of  John  ATI.  Being 
besieged  in  Constantinople  by  the  sultan  Itajazet,  he  im- 
plored the  aid  of  western  Euiiipe,  and  an  ju-niy  comprised 
of  the  chlvali7  of  France,  Gennanv,  and  Hungary  came  to 
his  assistance,  but  was  totall.v  defeated  by  the  sultan  at 
Nicopolia  in  13!H(.  Bajazel  was,  however,  compelletl  to 
raise  the  siege  in  1402  in  order  to  meet  the  Tatar  eon- 
(ineror  Timur,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and  captured  at 
Angora,  ilamiel  passed  the  sultseqnent  years  of  his  reign 
in  peace,  though  in  a  state  ^if  semi-dependence  on  Mo- 
liitniined,  the  mm  of  Itajazet. 

Manuel  (mii  -no-el '),  Don  Juan.  Born  1'282 : 
ilied  1347.  .\  Spanish  statesman  and  writer,  of 
the  royal  house  of  Castile  and  Leon.  His  best- 
known  work  is  the  "Conde  Lucanor,"  a  collection  of  fifty 
(ales  in  the  (.Iriental  style. 

Manuel  (mii-no-el'),  E.  The  nom  de  ]>luine  of 
Ernest  L'ftpine,  a  French  writer,  who  is  not  to 
be  confounded  with  Ellg^ne  Manuel,  the  author 
of  "Pages  Inlimes,"  etc. 

Manuel  i  mii-nii-er  1.  Nikolaus.  Bom  at  Bern, 
Suil/.rrlnnd.  about  1184;  died  at  Bern,  1530.  A 
Swiss  iiaiiiler  and  poet. 

Manutius  ima-iui'sliius).  Aldus,  Ii.  Aldo  Ma- 

nuzio  (iil'ilo  niii-not's6-6)  or  Manucci.  Born 
at  Bassiniio,  near  Velleiri,  Italy,  aluuil  14:">0: 
dieil  at  Venice,  Feb.  3,1515.  An  Italian  classi- 
cal scholar  ami  celebrated  printer,  the  founder 
of  the  .Mdine  press  at  Venice  about  1490.  He  imb. 
HbIrmI  eillllons  of  Aristotle,  Aristophanes,  Hei-oiiotns.  De- 
mtisthene.s,  Plato,  ami  other  tfreek  classics,  and  Latin  and 
Italian  works 

Manutius,  Aldus,  "Tlie  Vonnger."  Bom  at 
\"iiiici>,  I'.li.  13.  l.'>47:  died  at  Koine.  Oct.  28, 
1.597.  An  Italian  printer  and  classical  scholar, 
sou  of  I'aiiliis  Manutius. 

Manutius,  Paulus.  Born  nt  Venice,  .Tune  12, 
l.ill:  died  tli.io.  .\pril().  1574.  ,\n  Italian  chis- 
sii'til  scholar,  author,  aud  uoted  printer,  sou  of 
Aldus  Manutius. 


652 

with  the  elder  Dumas  in  some  of  his  chief 
works. 

Maqui.    See  Titi-ayan. 

Maquiritares  (ma-ke-re-ta'res).  An  Indian 
tribe  of  Veueziiela,  on  the  Ventuarl,  a  branch 
of  the  upper  Orinoco,  ranging  at  times,  it  is 
said,  as  far  east  as  the  confines  of  British  Gui- 
ana.   They  are  of  Carib  stock,  have  rarely  had  any  inter- 

-  course  with  the  whites,  and  still  retain  their  savage  inde- 
pendence. Though  living  in  regular  villages  and  havintr 
small  plantations,  they  are  much  given  to  wandering.  ^The 
tribal  relations  are  very  loose. 

Mar  (mar).  A  district  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, forming  the  southern  part  of  the  county. 
The  Earls  of  Mar  derive  their  title  from  it. 

Mar,  Juan  Manuel  del.  Born  at  Cuzeo,  1806 : 
died  at  Lima,  June  15, 1862.  A  Peruvian  states- 
man. He  was  minister  of  war  under  Castilla  1S55-60, 
and  in  1S59  was  temporarily  in  charge  of  the  executive. 
In  1800  he  was  elected  first  vice-president  under  the  new 
constitution. 

of  Louvois.  apparently  ^''?"'!'r,^'>gf  ^'J^^jPi^^^g^^^J^^^  Mara  (ma'ra),  Madame  (Gertrud  Elisabeth 


Man  with  Pinks 

Man  with  Pinks.  A  noted  painting  by  Jan  van 
Evek.  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin,  it  is  a  bust 
portrait  of  a  man  wearing  a  fur-lined  cloak  and  a  high  fur 
cap,  and  holding  white  pinks  in  one  hand  and  red  in  the 
other. 

Man  with  the  Iron  Mask,  The.  A  French  state 
prisoner,  confined  in  the  Bastille  (where  he  died 
Xov.  19, 1703),  Pignerol,  and  other  prisons  in  the 
reigu  of  Louis  Xr\'.  His  name  was  never  mentioned, 
but  he  was  burled  under  that  of  Marchiali,  and  he  always 
wore  a  mask  of  iron  covered  with  black  velvet.  He  has 
been  supposed  to  be  (1)  the  Duke  of  Vermandois,  a  natural 
son  of  Louis  Xrv.  and  lla.iemoiselle  de  la  Valliere ;  (2)  an 
elder  brother  of  Louis  ir\'.,  the  son  of  Anne  of  .iustna 
and  the  Duke  of  Buckingham :  (3)  a  twin  brother  of  Ltiuis 
XIV.;  (4)  Count  Matthioli,  a  minister  of  the  Duke  of  Man- 
tua, imprisoned  for  trcacheiy;  (o)  a  soldier  of  fortune 
named  ilarechiel,  the  head  of  a  conspiracy  to  assassinate 
the  king  and  hisministers.  This  last  conjecture  was  consid- 
ered the  most  reasonable  antil  1891.  when  Captain  Baze- 
ri^s,  of  the  garrison  of  Nantes,  published  in  the  "Progrfes 
de  Santes"  (republished  in  "Le  Temps,"  Aug.  7,  1891)  a 
translation  of  some  cipher  despatches  of  Louis  XIV.  and 


G^nSral  de  Bulonde,  who  raised  the  siege 
cessarily  and  compromised  the  success  of  the  campaign. 
Louis  shut  bun  up  at  Pignerol  for  reasons  of  his  own,  in- 
stead of  dooming  him  to  the  fate  of  a  traitor,  which  was 
his  due.  Opinions  still  dilfer  as  to  the  identity  of  the 
prisoner. 

Manx  (mangks).  The  native  language  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Isle  of  Man.  which  belongs  to 
the  Gadhelic  branch  of  the  Celtic  tongues,  and 
is  thus  closely  allied  to  the  Irish  and  the  Gaelic. 

Manzanares  (mau-tha-ni^'res).  A  small  tribu- 
tary of  the  river  Jarama,  in  Spain.  Madrid  is 
situated  on  it. 

Manzanares.     A  town  in  the  province  of  Ciu- 
dad  Real.  Spain,  situated  on  the  Azuer  in  lat 
39°  X.,  long.  3°  27'  W.     Population  (1887). 
9,699. 

Manzanillo  (man-tha-nel'vo).  A  seaport  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cuba.  It  has  a  trade 
in  coffee,  sugar,  and  fruit.  Population  (1899), 
14,464. 

Manzano  (man-za'no),  El.  [Sp.  manzana,  ap- 
ple.] A  settlement  of  recent  origin  in  central 
New  Mexico,  east  of  the  Bio  Grande.  It  lies 
on  the  eastern  border  of  well-known  and  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  rock-salt. 

Manzoni  (man-z6'ne),  Alessandro.  Bom  at 
MUan,  March  7,  1785 :  died  at  Milan,  May  22, 
1873.  A  noted  Italian  novelist  and  poet,  the 
chief  of  the  Italian  romantic  school.  He  went  in 
his  early  youth  to  Paris  with  his  mother,  who  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  Marquis  Beccaria,  and  who  introduced  him  to 
literary  society.  He  became  acquainted  with  Volney,  Ma- 
dame  Condorcet,  Fauriel,  and  others,  and  became  imbued 


Schmeling).  Born  at  Cassel,  Germanv,  Feb. 
23,  1749  :  died  at  Bevel,  Russia,  Jan.  20,  1833. 
A  noted  German  soprano  singer,  she  studied 
with  Hiller  at  Leipsic,  and  about  1771  made  her  debut 
at  Dresden,  where  she  had  immediate  success  and  was 
made  court  singer.  In  17S4  she  went  to  London,  where 
she  sang  to  enthusiastic  audiences.  She  was  connected 
with  the  opera  in  L<jndon  till  1791,  but  was  better  suited 
for  concerts  and  oratorios  on  account  of  her  weak  physique 
and  lack  of  knowledge  of  acting,  .^fter  singing  in  Paris, 
Vienna,  and  the  German  cities  with  success,  she  lost  her 
voice  in  1S02  or  thereabouts,  and  supported  herself  by 
teaching.  She  married  Mara  the  violoncellist  about  1771. 
Marabouts  (mar'a-bbts).  [Also  ilaraiool .1 
The  members  of  a  Moorish  priestly  order  orrace 
of  northern  Africa,  successors  of  the  Morabits 
or  Almoravides,  a  Mohammedan  sect  or  tribe 
who  ruled  Morocco  and  part  of  Spain  in  the  11th 
and  12th  centuries.     The  Marabouts  are  reputed  as  Maratea  (ma-ra-ta'a), 


Marblehead 

states — Br,azil  and  Maranhao.  The  latter  included  at  first 
all  from  Cearii  northward.  Ce3r.i  was  subsequently  sep- 
arated from  it,  a!id  the  remaining  portion  was  divided  into 
various  captaincies,  eventually  reduced  to  four  which  cor- 
respond to  the  modern  state's,  Piauby,  Maranhao.  Pari, 
au'l  Rio  Negro  (now  Aiuazonas).  The  colonial  state  was 
suppressed  in  1774. 

Maranon  (mU-ran-yon').  [Probably  corrupted 
from  the  Tupi  paraiid,  the  sea,  a  name  given  by 
the  Indians  to  this  and  other  great  rivers.]  A 
Spanish-American  name  for  the  Amazon,  it  is 
used  especially  in  Peru,  and  geographers  have  adopted  the 
term,  somewhat  vaguely,  to  indicate  the  upper  or  Peru- 
vian portion  of  the  river. 

Maranones  (ma-riin-yo'nes).  [Lit.  'conspira- 
tors': from  the  Spanish  marana,  a  plot.]  The 
name  adopted  by  the  followers  of  Aguirre.  (See 
A(ji(irre.)  It  has  been  erroneously  supposed 
that  the  word  Mai'aiion  was  derived  from  it. 

Marash  (ma-rash').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  Jihon 
100  miles  north  by  west  of  Aleppo.  In  ancient  times 
it  was  probably  a  city  of  the  Hittites.  Numerous  inscrip- 
tions have  been  found  there.  Population, estimated,  15,o0(>, 

Marat  (ma-rii'),  Jean  Paul.  Bom  at  Boudry, 
Switzerland,  May  24,  1744 :  assassinated  at  Pa- 
ris, July  13,  1793.  A  French  revolutionist.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Bordeaux ;  practised  his  profession 
with  consi>icuous  success  at  London  and  at  Paris ;  and 
wrote  a  number  of  meritorious  scientific  works,  chiefly  on  " 
electricity  and  optics.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolu- 
tion in  17S9  he  began  to  publish  a  paper  entitled  *'  L'.Anii 
du  Peuple,"  in  which  he  boldly  advocated  a  republican 
form  of  government  and  incited  the  populace  to  violence. 
He  was  in  1702  elected  to  the  National  Convention,  in 
which,  as  the  most  ultra-revolutionary  of  the  Jacobin 
party,  he  was  attacked  by  the  Girondists,  who  were  in  a 
majority.  He  was  tried  before  the  Revolutionary  tribu- 
nal, but  was  acquitted  April  24, 1793,  and  with  Danton  and 
Robespierre  overthrew  the  Girondists  June  2,  1793.  He 
was  stabbed  to  death  by  Charlotte  Corday  while  in  his  bath 
seeking  relief  from  a  skin-disease. 


saints,  prophets,  and  sorcerers,  and  exercise  great  influence 
over  the  Berbers  and  Moslem  negroes. 

Maracaibo,  or  Maraca,ybo  (mii-ra-ki'bo).  A  Marathon  (mar'a-thon) 
seaport  in\enezuela,  situated  on  the  outlet  of  ^,„;„  ;„  nli„„  ri^^^„a 
Lake  Maracaibo  about  lat.  10°  48'  X.,  long.  71° 
45'  W.  It  is  an  important  commercial  city,  exporting 
coffee,  hides,  cocoa,  etc.;  is  the  seat  of  a  national  college; 
and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  Jesuit  college.  It  was 
founded  in  1571.    Population  (1SS8),  34,2»4. 

Maracaibo,  Gulf  of,  or  Gulf  of  Venezuela. 

An  arm  of  the  Cariljbean  Sea.  north  of  Vene- 
zuela. Length,  about  150  miles. 
Maracaibo,  Lake.  A  large  lake  or  lagoon  in 
northern  Venezuela,  communicating  with  the 
Gulf  of  Maracaibo.  The  wat^  is  brackish. 
Length,  about  110  miles. 

A  town  in  the  province 


A  small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italv,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Policastio  in  lat.  39°  59'  X.,  long.  15°  43'  E. 
[Gr.  ilapaBuv.']  A 
plain  in  Attica,  Greece,  18  miles  northeast  of 
Athens,  between  Mount  Pentelicus  and  the  sea. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  battle  of  Sept.,  490  B.  c,  between 
the  Greeks  (10,000  .\thenians  and  1,100  PlataeansX  under 
ililtiades,  and  over  100,000  Persians,  under  Datis  and  Ar- 
taphernes.  The  result  was  a  Greek  victory,  due  to  the 
tactics  of  Miltiades.  The  Greek  loss  was  192  ;  the  Persian, 
6,400.  The  victory  ended  Darius's  attempt  against  Greece, 
and  is  classed  aiuong  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world, 
Tlie  conical  mound,  40  feet  high  and  200  in  diameter, which 
covers  the  Athenian  dead  marks  the  central  point  of  the 
famous  battle.  All  doubt  as  to  its  identification  was  set  at 
rest  by  a  recent  excavation  of  the  Archseologioal  Society  of 
Athens,  which  disclosed  ashes,  charred  remnants  of  the 
funeral  pyre,  and  fragments  of  pottery  of  the  beginning  of 
the  5th  centm-y  E.  c. 


with  many  of  their  deistical  and  other  opinions.     In  1S07  ^  __^ 

he  returned  to  Italy,  and  was  made  a  member  of  the  Maragha  (ma  rii-ga). 

It-alian  senate  in  18C0.    He  vrrote  the  historical  novel     of  Azerbai.ian,  Persia,   60  miles  south  of  Ta-  Maratre  (mii-ra'tr).  La.    A  plavbv  Balzac. pro- 

"k':Tetfolheri:vi'r¥i:''iX^Ws'ott^^^^  Population   about  15,000.  duced  at  the  ThatreHistorique,  Paris,  in  June, 

the  tragedies"  11  ContediCarmagnola"  (1820),  "Adelchi"  MaraguaS._    hee  Miirauas.  Is4h. 

(1823^  the  lyric  poem  "II  cinque  Slaggio" ("The  5th  of  Marah  (ma'ra).      In  Old  Testament  history,  a  Maratti  (ma-rat'te),  or  Maratta  (ma-rat'ta), 

ide  on  Napoleon's  death,  1821),  "Inni  sacri"     place  in  the  peninsula  of  Sinai,  southeast  of  '  '  ~.    .     - 

Suez,  containing  a  spring  noted  for  its  bitter- 
ness. 
Marahuas.     See  Marauas. 
Marals(ma-ra'),  Le..  [F.,' the  marsh.']    In  the 
politics  of  the  first  French  Bevolution, the  group 
of  members  who  sat  in  the  lower  part  of  the  as- 
sembly. 
Marais,  Le.    1.  Th^name  especially  applied  to 
the  region  lying  east  of  the  Rue  St.-Deuis  and 
north  of  the  Rue  St.-Antoine,  within  the  fortifi- 
cations of  Charles  V.  in  Paris.    It  was  subject  to 


May,"  an  ode 

(1810:  sacred  lyrics),  "  Osservazioni  sulla  morale  cattoU- 
ca  "  (a  vindication  of  Catholic  moralitj-),  "  Storia  delta  Co- 
lonna  infame"  (a  historical  treatise,  1S42). 
Maoris  (ma'o-riz  or  mou'riz).  [From  maori. 
lit.  '  native,'  'indigenous.']  The  primitive  in- 
habitants of  New  Zealand,  a  Polynesian  race  of 
the  Malay  family,  distinguished  for  their  natu- 
ral capacity  and  vigor.  Most  of  them  now  profess 
Christianity,  but  they  have  vigorously  though  unsuccess- 
fully resisted  English  dominion. 


The  Maoris,  when  first  discovered  by  Europeans,  were 
in  a  comparatively  advanced  stage  of  barbarism.  Their 
society  had  definite  ranks,  from  that  of  theRangatira,  the 
chief  with  a  long  pedigree,  to  the  slave.  Their  religious 
hymns,  of  great  antiquity,  have  been  collected  and  trans- 
lated by  Grey,  Taylor,  Bastian,  and  others. 

Lang,  Myth,  etc.,  IL  27. 

Map  (map),  or  Mapes  (maps),  Walter.     Born  Marajd  "(mi-ra-zho') 
probably  about_1140 :  died  about  1210.    Amedi-     (zho-iin'nas).    An  island  between  the  estuai-ie 

of  the  Amazon  and  the  Para,  belonging  to  the 


Carlo.  Born  near  Aneona,  Italy,  1625 :  died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  15, 1713.  An  Italian  painter  of  Ma- 
donnas and  other  religious  subjects. 
Marauas  (ma-ra-was').  A  tribe  or  horde  of  In- 
dians of  Brazil  and  Peru,  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Amazon,  aboutthe  rivers  Jurud,  Jutahy,  and 
Javary.  They  are  said  to  be  closely  allied  in  language 
and  customs  to"  the  Mayorunas  (which  see).  Formerly, 
according  to  report,  they  were  cannibals.  Most  of  the 
Marauas  have  submitted' to  the  whites,  and  the  missions 
(now  villages)  of  Fonte  Boa  and  Caicdra  were  formed  by 
them.  The  remnants  in  the  forests  still  retain  their  sav- 
age customs.    Also  written  3[arahuas,  Mara'juas. 


inundation.  A  largepart  of  it  was  held  in  the  middle  ages  Marbach  (mar'biich).    Asmall  town  in  Xeckar 


by  the  Knights  of  the  Temple. 
2.  A  swampy  region  in  the  western  part  of 
France,  near  La  Rochelle.  In  ancient  times  it 
was  an  arm  of  the  sea. 


circle, Wiirtemberg,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Murr  with  the  Neckar.  12  miles  north  by 
east  of  Stuttgart :  the  birthplace  of  SehUler. 


„  ,       ,       _  Marbella  (mar-bel'va).   A  seaport  in  the  prov- 

formeriy  also  Joannes    j^^g  „f  Malaga,  Spain,  30  miles  west-southwest 


eval  author  and  satirist.  He  was  of  a  Welsh  family 
in  Herefordshire,  and  studied  in  Paris  from  about  1154  to 
1160.  He  was  present  at  the  court  of  Henry  II.,  while 
Thomas  Becket  was  still  chancellor,  as  one  of  the  clerks  of 
the  royal  household,  and  was  employed  as  an  itinerant  jus- 
tice. In  1179  Henry  II.  sent  him  to  the  Lateran  Council 
at  Rome.  In  1197  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Oxford.  The 
only  undoubted  work  extant  by  Map  is  the  "  De  nugis  cu- 
rialium"  (''  Courtiers*  Triflings"),  composed  between  1182 
and  1192.  He  has  also  been  credited  with  a  large  share  in 
the  composition  of  the  Arthurian  romances,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  "Lancelot"  is  based  on  an  Anglo-French 
poem  by  him.  A  great  part  of  the  "  Goliardic"  or  satiri- 
cal verse  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries  is  doubtless  by  Map. 

Mapimi  (ma^pe'me),  Bolson  de.  [Origin  of 
name  unknown.]  A  section  of  the  Mexican 
states  of  Chihuahua  and  Coahuila  in  northern 
Mexico,  parts  of  which  are  quite  arid  and  low, 
while  others  are  very  fertile  and  well  watered. 

Mapures.     See  ilanpures. 

Ma(iuet(raa-ka'),  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  Maranhao,  State  of.  [Pg.EstadodoMaranltSo.'] 
13, 1813 :  died  at  Saint-Meen,  Jan.  8.  1888.  A  A  colonial  division  of  Portugrese  South  Amer- 
French   novelist   and    dramatist,   collaborator     ica.    in  1621  Portuguese  America  was  divided  into  two 


stateofPard,  Brazil.  Length,  165 mfles.  Great- 
est width,  about  100  miles. 

Marandaise.     The  sword  of  Ryanee. 

Maranhao,  or  Maranham  (mii-riin-yan').  A 
state  of  Brazil,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
north,  Piauhy  on  the  east  and  southeast,  Goyaz 
on  the  southwest  and  west,  and  Para  on  the  west 
and  northwest.  Area,  177,566  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated  il894),  5.50.000. 

Maranhao,  or  Maranham,  or  Sao  Luiz  do 

Maranhao  (sah  lo-ezh'  do  ma-rSn-yUh').  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  state  of  Maranhao,  situ- 
ated on  the  island  Sao  Luiz  in  lat.  2°  32'  S., 
long.  44°  18'  W,  It  exports  hides,  cotton,  sugar,  rice, 
etc.  Maranhao  was  founded  Viy  the  French  in  1612,  Init 
was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  three  years  after.  Population 
(1890),  38,000. 


of  Malaga.     There  are  rich  iron-mines  in  the 

vicinity.     Population  (1887),  8,811. 
Marble  Canon,  The.    A  noted  canon  of  the 

Colorado  Biver,  in  northern  Arizona,  above  the 

Grand  Canon. 
Marble  Faun,  The.   A  romance  by  Hawthorne, 

published  in  1860.    The  English  edition,  published  in 

the  same  year,  is  called  ' '  Transformation,  or  the  Romance 

of  Monte  Beni."    See  DmwtMo. 

The  sole  idea  of  the  "  Marble  Faun  "  is  to  iUnstrate  the 
mtellectually  and  morally  awakening  power  of  a  sudden 
impulsive  sin,  committed  bv  a  sunple,  joyous,  instinctive, 
■'natural"  man.  The  whole  group  of  charactei-s  is  ima- 
gined solely  with  a  view  to  the  development  of  this  idea. 
K.  ff .  Button,  Essays  in  Lit,  Crit. 

Marblehead  (miir'hl-hed).  A  seaport  and  sum- 
merresort  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  ilassaehusetts  Bay  15  miles  northeast 
of  Boston ,  It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes ;  was 
formerly  one  of  the  chief  towns  of  the  State ;  and  is  noted 
for  its  fisheries.  The  original  settlers  were  largely  from 
the  Channel  Islands.    Population  il'.nwi,  7.3S2. 


Marbois 

Marbois  (mar-bwa'),  Francois,  Marquis  de 
Barbe-.  Born  at  Metz  in  1745 :  dieil  at  Paris  in 
1S37.  A  French  statesman  and  writer,  in  1803 
he  conducted  the  treaty  of  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the 
United  States. 

Marburg  (mar'borG).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn 
49  miles  north  of  Fraukfort-on-the-Main.  It  has 
manufactures  of  pottery,  etc.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
Church  of  St.  Elizatteth  (13th  century)  and  tlie  castle  (noted 
for  its  Rittersaal  (1280-1320)  and  chapel).  The  university, 
founded  by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  has  from  SOO  to  900 
students,  and  a  library  of  150,000  volumes.  JIarburg  was 
the  residence  of  .St.  Elizabeth  in  the  13th  century,  became 
oneof  thecapitalsof  Hesse,  and  was  thesceneof  outbreaks 
of  the  Hessian  peasants  against  the  French  in  1S06  and 
1809.    Population  (1890),  13,581. 

!Marburg.  A  town  in  Styria,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Drave  36  miles  south  l>y  east  of 
Gratz.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  fruit  region. 
Population  (1890),  19,898. 

Marburg  Conference.  A  fruitless  conference 
held  at  Marburg,  Prussia,  Oct.,  1529,  between 
Luther  and  others  on  one  side  and  Zwingli  and 
other  Swiss  reformers  on  the  other. 

Marcantonio.     See  Baimondi. 

Marceau  (ra;lr-s6' ),  Frangois  Severin  des  Gra- 

Viers.  Bom  at  Chartres,  France,  March  1.  llGii : 
died  at  Altenkirchen,  Prussia,  Sept.  23,  1796.  A 
French  general.  He  served  in  Vendue  in  1793,  and  at 
Fleurus  in  1794;  captured  Coblenz  in  1794;  and  servtd 
along  the  Rhine  1705-9«. 

Marcellians  (mar-sel'i-anz).  The  professed 
followers  of  Marccllus,  bishoj)  of  Ancyra  in  the 
4tli  century.  The  Marcellians  held  the  doctrine,  nearly 
agreeing  with  that  of  the  Sabellians,  that  tlie  Holy  Spirit 
and  the  Word,  or  Logos,  are  merely  impersonal  agencies 
and  qualities  of  God,  and  that  the  incarnation  of  the  Lo- 
gos is  temporary  only.  It  has  been  doubted  by  some 
whether  ilarcelUis  held  the  views  ascribed  to  him. 

Marcellinists(mar-se-liu'ists).  The  adherents 
of  Marcelliua,  a  female  gnostic  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury, and  a  teacher  of  G-nosticism  in  Rome. 
Also  MareclUnians. 

Marcellinus  (mar-se-li'nus).  Bishop  of  Rome 
from  June  30,  296,  to  Oct.  25  (?),  304.  He  is  said 
to  have  yielded  during  the  persecution  under  Diocletian 
to  the  demand  to  otfer  incense  to  the  pagan  gods,  and  to 
have  repented  and  sutfcred  martyrdom. 

Marcellinus,  or  Marcellianus  (mar-sel-i-a'- 

nus).  A  Koman  officer,  in  the  5th  century,  who 
became  the  independent  prince  of  Illyrieum.and 
after  the  death  of  Valentinian  HI.  au  unsuccess- 
ful aspirant  to  the  throne.  During  the  reign  of  Ma- 
jorian  the  title  "Patrifian  of  the  West"  (Patricius  Occi- 
dentis)  was  conferred  upon  him,  and  he  aided  that  emperor 
in  defending  Sicily  from  the  Vandals.  He  again  opposed  the 
Vandals  in  Sicily  464-4GS.  He  was  assassinated  by  his  allies. 

Marcellinus.  A  count  of  Illvria,  and  one  of  the 
first  ministers  of  Justinian,  living  in  the  first 
half  of  the  6th  centui-y:  author  of  a  chronicle 
of  the  events  from  the  accession  of  Theodosius 
to  the  year  534  (continued  by  a  later  hand  to 
5C6).  it  is  much  fuller  for  the  affairs  of  the 
East  than  for  those  of  the  West. 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus.    See  Ammianus. 

Marcello  (miir-chel'lo).  Benedetto.  Born  at 
Venice,  July  31  (i),  1086:  ilied  at  Brescia,  Italy, 
July  24,  1739.  A  noted  Italian  composer.  His 
most  importapt  work  is  the  musical  setting  of  50  of  the 
psalms  (1724-27),  paraphrased  by  Girolamo  Cjiustiniani. 

Marcellus  (miir-sel'us).  [L.,  dim.  of  Marcus.'] 
An  illustrious  Koman  plebeian  family  of  the 
Claudia  gens. 

Marcellus.  An  officer  of  the  guard  in  Shak- 
spi-rc's  ''Hamlet." 

Marcellus  I.     Bishop  of  Rome  307-309  A.  D. 

Marcellus  II.    Pope  1.5.55. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.    Born  before 

208  IS.  c. :  slain  near  Vcnusi.a,  Apulia,  208  B.  C. 
A  celebrated  Koman  general  and  statesman. 
He  was  five  times  consul  (first  in  222);  defeated  the  Gauls, 
during  his  first  consulship,  at  (Hastidium,  slaying  with  his 
own  hand  their  leader,  Britomartus;  deft-iidrd'  N,il;i  against 
HamiibalSlO;  captuied  Syi'acuse212;  and,  I  aiding  tin- tuni- 
mand  in  Apulia,  cnntt-ndtil  against  Hannibal  in  southern 
Italy  until  tiis  death  in  a  skirnii.sh  ru-ar  Vemisia. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.  Killed  about 
40  B.  c.  .\  Koman  consul  (51  B.  c),  an  adher- 
ent of  Ponipcy. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.    Born  43  b.  c.  : 

died  at  Bain',  Italy,  2:'.  p..  c.  'IMie  son  of  C.Clau- 
dius Marcellus  aTid  Octavia,  sister  of  Augustus, 
and  the  adojili'd  son  and  favorite  of  the  latter, 
wliose  d:uii;:lilcr  .Tulia,  ho  married. 
-Marcellus,  Nonius.  A  Roman  grammarian 
who  nourished  a  bout  the  beginning  of  the  4th  (?) 
century:  author  of  an  extant  treatise,  "Decom- 
pendiosadoctrina  per  litteras  ad  filium." 

The  work  is  intended  to  assist  in  cxphiining  the  authors, 
both  as  regards  their  diction  (cap.  1-12)  and  tlieir  subject- 
matter(cap.  13-20),  and  it  is  invaluable  to  us  on  account 
ot  ita  numerous  quotations  from  early  Homau  literature. 


653 

in  spite  of  the  author's  total  want  of  solid  information, 
judgment,  and  accuracy. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

III.  32S. 

March  (miirch).  [From  L.  Martins,  the  month 
of  Mars.]  The  third  month  of  our  year,  con- 
sisting of  thirty-one  days,  it  was  the  first  montli 
of  the  ancient  Roman  year  till  the  adoption  of  the  Julian 
calendar,  which  was  followed  by  the  Gregorian.  Previous 
to  the  latter  it  was  reckoned  the  first  month  in  many  Eu- 
ropean countries,  and  so  continued  in  England  until  1752, 
the  legal  year  there  before  that  date  beginning  oh  the  25tli 
of  .March. 

March  (march),  Slav.  Morava  (mo-ra'va).  A 
river  in  Moravia,  and  on  the  boundary  between 
Hungary  on  the  east  and  Moravia  and  Lower 
Austriaon  the  west :  the  Roman  Marus.  It  joins 
the  Danube  6  miles  west  of  Presburg.  Length, 
220  miles;  navigable  to  Giiding. 

March  (miirch).  A  town  in  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Ken  24  miles  north  of 
Cambridge.     Population  (1891),  6,995. 

March,  Ausias  or  Augustin.  Born  at  Valen- 
cia towar<i  the  end  of  the  14th  century:  died 
about  1400.  A  noted  Spanish  poet,  of  noble 
rank,  seignior  of  Bcniarjo  and  a  member  of  the 
Cortes  of  Valencia  in  1446.  "  He  has  been  called 
the  Petrarch  of  Catalonia,  and  is  said  to  have  equalled 
the  lover  of  Laura  in  elegance,  in  brilliancy  of  expression, 
and  in  harmony ;  and  while,  like  him,  he  contributed  to 
the  formation  of  his  language,  which  he  cairied  to  a  high 
degree  of  polish  and  perfection,  he  possessed  more  real 
feeling,  and  did  nut  sntfer  himself  to  be  seduced  tiy  a  pas- 
sion for  concetti  and  false  brilliancy."  Sismondi,  Lit.  of 
South  .jf  Europe,  I.  172. 

March,  Earls  of.    See  Martimer. 

March,  Francis  Andrew.  Born  at  Millbury, 
Mass.,  Oct.  25, 1825.  An  American  philologist, 
especially  noted  as  an  Anglo-Saxon  scholar. 
He  became  professor  of  the  English  language  and  comp.ara- 
tive  philology  at  Lafayette  College  (Easton,  Pennsylva- 
nia)  in  1858.  Among  his  works  are  "  Method  of  Philolo- 
gical Study  of  the  English  Language  "(1865).  "  Comparative 
Grammar  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language  "  (1870) ,  an  *■  Anglo- 
Saxon  Reader"  (1871),  etc. 

Marche  (marsh).  An  ancient  government  of 
France.  Capital,  Gu(5ret.  It  is  bounded  by  Berry, 
on  the  north,  Bourbonnais  on  the  northeast,  .\uvergne  on 
the  east,  Limousin  on  the  south,  and  Poitou  and  .\ngou- 
mois  on  the  west,  and  corresponds  generally  to  the  modern 
department  of  Creuse  and  part  of  Haute- Vienne.  It  be- 
came a  countship  in  the  10th  century,  and  was  a  fief  united 
permanently  to  France  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century. 

Marche.  A  small  town  in  Belgium,  27  miles 
southeast  of  Namur. 

Marchena  (miir-cha'nii).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Seville,  Spain,  32  miles  east  of  Seville. 
Population  (1887),  14,752. 

Marches  (march'ez),  It.  Marche  (mar'ke).  A 
compartimento  of  Italy,  lying  along  the  Adri- 
atic Sea  east  of  Umbria.  It  comprises  the  provinces 
Pesaro-ed-Urbino,  Ancona,  Slacerata,  and  Ascoli-Piceno. 

Marches.  The  border  regions  of  England  and 
Wah-s. 

Marches!  (mar-ka'se),  Pompeo.  Born  at  Sal- 
trio,  near  Milan,  Aug.  7,  1789:  died  at  Milan, 
Feb.  7, 1858.  An  Italian  sculptor.  His  best-known 
work  is  *'The  Good  ilother"  (in  Milan). 

Marchfeld  (march'felt).  A  plain  in  Lower 
Austria,  near  Vienna,  between  the  Danube 
and  tlie  March.  Here,  July  13,  1260,  (Ittocar,  king  uf 
Bohemia,  defeated  Bcla  IV.  of  Hungary  ;  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, Aug.  26,  1278,  Rudolf  of  Hapsbuig  defeated  Ut- 
t<.icar.  It  also  contains  the  battle-fields  of  Aspern  and 
Wagram. 

Marchi  (miir'ke),  Giuseppe  Filippo  Liberati. 

Born  at  Rome  about  1735:  died  at  London, 
A|)ril  2,  1808.  An  Italian  ])ainter  and  engraver. 
Ue  came  to  England  in  1752,  studied  in  St.  Martin's  Lane 
Academy,  and  was  sir  Jo.shua  Reynolds's  chief  assistant. 
He  practised  mezzotint  engraving,  and  from  1760  to  1775 
exiiiliited  engravings  with  the  Society  of  Artists. 

Marchienne-au-Pont  (miir-shyen'6-pon').     A 

town  in  the  province  of  Haiiuiut.  Belgium,  situ- 
ated on  the  Samljri'  iil  nnles  south  ot  Brussels. 
Po]>ulatiou  (ISOO),  22,308. 

Marchioness,  The.  A  little  servant  in  the  ''  Old 
(Jiiriosity  Shop,''  by  Dickens:  so  nicknamed  by 
Dick  Swiveller. 

Marcian.     See  Marciamis. 

Marciana  (niiir-cliii'nii).  A  small  town  in  the 
isliiTid  of  Kllia,  Italy. 

Marcian  Codex.    See  the  extract. 

The  discovery  of  the  Marcian  codex  of  the  Iliad  at  Ven- 
ice, by  Villoisun.  :intl  the  publication  of  its  text  and  scho- 
lia (Venice,  1778),  known  as  Schol.  Ven.  A,  Un\\\  an  epucli 
in  the  history  of  Homeric  studies.  It  is  from  these  notes 
tllat  WG  derive  all  oin-  information  aliout  the  several  old 
eilitlons  used  or  produced  by  the  .\lexandlian  critics. 
The  text  is  also  furnislicd  with  tin'  ci  itical  marks  of  .\ris- 
tiU'chusand  his  pupils,  which  are  explained  in  a  iiefat<)ry 
note.  Mafiajln,  Htst.  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1.  41. 

Marcianus(miir-shi-a'nus),or  Marcian  (milr'- 
shi-;in).  Born  about  391:  died  4.'i7.  Emperor 
of  the  East  450-457.  lie  wiis  raised  to  the  throne  by 
Pulcheria,  widow  of  the  emperor  Theodoshis  the  youngiT. 
whom  he  married  at  her  own  request,  and  is  represcuted 


Marcy,  Mount 

as  awise  and  firm  ruler.  He  refused  tocontinue  the  tub- 
ute  paid  by  his  predecessor  to  Attila,  saying  to  the  Uun- 
nish  ambassador,  "I  have  iron  for  Attila,  but  no  gold." 
Marcion  (miir'shion).  A  noted  heretic  of  the 
2d  century,  son  of  a  bishop  of  Sinope  in  Pontus. 
He  founded  an  important  sect  (see  Harciimites),  and  was 
the  ant  hoi' of  a  recension  of  the  Gospel  of  Luke  and  of  the 
Kjtistles  of  Paul. 

Marcionites  (mar'shion-its).  The  followers 
of  Marcion  of  Sinope,  a  Gnostic  religious  teacher 
of  the  2d  century,  and  the  founder  at  Rome  of 
the  Marcionite  sect,  which  lasted  until  the  7th 
century  or  later.  Marcion  taught  that  there  were  three 
primal  forces  :  the  good  God,  first  revealed  by  Jesus  Christ; 
the  evil  matter,  ruled  by  the  devil ;  and  the  Demiurge,  the 
finite  and  imperfect  God  of  the  Jews.  He  rejected  the 
Old  Testament,  denied  the  incarnation  and  resurrection, 
and  admitted  only  a  gospel  akin  to  or  altered  from  that  of 
St.  Luke  and  ten  of  St.  Paul's  epistles  as  inspired  and  au- 
thoritative. He  repeated  baptism  thrice,  excluded  wine 
from  the  eucharist,  inculcated  an  extreme  asceticism,  and 
allowed  women  to  minister. 

Marck  (mark),  William  de  la.   Died  1485.   A 

historical  character  in  Scott's  novel  "  Quentin 
Durward,"  nicknamed  the  "Boar  of  Ardennes" 
on  account  of  his  resemblance  to  the  animal 
both  in  looks  and  in  disposition. 

Marcke  (miirk),  ^mile  'van.  Born  at  Sevres, 
Aug.  20,  1827 :  died  at  Hyeres  in  1891.  A  noted 
French  landscape-  and  animal-painter,  pupil  of 
Troyon.     Many  of  his  works  are  in  America. 

Marcomanni  (mar-ko-man'ni).  [L.  (Cajsar) 
Marcdiitainii,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Mapno/javoi.']  A 
German  tribe,  a  bi'tueh  of  the  Suevi,  first  men- 
tioned by  C!iEsar  as  inthe  army  of  Ariovistus.  in 
the  campaigns  of  Drusus  they  were  on  the  middle  and  up- 
pci-  ilain,  but  under  their  king  Slaroboduus  they  moved 
east «  aid  into  Bohemia,  and  were  later  further  to  the  south 
in  tile  i)anul»e  region,  between  the  Lech  ar.d  the  Inn.  In 
the  I'd  century  they  were  signally  defeated  byMa^cus.^u- 
relius  in  the  so-called  Marconiaiinie  war.  "They  were  in 
frequent  conflict  with  the  Romans  down  to  the  4th  cen- 
tur.v,  when  the  name  disappeaj-ed. 

Marconi  (miir-ko'ne),  GrUglielmo.  Bom  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  April  25,  1874.  An  Italian  elec- 
trician, uotetl  as  the  perfeeter  of  a  system  of 
wireless  telegraphy.  He  studied  at  Bologna,  Flor- 
ence, and  Leghorn,  and  for  sliort  periods  at  Bedford  and 
Rugby,  England.  His  experiments  in  wireless  telegraphy 
were  begun  in  1895,  and  in  March,  1899,  he  succeeded  in 
sending  messages  across  the  English  Channel  between 
Dover  and  Boulogne, 

Marco  Polo.    See  PoJn. 

Marcos  de  Obregon  (Vida  del  Escudero).   A 

.Spanish  romance  by  Vicente  E>pinel  (1618). 
Le  Sage  was  said  by  Voltaire  to  have  based  his  '*  Gil  Bias  " 
on  it,  Out  this  is  an  exaggeration. 
MarCOU  (miir-ko').  Jules.  Born  at  S.alins, 
France,  April  20, 1824:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
April  17,  1898.  A  French  geologist.  He  explored 
various  points  on  Lake  Superior  with  Agassiz  in  ls48,  and 
afterward  many  other  portions  of  the  United  States;  li-dh 
alone  and  with  goverrunent  expeditions.  Amcmg  his 
works  are  " Geological  Map  of  the  luiited  States"  (18.'i3), 
''Geology  of  North  .\merica"  (Is.'ia).  " Carte  g^ologique 
ilelaterre"  (181>J).  "  Recherches  geologiques  sur  le  Jura 
saliunis"  (184tt),  "  Lias  et  Trias,  ou  le  nouveau  gr^s  rouge 
en  Europe,  etc."  (1859),  *'  Lettres  siir  les  roches  du  Jura  " 
(18i;in,  "  De  la  science  en  France  "  (18li9). 

Marcq-en-Baroeul  (miirk'ou-bii-rely').  A  town 
in  tlie  department  of  Nord,  France,  near  Lille. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  9,752. 

Marcus  (miir'kus).     Bishop  of  Rome  .330  A.  D. 

Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  (miir'kus  a-re'- 
li-us  an-to-ni'iius),  originallv  Marcus  Annius 
Verus,  commonly  known  as  Marcus  Aurelius. 
Born  at  Rome,  April  20, 121  A.  D. :  died  in  Pan- 
nonia,  March  17,  180.  A  celebnited  Roman 
emiieror  161-180.  He  was  the  son  of  Annius  Verus, 
and  was  a  nephew  of  Antoninus  Pius,  by  whom  he  was 
adopted  in  138,  and  w  hoin  he  succeeded  as  emjieror  in  mi, 
with  Lucius  Verus,  also  an  adopted  son  of  Antoninus  Pius, 
as  his  associate  in  the  government.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
the  Stoic  Cornelius  Kronto.  and  is  frequently  called  "the 
philosopher"  on  account  of  his  devotion  to  philosophy 
and  literature.  In  162  Verus  undertook  an  expedition 
against  the  Parthians,  but  soon  abamioned  himself  to  dis- 
sipation at  .'Vnfioehia.  His  generals,  however,  stormed 
Artaxata.  burned  Seleucia  and  Ctesiiihon,  reconquered 
Mesopotamia,  and  enalded  him  to  dictate  terms  of  peace 
in  165,  In  160  a  war  broke  out  with  the  Marcomanni  and 
Quadi,  which  was  continued  with  various  fortunes  during 
the  rest  of  the  reign  of  Aurelius,  \'cius  died  in  169,  leav- 
ing his  colleague  sole  emperor.  In  17,'>  the  general  Avid- 
ins  Cassius  organized  a  revolt  in  Syria,  but  was  killed  by 
liis  own  otiicers  in  the  same  year.  Aurelius  died  in  Pan- 
muiia,  either  at  Vindobona  (Vienna)  or  at  Sirmium,  starch 
17,  180,  after  a  wise  and  prosiiennis  reign.  He  wrote  a 
work  in  Greek,  entitled  "The  Meilitations  of  Marcus  An- 
tonhius."  There  is  a  bronze  etiuestrian  statue  of  IMarcuB 
Ain-elius  in  the  Pia.'J!a  del  Cainiiidnglio,  Rome,  the  finest 
piece  of  anei('Mt  brouKC-work  surviving.  The  emperor, 
simply  robed,  extends  his  arm  in  token  of  peace ;  the  horse 
is  of  iieavy  liiiild.  It  was  set  on  its  present  pedestal  by 
Michelangelo  in  15;i8. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  Column  of.    Sec  Column  of 

Mitri'us  .1  nrrhns. 

Marcy  (miir'si ),  Mount,  or Taha'wus.  [Ntimed 

ficiiii  W.  L.  Many.  |  The  higlicst  summit  of  the 
Adjrondacks,  New  York,  situated  in  Keene,  Es- 


Marcy,  Mount 

sex  County,  45  miles  south-southwest  of  Platts- 
burg.     Height,  5.345  feet. 

llarcy,  Bandolph  Barnes.  Bom  at  Greenwich, 
Mass..  Api-il  9, 1812:  died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  Nov. 
22,  1887.  An  American  general,  father-in-law 
of  General  McClellan.  ne  nrraduated  at  West  Point 
in  1832  :  served  in  the  Mexican  w:u-,  during  which  he  was 
promoted  captain  ;  was  appointed  chief  of  statf  to  tJeneral 
31ct*lcllan  at  the  becinning  of  the  Civil  War  in  1S61 ;  was 
commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteere  in  tlie  same 
year;  and  in  186S  was  made  inspector-general  of  the  United 
States  arm.v,  witli  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  being  re- 
tired in  18S1.  He  wrote  "Explorations  of  the  Red  River 
In  1852"  (1853),  "The  Prairie  Traveller"  (1859),  "Thirty 
Years  of  Array  Life  on  the  Border"  (1866),  and  "Border 
Reminiscences  "  (1872). 

Marcy,  William  Learned.  Born  at  South- 
bridge,  ilass..  Dee.  12.  1786:  died  at  Ballstou 
Spa,  N.  Y.,  Jidy  4,  1857.  An  American  states- 
man. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 :  was  United  States 
senator  (Democratic)  from  New  Yoik  1S31-33 ;  was  gov- 
ernor of  New  Yorli  1833-33  ;  was  Mexican  claims  commis- 
sioner 1839-42 ;  was  secretary  of  war  1845-49 ;  and  was  sec- 
retary of  state  185;i-57. 

Mardia  (mar'di-a).  In  ancient  geogi-aphy,  a 
place  in  Thrace,  ii'^ar  Adrianojile.  Here  Con- 
stantine  defeated  Licinius  314  A.  D. 

Mardian  (mar'di-an).  An  attendant  of  Cleo- 
patra, a  character'in  Shakspere's  "Antony  and 
Cleopatra." 

Mardi  gras  (mar'de  gra).  [F.,  lit.  'fat  Tues- 
day': so  called  from  the  French  practice  of 
parading  a  fat  ox  {hceuf  gras)  during  the  cele- 
bration of  the  day.]  Shi*vo  Tuesday;  the  last 
day  of  carnival;  the  day  before  Ash  Wednes- 
da.v  (the  first  dayof  Lent), whiehin some  places, 
as  in  New  Orleans,  is  celebrated  with  revelry 
and  elaborate  display. 

Mardin  (mar-den').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Diarljekir,  Asiatic  Tm-key,  situated  about  55 
miles  southeast  of  Diarbekir.  Population,  (esti- 
mated), 15,000. 

Mardonius  (mar-do'ni-us).  [Gr.  MapSdviog, 
OPers.  Muriuniya.']  Killed  at  the  battle  of 
Platfea,  479  B.  c.  A  Persian  general,  son  of 
Gobyras  and  a  sister  of  Darius.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Darius  and  sister  of  Xerxes.  He  commanded 
an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Greece  in  492,  and  was 
commander  in  Greece  after  tlie  battle  of  Salamis  (480).  He 
was  defeated  and  probably  slain  at  tiie  battle  of  Platiea. 
According  to  Ctesiashe  was  wounded  at  Platfea,  and,  being 
afterward  sent  by  Xerxes  to  plunder  Delphi,  was  killed 
there  by  hailstones. 

Marduk.     See  Merodacli. 

Marduk-idin-acM  (milr '  dok-i-den'  a '  che). 
['  llerodaoh  gave  the  brother.']  A  Babylonian 
king  about  1115-1106  B.  C.  He  engaged  in  war  with 
Tiglatli-Pileser  I.,  king  of  Assyria  1120-1100  B.  c,  and  was 
at  first  victorious,  conquering  Ekalate  ('city  of  palaces ') 
and  canying  off  the  images  of  the  god  Ramman  to  Baby- 
lon, where  they  remained  until  the  time  of  Sennacherib 
(705-681  B.  c).  In  the  second  year  of  the  war  (1106)  he  was 
defeated  and  lost  Jiis  life.  Tiglath-Pileser  then  took  Baby- 
Ion,  Sippar.a,  and  otlier  Babylonian  cities. 

Marduk-nadin-shum  (mar'dok-na'din-shom). 
['  Merodaeh  is  giver  of  the  name.']  King  of  Ba- 
bylonia about  852-840  B.  C.  When  his  brother  Mar- 
duk-bel-usati  had  driven  him  out  of  his  kingdom,  he  in- 
voked the  lielp  of  the  AssjTians.  Tlieieupon  Shalmaneser 
II.  invaded  Babylonia  (852),  killed  ilarduk-bel-usati,  and 
restored  Marduk-nadin-shum  to  the  throne. 

Mare  au  Diable,  La.  [F.,' the  devil's  pool.']  A 
prose  idyl  by  George  Sand,  published  in  1846. 

Maree  (ma-re').  Loch.  A  lake  in  the  western 
part  of  Ross-shire,  Scotland.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Ewe.    Length,  12J  miles. 

Mare  Island  (mar  i'land).  An  island  in  San 
Pablo  Bay,  western  California,  near  San  Fran- 
cisco.    It  contains  a  United  States  navy-yard. 

Mareinnia(ma-rem'ma).  An  unhealthy  swampy 
region  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  Italy,  extending 
from  OrbeteUo  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cecina. 

Marenco  (ma-rcng'ko).  Carlo.  Born  atCassolo, 
Piedmont,  May  1,  1800:  died  at  Savona,  Italy, 
Sept.  20, 1843.  An  Italian  tragic  poet.  Among 
his  tragedies  are  "  Pia  de'  Tolomei,"  "Corso 
Donati,"  "Amaldo  da  Brescia,"  etc. 

Marengo  (ma-reng'go).  A  village  about  3  miles 
southeast  of  Alessandria,  Italy.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  battle  of  June  14,  ISOOv  which  completed  Napoleon's 
campaign  in  northern  Italy.  There  were  really  two  bat- 
tles :  in  the  first  the  Austrian  general  ;SIela8  defeated  Na- 
poleon after  seven  hours'  fighting ;  liesatx  arrived  with 
Frendi  reinforcements, and  the  battle  was  resumed  at  three 
ill  the  afternoon,  and  decided  by  Kellemiann's  cavalry. 
Besides  Desaix  (killed  in  the  battle),  Lann<-^  wasesppcialiy 
distinguished.  The  French  numbered  ab«'ut  28.oriO;  the 
Austrians.  aiiout  33.000.  French  loss,  about  7,i>)0:  ,\nstrian 
loss,  10,000  to  12,000.  The  result  was  the  gaining  of  Upper 
Italy. 

Marennes  (ma-reu').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inf^rieure.  western  France, 
situated  near  the  Bay  of  Biscay  23  miles  south 
of  La  Rochelle.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
5.415. 

Marenzio  (ma-ren'ze-6),  Luca.    Bom  at  Cocca- 


654 

glia,  between  Brescia  and  Bergamo,  Italy,  about 
1560 :  died  at  Rome.  Aug.  22,  1599.  A  noted 
Italian  musician,  best  known  from  his  books  of 
madrigals. 

Mareotis(raa-re-6'tis).  [Gr.  Mape<Jr(f.'J  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  lake  in  Lower  Egvpt.  south 
and  east  of  Alexandi-ia :  the  modern  Birket-el- 
Mariut. 

Maret  (ma-rii' ).  Hugues  Bernard,  Duke  of  Bas- 

sauo.  Born  at  Dijon,  March  1,  17()3:  died  at 
Paris.  May  13.  1839.  A  French  pubUcist,  diplo- 
matist, and  statesman.  Altertlie  outbreak  of  the  Rev- 
olution he  established  the  "Bulletin  de  I'Assemblee,"  which 
was  united  witll  the  "  Moniteur."  He  was  ambassador  to 
England  in  1792,  and  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Naples  in 
1793,  but  was  arrested  by  tlie  .\ustrians  and  imprisoned  for 
nearly  three  years  in  Brunn.  He  was  a  confidential  agent  of 
Napoleon,  and  conducted  his  official  correspondence.  In 
1811  he  became  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  Exiled  at  the 
restoration,  he  returned  and  became  a  peer  in  1831. 

Marfak  (mar'fak).  [At.  al-mirfaq,  the  elbow.] 
A  name  given  to  the  two  stars  d  and  //  Cassio- 
peiip,  of  the  fom'th  and  fifth  magnitudes  respec- 
tively, situated  in  the  queen's  right  elbow. 

Marfik  (mar'fik).  [Ar.  al-mirfaq,  the  elbow.] 
The  fourth-magnitude  binary  star  ?.  Ophiuehi. 

Marforio  (miir-fo'ri-o).  An  ancient  statue  of  a 
river-god  (thought  to  be  of  Mars),  now  in  the 
Capitoline  Museum  at  Rome.     See  Pasquiii. 

Margarelon.  Aeharaeterin Shakspere's  "Troi- 
lus  and  Cressida " :  a  bastard  son  of  Priam, 
king  of  Trov.     He  appears  also  in  Lydgate's 

"Book  of  Troy" 

Margaret  (mar'ga-ret),  Saint.  [Gr.  /lapyapiTT/g, 
a  pearl ;  It.  Manjherita,  Sp.  Margarita,  Pg.  Mar- 
garida,  F.  Marguerite.']  Born  between  1038  and 
1057:  died  at  Edinburgh.  Nov.  16, 1093.  (^ueen 
of  Scotland,  daughter  of  Edward,  son  of  Edmund 
Ironside,  and  sister  of  Edgar  J^theling.  She 
mamed  Malcolm  IH.  of  Scotland  about  1067. 

Margaret.  Born  at  Windsor,  Oct.  5, 1240 :  died 
at  Cupar  Castle,  Feb.  27,  1275.  Queen  of  Scot- 
land, eldest  daughter  and  second  child  of  Hem'y 
in.  of  England  and  his  queen,  Eleanor  of  Pro- 
vence. At  the  age  of  two  she  was  betrothed  to  Alexander, 
son  of  Alexander  II.  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  .\lexander 
III,  After  the  deatli  of  Alexander  II.  they  were  married 
at  York  (Dec.  26,  1251). 

Margaret,  called  "  The  Maid  of  Norway."  Bom 
in  Norway,  1283 :  died  at  sea,  1290.  Queen  of 
Scotland,  daughter  of  Eric  of  Norway,  and 
granddaughter  of  Alexander  HI.  of  Scotland 
whom  she  succeeded  in  1285.  Her  death  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  contests  of  the  families  of  Bruce  and  Baliol 
for  the  throne. 

Margaret.  Born  about  1282 :  died  Feb.  14, 1318. 
Second  wife  of  Edward  I.,  youngest  datighter 
of  Philip  lU.  and  sister  of  Philip  JX.  At  the 
peace  of  Montreuil  in  1299  she  was  betrothed  to  Edward  L 
of  England,  then  a  widower,  and  they  were  married  at  Can- 
terbury Sept.  9, 1299.     She  was  never  crowned  queen. 

Margaret.  Born  1353:  died  Oct.  28,  1412. 
Daughter  of  Waldemar  TV.  of  Denmark,  and 
queen  of  Denmark  (1387),  Sweden  (1388),  and 
Norway  (1388).  She  resigned  the  throne  of 
Sweden  in  1397.  The  Union  of  Kalmar  was  con- 
cluded in  1397. 

Margaret,  l.  In  Shakspere's  comedy  "Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,"  a  gentlewoman  attending 
Hero. —  2.   See  Gretchen. 

Margaret.  Anovel  by  S.vlvester  Judd,  published 
in  1845.  It  has  been  called  "the  New  Englami  classic." 
An  edition  was  published  with  illustrations  in  outline  by 
F.  O.  C.  Darley. 

Margaret  of  Angouleme,  or  of  Valois,  or  of 
Alengon,  or  of  Navarre.  Born  at  Angouleme, 
France,  April,  1492:  died  in  Bigorre.  France, 
1549.  Queen  of  Navarre,  daughter  of  Charles 
of  Orleans  (due  d'Angouleme)  and  sister  of 
Francis  I.  of  France,  she  married  (1609)  the  Due 
d'AleuQon,  and  later  Henri  d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  .\fter 
the  death  of  the  king  in  1544,  she  assumed  the  direction  of 
the  government.  For  a  time  she  was  favorably  disposed 
toward  Protestantism,  but  later  abandoned  it.  She  is  es- 
pecially famous  as  a  patroness  of  literature  and  as  the 
author  of  the  "  Heptanieron  "  (which  see).  A  number  of 
her  poems  were  published  (1547)  by  Sylvius  de  la  Haye 
under  the  title  "  ilarguerites  de  la  marguerite  des  prin- 
cesses, etc."    Her  letters  were  published  1841-42. 

Margaret  of  AnjOU.  Bom  probably  at  Pont-a- 
Mousson  or  Nancy,  France,  March  23,  1430: 
died  at  Dampierre,  near  Saumur,  Aug.  25, 1482. 
Queen  consort  of  Henry  ^^.  of  England.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Ren6  of  Anion  and  Isabella  of  Lor- 
raine, and  was  married  to  Henry  VI.  at  Titchtield  Abbey, 
April  22,  1445.  The  marriage  was  brought  about  by  Wil- 
liam de  la  Pole,  earl  (afterward  duke)  of  Suffolk,  in  con- 
fh-m.ation  of  a  truce  with  France,  and  was  extremely  un- 
popular with  the  nation,  which  desired  a  continuance  of  tlie 
war  (the  Hundred  Years' War).  Margaret,  after  her  mar- 
riage, supjiorted  tlie  peace  policy  of  Suffolk  and  afterward 
of  the  Duke  of  Somerset.  In  August,  1453,  Uenry  was 
seized  with  his  first  attack  of  insanity,  and  in  the  following 
October  the  queen  gave  birth  to  her  only  son,  Edward.  A 
contest  for  the  regency  ensued  between  her  and  the  Duke 


Margites 

of  York  (until  the  birth  of  Edward  heir  presumptive  to 
the  thront),  who  represented  the  popular  partv,  and  who 
was  appointed  protector  of  the  realm  in  ilarcli^  14,j4.  The 
protectorate  came  to  an  end  with  tlie  king's  recovery  in 
January,  1455;  but  the  birth  of  an  heir  apparent  and  the 
hostile  attitude  of  the  queen  induced  the  Duke  of  York  to 
tilke  up  arms  in  1455,  thereby  inaugui-ating  the  series  of 
wars  between  the  housesof  Lancaster  and  York  knownas  ^m\ 
Uie  Wars  of  the  Roses  (which  see),  which  ended  in  thede- 
feat  and  capture  of  Mai-garet  and  the  death  of  her  son  at 
Tewkesbury,  May 4, 1471,  and  in  the  death  of  her  husband 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  May  21,  1471.  Miu-garet  was  lib- 
erated in  1475  on  the  renunciation  of  her  claim  to  the 
throne  and  on  the  payment  of  a  ransom  by  Louis  XI.  of 
France,  and  returned  to  the  Continent. 

Margaret  of  Austria.  Born  at  Ghent,  Bel- 
gium, Jan.  10,  1480:  died  at  Mechlin,  Belgium, 
Dee.  1,  1530.  Daughter  of  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.,  regent  of  the  Netherlands  1507-30. 
She  married  the  infante  John  of  Spain  in  1497,  and  Phili- 
bert  n.  of  Savoy  in  1501.  She  negotiated  the  peace  of 
Cambray  in  1529. 

Margaret  of  Austria.   See  Margaret  of  Parma. 

Margaret  of  Burgundy.  Born  at  Fotheringay 
Castle.  Noltiiighamshire,  Ma.y  3.  1446:  tiled  at 
Mechlin,  1503."  The  third  daughter  of  Richard, 
duke  of  York,  and  sister  of  Edward  r\'.  On  July 
3,  1468,  she  married  the  young  duke  Charles  of  Burgundy 
at  Damme.  Caxton  learned  the  new  art  of  printing  in  her 
household, 

Margaret  of  Navarre.    See  Margaret  of  An- 

(IdkIi'ihc. 

Margaret  of  Parma,  orof  Austria.  Bom  1522: 
died  at  Ortona,  Italy,  1586.  Duchess  of  Parma, 
illegitimate  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
.She  married  in  1533  Alexander,  duke  of  Florence,  who 
died  in  1537.  In  1542  she  maiTied  ottavio  Farnese,  duke 
of  Parma.     She  was  regent  of  the  Netherlands  1559-67. 

Margaret  of  Scotland.  Born  1425  (?):  died  at 
Chtilons,  France,  Aug.  16, 14-15.  The  eldest  child 
of  James  I.  of  Scotland,  and  wife  of  the  dauphin 
Louis  (Louis  XI.).  She  was  married  at  Totu-s, 
June  25,  1436.  She  wrote  rondeaux,  and  con- 
sidered herself  a  pupil  of  Alain  Chartier. 

Margaret  of  Valois.  See  Margaret  ofAngoti- 
li'iiie. 

Margaret  of  Valois,  or  of  France.  Born  at  St.- 
6ermaiu-en-Laye,  1553:  died  at  Paris,  March 
27,  1615.  Daughter  of  Henry  II.  and  Catharine 
de'  Medici,  she  married  Henry  of  Navarre  (later  Henry 
TV.  of  France)  Aug.  IS,  1572.  The  marriage  was  the  pre- 
cursor of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Henry  fled 
from  the  court,  and  Margaret  did  not  rejoin  him  until  1578. 
In  1582  she  abandoned  him,  later  rejoined  him,  and  was 
divorced  in  1599.  _  In  her  last  years  she  became  a  patroness 
of  science  and  liteniture.  Her  "  Memoii-es  "were  published 
in  162i. 

Margaret  Beaufort.    See  Beaufort. 
Margaret  Tudor.     Boi'n  at  Westminster,  Nov. 

29,  1489:  tiled  at  Methven  Castle,  Scotland,  Oct. 
18,  1541.  Queen  of  James  TV.  of  Scotland,  and 
eldest  daughter  of  Hem'y  VII.  of  England,  she 
was  married  "at  Holyrood,  Aug.  8.  1503.  Dunbar  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  occasion,  aud  was  her  constant  attendant. 
Her  fourth  child  Oater  James  V.)  was  born  April  10, 1512. 
James  IV.  was  killed  at  Flodden,  1513.  On  Aug.  6,  1514, 
she  married  .Archibald  Douglas,  sixth  earl  of  Angus,  and 
on  Oct.  S,  1516,  gave  birth  to  Marg-aret  Douglas,  later  coun- 
tess of  Lenox  and  mother  of  Lord  Darnley.  She  w.is  di- 
vorced March  11, 1527,  and  in  ilarch,  152S,  acknowledged 
her  marriage  with  Henry  Stewart,  created  Lord  Methven 
by  James  V. 

Margarita  (mar-gii-re'ta).  A  mountainous  isl- 
and l)elongiug  to  Venezuela,  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea  north  of  Cumana.  Capital,  Asiuieion.  It 
was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  was  long  noted 
for  its  pearl-fisheries.  Area,  450 square  miles.  Population, 
about  40,000, 

Margate  (mar'gat).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Isle  of 
Thanet  64  miles  east  bv  south  of  London.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  18,419.' 

Margaux  (mar-go').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Gi- 
ronde  16  miles  north-northwest  of  Bordeaux. 
The  vicinit.v  is  noted  for  the  production  of  Ch&- 
teau-Margaux  wines. 

Margelan  (niar-ge-lan'),Margilan,  orMarghi- 

lan  (m;ir-ge-liin').  The  capital  of  the  jirovince 
of  Ferghana,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  about  lat. 
40°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  45'  E.  Population  (1888), 
•26.080. 

Marggrav  (marg'graf),  Georg,  Latinized  Ge- 
orgius  Margra'vius  ( je-6r'ji-us  miir-gra'vi-us). 
Bom  at  Liebstadt,  Saxony,  1610:  died  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  1(544.  A  German  naturalist 
who  accompanied  the  Dutch  expedition  of  Nas- 
sau to  Brazil  in  1636,  remaining  in  the  country 
several  years.  He  published  "  Historia  naturalis  Bra- 
silia" (1640),  "Itinerarium  Erasiliie,"  ete. 

Margiana  (mar-ji-a'na).  [Gr.  ilapyiav!/.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  region  in  central  Asia, 
east  of  Hyreania. 

Margites  "  (mar-. ii'tez).  [Gr.  yiap-Zirr/c,  from 
/iiipyjr,  mad.]  ""The  Booby," an  ancient  Greek 
comic  poem  (perhaps  about  700  B.  c.)  "on  a  silly 


Margites 

iack-of-all-trades,  half  milksop  half  coxcomb." 
t  was  considered  by  Ai'istotlo  as  the  tiist  germ 
of  comedy.     Jehl>. 

Marguerite.     ^>ee  Margaret. 

Margum  (miir'gum).  [Gr.  Miipjoi'.]  An  ancient 
city  of  Moesia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Moiava  CMarKiis)  with  the  Danube.  A  battle  was 
fought  here  in  2y.'i,  in  which  the  eiuperor  Carinas,  after 
gaining  an  advantage  over  Diocletian,  was  killed  by  a  pri- 
vate enemy. 

Marhattas.  See  Mahmttas. 
Marheineke  (mar-hi'ne-kc>),  Philipp  Konrad. 
Born  at  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  May  1,  1780:  died 
at  Berlin,  Ma_v  31, 184(5.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  chiu'ch  historian.  lie  became  uni- 
versity preacher  at  Erlanffen  in  1804  ;  professor  tliere  in 
180«;  professor  at  Heidetberg  in  1807;  and  professor  and 
preacher  at  Berlin  in  l.Sll.  He  was  the  author  of  "Ge- 
schiehte  der  deutsehen  Hefomiation"  (1810-34),  etc. 
Maria  (raa-ri'ii).  [LL.  Maria,  Mary.]  1.  In 
Shakspere's  comedy  "Twelfth  Niirbt," Olivia's 
witty  waiting-woman. —  2.  In  Shakspere's  com- 
edy "Love's  Labour's  Lost,"  a  lady  attending 
the  Princess  of  France. —  3.  lu  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  comedy  "The  Woman's  Prize,  or  the 
Tamer  Tamed,"a  sequel  to  Shakspere's  "Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,"  the  daughter  of  Petrovius  and 
second  wife  of  Petrucliio,  whom  she  subjugates 
by  a  series  of  witty  and  well-planned  attacks,  as 
completely  as  his  first  wife  Katharine  was  tamed 
by  him. — 4.  In  Massinger's  "Bashful  Lover," 
the  daughter  of  Octavio.  Disguised  as  a  page, 
and  called  Ascanio.she  resembles  Imogen. —  5. 
In  Sheridan's  "School  for  Scandal,"  a  witty 
young  girl  who  marries  Charles  Surface. 
Maria  (raa-re'ii),  Princess.  Said  to  be  an  ille- 
gitimate daughter  of  King  Robert  of  Sicily,  be- 
loved by  Boccaccio  and  portrayed  by  him  under 
the  name  Fiammetta. 

Maria  II.  (Maria  da  Gloria).  Bom  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  April  4, 181'J :  died  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  1.5, 
18')3.  Queen  of  Portugal,  daughter  of  Pedro  I. 
of  Brazil.  On  the  death  of  her  paternal  grandfather, 
John  VI.  of  Portugal,  in  1828,  her  father  resigned  the  Por- 
tuguese crown  in  her  favor.  Before  she  could  assume  the 
throne  it  was  seized  by  her  uncle.  Don  Miguel,  in  1828,  and 
acivil  war  ensued  which  resulted  in  her  restoration  in  1833. 
(See  Pedro  1.  oj  Brazil.)  She  was  declared  of  age  in  l&U, 
•  and  married  Augustus,  duke  of  I.euehtenbcrg,  iu  183r>,  and 
tn  1836  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg-Kohary. 

Maria  Christina.    Boru  at  Naples,  April  27, 

1800 :  dieil  at  Havre,  Aug.  22,  1878.     Queen  of 
Spain,  wife  of  Ferdinand  VII.     She  was  regent 
for  her  daughter  Isabella  II.  1833-40. 
Maria  Ohristina.    Bom  July  21,  18.')8.    Queen 

Regent  of  S|i;iiu  Nov.,  1K,S.']-Iy02.  mother  iit 
Alfonso  XIII.  .Sh-  is  the  second  daughter  of  Arch- 
duke K,arl  Kerdinand  of  Austria,  and  married  Alforjso  XI  I.. 
King  of  Spain,  .Vov.  2!l,  1879. 

Maria  del  Occidente.    See  Brooks,  Mrs. 

Maria  de'  Medici  (Tuii-re'ii  da  mii'de-che),  F. 
Marie  de  Medicis  (mji-rii'  de  ma-do-ses').  Bora 
at  Florence,  April  26,  1.573 :  died  at  Cologne, 
July  3,  1642.  Queen  consort  of  Plenry  TV.  of 
Franco.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Francis  of  Tuscany ; 
married  Henry  IV.  in  li'AM) ;  w.as  regent  of  France  1(110-17; 
and  was  exiled  by  Kichelien  in  \l'>'M. 

Maria  Louisa,  F.  Marie  Louise.  Born  at  Vi- 
enna, Dec.  12,1791:  died  at  Viemui,  Dec,  1847. 
Empress  of  the  French,  she  was  the  daughter  of 
FraneJM  J.  of  Austria,  and  became  the  second  wife  of  Xa- 
poleon  in  1810.  She  left  France  on  the  overthrow  of  her 
husband  In  1814,  and  was  appointed  ruler  of  the  duehiesof 
Parm.a,  Piacenza,  and  (•ua^talla  by  the  Allies.  She  con- 
tracted a  no»ri.';inatic  marriage  witli  Count  Neipperg,  her 
Ctmndterlain,  in  1.S21. 

Maria  Stuarda  (mii-re'il  stS-Rr'da).  An  opera 
bv  -Miicadante,  first  produced  at  Bologna  in 
1821. 

Maria  Stuart.  A  tragedy  by  Schiller,  founded 
on  the  fortunes  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  pub- 
lished in  1801. 

Maria  Theresa  (mii-re'il  te-re'sii).  Born  Sept. 
10,  l(i:t8:  ,licd  at  Versailles,  France,  July  30, 
1683.  Queen  consort  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 
She  was  tlie  daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  arul  married 
Louis  ,\IV.  in  KMW).  She  is fre(|Uently  called  .Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria  ('*.  c,  of  the  honsc  of  Austria  or  llajishurg). 

Maria  Theresa  (or  Theresia).  Born  at  Vien- 
na, May  13,  1717  :  died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  29, 1780. 
Archduilii^ss  of  Austria  and  queen  of  Hungary 
and  liohcmia,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles 
VI.  She  married  Fmneis  of  T/irraine  in  I7:{0,  and  on  the 
death  of  her  father  in  1740  8uccei:dcd  to  (he  hereditary 
posseshioiis  of  the  house  nf  Austria  by  \  irtuu  of  the  Prag- 
matic >anctiiin.  Her  title  being  disputed,  she  became 
Involved  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  which, 
with  the  exception  of  some  uidinportant  cessions,  incltid- 
ing  that  of  Silesia  to  Prussia,  left  Iot  in  the  imssession  of 
Iter  Irdicritance.  Her  husband  was  electeif  emperor  as 
Francis  I.  in  17ir..  Her  desiro  lo  recover  Silesia  led  to  the 
Seven  Years'  War  (17i'in-ltt),  which,  however,  cndeil  In  a 
conllmiatlon  of  the  cession,  she  made  her  son  Joseph  II. 
co-regent  in  170.>.  Sec  I'ragmalic  Sanction ;  AiutrianSuc- 
cemion.  War  of;  and  Seven  Years'  War. 


655 

Maria  gens  (ma'ri-a  jenz).  A  Roman  plebeian 
gons.  Its  most  celebrated  member  was  Caius 
Marius. 

Mariage  de  Figaro,  Le,  ou  La  Folle  Jomnee  a 

la  Mode,  Acomedy  by  lieaumaichais,  produced 
in  1784.  It  is  the  continuation  of  the  "Barbier  de  Se- 
ville." In  17^>3  it  was  arranged  to  >Ioz:irt'8  music  and  rejn 
resented  at  the  (.ipera  House,  but  in  this  shape  was  not 
successful.    .See  Fi'jnro  and  Sozze  di  Figaro. 

Mariage  Forc6,  Le.  A  comedy  ballet  by  Moli^re, 
acted  at  the  Lou\Te  in  1664.  Louis  .\IV.  appeared 
in  it  as  a  gipsy,  and  the  play  was  hence  c:illed  the  "  Ballet 

du  roi."     See  S'janarette. 

Mariage  Secret,  Le.    See  MatHmonio  Scgreto. 

Marianine(iua-ri-am'ne).  [Or.  Ma/wd/ii'v,  a f orm 
o£  tlie  Heb.  Miriam.']  1.  In  .lemsh  history, 
granddaughter  of  Hyrcanus  II.,  daughter  of 
Alexandra,  and  wife  of  Herod  I,,  executed  by 
Herod  in  a  savage  lit  of  jealousy.  She  became 
famous  in  history  by  her  beauty,  noble  charac- 
ter, and  tragic  fate. — 2.  Adaughterof  the  priest 
Simon,  and  wife  of  Herod  I.  who  raised  her 
father  to  the  high-priesthood. —  3.  A  sister  of 
Agrippa  H. 

Mariamne.  1.  A  tragedy  by  Alexandre  Hardy, 
produced  iu  1610. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Tristan 
I'Hermite  (1637).— 3.  A  tragedy  by  Elijah  Fen- 
ton  (1723).— 4.  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire  (1724). 

Mariana  (ma-ri-a'nii).  in  American  colonial 
history,  the  name  given  by  John  Mason  to  the 
territory  granted  to  him  between  the  Salem 
Kiver  and  the  Jlerrimae. 

Mariana.  1 .  In  "  All 's  Well  that  En.is  Well," 
by  .Shakspere,  a  Florentine  girl. —  2.  In  "Mea- 
sure for  Measure,"  by  Shakspere,  a  lady  be- 
trothed to  An^elo.  it  was  in  allusion  to  her  that 
Tennyson  wrote  his  "  Mariana  in  the  Moated  Grange  "  and 
"Mariana  iu  the  South." 

3.  Theprincipalcharaeterin  Sheridan  Kuowles's 
play  "  The  Wife,"  a  faithful  and  constaut  wife 
entangled  in  a  mesh  of  circumstantial  evidence. 
Mariana  (mii-re-ii'nU),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Tala- 
vera,  Spain,  1536 :  died  1623.  A  Spanish  histo- 
rian. His  chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  Spain  " 
(published  in  I^atin  1592-1605,  in  Spanish  1601). 

From  the  nature  of  their  subjects,  however,  neither  of 
them  [Kibadeneira  and  Siguenza]  rose  to  be  the  great  his- 
torian of  his  country :  an  hoiirjr  which  belongs  to  Juan 
de  Marian:!,  a  foundling,  who  was  born  at  'i'alavera  in  15:ni, 
and  whose  extraordinary  talents  attrairted  the  attention  of 
the  Jesuits,  then  fast  advancing;  into  notice  as  a  religious 
power.  Ticktwr,  Span.  Lit.,  III."  17ti. 

Mariana  Islands.     See  Ladrone  Islands. 

Marianna  (mii-re-ii'nii).  The  episcopal  city  of 
the  stale  of  MinasGeraes, Brazil,  situated  about 
170  miles  north  by  west  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Marianne  (miir-yan').  La.  A  French  repub- 
lican secret  society  which  was  formed  to  over- 
turn the  government  instituted  by  the  coup 
d'6tat  of  1851.  It  received  oidcTS  from  the  society  in 
London  of  which  Ledru-lloIliTi  and  M:izzini  were  members. 
One  of  its  passwords  was  •■I'onnaissez-voua  Marianne?" 
anil  the  answer  was  "De  la  montagne."  In  18.'J4  the  gov- 
ennnent  arrested  many  members  of  the  society,  and  pun- 
ished them  by  longer  or  shorter  terms  of  imprisonment. 
Also  called,  in  English.  M(ln(  Ann. 

Marianne,  ou  les  Aventures  de  la  Comtesse 

de.  ...  A  novel  by  Marivaux,  published  iu 
eleven  volumes  1731-41. 

Marianne  has  been  said  to  be  the  origin  of  "Pamela," 
which  is  not  exactly  the  fact.  But  it  is  certain  that  it  is 
a  remarkable  novel,  and  that  It,  rather  than  the  plays, 
gave  'rise  to  the  singular  phnuio  "  Marivaudiige,"  with 
which  the  author,  not  at  all  voluntarily,  has  enriched  lit- 
erature. The  plot  is  simjile  enough.  A  poor  but  virtu- 
ous girl  has  adventures  and  recounts  them,  and  thoman- 
ner  of  recounting  is  extremely  original.  A  morally  faulty 
but  intellectually  adndrable  contcmpoi-ary,  Cri^billon  the 
younger,  described  this  manner  excellentry  by  saying  tliat 
the  characters  not  only  say  everything  that  they  have  done 
and  everything  that  they  have  thought,  but  everything 
that  they  would  liave  liked  to  think  hut  did  not. 

Snintiiburii,  French  Lit.,  p.  418. 

Marianne  Islands.    See  Ladmur  islands. 

Marias  (mii-r6'iis).  Las  TreS.  [Sp.,  '  the  three 
Maries.']  A  group  of  llii'eo  small  islands  in 
the  Pacilic.  west  of  Mexico,  about  hit.  21°  30'  N., 
long,  lOlP  30'  \V. 

Maria-Theresiopol.    See  Tlwrcsienstadt. 

Mariazell  (mii-re-ii-tsel').  A  vilhige  in  Styria. 
Aiislriu-lluugary,  situated  ou  the  Salzabucli 
57  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  It  Is  the  must  fre- 
<|uented  place  of  pilgi'lmage  in  the  empire,  on  account  of 
Its  shrine  of  the  Virgin.  Population  (ISUO),  commuDc, 
l,2c.:i. 

Maribois  (mft-ro-bo-ea').      A  tribe  of  Indians 

which,  at  tho  jieriod  of  the  con<iuest,  inhabited 
Nicaragua,  near  Iheiiroseut  site  of  Leon,  l-rol)- 
nbly  their  dcscenilants  are  those  now  occupying  the  Indian 
suburb  of  Subtiilba,  adjacetit  to  Leon,  and  called  Nagran- 
dlans  by  Squieranii  others,  fnun  the  ancient  name  of  this 
region.  Their  language  appears  to  constitute  a  distinct 
stock. 


Mariette 

Maricopa  (mii-rf-ko'pii).  [PI.,  also  J/aWoopn*-.] 
.V  Irilie  of  North  American  Indians,  liring  in 
Arizona  on  the  middle  course  of  the  Gila  River. 
There  are  several  hundred  at  the  Pima  agency, 
.Arizona.     See  Yumun. 

Marie  Amdlie  (mii-re'  ii-raa-le').  Bom  at  Ca- 
serta.  Italy,  1782:  died  at  Claremont,  near  Wind- 
sor, England,  1866.  Queen  consort  of  Louis 
Philippe  of  France.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ferdi- 
nand I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  ntarrietl  Ixuiis  Phi- 
lippe, duke  of  Orleans,  who  was  ch>>Ben  king  of  the  French 
in  1830.  She  retired  with  her  husband  to  England  on  his 
deposition  in  184S. 

Marie  Antoinette  (mar'i  an-toi-net';  F.  pron. 
mii-re'  iin-twii-uet'i,  Jos^phe  Jeanne.    Bom 

at  Vienna,  Nov.  2,  17.55 :  died  at  Paris.  Oct.  16, 
1793.  Queen  of  France,  daughter  of  the  em- 
peror Francis  I.  and  Maria  'flieresa.  she  mar- 
ried the  Dauphin  of  France  (afterward  Ix)uis  XVI.)  in  1770. 
After  the  accession  of  her  Inisband  she  acquired  consid- 
erable influence  in  public  affairs,  which  was  exercised  to 
oppose  the  demands  of  the  popular  party.  She  displayed 
great  fortitude  on  the  outbreak  i)f  the  Revolution,  and 
sought  in  vain  to  induce  her  luisband  to  take  decisive 
measures  for  the  suppression  of  the  movement.  She  was 
imprisoned  in  -Vug  ,  1792,  and  wa.s  executed  Oct.  16, 17»3. 

Marie  Antoinette  and  her  Children.  A  por- 
trait by  Madame  Vigce-Lebrun,  in  the  palace 
of  Versailles. 

Marie  de  France  (ma-re '  d6  f  rons).  Lived  prob- 
ably iu  the  tirst  part  of  the  13th  century.  A 
French  poet,  she  was  born  in  France,  but  lived  iu  Eng- 
land. Her  works  inclucte  narrative  poems  ("  Lais  "),  a  col- 
lection of  fatties  (**  Vsopet  "),  and  a  poem  on  the  purgatory 
of  St.  Patrick.     Works  edited  by  Roquefort  (1820). 

Marie  de  M6dicis.     See  Maria  de'  Medici. 

Marie  de  Medicis,  Life  of.  A  series  of  21  large 
painliugs  by  Kuljens,  executed  for  the  Luxem- 
bourg Palace,  and  now  in  the  Lou\Te.  Paris. 
The  tirst  painting  shows  the  Fates  spinning  out  the  destiny 
of  the  future  queen,  and  the  series  proceeds  with  her  birth, 
her  youth,  her  marriage  to  Henry  IV.,  the  king's  death 
and  the  queen's  regency,  the  asstmiption  of  power  by 
Louis  XIll.,  and  his  quarrel  and  reconciliation  with  his 
mother.  The  subjects  are  treated  allegorically,  withplen. 
tiful  introduction  of  mythology. 

Marie  Galante  (mii-re'  gii-lont').  An  island  of 
the  French  West  Indies,  southeast  of  Guade- 
loupe, of  which  it  is  a  dependencv.  Area,  58 
square  miles.     Population  (LSOO),  13,850. 

Marien  (mii-re-an').  A  region  on  the  north 
coast  of  the  island  of  Haiti :  so  named  when 
Columlms  iirst  visited  the  island.  It  was  gov- 
erned liy  (iuaeanagari. 

Marienbad  (mii-re'en-biid).  A  town  and  water- 
ing-place iu  Bohemia,  75  miles  west  of  Prague. 
It  is  famous  for  its  salt-springs.  Population 
(1890),  commune.  2.119. 

Marienberg  (mii-re'en-bero).  A  town  in  the 
kiugdoiu  of  Saxony,  3S  miles  southwest  of  Dres- 
den.    Population  (1890),  6,300. 

Marienburg  (mii-re'en-boro).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  on  the  Nogat 
26  miles  southeast  of  I  )aiitzic.  The  castle  of  the  Tcu- 
t^Jiiic  Order,  tlie  linest  niediev:d  secular  monument  in 
tiermany,  was  founded  iu  1274  as  an  outpost  against  the 
heathen  Prussians,  and  soon  became  the  seat  of  the  grand 
master.  In  133.^  the  Mittelschloss  was  added.  The  Hoeh- 
schloss,  next  the  town,  incloses  a  quadrangle  surrounded 
by  beautiful  cloisters,  ami  includes  the  ^larienkirclie,  a 
fine  Pointed  church  with  admirable  sculpture.  The  Mlt- 
telscldoss  also  incloses  a  (itladrangle.  and  measures  about 
."iOO  by  270  feet.  It  contains  the  residence  of  the  granil 
master  and  the  state  apartments.  The  splendid  vaulting  of 
the  great  hall  Is  supported  by  a  single  colnmn  .18  feet  high 
and  only  10  inches  thick.  The  assembly  hall  is  also  ad- 
mirably vaulteil,  and  has  3  slender  central  columns.  The 
Vorburg,  the  third  division  of  the  castle,  constituting  the 
outer  ilefensea.  has  been  in  part  destroyed.  Marienburg 
was  the  residence  of  the  gnind  nuister's  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  1300- 14.'.7.  Later  it  belonged  to  PolaM.  Population 
(1890),  U,024. 

Marien'werder  (mii-re'en-ver-der).  A  town  in 
the  ]ii-i>viii<'4'  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  45  miles 
south  by  east  of  Daiitzic.  It  was  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Teutonic  Onier,  and  has  a  cathedral  and  a  castle. 
Population  (ISIW),  s,205. 

Marietta  (imi-ri-et  'ii).  A  city,  capital  of  Wash- 
iiiglori  Couiity,  Ohio,  situali'd  at  the  jiiiiclion 
of  the  Muskingum  with  the  Ohio,  94  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Columbus.  It  occupies  the  site  of  priv 
historic  mounds,  anti  is  the  oldest  town  In  Ohio  (founded 
In  ITHs).  n  IS  the  seal  of  Marietta  i',.ll,gc.  lonndod  lo 
lH;f...     Population  (HKHii,  i:i  :ii>. 

Mariette(mii-ryet'), Auguste Edouard.  Bom 
at  Boulogne,  Feb.  11,  1821:  diedal  Cairo,  Egypt. 
Jan.  18.  1881.  A  Frencdi  Egyptologist,  noted 
forliisiiiscoveries  in  Kgypl.  begiiiidiig  with  the 
exoivvalion  of  the  Si'iapi'uin  and  Ihi^  .\)iis  bulls 
in  18.50.  He  foiimled  the  Kgvpllan  Museum  at  Bulak, 
near  CaIrti(now  at  iJUeh),  the  French  sch>Md  of  Egyplol. 
f>gy,  and  the  Kgvptlan  Institute.  Ills  works  include  "  Le 
Serapeum  de  .Memphis  "  (1S.'.7-(«1X  '  Karnak,  etc."  (187[>), 
"Apeivu  de  IblHtoIre  d'P.gyple,"  "  Dendemh  "  (1870-701, 
"  ,\bydo«"  (l.s<i'.i).  '  Helr-el-llaharr'  (1877),  "  Monuments 
divers"  (187(1),  " ItliiCralro  de  la  llaute-Egypto,"  and 
"Mastabas." 


Marigliauo 

Marigliano  (ma-rel-yii'no).  A  town  in  the  pror- 
iuee  of  Caserta,  Italy,  12  miles  east-northeast 
of  Naples.     Population  (1881),  11,4(31. 

Marignano.     See  Melegnaim. 

Marignolli  ;ma-ren-y61'le),  Giovanni  de'.  4n 
Italian  traveler  in  China.  He  was  sent  by  Pope 
Benedict  XII.  on  a  mission  to  the  Khan  of  Cathay  or  China 
in  13oS.  resided  several  years  at  Peking,  and  returneii  to  the 
papal  court  at  Avignon  in  1353.  He  became  chaplain  to 
the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in  1354,  and  was  afterward  ap- 
pointe-i  bishop  of  Bisignano.  He  incorporated  not.es  of 
his  travels  in  a  chronicle  of  Bohemia  which  he  compiled 
by  order  of  the  emperor. 

Marihueno  (ma-re-wa-no').  A  rocky  hUl  on  the 
eoasL  of  Chile,  fronting  the  bay  of  Aratico  and 
a  few  miles  north  of  the  town  of  that  name. 
The  coast  road  passes  along  its  side.  This  hill  wasa  favorite 
stronghold  of  the  .\raucanian  Indians,  and  on  or  near  it 
many  of  the  bloodiest  battles  of  the  .\raucanian  w;ir  were 
fought,  especially  in  1554. 1563,  and  lotiS.  A  fort  was  built 
on  the  top  of  the  Mil  by  Sotomayor  in  1589.  Also  written 
ilari^rneiut. 

Mariinsk  (ma-re-insk'),  or  Marinsk  (ma- 

riusk').  A  small  town  in  the  t^overnment  of 
Tomsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Kiya  about  100 
miles  east-soiltheast  of  Tomsk. 

Marina  (ma-re'ua).  Born  in  Goazaeoalco  (Mex- 
ico) about  1501:  died  in  Mexico  after  15.50. 
A  Spanish  name  given  to  the  Indian  woman  who 
became  the  mistress  of  Hernando  Cortes,  and 
■was  a  prominent  character  in  the  conquest  of 
.  Mexico.  She  was  sold  as  a  slave  to  the  Tabascan  Indians, 
and  was  one  of  the  girls  given  by  them  to  the  .Spaniards  in 
1519 ;  owing  to  her  knowledge  of  the  Mexican  language, 
she  acted  as  interpreter.  .She  boire  several  children  to 
Cortes.  In  1524  she  was  married  to  a  Spanish  captain 
named  Juan  Jaramillo.  The  name  Alarina  was  corrupted 
by  the  Indians  to  Mab'na,  to  which  they  added  the  titular 
sutSx  tzitit  making  Malintzin.  This  name  was  also  given 
to  Cortes. 

Marina  (ma-ri'na).  In  Shakspere's  (?)  "  Peri- 
cles, Prince  of  Tyre,"  the  daughter  of  Pericles 
and  Thaisa.  She  was  sold  by  perfidy  as  a  slave 
at  Mytilene,  where  Pericles  "found  her. 

Marineo(ma-re-na.'6).  A  town  intheprorince 
of  Palei-mo,  Sicily,  12  miles  south  of  Palermo. 
Population,  commune.  9,673. 

Marini  (ma-re'ne).  orMarino  (ma-re'no),  Gio- 
vanni Battista.  Born  at  Napless,  Oct.  18, 1569 : 
died  at  Naples,  March  25, 1625.  A  noted  Italian 
poet,  known  in  France  as  Le  Cavalier  Marin. 
His  works  include  ".4done"(1623),  "La  stragedegli  inno- 
centi"  ("The  Massacre  of  the  Innocents,"  1633),  sonnets, 
etc 

Giovanni  Battista  Marini,  the  celebrated  innovator  on 
classic  Italian  taste,  and  who  first  seduced  the  poets  of 
the  seventeenth  century  into  that  labored  and  affected 
style  which  his  own  richness  and  vivacity  of  imagination 
were  so  weU  calculated  to  recommend.  The  most  whim- 
sical comparisons,  pompous  and  over^vrought  descriptions, 
with  a  species  of  poetical  punning  and  research,  were  soon 
esteemed,  under  his  authority,  as  beauties  of  the  very  first 
order.  Sismondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I,  451. 

Marino  (ma-re'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Koine,  Italy,  13  miles  southeast  of  Rome.  Pop- 
ulation (1881).  6,136. 

Marino  (ma-reu'  yo),  Santiago.  Born  on  the 
island  of  Margarita  about  1788:  died  at  La  Vic- 
toria, Sept.  4.  1854.  A  Venezuelan  general, 
prominent  in  the  war  for  independence.  After 
the  first  defeat  of  the  patriots  he  invaded  eastern  Vene- 
zuela with  only  45  men,  rapidly  gained  ground,  and  was 
soon  master  of  a  large  territory  ;  but  the  rivalry  between 
Marifio  and  Bolivar  prevented  them  from  cooperating  until 
forced  to  do  so,  .and  eventually  led  to  the  defeat  of  both. 
Mariftowas  prominent  in  later  campaigns  and  at  Carabobo. 

Marino  Faliero  (mii-re'no  fa-le-a'ro).  A  tra- 
gedy V>y  Lord  Byi'ou,  published  in  1820. 

Marinus  (Popes).     See  Martin. 

Mario  (ma're-6),  Marchese  di  Candia.  Born  at 
Cagliari  in«812  (Grove) :  died  Dec.  11, 1883.  A 
celebrated  Italian  opera-singer.  His  voice  was  a 
tenor.  He  made  his  d(5but  in  1828  as  Robert  le  Diable, 
hiving  previously  sung  only  in  the  fashionable  society  to 
which  his  noble  birth  admitted  him.  It  was  not  till  1846 
that  he  took  the  high  rank  in  his  profession  which  he 
afterward  held.  He  sang  with  Grisi  tor  twenty-flve  years 
in  London.  Paris,  and  St.  Petersburg,  and  married  her  on 
the  dissolution  of  her  previous  marriage.  He  left  the 
stage  in  1867.  He  was  considered  the  best  lover  on  the 
operatic  stage. 

Marion  (mar'i-on).  The  capital  of  Marion 
County,  central  Ohio.    Pop.  ilSiUU).  11.862. 

Marion  (mar'i-on),  Francis.  Bom  at  Winyaw, 
near  Georgetown,  S.  C,  1732:  died  near  Eiitaw, 
S.  C,  Feb.  27,  1795.  An  American  Revolution- 
ary general,  distingtiished  as  a  partizan  leader 
in  South  Carolina  1780-82.  He  served  atEutaw 
Springs  in  1781. 

Marion  Delorme  (ma-re-6n'  de-16rm' ).  A  play 
iiy  Victor  Hugo,  produced  in  1831  Marion  De- 
lorme also  appears  in  Bulwer's  play  "Riche- 
lieu." 

Mariotte  (ma-rvof),  Edme.  Born  in  Burgundy 
about  1620:  died  at  Paris,  May  12,  1684.  A 
notedFrem-h  physicist,  priorofSt.-Martin-sous- 


656 

Beaune,  near  Dijon.  He  made  many  discoveries  in 
hydrodynamics.  His  "  Traite  du  mouveraent  des  eaux" 
was  published  in  178.6.  The  name  '"Mariotte's  law"  has 
been  given  to  the  principle  (earlier  discovered  by  Boyle) 
that  at  any  given  temperature  the  volume  of  a  given  mass 
of  gas  vai'its  inversely  as  the  pressure  which  it  bear's. 

Mariposa (ma-re-po'sii).  t^p.,' butterfly':  tirst 
applied  to  a  county  of  Califoruia.  and  afterward 
taken  for  the  stock  name.]  A  county  in  the 
central  part  of  California,  east  by  south  of  San 
Francisco.  It  contains  the  Yosemite  Valley  and 
the  Big  Tree  Grove. 

Mariposa  Grove.  A  grove  of  gigantic  trees 
(St(jiioi^i)  in  Mariposa  County,  California. 

Mariposan  (mar-i-po'sau).  [From  Mariposa.'] 
A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
comprising  the  Yokut  and  Cholovone  divisions, 
■which  embraced  about  25  small  tribes.  The  Yo- 
kut, or  southern  division,  formerly  inh.abited  that  portion 
of  California  which  is  drained  by  tiie  Fresno,  the  upper  .San 
Joaquin  above  the  Fresno.  Kings,  Kaweah,  and  Tule  rivers ; 
the  northern,  eastern,  and  western  shores  of  Tulare  Lake ; 
and  a  n.arrow  strip  in  and  along  the  foot-hills  from  the 
middle  of  the  western  shore  of  the  lake  to  Mount  Pinos  on 
the  south.  The  Cholovone,  or  northern  division,  which  was 
separatedfrorathe  Vokutsbytribesof  Moquelnmnan stock, 
occupied  the  east  bank  of  the  San  Joaquin  from  the  Stan- 
islaus to  the  point  where  the  former  turns  westward  to 
enter  Suisun  Bay.  In  1850  the  tribes  of  the  stock  contained 
2,000  to  3,000  in"dividuals,  but  the  immber  has  gradually 
diminished  until  in  1890  but  167  remained.  These  are 
under  the  mis-ion  agency. 

Marischal,  Earls.    See  Keith. 

Marisco  (mii-ris'ko),  or  Marsh  (marsh),  Rich- 
ard de.  Died  at  Peterborough,  May  1,  122G. 
Bishop  of  Durham  and  chancellor,  in  1209  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  Bampton.  Oxfordshire,  and  in  1210  was 
Johns  adviser  in  the  persecutions  of  the  Cistercians.  In 
1212  he  was  sheriff  of  Dorset  and  Somerset,  and  in  1214 
chancellor(an  office  which  he  retained  after  John'sdeath). 
In  1217  he  was  made  bishop  of  Durham. 

Maritana  (mar-i-ta'na).  A  tambourine  dancer 
in  "DouCsesar  de  Bazan."  Don  Csesar  marries 
her  to  save  his  life. 

Maritana.  An  opera  hy  Wallace,  first  produced 
at  London  in  1845. 

Maritime  Alps.  A  division  of  the  Alps  which 
lies  on  the  border  of  France  and  Italy,  south- 
west of  the  Ligurian  and  the  Cottian  Alps: 
sometimes  made  to  include  the  Ligurian  Alps. 

Maritime  Andes.  The  so-called  branch  of  the 
Andes  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela. 

Maritime  Province,  Russ.  Primorskaya  (pre- 
mor'ski-ii)  A  pro\ince  in  eastern  Siberia,  ex- 
tendingalongthe Pacific.  Capital,  Khabarovka; 
chief  port,  Vladivostok.  Area,  715,982  square 
miles.     Population,  102.786. 

Maritime  Province.    See  Kiistenland. 

Maritza(ma-ret's;i  1.  A  river  in  Eastern  Rumelia 
and  European  Tui'key:  the  ancient  Hebrus.  It 
flows  past  Philippopolis  and  Adrianople,  and  empties  into 
the-Egean  Sea  near Euos.  Length, 270  mUes.  Itisnaviga- 
ble  in  its  lower  course. 

In  1364  the  first  encounter  between  the  northern  Chris- 
tians and  the  invaders  took  place  on  the  banks  of  the  ila- 
ritza,  near  Adi-ianople,  whither  Louis  I.,  king  of  Hungary 
and  Poland,  and  the  princes  of  Bosnia,  Serbia,  and  AVal- 
lachi:i,  pushed  forward  to  put  an  end  once  for  all  to  the 
rule  of  the  Ottoman  in  Europe.  Lala  Shahin,  Murad's 
commander-in-chief,  could  not  muster  mure  than  hal  f  the 
number  of  troops  that  the  Christians  brought  against  him  ; 
but  he  took  advantage  of  the  state  of  drunken  revelry  in 
which  the  too  confident  enemy  was  plunged  to  make  a 
sudden  night  attack,  and  the  arni^'  of  Hungary,  hea\'y  with 
sleep  after  its  riotous  festivities,  was  suddenly  aroused  by 
the  beating  of  the  Turkish  drums  and  the  slu'ill  music  of 
their  fifes.  The  Ottomans  were  upon  them  before  they 
could  stand  to  arms.  "  They  were  like  wild  beasts  scared 
from  their  lair,"  says  the  Turkish  historian  Sa'-ud-din ; 
"  speeding  from  the  field  of  fight  to  the  waste  of  flight, 
those  abjects  poured  into  the  stream  Maritza  and  were 
drowned."  To  this  day  the  spot  is  called  Sirf  Sindughi, 
"Ser'bs'  rout,"  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  36. 

Mariupol  (ma-re-6'poly).  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  YekaterinoslafE,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Sea  of  Azoff,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kalmius, 
about  lat.  47°  7'  N.,  long.  37°  35'  E.  Population 
(1893),  19,926. 

Marius  (ma-re-iis').  A  character  in  the  novel 
•'Les  Jliserables,"  by  Victor  Hugo. 

Marius  i  ma'ri-us),  Caius.  Born  near  Arpinum, 
Italy,  about  155  b.  c:  died  86  b.  c.  Acelebi-ated 
Roman  general.  He  served  in  the  Numantine  war*  in 
134  :  was  tribune  in  Hit,  and  pretor  in  115  ;  was  legate  un- 
der Metellus  in  the  Jugurthine  war  109-108;  was  consul 
in  107.  liM.  103.  102,  101,  100,  and  86 :  connnanded  against 
Jugurtha  107-106,  and  agamst  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones 
lof-101 ;  defeated  the  Teutones  at  .\ix  in  102,  and  the  Cim- 
bri at  the  Kaudian  Fields,  near  Vercella:,  in  101 ;  and  de- 
feated the  Marsi  in  the  .Social  War  in  90.  His  rivalry  with 
Sulla  'caused  the  first  civil  war  in  88.  He  was  driven  from 
Rome  in  that  year,  but  returned,  and  ^vith  Cinna  captured 
Rome  in  87,  and  proscribed  the  aristocrats. 

Marivaux  (mii-re-v6'), Pierre  Carlet  de  Cham- 
berlain de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  4,  IGss  :  .Uinl 
Feb.  12, 1763.  A  French  dramatist  and  novelist. 
The  plays  he  wrote  previous  to  1720  were  distinct  failures. 
His  best  work  was  done  between  1722  and  1746  :inthattime 
he  wrote  some  twenty-five  plays,  foremost  among  which 


Markham,  John 

stand  "Le  jeu  de  I'amour  et  du  hasard '" (173U),  "L'Ecole 
des  mcEUrs  "  (1732),  ".  Les  fausses  coutidences  "  (1736X  '  Le 
legs  "(1736),  and  "  L'Epreuve  (1740).  AU  Marivaux's  plays 
ai-e  more  or  less  alike  in  their  subject-matter.  As  Sainte- 
Beuve  remarks,  the  various  situations  are  elfected  not 
through  outside  events,  but  by  the  expression  of  inner 
feelings  on  the  part  of  the  different  chai-acters.  Diffi- 
culties ai-ise  entirely  through  the  fault  of  the  lovers  them- 
selves, either  in  their  curiosity,  their  timidity,  their  ig- 
norance, their  pride,  or  theii'  pique.  As  a  novelist  Mari- 
vaux wrote  "Marianne"(which  see),  his  masterpiece ;  also 
"Le  paysan  parvenu "  (1736)  and  "  Phai-amond.  ou  les folies 
romanesques"  (1737).  Marivaux's  pecuUar  style  has  been 
named  for  him  marivaudage.  The  term  is  now  generally 
used  in  a  depreciative  sense.  On  the  whole,  Mjirivaux  is 
original  in  his  conceptions,  and  may  be  ranked  next  to 
Moliere.  He  was  received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1743. 

Mark  (mark).  An  ancient  countship  of  Ger- 
many, now  comprised  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  in  the  government  district  of 
Arusberg.  The  countship  arose  in  the  middle  ages,  and 
became  united  with  Cleves  about  1400.  In  1666,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  contest  of  the  Julich  succession,  it  passed  to 
Brandenburg.  It  passed  to  France  in  1S07,  and  formed  part 
of  the  duchy  of  Berg.    In  1S13  it  was  restored  to  Prussia. 

Mark  (miirk).  Saint.  [L.  J/occm.s,  Gr.  MdpKoc.] 
The  writer  to  whom  is  assigned  by  tradition  the 
authorship  of  the  second  gospel.  He  has  been  gen- 
erally supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  "Jolm  whose  sur- 
name was  Mark,"  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  .Apostles 
(particularly  as  a  companion  of  Paul  and  Barnabas,  and 
after  their  separation  of  Barnabas  alone),  and  with  the 
Mark  whose  name  occurs  in  other  passages  in  the  New 
Testament  (Pauline  Epistles  and  1  Peter).  Probably  the 
person  mentioned  in  the  Acts  and  the  Pauline  Epistles  is 
nut  the  same  as  the  one  named  in  the  Epistle  of  Peter. 

Mark,Gospelof.  The  second  gospel,  the  author- 
ship of  which  is  traditionally  assigned  to  Mark. 
It  is  the  most  original  of  the  synoptical  gospels.  It  has 
been  regarded  as  reflecting  especially  the  influence  of 
Peter. 

Mark,  St.,  Basilica  of.  A  famous  Venetian 
basilica,  founded  in  880  to  receive  the  relics  of 
the  evangelist  brought  from  Alexandria,  rebuilt 
in  976,  and  given  its  definitive  form  in  1052. 
It  is  the  most  famed  Byzantine  structure  of  western  Ea- 
rope,  cruciform  in  plan,  with  five  great  domes  on  penden- 
tives,  and  many  smaller  domes  in  subordinate  positions. 
The  outer  aisle  oratrium  was  added  later :  with  its  live  deep, 
many-columned  arches,  repeated  and  fantastically  cano- 
pied above,  its  rich  mosaics,  and  the  wonderful  color  of  its 
incrusted  nnirbles,  it  gives,  with  the  domes  and  many  pin- 
nacles, to  the  exterior  its  picturesque  and  unique  charac- 
ter. The  four  celebrated  bronze  horsts  in  front  of  the 
upper  middle  arch  came  from  Constantinople,  and  prob- 
ably adorned  originally  a  Roman  triumphal  arch.  The 
interior,  though  it  measures  only  205  by  ]6t  feet,  is  one  of 
the  most  impressive  in  the  world.  Almost  the  whole  sur- 
face of  walls,  domes,  and  arches  is  covered  with  niagnili- 
cent  mosaics,  representing  Old  and  New  Testament  scenes 
on  a  gold  ground.  Most  of  the  capitals  of  the  columns  are 
of  the  finest  Byzantine,  though  some  are  classical ;  and  the 
rood-screen,  surmounted  by  its  long  row  of  statues,  is  at 
once  beautiful  and  venerable.  Externally  and  internally, 
and  despite  regrettable  restorations,  St.  Mark's  is  the  most 
superb  piece  of  architectural  coloring  in  the  world. 

Mark.  The  cowardly  and  treacherous  king  of 
Cornwall,  in  Arthurian  romance. 

Mark  appears  in  his  more  general  form  in  the  older  ro- 
mance as  evidence  that  the  later  romance-WTiter  found  in 
the  king's  treachery  some  sort  of  palliation  for  what  sir 
Waiter  Scott  calls  the  extreme  ingratitude  and  profligacy 
of  the  hero.  Car,  Pop.  Romances,  Int.,  p.  38. 

Markab  (mar'kab)  [Heb.  and  Ar..  usually  'a 
wagon'  or  'a  chariot,'  sometimes  'a  saddle.' 
The  name  is  from  the  Alphonsine  tables.]  The 
bright  second-magnitude  star  a  Pegasi,  at  the 
base  of  the  horse's  neck. 

Mark  Antony.    See  Antony. 

Market  Harborough  (miir'ket  har'bur-o).  A 
town  in  Leicester.shire,  England,  12  miles  south 
of  Leicester.  It  is  a  hunting  center.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  5,876. 

Markham  (miirk'am),  Clements  Robert.  Born 
at  StilUngflect,  near  York,  July  20.  IboO.  An 
English  traveler,  geographer,  and  historian. 
He  served  in  the  navy ;  took  part  in  an  arctic  expeditio.'i 
1851;  traveled  in  Peru  1862-54;  and  in  1860 visited  Peru 
and  India  as  commissioner  to  introduce  cinchona  plants 
into  the  latter  countrj-.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Koyal 
Geographical  Society  1S63-8S,  and  was  attached  to  the 
Abyssinian  expedition  of  1867-68.  His  works  include 
"Travels  in  Peru  and  India  "  (1862),"  History  of  the  Abys- 
sinian Expedition"  (18C9),  "'The  ^^'ar  between  Peru  and 
Chile"  (1882),  "History  of  Peru "  (1892),  works  on  arctic 
exploration,  etc.  He  has  edited  various  reprints  of  works 
on  South  America  for  the  Hakluyt  Society. 

Markham,  Frederick.  Born  near  Lewes,  Sus- 
sex, Aug.  16,  1805 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  21, 
1855.  An  English  lieutenant-general.  He  served 
as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Panjab  campaiirn  1S4S-4!).  In 
1S54  he  was  made  major-general,  and  in  i^i'f^  received  the 
local  rank  of  lieutenant-genend.  He  commanded  the  sec- 
ond division  before  Sebaslopol, 

Markham,  Gervase  or  Jervis.     Bom  about 

1568:  died  at  London,  Feb..  1037.  An  English 
author.  He  fought  in  the  Low  Countries  and  in  Ireland, 
and  was  a  poet  and  dramatist. 
Markham,  John.  Born  at  Westminster.  June 
13,  1761:  died  at  Naples,  Feb.  13,  1827.  An 
English  atlmiral,  the   second  son  of  William 


Markham,  John 

Markham,  archbisliop  ot*  York,  in  March,  1775,  he 
entered  the  na\'>*,  and  in  17"ti  joined  Lord  Howe  in  New 
York.  He  was  ni:ide  pust-cuptain  Jan.  3,  17S3.  AVhen  in 
Feb.,  18<H,  Luid  St.  Vuiccnt  was  appointed  first  lord  nf 
the  adminiUy,  lie  made  ilarkhaiu  a  iiieniber  ot  the  board. 
Markham,  William.  Bom  at  Kin-sale,  Ireland, 
April,  1719:  died  at  Londou,  Xov.  3, 1807.  Ai-cb- 
bish')p  of  York.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1742.  In 
1753  he  became  head-inastur  of  Westminster  School ;  in 
1767  dean  of  Christ  (.'hurcli,  Oxford  ;  in  1771  bishop  of  Ches- 
ter; and  in  1777  archbishop  of  York. 

Markneukirchen  (mark'noi'kirch-eu).  Atown 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  45  miles  southwest 
of  Chemnitz,  it  has  mamifacturcs  of  mui^ical  instru- 
ments.    Population  (18lH)X  6,052. 

Mark  Twain.    See  ciewens. 

Marlborough  (mail'bur-o  or  marbur-o),  A 
town  in  \Vi  It  shire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Kennet  27  miles  east  of  Bath,  it  contains  a  school 
(Marlboroti'^'h  CoIlej;e)  near  the  site  of  its  ancient  castle. 
There  arc  nicgalithic  remains  in  the  nc-ighborhood.  Pop- 
ulation (ISi'l).  :i,OU. 

Marlborough,  or  Marlboro'  (miirrbur-o).    A 

city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts.  26 
milrs  west  of  Boston,  it  has  manufactures  of  boots 
and  shue.s.     ]'.'i>ulatioii  (1900),  13,G0y. 

Marlborough,  Dukes  of.  See  Churchill  and 
iSpt  my  r 

Marlborough,  Sarah  Jennings,  Duchess  of. 
Born  neiir  St.  Albans.  May2!.»,  KiGU:  dirdiprob- 
ably)  at  Marlborough  House,  Get.  18,  1744.  A 
celebrated  favorite  of  Queen  Anne,  she  manit-d 
John  t'hurchill,  afterward  imke  of  MarllHUouEh,  in  1*178. 
In  1683  she  was  appointed  one  of  the  ladit-s  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Anne,  then  the  princess  Anne,  with  whom  she 
was  very  intimate,  ilcr  iinj)ci  ions  nature  and  strong  in- 
tellect for  a  while  entirely  doniinated  the  latter,  but  her 
rule  became  unbearable,  and  she  was  superseded  in  the 
queen's  attectiini  by  Mrs.  Mashatn.  In  1711.  on  the  dis- 
missal of  Marlljiiritutib  from  uitiee,  she  retired  from  the 
queen's  service,  and  passed  the  rest  of  her  life  in  a  series 
of  bitter  quarrels.     See  Morley,  Mrs. 

Marlborough  House.  The  London  residence 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  it  is  a  large  buildinq;  of 
brick  trimmed  with  stone,  with  extensive  gardens  front- 
ing on  the  Mall.  It  was  buUt  for  the  first  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough by  Wren  in  1710. 

Marlitt  (miir'lit),  E.,  pseudonym  of  Eugenie 
John.  Born  at  xVi-nstadt,  in  Thurlngia,  Dec. 
5, 1825 :  died  there,  June  22,  1887.  A  German 
UOVelist.  Her  father  was  a  portrait-painter.  In  her 
seventeenth  year  she  was  sent  by  her  foster-mother,  the 
Princess  of  Schwarzhurg-Sondershausen,  to  Vienna  to  re- 
ceive instruction  in  vocal  music,  but  becamedeaf  and  was 
obliged  to  give  up  a  contemplated  musical  career.  Subse- 
quently slie  lived  for  eleven  years  at  the  court  of  tlie 
princes-s  but  ultimately  took  up  her  residence  in  her  na- 
tive place.  Beginning  with  "i)ie  zwolf  AposteI'^('The 
Twelve  Apostles"),  which  was  published  in  1805,  all  her 
stories  have  first  appeared  in  the  journal  "Die  Oarten- 
laube."  Other WMrksare*'Goldelse"("  Gold  Elsie '■),*•  Blau- 
bart"  ("'Blue  I'.eanl"),  *'Da8  Oeheimniss  der  alten  Mam- 
sell"  ("The  01. 1  Mamselle's Secret"),  all  lbr.8,  "Thuringer 
Erzahlungen  *  ("Thuringian  Tales,"  1S60),  *'  Keichsgrartn 
Oisela"  ("Countess  Oisela."  1870),  "Heideprinzessclien  ' 
("TheSIoorland  I'rince8s,"1872),  "  Diezweite  Frau  "("The 
.Second  Wife,"  1H7-J),  "Im  Haus  des  Kommerzienrats  " 
("In  the  House  of  the  Counselor,"  1877),  "Ini  Schillings- 
nof"(1879),  etc. 

Marlow,  Great.     See  Great  Marloir. 

Marl0W(niar'16), Young,  ThesouofSirCharlos 
Marlow  in  Goldsmitli's"  She  Stoops  toConquer." 
He  is  extremely  shy  with  women  of  reputation  and  virtue, 
hut  an  impudent  fellow  among  women  of  another  stamp  ; 
hence  Miss  Hardcastle  *'  stoops"  to  the  disguise  of  a  bar- 
maid "to conquer"  him. 

Marlowe  (niUr'ir)).  Christopher.    Born  atCan- 

tGrburv(bapti/,cdi''4_di.LM),  I'mU);  killed  in  a  street 
fight  at  Dcptl'ord.Ju?i.'l,ir)93.  AnEn-lishjmet 
aud  dratuatist,  son  of  John  Marlo\ve,  a  shoe- 
maker of  (.'antrrl)ury.  Uc  graduated  B.  A.  at  (Corpus 
Christ!  Collejie,  Cambridge,  in  l.^»H3.  He  may  have  seen 
some  military  service,  but  more  probably  settled  in  London 
at  once,  and  attached  himself  to  the  "  lA)rd  Admiral's  *  *om- 
pany  **  as  <h  amatiat.  Most  of  his  plays  were  piodmied  by 
that  company.  "Tamburlaine"  was  licensed  for  j)Ublica- 
tlon  Aug.  14,  l.'iOO,  and  is  ascribed  to  Marlowe  on  mtcitial 
eviilence  alone.  His  seconil  play,  "The  Tragedy  of  I)r. 
Faustua,  "was  entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Register  "Jan.  7, 
ItiOl.  Twenty-three  perfonuances  were  given  by  Hi-ns- 
lowe  between  1504  and  1507,  and  by  nngllnli  i-ompanies  at 
(iratz  in  IGOS,  at  Dresilen  in  nt_Mi,  and  freipiently  in  N'icmia. 
"The  .few  of  Malta"  was  written  after  ir»HS,  an'l  was  fre- 
quently acted  between  1591  and  151KI,  and  by  KngHuh  com- 
panies at  Passau  In  10)7  and  Oratz  in  HJOS.  i)n  April  24, 
1818,  a  version  by  S.  Benley  was  brought  out  by  Kdmund 
Kean  at  Urury  I^ne.  "Kdward  II.  "  wuh  entered  on  the 
"  Stat ioners'Iteglster". Inly  R,  150;i.  He  was  aUoc«ineenied 
in  "Tlie  Massacre  at  I'aris"  and  "The  Tragedy  of  Dido." 
and  there  arc  Indications  that  he  assisted  in  writing  some 
of  the  earlier Shaksperian  plays.  Hewrotetwnsfstiadsof 
a  parapln-ase  of  tlie  "  Hero  and  heander  "of  Mnsieus,  which 
was  tlnished  l>y  Goorge  Chapman,  'Come  live  with  me 
and  be  my  love  "  was  first  printed  in  the  "  Tasslonate  Til- 
grim"  in  IWtfl, 

Marlowe,  Owen.  Born  in  Knglnml.  Aug,  1, 
1H;10:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  May  1!),  1H70.  An 
American  actor.  IlUtlrst  stage  appearance  in  America 
was  in  Sept.,  185r>.  He  was  noted  as  Sir  Lucius  OTrigger, 
Captain  Hawtree,  etc. 
( .—  42 


657 

Marly-le-Roi  (miir-le'le-rwii').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Seiuc-et-Oise,  France,  situated 
on  the  Seine  10  miles  west  of  Pans.  It  was  for- 
merly noted  for  its  chAteau  of  Louis  XIV.  Near  it  is 
Marly-la-Machine,  a  hamlet  noted  for  its  hydraulic  works 
for  supplying  Versailles  with  water.     Population,  l,'20ij. 

Mar  Magallanico  <'r  Magalhanico.    [*  Sea  of 

Ma-^eihtn.']  A  name  sometimes  given  by  geog- 
raphers of  the  16th  century  to  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean. 
Marmande  (miir-mond').  Atown  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated  on 
the  (Jaronne  42  miles  .southeast  of  Bordeaux. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  10,341. 

Mdrmaros-Sziget.      See  s-hjet, 

Marmier  i,mar-mva'),  Xavier.  Born  at  Pon- 
tiuliur,  France,  ilune  24.  ISOJ):  died  Oct.  11, 
1892.  A  FreiK'h  litterateur,  author  of  travels 
and  translator  from  the  German.  He  made  a  jour- 
ney to  Scandinavia  and  Lapland  at  the  expense  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  lsaG-o8;  was  appointed  pmfessor  of  foreign 
literature  at  Rennes  in  1830  ;  an<l  became  librarian  of  the 
ministry  of  public  instruction  at  Paris  in  1841,  and  in  184fi 
custodian  of  the  library  of  Sainte-Genevieve.  He  pub- 
lished histories  of  the  (Jemian,  Danish,  and  Swedish  lit- 
eratures, a  history  of  Iceland,  translations  from  the  Ger- 
man and  Scandinavian,  etc. 

Marmion  (mar'mi-on),  A  narrative  poem  by 
Sir  Walter  Seott.  published  in  1808.  Macready 
adapted  it  for  the  stage,  and  played  it  at  his 

l)enoiit. 

Marmion,  Shakerley  or  Shackerley.    Born 

near  Braekley,  Xorthamptonsbiru,  Jaji.,  1603: 
died  at  Loudon,  Jan.,  1039.  An  Enf:^lish  drama- 
tist and  poet.  He  wrote  *'  Holland's  Leaguer  "(licensed 
and  printed  1G3-2),  "A  Fine  Companion  '  (lt5^3),  "The  An- 
tiquary "(his  best-known  play  :  acted  in  10:it>,  printed  1641). 
He  also  wrote  "Cupid  and  Psyche,"  and  other  jwems. 

Marmol  (miir-mol'),  Jos6.  Born  in  Biienos 
Ayres  about  1818:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1871. 
AuAr2:entine  author.  He  was  exiled  by  Rosas,  fought 
against  him,  and  was  subsetiuently  a  member  of  Congress 
and  director  of  the  national  libraiy.  His  works  include 
many  poems  and  dramas,  and  "  La  Amalia,"  a  romance  of 
the  time  of  Rosas,  which  has  been  translated  into  French 
antl  (icrman. 

Marmolada  (mUr-mo-la'da).  The  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  Dolomite  Alps,  near  the  border  of 
southorn  Tyrol  and  ItMly.     Height,  ll,045feet. 

Marmolejo,  Alonso  de  G-ongora.   See  Gdngora 

M'trntnltjo. 

Marinont(niiir-m6u').AugusteFrederic  Louis 

Viesse  de,  Bue  de  Kagusc.  Born  at  Chatillon- 
s!:r-Seine.  France,  July  20, 1774:  died  at  Venice, 
Mandi  2,  18.")2.  A  French  marshal.  He  served 
with  di--tiiict ion  in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  particularly 
at  .\Iai>-ni;o  (Immi)  and  I  Im  (1805),  and  in  the  campaigns 
of  Ifsiw  and  1M;j-14  ;  was  guvernor-general  of  the  Illyrian 
Provinces  18<J9-ll ;  was  defeated  by  WelUngton  at  Sala- 
manca July  22,  1812;  and  surrendered  his  army  to  the 
I)rovisional  government  April,  1S14.  He  unauccessfnlly 
attempted  to  suppress  the  revolution  of  1S30.  His  "M^- 
ni'iires"  were  published  1850-57, 

Marmontel  (miir-tnou-tel'),  Jean   Francois. 

Burn  at  Bort,  Limousin,  Julv  11.  1723:  died  at 
Al»lM*vilh'.  Kure.Dec.  31, 1799*  A  French  writer. 
He  was  brought  ni>  by  the  Jesuits,  and  destined  for  the 
eburch.  In  174 1  he  was  appointed  substitute  instructor  in 
philosophy  at  'I'oulou.se.  His  ttrst  piece  of  literary  work, 
an  ode  (1743).  proved  a  failure.  Kncouraged  by  \'oItaire's 
sympathy,  however,  he  came  to  Paris,  and  took  several 
prizes  in  literary  competition  (174.'>-17).  He  wrote  several 
tragedies,  "Oenys  le  tyran"  (1748),  "Arsitom^ne"  (1749\ 
"Cldopatre '■  (175U), '•  Le's  H^raclides  "(1752).  and  "  Egyptus  " 
(1753),  but  liis  success  was  not  great  as  a  poet.  Then  he 
tin'ned  his  attention  to  prose,  and  contributed  largely  lo 
the  "Eneyclupedie."  He  recast  several  of  his  articles  ami 
published  them  subseiiuently  in  book  form,  suoli  as  his 
"Politique  franvaise  "(17(53),  and  his  "^lement^i  lic  lilt'  ra- 
ture  "(1787):  this latterworK  i)laceshimsccon<l  lo  La  Harpe 
only  as  a  propaganiiist  of  literature  in  the  I8th  century. 
Ho  had  already  ai(|uiied  renown  by  hi8"ConteH  moraux" 
(17);i),  his  pliilosophiral  novel  "  Belisairc"  (17(17).  and  his 
liistorical  novel  "Les  Incas  "(1777).  110  published  further 
"La  Pharsale,"  translated  from  Lucan  (17(11).  and  urote 
the  wordsfor  acver.d  comic  operas,  as  '*  Le  Huron  "  (I7(is\ 
"Z(:-mh-o  et  Azor"  (1771).  "Didon  "(1783),  and  "  iy-n(:-Iope  " 
(178r.).  Between  17*9  and  1792  he  published  in  "  Le  Mer- 
cure"a8econd  series  of  "Contea  moraux."  His  posthu- 
nujus  works  are  "  Memolresd'un  p&reii  ses  enfants  '(18U4), 
and  "Lemons  d'un  pere  U  ses  enfants  sur  la  languo  fran* 
<,alse"(180(J).  He  was  elected  to  the  Fi-ench  .\endemy  in 
17(13.     He  is  a  truly  representative  dlscijiloof  Voltaire, 

Marmora  (miir'mo-rii).  An  islanil  in  the  Sea 
of  Mannnra,  belonging  toTurkey,  about  70 miles 
wcHt-southwest  of  ('onstantinojile:  the  ancient 
Proconnesus.     Length,  about  11  miles, 

Marmora,  Sea  of.  A  sea  bclwrm  European 
and  Asintie  Turkoy,  connniinicating  with  the 
Black  Sra  on  tin'  norlhrnst  liy  thi'  Strait  of 
Bosjiorus.and  with  lhe--l]g<'jin  Sea  on  tbr  soutli- 
west!>ytho Dardanelles:  Iheamdenl  Propontis. 
Length,  about  170  miles.  Greatest  width,  about 
50  miles. 

Marmore  (miir'mo-ra).  Oascate  delle,  "r  Falls 

of  Terni  (ter'n*"').  A  scrirs  of  (*ns<'nd("<  near 
Terni,  Italv.  in  the  Velino  near  its  mouth  in  tlio 


Marozia 

Xera,  celebrated  for  its  beauty.  Height  of  the 
falls.  6.1  feet,  330  feet,  and  190  feet  respectively. 

Mame  (miim).  a  river  in  France  which  joins 
the  Seine  2  miles  southeast  of  Paris:  the 
Roman  Matrona.  Length,  306  miles;  naviga- 
ble from  St.-Bizier. 

Mame.  A  department  in  France.  Capital, 
C'halons-sur-Mame.  It  is  bounded  by  Aisne  and  Ar- 
dennes on  the  north,  Meuse  on  the  east,  Haute-Marue  and 
Aube  on  the  south,  and  Aisne  aud  Seine-et-Marne  on  the 
west,  forming  part  of  the  aneient  ( 'hampagne.  The  sur- 
face is  partly  level  and  partly  hilly.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Marne,  The  leading  pntduct  is  champagne.  Area,  3.151* 
squ.are  miles.     Population  (1S91X  434, (?J2. 

Mame,  Haute-.     See  Haute-Marue, 

Mamix,  Philipp.     See  Sainte-Aldegonde. 

Marno  (niUr'no).  Ernst.  Born  at  Vienna.  1844: 
died  at  Khartum,  1883.  An  African  traveler. 
A  specitdist  in  zoology,  he  accompanied  Casanova  as  far  as 
Abyssinia  in  18(3(»;  visited  Eliaitum  in  18<>9.  and  Sennaar 
and  Fazogl  in  1870;  explored  the  Bahr  cR-.Seraf  1871-72; 
and  published  in  1874  ''  Keisen  im  Oebiete  des  Pdauen  und 
Weissen  Nil."  Called  again  to  the  Egyi)tiau  Sudan  by  Gor- 
don, he  explored  the  Makaraka  and  Konlofan,  and  returned 
and  wrote  "Reisen  in  der  A<iuatorialprovinz  und  in  Kor- 
dofan  "  (187(5).  In  1879  he  was  again  with  Gordon  light- 
ing the  ^lave-t^ade^s. 

Maro  (ma'ro).  The  family  name  of  Veigil 
(Publius  Vergilius  Maro). 

Marocco.     See  Morocco. 

Marochetti  (mii-rd-ket'te),  Carlo.  Born  at 
Turin,  1805:  <Ued  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  18G8.  Axi 
Italian  sculptor,  royal  academician,  and  baron 
of  the  Italian  kingdom.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Lyc6e  Napoleon  at  I*:iris,  and  studied  sculpture  with  Bar4>n 
Bosio.  His  chief  works  aie  e<)Ucstrian  statues  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  the  et|uestrian  statue  of  Richard  Cteur  de  Lion 
at  Westminster,  the  efjucstrian  statues  of  the  (Jueen  and 
Duke  of  \\  i-IIington  at  (ilasgow,  and  the  Inkt-rman  Uionu- 
mcnt  at  St.  Paul's. 

Maronites(mar'o-nits).  A  section  of  the  Syrian 
populat  ion,  settled  chiefly  on  and  around  Mount 
Lebanon,  from  Tripolis  in  the  north  to  Tyre 
and  the  Sea  of  rialilee  in  the  south.  Their  num- 
ber is  above  200,0()<>.  They  live  by  cattle-bret<ling,  agri- 
culture, and  silk-culture.  They  form  a  separate  eeclefci- 
astical  comnmnity,  having  been  originally  Monothelites 
(holding  that  in  Christ  there  was  only  one  will).  Since 
1182  they  have  been  gradually  united  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  but  still  retain  some  of  their  special  privi- 
leges, as  the  Syrian  hturgy  and  nuu-riage  of  the  lower 
clergj'.  They  also  consider  themselves  politically  a  sepa- 
late  nation,  being  ruled  by  a  Christian  pasha  and  by 
sheiks  chosen  from  their  aristocracy,  and  only  paying  a 
Irilnite  to  the  Turkish  government.  The  name  Maronltes 
is  derived  from  an  old  monastery  which  uaa  situated  on 
the  Orontes  (modern  al-Azi)  between  Uamah  and  Emesa, 
and  was  so  named  after  a  saint  who  lived  in  tlie  4th  cen- 
tury (i^wr  meaning  in  Syrian  'lord,'  'master,'  then  'saint'; 
maron,  my  lord).  Some  derive  it  from  a  village,  Maronea, 
situated  east  of  Antioch. 

Maroons  (ma-ron//).  The  mime  formerly  given 
in  dnmaica  to  l)aTids  of  fugitive  slaves  and 
t  heir  descendants.  They  formed  villages  in  the  moun- 
tains in  the  17th  century.  Early  in  the  18th  centurj'  they 
became  formidable  under  their  leader,  Cudjoe.  attacking 
plantations  and  openly  opposing  government  troops.  In 
1738  Governor  Trelawney  made  a  treaty  of  pence  with 
them,  securing  their  freedom  and  gnmting  tliem  lands. 
They  rebelled  in  nof).  were  partially  reduced  in  17iHJ,  and 
many  of  them  were  sent  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Sierra  Leone. 
The  last  outbreak  of  the  survivors  was  in  17i*8.  The  name 
(French  ni'ijres  marruits) is  sometimes  applied  to  the  bush 
negroes  of  (Juiana. 

Maros  (mor'osh).  A  river  in  Transylvania  and 
Hungary  which  joins  the  Theiss  near  Szegrdin. 
Length,  about  GOOmiies;  navigable  from  Karls- 
burg. 

Maros-Visdrhely  (mor'osh-vii'sbar-hely). 
'i.  Nenmarkt  (noi'miirkt).  The  capital  of 
the  countv  of  Maros-Torda.  Transvlvauia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Maros  in  hit.  4G°  28'  N.,  long.  24<- 
3.)'  K.:  the  chief  town  of  the  Szeklers-  Popu- 
lation (1890),  14,212. 

Marot  iinji-rii').  Clement.  Born  at  Caliors, 
141*7:  died  at  Turin.  I.'i44.  A  notedFremdi  jioet, 
III-  was  sent  to  Paris  at  an  early  age  to  study  law,  but  the 
work  was  not  to  his  taste,  and  he  soon  gave  it  up.  Ills 
fat  her  had  been  court  poet  tothe(^ueenof  >Yance,  Annede 
Bretagne,  and  through  him  the  son  obtained  necess  to  the 
court  circles,  where  ho  won  the  good  will  of  Marguerite 
fie  Vahds.  When  Francis  I.  came  to  the  throne  of  l-'ranoo 
In  l.M.'i,  Ch^ment  Marot  attracted  the  king's  attention  by 
his  poem  "Le  temple  de  Cupldon,"  and  was  retaliu'd  by 
him  at  ctmrt.  The  i)oet  ((dbiwed  his  royal  patron  on  his 
cxpeditionH,  and  led  on  the  whole  an  eventful  life.  Ileoidea 
a  great  deal  of  original  jMtetry,  Mnrot  trani-Iated  iM'rt(on« 
of  Vergil,  Ovid,  and  Petraren,  also  .VJ  pi^ahuH  of  David. 
His  eomtdete  works  have  been  variously  edited  ;  the  InBt 
edition  fnun  the  author's  lirellme  is  «late<l  i:>U.  Hts 
miHlern  e<litors  are  Fresnoy  (1731),  Rapilly  (ISlM),  Jannet 
(I8(v8  72),  andGullIrey,  whoM  work  U  still  (181)4)  In  conrao 
of  publjeatlon. 

Marozia  (ma-ro'zi-jl).     Died  before  945.     A 

Konnin  wonnin  notorious  for  her  profligacy  and 
for  the  inllticnce  sln'  exercised  over  the  pai>al 
court.  Sbe  waH  the  daughter  of  the  InfnmouH  Thc'>*lora 
and  TheopbylaetuK,  beeame  the  miotress  of  Pope  Scrglut 
ML,  and  married  Huecestsively  Alberlc  L,  prince  of  Rome, 
her  atepfton  (luido.  and  Hugo,  king  of  It.ily.     Sh<*  wai>  in* 


Marozia 

struraental  in  raising  three  popes  to  the  tbroDe,  amon^ 
whom  was  her  son  by  Sergius,  John  XI.  She  was  eventu- 
ally imprisoned  by  her  sou  Alberic.     See  Alberic  II. 

Marplot,  or  the  Second  Part  of  The  Busy 
Bo(&.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  produced 
in  1710.  Henry  Woodward  altered  it,  and  called  it 
'Mlarplot  in  Lisbon."  Martin  Marplot  is  a  silly,  cowardly 
fallow,  who  spoils  everything  he  undertakes.  He  differs 
somewhat  from  Mar-all  in  Drydeu's  play,  and  is  the  origi- 
nal uf  the  more  modern  Paul  l*ry. 

Marprelate  Controversy,  The.  A  vigorous  and 
vituperative  pamphlet  war  waged  by  the  Puri- 
taus  against  the  defenders  of  English  Church 
discipline  about  1589.  The  pamphlets  were  written 
by  a  number  of  persons,  but  were  published  under  the 
name  of  Martin  Marprelate.  I'dall  was  the  originator  of 
the  controversy,  but  afterward  announced  his  disapprov;iI 
of  the  Martinist  methods.  The  press  which  printed  the 
tracts  was  moved  from  place  to  place  to  avoid  government 
suppression,  and  was  once  seized,  near  ilanchester,  but 
the  publications  were  continued.  Penry,  Barrow,  Job 
Thrtpckmorton,  Fenner.  John  Field,  and  others  have  all 
been  supposed  to  be  the  authors  of  the  tracts,  but  some 
think  Martin  Marprelate  to  have  been  a  lajTnan  about  the 
court.  The  controversy  was  suppressed  by  the  death  of 
rdall  in  prison,  and  the  execution  of  Penry  and  Barrow 
in  1593. 

So  great  was  the  stir  that  a  formal  answer  of  great 
leuRth  was  put  forth  by  "'T.  C."  (well  known  to  be  Thomas 
Cooper,  Bishop  of  Winchester),  entitled,  ''An  .Admonition 
to  the  People  of  England."  The  Martinists,  from  their 
invisible  and  shifting  citadel,  replied  with  perhaps  the 
cleverest  tract  of  the  whole  controversy,  named,  with  de- 
liberate  quaiutness.  Hay  any  Work  for  Cooper?  ("Have 
You  any  Work  for  the  Cooper  ?  "  said  to  be  an  actual  trade 
London  cry).  Thencefonvard  the  meUe  of  pamphlets,  an- 
swers, "replies,  duplies,  quadruplies,"  became,  in  small 
space,  indescribable.  Petheram's  prospectus  of  reprints 
(only  partially  earned  out)  enumerates  twenty-sis,  almost 
all  printed  in  the  three  years  1588-1590 ;  Mr.  Arber,  includ- 
ing the  preliminary  works,  coimts  some  thirty. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Lit.,  11.  245. 

Marquesas  (miir-ka'sas)  Islands.  [So  named 
from  the  Marquis  of  Cauete  (see  Hurtado  de 
Me}}do::a,  Garcia);  F.les  Marquise.-i.']  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the  Low 
Archipelago,  situated  about  lat.  7°  50'-10° 
30'  S.,  long.  13S°30'-140o  50'  W. :  also  called 
the  Mendana  Islands.  Xukahiva  and  Hivaoa  are  the 
largest.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  They  were  discov- 
ered by  Mendaiia  in  1595,  and  again  by  Cook  in  1774.  In 
1842  they  became  a  French  protectorate.  Area,  480  square 
miles.     Population,  5,145, 

Marquette  (mar-kef).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Marquette  County,  Michigan,  situated  on 
Lake  Superior  about" lat.  46°  32'  N.,  long.  87° 
'J(>'  \V.  It  exports  iron  ore.  Population  (1900), 
IO.O.tS. 

Marquette,  Jacques.  Born  at  Laon,  France, 
1637  •  died  near  Lake  iliehigan,  May  18,  1675. 
A  French  Jesuit  nnssionar\'  and  explorer  in 
America.  He  accompanied  Joliet  in  his  voyage  down 
the  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi  and  up  the  Illinois  in  1673. 
He  died  while  attempting  to  establish  a  mission  among 
the  Illinois.  He  ivrot«  a  description  of  the  expedition  of 
1673,  entitled  "Voyage  et  d^couverte  de  quelques  pays  et 
nations  de  I'Am^rique  Sept«ntrionale." 

Marquez  (mar'keth),  Jose  Amaldo.  Born 
about  1825:  killed  in  the  defense  of  Lima,  Jan. 
15,  1881.  A  Peruvian  poet.  He  took  part  in  the 
early  civil  wars,  was  several  times  banished,  and  traveled 
in  Chile,  Cuba,  and  the  United  States.  In  later  life  he 
occupied  various  consular  and  diplomatic  positions.  Mar- 
quez is  regarded  as  the  best  of  modern  Peruvian  i)oets, 
especially  in  the  IjTic  style.  He  published  a  book  of 
travels  in  the  United  States,  and  various  other  prose 
works. 

Marquez,  Jose  Ignacio,  A  Colombian  politi- 
cian, president  of  New  Granada  for  a  short  time 
in  1832,  and  ajjain  1837-41.  During  the  latter  period 
a  civil  war  broke  out,  in  which  Marquez  was  victorious, 
but  which  did  great  injury  to  the  country. 

Marquez,  Leonardo.  Bom  in  the  city  of  Mexico 
about  1820.  A  Mexican  general,  prominent  un- 
derMiramon  in  the  struggle  against  Juarez 
(,1858-60).  Subsequently  he  sustained  the  French  in- 
tervention; was  Maximilians  minister  to  Constantinople; 
returned  in  1866,  and  undertook  the  defense  of  Mexico 
(April,  1867);  was  closely  besi.-ged  by  Diaz,  and  repeatedly 
defeated;  and  resigned  on  June  19,  and  escaped  to  Ha'- 
vana.  Hewas  accnsedof  great  cruelty, and  was  caUed^the 
tiger  of  Tacubaya."  in  allusion  to  his  massacre  of  pris- 
oners at  that  place  in  April,  1859. 

Marquis  (miir'k wis),  The.  1.  In  early  Peruvian 
history,  Francisco  PizaiTO,  who  was  created  a 
marquis  by  Charles  V.  in  1535.  There  is  no  rec- 
ord of  a  special  designation  for  the  marquisate. 
— 2.  In  early  Mexican  history,  Hernando  Cor- 
tes, marquis  of  the  Valley  of  Oaxaca  from  1529. 

Marquise  (mar-kez').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  14  miles  south- 
west of  Calais.  It  has  marble-quarries.  Popu- 
lation (1891).  commune,  3,511. 

Marr  (mar),  Carl.  Born  at  Milwaukee,  "Wis., 
1859.  An  American  figure -pa  inter.  He  studied 
at  Berlin  and  at  Munich.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Mys- 
tery of  Life'*  (at  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York), 
"The  Flagellants"  (1SS9),  and  "1806  in  Germany"  (1890). 

Marracci   (mar-rji'ehe),  Lodovico.      Bom  at 


658 

Lucca,  Italy,  1612:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  5,  1700. 
A  distinguished  Italian  Orientalist.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  an  edition  of  the  Koran  with  a  Latin 
translation  (1698),  to  which  he  devoted  nearly  forty  years 
of  labor. 

Marrast(ma-ra'),  Armand.  Bom  at  St.-Gau- 
dens,  France.  June  5, 1801 :  died  at  Paris.  March 
10.  1852.  A  French  politician  and  journalist. 
He  was  secretary  and  member  of  the  provi- 
sional government  and  mayor  of  Paris  in  1848, 
and  president  of  the  Constituent  Assembly 
1S4S-49. 

Marriage.  A  novel  by  Miss  Susan  Edmonstone 
Ferrier,  published  anonymously  in  1818.  This 
novel  was  begun  iu  C'>ncert  with  Miss'ciavering,  a  grand- 
daughter of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  who  soon,  however,  relin- 
quished her  share  of  the  work,  and  Miss  Ferrier  completed 
it  alone. 

Marriage  a  la  Mode.  [F.  manage  a  la  mode, 
fashionable  man-iage.]  1.  A  play  by  Dryden, 
acted  in  1673. —  2.  A  series  of  six  paintings  by 
Hogarth(1745),intheXational  Gallery,  London. 
The  subject  is  the  disastrous  consequences  of  marriage, 
without  love,  in  high  life ;  and  is  illustrated  through  scenes 
of  hollow  festivity,  profligacy,  dueling,  the  execution  of  the 
victor  for  murder,  and  the  suicide  of  the  guilty  wife. 

Marriage  a  la  Mode,  or  the  Comical  Lovers. 

A  comedy  by  Colley  Cibber,  a  combination  of 
the  comic  scenes  of  Dryden's  ''Marriage  a  la 
Mode"  and  "  The  Maiden  Queen,"  produced  in 
1707. 
Marriage  at  Cana,  1.  A  painting  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  table 
is  in  an  open  court  with  monumental  architecture.  Christ 
is  seated  with  a  brilliant  company,  for  the  most  part  in 
Venetian  dress. 

2.  A  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese  (1563),  in  the 
Lou^Te,  Paris.  The  picture  measures  32  by  21feet,  and 
is  throughout  a  triumph  of  coloring.  The  subject  is  treated 
as  a  sumptuous  banquet,  in  a  rich  architectural  setting. 
Many  of  the  personages  are  portraits  of  sovereigns  and 
other  distinguished  people  of  the  16th  century.  The  musi- 
cians represent  the  chief  Venetian  painters." 

3.  A  famous  picture  by  Tintoret,  iu  the  sa- 
cristy of  Santa  Maria  delta  Salute,  Venice. 

Marriage  of  St.  Catharine.  There  are  nimier- 
ous  paintings  of  the  "SposaUzio,"  or  Mystical 
Man-iage  of  St.  Catharine  of  Siena,  thus  desig- 
nated. The  following  are  the  more  important:  (1)  A 
masterpiece  by  Correggio  (1519),  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 
child  Christ,  seated  on  the  Virgin's  knee,  holds  St.  Catha- 
rine's ring-finger,  upon  which  he  is  about  to  place  a  ring. 
St.  Sebastian,  holding  his  arrows,  looks  over  St.  Catharine's 
shoulder.  (2>  Apainting  (called  the  Piccolo  Sposalizio  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  Louvre  masterpiece)  by  Correggio,  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  (3)  A  painting  by  Innocenzo  da 
Imola,  iu  San  GiacorauMaggiore, Bologna,  Italy.  (4)  A  trip- 
tych by  Hans  Memling'(l-t79),  in  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  at 
Bruges,  Belgium.  The  Virgin,  holding  the  Child,  sits  un- 
der a  portico,  attended  by  floating  angels ;  St.  Catharine 
kneels,  about  to  receive  the  ring.  At  the  sides  stand  the 
two  Sts.  Jchi:  St.  Barbara,  angels,  and  monks.  On  one 
wing  is  painted  the  story  of  Salome,  on  the  other  the  vi- 
sion of  St.  John  the  Evangelist.  (5)  A  painting  by  ilurillo, 
in  the  Church  of  Los  Capuchinos  at  Cadiz.  While  at  work 
on  this  picture,  in  16&2,  the  painter  fell  from  his  scaffold- 
ing and  received  injuries  which  caused  his  death.  (6)  A 
painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Church  of  the  Augustinians  at 
Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned  ;  the  Child 
on  her  knee  leans  toward  St.  Catharine,  extending  the  ring; 
behind  are  St.  Joseph,  several  apostles  and  other  saints, 
and  angels.  (7)  A  decorative  painting  by  Paolo  \'eronese, 
in  Santa  Caterina  at  Venice.  The  youthful  figure  of  the 
saint  is  especially  beautifuL 

Marriage  of  the  Virgin.    1.  One  of  the  most 

important  painting:s  of  Perugino,  in  the  mus^e 
at  Caen.  France. —  2.  A  celebrated  painting  by 
Raphael,  in  the  Brera  at  ililan.  Mary  and  her  at- 
tendant  maidens  stand  at  the  spectator's  left ;  Joseph, 
bearing  the  flowering  staff,  and  behind  him  the  suitors 
with  the  baiTen  staves,  face  them  at  the  right ;  while  the 
venerable  high  priest  in  the  middle  performs  his  function, 
and  a  youth  in  the  foreground  breaks  his  drj-  statf  across 
his  knee.  The  temple  occupies  the  background,  in  the 
form  of  a  domical  16-sided  building  with  an  arcaded  peri- 
style of  16  columns. 

Married  Man,  The.  A  play  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
produced  in  1789.  It  is  taken  "from  *'Le  philo- 
sophe  marie"  of  Destouches. 

Marrow  Controversy.  A  controversy  in  the 
Church  of  Scotland,  about  1719-22,  relating  to 
the  doctrines  which  were  of  the  type  more  re- 
cently called  "evangelical/'  set  forth  in  the 
book  entitled  ''The  Marrow  of  Modem  Divin- 
ity'' by  Edward  Fisher  (1644).  Ebenezer  and 
Ralph  Erskine  and  Thomas  Boston  were  among 
the  "Marrow  men." 

Marrucini  (mar-o-si'ni).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  people  in  Italy,  dwelling  near  the  Adriatic, 
north  of  Samnium.  Thev  were  allied  to  the 
:N[arsi. 

Marryat(mar'i-at), Florence.  BornatBrighton 
inl837:  diedat London,  Oct.27, 1899.  AnEng- 
lishnovelist.thedaughterof  Frederick  Marryat. 
She  married  fii-st  C<donel  Ross  Church,  and  afterward 
Colonel  Francis  Lean.  She  was  also  known  as  a  dramatic 
reader.  She  was  editor  of  "London  Society  "1872-76,  and 
published  many  novels,  and  a  life  of  her  father  (1872). 


Marseillaise,  La 

Marryat  (mar'i-at),  Frederick.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, July  10,  1792:  died  at  Langham,  Norfolk, 
Aug.  9,'  1848.  A  captain  in  the  British  navy^ 
and  novelist,  in  ISOO  he  entered  the  navy,  and  in  1815 
was  made  commander.  He  was  sening  on  the  St.  Helena 
station  when  Napoleon  died.  He  resigned  1S30,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.  He  published  "Fi-ank  Mild- 
may,  or  Adventures  of  a  Naval  Officer  "  (1829),  "The  King's 
Own"  (1S30\  'Peter  simple"  (1&S4),  "Mr.  Midshipman 
Easy"  (ISStJ),  " Japhet  in  Search  of  a  Father"  (1836^ 
"Snarleyyow"  (1S37),  "Jacob  Faithful'"  (1834),  "The 
Phantom  Ship"  (1S39X  "Masterman  Readv'  (1841X  "The 
Children  of  the  New  Forest  "  (1847),  ''The  Little  Savage" 
(1848).  He  edited  the  "Metropolitan  Magazine"  from 
1832  to  1835. 

Mars  (marz).  1.  A  Latin  deity,  identified  at 
an  early  period  by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek 
Ares,  with  whom  he  originally  had  no  oounec- 
tion.  He  was  principally  worshiped  as  the  god  of  war, 
and  as  such  bore  the  epithet  Gradivus ;  but  he  was  earlier 
regarded  as  a  patron  of  agriculture,  which  procured  him 
the  title  of  Silvanus,  and  as  the  protector  of  the  Rpman 
state,  in  virtue  of  which  he  was  called  Quirinus.  In  works 
of  art  Mars  is  generally  represented  as  of  a  youthful  but 
powerful  figure,  armed  with  the  helmet,  shield,  and  spear; 
in  other  examples  he  is  bearded  and  heavily  armed. 
2,  The  planet  next  outside  the  earth  in  the  so- 
lar system.  Its  diameter  (about  4,300miles)  is  only  0,53 
that  of  the  earth,  its  superficies  0.2S,  and  its  volume  0.147. 
Its  mean  density  is  0.71  that  of  the  earth,  so  that  the  density 
of  it  s  crust  may  verj-  likely  be  the  same  as  the  earth's ;  but  the 
weight  of  a  given  mass  at  the  surface  of  Mars  is  only  three 
eighths  of  the  weight  of  the  same  mass  on  the  earth.  The 
strength  of  materials  is  therefore  relatively  much  greater 
there,  and  mountains,  animals,  and  buildings  would  natu- 
rally be  much  larger.  The  mean  distance  from  the  sun  ia 
14 1,500,000  miles.  The  eccentricity  of  its  orbit  is  very  much 
greater  than  that  of  the  earth,  being  0.093  as  compare*! 
with  0.017;  the  inclination  of  its  equator  to  its  orbit  is 
about  the  same.  Its  day  is  half  an  hour  longer  than  ours. 
Its  year  is  6S7  of  our  days.  The  surface  of  Mars  has  beea 
carefully  mapped,  and  is  charactei-ized  by  the  predomi- 
nance of  land  and  the  great  number  of  canals  and  straits. 
Its  color  is  strikingly  red.  Its  climate  is,  perhaps,  not 
very  different  from  that  of  the  earth.  It  has  two  moona, 
discovered  by  Professor  Asaph  Hall  in  Washington  ia 
ISii,  conformably  to  the  prediction  of  Kepler,  and  realiz- 
ing the  fancies  of  Swift  and  Voltaire.  The  inner  of  these, 
Phobos,  revolves  in  less  than  eight  hours,  so  that  to  an  ob- 
server on  the  planet  it  rises  in  the  west  and  sets  in  the  east ; 
the  outer.  Deimos,  revolves  in  thirty  hours,  so  that  it  ap- 
pears nearly  stationary  for  a  long  time.  The  symbol  of 
Mars  is  j  ,  which  seems  to  show  the  shield  and"  spear  of 
the  god. 

Mars  in  Repose.  A  colossal  Greek  statue  of 
the  school  of  Lysippus,  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi^ 
Rome.  The  god,  iu  the  guiseof  a  strong,  healthy  youtl^ 
sits  quietly  with  both  hands  on  one  raised  knee ;  he  holds 
his  sheathed  sword,  and  his  round  shield  stands  beside 
him.     An  Eros  sits  at  his  feet. 

Mars,  Hill  of.     See  Areopagus. 

Mars  (miirs),  Mile.  (Anne  Frangoise  Hip- 
polyte  Mars-Boutet).  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
9,  1779:  died  there,  March  20.  1847.  A  cele- 
brated French  actress,  distinguished  in  comedy- 
She  made  her  debut  at  the  age  of'll  at  the  Theatre  Fey* 
deau,  and  shortly  after  ent<?red  the  Comedie  Fr;mi;aise.  She 
made  her  first  great  success  in  "L'Abb6  de  IXpee  "  iu  1803, 
and  later  worked  a  great  reform  in  stage  costume,  playing  " 
her  parts  in  dress  of  a  proper  date.  Her  manner  in  high. 
comedy  was  perfectly  simple  and  true,  and  she  was  un- 
equaled  in  the  precieuses  and  coquettes  of  Molifere  and 
Marivaux.   She  left  the  stage  in  1S41  with  a  large  fortune. 

Mar  Saba  (mar  sa'ba).  A  monastery  of  the 
( 'ireek  Church,  situated  in  the  Kedron  valley  34 
hours  distant  from  Jerusalem,  it  derives  its  name 
from  the  founder,  St.  Sabas,  who  was  bom  in  Cappadocia 
about  -139,  and  died  532. 

Marsala  (mar-sii'la).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Trapani.  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  47'  N., 
long,  12^  26'  E.  It  occupies  part  of  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Lilybceum,  is  a  cathetlral  city,  and  has  an  export 
trade  in  wine.  Garibaldi  landed  here  in  IStiO.  Popula- 
tion (1S81),  19,732. 

Marscbner  (marsh'ner),  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Zittau,  Saxony.  Aug.  16,  1795:  died  at  Han- 
nover, Dec.  14, 1861.  Anoted Gennan composer- 
He  was  joint  kapellmeister  with  Weber  and  Morlacchi  of 
the  opera  at  Dresden  (1S23-2C),  kapellmeister  of  the  Leip- 
sic  theater  (1827-31),  and  court  kapellmeister  at  Hannover 
after  the  last  date.  He  was  the  author  of  the  oi>eras  "Der 
VampjT  "  (1S2S),  "  Hans  Heiling  "  (1S33),  etc. 

Marsden  (miirz'den).  William,  Bom  at  Ver- 
val,  Ireland,  Nov.  16, 1754:  died  near  London, 
Oct.  6, 1836.  An  English  Orientalist  and  numis- 
matist. He  received  an  appointment  in  the  senice  of 
the  East  India  Company  at  Sumatra  in  1771.  In  1785  he 
returned  and  established  an  East  India  agency  in  Gower 
street,  London.  In  1801  he  was  made  first  secretarj-  of  the 
admiralty.  His  chief  works  are  "History  ol  Sumatra" 
(17S3),  "Dictionary  and  Grammar  of  the  Malayan  Lan- 
guage" (1812),  "Xumismata  illustrata  orientalia"'  (1S23- 
1S25).  He  presented  his  collection  of  3,447  Oriental  coins 
to  the  British  Museum. 

Marsdiep  (mars  -  dep').  A  strait  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, separating  the  island  of  Texel  from 
the  mainland. 

Marseillaise,  La  (la  mar-se-yaz').    A  popular 

French  patriotic  song.  The  words  and  music  are  by 
Claude  Joseph  Ronget  de  Lisle,  a  captain  of  engineers, 
and  were  composed  at  Strasbni^  in  a  fit  of  enthusiasm  on 
the  night  of  April  24, 1792.  It  was  first  called  "  Chant  de 
guerre  pour  Tarm^e  du  Rhin." 


Marseillaise,  La 

The  "Chant  de  guerre"  was  sung  in  Dietrich's  [the 
mayor's]  house  on  April  25,  copied  and  arranged  for  a  niili- 
tary  l)and  on  the  following  day,  and  pertornied  by  the  band 
of  the  Uarde  Nationale  at  a  review  on  Sunday,  the  ^Qth. 
l)n  June  25  a  singer  named  Mireur  sang  it  at  a  civic  ban- 
(|uet  at  Marseilles  with  so  much  effect  that  it  was  innue- 
liiiiii  Iv  printed  and  distributed  to  the  volunteers  of  the 
li;ilt:ili"n  just  starting  for  Pai-is.  They  entered  Paris  on 
July  M,  singing  their  new  hymn;  and  with  it  on  their  lips 
they  marched  to  the  attack  on  the  Tuileries  on  August 
in,  17:12.  From  that  day  the  "Chant  de  guerre  pour  I'ami^e 
du  Rhin  "  was  called  "  Chanson  "or  "  Chant  des  Marseil- 
lais, "and  finally  "La  Marseillaise."  The  " Marseillaise " 
has  often  been  made  use  of  by  composers.  Of  these,  two  may 
lie  cited  :  Salieri,  in  the  opening  chorus  of  his  opera  "  Pal- 
mira"  (1795),  and  Orison,  in  the  introduction  to  the  ora- 
torio "Esther"  (still  in  Ms.),  both  evidently  international. 
Schumann  uses  it  in  his  song  of  the  "  Two  Grenadiers" 
with  magnirtcent  effect;  and  also  introduces  it  in  his  over- 
ture to  "  Hermann  und  Dorothea." 

Grow,  Diet,  of  5Iusic,  II.  220. 

Marseilles  (mar-salz'),  F.  Marseille  (miir-say' ). 

[b.  Massilia,  Gr.  Manai/Ja.'\  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Bouehes-du-Ehone,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  in  hit.  43°  18'  N., 
i)U^.  .^■'  -4'  E.  It  is  the  second  city  and  the  principal 
seaport  of  l-Yance,  and  also  the  chief  seaport  of  the  Medi- 
t  crranean.  In  Europe  it  ranks  after  London,  Liverpool,  and 
Hamburg.  Its  commerce  is  with  Africa,  Italy,  the  Levant, 
the  Indies,  etc.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Messageries  ilari- 
tinies  and  other  steamer  lines.  Its  especial  trade  is  in 
ji  ain.  coffee,  hides,  silk,  wool,  and  oil-seeds.  The  leading 
innufacture  is  soap.  It  has  a  large  artificial  harbor.  The 
rbief  promenade  is  the  Prado.  Among  its  notable  build- 
ings are  the  .Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  the  bourse,  the  Palais  de 
Justice,  and  the  cathedral,  a  modern  building  by  Vandoyer, 
in  a  modified  Byzantine  style,  built  in  alternate  courses  of 
dark  and  light  stone.  The  Palais  de  Longchamp  is  a  fine 
modern  Renaissance  building,  forming  a  monumental  ter- 
mination to  the  great  Durance  aqueduct.  It  consists  of 
two  wings  which  contain  the  museums  of  painting  and  nat- 
ural hist*jry,  and  are  connected  by  a  colonnade  with  a  cen- 
tral pavilion  from  which  issues  a  beautiful  fountain  in  the 
form  of  a  cascade.  The  city  was  founded  by  Greek  colon- 
ists from  Phocaea  about  OOJ  B,  c. ;  became  an  important 
lionizing  and  commercial  center  in  southern  Gaul ;  was 
k-stroyed  by  the  Saracens,  and  rebuilt ;  was  ruled  by  vis- 
ruunts  ;  was  independent  for  a  short  time  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury ;  was  deprived  of  its  freedom  by  the  counts  of  Pro- 
vence ;  was  united  to  France  in  1481;  had  its  privileges 
taken  away  in  liiOO  ;  was  punished  for  its  royalist  princi- 
l)les  in  the  Uevolution ;  and  was  noted  in  1792  for  the 
march  of  its  volunteers  to  Paris  with  the  "  Marseillaise  " 
(which  see).  It  lias  fretiuently  suffered  from  epidemics. 
It  wasthcliirthplaccof  Thiers.  Population  (loni).  4'.14.76;i. 

Marsh  (niiirsh).  or  de  Marisco,  Adam.  Born 
probably  iu  Somerset :  died  about  12-57.  A  learn- 
ed English  Franciscan  monk.  Hewaseducated  at 
(•.vford,  and  later  taught  in  the  Franciscan  school  there. 
He  was  a  friend  of  Grosseteste  and  Simon  de  Montfort. 

Friar  Roger  Bacon,  a  writer  by  no  means  inclined  to  flat- 
U-r  the  memliers  of  his  own  order,  can  hardly  find  words 
strong  enough  to  express  his  admiration  of  his  friend  Adam 
ilarsh.  In  one  passage  he  classes  him  with  Solomon,  Aris 
t<itle,  Avicenna,  and  Grosseteste  as  "perfect  in  all  know- 
ledge "  ;  in  another  he  describes  Grosseteste  and  Marsh  as 
"  the  greatest  clerks  of  the  world,  and  men  perfect  in 
knowledge  divine  and  human. "  Some  of  the  letters  of  "  the 
IllustriousDoctor,"as  Marsh  was  formerly  styled,  have  been 
preserved,  and,  if  they  scarcely  w.arrant  the  high  enco. 
miuu]  of  Bacon,  they  are  at  least  interesting  records  of  an 
unselfish  and  honourable  life.  The  Oxford  friar  had  as  his 
two  chief  correspondents  Robert  Grosseteste.  the  cham- 
pion of  the  English  church,  and  Simon  de  Montfort,  the 
champion  of  the  English  jieople.  Lyt^,  Oxford,  p.  51. 

Marsh,  Mrs.  (Anne  Caldwell).  Boi-n  in  Staf- 
fordshire about  1798:  died  there,  Oct.,  1874.  An 
Rnfrlisli  novelist.  Among  her  works  arc  "Two  Old 
Men's  Tales  "  (184C),  "  Emilia  Wyndham '  (1.S40  and  1888), 
;ttul  "  Xonnan's  liritlge." 

Marsh,  George  Perkins.  Borti  at  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  Marcli  l.f,  1801 :  dicil  at  Vallonabrosa,  Italy, 
July  24,  1882.  An  Ajuerican  ))hilolot];ist,  diplo- 
matist, anil  Jiolitieian.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Vermont  1842-19;  and  United  States  minister  to  Tur- 
key 1849-63,  and  to  Italy  1801-82.  He  published  a  "Com- 
perulious  Grammar  of  the  Old  Northern  or  Icelandic  l.an- 
Kuag.-  "  (1838),  "The  Camel  "(185(i),  "  Lectures  on  tlir  Eng- 
lish l.:ingungc  "  (1801),  "  Origin  and  History  of  the  English 
Language  "  (1802),  "Man  and  Nature"  (1801:  revised  as 
■•The  Earth  as  Modified  by  Human  Action."  1874). 

Marsh,  Herbert.  Born  17.')7:  died  at  Peter- 
boronfjh,  England,  1839.  Bishop  of  Peterbor- 
ough. His  chief  work  is  a  translation  of  the  "Introduc- 
tion V)  the  .New  lestamcnt  '  by  .Michaelis  (1792-1801). 

Marsh,  Othniel  Charles.    Born  at  Lockport, 

N.  V..(lr|.  29,  1831 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
March  18,  1899.  A  distinguished  American 
paleontologist,  professor  at  Yale  UiLiversity 
18()(>-99.  Hii  special  study  was  th.-  extinct  vertebrates 
of  the  liiited  States.  His  «  orks  imlude  "  Odoutnrnilhes  : 
a  Miinograph  on  the  Extinct  Toothc-d  Birds o(  North  Amer- 
ica" (1880),  "  Dinocerata :  a  Monograph  on  an  Extinct 
Order  of  Gigantic  Mammals  "  (1881),  etc. 
Marshal  (milr'shal),  William.  Bom  about 
114(>:  died  at  Cavcrsham,  near  Reading,  .May 
14,  1219.  First  Karl  of  Peinliroke  and  Siriguil 
of  the  Marshal  line,  and  regent  of  England. 
When  King  Stephen  besieged  .Tohn  Marshal  at  Newbuiy 
in  1152.  William  was  made  hostage  for  his  father  at  the 
royal  court.  In  1170  he  was  placccl  by  Henry  II.  in  charge 
of  his  oldest  son,  Henry.  At  the  death  of  Henry  II.  ho 
served  Richard  I.  On  Richard's  death  Marshal  declared 
for  John.    He  was  present  at  Runnymede,  June  15,  1215. 


659 

John  died  Oct.  19,  1216,  and  on  Nov.  11, 1216,  Marshal  was 
clKisen  regent. 

Marshal  Forwards.    -V  nickname  of  BHicher. 

Marshall  (milr'shal).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
(jallionn  County,  southern  Michigan,  situated 
on  the  Kalamazoo  100  miles  west  of  Detroit. 
Population  (1900),  4,370. 

Marshall.  -V  city  aiui  the  capital  of  Han-ison 
County,  oastern  Texas,  situated  about  24o  miles 
nortlieast  of  Austin.     Population  i  I90II  i.  7.S;")ri. 

Marshall,  Humphrey.  Born  in  Kentucky,  Jan. 
13.  1812:  died  at  Louis\-iUe,  Ky.,  March  28, 
1872.  An  -Vmerican  politicia.n  and  soldier.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1849-52  and  1855- 
18.59;  United  States  commissioner  to  China  1852-53  ;  and 
later  a  (Confederate  general  and  member  of  Congress. 

Marshall,  John.  Born  in  Fauquier  County,  Va., 
Sept.  24,  1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  6. 
1835.  A  celebrated  American  jurist.  He  served 
in  the  Revolutionary  War;  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
convention  to  ratify  the  constitution  in  1788 ;  was  a  United 
States  envoy  to  Erance  1797-93 ;  was  a  member  of  Ctui- 
gressfrf>m  Virginia  1799-1800 ;  was  secretary  of  state  1800- 
1801 ;  and  was  chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  1801-3.5.  He  published  a  "  Life  of  Washington  "  (6 
vols.  1804-07),  the  first  volume  of  which  was  published 
separately  under  the  title  of  "  A  History  of  the  American 
Colonies  "  (1824). 

Marshall,  John.  Born  at  El  v,  Cambridgeshire, 
Sept.  11,  1818:  died  Jan.  1,  1891.  An  English 
anatomist  and  surgeon.  In  1838  he  entered  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  and  in  1844  was  admitted  a  member, 
and  on  Dec.  7,  1849,  a  fellow,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  sur- 
gery at  University  College  iu  1800,  and  of  anatomy  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1873.  In  1883  he  became  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

Marshall,  William.  Floui-ished  1630-50.  An 
English  engraver.  He  engraved  portraits  of 
Donne,  Milton,  Shakspere,  Baeon,  and  Charles 
I.  on  horseback. 

Marshall,  William  Calder.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh. 1813:  died  Jtuie  16,  1894.  A  Scottish 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  "Sabrina,"a  statue  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel  (in  Manchester),  decorations  in  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  and  St.  Paul's,  etc. 

Marshall,  Gent.,  William.    The  pseudonym 

under  which  Horace  Walpole  wrote  "  The  Cas- 
tle of  Utrauto." 

Marshall  Islands.  An  archipelago  of  atolls 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  under  German  protection 
since  1885,  situated  about  lat.  5°-12°  N.,  long. 
161^-172°  E.  It  comprises  two  main  groups,  Ralik  and 
Ratak.  They  were  discovered  by  Saiivedra  in  1529,  and 
explored  by  Marshall  and  Gilbert  in  1788.  Area  (with 
Brown  and  Providence  Islands),  about  150  square  miles. 
Population,  about  15,000. 

Marshall  Pass.  A  noted  pass  in  the  Cordil- 
leras of  Colorado,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Gun- 
nison. It  is  traversed  by  a  railway.  Height, 
10,841  feet. 

Marshalltown  (milr'shal-toun).  A  city,  capi- 
tal of  Marshall  Coimty,  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Iowa  River  48  miles  northeast  of  Des  Moines. 
Populatiou(1900),  n..-)44. 

Marshalsea  (miir'shal-se)  Prison.  A  prison  in 
Southwark,  London,  used  latterly  for  debtors, 
and  aljoli.shed  iu  1849.  "This  prison  was  used  for 
persons  guilty  of  offences  on  the  high  seas,  or  within  the 
precincts  of  the  court.  The  marshal  of  this  prison  was 
seized  and  beheaded  by  the  rebels  under  W'at  Tyler  in 
1381.  ('onnccted  with  the  pri-son  was  tlu'  Marshalsea 
Court,  tlie  seat  ('si^ge')  of  the  marshal  cf  the  king's  house- 
hold, '  to  decide  differences  and  to  punisli  criminals  within 
the  royal  palace,  or  on  the  verge  thereof,  which  extended 
to  twelve  miles  lu-ound  it.'  This  court  was  uidted  with 
that  of  Queen's  Bench  in  1842."    Ilnre,  London,  I.  465. 

Marshman  (miirsh'man),  John  Clark.  Born 
Aug.,  1791:  died  at  Loudon,  July  8,  1877.  An 
English  historian,  son  of  Joshua  ilarshnian 
(1768-1837).  He  went  to  Serampore  with  his  father  in 
1800.  He  started  the  first  i>:ijK-r.mill  in  India,  and  estalj- 
lished  the  Scramju're  CoUrge  for  the  educatit)n  of  the  na- 
tives. He  returned  ti'  England  in  1852.  He  was  a  secular 
bishop  for  20  years.  His  chief  works  are  a  "  Dictionary  of 
the  Bengalee  Langujjge,"  abridged  from  f'arey's  diction- 
ary (1827),  "  History  of  India  fnun  Remote  .\ntii|uity  U> 
the  Accession  of  the  Mogul  Dynasty  "  (1842),  "  Memoirs  of 
Major-deneml  Sir  Henry  Havclock  "  (18r,0). 

Marshman  (miirsh'man),  Joshua.  Bom  at 
Westbury  Leigh,  Wiltshire,  England,  April  20, 
17G8:  died  at  Serampore,  Bengal,  India,  Dec. 
.5,  1837.     An  English  Baptist  missionary  and 

'  Orioiitalist,  originally  a  weaver  by  trade.  He 
was  missionary  at  Serampore  179i>-1837,  and  published 
"  The  Works  of  Ckinfiicius  "  (1811),  "  ElemcnU  of  chineso 
ilrannnar,"  etc. 

Marsi  (miir'si).  [!'•  (Tacitus)  Mami,  Or.  (Stra- 
bo)  .\Ii//imj(.]  A  Gerniati  tribe  tirst  mentioned 
by  SIriibo.  They  look  ])art  in  the  uprising  under  Ar. 
m'inius,  but  disappear  after  the  camituigiisof  (iermaideus. 
They  were  probably  u  part  of  the  .Sygmnbri.  whom  they 
adjillned  on  the  southeast,  west  of  the  Clierusci  ami 
Chattl. 

Marsic  (miir'sik).  [Ar.,  perliaps  modi  tied  from 
marfiq  or  marfaq,  the  elbow.]     The  fifth-mag- 


Martaban,  Gulf  of 

nitude  double  star  k  Herculis,  situated  in  the 
right  elbow  of  the  giant  as  usually  drawn. 

MarsiCO  NUO'70  (miir'se-ko  u6-6'v6).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Potenza,  southern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Agri  20  miles  south  of  Potenza. 

Marsic  War.    See  Social  War. 

Marsigli  (miir-serye).  Count  Luigi  Ferdi- 
nando.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  June  10,  1658 : 
dieii  there,  Nov.  1,  1730.  An  Italian  soldier, 
naturalist,  and  geographer.  He  was  in  the  .Austrian 
military  service,  and  for  the  surrender  of  the  fortress  of 
Altbrcisach  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  was 
degraded  by  a  court  martial.  He  wrote  a  "  Physical  His- 
tory of  the  Sea"  (1711),  "  Danubius  Pannonico-ilysicua, 
cum  observationilms  geographicis  "  (1726),  "  Stato  militare 
dell'  imperio  ( Ittomano  "  (1732). 

Marsiglio  (mjir-seryo),  or  Marsirio,  or  Mar- 
silius,  etc.  A  Saracen  king  in  the  Carolingian 
i-ych'  <jf  romance. 

Marsi'7an  (miir-se-van').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Sivas,  Asia  Minor,  25  miles 
northwest  of  Amasia.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Mars-la-Tour(m;irs'lii-tor').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Meurtlie-et-Moselle,  France,  14 
miles  west  of  Metz.  For  the  battle  of  Aug.  16, 
1870.  see  J'ioiiviUe. 

Marston  (mars'ton),  John.  Bom  about  1575: 
died  at  London,  June  25,  1634.  An  English 
dramatist,  satirist,  and  divine.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Brasenose  College)  in  1594,  and  was  rector  of 
Cluistchurch,  Hampshire,  1616-31.  giving  up  writing  for 
the  stage  after  his  appointment.  He  was  involved  in  the 
endless  (luarrels  with  Jonson  and  Dekker  referred  to  in 
their  plays  and  his  ;  and  also  attacked  Joseph  Hall  in  his 
satires,  in  reply  loan  assatllt  in  Hall's  "  Virgidemia?."  He 
wrote  ■'  The  Metamorphosis  of  Pygmalion's  Image,"  a 
poem  (1598),  "The  Scourge  of  Villanie,"  three  books  of 
satires  (1598).  Among  his  plavs  are  "History  of  Antonio 
and  Mellida"  (1002),  "The  Malcontent"  (1604),  "East- 
ward Ho.  "  with  Jonson  and  Chapman  (1605),  "The  Dutch 
Courtezan"  (160.5),  "  Parasitaster,  or  the  Fawn"  (1606X 
"The  Wonder  of  Women,  or  the  Tragedy  of  Sophonisba *' 
(1607),  "The  Insatiate  Countess,"  also  attributed  to  W. 
Bai  ksteed  (1613).  He  also  wrote  parts  of  "  Histriomastii " 
nolo)  and  "  .lack  Drum's  Entert-ainment "  (1016). 

Marston,  John  Westland.     Bora  at  Boston, 

Lincolnshire,  Jan.  30,  1819:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  5,  1890.  An  English  dramatist.  In  1S34  he 
entered  the  ollice  of  his  uncle,  a  London  solicitor.  He  was 
closely  associated  with  a  group  of  mystics  corresponding 
somewhat  to  the  Transcendentiilists  of  New  Englaml.  He 
wrote  "  The  Patrician's  Daughter  "  (performed  Dec. ,  1842), 
"Strathmore"(1849),"MariedeM6ranie  '  .1860), "  A  Life's 
Riinsom  "  (1857), ' 'A  Hard  Struggle  "  (lS.i8),  "  Donna  Diana," 
his  best  play  (1863),  "  The  Favourite  of  Fortune  "  (1860). 
He  contributed  much  poetical  criticism  to  the  "Athe- 
naeum," including  a  review  of  "  Atalanta  in  Calydon."  In 
1888  appeared  "Our  Recent  .\ctors "  and  "Recollections 
of  Late  Distinguished  Performers  of  both  Sexes.''  Some 
of  his  smaller  poems  were  very  successful,  especially  that 
on  the  charge  of  Balaklava. 

Marston,  Philip  Bourke.    Bom  at  London. 

Aug.  13,  18.-)0:  died  Feb.  13, 1887.  An  English 
poet,  .son  of  John  Westland  Marston.  From  his 
youth  he  was  almost  totally  blind.  He  published  "  Song- 
tiiic,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1871),  "  All  in  All "  (1875),  and 
"  Wind  Voices  "  (lS8;i).  After  liis  death  appeared  "  For  a 
Song's  Sake,  and  Other  Stories  "  (1887),  "  Garden  Secrets  " 
(1887),  and  "A  Last  Harvest"  ps91).  His  "Collected 
Poems  "  were  edited  by  Mrs.  Louise  Chandler  iloulton  in 
1802. 

Marston  Moor.  A  plain  in  Yorkshire.  Eng- 
land, 8  miles  wist-northwest  of  York.  Here.July 
2,  1644,  the  I'arliaHHiitary  forces  and  Scots  (about  24,001^ 
under  the  I'airfa.ves,  Levcn,  Cromwell,  and  Alanchestcr  de- 
feated the  Uiiyalists  (aliout  22,0iKl)  under  Prince  Rupert. 

Marstrand  (miir'striind).  Vilhelm.    Born  at 

("opcMiliagrii.Dec.  24.1810:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
March  2."),  1S73.  A  Danish  painter  of  historical 
anil  geniv  subjects.  Ho  was  professor  at  the 
Academv  of  Copenhagen  from  1848,  and  its  di- 
rect.n-  1853-59.     * 

Marsus  (miir'sus). DomitiUS.  Born  .54  (f )  B.  C. : 
died  4(f)  B.  C.  A  K'lmiaii  poet  of  the  Augustan 
age,  author  of  a  eoUoction  of  epigrams  ("Ci- 
cuta'')  and  comic  tales,  a  work  on  oratory,  an 
epic  ("  Auiiizonis'').  and  erotic  elegies.  He 
wiis  noted  for  the  severity  of  his  satire. 

Marsyas(miir'si-as).  [Gr.  Mnpai'of.]  In  Greek 
mythology, sPhrygian(in  someaccounts  a  pens- 
ant,  and  in  others  a  satyr)  defeated  by  -VpoUo 
in  a  musical  contest.  According  to  the  myth,  MaisyM 
picked  up  the  Ihlte  of  Athene,  which  the  goildess  had 
thrown  away  in  disgust  on  seeing,  from  the  reflect  ion  of  her 
face  in  water,  how  jdaying  distorted  her  features,  and 
found  that  when  he  blew  it  beautiful  strains  came  forth 
from  it  of  their  own  accord,  lie  challenged  Apollo  to  n 
combat,  llute  against  lyre,  and  only  when  he  added  Ills 
voice  to  his  Inst  runn'Ut  was  the  god  declared  victor  by  the 
umpires,  the  Muses  (or,  in  some  accounts,  the  Nysieans). 
For  his  presumption  Apidlo  llayi-d  him  alive.  Chancer.  In 
Ills  "  House  of  Fame,"  makes  Marsyas  a  woman,  .Marcia. 

Martaban  (ii>'''"-tft-''''"')-  -^  stnall  town  and 
fcUMuer  fortress  in  Hritish  Burma,  opposite 
Maulmaiu:  the  medieval  capital  of  Pegu.  It  was 
Btornuil  and  taken  by  the  British  Oct.  29,1825.  and  April 
15,  ls.52. 

Martaban,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, west  of  Burma,  in  about  lat.  16°  N. 


Martano 


660 


Martano  (miir-ta'Do).  A  character  in  Ariosto's  Martin  Ily  or  Marinus  I.    Pope  883-884. 
•Orlaudo  Furioso,"  evidently  the  original  of  Martin  III.,  or  Marinus  II.     Pope  942-946, 


Spenser's  Braggadocchio. 

Martel,  Charles.     See  Charles  ilartel. 

Martel  (miir-ter),  Louis  Joseph.  Bom  at  St.- 
Omer,  Sept.  15,  1813:  died  at  Evreus,  March  4. 
1892.  A  French  politician.  He  was  a  member  of 
t  be  Leidslative  Assembly  iu  1849;  was  el  acted  member  of  the 
legislative  bodies  ill  18tj3and  1869;  and  was  a  member  and 
vice-president  of  the  National  Assembly  (1871),  in  which  he 
belonged  to  the  left  center.  He  became  a  life  senator  in 
1875;  was  minister  of  justice  Dec,  1876,-May,  1877;  and 
was  president  of  the  Senate  in  1879. 

Mattel  de  Janville  (mar-tel'  de  zhon-vel'}.  Si- 

bylle  Gabrielle  Marie  Antoinette  de  Ri- 
quetti  de  Miraheau,  Comtesse  de.  Born  at 
the  Chateau  de  Koetsal,  Morbiban,  about  1850. 
A  French  writer,  known  under  her  pseudonym 
*'  G\'p.''  She  has  wTitten  for  "  La  Vie  Parisienne,"  and 
more  recently  for  "La  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes."  She 
has  created  several  well-known  types  (notably  Paulette, 
Loulou,  and  le  petit  Bob),  which  appear  in  her  sketches 


Martin  IV.  (Simon  de  Brion).  Born  in  France 
about  1210:  died  at  Peragia,  Italv,  March,  1285. 
Pope  12Sl-«5. 

Martin  V.  (family  name  Colonna).  Died  Feb. 
20,  1431.  Pope  1417-31.  He  was  elected  by  the 
Council  of  Constance  after  the  deposition  of  John  XXIU., 
Gregory  XII.,  and  Benedict  XIII. 

Martin,  Alexander.  Born  in  New  Jersey  about 
1740:  died  at  Danbury,  N.  C,  Nov.,  1807.  An 
American  politician  and  Revolutionary  officer. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina  in  1782 ;  was  re- 
elected in  17S9 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1787;  and  served  in  the  United  States  Senate 
1793-9;l. 

Martin,  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Worplesdon,  Sur- 
rey, 1704 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  9,  1782.  An 
English  mathematician  and  instrument-maker. 
He  \vrote  "Bibliotheca  Technologica  "  (1737),  an  ''English 
Dictionary"  (1749),  "Slartin's  ilagazine  "  (17.')5),  "Mathe- 
matical Institutions"  (1759-1>4),  etc 


and  have  given  titles  to  several  of  her  books.   Among  the  Martin  (miir-tan'),  Bon  Louis  Henri.    Bom  at 
latter  are  •'.^utour  du  mariage  "  (1883 :  dramatized  in  the     st.-Quentin,  Aisne,  Feb.  20, 1810:  died  at  Paris, 


same  year  with  M.  Cr^mieux),  "Ce  que  femme  veut 
(1883),  "Sans  voiles"  (1S85),  "Autonr  du  divorce"  (1886), 
"Bob  au  salon,"  with  illustrations  by  "Bob"  (1888-90), 
*'C'est  nous  qui   sont  I'histoire"  (1890),  "Passionette" 
(1891),  etc. 

Martens  (mar'tens"),  Georg  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  HamlMu-g,  Feb.  22, 175G:  diedatFrank- 
fort-on-the-Main,Feb.  21. 1821.  AGermanpiib- 
lieist  and  diplomatist.  He  became  professor  of  law 
at  Gbttiiif^en  in  1784.  His  chief  work  is ''  Recueil  destrait^s  " 
(2d  ed.  1817-85). 

Martens  (miir'tens).  Baron  Karl  VOn.  Born 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  1790 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, March  28,  1863.  A  German  diplomatist, 
nephew  of  G.  F.  von  Martens.  He  wrote 
"  Guide  diplomatique"  {5th  ed.  1866),  etc. 

Martensen(mar'ten-sen),  Hans  Lassen.  Bom 
Aug.  19, 1808  :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  4, 1884. 
A  Danish  theologian.  He  became  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  Copenhagen  in  1840,  court  preacher  in  1S45,  and 
bishop  of  Zealand  in  18,S4. 

Martext  (mar'tekst),  Sir  Oliver. 
spore's  comedy  "As  you  Like  it," 


Dec.  14, 1883.  AneminentFrenchhistorian.  He 
studied  for  the  bar  and  servedas  clerk  in  a  law  office  in  Pai'is. 
Through  a  happy  concourse  of  circumstances,  he  was  led  to 
concentrate  his  energies  on  a  "Histoire  de  France  par  les 
principauxhistoriens  "(1834-36),  which  ismerely  a  sequence 
of  excerpts  from  the  works  of  leading  chroniclers  and  his- 
torians. Next  he  undertook  a  "Histoire  do  France"  on 
his  own  account,  and  the  results  of  his  arduous  and  patient 
investigations  wxre  published  in  19  volumes  (1837-54).  Im- 
mediately on  completion  of  this  task,  Martin  revised  and 
enlarged  his  work,  and  replaced  the  original  publication 
by  a  new  edition  in  16  volumes  (1S55-60).  Besides  his 
early  writings  and  his  numerous  contributions  to  periodi- 
cals, he  published  "Minuit  et  Midi"(lS32X  "Histoire  de 
Soissons"  (1837),  "De  la  France,  de  son  g^nie  et  de  ses 
destinies  "(1847),"  Daniel  Manin"  (1859),  "L'Unit^italienne 
et  la  France"  (1861),  "Jean  Eeynaud"  (1863),  "Pologne  et 
Moscovie  "  (1863),  a  heroic  drama  "^'ercingetorix"  (1865), 
"La  Russie  d'Europe"  (1866),  "Histoire  de  France  popu- 
laire"  (1867-75),  "Etudes  d'archSologie  celtique"  (1871), 
and  "Napoleon  et  les  f ronti^res  de  la  France  "  (1874).  He 
served  his  country  in  various  political  capacities,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  .\cademy  in  1S7S, 

In  Shak-  Martin,  Frangois  Xavier.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
a  country    March  17, 1764:  died  at  New  Orleans,  Dec,  1846. 


curate.    The  title  Sir  was  a  pontifical  style  sold  by  the     -An  American  jurist.    He  was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
legates  of  the  Pope  to  those  clergjiuen  who  could  pay     Court  of  Louisiana  1815-46.    He  published  a  history  of 
for  it,  and  was  frequently  bestowed  on  parsons  by  the  old      North  Carolina  (1829)  and  of  Louisiana  (1827). 
dramatists.     Martext  was  perhaps  a  satirical  name  forone  Martin  (mar'tin),  Homei  D.     Born  at  Albany, 
whose  style  was  rustic  and  unlearned.    Furmss.  j,j,  y.,  Oct.,  1836  :  died  at  St.  Paul.  Minn.,  Feb. 

Martha  (mar'thii).     [Aramean,  '  lady ' ;  It.  Sp.     12.1897.     An  American  landscape-painter.    He 
ilarta,  Pg.  Martha,  F.  Mnrthe.'\     One  of  the     was  elected  national  academician  in  1875. 
adherents  of  Jesus,  sister  of  Mary  and  Lazarus,  Martin(mar'tin),  John.  BornatHaydonBridge, 
whose  house  in  Bethany  Jesus  often  visited,     near  Hexham,  Northumberland,  July  19,  1789: 


A  later  tradition  makes  her  come  with  her  brother  Laza- 
rus to  the  south  of  France.    She  is  the  patron  saint  of 
good  housewives. 
Martha.     An  opera  by  Flotow,  first  produced 
at  Yieima  in  1847. 


died  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  Feb.  17, 1854.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter  and  engi'aver.  His  chief 
works  are  "Belshazzar's  Feast"  (1821),  "The  Fall  of  Nine- 
veh"(1833).  "The  Deluge"  (1837),  "The  LastMan"  (1839), 
and  "The  Eve  of  the  Deluge"  (1840). 


Martha's  Vineyard  (mar'thiiz  vin'yard).     An  Martin,  Luther.  Born  at  New  Brunswick,  N.J. 


island  southeast  of  Massachusetts,  to  which  it 
belongs,  forming  the  chief  part  of  Dukes  Coun- 
ty. It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  Vineyard  Sound 
(about  5  miles  wide),  and  is  a  summer  resort.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Gosnold  in  1602,  and  was  named  by  him. 
Length,  21  miles. 

Martial  (mar'shial)  (Marcus  Valerius  Mar- 
tialis).  Born  at'Bilbilis,  Spain,  43  A.  D. :  died 
in  Spain  about  104.     A  Latin  poet,  author  of 


1744:  cUed  at  New  York,  July  10,  1826.  An 
American  lawyer.  He  was  attorney-general  of  Mary- 
land 177S-1S05,  and  in  1787  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  I'nited  States  Constitution.  He  left 
the  convention  to  avoid  signing  the  Constitution.  He  was 
reappointed  attorney-general  in  1818,  but  two  years  later 
was  disabled  by  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  In  1822  the  legisla- 
ture of  Maryla'nd  passed  an  act  requiring  every  la\vj-er  in 
the  State  to  pay  annually  a  license  fee  of  $5.00  for  the  bene- 
fit of  Luther  Martin. 


14  books  of  epigrams.    He  resided  chiefly  at  Martin,  Mary  Letitia  (Mrs.  Bell).    Bom  at 


Rome.     Little  is  known  of  his  life. 

Martial  Maid,  The.     See  Lores  Cure. 

Martigny  (mar-ten-ye'),  G.  Martinach  (mar'- 
te-naeli),  Roman  OctodUTUm.  -A.  town  in  the 
canton  of  Yalais,  Switzerland,  situated  near  the 


BalUnahinch  Castle,  Coimtv  Galwav.  Ireland, 
Aug.  28,  1815:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  7,  1850. 
A  British  novelist,  known  as  'Mis.  Bell  Martin 
and  the  "Princess  of  Connemara."  Her  chief 
work  is  "  Julia  Howard  :  a  Romance  "  (1850) 


Rhone  in  lat.  46°  7'  N.,  long.  7°  4'  E.    It  con-  Martin,  Sir  Theodore.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 1816. 

tains  the  communes  Martigny- Ville,  Martigny-Bourg,  and     A  British  author.     He  settled  in  London  as  a  parlia- 

Martigny-Combe,  and  is  a  tourist  center.  mentary  agent  in  1846.  He  has  translated  "  Poems  and  Bal- 

Martigues  (mar-teg' ) ,  Les.     A  town  in  the  de-     lads  of  Goethe  "  (185s),  Horace's  odes  (1860),  Catullus  (1861), 

partment  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situ-     I>^!''«'?, "  "^l'?  •?"''7?,1'  ^i^'^^'  ?"''""'?.. ',',I?."o„"  ',^¥?.*- 

4.  J        tu„  i?t ,i„  13 „  10  „!i„..  •i^.HiT.-not     and  written  "Life  of  the  Prince  Consort    (1874-80),  "Life 

ated  on  the  Etang  de  Berre  18  miles  northwest    of  Lord  Lvndburst "  (18-3),  etc 

of  Marseilles.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  a  small  Martin,  Sir  Thomas  Byam.  Born  Julv  25, 
principality.  Population  (1891),  commune,  1773.  jigd  at  Portsmouth,  Oct.  21,  18;54."  An 
5,918.  English  admiral.     As  commander  of  the  Fisgard  he 

Martin   fmar'tm),   Samt.       [LL.   Marfinus,   of     captured  the  Immortality  off  Brest,  Oct.  20,  1798 ;  in  ISO8 
Mars,  or  little  Mars.]     Born  at  Sabaria,  Pan-     and  I809  he  served  in  the  Baltic.    He  was  made  rear-ad- 
nonia,  about  316:    died  about  397  (400?).      A     miral  in  I8II,  vice-admiral  in  I819,  and  admiral  in  1849. 
saint  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Chm-ch.    He  became  Martin,  Sir  'William.     Born  at  Birmingham, 
bishop  of  Tours  about  371.    He  founded  the  famous  moii-     1807 :  died  at  Torquay,  Nov.  8,  1880.     An  Eng- 


astery  of  Marraontier.    His  festival  in  the  Roman  and 

Anglican  churches  is  Nov.  11.    Martinmas  is  the  name 

given  to  the  day  in  England :  it  is  the  time  when  cattle  are 

killed  forwinter  use,  and  new  wine  is  drawn  from  the  lees 

jind  tasted.    The  celebration  was  common  over  most  of 

Christendom,  and,  being  a  somewhat  jovial  occasion,  St. 

ilartin  became  a  very  popular  saint,  the  patron  saint  of     ns7V;-78r 

tiublioans  and  tavern-keepers,  the  beggars  being  taken  lOrov+ino  CmSii,  tp'-nn) 

from  him  and  given  to  St  Giles.    Chambers.  maruna  (mai-te  na^ 


lish  scholar  and  jurist.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
(St.  John's  College)  in  1826,  and  was  made  fellow  in  1831. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1830,  and  was  made  chief  justice 
of  New  Zealand  in  1841,  resigning  in  1857.  In  New  Zealand 
he  defended  the  rights  of  the  natives.  Hepublished  "In- 
quiries concerning  the  Structure  of  the  Semitic  Languages  " 

A  town  in  southeastern 


Martin.    In  Dryden's  "Hind  and  Panther,"  the  ]i'^^^i;atr\Tcltir-'tl'^:frang'ka^    Atown 

Lutheran  party  in  the  province  of  Lecee,  Italv,  34  miles  west 

^^^^'^ V-?"'^  ""  ^^^  ^?I?   «     ?^  1.   '  ,T     !"•  DOrth  of  Brindisi.     Population  (1881),  com- 
Pope  649-6.>3.    He  condemned  the  Monothelites  at  the       :      „    iq  q=iT 

Lateran  Synod  of  &t9,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  de-  „     ".'  V.^       '  ■,        ..,.„•.%         .  1   -u 

posed  by  the  emperor  Constans  II.  Martin  ChuZZlCWlt  (chuz  1-wit).     A  novel  hy 


Martini,  Giovanni  Battista 

Dickens,  produced  in  20  monthly  parts,  the  first 
coming  out  in  1843.  it  was  published  in  one  volume 
in  1844,  and  in  Dickens's  own  words  was  intended  "to  show 
how  selfishness  propagates  itself,  and  to  what  a  grim  giant 
it  may  grow  from  small  beginnings."    See  ChvzdewU. 

Martin  de  Moussy  (mar-tan'  de  mo-se'),  Jean 
Antoine  Victor.  Bom  at  Moussv-le-Vieux, 
June  26,  1^10:  died  near  Paris,  March  26.  1869. 
A  French  physician  and  traveler.  He  established 
himself  at  Montevideo  in  1842,  and  from  1855  to  1859  made 
extensive  explorations  of  the  Argentine  provinces  under 
the  auspices  of  the  government.  The  results  were  pul>. 
lished  as  "Description  geographique  et  statistique  de  U 
Confederation  Argentine"  (Paris,  3  vols,  and  atlas,  1860- 
1864),  and  in  various  scientific  papei-s. 

Martine  (mar-ten').  The  wife  of  Sganarelle 
in  Moliere's  "  Le  m6decin  malgre  lui." 

Martineau  (mar'ti-no),  Harriet.  Born  at  Nor- 
wich, Juno  12,  1802:  died  at  Clappersgate,  near 
Ambleside,  Westmoreland,  June  27,  1876.  A 
noted  English  author,  sister  of  Dr.  James  Mar- 
tineau. At  the  age  of  16  she  became  very  deaf,  and  she 
never  possessed  the  senses  of  taste  and  smell.  In  1820  she 
became  interested  in  the  writings  of  Hartley  and  Priestley, 
who  exerted  a  strong  intiueiice  upon  her  philosophical 
and  religious  beliefs.  Her  first  literary  success  was  witli 
a  series  of  stories  illustrating  the  political  economy  of  Mai- 
thus,  Ricardo,  and  James  Mill  (1832).  In  18S4  she  visited 
America  and  assisted  the  abolitionists.  Among  her  w  orks 
are  "The  Essential  Faith  of  the  Universal  Church,"  "The 
Faith  as  Unfolded  l)y  Many  Prophets."  "  Providence  &Iani* 
fested  througli  Israel"  (these  were  prize  essays  published 
by  the  Unitarian  Society);  "Society  in  Ame'rica '*  (1836), 
"Retrospect  of  Western  Travel"  (1838).  "Deerbrook."  a 
novel  (1839),  "Forest  and  Game-Law  Tales"  (1845),  "His- 
tor>'  of  England  during  the  Thirty  Years'  Peace"  (written 
forCh.irles  Knight,  1848).  "The  Pliilosophyof  Comte,  freely 
translated  and  condensed  "(18.53).  "  British  Rule  in  India 
(1857X  "  The  Endowed  Schoolsof  Ireland  "(1859),  "Health, 
Husbandry,  and  Handicraft''  (1861),  etc.  Her  autobiog. 
raplly  was  edited  by  Maria  Weston  Chapman  in  1877. 

Martineau,  James.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
April  21,  1805:  died  at  London,  Jan.  11,  1900. 
Au  English  Unitarian  clergyman.  He  removed 
to  London  in  1S57,  and  was  principal  of  Manchester  New 
College  1868-85.  He  was  the  author  of  "Endeavours 
after  the  Christian  Life  "  (1843-47),  "  Miscellanies  "  (1852), 
"Studies  of  Christianity"  (18.58).  "Essays"  (1866),  "A 
'Word  for  Scientific  Theology"  (1868),  "Religion  as  Af- 
fected by  Modem  Materialism  "(1874),  "  Modern  Material- 
ism, etc." (1876),  "The  Relation  between  Ethics  and  Reli- 
gion "  (1881),  "  A  Study  of  Spinoza  "  (1882),  "  Types  of  Ethi- 
cal Theory  "(1885),  "A  Study  of  Religion,  etc."  (1888),  "The 
Seat  of  Authority  in  Religion  "  (1890X  etc. 

Martinestje,  orMartinesti  (mar-te-nes'te).  A 
village  in  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Rimnik 
about  37  miles  west  of  Galatz.  Here,  Sept.  22, 1789^ 
the  allied  Austriansand  Hussians  under  Suvaroff  defeated 
the  Turks. 

Martinet  (mar-te-na').  AchiUe  Louis.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1806:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  11, 
1877.     A  French  engi-aver. 

Martinez  (mar-te'neth).  Enrico.  Bom  eitherin 
Holland  or  in  Andalusia,  about  1570:  died  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  1632.  An  engineer  who, 
from  1607,  was  engaged  in  works  for  the  drain- 
age of  the  Mexican  lake.  He  wrote  a  work  on 
New  Spain. 

Martinez  (mar-te'neth),  Tomas.  Bom  in  Leon 
about  1812:  died  at  Managua,  March  12,  1873. 
A  Nicaraguan  general  and  statesman.  He  fought 
against  Walker  1856-57 ;  governed  Nicaragua  conjointly 
with  Jerez,  June-Oct.,  1857 :  commanded  the  .army  againw 
Costa  Kica;  and  was  president  Nov.  15,  lS57,-March  1, 
1867.  This  period  was  the  most  prosperous  in  the  history 
of  the  republic.  From  Sept.,  1862,  to  May,  1803,  Niciu-agoa 
and  Guatemala  were  engaged  in  a  war  with  Honduras  and 
Salvador,  in  which  the  latter  were  victorious. 

Martinez  Campos  (kam'pos),  Arsenio.  Bom 
Dec.  14.  1834:  died  Sept.  23,  1900.  A  Spanish 
general  and  politician.  He  served  with  distinction 
ill  Spain  against  the  Caiiists,  and  in  Cuba;  was  premier 
for  a  time  in  1879  ;  and  in  18S1  with  Sefior  Sagasta  formed 
a  cabinet  which  was  in  power  until  1883.  In  1895  he  wa« 
charged  with  the  suppressinn  of  the  Cuban  insurrection. 

Martinez  de  la  Rosa  (da  laro'sa),  Francisco. 
Born  at  Granada.  Spain,  March  10,  1789:  died 
at  Madrid.  Feb.  7,  1862.  A  Spanish  statesman 
and  man  of  letters.  He  was  premier  1820-23  and  1834- 
1835,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  aS^irs  1844-46.  Alnong 
his  works  are  "Edipo,"  "La  Conjuracionde  Venecia," and 
"La  liija  en  casa  v  la  madre  en  la  mascara." 

Martinez  de  Rozas  (ro'ziis),  Juan.    Born  at 

Mendoza  (then  in  Chile,  now  in  Argentina ),  1759: 
died  there,  March  3. 1813.  A  Chilean  patriot. 
He  was  intendente  of  Concepcion,  and  acquired  great  influ- 
ence in  the  south  of  Chile.  Appointed  secretary  of  the 
captain-general  Carrasco  in  1808,  he  virtually  controlled 
his  policy,  preparing  the  way  for  the  revolution.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  first  revolutionarj'  junta  (Sept.,  1>10,- 
July,  1811)  and  its  leading  spirit,  but  the  intrigues  of  Cai- 
rera  eventually  gave  that  leader  the  ascendancy,  and  in 
1812  Rozas  was  banished. 

Martini(mar-te '  ne ) ,  Giovanni  Battista  (ealle(i 
Padre  Martini).  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  April 
25.  1706:  died  at  Bologna,  Aug.  4  (?),  1784,  A 
Franciscan  monk,  noted  as  a  writer  on  music. 
His  principal  works  are  "Storia  della  musica"  (1757-31  j 
3  vols,  on  the  history  of  music),  "  Saggio  di  contrapunto 
("Essay  on  Counterpoint,"  1774-76). 


Martini,  Simone 

Martini,  Simone,  <>r  Simone  di  Martino :  in- 

.■oirectlv  Simone  Memmi.      Bom   at   Siena, 

Italy,  l-'>*3:  diedatAvisunii,  France,  1344.    Au 

Italian  painter,  of  the  Sit-uese  sehool. 
Martinique   (mar-ti-nek').     An  island  of  the 

Lcssfi-   Antilles,  West    Indies,   belonging    to     ..,^^,„.„ 

France,  situated  south  of  Dominica  and  north     j,,g  ,,,,5,1 

of  St.  Lueia,  audintei-sectedbylat.  14°40'N.,     lished  lei 

lonf  Gl°  10'  W.    Capital,  Fort  dc  France ;  chief  Martyrdom  of  St.  Greorge,    A  picture  by  Paolo 


Braida.  in  Verona. 


port,  St. -Pierre.     The  surface  is  mountainous.     The 
leading  product  is  sugar.    The  inhabitants  aie  chiefly  ne-     j^.,^  (iiiir:rio  in 

irroes  and  half-castes.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  .,,,„.  __^„„  „f  Cf  T  awroTir^p  \  rniiitinf  bv 
150' and  i.i  li;:i.-.  was  colonized  by  the  French.  At  the  end  Martyrdom  Ot  S>t.  Ijawrence.  Apaimin„  oy 
of  tjle  Seven  Vears' War,  and  at  two  periods  iu  the  >-apo-  Kubons,  m  tlie  Old  Pmakotlirk  at  Munich.  The 
leoni  ■  wars  it  was  hehl  by  the  British.  On  Hay  8,  1902,  saint  is  being  forced  down  on  the  g]  idiion  by  an  execu- 
nn  eruption  of  M.intagne  PeWe,  in  the  northern  part  of  tioner  and  a  siddier ;  an  attendant  is  putting  wood  on  the 
the  islmd  entirely  destroyed  St.  Pierre  and  the  sur-  tire,  and  soldiers  and  spectators  conipletethe  group.  -An 
rciuniling  district,  with  the  loss  of  about  40,0U«  lives.  Area,  angel  with  the  martyr's  crown  and  palm  hovers  above. 
381  sciuaie  miles.    Population  (lSs8),  175,391.  Martvrios  mine  (mar-te're-6s  min).     A  gold- 

-  in-ists).  Themembers^onhe  mi„esaid  to  have  been  discovered  in  the  in- 
terior of  Brazil,  in  the  region  now  embraced  in 
northern  Matto  Grosso,  about  16S.1.  The  know- 
ledge of  the  locality,  if  it  ever  existed,  was  lost.  Numerous 
expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it,  and  these,  IhougU 
without  the  desired  result,  were  important  in  other  re- 
spects.   Search  for  the  mine  is  occasionally  made  even  at 


Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint 

Pope  Pius  IX.  which  declares  that  from  the  first  instant 
of  her  conception  tlie  Blessed  \  irgin  Mary  was  kept  free 
from  all  taint  of  original  sin.  lu  that  church,  and  in  the 
tireek  Church,  she  is  regarded  as  the  most  exalted  of  cre- 
ated beings:  while  angels  and  saints  have  that  Becondaqr 
veneration  or  woi-ship  paid  to  them  wliich  is  called  "  dulia, ' 
she  alone  is  entitled  to*'hyperdulia,"and  her  intercession 
is  invoked  more  than  that  of  .all  others.  She  is  often 
called  "The  Virgin,"  and  in  art  "Theiladonna." 
Mary.  The  sister  of  Martha  and  Lazarus,  resi- 
dent at  Bethany. 
Veronese',  overllielagiraltar  of  the  Church  of  Mary  I.  (Mary  Tudor),  called  "  Bloody  Marv." 


661 

An  Italian  courtier  atvl  historian.    In  H87hewent 
to  Spain  with  the  Count  of  Tendilhl,  and  remained  in  the 
service  of  Queen  Isabella.     In  149i  he  opened  a  school  lor 
young  nobles  in  .Madiid ;  later  he  was  tutor  of  tlie  Span- 
ish princes;  and  in  1501  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Venice  and  Egypt.     In  l.')24  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Indies,  and  he  held  other  public  ollice.s 
De  llrbe  .Novo,"  his  principal  historical  work,  treats  of 
thirty  years  of  American  discovery.    His  pub. 
letters  are  also  of  historical  value 


Martinists  (raiir'tui  .  ■    „   ,,   *u 

school  of  religionists  formed  onginally  by  the 
Chevalier  St.-Martin  (1743-1803).  a  few  years 
before  the  French  Revolution  broke  out :  a  kind 
of  pietistie  imitation  of  freemasonry.  The  Mar- 
tinists were  transplanted  to  Russia  during  the  reign  of 
Catharine  II.     Mh/i*,  Uict.  of  Sects. 

Martin  Mar-all.     See  Sir  Martin  Mar-aU. 

Martino,  Simone  di.    See  Martmi. 

Martinsburg  (mar'tiuz-btrg).  The  capital  of 
Bfrkelev  Count v, West  Virginia,  60  miles  north- 
west of  Washington.     Population  09001.  7..n64. 

Martin's  summer,  Saint.  A  period  of  fine 
weather    oceun-ing    about    St.   Martin's    day 

(Nov.  11).  ,  ,    .^,-,       . 

Martinus  Scriblerus  (miir-ta'nus  ski-ib-le  rus), 

Memoirs  of.     A  satire  written_prineii)ally  by 


the  present  day. 

Martyrs,  Les.  [P.,  '  The  Martyrs.']  A  prose 
(pic  on  tlie  triumph  of  Christianity,  by  Chateau- 
briand (1809). 

The  unequal  but  remarkable  prose  epic  of  "  LesAlartjTs  " 
[ot  ChAte.TUbiiand].  This,  the  story  of  which  is  laid  in  the 
time  of  Diocletian,  shifts  its  scene  from  classical  countries 
to  ciaul,  where  the  half-mythical  heroes  of  the  Franks  ap- 
pear, and  then  back  to  Greece,  Rome,  and  Purgatorj'. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  42(. 


A  satire  wi'iiieii  liiiiieiii.in*   uv  _  .  ,     ^^      .      ,,.  i        j 

members  of  the  Scriblerus  Club. 

The  famous  Martinus  Scriblerus  Club,  in  which  Pope, 
Swift  and  Arbuthnot  took  the  leading  parts,  was  formed, 
at  P(.pe's  suggestion,  for  the  purpose  of  satirizing  broadly 
all  literary  incompetence.  During  the  latest  period  of 
Pope's  career  the  projects  of  Scriblenis  «;5_';e  J=o°^'*','}J>' 
present  tot 


1852:  an  adaptation  of  Donizetti's  "  Poliuto." 
Marure  (ma-ro'ra),  Alejandro.  Born  near 
yuezalteuango,  1803:  died  in  Guatemala  City, 
1866.  A  Guatemalan  politician  and  historian. 
His  principal  works  deal  with  the  history  o£  Central 
America  from  1811  to  1841. 


^:^^1>;:::^^)^'^:^'^^^^^ 


his  fra-mentaiy  contributions  to  the  labours  of  the  club. 
Swift  on  the  other  liand,  was  to  exert  himself  on  the 
■  creation  of  a  satirical  romance,  and  the  first  intima- 
tion which  the  world  received  of  this  production  was  a 
mysteriouB  scries  of  allusions  in  Pope's  "Memoirs  of 
Scrilileriis,"  in  which  the  four  parts  of  Martins  1  ravels 
were  rudelv  sketched. 

«os.sc,  Eighteenth-Century  Lit..  ]\  l..n. 

Martin  Vas  (or  Vaz)  (miir-ten'  vaz).  A  group 
of  islets  lielongingto  Great  Britain,  situated  in 
the  South  Atlantic,  near  Trinidad,  in  lat.  20° 
28'  S.,  long.  28°  .'53'  W. 

Martins.  A  character  in  Shakspere's(?)  "Titus 
Andronicus":  a  son  of  Titus  Andronicus. 

Martius  (miirt'se-os),  Karl  FriedrichPhilipp 

von.  Born  at  Eriangen,  April  IT,  li'.l4:  died 
at  .Munich,  Dee.  13,  1808.  A  Bavarian  natural- 
ist. From  1817  to  ls-20  ho  traveled  with  Spix  in  Brazil, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Bavarian  government,  on  his 
return  he  was  knighted.  In  1826  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  I'niversity  of  ilunicli,  and  in  1832 
conservator  of  the  botanical  garden,  but  resigned  bothposi 


incnt  of  Lozere,  southeni  France,  situated  on 
the  Colagne  11  miles  west-northwest  of  Mende. 
Population  (1891),  4,672. 

Marvel  (milr'vel),  Ik.  The  pseudonym  of  Don- 
ald Grant  Mitchell. 

Marvell  (miir'vel),  Andre-W.  Bom  March  31, 
1621 :  died  Aug.  18,  1678.  An  English  poet  and 
satirist.  He  graduated  at  Camljridge  in  1638.  InieriShe 
became  tutor  of  Crnniweirs  ward,  William  Dutton,  and  in 
1067  was  ai)i»'inled  Milton's  assistant  in  the  Latin  secre- 
taryship lie  is  known  chiefly  for  his  satires  on  Charles 
II  and  the  Stuarts,  originally  circulated  in  manuscript 
and  collected  in  "  Poems  on  Affairs  of  State  "  (l(iS9).  His 
most  notalile  poem  is  the  "Horatian  Ode"  to  Cromwell 
(pri[itedl770).  Healso  wrote"TheRehears,alTransprosed," 
a  successful  attack  on  Parker  for  his  assaults  on  the  non- 
conformists(1672-73).  Perhaps  the  most  noted  of  his  ininor 
poems  is  his  "Nymph  Complaining"  (or  "The  \\  hite 
I'aun  "). 

Marvellous  Boy,  The.  A  name  given  to  Thomas 

Clmltcrfon. 
Marwar.     See  Jodhpur. 


tionsinlSOJ.    Tlieresultsof  the  Brazilian  expeditmn  were  MarWOOd  (m!lr'wud),MrS.  One  of  the  principal 


published  at  the  expense  of  the  Bavarian  government  as 
"Reise  in  Brasilien  "  (:i  vols.  an<l  atlas,  ls23-.'n),  and  in  a 
series  of  richly  illustrated  workson  animals  and  idants,  the 
latter  by  Martins.  His  work  on  p.alms  was  ]Hilili-hed  froni 
1823  to  18511  in  3  folio  volumes.  He  planned  aii'l  edited 
the  first  volumes  ot  the  "Flora  Brasiliensis  "  (Ipeguii  in 
1810),  one  of  the  greatest  botanical  works  ever  under- 
taken. His  contributions  to  Brazilian  ethnology  are  im- 
portant   His  minor  works  embrace  over  160  titles.  , 

mrtOS  (miir'tos).     A  town  in  the  pro\^nee  of  Jiarx,  Karl 
Jaen,  Spain,  41  miles  north-northwost  of  Gra 
nada.     Poiuilatimi  (1887),  lli,3.'i6. 

~  Born  at  Truro,  Eng- 


Martyn  (miir'tin),  Henry.  Born  at  Truro,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  18, 1781 :  died  at  Tokat,  Armenia,  Oct. 
16,1812.  An  English  missioiiaiw.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  (St.  .lohn's  College)  in  1801,  and  becaiiio  a 
fellow  of  his  collegein  18n2.  Uis  career  was  suggested  by 
reading  thelife  of  Ilavid  Brainerd.  Uearrived  at  Calcutta 
as  chaplain  of  the  East  India  Company  in  isni;,  and  began 
to  preach  to  the  natives  at  Ciiwnpore.  In  isll  In- visited 
Persia  and  in  1812  started  on  his  return  to  F.ngland  byway 
of  Constantinople.  He  died  011  the  way  at  I'okat.  His 
"Journals  and  Utters  "  a|)pearcd  in  1837.  His  works  in- 
clude "The  New  Testament  translated  into  the  Hindoo- 
Stance  Language  from  the  original  Circek"  (tsU)  and 
"The  New  Testament  translated  into  Persian  "  (1827). 

Martyn,  John.  Bornat  London,  Sept.  12,  WW: 
(Ued  at  Ctielsea,  .Ian.  29, 1768.  An  English  bot- 
anist, son  of  Thomas  Martyn,  a  Hamburg  mer- 
chant. In  172.5  he  contriliuled  the  technical  botanical 
terms  to  Bailey's  dictloiiarv  ;  in  17-28  issued  the  first  deciid 
ot  his  '  llistorla  idantarum  rarioriim";  in  17:iu  entered 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  and  in  1732  was  elected 
professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge. 

Martyr,  Justin.    See  ./h.'-'^»,  Snitit. 
Martyr,  or  Martir  (miir'ter),  Peter:    com- 
monly called  Peter  Martyr  de  Anghierra  or 

Angleria.     Born  at  Anghierra.  in  the  state  of 
.Milan,  Feb.  2,  145.5:   died   in  Granada,  1526. 


haracters  in  Cougreve's  comedy  "The  Way  of 
the  World."  ^  „ 

Marx  (miirks),  Adolf  Bernhard.  Born  at  Halle, 
I'russia,  Nov.  27,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  May  1/, 
1866.  A  German  composer  and  writer  on  music, 
author  ot  "Lehre  von  der  musikalischon  Kom- 
position"(1837-t7),  etc. 

darx,  Karl.  Bmn  at  Treves,  Pi-ussia,  May  -i, 
1818 :  died  at  London,  March  14,  1883.  A  Ger- 
man socialist.  He  studied  jurisprudence,  philosophy, 
and  history  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  and  in  1S42  became  editor 
of  the  "  Itheinische  Zeitung  "  at  t^dogne.  on  the  suppres- 


sion  of  which  in  1813  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  devotcil 
himself  to  the  study  of  sociology  and  political  economy, 
lie  was  soon  expelled  from  France  at  tlie  instance  of  the 
Prussian  government,  and  took  refuge  at  Brussels.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Ocrmany 
in  1848.  he  returned  to  Cologne,  where  he  founded  llie 
"  .Neue  Rheinische  Zeitung."  Ho  was,  however,  expelled 
from  Prussia  again  in  I8III,  and  eventually  settled  at  Lon- 
don where  he  continued  his  socialistic  agitation.  He  was 
the  controlling  spirit  of  the  International  from  its  foniiila- 
tlon  in  18«l  to  its  disruption  in  187-2.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Das  Knpital  "  (IWo). 
Mary  (ma'ri).  [Heb.  Miriam,  Gr.  Mapla  or 
Mnp/ci",  L.  Maria.  F.  Mari<;  It.  Sp.  I'g.  G.  Maria. 
See  ,l/in<(m.l  The  mother  of  .lesiis.  According 
to  the  Gospel  narrative,  the  augel  ( ialirlel,  sent  from  nod  to 
Marv,  "  a  virgin  espouseil  to  a  man  whose  name  was  .loseph. 
of  the  house  of  David,"  told  her  that  she  was  to  bring  forth  ft 
son,  adding  the  explanation  1  lint  the  holy  tiling  tobe  born  of 
herwastobc  conceived  of  the  HolyUhost.  Ihi8"imnunclii. 
tlon"  Is  conimeniorat<-d  as  a  ehurcll  festival  on  March  2r>, 
which  is  hence  known  iis  Ijidy-day.  In  ilue  time  she  itavo 
birth  to  the  child  Jesus  in  a  stable  at  Bethlehem.  \  ery 
little  Is  told  In  the  New  'restament  of  .Mary  »  personal  bis- 
tory  The  doctrine  of  her  hninaeulate  coneepllon  and  con- 
sequent sinlessnesa  Is  an  article  of  faith  In  the  Bo'nan 
Catholic  Church,  promulgated  Dec.  8,  l8.-,4,  by  a  bull  of 


Born  at  (jreeinvieh  Palace,  Feb.  18,  I'llG:  died 
Nov.  17,  l.'i'iS.     CJueen  of  England  and  Ireland, 
only  surviving  child  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Catha- 
rine of  Arai^on.    She  was  affianced  first  to  the  dauphin 
in  irils,  and  later  to  Charles  V.  in  16-2-2.   An  attempt  was 
also  made  tn  marry  her  to  J-rancis  I.  in  11526.    At  the  di-  - 
vorcc  of  Catharine  in  15?3,  Mary  was  adjudged  illegiti- 
mate, but  on  Feb.  7,  1.'144,  the  crown  was  entailed  upon 
her  after  F.dward  or  any  lawful  child  of  the  king.    Edward 
VI.  died  July  6,  15.')3,  and  on  July  13,  1553,  Marj-  was  pro- 
claimed queen  at  Norwich,  and  crowned  at  Westminster 
Oct.  1,  1653.     The  council  proclaimed  Lady  Jane  (!rey 
queen ;  but  Marv  quickly  overcame  opposition,    she  mar- 
ried Philip  of  Spain  (later  Philip  II.)  at  Winchester,  July 
25  1554.    An  insurrection  headed  by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk 
in  favor  of  his  daughter.  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  one  of 
Kentishmen  led  by  sir  Thomas  Wyatt  were  suppressed 
early  iu  this  year.    In  1555  Piu-liament  restored  the  papal 
power,  and  revived  the  penal  laws  against  heresy.  The  first 
martyr  was  burned  at  Smithfleld,  Feb.  4, 155,5.     After  1656 
her  principal  adviser  was  Cardinal  Pole.    (See  I'ltle,  Reyi- 
natii )    On  Nov.  In,  15.58,  the  last  heretics  were  burned  at 
Canterbury,  the  total  number  of  martyrs  during  her  reign 
being  3(Kl. 
Mary  II.     Born  at  St.  James's  Palace.  April  30. 
1662:  died  at  Kensington  Palace,  Dec.  28,  1694. 
Queen  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  eldest 
child  of  James  II.    By  the  death  of  her  younger  bro- 
ther, Edgar,  in  1671,  she  became  heiress  presumptive  to  the 
crown    and  on  Nov.  4,  1677.  married  William,  prince  of 
Orange.    In  the  struggle  with  James  II.  she  identified 
herself  with  her  husband.    On  Dec  22,  1688,  James  II.  fled 
to  France,  and  on  Feb.  13. 16S9,  William  and  Mary  assented 
to  the  "  Declaration  of  Right, "  and  were  crowned  joint 
soverei-ns.   She  took  little  interest  in  public  business,  and 
ill  the  king's  absence  ruled  through  the  council. 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots  (Mary  Stuart).  Born 
in  Linlithgow  Palace,  Dec.  7  (8?),  I.i42 :  be- 
headed at  Fotheringay,  Feb.  8,  1087.  Third 
child  and  only  daughter  of  James  V.  of  Scot- 
land and  Mai-v  of  Guise.  By  the  death  of  James 
(Dec  14, 1542)  she  became  queen,  and  was  crowned  at  Stir- 
ling Castle  Sept.  »,  1543.  On  July  7, 1548,  a  nnuriagc  witli 
the  dauphin  (l''rancis  II.)  was  agreed  upon.  She  was  sent 
to  Saint-Uermains  on  Oct.  11,  and  educated  with  the  royal 
children  of  France.  They  were  married  at  Notre  Dame 
April  24,  1558.  At  the  death  of  ilary  Tudor  (sec  Mary  I.) 
on  Nov.  17,  1558,  Mary  Stuart  laid  claim  to  the  English 
thl-one,asgreat-granddaughterofHenryVII.,oiitheground 
of  Elizabeth-s  illegitimacy.  Francis  II.  succeeded  Henry 
II.  of  France  on  .Inly  10,  1659,  and  the  union  of  the  three 
kingdoms  seemed  probable  :  but  he  died  Dec.  6,  15li0.  On 
Aug  19,  1661,  >lary  landed  at  Leith.  Her  scheme  for  a 
marriage  with  Don  Carlos  of  Spain  having  been  thwarted, 
on  July  -29,  15G5,  she  married  Lord  iiarnley,  son  of  Lady 
Margaret  Douglas,  next  heir  after  Mary  to  the  English 
throne  She  labored  assiduously  to  restore  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith  iu  her  kingdom,  luid  to  establish  an  absolute 
royal  authoritv.  Her  refusal  to  grant  Darnley  the  crown 
matrimonial,  and  his  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzn\  created 
an  esti-angement  which  terminated  in  the  murder  of  Iiarn- 
ley with  her  consent  Feb.  10,  1567.  She  married  Botliwidl. 
tlie  murderer  of  Darnley,  May  15,  1567 ;  was  seized  by 
the  lords,  .[line  15.  I.5li7.  and  imprisoned  in  Lochlcven  (  as- 
tlc-  and  was  compelled  to  alidicate  in  favor  of  her  son 
(.Fames  VI.)  in  Julv.  Sheescaiie.i  May  2, 1568 ;  wosdefcated 
at  the  battle  of  Langsi.le  May  13,  1568;  and  fled  to  Eng- 
land. Elizabeth!  imfined  her  first  at  Cai-Hsle,  and  then  in 
various  other  castles.  She  was  removed  to  Fotheringay 
Sept  -2,5,1.586:  tried  Oct.  14-16  on  the  charge  of  conspiring 
against  the  life  of  Elizabeth;  and  beheaded  Feb.  8,  1.W7. 

Marv  of  Burgundy.     Born  at  Bmss.ls.    Feb. 

n,    I4.-.7:   di,-d    at    Brussels,   March   27.    1482. 

Ihiugliler  of  Charles  the   Bold.     She   married 

Maximilian  (later  tTcrman  emperor)  in  1477. 

Mary  of  Egjrpt,  Saint.  A  half-mythical  African 


saint  whose  history  is  founded  on  that  of  a  fe- 
male ancliiiret  who  lived  and  died  in  a  desert 
near  the  river  Jordan  in  Palestine:  she  be- 
wailed her  sins  there  for  many  years,  and  was 
accident allv  discovered.  This  is  a  vei->-  ancient  tra- 
dition, and  is  supported  by  contemporary  evidence  Many 
picturesque  and  miniculoiis  additions  have  been  made  to 
her  story,  which  in  its  present  form  isaltrilmted  to. st.  Je- 
rome. She  is  said  by  him  to  have  lived  in  Alexandria 
about  the  year  365.  and  to  have  far  excee.led  M ary  M»«d«- 
leiie.  with  whom  she  is  frequently  confounded  In  the  In- 
fauiv  of  her  eailv  life  :  they  are  somctiines  united  In  pic- 
tures m  joint  emblems  of  female  penitence,  ^la^y  of 
Egyiit  is  distingnished  by  three  loaves  whieh  she  took  to 
tlie  llescrt  wfth  her  when  she  rein-nted  ,.f  her  s  n«.  I  10 
earliest  plctnresof  her  are  thought  to  be  In  a  series  on  the 
wall  of  the  chapel  of  the  Bargello,  Horeiice,  and  there  la 
a  c'debrated  pk-ture  of  her  b.v  Tintoretto  at  the  Scuola  dl 
San  Rocco.  Venice. 

St  Marv  of  Egvpt  was  eailv  a  |«opular  saint  In  France, 
mid  pa  "Kllrly  venerated  by  the  Parisians,  till  eclipsed 
l^tfe  increasing  celebrity  of  the  Magdalene.  She  was 
styled,  tamllliirly.  la  (Jlpsienne  (the  Olnsy  .  softened  by 
time  into  La  Jnssienne.  The  street  iu  whiell  stood  a  e..ii- 
vent  of  reformed  women  dedicated  to  her  la  still  la  Rno 
JUBslcnne.    We  find  her  whole  stor)-  In  ouo  of  the  richly 


Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint 

painted  windows  of  the  cathedral  of  Chartres ;  and  again 
in  the  "  Vitraux  de  Bourges, "  where  the  inscription  under- 
neath is  written  "Segiptiaca." 

Mm.  Jameson,  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art,  I.  389. 

Mary  of  France.  Bom  about  March.  1496 :  died 
•  at  Westhorpe,  Deo.  24, 1533.  The  third  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  VII.  of  Engiaud.  Onuct.  9,  I614,  she 
m."UTied  Louis  XII.  of  France,  who  died  Jan.  1, 1515.  She 
soon  after  married  Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk  :  their 
daughter  Frances  was  the  mother  of  Lady  Jane  Grey. 

Mary  of  Guise,  or  of  Lorraine.    Born  at  Bar- 

le-Duc,  Nov.  22, 1.^1.3  :  died  at  Edinburgh,  June 

10,  1560.  Queen  of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and 
mother  of  ilary  Queen  of  Scots :  the  eldest' 
daughter  of  Claude,  duke  of  Guise.  On  Aug.  4, 
1531,  she  married  Louis  of  OrltJans,  who  died  June  9, 1537. 

.  She  married  James  V.  of  Scotland  in  June,  1538,  and  Mary 
Stuart  was  born  Dec.  7  (S?),  1542.  James  V.  died  Dec. 
14,  1542.  On  April  12,  1554,  Mary  was  made  regent  of 
Scotland.  In  March,  1559,  Henry  IL  of  France  sent  her 
instructions  to  suppress  heresy  in  Scotland.  A  conflict 
with  Knox  and  the  Reformers  resulted  in  her  suspension 
from  the  regency  Oct.  21,  1559. 

Mary  of  Modena.  Born  at  Modena,  Oct.  5, 1658 : 
died  at  Saint-Germain,  France,  May  7,  1718. 
Queen  of  James  II.  of  England,  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  Alfonso  IV.  of  Modena  (Este).  Her  mar- 
riage with  the  Duke  of  York  (James  II.)  was  concluded  at 
Dover,  Nov.  21,  1673.  The  Prince  of  Wales  (see  Stuart, 
James  Francis  Edward)  was  born  June  10,  1688  (O.  S.). 
Her  previous  children  had  died  in  infancy,  and  rumors 
of  substitution  were  immediately  credited.  On  the  inva- 
sion of  England  by  William  of  Orange,  she  joined  James 

11.  at  Saint-Germain. 

Mary  Barton.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Gaskell,  pub- 
lislied  in  184s. 

Mary  de  Medici.    See  Maria  de"  Medici. 

Mary  Magdalene  (mag-da-le'ne,  or  as  English 
mag'da-len),  or  Magdalen  (mag'da-len) 
(Mary  of  Magdala).  A  woman  described  by 
Luke,  and  mentioned  elsewhere  in  the  gospels, 
as  a  demoniac  from  whom  seven  devils  had  been 
cast  out,  and  who  was  closely  associated  with 
Jesus,  especially  at  the  resurrection,  she  has 
commonly  been  identified,  erroneously,  with  the  woman 
who  was  ''a  sinner "  mentioned  in  Luke  (viL  37-50),  and 
also,  with  even  less  ground,  with  Mary  of  Bethany.  See 
Maffdalen, 

Mary  Tudor.    See  Mar;/ 1. 

Maryborough  (ma 'ri- bur -6).  A  seaport  in 
Queensland.  Australia,  situated  on  the  Mary 
Kiver  140  miles  north  of  Brisbane.  Popula- 
tion (1886),  9,000. 

Maryland  (mer'i-land).  [Named  in  honor  of 
Henrietta  Maria, wife  of  Charles  I.]  One  of  the 
thirteen  original  States  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  comprised  (according  to  the  common 
classification)  in  the  Southern  States.  Capital, 
Annapolis ;  chief  city.  Baltimore,  it  is  bounded 
by  Peimsylvania  on  the  north,  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic 
on  the  east.  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the  south,  Virginia  and 
West  Virginia  (separated  by  the  Potomac)  on  the  south 
and  west,  and  West  Virginia  on  the  west.  It  extendsfrom 
lat.  37°  53  to  39'  43  N.,  and  from  long.  75°  4'  to  79°  33'  W. 
The  boundaries  on  the  south  and  west  are  very  irregular. 
It  is  divided  into  two  p.arts  (the  eastern  called  the  East- 
ern Shore)  by  Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is  mountainous  in  tlie 
west.  The  chief  agricultural  products  are  tobacco,  Indian 
corn,  and  wheat ;  the  leading  manufactures  are  iron  and 
steel,  and  cotton.  It  is  noted  for  the  production  of  oysters. 
It  contains  24  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  6  representa- 
tives to  Congress,  and  has  8  electoral  votes.  Maryland  was 
formerly  a  proprietai-y  colony  under  the  Baltimore  family 
(patent  issued  1632  ;  colony  established  at  St.  Mary's  1634). 
It  had  serious  disputes  with  Claiborne  in  the  17th  century  ; 
was  noted  for  its  religious  tolerance  ;  was  governed  as  a 
royal  province  1691-1716;  had  a  boundary  dispute  with 
Pennsylvania  which  was  settled  by  the  establishment  of 
"Mason  and  Dixon's  line"  in  17lJ7;  ratified  the  United 
States  Constitution  in  1788 ;  was  plundered  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1813  and  1814;  was  one  of  the  slave  States;  and 
was  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  Antietam,  and  of  various 
other  engagements  in  the  Civil  War.  Area,  12,210  square 
miles.    Population  (uioo),  1  l«8,n44 

Maryland!  My  Maryland!  A  song  popular 
among  the  Confederates  in  1861-65,  written  by 
J.  R.  Randall  in  1861.  It  was  sung  to  the  college 
tune  of  "  Jjauriger  Horatius." 

Marylebone  (ma'ri-le-bon;  popularly  mar'li- 
Ijun).  A  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Loudon,  between 
St.  Pancras  and  Paddiugton.  It  retm-ns  2  mem- 
bers to  Parliament.    Population  (1891),  142,381. 

Marylebone  Gardens.  A  formerly  celebrated 
place  of  entertainment  in  London,  it  consisted 
principally  of  a  garden  at  the  back  of  "The  Rose  "  tavern 
on  High  street,  ilarylebone.  It  was  in  existence  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  17th  century  It  was  planted  with  trees  and  had 
a  large  bowling-green.  In  1738  an  orchestra  was  added,  and 
morning  and  evening  performances  of  burletta.  etc.,  were 
given.  The  gardens  were  also  used  fortea-drinking.  Itspop- 
ularity  gradually  died  out,  and  about  1778  the  site  was  built 
over.  Beaumont  street  and  part  of  Devonshire  Place  now 
cover  it.  The  tavern  wa*s  rebuilt  in  1S55,  and  the  Maryle- 
bone Music  Hall  was  built  behind  it.    Grove, 

Mary-le-Bow,  St.     See  St  Mary  de  Arcubus. 
Maryport  (ma'ri-port).    A  seaport  in  Cumber- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Irish  Sea,  at  the 


662 

mouth  of  the  Ellen,  26  miles  southwest  of  Car 
lisle.     Population  (1891),  8,784. 


Masks  and  Faces 

to  oblige  his  master.  His  name  has  passed  into  the  Ian. 
guage,  and  has  become  a  synonjTu  for  skilful  impudencfiv 
effrontery,  lying,  and  intrigue. 


v^.^„., „o  cv  pulpit 

population  MascezeKma-se'zel).  Abrotherof  Gildo.whoin 
:iiiSi!(immanded  a  Roman  army  in  Africaagainst 
his  Vu-other,  and  defeated  him.     See  Giklo. 


ing  trade,  and  is  a  fruit  center. 
(1900),  3,497. 

MarZutra(mar  zo'tra).  A  distinguished  teach- 
er of  the  law  (Talmud)  at  the  Academy  of  Sora, 
and  head  of  the  Je'wish  community,  or  Prince 
of  the  Captivity  {Resh-galiitha).  in  Babylonia,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  5th  century. 

Masa  (ma'sii).  An  ethnic  and  linguistic  clus- 
ter of  the  Central  Sudan,  embracing  the  Musgu, 
Makari,  Logone,  Mandara,  Gamergu,  and  Batta 
tribes  and  dialects. 

Masaba  Heights.  A  range  of  hills  in  north- 
eastern Minnesota,  famous  for  their  iron-ores.     _      

Masaccio(m:i-sat'ch6)(TomniasoGuidi:  called  ,,  „       "'    ,' 

Masaccio,'carelessThomas')  Born  at CasteUo  Mascogee.  .  See  Orrf-.  _ 
San  (iiovanni  di  Valdamo,  Tuscany,  Dec.  21.  Masdres  (ma-zar  ),  Francis, 
1401:  died  at  Rome  (?)  about  1429.  A  noted 
Italian  painter,  of  the  Florentine  school,  called 
the  father  of  modern  art,  as  he  rescued  it  from 
medievalism.  His  most  celebrated  works  are  frescos 
in  the  Brancacci  chapel  in  the  Carmine,  and  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  at  Florence,  and  several  pictures  now  in  the  Ber- 
lin Museum.  The  frescos  have  been  a  school  of  instruction 
for  all  succeedingpainters:  even  Michelangelo  and  Raphael 
have  been  indebted  to  him. 

Mas  a  Fuera  (mils  a  fwa'ra).    [Sp., '  more  out- 


The  fate  of  Mascezel,  the  re-vindicator  of  Africa,  is  an 
enigma.  The  version  given  by  Zosinms  is  that  generally 
accepted.  He  says  that  he  returned  in  triumph  to  Italy ; 
that  Stilicho,  who  was  secretly  envious  of  his  reputation, 
professed  an  earnest  desire  to  advance  his  interests  ;  but 
that  when  the  Vandal  was  going  forth  to  a  suburb  (prob- 
ably of  Milan),  as  he  was  crossing  over  a  certain  bridge 
with  Mascezel  and  others  in  his  train,  at  a  given  signal  the 
guards  crowded  round  the  African  and  hustled  him  otf 
into  the  river  below.  "Thereat  Stilicho  laughed  ;  but  the 
stream,  hurrying  the  man  away,  caused  him  to  perish  for 
lack  of  breath."    HodijHn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  265. 


Bom  at  London, 
Dec.  15,  1731 :  died  at  Reigate,  May  19,  1824. 
An  English  mathematician,  historian,  and  re- 
former. He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1752,  and  in  1758 
was  called  to  the  bar.  (He  is  introduced  by  Charles  Lamh 
in  his  "Old  Benchers  of  the  Inner  Temple.")  From  1766 
to  1769  he  was  attorney-general  of  Quebec,  and  cursitor 
baron  of  the  exchequer  from  1773  to  1824.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Dissertation  on  the  Use  of  the  Negative  Sign 
in  Algebra  "  (1758),  "  Doctrine  of  Permutations  and  Combi- 
nations "  (1795),  "  Scriptores  optici "  (1823),  "  A  "View  of  the 
English  Constitution  "  (1781),  etc. 


ward.']    A  small  island  100  miles  west  of  Juan  Maserfeld(ma'ser-feld).  A  locality,  apparently 
Fernandez.  near  Oswestry,  where,  in  (542,  Oswald,  king  of 

Masai  (ma-.si'),  or  Elmoran  (el-mo-ran').     An    Northumbria,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Penda. 
African  nation  occuming  the  vast  and  arid  pla-  Masers  de  Latude.     See  Latude, 
teau  between  LakeBarhigo  and  Nguru.     Like  Mash  (mash).     In  Babylonian  and  Assyrian  lit- 
theirnorthernneighbors,theWakwafl,theycall  themselves     erature,  the  name  of  the  great  Syrian  and  Ara- 


Eloikob.  'men.'  Theyareof  mixed  Hamitic  and  Negro  type, 
but  are  included  by  some  in  the  >"uba-Fulah  group.  The 
young  and  able-bodied  men  lead  a  military  life  in  camp, 
having  women  in  common  ;  the  old  men,  children,  and 
women  inhabit  villages  and  tend  the  cattle.  The  despised 
tribe  of  the  Andorobo  are  hunters  and  middlemen  between 
their  proud  brethren  and  the  agricultural  Bantu. 

Masalit  (mii-sa'lit).  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  the 
Eastern  Sudan,  in  Wadai  and  on  the  borders  of 
Darfur,  found  in  scattered  independent  clans 
who  pretend  they  are  Arabs. 

Masaniello  (ma"-sa-nyel'16),  properly  Tom- 
maso  Aniello.  Born  about  1622 :  died  at  Na- 
ples, July  16, 1647.  A  Neapolitan  insiuTectionist. 
He  was  a  fisherman  and  a  fruit-vender.  Provoked  by  the 
loss  of  his  scanty  possessions,  which  were  sold  to  pay  a 
Hue  imposed  on  his  wife  for  attempting  to  smuggle  a  bag 


bian  desert  which  forms  the  southern  and  south- 
western border  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris 
territory.  It  is  considered  by  some  to  be  identical  with 
Mesha,  in  Gen.  x.  30,  and  the  small  kingdom  Mesene,  on 
the  Persian  Gulf. 
Masham  l  mash '  am ),  Lady  (Abigail  Hill)  .Died 
Dee.  6, 1734.  An  intimate  friend  of  Queen  Anne, 
the  daughter  of  Francis  Hill  of  London.  .She 
entered  the  service  of  Lady  Rivers,  and  afterward  of  her 
cousin  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  at  St  Albans,  and  later 
became  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Queen  Anne,  in  whose 
favor  she  at  length  supplanted  the  duchess.  In  1707  she 
married  Samuel  Masham,  who  was  created  Baron  Masham 
in  1712.  In  1711  she  was  given  charge  of  the  privy  purse 
of  Queen  Anne.  She  was  a  woman  of  plain  appearance, 
but  intelligent,  and  very  serviceable  to  the  queen,  over 
whom  she  exerted  considerable  influence. 


offlourintothecity,  he  headed  a  revolt  of  the  populace  in  MasWta  (ma-she'tii).  Alocalityin  Moab,Pales- 
July,  1647,  against  t'he  Duke  of  Arcos,  Spanish  viceroy  of  N  a- 
ples,  who  was  compelled  to  abolish  the  taxes  on  the  neces- 
saries of  life  and  to  restore  the  charter  of  exemption  granted 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  He  was  assassinated  by  the 
adherents  of  the  viceroy  after  he  had  given  orders  to  his 
own  followers  to  return  to  their  occupations. 

Masaniello.     See  Muettc  de  Portici. 

Masarwa  (mii-sar'wa).     See  Bushmen. 

Mas  a  Tierra(mas  a  te-er'ra).  [Sp., '  more  land- 
ward.']    Another  name  for  Juan  Fernandez. 

Masaya  (ma-si'ii).  A  to'wn  in  Nicaragua,  Cen- 
tral America,  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Mana- 
gua.    Population  (1890),  about  14,000. 

Mascagni  (mils-kan'ye),  Paolo.  Born  at  Cas- 
telleto,  near  Siena,  Italy,  Feb.  5, 1752:  died  at 
Florence,  Oct.  19,  1815.  "  A  noted  Italian  anato- 
mist. He  was  prof  essor  of  anatomyat  Siena  1774-1800,  at 
Pisa  1800-01,  and  at  Florence  (at  the  hospital  of  Santa  Ma- 
ria Meora)  after  1801.  He  is  best  known  from  his  study  of 
the  lymphatics. 

Mascagni,  Pietro.  Bom  at  Leghorn,  Dec.  7, 
1863.  An  Italian  musical  composer,  director 
of  the  Philharmonic  Society  at  Cerignola.  Be- 
sides various  orchestral  works  and  songs,  he  hjis  written 

the  operas  "  Cavalleria  Rusticana, 

"I  Rantzau." 

Mascali  (mas-ka'le) .  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  Sicily,  18  miles  north-northeast 
of  Catania. 

Mascara,  or  Maskara  (mas-kii-ra').  A  forti- 
fied town  in  the  department  of  Oran,  Algeria, 
about  50  miles  southeast  of  Oran.  It  became  the 
residence  of  Abd-el-Kader  in  1832 ;  was  burned  by  the 
French  1835 ;  and  was  taken  by  them  in  1841.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  16,482. 


tine,  notable  for  a  palace  built  by  Khusrau  11. 
in  620.  It  is  a  square  of  730  feet  a  side.  The  walls  are 
strengthened  by  semicircular  towers,  and  the  interior  coo- 
tains  spacious  courts,  a  series  of  vaulted  halls,  and  a  triap- 
sidal  hall  which  was  covered  by  a  dome  on  pendentivea. 
The  chief  facade,  almost  20<)  feet  long,  displays  a  square 
doorway  between  polygonal  towers.  Though  never  fin- 
ished, this  facade  is  remarkable  for  its  decoration  of  zig- 
zags, rosettes,  pediments,  etc.,  all  sculptured  with  diaper- 
work  of  vines  and  foliage  combined  with  birds  and  animals, 
as  delicate  in  execution  as  the  ornament  of  the  Alhambra. 
Mashonaland  (ma-sho'na-land  or  mii-sho'na- 
land).  [Named  after  the  Mashona  tribe,  which 
is  subject  to  the  Matabele.]  A  high,  salubri- 
ous, and  gold-bearing  country  between  the  Ma- 
tabele and  the  Zambesi.  Formerly  considered  Por- 
tuguese, it  was  annexed  by  England  in  1S8S  and  placed 
under  the  British  South  -Africa  Company  in  1889.  The  pio- 
neer expedition  reached  Mount  Hampden  in  1890.  In 
1893  the  white  population  numbered  3,000,  of  whom  1.500 
were  able-bodied  men.  Salisbury,  the  capital,  has  a  bank, 
hospital,  churches,  newspapers,  etc.,  and  the  townships 
Victoria,  Bulawayo,  and  I'mtali  are  rising  centers.  The 
railroad  has  reached  Bulawayo,  and  one  from  Beira  t» 
Fc  iTt  Salisbury  is  nearly  completed.  For  interesting  ruins 
there,  see  Zivibabwe. 

L^Amico  Fritz,"  and  Masinissa,  or  Massinissa  (mas-i-nis'a).  [Gr. 
.Maod-mcrac,  MnocFni'fico^^f.]  Bom  about  238 B.C.: 
died  148  B.  c.  A  king  of  Numidia,  ruler  at  first 
of  the  Massyliansin  eastern  Numidia.  Hewasat 
war  with  Sypfiax;  fought  as  ally  of  the  Carthaginians  in 
Spain ;  as  ally  of  Rome  served  with  Scipio  against  Syphax 
204-203 ;  and  served  at  Zama  202.  He  became  ruler  of  all 
Numidia  in  201. 

Masis  (ma-ses'),  MOunt.  The  native  name  of 
Mount  Ararat. 

Masked  Ball,  The.     See  Ballo  in  Maschera. 


Mascarene  (mas-ka-ren')  Islands,  or  Masca-  Maskelyne  (mas'ke-lin),  Ne'sdl.  Bom  atLon- 
"las-kii-ren'yas)  Islands.   A     dou,  Oct.  6,  1732 :    died  at  Greenwich,  Feb.  9, 


renhas  (Pg-  pron.  miis-ka-ren'yas) 
name  given  to  Mauritius, Reunion  (or Bourbon), 
and  Rodriguez  collectively,  in  the  Indian  Ocean : 
so  called  because  R6imion  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese  navigator  Mascarenhas  in  the  16th 
century. 
Mascarille  (mas-ka-rel')-  An  adroit,  ingenious, 
unscrupulous  valet  who  appears  in  three  of  Mo- 
li^re's  plays :  "  L'fitourdi,"  "  Le  depit  amou- 
reux,"  anil  "Les  pr^cieuses  ridicules."  In  the 
last  he  is  at  his  best,  and  assumes  the  rdle  of  a  marquis 


1811.  A  noted  English  astronomer.  He  grad- 
uated at  Cambridge  in  1754  ;  became  curate  of  Barnet  in 
Hertfordshire  in  1765;  succeeded  Nathaniel  Bliss  as  astron- 
omer royal  Feb.  '26, 1765 ;  and  established  the  "  Nautical 
.\lmanac  "  in  1767.  He  is  best  known  from  his  experi- 
ments upon  the  attraction  of  mountains  as  shown  by  de- 
viations of  the  plumb-line. 

Maskoki.     See  CreeT:. 

Masks  and  Faces.  Adramaticversion  of  Charles 
Reade's  novel  "  Peg'Woffington,"by  Eeade  and 
Tom  Taylor  (1854). 


Maskwell 

Maskwell  (mask'wel).  The  "double  dealer"  in 
Cougreve's  play  of  that  uame  :  uii  unmitigated 
scoundi'el,  almost  too  sinister  for  a  comedy. 

The  auilierice  was  shocked  by  the  characters  of  Mask- 
well  and  Lady  Touchwiwd,  And,  indee<),  there  is  some- 
thing sti-antrciy  rcvoltiuK  in  the  way  in  whichatcroup  that 
seems  to  belong  to  the  house  of  Laius  or  of  I'ehips  is  in- 
troduced into  the  midst  of  the  Brisks,  Froths,  Carelesses. 
and  Plyants.  Macaulay,  Essays,  II.  390. 

Masmiinster  (mas'miin-ster).  or  Massemun- 

Ster  (inas'se-miin-ster),  F.  MassevauX  tniiis- 
v6' ).  A  -iiuall  town  in  Alsace,  17  miles  west  of 
MUlUauseii. 

Masnadieri  (miiz-nii-de-a're),!.  [It.,'  The  Brig- 
ands.'] An  fipera  liy  Verdi,  produced  in  Lon- 
don in  1847  with  Jenny  Lind  in  the  cast.  The 
libretto  is  bv  Maffei  from  Schiller's  "Riiuber" 
(•Bobbers')". 

Masolino  da  Panicale  (ma-s6-le'n6  dii  ps-ne- 
kiv'le)  (Tozmnaso  di  Cristofano  di  Fino). 

Born  at  Panicale  di  Valilcsc,  near  Florence, 
1383:  dietl  Oct.,  1440.  A  Florentine  painter. 
He  was  a  master  of  Masaccio,  He  established  himself  in 
Florence,  where  he  was  received  in  1423  into  the  cild  ot 
druggists  or  physicians,  which  included  theitainters.  From 
1423-2ti  he  worked  on  the  capella  of  the  (.'annine.     In 

1427  he  was  in  Hungary  in  the  service  of  the  famous  Flor- 
entine adventurer  Filippo  .Scolari  (Pippo  .Spano).    From 

1428  to  1435  he  painted  the  frescos  of  the  baptistery  at 
Castiglione  d'tUoiia.  His  compositions  are  especially  no- 
table for  the  improvement  of  perspective.  His  picture  of 
the  "  Baptism  of  Christ"  at  Castiglione  contains  a  group  of 
nude  figures  putting  on  their  garments,  which  suggested 
to  Michelangelo  the  composition  of  his  famous  cartoon. 

Mason  (ma'sou),  Charles.  Born  about  1730: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.,  1787.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  was  an  assistant  of  Bradley  at  Green- 
wich 17.'t6-<iO :  was  sent  by  the  Royal  Society  with  Jere- 
miah I)ixon  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  (.Tune  i:,  1701) 
in  Sumatra,  l)Ut  succeeded  only  in  reaching  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ;  and  was  employed  with  Dixon  by  Lord  Balti- 
moreand  William  Penn  toestablish  the  boundary  between 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  The  line  fixed  (1703-07)  ran 
to  a  point  244  miles  west  from  the  Delaware  River,  in  lat. 
39°  43'  >'.  It  is  famous  as  (in  part)  the  boundary  between 
the  free  and  the  former  slave  States. 

Mason,  Francis.  Born  at  York,  England,  April 
2, 1799:  died  ;it  Rangoon,  British  Burma,  March 
3,  1874.  .\n  American  Baptist  missionary  to 
the  Karens  in  Burma.  He  published  "Burmah:  its 
People  and  Natural  Productions"  (2d  ed.  1800),  etc. 

Mason,  George.  Born  at  Doeg's  Neck,  now  in 
Fairfax  Countj',  Va.,  1725:  died  there,  Oct.  7, 
1792.  An  American  politician.  He  drafted  the 
Virginia  declaration  of  rights  and  constitution  in  1770; 
■was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787, 
where  lie  jiicsented  liberal  views,  but  refused  to  sign  the 
Constitution  :  an<l  with  Patrick  Heni-y  led  the  opposition 
to  its  ratitlcation  in  the  Virginia  convention  of  1788. 

Mason,  George  Heming.    Born  at  Stoke-upon- 

Trent.  Staffurdshii'e,  March  11,  1818:  died  (.)ct. 
22.  1872.  .-Vn  Englisli  painter.  He  establishe.l  his 
studio  in  Rome  in  1845,  and  delighted  in  subjects  from  the 
Canipagna. 

Mason,  James  Murray.  Born  in  Fairfax  Coun- 
ty, Va.,  Nov.  3,  1798:  died  near  Alexandria, 
Va.,  April,  1871.  An  American  politician, grand- 
son of  George  Mason.  He  became  t'nited  States  sen- 
ator from  Virginia  in  1847;  dnifted  the  "fugitive-slave 
law  "  in  18o0  ;  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  in  1801  ;  was 

.sent  as  Confederate  commissioner  with  Slidell  ti>  F.ngland 
and  France  in  1801 ;  and  was  captured  by  Wilkes  on  the 
Trent  >'ov.  8.  IMJl,  and  imprisoned  at  Boston  until  Jan.  2, 
1882.     Sec  Trnil,  Th,'. 

Mason,  Jeremiah.  Born  at  Lebanon.  Conn., 
April  27,  1768:  died  at  Boston,  IJct.  14,  1848. 
An  American  lawyer  and  politician.  United 
States  senator  from  New  Hampshire  1813-17. 

Mason,  John.  Born  at  King's  Lynn,  England, 
Dec.  1.580:  died  at  London,  Dec.,  163").  Tlie 
founder  of  New  Hampshire.  He  went  to  Oxford, 
OIi^K'liilen  ('ollege)  in  1002  ;  s<K)n  entered  the  service  of 
a  commercial  house  in  I.ondon  ;  and  In  1010  was  sent  in 
command  of  several  war-ships  to  the  Hebrides  to  assist 
Andrew  Knox.  In  lOlfi  he  was  api>ointed  governor  of 
Newfoundland,  ami  in  1022  a  patent  for  all  laml  between 
the  Nahnmlieik  and  Merrimac  rivers  in  New  Kngland 
was  granted  to  him.  In  1023  ho  established  himself  as 
deputy  g'U-ernor  at  New  Plymouth,  Itut  In  1024  returned 
to  England.  In  102!*  he  returned  to  .New  F.ngland  and 
Joineil  (.urges  and  others  in  forming  the  I.aconia  Com- 
pany, the  purpose  of  which  was  the  founding  of  an  agri- 
cultural settlement :  this  watv  effected  on  a  new  grant  on 
the  lMscat;n|ua  River.  His  rights  in  Now  Hampshire  were 
Bobl  to  (oivernor  Samuel  Allen  in  1001. 

Mason,  John.  Born  in  England,  1600:  died  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  1672.  A  colonial  commander. 
He  served  iti  New  England  as  early  as  103.3.  In  1036  ho 
assisted  in  the  migration  of  the  Dorchester  settlers  to 
Windsor,  Connecticut ;  and  in  16.'i7  commanded  the  cob,. 
nial  troops  in  the  Pequot  war.  He  wrote  a  "Brief  His- 
tory of  tlic  I'equcit  War." 

Mason,  John  Young.  Bom  in  Greensville  Coun- 
ty, Va..  April  18,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  3, 
lS.''i9.  .\ii  American  l)olitician.  He  was  a  rcprc- 
■  sentative  from  Virginia  1831-;17;  secretary  of  the  na^-y 
1844-45 ;  attorney-general  184.'>-40 ;  secretary  of  the  navy 
184(MI);  and  United  Stales  minister  to  France  1853-.'.9. 

Mason,  Lowell.     Born  at  Medfield,  Mass  ,  Jan. 


663 

8,1792:  diedatOrauge,  X.J.,Aug.ll,  1872.  An 
American  musical  composer,  especially  noted 
as  a  teacher.  He  published  many  collections, 
principally  of  chui'ch  and  Sunda.v-school  music. 
Mason,  William.  Born  Feb.  "12.  1724:  died 
April  7.  1797.  An  English  poet,  a  friend  of  the 
poet  tiray.  He  graduated  at  Camliridge  (St  John's  col- 
lege) 1745,  and  was  rect«ir  of  Aston,  Yorkshire.  He  pub- 
lished the  "Life  and  Letters  of  Gray "(1774),  the  dratnas 
"Elfrida"  (17.''>2),  " Caractacus " (1759),  "English  Garden" 
( 1772-S2),  etc. 

Mason,  William.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan. 
24,  1829.  -Vn  American  musician  and  composer. 
He  was  a  jmpil  of  Jloscheles,  Liszt,  and  Dreyschock,  and 
has  published  a  ])ianoforte  method  and  many  8tudie.s,  etc. 
He  has  taught  music  in  New  V.trk  for  a  number  of  years. 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line,   ^ce Mason, Chorlis. 

Masovla  (ma-s6'vi-ii),  or  Mazovia  fma-zo'- 
vi-ii).  A  medieval  duchy  in  Poland,  along  the 
middle  Vistula,  in  the  neighborhood  of  and  in- 
cluding Warsaw.  It  was  reunited  with  the 
Polish  crown  in  1526. 

Maspero  (mas-pe-ro'),  Gaston  Camilla 
Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  June  24.  1846.  A 
noted  French  EgT.'ptologist.  in  1S74  he  succeeded 
De  Rouge  as  professor  of  archa;ology  and  Egyptian  philol- 
ogy in  the  College  de  France,  and  "from  1S81  to  ISSO  con- 
tinued the  work  of  Mariette  as  director  of  the  museum  at 
Bul.ak  (now  at  Gizeh).  His  works  include  "Histoire  an- 
cienue  des  peoples  de  I'Orient"  (lS7.'t),  etc. 

Masque  de  fer.     See  Mnn  uitlt  thr  Iran  MasV. 

Masquerier  (mask-e-rer'),  John  James.    Born 

at  Clielsea,  Oct.,  1778:  died  at  Brighton,  March 
13, 1853.  An  English  painter,  of  French  parent- 
age. He  is  extensively  represented  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts. 

Massa  (raiis'sa).  The  capital  of  the  proWnce 
of  Massa-e-Carrara,  situated  on  the  Fregido  in 
lat.  44°  3'  N.,  long.  10°  9'  E.  It  has  marble 
quarries.  Population  (1891),  commune,  esti- 
mated, 23,000. 

Massachuset(mas-a-cho'set).  [Native,' at  the 
great  hills,'  i.  e.  the  Blue  Hills  of  Milton.]  A 
tribe  or  undefined  confederacy  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  liWng  about  Massachu- 
setts Bay  from  Plymouth  to  Salem  (including 
the  basins  of  the  Neponset  and  Charles  rivers). 
Their  number  was  much  reduced  by  pestilence  in  1617. 
AlDout  1650  they  were  gathered  into  the  villages  of  the 
Praying  Indians,  and  lost  their  tribal  autonomy.  See  Al- 
fi'jtupiian. 

Massachusetts  (mas-a-cho'sets).  [From  the 
Massachuset  Indians.]  One  of  the  New  Eng- 
land States,  and  one  of  the  thirteen  original 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Boston.  It  is  bounded  by  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on  tlie  east,  the  Atlantic, 
Rliode  Island,  and  Connecticut  on  the  south,  and  New 
York  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  41°  14'  to  42°  r>3'  N., 
and  from  long.  69°  53'  to  73°  32'  W.  The  surface  is  gener- 
ally hilly  (Taeonic  and  Hoosac  ranges  in  the  west).  l>ut  is 
low  in  the  southeast.  The  chief  rivers  iire  the  Comiecti- 
cut,  llousatonic,  Merrimac,  and  Charles.  The  leading  oc- 
cupations are  commerce,  manufactures,  and  fisheries.  It 
is  the  first  State  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes 
and  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  Massachusetts  contains 
14  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  14  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  10  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  Gos- 
nold  in  1602,  and  by  John  Smith  in  1011,  and  was  settled 
by  the  English  (by  tlu^  I'llgrtmsat  I'lyniouth  in  1020,  ami  by 
the  Puritans  at  Salem  in  102H  and  at  Boston  in  1030).  The 
confederate  union  of  the  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  New 
Haven,  and  Connecticut  cohuiies  existed  from  1043  to  1684. 
King  Philip's  war  took  place  in  1675-76 ;  the  uidon  with 
Plymouth  Colony  In  1091 ;  the  Salem  "  witchcraft''  trials  in 
1692.  The  State  took  an  important  part  in  the  colonial 
wars,  and  in  the  resistance  to  British  oppression  ;  was  the 
scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  in  1775;  and  was 
the  scene  of  Shays's  Rebellion  in  1780-87.  Called  the  "Old 
Hay  State."    Area  8,315  square  miles.     Population  (1900). 

Massachusetts  Bay.  A  colony  founded  at 
Sali'in,  Mnssaohusclts.  in  1628,  under  John  En- 
dicott,  and  greatly  increased  in  16.30  by  the  ar- 
rival of  a  lai-ge  force  under  Winthrop.  Its  capital 
was  removed  to  liosl<in.  The  Plymouth  Colony  was  In 
10111  incirporal.  d  with  11,    ' 

Massachusetts  Bay  Company.    A  colonizing 

company  clinrloi'od  in  1(!'_'9,  and  gi'owing  out  of 
tlie  Il.u-choslir  Cninpany.  Its  immediate  cause  was 
the  danger  to  political  and  religious  freedom  in  England 
under  Charles  I.  Emlicott  was  the  first  Iiwal  governor. 
In  1030  Winthro]!.  as  tin-  new  governor,  conducted  a  lai-ge 
expedition,  wldeh  founded  Bostcm. 

Massacre  of  the  Innocents,  The.  1.  A  paint- 
ing by  TinloroUo,  in  tlie  Scuolii  <li  San  Kocco 
at  Venice. —  2.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the 
Ohl  Pinakothek  at  Munich. 

Massada  (miis-sii'ciii).  A  strongliold  on  a  hill 
in  the  desert  of  .ludali,  on  Ihi'  western  bank  of 
the  Dead  Sea,  founded  by  tlie  .Maccabees  antl 
made  impi-egnable  by  Mi-rod.  It  jdaycd  agreatpart 
during  the  war  with  Rome,  holdlngollt  for  some  time  after 
the  fall  of  Jerusalem.  When  it  h.'ol  to  surrender.  Its  gar- 
rison, consisting  of  l.OiHl  ^t>alots  under  the  command  of 
Eleazar,  first  killed  their  wives  and  chllilrcn,  and  then 
themselves.  Tliere  are  still  ruins  of  a  castle  on  the  hlU. 
and  their  modern  name  is  Sehbeh. 


Massillon 

Massa-e-Carrara  (mas'sa-a-kar-ra'ra).  A  prov- 
ince in  Tuscany,  Italy,  formerly  a  duchy,  be- 
longing to  Modena.  Capital,  Massa.  Area,  687 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  178,644. 

Massafra  (mas-sa'fra).  A  town  in  the  pro\'ince 
of  Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Taranto.     Population,  (1881),  9,463. 

Massagetae  (ma-saj'e-te).  [Gr.  ilaoaayHat.'] 
In  ancient  history,  a  nomadic  people,  allied  to 
the  Sc\-thian8,  dwelling  northeast  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

Massalia  (ma-sa'li-a).  [Gr.  MaaooA/a.]  The 
Greek  name  of  Marseilles. 

Massalia.  An  asteroid  (No.  20)  discovered  by 
De  Ga.sparis  at  Naples,  Sept.  19, 1852. 

Massa-Lubrense  (niiis'sii-16-bren'se).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy,  16  miles 
south-soutlieast  of  Naples. 

Massa  Marittima  (miis'sa  mii-rit'te-ma).  A 
tnwti  in  till-  province  of  Grosseto,  Italy,  30  miles 
sontliwest  of  Siena. 

Massaruni.     See  Macaruni. 

Massasoit  (mas'a-soit).  Bom  probably  about 
1580:  died  16G1.  A  chief  of  tie  Warapanoag 
Indians  in  southeastern  Massachusetts  and 
Rhode  Island,  in  alliance  with  the  Plvmouth 
colonists  1621-61. 

Mass^  (mii-sa'),  Victor  (F61ix  Marie).  Bom  at 
Lorient,  France,  March  7,  1822 :  died  at  Paris, 
July  5, 1884.  A  French  operatic  composer.  He 
gained  the  grand  prii  de  Rome  in  1844 ;  from  1866-76  was 
professor  of  composition  at  the  Conservatoire ;  and  in  1872 
was  elected  to  the  Institut.  Among  his  works  are  "  Gala- 
t^e  "  (18.'>2),  "Les  noces  de  Jeannette"  (18.^3X  "La  reiue 
Top.aze  "  (185CX  "Les  saisons  "(1855). "  Fior  d'Aliza  " (1866). 
"Paul  et  Virginie  "  (1876),  etc.  "  La  mort  de  ClSojiitre," 
upon  which  he  was  engaged  just  before  his  death,  was  per- 
formed in  his  honor  April  25, 1885. 

Mass^na  fma-sa-na'),  Andr6,  Due  de  Rivoli, 

Prince  d'Essling.  Born  at  or  near  Nice,  Mav, 
1758 :  died  at  Paris,  April  4,  1817.  A  French 
marshal.  Hewonthevietoryof  Loanoin  1795;  served  with 
distinction  under  Napoleon  in  Italy ;  as  commander-in- 
chief  in  Switzerland  defeated  KorsakoJf  at  Zurich.  Sept. 
26,  179S»  (see  Zurich,  Battles  of);  defended  Genoa  in  1800; 
gained  the  victory  of  Caldiero  I  let.  30, 1805;  captured  Gaeta 
in  ISijO ;  served  at  Landshut,  Eckmohl,  Essling,  and  Wa. 
gram  in  IMIJ  ;  and  commanded  in  the  Peninsula  1810-11. 

Massenet  (miis-na'),  Jules  ^mile  Fr6d6ric. 

Born  at  Montaud.  near  St.-fitienne,  France. 
May  12,  1S42.  A  French  composer.  He  won  the 
grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1803,  and  in  187S  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  advanced  composition  at  the  Conservatoire  and 
member  of  the  Beaux  Arts.  In  addition  to  orchestral  and 
pianoforte  music  ("  Scenes  hongroises,"  etc.),  he  has  writ- 
ten many  operas,  among  wliieh  are  "  DonCt^sar  de  Bazan  " 
(18721,  "  Les  if.iTnnies  "  (1873),  "  Le  roi  de  Lahiue  "  (1877), 
"Heiodiade"  (1881),  "Manon"  (1884),  "  Le  Cid  "  (18S5). 
He  has  also  written  sevenil  oratorios:  "Marie  Made- 
leine" (1873),  "ive"(lS75),  "  La  Viergo  "  (1879).  etc. 

Massey  (mas'i),  Bartle.  A  schoolmaster,  a 
cliaracter  in  the  novel  "Adam  Bede  "  by  George 
Eliot. 

Massey  (mfts'i).  Sir  Edward.  Born  about  1619 : 
died  in  Ireland  about  1674.  An  Engli.sh  gen- 
eral. .Kt  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  of  1642  ho  was 
in  tile  service  of  the  king,  but  later  became  lieutenant- 
ciilonel  in  the  Parliamentjiry  aniiy.  serving  near  tilouces- 
ter.  Later,  in  the  struggle  between  Parliament  and  the 
anny,  he  served  Parliament,  and  was  mmle  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  horse  -April  2, 1*H7.  He  was  impeached  by  the 
army,  and  tied  to  Holland.  Enteringtheservieeof  Charles 
II  ,  he  assisted  as  lieut*-nant-general  iliiring  the  Invasion, 
and  was  captured  and  contineil  in  the  Tower  in  Nov.,  1051. 
He  escaped  to  Holland,  and  assisted  in  the  Restoration. 

Massey,  Gerald.  Born  at  Tring.  England,  May 
29,1.828.  .\n  English  poet.  He  has  written  "  Bal- 
lad of  Babe  Clirlstabel  "  (1854).  "  Craigcrook  Castle  "  ( 1S.50X 
"shakspere's  Sonnets  never  before  Interpreted.  etc."(lsfi<i), 
"  A  rale  of  Eternity  "  (1809X  '  Concerning  SpirituiUIsm  " 
(1.S71),  "A  Book  of  the  Beginnings,  etc." ('.881),  "The  Natu- 
ral Genesis  "(1883;  the  second  part  of  "Bottk  of  tlie  Begin- 
nings"),"The  Secret  Drama iifiShaksiiere's  Sonnets "(Itw-X 
etc. 

Massicus  (mns'i-kusV  Mons.  In  ancient  geog- 
laptiy,  a  range  of  hills  on  tlio  border  of  Cam- 
piiiiia  and  Latium,  Italy;  the  modern  Monte 
.Mn>sico.     It  is  famous  for  wines. 

Massilia  (nia-siri-ii).  The  Liitin  name  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

Massillans  (ma-sil'i-anz).  The  members  of  a 
Christian  school,  niost  numerous  at  Mai'seilh'S, 
later  and  nmre  usually  called  Semi-Pilagiiins. 

Massillon  (mas'll-qn).  .\  city  in  Stark  County, 
noil  hern  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Tu.scarawas  50 
miles  south  of  Cleveliiinl.  It  has  coal-mines  and 
-nn.NtoiK-quarries.      PoiMilnli.Mi  i  I!>iiiii,  1  1.944. 

Massillon  (mii-se-yon'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom 

at  Hydros,  France,  .Tune  24.  I()(i3;  died  Sept.  IS, 
1742.  A  noted  French  juilpit  orator,  a.  member 
of  the  Congregation  of  the  Oratory.  He  lived  for 
many  years  In  a  monaster)-  (Sept-Fonts);  and  In  1090  was 
ealleil  to  I'aris,  where  he  liecamc  director  of  the  seminary 
of  St.-MagloIre  and  in  1704  court  preacher,  attaining  great 
celebrity  as  a  pulpit  orator.    In  1717  he  was  made  bishop 


Massillon 


of  Clermont,  and  became  an  academician  in  1719.     His 
works  (including  sermons,  funeral  orations,  etc.)  were  Dub- 
lislied  in  15  vols.  1745-JS. 
Massina  (ma-se'nii).     See  Fiihih. 


664 


Fifty  of  his  novels,  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect,  were  pub- 
lished in  147()  under  the  title  "II  Novellino  con  le  lar^u. 
menti  e  morali  conclusioni  d'alcuni  esempli."  Oneof  these 
is  the  same  as  "P^omeo  and  Juliet."  The  scene  is  laid  in 
.sienii. 

(iiia-so'de),  A1-.    Died  957.    An  Ai'abi- 

itorian.    He  is  called  "  the  Herodotus  of  Arabian 

.Jtory.'     Of  his  numerous  works  the  principal  one  is 

-Meadows  of  Gold  and  Mines  of  Gems,"  which  h.as  been 

published  in  9  volumes,  « jtli  the  Arabic  te.\t  above  and 

a  I'reiuh  translation  beb.w,  by  Barbier  de  Mcynard  in 

collaboration    with    Pavet    de  Courteille    18UI-77      One 

v.ilunie  has  been  translated  into  English  (1841) 'bv  A 

_ »„.„,„..„ —     i^^  ,o     Sprenger.  /  uj  .™. 

ngthemostimportantofwhich  7i/r,_,,n__i„„,    /,„:;  .u/zr         *■•     i\       a 
t"(i6i<))."Tlicl)ukeofMilin    "■'•^'SUlipatam  (ma-.so"h-pa-tam').     A  seaport, 
V-J24),  "The  Parliament  of  Love  •    '"ip'tal  of  the  Kistna  district,  Madras,  Britisli 

n!f  npM='^n«QS!''^«''Ti,^'?y-,^;  ^^^i*"  "^  ^J"'  "'''>' t'*'  ^"^  ^"•^'='"  'situated  on  tlie  Coromaudel  coast  in  lat. 

Old  Debts    (1CS2),  " The  llaid  of  Honour "  (1632).    In  co  -  16°  9' N     lone-    ,S1°  9' F       Tf  V.a=  ,r,o.,„f   T 

laboration  wiih  Fletcher  he  wrote  "The  Honest  Man's  t,(  „„t/„,V  2!^'  vi        ,    ;.     ■"  '}^^  manufactures 

Fortune  "(acted  1013),  -The  Knight  of  Malta  "(acted  be-  °'  cotton,  etc.     Population   (1891),  38,809. 
fore  1619),  and  others.     "Henry  VIII."  is  doubtless  the  Masym  (ma'siru).     A  rarely  used  name  for  the 

work  of  Massinger  and  Fletcher.    "  .Sir  .Tolin  Van  Olden  lifth-magnitude  star  y  Herculis,  in  the  left  hand 

Barnaveldt"  is  assigned  bvBuUen  to  these  authors:  it  was  of  tbp  „fonf                  '^      c  v,uiis,  m  Liieieic  nana 

first  printed  from  manuscript  by  him  in  his  "Old  PIavs."ii/r„  „x,J'!.':\       T     w         x-  .,     , 

™' ^  ^  ,-•-...,.,.    ..     .-      Maat(mat).    In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  truth,  child  of  the  sun,  -n-earing  on  her 
head  the  ostrich  plume,  emblematical  of  truth 
She  was  often  called  "the  Two  Truths."    In  her  luill  the 
■uls  of  the  dead  were  judged  before  Osiris, 


Mathews,  Charles 


dramatist.  He  entered  Oxford  in  1602,  and  left  in  lew, 
(without  a  degree),  when  he  went  to  London  and  devoted 
himself  to  writing  plays,  sometimes  working  alone,  but 
more  freciuently  in  collaboration  with  Nathaniel  Field, 
Eobert  Daborne,  Dckker,  Cyril  Tom-neur,  aud  Fletcher : 
with  Mie  last  he  was  associated  from  1613  to  1625.  He  is 
soleanthorof  15  plays,  amoni  " 
m-e  '■  The  Unnatural  Combat 
(1623),  "  The  Bondman  "  (16: 


^ - J.-  -..  -  "OldPIavs. 

Thirty-eight  plays  in  all  may  be  attributed  to  Massinger 
alone  and  with  others. 

Massinissa.    See  Musinissa. 

Masson  u'las'on),  David.     Born  at  Aberdeen 


Scotland,  Dee.  2.  1822.     A  Scottish  author,  pro-  -.i'"]^  "J  ^l'"'  '^,'""^  "'■■'^  J"''s«'l  ^''^°''«  Osiris. 

fessor  of  rhetoric  and  EngUsh  literature  in  the  ■'«-?'p,apele  f,™'';*;;-!';!.  le).  or  Matebele  (ma-te 


fessor  of  rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  1805-95.  Hischief  work 
is  his  "Life  of  .Folin  Miiton  .ami  HistoiT  of  his  Time' 
(1859-80).  He  has  also  written  "Essays,  Biographical  and 
Critical  '(ISoS-?!)  and  "British  Novelists  and  their  Styles  " 
(1859),  and  for  a  number  of  years  (from  its  commencement 
in  1859)  was  editor  of  "Macmillan's  Magazine." 


Masson,  George  Joseph  Gustave.  Born  atLon-  !i"''',^aslto»(ijaiul,  Mm, 
don,  Marcli  9,  1819:  died  at  Ewhurst,  Surrey  Mlatabeleland  (mii-ta- 
Aug.  29,  1888.  An  English  educational  -nTiter!  "}  ^°^^J^.  ^^"ca,  north 
His  father  had  been  a  soldier  under  Napoleon  in  Russia,  claimed  in  1888  to  he  -or 
Masson  was  educated  at  Tours,  and  was  made  French  mas- 
ter at  Harrow  in  1855.  He  published  "  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  French  Literature"  (18B0),  "La  lyre  francaise" 
(1867),  "The  Huguenots"  (ISSl),  "Bichelieu  "  (18S4),  etc. 
He  was  principally  occupied  with  educational  compila- 
tiiiiis  and  translations. 

Massorah(mas-s6'ra).  [Heb.,' tradition.']  The 
name  given  to  the  work  of  the  Jemsh  scholars 

in  establishing  the  traditional  pronunciation     ;.■,-;: ,— - 

and  accents  of  the  Hebrew  Old  Testament.  The  -M-i""  ''■'"'/"  .'!"f'..''j"'-'^l'^ 
men  who  were  engaged  in  this  work  were  called  Masso.  •"■'■atacOSCina-ta-Kos  ) 


— .,^......  „i  VL.V- jx.- .ji  ..  ,,  ^./i,.t  X  ^-oLtimtriiL.    ine 

men  who  were  engaged  in  this  work  were  called  Masso- 
retes.  The  work  of  the  Massorah  went  on  for  centuries 
beginning  soon  after  the  return  from  the  Babylonian  cap- 
tivity, when  the  study  of  the  law  became  the  center  of  the 
life  of  the  Jews.  Of  later  Massoretes  the  most  prominent 
were  the  family  of  Asher,  called  ben  Asher,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  Sth  to  the  10th  centuries  A.  D.  The  last  of 
the  famUy,  Aaron  ben  Moses  ben  Asher  (see  Aaron  ben 

J  Ch^f\        in      tUa     inn, ♦ 1 1..      .,_   _      .. 


ba'le),  or  Matabeli  (ma-ta-ba'lej.  a' Bantu 
tribe  of  British  Soutli  Africa,  north  of  the  Trans- 
vaal, claiming  territory  from  about  lat.  20°  S. 
to  the  Zambesi  River,  especially  Mashonaland. 
It  is  organized  on  the  Zulu  model.  See  Lohcn- 
(/iiJa,  Mashonnland,  Maiiica.  Also  Tahcle,  Tcbde. 
■■  ta-ba'le-landj.  A  region 
^„,  „„jth  of  the  Transvaal,  pro- 
claimed in  1888  to  be  within  the  British  sphere 
of  influence.  It  was  forcibly  taken  possession  of  by  the 
British  South  Africa  Company  1893-94.     See  Lobcngnla. 

Mata(30  (ma-ta-ko'),  or  Mataguaya  (ma-ta- 
gwi'a),  stock.  A  linguistic  group  of  South 
American  Indians,  in  the  Gran  Chaco,  princi- 
pally between  the  rivers  Vei-mejo  and  Pilco- 
mayo.  it  includes  the  Matacos,  Mataguayas,  Enimagas 
Ocolos,  and  various  other  hordes,  all  of  more  or  less  wan- 
dering habits  and  dark-skinned. 

Hatacos  (ma-ta-kos').  A  tribe  of  Indians  of  the 
Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco  region,  about 
the  upper  course  of  the  Rio  Vermejo.  They  have 
considerable  herds  of  cattle  and  horses,  and  migrate  from 
time  to  time  in  search  of  fresh  pastures.  In  color  they  are 
dark.  The  Matacos  have  long  been  at  war  with  the  Tobas 
They  are  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  readily  work  for  them 
"a\  "V""''.?"'^;;.^"'"  -'i">*«s  "en  Asner  (see  Aaron  ben     on  sugar-plantations  or  as  servants. 

calization  of  the  text,  originally  merely  consonantal  were  ^'^  <^"  "J  Dr.  Brinton  to  the  so-called  Chontales 

the  family  of  Ben  Naftali  in  Babylonia.    The  system  of  Indians  in  Nicaragua  (departments  of  Mata- 

-  "'«b™  Asher  has  prevailed.     The  Massoretes  worked  galpa,  Segovia,  and  Chontales).    He  regards  their 

l^:^:^'^^S'^^Z'tS^'^:^^J^^  .-«;-Seas%ssentiallydifferentfrom\ha?o7o%.^r''^,;^,^'n^ 

"p^i^^^:^::^'  wli^^r^^a^dlSfr^a'd'  Matagorda  Bay  (mat-a-g6r'daba).  An  inlet  of 
ing  of  a  passage  seemed  to  them  untenable  they  added  '"®  '''"J*  ""^  Mexico,  south  of  Texas,  at  the 
then-  emendation  on  the  margin,  as  "  that  which  is  to  be  mouth  of  the  Colorado,  about  long.  96°  W 
read  (gr.),  opposed  to  "that  which  is  written  "  ikethlb).  MatagOrda  Island.  An  island  on  the  coast  of 
JSlassowah(mas-sou'a),orMassawa.  The  chief  Texas,  southwest  of  Matagorda  Bay 
seaport  (3u  the  western  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  Mataguayas  (ma-tii-gwi'iis).  A  tribe  of  In- 
Atrica,  situated  on  a  small  island  iu  lat.  15°  37'  dians  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco 
-N.,  long.  39°  27'  E.    it  i.i  the  chief  ,„„.tf,„.  siw.o!„i„     region  north  of  the  Rio  Vermejo.    They  ,ai-e  closely 

allied  to  the  Mat.acos,  but  are  more  savage,  and  have  ad- 
mitted little  intercourse  with  the  whites.     Olil  authors 
used  this  name  somewhat  loosely  for  various  tribes  of  the 
Mataco  and  Gn.aycuru  stocks. 
Matambwe  (mii-tam'bwe).     See  Konde. 

,ma-ta- 

.,  —  —  state  of  Ta- 

maulipas,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Rio  Grande 
opposite  Brownsville  in  Texas.  It  was  taken  by 
Taylor  May  18, 1846.  Population  (1894),  7,312. 
Matamoros  (ma-ta-mo'ros),  Mariano.  Born 
about  1770:    executed  at  Valladolid,  Feb.  3, 


! ..     ^•.  ?^°  -*"  ^-    "  '''  "'«  ':li'«'  port  for  Abyssinia 
and  the  neighboring  regions.   It  was  formerly  under  Turk- 
ish and  after  1865  under  Egyptian,  rule.   Tlie  Italians  took 
mihtary  possession  in  188.=..    Population,  about  20,000. 
Massuccio.     See  ilasuccio 


The  name  of  Unas  is  not  found  at  the  Wadv  Magarah  • 
but  several  small  objects  inscribed  with  it,  probably  de-' 
rived  from  the  toml.s  at  Gizeh,  are  in  the  different  muse- 
ums of  Europe.  He  reigned  thirty-three  years,  and  was 
buried  in  the  long  building  constructed  of  enormous 
blocks  of  limestone,  anciently  inl.aid  with  hard  stones  at 
Sakkarah,  and  known  at  the  present  day  by  the  name  of 
the  ■M.astabat-el-l'araoun"  or  "Pharaoh's  board."  Hia 
name  has  been  found  upon  a  stone  near  the  entrance. 

Birch,  Egypt,  p.  52. 

Master  Adam,  F.  Maitre  Adam.    The  poet 

-Vdam  Billaut. 

Master  Builder,  The.     A  play  by  Ibsen,  pro- 
duced in  1S92.  '^ 

Master  Humphrey's  Clock.    A  eolleetiou  of 
tales  by  Charles  Dickens,  published  in  1840-41 
They  included  "The  Old  Curiosity  .Shop"  and  "Barnaby 
Rudge.      ITie  stories  were  related  by  Master  Humphrey 
this  part,  however,  was  afterward  taken  out 


1814.  A  Mexican  priest  and  patriot,  the  prin- 
cipal lieutenant  of  Morelos  (Dec,  1811.-,Tau., 
1814).  He  gained  the  victory  of  San  Agustin  del  Pal- 
mar (Oct  14, 1813),  and  shared  in  the  repulse  at  Vallado- 
lid and  the  defeat  at  Puruaran  (Jan.  5, 1814),  where  he  was 
captured. 

Matanzas  (ma-tan'zas ;  Sp.  pr'on.  mii-tan'thiis). 
A  seaport  on  the  northern  coast  of  Cuba,  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Matanzas  in  lat.  23°  2'  N., 
long.  81°  43'  W.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  city  oi 
Cuba  next  to  Havana.     Population  (1899),  36,374. 

Matapan  (ma-tii-piin').  Cape.  A  promontory 
at  the  extremity  of  Laconia,  Greece,  situ.iteil 
in  lat.  36°  23'  N.,  long.  22°  29'  E. :  the  ancient 
Tsenarum.  It  is,  after  Cape  Tarifa,  the  south- 
enimost  point  of  continental  Europe 


^r.v,.t^?^*°ir  1    f-    -^s^a  story  by  Frederick  Matape  (ma-ta'pa).     A  pueblo  iu  central  So- 
■4f^ll^  J"^    1       '"  ^^i^\      T       .      ,  "/"■■'-  •'""^  to  tlie  Spaniards  in  1540  under 

AW  5,- V     ,  '^*®'^*'®^-     Peter  Lombard.     See     the  name  Vacapa.     It  was  later  a  considerable 

hooh  oj_  Sf^itniccs.  mission  of  the  Jesuits. 

^^'""J°S^,^^,^^«'^°°(°^Tf.^t'«'j?^^sa-ler'n6).  Mataras  (mii-ta'ras).     An  Indian  tribe  of  the 

AnTt«Hnn'  ^  ?  f  °"*  ^*-"=  '^""^  ''""  "■'^-  fV"'''!''°^  Republic,  in  the  Chaco  region  on 
.V;;/„  .  v.- t.  .•  He  was  a  man  of  some  rank,  and  tl^e  nver  Pilcomayo.  They  are  classed  with 
passed  most  of  his  life  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Milan,     the  Lule  stock.  ^"ej   are  ciasseu  with 


Matar6  (iua-tii,-r6').  A  seaport  and  manufac- 
turing towu  in  the  pro^^nee  of  Barcelona,  Spain 
17  miles  n(3rtheast  of  Barcelona.     Population 

Matejko  (ma-tay'ko),  Jan.  Bom  at  Cracow 
July  30,  1838:  died  Nov.  1, 1893.  A  Polish  his- 
tcirieal  painter.  His  subjects  were  taken  from 
Polish  history. 

Matelica  (inii-tel'e-ka).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Macerata,  eastern  Italy,  22  miles 
west  of  Macerata. 

Matera  (mii-ta'rii).     A  town  in  the  prorince  of  j 
I'otenza.  southem  Italy,  37  miles  west-north- 
west of  Taranto.     Population  (1881),  15,700. 

Mater  Dolorosa  (ma'ter  dol-(i-r6'sa).  [L.,'  the 
sorrowfulmother.']  A  painting  by 'Titian  (1554) 
in  the  royal  museum  at  Madrid,  it  is  a  bust  of 
the  Virgin,  in  violet  robe,  with  blue  mantle  drawn  over  the 
white  cap  on  her  head,  mourning  her  son  with  upraised 
hands.  It  is  a  companion  piece  to  the  master's  "Ecce 
Homo    111  the  same  museum. 

Materna  (mii-ter'na).  Amalie  (Frau  Fried- 
rich).  Born  at  St.  Georgen,  St^-ria.  1847.  A 
noted  German  opera-singer.  She  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance at  Gratz  about  1864.  In  1869  she  made  her  fii«t 
success  as  Selika  in  "L'Africaine  "  at  Vienna,  and  in  ls70 
created  her  great  reputation  as  a  Wagnerian  singer  bv  her 
impersonation  of  Brunhild  at  the  Wagner  festiv.al  atBay- 
reuth.  She  has  also  sung  in  England  and  the  United  States. 

Maternus,  Julius  Firmicus.  See  Firmiciis-. 
Mather  (maTH'tL-r),  Cotton.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  12,  16(53:  died  there,  Feb.  13, 1728. 
-An  American  Congregational  clergyman,  au- 
thor, and  scholar:  son  of  Increase  Mather.  He 
became  the  colleague  of  his  father  in  the  North  Church  in 
Boston  lu  16S4,  andremained  in  that  pulpit  until  his  death 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  persecutions  for  witchcraft 
Mis  chief  works  are  "Magnalia  C'hristi  Americana"  (on 
New  England  ecclesiastical  history,  1702 ;  new  ed  1853) 
Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World  "  (1692),  "Manuductio 
ad  Ministenum,"  "Biblia  Americana,  or  Sacred  Scriptures 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  Illustrated  "  (in  MS.). 
Mather,  Increase.  Born  at  Dorchester,  Mass., 
1639  :  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  23,  1723.  President 
of  Harvard  College,  youngest  son  of  Richard 
Mather  He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Harvard  in  1056,  vis- 
ited England  m  1657,  and  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  in  1658.  He  preached  at  Great  Torrington, 
Devonshire,  until  May,  1639,  and  afterward  in  Guernsey! 
At  the  Restoration  he  refused  to  confomi,  and  returned  to 
Boston,  where  he  was  ordained  minister.of  the  new  North 
Church  on  May  27, 1664.  In  lOSO  he  presided  at  the  .'iynod 
of  Boston.  In  1685  he  was  elected  president  of  Haivard 
College.  In  1687  Mather  was  charged  by  the  New  England 
ministers  to  convey  a  vote  of  thanks  to  James  II.  for  his 
declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience,  and  visited  England 
in  16SS.  In  1701  be  resigned  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College,  but  retained  his  Boston  pastorate  until  his  death. 

Mather,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Much  "SVooltou, 
Lancashire,  March  20,1631:  died  at  London, 
July  26,  1697.  The  second  sou  of  Richard  Math- 

f}','  .^^  ^'"'"'^  "'"^ '"'  father  to  America,  and  graduated 
(M.  A.  at  Harvard  College  in  1647.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land about  1650.  In  16.56  he  received  from  the  Protector 
the  vicarage  of  Barnstaple.  Devonshire,  and  at  the  Kesto- 
ration  became  pastor  of  the  English  church  at  Rotterdam. 
In  1671  he  succeeded  his  brother  .Samnel  at  the  church  in 
New  Row,  Dublin,  and  in  1688  took  charge  of  the  Indepen. 
dent  church  in  Paved  Alley,  Lime  street.  London.  He  wrote 
"  The  Righteousness  of  God  tlirough  Faith  "  (1694),  etc. 

Mather,  Richard.  Born  at  Lowton,  Lanca- 
sliue,  1596:  died  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  April 
22,  1669.  A  Congregational  divine.  He  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  May  9,  1618,  but  soon  went  to 
Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool,  preaching  his  first  sermon  Nov 
30.  In  1634  he  was  suspended  for  nonconformity,  and  went 
to  >  ew  England,  arriving  in  Boston  Aug.  16, 1685.  He  was 
settled  at  Dorchester.  Aug.  23,  1636,  and  remained  there 
until  his  death.  Among  his  sons  were  Samuel,  Nathaniel, 
and  Increase. 

Mathers,  Helen.    See  Sccvcs,  Mrs. 
Mathew    (math'u),  Theobald,    called   "The 
.\postle  of  Temperance."  Born  at  Thomastown 
Castle,nearCashel,Ireland,  Oct.  10,1790:  died  at 
Queenstown,  Dec.  8, 1856.    An  Irish  priest  and 
temperance  advocate.     He  entered  the  college  at 
Maynooth  in  1807,  and  was  ordained  in  the  Franciscan 
order  in  1841.     His  first  charge  was  "the  Little  Friary  "  in 
CuiJ.    On  April  10,  1838,  he  signed  the  totiU  abstinence 
pledge,  and  began  a  temperance  crusade.     As  a  result 
nearly  one  half  of  the  adult  population  of  Ireland,  it  is 
said,  joined  him ;  and  "  the  duties  on  Irish  spirits  fell  from 
£1,434,573  in  1839  to £852,418  in  1844."     The  results  of  his 
work  were  largely  destroyed  by  the  Irish  famine,  which 
he  also  did  more  than  any  one  else  to  relieve.     Father 
^lathew  visited  America  in  1849. 
Mathews (math'uz),  Charles.  Bornat London, 
June  28,  1776:  died  at  Plj-niouth.  June  28. 1835. 
An  English  comedian,  s(jn  of  James  Mathews, 
a  Wesleyan  preacher.    He  was  educated  at  the  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School,  London.    After  a  successful  tour  ot 
the  York  circuit,  he  appeared  in  the  Hajmarket  Theatre 
under  George  Colman  the  younger  May  16,  1803,  and  at 
Drur>'  Lane  for  the  first  time  Sept.  IS,  1804.    On  March  28, 
1803,  he  married  as  his  second  wife  Anne  Jackson,  an 
actress,  who  often  appeared  in  his  support.     In  1832  and 
again  in  1834  he  visited  New  York.     .Mathews  was  espe- 
eially  successful  as  a  mimic,  and  was  iu  his  way  inimitable. 
His  series  of  "At  Homes  "  were  his  most  memorable  per- 
formances.   They  consisted  ot  songs,  recitations,  ventri- 


Mathews,  Charles 

loqnial  imitation",  etc.  In  these  his  wife  aided  him.  She 
also  edited  his  iiit-inoirs,  and  wrote  "Anecdotes  of  Actors," 
etc. 

Mathews,  Charles  James.  Bom  at  Liverpool, 
Def.  -0,  18U3:  died  at  Manchester,  Jiuie  24, 
1878.  An  Euglish  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of 
Charles  Mathews.  He  was  educated  at  the  private 
schnolof  Kiclmrdson  tlielexicofrraplK-r,  and  ft  ipit-d  ex  tracts 
fur  Jiis  dictionary.  On  May  i,  ISl'J,  lie  entcrtd  tlic  atelier 
*f  .Augustus  I'ugin  tlie  arcliitect,  and  ct'iitiina-tl  t<»  practise 
arcliitecture  for  several  years.  On  .April  2ti,  ly2"2,  he  ap- 
peared for  the  first  time,  as  an  annileiir,  at  tile  Lyceum, 
London.  On  July  18, 1S38,  he  married  Madame  \'estri8,  his 
manager.  In  Oct..  1842,  they  were  engaged  by  .Macready 
at  Di-ury  Lane,  and  on  Nov.  14,  ISfJ,  they  went  to  the  Hay- 
market.  On  Jidy  4,  lSi<t>,  he  was  imprisoned  for  debt  in 
Lancaster  t'astle.  Marlame  Vestris  died  Aug.  8,  1856;  a 
year  later  he  visited  New  York,  where  he  married  Mrs. 
Davenport,  an  actress  at  Burton's  Theater.  On  April  9, 
1S70,  he  ajiiteared  in  the  Theatre  Uoyal,  Melbourne.  In 
1875  he  played  in  Calcutta,  and  after  his  return  made  his 
last  appearance  June  8,  187."»,  at  .Stalybridge.  Among  his 
own  compositions  are  "The  Black  l)onuni>,"  "  Dead  for  a 
Ducat,"  "  Married  for  Money."  "  The  Cuurt  Jester,"  "  My 
Awful  Dad,"  "  Little  Toddlekins."  *'  Mathews  A  Co.,"  etc. 
His  best  parts  were  Sir  Charles  Coldstream,  .Sir  Affable 
Hawk,  Lavater,  Puff  in  "  The  Critic,"  etc. 

Mathews,  Lucia  Elizabeth   or  Elizabetta 

(Madame  Vestris).  Boniat  London,  Jan..  1797: 
died  there,  Aug.  .S.  IS.jG.  An  EngUsli  actress, 
daughter  of  Gactano  Stefano  Bartolozzi.  On 
Jan.  28,  1813.  she  married  Auguste  Arraand  Vestris,  bal- 
let-master at  the  King's  Theatre.  She  had  a  fine  contralto 
voice,  and  first  appeared  as  Proserpina  in  Peter  Winter's 
opera  "  II  Ratto  di  Proserpina  "(July  20,  181^).  .She  ap- 
P'ijared  first  in  English  at  r)rury  Lane  on  Feb.  19,  1820, 
aiut  continued  to  play  until  Jan.  :i,  1S31,  when  she  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Olympic.  On  Dec.  7,  18.^', 
Charles  James  Mathews  made  his  debut  under  lier  man- 
agement, and  they  were  married  July  IS,  1838.  She  under- 
took the  manngement  of  the  Lyceum  in  1847,  and  appeared 
there  for  the  last  time  July  2»i,  IS.'U. 
Mathews,  Thomas.  Born  at  Llandaff  Cotirt. 
Oct.,  1(576:  died  at  London,  Oct.  2,  1751.  An 
English  admiral.  Ue  entered  the  navy  about  1C90,  and 
in  1703  was  promoted  captain  of  the  Yarmouth.  In  1730 
lie  was  made  commissioner  of  the  navy  at  Chatham,  and 
on  March  13, 1742.  was  created  vice-adm'ind  of  the  red,  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  MediteiTanean,  and  minister  to 
Sardinia.    He  resigned  in  Aug.,  1744. 

Mathias  fma-tM'as).  The  principal  character 
in  "The  Bells."  dramatized  by  Leopold  Lewis 
from  Ware's  "The  Polish  Jew":  a  conscience- 
stricken  murderer,  very  powerfully  and  poeti- 
cally drawn.  Henry  Irving  has  been  remark- 
ably successful  in  tliis  part. 

Mathias  (ma-thi'.as),  Thomas  James.  Bom 
about  17.54:  died  at  Naples,  Aug.,  183.).  An 
Englisli  satirist  andltalianscholar.  Uegraduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  went  to  Italy  in  1817, 
and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his  life.  His  "  Pursuits  of 
Literature  "  w;is  begun  in  1794.  Other  satires  are  '*  The 
Political  Dramatist"  (I79ri).  "An  Equestrian  Epistle  in 
Verse  to  the  Earl  of  Jersey  "  (1790),  "An  Imperial  Epistle 
from  Kien  Long.  Emperor  of  China,  to  George  III.  in  1794." 
His  "  Works  of  Gray  "  were  published  in  1814.  In  Italian 
he  wrote  "Poesie  Liriche  "  and  "Canzone  Toscane." 

MathuraCma'tho-rii).  A  celebrated  city  of  India, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jumna,  the 
name  of  %vhich  survives  in  the  modern  Muttra. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Krishna,  and  one  of  the 
seven  sacred  cities. 

Matilda(ma-til'dii).  [ML.,  from  MHO.  .Valilliilt, 
Miihtilt,  Mr'litiU,  (■;.  dial.  Mrrhtild  (G.  Miilhildc, 
v.  Miilildr,  from  ML. ).  AS.  MuhliUI:  lit. '  mighty 
in  battle.'  Hence  OF.  Maliald  (whence  late 
AS.  Muhwid,  ME.  Moldc),  Miilidiid.  whence  E. 
Matid.l  Died  in  Normandy,  Nov.  15, 1083.  yueen 
of  William  the  Conqueror  and  daughter  of 
BaldwinV.;  count  of  Flanders.  Shemaniid  William 
about  1053,  and  was  crowned  at  Westminster  ilay  1 1, 1(X)7. 

Matilda,  or  Maud  (mad).  Born  1080:  died  at 
Westminster,  May  1,  1118.  Tlie  first  wife  of 
Henry  I.  of  England,  and  dauglder  of  Malccdm 
III.,  king  of  Scotland,  and  St.  Margaret,  .she 
was  baptized  Eadgyth  (Kdith).  but  was  always  kiutwn  as 
Matilda  or  Mau^l.  Malcolm  III.  and  Margaret  died  in 
,  1093.  and  Matilda  was  sheltered  in  England  by  her  uncle 
Edgar  --tUhiding.  On  Nov.  11,  1100,  slie  was  married  to 
Henry  I.  at  Westminster  Abbey  by  Anselm.  She  founded 
the  first  Austin  prinry  in  England  in  1108.  She  was  pious 
and  learned,  and  had  great  inlluenee  on  the  life  of  the 
time.     She  was  buried  in  Wt-stniinster  Abbey. 

Matilda.  Born  1103  (?):  died  at  Hodingham 
Casth;,  .May  3,  1152.  (^ueen  of  Steplien,  king 
of  England,  she  was  the  otdy  child  of  Eustace  III., 
count  of  Boulogne,  and  Mary,  daughter  of  Afaleolm  III.  of 
Scotland  ami  St.  Margaret.  Before  ll'2.'i  she  married 
Ste|pben  de  Blois  nephew  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  who 
Hcizfd  the  ICnglish  crown  in  1135.  In  the  civil  war  which 
followed  thi'  empress  Matilda's  invasion,  she  took  the  Held 
in  person,  and,  after  Stephen's  iniprisonment,  with  her 
general  William  of  Vpri'Saml  thcalilof  the  citizens  drove 
the  empress  from  T.ciriilcin.  In  11  IS  she  fimridicl  Ibf  hos. 
liil;d  of  .St.  Kalbiirio.'  by  the  Tnw.r. 

Matilda,  »r  Maud,  or  Mold  (.Sthelic   or 

Aaliz).  Born  at  London,  1102:  died  at  Notre 
Damo  lies  Pr/^'S,  near  Rouen,  Sept.  10.  1167. 
Empress,  the  daugliter  of  Henry  I.  <if  England 
and  his  first  wife  Matilda,    she  married  the  (ierman 


665 

king  Henry  V.  at  Mainz  Jan.  7, 1114,  and  may  have  been 
with  him  when  he  was  crowned  at  Rome  in  1111.  When 
Henry  V.  died  (112.5)  she  returned  to  Normandy,  and  in 
1120  to  England.  On  June  17,  1128,  she  married  Geortrt-y 
Plantagenet,  son  of  the  f'ount  of  Anjou.  Their  first  chibl 
(Henry  II.)  was  born  March  .5,  ll.i3.  On  the  death  of  Henry 
I.  (Dec.  1,  U35)  her  cousin  Stephen  assumed  the  ciovvn. 
On  Sept.  30,  1139,  she  invaded  England, captured  Sleplien 
(Feb.,  1141),  was  acknowledged  lady  of  England  and  Nor- 
mandy (April  8. 1141).  anil  established  herself  at  Westmin- 
ster. She  misused  her  iK)wer.  was  driven  from  the  city, 
and  fled  to  Oxfoid.  She  returned  to  Normandy  in  1148. 
.\fter  the  accession  of  her  son  Ifenry  Plantagenet,  she  set- 
tled at  Notre  Dame  des  Pr<^-s,  near  Rouen,  where  she  died. 
Her  most  noted  exploit  was  her  escape  from  O.\ford  with 
three  of  lier  knights  at  Christmas  time.  They  clothed 
themselves  in  white,  and  fled  over  the  frozen  river  and 
through  Stephen's  camp. 

Matilda.  Bom  about  1046:  died  about  111.5. 
Countess  of  Tuscany,  and  ruler  also  of  a  large 
part  of  northern  Italy.  .She  was  a  sujiporter  of 
Gregory  VII.  and  other  popes  against  the  em- 
pire. 

Matilda.  Bom  1156:  died  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, June  28,  1189.  Duchess  of  Sasony.  the 
third  child  and  eldest  datighter  of  Henry'll.  of 
England  and  Eleanor  of  Aqiiitaine.  On  Feb.  1, 
1108.  she  married  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  and 
cousin  of  Frederick  Barbarossa. 

Matlalzincos  (miit-Uil-zen'kosi.  A  tribe  of 
Jle.xiean  Imlians  who  occupied  the  district  west 
of  the  lakes.  They  were  of  Otomi  stock,  and  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  had  been  recently  subdued 
by  the  Aztecs.  In  the  war  with  the  Spaniards  they  ad- 
hered at  first  to  the  Slexican  chiefs,  and  shortly  before 
Mexico  was  taken  they  were  defeated  by  Sandoval,  and 
their  town  of  Matlalzinco  was  burned.  Their  descendants 
irdiabit  the  valley  of  ilexico  and  portions  of  Michoacan. 

Matlock  (mat'lok).  A  town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Derwent  15  miles 
north  by  west  of  Derby.  Near  it  is  Matlock 
Bath,  noted  for  hot  springs.  Population  (1891), 
5,2s5. 

Matrimonio  Segreto  (ma-tre-mo'ne-o  se-gra'- 
to),  II  ("The  Secret  Marriage').  An  opera  by 
Cimarosa,  first  produced  at  Vienna  iu  1792 : 
known  in  French  as  "Le  mariage  secret." 

Matris(ma'trez).  [Skt., 'mothers.']  Li  Hindu 
tlieology,  the  personified  energies  of  the  great 
gods.  Their  number,  at  first  small,  later  became  count- 
less. They  are  the  special  object  of  the  worship  of  the 
Shaktas  (which  see). 

Matrona  (mat'ro-nii).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
.Marne. 

Matsumai  (miit-so-mi').  orMatsumaye  (miit- 

sij-iiii'a).  A  town  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Vczo,  Japan.  40  mihs  southwest  of  Hakodate. 
l'..pulatiou  (18i)l;.  34. .'163. 
Matsya  Avatara  (mat'sya  a-va-tii'ra).  [Skt., 
'fisli  incarnation.']  The  first  incarnation  of 
Vishnu.  He  is  believed  to  have  infused  a  portion  of  his 
essence  into  a  tlsh,  or  to  have  taken  the  form  of  a  tlsli,  to 
save  Manu,  the  primeval  man,  from  the  universal  deluge. 
Conciliating  the  Deity  by  his  jtiety,  Manu  was  warned  of 
the  deluge  .and  connnunded  to  build  a  ship  and  go  onboaril 
with  the  seven  Kisllis,  or-  ]iali  iarclis.  and  the  seeds  of  all 

existing  tilings.    Whi  11  the  ll 1  eaine.Vishtmappcar.das 

a  Viiflt  fish  with  a  horn  on  its  head,  to  which  the  ship's  cable 
was  fastened.  The  ship  was  thus  drawn  along  and  secured 
to  a  high  crag  till  the  Hood  passed. 

Matsya  Purana  (mat'sya  pii-rii'na).  Ill  San- 
skrit lileiature,  a  Purana  of  between  fourteen 
and  fifteen  tliousand  stanzas,  compiled  from  va- 
rious materials.  Jlany  chapters  are  identical  with 
parts  of  the  Vishnu  and  I'ad'nia  Puranas,  and  much  is  taken 
from  the  Mahabh.arata.  It  is  so  4-alled  as  narrated  to  Manu 
iiy  Vishnu  in  the  form  of  a  Ilsh  {matttija), 

Matsys.     See  .V«.«)/.v. 

Matta  (miit'tii).  Guillermo.  Bornin  Coj)iap6, 
lsj;>:  died  1S9!).  A  Clnleaii  politician  and  poet 
I  lis  iyiii's  are  popidar. 

Mattathias  (mat-a-thi'as),  sumaraed  ''The 
llasmonean."  [See  ,V«frtrH'.]  The  father  of 
the  Maccabees.     See  .l/rtccd/xrx. 

Matter  (mii-tar').  Jacques.  Born  at  .\lt-Eck- 
enilorf.  Alsace,  May  iil,  1791 :  dit^l  at  Strasburg, 
Juno  2:i,  1864.  A  Ficiidi  liistoriau  and  philos- 
oplier.  His  works  include  "  Histoiro  crlthiue  du  gnos- 
tlcismc"  (18'2s),  "Hi8t<dre  nniveiBelle  de  1  eglise  chr<5- 
tienne"  (lS2s-:t.5),  "Hlstoire  de  hi  ]diih>sophie  dans  ses 
rappijrts  avec  la  religion  "  (lli.^^4),  etc. 

Matterhom  (miit'ter-horn),  F.  Mont  Cervin 

(mon  Ber-vaii'),  It.  Monte  Silvio  (nioii'le  sel'- 
ve-6).  A  peak  of  tlie  I'miiine  .\lps.  situated 
on  the  boriler  between  Vahiis  iSwilzerlaiid)and 
Piedmont  (Italy),  west  of  Monte  Kosii.  It  is 
noted  for  its  steepiiesa.  It  was  first  ascended  In  ISti't  by 
Wbvmper's  party,  (our  of  whom  lost  their  llvc«.  Height, 
1  1,703  feet. 

Matteucci  (miit-ta'ii-chc),  Oarlo.  Born  nt 
Fiirli.  Italy,  June  20,  IHll:  died  nt  Leghorn. 
Ilnly.  .lune  25,  1H6.'<.  .\n  Italian  iiliysicisi  and 
polilieian.  He  became  professor  at  Bologna  In  llvSS,  at 
Jlavcnna  In  1.H37.  and  at  Pisa  in  IHIO.  In  l.Hiul  he  became 
a  seiintor  and  sntHTlntcnileril  of  the  Italian  telegraph  sys- 
tem, and  later  also  of  t'le  meteorologlciil  bitreiiu.  For  a 
short  time  in  1802  he  was  ininlitGr  of  public  inBtructioa 


Mattiaci 

under  Rattazzi.  He  is  best  known  from  his  works  on 
electricity. 

Mattheson.orMatheson  (mat'e-son),  Johann. 

Born  nt  liaiiiburg.  Sept.  2.H,  1681:  died  there, 
-\pril  17,1764.  A  German  composer  and  writer 
on  imisic. 
Matthew ( m at h'u),  S.aint.  [Heb.,  acontra<?tion 
of  Mii/lalhiah,  gift  of  God;  Gr.  MatHlaior,  -Mor- 
Halnr,  L.  Matlliicii.'),  It.  Mattto,  Sp.  Mateo,  F. 
ildlthicu.']  One  of  the  apostles,  and.  according 
to  tradition,  the  author  of  the  gospel  which 
bears  his  name.  He  is  described  as  a  tax-gatherer. 
In  JIark  and  Luke  he  is  called  Levi.  According  to  the 
earlier  legends  he  tailored  as  a  missionary  on  theshoresof 
the  Black  Sea;  according  to  others,  in  EthiopiiL  In  the 
latter  country  he  was  said  to  have  suffered  martyrdom, 
but  he  was  also  asserted  to  have  died  a  natural  death. 

Matthew,  GrOspel  of.  The  first  gospel,  attrib- 
uted by  tradition  to  tlie  apostle  Matthew. 

Matthew,  Master.  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
"Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  "a  tomi-bred 
gull,"  half  fool,  half  coxcomb,  vain  of  his  own 
poetry,  his  afi'airs  with  women,  and  his  associa- 
tion with  those  above  him  in  rank. 

Matthew,  Sir  Tobie.  Born  at  Salisbury,  Oct. 
3.  1577:  died  at  the  English  College,  Ghent, 
Oct.  13, 1655.  An  English  diplomatist  and  man 
of  letters,  son  of  Tobias  Matthew,  archbishop  of 
York.  He  graduated  at  oxford  (Christ  Church)  in  1594, 
and  was  admitted  of  Gray's  Inn  in  151hl.  He  became  a 
member  of  Parliament  in  lOol.  In  1004  he  visited  Italy, 
and  entered  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  iu  March.  1006. 
He  was  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  jirison  for  his  religion  nn- 
til  Feb.  7,  1608.  Ue  was  ordained  a  priest  at  Rome  in 
1C14,  and  remained  in  Italy  until  1017.  He  was  banished 
from  Jan..  1010,  to  Dec,  1021.  He  busied  liimself  with  vari- 
ous Jesuitical  schemes  until  lOtO,  when  heretired  to  Ghent, 
where  he  died.  His  letters  were  published  five  years  after 
his  death. 

Matthew  of  Paris,  or  Matthew  Paris.  Bom 
prolialily  about  1200:  died  12.59.  A  celebrated 
English  chronicler.  His  surname  probably  originated 
iu  the  circumstance  that  he  stinlied  at  the  University  of 
Paris.  He  entered  the  Benedictine  monastery  of  SI.  Al- 
bans in  1217:  was  present  at  the  nuptials  of  Henry  III. 
and  Eleanor  of  Provence  in  1230;  and  wsis  sent  on  a  mis- 
sion to  the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Holm  (Trondlijem) 
in  1348.  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  Henry  III.,  who  admitted 
him  to  bistable  and  to  private  conversations  during  a  visit 
of  a  week's  duration  at  .St.  .\lbans  in  March,  12.'>7.  His 
chief  works  are  "Historia  -Major"  (also  called  "Chronica 
Maiora")and  "Historia  Anglornm,"  which  is  mainly  com- 
piled from  tile  Ilrst-ineiitioned  work.  The  '■  Historia  ^la- 
jor  "  is  achronirleiif  events  from  the  creation  of  the  world 
to  the  year  12r>9.  Down  to  1235  it  is  a  modified  transcrip- 
tion of  an  earlier  work,  entitled  "  Flores  Historiaruni,'' 
begun  by  John  de  Cella  and  completed  iiy  Roger  of  Weii- 
dover ;  from  11235  to  12.'i9it  *as  compiled  exclusively  from 
original  sources. 

Matthews  (math'uz),  James  Brander.    Bom 

at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Feb.  21, 1852.  An  .American 
writer;  )irol'esscir  of  English  literature  at  Cn- 
liiiiiliia  rnivirslly.  New  York,  1S92-. 

Matthew's  Bible.  A  folio  BiliU-.  published  in 
1537,  wliich  jpi'ofessed  to  be  translated  into  Eng- 
lisli l>y  Thomas  Matthew,     See  Uoycrs,  John. 

Matthias (ma-thi'as  or  mal-tlii'as).  [See  Mat- 
lliiir.'l  The  apostle  chosen  to  till  the  place  of 
.liidas  Iscariot. 

Matthias  (ma-tlii'as;  G.jiron.  miit-te'iis).  Boru 
I'cb.  24.  1.557:  died' March  20.  1619.  Emperor  of 
the  Holy  liomnn  Empire  1612-19,  younger  son  of 
Maxiniilian  II.  He  intrigued  against  his  biother  the 
emperor  Rudolf  11..  whom  he  displaced  as  ruler  in  Hun- 
gary, .Monivia,  .Silesia,  Lusatia,  and  Bohemia  iu  lti08-ll. 
He  was  elected  emperor  on  the  death  of  his  br^ither  in 
1012.  Being  childless,  he  secured  the  succession  in  Bo- 
hemia and  Hungary  for  his  cousin  Ferdinand,  duke  of 
Styria(afterward  emperor  Ferdinand  II. X  in  1617  and  1618, 
respectively. 

Matthias  I.  Corvinus,  sumamed  "The  Great." 
lii.rn  1443:  ilied  at  \ienua.  1490.  Kingof  Hun- 
gary 1458-90,  younger  son  of  John  Hiiiiyadv. 
Ho  carried  on  wars  with  the  emperor,  the  Turks,  tlie 
Itidienilans,  and  (he  Poles;  coni|Uereil  \'ieiina,  which  ht* 
made  bis  residence ;  and  was  a  patron  of  learning. 

Matthiesen  (maili'i-seu),  Augustus.    Born  at 

London,  Jan.  2,  1831:  commitled  suicide  Oct.  C, 
1870.  An  Englisli  chemist  ami  jilivsicist.  After 
ls:.3  ho  spent  four  years  with  Bnneen  at  rteldelliei-g.  Ho 
Wjui  the  first  to  Isolate  ealeinm  and  stroiitiiiin  in  the  pure 
stale,  and  made  valuable  invesligalioris  on  the  physical 
liroperties  of  metals  and  alloys.  In  1.V.7  he  fitted  up  a 
laboratory  ill  London.  He  was  a  lecturer  on  chemistry  at 
.St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  In  IW'kS. 

Matthisson  (mill  'lis-soii).  Friedrich von.  Born 

at  lloliiiiiloilelebeii.  iienr  Magdilnng.  Prussia, 
J;in.  23.  1761:  died  al  Wiirlilz.  near  Dessau, 
(lermnnv,  March  12.  1S3I.  A  German  lyi'icpoet. 
Mattiaci  (ma-ti'a-si).  [L.  (Pliny)  .l/<(ffi(iri.]  A 
German  tribe,  a  iirancli  of  the  Clialti  (first  men- 
tioned by  Pliny),  in  the  Tauiius  region,  south- 
ward to' the  Slain,  about  the  present  Wies- 
baden (called  Iiy  the  Homans  Aiiim^  Mattincie). 
They  took  part  in  the  rising  under  Civilis,  but 
were  soon  afterward  subjugated  by  Home. 


Matto  Grosso 

Matto,orMato,Grosso(mat'togros'so).  [Pg., 
'  great  forest.']  A  western  state  of  Brazil,  bor- 
dering on  Bolivia.  Capital,  CuyabA.  It  is  rich  in 
aCTicultural  and  mineral  products.  Area,  532,708  square 
miles.     Population  (1890),  170,417. 

Mattocks  I  mat'oks),  Isabella.  Born  1746:  died 
at  Kensington,  June  2.5,  1826.  An  English  ac- 
tress, daughter  of  LewisHallam,  alow  comedian. 
At  four  and  a  half  years  of  age  she  played  children's  parts 
at  Covent  Garden.  She  married  Mattocks  in  17(!o,  and 
was  chief  support  of  Covent  Garden  until  her  retirement 
in  180S.  Her  best  rdles  were  chambermaids  and  old  women. 

Mattoon  (ma-ton').  A  city  in  Coles  County, 
eastern  Illinois,  73  miles  east-southeast  of 
Springfield.     Population  (1900),  9.622. 

Maturin  (mat'u-rin),  Charles  Kobert.  Bom 
at  Dublin,  1782:  died  there,  Oct.  30,  1824.  An 
Iiish  novelist,  of  a  French  refugee  family.  He 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1800,  and  became 
curate  of  St.  Peter's,  Dublin.  He  published  "The  Fatal 
Revenge,  or  the  Family  of  llontorio"  (1807),  "The  WUd 
Irish  Boy  ■'  (180S),  and  the  "  Milesian  Chief "  (1S12),  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  His  tragedy 
"  Bertram  "  was  brought  out  by  Kean  at  Drurj'  Lane.  May 
9, 1S16.  He  .ilso  \vrotethe  tragedies  "  Manuel  "(1S17)  and 
"ftedolfo"  (1S17).  His  best  novel,  "Melraoth  the  Wan- 
derer," appeared  in  1820,  and  is  said  to  have  influenced  the 
romantic  school  in  France,  especially  Balzac. 

Matzner  (mets'ner),  Eduard  Adolf  Ferdi- 
nand. Born  at  Rostock,  Germany,  JIay23, 1805: 
died  at  Berlin,  July  14,  1892.  A  noted  German 
philologist.  He  taught  at  the  French  gymnasium  in 
Berlin  and  at  the  g>-mnasium  in  Bromberg  1S30-34,  and 
was  director  of  the  "  Luisenschule,"  the  principal  female 
school  in  Berlin,  from  183S.  He  published  "  Englische 
Grammatik  "(3ded.  lSSi)-85),"AltenglischeSprachproben  " 
(1S07-). '  'Altenglisches  W^brterbuch  "  (1S72-),  and  works  on 
Romance  philology. 

Maubeuge  (mo-bezh').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord.  France,  situated  on  the  Sambre. 
near  the  Belgian  frontier,  22  miles  east  by  south 
of  Valenciennes,  it  has  manufactures  of  tools  and 
metal  goods.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Hainaut,  and 
was  fortified  by  Vauban.  It  surrendered  to  the  Prussians 
.Tuly  11,  ISlo.    Population  (1891),  commune,  18,863. 

Maucb  Chunk  (mak  chungk).  The  capital  of 
Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Lehigh  74  miles  north-northwest  of  Philadel- 
phia. There  are  important  anthracite-coal  mines 
in  its  ricinity.     Population  (1900).  4,029. 

Maud.  [A  contraction  of  Matilda.']  See  Ma- 
tilda. 

Maud.  A  poem  by  Tennyson ,  published  in  1855. 

Maud  Muller.     A  short  poem  by  'Wliittier. 

Maud  S.  An  American  trotting  mare,  by  Har- 
old, dam  Miss  Russell.  At  Cleveland  in  1885 
she  made  the  record  of  one  mile  in  2:08f ,  but  lost 
it  to  Sunol  (2:0Si-)  in  1891. 

Maudsley  (madz'li),'Heiiry.  Born  at  Giggles- 
wick,  Yorkshire,  Feb.  5, 1835.  An  English  phys- 
iologist. He  has  been  president  of  the  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association,  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  at 
University  College,  London,  and  editor  of  the  **  Journal  of 
Mental  Science."  His  chief  works  are  "The  Physiology 
and  Pathologj- of  the  Mind"  (1807),  "Body  and  Mind" 
(1S70),  "Responsibility  in  Mental  Disease"  (1874).  "The 
Physiology  of  Mind"  (1876),  "The  Pathology  of  Mind" 
(1879),  "Body  and  Will"  (1883).  "Natural  Causes  and 
Supernatur.ll  Seemings  "  (1886),  etc. 

Mauer  See  (mou'er  za).  A  lake  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Prussia. 

Maues,  or  Mauhes  (mou-az').  A  tribe  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians,  occupying  a  region  to  the  south  of 
the  Amazon,  between  the  Tapajos  and  Madeira 
(states  of  Para  and  Amazonas).  Their  best-known 
villages  are  on  the  Maue-assu.  They  are  classed  with  the 
great  Tupi  stock,  but  are  more  degraded  than  most  of  the 
Tupi  tribes;  they  practise  agriculture,  live  in  fixed  vil- 

■  lages,and  since  about  1820  have  had  some  intercourse  with 
the  whites.  Much  of  the  drug  called  guarana  (Paullinia 
Borbilu),  used  as  a  beverage  in  western  Brazil  and  Bolivia, 
is  prepared  by  them  and  sold  to  the  traders.  They  still 
nunil)er  several  thousands. 

Maugis.     Same  as  Malagigi. 

Mauhes.     See  Maues. 

Maui  (mou'e),  formerly  Mowee  (mou'e).  The 
sfcoiid  in  size  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  situated 
25  miles  northwest  of  Hawaii.  Chief  town, 
Lahaina.  It  contains  one  of  the  largest  (extinct)  craters 
in  the  world,  on  Mount  Haleakala.  Length,  54  mUes.  Area, 
7-^  square  miles.     Population  (1900),  25,416. 

Maui  (mou'e).  A  hero  in  New  Zealand  legend. 
See  the  extract. 

Though  all  these  mythical  beings  are  in  a  sense  depart- 
mental gods,  they  yield  in  renown  to  a  later  child  of  their 
race,  Maui,  the  great  culture-hero,  who  is  an  advanced 
form  of  the  culture-heroes,  mainly  theriomorphic,  of  the 
lower  races.  Maui,  like  many  heroesof  myth,  was  a  young- 
est son.  He  was  prematurely  born  (a  similar  storj'" comes 
in  the  Brahmanic  legend  of  the  Adityas)  ;  his  mother 
wrapped  him  up  in  her  long  hair,  and  threw  him  out  to 
sea.  A  kinsman  rescued  him,  and  he  grew  up  to  be  much 
the  most  important  member  of  his  family  ;  like  Qat  in  his 
larger  circle  of  brethren.  Maui  it  was  who  snared  the  sun, 
beat  hira,  and  taught  him  to  run  his  appointed  course,  in- 
stead of  careering  at  will  and  at  any  pace  he  chose  about 
the  heavens.  He  was  the  culture-hero  who  invented  barbs 
for  spears  and  hooks ;  he  turned  his  brother  into  the  first 


666 

dog,  whence  dogs  are  sacred ;  he  fished  New  Zealand  out 
of  the  sea  ;  he  stole  fire  for  men.  How  Maui  performed 
this  feat,  and  how  he  "brought  death  into  the  world  and 
all  our  woe."  are  topics  that  belong  to  the  myths  of  Death 
and  of  the  Fire-Stealer.  Maui  could  not  only  change  men 
into  animals,  but  could  himself  assume  animal  shapes  at 
wilL  Lanff,  M>-th,  etc  ,  II.  30. 

Maul  (mal).  A  giant  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's 
Progress." 

Maulbronn  (moul'bron).  A  town  in  Wiirtem- 
berg,  23  miles  northwest  of  Stuttgart.  It  has  a 
noted  abbey  church  and  a  Protestant  theologi- 
cal seminary.     Population  (1890),  1,146. 

Maule  (mou'la).  1.  A  river  of  Chile,  rising  in 
the  Andes  and  reaching  the  Pacific  Ocean  in 
lat.  35°  18'  S.  It  formed  the  southern  limit  of  the  Inca 
conquests,  and  long  separated  the  Spanish  colonies  from 
Araucattia.    Length,  145  mUes ;  navigable  for  50  miles. 

2.  A  maritime  province  in  Chile,  intersected 
by  lat.  36°  S.  Capital,  Cauquenes.  Area,  2,930 
miles.     Population  (1891),  127,771. 

Maule,  Fox.     See  Hamsay,  Fox  Maule. 

Mauley  (ma'li).  Sir  Edward.  The  "black 
dwarf"  in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
also  called  Elshender  the  Recluse. 

Maulmain  (mal-man'),  or  Moulmein  (moul- 
min').  A  seaport  iu  Amherst  district,  Burma, 
situated  on  the  river  Salwin  in  lat.  16°  26'  X., 
long.  97°  38'  E.  It  has  been  developed  since  1826,  and 
is  noted  for  its  export  of  timber,  rice,  etc.,  and  for  ship- 
building.   Population  (1891),  65,785. 

Maumbuiry  (mam'ber-i)  Rings.  The  best-pre- 
served Roman  amphitheater  in  England.  It  is 
south  of  Dorchester. 

Maumee  >  ma-me').  A  riverin  Indiana  and  Ohio. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  St,  Mary's  and  St.  Jo- 
seph's at  Fort  Wayne,  and  flows  into  Maumee  Bay,  Lake 
Erie,  5  miles  northeast  of  Toledo.  Length  (including  the 
St.  Marj-'s),  over  200  miles. 

Maumee  Rapids,  Battle  of.  -A.  victory  gained 
by  the  Americans  under  Wayne  over  the  In- 
ilians,  in  northwestern  Ohio,  -A.ug.  20,  1794. 

MaunaKea  (mou'naka'a).  An  extinct  volcano 
in  the  island  of  Hawaii.  It  is  the  highest  peak 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Height,  13,953  feet. 

Mauna  Loa  (mou'na  16'a).  An  active  volcano 
in  the  island  of  Hawaii,  south-southwest  of 
llauna  Kea.  There  have  been  noted  eruptions  in  1843, 
1859,  1SI>S,  1877,  and  1^'lfl.     H-ight,  13,650  feet. 

Maundeville,  Sir  John.     See  Mandeville. 

Maundrell  (man'drel),  Henry.  Bom  at  Comp- 
ton  Bassett,  near  Calne.  Wiltshire,  1665:  tlied 
at  Aleppo,  1701.  An  English  Oriental  traveler. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College)  in  10S5,  and  was 
curate  of  Bromley  in  Kent  1689-9;>.  He  was  made  chap- 
lain of  the  Aleppo  factory  of  the  Company  of  Levant  Mer- 
chants in  1695.  "A  .Tourney  from  .\leppo  to  Jerusalem  at 
Easter  A.  !>.  1697  "  was  printed  at  Oxford  in  1703. 

Maupassant  (mo-pa-son' ),  Henri  Rene  Albert 
Guy  de.  Born  at  the  Chateau  de  iliromesnU, 
Seine-Iuf(?rieure,  Aug.  5,  1850:  died  at  Passy, 
Paris.  July  6, 1893.  A  French  noveUst.  He  went 
to  school  at  Yvetot,  and  graduated  from  the  college  of 
Rouen,  while  Gustave  Flaubert,  his  godfather,  looked  after 
his  literary  training.  He  spent  about  ten  years  in  civil 
service  in  the  navy  department.  In  Feb. ,  1879,  his  one-act 
play  "  Histoire  du  vieux  temps"  was  performed  in  Paris, 
without,  however,  attracting  any  special  attention.  The 
next  year,  however,  the  success  of  his  short  story  "Boule 
desuif"  stamped  him  at  once  as  a  writer  of  marked  ability. 
Then  he  published  in  rapid  succession  "La  maison  Tel- 
lier"  (1S81),  "Mademoiselle  Fifl"(ls82).  "Contes  de  la  be- 
casse  " (18*3),  "  r ne  vie  "(1883)," Miss  Harriet "  (ISS4), ' ' Les 
sceurs  Rondoli "  (1SS4),  "  Au  soleil "  (1884X  "(^airde  lune" 
(1884),  "Yvette"(18S4),  "Bel-Ami  "(1886),  "Contes  du  jour 
et  de  la  nuit"(lSS5),  "Contes  et  nouvelles"  (188.=.),  "M. 
Parent"  (1886).  "La  petite  Roque "  (1886),  " Toine "  (1886), 
"Contes  choisis  "  (1887),  "  Mont-Oriol "  (1887),  "  Le  Horla  " 
(1887),  "Pierre  et  Jean"  (1S88),  "Sur  I'eau"  (1888),  "Le 
rosier  de  Mme.  Husson  "  (1888),  "Fort  comme  la  mort " 
(1889),  "  La  main  gauche  '  (1889),  "  Histoire  d'une  fllle  de 
f erme  "  (1890),  "  La  vie  errante  " (1890),  "  Llnutile  beaute  " 
(1890),  "  Notre  coeur  "  (1890) .  .\mong  his  other  works  are 
"Trois  contes,"  "Enmer."  "L'Homme  de  lettres"  (1892), 
and  two  plays  "Musotte  "(1891)  and  " La  paixdn  menage  " 
(Com^die  Fran^aise,  March  6,  1893).  The  insanity  and 
death  of  a  brother  unbalanced  him,  and  he  attempted 
suicide  during  a  fit  of  depression  in  Dec,  1891;  general 
paresis  set  in,  and  he  had  to  be  confined  in  a  private  asylum. 

Maupeou  (mo-po' ) .  Rene  Nicolas  Charles  Au- 
gustin  de.  Born  at  Paris,  1714:  died  near 
Audelys,  France,  July  29,  1792.  A  French  poli- 
tician, chancellor  of  France  1768-74.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  the  overthrow  of  the  Parliament  of  Paris  in 
1771. 

Maupertuis  (mo-per-tiie').  Pierre  Louis  Mo- 
reau  de.  Bom  at  St.-Malo,  France.  Julv  17, 
1698:  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland.  July  27,  17.59. 
A  French  mathematician,  astronomer,  and  phi- 
losopher, appointed  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Berlin  in  1740.  His  most  important  scientific  per- 
formance was  his  work  as  head  of  the  expedition  sent  by 
Louis  XV,  to  Lapland  (1736-37)  to  measure  a  degree  o'f 
longitude.  The  results  of  this  expedition  were  published 
by  him  in  "  La  figure  de  la  terre  determinee  par  les  ol>- 
servations,  etc."  (1738).  He  was  a  supporter  of  the  Newto- 
nian theory  against  the  Cartesians.    lie  took  part  in  sev* 


Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

eral  other  controversies,  the  most  notable  being  one  with 
Voltaire,  »  ho  satirized  him  in  the  "  Diatribe  du  Doctenr 
Akakia. " 

Maupin  (mo-pan').  Mademoiselle  de.  Anovel 

by  Th^ophile  Gautier.     See  Gautwr. 
Mauprat  (md-pra').    A  novel  by  (jeorge  Sand, 
published  in  1836.     It  was  put  on  the  stage  in 

1>.")3. 

Maurepas  (mo-re-pii'),  Comte  de  (Jean  Fr6d6- 
ric  Phelippeaux).  Born  July  9, 1701 :  died  Nov. 
21.  1781.  A  French  politician.  He  was  minister 
under  Louis  XV. ;  was  banished  from  court  in  1749throagh 
the  influence  of  Madame  Pompadour  whom  he  had  at- 
tacked ;  and  was  made  prime  minister  by  Louis  ivL  in 
1774.    He  restored  the  Parliament  of  Paris. 

Maurepas  (mor-pa').  Lake.  A  lake  in  eastern 
Louisiana,  west  of  Lake  Pontchartrain,  with 
which  it  communicates.  Length,  about  14  miles. 

Maurer  (mou'rer),  Georg  Lud-wig  von.  Bom 
at  Erpolsheim,  Rhine  Palatinate,  Nov.  2, 1790: 
died  at  Munich,  July  9.  1872.  A  noted  German 
jurist  and  politician,  member  of  the  regency  in 
Greece  1832-34,  and  Bavarian  minister  of  for- 
eign affairs  and  justice  in  1847.  He  published  "Dm 
griechische  Volk  "  (1836),  '  Geschichte  der  Dorfverfassung 
in  Deutschland  "  (1865-66),  "  Geschichte  der  Stadteverfas- 
sung  in  Deutschland  '  (1S69-71),  etc. 

Maurer,  Konrad  von.  Born  April  29, 1823: 
died  Sept.  16,  1902.  A  German  writer,  son  of  G. 
L.  von  Maurer  :  jirofessor  at  Munich  from  1847. 
His  works  include  "Die  Entstehung  des  islaudischen 
Staats"  (1852),  and  other  books  on  Scandinavian  history, 
literature,  and  law. 

Mauretania  (ma-rf-ta'ni-a),  or  Mauritania 

(ma-ri-ta'ni-a).  [Cir.  Mavpi-avia ;  fromL.  J/oa- 
rii.?,  Gr.  Maipof,  a  Moor.]  In  ancient  geography, 
the  northwestern  part  of  Africa,  corresponding 
to  the  northern  parts  of  Morocco  and  of  western 
Algeria.  Juba  n.  of  Numidia  was  confirmed  king  of 
Mauretania  by  Augustus.  25  B.  c.  It  was  annexed  to  the 
Roman  Empire  by  Claudius  in  42  A.  D..  and  was  divided 
into  the  provinces  Mauretania  'Tingitana  in  the  west  and 
Mauretania  Cfes.ariensis  in  the  east.  It  was  overrun  by 
the  Vandals  in  429. 
Maurice  (ma'ris).  Saint.  [LL.  Mauricius,  Mau- 
ritius, Moorish;  It.  Mauri.^io.  Sp.  Maurieio,  F. 
Maurice,  G.  Morilz.  Also  Morris.]  A  Chris- 
tian martyr.  According  to  the  legend,  he  was  com- 
mander of  the  "Theban  Legion,"  and  was  put  to  death  in 
Valais  (Switzerland)  in  286. 

Maurice  (Flavins  Tiberius  Mauricius).  Bom 

in  Cappadocia  about  539;  killed  near  Chalce- 
don,  Asia  Minor,  Nov..  602.  Byzantine  emperor 
582—602.  He  served  with  distinction  against  the  Persians ; 
was  appointed  by  Tiberius  as  his  successor  :  and  married 
Tiberius'sdaughterConstantina.  Heproved  himself  awise 
and  vigorous  ruler.  He  was  deposed  and  murdered  by  the 
general  Phocas,  commander-in-chief  of  an  army  operating 
against  the  Avars. 

Maurice.  Born  at  Freiberg,  Saxony,  March  21, 
l.')21:  died  at  Sievershausen,  near  Hannover, 
July  11, 1553.  Duke  of  Saxony,  son  of  Henry  the 
Pious,  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy  of  Saxony  in  1541; 
assisted  the  emperor  Charles  V.  against  the  Turks  and 
the  French  1542-43 ;  joined  the  emperor  against  the  Smal- 
kaldic  League  in  1546 ;  was  made  elector  of  Saxony  in 
1547 ;  formed  an  alliance  with  France  and  various  German 
states  against  the  emperor  in  1551  ■.  compelled  the  emperor 
to  sign  the  peace  of  Passau  in  1552 ;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  in  his  viclorj'  over  Albert  of  Brandenburg  at 
Sievershausen,  July  9,  1553. 

Maurice.  Born  at  Dillenburg,  Prussia.  Nov.  14, 
1567  •  tiled  at  The  Hague.  April  23, 1625.  Prince 
oi  Orange  and  Count  of  Nassau,  a  younger  son 
of  William  the  Silent.  He  was  elected  stadholderof 
the  provinces  of  Holland  and  Zealand  on  the  assassination 
of  his  father  in  1584,  and  became  stadholder  of  the  Seven 
United  Provinces  in  1587.  He  expelled  the  Spani;irds  from 
the  Seven  United  Provinces  in  aseries  of  brUliant  campaigns 
which  entitle  him  to  a  place  among  the  foremost  generals 
of  modem  times.  Groningen,  the  last  stronghold  of  the 
Spaniards,  fell  in  1594.  In  1609  a  truce  of  12  years  was  con- 
cluded with  Spain  at  the  instance  of  Olden-Bameveldt, 
the  head  of  the  aristocratic  republican  party,  who  feared 
that  a  continuance  of  the  war  might  enable  ilaurice  to 
tisurp  the  sovereignty.  A  political  contest  ensued,  which 
was  further  embittered  hy  religious  strife,  inasmuch  as 
Maurice,  who  was  supported  Ity  the  populace,  favored  the 
Gomarists,  while  ()lden-Barneveldt  favored  tlie  .\rminianB 
or  Remonstrants,  This  contest  resulted  in  the  execution 
of  ()lden-BarneTeIdt  in  1619,  and  in  the  victor>-  <tf  Maurice, 
who  renewed  the  war  with  Spain  at  the  expiration  of  the 
truce  in  16-1, 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison.  Bom  at  Xor- 
manston.  near  Lowestoft,  England,  Aug.  29, 
1805:  died  at  London,  April  1,  1872.  A  noted 
English  di^^ne.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1S23,  and  Exeter  College.  Oxford,  in  1830.  He 
was  appointed  curate  of  Bubbenhall.  near  Leamington,  in 
1834  ;  chaplain  of  Guy's  Hospital  in  1836  ;  and  in  1840  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  and  historj',  and  in  1846  pro- 
fessor of  theology,  at  King's  College,  London.  I"rom  1839 
tolS4lhe  edited'the  "Educational  Magazine."  In  lS48he 
assisted  in  establishing  Queen's  College.  London.  During 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848  he  became  the  leader 
of  the  "Christian  Socialists."  His  "Theological  Essays." 
published  in  1853.  excited  so  much  criticism  that  he  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  professorship  at  King's  College.  On 
Oct.  30,  18,54,  he  became  principal  of  St  Martin's  Hall, 
Queen  Square,  a  working-men's  college.    On  Oct  25, 1866 


Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

he  was  elected  professor  of  moral  philnsopliy  at  Canibriilce. 
He  wrote  '■  Eustace  Conway,  or  the  Brother  ami  sister:  a 
novel "  (1S34),  the  article  "  Moral  aiul  Metaphysical  Phi- 
losophy '  for  the  "Encyclopieiiia  Metropolitana"  (subse- 
quently eiilarsed  aud  published  in  3  volumes:  "Ancient 
Philosophy  "  (ISSO).  "  Philosophy  of  the  First  Six  Centu- 
ries" (1853).  and  "  iledia;val  Phil.)snphy  "  (1857)),  ■'  Modern 
Philosophy  "(1802),  and  numerous  I. tlierworkson religious, 
historical,  theoIoKical.  and  philusi;'pliical  topics. 

Haiiiice,  or  Mauritz,  Johann.  See  X'assau-Sie- 
fieii. 

lilaurice,  Thomas.  Boru  at  Ilertford.  England, 
1754:  tlieihit  London,  March »J,1S24.  AiiEng- 
lish  clergyman,  Orientalist,  and  poet.  He  became 
assistant  keeper  of  manuscripts  at  the  British  Museum, 
and  vicar  of  Cudham,  Kent,  in  18it4.  He  wrote  various 
works  on  India  (  'Indian  Antiquities,"  1703-1800,  etc.),  and 
poems  (iML-hidinj;  "Kiehmond  Hill."  lsn7). 

Maurice,  Walter.  A  noiu  de  plume  of  Walter 
Besant. 

Maurice  of  Nassau,  Governor-General  of  Bra- 
zil.     See  .\'<i.<:s<ii(-Sii'iie)i. 

Maurice  of  Saxony.    See  Saie: 

Mauricius,  Emperor  of  the  East.    See  Maitrire. 

Maurienne  (mo-ryen').  A  small  region  in  the 
department  of  Savoie,  France,  in  the  upper  val- 
ley of  the  Are,  from  Modane  eastward  to  the 
Italian  frontier.  It  was  a  medieval  county,  and 
developed  into  the  county  of  Savoy. 

Mauritania.     See  .Vanretania. 

Mauritius  (ma-rish'ius),  formerly  called  Isle 
of  France.  -Vn  island  in  the  Indian  (X^ean,  be- 
longing to  the  Mascarene group,  intersected  by 
lat.  20°  15'  S.,  long.  .")7°  30'  E.  Capital,  Port  Louis. 
Its  surface  -is  largely  hilly.  The  chief  exi)ort  is  sugar. 
Mauritius,  with  its  dependencies  Rodrigues,  Seychelles, 
and  Diego  Garcia,  is  a  British  Cidony.  The  inhabitantsare 
Hindus,  mixed  races,  and  Europeans  of  French  and  British 
origin.  Mauritius  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1606.  From  1598  to  1710  it  was  held  by  the  Dutch.  InlTlS 
the  French  took  possession.  The  island  was  the  scene  of 
"Paul  and  Virginia."  It  was  conquered  by  the  British  in 
1810.  It  has  J>een  severely  visited  by  epidemics  and  hurri- 
canes.   .\rea,  703  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  371,855. 

Maurocordatos,  or  Mavrocordatos  (miiv-ro- 
kor-da'tos),  Alexander.  P-om  ll'>:)9 :  died  1709. 
A  Greek  physician.  lie  was  physician  to  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey,  and  dragoman  of  the  Porte. 

Maurocordatos,  Alexander.  Born  at  Constan- 
tinople, Feb.  15,  1791 :  died  at  .^Egina,  Greece, 
Aug.  18,1865.  A  Greek  statesman,  distinguished 
as  a  leader  in  the  war  of  independence,  and  later 
as  a  minister  and  diplomatist. 

Maiirus  (ma'rus),  Saint.  F.  Maur  (mor).  Died 
584.  The  traditional  founder  and  first  abbot  of 
the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Glanfeuil  or  St.- 
Maur-sur-Loire,  France.  He  was  sent  into  Gaul  by 
St.  Benedict  about  543,  and  established  his  monastery  by  the 
favor  of  King  Theodebert.   His  feast  is  observed  on  Jan.  15. 

Maurus,  Rabanus.    See  lidhmius. 

Maury  dno-re'),  Jean  Siffrein.  Born  at  Val- 
r6as,  France,  June  26,  174<i:  clied  at  Rome,  May 
11,  1817.  .\  French  cardinal  and  politician, 
distinguished  as  a  royalist  orator  in  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  1789-91.  He  was  archbishop 
of  Paris  1.^10-14.  His  "  Selected  Works"  were 
published  in  1842. 

Maury,  Louis  Ferdinand  Alfred.  Born  at 
Meaux,  France,  March  2:!,  1817;  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  12,  1H92.  A  French  arclucologist  and  li- 
brarian. He  was  ajipointed  assistant  librarian  of  the  In- 
stitute in  1841 ;  imperial  librarian  of  the  Tuileries  in  18(i0  ; 
professor  of  history  at  the  College  de  Frani:e  in  1802;  and 
general  director  of  the  n;itional  archives  in  1808.  His  works 
include  "  Ess:d  sur  les  legendes  jdeuses  tin  moycn  age" 
(184.3),  "Hiiitidre  des  grandes  forcts  rle  la  (laule"  (1860), 
"  Histoiredes  religions  do  la  Ctec-  antiquf  "  (1857-^1), etc. 

Maury  (ma'ri),  Matthew  Fontaine.    Born  in 

Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  .bin.  14,  1806:  died 
at  Lexington,  Va..  Fel).  1.  is7:i.  An  American 
hydrographer,  and  naval  ollicer.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  hydrographfcal  ofHee  and  nation:dnbsfi-v:i- 
tory  in  Washington  I.s44-^I1,  when  he  entei-eil  the  Confed- 
erate navy.  He  e8tjil>lished  the  Confederate  mival  sub- 
marine Ijattery  service  at  ttichmond  in  18tl2.  At  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War  he  ri-tlred  t<>  Mexico,  where  he  accepted 
a  position  luider  the  government  of  >lnxlmili)in.  He  was 
afterward  professor  of  i)hysic8  in  the  Virginia  Military  In- 
stitute. He  was  the  tirst  to  give  a  complete  di-scription 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  to  nntrk  out  speeitle  routes  to  be 
followed  in  err>s^ing  the  Atlantic.  His  ciilef  work  is  "  Phys- 
ical Geography  of  the  Sea  "  (1855). 

Mausoleum  (mil-so-le'um).  [From  Ma iixolii.1.'] 
See  /hflic'inifixsus. 

MaUSOluS  (ma-so'liis).  [Or.  Mi/im.i/'of  or  Mnrfi- 
(T(,j/or.]  Dii'd  about  35.3  B.  c.  A  king  or  dynast 
of  Cai-ia.  who  first  appears  in  history  in  the  re- 
volt of  the  satraps  against  Artaxerxes  Mnemoii 
302  B.  C.  He  married  his  sister  Artemisia,  who  after  his 
death  erected  at  HalicarnaRsus  in  his  lioimr  the  celebrated 
monument  named  from  him  the  Mausoletnn.  A  Greek 
statue  of  .Mansolusfrom  the  Mausrdeum(;i52  u.  c.)  is  In  the 
British  .Museum.  It  is  admirable  in  its  chararti-rimtion 
of  the  some^vbat  rude  type  of  the  king.  It  was  believed 
that  this  llgure  and  the  compatllon  statue  of  .Artemisia 
Btoo(t  in  the  chariot  on  the  snunnit  of  the  monument,  but 
this  view  is  now  considered  erroneous. 


667 

Mauvaises  Terres.    See  Had  Lands. 

Mauve    (movi.    Anton.      Born    at    Zaandam, 

North  Holland,  Sept.  18, 1838:  died  at  Arnhem, 
Gelderland,  Feb.  5,  1888.  A  celebrated  Dutch 
|)ainter.  He  received  medals  at  Vienna,  Philadelphia, 
Antwerp,  Amsterdam,  aud  Paris,  .\mong  his  piincipal 
works  are  "Crepuscule  "  (formerly  in  the  Getir::e  I.  Seney 
and  David  H.  King,  Jr..  "ollectionsX"  Cattle  in  the  Haarlem 
Meadows  '  (owned  by  S.  I'ntermyer,  New  York  city).  "A 
Summer  Day  in  Holland  "(owned  by  H.  N.  Slater,  Boston), 
"The  Departure  of  the  Flock  '  (owned  by  Joseph  Jefferson), 
"Eeturning  to  the  Fold  "  (formerly  iu  the  Mrs.  F.  C.  Crosby 
collection),  etc. 

Ma  via  (mii-ve'a).  See  Koiide. 
Maviti  (raii-ve'te).  See  Zulu. 
Mavrocordatos.     See  MuKi-orordntos. 

Max  (iniiks),  Cornelius  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Prague,  Aug.  23,  1840.  A  German  historical 
and  genre  painter.  He  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Ma.x,  a 
sculptor,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Piloty  at  Munich.  He  was 
professor  at  the  Academy  of  Munich  1879-83.  Among  his 
works  are  "The  Anatomist"  (1869),  "The  Last  Token" 
(1874  :  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York), 
"Nydia"  (1874),  "The  Lion's  Bride  '(1879),  etc. 

Maxen  (miiks'en).  A^^llage  in  Saxony,  10  miles 
south  of  Dresden.  Here,  Nov.  20,  17.59,  the  Prussians 
(12,0DO-13,0o0)  under  Finck  surrendered  to  the  Austrians 
under  Daun. 

Maxentius,  Circus  of.   See  ciini.i  of  Hnniuliix. 
Maxentius  (mak-scu'shius),  Marcus  Aurelius 

Valerius.  Drowned  in  the  Tiber,()ct.,312  A.  I). 
Koman  emperor  306-312,  sou  of  Maximianus 
Herculius.  On  the  abdication  of  his  father  and  Diocletian 
as  August!  and  the  promotion  of  the  Cresars  l_'onstantius 
and  Galerius  in  305,  he  was  passed  over  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  new  Ciesars,  the  choice  falling  on  Severusand 
Maximiims.  In  the  following  year,  however,  he  had  him- 
self proclaimed  Ciesar  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome,  and 
with  the  assistance  of  his  father,  who  resumed  his  former 
rank,  he  overthrew  Severus,  who  had  ruled  in  Italy  and 
Africa.  He  next  banished  his  father,  and  eventually  de- 
clared war  against  Constantine  (the  Great),  son  of  Con- 
stantius,  who  had  assumed  the  administration  of  his  fa- 
ther's provinces  (Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain)  on  the  hitter's 
death  in  300.  He  was  totally  defeated  tty  Constantine  at 
Saxa  Rubra,  Oct.  27,  312,  and  i»iislied  in  the  flight. 

Maxim  (maks'im),  Sir  Hiram  Stevens.    Born 

at  Sangerville,  Me.,  Feb.  5,  1S40.  An  Ameri- 
can-English engineer  and  inventor.  He  invented 
the  automatic  system  of  firearms,  etc.,  and  has  devoted 
much  time  to  the  study  of  explosives  and  of  aerial  navi- 
gation.   Knighted  1901. 

Maximes  (miik-sem')-  [F.,  '  Ma.xims.']  A  col- 
lection of  moral  maxims  by  La  Kochefoueauld 
(1605). 

Maximian.    See  Maximianus. 

Maximianus  {mak'''sim-i-a'nns).  Marcus  Au- 
relius Valerius,  surnamed  Herculius.    Died 

in  Feb.,  310.  Koman  emperor  286-305  and  306- 
308.  He  was  a  Pannonian  peasant  by  birth,  rose  to  the 
highest  otliees  in  the  army,  and  was  made  Cajsar  Viy  Dio- 
cletian in  285  and  Augustus  in  280.  (iiee  Diuctt'tian.)  He 
resigned  the  imperial  dignity  8imultane«jusly  with  Diocle- 
tian in  305,  but  reassnmed  it  in  .300  at  the  instance  of  bis 
son  Maxentius,  who  had  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimetl 
Ca'sar  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome.  He  captured  Stverns 
(who  commanded  in  Italy  and  Africa)  iu  :i07,  but  w;is  him- 
self expelled  from  R<>me  by  Maxentius  in  30.s,  and  eventu- 
ally found  refuge  with  his  son-in-law  Constantine  at  Aries. 
Having  been  twice  discovered  in  conspiracy  against  his 
son-in-I;iw,  he  was  ordered  to  choose  the  maimer  of  his 
death,  and  strangled  himself. 
Maximilian  (mak-si-mil'i-an ;  G.  pron.  maks-e- 
me'le-iin)  I.  [ML.  MaxiniiUainis  (=Mnxi{^mus 
.l','\iiiili(i}iits).  F.  Miiximiliiu.}  Born  March  22, 
14.59:  diedat\Vels,Up))(«rAustria,  Jan.  12.  ]51!l. 
Emperor  of  tlie  Holy  Roman  Empire  1493-1519, 
sou  of  Frederick  III.  lie  married  Mary,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Chat'les  the  Bold  of  Burgundy,  in  1477,  and  was 
elected  king  of  the  Romans  in  1186.  Wy.  became  emperor 
in  1493.  In  order  to  suppress  the  system  of  private  war  and 
restore  the  imperial  juiibority,  he  proclaimed  a  peipet- 
ual  public  peace  in  149.'. ;  e.staldi-bed  the  imperial  cham- 
her  (Relehskaminfigerielit)  in  1495.  and  the  lmj)erlal  au- 
Ho  couru'il  (KeiibHlmfi  at)  in  1.501;  anil  divldeil  Germany 
into  six,  and  afterward  (1512)  into  ten,  circles  (hamlfrled- 
enskreise),  over  each  of  which  was  placed  a  captiUn  with  a 

force  of  standing  ti i>s  for  the  puidshmetit  of  <listtnbeis 

of  the  peace.  In  1491t  he  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war 
against  the  Swiss  Confederacy,  which  resulted  in  the 
practical  liidei>endeiice  of  the  latter.  Through  the  In- 
ituence  of  his  second  wife,  Bianca  Sforza.  dauglitei'  of 
the  Duke  of  .Milan,  whom  he  married  in  1494,  he  became 
Involved  in  a  contest  with  France  for  the  sovereignty 
of  Milan  ami  Najdes,  In  l.'>08  he  Joined  the  League  of 
Cambray  against  N'enice.  In  1513  he  Joineil  the  Holy 
League  against  Fraiuu; ;  and  in  the  same  yiyir  asslsteii 
Henry  VI 1 1,  of  England  in  gaining  the  brilliant  vict<uy  over 
the  French  at  (Juinegate  ("  the  battle  of  the  spurs '% 

Maximilian  II.  Born  at  Vienna,  .\ug.  1,  1527: 
died  (let.  12,  1576.  Emperor  of  (be  Ilcdy  Uonnm 
Emiiire  1.564-76.  son  of  l'ei'ilinnii<l  I.  He  suc- 
ceeded liisfatberin  1.501  as  emperor,  archduke  of  Austria, 
and  king  of  Hungary  ami  Biduania.  At  his  aceesslnn 
to  the  imperial  throne  be  found  the  empire  at  war  with 
the  Turks.  He  e.meluded  a  liuec-  with  Scllm  II.  In  15(18, 
each  party  retaining  its  possi'sslons.  He  was  of  a  milti 
ami  tolerant  disposition,  and  left  the  Protestants  undis- 
turbed In  the  exercise  of  their  religion. 

Maximilian  I.      Born  at  Landsliut,  Bavari:i, 


Max'well,  James  Clerk- 
April  17,  1573:  died  at  Ingolstadt,  Bavaria, 
Sept.  27,  1(;51.  Duke  of  Bavariti.  He  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  organizing  the  Catholic  League  in  opposi- 
tion t.i  the  ProtesUnt  I'liicm  in  IfluO.  As  the  head  of  the 
Catholic  League,  he  assisted  the  emperor  Ferdinaml  II. 
against  the  elector  i)alatiUL  Frederick  V.  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  (see  Ferdiiuind  II.,  F.mperor  of  the  Holy  Ro- 
m:in  i:mpire).  in  return  for  which  he  received  in  1823  the 
elert.rral  vote  forfeited  bv  Frederick,  and  in  1828  v!ti&  in- 
vested «ith  the  Ijiiicr  Palatinate. 

Maximilian  II.  Maria  Emanuel.    Bom  July 

11,  16t32  :  died  Feb.  26,  1726.  Electorof  Bavaria 
107!»-1726.  He  'was  allied  with  the  French  in 
the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 
Maximilian  I.  Joseph.  Born  at  Schwetzingen, 
Baden.  May  27,  1750:  diedatthe  castleof  Nym- 
phenburg,  near  Jlunich,  Oct.  13,  1825.  King  of 
Bavaria  lS0(J-25.  He  became  elector  of  Bavaria  in 
1799.  In  1806  he  sided  with  France  against  the  allied 
powers,  with  the  result  that  he  acquired  considerable  ter- 
ritory at  the  peace  of  Presburg,  Dec.  20,  lso6.  In  accor- 
dance » ith  the  same  treaty,  he  assumed  the  title  of  king 
in  1806. 

Maximilian  II.  Joseph.    Born  Nov.  28, 1811: 

dietl  at  Jlunich,  March  10,  1864.  King  of  Bava- 
ria 1S4S-64,  son  of  Louis  I.  He  was  a  liberal 
patron  of  art  and  liti-rature. 

Maximilian  ( Ferdinand  Maximilian  Joseph), 

Sp.Maximilian0(mak-se-me-le-a'n6).  Born  at 
Vienna.  July  6,  1832:  shot  at  (,)uer(5taro,  Mex- 
ico, Jiuio  19,  1867.  Archduke  of  Austria,  and 
emperor  of  Mexico  from  1864.  He  was  the  second 
son  ()f  the  .Archduke  Francis  Charles,  and  brother  of  Fran- 
cis Joseph  who  became  emperor  of  Austria  in  1848. 
Trained  for  the  navy,  he  was  placed  at  its  head  in  1854. 
On  July  27, 1857,  he  married  Princess  Charlotte  of  Belgium 
(see  Charlotte),  and  during  the  succeeding  two  years  was 
viceroy  of  the  Lombard- Venetian  kingdom.  After  the 
French  had  conquered  Mexico  in  part,  an  assembly  of 
notables,  called  under  French  influence,  and  formed  al- 
most entirely  of  oijponents  of  Juarez,  adopted  an  imperial 
form  of  government  for  that  country  (.Inly,  18ti3X  and  of- 
fered the  throne  to  Maximilian.  He  formally  accepted  on 
April  10,  1S64 ;  reached  Vera  Cruz  May  28,  and  Mexico 
June  12 ;  and  was  received  with  great  apparent  enthusi- 
asm. Aided  by  the  Fi-ench,  his  forces  drove  Juarez  over 
the  northern  frontier,  and  on  Oct.  3, 180,5,  he  decreed  that 
those  taken  in  arms  against  the  empire  should  be  treated 
as  bandits.  This  decree  was  loudly  condenmed,  and  did 
much  to  weaken  the  emperor's  personal  popularity.  The 
I'nited  States  government  had  refused  to  recognize  the 
empue,  and  on  its  urgent  demand  (note  of  Feb.  12,  1880) 
the  I'rench  troops  were  withdrawn,  contrary  to  the  express 
stipulation  wliich  Napoleon  III.  had  made  with  Maxi- 
milian. The  latter  at  first  resolved  to  resign,  but  was 
induced  to  remain ;  took  personal  command  of  his  army 
at  yueretaro,  Feb.,  1887 ;  was  besieged  by  a  republican 
army  in  March  ;  and  was  forced  to  surrender  May  15. 
Condemned  to  death  by  a  court  martial,  he  was  refused 
mercy  on  the  ground  of  his  severe  edict  airainst  the  Juar- 
ists,  and  was  shot  with  bis  generals  .\liramon  and  Mejia. 

Maximilian  Alexander  Fhilipp,  Prince   of 

Neuwicd.  See  yaiiricd. 
Maximilian  Joseph.  Born  at  Bamberg,  Bava- 
ria, Dee.  4,  1SU8  :  died  at  Munich,  Nov.  15. 1888. 
Duke  in  Bavaria.  He  wrote  "  Wandcnnig  nach  dem 
Orient,  etc."  (1839),  and  a  number  of  novels  and  dramas. 
He  usetl  the  pseudonym  Phantasus. 

Maximin.     See  Maximinus. 

Maximinus  (mak-si-mi 'nus),  or  Maximin 

(niak'si-min),  Caius  Julius  VerUS,  surntimed 
ThraX  (Mhe  Tliraeitin').  Killeii  netir  .\iiui- 
leia,  Italy,  May,  238.  Koman  emperor  23,">-238. 
He  was  aThracian  of  extnuirdinary  size  anti  strength,  who 
was  elevated  by  the  soldiers  on  the  Rhine  on  the  nuirdcr 
of  Alexander  Severus.  His  cruelty  ami  exacti<ms  caused 
a  revolt  under  Gordianus  in  Africa.  He  was  killed  by  his 
own  soldiers. 

Maximinus,  or  Maximin,  Galerius  Valerius. 

Born  ill  lUyria:  died  at  Tarsus,  .Vsia  Jlinor, 
313.  Roman  emperor  308-313,  uejihew  of  (»a- 
lerilis.  Ho  became  Cicsar  in  305,  and  Augustus  in  308; 
wasdefeateil  by  Licinius  in313;  ami  perished  in  the  flight. 

Maximus  (mak'si-mus),  Saint.  Born  about 
.5,H0:  dii'd  in  Laziea,  Aug.  13,  662.  An  etisteru 
theologian,  noted  as  an  opponent  of  the  5lo- 
nothelites. 

Maximus.  See  I'etronius  Matimus  and  Viipic- 
II  IIS  Mii.li  tmis. 

Maximus,  Magnus.  Born  in  Spain  :  e.xecuted 
at  .\i|uilein.  llaly,  388  a.  ii.  Koman  emperor 
38;t— 3,S,S.  II,,  he:kded  an  insurrection  of  the  legions  sta- 
tioned in  Britidn  in  :183.  and,  crossing  over  int4)  Gaul,  de- 
feated tlratiim,  who  was  killed  in  the  flight.  He  was 
afterward  recognized  by  Thet»dosius  and  Valcntlnlan  II. 
as  Augustus  in  Gaid.  Spain,  ami  Britain.  He  conquered 
Italy  from  \'alentinian  in  :i87,  hut  was  defeated  and  put 
to  death  by  Tlo'o.losins  In  388. 

Maximus,  Valerius.     See  }'alrriii.i  ifaxinnm. 

Maximus Tyrannus  (li-ran'us).    Killed  at  H«- 

venii:i,  llalv,4'J2.  Koman  einpiTor 409-41 1.  Ho 
was  elevated  i>y  the  rebel  GiTontius  alKUlt  409,  but  was  de- 
feated ami  deposed  by  Constantine,  entperor  in  Britain. 
Gaul,  :ind  Spain,  In  111,  Me  afterward  raised  an  unBUO- 
eessfid  Insurrection  In  Spain. 
Max  O'Rell.     The  pseudonym  of  Paul  Blouet. 

Maxwell  (maks'wel),  James.  Born  1581:  died 
:ileiiii  Itiio.     A  Scoltish  man  of  letters. 
Maxwell,  James  Clerk-.     See  Cterk-ilarwcU. 


Maxwell,  William  Hamilton 

Maxwell, William  Hamilton.  Boiu  at  Xewry, 
Couuty  JJowu,  Ireland,  179i!:  died  at  Mussel- 
burglij  near  Edinburgh,  Dee.  29, 1850.  An  Irish 
novelist.  Ke  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1S07, 
and  in  1812  was  made  captain  in  an  infantry  regiment,  and 
served  in  the  Peninsular  war  and  at  Waterloo,  lie  took  holy 
orders*  and  was  made  rector  of  Ballagh  in  Connemara.  His 
best-known  works  are  "O'Hara,  or  179S,'  a  novel  (isa.^i). 
"Sports  of  the  West,  etc."  (1S3-2),  ".Stories  of  Waterloo" 
(1S34),  and  a  "Life  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  "  (lS3i)-41). 
He  edited  the  military  and  naval  almanac  for  1840. 

Maxwell,  Sir  William  Stirling-.  See  StirUng- 

MuxiveU. 
Maxyes(maks'i-ez).     [Gr.  Mdffff.]    In  ancient 
geogi-aphy,  a  Libyan  tribe. 

About  the  Mashuash  [of  the  Egj-ptian  inscriptions]  there 
is  no  dispute.  They  are  the  Maxyes  of  Herodotosfiv.  191), 
in  the  modern  Tunisia,  of  wlioni  we  are  told  that  tliey  left 
a  loHK  lock  of  hair  on  the  right  side  of  the  head  and 
painted  their  bodies  red.  We  learn  from  the  Egyptian 
texts  that  while  the  Lebu  were  circumcised,  the  Mashuash 
were  not.  The  lock  of  hair  which  characterises  them  on 
the  Egj'ptian  monuments  is  also  wanting  in  the  case  of 
the  Lebu.  But,  like  the  Lcbu,  they  have  a  good  deal  of  hair 
on  the  face,  the  eyebrows  are  well  defined,  and  the  nose  is 
straight  and  leptorrhine.  The  forehead  is  high,  the  lips 
thin,  and  the  jaws  orthognathous. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  151. 

May  (ma).  [From  L.  Mains,  MaJKS  (se.  mensis), 
the  third  month  of  the  Roman  year,  usually 
associated  with  Aliiia  or  Maja  (see  .l/o/n)-] 
The  fifth  month  of  the  year,  consisting  of  thirty- 
one  days,  reckoned  on  the  continent  of  Eiu'ope 
and  in  America  as  the  last  month  of  spring,  but 
in  Great  Britain  eommonlj'  as  the  first  of  sum- 
mer. 

May,  Thomas.  Bom  1595 :  died  Nov.  13, 1650. 
An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.  He  graduated 
'at  Caml)ridge  (Sidney  Sussex  College)  in  1612,  and  entered 
Gray's  Inn  in  1G15.  He  turned  to  the  stage,  and  in  1620 
produced  "  The  Heir,"  a  comedy.  May  published  several 
plays,  translations  from  the  classics,  a  "Continuation  of 
Lucan  "  (1630)  in  English  and  Latin,  etc.  He  sided  with 
the  Parliament  against  the  king  in  the  civil  war,  and  in 
1647  pubhshed  a  *' Histoiy  of  the  Long  Parliament"  (his 
most  important  work). 

May  Sir  Thomas  Erskine,  Lord  Farnborough. 
Born  at  London,  Feb.  8,  1815 :  died  at  West- 
minster Palace,  May  17,  1886.  An  English 
jurist.  He  was  educated  at  Bedford  Grammar  School; 
was  appointed  in  1831  assistant  librarian  of  tjie  House  of 
Commoiis;  and  was  called  to  tbebarinls38.  He  published 
•'A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Law,  Privileges,  Proceedings, 
and  Usage  of  Parliament  "  (1844).  After  1S71  he  was  clerk 
of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1854  his  "Rules,  Orders, 
and  Forms  of  Procedure  of  the  House  of  Commons  "  was 
printed  by  order  of  Parliament.  His  other  works  are 
"The  L'onstitutional  Historj-  of  England  since  the  Acces- 
sion of  GeorgeHI."(1861),  "  Democracy  in  Europe  "  (1877), 
etc.    He  was  made  Baron  Farnborough  in  1S86. 

Mayagnez  (mi-ii-gwath').  A  seaport  in  Porto 
Kioo,  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  14'  N., 
long.  67°  12'  W.     Population,  about  22,000. 

Mayapan  (mi-yii-piin').  A  ruined  city  of  Yu- 
catan, situated  in  a  plain  20  miles  south  of 
Merida.  According  to  tradition  it  was  founded  by  Maya 
Indians  about  1150;  was  long  their  principal  city  and  cap- 
ital; and  was  destroyed  or  abandoned  during  civil  wars 
about  1420.  The  remains  include  great  quantities  of 
sculptured  stones,  and  several  pjTamids,  one  well  pre- 
sen'ed.     Mayapan  gave  its  name  to  a  district. 

Mayas  (mi'iiz  or  ma'yiiz).  A  race  of  Indians 
inhabiting  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  Mexico. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  were  divided  into  a  num- 
ber of  tribes  (Acalans,  Tipuans,  Cocames,  Itzaecs,  etc.), 
which  were  often  at  war  with  one  another.  I'heir  princi- 
pal cities  were  well  built,  inpart  of  stone  ;  they  had  written 
(hieroglyphic)  records,  and  preserved  legends  of  former 
greatness  dxu-ing  a  period  when  all  Yucatan  or  Maya  was 
governed  by  a  single  ruler,  who  lived  at  Mayapan.  The 
Mayas  were  idolators,  but  appear  to  have  belieVL*d  in  a 
supreme  deity  whom  they  called  Hunab-ku.  Crimeswere 
severely  punished.  .Several  of  the  tribes  resisted  the  Span- 
iards  bravely,  and  some  of  those  in  the  interior  and  south 
have  never  been  entirely  subdued.  Descendants  of  the 
conquered  Indians  form  the  great  bulk  of  the  population 
of  Yncatan,  and  the  Maya  language  is  still  commonly  used 
in  country  districts.  Under  some  of  their  chiefs  they  re- 
belled (1847-53),  and  for  a  short  time  held  possession  of  a 
great  part  of  the  peninsula.    See  Maya  stock. 

Maya  (mi'ii  or  mii'ya,)  stock.  A  well-marked 
linguistic  group  of  American  Indians,  in  south- 
eastern Mexico  and  Central  America,  it  includes 
among  others  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan,  tlie  Tzendals  and 
Chinantecsof  Chiapas,  the  Cakchiquels,  I.vils,  Mames,  and 
Quiches  of  Guatemala,  and  the  outlyiTig  Huastecs  to  the 
north  of  Vera  Cruz.  Traces  of  the  stock  are  found  in  Hon- 
duras. Among  American  races  the  Mayas  ranked  with 
the  Aztecs  in  advancement,  and  in  many  respects  were 
their  superiors.  They  e.xcelled  in  sculptured  building,  in 
weaving  (cotton),  feather-work,  etc. :  they  dwelt  in  popu- 
lous cities  (Chichen  Itza,  Peten,  Uxmal,  etc.),  and  had 
almost  certainly  built  the  older  towns  of  Copan,  Palenque, 
and  others,  which  were  in  ruins  when  the  Spaniards  ar- 
rived. Many  of  their  strongholds,  especially  in  (Juate- 
mala,  were  chosen  and  fortified  with  great  skill,  and  the 
Spaniards  took  them  only  after  long  sieges.  Chieftain- 
Bhip  was  generally  hereditary ;  the  laws  were  often  com- 
plex and  severe.  The  Maya  calendar  resembled  that  of 
the  Nahuatl  tribes,  and  there  was  also  some  resemblance 
in  their  complicated  mythology.  The  Mayas,  Quiches, 
Cakchiquels,  and  others  had  pictographic  records  painted 
on  prepared  bark  or  sculptured :  a  few  of  these  have  sur- 


668 

vived  in  translations,  but  the  original  pictographs  have 
baffled  modern  research.  The  records  and  traditions  ap- 
pear to  show  that  the  Maya  races  were  foi-merly  united 
and  very  powerful ;  back  of  that  they  go  vaguely  to  a  re- 
mote period,  possibly  to  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
era,  and  speak  of  a  migration  from  the  north.  Many  writers 
believe  that  this  connects  them  with  the  ancient  Toltecs, 
saiil  to  have  occupied  the  highlands  of  Mexico.  Brasseur 
de  Boui'bourg  and  others  have  foirned  ingenious  theories 
on  Maya  historj',  which  have  not  been  generally  accepted. 

Maybole  (ma'bol).  A  town  in  Ayrshire,  Scot- 
land, 39  miles  south-southwest  of  Glasgow. 
Population  (1891),  5,467. 

May-day  (ma'da).  Thetirstdayof  May:  a  day 
on  which  the  opening  of  the  season  of  flower's 
and  fruit  was  formerly  celebrated  throughout 
Europe :  it  is  still  marked  in  some  places  by 
various  festive  obseiTances.  The  chief  features  of 
the  celehration  in  Great  Britain  (where,  however,  it  has 
nearly  disappeared)  are  the  gathering  of  hawthorn-blos- 
soms  and  other  flowers,  the  crowning  of  the  May-queen, 
dancing  round  the  May-pole,  etc. 

May  Day.  A  comedy  by  Chapman,  actedinl601. 
printed  in  1611.  It"is  thought  to  be  founded  on  aplay 
of  {the  same  name  acted  in  1595.  A  play  also  with  the 
same  name  was  produced  in  1775,  and  attributed  to  Gar- 
rick. 

Mayen  (mi'en).  Atown  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nette  17  miles  west 
of  Coblenz.     Population  (1890),  9,449. 

Mayence.    See  Atoinz. 

Mayenne  (mr-en'  or  ma-yen').  A  riverin  north- 
western France  which  unites  near  Angers  with 
the  Sarthe  to  form  the  Maine.  Length,  127  miles; 
navigable  from  Laval. 

Mayenne.  1.  A  department  of  northwestern 
France,  capital  Laval,  formed  from  parts  of  the 
ancient  Maine  and  Anjou.  It  is  bounded  by  Manche 
and  Ome  on  the  north,  S,-irthe  on  the  east,  Maine-et^ Loire 
on  the  south,  and  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the  west.  It  has  im- 
portant agricultural  and  mineral  resources.  Area,  1,996 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  332,387. 
2.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Mayenne, 
France,  on  the  Mayenne  17  miles  north  by  east 
of  Laval,  it  has  flourishing  cloth  manufactures,  and 
contains  a  castle  and  a  church  of  !Notre  Dame.  Formerly 
it  was  the  seat  of  a  marquisate  and  duchy.  Population 
(1891),  10,428^ 

Mayer  (ma'er),  Brantz.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Sept.  27,  1809:  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1879.  An 
American  author.  He  was  a  lawyer;  was  editor  of  the 
"  B.altimore  American  " :  and  in  1841-42  was  secretary  of  the 
United  States  legation  i  n  Mexico.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  commissioned  colonel  in  the  Federal  army.  He  pub- 
lished "  Mexico :  Aztec,  Spanish,  and  Republican  "  (2  vols. 
1853) ;  several  other  works  on  ilesico ;  "  Captain  (^anot^*' 
a  novel  (1854*;  etc. 

Mayer  (mi'er).  Johann  Tobias.  Bom  at  Mar- 
bach,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  17,  1723:  died  at  Got- 
tingen,  Feb.  20,  1762.  A  German  astronomer, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Gottingen.  He  wrote 
"Theoria  lunse,  etc."  (1767),  "Tabulse  motuum  solis  et 
lunie  "  (revised  edition,  1770). 

Mayer,  Julius  Robert  von.  Born  at  Heilbronn, 
Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  25,  1814:  died  at  Heilbronn, 
March  20, 1878.  A  German  physician.  He  studied 
medicine  at  Tubingen,  Munich,  and  Paris;  and,  after  a 
journey  to  Java  as  ships  surgeon  in  1840-41,  settled  as 
a  surgeon  at  Heilbronn.  He  is  by  many  regarded  as  the 
originator  of  the  mechanical  theory  of  heat.  \  collective 
edition  of  his  works  appeared  in  1867  under  the  title  of 
"Die  Mechanik  der  Warme." 

Mayer,  Karl.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
March  21,  1799:  died  at  Dresden,  July  2,  1862. 
A  Gennan  pianist  and  composer. 

Mayer,  Karl  Friedrich  Hartmann.    Bom  at 

Neckarbisehofsheini,  Baden,  March  22.  1786: 
died  at  Tiibingen,  Wiii-temberg,  Feb.  25,  1870. 
A  German  poet.  His  "  Poems  "  were  jiublished  in  1833 
(later  editions  1839, 1864).  He  also  wrote  "Ludwig  Uh- 
land,  seine  Freunde  und  Zeitgenossen  "  (1867),  etc. 

Mayes  (ma'yes).  ['Dizziness.']  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  in  northern 
Texas,  near  the  coast.     See  Tonkawan. 

Mayeux  (ma-ye').  One  of  the  types  of  modern 
French  caricature,  very  popular  between  1830 
and  1848.  He  is  a  compound  of  Panurge,  Falstaff,  and 
Polichinelle,  deformed,  sensual,  patriotic,  and  witty.  The 
creator  of  Mayeux  was  Charles  Travies. 

Mayfair  (ma'far).  A  fashionable  locality  in 
London,  east  of  Hyde  Park.  All  streets  north  of 
Piccadilly  now  lead  into  the  district  of  Mayfair,  which 
takes  its  name  from  a  fair  which  used  to  be  held  in  Shep- 
herd's Market  and  its  surrounding  streets.  (Hare.)  The 
fair  became  an  excuse  for  license  and  profligacy  in  the 
time  of  George  II.,  and  was  abolished  in  1708. 

Mayflower  (ma'flou'er).  1.  A  ship,  of  about 
180  tons  burden,  in  which  the  English  Pilgrims 
sailed  from  Southampton  to  Plymouth,  Jlassa- 
chusetts,  in  1620.  Some  of  them  had  left  Leyden  for 
Delfshaven  and  embarked  there  in  the  Speedwell  some 
weeks  before,  joining  the  others  at  Southampton. 
2.  An  American  wooden  center-board  sloop 
yacht,  designed  by  Edward  Burgess,  launched 
May  6,  1886.  The  dimensions  are  :  length  over  all,  100 
feet ;  length,  load  water-line,  85.7;  beam,  23.6;  beam,  load 
water-line,  22.3;  draught,  10  feet ;  displacement,  128  tons. 


Mayorunas 

she  was  selected  to  defend  .America's  cup  against  the 
tialatea  in  18^(5,  on  Sept.  7  and  9.  and  won  both  races. 

Mayhew  (ma'hu),  Experience.  Bom  in  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  Mass.,  Jan.  27, 1673 :  died  there, 
Nov.  29, 1758.  An  American  missionary  to  the 
Indians  in  Martha's  Vineyard. 

Mayhew,  Henry.  Born" at  London,  Nov.  25, 
1812 :  died  July  25,  1887.  An  English  journal- 
ist and  writer  of  juveniles  and  miscellaneous 
works.  With  his  brothers  Augustus  and  Horace  ("The 
Brothers  Mayhew  ")  he  wrote  a  number  of  popular  works 
of  fiction.  He  was  one  of  the  originators  and  first  editor 
of  "Punch."  His  chief  work  is  "London  Labour  and  the 
London  Poor" (1.S5I). 

Mayhew,  Jonathan.  Bom  in  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, Mass.,  Oct.  8,  1720:  died  at  Boston,  July 
9,  1766.  An  American  clergyman,  controver- 
sialist, and  advocate  of  liberalism,  son  of  Ex- 
perience Mavhew.  His  writings  were  edited  bv 
A.  Bradford "(1838). 

Maykop.     See  Maikoj). 

May  Laws.  A  series  of  Prussian  laws  passed 
IS/ 3-74,  and  modified  in  1887,  regulating  eccle- 
siastical matters.  They  restricted  the  power  of  the 
church  over  individuals  and  property.  So  named  because 
fii-st  promulgated  in  May,  1873 :  also  called  FalkLaws,  from 
the  name  of  the  minister  who  furthered  them. 

Maynard  (ma'niird),  Horace.  Bom  at  West- 
boro,  Mass.,  Aug.  30,  1814:  died  at  Knox-\ille, 
Tenn.,  May  3,  1882.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  congressman  from  Tennessee ;  United  States  min- 
ister to  Tiu-key  1875-SO ;  and  postmaster-general  1880-8L 

Maynas  (mi'nas).  Various  Indian  hordes  of 
northern  Peru  and  Ecuador,  in  the  forests  of 
the  upper  Maraiion  and  on  the  Pastaza  and  Mo- 
rona  affluents.  They  are  very  savage,  lead  a  wander- 
ing life,  and  subsist  by  hunting  and  fishing.  A  few  have, 
from  time  to  time,  been  gathered  into  the  mission  vil- 
lages. The  different  bands  have  distinct  names  (Chapos, 
Coronados,  Humuranos,  etc.).  All  speak  harsh  and  diffi- 
cult languages.  Brinton  and  others  have  united  them  in 
a  single  linguistic  stock,  the  Majnia.  Hervas  believed  that 
they  constituted  two  stocks,  which  he  called  the  Mayna 
and  Ch.ayavit:i.    Also  written  Maiiias. 

Maynas  y  Quijos  (mi'nas  e  ke'nos).  A  colonial 
intendencia  of  Peni,  subsequently  a  depart- 
ment. It  corresponded  to  the  present  departments  of 
Amazonas  and  Loreto,  together  with  a  region  north  of  the 
Marauon  wliich  is  claimed  both  liy  Ecuadtir  and  by 
Peru. 

Majrnooth  (ma-noth').  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  Ireland,  14  miles  west  b}-  north  of 
Dublin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Roman  Catholic  college  for  the 
training  of  priests,  founded  1795.  X  parliamentarj'  grant 
to  this  college  was  the  subject  of  keen  discussion  in  1845. 
The  increase  and  perpetuation  of  it  were  eventually  car- 
ried. 

Mayo  (mi'o).  [PI.,  also  Mcnjos.  Probably  from 
the  Otomi  mai/o,  shepherd,  or  the  Opata  niai/ot, 
deer.]  A  di\ision  of  the  Cahita  branch  of  the 
Piman  stock  of  North  Amerieanludians,inhabit- 
ing  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Mayo  and  the  Fuerte 
in  southern  Sonora  and  northwestern  Sinaloa, 
Mexico.  They  are  peaceable  and  have  been  almost  com- 
pletely Mesicanized.  Theirdialect  closely  resembles  that 
of  the  Y'aqui.  The  Mayos  were  easily  brought  to  submis- 
sion in  the  later  years  of  the  16th  century,  and  adopted  the 
Catholic  faith  without  resistance.  Their  original  mnuber 
is  said  to  have  been  about  30,000.  Their  present  num- 
ber is  about  6,500.     See  Cahita. 

Mayo  (ma'6).  A  county  in  Connaught,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  west  and  north, 
Sligo  and  Roscommon  on  the  east,  and  Galway 
on  the  south.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west. 
Area,  2,126  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
219,034. 

Mayobanex  (ml-o-ba-niiks').  Died  1498  or  1499. 
An  Indian  cacique  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
island  of  Haiti.  In  1498  he  joined  with  Guarionex  in 
war  on  the  Spaniards,  and  was  captured  and  executed. 
Also  written  Slaiobanex. 

Mayon  (mii-yon'),  or  Albay  (al-bi').  A  vol- 
cano in  the  southern  part  of  Luzon,  Philippines, 
near  the  town  of  Albay. 

Mayorga  ( mi-6r'gii ),  Martin  de.  Bom  in  Cata- 
lonia about  1715:  died  at  sea,  1783.  A  Spanish 
general  and  administrator.  He  was  captain-general 
of  Guatemala  .Tune,  1773. -April,  1779,  during  which  period 
Old  Guatemala  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  (July  20, 
1773)  and  the  new  city  was  founded.  From  Aug.  23, 1771]^ 
to  April  29,  1783,  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico."  He  died 
while  returning  to  Spain,  and  it  was  suspected  that  he  was 
poisoned. 

Mayor  of  Garratt,  The.  A  play  by  Foote,  pro- 
duced in  1703.     See  Garratt, 

Mayor  of  Quinborough,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Middleton,  ))rinted  in  1661.  Itwasprobablywritten 
or  sketched  before  1602,  and  owed  its  publication  after  the 
Restoration  to  the  caricature  of  a  Puritan. 

Mayorunas  (ma-yo-ro'nas).  [Quichua,  'river- 
men.']  An  Indian  horde  of  northeastern  Peru 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Brazil,  south  of  the 
Amazon,  and  in  the  forests  about  the  rivers 
Javary,  Ucayale,  and  Tapichi.  They  are  verj- sav- 
age, subsist  majnly  by  bunting,  use  poisoned  arrows,  and 


Mayorunas 

nave  frequently  attacked  explorers.  Thsv  have  been  ac- 
cused ol  cannibalism,  but  this  is  unproved.  Tlie  men  are 
said  to  have  beards,  and  perhaps  for  this  reason  tllere  are 
traditions  that  tliey  aie  descended  trom  early  Spanish 
eiplorers.  Their  language  haa  been  referred  to  the  Pano 
stock,  and  they  appear  to  be  closely  related  to  the  semi- 
civilized  Marauas. 

Ifayotte  nuii-yot'),  nv  Mayotta  (ma-yot'ta). 
Asmall  islanil  of  the  Comores  grotip,  in  the  Mo- 
zambiqiio  Channel,  east  of  Africa,  situated  in 
lat.  12=  -i"'  S.,  long.  i't°  20'  E.  It  has  been  a 
French  possession  since  ]843. 

Maypu.     See  Maipo. 

Maypures  (mi-po-ras').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
V'oueznclan  Guiana,  on  the  tipper  Oriuoeo  and 
its  atUiient,  the  Ventiiario.  They  bolimj;  to  the  Ara- 
wak  stock,  are  gentle  in  disposition,  ai-'ricultiiriats.  and 
live  in  n.ved  villages.  The  tribe  was  formerly  vcrj-  large. 
It  was  among  the  tlrst  on  the  upper  Drinoco  to  be  gathered 
Into  mission  villages.  Some  of  the  llaypures  have  been 
amalgamated  with  the  country  population  ;  othci-s  live  in 
a  semi-independent  st.ite  in  the  interior.  Also  written 
Maipurfg  and  Mapurt:^, 

Maypure  (mi-po-ra')  stock,  or  Arawak  (iir'ii- 
wiik)  stock.  An  extensive  linguistic  group  of 
South  American  Indians,  consisting  of  many 
tribes  which  are  scattered  from  southwestern 
Brazil  and  Bolivia  to  Guiana :  formerly  ineinbers 
of  the  same  stock  appear  to  have  occupied  nearly 
all  the  West  Indian  Islands.  They  were  found  by 
Columbus  ou  the  Ualiamas  and  in  the  (ireater  Antilles, 
and  possibly  extended  into  Floriila;  but  they  had  recently 
been  driven  from  the  Winihvard  Islands  by  incursions  of 
Caribs.  All  the  Indians  of  this  stock  are  well  formed,  with 
small  hands  and  feet,  light-colored  and  olive  rather  than 
reddish  in  complexion,  and  generally  intelligent  and  in- 
dustrious. They  live  in  fixed  villages  of  large  size,  culti- 
vate manioc,  maize,  etc  ,  and  are  of  a  pacific  disposition. 
They  readily  received  the  whites  as  friends,  and  have 
never  rebelled  against  them  unless  driven  to  do  so  by  great 
oppression.  The  stock  includes  at  present,  among  others, 
the  Arawaks,  Tarumas,and  tluinaus  of  Guiana,  the  (.:uana.s. 
Bares,  -\lanaos.  Passes,  and  .Juris  of  Brazil ;  the  Baures  and 
JIojos  of  Bolivia ;  and  the  Campas  and  Piros  of  Peru. 

May  Queen,  The.  1.  A  cantata  by  \V.  stern- 
dale  Bennett,  produced  in  1858.  The  words  are 
by  Chorlev.  —  2.  A  poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 
lished in  l'8;32. 

Mayr  (mir).  or  Mayer  (mi'er),  Johann  Simon. 

Born  at  Jlendorf,  Bavaria,  June  14,  1703:  died 
at  Bergamo,  Italy,  Dec.  2, 1845.  A  German  op- 
eratic composer.  Donizetti  was  one  of  his  pupils 
at  the  musical  institute  at  liergamo,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
been  the  firsttointroduce  the  crescendo  of  the  orchestra  to 
which  R^>8siniowes  somuchof  his  fame.  ((Jrove.)  Among 
his  operas  are  "Satfo,"  "Lodoiska,"  "GInevra  di  Srozia," 
"Lauso  e  Lidia,"  "  Medea,"  "  Rosa biancae  Rosa rossa,"  etc. 

Maysville  (maz'vil).  A  city,  capital  of  Mason 
County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  52 
miles  southeast  of  Cincinnati.  It  has  an  im- 
porlanf  tradHinhemp.  Popidation  (lilOd),  (1.423. 

Mayta  Ccapac  (mi'tii  kil'piik).  Died  about 
1300  (accordingto  Acosta  in  ]2.")5.  and  by  other 
accounts  about  1211).  The  fotu'th  Iiica  ruler 
of  Bern.  Ho  was  the  son  and  successor  of  Llo- 
qne  Yupanqui,  and  made  few  conquests. 

Mazaca  (maz'a-kii).  The  ancient  name  of 
CiBsarea  (in  CapiJailocia). 

Mazade  (mU-ziid' ) ,  Louis  Charles  Jean  Robert 

de.  Born  atCast(d-Sarra/.in.Tarn-et-Garonue, 
in  1820:  die<lat  Paris.  April  27, 1893,  A  French 
author,  editor,  ami  critic,  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy 1882.  Among  his  works  are  "  La  gii^rre  de  France 
1870-71,"  "M.  Thiers;  ciniiuanteftnneesii'hist^>iru  contem- 
poraine."  '■  L'Espagnemoderne,"  "L'ltalie  modcrne,"  *'La- 
martifie,  sa  vie  littiiraire  et  politique,"etc.  He  edited  the 
"Correspondance  du  Mar<l*uhal  Davout." 

Mazamet  (mii-zii-ma').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  southern  France,  situated  cm  the 
Aructte  ."lO  miles  east  by  south  of  Toulouse. 
It  has  cloth  manufactures.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  14,301, 

Mazandaran  (ma-/.en-de-ran').  A  province  of 
Persia,  south  of  the  Caspian  fSea,  mostly  low 
cci.ist-land,  about  200  miles  long  and  50  broad. 
(■;i|iitnl,  S:iri,     I'iii)uliition,  300,0110. 

Mazariegos  (mit-thii-re-a'gos),  Diego.   Born  at 

Ciudad  de  la  Mancha  about  1  U)5  :  did  after  15(i:>. 
A  Siiani-^li  soldier,  ci>i](|ucriir  of  Cliiapas  (1:")24- 
l.'i2!l).  Il(!  was  governiu'  of  Cuba  bViU-O"). 
Mazarin  fiiiaz'a-rin:  F.  liiim,  inii-ziL-rai'i') 
( pidp.iiy  Mazafini),  Jules.  Born  at  Piscina, 
Italy,  .Inly  I  I,  KiOJ :  ilinl  at  Viueeiiiies,  France, 
Mai'i'li  it,  11)01.  A  French  statesman,  llewasde- 
sceniled  from  a  noble  Sicilian  family,  stud  led  at  a, fcsult  col- 
lege at  Konie  and  at  the  rnlversity  of  Alcaht,  and  in  l(i2'-* 
entered  the  papal  military  service,  lie  was  afterward  etn- 
pIoye<l  in  various  diplonnttic  missions,  and  attracted  the 
attention  of  Richelieu,  at  whose  Inst-ancc  lu^  entered  the 
French  service.  He  became  a  mituralized  Frenelunan  in 
m:tli,  and  in  1041  was  niiule  a  cardinal  by  the  Popeon  thepri-s- 
eritati»pn  of  LAuls  Xril.,  although  he  had  never  taken  any- 
thing but  minor  orders.  Mo  was  appointed  prime  mirdster 
on  the  death  of  Kichelieu  in  UH"-',  and  was  retalrn-d  In  of- 
fice by  the  ([Ueen  regent,  Alun-  of  Austria,  after  the  death 
of  Louis  XIII.  in  164;).  He  continued  the  foreign  policy  of 
Richelieu,  which  looked  to  the  abatement  of  the  power  of 


669 

the  house  of  Austria  by  interfering  in  favor  of  the  Protes- 
tants in  the  Thirty  Veai-s'  \\'ar,  and  which  resulted  in  com- 
plete success  at  the  peace  of  Westphalia  in  H»4S.  At  home 
hispolicyof  centralizing  all  administrative  authority  in  the 
crown— also  a  le;:aey  from  Kichelieu  —  was  opposed  by 
the  nobles  and  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  and  gave  liae  to  the 
wars  of  the  Fronde  (which  see),  iluring  which  he  was  twice 
expelled  by  his  opponents  from  the  court  (l(Uil-52  and 
l()52-5;i).  In  Ift59he  concluded  the  peaceof  the  I'yrenees, 
putting  an  end  to  the  hostilities  with  Spain  which  had 
sprung  up  during  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  securing  an 
increase  of  French  t«n'itory. 

Mazarin  Bible.  -Vu  edition  of  the  Bible  printed 
by  Gutenberg  at  Mainz  in  1450-.55,  being  the 
first  book  ever  printed  with  movalde  tj-pes.  It 
is  so  named  because  the  first  known  ct>py  of  it  was  dis- 
covered in  the  Mazarin  library  at  Paris  in  1760. 

Mazarron  (mii-thar-rou' J.  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia.  Spain,  situated  near  the  Medi- 
terranean 30  miles  south  of  Murcia.  Population 
(1887),  16,44.x 

Mazaruni  (mii-za-ro'ne),  or  Massaruni  (mii- 

sii-rii'iic),  A  river  in  British  Gtiiana  whi<'h. joins 
the  Esseipiibo  about  45  miles  southwest  of 
Georgetown.     Length,  about  400  miles. 

Mazas  (inil-zii'),  A  prison  in  Paris,  situated  on 
the  Boulevard  M;izas.  opiiieil  in  1850.  It  is  ofli- 
cially  called  Slaison  d'.Arrct  (MInlaire,  having  rcnonaeed 
iu  18.'i8,  at  the  request  of  tlie  family  of  Ma/as,  the  nante  it 
had  hitherto  borne.  It  is  still,  however,  popularly  called 
the  Prison  M;izas. 

MazatenangO  (mii-tha-ta-niin'go).  A  town  of 
southwestern  Guatemala,  the  capital  of  the  mod- 
ern ilepartment  of  Suehitepequez,  about  hit,  14° 
45'  N,,  long.  91°  30'  W.  It  was  a  stronghold  of  the 
Mamcs  Indians,  and  was  taken  by  the  .Spaniards  in  I^'ITk 
Population  (1S!I3),6,970. 

Mazatlan  (ma-sat-liin').  [Nahuatl,  'place  of 
thedeer';  from  «(«;«(?,  a  deer.]  Atownofabout 
12,000  inhabitants,  on  the  southern  coast  of  the 
Mexican  state  of  Sinaloa.  in  lat,  23°  10'  37  N. 
The  town  has  been  besieged  a  numberof  tunes  in  the  course 
of  the  numerous  revolutions  of  Sfexico,  In  1847  it  was 
taken  by  the  American  forces.  On  ilarch  31,  1864,  the 
French  corvette  Cordelliire  attacked  the  port  and  was  re- 
pulsed, but  on  Nov.  13  of  the  s:une  year  a  French  fleet  cap- 
turcil  it  after  a  short  bombardment.  On  Nov.  13, 1866,  the 
Mexican  general  Corona  took  the  place  again.  It  is  the 
cajjital  of  the  district  of  the  same  name,  and  the  principal 
port  of  entry  for  the  state  of  Sinaloa. 

Maze  (iniiz),  Hippolyte.  Born  at  Arras,  Nov. 
5, 18.39 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct,  25, 1891.  A  French 
statesman  and  historian.  He  was  elected  deputy  for 
Versailles  in  1879,  and  took  his  seat  witli  the  republican  left, 
and  was  reelected  in  1881.  lie  was  noted  for  his  spcethes 
on  ]nO)lic  education  ami  mutual  benefit  associations.  He 
was  elected  senator  in  1886,  aiui  again  in  1891  at  the  head 
of  the  list  of  four,  -\mong  his  woiks  are  " Lea  gouverne- 
ments  de  la  Frapce  du  XVII'-  an  XIX'-  sitcle"  (1864),  "La 
r(^pnbliquedesEtats  Unig,  etc.  "(1869),  '* La  llnde  la  revolu- 
tion, etc,"  (1872),  "  La  lutte  contrc  la  misi;re  "  (1883),  "  Les 
gi5neraux  de  la  r^publiciue  "  (1889),  etc. 

Mazeppa  (mii-zep'a),  I-7an.  Born  1(>44:  died  at 
Bender,  1709.  A  Cossack  chief.  He  was  descended 
from  a  poor  but  noble  family  at  Mazepintzui  in  the 
jialatinate  of  I'odolia,  and  was  educated  as  a  page  at  the 
court  of  John  C'asimir,  king  of  Poland.  Having  been  de- 
tected in  an  intrigue  with  a  Polish  lady  of  high  rank,  he 
was  by  order  of  the  injured  husband  bound  lutked  on  the 
back  of  an  untamed  horse  from  the  Ukraine,  The  horse 
tin  being  let  loose  galloped  otfto  its  luttive  haunts,  whei-e 
it  was  caught  by  some  Cossack  pe:lsants.  Mazepna  re- 
mained amongthe  Cossacks,  whose  hettnan  or  chief  he  be- 
came  in  1687,  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  Peter  the  Great, 
who  gave  him  the  title  of  Prince  of  the  Ukraine,  With  a 
view  to  making  himself  indepemlent  of  Russia,  he  con- 
spire<i  first  with  Stanislaus  Leszezynski  of  Polaiui,  ami  af- 
terward with  Charles  .\II.  of  Sweden.  Besieged  by  the 
Russians  In  his(-apit.-d  Baturin,lie  escapeii  to  the  camp  of 
Charles  .\  II..  whom  be  accompanied  to  Bender  after  the 
battle  of  Pultowa.  He  t-ommitled  suicidebytaking  poison. 
Lord  Byron  made  liim  the  subject  of  a  poem  in  1819. 

Maz^res.     See  Maxem: 

Mazillier.  Born  at  Marseilles  in  1797  :  died  at 
Paris  ill  l.SfiS.  .\  noted  Fri'iich  dancer  and  com- 
])Oser  of  bjiUels,  He  began  his  career  at  Bordeaux  in 
l.s'20.  His  i>antomime  wiui  noted  as  particularly  good. 
Among  his  ballets  (in  which  he  i)erfortned  at  the  iipera 
In  Paris)  arc  "Lc  ihal)lo  amolireux  "  (1845),  "  I-e  (liable  h 
quatre"  (l.'-46),  "  I.e  corsalre "  (li«561,  ".Marco  Spaila  " 
(lM.-,7),  etc.  In  these  he  hail  thocollaboratlcMi  of  Paul  Fou- 
eher.  St. -Georges,  Thijophile  Gautier,  and  others. 

MazuraniC(mii-zh(i-rii'iiich),Ivan.  Born  1814; 
died  1M!)0.  A  Croatian  poet,  ban  <d'  Croati.'i 
ls7:!-80,    llisi'liierwork  isiLri  epic  national  poem. 

Mazzara,  or  Mazzara  del  Vallo  (miii-sii'rii  del 

viil'lo).  A  si'ii|i(irl  ill  111!'  ]ii-ovince  of  'i'raimni, 
Sicily,  53  miles  southwest  ot  Palermo.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  ruined  castle.  Population  (1,S81), 
13,074. 

MazzarinO  (milt-sii-re'nr)).  A  town  in  th<^  prov- 
ince lit  ( 'altanissetta,  Sicily,  47  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Cntaniii.   l'opiilati(>n(18.si),  |-_>,9(!4. 

Mazzini  (iniit-se'uc),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Genoa, 
June  28  (22  ?).  1805  ( 1.><0S  !) ;  .lied  at  Pisa,  Italy, 
Maich  10,  1872.  An  Ilalian  imlriot  and  revo- 
lutionist. Ug  graduated  at  the  Cnivcrslty  of  Genoa  In 
ls'26,  became  a  member  of  the  bar  of  that  city,  and  joined 
the  Carlmnarl.  In  lH;to  he  was  arrested  by  the  aulhnrilliis 
of  I'ieilnumt  on  the  charge  of  eoiiBpiring  against  (he  gov- 
orniuent,  but  after  an  ImprUunmtMit  uf  six  months  was 


Meade,  Bichard  Kidder 

released  for  want  of  suthcient  evidence  to  procure  a  con- 
viction. He  thereupon  left  Italy  and  resided  successively 
at  Marseilles,  P;u-is,  and  London,  w-hence  he  conducted 
agitations  for  the  liberation  of  Italy.  He  founded  atiout 
1832  the  secret  revolutionary  society  of  *'  Young  Italy," 
w-hose  object  was  the  unification  of  Italy  under  a  repub- 
lican govermnent.  He  returned  to  Italy  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolutionary-  movements  of  1848,  and  in  1849  be- 
came a  member  of  the  triumvinite  in  the  sliort-livcd  re- 
public at  Rome,  being  again  driven  into  exile  on  the  res- 
toration of  the  papal  government  (1849).  He  afterward 
organized  insuri-ections  in  Slantua  (1852),  Milan  (1853), 
and  Genoa  (1857),  but  played  a  snlioriiinate  part  in  the 
movement  w-hich  resulted  in  the  unification  of  Italy(exccpt 
Veniceand  the  Patrimonium  Petri)underVictor  Emmanuel 
in  1861,  rnw-illing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  a 
monarchy,  he  remained  abroad.  In  1870  he  look  part  in 
an  insurrection  at  Palermo,  during  which  lie  was  cap- 
tured, lie  was,  however,  released  by  the  general  am- 
nesty published  by  the  Italian  government  after  the  occu- 
pation of  Rome. 

Mazzola.     See  Parmiqiano. 

Mazzolini  (miit-so-le'ne),  Lodovico.  Bom 
about  1481:  died  about  1,530.  An  Italian  painter, 
the  most  noted  member  of  the  school  of  Fer- 
rara. 

Mazzuola.     See  Parmiijiano. 

Mbamba  (mbam'ba).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  dwelling  between  the  Mbidi.ji  and 
Liiji  rivers,  and  scattered  in  small  villages 
around  Malange.  The  Duke  of  Mbamba  was  one  of 
the  great  dignitaries  of  the  kingdoin  of  Kongo.  The  mod- 
ern Mbamba  grow  coffee,  «hich  is  exported  via  Loanda 
and  .Amlu-iz  :  the^Ibambaof  ilalangearecarriers.  Their 
dialect  is  half  Kimbundu  and  half  Ivoiigo. 

Mbangala  (mbang-ga'liii,  orlmbangala  (cm- 

biing-ga'lii),  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  dwelling  between  the  Kuangu  Kiverand 
the  Tala  Mungongo  range :  also  called  Kasanji 
or  Cassange,  from  the  title  of  the  head  chief. 
The  dialect  is  Umbangala.  This  tribe  is  independent  and 
eiiterpi  ising  in  trade,  but  fond  of  rum  and  quarrelsome. 

Mbayas  (mbii-yiis').  The  tJuarany  and  Para- 
guayan name  for  the  Gnaycurus  Indians  and 
other  related  hordes  iu  the  Chaco.  See  Guay- 
tunis. 

Mbocobis.    See  Mocobis. 

Mbondo  (rabon'do).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  dwelling  to  the  northeast  of  Ma- 
lange. l-hey  wear  skins,  are  in  a  lower  state  of  culture 
llian  the  Ngola,  and  speak  a  dialect  of  Kimbundu. 

Mbuiyl  (mbwe'ye).     See  Jiiiiiibi: 

Mbunda(iub6n'dii).orMambunda(miim-bon'- 

dil).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Barotse  kingdom,  in 
the  upper  Zambesi  valley,  often  confounded 
with  the  dominant  Barotse.  They  are  strong  enough 
to  excite  fear,  and  in  1880  the  Barotse  weakened  them  by 

a  massacre. 

Mbundu  (mbon'do).    See  Kimbundu  and  C"»i- 

hittiiltt. 

Mdewakantonwan  (mda  -  wii'kiin  -  toii  -  with'). 

I  ■  JlysUrious  lake  village.']  A  tribe  of  the 
Dakota  division  ot  North  American  Indians: 
the  Mindawacarton  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  the 
original  Isanyati  or  Santee.  They  were  conspicu- 
ous in  the  Miniiesotn  outbreak,  under  the  leadership  of 
Little  Crow,  in  1862,  Most  of  tlleiii  are  farmers  in  Kliux 
County,  Nebraska.     Sec  Dakotn. 

Mead  (med),  Larkin   Goldsmith.     Born  at 

Chesti'iMield,  .\,11.,  .Ian,3,ls35,  An  American 
sculptor.  He  went  to  Florence  in  1S62,  where  he  resides. 
Among  his  works  are  a  colossal  statue  of  "  Vennont " 
(1857); " F.than  Allen  "(I8ill).at  Montpeliei, Vermont : " Lin- 
coln"(ls;4).  at  .springflehl,  Illinois;  "Kthan  Allen  "(1874), 
at  Washington  ;  etc.  He  has  also  executed  four  colossal 
groups  representing  the  dilferent  bnuiches  of  the  army  and 

navy  service. 

Mead,  Richard.  Born  at  Stennev,  London,  Aug. 
11,  1073:  died  at  London,  Feb"  Ki,  17.')4.  An 
Knglish  ])liysician.  He  entered  the  Inlverslly  of 
I  treeht  in  16S9,  and  studied  under  Grie\ius  for  three  yciu^ 
In  l(i92  he  went  to  Leydcn,  and  took  his  degree  of  .M.U.  at 
Padua  In  16il5.  He  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Koval  S«>. 
ciety  In  170S.  Iu  1703  he  was  elected  physician' at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  l.».indon,  and  in  the  same  year  discovered 
the  iteh'inile.  He  beealne  the  most  popular  |ihysiclan  of 
the  day,  and  a  famous  collector  of  biHiKs,  coins,  etc.  Iu 
1727  he  was  made  eourt  physician  to  George  H.  He  pub- 
lished "De  Vnrlolls  et  Morbllis"  (1747).  "  .Monila  el  Piip. 
cepln  Medlea  "  (1751).  He  is  best  known  lu*  Uie  friend  of 
P<>]ie,  .lohnson.  and  other  famous  men. 

Meaile  (uied).  George  Gordon.    Born  at  Cndir, 

Spain,  Di'c.  31,  1815;  died  at  Philadilpliia,  I'll., 
Nov.O,  1S72,  .-Sn  American  general.  He  griuliiate<t 
at  West  Point  in  18:t5,  served  in  the  Mt  xii-ati  war,  and  win 
npiiointeil  to  the  eonimand  of  a  bi  igade  of  volunteers  In 

the  Army  of  the  Poll ic  al  the  lieglnning  of  the  Civil 

War  In  1861.    He  served  In  the  Peninioilar  campaign,  and 

commanded  a  division  at  Autietiim  and  ailivisi il  Fred- 

orickstiurg.  He  suc-eeded  General  Hooker  lu  eoinmander 
of  the  Army  of  the  Polomne  .Iiine  '28.  186.!,  and  deflated 
General  Lee  at  Gettysburg  .luly  1  :!,  1863  He  remained  In 
command  of  the  Army  of  I  he  Potomiie  during  the  resi  of 
the  war.  He  was  proninti'il  major-general  in  the  regular 
army  Aug.  18,  IMU  (having  held  a  corresponding  rank  in 
the  volunteer  service  since  18tl2). 

Meade,  Richard  Kidder.    Born  in  Nansemond 

CiMinty,  Va.,  .Inly  14,  1746:  died  in  Frederick 
(now  'Clarki')  cimiity.  Va,,  Feb.,  1805.  An 
American  Bevolutiouury  officer. 


Meadows,  Drinkwater 

Meadows  (med'oz),  Drinkwater.      Born  in 

YorksMi'e  or  Wales,  1799 :  tliecl  at  Barnes,  June 
12,  18G9.  An  English  actor.  Aft«r  playing  in  pro- 
vincial theaters,  he  made  his  first  appeai'ance  in  London 
at  Covent  Garden  in  1821,  and  remained  there  until  1844, 
when  he  went  to  the  Lyceum,  and  later  to  the  Prilicess's. 

Meadows,  Sir  Philip.  Born  at  Chattisham,  Suf- 
folk, 1G26 :  died  Sept.  16, 1718.  An  English  diplo- 
matist. He  ^aduated  at  Cambridge,  and  in  Oct.,  1053, 
relieved  Milton  as  Xatin  secretary  to  CromweH's  council. 
In  1656  he  represented  Cromwell  at  Lisbon  at  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  Anglo-Portuguese  treaty.  In  1657  he  was  sent 
as  envoy  to  Frederick  III.  of  Denmark,  and  afterward 
acted  as  negotiator  between  Sweden  and  I'oland.  In  1058 
he  was  knighted  and  made  ambassador  to  Sweden.  At  the 
Restoration  he  retired,  and  in  1677  published  "A  Narra- 
tive of  thel*r!ncipal  Actions  occurring  in  the  Wars  betwixt 
Sueden  and  Denmark, "and  in  1689  "  Observations  concern- 
ing the  Dominion  and  Sovereignty  of  the  Seas."  At  the 
Ke\nlution  (1688)  he  was  restored  to  favor,  and  in  1692  was 
aiipipinted  commissioner  for  taking  public  accounts. 

Meadville  (med'vil).  A  city,  capital  of  Craw- 
ford County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  French 
Creek  84  miles  north  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  flourish- 
ing manufactures  (of  iron  and  woolens)  and  trade,  and  is 
the  seat  of  AlUvlieny  College (Metliodist  EpiscopaJ)and  of 
a  I'riitarian  theological  seminary.     Pop.  (1900),  10,291. 

Meagher  (ma'Her),  Thomas  Francis.  Born  at 
Waterford,  Ireland,  A\ig.  3, 1S23:  drowned  near 
Fort  Benton,  Montana,  July  1, 1867.  An  Irish- 
American  general.  In  1844  he  became  an  orator  of 
the  Irish  repeal  association,  and  for  advocating  insurrection 
was  dubbed  "Meagher  of  the  Sword  "  by  Thackeray.  In 
July,  1848,  he  was  appointed  to  the  war  directory  of  the 
Irish  Confederation.  He  was  arrested  Aug.  13,  1848,  and 
transported  to  Van  Diemen's  Land  in  July,  1849.  He  es- 
caped to  New  York  in  1852,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1S.^5.  In  1861  he  entered  the  Federal  army,  orga- 
nized the  Irish  Brigade,  and  was  made  brigadier-general 
Feb.  3,  1862.  He  fought  in  the  first  and  second  battles  of 
Bull  Run,  in  the  Seven  Days'  Battles  before  Richmond,  at 
Antietam,  at  Fredericksburg,  and  at  Chancellorsville.  re- 
signing in  May,  1863.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  became 
secretaiy  (1865)  and  governor  (1866)  of  Montana,  where  he 
died.  With  John  Savage  he  published  "Speeches  on  the 
Legislative  Independenceof  Ireland,  etc."  (1853).  He  also 
wrote  "Kecolk-ctionsof  Ireland  and  the  Irish,"  etc. 

Meal-Tub  Plot,  -\pretended  conspirac}-  against 
the  Protestants,  fabricated  by  Dangerfield  in 
1679:  so  named  because  the  papers  were  kept 
in  a  meal-tub.  Dangerfield  subsequently  con- 
fessed, and  was  whipped  and  pilloried. 

Meander.     See  Ms:ander. 

Meanee.    See  iliani. 

Mearns,  The.     See  Eincardinf. 

Measure  for  Measure.  Acomedyby  Shakspere, 
first  acted  in  160i,  printed  in  1623.  The  play  is 
founded  on  Whetstone's  "Promos  and  Cassandra  "  (1582) ; 
the  story  had  previously  appeared  as  the  85th  novel  in  Cin- 
thio's  "  Hecatomniithi. '  Davenant  produced  an  alteration 
of  "  Measure  for  Measure  "  in  1662,  called  "  Law  against 
Lovers, "  in  which  he  introduced  Benedick  and  Beatrice. 
It  was  again  recast  by  Gildon,  and  produced  in  1700  with 
the  second  title  of  "Beauty  the  Best  Advocate." 

Meath  (meth).  A  maritime  count}'  of  Leinster, 
Ireland.  Capital,  Trim.  It  is  bounded  by  Cavan  and 
Munaghan  on  the  north,  Louth  on  the  northeast,  the  Irish 
Sea  on  the  east,  Dublin  on  the  southeast,  Kildare  on  the 
south.  Kings  County  on  the  southwest,  and  Westmeath  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating.  Area,  906 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  76,987. 

Meaux  (mo).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
et-JIarne,  France,  situated  on  the  Jlarne  27 
miles  east  by  north  of  Paris.  Its  cathedr,al,  begun 
in  the  12th  century,  has  a  very  beautiful  choir  of  early- 
Pointed  work,  and  a  nave  109  feet  high.  Bossuet  was 
bishop  of  Meau.\.  It  was  the  scene  of  disorders  in  the  war 
of  the  Jacquerie  (1368)  and  in  the  religious  wars  (16th  cen- 
tury).    Population  (1891),  commune,  12,833. 

Mebsuta  (meb-so'tii).  [At.  al-mebsiitali,  the 
outstretched  (se.  ami').]  The  third-magnitude 
star  £  Gerainorum.  On  some  globes  and  maps 
it  is  written  Mehoxda.  Neither  name  is  in  very 
common  use. 

Mecca  (mek'a).  The  capital  of  Arabia,  and  the 
most  sacred  city  of  the  Mohammedan  world, 
as  the  birthplace  of  Mohammed  and  the  site  of 
the  Kaaba.  It  is  situated  in  a  sandy  valley  70  mUes 
from  the  Red  Sea,  about  lat.  21°  25'  N.,  long.  40°  15'  E.  Its 
principal  building  is  the  Great  Mosque,  Masjidu  l-Uaram, 
in  the  center  of  which  is  the  Kaaba  (winch  see).  Everv 
Moslem  is  bound  to  undertake  once  in  his  life  a  pilgrimage 
to  Jlecca,  and  in  the  rites  performed  on  this  occasion  are 
included  the  circuit  around  the  Kaaba  and  the  kissing  of 
the  black  stone,  ileeca  is  now  governed  by  a  sherif,  who 
is  chosen  by  the  people  from  the  descendants  of  the 
prophet,  but  holds  his  authority  from  the  'I'urkish  sultan, 
Mecca  was  sacked  by  the  Carmuthians  in  930,  and  passed 
tothe  Turksini:.17.  Population,  about  50,000,  See  Jfe- 
din<i. 

Mechain  (ma-shan'),  Pierre  Fran?ois  Andre. 

Born  at  Laon,  France,  Aug.  16,  1744:  died  :it 

Castellon  de  la  Plana,  Spain,  Sept.  20,  1804.   A 
•    French  astronomer,  best  known  as  an  observe!- 

particularly  of  comets,  of  which  he  discovered  a 

number.    He  was  employed  in  measuring  the  .arc  of  the 

meridian  between  Dunkirk  and  Barcelona. 
Mechanicsville  (me-kan'iks-vil).     A  place  in 

Virginia,  7  miles  north  by  east  of  Richmond. 

Here,  Jane  26, 1862,  a  part  of  McClellan's  army  under  Fitz 


670 

John  Porter  defeated  a  part  of  Lee's  un  der  Longstreet  and 
A.  P.  Hill.  This  is  also  called  battle  of  Beaver  Dam  Creek, 
and  iformed  part  of  the  Seven  Days'  Battles. 

Mechant  (ma-shon'),  Le.  [F.,  'The  Wicked 
Uue.']  A  comedy  by  De  Gresset,  produced  in 
Paris  in  1745.  Villemain  says  it  is  the  exac.t  reflection 
of  the  salons  of  the  Istli  century.  The  hero  perhaps  might 
more  properly  be  called  a  roue. 

Mechi  (mek'i),  John  Joseph.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, May  22, 1802:  died  Dec,  1880.  An  English 
ai,'rieultural  reformer. 

Mechitar.     See  Melhitar. 

Mechitarists.     See  Alel-hitarists. 

Mechlin  (mek'lin;  D.  pron.  meeh'lin).  [Flem. 
Mcchtleii,  (i.  Mcchebi.  F.  Midiiies.l  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Dyle  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Brussels. 
It  is  a  railway  center,  and  still  has  manufactures  of  Mech- 
lin lace  (formerly  very  important).  The  archbishop  is  the 
primate  of  Belgium.  Thecathedral  was  built  chiellyin  the 
13th  century,  but  in  considerable  part  rebuilt  int  he  14th  and 
15th,  in  consequence  of  a  fire.  The  choir  is  unusually  rich. 
The  pulpit,  carved  in  wood,  embodies  a  group  represent- 
ing the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,  flanked  by  Adam  and  Eve, 
and  having  above  St.  John  and  the  holy  women  beneath 
the  cross.  There  are  a  number  of  fine  paintings,  includ- 
ing a  notable  Crucifixion  by  Vandyck.  The  massive  west 
tower  is  324  feet  high.  The  church  is  306  feet  long  and  89 
high.  The  Tribunal,  several  works  of  art,  and  old  build- 
ings are  also  notable.  Mechlin  was  under  the  rule  of  the 
bishops  of  Li^ge  from  the  10th  century  to  1333,  and  passed 
later  to  Brabant  and  Burgundy.    Population  (1893),  52,693. 

Mechlin  (mek'lin).  The  name  under  which 
Charles  Macklin  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Driiry  Lane  as  Captain  Brazen,  Oct.  31,  1733. 

Mechoacan.    See  Michoacan. 

Mecklenburg  (mek'len-boro).  A  land  in  north- 
ern Germany,  Ij'ing  along  the  Baltic  Sea :  it  is 
di^-ided  into  Jlecklenburg-Schwerin  and  Meck- 
lenburg-Strelitz. 

Mecklenburg  (mek'len-berg)  Declaration  of 

Independence,    Adeclaration  of  independence 
of  England,  said  to  have  been  made  at  Charlotte, 
Xorth  Carolina,  by  the  citizens  of  Mecklenbm-g 
County,  Xorth  CaroUna,  May  20  or  31,  1775. 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin    ( mek '  len-boro-shva- 

ren').  A  grand  duchy,  a  state  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital.  Schweriu.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
Baltic  on  the  north,  Pomerania  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
on  the  east,  BrandenV»urg  and  Hannoveron  the  south,  and 
iiibeck,  Ratzeburg,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  on  the  west. 
It  comprises  also  a  few  enclaves.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  The  chief  occupation  is  agricultiu-e.  Thegovernment 
is  aconstitutional  hereditary  monarchy(peasantry  unrepre- 
sented), with  2  members  \n  theBundesrat  and  6  members  in 
the  Reichstag.  TheprevailingreligionisProtestant.  Meck- 
lenburg was  early  peopled  by  Slavs  ;  was  conquered  by  the 
Germans  in  1169 ;  and  was  made  a  dnehy  in  1348.  The 
region  was  variously  divided,  finally  into  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz  in  1701.  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in 
1808;  became  a  grand  duchy  in  1816;  joined  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  in  1815 ;  abolished  serfdom  in  1820  ; 
was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  agitation  to  change  the 
feudal  conditions  in  1848;  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866; 
and  joined  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1867,  and 
the  new  German  Empire  in  1871.  Area,  5,135  square 
miles.     Poimlation  (1900),  007,770. 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz  (mek '  len  -boro  -  stra  '- 
Uts).  Agrand  duchy,  one  of  the  states  of  the  Ger- 
manEmpire.  Capital, Neustrelitz.  Itcomprisestwo 
divisions ;  Stargard,  lying  east  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
andnorthwest  of  Brandenburg;  and  Ratzeburg.  lying  north- 
west of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  govern- 
ment is  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy  (general  con- 
ditionsasin  Mecklenburg-Schwerin),  withlmemberin  the 
Bundesrat  and  1  in  the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  It  became  a  separate  duchy  in  1701,  and 
adopted  the  constitution  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  in  1755, 
Its  later  history  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  Mecklen- 
bnrg-Scliwerin.  Area,  1,131  square  miles.  Population 
(19011).  102,«02. 

Medal,  The.  A  satire  by  Dryden,  which  ap- 
peared in  1682. 

Medamothi  (me-da-mo-te').  An  island  in  Ra- 
belais's  "Life  of  Gargantua  and  Pantagruel." 
"Thus,  the  first  place  touched  at  (chap.  iv.)isthe  island  of 
Medamothi  {u.Tiba^iodi.,  Nowhere);  and  in  the  account  of  the 
rarities  with  which  this  country  abounds,  the  improbable 
fictions  of  travellers  are  ridiculed."  Dunlop,  Hist.  Prose 
Fiction,  II.  305. 

Meddle  (med'l).  In  Dion  Boueieault's  comedy 
•'London  Assurance."'  a  pettifogging  lawyer. 

Medea  (mf-de'a).  [Gr.  'Mr/dcia.1  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  sorceress,  daughter  of  ^Eetes,  king  of 
the  Colcliians,  and  wife  of  Jason.  When  Jason  came 
with  the  Argonauts  (seeJa5oy()toobtain  the  Golden  Ileece, 
Medea  aided  him  by  her  magic  arts,  and  escaped  with  him 
to  Corinth,  where,  ten  years  later,  she  murdered  Creusa  or 
Glance,  daughter  of  King  Creon,  for  whom  Jason  had  de- 
termined to  abandon  her.  From  Corinth  she  fled  to  Athens, 
and  married  .-Egeus  (father  of  Theseus),  by  whom  she  had 
a  son,  Medus,  regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the  ancestor  of 
the  Merles.  Having  plotted  against  the  life  of  Theseus,  she 
was  obliged  to  flee,  and  finally  returned  to  Colchis. 

Medea.   1.  Aplayby  Euripides.  Seethe  extract. 

The  "Medea  "came  out  in  431  B.  c.  along  with  the  poet's 
"Philoctetes,"  "Dictys,"  and  tlie  satyric  "Reapers"  (the 
last  was  early  lost).  It  was  based  upon  a  play  of  Neo- 
phron's, and  only  obtained  the  tliird  prize,  Euphorion 


Media 

being  first  and  Sophocles  second.  It  may  accordingly  b© 
regarded  as  a  failure  in  its  day  —  an  opinion  apparently 
confirmed  by  the  faults  (viz.,  -S-geus  and  the  winged 
chariot)  selected  from  it  as  specimens  in  .Aristotle's  "Po- 
etic." There isconsiderable  evideneeof  there beingasec- 
ond  edition  of  the  play,  and  many  of  tlie  variants,  or 
so-called  interpolations,  seem  to  arise  from  both  versions 
being  preserved  and  confused.  Nevertheless,  there  was 
no  play  of  Euripides  more  praised  and  imitated  by  both 
Romans  and  moderns. 

Mahapj,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,  I.  329. 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Seneca,  written  in  the  1st  cen- 
tui'y.  It  was  inspired  by  Euripides,  but  is  not  a  slavish 
translation.  John  Studley  translated  this  for  the  English 
stage  (1666). 

3.  A  tragedy  by  Richard  Glover,  published  ia 
1761. — 4.  An  opera  bv  Mavr,  produced  in  1812. 
—  5.   See  Midic. 

Medecin  malgre  lui  (mad-san'  mal-gra'  Itie), 
Le.  [F.,' The  Doctor  in  Spite  of  Himself.']  A 
farce-comedy  by  Moli^re,  produced  in  1666.  The 
story  is  taken  from  a  fabliau  of  the  middle  ages,  "  Le  vilain 
mire."  (See  Sjanarelle.)  Gounod  wrote  music  for  an  adap- 
tation of  this  comedy,  and  it  was  produced  in  1858  in  Paris. 
It  was  brought  out  as  "  The  Mock  Doctor  "  in  England  in 
1865.  Mrs.  Centlivre's  "  Love's  Contrivance  "  (1703)  is  made 
from  "Le  medecin  malgr6  lui"  and  "Le  mariage  force." 

Medecin  Volant  (mad-san'  v6-lou'),  Le.  [F., 
'  The  Flying  Doctor.']  An  early  comedy  of  Mo- 
liere,  in"  the  Italian  style,  acted  in  1(359.  Parta 
of  it  were  afterward  incorporated  in  "Le  medecin  malgr^ 
lui  "  and  "L' .Amour  medecin." 

Medee  (ma-da').  1.  A  tragedy  by  La  Peruse, 
playedin  1553.  It  was  the  second  tragetly  played 
in  France. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Pierre  Coi-neille, 
played  in  1635 : ' '  incomparably  the  best  French 
tragedy  up  to  its  date"  {Saititsbur)j}. —  3.  Alyrie 
tragedy  by  Thomas  Coi-neille,  with  music  by 
Charpentier,  produced  in  1693. — 4.  An  opera 
by  Chcrubini,  produced  in  1797.  The  words  are 
by  Hoffman. —  5.  Atragedy  by  Legouv^,  played 
in  1855. 

Medellin  (ma-del-yen').  A  small  town  in  the 
province  cf  Badajoz,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Guadiana  53  miles  east  of  Badajoz.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Corti's.  Here,  March  28,  1809,  the  French 
under  Victor  defeated  the  Spaniards. 

Medellin.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Antioqtua.  Colombia,  about  40  miles  southeast 
of  Antioquia.     Population,  about  40,000. 

Medelpad  (ma'del-pad).  A  territory  in  the  laen 
(province)  of  Westernorrland,  Sweden. 

Medes  (medz).  [Gr.  Jl7}(io;.]  The  inhabitants 
of  Media.     See  the  extract,  and  Media. 

Madai  are  the  Medes,  the  Mad4  of  the  Assyrians.  We 
first  hear  of  them  in  the  cuneiform  records  under  the  name 
of  Araada,  about  B.  c.  840,  when  their  country  was  invaded 
by  the  Assyrian  monarch.  They  were  at  that  time  settled 
in  the  Kurdish  Mountains,  considerably  to  the  east  of  Lake 
Urumiyeh.  Some  fifty  years  later,  however,  we  find  them 
in  Media  Rhagian.!,  where  they  are  called  no  longer  Aniad& 
but  Mada.  It  was  from  the  latter  form  of  the  name  that 
the  Greeks  took  the  familiar  "Mede,"  The  Medes  proper 
were  an  Aryan  people  who  claimed  relationship  to  the 
Aryans  of  northern  Indix  and  the  Aryan  populations  of 
Europe,  and  one  of  the  tribes  belonging  to  them  was  that 
of  the  Persians,  who  had  established  themselves  further 
south,  on  the  eastern  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf.  But  in 
classical  times  the  older  inhal)itants  of  the  regions  into 
which  the  ^Medes  migrated  were  classed  along  with  them 
under  the  general  title  of  "  Medes,"  so  that  the  name  ceased 
to  be  distinctive  of  race.     Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  45. 

Medford  (med'foi-d).  A  city  in  Middlesex 
County.  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Jlrstic 
River's  miles  northwest  of  Boston  :  the  seat  of 
Tufts  College  (non-sectarian).  Population 
(1900),  18.244. 

Medhurst  (med'herst).  Walter  Henry.  Born 
at  London,  1796:  died  at  Loudon,  Jan.  24,  1857. 
An  English  missionary  in  China  and  the  East 
Indies,  and  Sinologist.  He  translated  the  Bible  into 
Chinese;  edited  the  "Chinese  Repository  " (1838-51) ;  and 
published  "  A  Chinese-English  Dictionary  "  (1842-43),  "  -\n 
English-Chinese  Dictionary"  (1847-48),  "Chiua:  its  State 
and  Prospects  "  (1838),  etc. 

Media  (me'di-ii).  [Gr.M;?d('a.]  An  ancient  coun- 
try comprising  the  northwest  of  the  Iranian 
highland,  extending  from  the  Caspian  Sea  to 
the  Araxes.  It  was  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  Hyr- 
cania,  on  the  east  by  Parthia,  on  the  south  by  Susiana- 
Persia,  and  nearly  corresponded  to  the  niodern  Persian 
provinces  Azerbaijan,  .\rdilan,  and  lrak-.\jenii.  Laterthe 
southeastern  part  of  the  country  was  called  <^reat  Media, 
and  the  northwestern,  or  Atropatene,  Little  Media.  The 
Medes  (Hebrew  and  AssjTian  Madai,  tild  Persian  Mada) 
are  enumerated  in  Genesis  x.  2  as  among  the  descendant* 
of  Japhet;andthey,  together  with  the  Persians,  constituted 
the  most  important  and  powerful  Aryan  population  in 
western  Asia.  It  is  assumed  that  the  countrv-  was  origi- 
nally settled  bv  another  (perhaps  Turanian)  tribe,  and  that 
the  Medes  gradually  advanced  from  the  northeast  to  the 
west  and  soiithwest.  Media  came  into  contact  with  Assyria 
at  least  as  early  as  Ramannirari  III.  (811-782  B.  c),  who 
mentions  Media  as  a  conquered  and  tributai-vland.  Tiglath- 
Pileser  III.  was  the  first  Assyrian  king'who  annexed 
Median  territory;  and  Sargon  transplanted  Israeiitish  war 
captives  to  Median  cities,  and  claims  in  his  annals  of  713 
B.  c.  to  have  received  tribute  from  45  .Median  chiefs. 
Sennacherib  also  received  tribute  from  the  Medes.  Un- 
der Esarhaddon  the  Medes  entered  into  alliance  with  the 


Media 

Mineans  (see  Armenia)  and  the  Cimmerians  aeainst  As- 
eyria,  apparently  without  success.  But  from  tliat  lime  tlie 
Medes  i;rew  more  united  and  more  powerful  acainst  tyran- 
nical Assyria.  The  .Median  kings  of  this  pcri.iil  are,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  Deioces  (about  TOo-WT),  Pliraorte.s(tH7- 
626),  and  Cya.vares  (t)25-.'iS5).  The  tlrst  Median  expedition 
against  .Assyria  was  undertaken  by  I'hraortes,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  ended  with  the  eoiuplete  defeat  of  the 
Medes  and  tile  death  of  Phraoites.  t'ya\ares  repeated  the 
undertaking,  and  defeated  the  .Assyrian  army.  Tlie  attack 
on  the  -Assyrian  capital,  Nineveh,  was  delayed  tor  a  while 
In  consequence  of  the  invasion  of  the  Scythians.  After 
these  were  driven  out,  the  Medes,  in  alliance  with  the 
Babylonians   under  >'abopolassar,  advanced  once  more 


671 


Mediterranean  Sea 


by  the  rival  family  of  the  Albizzi  in  1433,  but  returned  in  and  (iuateniala  havnig  made  war  on  Honduras,  Medina 

1434      He  «  as  a  magnitieent  patron  of  art  and  literature,  was  defeated  and  deposed  by  his  own  troops.     He  revolted 

and  his  palace  became  an  asvluni  for  Greek  scholars  exiled  against  Leiva  (liec.,  Uli,  to  May,  1876),  but  was  defeated, 

by  the  fall  of  f..nstautinopie  in  14:.3.  and  for  a  second  attempted  revolt  was  shot. 

Medici   Cosmo  or  Cosimo  de',  called  '-The  Medina-Celi(-tha'le).  Asmalltovraintheprov- 

If  -       -      --  ■       ^  '  ' 


Great. '    Boru  l.'il'J  :  died  1574.    Grand  Duke  of 


agaiTist  Nineveh,  and  brought  about  its  downfall  (608  or  Msdici,  Ferdinand  I.  de'. 
6l)6B.i-.).  In  the  division  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  Assyria  ,i:p,i  iHn<»  (iviTiil  Dukp  of 
proper  and  Mesopotamia  aa  far  as  Haran  fell  to  Media,     '"e"  ^^^'J-      ^''/'">  ^^^^  ^Y 


iuee  of  Sofia,  Spain,  situated  12  miles  north 
Tuscany,  son  ofGiovannide'MeiUei{1498-l.^>2G).  ea^^t  of  Sij^iKuza  :  noted  for  an  ancient  castle. 
He  represented  the  younger  branch  of  the  Medici,  de-  Medina  del  Campo  (ma-THe  Iiii  del  kam  po). 

"'       '  ■  A  town  in  the  province  of  Valladolid,  Spain, 

situated  on  the  Zabardiel  25  miles  south-south- 
west of  Valladolid.  The  Castillo  de  la  Mot.a  is  a  very  in- 
teresting castle,  built  of  brick  in  1440,  now  ruinous  within 
but  comparatively  perfect  without,  with  its  broad  moat, 
strongly  fortified  gate,  square  keep,  round  angle-towers, 
and  iminerous  projecting  bartizans.  Here  Queeu  Isabella 
died  in  15M.     Population  (1887),  5,581. 

Medina  de  Rio  Seco  (da  re'6  sa'ko).  A  town 
in  tlie  province  of  Valladolid,  Spain,  24  miles 
northwest  of  Valladolid.  Here,  July  14,  1808,  the 
French  under  Bessitres  defeated  the  .Spaniards  under 
Cucsta.  Population  (1887),  4,776. 
Medina  Sidonia  (ma-Tiie'na  se-d6'ne-a).  A 
town  in  the  jmivince  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  24  miles 
east  liy  south  of  Cadiz:  noted  in  Spanish  his- 

„..    _    -  ,  torv.    'Population  (1887),  11,705. 

1440),  who  became  the  founders  of  the  elder  and  younger  Medinat-CZ-Zahra  (me-de'nat-ez-za'ra).     Se© 

branchesof  the  Mcdici  respectively.  tl  Tract 

Medici,  Giovanni  de".    See  Leo  X. 


scended  from  Lorenzo  de'  Medici  (13i)5-1440),  and  became 
duke  of  norence  on  the  extinction  of  the  elder  tiranch  in 
1537.  He  conquered  Siena  in  l.^S.^  and  had  tlie  title  of 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany  conferreil  on  him  by  the  Pope  in 
1569.     See  Medici. 

Born  about  1549: 

Tuscany  1587-1609, 
proper  and  Mesopotamia  aa  lar  as  Jiaian  leu  lo  .>ieuia,  c,\  .i      n        *      ti„  ^......qo,1o,1 

which,  however,  could  not  develop  into  a  world  s  empire     younger  son  of  Cosmo  the  Great.    He  succeeded 

on  account  of  the  rise  of  the  new  Ualjylonian  empire  iin-     his  brother  Francesco  I. 

der  Nabopolass:ir  and  Nebuchadnezzar.    Even  the  inde-  Mcdici  FranceSCOl.de'.    Bom  1541 :  died  1587. 

'!S^;:^^!u1;S^:Z:^t^;^\l{^r'^^^    «rand  Dttke  of  Tuscany  1574-87,  son  of  Cosmo 

fate  of  Media  was  bound  up  in  that  of  Persia.    Still  it  seems     the  Great  whom  he  succeeded. 

to  have  preserved  a  kind  of  independence  or  particularism  Medici,  GiOVanni  de'.      Died  1429.     A  Floren- 

while  united  to  Persia.    Thus,  the  Old  Testament  writings     ^j^g  merchant.    He  amassed  an  immense  fortune,  and 


by  his  adroitness  in  procuring  the  elevation  of  his  crea- 
tures to  the  chief  offices  became  virtual  ruler  of  the  repub- 
lic.   He  left  two  sons  Cosmo  (138i>-14f>4)and  Lorenzo(1395 


speak  of  an  empire  of  "the  Persians  and  iledes."  Only 
the  Book  of  Daniel  seems  to  assume  the  existence  of  a 
Median  empire  between  the  last  Babylonian  king.  Naboni- 
dus  (Bclshazzar),  and  Cyrus.  After  the  destruction  of  the 
Persian  empire.  .Media  fell,  in  the  division  of  Alexander's 
empire,  to  .seleucus,  the  founder  of  the  SyTian  monarchy, 

and  later  to  the  Parthian  empire.     Since  the  Mohamine- , 

dan  conquest,  the  name  of  Media  has  given  place  to  that  Medici,  GiO'Vanni  de  ,  called  "Giovanni  delle 
of  Irak  (Arjaka),  also  Irak-Ajemi  (Persian)  to  distinguish     Bande  Nere."    Bom  1498  :  killed  in  battle,  1526. 

were°accordi'nS'^'the  c'iassi'c'al  write'^s  a  Ji^like  peopte'     An  Italian  general.    He  was  a  descendant  of  Lorenzo 
Tn  Tsa   i"if  t^fey  ar^desc^lbed  a^^  ^}f  Medicia395-144u).  founder  of  the  younger  branch  of 

religion  ot  the  Medes  was,accordingtoStrabo(XV.7,32\  _yi<:*.'''«";L.    ,.      ,    ,       „       „,  ,  ttt 

the  same  as  that  of  the  Persians,  i.  e.  dualism.     They   MedlCl,  GlUllO  de  .      See  Clement  I  11. 
worshiped,  besides  the  sun-god  Mithoras,  the  moon,  Venus,  jyigdjci    IppolitO  dc'.     Born   1511:   died  1535. 
fire,  the  earth,  winds,  and  water.    The  oldest  capital  of       .      t,„i;„V,  ,..,,., l;,i-il    or-TTidson  (illpfritimaf e)  of 
Media  was  Khagic,  on  the  site  of  modem  Teheran.    Deioces     An  Italian  tauluial,  gianason  (Uiegltimaie;  01 
moved  the  capital  to  Ecbatana,  founded  by  himself,  in  the     Lorenzo  the  -MagniUcent. 

western  part  of  the  countr.v,  which  remained  ttie  summer  Medici,  LorCnZO  de',  Sumamed  "  11  Magnifico 
residence  of  the  Persian  jind  Parthian  kings.    To  .Media     ('the  Magnilicent').  Born  about  1449:  died  April 


belonged  also  Behistun  (Bagha<tana,  'place  of  the  gods') 
which  became  famous  through  the  great  trilingual  cunei. 
form  inscription  discovered  there.' 

Median  Wall  (me'di-an  wal).  [L.  Mediae  mu- 
rus.']  In  ancient  history,  a  wall  north  of  Baby- 
lon, extending  from  the'  Tigris  to  the  Euphrates, 
built  as  a  defense  of  Babylonia. 

Mediasch  (ma'de-ash).     A  town  in  the  county 
of  Nagy-Kiikullo,  Transylvania,  situated  on  the 
river  Nagy-Kiikullo  '26  riiiles  north-northeast  of 
Hermannstadt.    It  has  a  trade  in  wine 
lation  (1890).  6,706, 


i  or  ma  He-cne).  Lit.,  pn>  si-  jyi^j  :  jyj  j^^  ^g.  g^p  jj/,,^,-^  fjg'  Mcdiei. 
.  family  which  formerly  rle^^^  Medicine  Bow  Mountains.  A  chain  of 
scany.eelebratedforthenura-     j.^_^^.^^.  ji,,,,,,,.,;,,^,  ;„  ,H,rtheru  Colorado 


Medicean  Stars  (med-i-se'an  starz).  The  name 
given  by  tialiled,  in  honor  of  the  Medici,  to  the 
satellites  of  Jupiter  discovered  l\v  him. 

Medici  (med'e-che  or  mii'de-ehe).  [It.,  'physi- 
cians.'] An  Italian 

in  Florence  andTuscany. 

ber  of  statesmen  which  it  produced,  and  for  its 

gatronage  of  art  and  letters.  Its  origin  is  uncer- 
lin.  The  first  member  of  the  family  to  play  a  part  in  his- 
tory was  Silvestro  de'  Medici,  who  took  part  in  the  revolt 
ol  the  Ciompi  in  1378.  Giovanni  de'  Medici  (died  1429) 
amassed  a  large  fortune  as  a  banker,  and  liecanie  the 
founder  ol  thepolitical  greatness  of  the  family.  He  ruled 
the  city  liy  means  of  ids  wealth,  without  holding  office. 
He  left  two  sons  Cosmo  (13-i9-14i;4)  and  Lorenzo  (I."i95- 
1440),  each  of  whom  became  the  founder  of  a  branch  line 
of  the  family.  The  elder  branch,  descended  from  Cosmo, 
ruled  in  Florence  until  its  extinction  in  1537,  except  dur- 
ing two  periods  when  it  was  in  exile  (1494-151'2  and  1;V27- 
1630).  Its  rule  was  exercised  under  the  forms  of  republi- 
can institutions  down  to  about  l.''i31,  when  Alessandro  de' 
Medici  was  made  hereditary  duke  of  Florence  by  the  em- 

geror.  Among  the  notable  members  of  this  branch  were 
osmo  the  Elder.  L'.renzo  the  Magnificent,  and  the  po|)es 
Leo  .X.  and  (;iement  VII.  1  he  elder  branch  became  ex- 
tinct at  the  death  of  AlessMidro  in  1.537.  He  was  succeeded 
as  duke  of  Florence  by  Cosmo  I.,  who  represented  the 
younger  branch  of  the  family,  descended  from  Lorenzo. 
Cosmo  I.  obtained  possession  of  Siena  and  its  teiTitories, 
and  in  1569  received  the  title  of  grand  duke  of  'lUBcany 
from  the  Pone,  although  the  imperial  contlrmation  w.as 
tlrst  received  liy  his  successor  Francesco  1.  in  157.5.  The 
younger  tiranch  ruled  as  grand  dukes  of  Tuscany  until  its 
extinction  at  the  death  of  Oiovan  tJastone  de'  Medici  in 
1737. 

Medici,  Alessandro  de'.  Assassinated  .Tan.  5, 
15:i7.  First  duke  of  Florence,  illegitimate  son 
of  lioreuzo  (1492-1519).  In  15i:)  the  head  of  the  Me- 
dici at  Florence,  Cardinal  (iiiilio,  became  pope  under  the 
title  of  Clement  VI  I.  He  appointed  his  nephews  Alessan- 
dro and  Ippolito  joint  rulers  of  blorence  In  his  place  un- 
der the  regency  of  Cardinal  Silvio  Passerini.  In  1527  the 
populace  expelled  l)(jtli  Alessandro  and  Ippolit'i ;  but  in 
l.'i31  the  funner,  who  had  married  Margaret  of  Austria, 
natural  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  W,  was  restored 
by  his  falher-indaw  and  made  heredilai7  duke  of  Florence, 
the  .Meilici  having  till  that  lime  e.vercised  jiower  under  the 
forms  of  republican  institutions. 

Medici,  Catharine  de'.     See  Catharine  de'  Me- 
dic. 
Medici,  Cosmo  '»■  Cosimo  de',  suriiaraed"The 

Klder."  Horn  KW):  died  Aug.  1,  1404.  A  Flor- 
enliiic  banker,  statesniuii,  and  patron  of  liter- 
ature, Sim  <#  Giovanni  de'  Medici  (died  1429). 
He  inherited  his  father's  vast  fortune,  and,  like  him,  prac- 
tically ruled  the  republic  through  his  skill  In  securingthc 
elevation  of  his  own  creatures  to  the  chief  offices  in  the 
commonwealth.     He  was  expelled  with  bis  whole  family 


8, 1492.  AcelebratedFlorentine  statesman  and 
patron  of  letters,  grandson  of  Cosmo  the  Elder. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  Piero  in  1469,  he  succeeded  to 
the  immense  wealth  and  political  power  of  his  family  con- 
jointly with  a  younger  brother  Giuliano.  The  latter  was 
aBsassinated  by  a  rival  family,  the  P.azzi,  in  1478,  leaving 
Lorenzo  sole  ruler  of  Florence.  Like  his  predecessors,  he 
governed  the  republic  without  any  title,  merely  by  a  free 
use  of  his  wealth  and  by  his  adroitness  in  procuring  the 
elevation  of  his  own  creatures  to  the  chief  offices  in  the 
state. 

Popu-  Medici,  Lorenzo  de'.    Born  1492:  died  1519. 
Duke  of  Urbino,  grandson  of  Lorenzo  de'  Me- 


dici (the  Magnificent).  He  became  the  head  of  the 
republic  of  Florence  on  the  elevation  of  his  uncle  to  the 
papal  chair  under  the  title  of  Leo  .X.  in  1513,  and  in  1616 
was  appointed  by  the  latter  duke  of  I'rbino. 


One  of  his  (the  calif's]  wives,  whose  name  was  Ez-Zahra, 
'the  Fairest,'  to  whom  he  was  devotedly  attached,  ones 
begged  him  to  build  her  a  city  which  should  be  called 
after  her  name.  The  Great  Khalif,  like  most  Mohamme- 
dan sovereigns,  delighted  in  building,  and  he  adopted  the 
suggestion.  He  at  once  began  to  found  a  city  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountain  called  the  "  Hill  of  the  liride,"  over  against 
Cordova,  and  a  few  miles  distant.  Eveiy  year  he  sjient  a 
third  of  his  revenues  upon  this  building;  and  it  went  on 
all  the  twentyUve  remaining  years  of  his  reign,  and  Hfteen 
years  of  the  reign  of  liis  son,  who  made  many  additions  to 
it.  Ten  thousand  workmen  laboured  daily  at  the  task, 
and  six  thousand  blocks  of  stone  were  cut  and  polished 
every  day  for  the  construction  of  the  houses  of  the  new 
city.  Some  three  thousand  beasts  of  burden  were  daily 
used  to  cari-ythe  materials  to  the  spot,  and  four  thousand 
columns  were  set  up,  many  of  which  were  presents  from 
the  Emperor  of  Constantinople,  or  came  from  Koine,  Car- 
tilage, Sfax,  and  other  places,  besides  the  home  marbles 
(luarried  at  Tarragona  and  Almeria.  There  were  Hfteen 
thousand  doors,  coated  with  iron  or  polished  brass.  The 
Hall  of  the  Khalifs  at  the  new  city  had  a  roof  and  walls 
of  marble  and  gold,  and  in  it  was  a  wonderful  sculptured 
fountain,  a  present  from  the  Greek  I'.mperor,  w  ho  also  sent 
the  Khalif  a  unique  pearl.  In  the  midst  of  the  hall  was  a 
basin  of  quicksilver ;  at  either  side  were  eight  dooi-s  set  in 
ivory  and  ebony  and  adorned  w  itli  precious  stones.  When 
the  sun  shone  through  these  doors  and  the  quicksilver 
lake  was  set  quivering,  the  whole  riMun  was  tilled  with 
fla.shes  like  lightning,  and  the  courtiers  would  cover  their 
dazzled  eyes.  The  Arabian  authors  delight  in  telling  of 
the  wonders  of  this  "City  of  the  Fairest. "  Medinatez- 
Zahra,  as  it  was  called,  after  the  Khalifs  mistress. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  140. 

Medinet-Abu  (me-de'net-ii-bo')  or-Habu(-ha- 
bii').  One  of  the  villageson  the  site  of  Thebes, 
Egypt,  noted  for  its  ruins.  The  temple  and  palace 
of  R,aniese8  III.  here  are  notable.  The  iront  buildings, 
facing  the  south,  constitute  the  royiU  palace.  Many  of 
the  Very  interesting  mural  sculptures  repmiluce  the  pri- 
vate life  of  the  king.  From  the  jialaee  a  dromos  265  feet 
long  leads  to  the  massive  outer  pylon  of  the  temple,  which 
opens  on  a  court  over  100  feet  s<|Uare  with  Osirid  llgurea 
on  the  north  side  and  columns  with  bell-capitals  on  the 
south.  A  second  pylon  with  portal  between  pyi-amidal 
lowers  leads  to  an  imposing  court  123  by  133  feel,  sur- 
rounded by  a  peristyle  liaving  Osirid  llgiiies  in  fixint  and 
rear  and  columns  on  the  sides.  Behind  the  rear  rtgiires  is 
a  range  of  8  s)>lenditl  cdumnswith  colored  eulaiiaglyphic 
sculptures.  The  portal  of  this  court  gives  access  to  the 
hyposlyle  hall,  bordered  «  itli  elnimbers.  behind  w  hich  two 
columned  vestibules  precede  the  sanctuary  and  a  laby- 
rinth of  corridors  and  small  chambers.  The  sculptures  of 
this  temple  are  of  great  importiince.  They  include  in  tile 
interior  ceremonial  scenes  of  the  cult,  the  king's  corona- 
tion, and  liattle-scclieB,inany  ol  them  very  richly  colored. 
Theexteriorot  the  temple  is  covered  with  sculptures  which 
are  eveu  more  remarkable,  illustrating  Kameses's  cam- 
paigns against  the  Libyans  and  an  Asiatic  people.  Among 
the  scenes  a  naval  battle  is  of  especial  interest. 

Medinet-el-Fayum (lueHle'net-el-fi-iim').  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Fayum,  Egypt.  !ii 
milessouthwest  of  Cairo,  it  is  situated  on  the  ruins 
of  the  ancient  Arsinoe  or  (^rocodilopolis.  Population 
(18S2X  26,799. 

Meding  (ma'dingi.  Johann  Ferdinand  Mar- 
tin Oskar :    iiseudonym  Gregor  Samarow. 

lioru  at  Kiinigsberg,  I'russiii,  Ajiril  11,  182SI.    A 


the 

ind 
ulhern  Wyoming. 
Medill  (me-'dil'),  Joseph.  Bom  at  St.  .lohn, 
-New  Brunswick.  April  0,  1823:  died  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  March  16,  1899.  An  American 
journalist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  184H,  but 
abandoned  law  and  took  up  journalism  about  1849.  In 
1^65  he  became  connected  with  the  Chicago  "Tribune," 
of  which  he  obtained  control  in  1874. 

Medina  (me-d6'na),Ar.Medinat-Rasul- Allah 

(nie-de'niit-rii-siir'al'lil),  or  Medinat-el-Rabi 

(me-de'niit-el-ril'be).     A  cily  in  lled.iaz,  .Ara- 
bia, the  second  holy  city  of  the  Mohammedans, 

situated  about  lat."24°  30'  X.,  long.  40°  E. :  the 

ancient  Yathrib,  called  by  I'tulemy  Lathrippa. 

It  is  celebrated  as  the  jdace  where  Mohammed  took  refuge 

at  the  llight  (6'i2  A.  I).)(see  Ihjiru).  and  where  he  diol  and 

was  buried.   From  this  it  is  sonul  inns  designated  "the  city 

of  the  prophet."  The  Great  .Mosque  contains  Moliainiucd's 

tomb.  The  iuclosure  nicasuns  about  .niHl  by  .IIKI  feel,  and  as 

usual  issurrouiiflcd  bv  arca.Ud  galbrics.    riic  tomb  is  in  an 

inclosure  in  the  soul  licastern  corner,  bcucatb  a  ciinspunous 

pointed  donir:  the  pavement  of  this  part  of  the  mosque  is 

formed  of  liiautiful  mosaics.    The  tomb  consists  of  a  struc- 
ture of  black  stones,  with  two  pillars  ;  it  is  wholly  concealed 

from  the  eyes  of  the  profane  by  precious  draperies.    The 

actual  buildings  of  the  mosque  are  at  least  in  large  part 

verymodern,  the  archcs,though  of  pointed  horseshoe-form, 

not  being  exlradosed.wbib- 1  III- columns  are  pselldo-dassi- 

eah     Medina  was  the  capital  of  tlie  Mohammedan  empire 

down  to  the  accession  of  the  l  Mimua.ls  ((101>.    Population, 

estimated,  ID.lXK). 
Medina   (me-di'nii).      In   Spenser's  "Faerie    German  statesman  and  historical  novelist. 

t|iueene,"  tliii  second  of  1hethi-ee  sisters  Elissa.  Mediolamim  (mo'di-o-la' niim).     The  Latin 

Medina,  and  Terissu.  she  far  excelled  the  other  two,     iinine  of  Milnn. 

representing  the  golden  mean,  while  Kllssa  was  froward  Mcdiomatrici  (me'di-6-mat'ri-si).      In  ancient 

and  always  discontented  ami  Perissa  wiui  Kwso  and  ex-    ,,,.„u,.nphv.  a  tribe  of  eastern  (iaiil,  whose  oai)- 

tiavagant  and  indulgent  In  ""  1^™'"^-  .  \u,\\-^'s  Metz  (I)iyodurum  or  Mediomalrica). 

Medina  (m,.-.en.;i),  Sn  John  Baptist    Boruat  ji^jt  ti  -ri.e   name   generally  given  to 

lirusselsm     ,.,!•:  iliedat  •.ihnl.urgii.t  Vt.;.,  1,10   ^'j'^,    ,,(,,„,,;,,„,  ,,o,u  bv  the  emperor  Marcus 

.\    lielgian-l'.nglish   porlrait-pamter,   pupil    of  '  i      .     .  .-  .       .      '. 


Francois  Du  Chatel  of   Bnissels 
knighted  in  1707. 

Medina(mii-Tiie'nii),  Jos6 Maria.  Bom  about 

lsl5:dieiIiit.SaiitiiKosa,  l'"eli.  N.  187s.  ACeiitral 
American politiciiin.presideiitof  llondurasFeb. 
15,  lH(;4.lo  .\ug..  1872.  During  this  period  the  country 
wiLsbroiighi  to  liaukruplcy  by  reckless  llnnnclering  In  con- 
nection with  an  interoceauic  railway  scheme.    Salvador 


.\iirelius  (I'nglish  translation  by  George  Long, 
isi;2). 
Mediterranean  Sea  (med'i-te-ra'ne-nn  se). 

I  F.  Mrditerraiire.V^.  MiMeUiimli.ichcs  Meer,  L. 
.l/((iv  liiliniiim.  etc.,  the  midland  sen.]  A  sea, 
the  most  imiiorlant  extension  of  the  Atlantic, 
separating  Kurope  on  the  north  from  Africa 
oil   the   south,  and  commuuicatiug  with  the 


Mediterranean  Sea 

Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and 
with  the  Black  Sea  by  the  Danlanelles,  Sea  of 
Marmora,  and  Bosporus.  It  is  divided  into  two 
basins,  the  western  reaching  from  Gibraltar  to  Sicily  and 
Tunis,  and  the  Citstem  from  there  to  Syria.  Its  chief 
branches  are  the  Golfe  du  Lion.  Guli  of  Genoa,  Tyrrhenian 
Se:4,  Ionian  Sea,  Adriatic  Sea,  ^gean  Sea,  Levant.  Gulf  of 
Sidra,  and  Gulf  of  Cabes.  The  chief  islands  are  the  Balearic 
Islands,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  the  Lipaj-i  Islands,  Sicily,  the 
Maltese  Islands,  the  Ionian  Islands.  Crete,  Cj-prus,  and 
the  Grecian  Archipelago.  The  chief  tributary  rivers  are  the 
Ebro,  Rhone,  Vo,  and  Nile.  Its  coasts  are  famous  in  the 
history  of  civilization.  Length,  about  2,2tX)  miles.  Great- 
est width  of  sea  proper,  about  7lXt  miles.  Greatest  depth, 
about  14,000  feet.     Area,  about  900,000  s<iu.ire  miles. 

Medjerda,  or  Mejerda  (me-jer'dii).  A  river  in 
ya,stern  Algeria  and  Tunis,  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Tunis  24  miles  north  of  Tunis :  the  an- 
cient Bagradas.     Length,  about  200  mUes. 

Medjidi  (me-jed'e).  [Turk.,  'glorious.']  A 
Turkish  order  of  knighthood,  instituted  in  1852 
l)y  the  sultan  Abdul-Medjid,  and  conferred  on 
many  foreign  officers  who  took  part  with  Turkey 
in  the  Crimean  war. 

Medjidieb  (me-jed'ye).  A  Tatar  town  in  the 
Doljrudja,  Rumania,  20  miles  west-northwest 
of  Kustendji.     Population  (1889),  1,942. 

Medley  (med'U).  In  Etherege's  comedy  "The 
Man  of  Mode,"  the  friend  of  Young  Bellair :  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  a  portrait  of  Sir  Charles  Sed- 
ley,  by  "others  a  portrait  of  the  author  himself. 

Medmenham  Abbey.  A  ruined  house  near 
Great  Marlow  iu  Buckinghamshire,  England, 
formerly  a  Cistercian  monastery,  it  acquired  no- 
toriety asthe  scene  of  the  scandalous  orgies  of  a  convivial 
association  known  as  the  Monks  of  St.  Francis  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  ISth  centurj'. 

Medoc  (ma-dok').  A  district  in  the  department 
of  Gironde.  France,  extending  along  the  Gi- 
ronde:  noted  for  its  production  of  wines. 
Length,  about  48  miles. 

Medusa  (me-dii'sii).  [Gr.  Midoiwa.]  In  Greek 
mytholog}',  one  of  the  Gorgons,  according  to 
some  legends  originally  a  beautiful  maiden 
whose  hair  was  transformed  into  serpents  by 
Athene  because  with  Poseidon  (by  whom  she 
was  the  mother  of  Chiysaor  and  Pegasus)  she 
had  violated  one  of  the  temples  of  that  goddess. 
Her  head  was  so  fearful  to  look  upon  that  whoever  saw  it 
was  clianged  Into  stone.  Accordingly  when  Perseus  sought 
her  to  cut  off  her  head,  he  attacked  her  with  averted  fiice, 
seeing  oTily  her  retlection  in  the  shield  of  Athene,  who  also 
guided  his  hand.    See  Perseus. 

Medusa  Rondanini.  An  antique  mask  in  the 
Gl,\-ptothek  at  Munich.  It  is  the  well-known  late  tj-pe 
of  the  Gorgon,  in  which  the  distorted  grimacing  face  gives 
place  to  calm  regular  features,  and  only  two  serpents  ar- 
ranged as  ornaments  appear  amid  the  locks  of  the  hair. 
Over  each  temple  a  small  wing  is  set 

Medway  (med'wa).  A  river  in  southeastern 
England  which  .ioins  the  Thames  at  Sheemess. 
Length,  about  70  miles:  navigable  to  Maidstone. 

Medyn  (ma-din'),  or  Medysy  (ma-dis'i).  A 
to«Ti  in  the  government  of  Kaluga.  86  miles 
southwest  of  Moscow.  Population  (1893), 
8,218. 

Meeanee.    See  Miani. 

Meek  I  mek).  Fielding  Bradford.  Born  in  Iowa. 
Dec.  10,  1817:  died  at  Washington.  D.  C.  Dec. 
28,  1876.  An  American  geologist  and  paleon- 
tologist. 

Meer  (mar),  Jan  van  der,  the  elder.  Born  at 
Haarlem  about  1632:  died  there,  Aug.,  1691.  A 
Dutch  painter. 

Meer,  Jan  van  der.  Bom  at  Delft,  Netherlands, 
1632:  died  there,  1675.    A  Dutch  painter. 

Meer,  Jan  van  der,  the  younger.  Bom  at  Haar- 
lem, 16.56 :  died  ilay  28, 170.5.  A  Dutch  painter, 
son  of  Jan  van  der  Meer  (1632-91). 

Meerane(ma-ra'ne).  Atown  inthe  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  35  miles  south  of  Leipsic.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolen  and  half-woolen  cloth.  Population 
(1890),  22,-146. 

Meeraugspitze  (mar'oug-spit-se).  A  peak  of  the 
T:it  ra.  Cat  jjathians,  noted  for  its  view.  Height, 
8,230  feet. 

Meercraft  (mer'kraft).  In  Ben  Jonson's  com- 
eily  ■■  The  DevU  is  an  Ass,"  a  clever  rogue,  a 
projector  or  speculator  who  carries  about  with 
him  prospectuses  to  suit  all  tastes. 

Meerut  (me'rut),  or  Mirat  (me'rat),  or  Mirath 
(me'rath).  1.  A  di^asion  in  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, British  India.  Area.  11,319  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  5,141.204.—  2.  A  district  in 
the  division  of  Meerut,  intersected  by  lat.  29° 
N.,  long.  77°  45'  E.  Area,  2,370  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  1,391,458.-3.  The  capital 
of  Meerut  district,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Ganges,  20  miles  northeast  of  Delhi,  it  is  an  im- 
portant military  station,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  Sepoy  mutiny.  May  10, 1857.  Population,  including 
cantonment  (ISOIX  119,390. 

Meewoc.    See  Miwok. 


672 

Mefistofele(ma-fes-t6'fe-le).  AnoperabyBoito 
first  jjroduced  at  Milan  iu  1868.  See  ilephis- 
fdlilitles. 

Megaera  (me-je'rij).  [Gr.  iliyaipa.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Eumenides  (which  see). 

MegalesianGames(meg-a-le'slii-angamz).[Gr. 
.\L  ;,  <i'Ai,r7ia,']  In  Koman  antiqiuty,  a  magnificent 
festival,  mth  a  stately  procession,  feasting,  and 
scenic  performances  in  the  theaters,  celebrated 
at  Rome  in  the  month  of  April,  and  lasting  for 
6  days,  in  honor  of  "the  great  mother,"  CylSele. 
The  image  of  this  goddess  was  brought  to  Rome  from  Pes- 
sinus  in  Galatia,  about  2u3  B.  c,  and  the  games  were  in- 
stituted then  or  shortly  afterward,  in  consequence  of  a 
sibylline  oracle  promising  continual  victory  to  the  Romans 
if  due  honors  were  paid  to  her. 

Megalokastron  (meg-a-16-kas'tron).  A  seaport 
on  fhe  northern  coast  of  Crete. 

Megalopolis  (meg-a-lop'o-lis).  [Gr.  Me>a/'.o-o- 
>.'f,  the  great  city.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Arcadia,  txreece,  situated  on  the  Helis- 
soii  in  lat.  37°  25'  X.,  long.  22°  9'  E.  it  was  built 
in  370  B.  c.  as  an  Arcadian  outpost  against  Sparta,  There 
are  extensive  ruins  near  the  modern  Sinanu.  An  ancient 
theater  has  been  lately  excavated.  The  cavea,  475  feet  in 
diameter,  is  entirely  supported  by  an  artificial  embank- 
ment with  massive  retaining-walls.  The  monasterj-,  the 
most  famous  in  Greece  proper,  was  founded  by  Coiistan- 
tine  Paljeologus.  The  great  building,  five  stories  high,  is 
erected  in  a  cave,  100  feet  deep  and  high  and  200  wide,  in 
the  face  of  a  cliff :  the  distant  view  is  highly  picturesque. 
The  chiu-ch  possesses  one  of  the  miracle-working  icons  of 
tlie  -Madonna,  attributed  to  St.  Luke. 

Megara  (meg'a-ra).  [Gr.  Mfjopa;  Semitic  J/f- 
'drdli,  cave.]  X  city  in  Greece,  with  its  ter- 
ritory, Megaris,  situated  between  the  Halcyon 
Sea,  the  Corinthian  Bay,  and  the  Saronic  Gulf. 
The  city  of  Megara,  with  its  port  Kisfea,  was  situated  on 
the  pass  leading  from  central  Greece  to  the  Peloponne- 
sus. Its  primitive  inhabitants  were  Carians.  From  it 
went  out  the  colonies  Byzantium,  Chalcedon,  Heracleia 
on  the  Pontus,  and  Megara  Hyblaea  in  Sicily.  It  had  two 
citadels :  on  the  Acropolis  Caria  stood  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple of  Demeter  (the  ilegaron).  It  fell  later  into  the  hands 
of  the  Macedonians,  and  afterward  of  the  Romans.  The 
modern  Megara.  situated  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  city, 
has  about  6,rKXi  inhabitants. 

MegaraHybl8ea(meg'a-rahi-ble'a).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  Megarian  colony  in  Sicily,nortb  of 
Syracuse,     See  Hjihla  Minor. 

MegariCS  (me-gar'iks).  Tbe.  A  school  of  Greek 
philosophy,  founded  by  Euclid  of  Megara, which 
combined  the  ethical  doctrines  of  Socrates  and 
the  metaphysics  of  the  Eleaties. 

Megaris  (meg'a-ris).  [Gr.  Jlejop/f.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  Greece  which  formed 
part  of  the  isthmus  connecting  the  Peloponne- 
sus with  central  Greece  and  lay  southwest  of 
Attica  and  northeast  of  Corinthia.  Chief  town. 
Megara.     The  stirface  is  mountainous. 

Megasthenes  (me-gas'the-nez).  [Gr.  yieyau- 
Oivric.]  Lived  about  300  B.  c.  A  Greek  writer, 
a  fiiend  and  companion  of  Seleueus  Nicator, 
and  his  ambassador  to  Sandrocottus.  king  of 
the  Prasii  in  India,  whose  capital,  Paliljothra, 
was  probably  near  the  modern  Patna.  He  wrote 
a  work  on  India  which  wa^  the  chief  source  of  the  later 
Greek  information  on  the  subject. 

Megerle,  or  MegerUn.  See  Abraham  a  Saitcta- 
I'hira. 

Megbazil  (me-gha-zel').    See  the  extract. 

The  "  tomb  of  Hiram '  has  been  already  described.  Four 
monuments  of  a  more  or  less  similar  character  exist  on  the 
•Syrian  mainland  opposite  Aradus,  in  the  near  vicinity  of 
Amrit,  Two  are  known  as  "the  Meghazils."  They  stand 
near  together  on  a  low  hill,  at  some  little  distance  from 
the  coast,  between  the  Nahr  Amrit  and  the  Nahr  Kubl6. 
The  more  striiang  of  the  two  has  been  described  as  a 
"real  masterpiece  in  respect  of  proportion,  elegance,  and 
majesty,"  It  consistsof  a  b;tsement  story,  which  is  circu- 
lar and  flanked  by  four  stone  lions,  whereof  the  effect  is 
admirable,  with  a" second  stoiy  of  a  cylindrical  shape,  and 
a  third  similar  one,  of  smaller  dimensions,  crowned  by  a 
dome  or  half-sphere.  The  whole,  except  the  basement- 
story  or  plinth,  which  consists  of  four  blocks,  is  cut  out  of 
a  single  stone.  The  double  cylinder  is  decorated  round 
the  summit  of  each  of  its  parts  with  a  row  of  carved  cren- 
ellations  standing  out  about  four  inches  from  the  general 
surface.  The  lions,  whose  lieads  and  fore-quarters  alone 
project  from  the  mass  of  the  base,  are  roughly  carved  and 
seem  to  have  been  left  unfinished,  but  the  mouldings,  and 
the  general  dressing  of  the  stone,  have  been  executed  with 
much  care.  The  entire  height  of  the  monument  is  thirty- 
two  feet  RawUiuoHt  Phoenicia,  p.  260, 

Megi  (ma'ge),  or  Wamegi  (wa-ma'ge).  See 
Sdi/ara. 

Megiddo  (me-gid'6),  [Heb,,  'host,'  'garrison.'] 
An  ancient  town  in  the  plain  of  Jezreel.  Pales- 
tine, at  the  southeastern  foot  of  Mount  Carmel. 
uowrepresentedbythe  ruins  of  Lejjun:theLegio 
of  Eusebius,  It  was  one  of  the  Canaanitish  capitals,  and 
became  one  of  the  strongholds  of  the  tribe  of  Manasseh, 
and  the  valley  dominated  by  it  became  a  celebrated  battle- 
field in  the  history  of  Israel,  Near  it  Deborah  and  Barak 
defeated  the  Canaanites  under  Sisera.  Solomon  made  it 
a  fortress.  In  609  B.  c.  Josiah  succumbed  here  to  Pharaoh- 
Necho  of  Egypt 

Megna  (meg'na),  orMegbna  (megh'nii).     The 


Meije 

name  given  to  the  Brahmaputra  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  coiu'se,  and  to  the  principal  mouth 
of  the  united  Brahmaputra  and  Ganges:  noted 
for  its  bore. 

Megrez  (me'grez).  [Ar.  maghre^-al-dub,  the 
root  of  the  bear's  tail.]  The  bright  third-mag- 
nitude star  (S  Ursie  Majoris,  the  faintest  of  the 
seven  stars  which  form  the  Dipper. 

Mebadia  (me-hii'de-o).  A  town  iu  the  county 
of  io-asso-Szorenv,  Hungarv,  situated  on  the 
Bella-Eeka  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,long.  22°  22'  E. 
Near  it  are  the  sulphur  "Hercules  Baths,"  celebrated 
since  Koman  times.  It  was  stormed  by  tlie  Turks  in  1716, 
IT.iS.  and  17S9,     Population,  about  2,iXMJ. 

Mehadpur  (me-had-por'),  or  Mabidpore  (ma- 
hid-por'),  or  Mebidpur  (me-hid-por'),  etc.    Aj 
town  in  central  India,  56  miles  north  of  Indore. 
Here,  Dec.  21, 1817,  the  British  under  Hislop  de- 
feated the  forces  of  Holkar. 

Mebemet  Ali  (ma'he-met  a'le),  or  Moham- 
med Ali  vmo-ham'ed  a'le).  Bom  at  Kavala, 
Macedonia,  about  1769:  died  at  Cairo.  Aug.  2, 
1849.  Viceroy  of  Egypt.  He  went  as  a  military  com- 
mander to  Egypt  in  1799 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Egj-pt 
in  1S05 ;  massacred  the  Mamelukes  in  1811 ;  suppressed 
the  Waldiabee  revolt  in  Arabia  in  1S16  :  introduced  vari- 
ous internal  improvements ;  conquered  Nubia,  Sennaar, 
and  Kordofan  1820-22 ;  assisted  the  Turks  in  the  Greek 
war  of  independence ;  conquered  Syria  1S31-32 :  defeated 
Turkey  in  1S39 :  and  was  compelled  by  the  European  pow- 
ers to  give  up  .Syria  in  1S41, 

Mebemet  Ali  Pasha  ( Karl  Detroit  i.  Born  at 
Brandenliurg,  Prussia,  Nov.  18,  1827:  assassi- 
nated in  Diakova,  Sept.  7,  1878.  A  Turkish  gen- 
eral. In  1877  he  commanded  the  main  army  in 
Bulgaria,  and  was  successful  against  the  Rus- 
sians on  the  Lom,  Aug. -Sept.,  but  was  super- 
seded by  Suleiman  Pasha. 

Meberrih  (me-her'in).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  living  on  the  river  of  the 
same  nan>e  in  southern  Virginia.  In  1710  they 
attacked  the  neighboring  settlements  and  were 
driven  away.     See  Iroquoian. 

Mehul  (ma-iU' ) ,  Etienne  Henri.  Born  at  Givet, 
Ardennes,  France,  June  24, 17(33:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  18,  1817.  A  French  composer.  He  wrote  the 
operas  '■  Stratonice  "  (1792),  "  Le  jeune  Henri  "  (1797), 
"  Uthal."  "Gabrielle  il  Estrees "  (1S06),  "Joseph"  (1S07), 
"La  journ^e  aux  aveutures"(lS16),  etc.,  and  manypatriotic 
songs  and  cantatas  (the  "Chant  du  depart,"  "Chant  du 
retour,"  etc.), 

Mebun-SUr-Y6vre  (me-un'siir-yav'r).  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Yevre  10  miles  northwest  of  Bourges.  It 
contains  a  ruined  castle  (the  place  of  death  of  Charles 
VII.).     Population  (1S91X  commune,  6,572, 

Meiclericb  (mi'der-ieh),  A  mannfactiu-ing  vil- 
lage in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  about  37 
miles  north  of  Cologne.     Population,  20,417. 

Meidoo.     See  Maidu. 

Meidum  (ma-dom').  A  locality  in  Egypt,  west 
of  the  Nile.  The  pyramid  here  is  important  not  only 
from  its  peculiar  form,  but  as  the  oldest  dated  monument 
in  Egj-pt.  It  wa5  built  by  Sneferu,  of  the  3d  dynasty, 
al»out  3766  B,  c.  It  stands  on  a  small  hill,  and  rises  in 
three  inclined  and  recessed  stages  of  orange-colored 
masonry  to  the  height  of  115  feet.  The  entrance  is  on  the 
north  side;  the  simple  descending  and  ascending  passage 
leads  to  an  empty  chamber.  On  the  east  side  a  very  per- 
fect pj-ramid-temple  lies  before  the  pyramid,  with  which 
it  is  connected  architecturally  by  a  coiut  containing  an 
altar  and  two  small  obelisks. 

MeiggS  (megz),  Henry.  Born  in  Catskill,  N.  Y., 
July  7,  1811:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Sept.  29, 
1877.  An  American  contractor.  He  was  a  lumber 
merchant  in  San  Francisco,  but  failed  in  1854,  and  left  the 
country.  He  engaged  in  railway  construction  in  Chile, 
and  after  1S67  in  Peru,  where  he  undertook  and  carried 
out  extensive  public  works,  the  greatest  being  the  Oroya 
railroad  over  the  Andes. 

Meigs  (megz).  Fort.  A  fort  at  the  Maumee 
Rapids,  northwestern  Ohio,  held  by  the  Ameri- 
cans imder  Harrison  against  the  British  and 
Indians.  May  and  .July,  1813. 

Meigs,  Montgomery  Cunningbam.  Bom  at 
Augusta.  Ga.,  Jlay  3, 1816:  died  at  Washington. 
Jan.  2.  1892.  An  American  engineer  and  gen- 
eral. He  became  quartermaster-general  of  the  array  in 
1861,  and  was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  United  States 
army  in  IStU.  The  plans  of  several  government  buildings  in 
Washington  were  prepared  by  him.    He  retired  in  1SS2. 

Meigs,  Eetum  Jonatban.  Born  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Dec,  1734:  died  at  the  Cherokee  agency, 
Jan,  28,  1823.  An  American  Revolutionary  of- 
ficer. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonatban.  Bom  at  Middletown, 
Conn..  1765 :  died  at  Marietta.  Ohio,  1825.  An 
American  politician  and  jurist,  son  of  R.  J. 
Meigs.  He  was  I'nited  States  senator  from  Ohio  1S09-10, 
governor  of  Ohio  1810-14,  and  postmaster-general  1814- 
1823.  • 

MeiJe  (mazh).  One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the 
Pelvoux  range,  Dauphine  Alps.  Height,  13,080 
feet. 


Meikle 

Ueikle,  or  Mickle,  William  Jolins.     See 

Mickle. 
Uteilhac  (ma-yak').  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
23,  1832:  died  there,  July  6,  1897.  A  French 
dramatist  and  author.  Among  his  plays  written  alone 
are  "P^chi;  cachiS"  (1868),  "Vn  petittlls  de  Mascurille" 
(1859),  "  Ce  qui  plait  auxhonjnie3*'{18tM)X  "  La  vertu  tie  «-'*/- 
limine"  (1861),  "Lea  Bourguignoniiea  '  (op^ra  coniiqne, 
18e2X  "  Fabieune  "  (18t>5).  "  Lea  demoiselles  Cloehart  " 
(1880),  "  U*cor6  " (1888),  "  Margut "  (18!Ki),  "Brevet  suji^ri- 
eur"(l8WX  Knmi about  1860 lie  wn.te  in.  ,,llaliniiitioii with 
Liiilovic  llal<Svy(see  //n/i'i-i/for  li^t"f  j.l:iy».  "peni  luiutlis 
etc.), anil  also  with  Delavigue("  L'Etlieaiae,"  "  L'F.lixiniu 
UoeteurC.irn6lius,"etc.X  with  Narrey("  Vert- Vert  "),  with 
Jlassenet("Manon  Lescaut "),  autl  with  a  immher  of  others, 
lie  also  wrote  a  dramatic  poem,  "Les  paieiis,'"in  the  "  Re- 
vue de  Paris," and  a  number  of  .irticles  in  "La  Vie  I'ari- 
Bienue  "  (signed  Ivan  Baskolt),  etc, 

Meineke  (mi'ne-ke),  Johann  Albert  Friedrich 

August.  Born  at  Soost,  Prussia,  Dec.  8,  17!)0: 
died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  12.  1870.  A  German  jihilol- 
ogist,  director  of  the  Joachimsthal  GjTnuasium 
at  Berlin  I.S2()-.o7.  He  edited  frairnients  of  the  Greek 
comic  poets  (1839-57),  Horace  (IKM),  Stralio  (IS-IJ-iaXIAris- 
tophancs  (18110),  etc. 

Meiners  (mi'ners),  Christoph.  Born  near  Ot- 
terudorf,  Hannover.  Prussia,  July  31, 1747:  died 
at  Gottingen,  May  1,  1810.  A  German  philo- 
sophical and  historical  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy iit  Gottingen. 

Meiningen  (mi'ning-en).  The  capital  of  Saxe- 
Meiuini;en,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Werra  in 
lat.  .50°  iU'  N.,  long.  10°  25'  E.  The  ducal  theater 
and  a  castle  (with  picture-galler>')  are  of  interest.  It  was 
for  a  time  the  residence  of  Richter,  Population  (189u), 
12,1129. 

Meiringen,  or  Meyringen  (mi'ring-en).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  cantcm  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated in  the  valley  of  the  Aare,  38  miles  cast- 
southeast  of  Bern.  It  is  the  chief  place  in  the 
Hasli  Thai,  and  a  tourist  center. 

Meissen  (mi'sen).  [OHG.  Misna,  MHG.  Misne, 
Missen,  Mis^eii,  Mcichscii,  G.  Alcisscii,  ML.  Mis- 
«!«.]  A  medieval  margraviate  of  Germany, 
which  developed  in  the  region  around  Dresden 
and  Meissen,  and  was  the  nucleus  of  the  modem 
kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  came  under  the  house  of 
Wettin  (the  present  re'igning  house  of  Saxony)  in  1089. 
Its  margrave  Frederick  received  from  Sigismund  the 
Saxon  electorate  in  1423  (confirmed  142r)). 

Meissen.  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  13  miles  northwest  of 
Dresden.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of 
porcelain  The  cathedral  is  of  the  13th  centtiry  and  later. 
The  southeast  tower  and  spire  (2.^4  feet  higli)  are  of  the 
15th  century.  The  doors  are  admirably  sculptured.  Tlie 
interior  is  chietly  remarkable  for  the  Princes'  Chapel,  in 
which  are  buried  the  medieval  representatives  of  the 
Saxon  royal  family.  .Some  of  the  monuments  are  very 
flue,  especially  a  brass  designed  by  Diirer.  (For  the  castle, 
hee  AlbTechfMlnir<f.)  Meissen  is  an  ancient  town.  Itw.isthe 
capital  of  the  medieval  margraviate  of  Meissen,  and  suf- 
fered in  the  Hussite  and  Thirty  Years'  wars.  Population 
(1890),  17,87.1 ;  with  suburbs,  2H,4U7. 

Meissner  (mis'ner),  Alfred.  Born  at  Teplitz, 
Bohemia.  ( )ct.  15, 1822 :  died  at  Bregenz,  Tyrol, 
May  29,  1885.  A  German  novelist,  poet,  and 
dramatist.  His  works  include  the  epic  "  Ziska  "  (1848), 
the  novels  "Zwischen  Fiirst  und  Volk  "  (IS-'if)),  "Sansara" 
n8.'>8),  ".Schwarzgelb"(1804),  etc. 

Meissonier  (ma-so-nya'),  Jean  Louis  Ernest. 

Bom  at  Lyons,  Feb.  21,  1815:  diid  at  Paris,  Jan. 
31,  1891.  A  celebrated  French  genre  and  his- 
torical painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  ('..guiet,  and  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Beaux  Arts  in  Is'il.  ile  tlr^t  made 
himself  known  as  an  illustrator  of  hn,,ks  ("Les  franvais 
pelnts  par  eux-mOmes."  etc.X  but  soon  began  to  paint 
genre-pictures  on  a  small  scale,  witit  the  microscopic 
detail  and  Ilniah  for  which  ho  was  famous.  He  painted 
between  4.'>0  and  600  of  these,  alK)Ut  7.1  of  which  are 
owned  in  America-  His  favorite  subjects  were  military, 
and  many  of  his  j>ictures  represent  men  at  arms,  guards, 
cavaliers,  or  soldiers  playing  cards,  drinkitig,  etc.  The 
most  celebrated  of  his  pictures  are  the  four  known  as 
"The  NajHtleon  Cycle."  Due  of  these.  "Isu7,"was  i)Ur- 
chascd  in  18.S7  f<ir?««,ix)0,  and  presented  to  the  Metropoli- 
tan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York.  Among  his  other  works 
may  bo  mentioned  "Lo  petit  messager"  (18.'1*1),  "Rell- 
gieuseconsolant  un  malade"(I8;i8),  "Lo  liseur  "(1810)."La 
partled'&hees "(lS4U"Lepelntredan8»ou  atelier  "  (1843), 
Le  corps  de  garde.'  "Jeune  honune  regardant  les  des- 
slns,"  "La  partiede  p!<nh't"(184.''»).  "La  partiedesboules" 
,  (1848),  "Lcfnmeur  "(1819),  "  Les  bravr'(1852),  "La  rixe" 
(1861),  "Lo  hallebardier,'' "Napoli'-on  III.  h  .Solferino." 
'*  Un  nmr<!'chal-ferrant,"  "Un  muslclen."  "Un  pelntre" 
(18K1X  "Suite  il'une  ipn^rello  de  jeu  "  (lsa.'i),  "(Jne  lecture 
eliez  I)iden)t,"  "  Le  capitaitie-,'*  "Cavaliers  se  faisant  ser- 
vir  .'i  boire,"  "L'Diduunnnco."  "Lo  g(;n('M-al  Dcsalx  ii  I'ar- 
mfe  dn  Uhin,""l,o  portrait  de  .Monsieur  Delahunte" 
(1H|'.7),  "Charge  de  cuirassiers "  (18(i"),  ".Madonna  del 
l)acclo"  (1871),  "Lo  blllel-d.iux,"  "  ViS.lette,"  "Le  vova- 
geur,"  and  "L'Adieii"  (l.s80),  "  Lc  guide"  (18.H;i).  lie 
presented  to  the  slate  two  of  his  most  celebrated  pictures. 
"Le  graven r  a  Teiiu  forte"  and  "  Le  cavalier ivsafeliiitrc. 
They  are  ni»w  in  the  Louvre. 

Meistersingar  von  NUmberg  (mls'ter-zing-er 
fun  niirn'licrii),  Die.  An  npcra  by  Uiclinrd 
Wngiier,  iiidduccil  at  Munich  in  18G8  by  Von 
Billow. 

Mejerda.    See  Medjercla. 

r.— 43 


673 

Mejfa  (ma-He'ii),  Tomas.  Bom  in  Guanajuato 
about  1812 :  died  at  (^uer^taro,  June  19,  1807. 
A  Mexican  general,  of  Indian  race.  He  was  con. 
spicuous  in  the  civil  wars  as  an  adherent  of  the  conserva- 
tive or  church  party ;  was  one  of  the  most  trusted  lieuten- 
ants of  Maximilian  ;  and  was  executed  with  him  after  the 
fall  of  Quer^taro. 

Mekbuda  (mek-bu'dji).  [Ar.  aI-»iakhbtUla)i,  the 
contracted  (arm),  in  antithesis  to  nl-mehstitali.] 
A  seldom  used  name  of  the  fourth-magnitude 
star  C  (icminorum. 

Meklutar(mek-i-t!ir'),  Peter.  Bom  at  Sebaste, 
Armenia,  Feb.  7,  1076:  died  at  San  Lazzaro, 
near  Venice,  April,  1749.  An  Armenian  eccle- 
siastic, founder  of  a  congregiitiou  of  Armenian 
monks  (Koman Catholic)  at  San  Lazzaro.  Also 
^[l'l•llilar. 

Mekhitarists  (mek-i-tiir'ists).  An  order  of  Ar- 
menian monks  in  communion  with  the  Church 
of  Rome,  under  a  rule  resembling  the  Bene- 
dictine, founded  by  Peter  Mekhitar  at  Con- 
stantinople in  1701,  confirmed  by  the  Pope  in 
1712,  and  tinally  settled  on  the  island  of  San 
Lazzaro,  near  Venice,  in  1717.  This  is  still  their 
chief  seat,  while  they  have  an  independent  nionasterj*  at 
Vienna,  and  branches  in  Russi.i,  France.  Italy,  Turkey,  etc. 
The  Mekhitai-ists  are  devoted  to  the  religions  and  literarj' 
interests  of  the  Armenian  race  wherever  fotind.  and  have 
published  many  ancient  Armenian  manuscripts  as  well 
as  original  works;  and  their  society  is  also  organized  as 
a  literary  academy  which  confers  honorary  membership 
without  regard  to  race  or  religion.     Also  Mechitarists, 

Meknez,  or  Mekinez.    See  Mcquhic:. 
Mekong,  ■  ir  Mekhong(ma-kong' ),  or  Cambodia 

(knni-bci'ili-;i).  A  river  in  southeastern  Asia. 
It  rises  in  Tit>e*t,  Hows  through  Yunnan  (in  China),  Burma, 
Siam.  Canil)i'di:i,  and  tYoneh  Cochin-China,  anci  empties 
by  a  delta  into  the  China  Sea  about  lat.  10' N.  Length,  es- 
timated, about  2,800  miles  ;  uavig.able  to  Kratieh  in  Cam. 
bodia. 

Mekran  (mek-riin'),  or  Makran  (mak-riiu')-  A 
region  on  the  coastof  the  Arabian  Sea,  in  south- 
western Baluchistan  and  southeastern  Persia, 
corresponding  in  part  to  the  ancient  Gedrosia. 

Mela  (me'la),  Pomponius.  Born  at  Tingentera 
in  Spain  :  Nourished  about  the  middle  of  the  1st 
century.  A  Roman  geographer,  author  of  three 
books  "Do  Chorogi-aphia,"  a  compendium  of 
geography  and  of  manners  and  customs,  it  is  the 
earliest  ext^mt  account  of  the  ancientworld  written  in  Latin. 

Melampus  (me-lam'pus).  [Gr.  ^hUii-ov^, 
black-looted. J  In  Greek  legend,  a  sooth- 
sayer, the  son  of  Amythaon  and  Eidomene, 
brother  of  Bias,  the  sage,  and  ancestor  of  the 
Melampodida?,  a  family  of  seers.  Aeroniingto  the 
myth,  some  serpents  wliieb  he  s;i\ed  from  death  cleansed 
Ills  ears  with  their  ton^iues  while  be  w;is  a.sleep,  and  on 
awakening  he  understood  tlie  voiees  of  birds  and  beasts. 
and  thus  learned  many  secret  thiiig.s.  Thus,  by  listening 
to  the  wornts  in  the  woodwork  of  the  piisoti  in  which 
he  was  eonrtned,  he  learned  that  it  was  soon  to  fall. 

Melanchtbon  (me-langk'thon;  G.  pron.  me- 
liinch'ton),  or  Melanthon  (me-lan'lhon),  Phi- 
lipp.  [GrecizedfI■om.sV7(H■«)•.-^)•(^  black  earlh.] 
Born  at  Bretten,  P,aaen,  Feb.  Hi,  1497:  died 
at  Wittenberg.  Gcrin;iny.  Api'il  19.  1.5(i0.  A 
German  Reformer,  famous  as  the  collaborator 
of  Luther.  lie  was  educated  at  Tubingen;  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Wittenberg  in  l.MS  ;  revised  the  "Augs- 
burg Confession  "  in  11:10,  and  drew  np  the  "Apology  "  in 
1130;  and  took  part  in  the  various  Protestant  conferein'es 
with  the  Roman  Catholics.  His  chief  theologie:U  work 
is  the  "Loci  coinnumes"  (1121).  The  best  edition  of  his 
works  is  by  BretscbneiderandBindsell  in  the  "Corpus  ro- 
fiirniatorum  "  (1834-tM)). 

Melanesia  (mel-a-no'shi-a).  [LL., 'islands  of 
llie  blacks.']  A  name  given  to  a  collection  of 
island  groups  in  the  Pacific,  whose  iiih:ibilants 
are  related,  it  comprises  New  Ouinea,  New  Britain, 
Now  Ireland,  the  Solomon  Islands,  Santa  Cruz,  the  Banks 
Islands,  the  New  Hebrides.  New  Caledoida,  the  Loyalty 
l.Hlands,  the  Fiji  Islands,  and  some  snniller  groups. 

Melantha  (me-lan'thil).  Ill  Dryden's  comedy 
''Marriage  I'l  la  Mode,"  an  attractive  and  im- 
pertinent fashiomiblo  lady,  saiil  by  Cibber  to 
exliibit  the  most  comiih'te  system  of  female 
fop]icry  that  coiilil  possibly  bo  crowded  into 
the  tortured  form  iif  a  tiin'  l.idv. 

Melanthus  (mc-hni'dius).  or  Melanthius  (mc- 
Inn'tlii-us),  of  Sicyon,  L''''-  ■^'"■"i""';.  Mci/j- 
C/of.]  A  (ireek  painter,  espei'ially  noted  as  a 
colonst:  ono  of  the  gre.at  Sicyoniau  school 
founih'd  by  EM))Omjius.  See  l',ii)iiimi>iis.  lie  was 
a  pupil  of  Paniiibllns.  I.Ike  his  teacher,  be  biwed  his  work 
on  tile  scientille  training  which  eharacteri7«-d  the  artistic 
activity  of  the  I'eloponnesian  cities.  He  wrote  a  work 
much  used  by  I'liny  in  the  compilation  of  bis  31th  book. 
()nltililian  distinguishes  Patnphilns  ami  Melanthus  for 
'■  ratio,"  referring  to  the  Intellectual  finidllyof  their  work. 

MelantlUS  (mi'-lan'ti-us).  In  Bi'aiimont  ami 
J-'li'ti'lier's  ''Maid's  Tragedv,"  a  rough,  honest 
soldier,  the  brother  of  Evailne. 

The  Elisabetban  drama  has  few  better  types  of  the  he. 
rota  soldier.  Jealous  of  his  honour  and  (altlifiil  as  a  friend, 


Melegnano 

a  man  of  acts  rather  than  of  words,  unflinching  i  n  pursuit  o« 
his  purpose,  but  big  of  heart  with.-il.    Ward,  Hist,  Dram.  LIU 

Melas  (ma'liis).  Baron  Michael  von.  Born  at 
Schiissburg,  Transylvania,  1729:  died  at  Elbe- 
Teinitz,  Bohemia,  May  31,  18(»0.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  conmianded  with  Suvarolf  at  Cassano,  the 
Trebbia  and  Novi  in  1799,  and  alone  at  tienola  iu  1799,  and 
Maretig<j  in  ISOO. 

Melas  Sinus  (me'las  si'nus).     [Gr.  MfAuf  K<i?.- 

-nr.'\     The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Saros. 
MelazZO.     See  Miht::n. 

Melba  (mel'bii).  Nellie  (Mitchell).  Bom  at 
Melbourne,  Australia,  May  19,  18G5.  A  noted 
soprano  singer,  she  was  a  pupil  of  .Marchesi,  and  made 
her  il.'liut  at  Bmssels  Oct.  11,  1887,  in  "Rigoletto." 

Melbourne  (mel'bfera).  The  capital  of  Victoria, 
and  the  largest  city  of  Australia,  situated  on 
the  Yarra  River  and  Port  Phillip  Bay,  in  lat.  37° 
50'  S.,  long.  144°  59'  E.  It  comprises  the  city  proper 
and  numerous  suburbs  (including  Fitzroy,  Richmond, 
Emerald  Hill,  Collingwood,  and  Prahran).  It  has  impor- 
tant commerce  and  general  manufactures,  and  export* 
gold,  wool,  hides,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  seaports  of 
the  .southern  hemisphere,  and  is  noted  for  its  tine  public 
btlildings  and  parks.  The  buildings  include  the  univer- 
sity, national  museum,  mint,  exhibition  btiilding,  parlia- 
ment houses,  treasiuy,  government  offices,  librarj-,  etc.  It 
was  settled  in  1835,  and  made  the  capital  in  1851.  Popula- 
tion (18!11),  with  suburbs,  4',)0,S96. 

Melbourne,  Viscount.    See  Lamb,  William. 

Melcarth.     See  ildkurth. 

Melchers  (mel'cherz),  Gari.  Bom  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  1860.  An  American  painter.  He  studied 
at  Diisseldorf,  Munich,  and  Paris ;  received  a  third-class 
medal  at  the  Salon  in  1S88 ;  two  tlrst-class  medals  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1887, 1888 :  and  two  medals  of  honor,  Paris.  1.^89, 
and  Berlin,  1891.  He  painted  the  large  frescos  "  The  Art* 
of  War"  and  "The  Arts  of  Peace,"  in  the  tj'mpana  of  the 
tower  of  the  Liberal  Arts  Building  at  the  Chicago  Fair. 

Melchiades  (mel-ki'a-dez),  or  Miltiades  imil- 
ti'a*drz).     Bishop  of  Rome  310-314. 

Melchites  (mel'kits),  [From  Ar.  mclcl;,  king,] 
Tlie  orthodox  Eastern  Christians,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  Monophysites  or  Xestorians, 
The  name  was  originally  given  to  the  orthodox  as  belong- 
ing to  the  imperiid  church,  the  title  of  king  being  that 
which  was  coninionly  given  in  Creek  and  Oriental  lan- 
gna^'i's  to  the  Konian  and  to  the  Byzantine  emperor.  Al- 
though the  term  Melchites  is  older  than  the  Council  of 
Chaleedon  (411),  its  wider  use  dates  from  its  adoption  after 
that  council  by  the  Monoj)hysitcs,  who  rejected  the  de- 
crees of  the  council,  and  employed  this  name  to  represent 
the  orthodox  as  receiving  tliem  merely  in  submission  to 
the  edict  of  the  emperor  Marcian.  The  name  Melchites 
is  sometimes  given  also  to  members  of  communities  of 
Christians  in  Syria  ami  F.gypt,  formerly  in  communion 
with  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church,  who  have  submitted  to 
the  Roman  see. 

Melchizedek,  or  Melchisedec  (mel-kiz'e-dek). 

[lleb.,'  king  of  righteousness.']  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a  king  of  Salem  and  priest  of  the 
most  high  Clod,  who  entertained  and  blessed 
Abraham  and  received  tithes  from  him.  Hia 
relation  to  Christ  as  a  type  is  discussed  in  Heb. 
v.-vii. 
Melchthal  (melch'titl).  A  valley  in  tlie  canton 
of  I'nterwalden,  Switzerland,  south  of  Samen. 
The  vallev  of  Little  Melchthal  lies  west  of 
Melidithal! 

Melchthal,  Arnold  von.  The  youngest  of  the 
three  Swiss  libenitors,  representing  Uuterwal- 
den.  He  is  «uie  of  the  principal  characters  In  Schiller's 
"  W  II helm  Tell  "atid  iu  Rossini  s  opem  "(Juillauine  Tell." 

Melcombe-Regis.    See  Wciimouth. 

Meleager  (mel-e-a'jer).  [iGr.  yicliaypo^.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  celebrated  hero,  son  of  CEneua 
of  Calydon  and  Altlm>a:  one  of  the  Argonauts 
anil  slayer  of  the  Calydonian  boar.  See  Cali/- 
(lunian  Hunt.  He  slew  his  uncles  (brothers  of  Althn>a\ 
wlu»  attennpted  to  rob  .\lalantaof  the  boar's  hide,  and  was 
brought  to  death  through  the  agency  of  his  mother,  who 
in  turn  put  uu  eml  to  herself. 

Meleager.  Killed  about  323  B.  c.  A  Macodo- 
iiinn  general,  distinguished  under  Alexander 
the  (irent. 

Meleager.  A  Greek  <')>igratnmatist  of  Gadarn, 
in  J'aU'sline,  whi>  flourished  about  the  middle 
of  the  1st  century  B.c  Hiscollected  eiiigrams, 
entitled  "Stephanos"  ('Wreath'),  formed  the 
nucleus  of  the  (Jreek  .\nthology. 

Meleager.  A  statue  of  early  imperial  date,  in 
the  Vatican,  Komi'.  The  body  of  the  youthful  hunter 
is  nude  except  for  a  chlamys  wtaind  abi>nt  the  neck  and 
left  arm.  A  hunting-dog  sits  at  bis  master's  feet,  and  a 
boar's  head  is  Intrixinei-d  at  one  side  iw  a  siii>iiort. 

Meleager,  House  of.    See  J'i'wpiii. 

Meleager  and  Atalanta,  A  jmiiiting  by  Ru- 
bens, III  the  Old  Piiinkothek,  Munich.  Meleager, 
snrMunded  by  hnnliiig.it'gs.  and  with  altribnies  of  Iho 
chase.  Is  ottering  the  head  of  the  Calydonian  boar  to  At«- 
bilila,  who  is  seate<l  under  a  tree. 

Meleda  (meri'i-dii).  An  island  in  the  Adriatio 
Sen,  lielongiiig  to  Daliiintia,  situated  in  lat.  42° 
4."i'N.:  the  aiieieiit  Melila.      Length. '23  miles. 

Melegnano  (ma-leii-yii'no),  fornierlv  Marign&- 
no  Ciuii-ren-yU'uo).     A  town  iu  the  province 


Melegnano 

of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lambro  9  miles 
southeast  of  Milan,  It  is  noted  for  the  victory  gained 
there  by  the  i'rench  under  Francis  I.  over  the  Swiss  Sept. 
13  and  il.  1513,  and  for  the  victory  of  the  French  over  the 
AiistriaJis  June  S,  1859. 
Melema  (me-la'ma),  Tito.  A  young  Greek  of 
great  beauty  and  ability,  but  unprincipled  and 
treacherous,  husband  of  Bomola,  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  that  name. 

Tito  is  pictured,  not  as  originally  false,  but  as  naturally 
ple.isure-Ioving,  and  swerving  aside  before  every  unpleas- 
ant obstacle  in  the  straight  path,  at  the  instance  of  a 
quick  intelligence  and  a  keen  dislike  both  to  personal  col- 
lisions and  to  personal  sacrifices. 

R.  H.  Button,  Essays  in  Lit.  Crit. 

Mslendez  Valdes  (ma-len'deth  val-das'), 
Juan.  Born  at  Kibera  del  Fresno,  Spain,  March 
11.  1754:  died  at  Montpellier,  France,  May  24, 
1817.  A  Spanish  poet.  His  works,  including 
UtIos  and  pastorals,  were  published  in  1820. 

Melesville.     See  Duveiiher. 

Maletians  (me-le'shanz).  1.  A  sect  of  the  4th 
aud  5th  eeiitm-ies,  followers  of  Meletius,  a  schis- 
matic bishop  of  Lycopolis  in  Egypt.  After  his 
death  they  adopted  Arian  views. — 2.  Follow- 
ers of  Meletius,  made  bishop  of  Antioch  about 
360.  He  was  supposed  to  be  an  .-Vrian,  but  proceeded 
immediately  to  profess  the  Nicene  faith,  and  the  Arians 
appointed  another  bishop  in  his  stead.  Among  the  or- 
thodox some  were  adherents  of  Meletius,  and  therefore 
known  as  J/t7f?m*i5;  others  remained  separate,  and  were 
known  (from  the  last  canonically  ordained  bishop,  Eusta- 
thius,  then  dead)  as  Ew^tathian^.  Further  difficulty  was 
occasioned  by  the  two  orthodox  parties  using  the'  word 
"  hj*postasis "  in  different  senses.  The  schism  between 
them  continued  till  the  end  of  the  century. 

Melfl  (mel'fe).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Po- 
tenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  15° 
3J'  E.  It  has  a  noted  cathedral.  It  was  made 
the  Xorman  capital  of  Apulia  in  1041.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  11,765. 

Melgar(mal-gar'), Mariano.  BomatArequipa, 
1791 :  died  at  Cuzco,  March  11,  1815.  A  Peru- 
vian poet.  He  joined  the  patriots  under  A'icente  .An- 
gulo.  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  t'machiri  and 
immediately  shot.  His  songs  are  very  popular  in  Spanish 
-America. 

Melgarejo  (mal-ga-ra'no),  Mariano.  Born  in 
Coohabamba,  1818:  assassinated  at  Lima.  Peru, 
by  his  son-in-law,  Nov.  23,  1871.  A  Bolivian 
general  and  revolutionist.  He  wasinvolvedinmany 
revolts;  finally  deposed  his  brother-in-law.  General  Achii, 
in  1865,  and  had  himself  made  president.  He  was  driven 
from  La  P-az  in  1S65,  but  very  soon  recovered  it,  and 
shot  his  rival  Belzu  with  his  own  hand.  He  ruled  amid 
constant  disorders,  and  on  Jan.  15, 1871,  was  overthrown  by 
an  Indian  revolt  after  a  hot  battle  in  the  streets  of  the 
capital 

Meli  (ma'le). Giovanni.  Bom  at  Palermo, March 
4.  1740:  died  at  Palermo,  Dec.  20,  1815.  A  Si- 
cilian poet.  His  works,  including  odes,  sonnets, 
and  pastorals,  were  published  1830-39. 

M8liadus(me-li'a-dus).  In  Arthurian  romance, 
the  father  of  Tristram,  and  king  of  Lyonesse. 

Melibocus  (me-lib'o-kus).  [Gr.  ii.7j/.i.3oKoy  opo^.'] 
1.  In  ancient  geography,  a  mountain-range  in 
Germany,  probably  theflarz. — 2fmel-i-b6'kus). 
A  mountain  in  the  Odenwald,  Hesse,  10  miles 
south  of  Darmstadt.    Height,  about  1,700  feet. 

MeliboeilS  (mel-i-be'us).  The  name  of  a  shep- 
hcril  in  Vergil's  first  eclogue. 

Meliboeus,  The  Tale  of.  One  of  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  Tales."  It  is  a  prose  translation  of 
the  Latin  "Liber  consolationis  et  concLlii"of  Albertano 
da  Brescia,  through  a  free  French  version  of  the  latter,  the 
"  Li\Te  de  Melibee  et  Dame  Prudence,"  probably  by  Jean 
de  Meung. 

Melicerte  (ma-le-serf).  A  pastoral  by  Moliere, 
produced  at  Saint-Germain-en-Laye  in  1666, 
though  unfinished. 

Melicertes  (mel-i-ser'tez).  [Gr.  'Me/uKeprri(.'^ 
In  Greek  mrthology,  a  son  of  Athamas  and  Ino, 
changed,  after  her  death  by  drowning,  into  a 
sea  divinity  with  the  name  of  Palsemon.  He  is 
identified  with  the  Phenician  Melkarth,  and  was  wor- 
shiped on  the  coast,  especially  at  Megara  and  the  Isthmus 
of  Corinth.  By  the  Romans  he  was  identified  with  Portu- 
nus.  god  of  harbors. 

Melikoff.     See  Loris-ileliloff. 

Melinde  (ma-len'da),  or  Melinda  (ma-len'da). 
A  town  in  British  East  Africa,  situated  on  the 
coast  in  lat.  3°  13'  S.,  long.  40°  11'  E.  It  was 
successively  an  Arabian,  Portuguese,  and  Zan- 
zibari  trading-place. 

Melissa  (me-Us'a).  [Gr.  Jlf/./fftra,]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  wife  of  Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth. 
Her  husband  murdered  her  in  a  fit  of  jealousy. 

Melissa.  An  enchantress  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso."  She  assists  Rogero  and  Bradamant, 
and  restores  the  lovers  of  Alcina  to  their  natural 
shapes. 

Melissus  (me-lis'us).  [Gr.  iU'/taaoc.']  Lived 
about  440  B.  c.    A  Greek  philosopher  of  Samos, 


674 

a  disciple  of  Parmenides  and  a  representative 
of  the  Eleatie  school.  Fragments  of  his  writ- 
ings have  been  preserved. 

Melita  (mel'i-ta).  [Gr.  ile'/'.iTTi.']  The  ancient 
name  («)  of  Malta,  and  (b)  of  Meleda. 

Melite  (ma-lef).  A  comedy  by  Pierre  Cor- 
neille,  produced  in  1629. 

Melitene  (mel-i-te'ne).  [Gr.  'Mc/unf^.']  1.  In 
ancient  geography,  a  district  in  eastern  Cappa- 
docia,  Asia  Minor. —  2.  The  chief  town  of  Meli- 
tene :  the  modern  Malatia. 

MelitO  (mel'i-to).  [Gr.  Mf/irur.]  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  2d  century.  A  bishop  of 
Sardis,  noted  as  a  Christian  writer. 

Melitopol  (me-le-to'poly ).  .\  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Taurida,  southern  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Molotchna  135  miles  east  of  Kherson. 
Population,  8.707. 

Melkarth  (mel'karth).  ['City  king.']  The 
tutelary  god  of  TjTe :  the  Greek  Melicertes.  He 
was  merely  another  aspect  of  the  Canaanitish  supreme  god 
BaaL  His  temple  at  'l"yre  was  celebrated  for  its  magnifi- 
cence. By  the  Greeks  he  was  identified  with  Hercules,  an 
idea  which  was  caught  by  the  Phenicians,  and  on  tlieir 
later  coins  Baal-Mellcirth  is  frequently  represented  as  Her- 
cules. Therefore  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  were  also  called 
"The  Pillars  of  Hercules,"  properly  of  Melkarth,  the  Phe- 
nicians believing  that  they  were  the  boundary  of  him  in 
his  aspect  as  the  sun-god,  and  therefore  also  of  navigation. 

Mellefont  (mel'e-font).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Congreve's  comedy  "  The  Double 
Dealer.''    He  is  in  love  with  Cynthia. 

Mellen  (mel'en ) ,  Grenville.  Bom  at  Biddef  ord, 
Maine,  June  19.  179£i:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 
5,  1841.     An  American  poet. 

Mellifluous  Doctor,  The.  A  surname  of  St, 
Bernard. 

Mellin  (mel-leu'),  Gustaf  Henrik.  Bom  at 
Revolax,  Finland,  April  23,  1803:  died  Aug.  2, 
1876.  A  Swedish  novelist,  especially  noted  for 
historical  novels. 

Mellitus  (mel'i-tus).  Died  April  24,  624.  The 
first  bishop  of  London  and  thii'd  archbishop  of 
Canterbuiy.  He  was  sent  by  Pope  Gregory  the  Great 
to  St.,  Augustine  in  Canterbuiy  in  &)!-  Many  of  Gregory  s 
epistles  to  Mellitus  are  extant.  H  e  was  couse'crated  bishop 
about  6CH,  and  in  fil9  became  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Mello  (ma'lol,  Custodio  Jose  de.  Bom  about 
1845:  died  in  March.  1902.  A  Brazilian  naval 
officer  and  revolutionist.  As  captain  ini889  hewas 
prominent  in  the  overthrow  of  the  empire ;  w.as  promoted 
to  admiral ;  and  for  a  time  was  minister  of  mai'ine.  On 
Sept.  6, 1893,  he  secretly  seized  the  Brazilian  war-ships  in 
the  harbor  of  Riode  Janeiro,  and  at  the  liead  of  this  force 
declared  against  President  Peivnt'.  Sume  of  the  har- 
bor forts  yielded  to  him ;  an  intermittent  bombardment 
of  the  loyal  forts,  of  Nictheroy,  and,  to  some  extent,  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  was  kept  up  for  6  months,  and  there  were 
several  sharp  land  engagements.  Foreign  powers-refused 
to  recognize  the  rebels  as  belligerents,  and  they  were  hence 
unable  to  establish  a  blockade.  During  mucli  of  this  time 
Mello  operated  on  the  southern  coasts,  leaving  the  com- 
mand of  the  ships  at  Rio  to  Saldanha  da  Gama.  Santa 
Catharina  was  taken  late  in  Sept.,  1893,  and  a  provisional 
govemmeat  established  there,  and  communications  were 
opened  with  the  insurgents  in  Rio  Grande  do  SuL  During 
Mello'sal>sence  a  government  fleet,  which  had  been  hastily 
ordered  from  Europe  and  the  United  States,  arrived  befor'e 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Saldanha  da  Gama  gave  up  the  ships 
there  (March  1-2, 1S&4),  taking  refuge  on  a  Portuguese  man- 
of-war.  Mello  still  retained  several  of  the  strongest  ves- 
sels, including  the  RepubUca  and  the  Aquidaban,  as  well 
as  portions  of  the  southern  st.ates.  He  attacked  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  early  in  .\priL  1S94,  but  was  repulsed,  and  on  .\pril 
16  gave  himself  up  to  the  .\rgentine  authorities  at  Buenos 
Ayres.  On  April  17  the  Brazilian  forces  recovered  Santa 
Catharina,  the  Aquidaban  being  sunk  by  torpedoes. 

Melloni{mel-16'ne),  Macedonio.  Born  at  Par- 
ma, Italy,  April  11, 1798:  died  near  Naples,  Aug. 
11,  1854.  An  Italian  physicist,  noted  especially 
for  his  discoveries  in  radiant  heat. 

Melmoth  (mel'moth).  Courtney.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Samuel  Jackson  Pratt,  an  English  poet 
and  novelist, 

Melo  (ma'io),  or  Mello  (mel'16),  Francisco 
Manuel  de.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  23,  1611 : 
died  at  Lisbon.  Oct.  13,  1666,  A  Portuguese 
historian  and  poet.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  senice 
of  Spain  until  16*0,  when  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
house  of  Braganza,  He  wrote  *'  Historia  de  los  movimien- 
tos,separacion,yguerradeCatalana"("Historj- of  the  Sedi- 
tions, Separation,  and  War  of  Catalonia,"  1W5),  and  poems 
and  other  works  in  both  Portuguese  and  Spanisli. 

Melo  de  Portugal  y  Villena  (ma'lo  da  p6r-to- 
giil'  evel-ya'uii),  Pedro.  Bom  about  1725 :  died 
at  Montevideo,  April  15. 1797.  A  Spanish  naval 
officer  and  administrator,  governor  of  Paraguay 
1778,  and  sixth  ■(■iceroy  of  the  Platine  colonies 
from  March,  1795. 

Melos  (me'los).  It.  Milo  (me'lo).  [Gr.  M^/.oc.] 
A  volcanic  island  in  the  nomarchy  of  the  Cyc- 
lades.  Greece,  situated  in  lat.  36°  42'  N.,  long. 
24°  30'  E.  It  is  noted  for  the  Venus  of  Melos,  found  in 
the  ruins  of  the  city  of  Melos.  Population,  about  5,000, 
Length,  13  miles.     See  Venus  o/  Metal. 

Melozzo  da  Forli.    See  Forli. 


Melville.  Sir  James 

Melpomene  (mel-pom'e-ne),  [Gr,  MfAjro/ztn?.] 
1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  tragedy. 
See  Muses. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  18)  discovered 
by  Hind  at  London,  Jime  24,  1852. 

Melpomene.  An  antique  statue  in  the  Louvre, 
Pari:^,  remarkable  not  only  for  its  excellence, 
but  as  one  of  the  largest  ancient  sculptures  sur- 
viving. It  is  13  feet  high,  carved  in  a  single  block  of  Pen- 
telic  marble.  The  Muse  stands,  fully  draped,  with  calm 
expression,  holding  a  bearded,  open-muutlied  mask. 

Melrose  (mel'roz).  A  village  in  Roxburghshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tweed  29  miles  south- 
east of  Edinburgh.  Abbotsford  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. The  abbey  is  considered  the  finest  ruin  in  Scotland, 
though  more  dilapidated  than  Jedburgh.  The  great  church 
was  founded  by  David  I.,  but  what  remains  is  almost  en- 
tirely of  the  15th  century.  The  choir  is  chai'acterized  by 
slender  clustered  columns  with  rich  capitals :  both  the 
square  chevet  and  the  transepts  exhibit  large  traceried 
windows.    A  few  bays  retain  their  vaulting. 

Melrose.  A  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts. 7  miles  north  of  Boston.  Population 
(19001.  12.962. 

Melton  Mowbray  (mel'ton  mo'bre).  A  town 
in  Leieestersliire,  England,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Wreak  and  Eye,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Leicester,  it  is  noted  as  a  fox-hunting  center,  and 
for  its  cheese  trade  and  its  pork  pies,  PopiUation  (1891), 
6.392, 

Melucha  (me-16-cha').  In  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions, a  name  designating  probably  the 
west  coast  of  Arabia. 

Melukitz  (mel-o-kits'),  A  tribe  of  the  Kusan 
stock  of  North  Americanlndians.  It  formerly  had 
a  village  on  the  north  side  of  Coos  Bay,  Oregon.  The  sur- 
vivors are  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.    See  Eusan. 

Melvm(me-lun').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine 
in  lat,  48°  32'  N,.  long.  2°  39'  E, :  the  ancient 
Melodunum.  It  was  taken  'oy  Labienus  52  B,  c, :  was 
ravaged  by  the  Northmen ;  was  an  early  Capetian  resi- 
dence :  and  was  held  by  the  English  from"l420  to  1430.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Amyot.    Population  (1891),  12.792. 

Melun.  AminorcharacterinShakspere's  "King 
John,''  a  French  lord. 

Melusina  (mel-ii-si'na),  F.  Melusine  (ma-lU- 
zen').  In  French  legend,  a  water-fay  of  great 
power  and  wealth,  she  married  Raymond,  son  of  a. 
Comte  de  la  Foret,  who  fotmd  her  near  a  fountain  or  spring 
in  the  forest  of  Colombiers,  in  Poitou.  The  marriage  tcok 
place  in  a  castle  wliich  she  built  around  the  fountain.  This 
she  called  Lusinia,  after  herself  —  a  name  corrupted  into 
Lusignan,  which  the  place  still  bears.  They  lived  happily 
till,  breaking  a  promise  he  had  m.ide  before  marriage  that 
he  would  never  intrude  on  her  seclusion  on  Saturdays,  he 
.discovered  her,  half  fish  or  serpent  half  woman,  swimming 
in  a  batli.  His  breach  of  faith  compelled  her  to  leave  him. 
L'ntil  the  destruction  of  Lusignan  (1574)  she  was  said  to 
appear  on  its  towers,  and  to  shriek  shrilly  thrice  whenever 
the  head  of  that  family  or  the  King  of  France  lay  dying. 
The  story  of  Jean  d'.\rras,  compiled  by  the  order  of  his  mas- 
ter, the  Duke  of  Berry,  in  13S7,  dilf  ers  somewhat  from  the 
legend.  Stephan.  a  Dominican  of  the  house  of  Lusignan. 
developed  the  work  of  Jean  d".\rras,  and  made  the  story  so 
famous  that  the  families  of  Luxembourg,  Rohan,  and  Sas- 
senaye  altered  their  pedigrees  so  as  to  be  able  to  claim 
descent  from  the  illustrious  Melusine.  She  is  connected 
with  the  legends  of  both  the  Banshee  and  the  Mermaid. 
Barinii-G<ntM. 

Melusine,  Marchen  von  der  schonen.  [G., 
"  Story  of  the  Beautiful  Melusine.']  An  over- 
ture by  Mendelssohn,  produced  in  1833. 

Melvili,  Sir  James.     See  Melville,  Sir  James. 

Melville,  or  Melvili  (mel'vil),  Andrew.  Bom 
at  Baldovie,  Forfarshire, Scotland,  Aug.  1, 1545: 
died  at  Sedan,  France,  1622.  A  Scottish  re- 
former, scholar,  and  Presbyterian  leader.  In  165» 
he  entered  StMary's  College,  St' Andrews ;  in  1564  went  to 
Paris  and  in  1566  to  Poitiers,  where  he  became  regent  of  the 
College  of  St.  Marceon;  and  in  1.^69  went  to  Geneva.  Hewaa 
principal  of  Glasgow  ITniversity  1574-80,  of  St  Mary's  Col- 
lege, St  Andrews,  15S0-1606.  He  was  an  active  l«ider  io 
the  organization  of  the  Scottish  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
assisted  in  drafting  the  second  "boo'k  of  discipline"  in 
158L  He  reorganized  the  Scottish  universities,  particu- 
larly St.  Andrews,  of  which  he  became  rector  in  1590.  In 
the  long  struggle  against  the  spiritual  authority  of  the 
king  and  hierarchy,  he  was  repeatedly  imprisoned.  He  was 
sent  to  the  Tower  of  London  -Apri!.'l607.  At  his  release 
he  was  installed  in  the  chair  of  biblical  theology  at  Sedan, 
1011.  and  died  there. 

Melville,  George  John  "Whyte-.    See  Whyte- 

Meh-ille. 
Melville,  Herman.    Bom  at  New  York,  Aug.  1, 

1819 :  died  there,  Sept.  28, 1891.  An  American 
novelist.  He  had  a  roving  spirit,  and  went  to  sea  as  a 
cabin-boy,  returning  but  once  till  1844.  From  1857  to  1860 
he  lectured  in  the  United  States,  and  traveled  in  England 
and  on  the  Continent.  He  was  a  district  officer  in  the  New 
York  custom-house  1866-S5.  His  adventures  in  the  Mar- 
quesas Islands  are  described  in  "Typee"  (1S46)  and 
"Omoo  "  (1S47),  and  his  other  adventures  in  "Mardi,  etc." 
a&49),"  Redbum,  his  First  Voyage"  (1S49),  "White  Jacket, 
or  the  World  in  a  Man-of-War  "  (1850),  "  Moby  Dick,  or  the 
White  Whale"  (18,51).  and  "Pierre,  or  the*\mbiguities" 
(1852).  After  this  his  popularity  declined-  He  published 
several  volumes  of  poems,  "Battle  Pieces,  etc,"  (1866), 
"Clarel,  a  Poem  "  (1S76X  "Timoleon"  (IsSl), 
Melville,  Sir  James.  Bom  1.535:  died  at  his 
estate  of  Hallhill,  Fife,  Nov,  13,  1617,     A  Scot- 


Melville,  Sir  James 

tish  soldier,  diplomat,  audhistdiifal  writer.  He 
waa  privy  councilor  and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  t*) 
Jinry  l^ueen  of  Scots,  anU  later  held  the  same  position  in 
the  coint  of  Anne,  queen  of  Jiuucs  \I.  His  autobiog- 
raphy  C  Memoirs  ")  is  import:int  historically. 

llelvllle,  or  Melvill,  James.    Born  July  26, 

JyJH:  diod  at  Berwick-ou-Twefd,  Jan.  13,  1014. 
A  Scottish  reformer,  nephew  of  Andrew  Mel- 
ville. He  shared  his  tinele's  fortunes  in  the  strngKle  for 
Preshyterianisin,  and  wlien  Andrew  was  confined  in  the 
Tower,  James  was  forbidden  to  enter  Scotland,  He  was 
allowed  to  return  in  lt;i3,  Imt  died  on  his  way  at  Berwick. 
Among  his  works  arc  "  A  Spiritual  I'ropinc  of  a  Pastor  to 
his  People"  (15!)s);  "The  Black  Bastill,  'a  poem;  and  the 
"Diary,"  an  invaluable  historical  rec(U-d. 

Melville,  Viscount.    See  DuMhis. 

Melville  Island.  1.  An  island  north  of  North 
.Australia. —  2.  A  larpje  island  in  the  .iVrctie 
D.-oan,  intersected  by  lat.  To^N.,  lonpr.  110^  W. 

Melville  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  British  Ameriea,  west  of  Fo.k  Chan- 
nel, and  separated  fromCoekbum  Island  on  the 
north  by  Fury  and  Heela  Strait. 

Melville  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
south  of  Melville  Island. 

Melvill  van  Carnbee  (mel'vil  viin  kiirn'ba). 
Baron  Pieter.  Born  at  The  Hague,  May  20, 
1816  :  died  at  BataWa,  Oct.  24,  1856.  A  Ihiteh 
geographer,  author  of  works  on  the  hydrography 
and  geo^-aphy  of  the  East  Imlies. 

Membre  (mou-bra'),  Zenobius.  Born  at  Ba- 
paume,  France,  164.5 :  killed  in  Texas  about  1687. 
A  French  missionary,  companion  of  La  Salle  in 
his  exploring  e.xpeditions. 

Memel  (ma'mel).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Dange,  and  at  the  entrance  of  the  Kurisches 
Haff,  in  lat.  55°  44'  N.,  long.  21°  7'  E.:  the  north- 
ernmost city  in  Germany,  it  exports  lumber,  grain. 
etc  It  was  founded  about  1253.  The  Russians  ca]»tured 
It  In  17.17  and  in  1812.  The  treaty  between  England  and 
Prussia  was  concluded  here  in  1807,  Population  (1890), 
l»,02.i. 

Memel.     The  name  given  to  the  Niemen  in  its 

lower  course. 
Memling     (mem'Ung)     (wrongly   Hemling), 

Hans.  Died  1494.  A  Flemish  painter  of  Bruges. 

His  works   include  a  "Shrine   of  St.  Ursula"  (Bruges), 

"Seven  (iriefs  of  5Iju-y  "  (Turin),  *'Sevcu  Joys  of  Mary" 

(Munich),  an  altar  at  Bruges,  etc. 

Memmi.,  Simone.    See  Martini,  Slmnne. 

Memmingen  (mem'ing-en).  Atown  in  the  gov- 
ernment district  of  .Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Ba- 
varia, 42  miles  southwest  of  Aug.sburg.  it  was  a 
free  imperial  city  from  1286  to  1802,  and  was'one  of  the 
protesting  cities  at  the  Diet  of  Spires,  1529.  Population 
0890),  9,01)0. 

Memminger  (mem'min-,ier).  Christopher  Gus- 

taVUS.  Born  in  Wiirtemberg,  Germany,  .Fan. 
17,  1803:  died  March  7,  1888.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Confederate  secretary  of 
the  treasury  1861-64. 
Memnon  (mem'non).  [Gr.  MfHiwi.]  An  Ori- 
ental or  Ethiopian  hero  in  the  Tro.ian  war,  slain 
by  Achilles.  Ho  was  a  solar  hero,  son  of  the  Dawn 
(EosX  or  of  Day  (Hemera).  symbolized  as  a  youth  of  mar- 
velous beauty  and  strength.  The  Greeks  gave  his  name 
to  one  of  the  colo.ssi  of  Auicnf>phis  III.  at  Tlicbes  in  Egypt. 
"the  vocal  Memnon,"  so  called  because  the  stone,  when 
reached  by  the  rays  of  the  rising  sun,  gave  forth,  it  was 
believed,  a  sound  resembling  that  of  a  breaking  chord. 

The  fable  of  Memnon  is  one  of  those  in  which  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  discover  any  germs  of  truth,  ^femnon,  the  son 
of  Tithdnus  and  Efts  (Dawn)  or  Hemera  (Day),  la,  accord- 
ing to  most  accounts,  an  Ethiopian  king,  iiis  father  Ti- 
thonus,  however,  reigns  at  Snsa,  and  lie  liiinself  leads  a 
combined  army  of  Susianians  and  lOthiopians  to  the  fis- 
Bistance  of  his  father's  brother,  I'riain.  king  of  Troy.  Wc 
seem  here  to  have  nothing  but  the  wildest  imaginations 
of  pure  romancers.  Homer  makes  V't>  sli;,'bt  and  i):iHsing 
allusions  to  Memn()n.  Hesiod  calls  tiini  king  of  the  Ethi- 
opians. ,So  Pindar  (Nem.  iil.  02,03,  Dissen.).  This  seems 
t<i  have  been  the  first  form  of  the  legend,  from  whii-h  all 
mention  of  Susawas  omitted.  The  earliest  author  whole 
knr)wn  to  have  connected  Memnon  with. Snsa  is  .-ICschylus, 
who  made  his  mother  a  Cissian  wr,inan.  It  is  clear,  liow- 
ever,  that  by  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  story  that  he 
huilt  Susa,  or  its  great  palace,  was  generally  accepted  In 
Greece,  Perhaps  the  adontlon  t^t  this  account  nuiy  bo  re- 
garded as  indicating  some  Knowledge  of  the  ethidc  coimec- 
tlon  which  really  existed  between  Ethiopia  and  Suslana. 
Rawlin«oii^  Henxl,  III.  2.M,  note. 

Memnon.     The  "mad lover"  in  Fletcher's  play 

of  I  hut  name. 

Memnonium.     See  Thebes  (Egypt). 

Memphis  (mcm'fis).  [Eg.vi)tiaii  Meittiufer,  Mcn- 
Ho/cT.  city  of  the  good  ;  Gr.  M///(ii/r,]  In  ancient 
geography,  the  earlv  capital  of  Egypt.  It  was 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Nile,  s^mth  of  Cairo.  It  Is  said 
to  have  been  built  by  .Menes.  In  the  -Uh  dynasty  it  was 
the  capital.  It  suffen-d  from  the  llyksos,  and  in  the  new 
empire  was  second  to  Thebes.  It  was  captured  by  the 
Assyrians  ami  stormed  by  Cambyses.  It  continued  to 
exist  under  the  Roman  Empire,  but  was  grailually  aban- 
doned and  ruined  after  the  Mohanmiedan  conquest.  The 
ruins  of  Sakkara  are  near  It, 

The  new  city  received  a  name  which  reflects  the  satis- 
faction of  the  ancient  founder :  he  called  it  Mennu/re,  '  the 


6Tj 

Good*  or 'Perfect  Mansion.'  This  was  the  civil  name. 
.  .  .  The  civil  name  is  the  parent  of  the  Greek  Memphis 
and  the  Hebrew  Moph,  also  found  in  the  form  Nopb. 
Lately,  scholars  have  thought  that  the  famous  capital  of 
Ethiopia,  the  royal  seat  of  'rirhakah,  the  classical  >'apata 
and  Egyptian  Nap,  is  intended  by  >'oph. 

Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  22. 

Memphis.  A  city,  capital  of  Shelby  County, 
'l\nni'S.see,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat. 
35°  8'  X.,  long.  90°  5'  W. :  the  chief  place  on  the 
Mississippi  between  St.  Louis  and  Xew  Orleans. 
It  has  manufactures  of  luinl>er,  etc.;  is  one  of  the  chief 
cotton  nnu-kets  in  the  I'nited  States;  and  has  important 
river  commerce.  It  was  iMunded  in  1,S20.  The  Mi>sissippi 
is  crossed  here  liy  the  onl>'  bridge  that  spans  it  below  St. 
Louis:  it  is  built  of  sioel,  on  the  cantaliver  system,  with;, 
spans;  15  2,597  feet  long;  and  was  opened  for  traffic  May  12, 
1893.  \eai-  .Memphis  the  Federal  fleet  ilefeated  the  Con- 
federates June  6, 1862,  and  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Fed- 
erals. The  Confederates  under  Fon'est  raided  it  in  18<U. 
It  was  disa.stronsIv  ravageii  i)v  vellow  fever  in  1H7;1.  1H78, 
and  1H79.     Population  ( 19001,' inj,3-.in. 

Memphremagog  (mem-fre-ma'gog).  Lake.  A 
lake  on  the  border  of  \'crraont  and  the  proWnce 
of  Quebec,  Canada.  It  discharges  by  the  rivers  M.i- 
gog  and  St,  Francis  into  the  St,  Lawrence.  Length,  about 
.'l.'i  miles. 

Mena.     See  Menes. 

Mena  (mil 'nil).  Juan  de.  Born  at  Cordova, 
Spain,  about  1411:  died  1456.  A  iSpanish  poet. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  didactic  allegory  called  "El  labe- 
rinto"  ("  The  Labyrinth")  or  "Las  tres  cient-as"  ("The 
Three  Hundred  "),  pnldished  in  1490. 

Menabrea  (ma-nii-bra'ii),  Count  Luigi  Fede- 

rigO.  Born  at  Ohainbery,  Sept.  4.  1809:  died 
May  25,1896.  An  Italian  generaland  statesman. 
He  was  appointed  chief  of  the  engineer  corps  in  the  Sar- 
dinian army  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  Sardinia  and 
tYanee  against  Austria  iji  1859 ;  was  made  minister  of 
marine  in  IhOl ;  and  was  prime  miiuster  1807-^9,  .■imba.ssa- 
dor  at  Loudon  1870-82,  and  ambassador  at  Paris  18-12-92. 

Mensechmi  (me-nek'mi).  A  celebrated  comedy 
of  Plautus,  the  plot  of  which  turns  upon  the 
comical  mistakes  arising  from  the  resemblance 
of  twin  brothers.  It  was  translated  into  English 
in  1595by"W.W."(William Warner).  SeeC'om- 
rthi  of  Krrors. 

Menage  (ma-nazh'),  Gilles.  Born  at  Angers, 
France.  Aug.  15,  1C13:  died  at  Paris,  July  23, 
1692.  A  French  philologist.  He  wrote  "  Origines 
de  la  langue  fran^aise  "  (1050),  "  Origini  della  lingua  itali- 
ana  "  (1009),  cW.     "  Menugiana  "  appeared  in  1693. 

Menaggio  (ma-nad',j6).  A  small  town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  on  the  western  bank  of  Lake  Como, 
16  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Menahem  (men'a-hem).  [Hob.,  'comforter.'] 
King  of  Israel  748-738  B.  C.  He  was  general  under 
Zeehariab,  sou  of  Jeroboam  II.,  and  obtained  the  throne 
by  a  revolution  after  liaving  killed  Shallum.  the  murderer 
of  Zechaiiah.  To  sccuie  his  throne  he  applied  f-ir  siii)pnrt 
to  (he  Assyrian  king  Tiglalii-l'ileser  III.  (in  tin- (11.1  I'esta- 
meiit  eiUled  l'/itt[),  for  whieli  he  paid  a  thousand  talents- 
From  that  time  on  the  nordiei  n  kingdom  remained  tribu- 
tary to  Assyria.  In  the  .Assyrian  inseilptions  he  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  idinihinnni  of  Samirina,  'ilenahem 
"f  Samaria.' 

Menai  Strait  (meu'i  strat).  A  strait  separat- 
ing Angh.'sea  from  Carnarvonshire,North  Wales, 
and  connecting  Carnarvon  Bay  with  B<>aumaris 
Bay.  Length,  about  13  miles.  ItiscrossedbytheP.ri- 
tainiia  tubular  bridge  (which  see)  and  the  ilenai  bridge. 
The  latter,  built  by  Telford  between  1819  and  1»2«,  is  680 
feet  long  between  the  piers,  and  the  roadway,  supported 
by  10  chains,  is  100  feet  above  the  high-tide  level. 

Menam  (ma-niim').  A  river  in  Siam  which  flows 
into  tho  (iulf  of  Slum  a  few  miles  below  Bang- 
kok.    Lr'iif,'lli,  estimated,  about  (300  miles. 

Menander  (ine-nan'der).  [Gr.  .MtivuiVjoi;,]  Born 
at  Athens,  342  B,  c. :  said  to  have  been  drowned 
about  201  li.  c.  A  celebr.ated  Athenian  comic 
poet,  the  chief  of  tho  writers  of  tho  "new  com- 
edy," son  of  tho  general  Deiopeithes  and  Ilege- 
sislrate.  .Many  fragments  of  his  plays  have 
belli  preserved. 

M^nant  (mii-noii'),  Joachim.  Bom  at  Cher- 
bourg,Frauce,  Ajiril  16.  1820:  diedat  Paris,  Aug. 
30,1899.  A  Frenidi. jurist  and  Assyriologist.  He 
published  "Lesbriquesde  Baby  lone  "  dsftli),  "Lesnisrrlp- 
tioiis  euut^iformcs  (1800),  "Inscriptions  de  llanunou- 
rabl"  (1801),  "  lv\pose  de  la  gramnuiiie  de  la  langue  afsy- 

ri»-i "(!M(W),  "  Annates  des  rois  d  Assyi  ie  "  (I87"J),  with 

'Ipi'ert  "Lagraiide  iuseriiitiiin  de  Klior.Mibad  "  I18li3),etc, 

Menaphon  (min'n-fon) :  Camilla's  Alarom  to 

Slumoering  Euphues.  A  love-slory  by  K'ubert 
(ircene.  It  was  imlilisbed  In  1589,  and  as  "GnnMie's 
Arcadia,  or  Meriajihoti  "  In  l.M»9.  It  contains  Ills  best  lyri- 
cal verses.  Sidney's  "  Areailla  "  was  published  In  1590,  a 
yeiu-  after  the  Ilrst  apjieiu^uice  of  "  Menaphon." 
Menapia  (me-na'pi-ji).     See  the  extract. 

The  forms  "  Mena|ila  "and  "  Menevla"  are  nppjioti,  with 
trifling  varlal  bins,  to  the  city  of  St.  David's,  the  Isle  of  Man, 
thcMcnal  Strait.s,  and  Iheeoasl  between  Dublin  and  Wlek- 
low  ;  and  we  can  hardly  attribute  their  oceurrenee  to  any 
contjict  with  tho  "  Menapii  "  of  the  c<uu*t  of  Flanders. 

ICllon,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  100. 

Menapii  (me-nii'jii-i).  In  ancient  history,  a 
people  in  (iallia  Belgicn,  living  in  the  modern 
Belgium  and  Netherlands. 


Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 
Menasseh  ben  Israel.    See  Miiiiaxmh. 

Mencheres.     See  Mmkaura. 
Menchikoff.    See  Menshihoff. 

Mencius(inen'shi-us), Latinized  fromMeng-tsa 
(meng-tse').  Bom  early  in  the  4th  ceuturvB.  i'.: 
died  about  289  B.  c.  A  Chinese  philosophtr, 
one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  expounders  of 
Confucianism. 

Mencke  (meng'ke),  Johann  Burkhard.   Bom 

at  Leipsic,  March  27, 1675:  died  at  Leipsic,  April 
1, 1732.  A  German  scholar,  son  of  t)tto  Mencke : 
professor  of  history  at  Leipsic,  and  historiogra- 
pher to  Frederick  Augustus.    He  published  "Scrip-  , 
tores  nriim  iJermanicaruin.  pnceipue  Saxoniearum." 

Mencke,  Otto.  Born  at  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
Marcli  22,  1(!44 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  29,  1707. 
A  German  scliolar,  founderof  tho  "Acta  Erudi- 
torum"  in  1682, 

Mendaites.     See  Maiuhvnns. 

Mendaiiade  Neyra  (man-diin'ya  dana'e-ra), 
Alvaro.  Born  at  Saragossa,  1541 :  died  In  the 
Sohunon  Islands,  Oct.  17,  1596.  A  Spanish  nav- 
igator. He  went  to  Peru  in  1565,  and  in  1.-.07  his  uncle, 
the  viceroy  Garcia  de  Mendoza,  sent  him  with  two  ships 
to  explore  the  Pacific  Ocean.  He  discovered  and  named 
the  Solomon  Islands,  and  brought  back  exaggerated  re- 
ports of  their  riches.  In  1594  Philip  II.  commissioned 
him  governor  of  one  of  the  islands.  Ue  sailed  from  Cal- 
lao,  April  11,  1595,  to  colonize  it ;  discovered  and  named 
the  Marquesas  group;  and  arrived  at  the  Solomon  Islands, 
where  he  died.    The  expedition  then  went  on  to  Manila. 

Mendana  Islands.    See  Marquextis  Inlands. 
Mende^liiouid).     The  capital  of  the  department 

(d  Ld/.ere,  France,  situated  on  the  Lot  in  lat. 

44°  31'  N.,  long.  3°  29'  E.     Population  (1891), 

commune,  7,878. 
Mendelejeflf  (men-ds-la'yef),  Dmitrii  Ivano- 

vitch.  Born  at  Tobolsk,  Siberia.  Feb,  7,1 8:i4.  A 
celebrated  Russian  chemist,  professorof  chem- 
istry at  the  University  of  St-  Petersburg  I860-. 
He  discovered  theperiodie  system  of  the  ehemiealelements. 
Mendelssohn  (men'dels-son),  Moses.  Born  in  ' 
Dessau,  Germany,  Sept.0, 1729:  died  Jan.  4, 1786. 
A  noted  .lewish  pliilosoplier.  Premature  and  severe 
intellectual  labor  weakened  his  health  and  injured  the 
growth  of  his  spine.  In  1743  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  lie 
at  first  lived  in  great  poverty,  devoting  himself  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge,  until  he  obtaineil  a  position,  first 
as  tutor  and  then  ,as  accountant,  with  a  rich  silk  manu- 
facturer, and  at  last  became  a  partner  in  the  house.  Ho 
became  acquaintetl  with  and  was  befriended  by  Lessing, 
.Nicolai,  Herder,  Wicland,  Jacobi,  Lavater,  and  others. 
Lessing,  in  his  great  drama  "Xathan  the  Wise."  has  erected 
a  lasting  memorial  to  his  Jewish  friend.  Mendelssohn 
soon  became  known  as  a  writer  upon  esthetic  subjects. 
His  writings  were  distinguished  by  beauty  and  elegance 
of  style,  as  much  as  by  largeness  of  intellect  and  wisdom. 
Ue  obtained  from  the  Berlin  Academy  the  prize  for  an 
essay  "On  Evidence  in  the  Metaphysical  Sciences," 
among  his  competitors  being  Innnanuel'Kunt-  His  best- 
known  works  al'e  "  Jerusjdem,"  a  sort  of  comprehensive 
survey  of  Judaism  in  its  religious  and  motional  aspects, 
published  in  1783 ;  and  especially  his  '■  Pluedo,"  published 
in  1707,  a  summary  of  all  that  religion,  reason,  and  experi- 
ence urge  in  sunport  of  the  belief  in  the  immortality  of 
the  souL  For  the  Jews  his  translation  vf  the  Pentateuch 
and  the  Psalms  into  pure  German  was  epoch-making,  In* 
asnuich  na  it  openeil  the  way  for  them  to  German  litera- 
ture and  culture.  He  also  wrote  commentaries  on  several 
tiooks  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  Berlin  --Vcademy  of  Sci, 
ences  elect^'d  him  a  memlier,  but  King  Frederick  II.  re- 
fused to  nrtify  the  election  of  a  Jew.  In  1780  Meiulels- 
sohii  died,  munrned  t»y  all  as  "the  Gernuui  Sticrates." 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  nneu'dels-son-biir- 
tol'de).  Jakob  Lud wig  Felix.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg. Feb,  3,  l.silll:  die(rat  Leip.sie,  Nov.  4,  1847. 
A  celebrated  German  composer  and  musician, 
grandson  of  Moses  Mendelssohn.  He  and  his  sister 
Fanny  (Madame  Hensel)  were  first  taught  music  by  their 
mother;  but  In  1810,  when  they  were  7  and  11  years  old  re- 
spectively, they  were  taken  to  Paris  and  placed  under  the 
instruction  of  Madame  Itigtd.  On  the  return  of  Felix  to 
Berlin,  he  studied  with  Berger,  Zelter,  and  Heuning,  and 
afterward  with  Kietz,  He  made  his  ilrst  appearance  In 
public  Oct.  24, 1818,  and  wasnnich  applaudeil  in  the  piam»- 
forte  part  of  a  trio  for  pianoforte  and  two  horns  by  Woelfl. 
He  began  to  compose  regularly  in  his  twelfth  year,  and  tho 
symjthonies.  quartets,  concertos,  etc.,  which  lie  produced 
after  this  tinjo  were  performcHl  at  the  mnsieal  parties 
which  took  idaccat  his  father's  hiuise  mi  alternate  Sunday 
mornings,  his  brother  an«l  two  sisters  assist  lug  —  he.  how- 
ever, always  ctuidiictlng  and  generally  playing  the  piano- 
forte parts.  Many  great  artists  visited  the  Inuise  on  these 
occasions.  He  vislled  Paris  In  182.'.,  and  In  1S29  triuni- 
pliantly  conducted  Bach's  "  Passion  -M  usie  "  at  Berlin,  after 
much  oppositbui,  for  the  first  time  after  the  death  of  Iho 
composer,  Tlie  same  year  he  went  Ui  Englantl,  «  here  ho 
was  cut  huslasl  Icall  v  recel  ved ;  and  he  traveled  there  and  on 
the  Continent  I  ill  J'ni.v,  18:12.  In  lS.Uhewas  made  musical 
director  at  Diisseldorf ;  In  18.M  inemlierof  Iho  Berlin  Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts;  ami  In  18:i-'>  coiidiichtr  of  the  (Jewand- 
liana  concerts  at  lA'Ipsie,  where  he  became  the  Idol  of  tin* 
town.  He  became  engaged  to  c,-clle  charlotte  .Sophie  Jeaii- 
renand  in  I8:«i;  was  married  In  Is.t7  ;  went  to  Berlin  In 
1841  to  assist  In  founding  an  academy  of  arts;  and  paid 
his  ninth  visit  to  England  In  ISIO.  for  the  puniose  of  pn>- 
duelng  "  Elijah  "  (went  again  in  1847).  lUi  his  return  he 
heard  of  the  deatli  of  his  sister  Fanny.  This,  with  the 
severe  work  which  was  beginning  to  tell  on  him.  produced 
Illness  and  depression  from  which  he  dhl  not  recover-  Ilo 
left  iH'tweeii  one  and  tw,i  lniiidre4l  works,  among  which 
are  the  opem  "The  Wedding  of  Camacho"  (1826),  songs, 


Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 

chamber  and  orchestral  masic.  the  oratorios  "  Elijah " 
(184«)  and  'St.  Paul"  (1436).  overture  (1S26)  and  mnsic 
(lS43)of  "  Midstunmer  Night's  Dream."  " Marchen  von  der 
schonen  Melusine"  ("Story  of  the  Beaatiful  Melusine," 
ls33),  "  Die  Hebriden  "("  The  Hebrides  "),  "Liederohne 
Worte"  ("Songs  without  Words  "),  music  to  Goethe's  **  Wal- 
purgisnacht,"  "Antigone  "(ISllX  "(EdipusColoneuSj-and 
"Atlialie,"  sonatas,  and  fragments  of  the  opera  "Die  Xore- 
lei,"of  the  oratorio  "Christus,'  etc.  His  letters  from  1830 
to  1832  were  published  in  1861 ;  from  1S33  to  1817,  in  1S63. 
Other  letters  are  in  his  biographies  by  Hiller,  Devrient, 
Benedict,  Schubrinij,  etc.,  and  in  Hensel's  ''Die  Familie 
ifeudelssohn." 

Menden  (men'den).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Honne  50 
miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  Population  (1S90), 
commune.  6,654. 

Mendenhall  (men'den-hal).  Thomas  Corwia. 
Born  near  Hanorerton,  Ohio,  Oct.  4.  1S41.  An 
American  physicist.  He  was  profe^or  of  physics  and 
mechanics  in  Ohio  University  ISTi^TS.  when  he'  became 
professor  of  physics  in  the  Imperial  University  at  Tokio, 
Japan.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  ISSl,  and  re- 
sumed his  chair  in  Ohio  I  niversity.  He  held  a  profeseor- 
ship  in  the  United  States  signal-service  1SS4-^  when  he 
be<^me  president  of  Bose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre 
Haute,  Indiana.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Coast  Survey  1SS9-M,  and  president  of  the  Worces- 
ter P.ilytechnic  Institute  1894-1901. 

Mendereimen'de-re).  1.  ArirerinwestemAsia 
Minor,  ■which  flows  into  the  ^gean  Sea  65  miles 
south  of  Smyrna :  the  ancient  Mseander.  Its 
windings  are  proverbial.  Length,  about  200 
miles. — 2.  The  modem  name  of  the  Scamander. 

Meildes(men'dez).  In  ancient  geography,  acity 
in  Egypt,  situated  in  the  Delta  about  100  miles 
east  of  Alexandria. 

Mendesian  (men-de'shian)  Goat,  The.  In 
Egyptian  mythology,  one  of  the  tliree  most 
famous  sacred  animals,  the  others  being  the 
bulls  Apis  and  ilnevis.  He  was  called  the  Earn,  and 
the  seat  of  his  cult,  which  was  similar  to  that  of  Apis,  was 
Mendes  in  the  Delta.  He  was  held  to  be  a  manifestation 
of  Osiiis,  with  whom  were  associated  in  him  Ka  and  Shn, 
and  was  a  symbol  of  the  productive  force  in  nature. 

Mendez,  or  Mendes,  Pinto.    See  Pinto. 

Mendiburu  imen-de-bo'ro).  Manuel  de.  Bom 
at  Lima,  1S05:  died  there,  Jan.  21, 1885.  A  Pe- 
ruvian general  and  historian.  He  was  minister  of 
war  under  Gamarra  ani  of  finance  under  Echenique,  and 
special  envoy  to  Europe  1S5L  His  "Diccionario  historico- 
biogrifico  del  Peni  "  is  a  work  of  the  highest  value :  only 
the  first  part,  including  the  Inca  and  colonial  periods,  has 
been  published  (8  vols.  1874  et  $eqS). 

Mendieta  (men-de-a'ta),  Geronimo  de.  Bom 
at  Victoria,  Guipuzcoa.  about  1530:  died  at 
Mexico  City,  May  9.  1604.  A  Spanish  Francis- 
can author.  He  resided  in  Mexico  from  1554,  held  high 
positions  in  his  order,  and  was  noted  for  his  vrisdom  and 
justice.  He  is  best  known  for  his  "Historia  Eclesiastica 
Indiana,"  first  published  in  lS7y  with  notes  by  Icazbal- 
ceta :  it  is  of  great  historical  value. 

Mendlnueta  y  Mosquiz  (men-de-no-a'ta  e 
mos-keth'\  Pedro.  A  Spanish  administrator, 
viceroy  cf  Xew  Granada  1797-1803. 

Mendip  Hills  (men'dip  hilz).  A  range  of  hUls 
in  Somei"set.  England,  south-southwest  of  Bris- 
tol.    Highest  point,  1,065  feet. 

Mendive{men-de'va),  Rafael  Maria.  Bomat 
Havana,  Oct.  24. 1821:  died  at  Matanzas.  1SS6. 
A  Cuban  poet  and  journalist.  He  was  involved  in 
the  revolts  of  1S69,  was  arrested  and  sent  to  Spain,  and  re- 
turned to  Cuba  only  in  1878. 

Mendizabal  (men-de-tha'bal\  Juan  Al'va- 
rez  y.  Born  at  Cadiz.  Spain,  about  1790 :  died 
at  Madrid,  Xov.  3, 1853.  A  Spanish  politician, 
several  times  minister  of  finance. 

Mendocino  (men-do-se'no;.  Cape.  The  west- 
ernmost point  of  California,  in  lat.  40°  26'  N.. 
long.  124°  25'  "SV. 

Mendocino  Indians.    See  KuJanapan. 

Mendota  (.meu-do'ta).  A  city  in  La  Salle  Coun- 
ty, northern  Illinois.  80  mUes  west  by  south  of 
Chicago.     Poptdation  (1897),  about  4,500. 

Mendota,  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Dane  County, 
southern  Wisconsin. 

Mendoza  (men-do'tha).  1.  A  province  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
lying  south  of  San  Juan  and  east  of  Chile.  It  is 
mountainous  in  the  west,  but  is  generally  rich  in  agricul- 
ttiral  products.  Area,  62,000  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  160,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mendoza.  sit- 
uated about  lat.  32°  50'  S.,  long.  68°  40'  W.,  on 
the  trans-Andean  railroad,  at  the  eastern  base 
of  tbe  mountains.  It  was  founded  in  1559 ;  was  capi- 
tal of  the  former  province  of  Cuyo;  and  was  the  point 
whence  San  Martin  made  his  celebrated  march  over  the 
Andes.  On  March  20, 1861  it  was  entirely  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake,  in  which  13.000  people  perished,  only  1,600 
surviving.    Population  0S82X  about  ao.OOa 

Mendoza,  Andres  Hortado  de.    See  Hurtado. 

Mendoza  i men-do'tha),  Antonio  de.  Bom 
about  1-590:  died  in  1644.  A  Spanish  dramatist 
and  lyric  poet,  secretary  of  state,  and  member 


676 

of  the  Inquisidon.  He  wrote  7  or  8  plays,  a  "Life  of 
Our  Lady  "  in  about  800  redondillas,  and  a  number  of  bal- 
lads and  short  poems. 

Mendoza,  Antonio  de.  Bom  about  1485:  died 
at  Lima.  Peru.  July  21,  1552.  A  Spanish  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  the  first  viceroy  of  Sew  Spain,  or 
Mexico,  Oct.,  1535,  to  Sot.,  1549,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  from 
Sept,  2:i,  IdoL  In  the  former  country  settlements  were 
pushed  to  the  north  and  northwest,  and  new  mines  of  great 
wealth  were  discovered-  The  viceroy  evaded  the  execu- 
tion of  the  new  laws  in  favor  of  the  Indians.  In  Peru 
Mendoza  ordered  the  preparation  of  the  code  of  laws 
called  the  "Libro  de  Tasas"  (.which  see). 

Mendoza,  Diego  Hurtado  de.  Born  at  Grana- 
da. Spain,  about  1503:  died  at  Valladolid,  1575. 
A  Spanish  diplomatist,  politician,  novelist,  his- 
torian, and  poet.  He  studied  at  Granada  and  Sala- 
manca, and  in  Italy ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Pavia  in 
1525 ;  was  ambassador  of  Charles  V.  to  England  in  1537, 
and  to  Venice  in  1538 ;  was  imperial  plenipotentiary  at  the 
Council  of  Trent ;  and  was  ambassador  to  the  papal  court 
in  1547,  and  governor  of  Siena.  He  lived  at  the  court  of 
Philip  II.  until  1564.  His  works  include  the  novel  "  La- 
zarillo  de  Tormes"  (1553X  "Gnerra  de  Granada"  (''War 
of  Granada,"  1776),  poems  (1610),  etc.  See  Zaiarillo  de 
Tormes, 

Mendoza,  Garcia  Hurtado  de.    See  Hurtado 

lie  Minilo:n. 

Mendoza,  Inigo  Lopez  de.    See  SantiUana. 

Mendoza,  Juan  Gonzalez  de.  Bom  at  Toledo 
about  1.540:  died  at  Popayan.  Xew  Granada. 
1617.  A  Spanish  prelate  and  author,  a  member 
of  the  Augustine  order.  He  was  in  China  from  15S0 
to  1583,  and  on  his  return  spent  two  years  in  Mexico :  sub- 
sequently he  was  bishop  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  of  Chiapas, 
and  of  Popayan.  His  account  of  China,  published  in  1586, 
contains  also  much  of  interest  concemins  America-  An 
English  translation  has  been  published  by  the  Hakluyt 
Society  (1853-54). 

Mendoza,  Lorenzo  Suarez  de.  Count  of  La 
Coruna.  Bom  about  1510 :  died  at  Mexico.  June 
19, 1582.  A  Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  Xew 
Spain,  or  Mexico,  from  Oct.  4,  15S0. 

Mendoza,  Pedro  de.  Bom  at  Gaudix.  Grana- 
da, about  14Si  :  died  at  sea,  1537.  A  Spanish 
captain,  in  1534  he  undertook,  at  his  own  expense,  the 
colonization  of  the  region  about  the  Kio  de  la  Plata; 
sailed  from  San  Lucar,  Sept,  1,  with  14  ships  and  2.650  men ; 
and  founded  the  first  colony  of  Buenos  Ayres  Feb.  2, 1535. 
The  Spaniards  suffered  greatly  from  Indian  attacks  and 
from  famine.  Mendoza  finally  left  for  Spain  with  a  few 
companions,  and  died  amanlac  on  the  voyage.  The  colony, 
removed  to  Asuncion,  subsequently  prospered  and  led  to 
the  settlement  of  that  part  of  South  America. 

Mendoza  Caamano  (ka-a-man'yo).  Jose  An- 
'tonio  de.  Marquis  of  Villa  (jarcia.  Bom  about 
1680:  died  1746.  A  Spanish  diplomatist  and 
statesman.  He  was  ambassador  to  Venice,  viceroy  of 
Catalonia,  and  from  Jan.  4,  1736,  to  July  12,  1745,  viceroy 
of  Pern.  During  his  mle  Sew  Granada  was  separated 
from  Peru.    He  died  at  sea  while  returning  to  Spain- 

Mendoza  Codex.  -^  famous  -,\ztec  manuscript, 
or,  rather,  a  copy  on  European  paper  with  a 
Spanish  translation.  Itwas  sent  from  Mexico  bythe 
viceroy  .Antonio  de  Mendoza  as  a  present  to  Charles  "V. ; 
fell  into  the  hands  of  a  French  cruiser :  and  after  various 
vicissitudes  was  taken  to  England,  and  was  published  by 
Purchas  in  1625.  Subsequently  it  became  a  part  of  the 
Bodleian  Library,  and  was  published  in  the  Kingsborough 
coUection.  Other  copies  (one  perhaps  the  original)  are 
known.  The  manuscript  relates  to  the  history  of  the  Az- 
tecs and  their  domestic  and  civil  economy. 

Mendoza  y  Luna,  Juan  Manuel  Hurtado  de. 

See  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  y  Luna. 

Mendrisio(men-dre'ze-o)  A  small  town  in  the 
canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  near  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  Lake  of  Lugano. 

Menelaus  (men-e-la'us).  [Gr.  Mcvf/,<20f  or 
iIn-£/,af.]  In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Atreus, 
brother  of  Agamemnon,  and  husband  of  Helen. 
See  Trojan  War. 

Menelaus.  The  brother  of  Agamemnon,  a  char- 
acter in  Shakspere's  "'Troilus  and  Cressida." 

Menelaus  with  the  Corpse  of  Patroclus.  A.n 
a  ntique  group  in  marble,  in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi, 
Florence.  Menelaus,  lightly  draped  and  wearing  a  heavy 
helmet,  lifts  from  the  ground  the  sinking,  nude  body  of  the 
deadyouth.  ThisisagoodEomancopyof aGreekoriginaL 

Menendez  (ma-nen'deth),ManueL  Bom  about 
1790  :  died  after  1845.  A  Peruvian  politician. 
He  was  president  of  the  council  of  state  under  Gamarra 
in  1840,  and  on  Gamarra's  death  (Xot.  20, 1841)  became,  by 
the  constitution,  acting  president  of  Peru.  He  was  de- 
posed by  Torricoin  Aug.,  1842.  but  was  restored  by  Cas- 
tUla  in  1844,  and  held  the  post  until  Castilla's  election, 
April  20,  1845. 

Menendez  de  A'TileS  (ma-nan'dath  da  a-ve- 
las'  j.  Pedro.  Born  at  Aviles.  Asturias.  1-519: 
died  at  Santander.  Sept.  17,  1574.  A  Spanish 
captain.  He  was  captain-general  in  the  navy  under  Philip 
n..  and"  served  that  monarch  in  many  important  enter- 
prises ;  was  disgraced  and  imprisoned  in  1560 ;  but  re- 
gained favor,  and  in  1565  was  appointed  governor  of  Cuba 
and  Florida,  with  orders  to  colonize  the  latter  country.  He 
sailed  from  Cadiz,  June  29, 1565,  with  19  vessels  and  1,500 
men.  The  fleet  was  scattere-i  by  a  storm,  and  he  reached 
Florida  with  only  7  ships.  He  founded  St  Augustine  Sept. 
8, 1565,  capture"!  a  colony  of  French  Protestants  on  the  St. 
John's  Kiver  and  massacred  nearly  aU  of  them,  and,  after 


Mennonites  ' 

the  privations  of  the  first  winter  had  passed,  succeeded  in 
establishing  Spanish  rule  firmly  in  Florida.  In  snbse. 
quent  voyages  Menendez  f  otmded  a  post  on  Port  Boyal  Bay, 
now  in  South  Carolina,  and  left  a  missioQ  on  Chesapeake 
Bay.  The  latter  was  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  and  in  1572 
he  ascended  the  Chesapeake  and  Potomac  and  killed  many 
of  them.  In  1574  he  was  put  in  command  of  a  large  Span- 
ish fleet  destined  to  make  a  descent  on  the  Setheriands, 
but  he  died  soon  after. 
Menenius  Agrlppa  (me-ne'ni-us  a-grip'a).  In 
Eoman  legend,  the  patrician  ambassadofto  the 
plebeians  during  their  secession  to  the  Sacred 
Mount  (about  494  B.  C).  He  is  represented  as  hay- 
ing  persuaded  the  plebeians  to  accept  a  compromise  bj 
refating  the  fable  of  the  belly  and  the  members. 

Menephtah,  Menephtliah,Menephtiies.  See 
ilinejjtah. 

Menes  (me'nez),  or  Mena  fme'na),  or  Men 
(men).  [Gr.  iir/i:']  The  founder  of  the  1st  dy- 
nasty of  Egyptian  kings.  His  date  is  variously 
given  by  Egyptologists,  from  5702  B.  c.  to  2691. 
Brugsch  gives  it  as  4445. 

Menezes  (me-na'zes),  Luiz  de.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon, July  22,  1632:  committed  suicide  there, 
May  26, 1690.  A  Portuguese  historian,  general, 
and  politician,  third  count  of  Ericeira.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "  Historia  de  Portugal  restaurado "  (two 
parts,  1679-9S ;  various  subsequent  editions).  It  compre- 
hends the  military  events  in  the  war  between  Porttigal  and 
Spain  from  1640  to  1668. 

Menfi  (men'fe).  orMenfrici(men-fre'che).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated 
43  miles  southwest  of  Palermo.  Population 
(1881),  10,003. 

Mengs{mengs).  Anton  Raphael.  BomatAus- 
sig,  Bohemia.  Marcb  12.  1(2S:  died  at  Eome, 
June  29,  1779.  A  German  historical  and  por- 
trait painter.  Augustus  HL,  king  of  Poland,  made  him 
his  court  painter  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  he  went 
soon  after  to  Rome,  where  about  1754  he  was  made  di- 
rector of  the  school  of  painting  then  recently  established 
there.  From  this  time  his  reputation  was  great,  and  in 
1761  he  was  made  court  painter  to  Charles  IH.  of  Spain, 
who  had  urged  him  to  go  to  Madrid.  He  worked  chiefly 
in  fiome  and  in  Spain,  Among  his  works  are  decorations 
in  the  banqneting-hall  of  Madrid,  and  various  works  ia 
Dresden,  the  chief  of  which  is  an  "'AscensioiL" 

Mengwe.     See  Iroquois. 

Menin  (me-nan' ),  Flem.  Meenen  (ma'nen).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders.  Bel 
gium.  on  the  French  frontier,  situated  on  the 
Lys  32  miles  southwest  of  Ghent.  It  is  the 
center  of  a  flourishing  tobacco  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1890).  13.710. 

Menippee,  Sa'tire.     See  Satire  Jilenipj>ee, 

Menippus  '  me-nip'us).  [Gr.Mm--of.]  Bomat 
Gadara.  Svria  :  lived  probably  about  250  B.  c. 
A  Cynic  philosopher,  originally  a  slave,  noted 
for  his  satirical  jests  upon  the  follies  of  man- 
kind, especially  of  philosophers.  His  writings, 
which  combined  prose  and  verse,  are  lost. 

Menkalinan  (men-ka-lf-nan'  or  men-kal'i- 
nan).  [Ar.  menlifj-di-finan,  the  shoulder  of 
the  driver.]  The  bright  second-magnitude  star 
3  Aurigse.  The  star  is  one  of  the  first  discovered  and 
most  remarkable  "spectroscopic  binaries,"  the  two  com- 
ponents moving  in  an  orbit  about  8,000,000  mUes  in  diam- 
eter, with  a  relative  velocity  of  about  150  miles  a  second, 
and  thus  causing  the  alternate  doubling  and  undoubliug 
of  the  lines  in  the  spectrum  of  the  star  once  in  two  days. 

Menkar  (men'kar).  [Ar.  al-minlhir,  the  snout.] 
The  2i-magnitude  star  a  Ceti.  in  the  nose  or 
jaw  of  the  sea-monster.  Sometimes  written 
ifenlab. 

Menkaura  (men-ka-ra'),  or  Mencheres  (men- 
che'rez).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the  4th  dynasty, 
builder  of  the  third  of  the  great  pyramids  at 
Gizeh.  His  date  is  given  by  Brugsch  as  3633  B.C. 

Menkih  (men-kib').  lAi  menkib-a}-r'aras,shoui- 
der  of  the  horse.]  A  rarely  used  Arabic  name 
for  the  second-magnitude  star  3  Pegasi,  more 
usually  called  Scheai. 

Menno  (men'no)  Simons,  or  Symons,  or  Si- 
monis.  Born  at  Witmarsum.  Friesland,  1492: 
died  at  Oldesloe.  Holstein.  Jan.  13.  1559.  A 
Friesian  preacher  and  reformer,  chief  founder 
of  the  Mennonites.  His  works  were  published 
in  1681. 

Mennoni'tes  (men'on-Its).  A  Christian  denomi- 
nation which  originated  in  Friesland  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  century,  and  holds  doc- 
trines of  which  Menno  Simons  (1492-1559)  was 
the  chief  exponent.  The  leading  features  of  the  Men- 
nonite  bodies  have  been  Daptism  on  profession  of  faith, 
refusal  of  oaths,  of  civic  offices,  and  of  the  support  of  the 
state  in  war,  and  a  tendency  to  asceticism.  Many  of  these 
beliefs  and  practices  have  been  modified.  The  sect  be- 
came  divided  in  the  17th  century  into  the  Upland  (Obere) 
Mennonites,  or  Ammanites.  and  the  Lowland  (Uutere)  Men- 
nonites. the  former  being  the  more  conservative  and  rigor- 
ous. Members  of  the  sect  are  found  in  the  Netherlands, 
Germany,  Ktissia,  etc,  and  especially  in  the  United  Stales. 
In  the  last-named  cotmtiT  they  are  divided  into  Uutere 
(or  Old)  Mennonites,  Obere  Mennonites  (or  AmmanitegX 
New  Mennonites,  Evangelical  Mennonit^  and  Beformed 
Mennonites  (or  Berrians). 


Meno 

Meno  (me'no),  or  Menon  (me'iion).  [Gr.  M/- 
ivi'.J  A  dialogue  of  Plato  :  a  conversation  be- 
tween Socrates,  Meno  (Menon),  a  slave  of  Meno, 
and  Anytus  upon  the  teachableness  of  virtue. 

Menominee  (me-nom'i-ne).  [PI.,  also  Me- 
nuiinnccs.'l  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
which  since  it  first  became  known  has  occupied 
lands  in  Wisconsin  and  upper  Michigan,  chiefly 
living  upon  Menominee  River  and  the  west  side 
of  Green  Bay,  but  ranging  south  to  Fox  Eiver 
and  west  to  the  Jlississippi  River.  The  name  means 
'wild  rice  men,'  from  their  staple  food,  translated  by  the 
French  to  "  KoUes  Avoines,"  by  which  the  tribe  is  known  in 
early  literature.  They  number  about  1,300  at  Green  Jiay 
agency,  Wisconsin.    See  Altjonquiaii, 

Menou  (me'non).  [Gr.  Mfi'ui'.]  Killed  about 
sal)  B.  C.  A  Thessalian  mercenary,  one  of  the 
leading  generals  in  the  expedition  of  Cyrus  the 
younger. 

Menorca.     See  Minorca. 

Menou  (me-no').  Baron  Jacques  Francois  de. 
Born  at  Boussay,  Touraine,  1750 :  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Aug.  13,  1810.  A  French  general.  He  ho- 
came  commander  of  the  army  in  Egypt  in  1800,  and  was 
defeated  at  Alexandria  March  21,  ISOl,  by  the  English 
under  Abercromby. 

MenshikoS  (men'slie-kof ),  Prince  Alexander 
Danilovitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Nov.  16,  1672: 
died  at  Berezoff,  Siberia,  1729  or  1730.  A  Rus- 
sian general  and  minister  of  state.  He  was  of  ob- 
scure origin,  became  a  pa^'e  at  the  court  of  Peter  the  Great, 

'  served  with  distinction  against  the  Swedes,  and  in  1704 
was  promoted  general.  At  the  instance  of  Peter  the  Great 
he  was  also  appointed  a  prince  of  the  Holy  Itoman  Em- 

§ire.  On  the  death  of  Peter  in  1725  he  caused  the  empress 
owager  to  be  proclaimed  empress  under  the  titleof  Cath- 
arine I.  She  died  in  1727,  leaving  him  re;,'ent  for  her 
grandson  Peter  II.  He  was  about  to  marry  his  daughter 
Mary  to  the  emperor  when  the  latter  revolted  against  his 
domination,  and  exiled  him  to  .Siberia  in  1727. 

Menshikoff,  Prince  Alexander  Sergevitch. 
Born  Sept.  11,  1787:  died  May  2,  IstiO.  A  Rus- 
sian general,  diplomatist,  and  jiolitician,  great- 
grandson  of  Alexander  Danilovitch  Menshikoff. 
He  served  in  the  Napoleonic,  Persian,  and  Turkish  wars, 
and  was  commander  of  the  Russian  naval  and  military 
forces  in  the  Crimea  lSr>4-55.  He  was  defeated  at  the 
Alma  and  at  Inkerman  iu  1854. 

Mentana  (men-ta'na).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Rome,  Italy,  13  miles  northeast  of 
Rome.  Here,  Nov.  3, 18G7,  the  Italian  insurgents  under 
Garibaldi,  after  gaining  an  advantage  over  the  papal  forces, 
were  defeated  by  the  French  troops  sent  to  the  relief  of 
Pius  IX.  The  former  lost  about  1,000  killed  and  wounded, 
the  latter  only  171. 

Menteitb  (men-teth').  A  district  In  the  south  of 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  lying  between  the  Teith 
and  the  Fortli. 

Menteith.  A  thane  of  Scotland,  a  minor  char- 
acter, in  Shakspere's  "Macbeth." 

Mentel  (men'tel),  Johann.  A  German  printer 
of  Htrasburg  in  the  1.5th  century.  He  was  con- 
nected in  business  with  Gutenberg  after  the  lattcr's  quiir- 
rel  with  Fust.  After  liis  death  the  claim  that  he  was  the 
inventor  of  printing  was,  without  ground,  made  for  him  by 
his  grandson. 

The  claim  that  Mentel  was  the  inventor  of  typography 
was  first  made  in  1520  byJohnSchott,  son  of  Martin  Schutf, 
who  had  man-ied  Meutel's  daughter  and  inherited  his 
bnsiness.  In  the  year  1521  Jerome  Gebweiler,  misled  by 
the  assertions  of  Schott,  undertook  to  controvert  the  pre- 
tensions of  Fust  and  Schoeffer  as  the  first  printers.  He 
writes  that  printing  was  practised  in  Strasburg  by  .Tohn 
Mentel,  who  had  obtained  the  newartof  chalcography,  or 
uf  making  books  with  tin  pens  (types),  about  the  year  1447 ; 
that  Mentel,  and  F.ggestein,  his  partner,  made  an  agree- 
ment that  they  should  keep  secret  the  new  art ;  that  .1  ohn 
Schott,  whom  he  praises,  showed  him  a  manuscript  book, 
without  date,  written  by  Mentel,  in  which  were  drawings 
of  typographic  instruments,  and  observations  on  the  man- 
ufacture of  printing-ink.  It  was  l)y  similar  methods  that 
.luhn  Schott  induced  .lames  Spiegel  to  declare,  in  a  book 
printed  in  15:11,  that  John  Mentel  invented  printing  in 
•Strasburg  in  the  year  1444. 

Dc  Viiute,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  488. 

Menteur  (moil-tor'), Le.  [F., 'The  Liar.']  A 
comedy  by  Corncillo,  produced  in  1642.  it  was 
the  foundation  of  good  comedy  in  France,  and  paved  the 
way  for  Moli^re.  "  l.a  suite  du  menteur  "  ('*  The  Sequel  to 
the  Liar")  came  out  in  lti45.  I'he  idiaracters  are  in  part 
the  same,  btit  the  piece  is  not  so  interesting. 

Mentone  (men-tO'no),  or  Menton  (mon-ton'). 
A  seaport  in  the  dopartniont  of  AI])os-Mari- 
times,  Franco,  situatrd  on  th(i  Jteditcrranoan 
15  miles  northeast  of  Nice.  It  is  a  leading  winter 
health-resort  of  the  Itivicra,  and  has  a  ti-ade  in  fruit  and 
essence.  ITie  noted  bone-caves  of  Mentone,  with  prehis- 
toric remains,  are  iu  the  vicinity.  It  ijelonged  to  Monaco 
prior  to  1848,  was  then  occupied  by  Sardinia,  and  ceded  to 
France  in  1861.     Population  (ISOl),  commune,  U,05o. 

Mentor  (men'tor).  [Gr.  Mivrap.']  In  Greek 
legend,  an  Itliacin  to  vrhom  Odysseus,  when 
about  to  depart  for  the  Trojan  war,  intrusted 
the  care  of  his  house  and  the  education  of  his 
sou  Telemachus.  His  name  has  become  a  syn- 
onjTn  for  a  faithful  monitor. 

Mentu  (men'to).  In  Egytitian  mythology,  the 
rising  sun,  a  double  of  Ra,  worshiped  at  south- 


677 

em  An(Hermonthis).  He  was  represented  asRa 
with  the  addition  of  the  tall  plumes  of  Amun. 

Mentu-hotep  (men'to-ho'tep).  An  Egyptian 
king  of  the  11th  dynasty.  He  is  represented  in  a 
bas-relief  carved  on  the  rocks  of  the  island  of  Konono,  near 
Phila;,  above  ancient  Syene  (Assuan).  There  were  several 
kings  of  this  name. 

Mentu-hotep.  Royal  architect  in  the  time  of 
Usurtesen  I.,  an  Egyptian  king  of  the  12th  dy- 
nasty. His  tombstone,  the  inscriptions  on  which 
have  been  deciphered,  is  in  the  Gizeh  Museum. 

Mentz.    See  Mains. 

Menu.     See  Manu. 

Menza  (men'zii).     See  Tipre. 

Menzaleh  (raen-za'le),  Lake.  A  lagoon  or  arm 
of  the  Mediterranean,  situated  in  the  Delta, 
Egypt,  east  of  the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile. 

Menzel  (ment'sel),  Adolf  Friedrich  Erd- 
mann.  Born  at  Bi-eslau,  Prussia,  Dee.  8,  1815. 
A  noted  German  historical  and  genre  painter. 
He  first  made  a  name  as  an  illustrator,  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  in  1856.  His  subjects  are  taken  chiefly 
from  Prussian  history. 

Menzel,  Karl  Adolf.  Bom  at  Griinberg,  Prus- 
sia, Dec.  7, 1784:  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Aug. 
19, 1855.  A  German  historian,  professor  at  Bres- 
lau. He  wrote  "Geschichte  der  Deutschen"  (1815-23), 
"  Neuere  Geschichte  der  Deutschen  "  (1826-48),  etc. 

Menzel,  Wolfgang.  Born  at  Waldenburg,  Prus- 
sia, June  21,  1798:  died  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,  April  23,  1873.  A  German  historian, 
critic,  poet,  and  novelist.  He  wrote  "Geschichte 
der  Deutschen  "(1824-25), "  Die  deutsche  Litteratur  "(1828), 
and  historical  works  on  modern  times,  the  wars  of  1866 
and  1870-71,  etc. 

Meopham  (mep'am),  or  Mepeham,  Simon. 

Bom  probably  at  Meopham,  near  Rochester, 
Kent  (date  unknown) :  died  Oct.  12, 1333.  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  He  was  educated  at  O.\ford  ; 
was  elected  archbishop  against  the  opposition  of  Queen 
Isabella  and  Mortimer;  and  was  consecrated  in  1328  at 
Avignon.  He  was  involved  in  constant  quarrels  with  his 
clergy,  which  finally  resulted  in  his  excommunication  in 
1333. 

Meplliboslietll(me-fib'o-sheth;  Heb. pron. mef- 
i-bo'shcth).  In  Old  Testament  history,  the  son 
nf  Jonathan,  and  grandson  of  Saul. 

Mephistopheles  (mef-is-tof'e-lez).  [Written 
Mvphfistdphilus  in  Shakspere,  Fletcher,  etc., 
Mcpltust(qihilis  in  Marlowe,  but  now  generally 
Mcpliistiiiihdrs,  as  in  Goethe:  a  made-up  name, 
like  most  of  the  names  of  the  medieval  devils, 
but  supposed  by  some  to  be  formed  (irregularly) 
from  (jr.  /ti/,  not,  i^u?  {<!>"'-),  light,  and  ipi'Aoc,  lov- 
ing.] A  familiar  spirit  mentioned  in  the  old  le- 
gend of  Sir  John  Faustus,  and  a  principal  agent 
in  Marlowe's  play  "Dr.  Faustus"  and  in  Goethe's 
"  Faust."  "He  is  frequently  referred  to  as  '(te  Devil,' 
but  it  was'well  understood  that  he  was  only  a  devil.  Goethe 
took  only  ttie  name  and  a  few  circumstances  connected 
with  the  first  appearance  of  Mephistopheles  from  the  le- 
gend :  the  character,  from  first  to  last,  is  his  own  creation ; 
and,  in  his  own  words, 'on  account  of  the  irony  and  know- 
ledge of  the  world  it  displays,  is  not  easily  comprehended.' 
Although  he  sometimes  slyly  used  it  (though  less  fre- 
quently than  Faust)  as  a  mask  through  which  to  speak  with 
his  own  voice,  he  evidently  drew  the  germ  of  some  char- 
acteristics from  his  early  associate,  Merck.  .  .  .  The  firi- 
ginal  foiTn  of  this  name  was  Mephostophiles.  There  has 
been  much  discussion  in  regard  to  its  meaning,  but  Dunt- 
zen's  conjecture  is  probably  correct, — that  it  was  imper- 
fectly formed  by  some  one  who  knew  little  Greek,  and  was 
intended  to  signify  'not  loving  the  light.'"  Ji,  Taylor, 
Notes  to  Faust. 

Meppel  (mep'pel).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Drenthe,  Netherlands,  .59  miles  east-northeast 
of  Amsterdam.  It  has  considerable  manufac- 
tures and  trade.     Population,  9,011. 

Meppen  (mep'pen).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  atthe.iunction  of  the  Haase 
and  Ems,  43  miles  northwest  of  Osiialiriick: 
chief  town  of  the  duchv  of  Arenberg-Mepi)en. 
Population  (1890),  3,.52(i. 

Meauinez  (mek'i-noz),  or  Meknez  (mik'nez), 
or  Mekinez  (meVi-nez).  A  city  in  Morocco, 
about  35  miles  west-southwest  of  Fez:  one  of 
the  royal  residences.     Population,  about  30.000. 

Merak  (nnVrak).  [.\r.  mcrdq  al-duh,  the  loin 
of  (ho  bear.]  The  socond-magnitude  star  /J 
Ursa)  Majoris,  tlie  southern  of  the  two  "  i)oint- 
crs.'' 

Meran  (ma-riin').  A  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Pas.ser,  near  tlie  Adige, 
44  miles  south  by  west  of  Innsbruck.  It  is  a  noted 
healtlr-rcsort,  with  grape-cure  and  whey-cure  establish- 
ments. Near  it  aie  several  noted  castles,  including  that 
of  Tyrol.     Population  (18!H)),  7,170. 

Merbal  (mer'bal).  King  of  TjTe  about  .5.56-5.52 
B.  o.  Before  his  accession  to  the  throne  he  was 
n  hostage  in  Babylon. 

Mercadante  (me'r-Uii-diin'to),  Saverio.    Born 

at  Altanmra,  Italy,  aliout  1797  :  died  at  Naples, 
Dec.  13,  1S70.  An  Italian  operatic  composer. 
Being  suddenly  dismissed  from  his  position  aa  leader  of 


Mercia 

the  orchestra  of  the  Collegio  di  San  Sebastiano  near  Naples, 
where  he  was  educated,  he  began  composing  for  the  stage  : 
his  first  work,  a  cantata,  was  written  in  1818.  He  became 
maestro  di  capella  at  the  cathedral  of  Novara  in  1833,  and 
director  of  the  Conservatorio  at  Naples  in  1840.  In  1862 
he  iiecame  totally  blind.  Among  his  operas  are  '^Elisa  e 
Claudio"  (1822X  "I  Briganti"  (1336),  "II  Giuramento  " 
QS-i?). 

Mercadet  (mer-kil-da').  A  play  by  Balzac, 
produced  at  the  Gymnase,  Paris,  in  1851.  The 
original  play  was  called  "Lefaiseur"("The  Speculator"), 
and  was  not  played  in  the  author's  lifetime-  After  his  deatli 
it  was  shortened  ami  i)rought  out  under  its  present  title. 

Mercator  (mer-ka'tor;  D.  pron.  mer-kii'tor) 
(properly  Gerhard  liremer).  [L.  Mercator, 
equiv.  to  D.  Kramer,  LG.  Kroner .  G.  Kramer, 
merchant,  peddler.]  Born  at  Rupelmonde,  Bel- 
gium, March  5, 1512 :  died  at  Duisburg,  Prussia, 
Dec.  2, 1594.  A  Flemish  geographer.  He  studied 
philosophy  and  mathematics  at  the  I'Tuversity  of  Louvain, 
and  afterward  devoted  himself  to  geography.  Through 
the  influence  of  Cardinal  Granvella,  he  received  a  com- 
mission from  the  emperor  Charles  V.  to  manufacture  a 
terrestrial  globe  and  a  celestial  globe,  which  are  said  to 
have  been  superior  to  any  that  had  then  appeared.  He 
took  up  his  residence  at  Duisburg  in  155S>,  and  eventually 
became  cosmographer  to  the  Duke  of  Jtilich  and  Cleves. 
He  invented  the  Mercator  system  of  projection.  His  cliief 
works  are  "  Tabulae  geographica: "  (1578-84)  and  "Atlas  " 
(1.595). 

Merced (mer-sad')Ri'ver.  A  riverin  California. 
It  t  raverses  the  Yosemite  Valley,  and  joins  the  San  Joa()uin 
80  miles  east-southeast  of  San  Francisco.  Length,  about 
l.'iO  miles. 

Mercedes  (mer-tha'THes),  or  Soriano  (s6-re-il'- 
no).  A  town  in  Uruguay,  situated  on  the  Rio 
Negro  20  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
ITruguay.     Population,  about  9,000. 

Mercedes  of  Castile.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1840. 

Mercedonius  (mer-se-do'ni-us),  or  Mercedinus 
(mer-se-di'nus).  In  the  Roman  calendar  com- 
monly ascribed  to  NumaPompilius,  second  king 
of  Rome,  an  intercalary  month  inserted  every 
second  year  between  the  23d  and  the  24th  of 
February,  and  having  22  or  23  days. 

Mercer  (mer'ser),  Charles  Fenton.  Born  at 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  June  6,  1778:  died  near 
Alexandria,  Va.,  May  4,  1858.  An  American 
poUtieian,  Federalist  and  Whig  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  1817-39. 

Mercer,  Hugh.  Born  in  Scotland  about  1721: 
died  near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  12,  1777.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  French  and  In- 
dian war ;  was  distinguished  at  lYenton  1776';  and  waa 
mortally  wounded  at  I*rinceton  1777. 

Merchant  of  Bruges,  The.  An  alteration,  by 
Kinnaird,  of  "The  Beggar's  Bush  "by  Fletcher 
and  others,  produced  in  1815,  Kcan  taking  the 
part  of  Plores. 

Merchant  of  Venice,  The.  A  comedy  by  Shak- 
spere, entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Register" 
in  1598,  published  in  quarto  in  1600,  1637, 1652. 
See  Jew  of  Malta,  and  Barlaam  and  Josapliat. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  play  was  new  in  1.598. 
The  two  stories  interwoven  by  itiu-e  medireval  myths  ;  the 
germ  of  each  is  in  Latin  in  the  collection  of  the  "Gesta 
llomanorum,"  and  the  story  of  the  .lew  was  developed  in 
the  direction  of  Shakespeare's  play  as  the  ".\dventures  of 
Giannetto"  in  a  collection  of  Italian  tales  railed  the  "Po- 
corone,'''  produced  in  1378  by  one  of  the  imitators  of  Boc- 
caccio's "Decameron,"  Ser  fliovanid  I'iorentino.  This  is 
anltjili.m  cullection  of  which  there  is  unknown  translation 
int..  ijiglitb  lb;il  e,.nld  biive  l»en  seen  by  Sli;lkes|.i-are.  In 
1570,  in  his  ]ianipblet  .against  the  st;ige  as  "The  .ScbiKd  of 
Abuse,"  Stephen  Goss4)n  referred  t<>aplay  known  as  "The 
Jew,"  which  set  forth  "the  greediness  of  worldly  choosers, 
and  the  bloody  minds  of  usui-ers."  Ho  it  may  be  that  a  pre- 
vious play,  now  lost,  had  interwt)ven  tlie  tales  of  the  caskets 
and  the  pound  of  llesh,  and  that  tlie  transnmting  jiower 
of  Shidtespeare's  genius  was  exercised  upon  this. 

Murleij,  English  Writers,  -V.  '238. 
[Poor  versions  and  adaptations  of  "The  Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice "  were  made  by  Dryden,  Gtway,  Shadwcll,  Lansdowne, 
and  others,  which  lield  I  he  stagi'  until  1741,  when  Alacklin 
restored  Sliaksjiere.     See  ^tuiluck.] 

Merchant's  Tale, The.  Oneof  Ohancer's  "Can- 

lerliurv  Talcs."  it  is  the  st.ny  of  tin' deception  of  an 
(.dd  hnsliand  by  a  young  wife  with  Ilie  friendly  assistance 
of  an  enchanted  tree.  The  original  is  Eastern  :  an  ac- 
count of  tlie  Indo- Persian,  Turkish,  Araluan,  Singhalese, 
and  other  versions  of  it  is  given  in  the  Chaucer  Society's 
"Griginals  and  Analogues."  The  Latin  versions  are  Boc- 
caccio's and  Ca.\ton'8 ;  the  innni'fliate  source  of  Chaucer's 
version,  however,  is  thought  to  bo  the  Latin  fablo  of 
Adolidie  ^about  1315).  Pope  modernized  it  as  "January 
and  May. 

Mercia  (mi'r'ahiii).  [ML.,  from  AS.  Mierce, 
Mi/rci',  Mrrce,  pi.",  the  people,  Micrrna  land  or 
)•(('■(■,  (he  land  of  the  Meri'iiins,  from  mearr, 
mark,  border.]  .\ii  aiii'ient  Anglian  kingdom 
in  the  interior  of  England,  which  lay  south  of 
Northumbria  ami  north  of  Wcssex,  and  reached 
westward  to  the  Welsh  "Mark."  It  was  founded 
probably  in  the  second  half  .if  the  6th  century  :  was  nour- 
ishing under  I'enda  and  his  successors  in  the  7th  century; 
attained  the  ovcrlordship  under  Elhelbatd  and  OITa  in  the 
Stli  centni  y  ;  passeil  under  the  supremacy  of  Wcssex  about 
8'27;  and  later  was  one  of  the  great  earldoms  until  the 
Norman  contpiest. 


Mercie 

Mercil  (mer-sya'),  Marius  Jean  Antoine. 

Born  at  Toulouse,  Oct.  30.  1^5.  A  French 
seuiptor.  a  pupil  of  Falguiere  and  Jouflroy. 
He  gained  th6  prix  de  Rome  in  1868.  Among  his  works 
are  tlie  siatue  of  "David "'(18i'2),"Dalila"  (1872:  a  bust  in 
bronze),  "Gloria  victis"  (1874;  bought  by  the  state  and 
placed  in  the  Square  Montholon),  "Le  loup,  la  mere  et 
Tenfant"  (1875;  a  bas-relief),  "David  avaut  le  combat" 
and  "Fleur  de  Mai"  (187C),  "Le  g^nie  des  arts"  (1877;  for 
the  Guichet  des  Tuileries),  ttnnb  of  Michelet  at  P5re-la- 
Chaise  (1S79),  and  ".ludith  "  (18SIJ:  a  portrait). 

Mercier(mer-sya'), Louis  Sebastien.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  6,  1740:  died  at  Paris,  April  25, 
1814.     A  French  litterateur  and  politician. 

Mercier,  Philip.  Born  at  Berlin,  1689 :  died  at 
London,  July  IS,  1760.  An  English  portrait- 
painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Antoine  Pesne  at  Berlin; 
went  to  London  1716 ;  and  was  appointed  court  painter 
and  librarian  in  1727.  He  was  a  clever  painter  in  the  style 
of  Watteau.  His  portrait  of  Peg  Wofflngton  is  in  the  Gar- 
rick  Club. 

Merciless  Parliament,  The.  An  English  par- 
liament of  1388:  so  named  on  account  of  the 
cruelty  exercised  by  it  toward  the  adherents  of 
Richard  II. 

Merck  (merk),  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  April  11, 1741:  committed 
suicide,  June  27, 1791.  A  (rerman  literary  critic 
and  author,  a  friend  of  Herder  and  Goethe.  He 
exercised  great  influence  upon  the  life  of  the 
latter. 

Mercurius  Anlicius  (mer-ku'ri-us  a-lish'i-us). 
A  journal  in  the  Royalist  interest  which  was 
written  and  published  by  Sir  John  Birkenhead 
at  Oxford  while  the  king  and  court  were  there. 
The  first  number  was  issued  in  Jan.,  1642,  and  it  appeared 
continuously  till  1645,  after  which  it  was  issued  occasion- 
ally as  a  weekly.  It  has  never  been  reprinted  or  edited. 
Birkenhead  received  very  little  help  from  others.  In  lit- 
erary quality  it  is  far  superior  to  the  "  Mercurius  Britan- 
nicus."    Diet.  Nat  Biog. 

Mercury  (mer'ku-ri).  [L.  ATercurius,  Meremy 
(the  deity  and  the  planet) :  so  called  (apparent- 
ly) as  the  god  of  trade,  from  merjc.  merchan- 
dise.] 1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  name  of 
a  Roman  divinity  who  became  identified  with 
the  Greek  Hermes.  He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Maia,  and  was  the  herald  and  ambassador  of  Jupiter.  As 
a  god  of  darkness,  Mercury  is  the  tutelary  deity  of  thieves 
and  tricksters  ;  he  became  also  the  protector  of  herdsmen, 
the  god  of  science,  commerce,  and  the  arts  and  graces 
of  life,  and  the  patron  of  travelers  and  athletes.  It  was 
he  who  guided  the  shades  of  the  dead  to  their  final  abid- 
ing-place. He  is  represented  in  art  as  a  young  man,  usu- 
ally wearing  a  winged  hat  and  the  talaria  or  winged  san- 
dals, and  bearing  the  caduceus  or  pastoral  staff,  and  often 
a  purse. 

2.  The  innermost  planet  of  the  solar  system. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  0.387  that  of  the  earth. 
The  inclination  (7  degrees)  and  the  eccentricity  (0.2056)  of 
its  orbit  are  exceeded  only  by  some  of  the  minor  planets. 
Its  diameter  is  only  3,000  miles,  or  about  |  of  that  of  the 
earth  ;  its  volume  is  to  that  of  the  earth  as  1  to  18.5.  It 
performs  its  sidereal  revolution  in  88  days,  its  synodical 
in  116.  Its  proximity  to  the  sun  prevents  its  being  often 
seen  with  the  naked  eye.  The  mass  of  Mercury,  though 
as  yet  not  very  precisely  determined,  is  less  than  that  of 
any  other  planet  (asteroids  excepted).  According  to  .'$chia- 
parelli  it  rotates  on  its  axis  in  the  same  way  as  the  moon 
does,  once  in  each  orbital  revolution. 

Mercury,  Belvedere.  A  Greek  statue  of  the 
period  of  full  development  of  Hellenic  sculp- 
ture, in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  statue  is  undraped 
except  for  a  himation  wound  about  the  left  arm  and  shoul- 
der. 

Mercury  Fastening  his  Sandal.  An  antique 
marble  statue,  undraped,  in  the  Glyptothek  at 
Munich. 

Mercutio  (m^r-kii'shio).  In  Shakspere's  "Ro- 
meo and  Juliet,"  the  friend  of  Romeo,  He  is 
endowed  with  courage,  an  easy  mind,  wit,  fancy, 
and  a  light  heart. 

Mercutio  is,  I  think,  one  of  the  best  Instances  of  such  a 
comic  person  as  may  reasonably  and  with  propriety  be 
admitted  into  traijedy. 

Scott,  Life  of  Drydeu  (Vol.  I.  of  Works),  p.  193. 

Mercy  (mer'si).  In  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress," the  friend  and  companion  of  Christiana. 

Mercy  (mer-se'),  Claudius  Florimond,  Count. 
Born  in  Lorraine,  1666 :  killed  near  Parma,  Italy, 
June  29,  1733.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  in  Italy  in  1706,  at  Peterwardein  in  1716,  and  at 
Temesv^r  in  1717.  In  1720  he  became  governor  of  Teraes- 
v^r,  and  in  1733  was  appointed  commander  in  Italy. 

Mercy,  Baron  Franz  von.  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Nordlingen,  Aug.  3, 1645.  A  Bavarian  field- 
marshal  in  the  imperial  service.  He  defeated 
Turenne  at  Mergentheim  May  5,  1645. 

Mer  de  Glace  (mar  de  glas).  [F.,'sea  of  ice.'] 
A  glacier  on  the  northern  slope  of  Mont  Blanc, 
above  the  valley  of  Chamonix.  The  -Arveyron 
conveys  its  waters  to  the  Arve. 

M6re  coupable.  La,  ou  L'Autre  Tartufe.  A 
comedy  by  Beaumarehais,  played  in  1792:  a 
sequel  to  the  "  Barbier  de  Seville"  and '  ■  Mariage 
de  Figaro." 


GTS 

Meredith  (mer'e-dith),  George.  Bom  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  about  1828.  Au  English  nov- 
elist and  poet.  He  was  educated  in  Germany,  and 
studied  law.  but  gave  it  up  fur  literature.  Among  his 
works  are  "Poems"  (1851),  "The  Shaving  of  Shagpat," 
a  burlesque  tale  (1856),  "The  Ordeal  of  Richaid  Fev- 
erel,"  a  novel  (1859),  "Modern  Love,  etc.,"  poems  (1862), 
"  Khoda  Fleming, "  a  story  (1865).  "  Vittoria,"  a  novel  (1S66), 
"Beauchamp's  Career"  (1875),  "The  Egoist,  a  Comedy  in 
Narrative"  (1879),  "The  lYagic  Comedians,  etc."  (18s0), 
"Poems"  (1883),  "Diana  of  the  Crossways"  (1886),  "Bal- 
lads, etc."  (1887),  "A  Readin'.r  of  E;uth,'  a  poem  (1888), 
"One  of  our  Conquerors"  (1891).  "Lord  Ormont  and  his 
Aminta  '  (18fi4),  "The  .^mazing  Marriage"  (1896),  etc. 

Meredith,  Owen.  The  pseudonym  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Lytton. 

Meres  (merz),  Francis.  Born  iu  Lincolnshire, 
1565:  died  at  Wing,  Rutland,  Jan.  29, 1(547.  An 
English  divine  and  author.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Cambridge  (Pembroke  CoUegeX  became  rector  of  Wing  in 
1602,  and  kept  a  school  there.  Among  his  works  is  "  Pal- 
ladis  Tamia,  Wits  Treasury ;  being  the  second  part  of  Wits 
Commonwealth  "  (1598),  one  of  a  series  of  volumes  of  col- 
lected apothegms,  etc. 

Meres  passes  in  review  all  literary  effort  from  the  time 
of  Chaucer  to  his  own  day,  briefly  contrasting  each  Eng- 
lish author  with  a  writer  of  like  character  in  Latin,  Greek, 
or  Italian.  In  other  sections,  on  "Bookes,"  "Reading  of 
Bookes,"  "Philosophic,"  "Poets  and  Poetrie,"  he  makes 
casual  references  to  contemporary  English  authors,  and 
in  his  section  on  "  Painting  "  and  "  Music  "  he  supplies  a 
few  comments  on  contemporary  English  painters  and  musi- 
cians. He  thus  commemorates  in  all  125  Englishmen  ;  and 
his  list  of  Shakespeare's  works,  with  his  commendation  of 
the  great  dramatist's  "fine  filed  phrase,"  and  Ids  account 
of  Marlowe's  death  are  loci  classici  in  English  literary  his- 
tory. The  work  was  reissued  in  1634  as  "  Wits  Common- 
wealth, the  second  part :  A  Treasurie  of  Diuine,  Moral, 
and  Phylosophical  Similes,  generally  useful,  but  more  par- 
ticularly for  the  use  of  schools."  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Mergentheim  (mer'gent-him),  formerly  Mari- 
enthal  (mii-re'en-tal).  A  town  in  the  Jagst 
circle,  Wurtemberg,  situated  on  the  Tauber  56 
miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart.  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
grand  master  of  the  Teutonic  Order  from  1527  to  1809. 
Here,  May  5, 164.S,  the  Imperialists  under  Mercy  defeated 
the  French  under  Turenne.     Population  (1S90),  4,397. 

Mergui  (mer-ge').  1.  A  maritime  district  in  the 
division  of  Tenasserini,  British  Burma,  ihter- 
sected  bv  lat.  12°  N.  Area,  7,810  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  73,748.-2.  The  capital  of 
Mergui  district  and  a  seaport,  situateii  on  an 
island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tenasserim,  in  lat. 
12°  27'  N.,  long.  98°  35'  E.  Population,  about 
10,000. 

Mergui  Archipelago.  A  gi'oup  of  islands  west 
of  the  southern  part  of  British  Burma,  to  which 
they  belong. 

Merian  (ma 're -an),  Maria  Sibylla  (Frau 
Graff).  Born  at  Frankfort,  Germany,  April  2, 
1647 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  13, 1717.  A  Ger- 
man naturalist  and  artist.  In  166,';  she  married  a 
Nuremberg  artist  named  Graff,  but  she  is  generally  known 
as  Madame  Merian.  Her  best-known  work  is  on  the  meta- 
morphoses of  insects  of  Surinam,  the  result  of  a  visit  to 
that  country  1699-1701.  It  wiis  first  published  in  Latin, 
1705,  and  republished  in  French  after  her  death,  together 
with  a  similar  work  on  the  insects  of  Europe.  The  large 
plates  illustrating  these  books  are  among  tlie  best  of  early 
zoological  drawings,  and  the  accompanying  observations 
are  generally  very  accurate. 

Merian,  MatthaUS,  surnamed  "The  Elder." 
Bornat  Basel, Switzerland,1593:  diedat  Schwal- 
bach,  June  19,  1650.     A  Swiss  engraver. 

Merian,  Matthaus,  surnamed  "  The  Younger." 
Bornat  Basel,  Switzerland,  1621:  died  at  Frank- 
fort, 1687.  A  Swiss  portrait-painter,  son  of  M. 
Merian  (1593-1650). 

Meribah  (mer'i-ba).  [Heb..  'strife.']  In  Old 
Testament  geography,  the  name  of  two  places 
in  the  wilderness  south  of  Palestine,  noted  in 
the  history  of  Moses. 

There  are  a  few  palm-trees  and  a  little  water,  but  the 
name  of  these  pools  is  characteristic,  for  they  were  called 
the  waters  of  Meriba,  that  is  "  of  strife,"  on  account  of  the 
incessant  fights  which  took  place  there  between  the  Bed- 
ouins when  they  came  to  let  their  flocks  drink  of  them. 
Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  154. 

Merida  (mer'e-lHa).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  situated  ou  the  Guadiana  30 
miles  east  of  Badajoz :  the  Roman  Emerita  Au- 
gusta. It  is  noted  for  many  relics  of  antiquity,  including 
a  Roman  bridge  (built  by  Trajan,  consisting  of  81  arches, 
and  2,675  feet  in  length),  a  ruined  castle,  the  Roman  arch 
of  Santiago,  an  aqueduct,  the  Circus  Maximus.  an  amphi- 
theater, and  a  theater.  There  are  Roman  reservoirs  in 
the  vicinity.  A  very  old  church  and  museum  of  antiqui- 
ties are  also  noteworthy.  Merida  was  founded  about  25 
B.  c,  and  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Lusitania,  It  was 
taken  by  the  Arabs  about  712,  and  retaken  by  the  Span- 
iards about  1230.     Population  (1887),  10,063. 

Merida,  A  colonial  intendencia  of  New  Spain, 
or  Mexico,  founded  in  1786.  and  continued  until 
the  independence.  It  corresponded  to  the  older  prov- 
ince of  Yucatan,  and  to  the  modern  states  of  Yucatan, 
Campeche,  and  Tabasco. 

M6rida.  A  city  in  Venezuela,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Los  Andes,  situated  about  lat.  8°  16' 


Merlin 

N.,  long.  71°  10'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1558. 
Population  (estimated,  1888),  12,018. 
Merida.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  situated  about  lat.  20°  58'  N.,  long.  89° 
40'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1542  on  the  site  of  a  Maya 
town ;  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade ;  and  has  a 
cathedral  and  many  educational  institutions.  Population 
(l.-i9.i).  36,720. 

Meriden  (mer'i-den).  A  city  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  18  miles  north-northeast 
of  New  Haven.  It  is  the  seat  of  flourishing  manufac- 
tures, and  is  especially  noted  for  Britannia-metal  wares 
Population  (1900),  24,296. 

Meridian  (me-rid'i-an).  A  city,  capital  of  Lau- 
derdale County,  eastern  Mississippi,  86  miles 
east  of  Jaeksoii.     Population  (1900),  14,050. 

Merimee  (ma-re-ma'),  Prosper.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  28, 1803 :  died  at  Cannes,  Sept.  23, 1870.  A 
French  author,  archaeologist.historian,  and  liter- 
ary critic .  After  spending  some  time  in  the  study  of  law, 
he  entered  public  life,  and  rose  finally  to  the  dignity  of  sena- 
tor under  the  empire  (1853).  His  achievements,  however, 
in  this  line  of  life  were  surpassed  by  his  success  in  literature. 
He  first  published  t  wo  apocryphal  works, "  Theatre  de  Clara 
Gazul  "  (1825)  and  "LaGuzla  "(1827).  He  gave  further  evi- 
dence of  his  talent  in  "La  Jacquerie "(1828)  and  "La  fauiille 
Carvajal."  He  wrote  a  novel,  "Chronique  du  temps  de 
Charles  IX."(1829),  which  testifiestocarefulhistorical  prep- 
aration ;  and  in  1830  he  published  "  Colomba,"  his  master- 
piece, which  deals  with  the  Corsican  vendettas.  From 
1835  to  1843  M^rim^e  published  a  number  of  works  de- 
scribing his  travels  in  France.  As  a  historian  he  wrote  an 
"  Essai  sur  la  guerre  sociale  "  (1841),  "  Histoire  de  Don  P6- 
dre"  (1843),  "La  conjuration  de  Catilina"(1844X  and  "Les 
faux  Demetrius  "  (1852).  He  appears  as  a  translator  from 
the  Russian  of  stories  by  Pushkin,  Turgenietf,  and  Gogol. 
In  ls55  he  edited  the  works  of  Brantome  and  Agrippa 
d'Aubign^.  He  wrote  frequently  for  "  La  Revue  de  Pari&," 
"LaRevue  des  Deux  Mondes,"and  "Leiloniteur."  These 
articles  and  other  papers  by  Mt^rim^e  have  appeared  in 
book  form,  as,  for  instance,  "Melanges  historiques  et 
litt^raires"  (1855),  "Nouvelles,"  "Derni^res  Nouvelles" 
(1873), "  Portraits  historiques  et  litt^raires  "(1874),  "Etudes 
sur  les  arts  au  moyen  age  "  (1874).  Another  posthumous 
publication  is  "  Lettres  a  une  inconnue  "  (1873) ;  who  this 
"  inconnue  "  was  has  not  yet  been  determined.  M^rim^e 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1844. 

Merino  (mii-re'no),  Ignacio.  Born  at  Piura, 
1819.  A  Peruvian  painter.  He  was  principal  of  the 
.\cademy  of  Design  at  Lima  1841-50,  and  in  1851  took  up 
liis  residence  at  Paris.  Among  his  best-known  works  are 
"  Columbus  and  the  Council  of  the  Indies,"  purchased  by 
the  Peruvian  government,  and  "Hamlet,"  exhibited  at  the 
exposition  of  1S7'2. 

Merioneth  (mer-i-on'eth).  A  county  of  North 
Wales.  Capital,  Dolgelly.  It  is  Ixiunded  by  Carnar- 
von and  Denbigh  on  the  north,  Denbigh  and  Montgomeiy 
on  the  east,  Montgomery  on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  Bay 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  669 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  49,212. 

Merivale  (mer'i-val ),  Charles.  Born  at  Barton 
Place  in  Devonshire,  1808 :  died  Dec.  27,  1893. 
An  English  historian  and  divine,  brother  of 
Herman  Merivale.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St 
John's  College);  was  rector  of  Lawford,  Essex,  1848-^; 
and  became  dean  of  Ely  in  1869.  His  chief  work  is  the 
' '  History  of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire  "  (1850-62).  He 
also  wrote  "A  General  History  of  Rome  "(1875),  "Lectures 
on  Early  Church  History  "  (1879),  "  Contrast  between  Chris- 
tian and  Pagan  Society  "  (1880),  a  translation  of  the  Iliad 
in  rimed  verse,  eto. 

Merivale,  Herman.  Born  at  Dawlish,  Devon- 
shire, Nov.  8,  1806:  died  at  London,  Feb.  9, 
18'74.  An  English  lawyer,  author,  and  politician, 
brother  of  Charles  Merivale.  He  was  professor  of 
political  economy  at  Oxford  1837-42 ;  assistant  un(ler-secre- 
tary  of  state  for  the  colonies  in  1847,  and  under-secretary 
1848-59;  and  under-secretary  for  Intiia  1859-74.  He  MTOte 
"  Historical  Studies  "  (1865),  etc. 

Merivale,  John  Herman.  Bom  at  Exeter,  Aug. 
5,1779:  died  April  25, 1844.  An  English  scholar 
and  poet.  He  studied  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
entered  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1798  ;  and  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1804.  In  1831  he  was  appointed  commissioner  in  bank- 
ruptcy. In  1814  he  published  "  Orlando  in  Roncesvalles " ; 
a  collection  of  his  "  Poems '  appeared  in  1838.  Byron  was 
his  friend  and  admirer. 

Merle  d'Aubigne  (merl  do-ben-ya'),  Jean 
Henri,  Born  at  Eaux-Vives,  near  Geneva.  Aug. 
16,1794:  died  at  Geneva,  Oct.  20,  1872.  A  cele- 
brated Swiss  Protestant  church  historian,  after 
1830  professor  of  historical  theology  at  the  ficole 
de  Th^ologie  fivang^lique  at  Geneva.  He  wrote 
"Histoire  de  la  reformation"  ("History of  the  Reforma- 
tion," 1835-63),  continued  in  "Histoire  de  la  reformation 
au  temps  de  Calvin  "  ("  History  of  the  Reformation  in  the 
Time  of  Calvin,"  1803-76),  etc. 

Merlin  (mer'lin),  or  Myrddhin.  A  half-legen- 
dary bard  of  the  6th  century,  to  whom  a  number 
of  poems  (none  genuine)  are  attributed.  In 
the  course  of  time  popular  imagination  and  confusion  with 
another  of  the  same  name  made  him  the  enchanter  Mer- 
lin, but  "more  associated  with  fable  than  even  Taliesin. 
The  true  history  of  Jlerlin  seems  to  be  that  he  was  bom 
between  the  years  470  and  480,  during  the  invasion  of  the 
Saxons,  and  took  the  name  of  Ambrose,  which  preceded 
his  surname  of  Merlin,  from  the  successful  leaderof  the 
Britons,  .\mbrosius  Aurelianus,  who  was  his  first  chief,  and 
from  whose  service  he  passed,  as  b.ard,  into  that  of  King 
Arthur,  the  southern  leader  of  the  Britons.  After  he  had 
been  present  in  many  battles,  on  one  disastrous  day  be- 
tween the  years  560  and  574,  in  a  field  of  horrible  slaughter 


Merlin 

on  the  Solway  Firth,  he  lost  his  reason,  broke  his  sword, 
and  forsook  Imman  society,  tending  peace  and  consolation 
-oidy  in  llis  minstrelsy.  He  was  at  last  found  dead  on 
the  bank  of  a  river "  {Morleij.  Enjilish  Writers,  I.  218). 
The  enchanter  Merlin  of  Arthurian  romance  also  held  the 
position  of  companion  and  counselor  to  Arthur,  but  his 
adventures  antl  the  manner  of  his  death  differ  from  the 
above.  The  romances  state  that  he  was  of  miraculous 
birth,  was  an  adept  in  magic,  and  was  besruiled  by  the  en- 
■chantress  Nimue  or  Ninive,  who  buried  him  under  a  rock 
from  which  he  could  not  escape ;  also  that  his  mistress, 
Vivien,  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  left  him  spellbound  in  the  tan- 
gled branches  of  a  thorn-bush,  where  he  still  sleeps,  though 
sometimes  his  voice  is  heard.  Tennyson,  in  his  "  Idylls  of 
the  King, "  adopts  nearly  the  latter  version.  Among  other 
famous  deeds  Merlin  instituted  the  Round  Table  atCar- 
<luel.  He  first  appears  in  Neiuiins  as  Ambrosius.  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth  s' Vita  Merlini"  (1139-49)  wastranslated 
by  \V ace  in  to  Krench  verse  (115.')).  and  was  probably  adapted 
by  Robert  de  Borron  about  1100-70.  About  1200  Htdie 
^le  Borron  wrote  the  French  prose  romance  of  Merlin, 
which  contained  what  are  called  Merlin's  prophecies  in 
the  appendix.  Robert  de  Borron's  poem  was  translated 
into  Italian  in  1370,  Spanish  in  14:»8,  and  German  in  1478. 
Tlie  English  prose  romance  of  Merlin  (c.  14.^0-00)  was  taken 
fi-om  the  French  original  attiilnited  to  Robert  de  Borron. 
It  was  printed  by  the  Early  English  Te.xt  .Society  for  the 
first  liuie. 

Merlin  de  Douai  (mei--lan'  de  do-a'),  Comte 
Philippe  Antoine.  Born  a  tArleux.  near  Douai, 
France,  Oct.  30,  1754:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  26, 
1838.  A  Fieneh  jurist  and  revolutionary  poli- 
tician. He  wasamemberof  theNationalAssembly ;  went 
over  to  the  radical  party  in  1792 ;  was  president  of  the  Con- 
vention after  the  Reign  of  Terror;  was  later  minister  of 
justice ;  and  on  the  revolution  of  the  ISth  Fructidor  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Directory. 

Merlin  de  Thionville  (tyoii-vel'),  Antoine 
Christophe.  Born  at  Thionville,  Lorraine, 
Sept.  13,  17GL> :  died  at  Paris.  Sept.  14,  1833.  A 
French  revolutionist,  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assemblv  1791-92,  and  of  the  Convention 
1792-95. 

Mermaid  Club,  The.  A  celebrated  club  said 
to  have  been  established  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
in  1G03.  It  met  at  the  Mermaid  Tavern.  Jonson,  Beau- 
mont, Fletcher,  .Selden,  and  probably  Shakspere  were 
among  its  mend>ers. 

Mermaid  Tavern,  The.    See  Mermaid  Club. 

Mermnadse  (merm'na-de).  The  last  dynasty  of 
the  Lydian  kings,  beginning  vrith  Gyges  (about 
700  b".  c.)  and  ending  with  Croesus  (560-546). 
Besides  these  kings  it  included  Ardys,  Sadyat- 
tes,  and  Alyattes. 

JVIerodach  (mer '  o  -  dak).  [In  the  inscriptions 
Marduk.']  One  of  the  12  great  gods  of  the  As- 
syro-Babylonian  pantheon,  son  of  Ea.  His  wife 
was  Zarpaint.  He  was  especially  the  tutelar  divinity  of 
the  cit,v  of  Babylon,  and  during  the  supremacy  of  Baby- 
lonia his  temple,  Esagila  ('the  exalted  house'),  restored 
with  great  splendor  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  became  the  na- 
tional sanctuary  of  the  whole  empire.  He  also  had  an 
old  and  famous  sanctuary  at  Sippar.  He  was  especially 
considered  the  compassionate  god  of  mankind,  relieving 
their  ills  with  the  knowledge  and  power  his  father,  the 
god  of  profound  wisdom,  gave  him.  He  was  also  the  pa- 
tron of  the  magi.  His  son  is  Nebo  (Nabu),  the  god  of 
learning.  Of  the  planets,  .lupiter  was  sacred  to  him.  He  is 
mentioned  in  Jer.  1.  2,  but  is  referred  to  as  Bel  in  Isa.  xlvL  1 
and  Jer.  li.  44. 

Merodach-baladan  (mer'o-dak-bal'a-dan).  [In 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  Marduk  hal-iddiua, 
Merodach  has  given  the  son.]  The  n.ame  of 
several  kings  of  Babylon.  The  most  important  of 
these  appears  first  as  the  ruler  of  Bit  Yakin.  He  submit- 
-ted  and  paid  tribute  to  the  Assyrian  king  Tiglath-Pileser 
III.  (745-727  B.  C).  From  722  to  7il9  he  appears  in  the  in- 
scriptions as  king  of  entire  Babylonia.  Afterward  he  en- 
tered into  alliance  with  the  Elamitcs  against  Sargon.  The 
Allies  were  defeated  by  the  Assyrian  king,  and  Merodach- 
baladan  saved  himself  ordy  by  flight.  He  reappears  in  the 
first  year  of  Sennacherib  (705),  and  is,  in  all  probability, 
identical  with  the  Merodach-baladan  mentioned  in  Isa. 
xxxix.,  2  Ki.  XX.  12  ff.  (under  the  form  Bemlnchbaladan) 
as  having  sent  ambassadors  to  Hezeklah  to  congnitulate 
him  upon  his  recovery  from  sickness.  This  enih:issy  w;is 
also,  no  doubt,  intended  to  draw  Hezekiah  into  an  alliance 
against  Assyria.  He  was  defeated  by  .Sennacherib,  who 
placed  a  certain  Belibus  on  the  Babylonian  throne  (702- 
699).  In  699  Merodach-baladan  is  again  found  in  rebellion 
against  Assyria,  ami,  again  defeated,  he  escapes  to  Elam. 
He  must  have  died  shortly  afterw;ird,  but  his  descendants 
continued  to  stir  up  rebellions  in  Babylonia  jigainst  As- 
sjTia.  The  last  scion  of  this  house,  when  about  to  be  de- 
livered to  Asurbanipal,  caused  his  armor-bearer  to  slay  him. 

Meroe  (mer'o-e).  [Gr.  Mc/xi//.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ograpliy,  the'  capital  of  the  later  kingdom  of 
Ethiopia,  situated  between  the  Nilo  and  the 
Atl)iira,  about  lat.  17°  N. 

Merom  (me'rom),  Waters  of.  A  lake  in  Pal- 
estine, 10*  miles  north  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee, 
traversed  by  the  Jordan :  the  modei-n  Bahr-ol- 
Huleh,  and  the  Semechonitis  Lake  of  .Josephus 
Length,  4  miles.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  great 
victory  of  Joshua  over  Jabin,  king  of  Ilazor 

Merope  (mer'o-pe).  [Gr.  Mfpo.T//.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Pleiades  (which  see). —  2. 
The4i  magnitude  star2:!Pli'iadiim.  Ilisenveloped 
in  a  nebulosity  which  was  dlsco\ered  before  the  applica- 
tion cif  photography,  but  is  dilhcult  to  observe  visually. 

M6rope  (ma-rop').    A  play  by  Voltaire  (1743). 


679 

Merovingians  (mer-o-vin'ji-anz).  A  dynasty  of 
Prankish  kings,  whose  eponymic  ancestor,  Mer- 
wig  or  llerovfflus,  lived  in  the  5th  century,  it 
rose  to  power  under  Clovis,  king  of  the  Salian  Franks,  who 
defeated  the  Roman  governor  Syagrius  in  480,  accepted 
the  Roman  faith  in  496,  and  died  in  511,  after  having 
made  himself  sole  ruler  of  all  the  Franks.  His  kingdom 
was  divided  .among  his  four  sons,  one  of  whom,  Clotaire 
I.,  reunited  ^he  ^e\  eral  jiarts  in  558.  A  second  division  of 
the  Frankish  kingdom  took  place  among  the  ilerovitjgians 
on  his  death  in  501.  This  was  also  a  quadruple  division. 
In  5^7  the  parts  were  reduced  to  three  in  number,  whence 
arose  the  kingdoms  of  Austrasia  (capital  Metz),  .Neustria 
(capital  Soissons),  and  Burgundy  (cai)ital  Orleans',  of  which 
the  first  contained  a  German,  the  last  two  a  Romance  pop- 
ulation. Burgundy  was  eventually  united  with  Neustria, 
leaving  two  principal  divisions,  Neustiia  and  Austrasia. 
Violent  family  feuds,  as,  for  instance,  that  between  Brune- 
hilde  of  Austrasia  and  Fredegunde  of  -Neustria  in  the  6th 
Century,  caused  the  power  of  the  Merovingians  to  wane, 
both  in  Neustria  and  in  -\ustrasia,  before  that  of  the  mayors 
of  the  palace,  until  in  687  Pepin  of  Heristal,  mayor  of  the 
palace  in  Austrasia,  made  himself  practically  ruler  of  both 
Ivingdoms.  His  grandson,  Pepin  the  Short,  tinally  deposed 
the  Meiovingians  and  caused  himself  to  be  crowned  king 
of  the  Franks  in  751. 

Merowig  (mer'o-wig),  or  Mer'wig  (mer'wig). 
[L.  Mcrofseusi,']  An  alleged  chief  or  king  of  a 
part  of  the  Salian  Franks,  and  grandfather  of 
Clovis.  Some  suppose  Merowig  or  Merovseus  to  have 
been  the  psitronymic  of  the  family  or  clan  of  Clovis,  de- 
rived from  a  more  remote  ancestor. 

Merrick  (mer'ik),  James.  Bom  at  Reading, 
Eug.,  1720:  died  there,  1769.  An  English  poet. 
He  wrote  sacred  poems,  and  the  "  Chameleon." 

Merrifield  (mer'i-feld),  Charles  Watkins. 
Born  at  London  or  Brighton, Oct.  20, 1827:  died 
at  Brighton,  Jan.  1,  1884.  An  English  mathe- 
matician. About  1867  he  became  principal  of  the  Royal 
School  of  Naval  Architecture  and  Marine  Engineering  at 
South  Kensington.  Among  his  works  are  "  iliscellaneous 
Memoirs  on  Pure  Mathematics"  (1861),  and  "Technical 
Arithmetic  "  (1872).  He  contributed  numerous  papers  to 
the  "  Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects." 

Merrilies(mer'i-lez),  Meg.  In  SirWalter Scott's 
novel ' '  Guy  Manneriug,"  a  weird  and  masculine 
gipsy  who  is  devoted  to  Bertram's  family.  She 
remonstrates  in  vain  against  the  theft  of  Harry  Bertram, 
and  on  his  return  helps  him  to  his  own  at  the  cost  of  her 
life.  Charlotte  Cushman  was  noted  in  this  part  in  the 
dramatization  of  the  noveh 

Merrimac,  or  Merrimack  (mer'i-mak).  Ariver 
in  New  Hampshire  and  northeastern  Massachu- 
setts. It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Pemigewasset 
andWinnepiseogeeatFranklin,  New  Hampshire,  and  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  4  miles  east  of  Newbury  port.  It  furnishes 
water-power  to  Manchester,  Nashua,  Lowell,  Lawrence, 
etc.  Length,  about  1'20  miles  (including  the  Pemigswasset, 
about  90  mUes). 

Merrimac.  1.  A  40-gun  screw  frigate  built  for 
the  United  States  government  in  1855.  On  ApriH9, 
1S61,  the  Norfolk  navy-yard  was  abandoned  by  the  Federal 
government,  and  the  ships  there,  including  tlie  Merrimac, 
were  sunk.  The  hull  was  raised  by  the  Confederates  and 
cut  down  to  the  berth-deck.  On  the  midship  section  a 
casemate  of  timber  170  feet  long  was  built,  protected  by 
a  double  iron  plating  4  inches  thick.  The  prow  was  of  cast- 
iron.  She  was  named  the  Virginia,  and  was  commanded 
by  Commodore  Franklin  Buchanan.  On  March  8, 1862,  she 
destroyed  the  Congress  (a  sailing  ship  of  50  guns)  and  the 
Cumberland  (a  sailing  ship  cpf  :J0  guns)  at  Newport  News. 
On  March  9  she  attacked  the  Minnesota,  and  was  met  by 
the  Monitor,  which  had  arrived  the  night  before.  The 
battle  lasted  from  8  A.  M.  until  noon,  and  resulted  in  favor 
of  the  Monitor.     .See  Monitor. 

2.  A  collier  sunk  by  Assistant  Naval-Con- 
structor Hobsoii  June  3,  1898,  in  an  attempt  to 
block  the  entrance  to  Santiago  harbor. 

Merriman,  Henry  Seton.  The  pseudonym  of 
Hugh  S.  Scott. 

Merritt  (mer'it),  Wesley.  Bom  at  Now  York, 
June  16,  1836.  An  American  general.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1800; 
promoted  captain  in  1862,  and  brigadier-general  <d  volun- 
teers June  29,  1863  ;  breveted  major-general  of  volunteers 
Oct.  19. 18<J4,  and  major-general  in  the  Ifnited  States  army 
March  13, 1805  ;  and  appoiutetl  major-general  of  volunteers 
April  1, 1865,  brigadier-general  April,  1887,  and  major-gen- 
eral April,  1895.  Ho  was  superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  Sept.,  188'2,-June,  1887;  and  com- 
manded theDepartTneutot  the  .Missimri  1887-91  and  1896- 
1897,  the  Department  of  Dakota  18!ll-95,  ami  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  East  1897-98.  He  was  in  connnand  of  the 
Uidted  States  troops  at  the  capture  of  Manila,  Aug.  1:), 
1S9H;  retired  .Iuih:    ItllHl. 

Merry  (mer'!),  Felix.     A  pseudonym  of  Evert 

Augustus  Diiyckinck. 

Merry,  Robert.  Born  at  London.  April,  1755: 
died  at  BaUiiuore,  Md.,  Dee.  14,  1798.  An  Eng- 
lish dilettante.  He  became  a  member  of  the  English 
Delia  t'ruscan  Academy  at  Florence,  ami  his  i>seudonyin 
"Delia  Crusca  "  gave  its  name  to  the  school,  llis  affected 
ami  tastelesf  .itylo  is  exhibited  in  the  correspotuletu-e  with 
"Ainni  Matinla,"  which  continued  in  the  "World"  till 
1789,  when  the  writers  met  and  were  disenchanted.  (See 
Anna  }fattlda.)  The  best  and  worst  poems  were  collected 
in  the  ''British  Album"  in  1789.  Gilford's  "Baviad,"  a 
satire  on  it,  stdd  a  fourth  edition  of  this  in  1791. 

Merry  Dancers.     A  name  given  to  the  aurora. 
The  meteoric  rays  which  have  given  the  name  of  the 
"  Merry  Dancers"  t<i  the  tliekering  Northern  Lielits. 

Kllon,  Ori«insof  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  71. 

Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton,  The.    A  comedy 


Merton,  Walter  de 

acted  by  the  King's  Men  at  the  Globe  before 
Oct.  22,  1607.  Fleay  believes  from  internal  evidence 
that  this  play  was  originally  called  ".Sir  John  Oldcastle," 
and  was  written  by  Drayton  for  the  Chamberlain's  Men 
before  Dec.,  1597.  A  prose  tract,  "The  Life  and  Death  of 
the  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton,  etc.,"  was  entered  on  the 
"  Stationers' Register  "  in  1608  by  "T.  B.  "(Thomas  Brewer) 
The  popularity  of  the  comeily  probably  suggested  this 
tract,  which  does  not  cover  quite  the  same  ground.  The 
latter  has,  however,  been  aiscribed  to  Tony  (Antony)  Brewer 
on  the  strength  of  the  initials  in  the  above  entry,  the  tract 
having  been  confounded  with  the  play.  (Iliitkn')  The  play 
has  also  been  ascribed  without  reason  to  Shakspere  on  the 
authority  of  Kirkman  the  bookseller. 

Merrygreek,  or  Merigreek  (mer'i-grek).  Mat- 
the'W.  In  Udall's  play  "Ralph  Roister Doister," 
a  parasite  and  mischievous  boon  companion  of 
Ralph.  He  adroitly  gets  his  own  way  by  flatter}' 
and  abuse. 

Merry  Monarch,  The.    Charles  II.  of  England. 

Merrymount  (mer' i -mount).  A  settlement 
within  the  present  city  of  (^uiney,  Massachu- 
setts, made  by  Thomas  Morton  and  others  iu 
1625.  The  Pilgrims  of  Plj-mouth  dispersed  it 
in  1628,  and  it  was  again  dispersed  a  few  years 
later. 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  The.    A  comedy  by 

Shakspere. produced abotit  1600.  It wasflrst printed 
as  we  know  it  in  the  first  folio,  1623.  In  1602  an  imperfect 
and  probably  unauthorized  version  in  quarto  was  printed 
(reprinted  in  1619).  It  seems  to  have  been  based  on  a 
mangled  repetition  stolen  from  the  theater,  or  else  was  hur- 
riedly written  by  command.  Rowe  in  1709  says,  probably 
without  foundation,  that  Queen  Elizabeth  was  so  pleased 
with  the  Falstalt  of  "  Henry  I V."  that  she  commanded  Shak- 
spere to  show  how  he  conducted  himself  when  in  love. 
For  the  plot  he  was  probably  but  little  indebted  to  other 
writers.  "The  Two  Lovers  of  Pisa  "  from  Straparola,  in 
Tarleton's  "  News  Out  of  Purgatorj- "  (1590),  and  a  story 
from  "II  Pecorone"  of  Scr  Giovaiuii  Fiorentino  which 
suggests  the  hiding  of  Falstafl  in  the  soiled  linen,  may  pos- 
sibly have  suggested  some  of  the  incidents.  John  Dennis 
wrote  a  play,  "The  Comical  Gallant,  or  the  Amours  of  Sir 
John  Falstatr,"in  1702,  in  which  "The  Morry  Wives"  may 
be  recognized:  and  an  opera,  "Die  lustigen  Weiber  von 
Windsor,"  by  Otto  Nicolai,  words  from  Shakspere  by  Mo- 
senthal,  was  produced  at  Berlin  in  1849,  at  London  in  18IM, 
and  at  Paris,  as  "  Les  joyeuses  commires  de  Windsor,  "iu 
1866. 

Mers  (mars).  Asea-bathingresort,  a  suburb  of 
Le  Treport,  France,  northeast  of  Dieppe. 

Merscheid  (mer'shit).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia.  17  miles  north  bv  east  of  Co- 
logne. Population  (1890).  8,542;  commune, 
15.600.     Siuee  1891  called  Oliligs. 

Merse  (mers).  The.  The  lower  valley  of  the 
Tweed,  Scotland. 

Merseburg  (mer'ze-boro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale 
16  miles  west  of  Leipsic.  Its  chief  buildings  are  the 
cathedral  and  the  castle.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
beer.  It  was  one  of  the  leading  medieval  German  cities, 
tne  seat  of  a  bishopric  from  the  10th  to  the  loth  centur}', 
and  of  the  dukes  of  Saxe-Merseburg  from  1656  to  1738. 
Near  it  Henry  the  I'owler  won  an  important  victory  over 
the  Hungarians  in  933.     Population  (1890X  17,669. 

Mersenne  (mer-scn').  Marin.  Born  at  La  Soul- 
t  iere,  Maine,  France,  Sept .  8, 1.588 :  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  1,1(348.  A  noted  French  theologian,  mathe- 
matician, and  philosopher,  a  friend  of  Descartes. 
He  discovered  the  laws  which  show  the  dependence  of  the 
time  of  vibration  of  a  string  upon  its  leirgth,  tension,  and 
density— namely,  thatthe  time  varies  directly  as  the  length 
and  as  the  square  root  of  the  density,  and  inversely  as  the 
siiuare  root  of  the  tension. 

Mersey(mer'zi).  Arivcrin England.  Itisformed 
by  the  union  of  the  Tame  and  Goyt  near  Stockport,  ami 
Hows  by  an  estuary  into  the  Irish  Sea  below  Liverjiool. 
Length,  7o  miles ;  navigable  to  the  mouth  of  the  Irwell. 

Mertetefs  (mer-te-tafs').     See  the  extract. 

Theoldesthistorical  portrait-statue  yet  discovered  isthat 
of  Queen  Mertetef.s,  wife  of  Seneferu,  the  last  king  of  the 
Third  Dynasty,  ami  wife,  by  her  second  marriage,  to  Khuf  u, 
the  first  king  of  the  F'ourth  Dynasty,  who  was  m)  less  fa- 
mous a  per.^omige  than  the  builder  "of  the  Great  Pyrajnid. 
The  statue  is  one  of  a  limestone  group  of  three  figures, 
representing  t)ueen  Mertetefs.  her  Ka,  and  u  priest  named 
Kenim,  who  was  her  private  secretary. 

t'dwardx,  Pharaohs," Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  l:!5. 

Merthyr  Tydfil,  or  Merthyr  Tyd-vil  (mer'thir 

tid'vil;  W.  i)i'on.  nier'ther  tiid'vil).  [Said  to 
have  receiveil  its  name  from  a  martyred  British 
saint  Tiidlil  {nicrthijr  =  E.  martjir).^  A  town 
in  Glamorganshire,  South  Wales,  situated  on 
the  TalT  in  lat.  51°  45'  N.,  long.  3°  2:S'  W.  its 
importance  is  of  modern  growth.  It  Is  the  center  of  an  ex- 
tensive coal  regi<Mi,  ami  is  mjted  for  iron  and  steel  manu- 
factures. It  returns 2  members  to  Parliament.  Popula- 
tion (1901).  C9,'227. 

Merton  (mcr'ton).  Ambrose.  A  pseudonym  of 
W.  J.  Thorns,  tlie  editor  of  "Notes  and  Queries." 

Merton,  Lo'wer.  A  village  in  .Surrey,  10  miles 
soiitlnvcst  of  London. 

Merton  (mer'lon),  Walter  de.  Died  Oct.  27, 
1277.  Bishop  of  Roehi'sler,  and  founder  of  Mer- 
ton College,  O.xford.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  in 
1*261  was  appointed  chancellor;  and  was  elected  bishop  of 
Rochester  in  1274.  He  originated  the  collegiate  s.vstem 
of  the  English  universities  by  the  establishment  In  1261  ol 


Merton,  Walter  de 

Werton  College,  the  "final  statutes  "  of  which  date  from 
Aug.,  1274.  The  chapel  of  the  college  is  marked  by  its  large 
square  pinnacled  Perpendicular  t^wer  :  its  choir  was  built 
by  the  founder,  and  the  remainder  is  of  the  early  15th  cen- 
tury. The  library,  as  well  as  the  college,  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  oldest  in  England.  The  picturesque 
inner  quadrangle  is  Jacobean.  The  Meadow  front  of  the 
buildings,  with  their  long  range  of  gables,  is  characteristic. 
This  system  (which  has  been  beneticial  in  its  effects 
down  to  our  own  time,  for  many  of  our  most  distinguished 
scholars  entered  the  university  as  sizars)  was  part  of  the 
deliberate  purpose  that  animated  the  design  of  M'alterde 
Merton,  who  may  be  called  the  founder  of  the  whole  col- 
legiate system.  He  sought  to  attract  the  most  capable 
men  of  all  classes,  and  so  to  raise  up  secular  schools  which 
should  check  the  influence  of  the  monasteries,  and  througli 
them  of  the  pope.  Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  3tj. 

Meru  (mer'6).  Tn  Hindu  naj'thology,  the  cen- 
tral mountain  of  the  earth,  of  prodigious  size 
and  precious  material,  having  on  its  summit 
tlie  abode  of  the  gods. 

Merv  (merv),  or  Merve.  An  oasis  in  Russian 
central  Asia.,  h'ing  along  the  river  Murgali 
about  lat.  37°  30'  N..  long.  62°  E.  Its  inhabitants 
are  Tekke-Turkomans.  From  its  strategic  and  commer- 
cial position  between  Persia.  Bokhara,  and  Herat  it  has 
been  important  from  remote  times.  Itformerly  contained 
Merv  and  other  cities.  It  was  conquered  by  Alexander, 
and  belonged  successively  to  the  Parthians,  Saracens,  and 
Seljuks.  It  was  ravaged"  by  the  Mongols  in  1221.  later 
it  belonged  in  turn  to  Uzbegs,  Persians,  and  Bokharans. 
The  Russians  overran  and  annexed  it  in  1S83-84.  It  is 
now  traversed  by  the  Transcaspian  Railway.  Population, 
about  2,'iO,000.  The  locality  now  called  Merv  is  merely  a 
large  village. 

Merveilleuse  (mer-va-yez')-  [F.,' marvelous.'] 
The  sword  of  Doolin  of  Mayence. 

Merville  (mer-vel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Lys  18 
miles  west  of  Lille.  Population  (1S91),  com- 
mune, 7,573. 

Mery  (mii-re'),  Joseph.  Bom  near  Marseilles, 
Jan.  21,  1798:  died  at  Paris,  June  17. 1866.  A 
French  litterateur.  Among  his  numerous  works  are 
novels,  books  of  travel,  plays,  and  poems.  Conjointly 
with  Barthelemy  he  wrote  satirical  verses. 

Meryon  (ma-ryon'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris 
in  1S21 :  died  at  Charenton.  near  Paris,  in  1868. 
A  French  etcher  and  engraver.  Among  his  works 
are  "Le  pont  du  cliange,"  "La  vieille  morgue,"  "Le  petit 
pout,"  "  La  rue  de  la  Pirouette,"  etc. 

Merzig  (mert'sie).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saar20  miles 
south  by  east  of  Treves. 

Mesa.     See  Meshn. 

Mesartlm  (mf-sar'tim).  [Deriv.  uncertain.] 
A  commonly  used  name  for  the  ■^-magnitude 
double  star  }•  Arietis. 

Mescala(mes-ka'la),orMexcala'nias-ka'la).or 
Mercala(mer-kii'la),orRiodelasBalsas(re'6 
da  las  bal'sas).  A  river  in  Mexico  which  flow-s 
into  the  Pacific  between  the  states  of  Miehoa- 
can  and  Guerrero.     Length,  500  miles. 

Mescalero  (mez"ka-la'r6).  ['Eaters  of  the  mes- 
cal.'] A  tribe  of  the  Apache  group  of  North 
American  Indians,  north  of  San  Carlos  agency 
in  1883.     See  Apaches. 

Meschede  (mesh'a-de).  A  small  town  in  the 
pro-i-ince  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  10  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Arnsberg. 

Mescua  (mes'ko-a),  Antonio  Mira  de.   See  the 

extract. 

Contemporary  with  these  events  and  discussions  lived 
Antonio  Mira  de  Mescua,  well  known  from  1602  to  1635  as 
a  writer  for  the  stage,  and  much  praised  by  Cervantes  and 
Lope  de  Vega.  He  was  a  native  of  Guadix  in  the  kingdom 
of  Granada,  .and  in  his  youth  became  archdeacon  of  its  ca- 
thedral ;  but  in  1610  he  was  at  Naples,  attached  to  the 
poetical  court  of  the  Count  de  Lemos,  and  in  1620  he 
gained  a  prize  in  Madrid,  where  he  died  in  1635  while  in 
the  office  of  chaplain  to  Philip  the  Fouith.  He  wrote 
secular  plays,  autos,  and  lyrical  poetry. 

Ticlnmr,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  329. 

Mesembria.    See  Miswri. 

Meseritz  (ma'ze-rits).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Obra  55  miles 
west  of  Posen.     Population  (1885),  5,788. 

Mesha(me'sha),orMesa(me'za).  [Heb.,'help,' 
'  deliverance.']  A  king  of  Moab  about  850  B.  c. 
He  is  mentioned  in  2  Ki.  iiL  as  having  been  subject  to 
the  kings  of  Israel,  but  after  Ahab's  death  he  fell  away. 
Hereupon  .loraro,  king  of  Israel,  in  alliance  with  Jehosh- 
aphat,  king  of  Judah,  undertook  an  expedition  against 
him,  and  shut  him  up  in  Kir-Haresheth,  situated  a  little 
to  the  east  of  the  southern  end  of  the  Dead  Sea.  In  this 
emergency  Mesha  sacrificed  his  first  bom  son  to  Chemush. 
The  Israelites  thereupon  departed  to  their  land.  In 
1S6S  a  stele  was  discovered  near  Dibon.  the  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Moab.  on  which  Mesha  had  recorded  this  event. 
It  is  written  in  the  Mo,ibite  dialect,  which  only  slightly 
differs  from  Hebrew,  with  the  ancient  Hebrew  clnrac- 
ter,  the  so-called  Samaritan  or  Phenician,  and  is  the  oldest 
Semitic  monument  known.  The  stone,  badly  damaged, 
is  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris.    See  Moabite  Stone. 

Mesha.     See  Mash. 

Meshech.    See  MusM. 

Meshhed  (mesh'hed),  or  Meshed  (mesh'ed),  or 
Mashhad  (mash 'had).      The  capital  of  the 


680 

province  of  Khorasan,  Persia,  situated  about 
lat.  36°  18'  X.,  long.  59°  35'  E.  it  is  a  commercial 
center,  and  a  noted  place  of  pilgrimage.  The  mosque  con- 
tains the  Shiite  shrine  of  the  imam  Biza.  Population,  es- 
timated, 60,000. 
Meshhed-Ali  (mesh'hed  a'le).  A  town  in  the 
vilayet  of  Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey.  97  miles 
south  of  Bagdad,  it  is  a  Shiite  pl,ace  of  pilgrimage, 
on  account  of  the  mosque  containing  the  shrine  of  AIL 
Population,  estimated,  about  12,000. 

Meshhed-Hussein.    See  Kerbela. 

Meshtseraks  (mesh-tse-raks').  A  people  of 
Finuisli  origin,  living  in  eastern  Russia.  They 
are  in  part  Russianized,  in  part  (about  125,000)  allied  to 
the  Bashkirs  in  language  and  religion. 

Meshtshovsk  (mesh-chofsk').  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Kaluga,  Russia,  42  uiile.s  west- 
southwest  of  Kaluga.  Population  (1SS5-89), 
•'1.129. 

Mesilla  (ma-sel'ya).  [Sp.,  'little  mesa.']  A 
town  in  southeru  New  Mexico,  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  fomided  about  1830. 

Mesmer  (mes'mer),  Friedrich  Anton.  Bom 
near  Constance,  Baden.  May  23.  1733 :  died  at 
Meersburg,  Baden,  March  5,  1815.  A  German 
physician,  originator  of  the  theory  of  mesmer- 
ism or  animal  magnetism.  He  studied  divinity  at 
Dillingen  and  Ingolstadt,  but  aftenvard  studied  medLicine 
at  Vienna,  where  he  took  his  degree  in  176C.  He  began 
about  1771  an  investigation  into  the  supposed  curative 
powers  of  tlie  magnet,  which  led  him  to  adopt  the  theory 
of  animal  magnetism.  This  he  made  public  in  1775  in  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "Sends>-hreiben  an  einen  auswartigen 
Arzt  uber  die  Jlagnetkur."  In  1778  he  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  created  a  sensation  as  a  practitioner  of  mesmer- 
ism. In  1785  the  French  government  appointed  a  com- 
mission of  eminent  physicians  and  scientists  to  investi- 
gate his  system.  An  adverse  report  followed,  and  he  fell 
into  disrepute  and  spent  his  last  years  at  Meersburg. 

Mesocco.     See  Misocco. 

Mesolonghi.     See  Missolonghi. 

Mesopotamia  (mes'o-po-ta'mi-a).  [Gr.  Meoo-o- 
Tciuia,  the  land  between  the  rivers.]  The  great 
plain  between  the  Euphrates  and  'Tigris :  in  the 
Old  Testament  called  Aram  Naharaim.  it  is 
usually  divided  into  Upper  Mesopotamia,  covering  ancient 
Assyria,  and  Lower  Mesopotamia,  comprising  ancient 
Chaldea  and  Baljylonia.  It  was  conquered  by  Thothmes 
III.,  Seti  L,  Raraeses  II.,  and  other  Egyptian  raonarchs, 
and  has  belonged  at  ditferent  times  to  the  -Median,  Per- 
sian, Macedonian,  SjTian,  Parthian,  Roman,  New  Persian, 
Saracenic,  and  Turkish  empires,  and  is  now  a  Turkish 
province  with  B.agdad  as  capital.  See  also  Aram  and 
Babylon. 

Mesopotamia,  The  Argentine.  [Sp.  Mesopo- 
tamia Argentina.']  A  name  frequently  given 
to  that  portion  of  the  Argentine  Republic  which 
lies  between  the  rivers  Parauil  and  Vruguay. 
It  includes  the  provinces  of  Entre  Hios  and  Conientes  and 
the  territory  of  Missiones. 

Mesrob  (mes-rob'),  or  Miesrob  (myes-rob'). 
Lived  in  the  5th  century  a.  d.  A  patriarch  of 
Armenia,  a  reputed  founder  of  Armenian  liter- 
attire,  who  devised  the  Armenian  alphabet  of 
36  letters,  to  which  after  his  time  two  more  were 
added,  and  the  Georgian  alphabet  of  39  or  40 
letters,  still  in  use. 

Messala  (me-sa'l|i),  or  Messalla  (me-sal'la), 
Corvlnus  Marcus  Valerius.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  1st  centurj-  B.  c.  A  Roman 
general,  official,  orator,  historian,  and  patron 
of  literature. 

Messalina,  or  Messallina  (mes-a-li'na),  Vale- 
ria. Executed  48  A.  D.  Wife  of  the'emperor 
Claudius.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Marcus  Valerius 
Messala  Barbatus,  and  became  the  third  wife  of  Claudius, 
who  afterward  ascended  the  imperial  throne.  She  was  a 
woman  of  infamous  vices,  and  during  a  temporary  absence 
of  her  husband  publicly  married  her  favorite,  C,  Silius. 
.She  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Claudius. 

Messana  (me-sa'na).  An  ancient  name  of  Mes- 
sina. 

Messapia  (me-sa'pi-il).  [Gr.  Mtuoa-i'a.]  In 
ancient  geogi'aiihy.  the  peninsula  at  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  Italy:  often  used  as  synony- 
mous with  Calabria  or  lapygia. 

Messene(me-se'ne).  [Gr.  Mfi7c;/i7;.]  l.Inancient 
geographv,  a  city  in  Messenia,  Greece,  on  the 
slope  of  ilt.  Ithome  in  lat.  37°  11'  N.,  long.  21° 
56'  E.  It  was  founded  as  a  fortress  against  Sparta,  under 
the  influence  of  Epaminondas,  in  369  B.  c. ,  and  is  noted  now 
for  its  extensive  ruins  at  the  modern  village  of  Mavromati. 
2.  An  ancient  name  of  Messina. 

Messenger  (mes'en-jer).  A  gray  thoroughbred 
horse,  by  Mambrino,  which  was  imported  into 
the  United  States  from  England  about  1788. 
All  the  main  lines  of  trotting-horses  except  the  Morgans 
and  Clays  are  derived  from  him.  The  Hambletonians  trace 
directly  to  him  by  way  of  Hambletonian  (lOX  Abdallah, 
and  Mambrino. 

Messenia  (me-se'ni-a).  [Gr.  Mf(7(T^7a.]  l.Inan- 
cient geography,  a  division  of  the  Peloponnesus. 
It  was  bounded  by  Elis  and  Arcadia  on  the  north,  Laconia 
(sepai"ated  by  Mount  Taygetus)  on  the  east,  and  the  sea  on 
the  south  and  west.  It  contained  the  fertile  vaUey  of  the 
Pamlsus ;  was  early  settled  by  Dorians ;  was  at  war  with 


Messina 

Sparta  from  about  743  to  724  B.  c,  and  was  subjugated ; 
attempted  unsuccessfully  to  shake  off  the  Spartan  ynke 
about  648-631 :  had  its  independence  restored  S69  B.  c. ; 
and  was  annexed  to  Rome  about  146  B.  c. 
2.  A  nomarchy  of  modern  Greece,  situated  be- 
tween Triphylia  and  Lacedaemon.  Area,  667 
square  miles".     Population  (1896),  119,327. 

Messenia,  or  Koron  (ko'ron),  Gulf  of.  An  inlet 
of  the  Mediterranean,  south  and  east  of  Messe- 
nia, Greece. 

Messer  (mes'er),  Asa.  BomatMethuen,  Mass., 
1769:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  11,  1836. 
An  American  educator,  president  of  Brown 
University  1802-27. 

Messiah  (me-si'ii).  [Heb.,  'anointed' ;  Gr.  Mfc- 
(7(af.]  A  designation  of  Jesus  as  the  Saviour  of 
the  world ;  the  Hebrew  equivalent  of  Christ, 
the  Anointed:  from  prophetic  passages  in  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  (where,  except  in  two  in- 
stances in  Daniel,  it  is  translated  Anointed, 
often  as  a  noun)  interpreted  by  Jesus  and  by 
Christians  as  referring  to  him  and  universal  iii 
scope,  but  regarded  by  the  Jews  as  promising  a 
divinely  sent  deliverer  for  their  own  race.  This 
belief  in  a  coming  Messiah  is  still  held  as  a  doctrine  by 
many  Jews ;  and  at  various  periods  of  the  Christian  era 
impostors  have  assumed  the  name  and  character,  and  have 
had  many  adherents.  The  title  is  also  applied  figuratively 
to  historical  characters  who  have  been  great  deliverers. 
Sometimes  written,  after  the  Greek  of  the  New  Testament, 
Messiah. 

The  coimection  of  ideas  in  this  prophecy  is  so  clear,  and 
it  sets  forth  with  so  much  completenesslsaiah's  whole  view 
of  Jehovah's  purpose  towards  Judah,  that  we  may  regard 
it  as  a  typical  example  of  what  is  usually  called  Messianic 
prediction.  The  name  Messiah  is  never  used  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament In  that  special  sense  which  we  are  accustomed  to  as- 
sociate with  it.  The  iles^ah  (with  the  article  and  no  other 
word  in  apposition)  is  not  an  Old  Testament  phrase  at  all, 
and  the  word  Messiah  (ilashiah),  or  "anointed  one."  in  the 
connection  "Jehovah's  anointed  one"  is  no  theological 
term,  but  an  ordinary  title  of  the  human  king  whom  Jeho- 
vah has  set  over  Israel  Thus  the  usual  way  in  which  the 
time  of  Israel's  redemption  and  final  glory  is  called  the 
Messianic  time  is  incorrect  and  misleading.  So  long  as 
the  Hebrew  kingdom  lasted,  every  king  was  "Jehovah's 
anointed,"  and  it  w  as  only  after  the  Jews  lost  their  inde- 
pendence that  the  future  restoration  could  be  spoken  of 
in  contrast  to  the  present  as  the  days  of  the  Messiah.  To 
Isaiah  the  restoration  of  Israel  is  nut  the  commencement 
but  the  continuation  of  that  personal  sovereignty  of  Jeho- 
vah over  His  people  of  which  the  Bavidic  king  was  the 
recognised  representative.  As  the  holy  seed  which  re- 
peoples  the  land  after  the  work  of  judgment  is  done  is  a 
fresh  growth  from  the  ancient  stock  of  the  nation  (vi.  13), 
so  too  the  new  Davidic  kingship  is  a  fresh  outgrowth  of 
the  old  stem  of  Jesse.  We  are  apt  to  think  pf  the  Messiah 
as  an  altogether  new  and  miraculous  dispensation.  That 
was  not  Isaiahs  view.  The  restoration  of  Jerusalem  is  a 
return  to  an  old  state  of  things,  interrupted  by  national 
sin.  jr.  R.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  302. 

Messiah,  The.  1.  A  sacred  pastoral  by  Pope, 
published  in  the  "  Spectator"  May  14.  i712. 

Technically  this  is  one  of  the  most  faultless  of  Popes 
writings.  .  .  .  This  poem  is  marked  by  the  broken  pause 
and  by  the  use  of  alexandrines  —  features  which  he  had 
hitherto  eschewed.  The  Messiah  is  a  dexterous  cento  of 
passages  from  Isaiah  foretelling  the  advent  of  Christ 
Wordsworth  has  attacked  it  with  great  severity,  and  it  no 
longer  holds  its  former  popnlaritj'. 

Gosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Literattu'e,  p.  116. 

2.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  composed  in  1741 
(first  produced  at  Dublin  in  1742).  The  words  are  by 
Charles  Jennens  from  the  Scriptures.  Mozart  composed 
additional  accompaniments  to  it  in  17S9.  Probably  no 
musical  composition  has  created  such  lasting  and  "deep 
enthusiasm. 

Messias(  The  Messiah).  An  epicpoemby  Klop- 

stock,  in  20  cantos.  The  first  3  cantos  were  published 
in  1748  in  the  "Bremer  Beitrage,"  but  he  did  not  finish  it 
till  1773.  The  model  before  him  was  Milton's  "Paradise 
Lost, "-but  he  did  not  profit  sufficiently  by  his  example. 
The  poem  suffers  from  excess  of  sentiment,  and  the  lyric 
quality  is  more  nearly  related  to  the  religious  oratorios 
than  to  a  genuine  epic. 

Messidor(mes-si-d6r').  [F.,  from L.Bif^sis, har- 
vest, and  Gr.  iijpov,  a  gift.]  The  name  adopted 
in  1793  by  the  ^National  Convention  of  the  first 
French  republic  for  the  tenth  month  of  the 
year.  It  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the 
vears  1  to  7  with  June  19,  and  in  8  to  13  with 
June  20. 

Messin,  Pays  (pa-e'  me-sau').  An  ancient  dis- 
trict of  eastern  France,  whose  chief  town  was 
Metz.  With  Verdunois  it  formed  one  of  the 
small  governments  of  France  prior  to  1790. 

Messina  (mes-se'nii).  1.  A  pro\-ince  in  Sicily, 
Italv.  Area.  1,246  square  miles.  Population 
(189"l).  505,159.—  2.  The  capitalof  the  province 
of  Messina,  a  seaport,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Messina  in  lat.  38°  12'  N..  long.  15°  34'  E. :  the  an- 
cient Messana,  and  earlier  Zanele.  Ithas  an  excel- 
lent harbor  and  a  fine  situation  ;  is  the  second  commer- 
cial place  in  Sicily  :  and  exports  fruit,  olive-oil,  wine,  silk, 
etc.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  a  university.  It  was  founded  by 
Chalcidians  and  others,  and  received  a  colony  of  Messe- 
nians  ;  was  destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians  and  rebuilt  by 
Dionysius  ;  came  under  the  rule  of  the  Mamertines  in  282 
B.  c. ;  gave  rise  to  the  first  Punic  war  and  was  annexed  by 
Borne;  passed  successively  to  the  Saracens,  Korman^ 


Messina 

Bohenstaafen,  and  Spaniards ;  suffered  from  the  strife 
between  the  French  and  Spaniards  in  lS7'2-78,  from  the 
plague  in  1743,  and  from  an  earthquake  in  17S3  ;  was  honi- 
barded  in  1S4S;  and  was  the  last  .Sicilian  stronghold  of 
the  Neapolitans  against  Garibaldi  in  1860-61.  Population 
(1901).  ccimmunf,  149.778. 

Messina,  Strait  of.  A  strait  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, separating  Sicily  from  the  mainland  of 
Italy :  the  ancient  Fretum  Sieuhim.  Width  in 
narrowest  part,  2+  miles. 

MessMrch  (mes'kirch),  or  Mosskirch  (mes'- 
kirch).  A  small  to^vn  in  Baden,  24  miles  north 
o£  Constance.  Near  it,  ilay  5, 1800.  the  French  under 
iloreau  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Kray. 

Meston  (mes'ton),  William.  Born  in  Aber- 
deenshire about  16S8:  died  at  Aberdeen,  1745. 
A  Scottish  burlestpie  poet.  He  was  educated  at 
Uarischa]  College,  Aberdeen,  of  which  he  became  a  regent 
iD  1715.  His  po<_'nis  are  mostly  imitations  of  Butler's 
"Hudibras."  Among  them  .are  "TheKnight  of  theKirk" 
(1723),  "  Jlob  contra  Mob  "  (1731),  "  Old  Mother  Grim's 
Tales'  (1737),  etc. 

Mestre  (mes'tre).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Venice,  Italy,  6  miles  northwest  of  Venice. 

Mesurado(mes-6-ra'd6),  Cape.  A  headland  on 
the  coast  of  Liberia,  Africa,  situated  in  lat.  6° 
19'  N.,  long.  10°  50'  W.       _   ^ 

M^SZaroS  (ma'sa-rosh),  Lazar.  Bom  at  Baja, 
Hungary,  Feb.  20, 1796 :  died  at  Eywood,  Here- 
fordshire, England,  Nov.  16, 1858.  A  Hunga- 
rian revolutionary  general  and  politician.  He 
was  minister  of  war  1848-49,  and  succeeded  6or- 
gey  as  commander-in-chief  in  1849. 

Meta  (ma'ta).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Naples,  Italy,  east  of  Sorrento. 

Meta.  A  river  in  Colombia  and  Venezuela, 
which  joins  the  Orinoco  about  lat.  6°  15'  N., 
long.  67°  45'  W.  Length,  about  750  miles; 
navigable  for  about  400  miles. 

Metamneh  (me-tam'na),  or  Metenmeh.  (me- 
tem'na).  A  place  in  Nubia,  on  the  Nile,  opposite 
Shendy,  about  lat.  16°  41'  N.  It  was  the  objec- 
tive point  of  Stewart's  division  of  Wolseley's 
relief  expedition  in  1885. 

Metamorphoses  (met-a-m6r'fo-sez).  A  poeti- 
cal work  by  Ovid,  based  on  the  principal  classi- 
cal legends. 

Metaphysical  School  of  Poets,  The.  A  name 
wrongly  given  by  Dr.  Johnson  to  Donne,  Cow- 
ley, and  other  poets  of  the  17th  century,  who 
were  noted  for  fantastic  language  and  strained 
style. 

Metaphysics  (met-a-fiz'iks)  of  Aristotle. 

[From  the  Greek  title  ruv  fierd  -a  (pvmm  A-N, 
'  The  (Books)  after  the  Physics,  1-50,'  probably 
given  by  Andronicus  of  Rhodes,  in  the  1st  cen- 
tury B.  c,  to  a  group  of  Aristotelian  books  not 
designed  as  a  connected  treatise.]  A  cele- 
brated work  by  Aristotle.  It  consists  of  13  hooks, 
more  or  less  disconnected  and  imperfect,  dealing  with  the 
doctrines  of  hia  predecessors  and  with  various  metaphys- 
ical topics. 

Metapontum  (met-a-pon'timi),  or  Metapon- 
tium  (met-a-pon'siii-um).  [Gr.  MtraTTuvnov.l 
In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  southern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  25  miles  south- 
west of  Tarentum.  It  was  one  of  the  flourishing 
cities  ot  Magna  Grjecia,  Pythagoras  died  here.  Near  the 
modern  Torremare  are  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Apollo, 
fireek  Doric  of  the  5th  century  B.  C,  hexastyle,  peripteral, 
with  sculptured  metopes  ;  and  ot  a  temple  called  the  Ta- 
vola  dei  Paladini,  Greek  Doric  of  about  (iOO  B.  c,  hexastyle, 
with  11  columns  on  the  flanks. 

Metastasio(ma-tas-ta'ze-o):  the  assumed  name 
oi  Pietro  Antonio  Domenico  Bonaventura 

Trapassi.  Born  at  Rome,  Jan.  V->,  liiOH  :  died  at 
Vienna,  April  12,  1782.  A  noted  Italian  poet, 
'ourt  poet  at  Vienna  1730-82.  Uo  was  the  author 
^'i  numerous  lyric  dramas  (various  composerB  supplying 
I  the  music  for  each):  "Didone  abbaiidonata"  (17'24),  "t'a- 
tone  in  Utica,"  "Ezio."  ".Semiranlide, '  ".\lessaiulro  nell' 
Indie,"  "Artaserse,"  "Demetrio,'"  "Adiiaim  in  Siria," 
'•  Ollmpiade.''  *' Demofoonte,"  "La  clemenza  di  Tit^j " 
(1734),  "Achillein  .Sciro,"  "Antigone,"  "II  trioiifo  di  Cle- 
lia,'  "  Partenope,"  etc.  He  also  wrote  poems  for  cantatas, 
oratorios,  etc.  Burney  wrote  his  memoirs  (179G), 
Metauro  (ma-tou'ro).  A  small  river  in  Italy, 
which  flows  into  the  Adriatic  28  miles  nortli- 
west  of  Ancona:  the  ancient  Metauriis.  The  bat- 
tle of  the  Metaurns  was  a  victory  gained  at  the  river,  south 
of  Eimini,  in  '.^07  B.  C,  by  the  Romans  under  the  consuls 
Livius  and  Nero  over  tlie  Carthaginians  under  Hasdrtibal. 
Nero  had  elurled  Hannibal  in  southern  Italy,  and  made  a 
forced  march  of  '250  miles  with  7,000  men.  Ilasdrtibal 
was  slain,  and  his  army  nearly  annillilated.  This  victory 
la  ranked  as  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

Metcalfe    (met'kiif),   Charles    Theophilus, 

Baron  Metcalfe.  Born  in  Calcutta,  Jtin.  :!0, 17^5; 
died  near  Biisirigstoke,  Hampshire,  Sept.  5.  1846. 
A  Brrtish  administrator.  Hewaa^provisional  gi>ver- 
nor-general  of  P.ritish  India  183.''t-30  ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  Northwest  I'rnvince8'183H-3S  ;  governor  of  .lamaica 
183SM2  ;  and  governor-general  of  Canada  184:1—15. 
Metcalfe,  Frederick.  Born  181,'5 :  died  Aug.  24, 
1885.     An  English  Scandinavian  scholar.    He 


681 

published  "The  Oxonian  in  Norway"  (1866X  "The  Oxo- 
nian in  Thelemarken  "  (18.S8),  "  A  History  of  German  Lit- 
erature "  (18.18),  "The Oxonian  in  Iceland"  (1861),  etc. 

Metellus  (me-tel'us),  Lucius  Caecilius.  Died 
about  221  B.  c.  A  Roman  general.  As  pro- 
consul he  defeated  the  Carthaginians  at  Pauor- 
inus  in  250. 

Metellus,  Quintus  Caecilius,  surnamed  Mace- 
donicus  ('the  Macedonian').  Died  115  B.  c. 
A  Roman  general.  As  prefer  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  victories  in  Macedonia  and  Greece  148-146  B.  C. 
He  was  con.^ul  in  14;i.  and  censor  in  131. 

Metellus,  Quintus  Caecilius,  surnamed  Nu- 
midicus('the  Numidian').  Died  99  B.  c.  A 
Roman  general,  nephew  of  Metellus  Maee- 
donicus.  As  consul  and  proconsul  he  defeated 
Jugurtha  in  Numidia  109  and  108  B.  C. 

Metellus,  Quintus  Caecilius,  surnamed  Pius. 
Died  about  64  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  son  of 
Metellus  Numidicus.  lie  was  commander  under  Sulla 
in  the  civil  wars  ;  was  consul  in  80  B.  c. ;  and  commanded 
later  in  Spain  against  Sertorius. 

Metellus,  Quintus  Caecilius,  surnamed  Creti- 
CUS  ('the  Cretan').  Died  probably  about  .56 
B.C.  A  Roman  general.  He  was  consul  in  69, 
and  subdueil  Crete  68-67. 

Metellus  Celer  (se'ler),  Quintus  Caecilius. 
Died  59  B.  c.  A  Roman  statesman.  He  was 
pretorin  63;  opposed  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline; 
and  was  consul  in  60. 

Metellus  Nepos  (ne'pos),  Quintus  Caecilius. 

Died  about  55  B.  c.  A  partizan  of  Poiupey, 
tribune  in  62,  and  consul  in  57. 

Metellus  Pius  Scipio  (pi'us  sip'i-o),  Quintus 
Caecilius.  Committed  suicide  46  B.  c.  A  son 
of  Scipio  Nasica,  and  adopted  son  of  Metellus 
Pius.  He  was  consul  with  Pompey  in  52  B.  c, 
and  Potupeian  commander  in  SjTia  and  Egypt. 

Metemneh.     See  Metamneh. 

Meteora  (me-ta'6-ra).  [From  Gr.  /icrcupoc, 
lofty.]  A  group  of  monasteries,  built  on  nearly 
perpendicular  rocks,  14  miles  northwest  of  Tri- 
kala,  Thessaly. 

Methodius  (me-tho'di-us).  Died  885.  Brother 
of  CjTil,  and  co-laborer  with  him  as  missionary 
among  the  Slavic  peoples  in  the  Danube  basin : 
called  "the  Apostle  of  the  Slavs." 

Methow  (met-hou').  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  occupied  the  drainage-area 
ot  Lake  Chelan  and  that  of  the  Methow  and 
Enteeatook  rivers,  in  what  is  now  Okanogan 
Co'inty,  Washington.     See  Salishan. 

Methuen(me-thti'en).  A  town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  27  miles  north  by  west  of  Bos- 
ton.    Population  (1900),  7.512. 

Methuen  Treaty,  a  commercial  treaty  be- 
tween England  and  Portugal,  negotiated  in 
1703  by  Paul  Methuen.  Portuguese  wines  imported 
into  England  were  admitted  for  one  third  less  duty  than 
French  wines. 

Methusael(me-thii'sa-el).  [Heb.,'manof  God.'] 
One  of  the  patriarchs  of  the  race  of  Cain,  fa- 
ther of  Lamech. 

Methuselah  (me-thu'se-lS).  [Heb.,  'man  of 
tlie  dart '(?).]  According  to  the  account  in 
Genesis,  the  son  of  Enoch.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  969  years,  the  oldest  man  mentioned  in  the 
Bible. 

Methymna  (me-thim'nii).  [Gr.  W/Ov/iva.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Lesbos. 

Metidja  (ma-te'ja).  A  fertile  plain  in  Algeria, 
sotith  and  southwest  of  Algiers. 

Metis  (me'tis).  [Gr.  Mvnf.]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, a  goddess  personifying  prudence,  dtiughter 
of 'Oceanus  and  Tethys",  and  first  wife  of  Zeus. 
—  2.  Tlio  ninth  of  the  planetoiils  in  the  order 
of  discovery,  first  observed  by  Graham  at  Mark- 
ree,  Ireland,  in  April,  1848. 

Metkovic  (met'ko-vich).  A  town  on  the  fron- 
tier ot  Dalmatia  and  Herzegovina,  .37  miles 
norlhof  Ragusa.  Popiihit  ion  (1890),  commune, 
4,198. 

Meton  (mo'ton).  [Gr.  MtrtJi'.]  A  Greek  of  the 
.5th  century  B.  c,  the  discoverer  of  the  Metonic 
cycle.     See  the  extract. 

Meton'9  cycle  was  corrected  a  hundreil  years  later  (330 
B.  C.)  by  Calippiis,  who  discovered  the  error  of  it  by  oli- 
serving  an  eclipse  of  the  moon  six  years  before  the  death 
of  Alexander.  In  this  corrected  period,  four  cycles  of  II) 
years  were  taken,  and  a  day  left  out  at  the  end  <)f  the  76 
years,  in  ord<T  to  nnike  allowance  for  the  hours  by  which, 
as  already  observed,  ti,940  days  are  greater  tlian  19  years 
and  than  •2.'i5  lunations :  and  this  ('alip|iic  perioii  is  used  i]| 
Ptolemy's  Almagest  in  stating  oliBcrvations  of  eclipses. 

Whrurtt.  Ind.  Sciences.  I.  l:iO. 

Metopes  from  the  Temple  of  Hera  at  Seljnus. 

Fourmetopes  in  tlie  Musco  Nn/.ionalc.  I'nli'rmo, 
Sicily,  representing  Hercules  lighting  an  Atna- 
zon,  Zeus  and  Hera.  Actwon  and  Artemis,  and 
Athene  and  Enceladus.     They  date  from  about  the 


Meulen 

middle  of  the  5th  century  n.  c,  and  display  consummate 
knowledge  of  the  human  form.  They  are  earlier  in  style 
tlian  the  Parthenon  marbles. 

Metopes  from  Temple  C  at  Selinus.     Three 

nirtopes  in  the  Museo  Nazionalc,  Palermo,  Si- 
cily. They  are  a  (piadriga  with  three  personages  (Helios 
and  Hours?),  Perseus  slaying  Medusa, and  Hercules  Ijearing 
oft  the  Cercopes.  The  style  is  highly  arcliaic.  These  met- 
opes are  as.?igned  to  the  end  of  the  7f  h  centnrj-  B.  c.,  and 
as  early  Dorian  sculpture  are  artistically  important. 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.  An  institu- 
tion organized  in  1870,  and  afterward  incor- 
porated, having  for  its  object  the  collection  of 
works  of  art  and  the  ju'omotion  of  art  culture 
in  New  York  city.  It  is  situated  in  Central  Paik,  op. 
posite  East  82d  street.  The  building  was  inaugurated 
in  18S0.  Near  it  stands  the  £g}'ptian  obelisk  known  as 
Cleopatra's  Needle. 

Metsu.     See  Mct:u. 

Metsys.     See  Masstjs. 

Metternich-Winnebiirg  (met'ter-nich-vin'ne- 

biirii).  Prince  Clemens   Wenzel  Nepomuk 

Lothar  von.  Born  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  -May 
15,  1773:  died  at  Vienna,  June  11,  1859.  An 
Austrian  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  became 
minister  at  Dresden  in  1801,  at  Berlin  in  1803,  and  at  Pa- 
ris in  1806 ;  was  appointed  minister  of  foreign  alfairs  in 
ISOit,  and  chancellor  in  1821 ;  and  was  chief  minister  ISnO- 
1848.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  reactionary  party  in  En- 
rope  1815-48:  was  prominent  at  the  Congress  of  Viemia 
1814-15 ;  and  was  overthrown  by  the  distiu'bances  of  1848. 
His  memoirs  (8  vols.)  were  published  1880-84. 

Metternich-Winneburg,  Prince  Richard 
Clemens  Lothar  Hermann  von.    Born  Jan. 

7, 1829:  died  at  Vienna,  March  1,  1S95.  An  Aus- 
triati  diplomatist,  son  of  C.  W.  N.  L.  von  Metter- 
uidi.     He  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1859-71. 

Mettmann  (met'miin).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  22  miles  north  of  Cologne. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  7,829. 

Mettray  (met-ra').  An  agricultural  peniten- 
tiary establishment  for  juvenile  criminals,  6 
miles  north  of  Tours,  France,  on  the  Choisiile: 
fouuded  by  Demetz  in  1840. 

Metz  (mets).  The  capital  of  Lorraine,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  Germanv,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Seille  with  tlio  Moselle,  in  lat.  49°  7'  N.. 
long.  6°  11'  E. :  the  ancient  Mediomatrica  and 
Roman  DivodtU'um.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  for- 
tresses in  Europe,  with  a  large  garrison,  and  is  of  great 
strategic  importance.  Its  commerce  is  considerable.  The 
cathedriil  is  a  beautiful  light  Pointed  structure  of  tlie 
14th  century,  with  two  towers  of  openwork  flanking  the 
nave,  one  of  them  crowned  with  a  slender  spire.  The  in- 
terior is  370  feet  long  and  141  high.  There  are  practically 
no  walls :  the  architecture  constitutes  merely  frames  for 
the  splendid  windows.  The  town  has  a  museum,  and  is 
the  seat  of  several  learned  societies.  A  large  coloity  of 
Germans  has  recently  settled  there.  Metz  was  an  impor- 
tant Gallic  town  and  Roman  fortress;  was  plundered  by 
the  Vandals  and  Huns  ;  was  the  capital  of  Austrasia  ;  and 
later  was  a  free  imperial  city.  The  latter  part  of  the 
"Golden  Bull"  was  issued  there  in  i:J5<).  It  was  seized 
by  France  in  155*2  and  annexed :  was  defended  against 
Charles  V.  1.S52-53;  was  formally  ceded  to  t'rjuice  in 
lt)48 :  and  figured  very  prominently  in  the  Franco-German 
war  1870-71.  (ieeMi'tz.Siiyeo/.)  Population  (1890),  60,18ii. 

Metz,  Bishopric  of.  A  medieval  bishoi)ric, 
around  Metz.  It  was  taken  l>y  France  in  1.552, 
and  formally  ceded  to  France  in  1648. 

Metz,  Siege  of.  1 .  A  noted  siege  by  Charles  V. 
which  occurred  1552-.53,  when  the  city  was  suc- 
cessfully defended  by  the  French  under  the 
Dtike  of  Guise. —  2.  The  investment  by  the  Ger- 
man army,  as  a  result  of  the  battles  of  Cour- 
cellos,  Vionvillo.  and  Gravclotte,  Aug.  14-ls, 
1870,  of  Bazaine's  army  in  Jletz.  On  Oct.  27 
Bazaine  surrendered  the  fortress  and  173,000 
men  to  Prince  Frederick  Charles.    See  Bazaine. 

Metzingen  (met'sing-en).  A  town  in  the  Black 
I'dfcst  circle,  AViirlcniberg,  situatcil  on  the 
Kriiis  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Stuttgart. 
Population  (1890),  5.311. 

Metzu  (met'zii).  or  Metsu  (raet'sii),  Gabriel. 

Born  at  Leyden  about  1630:  died  :tt  Amster- 
dam, Oct.  22,  1()67.  A  noted  Dutch  genre-  tiiid 
portrait-painter.  He  studied  with  Gerard  Doiiw,  or 
was  inlluenced  by  him.  In  1050  he  settled  in  Amsterilani. 
and  received  the  freedom  of  the  city  in  1C5!>.  Among  his 
works  arc  "Music  I.esstm"  (National  (ialler^*),  "Gentle- 
man playing  Violoncello"  (Buckingham  Palace),  "Sleep- 
ing Huntsman."  "Ctu-set  Bleu,"  "Corset  Rouge,"  etc.,  all 
tiwned  in  Ixnuhni.  There  are  also  specimens  of  Ilia  work 
in  all  the  famous  galleries  on  the  Contiitent. 

Meudon  (m^-dou').  A  town  in  the  department 
dl'  Sciiie-e(-Oise,  France,  5  miles  west-south- 
west of  Paris.  Its  castle,  long  a  royal  residence,  was 
destroyed  in  the  siego  of  1870-71.  Population  (1801), 
commune,  8.005. 

Meulebeke  (nK'''le-b!i-ke1.  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince (it  West  Fliinders.  Belgium.  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Ghent.     Population  (1.S90),  9,035. 

Meulen  (me'lcu),  Antoine  Frangois  van  der. 

liorn  iit  Brussels,  .bni.  11.  1632:  iiie<l  at  Paris, 
Oct.  15,  1690.    A  French  battle-painter. 


Meung-sur-Loire 

Meung-SUr-Loire  (muii'sur-hvar').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  on  the  Loii'e 
11  miles  west-southwest  of  Orleans.  Pojpula- 
tion  (ISQlj.  commune,  3,373. 

Meursius  (mer'se-os),  Johannes,  surnamed 
"The  Elder":  Latinized  from  Jan  de  Meurs. 
Born  at  Loosduinen,  near  Tlie  Hague,  Feb.  9, 
ir)79:  died  at  Soroe,  Denmark,  Sept.  20,  1039. 
A  Dutch  classical  pliilologist  and  antiquarian. 
Meurthe  (mert).  1.  A  river  in  eastern  Prance 
which  joins  the  Moselle  at  Frouard,  northwest 
of  Nancy.  Length,  100  miles. — 2.  A  former 
department  of  northeastern  France.  Part  was 
ceded  to  Germany  in  1871 ;  the  remainder  forms  part  of 
tlie  department  of  Meurtlie-et- Moselle. 
Meurthe-et-Moselle  (mert'a-mo-zel').  A  de- 
partment of  northeastern  France.  Capital, 
Nancy.  It  is  bounded  by  Belgium  and  Luxemburg  on 
the  north,  German  Lorraine  on  the  northeast  and  e.ast, 
Vosges  on  the  south,  and  Meuse  on  the  west.  It  belongs 
to  the  Moselle  basin  ;  is  an  important  mamifacturing  de- 
partment;  and  is  the  leadingdep.artmcnt  in  the  production 
of  iron  and  salt.  The  department  consists  of  territory  com- 
prised formerly  in  Lorraine  and  the  bishoprics  of  Metz, 
Toul,  and  Verdun.  It  was  formed  in  1.S71  from  parts  of  the 
former  departments  of  Meurthe  and  Moselle.  Area,  2,025 
s<)uare  miles.  Population  (1891),  444,l.''>n. 
Meuse  (muz ;  F.  pron.  mez),  D.  Maas  (mas).  A 
river  in  France,  Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands: 
the  Roman  Jlosa.  It  rises  in  the  plateau  of  Langres,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Mame  ;  unites  with  the  Waal ;  divides 
at  Dordrecht  into  two  amis ;  and  flows  into  the  North  Sea. 
Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Chiers,  Senioy,  Sambre,  Ourthe, 
■  and  Roer;  thechief  citiesonitareVerdun,Sedan,M^zieres, 
Namnr,  Li^ge,  ilaestricht,  Koermond,  Venloo,  Gorkura, 
Dordrecht,  and  Rotterdam.  Length,  500  miles ;  navigable 
from  Verdun. 
Meuse.  A  department  of  northeastern  France, 
formed  from  parts  of  the  ancient  Lorraine. 
Capital,  Bar-le-Duo.  It  is  bounded  hy  Ardennes  and 
Luxemburg  on  the  north,  Meurthe-et-iloselle  on  the  east, 
Vosges  and  Haute-]\Iame  on  the  south,  and  Marne  and 
Ardennes  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  river  Meuse, 
andcontainsrangesof  the.\rdennesand  Argonnes.  It  has 
considerable  mineral  wealth,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures ;  and  the  rearing  of  live  stock  is  an  important  indus- 
'  try.  Area,  2.405  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  292,253. 
Mewar.     See  rdaipur. 

Mexicans,  Ancient.  See  A:tecas  and  Nalmas. 
Mexican  War.  A  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico,  occasioned  by  the  annexa- 
tion of  Texas  in  1845.  War  was  declared  in  May, 
lS4t),  and  General  Taylor  won  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto 
May  8  and  Resaca  de  la  Palnia  May  9,  and  forced  Monterey 
to  surrender  Sept.  24,  1846.  On  Feb.  23, 184",  he  gained  the 
victory  of  Buena  Vista.  The  next  month  General  Scott 
took  Vera  Cruz,  and  thence  marched  on  Mexico.  He  won 
the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  April  18 ;  the  biittles  of  Contre- 
ras  and  Churubusco  Aug.  20,  Molino  del  Rey  Sept.  8,  and 
ChapuUepec  Sept.  13  ;  and  entered  the  city  of  Mexico  Sept. 
14, 1847.  Other  events  were  the  reduction  of  California  by 
Fremont  and  Stockton,  and  the  long  marches  of  Kearny 
and  Doniphan.  The  war  was  ended  Feb.  2,  1848,  by  the 
treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo  (which  see). 
Mexico  (mek'si-ko;  Sp.  pron.  ma'He-ko),  F. 
Mexique  (meks-ek'),  ofiScially  Estados  Uni- 
dos  Mexicanos.  A  republic  of  North  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  about  lat.  15°  to  32°  42' 
N.,  long.  80°  40°  to  117°  10'  W.  Capital,  Mex- 
ico. It  is  bounded  by  the  United  States  on  the  north, 
theGulf  of  Mexico  and  the  CaribbeanSea on  the  east, British 
Honduras,  Guatemala,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south, 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  It  comprises,  besides 
the  main  portion,  the  peninsulas  of  Lower  California  and 
Yucatan.  The  surface  is  generally  a  table-land  traversed 
by  high  mountain-ranges.  The  leading  mineral  products 
are  silver,  gold,  copper,  and  lead.  The  chief  occupations 
are  agriculture  and  the  raising  of  live  stock  (in  the  north), 
the  chief  agricultural  products  being  sugar,  maize,  coffee, 
tobacco,  hemp,  etc.  It  is  divided  into  27  states,  1  federal 
district,  and  2  territories.  The  government  is  republican 
<largely  modeled  on  that  of  the  United  States),with  a  presi- 
dent as  executive,  and  a  congress  (senateof  2  members  from 
each  state  and  the  federal  district,  and  lower  house  of  227 
members).  The  inhabitants. ire  chiefly  ereules  (of  Spanish 
descent).  Indians,  and  mi.xed  races  (including  llestizos, 
Zambos,  etc.).  The  prevailing  language  is  .Spanish;  the 
prevailingreligion,  Roman  Catholic.  Theearlyinhabitants 
were  Aztecs  and  otlier  native  races.  The  follow  iiip  are  the 
leadinghistorital  events:  invasionof  CortSsl.iig;  conquest 
of  the  capital  l.i21 ;  the  country  made  a  Spanish  colnnv 
under  the  name  of  New  Spain  (a  vieeroyaltv  after  16:16)'; 
revolution  under  Hidalgo  begun  1810;  paitialiv  ^n].|>r.•s.>i,',^ 
1815;  guerrilla  warfare  until  the  revolution  ninb  i  Ilnrhidc 
in  1821;  last  Spanish  viceroy  deposed  1821  ;  Mnpiie  under 
Iturbide  1822-2.J ;  secession  of  Texas  is;i6;  war  with  the 
United  States  1846-48  (see  Gundaluije-lJi,lnl,io):  frei|uent 
chaiigesof  government  for  some  time ;  foreign  intervention 
1861 :  war  with  France  commenced  in  1862;  empire  under 
Maximilian  (upheld  by  French  troops)  1804-«7;  French 
troops  withdrawn  1867 ;  and  restoration  of  the  republic 
18(17.  Are.!,  787,005  square  miles.  Pop.  (1896),  12,670,195. 
Mexico.  A  state  in  the  interior  of  the  republic 
of  .Mexico.  Capital,  Tohiea.  The  FederalDistrict 
of  473  s(|uare  miles,  containingtheCity  of  Mexico,  lias  been 
separated  from  it.  Area,  9,247  square  miles.  Poindation 
(1895).  838,737. 

Mexico.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of  Mexico, 
situated  in  the  Federal  District  (473  stjuare 
miles  in  extent)  in  the  vallev  of  Mexico,  in  lat. 
19°25'45''N.,long.99°7'18""W.,about7,400fcet 
.above  sea-level,     it  is  the  laigest  city  of  Mexico  and 


682 

the  finest  in  Spanish  America.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a  square,  and  contains  a  cathedral  (a  large  Renaissance 
building  founded  in  16V3),  a  national  library,  museum,  an(i 
picture-gallery,  and  various  educational  institutions  and 
iearned  societies.  It  was  founded  by  the  Aztecs  about 
1325  ;  was  besieged,  taken,  and  destroyed  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1521 ;  has  been  several  times  inundated  ;  and  has  been 
the  scene  of  various  revolutions.  Battles  were  fought  neiU" 
it  between  the  Mexicans  and  Americans  in  1847,  and  it  was 
occupied  by  the  Americans  in  1847-48.  The  city  was  for- 
merly situated,  on  islands,  within  the  confines  of  Lake  Tez- 
euco.  Its  ancient  name  was  Tenochtitlau.  Population 
(i8oD),  33y,y.io. 

Mexico,  Gulf  of.  A  large  gulf  of  the  Atlantic, 
lying  south  of  the  United  States  and  east  of 
Mexico.  It  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  on  the  east 
by  Florida  Strait,  and  with  the  Caribbean  Sea  southeast  by 
the  Channel  of  Yucatan,  and  receives  the  Mississippi,  Rio 
Grande,  and  other  large  rivers.  Length  (east  to  west), 
about  1,0:X>  miles ;  width  (north  to  south),  about  800  miles. 

Mexico,  Valley  of.  An  inclosed  basin  of  the 
Mexican  plateau,  in  which  the  city  of  Mexico 
is  situated,  it  is  about  60  miles  long  by  40  miles  wide, 
and  7,400  feet  in  average  elevation  above  the  sea,  and 
shows  many  evidences  of  volcanic  action.  It  contains 
5  principal  lakes;  Xochirailco,  Ohalco,  Tezcuco,  Xaltocan, 
andZumpango.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  these  appear 
to  h<ave  been  much  more  extensive  than  at  present  and 
nearly  confluent,  entirely  surroiuiding  the  city  of  Mexico 
or  Tenochtitlau.  which  was  reached  by  causeways. 

Mextli,  or  Mexitl,  or  Mecitl.     See  Buitzilo- 

pochtli. 

Meyer  (mi'er),  Ernst.  [The  common  G.  sur- 
name Meyer  means  'steward,'  'bailiff';  =  E. 
mai/or,  formerly  maire, u\t.  fromL.  major.^  Born 
at  Altona,  May  11, 1797:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  1, 
1801.  A  genre-painter,  pupil  of  the  Copen- 
hagen Academy,  and  of  Cornelius  at  Munich. 
Many  of  his  works  are  Italian  in  subject. 

Meyer,  Felix.  Born  at  Winterthur,  Switzer- 
land, Feb.  6,  1653 :  died  near  Husen,  1713.  A 
Swiss  landscape-painter,  regarded  as  the  head 
of  that  class. 

Meyer,  Greorg  Friedrich.  Born  at  Mannheim, 
1735 :  died  at  Ermenonville,  Oise,  France,  1809. 
A  genre-  and  landscape-painter,  pupil  of  Daniel 
Hien.  Helived  for  a  short  time  with  .lean  Jacques  Rous- 
seau in  the  park  of  M.  de  CMrardin  at  Ei-menonville. 

Meyer,  Hans.  Born  at  Hildburghausen,  Ger- 
many, 1858.  An  African  explorer.  He  traveled 
in  Ameiica,  Asia,  and  Polynesia ;  visited  South  Africa 
in  1886 ;  explored  German  East  Africa  in  1887 ;  and  as- 
cended Kilimanjaro  to  5,700  meters.  On  a  new  expedition 
he  was  made  prisoner  by  the  Arabs,  but  was  ransomed. 
In  1889,  accompanied  by  the  Austrian  alpinist  Purtschel- 
ler,  he  scaled  the  summit  of  Kibo,  the  highest  peak  of 
Kilimanjaro,  to  the  height  of  6,000  meters,  and  discovered 
its  crater  and  glacier.  He  wrote  "  Eine  Weltreise  "(1885), 
"  Zum  Schneedom  des  Kilima-Ndscharo  "  (1888). 

Meyer,  Heinrich  August  Wilhelm.    Born  at 

Gotha,  Germany,  Jan.  10, 1800 :  died  June,  1873. 
A  German  exegete,  author  of  a  commentary  on 
the  New  Testament  (1832-47). 
Meyer,  Johann  Georg,  called  Meyer  von  Bre- 
men. Born  at  Bremen,  German v,  Oct.  2S,  1813: 
di(3d  there,  Dec.  3, 1886.  Anoted  German  genre- 
painter.  He  studied  at  DUsseldorf  with  Karl  Sohn  and 
Schadow,  moved  to  Berlin  in  1852,  and  was  made  professor 
there  in  1863.  His  pictures  of  children  are  among  his  best 
productions.    Many  of  them  are  in  the  United  States. 

Meyer,  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at  Staf  a,  Swit- 
zerland, March  10,  1759 :  died  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Oct.  14,  1832.  A  German  writer  on  art, 
one  of  the  editors  of  Winekelmann's  works. 
He  published  "Geschichte  der  bildenden  Kunste  bei  den 
Griechen  "  (1824-36),  etc. 

Meyer,  Jiirgen  Bona.  Bom  Oct.  25, 1829 :  died 
June  30, 1897.  A  German  philosophical  writer, 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  Bonn  in 
1868.  He  wrote  •'KantsPhilosophie"(1869),  etc. 

Meyer,  Leo.  Bom  at  Bledeln.  Hannover,  July 
3,  1830.  A  German  philologist,  professor  at 
Dorpat  1865-99.  Among  his  works  is  "Die 
gotisehe  Sprache  "  (1869). 

Meyerbeer  (mi'er-bar),  Giacomo  (originally 
Jakob  Meyer  Beer).  Bom  at  Berlin,  Sept.  5. 
1791 :  died  at  Paris,  May  2,  1864.  A  celebrated 
German  composer  of  opera.  He  lived  chiefly  at 
Paris  after  1826.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Lauska,  wlio  was  a  pu- 
pil of  Clementi,  and  the  latter  also  gave  him  lessons.  When 
only  7  years  old  he  played  -Mozart's  D  minor  concerto  in 
public.  He  early  obtained  fame  as  a  pianist,  but  his  com- 
positions were  not  successful  till  he  went  in  1815  toltaly  to 
study  vocal  composition.  There  he  began  to  produce  operas 
in  the  style  then  recently  introduceil  by  Rossini ;  and  "H 
Crociato  in  Egitto,"  produced  in  Venice  in  1824,  was  com- 
pletely successful,  while  three  or  four  other  operas  were 
well  received.  From  1831  till  1849  he  produced  operas  in 
a  new  style,  the  result  of  a  study  of  French  art.  In  1849 
he  turned  his  attention  to  op^ra  comique.  Among  his 
operas  are  "Robert  le  Diable  "  (1831),  "  Les  Huguenots  " 
(1836),  "  Ein  Feldlager  in  Schlcsien  "  (1840),  overture  and 
entr'actes  to  "Struensee"  (1846),  "Le  prnphfete"  (1849), 
"L'Etoiledu  Nord"(1854),  "Le  pardon  de  PloermeI"(in 
Italian  "Dinorah,"  1859),  "L'Africaine"  (1866).  Among 
his  other  compositions  are  a  number  of  cantatas  and  songs, 
and  several  Fackeltanze,  marches  and  overtures,  besides 
pianoforte  music  some  of  which  has  never  been  published. 


Miani 

Meyerheim  (mi'er-him),  Friedrich  Eduard 

Born  at  Uantzic,  Prussia,  Jan.  7,  1808:  died  at 
Berlii],  Jan.  18. 1S79.     A  (German  genre-painter 

Meyerheim,  Wilhelm  Alexander.  Born  1815 '-. 
died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  13, 1882.  A  Gei-man  painter 
of  battle-scenes,  horses,  etc. :  brother  of  F.  E. 
Mej'erheim. 

Meyer  von  Bremen.    See  Meyer,  Johann  Georg. 

Meyr  (mir),  Melchior.  Born  at  Ehringen,  near 
Nordlingen,  Bavaria,  June  28,  1810:  died  at 
Munich,  April  22,  1871.  A  German  novelist, 
poet,  and  philosophical  writer. 

Meyrick  (mi'rik),  Hans.     One  of  the  principal 

male  characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel "  Daniel 
Derouda." 

Meywar.    See  TJdmpur. 

M6ze  (maz).  A  town  in  the  department  of  H^- 
rault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  £tang 
de  Thau  19  miles  southwest  of  Montpellier. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6.326. 

Mezen,  or  Mesen  (mez-any').  A  river  in  north- 
ern Russia  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mezen, 
a  branch  of  the  White  Sea,  about  lat.  (36°  N. 
Length,  about  375  miles. 

Mezentius  (me-zen'shi-us).  A  mythical  Etrus- 
can king,  noted  for  his  cruelty,  alleged  to  have 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  Rutulians. 

Mezeray  (maz-ra' ),  FrauQois  Eudes  de.  Born 
at  Ry,  near  Falaise,  Normandy,  1610 :  died  at 
Paris,  July  10,  1683.  A  French  historian.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "  Histoire  del'rance"  (1638-51:  published 
as  "  Abr6g(^  clu-onologique  de  Thistoire  de  France,"  1663). 

Mezieres(ma-zyar').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ai'dennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  in  lat.  49°  46'  N.,  long.  4°  42'  E.  it  is  an 
important  fortress  ;  was  successfully  defended  by  Bayard 
against  the  Imperialists  in  l.',21 ;  and  was  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  Germans  in  1816  and  in  1870-71.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,700. 

Meziferes,  Alfred  Jean  Frangois.    Born  at  Re- 

hon.  Moselle,  France,  Nov.  19,  1826.  A  French 
critic,  member  of  the  Academy  from  1874.  He 
took  part  in  the  repression  of  the  insurrection  of  June,  1848 ; 
served  in  the  Franco- Prussian  wai-;  and  was  electee!  as 
republican  member  of  the  legislature  for  the  arrondisse- 
ment  of  Briey  in  1881,  1886,  1889.  His  works  include 
"  Shakespeai-e,  ses  oeuvres  et  ses  critiques  "  (1861),  "Pr^- 
d^cesseurs  et  contemporains  de  Shakespeare  "(1863:  thig 
work  took  the  prix  de  Montyon),  "Contemporains  et  suc- 
cesseurs  de  Shakespeare"  (1864),  "P^trarque"  (1867), 
"Goethe "(1872-73),  "En  France,  etc."  (1883),  "Hors  de 
France,  etc."  (1883),  "Vie  de  Mirabeau"  (1891). 

Mezo-Tlir  (me'ze-tor).  AtoT\Tiinthecountyof 
Great-Kumania-Szoluok,  situated  on  the  Beret- 
tyo  80  miles  east-southeast  of  Budapest.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  23,757. 

Mezzofanti  (med-z6-fan'te),  Giuseppe.  Bom 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  17, 1774:  died  at  Rome, 
March  14,  1849.  An  Italian  linguist.  He  was  or- 
dained priest  in  1797 ;  became  professor  of  Arabic  at  Bo- 
logna in  1804  ;  was  appointed  chief  keeper  of  the  VaticHr 
library  in  1833 ;  and  was  niade  cardinal  in  1838.  He  is  said 
to  have  spoken  58  languages. 

Mfumbiro  (mfom-be'ro).  A  volcano  iu  east- 
central  Africa,  west  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 
It  falls  within  British  East  Africa.  Height, 
10,000-12,000  feet. 

Mglin  (m-glen').  A  toyra  in  the  government  of 
Tchernigoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sudinka 
128  miles  south  by  east  of  Smolensk.  Popula- 
tion (1885-89),  8,412. 

Mhow  (m-hou').  A  town  and  cantonment  in 
Indore,  India.     Population,  about  27,000. 

Miako.     See  Kioto. 

Miall  (mi'al),  Edward.  Bom  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  May  8,  1809:  died  at  Sevenoaks,  Kent, 
April  29, 1881.  An  English  journalist  andpoli* 
tician.  He  studied  for  the  Independent  ministry.  In 
Feb.,  1831,  he  took  charge  of  the  congregation  at  Ware  in 
Hertfordshire.  In  1840  he  established  the  "  Nonconfor- 
mist," and  devoted  his  life  to  the  advocacy  of  the  freedom 
of  religion  from  state  control.  In  1862  he  was  elected  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  for  Rochdale,  and  in  1858  served  on  the 
royal  commission  on  education. 

Miami  (mi-am'e).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  in  1675  in  southern  Wis 
eonsin.  After  several  changes  they  settled,  about  1690, 
on  the  St.  Joseph  River  in  southern  Slichigan,  and  after- 
ward in  treaty  negotiations  were  considered  as  owners  of 
the  entire  Wabash  country  and  western  Ohio.  There  is 
much  confusion  in  literature  between  the  Miami  and  the 
Illinois.  The  Pottawott.)mi  translated  the  name  'crippled,' 
and  the  northern  tribes  called  them  "  walkers" — the  two 
epithets  probably  refeiriuL'  to  their  not  using  canoes.  The 
English  called  them  Tiriitht  wn-^,  derived  from  their  own 
name  for  themselves,  whicli  u  as  an  imitation  of  the  craue  s 
cry.     See  Algonquian. 

Miami  (mi-ilm '  i).  A  river  in  Ohio  which  joins  the 
Ohio  at  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  State. 
Length,  over  150  miles. 

Miani,  or  Meanee  (me-ii'ne^.  A  village  near 
Hvderabad,  Sind,  British  India.  Here,  Feb.  17. 
1843,  Sir  Charles  J.  Napier  (with  2,800  men)  de- 
feated the  army  of  Sind  (30,000). 


Miantonomoli 

Miantonomoll  (mi-an-to-no'mo).  Died  1643. 
A  sachem  of  the  Narragaiiset  Imlians,  uephew 
ofCanonieus.  He  maintaincU  friendly  relations  with  the 
English,  and  in  1637  aiJed  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts 
in  defeating  the  Pequots.  Having  l>cc..nie  involved  ui  a  war  ■-,-„T,,a1  TTT 
with  Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Mohegans,  he  was  defeated  and  JTllcnaei  lli, 
captured  hy  the  latter  in  1643.  and  w;is  put  to  death  in  the 
same  year,  with  the  approval  of  the  English,  who  claimed 
a  protectorate  over  both  trihes. 

Miao-tse  (myou-tza'),  or  Miautse.  A  general 
name  of  numerous  Chinese  tribes  dwelling  in 
the  provinces  of  Yunnan,  Kweichow,  Kwangsi, 
and  Kwiiugtung. 

Miaulis  (me-ou'lis).  Andreas  Vokos.  Bom  in 

Xcgropout,  1772  (1768  ?) :  dit-d  at  Athens,  June 
24, 1833.  A  Greek  admiral,  commander-in-chief 
in  the  war  of  independence. 

Miautse.     See  2Jiao-Ue. 

Miava  nne'o-vo).     A  town  in  the  county  of 


683 

Michael  II.  Balbus  ('the  Stammerer').  By- 
zuiitino  emperor  820-829.  He  was  of  obscure  origin, 
tmt  rosi-  to  the  highest  dignities  under  Leo  v.,  whom  he 
had  assisted  in  deposing  Michael  I.,  and  whom  he  deposed 
in  turn. 

Byzantine  emperor  842-86(,  son 
of  Thi-ci)>liilus.  lie  undertocjk.  with  his  uncle  Bardas. 
an  expedition  against  the  Bulgarians  in  8«1,  which  resulted 
in  the  conversion  of  the  Bulgarian  king.  In  S<i3  his  uncle 
Petron.is  gained  a  splendid  victory  over  the  Saracens  in 
Asia  Minor.  He  was  assassinated  in  867  by  Basllius  the 
Macedonian,  whom  lie  had  associated  with  himself  in  the 
government  in  866. 

Michael  IV.,  sm-named  "The  Paphlagonian." 
Bvzantino  emperor  10.34-41.  He  was  a  younger  bro- 
ther of  .lohn  the  Eunuch,  prime  minister  under  Constjui- 
tine  IX.  and  Uomanus  III.  He  became  chamberlain  to 
Zoe.  wife  of  Romanns  III.,  who  in  !031  poisoned  her  hus- 
band in  order  to  marry  Michael.  He  was  a  man  of  weak 
character,  and  was  a  mere  instrument  in  the  hands  of  his 
brother. 


N'(\itra,Hungary,situatedontherivcrMiava46  jiicjiael  V.  Calaphates  Cthe  Calker').    By- 
miles  northeast  of  Presbtirg.  Population (18901,  ■  • "  ■    —  -'  T>f--i---i 

9  997. 
Micah(mi'ka).  [Hcb.,' who  is  like  Jehovah?']  In 
Uld  Testament  history:  (a)  AnEphraimite  who 
stole  1,100  pieces  of  silver  from  his  mother, but, 
alarmed  by  her  imprecations  on  the  thief,  con- 
fessed the"  deed  and  retm-ned  the  money:  she 
thereupon  dedicated  it  to  the  Lord,  and  made 
with  it  a  graven  and  a  molten  image  (teraphim). 


zantine  emperor  1041-12,  nephew  of  Michael 
IV.  He  banished  his  uncle  John  the  Eunuch,  which  led 
to  an  insurrection  atCoiist.intinople.  He  was  dethroned, 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  a  convent. 
Michael  VI.,  sumamed  "  The  Warrior."  By- 
zantine emperor  1056-57.  He  was  api>ointcd  by  the 
empress  Theodora  asher  successor  on  account  of  his  mili- 
tary virtues.  He  was,  however,  old  and  feeble,  and  was 
deposed  by  Isaac  Comnenus.    Hewas  allowed  to  retire  to 

a  convent. 

Byzan- 


temp 

the  minor  prophets  (the  third  in  the  Septuagint).     He  pro- 
phesied ne:u-  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Hezekiah. 

Micali  (me-ka'le).  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Leghorn, 
Italy,  about  1776:  died  at  Florence,  March  27, 
1844.  An  Italian  archseologist,  author  of  "  Storia 
degli  autiehi  popoli  d'ltalia  "  (1832),  etc. 

Micawber  (mi-ka'ber),  Wilkins.  One  of  the 
principal  characters  in  Dickens's  "Tioi-i^  Cnn. 


'Da\id  Cop- 


sou  (through  liis  mother  Irene  Angela)  of  the 
Byzantine  emperor  Alexius  jVngelus.  Ilebecame 
commander  of  the  French  mercenaries  in  the  senice  of 
the  Emperor  of  Nicaja,  and  in  1269  became,  with  the  patri- 
arch Arsenius,  guardian  of  the  emperor  John  Lascaris. 
He  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  joint  emperor  of  Ni- 
cjea  in  1200.  In  1261  he  conquered  Constjiniinople  from 
the  Latins,  thus  restoring  the  Byzantine  empire,  of  which 
he  was  crowned  emperor  in  the  same  year.  He  deposed 
d  blinded  John  Lascaris  in  12G1. 


perfield."  Heisremarkableforhisrapidalternationsof     •ludblinai  ,  ,n.-,n      -o 

depression  and  elevation  of  spirits,  his  "temporary  em-  MlChael  IX.  PalaeOlOgUS.    UiealaM.     iSyzan- 

'     '         -■ ."...Au,„ — ,.„..».,.,.      tine  emperor  1295-1320,  son  and  associate  of 

Andronicus  II.  who  outlived  him. 


bafrassments  of  a  pecuniary  nature,"  and  his  constant  per- 
suasion that  "  something  will  tuni  up. "   His  wife,  as  far  as 

the  elasticity  of  her  spirits  goes,  is  quite  his  equal.    Her     ;_---_  _  „„    ,„;„  mn    ir,      jjn -a-nt,  t\^a 

devotion  to  -the  parent  of  her  children  and  the  father  of  Mlchacl.    Czar  of  Russia  1G13-1.).     lie  was  the 


founder  of  the  Romanofl"  dvnasty 
Michael.     Born  Oct.  25,  1832.     Grand  Duke  of 

Russia,  fourth  son  of  the  czar  Nicholas. 
Michael.     A  bark  of  25  tons,  one  of  the  ships 
of  Frobisher's  first  expedition.     It  early  aban- 
doned the  other  ship,  the  Gabriel,  and  returned 

_^^__^ ^ _  _  to  England. 

deal  of  mystitication  about  Michabo,  or  Manibozho,  or  Michacl,  Ajchangel.     A  celebrated  painting 
Messou,«  ho  wasprobablyfroni  the  llrst  a  hare  sans  phrase,     '^^^.  ^;„i^l(,  Reui,  in  Santa  Maria  dei  Cappucoini, 


her  twins  "  induces  her  frequent  well-known  exclamation, 
"I  never  will  desert  .Mr.  Micawber  I"  The  couple  appear 
to  have  been  suggested  more  or  less  by  Dickens's  father 
and  mother. 
Michabo.  The  Great  Hare,  in  Algonquian  le- 
gends. 

What  loskeha  was  to  the  Iroquois,  Jlichabo  or  Mani- 
bozho was  to  the  .\lgonkin  tribes.    There  has  been  a  good 


but  who  has  beeii  converted  by  philological  processes  into 
a  persfjnification  of  light  or  dawn.  It  has  already  been  seen 
that  the  wild  North  Pacific  peoples  recognise  in  their  hero 
and  demiurge  animals  of  various  species;  dogs,  ravens, 
mnskrats,  and  coyotes  have  been  found  in  this  lofty  esti- 
mation, and  the  Utes  believe  in  "Cin-au-av,  the  ancient 
of  wolves."    It  would  require  some  labour  to  derive  all  tl 


Rome.  The  saint,  because  of  his  beauty  of  face  and  form 
oft«n  called  "theCatholic  Apollo,"  is  in  the  act  of  enchain- 
ing Lucifer.    The  color  is  vigorous  and  good. 

Michael,  Order  of  Saint.    An  order  instituted 

in  France  bv  Louis  XL,  Aug.  1,  14C9. 
Michael  An'gelO.     See  Michclaiirjclo. 


ancient  heroes  and  gods'  from  misconceptions  about  tli.-  t:i^~r"-:  VCr°'"'    -i-v  /;;  v„.o„'.-T  vHnlil    Prince 
names  of  v.i8t  natural  phenomena  like  light  and  dawn,  and  Michael  ObrenOVltCh  (O-bren  O-V^CU),  frince 


of  Servia.     liuru  at  Kragujevatz,  Servia,  Se))t 
4, 1825:  murdered  near  Belgrad,  Jime  10.  I8(iS. 
A  younger  son  of  Milosh.     He  reigned  1839-42 
anil  18(i0-(i8. 

Michaelis  (me-chii-a'lis).  JohannDavid.  Born 

at  Halle,  Prussia.  Feb.  27, 1717:  died  at  Giittin- 
gen,  Aug.  22. 1791.  A  German  biblical  scholar, 
professor  at  Gottingen  1745-91.  His  works  include 
an  intniduetion  to  the  New  Testament  (4th  edition,  1788). 
'■.■iupplenicnta"toHebrewlexicon8(1784-l)2),-Mo8ai8ehe8 
Uccht"  (1770-71),  etc. 

"    '      "  See  the  extract. 


it  is  probable  that  Michabo  or  Manibozlio,  the  Great  Hare 

of  the  Algonkins,  is  only  a  succe.ssful  apotheosised  totem 

like  the  rest.    His  leg.nd  and  his. loininion  are  very  widely 

spread.     Dr.  Brinton  himself  (p,  l,',:t)allow3  that  thegreat 

hare  is  a  totem.     Perhaps  our  earliest  authority  about  the 

mythical  great  hare  in  America  is~W  ill  iani  St  raehey's  "  Tra- 

vailc"  into  Virginia-  Lan[i,  Myth,  etc.,  II.  M. 

Michael  (mi'kclormi'ka-ol).  [Heb.,' who  is  like 

(Jodf  F.  Michel,  It.  Miclick,  Sp.  Pg.  Miguel  G. 

Michiiii.  ]   An  arcliangel  mentioned  in  the  Bible. 

He  is  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  whole  host  of  angels, 

and, owing  to  miraculous  appearances  recorded  inUoman 

Catholic  legends,  is  considered  by  that  church  to  be  the  MichaelmaS  Day. 

repre.-entativeof  the  church  triumphant.   Jlis  feast  occurs 

on  Sept.  2»  in  that  church  and  in  the  Anglican  t'hnrch 

also.    He  is  spoken  of  five  times  in  the  Bible,  always  as 

fighting:  John  mentions  him  as  lighting  at  the  head  of 

the  angels  against  the  dragon  and  his  host. 

Probably,  on  the  hint  thus  given  by  St,  John,  the  Rom- 
ish church  taught  at  an  early  period  that  Michael  was  cm- 
ployed,  In  command  of  the  loyal  angels  of  f!od,  to  over- 
throw and  consign  to  the  pit  of  perdition  Lucifer  and  his 
rebellious  associates  —  a  legend  which  w;i3  at  length  em- 
balmed in  the  sublimest  poeti-y  by  Milton.  Sometimes 
Michael  Is  represented  as  the  scde  archangel,  sonietinics  as 

•only  the  head  of  a  tniternltyof  archangels,  which  includes 
likewise  I  Jabriel,  Itaphael,  and  some  others,  lie  is  usually 
represented  in  coat  armour,  with  a  glory  round  his  head, 
and  a  dart  in  his  hand,  trampling  on  the  fallen  Lucifer.  He 
has  even  been  furnished,  like  the  human  warrioin  of  thi! 
middle  ages,  with  a  heraldic  ensign —namely,  a  barmiT 
hanging  from  a  cross.  We  obtain  a  curious  Idea  of  the 
religious  notions  of  those  ages  when  we  learn  that  the 
riilv.  Ivet-covered  buckler  worn  by  Michael  In  his  war 
with  Lucifer  used  to  be  shewn  in  a  church  In'Norniandy 
down  to  l(W,  when  the  bishop  of  Avranches  at  length  for- 
bade its  being  any  longer  exhibited. 

Chamlim'f  Bonk  of  Dam.  II.  388.        „..., 

Michael  I.  Rhangabe  or  Rhagabe.  Diedabont  Michaud.  Louis  Gabriel.   Born  at  Bourg,  1772: 

845.    Byzan1iiieempenirSll-M:i.    llewastheson     died  at  'I  ernes.  Mi',''';''.',-''...   >  '    ,     I' rj-neh  lil- 

of  one  of'  the  high  functionaries  at  court,  and  was  made 

master  ol  the  palace  by  Mcephorus  I,,  whose  daughter 

Procopia  he  married.     He  succeeded  his  wife's  brother 

Stauracius.    He  was  deposed  by  Leo  V.,  5nd  retired  to  a 

convent. 


Michaelmas  Dav,  the  29th  of  September,  properly  named 
the  day  of  St.  Michael  and  All  Angels,  is  a  great  festival  In 
the  Church  of  Konie,  and  also  observed  as  a  feast  by  the 
Church  of  England.  In  England  it  is  one  of  the  four  quar- 
terly terms,  or  quarter-days,  on  which  rents  are  pahl,  and 
in  that  and  other  divisions  of  the  United  Kingdom,  as  well 
as  perhaps  In  i^ther  countries,  it  is  the  day  on  which  Imr- 
gal  nnigistracies  anil  councils  are  reelected.  The  oidy 
other  remarkable  thing  connected  with  the  day  Is  a  widely 
prevalent  custom  of  marking  it  with  a  goose  at  dinner, 

Chamhmti  Bmk  of  Itaijt,  II.  387. 

Michaelmas  Terme.    A  i)lny  by  Thomas  Mid- 

dloton,  licensed  and  iiriiited  in   lCi07:  a  lively 
and  effective  comedv  of  eily  intri;.'iie. 

Michaud  (me-slnV),  Joseph  Francois.     Born 

at  .Mliens,  Savov.  .Tune  19,  17t')7:  died  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  30, 1839.  A  Froneli  poet,  his- 
torian, and  Bourbon  ])ublieist.  Ills  princinal  his- 
torical works  are  "lllstolre  des  progrfs  ct  ile  la  chute  de 
I'empire  de  Mysore,  "  etc.  (isnl),  '■  lllstolre  des  crolsades 
(1812-17).  With  his  brother  L.  O.  Michaud  ho  cdltod  the 
"  Biographic  uiilvemelle 


fi'raleur,  brother  of  .).  F.  Michaud,  and  his  col- 
laborator in  editing  the  '•Biographie  univer- 

si'lle." 

Michaux  (me-sho'),  Andr6.     Boru  near  \  er- 


Michelangelo 

sailles,  March  7,  1746 :  died  in  Madagascar, 
Nov.  13,  1802.  A  French  botanist  and  traveler 
in  Asia  and  America.  He  wrote  a  "Histoire  des 
ehenes  de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale  "  (1801),  "Flora  Bo- 
reali- Americana  "  (lb<XJX  ete. 

Michaux,  Francois  Andre.   Born  ai  Versailles, 

France,  1770:  died  near  Poutoise.  France,  1855. 
A  French  botanist,  son  of  ^Vndr6  Michaux.  He 
wrote  "Histoire  des  arbres  forestiers  de  I'Amerique  Sep- 
tentrionale "  (1810-13),  etc.  t 

Michegamea.    See  JUi}iois. 

Michel  ( niich'el),  or  Cousin  Michel.  Ahumor- 

ous  personification  of  tlje  (ierman  nation,  as 
John  Bull  is  of  the  English. 

Michel(mich'el)ofNorthgate,Dan.  Abrother 
of  the  cloister  of  St.  Austin  at  (Canterbury.  He 
is  noted  as  having  completed  in  1340  a  translation  of  "  La 
somme  des  vices  et  des  vertns,"  known  as  "Ihe  Ayenbite 
of  Inwyt"  (which  see), 

Michel  (me-shel'),  FrancisQue  Xa'vier.  Bom 
at  Lyons,  Feb.  18, 1809:  died  at  Paris,  May  21, 
1887.  A  French  archaeologist,  philologist,  and 
historian,  professor  at  Bordeaux. 

Michel  (me-shel').  Louise.  Born  1839.  AFrench 
anarchist,  she  opeiied  a  school  in  the  Quartier  Mont- 
martre,  Paris,  in  lb60.  In  1871  she  took  part  in  the  uprising 
of  the  Commune,  and  for  this  was  sentenced  in  the  same 
year  to  deportation  for  life  to  New  Caledonia.  She  was  re- 
leased by  the  amnesty  of  1S80,  and  returned  to  Paris,  w  here 
she  became  prominent  as  an  agitator  of  anarchism.  In  1*)>3 
she  was  sentenced  to  six  years'  imprisonment  for  inciting 
the  poor  to  plunder  the  bakers'  shops.  She  refused  to  ac- 
cept a  pardon  in  1SS5.  She  is  at  present  (1901)  living  in 
LondoiL 

Michelangelo    (mi-kel-an'je-16;   It.  jiron.   me- 

kel-Un'.ie-lo)   (Michelagnolo   Buonarroti). 
Born  at  Caprese,  March  6,  1475 :  died  at  Rome, 
Feb.  18, 15(>t.   A  famous  Italian  sculptor,  paint- 
er, architect,  and  ]>oet.    He  came  of  an  ancient  tmt 
poor  hlorentine  family.  He  »  as  apprenticed  to  the  painter 
Ghirlandajo  April  1,  14SS,  and  with  other  boys  from  the 
atelier  began  soon  after  to  study  the  antic|ue  marbles  col- 
lected by  l/jrenzo  de'  Medici  in  the  g.ardeu  cjf  San  Marco. 
Lorenzo  discovered  him  there,  and  in  1489  took  him  into 
his  palace,  where  he  had  every  opportunity  for  improve- 
ment and  study.    The  Centaur  relief  in  the  Casa  Buonar- 
roti was  made  at  this  time,  at  the  suggestion  of  Angelo 
Poliziano.    In  1491  he  came  under  the  influence  of  Savon- 
arola, whom  he  ahvays  held  m  great  reverence.     In  14S>2 
Lorenzo  died,  and  Michelangelo's  intimate  relations  with 
the  Medici  family  terminated.     In  1493  he  made  a  large 
wooden  crucifix  for  the  priorof  S.  Spirito,  and  with  the  as- 
sist.ance  of  the  prior  began  the  profound  study  of  anatomy 
in  which   he  delighted.      Before  the  expulsion  of  the 
Medici  he  fled  to  Bologna,  where  he  was  soon  engaged 
upon  the  Area  di  San  Uonienico  begun  by  Niccolo  I'isano 
in  l'2r,6,  to  M-hich  he  added  the  well-know n  kneeling  angel 
of  Bologna.      Ho  was  probably  much  influenced  by  Ihe 
reliefs  of  Delia  Querela  about  the  door  of  San  Petronio : 
two  of  these  he  afterward  imitated  in  the  Sistine  Chapel. 
In  HU.T  he  returned  to  Florence,  when  he  is  supposed  to 
have  made  the  San  Giovannino  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 
From  1496  to  i:>01  he  lived  in  Rome.     To  this  period  are 
attributed  the  liaechus  of  the  Bargello  and  the  Cupid  of 
the  South  Kensington  Museum.  The  most  important  work 
of  this  time  is  the  Picti  di  San  Pietro  (149>)      In  Ifnil  he 
returned  to  ilorencc,  and  Sept.  13  began  the  great  David 
of  the  Signoria,  made  from  a  block  of  marble  abandoned 
by  Agostino  di  DHCcio,w  Inch  »  as  placed  in  position  May  18, 
ISOt.     The  two  roundels  of  the  .Madomia  and  Child  in  Bur- 
lington House  and  the  Bargello  were  probably  made  then, 
and  also  the  picture  of  the  Holy  Family  in  the  I'tUzi.     In 
15113  Piero  Soderini,  gonfaloniere,  projected  two  frescos 
for  the  .sala  Grande  of  the  Palazzo  Vccchlo.     The  commis- 
sion for  one  was  given  to  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  that  for  Ihe 
other  to  Michelangelo  in  1604.     For  it  he  prepared  the 
great  cartoon  of  the  Battle  of  Caseina,  an  incident  in  the 
war  with  Pisa  when,  July  '28,  l.'W4,  a  band  of  400  Horen- 
tines  were  attacked  while  bathing  by  Sir  John  Hawk- 
wood's  English  troopers.  This  carto<in  contained  288  s<iuar« 
feet  of  surface,  and  wascrowded  w  ith  nude  flgures  in  every 
position.    It  had,  probably,  more  influence  upon  theart  of 
the  Renaissance  than  any  other  single  work.     To  about 
this  time  maybe  attributed  the  beginning  of  bis  poetic 
creations,  of  the  multitude  of  «hich  undoubtedly  written 
a  few  only  have  come  down  to  us.     In  Nov  ,  1M&,  he  was 
called  to  Rome  by  Pope  Julius  II.  to  design  his  mauBo- 
lenm,  the  history  of  w  hich  runs  through  the  entire  life  of 
the  nuister.     Repeated  designs  and  repeated  attempts  to 
caiTy  them  out  were  made,  only  to  be  frustrated  by  the  sue- 
cessors  of  the  great  Pope.     The  matter  flnally  ended  lu 
the  reign  of  Paul  III.  by  the  placing  in  San  Pietro  in  \  In- 
eoll  of  the  statue  of  Moses  surrounded  by  mediocre  works 
llnlshed  by  Rjillaello  da  Montelupo  and  others.     The  Two 
Captives  of  the  Louvre  arc-  part  of  Ihe  wcuk  as  orlglnallj 
designed.     In  the  spring  icf  l.MW  he  assisted  In  the  diseov. 
cry  of  the  Uiocoiui  in  the  palace  of  Tilus.     Ills  favorite 
auti.iue  was  the  Uelvedere  lorso,  suppofed  to  be  a  cony 
of  the  Hercules  Epltropezlus  of  Lyslppus.    In  April.  l.'.<l<i, 
probably  as  a  result  icf  the  Intrigues  of  Brauianle,  he  wirn 
forced  to  abandmi  Home  for  Florence,     lu  the  autunm  he 
joined  the  Pope  al  Bologna,  ami  made  (irKHl-o7)  the  br<.nie 
statue  of  Julius  which  stood  over  the  . Cor  of  San  I  elr..- 
nlo  ami  was  destniyed  In  l.'.ll.     The  e.lling  of  the  Mstlne 
Chapel  was  begun  early  in  IWtS,  and  flidshed  in  (let.,  1M2 
Julius  II.  died  Feb,  21.  U'i.i.  ami  was  MicciH-ded  by  t  ardl- 
lial  Olovamil  di'  Medici,  ^on  of  Ihe  great  Uirenz".  as  Leo 
X     Michelangelo  was  divtrfed  from  the  Icinbof  Julius  hy 
Leo  andemploved  from  1.'.17  to  ir,20  In  an  abortive  allempt 
to  b'ullcl  the  (a^ii.b-  of  San  Loi-enzo  In  Florence,  and  in  de. 
velonlngtbc- ciiianic  -  "f  Carrara  and  Sernvezz.-!.     In  l&2i) 
he  began,  b)oidcr.(Cai,llnnl(iiullode'MlNllcl.theBiicrl»ty 
of  Sau  Unenzo  and  the  tombs  of  Giullano  and  lxir<Mir,o  de' 
SIcMllel  w  lib  Ihe  fiinioii«  reellnlng  flgures  on  the  san-oph- 
agi   pcrbaps  Ihe  most  llicmuigbly  characterlstl.-  of  nil  his 
a,    Leo  X.  was  succeeded  bv  Adrian  \  I,  in  1521,  and 


works. 


Michelangelo 

he  In  turn  byGiulio  de'  Medici  as  Clement  Vn.  in  1623. 
On  April  6,  1529,  Miclielangelo  was  appointed  "governor 
and  procarator-general  over  the  construction  and  fortifi- 
cation of  the  city  walls  "  in  Florence.  On  Sept.  21, 1529, 
occurred  his  unexplained  flight  to  Venice.  He  returned 
>iov.  20  of  the  same  year,  and  was  engaged  in  the  defense 
of  the  city  until  its  capitulation,  Aug.  12,  1.^30.  Before 
the  end  of  the  year  1534  he  left  Florence,  never  to  return. 
The  statues  of  the  sacristy,  including  the  Madonna  and 
Child,  were  arranged  after  his  departure.  Alessandro 
Famese  succeeded  Clement  VII.  as  Paul  III.,  Oct.,  1534. 
The  Last  Judgment  was  begun  about  Sept.  1,  15:i5.  and 
finished  before  Christmas,  l-i>41.  Michelangelo's  friend- 
ship forV'ittoria  Colonna  began  about  153S.  (See  Colomia, 
Vilt(/ria.)  The  frescos  of  the  Pauline  Chapel  were  painted 
between  1542  and  1549.  They  represent  the  conversion  of 
St.  Paul  and  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Peter.  He  succeeded 
Antonio  da  Sangallo  in  154ti  in  the  othees  which  he  held, 
and  became  architect  of  St,  Peter's  Jan.  1, 1547.  From  this 
time  antil  his  death  he  worked  on  the  church  without  com- 
pensation. The  dome  alone  was  completed  with  any  regard 
to  his  plans. 
Michelet  (mesh-la'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Paris,  Aug. 
21, 1798:  died  at  HySres,  southern  France,  Feb. 
9,1874.  An  eminent  French  historian.  He  be- 
gan his  literary  studies  under  the  guidance  of  an  old  book- 
seller, and  in  his  spare  moments  helped  his  father,  a  print- 
er by  trade,  in  setting  type.  He  went  through  the  College 
Charlemagne,  and  entered  then  on  a  highercourse  of  study. 
In  1821  he  graduated  with  the  highest  university  honors, 
and  was  called  at  once  to  the  chair  of  history  in  the 
College  Rollin  (1821-2(5).  His  first  works  were  a  "Tab- 
leau chronologique  de  I'histoire  moderne"  (1825),  "Tab- 
leaux synchroniques  de  I'histoire  modeme"  (1826),  and 
"  Precis  de  I'histoire  modeme  "  (1827).  He  was  appointed 
lecturer  at  the  Ecole  Xormale  in  1827,  and  published  his 
"Introduction  h  I'histoire  univcrselle"  (1831),  "(Kuvres 
choisies  de  Vico"  (1835),  "  Origines  du  droit  fran^ais" 
(1837),  and  "  Histoire  romaine :  rt^publique"  (1839),  etc. 
Michelet  began  his  famous  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Col- 
lege de  France  in  1838,  and  wTOte  in  that  connection  "Des 
J^suites"(lS43),  "Du  pretre.de  la  fenime  et  dela  famille" 
(1844).  and  "Du  peuple"  (1845).  The  clergy  succeeded  at 
last  in  silencing  him,  and  he  retired  to  a  life  of  study.  The 
publication  of  his  "Histoire  de  France  "  in  sixteen  volumes 
(1833-67)  was  inten-upted  by  his  "Histoire  de  la  revolution 
frauQaise '"  (1847-53),  "  Le  proces  des  templiers  "  (1S51),  and 
"L^gendesdemocratiques  du  Nord"(1854).  Michelet  was 
married  twice.  He  wrote,  further,  "Les  feranies  de  la 
riSvolution  "  (1854),  "L'Oiseau"  (1856),  "Llnsecte"  (1858), 
"L'Amour"(1859),  "Lafemme"  (1860),  "Lamer"  (1861), 
"La  bible  de  I'humanit^ "  (1864).  Slichelet  made  a  last 
return  to  history  in  attempting  to  bring  his  great  work 
down  to  date.  Death  stopped  him  after  he  had  published 
but  few  volumes  of  his  "  Histoire  du  XIX"^  siecle  "  (1872- 
1873). 

Michelet  (me-she-la ' ) ,  Karl  Lud'Wlg.  Born  at 
Beriin.  Dee.  1,  1801:  died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16, 
1893.  AGermanphilosophieal(Hegelian)'nTiter, 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin  in 
1829.  He  wrote  works  on  Aristotle,  "Geschichte  der 
letzten  .Systeme  der  Philosophic  in  Deutschland  "  (1837- 
1838),  "  Entwickelungsgeschichte  der  neuesten  deutschen 
Philosophic ■'  (1843),  "Die  Personlichkeit  Gottes"  (1841), 
"Die  Epiphanie  der  ewigen  Personlichkeit  des  Geistes" 
(lS44-5'2),  "Geschichte  der  Menschheit"  (1859-60),  ".Sys- 
tem der  Philosophic"  (1S76-S1),  etc. 

Michelis(me-cha'lis),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Miin- 
ster,  Prussia,  July  27,  1815:  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  May  28,  1886.  A  noted  German  theo- 
logian and  philosopher,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Old  Catholic  movement. 

Michelozzo  Michelozzi  (me -ke -lot 'so  me- 
ke-lot'se),  Bartolommeo  di  Gherardo  di. 
Boi-n  at  Florence,  1396 :  died  1472.  An  eminent 
sculptor,  enfcraver  of  gems,  and  architect,  wniiie 
associated  with  Donatello  in  making  the  monuments  of 
Pope  John  XXIII.,  Cardinal  Brancacci,  and  Bartolommeo 
Aragazzi,  he  was  employed  by  Cosmo  de'  Medici  to  design 
and  i)uild  the  Medici  Palace  —  now  called  the  Riccardi  Pal- 
ace, as  it  was  enlarged  by  the  Marchese  Riccardi  in  the 
17th  century.  He  created  a  distinctly  Florentine  type  which 
was  subsequently  followed  in  the  Strozzi  and  other  Flor- 
entine p,alaces.  During  bis  exile(1433-34)  with  Cosmo  de' 
Medici  in  Venice,  he  built  the  library  of  San  Giorgio  Mag- 
giore,  adjoining  the  Convent  of  San  Marco,  w^hich  Cosmo 
endowed  with  many  precious  manuscripts  and  books.  In 
Milan  he  designed  the  chapel  of  St,  Peter  Martyr  in  Santo 
Eustorgio,  and  other  buildings.  After  his  return  to  Flor- 
ence, Michelozzo  displayed  great  skill  in  restoring  the  lower 
part  of  the  Palazzo  "N'ecchio,  which  had  been  dangerously 
weakened  by  the  weight  of  the  upper  stories.  He  also 
built  the  Villas  Careggi,  Calfagiolo,  and  Mozzi,  and  en- 
larged and  rebuilt  the  Convent  of  San  Alarco.  Among  the 
few  remaining  examples  of  his  skill  as  a  sculptor  are  a 
silver  statuette  of  St.  John  Baptist  on  the  altar  of  the 
Opei-a  del  Duomo  in  Florence,  and  a  small  St.  John  over 
the  door  of  the  Canonica  opposite  the  Baptistery. 

Michelstadt  (me'chel-stiit).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  21  miles  southeast 
of  Darmstadt :  the  chief  town  of  the  Odenwald. 
Ponulation  (1890),  3,068. 

Micnigan  (mish'i-gan).  One  of  the  western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend- 
ing (exclusive  of  islands)  from  about  lat.  41° 
4f>'  to  47°  30'  N.,  and  from  long.  82°  25'  to  90° 
30'  W.  Capital,  Lansing ;  chief  city.  Detroit. 
It  consists  of  two  peninsulas  (separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Mackinaw).  The  southern  is  bounded  by  Lakes  Huron, 
St.  Clair,  and  Erie  and  St.  Clair  and  Detroit  rivers  on  the 
east,  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west,  and  Ohio  and  Indiana  on 
the  south :  and  the  noithern  lies  between  Lake  .Superior 
on  the  north  and  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan  and  the  State 
of  Wisconsin  on  the  south.  The  surface  in  the  south  is  gen- 
erallylevel ;  irj  th,-  nortli  it  is  ru-ged.  There  is  rich  mineral 
wealth  in  tlie  north.    Michigan  is  one  of  the  first  states  in 


684 

the  production  of  copper,  salt,  and  iron  ore,  the  fourth  in 
wool,  and  one  of  the  first  in  lunilter  and  wheat.  It  pi-o- 
duces  also  apples,  Indian  corn,  etc.,  and  has  important 
fisheries  of  lalie-trout,  whitefish,  etc.  It  has  83  counties, 
sends  2  senators  and  12  representatives  to  Congress,  ami 
has  14  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  the  FreneTiui 
the  17th  century,  aud  first  permanently  settled  by  them 
at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  1668 ;  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
in  1763;  was  the  scene  of  Pontiac's' war;  was  formally 
surrendered  to  the  United  States  in  1796;  formed  part  of 
tile  .Vorthwest  Territory,  and  later  of  Indiana  Territory ; 
and  was  lonstituted  Michigan  Territory  in  1805.  Detroit 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1812.  Michigan  w  as  recovered 
by  the  United  .States  in  1813,  and  was  admitted  totheVnion 
in  1837.  Its  nanjc  is  from  that  of  the  lake.  Area,  68.916 
square  miles.     Population  (1900),  2,420,982. 

Michigan,  Lake.  [AJgonkin,' great  lake.']  One 
of  the  five  great  lakes  of  the  United  States, 
inclosed  by  Jlichigan  on  the  north  and  east, 
Indiana  on  the  south,  and  Dlinois  and  Wis- 
consin on  the  west,  its  chief  bays  are  Green  Bay 
and  Grand  Traverse  Bay ;  ite  chief  tributaries  the  Fox, 
Menominee,  Manistee.  Muskegon,  Grand,  Kalamazoo,  and 
St.  Joseph.  Cliicago  and  Milwaukee  are  the  chief  cities  on 
its  banks.  It  discharges  by  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw  into 
Lake  Huron.  Length,  about  340  miles.  Greatest  width, 
about  85  miles.  Greatest  depth,  870  feet.  Mean  height 
above  sea-level,  682  feet.    Area,  over  22,000  square  miles. 

Michigan,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
leiirniiig,  for  both  sexes,  situated  at  Ann  Arbor, 
Michigan,  it  is  under  State  control;  was  opened  in 
1841 ;  contains  collegiate,  medical,  and  law  departments, 
with  an  observatory,  dental  college,  school  of  ptuu-macy, 
scientifli'  mnsennis.  aiid  bbrarv  ot  145,000  volumes:  and 
is  attende.l  by  iibout  3,700  students. 

Michigan  City.  A  city  in  La  Porte  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan  40  miles 
east-southeast  of  Chicago.  It  has  a  lumber 
trade.     Population  (1900),  14,850. 

Michilimackinac.     See  Mackinac. 

Michmash  (mik'mash).  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a  place  in  Palestine,  7  miles  north  by  east 
of  Jerusalem:  the  modem  Mukhmas. 

Michoacan  (me-cho-a-kan').  or  Mechoacan 
(ma-cho-a-kan').  A  maritime  state  in  Mexico. 
Capital.  Morelia.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  states  of 
Colima,  Jalisco,  Guanajuato,  Quer^taro,  Mexico,  and  Guer- 
rero, and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  surface  is  elevated  and 
mcuntainous.  Area,  23,703  square  miles.  Population  (1895), 
HK'.i.7n."i. 

Micikq'wutme  Timne  (me  -  she '  kwut  -  ma ' 
tu-ne').  ['People  of  the  Mici'orCoquille  River, 
Oregon.]  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the 
Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
now  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  See 
Athapascan. 

Micipsa  (mi-sip'sa).  Died  118  B.  c.  A  son  of 
M:isiiiissa,  and  chief  ruler  of  Numidia  after  the 
lattcr's  death  in  148  B.  c. 

Mickie'Wicz(mits-ke-ev'ich),Adam.  Born  near 
Novogrodek,  Lithuania,  Dec.  24,  1798 :  died  at 
Constantinople,  Nov.  26,  1855.  A  noted  Polish 
poet.  He  resided  chiefly  at  Paris  after  1828.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  epic  "  Konrad  Wallenrod  "  (1830 :  translated 
into  English  both  in  prose  and  verse).  His  poem  "  Pan 
Tadewsz  "  is  one  of  tlie  masterpieces  of  Slavonic  literature. 

Mickle  (mik'l),  William  Julius.  Bom  at  Lang- 
holm, Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  28,  1735: 
died  at  Forest  Hill.  Oct.  28,  1788.  A  Scottish 
poet.  He  translated  the  "  Lusiad  "  (1775),  and  is  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  song  "There  's  nae  luck  aboot  the 
hoose." 

Micmac  (mik'mak).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  occupying  Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton, 
and  Prince  Edward  Island,  the  north  of  New 
Brunswick,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Quebec,  and 
also  ranging  over  Newfoundland.  They  number 
about  4.000.  The  name  is  translated  as  'secrets-practis- 
ing men,'  alluding  to  Shamanistic  jugglery.  Tlie  French 
called  them  Souriquois,  imitating  words  meaning  'good 
canoe-men.'     Also  Mikvmk.    See  Ai^j^nt^^xdan. 

Micon  (mi'kon)  of  Athens.  [Gr.  M«ui'.]  A 
Greek  painter,  a  contemporary  of  Polygnotus, 
kno\\'n  principally  from  the  works  executed  in 
conjunction  with  the  latter  in  the  Stoa  Poikile, 
Theseum,  and  temple  of  the  Dioscuri  at  Athens. 
He  made  the  statne  of  the  Athenian  Callias,  victor  in 
Olympiad  77  (or  468  B.  c).  His  methods  were  probal)ly  the 
saine  as  those  of  Polygnotus. 

Micromegas.  A  philosophical  romance  by  Vol- 
taire, published  in  1752:  imitated  from  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels." 

Micronesia  (mi-kro-ne'siii).  [NL.,  'little 
islands.']  A  collection  of  island  groups  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  comprising  principally  the  Car- 
oline, Ladrone.  Gilbert,  and  Marshall  group.';. 
The  islands  (except  tbo  Ladrones)  are  generally  small,  low, 
and  mainly  of  coral  formation.  The  inhabitants  are  re- 
lated in  race  and  language. 

Microscopium  (mi-kro-sko'pi-uip).  [LL.,  'the 
Microscope.']  A  constellation  south  of  Capri- 
corn, introduced  by  LacaiUe  in  1752. 

Mictlan.     See  Mitia. 

Midas  (mi'das).  [Gr.  MMcf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Phrygia,  son  of  Gordius  and  Cybele. 
According  to  the  common  form  of  the  myth,  the  god"  Diony- 


Middleton,  Arthur 

BUS,  from  gratitude  for  kindness  which  had  been  shown  to 
his  teacher  Silenus  by  Miiias,  promised  to  grant  whatever 
the  latter  might  ask.  Midas,  accordingly,  requested  that 
whatever  he  touched  might  turn  to  gold  ;  but  when  he  found 
that  even  his  food  was  not  excepted,  and  that  be  was  likely 
to  starve,  he  prayed  that  the  gift  might  be  taken  away,  and 
on  bathing  in  the  Pactolus  was  restored  to  his  natural'cou- 
dition.  The  sands  of  the  river,  however,  were  ever  after 
full  of  gold.  On  his  refusing  to  award  the  prize  of  a  musi- 
cal contest  between  Pan  and  Apollo  to  the  latter,  the  god 
changed  his  ears  into  those  of  an  ass.  These,  which  he  con- 
cealed under  his  cap,  were  discovered  by  his  Imrber,  who, 
afraid  to  mention  the  secret  to  any  one,  relieved  himself  by 
digging  a  hole  in  the  ground,  whispering  into  it  "King 
Midas  has  ass's  ears,"  and  then  covering  it  up. 
Middelburg  (mid'del-borG).  The  capital  of  the 
prorinee  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  island  of  Walcberen  in  lat.  51°  30'  N.,  long. 
3  37'  E.  It  has  a  noted  town  h.oll.  an  abbey,  and  some 
collections:  was  formerly  a  flourishing  Himseatic  town; 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  from  the  Spaniards  in  1574  :  and 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1809.  Population  (1889V, 
15.180. 

Middle  Ages.  A  period  of  about  a  thousand 
years,  between  the  close  of  what  is  technically 
considered  ancient  history  and  the  first  definite 
movements  in  Europe  of  the  distinctively  mod- 
ern spirit  of  freedom  and  enterprise.  Its  begin- 
ning is  synchronous  with  that  of  the  dark  ages,  and  it  is 
variously  reckoned  as  extending  to  the  fall  of  Constan- 
tinople (1453),  the  invention  of  printing,  the  Renaissance, 
or  the  discovery  of  America,  in  the  15th  century,  or  to  the 
Reformation,  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th. 

For,  in  truth,  through  all  that  period  which  we  call  the 
Dark  and  Middle  Ages,  men's  minds  were  possessed  by  the 
belief  that  all  things  continued  as  they  were  from  the  be- 
ginning, that  no  chasm  never  to  be  recrossed  lay  between 
them  and  that  ancient  world  to  which  they  had  not  ceased 
to  look  back.  We  who  are  centuries  removed  can  see  that 
there  had  passed  a  great  and  wonderful  cbauge  upon 
thought,  and  art,  and  literature,  and  politics,  and  society 
itself :  achange  whose  best  illustration  is  to  be  found  in  the 
process  whereby  there  ai-ose  out  of  the  primitive  basilicft 
the  Romanesque  cathedral,  and  from  it,  in  turn,  the  endless 
varieties  of  Gothic.  But  so  gradual  was  the  change  that 
each  generation  felt  it  passing  over  them  no  more  than  a 
man  feels  that  perpetual  transformation  by  which  bis  body 
is  renewed  from  year  to  year ;  while  the  few  who  had  learn- 
ing  enough  to  study  antiquity  through  its  contemporary 
records  were  prevented  by  the  utter  want  of  criticism,  and 
of  that  which  we  call  historical  feeling,  from  seeing  how 
prodigious  was  the  contrast  between  themselves  and  those 
whom  they  admired.  There  is  nothing  more  modern  than 
the  critical  spirit  which  dwells  upon  the  difference  between 
the  minds  of  men  in  one  age  and  in  another  ;  which  endea- 
vours to  make  each  :ige  its  own  interpreter,  and  judge 
what  it  did  or  produced  by  a  relative  standard. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  260. 

MiddleborOUgh  (mid'l-bur-o).  A  town  in  Ply- 
mouth Coimty,  Massachusetts,  34  miles  south 
liy  east  of  Boston.     Population  (1900).  6,885. 

Middlebury  (mid'1-ber  i).  The  capital  of  Ad- 
dison County,  Vermont,  situated  on  Otter  Creek 
33  miles  southwest  of  Montpelier :  the  seat  of 
Middleburv  College  (Congregational).  Popula- 
tion (1900),  3,045. 

Middle  Flo'wery  Kingdom.  A  native  appella- 
tion of  China. 

Middlemarch(mid'l-miirch) .  A  novel  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1871  in  "Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine," aud  in  book  form  in  1872. 

Middle  Park.  A  plateau  or  elevated  valley  in 
Grand Countv.northern Colorado.  Length, from 
60  to  70  miles! 

Middlesbrough  (mid'lz-bro),  or  Middlesbor- 

OUgh  (mid'lz-bur-o).  A  seaport  and  parliamen- 
tary borough  in  tlie  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tees,  near  its  mouth. 
44  miles  north  of  York.  It  is  the  chief  seat 
of  the  English  iron  trade.  Population  (1901), 
91,317. 

Middlesex  (mid'l-seks).  [ME.  Middelsexe,  AS. 
MiddeUeuxe,  Middle  Saxons.]  A  south  midland 
county  of  England.  Itliestothe  south  of  Herts,  and 
is  separated  from  Essex  on  the  east  by  the  Lea,  from  Kent 
and  Surrey  on  the  south  by  the  Thames,  and  from  Bucks 
on  the  west  by  the  Colne.  The  surface  is  generally  level. 
Next  to  Rutland,  it  is  the  smallest  English  county ;  but, 
next  to  Lancashii-e,  it  has  the  largest  p';'pulation,  2,687,084 
of  the  inliabitants  of  London  being  included  in  it.  It  was 
an  ancient  Saxon  kingdom  dependent  on  Essex.  From 
1101  it  was  subject  to  the  city  of  London.  In  1888.  by  the 
Local  Government  Act.  parts  of  Jliddlesex,  Kent,  and  Sur- 
rey were  incorporated  into  a  county  of  London.  Area,  283 
square  miles.    Population  (1891).  3,251,671. 

Middle  States,  A  name  given  collectively  to 
the  States  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware,  and  (sometimes)  Maryland. 

Middle  Temple.    See  Inns  of  Court,  and  Temple. 

Middleton  (mid'1-ton).    A  town  in  Lanca.shire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Irk  5  miles  north  of 
Manchester.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  etc 
Population  (1.S91),  21,330 

Middleton.  Asmallto-wninthe  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  Cork  harbor  13  miles  east 
of  Cork. 

Middleton,  Arthur.  Born  June  26,  1742 :  died 
Jan.  1,  17S7.     An  American  patriot.    He  was  a 


Middleton,  Arthur  685 

delegate  from  South  Carolina  to  the  Continental  Congress  MidhUTSt  (mid'bferst).     A  small  town  in  SuSBex, 
in  1771..  and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.   He     j^ugland,  situated  ou  the  West  Rother  4G  miles 

sat  a(!ain  in  Congress  17bl-83.  Southwest  of  London. 

Middleton  Charles,  second  Earl  of  M"l;l  ^*';  Midi  (me-d(>'),  Canal  du.  or  Canal duLangue- 
andt.tiUarEarlot Monmouth  BornaboutlWO  ^^^  ,  ,^l^^^  ^^  the  south'  or  •  of  Langu.- 
died  1719.  Secretary  of  state  to  James  II.  At  ^  „  A  canal  uniting  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  Restoration  he  was  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to     uui.  j  ^  v,au<.i  uu.v.   ^ 

Vienn  u  became  earl  by  succession  in  1874,  and  on  Aug.     the  Atlantic.     It  extends  from  the  Garonne,  near  lou- 
26  iiai  succeeded  Godolphin  as  secretao  of  state.    After     louse,  to  the  Etang  de  Thau,  near  Agde.    It  was  opened 
the  reiKii  of  James  IL  he  remained  in  England,  and  in  May,      in  Iflsl-     Length,  U9  miles. 
lee.  was  committed  to  the  Tower.    In  18»:)  he  joined 
James  at  St.  Germain.     At  the  death  of  the  king  ho  was 
pr..i.lainied  earl  of  Monmouth  by  the  titular  James  III. 
Ht'  assisted  in  the  Pretender's  .Scottish  exiiedition  in  1708. 

Middleton,  Christopher.    Died  Feb.  12, 1770. 

All  Kiiglish  naval  commander  and  arctic  e.\- 

plorer.    About  1720  he  entered  the  employment  of  the 

Hudson  Bay  Company.     In  1721  he  observed  the  variation 

of  thi-  needle  at  Churchill  River.    He  became  acommander 
■  navy 

of  discovery  in  Ilomluras  Bay. 
Middleton,  Conyers.     Bom  in  Yorkshire,  Dec. 

27,  ItKJ:  died  at  llildcrsham,  July  28,  1750.  An 

EujjHsli  divine.    In  1724  he  went  to  Rome,  and  in  172t> 

pubiislu'd  the  "  Letter  from  Rome  "  upon  i)agan  beliefs 

and  ecrtnionies  in  the  Kciinan  Catholic  Church.     In  his 

•'Letter  to  Waterland  "  he  ridiculed  some  parts  of  the  Book 

of  Genesis,  and  showed  a  skeptical  tendency  in  an  "Intro- 

dact4)ry  Discourse  "  (1747).    Of  his  numerous  works  the 

best-known  is  his  "Life  of  Cicero." 


Mihrgan 

west  of  Prague.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
3,978. 
Mifflin  (mif'lin),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
l.liia,  1744:  liied  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Jan.  20, 1800. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general  and  politi- 
cian, a  member  of  the  "Conway  Cabal  (see 
Con  win/.  Thonidi)  in  1777.  He  was  president  of  the 
executive  council  of  Pennsylvania  17bJ*-90,  and  governor 
of  Pennsylvania  1790-99. 


therei'iiof  JameslL  neremaineuin  tnglaim.anuinmay,      m  lojji.     iieugiu,  nu  uiuco.  ■••■■    j    i    /     ■    /  i    n        a      *,•;„.,   „«  tl,»  .»..fn  nf 

ee.wils  committed  to  the  Tower.    In  I6»:i  he  jomed  Midian  (mid'i-au).   An  Arabian  tribe  settled  in  Mlgdol  (nug'dol).     A  station  on  the  route  of 

-1  oi  r, .„      I  >•!....<„„•>.  .,r  ti.u  M,..rhn  un.;  iujuiciii  v  ..J  _  _     ,.        ,   _  _.      thc  Lsraclitcs  from  Egj'pt  to  the  Red  »ea  (cjX. 

xiv.  2).   The  Migdol  of  Ezekiel  was  iu  the  neigh- 

borhood 


the  northern  part  of  the  Syro-Arabian  desert. 
In  Gen.  xxv.  2  the  Midianites  are  represented  as  descen- 
dants of  Abraham  aiifl  Keturah.  They  harajised  the  Israel- 
ites in 

their  ht . .. 

defeated  by  Gideon.  Ijiterthey  disappearmore  and  more 
from  history,  and  are  mentioned  only  as  a  trading  people 
llsa.ls.  6). 


A  play  by  B.  E.  Woolf, 


f  Polusium. 
1  the  period  of  the  jii.Iki  s,  crossing  tlie  Jordan  with  Mjeh+v  Dollar  The. 
hordes  and  dcsjioiling  the  country,  untU  they  were      "f,;?,,',,,  ;,,  107.-; 

1...11...  .11,1.....        I.,t»..tl,..v,liQ,,i,ru.nrin,,rH  nnil  more       III  OUUC'CU  III   lOi .). 

Mignard  (men-viir' ),  Pierre.    Bom  at  Troyes, 

Prance,  Nov.,  1610:  died  at  Paris,  May  13, 1695. 

the'Im"y'"ii7l74T,'ai;d^irthesamV'yea7\Vidi'a™oy^^  Midland  (mid'land).     The  district  of  Virginia     A  French  painter  of  portraits  and  historical 

Migne  (meny),  Jacques  PauL    Bom  at  Samt- 

Plour,  Oantiil,  Prance,  If^Oii:  died  at  Paris,  Oct. 
2.'),  187.1.  A  French  priest,  noted  as  an  editor 
and  publisher  of  religious  works.  lie  served  for  a 
time  as  curat*  at  Pniseaux  in  the  diocese  of  Orliians; 
but  in  1833  a  quarrel  with  his  bishcjii  drove  him  U>  Paris, 
where  he  founded  'LT'nivcrs  Keligicux."  and,  having 
soon  sold  this  paper,  established  a  large  publishing  house. 
The  works  issued  by  him  include  "Scripturx-  sacnc  cur- 
sus  completus"(28  vols.),  "Theoh.giie  cursus"  C28  vols.), 
"Collection  dcs  orateurs  sacres  "  (loo  vols.),  "  I'atiologiie 
cui-sus  coinpletus"  (383  vols.),  "Encyclopedic  tb(;olo- 
gique  "  (171  vols.). 


which  extends  from  Tidewater  westward  to  the 
liase  of  tlic  .\piialachian8. 
Midland  Counties.  A  name  given  collectively 
to  nearly  the  whole  of  the  inland  comities  of 
England.  In  the  registration  system  they  are  grouped 
as  South  Midland,  West  .Midland,  and  Korth  Midland 
counties. 

Midlothian,  or  Mid-Lothian  (raid-16'THi-an). 

The  county  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

A  district  iu  Ben- 


■entative  in  Congress  ISl.'i-W;  and  was  minister  to  Russia 
1820-31. 
Middleton,  Thomas.  Born  at  London  (?)  about 
ir)70:  died  at  Newington  Butts,  1627.  An  Eng- 
lish dl'aniiit  ist.  He  entered  Gray's  Inn  about  1593,  be- 
came a  j)laywright  aliout  159!l,  and  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  William  Rowley,  Munday,  Drayton,  Webster,  and 
others.  He  arranged  lord  mayor's  shows  and  court  masks, 
and  in  1(120  was  a|i|)oiiited  city  chronologer.  Among  bis 
playsarc  "The  Old  Law  "  wil  h  Mussingcr  and  Rowley  (print- 
ed lt»i;),  "The  Mayor  ■.t(Juiiili.iiough"(l(i(;i),"  Blurt,  Mas- 
terCi>nslable  "(16112),  "The  Phrenix"  (1007).  "  Micbaehn;is 
Terine  ■(l(iil7l,  "The  Family  of  Love'  (licensed  llkl7),  "A 
Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One"  (licensed  1607),  "Yourl'ive 
Gallants  "(liKw).  "  A  Mad  World,  my  ilastcrs  "(lOllS),  "The 
Rnariiig  Girl  "  with  Ii.kker  (printed  1011),  "A  Fair  Quar- 
rel "  with  Rowley"  (1017),  "The  Changeling"  .ind  "Tiie 
Spanish  Gipsy"  with  Rowley  (1C53),  "llore  Dissenibli  rs 
besides  Women  "  with  "  Women  Ijewarc  Women  "  (licenseil 
before  1022,  printed  1C57X  "  A  Game  at  Chess  "  (1024).    Th 


district  of  Midnapur,  situated  on  the  Kasai  70  Mignet  (men-yii')   Fran?ois  AuCTlste  Marie. 
-     y  -  '  -        -jtion     about     l'"''»   iit  Aix,  southern  1- ranee,  May  8,   1(96: 


miles  west  of  Calcutta.  Populatii 
30, 01 10. 
Midrash  (mid'rash).  [Heb.,  '  exposition,'  '  e.x- 
plaualion.']  The  name  for  the  old  rabbinical 
commentaries  on  biblical  books,  which  grew 
out  of  the  popular  discourses  and  lectures  de- 
livered during  the  sfvviccs  in  the  synagogue. 
Among  theolder  Midra-shini  an-  Mcibiltaon  a  part  of  F.xo- 
dU8,Sipbra  on  Leviticus,  and  sipliicon  Numijcrsaiid  Deu- 
teronomy, allot  which  belong  to  the  period  of  the  .\lishnah 
(which  see).  The  most  popular  of  tho  Midrasbim  was  that 
of  Rabbah  or  Rabboth  (magnum)  on  the  Peiilatciich  and 
the  so-called  "Five  Rolls  "—1.  c,  the  books  of  Canticles, 
Ruth,  Lamentations,  Ecclesiastes,  and  Esther  —  which  «-as 
composed  between  the  6th  and  12th  centuries. 

Midshipman  Easy,  Mr.    See  Mr.  Midshipman 

I '.lis If 


dateof  tliefollowingplaysisconjectural:  "AChasteMaid  Mirisnmmfir  Night's  Dream,  A.     A    comedy 

In  Cheapsidu"(10:tO),  "No  Wit,  no  Help  like  a  Woman's"  - 

(l«i7),  '■  The  Witch  "  (which  see)  (tlrst  printed  in  177S), 
"Anvthing  for  a  (Juiet  Life  " (1662),  "The  Widow"  with 
Ben  Jonson  and  Fletcher  (10521.  He  wnite  also  about  20 
masks,  entertainments,  and  pageants  ;  some  miscellaneous 
Terse,  including  "  Microcynicon:  Six  Snarling  Satires" 
(U99):  andvai-iou5pruscpaiiil>lili-ts,  including  "The  Black 
Book"  (1U'I4).  "Father  llubberd's  Talcs,  etc,  "  (1604),  etc. 
Middleton's  works  were  not  collected  till  1840,  when  Dyce's 
edition  aiipeared.  which  is  now  out  of  print.  In  1886  Mr. 
Bullen's  edition,  in  8  vols.,  appeared.      DM.  Xat.  Bio;/. 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw.    Born  at  Kcil- 

Ifston,  I)<-rlivsliire,  England,  Jan.  26, 1769:  died 
at  Calcutta,  July  8,  1822.     An  English  scholar 


bv  ShaUspere,  a<-U'd  in  l.'i!!.").     it  is  mentioned  by 

M'eres  in  his  "PallaJis  Tamia,"  wliich  was  issued  in  1598, 

and  was  entered  on  the  "  Stationers'  Register  "  Oct.  8,  lOOO. 

Two  editions  were  printed  in  that  ye;u-  — (me  by  James  .       ,..,., 

Roberts,  the  other  by  Thomas  Fisher.    Roberts's  copy  was  Mlgnon  _  (men-j  oil  j 

used  for  the  folio  reprint. 

Chaucer's  legend  of  "Thislie  of  Babilon,"  andGolding's 
translation  of  the  same  story  from  Ovid,  probably  fuinished 
the  mattjr  for  the  Interlude.  .So  much  as  relates  to  Bot- 
tom and  his  fellows  evidently  came  fresh  from  nature  as 
she  had  passed  under  the  poet's  eye.  The  linking  of  these 
clowns  m  with  the  ancient  tragic  tale  of  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe,  so  lui  to  draw  the  latter  within  the  region  of 
modern  farce,  thus  travestying  the  classic  into  tlie  gro- 
tesque, ia  not  less  original  tlian  droll. 

I[ml.inn,  Int.  to  Miilsumoier  Night's  Dream. 


died  at  Paris,  March  24, 18.S4.  One  of  the  fore- 
most French  historiaus  of  the  19th  century.  In 
1815  he  studied  law  in  his  native  town,  and  enjoyed  there 
the  companionship  of  a  young  fellow-student,  M.  Thiers, 
for  whom  be  kept  uji  a  lifelong  friendship.  In  ls30  Mi- 
gnet and  Thiers  founded  a  newspaper,  "  Lc  National."  Mi- 
gnet wasat  heart  a  liberal,  and  w  as  always  ready  to  take  up 
his  pen  in  defense  of  his  ideas.  He  appeared  for  the  first 
time  before  the  public,  in  successful  coinpetitiou  for  a 
prize  offered  by  the  Acad^niiedes  Inscriptions,  with  an  es- 
say entitled  "  De  la  feodalite,  des  institutions  de  .Sidnt- 
Louis,  et  de  la  legislation  de  ce  prince"  (1821).  There- 
upon he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  published  his  "Histoire 
de  la  rd-volution  fralicaise  do  178»  ii  1814"  (1824),  "N^go- 
ciations  relatives  k  la  succession  d'Espagne  sous  Loiiia 
XIV."  (1836-12),"Notices  ct  ni^moires  historiques"  (1843, 
and  again  1853  and  ISM),  "Vic  de  Franklin  "  (1848),  "  His- 
toire de  Marie  Stuart"  (1851),  "Charles  Quint "  (1854), 
"Eloges  historiques"  (I80;!  and  1S77),  various  "Notices 
historiques"  (1S72-7.5X  "Rivaliti5  de  Fran\H.is  I.  et  de 
Charles-tjuint  (1S75),  etc.  As  dramatist  .Mignet  wrote 
"Antonio  Perez  ct  Philippe  II."  (1846  and  1846).  He  waa 
received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1836. 

In  Goethe's   "Wilh(?hn 

mvstorious    Italian 

She 


Meistei-'s    Lehrjalire,"  a 
maiden,  the  daughter  of  an  old  harjjcr. 
loves  Wilhelm,  and  dies  in  despair  when  she 
finds  that  her  love  is  not  returned. 


and  divine,  appointed  first  bishop  of  Calcutta 
in  1814.  He  published  'Doctrine  of  the  Greek  Article 
applied  to  the  Criticism  and  Illustration  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament '  (180S),  etc. 
Middleto'wn  (mid'1-toun).  A  city,  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Middlesex  Countv,  Connecticut,  sit-     _.  -     ,     .,,  ht     1   /     -i.     t._         ii„  1   nj„ 

nated   on   the  Connecticut  15  miles  south   of  Miel  (mel).  or_Meel,  (mal),  Jan.  called  GiO- 


Midsummer  Night's  Dream.    An  overture  by 

.Mendelssohn,  written  in  18i;(i.     [The  music  for 
tlie  drama  was  written  in  1843.] 


Hartford.    It  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  is  the  seat  of  Wes 
leyan  University  (.Metliodist  Episcopal).  Berkeley  Divinity 


vanni  della  Vite.     Born  near  Antwerp,  1599: 
lied  1664.     A  Flemish  painter. 


Two  tragic  figures  are  added  to  these,  wandering  hi  a 
tw  ilight  of  mystery  over  the  earth  —  .Mignoii  and  the  harp- 
er -.  they  are  daughter  and  father,  unknown  to  each  other, 
exiles  from  their  native  country,  and  united  to  Wilhelm 
Meister  by  ties  of  love  and  gratitude.  None  of  Goethe's 
creations  appeal  more  strongly  to  the  depths  of  the  human 
soul  than  these  two  characters,  w  illi  their  touching  songs. 
Solemn  echoes  of  olil  mysticism  seem  revived  in  these 
songs  full  of  earthly  misery  and  longing  for  lieaveu  ;  the 
laments  of  the  loviiig  hut  unloved  maiden,  the  homeless, 
(riendU-as  child,  ^vho  may  not  reveal  her  inmost  soul  be- 
cause her  lips  are  sealed  \>y  a  vow,  alternate  wltll  the  teai-« 
of  the  guUty.  Ood-forsakeii,  lonely,  ami  remorseful  old  man. 
Scherer,  History  of  German  Lit.  (trans.),  II.  IsS. 


leyan  liniversityt.yieinoilisitpiseopai;.  uerueiey  iiniiinj       ..I..........      ^^j.  .^. .......  i-.  ..  -04  rr,.  «      i 

School  (EpIscopalX  a  Stiite  insane  asylum,  and  an  industrial  Miere'Velt  (me  re-velt),  JanSZen'Van.     Horn  at  Mignon.     An  opera  by  Anibroise  Thomas,  first 
•chool  forgirl.s.    Population  (1900),  9,689.  Ib-Ut,  May  1. 1567 :  died  t  ln-n-,  July  27,  l(i51.   .\     .„.,„j|,i.e,l  at  Paris  in"  1806.  and  at  I.K>ndon  iu 


Middleto'wn.    A  manufacturing  city  in  Orange     ,|,,||.,i  ]),,t,-li  |iortrait-painler 

County,  .Xew  York.  54  miles  north-northwest  of  Mierevelt,  Pieter  van.     Born  1.596:  died  163: 

New  'i'ork  city.     Population  (1900),  14,522.  ^-^  |)iitch  iiorlrait-paiiiter,  son  of  J.  van  Mier 

Hiddle'Wich   (mid'l-wich).      A   town   in   Che-     volt. 

shire,  Kiiu'land,  26  miles  southeast  of  Liverpool. 

Poimlali.Mi  (1891),  3,706. 
Midgard  (mid'giinl).      [I IX.  Miilhfianlhr. (ioth. 

Midjiiiiiiiirds,  OUG.  Mittiloart,  Miltifinrt,  OS. 

Mi<Ulit<i<ird;  AS.  Middiimiiard,  the  middle  yard 

or  inciosiire,  i.  e.  the   earth.]      In  (Jld   Norse 

mythology,    the    abode    of   the    human    race. 

formed  in  the   midst  of   (iinnungagap  out  of 

the  eyebrows  of  the  giant  Ymir,  the  lirst  created 

being,  and  joined  to  heaven   liy  tlio  rainbow 

bridge  of  the  gods.     The  word  is  common  to 

the  Oerinaiiii'  languages. 
Midgardsorm  (mi<l'giird-s6rm).     [OX.  Midh- 

gnrdlimniir :    .Midhiiiirdlis   and   oniir,  serpent, 

worm.]      In   Old    Norse    mythology,   a   water- 

demon,  llie  monstrous  serpent  wliiidi  lies  about   Miers,  John.     Born  at  London_,  Aug.  '.^>.  1  (89 

the  eartli  in  the  eticindiiig  sea.     II  was  the  olf      ilied  at   Kensington,  Oct.  17,  1879.     ,\n  Englis 

spring  of  l.oki  and  the  giantess  Anguibo.laO  )|d  Norse  .-1  ii.ir- 

hodha).     At  Ragnarok   Tlior  slays  the  sei-ln-nt,  but  falls 

dead  from  the  poison  which  the  monster  breathes  forth. 

It  was  also  called  Jorniiingand  (old  Noree  ./'•nnuwiiiiidr). 
Midhat  I'asha  (niid'hiit  pash'a).     Born  in  Bul- 
garia. l.s:;2:  died  in  Aratiia,  May  8.  1.884.     A 

Turkish    politician,  grand   vizir   in    Is 

1876-77. 


Mieris  (mo'ris),  Frans  van,  the  elder.    Born 

at  Delft,  April  16. 1635:  died  at  Leyden,  March 
12,  1681.     A  Itiilch  genn'-iiainter. 

Mieris,  Frans  van,  the  younger.  Born  1089: 
died  1763.  A  Dutch  painter  and  historian, grand- 
son of  l-'i-aiis  van  Alieris  (163.5-81). 

Mieris,  Willem  van.  Born  at  Leyden,  1662: 
dinl  tlici-c,.lan.  24.  1747.  A  Dutch  painter,  son 
i<(  Praiis  van  Mieris. 

Mierosla'wski   (mya-ro-slliv'iike),   Ludwig. 

liiuu  at  Nemours,  France,  1814:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  23, 1878.     A  Polish  revolutionist  and 
tarv  Wl-iter.     He  was  the  leader  in  the  attempted  rising 
of  the  Poles  In  IH-liI,  and  in  tile  insurreetlims  In  l'<.«en  in 
1818,  in  Sicily  and  Baden  in  islll,  and  In  Poland  in  181.3. 

1789: 
sh 
engineer  and  liotanist.  He  rcsbled  In  Buenos  Ayrea 
and  Riode  Janeiro  18111-:iH  ;  made  several  Journeys  across 
the  pampas  to  Chile;  and  eiecteil  niliilH  for  the  govern- 
ments of'  Iji  Plata  and  Bi-a/ll.  lie  published  "  Travels  In 
Chile  and  Iji  Plata"  (1S25),  and  several  monographs  on 
.South  American  plants, 
and  Mies  dues).  A  mining  town  in  western  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Mies  65  miles  west-south- 


|.s7ll.  The  words,  founded  on  "Wilhelm  Meis- 
ter," are  bv  CaiTo  and  Harbier. 

Mignon  (men-yon'),  Abraham.  BornatFrank- 
fort-on-the-Main  about  1640:  died  at  Wel/.lar, 
Prussia,  1679.  A  noted  i>ainter  of  flowers,  fruit, 
and  still  life. 

MigUOt,  Louise.     See  Ihni.^,  LoiiiKC. 

Miguel  ( me-gel' )  (Maria  Evaristo):  generally 

called  Dom  MigueL  Horn  nl  Lisbon,  Oct.  26, 
1 802 :  ilied  a t  p. lonii bach,  near  Wert heim,  Baden, 
Nov.  14,  1866.  The  third  sou  of  John  VI.  of 
Portugal.  Ho  was  the  head  of  the  ahsoludst  party; 
was  expelled  from  the  kingdom  In  1824 ;  became  regent 
ill  182S:  naurpi-il  the  kingdom  Is2s-:M  ;  and  was  deposed 
and  capitulated  at  Evora,  May  20,  1S.S4. 

mli-  Migulinskaia  Stanitsa  (nie-gi>-l«ln'.skii-yil  sfii- 

iie'tsiii.  A  town  in  the  norlhi'rn  part  of  the 
government  of  the  1  >on  Cossacks,  southern  Kus- 
sia,  situated  on  {h>-  Don.  Population  (1885), 
lH.(i89. 
Mihrgan  (in(>-liergiln').  Among  the  Persians, 
tho  listival  of  the  autumnal  equinox,  begin- 
ning on  the  16tli  day  of  the  month  Mihr  (Se]>- 
tember).  and  lasting  six  days.  Finhuisl awrlbes  ll» 
liistlliitlon  to  Farldiiii.  "  It  i«  he  who  has  insllluted  Iho 
festival  Mihrgan,  iiiid  the  custom  of  ivsling  then  and  of 
•eating  one's  »tl(  at  the  banquet  comes  fniln  hlin.  Today 
the  month  of  Mlhr  still  recalls  his  mt|niory.  Do  not  then 
show  a  countenance  anxious  and  sad."    Shahnamah. 


Mikado,  The  686 

Mikado,  The.     An  opera  by  Sullivan,  words  by  Milanese  (mil-an-es'  or  -ez').  The.     A  name 

\V.  S.  (iiUitrt,  produced  iu  London  1885.         '      often  given  to  tlie  duchy  of  Milan,  or  to  Milan 

Mikhailovskaia  Stanitsa  (me-ohi-lov'ska-ya     and  tlie  surrounding  district. 

sta-ue'tsii).     A  town  in  the  government  of  the  Milanes  y  Fuentes  (me-lan-as'  e.fwen'tes), 

Don  Cossacks,  southern  Russia,  situated  on  the     Jose  Jacinto.      Bom  at  Matanzas,  Aug.  16, 

1814 :  died  there.  Nov.  14. 1863.  A  Cuban  poet. 
He  was  poor  aod  self-educated.  After  1S42  he  suffered 
from  mental  disease,  and  at  length  fell  into  hopeless  mel- 
ancholia. His  verses  are  mostly  lyrics  of  a  moral  tone. 
He  published  several  plays,  the  best  being  "  El  Conde 
Al.ircon,"  a  tragedy  (1838).  Next  to  r 
popular  of  the  Cuban  poets. 


Poptila- 


Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  41. 

Heredia  he is'uiemost  Milford  Sound.    An  inlet  ou  the  southwestern 

,,„,,     .   .  .  coast  of  the  South  Island,  New  Zealand. 

„,^,ijj  Milazzo  (me-lat's6),  or  Melazzo  (ma-lat's6).  Milfort  (mil 'fort ;  F.  pron.  mel-for').  Le  Clerc. 

of  the    A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  18    Bom  near  Mezieres,  France,  about  1750 :  died 

■"'  ^^-.r      •        ,,  .     .  ,,  ,  .  ^r.  ..  A  French  adventurer.    He 


miles  west  of  Messina:  the  ancient  Mylae.  Near 
this  place  the  Homan  tleet  under  Duilius  gained  its  first 
naval  victory  over  the  Carthaginians  in  260  B.  c,  and  Agrip- 
pa  defeated  Sextus  Pompey"s  fleet  in  36  B.  c.  ;  and  here, 
July  20,  1860,  Garibaldi  defeated  the  Neapolitans.  Popu- 
lation (ISSl),  8,427 


Khoper  115  miles  south  of  Tamboff. 
tion  (lSa5),  17.848. 
Miklosich  (mik'16-zicli),  Franz  von.     Born 

near  Luttenberg,  Styria,  Nov.  20,  1813 :  died  at 
Vienna,  March  7,  1891.  A  noted  Slavic  scholar, 
professor  of  the  Slavic  languages  and  literatu 
at  \  ienna.    He  published  "TergleichendeGramm 
der  slawischen  Sprachen  "  ("  Comparative  Grammar 
Slavic  LanEruages,"1852-74\  "Etymologisches  Worterbuch 
der  slawischen  Sprachen  "  ('*  Etymological  Dictionary  of 
the  Slavic  Languages,"  1S86).  etc. 

Mikmak.  See  Micmac. 
Miknas.  See  Mequinez. 
Mikono  Tlinne  (me-ko-no'tu-ne').      ['People  Milcom.     See  J/i77.om. 

among  the  white  clover  roots.']     Oneofthevil-  Mildmay(mild'ma),  Sir  Walter.  Boml.520(?): 

lages  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan    died  at  Hackney,  May  31,  15S9.     Chancellor 

stockof  North  American  Indians.   It  was  formerly       "    ' 

on  the  lower  Rogue  River,  Oregon,  but  is  now  on  the  Siletz 

reservation,  Oregon.     See  Athapascan. 

Milan  (mi-lan'  or  mil'an).  A  province  of  Lom- 
bardv,  Italv.  Area,  1.223  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (189i),  1,23.5,1.50. 

Milan.  A  former  duchy  in  Lombardy,  north- 
ern Italy.  Gian  Galeazzo  Yisconti  was  the  first  duke 
(1395) ;  and  the  end  of  the  Visconti  hue  came  in  1447. 
The  duchy  was  ruled  by  the  Sforza  family  1450-1535  (pos- 
session being  disputed  with  France  1499-1526) ;  passed  to 
Spain  in  1535,  and  to  .\ustria  in  1713-14 ;  was  conquered 
by  France  in  1796  ;  formed  part  of  the  Cisalpine  Eepublii 


Mill,  John  Stuart 

one  of  the   best  harbors    in    Great    Britain. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 

This  northern  peninsula,  itself  made  up  to  a  considers. 
ble  extent  of  smaller  peninsulas,  is  cut  off  from  its  south- 
em  fellow  by  the  haven  of  ililford.  Here  again  we  seem 
to  see  a  Scandinavian  trace.  The  ford  here  is  surely 
neither  an  English  ford  nor  a  Welsh  flordd,  but  a  Scandi- 
navian liord,  like  Waterford  and  Wexford. 


at  Mezieres.  1817.  

was  a  chief  among  the  Creek  Indians,  and  later 
became  a  general  under  Xapoleon. 

Milhau.     heeiliUau. 

Milicz  (me'Uch)  of  Kremsier.  Bom  at  Krem- 
sier,  Moravia :  died  at  Avignon,  France,  June 
29,  1374.  A  Bohemian  preacher,  one  of  the  pre- 
cursors of  the  Reformation. 


from  1797.  of  the  Italian  Republic  from  1S02,  and  of  the  MUeS  (milz).     Bacon's  servant  in  Greene's  plav 


"Friar  Baeon  and  Friai*  Buugay." 

He  plays  the  fool  unabashed  by  either  li vine  monarchs  or 
sapematoral  phenomena,  and  in  the  end  cheerfully  con- 


kingdom  of  Italy  from  1805 ;  was  ceded  to  Austria  in  1814 ; 
and  was  annexed  to  Sardinia  in  1S59. 

Milan,  It.  Milano  (me-la'no),  G.  Mailand  (mi'- 
land).  The  capital  of  the  pro\'auce  of  Milan, 
Itaiv,  situated  on  the  river  Olona,  in  the  Lom- 
bard plain,  in  lat.  45^  28'  X.,  long.  9°  U'  E.: 
the  Roman  Mediolaniim.  U  is  the  second  city  in 
size  in  Italy,  the  chief  city  in  Lombardy,  and  the  chief  com- 
mercial and  financial  center  of  the  country.  As  the  center 
of  a  rich  agricultural  district  it  exports  dairy  and  other 
farm  products.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  furni- 
ture, woolens,  silk,  machinery,  gloves,  etc.  ;  and  is  noted 
also  as  an  educational,  musical,  and  theatrical  center.  The 
cathedral,  begun  in  its  present  form  in  1387.  is  popularly 
celebrated  for  the  profusion  of  its  sculptured  decoration 
and  pinnacles,  ajid  the  beauty  of  its  material  (white  mar- 
ble) ;  but  as  an  architectural  whole  it  does  not  justify  its 
reputation,  despite  the  beauty  of  such  details  as  the  Flam- 
boyant tracerj-  of  the  great  windows  of  the  apse,  and  the 
majestic  effect  uf  the  interior.  The  central  lantern  and 
spire  are  graceful,  but  the  other  parts  are  not  well  propor- 
tioned, and  the  west  front,  with  its  semi-modern  jumble  ,,.,  .  ,  .  ,-_,  ,  . 
of  Pointed  and  classical  forms,  is  barbarous,  while  the  MllCSianS  (mi-le  shianz  or-zhanz). 


of  the  exchequer,  and  founder  of  Emmanuel  Milindapanha  (mi-lin-da-pang'ha).  [Skt., 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  educated  at  Christ's  Col-  '  the  questions  of  Meliuda.']  A  Pali  work,  eoril 
lege,  Cambridge,  and  entered  Gray>  Inn  in  1*46.    He  was     taining  a  conversation  between  the  Buddhist 

monk  Xagasena,  supposed  to  have  lived  about 
140  B.  c,  and  King  Milinda  or  Menander.  the 
powerful  Greeo-Bactrian  sovereign.  It  has 
been  edited  in  Pali  and  in  part  translated  into 
English  by  Trenckner. 

_    "      ,  The.       [fy.  MiUtlirgrenze.'] 

Formerly  a  part  of  the  Austrian-Hungarian 
monarchy,  bordering  on  the  Turkish  empire, 
and  under  special  military  regulations,  it  was 
formed  in  the  loth  centur>'  for  defense  against  the  Turks ; 
made  a  crownland  in  lS4i> :  abolished  and  united  in  part  to 
Transylvania  in  ISol,  in  part  to  Hungary  in  1872,  and  the 
remainder  to  Croatia-Slavonia  in  l&Sl. 


He  was 
a  good  financier,  and  was  appointed  examiner  of  the  king's 
mints  in  1550.     He  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for 
Maldon  in  1553.     Although  a  Cal\-inist,  he  was  employed 
by  Queen  ilarj'.     On  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  was 
made  treasiu-er  of  her  household,  and  on  April  21, 1566,  suc- 
ceeded Sir  Richard  Lockrille  as  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer.   In  1586  he  was  one  of  the  judges  of  Mary  Queen  of  •mr-i'.  vi 
ScoU  at  Fotheringay.     On  Xov.  23,  15S3,  he  bought  the  Military  Frontier, 
site  of  the  Black  Friars'  Monastery  at  Carabridge,~and  on     "              ' 
Jan.  11, 15S4,  was  licensed  to  establish  Emmanuel  College 
the  statutes  of  which  date  from  Oct.  1. 1585. 


sents  to  be  carried  off  by  a  de^il,  on  being  given  to  under-  Milkom  (mil'kom).    The  godof  the  Ammonites, 
stand  that  in  the  quarters  for  which  he  is  bound  he  will      See  J/o/^c//. 

flod  a  lusty  fire,  a  pot  of  good  ale,  a  *' pair  "  of  cards,  and  MiIk('milk1"Rivpr     -V  riveriTi  MontaTin  nnd  "Rrif 
other  requisites  for  a  comfortable  life.  Ward.   ■«»^  '^^^^^  ^  "^^^J-   i    •  ^^^^^1°  Jiontana  anu^nt- 

ish  Amenca,  which  joins  the  Missouri  in  Daw- 
Miles,  Nelson  Appleton.  Bom  at  "Westminster,     son  County,  northeastern  Montana.     Length, 
Mass..  Aug.  S.  1839.     An  American  general.    He     over  400  miles. 

served  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  through-  Milky  Way,  The.      In  astronomv,  the  GJalasv, 
■ut  the  Civil  War,  attaining  tlie  rank  of  major-general  of     a  luminous  band  extending  around  the  heavens. 


decoration  is  cold  and  without  the  vigorous  life  of  good 
medieval  art.  There  are  5  aisles.  The  chief  dimensions 
are :  length,  486  feet ;  breadth,  252  ;  transepts,  288  ;  height 
of  vaulting,  153 ;  height  of  spire,  355.  It  is  surpassed  in 
size  in  Italy  by  St.  Peter's  oulj-.  The  cathedral  contains 
many  beautiful  tombs.  The  Ospedale  Maggiore,  founded 
by  Francesco  Sforza  in  1456,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
creations  of  Lombard  brick  architecture,  with  two  tiers 
of  rich  Pointed  arches  inclosing  double  Pointed  windows, 
the  lower  tier  inclosed  in  a  Corinthian  arcade.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  gallery  Vittorio  Emmanuele,  Bre- 
ra  (with  picture-gallery  and  librar>X  Museum  Poldi-Pez- 
zoli,  archaeological  and  some  other  museums,  Ambrosian 
library,  Piazza  de'  Mercanti,  the  churches  of  the  Monas- 
ter© Maggiore.  of  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie  (with  the  "  Last 
Supper"  of  Leonardo  da  VinciX  of  San  Ambrogio,  and  of 
San  Lorenzo,  the  Arco  della  Pace,  and  the  Scala  theater. 
The  tradition  is  that  Milan  was  founded  by  the  Celtic  prince 


volunteers.  He  accepted  a  commission  us  colonel  in  the 
regular  army  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  promoted 
major-general  in  1890,  and  lieutenant-ecneral  in  1900.  He 
has  conducted  several  canipaignsagainst  hostile  Indians  on 
the  western  frontiers,  notably  that  against  the  Apaches  un- 
der Geronimo  and  Natchez,  both  of  whom  surrendered 
Sept  4,  1886.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  general-in-chief. 
During  the  Spanish-American  war  he  led  a  successful 
expedition  to  Porto  Rico,  landing  at  Guanica  July  25 
1898.    Retired  Aug.,  1903. 

1,  The  in- 
habitants of  Miletus. — 2.  The  natives  of  Ii-e- 
land:  members  of  the  Irish  race.  They  have  been 
so  called  from  the  tradition  of  an  ancient  conquest  and 
reorganization  of  the  country  by  two  sons  of  Mllesias,  a 
fabulous  king  of  Spain. 

Milesian  Tales  or  Fables.  Short  stories  of 
a  witty  and  obscene  nature,  greatly  iu  vogue 
among  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  The  name  has 
arisen  from  a  collection  of  tales  by  Antonius  Diogenes, 
compiled  by  Aristides  of  Miletus ;  they  were  translated 
into  Latin  by  Cornelius  Sisenna  (119-67  b.  c.V  These  tales 
are  now  lost,  but  the  name  is  still  given  to  stories  of  a  like 
nature, 
titled 


It  is  produced  by  myriads  of  stars,  into  which  it  is  resolved 
by  the  telescope.  It  divides  into  two  great  branches, 
whichremain  apart  for  a  distance  of  150'  and  then  reunite ; 
there  are  also  many  smaller  branches.  At  one  point  it 
spreads  out  verj-  widely,  exhibiting  a  fan-like  expanse  of 
interlacing  branches  nearly  20'  broad ;  this  terminates 
abrupt!)-  and  leaves  a  kind  of  gap.  At  several  points  are 
seen  dark  spots  in  the  midst  of  some  of  the  brightest  por- 
tions. 
Mill  (mil),  James.  Bom  at  Xorthwater  Bridge, 
Forfarshire,  April  6, 1773 :  died  at  Kensington, 
June  23,  1836.  An  English  utilitarian  philoso- 
pher. He  was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker.  He  entered  Edin- 
burgh University  in  1790,  and  from  17^  to  1796  studied  di- 
vinity. He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1798.  He  sought 
literary  employment  in  London  in  1802,  and  in  1806  b^ian 
the  •'  Historj-  of  India,"  which  was  finished  10  years  later. 
He  also  formed  a  close  intimacy  with  Bentham,  whose  dis- 
ciple he  became,  revising  his  writings  and  advancing  his 
principles.  The  "  Historj  of  India  "  appeared  in  1817,  and 
became  a  standard  work  immediately.  In  1819  he  entered 
the  India  House.  His  intimacy  with  Ricardo  began  io 
1811.     Other  disciples  were  George  Grote,  Henr>  Bicker- 


Miles  Wallingford. 

___  ^ lishedin  1844. 

Belluvesus  about  6«X»  B.  c.     It  was  the  capital  of  the  In-  MiletO  (me-la'to).     A  toWTl  in  Calabria,  Italv, 
subrian  G'^uls;  was  taken  by  the  Romans  2"^  B.C.;  and     43  miles  northeast  of  Reggio. 

was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  later  Roman  Empire,  and  n/r-i    i.       r     -i-/*      \      rr^  ^w.  -it  •      ^ 

an  imperial  residence.    Ambrose  was  bishop  of  iUIau  374-  MlletUS  (mi-le  tus).     [Gr.Mf/JTTOf.J      In  ancient 
397.    It  was  sacked  by  Attila  in  452;  was  destroyed  by  the     geography,  a  G\tj  situated  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor. 


;.     Bulwer  published  in  1866  a  volume  of  i)oems  en-      steth,  John  Black,  and  Albany  Fonblanque.     He  assisted 
"  The  Lost  Tales  of  Miletus."  in  establishing  the  "  Westminster  Review  "  in  1824.     His 

A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 


Goths  in  539:  belonged  to  Lombardy  and  later  to  the  em 
plre  ;  was  taken  and  nearly  destroyed  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa  in  1102;  was  rebuUt  by  the  Lombard  League  in 
1167 ;  was  ruled  by  the  Torre,  Visconti,  and  Sforza  fami- 
lies ;  and  has  been  the  capital  of  the  ililanese,  or  duchy  of 
Milan  (which  see\  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  the  kingdom 
of  Italy  (ISOo).  and  the  Lombardo- Venetian  kingdom.  It 
was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  against  Austrian  rule  in 
1848.  and  of  outbreaks  in  1849  and  1853.  In  1S59  it  was 
united  to  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  It  has  been  noted  in 
art  as  the  residence  of  Bramante,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  etc 
Population  (1901),  commune,  491,460. 
Milan  (mil'an)!.  Born  Aug.  22,  1854:  died 
Feb.  11,  1901.  King  of  Servia  18S2-S9.  He  be- 
came prince  of  Senia  on  the  assassination  uf  his  cousin 
Michael  in  1868,  the  government  being  conducted  bv  a 
regency  until  he  became  of  age  in  1872.  He  married 
Xalalie,  princess  of  Stourdza,  in  1875.  He  allied  himself 
with  Russia  in  the  Turco-Russian  war  (1877-78).  with  the 


on  the  Latmic  Gtilf,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Mseander,  about  lat.  37°  30'  X..  long.  27°  10'  E. 
The  temple  of  Apollo  Didymieus  here  was  restored  in  its 
final  form  about  the  time  of  Alexander.  The  ancients  con- 
sidered it  one  of  the  most  splendid  four  existing.  It  was 
an  Ionic  dipteros  of  10  by  21  columns,  on  a  stylobate  of  3 
steps,  measuring  160  by  350  feet.  The  columns  were  over 
6  feet  in  base  diameter,  and  &i  high.  The  cella,  in  plan 
97  by  290  feet,  had  a  deep  pronaos  with  4  columns  in  antis, 
and  2  subordinate  interior  chambers.  The  main  chamber 
was  divided  into  3  aisles  by  ranges  of  columns.  Remains 
exist  of  an  ancient  theater,  entirely  built  of  masonry,  and 
enormous  in  mass :  there  is  much  sculptured  ornament, 
including  rich  Composite  capitals  with  Victories  amid  the 
foliage.  It  was  early  colonized  by  Ionian  Greeks;  was 
one  of  the  leading  Greek  cities,  a  colonizer,  and  a  center 
of  philosophy  and  literature ;  headed  the  Ionian  revolt 
against  Persia  in  500  B.  c;  and  was  stormed  and  sacked 
by  the  Persians  494  B.  c.     It  is  now  a  village  (Palatia). 


re5ultthatServiawasmadeindependeiitofTurkeyinl878.  Milford  (mil'ford).      A  seaport  in  Pembroke- 
n  ,         11  -,c^..^.         u_  _     .  .    g^^^^  South  Wales,  situated  on  Milford  Haven 

in  lat.  51°  44'  N.,  long.  5°  3'  W.  It  was  formerly 
an  important  seaport,  and  was  the  landintf-piae'e 
of  Henry  \T1.  in  1485.  Population  (ISOl)":  4.070. 
Milford  (mil'fOrd).  A  town  in  "Worcester  Coun- 
ty. Massachusetts.  28  miles  southwest  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (.1900),  11.376. 


He  was  proclaimed  king  in  1882  (."^erviahavingbeen  erected 
into  a  kingdom),  and  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  s«.'n  Alexan- 
der in  1889,  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  Queen  Natalie. 

Milan,  Edict  of.  An  edict  proclaiming  toler- 
ation of  the  Christians,  promulgated  by  Con- 
stantine  and  Licinius  313. 

Milan  Decree.  A  decree  issued  by  Napoleon  at 
Milan.  Dec.  17,  1807.  it  declared  the  forfeiture  of  all 
ve^els  bound  to  or  from  British  ports,  and  of  all  which 


paid  licenses  or  duties  to  Great  Bntain'or  had  submitted  Milford  Haven,    A  landlocked  estuary  in  South 

to  search  by  British  cruisers.  Wales,  an  arm  of  St.  George's  Channel.     It  is 


"Analysis  of  the  Human  Mind"  was  published  in  18il9, 
bis  "Elements  of  Political  Economy"  in  1821. 

Mill,  John,  Bom  at  Shap,  Westmoreland, 
England,  about  1645:  died  June  23,  1707.  An 
English  biblical  scholar.  He  published  a  criti- 
cal edition  of  the  New  Testament  (1707),  etc. 

Mill,  John  Stuart.  Bom  at  London.  May  20, 
ISOG :  died  at  Avignon.  France,  May  S,  1873, 
A  celebrated  English  philosophical  writer, 
logician,  and  economist :  eldest  son  of  James 
MiJl.  He  was  a  precocious  child,  and  was  put  through  an 
extraordinary  system  of  forcing  by  his  father,  who  took 
entire  charge  of  his  education.  He  n  as  brought  up  an  ag- 
nostic from  his  infancy,  and  never  acquired  any  religious 
beliefs.  In  1820  he  ^^isited  France,  and  in  1S23  entered  the  . 
India  House  as  his  father's  assistant.  He  became  chief 
examiner  in  1856.  His  first  important  literary  work  was 
the  editingof  Buchanan's  "Treatise  upon  Evidence"  (1825). 
His  "  Essays  on  Unsettled  Questions  of  Pol  itical  Economy  " 
were  written  about  1S30  (published  1844).  In  1836  the 
"London  Review,"  established  in  18i5,  was  amalgamated 
with  the  "Westminster  Review,"  and  Mill  became  practi- 
cally its  superintendent :  he  was  its  proprietor  1837-10.  In 
1836  he  passed  through  a  severe  mental  crisis,  probably  as 
a  result  of  his  extraordinary  training,  and  was  led  to  modify 
the  strict  utilitarianism  of  his  fathers  school.  His  inti- 
macy with  Mrs.  Taylor  (whom  he  married  in  1851)  began 
in  1830.  Mill's  "Logic,"  his  first  successful  work,  was 
published  in  1S43,  His  "'Political  Economy  "was  pub- 
lished in  1848.  His  most  carefully  written  work,  the 
"Essay  on  Liberty.'' was  published  in  1S59.  He  was  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Westminster  in  1865.  His  book 
"On  the  Subjection  of  Women  "  was  published  in  1869; 
his  "Autobiography  "  api>eared  in  1873.  Among  his  other 
publications  are  "  Thoughts  on  Parliamentaiy  Reform  " 
(1859). " Dissertations andDiscussions " (1S59-67),  ** Consid- 
erations on  Representative  Government "  (1861X  "  Utilita- 
rianism "  (1863).  "Examination  of  Sir  William  Hamilton's 
Philosophy,  etc."(1865X  "  Aogaste Comte  and  Positivism  * 


I 


Mill,  Join  Stuart 


/,MS^  "Enaland  ami  Ircluml"  (18<iS),  "On  the  Irish  Land 
SSon'TlSTu),  "Nat"^^-.  ""=  l-<il"y»'  R^l'»'°"'  »■"' 
iSllais  [mU^la'),  Sir  Jolin  Everett     Born  at 
"tharaptoii,  June  8,  1829:  died  at  London, 
,,-   13,  1896.     A  noted  Euglisli  genre-,  land- 
ine-    and  portrait-painter.     Ht-  won  tlie  silvi-r 
i»i  It  the  Riiyal  Auiirtcmy  in  l»i:i,  and  tlie  gold  nicda 
'";1SV    In  1818  "ith  n..lM.an  Ilnnt.  U.  0.  R<«setti.  an, 
•n,.Wlio  founded  tlio  a.HS.Kiiiti..n  »hich  Wii8  afterward 
\v^  IS  til  ■  ITerapliucUte  Hrotlielhoud  (wliich  see),  an; 
'  .'m  I'o  Daint  witli  tlie  l.reci^ion  and  atlinti..n  to  detal 
ui.'h  ,haract«rize  that  sehool.    He  became  associate  royal 
d-mieiaii  in  HM,  royal  acadeiiiieian  in  18<i3,  and  i.resl- 
,       of  the  Koyal  A.a.ieniy  in  K'M^.    He  wa.s  created  baro- 
,pt  n  18^     in  1883  he  xvas  electeil  to  the  French  Ins  l- 
I  ?«V     Amine  his  works  are  "  Isabella  "  (U-1!0,  '  "'hrist  in 
Jsi^iTnnseof  his  Parents  ■(185(1),  "The  nuKuenof  law), 
,,1     .'IS  A  "xiie  Prescribed  R..yali»t  ■  (18.^.-i).  ■'The 
,  i't  ,f  Releiuit."  (I85:i).  "  Aiitnmi,  leaves;'  (18.^10,  ''Sir 
,  ,l,ra.  at  the  Ford"  (1857),  "Tlic  Black  Brunswickcr 
riiarli-isniyDarliiK'' (18<-4),"-|helIinnet   (ls(«), 
;i  ami  Celia  '•  (im\  "The  < lamWer's  Wife    (  8«iO, 
,, vhoo.l  of  Ilaleieh'' (1^711).  ■■rhill  October    (18, 1„ 
1 1„.  Northwest  Passa2e-'(1874\'- Vcsor  V.V  (18,.'0,    ^  CO. 
,      ,,f  the  (iiiard  "  (1870),  "■  .lersey  Lil>     (18, b),  "Bride  of 
uiS  1  efLor  ■' (18^8), "  Olivia  ■•(1882),  "  Idyl  of  1745  ;(18S4X 
UdyPegW  Primrose"  (1885),  "  Dew-drenched  Fnrze 
isSr,  •  Uorothy'  (IHllD.etc.    He  also  designed  illustia- 
„„,s  for  a  miniber  of  books,  including  Tennyson  s  poems 
1,11.1  some  of  Tiollope 3  novels.  ....         , 

Millamant  (mil'a-mant).   The  prineipaUeinalp 
Thiracter  in  Congreve's  comedy  "  The  V,  ay  ot 
■  he  World."    She  is  an  incarnation  of  elegance,  indiffer- 
., ice  impcrtinence,and affectation;  and, thoughabriUiant 
n«lii'ette  and  fine  lady,  is  not  without  heart. 

The  chase  and  surrender  of  Millamant,  superior  to  aiiy- 
itiing  that  is  to  be  found  in  the  whole  range  ..f  English 
omedy  from  the  civil  war  downwards.^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^ 

Millau,  or  Milhau  (me-yo').    A  town  in  the  de- 

nartmeut  of  Avevron,  southern  France,  situated 

on  the  Tani  54  miles  northwest  of  Montpellier. 

It  lias  manufactures  of  kid  gloves.     Population 

flS91),  commune,  17,429. 

Millbank  Prison.     A  London  pemtentiarj-,  on 
X  Tlnunes,   near  Vauxhall  Bridge    between 

f"h,ds,-a  and  Westminster.   It  was  built  iroiu  de- 

iigiw  bv  Jeremv  Bentham,  and  is  now  disused. 
Millbank  Sound  Indians,    See  Baelt:„l:  2. 
Mill-Boy  of  the  Slashes.    A  name  sometimes 

t.'iv.-ii  to  Henry  Clay,  on  account  of  the  circura- 

.^taiices  of  his  boyhood,  _ 

Millbury  (mil'bu-ri).      A  town  in  Worcester 

County,  Massachusetts,38  miles  west -southwest 
of  Boston.     Poimlation  (1900),  4,460. 

Milledge  (mil'cj),  John.  Born  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  17o7 :  died  Feb.  9,  181S.  An  American 
Kev'oliitionarv  soldier  and  politician. 

Milledgeville  (mil'ej-vil).  A  city,  capital  of 
Baldwin  County,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Uco- 
nee  80  miles  southeast  of  Atlanta.  It  was  the 
State  capital  before  1868.  Population  (1900), 
4  ''19 

Millenary  Petition.  A  petition  presented  by 
about  a  thousand  I'writan  minister.s  to  James  1. 
on  his  progress  to  London  in  April,  KiO.i,  ask- 
ing for  certain  clianges  in  ceremonial,  .■_! ,-. 

■Bller  (me-ya'  ),B6nigne  Emmanuel  Clement. 

Born  at  Paris,  1812  :  <lied  at  Nice,  France,  18M,. 

A  French  Hellenist,  noted  as  a  paleogi'aplier. 
Miller,  Cincinnatus  Heine.    See  Miller,  .hm- 

MiUer  (mil'er),  Hugh.  Bornat  Cromarty.  Oct. 
10  1802:  committed  suicide  near  hdmliiirgli, 
Dee  24  18.^6  A  Scottish  geologist,  editor  from 
1840  of  "  The  Witness,"  an  Edinburgh  news- 
DBper.  In  his  youth  he  worked  as  a  stone-mason.  In 
\m  ho  published  "  Poems,  Written  in  the  Leisure  Hours 
if  a  Journeyman  .Mason  "  In  WM  he  hecanie  an  acco  ■ 
tent  in  the  Commercial  Bank  ot  Ciomarty.  His'  Seen. » 
Md  Legends  of  the  .North  of  Scotlaml,'  With  a  '-haptcr  on 
geology,  appeared  in  ISff..  He  corresponded  with  -Murchi 
«n  and  Aglssi,,  an,l  pnblishe.l  •;  The  (.1.1  Re,l  '^andst.ine 
0841),  "The  Ko..tprllits  of  the  Creator,  ..r  the  \"l  ■■'  '  I''," 
of  Stromness"  (1847X  "My  Sch....ls  an.l  ^'l'"','''""'  "  „ 
0862),  etc.  "TheTestlmonyotlheltocks  .xplatlnglln 
111  days  of  creation  as  six  peri.>.ls.  wa.^  publish..!  In  1k,., 
His  death  occurred  Inatltof  insanily  caii«-.l  liy  ex.  essuc 
brain-work. 

Miller,  James.  Bom  at  Peterborougli,  N .  II.. 
April  2.'),  1776:  died  at  Temple,  N.  11.,  Jiilv  <, 
IR'il,  An  American  general  and  piililician.dis- 
fingiiisliea  at  Lundy's  Lane  in  1^14.  _ 

Miller,  Joaquin  (originally  Cincinnatus  Heme 

Miller).  B..rniiiWal>ash district,  Indiana,  iNov. 
10,  1841.'  An  American  poet.  Hercmoycl  toOro. 
gon  in  1854  ;  was  afterward  a  miner  in  Cal  (<.rnla  ;  stml  ed 
Uw;  edited  the  "  Democratic  lleglster  in  yff'y:}  O^" 
gon  :  and  was  judge  of  OrantC.mnty,  ()rcg..ii,  ISM.^i 0.  I  e 
was  led  to  adopt  his  pseudonym  (r.im  having  wrl  vn  in 
defense  of  Joaquin  Muiicttft,  a  Mcvican  hr  gan.l  He  « as 
a  Journalist  at  Washington,  District  of  Ccdunib la  ami  in 
1887  returned  to  CalU..rnla.  He  is  the  author  of 'Songs  ..f 
the  Sierras"  (1871),  "  S.ingB  of  the  Sun  Ijinds  (18i2),  1  h" 
Whips  in  the  Desert"  (lH75),"Thc  First  tainllies  'j'"'"  /',; 
erraa  "  087r.X '•  Songs  of  1 1  aly  "  (1878),  "  Shadows  of  Shasta 

(16'il),  "Tho  Destruction  ..t  llotliam  "  (18SC),  "  bongs  of  the 


687 

Slexican  Seas"  0887),  "Building  of  the  City  Beautiful" 

(181)3),  and  other  works.  it7.„ 

Miller,  Johann  Martin. ,  Bom  at  Ulm  Wur- 

TeTiiberg.  Dec.  :i,  17.->U :  .lied  there,  June  21, 1814. 

\  ( iernian  novelist  and  lyric  poet,  author  of  the 

iHiv.d  •■Siegwart"  (1776).  etc.  ,.    ,     ^  _       , 

Miller,  Joseph.    Born  1684:  died  at  London, 

1738      An   Ku'^ish   comedian.     The  collection  ot 

iests  known  as  'Joe  .Millers  Jests  "  appeared  originally  m 

l-al  as"  Joe  Millers  Jest  ll..ok,  or  the  ^ifs  ^ade  Mectun 

e  e."    Itw:iS  made  by  John  M.ittleyand  receive.1  its  name 

unwarrantably  from  J.iseph  Miller,  who  is  popularly  said 

evcrT>  have  ma.ie  a  joke  in  his  li  c,  and  could  ne    her 

read  nor  write.    It  has  been  many  times  en  atged  and  re- 

nrinted      Ally  Stale  jest  is  now  known  as  a  "Joe  JlUler 

nili  the  fa.!t  that  it  is  supposed  to  have  at  some  time 

cmanateil  fr..m  this  s.mrce.  .t,.   ,  j 

Miller,  Samuel  Freeman.  Born  at  Richmond, 
Kv.,  April  5,  1816  :  died  at  Washington,  i).  C, 
Oct  13,  1890.  ,\b  ^Viuerican  jurist.  He  practise.l 
mwlicine  for  a  time,  but  afterward  became  a  lawyer,  and 
1^,850  removed  fr^m^Keiitm^y^oKe^uk,  low.    H^ 


in  ISM  removeu  irom  m..>,jv^..j  .  .,     ,    -T   1  ot„to. 
was  appointe.1  associate    ustice  ot  the  1  nitcd  States 
premc  Culrt  bv  President  Lincoln  in  lsti2.  and  waf» '"em- 
ber of  the  I'liited  States  Electoral  Commission  of  18.7.   He 
was  a  Kepulilican  in  politics.     ,  ^,    .      ,  ,     „„„ 

Miller  Thomas.  Born  at  Cramsborough,  iiUg- 
ufiid,  1807 :  .lie.l  at  Loudon,  Oct.  24,  1874.  An 
Ku.'lish  poet,  novelist,  and  writer  on  rui-allife, 
known  as  "the  Basket-maker."  Among  his  works 
are  "  Royston  Gower,"  a  novel  (18;«\  "Kural  .sketches, 
Tvei-^e  n83»), "  GidcLn  Giles  the  Koper  "  (1840)  "  Go.  f  rey 
Malvern^' (1813),  - 11  istory  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  etc.  (IMS 
this  went  through  five  editions).  He  »•«•»■">««,"',''""'' 
v.dume  of  G.  W.  Reynolds's  "  .Mysteries  of  London    (184'J), 


miler,  William.  Born  at  Plttsfield  Mass    1782 
died  in  Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  Dee.  20, 1849. 
An  American  religious  enthusiast,  the  founder 
of  t  lie  .Millerites  or  Adventists.    He  commenced 
liH'tiiring  on  the  uiillenniura  in  1831. 

Miller. William.  Born  at  Wingham  Kent  Dec 
2  1795:  dieilatCallao,  Peru,  Oct.  31,1861.  An 
English  general  in  the  service  of  Peru.  Hefought 
with  the  British  in  the  Peninsula  1811-14,  and  in  the  I  nit.;d 
States  in  1815',  took  service  with  the  patriots  at  Buenos 
Ayres  in  181«,  and  distinguished  himself  1.1  he  invasion 
of  CI  ile  l»17-i9,  and  in  Peru,  where  he  held  mdependcn 
commands  and  ed  the  cavalry  at  Junin  (Aug.  ti,  18'24)  and 
A  icilcho  (Dec.  9,  18'24).  He  remained  in  the  service  of 
Pcra  became  grand  marshal  under  Santa  Cruz  and  on  his 
de  eat  (1839)  was  banished  He  returned  and  was  rem. 
state,  ii  rank  in  1859,  His  "  Memoirs"  were  P"'>  'f  >eJ ''' 
is->.p  by  his  bi..ther,  John  Miller:  they  give  one  of  thcbcbt 
acl-..n„t.s  ..f  the  Spanish-American  revolution. 

Miller,  William,  Born  at  Ldmbui'gh,  Maj  -8, 
1796:  died  at  Sheffield,  England,  Jan,  20,  lb8_. 
A  Scottish  line-engraver.  Ue  was  apprenticcil  in 
1811  to  William  Archibald,  engraver,  and  in  1819  studied 
with  George  Cook  in  London.  He  returncl  to  Ldinburgh. 
and  his  Ilrst  plates  were  for  Williams's  "  Views  in  Greece 
(lSi'2).  In  18-24  he  began  to  cngraveafter  Turner,  of  whom 
he  was  the  chief  iiiterpr.ter. 

Miller,  William  Allen.  Bom  at  Ipswich,  Dec 
17,  1817:  died  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  30, 18(U.  An 
El'l'disli chemist.  UcwasedncatedatMerchantTayl.us' 
SchSol  and  at  a  tjuaker  seminary  (it  Ackworth  in  \  orkshire 
About  18;i7  he  entered  the  medical  JoP?,";'"'' ",'i°' h'.'  ?  ' 
College,  London,  and  in  1840  studied  with  Liebig  at  (.les. 
sen  111  181'2  hi  received  the  degree  of  JI.  D.  from  the 
Iniversity  of  Ix)iidon,  and  in  1845  he  was  made  an  F.  R.  s. 
His  first  experiments  in  »Pect"im  analysis  were  pub- 
lished in  a  paper  before  the  British  Association  in  184.>,  in 
which  diagrams  of  flamo  spectra  «"«  A";!'  ?,''?*".•  .J" 
18112  this  was  followed  by  a  paper  on  the  "  Phot*,gi  apliic 
■tansparency  of  Various  Bodies,"  illustrated  by  photo- 
gra  ha  .-( the  spectra  of  twenty-five  metals.  Willi  the  as. 
Blstance  ot  Dr.  Unggins  he  began  in  1862  experiments  on 
the  spc.'tra  of  tlu!  hcav.-nly  bo.lies,  procuring  the  fiist 
trustworthy  results  in  8..1ar  chemistry.  They  were  awar.b 
ed  the  gol.l  iiu'.lal  .if  Ibo  K..yal  Astronomical  s,j,iel.v  f.T 
their  results.  In  18.M  he  published  a  "  Report  on  tli.^  .M.'t- 
ropolitan  Water  Supply.''  He  invented  a  self-registerlng 
Ihcrni.imetcr  for  deep-sea  s.mndings. 

Miller's  Tale  of  the  Carpenter,  The.    0,ie  of 

('|,aiir,.r's  •'I'aiit.'PlHU'V  Tales."     Its  s.mrce  is 
uMkii..wii,  but  it  is  probably  from  some  rougli 

milesim'o  (inil-lii'se-mo).  AviUage in theproy- 
iiico  of  Genoa,  Italv,  situated  on  tho  Bormida 
36  miles  west  of  Genoa.  Here,  April  13  and  14, 179(1. 
the  Krench  under  B..iiaparte  defeated  tho  Austrian  and 
Sarilinlan  forces.  ,      „  ^r,      ■      a„.,t  -iT 

Millet  (im-'-la'),  Aim6.  Bom  atPans,  Sept..-. 
1MI9 :  die.l  there,  Jan.  13, 1891.  A  French  sculp- 
tor. He  sln.lle.l  b..th  painllng  and  s,-ulpture  ami  »;«'';;;; 
time  In  (he  stu.li.i  of  Davl.l  d'Angers.  He  first  exh  bit  .1 
,li^u  t.«  at  the  Salon  of  \M2,  and  until  1852  bis  exhibits 
t":  ,'?ll  paiilungs  an,l  statu'es.  After  tha,  l-  C'lntlned 
himself  entirely  to  sculpture.  Ain.mg  his  w,.rks  ar-.-  I  e 
Bacchante"  (1*15);  "Arlane"  (1k:.7).  n..w  at  the  Lnxem- 
b,mrg  '•  Vcf  cingrtorix,"  a  colossal  statue  In  conpor  set  up 
AMie-Salnte  Beine.  CMclOr  (IW.);  a  numln'r  <.f  P-.r- 
i-alt  busts  Inclu.llng  (icugc  .Sand  and  Edmoud  A.lain , 
!''T,m  b can  .Ic  la  Prim'.'sse  Clirls.ine.le  ^"^:^V"^^ 
the  city  ..f  Seville  (1S81);  "  La  PbysUine,  '"■•""N'«,  " 
servat.irv  (1M81)'  various  c.h.ssal  llgures  for  pi  bile  bill  . 1- 
,U-sln  SiVsUasi);  abr,n,,,e  «.a.i,.M,t  Edgju-Qulneta^^ 
••  l■hldla^"  f..r  the  I,i,xcnib..nrg<,anlens  (  Ss7)  .  etc. 

Millet  (mil' let), Francis  Davis.  Bornat  Mat- 
tanoisett.  Mass.,  Nov.  3,  1.S46.  An  American 
figure-  and  portrait-painter.   Ho  studied  at  Antwen> 


Milman 

at  the  Royal  Academy  w  iih  Van  Lerius  an.l  De  Keyser.  He 
«^  cor^'spondent  for  the  London  "Daily  Nf^^^"  •'' "'« 
war  between  Russia  and  Turkey.  Among  his  works  are 
"BayofNapIes'(1875V'Ih.shiBazouk';(lS80)."AWndo^ 
Seat  ••(18.'>5);"  The  Handmai.l  "  and  "A  Cosy  Corner  (1886), 
"How  the  Gossip  Grew  "(1890).  

Millet  ( me-la ' ),  Framjois  (Frans  MiUe),  often 

.•alh'd  FranciSQUe.      B.,rn  at  Antwerp,   \M-: 
died   at    Paris,    1679.      A  Flemish   landscape- 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Laurens  Francken,  and  af  ter- 
war.l  a  follower  of  Poussin. 
Millet,  Jean  Frantjois.     Born  at  Gnichy  iiear 
GreviU.',  Manche,  France,  Oct.  4,  1814:  ilied 
at  Barbizon,  near  Fonlainebleau.  France,  Jan. 
00   1875.    A  celebrate.!  French  painter,  noted 
for  his  simple  and  pathetic  representations  of 
peasant  life  in  France.    He  worked  with  his  father 
Sf^rnfer,  as  a  farm-laborer  in  his  youth ;  but  .11 1^2   «^^^ 
shown  ability  in  drawing,  he  was  placed  at  (  ''"b      ,g  with 
llouchel,  who  secured  for  him  an  """"■,••'  J'"^'^  ''  "} 
lonriH-eed  with  his  stud  es.    Ue  went  to  I'aiis  111  lb.i.,anQ 
stmt  e,l  with  P. Ill  Dehux,clie ;  and  in  1S4.I  his  li^t  work,  a 
por    ai\,  was  accepted  at  the  Salon.    He  strnggK.  t.,ina.n- 
tain  hiniaclf  for  s.nne  years,  and  in  184»  fi  light  ..t  the  bar- 
rica. les  in  Paris.     The  next  year  he  settled  at  Barl.i7.on, 
wici-eh"  remained  for  the  rest  of  !"■; ';!;:;..,^'";;"f,5'^^ 
works  are  "The  Sower  "  (1S48),  '  l"«f "'   ^.'^'S'.'!  h;  J.'r.ei: 
"  The  Gleaners  "  (1857), "The  Angelus    (1859  .  w  Inch  sce^ 
..  Sath  and^Te  Wood-cutter  ■■  (ia59),''W.ut.ng  "a^ 

Shecp-sbcarers"  (18fiO),  "The  Man  *'''"'!  "".?,i«^^? 
"Wo..l-('alding"(1803),''ShepheriessaidSl^ep     (18WX 

"Goose  Girl"  (1807),  "Evening  Prayer    (1868),     lotato 

Miiievoye  0^''5l-vwii'),  Charles  Hubert  Born 
at  Abbeville,  1782:  di.'.l  at  Paris,  1816.  A  French 
Doet.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  111  1801.  HiB 
Irtfcle  on  '•  Lc  danger  des  ™mans''(18W)  and  a  series  of 
his  poems  (1800-12)  were  crowned  by  the  Ac.ulemy. 

At  the  head  ot  the  poets  of  this  minor  band  has  to  be 
mentioned  Millevoyc'who  might,  P-^-;^"'!- »'  '  ^j[""' »! 
greater  appropriateness,  have  found  a  place  in  tlii  pre- 
ceding bo<!k.  'ne  is  chiefiyreniarkable  as  the  author  of 
one  charming  piece  of  sentimental  verse,  La  I  liutc  des 
Feuil les"  ami  as  the  occasion  of  an  imnmrtal  criticism  of 
■Sain  e-Bcl  ve's,  "11  se  trouve  dans  les  trois  .,iiart8  des 
10  1  mcf  uii  p^ocHe  qui  nieurt  jeune  tandis  ,,ue  1  liomme 
g,i„i(  ••  SainUbuni,  Ireiich  Lit.,  p.  541. 


Milliken's  Bend  (miri-kenzbend).  A  village 
in  Madison  parish,  Louisiana,  situate<l  on  the 
Mississippi  17miles  northwest  of  \  icksburg  A 
body  of  3,iKW  Confederates  was  repulsed  here  by  the  t  .d- 

Miilon'-the  Floss,  The.  A  novel  by  George 
Eliot,  pulilishe.l  in  l^tiO.  .      _      , 

Millot  (nu-v.V),  Claude  Fran?ois   Xa'Tier. 

iiovn  at  Ori.aiis.  France.  Mar.'h  S.  l;"-^":  '•"■<} 
at  Paris,  March  21,  1785.  A  French  historica. 
\vi'iter,  a  member  of  the  Jesuit  order. 

Mills  (mil/.).  Charles.  Bom  near  Greenwich, 
Ku.'liii.l,  .lulv  29,  1788:  died  at  Southampton, 
Oct''  9,  l'8'2(i.  '  An  English  historian,  author  of 
a  "History  of  Mohammedanism"  (1817),  etc. 

Mills  Clark.  Born  in  Onondaga  County.  N.Y., 
D.c.'l,  1815:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan. 
y  1SS3  All  American  scul)itor.  Among  his 
wwks  are'ciueslriaii  statues  of  Jacksiui  an.l  Washiligl.m 
(at  Washington),  a  statue  of  "Lll«rty     (Capitol,  \S  ashing. 

Miilst  Roger  Quarles.  Born  in  Todd  County, 
K  "rSlar.^i  30  18;i2.  An  American  Democratic 
n.ilii  iciaii.  He  settl.d  in  Texas  in  1849,  served  as  «  Con- 
federate  olllcer  in  the  Civil  War.  an.l  was  a  member  of 
Congress  fnmi  Texas  lS7:t-S>2.  Ue  was  chairman  of  the 
w"ays  and  Means  Committ^-o  18S7-8!),  and  as  such  in  r«- 
ducod  the  Mills  Bill  (whbh  ?<■•-•■))»  l^',"^'  represented 
Texas  in  the  t  nitcd  .States  Senate  1892-1'8. 

Mills  Bill  A  tariff  bill,  named  from  the  chair- 
,"n,  (K.  ii.  Mills)  of  tin'  Ways  an.l  Means  (^om- 
niitte.',  passedbvthe  D.'iiiocratic  House  in  1888, 
andreiecte.lbv the Kepiibliean Senate.  ItplaecHl 
wool  luinher,  henip,  and  llax  on  the  free  list,  and  reduced 
.liities  ..11  iiig-li'.ni,  wo.den  go.)ds,  etc. 

Mill  Springs  (mil  spring/.).  A  village  111 W  ayno 
roiinlvs..iithern   Kentucky,   situated  on  tho 

Cumb^rlan.l  89  miles  south  "'l ,}''''»"'^f",'",*„-  ..^J;'^ 
It  Jan  10. 1802,  the  Ki-,lerals  under  I  homas  defeated  Ibo 
';,  federates  under  Crittenden  and  Zolllcol  ...  ^  '';■  ►.VJ^ 
eral  ami  Contederatc  losses  were  respectively  ab..ul  M 

Mi&e(mirvil).  AcityinCinnberlaii.lC.iun- 
tv    N.w  .l.'i'sev,  situate.!  on  ilaurice  hiver  40 

niii.'s S..U111  of  phiimbiphia.   It  >;;;;""f";;'"^f» 

,r|ass.  cotton,  etc.     P..in,lalioii  ,  1'."  0),  1(  ,..83. 

Milman(mil'mu„),HenryHart    B""'"'/'?"- 

.lon,  Feb.  10,  lV91:  .lie.l  n.'ur  As.ot,  Sept.  .4 
1S68.  An  English  clorgyimin,  tin;  tliir.l  s.ui  ..t: 
Sir  Fran.'is  Milman,  ,.liysiciaii  "'<•;;•'■■>■;•,  .,[,',• 

!:^.-i^^^!u;:t;^!^:';8,4-'.='i£^  2SS 

fonl      "Kaltlo,'  a  drama,  r.mip..»ed  at  Olf.inl,  was  imn- 

slicd  in  1S15  an.l  p.rh.nne.l  at  Covent  Oanleii  I.'l..  r|, 

IS  H  w    h  Miss   .' N.'lll  in  the  east.     It  was  als..  nse.1  by 

Mld,,;:^  Bls...rl  in  .8.'.0.     ■■«,»'"\'^',;""  ^T ''/I'.'.'llir.^V. 
iHiK-  •••rhcKill.d  Jerusa  em    In  IS'-'O;  anilth.      Jiarijroi 
A,  tloel"  111  18'>2      In  ls;l51ie  published  tra.islnfl.ms  from 
sa     kr     ,.'»;■  In  1827  he  .lellvere.l  the  I*""'!-""  I^- 
t  "res      His  "  Ul.lory  of  the  Jews,"  which  appeared  In  1830. 


Milman 

treated  them  as  an  Oriental  tribe,  with  little  attention  to 
the  miraculous  element.  In  lS3o  Sir  Robert  Peel  made 
him  caDOn  of  Westminster  and  rector  of  SI.  Margaret's. 
In  1840  he  published  the  "  History  of  Christianity  under 
the  Empire. "  Although  shunned  by  the  clerj:y  for  his  un- 
conventional views,  he  was  advanced  to  ths  deanerj-  of  St. 
Pauls  in  1S49.  In  183S  he  edited  Gibbon,  and  in  1S55  pub- 
lished the  "History  of  Latin  Christianity  down  to  the 
death  of  Pope  Nicholas  V. "  The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
devoted  to  the  administration  of  his  office. 

Milne  Edwards  (mel-na-dwiir'),  Alphonse. 

Born  at  Paris.  Oct.  13,  1835:  dieil  there,  April 
21,  1900.  A  French  naturalist,  son  of  Henri 
Milne  Edwards:  director  of  the  Museum  of  2<at- 
ural  History  of  Pai'is. 
Milne  Edwards,  Henri.  Born  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium, Oct.  23,  1800:  died  at  Paris,  July  28, 1885. 
A  noted  French  naturalist.  Hisworks  include  ••Eli. 
ments  de  zoolo^ie  "  (ISSoX  *'  Histoire  naturelle  des  crus- 
taces"  (1834^1),  "Recherches  pour  seiTir  a  I'histoire  na- 
turelle des  mammiferes"  (lst>4-74),  "'Leyons  sur  la  physi- 
ologie  et  I'anatomie  comparee  de  I'homuie  et  des  aniuiaux " 
(1857-83),  etc. 

Milner  {mil'ner),  Isaac.  [The  surname  ililner 
is  an  older  form  of  Miller,  from  miller.]  Born 
at  Leeds,  Jan.  11,  1751 :  died  at  Kensington, 
April  1, 1820.  An  English  mathematician  and 
divine.  He  entered  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  in  1770 ; 
became  rector  of  St,  Botolph's,  Cambridge,  in  1778;  and 
first  Jackson  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  1782.  He 
was  made  dean  of  Queens'  College  in  17SS,  vice-chancellor 
of  the  university  in  1792,  and  Lucisian  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  1798.  He  was  intimate  with  TTilliam  Wilber- 
force,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Kensington  Gore. 

Milner,  John.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  14,  1752 : 
died  at  Wolverhampton,  April  19, 1826.  An  Eng- 
lish bishop  and  ^ncar-apostolie  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  in  1766  he  entered  the  English  col- 
lege at  Donai ;  was  ordained  priest  in  1777 ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed pastor  of  the  Catholic  congregation  at  Winchester. 
In  1803  he  was  appointed  by  Pope  Pius  VJl.  bishop  of 
Castabala  in  partibus,  and  vicar-apostolic  of  the  Midland 
district.  In  politics  he  opposed  any  plan  for  Catholic  emau- 
cipation  which  should  recognize  a  right  of  veto  in  the 
English  crown.  As  an  archieologist  he  published  "The 
History,  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical,  and  .Survey  of  the  Anti- 
quities of  Winchester"  (1798-lSOl).  A  "Treatise  on  the 
Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  England  duiing  the  Middle 
Ages  "  was  published  in  1835. 

Milner,  Joseph.  Born  at  Leeds,  England,  Jan. 
2.  1744:  died  at  Hull,  England,  Xov.  15,  1797. 
.\n  Eng!i<li  church  historian. 

Milner,  Miss.  The  principal  character  in  Mrs. 
Inchbald's  "  Simple  Story." 

The  tale  of  a  young  lady,  Miss  Milner,  left  to  the  care 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  Dorriforth,  with  whom  she 
falls  in  love  ;  and,  as  he  becomes  theEarl  of  Elmivood,  and 
is  released  from  his  ordination  vows,  she  marries  him  ;  and 
afterward  becomes  unfaithful,  and  dies  in  great  raiserj'. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  ISth  Cent.,  p.  172. 

Milnes  (milz),  Richard  Monckton,  first  Lord 
Houghton.  Born  at  London,  June  19,  1809: 
died  at  Vichy,  Aug.  11,  1885.  An  English  states- 
man, poet,  and  litterateur:  only  son  of  Robert 
Pemberton  Milnes,  member  of  Parliament  for 
Pontef  ract  in  1806.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trin- 
ity College)  in  1831,  and  was  intimate  there  with  Tenny- 
son, Hallam,  and  Thackeray.  He  visited  Germany,  Italy, 
and  Greece,  and  settled  in  London  in  1835.  He  became 
member  of  Parliament  for  Pontefract  in  1337,  joined  the 
Liberal  party,  and  assisted  in  passing  the  Copyright  Act. 
In  1863  he  was  created  Baron  Houghton.  He  visited  Amer- 
ica in  1875.  He  published  several  volumes  of  poems, "The 
Life  and  Letters  of  Keats  "  (1848),  etc. 

Mile.     See  Melos. 

Mile  (mi'16),  or  Milon  (mi'lon).  [Gr.  W7jjv.'\ 
Born  at  Crotona,  Magna  Grieeia,  Italy:  lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  6th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek 
athlete,  famous  for  his  strength.  He  was  si.t  times 
victor  in  wrestling  at  the  Olympic  gamesand  six  times  at 
the  Pythian,  and  many  stories  were  told  of  his  extraordi- 
nary feats  of  strength,  of  which  the  best-known  is  his  car- 
rying a  heifer,  four  years  old,  on  his  shoulders  through  the 
stadium  at  Olyrapia,  then  slaying  it  and  eating  the  whole 
of  it  in  a  day.  He  is  said  to  have  been  eaten  by  wolves 
which  attacked  him  while  his  hands  were  caught  in  a  cleft 
tree  which  he  had  endeavored  to  rend. 

Mile,  Titus  Annius  Papianus.  Killed  in  Lu- 
eania,  Italy,  48  B.  c.  A  Roman  partizan  leader, 
tribune  57  B.  c. :  a  rival  of  Clodius  whom  he 
killed  at  Bovillse  52.  He  was  exiled  to  Massilia.  The 
oration  of  Cicero  in  his  behalf  which  we  possess  is  not 
the  speech  actu;U!y  delivered  (which  was  unsuccessflil), 
hut  a  subsequent  revision  of  it. 

Miloradovitch  (me-lo-ra'do-vich),  Count  Mi- 
khail. Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1770:  killed  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  26,1825.  A  Russian  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

Milosh  ObrenO'Vi'tch  (mil'osh  6-bren'6-vich). 
Burn  at  Dobrinia,  Servia,  1780:  died  at  Belgrad, 
Servia,  Sept.  26, 1860.  The  leader  in  the  second 
Servian  war  of  liberation  (1815).  He  became  ruler 
of  Servia  in  1817 :  was  proclaimed  hereditary  prince  in  1827; 
was  compelled  to  abdicate  in  1839;  and  was  again  prince 
1858-<». 

Miltiades  (mil-ti'a-dez).  [6r.  'Sh7-iaSr]c.']  Died 
about  4''9  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian  general. 
He  defeated  the  Persians  under  Datis  and  Artaphernes  at 
MaiathoD  Sept.  12,  490.    Having  failed  in  an  expedition 


688 

against  Pares,  he  was  fined  fifty  talents,  which  he  was  un- 
able to  pay,  and  died  in  prison. 

Milton  (mil'ton),  John.  Bom  about  1563 :  died 
in  March,  1647.  The  father  of  John  Milton  the 
poet,  and  son  of  Richard  Milton  of  Stanton  St. 
John,  near  Oxford.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  a  Protestant.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Company  of  Scriveners  in  London  Feb.  27,  1600. 
He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Paul  Jeffrey,  a  merchant 
tailor.  He  was  a  man  of  high  character,  a  good  scholar, 
and  devoted  to  music. 

Milton,  John.  Born  at  London ,  Dec .  9, 1(308 :  died 
there,  Nov.  8, 1674.  A  celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Milton,  a  scrivener.  IJis  tutor  was 
Thomas  Young,  graduate  of  St.  Andrews  IJniversity,  after- 
ward well  known  as  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  master 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  He  also  attended  St.  Paul's 
School  until  1624.  At  16  he  entered  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  the  grade  of  peusioner,  and  graduated  in  1629. 
To  this  period  belong  most  of  his  Latin  poems,  the  "  Ode 
on  the  Nativity  "(1629),  the  sonnet  to  Shakspere (1630),  and 
the  sonnet  to  the  nightingale,  etc.  For  the  nest  six  years 
he  devoted  himself  to  literature  at  Horton,  near  Windsor, 
where  he  wrote  "Ad  Patrem,"  "L'Allegro,"  "H  Pensero- 
so,"  "  Comus  "  (1634),  and  "  Lycid.is  "  (Nov.,  1637).  In  1638 
he  went  to  Italy,  meeting  Grotius  in  Paris  and  Galileo  in 
Florence.  The  Scottish  war  called  him  back  in  1639.  The 
first  suggestion  of  "  Paradise  Lost,"  in  the  form  of  a  tra- 
gedy, dates  from  lf40.  After  the  meeting  of  the  Long 
Parliament  (Nov.,  1640X  Milton  joined  in  the  attacks  on 
the  Episcopacy,  and  began  his  political  writings  with  "  Of 
Reformation  touching  Church  Discipline  in  England" 
(1641),  "  The  Reason  of  Church  Government  urged  against 
Prelacy  "(1642),  and  others.  In  1643  he  married  as  his  first 
wife  Mary  Powell,  of  Forest  Hill,  Oxfordshire.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  a  Royalist,  and  wsis  only  17  years  old  ;  she 
found  life  dull  with  him,  and  abandoned  him  a  month  later. 
This  desertion  was  the  occasion  of  hispamphlets  on  divorce, 
and  the  persecution  which  followed  suggested  the  "Areo- 
pagitica,"  a  plea  for  a  free  press  (the  most  popular  of  his 
prose  works).  She  returned  to  him  after  a  few  years,  and 
he  forgave  her.  She  died  in  1652.  Of  this  marriage  three 
children,  daughters,  lived  to  maturity.  After  the  execu- 
tion of  Charles  I.,  ililton  was  made  Latin  secretary  to  the 
new  Commonwealth  (March.  1649).  Of  his  political  writ- 
ings during  this  period  the  most  important  are  the  "Ei- 
konoklastes"  (1649).  in  answer  to  the  "Eikon  BasUike"  of 
John  Gauden,  and  the  famous " Defensio  prima " or  "Pro 
Populo  Anglicano  Defensio  '*  (1650),  an  answer  to  the 
"Defensio  Regia  pro  Carolo  I."  by  Claude  de  Saumaise  of 
Leyden.  The  '*  Defensio  secunda  "  appeared  in  May,  1654. 
By  May,  1652,  he  had  become  totally  blind.  In  i656  he 
married  Catharine  Woodcock,  who  died  in  1658 ;  and  in  1663 
he  married  Elizabeth  Minshnll,  who  survived  him.  Up 
to  the  period  of  his  third  marriage  his  domestic  life  had 
been  rendered  unhappy  by  the  undutif  ulness  of  his  daugh- 
ters, who  were  impatient  of  the  restraints  and  employ- 
ments his  blindness  imposed  npon  them.  At  the  Restora- 
tion he  was  freed  from  all  legal  consequences  of  his  actions 
by  the  Indemnity  Act  (Oct.,  1660).  '■  Paradise  Lost"  was 
actually  begun  in  the  epic  form  in  165s.  finished  before 
July,  1665,  and  published  in  16t;7.  He  sold  his  rights  in 
the  poem  to  Samuel  Simmons,  printer,  for  £5  down,  and 
the  promise  of  three  subsequent  payments  of  £5  each.  It 
was  entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Register"  Aug.  20,  1667. 
Suggestions  for  "Paradise  Lost "  may  have  come  from  the 
Anglo-Saxon  poem  attributed  to  Cjedmon  (published  in 
1655),  the  'Adamo"  of  Andreini,  and  the  "Lucifer"  of 
Joost  van  Vondel  (1654).  In  1669  appeared  his  history  of 
Britain  to  the  Norman  Conquest,  and  in  1G71  "Paradise 
Regained  "  and  "Samson  Agonistes. "  His  numerous  other 
works  in  Latin  and  English  were  mostly  polemical.  His 
last  political  pamphlet,  ■*  Of  True  Religion,  Heresy,  Schism, 
Toleration,  etc,"  was  published  in  1673. 

Milton,  The  Anglo-Saxon.    Csedmon. 

Miltsin  (melt-sen' ).  A  peak  of  the  Atlas  Moun- 
tains, Morocco,  S.E.of  the  city  of  Morocco,  once 
considered  the  culminating  point  of  the  chain. 

Mil'Vian  Bridge.     See  Pons  Milvius. 

Milwaukee  (mil-wa'ke).  The  capital  of  Mil- 
waukee County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Menomi- 
nee rivers,  in  lat.  43°  3'  N.,  long.  87°  56'  W. 
It  was  settled  in  1835;  is  the  largest  city  of  Wisconsin; 
exports  grain  and  flour  ;  and  is  an  important  railway,  manu- 
facturing, and  commercial  center.  Pork-packing'and  the 
manufacture  of  flour  and  beer  are  among  the  leading  in- 
dustries. It  is  sometimes  called  "the  Cream  City."  from 
the  cream-colored  bricks.  It  has  a  very  large  German 
population.     Population  (1900),  285,315. 

Milyas  (mil'i-as).  [Gr.  M(P.i«c.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  region  in  Asia  Minor,  of  varying 
boundaries,  usually  including  parts  of  Lycia 
and  Pisidia. 

Mimas  (mi'mas).  The  first  satellite  of  Saturn, 
discovered  by  Herschel,  Sept.  17,  1789. 

Mimbreno  (mim-bran'yo).  A  subtribe  of  the 
Gileiio  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  inhab- 
iting the  Mimbres  ilountains.     See  Gileiio. 

Mimbres(mem'bres),  Rio.  [Sp.]  A  stream  in 
southern  New  Mexico  which  empties  into  the  in- 
land basin  occupied  by  the  lagoons  of  northern 
Chihuahua. 

Mimbres,  Sierra.  A  mountain-range  in  south- 
ern New  Mexico.    Also  called  the  Black  Range. 

Mimir(me'mir).  [ON.  J/i'mic]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  a  water-demon  in  the  form  of  a 
giant.  He  dwelt  under  the  root  of  the  ash  Yggdrasil  at 
the  so-called  well  of  Mirair  (ON.  Mimisbnmnr),  the  source 
of  all  wisdom,  from  which  he  drank  with  the  Gjallai-horn. 
Odin,  to  obtain  a  drink  from  the  well,  was  obliged  to  leave 
one  of  his  eyes  in  pawn. 

Mimnermus  (mim-ner'mus).     [Gr.  W/ivcpfio(.1 


Miners'Tille 
A  Greek  elegiac  poet  of  Colophon,  who  flotir- 
ished  about  630-600  B.  C.  HU  poetry,  fragments  of 
which  have  been  preserved,  is  of  the  erotic  type.  He  was 
a  contemporary  of  Solon.  His  elegiac  poemsform  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  that  form  of  verse.  He  was  the  first  sys. 
tematically  to  make  it  the  vehicle  for  plaintive,  mournful 
and  erotic  strains.  '■  His  name  has  passed  into  a  proverb 
for  luxurious  verse,  saddened  by  reflexions  on  the  fleeting 
joys  of  youth  and  on  the  sure  and  steady  progress  of  old 
age  and  death."  Symondg. 
Min  (men).     See  Khem. 

Mina  (me'na),  Francisco  Javier.  Bom  at 
Otan,  near  Monreal,  Navarre,  Dec.  3,  1789:  died 
in  the  province  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  Nov,  11 
1817.  A  Spanish  soldier.  He  was  a  noted  guerrilla 
leader  against  the  rrench(1808-10),  and  against  Ferdinand 
VII.  (1814);  organized  in  England  and  the  United  States 
an  expedition  in  aid  of  the  patriots  of  Mexico  ;  landed  in 
Tamaulipas,  April,  1817  ;  marched  into  the  interior  and  re- 
peatedly defeated  the  Spanish  forces;  but  was  eventuiUlT 
captured  by  surprise  and  shot. 

Minas  (me'nas)  Basin.  The  easternmost  arm 
of  the  Bay  of  Funtly,  Nova  Scotia :  noted  for 
its  high  tides.     Length,  about  60  miles. 

Minas  Channel.  A  branch  of  the  Bay  of  Pundy/ 
connecting  it  with  JDnas  Basin.  \ 

Minas  Geraes  (me'nas  zhe-ris').  An  interior 
state  of  Brazil,  between  Sao  Paulo  and  Bahia. 
Capital,  Ouro  Preto.  it  is  crossed  by  several  moun- 
tain-chains, and  is  rich  in  metals  and  precious  stones,  bat 
most  of  the  mines  are  now  abandoned  and  agriculture  is 
the  principal  industry.  Area,  22'2,16U  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (estimated,  18&4X  3,604,622. 

Minch  (minch).  Asea  passage  separating  Lewis 
and  Harris  from  the  mainland  of  Scotland. 
Width,  about  25  to  40  miles, 

Minch,  Little.  A  sea  passage  separating  the 
tliiter  Hebrides  from  Skye. 

Mincing  (min'sing).  A  character  in  Congreve's 
comedy  "The  Way  of  the  World,"  Millamant's 
waiting-maid,  a  good  specimen  of  her  class. 

Mincing  Lane.  A  street  in  London  connecting 
Fenchureh  street  with  Great  Tower  street :  the 
center  of  colonial  (wholesale)  trade,  it  received 
its  name  from  the  «  minchens  "  (nuns)  of  St  Helen's,  a  part 
of  whose  domain  it  once  was. 

Mincio  (min'cho).  A  river  in  northern  Italy: 
the  ancient  ilineius.  It  rises  in  Tyrol  as  the  Sarca, 
traverses  the  Lake  of  Garda,  and  f.alls  into  the  Po  11  miles 
southeast  of  Mantua.  Near  it,  Dec.  25  and  26,  ISOii.  the 
French  under  Brune  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Belle- 
garde  :  and  in  1314  Eugene  de  Beauharnais  defeated  the 
Austrians,  The  battle  of  Solferino  is  sometimes  called  the 
battle  of  the  Mincio.  The  river  formed  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  dominions  of  Victor  Emmanuel  and  Austria 
from  1859  to  1S66.     Total  length,  about  120  miles. 

Mind  (mind),  Gottfried,  called  "The  Bernese 
Friedli "  and  ' '  The  Raphael  of  Cats."  Bom  at 
Bern,  S^vitzerland,  17(>8:  died  at  Bern,  Nov.  7, 
1814.  A  Swiss  painter,  especially  remarkable 
for  his  pictures  of  cats. 

Mindanao  (men-da-na'o),  or  Maguindanao 
(m;i-gen-da-na'6).  One  of  the  southern  islands 
of  the  Philippines.  Next  to  Luzon,  it  is  the  largest 
of  the  group.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  United  States  in  1898.  Area,  SifiHi 
square  miles.    Population,  600,000. 

Mindelheim  (min'del-him).  A  town  in  Swabia 
and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  on  the  Mindel  29  miles 
southwestof  Augsburg.  Population  (1890), 3,771. 

Minden  (min'den).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser  35 
miles  west  by  south  of  Hannover,  it  has  a  cathe- 
dral. It  was  under  the  rule  of  bishops  till  1648;  then  as 
a  secular  principality  it  passed  to  Brandenburg.  Near  it, 
.\ug.  L  17.59,  the  English  and  German  forces  under  Duke 
Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  JYench  under  Con- 
tades.    Population  (1S90),  19,345. 

Mindoro  (men-do'ro).  An  island  in  the  Philip- 
pines, south  of  Luzon,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  San  Bernardino  Strait.  Area,  3,934 
square  miles. 

Mmeo  (me-na'd).  A  town  in  the  pro-vince  of 
Catania,  Sicilv,  25  miles  southwest  of  Catania. 
Population  (1881),  9,519. 

Mineptah  (mi-nep'ta)  n.,  or  Menephthes  (me- 
nef'thez).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the  19th  dy- 
nasty, the  thirteenth  (or  fourteenth  [SayeeJ) 
son  of  Rameses  II.,  and  his  successor  (about 
1300  B.  c).  It  is  supposed  that  the  Exodus  took 
place  during  Ms  reign.  Also  Menephtah,  Am- 
menephthes. 

Miner  (mi'ner),  Alonzo  Ames.  Bom  at  Lemp- 
ster,  N,  H.,  Aug,  17,  1814:  died  June  14,  1895. 
An  American  Universalist  clerg\Tnan  and  anti- 
slaverv  and  total-abstinence  lecturer:  president 
of  Tufts  College,  Massachusetts,  1862-74. 

Mineral  Point  (miu'e-rsil  point).  A  eity  in 
Iowa  Countv,  Wisconsin,  northeast  of  Dubuque. 
Population"(1900),  2,991. 

Minersville(mi'nerz-vil).  AboroughinSchuyl- 
kill  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  west 
branch  of  the  Schuylkill,  81  miles  northwest  of 
Philadelphia.     Population  (1900),  4,815. 


Minerva 

Minerva  (mi-ncr'vii).  In  Roman  mythology, 
one  of  the  three  cliief  divinities,  the  other  two 
Ijeing  Jupiter  and  Juno.  The  cliief  seat  of  the  cult 
of  all  Oiree  was  the  great  temple  on  the  Ciipitoline  Hill,  ili- 
nerva  was  a  virfjin,  the  dail^ihter  uf  .Uipiter,  the  supreme 
goU,  and  hence  was  identitied,  !is  the  Komans  came  more 
uid  more  under  the  intluence  of  Hellenic  culture,  with 
the  Greek  Athene  (or  Athena)  or  I'allas,  the  goddess  o( 
wisdom,  of  war,  and  of  the  liberal  arts.  Like  .\thene,  Mi- 
nerva was  represented  in  art  with  a  grave  and  majestic 
OOttntenance,  armed  with  helmet,  shield,  and  spear,  and 
wearing  long  full  drapery,  and  on  her  breast  the  legis. 

Minerva.  An  antique  statue  in  marble,  in  the 
Gljl'tothekat  Munich.  The  goddess  wears  the  scaled 
regis,  with  tunic  and  himation.  The  helmeted  head,  though 
aiitique,  does  not  belong  to  this  statue,  and  the  right  arm 
IS  incurrectly  restored  as  raised  to  hold  a  spear  ;  it  w;i£ 
probably  extended,  supporting  a  Victory.       .See  Farni-ge. 

Minerva  Medica,  [So  called fromthe  contorted 
serpent  at  the  goddess's  feet.]  An  impressive 
luitifjiie  statue  in  Parian  marble,  in  the  Vatican, 
Kome.  It  is  a  copy  from  a  fine  Greek  original,  and  is 
' iilieved  to  have  been  the  cult-statue  of  the  temple  re- 
I  laced  by  Santa  llaria  sopra  Minerva.  The  goddess  stands 
tjjectas  guardian,  holding  her  spear.  She  is  clad  in  along 
diploidion-tunic,  with  the  wgis  aud  himation,  and  wears  a 
Corinthian  helmet. 

Minerva  Pacifera.  ['  The  peace-bringer.']  A 
fine  statue  found  at  Velletri,  now  in  the  Capi' 
toline  Museum,  Rome.  The  god<less  holds  her  spear, 
and  wears  diploidion  and  himation  and  Corinthian  hel- 
met, but  no  regis,  and  is  attended  by  no  serpent.  The 
tv-pe  is  closely  similar  to  th:ft  of  the  Minerva  Medica. 

Minerva  Press.  A  printing-house  in  Leaden- 
hall  street,  London,  which  was  notedin  the  eigh- 
leeuth  centurj'  for  the  publication  of  trashy 
sentimental  novels. 

Minervino  Murge  (me-ner-ve'nomor'je).  A 
town  in  the  jiroviuce  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  43 
miles  west  of  Bari.     Population  (1881),  1.5,163. 

Minetta  (mi-net'a).  A  flippant  waiting-maid 
in  ilrs.  Cowley's  comedy  ''A  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Husband." 

Ming  (meng).  The  ruling  dynasty  in  China  from 
13(58  to  the  accession  of  the  present  Manehu 
ivuasty  in  1644. 

Minghetti  (men-get'te),  Marco,  Bom  at  Bo- 
■gna,  Italy,  Sept.  8.  1818:  died  at  Rome,  Dec. 
;.i,  1886.  All  Italian  statesman,  political  econo- 
mist, and  jiublieist.  He  became  minister  of  the  in- 
tt-riorunil'T  ( 'avour  in  18f JO,  and  retained  the  position,  after 
favour's  death,  in  the  cabinet  of  Ricasoli ;  was  minister 
■  f  finance  under  Farini  in  1802;  and  was  premier  lse3-<!4 
Liid  1S73-7U.  Among  his  works  is  "Dell'  economia  pub- 
1  lica  "  ("  On  Public  Economy,"  1859). 

Mingo.     See  Iroquois. 

Mingrelia  (min-gre'li-a).  A  former  princi- 
pality, now  a  part  of  the  government  of  Kutais, 
Transcaucasia,  Russia.  The  inhabitants  are  allied 
to  the  Georgians.  It  became  feudatory  to  Russia  in  1804, 
aiirl  was  incorporated  with  Russia  in  1867. 

Minho  (Pg.,  men'yii),  Sp.  Mino  (raen'yo).  A 
river  which  rises  in  northwestern  Spain,  forms 
part  of  the  northern  boundary  between  Portu- 
gal and  Spain,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  at  the 
northwestern  corner  of  Portugal:  the  Roman 
Minius.     Length,  about  170  miles. 

Mini6(me-nya'\  Claude  ^tienne.    Born  about 

1H04:  died  1K79.  A  Frencli  infantry  captain, 
and  instmc^tor  in  the  military  school  at  Viii- 
cennes:  inventor  of  the  Mini6  rifle  (184'J). 

Minleh  (me'ne-e).  A  town  in  Middle  Egypt, 
situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  28°  T  N.  Popula- 
tion (1S!)7).  ■24:2?,'}. 

Minims  (min'imz).  [From  L.  mhiimu.i,  least.] 
.\n  order  of  monks,  founded  in  the  middle  of  the 
bith  century  by  St.  Francis  of  Paula,  confirmed 
by  Popi<  Si.xtus  IV.,  and  again  conlirnicd  by 
I'ope  Alexander  VI.  under  tlu!  name  of  "  Ordo 
Minirnorum  Fremitaruin  S.  Francisci  do  Paula" 
(Order  of  the  Least  Hermits  of  St.  Francis  of 
Paula).  Jlembers  of  this  order,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
I'ranciscan  vows,  were  ple<iged  to  the  observance  of  a  per- 
petual I.'-nt. 

Minister's  Wooing,  The.   A  novel  by  Mrs.  Ilar- 

rict  Uri'clier  Stnwe,  published  in  IS'iO.  Thesceno 
is  laid  chiefly  in  New  Knglaiid  during  the  Revolutionary 
l..riod. 

Minitari.    See  lliiiKtmi, 

Minna  von  Bamhelm  (min'ii  fon  biirn'helm). 
j\  cijiiicdy  by  Lessing,  publisheil  in  1767.  It  Is 
tlie  llrst  German  national  drama  which  deals  with  con- 
ti'iiijiora:-y  events. 

Minneapolis  (miu-e-ap'o-lis).  [From  Miiiiic- 
Ouili(i)  anil  Gr.  tto/./i-,  city.]  A  city,  capital  of 
Hennepin  County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the 
Missis-sippi,  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  north- 
west of  ami  ad.ioiningSt.Paul,  in  lat.  44°  .W  N., 
long.  93°  W  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  In  the  Stale;  Is 
noted  for  its  inanufacturcHof  tbntr  and  lumber,  having  the 
most  extensive  tlouring-mills  In  the  world  ;  has  also  Iron- 
works ;  and  Is  the  seat  of  tile  I'nlverslty  of  Minnesota  and 
of  Augsburg  Theological  Seminary  (lailheraii).  St.  An- 
thony was  united  with  It  in  1872.  l'opulalion(l(NI0),  •-'0.',1  [s. 
ailnneapolia  and  St.  I'aul  are  cidled  "the  twin  cities.  " 
>■— 44 


6S9 

Minnehaha  (min-o-ha'hii).  Falls  of.  [Amer. 
hii\.  Miiiiithalia,  said  to  mean  •laughingwater.'] 
A  cascade  in  the  Minnehaha  River,  near  Minne- 
apolis, Minnesota.  Height,  60  feet.  Longfellow 
gave  the  name  Minnehaha  to  the  principal  female  char- 
acter of  "  Hiawatha." 

Minnesingers  (min'e-sing-6rz).  [G.,  'love- 
singers.'J  -\  class  of  German  IjTic  poets  and 
singers  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  so  called 
because  love  was  their  chief  theme.  They  were 
chiefly  or  exclusively  men  of  noble  descent  — knlght.=, 
nobles,  princes,  and  even  emperors.  They  sang  tlu-ir 
pieces  to  their  own  accompaniment  on  the  viol,  and  often 
engageil  in  poetical  contests  for  the  gratification  of  princes 
and  ladies  of  the  court.  Among  the  chief  seats  of  the 
minnesingers  were  Swabia  and  Austria,  and  the  leading 
dialect  used  was  the  Swabian.  The  minnesingers  were 
succeeded  by  the  master.^ingers. 

Minnesota  (min-e-so'tii).  A  river  in  Minne- 
sota, rising  in  lakes  on  tlie  South  Dakotaborder, 
and  joiniugthe  Mississippi  about  Tmiles  south- 
west of  St.  Paul.     Length,  about  450  miles. 

Minnesota.  One  of  the  North  Central  States 
of  the  United  States,  extending  from  lat.  43° 
30'  to  49°  2.1'  N.,  and  from  long.  89°  29'  to  97° 
5' W.  Capital,  St.  Paid,  it  is  boundeil  by  British 
America  on  the  north.  Lake  superior  and  Wisconsin 
on  the  east,  Iowa  on  the  south,  and  the  llakotas  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  an  undulating  plain.  The 
"lleight  of  Land  "  in  the  north  forms  the  walerslied  be- 
tween the  ilississippi,  St.  Lawrence,  ami  Hudson  liay  sys- 
tems. The  chief  rivers  are  the  ilississippi  and  the  Red 
River  of  the  Korth.  The  leading  industry  is  agriculture, 
this  being  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  production  of 
wheat.  The  chief  cvports  are  wheat,  flour,  and  lumber. 
It  has  84  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  9  represeiitativt-s 
to  Congress,  anil  bus  11  electoral  votes.  Tlie  region  was 
llrst  explored  by  the  French  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 
VheTerritory  of  Minnesota.formedfrom  part  of  thcNortii- 
.vi'st  Territory  (acquired  1783),  and  from  part  of  the  Loui- 
siana I'lU'Lliase  of  iso:!,  wits  or;:anized  in  1H49.  'i'he  State 
nas  ailmitted  to  the  Union  in  18.58.  It  was  the  scene  of 
the  Sioux  massacre  and  war  in  18fi*2-(J3.  The  name  is  from 
that  of  the  river.    Area,  83, :i(i6  square  miles.    Population 

I'llilll.  l,7rd,304. 

Minnesota,  University  of.    Mx  institution  of 

lea  rning  for  bothse.xes,  situated  at  Minneapolis. 
It  was  chartered  in  186S,  is  attended  by  about  3,tK)0  stu- 
dents, and  has  a  library  of  about  ."jSjI-MX)  volumes. 

IVEinnetonka  (min-e-tong'ka).  Lake.    A  small 

lake  about  12  miles  west  of  Minneapolis. 
Minni  (min'i).    In  Jer.  li.  27,  the  name  of  a  tribe 

inhabiting  ancient  jVi-meuia,  mentioned  in  the 

cuneiform  inscriptions. 
Minor,  The.     A  comedy  by  Foote,  produced  in 

DuliLiu  in  1760,  in  which  he  played  Shift. 

In  the  "Minor,  "the  author  pilloried  Longford,  the  plau- 
sible auctioneer ;  Mother  Douglas,  a  woman  of  very  evil  life ; 
and,  In  Shift,  the  Rev.  George  VVhiteficld,  who  w.a3  nobly, 
and  with  much  self-abnegation,  endeavoring  to  amend  life 
wherever  ho  found  it  of  an  evil  quality. 

Doran,  English  Stage,  II.  122. 

Minorca  (mi-nor'kii),  or  Menorca  (Sp.  pron. 
ma-nor'kii).  The  largest  of  the  Balearic  Isl- 
ands next  to  Majorca,  situated  27  miles  north- 
east of  that  island.  Capital,  Port  Mahon.  it 
was  held  by  the  British  1708-66, 1763-82,  and  1798-18U2. 
Area,  '293  square  miles. 

Minories  (mi'nor-iz).  The.  A  parish  in  London, 
on  the  left  baiik  of  the  Thames,  not  far  from 
the  Tower.  In  old  Ivondon,  the  house  of  the  sisters  of 
the  Franciscan  order  without  the  walls  at  Oldgate  was 
called  the  Abbey  of  St.  Glare.  The  nuns  were  called  Poor 
Clares  or  Minoresses,  whence  the  name  Minories.  This  la 
now  part  of  the  Jewish  iiuarter. 

Minors  (nii'norz).  The  Franciscan  friars;  the 
Minorites :  so  called  from  a  name  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  Fratres  Minorcs,  or  Lesser  Breth- 
ren. 

Minos  (mi'nos).  [(Jr.  Mj'i'ur.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Crete,  and  lawgiver  of  that  island: 
aflcr  his  doiith  a  .judge  in  the  lower  world. 

Minot  (nii'not),  George  Richards.     Born  at 

Boston,  Deo.  28,  17.^8:  died  jit  Boston,  Jan.  2, 
1802.  An  American  .jurist  and  historian,  lie 
wrote  a  "History  of  Shays's  Rebellion"  (1788),  and  coii- 
tinueil  Hutchinson's  "liiatory  of  Massacliusetta  Bay" 
(17ii8-18ii;i). 

Minotaur  (min'i)-tiir).  [Gr.  Mn'i.'jrniyKir,  the 
bull  111'  .Minos.]  1.  In  Greek  niytliology,  a  mon- 
ster represi^nted  as  having  a  liuinan  body  and 
tlio  head  of  a  bull,  and  as  the  otTspring  of  Pasi- 
)ihae  (wife  of  Jlinos)  and  a  bull  sent  by  Posei- 
don. HewascoiillMrd  in  the  Cretan  labyrinth  and  fed  with 
human  lli'sh  ;  devound  the  seven  youths  and  seven  maid- 
ens whom  Mlnoscoiiipclledthe  A  then  fans  to  send  him  jierf- 
oiitcally  as  a  tribute  ;  iiiiil  waa  killed  by  the  hero  Theseus, 
a  member  of  the  last  coiniiany  so  sent,  who  escaped  from 
the  labyrinth  by  the  aid  of  .Vrladne,  daughter  of  Minos. 
2.  One  of  three  tive-masted  iron-chul  British 
ships  built  from  tlio  same  designs  (Minotaur, 
Northumberland,  iind  Agiiicourt),  hiuiiched  in 
1863.  The  dimensions  are:  length,  40I  feet;  breadlh, 
r>9;  displacement,  lil.UlKI  tons.  She  has  an  all-round  belt 
of  armor,  protecting  water-line  and  guns,  of  fj^-lnch  plate 
over  I)  Inch  wooden  backing. 

Minot's  Ledge  (mi'nots  lej).     A  reef  near  the 


Minutoli,  Heinrich 

entrance  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  a  lighthouse. 
Minsheu(niin'slm),  John.  Flourished  early  in 
the  17th  century.  An  English  lexicoKrapher. 
He  lived  cbielly  In  London  in  great  poverty,  visiting  Ox- 
ford  and  Camiiridire  to  collect  material.  He  wrote  a  "Dic- 
tionary in  Spanish  and  English  "(1599  and  1623),  "A  Span- 
ish Grammar  "(1,^119)  (I'oth  founded  on  the  works  of  Richard 
Percival),  and  a  large  English  dictionary,  "Ductor  in  Lin- 
giias,  or  the  Guide  into  Tongues  "  (1617, 1625, 1627).  contain- 
ing eciuivalent  words  in  eleven  languages,  of  great  value 
In  the  study  of  English. 

Minsk  (minsk).  1.  A  government  in  western 
Russia  which  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Lithua- 
nia. It  is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vilua,  Vi- 
tebsk, Mohiletf,  Tchemigoff ,  Kielf .  Vollijniia,  and  Grodno. 
It  has  a  generally  flat  surface,  and  abounds  In  marshes. 
Area,  35,293  s<)uaro  miles.  Population  (1892),  1,830,44.''>. 
2.  "The  capital  of  the  government  of  Minsk, 
situated  on  the  S^-islotch  about  lat.  53°  .")3'  N., 
long.  27°  33'  E.     Popidatiou  (1897),  91.113. 

Minstrel,  The.  A  poem  by  James  Beattie, 
published  in  1771-74. 

Mintaka  (min'ta-kii).  [Ar.  mintnqalt  al-jauzd, 
the  belt  of  the  giaiit.]  The  bright  third-mag- 
nitude star  6  Orionis,  the  westernmost  in  the 
ffiant's  belt. 

Minto  (min'to).  First  Earl  of  (Gilbert  Elliot). 

Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  23,  17.')1  ;  died  Juno 
21, 1814.  A  British  politician  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  governor-general  of  British  India  1807- 
1813. 

Minto,  Second  Earl  of  (Gilbert  Elliot-Mur- 
ray-Kynynmound).  Bom  at  Lyons,  Nov.  16, 
17S2 :  died  July  31, 1S.')9.  ,V  British  politician, 
son  of  the  first  Karl  of  Minto.  He  was  lord  privy 
seal  1846-.'i2. 

Minto,  William.  Born  in  Alford  parish,  Aber- 
deenshire, Oct.  10,  1845 :  died  at  Aberdeen, 
March  1,  1893.  A  Scottish  man  of  letters, 
editor  of  the  London  "Examiner"  1874-78, 
and  professor  of  logic  and  English  literattire  in 
the  University  of  Aberdeen  from  1880.  Ue  wrote 
"English  Prose"Wi  iters  "(1872).  "English  Poets  "  (1874), 
several  novels,  many  of  the  articles  on  English  authors  in 
the  '•  Encyclop.'cdia  Britannica,"aud  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  magazines  and  reviews. 

Minturnae  (min-ter'ne^.  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  Latium,  Italy,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Liris  (the  modern  Garigliano). 

Minuanes  (me-nii-ii'naz).  An  extinct  Indian 
tribe  of  the  La  Plata  region  in  South  America. 
They  occupied  a  district  between  the  rivers  ParanA  and 
t'rngiiay,  and  were  closely  allied  to  if  not  identical  with 
the  <'iiaiTiius  (which  see). 

Minuchihr  (mod.  Pers.  pron.  rai-no'eheh'r). 
['  Heavenly-faced.']  In  the  Shahnamah,  an 
Iranian  king,  the  son  of  Iraj  and  father  of 
Naudar.  For  his  life  before  his  accession  to  the  throne 
of  his  great-grandfather  Karidllli,  see  Faridun,  Before 
Ills  death  Faridun  intrusted  the  care  of  ^linuchihr  to  his 
trusty  warrior  Sam,  the  son  of  \iu-imaii.  The  stor>'  of  Mi- 
nuchihr's  reign  is  essentially  that  of  the  birth  and  adven- 
tures of  ZaI,  the  son  of  Sam,  including  the  birth  of  Zal's 
son  Hustam,  and  his  first  two  adventuics,  the  Rla>  iiig  of 
the  while  elephant  and  tin-  taking  of  SipaniL 

MinuciusFelix(mi-nu'slu-usfe'liks),  Marcus. 
A  Roman  advocate   and  Christian  apologist, 

grobably  a  contemporary  of  Marcus  Aurelitis. 
is  dialogue  "  Octavius"  is  the  earliest  extant  work  of 
Latin  Christian  literature.  The  sceueof  the  conversation 
Is  laid  at  Gstia,  and  tlie  speakers  are  t^iecilius  N'atalls,  tto 
tavins  Januarius,  and  the  author.  Cicciliiis  attacks  Chris- 
tianity on  various  grounds,  and  Octavius  defends  it :  at  the 
conclusion  Ciecilius  admits  that  be  is  beaten  In  the  argu- 
ment, and  the  author,  who  acts  as  umpire,  declares  that  a 
decision  is  unnecessary. 

Minuit  (niiii'tt-it),  or  Minne'wit  (min'e-wit), 

Peter.  Born  tit  Wesel,  Rhenish  I'russia,  about 
l:'i80:  died  at  Fort  Christina,  New  Sweden  (Dola- 
Wiire),  1641.  A  colonial  orticial  inllic  Dufchand 
afterward  in  the  Swedish  service  in  .America.  He 
was  apiiointed  governor  of  .New  Netherlands  by  the  Iiiitch 
West  India  Company  Dee.  19, 16'2r>,  and  landeil  on  .Manhat- 
tan Island  May  4, 1026.  He  purchased  the  Island  from  tho 
Indians  for  trinkets  valued  at  about  twenty-four  dollars, 
and  erected  Fort  Amsterdam.  He  was  recalled  In  .-Vug., 
ltJ31.  Having  been  commissioned  by  the  Swedish  \>  est 
India  Company  to  found  a  colony  tm  the  west  side  i»f  Del- 
aware Itav.  he  left  Gothenburg  with  a  band  of  llfly  colo- 
nists late  (n  10.'J7,  and,  after  having  toiicheii  at  .lamestown, 
reached  Delaware  Bay  in  April,  11U8.  He  iiuirhased  from 
tho  Indians  the  region  between  Caiic  Heiilopen  and  the 
falls  of  the  Delaware  at  Trenton  (lo  which  was  given 
the  name  of  New  Sweden),  and  erected  I'orl  Christina, 
lie  icinained  governor  of  New  Sweden  until  his  death. 

MinungO  (me-niing'gol.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  ,\ii- 
gola.  \\  esf  .\lfica,  between  the  Sougo  tribe  and 
file  Kiiangti  River. 

Minusinsk  (me-nii-sinsk').  A  town  in  tho 
goviriinieiit  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  sitmiled  on 
the  Yenisei  about  lat.  .'■i3°4.')' N..  long.  91°30' E. 
I'ii]iiilalion  (1889),  .5,53".. 

Minutoli  (me-no'io-le).  Heinrich  (Baron  Menu 
von  Minutoli).  Bom  at  (ieneva.  May  12,  1772' 
died  at  l.niisnnne,  Se|it.  16,  1846.  A  German 
archieologist  iiud  travelci.   His  chief  work  is  'Uel»e 


Minutoli,  Heinrich 


690 


rom  Tempel  des  Jupiter  Amnion  und  nach  Oberagypten  " 
("Journey  to  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Amnion  and  to  Upper 
Egypt,"  1S24). 
Minutoli,  Baron  Julius  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Aug.  30,  1804 :  tiled  near  Shiraz,  Persia,  Nov. 
5, 1860.  A  Prussian  administrator,  diplomatist. 


World."  a  brilliant  and  witty  fine  gentleman, 
said  to  be  like  Congi-eve  himself. 
Mirabel,  Old.    In  Farquhar's  comedy  "The  In- 
constant," a  peevish  old  man  with  a  fondness 
for  his  sou. 
and  author,  son   of  Heinrich   MinutoU.      He  Mirabel  Tommy    The  son  of  Old  Mirabel :'' the 


wrote  works  on  Spain  and  Portugal 
Minyse(min'i-e).  [Gr.  iUviai.^  In  Greek  legend, 
a  semi-mythical  heroic  race,  descendants  of 
Miuj'as,  who  founded  Orchomenus  and  there 
established  his  family.    Host  of  the  Argonauts 


^^arquhar's  play  of  that  name. 

lie  is  a  gay  and  generous  tine  gentlenian,  but  unstable  in 

his  affections.     The  first  four  acts  of  this  play  are  taken 

from  "The  Wild  Goose  Chase";  and,  though  somewhat 

modified,  the  characters  are  the  same.    All  these  parts 

have  been  general  favorites  both  with  actors  and  with 

^  audiences. 

were  his  descendants.   For  the  so-called  "trea-  Mirabella  (mir-a-bel'la).     A  fair  maiden,  in 

snry  of  Mmyas,"  see  Orchomenus.  Spenser's  ''Faerie  Queeue."  who  had  scorned 

Minyas  (mm'l-as).     [Gr.  Wvlag.']     See  Miiu/a;.     many  lovers.     She  was  sentenced  in  Cupid's  court  to 

Miolan-Carvalho    (mvo-loh'kar-va-Iyo'),   Ma-     ride  on  a  Avretched  jade,  "accompanied  bv  a  fool,  till  she 

dame  Marie  Caroline  F61ix.     Born  Deo.  31,  ^Jl^"!  s='\f<i  ^^  many  lovers  as  she  had  slain." 

1827:  died  July  10, 1895.  A  noted  French  singer,  Mirach    or  Mirak  (mi  rak  or  me'rak)      [Ai-      „„.„„„.,,.„.„,„,„.  .,.„„™„^,„™„,^, 

the  wife  of  L6on  Carvalho,  whom  she  married    '"'/^'l'  Aeloms:  but  the  derivation  is  doubttul  ]  Mjranda,  Sa  de.     See  Sd  de  Miranda 
in  1853.     She  first  went  to  London  in  1860,  and  sang    l^^  ordinary  name  of  the  second-magnitude  Mirandola Tm^  rUn'dlfa)     AsmXownin  the 
with  great  success  both  there  and  in  Paris.    She  retired     star  /3  Andromedffi.      The  name  is  also  applied  to     nvovhu.p  nf  MnrlPTia   TtX  IS  ,,,;iitV,;  fi         1^ 
from  the  stage  before  her  death.  the  third-magnitude  star  t  Bootis,  which  is  more  usually     I^' ".^  iiK e  ot  Jlodena,  ltal\  ,  18  miles  north-north- 

MinilTlPt  rmvn  iit"I    Thintinrp  T.rimo    Rorn  at      known  as  Izar  (which  see).  east  ot  .Modena.     It  was  once  the  capital  of  a  duchy 

mi0nnet(m)O-nji,  ),  ineoaoreiame.  Bomat  ^.^^^,^  ^,  jj^     a„*i, <-t5„j„-     -m,.       »      belonging  to  the  Pico  famUy.    Francesco  Maria,  the  last 

' '  ■;  to  Modena  in  1710. 

,  Count  of.     See  Pico. 

a  mule,  neglecting  oats  placed  beside  him.  MirauhaS,  Sp.  MirafiaS  (ine-ran'yaz).    A  horde 

Miracle  of  St.  Mark,  The.     A  noted  painting    f  ,^''^'11 ""  ^''"^"j  5"'^  Colombia,  principally 

bv  Tintoretto,  in  the  Acoademia,  Venice.    The    '^^^.^een  the  rivers  I?i  and  JapurS.    They  number 

saint  descends  from  heaven,  and  saves  from  the  heathen  a     r  l«ast  several  thousands,  are  very  savage,  and  are  said  to 


Mirror  for  Magistrates,  The 

Spanish-American  revoIutioni,*t.  He  was  an  offl- 
cer  in  the  Spanish  army  1773-82,  and  subsequently  served 
with  the  French  allies  of  the  North  Americans ;  was  in  St 
Petersburg,  where  he  received  a  pension  from  Catharine 
II. ;  fought  in  the  French  republican  army  as  general  o( 
division  1792-93 ;  and  in  the  latter  year  was  accused  before 
the  Kevolutionarj-  tribunal,  but  escaped.  He  spent  manj 
years  ia  scheming  for  the  emancipation  of  Spanish  South 
America,  and  made  an  unsuccessful  descent  on  the  coast 
of  Venezuela  in  1S06,  with  the  design  of  leading  a  revolt 
After  the  revolution  of  1810  he  returned  to  Venezuela  was 
made  commander  of  the  patriot  army,  and  in  \pril  isi" 
was  made  dictator.  The  great  earthtiuake  of  ilar'ch  26' 
1812,  left  the  country  impoverished,  and  was  regarded  by 
many  as  a  sign  ot  divine  wnith :  as  a  consequence  the  roy. 
alists  gained  ground,  and  on  July  26  Miranda  signed  a 
treaty  which  gave  up  the  countrj-  to  them.  He  was  ar- 
rested soon  after,  sent  to  Spain,  and  died  in  captivity 
Miranda's  influence  on  the  Spanish-American  revolution 
was  very  great,  but  mainly  indirect,  through  the  secret 
societies  which  he  established,  and  through  his  influence 
with  European  statesmen.  See  Gran  Reunion  Americana. 


Hionnet  (myo-na'),  Theodore  Edme.  Bom  at  i^jr^'\='^^^'^i77^ft:'  ^  „  _,  ^.^  ,  belonging  t«ti 
Paris,  Sept.  2, 1770 :  died  there,  Mav  7. 1842.  A  Miracle  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua,  The.  A  SS."e7soid  i?t!, 
French  numismatist.  His  principal  work  is  P«™ting  by  \  an  Dyck,  m  the  musee  at  Lille,  Mjrandola  C 
"Description  dos   medailles   grecques   et   ro-     -'^™ij'^e.     Before  the  saint,  who  holds  the  Host,  kneels  lyjjja.nha'?  Sr 


'Descript 
maines"  (18  vols.  1806-39). 
Miot  (myo),  Andre  Frangois,  Comte  de  Mi51ito 
Born  at  Versailles,  France,  1762 :  died  at  Paris, 
1841.     A  French  diplomatist,  politician,  and 
author. 

Miquel  (me-kel'),  Friedrich  Anton  Wilhelm. 

Born  at  Xeuenhaus,  Hannover,  Oct.  24,  1811: 
died  at  Utrecht,  Jan.  23, 1871.  A  noted  German 
botanist  and  phvsician,  professor  of  botany  at  nJ!'"^  itisy 
Utrecht  from  1859.     He  published  numerous  -Bjiraflores  ( 
botanical  works. 
Miquel,  Johannes.    Bom  at  Neuenhaus,  Han- 
nover, Feb.  21,  1829:  died  Sept.  8,  1901.     A 
German  politician.     He  was  a  National  Liberal  mem- 
ber of  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies  from  1867  to  1882, 
when  he  entered  tlie  I'pper  Cliamber.     He  was  a  member 
of  the  Reichstag  1867-77,  reentered  it  in  1887,  and  w.is 
Prussian  minister  of  finance  1890-1901. 


slave  about  to  suffer  martyrdom.     It  is  splendid  in  color. 


be  cannibals.    Their  linguistic  affinities  are  doubtful. 


treatment  of  light,  drawing,  and  united  variety  and  har-  Mirbel  (mer-bel'),  Charles  FranCOis,   called 
mony  of  composition.  Brissoau  dc  Mirbel.  Bom  at  Paris,  March  27, 

Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes,  The.  A  paint-  1776 :  died  near  Paris,  Sept,  12,  18.54.  A  noted 
ing  by  Rubens,  in  Notre  Dame  at  Malines,  Bel-  French  botanist,  professor  at  the  Musee  d'His- 
gium.  Itis  vigorously  drawn  and  richly  colored,  toire  NatureUe  in  Paris  from  1829.  Among  hi»- 
lliraflores  (me-rii-flo'res).  A  ■village  of  Peru,  works  ar?"Trait^  d'anatomie  etde  physiologievegStale" 
6  miles  south  of  Lima.  It  is  the  residence  of  many  9.^z\-  "El^mentsdephysiologiev^gcStaleetdebotanique" 
wealthy  Limenos.    Here  the  Peruvians  established  their  Ji.'' 

lastlineof  defense  against  the  Chileans,  and  were  defeated  MlreCOUrt  (mer-kor').      A  town  in  the  depart- 
after  a  bloody  battle,  .Jan.  lf^  18S1.  ,    ,     ^       ,  mentofVosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Madon 

Miraflores,  Marquis  of  (Manuel  de  Pando).    27  miles  south  of  Nancy.    It  has  manufactures 
BoruatMadrid,Dee.  24, 1792:  died  there,  March    of  musical  insti-uments,  lace,  and  embroidery. 
1(,1872.  A  Spanish  diplomatist,  politician,  and    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,141. 
political  Tvriter.  Mirecourt,  Eugene  de  (originally  Jacquot). 

Born  at  Mirecourt,  France,  Nov.  19, 1812:  died 
in  Tahiti,  Feb.  13,  1880.  A  French  noveUst  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  romances  are  "Hi- 
moires  de  Ninon  de  Lendos  "  (18.i2),  "  Les  confessions  de 
Marion  Delorme "  (1848),  "La  marquise  de  Courcelles" 
(1859). 

An  opera  by  Gounod,  li- 


Miquelon  (mek-16n').     A  small  island  south  of  Miramar    (me-rii-mar').      The  palace  of  the 
Newfoundland,  belonging  to  France.  archduke  (Mexican  emperor)  Maximilian,  near 

Mira  (mi'ra  or  me'rii).     [NL.  Mira,  the  won-  ,1.''"-'^^', 
derful.]     The  remarkable  variable  star  o  Ceti,  ■'*'^'^a™''0  (™<^-''^™  O")-    Died  1885.    A  chief  of 
which  is  sometimes  brighter  than  the  second     ^^'^  Wanyamwezi,  East  Africa,  who  from  the 
magnitude,  and   sometimes   f.aiuter  than  the     ™nk  of  a  common  porter  rose  to  that  of  a  pow- Jj;?_^^',  ,     ,^s^=^,s 
tenth   though  its  brie-htness  at  mnTiTniitn  nnw     ertul  chief  and  conqueror.  iuiieme  (,me-ray  ;  ,  _ 

s^ldoVexTee'dslLShL^nVTd'Tt^^^^^^  Miramichi  (mu-;,a-m\she')      1 .  A  bay f omiing    f^tSaT-ft^'^'TlirMo  "''•   ^*-''^*-'^- 
■-  -t---'-  -' ■'  °  -^  an  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  situated  „        luistrai  s  poem     juiieio. 


is  about  eleven  months, 

Mirabeau  (me-ra-bo'),  Vicomte  de  (Andre 
Boniface  Louis  Riquetti).  Born  at  Bignou, 
near  Nemoiu'S,  France,  1754:  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  1792.  A  French  royalist  deputy  to  the 
National  Assembly,  brother  of  Gabriel'Honor^ 
de  Mirabeau. 

Mirabeau,  Comte  de  (Gabriel  Honore  Ri- 
quetti). BomatBignon,  uearNemours,France, 
March  9,  1749:  died  at  Paris,  April  2,  1791. 
The  greatest  orator  of  the  French  Eevolution. 
As  a  child  he  was  so  unruly  that  his  fathertreated  him  with 


east  of  New  Brunswick.— 2.  A  river  in  New  MirMo  (me-ra'yo).  A  poem  by  Fr^d^ric  Mis- 
Brunswick  which  falls  into  Miramichi  Bay.  *''"''  published  in  1859  in  the  Provenyal  dialect 
Length,  about  175  miles.  '^^ith  a  French  translation.     It  was  translated 

Miramion  (me-ra-my6n'),  Madame  de  (Marie    ""''  English  by  Miss  Harriet  Waters  Prestott 
Bonneau).     Bom  at  Paris,  1629:   died  there,  .]?  ^^'^• 

1696.     A  Frenchwoman  noted  for  her  good  Miremont  (mer-mon').     A  small  place  in  the: 
works.     Afteran  unhappy  youth  she  founded  the  House     departmentof  Dordogne, France,  18  milessouth- 


of  Refuge,  the  establishment  of  Ste.-Pelagie,  and  the  origi- 
nal community  of  12  girls  which  became  later  the  Congre- 
gation des  Miramiones.  Of  this  she  became  the  superior, 
and  left  her  great  fortune  to  this  and  other  benevolent  in- 
stitutions. 


great  severity,  and  ended  by  putting  him  through  a  course  Miramon  (me-ra-mon' ),  MlgUel.     Born  at  Mex 
of  military  training.    He  entered  the  army,  served  in  Cor-      '       "'      "      '    ""   -"•■•^     ,.,..-, 
sica,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain  of  dragoons,     "" 


east  ot  Perigueus.  Near  it  is  a  celebrated  ^otto 
(Trou  de  Granville). 
Mirfak  (mer'fak).     [Ar.  al-mirfal;  the  elbow.) 
The   bright  second-magnitude   star  a  Persei: 
often  called  Alqenib,  and  sometimes  Alchemb. 


, „ He 

married  m  1772,  and  had  soon  spent  the  better  part  of  his 
wife's  fortune.  Various  intrignes,  especially  his  elojie- 
ment  with  Sophie  de  Ruffey,  the  young  wife  of  "the  Marquis 
de  Monuier,  led  to  his  imprisonment  at  different  times: 
he  obtained  final  release  in  Dec,  1780.  Up  to  that  time 
he  had  written  essays  and  pampUets,  translated  Eng- 


ico  City,  Sept.  29,  1832:  diedatQuer^taro,  June  Mirgorod  (mer'go-rod).    A  town  in  the  govern- 
.„  ,„  .  ,,     .  ,  ment  of  Pultowa,  southern  Russia,  situated  on 

the  Khorol   57   miles   northwest  of  Pultowa. 

Population  (1885-89),  12,352. 


lish  and  German  books,  and  kept  up  a  correspondence 
with  Sophie  de  Ruffey,  to  whom  he  had  dedicated  his 
"Erotica  biblion  "  and  other  works.  After  traveling  in 
.Switzerland,  he  went  to  London  (1784-85),  and  then  to 


Maximilian,  to  whom  he  adhered,  made  him  grand  mar. 
shal  and  minister  to  Berlin.  He  returned  to  Mexico  in 
18G6,  became  one  of  Maximilian's  most  trusted  generals, 

Berlin  (1785-86).    From"he"rrhrwrot7h';me"rseVi'es  ot  MivJl^^  w^;lit°'!v-^°' Tt'' 'J'"i'''''^"fi^' T  i    T 

oflicial  reiiorts,  "Histoire  secrfcte  de  la  cour  de  Berlin"  -KHranda  (mi-ran  da).     [L., 'admirable.']     1.  In 

(1789),  and  he  also  gathered  materials  for  his  "  Monarchic     Shakspere's  play  "  The  Tempest,"  the  daughter 


prussienne"  (1788).  Mirabeau  was  elected  a  delegate  of 
the  third  estate  from  Aix  to  the  convention  of  the  States- 
General  in  Paris  (17S'9).  and  his  ability  as  an  orator  at  once 
made  him  a  political  power.  In  1790  he  became  president 
of  the  Jacobin  Club,  also  (1791)of  the  National  Assembly. 
His  course  of  life  undermined  his  robust  constitution,  and 
he  died  in  h'S  forty-third  year. 

Mirabeau,  Marquis  de  (Victor  Riquetti). 

Born  111  Pi-ovence,  Prance,  Oct.  5,  1715:  died  at 
-Argpnteuil,  France,  July  13,  1789.  A  French 
political  economist,  father  of  Gabriel  Honors  de 


19,  1867.     A  Mexican  general.     He  was  prominent 
on  the  side  of  the  reactionists  1856-68 :  succeeded  Zuloaga 

as  president  of  that  faction  Feb.  '2,  1859;  and  during  the      .  „    

succeeding  two  years  of  the  "reform"  war  spent  much  ot  JUTi-ri       Rpp   ^^ri>l> 

the  time  in  the  field  against  Juarez  and  his  adherents.  TJp-'-f"     ',./.       \       no        ir        -,      a    tt  -u 

He  was  eventually  defeated  at  the  battb- of  Calpuhilpam,  -Miriam  (mir  i-am).      [bee   Mari;.]     A  Hebre-W 

ijear  Mexico,  Dec.  22,  1860.  and  fled  from  the  country,     proplietess,  sister  of  Jloses  and  Aaron.    She  is 

represented  as  giving  a  response  to  the  song  of  Moses  sung 
Ijy  the  Israelites  at  the  Red  Sea, 

Miriam.  In  Hawthorne's  "Marble  Faun,"  a  wo- 
man of  warm  andpassionate  nature  and  myste- 
rious origin  and  powers.  She  sanctions  the  crime 
which  Donatello  commits,  and  in  so  doing  binds  herself 
to  him.     See  Donatello. 


of  Prospero :  she  is  loved  by  Ferdinand. 

The  character  of  Miranda  resolves  itself  into  the  very  Mirim   (me-ren').  Lake.     A  lake  on  the  boun- 

elements  of  womanhood.    She  is  beautiful,  m.idest,  and  darv  of  Uruguay  and  the  province  of  RioOrande 

tender,  and  she  is  these  only;  they  comprise  her  whole  j     c.,,i    -R,,,,,;!     T.PTiPth    flhoiit  115  miles      Also 

being,  external  and  internal.    She  is  so  perfectly  unsophis-  ao  »ul,  iiiazu.    IjCngtn,  aDOUt  110  miles.    AISO 

ticated,  so  delicately  refined,  that  she  is  all  but  ethereal.  -U"'. 

Mrs.  Jameson,  Characteristics  of  Women.  Miropolie  (me-ro-pol'ye).     A  town  in  the  gov- 

2.InMrs.Centli..e:scomedy"TheBusybody,"  ^'Ze^tl^^J^t^ft^^l'^'^^^^ 

lation,  3,289. 


an  Heiress,     Mrs.  Abingdon  made  her  d^but  in 
tills  character  in  1755. 


Mirabeau:called  "The  Friend  of  Man"  ("L'ami  Miranda   (me-ran'dii).     A  northern   state  of  ^j"""^  ^""^  ^^Sistrates,  The.     A  compilation 


des  hommes  "),  from  the  title  of  one  of  his  works. 

Mirabeau-Tonneau  (-to-no').  [F.,  'Mirabeau 
the  ban-el.'].  Andre  Boniface  Louis  Riquetti, 
Vicomte  de  Mirabeau:  so  nicknamed  on  account 
of  his  size. 

Mirabel,  or  Mirabell  (mir'a-bel).  1 .  The  prin- 
cipal character  in  Fletcher's  plav  "The  Wild 


Venezuela,  between  Bermudez  and  Carabobo, 
and  extending  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the 
Orinoco.  Capital,  Ciudad  de  Cura.  It  incloses  the 
Federal  District  and  Caracas.  The  southern  part  lies  in  the 
llanos  and  is  a  grazing  country;  the  northern  section  is 
mountainous  and  agricultunl.  Miranda  corresponds  near- 
ly to  the  extinct  state  of  Guzman  Blanco.  Area,  33.963 
s_quare  miles.     Population  (1889),  626,6;a. 


Goose  Chase."  He  is  a  libertine  and  fashionable  rake,  Miranda,  CounteSS  of.  See  Xilsson,  Christine. 
gaining  his  title  of  "wild  goose"  from  his  successful  era-  Miranda  (me-riin'da),  FrancisCO  Antonio  Ga- 
sion  of  the  marriage  noose.  brigl.     Bom  at  Caracas,  Venezuela,  June  9, 

3.    In  Congreve's  comedy  "The  "Way  of  the     1756:  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  July  14,  1816.     A 


of  poems  undertaken  bv  William  Baldwin  with 
aid  from  George  Ferrers  and  others,  it  was  begun 
and  partly  printed  in  1555,  but  was  stopped  by  the  lord 
chancellor,  Stephen  Gardiner.  In  1559it  waslicensedand 
first  issued.  It  then  contained  19  metrical  tr.agedics,  or 
biographies,  of  men  in  high  place  who  had  come  to  violent 
ends,  and  was  an  English  sequel  to  Lydgate's  "  Falls  of 
Princes"  from  Boccaccio.  It  has  been  justly  said  to  con- 
nect the  work  of  Lydgate  with  that  of  Spenser.  It  was  re- 
published in  lies,  1674, 1578,  and  1687,  each  time  with  addi- 
tions. The  "Induction  "and  "Complaint  of  Buckingham, ■* 
which  were  contributed  by  Thomas  Sackville,  Lord  Buck- 
hurst,  to  the  edition  of  1559,  not  published  till  1563,  out- 
weigh aU  the  rest  in  value. 


Mirror  for  Magistrates,  The 

Aldee  published  in  October,  lo7\t,  wbat  [Anthony]  Mun- 
day  may  "ell  have  regarded  as  his  tirst  pi_ce  of  substjin- 
ciaJ  work,  a  religious  curupaiiiup  U>  "'The  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates," called  ''  The  Mirrour  of  Mutabilitie  ;  or,  principal 
part  of  the  Mirrour  of  Magistrates,  selected  out  of  the  sa- 
cred scriptures.'"  Mii-rors  were  in  fashion.  There  was  a 
••Theatre  or  Mirror  of  the  World."  in  loti9 ;  a  "  Mirror  of 
Madness,"  in  1576;  a  "MiiTur  of  Modestie  "  (by  Thomas 
Colter]  had  been  licensed  to  Edwjird  White  in  April,  1679; 
there  was  afterwards  a  "Minor of  Mirth, "in  15»3  (a  "Mir 
ror  ol  Modestie "  was  published  by  Robert  Greene,  1.'>S4] : 
a  '  Mirror  of  Man's  -Miseries,"  in  1584  ;  u  *'  Mirror  of  Mag- 
nanimity," in  16i»9  ;  a"iIirror  of  Martyrs,"  in  1001;  with 
more  of  the  kind.  Mathematics,  Politics,  and  the  l.aliu 
Tongue  were  shown  also  in  "Mirrors."  "  The  MiiTourof  Mu- 
tabilitie "was  a  series  of  metiical  tragedies  in  two  parts, 
J/or(<;/,  English  Writers,  IX.  155. 

Mirror  of  Knighthood,  The.  A  translation  of 
the  Spanish  romance  "  Cavallero  del  Febo  or 
Phebo"("  the  Knight  of  the  Snn"),  containing 
the  adventures  of  the  Donzel  del  Phebo,  the  fair 
Lindabrides,  etc.  It  belongs  to  the  Amadiscyele 
of  romances. 

Mirror  of  Modesty,  The.  A  pamphlet  by 
Robert  Greene,  publi.shcd  in  l.'>84.  It  tells  the 
storv  of  Susanna  and  tlie  elders. 

Mirror  of  the  World,  The.    See  the  e.\tract. 

There  was  also,  upon  a  hundred  leaves  of  folio,  "Tffe 
Mirrour  of  the  World."  translated  and  printed  in  the  year 
1481.  with  wood-engravings.  It  was  a  book  translatt'd  from 
a  Latin  "Speculum  vel  Imago  Mundi "  in  124.'»,  for  the 
Duke  of  Berry,  into  French  verse,  which  was  afterwards 
turned  by  a  Maistre  Gossouin  —  unless  that  be  only  the 
name  of  a  copyist  —  into  tVench  prose.  From  that  prose 
Caxton  made  his  translation  in  1481  at  the  request  of  Hugh 
Brice,  of  the  Mercers' Company,  eilizen  and  alderman  of 
London,  and,  like  Caxton,  a  Kentish  man,  who  wished  for 
the  book  as  a  present  to  Lord  Hastings, 

Morten,  English  Writers,  \X  314. 

Mirs  Bay  (merz  ba).  A  bay  on  the  southeast- 
ern coast  of  China,  now  included  in  the  British 
colony  of  Hong-Kong. 
Mirza.  See  Vision  uf  Mir:a. 
Mirzam  (mfer-zilm').  [Ar.  aJ-)«(r.ia»i,  the  roar- 
er.] The  third-magnitude  star  fi  Canis  Jla- 
joris,  in  the  paw  of  the  animal.  The  Arabs  gave 
the  same  name  to  throe  other  stars:  /3  Canis 
Xfiiioris  and  a  and  y  Orionis. 
Mirzapur  (mer-zii-por').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  82°  40'  E.  Area,  5,223 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,161,.508.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  llirzapur,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ganges  31  miles  west-southwet^t 
of  Benares.  It  was  long  noted  for  its  cotton 
trade  Population  (1891),  84,130. 
Mirza-Schaffy  (mer'za-shiif-fe').  An  Oriental 
poet  who  was  the  teacher  and  friend  of  Friedrieh 
Bodenstedt  during  his  residence  in  Tiflis.  The 
"Songs of  Mirza-Schatfy, "published  by  Bodenst^^dt  in  1851, 
are  (with  one  or  two  exceptions)  his  own,  but  aie  Oriental 
In  spiirit  and  imagery.  'I'hey  became,  and  still  are,  extraor- 
dinarily popular.     See  Dodcimtedt. 

Hisanthrope,  Le  (le  me-zan-trop').  A  com- 
edy by  Moliere,  produced  in  lOGG.  This  play  is  an 
almost  inexhaustible  source  of  allll^io!l3.  qiiotationV,  \m>. 
vcrbialsaying.s.  etc.  Its  princiimUiitcrfst  lies  in  thiMlevel- 
opment  of  various  pairs  of  ojjposing  characters  in  even 
their  lightest  shades.    It  is  the  ideal  of  classic  comedy. 

Here  Molitre'a  special  vein  of  satire  was  worked  most 
deeply  and  to  most  profit,  though  the  reproach  that  the 
luuidltnKls  somewhat  too  serious  for  comedy  is  not  un- 
deserred.  Alcesto  the  impatient  but  not  cynical  hero, 
Wllmtne  the  coquette,  Oronte  the  fop,  Eliant«  the  rea- 
•onable  woman,  Arsinoe  the  mischief-maker,  are  all  im- 
mortal types.  SaiiilKburii,  French  Lit.,  p.  310. 

Mischabelhomer  (me-8ha-bel-lu''r'ner).  Spurs 
of  Monte  Kosa,  in  the  Swiss  Alps.  They  are 
the  Dom  (14,940  feet)  and  the  Taschhom  (14,- 
757  feet). 

lliseno  (me-sa'no),  Cape.  A  promontory  at  the 
northwestern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Naples,  it 
was  the  ancient  Misennm,  or  Promontorium  Misenum; 
and  near  it  there  was  u  city  .Misenum. 

MisenUS  (ni  ic'nus).  In  Koman  legend,  a  com- 
panion of  -■Eneas. 

Miser,  The.  l .  A  comedy  bv  Thomas  Shad- 
well  (1G71),  founded  on  Molicre's  "L'Avare." 
—  2.  A  comedy  by  Fielding  (1733),  fiom  the 
same  source. 

Mis^rables,  Les  (la  me-za-riibl').  [F.,  'The 
Unfortunates.' 1  A  novel  by  Vieior  Hugo,  in 
five  parts:  "Fantine."  "Cosctte,"  "Marius," 
"L'Idylle  rue  Plninet,"  and  "Jean  Valjean." 
It  was  published  in  ]8()2. 

Misfortunes  of  Arthur,  The.  A  tragedy  writ- 
ten i)rincipally  by  Tlinni.'is  Hughes,  jtroduced 
in  iri87 1)efore  Queen  Eliziibet  h.  Eight  members  of 
the  Society  of  Gray's  Inn  cooperated  wUli  him,  and  the 
''tritimphs"  and  dumb-show  wore  devised  principally  by 
Bacon. 

Mishnah  (mish'nil).  A  collection  of  rabbini- 
cal discussions  on'the  law  of  Moses,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  apply  and  adapt  it  to  the  varj-- 
tng  circumstances  of  life  and  of  the  times,  and 


691 

to  extend  it  by  logical  conclusions  and  analo- 
gies. The  word  Minhnah  properly  means  •repetition,' 
then  'instruction,' 'Iciu-ning.  It  was  not  at  first  allowable 
that  these  discourses  should  be  reduced  to  writing  :  they 
had  to  be  learned  liy  heart,  and  are  called  the  oral  law  as 
opposed  to  the  written  law,  or  the  Pentateuch.  The  be- 
ginning of  the  Mishnah  goes  back  to  the  time  of  the  .Mac- 
cabees. It  was  delivered  in  the  schools  orally  from  gen- 
eration to  generation.  At  the  end  of  the  '2<1  cenluiy  A.  I>. 
thepatri;u"ch  Jndah  I.  collected,  arranged,  and  codiflcd  the 
accumulated  materiid  in  its  present  shape.  The  numer- 
ous rules  and  decisions  are  lU-ranged  according  to  subject 
in  6  orilers  (.svt/ari'ni) :  (1)  seeds  {zeraim),  on  agriculture; 
(2)  festivals  (moetl) ;  (3)  women  {luuihim),  on'  connubial 
alTairs  ;  (I)  damages (iic^tArKi),  civil  and  criminal  laws;  <6) 
sacrifices  (kodiishim);  (B)  purifications  {tahornlli).  Tlie  6 
orders  are  divided  into  03  tracts,  and  these  again  into  chap- 
ters. The  explanations  of  or  comments  on  the  31ishnah 
are  called  Genmra,  and  both  together  constitute  the  Tal- 
mud (which  See). 

Misiones,  Pg.Missiones(me-se-o'nes).  A  terri- 
tory forming  the  extieme  noi;tlK"asteni  part  of 
the  Argentine  Hepublic,  between  the  Parand 
and  Uruguay  rivers.  An  easterly  extension,  called  Up- 
per or  Brazilian  .Misiones,  held  by  Brazil,  was  claimed  by 
the  Argentine  government.  In  18iH  the  claim  wa-s  sub- 
mitted to  the  arbitration  of  the  l*resident  of  the  United 
States,  anil  was  decided  in  favor  of  Bl-azil.  Misiones  was 
included  in  the  region  called  Guayra  (which  see);  was  oc- 
cupied by  flourishing  Jesuit  missions  from  l(i-'i3  to  1707; 
and  is  said  to  have  had  a  population  of  l."i<i,0<X).  Area, 
•11,000  square  miles.  Population,  about  2.'i,000 ('.');  of  Upper 
.Misiones,  5.001*. 

Misisaga  (mis-e-sa'gji).  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  once  ai  part  of  the  Ojibwa,  first 
known  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  north 
of  Lake  Huron  and  on  Manoulin  Island.  After 
the  flight  of  the  Huron  and  Ottawa  they  spread  over  south- 
em  Ontario.  In  1740  they  were  admitted  as  the  seventh 
tribe  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy.  The  name  is  translateil 
'great  niouth.'refcrringto  themouth  of  .Mississaugh  Itiver 
emptying  into  Lake  Huron.  Their  present  (18i)3)number 
in  Ontario  is  774.     See  Atijuiiquian. 

Misivri  (me-sev're,i.  A  smaU  town  in  Eastern 
Kumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Black.  Sea 
18  miles  northeast  of  Burgas:  the  ancient  Me- 
sembria.     It  was  a  Greek  colony. 

Miskolcz  (mish'kolts).  The  capital  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Borsod,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  48°  6'  N., 
long.  20°  49'  E.  It  has  flourishing  commerce. 
Population  (1890),  30,408. 

Misnia  (mis'ui-ii).  The  Latin  name  of  Meissen. 

MisOCCO  (me-zok'ko),  or  Mesocco  (ma-zok'ko), 
Valle,  G.  MisOX  (me'zoks).  The  valley  of  the 
Moesa  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
south  of  San  Bernardino.  Length,  about  2() 
miles. 

Misogonus  (mi-sog'o-nus).  A  rimed  Jilay,  ])re- 
suiuably  by  Thomas  Richards  in  l.ifiO.  It  con- 
tains songs,  and  has  some  changes  of  meter,  but  is  mainly 
four-lined  stanzas.  See  "  (Jammer  IJurton's  .Needle  "  and 
"Ralph  KoislL-r  Uoister." 

Misol,or  Mysol(mJ-sor).  A  small  island  north- 
west of  Papua,  situated  in  lat.  2°  4'  S.,  long. 
130°  12'  E. 

Mispah.     See  Mi-jwh. 

Miss  Betsy  Thoughtless.    A  novel  by  Mrs. 

Haywood,  published  in  17;'J1. 

".Miss  Betsy  Thoughtless"  is  rather  a  clever  work  and 
interesting  as  the  first  really  domestic  novel,  according 
to  modern  ideas,  that  exists  in  the  language.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  Miss  Burney  took  it  as  the  model  of  her 
"  Evelina."  and  it  is  the  only  novel  1  know  which  could 
have  served  for  the  purpose. 
Forgylh,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Century,  p.  2ftl. 

Miss  in  her  Teens,  or  the  Medley  of  Lovers. 

.\  comedy  by  David  Garrick,  produced  in  1747 
with  (iarrick  as  Fribljle. 

Missinnippi  (mis-i-nii>'i).  A  name  given  in 
l>arf  iif  its  eciiirse  to  the  Churchill  Kiver. 

Missionary  Ridge  (ini.sh'on-a-ri  rij).  A  moun- 
tain on  the  lioriler  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee, 
southeast  of  Chattanooga.  Jt  was  the  scene  of  the 
final  struggle  in  the  battle  of  Chattnnooga,  Nov.  25,  180;i. 
The  ridge  wius  occupieil  by  the  Confederatos  in  u  strongly 
Intrenched  position.  The  Fetieralsattaekeil  them  in  tliree 
divitiions  under  Hooker.  Thomas,  and  Shernnin,  and  after  a 
long  hand. to-hainl  light  succeeded  in  put  ting  them  to  tllght. 

Missiones.     See  MiMourx. 

Mississippi  (mis-i-sip'i).  [lud.,  'the  great 
riviM'"  i>i-  'the  father  of  waters.']  The  largest 
river  of  Xorlli  Anii'rica.  It  rises  In  or  near  Ijikc 
Itasca,  northern  ^llnnesota,  alwut  lat.  47°  13'  N.,  1,467  feet 
above  sea-level ;  traverses  part  of  Mlmiesota ;  f(,rniK  the 
boundary  between  MinneNiita,  Iowa,  .Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  Louisiana  on  the  west  ami  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  ami  MissiNsippi  on  the  east ;  Itowsgener- 
ally  south  ;  and  empties  in  I>ouisiana  Into  the  (.'ulf  of  Mex- 
teo  by  5  nmuths  aliout  lat.  *2ir-'21>*  lu'  N.  It  is  navigable 
for  HteamhoatR  to  the  l-'alls  of  St.  Anthonv,  Minnesota 
(about  2,I)(K)  ndlcs).  The  banks  below  the  river-level  In  MIs- 
sisslppi  and  Louisiana  have  to  be  prot4-et<-d  by  levees.  The 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Mlmiesota,  Pes  Moines,  Missouri, 
St.  Francis,  White  River,  Arkansas,  and  Red  River  from  the 
west,  and  the  Wlsoonsln,  Rock,  llllnots,  Ohio,  and  '^'nrjio 
from  the  east.  It  was  discovered  by  Me  S<ilo  in  U»41 ;  Mar- 
quette and  .Toilet  de.Hceiided  It  In  IU7.S,  and  1.11  Snllo  In 
1081 ;  it  formed  the  western  boundary  of  the  rnlted  States 
17S.1-1803  ;  and  its  source  was  dlNeovered  by  Schoolcraft  In 
1832.     St.  Paul,  MInneaiKills,  Dubuque,  St.  Louis,  Mem- 


Missouri 

phis,  Vicksburg,  Baton  Rouge,  and  N'ew  Orleans  are  on  iu 
hanks.  Length  of  the  .Mississippi  to  Lake  Itasca,  2,..47 
miles.  length  of  the  hnver  Mississippi  with  the  Missouri, 
about  S.Wi  miles  Hasin,  1.2.S7.M5  sfjuare  miles.  The 
combined  river  is  the  longest  stream  in  the  world. 
Mississippi.  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  extending  from  about 
lat.  30°  10'  to  35°  N.,  and  from  long.  88°  5'  to 
91°  40'  W.  Capital.  Jackson,  it  is  boundeil  by 
Tennessee  on  the  north,  Alabama  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  Louisiana  on  the  south,  and  is  separated  by 
the  .Mississippi  on  the  west  from  Arkansas  and  in  part 
from  I.ouisiana.  It  is  one  of  the  (iulf  Stat<s.  The  surface 
is  hilly  in  part,  but  generally  level.  The  chief  industry  is 
agriculture  ;  the  .State  is  one  of  the  llrst  in  the  proiluctioD 
of  cotton.  It  has  75  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  h  rep- 
resentatives to  Congress,  and  haslo  elect-. ral  votes.  Tlie 
region  was  visited  by  lie  Soto  in  1640 ;  the  Mississippi  River 
was  explored  by  Marquette  and  La  Salle;  an  attempt  at 
settlement  was  made  by  the  Irench  under  IbeiviUe  at 
Bilo.vi  in  169.);  and  a  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of 
Natchez  in  1710.  The  territory  was  ceded  by  France  to 
Great  Britain  in  I'ex,  part  was  ceded  to  the  I  nitcd  SUtes 
in  1783.  and  the  remainder  was  acquired  in  1811.  .Missis- 
sippi Territory  was  organized  in  179s,  and  the  State  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1817.  It  seceded  Jan.  9.  1801; 
was  the  scene  of  v.arions  conflicts  in  the  Civil  War.  includ- 
ing the  siege  of  Vicksburg  in  1803 ;  and  was  readmitted 
Feb.,  1870.  .irea,  40.810  .square  miles.  I'oliulation  (1900), 
1.551. '270. 

Mississippi  Scheme,  or  Mississippi  Bubble. 

A  speculative  scheme  formed  under  the  lead  of 
John  Law  for  paving  off  the  national  debt  of 
France.  It  resulted  in  a  financial  panic  in  1720. 
See  Lav,  John. 

Mississippi  Sound.  A  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico lying  south  of  Mississippi,  and  partly  in- 
closed by  a  chain  of  islands. 

Mississippi  Valley.  The  region  drained  by  the 
Mississippi  and  its  affluents,  lying  in  general 
between  the  Alleghanies  on  tlie  east  and  the 
Rock-y  Mountains  on  the  west.  The  basin  includes 
the  whole  of  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  M  issouri,  Oklahoma, 
South  Dakota.  Arkansas,  Indian  Territory.  Kentucky,  and 
Tennessee  ;  portions  of  Pennsylvania.  West  Virginia.  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin.  Minnesota,  North  Dakota, 
Mont^ma,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Texas,  Louisiana,  and  Mis- 
sissippi;  and  small  parts  of  New  York,  Maryland,  Vir- 
gini:i.  North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  New  ilexico,  and 
British  Americii. 

Miss  Kilmansegg  and  her  Precious  Leg.    A 

jioeni  by  Thomas  Hood,  which,  "[is  a  sustained 
piece  of  metrical  humor,  is  absolutely  unique.'-' 

The  poem  is  full  of  rollicking,  unhampered  fancy;  long 
as  it  is,  the  movement  is  so  rapid  that  it  almost  seems  to 
have  been  written  at  a  heat,— at  least,  can  easily  be  read 
nt  a  sitting.  Though  not  without  those  absurd  lapses 
which  constantly  irritate  us  in  the  perusalof  Hood's  lighter 
pieces,  it  is  the  most  lusty  and  characteristic  of  them  all. 
Standing  at  the  front  of  its  author's  facetious  verse,  it 
renders  him  the  leading  poet-humorist  of  his  generation. 
Stedman,  Victorian  Poets,  p.  80. 

Missolonghi  (mis-s6-long'ge).  or  Mesolonghi 

(in;i-s6-long'ge),  mod.  Gr.  Mesolongion  inia- 
zo-loiig'j^'e-ou).  A  town  in  the  nonjarchy  of 
Acarnauia  and  /Elolia,  Gi-eece,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Patras  in  lat.  38=  22'  N..  long.  21°  2.i'  E. 
It  was  suece.-isfMll.\  defended  by  the  Greeks  against  the 
Turks  in  ls22  and  1823,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the 
Turks  and  F.gyiptians  in  1825-21!.  Byron  died  thei-e  in  1824. 
Popnlalion  (18«'J|,  9,470. 

Missoula  (mi-z6'lii).  A  river  in  western  Mon- 
tana which  unites  with  the  Flathead  to  form 
Clarke's  Fork.  Its  chief  head  streams  are  the 
Bitter  Root,  Deer  Lodge,  and  Blackfoot  rivers. 

Missouri  ';mi-zo'ri).  A  tribe  of  the  Tciwere 
division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Inilians.  Their  name  forlhemselvcs  is  Xiiil'aM,  'those 
who  reached  the  mouth  (of  the  river):  called  Xicudje  by 
the  Kansa,  which  appellation  may  have  been  corrupted 
into  Hifsnim.  For  many  years  they  have  been  consoli- 
dated with  the  Oto.  The  population  of  the  two  tribes  ia 
given  as  3.'i8.    See  Tatrere. 

Missouri.  \>^oe  above.]  A  river  in  the  United 
Slates,  Die  largest  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  formed  by  the  junction  near  Gallatin,  Montana,  of 
the  Madison  (which  rises  In  the  National  Park)  with  the 
Jelferson;  Hows  through  Montjuia  and  the  Dakotas  ;  forms 
in  part  the  boundm-y  between  .Nebraska  and  Kansas  on  the 
rigtit  and  South  Dakota,  Iowa,  and  .Missouri  on  the  left ; 
traverses  .Missouri;  and  unites  wit  h(  he  Mississinpi  17  in  ilea 
north  of  St.  lAUiis.  It  passes  in  .^lontalla  (hroituli  the  goi-go 
"iJates  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,"  below  which  are  the 
Great  Falls.  lUsinarek.  Yankton,  SioiixCity, Omaha. Council 
Blitlfs,  St.  Joseph,  Ateldson,  Leavenxvorth,  and  Kansas  City 
are  on  its  banks.  LengtlMluelutiing  the  Madison),  3,047 
miles;  navlgalile  to  Fort  Kenton  (over  2,400  miles).  For 
the  total  length  of  the  stream  to  the  sea.  see  MintHMtppi. 

Missouri.  Acenlral  Stiite  of  the  United  Slates 
of  .America,  exti'nding  fioni  about  lat.  3G°  to 
40°  30'  N.,  and  from  long.  89°  2'  to  9.')°  44'  W. 
Capital,  .Tefrersoii  City  ;  chief  oifv,  St.  Louis,  u 
Is  bounded  by  Iowa  on  the  north,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and 
Tennessee  on  the  east  (separated  from  all  tliree  by  the 
Mlssissipid),  Arkansas  on  I  lie  south,  and  Indian  Territory, 
Kansas,  and  Nebraska  on  the  west  (separated  In  part  from 
Kansas  and  Neliraska  by  the  Missoiirl).  The  surface  Is 
lltlly,  iindulallng.  and  partly  priirle  ;  tlie(.)zark  &!ounljiiiis 
(low)  are  in  the  southwest.  The  Stiite  is  rich  in  mineral 
wealth,  especially  iron  fat  Inin  Mountain,  Pilot  Knob, 
Shepherd  Moiintatn,  all  in  the  soullleast),  coal,  and  lead. 
The  leading  agricultural  products  arc  com,  wheat,  tobaccuv 


Missouri  692 

MTote  "Planetary  and  Stellar  Worlds  "  (1848),  "Orbs  ot 
Heaven"  (1851).  etc. 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant :  pseudou\^u  Ik  Mar- 
vel. Born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  April,  1822.  An 
American  essayist  and  novelist.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1841 ;  studied  law  in  Xew  York  ;  was  consul  at 
Venice  1853-55 ;  and  has  since  lived  on  his  farm  Ed^-e- 
wood,  near  New  Haven,  Connecticut.  He  has  written 
"  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor  "  (1851)),"  Dream  Lite  "  (1851 ), ' '  My 
Farm  of  Kdgewood  "  (1863), "  Seven  Stories  with  Basement 
and  Attic '  (1864),  "Wet  Days  at  Edgewood,  etc."  (1864), 
"Rural  Studies,  etc."  (1867),  a  novel  "Uoctor  Johns,  etc." 
(1866),  "Bound  Together,  etc."  (1884),  "Out-of-Town 
Places,"  a  reprint  of  "Rural  Studies  '  (1884),  "English 
Lands,  etc."  (1SS9-90),  etc. 
Mitchell,  IJlisha,  Born  at  Washington,  Conn., 
Aug.  19,  1793 :  died  in  the  Black  Mountains, 
N.  C,  June  27,  1857.  An  American  chemist, 
suTTeyor,  and  elerg\Tnau,  noted  for  exploration 
,., ,,         ,  .     .,        of  the  mountains  of  Xortli  Carolina. 

?'±. -'tt'"  It  Mitchell,  Mrs  (Lucy  Myers  Wright)     Born 

at  Urumian,  Persia,  lb4o:  died  at  Berlin » (Ter- 
many,  March  10,  1888.  An  Amoaiean  areha?- 
ologist.  She  married  Samuel  S.  Mitchell,  an  artist,  in 
1867,  and  passed  most  of  her  life  ahroad.  She  wrote  *A 
History  of  Ancient  Sculpture  "  (1883). 


oats.  The  State  is  one  of  the  first  in  the  raising  of  live  stock 
and  in  the  production  of  wine  and  corn,  anii  has  important 
meat-packing  industries,  nianufacture.s  of  Uuur,  irun,  etc., 
and  flourishing  liomestic  and  foreign  cunimerce.  It  has  ll''^ 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  10  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  18  eleetoral  votes.  The  Territory  was  claimed 
by  France  in  virtue  of  exploration ;  was  first  settled  at  St. 
Genevieve  by  the  French  about  1755  ;  w.as  ceded  to  Spain 
in  1763 ;  was  ceded  back  to  France  in  1800 ;  formed  part  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  of  1S03  ;  and  was  included  in  Loui- 
siana Territory  in  1S05.  Missuuri  Territory  was  formed  in 
1S12,  and  Missouri  was  admitted  to  the  Union  as  a  slave 
State  in  1821.  Martial  law  was  proclaimed  there  in  IStil. 
It  was  the  scene  of  several  battles  in  the  Civil  War.  Area, 
69,415  square  miles.     Population  tlWO),  3,l<»ti,0ti5. 

Missouri,  Great  Falls  of  the.    A  cataract  in 

the  Missom-i  River,  in  Moutana.  above  Fort  Ben- 
toil.  Width,  i  mile.  Height,  92  feet. 
Missouri  Comproinise.  An  agreement  relative 
to  the  extension  of  slavery,  embodied  in  a  V>ill 
passed  by  Congress  March 
act  of  Congress  admitting  Missouri  into  the 
Union,  passed  in  1821.  it  was  enacted  that  in  all  the 
territory  ceded  by  France,  known  as  Louisiana,  north  of 
36°  30'  north  lat.,  excepting  Missouri,  slaveiy  should  he 
forever  prohibited ;  and  on  this  concession  by  the  pro- 
slavery  party  in  Congress,  Missouri  was  admitted  as  a 


slave  State.     It  was  abrogated  by  the  passage  of  the  Kan-  Mltchell,  Maria.       Born  at  Naiitncket,  Mass., 


sas-Nt-braska  T'.ill  in  IbM. 

Miss  Sara  Sampson.  A  play  by  Lessing,  pro- 
duced in  1755. 

Missunde(mis-s6n'de).  A  small  village  6  miles 
east  of  Sehleswig,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Schlei.  It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between  the 
Danes  and  troops  of  Sehleswig- Hoi  stein  Sept.  12, 1850,  and 
between  the  Danes  and  Prussians  Feb.  2,  1S64. 


Aug.  1,  1818:  died  at  'Lxrm,  Mass.,  June  28. 
1889.  An  American  astronomer,  daughter  of 
William  Mitchell  (1791-1868):  professor  of  as- 
tronomy at  Vassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York,  from  1865.  She  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
Dartinouth  in  1852  and  Columbia  in  1><87 ;  was  the  tirst  wo- 
man elected  to  the  American  AcademyofArtsand  Sciences; 
and  was  a  member  of  vai'ious  scientific  associations. 


Canada,  an  expansion  of  the  river  Rupert,  which 


ailed  the  Black  Dome.    It  is  named  from  Professor  Elisha 
Mitchell,  who  perished  while  exploring  the  moimtain  165' 


^ ;     '  .~       rr    3  Tt  T  i.1        1       iiAA     MitcneiLwnoperisned  wnue  exploring  tnemoimtam  ISO,. 

empties  into  Hudson  Bay.     Length,  about  100  jjitchell,  Silas  Weir.     Born  at  Philadelphia, 
miles  ( . ).  ,    _     ^      1.  -  "      /I  -X       *  T,    Feb.  15,  1829.     Aji  American  phvsician  and  au- 


Misterbianco  (mes-ter-be-ang'ko).    A  small 

town  in  Sicily,  west  of  Catania. 

Mr.  F's  Aunt.  A  noted  character  in  Dickens's 
"Little  Dorrit."  She  is  characterized  by  "extreme 
severity  and  grim  taciturnity  ;  sometimes  by  a  propensity 
to  offer  remarks  .  .  .  totally  uncalled  for  by  anything  said 
by  anybody,  and  traceable  to  no  association  of  ideas." 

Mr.  H.  A  play  by  Charles  Lamb.  This  farce  (in 
two  acts)  was  performed  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London,  in 
Dec,  1806,  hut  did  not  survive  the  first  night  of  its  ap- 
pearance. In  America,  however,  it  was  performed  with 
some  success.  The  point  of  the  play  is  the  anxiety  of  the 
hero  to  conceal  his  name  (Hogsflesh)and  tlieway  in  which 
all  his  devices  to  this  end  are  frustrated  by  his  unhappy 


Mr  Midshipman  Easy  (e'zi).    A  sea  story  by  Mitchell,  Sir  Thomas  Livingstone. 

Frederick  MaiTvat,  published  in  1836.  Stirlingshire,  Scothiud.  .June  16.  1792: 


thor,  noted  for  researches  in  toxicology,  the 
nervous  system,  etc.  He  has  edited  "Five  Essays: 
On  the  Cryptogamous  Origin  of  ilalarious  Fevers,  etc. ' 
(1858),  and  has  written  "Researches  upon  the  Venom  of 
the  Rattlesnake "  (I860),  "Researches  upon  the  Venoms 
of  Poisonous  Serpents  "  withE.  T.  Keichert  (1886),  "Wear 
and  Tear,  or  Hints  for  the  Overworked  "  (1871),  *'  Injuries 
of  the  Nerves,  etc."  (1873).  "  Fat  and  Blood  "  (1877),  "Heph- 
zibah  Guinness,  and  Other  Stories  "  (1S80),  "Lectures  on 
Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,  etc."  (1881),  "In  War 
Time.'a  novel  (18S5),  Poems  (1882  and  1^87).  "Doctor  and 
Patient  "(1887),  "  Characteristics"  (seriallv,  1891),  "When 
all  the  Woods  are  Green  "  (1894").  "  A  Madeira  Party  "  (1895), 
"Collected  Puems"  (1S96),  "Hugh  Wynne  "  (1S97),  "The 
Adventures  of  Francois  "  (serially,  189S). 

Born  in 
died  at 
Carthona,  Barling  Point,  Australia,  Oct.  5, 1855. 
A  British  explorer  in  Australia.  At  sixteen  years 
of  age  he  entered  the  Peninsular  army,  and  was  promoted 
lieutenant  Sept.  16,  1813.  and  major  Aug.  29,  1826.  In 
18-23  he  was  appointed  surveyor-general  to  the  colony  of 
New  South  Wales.  He  is  best  known  from  his  four  expe- 
ditions into  the  Interior  of  Australia,  1S31-35  and  1836-45. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  1841.  He  pub- 
lished ''Three  Expeditions"  (1838),  "  .Tournal  '  of  his 
fourth  expedition  (1S4S),  "The  Lusiad  of  Camoens  closely 
translated  "  (1S54),  etc. 
lane,  Bouches-du-Rhoue,  France,  Sept.  8.  1S30.  Mitchelstown  (mich  '  elz-toun).  A  town  in 
A  Provencal  poet,  belonging  to  the  brotherhood  County  Cork,  Ireland,  it  was  the  scene  of  a  riot  be- 
ef modern  Proven(?al  poets  known  as  * '  Les  F^li-  tween  the  Home  Rulers  and  police.  Sept.  9, 1887. 
briges."  Among  his  works  (in  Provenc^al,  with  French  Mitchill  (mich'il),  Samucl  Latham.  Born  at 
translations)are"Mireio"("Mireille,"1859),  "Calendau"  North  Hempstead,  X.  1.,  Aug.  20,  1764:  died 
(1867),  "Lis  isclo  d'or"  ("Les  lies  d'or,'"  1S75).  *■  Lou  Tre-  at  New  York,  Sept.  7, 1831.  An  American  phv- 
sor  dou  felibrige  '  (1879-86:  a Provengal-French  diction-  cipinn  Tintnralieit  noliti^iaTi  nnrl  Tni^eellaiipni"i<! 
ary),  "  Nerto  "  (1884),  "La  reine  Jeanne  "  (1890).  sician,  natiiraiisT,  politician,  ana  mibceiiaueous 

Mistress,  The.  A  'Move-cycle"  by  Abraham  Tl^%-  ^  ^.?J*iV"1f  J  '"v  ?^;,^^?^='J"i^^^"?f"  ^"?.  ^!j 
r'^,x.i.,-    *.„Ki;I;,«.i  •      ipi"  >^*«u"i^    Elihu  H.  Smith,  the  "New  \ork  Medical  itepository,' and 

Cowle>    published  m  164  .  ^^^  its  chief  editor. 

Mistretta  (mes-tret  ta).  Atown  in  the  province  Mite,  Sir  Matthew.  The  "  nabob"  in  Foote's 
of  Messina,  Sicily,  50  miles  northwest  of  Ca-    plav  of  that  name.   He  returns  from  a  profitable  resi- 


Mistra  (mes'tra),  or  Misitra  (mes'e-tra).  A 
fortress  and  town  near  Sparta,  Greece,  built  in 
1248.  The  fortress,  founded  in  the  13th  century  by  the 
prince  of  Achaia,  is  one  of  the  most  curious  and  complete 
memorials  of  medieval  life  now  existing.  Oh  the  slopes  re- 
main churches,  escutcheoned  palaces,  andfortified  streets, 
and  the  hill  is  crowned  by  a  great  castle  with  imposing 
groups  of  battlemented  and  machicolated  towers  and 
every  defensive  device  of  the  middle  ages. 

Mistral  (mes-tral'),  Frederic,     Bom  at  Mail- 


tania.     Population  (1881),  12,535. 

Mita.     See  JVeitspekan. 

Mitau  (me'ton),  Lett.  Jelgava  (yerga-va)", 
Russ.  Mitava  (me-ta'vii).  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Courland,  Russia,  on  the  Aa  25 
miles  southwest  of  Riga.  It  was  the  residence 
of  the  dukes  of  Courland  from  the  middle  of  the 
16th  centurv.     Population  (1892),  30,528. 


dence  in  India  with  ill-gotten  gains,  which  he  uses  to  an- 
noy and  ruin  his  neighbors. 

Foote  brought  on  the  stage  an  Anglo-Indian  chief,  dis- 
solute, ungeneious,  and  tyrannical,  ashamed  of  the  hum- 
ble friends  of  his  youth,  hating  the  aristocracy,  yet  child- 
ishly eagertobe  numbered  amongthem.  squandering  his 
wealth  on  pandars  and  flatterers,  tricking  out  his  chair- 
man with  the  most  costly  hot-house  flowers,  and  astound- 
ing the  ignorant  with  jargon  about  rupees,  lacs,  and  ja- 
ghires.  MacmUay,  Essays,  I.  282. 


Mitchel  (mich'el).  John.     Bom  at  Dungiven,  Mitford  (mit'ford),  John.     Born  at  Richmond 


County  Deny.  Ireland.  Nov.  3. 1815:  died  March 
20, 1875.  An  Irish  revolutionist,  a  leader  in  the 
*' Young  Ireland"  movement.  He  was  convicted 
as  editor  of  the  "  United  Irishman  "  and  sentenced  to  14 
years"  banishment  in  ls48;  escaped  from  Yan  Dieinen's 
Land  and  came  to  New  York  in  ls54  ;  and  lived  in  the 
United  States  until  1874.  when  he  returned  to  Ireland  and 
in  1875  was  elected  to  Parliament  for  Tipperary.  but  was 
declared  ineligible.  He  wrote  "  JailJournal  "  (1854),  "The 
Last  Conquest  of  Ireland  —Perhaps"  (1861),  etc. 

Mitchel,  Ormsby  McKnight.  Born  in  Union 
County,  Ky.,  Aug.  28,  1810:  died  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C,  Oct.  30,  1862.  An  American  astronomer 
and  general.  He  became  director  of  the  Cincinnati 
Observatory  in  1845,  and  of  the  Dudley  Observatory  (Al- 
bany) in  1859,  and  sei-ved  in  the  Civil  War  1861-62.     He 


SuiTey,  Aug.  13,1781:  died  at  Benhall  vicarage, 
April  27,  1859.  An  English  writer  aud  elergj-- 
man.  He  wasthe  eldest  son  of  John  Mitford,  commander 
of  a  China  merchantman.  He  entered  Oriel  College,  Ox- 
ford, in  1801,  graduating  in  1804.  He  was  licensed  cu- 
rate of  Kelsale,  Suffolk,  in  1809.  From  1S34  until  1850  he 
edited  the  "Gentleman's  Magazine."  He  assisted  in  ed- 
iting the  Aldine  edition  of  British  poets,  and  wrote  "  Ag- 
nes, the  Indian  Captive,"  a  poem  (1811). 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell.  Bom  at  Alresford, 
Hampshire,  Dec.  16,  1787:  died  at  Swallow- 
field,  Jan.  10.  1855.  An  English  author.  Her 
father,  George  Mitford,  was  a  physician  who  squandered 
a  fortune  and  finally  became  dependent  upon  his  daugh- 
ter's earnings.  At  ten  years  of  age  she  drew  a  lottery  prize 
of  £20,000.    In  1810 her  "  Miscellaneous  Poems  "  appeared, 


Mitre 

and  in  1812  "Blanche  of  Castile."  In  1820  her  father's 
irregularities  oliliged  her  to  support  herself  by  literature. 
"Julian,"  a  tragedy,  was  accepted  by  Macready  and  per- 
formed at  Covent  Garden,  March  15,1823.  "Th^roscari"waa 
produced  by  Charles  Kemble,  Nov.  4.  1826,  and  "Rienzi," 
her  best  tragedy,  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  Oct.  9,  1S28. 
The  sketches  entitled  "Our  Village  "began  in  the  "Lady'o 
Magazine  "  in  1S19,  and  gained  great  popnhirity.  "  Belford 
Regis,  etc.,"  a  novel,  was  published  in  1835,  aud  "Recol- 
lections  of  a  Literary  Life,  etc.."  in  1852.  She  also  pub- 
lished a  number  of  poems,  sonnets,  stories  of  American 
life,  stories  for  children,  etc. 

Mitford,  William,  Bora  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1744;  died  at  Exbiiry,  Feb.  10,  1827.  An  Eng- 
lish historian.  He  matriculated  at  Qneen's  College, 
Oxford,  in  1761,  but  left  without  a  degree.  He  entered  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1763,  but  never  practised.  The  first 
volume  of  his  "History  of  Greece,"  suggt-sted  by  Gibbon, 
appeared  in  17S4 :  the  work  was  completed  in  ISIO.  He 
was  a  member  of  Parliament  1785-90, 1796-1806,  and  1812- 
1?1S. 

Mithra  (mith'ra),  or  Mithras  (mith'ras).  In 
ancient  Persian  mythology,  the  god  of  light, 
later  of  the  sun.  His  worship  was  introduced 
into  Rome. 

After  Pontus  in  Asia  Minor,  previously  held  by  Persia, 
had  been  conquered  by  Pompey,  the  worship  of  Mithras 
superseded  the  Dionysia,  and  extended  over  the  Roman 
Empire.  The  Emperor  Commodus  was  initiated  into  these 
Mysteries ;  and  they  have  been  mauitained  by  a  constant 
tradition,  with  their  penances  and  tests  of  the  courage  of 
the  candidate  for  admission,  through  the  Secret  Societies 
of  the  Middle  Ages  and  the  Rosicrucians,  down  to  the 
modern  faint  reflex  of  the  latter,  the  Freemasons.  The 
Mithraic  rites  supplied  the  model  of  the  initiatory  cere- 
monies observed  in  those  societies,  and  are  described  by 
Justin  Martyr  and  TertuUiau  as  resembling  the  Christian 
Sacraments.  The  believers  were  admitted  by  the  rite  of 
baptism ;  they  had  a  species  of  Eucharist ;  while  the  cour- 
age and  endurance  of  the  neophyte  were  tested  by  twelve 
consecutive  tri:ils  denominated  Tortures,  undergone  with- 
in a  cave  constructed  for  the  purpose,  and  lasted  forty 
days  before  he  was  admitted  to  a  participation  in  the  Mys- 
teries. The  peculiar  symbol  of  these  rites  have  been  fou  nd 
all  over  Europe ;  and  the  burial-place  of  the  Tliree  Kings 
of  Cologne  Caspar,  Balthasar.  and  Melchior,  was  shown 
as  the  tombs  of  the  Magians  that  visited  Bethlehem. 

Knii/ht,  Symbolical  Language,  p.  sxiv. 

Mithridate  (met-re-daf).     A  tragedy  by  Ra- 
cine, produced  Jan.  13,  1673. 
Mithridates   (mith-ri-da'tez)   (more   correctly 

Mithradates  (mith-ra-da'tez))  VI.  Eupator. 

surnaraed  ''  The  Great."  Born  about  132  B.  c.  • 
died  63  b.  c.  King  of  Pontus  120-63.  He  subju- 
gated  the  peoples  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea, 
and  conquered  the  Crimea  and  southern  Russia.  He  tiext 
attacked  Paphlagunia.  Cappadocia,  and  Bithynia,  client 
states  of  Rome,  which  caused  the  interference  of  that 
power.  War  broke  out  inconsequence  in  88.  He  rapidly 
made  himself  master  of  all  the  Roman  possessions  in  Asia 
Minor,  except  Magnesia  on  the  M:eander.  and  caused  a 
general  massacre  of  the  Italian  inhabitants,  said  to  have 
numbered  80,000,  or,  according  to  others,  150.000.  He  also 
instigated  a  rising  of  the  European  Greeks,  to  whose  aid 
he  sent  a  formidable  land  and  naval  force  under  his  gen- 
eral Archelaus.  Archelaus  was  defeated  by  Sulla  at  Chje- 
ronea  in  86  and  at  Orchomenus  in  85.  Sulla  crossed  the 
Hellespont  to  Asia,  and  dictated  a  peace  at  Dardanus  m 
S4.  Mithridates  surrendered  his  fieet,  paid  a  hea^■y  war 
indemnity,  and  restored  all  his  conquests,  retaining  Pon- 
tus only.  In  S3  a  second  war  broke  out,  owing  to  hi.s  fail- 
ure completely  to  evacuate  Cappadocia.  The  propretor 
Murena  invaded  Pontus,  but  was  defeated  and  forced  to 
withdraw  Peace  was  restored  in  81  on  the  basis  of  the 
treaty  of  Dardanus.  In  74  a  third  wai'  broke  out,  occa- 
sioned by  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  Mithrid,ates  to  lake 
possession  of  Bithynia,  which  had  been  bequeathed  to  the 
Romans  by  his  son-in-law  Xicomedes  III. .  late  king  of  Bi- 
thynia. Mithridates  defeated  M.  Aurelius  Cotta  at  Clial- 
cedon  in  74,  but  was  expelled  from  his  own  kingdum  by 
Lucullus,  and  took  refuge  with  his  son-in-law  Tigranes. 
king  of  Armenia.  Lucullus  defeated  the  latter  at  Tigrn- 
nocerta  in  69,  but  was  unable  to  prevent  Mithridates  from 
reconquering  Pontus  and  ravaging  Bithynia  and  Cappa- 
docia. He  was  superseded  by  Cn.  Pompeius,  who  defeat- 
ed Mithridates  on  the  Lycos  in  66.  and  cnrnpelled  the  sur- 
render of  Tigranes  at  Artaxata.  Mithridates  fled  to  Pan- 
tacapteum,  and  was  planning  a  new  campaign  when  his 
troops  revolted.  He  was  at  his  own  bidding  put  to  death 
by  a  Celtic  soldier  in  63,  after  havii.g  vainly  sought  to  kill 
himself  by  poison. 

Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus.  A  tragedy  by 
Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1678. 

Mithridatic'W"ars(niitn-ri-dat'ikwarz).  Three 
wars  between  Rome  and  Mithridates,  king  of 
Pontus.  The  Romans  were  commanded  in  the  first  (88- 
S4  B.  c.)  by  Sulla  and  his  lieutenant  Fimbria;  in  the  sec- 
ond (S3-S1)  by  Murena:  and  in  the  third  (74-63)  by  Lucul- 
lus, later  by  Pompey.  In  the  last  Mithridates  and  his  ally 
Tigranes  were  defeated,  and  Pontus  was  annexed  to  Rome 
in  63. 

Mitla  (met'la).  or  Mictlan  (mek-tlan').  [Na- 
huatl. '  place  of  the  dead ':  called  by  the  Zapotecs 
LifO-Baa,  entrance  to  the  grave.]  A  group  of 
large  ruined  buildings  in  the  state  of  Oa,iaca, 
Mexico,  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Oajaca  City. 
They  are  built  of  adobe  and  stone,  and  some  of  them  are 
elaborately  ornamented  with  a  kind  of  mosaic  work  pro- 
duced by  stones  set  in  cement.  There  are  also  mural 
paintings.  The  origin  and  purpose  of  the  Mitla  buildings 
are  unknown.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  appear  to 
have  been  occupied  by  Zapotec  Indians.  There  is  a  mod- 
ern village  on  the  site. 

Mitre  (me'tra).  Bartolome.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Jime  26.  1S21.     A  celebrated  Argentine 


i 


Mitre 

general,  statesman,  journalist,  and  author. 
Kaiii?hed  by  Rosas,  he  lived  successively  in  rmcuuy,  Bo- 
livia. Peru,  and  Chile,  and  was  a  noted  jnurnalist  in  all 
those  countries.  He  ser%'ed  in  the  I'ruguayan  army  IHSS- 
lS4tI,  and  in  the  Bolivian  army  1847  ;  as  colonel  of  artillery, 
took  part  in  the  overthrow  of  Rosa.^.  Iti.^:; ;  opposed  I'r- 
(juiza  ;  led  the  niovemeiit  by  which  Buenos  Ayres  declared 
itself  independent.  Sept.  17,  1852;  was  made  minister  of 
the  interior  and  later  niinister  of  war  of  the  Buenos  ..\yres 
government ;  and  in  the  latter  capacity  connnanded  the 
army  whicli  was  defeated  by  I'rquiza  at  Cepeda  Oct,  2y, 
lso9,  tiie  result  being  the  reunion  of  Buenos  Ayres  with  the 
Argentine  Confederation.  Mitre  was  then  elected  gov- 
ernorof  Buenos  AyTes.  ilay,  IStiO ;  and.  new  ilirticulties  hav- 
ing arisen  witii  the  federal  government,  he  defeated  I'r- 
qiiiai's  anuy  at  I'avon,  Sept.  11,  1861.  S<->on  after  .Mitre 
»;is  made  president  ad  interim^  and  in  Oct.,  18ii2,  was 
elected  president  of  the  new  .\rgentine  Rei)ublic  for  si.v 
years.  With  his  term  opened  an  era  of  great  prosperity. 
Puring  two  years  he  commanded  the  allied  army  against 
Puiaguay.  (See  Triple  Allianre.)  At  the  end  of  his  tenn 
Uttre  was  made  minister  to  Brazil,  lie  was  a  prcsiilential 
candidate  in  1874,  anil,  bein^  defeated,  headed  an  abortive 
rebellion.  In  1891  he  was  again  a  candidate,  but  subse- 
quently  withdrew  his  name.  In  1852  General  Slitre  founded 
*'La  Nacion,"  which  became  the  most  important  journal 
of  the  Platine  region,  and  remained  under  his  direction. 
Besides  poems,  essays,  speeches,  etc.,  he  publisheti  two 
historical  woi-ks.  the  *'Historia  de  Belgrano  "  (18.'>7  ft  tteq.) 
and  the  "  Historia  de  San  Martin  "  (1884 :  English  abridged 
translation  1893). 

Mitre  (mi'ttr).  The.  A  noted  London  tavern, 
formerly  standing  in  Mitre  Court,  off  Fleet 
street.  It  was  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson's  favorite  resort. 
There  were  other  taverns  of  the  name  in  London. 

Mitrowitz  (mit'ro-vits).  A  town  in  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
.s  ive  in  lat.  44°  58'  N.,  loi'ig.  19°  37'  E.     it  oc- 

■  1 1  pies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sirmium.    Population  (1890), 
.-,41. 

Mitscherlich  (mitsb'er-lich),  Eilhard.    Born 

at  NVuc-nde,  near  Jever,  Germany,  Jan.  7, 1794: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  28,  1SG3.  A  noted  Germau 
t'hemist,  professor  at  Berlin  from  1821.  He  dis- 
covered isomorphism  in  1818.  He  wrote  "  Lehrbuch  der 
Chemie  "  (lS2'.>-40),  etc. 

Mittelmark  (mit'tel-mark).  A  region  in  the 
I)ro\'ince  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  extemiing 
from  the  Havel  eastward  to  the  Oder,  it  com- 
luised  the  districts  around  Brandenburg,  Berlin,  and  Pots- 
!am,  fonniug  part  of  the  old  possessions  of  Brandenburg, 
md  of  the  original  holding  of  the  house  of  HohenzoUern 
in  1415. 

Mittennaier  (mit'ter-mi-er),  Karl  Joseph 
Anton.  Born  at  Munich,  Aug.  5,  1787:  died 
lit  Heidelberg,  Aug.  28,  1867.  A  German  jurist 
and  politician,  professor  at  Heidelberg  from 
\s2].    He  wrote  woi'ks  on  criminal  law,  etc. 

Mittu  (met'to).  An  independent  Nigritio  tribe 
of  the  eastern  Sudan,  between  the  Dinka  and 
the  Nyam-Nyara.  TheMadi,  Abaka, and Lubaaresulv 
tribes.  The  northern  dialects  dilfer  from  tlie  southern, 
la  customs  the  Mittu  are  much  like  the  Soft  and  the  Bongo, 
but  are  not  so  hardy.    They  are  agriculturists  in  a  fertile 

■  ountry,  and  are  good  bowmen  and  nnisicians. 

Mittweidaduit'vi-dii).  A  manufaeturing  town 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zscho- 
|ian  :J4  miles  west  bv  south  of  Dresden.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  11,298". 

Mituas  (me-to'ilz).  A  horde  of  Indians  of  the 
upper  (Jrinoco  valley,  on  the  llanos  bordering 
till'  (iuaviare  affluent  (Colombia K 

Mitylene.    See  Mi/tUmi-. 

Mivart  (miv'iirt),  St.  George  Jackson.    Horn 

at  l>oiidori,  Nov.  30,  1827:  died  there,  .\pril  1, 
1900,  An  Knglish  naturalist,  lie  was  called  loilie 
l-arat  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1851;  became  a  lecturer  in  St,  M;u>  s 
Ho^Iiital  .M.'dical  School  in  1862;  was  appointed  iirofi-ssor 
I'f  Itiology  in  University  College,  London,  in  1874,  and  pro. 
f'*s8or  of  the  pidlosojiby  of  natural  history  in  the  t^niver. 
ityof  Limvain  in  ISIH).  He  published  "On  the  Genesis  of 
'|iecie>i"(1871),  "Lessons  in  Elementary  Anatomy  '  (1873), 
'  The  Cat  "  (1880),  ■'  Nature  ami  Thought  "  (1882),  etc. 

Miwok,  or  Meewoc  (me 'wok).  The  .southern 
division  of  the  Jloqucdumnan  stock  of  North 
Aineriean  Indians,  comprising  23  small  tribes 
whose  pristine  habitat  e.xtended  from  t lie  Co- 
sumnes  to  the  Kresno,  and  from  the  snow-lino 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  San  .Joaquin  Kivor,  ex- 
cept a  strip  along  the  lalter  occupied  by  the 
Cholovone.  The  name  sigidllea  'men 'or  'people 'In 
the  dialect  former  ly  spoken  north  of  the  Stanislaus.  See 
Mf»iiit^lumiiaji. 

Mixco  (mes'ko).  A  city  and  stronghold  of  the 
ancientCakchiqnel  Indians  of  Guatemala,  about 
25  miles  north  of  the  modern  Guatemala  City. 
It  was  on  a  nearly  inaccessible  liill,  and  was  fortlllcd  with 

S real  skill.  Inl525theSpaniard»,under(ioii7.alo  Alvarado, 
csicgcd  it  lor  a  month,  and  llnally  took  It  by  assault  after 
a  terrible  light.  The  town  was  burned,  and  only  its  ruins 
riiuain  ;  the  surviving  inhabitants  were  removed  to  the 
niodcnc  village  of  MIxco,  .'',  miles  east  of  Guati'mahu 
Mixes  ( me' Haz).  .\ii  Indian  race  of  southeastern 
Mexico,  in  the  mountains  of  the  istlimus  of 
Teliuantepoc  (states  of  Oajaca  and  Chiapas). 
By  laiiguage  they  are  related  to  the  /oipies.  Historians 
describe  them  as  very  savage,  and  cannibals  ;  but  they 
early  submitted  to  the  whiles,  and  are  now  a  degraded  but 
peaceful  part  of  the  country  population. 


693 

Mixtecs(mes-taks'),orMixtecas(mes-ta'kiiz). 
An  Indian  race  of  southern  Mexico,  in  themoiui- 
tains  of  western  Oajaca  and  the  adjacent  parts 
of  Guerrero  and  Puebla.  At  theperiod  of  the  Span- 
ish conquest  they  also  occupied  the  corresponding  parts 
of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  at  one  lime  had  extended  east- 
ward to  the  isthnuis  of  Tehuantepec,  from  which  they 
were  driven  by  the  Zapotecs,  They  were  fretiuenlly  at  war 
with  the  Aztecs  of  .Mexico.  They  were  considerably  ad- 
vanced in  civiliz^ition,  built  atlobe  or  stone  houses,  were 
agriculturists  but  brave  warriors,  and  had  a  form  of  picture- 
writing.  The  .Mixtecs  readily  submitted  to  the  Si>aniards, 
and  :u-e  now  useful  citizens.  They  number  not  liss  than 
200,000.  By  their  htnguage  they  are  iillied  to  the  Zapotecs 
(which  see). 

Mizar  (mi'zar  or  rae'zjir).  [Ar.  mf^rfr,  a  waist- 
doth  or  apron.]  The  familiar  name  of  the 
bright  seeond-magiiituile  double  star  C  Ursa' 
Majoris.  Smyth  says  the  name  was  unknown  to  the 
.\raljs,  but  was  introduced  in  coTisequence  of  a  conjecture 
of  Scaliger's.  The  appropriateness  is  not  evident,  llie 
same  name  is  also,  rarely,  applied  to  e  Bootis, 

Mizen  (miz'en).  A  character  in  Charles  Shad- 
well's  play  "The  Fair  (Quaker  of  Deal." 

In  this  character-piece  Flip,  the  sea-brute,  is  contrasted 
with  Beau  -Mizen,  the  sea-fop:  but  the  latter  is,  in  some 
degree,  a  copy  of  Baker's  .Maiden,  the  progenitor  of  the 
family  of  Dundreai-y,  Jhtrnn,  English  Stage,  1.  213, 

Mizpah  (miz'pil),  or  Mizpeh  (miz'pe).  [Heb., 
'  watch-tower. 'j  The  name  of  several  places 
mentionedin  Old  Testament  history,  (a)  a  place 
in  Gilcad :  sometimes  identitied  with  Tel  es-Saflyeh  (about 
lat.  32'  5'  N,).  ib)  A  place  in  Benjamin,  Palestine  ;  prtili- 
ablyon  thesiteof  Nebi-Samwil,  Smiles  nortliwestof  Jeru- 
salem. 

Mispeh,  the  cnlminating  pointof  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
became  the  meeting-place  of  the  tribes,  the  Wasliington 
of  the  Israelite  federation.  This  mountain,  wliich  rises 
nearly  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the  horizon 
of  Jerusalem,  was  not  made  to  serve  as  the  site  of  a  great 
city.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  an  excellent  spot  for  those 
fe<lend  diets  which  were  soi»n  to  assume  a  sacred  charac- 
ter. The  ark  was  never  establisheii  there;  but  l\\it  m/H 
was  induced  to  make  it  his  habitual  residence,  and  no 
doubt  the  political  importance  of  Mispeh  had  some  weight 
in  the  providential  selection  of  Jerusalem  for  such  bril- 
liant destinies,  Jerusalem  is  only  a  league  from  Misi)eh, 
andfmm  thetopof  the  montitain  the  little  acropolis  (mi7/'<) 
of  the  Jebusites  on  the  hill  of  .^ioii  must  have  been  visi- 
blc.  Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  :i02. 

Mizraim  (miz-ra'im).     The  Hebrew  name  of 

Eg.vpt. 

Mizraim,  the  brother  of  Cush,  is  the  Hebrew  name  of 
Egypt  It  signittes  '  the  two  Mazors,'  or  walls  of  fortifica- 
tion. On  the  Asiatic  side  Egypt  was  defended  from  attack 
by  a  chain  of  fortresses,  sometimes  called  .Shnr.  or  'the 
wall,"  by  the  Canaanites,  and  it  was  from  this  line  of  de- 
fence that  the  name  of  .Ma/.nr  was  derived.  The  name, 
however,  did  notajiply  to  the  wliolc  of  Egypt.  It  denoted 
only  Lower  or  Northern  Egypt,  which  extended  from  the 
sea  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  modern  Cairo.  The  rest 
of  the  country  was  I'pper  Egypt,  called  Pe-to-Res,  'the 
land  of  the  South,' in  ancient  l;gyi>tian,  the  Pathrosof  the 
Old  Testament  (Isaiah  xi.  U).  'The  division  of  Egypt  into 
two  provinces  dated  from  prchistoiic  times,  and  has  been 
remembered  through  all  the  vicissitudes  of  Egyptian  his- 
tory down  to  the  present  day.  It  was  essentially  '  the 
double  land.'  and  its  rulers  wore  a  double  crown.  Hence 
the  use  of  the  dual  form,  "the  two  .Mazors,"  in  Hebrew. 
Here  and  there,  where  Lower  Eg.\  pt  is  alone  alluded  to, 
the  singular  Mazor  is  eniployeil,  lurl  ittherwise  the  dual 
"Mizraim"  only  is  found  thrmighout  the  old  Testaruent, 
Saijce,  Races  of  the  O.  T,,  p.  f>2. 

Mjollnir  (myel'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, Thor's  hammer,  "tlio  crusher,"  made 
liy  tlii^  dwarfs.  It  wits  the  trusty  weapon  of 
'I'hor  in  his  constant  warfare  against  the  giants. 

Mjosen  (myt'sen).  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in 
Norway,  about  3.')  miles  nortlieastof  Christismia 
at  the  nearest  point.  Length,  62  miles.  Great- 
est deptlr,  1,500  feet. 

Mlawa  (mlii'va).  .\  town  in  the  goverirmeirt 
•  >l'  Flock,  Kussian  Polanil,  (>7  miles  nortli-norlh- 
west  of  Warsaw.     I'ojinlntioii  (1893),  10..'t87. 

Mnemosyne  (ne-mos'i-no).  [Gr.  Hvri/ioffl'vri,  the 
mother  of  the  Muses.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  memory,  daughter  of  Uranus 
( lle;iveii )  and  Go  (Earth),  and  mother,  by  Zeus, 
Id'  tlie  Muses. 

Mnesicles(ne'sik-lez).  [Gr.  Mi'V(T/K>,;/f.]  Archi- 
tect of  the  Piopyla'um  (begun  437  n.c. ).  it  wm 
5  years  in  building, 'and  cost  abolU  ^2,0o0,0O4i,  An  inscrip- 
tion with  his  name,  but  later  in  time,  has  been  fouird 
among  the  ruins  of  tlie  Propyheum, 

Mne'Tis  (ne'vis).  The  ancient  Egyptian  sacred 
bull  of  Heliopolis. 

.\pls  of  Memphis,  IMnivla  of  Heliopolis,  and  Pakls  of 
Hermonthis,  are  all  links  that  bind  together  the  Egypt  of 
the  Pharaohs  mid  the  Egypt  of  the  stone  age.  They  were 
the  sacred  aniinats  of  the  clans  which  first  settled  In  these 
localities,  ami  their  Identification  with  the  deities  of  the 
olficial  religion  must  have  bi'eri  a  slow  process,  never  fully 
carried  out,  in  fact,  in  the  minds  of  the  lower  chiAses. 

5(i.t/<v,  Anc,  Empires,  ji,  (Ml, 

Moah  (mo'ab).  A  Semitic  tribe  settle<i  at  the 
southeastern  end  of  tlie  Dead  Sea  (tlii>  modern 
district  of  Kirak),  In  Oen,  xix.  M.>abaiid  Amnion  are 
represented  as  descelidaiita  of  Lot,  and  their  names  are 
explained  from  their  inceatuoua  origin.    The  Moabites  ap- 


Mocarabians 

pear  to  have  been  a  warlike  tiibe,  and  the  Israelites  dur- 
ing  their  wanderings  through  the  desert  tried  to  avoid  an 
encounter  with  them,  Uuring  the  period  of  the  Judges 
they  opimsed  the  Israelites  until  they  were  routed  by 
Ehud  (Judges  111.).  Saul  and  David,  whose  ancestrcssKutb 
was  a  Moabitess,  subjugateil  them.  After  Solomon's  death 
Moab  fell  to  the  northern  kingdom.  After  Ahab's  de-ath 
Meslia  refused  to  pay  tribute.  They  were  afterward,  ac- 
cording to  the  cuneiform  inscriptions,  subjected  to  Assyria, 
Siialman,  Cainoshnadab,  and  Mussari  being  mentioned  as- 
kings of  Moab  paying  tribute.  They  participated  in  the 
fall  of  Jerusalem  through  the  Babylonians,  and  Nebuchad- 
nezziu-  subjected  lliern  on  his  expedition  against  Egj-pt. 
They  appear  after  the  exile  as  seeking  to  maintaia  friendly 
relations  with  the  Judeans.  Later  they  were  subjected  Vr 
the  XabaLtaiis.  the  Maccabees,  and  the  Komaiis.  Chemosh 
was  their  principal  divinity  ;  another  was  Baal  Peor.  The 
only  authentic  monument  of  the  Moablte  civilization  thus 
far  known  is  the  so-called  Moabite  Stone.    See  below. 

Moabite  Stone.  A  slabof  blackbasalt  bearing 
an  inscription  of  34  lines  in  Hebrcw-Phenician 
characters:  the  oldest  monument  of  the  Semitic 
alphabet,  it  was  found  in  lStl8  at  the  ancient  Dibon  of 
Moab.  Before  it  could  be  removed  it  was  broken  in  many 
pieces,  through  the  jeiUousies  of  Arab  tribes,  but  asqueeze 
of  the  inscription  had  been  previously  taken,  and  the  cliief 
fragments  are  now  in  the  Lou\Te  Museum.  The  stone  is  the 
most  iraportttnt  surviving  relic  of  Moabite  civilization,  and 
is  believed  to  date  from  about  S.tO  b.  c.  The  inscriptioD 
records  the  victories  of  King  Mesha  over  the  Israelites. 
See  Mesha. 

Moadoc.     See  Modoc. 

Moallakat  (mo-iil-lii-kiit').  A  collection  of 
siveu  -Vrabic  poems,  composed  by  different  au- 
thors in  the  Gtn  and  7th  centuries. 

Moaria  (mo-a'ri-ii).  [NL.]  A  hypothetical 
South  Pacific  continent  of  which  only  New 
Zealand  and  other  Oceanian  or  Polynesian  isl- 
ands remain :  so  named  from  the  supposed 
former  range  of  the  moa.  its  assumed  existence 
accounts  for  many  features  of  the  present  geographical 
distr-ibiition  of  animals  and  plants.  The  name  was  pro- 
posed by  Dr.  Mantell. 

Moatcaht  (mo'ach-iit),  or  Mowachaht.  The 
people  to  whom  the  name  Xuotku  was  lirst  ap- 
plied, a  tribe  of  North  ^Vmericau  Indians  linng 
near  Nootka  Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  BritisE 
Columbia.  They  numbered  254  in  1884.  See  Aht. 

Moa'Wiyah  (mo-ii-we'ya)  (?ovcrnor  of  Syria, 
;iiid,  at  ler  his  victory  over  All,  calif  GG1-6S0  a.  D. 
He  founded  the  dynasty  of  the  Ommiads,  which  held  the 
calif  ate  for  SO  years  (tifil  -7r,0)  with  Damascus  as  capitaL 

Mobangi.     Same  as  llxingi. 

Moberly  (mo'ber-li).  The  capital  of  Randolph 
Countv,  central  Missoiu-i.  Population  (1900), 
8.012," 

Mobile  (mo-bel').  A  river  in  Alabama  which 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Alabama  and 
Tombigbee,  and  falls  into  Mobile  Bay.  Length, 
aljout  45  miles. 

Mobile.  A  city,  capital  of  Mobile  Countv,  Ala- 
bama, situated  ou  Mobile  River  in  lat.  30°  41' 
N.,  long.  88°  2'  W.  it  is  the  only  seajiort  and  the  lar- 
gest city  of  the  State,  It  has  a  large  trade  in  timber,  na\*al 
stores,  coal,  etc.,  and  is  one  of  the  leading  ports  in  the 
country  for  the  exjhirt  of  cotton.  It  was  founded  by  De 
Bienville  in  1702  ;  wius  the  capital  of  Louisiana  until  1723  ; 
passed  to  (Jreat  Britain  in  17(;;!,  and  to  Sjiaiii  in  1783;  was 
taken  by  the  Americans  under  Wilkinxm  in  ISi:*;  and 
became  a  city  in  isin.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Federala 
April  12. 18(15.  It  has  now  steamer  lines  to  Liverjiool  and 
New  York.     Population  (I'.lOOi.  :)s, Kill. 

Mobile  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in 
tho  snuihwistern  part  of  Alabama.    Length, 

nbmit  3(1  miles. 

Mobile  Bay,  Battle  of.  A  naval  victory  gained 

-Aug.  5,  18(i4,  by  I  he  Federals  (with  7  sloojis  of 
war  and  4  iron-elad  monitors),  under  Farriigut, 
over  the  Confederates  (with  I  he  ram  Tennessee, 
which  had  to  surrender,  and  3  gunboats),  under 
Huchaiian. 

Mobile  Point.  A  sandy  point  at  the  eastern 
eiitiMiue  of  .Mobile  Bay:  the  site  of  Fort  Mor- 
gan (previously  Fort  Bowyer). 

Mobilian.    See  CncA-. 

Mobimas.     See  Marimiix. 

Mobius  (me'iie-iis).  August  Ferdinand.  Born 

nl  Seliulpfoiia,  Prussia,  Nov.  17,  1790:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  20. 18G8.  A  German  mnthemali- 
cian  and  astriinomer,  professor  at  Leipsic  from 
1S1G,     His  eliiif  work  is  "  Der  barvccntrische 

Knikul"  (|.'<27l, 

Mobius, Paul  Heinrich  Angust.  Bom  at  Leip- 
sic, May  ill,  l.'<2.'i:  died  at  !•  nedriehroda,  .Tune 
!<,  I.S.S!).  .\  Gcriiian  iiiiseell;iiieiiiis  writer,  son  of 
-A.F.Miibiiis.  He wnitelales, "Bar-Cochelia"(a 
tragedy),  si  catechism  of  German  literature,  etc, 

Mobius,  Theodor.  Born  at  Leipsie.  .lune  "22, 
1S21:  ili.d  lliiie,  .\piil  25,  1,>*90.  .V  GernuiD 
philologist-  son  of  A.  F.  Mdliius,  apjioiiited  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsic  in  1H,59,  and  at  Kiel  in  18(J5. 
Ho  publislu'd  nuineroiis  works  on  S(*aiidina- 
vinii  pliili>lo;.'y  and  literaliire. 

Mocarabians  (nio-kii-ra'bi-anz).  See  the  e.\- 
Iniel  and  Mi>:iiriilis. 


Mocarabians 

A  complete  toleration  had  been  granted  by  the  first  con- 
querors to  the  Christian  Goths,  who,  under  the  name  of 
Mocarabians  (mixed  Arabians),  lived  in  the  midst  of  the 
ilusulmans.  Si^nwndi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  SI. 

Mocetenas.    See  Mosetenas. 

Mocha  (mo'ka;  Arab.  pron.  mo'cha).  A  sea- 
port in  Yemen,  Ai-abia,  situated  on  the  Red  Sea 
in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long.  43°  13'  E. :  long  famous 
for  its  export  of  coffee.  Population,  about 
.5,000. 

Mochica.     See  Chimu. 

Mock  Astrologer,  The.   See  Evening's  Love,  An. 

Mock  Doctor,  The.  1.  Afarce  by  Henry  Field- 
ing, slightly  altered  from  iloliere's  comedy  "  Le 
medecin  malgr^  lui,"  and  produced  with  Gar- 
rick  in  the  cast  about  1736. —  2.  An  English  li- 
bretto of  Gounod's  ' '  Le  m^deein  malgre  lui,"  by 
Charles  Kenny.  The  opera  was  produced  under 
this  name  at  London  in  1865. 

Mockem  (mek'em).  A  smaU  town  in  Prussian 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Ehle  1-1  miles  east  of 
Magdeburg.  Here,  April  5, 1813,  the  Prussians 
under  York  defeated  the  French  under  Eugene 
de  Beauharnais. 

Mockem.  A  village  2  miles  northwest  of  Leip- 
sic.  Here,  Oct.  16,  1S13,  Bliieher  defeated  the 
French  under  Marmont  (part  of  the  battle  of 
Leipsic). 

Mocoas  (mo-ko'az).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in  south- 
em  Colombia,  about  the  upper  Caqueta  or  Ja- 
purA  and  its  branches.  They  arean  agricultural  and 
peaceable  race,  and  are  noted  for  their  skill  in  weaving  and 
dyeing  cotton  fabrics,  and  in  other  small  industries.  At 
present  they  are  p;irtiaUy  civilized,  and  speak  a  corrupt 
dialect  of  the  Quichua.  Their  own  language,  with  that  of 
the  Mesayas  and  other  neighboring  tribes,  appears  to  con- 
stitute a  distinct  stock.  The  Engafios  or  Ingaiios,  on  the 
£nga£io  River,  a  branch  of  the  Caqueta,  are  either  identi- 
cal with  the  Mocoas  or  closely  allied  to  them. 

Mocobis  (mo-ko-bez' ),  or  Mbocobis.  An  Indian 
tribe  or  group  of  tribes  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  Ai'gentine  EepubUc  (Gran  Chaeo  region), 
about  fhe  river  Vei-mejo.  They  are  still  numerous, 
subsist  mainly  by  hunting  and  rapine,  but  have  cattle  and 
horses  derived  from  Spanish  stock.  Their  villages  are 
composed  of  slight  huts,  and  are  frequently  moved  in  search 
of  fresh  pasture.  The  Mocobis  belong  "to  the  Guaycui-u 
linguistic  stock,  and  are  closely  allied  to  the  extinct  Abi- 
poiies  and  to  the  modern  Tobas,  with  whom,  however,  they 
are  almost  constantly  at  war. 

Mocochies,  or  Mucuchies.    See  Timotes. 

Moctezuma.     See  iIo>iic:uma. 

Moctezuma.     See  Oposura. 

Moctoby.     See  Biloxi. 

Modena  (mo'de-na).  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  987  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  286,716. 

Modena.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  JIo- 
dena,  Italv,  situated  between  the  Secchia  and 
the  Panafo,  in  lat  44°  39'  X.,  long.  10°  56'  E. : 
the  ancient  ilutina.  The  cathedral,  consecrated  in 
1184,  is  a  well-designed  Romanesque  structure.  The  west 
facade  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  date  in  Italy  :  it  has  three 
round-arched  portals,  a  gallery  of  graceful  triple  arcades 
which  is  continued  around  the  church,  a  large  wheel-win- 
dow, and  much  interesting  sculpture.  There  are  two 
sculptured  porches  on  the  south  side.  The  three-aisled 
interior  contains  interesting  sculpture  and  tombs.  The 
Ghirlandina  Tower,  the  campanile  of  the  cathedral,  fin- 
ished to  the  spire  in  1315.  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  kind. 
The  height  is  315  feet.  The  massive  square  lower  stage, 
about  2u0  feet  high,  bears  the  slender  spire,  which  springs 
from  an  octagon  of  two  arcaded  tiers  and  is  pierced  with 
flower-likeopenings  (whence  the  name  of  the  tower).  Other 
objects  of  interest  are  the  art  academy,  university,  pic- 
ture-gallerv'.  library,  and  ducal  palace,  Modena  became 
a  Roman  colony  aijout  1S3  B,  c.  It  was  situated  on  the 
-Emilian  Way,  and  was  a  nourishing  Roman  city.  It  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Modena,  ruU-d  by  the 
Este  family,  and  was  famous  in  the  16th  century  for  the 
sculpture  of  terra-cottas.  (See  Mutineiman  War,  and 
Modena,  Duchy  of.)     Population  (1S92X  commune,  61,500. 

Modena,  Duchy  of.  -\  former  duchy  of  north- 
ern Italy,  comprising  the  modern  provinces  of 
Modena,  Massa-e-Carrara,  and  Reggio  (in  Emi- 
lia). The  family  of  Este  became  rulers  of  Modena  about 
1290 :  It  was  made  a  duchy  in  14.=)2 ;  was  annexed  to  the  Cis- 
padane  Republic  in  179ti ;  and  passed  to  an  Austrian  line  in 
1814.  Theie  was  an  unsuccessful  insurrection  in  1M3-49  ; 
the  duke  was  deposed  in  1859  ;  and  the  ducliy  was  united 
to  the  doniinioiis  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  IStM. 

Modem  Athens,  The.    Boston  or  Edinburgh. 

Modern  Babylon,  The.    London. 

Modem  Messalina,  The.  Catharine  n.  of  Rus- 
sia. 

Modem  Painters.  A  work  on  art,  bv  John  Rus- 
kin  (published  1S43,  1846,  18.56,  and  1860). 

Modica  (mod'e-ka).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  30  miles  southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse :  the  ancient  Motyca.  There  are  remarkable 
prehistoric  caves  in  the  vicinity.  Population  (ISSl), 
38,390, 

Modigliana  (mo-del-ya'na).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Florence,  Italy,  37  miles  north- 
east of  Florence. 

Modish  (mo'dish).  Lady  Betty.    In  Cibber's 


694 

comedy  "The  Careless  Husband,"  a  brilliant 
coquettish  woman  of  quality,  wa^Tvard  and  sel- 
fish, but  not  heartless:  one  of  the  principal 
charactei's  in  the  play.  Mrs.  Oldlield  was  cele- 
brated in  the  part. 

Modjeska  (mod-jes'ka),  Helena.  Bom  at  Cra- 
Low,  Poland,  Oct.  12, 1844.  A  noted PoUsh ac- 
tress. Her  maiden  name  was  Opido.  She  married  her 
guardian  Modjeska  when  about  17  years  of  age,  and  with 
him  joined  a  company  of  strolling  players.  In  IStJS  she 
married  the  Count  Bozenta  Chlapowski,  and  about  that 
time  became  very  successful  in  her  profession.  Shemade 
her  first  appearance  in  America  in  1S77  as  Adrienne  Le- 
couvTeur,  in  an  English  version  of  the  plaj-,  at  San  Francis- 
co, after  a  very  short  study  of  the  language.  She  has  been 
well  received  in  America,  and  has  made  a  number  of  tours 
throughout  the  country.  Her  roles  are  numerous,  inclad- 
Ing  Beatrice,  Ophelia,  Imogen,  Juliet,  Rosalind,  etc 

Modlin.     See  Xovogeorgievsk. 

Modling  (med'ling).  A  town  in  Lower  Austria. 
9  miles  south-southwest  of  Vienna.  Population 
(1S91),  commune,  11,120. 

Modoc,  or  Modock  (md'dok).  [PL,  also  Mo- 
docs.'}  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which 
formerly  occupied  the  shores  of  Little  Klamath, 
Modoc,  and  (Sear  lakes,  Oregon,  and  the  valleys 
of  Lost  River  and  its  tributaries.  It  also  had  tran- 
sitory settlements  eastward  to  Goose  and  Warner  lakes,  on 
the  California  border,  Aftertheir  conflict  with  the  United 
States  government  in  1872-73,  through  which  they  became 
well  known,  about  80  of  the  Modoc  were  removed  to  Indian 
Territory.  The  remainder,  about  140,  have  resided  since 
1869  near  Yaneks,  on  Sprague  River,  Klamath  reservation. 
Oregon.  The  name  is  adapted  from  iloatokni.  signifying 
'southerners.*'  (See  Lutuamian.')  Written  by  some  authori- 
ties iloadoc  and  Jlodook. 

Modoc  War.  A  war  between  the  United  States 
government  and  the  Modoc  Indians  led  by  Cap- 
tain Jack.  The  Modocs  refused  in  1872  to  go  to  the 
Klamath  reservation  in  southern  Oregon,  and  went  to  the 
Lava  Beds.  At  a  conference  between  General  Canby  and 
the  Indians,  April,  1S73,  the  former  was  treacherously 
killed.  War  followed ;  the  band  had  to  surrender ;  and 
Captain  Jack  was  executed. 

Modred  (mo'dred),  or  Mordred  (mor'dred). 
The  treacherous  nephew  of  King  Arthur:  a 
knight  of  the  Round  Table. 

Modugno  (mo-don'yo).  A  towninthe  province 
of  "Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  6  miles  west-southwest 
of  Ban.  Population  (1881),  8,525 ;  commune, 
9,880. 

Moe  (mo'e),  Jorgen  Ingebrektsen.  Bom  on 
the  estate  Moe,  Eingerige,  Norway,  1813:  died 
at  Christiansand,  1880.  A  Norwegian  poet  and 
theologian.  Hisfatherwasapeasant.  Hestudiedtheology 
in  Christiania  after  1830.  His  iirst  literary  venture  was  the 
little'^Samlingaf  Sange,FolkeviserogStevinorske  Almue- 
dialecter"("  Collection  of  Songs,  Ballads,  and  Staves  in  the 
Norwegian  Popular  Dialects  '0,  published  in  1840.  With 
public  assistance  he  now  set  about  the  collecting,  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  Norway,  of  popular  literature  of  the  same  char- 
acter; and  in  1^1,  in  collaboration  with  Peter  Christian 
Asbjomsen  (bom  1S12).  published  "  Norske  Folke  Eventyr  " 
("Norwegian  Folk-Tales '*).  X  collection  of  his  later  poems 
appeared  in  1S45  under  the  title  "At  hsenge  paa  Juletneet  *' 
("  To  Hang  on  the  Christmas  Tree  ").  His  earlier  poems 
were  collected  and  published  as  "Digte"  ("Poems")  in 
1849.  In  1853  he  became  a  clergyroan,  and  ultimately  was 
made  bishop  of  Christiansand.  His  collected  works,"  Sam- 
lede  Skrif  ter,"  were  published  at  Christiania  in  1S77  in  2 
vols. 

Mden  (me'en).  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  belong- 
ing to  Denmark,  situated  southeast  of  Zealand. 
CMef  town.  Stege.  Area.  81  square  miles.  Pop- 
tilation,  about  13,000. 

Moenus  (me'nus).   The  Latin  name  of  the  Main. 

Mcerse  (me're).  [Gr.  ^oipau'\  The  Greek  god- 
desses of  fate:  the  Fates.  Homer  uses  the  name  in 
the  singular,  as  of  a  single  divinity,  and  also  in  the  plural. 
He  also  calls  them  the  "  spinners  of  the  thread  of  life, "  By 
Hesiod  they  are  spoken  of  bothasdaughtersof  Night  and  as 
daughters  of  Zeus  and  Themis,  They  were  represented  as 
three  in  number :  Clotho  (the  spinnerX  Lachesis  (disposer 
of  lots),  and  Atropos  (the  inevitable).  The  first  spins  the 
thread  of  life,  the  second  fixes  its  length,  and  the  third  sev- 
ers it.     Also  iloirai. 

Moeris  (me'ris).  Lake.  [Gr.  ij  yioipio^  ^-j,"»7/-] 
According  to  Herodotus,  an  artificial  lake  in 
Middle  Egypt,  west  of  the  Xile,  50  miles  south- 
west of  Cairo,  near  the  modern  Lake  Birket  el- 
Kurun.  Its  existence  has  been  doubted.  See 
the  extract. 

A  king,  named  Mceris,  desired  to  create  a  reservoir  in  the 
Fayoom  which  should  neutTBlise  the  evil  effects  of  insuf- 
ficient or  superabundant  inundations.  This  reservoirwas 
named,  after  him.  Lake  Moeris.  If  the  supply  fell  below 
the  average,  then  the  stored  waters  were  let  loose,  and 
Lower  Egypt  and  the  Western  Delta  were  flooded  to  the 
needful  height  If  next  year  the  inundation  came  down 
in  too  great  force.  Lake  Mceris  received  and  stored  the 
surplus  tUl  such  time  as  the  waters  began  to  subside.  Two 
pyramids,  each  surmounted  by  a  sitting  colossus,  one  rep- 
resenting the  king  and  the  other  his  queen,  were  erected 
in  the  midst  of  the  lake.  Such  is  the  tale  told  by  Herodo- 
tus, and  it  is  a  tale  which  has  considerably  embarrassed 
our  modem  engineers  and  topographers.  How,  in  fact, 
was  it  possible~to  find  in  the  Fayoom  a  site  which  could 
have  contained  a  basin  measuring  at  least  ninety  miles  in 
circumference?  The  most  reasonable  theory  is  that  of 
Linant,  who  supposes  Lake  Moeris  to  have  extended  over 


Moguls,  Empire  of  the 

the  whole  of  the  lowlying  land  which  skirts  the  Libyan 
cliffs  between  Dlahoun  and  Medinet  el-1-ayoom;  liut  re- 
cent explorations  have  proved  that  the  dikes  by  which  this 
pretended  reservoir  was  bounded  are  modei-n  w  orks,  erect- 
ed probably  within  the  last  two  huniired  years.  I  no  longer 
believe  that  Lake  Mueris  ever  existed.  If  Herodotus  did 
actually  visit  the  Fayoom,  it  was  probablv  in  summer,  at 
the  time  of  the  High  Nile,  when  the  whole  district  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  an  inland  se,l.  What  he  took  for 
the  shores  of  this  lake  were  the  embankments  which  di- 
vided it  into  basins  and  acted  as  highways  between  the 
various  towns.     Maqpero,  Egypt.  Arcliseol.  (trans-X  p.  35. 

Moero  (mwa'ro).  or  Mem  (ma'ro).  Lake.  A 
lake  in  central  Africa,  about  lat.  9°  30'  S.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  upper  Kongo. 

Moesia  (me'shia).  [(Jr.  Mwia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  province  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
lying  north  of  the  Balkans,  south  of  the  Danube, 
and  west  of  the  Black  Sea,  corresponding  nearly 
to  modem  Bulgaria  and  Servia.  It  was  made  a  Ro- 
man province  about  16  B.  c. ;  was  divided  later  into  Morsim 
Superior  (ia  the  west)  and  Mccsia  Inferior  (in  the  east); 
and  W.1S  overrun  by  Goths  in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries. 

Moesogoths  (me'so-goths).  Those  Goths  who, 
after  their  conversion  to  Christianity  by  Ulfilas 
about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century,  settled  in 
Moesia.  and  there,  under  the  protection  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  devoted  themselves  to  agri- 
cultural purstiits.     See  Goths  and  Vljilas. 

Mofadhdhal  (mo-fiid'dal),  Abul  Abbas  A1-. 

Died  7S4  A.  D.  An  Arabian  poet,  philologist, 
and  genealogist.  His  principal  work  was  a  coUectioa 
of  the  most  celebrated  longer  poems  of  the  Arabs,  128  in 
number,  called  after  him  the  "Mofadhdhaliat,"  which  is 
the  oldest  anthology  of  Arabian  poets.  His  other  works 
were  a  book  of  proverbs,  a  treatise  on  prosody,  and  a  vo- 
cabulary. 

Moflfat  (mof 'at).  A  watering-place  in  Dmnfries- 
shire,  Scotland,  43  miles  south  by  west  of  Ed- 
inburgh. It  has  mineral  springs.  Popujatiou 
(1891),  2.290. 

Moffat,  Robert.  Bom  at  Ormiston,  East  Lo- 
thian, Dee.  21,  1795:  died  at  Leigh,  Aug.  8^ 
1883.  A  celebrated  Scottish  missionary.  F* 
a  while  he  was  occupied  as  under-gardener,  but  after  a 
course  of  study  he  was  accepted  by  the  London  Mift> 
sionary  Society  in  1816,  arrived  at  Cape  Town  Jan.  13, 1817, 
and  labored  among  the  Bechuana  until  1S70.  By  1826  hs 
had  prepared  a  spelling-book  of  the  Bechuana  language^ 
Parts  of  the  Scriptures  were  translated  into  Bechuana 
The  New  Testament  was  completed  and  carried  by  him  to 
London  in  1839.  In  London  he  met  David  Livingstone^ 
who  married  his  daughter  in  1844.  The  translation  of  tin 
Old  Testament  into  Bechuana  was  finished  in  1857.  He 
retiUTied  to  England  finally  in  June,  1870,  He  published 
"Missionary  Labours  in  South  Africa^  (1842). 

Mogador  (mog-a-dor'),  or  Suera  (swa'ra).  A 
seaport  in  Morocco,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  in 
lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  9°  43'  W.  it  has  important 
commerce.  The  French  bombarded  it  in  1844.  Popula- 
tion,  about  19,000. 

Moghileff.    See  Mohileff. 

Mogllas  (mo-ge'Uis).  or  Mogila  /mo-ge'lSk). 
Peter.  Born  about  1.596:  died  164<.  A  Rus-' 
sian  prelate  and  theologian.  He  drew  np  the 
•'  Orthodox  Confession,"  the  leading  symbol  of 
the  Eastern  CTmrch. 

Mogollon  (mo-go-lyon'.  corrupted  into  mo-go- 
yon').  A  subtribe  of  the  Gileiio  ti'ibe  of  North 
American  Indians,  living  in  the  Mogollon  Motm- 
tains,  Arizona.     See  GileSio. 

Mogollons  (mo-go-yonz').  [Sp.  MogoUotte*; 
probably  from  mogote,  lump.]  The  name  of 
several  ranges  of  mountains  in  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 

Mogontiacum  (mo-gon-ti'a-kmn).      A  Bonuui;i. 
name  of  Mainz. 

Mogridge  (mog'rij),  (Jeorge.  Bom  at  Ash- 
ted,  near  Birmingham.  Feb.  17.  1787 :  died  at 
Hastings,  Nov.  2,  18.54.  An  English  writer, 
chiefly  of  juveniles.  He  entered  into  partnership  witk 
his  bro'ther  in  the  japan  trade  in  Birmingham,  and,  failing 
in  business,  took  to  literature.  Hepublished  the  *■  Juvenile 
Culprits  "  (1S29). "  Juvenile  Moralists  "  (1S29),  the  "  Church- 
yard Lyrist  "(1S32),  "A  Ramble  in  the  Woods"  (^SM\  "Sol- 
diers and  Sailors  "(1S42),  etc.  He  used  various  pseudo- 
nyms, including  "Old  Humphrey,"  *'Peter  Parley  (first 
used  by  .S.  G.  Goodrich),  etc. 

Mogrovejo  (mo-gro-va'no),  Toribio  de.  Bora 
in  153S:  died  at  Saiia,  Peru,  March  23,  1606.  A 
Spanish  prelate,  archbishop  of  Lima  from  1581. 
He  was  canonized  in  1680  as  St.  Toribio. 

Mogul  (mo-gul').  Great.  An  Indian  diamond, 
said  to  have  been  seen  at  the  court  of  Aumng- 
Zeb  in  1665,  and  to  have  weighed  iSO  carats. 

Moguls  (mo-gulz' ) .  The  Mongols  or  Mongolians; 
specifically,  in  historj',  the  subjects  of  the  Mo- 
gul empire  (see  belofr). 

Moguls  (mo-gulz'),  orMughals  (mo'galz).  Em- 
pire of  the.  A  Mohammedan  "Tatar  empire  in 
India.  It  began  with  Baber,  conqueror  of  Hindustan, 
1526;  and  was  at  its  height  under  .\kbar,  Jahangir,  ."^hah 
Jehan,  and  Aurung-Zeb.  .\fter  the  death  of  the  last-named 
(1707),  the  empire  split  up  and  the  power  passed  to  the 
Mahrattas  and  British.  The  last  (nominal)  emperor  waa 
deposed  in  1857  (died  1382). 


Moh4cs 


Moh4cs  (mo'hai'h).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Barima  lIunKary.  -situated  ou  the  Danube 
Si  lat.  45°  58'  N.,  loiiK.  1«°  37'  E.  llere,  Aug.  29, 
M26.  the  Turks  uixier  Suliumn  II.  rtefeated  the  Huuga- 
rians  under  Louis  II. ;  ami  Aug.  12, 108,-,  the  In.peimhsts 
^der  Charles  of  Lorraine  iuthcted  a  crushing  defeat  ou 
S^B  Turks.     Population  (IStlu),  14,403. 

I    Mohammed  (mo-ham'ed),  or  Mahomet  (ma- 
hom'i-'tj.   ['The  praised  one':  the  name  is  also 
■BTilten    Mahomed,    Muhammud    (the    ^Viable 
form), J/«''»">i«', .VcAemc'.etc.]   BornatMeeca, 
Arabia,  about  ilTO:   died  at  Medina,  Arabia, 
June  8,632.     Tliefounderof  Mohammedanism, 
or  Islam  ('surrender,'  namely,  to  God),  lie  was 
the  rostliuinous  son  ..f  Ahdallah  by  his  wife  Anuna,  of  the 
lani  ly  of   Hashiin,  the  M.ihlest  among  the  Koreish   and 
wis  hrought  up  in  the  desert  among  the  Banu  Saad  hy  a 
Bedouin  woman  named  llalima.    At  the  age  of  six  he  lost 
tomother  and  at  eight  his  grandfather,  when  he  was 
cared  for  by  his  uncle  Abu- 1  alib.     \N  hen  about  twelve 
viars  old  C»i)  he  accoinpaiiicd  a  caravan  to  Syria,  and 
Iwy  on  this  occasion  have  come  for  the  flrst  time  in  con- 
fact  with  Jews  and  Christians.    A  few  years  later  he  took 
part  In  the  ■•sacrilegious  war"  (so  called  because  carried 
S„  during  the  sacred   months    when   flghtmg  was  f..r- 
bidden)  w-hich  raged  between  the  Koreisli  and  the  Banu 
Hawazin  580-51)0.    Ue  attende.l  sundry  preaclimgs  and 
reciUitions  at  okatz,  wliich  may  have  awakened  his  poeti- 
cal and  rhetorical  powers  and  his  religious  feelings  ;  and 
for  some  time  was  occupied  as  a  shepherd,  to  wlueh  lie 
later  refers  as  being  in  accordance  with  his  career  .is  a 
orouhct,  even  asit  was  with  tliatof  Mosesand  David.  W  lu-.i 
twenty,  ive  vears  okl  he  entered  the  service  of  the  widow 
Khadi'  ,.h,  a.Vl  ma.le  a  second  journey  to  Syria,  on  wliich 
he  again  l,ad  an  npportunity  to  come  lu  fmiueiit  contact 
with  .lews  and  christians,  and  to  acqune  some  know  edge 
of  their  religious  teacliings.     He  soon  married  Klla.  i  all, 
who  was  Ufteen  years  his  senior.     Of  the  six  clilldien 
which  she  hore  him,  Fatima  became  the  most  famous 
In  005  he  attained  some  influence  in  Mecca  by  settlini, 
»  dispute  about  the  rebuilding  .,f  the  Kiiab;u     The  im- 
pressions which  he  had  gathered  from  his  contact  wit 
Judaism  and  Christianity,  and  from  .\iabic  lore,  began 
now  strongly  to  engage  his  raiud.    He  fieqnently  retired 
WiUry  places,  especiallytotheeaveofJIouutHira,  nor. 
of  Mecci     He  passed  at  that  time  flie  was  then  ai^iout 
forty  vears  old)  tlirough  great  mental  straggles,  and  re- 
peatedly meditated  suicide.     It  must  have  been  during 
these  h'nely  contemplations  that  the  yearnings  for  a  ines- 
Banger  froni  Cod  for  his  people,  and  the  thought  that  he 
himself  might  be  destined  for  this  mission,  were  Ijorn  in 
his  ardent  mind.     Durh.g  one  of   his  reveries,  m  the 
month  of  Kamadhan,  eiO,  he  beheld  in  sleep  the  angel 
Gabriel,  who  onlered  him  to  read  from  a  scroll  whicli 
he  held  before  hi.n  the  words  which  begin  the  »«th  sura 
(chapter)  of  the  Koran.      After  the  lapse  of  some  time,  a 
iecolid  vision  came.  ..nd  then  the  revch.tions  b.-gan  to  f„l- 
low  one  another  frequently.     His  own  belief  ii.  li.s  mis- 
sion  as  apostle  and  prophet  of  Cud  w.is  now  In ;"  .v^f  ;"; 
llshcd.    The  llrst  convert  was  his  wife  Khadij.ih,  tlien 
followed  his  cousin  and  adopted  son  All,  his  ..Ihei  adopted 
ton  Zehl,  and  Abn-Bekr,  alterwaid  li.s  lalheiMo-law  and 
flrst  successor  (calif),     lii-aduidly  about  50  adherents    :  I- 
lied  about  him.     But  after  three-  years    preaching   tin 
mass  of  the  Meecans  rose  against  him,  so  th.it  part  ol  hi- 
lollowers  had  to  resort  to    Ahys-sinia  for  f.f>!  y  "'  ';  , 
This  is  termed  the  llrst  hejira.     Jlohammed  in  the  men- 
while  continued  his  meetings  in  the  house  of  one  of  hi» 
disciples,  Aniaan,  in  front  of  the  kaaba,  which  later  be- 
came known  as  the  "House  of  Islam.       At  one  time  h. 
offered  the  Konish  a  compromise,  admitting  their  goOs 
Into  his  system  i.s  intercessors  with  the  supreme  lieme, 
but,  becoming  consrieiiee.strh:ken,  took  back  his  words. 
The  conversion  of  Hamza  and  Omar  and  :«  others^m  81..- 
616  strengtheneil  his  cause.    The   Koreish  excommuni- 
cated Mohammed  ami  his  followers,  who  were  forced  t.. 
live  in  relin-ment.     In  6-'0,  atthe  pilgrimage,  he  >vol.  over 

to  his  teachings  a  small  p.irty  froin  M<- a.     In  M.dil  . , 

whither  a  teacher  w.is  deputed,  the  new  religion  sp.ead 
rapidly.  To  this  perio.l  belongs  the  vision  or  dream  .t 
the  miraculous  ride,  on  the  winged  horse  ISorak.  to  Jcru- 
■aleui,  where  he  was  received  by  tlie  prophets,  and  thenco 
ascended  to  heaven.  In  022  more  than  70  persons  from 
Medina  bound  themselves  to  stanil  by  .Mohammed,  the 
Meceans  proposed  to  kill  him,  and  he  lied  on  th.5  aitli  of 
June  022,  t.1  .Meilina.  This  is  kn.iwn  as  the  hejira  (  the 
flight'),  and  maiks  the  beginning  of  the  M.diainnndan  era. 
This  event  formed  a  turning-point  in  tin-  ailivily  "f  .Mo- 
hammed. He  was  thus  far  a  religions  ]ireailur  and  p.r- 
suader ;  he  became  ill  his  Mediniaii  pe.  ...d  a  legislaloi  am 
warrior,  lie  hi. lit  there  in  U2:i  the  llrst  iiiusqm.aml  inani.d 
Ayesha.  In  021  the  llrst  battle  for  the  faith  look  ;.  a.-e  -le- 
tween  Mohammed  and  the  .Meceans  in  the  plain  of  Uedr  in 
which  the  latter  were  defeated.  At  this  time,  also,  Mo- 
hammed began  hitteily  to  inveigh  against  the  -lews,  who 
did  not  reeiignize  his  claims  to  be  the  "greater  prophet 
prmi.iscl  hv  Moses.  He  changed  the  attitude  of  prayer 
(klbla)from  thedlreetion  of  Jerusalem  tothatof  the  Kaaba 

In  Mecca,  a >inted  Krld.iyas  the  day  for  piihlle  worship, 

and  liistltuteil  the  fast  of  Kamadhan  ami  the  tilheor  poor- 
rate.  The  Jewish  tribe  of  the  Banu  Kainuka.  settled  at 
Medina,  wiLs  drivel,  out;  whileof  another  Jewish  tribe,  the 
Banu  Kurai/.a,  all  the  men,  7(HI  In  number,  were  massacred. 
In  026  Mohammed  and  his  followers  were  defeated  hy  the 
Meceans  In  the  battle  of  Ohud.  The  t..llowii.g  years  were 
lined  out  with  expedlthms  One  Irilie  alter  another  sub- 
mitted to  Mohammed,  until  In  lai  wanelhlng  like  a  dell- 
nite  Mohaiiimedan  empire  was  established.  Ill  oa2  the 
prophet  made  his  last  pilgrlmaKe  to  Jleecm  known  lui  the 
"farewell  pilgrimage,  or  the  pilgrimage  of  the  "an- 
nouncement" or  of  "Islam."  In  the  same  year  he  died 
while  planning  an  expedition  against  tin-  liontier  of  the 
Byzantine  empire.  Mohammed  was  a  little  above  the 
middle  height.of  acomn.aildlng  llgnre,  and  Is  described  as 
being  of  a  modest,  tender,  and  generous  disposition.  Ills 
manner  of  life  was  V017  simple  and  frugal.  He  mended 
his  own  clothes,  and  his  common  diet  was  barley-bread 
and  water.  But  he  enjoyed  perfumes  and  the  charms  of 
women.  His  character  appears  composed  of  the  strongest 
inconsistencies.     He  could  he  tender,  kind,  and  liberal, 


695 

but  on  occasions  Indulged  in  cruel  and  perfidious  a-ssassl- 
nations.  With  regard  to  his  prophetic  claims,  it  is  as 
difflcult  to  assume  that  he  was  sincere  throughout,  or 
self-deceived,  as  that  he  was  throughout  an  iinpostor.  In 
his  doctrines  there  is  practically  nothing  original.  lie 
legends  of  the  Koran  are  chlelly  drawn  from  the  Old 
Testament  and  the  rabbinical  literature,  which  il..- 
ha.i.med  must  have  learned  from  a  Jew  "«»■■»«';';»■ 
thciugh  he  presents  them  as  original  revelations  by  the 
1  tiabriel.     See  Kuran 


Moivre 

don  and  Oxford:  and  was  appointed  professor  of  Persian 
in  the  College  de  iYimce  in  1845.     He  edited  the  "Shana- 

mah"  (IS:)8-C8).  etc. 

Mohl,  Eobert  von.  Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wur- 
lemberK,  Axifi.  17,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  5, 
1.S7.").  A  German  .jurist.  He  published  works  on  con- 
stitutional law,  pol'itieid  science,  etc.,  including  "(Je- 
sehlchte  und  I.itteratiirderStaatswissenschaft  "(1855-58), 
..-...._. 1..    \-..11.....,....-l,t  .,,,.1  l>-.litiV  " /lRilO->«))- 


ai.gel  i-faoriei.     .-^i.-c  ^i^-'u-. 

Mohammed  I.,  or  Mahomet.  Sultan  of  the 
Turks  Ui:i-'-il,  a  younger  brother  of  Bajazet  I. 

Mohammed  II.,  surnamed  "The  Co^.q^erpj, 
and  "Thu  Great-"  Born  about  1430 :  died  1481- 
Sultan  of  Turkey  1451-81,  son  of  Amurath  11. 
wliom  he  succeeded.  He  besieged  and  captured  Con- 
stantinople in  145a  ;  and  conquered  the  -Morea,  Servia,  Bos- 
nia and  Albanhl,  and  made  the  Crimea  a  dependency  of 
Turkey  (147.0).  He  was  defeated  by  Hi.nyadl  at  Belgrad 
in  ur.O,  and  unsuccessfully  besieged  Rhodes  in  14Sii. 

Mohammed  III.  Diedl(ill3.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
I.')y5-1G03,  sou  of  Amurath  III-  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. His  army  defeated  the  Imperialists 
at  Keresztes  in  1-^96.  ,  ,„„, 

Mohammed  IV.  Bom  about  1641 :  died  1691. 
Sultan  of  Turkey  164.S-87,  son  of  Hmhim  whom 
lie  succeeded.  He  was  deposed  as  a  result  of  the  re- 
verses sustained  by  his  arms  at  Vienna  (1683)  and  Mohiies 

Mohammed  Ali.    See  Mchemet  Jli. 
Mohammedan  Empire,  ^ee  Cahj  anAMoham- 

Mohammerah  (mo-hiim'me-ra).  A  small  town 
ill  the  pruviuce  of  Khuzistan,  Persia,  ou  the 
Kaniu  near  the  Turkish  frontier. 

Moharram.     See  Muharram. 

Mohave  (mo-ha' va).  [P1-,  also  Ko/inre?.  The 
name  means  'three  mountains.']  A  tribe  ot 
North  American  Indians.  They  number  (1900)  about 
0  600  livin-  upon  the  lower  Colorado  Kiver  in  Arizona, 
a'boi.t  0.1c  fourth  being  on  the  Colorado  River  reservation, 
Arizona.     See  i'umiin. 

Mohave  (mo-hil'va)  Desert.  A  low-lymg  basin 
in  Sail  Bernardino  County,  southeastern  Cali- 

Mohawk  (mo'hak).  [_P\.,  also  Mohatoks.  The 
word  is  derived  from  the  Algonquin  maqua, 
bears!  AtribcofNorth  American  Indians.  The 
llurons  called  them  Auniehronnon,  abbreviated  by  the 
French  tu  AunU.  Their  villages  were  along  the  valley  of 
tl  e  Mohawk  River,  New  York,  but  they  claimed  the  terri- 
rv  lu.rth  to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  south  to  the  Delaware 
Kiver  watershed  and  the  CatskiU  Mountains.  They  were 
the  llrst  tribe  of  the  region  to  obtain  firearms,  and  then- 
front  i.r  posit  ioinnade  them  so  conspicuous  that  their  name 
was  often  used  In  tb.-  English  and  the  New  England  tribes 
nut!',  whole  lioqu..i,  r..iifederacy-  They  number  over 
2  l)0O-     See  Iruijiwis. 

Mohawk  (mo'hak).  AriverinNewYorkwhieli 
joins  tlie  Hudson  9  miles  north  of  Albany.  It 
forms  the  Cohoes  Falls  (70  feet  high)  near  its  mouth. 
Length,  about  175  miles.  ^ 

Mohegan(m6-he'gan),  orMonhegan(mon-he  - 

.'■111)  Atribeof  North  American  Indiaus.  They 
once  lived  chiefly  on  Thames  River,  Connecticut,  and 
claimed  a  large  territory  extending  eastward  into  Mass^l- 
ehuittsaiid  Rhode  Ishind  and  west  along  the  coast  to 
Guilford.  After  the  destruction  of  the  Pequots  11.  lOJ, 
they  claimed  their  country.  They  had  once  formed  one 
tribe  with  those  Indians  under  Sassacus  agaiust  whom 
Vncas  rebelled  and  led  the  Thames  River  band.  (Ill  the 
fall  of  Sassacus  in  16:i7,  most  of  the  survivors  of  the  1  e- 
qiiots  came  u.ider  the  ilohegan  chief.  After  the  death 
of  King  fhilip  in  1070,  the  Mohegan  were  the  only  Im- 
portant body  ill  the  region.  They  became  scatteriHl,  some 
joining  the  Brotherton  Indians  in  New  \ork.  Seejfa/nca.i 
and  M(j<niquiaii. 
Mohican.     See  Mahiran. 

Mohileff.  or  Mogilef  (mo-ge-Ief).  A  gov.-rn- 
mout  of  western  Kussia,  surrounded  by  the 
giivernnieiits  of  Vitebsk,  Smolensk,  Tclieriii- 
"otr,  and  Minsk.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating. 
The  chief  occupation  is  ugrieulture.  It  bel<mge;_d  formerly 
to  Lithuania,  and  was  annexed  by  Russia  in  I1.2.  Arei^ 
18,.^51  Bc|i.are  mil.s.     I'opnlation  (l^il7),  l,7o7,l.la. 

Mohileff-  (nrMoghileff-)on-the-pnieper.  The 

capital  of  Hie  governiiient  ot  Mohiletl,  situated 
on  the  ])niei»r  about  lat.  53°  55'  N.,  long.  30° 
12'  E.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Near  It,  July  2:1, 1812, 
the  French  under  I  >avoiit  defeated  the  Kusshuis  under  Ba- 
gralion.     ropi.lalloii  (Isiia).  4.-.,430. 

Mohileff-  (or  Moghileff-)  on-the-Dniester.  A 

l.iun  it.  tlie  (.'ov.rnnioiil  of  I'.Mlolia,  Hnssm,  sit- 
iinted  on  Ihe  Dnirslor  about  hit.  4S°  L.-  N., 
long.  27^  511'  K.  l'..i,..latiou  (1H93),  •-'9,310. 
MohKinol),  Hugo  von.  Born  at  Sttit;Kari,\yar- 
teiuberg  April  8,  1805:  diedat  Ttlbingen,\\  iir- 
temberg,  April  1,  1872.  A  Oenni.i.  bolauist, 
brotherof  Robert  von  Mohl :  professor  of  botany 
at  Tubingen  from  1835.  H<^  was  an  authority 
(in  vcgrl.nble  nniitoiny  and  physiology. 
Mohl,  Julius  von.  Born  at  Stullgarl.Wiirtem- 
berg,  Del.  2S,  ISOl):  died  at  Pans,  .lau.  4,  IKiO. 
AGe'rinan-French  Orientalist,  brother  of  Uobert 
von  Mohl.  He  became  professor  of  Oriental  lllcrature 
at  Tubingen  In  1826 ;  resided  1826-27  and  1830-31  at  Lon- 


sel.icnie  unu  i.iiiL-iaiiti  n^-i  .^i-i-tio.. ..jo,.,,.,^..".-    y.— .-  — ,, 
"  Staatsrecht,  Volkerrecht  und  I'olitik  "  (18<iO-«9). 

M6hler(me'ler),JohannAdam.  Bornatlgers 
heiiii,  Wiirtemberg.  Mav  6,  1796:  died  at  Mu- 


nich, April  12,  1838.  AGerman  Roman  Catho 
lie  theologian,  professor  at  Tiibingeu,  and  after 
1835  at  Munich.  His  chief  work  is  "  Symbohk  " 
(1832). 
Mohn  (mon).  A  small  island  in  the  Baltic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Livonia,  Kussia,  situated  north- 
east of  Osel. 

Mohoce.    See  Tusayan  ,-,..,  .^ 

Mohocks  (mo'hoks).  Ruffians  who  infested  the 
streets  of  London  about  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century :  so  called  from  the  Indian  tnbe 
Mohawks  or  Mohocks. 

In  1712  a  tribe  of  young  men  of  the  higher  classes,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  iMohoeks,  were  accustomed  n.ghtly 
to  sally  out  drunk  into  the  streets  to  hunt  the  i.assers-by 
and  to  subject  them  in  mere  wiu.to.iness  to  the  most  atro- 
cious outrages.  .  -  -  Matrons  iiich.se.l  m  barrels  were 
rolled  down  the  steep  and  stony  incline  of  Snow  Ulll. 
Watch. I.e..  were  un...ereif..lly  beaten  and  the.r  noses  fliU 
Country  gentlemen  went  t..  the  theatre,  as  if  in  time  of  war, 
accompanied  hy  their  armed  retainers.  A  bishop  s  son  »m 
said  to  be  one  of  the  gang,  and  a  baronet  was  among  those 
who  were  arrested.  ..  «     ^         *  caa  coo 

Lechj,  England  in  the  iBth  Century,  1.  522,  623. 

Mohotze.     See  Tusiuian. 

Mohr  I  mor),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Bremen,  Feb. 
19.  1828:  died  at  Malange,  Africa,  ^ov.  2b, 
ISTO  A  German  traveler.  He  visited  Polynesia, 
the  Bering  Sea,  and  California;  traveled  in  Natal.  Zulu- 
land  and  Matabeleland  in  18WM)7  and  1801»-rO;  and  died 
at  Malange,  Angola,  where  he  was  recruiting  carriers  for 
an  exploratlonof  Lundaand  adjoining  TOUntries-  He  pu). 
lished  "Keise-  und  Jagdbilder  aus  dcr  S.idsee  (1868) and 
'■  Nach  den  Victoria  Fallen  des  Zambesi    (Is. 6). 

Mohr,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Coblenz,  Pms- 

sia,  Nov.  4,  IsilG:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  bept. 

27, 1879.    A  German  chemist  and  physi^cist,  pro- 
fessor of  pharmacy  at  Bonn  froiu  1807. 

Mohrungen  (ino'roiig-en).  A^mall  to-\vn  in  the 
provinceof  EastPrussia.Pnissia.liOiniles  south- 
east of  Dantzic.  Here,Jan.25, 1807,  the  French 
under  Bcnin.lotte  defeated  the  Russians. 

Mohs  (mos),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Gemrode.  An- 
halt,  Germany,  Jan.  29,  1773:  died  at  Agordo, 
near  Belluno,  Italv,  Sept.  29,  1839.  A  German 
mineralogist,  professor  successively  at  Gratz, 
Freiberg,  and  Vienna-  He  wrote  "Grundriss 
di-r  Aiineralogie"  (1822-24),  etc. 

Mohun  (mo'hun),  Charles,  fifth  Baron  Moliun. 
Ih.ni  about  1675:  kilbd  in  a  duel  m  Hyde  1  ark, 
Lomlon,  Xov.  1-5,  1712,  An  Kudish  desperado, 
the  eldest  son  of  Cliarles.  fourth  Baron  Mohnn- 
On  Dec  9  lO'l"  he  was  associated  with  Captain  Richard  Ulll 
in  the  murder  of  William  Mountfort  the  actor.  From  1094 
to  I(i<.l7  he  served  i.i  I'landel.S-  After  lOlWhesat  in  the  Uouau 
of  Lords  as  a  stanch  «  big.  He  was  repeate.lly  engaged 
in  duels,  and  twice  tried  for  niuriler  ami  acquitted.  In 
1701  he  was  Involved  In  a  protracted  lawsuit  with  Juinea 
Douglas,  fourth  duke  of  Ilamlllon,  over  the  estate  of  the 
F.ail  of  Mac.  lesileld,  which  resulted  in  a  due!  and  the 
death  of  both  pa.  lies.  This  .luel(Mohi.n  being  represented 
hya  llctitious  "Harry"  .Mohun)  Hgures  in  Thackeray  a 
"Henry  Esmond."  .-    j      i. 

Mohun,  Michael.  Bom  about  162o:  died  at 
Lon. lon,  Oct.,  1(>84.  An  Englisli  actor.  Before 
the  civil  war  he  performed  under  Beestoii  at  the  Cockpits 
Drurv  Lane.  He  fought  as  captain  In  the  arinv  of  Charica 
I.  an.1  in  Fla.idere.  He  returned  with  Charles  tl.,  and  was 
with  Kllligrews  company  ItlCO-ia.  I'epys  calls  hlni  the 
"best  actor  In  the  worhl,  ami  he  wa-s  saiil  to  "spiak  as 
Sl.akspere  wrote."  He  played  at  the  Tlu.itre  Royal  after 
April  8,  10(B,  and  In  the  theater  of  I.ine.dn  »  Inn  Holds 
after  1072.  lie  was  very  versatile,  anil  played  with  equal 
e.ise  a  succession  of  classical  heroes,  ..lod.rn  rakes,  sl.n- 
plelons,  etc.  .     .,         ,  .        tut. 

Moignp  (mwiin-vo').  Francois  Napoleon  Ma- 
rie Bornat(5u6m^Mi6.  Morbilian,  I  lance,  April 
20,  1804:  dieil  at  St.  Denis,  July  13.  1884.  A 
French  mathemnticiaii  and  scientist.   He  wrote 

"I'-V 

Moir 


li.'COiiH  ou  ea.i-iii      v^'^'    -..,...-. 

Moir  (moir),  David  Macbeth:   pseudonym 

Delta.    HorniitMnss..lbnrgh,Jaii.5.  1<98:  died 
al  Duinlries.  Julv  0,  1851.     A  Scot  I  is.  author. 

Among  his  works  are  ,H.ei.is.  the  *•■■">';; ^"^'''.''"'r/'it'j;,^ 
M..nBle  Wimeh"n8J8\  "Skcteh.-s  of  Ihe  Poetle.d  Litera- 
ture ot  the  Past  HiUf-Ceiitury  "  (1861),  etc      , 
Moira,  Earl  of.    See  Hastings,  Francis  Raadon. 
Moirai.    See  Mwrir.  .  j„„.,t 

Moissac  (inwiis-sllk').  A  town  in  he  depart- 
iiieiil  .if  Tarn-.'t-Gnriuine.  soiill.ein  ]•  ranee,  sit- 
nali'.l  on  Die  Taru  15  iiiiU's  northwest  of  Mou- 
lanbaii.  The  abbey  church,  St-Picm-  ot  8t,.|'aul,  la  ro. 
...arkable  lor  ll.i'  porch  of  Its  narthei  and  for  lt«  cloister. 
P..pulatlo..(lMll),  eoinnilllie   8,707.  ..,-■.„ 

Moivre  (mwiivr),  Abraham  de.  Bom  at  Vitry, 
fhampagne,  France,  May  26, 1067:  died  at  Lon- 


Moivre 

don,  Nov.  27. 17.54.  A  noted  French  mathema- 
tician. He  published  "Doctrine  of  Chances"  (1718). 
etc.,  and  invented  the  niathematic^il  formula  named  from 
him  '■  De  iloivre's  theorem." 

Moja.    See  Majos. 

Mojd.car  (mo-Ha'kar).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Almeria,  southern  Spain,  situated  near  the 
coast  100  miles  east  of  Granada.  Population 
(1887),  4,404. 

Mojaisk.     See  Mo;:haisk. 

Mojaye.     See  Mohave. 

Mojos  (mo'hoz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  northern 
Boli's'ia,  li\'ing  about  the  great  head  streams 
of  the  Madeira  River,  especially  on  the  Ma- 
mor«^.  Before  the  conquest  they  probably  uumbereti 
at  least 250.000.  They  were  a  mijd,  agricultunil  race,  read- 
ily received  the  Jesuit  nmsionaries  in  the  17th  centur>, 
and  have  ever  since  remamed  devout  Catholics.  Fifteen 
large  missions  were  established  in  their  territory,  and  still 
exist  as  villages :  the  largest,  Trinidad  (founded  1687),  is 
now  the  capital  of  lieni.  The  Mojos  are  much  soughtafter 
as  canoemen  and  rubber-gatherers.  They  are  industrious, 
and  excel  in  artistic  work.  The  tribe  has  been  greatly  re- 
duced, principally  by  epidemics,  but  is  stitl  said  to  num- 
ber 3Ll,000(perhaps  ti.'0  high  an  estimate,  as  all  the  mission 
Indians  are  classed  with  them).  They  belong  to  the  great 
Arawak  or  Maypure  stock.  Also  written  Sloxog.  Their 
language  is  sometimes  c;illed  Moja  or  Moxa. 

Mokanna  (mo-kUn'na)  (surname  of  Atha  ben 
Hakem).  [Ar.,*  veiled.']  Killed  about  780.  A 
Mohammedan  impostor  in  Khorasan.  He  is  the 
hero  of  the  "Veiled  Troithet  of  Kborassan  "  in  the  first  part 
of  Jloore's  "  Lalla  R.okh." 

Mokattam  (mo-kat'am)  Hills.  A  loTV  range 
near  Cairo  in  Egypt,  noted  for  its  quarries. 

Moki.     See  Tusayan. 

Moko  (mo'ko).  [PL,  also  J/oJ:os.]  An  African 
tribe  inland  ft'om  Old  Calabar,  between  the 
Kamerim  Mountains  and  the  Cross  River.  In 
America  all  slaves  shipped  from  Old  Calabar 
used  to  be  called  Mokos. 

Mokshan  (mok-shan').  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Penza,  Russia,  about  27  miles 
north-northwest  of  Penza.  Populationil893>, 
13,659. 

Mola  (mo'la).  A.seaportinthe  province  of  Bari, 
Apulia,  Italv,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  12  miles 
southeast  o"f  Bari.     Population  (1881).  12,435. 

Mola,  Pietro  Francesco,  caUed  Mola  di 
Roma.  Born  about  1621:  died  at  Rome  about 
1665.     An  Italian  landscape-painter. 

Mola  di  Gaeta.    See  Formia. 

Molale  (nio-lii'la),  or  Molele  (mo-la'la).  The 
western  tribe  of  the  Waulatpuan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians:  originally  an  offshoot  of  the 
Cayuse.  They  are  essentially  mountain  Indians,  dwell- 
ing in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  at  various  points 
between  Mount  Hood  (in  Clackamas  County)  and  ilount 
Scott  (in  Klamath  County).  Ther-e  are  31  on  the  Grande 
Ronde  reservation,  Oregon,  and  there  are  some  in  the 
mountains  west  of  Klamath  Lake.     See  WaiUatpuan. 

Molay,  or  Molai  (mo-lii'),  Jacques  de.  Born 
in  Burgundy:  burned  at  Paris,  March  18,  1314. 
The  last  grand  master  of  the  Templars,  1298- 
1314.     See  Templars. 

Molbech  (mol'beeh).  Christian.  Bornat Soroe, 
Denmark,  Oct.  8,  1783:  died  at  Copenhagen. 
June  23,  1857.  A  noted  Danish  philologist  and 
historian.  Among  his  philological  works  are  a  "Danish 
Dictionarj'"  (1833),  a  "Danish  Dialect-Lexicon"  (1833-41), 
etc. 

Molbech,  Christian  Knud  Frederik.    Bom  at 

Copenhagen,  July  20,  1821:  died  at  Kiel,  May 
20,  1888.  A  Danish  poet  and  dramatist.  He 
studied  at  the  Copenhagen  Tniversity  after  183!).  In  1840 
appeared  a  tirst  volume  of  poems,  "Billeder  af  Jesu 
Liv  "  ("  Pictures  fronr  the  Life  of  .Tesus  ").  The  romantic 
drama "Klintekongens  Brud"("The  Bride  of  the  Moun- 
tain King ")  appeared  in  1845,  in  which  year  also  was 
produced  the  di-ama "  Venusbjerget  "("The  Venusberg "). 
A  collection  of  poems  with  the  title  "DEemring"("  Twi- 
light") appeared  in  1851.  "Dante,"  a  tr.ageily,  is  from 
18o2.  In  1853  he  was  made  professor  of  the  Danish  lan- 
■guage  and  literature  at  Kiel,  which  position  he  held  until 
1864,  when  he  returned  to  Copenhagen  and  began  work 
as  a  journalist.  In  1803  had  appeared  "Digte  IjTiske'og 
dramatiske  "  ("  Poems  Lyric  and  Dramatic  ").  Afterw.'u-d, 
as  censor  at  the  royal  tlieater,  he  again  turned  his  atteu- 
tiu  I  to  the  drama,  aTul  wr'»te  the  comedy  "  Renteskrive- 
reii"  ("The  Financier"),  and  the  dramas  "Ambrosius" 
and  "Faraos  Ring"  ("Pharaoh's  Ring").  He  was  also 
the  translator  of  Dante's  "Divine  Comedy"  ("Guddomlige 
Komedie,"  the  first  part  of  which  appeared  in  1851). 
Mold  (mold).  A  town  in  Flintshire,  North 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Alyn  18  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  Population  (1891), 
4,457.  See  SaUcIiijnh  Victori/. 
Moldau  (mol'dou).  The  principal  river  in  Bo- 
hemia. It  risf-s  in  the  Bdhmerwald,  flows  past  Prague, 
and  joins  the  Elbe  18  miles  north  of  Prague.  Length,  '260 
miles. 

Molda'via(mol-da'vi-a),  G.  Molda'U  (mol'dou), 
F.  Molda'Tie  (mol-da-ve').  A  former  princi- 
pality, now  a  part  of  Rumania.  Chief  city, 
Jassy.    It  is  bounded  by  Bukowina  on  the  north,  Russia 


696 

(separated  by  the  Pnith)  on  the  east,  'W.illachia  on  the 
south,  and  Transylvania  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on 
the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Sereth.  It  was  founded  early  in  the  14th  century 
(see  the  extract);  became  tributary  to  Turkey  early  in  the 
16th  century  :  was  ruled  for  more  than  a  century  (until  lg-21) 
by  Fanariot  families ;  and  was  frequently  under  Russian  in- 
fluence. Alexander  JolinCusawaselectedprincein  1859.  It 
was  formally  united  with  Wallachiain  1861.  See  Bumania. 

Another  Rouman  migration,  passing  from  the  land  of 
Marinaros  north  of  Transsilvania,  founded  the  principality 
of  Moldavia  between  the  Carpathians  and  the  Dniester. 
This  too  stood  to  the  Hung.arian  crown  in  the  same  shift- 
ing relation  as  Great  Wallachia,  and  sometimes  trans- 
ferred its  vassalage  to  Lithuania  and  Poland. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  452. 

Mole  (mo-la'),  Comte  Louis  Matthieu.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1781:  died  at  his  Chateau 
Champlatreux,  Nov.  25,  1855.  A  French  poli- 
tician, minister  of  foreign  affairs  1830,  and  pre- 
mier 1836-39. 

Mole,  Matthieu.  Bom  1584:  died  1656.  A 
French  politician.  He  was  appointed  president  of  the 
Parliament  of  Paris  by  Richelieu  in  1641,  a  post  which  lie 
retained  untU  1653.  He  became  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
in  165L 

Molech(m6'lek),  or  Moloch  (mo'lok).  ['King.' 
In  1  Ki.  xi.  7,  he  is  mentioned  as  an  idol  of  the 
Ammonites,  but  the  worship  of  Molech  was 
spread  among  all  the  Canaanitish  and  Semitic 
tribes.]  A  form  of  Baal,  the  sim-god,  or  the 
personification  of  the  male  generative  principle 
in  nature.  Molech  represents  the  sun  in  his  fierce  de- 
structive aspect  The  worship  of  Molech  consisted  in  of- 
fering human  sacrifices.  The  god  was  represented  with  a 
bull's  head  and  long  arms  to  receive  the  victims,  which 
were  lifted  up  to  an  opening  in  the  breast  of  the  brass 
statue  and  rolled  into  the  furnace  blazing  inside.  AVhe- 
ther  the  victims  were  first  killed,  or  were  burned  alive,  is 
a  disputed  question.  The  worship  of  ilolech  was  at  dif- 
ferent periods  introduced  into  Israel,  with  its  princip.al 
place  in  the  valley  of  Uinnom :  so  under  Ahaz  (king  of 
Judah  734-72S  B.  c.\  Manasseh  (697-642),  and  Amon  (642- 
640).  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  m<iUk  ('ruler,'  prop- 
erly 'decider")  can  be  the  epithet  of  any  god.  but  it  is  es- 
pecially applied  to  Adar,  who  is  among  others  the  god 
of  the  destructive  south  or  midday  sun,  and  in  the  Old 
Testament  is  called  Adrammelech  "(.Adar-malik) ;  to  him 
children  were  sacrificed  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31),  although  in  the 
-Assyrian- Babylonian  literature  noreference  to  human  sac- 
rifices  in  honor  of  a  divinity  has  been  found.  At  Carthage 
the  bloody  rites  of  Molech  were  officially  suppressed  by 
the  emperor  Tiberius  (14-37  A.  I>.X 

Molele.     See  MolaJe. 

Molenbeek-Saint- Jean  (mo  -  ion  -  bak '  sau  - 
zhon'%  A  northwestei'n  suburb  of  Brussels. 
Population  (1890),  48,723. 

Moleschott  (mo'lc-shot),  Jacob.  Born  at  Bois- 
le-Due ,  Netherlands,  Aug.  9, 1822 :  died  at  Rome, 
May  20,  1893.  A  noted  Dutch-Italian  physiolo- 
gist, professor  of  phvsiologv  successivelv  at 
Zurich  (1856),  Turin  (1861),  and  Rome  (1879). 
He  was  made  a  senator  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1876. 
Among  his  works  are  "Physiologic  der  Nahrungsmittel  " 
("Physiology  of  Food,"  1850), ''LehrederNahrungsmittel  " 
(1850 :  Eng.  trans,  as  "Chemistry  of  Food  and  Diet,"lS50), 
"  Der  Kreisl.auf  des  Lebens  "  (1852),  etc. 

Moleson  (m6-la-z6n').  A  noted  peak  and  point 
of  'view  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg.  Switzerland, 
18  miles  east  of  Lausanne.     Height,  6,578  feet. 

Moles'worth  (molz'werlh),  Richard,  third  Vis- 
cotmt  Molesworth.  Bom  in  IGSO:  died  Oct.  12, 
1758.  An  English  field-marshal,  second  son  of 
Robert,  first  Viscount  Molesworth.  He  was  en- 
tered at  the  Tempi  e,  but  abandoned  the  law  and  joined  the 
army  in  Holland.  He  was  present  at  Blenheim,  and  was 
one  of  Marlborough's  aides-de-camp  at  Ramillies  on  !May 
23,  1706.  when  he  saved  the  duke's  life.  In  1735  he  was 
raaoe  major-general ;  in  1739  lieutenant-general  in  Irelanrt; 
in  1751  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland;  and  in  1757  field- 
marshal. 

Moles'worth,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Loudon, 
May  23,  1810:  died  there,  Oct.  22,  18.55.  An 
English  baronet  and  politician,  son  of  Sir  Ars- 
eott-Ourry  Molesworth.  He  entered  Cambridge,  but 
finished  bis  education  at  Edinburgh  University.  He  lived 
in  southern  ElU"ope  until  1S31,  when  he  took  part  in  the 
reform  movement  andw.'isreturnedraemberof  Parliament 
for  East  Cornwall  in  1832.  He  associated  himself  with 
Grote  and  J.  S.  Mill,  and  was  disliked  for  his  infidel  opin- 
ions. In  April,  1S.'15,  he  started  the  "London  Review." 
His  special  work  was  in  colonial  policy.  His  edition  of 
Hobbes's  works  was  published  in  16  voUimes  from  1S39  to 
184.^.     In  July,  1S55,  he  was  appointed  colonial  secretary. 

Molesworth,  WilUam  Nassau.  Bom  at  Mill- 
brook,  near  Southampton,  Nov.  8,  1816:  died  at 
Rochdale,  Dee.  19, 1890.  An  English  historian. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1830,  and  in  1844  was  ap- 
pointed ^■ica^  of  Spotland,  near  Rochdale.  He  was  a  friend 
of  John  Bright,  His  chief  works  are  a  "Histon'  of  Eng- 
land from  1S30"  (1871-73),  a  "  History  of  the  Refomi  Bill 
of  1832  "  (1864),  a  "  History  of  the  Church  of  England  from 
1660  "(1882). 

Molfetta  (mol-fet'ta).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic 16  miles  northwest  of  Bari.  Population 
(1881),  30,056. 

Moli^re  (mo-lyar'):  the  stage  name  of  Jean 
Baptiste  Poqiielin  (p6k-lan').  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  1.5, 1G22 :  died  there,  Feb.  17,  1673.    A  cele- 


Molique 
brated  French  dramatist  and  actor,  the  great- 
est French  writer  of  comedies.  He  graduated 
frojn  the  Jesuits' College  in  Paris,  after  spending  five  years 
in  the  companionship  of  Chapelle,  Bernicr,  and  Cyraiio  de 
Bergerae  (163i>-41).  Even  before  graduation  Moliire  was 
promised  the  office  of  tapissier  valet  de  chambre  to  the 
king,  a  distinction  already  held  by  his  family  for  two  gen- 
erations. He  w.as  not  yet  twenty  when  he  followed  the 
court  to  Nai-bonne  on  the  memorable  trip  that  w  itne&scd 
the  execution  of  Cinq- Mars  and  the  last  lictory  of  Ricbe- 
lieu.  At  twenty-three  he  began  to  de^  ote  liis  entire  time 
to  acting  and  play-writing.  At  the  head  of  a  troop  of  ac- 
tors he  performed  in  Paris  andtheprovinces(1643-5S).  He 
settled  down  finally  at  Paris,  where  he  was  very  successful 
until  1666.  From  that  time  on,  the  enmities  conti-acted  ir 
bis  public  career  and  the  troubles  in  his  own  house  embit- 
tered his  life,  told  on  his  work,  and  probably  hastened  his 
death.  He  was  seized  with  illness  while  acting  the  "  Ma- 
lade  imaginaire"  for  the  first  time,  and  died  a  few  hours 
later,  at  his  own  house,  from  hemorrhage.  His  comedies 
include  "  Les  pr^cieuses  ridicules  "(165m.,  "Ecole  des  ma- 
ris "(1661),  "Ecole  des  femmes  "(1662),  "Lemariageforc*" 
(1664),  "Le  misanthrope  "  (1666),  "Le  medecin  malgre  lui " 
(l666),"Tartufe"(1667),  "  Amphitryon " (1165),  "L'Avare" 
(1668),  "Le  bourgeois  gentilhomme  "  (1670),  "  Les  fourbe- 
riesde8capin"(1671),  "Les  femmes  savantes " (1672),  "Le 
malade  imaginaire  "(1673),  etc.  His  works  were  published 
for  the  first  time  as  "(Euvres  de  M.  Molitre"  (1674).  I'he 
first  complete  set,  edited  by  'Vinot  and  La  Grange,  was  en- 
titled "(Eu\Tes  de  M.  Moliere,  revues,  corrigees  et  aug- 
mentiSes  "  (1682).  The  best  modem  edition  of  Moliirc's 
complete  plays  was  made  by  Despois  (finished  by  Paul  Mes- 
nard)  in  the  "  Collection  des  grands  ecrivains  "  (1873-89). 
Independently  of  the  characters  which  Moliere  shares 
with  all  the  great  names  of  literature,  his  fertility  and 
justness  of  thought,  the  felicity  of  the  expression  in  which 
he  clothes  it,  and  his  accurate  observation  of  human  life, 
there  are  two  points  in  his  drama  which  belong,  in  the 
highest  degree,  to  him  alone.  One  is  the  extraordinary 
marmer  in  which  he  manages  to  imbue  farce  and  burlesque 
with  the  true  spirit  of  refined  comedy.  This  maimer  has 
been  spoken  of  by  unfriendly  critics  as  "  exirggerated," 
but  the  reproach  argues  a  deficiency  of  perception.  Even 
the  most  roaring  farces  of  Moliere,  even  such  pieces  as  "  M. 
de  Pourceaugnac  "  and  the  "Bourgeois  Gentilhomme."  de- 
mand rank  as  legitimate  comed,v,  owing  to  his  unmatched 
faculty  of  intimating  a  general  purpose  under  the  cloak  of 
the  merely  ludicrous  incidents  which  are  made  to  surround 
the  fortunes  of  a  p.articular  person.  This  general  pur- 
pose (and  here  we  come  to  the  second  point)  is  invariably 
a  moral  one.  Of  all  dramatists,  ancient  and  modern,  ilo- 
liere  is  perhaps  that  one  who  has  borne  most  constantly  in 
mind  the  theory  that  the  stage  is  a  lay  puliut,  and  that  its 
end  is  not  merely  amusement,  but  the  reformation  of 
mannei-s  by  means  of  amusing  spectacles,  ...  In  liril* 
liancy  of  wit  he  is,  among  dramatists,  inferior  only  to  Aris- 
tophanes and  Congreve.     Saint^bury,  French  Lit.,  p.  311. 

Molina  (mo-le'na;.  Alonso  de.  Bom  in  Esca- 
lona  about  1510:  died  at  Mexico,  1585  (?).  A 
Spanish  Franeiscanmissionary.  He  went  to  Mexico 
when  a  child,  early  learned  the  Nahuatl  tongue,  and  acted 
as  interpreter  to  the  first  Franciscan  missionaries,  subse- 
quently joining  the  order.  His  books  on  the  KahuatI 
language  were  among  the  earliest  printed  in  America,  and 
are  greatly  prized  by  bibliophilists. 

Molina,  Juan  Ignacio.  Bom  in  Talca,  Chile, 
Jtme  23,  1737 :  died  at  Bologna,  Italy.  Sept.  12, 
1829.  A  Jesuit  historian.  After  the  expulsion  of 
his  order  (1767)  he  lived  in  Italy,  and  in  1774  settled  at 
Bologna.  His  principal  works  are  "Saggio  snlla  storia 
naturale  di  ChUe  "  (1782)  and  "  .Saggio  della  storia  civile  di 
Chile  "  (1787).  They  were  widely  read,  and  there  are  many 
editions  in  various  languages. 

Molina,  Luis.  Bom  at  Cuenea,  New  Castile, 
1535 :  died  at  Madrid,  Oct.  12,  1600.  A  Spanish 
Jesuit  theologian.  He  propounded  in  15SS  the  doc- 
trine that  the  efficacy  of  divine  grace  depends  simply  on 
the  will  which  accepts  it  —  that  grace  is  a  free  gift  to  all, 
but  that  the  consent  of  the  will  is  requisite  in  order  that 
grace  may  be  efficacious.  His  chief  work  is  "Liberi  arbi- 
trii.  etc.,  Concordia"  (1588). 

Molinara  (mo-le-na'ra).  La.  [It.,  '  The  Miller- 
ess  or  Mill  Girl.']  An  opera  by  Paisiello.  pro- 
duced at  Naples  in  1788,  in  London  in  1803. 

Moline  (mo-len').  A  city  in  Rock  Island  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  near  Bock 
Island.     Popidation  (1900).  17,348. 

Molinella  (mo-le-nel'la).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bologna,  Italy.  19  miles  northeast  of 
Bologna.    Population  (1881).  commune,  11,336. 

Molinists(m6'li-nists).  1.  Those  who  hold  the 
opinions  of  Luis  Molina  in  respect  to  grace, 
free  'will ,  and  predestination . — 2.  The  Quietists, 
or  followers  of  Miguel  Molinos,  who  taught  the 
direct  relationship  between  the  soul  and  God. 

MolinodelReyfmo-le'nodelra').  [Sp.,' king's 
mill.']  A  place  about  4  miles  west  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  ■}  mile  from  Chapultepec 
Castle,  which  commands  it.  Here,  in  1847,  were 
several  massive  stone  buildings  used  as  mills  and  foun- 
dries. These  buildings,  defended  by  4,000  Mexicans  under 
Leon  and  Perez,  were  stormed  by  about  the  same  number 
of  Tnited  States  troops  under  Worth,  Sept.  8.  The  battle 
was  one  of  the  hardest  fought  of  the  war,  and  the  loss  on 
lioth  sides  was  heavy. 

Molinos  (mo-le'nos),  Miguel.  Born  at  or  near 
.Saragossa,  Spain,  Dec.  21.  1640:  died  at  Rome. 
Dee.  29,  1696.  A  Spanish  mystic,  founder  of 
the  Quietists.  He  was  condemned  by  the  Inquisition 
in  1687.  Hismost  noted workis"Guidaspiritiiale  "("Spiri- 
tual Guide,"  1676), 

Molique  (mo-lek').  Wilhelm  Berahard.  Born 
at  Nuremberg.  Bavaria,  Oct.  7,  1802:  died  at 


MolicLue 

Caiiiistatt,  Wiii'temberg,  May  10,  1S69.  A  Ger- 
man violinist,  and  composer  espeeially  for  the 
violin,  iipohr  gave  him  a  few  lessons,  and  he  studied  at 
Munich  with  Kuvelli.  He  was  leader  cif  tiie  royal  band  at 
Stuttgiu't  1820—49.  In  the  latter  yeai"  he  went  to  England, 
wliere  he  taught  and  passed  the  rest  of  Ms  professional 
life.    In  186t>  he  retired  to  Cannstatt. 

Molise  (mo-le'se).  A  former  province  of  the 
liingdom  of  Naples,  now  the  province  of  Campo- 
basso,  in  the  eompartimento  of  Abriizzi  ami 
Mclise,  Italy. 

Molitemo  uu6-le-ter'n6).  A  small  town  in  the 
|iriiviuce  of  BasiUcata,  southern  Italy. 

Molitor  (mo-le-tor'),  Comte  GabrielJean  Jo- 
seph. Born  at  Hayauge,  Lorraine,  Mandi  7, 
1770:  died  at  Paris,  July  28,  1849.  A  French 
marshal,  distinguished  tliroughout  the  Napole- 
oide  wars,  especially  at  Essliug  and  Wagram  in 
]H)'.). 

Moll  (niol),  Herman.  Died  Sept.  22,  1732.  A 
Dutch-English  geoj^raplicr.  He  established  himself 
in  London  in  ItjitS.  Aninng  jiis  works  are  "A  System  of 
tieography"  (17ul),  "A  History  of  the  English  Wars  in 
France,  Spain,  Portugal,  the  Netherlands,  Germany,  etc." 
(1705),  a  *'  New  Map  of  the  Earth  and  Water  according  to 
Wright's,  alias  Mercator's,  Projection,"  '*  Nieuwe  Kaart  von 
noord-.Amerika  "  (1720),  and  many  other  maps  (of  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America)  and  charts. 

Moll  Cutpnrse.     See  CkIjuo-sc. 

Mollendorf  (mel'len-dorf),  Richard  Joachim 

Heinrich  von.  Born  in  Priegnitz,  .Jan.  7.  17l'4  : 
(lied  at  Havel  berg,  Prussia,  Jan.  28,  ISIG.  A 
Prussian  field-marshal,  distinguished  in  the 
Seven  Years'  War.  He  was  victorious  over  the 
French  at  Kaiserslatitern,  May  23,  1794.  He 
did  not  command  in  the  second  battle. 
Moller  (mol'ler).  Georg.  Born  at  Diepholz, 
Hannover,  Jan.  21,  1784:  died  March  13,  1852. 
A  noted  (iermau  architect. 

Moll  Flanders  (mol  ilan'derz),  The  Life  of. 
A  tale  by  Defoe,  published  in  1722. 

"  Moll  Flanders  "  is  a  sort  of  English  version  of  "Manon 
Lescaut,"  but  there  is  no  comparison  between  them  as 
works  of  art  and  passion  ;  from  this  point  of  view  Defoe  is 
as  crude  as  Provost  on  this  one  occasion  was  subtle  and 
exquisite.  Gosse,  Eng.  Lit.  in  IStli  Century,  p.  181. 

Mollhausen  (mel'hou-zen),  Baldnin.  Born  at 
Bonn,  Prussia,  Jan.  27,  182.3.  A  German  trav- 
eler in  the  United  States,  and  wi'iter  of  novels 
and  works  of  travel.  He  has  published  "T.igebuch 
einer  Reise  vom  Mississippi  nach  der  Sndsee  "(1858 :  repub- 
lished as  "  Wanderungen  durch  die  Prairien  und  Wusten 
des  westlichen  Nordamerika,"  1860),  "Reisen  in  die  Fel- 
sengebirge  Nordanierikas  bis.zum  Hochplateau  voa  Neu- 
me.viko"  (1861),  etc. 

Mollinedo  y  Saravia  (m6l-ye-na'Tii6  e  sa-rii- 
vo'ii),  Antonio  G-onzalez,  often  called  Anto- 
nio Gonzalez  de  Saravia.  Born  about  174.') : 
died  nearOajaca,  Mexico,  Dec.  2, 1812.  A  Span- 
ish general.  He  was  captain-general  of  Guatemala 
.luly  28,  ISOl,  to  March  14,  1811 ;  and  subsequently  served 
against  tlic  revolutionists  in  Slexico.  He  was  captured 
when  they  took  Oiyaca,  and  shot. 
Molln  (mclu).  A  town  in  Laueuburg,  province 
of  Sehleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  24  miles  east  of 
Hamburg.  Eulenspiegel  is  alleged  to  have  been 
buried  there.  Population  (1890),  3,834. 
MoUwitz  (mol' vits).  A  village  south  of  Brieg, 
in  Silesia.  Here,  April  10,  1741,  was  gained  the  first 
Prussian  victory  in  the  .Silesian  wars.  Frederick  the  Great 
was  in  nominal  command,  but  left  the  baltle-Ileld,  and 
Schwerinand  Leopold  of  Dessau  wei-e  the  rral  cliiefs.  Tlie 
Austrianswerecummandedby  Neipjierg.  E;uli  army  num- 
beivd  about  22,00(],  and  lost  about  J.r.mi.  Al.sn  Mclintz. 
Molly  Maguires  (mcjl'i  lua-guirz').  [A  name 
assumed  (from  MnUy,  a  familiar  form  of  the 
name  M<ir)/,  and  Ma<jidre,  a  cuijimon  Irish  sur- 
name) by  the  members  of  the  Irisli  organization, 
in  allusion  to  the  woman's  dress  they  wore  as  a 
disguise.]  1.  A  lawless  secret  associaticm  in 
Ireland,  organized  with  the  olijeet  of  defeating 
and  lerrorizing  agents  and  ]irocess-servcrs  and 
others  engaged  in  the  business  of  evicting  ten- 
ants.—  2.  A  secret  organization  in  the  mining 
regions  of  Pennsylvania,  notorious  for  the  com- 
mission of  various  crimes,  incltiding  murderous 
attacks  u]ion  the  owners,  otiicers,  or  agents  of 
mines,  until  their  suppression  by  the  execution 
of  several  of  tlioir  leaders,  in  1877. 
Moloch.     See  Miilccli. 

Mologa  (mo-lo'gii).    A  tomi  in  the  government 

of  Yaroslaff,  Russia,  situateil  on  I  lie  Mologa, 

iienr  its  junction  with  the  Volga,  17")  miles  nortli 

of  .Moscow.     Population  (1893),  7,930. 

Mologa.     A  tributary  of  the  Volga.     Length, 

iiliout  300  miles. 
Molokai  (iu6-16-ki').  Ono  of  the  Hawaiian  Isl- 
ands, Paeilie  Ocean,  sitiuited  .southeast  of  ( )ahu 
and  northwest  of  Maui.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Length,  3.")  miles.  Are:i.  201  siiiiare 
miles.  I'opiihttion,  with  Laiini  (1911(1),  •_',504. 
MoloSSianSvmo-losh'iiinz).  [(ir.  .M«/oco«/.]  An 


697 

ancient  tribe  or  race  of  Epirus,  in  northern 
Greece.  They  occupie<l  at  tlrst  a  district  in  the  center, 
but  ultimately  their  kings  ruled  over  all  Epirus.  Their 
breed  of  shepherd-dogs  was  famous. 

Molossus(m6-los'us).  [(jr. -Mo/offodf.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  Son  of  Neoptolemus  and  Andro- 
mache. 

Moltke  (molt'ke),  Cotrnt  Hellmuth  Karl  Bern- 
hard  von.  Born  at  Parchim,  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Oct.  26,  1800:  died  at  Berlin.  April 
24,  1891.  A  celebrated  Prussian  field-marshal. 
He  was  the  son  of  Fritz  von  Moltke.  an  oltlcer  first  in  the 
Prussian  and  afterward  in  the  Danish  service.  He  gradu- 
ated at  tlie  militjiry  acaiiemy  at  Copenhagen  in  1818;  re- 
ceived a  commission  in  the  Danish  army  in  181!l;  enteied 
the  Prussian  ariuy  in  1822;  completed  liis  studies  at  the 
military  academy  at  Bei-lin  182;}- 26;  was  assigned  to  duty 
on  the  general  staff  in  18;J2;  and  assisted  the  sultan  Mah- 
mud  II.  in  the  ieorganiz:ition  of  the  Turkish  army  on  the 
Prussian  model  during  a  leave  of  absence  1835-;J9.  He  was 
appointed  chief  of  the  general  slatf  in  1858,  and,  in  con- 
formity witli  the  determination  of  William  I.  to  raise 
I'russia  to  the  rank  of  a  great  military  power,  immediately 
began  a  reorganization  of  the  army  on  an  enlarged  plan, 
which,  with  the  parliamentai-y  sujiport  of  Count  von  Bis- 
marck, the  head  of  the  cabinet,  and  of  (General  von  Roon.  the 
secretai'y  of  wiu",  Wiis  completed  in  1863.  He  was  the  chief 
strategist  in  the  war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  lien- 
mark  in  1864,  in  the  Austro-l*russian  war  in  1866,  and  in 
the  Franco-German  war  1870-71.  He  waa  promoted  gen- 
eral of  infantry  in  1.S66;  was  created  a  count  in  1870  ;  wan 
made  tlehi-marshal  in  1871,  and  a  life  member  of  the  Prus- 
sian I'pper  House  in  1n72.  He  resigned  his  post  as  cliief 
of  statt  in  18SS.  Among  his  works  are  "Briefe  uber  Zu- 
stjinde,  etc.,  ni  der  Turkei  l-,:i5-39"  (1841),  "Der  russisch- 
tiirkische  Feldzug  182.S-29"  (184.'>),  und  "Geschichte  des 
deutsch-franzosisehen  Krieges  von  1870-71 "  (1891).  The 
appendix  to  the  Last  contains  a  fuller  version  of  tlie  article 
on  the  battle  of  Koniggmtz  and  the  war  of  1866  which  ajj- 
peared  in  1881.  His  '  Biiefe  '  (18!)2)  cover  a  peiiod  of  65 
ye:U"8,  including,  besides  those  from  Turkey,  letters  from 
Home  184.^-46.  and  Paris  and  liussia  I8.18-6L  His  collected 
works,  including  numerous  letters,  essays,  speeches,  auto- 
hiou'raphical  notes,  and  a  novel,  appeared  1891-93.  His 
military  works  were  published  separately  1892-93. 

Moluas  (mo-lo'as).     See  Luba. 

Molucca  (mo-lu'k'S)  Passage.  A  sea  passage 
lying  between  Gilolo  on  the  east  and  the  riorth- 
■rn  jiart  of  Celebes  on  the  west. 

Moluccas  (mo-luk'iiz),  or  Spice  Islands.    A 

collection  of  islands  belonging  to  the  Dutch, 
situated  in  the  Malay  Ai-chipelago  east  of  Cel- 
ebes and  west  of  Papua.  The  chief  islands  are 
Gilolo,  Ternate,  Amboyna,  Ceram.  Buiu,  and  the  Banda 
Islands.  The  surface  is  generally  raountaiimus,  Tlie 
group  is  noted  for  the  production  of  cloves  and  nutmegs. 
The  inhabitants  are  genei-ally  Alfurcs,  Malays,  and  Papu- 
ans. The  islands  were  discovered  and  taken  possession  of 
by  the  Portuguese  about  1512,  but  have  been  under  Dutch 
suzerainty  since  the  beginning  of  the  17th  centuiy.  Area, 
about  20,000  square  miles.  Population,  375,000. 
Molwitz.     See  Molliiit-. 

Molyneux  (mol'i-noks),  William.     Bom  at 

Dublin,  April  17,  lliJO:  died  there,  Oct.  11, 
1698.  An  Irish  philosojiher.  He  entered  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  1671,  and  the  Middle  Temple  in  l(>7ri. 
He  devoted  himself  especially  to  pliilosoiihy  and  mathe- 
matics. His  version  of  Desem-tes's  "Meditations"  was 
published  in  1680.  In  1686  he  published  his  "  Sciotlicri- 
cuiu  Telescopuin,"and  the  "Dioptrica  Ntiva  "in  1692.  lie 
enjoyed  the  intimate  friendship  uf  .John  Locke.  His  best- 
known  work,"  The  Case  of  Ireland's  being  Bound  by  Acta 
of  Parliament  in  England  Stated,"  was  published  in  lilOS. 

Mombasa  (mom-bii'sii),  or  Mombaz   (mom- 

biis').  A  seaport  in  British  Kast  Africa,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  4°  4'  S.,  long.  39°  43'  E. :  the  capital 
of  the  British  East  Africa  Protei'torate.  it  was 
taken  by  the  I'ortngmse  in  1605,  and  toward  the  close  of 
the  century  they  bnill  a  fort  there.  Tiny  were  e\pelled 
in  1698.  Mombasa  was  acquired  byZanzi'liar  in  1834,  and 
ill  1890  passeil  to  the  British  East  Africa  Company.  It  is 
the  terniiniiB  of  a  railway  to  the  interior,  and  a  naval 
coaling-.station.     Population,  about  2o,i:00. 

Mombuttu  I  niom-bot'to).  An  import  ant  tribe  of 
riiilr;il  .\frii-n,  densely  settled  in  a  fertile  li-act 
on  the  river  Welle  l)etween  the  Nyam-Nyamaiid 
the  .\l:iliode.  Tlie  Mombuttu  are  not  so  black  as  the 
N  yam- Nyam.and  have  long  noses,  which  give  them  aSemitic 
expression.  They  paint  tlioir  boilies,  wear  liark  cloth,  use 
iron  and  copper  as  currency,  are  in  a  higher  state  of  culture 
than  other  negroes,  and  yet  they  are  the  worst  cannibals 
of  Ilie  Hark  c.inlinenl.     Nuinber  olimaled  at  1,000,000. 

Mommsen(inom'zen),Theodor.  Born  at  Guid- 
ing, Schleswig,  Nov.  .'50,  1817.  A  celebrated 
German  historian.  He  studied  philology  and  juris- 
prudence at  Kiel.  From  1844  to  ls47  he  traveled  in 
Fi-ance  and  Italy,  engaged  in  arehicologlcal  studies.  In 
1848  he  was  inaile  professor  of  law  at  Leipsle,  a  position 
which  he  was  obliged  to  reiiouneo  In  1850  in  conseqm-nco 
of  his  jiarticipation  in  the  political  movenienls  of  1S4S- 
1840.  In  1852  he  became  professor  of  Roman  law  at  Zurich. 
In  1854  he  accepted  a  similar  profes.sorship  at  Ilreslau.  and 
in  1857  was  made  jirofessor  of  ancient  history  at  the  rni- 
versity  of  Berlin.  Ills  principal  work  is  his  "  KomlHche 
Geschichte"  ("  Roman  llistory,"  1854-56).  Other  works 
lU'O  "Die  roniischc  Chronologie  bis  auf  Casar  "  ("  Roman 
Chl-onology  down  to  Civsar."  1868),  "Geschichte  des  l-o- 
niischen  Mlinzwcseiis"  ("History  of  Roman  Coinage," 
I860),  "  Ronilsche  Foi-schuiigen "  ("Roman  Investiga- 
tions," 1864-79),  "  Romisehes  Slanlsrecht  '  (1871-76),  and 
numerous  minor  articles  and  nionograjihs  on  arcliieo- 
logh-al  snbjectsand  Koniaii  law.  As  secretary,  after  I87;[, 
of  the  Berlin  A^sideniy.  he  was  the  eilltor  of  the  great 
**CurpUH  inscriplionuni   latlnarum"  published   by    that 


Moncey 

body.  He  has  taken,  at  various  times,  an  active  part  in 
politics,  and  has  been  a  member  of  the  Prussiau  House  ot 
delegates,  wlieie  his  iioUtical  views  were  those  of -the 
National  liberal  party. 

Mompos  (mom-pos'),  orMompOX  (mom-poH'). 
A  town  in  Colombia,  department  of  Bolivar, 
situated  on  the  Magdalena  about  lat.  9°  15'  N. 
I'optUation  (1886),  about  10,000. 

Momus(mo'mus).  [('jr.  Mu/ior.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  god  personifying  censme  and  mock- 
ery :  according  to  Hesiod,  the  son  of  Night. 

Mona  (mo'nii).  The  Latin  name  of  Anglesea: 
used  also  for  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Monaco  (mon'a-ko).  1.  A  principality  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  and  inclosed  by  the 
department  of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France.  It  pro- 
duces fruits,  olive-oil,  perfumes,  liqueurs,  etc.  The  gov- 
ernment is  an  absolute  monaichy.  It  has  been  successively 
under  Spanish.  Sardinian,  and  French  proteetion,  and  was 
united  to  France  1793-1814.  Area,  8  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  13,374. 

2.  The  capital  of  Monaco,  situated  on  a  prom- 
ontory projecting  into  the  Mediterranean  9 
miles  east-northeast  of  Nice  :  the  ancient  Her- 
cidis  Monoeci  Portus.  Near  it  is  the  gambling 
resort  Monte  Carlo.     Population  (1890(1,3.292. 

Monadnock  (mo-nad'nok),  or  Grand  Monad- 
nock.  -Vn  isolated  mountain  in  Cheshire 
County,  southwestern  New  Hampshire,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Concord.     Height,  3,180  feet. 

Monagas(m6-nii'giis),  Jos6  Gregorio.  Born  at 
Mfttiirin,  1795:  died  at  Maracaibo,  18.58.  A 
Venezuelan  soldier  and  politician,  brother  of 
Jos6  Tadeo  Monagas.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  pres- 
idential candidate  in  1846,  and  was  elected  for  the  term 
1851-55 ;  during  this  period  slavery  was  abolished  (.March, 
1854).  After  his  brother's  downfall  he  was  arrested,  and 
died  in  captivity. 

Monagas,  Jos6  Tadeo.  Bom  near  Maturin, 
Oct.  28.  1784:  died  at  El  Valle,  near  La  Guaira, 
Nov.  18,  1868.  A  Venezuelan  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  under  Bolivar  1813-21 ;  headed  an 
unsuccessful  rebellion  1835 ;  was  elected  president  for  the 
term  1847-51 ;  and  in  1848  assumed  dictatorial  powers,  im- 
prisoning Paezwho  had  declared  against  him.  Succeeded 
by  his  brother  in  1851,  he  took  conimand  of  the  army,  and 
was  reelected  president  (1855),  but  was  deposeil  in  1858 
and  banished.  In  March.  1868,  he  declared  against  Fal- 
con, drove  him  from  the  country,  and  was  elected  presi- 
dent by  Congress,  but  died  before  he  could  assume  uHice. 

Monaghan  (mon'a-ehan).  1.  A  county  in  Ul- 
ster, Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Tyrone  on  the  north, 
Al'niagh  on  the  east,  Louth  on  the  southeast,  Mealh  on  the 
south,  and  Cavan  and  Fermanagh  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  Area,  f,00  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
86,206. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Monaghan,  48 
miles  west-southwest  of  Belfast.  Population 
(1891),  2.838. 
Monaldeschi  (mo-niil-des'ke),  Marchese  Gio- 
vanni. Died  at  Fontainetileau.  France,  Nov. 
10,  l(i'i7.  An  Italian,  favorite  of  t^lueen  Chris- 
lino  of  Sweden,  murdered  by  her  orders. 

Mona  (Madonna)  Lisa.    Afamous  portrait  by 

Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris,  it  rep- 
resents "La  Gioconda."  the  wife  of  the  Florentine  Fr.  del 
Giocontlo.  The  painter  worked  at  it  for  4  years,  and  then 
prnclainied  it  nntlnislied. 
Monarcho  (mo-niir'ko).  A  half-witted  Italian 
wlio  lived  in  London  in  the  Kith  century.  He 
jirofessed  to  be  the  king  of  all  the  world.  Armado,  inShak- 
^pel'e's  "Love's  Labour  "s  Lost."  is  supposed  to  be  intended 
l.ir  liim,  ami  iinleed  is  once  called  by  Ills  name. 

Monastery,  The.  A  mivel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott., 
imlilished  ill  1820.  Tito  scene  is  laid  in  Scotland 
in  tlie  lOtli  century.  "  The  Abbott'  is  a  sequel 
or  continuation  of  it. 

Monastir  (mo-niis-ter').  A  vilayet  in  European 
'riirkey.  Area,  7,643  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 1)64,379. 

Monastir,  or  Bitolia  (be-to'li-il),  or  Toli-Mo- 

nastir(to'le-nio-iiiis-tor').  Atowniutho  vilayet 
of  Monastir,  European  Turkey,  .situated  in  lat. 
41°  1'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  It  is  an  important 
strategic  and  commercial  point.  Population, 
4.'),  000. 
Monastir,  or  Mistir  (mes-ter').  A  seaport  in 
Tunis,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Ilniniiiumet 
in  lat.  3."i°  W,'  N.,  long.  10° 51'  E.  Population, 
;il«illt  8,0110. 

Monboddo,  Lord.    See  Burnett,  James. 
MonbuttU.     See  Mombuttu. 

Moncada  (moH-kii'-fnii).  Francisco  de.    Born 

at  Valencia,  Spain,  Dec.  29,1.')86:  killed  at  Goch, 
I'russia,  1()3.').  A  Spanish  historian  and  gen- 
eral, lie  wrote  a  "History  of  I  he  F.xpedltion  of  theCata- 
talis  and  Ariigoncse  against  (he  Turks  and  ti'reek8"(162:t). 
Moncalieri  (mon-kii-le-il're).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situaled  on  the  Po  S 
miles  south  of  Turin.  Population  (1881),  com- 
mune. 1 1,379. 

Moncey  (moii-sa'),  Bon  Adrien  Jeannot  de, 

Hue  do  Conegliauo.     Born  .luly  31,  I7.'i4  ;  died 


•     Moncey  698 

April   20,  1842.      A  French   marshal,   distin-  Monferrato.     See  ilmitferrat. 

gnished  in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns  in  Italy  Monge  (mohzh),  Gaspard.     Born  at  Beaune 

and  Spain.  '      "  "       ---- - 

Moncll  (meneh),  orWeiss-Monch  (vis'mench). 
[G.,_^the  monk,'  or  'white  monk.']     A  peak  of 


the  Bernese  Alps,  situated  on  the  border  of  the 
cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais,  Switzerland.  38 
miles  southeast  of  Bern.  It  was  ascended  tiist 
in  1857.     Height,  13,465  feet. 

Monck.     See  Monk. 

Monckton  (mungk'ton),  Robert.  Born  June 
L'4,  172(3 :  died  May  3,  1782.  An  English  gen- 
eral, the  second  son  of  John  Monckton,  Vis- 
count Galway.  He  served  in  Germany  in  1743,  and  in 
Flanders  in  1745;  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Ponte- 
fract  in  1751 ;  in  1752  was  sent  to  Xova  Scotia  ;  and  in  1755 
assisted  in  carrying  out  Bniddock's  scheme  of  driving  the 
French  army  out  of  Xova  Scotia.  On  il;irch  11,  1759,  he 
was  appointed  second  in  command  in  Wolfe's  espedition 
against  Quebec,  and  was  wounded  in  the  assault  of  Sept. 
13.  In  Feb.,  1761,  he  was  made  major-general,  and  in 
5Iarch  governor  of  New  York  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  province.  In  the  same  year  he  engaged  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  Martinique.  On  June  2S,  1763,  he'returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  appointed  lieutenant-general  April  30, 1770, 


i'runce,  May  10,  1746 :  died  at  Paris,  July  18, 
1818.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician, 
founder  of  the  science  of  descriptive  geometry. 
HeH;»s  minister  of  marine  1792-93  ;  and  the  chief  founder 
of  the  Polytechnic  School  in  Paris.  His  best-known  work 
is  '■  Geometrie  descriptive"  (1799). 

Monghjnr,  or  Monghir  (mon-ger'),  or  Mungir 

(muu-ger'),  or  Mongarh(mon-gar').  1.  A  dis- 
trictin  Bengal,  Britishlndia,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long.  86°  E.  Area,  3.921  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  2,036,021.-2.  The  capital  of 


Monomotapa 

S'""."?' P'«'''™<'nt  by  Lambert  Oct.  13, 165D,  secured  the 
Scottish  fortresses,  advanced  into  England,  scattered  Lam 
bert  s  army,  and  entered  London  Feb.  3, 1660.  On  Feb  la 
he  ordered  the  guards  to  a<lmit  the  "secluded"  or  Eoyaiist 
members  to  P;u'liament,  and  a  new  council  was  elected  with 
ilonk  at  Its  head.  A  new  parliament  met  April  25  ie«a 
and  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  was  voted  May  l'  1600 
Monk  met  Charles  H.  at  Dover  May  25.  On  .July  7  he 
was  created  eail  of  Torrington  and  duke  of  Albemarle 
He  served  in  the  Dutch  war  as  admiial  April,  1066,  and  a«'- 
sisted  ill  restoring  order  at  the  great  Are  of  London  (11)66). 
and  m  defending  the  Thames  against  the  invading  butch 
fleet  (16t;7). 

Monk,  Ambrosio,  or  the.    A  romance  by  M 

G.  Lewis,  published  in  1795.    - 


formerly  i 

fortress.  Population  "(1891),  57,077. 
Mongolia(mon-go'li-a).Adependency  of  China, 
lying  in  general  between  Siberia  on  "the  north, 
Manchuria  on  the  east,  China  on  the  south,  and 
East  Turkestan  and  Sungaria  on  the  west :  some- 
times made  to  include  parts  of  Sungaria  and 
Kokonor.  The  surface  is  a  plateau.  It  contains  the 
desert  of  Gobi.  Are.i,  l,2sS,000  squ-are  miles.  Population, 
-  _  .  about  2,000,000. 

Moncontour  (mdn-kon-tor').  A  small  town  in  Mongolian  race.  The  second  in  Blumenbach's 
the  department  of  Vienna,  France,  situated  on  classification  of  the  races  of  mankind.  The  chief 
the  Dive  28  miles  northwest  of  Poitiers.  Here,  characteristics  are  a  brachycephalic  skull,  broad  cheek- 
Oct.  3, 156'1,  the  French  Catholics  under  the  Due  d'Anjoa  bones,  low  retreating  forehead,  short  and  broad  nose,  and 
defeated  the  Huguenots  under  Coligny.  yellowish  complexion.    It  included  the  Chinese,  Turks, 

Moncriefl   (mon-kref),    James.      Bom   1744:     'fatars,  Indo-Chinese,  Lapps,  Eskmios,  etc. 
died  at  Dunkirk,  Sept.  7. 1793.     A  British  mill-  Mongols  (mong'golz).      [Said  to  be  ultimately 
tary  engineer.   Heserved  in  the  West  Indies  and  North    from  H(o«_(/,  brave.]    An  .isiatie  race  now  chiefly 


the  district  of  Mongh-ST,'  situated  oTthT&anges     of'thiJ  book  he"w'i^*"alled' "  Monk'"  l^Z  ""^  P°P'^'"'')' 
in  lat.  25°  22'  N.,  long.  86°  29'  E. :  formerly  a  Monkey  Indians, 


America  for  many  years.  In  Sept.,  1777,  he  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine,  and  in  1779  distinguished 
himself  with  General  Prevost  in  Carolina,  and  was  chief 
engineer  at  the  investment  of  Ch.ai-leston  in  1780.  On 
the  declaration  of  war  with  France  in  1793,  he  was  ap- 
pointed quartermaster-general  to  the  army  in  Holland, 
and  acted  as  chief  engineer  for  the  British  at  Valenciennes, 
July,  1793.    He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Dunkirk. 

Moncrieff,  WilUam  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Aug  24,  1794:  died  in  the  Charter- 
house. Dec.  3,  1857.  An  English  dramatist. 
In  1804  he  became  a  clerk  in  a  solicitor's  office.  As 
manager  of  the  Regency  (later  I'rince  of  Wales)  Thea- 
tre, he  wrote  "Moscow,  or  the  Cossack's  Daughter  " 
in  1810;  and  for  the  Olj-mpic  "All  at  Coventry"  (Oct.  20, 
1815),  and  '■  Rochester,  etc.,"  a  musical  comedy  (Nov  ' ' 


resident  in  Mongolia,  a  vast  region  north  of 
China  proper  and  south  of  Siberia,  forming  a 
possession  of  China.  Mongols  are  also  found  elsewhere 
in  the  Chinese  empire  and  in  Siberia,  etc.  The  Mongols 
in  the  13th  century  conquered  a  large  part  of  Asia  and 
overran  eastern  Europe.  See  Moguls. 
Mongols,  Empire  of  the.  A  medieval  Asiatic 
empire.  Itwasfounded  by  JenghizKhan(died  1227);  ex- 
tended over  China,  large  portions  of  central  and  western 
Asia  and  of  Russi: 
Wahlstal 
125S.    A 

(about  1259)  to  13;  8.  The  empire  divided  into  various  parts, 
(compare  Kiptchak)  at  the  close  of  the  13th  century,  but 
was  tempor.ully  revived  under  Timur  the  Tatar  about 
1400.  His  descenilant  Baber  founded  the  empire  of  the 
Moguls  (which  see). 


.-,  , 16, 

1818).      He  joined  Ellistou   at  Drury  Lane,   and  wrote     — 

"Wanted,aWife"(May,1819),"MonsieurTonson"(Sept.,  MoTi'h pfran       Sep  ^^nhr■n^l> 

1.S21),  and  the  "Spectre  Bridegroom  "(July  2. 1S21).    "IYpuI  i*i°°?^San.  J>ee  Jlolictjaii.  _ 

and  Jerry,  or  Life  in  London  "was  produced  at  the  Adelphi  ■'"Onier- Williams,  birMonier.     See  William.S.  it.    t.    , 

Nov.  26, 1821,  and  ran  continuously  for  two  seasons;  "The  MonikinS,  The.     A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  Monmouth,  Duke  01  (JameS  FitZTOy).     Born 


„ See  Tii.f(ii/(i». 

Monk's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "  Canter- 
bury Tales."  It  is  unfinished,  being  stopped  by  the 
knight.  It  contains  the  story  of  Ugolino  from  Dante,  and 
follows  Boccaccio's  "De  casibus  illustrium  virorum"  in  a 
general  way. 

Monkwearmouth  (mungk-wer'muth).  A  sub- 
urb of  Sunderland,  England,  situated  north  of 
the  Wear. 

Monmouth  (mon'muth).  1.  A  county  of  west- 
ern England.  It  is  bounded  by  Brecknock  on  the  north- 
west, Hereford  on  the  northe;ist,  Gloucester  on  the  east 
the  estuaiy  of  the  Severn  and  Bristol  Channel  on  the  south| 
and  Glamorgan  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly,  except 
in  the  south.  The  county  has  important  iron-works.  It 
was  included  in  Wales  till,  in  1635,  it  was  made  an  Englisb 
county.  Welsh  is  very  generally  spoken,  and  the  counts  ^ 
has  more  affinities  with  Wales  than  with  England. 
634  square  mUes.  Population  (1891),  262,416. 
2.  The  capital  of  Monmouthshire,  situated  at! 
the  junction  of  the  Monnow  and  Wve,  25  miles 
north  of  Bristol.     Population  (1891 "),  5.470. 

Monmouth.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Warren 
County,  western  Dlinois,  94  miles  northwest  of 
Springfield.  It  is  the  seat  of  Monmouth  Col- 
lege ( United  Presbyterian).  Population  (1900), 
7,460. 

A  %-ict.ory  gained  June 
ourt  House,  Freehold, 
Jersey,  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  Washington  over  the  British  under 
Clinton.  The  Americans  under  Charles  Lee  were  at  flrrt 
repulsed.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  about  230;  that 
of  the  British,  over  400,  besides  many  deserters.  A  consid- 
erable number  of  men  on  both  sides  succumbed  to  the  in- 
tense heat. 


Cataract  of  the  Ganges"  at  Drury  Lane  in  1823 :  it  intro-     in  1S35 

duced  a  real  waterfaU,  which  was  then  an  innovation.  For  TVrrmiTTip  rmo-iiem')     Tlienrinr-iTinl  fprnnlo  r^boi- 
Charles  Mathews  the  elder  he  wrote  the  "Bashful  Man  "  ■"■'•OIll™^  (mo-nem  ;.  _  1  ne  prmcipal  temale  ehai 


(1826);  for  the  Surrey  Theatre,  "Old  Heads  and  Voung 
Shoulders  "  (1828);  and  for  W.  J.  Hammond  of  the  Strand, 
"  Sam  Weller  "(.Inly,  1837).  In  1S43  he  became  blind,  and 
was  admitted  as  a  brother  at  the  Charterhouse  in  1844.  He 
wrote  more  than  170  pLiys  in  all,  besides  other  works. 

Moncton  (mungk'ton).  A  river  port  in  West- 
moreland County,  New  Branswick,  Canada,  sit- 
uated on  the  Petitcodiac  82  miles  northeast  of 
St.  John.     Population  (1901),  9,026. 

Monday  (mun'da).  [Lit.  'moon's  day.'  The 
day  was  so  called  from  its  name  in  L.,  dies 
hiiu-e.']     The  second  dav  of  the  week.  tut^^h-^ /    -     -  ^-  ,^      rru      <.:  •  i  • 

Mondonedo  (mon-don-va'THo).  A  town  in  the  Moniteur  (mo-ne-ter  )  -The  official  journal 
province  of  LU..O  northwestern  Soain  Similes  tlieFrenchgovemmentl/99-1868.  Itflrstappea 
n A^tl,  riLf bloit  A?  T  D        1?"!™'  ''^™oi.';^     ■"  1"89  undcf  the  name  "Gazette  Nationale," and  from  1799 

north-northeast  of  Lugo.     Population  (1887),     was  known  as  the  "  Moniteur  UniverseL 


actcr  in  Racine's  "  Mithridate." 

Monimia  (mo-nim'i-il).  The  chief  female  char- 
acter in  Otway's  play  ""The  Orphan":  an  orphan 
left  in  charge  of  oltl  Acasto,  and  loved  by  both 
his  sons,  Castalio  and  Polydore.  Though  married 
to  the  former,  she  became  the  innocent  victim  <tf  the  latter, 
and  herwoes  have  made  the  character  proverbial  as  a  type 
of  suffering  innocence. 


Over  the  character  of  Monimia  probably  more  tears  have 
been  shed  than  over  that  of  any  stage  heroine. 


at  Rotterdam,  April  9,  1649:  executed  at  Lon 
don,  July  1.5,  1685.  A  (reputed)  illegitimate 
son  of  Charles  II.  of  England  and  Lucy  Wal- 
ters. He  was  created  duke  of  Monmouth  in  1663,  and 
treated  as  a  prince ;  was  made  captain-general  of  the  army 
in  1670;  and  came  to  be  known  as  "  the  Protestant  duke." 
He  commanded  the  English  forces  sent  to  assist  the  French 
in  the  Dutch  war,  and  afterward  the  army  sent  against  the 
Scottish  Covenanters  (1675-79).  In  1679  he  went  into  exile. 
He  associated  later  with  the  Whig  leadei-s ;  escaped  to 
Holland  in  1684;  landed  at  Lyme  Regis  June  11,  1685; 
headed  an  unsuccessful  insurrection  against  James  II. ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Sedgemoor,  July  6, 1685,  and  captnred 
two  days  after  the  battl 


Cosse,  History  of  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  55.   MonmOUth,  Geoffrey  of.     See  Geoffrey  ofMoH- 


al  of     ""'""'• 
appeared  Moimica,  or  Mouica  (mon'i-kiS),  Saint.     Bom 


Mondovi  (mon-do-ve').  Atownin  thepro-vinee 
of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  on  the  EUero  48  miles 
south  of  Turin,  it  has  a  cathedral.  Here,  April  22, 
1796,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Sardinian  general  Colli. 

Mondsee  (mont-za').  A  lake  in  Upper  Austria, 
15  miles  cast  of  Salzburg.  The  Schafberg  rises 
from  it.     Length.  7  miles. 

Mone  (mo'ne),  Franz  Joseph.  Bom  at  Min- 
golsheim,  Baden.  Mav  12,  1796:  died  at  Karls- 
mhe,  Baden,  March  12,  1871.  A  German  his- 
torian, antiquary,  and  philologist. 

Monembasia  (mo-nem-ba-se'ii),  or  Malvasia 
(miil-vii-se'a).  Asmall  town  on  the  coast  of  La- 
conia,  Greece,  46  miles  southeast  of  Sparta,  it 
was  an  lmport,ant  medieval  fortress,  and  was  fonuerly 
noted  for  its  export  of  wine. 

Monemujl  (mo-ne-mo'zhe).  At  the  time  of  the 
Portuijuese  discoveries  in  Africa,  a  great  na- 
tive kingdom  between  Lake  Tanganyika  and 
the  east  coast:  probably  the  modem  Unyam- 
wezi,     See  Nyamwe:i. 

Monet  (mo-ua'),  Claude.  Born  at  Paris.  A  con- 
temporary French  landscape-painter,  belonoing 
to  the  group  known  as  Impression  ists.  Among  his 
works  are  "The  Seine  at  Giverny,"  ■•Bordighera  "  "Cape 
Martin,"  "The  Orchard,"  "Ixiw  Tide  at  PounUle  "  'A 
■«  heat  Field,"  "  Snowat  Port  Villers,"  "WillowTreesV'etc. 

Money  AeomedvbvBulwer  Lrtton,  first  pro- 
•luced  on  Dec.  8. 1849. 

Moneytrap  (mun'i-trap).  In  Vanbrugh's  plav 
"The  Confederacy."  a  threadbare,  mstv.  rich 
money-sorivener.  This  was  one  of  Doggett's 
l)est  characters. 


Monitor  (mon'i-tor). 


about  332:  tiled  at  Ostia,  Italy,  38 
ther  of  St.  Augustine. 
An  non-clad  steam  bat- Monnier    (mo-nya'),   Henri   Bonaventure. 


terjs  consisting  of  an  iron  hull  covered  by  a  pro-    Born  at  Paris.  June  6,  1799 :  died  at  Paiis  'jan' 
jectingdeek,  and  surmounted  by  a  revolving  tur-    3, 1877.     A  French  caricaturist  and  author.    He 
ret  protecting  the  guns,  designed  by  John  Erics-     wrote  "Sc^^nes  populaires  "  (1S30),  "M^moircs  de  3L  Jo- 
son.    Her  commander  w.as  Lieutenant  J,  L.  Worden,  and     seph  Prudhomme  "  (1857),  etc. 
her  >?-«cutive  officer  Lieutenant  S.  D.  Greene.     She  was  Monnier,  MarC.     Born  at  Florence,  1829:  died  ' 

launched  at  Greenpoint,  New  lork,  Jan.  30,  1862,  and  ar-     at  licnp-r',     AniHlT^TJM        \  V^a,,^\, *     _J 

rivedat  FortMonroe  in  theeveningof  March  8,1862.    On  ^tneva,  Apnl  IS,  lS>h.x     A  t  rench  poet  and 

Maich  9  occurred  the  battle  between  the  Monitor  and  the     P^'ose-wnter.     Mis  works  include  poems,  liter- 
Merrimac  (see  Merrimae),  which  resulted  in  a  draw  that     ary  criticisms,  volumes  on  Italy,  etc. 
was  equivalent  to  a  victory  for  the  Monitor.  Sheafterward  Monnpaev  f  ino-nnU-'q  si)       A  omoll  tT;v,.,to»,  «» 
joined  the  unsuccessful  expedition  commanded  by  Captain  -^-Onocacy  (mo  noK  .i-si;.     A  small  tributary  Of 
JohnRodgersagainstFortDarling,nearRichmond,andw.as     ,,  '  f^otomae.    N"e,ir  it,  in 


sunk  off  Cape  Hatteras  on  her  way  to  Beaufort.  South  Caro- 
lina, Dec.  '29, 1862.  SLxty  vessels  were  built  or  projected  on 
her  plan  during  the  war.  The  modern  improved  battle- 
ship is  a  combination  of  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac  tv-pes. 
Her  dimensions  were :  length  of  hull,  124  feet ;  beam  of  hull, 
34  feet ;  length  of  deck,  172  feet ;  width  of  deck,  41  feet ; 
draught,  llfeet;  insidediameter  of  turret,  20feet;  height 
of  turret,  9  feet ;  thickness  of  turret  armor,  8  inches ; 
thickness  of  side  armor,  6  inches  ;  thickness  of  deck  armor, 
1  inch;  thickness  of  pilot-house  armor,  9  inches.  Arma- 
ment, 2  11-inch  Dahlgren  guns,  throwing  180-pound  shot. 
Monk,  or  Monck  (mungk),  George,  first  Duke 
of  Albemarle.  Born  at  Potheridge,  Devonshire, 
Dec.  6. 1608 :  died  Jan.  3,  1670  An  English  gen- 
eral. He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Scottish  war 
in  1640,  and  in  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1642.  In  the  civil  war 
he  entered  the  king's  service,  was  captured  at  Nantwich, 
and  was  committed  to  the  Tower  for  two  years.  In  Itur.  he 
was  released,  and  1647-49  served  Parliament  in  Ireland. 
In  1651  he  wasleft  in  Scotland  by  Cromwell  asconimander- 
inchief.  He  was  associated  with  Blake  and  Deane  in  com- 
mand of  thefleet  in  the  Dutch  war  in  1653.  In  1654  he  sup- 
pressed the  Royalist  insurrection  in  Scotland,  and  was  made 
governor  of  that  country.  He  was  faithful  to  both  the 
I'romwells.  After  the  death  of  Richard  Cromwell,  he  took 
the  part  of  Parliament  and  the  army,  and  on  the  expul- 


,  in  the  vicinity  of  Frederick  in 
JIarj'land,  on  July  9,  1864,  the  Confederates  (20.0<M))  un- 
der Early  defeated  the  Federals  (6,o.-,o)  under  Lew  Wallace. 

Monoceros  (mo-nos'e-ros) .  [Gr,  ilovoKcpu^.  from 
ftoivc,  single,  and  Ktpac,  a  horn.]  A  constella- 
tion, the  Unicom,  south  of  the  Twins  and  the 
Crab,  and  between  the  two  Dogs,  introduced 
by  Jacob  Bartsch  in  1624. 

Mbnod  (mo-uo'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, Jan.  21, 1802:  died  at  Paris,  April  6, 18.56 
A  French  Protestant  clergyman,  noted  as  a  pul- 
pit orator. 

Monod,  Frederic  Joel  Jean  Gerard.  Born  at 
Monnaz,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  Mav  17, 1794:  died 
at  Paris,  1863.  A  French  Protestant  clergy- 
man, f^iunder  of  the  Free  Church  of  France. ' 

Mono  (mo'no)  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  Mono  Coun- 
ty, eastern  CaUfornia.  situated  in  lat.  38° N.  It 
lias  no  outlet.     Length.  14  miles. 

Monomotapa  (mo-no-mo-ta'pa).  An  ancient 
native  African  kingdom  in  the  lower  Zambesi 
basin,  mo.stly  in  the  present  Mashonaland  and 
district  of  Manica:  famous  among  old  Portu- 


Monomotapa 

gaese  "nTiters  for  its  gold-mines.  All  the  attempts 
of  the  Portuguese  to  colonize  it  failed,  and  most  of  the  ac- 
count£  of  it  were  fantastic. 

Monongahela  (mo-uon-ga-he'la).  A  river  in 
West  \  iiiiiuia  aiid'southwestern  Pennsylvania. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  West  Fork  and  Tynart  3 
Valley  Kiver,  and  unites  with  the  Allegheny  at  PittsliurK 
t^form  tiie  Ohio.  In  thebat*le  of  the  .Monongahela  (some, 
times  called  "Eraddoclc's  defeat"),  fought  on  its  hanks 
near  Pittsburg,  July  9,  1755,  the  French  and  Indians  de- 
feated the  Britisli  ami  colonial  forces  under  Braddock. 
Total  length,  about  :HM  miles;  navigable  to  Brownsville, 
Pennsylvania. 

Mono  (ind'no)  Pass.  A  pass  in  the  SieiTa  Ne- 
vada Mountains,  California,  situated  about  lat. 
3S=  N.     Height,  10,765  feet. 

Monopoli  (mo-nop'o-le).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic 23  miles  southeast  of  Bari.  It  has  a  cathe- 
dral and  some  antiquities.  Population  (1881), 
l;j.l54. 

Mon6var  (mo-no'viir).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Alicante,  Spain,  24  miles  west-northwest  of 
.\licante.     Population  (1SS7),  8.79.J. 

Monrad  (mon'riid),  Ditlev  Gothard.  Bom  at 
Copenhagen,  Nov.  li-l,  ISll :  died  March  28, 1887. 
A  l)anisli  statesman  and  bishop. 

Monreale  (mon-ra-ii'le).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Palermo,  Sicily,  Italy,  5  miles  southwest 
of  Palermo.  The  cathedral,  the  finest  l)uilding  of  the 
Sicilian  Js'onnan-Saracenic  style,  was  begun  in  1173.  The 
exterior,  except  the  arcaded  chevet,  is  very  plain;  the 
bronze  north  duoirs,  with  2s  ilomanesque  relief-panels,  and 
the  west  doors,  with  4.'i  Bible  scenes,  are  beautiful.  The 
Inleriorlengthis335feet.  the  greatest  width  i;il;  the  nave 
has  18  Corinthian  columns,  in  part  antittuc,  with  stilted 
pointed  arches ;  the  three  apses  open  on  the  broad  tran- 
sept. The  roof  is  of  wood,  open-framed.  The  lower  parts 
of  the  walls  are  incrustcd  with  marble ;  all  the  rest  is 
covered  with  mosaics  on  gold  ground,  of  the  most  gorgeous 
effect,  consisting  of  Old  and  Saw  Testament  scenes  and 
rich  lU-abesqucc  The  cloister,  one  of  the  most  admirable 
creations  of  the  12tli  century,  is  a  lai-ge  ijnadranglc  :  it  has 
coupled  columns  with  many  of  the  shafts  iidaid  witli  mi»- 
saic,  beautifully  carved  foliage-  and  flgui  c-capitids,  ajid 
stilled  arches.     Population  (ISSII,  14,US1. 

Monro  (mtm-ro'),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  8,  16!)7:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  10, 
1767.  A  British  anatomist  and  surgeon.  His 
chief  work  is  "Osteology"  (1726). 

Monro,or  Monroe  ( miui-ro'),or  Mtmro,  Henry. 
Burn  176S:  hungat  Lisburn,  Ireland.  June,  17;).s. 
A  United  Irishman,  son  of  a  Scotch  Prcsl>\- 
terian  iiiinistersettledat  Lisburn.  Heentered  the 
linen  business  about  1788,  and  in  1795  joined  the  I'liited 
Irishmen.  In  the  rebellion  of  17i>8  he  succeeded  Dickson 
in  command  ;  was  captured  on  June  15;  and  was  hung  at 
Lisburn. 

Monroe  (mun-ro').  A  city,  the  capital  of  Mon- 
roe County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Raisin 
35  miles  south-southwest  of  Detroit.  Popula- 
tion (lUDO),  5,043. 

Monroe,  James.  Born  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  Ajiril  28,  17.58:  died  at  New  York,  July  4, 
1831.  The  tiflh  President  of  the  United  States 
(1817-25).  neservedin  theRevolutionary  War;  entered 
the  Vliginia  assembly  In  1782;  was  a  mcniber  of  Congress 
from  Virginia  178^J-8« :  wasa  member  of  the  Virginia  rati- 
fying convention  in  1788;  was  United  States  senator  from 
Virginia  1790-94 ;  was  United  States  minister  to  France 
1794-98;  was  governor  of  Virginia  1799-1802  ;  was  one  of 
the  negotiators  of  the  Louisiatia  Purchase  in  1803;  was 
United  States  minister  to  Great  liritain  1803-07;  was  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  in  1811 ;  was  secretary  of  state  1811-17.  and 
secretary  of  war  1814-15;  and  was  elected  Presiilent  as 
candidate  of  the  nemocratic-Kepnblican  party  in  18111,  and 
was  reelected  in  1820.  The  period  of  his  administration  is 
known  as  the  "era  of  good  feeling."  Among  its  chief 
events  were  the  acquisition  of  Florida  (lsl9) ;  the  ilissouri 
Compromise  (ls20)  ;  and  the  promulgation  of  the  Monroe 
D<)ctiine(182;i). 

Monroe  Doctrine.  In  American  politics,  the 
doctrine  of  the  non-intervention  of  European 
powers  in  matters  relating  to  the  American  con- 
tinents. Itrecelved  its  name  from  statements  conLilned 
in  President  Monroe's  annual  message  to  fongress  in  Dec, 
1823.  at  the  ]>erlod  of  a  suspected  conceit  of  the  powers 
in  the  Holy  .\lliance  to  interfere  in  Spanish  America  in 
behalf  of  Spain.  The  following  are  the  most  signillrant 
p&ssages  in  the  message ;  *'  We  could  not  view  an  Inter- 
position for  oppressing  them  Ithe  Spanish. American  re- 
publics]  or  cuntrolling  in  any  other  nninner  their  destiny, 
)>y  any  FiUropean  power,  in  any  other  light  than  as  a  mani- 
festation of  an  unfrieiully  disposition  toward  the  Uniteti 
.States.  .  .  .  The  American  continents  should  no  longer  he 
Htitijccts  for  any  new  F.iiropean  colonial  settlement." 

Monrovia(mun-r6'vi-a).  Thecai>italof  Liliiria, 
Africa,  sitinitcd  on  the  coast,  at  the  month  of 
the  Mesnrado,  in  lat.  0°  19'  N.,  long.  10°  40'  W. 
Population  (1891),  estimated,  5,000. 

Mons  (mohs),  Flera.  Bergen  (bcr'oen).  The 
capital  of  the  provint^e  of  Ilainaut,  Belgitim, 
situated  on  the  Trouillo  in  lat.  50°  27'  N.,  lotig. 
3°  50'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  a  large  and  rich  ctMil  region. 
The  cathedral,  in  the  late-Poitited  style,  was  foutiiled  in 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century.  The  ext4Tlor  Is  rich,  the 
Interior  iHiId  ami  graceful,  ami  there  is  stiperb  ItJth.een. 
tury  glass.  The  hotel  de  ville  Is  a  picturewine  late-  I'lilnted 
ballding,  begun  In  14.W.  Thefe  are  several  hattle-tlelds  In 
the  neighborhood.  A  fortress  was  founded  on  the  alto  of  the 


699 

city  byCicsar.  Mons  was  taken  by  Louis  of  Nassau  In  May, 
and  by  the  Spaniards  in  ."^ept.,  1572;  was  taken  by  the 
French  1691,  and  restored  1U97;  was  held  by  the  French 
in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  ;  was  ceded  to  Aus- 
tria in  1714  ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1746  and  in 
1792.     Population  (1893),  2.''),114. 

Mons  Badonicus.    See  Badon. 

Monselice  (mou-sa-le'che).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Padua,  Italy.  14  miles  southwest  of 
Padua.     Population  (1881),  commune,  10,479. 

Mons-en-P6v§le  (mous'oii-pa-val').  or  Mons- 
en-Puelle  (moiis'ou-pU-er).  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France.  13  miles  south  of 
LUle.  Here,  Aug.  18, 1304,  PhUip  IV.  defeated 
the  Flemings. 

Monserrat.     See  iloniserrat. 

Monserrat  (inon-se-riit'),  Joaquin  de.  A  Span- 
ish general,  marquis  of  Cruillas.  and  viceroy  of 
Mexico  from  Jan.  25,  1761,  to  Aug.,  1766.  He 
was  the  first  to  organize  the  militia  of  thecountr.v,  araea- 
sure  which  had  an  important  bearing  on  auhsequent  events. 

Monsieur  (me-sye').  [P., 'my  lord,' 'sir.']  A 
title  11)rmerly  applied  to  the  eldest  brother  of 
the  King  of  France. 

Monsieur,  Peace  of.    See  Peace  of  Monsieur. 

Monsieur,  Theatre  de.  A  theater  existing  in 
Paris,  in  tlie  I'oire  St.-Germain,  in  the  latter 
))art  of  the  18th  century,  it  w.as  founded  by  a  coiffeur 
of  Marie  .\ntoitielte  nami-tl  Leonard  Autre,  and  was  named 
from  ■'Monsieur,"  the  king's  brother,  who  backed  it  ("au 
credit  duqiiel  il  devaitson  privilege  "^  Italiatiopeiaand 
French  comedy  were  played  there,  and  it  had  a  brilliant 
existence  from  1789  to  1791,  when  a  new  house  was  built 
for  it  in  the  Rue  Feydeau  and  it  received  the  name  of 
Theatre  Feydeau. 

Monsieur  de  Pourceaugnac  (me-sy6'  d6  piir- 
son-yiik').  Acomedy  byMolitre,  playedinl6G0: 
"an  ingenious  satire,  pushed  to  the  verge  of 
btirlesque  and  farce,  on  the  country  squires  of 
France"  (l^aiiilsburi/). 

Monsigny  (m6n-sen-yo'),  Pierre  Alexandre. 
Born  near  St.-Omer,  France,  Oct.  17, 1729:  died 
Jan.  14,  1817.  A  French  composer.  His  most 
successful  opera  was  ' '  Felix,  ou  I'enf  ant  trouvd  " 
(1777). 

Mons  Meg  (monz  meg).  An  old  cannon  in  the 
east  h'  at  Edinburgh.  It  was  made  at  Mons  in 
l-'hitulers. 

Monson  (mun'son).  Sir  William.  Born  1569: 
died  at  Kinnersley,  Feb.,  1643.  An  EngUsli 
adtniral.  In  1585  he  ran  away  to  sea,  and  in  1588  was 
made  lieuteiuint  of  the  Charles.  In  1591  he  was  captured 
and  detained  in  the  castle  of  Lisbon.  In  1594  ho  took  his 
M.  A.  degree  at  Oxford.  In  10<r2  ho  was  vice-admiral  of 
the  squadron  under  sir  Itichard  Leveson  ;  in  1*J04  was  ap- 
pointed admiral  of  the  >'arrow  Seas  ;  and  in  1014  was  en- 
gaged in  suppressing  piracy  on  the  coast  of  Ireland.  He 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  Jan.  12, 1015-10,  and  did  not 
serve  again  until  the  Dutch  campaign  of  10.'i5. 

Monstrelet  (moiis-tre-la'),  Enguerrand  de. 
liied  1453.  A  French  chronicler,  author  of  a 
chronicle  of  contemporary  French  history  (ed- 
ited 18.57). 

Monsummano  (mon-som-mii'no).  A  town  in 
the  jirovince  of  Lucca,  Italy,  22  miles  west- 
iiortiiwesl  of  Florence.  Nearit  isawiu-mstalactitic 
grotto  noted  as  a  health-resort.  Population  (ISal),  com- 
mune, 6,931. 

Montal)aur(mon't!i-bour).  A  town  inlheprov- 
itice  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  12  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Cohlenz.    Population  (1S90),  3,377. 

Montacute 'inon'ta-kiit),  or  Montagu  (mon'- 
t;i-gu),  John  de,  tiiinl  Earl  ot  Salisbury.  Bom 
about  1350:  beheaded  at  Cirencester,  .Tan.  7, 
1400.  An  English  soldier,  nephew  of  William 
lie  Montitcute,seci)ti(l  earl  of  Salisbury,  A  promi- 
nent Lollar<l,  he  attended  their  meetings,  and  kept  a  Lol- 
lard chaplain.  In  l.'itt7  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom.  He 
wasa  favorite  adviser  of  Richard  II.  (in  the  landing  i»f 
the  Duke  of  LancasterUIenry  H'.),  he  raiseii  troiqia  in  the 
west  to  oppose  him.  On  the  downfall  id  itichard,  and  the 
accession  of  Henry  IV..  he  w;ia  comiiutted  to  the  Tower. 
He  was  1  eleased,  entered  into  a  conspiracy  against  Henry, 
was  discovered,  and  w:is  murdered  by  a  mob. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  Thomas  de,  fourih 

llnrlol  Salisbury.  liiirn  in  Kiss ;  ilicil  at  Meting. 
France,  Nov.  3,  142S.  An  English  general.  He 
wiu»  summoned  to  Parliament  as  Karl  of  Salisbury  in  Oct.. 
IlllO,  and  restored  to  the  dignity  of  his  father  in  142L  In 
1415  he  served  the  king  In  France,  lighting  at  llartlenrnnd 
Aginconrt,  ami  was  made  lieutenant-general  of  Normandy 
In  April,  1419.  He  continued  to  light  in  France  as  the  most 
famous  and  skilful  English  general  until  the  siege  of  Or- 
It^ans.  Oct.,  1128.  Ho  was  wounded  there,  and  died  at 
&leung. 

Montacute,  "r  Montagu,  William  de,  third 

Haron  .Moiilaculc  and  lirsl  i:nrl  of  Salisbury. 
Born  1301:  died  Jan.  30,  1314.  An  EnglLsh 
soldier,  eldest  son  of  William  <le  Montacute, 
seconil  baron.  In  1327  he  fought  with  Kdwanl  III.  in 
Scotland.  During  the  I'arllament  of  Nottingham  (Oct,, 
l.*i3<l)  lie  arrested  Mortimer  In  the  qiu'cn  mother's  apart- 
ments. On  March  10,  13;i7,  he  was  creatisl  earl  of  .Salis- 
bury, and  was  appointed  marshal  of  England  Sept.  20, 
1338. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  William  de,  second 


Montagu,  Ed'ward 

Earl  of  Salisbury.  Born  June  25,  1328:  died 
June  3,  1397.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  one  of 
the  original  knights  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter  (1860).  In 
1354  he  was  ai>pointed  constable  of  the  kings  army  in 
France,  and  served  until  the  peace  of  1360.  In  1369  he 
served  under  John  of  Oaunt  in  the  north  of  France.  He 
assisted  at  the  coronation  of  Richard  II.  in  1377,  and  in 
1381  went  with  the  king  to  meet  Wat  Tyler's  rebels  at 
Smithlleld. 

Montagnais  (m6n-tan-ya').  [F.,  'mountain- 
eers.'] 1.  Acollective  name  given  by  the  French 
(and  adopted  by  the  Engli.sh)  to  the  group  of 
North  American  Indian  tribes  in  Quebec  prov-  . 
ince,  extending  along  the  north  .shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  from  near  the  city  of  Quebec  to  the 
Strait  of  Belle  Isle,  and  inland  northwest  and 
northeast.  They  are  divided  into  several  tribes,  among 
which  are  the  lierseamite,  Chisedec,  and  Tadousac.  The 
name  Montagnais  is  from  the  elevated  land  on  which  they 
dwelt,  and  they  are  sometimes  confounded  with  the  tribe 
of  the  Slime  name  of  an  Athapascan  stock  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  They  number  about  2,000.  Sec  Atf/ouquiait, 
2.  A  collective  name  given  to  four  tribes  of  the 
northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  oecujiying  the  interior 
of  British  North  America.  These  tribes  are  the 
Thilan  ottine  or  Chippewayan  jiroper.  the  Athapascan 
proper,  the  Ethen  eldeli  or  Caribou  eaters,  anil  the  1  'atsan 
ottine  or  Yellow  Knives.  They  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  other  Montagnais,  who  belong  to  the  Algonquian 
stock,     ^cc  Athtipascaii. 

Montagnana  fmofi-tan-ya'na).    A  town  in  the 

iirovince  of  Padua,  Italy,  24  miles  southwest  of 
^adua.  Population  (1881),  commune,  9,941. 
Montagnards  (mon-tiiu-yiir').  [F.,' mountain- 
eers.'J  A  collective  name  given  to  six  tribes  of 
the  northern  di\ision  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  occupying  the  in- 
terior of  British  North  America.  These  tribes  are 
the  I'sa  ottine  or  Beaver,  .Sarci,  Altatin  or  Thekeiuieh, 
Nehaunee,  Ettcha  ottine  or  ilauvais  Monde,  and  Espato- 
tina.    They  number  about  1.016.    See  Athapateaii. 

Montagnards.    See  Mountain. 

Montagu.     See  Monlitcute. 

Montagu  (mon'ta-gfi).  Basil.  Born  at  London, 
April  21.  1770:  died  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Nov. 
27,  I.Sol.  An  English  legal  and  miscellaneous 
miter,  son  of  John  Montagu,  fourth  earl  of 
Sandwich,  by  his  mistress  Martha  Kay.  Ac. 
knowiedged  by  his  father,  he  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house and  at  Christ's  College,  t'ambiidge,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1790.  He  was  admjtted  to  tiray's  Inn,  and  came  to 
London  in  1795.  He  w-as  intimate  with  Coleridge  and 
Wordsworth.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1798,  and  pub- 
lished in  1801  ''A  Sunnnary  of  the  Ijiw  of  .'■et  t»tl,"  and 
from  1805  to  18<J7  prepared  a  "  Digest  of  the  Bankruptcy 
Laws."  In  1807  lie  was  ai)pointed  a  commissioner  in  bank- 
rtiptcy.  He  also  printed  much  matter  on  the  death-pen. 
ally  and  copyright  laws.  In  1825  he  exposed  the  delay  and 
expense  of  the  existing  bankruptcy  procedure,  and  In  1835 
was  made  accountant-general  in  bankruptcy.  Between 
1826  and  1834  he  edited  the  "  Works  of  Lord  Bacon."  His 
"  lissays  "  were  published  in  1824. 

Montagu,  Charles,  first  Earl  of  Halifax.   Born 

Iirubnblv  ;it  llortoii,  Northamptonshire,  Ajiril 
16,  1661":  died  May  19,  1715.  An  English  states- 
man, linaneier,  and  poet,  grandson  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Miinchester.  He  studied  at  Westminster  ami 
at  Cambridge  ('I'rinity  College).  In  U>811  he  was  returned 
to  the  Convention  P:\rliament  for  Maldon.  In  .March. 
1692,  he  was  appointed  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  indnceil 
I'ai'liatnent  ti>  niisc  a  loan  of  a  millioti  in  atimiities  baseil 
on  new  excise  duties.  This  loan  wasthehegiindng  of  the 
English  national  dehL  Adopting  Patteison's  scheme  for 
a  national  bank,  he  carried  through  a  bill  to  raise  a  loan  of 
i:  1,200,000  based  on  a  toniiiige  bill,  the  subscribers  to  fonn 
a  corpoi-ation  known  as  the  (lovernor  and  Company  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  On  April  30,  1694,  ho  was  made  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer.  With  the  aid  of  Soiners.  Locke, 
Newton,  and  Ilalley  he  reformed  the  currency  in  169.5,  and 
for  the  first  time  Issued  the  exchequer  bills  bv  which  the 
British  goveniment  gets  its  first  credit  from  the  House  I'f 
Commons.  In  UJlMi  he  carried  his  "general  mortgage" 
scheme,  by  which  a  consolidated  fund  was  formed.  In 
1098  he  established  the  society  to  which  a  monopoly  of  the 
Indian  trade  was  given.  On  Dec.  l;i,  1700,  he  was  created 
Baron  Halifax.  He  was  Impeached  in  17ol  and  acquitted, 
btlt  was  not  in  ortleo  during  Aime's  reign.  On  *k*t.  19, 
1714,  he  was  crcattnl  earl  of  ll.-dlfax.  He  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  from  1096  to  lia>8.  He  was  the 
collaborator  of  Prior  in  the  "City  Mouse  and  Connlr>* 
.Mouse"  (1C*17). 

Montagu,  Edward,  second  Earl  of  Mnnclies- 
tcr.  Ji.ini  16(12:  dieilMay  5,  1C71.  An  English 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  Henry  Motilagu,  first 
earl  of  Manchester.  Ue  entered  Cambridge  (Sidney 
Sussex  College)  In  1018,  and  was  elected  miinberof  Parlia- 
ment for  Huntingdon  In  lOil.  In  lli'JO  be  was  created 
Baron  Montagu,  while  holding  the  courtesy  title  of  Vis- 
count Mandevllle.  In  H^O  he  was  one  of  twelve  necnl  to 
putlliiMi  the  king  to  call  the  l..ing  Parliament,  and  was  In 
aixord  with  Pyin,  Ilainp.len,  Fiennes,  and  St.  John.  In 
Jan.,  UI42,  he  was  Imi|i>  iiehed  liy  the  king  for  high  trea- 
son ;  In  Sept.  commanded  a  n  giment  of  fimt  in  Essex's 
anny  ;  and  In  Nov.  became  earl  of  .Manchester.  In  Aug., 
l(H:t,  he  was  made  majorgemral  In  the  easteni  counties. 
At  Marston  MoorO'uly  2, 1IH4)  he  was  gem  nd  Held  oltlcer 
with  CriMnwell  as  commander  of  his  horse.  On  Nov.  '2.5, 
ltM4,  Cromwell  charged  Manchester  before  the  l^ommons 
witli  neglect  and  Incompeteiu'y,  and  on  April  2,  1645.  he 
reslgni^l  Ids  conunission  In  the  army.  On  Jan.  2,  lt"v49,  bo 
optHised  the  onllnance  for  the  king  s  trial  In  the  lioUM 


Mctatagu,  Edward 

of  Lords,  and  retired  from  public  life  before  the  formation 
of  the  Commonwealth.  On  March  15,  1649,  he  was  uiatie 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  assisted 
in  the  restoration  of  Chai-les  II.,  and  in  ItHiO  regained  many 
of  his  offices. 

Montagu,  or  Mountagu,  Edward,  first  Earl  of 
Sandwich  Bom  July  L!7,  W2^i :  killed  in  a  na- 
val action,  May  28,  1G72.  An  EiirHsIi  admiral. 
He  followed  Parliament,  and  in  1643  raised  a  regiment  of 
foot  in  Cambridgeshire ;  fought  at  Naseby  June  14,  and 
at  Bristol  Sept.  10,  1645 ;  but  had  no  share  in  the  king's 
trial  and  execution.  In  1656  he  was  appointed  Blake's 
colleague  in  command  of  the  fleet.  He  supported  Rich- 
ard Cromwell,  and  was  actively  engaged  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.  In  1660  he  was  appointed  general  of  the 
fleet  with  Monli,  and  with  Pepys  (author  of  the  "Diai-y") 
as  his  secretary.  On  M?4y  '23,  1660,  the  king  embarked  on 
his  flagship,  and  on  May  "26  landed  at  Dover.  He  was  cre- 
ated earl  of  .Sandwich  July  12.  In  1661-62  he  was  engaged 
In  Morocco  and  Portugal.  He  was  blown  up  in  his  ship, 
the  Koyal  James,  May  2S.  in  a  battle  with  the  Dutch. 

Montagu,  Edward  Wortley.  Born  in  1713: 
died  in  Italy,  1776.  An  English  author,  son  of 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  :  reputed  author 
of  "  Reflections  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  Ancient 
Rfriublics''(1759). 

Montagu,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Robinson).  Bom 
at  York,  Oct.  2,  1720 :  died  at  Montagu  House, 
Loudon,  Aug.  25,  1800.  An  English  author  and 
social  leader.  On  Aug.  5,  1742,  she  mai-ried  Edward 
Montagu,  grandson  of  the  first  E:u-I  of  Sandwich.  After 
17.^0  she  held  her  salon  in  Hill  street,  Mayfair.  The  epi- 
thet "  blue-stocking  "  was  first  applied  to  her  assemblies. 
Among  her  visitors  were  Lord  Lyttelton,  Burke,  G-arrick, 
and  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  Her  younger  associates  in- 
cluded Hannah  More  and  Fanny  Burney.  In  1760  she  con- 
tributed three  dialogues  to  Lyttelton 's  *'  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead.'  She  visited  Paris  after  the  peace  of  1763.  In  1769 
she  wrote  an  essay  on  the  "Genius  of  Shakspere"in  an- 
swer to  Voltaire.  In  1776  she  built  Montagu  House,  now 
>'o.  22  Portman  Square,  where  she  died.  (This  w.as  not 
the  Montagu  House  upon  the  site  of  which  the  British 
Museum  was  built.) 

Montagu,  George.  Bom  at  Laekham,  Wilt- 
shire,1751:  diedat  Kno'svle House, Kingsbridge, 
Devonshire,  Aug.  28,  1815.  An  English  natu- 
ralist. He  served  as  captain  in  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. He  was  aii  eaiiy  member  of  the  Linnean  Society 
(established  1788).  Among  his  works  are  "The  Sports- 
man's Directory  "  (1792),  the  '•  Ornithological  Dictionary, 
etc. "  (1802),  •'  Testacea  Britannica  "  (1803),  etc. 

Montagu,  John,  fourth  Earl  of  Sandwich.  Bom 
Nov.  3,  1718:  died  at  London,  April  30,  1792. 
An  English  diplomatist,  eldest  son  of  Edward 
Richard  Montagu,  Viscount  Hinchinbroke.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  but  left  the  univer- 
sity in  1738  without  a  degree,  and  traveled  in  Europe  and 
the  East.  In  Dec,  1744,  he  was  appointed  a  lord  com- 
missioner of  the  admu-alty  by  the  Duke  of  Bedford.  In 
1743  he  was  plenlpotentiai-y  at  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty 
of  Ais-la-Chapelle.  In  Feb.,  174S,  he  was  made  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  and  svas  dismissed  from  office  June  1'2, 
1751.  He  disgraced  himself  at  the  notorious  prosecution 
of  John  Wilkes.  In  Dec,  1770,  he  was  appointed  a  secre- 
tary of  state  under  Lord  North,  and  was  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  during  the  American  war,  when  the  lowest 
depths  of  corruption  were  reached  by  the  British  navy. 
He  retired  from  public  life  on  the  fall  of  the  North  ad- 
ministration, March,  1782.  Basil  Mont.agu  was  his  son  by 
his  mistress.  Miss  Ray,  who  was  murdered  April  7,  1779. 

MontagU,Lady  Mary  Wortley.  Baptized  at  Co- 
vent  Garden,  May  26, 1689:  died  in  England.  Aug. 
21, 1762.  An  English  writer,  eldest  daughter  of 
Evelyn  Pierrepont,  fifth  earl  (later  duke)  of 
Kingston,  she  privately  married  Edward  'Wortley  Mon- 
tagu, grandson  of  Edward  Montagu,  first  earl  of  Sandwich, 
on  Aug.  12. 1712.  Her  son  Edward  Wortley  Montjigu  was 
born  in  1713.  She  was  a  favorite  of  the  Princess  of  Wales 
(after^va^d Queen  Caroline).  Inl716ilontaguwasappointed 
ambassador  to  the  Porte.  He  was  recalled  in  Oct.,  1717, 
but  resided  in  Constantinople  until  June,  1718.  An  inter- 
esting account  of  the  visit  appears  in  her  "  Letters. "  "While 
at  Adrianople  she  observed  the  practice  of  inoculation, 
and  assisted  in  introducing  it  into  England.  She  wjis  very 
intimate  with  Pope,  but  quarreled  with  him  finiillj,  and  be- 
came an  object  of  his  mahgnity.  In  1739  she  again  went 
abroad,  and  in  1758  settled  at  Venice,  returning  to  England 
in  1762.  Her  dauahter  Mary  (born  in  1718)  became  Ladv 
Kute.  She  wrote  "  Town  Eclogues,"  published  as  "Court 
Poems  "  (1716).    Her  "  Letters  "  appeared  in  1763  and  1767. 

Montagu  House.  A  mansion  erected  by  Hooko 
tor  Ralph  Montagu,  first  duke  of  Montagu, 
"after  the  French  manner,"  in  the  suburb  of 
Bloomsbury,  London,  it  was  tninied  down  in  1686. 
It  was  rebuilt,  but  only  partially  inhabited,  and  was  sold 
to  the  nation  for  £10,000  in  1753,  for  the  reception  of  the 
Sloane  collection.  The  last  remnants  of  the  old  house 
were  removed  in  1845  and  replaced  by  the  present  British 
Museum. 

Montague  (mon'fa-gu).  1.  In  Shakspere's 
tragedy  "Romeo  and  Juliet,"the  father  of  Ro- 
meo.—  2.  The  "honest  man"  in  Fletcher  and 
Massinger'splay  "The  Honest  Man's  Fortune." 

Montague,  Henry  James  (the  stage  name  of 
Henry  J.  Mann).  Born  in  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, 1643:  diedat  San  Francisco,  Aug.  11, 1S78. 
A.T1  English-American  actor.  He  played  in  London 
till  1874,  when  he  made  his  first  appearance  in  New  York. 
He  went  to  .San  Francisco  in  1875.  He  was  a  graceful  and 
refined  comedian. 

Montague,  Lady.  In  Shakspere's  "Romeo  and 
Juliet,"  the  mother  of  Romeo. 


700 

Montaigne  (mon-tan';  F.  pron.  mon-timy '), 
Michel  Eyquem  de.  Born  at  the  Chatcaii  Mon- 
taigne, Uordogne,  France,  Feb.  28,  1533:  died 
Sept.  13  (?),  1592.  A  celebrated  French  essayist. 
His  early  education  was  carried  on  at  home  under  Kis  fa- 
ther's guiiiance.  After  graduating  from  college  at  Bor- 
deaux, he  studied  law.  In  1559  he  was  at  the  court  of  Fran- 
cis II.,  and  in  1571  became  attached  to  the  person  of  Henry 
III.  In  this  year  Montaigne  published  his  friend  La  Bot- 
tle's translations  from  the  Greek,  and  in  1572  edited  the 
latter's  French  verses.  In  15S0  he  traveled  in  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy.  He  left  Rome  in  1581  to  become 
mayor  of  Bordeaux.  Montaigne  is  chiefly  known  from  his 
"Essais"  (Bordeaux,  1580:  the  edition  of  1588  was  the  last 
to  bepublishedduringtheauthor'slifetiuie.  Mademoiselle 
de  Gournay,  a  warm  admirer  of  Montaigne,  did  not  have 
access  to  a  copy  of  this  Last  edition  with  the  author's  own 
corrections  when  she  edited  the  "  Essais  '  in  1595,  together 
with  some  posthumous  writings  and  notes).  An  English 
translation  was  made  in  1601  by  the  Italian  GiovanniFlorio. 
based  on  Mademoiselle  de  GoiuTiay's  work.  The  best  classi- 
cal edition  of  Montaigne's  "Essais  "is  due  to  J.  V.  Leclerc  : 
a  reprint  of  it  was  made  in  1866-66.  InhisessaysMontaigne 
studies  the  men  of  the  society  of  his  day.  He  examines 
everything  in  a  skeptical  spirit,  is  inclined  to  doubt,  and 
his  motto  is  Qne  saisje  ?  Montaigne's  ideas  and  influence 
are  to  be  traced  in  many  of  the  best  French  authorsof  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries,  while  outside  of  France  his  essays 
were  diligently  read  by  Bacon  and  Shakspere. 

Montalba(mont-al'ba), Clara.  BornatLondon. 
A  contemporary  English  landscape- and  marine- 
painter.  She  is  the  eldest  of  the  four  daughtersof  Antony 
and  Emiline  Montalba ;  was  a  pupil  of  Isabey  in  Paris ; 
and  was  made  associate  of  the  London  Society  of  Painters 
\n  Water  Colors  in  1874,  and  of  the  Belgian  Society  in  1876. 
-Among  her  works  are  several  Venetian  scenes,  one  of  the 
port  of  -Amsterdam,  etc.  Her  sisters  Ellen  and  Hilda  are 
portrait-  and  figure-painters. 

Montalba,  Henrietta  Skerrett.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1856:  died  at  Venice,  Sept.  14,  1893.  An 
English  sculptor,  sister  of  Clara  Montalba.  She 
studied  at  South  Kensington,  at  the  Belle  Arti  in  Venice, 
and  with  Jules  Dalou  in  London.  She  e.vhibited  first  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1876.  Among  her  portrait-busts  is  one 
of  Browning  in  terra-cotta  (1883).  Among  her  other  works 
are  "A  Dalecarlian  Peasant  Woman,"  "The  Raven,"  and  a 
"  Venetian  Boy  catching  a  Crab  "(1893  :  exhibited  in  Lon- 
don and  at  the  International  Exhibition  at  Chicago). 

Montalcino  (mon-tal-che'no).  A  to-wn  in  the 
province  of  Siena,  Italy,  52  miles  south  b.y  east 
of  Florence.  Population  (1881), commune,  7,851. 

Montalembert  (mon-tii-loii-bar'),  Comte  de 
(Charles  Forbes  de  Montalembert).  Born 
at  London,  May  29,  1810 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
13,  1870.  A  French  historian,  orator,  publicist, 
and  politician  (representing  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  clerical  interest).  His  chief  works  are  "  Vie 
de  Sainte-Elisabeth  de  Hongrie  "  ("  Life  of  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Hungary,"  1836),  "Les  Moines  d'Occident"  ("The  Monks 
of  the  West,"  1860-68). 

Montalembert,  Marquis  Marc  Rene  de.  Bom 

at  Angouleme,  France,  Jul}"  16,  1714:  died 
March  29,  1800.  A  French  military  engineer. 
His  chief  work  is  "La fortification  perpendicu- 
laire,"  etc.  (1776-96). 

Montalvan  (mon-tal-vau'),  Juan  Perez  de. 
Born  at  Madrid,  1602 :  died  June  25,  1638.  A 
noted  Spanish  dramatist,  novelist,  and  ecclesi- 
astic, apostolic  notary  of  the  luquisition. 

Montalvo  (mon-tal'vo),  Francisco.    Bom  at 

Havana.  Cuba,  1754:  died  at  Madrid,  Oct.,  1822. 
A  Spanish  general.  He  was  acting  viceroy  of  New 
Granada  and  V^enezuela,  with  the  title  of  captain-general, 
from  May,  1S13,  to  Dec,  1817.  During  this  period  the  rev- 
olution was  temporarily  subdued,  mainly  by  the  opera- 
tions of  MurUlo  (whom  see). 

Montana (mon-tan'yii).  [Sp., 'mountain  land.'] 
A  name  given  in  Spanish  America,  especially 
in  Peru  and  Bolivia,  to  the  forest-covered  re- 
gion which  forms  the  lower  portion  of  the  east- 
ern slope  of  the  Andes,  and  includes  the  numer- 
ous valleys  of  the  Amazonian  tributaries.  By 
extension  the  term  is  often  used  for  all  forest  land  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  open  sierra,  thus  including  portions 
of  the  plain. 

Montana  (mon-ta'na).  "One  of  the  Western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Helena.  It  is  bounded  by  Canada  on  the  north. 
North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota  on  the  east,  Wyoming  and 
Idaho  on  the  south,  and  Idaho  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Rockj'  Mountains  in  the  west.  The  eastern  portion 
consists  of  plateaus  and  plains,  and  there  are  fertile  val- 
leys in  the  west.  The  cliicf  metals  are  copper  and  silver. 
The  leading  industries  are  mining  and  stock-raising.  Mon- 
taua  formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  and  the  greater 
part  of  it  was  included  in  Nebraska  Territory.  Gold  was 
discovered  there  in  1861.  Montana  Territory  was  organ- 
ized inl864.  It  was  admitted  as  a  State  in  1889.  It  has  24 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  1  representative  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  3  electoral  votes.  Area,  146,080  square 
miles.    PopulatioE   (1900),  •243,'329 

Montanelli  (mon-ta-nel'le),  Giuseppe.  Born  at 
Fucecchio,  Tuscany,  about  1813:  died  June  17, 
1803.    A  Tuscan  revolutionist,  triumvir  in  1849. 

Montanists  (mon'ta-nists).  A  sect  of  the  Chris- 
tian church,  now  extinct,  founded  duriug  the 
2d  century  "by  Montanus  of  Phrygia.  The  Mon- 
tanists believed  in' the  divine  and  prophetic  inspiration  of 
Montanus,  the  continuance  of  the  miraculous  gifts  of  the 
apostolic  church,  the  immediate  approach  of  the  second 


Mont  Cenis 

advent  of  Christ,  and  the  establishment  of  the  heavenly 
Jerusalem  at  Pepuza  in  Phi-ygia.  They  practised  rigor- 
ous asceticism. 

Montanus  (mon-ta'nus).  Born  in  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor.  Lived  in  the  2d  centurj-.  A  scbis^ 
matic,  founder  of  the  Montauist  sect  probably 
about  157.     See  Montanists. 

Montanus,  Arias.     See  Arids  Montanus. 

Montan'vert  (mou-ton-var'),  or  Monten'vers. 

A  height  in  the  Mont  Blanc  group  of  tiie  Alps' 
east  of  Chamonix,  near  the  Mer  de  Glace.  It 
commands  a  fine  prospect.     Height,  6.303  feet. 

Montargis  (mou-tar-zhe').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  France,  situated  at  the 
union  of  the  Loing  and  Vernisson,  63  miles 
south  by  east  of  Paris.  It  contains  ruins  of  a  castle. 
(For  the  dog  of  Montarsis,  saeAubry  de  Montdidier.)  Pop- 
ulation (1S91),  commune,  11,600. 

Montataire  (m6h-ta-tar').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  department  of  Oiso,  France,  30 
miles  north  of  Paris. 

Montauban  (mou-to-bon')-  [L.  J/o«sJ?6««ks.] 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Ga- 
ronne,  France,  situated  on  the  Tarn  in  lat.  44°  1' 
N.,  long.  1°  21' E.  It  has  consider.ahletr.ide  and  man- 
ufactures ;  contains  a  faculty  of  Protestant  theology;  and 
was  the  birthplace  of  Ingres.  Itwasfounded  in  1144  on  the 
site  of  the  Roman  Mons  Albanus.  It  was  a  stronghold  of 
the  Albigenses  and  theHuguenots,  and  successfully  resisted 
Louis  XIII.  in  1621.     Population  (1891),  .30,388. 

Montauban,  Renaud  de.      See  Minaldo  (F. 

lirnuud). 
Montauk  (mon-tak').  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  formerly  occupying  the  eastern 
end  of  Long  Island,  New  York.  Those  remaining 
about  17SS  joined  the  Brotherton  Indians  in  New  York. 
One  translation  of  their  name  is  '  lookout '  or  '  place  of  see- 
ing.     See  Al^onquian. 

Montauk  Point.  The  easternmost  point  of 
Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  in  the  to'wn- 
ship  of  East  Hampton,  in  lat.  41°  4'  N.,  long. 
71°  51'  W. 

Montbard  (mon-bar').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote-d'Or,  France,  40  miles  northwest 
of  Dijon.     Popidation  (1891),  commtme,  2.509. 

Montbars  (mon-bar').  Born  in  Languedoc 
about  1645.  A  French  bucaneer,  called  "the 
Exterminator  "  from  his  ferocitj'.  He  was  of  good 
family,  and  accompanied  his  uncle,  a  naval  officer,  to  the 
West  Indies  in  1663.  His  uncle  having  been  killed  by  the 
Spaniards,  he  joined  the  bucaneers,  rose  to  high  command, 
and  for  several  years  ravaged  the  Spanish  colonies  altout 
the  Caribbean  Sea,  There  is  no  record  of  his  subsequent 
life  or  of  his  death. 

Montbeliard (mon-ba-lyar').  [G. Mompelfjnnl.] 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Doubs,  France, 
situated  near  the  junction  of  the  Allaiue  and 
Lisaine,  36  miles  northeast  of  Besan<;on.  it  h.i8 
manufacturesof  watches,  etc.,  containsa  chateau,  and  was 
the  birthplace  of  Cuvier.  It  was  the  capital  of  a  medieval 
countship  ;  passed  to  Wiirtemberg;  and  belonged  to  it  un- 
til 1793.  Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  Belfort,  Jan.  15- 
17, 1871.     Population  (1891),  conmiune,  9,561. 

Mont  Blanc(m6h  blon).  [F., '  white  mountain.'] 
The  highest  mountain  of  the  Alps,  situated  on 
the  frontier  of  France  (department  of  Haute- 
Savoie)  and  Italy  (Piedmont).  The  summit  is 
crossed  by  the  French-Italian  boundary  line.  The  Mont 
Blanc  massif  is  sometimes  classed  with  the  Pennine  Alps, 
but  more  generally  as  a  group  by  itstlf.  The  mountain 
was  first  ascended  in  1786.  A  French  observatory  was 
erected  on  its  summit  in  1893.  Its  largest  glacier  is  the 
Mer  de  Glace,  and  the  valley  of  Chamonix  is  at  its  foot. 
Height,  l.-.,7Sl  feet. 

Montbrison  (mon-bre-zoii').  A  town  in  the  de- 
jiartment  of  Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Vi- 
zezy  38  miles  west-southwest  of  Lyons.  It  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  department.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  7,086. 

Montcalm  Gozon  de  Saint- Veran  (mont-kam' ; 

F.  pron.  mon-kiilm'  go-zoh'  de  san-%''a-rou'), 
Louis  Joseph,  Marquis  de.  Bom  at  the  Cha- 
teau de  Candiae,  near  Nimes,  France,  Feb.  29, 
1712  :  died  at  Quebec.  Sept.  14,  1759.  A  French 
general.  He  was  appointed  commander  of  the  forces  in 
Canada  in  1756;  captured  Fort  Ontario  at  Oswego  in  1756^ 
and  Fort  William  Hem-yinl757;  repulsed  the  British  under 
Abercrombie  at  Ticonderoga  in  175S  ;  repelled  Wolfe's  at- 
tack on  Quebec,  July  31. 1759  ;  and  was  defeated  and  mor- 
tally wounded  in  the  battle  of  Quebec,  Sept.  13. 

Montceau-les-Mines  (mon-so'la-men').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire, 
France,  34  miles  north-west  of  Macon.  It  is 
noted  for  coal-mines  and  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  19,612. 

Mont  Cenis  (mon  se-ne').  A  mountain  pass  of 
the  Graiau  Alps,  between  France  and  Italy, 
situated  in  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  long.  6°  .50'  E.  The 
present  Mont  Cenis  road  was  made  by  Napoleon  I.  (1803- 
ISIO)  to  connect  the  valley  of  the  Is^re  in  France  with 
Susa  in  Italy :  it  reaches  the  height  of  6,881  feet.  The 
Mont  Cenis  tunnel,  in  the  Mont  Cenis  railway  route  be- 
tween France  and  Italy,  built  1861-70,  passes  under  the 
Col  de  Fr^jus,  14  miles  from  the  -Mont  Cenis  road.  Its 
length  is  7:i  miles  (the  second  longest  in  the  world),  and 
it  reaches  the  height  of  4,245  feet. 


Montchanin 

Uontchanin  ^moii-sha-nau').  A  mining  an<l 
uiamifiietui'ing  town  in  the  department  of 
Saoiie-et-Loii'e,  France,  17  miles  southeast  of 
Autuu. 

Montchrestien  (mQn-kra-tyan'),  Antoine  de. 
See  the  extract. 

We  have  seen  that  the  early  tragedy,  which  was  more  or 

less  directly  reproductive  of  Seneca,  attained  its  highest 
pitcli  in  the  work  of  Gamier.  This  pitcli  wasun  tlie  wliule 
well  maintained  liy  Antoine  de  llontciirestien,  a  man  of 
a  sin^'ul.ir  liistory  and  of  a  singular  genins.  The  date 
of  his  Mrth  is  not  exactly  known,  but  he  was  the.son  of 
an  apothecar}'  at  Falaise,  .and  belonged  to  the  Huguenot 
party.  Duels  and  lawsuits  succeed  each  other  in  his  story, 
and  by  some  means  or  other  he  was  al)le  to  assume  the  title 
of  .Sei;.;neur  de  Vasleville.  In  one  of  his  duels  he  killed 
his  man,  and  had  to  Hy  to  Kngland.  Being  pardoned,  he 
returned  to  France  and  ('>ok  to  conunerce.  But  after  the 
death  of  Henry  IV.  he  joined  a  Huguenot  rising,  and  was 
killed  in  October,  1021.  Montchrestien  wrote  a  treatise 
on  political  economy  (he  is  even  said  to  have  been  thetlrst 
to  introduce  the  term  into  French),  some  p<>em8,  and  six 
tragedies,  *'  Sophonisbe  "  or  "  Lii  c.artaginoise,". "  Les  La- 
cines,'  "David,"  "  Aman,"  "Hector,"  and  "L'Ecossaise." 
Saintebury,  French  Lit.,  p.  289. 

Montclair  (moiit-klar').  A  township  in  Essex 
County,  New  Jersey,  13  miles  northwest  of  New 
York."  Poptdation  (lilOiM,  i:!,9()2.' 

Mont-de-Marsan  (mon'de-mar-son').  The  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Landes,  France,  sit- 
uated at  the  .iiiuction  of  the  Dotize  and  Midou, 
in  lat.  43°  54'  N.,  Ions;.  0°  29'  W.  Population 
(18911.  commune,  12.031. 

Montdidier  (mou-de-dya').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the  Don 
20  miles  southeast  of  Amiens.  Population(1891), 
commune,  4,617. 

Mont  Dore,  or  Monts  Dore  (moii  dor) .  A  moun- 
tain mass  in  Auvcrgne,  in  the  department  of 
Pnv-de-Dome.  Highest  peak,  Puy-de-Sancy 
(6.185  feet). 

Mont-Dore-les-Bains  (mon-dor' la-bait'),  or 
Bains-du-Mont-Dore.  A  village  in  the  de- 
])artmeut  of  Puy-de-D6me,  France,  situated  oti 
the  Dordogne  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Cler- 
mont-FeiTand :  noted  for  its  mineral  springs. 

Monteagudo  (mon-ta-a-gd'do),  Bernardo. 
Born  at  Tuctmian  (now  in  the  Argentine  Kepiib- 
lic),  1787:  assassinated  at  Lima,  Peru,  Jan.  28, 
1825.  A  Spanish-American  republican.  He«:is 
one  ol  the  most  intluential  advocates  of  independence ; 
was  sccretai7  of  San  ilartin  ;  atul  was  the  leading  sj)irit 
<'l  ttie  (Irst  repui)lican  government  of  Peru,  1S21-22,  aa 
minister  of  war  and  marine. 

Montealegre  (mon-ta-ii-la'gra),  Jose  Maria. 

Born  at  Shu  Jose,  March  19,  1815  :  died  at  Mis- 
sion San  Jose,  Cal.,  Sept.  2G,  1887.  A  Costa- 
Riean  sttitesman.  .After  the  deposition  of  Jlora,  he 
was  made  provisional  president  Aug.  14,  IK.vj,  and  was 
regularly  elected  president  May  8, 18110,  holding  office  until 
May  7,  1863. 

Monte  Alegre,  Baron,  Viscount,  atid  Marquis 
of.     See  i'listii  Carrdlliii.  Jusr  da. 

Monte  Amaro  (mon'te  ii-mil'ro).  [It.,  'bitter 
rnnuutaiii.']  The  highest  summit  of  t  he  Maiella 
grou])  of  the  Apennines,  central  Italy.  Height, 
9.170  feet. 

Monte Argentario(iir-jen-tii're-o).  [It., 'silver 
mountain.']  Apromontory  on  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  near  Orbetello.    Height,  2,090  feet. 

Monte  Baldo  (biil'do).  A  chain  of  the  Tridcn- 
tine  Alps,  on  the  l)orJer  of  T\rol  and  nortiu-rii 
Italy,  separating  the  Lake  of  Garda  from  the 
Adige.  Length,  25  miles.  Height  of  Cinna 
Val  Dritta,  7,275  feet. 

Montebello  (mon-te-bel'lo),  Battle  of.    1.  A 

victory  g-ained  at  the  village  of  Moiitrbello  (32 
I  miles  south  of  Milan)  by  tlie  FriMich  under 
Lannes  over  tlie  Austrians  under  Ott,  .June  9, 
l]  1800.  It  was  speedily  followed  by  the  l)al  i  Ic  of 
Marengo. —  2.  A  victory  gained  at  Montebello 
May  20,  18.59,  by  the  French  under  Forey  over 
the  Austrians  under  Stadion.  It  was  the  open- 
ing battle  of  tlie  Italian  oara))aign  of  1859. 

Monte  Carlo  (kiir'16).  A  place  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Monaco,  northeast  of  the  town  ot  Mo- 
naco. It  is  noted  as  a  gambling  resort,  and  also 
as  a  sca-bnl  liiiig  place  and  winter  heallh-resort. 

Monte-Oaseros  (mon'ta-kii-sil'ros).  A  village 
of  tlie  province  of  Buenos  Ayroa,  Argentine 
Kepublic,  25  miles  west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Here, 
Feb.  :l,  IH.vj,  111.'  fMr.-.-s  of  Hrqulza  ami  his  BiWlllan  alllcH 
d<  (I'litrd  tb''  dli  tjdor  Rosas,  (oning  Idm  from  the  country. 

Monte  Cassino  (kii.s-se'no).  A  monastery  on 
a  hill  near  (,'as.sino,  Italy,  about  45  miles  nortli- 
West  of  Naples,  it  was  founded  In  Ui9  hy  St.  Benedict, 
and  Is  the  rraille  of  the  famous  Heucdictlnc  order.  The 
existing  buildings,  archltectundly  plain,  are  Imposing  from 
their  enormous  size.  The  arcadi-d  courts  and  cloister  are 
handsome.  The  great  church,  rebuilt  in  the  17(h  century. 
Is  not  pure  In  style,  but  la  almost  inconceivably  ricth  In  Its 
profusion  of  precious  mnriiles  mosaic,  scnlpture.aitd  paint- 
inc.    I'lie  walnut  cholr-sUdts  are  exiiulsltely  carved.    It  is 


701 

a  national  monument,  with  a  renowned  school,  library,  and 
archives. 

Montecatini  di  Val  di  Cecina  (mon-te-kii-te'- 

iie  de  viil  de  cha-che'niij.  A  small  town  inthe 
province  of  Pisa.  Italy. 

Montecatini  di  Val  "di  Nievole  (ne-a'v6-le). 
A  small  town  in  tlie  province  of  Lucca-,  Italy, 
24  miles  west-northwest  of  Florence.  It  has 
wann  baths. 

Monte  Cavo  (mon'te  ka'vo),  or  Mount  Albano 

(iil-bii'iio).  The  highest  summit  of  the  Alban 
Mountains,  situated  15  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 
On  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  La- 
tiaris.     Heiglit,  3,145  feet. 

Montecchio  (mon-tek'ke-6).  A  town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  20  miles  east  of  Verona. 

Monte  Ceneri  (mon'te  cha'ne-re).  Amountain 
southwest  of  Bellinzona,  in  Switzerland.  It  is 
penetrated  by  a  railway  tunnel. 

Montecerboli  (mon-te-cher'bo-le).  A  place  in 
the  province  of  Pisa,  Italy,  42  miles  southwest 
of  Florence.  It  is  noted  for  boraeic  springs  or 
lagoons. 

Monte  Como.    See  Gran  Sasso  d'ltalia. 

Monte  Cristo  (kres'to).  A  small  uninhabited 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Italy, 
situated  27  miles  south  of  Elba. 

Monte  Cristo.  The  principal  character  in  Du- 
mas's  novel  "'Le  Oomte  de  Jlonte  Cristo."  He 
is  originally  Edmond  Danti'S,  an  innocent  youth,  unjust  iy 
imprisoned.  He  escapes,  becomes  immensely  wealthy,  and 
carries  out  an  elalxn-ate  system  of  revenge  in  the  various 
disguises  of  the  Count  of  Monte  Cristo,  Lord  Wilmore,  the 
Abbi  Faria.  and  the  Abb6  Busoni. 

Montecuculi  (mon-te-ko'ko-le),  or  Montecuc- 
coli  (mon-te-kok'ko-le).  Count  Raimondo, 
Duke  of  Melfi.  Born  at  the  castle  of  Montecu- 
culi, in  the  territory  of  Modena,  Italy,  1608: 
died  at  Linz,  Austria,  Oct.  16,  1680.  A  noted 
Austrian  general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Thirt>  Years'  War  :  eolniiiaiided  tlie  Austrian  army  sen-  to 
the  assistance  of  Poland  against  the  Swedes  and  Transyl- 
vanians  1657-60;  gained  the  victory  of  St.  (lotthard  over 
the  Tui'ks  Aug.  1, 1664  :  and  opposed  Turcnne  and  Conde 
on  the  Rhine  1672-76,  without  lighting  any  decisive  battle. 
His  works  include  "Commentarii  bellicicum  punctoartis 
belliesQ  systemate  "  (171S). 

Monte  dellaDisgrazia(mon'te  del'Uidis-griit'- 
se-ii).  A  peak  of  the  Alps,  on  the  borderof  Italy 
and  the  canton  of  Orisons,  Switzei-land,  north- 
west of  SomWo.     Height,  12,050  feet. 

Montefiascone  (mon-te-fe-iis-ko'ne).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  50  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Rome.  It  produces  muscat  wine. 
Pripulotion  (1890),  3,092. 

Montefiore  (mon-te-fo-o're),  Sir  Moses  Haim. 
Born  at  Leghorn,  Oct.  24,  1784:  died  at  Rams- 
gate,  July  28, 1885.  An  English-Jewish  philan- 
thropist. He  was  the  son  of  an  Italian- Jewish  merchant 
of  London.  He  amassed  a  fortune  as  a  stockbroker  in 
London,  and  retired  in  1S24,  devoting  himself  tlicrt  after  to 
improving  the  condititpu  of  the  .lews.  In  Nov.,  IsHi,  he 
obtained  a  tirman  securing  the  rights  of  Jews  throngbout 
the  Ottoman  empire.  In  1846  he  secured  the  abrogation 
of  the  ukase  of  the  czar  Nicholas,  removing  the  Jews  o:i 
the  German  and  Austrian  frontier  into  the  interior  of  It ns- 
si.i.  On  June  10, 1812,  he  married  Judith,  second  dauglitir 
of  Levi  Cohen,  brother-in-law  of  liarcm  Xathaii  Mayer  de 
Itotbschibl.  Ileiiublisbed  a  "  Narrative  ot  a  Forty  Days' 
N,j 11  in  the  Holy  Land  "  (187:'i). 

Monte  Generoso  (mon  to  je-no-ro'.s6).     A 

mountain  southeast  of  the  Lake  of  Lugano,  on 
the  border  of  Switzerland  and  Italy.  It  com- 
mands a  line  prosjiect,  and  is  ascended  by  a 
rack-and-pinion  railway.     Height,  5,.500  feet. 

Monte  Gennaro  (.ien-nii'ro).  One  of  the  chief 
peaks  of  tlie  Sabine  Mountains,  Italy,  7  miles 
iiorlli  of  Tivoli.     Height,  4,100  feet. 

MontegO  Bay  (mon-to'go  ba).  Aseajiort  on  I  he 
northern  coast  of  Jamaica.  Population  (1891), 
4,.sil3. 

Mont6gut  (mSn-ta-gil'),  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph 

fimile.  Born  June  24. 1825:  died  Dec.  11,  1895. 
A  French  litterateur  and  translator  from  Ihe 
English.  About  1847  he  introduced  the  doctrines  of 
Emerson,  then  unknown  in  Frnncc,  in  an  article  in  the 
'■  Bevue  des  Deux  Mondes."  In  lsf>ll  he  publishid  a  trans- 
lation  of  Emerson's  |ibllosophieal  essays  ;  In  1862  he  became 
literary  critic  of  "Le  .Moniti  ur  Inivereel.  "  He  also  pub- 
lished volumes  of  literary  criticisms  anil  tinimliitlons. 
Montejo  (nion-la'llo),  FranclsCO.  Dorn  in  Sal- 
aiiiaiica  alioiit  1484:  died  in  Spain  about  1,5.50. 
A  Spanish  soldier.  In  ItiU  he  went  to  Darlen  and 
soon  after  to  Cuba;  was  one  of  Orljalva's  captains  in  I.MS; 
and  followed  Cort<58.  and  was  his  agent  in  Snnin  l.Mll-22 
and  1!)26.  In  the  latter  year  ho  was  autborUeil  to  eonquer 
andgovern  Yucatan,  and  sailed  In  ir>2"«ith  three slilpsaud 
live  hundred  men.  After  much  lighting  with  Ihe  Indians  ho 
wasdrlven  frmn  the  peninsula  In  l,^:tr>,  but  comiuered  part 
of  lampeche.  From  l.'.37lo  l.MH  he  wiia  governor  of  Hon- 
duras. In  ir>40  he  delegated  his  alllhorlly  in  Vuealan  to 
his  son  (of  the  same  name)  while  he  made  an  expcdillou 
Into  Chiapas.  Ills  b(hi  having  founded  Merlda,  l.'>4'2,  and 
sulidiieil  most  of  the  peninsula.  Montejo  returned  to  Yu- 
catan, but  was  deposed  on  charges  In  1&4S. 


Montero,  Lizawlo 

Monte  Leone  (mon'te  la-6'ne).  A  peak  of  the 
V'alais  Alps,  netir  the  Simplon  Pass,  on  the  bor- 
der of  Switzerland  and  Italy.     Height,  11, 660 

feet. 

Monteleone  di  Calabria  (de  kii-la'bre-a).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Catanzaro,  Italy,  in  lat. 
38°  44'  N.,  long.  16°  8'  E. :  the  aucicnt  Hippo- 
iiium,  later  Vibo  Valentia.  It  has  an  ancient 
castle.     Popidation  (1881),  9,811. 

Monte  Lettere  (mon'te  let'te-re).  Amountain 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Castellamare,  Naples: 
the  ancient  Mens  Lactarius.  Here,  March,  553,  a 
battle  was  fought  between  Xarses  and  Xelas,  the  last  king 
of  the  Goths  in  Italy,  lu  which  the  latter  wad  defeated  and 
slain. 

Montelimar  (m6n-ta-le-miir').  A  tovm  in  the 
department  of  Drome.  France,  situated  near  tlie 
.piiictioii  of  the  Roubion  and  Jabrou,  25  miles 
south  of  \'ali'iice.  Pop.  (1891),  commune,  13,764. 

Monte  Massico.    See  Massicus. 

Montemayor  (mon-ta-mii-yor'),  Jorge  de.  Bom 
at  Montemayor,  Portugal,  about  1520:  died  at 
Turin,  Feb.  26, 1561.  A  Spanish  romancer  and 
poet,  author  of  the  pastoral  romance  "Diana 
Enamorada  "  (which  see).  "  In  his  youth  he  was  a 
soldier ;  but  later,  from  his  skill  in  music,  he  became  at- 
tached to  the  travelling  chapel  of  the  piince  of  Spain, 
afterwards  Philip  the  .Second,  and  thus  enjoyed  an  oppor- 
tunity of  visiting  foreign  countries,  especially  Italy  and 
Handers."    Tichwr, 

Montemolin  (mon-ta-mo-len').  Count  of.    A 

iiaiiK-  assumed  by  Don  Carlos  (1818-(;i). 
Montemorelos.  "  See  Jforelo.i. 
Monte  Motterone  (mot-te-ro'ne).    A  mountain 

in  norllicru  Italy,  west  of  Stresa  on  Lago  Mag- 

giore  :  famous  for  its  view.     Height,  4,890  feet. 
Monten  (mon'ten),  Dietrich.     Born  at  Diissel- 

dorf,  Prussia,  Sept.,  1799:  diedat  Munich,  Dec. 

13,  1843.     A  German  painter  of  battle-scenes. 
Montenegro  (mon-te-na'gro).  Serv.  Cma  Gora 

(clier'na  go'ra),  Turk.  Kara  Daeh  (kii'rii  diig) 
(all  metiuing  'black  mountain  ).  A  princi- 
pality of  Europe,  surrounded  by  Dalmatia, 
Herzegovina,  Raseia  (Novi-Bazar),  Albania, 
and  the  Adriatic  Sea.  Capital.  Cettin.ie.  The 
surface  is  mountainous.  The  chief  occujiation  is  tii% 
raising  of  cattle.  The  government  is  practically  an  ab- 
solute hereditary  monarchy.  The  i>revailing  reiigiiui  is 
orthodox  (iieek.  The  Montenegrins  are  of  .Servian  race, 
and  speak  a  dialect  of  that  language.  Montenegro  be- 
came independent  of  Servia  in  13S9;  came  under  the  rule  of 
prince-bisliopsin  1516  ;  has  been  under  the  present  dynasty 
since  1C97;  became  a  secular  state  under  Danilo  I.(lS.'',l-60) ; 
and  has  been  at  war  with  the  Turks  for  over  400  years  (re- 
cently in  1852-53.  lS61-ii2.  JS70-7S).  It  acquired  territory 
in  1878and  in  18S0(inelnding  iiuleigno).  Area,  estimated, 
3,6;i0  scjuare  miles.    Population,  estimated,  22s.ooo. 

Montenotte(mon-te-not'te).  A  village  26 miles 
west  of  Genoa,  Italy.  Here,  April  12, 1796.  Napoleon 
began  his  first  Italian  campaign  by  defeatiugthe  Austrians 
under  D'^Vrgcnteau. 

Monte  Pellegrino  (mon'te  pel-le-gre'no).  [It., 
"pilgrim  mountain.']  An  isolated  mountain 
near  Palermo,  in  Sicil.v.  on  the  coast.  It  was 
occupied  by  Hamilcar  in  tlie  first  Punie  war,  and  then 
calleil  Heircte  or  Ercto.  Formerly  it  was  au  island. 
Height.  1,900  feet. 

Mont^pin  (mon-ta-pau'),  Xa'Tier  Aymon  de. 

Born  at  Ajiremont.Haute-Saone,  France,  March 
18,  1824:  died  at  Passy.  Paris.  May  1,  1902.  A 
French  novelist  and  plavwriglit.     He  wrote  nearly 

100  novels  aod  about  HO  plays,  and  collaborated  in  1848  on 
anti  revidutionary  f<)iirnals.  His  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  nearly  all  languages. 

Montepulciano  (mon-le-piil-chii'no).  A  cathe- 
dral city  in  tlie  province  of  Siena,  Italy,  35 
miles  south-southeast  of  Florence:  famous  for 
its  wine.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Poliziano. 
Poimlatioih,  2,952. 

Montereau  (mout-ro').  A  town  in  tlie  de])art- 
nunt  of  Scine-et-Marne,  France,  situated  at 
the  junction  ot  the  Yonno  and  Seine,  51  miles 
southeast  of  Paris.  It  has  a  lino  church.  John  the 
Fearless,  duke  of  llurgunily,  was  assassinatetl  here  at  the 
instigation  of  the  dauphin  (afterward  Charles  \'ll.).  Sent, 
10,  1411).  Here,  Feb.  18, 1814,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies 
under  the  Crown  Prince  of  wurteiuberg.  rt>pulatiou 
(Is'.il),  commune,  7,072. 

Monterey  (mon-ta-rii').  [Sp.,' king  mountain.'] 
A  city,  the  capital  of  (he  state  of  Nuevo  Leon, 
Mexico,  sitiiati'd  near  lat.  2.5° -10'  N.,  long.  100'^ 
25'  W.  It  was  taken  bythe  fnitcd  .States  tnmps  (6,500) 
under  Taylor  from  the  Mexicans  (about  10,000)  under  Am- 
pudla,  after  :i  days'  lighting,  Sept.  21,  1846.  Population 
nsw),  5n,8.'i.'>. 

Monterey  (mon-le-ni').  A  city  in  Monterey 
Coiinlv.  California,  silnafedonthe  Bnvof  Mon- 
lercv  111  lat.  36°  35'  N..  long.  121°  .53'  \V.  It 
Is  a  n'.ded  winter  and  health  resort.  A  Spanish  mission 
WHS.  siabllshi'.l  h.rein  n"((.  It  wiw  the  capital  of  Califor- 
nia uiilil  1MI7.      l'..|.ulallon  (llHXl).  l,-4». 

Monterey,  Count  of,  Vici'roy  of  Peru  and  Me.\- 

ioo.     .See  /iiiiiiin  ji  .i:riiilii.  (Inspar  dr. 
Montero  (moii'-la'ro).  LizardO.     Bom  in  the 
inovincc  of  I'iura,  May  27,  1832.     A  Peruvian 


Montero,  Lizardo 

naval  officer  and  politician.  He  joined  the  rebellion 
of  Vivanco  (1856-58) ;  was  prominent  in  the  defense  of  Cal- 
lao  ill  1866  and  in  the  war  against  Pierola  in  1874,  and  in 
the  latter  year  was  a  presidential  candidate ;  was  made 
admiral,  but  fought  with  the  land  forces  against  the  Chil- 
eans 1879-Sl ;  and  after  the  fall  of  Lima  was  vice-presi- 
dent in  the  provisional  government,  and  soon  after  presi- 
dent. Calderon  being  imprisoned  by  the  Chileans,  Mon- 
tero assumed  the  executive  power  at  .\requipa.  In  Oct., 
1883,  he  was  driven  into  Bolivia  by  the  Chileans  ;  but  soon 
after  returned  and  submitted  to  Iglesias. 

Montero,  Luis.  Died  in  1868.  A  Perurian 
painter.  His  principal  work  is  the  "Funeral 
of  Atahualpa"  (which  see). 

Monte  Rosa  (mon'te  ro'sa).  [It.,  'rosy  moun- 
tain.'] The  highest  mountain  of  the  A'lps  next 
to  Mont  Blanc,  it  is  situated  on  the  border  of  north- 
ern  Italy  and  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  60  miles 
north  of  Turin.  It  was  first  ascended  in  185S.  Height, 
1,1,217  feet  (Dufour  Spitze). 

Monte  Rotondo  (ro-ton'do).  [It., '  round  moun- 
tain.'] One  of  the  principal  summits  of  Cor- 
sica, in  the  central  part.    Height,  8,775  feet. 

Montes,  Lola.     See  Gilbert,  Marie  D.  E.  B. 

Monte  San  Giuliano  (san  jo-le-a'no).  [It., 
'  mount  of  St.  Julian.']  A  mountain  near  Tra- 
pani  and  near  the  western  extremity  of  Sicily : 
the  ancient  Eryx.  it  was  the  ancient  shrine  of  Venus 
Erycina,  and  figured  in  the  first  Punic  war.  Height,  2,465 
feet. 

Monte   San   Salvatore   (sal-va-t6're).     [It., 


702 

houses  which  lined  the  neighboring  quay.  The  potters' 
stamps  on  the  fragments  show  that  this  rubbish-heap  was 
still  used  in  the  4tli  centuiy,  and  it  is  believed  to  have  been 
begun  about  tile  inception  of  the  empire.  The  view  from 
the  summit  is  celebrated. 

Montevarchi  (mon-te-var'ke).  A  smaU  town 
in  the  province  of  Arezzo,  Italy,  24  miles  south- 
east of  Florence. 

Monte  Velino  (mon'te  ve-le'no).  One  of  the 
principal  summits  of  the  Apennines,  about  50 
miles  east-northeast  of  Rome.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  defeat  of  Conradiu  by  Charles  of  Anion 
in  1268.     Height,  8,160  feet. 

Monteverde  (mon-te-ver'de),  Claudio.  Born 
at  Cremona,  Italy,  1568  (?):  died  1643  (?).  An 
Italian  composer.  Among  his  works  are  the 
operas  "Arianna"  (1607)  and  "Orfeo"  (1608). 

Monteverde  (mon-ta-ver'da),  Juan  Domingo. 
Born  in  Teneriffe.  Canary  Islands,  about  1772 : 
died  in  Spain,  1823.  A  Spanish  general.  From 
1811  to  the  end  of  1813  He  was  the  most  prominent  royalist 
commander  in  Venezuela,  though  without  legitimate  au- 
thority. He  received  the  submission  of  SJiranda  in  July, 
1812,  and  in  violation  of  his  treaty  sent  him  a  prisoner  to 
Spain.  His  cruelty  to  the  subjugated  provinces  led  to 
fresh  rebellions.  He  was  repeatedly  defeated  by  Bolivar 
and  at  length  besieged  in  Puerto  Cabello,  where  he  was 
deposed  by  his  own  followers  in  Dec.,  1813.  He  returned 
to  Spain  in  1816. 

Monteverde,  Jules.  Bom  at  Bistagno,  Italy, 
Oct.  8,  1837.     An  Italian  sculptor. 


'  mount  of  the  holy  Saviom-.']     A  noted  pbint  Montevideo  (m"ou-7e-"fid'g-6 ;  Sp.'pron.  mon-ta- 


of  view  near  Lugano  in  Switzerland.  Height, 
2,980  feet. 

Monte  Sant-Angelo  (sant-an'je-16).  [It., 
'  mount  of  the  holyaugel.']  Atown  and  place  of 
pilgrimage  in  the  province  of  Foggia,  Apulia, 
Italy,  28  miles  northeast  of  Foggia. 

Mon'tes-Claros,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico 
and  Peru.  _  See  Hiirtudo  de  Mendo;:a  y  Luna. 

Montesino' (mon-ta-se'no),  or  Montesinos 
(mon-ta-se'nos),  Antonio.  Died  after  1526. 
A  Spanish  Dominican  missionary.  He  went  to 
Espanola  in  1510 ;  was  the  first  to  preach  against  Indian 
slavery;  and  in  1511  was  sent  to  Spain  to  appeal  against 
the  evil.  His  representations  resulted  in  the  promulga- 
tion of  the  "laws  of  Burgos."  Later  he  was  a  friend  of  Las 
^asas,  and  was  constantly  engaged  in  helping  the  Indians. 
From  1521  he  preached  in  Porto  Eico,  and  he  is  known  as 
the  apostle  of  that  island.  He  accompanied  Ayllon's  ex- 
pedition to  Florida  in  1526. 

Montesinos(m6n-ta-se'n6s').  Acharaeterinme 


ve-THa'6).  The  capital  of  Uruguav,  situated 
on  the  estuary  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  in  lat.  34° 
54'  33"  S.,  long.  56°  12'  18"  W.  it  has  important 
foreign  commerce  ;  exports  hides,  wool,  tallow,  horns,  etc. ; 
is  the  tenninus  of  various  steamship  lines  ;  and  has  a  uni- 
versity and  a  cathedral.  It  was  colonized  by  Spanish  set- 
tlers in  1726 ;  taken  by  the  British  in  1807,  but  recovered  the 
same  year  ;  and  since  1828  has  been  the  capital  of  Uruguay. 
Until  1834,  when  the  walls  were  removed,  it  was  little  more 
than  a  fortress.  Population  (1892),  with  suburbs,  238,080. 
Monte  Viso  (mon'te  ve'so).  A  peak  of  the  Cot- 
tian  Alps,  in  Italy,  near  the  French  border,  42 
miles  southwest  of  Turin,  it  contains  the  source  of 
the  Po,  and  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  peaks  of  the 
western  Alps.  Height.  12,616  feet. 
Monte  Vulture  (v61-to're).  [It.,  'Mount  Vul- 
ture.'] An  extinct  volcano  in  southern  Italy, 
near  Melfi :  the  ancient  Vultur  Mons.  It  was 
on  the  boundary  of  the  ancient  Apulia  and 
Lueania.     Height,  4,365  feet. 

dieval  romance.    Don  Quixote's  visit  to  the  cave  of  Montez,  Lola.     See  Gilbert,  Marie  D.  E.  R. 

Montesinos(bookii.,  chap.  23)  is  an  important  part  of  tliat  Montezuma    (mon-te-zo'ma),    or   MotecZUma 


(mo-tak-zo'mii):  calledMontezumaL.and  sui- 
named  Ilhuicamina  (el-we-ka-me'uil)  ('arch- 
er of  the  heavens').  [Nahuatl,  'angi'y  chief.'] 
Born  about  1390 :  died  1464.  A  war-chief  or 
"  emperor"  of  ancient  Mexico.  He  was  the  son  of 
Huitzilihuitl,  and  succeeded  his  brother  Izcohuatl  in  1436 
(formally  inaugurated  1440).  He  had  wars  with  the  Mix- 
tecs  and  TlasciUans,  and  is  said  to  have  carried  his  arms 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Also  written  Muttczxima  (Cortes), 
Montezuma  (Bernal  Diaz  and  Oviedo),  Motezmna  (Acosta), 
Moctczmiw,  Moiecuhzoma,  etc. 


Montgomery 

Casale.  Its  marquises  from  the  10th  century  ruled  not 
only  in  Italy  but  for  some  time  in  Greece.  A  branch  of 
the  Piilieologi  ruled  from  1306.  The  marquisate  was  made 
a  duchy  and  united  to  Mantua  in  1536.  Its  possession  was 
later  a  matter  of  dispute  between  Mantua  and  Savoy  It 
passed  to  Savoy  in  1703. 

Montfleury   (m6h-fle-re'),   Antoine  Jacob, 

called.  Born  at  Paris,  1640:  died  at  Aix,  1685. 
A  French  dramatist,  son  of  Zacharie  Jacob, 
also  called  Montfleury,  an  actor.  His  comedy  "La 
f  emme  j  uge  et  p.irtie  "  (1669)  is  still  played,  though  reduced 
to  three  acts.  It  was  almost  as  successful  as  "  Tartufe. " 
He  wrote  sixteen  comedies,  partly  on  contemporary  sub- 
jects and  partly  adaptations  of  Spanish  originals.  The  two 
best  are  "La  Femme  Juge  et  Partie"  and  "La  Fille  Capi. 
taine."  They  belong  to  an  older  style  of  comedy  than 
Moli^re's,  being  both  extravagant  and  coarse,  but  there  is 
considerable  vis  cmnica  in  them. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  313. 

Montfort  (moh-for'),  Comte  Simon  de.  Killed 
near  Toulouse,  France.  June  25, 1218.  A  French, 
commander  and  crusader,  leader  of  the  crusade 
against  the  Albigenses  in  1208.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  following. 

Montfort(mont'fort;  F.prou.  m6n-for'),  Simon 
of,  Earl  of  Leicester.  Born  about  1208:  killed 
at  Evesham,  Aug.  4,  1205.  A  celebrated  Eug. 
lish  general  and  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  Si- 
mon de  Montfort  (see  preceding  name).  The  earldom  of 
Leicester  came  into  the  family  through  his  grandmother, 
Amicia,  daughter  of  Robert  of  Beaumont,  third  earl  of 
Leicester.  In  1238  Montfort  m,arried  Eleanor,  widow  of 
■VVilliam  Marshal,  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  sister  of  Henry 
III.  In  1240  he  went  on  a  crusade.  In  1243  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Gascony.  His  vigorous  administration 
resulted  in  an  open  quarrel  with  the  king,  and  he  resigned 
his  office  Sept.  29,  1252.  The  ill  feeling  between  the  earl 
and  king  forced  Simon  more  and  more  into  the  popular 
party,  and  he  was  openly  recognized  as  leader  of  the  "  bar- 
ons' war  "  in  1263.  On  May  14, 1264,  he  captured  the  king, 
and  became  virtually  governor  of  the  kingdom.  By  writa 
in  the  king's  name  (Dec.  14  and  24,  1264)  he  summoned 
to  a  parliament,  which  met  in  London  Jan.  30.  1266,  120 
churchmen,  23  lay  barons,  and  2  knights  from  every  shire, 
and  .also  2  citizens  from  every  borough  in  England  —  the 
first  appearance  of  the  Commons.  At  this  piu-liament  the 
qu.arrel  between  Simon  and  Gilbert,  earl  of  Gloucester, 
began,  which  ended  in  the  death  of  Simon  .at  Evesham. 

Montfort,  Simon  of.  Born  near  Brindisi,  1240 : 
died  near  Siena,  Italy,  1271.  The  second  child 
of  Simon  of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester,  in  the 
"barons'war  "of  1264  hedefended  Northampton  against  the 
king,  and  was  captured  April.  After  his  father  s  victory 
at  Lewes,  May  14, 1264,  he  was  made  constable  of  Porches- 
ter.  He  reached  Evesham  after  the  death  of  his  father, 
Aug.  4,  1265,  and  was  obliged  to  surrender  to  Edward  at 
Christmas.  He  was  banished,  and  was  still  in  France 
March  26,  1268.  On  March  13,  1271,  he  assisted  in  the 
murder  of  Henry  of  Cornwall. 

Montfort-l'Amaury  (moh-for'la-mo-re').  A 
small  town  in  the  department  of  Seiue-et-Oise, 
France,  20  miles  west  by  south  of  Paris.  It  con- 
tains the  ruined  castle  of  tlie  counts  of  Montfort. 


romance. 
Montesinos,  Fernando.  Born  at  Osuna,  Se- 
ville, about  1600:  died,  probably  in  Seville, 
about  1655.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and  historian. 
From  16'29  to  about  1650  he  was  in  Peru,  where  he  held 
important  oflfices  and  made  special  studies  of  mines  and 

of  early  Indian  history.     His  princip;U  works  are  "Memo-     ,,  ,,     ■     ■  ,  --  «».      ^    .^       ,  - 

rias  antiguas  historiales  del  Peru"  and  "Anales  nuevas     (lormally  inaugurated  1440).    He  had  wars  with  the  Mix-  Mont   Geue'Vre   (moil   zhe-uavr').      A  pass  in 

del  Peru,"  first  published  in  French  (1840)  and  in  Spanish     *-'= -""i  •^'-='->'"—  —■'=■■"■■■•'*"  •—• ~~^  '.: ■.      - ,.  „      . 

(1882).  Montesinos  gives  a  long  list  of  the  pre-Incarial 
monarchs  of  Peru,  which  he  professes  to  have  received 
from  the  natives. 

Montespan   (muu-tes-pou').   Marquise    de  Montezuma,  or Moteczuma:  called Montezu- 
(^Frangoise   Athenais    de    Rochechouart).    man.,orXocoyotzin(H6-k6-y6t-zen').  Born 


Born  1641:  died  at  Bourbon-l'Arehambauit, 
France,  May  27, 1707.  Amistress  of  Louis  XIV. 
She  w.as  a  daughter  of  the  Due  de  Mortemart,  and  married 
the  Marquis  de  Montespan  in  1663.  She  succeeded  Made- 
moiselle dela  Valliere  asmistress  of  Louis  XIV.  about  1667. 
and  was  in  turn  supplanted  by  Madame  de  Maintenon  three 
years  later,  although  she  was  not  wholly  discarded  before 
1686.  She  eventually  entered  a  convent.  She  had  eight 
children  by  the  king,  including  the  Due  de  Maine,  Louis 
C^sar,  the  Comte  de  Vesin,  and  the  Comte  de  Toulouse. 
The  Marquis  d'Antin  was  her  son  by  her  husband. 
Montesquieu  (mou-tes-kye',  Anglicized  mon- 

tes-kii'),  Baron  de  la  Br4de  et  de  (Charles  de 
Secondat).  Born  at  the  Chateau  de  la  Brede, 
near  Bordeaux,  Jan.  18,  1689:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  10, 1755.  A  celebrated  French  writer.  He 
■was  brought  up  at  the  College  of  Juilly,  near  Meaux,  and 
retmned  to  his  native  province  to  study  law.  In  1714  he 
was  made  councilor,  and  in  1716  president,  of  the  Bor. 
deauxparliament.  He  was  not  in  sympathy,  however,  with 
the  duties  of  his  position,  and  he  gradually  withdrew  from 
them  and  devoted  his  attention  to  the  study  of  literature 
and  jurisprudence.  In  1721  he  won  fame  in  the  world  of 
letters  with  his  "  Lettres  persanes,"  in  which  he  criticizes 
cleverly  the  French  society  of  his  time.  For  this  work  he 
was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  1728.  The  follow- 
ing years  were  spent  in  travel,  and  he  visited  successively 
Austria,  Italy,  Germany.  Switzerland,  Holland,  and  Eng- 
land. On  his  return  to  France  he  gave  up  the  remainder 
of  his  life  to  literary  work.  Among  his  many  productions, 
the  two  which  have  contributed  most  to  his  renown  are 
the  "Considerations  sur  les  causes  de  la  grandeur  et  de  la 
decadence  des  Romains"(1734),  and  "L'Esprit  des  lois" 
0748)  (which  see). 

Montes  Rauraci.    See  Abmba. 

Monte  Testaccio  (mon'te  tes-ta'cho).  [It., 
'potsherd  hiU.']  A  hill  in  the  extreme  south- 
em  part  of  Rome,  southwest  of  the  Aventine, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  it  is  about  lis  feet 
in  height  above  the  surrounding  area,  and  2.500  in  cir- 
cumference, and  is  formed  entu-ely  of  the  fragments  of  pot- 
tery vases,  chiefly  amphorse,  from  the  extensive  ware- 


in  1477  (according  to  Bernal  Diaz  in  1479): 
died  at  Tenochtitlan,  June  30,  1520.  An  Az- 
tec war-chief  or  "  emperor"  of  Mexico  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  He  was  the  son  of 
Axayacatl,  and  succeeded  his  uncle  Ahuizotl  in  1503.  Be- 
sides his  almost  continuous  wars  with  the  Tlascalans  and 
Tarascans,  he  carried  his  arms  far  southward,  and  is  said 
to  have  invaded  Honduras :  thousands  of  captives  were 
brought  back  for  sacrifice  in  the  temples.  Tlie  tidings  of 
ships  and  white  men  on  the  coast  excited  his  superstitious 
fears.  W\\ev.  Cortis  landed  he  sent  him  presents,  but  tried 
to  dissuade  him  from  coming  to  Tenochtitlan.  Cortes  in- 
sisted, and  reached  the  city  with  his  army  in  Nov.,  1519. 
He  w.as  well  received  and  given  rich  presents,  but,  fearing 
violence  from  the  natives,  seized  Montezuma  in  his  own 
house  and  confined  him  in  the  Spanish  quarters  as  a  hos- 
tage. The  Aztecs  at  length  rose  in  arms  and  attacked  the 
quarters:  Montezuma,  at  the  request  of  Cortes,  appeared 
on  the  wall  and  attempted  to  expostulate  with  them,  Ijut 
was  received  with  a  shower  of  stones,  and  died  of  his 
wounds  four  days  later.     Descendants  of  one  of  liis  daugh- 


the  Cottiau  Alps,  department  of  Hautes-Alpes. 
France,  7  miles  northeast  of  Brian9on,  on  the 
Italian  border.  It  has  frequently  been  crossed 
by  armies.  Height,  6, 100  feet. 
Montgolfier  (mont-gol'fi-er;  F.  pron.  mou-gol- 
fya'),  Jacques  £tienne.  Born  at  Vidalon-lez- 
Annonay,Ardeche.  France,  Jan.  7, 1745:  died  at 
Servieres,  Aug.  2, 1799.  A  French  mechanician 
and  inventor.  Like  his  elder  brother,  Joseph  Michel, 
he  studied  mathematics,  mechanics,  and  physics.  He  was 
for  a  time  an  architect,  but  gave  up  that  profession  in  order 
to  take  charge  with  his  brother  of  his  father's  paper-manu- 
factory at  Annonay.  Together  with  his  brotherhe  invented 
the  form  of  air-balloon  known  as  the  montgolfier,  a  pub- 
lie  experiment  with  which  was  made  at  Annonay  in  1782. 
The  experiment  was  repeated  by  .Toseph  Montgolfier  before 
the  court  at  Versailles,  Sept.  19,  1783,  and  both  brothers 
were  subsequently  elected  corresponding  members  of  the 
Academy. 

Montgolfier,  Joseph  Michel.  Born  at  Vidalon- 
lez-Annonay,  Ardeche,  France,  1740 :  died  at 
Balaruc,  France,  June  26,  1810.  A  French 
mechanician,  brother  of  Jacques  fitienne  Mont- 
golfier, with  whom  he  was  associated  in  the  in- 
vention of  the  air-balloon. 


ters  are  still  living  in  Mexico.     After  the  Spanish  conqueft  Mnnf  (rnmpnV    (mont    iriiTn'p    ril      AloTpnHor 
Montezuma  became  a  mvtliical  nersonane  amone  the  Tn.   •"i°'l''6°'"^Jl?-i,™5"t -gum    e-ri;,    Alexancler. 

Born  about  loo6 :  died  before  1615.     A  Scottish 
poet,  a  relative  of  the  earls  of  Eglinton.     His 


Montezuma  became  a  mythical  personage  among  the  In 
dians;  this  hero  or  hero-god  they  mention  to  strangers  as 
their  principal  deity,  although  they  do  not  pay  him  the 
slightest  worship.  In  New  Mexico  modern  travelers  and 
tourists  have  thought  that  they  have  discovered  a  Monte- 
zuma worship,  which,  however,  does  not  exist. 

Montezuma,  Baths  of.    See  Te^cot-inco. 
Montfa,ucon  (m6u-f6-k6h'),  Bernard  de.  Bom 

at  tlie  Chateau  Soulage,  in  Languedoc,  France, 
Jan.  18,  1655:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21,  1741.  A 
French  critic  and  classical  scholar,  .\niong  his 
works  are  "Palreographia  Grajca  "  (1708),  "  L'Antiquit^  ex- 
pliqu6e  et  representee  en  figures "(1719-24),  "Les  monu- 
ments de  la  monarchic  fran(;aise  "  (1729-33),  an  edition  of 
Athanasius,  etc. 

Montferrat   (mon-fer-ra').   It.  Monferrato 

(mon-fer-ra'to).  [It., 'iron  mountain.']  A 
former  marquisate,  later  a  duchy,  in  north- 
western Italy,  lying  south  of  the  Po  and  north 
of  the  Ligurian  Apennines  and  Alps.     Capital, 


chief  work  is  the  allegorical  poem  "The  Cherry  and  the 
Slae"  (1597).  He  also  wrote  "The  Flyting  betwixt  Mont- 
gomery and  Polwart,"  etc. 

Montgomerie,  AJchibald  William,  thirteenth 
Earl  of  Eglinton.  Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  Sept. 
29,  1812:  died  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  Oct. 
4,  1861.  A  British  politician,  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland  in  1852  and  1858-59. 

Montgomery  (mont-gum'e-ri).  1.  A  county  in 
Wales.  It  is  bounded  by  Merioneth  and  Denbigh  on  the 
north,  Slu'opshire  on  the  east,  Radnor  on  the  south,  and 
Cardigan  and  Merioneth  on  the  west.  It  is  hillyand  moun- 
tainous, and  has  lead-mines  and  flannel  manufactures. 
Area,  797  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  58,003. 
2.  'The  capital  of  the  county  of  Montgomery, 
situated  near  the  Severn  21  mUes  southwest  of 
Shrevvsbiu'v.     Population  (1891),  1,098. 


Montgomery 

Montgomery.  jV  district  ul'  the  Panjab,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  40'  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
^Vrea.  5,754  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
4y!l..'>21. 

Montgomery.  The  capital  of  Alabama  and  of 
Montgomery  County,  situated  on  the  Alabama 
in  lat.  32°  21"  N.,  long.  86°  25'  W.  it  has  a  Hour- 
ishin?  trade,  especiiilly  in  cottun.  It  became  the  Siaie 
capital  ill  1S47,  atid  was  the  capital  of  the  Confederate 
States  Feb.-May,  1861.     Popillaticm  <190lJ),  30,346. 

Montgomery(m6u-gom-r6'),Gabriel,Comtede. 
Born  aliout  1.530:  e.xeeutedat  Paris,  May  25,1574. 
A  Frenr'li  eommiinderwho,  by  accident,  mortal- 
ly wounded  Henry  II.  in  a  tournament  June  30, 
1559.  He  retiretl  to  Normandy  aiul  thence  escaped  to 
England,  where  he  became  a  Protestant.  Returning  to 
France  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  took  part  in  the  reli- 
gious wars  of  the  period  ;  estatilisht-d  himself  about  1.^7 1 
in  the  islands  of  Jersey  and  Guernsey,  whence  he  directed 
an  expedition  against  France ;  and  was  finally  captnredand 
put  to  tleath. 

Montgomery  Cniont-gum'e-ri),  James.  Bom  vt 
Irvine,  Ayrshire,  Nov.  4,  1770:  died  April  30. 
1854.  A  Scottish  poet,  son  of  .lohn  Montgom- 
ery, a  Moravian  clergyman,  in  1702  he  entered  the 
office  of  the  "Sheffield  Hegister,"  and  in  1705  the  pai)L'r 
became  his  property  :  the  name  had  been  changed  to  the 
"Sheftield  Iris."  In  1S06  his  poems  "The  Wanderer  of 
Switzerland"  and  "The  Grave"  won  him  recognition. 
The  numerous  hymns  on  which  his  reputation  chietly  rests 
were  cbllected  in  1853.  His  lectures  on  poetry  liefore  the 
Royallnstitutionwerepublishod  in  1833.  His  other  worl:s 
are"  "The  West  Indies"  (1810),  "The  World  before  the 
Hood  " (1812),  " Greenland    (1819). ' '  Pelican  Island  "  ( 1826). 

Montgomery,  Richard.  Born  at  Swords,  Coun- 
ty Dublin,  Ireland,  Deo.  2,  1736:  killed  before 
Quebec,  Dee.  31,  1775.  An  American  Revolu- 
tionary general.  He  commanded  an  expedition  for  the 
invasion  of  Canada  in  177f>,  during  which  he  captured  Fort 
I'hambly  and  Montreal.  He  was  killed  while  leading  an 
:itt:ick  on  Quebec. 

Montgomery,  Robert.  Born  at  Bath, England, 
1807:  died  at  Brighton,  England,  Dec.  3,  1855. 
All  English  poet.  Among  his  poems  are  "The  Stage- 
coach" (1827),  "Omnipresence  of  the  Deity  "  (1858).  "Sa- 
tan, etc."  (1830),  "The  Pufflad "  (1830),  etc.  "With  an 
unfortunate  facility  in  ilorid  versilication  Montgomery 
combined  no  genuinely  poetic  gift,  filacaulay,  in  trying  to 
anticipate  the  office  of  time,  oidy  succeeded  in  rescuing 
him  from  theoblivion  to  whichhe  was  properly  destined." 
Did.  Xal.  Bu/'i. 

Montgomery  Charter.The.  A  charter  granted 
to  the  city  of  New  York  by  John  Montgomery 
("  Captain  General  and  Governor  in  chief  of  the 
Province  of  New  York  and  the  Province  of  New 
Jersey  and  territories  depending  thereon  in 
America,  and  Vice  Admiral  of  the  same")  mi- 
der  George  II.,  dated  Jan.  15,1730.  ItexteBded 
the  Dongan  Charter,  and  was  in  force  until  1830. 

Montherme  (mon-ter-ma' ).  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meiise  8  miles  north  of  M^zi^res.  Population 
flSOl  I,  commune,  3,870. 

Montholon  (m6h-to-16n' ),  Comte  Charles  Tris- 
tan de.  Born  at  Paris,  July  21, 1783 :  died  Aug. 
21,  1853.  A  French  general,  companion  of  Na- 
poleon at  St.  Helena,  and  one  of  his  executors. 
He  published,  with  Gourgaud,  "M^moires  pour  servir  h 
I'histoire  de  France  sous  Napolt^on,  Merits  h  Sainte-II616ne 
sous  sa  dicti^e  "  (1823),  etc. 

Monthyon.      See  Monti/on. 

Monti  (raon'te),Vincen20.  Bornat  Fusiguano, 
near  Ravenna,  Italy,  Feb.  19.  1754:  died  at 
Milan,  Oct.  13.  1828.  A  noted  Italian  poet. 
Cardinal  Borghese  was  so  much  pleased  with  his  "Vision 
of  Ezckiul"  (1776)  tliat  he  took  him  to  Rome,  where,  after 
winning  praise  as  a  poet,  he  essayed  tragedy  in  imitation 
of  his  friend  Altlcri.  At  this  time  he  wa,'.  the  secretary  of 
Cardinal  Braschi,  the  Pope's  nephew.  His"Bassevilliana" 
(1793)  was  inspired  l)y  the  ma.ssacre  by  the  populace  of  the 
French  envoy .Basseville.  He  was  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Pavia,  and  was  made  histtiriocraplicr  to  the  courtuiider 
N<ipoleon,  and  meinbci-  of  thi-  Italian  Institute.  Among 
his  other  poems  are  "  Fanatismo,"  "Musogonia,"  "  Mas- 
cherniana,""Il  ritornod'Astrca,""Superstizione," a  trans- 
lation of  the  Iliad,  etc.  His  tragedies  are  "  Aristodcmo" 
(1787),  "Galeotto  Manfreili,"  "Caio  Oracco."  (Complete 
works,  6  vols.,  1839.) 

Monticello  (mon-te-sel'lo;  It.  raon-te-chel'lo). 
[It.,  'little  motmt.'')  A  mansion  and  estate,  the 
lormer  residence  of  Tliomas  .lefrerson,  situated 
in  Al  bemarle  County,  Virginia,  near  Charlottes- 
ville. 

Montiel  fmon-te-el').  A  small  place  in  La 
Maiiclni.,  Spain,  nearValdepontis.  Here,  in  March, 
13iiu.  Iliniry  of  TraAiunare  luid  llu  Guesclin  defeated  Pe- 
dro the  (Jruel. 

Montijo  (mon-te'Ho).     A  town  in  the  province 

of  Badajoz,  Spain,  14  miles  east  of  Badajoz. 

Popidiitioii  (1H87),  6.681. 
Montilla  (raon-tel'yil).     A  town  in  the  province 

of  Cordovn,  Spain,  22  miles  south  of  Coriiova. 

It  is  famous  for  its  wine,  and  was  the  lurthplace  of  Gon- 
■  salvo  de  Coidova.     Population  (1887),  13,7'.in. 
Montivilliers  (mon-te-vel-ya').    A  town  in  the 

ilepartmeut  of  Seino-Inf^rieuro,  France,  situ- 


703 

ated  on  the  Lezarde  6  miles  east-northeast  of 
Havre.     Population  (1891),  commune,  5,344. 

Montjoie  (mou-zhwii').  A  small  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Eoer 
16  miles  southeast  of  Aix-Ia-Chapelle. 

Montjoie.  The  name  of  the  hill  near  Paris 
where  St.  Denis  was  martyi'ed.  Before  1789 it  was 
the  name  of  the  king  at  arms.  In  ancient  tournaments 
"  Montjoie  "  was  the  cry  of  the  French  heralds,  and  "Mont- 
joie St.  Denis"  the  war-cry  of  the  French  in  battle.  The 
kings  of  England  had  at  onetime  the  war-cry  "  Montjoie  8t, 
Georue."  It  was  last  used  by  the  French  at  the  siege  of 
Montargis  in  1426.     Laruume, 

Montlhery  (mou-la-re').  A  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Seiuc-et-Oise,  France,  18  miles 
south  of  Paris.  Here,  July  16,  1465,  the  forces  of  the 
League  of  the  Public  Go<)d  defeated  Louis  XI. 

Montluc  ( mou-liik' ), Blaise  de  Lasseran-Mas- 
sencome,  Seigneur  de.  Born  near  Condom. 
Guienne,  about  1503:  died  in  the  province  of 
Agenois,  1.577.  A  noted  French  marshal.  His 
family  was  noble  but  in  moderate  circumstances,  so  that 
he,  the  eldest  of  12  children,  was  soon  called  upon  to  sup- 
port himself.  He  went  into  the  army  and  took  part  in  all 
the  campaigns  of  Francis  I.  against  Charles  V.,  and  also 
became  celebrated  for  his  exploits  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.  '  'h.arles  IX.  and  Henry  III.  honored  him  with  high 
positi<ins.  In  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  dictated  from 
memory  his  account  of  the  wars  from  1521  to  1574.  His 
work  is  of  great  value  to  historians,  and  is  furthermore 
possessed  of  considerable  literary  merit.  Henry  IV.  paid 
it  a  just  tribute  in  calling  it  "la  Bible  du  soldat."  Mont- 
luc's  "Commentaires"  appeared  first  in  1592  at  Bordeaux, 
and  have  been  reprinted  several  times  since.  The  best 
edition  in  modern  times  was  made  by  M.  de  Ruble  for  the 
SocitH^  de  rilistoire  de  France. 

Montlucon  (mon-lti-son' ).  A  city  in  the  depart- 
ment ot  Allier,  central  France,  situated  on  the 
Cher  38  miles  southwest  of  Moulins.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures,  especially  of  mirrors,  and  is 
soinetiines  called  "  the  Manchester  of  France."  Population 
n^;ll),  ccmmiilne,  27,878. 

Montmartre  (mon-mar'tr).  A  height  and 
(since  1860)  a  quarter  in  the  northern  part  of 
Paris,  formerly  a  separate  commune.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Allies  March  30,  1814,  and  was 
in  tlio  hands  of  the  Commune  March-May,  1871. 

Montmedy  (muu-ma-de').  A  town  in  the  de- 
jjartment  of  Mouse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Chiers  23  miles  southeast  of  Sedan.  It  has  often 
been  besieged  and  taken  (last  time  l>y  the  Germans  Nov.- 
Dec,  1870).     Population  (1891).  commune,  2,782. 

Montmirail  (moii-me-riiy').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Marne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Petit-Morin  55  miles  east  of  Paris.  Here,  Feb.  11, 
1814,  the  French  under  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies.  Pop- 
ulation (1801),  commune,  2,373. 

Montmorency  (m6n-m6-ron-se' ).  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seiue-et-Oise,  France,  9  miles 
north  of  Paris.  It  was  the  residence  of  Rousseau. 
Its  castle  was  the  seat  of  the  Montmorency  family.  Popu- 
liitioii  (1S9I),  commune,  4,577. 

Montmorency,  or  Montmorenci    (mont-mo- 

ren'.si;  F.  pron.  mou-mo-ron-se').  Asmall river 
in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  which  joins 
the  St.  Lawrence  8  miles  below  Quebec.  It  is 
noted  for  the  cataract  (2.50  feet  high)  situated 
near  its  mouth 

Montmorency,  or  Montmorenci  (mon-mo-rou- 

so'),  Anne  de.  Born  at  Chant  illy,  France, 
March  15, 1492 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1567.  A 
French  marshal  and  constable,  distinguished  in 
the  wars  in  Italy  and  against  Charles  V.  He  was 
defeated  at  St.-Quentin  in  1557,  and  commanded 
iit  Dreux  in  1562,  and  at  St. -Denis  in  1567. 

Montmorency,  Henri  II.,  Due  de.    Born  at 

Chantilly,  France,  .April  30,  1,595:  executed  at 
Toulouse,  France,  Oct.  30,  1632.  A  French  mar- 
shiil,  grandson  of  Anno  de  Montmorency.  He 
joined  the  rebellion  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  in 
'l632. 

Montmorillon  (mon-mo-re-yoh').  A  town  in 
tlio  department  of  Vicnue,  France,  situated  on 
the  (iarlempe  28  miles  oast-southeast  of  Poi- 
tiers.    Po|ndntion  (1891),  commime,  5,268. 

Montoro  (mon-to'ro).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalqui- 
vir 27  miles  east-northeast  of  Cordova.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  12,563. 

Montorsoli  (mon-tor'so-le),  Giovanni  Angelo. 

Hiirri  at  Monlorsoli,  near  Florence,  iibniit  I5llii ; 
died  at  Florence,  1563.  An  Italian  sculptor  and 
jirchitect,  a  (Uipil  of  .\ndrcil  Ferucci  of  Fiesole. 
lie  restored  the  left  arm  of  the  Apollo  Belvedere  and  the 
right  arm  of  the  Laot^ioii.  He  assistctl  Michelangelo  in 
lliilshing  the  statues  of  Giuliano  and  Lorenzo  de'  .Medici, 
and  made  the  statue  of  .San  Cosimo  in  the  sacristy  of  San 
Lorenzo  in  Florence.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  great 
fountain  of  Messina  (1547). 

Montoya  (mon-to'vii).  Antonio  Ruiz  de.  Born 

at  l.inia,l'eru,1.5,S3(l'):dieiltliei-e..\i.ril  11,1652. 
A  .lesuil  missionary  and  author.  He  spent  many 
yeara  in  the  Ouarany  missions  of  Paraguay,  ami  published 
a  history  of  them,  "Coniiuisla  espiritual  heclia  por  los 
religiusos  de  la  Compania  do  .lesus  en  las  provlnclas  del 


Montrond 

Paraguay,  etc."(Madrid,  li;39).  His  "  Te8oro"(1639),  "Arte 
y  Vocabulai-io"(l(}40),  and  "Catecismo  "(1640)  are  the  best 
authorities  on  the  Guaiuny  language.  'There  are  modern 
editions. 

Montpelier  (mout-pe'lyer).  The  capital  of  Ver- 
mont and  of  Washington  County,  situated  on 
the  Onion  River  in  lat.  44°  17'  N.,  long.  72°  36' 
W.     Population  (1900),  6,266. 

Montpellier  (mdn-pel-lya').  The  capital  of  the 
tlepartmentof  Ilerault.  France,  situated  on  the 
Lez,  near  the  Mediten-anean,  in  lat.  43°  37'  N., 
long.  3°  .53'  E.  Its  trade  is  largely  in  w  ine  and  brandy  ; 
and  it  has  manufactures  of  verdigris,  soap,  cream  of  tartar, 
etc.  The  cathedral,  jardin  dcs  plantes.  university,  acad- 
emy, andMust;'e  Fabre  (onct)f  the  liest  in  France)  are n4)te- 
worthy.  It  contains  a  noted  siiiiau,  the  Place  du  Peyroa. 
Its  school  of  medicine  was  founded  in  the  12th  century. 
It  came  info  the  possession  of  Aragon  and  Majorca,  and 
was  acquij'ed  by  France  about  l.'i,'>o.  It  was  a  Protestant 
stronghold,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Louis  XIII.  in 
1622.    Comte  was  born  there.     Population  (1901)  76,364. 

Montpellier-le-Vieux  (mon-pel-lya'le-vye').  A 
noted  group  of  huge  fantastic  rocks,  discovered 
in  1883  near  Millau,  Aveyron,  southern  France. 

Montpensier  (m6u-pon-sya'),  Duchesse  de 
(Anne  Marie  Louise  d'Orleans).  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, May  29, 1027:  died  there,  March  5, 1693.  The 
only  daughter  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  and  the 
Duchesse  de  Montpensier:  commonly  called  La 
Grande  Mademoiselle,  she  was  a  cousin  of  Louis 
XIV.    Her  'Memoires"  were  published  in  1729. 

Personal  and  literary  interest  Ixith  appear  in  a  very  high 
degree  in  the  Memoirs  of  Anne  Mat  ie  Louise  de  Montpen- 
sier. commonly  caUed  La  Grande  ^ladLiooiselle.  The  only 
daughter  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  and  of  the  Duchesse  de  Mont- 
pensier, she  inherited  enormous  wealth  and  a  position 
which  made  it  difficult  for  her  to  marry  any  one  but  a 
crowned  head.  In  her  youth  she  was  self-wUled  and  by 
no  means  inclined  to  marriage,  and  prince  after  prince  was 
proposed  to  her  in  vain.  During  the  Fronde  she  took  an 
extraordinary  part  —  heatliiig  armies,  mounting  the  walls 
of  Orleans  by  ascaling-laitUr.  and  saving  the  routed  troops 
of  Cond^,  after  the  liattle  of  the  Faubourg  Saint  Antoine, 
by  opening  tlie  gates  of  Paris  to  them,  and  causing  the 
cannon  of  the  Bastille  to  cover  their  flight. 

Sainlxhuril,  Fretich  Lit.,  p.  339. 

Montpensier,  Due  de  (Antoine  Marie  Phi- 
lippe Louis  d'Orleans).  Born  at  Paris,  July 
31,  1824:  (lied  at  San  Lucar,  near  SeWUe,  Feb., 
4,1.890.  The  fifth  son  of  Louis  Philippe.  Hemar- 
ried  the  infanta  Maria  Luisa  (sister  of  Queen  Isabella)  in 
1846  ;  became  infante  in  1859 ;  and  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  Spanish  throne  in  1870.  In  1871  lie  was 
crileil  to  the  Balearic  Isles,  hut  soon  returned.  His 
daughter  Mercedes  became  the  wife  of  King  Alphonso 
XII.  of  Spain  in  1878. 

Montpensier,  Duchesse  de  (Catherine  Marie 

de  Lorraine).  Born  15.52  :  died  about  1.594.  The 
dauglitcr  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise  :  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  League. 

Mont  Perdu  (mon  per-dti'i,  Sp.  Monte  Per- 

dido  (mon'taper-de'THo).  ['  Lost  mountain.'] 
One  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Pyrenees,  situ- 
ated in  the  province  of  Huesca,  Spain,  about 
long.  0°.  Height,  10.995 feet. 
Montreal  (mont-re-al').  ['Mount  Royal.']  A 
city  in  theprovinceof  Quebec, Dominion  of  Can- 
ada, sitmited  on  Montreal  Island  in  lat.  4.5°  30' 
N.,  long.  73°  33'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  and  the  chief 
connneicial  center  of  Canaila,  being  at  the  heiui  of  ocean 
steamship  navigation.  'The  St.  Lawrence  is  crossed  here  by 
the  Victoria . I  iibilee  Bridge.  The  city  has  iini'i>i  taut  nninu- 
faitures.  The  McG  ill  University, the  Koiiian  Catholic  cathe. 
dr:',t  and  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  the  KiiKliah  catiu  dral,  and 
the  Roman  Catholic  institutions  are  iiotewiuthy.  The  re- 
gion was  visited  byCarthTiiil535;  asettlemeii t  called  Ville 
Marie  was  made  by  the  French  inlt»42,  Montreal  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1760,  taken  by  the  Americans  in  1775,  and 
irlaken  by  till'  liritish  in  1776.    Population  (1901),  '^67,730. 

Montreal  Island.  An  island  in  the  St .  La  wrence, 
;it  tlie  nicnitli  of  tlie  Ottawa.  Length,  about  32 
miles. 

Montr6jeau  (mon-tra-zho').  A  town  in  the 
dr|i:irtmeiit  of  lliiute-tJaronne,  France,  situ- 
atiil  on  the  (jaronne  27  miles  east-southeast  of 
'Parlies.     l'o]iuliition  (1.891),  commune,  3,068. 

MontretOUt  (moii-ti-tii').  A  height  west  of  Pa- 
ris, near  St, -(/'loud.  I(  was  the  scene  of  an  un- 
successful sortie  of  the  French,  .Ian.  19,  1871. 

Montreuil-SOUS-Bois  (m6n-trcy'si>-l>wii').  A 
Inwii  in  the  deparliiient  of  Seine,  Franco,  east 
of  I'iiris,  netir  Vincennes.  Population  (1891), 
•-':!. 986. 

Montreuil-SUr-Mer(-siir-niar').  A  town  in  the 
de|i!irtiiieiil  of  I';is-di'-('alais,  Franci'.  20  miles 
south-southeast  of  Boulogne.  Population  (1891), 

:!.5i;5. 

MontreUX(m6n-tr(^').  Ahealth-resortin  the  can- 
ton of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  near  the  eastern  end 
of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  16  miles  southeast  of 
I.iltisanne.  It  comprises  Montnux-Vernex,  Clarcna. 
iMioii,  etc.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Chlllon.  It  Is  a  noted 
]ilaci'  of  residence  for  foreigners,    l'o|iuIatlon,  about  8,000. 

Montrond  (mon-ron").  A  small  town  in  the  de- 
leiilmeiit  of  Loire,  IVti  nee,  situated  on  the  Loire 
30  miles  west -southwest  of  Lyons. 


Montrose 

Montrose  (mon-troz').  A  seaport  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  situated  onthe  North  Sea,  at  themouth 
of  the  South  Esk,  26  miles  northeast  of  Dundee. 
It  has  important  flax  and  linen  manufactures,  and  flourish- 
ing trade  and  fisheries.     Population  (1891),  13,079. 

Montrose,  Marquises  of.    See  Graham. 
Montrouge  (mon-rozh').     A  suburb  of  Paris, 

hing  directly  to  the  south.     Population  (1891), 

ll,99i;. 


704 

province  of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lam- 
bro  9  miles  north-northeast  of  Milan  :  the  an- 
cient Modieia.  It  was  the  residence  of  the  Gothic  and 
Lombard  kings.  The  cathedral  was  founded  by  Queen 
Theodolinda  in  590,  but  reconstructed  in  the  14th  centur>-. 
The  treasury  is  extremely  rich  in  Lombard  and  medieval 
goldsmiths'  work,  its  most  prized  treasui-e  being  the  fa- 
mous iron  crown  of  Lombardy,  so  called  from  the  thin  rib- 
bon of  iron  within  it,  said  to  be  forged  from  a  nail  of  the 
crucifixion. 


Mont-Saint-Jean  (mon-saii-zhoii').     A  hamlet  Moodkee.     See  Mudki. 
near  Waterloo,  which  sometimes  gives  name  to  Moody  (mo'di).  1.  The  guardian  of  Peggy,  the 


the  battle. 

Mont-Saint-Michel  (mon-san-me-shel').  A  vil- 
lage in  the  ilepartment  of  Manehe,  northwestern 
France,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  St.- 
Miehel,  6  miles  west  of  Avranches.  The  mount  is 
in  its  entirety  one  of  the  most  curious  of  medieval  monu- 


coimtry  girl,  in  Garrick's  adaptation  of  AVych- 
erley's" " Country  Wife." — 2.  In  Dryden's  play 
"Sir  Martin  Mar-all,"  a  swashbuckler  —  that 
is,  one  who  retained  the  boisterous  manners 
of  the  period  when  sword  and  buckler  were  in 
common  use  and  brawls  were  frequent. 


rnents.    Itisasmallpyramidal  island,  now  connected  with  Moody,  Dwigllt  Lyman.     Born  at  Northfield 
the  shore  by  a  causeway.     It  is  defended  on  the  seadevel      ht„^„      ■o„-u     c     ido-t_    t.i  x%._    n.-,    ,  or^n        . 
by  towered  ramparts,  within  which  nestles  the  village. 
Above  rise,  tier  over  tier,  the  huge  fortified  walls  and 
towers  and  the  extensive  buildings  of  the  monastery,  long 
a  fortress  and  afterward  used  as  a  prison.    The  rock  is 
crowned  by  the  great  granite  church,  with  Romanesque 
nave.    The  cloister  is  of  great  beauty.    It  has  a  double 
range  of  overlapping  lancet  arches,  and  beautifully  sculp- 
tured foliage-rosettes  in  the  spandrels. 
Monts  Dore.     See  Mont  Dore. 


Mass.,  Feb.  5,  1837 :  died  Dee.  22,  1899.  An 
American  evangelist.  He  was  engaged  in  missionary 
work  in  Chicago  about  1856;  conilucted,with  Ira  D.  Sankey", 
various  revival  meetings  in  the  United  States,  and  1873-75 
and  1881-83  in  Great  Britain  ;  and  established  a  school  for 
Oliristian  workers  in  Xorthfield  and  a  Bible  Institute  in 
Chicago. 
Mooker  (mok'er),  or  Mook  (mok),  Heath."  A 
place  in  the  Netherlands,  near  the  Meuse, 
Montserrat  (mont-ser-raf),    or  Monserrat    south  of  Nimwegen.  Here  (1574)  the  Spaniards 

(mon-ser-raf).     ['  Toothed'  or  '  seiTate  moun-    defeated  the  Dutch  under  Louis  of  Nassau. 

tain.']      A  jagged  mountain  about   30  mUes  Mooltan.     See  Multan. 

northwest  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  famous  for  its  Moon  (mon).    A  heavenly  body  which  revolves 

monastery  (founded  880),  noted  for  an  image  of    around  the  earth  monthly,  accompanying  the 


the  Vir>,'in.  Height,  about  4,000  feet, 
Montserrat  (mont-se-raf).  An  island  of  the 
British  West  Indies,  situated  southwest  of  An- 
tigua in  lat.  16°  42'  N.,  long.  62°  13'  W.  Chief 
town,  Plymouth.  The  most  important  products  are 
sugar  and  fruits.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493 ; 
settled  by  the  British  in  1632 ;  and  occupied  temporarily  by 
the  French  in  1064  and  in  17S2.  Area,  32  square  miles. 
Population  (1^91),  11,762. 

Montt  (mont),  Jorge.  Bom  at  Santiago,  1847. 
A  Chilean  naval  officer  and  politician,  son  of 
Manuel  Montt.  in  Jan.,  1891,  he  sided  with  Congress 
against  President  Balraaceda ;  was  given  temporary  com- 
mand of  the  congressional  forces:  and  was  a  member  of 
the  governing  junta.  After  the  fall  of  Balmaceda  he  was 
elected  president,  assuming  office  Nov.  6,  1891.  He  was 
-ncceeded  in  1896  by  Sefior  Errazuriz. 


earth  as  a  satellite  in  its  annual  revolution,  and 
shining  by  the  sun's  reflected  light.  Next  to  the 
sun,  the  moon  is  the  most  conspicuous  and  interesting  of 
celestial  objects.  The  rapidity  of  its  motion,  the  variety 
of  its  phases,  and  especially  the  striking  phenomena  of 
its  eclipses,  compelled  the  attention  of  the  earliest  observ- 
ers; and  the  fact  that  the  longitude  can  be  determined 
from  lunar  observations  has  given  the  theory  of  the  moon 's 
motion  economic  importance.  Of  all  the  heavenly  bodies 
(meteors  excepted),  the  moon  is  nearest  to  us.  Its  mean 
distance  is  a  little  more  than  sixty  times  the  radius  of  the 
earth,  or  238,800  miles.  Its  diameter  is  2,162  miles  (about 
0.273  of  the  earth's  equatorial  diameter),  and  its  volume 
is  about  ,'5  of  that  of  the  earth.  It  revolves  around  the 
earth  in  27d.  7h.  43m.  11.5s. ;  the  time  from  new  moon  to 
new  moon  is  29d.  12h.  44m.  2.7s.  The  moon  always  pre- 
sents nearly  the  same  face  to  the  earth.  It  has  no  clouds, 
and  shows  no  indications  of  an  atmosphere  or  of  the 

Montt,  Manuei.     Bom  at  Petorca,  Sept.  5,  ^'"'"''"l^^  ""'f '.         ,  ,^         , 
1809:  died  at  Santiago,  Sept.  20,1880.  A  Chilean  ■'*''°.0°' J*?^0^*3,ins  of  the.     A  range  of  moun- 
statesman.     As  a  leader  of  the  conservatives,  he  was    ^^^^  V^^<^1^,  ^J  Ptolemy   m   the   interior   of 
president  of  the  House  of  Deputies,  minister  of  foreign    Atlica,  containing  the  sources  of  the  A  lie.    They 
affairs  1840,  minister  of  justice  and  education  1841-45,     "^''^  conceived  afterward  as  traversing  .ifrica  from  east 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1S45-50.     In  1S61  he  became     '°  west._    They  have  disappeared  from  modern  maps, 
president  of  Chile,  and  was  reelected  in  1S56,  serving  un-  Moonlight  Sonata.     A  name  given  to  Beetho- 
til  Sept.,  1861.     During  this  period  the  country  was  very    yen's  •'  Sonata  quasi  una  fantasia"  in  C  sharp 
prosperous;    but  the  extreme  conservative  policy  of  the     rninnr    nnp  nf  tlio  twr,  n-bioli  fr>,.r,i  1,;=  n„„o  07 
government  led  to  revolts  of  the  liberals  in  1851  and         ?,•  ',  ^        1  eno  ^hlcU  torm  his  Upus  27, 

1858,  and  to  a  bloody  civil  war  in  1859.    President  Montt    pnonshed  m  1802.     The  romantic  stories  about  the 
resigned  his  office  peacefully  to  his  successor,  and  was     name  and  dedication  appear  to  be  without  foundation, 
subsequently  president  of  the  supreme  court  untU  bis  Moonstone(m6n'st6n),  The.  Anovelby  WiLkie 

iJ'"'"*  <v     A        ,     ■■  ^    -'^  .       *  .  ■      ■      C'oUins,  publishe.l  in  1868. 

Mont-Tendre  (mon-ton  dr)  A  mountain  in  Moor,  or  Mor  (mor).  A  town  in  the  countv  of 
the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  Stuhlweissenburg,  Hungary,  37  miles  west  by 
-  ^^  /®  west-northwest  of  Lausanne.  Height,  south  of  Budapest.  Here,  Dec.,  1848,  the  Austrians  de- 
o,Dly  teet.  feated  the  Hungarians  under  Perczel.     Pop.  (ISOO),  9,3(Xt. 

Montt- Varistas(m6nt'va-res'tas).  A  political  Moor  (mor),  Ed'ward.  Bom  in  1771:  died  at 
party  in  Chile,  formed  about  1850  by  a  division  London,  Feb.  26, 1848.  A  writer  on  Hindu  my- 
of  the  conservative  or  Pelueones  party,  it  de-  thology.  He  entered  the  Madras  establishment  of  the 
rived  its  name  from  President  Manuel  Montt  and  Antonio 
Varas  who  was  his  minister  of  st,ate  1851-66.  The  Montt- 
Varistas  advocate  extreme  conservative  principles,  a  semi- 
aristocratic  form  of  government,  and  partial  union  of 
church  and  state. 

Montucla  (mon-tii-kla'),  Jean  Etienne.  Born 

at  Lyons,  Sept.  5, 1725:  died  at  Versailles,  Dec. 
18,  1799.     A  noted  French  mathematician.  His 
chief  work  is  a  '*  Hi 
tinned  by  L,alande). 

Montlifar  (mon-to'far),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Gua- 
temala. March  11,  1823.  A  Central  American 
jurist,  politician,  and  author.  His  principal 
work  is  "  Memorias  historicas  de  Centro-Amer- 
iea"  (1881). 

Mont-Valerien  (moh'va-la-ryan').  A  hill  and 
fortress  west  of  the  Seine,  2+"miles  west  of  the 
fortifications  of  Paris,  it  was  an  important  point 
of  defense  in  1870-71.  -An  unsuccessful  sortie  was  made 
from  it  by  the  French  Jan.  19,  1871.  and  a  murderer.     Hostile  brothers  had  already  been  de- 

Montyon  (mon-tvon' )  (incorrectly  Monthyon),  pieted  by  Fielding  in  romance,  and  by  Leisewitz  and  Klin- 
Baron  de  ( Antoine  Jean  Baptiste  Robert  ^""^  in  tragedy :  the  two  latter  had  introduced  fratricide 
AiKiati  R..,..,  ot  Po^ii,  ricn  i-ja.  ,1-  ,1  r  upon  the  stage  Itself,  and  Gessner  had  written  a  patn- 
Auget ).  Boi n  at  Pans,  Dee. ,  1 ,33 :  died  at  archal  romance  based  on  the  story  of  Cain  and  Abel ;  but 
raris,  Dec.  29,  1820.  A  J^  rench  philanthropist.  Schiller  far  surpasses  these  ^vTiters  in  power  in  the  grand 
He  founded  various  prizes  (including  the  Mon-  scene  where  the  criminal,  in  fear  ot  the  avengers  of  his 
tyou  prize  of  virtue)  crime,  pronounces  and  carries  out  his  own  sentence. 

Monument,  The.    A  column  in  London,  north  **"■"■'  ='''°'''  "^  *''™'°  Literature,  n.  lie. 


East  India  Company  as  cadet  in  April,  1783,  served  in  the 
war  of  1790-91,  and  was  wounded  Dec.  29,  1791,  at  Gadj- 
moor.  He  went  to  Bombay  April,  1796,  as  brevet  captain, 
and  in  ISOO  made  a  "  Digest  of  the  Militarj-  Orders  and  Reg- 
ulations of  the  Bombay  Array."  lie  published  "Hindoo 
Pantheon  "(1810), "Hindoo  Infanticide  "(ISll),  "The  Gen- 
tle .Sponge,"  a  proposal  for  reducing  the  interest  on  the 
national  debt  (1829),  and  "Suffolk  Words  and  Phrases" 

chief  work  is  a  "  ffistoire  des  mathematiques  "  (1758:  c^:  ^^^  (j^qj.)  ^^^^      rjjjg  principal  character  in 

Schiller's  play  ' '  Die  Kiiuber  "  ( "  The  Eobbers" ). 
The  hero  of  Ms  first  drama,  the  entliusiastic  young  rob- 
ber, Moor,  like  Goethe's  Gotz,  has  recourse  to  force  on  his 
own  responsibility.  He  has  all  the  feelings  of  a  Werther, 
and,  like  Werther,  he  falls  foul  of  society.  Werther  turns 
the  destroying  weapon  upon  himself,  but  Moor  directs  it 
against  society.  He  is  a  rebel,  like  the  Satan  of  Milton 
and  of  Klopstock,  and  a  vagabond,  like  Goethe's  Crugan- 
tino  ;  but,  while  love  and  reconcdiation  lead  Crugantino 
back  to  the  bosom  of  his  family,  the  shameful  intrigues 
of  an  unnatural  brother  Franz  turn  Moor  into  a  robber 


of  the  Thames,  near  London  Bridge,  it  was 
erected  to  commemorate  the  great  fire  of  1666,  and  stands 
close  to  the  spot  where  the  conflagration  started.  It  is 
a  fluted  Roman-Doric  column  by  Wren,  standing  on  a 
square  base  ornamented  with  reliefs,  and  supporting  on 
a  pedestal  above  the  capital  an  urn  from  which  flames 
issue.     The  height  is  202  feet. 

Monumentum  Ajicyranum.    See  Amyra. 
Monza  (mon'za).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 


Moorcroft  (mor'kroft ),  William.  Bom  in  Lan- 
cashire about  1765:  died  in  Afghanistan,  Aug. 
27,  1825.  An  English  veterinary  surgeon  and 
traveler  in  central  Asia  1819-25.  His  "  Trav- 
els "  were  published  in  1841. 

Moore  (mor  or  mor),  Albert  Joseph.  Born  at 
York,  Sept.  4, 1841 :  died  at  Westminster,  Sept. 
25,  1893.     An  English  painter,  brother  of  H«nrv 


Moors 

^SS^'^J^^  marine-painter,  in  1S61  he  exhibited 
.'I'-'l'',  •»!;?'"«>■  Of  Sisera"  and  "Elijah  running  before 
Ahabs  Chariot"  He  showed  great  skUl  in  decorative 
painting.  In  1864  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  a 
Iresco  oT  "  The  Seasons, "  and  in  1865  "  The  Marble  Seat  " 

Moore,  Alfred.  Born  in  Brunswick  County 
N.  C.  May  21, 1755:  died  at  Belfont,  N.  C,  Oct! 
15, 1810.  An  American  jurist,  associate  justice 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1799-1805 

Moore,  Clement  Clarke.  Born  at  New  York 
July  15,  1779  :  died  at  Newport,  R.  L,  July  lo! 
1863.  An  American  scholar  and  poet.  He  gave 
in  1818  a  large  gift  to  the  General  Theological  Seininarj- 
in  Jiew  York,  on  condition  tliot  its  buildings  should  lie 
erected  on  a  part  of  his  i,rn]nTty  in  Chelsea  Village(.Ninth 
and  Tenth  avenues  and  2ntli  and  Slst  streets),  where  they 
now  stand.  He  was  professor  of  biblical  learning  there 
and  afterward  of  Oriental  and  Greek  literature,  18'^l-.5o' 
He  published  a  "  Hebrew  and  Greek  Lexicon  "  (1809) 
"I'oems"  (1844),  "George  Castriot,  etc."  (1852),  etc.  and 
was  the  author  of  the  verses  "'Twas  the  night  before 
Christmas." 

Moore,  Edward.  Born  at  Abingdon,  England, 
March  22,  1712:  died  at  South  Lambeth,  Lou- 
don, March  1, 1757.  An  English  dramatist  and 
fabulist,  third  son  of  Thomas  Moore,  a  dissent- 
ing clergyman.  He  failed  in  businessas  a  linen-draper 
in  London,  and  began  as  a  writer  with  his  "  Fables  for  t  he 
Female  Sex"  in  1744.  "The  Foundling,"  a  comedy,  was 
produced  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb.  13, 1748  ;  "  Gil  Bias,"  a  com- 
edy, in  1751 ;  and  "  The  Gamester,"  in  which  GaiTick  ap- 
peared (and  which  he  partly  wrote),  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb 
7,  1753.  In  1763  he  was  made  editor  of  "The  World,"  a 
popular  paper,  which  had  Lord  Lj-ttelton,  Lord  Bath,  Lord 
Chesterfield,  Soanie  .Tenyns,  Horace  Walpole.  and  Edward 
Lovibond  as  contributors.  His  only  son,  Edward,  was 
educated  and  pensioned  by  Lord  Chesterfield. 

Moore,  George  Henry.  Born  at  Concord, 
N.  H.,  April  20,  1823:  died  at  New  York,  May 
5,  1892.  An  American  historical  writer,  sou  of 
J.  B.  Moore.  He  became  superintendent  of  the  Lenox 
Library  in  Xew  York  in  1872.  .Among  his  works  are  "  Notes 
on  the  History  of  Slavery  in  Massachusetts  "  (1866),  "His- 
tory of  the  .Turisprudence  of  New  Y'ork  "  (1872),  etc. 

Moore,  Jacob  Bailey.  Born  at  Andover, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  31,  1797 :  died  at  Bellows  Falls,  Vt., 
Sept.  1, 18.53.  AnAmerieanhistorian.  Hewrots 
especially  on  the  history  of  New  Hampshire. 

Moore,  John.  Bom  at  Stirling,  Scotland,  1729 
died  at  Richmond,  Surrey,  Jan.  21,  1802.  i 
Scottish  physician,  novelist,  and  writer  of  trav- 
els. His  best-known  work  is  the  novel  "  Ze- 
luco"  (1786). 

Moore,  Sir  John.     Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  13, 
1761 :  died  at  Corunna,  Spain,  Jan.  16, 1809.    A 
British  general.    He  was  the  eldest  surviving  son  of 
Dr.  John  Moore,  author  of  "Zeluco."    In  1776  he  became 
ensign  of  the  51st  foot,  and  served  as  captaindieutenant  ii 
Xova  Scotia  during  the  American  Revolutionary  War.  Hi 
became  member  of  Parliament  for  Linlithgow  in  17S4 
and  served  in  Corsica  1793-94,  but  displeased  Nelson  am 
Elliot  and  was  ordered  home.    In  Nov.,  1797,  he  joine 
.Aberciomby  in  Ireland.    He  was  made  major-general  ii 
1798.    In  July,  1S08,  he  sailed  for  Portugal  as  second  ii 
command  to  Sir  Henry  Burrard,  and  by  Sept.  the  entiri 
command  was  left  to  him.    He  entered  Spain  Nov.  Ill 
1S08 ;  but,  abandoned  by  the  Spaniards  and  threatened  bfl 
the  actual  presence  of  Napoleon,  was  obliged  to  retreal 
2,^0  miles  to  Corunna.     While  the  troops  were  embarking 
the  I'rench  attacked  them,  and  Moore  was  killed  anl 
buried  in  the  citailel  during  the  night  of  Jan.  16-17.     Hal 
received  a  monument  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.    The  "Bu 
ial  of  Sir  John  Moore,"  by  Rev.  Charles  Wolfe,  is  one  ofl 
the  most  popular  English  poems.  T 

Moore,  Thomas.    Born  at  Dublin,  May  28, 1779i 
died  at  Bromham,  near  Devizes,  Feb"  25,  18.52.1 
An  Irish  poet,  son  of  John  Moore,  a  grocer  ofl 
Kerry.     He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1794,J 
where  he  was  intimate  with  Itobert  Emmet.    In  1799  h^ 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  London,  and  in  ISOOpublishe^ 
his  translation  of  "  Anacreon."    In  1S03  and  1804  lie  trav-1 
eled  in  America.     In  lSo6  he  published  his  "Odes  and 
Epistles,"  and  his  "  Irish  Melodies  "  from  1807  to  1834,  r& 
ceiving  from  them  about  ic500  a  year.    His  lampoons  on 
the  regent  and  his  favorites  w-ere  extremely  successful,  and 
were  collected  in  1813  in  "  The  Twopenny  Post  Bag.  "    Onl 
March  2.5,  ISll,  he  married  Bessie  Dyke,  an  actress,  andl 
in  the  same  year  his  friendship  for  Byron  began.    "  Lallai 
Eookh,"  for  which  Longmans  agreed  to  pay  £3,000  withouti 
having  seen  it,  was  published  in  1817  ;  "National  Airs"  inl 
1815;  and  "  Sacred  Songs  "in  1816.  His  prose  works,  besides  I 
the  political  squibs,  are  "  Life  of  .Sheridan  "  (1S25),  "  I'hei 
Epicurean"  (1827),  "Life  of  Byron"  (1830),  "History  ofl 
Ireland,"etc., besides  a  number  of  collections  of  hnmoroual 
short  papers  like  "  The  Fudge  Family  in  Pai-is,"  all  under  1 
the  pseudonym  Thomas  Brown  the  Younger.     "Moore's 
Memoirs,  Journals,  and  Correspondence  "  were  published 
1853-56  by  Earl  Russell. 

Moorfields  (mor'feldz).  A  district  of  old  Lon- 
don, outside  the  wall,  once  used  as  a  place  of 
recreation,  it  received  its  name  from  the  moor  which 
lay  on  the  north  side  of  the  city.  Finsbury  .Square  and 
adjacent  streets  now  cover  it. 

Moorgate  (mor'gat).  A  postern  gate  in  the  old 
London  city  wall,  built  on  the  moor  side  of  the 
city  in  the  time  of  Henry  V.  (about  1415).  It  was 
rebuilt  in  1472,  and  was  pulled  down  about  1750. 

Moor  ofVenice,  The,  or  the  Tragedy  of  Othel- , 
lo.     See  Othello. 

Moors  (morz).  [L.  Mauri, Gr.  Moi'po/.dark  men.] 
A  dark  race  dwelling  in  Barbarv,  in  northern 


Moors 

Afrioa.  Theyderive  their  name  from  the  ancient  Mauri, 
or  Mauretanians ;  but  the  present  Moors  are  a  mixed  race, 
chiefly  of  Ara>»  and  Maurelaniaii  origin.  The  name  is  ap- 
plied especially  to  the  dwellers  in  the  cities.  T^ie  Arab 
conquerors  of  Spain  were  called  Moors. 

Moorshedabad.     See  MursliUlnhad. 

Uoosehead  (mos'hed)  Lake.  Tlie  largest  lake 
in  Maine,  situated  about  lat.  4.")°  40'  N.  it  ia 
the  soui-ce  of  the  Kennebec  lliver.  Length,  about  35  miles. 
Greatest  breadth,  about  10  miles. 

Moosilauke  (m<5-si-la'ke).  A  mountain  in  Ben- 
ton, New  Hampshire,  30  miles  southwest  of 
Mount  Washington.     Height,  4,810  feet. 

liopsa  (mop'sa).  1.  A  shepherdess  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Winter's  Tale." — 2.  In  Sidney's  ro- 
mance "Arcadia,"  a  deformed  country  girl,  the 
daughter  of  Dametas. 

MopsUS  (mop'sus)  [Gr.  Miii/wf.]  A  seer  in 
Greek  legend,  son  of  Apollo  by  Himautis. 

MoQUegua  (mo-ka'gwii).  1.  A  southern  mari- 
time province  of  Peru,  adjoining  Chile  on  the 
south.  It  consists  of  the  sinjile  province  of  Moquegna. 
.\rea,  .'i,.547  square  miles.  Population  (IHQfi),  42,094. 
I'levinus  t>i  lH7r>  it  intdntied  also  the  provinces  of  Arica 
:uid  Tacria,  now  held  provisionally  by  Chile  (see  these 
names). 

2.  A  town,  the  capital  of  this  department,  near 
lat.  17°  15'  S.,  long.  70°  50'  W.  It  has  been  re- 
peatedly  destroyed  by  earthquakes,  the  last  time  in  1868. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Moquelamnan  (mo-kel-tim'nan),  or  Mutsun. 
[From  ff'akaluitiiloh,  the  Jliwok  name  of  a  river 
and  hill, J  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  comprising  the  Miwok  and  Olamentke 
groups  of  tribes.  The  habitat  of  the  former  wn^!  (he 
portion  of  California  between  Cosumnes  and  Fresno  rivers 
nn  the  north  and  south  respectively,  and  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  on  the  east  to  San  Juaiiuin  Elver  on  tlie  \>est,  ex- 
cept a  strip  on  the  east  liniik  occupied  by  the  rhult.vnne. 
The  Olamentke  fn"oup  occupied  a  tenitniy  liouinUd  mi  the 
south  by  San  P'rancisco  Bay  and  the  western  half  nf  San 
Pablo  Bay,  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  from  the  Gtdden 
«'Jate  to  Bodega  Head,  on  the  north  by  a  line  running  from 
Bodega  Head  to  a  point  a  few  miles  northeast  of  Santa 
Rosa,  and  thence,  on  the  west,  to  the  northernmrtst  point 
ot  San  Pablo  Bay.  Few  of  the  once  populous  Miwok  tiibes 
survive,  and  these  are  scattered ;  while  scan  ely  any  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Olamentke  division  remain. 

Mora  (rao'iii),  Jose  Maria  Luis.  Born  at  Cha- 
luaeuero,  Michoacau,  Oct.,  1794:  died  at  Paris, 
.luly  14,  1850.  A  Mexican  historian.  He  studied 
tlieoln'^y;  was  ordained  presbyter  in  1810;  and  was  admitted 
t"  tli'-  bar  in  1827,  but  never  practised.  Itui-bide  impris- 
n?i.-()  liini,  and  later  he  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
ilscMcez  party.  After  1834  he  resided  in  Paris.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "  M^jicoysus  Revoluciones "(Vols.  I,  III,  and 
I V  only  published ,  1836).  His  "  Obras  sueltas  "  (2  vols.  l!-37) 
are  mainly  political  essays. 

Mora,  Juan.  Born  at  San  Jos6,  July  12,  1784: 
died  there,  Sept.,  1854.  A  Costa  Rican  states- 
man, Jc/e  or  president  during  two  terras  (]8i")- 
1833).  Subsequently  ho  held  other  offices,  and 
from  1850  was  president  of  the  supi-eme  court. 

Mora,  Juan  Rafael.  Born  at  San  Jos6,  Feb. 
8,  1814.  died  at  Puntareuas,  Sept.  30,  1860.  A 
Costa  Rican  politician.  He  was  vice-president  and 
acting  president  in  1848,  and  president  Nov.,  1849,  to  An;.;. 
14, 1859,  when  he  was  deposed  and  banished.  Attempting 
a  counter-revolution  in  1800,  ho  was  captured  and  shot. 

Moradabad.     See  Muradahad. 

Moraes  (mij-ns'),  Prudente.    Bom  at  Itii, 

!Sa..  I'auin,  alj(Mil  1844:  died  Dec.  3,  1901!.  A 
Urazilian  politician.  He  was  a  prominent  advocate 
of  republican  principles  from  1871 ;  was  one  of  the  three 
repnhlieaiis  elected  ti  the  imperial  iiarlianient  IHH.'i ;  ami 
after'  tile  revtdutiou  uf  1«80  was  gnvernor  of  San  I'aulo 
1889-90.  In  1891  he  Wiis  a  candidate  lor  the  presiilency. 
In  lS9;t  he  was  i)resident  of  the  national  seiuite.  and  on 
l'"et».  2s,  1H94,  was  elected  president  of  Brazil.  His  term 
of  4  years  began  Nov,  15,  1894. 

Moraes  Silva  (m<j-ris'  sel'vil),  Antonio  de. 
Boni  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  about  1757:  died  at 
Pernambuco,  1825.  ABrazilinn  Icxicogniphir. 
Little  Is  known  of  his  lite,  a  part  of  which  \vas  passed  in 
Kuropc  His  "DiccionariodaLingua  I'ortugiuza  "(1st  ed., 
'I  vols..  1789)  was  the  llrst  and  for  a  long  time  the  only 
dictionary  of  the  I'ortuguese  language,  and  is  still  an  au- 
thority. 

Morakanabad.  Tlie  grand  vizir  of  Vatliek  in 
Bockford's  tale  of  that  iininc 

Morales  (mo-ril'les),  AugUStin.  Born  at  La 
Paz.  1810:  assassinated  there,  Nov.  28,  1872.  A 
Bolivian  politician  and  general.  He  led  therevo- 
bifion  which  overturned  -Mclgarejf),  .Tan.  15.  1871;  waalm- 
iriediately  proclaimed  president;  and  held  the  post  until 
Ills  death. 

Morales  (m(5-rii'les),  Luis  de.  Bom  atBiiilajoz, 
.Spain,  about  150!):  died  at  Badajoz,  1.5;*().'  A 
Spanish  ridigious  p.niiiler,  surnamed  "Kl  Di- 
vino"  ('Tlio  Divine'). 

Morales  Bermudez,  Remijio.    See  Birmmh:. 

Moralesde  Toro  (mo-iii'les  da  to'ro).  A  small 
[ilace  in  nortlnveslern  Spain,  near  Toro,  prov- 
mco  of  Zamora,  stiid  by  some  to  have  l)een  the 
birthplace  of  Isabella  of  Castile. 

Moran  (mo-ran'),  Edward.     Bom  at  Bolton, 


705 

England.  Aug.  19, 1829:  died  at  New  York,  June 
9.  1901.  An  English-American  marine-  and 
tigure-iiainter.  He  came  to  America  in  1844, 
iinil  exhibited  in  Paris  and  London. 

Moran,  IiOOn.  Born  at  Philadelphiain  1863.  An 
American  marine-  and  figure-painter,  son  and 
pupil  of  Edward  Moran.  He  also  studied  at 
tlic  Xatioiial  .\cademy.  New  York. 

Moran,  Percy.  Born  at  Philiidel]ihia  in  1862. 
All  .Vim  liciin  genre-painter,  son  and  pupil  of 
Edwiinl  .Moran. 

Moran,  Peter.  Born  at  Bolton,  England,  March 
4,  1842.  An  Englisli-Aineriean  painter  of  land- 
scape and  animals,  brother  and  pupil  of  Edward 
and  ThoiiKis  .Moran. 

Moran,  Thomas.  Horn  at  Bolton.  England,  Jan. 
12,1837.  .\n  En L'lisli-. American  landscape-paint- 
er, brotherand  i)iipil  of  Edward  Moran.  Hecameto 
America  in  1844.  He  went  to  the  Yellowstone  Park  in  1871, 
and  many  of  Iiis  subjects  are  from  that  region  and  Mexico. 

Morano  (mo-rii'no).  A  town  in  southern  Italy, 
northwest  of  Cosenza. 

Morat  (m6-rii').G.  Murten(ni6r'ten).  Asmall 
town  in  the  canton  of  Friboiirg,  (Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Morat  15  miles  west  of 
Bern,  it  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  near  it,  June 
22,  1470,  by  the  Swiss  over  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. 

Morat  (mo-ril'),  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Switzer- 
land, surrounded  by  the  cantons  of  Fribourg  and 
Vauil,  2i  miles  east  of  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel: 
the  Roman  Lacus  Aveuticeusis,  later  Uchtsee. 
Its  outlet  is  the  Broye,  falling  into  the  Lake  of 
Neuchatel.     Length.  5^  miles. 

Moratalla  (mo-ra-tiil'yii).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Miu'cia,  southeastern  Spain.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  11,926. 

Moratin(m6-rii-ten'),Leandro  Fernandez  de. 
Born  at  Madrid,  March  10,  17(i0:  died  at  Paris, 
.June  21,  1828.  A  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet, 
son  of  N.  F.  de  Moratin:  called  "the  Si)anish 
Moliere."  His  works  include  the  plays  "El  viejo  y  la 
niila"  ("The  old  Man  and  the  Young  Girl,"  1790),  "  l.a 
comedianueva"  (1792),  "El  baron"  (ts03),  "Eamogigata" 
("The  Female  Ilypocrite,"  1804),  "El  si  de  las  nii^as" 
("The  Girl's  Yes,"  1806).  He  also  wTote  a  prose  version  of 
Shakspere's  "Hamlet"  (never  performed),  and  translated 
and  altered  Moli^re's  "l^cole  des  maris"  and  "Le  m^de- 
cin  nialgrd  lui." 

Moratin,  Nicolas  Fernandez  de.  Born  at  Ma- 
drid, July  20,  1737:  died  there.  May  11,  1780. 
A  .Spanish  poet.  Hewr.ite  the  llrst  Spani-sh  iday  con- 
structed according  to  tile  Frencli  model,  a  <  <>nicii\,  '  i'eti- 
metra"("The  Female  Fiibldc),  jiriiitcd  1702.  Iii  1770  he 
produced  on  the  stage  a  ttagcdy,  "Hormcsinda,"  on  the 
canonsof  Racine  and  t'orneille.  He  wrote  the  epics  "  De 
las  navesde  Cortes  destruidas"  ("Destruction  of  Cort^s's 
Ships,"  178."i),  "Diana,"  etc. 

Morava  (mo-rii'vii).  1.  The  principal  river  of 
Servia.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Western  and 
Southern  Morava,  and  joins  the  Danube  by  two  mouths 
about  30  miles  east-southeast  of  Beigrad.  Total  length, 
about  240  miles. 

2.  The  Slavic  name  of  the  river  March. 

Moravia  (mo-ra'vi-a).  [F.  Moriivie,  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  2[(iriiri<i,  XL.  Morariii  {(i.  Mi'ilircii,  etc), 
named  from  the  river  ilortird.'i  A  crownliind 
of  the  Cisleitlian  division  of  Austria-Hungary. 
('apital.Bnmn.  It  is  bounded  by  Bohemia  (partly  scpa- 
rate<l  by  tin-  .Maliiisehc  iiebirce)  on  the  west  and  north- 
west, Prii-sian  sib  siaami  Aii-trian  Sil.sia  (separatid  by  the 
Sudctic  Moiinlains)  on  tin-  iiortli  and  northeast,  Hungary 
(separated  by  I  !»■  Lit  lie  i  ai  pathians)  on  the  80Ulhea.st,  anil 
Hungary  and  Lower  Ansl  i  ia  on  the  staith.  The  surface 
is  largely  mountainous  and  table-land :  it  is  drained  in 
great  part  by  the  March.  .Moravia  is  to  a  great  degree  an 
agricultural  country.  It  produces  rye,  oats,  biu-ley,  fruit, 
vegetables,  etc. ;  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
sugar,  and  linen  ;  and  has  mines  of  coal  and  iron.  It  has 
43  representatives  in  the  Austrian  Jieichsrat,  and  has  a 
Landtag  of  loo  members.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Ro- 
man Cathtdic.  'I'he  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Slavs 
ill  nice  and  language,  clo-ely  idlicd  to  the  C'zechs :  but 
about  30  per  cent,  arc  tiermans.  the  early  inhabitantvS 
were  Germanic  tribes.  The  region  was  recoloiij/,sl  by 
Slavs.  4'hristianity  was  intidduced  from  Constaiititioplo 
in  the  9th  centtn-y.  but  the  Moravians  were  subseiiiieiitly 
bioiight  within  the  iullucnce  of  Rome.  I'nder  >Sviitojiliii( 
in  the  end  of  the  nth  century  Moravia  was  the  center  of  a 
short-lived  great  Slavic  power,  (Jreat  Moravia,  wdiich  "as 
overthrown  by  the  Jlagyars  in  9ii0.  Moravia  was  perma- 
nently united  with  Bohemia  in  1021»,  and  alter  that  gener- 
ally shared  the  fm-tunes  of  that  kingdom.  It  became  a 
margravlato  in  1197  ;  passed  to  the  bouse  of  Ilapsburg  in 
1520;  and  became  a  crowiiland  separate  frotii  B<diemia  in 
1849.   Area, 8,083  square  miles.   Popidatioii(lslKl),2,27t),8TO. 

Moravians  (tno-ra'vl-anz).  1.  Tlie  n.itives  or 
inhttbilan's  of  Moravia  (which  see). — 2.  The 
members  of  1 1\(>  Christ  iandenoniinat  ion  entitled 
the  Unitasl''ratrum,  or  Unileil  Brethren,  which 
traces  its  origin  to  .loliii  Huss.  Its  members  were 
expelled  from  liohemia  and  Mmavia  In  1027,  but  in  1722 
a  remnant  settled  in  Herrnbuf,  Saxony  thence  the  brethren 
are  sometimes,  in  Germany,  called  llt-rrnhHter).  The  or- 
ganization at  present  has  three  home  provinces  (German. 
British,  and  American  —  each  of  which  has  ita  own  gov- 
ernment by  synod)  and  several  mission  provinces.      All 


Mordure 

these  are  represented  by  a  general  synod  which  meets 
every  10  yeai-s  in  Herrnhut.  The  ministers  are  bisliops 
(not  diocesan),  presbyters,  and  deacons.  The  worship  is 
liturgical.  The  members  of  the  denomination  believe  in 
the  Scriptures  as  the  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  and 
maintain  the  doctrines  of  the  total  depravity  of  human 
nature,  the  love  of  God  the  Father,  the  actual  humanity 
and  godhead  of  Jesus  Christ,  the  atonement,  the  work  al 
the  Holy  Spirit,  good  works  as  the  fruit  of  the  Spirit,  the 
secontl  coming  of  Christ,  and  the  resurrection  of  the  dead. 
The  Moravians  are  especially  noted  for  their  energy  and 
success  in  missionary  work. 

Moray,  or  Morayshire.    See  Elgin. 

Moray,  Earl  of.    See  sumrt. 

Moray  Firth  (mur'a  ferth).  A  large  indenta- 
tion of  the  North  Sea,  inclosed  by  the  coast 
of  Scotland  from  Kinnaird's  Head  in  the  north- 
east of  Aberdeenshire  to  Duneansby  Head  in  the 
northeast  of  Caithness;  sometimes,  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  the  branch  of  this  between 
J^lgin  and  Ross. 

Morazan(m6-rii-thau' ),  Francisco.  Bom  at  Te- 
gucigalpa, Honduras,  Oct.,  1792 :  died  at  San 
Jos^.  Costa  Rica,  Sept.  15,  1842.  A  Central 
American statesnianand politician.  Hewasleader 
of  the  liberal-federalists  in  the  revolt  against  the  conser- 
vatives ;  defeated  them  in  1827,  and  becamex/e  of  Hondu- 
ras ;  by  successive  victories  routed  the  conservatives  in 
Salvador,  1828,  and  Guatemala,  April,  1829 ;  and  in  Sept., 
1830,  was  elected  president  of  the  Central  American  Con- 
federation. He  governed  with  wisdom  and  liberality,  and 
was  reelected  in  1834  :  but  opposition  to  the  union  led  to 
numerous  revolts,  and  when  his  second  term  expired  (Feb. 
1,  1S39)  there  had  been  no  reelection.  Morazan  made  a 
vain  attempt  to  keep  the  luiion  together  by  force,  and  was 
supported  by  Salvador;  but  he  was  Itnally  defeated  by 
Cairera  at  Guatemala.  March  19,  1840,  and  fled  to  Peru. 
In  April,  1842,  he  invaded  Costa  Rica  with  a  view  to  mak- 
ing it  the  basis  of  federal  reorganization :  he  was  at  lirst 
successful,  and  assumed  the  executive  of  Costa  Rica  in 
.Inly,  but  was  deposed  by  a  counter-revolution  (Sept.  11), 
captured,  and  shot. 

Morbegno  (mor-ben'yo).  A  town  in  northern 
Italy,  on  the  Adda  15  miles  west  of  Sondrio. 

Morbihan(mor-be-on').  Adepartment  of  west- 
crn  France,  capital  Vamies,  formed  from  part 
of  the  ancient  Brittany,  it  is  bounded  by  cotes-du- 
Nord  on  the  north,  Ille-et-Vilainc  on  the  east,  Loire  Inf^- 
rieure  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  south,  and  Finislere 
oil  the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  marshy.  Area, 
2,(i2ri  sijuare  miles.     Population  (1891),  544,470. 

Morcillo  Rubio  de  Aunon  (mor-seryo  ro-be'o 
dii  ii-on-yon'),  Diego.  Died  at  Liina,"March  12, 
17:i0.  A  Spanisli  prelate,  bishop  of  Chareas, 
and  archbishop  of  Lima  from  1723.  In  1716,  and 
again  Jan.  26,  1720,  to  May  14,  1724,  he  was  act- 
ing viceroy  of  Peru. 

Mordaunt  (mor'dant),  Charles,  third  Earl  of 
Peterborough.  Born  Ki.'iS:  died  at  Lisbon.  Oct. 
25, 1735.  An  English  general  and  admiral,  son 
of  John,  Viscount  Monlitunt.  He  matriculated  at 
Oxford  (Christ  Church),  April  11.  1074,  anil  in  lt57.''>  went 
to  the  Mediterranean  in  the  Cambridge.  In  1075  he  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  Viscotnit  Mordaunt.  He  intrigued 
actively  in  Holland  and  I'.ngland  against  .lames  II..  and  in 
the  former  coiuitry  was  intineilrly  associated  witli  .lohn 
Locke.  In  11189  he  was  ap[)ointed  councilor  to  William 
III.  and  first  lord  of  the  trcasiwy,  and  was  <-reated  earl  of 
Monmouth.  Later  he  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
court,  eventually  losing  all  his  places,  anil  in  1697  was 
iniprisoiicd  3  months  in  the  Tower.  On  .lunc  19.  1697,  he 
succeeded  his  uncle  as  earl  of  Peterborough,  and  on  llie 
accession  of  Anne  was  again  in  favor  at  court.  In  170.'>  lie 
was  appointed  admiral  and  eomnnmder-iu-chief  of  the 
fleet  jointly  with  .Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel,  and  was  hugely 
responsible  for  the  capture  of  Barcelona  Sept.  28.  In  .laii., 
17ir8,  his  condtict  in  .Spain  was  investigated  by  the  Hiuise 
of  Lordii,  and  he  was  acquitted.  In  1710  lie  was  ambassa. 
dor  extraordinary  to  Vienna,  and  in  1711  to  Frankfort.  He 
was  very  eccentric,  and  was  devoted  to  the  society  of  lit- 
erary men,  especially  Swift,  Pope,  Arbiithnot,  and  Gay. 

Mordecai  (mor'de-ki).  [From  the  name  of  tjio 
Babylonian  god  Mardiil;  or  Minuinch  (which 
see).]  According  to  the  liook  of  Esther,  a. lew 
of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  who  lived  in  captivity 
in  the  time  of  Xerxes.  He  accepted  a  post  at  tho 
court  in  order  to  be  near  his  adt>pted  daughter,  Esther,  wdio 
had  been  elevaled  to  the  rank  of  '|ueeii,  and  with  In-r  help 
Irilstrated  the  niaehinations  of  lliiuiaii  w  hieli  tended  to  the 
extermination  of  the  .lews  in  the  Persian  emjtire.  In  re- 
niruiliranee  of  this  deliverance  llu'  feast  of  riirlni  is  still 
celebrated  by  the  .lews  in  tho  month  of  Adar  (March- 
April). 

Mordecai.  In  George  Eliot's  novel  '•Daniel 
Deroiiila,"  a.Iewwho  believes  himself  inspired 
xvitli  a  mission  to  elevate  and  reunite  the  Jew- 
ish people. 

It  might  be  said,  in  answer  to  soiiii'  of  these  questions, 
that  as  a  fact  Moideeai  is  an  ide:il  study  from  a  veritablo 
.lew,  Colin  or  Kohn,  one  of  the  club  of  students  who  met 
some  forty  years  since  at  Red  Lion  Siiuare,  Holborn  ;  nnd 
that  recently  a  schetue  fortlie  leilempllon  of  PaleBtlnefor 
Israel  was  actually  in  contemplation  annuig  members  of 
thc.lewish  race.  But  (•»  criticise  "  Daub  1  Deronda"  from 
the  literal,  jtrosaic  point  of  view,  would  be  as  much  a  crit- 
ical stupidity  as  t,i  undertake  the  defence  of  ShakHpero's 
"  King  Lear  '  from  the  charge  of  historical  improbability. 
Dnwden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  298. 

Mordred.     See  Mmhcd. 

Mordure  (mor-dilr').  Prineo  Arthur's  enchaut- 
cd  sword:  also  calletl  E.xcaliVmr  or  Caliburn. 


Mordvinians 

Mordvinians  (mord-vin'i-anz),  or  Mordvins 
(mord'viuz).  A  people  of  Fiuuie  origin,  living 
in  Kussia,  chiefly  in  the  governments  of  Nijui- 
Novgorod,  Penza,  Samara,  Saratoff,  Simbirsk, 
and  Tamboff.  They  are  largely  Russianized,  and  com- 
prise two  main  divisions,  tlie  Moksha  and  the  Erzya.  Their 
niuuber  is  estimated  at  about  8UO,oa). 

More  (mor),  Hannah.  Born  at  Stapleton,  Glou- 
cestershire, Feb.  2,  1745  :  died  at  Clifton,  Sept. 
7,  1833.  AJn  English  religious  writer,  she  was 
educated  by  her  father,  and  in  1757  joined  her  other  sis- 
ters in  establishing  a  school  in  Bristol.  In  1762  she  pub- 
lished "The  Search  for  Happiness,"  a  pastoral  drama.  In 
1773  and  1774  she  visited  London,  and  became  intimate 
with  Garrick  and  his  wife  :  she  also  met  Reynolds,  Burke, 
Dr.  Johnson,  and  Mrs.  Montagu.  In  17S2  she  published 
".Sacred  Dramas."  After  the  death  of  Garrick,  .Tan.  20, 
1779,  her  religious  tendencies  became  stronger.  In  1787 
she  was  attracted  by  Wilberforce's  agitation  against  the 
slave-trade,  and  was  much  interested  in  establishingschools 
among  the  poor  as  an  antidote  to  the  prevailing  atheism. 
She  wrote  in  1792  "Village  Politics,  by  Will  Chip,"  fol- 
lowed by  "Cheap  Repositorj'  Tracts"  (1795-98),  one  of 
which  was  *'The  Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain."  Some  of 
them  were  illustrated  by  John  Bewick.  The  organization 
which  circulated  them  developed  into  the  Religious  Tract 
Depository  in  1799.  Her  other  works  are  "Thoughts  on 
the  Importance  of  the  Manners  of  the  Great  to  General  So- 
ciety "(178S),"  Strictures  on  the  Modern  System  "f  Female 
Education  "(1799),  "  Coelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife  "  (1809), 
"Practical  Piety,  etc."  (1811), 'Christian  Morals  "(1813),  etc. 

More,  Henry.  Born  at  Grantham,  England, 
Oct.  12, 1(J14 :  died  at  Cambridge,  England,  Sept. 
1, 1687.  An  English  philosophical  writer.  His 
philosophical  works  (largely  mystical  and  Pla- 
tonic) were  published  in  1678.  His  chief  work 
in  verse  is  "  The  Song  of  the  Soul." 

More,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  7, 
1-178:  executed  on  Tower  Hill,  July  6,  1535.  An 
English  statesman  and  author.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sir  John  More,  a  London  barrister.  At  thirteen  years  of 
age  he  entered  the  service  of  Thomas  Morton,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  In  1492  he  entered  Canterbury  Hall  (later 
merged  in  Christ  Church),  Oxford.  He  entered  the  New 
Inn,  London,  in  1494,  and  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1496.  In  1497 
he  met  Erasmus  in  England,  and  corresponded  with  him 
through  life.  For  several  years  he  was  absorbed  in  reli- 
gious studies  and  exercises,  and  thought  of  becoming  a 
monk  :  but  after  1503  he  devoted  himself  mainly  to  poli- 
tics. He  entered  Parliament  in  1504.  In  1508  he  went 
to  France.  After  his  second  marriage  in  1511  he  moved  to 
Crosby  Place.  Bishopsgate  Street  Without.  In  May,  1515, 
he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Flanders  to  settle  disputes 
with  the  merchants  of  the  Steelyard.  "Utopia  "  was  pub- 
lished in  1516.  In  1518  he  was  made  master  of  bequests 
by  Henry  VIII.  and  privy  councilor.  In  June,  1520,  he 
was  with  Henry  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  and  met 
Budfeus.  In  1521  he  was  knighted  and  made  subtrea- 
surer  to  the  king ;  in  .April,  1523,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons ;  and  in  1525  high  steward  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity. He  defended  the  papacy  against  Luther,  sug- 
gested the  "Defensio  Septem  Sacramentorum  "  of  Henry 
VIII.,  1521,  and  opposed  Tyndale.  On  Oct.  '25,  1529,  he 
succeeded  Wolsey  as  chancellor.  He  opposed  the  reforms 
passed  by  Parliament  of  Nov.  3,  15-29,  and  the  projected  di- 
vorce of  theking  from  Catharine,  and  resigned  May  16, 1532. 
By  act  of  Parliament  in  March,  15S4,  an  oath  of  adherence 
to  the  act  which  vested  the  succession  in  the  issue  of  Aune 
Boleyn,  and  of  renunciation  of  the  Pope,  was  imposed. 
This  oath  More  refused  to  take,  and  he  was  committed  to 
the  Tower  April  17, 1535.  On  July  1, 153.%  he  was  indicted  for 
high  treason,  and  was  executed  July  6,  1535.  More  was 
beatified  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.  Dec.  9, 1886.  Among  his  Eng- 
lish works  are  '■  Life  of  John  Picus.  Earl  of  Mirandula, 
etc.,"  printed  in  1510  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  (it  w;is  a  trans- 
lation from  the  Latin  of  Giovanni  Francesco  Pico,  14!)8), 
"  History  of  Richard  III."  (1513),  a  number  of  controver- 
sial works,  meditations,  etc.  Rastell,  the  nephew  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  collected  most  of  his  English  works  and 
printed  them  in  1557.  .\mong  his  Latin  works  are  the 
''Utopia "(1516:  which  see),  "Luciani  Dialogi,  etc." (1506), 
"  Epigrammata,  etc."  (1518),  a  number  of  volumes  of  letters 
to  Erasmus  and  others,  dissertations,  etc.  His  Latin  works 
were  first  collected  at  Basel  in  1563.  The  most  complete 
edition  was  that  published  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  and 
Leipsic,  1689. 

More  of  More  Hall.  An  English  legendary  hero 

wlio  slew  the  Dragon  of  Wantley. 
Morea  (mo-re'a).     The  name  given  in  modem 

geography  to  tlie  Peloponnesus. 

Called  Morea  by  the  modern  post-Hellenic  or  Romaic 
Greeks,  from  more,  the  name  for  the  sea  in  the  Slavonic 
vernacular  of  its  Inhabitants  during  the  heart  of  the  mid- 
dle ages.         31.  Arnold,  Study  of  Celtic  Lit.,  p.  79,  note. 

Moreau  (mo-ro'),  H6g6sippe.  Born  at  Paris, 
April  9,1810:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  10,1838.  A 
French  poet.  His  poems  were  published  under 
tlie  name  "Myosotis"  in  1838. 

Moreau,  Jean  Victor.  Born  at  Morlaix,  France, 
Aug.  11. 1761:  died  at  Laun,  Bohemia,  Sept.  2, 
1813.  A  French  general.  He  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  Pichegru's  army  in  Holland  in  1795,  and  super- 
seded Pichcgru  as  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
and  the  Moselle  in  1796.  He  crossed  the  Rhine  at  Kehl 
June  24,  defeated  the  archduke  Charles  at  Ettlingen  July 
9.  and  drove  the  Austrians  back  to  the  Danube,  wht-n 
the  defeat  of  the  army  of  the  Meuse  and  the  Sambre  un- 
der Jourdan  compelled  him  to  retreat.  He  commanded 
in  Italy  in  1799,  being  defeated  by  the  Russians  under  Su- 
varoff  at  Cassano,  April  7.  In  1801)  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  by  the  first  consul, 
Bonaparte;  and  in  the  same  year  gained  a  decisive  vict.ory 
over  the  .Austrians  at  Hohcnlinden(Dec.  .s).  Having  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  republicans  and  royalists 


706 

opposed  to  Xapoleon,  he  was  in  1804  sentenced  to  two 
years'  imprisonment  on  the  chiu-ge  of  complicity  in  Ca- 
doudal  and  Pichegru's  conspiracy  against  the  first  con- 
sul. The  sentence  was  commuted  to  exile.  He  lived  in 
the  United  states  (near  Trenton,  New  Jersey)  from  1805  to 
1813.  when  he  entered  the  Russian  service.  He  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  the  battle  of  Dresden,  Aug.  27,  and  died 
Sept.  2,  181;;. 

Moreau  de  Saint-M^ry  (mo-ro'  de  san'ma-re'). 
M6deric  Louis  Elie.  Born  at  Fort  Koyal, 
Martinique,  Jan.  13,  1750:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
28,  1819.  A  French  jurist  and  author,  a  dis- 
tant relative  of  the  empress  Josephine.  He  was 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  French  Santo  Domingo, 
178i.l :  deputy  for  Martinique  at  Paris,  1790 ;  was  impris- 
oned by  the  Revolutionary  tribunal,  but  escaped  and  lived 
in  the  United  States  until  1>00.  From  1800  to  1S06  he  was 
councilor  of  state.  He  published  "  Lois  et  constitutions 
des  colonies  francaises  de  I'Amerique  sous  le  vent" 
(Piu-is,  5  vols.,  1784-ft5),  and  important  works  on  Santo 
Domingo,  etc. 

Morecambe  (mor'kam).  A  watering-place  in 
Lancashire,  England,  on  Morecambe  Bay  three 
miles  west  of  Lancaster. 

Morecambe  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Irish  Sea, 
separating  the  northwestern  detached  part  of 
Lancashire,  England,  from  the  main  division. 

More  Dissemblers  besides  Women.  A  com- 
edy by  Thomas  Middleton,  licensed  as  "  an  old 
play"  in  1623,  printed  in  16.57  -n-ith  "Women 
beware  Women,"  but  certainly  acted  before 
1623. 

Morelia  (nio-ra'le-a),  formerly  Valladolid  (val- 
yii-THo-leTH').  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Michoaean,  Mexico,  situated  about  125  miles 
west  by  north  of  Me.xico  :  so  named  in  1828  in 
honor  of  the  patriot  Morelos.  It  was  fotmded 
in  1541.     Population  (1895),  32,287. 

Morell  (mo-rel'),  Sir  Charles.  The  pseudonym 
of  the  Rev.  James  Ridle  v,  imder  which  he  wrote 
"  The  Tales  of  the  Genii  "  (1764). 

Morelia  (mo-ral'ya).  A  town  in  the  prov-ince 
of  Castellon,  eastern  Spain,  78  miles  southwest 
of  Tarragona  :  the  Roman  Castra  iElia.  It  has 
an  old  castle.     Population  (1887),  6,812. 

Morellet  (mo-rel-la'),  Andr6.  Born  at  Lvons, 
March  7,  1727 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1819.  A 
French  litterateur  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  wrote  "Melanges  de  litterature  et  de  phi- 
losophie  au  XVIIIe  siecle  "  (1818),  etc. 

Morelos  (mo-rii'los).  A  state  of  Mexico,  situ- 
ated south  of  the  state  of  Mexico.  Capital, 
Cuernavaca.  The  largest  town  is  Cuautla 
(14,000  inhabitants).  Area,  about  2,000  square 
miles.     Population  (1895),  1:59,800. 

Morelos,  orMontemorelos  (m6n-ta-mo-ra'16s !. 
A  town  in  the  state  of  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico, 
situated  about  55  miles  southeast  of  Monterey. 
Population  (1894),  15,279. 

Morelos  y  Pavon  (m6-ra'16s  e  pS-vdn'),  Jos§ 
Maria.  Born  near  Apatzingan.  Michoaean, 
Sept.  30,  1765 :  died  near  Mexico,  Dec.  22,  1815. 
A  Mexican  patriot.  He  was  a  priest;  joined  the  re- 
volt of  Hidalgo  in  1810 ;  held  separate  commands ;  and  at 
first  was  very  successful,  but  after  Nov..  1813,  was  re- 
peatedly defeated.  He  was  finally  captiu-ed.  Kov.  5,  1815, 
taken  to  Mexico,  and  shot. 

The  last  notable  auto  de  Ji  fNovember  26, 1815)  was  that 
at  which  the  accused  was  the  patriot  Morelos.  The  find- 
ing agidnst  him  was  a  foregone  conclusion.  "The  Pxes- 
bitero  Jos6  Maria  Morelos,"  declared  the  inquisitors,"  is 
an  unconfessed  heretic  (hcreje  formal  ncjativo),  an  abet- 
tor of  heretics,  and  a  disturber  of  the  ecclesiastical  hier- 
archy ;  a  profauer  of  the  holy  sacraments  ;  a  traitor  to  God, 
to  the  King,  and  to  the  Pope."  For  which  sins  he  was 
"condemned  to  do  penance  in  a  penitent's  dress  "(after 
the  usual  form),  and  was  surrendered  to  the  tender  mer- 
cies of  the  secular  arm.       Janvier,  Mexican  Guide,  p.  29. 

Morelove  (mor'luv),  Lord.  The  lover  of  Lady 
Betty  Modish  in  Gibber's  "Careless  Husband." 

In  Lord  Morelove  we  have  the  first  lover  in  English 
comedy,  since  licentiousness  possessed  it,  who  is  atonce  a 
gentleman  and  an  honest  man.    Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  p.  200. 

Moreno  (mo-ra'no).  FranclscO.  Born  at  Bue- 
nos A.^Tes,  Oct.  7, 1827.  An  Argentine  explorf^r 
and  ethnologist.  Since  1872  he  has  made  numerous 
expeditions  to  the  wilder  parts  of  the  countrj-,  with  the 
special  object  of  studying  the  Indian  tribes.  In  1880  he 
was  captured  by  the  Pehuelches  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  escaped, 

Moreno,  Gabriel  Garcia.    See  Garcia  Moreno. 

Moresnet  (mo-ra-na'),  or  Kelmis  (kel'mis). 
A  small  neutral  strip  of  land  southwest  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  between  Prussia  and  Belgium,  it 
is  ruled  conjointly  by  officials  of  these  two  countries.  Pop- 
ulation, about,  3,000. 

Moret  (mo-ra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  France,  situated  ou  the  Loing 
40  mUes  southeast  of  Paris.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,068. 

Moreto  (mo-ra'to),  AgUStin.  Bom  at  Madrid 
about  1618:  died  1669.  A  noted  Spanish  dram- 
atist. He  wrote  "El  valiente  justiciero"  ("The  Brave 
Justiciary"), "El  lindo  Don  Diego"("The  Handsome  Don 


Morgan,  Lady  (Sydney  Owensonj 

Diego"),  "El  desden  con  el  desden"  ("Disdain  with  Dis- 
daiu"),  etc. 

Of  those  that  divided  the  favor  of  the  public  with  theii 
great  m»ster  [Calderon],  none  stood  so  near  to  him  aa 
Augustin  Moreto,  of  whom  we  know  much  less  than 
would  be  important  to  the  history  of  the  Spanish  drama. 
He  was  born  at  Madrid,  and  was  baptized  on  the  9th  of 
April,  1018.  His  best  studies  were  no  doubt  those  he 
made  at  .Alcala  between  1634  and  1639.  Later  he  removed 
to  Toledo,  and  entered  the  household  of  the  Cardinal 
Archbishop,  taking  holy  orders,  and  joining  a  brother- 
hood  as  early  as  1659.  Ten  ye;irs  later,  in  1669,  he  died, 
only  fifty-one  years  old,  leaving  whatever  of  property  he 
possessed  to  the  poor.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  U.  413. 

Moreton  Bay  (mor'ton  ba).  An  inlet  of  the  Pa- 
cific, on  the  coast  of  Queensland,  Australia, 
about  lat.  27°  15'  S.  It  is  40  miles  long  and  17 
miles  wide. 

Morey  (mo'ri)  Letter,  The.  A  letter  forged  in 
the  name  of  J.  A.  Garfield,  favoring  Chinese 
cheap  labor.  It  was  published  at  New  York  in  Oct., 
1880  (shortly  before  the  presidential  election),  addressed 
to  a  fictitious  H.  L.  Morey. 

Morez  (mo-ra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  23milesnorth  by  west  of  (reneva. 
Population  (1891),  commune,"  15,124. 

Morgagni  (mor-gan'ye),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  Forli,  Italy,  Feb.  25,  1682:  died  at 
Padua,  Italj',  Nov.  5,  1771.  An  Italian  anato- 
mist, the  founder  of  pathological  anatomy.  He 
was  professor  of  anatomy  in  Padua  from  1711.  His  chief 
work  is  "De  sedibus  et  causis  morborum  per  anatomen 
indagatis  "  ("On  the  Seat  and  Causes  of  Diseases  investi- 
gated by  .Anatomy,"  1761).  He  also  wrote  "Adversaria 
anatomica"(1706-l'.)),  etc. 

Morgaine.     See  Morgana. 

Morgan  (mor'g.an).  [Originally  Morgant  or 
Morcant;  Cymric,  'sea-brink,' or  'one  born  on 
the  sea-shore.']  The  earliest  British  ecclesias- 
tical writer.     See  Pclagiiis. 

Morgan.  1.  SecBctoWi/s.— 2.  A  Welsh  surgeon 
in  Smollett's  "Roderick  Random"  and  "Pere- 
grine Pickle." 

Morgan  (mor'gan),  Daniel.  Bom  in  New  Jer- 
sey, 1736:  died  at  Winchester,  Va.,  July  6, 
1802.  An  American  general.  He  served  with  dis. 
tinction  in  the  expedition  under  Arnold  against  Quebec 
1775-76;  commanded  the  riflemen  at  Saratoga  in  1777;  and 
defeated  T:irleton  at  Cowpens  in  1781.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  major-general. 

Morgan,  Edwin  Dennison.  Born  at  Washing- 
ton, Mass.,  Feb.  8,  1811:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  14,  1883.  An  Amerieanmerchant  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  governor  of  New  York  1859-62, 
and  United  States  senator  from  New  York 
1863-69. 

Morgan,  Sir  Henry.  Bom  in  Wales,  1635  (f) : 
died  in  Jamaica,  1688.  The  most  celebrated 
commander  of  the  bucaneers.  He  ran  away  to 
sea,  went  to  Barbados,  and  thence  to  Jamaica,  where  he 
joined  the  bucaneers,  and  soon  became  a  leader.  His 
ravages  extended  over  the  Spanish  coasts  of  the  Carib- 
bean Sea.  He  pillaged  parts  of  Cuba,  and  took  and  ran- 
somed Puerto  Bello  16t)S,  and  Maracaibo  16<i9.  In  1670  he 
collected  37  vessels  and  2,200  men,  captured  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chagres  River,  crossed  the  i-thmus,  and 
took  Panama,  after  a  battle  with  about  3,000  Spanish  sol- 
diers, Jan.,  1671.  The  city  w-as  sacked  and  burned,  and 
immense  plunder  was  secured.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  the 
Spaniards  were  treated  with  great  inhumanity.  Morgan 
w.as  prevented  by  royal  orders  from  organizing  another 
expedition.  He  returned  to  England,  where  he  was 
knighted  by  Charles  II.  and  made  a  commissioner  of  the 
admiralty.  Later  he  resided  in  Jamaica,  where  he  was 
lieutenant-governor  and  commander-in-chief,  and  for  a 
time  was  acting  governor. 

Morgan,  John  Hunt.  Born  at  Hunts^-ille,  Ala., 
June  1, 1826 :  died  Sept.  4, 1864.  An  American 
general  in  the  Confederate  service.  He  entered 
the  Confederate  army  as  a  captain  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War;  was  promoted  major-general  in  1862;  and  in 
1863  commanded  a  cavalry  raid  into  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and 
Indiana,  which  resulted  in  his  capture  and  imprisonment 
in  the  Ohio  penitentiary.  He  made  his  escape  later  in  the 
same  year,  and  undertook  a  raid  into  Tennessee.  He  was 
surrounded  and  killed  by  Union  troops  under  General  .\1- 
van  C.  Gillem,  near  Greenville,  Tennessee. 

Morgan,  Lewis  Henry.  Bom  near  Aurora, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  21 ,1818:  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
17, 1881.  An  American  ethnologist  and  archa?- 
ologist.  He  published  "  League  of  the  Iroquois  "  (1851), 
"Systems  of  Consanguinity  and  Afiinity  of  the  Human 
Family,"  "Ancient  Society,"  etc. 

Morgan,  Lady  (Sydney  Owenson).     Bom  at 

Dublin  about  1783 :  died  at  London,  April  14, 
1859.  An  Irish  novelist,  daughter  of  an  Irish 
actor.  She  published  a  volume  of  poems,  and  a  novel, 
"St.  Clair,"  in  1804.  "The  Wild  Irish  Girl,  '  a  political 
novel,  made  her  reputation  in  1806.  In  1812  she  married 
Sir  T.  C.  Morgan,  M.  D.,  who  was  knighted  in  her  interest. 
Among  her  other  works  are  "O'Donnel  "  (1814), "Florence 
Macarthy  "(1S16),"  France  under  the  Bourbons,  etc."(1817}t 
and  its  companion  "Italy,  etc."  (1821)  (these  excited  furi- 
ous opposition  both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent). 
"Life  and  Times  of  Salvator  Rosa"  (1823),  "\Voinan  and 
her  Master"  (1840),  "The  Book  Without  a  .Name"  (with  Sir 
T.  C.  Morgan,  1841),  '■  Luxima.  the  Prophetess  (1859)^ 
"  Passages  from  my  Autobiography :  an  Odd  Volume  " 
(1859 ;  this  contains  her  letters  for  the  years  1818-19,  etc.), 
etc. 


Morgan,  Sir  Thomas  Charles 

Morgan,  Sir  Thomas  Charles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don aliuut  1783:  died  tliorc,  Aiifj.  li>i,  1^43.  An 
Euijlisli  author,  tiit*  Imsbiind  ot  Lady  Morgan. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  St  Peter's,  I'amltridKe. 
His  works  iticlude  "Skctthes  of  the  Philosophy  of  Life" 
n»lS)  ;nul  '•  Sk. riches  of  the  Philosophy  of  M..ralB  "(ISJ'J). 

Morgan,  William.  i>ifd  IHliO.  A  mechaiiic  of 
Batavia,  New  York,  alleged  to  have  been  ab- 
ducted and  killed  by  Freemasons  for  revealing 
secrets  of  the  order. 

Morgana (tuor-ga'nii),  or Morgaine(mor-gan'). 
[Mor(fa)ia  is  the  Breton  equivalent  of  *  sea-wo- 
man,* from  tnor,  sea,  and  i/iaii,  sploudens  fo?- 
mina.]  In  Celtic  legend  and  Arthurian  ro- 
mance, a  fairv,  sister  of  Kin;;  Arthur,  in  the 
romanco  of  "Ogier  the  Dane"  she  receives  Ogier  in  the 
Iitie  of  Avalon  when  ho  is  over  one  hundred  years  of  age, 
and  restores  him  to  eternal  youth.  She  is  also  known  as 
Uurgan  or  Morgue  le  Fay,  aad  in  the  Italian  romances  as 
Fata  ('fairy")  Morgana. 

The  fairy  Morgana  [Morgaine,  sister  of  Arthurl,  who  is  a 
principal  character  in  this  I  omaiioe  ["Morto  d'Arthur")  ami 
discovered  to  Arthur  the  intrij^ue  of  Geneura  with  Lance- 
lot, is  a  leading  personage  not  only  in  other  talus  of  c'liv- 
alry, but  also  in  the  Italian  poi  n»^.  Intlie  OrlaniioFurioso 
she  convinces  her  brother  of  the  intlik-lity  of  his<int'en  by 
means  of  a  magical  horn.  Ahoutallfth  p:utof  theOrlanili» 
Innaraorato,  beginning  at  canto  thirty-six,  is  oicii  pied  with 
the  Fata  Morgana.  She  is  there  represented  as  ^li^^p^.■IlsiIig 
all  the  treasures  of  the  earth,  and  as  inhaliitiiig  a  splen- 
did residence  at  the  bottom  of  a  lake.  Thitht-r  Orlando 
penetrates,  and  forces  Ikt  to  deliver  up  the  knights  she  de- 
tained in  captivity,  by  seizing  her  by  a  lock  of  hair  and 
conjuring  her  in  the  name  <it  her  master  Uemogorgon.  She 
thus  Decame  a  well-known  character  in  Italy,  where  the 
appellatioEi  of  Fata  Morgana  is  given  to  that  strange  and 
almost  incredible  vision  which,  in  certain  states  of  the  tide 
and  weather,  appears  on  the  sea  that  washes  the  coast  of 
Calabria.  Every  object  at  Reggio  is  then  a  thousand  times 
reflected  on  a  marine  niin'or,  or,  when  vapors  are  thick,  on 
a  species  of  aerial  screen,  elevated  above  the  sui-face  of 
the  water,  on  which  the  groves  and  hills  and  towers  are 
represented  as  in  a  moving  picture. 

Dunlup,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  18G. 

Morgante  Maggiore  (mor-gan'te  mad-jo're). 
[It.]  A  serio-burlesque  romantic  poem  by  Luigi 
Pnlci  (1485):  so  called  from  its  hero,  the  giant 
Morgante.  There  is  also  a  French  romance,  of  the  Car- 
lovingian  cycle,  entitled  "Morgant  le  G6aut,'*  which  is 
probably  taken  from  Pulci's  poem. 

LuigfPulci  (1431-14Sp,  in  Jiis  Morgante  Maggiore,  which 
first  appeared  in  1485,  is  alternately  vulgar  and  burlesque, 
serious  and  insipid,  or  religious.  The  princijial  charac- 
ters of  liis  romance  arc  the  same  which  first  appeared  in 
the  fabulous  chronicle  of  Turpin,  and  in  the  roinanccs  of 
Adenez,  in  the  thirteenth  century.  His  real  Ihtu  isiM- 
lando  rather  than  Morgante.  He  takes  up  the  Paladin  of 
Charlemagne  at  the  moment  when  the  intrigues  of  Gane- 
lon  de  Mayence  compel  hin»  to  fly  from  the  court.  One 
of  the  first  adventures  of  Orlando  is  a  combat  with  three 
giants  who  lay  siege  to  an  abbey.  Two  of  these  he  kills, 
and  makes  the  third,  Morgante,  prisoner:  converts  and 
baptizes  him  ;  and  theticeforth  selects  him  as  his  brother 
In  armfi)  and  the  partaker  in  all  his  adventures. 

SmnoTidi,  Lit,  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  323. 

Morgarten  (mor-gUr'ten).  A  mountain  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Sch\\'yz  and  >^ug,  Swit- 
zerland, 17  miles  cast  by  north  of  Lucerne.  Here, 
Nov.  15.  ISlS,  the  Swiss  confederates  of  the  Forest  Can- 
tons UrI,  Schwyz,  and  Unterwalden  (1,400)  defeated  the 
Auatrians  (l-SOOO),  creating  a  panic  by  rushing  down  on 
them  from  the  heights. 

Morgenstern  (mor '  gen  -  stern),  Christian. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  29,  1805:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Feb.  26, 1867.  A  noted  German  landscape- 
painter. 

Morges  (morzh).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  on  the  Lakn  of  Geneva  7  miles 
west  of  Lausanne.     Pojjulatifm  (1888),  4,088. 

Morghen  (mor'gen),  Raffaello  Sanzio.    Born 

June  19,  1758:  died  at  Fhrn-m-c,  April  S,  ISlCi. 
An  Italian  enj^aver.  He  was  a  pupil  of  his  f;ilher 
Fllippo  and  his  uncle  Oiovanni  Elia  Morghen.  llin  llrst 
important  plate,  "Masks  of  the  Carnival,"  was  made  in 
1778.  He  continued  his  education  under  Volpato  in  Home. 
In  1781  ho  engraved  iCaphacl's  "Poetry "and  "Theology"; 
in  1787Guldo  Reni's  "Aurora"; and,  later,  Leonardo's  "Last 
Supper"  and  Raphael's  "Transfiguration."     He  became 

ftrofesflor  of  engraving  In  the  Academy  of  Arts  in  Florence 
n  179:{. 

Morgiana  (m6r-gi-a'nji).  A  character  in  the 
story  of  **  AH  Baba  and  the  Forty  Tliieves,"  in 
"The  Arabian  NiKlit.sKut<-rtainmt'nts":  a  slave 
of  Cassim  and  AH  Baba.  she  aids  in  the  conceal- 
ment of  Cassim'a  murder,  and  dtBcovera  the  rolibers,  who 
are  brought  by  their  captain,  concealeil  In  oil-Jars,  U>  All 
Baba's  house.  She  kills  them  by  pouring  boiling  oil  Into 
the  Jars.  She  recognizes  thrir  captain  when,  as  ('«igla 
Houssatn,  he  dines  with  AH  Ilaba,  and  stabs  him  as  Mho 
dances  the  "dagger  dance."  AU  Itaba  shows  his  gratltutlo 
by  marrying  her  to  his  aon, 

Morglay  (mdr'gla).  [Same  as  chii/morc.']  The 
sword  of  Sir  Be  vis  of  Hampton. 

Morhault(m6r'halt),Sir.  A  celebrated  charac- 
ter in  the  romanecs  of  chivalry.  Also  written 
Marhouft,  MontiDit,  Mnriiolf,  <'f<'. 

Morhof  (mor  Miof),  Daniel  Gteorg.  Born  at 
Wismar,  Germany,  Feb.  6,  lOiil):  diol  at  Tjiiliock, 
June  30,  1691.  A  German  scholar,  appointed 
professor  of  oratory  and  poetry  at  JCiel  in  1065, 


707 

professor  also  of  history  in  1673,  and  librarian 
in  1680.  He  wroti?  a  work  on  universal  litera- 
ture, entitled  "Polyhist or"  (1688:  best  edition 
1747),  etc. 
Moria  (mo'ri-ii).  A  character  in  Ben  Jonson's 
*' (Cynthia's  Kevels." 

Tis  Madam  Moria  (folly),  guardian  of  the  nymphs ;  one 
that  is  not  now  to  be  persuaded  of  her  wit ;  she  will  think 
herself  wise  against  :dl  tlie  judgments  that  coma  .\  lady 
made  all  of  voice  and  air,  t:Uks  anything  of  anything. 

Act  it 

Moriah  (mo-ri'ii).  A  hill  in  Jerusalem,  the  site 
of  Solomon's  ttMajde.  Tradition  has  often  identified 
this,  but  on  insulllcient^grounds,  with  the  hill  of  Isaac's 
sacrifice  lu  the  "  land  of  Moriah  "  (Gen.  xxii.). 

Morier  (mO'ri-cr),  James.  liom  1780:  died  at 
Brighton,  England,  March  19,  1849,  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  writer  of  travels.  He  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  as  secretary  of  Lt>rd  Klgin.  In^812 
he  published  "A  Journey  through  Persia,  Armenia,  and 
Asia  Minor  to  Constatitinople  18iJ8~9."  l-Yom  1810  to 
1S14  he  was  secretary  of  embassy  at  the  court  of  Persia. 
He  published  his  "Second  Journey"  in  1818;  a  romance, 
'The  Adventures  of  Hajji  Baba  of  Ispahan,  '  in  1824;  ami 
"Zohrab  the  Hostage"  in  18;>2. 

Morike  (m^'ri-ke),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Ludwigs- 
burg,  Wiirtemb(»rg,  Sept.  8, 1804:  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiii'temberg,  June  4,  1875.  A  German 
poet  of  the  *'Swabian  school,"  and  novelist. 
Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "MaierXolten" 
(1832),  the  poem  "IdyllevomBodensco"  (1846), 
etc, 

Morillo  (mo-rel'yo),  Pablo.  Bom  at  Fuente  de 
Malva,  1777:  died  at  Rochefort,  France,  July 
27,  1838.  A  Spanish  general.  As  field-marshal  he 
commanded  lo.ooo  men  sent  early  in  1815  to  reduce  the 
revolted  provinces  of  Venezuela  and  Xew  Ciranada.  At 
first  he  swept  all  opposition  before  hira  ;  occupied  Caracas 
May,  1815 ;  took  Cartagena,  after  a  siege  of  4  months,  Dec. 
6 ;  and  on  May  20, 1810,  entered  Uogota,  where  he  executed 
125  prominentcitizena.  la  1817  he  met  with  many  reverses 
in  Venezuela,  and  in  1819  was  outwitted  by  Bolivar,  who 
during  his  absence  gained  the  battle  of  BoyacA  (Aug.  7), 
and  recovered  liogotA.  In  1820  he  signed  a  truce  with 
Bolivar,  and  was  recalled  at  his  own  request.  In  1822  he 
sided  with  the  constitutionalists,  and  later  submitted  to 
French  intervention.  In  Aug.,  1823,  he  was  degraded 
by  the  king,  and  retired  to  France.  He  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  American  campaigns  in  1820. 

Morini  (mor'i-ui).  A  Celtic  people  of  Gallia 
Belgica,  living  in  the  vicinity  of  the  modem 
Boulogne. 

Moriscos  (mo-ris'koz).  In  Spanish  history,  per- 
sons of  the  Moorish  race;  the  Moors.  The  name 
was  applied  to  the  Moors  after  their  c(mquest  by  the  Span- 
iards.    They  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  lOOlt. 

Morison  (mor'i-soix),  James  Augustus  Cotter. 

Born  at  London,  1832:  died  Feb.  20, 1.SS8.  An 
English  autlnn'.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Lincoln 
College).  He  was  a  positivist  In  philosophy.  He  was  a 
contributor  to  the  '"Saturday  Keview,"  and  published 
"Life  and  Times  of  St.  Bernard,  etc.,"  in  1803,  and  "The 
Service  of  Man  :  an  Essay  towards  the  Religion  of  the  Fu- 
ture." in  ISaT,  etc. 

Morison,  Robert.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  1620:  died 
Nov.  10,  1683.  A  Scottish  botanist.  He  served 
the  king  in  the  civil  war,  and  took  his  doctor's  degree  at 
Angers  in  ltM8.  In  1050  he  became  superintendent  of  the 
garden  formed  at  Blois  by  G:istoii,  duke  of  Orleans.  After 
the  Restoration  ho  was  n»ado  boUmist  royal,  court  physi- 
cian,  and  prcjfessor  of  botany  at  Oxford.  He  publislied 
"  Plaiitarum  Historia  Universalis  Oxoniensis  '*  (1080). 

Morlacca  (mor-liik'kii).  The  country  of  the 
Morhiks. 

Morlaix  (mor-la').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  l'"inist^re,  France,  situated  near  tlie  English 
Channel  42  miles  north-nortlieast  of  Quimpor. 
It  has  a  harbor  on  a  tidal  river.  Population 
(181)1).  commune.  10,300. 

Morlaks  (mor'laks).  A  Slavic  people  dwelling 
near  the  Adriatic  in  Islria,  Croatm,  and  Dal- 
niatia:  closely  allied  to  the  Serbs. 

Morland  (mor'land),  Catherine.  The  princi- 
pal chiiracter  in  Miss  Austen's  novel  "North- 
anpnr  Abbey." 

Morland,  George.  Born  at  London,  June  2fi, 
1703:  dird  tlicri',  Oct.  27,  1S(I4.  An  English 
painter,  son  of  a  painter  and  picture-deah'r. 
In  1780  he  married  a  sister  of  James  Ward  the  animal- 
painter.  He  painted  moralities  in  themainiiTof  lIogiU"th, 
also  genre  and  animals,  and  was  noted  equally  fur  the  bril- 
liancy of  his  work  and  the  extreme  recklcHsness  of  his  life. 
His  picture  **  Tnsldeof  a  Statile  "Is  In  the  NatlonaKiallery. 

Morland,  Henry.  In  Colman  the  yinuiger's 
*' IIrir-:it-L:i\v,"  the  missing  and  iinally  r<*;i|i- 
iM'ju'ing  heir  to  the  title  and  estates  of  Loni 
Duberiy.    lie  is  in  love  with  Caroline  Dormer. 

Morley  (in6r'li).  A  munirinal  Intrough  in  the 
West  Kidinjr  of  Yorkshire,  England,  southwest 
of  Leeds,     i'opulalinn  (1801).  1S,725. 

Morley, Henry,  liornat  London.  Sept.  if).  1822: 
dietl  May  14,  lsi)4.  An  Kn^dish  autlntr.  He  was 
educated  lit  the  Moravian Hchmd at  N en wled-on-the- Rhino, 
and  at  King's  College,  l^>ndon.  He  prarf  iHed  medieinefrnni 
1M44  to  18-18.  He  wrote  for  "IloiiMuhold  Words'*  and  the 
"Kxumlner"fit>ni  lSf.oto  lHtV4,  and  was  editor  of  the  latter 
during  part  of  that  t  hue;  was  prufoftsor  of  the  Eugllsh  tan- 


Moro 

guage  and  literature  from  is  o  to  1SS9  at  Tni  versify  College, 
Lfudon  ;  heldthes;inieiKisitioM  atCJueen  sCollege.  London, 
from  1878  ;  and  beeiune  principal  of  University  Hall  in  ls*2. 
He  wrote  "A  Defence  of  Ignorance  "(18;'.l),  lives  of  Pali&sy 
(ltt6'2), Cardan (1854), Cornelius Agrippa (IS,  6),  "  Memoirsof 
Bartholomew  Fair"'  (l&o7  ,  *'  English  Writers  before  Chau- 
cer"n804-ti7)." First  Sketch  of  English  Literature  "(Is73), 
and  '^Librar)'  of  Englieh  Literature";  and  edite<i  lioswell's 
"Life  of  Johnson  "  in  1880.  He  began  "  English  Writers  " 
in  1887.  Ten  volumes  h:id  bc-'H  i^ued  at  his  death.  In 
1864-67  a  preliminar}'  book  with  the  same  title  was  pub- 
lished, which  was  afterward  merged  in  the  larger  work, 

Morley,  John.  Born  at  Blackburn, Lancashire, 
l)ec,  L'4,  ISiJH.  An  English  statesman  and  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham  and  Oxford  (Lincoln  Col- 
h*ge) ;  graduated  in  1  <>\* :  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  IK.^9. 
l-Vora  18f.7  to  18s2  he  t*dit^-d  the  "Fortnightly  Rwiew," 
from  1880  to  1883  the  "Vail  Mall  Gazette, '  and  from  18S3 
tolHS.'.  •*  .Maoiiiillan  s  Mayaziiie."  He  has  been  meml>erof 
Parliament  for  Xeweastle-on-Tyne  1883-95,  and  for  Mon- 
tr 'Se  Burghs  1890-.  He  has  been  a  8upi>orter  of  Gladstone's 
Irish  and  general  policy;  was  chief  secretarv  for  Ireland 
in  1S8«;  and  was  reappointed  in  ls02.  Ht  has  written 
"  Kdnnind  Burke"  (18r.7),  "  Voltaire"  (1872),  "  Rousseau '" 
{187G),"L>iderotandtheEiievcIopajdi8ts"  (187H),*Kiehard 
rol)den"  (1881).  "The  Struggle  tor  National  Education" 
(2d  ed.  187:H.  "  Ralph  W:ddo  Emerson  "■  (1S.^4(.  etc. 

Morley,  "Mis,  The  name  under  which  Oueen 
Anne  conducted  her  correspondence  with  the 
Duchess  of  Marlborough,  who  signed  herself 
Mrs.  Freeman. 

Morley,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England  about  ir»57 : 
died  at  London.  1004.  An  Knglish  musician. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was  a  pupil  iii  music  of  William 
Bird.  He  wrote  6  books  of  canzonets  or  madrigals  n5!*3- 
1000).  "A  Plaine  and  Easie  Introduction  to  Practicali  Mu- 
8icke'*(1597),  and  edited  *|The  I'riumphsof  Oriana  "  (1601 : 
a  collection  of  madrigals  in  honor  of  (jueen  Elizabeth),  and 
other  books  of  canzonets,  madrigals,  etc. 

Mormon  (mor'mpn),  Book  of.  One  of  the  au- 
thoritative writings  of  the  Mormon  Church.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Mormons,  it  is  the  record  of  certain  ancient 
peoples  in  America,  abridged  by  the  prophet  Monuon.  writ- 
ten on  golden  plates,  and  discovered  by  Joseph  Smith  at 
Cumorah  (western  New  V<>rk),  and  translated  by  him.  By 
anti-Mormons  it  is  generally  regarded  as  taken  from  a  ro- 
mance written  about  1811  by  Solomon  Spaulding,  whose 
manuscript  was  used  l)y  Smith  and  liigdon. 

Mormons  (mor'monz).  The  adherents  of  a  re- 
ligious body  in  tlie  United  States,  which  calls 
itself  *'The  Church  of  .Jesus  Christ  of  Latter- 
day  Saints."  This  denomination  was  founded  in  1830 
by  Joseph  Smith,  a  native*  oi  Sharon,  \'ermont.  The  gov- 
ernment of  tlie  church  is  a  liierarchy  consisting  of  two  or- 
ders of  priesthood,  an  order  of  ilelehizedek  ^the  higherX 
and  an  Aaronic  or  lesser  order.  The  former  is  pre.sidea 
over  by  a  president  and  two  counselors  whose  authority 
extends  over  the  entire  church,  and  it  includes  the  twelve 
apostles,  the  seventies,  the  patriarch,  the  high  priests,  and 
the  elders.  The  twelve  apostles  constitute  a  traveling 
high  council,  which  ordains  other  olflcers  and  is  intrusted 
with  general  ecclesiastical  authority  ;  the  seventies  are  the 
missionaries  and  the  propagandists  of  the  body  ;  the  pa- 
triarch pronounces  the  blessing  of  the  church  ;  the  high 
priests  officiate  in  the  offices  of  the  church  in  the  absence 
of  any  higlier  authorities ;  and  the  elders  conduct  meet- 
ingsand  superintend  the  priests.  The  Aaronic  priesthood 
includes  the  bishops,  the  priests,  the  teachei-s,  and  the 
deacons:  the  two  last  named  are  the  subordinate  orders 
in  the  church.  The  dutieaof  the  bishops  are  largely  secu- 
liu*.  The  entire  t^^rritory  governed  by  the  church  is  di- 
vided and  subdivided  Into  districts,  for  the  more  efficient 
collection  of  tithes  and  the  admlidi^tnilion  of  the  govern- 
ment. The  Mormons  accept  the  Bible,  the  Book  of  Mor- 
mon, and  the  Book  of  l>octiine  and  t'ovenants  as  authori- 
tative, and  regard  the  headof  their  church  as  invested  with 
divine  authority,  receiving  his  revelations  as  the  word  of 
God.  the  Lord.  They  maintain  tlie  doctrines  of  repentance 
and  faith,  a  literal  resurrection  of  the  dead,  the  second 
coming  of  Christ  and  his  reign  upon  the  earth  0>:ivlng  the 
seat  of  his  power  in  their  territory),  bajitism  by  hnmerslon, 
baptism  for  the  dead,  ami  polygamy  as  a  sacred  duty  for 
those  who  arc  capable  of  entering  into  such  marriage. 
The  Mormons  settletl  first  at  Kirtland,  Ohio,  then  In  Mi^ 
souri,  anil,  after  their  expulsion  from  these  places.  In  "San- 
VIM,  Illinois.  In  1847—18  they  removed  to  Utjih,  and  have 
since  spread  into  Idaho.  Arizona,  Wyoming,  etc.  They 
have  irequently  delled  the  United  States  government- 
There  is  also  a  comparatively  snuill  branch  of  the  Monuon 
ciiurch,  entitled  "The  Keoivi»"iz:ed  rhur<-hof  Jesus  Christ 
of  Latter-day  Saints."  whlcli  Is  oi>posed  io  polygamy  and 
is  ecclesiastically  intlepeiulent  of  the  original  orgaidznl  ion. 
Also  Mi>rinoniM.<,  Munnonirfs. 

Mornay  (mor-na'),  Philippe  de,  Seigneur  du 
IMessis-Marly,  known  as  Duplessls-Mornay, 
Born  at  tlie  ChAtean  Bidiy,  Nttrniinuly.  Nov.  5, 
154!!:  died  at  La  3'^>r("'t-sMr-Si^vr(',Fr;in('e,Nov. 

II,  l()'j:i.  AFren<di  diplnmatist,  politician,  and 
Hugncnot  lender.  His  "  Memoires  "  were  pub- 
lishrd  in  H»li4. 

Momington,  Earl  of.    See  WeUcslrtj. 
Morny   (mor-ne'),  Charles   Augnste   Louis 

Joseph,  Due  de.  Ii«n-ri  at  Tjiris.  Oct.  L*:i.  isll: 
died  at  I'nris.  March  HI,  1>^*m.  A  Fren«-li  judi- 
tieian,  illeptimate  snii  o(  the  Conit«Mle  riaiiatit 
and  (^ueen  Ilortense:  lialf-brother  of  Najioleon 

III.  He  was  a  lending  consplrfltor  In  the  coup  dVtnt  of 
Dcc.,18r>l;  mini«terof  the  Interior  18fil-v'«2:  pivsldent  »tf 
the  Corps  lA^glf*latif  l^.>l  <'0;  and  ambassador  to  KuMia 
ls:.(V-67. 

MorO  (nio'ro>.  Attoni  »»r  Antonis:  called  Sir 
Anthony  More.  H(»rn  at  Utrecht,  Netli(»rlands, 
about  ir>!J:  ilied  at  Antwerp  about  ir»78.  A 
Dutch  porlrait-paiuter. 


Moro  Castle 

Moro  Castle.     See  Morro  Castle. 

Morocco  (mo-rok'6),  or  Marocco  (ma-rok'6), 
r.  Marco  (mii-rok').  A  country  in  uorthwest- 
ern  Africa.  Capitals,  Fez  and  Morocco,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north,  Algeria  ou 
the  east,  the  Sahara  on  the  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on 
the  northwest  and  west :  its  soiitliem  boundaries  are 
undefined.  It  is  traversed  from  west  to  east  by  the  At- 
las Mountains.  Government  is  administered  by  a  sultan 
with  despotic  powers.  The  leading  races  are  the  Moors, 
Berbers,  and  Jews.  The  religion  is  largely  Mohammedan. 
Morocco  corresponds  to  the  ancient  Mauretania  Tingitana. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Arabs  about  700;  was  under  the 
Almoraviiles  in  the  11th  and  l*2th  centuries,  and  undet  the 
Alraohades  in  the  12th  and  13th  ;  was  flourishing  in  the 
16th  centurj*  and  part  of  the  i:th;  and  was  defeated  in 
war  with  France  in  1S44,  and  in  war  with  Sp;un  in  1859- 
1860.  The  Ritfian  tribes  of  the  north  came  into  collision 
with  Spain  in  1893.  and  were  defeated,  Morocco  being 
forced  to  pay  a  large  indemnity-.  .A re;i,  exclusive  of  the 
Saharan  tract  and  Tuat,  about  219,000  square  miles.  The 
population  is  variously  estimated  ;  it  is  probably  about 
8,000,000. 

Morocco,  or  Marocco.  One  of  the  capitals  of 
the  sultanate  of  Morocco,  situated  about  lat.  31° 
40'  N.,  long.  7°  3.5'  W.  It  was  founded  about 
1072.  and  has  manufactures  of  morocco  leather. 
Population,  about  50,000. 

Morocco.     See  Banl-s's  hnrsfi. 

Morochucos  (mo-ro-cho'kos).  A  branch  of  the 
yuichua  Indians  of  Peru,  in  the  department  of 
Ayacucho.  southeast  of  Lima.  They  have  retained 
a  form  of  tribal  or^nization  under  Spanish  and  Peruvian 
rule,  and  are  noted  for  their  attachment  to  republican  free- 
dom. During  the  Chilean  war  of  1S81  they  fought  for  the 
Peruvians  under  their  own  chiefs. 

Moron,  or  Moron  de  ia  Frontera  (mo-ron'  da 
la  fron-ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  35  miles  southeast  of  Se\ille.  Pop- 
ulation (1887).  16.103. 

Morone  (mo-ro'n  >),  Giovanni  di.  Bom  at  Mi- 
lan. May  25,  151)9  :  died  at  Home,  Dec.  1, 15S0. 
\n  Italian  cardinal  and  diplomatist. 

Moroni  (mo-ro'ne),  orMorone,  Giambattista. 
Bom  at  Albino,  near  Bergamo.  Italy,  about 
1510 :  died  about  1578.  An  Italian  portrait- 
painter. 

Moro  (mo'ro)  Pass.  A  pass  leading  from  Ma- 
cuffnaga.  in  northern  Italv.  northward  over  the 
Valais  .A.lps.     Height,  9.390  feet. 

Morose  (mo-ros').  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
"Epieoene,  or  the  Sil?nt  Woman,"  a  melan- 
choly recluse  who  can  bear  no  sound  except 
that  of  his  own  voice.  His  melancholy  degenerates 
into  vice  and  cruelty ;  to  disinherit  his  nephew  he  marries, 
as  he  supposes,  a  silent  woman,  who  turns  out  to  be  not 
only  a  loud-voiced  scold,  but— a  boy.  (^ee  Da  up/tine  and 
Epicceiie.)  Not  only  the  name  and  characterof  Morose,  but 
several  of  his  shorter  speeches,  are  copied  or  imitated  from 
Libanius. 

Morosini  (mo-ro-se'ne),  Andrea.  Bom  at  Ven- 
ice, Feb.  13, 15.58 :  died  June  29, 1618.  A  Vene- 
tian historian.  He  studied  belles-lettres  at  Padua,  and 
held  various  public  offices  at  Venice,  eventually  obtaining 
a  seat  in  the  Council  of  Ten.  He  was  appointed  histo- 
riographer of  the  republic  in  1d9S.  He  wrote  "Historia 
Veneta  ab  anno  1521  ad  annum  ltil5  "  (1623),  etc. 

Morosini,  Francesco.    Born  1618:  died  1694. 

.\  Venetian  general.  He  surrendered  Candia  to  the 
Turks  in  1669.  but  was  distinguished  later  for  his  victories 
over  them,  especially  for  his  conquest  of  the  Morea. 

MorotocOS  (mo-ro-to'kos).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
eastern  Bolivia,  between  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra 
and  the  Paraguay.  They  are  now  nearly  or  quite  ex 
tinct.  The  Morotocos  were  closely  allied  to  the  Samucus 
(which  see).  The  early  missionaries  describe  the  tribe  as 
ruled  by  women,  the  men  acting  as  sen'ants. 

Morpeth  (mor'peth).  A  town  in  Xorthumber- 
land,  England,  situated  on  the  Wansbeck  14 
miles  north  of  Newcastle.  Population  (1891), 
5.219. 

Morpeth,  Viscoimt.    See  Howard,  George  W.  F. 

Morpheus (mor'fus).  [Gr.  .Mop<JeiC.]  Inthelater 
Roman  poets,  a  god  of  dreams,  son  of  Sleep. 

Morphy  (mor'fi),  Paul  Charles.    Born  at  New 

Orleans,  .Tune  22. 1S37:  .lit- d  there,  July  10, 1884. 
A  distinguished  American  chess-player. 
Morrice  (mor'is),  Gil  or  Childe.  The  chief 
character  of  a  noted  .Scotch  ballad.  He  is  killed  by 
his  motlier's  husljand.  Lord  Barnard,  who  is  not  his  father, 
and  who  supposes  him  to  be  her  lover,  as  she  haa  con- 
cealed his  birth,  and  brought  him  up  in  the  "gude  green- 
wood." 
Morrill  (mor'il).  Justin  Smith.  Bom  at  Straf- 
ford, Vt.,  April  14,  1810:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Dec.  28,  1898.  An  American  Republican 
politician.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Vermont 
1855-€7,  and  occupied  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate 1867-98.  He  was  chiefly  known  in  connection  y\\th 
the  so-called  Morrill  tariff,  which  was  reported  by  him  in 
the  House  in  1861. 

Morrill,  Lot  Myrick.  Bom  at  Belgrade.  Maine, 
May  3,  1813:  died  at  Augusta,  Maine,  Jan.  10, 
1883.  An  -American  politician.  He  was  governor 
of  Maine  1S58-60,  senator  from  Maine  1861-76,  and  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1876-77. 


708 

Morris  (mor'is).  The  capital  of  Grundy  County, 
niinois,  54  miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  Popu- 
lation (1890).  3.653:  (1897),  est.,  5,500. 

Morris,  Clara.  Born  at  Toronto.March  17,1849. 
Au  American  actress.  She  was  leading  lady  at  Wood's 
Theater,  Cincinnati,  in  1869,  and  went  to  Xew  York  in  1870. 
She  married  Frederick  C.  Harriot  in  1874.  She  is  pecu- 
liarly successful  in  emotional  characters,  and  in  d^icting 
death  scenes.  Among  her  best  parts  are  Camille,  Miss 
Mnlton,  Mercy  Merrick  in  "The  >'ew  Magdalen,"  Kenee, 
:iiid  Cora  in  "L'.\rticle  47." 

Morris,  Dinah.  The  principal  female  character 
iu  George  Eliot's  "  Adam  Bede."  She  is  a  factory 
girl  and  Wesleyan  preacher,  with  a  spiritual  clear-sighted 
nature,  and  delicate  sensitiveness  to  the  condition  and 
wants  of  others.  She  is  said  to  be  in  some  particulars  a 
sketch  from  an  aunt  of  the  author,  Elizabeth  Evans. 

Morris,  George  Pope.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  10,  1802 :  died  at  New  York,  July  6.  1864. 
-\u  American  journalist  and  poet.  With  Samuel 
Woodworth  he  established  the  "New  York  Mirror"  in 
18-23  (discontinued  in  1842),  with  X.  P.  Willis  the  '•  Sew 
Mirror"  in  1843,  and  shortly  after  the  "Evening  Mirror." 
In  1845  he  founded  the  "National  Press."  Its  name  was 
changed  in  a  few  months  to  ''The  Home  Journal."  This 
he  edited  with  Willis  till  shortly  before  his  death.  He 
wrote  "Briarcliff  "(18-25X  etc.,  and  edited  "American  Melo- 
dies" and,  with  X.  P.  Willis,  "The  Prose  and  Poetry  of 
America"  (1&45).  Among  his  best-known  poems  are 
"  Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree  "  and  "My  Mother's  Bible." 

Morris, Gouvemeur.  BornatMon-isania.X.T.. 
Jan.  31,  li52:  died  at  MoiTisania.  Xov.  6.  1816. 
An  American  statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  :  one  of  the  committee  on  drafting 
the  Constitntion  in  17S7  :  Tnited  States  minister  to  France 
1792-94 ;  and  United  States  senator  from  Sew  York  ISOO- 
1803. 

Morris,  Lewis.  Bora  at  Morrisania.  X.  Y., 
1726:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1798.  -\n  American 
patriot,  brother  of  Gouvemeur  Morris:  a  signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Morris,  Sir  Lewis.  Born  at  Carmarthen,  1832. 
An  English  poet .  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Jesus  Col- 
lege), graduating  iu  IS^.5.  He  has  written  the  "Songs  of 
Two  Worlds  '(1S71X  the  "Epic  of  Hades"  (his  best-known 
work,  1S76').  "A  Vision  of  Saints"  (1890),  etc. 

Morris,  Richard.  Born  at  London.  Sept.  8, 1833 : 
died  there.  May  12. 1894.  An  English  philologist. 
He  was  educated"  at  St.  John's  College,  Battersea :  was  a 
member  of  the  Chaucer.  Early  English  Text,  and  Philo- 
logical societies,  and  was  president  of  the  latter  in  1874. 
He  published  "The  Etymology  of  Local  Sames"  (1S57), 
"Specimens  of  Early  English"  (1867),  "  Historical  (Outlines 
of  Eni:lish  .Accidence"  (1S72),  and  edited  some  of  Chaucer's 
"(;anti.riniry  T;des"with  i^otes. 

Morris,  Robert.  Born  in  England.  Jan.  20, 1734: 
died  at  Philadelphia.  May  8,  1806.  An  Ameri- 
can financier  and  statesman,  a  signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  as  delegate  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress.  He  established  the  Bank  of  Sorth 
-\merica  in  1781 :  was  superintendent  of  finance  17S1-84; 
was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787; 
and  was  United  States  senatorfrom  Pennsylvania  1789-95. 

Morris.Williani.  Born  near  London,  1834 :  died 
at  London,  Oct.  3, 1896.  An  English  poet  and 
artistic  decorator.  He  was  educated  at  .Marlborough 
College  and  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College),  where  his  intimacy 
with  Burne-Jones  began..  In  1863  he  estaldished  the  busi- 
ness iu  stained  glass  and  decorations  which  i  leairs  his  name. 
In  his  later  years  he  devoted  much  time  to  propagating 
the  doctrines  of  S'  'Cialisni.  Author  of  "  Defense  of  Guine- 
vere, and  Other  Poems"  (1858).  "'The  Life  and  De;ith  of 
Jason"  (1867),  "The  Earthly  Paradise"  (1868-71),  "Li.ve  is 
Enough  ■■  (1873),  "  Hopes  and  Fears  for  kn  "  (1SS2).  In  1S90 
he  bvgan  publishing  English  versionsof  the  Icelandic  sagas. 

Morrisania  (mor-i-sa'ni-a).  A  former  -village 
of  Westchester  County,  Xew  York,  situated 
north  of  the  Harlem  River:  now  a  part  of  Xew 
York  city. 

Morris  Island.  -A.  sand  island  at  the  southern 
entrance  of  Charleston  harbor.  South  Carolina: 
the  site  of  Fort  Waguer  and  other  fortifications 
during  the  Ci^nl  War. 

Morrison  (mor'i-son),  Robert.     Born  at  Mor- 

geth,  Xorthumberiand,  .Jan.  5,  1782:  died  at 
anton,  China.  Aug.  1, 1834.  An  English  mis- 
sionary. He  studied  at  the  Independent  Academy  at 
Hoxton,  and  in  1SU7  was  sent  by  the  London  Missionary 
Society  to  Canton.  In  1815  he  published  a  Chinese  gram'- 
mar  and  Sew  Testament;  in  ISIS  he  founded  the  Anglo- 
Chinese  College  at  Malacca;  and  in  1S23  his  Chinese  dic- 
tionar>'  was  published  by  the  East  India  Company. 

Morristcwn  (mor'is-toun).  A  to-wn,  capital  of 
.Morris  County.  Xew  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Whippany  River  26  miles  west  by  north  of  Xew 
York :  a  summer  resort.  It  was  the  headqnarters  of 
the  armv  under  Washington  in  the  winters  of  1776-ji  and 
1779-80.'    Porulatinn  iiomi.  11.267. 

Morro' (mor'ro).  El.  [Sp.,  'the  promontory.'] 
.\  picturesque  rock  and  plateauin  western  Xew 
Mexico,  30  miles  east  of  Zuni.  on  the  vertical 
walls  of  which  numerous  inscriptions,  some  of 
them  belonging  to  the  very  early  years  of  Span- 
ish occupation,  still  exist,  it  is  a  very  important 
historic  monument.  Many  of  the  older  inscriptions  have, 
however,  disappeared  to  make  room  for  less  important 
modern  ones.  On  the  top  of  the  plateau  or  mesa  are  the 
ruins  of  two  ancient  %-illages.  Also  called  tiucriptiun 
Rock. 


Mortimer,  Roger 

Morro  Castle.  [Sp.  CasteUo  del  Morro,  castle 
of  the  promontory.]  A  fort  at  the  entrance 
of  the  harbor  of  Havana,  Cuba,  celebrated  in 
the  history  of  the  island.  The  dungeons  beneath  it 
have  frequently  been  used  for  political  prisoners.  Also  a 
castle  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  similarly  situated. 

Mors  (mors).  An  island  in  the  Limf  jord,  north- 
ern Jutland,  Denmark. 

Morse  (mors).  Edward  Sylvester.  Bom  at 
Portland,  Maine,  June  18,  1838.  An  American 
zoologist.  His  early  work  attracted  the  attention  of 
Louis  .\gassiz,  who  induced  him  to  study  at  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School,  Har\-ard,  where  he  was  assistant  till 
1862.  With  othei-s  he  established  the  "jVraerican  Natu- 
ralist" at  Salem  about  1866,  and  founded  the  Peabody 
Academy  of  Sciences  there,  of  which  he  was  curator  and 
president  in  1881.  He  was  professor  of  comparative  anat- 
omy and  zoology  at  Bowdoin  1871-74.  visited  Japan  in  1877, 
and  became  professor  of  zoolc^y  in  the  Imperial  Univer- 
sity  of  Tokio.  He  returned  later  to  the  United  States.  In 
18S5  he  was  made  president  of  the  -\merican  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  Among  his  works  are 
"First  Book  in  Zoology  "  (1875).  "Japanese  Homes,  etc." 
(1885).  etc., besides  numerous  scientific  and  popular  papers. 

Morse,  Jedidiah.  Born  at  Woodstock,  Conn., 
-lug.  23, 1701:  died  at  X'ew  Haven,  Conn.,  June 
9, 1826.  An  American  geogi'apherand  Congre- 
gational diWne.  author  of  a  series  of  geogra- 
phies and  gazetteers. 

Morse,  Samuel  Finley Breese.  Born  at  Charles- 
town.  Mass..  April  27,  1791 :  died  at  Xew  York, 
-■Ipril  2,  1872.  An  American  artist  and  invent- 
or, son  of  Jedidiah  Morse.  He  graduated  at  Tale 
College  in  1810 ;  studied  art  under  Benjamin  West  in  Eng- 
land ;  and,  after  having  tried  with  indifferent  success  to 
establish  himself  as  a  portrait-painter  in  various  Ameri- 
can cities,  opened  a  studio  at  New  Y'ork  in  1823.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  at 
S'ew  York  (1826-12).  He  designed  in  1832  an  electric  tele- 
graph, a  working  model  of  which  was  exhibited  in  1S35 
He  applied  for  a  patent  in  1837, and  in  1843  Congress  granted 
an  appropriation  for  a  line  between  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ington, which  was  completed  in  184-1. 

Morse,  Sidney  Edwards.  Born  at  Chariest  own, 
Mass.,  Feb.  7, 1794 :  died  at  Xew  York.  Dec.  23, 
1871.  An  American  journalist,  geographer,  and 
inventor,  son  of  .ledidiah  Morse.  He  founded  (con- 
jointly with  his  brother  R.  C.  Morse)  the  "Sew  York  Ob- 
server "  in  1S23. 

Mortagne  (mor-tany').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  France.  23  miles  east  by  north  of 
Alen^on.     Population  (1891),  commune.  4,435. 

Mortara  (mor-ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Paria.  Italy.  26  miles  southwest  of  Milan. 
Here.  March  21,  1849.  the  Austrians  under  Archduke  Al- 
bert defeated  the  Sardinians  under  the  Duke  of  Genoa. 

MorteArthure  (mort  ar'ther).  A  compilation 
of  prose  romances  on  the  life  and  death  of  King 
Arthur  and  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table, 
translated  from  the  French  prose  romances 
■which  had  grown  from  the  early  poems,  by  Sir 
Thomas  Malory  and  printed  by  Caxton  in  1485. 
Itwas  origiii ally  called  the  "  History  "*or  "  Book  of  Arthur. " 
There  is  a  metrical  English  romance  with  the  title  "Morte 
.\rthure,"  said  to  have  been  written  at  the  end  of  the  14th 
centun;'  by  Huchowne  (Hutchin).  a  Scotch  ballad-writer: 
his  authorship  has  been  denied  by  Richard  Morris. 

ilr  Ritson  imagines  that  the  English  metrical  romance 
of  Morte  Arthur  was  versified  from  the  prose  one  of  the 
same  title;  but,  as  it  differs  essentially  from  Malory's  prose 
work,  and  agrees  exactly  with  the  last  part  of  the  Fivnch 
romance  of  Lancelot,  it  is  more  probable  that  it  has  been 
versified  from  this  composition. 

DuiUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  L  185. 

Morte  d' Arthur  (mort  diir'ther).  An  idyl  by 
-llfi-ed  Tennyson,  included  later  in  the  ''Idylls 
of  the  King"  under  the  title  "  The  Passing  of 
Arthwc." 

Morte  d' Artus.  An  early  French  romance  which 
properly  completes  the  French  Arthurian  cycle. 
It  is  probably  by  Walter  Map. 

Morte  de  Poinpee,  La.  [F..  ■  The  Death  of  Pom- 

pey.']    A  tragedy  by  Corneille.producedin  1642. 

Morteira  (mor-tVrii),  Saul  Le'vi.    Died  I60n. 

A  rabbi  in  Amsterdam,  Holland.  He  was  one  of 
the  teachers  of  Spinoza-  A  collection  of  his  sermons  w;ta 
published  under  the  title  of  "Hill  of  Satil"  ("Gibath 
Shaul "). 

Mortier  (mor-tya'),  Edouard  Adolphe  Casi- 
mir  Joseph,  Due  de  Tre\-ise.  Born  at  (Tateau- 
Camtjiesis.  France.  Feb.  13, 1768:  killed  at  Paris, 
July  28, 1835.  A  French  marshal,  distinguished 
throughout  the  Xapoleonie  wars,  especially  at 
Friedlandin  1807,  in  Spain,  and  iu  the  campaigns 
of  1813-14.  He  was  premier  18.34-35.  and  was 
mortally  wounded  by  Fieschi's  infernal  ma- 
chine. 

Mortimer,  Sir  Edward.  A  character  in  Col- 
man  the  younger's  '•  Iron  Chest."  He  labors  under 
a  secret  sorrow,  finally  confesses  himself  a  murderer,  and 
dies.  He  differs  from  Falkland  in  "Caleb  Williams,"  on 
which  the  play  is  founded,  in  that  his  remorse  proceeds 
from  the  assassination  of  his  victim,  while  Falkland's  ifl 
fr,3m  letting  others  suffer  for  him. 

Mortimer  (m6r'ti-mer),  Roger,  Earl  of  March. 
Bom  about  1287 :  hanged  at  London,  Nov.  S% 


Mortimer,  Roger 

1330.     An  EriKlisli  politician.   Having  been  thrown 

Into  prison  for  c plicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  the  Karl  of 

Lancaster,  he  escaped  to  l*:iri8,  where  in  la25he  intriKUetl 
with  Isabella  of  France  for  the  dejiosition  of  her  husharul 
Edward  II.  of  England.  He  commanded  the  queen's  forces 
In  the  descent  on  England  in  132(i,  and  after  the  deposi- 
tion and  death  of  the  king  in  1327  became  with  his  para- 


709 

Mor7an  fmor-von').  Le.  A  region  in  the  de- 
Iiartmonts  of  Yi>iiiie  and  Nievre,  France.  It  is 
traversed  by  a  chain  of  mountains  from  Avallou  to  Luzy 
<ab(iut  :>5  miles).     Uighest  point,  "2,970  feet, 

Morven  (mor'ven).  A  mythical  Scottish  king- 
lidin  MtVrrcd  to  in  the  poems  of  Ossiau. 


jnour,  the  queen,  virtual  ruler  of  the  kingdom  during  the  MorvCm  (nior'vem).     ApeninHula  in  thenorth- 


minority  of  Edward  III.  He  was  overthrown  by  the  young 
king,  who  caused  him  to  be  condemned  as  a  traitor  by  I'ar- 
liament. 

Mortimer  his  Fall, 


tirii  ]iait  of  Argyllsliire,  Scotland. 

Mosa  (ino'.'^ii).  The'Latin  name  of  the  Mouse. 
A  tragedy  by  Ben  Jonson  Mosbach  (nios'biich).  A  town  in  Baden,  21 
miles  east  by  south  of  Heidelberg.  Population 
(is'.ili),  3,4.'i9. 

Mosca{mos'kii).  [L., 'a  fly.']  In  Ben  Jonson's 
j)lay  "  Volpoiie,  or  the  Fox,"  a  parasite,  in  the 
sense  of  the  classic  drama.  His  pliancy  and  presence 
of  mind  render  him  itivaluable  to  his  master,  Volpone, 
upon  whom  he  llnally  turns. 


(1640),  "The  argument  and  part  of  i.  1  were  alone  flU' 
ished.  It  was  *conipleted*  by  \V.  Mountfort  ]7;U,  with 
satirical  intentions,  it  was  supposed.  to*rards\Valpoie  and 
Queen  Caroline  X  new  detlication  was  subsequently  writ- 
ten by  Wilkes  in  derision  of  iiutei"    I>u:f.  Xat.  Biog. 

Mortimeriados.     See  Barnnii'  (Oov,  Thr. 

Mortimer's  Cross.  A  place  in  Herefordshire, 
England,  lij  miles  north  bv  west  of  Hereford. 
Here,  Feb.  2,  14G1,  Edward",  earl  of  March  (Ed- 
ward IV.).  defeated  the  Lancastrians. 

Mortlake  (mort'liik).  Apavish  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
1,1111 1,  oil  the  Thames  above  London.  The  "univer- 
sity boat-race isrowed from  Piitm-y  toMnrtlake. 

Morton,  Fourth  Earl  of  (James  Douglas).  I'-om 
at  Dalkeith,  1530  :  Ixdicadeil  at  Kdiiiburgh,  .June 
2,  ISSl.  Regent  of  Scotland,  sieond  son  of  Sir 
George  Douglas  of  Pittciidriocli 


His  inimitable  parasite,  or  (as  the  Greek  and  Roman 
authors  e.xpresseu  it)  his  /■Vi/,  his  Mosea ;  and  in  this  tln- 
ished  portrait,  Jonson  may  thnjw  the  gauntlet  to  the  great- 
est m.'isters  of  anti(]uity  ;  the  character  is  of  classic  origin  ; 
it  is  found  with  thecontemporariesof  Aristophanes,  though 
not  in  any  comedy  of  his  now  existing  ;  the  Middle  Llrania- 
tists  seem  to  have  handleil  it  very  frequently,  and  in  the 
New  Comedy  it  rarely  failed  to  find  a  place ;  I'lautus  h.as 
It  again  and  again,  but  the  aggregate  merit  of  all  his  para- 
sites will  not  weigh  in  the  scale  against  this  single  l-'ly  of 
our  poet.  Gifford,  Notes  to  Jonson's  "Fox,"  p.  399. 


. .  , ,  In  1553  he  sue. 

ceeded  to  the  earldom  of  Morton  through  marriage  with  MoSCheles(ni6sh'e-les),IgnaZ.  Born  at  Prague, 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  third  e.irl.   On  the  return  of    ii.,^.  ij,,^  ]7<,4.  ^(gj  j,t  Leipsic,  March  10,  1870. 


:  third  earl.  On  tlr 
Queen  Mary  in  1561  he  was  made  privy  councilor,  and  in 
IStiS  lord  high  chancellor.  He  was  a  prime  mover  in  the 
Msassination  of  Rizzio,  and  in  securing  the  abdication  of 
Mary  at  Lochleven.  In  Oct.,  1572,  he  became  regent  on 
the  death  of  the  Earl  of  Mar.  He  resigned  when  James 
VI.  assumed  the  government,  and  was  condemned  on  the 


A  noted  Oci'iuan  pianist,  composer  for  the  piano, 
and  teaclior.   .\niong  his  pupils  was  Mendelssohn, 
works  include  24  etudes,  "Hommage  ii  Hi 
certo  in  a  Minor,"  "Concerto  path^tique,  ' 
lancolique,"  *' Characteristische  ,Studien,"  etc. 


accusation  of  James  Stuart  (afterward  earl  of  Anan)  for  jyjoggjjgjoggjj  (mosh'e-rosli),  Johann  Michael 
complicity  lu  the  death  of  Darnley,  the  king  s  father.         ^■.'"ov-^v/iv/o^yii  /,  uv/uouu  xf.i^v,uci><5i. 


Morton,  John.  Born  at  Milborne  St.  Andrew, 
Dorset,  about  1420:  died  Oct.  12.  1.500.  An  Eng- 
lish cardinal.  He  was  educated  at  lialliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  practised  in  the  Court  of  Arches.  He  was  master 
of  the  rolls  and  i)ishopof  Ely  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.; 


([iriiiifrly  Mosenrosh).  Born  at  Wilstadl.  Ba- 
den, March  .J,  KiOl :  died  at  Worms,  April  4, 
1669.  A  German  author.  He  wrote  an  allegor- 
ico-satirical  work,  ''Philander  von  Sittewald" 
(_1643),  etc. 

[Gr.  MiSffjfof.]    In  ancient  ge- 


was  imprisoned  byKichard  III.;  ami  was  made  archbishop  Moschi  (mos'ki) 

of  Canter' "■"•*   "' -  n— i—  " *-tt      w..-_.iii. — 

More  beg 

Morton 

Jan.  3, 
•  playwright,  son  of  Thomas  Morton  (1764-1838). 

He  was  educated  in  Paris  and  Germany,  and  by  Dr.  Rich-  - 

ardson  at  Clapham.    He  wrote  "  Box  and  Cox  "(1847),  and  MoBChUS 

about  100  other  farces.  OQQ  jj,  q^ 

Morton,  Le-Ti  Parsons.  Born  at  Shoreham,Vt.,  Moscoso  (mos-ko'so),  Luis  de,  or  Moscoso  de 


Moses 

of  the  most  fantastic  architectural  creations  in  existence, 
though  it  was  built  by  an  Itidiau  architect,  who  applied 
in  it.  in  new  conibinations.  the  principles  of  the  old  Rusfto- 
hyzantine  builders.  The  general  outline  Is  pyramidal ; 
there  are  II  bullions  domes  raised  on  high  drums,  all  dif- 
ferent In  surfaceornainent  and  in  color.  The  brilliant 
group  of  domes  and  spires  is  completed  by  several  pro- 
jecting porches,  ditlering  in  form  and  with  high  pyramidal 
roofs.  One  of  these  is  elaborately  arcaded,  and  forms  a 
belfry.  The  Temple  of  the  Saviour,  a  national  moniimenl 
in  commemoration  of  the  evacuation  of  iloscow  by  Napo- 
leon, was  built  between  1831)  and  1(SS3.  The  church  has 
the  form  of  a  Greek  cross,  with  a  domed  turret  at  every 
angle.  The  monument  is  crowned  by  a  pointed  gilded 
dome  98  feet  in  diameter,  raised  on  a  high  arcaded  drum  ; 
the  cross  is  340  feet  above  the  ground.  The  low  er  of  Ivan 
Veliki  (the  Great),  within  the  Krendin.  flnished  Ifioo,  and 
architecturally  a  unique  structure,  consists  of  6  stages, 
5  of  them  octagonal  and  2  of  them  recessed,  and  the  high- 
est cylinilrical  and  crowned  by  a  bulbous,  met:d-sheathed 
dome.  The  third  and  fourth  stages  are  arcaded,  and  in 
every  arch  a  bell  is  suspended.  One  of  the  bells  weighs  *J4 
tons.  Theheightis325feet  tothetopof  thccross.  Other 
buildings  of  interest  are  the  theater,  riding-hall,  Hall  of 
the  Nithility,  and  foundling  hospital.  The  university, 
founded  in  1755,  has  a  lil»rar>  of  217.001)  volumes,  antl  the 
museum  has  a  library  of  500,000  volumes.  The  city  was 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  12th  century.  The  principal- 
ity of  Moscow  was  united  w  ith  that  of  Vladimir,  and  ilos- 
cow became  the  capital  of  the  grand  principality  of  Mos- 
cow (see  below)  and  seat  of  the  metropolitan  in  the  tlrst 
Iiart  of  the  14th  century.  It  was  taken  and  burned  by  Lithu- 
anians and  Tatars  in  the  14th  century,  nearly  destn^yed 
by  tire  in  1547,  and  burned  by  the  khaii  in  1571.  The  cap- 
ital was  removed  to  St.  Petersburg  by  I'eter  the  Great. 
Moscow  was  burned  by  its  inhabitants  during  its  occupa- 
tion by  the  Kreiich  in  Sept..  1B12.  Population  (1897),  988,010 

?ifiiiei""  "Con-  Moscow,  Grand  Principality  of,  or  Muscovy 

''  "So'nate  m^-  (mus'ko-vi).  A  grand  principality  which  grew 
up  around  Moscow,  and  developed  into  the  Kus- 
sian  em|)ire.  It  was  founded  by  Daniel,  son  of  Alexan- 
der Nevski,  about  1295,  and  was  united  with  the  grand 
principality  of  Vladimir  (or  SUKdal)  in  1319.  Ivan  I.,  ruler 
of  Vladimir  and  Moscow,  made  the  city  of  Moscow  the 
seat  of  government.  His  successor  Simeon  took  the  title 
of  "grand  prince  of  all  the  Ilussias."  The  work  of  con- 
solidation was  greatly  advanced  under  Ivan  111.,  who  an- 
ncMcd  Perm  (1472),  Novgorod  (1478).  Tver  (1482),  Vyatka 
(1489),  etc.  He  freed  Moscow  from  tribute  to  the  Mongols, 
and  by  conquests  from  Lithuania  carried  the  western  bor- 
der to  the  Desna  and  then  to  the  Soya.  For  further  his- 
tory, see  Riuma. 


May  16,  1824.  A  banker  and  Repuljlican  poli- 
tician, minister  to  Franco  1881-85,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  1889-93,  governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York  1895-96. 
Morton,  Nathaniel.  Born  about  1613:  died  at 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  June  29,  1685.  An  American 
historian,  compiler  of  "New  England's  Memo- 
rial" (1669). 


Morton,  Oli'ver  Perry.  Bom  in  Wayne  County, 
Ind.,  Aug.  4,  1823:  died  at  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
Nov.  1, 1877.  An  American  statesman.  He  was 
governor  of  Indiana  1801-67  ;  I'nited  States  senator  (Ke- 
publican)  from  Indiana  1807-77  ;  and  a  member  of  the 
Electoral  Commission  (1877). 

Morton,  Thomas.  Born  at  York,  England,  March 
20,  i.")!)-!:  died  at  Easton,  Northamptonshire, 
Sept.  22,  l(i")9.  An  English  clergvmaii,  bishop 
of  Chester  (1615),  of  Lichiicld  ("Uil8),  and  of 
Durham  (1632).  Ue  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity and  professor  of  logic  there.  Ue  was  im]>risoncd 
in  the  Tower  in  1641.   He  was  a  friend  of  Isiuic  Casaubon. 

Morton,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England  aliout  l.")9fl : 
died  at  Agameiiticus,  Maine,  aliout  1645.  An 
English  colonist  at  MountWollaston(Braintre 


Al'Varado  (mos-ko'so  da  iil-vii-rJi'THo),  Luis, 
Bum  at  Bada,ioz  about  1505 :   died  about  1.560. 

A  Spanish  soldier.  He  followed  his  kinsman.  Pedro  Moseley  (moz'li).  Henry. 
de  Alvarailo,  to  Guatemala  (l:.3o)  and  Peru  (^.^34).  Sub- 
sequently he  united  with  Hernando  de  Soto  in  his  expedi- 
tion to  Florida  (1639),  and,  after  the  death  of  that  leader 
near  the  Mississijipi  Eiver  (May  21,  1B42),  succeeded  him 
in  command.  In  July,  1543,  he  descended  the  Mississippi, 
arriving  safely  at  Mexico.  He  was  well  received  by  the 
viceroy  Mendoza,  and  in  1551  accompanied  him  to  Peru. 
.-Vlso  written  Moscoso  or  Mtutax;o. 

Mosco-w  (mos'kou).  [P.  Moscou,  G.  .l/osA-ni/,  Moseley,  Henry  Nottidge, 
M<isl;ica.  Kuss.  Mosh^a,  named  from  the  river 
Moskva.]  1.  A  government  of  central  Russia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Tver,  Vladi- 
mir, Ryazan,  Tula.  Kaluga,  and  Smolensk.  The 
surface  is  level  and  undulating.  It  is  the  leading  manu- 
facturing province  of  Russia.  Area,  12,850  square  miles. 
Population  (lS9i),  2,433,3;.«. 

2.  The  capital  of  Moscow  government,  on  the 
Moskva  in  lat.  55°  45'  N.,  long.  37°  34'  E. 
It  is  the  second  capital  of  the  empire,  the  place  of  coro- 
nation, and  the  seat  of  the  metropolitan  ;  tlie  chief  com 


pro- 
duced at  London  as  "  I'ietro  I'Eremita  ";  and  in  1833  as  an 
oratorio,  entitled  "The  Israelites  in  Egypt,  etc.,"  with 
additions  from  "Israel  in  Egypt." 

Bom  at  Newcastle- 
uiidiT-Lyme,  .Inly  9,  IsOi  :  died  at  Olveston, 
Gloucestershire,  Jan.  2U,  1872.  An  English  sci- 
entific writer.  Ho  studieil  at  Cambridge,  and  was 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy  at  King's 
College, Oindon,  18;il— 44.  Ue  wrote  "Lectures  on  Astnui- 
omy"(ls39),  "Mechanical  Principles  of  Engineering  and 
.\rchitecture"  (18431,  etc. 

Born  at  Wands- 
worlli.  1844:dic<l  at  ( 'Icvedon,  Somerset.  Nov. 
10,  1891.  An  English  naturalist:  son  of  Henry 
Moseley.  Hewasoneofthenatnralistaon  theChallenger 
expedition  (1872-76X  und  becainc  Linacre  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Oxford  in  1881- 

Moselle  (mo-zel'),  G.  Mosel  (mo'zel).  A  river 
in  France,  Alsace-Lorraine,  and  Prussia:  the 
Roman  Mosidla.  It  rises  in  the  Vosgcs,  and  joins  the 
Rhine  at  Coblenz.  Among  its  tributaries  are  the  Meurihe 
and  the  Saar.  The  valley  Is  noted  for  its  wines.  Length, 
315  miles;  navigable  to  Frouard  (214  miles). 


mercia'l  and  railway  center  of  Russia,  with  important  Moselle.     A  former  department  of  France.    It 


domestic.  European,  and  Asiatic  trade;  and  the  chief 
manufacturing  city,  having  Important  woolen,  cotton,  silk, 
leather,  etc.,  factories.     The  chief  qmu-ters  arc  t^lie  Kreml 


nterior  Is  irescoed,  ana  is  paveu  wun  jasiier  anu      ,.,,„  [.-lorence,    "Hernhanl  von  Weir 
the  Ic.MiostasIs  and  treiisury  are  rich  with  Imperial  MoSCnthal  (mft'zen  -  tiiH,  Sal 
■ncelygtts.     Th  8  church   s  the  usual  place  of  bap.    ■"'■"=^"""™*  v 
ndmalTlage  of  the  czars.     The  Cathedral  of  the  As-      VOn.      Born   at  Cassej.    Pms> 


Massachusetts).    Hewasalawyerof  Cliffo!d'8lnn,and   (in  the  cenUT),  Kilai-Qorod  (trading  (|uarU'r),  Byeloi.Go 

' rod,and  Zemlyanoi-liorod.     Among  the  bilildingstbesiiles 

those  of  the  Kremlin,  which  see)  are  many  churches. 
The  Cathedral  of  the  Annunciation,  within  the  Kremlin, 
has  been  several  tlmi-s  rebuilt,  the  last  time  after  a  lire  in 
1547.  The  plan  Is  rectangular,  with  3  shallow  apses,  pro- 
tecting angle-pavilions,  and  a  Byzantine  arched  porch. 
The  Interior  Is  frescoed,  and  Is  paved  wilh  Jasjier  aiuj 
agate 

anil  princely 
tlsm  and  mat  -.-.,-  -- 

sumption,  within  the  Kremlin,  the  church  In  which  the 
czar  Is  crowned,  was  founded  in  l.S'211,  and  rebuilt  In  the 
next  century.  The  size  Is  small,  but  as  an  example  of  the 
ohl  Russian  style,  and  for  the  gorgeous  magnlllcence  of 
the  Interior,  there  is  no  more  Interesting  building  In  Rus- 
siii.  The  plan  is  rectiingular,  with  a  deep  triple  apse  con- 
taining the  bema  and  |iarabemala,  and  Hanked  by  chapels. 
The  domes  are  suiiported  by  4  great  cylinilrical  pillars 
whli-h  are  covereil  with  bands  of  frescos  on  a  gold  ground  : 
the  walls  also  are  resplemlent  wllli  gold  The  ornaments 
on  the  iciuioHtiiKls.  together  with  Ihi'  church  plate,  amount 
to  100  pounds  of  gohl.  The  icons  of  the  iconoBlasis  an' 
many  of  the  shrines  and  off. •rings  in  the  treasurj'  are  mit 
onlvold.  but  Inherently  of  high  artistic  value,  TlleCathe- 
dnii  of  the  Archangel  Michael,  within  the  Kremlin,  was 
founded  VXa,  but  rebnill  In  l.MW.  It  Is  recliingnlar.  with 
(gilded  dcunea,  the  central  one,  which  Is  much  the  largest. 


a  leader  of  Weston's  Massachusetts  cdony  in  1(;22.  For 
unpurltanical  conduct  he  was  sent  back  to  England,  but 
returned  in  1029,  and  was  again  sent  back  in  Itlllo.  He  jiub- 
llshed  "The  New  English  Canaan  "  {1032).  He  returned 
to  Massachusetts  in  1043,  and  was  imprisoned  for  his  "scan- 
dalous bo<,k." 

Morton,  Thomas.  Bom  in  the  eountv  of  Dur- 
ham, 1764  :  died  at  London,  March  2K,  18:18.  An 
English  drainatist.  He  entereil  Lincln's  Inn  but 
abandoned  law  for  play-writing.  He  wrote  "Speeii  the 
Plough  "  (1798)  (Introducing  the  Invisible  Mrs.  Grundy), 
the  "niind  Girl"  II801),  "Tciwn  and  Country "  (I807X 
"School  (or  Gniwn  I'hlblrcn  "  (1827),  etc. 

Morton,  "William  Thomas  Green.    Born  at 

Charlton,  Mass.,  Aug.  9,  1H|9:  died  at  New  York, 
July  15,  1.868.  An  Aniericaii  doiitist.  He  llrst  ad- 
ministered HUlphiiric  ether  as  an  ani-sIlM-tic  to  a  patient 
of  his  own  in  1840;  obtained  a  patent  for  its  use  under  the 
name  of  '■letlieon"  in  tlic  same  year;  and  on  Oct.  10.  1840, 
administered  ether  to  a  patient  in  tUi  .Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  at  Kosto iid  I>r.  John  C.  Warren  pain- 
lessly removed  a  vascular  tumor  from  the  niim's  neck. 
Several  claimants  opposed  his  right  of  discuvery.  notably 
Dr.  Charles  Thomas  Jackson  and  Dr.  Horace  \\  ells.  The 
French  Academy  of  Sciences  invi-stigated  the  matter  In 
1852,  and  decreed  one  of  the  Montyon  prizes  of  2,f>oo  francs 
t*>  l>r.  Jackson  for  the  discovery  of  etherization,  anil  a  slm- 
llaraward  to  Dr.  Morton  for  the  application  of  the  discov- 
ery to  BurgiciU  operations. 
Morus.     See  More,  Sir  Thomas. 


w.ut  ccdeil  in  large  part  to  Germany  (a.s  part  of  Alsaci'- 
I^»iraine)in  1871.  The  remainder  fonns  part  of  the  French 
department  of  Menrthc-et-Moselle. 

Mosen  (mo'zin),  Julius.  Born  at  Marieney, 
Sa.xony,  July  8,1803:  died  in  Oldenburg,  Oct. 
Ill,  1867.  A  German  poet,  dramatist,  and  novel- 
ist. Ills  works  include  the  poems  "Lied  vom  Rltler 
\Valin"(l'<:il),"Ahasver"(ls;l8),  "Poems  "(including  "An- 
dreas llo(er,"ls;)0).  the  dramas  "Cola  Rlenzl,""  Die  Hraute 
111  florence,"  "Hernhanl  von  Weimar "(I8r»5y  etc. 

Salomon  Hermann 

III.  Jan.  14.  \S-2l: 
diedat  Vienna, Feb.  17, 1877.  .•\ticrmaii drama- 
tist. Among  bls|ilavs  are  "  Deborah"  (18.'.n  :  I  he  original 
of  "I..-ali.  the  Kiusaken  ").  "  Mer  Sonnenwendll..!  "  (186fl), 
"lliiweke  "(1800).   "  l'letni"(lSO:.l,  elc. 

Moser(mo'/.er),  Johann  Jakob.  Born  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtciiilicrg,  Jan.  IS,  171)1  :  died  at  Stiitt- 
garl.Scpt.  31),  17.85.  A  noted  German  jurist  and 
IMiblicist,  author  of  "Deutsches  Staatsreeht" 
(1737-54),  etc. 
d  MSser  (nu'-'zer),  Justus.  Bom  at  ORimbrllck, 
Prussia,  Dec.  14,  17'20:  diid  there,  Jan.  8.  1,94. 
A  German  historian,  critic,  and  misi'ellaneoiis 
aulhor.     He  wrote  "Palriotisdie  Pliantasien" 


(177.5-86),  a  historv  of  Osiiabriick  (1768),  etc. 
of  bulbous  form.  In  this  church  are  the  tombs  of  the  MoSCS  (ino'zez).  [ME.  .l/(i.<r.«,  LL.  Miii/srx,  Mo- 
Ruriks  and  Romanolfs  (nun  the  date  of  lis  fiuinding  to  ^^,  ()r  Wuvntir,  .Murj/f,  explaiiii'd  as  '  drawn  from 
Peter  the  Great  Including  ihat  of  Ivan  the  Terrible.  The  ,,'  ;  ',  ,,  j  ,,u  Testament  historv,  the  law- 
coiiostnsls  and  the  licasury  are  remarkably  rich.     Ilic     "."  ,    ,i       i  .„„!;»<.,.    n,„l    »..n..>n<^,.r  r,f    thn 

Cathedral  of  St,  Basil  the  Beallflcd,  begun  In  1556,  la  one     giver  of   the   Israebtcs  and  orgnnizi-r  of   the 


Motley 

opposite  the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  it  is  tha 
seat  of  a  pasha,  and  is  famous  for  the  manufactnre  of  the 
delicate  cotton  tissue  called  muslin  or  mousseline,  to 
which  it  gave  its  name. 


710 

of  Moscow.  Russia.     It  Joins  the  Oka  near  Eolomna. 
Length,  about  275  miles;  navigable  to  Moscow.    For  the 
battle  on  it,  Sept.  7,  1812,  see  Borodino. 
Moslems  (mos'lemz).     [Turk,  and  Ar.  miisli- 
miii,  professors  of  submission  (islam)  to  the  Motagua(m6-ta'gwa),  or Eio  Grande.    Arirer 
faith.]     The  followers  of  Mohammed;  the  or-    ot'  Guatemala.     It  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
thodox  Mohammedans,  duras.     Length,  about  250  miles, 

the  Kenites.    Here  he  married  Zippon,h;  the'Siu^hter  of  JJoSQUe  Of  Omar.     See  0;«or,  ^Iosgue  of.  Motala  (mo-ta'la).     A  smaU  town  in  southern 

est  of  Midian,  and  tended  the  flocks  of  his  •M-OSquera  (mos-ka  ra),  Tomas  Cipriano,  Born  ^weden,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  A  ettem. 

at  Popayan,  Sept.  20,  179S:  died  at  Coeonueo,  Motanebbi(m6-ta-neb'be),  orMotenebbiCmo- 
Oct.  7,  1878.  A  Colombian  general  and  poUti-  te-neb'be).  Bom  at  Cufa  about  915 :  killed 
eian.  He  held  high  civil  and  militarA- offices  under  Boli-  near  Shiraz  by  robbers,  965.  An  Arabian  poet, 
var  and  his  successors,  and  was  president  of  New  Granada  Mota  Padilla  {mo'ta  na-del'ya).  Matiaq  de  la_ 
d„r.„. ., ..„....„„. ,„™, n^._.o,     „„ V. ,..., ... .„. ,-     2^^^.^ ^^ Guadalajara,  Oct.  6, 1688 rdied  in  Jul?; 

17G6.     A  Mexican  historian.    He  was  a  lawyer  and 


Moses 

Israelitish  nation.  After  his  birth  his  mother  kept  him 
concealed  three  months  to  evade  the  command  of  the  king 
of  Egypt  that  all  male  Hebrew  children  be  drowned  in  the 
■Nile.  He  was  then  exposed  in  a  box  among  the  rushes  on 
the  banks  of  the  Nile,  and  was  found  by  an  Egj-ptiau  prin- 
cess who  adopted  and  reared  him.  .\iter  he  had  grown 
up,  he  one  day  struck  an  Egyptian  whom  he  saw  cruelly 
heating  a  Hebrew  slave.  Fearing  punishment,  hefled  from 
Egypt  into  the  desert,  and  halted  at  an  o.asis  inhabited  by 

the  Kenites.    He — * -.^^  fy: ^  ... 

Reuel,  the  priest  

father-in-law.  It  was  here  that  the  prophetic  spirit  came 
upon  him.  and  he  decided  to  return  to  Eg>-pt  for  the  pur- 
pose of  delivering  his  brethren  from  slavery.  On  his  re- 
turn his  brother  Aaron  joined  in  his  phins.  His  first  eflons 
in  theii  behalf  only  resulted  in  the  infliction  of  more  se- 
vere burdens  and  greater  cruelty.  Presently,  however,  a 
series  of  most  disastrous  and  terrifying  alBictions  visited 
Egypti  ana  the  king  Anally  concluded  that  these  had  been 
brought  upon  the  land  by  the  unknown  God  whose  name 
Moses  had  invoked.  He  accordingly  ordered  the  Israel- 
ites to  leave  at  once,  and  they  began  their  departure  on 
the  15th  of  Sisan  (Starch- April),  an  event  n  hich  is  known 
as  the  Exodus.  Moses  was  the  leader  of  the  Israelites 
during  their  40  years' joumeyings  in  the  wilderness,  which 
period  he  utilized  for  perfecting  a  ci\-il  organization  and 
for  the  preparation  of  a  code  of  laws  of  a  high  ethical,  re- 
ligious, sanitaiy,  and  political  character.  Jewish  tradition 
ascribes  to  him  the  authorship  of  the  Pentateuch  with  the 
exception  of  the  verses  describing  his  death.  This  tradi- 
tion has  been  generally  accepted  by  the  Christian  and 
Mohammedan  world.  Of  late  biblical  critics  have  denied 
the  Mosaic  authorship  of  the  Pentateuch.  With  few  ex- 
ceptions however,  they  consider  Moses  as  a  historical 
charactei  and  as  the  organizer  of  the  Hebrew  nation. 

Amongst  all  lawgivers,  founders  of  states,  and  teachers 
of  mankind,  none  has  equalled  Moses.  Xot  only  did  he, 
under  the  most  inauspicious  circumstances,  transfoi-m  a 
horde  of  slaves  into  a  nation,  but  he  imprinted  on  it  the 
seal  of  everlasting  existence :  he  breathed  into  the  national 
body  an  immortal  souL  He  held  before  his  people  ideals 
the  acceptance  of  which  was  indispensable,  since  all 
their  weal  and  woe  depended  upon  the  realisation  or  non- 
realisation  of  those  ideals.  Moses  could  well  declare  that 
he  had  carried  the  people  as  a  father  carries  his  child. 
His  patience  and  his  courage  had  rarely  deserted  him ; 
his  unselfishness  and  his  meekness  of  disposition  were 
two  prominent  qualities  which,  together  with  his  clear, 


He  was  a  lawyer,  and 
during  his  last  years  a  priest.  His  '  Historia  de  la  con- 
quista  de  la  Xueva  Galicia,"  printed  at  Mexico  1S70-71,  is 
a  work  of  great  value. 


during  a  prosperous  term  (1S45-49).  He  headed  the  feder- 
alist-democratic revolt  of  1859-61;  assumed  the  supreme 
power  July,  1861 ;  and  called  a  constituent  assembly,  which 
created  the  United  States  of  Colombia  and  made  him  dic- 
tator. Continued  civil  wars  forced  him  to  resign  his  power 
into  the  hands  of  a  new  assembly,  which  limited  the  presi- 
dential term  to  2  years  and  forbade  reelection.  Inder  MotecZmna.  See  Montezuma. 
'^i:i^'^°''llZ'^-:^:f:^^L'^:^ii^^Z^^.ifT  Moth  (moth)      l^  fai,y  in  Shakspere's  "Mid- 

summer  ^lght  s  Dream.'      This  character  was  very 
early  excised  from  the  text  of  the  play,  though  retained 
in  the  dramatis  personse.    Fleay. 
2.    A  page  in  Shakspere's  "Love's  Labour  's 
Lost."— 3.  In  Cartwright's  play  "The  Ordi- 


elected  in  1866.  Assuming  dictatorial  powers,  he  was  de- 
posed by  a  revolution,  M.ay,  1867,  and  banished  for  3  years. 
Subsequently  he  was  governor  of  Cauca  and  a  member  of 
Congress.  He  published  in  1853  a  biography  of  Bolivar 
and  a  work  on  the  geography  of  New  Granada. 
Mosquitia  (mos-ke-te'a),  or  Mosquito  (mos- 
ke'to)  Coast.  The  region  occupied  by  the  Mos- 
quitos.  At  present  the  name  is  restricted  to  a  strip  on 
the  east  coast  of  Nicaragua,  from  lat.  11°  30"  N.  northward, 
comprising  probably  less  than  7.000  square  miles.    The  Mothe  Cadillac 


nary,"  a  shallow-brained  antiquary,  whose 
conversation  is  mostly  disjointed  scraps  from 
Chaucer. 


English  settled  here  about  1660,  and  their  rights  were  rec 

ognized  by  Spain  in  1670.     Gre.it  Britain  recognized  the  ■««■   4.1,        -d        'v 
Mosquito  king  and  established  a  protectorate  over  the  ^lOtHer  ISUnCll. 
country;  but  endless  quarrels  with  Spain  resulted  in  the  Mother  GrOOSe. 
cession  of  the  British  rights  iu  exchange  for  Balize,  to 
which  the  colonists  were  transferred  (1786).     The  Span- 
iards were  driven  out  by  the  natives ;  later  Great  Britain 
resumed  a  nominal  protectorate,  which  led  to  quarrels  with 
Nicaragua  a840-48X  By  the  Bulwer-Clarton  treatv,  signed 
at  W  ashington  AprU  19,  l»5u,  and  bv  a  "subsequent  treaty 
with  Honduras,  Great  Britain  resig'ned  all  claim  to  Mos- 
quitia.    The  countrj'  is  now  a  department  of  Nicaragua, 
but  tlie  Mosquitos  obey  their  own  king.     They  are  essen- 
tially in  a  savage  condition. 


See  Cadillac. 


propheticvision,  eminentlyflttedhimtobetheinstrument  Mosnnito  nnast.      Spp  Vninnitin 
Of  the  Deity,  ^  J.ee  from  jealousy,  he  wished  that  all  Is-  ^oS>   Reservation       ^ 


raelites  might  be  prophets  like  himself,  and  that  God 
would  endue  them  with  his  spirit.  Moses  became  at  a 
subsequent  epoch  the  unattainable  ideal  of  a  prophet. 

GraeU,  Historj-  of  the  Jews  (.\mer.  ed.X  I.  30. 

Moses.  1.  A  Jew  money-lender  in  Sheridan's 
■■School  for  .Scandal."— 2.  See  Primrose. 

Moses.  An  oratorio  by  A.  B.  Marx  (both  words 
and  music),  performed  at  Breslau  in  1841.  The 
book  was  originally  compiled  by  Mendelssohn  at  Marx's 
request,  though  afterward  rejected.     Grove. 

Moses.  -A.  famous  statue  by  Michelangelo,  in 
San  Pietro  in  Vincoli,  Rome.  The  figure  is  gigan- 
tic and  imposing.  The  right  hand  npholds'the  Tables  of 
the  Law  and  clutches  the  long  beard ;  the  left  arm,  pressed 
close  to  the  body,  marks  the  effort  with  which  the  right- 
eous outbreak  against  the  idolatrous  is  restrained. 

Moses  ben  Nachman  (mo'zez  ben  niieh'man) : 
called,  after  the  initials  of  his  name,  Ramban. 
Bom  1200:  died  1272.  A  Jewish  scholar  and  wri- 
ter of  Gerona,  northern  Spain,  He  wrote  a  commen- 
tary on  the  Pentateuch,  and  many  Talmudical  treatises, 
and  also  several  poems.  His  writings  exhibit  the  clear 
and  erudite  thinker,  but  also  his  inclination  to  mysticism. 
In  1263  King  James  I.  of  Aragon,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  Dominican  superior  Kaimundo  de  Fenaforte,  ordered 
Moses  to  engage  in  a  religious  disputation  with  the  Do- 
minican Era  Pablo.  Soon  afterward  Moses  emigrated  to 
Palestine,  where  he  remained  until  the  end  of  his  life. 

Moses  of  Khomi.  Lived  in  the  5th  centnrv. 
An  Armenian  scholar,  the  reputed  author  ofa 
"  History  of  Armenia"  (probably  written  in  the 
7th  century). 

Moses  Striking  the  Rock.  A  painting  b  v  Nico- 
las Poussin  (1()4'9),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum, 
St.  Petersburg.  Moses,  toward  one  side,  smites  the 
rock,  from  which  an  abimdant  stream  gushes,  Aaron  and 
his  priests,  giving  thanks,  complete  the  group.  From  the 
other  side  suffering  men  and  women  rush  toward  the  wel- 
come water. 

Mosetenas  (m6-.sa-ta'nas).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Bolivia,  on  the  upper  Beni,  and  between  that 
river  and  the  Mamor^ 


-.      The  major  part  of 

the  Mosquito  Coast,  reserved  for  the  Mosqui- 
tos,  and  belonging  to  Nicaragua. 
Mosqnitos  (mos-ke'tos).  The  name  given  by 
the  Spaniards  to  a  race  of  mixed  AJfrican  anS 
Indian  blood,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Nicaragua 
and  Houdtiras.  They  call  themselves  Misskitos,  and 
are  probablydescended  from  Cimarrones,  orf  ugitive  slaves, 
and  native  women :  their  language  is  said  to  bepartlymade 
up  of  African  words.  The  Mosquitos  iirst  became  promi- 
nent in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century,  when  their  co.ist 
was  visited  by  bucaneers.  At  that  time  they  were  a  savage 
and  warlike  race,  using  bows,  lances,  and  clubs  in  battle, 
and  capable,  it  is  said,  of  mustering  40.000  warriors.  They 
were  governed  by  hereditary  chiefs  or  kings.  At  present 
(1895)  the  Mosquitos  probably  number  less  than  10,000. 
See  Mosquitia. 

Moss  (mos).   A  town  in  the  province  of  Smaale 


Mother  Ann,  or  Mother  Lee.     See  Lee,  A»». 

.See  Biindi,  Mother. 

A  name  famous  in  nursery 
literature  through  the  familiar  jingles  ealleS 
"  Mother  Goose's  Melodies."  It  is  said  that  there 
was  a  Mrs.  Goose,  mother-jnlaw  of  Thomas  Fleet,  an  early 
Boston  (Mass.)  publisher,  and  that  he  issued  the  collection 
under  this  title  to  avenge  himself  for  her  persistent  and  un- 
melodious  chanting  of  these  ditties  to  his  iufant  son.  The 
earliest  known  edition  bears  the  title  "  Songs  for  the  Nor- 
sery,  or  Mother  Goose's  Melodies  for  Children  :  printed  by 
T.  Fleet  at  his  printing  house,  Pudding  Lane,  1719.  Price, 
two  coppers."  This,  however,  has  been  discredited  by  Mr. 
'  W.  Wells  Newell,  who  says  PeiTault  published  "  Contes  de 
ma  mere  I'oye  "  in  1697  ;  but  the  name  was  quoted  by  the 
satirist  Eegnier  more  than  a  century  before.  Queen  Goose- 
foot(Eeine  PedanceX  or  Bertha  with  the  great  foot  or  goose- 
foot,  appears  as  synonymous  with  Mother  (Joose  in  French 
tales.  The  second  day  of  the  year  is  her  festival,  and  is 
kept  as  a  children's  holiday.  (See  Bertha  or  Berlhrada.) 
The  "  Contes  de  ma  mere  loye,"  by  Charles  Perraul  t,  were 
publisheil  under  the  name  of  his  infant  son,  Perrault  d'Ar- 
mancourt.  They  consist  of  ten  stories,  seven  of  which  ;ire 
evidently  derived  from  the  "  Pentamerone,"  an  earlier 
Italian  collection.  Charles  Dibdin  wrote  a  pantomime 
called  "Mother  Goose." 

Mother  Hubberd's  Tale.  A  poem  by  Spenser, 
published  in  1591  in  a  volimie  known  as  ''Com- 
plaints," but  written  much  earlier.  It  is  an  in- 
tentional imitation  of  Chaucer^s  manner.     It  was  also 

entitled  "Prosopopoia." 

Mother  of  Cities. 


The  ancient  city  of  Balkh, 

• , ,    -  .,         ,      ■  ^    . central  Asia. 

?lnfM»^=^tY'/p>''''-  f*^  °^  Chnstiania  Fjord  Mother  of  Diets.    Aa  epithet  of  the  city  of 

do  miles  south  of  Chnstiama,     The  Convention     Worms  in  Germany. 

Mother  of  Presidents.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Virginia,  the  native  State  of  Wash- 
ington, Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  W.  H.  Har- 
rison, Tyler,  and  Taylor. 
Mother  of  States.  A  name  occasionally  ap- 
plied to  Virginia,  fi^om  whose  territory  several 
other  States  were  formed. 
...  _  ,  Mother  of  the  Gods,  The.    Cvbele. 

D      1  ,^  ™'^?!n^'^'V?'^'?i"'^^* '''^'  Mother  Shipton  (ship 'ton)."    A  comedy  by 
Population  (1891),  14.  Ib2  T.  T.  ^Thomas  Thompson):  This  play  was  acted 

Uorn  in  1(_9 :  died    nineteen  times  with  great  applause:  it  is  -nith 
AnIiish  actor, sonof         ■  '   ■     '      -    -       -~~-    •  —  .  -         - 

the  rector  of  Tuam.    He  made  his  first  appearance  on 


of  Moss,  Aug.  14,  1814,  ended  the  war  between 
Sweden andDenmark.  Population (1891),  8,030. 

Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse.  A  collection  of 
stories  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  published  in 
1846,  after  having  appeared  separately  else- 
where. 

M5sskirch.     See  Messkirch. 

Mossley  (mos'li).     A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England  " 
Manchester, 


the  stage  Nov.  28,  1749,  as  Zanger  iu  Dr.  Youiig  s  tragedv  1l/rni),"o_  <iy,i,^i^n?.^^^ ii^'X^i'Z.tlJ, 
1^' Revenge"  at  Dublin.     He  first  appeared  in  England.  •'*'-0'|l 6?  alupton  S  iTOpheCies. 


Mossop  (mos-'op),  Henry. 
at  Chelsea,  Dec.  27, 1774.  An iiish  actor,  son  of     out  date,  but  before  1668.  (F/ea,/.)  A  baUad  was 

written  by  George  Colman  in  1771  with  this  title. 
Mother  Shipton's  Prophecies.    Various  pre- 

Sept.  26, 1751,  as  Richard  III.,  in  whiVh  he  was  received  tended  prophecies  published  in  England  iu  the 
with  great  enthusiasm.  In  1759  he  appeared  in  England  loth,  17th,  and  18th  centtuies.  Charles  Hindley 
for  the  last  tune,  and  retumeu  to  Dublin  as  a  star.  He  (see  Bindley)  wrote  some  of  them.  Many  of  them  are  at- 
played  under  the  management  of  Barry  for  the  season,  tributed  to  T.  Evan  Preece,  a  prophetess  of  South  Wales. 
but  the  next  year  he  undertook  the  management  of  a  rival  Mothprwpll  (TniiTTT'pr-wpn  A  iT,aT.iifaofTi..iT.<» 
theater,  which  ended  in  the  financial  ruin  of  both.  Mos-  ■T.^wJ^To^l^JJoi-  ^  ,1  ^  ™=»°Htactunng 
er  ana  tue  JUamore.  They  are  light-colored  and  ,'°P  ''''''^ '"  ^"''^  poverty.  ^  illage  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  11  miles  south- 
remarkable  for  the  prevalence  amoni  them  of  a  dis    Mostaganem  (mos-ta-ga-nem').     A  seaport  in  JL^^},"^  ^'^^f^SS"",    Population  (1891).  18.662. 

the  prorince  of  Oran,  Algeria,  situated  near  the  •"''■°''^6'^^6-'-l>"lllia™'    Born  at  Glasgow,  Oct. 

Mediterranean  43  miles  east-northeast  of  Oran  ^^'  ^'^''-  "lied  there,  Nov.  1,  1835.     A  Scottish 
Population  (1891),  13,895 


ease  (found  also  in  other  tribes)  which  causes  the  skin  to 
turn'  white  it;  patches,  but  is  otherwise  harmless.  'The 
Mosetenas  are  a  mild  race,  and  have  been  partly  Chris- 
tianized ;  they  are  reduced  to  a  few  thousands.    Their  lan- 


guage, with  that  of  some  small  allied  tribes,  appears  to  Mostar(mos-tar').  The  capital  of  Herzegovina, 

indicate  a  distinct  stock.    This  is  one  of  the  tribes  im-       --    —    '  ■'      "  ■  • 

properly  called  Chunchos  by  the  Bolivians.    Also  written 

^Io^•etena?. 
Moshaisk.     See  Mozhaisk. 
Mosheim  (mos 'him),  Johann  Lorenz  von. 

Born  at  Liibeck,  Oct.  9.  1694:  died  at  Gottin- 

gen,  Sept.  9, 175.5.  A  distinguished  German  Prot- 


He  wrote  ''Minstrelsy  Ancient 
Poems  Narrative  and  Lyrical " 


situated  on  the  Narenta  about  lat.  43°  22'  N. 
long.  17°  52'  E.     it  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek  and  of  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  bishopric.    A  Roman  bridge  across  the  Na- 
renta,  ascribed  to  Trajan,  is  a  single  splendid  arch,  89  feet 
in  span  and  06  above  the  water.   Population  (ISSS),  12,665. 

Most  Christian  Doctor.    A  sm-name  given  to 

Gerson.  and  also  to  Cusanus. 


estant  ecclesiastical  historian,  theologian,  and  Most  Christian  King.     A  title  conferred  on 
jralpit  orator.    He  becaine  professor  of  theology  at  ,_vaviou:i  French  kings,  partieularlv  Louis  XI. 

VaiTO. 
.\siatic  Tnr- 
sqnare 


poet  and  antiquary, 
and  Modem  "  (1S27)  and 
ns:i-2). 

Motilones  (mo-te-lo'nes).  A  tribe  of  Indians  of 
northwestern  Venezuela,  to  the  southwest  and 
west  of  Lake  Maracaibo,  and  extending  into 
Colombia .  They  are  of  Carib  stock,  remain  practically 
independent,  and  have  frequent  confiicts  with  the  whites. 
They  number  several  thousands. 

Motilones,  Province  of.  A  region  in  northern 
Peru,  on  the  Huallaga  River :  so  called  by  the 
Spaniards  who  entered  it,  in  1540.  under  Alonso 
de  Alvarado.  The  first, Spanishsettlements  were  formeil 
in  1541.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  present  province  of 
Hualla: 


Motley                                                                 711  Moyen  de  Parvenir 

AnAraericanhistoriananildiplnmatist    Hesradu-     "'  ^^^  ""<•  Cambridge  (Trinity  Collceel,  and  was  rector  was  governor-general  of  Brazil.  During  this  period  the  first 

atcd  at  Uiirvard  in  1831,  and,  atter  completing'hisgenei-al      <>'  ^}'^^y  f™'"  1»2<-- ,  Ho  published  'llj  Brothers  lirave,  nutcli  invasion  was  repelled  and  Bahia  recovered  (I»i26). 

education  at  Guttingen  and  Berlin  and  spending  some  time     >''«■    JlSS'P^n'J  "  1  he  Dream  of  Life.  etc.    (lW.i),     Ser-  MoumC  (luoni)  MOVintamS.     A  short  range  of 

in  travel,  returned  to  America  in  18.i4,  took  up  the  study  of     mens    (l!iu.i),  etc.  mountains   in  County   Down,   Ulster,  Ireland, 

law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.     lie  eventually  devoted   MoUltlie  (mo'tri  or  mBl'tri),  William.     Born  2.000  to  2, SOO  feet  in  height 

himseU  to  the  study  of  lustory  and  lived  niostly  abroad,     -jj  yguth  Carolina.  1731:  ilied  at  Charleston,  Moumine  Bride  The      A  traeedv  bv  William 

residing  m  England  after  IstiS.     He  was  L  rjited  .States     o    p      a„„f     97     isn--,        A.,    Amn,.i^nn    Rnvnln  ..                ^            i    '      i  •      i^-    ^     '   ^ 

minister  to  .\ustria  18(;i-«7,  and  to  creat  Britain  lsu»-70.     O-C,  bept.  ^i,  IbOJ.     An  American  Ke\  olu-  Coiigrcve.  produced  in  169/. 

His  chief  woi  ka  are  "  Kise  of  the  Dutch  Hepuhlic  "  (3  vols,      tionarv  general.    He  repulsed  an  attack  on  Sullivan's  Mouming  Garment.  A  novel  bv  Robert  Greene, 

is;*),  "HistoiT  of    the    United   Netherlands"  (4    vols.      Island(whereFort  Moultrie  now  stands)  in  1770 ,  defended  vi'Uii.rpii   in    1  "iill1       Tt  i«  ■>   iinvnT>lirnso  ti' flio 

18(»-4;s),  and  "Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Baiuevcld"     Charleston  in  1779;  and  was  governor  of  South  Carolina  '„*?',,  ;„;.  .J'       ,."i-„  i  1         paiapnras,e  oi  lue 

(1S74).                                                                              178;^S7  and  i7W-9«.  paral.lo  ot  the  prodigal  son. 

MotoUnia  (mo-to-le-ne'a),  Toribio  de.     Born  MotmdCity.     St.  Louis.  Mouxts  Relation.     A  historical  work  relating 

at   Beuavente,  Zamora,   about  15U0:   died   at  Moundsvllle  (moundz'vil).  The  capital  of  Mar-  to  the  sett  lenuiit  of  Plymouth  Coloiiy.Massa- 

Mexico,  Aug.  9,  loCS.     A  Spanish  Franciscan     .shaU  County,  West  Virginia,  situated  on  the  chusetts,  edited  by  Oeorge  Morton  lu  1622. 

intssionary  and  author.    His  real  name  appeiu-s  to     Ohio  13  miles  south  of  Wheeling.     It  is  so  called  ^"'^'^^O'lK.     bee  J/urrufc,                         f  tv,     a 

have  been  Paredes.  and  he  was  known  as  Toribio  de      from  anotable  prehistoric  mound  in  its  vicinity.   Popula  JU.OUSe  (mous;  xClVer.       A  tributary  Ot  trie  As- 

Benavente- he  adopted  the  name  Mntoliiiia  from  an  Imlian      tion  (lnoui,  .=i,;j62.  siuiboine,  in  North  Dakota  and  British  North 

word  mean iiig -poor.'    He  went  with  the  tlrst  Fraiiciseans  jyiomjet-SuUv    (mo-na  '  SU-16 '),    Jean    SuUv  America.     Length,  about  500  mOcs. 

ri:,nl"er^\'js\'ofh?s:;re?o7/^lUX'r:^^^^^^^^^                  Mounet,  ealf^d'.    Bo™  at  Ber^erac,  Feb.  -J,  Mouse  Tower.    A  medieval  watch-tower  on  a 

important  remaining  is  the  "Historia  de  los  Indios  de  la     1H41.    A  noted  French  tragedian.    Ue  entered  the  rock  in  the  middle  of  the  Khine  near  Bingen, 

.\uevaEspana,"publishedintheKingsborough  collection,     Conservatolrein  1881;  made  hisdehutatthcOd^on  in  1808,  notable    from  its    legendary  connection    with 

snd  later  (lS.)»)by  Icazbalceta.    It  is  reported  that  the     and  at  the  Th^Atre  Frangais  in  1872;  and  was  elected  a  Archbishoi)  Hatto's  fate.     See  Untto  II. 

provincial  library  at  Toledo  has  a  copy  of  his  "Doetrina      "soci(5taire"  in  1874.    He  has  since  remained  one  of  the  iiir„„_i_i_  /.   >•„  i,-„'\  Dv/iinnA      ■R.^.-r,  ot  r'l.^T,* 

(Tistiana  en  lingua  Mexicana"  (Mexico.  1.5.')9),  but  this  is     ablest  representatives  of  classic  French  tragedy.     He  J»pil8^f  ?  V"OS-kas  ;,  rmuppe.     eoni  aj  unem 

probably  a  mistake:  it  would  be  the  oldest  known  book     visited  the  United  States  in  1894.  about  121o:  died  at  Touruay,  1283.     A  i  lemisli 

pulilished  in  America.    See  LogrolUj,  Pedro.                         Mounler  (mo-nvT)  Jean  JoSCph     BornatGre-  ]irelate  and  historian.   Hischroniclesextend  from  the 

Motril  (mo-trel').     A  town  in  the  province  of     noble,  Fraiice,"l7.^)S :  died  IKOG:    A  French  poli-  ^i'-*?"  »'  Troy  to  1243,  in  30,ooo  verses.    He  drew  on  the 

Granada,   Spain,   situated  near  the   Mediter-     tician  and  political  wi-itcr  member  of  the  Con-  T,i''^™"''' '1^^*'''^  °^,^Km^         •      i.      .».  i 

ra,„x-iT,  qamilp«  smith  hv  past  of  (ivnnnriT      Tt      i-I      ■'"'^i  P""i'Y    •     ,  r-o,'  Mousqueton    mosk-toii').    The  vain,  boastful 

rauoan  d4  miles  soutu  oy  east  ot  manaaa.     it     stitueut  Assemblv  lu  1(89.  l.,,.l-,.v  i.f  I'nvtbna  in  "Tbn  Three  Atnskefpers  " 

has  an  increasing  commerce.     Its  seaport  is  Mountain,  The.     i^.  La  Montague.-]    A  name  X^t^,^,} S^°^  '       The  Three  Musketeers, 

Calahonda.    Population  (1887),  17,122.                  given  to  theextrcme  Revolutionarvpartyintho  twLoL^  ToV,,  A,,t«,-,,«»  ViVtr-vTUrar+i,,  .1a   cJpp 

Mott  (mot),  Mrs.  (Lucretia  Coffin).    Bom  at     legislatures  of  the  first  French  KeColution.    the  Moussy,  Jean iUtoine  Vict^^                       See 

Xautucket,  Mass.,  .Ian.  3,  1793:  died  Nov.  11,      name  \vas  derived  from  the  fact  that  they  occupied  the  .-''"'''" '7 -r"/'"':V',"  „   ,,..       .       ,     ■■    ,  t     \       a 

18>50       An    American    social    reformer     and     higher  part  of  the  hall.    Among  the  chief  Mont.agnard.s  MOUtier  (mo-tya  ),(<.  Munster  (mun  ster).    A 

nreneher  in  the  Societv  of  Friends      <5be  wn«  nc      «''"'''  Kobespierre  and  Dantoii.    The  name  was  tempo,  small  tonTl  in  the  cautou  ot  Bern.  Switzerland, 

rive'lfbeLuof  atoimc^?,\^o"LTsiil™ge;  and  unlversS     "rily  revived  in  the  legislatures  following  the  revolufon  situated  on  tlie  Birs  23  miles  north  of  Bern. 

peace.                                                                                 ■,«•        ;    .             mi.       A             ,    ^i       *        «r.  Moutlers,  or  Moutluers  (mo-tva')      A  small 

Mott,  Valentine.    Born  at  Glen  Cove,  Long  Isl-  Mountaineers,  The.  Acomedy  taken  from    Don  ,„^.„  ;„  the  department  of  Savoie,  France   32 

and,  Aug.  20,  1785:  died  at  New  York,  April     Quixote"  by  George  Colman  the  younger,  pro-  ^jjies  east  of  Chamb^ry.     It  was  the  ancient 

26,  186.5.     An  American  surgeon,  known  as  a  ,,'^^'i   .   §:,  '  J'  P™'^'^  ■^'•^^-  capital  of  Tareniaisc,  and  has  a  cathedi-al. 

su.'cessful  operator.    He  translated  "Veipean's  Op-  Mountain Meadows  Massacre.  A  massacre  at  Moutier,  Val,  G.  Miinsterthal  (mun'ster-tiil). 

erativo  Surgery,"  and  wrote  "Travels"  (1842),  "Motfa     Mountain  Meadows,  southern  Utali,  otabout  120  A   v.Ulev  iu  the  Jui-a,  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 

fliniiiues"  (1800),  etc.                                                          tnon-Mormou  emigrants,  Sept.  11,  1857.    It  was  Switzerland,  23  miles  north  of  Bern. 

Motte  Cadillac.     See  Cadilhw.                                    belieje.l  to  have  beLMirnstigated  by  Mormons;  and  JolmD.  MoutoU  (mo-t6n').  GoorgeS,  Conite  de  Lobau. 

Motteux  (mot-te'),  Peter  Anthony.    Born  in  Mo,,n+=;ri'nf+hpMnr  's^^^^^  Il°™  atPfalzburg,  Lorraine  Fell.  21,1770:  died 

Normandy:  died  at  London,  1718.'  A  French  Mountains  of  the  Moon.   h>,c  Moon,  Mountau,,  ^^  Pa,is,  Nov.  27ris38.    A  French  marshal.  Ho 

Huguenot  merchant  in  London  after  1685.      He  nV     "l  a    v          /■  n  ■      \      \        *    1            t         •  entered  the  army  in  1792,  became  aide-de-camp  to  Xapo- 

wenttoEnglandontherevocationof  the  Edict  of  Nantes.   MOUnt  AUDUrn  (a  Oern;.  A  noted  cemetery  in  le,,,,  jn  iso.';,  ami  in  lSf)9  rendered  important  service  at 

Ue  was  also  a  dranmtist  and  translator.  One  of  his  dramas,      t'ambndgo  and  Watertown,  Massachusetts.  Lobau,  for  which  he  received  Ihe  title  of  Comte  de  Lobau. 

.idled  "Novelty,"  gives  a  di.stinct  play  in  each  act.    He  Mniitit  'npnert.  Cdp-7^rt'  or  dpy'i'.rfl      An  island  ""  tookpaitin  the  Russian  campaign  in  1812,  and  fought 

is  better  known  as  the  translator,  with  Drquhart  and  Ozell,      ■  "VC  t'n^f.tr  >  1,^1^,,„,S,  Jt^  ITo!, V^^  at  Lutzen  and  Bautzen  in  1813,  and  at  Waterloo  in  1815. 

of  Kabelaiss  works ;  and  he  also,  with  others,  translated     ^^  t°6  Atlantic,  belonging  to  Hancock  County,  During  the  .luly  revolution  in  1830  he  favored  the  caus« 

"Don  (juixute."                                                                    Maine,  situated  30  miles  east  of  Belfast,  about  of  Louis  Philippe,  who  made  him  a  marshal  of  hYance  in 

Motteville  (mot-vor),  Madame  Langlois  de     1  mile  from  the  mainland.    It  is  celebrated  for  its  '*:»■                                      „      ,      „ 

.■FranroitiP  Bprtaildl      Born  about  1(521  •  died     picturesque  scenery  and  as  a  summer  resort.     It  was  Movers(nio  vers),  Franz  Karl.     Bom  at  Koes- 

conU.lante  of  Anne  of  Austria,  and  a  noted  "priScieuse."     Length,  14  miles.      Highest  point,  about  1,600  feet  above    bl-P'-  -''.  i^^"-    A  Liermau  Urientalist,  protessor 

Her"Mi'moirespourservirkrhistoired'Anned'Autriclie"     sea-level.  of  Old  Testament  theologyiu  the  Roman  Cath- 

weren.M^inintedtilli7'23.                                                Mouutfort,  Susanua.     See.  rn-hnmen.  olic  faculty  at  Breslau  from  1839.     His  chief 

Mott  Haven  (mot  ba  vn).     A  former  village  Mountfort  (mount'tort),  William."     Born  iu    work  is  "Die  Phonizier"  (lS<10-.56). 
ot    \\ estchest_er  County,  New  ^ork,  situated    tstaironlshir.^:  died  at'Lond(m,Dee.lO,1692.  An  Movimas  (mo-ve'miis),  or  Mobimas  (mo-be'- 

iiOTth  of  the  Harlem  River:  now  part  of  New     E„j,iij,|,  .^.tor  and  dramatic  writer.     Ue  was  an  "li's)-    A  tribe  of  Bolivian  Indians,  on  and  near 

York  city.                                                                               excellent  representative  of  nellbrod  fops.   He  was  killed  1  lie  river  Mamor6  about  lat.  14"  S.   TheyhavelonB 

Mottley  (mot'li),  John.     Bomatljondon,  1692:      at  the  door  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle  by  an  adventurer,  Uaiitain  been  Christianized,  and  are  associated  with  the  ilojos  at 

diod  there    Oct     3    1750       An  English  writer       Hill,  apparently  with  the  complicity  of  Lord  Mohun,  who,  the  mission  villages.  They  are  described  as  tall  and  liand- 

auUior  of  -'Joe  Alillcr's  Jests,  or  The  Wit's  Vad..  ,"»  ll"">'tfo't  "as  aware,  ha,l  designs  on  the  lady.  some  yen'  cleanly,  and  exceU.ut  workmen.    Their  Imi- 

M.rum"   (1739)    live  drimas    "The    Lives  of  Mount  Holyoke  (hol'yok)  College.     An  msti-  K"»S"  li-^notbeeii  classifled. 

ii,  ,,„<.He  Aiitl/or<i"n747i   »'"' Histoi-v of  Peter     tutioii  of  learning  for  women  at  South  lladlev,  Mowatt.Mrs.   iscellililiit.Mrs.^AnnaC.GgdeH). 

t   ;  (;-eat"a73n)   etc                                                 Massachusetts,  founded  by  Marv  Lvou.  and  Mowbray  (ni6'bra).H.  Siddons.  Born  at  Alex- 

Mnttnla  (inot'tfi  li'i)      A  small  town  in  southern     opened  in  1837.  audna,  Kgypt,  Aug..5,l.><.i8   Au  Auierieanligure- 
IUlv   mnZwest  of  TariT^^^^               southern  ]^^^jjtLgT,anon   S,,,,  ^,,,„„„„  ^^aXarLc'hano,,.  P-i^H"''.  He  studied  at  Paris  with  Leon  Bonnat. 

Moi  don     iS^d6.V)     A  towli  in  the  canton  of  Mount  of  Olives.    Seo  onm.  Mowbray  (.iiO'bni),  Thomas.    Died  at  Venice, 

Vaud    Sw it.e  H^^^      13  ,ni?^northe!ist  of  Lau    Mount  of  OliveS.  The  English  title  of  Beetho-  1399.    Earl  of  Nottingham  and  Duke  of  Norfolk. 

\aud,  S\vit/eiland,  13  miles  northeast  ot  bau-  xxuuuu  ui  wii   ''Christusam  Olber"  "produced  "ewascreatedeiu-l  of  Nottingham  in  1:M1,  earl  marshal  in 

sanne:  the  Roman   Minodunum.     It  was  once     yn  s  oiaiouo     v^misius  am  vini  i^,    piociuctu  j^s*,  and  was  one  of  the  lord  appellants  of  i;is-.  but  after- 

the  capital  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud.     Population     m  r-ngland  in  1814.      The  title  was  changed  to  "F.n-  ward  joined  the  king.    He  was  created  duke  of  Norfolk  in 
I  1S8S1    ■•  (U7                                                                                 •'"^'^'    "'"'  ""■  pnniipal  ebunieter  to  David  in  1812,  owmg    1397.   Having  been  accuswi  of  treason  bv  Henry  BollnR. 
J,    ' ,  'i  "'a       ,,  ,  ,                                                       tothestrongfeelhigag.iinstthenppearanceof  IheSavioiir    broke,  eiul  of  Hereford  (afterward  Henry'lV.).  in  i:ni8,  he 

MOUKaen.     beo  il/MArtPK.                                „,  .     ,       as  a  personage  in  an  orat<.no.    Ihe  original  version,  how-  challenged  the  latter  to  single  combat,  and  the  lists  were 

Mould  (mold),  Jacob  Wrey.     Born  at  Chisel-     ever,  is  ikiw  given.     fJroce. set  at  fovenlry  in  presence  of  Riclmnl  II.,  who  banished 

,  England,  Aug.  7, 182.5. 


hurst,  England,  Aug.  7, 1 82.5.     An  Anglo-Amer-  Moimt  Pleasant  Tplez'ant).  A  city,  the  capital    both  ilisputants  on  the  eve  of  Ihe  contest,  Norfolk  for  life 

lean  architect.     lie  studied  and  worked  with  Owen  of  ilenrv  County,  lowai'  26  miles  north-north-    j""',.'I,7'S'"':,'J  I'l"".,'""  5'®""-   »*'"''<«P«''"  Introduces  him  in 

Jones  and  Vulliamy  ill  Lond..n,  and  in  1S.V2  re'moved  to  west  of  IJurlingl on.   It  is  the  seat  of  German  College  ■iv/i-j'„„v'!l"  ,,      ,  /  i  a  \      lurj             i       t.-  1 

Amenca,     In  1870  ho  was  architect  m  chief  of  the  deiiart-  „,„)  Iowa  Wesleyan  University  (both  Methodist).      IVpu- •■"O^C^fr     (inou  chfr),     MIS8.        In     DiCkens  8 


Mouldy  Onol'«li).     A  recruit  in  the  second  part  Mount  Vemon  (ver'nou)    The  capital  of  Posey  ^^'^■■'^;^^-     ^^^  „  .  , 
of  Sliiksi,ere's"KinL'  Ilenrv  IV"  ('iiniity.  soul  Investern  Indiana,  situated  on  the  ™:0Xa,m0X0S.      ^eo  .l/g^..,s. 

Moil    n«,,in1u-.'l      lie  cmital'of  the  denart-    <"""  l"  ■"■''«  "'^'^t  "''  I'^vansville.     Population  Moya  (mo  ya),  Pedro  de.     Born  ui  Granada. 

MOUlins  (  iw>-lan  ).      llu  capital  Of  tneaepart-       h,,,,,,    -  ,.).,  JOIO:  died  there,  ICtili.     An  artist  of  Ihe  Span- 

ment  ot  Al her,  r  ranee,  situated  on  the  Allier  ,'          I',.                 .     ..^    ■     n-     .   1      .      ^        »  iuli  .lolmnl    Kur.il  „f  Imh,,  .1.,  <<„...t;ii.^     n 

in  lit    46°  34'  N     Ioiil'    3°  ''O'  E       Its  e  ,il,e,l,„l  Mount  Vernon.    A  city  in  West  Chester  County,  is  1  si  liool,  pupil  ot  .li  an  de  <  astlUo.    He  was  n 

in  bit.  -m     .H     i^..  long,  .s     _o     l..      its  ulliedlal,                                ,i:,.„,.tl,,   „r„.il,   „f  Now   Vnvk  oilv  Soldier  in  the  anny  of  Fliiiiders  where  he  was  So  einirmoil 

h.-iteldeville  (with  valuable  library),  and  ruined  chateau      >»eu    \  i>l  1^,  dllectiv    no  ill   ot    JNlW    lOIK  (  Ity.  „|,h  the  works  ot  Vandyek  that  liowent  to  Iximlon  In  1H41 

of  the  dukes  of  Bourbon  are  noteworthy.     Itwasthean-      I 'o|.iiliil  1011  (19011),  J(l,.14().  to  study  under  him.    Vaiidyck  died  soon  after,  and  Mova 

cient  cajiital  of  Bourboiinais.    Population  (IWil),  22,005.  Mount  Vemon.  A  city,  capital  of  Knox  County,  roturneil  home,  and  executed  numerous  works,  ihi'  best  of 

Moulmein.     Hep  Mnntmain.                                        ( llii,,.  41  miles  northeast  of  Columbus.     Popii-  wbi,  h  .ne  In  iiianada. 

Moulton  (mol'ton),  Mrs.  (Ellen  Louise  Chan-    ii,ii„ii  (Uioo),  (),():!3.  Moya yContrera8(in6'yiieU6n-tra'riis). Pedro 

dler).     Born  at  Pomfiet,  Conn.,  April  111,  |s:i.-i.  ]yio,mt  Vemon.     An  estate  in  Fairfax Countv,  de.   Boni  in  Ihe  diocese"of  Cordova  about  1.520: 

An  American  novelist  and  poet,     she  married  Wll-     Yi,.,,i||i,i    .silimlVd    on   the    Potomac    15   miles  died  at  .Madrid,  Dec,  1591.     A  .Spanish  pridato 

rrdaJX'lither-nv'lJl'^'T^^^^^^                                         soullnveit  of  Washington.    It  is  notable  a.  the  rosl-  and  adminislralor.    In  1671  he  established  the  Inqui. 

Hile's?  i7e  "  (iS'i)    "tune   '^^^^ne"r  learU"  (W^^^^     deuce  and  place  of  bunal  of  (leorge  Washington.     In  1859  sHIon  In  .New  .Snaln,  and  In  Dec,  ir,74.  was  eonsecratod 

"swallow  KlighVsn^^^^^                                                               ilwaspurclnisedbythe Mount  VemonLadles' Association,  archbishop  of  .^le^ico     He  was  acting  viceroy  Sep  ,  26. 

swallow  riignis  anil  iitiRri-oeiiis    ^isibi,  tie.                                1                     j  l.'.M.  to  (let.  17.  l.'.sri.    Later  he  returned  to  Spain,  and  w.i» 

Moultrie  (mol'lii),  Fort.      See  /oii  .WoHi^nf,   Mount  Zion.     See/i..H.           _    ,.         ,         ,,  ,,ie,ldent  ..ftliecumllot  the  indies.    Often  cali.il  Jfoya 

and  eomimro  ,l/<i«^/ne. /)'(7//<(m.                                Moura  (mo'rii),  FraUClSCO  Rolim   de.     Horn  ,t,- Ciminro.'. 

Moultrie,  John.     Born  at  London,  1799:  died     a(  Peniambueo,  1.5811:  died  al  M^lmu,  1657.    A  Moyen  deParvenlr  (mwii-yaii'  di-  piirv-ner'). 

1874.    All  English  minor  poet.     He  was  educated    Portuguese  admiuistriitor.    Fnun  1024  to  iu20  he  [F.,  ■  how  to  succeed.']    See  the  extract. 


Moyen  de  Parvenir 

Much  later  (1610)  the  last  — it  may  alttinst  be  said  the 
first  — echo  of  the  genuine  spirit  of  Rabelais  wai  sounded 
in  the  •'  iloyen  de  Parvenir  "  of  Beroalde  de  "N'enrille.  This 
eccentric  work  is  perhaps  the  most  perfect  example  of  a 


712 

("The  Marriage  of  Fiiraro,"  1786),  "Don Giovanni"  (1787\ 
"Cosi  fan  tutte"(17!)0\  "La  Clemenza  di  Tito "(1791), 
"Die  Zauberflote"  ("The  Magic  Flute."  1791),  etc.  Very 
little  of  his  music  was  published  in  his  lifetime. 


/o/riisi*  in  existence.    In  the  guise  of  guests  at  a  banquet  Mozcas.     Sume  &s  Muyscas.     See  Cllibchas. 

the  author  brmgs  in  many  celebrated  persons  of  th?  day  Mri^Hnt  CT.ir-.»^lnl.-M       A   +n-a-r,  ir,  +l,o  *„™:» 

and  of  antiquity,  and  makes  them  talk  from  pillar  to  post  "'■°^,S-°\  (moz-Uok  ).     A  town  m  the  territory 
in  the  strangest  possible  fashion.    The  licence  of  language    °^  lerek,  Ciscaueasia,  Kussia,  Situated  on  the 


t  possible  fashion.  Thelicence  of  language 
and  anecdote  which  Rabelais  had  permitted  himself  is 
equaUeU  and  exceeded ;  but  many  of  the  tales  are  told  » ith 


Terek  about  lat.  43°  43'  ^f.,  Jong   44°  42'  E 
Population  (18S9),  13,286. 
foonery  remarks  of  no  sma]rshrewdness"a;e~con7untly  Mozhaisk  (mo-zhisk'),  or   Mojaisk,   or   Mo- 


dropped  as  if  by  accideut.    Saintibury,  French  Lit.,  p.  193. 
Moys  (mo'is).     A  village  near  GSrlitz,  Silesia, 

Prussia.     Here,   Sept.  7,  1757,  the  Austrians 

under  Xadasty  defeated  the  Prussians  under 

Winterfeld. 
Moytura.     See  the  extract. 


shaisk. 

Moscow, 


A  small  town  in  the  government  of 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Moskva  63 


Mogwmnps 

Scott's  novel  "Old  Mortality," a  fanaticalleader 
of  the  Covenanters. 
Muckross  (muk'ros).  A  peninsular  tract  be- 
tween two  of  the  lakes  of  KUlarnev,  Countv 
Kerry.  Ireland,  notable  for  its  abbev,  a  Fran- 
ciscan foundation  of  the  15th  centurv."  The  church 
has  a  low,  square  tower  at  the  crossing,  a  recessed  pointed 
doorway  at  the  west  end.  and  a  ver>-  beautiful  east  win- 
dow. The  quadrangular  cloister  is  almost  perfect,  about 
."O  feet  to  a  side,  and  of  great  beauty.  On  two  sides  the 
arches  are  semicircular.  Of  the  secular  buildings  the  dor. 
mitory,  refectory,  and  kitchen  are  noteworthy. 


Many  battles  took  place  between  these  Danaans  and  the  Mntn'oTr'^^lIf "  T^^l^i'^B*  ™i  • 
earlier  Firbolgic  setUers  -  the  native  owners,  as  no  doubt  •"?;"  :„®?_  *™°^  ^U  ''.^'DeS   BOWlmg. 


they  felt  themselves,  of  the  country.  One  of  the  best  sub- 
stantiated of  these,  not,  indeed,  by  history  or  even  tradi- 
tion, but  by  a  more  solid  testimony,  that  of  the  stone 
remains  left  on  the  spot,  prove,  at  any  rate,  that  some 
long-sustained  battle  was  at  some  remote  period  fought  on 
thespot  [sic].  This  is  the  famous  pre-hisforicbattleof  Moy- 
tur^  rather  the  Southern  Moytura,  for  there  were  two; 
the  other,  situated  not  far  from  the 
retaining  "the  largest  collection 


miles  west  of  Moscow.     For  the  battle  here,  Mucuchies.     See  Tiniotes. 

see  Borodino.  Mudania  (mo-da'ne-a),     A  town  in  the  vilayet 

Mozier  (mo'zber),  Joseph.  Born  at  Burlington,     of  Kliodavendikyai-,  Asia  Minor,  Turkev,  si'tu- 

Vt.,  Aug.  22,  1812:  died  in  Switzerland,  Oct.,     ^ted  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora  50  miles  south  of 

lOTo      A_   . ; ,   .  Constantinople.  Population,  estimated,  10,000. 

„.     Bom  at  Mudie  (mii'di),  Charles  Edward.     Bom  at 

Uainsborough,  Sept.  15,  1813:  died  at  Shore-     Chelsea,  Oct.  18. 1818:  died  at  Hampstead.  Oct. 

ham,  Jan.  4.   1878.      An  English  divine  and    -^-   1^90.     An  EngUsh  bookseller.     In  1842  he 

theologian.     He  was  a  gradaat*  of  Oxford  (Magdalen     f""""*!".',  ^"die's  Librafy,  which  is  now  the  largest .  ircu- 

College),  and  became  vicar  of  Old  Shoreham  asseXcanon     '^'ingubrary  m  London.    He  wrote  "  Stray  Leaves"aS72). 

of  Worcester,  and  (1871)  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Mudki,  or  Moodkee  (miid'ke).     A  place  in  the 

u..^  .u.  .„e..  ,e.e  ...u;    d^u'nttion " rT^" ^?  '^=?he";5i-*"f"'*i?'7  ^",'i^  "!■  '^";     Panjab,  British  India,  67  miles  south-southeast 

iie  present  town  of  sUgo     l?^rrati„i' a^.^-^^in'^S^s"  a^u  °  e^'"""'"^    ot  Lahore.     Here,  Dec,  1845,  the  British  under 

?[S'J±!}^Z'J^'?^l''h.  MDOnffwetmpong'gwe).    A  BaSm  tribe  of  the    Gough  defeated  the  Sikhs. 

o,  settled  around  the  Gabun  estu-  Mndrarakshasa  (mo-dra-rak'sha-sa).      [Skt., 
IS  traders  and  middlemen  between      -^akshasa  and  the  Signet-rmg.']    A  celebrated 

Sanskrit  political  drama,  in  seven  acts,  by  Yi- 
shakhadatta :  ascribed  by  Wilson  to  the  11th  or 
12th  century,  by  Pisehel  to  the  beginning  of 
the  11th.  andbyKashinath  TrimbakTelangand 
Hillebrandt  to  the  7th  or  8th.  it  introduces  Clian- 
dragupta  or  Sandrocottus,  the  great  founder  of  the  Mauiya 
dynasty,  and  his  minister  Chanakya,  an  Indian  3Iachi^ 
velli.  The  latter  is  represented  as  having  slain  King  Nanda 
and  assisted  Chandragupta  to  the  thrrme.  The  design  is 
to  show  how  Chanak>-a  by  all  possible  means elfectsarec- 
onciliation  between  Rakshasa,  the  minister  of  the  mui^ 
dered  >"anda,  and  the  persons  on  whose  behalf  he  wa» 
killed.    It  has  been  translated  into  English  by  Wilson. 


says  Dr.  Petrie,  "in  any  region  of  the  world  with  the  ex-  MpOngWe  (mpon 

ception  of  Camac"    This  second  battle  of  Moytura  was     ireneh  KoUj 

fought  upon  the  plain  of  Cong,  which  is  washed  by  the 

waters  of  Lough  Mask  and  Lough  Corrib,  close  to  where 

the  long  monotonous  midland  plain  of  Ireland  becomes 

broken,  changes  into  that  region  of  high  mountains  and 

low-lying  valleys  now  called  Connemara,  but  which  in 

earlier  days  was  always  known  as  lar  Connaught. 

Lawless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  7. 
Mozambique  (mo-zam-bek').  [F.  iIo:ambiqiie, 
Sp.  Pg.  ilosamhique,  so  called  from  a  small 
coral  island  of  this  name  near  the  coast.]  1. 
The  former  name  for  the  Portuguese  posses- 
sions alongthe  eastern  coast  of  Africa.  See  East 
Africa,  Portuguese. — 2.  A  town  in  Portuguese 
East  Africa,  situated  on  an  island  near  the 
coast,  about  lat.  15°  S.  Population,  about 
7.000. 
Mozambiciue  Channel.  A  sea  passage  separat- 
ing Madagascar  from  the  mainland  of  Africa. 
Width,  250-550  miles. 

Mozarabs  (mo-zar'abz).  or  Mozarabians  (mo- 
za-ra'bi-anz).  Those  Christians  in  Spain  who 
lived  among  and  measurably  assimilated  them- 
selves to  the  Moslems,  but  continued  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  their  own  religion. 

Mozart  (mo'zart;  G.pron.mo'tsart),  Leopold. 
Born  at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  Xov.  14, 1719 :  died 
at  Salzburg,  May  28, 1787.  A  German  violinist 
and  musical  writer. 

Mozart,  Wolfgang  Amadeus.  Born  at  Salz- 
biu-g,_  Austria,  Jan.  27,  1756:  died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  5, 1791.  A  celebrated  Austrian  composer, 
son  of  Leopold  Mozart.  He  showed  a  precocious 
knowledge  of  music  when  only  three  years  old.  and  first 


ary,  famous  as 

the  whites  and  the  interior  natives.  Semi-civilized 
and  corrupted  by  prolonged  contact  with  the  whites,  they 
are  dying  out,  but  their  language  will  remain,  since  it  is 
adopted bythe  inland  nativeswho  press  to  the  coast.  The 
Mpongwe  are  divided  into  four  social  classes:  (n)  the 
Mpongive  of  pure  blood ;  (6)  those  descended  from  an 
alien  mother;  (0  those  bom  of  slave  women;  and  (d) 
slaves. 

Mrichchhakatika  (mrch-ch-ha-ka'ti-ka).  [Skt. 
mrid,  clay,  and  shakatihd,  a  small  cart.]  "  The 
Little  Clay  Cart,"  a  Sanskrit  drama.  It  is  a  work 
of  remarkable  power,  comparable  to  the  best  modem  com- 
edies in  plot,  incident,  character  delineation,  and  felicity  w          .        

of  diction,  and  extraordinary  in  its  minute  directions  to  Muerto(mo-ar'to),  Jornada  del.  TSp., '  ioumev 

the  actors  and  its  various  scenic  artiflces.    It  has  befti  of  the  dend  '1      A   vprr  avinTlotoo,,    al^„t  fi'^ 

supposed  to  have  been  written  in  the  1st  or  2d  centmv,  ^;,„  ^i^'^^**'  K  t  ^'^oh  *     oo  P'^*^,^"'  ^^°^^  ® 

but  Von  Schroder  puts  it  in  the  5th  or  6th.   Its  authorship  '^es  long  and  from  20  to  30  broad,  on  the  east 

is  ascribed  in  flatten,-  to  a  king  Shudraka,  who  is  praised  side  of  the  Eio  Grande,  and  separated  from  that 

in  the  prologue.  Pischel.afterassigningitearliertoBhasa,  river  by  a  series  of  arid  mountains,  the  Siena 

believes  Its  real  author  to  have  been  Dandin.    The  hero     r—   /-■-.:,  ..-i--.    c- j  ,   ^      ..auo,  luc  u.cjj» 


is  Charudatta,  a  virtuous  Brahman,  reduced  to  poverty  by 
his  generosity;  the  heroine,  Vasantasena.  a  beautiful  and 
wealthy  hetaira,  who  loves  him  and  repulses  the  king's 
brother-in-law,  Samsthanaka.  Vasantasena  is  purified  and 
ennobled  by  her  aflection,  and  at  last  weds  Charudatta. 
"The  little  clay  cart"  or  "toy  cart,"  from  which  the 
name  comes,  isaplajthing  of  the  little  sonof  Chanidatt.-u 
^  isiting  Charudatta  at  his  house,  Vasantasena  finds  his 
child  crying  because  his  toy  cart  is  of  clay  while  the  cart 


Fra  Cristobal,  Sierra  del  Caballo.  and  Sierra 
del  Perrillo.  There  is  permanent  water  in  one  locality 
only.  Previous  to  the  construction  of  the  Atchison,  To- 
peka,  and  Santa  'Ei  Railroad,  the  Jornada  del  Muerto  was 
a  much  dreaded  portion  of  the  road  between  Zl  Paso  del 
>'orte  and  Santa  Fe,  both  on  account  of  its  aridit\-  and  oo 
account  of  the  .\paches  who  almost  constantly  infested 
the  region.  Artesian  wells  have  lately  been  sunk  in  variooa 
places,  and  cattle  are  being  henied  on  some  portions. 


ofaneighhor-schildisofETOld.    Vasantasena  aiL=  the  boys  MuettC  dC  Portici,  La.     An  opera  bv  Auber. 
cart  with  her  jewels,  and  teUs  him  to  have  a  cold  cart     .,t-„,.^o  t,„  o„~t,„ '.j  t\„i : ^  -.       •        .       ! 


jewels,  and  tells  him  to  have  a  gold  cart 
made  from  these.  The  Mrichchhakatika  has  be~en  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Wilson,  into  German  by  both  Boht- 
lingk  and  Fritze,  into  French  by  Regnaud,  into  Danish  bv 
Brandos,  and  into  Russian  by  Kossowitsch.  X  full  accouTi't 
of  the  play  is  given  in  Von  Schroder's  "Indien'a  Literatur 
und  Cultur:  Yorlesung  43. 


words  by  Senbe  and  Delavigne,  It  was  produced 
at  Paris  in  1S28,  and  in  England  as  "MasanieUo  "  in  English 
in  1S29  and  as  'La  Muta  di  Portici"  in  Italian  in  185L 
Mug  (mugj,  Matthe'W.  A  character  in  Foote'S 
"Mayor  of  GaiTatt,"  said  to  be  a  satirical  por- 
trait of  the  Duke  of  Xewcastle. 


appeared  in  public  in  a  performance  a't  the  TJniversity  of  Msidi  (mse'de),  or  Mushidi  (mo-she'de).     See  Miieee  fmiio-'e'e)    ThpnHnr        Rom  nt  Rpt'iti 

Salzburg,  in  1761,  when  between  five  and  six  years  of  age.      Garenqanze.  \nv   fi   ISOfi-  rtit^l  at  R»,1^;   t;vS^ 

In  1762  his  father  took  him  with  his  sister  Marianne  on  a  IWc-HcTo-n-l  i^^t^  =lb,-i/^      A  *„,™  ;_  ti, ;>o\  .  h,  IbOb.  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18, 1861.     A 


concert  tour  to  Munich,  Vienna,  and  other  places  aiid^in  Mstislavl  (mste-slavl').  A_town  in  the  govern- 
the  nest  year  to  Paris,  where  they,  especially  Wolfgang,  ™ent  ot  Mohiletf,  Kussia,  0/  miles  east  of  Mohi- 
racited  great  enthusiasm.  At  London  in  the  ne.vt  year  they  J-eS..     Population  (1893),  8,799. 


German  novelist  and  writer  of  travels.  Among 
his  works  are  "Die  Schweiz"  ("Switzerland," 
1-47),  the  novel  "Toussaint"  (1840),  etc. 


were  equally  successful,  and  remained  in  England  tm  Mtesa(mta'sU)    Diedl885     Alcino-nf  t>ioa!iTirl!i    TUT^^i^j.-c/     ■•    ,^""-?"^^    ,^^™'' '\'^*-- 
Aug.,  1765.    Mozart  during  this  time  composed  a  number  Tritp   pT^t  if.  <>»   ^.iltll"  ,t7i?£/i;r^  f,°  „^  Muggendorf  (mog^gen-dorfj.  AvillagemUpper 


uposed 

of  symphonies,  sonatas,  and  the  overtures  for  two  of  his 
concerts ;  they  also  played  at  their  lodgings  for  such  as 
chose  to  t«st  their  genius  in  private.  They  finiilly  arrived 
at  Salzburg  again  in  Nov..  1766,  and  in  176S  were  receivej 


tribe,  East  Africa,  made  famous  by  the  visits  at    Franeonia,  Bavana,  situated  on  the  Wiesent 

n!ft.^"^i?i  °!w?*^  1^'  H- ™°*;  .?°i"?:  a"d  Stanley.     25  miles  north-northeast  of  Nuremberg.    There 

.. ^.....  ..».„  .„ _,  anu in  .,0.  were receivea     ^n^"^^' ^i^tr.^t^X^i!^^.^^^.'^^,  ^''^ ^^^^^^f  stalactitic^ottoes.inthevicinity. 

at  court  in  Vienna,  where  Mozart  was  urged  by  the  emperor     between  paganlsm.Islam.andChristianityuntilhasdeath.   JXlUggietOn  (mng  l-ton),  LOdOWICk  or  LnflO- 

to  compose  an  opera  and  conduct  it.    Hetookthestorvof  Mtsensk(mtsensk).    A  town  in  the  government     Wlck.   Born  1609:  died  1697  or  1698.    An  English 

'i^ ^i^^TI^^^^Lf^^i^l!!-,  °P"»  ("'"•'sh  opposed  by    of  Orel,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Zusha  34miles    fanatic,  founder,  conjointlv  with  John  Reeve, 

^^h^S  °kr^ZreZT%:ZS^,^ds^-'^^::L^^    northeast  of  Orel.  Popularion  (1893).  16.318.  of  theMuggletonians.-'  His  doctrines  were  pub: 

Bastienne"  in  a  private  theater  at  Vienna,  and  he  also  Muata-Yamvo  (mwa'ta-yam'vo).     The  title  of     "shea  in  ••  ihe  Divme  Looking-Glass''  (1656). 

composed  and  conducted  the  music  at  the  ceremonies  of     the  king  of  the  Lunda  nation  in  central  Africa  •  Muggletoniaais(mug-l-to'ni-anz).  A  sectfoiind- 

nS.ri^"trvt,4vliTin'i"S??,1iLTw'!rnfngi7^    oncethegTcatestpotentateof  Africa,  now  great:     ed^  in^England  by_Lodowick  Muggleton  and 

laurels.    In  1777  he  went  to  Paris  with  his  mother,  where     J,^  reduced  by  Civil  wars  and  the  raids  of  the 

he  found  that  the  admiration  accorded  to  a  precocious     iiakioko. 

child  was  not  so  easily  obtained  by  a  mature  musician.   MucedomS  (mii-se-do'rus).     A  plav   probablv 

After  the  death  of  his  mother  he  returned  to  Salzburg,  and     bv  1    T^oiicp  aotpii  in  1(y.i^   -nrintoH  it,  i  =;oa      ff 

in  17S1  to  Vienna,  where  he  lived  with  the  archbShop.     I'L  v  ^°^^:  ^'^^%'{ '°  i*^^'  Pnnted  m  lo98.     It 

He  reaped  but  little  pecuniary  benefit  from  his  composi-     "^®  "^^"^  assigned  to  bhakspere  wathout  reasou- 

tions,  and  his  health  began  to  fail.    In  1791  he  wrote  his     able  ground. 

three  greatest  symphonies  and  the  "  Magic  nute,"  and  in  Much  (much).      A  miller's  son,  one  of  Robin 

this  year  received  the  famous  commission  from  a  mysteri-      Hood's  hqnd    siiil  in  havo 'boon  a  i-ool  -t^.^..^,,,,, 

ous  stranger  (afterward  known  to  be  :he  steward  of  Count  iJr      v  a  j       u  ^^}^!ij°^?^  <>  "feu  a  real  person. 

Walsegg)to  write  a  re.iuiem  mass  to  be  finished  within  a  JM-UCnAQOabOUtKOthing.    Acomedyby  bhak- 

month.    His  enfeebled  health  and  various  circumstances     Spere,  produced  in  1597-98.    It  was  first  printed 

connected  with  the  commission  produced  a  serious  efiect     in  1600,    The  play  was  known  as  "Benedict  and  Bettris" 

in  1613,  and  is  probably  the  same  as  "Love's  Labour  's 

Won  "  (which  see).    The  story  of  Hero  is  taken  with  some 

variations  from  one  of  BandeUo's  tales,  which  probably  was 

borrowed  from  the  story  of  Geneura  and  Ariodantes  in  the 

"  Orlando  Forioso  "  ot  Ariosto.  This  part  of  the  plav,  how- 

ever,  is  subordinated  by  Shakspere  to  the  loves  of  Bene- 

'ii;k  and  Beatrice. 


on  his  already  troubled  brain,  and  he  im.agined  it  to  be  a 
summons  from  the  other  world.  He  began  the  mass,  how- 
ever, and  said  that  it  was  for  his  own  funeral.  As  he  was 
already  dying,  he  was  not  able  to  supen-ise  the  rehearsal 
of  the  finished  part  He  died  of  malignant  typhus  fever. 
There  were  no  ceremonies  at  his  grave,  and  even  his  friends 
followed  him  no  farther  than  the  city  gates,  owing  to  a 

violent  stoma.  He  was  buried  in  the  common  ground  of  Muciliq  SrfPVnia  See  Rr:fn-nln 
St.  Marx,  and  the  exact  position  of  his  grave  is  not  known.  tJ?-  Jr  /  .^Ti  7"tt  •  •  ,flr  \  . 
Many  years  after  a  monument  was  erected  to  him  by  the  JuUCKe  (muk  ke),  HeinriCh  Karl  Anton.  Bom 
city  of  Vienna.  He  left  over  six  hundred  compositions,  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  April  9,  1806 :  died  at  Diis- 
whlch  include  more  than  fortv  symphonies,  a  number  ot  seldorf  Jan.  17  IfiOl  A  (iemian  lilcrnvSnal 
masses  (mostly  composed  in  h  s  Vouth).  sonatas,  quartets,  „„•"  t",:  ,  ^,^7 '  J^  ti"  tT  .V^^'^an  histoi  cal 
"The  Requieiii-etc  Among  hisoperasare-Idomeneo"  Painter,  a  pupil  of  the  Berhn  and  Dusseldorf 
(1781),  "Mitridate,''"LaFintaGiardiniera,'  "Zaide,*"Die  academies,  andprofessorat  the  latterfrom  1844. 
Kntiulirung  aua  dem  SeraU  "(iTsaX  "I«  Soize  di  Figaro"  Mucklewrath  (muk'l-riith),  Habakkvik,     In 


John  Reeve  about  16ol.  The  members  of  the  sect 
believed  in  the  prophetic  inspiration  of  its  founders,  as 
being  the  two  witnesses  mentioned  in  Rev.  li.  3-6.  and 
held  that  there  is  no  real  distinction  between  the  persona 
of  the  Trinity,  that  God  has  a  human  body,  and  that  Elijah 
was  his  representative  in  heaven  when  he  descended  to  die 
on  the  cross.  The  last  member  of  the  sect  is  said  to  have 
died  in  1S68. 

Mughals.     See  Moguls. 

Mugheir.     See  Tr. 

Mug-house  Club.  A  club  which  met  at  Long- 
acre  in  London  in  the  early  part  of  the  ISth  cen- 
tury. Its  name  came  from  the  fact  that  each  member 
drank  his  ale  out  of  his  own  mug.  After  this  a  number 
of  mug-hooses  were  established  by  the  partizans  of  the 
Hanover  succession,  in  order  that  the  Protestants  might 
rally  in  them  against  the  Jacobite  mobs.  It  was  at  one  of 
these,  in  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet  street,  that  the  mo5t  serious 
of  the  '■  Mug-house  riots  ^  took  place  (July  23, 1716).  The 
mob  attacked  the  Hanoverians  assembled  there,  the  fight- 
ing continued  all  night,  and  the  ringleader  of  the  mob  was 
kUled. 

Mugwumps  (mug'wumps).  [From  Algonquian 
w«(/5i«)m;<.  aehief  or  leader.]  In  United  States 
political  history,  the  independent  members  of 
the  Republican  party  who  in  1884  openly  re- 
fused to  support  the  nominee  (BlaineJ  of  that 


Mugwumps 


narty  for  the  presidency  of  tlie  United  States, 
and  either  voted  for  the  Uemocratic  or  the 
Prohibitionist  candidate  or  abstained  from 
voting.  The  word  wna  not  genenUly  known  in  any  sense 
before  this  time,  hut  it  took  the  popular  tiincy,  and  was  at 
once  accepted  by  the  Independents  themselves  as  an  hon- 
orahle  title. 
Muharram(ra<j-bar'am).  [At.]  Thefirstmonth 
of  the  Mohammedan  year;  also,  a  religious  fes- 
tival held  during  that  month.  The  ceremonies  with 
the  Shiah  Moslems  have  special  reference  to  the  death  of 
Hasan  erandson  of  Mohammed,  who  is  looked  upon  by 
the  Shiahs  as  a  martyr.  With  thcSunnites  they  have  ref- 
erence to  the  day  of  creation.  Also  J/o/iarram. 
MiihlbaclKnml'bach).  [G., 'mdl-stream.]  A 
town  in  Transylvania,  8  miles  south  of  Karls- 
biirg.  Population  (1890),  6,692. 
Miililbach.  Luise.  See  Mumlt. 
Miihlberg  (mul'bero).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Sa.xony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  35  miles  northwest  of  Dresden.  Here,  April 
21  1647,  the  Imperialists  under  Charles  V.  defeated  John 
rr'cderick  I.,  elector  of  Saxony.  _ 

Muhldorf  (miilMorf).  A  town  in  Ijpper  Bava- 
ria, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Inn  41  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Munich.  Here,  Sept.  28,  1322,  the  em- 
neror  Louis  the  Bavarian  defeated  Frederick  of  Austria. 
\U.,  ciilK-il  buttle  of  Ampflns.     Population  (isnn),  -2,0.18 

Miihlenberg  (G-  pron.  mii'len-bcro),  Heinricn 

Melchior.  Born  at  Einbeck,  Priissi;!,  Sept.  (1, 
1711:  diedat  Trappe,  Pa.,Oet.  7, 1787.  A  Ger- 
man-American clergj-man,  chief  founder  of  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States. 

Muhlenberg  (mu'lon-berg),  Henry  Augustus. 
Horn  at  Lancaster,  Pa  ,  May  13,  1782:  died  at 
Heading,  Pa.,  Aug.  11,  1844.  An  American 
clergyman  and  Democratic  politician,  son  of 
( I.  H."  E.  Muhlenberg.  He  was  minister  to  Aus- 
rria  1838-40.  „   ^  .  ,      t, 

Muhlenberg,  John  Peter  Gabriel.  Bom  at 
Ti:ii>pi',  I'a.,  Oct.  1,  1746:  died  near  Philadel- 
pliin,  t)et.  1, 1807.  An  American  Revolutionary 
t;en,ral  and  politician,  son  of  H.  M.  Miihlen- 

Muhlenberg,  WilUam  Augustus.    Bom  at 

Philadelphia,  Sept.  16, 1796:  died  at  New  York, 
April  8,  1877.  An  American  Episcopalian  cler- 
^'jTnan,  hyinn-writer,  and  hymnologist:  great- 
grandson  of  H.  M.  Miihlenberg.  He  was  first  su- 
mrintendent  and  pastor  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  New  Voik. 
One  of  his  best-known  hynms  is  "I  would  not  live  al- 


713 

Auk.  L.'i,  but  was  in  turn  defeated  at  Aladja  Oct.  15,  and  at 
Deve-Boyun  Nov.  4,  1877. 

Mula  (mu'lii).     A  town  in  the  provnnce  of  Mur- 
cia,  Spain.  19  miles  west  of  Murcia.   Population 

(1887),  10,7(i8. 

Mulahacen(ni<i-Ui-a-then'),  orMulhacendiioi- 

a-then').  The  highest  summit  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains,  Sjiain,  about  25  miles  east 
bysouthofGraiiada.    Height,  aboutll,660feet. 

Mulberries,  The.    See  the  extract. 

Towards  llic  cnil  of  tlic  year  1824,  some  young  men  met 

at  a  humble  tavern,  the  Wrekin,  in  the  genial  nelghbour- 

hoi>d  of  Covent  Oardeli,  with  Shakspeare  as  their  common 

idol :  and  it  waa  a  regulation  of  this  club  that  some  paper, 

....    ..  c.,.„,, ...........  =>iould  be 


Miihlhausen  (in  Alsace).     See  Midhausen. 

Miihlhausen  (miil'hou-zen).  A  town  m  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Unstrut  21  miles  northwest  of  Gotha.  It  has  Im- 
iwrtant  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  etc. ;  was  for- 
merly a  free  imperial  city ;  and  was  the  headquarters  of 
Thomas  Munzer  lli24-25.     Population  (18911),  27,427. 

Miihlheim.     See  Miilhcim.  ^^    „  ,       - 

Muiopotmos  (m6i-6-pot'mos),  or  the  laie  ot 

the  Butterfly.  [Gr.  /nw,  fly,  and  TTur/wr,  lot, 
destiny.]  A  ])oem  by  Spenser,  in  octave  rime, 
published  in  1591  in  the  volume  known  as ' '  Com- 
plaints." ^  ,  r 
Muir  (miir),  John.  Bora  at  Glasgow,  Feb.  5, 
1810:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Afarch  7,  1882.  A 
Scottish  Sanskrit  scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Olas- 
ROW  University  and  at  the  East  India  Company's  CoUcbo 
at  Haileyhury.  From  1.S29  to  18.^S  he  held  various  civil  and 
judicial  positions  in  India.  In  1802  he  founded  the  chair 
of  Hanskrit  at  Edinburgh  University.  His  "OriEinal  San- 
fkrlt  'lexts,  etc.,"  appeared  18S8-70.  He  published  a  vol- 
ume of  metrical  translations  from  Sanskrit  writers. 
Muir,  John.  Born  at  Dunbar,  Scotland,  in  1830. 
All  Amerieaii  naturalist,  explorer,  and  writer. 
For  a  number  of  yeals  hi-  made  his  headquarters  In  the 
Yosemito  region,  diinonHlniting  the  theory  ot  Its  glacial 
formation,  and  niiikiiig  a  c"iniirelien»lve  study  of  the  gco 
logical  and  boUmical  features  of  the  Siena  .Nevada,  In 
1»78  ho  went  to  Alaska  and  explored  the  region  north  of 
Fort  Wrangcl,  discovering  (Uacier  Bay  and  the  glacier 
bearing  his  name ;  and  in  1881  accompanied  one  of  the 
expeditions  to  the  Arctic  in  search  of  the  lost  Jeanctte 
He  has  published  in  magazines  a  number  of  illiistratiMl 
articles  concerning  the  natural  features  ot  most  of  thisc 
regions.  He  has  also  edited  "  I'iclnresiiue  I 'iililnrnla, 
and  published  "  rin-  Mcunlaiiis  ot  Callforniii  '  (bSlll). 

Muir,  Sir  William.  Bom  iai9.  A  Scottish 
Arabic  scholar,  brother  of  .lohn  Sluir.  Ho  en- 
tered the  Bengal  civil  siTvice  at  18  years  of  age.  He  wna 
lleutenant-gov,rnorof  the  Northwest  Provinces  l8(»-"4  ; 
was  llnancial  minister  to  Iho  Indian  government  l»;4-7(l; 
and  wan  pini.  ii.al  of  tin-  t  iiiveisltv  ot  Edinburgh  ISW,- 
lIKin.  Ill'  has  written  ii  ••  Life  of  Mahoinel"  (1858-fil), 
"  Ainiala  •■!  the  I'.urly  lalipbale  "  (1883),  etc. 

Mukden,  or  Moukden  (miik-den'),  or  Shing- 

king  (shiiig'kiiig').  The  eajiital  of  Maneliiinn, 
situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Mao  about  Int.  41" 
45'  N.,  long.  123°  40'  E.  Niu-eliuaiigis  itH8eit- 
port.  Population  (18S7),  2.')0.(llHI. 
Mukhtar  (miikh-liir')  Pasha.  Achmed.  Born 
at  Briisa,  Asia  Minor,  Sept.,  1S32.     A  Tufkish 

fieneral.  Ha  was  appointed  govornor-gincral  of  llosnia 
n  187B,  and  commanderln-cblcf  In  Armenia  In  l>-77  Ho 
defeated  the  Russians  at  Zevin  June  25,  anil  at  klzll-Tepe 


moi  ,  WIIU  IV  ,,  u*j  n  1  vp, ...........  ..■•   » '    

or  poem,  or  conceit  bearing  upon  Shakspeare  sh     

contributed  by  each.  Hither  came  Douglas  Jerrold,  and 
he  was  soon  joined  bv  Lainan  Blanchard  I'pon  Jerr.ild  s 
suggestion  the  club  was  called  the  Mulberries  and  their 
contributions  Mulberry  leaves.  .  .  .  Tlie  club  did  not, 
however,  die  easily;  it  was  changed  and  grafted  in  times 
nearer  the  present,  when  it  was  called  the  Shakspeare 
Club  Charles  Dickens,  Jlr.  Justice  Talfourd,  Daniel  Mac- 
Use  Mr  Macready,  Mr.  Frank  Stone,  etc.,  belonged  to  it. 
liespectaliility  killed  it.  Timbi. 

Mulberry  Garden.  A  place  of  refreshment  in 
London,  much  frequented  by  persons  of  quality 
in  the  17th  centiirv.  .'!lr  Charles  Sedley  produced  a 
comedy  with  this  title  In  1668.  It  is  partly  taken  (rom 
Molii  res  "  Bcole  des  maris." 

Mulcaster  (nuil'kas-ter),  Richard.  Born  at 
Carlisle :  ilied  .\pril  15. 1611.  An  English  philol- 
ogist. He  was  a  scholar  in  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
In  1648,  and  a  student  of  Christ  t'hurch,  llxford,  in  1566. 
He  was  made  master  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  in  1661, 
and  of  St.  Paul's  School  in  l.'i96,  and  taught  Spenser.  He 
wrote  "Positions,  etc.,  neccssarie  for  the  Training  up  ot 
Children,  etc."  (1581),  "The  First  Part  of  the  Elementarie 
.  .  .  of  the  Right  Writing  of  our  English  Tung  "(1..S2),  etc 

Mulciber(raul'si-ber).  [L., 'the  softener.']  In 
Roman  invthologv,  a  surname  of  Vulcan. 

Mulde  (mol'de).  A  river  in  Saxony,  Prussia, 
and  Anhalt.  It  is  formed  by  thcunionoftheZwickauer 
Mulde  and  the  Freiberger  ilulde,  and  joins  the  Elbe  3 
miles  north  of  Dessau.    Length  (including  the  Zwickauer 

•Mulde),  about  200  miles. 

Mulder  (nuil'dcr),  Gerardus  Johannes.  Born 

at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Dec.  27,  1S02:  died 
at  Utrecht,  April,  1S80.  A  Dutch  physician 
and  chemist,  professor  of  chemistry  at  Utrecht 
]S40-68:  especially  noted  for  his  researches 
on  protein. 

Mule  sans  Frein  (miil  son  fran),La.  [F.,  The 
jMulo  without  a  Bridle.']  A  French  romance 
which  hiis  by  some  been  attributed  to  Payans 
Maiziferes,  and  by  others  to  Chrestien  deTroyes. 

The  tale  has  been  versified  by  Sir.  Way  and  by  the  Ger 
man  poet  Wieland  1"  Des  Maulthiers  Zaum"). 

Dunlvp,  Hist,  ot  I'rose  Fiction,  L  2l>8. 

Mulets  (mu-la'),Grands-,  and  Mulcts, Petits-. 

Noted  points  on  the  slope  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Mulford(mul'ford),  Elisha.  Born  atMontrose, 
Pa.,  Nov.  19,  1833:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Dec.  9,  1885.  An  American  Episcopal  clergy- 
man and  philosophical  writer.  His  works  include 
"The  Nation"  (1870)  and  "The  Republic  of  Ood"(I.8^1). 

Mulgrave,  Earls  of.     See  Sheffield  and  riui'iis. 

Mulgrave  (murgrav)  Archipelago.  A  nanie 
given  sometimes  to  the  MarshaUIshinds.Paeihe 
Ocean,  sometimes  collectively  to  the  Marshall 
and  Gilbert  groups. 

Mulgrave  Islands.    A  small  group  of  islands 

ill  tlie  southeastern  part  of  the  Marshall  group, 
I'aeilic  <  )eeaii. 
Mulhacen.     S.'e  Miilnhneeu.        ,       ,„ 

Miilhausen,  or  Miihlhausen  (mul  hon-zen), 

l'\Mulh0Use(miil-oz')-  AcityinUpperAlsaee, 
Alsaei'-Lorraine,  situated  on  the  III  61  miles 
south-southwest  of  Strasburg.  It  Is  the  chief  man- 
ufacturing center  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  being  especUUly 
acted  for  its  manufactures  of  cotton  goods  (including  mus. 
Uns,  calicoes,  etc.),  and  has  also  manufactures  of  iron 
wares,  macliinery,  chemicals,  and  paper.  It  contains  an 
artisans'  colony  (Arbeiterstadt).  Fonnerly  It  was  a  free 
imperial  city  It  was  In  close  alliance  with  the  Swiss  I  on- 
foderatioii  1615-17118;  was  annexed  to  France  In  1798:  was 
occuided  by  the  Hermans  in  1870;  and  was  annexed  to  ticr- 
lnanvinlS71.     Population  (ISIto).  71h«72.  _     _ 

Miilheim-on-the-Rhine(  miirhim-on-Tiie-nn  ). 
A  town  in  the  Kliiiie  Province.  Prussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  HhiiK'  nearly  oiiposite  Cologne.  It 
has  tlourlshlng  niannfactures  and  river  coinmerco.  Pop- 
ulation (IslRi).  :io.«ii'..  ,_    .  ,     .      . 

Mulheim-on-the-Ruhr(-ri)r').Amanufaetiiriiig 

town  ill  the  Khiiie  I'rovince,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Kiihr  34  miles  north  of  Cologne.    Popu- 
lation (1S90),  32,416. 
MulhOUSe.     See  .]tiilli(nil>e>i  „  ,    .  , 

Mull  (null).  An  island  of  the  Inner  TTelirides, 
Argyllslilre.Seollniid.  Cliief  place,  Tobermory. 
It  Is  separated  from  the  msinland  of  Argyllshire  by  the 
Round  of  Moll  and  till' Kirlln.tl/.rn.  Thesurface  Ismoun- 
tainouH  and  rnnL'i-d,  Area,  :I17  square  miles. 
Mull,  Sound  of.  A  sea  imssnge  separu  iiig  Mull 
from  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire  on  the  north- 
east.    Width,  about  2  miles. 


Muller,  Karl  Otfried 
Miillenhoff  (miil'leu-hof ),  Karl  Victor.  Born 

at  .\Iarne,  Holstein,  Sept.  8,  1818:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  19,  1884.  A  German  philologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1858.  He  published  various 
works  on  Germanic  philology  and  antiquities. 

Mullens  (raul'enz),  or  Mullins(mul'inz),Pris- 

cilla.  The  wife  of  John  -Vldeu.  and  the  heroine 
of  Longfellow's  poem  "The  Courtship  of  Miles 
Standish." 

Miiller  fmii-lar'),  Charles  Louis,  called  Miil- 
ler  de  Paris.  Born  at  Paris,  De,-.  22.  1815 : 
died  there,  Jan.  11,  1892.  A  French  historical 
painter.  Amonghis  works  are  the  "Roll  Call  of  the  Last 
Victims  of  the  Reign  of  Terror,  "  "Marie  Antoinette  at 
the  Trianon,"  "Charlotte  Corday  in  Prisou,"  'Galileo 
before  (.'ardinal  Barberini,"  etc. 

Mliller(mUl'ler),Eduard.  [TheG.surnameJ/i/V- 
/(•)=-E.  Miller.]  Born  at  Brieg.  Prussia,  Nov.  12, 
1804:  died  at  Liegnitz.  Prussia.  Nov.  30.  1875. 
.\  Cerniaii  author,  brother  of  K.  <  I.  Miiller. 

Miiller,  Frederick  iFriedrich)  Maximilian, 

generally  called  Max  Miiller.  Born  at  Dt  ssau, 
Oermanv,  Dec.  6.  1823  :  died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  28, 
1900.  A  German-English  Sanskrit  scholar  and 
eonijiarative  philoliigisl,  son  of  Wilhelni Miiller. 
He  was  educated  at  Leijisic.  Berlin,  and  Paris,  and  in  1846 
went  to  Englan.l,  and  in  1850  settled  at  Oxfc  >rd.  He  became 
professor  of  modern  languages  and  literature  there  in  1854, 
and  was  professor  of  comparative  philology  ISilS-liXK).  In 
18.'>6  he  became  connected  with  the  Bodleian  Library,  and 
lsr.5-67  was  curatorof  Oriental  works.  He  edited  and  trans- 
lated the  "  Hitopadesa  "  (1844),  and  edited  the  Rig- Veda  (6 
vols  1K4H  74),  ,-tc.  His  chief  works  are  "A  History  of  An- 
cient .Sanskrit  Literature  "(18.-,aX"  Lectures  on  the  Science 
of  Langua;;e  ■  (lsi;l-l>41.  '•  Handbooks  for  the  .Study  of  .San- 
skrit "  (1M,.V70:  comprising  grammar,  dictionary,  eta), 
"Chips  from  a  Cerman  Workshop  "  (1868-75).  "Lectures 
on  the  Science  of  Religion"  (ls7o).  "On  the  Origin  and 
lirowthof  Religion  as  illustrated  by  the  Religions  of  India 
(1S7S),  and  translations  of  various  Oriental  works. 

Miiller,  Friedrich,  called  Miiller  the  Painter, 

or  Maler  Miiller.   Born  at  Kreuznadi,  Prussia, 
Jan.  13.  1749:  died  at  Eorae,  April  23, 1825.   A 
Germaiijioet,  painter,  and  engraver. 
Miiller,  Friedrich.   Born  at  Jenmik,  Bohemia, 
-March  5, 1834 :  died  at  Vienna,  May  25, 1898.    A 
German  comparative  philologist  and  ethnolo- 
gist, professor  at  Vienna  from  1866. 
Miiller,  George.    Bom  near  Halberstadt.  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  27,  1805;  died   at  Bristol.  March  10, 
1898.     A  German-English  philanthropist.     He 
studied  divinity  at  Halle,  and  went  to  London  in  18-29.     In 
ISau  he  establisheii  tlie  Orphan  House  of  Bristol,  Ui  be  sup- 
ported by  unsolicited  contributions.    In  18,16  it  contained 
297  chUdren,  and  had  received  £84,441  as  the  result  of 
uraver  alone.     In  1876  it  contained  ■2,1100  children,     lie 
wrote  "A  Narrative  of  Some  of  the  Lord's  Dealings  with 
George  Mulkr' (18^7). 

Miiller  Johann.    See  Ucniomnninnus. 
Miiller,  Johann  Friedrich  Wilhelm.    Bora  at 

Stuttgart.  Wiii-temberg,  Dec.  11. 1782  :  dicdnear 
Dresden,  May  3, 1816.    A  German  engraver,  son 
of  J.  (v.  von  Miiller.     Ilis  chief  work  is  the  '  •  Sis- 
tiiie  Madonna"  (after Raphael). 
Miiller,  Johann  Gotthard  von.   Born  at  Bern- 

haiLsen,  near   Stuttgart,  Wurtemberg,  Mav  4, 
1747 :  died  at  Stuttgart,  March  14, 1830.    A  Ger- 
man engraver.      „..,,.,         „  » 
Miiller,  Johann  Heinnch  Jakob.     Born  at 

I 'assel.I'nissia.Ainil  30.  1MI9:  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  Oct.  3,  1875.  A  (iennan  physicist,  pro- 
fessor at  Freiburg  from  1844.  His  chief  work  i» 
"  Lchrbuch  der  Physik  und  Metcorologic  "  (1842). 

Miiller,  Johannes  or  Johann  von.    Born  at 

SclialTliausen.Swit/.erland, Jan.3. 1752;  diedat 
Vassel,  Prussia.  May  '29.  1S09.  A  not.'d  Swiss 
historian.  He  held  various  offices  in  the  service  of 
Mainz  Austria,  and  Prussia,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  di'rcctoi.general  of  education  in  the  kingdom  of  W  est- 
phalia  His  chief  works  are  "Geschichte  der  Schweiier 
("  History  of  the  Swiss,"  4  vols.  1780-1805),  and  "24  Bucher 
allgemeiiier  Gcschlchto  "  ("  24  Books  of  Universal  History, 
isll). 
Miiller,  Johannes.  Born  at  Coblenz.  I'mssia, 
July  14,  ISOI :  died  at  Berlin.  April  2.-28.  18;j8. 
A  celebrated  tiernian  physiologist  and  compar- 
ative anatomist,  professor  at  Bonn  1826-33,  and 
at  Berlin  from  1833.  He  was  one  of  the  t,.iinder«  of 
modern  physiology,  and  exerted  also  a  powerful  liilluence 
upon  other  departments  of  science.  Ills  ■dilef  work  i> 
"  Handbuch  der  Pliysiologio  des  Menscheii. 
MUUer,  Julius.  Born  at  Brieg,  Prussia.  April 
111  ISdl;  , lied  Sept.  27, 1878.  A  noted  (.ernian 
Protestant  theologian,  professor  successive  y 
at  (iiittingeu  (1S.'!4).  Marburg  (ls:!5),nnd  Hallo 
( is:iin  His  chief  work  is  "Pie  christllcho  Udirc  von 
il.r  siiiiile'T'  I'lie  rbrlsllan  Doctrine  of  .sin,"  183l». 

Miiller,  Karl  Otfried     Born  at  Brieg  Pni»- 

sia,  Aug.  '28,  1797:  died  at  Athens,  Aug.  I.  184(1. 
A  celebrated  Gennan  Hellenist  ami  archii'olo- 
gisl,  professor  of  nrclin'ology  at  Giittingen  from 

1S1<K  Among  h\*  works  are  "GoBchlchle  hellenlscher 
.stummeundstaaten  "(1820  ■.>4),"Etni«kcr''(18-.Sl."  Hand, 
buoh  dor  Archuologlo  dor  Kunst  "  tlSSO),  "  i>rolegomennii 


Miiller,  Karl  Otfried 

an  ciner  wissenschaftlichen  Mythologie"  (1825),  "Ge- 
schichte  der  griechischen  Litteratur"  ("History  of  Greek 
Literature, '  1841),  maps  of  ancient  Greece,  etc. 

Miiller,  Max.  See  Miilkr.  Fredericl: ^aximiliait. 

Miiller,  Otto.  Born  at  Schotten,  Hesse,  June 
1,  181G:  died  at  Stuttgart,  Aug.  6,  1894.  A 
German  novelist.  His  works  include  "Biiiger" 
1 1^4.3)  an.l  "  Tliarlotte  Aokermann"  (1854). 

Miiller,  Otto  Frederik.  Bom  1730 :  died  1784. 
A  Danish  naturalist. 

Miiller,  Peder  Erasmus.  Bom  at  Copenha- 
gen. May  :i9,177G:  died  Sept.  4, 1834.  A  Danish 
theologian  and  arehceologist,  appointed  profes- 
sor of  theologyat  Copenhagen  in  1801 ,  and  bishop 
of  Zealand  in  1830.  He  wrote  "  Library  of  the 
Sasas''  (1S1(>-18),  etc. 

Miiller .Wilhelm.  Born  at  Dessau,  Oct.  7, 1794 : 
died  there,  Sept.  30, 1827.  A  German  lyi-ie  poet. 
He  was  a  student  at  Berlin  in  1812.  and,  after  having  fought 
in  the  war  of  liberation  against  France  1813-14,  resumed 
there  his  studies.  From  1817  to  1619  he  traveled  in  Italy. 
In  the  latter  year  he  returned  to  Dessau,  where  he  be- 
came teacher  of  the  classical  languages  at  the  gymnasium, 
and  librarian  of  the  ducal  library.  His  "lieder  der  Grie- 
chen  "  ("Songs  of  the  Greeks,"  1821-24)  were  m-itten  dur- 
ing the  Greek  struggles  for  independence.  "Gedichteaus 
den  hinterlassenen  tapieren  eines  reisenden  Waldhomis- 
ten"("  Poems  from  the  Posthumous  Papers  of  a  Travel- 
ing Bugler  ")  date  from  1821-27,  "  Lyrische  Spaziergange  " 
("  Lyric  Walks  '■)  from  1827.  Some  of  his  lyrics,  especially 
those  set  to  music  by  Schubert  ("llullerlieder").  enjoy 
great  ijopularity.  His '*  Vermischte  Schrif ten  "("  Mis- 
cellaneous Writings")  were  published  at  Leipsic  in 
1830  in  5  vols.  A  new  edition  of  his  poems,  with  an 
introduction  by  his  son  Max  Sluller,  appeared  at  Leip- 
sic in  IM^. 

Miiller  von  KonigswinterCmiil'lerfon  ke'nigs- 
vin-ter),  Wolfgang.  Bom  at  Konigsninter, 
Prussia,  Marib  l.'i.lSlC:  died  at  Xeuenahr,  Prus- 
sia, June  29,  1873.  A  German  lyric  and  epic 
poet  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  idyl  "Mai- 
konigin"  (1852). 

Miillbeiia  (miil'him).  A  town  in  Baden,  situ- 
ated 16  miles  southwest  of  Freiburg.  Popula- 
tion 1 1890),  3.817. 

Mulligan  Letters.  A  series  of  business  letters 
written  by  James  G.  Blaine  to  Warren  Fisher 
of  Boston,  whieh  fell  into  the  hands  of  Fisher's 
bookkeeper,  Mulligan.  They  played  an  important 
part  in  the  political  discussions  which  preceded  the  presi- 
dential nominations  in  1876,  and  especially  in  the  presiden- 
tial canvass  of  1S81,  in  which  Blaine  was  the  Republican 
candidate,  as  it  was  alleged  by  his  opponents  that  they  con- 
firmed charges  of  corruption  brought  against  him  in  con- 
nection with  certain  railroads  (the  Union  Pacific  and  the 
Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith). 

Mullingar  (mul-in-gar').  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Wcstmeath,  Ireland,  situated  near 
the  Brosna  46  mUes  west-northwest  of  Dublin. 
Population  (1891),  5.323. 

Milliner  (miil'ner),  Amadeus  Gottfried  Adolf. 
Bom  at  Langendorf,  noar  Weissenfels,  Prussia, 
Oct.  18, 1774 :  died  at  Weissenf  els,  June  11, 1829. 
A  German  dramatist.  Among  his  plays  are 
"DerneunundzwanzigsteFebmar"(1812),"Die 
Sehuld"  (1816). 

Mulluk  (mul'ilk),  or  Lower  Coquille.  Atribe 
of  the  Kusan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
It  formerly  had  a  village  on  the  north  side  of  Coquille 
River,  Oregon,  at  its  moutii.  The  survivors  are  on  the 
.Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.     See  Kusan. 

Mulock,  Dinah  Maria.    See  C'rail;  Mrs. 

Mulready  (mul'red-i),  William.  Bom  at  En- 
nis,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  April  1,  1786:  died 
at  London,  July  7,  1863.  An  Irish  landseape- 
aud  figure-painter.  He  was  made  royal  academician 
in  1816.  He  painted  "  The  Carpenter's  Shop"  (ISOU),  "The 
Barber's  Shop  "  (1811X  "  Interior  of  an  English  Cottage  " 
(1828), "  Choosing  the  Wedding  Gown  "  084t)),  etc.  In  1840 
he  furnished  the  ornamental  design  for  the  outside  of 
Rowland  Hill's  postal  envelop,  known  as  the  Mul- 
ready envelop,  which  resembled  a  folded  half-sheet  of 
letter-paper. 

Multan,  orMooltan  (mol-tan').  1.  A  division 
in  the  Panjab.  British  India.  Area,  20, 295  square 
miles.  Population(1881),  1,712,394.— 2.  Adis- 
trict  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  72°  E.  Area,  6,079  square 
mUes.  Population  (1891),  631.434.— 3.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Multan,  situated  near 
the  Chenab,  about  lat.  30°  12'  X.,  long.  71°  28' 
E.  It  has  an  extensive  trade.  It  was  stormed  by  the 
Sikhs  in  1S18,  and  by  the  British  In  1849.  Population,  in- 
cluding cantonment  (1891),  74,5(52. 

Multnoma  (mtdt-no'ma).  A  probably  extinct 
tribe  of  the  Upper  Chinook  division  of  North 
American  Indians.  Its  former  habitat  was  near  Mult- 
nomah River  and  Falls,  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon, 
south  of  the  C  .lumhia  River.     See  CAinooitan. 

Muluya  (mo-lo'yii).  A  river  in  Morocco  which 
flows  into  the  Mediterranean  near  the  border  of 
Algeria.     Length,  over  300  miles. 

llumbo  Jumbo  (mum'bo  jum'bo).  Originally  a 
bugbear  common  to  MamUngo  towns,  used  by 
the  natives  to  keep  their  women  in  subjection. 
Uango  Park  describes  it.   The  words  are  now  nsed  to  de- 


714 

note  various  idols  or  fetishes  fantastically  clothed,  wor- 
shiped by  certain  negro  tribes. 
Mummius  (mum 'i -us),  Lucius,  sumamed 
Achaicus.  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  2d  cen- 
turv  B.  C.  A  Roman  consul  146  B.  C.  He  defeated 
theAch.-ean  League  and  captured  Corinth,  completing  the 
Roman  conquest  of  Greece  (146  B.  e.). 

Muncaczy.    See  Minihdcsij. 

Munch  (moneh),  Andreas.  BornatCHmstiania, 
Uet.  19, 1811:  died  June  30, 1884.  ANorwegian 
poet  and  dramatist.  His  father  was  the  poet  Johan 
Storm  Munch,  bishop  of  Christiansand.  In  1830  he  went 
to  Christiania  to  study  jurisprudence,  but  returned  home 
the  following  year  and  remained  there  until  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1832,  when  the  family  removed  to  Christiania. 
He  was  now  obliged  to  support  himself  by  his  own  labors, 
and  soon  gave  up  the  idea  of  a  legal  career.  His  first  book 
was  the  collection  of  poems  '*Ephemerer"("Ephemer:\"), 
which  appeared  in  1S37.  This  was  followed  in  the  succeed- 
ing year  by  a  long  poem  "Sangerinden  "  ("The  Singer"), 
andby  his  first  drama,  "Kong  Sverres  TJngdom  "  ("King 
Sverre's  Youth  "),  which  was  awarded  the  tirst  prize  and 
the  honor  of  production  at  the  opening  of  the  new  Nor- 
wegian theater.  In  1S46  he  gave  up  the  editorship  of  the 
political  journal  "  Constitutionelle,"  which  he  had  in  the 
meantime  assumed,  to  travel  in  FYance,  Italy,  and  Ger- 
many,  w-here  he  was  absent  a  year.  After  his  return  he 
published  "Digte  gamle  og  nye  "  ("  Poems  Old  and  Xew") 
and  the  prose  "  BiUeder  fra  Nord  og  Syd  "  ("Pictures  from 
Xorth  and  South  "),  both  in  1S4S,  followed  by  "  Nye  Digte  " 
("New  Poems  ")  in  1850.  The  death  of  his  >vif e  this  last 
year  gave  rise  to  the  collection  of  poems  published  in  1852 
with  the  title  "  Sorg  og  Trost "  ("  Grief  and  Consolation  "). 
He  now  turned  his  attention  again  to  the  drama,  and  wTote, 
between  the  year^  1854  and  1856,  "  Solomon  de  Cans,"  the 
historical  drama  "En  Aften  paa  Giske"  ("An  Evening  at 
Giske  "),  and  the  tragedy  "  Lord  William  Russel."  Subse- 
quent worlds  are  "Samlede  Digte"  ("Collected  Poems," 
1858),  "Nyere  Digte"  ("Recent  Poems,"  1S61),  the  cycle 
"Jesu  Billeder"  ("Pictures  of  Jesus,"  1865X  "Eftersom- 
mer  "  ("  Autumn."  1867).  He  was  the  author  also  of  other 
poems  and  dramas,  besides  translations  from  Sir  Walter 
Scott  aud  a  version  of  Tennyson's  "  Enoch  Arden." 

Miinch  (miinch),  Ernst  Hermann  Joseph  von. 

Born  at  Rheinfelden,  Switzerland,  Oct.  25, 1798: 
died  at  Kheinf elden,  June  9, 1841.  A  Swiss  his- 
torian. 

Munch  (moneh) ,  Peder  Andreas.  Bom  at  Chris- 
tiania, Norway,  Dec.  15,  1810 :  died  at  Rome, 
May  25, 1863.  ANorwegian  historian,  philolo- 
gist, andantiquary:  cousin  of  Andreas  Munch. 
Ilis  chief  work  is  "Det  Norske  Folks  Historic  "("History 
of  the  Norwegian  People,"  18;.2-63). 

Munchausen,  Baron,    See  Miinchhausen. 

Miinch-Bellinghausen  (miinch'bel'ling-hou- 
zen),  Barou  Eligius  Franz  Joseph  von:  pseu- 
don\'ni  Friedrich  Halm.  Bom  at  Cracow,  April 
2, 1806 :  died  at  Vienna,  May  21, 1871.  Ai  Aus- 
triandramatist.  Hischiefwork5are"Griseldis"(1834),_ 
"Der  Sohn  der  Wildnis"  ("The  Son  of  the  Wilderness,'" 
1843,  played  in  English  as  "  Ingomar  the  Barbarian  "), 
" Der  Fechter  von  Ravenna"  ("The  Fencer  of  Ravenna,' 
1S54),  and  "Wildfeuer"  (1864). 

Miinchen  (miin'chen).     German  for  Munich. 

Miinchengratz  (miineh'en-grats).  A  town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Iser  39  miles  northeast 
of  Prague.  Here,  June  28,  1S66,  the  Prussians  under 
PrinceFrederickCharlesdef  eat  ed  the  Austriansand  Saxons 
under  Clam-Gallas.    Population  (1S9<J),  commune,  3,601. 

Miinchhausen  (miinch'hou-zen),  Baron  Karl 
Friedrich  Hieronymus  von.  Bom  at  Boden- 
werder,  Hannover,  Germany,  May  11, 1720:  died 
there,  Feb.  22,  1797.  A  German  soldier  in  the 
Russian  service  against  the  Turks,  etc.  A  col- 
lection of  stories  ascribed  to  him,  written  by  R.  E.  Raspe, 
was  published  in  English  in  1785  as  "  Baron  Munchausen's 
Narrative  of  his  Marvellous  Travels  and  Campaigns  in 
Russia."  His  name  is  proverbially  associated  with  ab- 
surdly exaggerated  stories  of  adventure,  etc. 

Muncie  (muu'si).  A  city,  capital  of  Delaware 
Countv,  Indiana,  51  miles  northeast  of  Indian- 
apolis!    Population  (1900),  20,942. 

Munda  (mun'da).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  "southern  Spain,  of  undetermined  position. 
It  is  noted  lor  the  victory  gained  there,  45  B.  a,  by  Julius 
Cffisar  over  tlie  sons  of  Pompey. 

Mundaka  Upanishad  (mon'da-ka  6-pa-ni'- 
shad).  An  Upanishad  of  the  Atharvaveda. 
It  contains  3  short  chapters  called  Mundakas,  which  are 
said  by  native  exegetes  to  take  their  name  from  Sanskrit 
munda,  *shom,'  because  one  who  comprehends  their  doc- 
trine is  shorn  or  liberated  from  all  error.  It  distinguishes 
between  the  higher  science,  or  the  esoteric  wisdom  of  the 
Upanishads,  and  the  lower,  or  the  knowledge  of  the  Vedas 
and  the  Vedangas.  It  has  lieeu  translated  by  MiiUer 
("Sacred  Books  of  the  East,"  XV.  27). 

Munday (mun'da), Anthony.  BomatLondon, 
1553:  died  there,  Aug.,  1633.  An  Elizabethan 
writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  John  AUde,  stationer, 
in  1576.  He  was  made  poet  laureate  of  the  City  of  London, 
and  was  the  author  of  pastoral  poems,  journalistic  tracts 
and  pamphlets,  translations,  romances,  plays,  and  pa- 
geants. He  compiled  "The  Mirror  of  Mutabilitie,  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  Mirror  of  Magistrates,  selected  out  of  the 
Sacred  Scripture,"  in  1579.  His  "  English  Romayne  Life  " 
(1582)  is  an  account  of  his  experiences  among  Romanist 
refugees  in  France  and  Italy.  In  1586 he  published  "Sweet 
Sobs  and  .\morous  Complaints  of  Shepherds  and  Nymphs," 
and  in  1618  an  enlarged  edition  of  Stow's  "London." 

Mundella  (mun-del'la),  Anthony  John.  Bom 
1825 :  died  at  London,  July  21, 1897.     An  Eng- 


Munkics 

Ush  politician.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  council 
on  education  in  the  Liberal  administration  of  1880-85,  aud 
president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  the  cabinet  in  1886.  and 
a'.zain  on  Gladstone's  return  to  power  in  1892.  He  resigned 
office  in  May,  1894. 

Miinden  (miin'den).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Fulda  and  Weira,  10  miles  northeast  of  Cassel. 
It  has  a  ruined  castle.   Poptilation  (1890),  7,227. 

Munden  (mun'den),  Joseph  Shepherd.  Born 
at  London,  1758:  died  there,  Feb.  6,  1832.  An 
English  actor.  He  was  chemist's  assistant,  lawyer's 
clerfc,  and  copyist  in  turn,  until  his  admiration  for  Gar- 
rick  determined  him  to  go  on  the  stage.  He  jouied  a 
company  of  strolling  players,  making  his  first  appearance 
at  London  in  1790.  His  success  was  complete.  He  was 
the  original  of  Sir  Robert  Bramble,  Ephraim  Smooth,  Caus- 
tic, Old  Rapid,  etc.,  and  made  Old  Dornton  in  "The  Road 
to  Ruin  "  the  great  triumph  of  his  life.  Charles  Lamb 
celebrated  him,  in  the  "Essays  of  Elia,"  as  the  king  of 
broad  comedy.    He  left  the  stage  May  31,  1824. 

Mundequetes  (mon-de-ka'tes).  A  name  given 
by  old  Portuguese  ■writers  to  the  Bateke  around 
Stanley  Pool,  Africa. 

Mundi  (mon'de).    A  hUl  stat«  of  Iiidia. 

Mundlah.     See  ifmidla. 

Mundt(mont),  Madame  (Klara Miiller) :pseu 

donjrm  Luise  Miihlbach.  Born  at  Neubran- 
denburg,  Germany,  Jan.  2,  1814:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Sept.  26, 1873.  A  German  novelist,  wife  of 
TheodorMundt.  she  wrote  "Friedrich  derGrosseund 
sein  Hof  "  ("  Frederick  the  Great  and  his  Court, "  1853),  and 
otherromanceson  Prussian,  Austrian,  French,  etc.,  history. 
Mundt,  Theodor.  Born  at  Potsdam,  Prussia, 
■  Sept.  19,  1808:  died  at  Berlin,  May  30,  1861.  A 
German  novelist  and  critic,  one  of  the  "Young 
Germany  "  school  of  writers.  He  became  professor 
of  literature  and  histoiy  at  Breslau  in  1848.  and  professor 
and  libraiiau  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1850.  Besides 
works  of  fiction,  he  wrote  "Kunst  der  deutschen  Prosa" 
("Art  of  Gennan  Prose,"  1837),  "  Geschichte  der  Litteratur 
der  Gegenwart"("  History  of  Contemporary  Literature," 
1812),  etc. 
Mundurucus(m6n-do-r6-k6s').  Apowerfultribe 
of  Brazilian  Indians,  south  of  the  Amazon,  on 
the  river  Tapajos  near  its  lower  falls,  and  ex- 
tending westward  to  the  branches  of  the  Ma- 
deira. They  are  agrictilturists  but  bold  warriors,  and 
were  long  enemies  of  the  neighboring  Muras  and  of  the 
whites.  In  1803  they  made  peace  with  the  latter,  and  have 
ever  since  been  their  faithful  friends.  Physically  and  mor- 
ally they  are  one  of  the  finest  of  South  .American  races. 
Formerly  they  tattooed  the  face  and  body  in  a  peculiar 
pattern.  The  Mimdurucus  are  now  partly  civilized,  and  are 
much  employed  as  rubber-gatherers.  The  tribe  still  num- 
bers at  least  15,000.  They  are  generally  classified  with  the 
Tupi  stock.    Also  written  3[undrueuSf  Mondorocui,  etc. 

MungO,  Saint.     See  Kentif/ern. 

Munhaneca  (mo-nva-na'ka).    See  Xyanelca. 

Munich  (mii'nik).  "  [0H6.  munihha,  pi.,  ilSQr. 
municheii,  dat.  pi.,  G.  miinchen,  the  monk:  from 
a  monastery  on  its  site.]  The  capital  of  Ba- 
varia and  of  the  government  district  of  Upper 
Bavaria,  situated  in  a  plain  on  the  Isar,  inlat .  48° 
8'  N.,  long.  11°  35'  E.  it  is  famous  as  an  art,  musical, 
dramatic,  and  educational  center,  and  has  flourishing  com- 
merce and  manufacttu-es.  being  particularly  noted  for  beer- 
brewing.  The  Frauenkirche,  the  archiepiscopal  cathe- 
dral, is  a  spacious  loth-ceutury  structure  of  brick  in  a  florid- 
Pointed  style.  The  nave  and  aisles  ;ire  of  equal  height, 
with  slender  octagonal  pillars  and  elaborate  vaiilting.  The 
cathedral  measures  320  by  117  feet.  Height  of  vaulting, 
lOSfeet;  of  the  western  towers  (unfinished).  SlSfeeL  The 
AlteResidenz,  the  royal  palace,  built  by  the  elector  Ma.xi- 
milian  I.  between  1602  and  1619,  incloses  4  courts,  and  its 
apartments  are  richly  decorated  and  contain  much  that  is 
of  artistic  and  historical  interest  The  New  Rathaus,  or 
town  hall,  is  alarge  and  picturesque  building  in  the  Pointed 
style,  with  fagades  on  the  Mailen  Platz  and  the  D.ener 
Strasse.  The  Propylaea,  so  called .  on  one  side  of  the  Kdnigs 
Platz,  form  a  magnificent  gateway  completed  in  1862. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  monument  of  Max  Joseph 
L,  Max  Joseph's  Platz,  Konigsbau,  national  theater,  conr  t 
chapel,  Festsaalbau,  library  and  museums,  .^ieges-Thor 
(Gate  of  Victorj'X  Bavarian  National  Museum,  monument 
of  Max  II.,  Maximilianeum,  Old  Pinakothek.  New  Pina- 
kothek,  Glj-ptothek.  Basilica,  Old  Rathaus,  statue  of  Ba- 
varia, and  Kuhmeshalle.  Nearbyisthecastleof  Nymphen- 
burg.  Munich  was  founded  by  Henrj'  the  Lion,  1158 :  be- 
came the  capital  about  12.'.5;  was  occupied  by  Gustavus 
.\dolphus,  1632 ;  and  developed  greatly  under  Louis  I.  and 
Ma.\imilian  11. (1825-64).    Populationili«»),  4!W,959. 

Munich,  University  of.  A  seat  of  learning 
founded  at  Ingolstadt  in  1472,  and  removed  to 
Landshut  in  1802  and  to  Munich  in  1826.  It 
has  about  4,000  students  and  a  library  of  400,- 
000  volumes. 

Munich  Atlas.     See  Kunstmavn,  Friedrich. 

Municipio  Neutro.     See  Sio  de  Janeiro. 

Munk(mbnk).  Salomon.  Bom  at  Glogau,  Prus- 
sia. May  14, 1805 :  died  Feb.  6, 1867.  A  French 
Orientalist,  appointed  (though  blind)  professor 
of  Oriental  languages  at  the  College  de  France 
in  1865.  He  translated  from  Maimonides  the 
"More  Nebuchim "  under  the  title  "Le  guide 
des  egar^s"  (1856-66),  and  pubUshed  "Pales- 
tine" (1845).  etc. 

Munkdcs  (mon-kach').  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Beregh,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  I-atorcza 


Mimk4c3 

79  milfis  northeast  of  Debreczin.  Near  it  is  a 
celi-liniti'd  fortress.  Po|)ulation  (1890),  10.531. 
Munkacsjr  (mijii'ka-elie).  or  Muncaczy  (kiit- 
sej.  MLhaly  (real  name  Michael  LiebJ.  Bori) 
at  Munkdcs,  Hungary,  Feb.  20,  1844:  died  at 
Endeniili,  near  Bonn.  May  1,  1900.  A  noted 
HuiiKarian  liistorioalamifienre painter.  He  stud- 
ied untl'-T.-i  p(iitrait-p:tnit<.'r:U  Gyula,  at  tlie  Yiemia  Arail- 
emy.at  Muiiicti  with  Franz  Atiatn  ( wiierelu'  won  thnt-  tirst 
prizes),  anJ  at  Dusseliicirf,  where  he  (ievote<l  himself  to 
ge>ire>paliiti>i^.  lit  IHtvj  he  made  a  name  with  liis  "  La^t 
Day  of  aOtunleiiuied  Mail."  He  went  to  Paris  in  1872,  ami 
a  few  years  later  began  t»i  paint  Parisian  seenes.  Here  hi- 
took  the  medal  of  honor  in  1878, and  later  medals  at  \'ieiiiia, 
Munich,  Berlin,  etc.  He  was  ennuhled  by  the  Austrian 
government.  He  was  elected  to  the  ^Innieh  Aeaiieniy  in 
1881,  and  visit<d  New  York  in  1*80.  Anioi'c  his  works 
are  "  Milton  ilietatinj;  Paradise  Lost  "  (1^78),  "  Christ  be- 
fore  Pilate"  (1881),  "Chris.t  on  Calvary"  (1884),  "Last 
Moments  of  Mozart  "  (1^^8.^),  etc. 

jliinnich  (miin'nich),  Count  Burkhard  Chris- 
tophvon.  Born  in  Oldenbm;;.  (ionnanv.  May, 
16S3:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,',  Oct.  27.  ite".  A 
Russian  general  and  politioian,  distinguished 
as  a  commander  against  tlie  Turlts.  He  was 
mime  minister  1740-41. 

JBIunoz  (mfin-yoth').  Fernando,  Duke  of  Rian- 
zares.  Born  at  Taraneon,  Spain,  ISIO:  died  near 
Havre,  France.  1873.  A  Spaniard  who  married 
Queen  Maria  Christina  secretly  in  1833,  and 
oi)enly  in  1844. 

Munoz,  Juan  Bautista.    Born  near  Viileneia, 

174.^:  died  at  Madrid,1799.  A  Spaiiishliistorian. 
In  1779  he  was  coinnii.ssioneil  by  Charles  III.  to  write  a  liis- 
tory  of  America,  and  for  this  puipi;>seall  public  and  private 
archives  were  pl.aeed  at  his  disposal.  He  collected  a  vast 
amount  of  material,  but  only  the  first  volume  of  his  "His- 
toria  del  Nuevo  Mundo"  was  puldished  (.Madrid,  1793). 

Munro  (mun-ro'),  Hugh  Andrew  Johnstone. 

Burn  at  Elgin,  Oct.  19,  1819:  died  at  Kome, 
March  30,  188.").  A  Scottisli  classical  scliolar. 
He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  Trinity  College,  Cani- 
bi  idge  :  was  a  fellow  of  Trinity  IM:; ;  and  became  profes- 
sor of  Latin  in  1S69.  lie  edited  Lucretius  in  1S64  and  Horace 
In  1'>G9,  and  wrote  excellent  (Jreek  and  Latin  verse. 

Munsee  (mim'se),  or  Minsiu  (min'si-o).  A 
tribe  of  S^orth  American  Indians,  belonging  to 
tlie  Delaware  Confederacy,  but  commonly  re- 
garded as  distinct.  They  formerly  lived  about  the 
head  waters  of  tile  Delaware  River  in  New  York,  New 
,Tersey,  and  Pennsylvania.  They  early  became  scattered 
and  incorporated  with  other  tribes.    .See  Ahjonqaian. 

Munster  (muu'ster).  An  ancient  province  of 
Ireland,  occupying  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
islan<l.  It  comprises  the  counties  Tipperaiy,  Waterfm-d, 
Cork,  Kerry,  Limerick,  and  Claie.  It  was  an  early  medieval 
kingdom.  The  ancient  capital  was  Cashel.  Population 
(1891),  1,17-J,'102. 

Miinster  (miiu'ster).  [FromL.  (H0Hfl.s7«VH;n,  a 
cloister.]  A  former  bishopric  of  Westphalia 
anil  principality  of  the  Holy  Eomau  Knipire.  It 
was  created  in  the  middle  ages.  The  archbishops  of  Co- 
logne became  bishops  of  Miinster  in  1719.  The  bishopric 
was  secularized  in  1803,  and  the  territories  divided  be- 
tween Prussia  and  various  niinorstates.  They  were  divided 
between  Prussia  and  Hannover  by  the  Vienna  Congress  in 

lsl4-l.i. 

Miinster.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  West- 
phalia and  of  the  government  district  of  Miin- 
ster, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Miinstersche  Aa 
in  lat.  51°  57'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  E.  it  h:i«  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  cotton,  leather,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  chief- 
ly of  tlie  13th  century,  thoui^h  in  many  features  of  style 
and  design  it  apiicars  older.  The  Kathaus  is  notable  for 
its  Ki  iedenssaal,  in  which  the  peace  of  Westphalia  was 
signed  in  liris,  and  which  contains  many  historic  relics,  and 
for  its  niaiii  faijade  of  the  end  of  the  14th  century.  The 
rhuri:h  of  .St.  Lambert,  Liebfranen-ICirche.  and  many  old 
buildings  aie  of  interest.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy  (a 
university  until  1S18),  and  was  made  the  seat  of  a  bishopric 
by  Charles  the  flreat  about  8rtl).  Its  early  name  was  Mi- 
nifgardevord.  It  was  a  Il;inseatic  town,  and  was  famous 
as  the  center  r»f  the  Anabaptist  excesses  under  John  of 
Leyden,  Matthiesen,  Knlpperdolling,  and  others  In  ].^34- 
ir»35.  Bishop  von  (Jalen  took  forcible  possession  of  it  in 
IfdU.  It  was  a  literary  centerin  the  18th  century.  Popu- 
1:ition(lS90),  4y,:i40. 

Miinster,  A  town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  r'echt4G  miles  southwest 
of  Strasbnrg.  Formerlv  it  was  a  free  imperial 
city.     Population  (1890),  :j,(i(i4. 

Miinster  (in  Switzeiland).     See  Moiilier. 

Miinster,  Peace  of.    See  ll'rsi/iliniia.  Fence  nf. 

Miinster,  Sebastian.  Born  at Ingillu'im,  Ger- 
many, 1489:  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  May 
23,  1.").52.  A  fiernian  geographer.  Orientalist, 
and  mathematician,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Basel.  He  wrote  "Cosmographia  universalis" 
(I.')44),  etc. 

Milnsterberg  (miin'ster-bcro).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Olilaii  37  miles  south  of  Breslau.  Population 
(1.890),  V,.W2. 

Miinsterthal  (miin'ster-tiil).  [O., 'Miinster  val- 
ley.'] 1.  A  valley  in  the  canton  of  Beni,  Swit- 
zerland.    See  Moutierg,  Val. —  2.   A  valley  in 


715 

the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Ori- 
sons, Switzerland,  sout  h  of  the  Lower  Eugadine. 
Miinter  (miiu'ter).  Balthasar.  Born  at  Lii- 
beek,  March  24, 1735 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Oct. 
5, 1793.  A  German  hymn-writer  and  pulpit  ora- 
tor, preacher  at  Copenhagen  from  1765. 

Miinter,  Friedrich  Christian  Earl  Heinrich. 

Boi'u  at  Gotua.  Genuany,  Oct.  14,  1701 :  died  at 
Copenhagen,  April  9, 1830.  A  Germau-Uanish 
ecclesiastical  historian  and  archwologist,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  theology  at  Copenhagen  in 
1788,  and  bishop  of  Zealand"in  1808. 
Miinzer  (miint'ser),  Thomas.  Born  at  Stol- 
berg  in  the  Harz,  about  1490:  executed  at 
Miihlhausen,  Prussian  Saxony,  May  30, 1525.  A 
German  religious  enthusiast.  Ue  studied  at  Halle, 
possibly  also  at  Wittenberg,  and  in  1520  liecame,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Luther,  an  evangelical  preacher  at 
Zwiikatl,  where,  in  connection  with  Nicholas  Storch  and 
others,  he  organized  the  Anabaptist  movement.  He  was 
expelled  In  1521,  and,  after  a  visit  to  Bohemia  and  various 
Gemian  cities,  became  a  preacher  at  Allstcdt  in  ir>23.  Ex- 
pelled in  1524  through  the  intlucnce  of  Luther,  of  whom 
lie  was  now  a  determined  opponent,  he  became  in  the  fttl- 
lowing  year  a  preacher  in  the  free  city  of  Miihlliausen  in 
Thuringia.  He  made  himself  master  of  the  city,  deposed 
the  city  council,  and  introduced  a  democratic  communistic 
government.  The  peasant  insurrection  which  broke  out 
in  Swabia  and  Franconia  (l.V2ri)  having  reached  Thuringia, 
he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  8,000  Anabap- 
tists and  insurgent  peasants,  and  inaugurated  a  war  of  ex- 
termination against  the  nobility  and  the  clergy.  He  was 
defeated  b,\  I'liilip,  laiidgraveof  Uesse,  and  George,  dukeof 
Saxony,  at  Frankenhauscn,  May  l.^»,  152.^» ;  was  captured  in 
the  tli'^ht;  and  was  tried  and  executed. 

Munzinger(inont'sing-er), Werner.  BornatOl- 
ten,  Switzerland,  April  21, 1832 :  died  in  Africa, 
Nov.  1(5,  1875.  An  African  explorer  and  linguist. 
He  lived  in  Egypt  1852-.'3,  occupied  with  mercantile  af- 
fairs ;  conducted  a  trading  expedition  to  theKed  Seals.'')4- 
1S55;  lived  among  the  Bogos  IS5»-5t;,  and  published  "sit- 
ten  und  Itecht  der  Bogos  "  1859 ;  was  with  Hetigljn's  ex- 
pedition in  lytil ;  explored  the  land  of  Bazen  and  arrived 
in  Khartum  18ti2 ;  as  chief,  in  Hcuglin's  place,  explored 
Kordofan;  and  returned  to  Europe.  He  publLshcd  "Ost- 
afrikanische  Studien  "  (181,14),  "Die  dcutsche  Expedition 
in  C)stafrika"  (I8tj5),  "Vocabulaire  de  la  langue  Tigr6  " 
(186;"i).  He  became  British  consul  at  Ma-ssowah  in  186;)  and 
assistant  of  Lord  Napier  ;  French  consul  in  1808  :  Egyptian 
governor  in  1870;  and  governor-general  of  Eastern  Sudan 
in  1372.  He  was  fatally  wounded  in  an  expedition  against, 
Abyssinia,  and  died  at  Aussa. 

Muottathal,  orMuotathal  (mo-ot'ii-tal).  1.  A 
valley  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switzerland. — 
2.  A  town  in  that  valley. 

Muphrid  (mii'frid).  [Ar.  al-miifrid  aUramih. 
the  solitary  star  of  the  lancer.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  Tj  Bobtis,  in  the  right  leg  of  the 
giant. 

Mux  (inor.).  A  river  which,  rising  in  Salzburg, 
flows  through  Styria  anil  part  of  western  Hun- 
gary and  joins  the  Drave  27  miles  east  of  Wa- 
rasilin.     Length,  about  250  miles. 

Murad.     See  Amurath. 

Murad  Effendi  (mo'riid  e-fen'di).  Assumed 
name  of  Franz  von  Werner.     See  Wrriur. 

Muradabad  (mo-rii-dil-biid'),  or  Moradabad 
(mo-ra-dii-biid').  1.  A  district  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  28°  45'  N.,  long.  78°  30'  R.  Area,  2,282 
square  miles.  Population  (1891 ),  1,179.398.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Muradabad,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ramganga  97  miles  east  of  Delhi. 
It  is  a  trading  center.  Population,  including 
cantonment  (1891),  72,921. 

Muralto  (mo-riil'to),  Onuphrio.   The  fictitious 

canon  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Otranto,  from  whom 
Walpole,  as  William  Marshall,  professed  to 
translate  "The  Castle  of  Olranto." 

Murano  (mii-rii'no).  An  island  and  town  in 
the  lagoon  of  Venice,  Italy,  1  mile  north  of  Vvn- 
ice.  Ithiwbeen  famous  since  the  14th  century  for  its 
glass  nianufaetiires,  and  is  noted  for  its  cathedrid  and  Mu- 
sco  Civico  (with  Venetian  glass  products). 

Muras  (mb'riis).  A  horde  of  P.razilian  Indians 
on  the  middle  Amazon.  I'omierly  they  were  mimei-- 
ous  and  powerful  in  the  rt-gion  between  the  lower  Tapa- 
Jds  and  Sladeira.  According  to  vague  ti-aditlou  they 
came  from  the  upper  Amazon,  driven  out  by  the  Iiicas  of 
Peru.  They  were  long  at  war  with  the  Mundurucus,  by 
whom  they  worellnally  comiuored  about  17.S.S:  sfucothen 
they  have  led  a  wandering  life  in  the  network  of  lakes  and 
channels  about  the  mouth  of  the  Madeira,  living  in  miser, 
able  Inits  or  in  canoes,  and  subsisting  by  hunlliig  and  ilsh. 
lug.  A  few  hundreds  remain,  in  a  very  ilegraded  state,  and 
much  crossed  with  negro  blood  from  fugit  Ivo  slaves.  They 
are  noted  thieves.  Their  language  Is  doubtfully  classed 
with  the  Tupi. 

Murat  (mii-rii'),  Joachim.  Born  at  Bastide, 
Lot,  Fiance,  March  2.'i,  1771 :  exoculed  at  Pizzo, 
Calabria,  Italy,  Oct.  13,  1815.  A  French  mar- 
shal, and  king  of  Naples,  brother-in-law  of  Na- 
l)oleon  I.:  famous  as  a  cavnln*  commander,  no 
was  the  son  of  an  innki-eper :  stinlled  theology  at  Ton. 
loUHO  :  entered  the  army  us  a  volunteer ;  and  served  with 
distinction  In  Italy  17ninl7,  and  in  Egypt  I7i)S-li»,  becom- 
ing  a  general  of  division.  He  aided  the  coup  d'l^tat  of  Nov., 
17U0;  married  Caroline  Bonaparte  Jan.  20, 18i)ii :  and  wai 


Mure,  Sir  William 

made  governor  of  Paris  and  marshal  in  1804,  and  prince 
and  high  admiral  in  ISiJS.  Ue  commanded  the  cavalrj-  at 
Marengo  in  1800,  at  Austerlitz  in  1805,  at  Jena  in  1806,  and 
at  Eylau  and  Priedland  In  l8o7.  In  180Hhe  wasmailegraud 
duke  of  Berg  and  Cleves  ;  commanded  in  Spain  in  1808 ;  be- 
came kiilg  of  Naples  as  Joachim  I.  Napoleon  in  1808  ;  coin- 
mantled  the  French  cavalry  in  1812 ;  w  as  leagued  with  Aus- 
tria in  1814  ;  went  over  to  Na|R.leoii  March,  1815 ;  wot  de- 
feated by  the  ,\iistiian8  at  T<'leiitino  May  2-3,  lel5;  and 
was  captured  in  making  a  landing  in  Calabria  in  Oct.,  1815. 

Murat.Prince Napoleon Lucien Charles.  Born 

at  Milan,  May  16,  1803  :  di...l  at  Paris,  April  10. 
1878.    Son  of  Joachim  Murat.    He  lived  in  the 
United  States  until  1848,  and  was  later  a  poli- 
tician and  prince  in  France. 
Muratori  (mo-rii-to're),  Ludovico  Antonio. 

Born  at  Vignola,  near  Modcna,  Italy,  Oct.  21, 
1672:  died  at  Modena,  Jan.  23,  1750.  A  cele- 
brated Italian  antiquary,  director  of  the  Ambro- 
sian  College  and  Library  at  Milan,  and  later 
librarian  to  the  Duke  of  Modena.  His  chief  works 
are''RerumItalicariimscriptores"(172;t-51X'*.\ntiquitatefl 
Italieie  medii  Mvi "  (17:i8-42).  "  Ann:di  d'llalia  "  (1744-19). 

Muratorian  (mu-ra-to'ri-an)  Fragment  or 
Canon,  The.  A  summary  of  the  canonical 
books  of  the  New  Testament,  in  popular  and 
illiterate  language,  probably  dating  from  the 
period  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  It  was  first  pub- 
lislied  by  L.  A,  Muratoii  in  1740. 

Muravieff  (mci-rii-ve-ef ' ),  Nikolai.  Bom  1793: 
died  Nov.  4, 1866.  A  Russian  general.  He  served 
with  distinction  against  the  Poles  in  1831,  and  captured 
Kars  in  185.^. 

Muravieff  (mii-ra-ve-ef'),  Nikolai,  Coimt  Mu- 
ravieff-Amurski.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1803 
(1810  f) :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  19, 1881.  -A  Russian 
general.  Hcwasappointedlieutenant-governorof Eastern 
Siberia  in  1848.  and  took  possession  of  the  Amur  territory, 
which  was  ceded  by  China  in  lHr>8.  As  a  reward  for  this  ser- 
vice he  wascreatedacotuit  and  promotedgeneral  of  infantry. 

Murchison  (mer'ki-son),  Sir  Roderick  Impey. 

Born  at  Tarradalo,  Ross-shire.  Feb.  19,  1792: 
died  Oct.  22,  1871.  A  Scottish  geologist.  He 
was  educated  at  the  grammar.school  at  Durham  and  the 
military  college.  Great  Marlow.  In  18i)S  he  went  t»  Gali- 
cia  with  Wellesley,  and  was  with  Sir  John  Moore  in  there- 
treat  to  Corunna,  After  eight  years'  service  he  left  the 
army  and  tmveled  in  Europe.  He  took  up  the  study  of 
geology  at  the  suggestion  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  and  in  1825 
read  his  iirst  paper  before  t  he  C.cologieal  Society.  He  was 
associated  with  Lyell  and  later  with  .Sedgwick  in  Xw- 
vei-gne  and  the  Alps.  His  especial  work  was  the  estal>- 
iishment  of  the  Silurian  System  in  1831  ("  The  Silurian  Sys- 
tem," 1838),  and  later  the  Devonian.  In  184.')  he  published 
"Russia  and  the  Ural  Mountains."  In  1856  he  was  ap- 
pointed director-general  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  di- 
rector of  the  Koyal  School  of  Mines  and  Geological  Mu- 
seum in  Jermyn  street, 

Murcia  (nn-r'shi-ii;  Sp.  ])ron.  miir'the-a).  A 
province  of  Spain,  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. It  is  rich  in  metals.  Area,  4,478  square 
miles.    Population  (1887),  491,438. 

Murcia.  A  fonner  Moorish  kingdom  in  Spain, 
comprising  the  provinces  of  Murcia  and  Alba- 
cete.     It  was  conquered  by  Castile  1243-53. 

Murcia.  The  cai)ital  of  the  province  of  Mnr- 
ciii,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Segura  in  lat.  37° 
59'  N.,  long.  1°  11'  W.  It  has  silk  manufactures. 
Thecathedral,  of  thel4thcentury.hasabroad  Renaissance 
west  front  and  tower.  The  wahiutchoir.stalls  are  delicately 
carved  with  saints  and  Bible  scenes.  The  family  chai>el  of 
Los  W'les,  w  ith  its  tombs,  is  a  remarkable  example  of  the 
tlorid-I'ointeii  style.  Murcia  was  taken  by  Castilians  about 
1240,  and  was  plundered  by  the  lYench  in  the  Peninsular 
war.     Population  (1887),  98,538. 

Murdoch  (mer'dok),  James  Edward.    Bom  at 

Philadeljiliia,  Juno  25,  ISH:  died  at  Cincinnati, 
May  19,  1.893.  An  American  actor,  and  j)ro- 
fessor  of  elocution  at  the  Cincinnati  College  of 
Music.  He  made  his  llrtit  appearance  at  Philadelphia  in 
1S29.  He  was  versatile,  and  played  a  variety  of  leading 
characters.  In  1840,  while  he  was  stage  manager  of  the 
National  Theater,  Bt>stoii,  he  left  the  stage  and  devoted 
live  years  to  study,  reap]>caring  as  Hamlet  In  New  York. 
He  was  considered  thereafter  as  a  leading  actor.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  out,  lie  devote.l  his  energies  to  the 
sujiport  of  the  I'nlon  as  nurse  while  his  two  sons  were  hi 
the  army,  and  gave  readings  for  the  benellt  of  the  I'niled 
Slates  simltnry  Commission. 

Murdock  (mer'dok),  JameS.  Born  at  West- 
brook,  Conn.,  Fell.  16,  1776:  died  at  Columbus, 
Miss.,  Aug.  10,  1856.  An  American  Congregsi- 
tional  divine  and  scholar.  He  translated  works 
of  Mosheim,  and  tho  New  Testament  from  tbo 
I'eshilo  version. 

Murdock,  William.  Born  at  Ani'hinleck,  AjT- 
shirc,  Aug.  21.  1754:  died  nt  Biriningliam,  Nov. 
1."),  1.S39.  A  Scottish  inventor.  He  entered  tho 
works  of  lloiiltoll  and  Watts.  Birtiilngham,  in  1777.  and  in 
17115  made  the  Iirst  jiractleal  iiseo(  illiimiiiating  giul.  Ue 
also  Invented  the  osclllallug  steam. eugiiia 

Murdstone(nit'iirsi  on). Edward.  In  Dickens's 
"  David  Copperliild,"  a  black-haired,  violent^ 
tem]iered,  vindictive,  cruel  man:  David  Co})- 
perlield's  stepfather. 

Mure  (iniir).  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Bowallan, 
Avrshiro,  l.'i94:  died  1657.    A  Scottish  poot.    Ue 


Mnre,  Sir  Williain 

was  wounded  at  MarstoD  Moor.  He  wrote  the  "  True  Cruci- 
fix for  True  Catholics  "  (l(i29),  and  a  version  of  the  Psalms 
0639). 

Mure  (mur),  'William.  Bom  near  Caldwell, 
Ayrshire,  July  9,  1799 :  died  at  London,  April 
1,  18(i0.  A  Scottish  historian  of  Greek  litera- 
ture. He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  at 
Edinburgh  and  Boun  universities.  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament for  Renfrew  ls46-5.'i.  His  "Critical  History  of 
the  Language  and  Literature  of  .\ncient  Greece  "  (5  vols. 
1850-57)  was  undnished  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
a  colonel  in  the  Renfrewshire  militia. 

Murena(mu-re'na),LuciusLicinius.  1.  A  Ro- 
man commander  aijainst  Mithridates  83-82  B.  c. 
—  2.  A  son  of  tlie  |ireeedin<j.  He  waselected  consul 
in  62  B.  C.  Having  been  accused  of  bribery  by  an  unsuc- 
cessful rival,  he  was  defended  by  Cicero  and  acquitted. 

Muret  (mii-ra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne 11  miles  southwest  of  Toulouse.  Here,  in 
1213,  Simon  de  Montfort  defeated  the  Albigenses  and  Ara- 
gonese.     Population  (IsOl),  commune,  4,142. 

Muret,  Marc  Antoine,  L.  Muretus  (mu-re'- 
tus).  Born  at  Muret,  near  Limoges,  France, 
April  12,  1526:  died  at  Rome,  June  4,  1.585.  A 
celebrated  French  humanist.  He  taught  the  class- 
ics at  Poitiers,  Bordeaux,  Paris,  and  Toulouse;  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  resided  in  Venice,  Padua,  and  Rome ;  and 
after  his  return  (1563)  to  Rome  from  a  visit  to  France  in 
the  train  of  the  legate  Cardinal  Hippolito  d'Este,  taught 
civil  law  there  until  15S4.  He  edited  Latin  authors,  and 
wrote  Latin  orations,  letters,  etc. 

Murfree  (mer'fre),  Mary  Noailles:  pseudo- 
nym Charles  Egbert  Craddock.  Born  at  5Iur- 
freesboro,  Tenn.,  about  1850.  An  American 
novelist,  she  contributed  to  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly  " 
before  1880,  and  wrote  "In  the  Tennessee  Mountains" 
(1884),  "Where  tlie  Battle  was  Fought"  (1884).  "The  Pro- 
phet of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains"  (1S85),  "In  the 
Clouds"  (1886),  "The  stoiy  of  Keedon  Bluffs"  (1887),  etc. 

Murfreesboro,  or  Murfreesborough  (mer'trez- 

bur-6).  [Named  from  Colonel  Hanly  Murfree, 
an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War.]"  The  capi- 
tal of  Rutherford  County,  Tennessee,  32  miles 
southeast  of  Nashville.  A  victorv  was  gained  here 
by  the  Federals  (4:),40(J)  under  Rosecraiis  over  the  Confed- 
erates (37.712)  under  Bragg.  Heavy  fighting  occurred  on 
Dec.  31,  1882;  on  Jan.  1,  1863,  little  was  done,  but  the 
battle  was  resumed  on  Jan.  2  ;  the  following  day  a  heavy 
rain  fell,  and  on  the  night  of  Jan.  3-4  Bragg  i-etreated.  P'ed- 
eral  loss,  l:i,24!),  inrluding  1,730  Uilled  ;  Confederate  loss, 
about  11,000.     Population  (iiioo/,  3,U99. 

Murgab,  or  Murghab  (mor-gab').  A  river  in 
northwestern  Afghanistan  and  the  region  about 
Merv,  Asiatic  Russia.  It  is  lost  in  swamps  about 
lot.  38°  N. 

Murger  (miir-zhar'),  Henri.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  24,  1822:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1,S61.  A 
French  litterateur.  He  was  at  first  a  notary's  clerk, 
and  afterward  secretary  of  Count  Tolstoi.  His  style  is  botli 
humorous  and  melancholy.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
sketches  of  Boliemian  life  in  Paris  ('Scenes  de  la  vie  de 
Boheme,"  lS48t.  Among hisotherproseworksare  "Scenes 
de  la  vie  de  jeunesse."  "  Les  buveurs  d'eau,"  "Le  sjibot 
rouge,"  etc.;  and  among  his  poems,  "Les  nuits  d'hiver." 

Murillo  (nn'i-ril'o;  Sp.  pron.  mo-rel'yo),  Bar- 
tolome  Esteban.  Born  at  Seville,  .Spain  (bap- 
tized Jan.  1,  1G18) :  died  there,  April  3, 1682.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  painter,  chiefly  of  religious 
sub.ieets.  His  first  master  was  Juan  del  Castillo.  In 
1643  he  moved  to  Madrid,  where  he  came  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Velasquez,  then  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame.  He  re- 
turned  to  Seville  in  1645,  where  he  spent  several  years 
(1661-74)  in  painting  a  series  of  11  picttu-es  which  at  once 
brought  him  into  notice.  Among  these  are  "  Moses  Strik- 
ing the  Bock,"  "Abraham  and  the  Angels,"  "The  Miracle 
of  the  Loaves  and  Fishes,"  "St.  Peter  Released  from  Pris- 
on," and  "  St,  Elizabeth."  In  1648  he  married.  A  favor- 
ite subject  with  .Murillo  was  the  Virgin  of  the  Conception  : 
the  most  famous  example  of  this  is  in  the  Louvre.  In  166n 
he  established  the  public  academy  at  Seville.  On  the 
death  of  Philip  I\'.,  his  successor,  Charles  II.,  made  Mu- 
rillo court  painter,  though  he  was  not  willing  to  live  in 
Madrid.  He  continued  to  work  at  Seville  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  a  scaffold 
while  painting  in  the  Church  of  the  Capuchins.  There  is 
a  list  of  481  of  his  pictures,  nearly  200  of  which  are  in  Eng- 
land, 61  in  Madrid,  about  60  in  Sevill?,  21  in  Paris,  24  in 
Russia,  and  a  limited  number  in  the  United  States. 

Murillo-Toro  (mo-rel'yo-to'ro),  Manuel.  Bom 

at  Chaparral,  Tolima,  1815:  died  at  Bogotil, 
Dee.,  1880.  A  Colombian  statesman.  He  w.as  a 
lawyer  and  a  prominent  journalist,  upholding  the  liberal 
party.  He  held  many  important  civil  and  diplomatic 
po.-^itions ;  was  repeatedly  member  of  Congress  ;  and  w.a3 
twice  president  of  Colombia  (18t;4-66  and  1872-74), 

MiiritZ  (mu'rits).  Lake.  A  lake  in  Jlecklen- 
burg-Sehwerin,  Germany,  60  miles  north-north- 
west of  Berlin.     Length,  17  miles. 

Murner  (mor'ner),  Thomas.  Born  at  Ober- 
ehuheim,  near  Strasl)urg,  Dec.  24,  1475 :  died 
at  Oberehnheim,  1537.  A  German  satirist 
and  opponent  of  the  Reformation.  He  studied  at 
the  Franciscan  school  in  Strasburg;  was  then  a  wandering 
scholar  in  France,  Germany,  and  Poland  ;  aTid  afterward 
studied  theology  at  Paris  and  law  at  Freiburg,  where  he 
lived  in  1499.  He  was  subsequently  custodian  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan monastery  at  .Strasburg.  In  ISOo  he  was  crowned 
poet  by  the  emperor  Maximilian.  About  Tbn9  he  was 
made  doctor  of  theology  at  Verona.    His  satirical  work 


716 

" Narrenbeschworung "  ("Exorcism  of  Fools")  was  pub- 
lished at  Strasburg  in  1512,  in  which  year  apjteared  also 
his  "Schelroenzuuft  *'  ("Rogues' Gild"),  consisting  of  ser- 
mons originally  delivered  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  The 
satire,  in  rimed  couplets,  "  Von  dem  grossen  Lutherischen 
Narren,  wie  ihn  Doktor  Murner  beschworen  hat  "("On  the 
Great  Lutheran  Fool :  how  Doctor  Murner  has  Exorcised 
Him  "),  published  at  Strasburg  in  1522,  is  a  virulent  attack 
upon  the  Reformation. 

Muro  Lucano  (mo'ro  16-ka'n6).  A  small  town 
in  tlie  province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  18  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Potenza. 

Muro  y  Salazar  (mo'ro  §  sii-lii-thiir').  Salvador 
de.  Marquis  of  .Someruelos.  Born  at  Madrid. 
17o4 :  died  there,  Dec.  14, 1813.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral and  administrator.  He  was  governor-general  of 
Cuba,  May,  1799,  to  April,  1812,  a  period  which  included 
many  important  events  in  the  histoi-y  of  tlie  island. 

Murphy  (mfer'fi),  Arthur.  Bom  near  Elphin, 
Roscommon,  Dee.  27,  1727;  died  at  London, 
June  18,  1805.  A  British  dramatist.  He  studied 
at  St.-Omer,  France,  and  in  1747  entered  a  counting-room 
in  Cork.  In  1752-74  he  published  the  "Gray's  Inn  Jour- 
nal "  in  London.  He  appeared  as  actor  and  dramatist,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1762.  He  wrote  the  "Upholsterer" 
(1767),  "All  in  the  Wrong  "(1761), "  Know  Your  Own  Mind  " 
(1778),  "  Three  Weeks  after  Marriage,"  and  translations  of 
Sallust  and  Tacitus  (1793), 

Murphy,  John  Francis.  Born  at  Oswego,  N.  T. . 
1853.  An  American  landscape-painter.  Heisa 
member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  and  of  the 
American  Water-Color  Society. 

Murray  (mur'a),  or  Goolwa  (gorwil).  [Named 
by  its  explorer,  Sturt,  from  Sir  George  JIuiTay, 
an  Australian  official.]  The  principal  river  of 
Australia,  it  rises  in  the  Australian  Alps,  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales,  trav- 
erses Lake  Alexandrina  (or  Victoria)  in  South  Australia, 
and  falls  into  Encounter  Bay  about  lat.  36°  35'  S,  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Darling  and  the  combined  Lachlan  and 
Murrumbidgee,  Length,  over  1,000  miles;  navigable  to 
.\lbury, 

Murray,  Alexander.  Born  at  Chestertown. 
Md.,  1755:  diedatPhiladelphia,0et.6, 1821.  An 
American  naval  officer.  He  served  in  the  Revo- 
lution and  against  Tripoli. 

Murray,  Alexander.  Born  at  Dunkitterick, 
Kirkcudbrightshire.  Oct.  22.1775:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  15,  1813.  A  Scottish  philologist. 
He  attended  school  for  a  short  time  in  1788,  and  aftenvard 
by  his  own  efforts  mastered  the  English  language,  the 
classics,  the  European  languages,  Hebrew  and  other  Orien- 
tal tongues,  and  Abyssinian,  In  1S12  he  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages  at  Edinburgh,  In  1823  he 
published  "History  of  the  European  Languages." 

Murray,  Da'Vid,  second  Earl  of  Mansfield.  Bom 
Oct.y,1727:  died  Sept,  1,1796.  ABritishnoble- 
man.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  seventh  Viscount  Stor- 
mont  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland  in  1748,  and  his  uncle  as 
second  earl  of  Mansfield  in  1793,  His  wife  at  the  same 
time  succeeded  as  countess  of  Mansfield  in  her  own  right 
by  a  separate  creation. 

Murray,  Earl  of.     See  Stuart,  James. 

Murray,  Eustace  Clare  Grenville.    Born  in 

1824:  died  at  Passy,  France,  Dec.  20,  1881.  A 
journalist  and  author,  natural  son  of  the  second 
duke  of  Buckingham.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
became  a  student  of  the  Inner  Temple.  In  1861  he  was 
attache  at  Vienna,  in  1852  at  Constantinople,  and  in  18ii5 
consul-general  at  Odessa,  He  wrote  the  "  Roving  Englisli- 
man"  (1854-55),  "History  of  the  French  Press  "(1874),  and 
the  novels  "The  Member  for  Paris  "  (1871)  and  "Young 
r.rown  "  (1874). 

Murray,  James  Augustus  Henry.     Bom  at 

Denholm,  Roxburghshire,  in  1837.  An  English 
philologist  and  lexicographer.  He  graduated  at  Lon- 
don University,  and  has  twice  been  president  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society.  He  is  the  author  of  "The  Dialect  of  the 
Southern  Counties  of  Scotland  "  (1873),  and  of  a  "Synopsis 
of  the  Horae  Pauliui-e,  etc."  (1879),  etc. ;  edited  "The  Ro- 
mance and  Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  Ercildoune,  etc.,"  in 
1876;  and  in  1879  entered  upon  the  editorship  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society's  "Isew  English  Dictionary,"  succeeding 
Herbert  Coleridge  and  Dr.  Fumivall.  Since  1890  Henry 
Bradley  has  been  joint  editor.  This  work,  issued  by  tlie 
Clarendon  Press,  was  begun  by  Dr.  Murray  at  Mill  Hill, 
near  London,  and  continued  at  Oxford,  where  Part  I  was 
issued  in  1884. 
Murray,  John.  Born  at  Alton,  Dee.  10,  1741: 
died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  .Sept.  3, 1815.  An  Amer- 
ican Universalist  clergyman,  called  "  the  father 
of  American  Universalisin." 

Murray,  originally  M'Murray,  John,  Bom  at 
Edinburgh,  1745:  died  Nov.  6,  1793.  An  Eng- 
lish publisher,  of  Scottish  birth.  He  obtained  a 
commission  in  the  Royal  Marines  in  1762,  and  in  1768 
bought  the  businessof  William  Sandby  in  London,  He  pub- 
lished the  "English  Review,"  D'lsraeli's  "Curiosities  of 
Literature,"  etc. 

Murray,  John.  Bom  about  1778 :  died  July  22, 
1820.  A  Scottish  chemist  and  physician.  He 
wrote  "Elements  of  Chemistry  "  (1801),  Elements  of  Ma- 
teria Medica  and  Pharmacy  "(1804),  "  A  System  of  Chemis- 
try "(1S06),  etc, 

Murray,  John.  Bora  Nov.  27, 1778 :  died  June 
27,  1843.  An  English  publisher,  son  of  John 
Murray  (1745-93).  Hestartedthe"Quarteriy Review" 
(Feb,  1,  1809)  in  opposition  to  the  "Edinburgh  Review," 
an  undertaking  in  which  he  had  the  cooperation  of  Can- 
ning, Scott,  Heber,  Ellis,  and  Barrow.     He  published  the 


Muscatine 

works  of  Byron,  Crabbe,  Moore,  Campbell,  Irving,  etc 
His  business  has  been  continued  by  his  son  (1808-92')  anj 
his  grandson,  both  of  tlie  same  name. 

Murray,  Lindley.  Born  at  Swatara,  Pa. ,  1745  • 
died  in  England,  Feb.  16,  1826.  An  American 
gi'ammarian.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1765.  after- 
ward accumulated  a  fortune  in  commercial  pursuits,  and 
in  1784  settled  in  England,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  His  chief  works  are  "The  Power  of  Religion 
on  the  Mind  '  (1787)  and  "English  Grammar"  (1796). 

Murray, William,  first  Earl  of  Mansfield.  Bom 
at  Scone,  Scotland,  March  2, 1705:  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  20, 1793.  A  celebrated  British  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  solicitor-general  1742-S4,  af  ' 
tomey-general  1754-56,  and  became  famous  as  chief  jut- ! 
tice  of  the  King's  Bench  1756-88.  After  1766  he  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  cabinet.  He  has  been  called 
"the  founder  of  English  commercial  law." 

Murray,  William  Henry  Harrison.    Bora  at 

(_;uilford,  Conn.,  April  26.  1840.  An  American 
Congregational  elerg>-man,  pastor  of  the  Park 
Street  Congregational  Church  1868-74,  He  pub- 
lished "Camp  Life  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains  "  (186SX 
"  The  Perfect  Horse  "  (1873),  sermons  (1874),  and  "  Tales" 
(1877  and  1887). 

Murray  Hill.  A  district  in  New  York  citv.  It  la 
on  high  ground,  beginning  at  about  34th  street  and  Fifth 
Avenue,  and  extending  north  to  about  40th  street.  It  was 
named  from  a  Quaker  family  who  owned  an  estate  on  tho 

site. 

Murree,  or  Marri  (mnr-re').  A  health-resort 
in  tho  Panjab,  British  India,  about  lat.  33°  53' 

N.,  long.  73°  20'  E. 

Miirren  (mur'ren).  A  summer  resort  in  the 
Bernese  Oberlanil.  Switzerland,  in  the  upper 
Lauterbrunnen  valley,  south  of  Interlaken. 

Mursa  (mer'sa).  In  ancient  geography,  a  Ro- 
man town  of  Pannonia:themodernEssek  (which 
see).  Here.  Sept.  28,  351,  Constantius  gained  a  notable 
victory  over  the  usurper  Magnentius :  54,000  are  said  to 
have  been  slain. 

Murshidabad  (mor-s"ne-da-bad'),  or  Moorshe- 
dabad(m(ii'-she-da-bad').  1.  Adistrict  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  15'  N., 
long.  88°  15' E.  Area,  2,144  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  1,250,946.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Murshidabad,  situated  on  the  Bhagi- 
rathi  112  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  It  is  a  trading 
and  tuanufacturing  center,  and  was  the  capital  of  Beogu 
in  the  18th  century.     Populatiou  (1891),  36,576. 

Murten.     See  Morat. 

Mur'Viedro(mor-ve-a'THr6).  AsmaU  towninthe 
province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Palaneia  15  miles  north-northeast  of  Valencia: 
the  ancient  Saguntum  (which  see).  Here,  Oct. 
25,  1811,  the  French  imder  Suehet  defeated  the 
Spaniards  under  Blake. 

Murzuk,  or  Mourzouk  (mor-zok').  The  capi- 
tal of  Fezzan.  situated  about  lat.  25°  50'  N., 
long.  14°  10'  E.     Population,  estimated,  6,500. 

Mus.     See  Dcciiis,  2Ius. 

Musa  (mii'sil).  Born  at  Mecca  about  660 :  died 
about  718.  A  Saracen  viceroy  of  Egj'pt.  He  con- 
quered northern  Africa,  and  conquered  Spain 
(with  the  aid  of  Tarik)  711-713. 

Musaeus(mi;i-se'ns).  [Gr.  JIowQiof,  (servant) 'of 
the  Muses."]  A  legendary"  Greek  poet  of  Attica, 
son  of  Eumolpus  and  Selene.  To  him  were  at- 
tributed various  poems  connected  with  the  mysteries  of 
Demeter  at  Eleusis,  over  which  he  was  said  to  have  pre- 
sided. 

Musaeus.  Lived  about  the  5th  century  A.  D.  A 
Greek  grammarian,  author  of  a  celebrated  poem 
on  Hero  and  Leander.  Of  this  poem  340  verses 
have  been  preserved.  It  was  imitated  by  Mar- 
lowe. 

Musagetes  (mii-saj'e-tez).  [Gr.  MmcayirTK, 
leader  of  tho  Muses.]     An  epithet  of  Apollo. 

Musaus  (mo-sa'os),  Johann  Karl  Aupist. 
Born  at  Jena,  Germany,  1735  :  died  at  AVeiniar. 
Germany,  Oct.  28, 1787.  A  German  author.  His 
chief  woi'k  is  ''  Volksmarcheu  der  Deutschen" 
("  Folk-Tales  of  the  Germans,"  1782-86). 

Musca  (mus'kii).  [L.,' the  fly.']  A  name  given 
to  the  constellation  also  called  Apis,  the  Bee. 
It  is  situated  south  of  the  Southern  Cross,  and  east  of  the 
Clianielei>n,  and  contains  one  star  of  the  third  and  three  of 
the  fourth  magnitude.  The  name  was  also  formerly  given 
to  a  constellation  situated  north  of  Aries, 

Muscat,  or  Muskat  (mus-kaf).  1.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  Oman  (which  see). —  2.  The 
capital  of  Oman,  Arabia,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Oman  in  lat.  23°  30'  N.,  long.  58°  30'  E.:  one 
of  the  chief  commercial  centers  of  Arabia.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  under  Albuquerque  about 
1508,  and  was  recovered  from  them  in  the  middle  of  the 
17lh  century.     Population,  estimated,  40.000  to  50,000. 

Muscatine  (mus-ka-ten').  A  city,  capital  of 
JIuscatiue  Count}',  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, 26  miles  west  by  south  of  Davenport.  It 
has  meat -packing  and  lumber  trade.  Popula.- 
tion  (1900;,  14,073. 


Muscle  Shoals 

Muscle  Shoals  (mus'l  sholz).     A suceession  of 
rapids  in  the  Tennessee  River,  in  noi-tbern  Ala- 
bmna,  east  of  Florence. 
Muscovy  (mus'kO-vi).     [From  ML.  iTusenru, 
Russia,  from  Buss.  Moskva  :  see  Moscow.}     A 
name  often  Riven  formerly  to  Russia. 
Mus6e  des  Antiquites  Nationales  (mii-za  da 
zon-te-ke-ta  ua-se-o-nal')-     A  museum  estab- 
lished in  the  chateau  of  St.-Germain-en-Laye. 
near  Paris.     It  contains  objects  of  the  prehistoric  Hint 
or  bone  perioJ,  collections  of  sculptures,  bas-reliefs  w:ir 
chariot.^  armor,  coins,  and  relics  from  the  earliest  civiliza- 
tion "t  Kranci-  to  the  Carolingian  period. 
Mus6e  du  Louvre.     See  iomre. 
Mu8§e    du   Luxembourg.     See  Luxemhourg, 

I'uUiir  (if  tilt.  . ,     T     ^       1 

Muses  (mfi'zez).     [Gr.  Moraai.]     In  Greek  my- 
tholocv,  the  daughters  of  Zeus  and  Mnemosyne, 
who  according  to  the  earliest  writers  were  god- 
desses of  meiuorv,  then  inspiring  goddesses  ot 
song,   and  according  to  later  ideas  divinities 
presiding  over  the  different  kinds  of  poctrj-,  and 
over  the  sciences  and  arts,  while  at  the  same 
time  having  as  their  especial  province  springs 
and  limpid  streams.     Their  number  appears  in  the 
Homeric  poems  not  to  be  fixed  ;  later  it  seems  to  havebeen 
out  at  three,  but  afterward  they  were  spoken  ot_  as  niiu: : 
hio,  the  Muse  of  heii.ic  exi.loit,.  or  of  histoi-j- :  buterpr  u( 
liiH.ivsiac  music  ami  the  duul.It- llute  ;  rAohn,  of  gaiety, 
I    ,    I   life  and  cimiedv;  M.l /I'mieiu,  of  song  and  bar- 
.iid  (]f  tragedy  ;   ffr/isi.iiuri;  of  choral  dance  and 
Iriitd  of  eniti'.-  ].uetrv  and  the  lyre ;   I'uh/mmn  or 
l:.lnh>imi,in'.o!  theinsiiLied  and  stately  hymn  ;  irrniua.uf 
•i^troiioinicalandother celestial  phenomena;  amXCiMiopc. 
I  lie  chief  of  the  Muses,  of  i.uetie  inspiration,  of  eloquence, 
■,d  of  heroic  or  epic  puetiy.     The  Muses  were  intimately 
-s.K-iated  in  legend  and  in  art  with  Apollo,  who,  as  the 
Idcf  guardian  and  leader  of  their  company,  was  called 

Muses'  Looking-Glass,  The.    A  pjay  by  r 

!;ando!ph,  originally  acted  under  the  title  ot 
■■  The  Pjiiterfainraent."  It  was  printed  in  1638.  Of 
the.late  of  the  present  play  there  can  be  no  doubt,  for  the 

I      device  of  draining  the  Fens  by  Dutch  windmills,  in  lfaJ2, 
Is  alluded  to  as  contemporary.     F/eay. 

'  Museum  (mu-ze'um).  [Gr.  ilovcelov,  from 
\lo,  TO,  Muse.]  1.  A  hill  almost  directly  south 
of  the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  the  furthest  east  ot 
the  group  of  hills  on  the  southwestern  side  of 
the  city :  nanie<l  from  the  existence  on  it  of  an 
old  shrine  of  the  Muses.  On  its  summit  stands  a 
innsnicuous  monument,  ornamented  with  niches,  t'orin- 
tliiioi  cnlumns,  statues,  and  a  relief-frieze,  to  rhdopappus, 
111.  I  ist  king  of  Ccmitnagene,  who  became  an  Athenian 
,iii/i  n  after  his  dethronement  by  Vespasian.  The  slopes 
•il  lln-  hill  particularly  im  its  southern  extension,  abound 
with  curious  rock-cuttings,  for  the  most  part  vestiges  of 
prehistoric  Athens.  These  include  house  foinidations, 
stairs  nieeting-places  with  seats,  and  the  so-called  prison 
of  Siicrates  and  tmnb  of  Cimon.  Between  this  lull  and 
the  I'nyx  passed  the  road  to  the  Piraeus  between  th-  Long 
Walls.  The  rock  is  deeply  cut  with  the  ruts  ol  chariot- 
wheels  and  an  artillcial  water-channel. 
2.  An  institution  of  learning  iuaneient  Alexan- 
dria.   See  the  extract. 

King  Ptolemy  I.,  surnamed  Soter,  'the  Preserver  '  (300- 
"fti  B  c  ),  founded  the  Museum,  or  Temple  of  the  Muses, 
whicii  was  somewhat  like  amodern  university.  The  build- 
ing incluiled  galleries  of  art,  lecture-rooms,  and  dining- 
halls  Distinguished  men  of  learning  were  niamtainecl  at 
the  Museum  ;  and  the  beautiful  gardens,  with  their  shady 
walks,  their  statues  and  fountains,  became  famous  as  the 
haunt  of  Alexandrian  poets  and  scholars 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit. ,  p.  13i>. 

MusgU  (inoa'gb).     See  Maso. 
Musidora  (niii-si-do'ra).     The  coy  sweetheart 
cjf  Daiiinu  in  Thomsori's"  Seasons."    His  delicacy 
on  the  occnsl.m  of  seeing  her  bathing  won  her  alfeclions. 
She  Is  the  subject  of  a  painting  by  Oainsborough.  iii  the 
National  Oallei y.  London.     The  maid,  lightly  dn.ped  sits 
on  the  bank  of  a  woodland  stream:  one  foot  is  a  ready  in 
the  water,  :nid  she  is  removing  the  sandal  from  the  othei 
Muskegon  (mus-ke'gon).     A  city,  capital  oi 
Muskegon  County,Michigaii, situated  on  AlMSke- 
gon  Lake,  near  tiuke  Michigan,  in  lat.  4:!°  1.) 
X    long    Hfion'W.    The  leading  industry  Is  the  lum- 
ber manufacture  and  trade.     Population  (iyi»i),  'io.slH. 
Muskhogean  ( musk-hri'ge-an).     An  important 
linguistic,   stock  of   North  American   Indians, 
named  from  the  chief  tribe  of  the  Creek  Confed- 
eracv.     Its  divisions  occupied  nearly  the  whole  State  of 
Mississippi,  the  western  half  of  Tennessee,  a  small  area  in 
eastern  Kentucky,  all  of  Alabama  most  of  (Jeorgla.  and. 
In  laU-r  times,  nearly  all  of  I'Tonda.     'I he  fid  ..wing  is  a 
linguistic  elassllleation  of  the  tribes:    (n)  I  he  western 
group  (the  main  people,  the  Choctaw,  branched  out  into 
the  Chicasa,  the  Choctaw  Olllf  tribes  (,•.  ;;.  I'ascagoula)  In 
the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  a  few  In  lower  Louisiana  ami 
Alabama)    (li)  The  Aliliamu  group(Alibaniu  vilhiges,  Muk- 
lasa  Odshiap..fa,  Koassatl.oktchoyi:  all  near  the  junction 
of  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers,  Alabama),     (c)  The  cen- 
tral or  Creek  group  (Upper  Creeks,  on  the  Coosa  and  1  alla- 
poosa  rivers  and  in  the  central  district  between  the  two; 
the  Creek  portion  of  the  Semlnoles,  Yamasl.  am    Vama- 
craw  ■  Lower  Creeks,  on  middle  Chattahoochee  River  and 
east  of  It),     (d)  The  llitcbill  group  (the  tribes  speak  ng 
Illtchltl  dialects  on  lower  Cbal taho.ichec  Klver  and  east  ,>f 
It,  as  Hltchltl,  Hawokli,  Ddsblsi,  Tnlalosi,  and  the  Illtcbitl 
portion  of  the  Semlnoles  and  of  the  Vamasi  and  V  ama- 
craw).    («)  Tho  ApalachI  group  (formerly  near  St.  Mark  s 


717 

River  llorida).  The  principal  tribes  are  the  Alibamu, 
Apala'chi,  Chicasa,  Choctaw,  Creek  or  Maskoki  proper 
HItchiti,  Koasati,  Pcnsacola.  Seminole,  "i  amacraw,  Va- 
masi andVazoo.  Of  these  tribes  the  Choctawon  the  west 
were  short  and  heavy,  the  Creeks  taller  and  more  active. 
The  Chicasa  were  the  most  warlike  and  the  best  hunters, 
the  Choctaw  the  most  agricultural  and,  together  with  the 
Creeks,  the  most  a.lvanced  in  culture.  All  the  tribes  bad 
fixed  villages,  the  larger  fortitled  by  palisades  anil  em 
banktnents.  Several  contcdcracieswcreestablished  within 
the  stock,  of  which  the  Creek  was  the  most  widely  known. 
The  present  number  of  the  stock  is  over  30,000. 

MuskKmiis'ke).  Apeopleoften  mentionediuthe 
cuneiform  inscriptions, settled  somewherenorth 
of  Cappadocia.  Thev  are  identifled  with  the  Moschi 
of  the  Creek  writers,  and  the  Meshech  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment In  the  liible  Meshech  is  usually  combined  with 
Tub.al,  and  similarly  in  the  itiscriiitions  the  .Mnskl  with 
Tabal  The  Muski  lame  in  hostile  contact  with  the  As- 
syrians under  TIglath-Pileser  I.  (lliO-llOO),  A^urnazirpal 
(SS4  si'.n),  and  .Sargoii  (722-70.'.).  .     /m  • 

Muskingum  (mus-king'gum).  A  nver  in  Ohio. 
It  is  f..rmeil  by  the  union  of  thcTuscaraw.-isand  S\  alhonrt- 
iiig  at  Coshocton,  and  joins  the  Ohio  at  Marietta.  Length, 
including  the  Tuscarawas,  about  2J0  mUes;  navigable 
about  or.  miles. 

Muskoki.     See  Creel: 

Muso  (mo'zo).  A  village  m  the  western  part  ot 
the  department  of  Boyaca,  Colombia,  on  the 
river  Carare,  nearly  north  of  Bogota.  Its  emerald- 
mines  were  long  the  richest  in  the  world,  and  are  sliU 
worked.  During  the  colonial  period  Muso  was  a  wealthy 
city.     Also  written  Muzo. 

Musonius  (mii-so'ni-us),  Caius  Rufus.  Lived 
in  the  1st  century  A.  D.  A  IJomau  Stoic  philoso- 
pher. .  «    -.     *i 

MUSOS  (mii'zos).  An  extinct  tribe  of  bouth 
.\merican  Indians  who,  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest, were  found  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mag- 
daleiia  Kiver,  about  100  miles  north  and  north- 
west of  tho  present  citv  of  Bogota.  They  were 
much  less  civilized  than  the  Chibchas,  with  whom  they 
were  at  war,  and  thev  made  a  long  and  valorous  resistance 
to  the  Spaniards,  flnall»  committing  suicide  in  great  iiuin- 
bers  rather  than  submit  to  them.  The  Muso  emerald- 
mines  were  in  their  district. 
Muspellsheim  ( mos'pels-him).  [ON.  Mtispelh- 
l.iiiiir.]  In  the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  realm 
of  fire  and  warmth  in  the  south.  At  Ragnarok, 
Suit  (Old  Norse  Stirtr),  the  ruler  of  Muspellsheim  conies 
with  his  flaming  sword  at  the  head  of  the  Muspells-sons 
and  destroys  the  world  with  fire.     Also  .W«spi'(  or  Mim- 

Muspilli  [OHG.  Muspim.  OS.  Mudspelh,  Mu  ts- 
nclli,  the  end  of  the  world,  Icel.  MuspeU,  an 
abode  of  firo  (see  Muspielhhcim);  of  uncertain 
origin,  but  usually  explained  as  from  OHG 
molUi,  AS.  moUU;  etc,  earth  (E.  moul.l),  ami 
*sniltian,  OS.  .•■•pililidii,  AS.  xpiHan,  destroy  (h. 
.s7)iH).]  A  fragmeiitarv  Old  High  German  ])oem 
on  the  end  of  tho  world",  of  unknown  authorship, 
written  in  alliterative  verse.  It  exists  in  a  single 
manuscript,  from  about  the  year  900,  in  the  liavarian  dci- 
lect. 


"MuspiUi"  belongs  to  a  time  when  myths  of  tho  old 
heathen  mythology  blended  with  the  faith  of  the  new  con- 
verts to  Christianity.  Muspel,  in  Scandinavian  inytholo.,.-y 
was  a  great  world  of  fire  that  at  the  end  would  break  ...t, 
and  devour  the  earth  and  all  that  was  upon  it.  '  Mns|.illl 
therefore  served  to  express  the  final  conllagratlon  of  the 
world  ;  and  that  is  the  subject  of  tins  fragment  which 
shows  also  an  adaptation  of  pre-Christian  to  (  Inlstian 
ideas  in  the  fight  of  inias  with  Antichrist,  which  may  an- 
swer to  tho  contest  between  Thor  and  Snitur. 

ilorUij,  English  Writers,  II  9,. 

Muspratt  (mus'iirat ),  James  Sheridan.   Born 

at  Dublin,  March  .'^,  bS'-'l :  died  at  West  Derby, 
April3,  1H71.  A  British  chemist.  Uewascducated 
at  Liverpool,  and  studied  with  Liebig  1543-40,  He  founded 
the  Liverpool  Collcg.^d  Chemistry,  and  becaliie  professor 
there  Ilis  works  include!  •'(milines of  Qualitative  Analy- 
sis "  (1849),  "  IHclioiiary  ot  Chemistry  "  (18,54),  etc. 
MusquitOS.     Same  as  .Uo«/»'7i«. 

Musschenbroek  (miis'chen-bri.k).  Pieter  van. 

Born  at  Levdeii,  Netherlands,  March  H.  \U.).: 
died  there," Sept,  I!),  I'dl.  A  Dutch  natural 
iihilosnpher  ;ini\  mathematician. 
Musselburgh  {mus'1-bur-o).  A  burgh  in  the 
emiiitv  of  Ivlinlnirgh,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  Firth  of  I'ortli  and  the  Ksk  (>  miles  east  ot 
Edinburgh.  It  is  a  notable  golling  resort.  Pop- 
ulati.m  (1K!M),  S,SS.^,  »,,     j    j 

Musset  (mii-sa'),  Louis  Charles  Alfred  de. 

liorn  at  I'aris,  N..v.  11,  ISIO:  died  there.  May 
1  1H.")7,  A  celeliraled  French  poet.  Ills  father, 
Musset-Pathay,  was  a  man  of  letters,  and  encouraged  in 
his  children  the  love  of  Ictlcrs.  A  fred  de  >"»-•''',''■ 
alcd  with  high  h..no,-s  (ton,  the  College  Henri    \  .  In  1      i«, 

and  had  just  eo eled  his  twentieth  year  when  he  pub. 

lisheil  his  lll-st  volume  of  poetry,  ■■Contes  d  hspag iie  e 
...     .. .<, ....ii...,,l..„ui,r  ,,iii»,iHi>Hlalil  s  led 


lisneil  nis  limi    voniiiiv  Ol   j„.^,,j,         ■- .    - 

,rilalle"(182»).  Twomorecollccthinsot  poems CBlabllalied 
his  fan.e--(!o,-sie»  dlverscs'-  (1*31)  and   "I'"  "P^"'";/.'^; 
dans  nn  failteuil  •  (1«1J).     In  IKW  he  *""<"'•'    » 
George  sand  ;  but,  after  an  extended  trip,  1. 11  out  »;  ''  b  ' 
at  Venice,  and  returned  to  France  alone.    1  is  morbid  s  ale 

of  mind  finds  expression  in  the  ■•'■''''f7»'",'' l' " 'i'.,".'''mu« 
du  slide-  (is:i(l).  During  these  years  (l»-3-»7)  '  ^  "  »■ 
set  contributed  a  number  of  short  plays  to  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes  ';  they  have  appeared  «'"ci'  l'";"  "» 
"Conieidles  et  proverbes  '(JS^)-    »l'ofl  »'°''"*  '™™  "'" 


Muzaffarpur 

same  magazine  (1837  3',))  were  also  reprinted  in  hook  form 
(IHIO).  In  the  same  year  (1840)  appeared  the  first  edition 
of  the  "  Poesies  nouvclles."  One  of  his  last  publications 
is  a  volume  of  "Contes"  (1854).  He  was  received  in  the 
French  Academy  in  1852.  Irregular  and  dissolute  living 
sapped  his  intellectual  and  physical  strength,  and  he  di.d 
at  the  ag..  of  turty-seveii.  His  complete  works  were  pub 
lished  in  isoii.  _ 

Musset,  Paul  Edme  de.  Born  at  Pans.  Nov. 
7,  1H04:  died  there.  May  17,  1880.  A  French 
novelist  and  litterateur,  brother  ot  Alfred  de 
Musset.     He  wrote  "Lui  et  elle"  (1*59;,  etc. 

Mussulmans  (mus'ul-manz).  [From  Turk. 
Miisiiliiiaii :  see  Moslems.'\  Mohammedans,  or 
followers  of  Mohammed  ;  true  believers,  in  the 
Mohammedan  sense;  Moslems. 

Mustagh  (mos'tiigh)Pass.  A  pass  near  Mount 
(biihvin-.Vusten,  in  the  western  Himalaya,  It 
i-oiiiieits  the  upper  Indus  and  Yarkand  valleys. 

Mustagh  Range,  or  Karakorum  Range.    A 

range  of  loftv  mountains  in  Kashmir,  north  of, 
and^parallelwith.  the  main  Himalaya.   Mount 
Godwin-Austen  (K2)  belongs  to  it.    See  K'^. 
Mustapha  (mos'tii-fii)  I.     Hied  1(>39      Turkish 
sultan  li;i7-lHand  1022-123,  brother  of  Achniet  1. 
Mustapha    II.     Ui^d  Dec.  31,  1703      Tmkish 
sultan  U'iD.VlTOS,  son  of  Mohammed  1\  .    He  was 
defeated  in  person  by  the  Imperialists  under  Prince  Eu- 
gene at  Zenta  in  1697,  and  signed  the  peace  of  C-arlowitz  in 
1009      Ue  was  deposed  shortly  before  his  death. 
Mustapha  IH.     Died  Jan.  21,  1774.     Turkish 
sultan  1757-73,  son  of  Aehmet  III.     He  waged 
war  uiisnceessfullv  with  Russia  1768-74. 
Mustapha  IV.     Kilb'd  Nov  15  18()8.     Turkish 

-iilt;in  I,sii7-l»sl,  son  of  Abdul-Hamiil. 
Mustard-Seed  (mus'tiird-sed).  A  fairy  in  Shak- 

spere's  ••  Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 
Mut  ( nii'it ).  In  Egvptian  mvthology. -the  mother. 
t  lie  Tlieban  consort  of  Amun-Ka,  the  othermem- 
ber  of  the  triad  being  their  son  Khuns.     She 
was  a  personification  of  the  female  principle. 
Muta  (mo'lii),     A  locality  in  Syria  where   in 
o2!»,  the  Mol'iammedans  fought  and  won  their 
lirst  battle  against  the  Christians. 
Mutanabbi    (m.i-tii-nab'be),  Al-.      [Ar.,    the 
iireteniied  ijrophet.'l     Died  at  Kiifa,  %o  A.  D. 
.\n  Arabian  poet.     His  -'Divan"  (collection  of 
,,ni-nis)  has  been  translated  into  German. 
Muta  Nzige.   The  native  name  of  the  lake  now 
,-:illed  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza  (which  see). 
Mutina.     See  Miidcna.     _  -   x      mu 

Mutinensian  War  (mu-ti-nen'si-an  war).  1  he 
name  given  to  tho  military  operations  in  and 
near  Mutina  (now  Modena).  Italy.  44-43  B.  C. 
Decimiis  Brutus  was  blockaded  at  Mutina  by  Antony  in  44, 
and  was  relieved  by  Hirtius,  Pansis  and  Octaviiis,  who  de- 
feated Antony. 

Mutiny,  The  Indian.    See  Juduin  MuUmj. 

Mutiny  Act.  -\n  act  passed  annually  by  the 
15riti'sh  Parliament  from  1689  to  1S79.  It  pro- 
vided for  the  punishment  of  cases  of  mutiny  and  desertion, 
and  for  the  maintenance  of  a  standing  army(without  vio- 
lation of  the  lull  of  r.ights). 

Mutiny  of  the  Bounty.    St' f  Bounty. 

Mutis  (mii'tes),  Jos6  Celestino.  Bom  at  Cadiz, 
April  6,  1732 :  died  at  Bogota,  New  Granada, 
Sent  1"  ISdS.  A  Spanish  botanist.  From  17i» 
ho  resided  in  New  Granada,  where,  under  government 
auspices,  he  traveled  extensively.  Uis  •  Flora  de  Nueva 
Gninada,"  on  which  he  worked  40  years,  was  unfinished  at 
the  time  ot  his  death,  and  has  never  been  published  M  litis 
Is  known    especially  for  his  publications  on  cinchona 

MutsuhitO  (inot'so-shto).  Born  Nov  3,  1&52. 
The  Emperor  of  Japan.     Ho  is  the  123d  of  tho 

Muttra  (mut'tra).  1 .  A  district  in  the  North- 
west Provinces',  British  India,  intersected  by 
I'xt  "T^  30'  N,,  long.  77°  45'  E.  Area.  1.4o3 
siiuire  miles.  Population  (1881),  671,690.-2. 
The  caiiital  of  the  district  of  Miittra,  situated 
on  tlie.lumna30inilesnorth-northwestor.\gra. 
It  contains  a  Hindu  shrine,  and  has  been  often  plundered 
by  Mohammedans,  Population  (189P,  Including  canton- 
ment, 01,19... 

Muzaffargarh  (muz-af-ar-gar').  A  district  in 
ih"  raiiiab.  British  India,  inlersecled  by  Int. 
•!0°  X  li'uig.  71°  E.  Area.  3,422  square  miles. 
Piiiiuh'itiim  (1S91),  381,09:5,  ,     ,         „        , 

Muzaffarnagar  (muz-af-ai-nag  ar)  or  Mozuf- 

feniugger  (moz-uf-er-nug'ger).  1.  A.listnct 
i„  ,1,,.  Northwest  Provinces,  Bntish  Luia  in- 
tersoeted  by  lat.  29°  30'  N..  long.  , .°  .  0  E. 
Area,  l,6-'>8  siiuare  miles.  Population  (1891). 
770  H74  —2  Tho  capital  of  the  district  of  Muz- 
ntT'i'rnagar,  65  miles  north-northeast  of  Delhi. 
Pi.i.iihition  (1891),  18,166. 

Muzaffarpur  ( muz-af-ar-por  ).  or  Mozuffer- 

pore  inioz-uf-ei-p6r').  1.  A  district  olBeng;il, 
British  India,  intersected  by  hit.  26°  N..  long. 
85°  'iO'  E  Area,  3,003  square  miles.  Pollina- 
tion (1891).  2,711,445.-2.  The  capital  of  the 


Muzaffarpur 

district  of  Muzaffarpur,  situated  on  the  Little 
Gandak  37miles  north-northeast  of  Patna.  Pop- 
Illation  (1891),  49,192. 

Muziano  (mot-se-a'no),  Girolamo.  Bom  near 
Brescia,  Italy,  1528:  died  about  1590.  An  Ital- 
ian painter  of  historical  pieces  and  landscapes, 
and  worker  in  mosaics. 

Mtizo.    See  Muso. 

Mwanga  (mwang'ga).  The  successor  of  Mtesa 
as  king  of  Uganda.  He  persecuted  the  Christians  and 
ordered  the  murder  of  Bishop  Hannington.  Driven  from 
his  kinfrdom,  he  hecame  a  Catholic,  and  regained  his  throne 
by  the  aid  of  Catholics  and  Protestants  ;  was  conquered  by 
British  arms,  and  became  a  Protestant;  and  is  now  a  va.ss^ 
of  the  British  crown. 

Mycale  (mik'a-le).  [Gr.  JU/cdA;/.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  mountain  in  Lydia,  Asia  Minor, 
north  of  Miletus.  Xear  it,  in  Sept,  479  B.  c,  on  the 
same  day  as  the  battle  of  Plattea.  the  Greeks  under  Leoty- 
ehides  and  Xantippus  defeated  the  Persian  naval  forces. 
Mycenae  (mi-se'ne).  [6r.  Mi-Mji'af.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Argolis,  Greece,  1-4  miles 
south-southwest  of  Corinth.  It  is  a  very  ancient 
settlement,  conspicaous  in  Greek  mytliology,  and  supply- 
ing some  of  the  oldest  materials  for  the  study  of  Greek 
architecture  and  art.  It  consisted  of  the  acropolis,  occu- 
pying the  apes  of  a  hill,  and  the  lower  town,  whose  con- 
fused ruins  are  spread  over  its  slopes.  The  acropolis  is 
triangular,  and  is  surrounded  bj-  a  massive  wall  of  huge 
stones,  partly  shaped.  It  is  entered  by  the  Gate  of  the 
Lions.  This  gate  is  at  the  end  of  a  w.illed  passage.  The 
opening  is  about  10  feet  wide  and  high,  tapermg  toward 
the  top,  with  monolithic  jambs  and  a  huge  lintel.  Above 
the  lintel  a  large  triangular  opening  is  formed  by  corbel- 
ing, and  the  great  slab,  2  feet  thick,  which  fills  this  bears 
the  remarkable  relief  of  two  affronted  ram  pant  lions  sepa- 
rated by  a  column.  Close  inside  of  this  gate,  in  a  double 
circle  of  upright  stones  80  feet  in  diameter,  were  found 
the  tombs  containing  golden  ornaments  and  miisks,  iidaid 
sword-blades,  and  other  objects  whose  discovery  aston- 
ished the  scientific  world,  ilore  recent  excaTations  have 
disclosed  on  the  acropolis  a  prehistoric  palace  resem- 
bling that  at  Tiryns.  The  most  important  monuments 
of  the  lower  town  are  the  great  "beehive"  tombs  com- 
monly called  treasuries.  Of  these  the  so-called  treasury 
of  .^treus  is  a  typical  example.  The  interior  is  a  circle 
about  50  feet  in  diameter  and  the  same  in  height,  r  overed 
with  a  pseudo-dome  formed  by  corbeling  in  the  horizont-al 
coursesof  thewall.  Adooropensintoasquaresidecham- 
ber.  The  entrance  to  the  tomb  is  by  an  inclined  pas.sage 
or  dromos,  over  30  feet  long,  leading  to  a  door  19J  feet  high, 
which  is  spanned  by  an  enormous  lintel.  Over  the  lintel 
there  is  a  large  triangular  opening,  which  was  originally 
filled  with  a  sculptured  slab.  The  original  fruitful  excava- 
tions were  made  by  Schliemann  in  1876-77,  and  much  work 
has  since  been  done  on  the  site  by  the  .Irchxological  Society 
of  Athens.  The  discoveries  at  Mycena;  threw  a  flood  of 
light  upon  the  earliest  Greek  art,  particularly  in  the  depart- 
ment of  potteiy.  They  were  the  first  important  finds  of 
their  class,  which  has  since  been  recognized  in  a  large  pro- 
portion of  Greek  settlements  of  sufficient  age,  and  is  every- 
where distinguished  as  llycensean.  llvcensean  ornament 
includes  geometric  decoration,  foliage,  marine  and  anim,al 
forms,  and  the  human  figure.  It  may  be  dated  back  to 
the  12th  century  B.  c,  and  follows  in  time  the  .art  of  the 
"Homeric  city"  at  Hissarlik,  which  is  without  painted 
decoration,  and  that  of  Thera.  Mycenaean  art  was  prac- 
tised and  developed  through  several  centuries,  and  existed 
contemporaneously  vdih  the  succeeding  dipvlon  style  of 
decoration,  which  began  about  1000  B.  c.  The  chief  ob- 
jects found  at  ilycenae  are  in  a  museum  at  Athens. 

Mycerinus  (mis-e-ri'nus),  or  Mecherimis  (me- 

ke-ri'nus).  King  of  Egypt.  According  to  Herodo- 
tus and  Diodorus,  he  was  the  son  of  Cheops  who  reigned 
about  3700  B.  c.  He  succeeded  his  uncle  Chephren.  Hav- 
ing been  warned  by  an  oracle  that  he  had  but  six  yeiu^  to 
live,  because,  being  a  gentle  ruler,  he  had  not  wreaked  the 
vengeance  of  the  gods  on  Egj-pt,  he  gave  himself  up  to 
pleasure  and  sought  to  double  his  allotted  time  by  turning 
night  into  day. 

Mydas.    See  Midas. 

Myddleton  (mid'1-ton).  Sir  Hugh.  Bom  about 
1555 :  died  Dee.  10,  1631.  A  goldsmith,  capital- 
ist, and  projector  of  the  "  New  Kiver"  water- 


718 

supply  of  London.  In  1605  an  act  was  passed  per- 
mitting him  to  bring  water  into  London  from  Hew  River 
at  Ware,  Hants. 

Myer(mi'tT).  Albert  James.  Bom  at  Newburg, 
^.  Y.,  Sept.  20,  1S27 :  died  at  Buffalo,  X.  Y., 
Aug.  24, 1880.  An  -\merican  meteorologist.  He 
became  chief  signal-officer  in  the  United  States  army  in 
1860,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  Weather  Bureau  in  1870. 
He  published  "Manual  of  Signals"  (1868). 

Mylae  (mi'le).  [Gr.  Md/.c/.]  The  ancient  name 
of  Milazzo  (which  see). 

Mylasa(nii-la'sa),orMylassa(mi-las'sa).  [6r. 
ra  yiv'/.aaa  or  ili/.aaaa.']  In  ancient  geography, 
an  inland  town  of  Caria:  the  modern  Melasso. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  later  Carian  kingdom. 

Mylau  (me'lou).  Atowu  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Goltzsch  12  miles  south- 
west of  Zwickau.     Population  (1890),  6.353. 

Mylitta  (mi-lit'ta).  ['Generatrix.']  A  by-name 
of  Belit. 

Mymensing,  orMymensingh.  SeeMaiman'sinh. 

My  Novel,  or  Varieties  of  English  Life.  A 
novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1853. 

Mynpuri,  or  Mynpooree.    See  Mainpuri. 

MyoiUiesilS(mi-o-ne'sus).  [Gr.  Mi'diTr/aof.]  In 
ancient  geogi-apiiy,  a  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  27  miles  northwest  of  Eph- 
csus.  Kear  it,  190  B.  c,  the  "Romans  under  L.  Emilius 
gained  a  naval  victory  over  the  SjTians  under  Antiochus 
the  Great. 

Myra(mi'ra).  [Gr.  Mi'pa  or  Miptn'.]  Li  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated near  the  coast  in  iat.  30°  17'  N.,  long.  30° 
3'  E.  An  ancient  theater  here  is  among  the  finest  in 
-\sia  Minor.  The  masotu-y  is  admirable ;  the  back  wall  of 
the  stage  is  ornamented  with  Composite  columns,  having 
sh.afts  of  polished  granite  and  capitals  of  white  marble. 

Myrina  (mi-ri'na).  A  very  extensive  Greek 
necropolis,  near  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor,  discov- 
ered about  1870,  and  systenjaticaUy  excavated 
by  the  French  School  "at  Athens  between  1880 
and  1882.  It  is  of  importance  for  the  very  abundant 
and  beautiful  terra-cotta  figurines  found,  which'make  it  the 
richest  site  for  art  objects  of  this  nature  after  Tanagra. 
The  Myrina  figurines  are  for  the  most  part  of  the  Hellen- 
istic epoch,  and  in  treatment  and  composition  are  akin  to 
those  of  Tanagra.  though  in  genend  less  severe  in  style. 
Many  examples  show  remarkable  grace,  and  the  average 
size  is  larger  than  that  of  the  Tanagra  figurines.  Groups 
and  combinations  of  figures  are  frequent.  The  most  im- 
portant collections  are  in  the  Louvi-e  and  in  the  museiuu 
at  Constantinople. 

Myrmidon  (mer'mi-don).  [Gr.  'Hlvpiudav.']  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  son  of  Zeus,  reputed  ances- 
tor of  the  Myrmidons. 

Myrmidons  (mer'mi-donz).  In  Greek  legen- 
dary history,  a  race  in  Phtluotis,  Thessaly.  They 
were  led  by  Achilles  in  the  Trojan  war.  According  to 
one  legend,  they  came  originally  from  -Egina. 

Myron  (mi 'ron).  [Gr.  Jli'pui'.]  Lived  about  500- 
440  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  sculptor,  a  native 
of  Eleutherse  in  Boeotia  :  a  pupil  of  Ageladas  of 
Argos.  Polycletus  and  Phidias  were  his  fellow-pnpOs. 
Like  the  sculptors  of  the  Boric  or  Argive  school,  his  main 
interest  was  centered  in  the  athlete.  He  considered  the 
subject,  however,  more  from  the  standpoint  of  action  than 
of  proportion.  He  represents  the  attitudes  of  the  active 
rather  than  the  beauty  of  the  passive  athlete.  In  this  he 
was  considered  supreme  throughout  antiquity.  His  most 
representative  work  was  probably  the  Discobolus  described 
by  Quintilian  and  Lucian.  Of  this  statue  the  most  per- 
fect replica  is  in  the  possession  of  Prince  Lancelotti  in 
Rome ;  another  is  in  the  Vatican,  and  another  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  His  group  of  Athene  and  Marsyas  is  repre- 
sented by  the  Marsyas  of  the  Lateran.  MjTon's  bronze 
cow  on  the  Pnyx  at  Athens  was  one  of  the  favorites  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  world. 

Myrrha  (mir'a).  [Gr.  Mr/i/ia.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  mother  of  Adonis. 


Mzensk 

In  the  Kyprian  myth  the  name  of  Theias  is  transformed 
into  Kinyras ;  but,  like  ITieias,  he  is  the  father  of  Adonis 
by  his  daughter  Myrrha.  Myrrha  is  the  inventiou  of  a 
popular  etymology :  the  true  form  of  the  name  was  Smyrna 
or  Myrina,  a  name  famous  in  the  legendary  annals  of 
Asia  Minor,  Myrijia  or  SmjTna,  it  was  s:ud,  was  an 
Amazonian  queen,  and  her  name  is  connected  with  the 
four  cities  of  the  western  coast  — Smyrna,  Kym6,  Myrina, 
and  Ephesos  — whose  foundation  was  ascribed  to  .•Vmazo- 
nian  heroines.  Suyce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  235. 

Myrtilus  (mer'ti-lus).  [Gr.  Mipn'/of .]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  charioteer  of  CEnomaus,  king  of 
Elis,  thrown  by  Pelops  into  the  ^gean  Sea 
(whence  the  name  Myrtoan  for  that  part  of 
the  ^gean).  while  drowning  he  cursed  the  home  of 
Pelops,  a  curse  which  brought  many  woes  upon  the  de. 
scendants  of  his  enemy.  He  was  placed  among  the  con- 
stellations as  .\uriga  (the  Charioteer). 

Myrtoan  Sea  (mer-to'an  se).  [L.  Mare  ilyrto- 
um:  see  Myrtilus.']  In'ancient  geography,  that 
part  of  the  ^gean  Sea  which  lies  southof  Ar- 
golis, Attica,  and  Euboea. 

Mysia(mish'ia).  [Gr.  MwTi'a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  district  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Asia  Minor,  it  was  bounded  by  the  Propontis  on  the 
north,  Bithynia  and  Phrygia  on  the  east,  Lydia  on  the  south, 
the  .£gean  on  the  west,  and  the  Hellespont  on  the  north- 
west, the  Troad  being  sometimes  excluded.  It  is  traversed 
by  mountain-rjinges.  There  were  many  Greek  cities  ott 
the  coasts.  It  belonged  successively  to  Lydia,  Persia, 
Macedon,  Syria,  Pergamum,  and  Rome.  The  Mysians  were 
probably  allied  to  the  Lydians.  They  assisted  the  Khita 
against  Rameses  II. 

Myslowitz  (mis'16-vits).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Przemsa 
34  miles  west-northwest  of  Cracow.  Population 
(1890),  9,392. 

Mysore  (mi-sor').  or  Maisur  (mi-sor').  1.  A 
native  state  in  the  Deccan,  India,  surrounded 
by  British  territory.  It  is  mountainous  and  hilly  in 
the  west.  It  became  an  important  state  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury; under  Hyder  All  and  Tippu  Saib  was  a  formidable 
opponent  of  the  British  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th  century; 
was  ceded  in  part  to  the  British  in  1792  and  1799 ;  was  taken 
under  British  management  in  1^31;  was  restored  to  native 
rule  in  1S81 ;  and  is  governed  by  a  maharaja  tributarv  to 
Great  Britain.  Area,  27,936  6qu;ire  miles.  Population 
(1891),  4,943,604. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Mvsore,  situated 
about  Iat.  12°  18'  N.,  long.  76°  40'  E.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  maharaja.  Population  (1891), 
74.048. 
Mysteries  of  Udolpho,  The.  A  romance  bv 
Mrs.  Eadoliffe.  published  in  1794. 

Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,  The.  An  unfinished 
novel  by  Dickens,  the  first  number  of  which  was 
issued  in  April.  1870.  it  was  to  have  been  completed 
in  twelve  monthly  parts,  but  only  about  six  were  written 
when  he  died. 

Mythen  (me'ten).  The.  Two  peaks  in  the  can- 
ton of  Schwyz,  Switzerland,  20  miles  east  of 
Lucerne.  Height  of  the  Great  Mvthen,  6,245 
feet. 

Mytilene,  orMitylene  (mit-i-le'ne).  [Gr.  'Hvi-t- 
'/.ifr/ OT  MiTv'/.r/i'Ti.]  1.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  island  of  Lesbos  (which  see). —  2.  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  chief  city  of  Lesbos,  sit- 
uated on  the  coast.  It  was  an  important  maritime 
power  of  the  ^lolian  Greeks.  It  revolted  from  Athens  in 
428  B.  c,  and  was  subjected  in  427.  Present  population, 
about  20,000. 

Myns  (mi'us).  [Gr.  Miwif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, an  Ionian  city  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Mieander  11  miles  northeast  of 
Miletus. 

Mzab  (mziib).  A  district  in  Algeria,  about  Iat. 
33°  N.,  long.  4°  E.  There  is  a  river  of  the  same 
name.     The  chief  place  is  Gardaia. 

Mzensk.     See  Mtseitsk. 


aab,  or  Nab  (niib).  A  river 
in  Bavaria  which  joins 
the  Danube  4  miles  west 
of  Ratisbon.  Length,  94 
miles. 

Naaman    (na'a-man).     In 
Old  Testament'  history,   a 
Syrian    general    v\-ho    was 
miraculously  cured  of  lep- 
rosy on  bathing  in  the  Jordan  at  the  command 
of  the  prophet  Elisha. 
Naarden  (nar'den).     A  town  in  the  province  of 
North  Holland,  Netherlands,  13  miles  southeast 
of  Amsterdam.     It  was  destroyed  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1571'. 
Naas  (nas  or  na'as).     A  town  in  County  Kil- 
dare,  Ireland,  southwest  of  Dublin.     It  was  the 
former  capital  of  Leinster. 
Naas.     See  Nasna. 

Nabataeans,  or  Nabateans  (nab-a-te'anz).  An 
Arab  people  dwelling  in  ancient  times  on  the 
east  and  southeast  of  Palestine :  often  identi- 
fied with  the  people  mentioned  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament under  the  name  of  Nebaioth  (Isa.  Ix.  7), 
and  (1  Mae.  v.  25)  as  Kahnthites.  Their  ancestor  Ne- 
bajoth  is  spoken  of  ns  the  flrst-boin  of  Ishiuael  (Gen.  xxv. 
18).  They  are  referred  to  in  Assyrian  inscriptions  of  the 
7tn  century  B.  c,  but  the  period  of  their  greatest  histori- 
cal importance  was  the  two  centuries  immediately  i)re- 
ceding  and  succeedinu  the  Christian  era.  Tliey  seem  to 
have  been  for  a  lonK  time  the  chief  traders  between  Egypt 
aad  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates.  Important  Nabatroun 
inscriptions  have  been  recovered,  and  the  rock-inscriptions 
in  the  valleys  arottid  Mount  Sinai  have  been  attributed  to 
them. 
Nabha.     See  Narhn. 

Nabi  (na-be').  A  Turkish  poet  of  the  17th  een- 
tiu'y.     See  the  e.\tract. 

The  next  notable  poet  is  Nabi,  in  the  tinieof  Sultans  Ibrii- 
hlm  (1&40-1048)  and  Jfohammed  IV.  (1048-1CS7).  About 
this  time  the  Persian  Saib  was  introducing  in  his  own  conn- 
try  a  new  style  of  Ghazcl-writiiig,  marked  by  a  philoso- 
phizing, or  rather  a  moralizing,  tendency.  Nabi  copied 
him,  and  consequently  brought  this  new  style  into  Turkish 
literature.  Poale,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  318. 

Nabis  (na'bis).  Killed  192  B.  c.  Tji-ant  of 
Sparta  207-192  B.  c.  He  was  conquered  by  the 
Romans  under  Flamininus  195  B.C. 

Nablus  (nilb-los'),  or  Nabulus  (na-bo-los').  A 
city  in  Palestine,  32  miles  north  of  Jerusalem. 
It  is  noted  for  manufactures,  particularly  of  soap.  It  oc- 
cupies the  site  of  Khecheiu  (which  see),  later  called  Neap- 
oUs  (ot  which  NaUus  is  a  corruption).    Population,  20,00u. 

Nabob  (na'liob),  The.  A  play  by  Foote,  pro- 
duced in  1772. 

Nabonassar  (nab-o-nas'ar).  King  of  Babylonia 
747-733  B.  c. 

Nabonassar,  Era  of.  An  era  sometimes  used 
in  ancient  chronology,  reckoned  from  tlie  ac- 
cession of  Nabonassar  (747  B.  C). 

Nabonidus  (nal)-6-ni'dus).  [Babylonian  Ndliu- 
na'id,  Ncbi)  clcva'ted.]  The  last  king  of  Baby- 
lonia (5.")(i-5:iS  I!,  c. ).  Ho  seems  to  have  belonged  to 
the  priestly  cbiss,  a?id  was  zealous  in  the  repairing  of  sanc- 
tuaries, but  neglected  Meiodach  and  Nabu,  on  account  of 
which  he  estranged  from  himself  the  prieslbood  :  this  to 
some  extent  facilitated  the  coiKiuest  of  the  .-niplre  by  Cy- 
rus In  538.  According  to  Euseltius,  Nabonidus  after  the 
fall  of  Babylon  fortified  himself  in  Borslppa,  and  when 
this  was  taken  by  Cyrus,  the  eoiKiueror  generously  gave 
him  a  region  in  Camiania  as  his  residence.  But  from  a 
cylinder  of  Cyrua  it  seems  that  Nabonidus  was  treacher- 
ously delivered  into  the  hands  of  Gobryas,  the  general  of 
Cyrus,  and  died  In  a  mysterious  manner.  It  appears,  frcjin 
Inscriptions  of  bis  which  have  been  recovered,  that  he  had 
a  strong  historical  interest;  and  several  historical  state- 
ments o(  great  ii]i|>ortancefi>r  the  chronology  of  the  ISaby- 
Ionian  empire  are  recorded  by  him.  For  the  relation  of 
the  cuneiform  .accounts  of  the  hist  Babylonian  king  and 
tlint  ot  the  Hook  of  Uanii'l,  see  Ililfhiizzar  and  Vjirm. 

iia-bo-po-las'.siir).  [liaby Ionian 
\'elii)  j]rotects  the  son.]  The 
founder  of  Oio  now  Babylonian  empire  ((i25-G04 
B.  c).  nc  rulcil,  it  seems,  tirst  over  liabyloida  as  viceroy 
of  Assyria,  lie  Ibcn  entered  into  an  alliance  with  the  Me- 
dian king  Cyaxan^,  who  gave  his  daughter  In  marriage  to 
his  son  Ncbniliiidnczzar;  and  by  their  united  elforts  the 
destruction  ot  the  Assyrian  empire  was  brought  about  In 
lloi;  B.  c.  Besides  this  little  is  known  about  Mabopolassar's 
person  or  reign, 

Naboth  (ua'both).    In  Old  Testament  history. 


Nabopolassar  (na- 

yabii-lxil-iiriir,  Ne 


a  Jezreelite  put  to  death  by  Ahab,  who  coveted 
his  property. 

Nabu.    See  Xebo. 

Nabulus.     See  Xabhi.^. 

Nachen,  The.  A  ship  of  200  tons  burden,  com- 
manded by  Edwarde  Brawnde,  which  sailed 
from  Dartmouth,  England,  March  8,  1G15,  to 
make  "further  tryall"  of  the  New  England 
coast.  Brawnde  also  went  to  Cape  Cod  to  search 
for  pearls. 

Nachi   (na'che),  or  Nadch^s,  or  Nahy,  or 

Naguatez.  A  tribe  or  coiili'derae.v  of  North 
American  Indians,  which  dwelt  on  St.  Cathar- 
ine's Creek,  east  and  south  of  the  present  city  of 
Natchez,  Mississippi.  The  name  belonged  to  a  single 
town,  but  was  used  to  include  a  confederacy  of  towns  some 
of  which  were  those  of  alien  peoples  who  had  been  suliju- 
gated  by  the  Nachi  or  had  taken  refuge  among  them. 
D'Iberville  visited  them  in  lt>90,  and  gave  a  list  of  8  of 
these  towns.  They  had  conflicts  with  the  French,  the  last 
of  which  in  1729  broke  up  the  confederacy,  Imtdid  not  ex- 
terminate the  people,  as  has  been  generally  stated.  They 
scattered,  however,  and  the  laiger  part  were  received  by 
the  Chicasa.  A  few  still  live  among  the  Creek  and  Cher- 
okee in  the  Indian  Territory.     See  Natchcsau. 

Nachiketas  (na-cbi-kii'tas),  or  Nachiketa.  In 
the  Taittiriyabrahmana  and  the  Katha  Upani- 
shad,  thesou  of  Vajashravasa.  Desirous  of  attaining 
blessedness,  the  latter  performed  great  sacritlces.  The  son 
told  him  that  he  had  not  given  .all,  for  he,  his  son,  was  left, 
and  said,  "  To  whom  shall  1  be  given  ?  "  When  he  repeated 
the  question  tlie  father  angrily  replied.  "Todeath,"  and  so 
the  son  went  to  the  abode  of  Varna,  who  was  constrained 
to  olfer  him  three  boons.  Nachiketas  prayed  to  see  Ids 
father  again  and  be  reconciled.  This  boon  granted,  he 
sought  a  knowledge  of  the  sacriflcial  Are  that  t^kes  one 
surely  to  immortality,  and  then  asked  that  Yama  should 
solve  the  doubt  that  tliere  is  in  regard  to  the  existence  of 
a  man  that  is  departed,  whereupon  Yama  instructed  him 
as  to  the  duties,  nature,  and  destiny  of  the  soul. 

Nachmanl.    See  Abayi. 

Nachod  (na'chod).  A  town  in  northeastern 
B.ihemia,  situated  on  the  Mettau  78  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Prague.  Here,  June  27,  1866,  the  Prus- 
sians under  Von  Steinmetz  defeated  the  Auslrians.  Pop- 
ulation (ISSK)),  commune,  6,364. 

Nachtigal  (niich'te-giil),  Gustav.  Bom  at 
Eichstedt,  Germany,  Feb.  23.  1834:  died  off 
Cape  Palmas,  Liberia,  April  20,  1885.  An  Af- 
rican explorer.  Seeking  a  warm  climate  for  his  dis- 
eased lungs,  he  visited  Alg'.-ria  and  Tunis  in  1863,  where 
he  became  physician  to  the  bey.  In  isite  he  was  intrusted 
with  tlie  delivei-y  of  presents  from  the  Prussian  king  to 
the  Sultan  of  Bornu.  Successively  he  explored  Fezzan 
and  Tibesti  (1870),  Kuka,  Kaneni,  Borku,  and  again  Kuka 
(1872),  Baghirmi  .and  Wadai  (1873),  and  Darfur  (1874),  and 
in  187.')  returned  over  Egypt  to  Germany.  "  Sahara  und 
Sudan  "  appeared  in  1S79-81.  I'ntil  1882  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Gesellschaft  flir  Erdkunilc  ami  of  the  Afrika- 
nischeGesellschaft ;  then  he  went  as  consul  to  Tun  is,  and 
in  1884  as  German  imperial  commissioner  to  West  Africa. 
Hero  ho  annexed  Togoland,  Angra  Peqncna,  and  Kame- 
run.  He  succumbed  to  fever  on  board  ship,  and  wjis 
buried  at  Cape  I'almas,  Liberia, 

Nacidoc  (na-sluVdosli),  or  Natchitoches.    A 

tribe  of  the  (.'addo  (Confederacy  of  North  Anieri- 
cnii  Indians.  See  Cndilo. 
Nacionales  (uii-tlie-6-nil'Uiz).  A  political  party 
ot  Chile,  formed  by  a  union  of  conservatives 
and  liberals,  uncier'the  leadeiship  of  Francisco 
Ignacio,Ossa  about  18.57.  At  timesit  hasbcenvery 
lirumincnt,  but  it  has  never  carried  a  national  election. 

Nacoleia(nak-ole'yii),  orNacoliadia-ko'li-ji). 
Ill  ancient  geography,  a  place  in  tlie  northern 
jiart  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor.  Hero,  306  A.  D., 
I  lie  emperor  Valens  defeated  Procopius. 

Nacosari  (niL-ko-sa're).  A  town  in  eastern  So- 
nera, in  the  neighborhood  of  whicli  are  very 
extensive  copiier-niines.  The  high  peak  in  its 
noigliborhood  bears  the  name  of  Ccrro  dc  2\'ii- 
fiixiiri. 

NaQU.     See  Xdiumi. 

Nadaaku  (nii-dirii-kd),  or  Anadarco,  or  Ana- 

darko.     A  tribe  of  (lie  Caddo  Confederacy  of 
N'orlli  .Vmericnn  Indians.     See  CiiihUi. 
Nadab  (na'dab).     King  of  Israel  927-92.5  B.  c. 
(Duiieker),  son  of  Jeroboam  I. 

Nadaillac  (nii-dii-yiik'),  Jean  Fran(;ois  Albert 

du  Pouget,  Marcjuis  de.     Born  at  I'aris,  July 

10,  ISIS.    A  French  arelui'ologist.     Ue  was  jirefecl 

of  the  department  of  Bawies-PyriuAos  1871-76,  and  of 

719 


Indre-et-Loire  1876-77.  He  has  published  "  L'Ancieunetd 
de  riloninie"(1868),  *'Le  piemier  homme  et  les  t«mps  pr6- 
historiques"  (1S80),  "L'Ameriqiie  priihistorique"  (1882), 
"L'Homme  tertiajre  "  (1883),  "  Nouvelles  dt^couvertes  pr6- 
historiques  aux  Etats-Unis  "  (l.*^8.3),  "De  la  periode  gla- 
ciaire  "  (1884),  "  Les  anciennes  poj. illations  de  la  Colombie" 
(1885),"  D^couvertes  dans  la  grotte  de  Spy  "(IS-^W,"  McEurs 
et  monuments  des  peuples  pr^historiques"  (1888),  "La 
scieuce  et  la  politique  "  (ISsO),  "  Le  mouvement  democra- 
tique  en  Angleterre  "  (18S1),  and  "  L'Alfaiblis&ement  de  la 
natalittl'  en  France  "  (lb86). 

Nadaud  (na-d6'),Gustave.  Bom  Feb.  20, 1820: 
died  April  28.  1893.  A  popular  French  song- 
writer, musician,  and  singer.  His  songs  (ironical, 
equivocal,  and  political,  etc.)  have  been  collected  and  pub- 
lished a  number  of  times.  He  also  wrote  operettas  "  Le 
doctenr  Vienx-temps,'"  "  Porte  et  fenetre,"elc.,  and  "  Cue 
idylle, '  ".SolfCgepcietiMUe  et  musical"  (1880),  "  Nouvelles 
chansons  ii  dire  on  k  ch:inter  "  (1889),  etc. 

Nadch6s.     See  Nachi. 

Nadintu-Bel  (nii-den'tS-bel).    See  the  extract. 

The  death  of  Kambyses  inspired  the  Babylonians  with 
the  hope  of  recovering  their  independence.  In  B.  c.  521 
they  revolted  under  Nadintu-Bcl,  the  son  of  Aniru,  who 
called  himself  Nebuchadrezzar,  the  son  of  Nabonidos.  A 
portrait  of  him,  in  the  Greek  style  and  with  a  Greek  hel- 
met, is  carved  on  a  cameo  in  the  Berlin  Museum.  liut 
Darius  overthrew  the  pretender  in  two  battles  at  Zazan. 
and  pursued  him  into  Babylon,  which  he  closely  besieged 
(November,  B.  C.  521).  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  145. 

Nadir  Shah  (nii'der  shiih),  or  Kuli  Khan  (ko'- 
le  khiin).  Born  about  1688:  assassinated  June 
19-20,  1747.  Shah  of  Persia  1736-47.  He  was  a 
robber  chieftain,  and  later  Persian  commander  against 
the  .\fghaiis  and  Turks  ;  was  crowned  shah  in  1736  ;  cap- 
tured Kandahar  and  Kabul  in  1738;  invaded  India  and 
sacked  Delhi  in  1739  ;  and  subjugated  Bokhai-a,  etc.  Ue 
was  at  war  with  the  Turks  1743-46. 

Nadiya  (nud'e-yii),  or  Nuddea  (nud'e-ii).  A 
district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  23°  30'  N.,  long.  89°  E.  Area,  2,794  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  1.644,108. 

Naevius  (ne'vi-us),  Cnseus.  I>ied  at  Utiea,' 
Africa,  204  B.  c.  A  Roman  dramatic  and  epic 
poet.  He  wrote  comedies,  tragedies,  and  an  epic  on  the 
first  Punic  wiu".  (Fragment^  edited  by  Klussmaun,Vahlen, 
and  Ribbeck.) 

Cn.  NsDvius  (269  ?-204  B.  c),  a  Cainpauian  of  Latin  ex- 
traction, and  probably  not  a  Roman  citizen,  had  in  his  early 
manhood  fought  in  the  tirst  Punic  war.  .\l  its  conclusion 
lie  came  to  Rome,  and  applied  himself  to  literary  work. 
He  seems  to  have  brought  out  his  first  play  as  early  as  235 
B.  c.  Ilis  work  mainly  consisted  of  translations  from  the 
(;ireek ;  he  essayed  both  tnigedy  and  comedy,  hut  his  genius 
inclined  him  to  prefer  the  latter. 

Crulliirll,  Hist,  of  Koman  Lit,  p.  S8. 

Nafels  (na'fels).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
(Hams,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Linth  31 
miles  southeast  of  Znrich.  Near  it,  April  9, 1388,  the 
forces  of  Glarus  defeated  a  superior  force  of  .\U8trians. 

Naga  Hills  (nii'gii  hilz).  A  district  in  Assam, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long. 
93°  30'  K.  Area.  5,710  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  122,867. 

Nagasaki  (nii-gii-sii'ke),  or  Nangasaki  (niin- 

gii-sii'ke).  .V  seaport  situated  on  tlie  western 
coast  of  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  in  lat.  32° 
44'  N.,  long.  129°  51'  K.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  com- 
mercial cities  of  Japan,  exporting  coal,  rice,  tea,  camphor, 
tobacco,  etc.  Near  it  is  the  island  Desima,  a  seat  of  Dutch 
traders  from  about  1840  to  18.59.  Nagasaki  was  opened  to 
foreign  tnidc  In  18.59.     Population  (1S91),  .18,142. 

Nageli  (mi'ge-le),  Karl  Wilhelm  von.    Born 

al  Kilchberg,  Slarcli  27,  lsl7:  <lied  at  Munich, 
May  10,  1891.  A  noted  Gorman  botanist,  pro- 
fessor at  Munich  from  1858.  He  Is  best  known  from 
his  studies  In  the  physiology  and  deveb.pineiit  of  plant*. 

Naggleton  (nag'l-ton).  Mr.  ami  Mrs.  Char- 
acters a[>])earing  in  "  Punch"  1861-65,  who  are 
alwavs  (luarreliiig  over  trifles. 

Nagina,  or  Nuginah  (niig-e'nS).  A  town  in 
Hijnaur  district,  Northwest  PrDvinces,  British 
India,  94  miles  noiiheust  of  Delhi.  Po|)ulation 
(18!)1).  22.150. 

Naglee  (nag'ie).Henry Morris.  Born  nt  Phila- 
delphia. Jan.  15,  1815:  died  at  San  Francisco, 
Marcli  .5, 1886.  A  Union  general  in  the  Ci\-il 
War.  He  took  part  In  the  Peninsular  camnalKu  in  1862, 
and  commanded  the  7lh  army  corps  and  the  district  ol 
Virginia  in  ISi'iS.  lie  was  ninsleicd  out  ot  service  in  1S(14. 
He  afterward  inllivaled  a  vineyard  at  San  Jo«*,  California. 
The  Nagleo  brandy  is  iiaiiicd  from  him. 


Naglfar 

Naglfax  (na'gl-far).  In  Scandinavian  mythol- 
ogy, the  ship  of  the  giants  in  Ragnarok. 

Kagold  (uii'golt).  A  town  in  Wiirtemberg,  26 
miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart.  Population  (1890), 
3,540. 

Nagore  (na-gor'),  or  NagUT  (nii-gor').  A  town 
in  Jodhpur,  Rajputana,  ludia,  75  miles  north- 
east of  Jodhpur. 

Nagore,  or  Naglir.  A  town  in  Tanjore  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  50  miles  east  of  Tanjore. 

Nagoya  (na-go'ya).     A  city  in  the  main  island 


720 

to  obtain  vjctims  for  theirgods.  After  thefaUof  Tenoch- 
titlan  or  Mexico  (1521),  they  made  little  resistance  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  soon  sank  into  a  condition  of  aerui-slavei'y. 
About  3,000,000  Indians  of  the  Mexican  plateau  are  now 
classed  as  >'ahuas.  The  name  Aztecs  is  sometimes  used 
for  all  the  ^ahua  tribes  ;  more  commonly  it  is  restricted 
to  those  which  formed  the  above-njentioned  league,  or 
to  that  of  Tenochtitlan  alone.  See  Aitecas,  Mexico,  and 
yahuaUecan  stock. 
Nahuatl  (ua'watl),  or  Nahua  (na'wa).  The 
language  of  the  Nahuas,  commonly  called  Az- 
tec. It  was  divided  into  various  dialects  differing  but 
slightly  from  each  other.  The  Nahuatl  tongue  is  still 
spoken  by  several  hundred  thousand  Mexican  Indians,  but 
is  gradually  dying  out. 


of  Japan,  situated  in  the  pVovinee  of  Owari,  on  J."  gralu^Hy  dying  out.    See  NalnmtUcan  stock. 

Owari  Bay,  165  miles  west  bv  south  of  Tokio.  Nahuatlecan  stock  (na-wat-la'kau  stok)      A 

It  is  noted  for  its  pottery  trade,  for  various  manufactures,     imguistic  stock  orsubstoek  of  Mexican  and  Ceii- 


Many  modern  ethnologists  regard  this  as  a  branch  of  a 
much  larger  stock  extending  as  far  north  aa  Idaho  and 
Oregon,  and  called  by  Brinton  the  Uto-Aztecan  stock. 

compassionate.'] 
The  seventh  in  order  of  the  minor  ]ir<i|ihcts. 


and  for  Its  castle. '  Population  (1891),  170,433. 

Nagpur(nag-por'),orNagpore(nag-p6r')-  1. 
A  division  in  the  Central  Provinces,  British  In- 
dia.    Area,  24,040  square  miles.     Population 

(1881),  2,7.58,056.— 2.  A  district  in  the  Nagpur  „    -     .  .        -     -  — 

division,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  79°  Nahuatlecas.     See  j\'ahuas. 
E.  Area,  3,843  square  miles.  Population  (1891)    Nahum   (na'hum).     [Heb., 
757,862.-3.   The  capital  of  the  Central  Prov- 
inces and  of  Nagpur  district,  situated  about  lat. 
21°  10'  N.,  long.  79°  10'  E.    it  has  important  manu- 
factures and  export  of  cloth.    Population  (1891),  117,014. 

Nagrandians,  or  Nagrandans.    See  Maribois. 
Nag's  Head  Tavern.    Au  old  London  tavern 

ou  the  corner  of  Friday  street,  not  far  from  the 

Mermaid  and  the  Mitre,  where  the  consecration 

of  the  first  Protestant  bishop  in  1559  was  alleged 

by  the  Romanists  to  have  taken  place:  hence  tjJ''"V 

derisively  catled  "The  Nag's  Head  Conseera-  Nailor 

tion."    The  ceremony  really  took  place  at  the 

Church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow.     Chambers. 
NagTiatez.    See  Nachi. 
Nagy-Abony.    See  Abony. 
Nagy-Banya  (nody'ban"yo).    Aroyal  free  town 

in  the  county  of  Szatmar,  Hungary,  near  the 

Transylvanian  border.  Population  (1890),  9,838. 
Nagy-Karoly  (nody'ka"r61y).     The  capital  of 

the  county  of  SzatmAr,  Hungary,  37  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Debreczin.     Population  (1890), 

13,475.  ^        " 

Nagy-K6r6s(nody'ke''resh).  Atowninthecoim- 


tral  American  Indians,    it  includes  the  Nahua  tribes 

(see  A'nAiMS)  and  a  few  small  scattered  trilies  (the. Seguas,   .^   ,  ,  • 

Nicaraos,  etc.)  as  far  south  as  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica.  Nakkar  (nak'kar),  or  Nekkar  (nek'kar)     fAi'  • 

ManV   modern    Pthnnlnt^itjtu   rpwarH    thia    Qo  o  hr-ir...!.    r.f   «        «^*,.... —  ti,,     e '*  -       „J    .     .  I  ,  .,  ..-•'*'-.'' 


Namouna 

feet,  and  each  rising  abeve  that  without  it,  so  that  the 
general  form  is  pyramidal,  an  effect  which  is  enhanced  In- 
the  flanknig  of  the  great  pointed  tooth-battlemented  cen- 
tral tower  by  simUar  smaUer  side  towers.  The  exterior  is 
colonnaded  with  coupled  square  pillars  on  a  raised  bases 
ment,  all  the  masonry  being  admirable.  Above  the  pillars 
there  is  an  elaborate  entablature  with  a  frieze  of  project 
ing  serpent-heads  and  very  rich  moldings.  In  the  middle 
of  each  face  there  is  a  large  triple  port.il.  The  back  walls 
of  the  porticos  which  extend  from  these  bear  remarkable 
friezes  in  low  relief,  most  of  the  subjects  being  battle, 
scenes  from  the  Ramayana  or  Mahabhaiata,  about  6J  feet 
high  and  2,000  in  aggregate  length.  The  entrancS-hall 
contains  over  100  squ.are  columns.  The  temple  proper 
200  by  213  feet,  stands  in  the  central  court:  it  suirounds 
4  large  water-tanks  so  disposed  that  the  middle  portion  of 
the  structure  is  cruciform.  The  plan  is  closely  similar  to 
Indian  types,  but  the  constructive  and  decorative  details 
are  purely  local.  The  capitals  are  almost  classical  in  form 
and  there  are  no  bracket-capitals.  ' 


apparently  from  al-naklar,  the  digger;  but 
probably  an  error  of  transcription  for  al-ballar, 
the  herdsman,  as  given  by  Ibn  Junis.]  The 
usual  name  of  the  third-magnitude  star  B  Bootis, 

_  ^ ^^  .„^  „..,„i    ,.,,..,,1,      in  the  head  of  the  figure. 

The  language  of  his  brief  prophecy  is  vivid  and  forcible.  NakskOV  (niiks'kov),  or  NaskoV  (nas'kov)     A 

His  subject  is  the  downfall  of  Nineveh.    He  prophesied     seaport  on  tlie  island  of  Laaland,  Denmark   81 

Nahy!"1te"C4r-  S)""*^^*  °'  Copenhagen.     PopSioi 

^^i^i^^;;.r^#„tl•J^iui?fl':E:^/Z^!';"/^f:l;°  %la  (naha):    l.  Eng  of  Mshadha,  and  bus- 

baud  ot  Uamayanti.     The  episode  of  Nala  and  Dama- 


Greek  and  Roman  m3fthology,  female  deities 
presiding  over  springs  and  streams.  The  Naiads 
were  represented  as  beautiful  young  girls  with  their  heads 
crowned  with  flowers,  light-hearted,  musical,  and  benefl- 

(na'lor),  John,  One  of  Robin  Hood's 
band.     He  was  known  as  '"Little  John." 

Nain  (na'in).  In  New  Testament  geography,  a 
town  in  Galilee,  Palestine,  59  miles  north  by 
east  of  Jerusalem  :  the  modern  Nein.  it  was  the 
scene  of  a  miracle  of  Jesus— the  raising  of  a  widow's  son 
from  the  dead. 

Nairn  (nam),  l.  A  maritime  county  of  Scot- 
land. It  is  bounded  by  the  Moray  Firth  on  the  north, 
Elgin  on  the  east,  and  Inverness  on  the  south  and  west. 
It  comprises  also  some  detached  portions.  The  surface  is 
generally  hilly.  Area,  196  square  miles.  Population  (18!)1). 
10,019.  V       A 

2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  county  of  Nairn, 


yanti  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  llahabharata.  It 
has  been  translated  into  English  by  irilman,  and  later  by 
Sir  Edwin  Arnold  in  his  "Indian  Idylls."  There  are  atleast 
five  translations  into  German  (by  Bopp,  Holtzmann  Kose. 
garteji,  Meiei-.  and  Ruckert).  and  it  has  been  translated  into 
latin  by  Bopp,  and  Swedish  by  Edgren.  A  swan  spared 
by  Nala  tells  "thepearl  of  girls."  Damayanti,  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Vidarbha,  of  his  graces,  and  she  loves  him. 
King  Bhima  holds  for  his  daughter  a  svayanivara  (liter- 
ally 'self-choice"),  a  festiv.il  and  tournament  at  which  a 
girl  of  the  waiTior  (kshati^iya)  caste  was  allowed  freely  to 
choose  her  husband.  The  chief  gods  hear  of  it,  and  go 
On  their  w.ay  they  meet  Nala,  also  going,  and  bid  him  go 
to  Damayanti  and  sue  for  them.  They  enable  the  reluc- 
tant but  obedient  Kala  to  enter  Damayanti"s  chamber 
where  he  tells  her  that  the  gods  desire  her  hand.  She  in- 
forms Nala  that  she  will  choose  him  even  though  the  gods 
be  present.  At  the  svayamvara  the  four  chief  gods  .assume 
the  appearance  of  Nala.     --     -  - 


,,,  ,    -  5  —     Unable  to  distinguish  the  real 

..«.aj-".v»jiuoviiuuy  ,vc  i-csui.  ,rt.townininecoun-       -^      ^   j"     ii      xt   •  ^,     ,,-    •      „.     ,-  -'      J','''.''' "'fP,""5"s  pr.ays  to  the  gods  and  they  resume  their 

tv  of  Pest-Pilis-Srtlt    V{n-nJav^   4,«  ir„-|^=  „^   tv!       Situated  on  the  Nairn,  near  the  Moray  Firth,  in     dmne  attributes,  whereupon  she  chooses  Nala  to  the  grief 
pLt  orR,,/±' .    ^'fe„^  V£1'Z'  ,^l^  ^"1/2?!'^-     lat.  57°  35'  N.,  long.  3°  53'  W.     It  isl  sumiier     °^IH^„  S!?.5-.'!,'i'.'!^<'f "?" °'A^A«"#  . ^h'- ?'- I'ala 


east  of  Budapest.     Population  (1890),  24,584. 


,  long, 
resort.     Population  (1891),  4,014. 


Nagy,Lak(nody-,ok).    At^i^^heeou^      Na^n^(>|;^^(C^^aOUphant). 

Born  at  the  house  ot  Gask,  Perthshire,  Aug.  16, 


Csaniid,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Maros  29  miles 
east  by  south  of  Szegedin.  Population  (1890), 
12,800.  ' 

Nagy-Szent-Miklos  (nody-sent-mik'losh).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Torontil,  Hungary,  26 
miles  southeast  of  Szegedin.  Population  (1890), 
12,311.  ' 

Nagy-Varad.     See  Grosswardein. 

Nanant  (na-hanf).  Asmall  town  in  Essex  Coun- 
ty, Massaeliusetts,  situated  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  8  miles  northeast  of  Boston.  It  is  a  noted 
summer  resort. 

Nahe  (nii'e).  A  river  in  Germany  which  joins  the 
Rhine  near  Bingen  in  Hesse.  Length,  69  miles. 

Nahr-el-Kelb  (nar-el-kelb').  [Ar.,' river  of  the 
dog.']  A  river  near  Beirut.  On  a  rock  near  the 
mouth  of  this  river  there  are  engraved  the  portrait  and  an 
inscription  of  Esarhaddon,  kingot  Assyria  (ti80-<j68  B.  c), 
commemorating  his  victory  over  Egypt  in  871.  On  the 
same  rock  the  Egyptian  king  Rameses  II.  carved  a  similar 


1766 :  died  there,  Oct.  26, 1845.  A  Scottish  poet, 
sometimes  called  "the  Flower  of  Strathearn." 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Lawrence  Oliphant,  a  leading 
Jacobite,  In  June,  1800,  she  married  \\illiam  .Murray 
Nairne,who  becameflfthLord  Nairne.  She  edited  the  "Scot- 
tish .Minstrel '"  (1821-24),  and  contributed  to  it  between  80 
and  90  songs.  After  her  death  her  poems  were  published 
as  "  Lays  from  Strathearn."'  Among  her  songs  are  ''The 
Land  o"  the  Leal,""  "  The  Laird  of  Cockpen,"  "  Wha'U  be 
king  but  Charlie?"  "  Bonnie  Charlie  "s  noo  awa",""  "Charlie 
is  my  Darling,"'  "Caller  HeiTin',"  etc. 

Naisha  (na'e-sha).  A  tribe  of  the  Apache  group 
of  North  American  Indians,  now  on  the  Washita 
River  in  the  Apache,  Kiowa,  and  Comanche  re- 
serve, Oklahoma.     See  Apaches. 

Naishadhacarita  (ni-sha-d-ha-ka'ri-ta).  [Skt., 
'the  adventures  of  the  Nishadan.']  "An  arti- 


magic  gifts  ;  the  wedding-feast  is  celebrated  ;  and  Nala  re- 
turns to  Nishadha  with  his  bride,  where  they  live  happily 
and  have  a  son  and  daughter,  Indrasena  and  Indrasena 
Later,  however,  Nala  loses  everything,  even  his  kingdom, 
by  gambling,  and  wanders  in  the  forest.  Transformed  into 
a  dwarf,  he  becomes  the  charioteer  of  Ritnparna,  king  of 
Oudh.  Damayanti.atherfather'scourt  inKuiidina,suspect3 
that  Nala  is  at  Oudh,  She  offers  her  hand  to  Rituparna  if 
he  will  drive  from  Oudh  to  Kundina.  some  ,'.00  miles  in  a 
single  day,  knowing  that  only  Nala  is  equal  to  the  task. 
Nala  drives  Rituparna  there  througli  the  air  and  is  re- 
warded  by  perfect  skill  in  throwing  the  dice.  His  wife 
recognizes  him  by  his  magic  command  of  Are  and  water 
and  his  cooking.  He  resumes  his  true  form,  wins  back  all 
he  had  lost,  and  lives  happily  with  Damayanti  ever  after. 
The  story  is  told  by  the  sage  Bribailashva  to  Yudhishthira 
when  Arjuna  had  gone  to  Indra's  heaven  to  get  divine 
weapons,  leaving  the  other  Pandavas  in  the  forest  with 
Draupadi  lamenting  the  absence  of  Arjuna  and  the  loss  of 
their  kingdom. 

2.  A  monkey  chief  who,  in  the  Ramayana,  has 
the  power  of  making  stones  float,  and  builds  the 


ficial  Sanskrit  ^i^ -itten  in  «ie  12th-centu^    "^^Z^^^.  ^^^^°"' '''''  "^'^"^ 


^         -  „  „.     .V.-o^^Ni^'hI^U?a'^(te%^^)*^^^^^^ 

monument  commemorating  his  triumph  over  the  Hittites  .^^™S '^^  iMSUadlia  (.see  i\ala).  'M-„1.,'o  ..;o„  n      a„  :,;;hc„;„i  o ,__;i ■' 

in  the  battle  at  Kedesh.  NaiSSUS  (na-is'us). 


Nahuas  (na'was),  or  Nahuatlecas  (na-wat-la 
kiis).  A  collective  name  for  the  Indian  tribes 
which  formed  the  dominant  race  of  the  Mexican 
plateau  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest. 


king  of  Nishadha  (see  Nala) 
^aissus  (na-is'us).     The  ancient  name  of  Nish. 
Najac  (nii-zhak').     A  town  in  the  department 
of  Aveyron,  France,  35  miles  east-northeast     thp  rp«t„i-rtin.,  nf  tbo  fnii^,,  m„i„  <- " 
of  Montauban.     It  has  a  n^^tl^  now  in  l^^^h^^  ^^^JI^L^it,^  ^K^i 
.commune,  1,8/0.  a.ni^  iinr,l.ln,n,u,  ■  ^■Xi^^a  T;"r.;o„,i„  n"    rn,,„  „..„ , 


ruins.     Population  (1891), 


According  to  the  most  generally  credited  traditions,  they  Najera  (na'Ha-rii),  or  Nalara  (na'Ha-rii).     A 


had  come  from  the  north  or  northwest  some  centuries  be'- 
fore.  'I'hey  were  divided  into  many  petty  tribes,  each  with 
its  pueblo  or  town,  and  these  were  often  at  war  with  each 
other.  Clustered  in  and  about  the  lakes  of  the  valley  of 
Mexico  were  the  pueblos  of  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico,  Tez- 
cuco,  Chalco,  Tlacopan  (whose  inhabitants  were  called 
Tecpanecs),  and  Xochimilco.    The  Tlascalans  occupied  a 


Nala's  rise.']  An  artificial  Sanskrit  poem"as- 
cribed  to  a  Kalidasa,  probably  not  the  great 
poet  of  that  name,  and  describing  especially 
the  restoration  of  the  fallen  Nala  to  prosper: 

hyana  (ua-lo-pa-khyii'na).  [Skt.  Xala 
and  updlchi/aiia : '  Nala  Episode.']"  The  story  of 
Nala  and  Damayanti  in  the  Mahabharata.  See 
Nala. 


small  town  in  the  province  of  Logroiio,  north 

w™st^bviw^of'Lo"^-on''o'  ^v^"'l"^  ^^  '""''  Nait"^ne  Tunne  (nal-tu-na' tu-na').     ['Mush. 

relli^i'lSlnc'^e  and  p'^edfo  r  6ruflTefttt5"^2;,  JfS  ^^  17^'"'''^     ^  Y'\'  ^  ^I''  ^"«''  ^^^«'"" 

Trastamaie  and  Ini  Guesclin :  this  is  also  called  battle  of     "'^  ^^  AlUapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 

-       ,     --     - ow.,....o„>,^„j,„u»      Navarretean.lof  Logroto.  dians.      Itsformer  habitat  was  on  the  Pacific  coast  south 

mountainous  region,  and  Cholula,  Cuernavaca,  and  other  Nakel  (na  kel),  or  Naklo  (na'klo).     A  to-wn  in  °'  Rogue  Rivei-,  Oregon  :  it  is  now  on  the  Siletz  reserva- 

pueblos  were  scattered  over  the  plateau.    The  Nahuatl     the  province  of  Poseu,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  "™"  0''«='°n-    ^^^e  Athapascan. 

^S^'Z.^^&Z^r'S.^^^^f^J'ISk^    NetL60milesnorth-northeastofPos:l°Vo7-Namagan(na-m  (na- 

l,sthcentiu-ies-renochtitlan,Tezcuco, .and TLacopL  became     "lation  (1890),  6,766.  man-gau  ).     A  town  in  Ferghana.  Turkestan, 

allies:  the  dominant  member  of  the  Icigue  was  at  first  Nakhitchevan  (na-che-che-van').      1    A  town  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sir-Daria  50 

I^^^^^'S^:.^^^^^^^    J^.s^;i:C™'i.^^^TlS^5°'!^'E:  ^^r''"'';'''"^'"'''''''-  P«'P"l-tion(1885), 

It  is  an  ancient  Armenian  city,  and  has  often  been  taken  NamaC[Ua  (na-ma'kwa).     See  Khoikhoin. 

andsacked.    Population  (1S91),  6,939.  Namaqualand  (nii-ma' kwii-land).  Great      A 

,  S"  *T?^™  ™  *       government  of  Tekaterino-  region  in  the  southern  part  of  German  Soiith- 

slaff,   Russia,  situated   on   the   Don   6   miles  west  Africa  (which  see). 

northeast  of  Rostoff.     it  was  founded  by  Armenian  Namaqualan(i,  Little.     A  region  in  the  west- 


Pacific,  and  Guatemala :  but  within  thisregion  many  trbes 
were  unconquered,  and  some  conquests  were  only  tem. 
porary.  Opinions  differ  as  to  the  true  status  of  tlie  con- 
quered regions,  but  the  tendency  is  to  reject  the  idea  of  an 
Aztec  "  empire.""  It  appears  that  most  of  the  pueblos  and 
tribes  acknowledged  in  some  sort  the  power  of  Jlexico,  and 
paid  tribute  to  it,  but  without  being  in  absolute  subjection. 
All  the  Nahuas  built  large  towns,  cultivated  the  ground, 
were  skilful  in  gold-  and  feather-work,  etc..  and  used  bier- 
oglyphic  writing  in  books  and  accounts ;  they  were  also 
enterpnsmg  traders:  but  they  were  no  more  advanced  in 
civilization  than  the  Maya  races  to  the  southeast,  and  their 
civil  polity  was  far  inferior  to  that  of  the  Peruvians.  Their 
religion  was  degraded  by  revolting  human  sacrifices,  and 
It  appears  that  most  of  their  numerous  wars  were  waged 


em  part  of  Cape  Colony,  south  of  the  Orange 
River. 


emigiants  in  1780,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade     Ponula- 
tion.  about  18,000. 

Nakhon  Wat  (na-khon'wat).     A  temple  sit-  tJ1''V-  -D.^v^     o      „,  .,.        .    ^ 

uated  about  5  miles  south  of  Nakhon  or  Ank-  ^^mby  Pamhy.     See  Philips,  Ambrose. 

hor,  the  ancient  capital  of  Cambodia.     It  is  the  a?'™°'^^   '"''."<  m?   'J"-^V.  ^A,.*'"^^^'^*^*;^  ™ 

finest  architectural  creation  of  Cambodia,  dating  from  the  -^1"'"'>?  **  Poem  "The  Light  of  the  Harem." 

13th  century.    The  plan  presents  three  concentric  rectan-  NamOUna  ( na-mo-na').     A  narrative  poem  by 

gular  inclosores,  the  exterior  one  measuring  570  by  650  Alfred  de  Musset,  published  in  1833. 


Namslau 

Namslau  (nSras'lou).  A  town  iu  the  province 
(if  Siilesia,  Prussia,  situateil  on  the  Wcide  29 
miles  cast  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890),  6,167. 

Namuchi  (na'mo-ehe).  [Skt.:  accordingtoPa- 
iiiiii,  }ia  and  iiiuclii :  "not  loosing;'  the  heavenly 
waters,  confining  the  clouds  and  preventius 
rain.]  In  the  Vedas,  a  demon  overcome  by  In- 
dra  and  the  Asvins. 

Namur (na'miir ;  F.  pron. na-miii'').  [F. Xaniur, 
Flem.  Xaiiutr,  ML.  yamiirra,  yamurcum  ;  also 
Flem.  Xamr,  now  Samen,  ML.  Namia.']  1.  A 
provnnce  of  Belgium.  Tt  is  bounded  by  Brabant  on  the 
north,  Lie^e  on  the  northeast,  Luxemburg  on  the  east, 
i'ranceon  tlie  south,  and  Ilainaut  on  I  lie  west.  The  surface 
is  liilly  or  level,  ami  the  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  1,414  square 
nriles.  Population  (lS9;ii,  341,ir»5. 
2.  The  cajiital  of  the  province  of  Namur,  sit- 
uiited  at  the  junction  of  the  Sambre  and  ileuse, 
in  lat.  50°  28'  N.,  long.  4°  52'  E.  It  is  a  strategic 
point  of  great  importance,  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of 
a  stronghold  of  the  Aduatuci ;  has  a  flourishing  trade,  and 
noted  maiuifactures  of  cutlei^;  and  contains  a  citadel 
<ritrongly  fortifled),  cathedral,  belfry,  and  archieological 
nmsenni.  It  lias  repeatedly  been  besieged  and  captured  : 
hy  the  French  under  Louis  XIV.  in  June,  lG.i-1 ;  by  the  Al- 
lies under  William  III.  from  tlie  French  inider  lioufBers 
in  101».T ;  and  by  the  French  from  the  Austriana  iu  1746, 
171)2,  and  1794.  It  belonged  to  Fiance  from  1794  to  1814. 
Population  (1893),  .31,467. 

■Namur,  County  of.  A  medieval  county  largely 
eniniirised  in  the  present  province  of  Xamur. 
It  was  acquired  by  Philip  the  Good  1421-29,  and  was  one 
of  the  seventeen  provinces  of  the  Netherlands. 

Nana  (na-na').  A  novel  by  Zola,  one  of  the 
K'ouijoit-Maequart  series,  published  in  1880. 

Nanaa  (nil'na-ii).  An  As.s}TO-Babylonian  god- 
dess. Her  chief  seat  of  worship  was  at  Erech  (modern 
Warka),  where  she  had  a  sanctuary  called  E-an-na,  i.  e. 
'house  of  heaven."  The  Assyrian  liing  Asurbanipal  (eoS- 
626  B.  c.)  relates  in  his  annals  (645)  that  he  restored  the 
image  of  the  goddess  to  her  ancient  seat  Erech,  whence  it 
had  been  carried  away  1,635  years  before  (that  is,  2280  B.  0.) 
by  the  Elamite  invader  Kudur-Nanhundi. 

JTanaimo  ( nii-ni'mo).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Vancouver,  British  Columbia,  north  of 
Victoria.  It  is  noted  for  its  coal-mines  and 
quarries.    Population  (1901)6,130. 

2ianak  (na'nakl.  Born  at  Talvandi,  near  La- 
hore, U69 :  died  Oct.  10, 1538.  The  founder  of 
the  Hindu  sect  of  the  Sikhs.  See  Adi-G-raiitli, 
and  Silhs.  Originally  a  Hindu  in  belief  as  in  birth,  he 
was  influenced  by  the  surrounding  Mohammedans  so  far  as 
to  denounce  idolatry.  He  wished  to  unite  Hindus  and  ilo- 
hammedans  on  the  ground  of  a  belief  in  one  God.  though 
his  creed  was  rather  pantheistic  than  monotheistic. 

ITana  Sahib  (nii'nii  sa'hib)  (properly  Dandhu 
Panthl.  Bornaboutl825:diedaljoutl.860(?).  A 
peshwa  of  the  Mahrattas,and  one  of  the  leaders 
in  the  Sepoy  mutiny  (1857).  He  permitted  the 
massacre  at  Cawnpore  in  1857,  and  continued 
the  war  in  Oudh  and  elsewhere  1857-59. 

17an-chang  (niin-chang').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  situated  about  lat. 
28°  30'  N.,  long.  116°  E.  Population  (1896), 
estimated,  130,000. 

JTancy  (nau'si).  In  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist," 
the  mistress  of  Bill  Sikes,  who  brutally  mur- 
ders her. 

Ifancy  (nan'si;  F.  pron.  non-se').  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Meurthe-et-Jloselle,  France, 
situated  on  the  Mourtho  in  lat.  48°  41'  N.,  long. 
6°  11'  E.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  and  an  important 
commercial  and  iiianufiictiiring  center.  The  manufac- 
tures include  embroider),  cotton,  woolen,  hats,  shoes, 
pottery,  glass,  etc.  It  contains  an  academy  (formerly  a 
university)  with  4  faculties,  and  the  only  school  of  for- 
estry in  France.  The  cathedral  is  a  Kenaissaiiee  build- 
ing Hnished  in  1742;  the  front  has  two  ranges  of  Co- 
rinthian and  Composite  columns  tlankert  by  domed  tow- 
ers. The  iinlace  of  the  dukes  of  Lorraine  is  a  large  and 
bi-nutiful  Hi. rid- Pointed  bnildiiig  begun  in  1:',U2,  now  well 
reslnifd  and  serving  as  a  iiinscum.  The  Place  .St-uiisla-s 
hotel  de  villi-  (with  intistiini),  seven  triumphal  arches  (in- 
cluding the  I'oite  Uoyale),  Franciscan  church, and  various 
Institutions  and  societies  are  also  notable.  Naiu-y  was 
the  ancient  capital  of  Lorraine  ;  was  tlie  scene  of  a  battle 
Jan.  ^,  1477,  in  ivhieh  Charles  the  liold,  duke  of  Itiirgiindy, 
was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Swi.ss:  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1(>;J3.  and  restored  in  1661 ;  was  emlieilished  hy 
Leopold  and  .Stanislaus  of  Poland;  passed  to  France  in 
1760:  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  military  sedition 
in  17:'0  ;  and  was  occupied  by  the  Germans  in  lb7U.  Popu. 
latioil  (I'.Mlll.  eoinrunne.  102, 163. 

Nancy  Hanks  (nan'si  hangks).  A  fast  Ameri- 
can trotting  mare.  In  1802  she  broke  the  trotting 
record  of  Siiiiol  (2 1081)  by  a  mile  in  2:0.')!.  This  she  herself 
loweild  to  2:0Hii  Oct.,  1802.  She  is  liy  Happy  Medium  by 
Haiiibletoni:in  (lo),  dam  by  Dictator,  lirotlier  to  Dexter. 

Nanda(niin'da).  [Skt., 'happiness.']  1.  InSan- 
skrit  mythology,  the  nnino  of  a  eowhcrd  who 
was  the  I'oster-fatlicr  of  Krishna. — 2.  In  Indian 
history,  a  liingor  dynasty  that  reigned  at  I'alali- 
jv.it  ra,  overthrown  by  Chandragupta  the  Maurya 
about  315  B.  c. 

.Nanda  Devi.  Apeakof  tlie  llimnlaya,  in  British 
India,  near  the  sources  of  the  Gauges.  Height, 
25,()56  feet. 

V.—  M 


721 

Nanga-Parbat.  A  peak  of  the  Himalaya  in 
KasTimir.     Height,  26,629  feet. 

Nangis  (noii-zhe').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  36  miles  south- 
east of  Paris.  Here,  Feb.  17,  1814,  Napoleon 
I.  defeated  the  Allies. 

Nanine  (nii-nen'),  ou  le  prejuge  vaincu.  [F., 
'Nanine,  or  Prejmlice  Conquered.']  A  comedy 
by  Voltaire,  played  iu  1749.  It  is  taken  from 
Richardson's  "Pamela." 

Nanking  ( niin-king')  (Chin., 'southern  capital'), 
ollicially  Keangning-fu.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Kiangsii,  China,  situated  on  the 
Yangtse  about  lat.  32°  5'  N.,  long.  118°  50'  E. : 
formerly  called  Kinling.  It  contains  an  arsenal ;  was 
formerly  a  manufacturing  and  literaiy  center;  was  long 
noted  for  its  porcelain  tower  (built  in  the  15th  century, 
destroyed  in  1853);  was  a  royal  residence  I:j68- 1411 ;  was 
invested  by  the  British  1842  ;  was  taken  by  the  I'aipings 
1853  ;  and  was  retaken  lstt4.     Pop.,  (ISOU),  est.,  130,600. 

Nanking,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  Great 
Britain  and  China,  concluded  at  Nanking  in 
1842.  Hong-Kong  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain ;  Canton, 
Amoy,  Shanghai,  Fuhchow,  and  Ningpo  were  opened  to 
British  commerce;  and  China  paid  an  indemnity. 

Nanna  (niin'nil).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  daughter  of  Nep  (ON.  Xcpr),  and  the 
wife  of  Baldur.  After  Baldur's  death  she  died  of  gi  ief, 
and  was  burned  together  with  his  horse  and  the  magic  ring 
Draupnir,  placed  ou  the  funeral  pyre  by  Odin. 

Nansa  (niin'sii),  or  Manansa  (mii-nan'sii).  A 
tribe  of  Bushmen  who  wander  about  in  the  arid 
district  south  of  the  Victoria  Falls  of  the  Zam- 
besi River.     See  Bushmen. 

Nansen  (niin'sen),  Fridtjof.  Born  near  Chris- 
tiauia,  Oct.  10,  1861.  A  Norwegian  arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  entered,  in  1880,  the  University  of  Christian  i  a, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  zoology.  He 
was  appointed  curat<ir  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  in  1882,  after  having  made  in  the  same 
year  a  voyage  to  the  Jan  Mayen  and  Spitzbergen  seas,  and 
the  sea  between  Iceland  and  Greenland,  in  a  sealing-ship, 
for  the  purpose  of  observing  animal  life  in  high  latitudes. 
He  took  his  degree  at  the  university  in  18SS,  crossed  south- 
ern Greenland  from  east  to  west  on  siiowshoes  in  1888,  and 
was  appointed  curatorof  the  Museumof  Comparative  A  nat- 
oniyat  the  Universityof  Christiania  in  1889.  He  "ailed  from 
Christiania  in  June,  1893,  at  the  head  of  an  arctic  expedi- 
tion, intending  to  drift  in  a  specially  constructed  vessel, 
tlie  Fram,  from  the  Siberian  coast,  across  the  north  pole, 
to  the  coast  of  Greenland.  He  returned  in  IS'.iii,  having 
reaclied  with  sledges  lat.  86°  14'  N.,  2'r>0  furihei  ti-an  Li-rk- 
Kood's  furthest.    He  has_«  ritten  "  Fartliest  North  "  (lsii7). 

Nansouty  (non-so-te'),  Comte  Etienne  Marie 
Antoiue  Champion  de.  Born  at  Bordeaux, 
France,  May  30,  1768:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  6, 
1815.  A  French  cavalry  general,  distinguished 
in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

Nantasket  Beach (nan-tas'ketbeeh).  Apenin- 
sula  in  Pljnnonth  County,  Massachusetts,  pro- 
jecting into  Massachusetts  Bay  8-10  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Boston.  It  is  a  noted  summer  resort. 

Nanterre  (noii-tar').  A  town  iu  the  deptirtinent 
of  Seine,  France,  3  miles  west-northwest  of  the 
fortifications  of  Paris.  Population  (1891),  com- 
luime,  10,430. 

Nantes  fnants;  F.  pron.  noiit).  The  capital  of 
tlio  department  of  Loire-lnferieure,  France, 
on  the  Loire,  at  the  junction  of  the  Erdre  and 
theS6vre-Nantaise,inIat.47°13'N.,long.]°33' 
W.:  the  ancient  Condivicnum.  It  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing cities  of  France  ;  has  a  trade  in  sugar,  ship-building  in- 
dustries, anil  manufactures  of  sugar,  tobacco,  etc.  ;  and 
contains  a  castle  (where  De  Ketz  ami  Fonquet  were  impris- 
oned), cathedral,  museum  of  natural  history,  picture-gal- 
lery, and  several  striking  squares  and  buildings.  It  was 
the  ancient  capital  of  the  Namnetes;  resisted  the  Vende- 
alls  in  17!t3 ;  and  was  the  scene  of  the  notorious  NoyadeB 
(wllich  see)  ill  1793-94.     Population  (1901),  128,349. 

Nantes,  Edict  of.  An  edict  issued  by  Henry 
IV.  of  Franco,  April  13, 1598.  Itcnded  thereligious 
wars  of  the  country.  The  Huguenots  were  put  ou  an 
eiiuality  with  the  Catholics^in  political  rights.  Certain 
nobles  and  citizens  of  certain  towns  were  allowed  freedom 
of  worshiji,  altliutigh  this  w:is  prohibited  in  Paris  and  its 
neighborhood  ;iiid  in  ejiiscopal  cities.  Military  and  judi- 
cial concessions  were  made  to  the  Huguenots.  See  i»Vi?o- 
cativn  of  the  Kdii-l  of  Nuittetf. 

Nanticoke(nan'ti-kok).  [PI.,  also  Xaiilicolis.'] 
A  large  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly on  the  river  of  the  same  name  on  the  east- 
(■rn  shore  of  Maryland.  They  were  eonquereil  iiy  the 
Iroquois  about  16So,aft'T  which  tlii'y<"eased  tobe  important 
and  became  scattered  among  several  tribes.  They  called 
tlieniselvca  Kf-uleijo,  from  which  the  form  }ianiicttke  is 
corrupted.  Itmeans  'tide-water people.'  HceAlfjoii'iuian. 

Nantua  (noii-tii-ii').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  29  miles  west  of  Geneva.  It 
has  a  remarkable  old  church.  Popidatiou  (1891), 
<'oinniune,  2,973. 

Nantucket  (nan-tuk'et"i  1.  An  island  in  the 
Alliintic,  88  miles  southeast  of  Boston,  and 
aliout  20-25  miles  south  of  the  mainland  of 
Massachusetts.  Thesurlaeelsgonerallylevel.  Itwas 
discovered  by  Gosnold  iu  1002.  Length,  18  miles.  Area, 
about  45  square  miles. 


Napier,  John 

2.  A  town  and  comttj-  of  Massachusetts,  com- 
prising the  islandofNantucketandsome  smaller 
neighboring  islands:  a  summer  resort,  it  was 
settled  in  1659 ;  was  ceded  to  MassaclHlsetts  in  16.93  :  was 
famous  as  a  seat  of  the  wliale-tlshery  in  the  18th  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  19th ;  ami  was  ne;irly  destroyed 
by  lire  in  1S46.     Population  of  town  (1900),  3,006. 

Nantucket  Shoals.    A  group  of  dangerous 

shoals  iu  the  Atlantic,  southeast  of  Nantucket. 

Nantucket  Sound.  That  part  of  the  ocean 
which  lies  between  Nantucket  on  the  south 
and  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
north. 

Nantwich  (nanf  wich  or  nan'tich).  A  town  in 
Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Weaver  30 
miles  southeast  of  Liverjiool.  Here,  Jan.  »,  1644, 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  defeated  the  Koyalists  under  Lord 
Byron.    Population  (1S91),  7,412. 

Naomi  (nii'o-mi  or  nii-6'mi).  [Heb., '  my  pleas- 
antness.'] The  widow  of  Elimelech,  a  "cer- 
tain man  of  Bethlehem-judah,"  whose  story  is 
told  in  the  Book  of  Ruth.  She  was  the  mother- 
in-law  of  Ruth. 

Naos  (na'os).  [Gr.  Naoc  =  Xaic,  the  ship  (Argo 
Navis).]     The  2i-magnitude  star  C  Argus. 

Napa  (nil'pii).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  in  upper  Napa  vaUey,  Califor- 
nia.    See  Tuliaii. 

Napa.  The  capital  of  Napa  County,  California, 
situated  on  the  Napa  River  36  miles  north-north- 
east of  San  Francisco.  Pop.  (1900).  4,o:!i:. 

Napata  (na-pa'ta).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Ethiopia,  situated  on  the  Nile  about  lat. 
19°  N. :  the  modern  Jebel  Barkal.  It  contains 
a  temple  of  Amenhotep  HI. 

Napeanos.    See  Xrqws. 

Naphtali  j;naf'ta-li).  1.  One  of  the  Hebrew- 
patriarchs,  a  son  of  Jacob  and  Bilhah. — 2.  One 
of  the  tribes  of  Israel.  Its  territory  was  situated  in 
Galilee,  between  the  Jordan  and  Sea  of  Galilee  ou  the  east 
and  Asher  on  the  west. 

Zebulon  and  Naphtali  took  what  was  afterwards  called 
the  "circle  of  the  Gentiles,"  Galilee.  But  their  occupa- 
tion was  in  reality  merely  a  cohabitation  with  the  pre- 
viously established  races.  The  towns  of  Kitron  and  Xaha- 
lol  remained  Canaanite.  Laish  or  Leseni,  until  the  pos- 
terior invasion  of  the  Danites,  was  an  industrial  and 
trading  town  living  after  the  manner  of  Sidon. 

lienaii,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  I.  21L 

Napier  (nil'pi-er).  A  seaport  in  the  North  Isl- 
and, New  Zealand,  situated  on  Hawke  Bay 
165  miles  northeast  of  Wellington.  Population 
(1891),  8,876. 

Napier,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Merchiston  Hall, 
near  FalkLfk,  March  6,  1786:  died  Nov.  6,  1860. 
A  British  iulmiral.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Captain 
Charles  Napier,  and  cousin  of /Sir  Cluules  James  Napier. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1799,  became  lieutenant  in  1805, 
and  commander  in  18U7.  In  1814  he  sen'ed  in  the  Potomac 
expedition  in  Aiuericx  In  1833  he  took  comniand  of  the 
Portuguese  fleet.  He  defended  Lisbon  in  1834,  and  was 
created  Count  Cape  St.  Vincent  in  the  peerage  of  Portugal. 
He  was  elected  memlier  of  Parliament  for  Maiylebone  in 
1842,  and  made  rear-admiral  iu  1846.  vice-admiral  in  1853, 
ailmiral  in  1858.  He  commanded  the  Paltic  fleet  during  the 
Crimean  war,  and  has  been  much  censured  for  reiusing  to 
storm  Cronstadt.     Uo  wrote  the  "War  iu  Syria** (1842). 

Napier,  Sir  Charles  James.    Bom  at  Wliite- 

liall,  London,  Aug.  10, 1782:  died  at  Portsmouth, 
Aug.  29,  IS.^i.  AdisI  iiiguished  British  general. 
In  1803  he  was  aide-de  camp  to  General  Fox  in  Ireland; 
served  under  Lord  Catheart  in  Denmark  in  1.^07;  and  ou 
his  return  was  ordered  to  Poitugal.  w  here  he  served  under 
Sir  John  Moore  in  the  retn-at  to  Coiiiiiiia,  where  he  was 
captured.  He  fought  in  Welliiigtcn's  Peninsular  cam- 
paigns, and  was  jiresent  at  Canitiray  but  not  at  Waterloo. 
In  1814,  being  on  half  pay,  be  entered  the  military  college  at 
Faruham.  From  1822  to  isio  be  was  niilitiu'v  resident  and 
governor  of  Cephaloiiia.  He  was  made  major-general  in 
l,s;i7  and  K.  C.  B.  in  1838.  In  1842  he  undertook  the  con- 
quest  of  Sind,  which  was  completed  by  the  ^ictoij'  of  Hy- 
(iei-abad,  31ai'ch  24,  1843.  He  was  governor  of  Siiiil  until 
1847.  He  superseded  Lord  Gough  as  commander-in-chief 
after  the  battle  of  Gujrat,  and  in  ISM  returned  llnally  to 
Kngland.  lie  wrote  various  works  ou  military  and  colo- 
nial alfaii-s. 

Napier,  Sir  Francis,  ninth  Baron  Napier.  Bom 
Sept.  15,  1819:  died  Dec.  18,  189S.  An  English 
statesman.      He  was  British  minister  at  Washington 

1867-58,  and  governoi-  of  Madras  1866-72. 

Napier,  Henry  Edward.  Born  March  5, 1789: 
died  Oct.  13,  ISoit.  A  Britisli  author,  brother 
of  Sir  Charles  James  Napier.  Uo  wrote  a 
"Florentine  Hi.stovy"  (1846-47),  etc. 

Napier,  John.  Bom  at  Merchiston,  near  Edin- 
burgh, l.ViO:  died  there,  A])ril  4.  1617.  A  Scot- 
tish mat  hematiciun,  faiiunis  as  the  inventor  of 
logarithms,  lie  was  the  eldest  son  of  Archibald,  the 
seventh  Napier  of  Merchiston,  heieditiiry  justice- general  of 
Scollanil.  He  iiiatiieulated  at  .St.  .Salvator's  College,  .St, 
Andrews,  in  1.563,  and  jirobalily  completed  his  education 
at  the  Cniversity  of  Paris.  I!is  "  Miriflci  logarithniorum 
eauoiii3deseriptio,"fn  which  his  discovery  was  aiinonnced, 
appeared  in  1614.  Napier's  bones  or  rods,  constructed  to 
simplify  multiplication  and  division,  were  Introduced  In 


Napier,  Joiin 


'22 


the  "Rabdologia   (161.).    The  "Constructio,"  or  method    cording  to  some,  at  Corte,  Jan.  7,  17682 •  died 

by  which  the  canon  was  constructed,  was  published  in    nt  T  nntnvnnrl    c;t   TTolo,,-.   Afo,-  %  i«oi       t-^^ 

1619  l.y  his  son  Robert,  edited  bv  Henrv  Brigcs.  ^^  L,ongwooa,  t>t.  ±leleiia,  .\la\  .},  18J1.     i^mpe- 

-      •       —  -  •—  -•-     -"-"  ror  of  the  French  1>04-14.   He  was  the  son  of  Charles 

Marie  Bonaparte  and  Lajtitia  Ramolino;  studied  at  themU- 
icune  lT7a-S4,  and  at  tliat  of  Paris  17S4-«o 


Napier,  Macvey.     Born  at  Kirkiutilloeh.  Dum- 
bartonshire, April  11, 1776 :  lUed  at  Edinburgh,    'ii^^^"of^B,^e 
Feb.  11,  1847.     A  Scottish  author  and  editor.    audVeceivedalieu 
In  1S29  he  succeeded  Jefffej;  as  editor  of  the  "  Edinburgh     '"  1"S5. 

Ency- 


Review,"  and  was  editor  of  the  7th  edition  of  the 
clopjcdia  Britannica"  (1*30-42). 

Napier,  Robert  Cornelis,  Lord  Xapier  of  Jlag- 
dala.  Born  at  Ceylou,  Dec.  6,  1810:  died  at  Lon- 
don. Jan.  14,  1890.  A  British  general.  He  was 
educated  at  the  military  college  at  Addiscombe,  and  en- 
tered the  Bengal  Engineers  in  1820.  In  the  mutiny  (1867) 
he  was  chief  engineer  of  Sir  Colin  Campbell's  army,  and 
for  bravery  at  Lucknow  was  made  K.  C.  B.  He  sen'ed  in 
the  Chinese  war  in  1S60.  He  commanded  the  expedition 
to  Abyssinia  and  stormed  the  heights  at  ilapdala  {April 
13,  IStiSi.  He  was  commander-in-chief  in  India  lS7('-76, 
governor  of  Gibraltar  1876-S3,  and  field-marshal  1^^3. 

Napier,  Sir  William  Francis  Patrick.    Born 

near  Dublin,  Dee.  17.  1785:  died  at  Clapharu 
Park,  London,  Feb.  10  1860.  ABritishmiUtary 
historian  and  general,  son  of  Colonel  George 
Xapier,  and  brother  of  Sir  Charles  James 
Napier.  He  was  with  Sir  John  iloore  in  the  retreat  to 
Corunna,  and  served  in  the  Peninsular  campaigns.  He 
entered  the  military  college  at  F,irnham  with  his  brother 
Charles,  and  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  occupation  of 
France  until  1S19.  Eetiring  on  half-pay,  he  began  his  lit- 
erary career  in  1S21.  In  1823  his  "  Historj-  of  the  War  in 
the  Peninsula  "  was  begun :  it  was  published  1828-40.  In 
18  tl^ehe  published  "A  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Scinde," 
in  1851  "  A  History  of  the  Administration  of  Scinde,"  and 
in  1S57  the  "Life  and  Opinions"  of  his  brother.  Sir  C.  J. 
Xapier. 

Naples  (na'plz).  A  province  of  Italy.  Area, 
3.i0  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,104,665. 
Naples,  It.  Napoli  (nii'p6-le).  [L.  Xeapolis. 
Gr.  Xfu-o/./f,  the  new  city;  F.  Xaples,  G.  Sea- 
pd.']  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Naples. 
Italy,  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  in  lat.  40°  52'  N.,  long.  14°  15'  E.  it  has 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  situations  in  Europe,  and  is  the 
largest  city  and  one  of  the  principal  seaports  in  Italy.  The 
Castel  del  Ovo,  a  landmark  of  Naples,  so  named  from  its 
oval  plan,  founded  in  1154  on  a  small  island  connected 
with  the  shore  by  a  causeway,  was  considered  a  mar- 
vel of  strength  in  the  13th  centurj-.  It  now  serves  as 
a  military  prison.  The  cathedral  was  begun  by  Charles 
of  Anjou  in  1272,  and  retains  many  13th-century  fea- 
tures despite  repeated  restorations  made  necessary  by 
earthquakes.  It  contains  many  granite  columns  and 
marbles  from  the  Roman  temples  of  Xeptune  and  .ApoUo, 
besides  tine  paintings  and  historic  tombs.  The  chapels 
are  of  great  richness,  particularly  that  of  St  Januarius 
(1608),  where  the  miraculous  blood  is  preserved.  The 
Pointed  canopy  of  the  episcopal  tlirone,  with  spiral  col- 
umns, has  high  artistic  value.  The  votive  church  of  San 
Francesco  di  Paola,  begun  in  1817  by  Ferdinand  I.,  is  a 
partial  imitation  of  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  Its  interior 
is  incrusted  with  precious  marbles,  and  the  dome  is  175 
feet  high.  S,an  JIartino,  the  Certosa,  or  Carthusian  Mon- 
astery, is  remarkableaspossessingoueof  the  most  lavishly 
ornamented  interiors  in  existence:  the  piers  and  walls 
are  incrusted  with  precious  marbles  forming  panels  and 
patterns,  and  the  vault  is  frescoed  by  Lanfranco.  Spagno- 
letto,  and  others.  The  floor  is  a  mosaic  of  polished  wood, 
and  was  made  by  one  of  the  monks.  Other  objects  of  in- 
terest .are  the  university,  royal  palace,  San  Carlo  theater, 
t  astel  Xuovo,  triumphal  arch,  Pal.azzo  di  Capodimonte,  ob- 
servatory, national  museum  (picture-gallery  and  collection 
of  antiquities),  ViUa  Sazionale,  aquarium,  Castel  Sant' 
Elmo,  library,  conservatory  of  music,  and  the  churches 
(besides  those  noticed  above)  of  Santa  Maria  del  Carmine, 
"■""    Gennaro  (catacombs).   Incoronat,i,   Monte  Oliveto, 


San 


tenant's  commission  in  the  French  army 

He  opposed  the  patriot  movement  under  Paoli 

in  Corsica  in  1793 ;  commanded  the  artillery  in  the  attack 

on  Toulon  in  the  same  year ;  served  in  the  army  in  Italy  in 
17IM ;  and,  as  second  in  command  to  Barras,  subdued  the 

revolt  of  the  sections  at  Paris  in  Oct.,  1795.    He  married 

Josephine  de  Beauhamais  March  9, 1796.   Toward  the  close 

of  this  month  (March  27)  he  assumed  command  at  Nice  of 

the  army  in  Italy,  which  he  found  opposed  hy  the  Austrians 

and  the  .Sardinians.     He  began  his  campaigri  April  10,  .and, 

after  defeating  the  Austrians  at  Montenotte  (April  12) 

MUlesimo  (April  14),  and  Dego  (April  15),  turned  (April  15) 

against  the  Sardinians,  whom  he  defeated  at  Ceva(April  20) 

and  Mondovi  (April  -22).  forcing  them  to  sign  the  separate 

convention  of  Cherasco(April29).    In  the  following  month 

he  began  an  invasion  of  Lombardv,  and  by  a  brilliant  series 

of  victories,  including  those  of  Lodi  (May  10)  and  Arcole 

(N  ov.  15-17),  expelled  the  .\ustrians  from  their  possessions 

in  the  north  of  Italy,  receiving  the  capitulation  of  Mant  ua, 

their  last  stronghold,  Feb.  2, 1797.    Crossing  the  Alps,  he 

penetrated  Styria  as  far  as  teoben,  where  he  dictated  pre- 
liminaries of  peace  April  18.     The  definitive  peace  of  Cam. 

po-Formio  followed  (OcU  17).     By  the  treaty  of  Campo-For- 

mio  northern  Italy  was  reconstructed  in  the  interest  of 

France,  which  furthermore  acquu-ed  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, and  received  a  guarantee  of  the  left  bank  of  the 

Rhine.     Campo-Formio  destroyed  the  co.alition  against 

France,  and  put  an  end  to  the  Revolutionar)-  war  on  the 

Continent.     The  only  enemy  that  remained  to  France  was 

England.     At  the  instance  of  Bonaparte  the  Directory 

adopted  the  plan  of  attacking  the  English  in  India  which 

involved  the  conquest  of  Egypt.    Placed  at  the  head  of  an 

expedition  of  about  35,000  men,  he  set  sail  from  Toulon 

May  19, 1798 ;  occupied  Malta  June  12 ;  disembarkedat  Alex- 
andria July  2 ;  and  defeated  the  Mamelukes  in  the  decisive 

battle  of  the  PjTamids  July  21.    He  was  master  of  Egypt 

but  the  destruction  of  his  fleet  by  Nelson  in  the  battle  of 

the  Nile  (Aug.  1)  cut  him  oU  from  France  and  doomed  his 

expedition  to  failure.  Nevertheless  he  undertook  the  sub- 
jugation of  Syii.i,  and  stormed  Jaffa  March  7, 1799.  Re- 
pulsed at  Acre,  the  defense  of  which  was  supported  by  the 
English,  he  commenced  a  retreat  to  Egypt  ilay  21.  He  in- 
flicted a  final  defeat  on  the  Tm-ks  at  Abukir  July  25;  trans- 
ferred the  command  in  Egypt  to  Kleber  Aug.  22;  and.  set- 
ting sail  with  two  frigates,  arrived  in  the  harbor  of  Frejus 
Oct.  9.  During  his  absence  a  new  coalition  had  been  foi-med 
against  France,  and  the  Directory  saw  its  annies  defeated 
both  on  the  Rhine  and  in  Italy.  \Yith  the  assistance  of 
his  brother  Lucien  and  of  Sieves  and  Roger  Diicos  he  e.K- 
ecuted  the  coup  d'etat  of  Brumalre,  whereby  he  abolished 
the  Director}-  and  virtually  made  himself  ruonarch  under 
the  title  of  first  consul,  holding  office  for  a  term  of  10 
years.  He  crossed  the  Great  St.  Beraard  in  ifav,  ISno,  and 
restored  the  French  ascendancy  in  Italy  by  the  victory  of 
Marengo  (June  14),  which,  with  that  won  by  Moreaii  at 
Hohenlinden  (Dec.  3),  brought  about  the  peace  of  Uxni- 
vUle  (Feb.  9,  18011.  The  treaty  of  LunfSviUe,  which  was 
based  on  that  of  Campo-Formio,  destroyed  the  coalition, 
and  restored  peace  on  the  Continent.  He  concluded  the 
peace  of  Amiens  with  England  March  27, 1802.  After  the 
peace  of  Luneville  he  commenced  the  legislati\e  recon- 
struction of  France,  the  public  institutions  of  which  had 
been  either  destroyed  or  thrown  into  confusion  during  the 
Revolution.  To  this  period  belong  the  restoration  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  by  the  Concordat  (concluded  July 
15,  1801),  the  restoration  of  higher  education  by  the  erec- 
tion of  the  new  university  (May  1, 1802).  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Legion  of  Honor  (Jlay  19, 1802) :  preparation 
had  been  previously  made  for  the  codification  of  the  laws. 
Hewasmadeconsulforlife  Aug.  '2,1802;  executed  the  Due 
d'Enghien  March  21, 1804 ;  was  proclaimed  hereditary  em- 
peror of  the  French  May  IS,  1804  (thecoronation  ceremony 
took  place  Dec.  2, 1804) ;  and  was  crowned  king  of  Italy 
May  20, 1805.  In  the  meantime  England  had  been  provoked 
into  declaring  war  (May  IS,  1803X  and  a  coalition  consist- 

mg  of  England,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Sweden  was  formed  nT ,_         tt    ,ti  ■     n-^      -,        -^  ,    „ 

against  France  in  1805 :  Spain  was  allied  with  France.  The  JMapOIeon  11.  (Jt  rangOlS  CharleS  Joseph  Na- 


Napoleonic  Wars 

bered  Prussia.    He  directed  the  policy  of  Europe     Eng- 
land alone,  mistress  of  the  seas,  appeared  to  stand  between 
him  and  universal  dominion.     England  was  safe  from  in- 
vasion, but  she  was  vuhaerable  through  her  commerce 
Napoleon  undertook  to  starve  her  by  closing  the  ports  of 
the  Continent  against  her  commerce.    This  policy,  known 
as  "  the  Continental  system,"  w  as  inaugurated  by  the  Ber- 
lin decree  in  1800,  and  was  extended  bv  the  Milan  decree 
in  1807.     To  further  this  policy  he  'resolved    to  seize 
the  maritime  stales  of  Portugal  and  Spain.     His  armies 
expelled  the  house  of  Braganza  from  Portugal,  .and  Nov. 
30, 1807,  the  French  entered  Lisbon.     Vnder  pretense  of 
guarding  the  co,ast  against  the  English,  he  quartered  80,000 
troops  in  Spain,  then  in  1808  enticed  Ferdinand  VII.  and 
his  father  Charles  IV.  (who  had  recently  abdicated)  to 
Bayonne,  extorted  from  both  a  renunciation  of  their  claims 
and  placed  his  brother  Joseph  on  the  Spanish  tluone.  An 
uprising  of  the  Spaniards  took  place,  followed  by  a  popu. 
lar  insurrection  in  Portugal,  movements  which  found  re- 
sponse in  Germany.     The  seizure  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
proved  in  the  end  a  fatal  error.     The  war  which  it  kindled, 
known  as  the  Peninsular  war,  drained  him  of  his  resources 
and  placed  an  enemy  in  his  re.ar  when  northern  Europe 
rose  against  huu  in  1813.     The  English  in  1808  landed  an 
army  in  Portugal,  whence  they  expelleil  the  French,  and 
penetrated  into.Spain.    Napoleon, securingliimselfagiunst 
Austria  by  a  closer  alliance  with  the  czar -Uexander  at  Er- 
furt (concluded  Oct.  12,  ISOS),  hastened  in  person  to  Spain 
with  250.000  men,  drove  out  the  English,  and  entered  Ma- 
drid (Dec.  4,  1808).    He  was  recalled  bv  the  threatening 
attitude  of  Austria,  against  which  he  precipitated  war  in 
April,  1609.     He  occupied  Vienna  (May  13),  was  defeated 
by  the  archduke  Charles  at  Aspem  and  Essling  (May  21- 
2-2),  defeated  the  archduke  at  'Wagiam  (July  5-6),  and' con- 
cluded the  peace  of  Schonbrunn  Oct.  14,  ISo'g.  He  divorced 
Josephine  Dec.  16, 1809,  and  married  JIaria  Louisa  of  Aus- 
tria March  11  (April  2),  1810.    He  annexed  the  Papal  States 
m  1809  (the  Pope  being  carried  prisoner  to  France),  and 
Holland  in  1810.    The  refusal  of  Alexander  to  caiTj-  out 
strictly  the  Continental  systam,  which  Napoleon  himself 
e\aded  by  the  s.ale  of  licenses,  brought  on  war  with  Russia. 
He  crossedtheNiemen  June  24, 1812;  gained  the  victoiy  of 
Borodino  Sept.  7;  and  occupied  Moscow  Sept.  14.   His  prof- 
ter  of  truce  was  rejected  by  the  Russians,  and  he  was 
forced  by  the  approach  of  winter  to  begin  a  retreat  (Oct. 
19).     He  was  overtaken  by  the  winter,  and  his  amiy  dwin- 
dled before  the  cold,  hunger,  and  the  enemy.    He  left  the 
army  in  command  of  Murat  Dec.  4,  and  hastened  to  Paris 
Murat  recrossed  the  Niemen  Dec.  13,  with  100,000  men,  the 
remnant  of  the  Grand  Army  of  600,000  veterans.     The  loss 
sustained  by  Napoleon  in  this  campaign  encouraged  the 
defection  of  Prussia,  which  formed  an  alliance  with  Eus- 
sia  at  Kalisch  Feb.  -28, 1813.    Napoleon  defeated  the  Rus- 
sians and  Prussians  at  Liitzen  May  2.  and  at  Bautzen  May 
20-21.    Austria  declared  war  Aug.  12,  and  Napoleon  pres- 
ently found  himself  opposed  by  a  coalition  of  Russia,  Eng- 
land, Sweden,  Prussia,  and  Austria,  of  which  the  first  three 
had  been  united  since  the  previous  year.    He  won  his  last 
great  victory  at  Dresden  Aug.  26-27',  and  lost  the  decisive 
battles  of  Leipsic  (Oct.  16,  18,  and  19),  Laon  Olarch  9-10, 
1814),  and  Arcissur-Aube  (March  20-21).    On  March  31  the 
Allies  entered  Paris.    He  was  compelled  to  abdicate  at  Fon- 
tainebleau  April  11,  but  was  allowed  to  retain  the  title  of 
emperor,  and  received  the  island  of  Elba  as  a  sovereign  prin- 
cipality, and  an  annual  income  of  2,000,000  francs.    He  ar- 
rived in  Elba  May  4.     The  Congress  of  Vienna  convened 
in  Sept.,  1814,  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  and  regulating 
the  relations  between  the  powers  disturbed  by  Napoleon. 
Encouraged  by  the  quarrels  which  arose  at  t'he  Congress 
between  the  Allies,  .Napoleon  left  Elba  Feb.  26, 1815;  landed 
at  Cannes  March  1 ;  and  entered  Paris  March  20,  the  troops 
sent  against  him,  including  Ney  with  his  corps,  having 
joined  his  standard.    At  the  return  of  Napoleon,  the  Allies 
again  took  the  field.     He  was  finally  overthrown  at  Wa- 
terloo June  18. 1815.  and  the  Allies  entered  Paris  a  second 
time  July  7.    After  futile  attempts  to  escape  to  .\merica. 
he  surrendered  himself  to  the  British  admiral  Hotham  at 
Rochefort  July  15.     By  a  un.aninious  resolve  of  the  .allies 
he  was  transported  as  prisoner  of  war  to  St.  Helena,  where 
he  arrived  on  Oct.  10, 1815,  and  where  he  was  detained  the 
rest  of  his  life. 


Roman  rule ;  suffered  in  the  barbarian  invasions  •  was 

taken  by  Belisarius  in  530,  and  by  Totila  in  643  ;  became 

the  capital  of  a  duchy;  was  taken  by  the  Normans  in 

1150  ;  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  of  the 

Two  Sicilies  ;  was  the  scene  of  a  revolt  under  Mas.iniello 

in  1647 ;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  various  revolutionary 

outbreaks,  as  in  1848.    Pop.  (1901),  commune,  503,540. 
Naples,  Bay  of.   .\n  arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  .     -  r-- .....„„,... 

on  the  coast  of  Campania,  Italy,  celebrated  for     'no'>il'ze  it*  army  in  .A.ug.,  and  Napoleon  presently  foum 

the  beauty  of  its  shores.                                                   ill,"lf°.l'.i°?'!.?5'L''''.*  ™;''''jl"  withj'russia,  Russia,  an 
Naples,  Duchy  of.    A  duchy  founded  in  the  6tli       *  "  '     '   "    "     " 

century,  dependent  on  theBvzantine  empire. 

It  became  independent  in  the  beginning  of  the  Sth  cen- 
tury, and  was  conquered  by  the  Normans  in  the  11th  and 

12Eh  centuries. 


tired  from  the  contest  under  a  military  convention  ;  the  He  was  created  duke  of  Reichstadt  in  1818  by  his  grand- 

Austrianssignedthepeaceof  Presburg(Dec.26.1805);  and  father,  Francis  I.  of  Austria,  at  whose  court  he  resided 

the  coalition  was  destroyed.    Hisintervention  in  Germany  *"*''  ''■^  father  s  overthrow. 

Rhin?T^,i'??"M?if  Thf'""  °' t''^^'"^''?"v"°"  °f  ^^%  Napoleon  III.  (Charles  Louis  Napoleon  Bo- 

?.^i';!  J^Jy  Hvl«??-_  11;!?  confederation,  which  was  placed  naparte).     Bom  at  Paris,  April  So"  18087  tUed 


Naples,  Kingdom  of.  A  former  kingdom  in 
Sinithern  Italy,  it  was  separated  from  the  kingdom 
of  Sicily  und.r  Charles  of  Anjou  in  1282;  was  united  with 
Aragon  1442-58;  was  conquered  temporarily  by  Charles 
VIII.  of  France  in  1496 ;  and  was  under  the  rule  of  Spain 
1503-1707,  and  of  Austria  1707-35.     See  Txoo  Sicilies. 

Napo  (na'po).  A  river  in  Ecuador,  a  northern 
tributary  of  the  Amazon.  Length,  estimated, 
about  700  miles. 


under  his  protection,  ultimately  embraced  nearly  all  the 
states  of  Germany  except  .\ustria  and  Prussia.  Its  erec- 
tion, together  with  other  provocation,  caused  Prussia  to 

d 

„     ,      ,   ..  -  ,  — -™...,  and 

tngland  as  its  principal  members.  He  crushed  the  Prus- 
sian army  at  Jena  and  Auerstadt  Oct,  14  ;  entered  Berlin 
Oct.  27;  fought  the  Russians  and  Prussians  in  the  drawn 
battleof  Eylau  Feb.  7-8. 1807 ;  defeated  the  Russians  at  the 
battle  of  Friedland  June  14;and  compelled  both  Russia  and 
Prussia  to  conclude  peace  at  Tfisit  July  7  and  9, 1807,  re- 
spectively. Russia  became  the  ally  of  France :  Prussia 
was  deprived  of  nearly  half  her  territory.  Napoleon  was 
now,  perhaps,  at  the  height  of  his  power.  The  imperial 
title  was  no  empty  form.  He  was  the  head  of  a  great  con- 
federacy of  states.  He  had  surrounded  the  imperial  throne 
with  subordinate  thrones  occupied  by  members  of  his  own 
family.  His  stepson  Eugfene  de  Beauhamais  was  viceroy  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  northern  and  central  Italy; 'his 
brother  Joseph  was  king  of  Naples  in  southern  Italy;  his 
brother  Louis  was  king  of  Holland ;  his  brother  Jerome  was 
king  of  ■\Vestphalia  ;  his  brother-in-law  Murat  was  grand 


TCT.„^    1  ,  -,,_  _-,  ..      -  ,  ^'''^i  oi  ,,  caipuaiia ;  uis  uroiner-in-iaw  jiurat  was  grand 

JJiapoleon  (na-po  le-on  ;  F.  pron.  na-po-la-6n')     duke  of  Berg.    The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  existed  by 


I.  (Napoleon  Bonaparte  or  Buonaparte^)! 
Born  at  .\jaccio,  Corsica,  Aug.  V>,  1769.  or,  ac- 

>  The  spelling  Bumaparu  WM  used  by  li^apalean's  father,  and  by 
Mapqleon  hims'.lf  down  to  1T96,  although  the  spellinff  BanavarU  oc- 
auB  in  early  Italian  documenta. 


virtue  of  his  protection,  and  his  troops  occupied  dismem- 


at  Chiselhurst,  near  London.  Jan.  9. 1873.  Em- 
peror of  the  French  1852-70.  He  was  the  son  of  Louis 
Bonaparte,  king  of  Holland,  and  Hortense  de  IJeauhar- 
nais,  and  the  nephew  of  Napoleon  I.  He  lived  in  exile  at 
Arenenberg  and  Augsburg  1815-30 ;  joined  in  an  unsuc- 
cessful revolt  against  the  Pope  in  the  Romagna  1830-31 ; 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  organize  a  revolution 
among  the  French  soldiers  stationed  at  Strasburg  in  1836 ; 
made  a  descent  on  France  near  Bimlogne  in  1840 ;  was  Ctti>- 
tured  and  imprisoned  at  Ham  until  1846,  when  he  escaped  ; 
was  made  a  member  of  the  National  Assemlilv  after  the  fall 
of  Louis  Philippe  in  1848  ;  was  elected  president  of  the  re- 
public Dec,  1S48  ;  executed  the  coup  d'etat  of  Dec.  2, 1861 ; 
was  chosen  president  for  10  years  in  Dec.  1851 ;  and  aftei 
a  plebiscite  in  Nov. .  isr.2.  wa's  proclaimed  emperor  Dec.  2, 
1862.  He  married  Eugenie  de  Montijo  Jan.  30,  1863  ;  took 
part  in  the  CYimean  war  1854-56;  fought  with  Sardinia 
against  .\ustria  in  1859,  and  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
M.igenta  and  .Solf erino ;  waged  war  in  Mexico  1862-67; 
declared  war  against  Germany  in  July.,  1870 ;  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Sedan  Sept,  2 ;  was  imprisoned  at  'O'ilhelms- 
hohe,  near  Cassel,  1870-71;  and  lived  at  Chiselhurst 
1871-73.  He  was  the  author  of  various  political  and 
military  works,  including  "wjctn.vo  ao  i„i.,c  nABr.w." 
(1865-66). 


"Histoire  de  Jules   C^sar" 


2A>ig.  15.  1760,  is  thp  rommonly  accepted  date  of  Ifapoleon'fl  birth.    XT i_t»-  -.^t  ,«  ti        v  .•■ 

andjan.-.ir6s,that.,fthebirtbof ■uubrothir.i,»i,irithLb"n  Napoleou,  PriHce  ( NapolSou  Eug^ne'Louis 


said,  liut  without  good  ri.a,on.  tliat  these  date..;  wer,;  interchanged  at       Jean  .ToSPnh  Roia  Tini-t.P 
'St"""'  "f  ^"Jioleon's  adniU^ioi,  to  the  rollitar\  K-hool  of  Brienne  in    »V  ,      ""."^l"!  J50-ld.parte 

1779,  uo  candidate  being  eUgible  after  10  years  of  age.  H  apOleOIllC  WarS.    --i  gene 


See  lifiiiiparte. 
1  general  name  for  the  wars 


Napoleonic  Wars 

in  which  Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  the  leading 
figure,  1796-lSir).  France  was  opposed  to  Great  Britain, 
and  at  different  times  to  Austria,  Prussia,  Russia.  Spain, 
etc.  The  principal  seats  of  the  wars  were  Italy,  Si)aiii,  Por- 
tugal, Switzerland,  (Jermany,  Austria, Russia,  Egypt,  Syria, 
and  the  ocean.  Ihe  wars  at  the  bei^innitig  of  the  period 
form  part  of  those  growing  out  of  the  trench  Kevolu- 
tion  (which  see).  The  following  are  the  leading  events 
after  17:15:  Napoleon  took  command  of  the  anny  of  Italy, 
springof  1790  ;  battle  of  Lodi,  May  10 ;  campaign  of  Jloreau 
on  the  Upper  Uhine  (retreat  through  the  lilack  Forest), 
1796:  campaign  of  Jourdan  on  the  Main,  17if6:  battle  of 
Castiglione,  Aug.  5 ;  Ijattle  of  Arcole,  Nov.  15-17  ;  siege  of 
Mantu:^  171N>-w7 ;  battle  of  Kivoli,  Jan.,  1797 ;  preliminary 
treaty  of  Leoben,  April  18;  treaty  of  Campo-Forndo,  Oct. 
17 ;  French  expedition  to  Egypt,  1708 ;  battle  oi  the  Pyra- 
mids, July  21 ;  battle  of  the  .Vile,  Aiil-.  1 ;  battle  of  Mount 
Tabor,  April,  179!) ;  French  defeats  in  Italy  (Trebbic,  June, 
and -Novi,  Aug.);  battle  of  Abukir,  Jiilv  ili ;  SuvaroHs  re- 
treat in  the  Alps,  1790  ;  battles  of  Zurich,  1799 ;  piuisage  of 
Great  St.  Bernard  by  Napole.ui,  Ma.v,  1800  ;  battle  of  ila- 
rengo,  June  14  ;  battle  of  Ihdienlinden,  Dec.  3 ;  treaty  of 
luniSvUle,  Feb.  9, 1801 ;  battle  of  the  Baltic,  April  2  ;  treaty 
of  Amiens,  March  27,  1802  ;  renewal  of  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  1803 ;  new  coalition  against  France,  1S05 ;  siurender 
of  Llm,  Oct.  17 ;  battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct,  21 ;  battle  of  Aus- 
terlitz,  Dec.  2 ;  treaty  of  Preaburg,  Dec.  2(J ;  battles  of  Jena 
and  AucrsUidt,  (let.  14,  1806;  battle  of  Eyiau,  Feb.  7,  8, 
1807  ;  battle  of  Friedlaiid,  June  14  ;  treaties  of  Tilsit,  July  ; 
Peninsular  war  (which  see),  1808-14;  battle  of  Aspern,  ilay 
21,  22,  18>j9  ;  battle  of  Wagram,  July  5,  6 ;  treaty  of  \'ietiiia, 
Oct  14:  invasion  of  Russia,  1812;  battle  of  Borodino,  Sept. 
7;  bundng  of  Moscow,  Sept,;  retreat  from  Russia,  Ocl.- 
Dee.:  battleof  Lutzen,  May2,1813;  battle  of  Bautzen,  .May 
20, 21 ;  battle  of  the  Katzbach,  Aug.  26 ;  battle  of  Dresden, 
Aug.  26, 27;  battle  of  Dennewitz,  Sept.  (1;  battle  ot  Leipsic, 
Oct,  16,  18,  19;  Napoleon's  victories  at  Montmirail.  etc., 
Feb.,  1S14;  battleof  Bar-sur-Aube,  Fell.  27  :  battleof  Laon, 
Uarch  9, 10:  battleof  Arcis-sur-Anbc,Marcb2iJ,21;  treaty  of 
Paris,  May  30 ;  Napoleon  landed  at  Cannes,  March  1, 1S15  ; 
battlesof  Ligiiy and Quatre-Bras,  June Iti ;  battleof  Water- 
loo, June  18 ;  treaty  of  Paris,  Nov.  20. 

Napoleon  le  Petit  (na-po-la-6ii  le  pe-te').  [P., 
•Napoleon  the  Little.']  A  satire  by  Victor 
Hugo,  directed  against  Napoleon  HI.,  published 
in  l^<r>2. 

Napoleon-Vendee.    See  La-Eoche-sur-Yon. 

Napoli  di  Romania.    See  Nauplia. 

NapOS  (na'pos),  or  Napeanos  (ua-pa-ii'nos).  A 
name  given  to  various  semi-civiUzed  Indians  of 
easteru  Ecuador  and  Peru,  on  the  river  Napo. 
They  are  apparently  derived  from  various  stocks  which 
have  become  amalgamated  in  the  mission  villages.  At 
present  most  of  them  speak  dialects  of  the  Quichua. 

Naquet  (na-ka'),  Alfred  Joseph.  Born  at  Car- 
pentras,  France,  Oct.  6, 1834.  A  French  chem- 
ist and  radical  politician.  He  was  professor  of  chem- 
Utry  at  the  technical  institute  of  Palermo  18U3-65,  and 
was  a  member  ot  the  French  Senate  1882-89.  His  chief 
work  la  "  Principes  de  chimie"  (18G5). 

Nara  (nii'rii).  A  city  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  about  25  miles  south  of  Kioto.  It  was  the 
capiMl  in  the  8th  century.  A  colossal  statue  of  Buddha, 
seated  in  the  Daibouts  temple  here,  is  an  exceedingly  re- 
markable work,  and  the  largest  existing  bronze  casting. 
It  datea  from  73'J,  aiul  is  formed  of  several  pieces  skilfully 
soldered  together.  The  god  sit::  on  the  syndmlic  lotus- 
flower,  with  the  right  hand  open  and  raised,  :iud  the  ex- 
tended left  resting  on  his  knee.  The  drapery  lias  almost 
Greek  breadth  and  lightness,  and  the  anatomy  and  expres- 
sinn  are  admiralile,  as  is  the  technical  finish.  The  height, 
without  the  pedest4d,  is  85  feet. 

Naram-Sin  (nii-riiin'sin).  ['Beloved  ot  the 
moon-god  Sin.']  King  of  Babylou,  son  of  Sar- 
gon  I.  (jf  Ag:ide.  Following  a  notice  of  the  annals  of  Na- 
bonidiis,  ill  wliich  this  Babylonian  king  states,  in  the  year 
e.'JO  u.  (\,  that  while  repairing  the  sun-tcniple  at  sippar  ho 
discovered  the  foiuidation  cylinders  of  tli:it  cdilice  laid  by 
Naram  Sin,  the  son  of  Sargon,  :!,2i:hj  y.ai  s  before,  Assyri- 
ologists  assume  37,'>0  it.  c.  as  the  date  uf  N:iram-Siii. 

Narasinha  (ua-ra-sin'ha).  [Skt.,  Mho  man- 
lion.']  The  fourth  avatar  or  incarnation  of 
Vishnu.  He  assumed  the  shape  of  a  creature  half  man 
half  lion  to  delivir  tlio  world  from  the  tyrant  lliraiiyaka- 
shipu,  wiio  had  obtained  it  as  ft  boon  from  Brahma  tieit 
he  should  be  slain  neither  by  god,  nor  man,  nor  animal,  and 
BO  waa  able  to  usurp  the  dominion  of  the  three  worlds, 
even  appropriating  the  sacrillces  of  the  gods.  When  his 
pious  son  Pralil:id:i  i»nilsed  Vishnu,  the  father  tried  tode- 
stroy  theboy,  wbcreuifon  Vishnu  appeared  sudileiily  outof 
a  pillar  In  a*  shape  neither  god,  nor  man,  nor  animal,  and 
tore  Hiraiiyakasiiipu  to  pieces, 

Narba  (niir'ljil),  orNabha  (niL'bil).  A  native 
state  in  the  Panjab,  India,  under  Brilisli  pro- 
tection, intersected  by  lat.  30°  30'  X.,  long.  76° 
E.    Area,  936  square  miles.   Population  (IhOI), 

i;s-.',7.'i(i. 

Narbada.    See  Xcrliiilda. 
Narbonensis,  <ir  Gallia  Narbonensis  ('Kari-ii. 

uiir-lici-iii'ii'sis).  Apiiiviiicf  of  llie  Komaneni- 
pire,  0('i'U|iying  the  southern  ami  southeastern 
parts  of  Oaul.  it  exteinled  from  the  Alps  soiithwest- 
ward  along  the  .Mediterranean  to  the  Pyrenees.  The  north- 
em  border  was  near  the  line  of  the  t'evennes,  the  Rhone, 
and  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  Its  leading  cities  were  Tolosa, 
Narbo,  Neinausus,  Arelatc.  Massilift,  and  Vienna.  Early 
settlements  were  made  by  the  Romans  in  the  I'rovincia  In 
the  end  of  the  2il  century  ii,  c—  at  .Narbo  118  B.  c,  and  at 
Tolosa  ;d>out  the  same  time. 

Narbonne  (niii-lmn').  .\n  ancient  district  near 
the  city  of  Xarbonnc,  in  southern  France.  It 
was  governed  by  viscounts  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was 


723 

united  with  the  crown  of  France  in  1507-08.  It  formed 
part  of  I.angue<1oe.  The  name  Niu'bonne  is  sometime.^ 
given  to  the  ancient  Septimania  or  Oothia. 
Narbonne.  A  city  in  the  department  of  Audo, 
France,  on  the  Canal  de  la  Kobiuc,  situated  5 
miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  43°  11'  N., 
long.  3°  E.:  the  Latin  Narbo.  it  has  some  trade 
and  manufactures  ;  is  celebrated  for  its  honey;  and  has  a 
museum,  a  former  cathedral  (now  a  church  of  St.  Just), 
and  remains  of  an  archieiiiscopal  palace.  It  was  an  early 
Gaulish  center  :  was  colonized  by  Rome  IIU  or  118  u.  C. ; 
and  became  the  c:ipital  of  Narbonensis-  It  was  an  im- 
portant city  of  the  West  Goths ;  was  taken  by  the  Sara- 
cens in  719,  and  taken  from  them  by  the  Franks  in  759; 
and  was  the  seat  of  the  viscouuts  of  Narbonne.  Popula- 
tion (lb91),  commune,  211,560, 

Narbonne-Lara  (niir-bon'la-rii'),  Comte  Louis 

de.  Born  at  Colorno,  near  Parma.  Italy,  17.5.5: 
died  at  Torgau,  Prussia,  1.S13.  A  French  gen- 
er;il  and  diplomatist. 

Narborougn  (nilr'bur-6),  Sir  John.  Died  1688. 
An  Englisii  naval  officer.  He  fought  against  the 
Dutch  olf  the  Downs  in  June,  1(S«6,  and  in  1669  sailed  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  In  1672  he 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Southwold  Bay,  and  iu  1675  sup- 
pressed the  pirates  of  Tripoli, 

Narcissa  (niir-sis'a).  1.  A  beautiful  woman 
whose  early  death  is  commemorated  in  the  third 
night  of  Young's  ' '  Night  Thoughts."  she  is  iden- 
tified with  Miss  Lee  who  married  Henry  Temple,  son  of 
Lord  I'alriierston.  and  was  the  daughter  of  Yonne  s  wife  by 
her  llrst  husband.  According  to  the  "  Night  Thoughts,"  on 
dying  in  France,  she  was  denied  sepulture  as  a  Protestant: 
but  this  was  not  the  fact.  The  book  was  translated  into 
French,  and  the  belief  grew  up  that  she  was  buried  at 
midnight  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Montpellier,  Her 
suppo.scd  grave  was  discovered,  was  visited  by  strangers, 
and  became  one  of  the  sights  of  the  town.  There  was  no 
truth  in  the  story,  as  Mrs.  Temple  died  at  Lyons,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Protestant  cemetery  there. 
2.  The  name  given  to  Mrs.  Oldfield,  the  actress, 
by  Pope  in  his  "Moral  Essays." 

Narcissus  (niir-sis'us).  [Gr.  NdpKicaoc.']  In 
Greek  mytliology,  a  beautiful  youth,  a  son  of 
Cephissus  and  the  nymph  Liriope,  metamor- 
phosed into  a  flower.  For  his  insensibility  to  love  he 
was  caused  by  Nemesis  to  fall  in  love  with  his  own  image 
rellected  in  water.  Unable  tograsp  this  shadow,  he  pined 
away  and  became  the  Ilower  which  bears  his  name.  The 
nymph  Echo,  who  vainly  loved  him,  died  from  grief. 

Narcissus.  An  admirable  Greek  original  statu- 
ette, found  at  Pompeii,  and  now  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples.  The  figure  stands  gracefully,  un- 
draped,  with  the  head  bent  toward  the  right,  and  the  right 
hand  raised,  as  if  listening.  It  is  also  called  a  Faun  and  a 
Sat)T. 

Narcissus.  Killed  54  a.  d.  A  freedman  of  the 
Roman  emperor  Claudius,  over  whom  he  ac- 
quired a  complote  ascendancy.  He  assisted  the  em- 
press Messalina  in  iirnenriug  the  death  of  C.  Appius  Sila- 
nus  and  numenius  other  victims.  Afterward  he  was  the 
chief  instrument  in  bringing  about  the  execution  of  Mes- 
salina herself.  He  was  put  to  death  on  the  accession  of 
Nero. 

Narcissus.  A  Koman  athlete  who  strangled 
Commodus  192  A.  D. 

Nardini  (nar-de'ne),  Pietro,  Born  at  Fibiana, 
Tuscany,  1722 :  died  at  Florence,  1793.  An  Ital- 
ian violinist,  and  composer  for  the  violin.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Tartiiii  at  Padua,  and  was  solo  violinist  at 
the  court  at  Stuttgart  1753-67;  returned  to  Italy  in  1767; 
and  was  made  director  of  music  at  the  court  of  the  Duke 
of  Tuscany  in  1770. 

Nard6  (niir-do').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Lecee,  Apulia,  Italv,  34  miles  south  of  Brindisi. 
Population  (1881),"8,662. 

Narenta  (nii-ren'tii).  A  river  in  Herzegovina 
and  l);ibiiatia,  which  flows  into  the  Adriatic 
aliout  Int.  43°  N.     Length,  about  150  miles. 

Nares  (narz).  Edward.  Bom  at  Loiulon,  1762: 
died  at  Biildeiiden,  Aug.  20, 1841.  An  English 
clergTOiiin  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Howased- 
ncnted  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and  took  orders  in  1792. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in  1707. 
He  was  regius  piofesBor  of  moiUrn  history  at  Oxford  1813- 
18-11.  He  wrote  "The  Plurality  of  Worids"  (1801),  "Me- 
moirs of  William  Cecil,  Ixird  BurMgh"  (1828-31),  etc. 

Nares,  Sir  George  Strong.  Born  at  Danestown, 
near  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  ls31.  A  British  arc- 
tic explorer.  He  commanded  the  Challenger  expedi- 
tion 1872-74,  and  the  arctic  exploring  expedition  of  the 
Alert  and  Discovery  1875-70  (sledge  expedition  reached 
lat.  83'  20'  N.).  He  wiis  made  K.  C.  B,  In  1870.  He  Is  the 
author  of  "The  Naval  Cadet's  (iulde  "  (ISOOX  "  Iteiiorls  on 
Ocean  Soundings  and  Temperature  "  (In  the  Challenger: 
1874-76),  "TheOniclal  Report  of  the  Arctic  Expedition" 
(1870). 

Nares,  James.  Bom  at  Stanwell,  near  London, 
1715:  died  1 7H3,  An  English  composer  of  church 
Inusie.  From  1757-80  he  was  master  of  the  Children  of 
the  Chapel  Koyal.  Me  pnbllHhed  sevend  series  of  hlU*p8l- 
chord  lessons,  morning  and  evening  services,  etc. 

Nares,  Robert.  Horn  at  York.  Lnghind,  Juno 
9,  175:i:  (lied  at  London,  March  23,  1829.  An 
English  clergyman  and  author,  son  of  .lames 
Nares.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Christ  church),  and 
took  orders  in  1778.  He  was  assistant  librarian  at  the 
Britlsli  Museum  17l)&-1807 ;  founded  the  *'  British  Critic  " 


Naseby 

and  edited  it  (1793-181,3) ;  and  published  a  "  Glossary,  ora 
Collection  of  Words,  Phrases,  etc."  (l!>22X  etc. 

Narew  (nii'rev;.  A  river  in  western  Kussiaaud 
Poland,  joining  the  Bug  19  miles  north  of  War- 
saw.    Length,  over  200  miles. 

Nariman  (ne-re  man').  In  the  Shabnamah,  a 
wtiriior  of  Fariduu,  killeil  in  his  attack  upon 
Sipand.  and  avenged  by  liustam,  his  great- 
grandson. 

Narlno  (nii-ren'yo),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Bogoti, 
1765 :  died  at  Villa  de  Leiva,  Dec.  13.  1823.  A 
New  Granadan  patriot.  He  was  a  noted  orator  «nd 
writer,  and  held  important  offices  under  the  viceroys,  but 
in  1795  was  imprisoned  for  publishing  a  Spanii^h  tninslation 
of  the  "Droits  des  homines,"  and  liid  not  finally  obtain 
his  freedom  until  the  revolution  of  181o.  Heal  once  joined 
the  revolutionists,  and,  as  presidentof  Cundinaniarea,was 
leader  of  the  centralist  republicans  in  the  civil  wars  of 
1811-13.  In  the  latter  year  he  gained  several  victories 
over  the  Spaniards  in  the  south,  but  was  finally  defeated 
at  Pasto,  captured,  and  sent  to  Spain,  where  he  remained 
a  prisoner  Is  16-20.    He  was  vice-president  and  senator  iU 

Narni  (niir'ne).  A  town  in  the  pro\ince  of  Pe- 
rugia, Italy,  situated  on  the  Nera  43  miles  north 
of  Rome :  the  ancient  Narnia.  Population 
(1881),  2,850. 

Naro  (uii'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Gir- 
genti,  Sicilv,  13  miles  east  of  Girgenti.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  10,395. 

Narraganset  (nar-a-gan'set).  [PI.,  also  Xar- 
rtif/aiisettn.]  Atribe  of  North  American  Indians 
which  occupied  the  part  of  Rhode  Island  west 
of  Narragansett  Bay,  and  claimed  a<!jacent  ter- 
ritory and  islands.  The  Niantic  was  a  subdivision 
which  presen'ed  the  Narraganset  tribal  character  after 
King  Philip's  war,  in  which  the  tribe,  which  had  supported 
him,  was  nearly  destroyed.     See  Algonquian, 

Narragansett  Bay  (nar-a-gan'set  ba).  An  in- 
let of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  indenting  the  coast 
of  Rhode  Island.  It  containsthe  island  of  Rhode 
Island  and  otliers.     Jjength,  27  miles. 

Narragansett  Pier.  A  seaside  resort  in  South 
Kingston,  Washington  Coimty,  Rhode  Island, 
11  miles  southwest  of  Newptirt. 

Narrenschiff  (nar'en-shif),I)as.  [G.,' The  Ship 
of  Fools.']  AsatiricalpoembySebastian  Brant, 
published  in  1494.  He  illustrated  it  with  his 
ow-n  wood-cuts.  Alexander  Barclay's  trauslii- 
tion  (1508)  was  published  in  1.509. 

Narrows  (nar'oz).  The.  A  strait  .ioining  New 
York  liiirbor  with  the  lower  bay,  and  separating 
Stat  en  Island  from  Long  Island.  'Width,  about 
1  mile. 

Narses  (niir'sez).  Born  in  Persarmenia  about 
47.S:  died  at  Rome  about  573.  A  general  of  the 
Byzantine  empire,  joint  commander  in  Italy 
with  Belisarius  53S-539.  He  was  a  eunuch.  He  led 
an  army  to  Italy  against  the  Goths  in  W^'l,  totally  defeat- 
ing them  in  the  battles  of  Tagime  in  552  and  Mons  Lacta- 
riiis  ill  653,  and  defeated  the  iUanntliniand  Franks  at  Casi* 
linum  in  5.M.    He  was  prefect  of  Italy  554-567. 

Narva  (niir'vii),  or  Narova  (nii'rO-vii  or  uii-ro'- 
vii).  A  town  in  the  government  of  JSt.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  situated  on  the  river  Narova  86 
miles  southwest  of  St.  Petersburg.  In  a  battle 
here,  Nov.  30,  1700,  the  .Swedes  (about  8,  JiXi)  under  Charles 
-XII.  defeated  the  Russians  (about  Jo.ooo)  under  the  Duo 
de  (_'roy.  The  place  was  taken  by  storm  by  Peter  the  Great, 
Aug.  20,  1704.     Population  (18iP3),  11,349. 

Narvaez  (niir-vii-cth'),P4nfil0.  Born  at  Valla- 
doliil  iibdut  1478:  died  on  the  coast  of  Florida, 
Nov.,  1528.  A  Spanish  captain.  He  early  went  to 
America;  was  prominent  in  the  comiuest  of  Cuba,  lf>ll; 
and  settled  In  that  island,  I'ortcis  having  thrown  oil  the 
authority  of  Velasquez,  governor  of  Cuba,  the  latter  ap- 
pointed Narvaez  lieutenant-governor  of  the  newly  dis- 
covered lands  In  Mexico,  with  onlcrs  to  Imprison  Cortes 
(1620).  Narvaez  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  in  April,  but  on  May 
28  was  defeated  by  Cortes  atCempoala,  wounded,  and  caji- 
tured.  lie  was  soon  released,  went  to  Spain,  and  in  1526 
obtained  a  grant  to  cinuiuer  and  govern  Florida.  Sailing 
from  Cuba  March,  1528,  with  5  vessels  and  400  men,  he 
iantied,  apparently,  at  Appalachee  Bay,  maicheil  Inland, lost 
half  his  men, and'llnally, reluming  to  the  coast,  omld  not 
find  his  ships.  Building  Ixials,  he  made  his  way  for  some 
distance  along  tlieeoaat,  and  was  shipwrecked  anil  drowned 
with  nearly  all  his  men.  Cabeza  de  Vaea  (see  Calwjn) and 
three  others  of  the  exiuditlon  made  their  way  overland, 
reaching  Slexico  in  IWA\  the  only  snri  Ivors  "i  Narvaei's 
party. 

Narvaez,  Ramon  Maria.  Born  at  Lo.ia,  Spam, 

Aug.  5.  l.MHl:  died  at  .M:idrid,  April  23, 1808.  A 
Spanisli  statesman  and  general.  He  served  against 
the  brigands  and  Cartlsis;  landed  at  Valencia  In  the  liiler- 
cslsof  .Maria  Christina  In  ist.i;  and  was  premier  1841-40, 
1847,  184'.»-.'il,  lWIV-.''7,  IMll-H.'!,  and  |vl'0-<K^. 

Nasby  (imz'bii.  Petroleum  Vesuvius  (earlier 
Volcano).     The  pseudonym  of  I).  R.  Locke. 

Naseby  (niV-z'bi).  .V  village  12  miles  north 
of  Norlhiimpton,  England.  Here,  June  14, 1«4S.  Ihe 
I'arllaiiiinlarians  under  Fairfax  anil  Cromwell  defeatiil 
Ihe  Itoyallsts  under  Charles  I.  and  Rupert.  Each  side 
numbered  about  lI,i>iHi.  The  batlle  was  decided  by  Cr.iin- 
wells  cavalry,  AlKiut,.,lHl(l  l!oyiill»ls  were  taken  pHsoii.rs. 
and  the  army  was  nearly  destroyed.  It  was  the  decisive 
action  of  the  civil  war. 


Nash,  Beau 


724 


of  two  divisions  of  the  Chimmesyan  stock  of 
Nortll  Amerioan  luilians.  It  embraces  the  Naaja  and 
Gyitksan  tribes,  which  comprise  numerous  subtribes,  each 
inhabiting  a  single  village,  on  the  Nass  and  upper  Skeena 
rivers.  British  Columbia.  See  Chimmesyan. 
Nasr-ed-Bin.     See  Nassr-ed-Din. 


National  Convention 


the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  southeast,  the  dependencies  of 
Cape  Colony  on  the  southwest,  and  Orange  River  Colunv  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  mostlyhilh ,  with  the  Drakenberge 
Monntamsmthewest.  Thegovernmeutisadministeredbv 
a  governor,  alegislative  cnnucil, and  a  legislative  assembly 
The  raaj. .rity  of  .he  inhabitants  are  Zulus.  Natal  was  dis- 
covered by  Vasco  da  Gama  in  141)7.  Settlement  was  beL'Un 
by  the  Boers  in  1837.  It  became  a  British  cob.nv  in  1843 
and  was  made  independent  of  Cape  Colouv  in  1S60.  (For 
recent  hi.story,  see  Zulus  arid  South  African  lifpuHie) 
Area,  16,.570  square  miles.     Population  '(1891),  543,913. 


Nash,  Beau.     See  Xash,  Richard. 

Nash  Miaslii,  John.     Born   at   London,  1752: 

died  May  13,  1835.     An  English  arebiteet.     In 

Loudon  he  designed  Kegeut  street,  the  Hay- 
market,  the  terraces  in  Regent's  Park,  etc 
Nash,  Joseph.  Born  about  I812:  died  1S78.   An  S^^^'^'^of ''i^,,^^ 

English  water-color  painter,  particularly  noted  Nas«n,i   rn^; '  I-    . 

for  aivhiteetural  subjects.  JNassau  (nab   a, 

Nash,  Richard.     Born  at  Swansea,  Wales,  Oct. 

IS,  1674 :  died  at  Bath,  England,  Feb.  8,  1761. 

An  English  leader  of  fashion:  called  "Beau 

Nash,"  and  sometimes  the  "King  of  Bath" 

(from  the  watering-place  of  that  name,  where 

he  was  master  of  ceremonies).    He  was  educated 

at  O.vford  (Jesus  College),  and  studied  law  at  the  Inner 

Temple.     He  conducted  the  pageant  at  an  entertainment 

given  by  the  Inns  of  Coiut  to  William  III.    Much  of  the 

success  of  Bath  was  due  to  his  efforts.     He  was  a  profes- 
sional gambler.    Goldsmith  wrote  his  life  in  1762. 

Nashe  (nash),  or  Nash,  Thomas.    Bom  at 
Lowestoft,    England,    in    l.'J67:     died    about  iTrTcau 

1601.    An  English  satirical  pamphleteer,  poet,     w„jl„„  t>„„„,;,   „•»     i   o    ■  ..     t    ^^    \n     '■^~  •■■"--"— "-—j-    -.^^j  "ci,,uii< 

and  dramatist.    He  took  the  degree  of  E.  .A.,  kt  Cam'     ^^f  a"-  Prussia  situated  on  the  Lahn  10  mi  es  Natchesan  (na-che'san).    A  linguistic  stock  of 

bridge  (St.  Johns  College)  in  1585.    His  earliest  work  is  a     east-southeast  ot  t  obleuz.  It  has  ruined  castles  Xorth  American  Indians,  formerly  dwellino-  in 

preface  to  Greene's  "  Menaphon "  (1587) ;  the -Anatomy     of  Nassau  and  of  Stem.     Pop.  1 1890),  1,824.  Louisiana  and  Mississippi.    They  comprised^wo 

of  Absurdity    appeared  m  1589.   He  edited  Surreys  poems  NaSSau.      A  seaport,  capital  of  New  Prortdenee  tribes  or  confederacies,  known  as  Nachi  and  Taensa  each 

in  loQl,  and^  pubbshed     Pierce  Penndesse,  his  bupphca-     an j  of  tjjg  Bahama  Islands,  situated  in  lat  25°  »'  "'hich  was  composed  of  a  number  ot  subtribes  ir  vU. 


Nassau  (nas'a;  G.  pron.  nas'sou;  F.  pron. 
na-so' ).  A  former  duchy  and  state  of  Gei-many. 
It  now  forms  the  chief  pai't  of  the  government  district  of 

Wiesbaden,  province  of  Hesse- Nassau,  Prussia.  ThefamUy  Natal  (na-tal').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  statp 
of  .Nassau  hrst  appears  at  the  end  of  the  11th  century,  of  Rio  Graiulp  do  Nnrfp  Rvn^il  oit„Qto,l  „,",  t\ 
lu  1255  a  division  was  made  between  the  Ottonian  line  ri  vb,  T?in  P.^t^o  ^^  M  '  T  '  ^itjiated  oil  tl  e 
(see  Nassau,  House  o.f)  and  the  line  of  Walram(the  recent  P^  ^'  "'°  ^'laiide  ^O  I^orte,  near  its  mouth,  m 
ducal  Hue).  The  latter  has  been  variously  subdivided,  lat.  .^°  47' S.,  long.  35°12' W.  Population,  about 
The  count  of  the  subline  Nassau-Usingen  became  duke     10,000. 

in  1803,  and  joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in  1806,  Natalie  fnat'a-le  ■  F  nron  nii  fn  l^'^  R-^-r,  \ro„ 
the  AlUesin  1S13,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  ISls!  i  i  v"a^  r>.,l  J  L?;?'  V  /?;  '■■  ^^'^^  '"^^ 
On  the  extinction  of  the  Xassau-Usingen  line  in  ISIO,  the 


prince  of  Nassau- Weilburg  became  duke  of  the  consoli 
dated  territories.  Exchanges  of  territorj'  were  made  with 
Prussia  in  1815  and  1816.  N'iissau  sided  with  Austria  in 
1866,  and  was  annexed  by  Prussia. 

A  town  in  the   province  of  Hesse- 


14,  18o9.  Queen  ot  Milan  I.  of  Servia.  .She  is  the 
daughter  of  Pierre  Ivanovitch  Kechko,  and  married  Milan 
(then  prince  of  Servia)  Oct.  17,  1875.  In  Oct.,  18'^8  her 
husband  procured  from  the  metropolitan  Theodosius  a 
divorce  which  has  been  pronounced  illegal  by  the  Holy 
Synod,  inasmuch  as  it  was  granted  without  consultation 
with  that  body.    They  became  reconciled  Jan.,  1893. 


6'  N.,  long.  77°  22'  W.  :a  health-resort, 
tiou  (1891),  11,000. 


lages. 


Popula-  Uatchez.     An  Indian  tribe. 


tion  to  the  Devill "  in  1592.    In  this  year  began  his  "paper 

war"  with  Gabriel  Harvey,    (^ee  Harvey.)    In  1589  he  be-       -    -  ■-, -■^— ,.,- -  -    —    -  -  . .  «  «^^.,.^-i^owi„.     j.  wpL»icL-  -iH-o-trti,-™        A  .^  T,..^:«.^  fr,.:i c    ^  a-     i- 

gan  his  Pasquil  pamphlets,  entering  into  the  Marprelate  tiou  (1891),  11,000.                                                           CtJv      "     ^.11  Indian  tnbe.     See  JNacfti. 

controversy  under  this  pseudonym  in  "A  Countercuffe  to  Nassau,  HouSC  Of .  A  princelyEuTopean  family,  ■'''atchez  (nat  ehez).     [From  the  Indian  tribe  SO 

Martin  Junior,    "Martins  Month  s  Mrnde, '  and  "Pas-  it  is  the  reigning  house  in  the  Netherlands  descend'ed     ?,amed.]      A    city  and    the  capital  of  Adams 

qttU  s  Apologie    (lo90).    Among  his  other  works  are  "The      *        ■•    •■     "  ■ -"        -■      - --  i<»in.o,  ucoccuucu     ^ ^      >r:-._-__!      -    . -,       .     -,     ^.. 

Tragedy  of  Dido,  etc.,"  with  Marlowe  (probably  acted  in 
1591,  printed  in  1594),  "Strange  News"  (1593),  "Chi-isfs 
Tears  over  Jerusalem  "  (1593),  "  The  Terrors  of  the  Night, 


County,  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
in  lat.  31°  34'  N.,  long.  91°  23'  W.  The  chief  in- 
dustry is  the  cotton  trade.  Fort  Eosalie  was  built  here  by 
the  French  in  1716,  destroyed  by  Natchez  Indians  in  1729, 
but  soon  rebuilt.  It  passed  to  the  British  m  1763,  to  Spain 
in  1779,  and  to  the  Uniteii  States  in  1798.  It  was  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Territory  (later  the  state)  of  Mississippi  until 
1520.     Population  (1900),  12,210. 


from  theUne  of  Count  Otto  of  Nassau  (13th  century).  The 
first  prominent  member  was  WiUiam  the  Silent,  of  (jrange. 
Members  of  the  house  succeeded  as  stadholders,  and  from 

etc."  (1594),  "The  Cnfortuiiate  Traveller,  or  the  Life  of  TO'aoaolPTiTo^ii^'i'jQ /^f      do  v„c.c„..  q-„„„ 
Jack  WUton"  (1594  :  a  novel),  "Summer's  Last  Will  and  :£'assau,  MaUTlce  Ot.     bee  ^assaii-SiCffen. 
Test.iment"  (1596),  "Haue  with  you  to  Saffron  Walden,   ■"  asSaU-UllleU  DUrg     (uas    SOU-dil '  len-borG), 
etc."  (1596),  "The  Isle  of  Dogs  "  (1597 :  for  this  he  was  im-     Count  Louisof.   Born  Jan.  20,1538  :  killed  at  the 
prisoned),  '■  Lenten  Stuffe"  (1599:  in  praise  of  Yarmouth     battle  of  MookerHeide  Anril  14  1574    Brother     .i'-"'     '^"l"""""' 

and  the  red  herring,,  eto.  of  WilHam  ofomnge :  a  parUzan  o   the  Du^^^^  ^*f  .f  •  ^^%.'^  IVTT'^*  Y  Chateaubriand. 

Nashua,     bee  Pe)»mcoaJ-.  against  the  Spaniards.  ^'^'^    p.    hshed  n  1826    It  belonp  to  th^ 

Nashua  tnash'u-a).     [From  the  Indian  tnbal  Nassau  Hall.     See  Xeio  Jersey,  College  of.  Kol^y^H^^-t.  """q      v*""^^ 

name.]     A  city  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Hills-  IJoccan  fnas'al  Tslanrls  or  Pntriro- i-nna-'JMM    Natchitoches.     See  ^ac^doc. 
borough  County,  New  Hampshire   situated  at  "^^ndT  ^TwV^mllMstands^e!fo  ''rumllt  ^.f^^^^^T^j^^  \-'^r"^'K\-  f^-°°^."°  ^""T 
the  junction  of  the  Nashua  and  Mernmac  riv-     about  lat  3°  S  ■j^ujaLia,     name.]    Thechief  town  of  Natchitoches  parish, 

ers,31milessouthofConcordand40milesnorth-  Naq-saiilsipfTp'-n"  (nn^'^n..  7p'<tp,i1    Tnon   TWo„      Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Red  River  103 miles 
northwest  of  Boston.  It  has  various  important  manu-     ritz   CoS?-  co^^lv  clued  Manri^  «;  ^^lit  <>*  ^atehez      Population  (1890).  1,820. 
factures,,but  is  particularly  noted  for.cotton  good.     The     Ma^c^Of  NaSSarBorLe  "rDeSuf.^^^ 

June  17,  1604  (O.  S.) :  died  at  Cleves,  Germany      ^Uude  sta^'  i  rJ^   tlhJ  tin  nf  tlf' °°'^r^"' 
Dec.  20, 1679(0.  S.).    A  Dutch  general  and  adl    horn  of  the  bu^l  ^  northern 

"ZSshi  Braztjr,  !SrtoMfyriSi.°'D*1ng"t^'s  Nathan  (ua'than).    [He^.,'a  gift.']   AHebrew 

period  the  Dutch  power  was  greatly  strengthened  and  Prophet  m  the  time  of  David,  a  counselor  and 

extended,  and  a  brilliant  rtctorj'  wasgained  over  the  Span-  reprover  of  the  Mug.    He  was  the  instructor  of  Solo- 

ish-Portuguese  fleet  (Jan.,  1640).    After  his  return  he  was  mon,  and  Is  said  to  have  been  his,  as  well  as  David's  his- 

governor  of  Cleves  from  1647  (appointed  by  the  Elector  of  t<:iriographer. 


Nashua  Manufacturing  Company  was  formed  in  1823.  The 
city  was  incorporated  in  1853.  Population  (1900),  23,898. 

Nashua  River.  A  tributary  of  the  Merrimac  in 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire.  Length, 
about  SO  miles. 

Nash-vllle  (nash'vil).  The  capital  of  the  State 
of  Tennessee  and  of  Da\-idson  Cotmty,  situated 
on  the  Cumberland  in  lat.  36°  10'  N.,  long.  86° 
49'  W.  It  is  the  second  city  in  the  State,  and  a  railway  cen- 
ter ;  has  important  commerce,  particularly  in  cotton  and 
tobacco,  and  lumber  manufactui-es.  The  chief  building  is 
the  Capitol.  It  is  the  seat  of  many  educational  institutions. 


™';?"int''t''h'i'5''  ™™"V'?^''  'he  Netherlands  army  1665,  re-  Nathauael  (na-tban'a-el).  [Heb.,  'gift  of  God.'] 
pulsing  the  Bishop  of  Munster;  and  was  prom  nent  in  the     rir,,^  ^f  n,  ,  ^i;,„;„i        'ct  ,,     .j       r.-" 

campaignsof  1672-74.   He  was  ipriuceof  the  GermanEm:     V"?  °?  tlie  disciples  of  Jesus,  generally  identl- 


pu-e  from  1652. 


tied  with  Bartholomew. 


including   Nashville  University,  Vanderbilt  University^  NassaU-SlegeU,  Prince  Karl  Helnrich  Niko-  Nathan  ben  Jechiel  (na'than  ben  yek'i-el).     A 


risk  University,  Tennessee  Central  College,  and  Roger 
Williams  Uiriversity.  It  was  settled  in  1780 ;  has  been 
the  capital  since  1826  (legally  since  1843) ;  and  was  evacu- 
ated by  the  Confederates  under  A.  S.  Johnston  and  occu- 
pied by  theFederalsiuFeb., 1862.  Pop.  ll'JOO),  8U,865. 

Nashville,  ~      " 

Na; 


laus  Otto  von.  Born  Jan.  5.  1745:  died  at 
Tynna  in  Podolia,  April  22,  1808.  An  adven- 
turer and  naval  commander  in  the  French  and 
Spanish  service,  and  later  a  Russian  admiral. 


shville.  Battle  of.    A  victory  gained  near  Nassr-ed-Din,  orNasr-ed-Din(nas'r-ed-den').  Nathan  der  Weise  ( 

ishville,  Dee.  15  and  16, 1864,  by  the  Federals     Born  April  24.  1831 :  killed  near  Teheran,  Mav     'Nathan  the  '^^ise.'] 
der  Thomas   over  the  Confederates  under     1- 1S96-     Shah  of  Persia,  eldest  son  of  the  shah     smg,  pubbshedm  1779 


un 

Hood.    The  result  of  the  battle  and  the  pursuit  was  the 

breaking  up  of  Hoods  army  as  a  fighting  force.     Federal 

loss,  400  killed,  1,740  wounded ;  Confederate  total  loss 

15,000. 

Nasik,  or  Nassick  (na'sik).  l.  A  district  in 
the  governorship  of  Bombay,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area, 
5,940  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  843,582. 
—2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Nasik,  sit- 
uated on  the  Godavari  95  miles  northeast  of 
Bombay.  It  is  a  sacred  Hindu  city.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  24,429. 

Nasmyth  (na '  smith),  Alexander.  [The  sm-- 
name  ytL^mtitli  (also  yi-smitli)  is  a  contraction 
of  nailsmith.'}  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  9.  1758 : 
died  there,  April  10,  1840.  A  Scottish  portrait- 
painter.  He  became  AUan  P.amsay's  assistant,  and  went 
with  hira  to  London.  He  returne<l  to  Edinbur-'h  in  1778 
and  visited  Italy  in  1782.  The  portrait  ot  Burns  in  the  TTntn  (na'tii) 
Scottish  National  G.allery  is  by  him.    He  was  the  father  ot  ■^?'*''*  V""*  '''-' 


Mohammed  whom  he  succeeded  Sept.  10. 1848. 

He  was  at  war  with  England  1856-57.     He  visited  various 

European  countries  in  1873  and  1879.  and  was  the  first  Shah 

of  Persia  to  make  such  jourueys  to  foreign  countries. 
Nast  (nast ),  Thomas.  Born  at  Landau,  Bavaria, 

Sept.  27,  184U :    died  at   Guayaquil,  Ecuador, 

Dec.  7,  1902,   A  German-American  caricaturist. 

He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1846 ;  went  to  England  as 

special  artist  for  an  illustrated  paper  in  1800 ;  and  began 

war  sketches  for  "Harper's  Weekly"  in  1SC2.     He  later 

became  noted  for  his  political  caricatures,  directed,  for  the 

most  part,  against  the  Democratic  partv.    Appointed  con- 
sul-general to  Ecuador.  May,  10o2. 
Nastrond  (na'strend).     In  .Scandina-(ian  my- 
thology, the  place  of  punishment  for  the  wicked. 
Nasumi  (nii'so-me),  or  Na?U  (nii'tho).   A  tribe 

of  the  Kusan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 

It  formerly  had  a  village  on  the  south  side  of  Coquille         „  -    ^. 

River,  Oregon,  at  Its  mouth.    The  survivors  are  on  the  Si-  National  Assemblv. 

letz  reservation,  Oregon.    See  Kusan.  -*     ■      ■•    ■      ^-        -     •? ' 

The  Noah  of  ancient  Mexican 


James  Nasmyth,  the  inventor  ot  tlic  steam-hammer. 

Nasmyth,  James.  Bom  at  Edinbiu'gh,  Aug. 
19,  1808:  died  at  Loudon,  May  7,  1,890.  A  Brit- 
ish engineer,  inventor,  and  astronomer:  son  of 
Alexander  Nasmyth.  He  invented  the  steam- 
hammer  in  1S39J  but  did  not  patent  it  until 
after  1842. 


legend. 

Another  account  describes  a  deluge  in  which  men  per- 
ished and  were  changed  to  fish :  the  earth  disappeared  and 
the  highest  mountain  tops  were  covered  with  water.  But 
before  this  happened,  one  of  the  Nahua  gods,  called  Tez- 
catlipoca,  spolie  to  a  man  named  Xataand  his  wife  Nana, 
saying :  "Do  not  busy  yourselves  any  longer  making  pulque, 
but  hollow  out  for  yourselves  a  large  boat  of  an  ahuehuete 


Jewish  scholar  (lived  in  Rome  about  1100;, 
compiler  of  the  celebrated  Talmudic  le.xicon 
"Aruch,"  which  formed  the  basis  of  all  later 
Talmudic  dictionaries. 

Nathan  der  Weise  (na'tiin  der  %-i'ze).    [G., 
A  ilrama  by  G.  E.  Les- 
_  .  so  called  from  the  name 

of  its  principal  character,  its  tendency  is  toward 
religious  tolerance,  especially  in  the  episode  of  the  three 
rings,  which  was  taken  from  Boccaccio.  Nathan  is  a  per- 
secuted but  noble  Jew,  an  ideal  character  resembling 
Moses  Mendelssohn. 

Nathaniel  (na-than'yel).  Sir.  A  curate  in 
Shakspere's  "Love's  Labour  's  Lost."  See 
extract  imder  Jiraiis,  >S'(r  Hiif/li. 

Natick  (na'tik).  A  town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  16  miles  west-southwest  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Population  (1900),  9,488. 

National  Academy  of  Design.  An  organiza- 
tion in  New  York  city,  instituted  in  1826  and 
incorporated  in  1828.  "its  object  is  the  cultivation  of 
the  fine  arts.  Professional  artists  only  are  admitted  to 
regular  membership. 

In  French  history,  the 
first  of  the  Revolutionary  assemblies,  existing 
from  1789  to  1791.  The  States-General,  elected  in 
1789,  were  opened  May  5,  1789.  and  in  June  the  third  es- 
tate assumed  the  title  of  National  Assembly  and  absorbed 
the  two  remaining  estates.  Its  chief  work  was  the  forma- 
tion of  the  constitution,  whence  it  is  also  called  the  Con- 
.^ituent  Assembly.  The  legislatures  organized  in  France 
in  1848  (after  the  February  revolution)  and  in  1871  (aft«r 
the  overthrow  of  the  second  empire)  are  also  known  as 
National  Assemblies. 


Nasmyth,  Patrick.    Bora  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.     Sfn"to  the  ^r-"''""^ '"HLj^'ior'Jf  Mt^^o'^^^        National  Cemetery.    A  cemetery  at  Arlington, 
7,  1787:  lUed  at  London,  Aug.  17,  1831.     A  Brit-  ,."  .   ,  T..     „      „        '-„     !.         ,!'     ,        Virginia.  3  miles  from  Washington.  District  of 


ish  landscape-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  his  father, 
Alexander  Nasmyth,  and  a  student  of  Claude  and  Richard 
Wilson.  He  was  brother  to  James  Nasmyth,  the  inven- 
tor of  the  stenm-hanimer. 

Naso.    See  (h-id. 
Nas(ia(n!is-cha'),orNaas,orNass.  The  smaller 


Natal  (na-tal').  [Pg.  Xotal.  NL.  Terra  Xatali.s,  Columbia.  It  confadns  the  graves  ot  many  thousand 
Christmas  Land :  so  called  by  Vasco  da  Gama,  Union  soldiers  who  died  in  the  Civil  War  (1861-65). 
who  discovered  it  on  Christmas  day.]  A  British  National  Convention.  In  French  history,  the 
colonj' in  South  Africa.  Capital,  Pietermaritz-  sovereign  assembly  which  sat  from  Sept.  21, 
burg;  seaport,  Durban.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Trans-  1792,  to  Oct.  26, 179o,  and  governed  France  after 
vaal  on  the  north,  Portuguese  East  Africa  on  the  northeast,      abolishing  royalty. 


National  Covenant 

National  Covenant.  In  Scottish  history,  the 
bond  or  eugagoment.  subscribed  in  1638,  based 
upon  the  covenant  or  oath  for  the  observance 
of  the  Confession  of  Faith  drawn  up  in  1581 
(preceded  by  a  similar  one  in  I'l")"),  which  was 
signed  and  enjoined  upon  all  his  subjects  by 
James  VI.  (afterward  James  I.  of  pjughmd), 
and  renewed  in  liiOO  and  1596.  its  object  was  the 
maintenance  of  the  P^es^yte^ia^  or  Keformed  relipioii 
against  Romanism  .and  its  i  rn  mediate  cause  was  the  attempt 
ot  Charles  I.  to  force  a  litursry  upon  Scotland.  At  the  res- 
toration of  the  episcopacy  in'  1002,  the  National  Covenant 
and  the  .Solemn  League  and  Covenant  were  proscrihed, 
and  liberty  of  conscience  was  not  regained  untQ  after  the 
revolution  of  1688. 

National  Gallery.  A  picture-gallery  on  the 
north  side  of  Trafalgar  Square,  Loudon,  found- 
ed in  18:14  1)V  the  purchase  for  the  government 
of  the  Anirfr.^fi'iii  collection.  The  present  bniUliiio: 
was  opened  in  18:tt.  It  wasilesigned  by  Wilkina,  and  is  in 
the  Grecian  style:  its  facade  is  about  4C0  feet  in  lenfjth. 
The  buildings  were  alteretl  and  eidarged  in  l>fiO,  1870,  and 
18i7.  ilany  important  collections  have  been  added,  among 
ttem  the  Vernon  (IS4T).  Turner  (1850),  and  Peel  (1871  U-ol- 
lections.  The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  occupied  part  of  the 
baildin?  for  a  lon^  time  previous  to  its  removal  to  Bur- 
linffton  House  in  ls*i;». 

National  Institute.     See  Institute  of  France. 

Nationalist  Party.  In  British  politics,  the  Irish 
party  formefl  for  the  advocacy  of  Home  Rule. 
See  Pitniellite  Party. 

National  Liberals.  In  German  politics,  a  i^arty 
which,  before  the  creation  of  the  German  Em- 
pire in  1871,  advocated,  along  with  progressive 
measures  of  reform,  the  completion  of  govern- 
mental unity  in  Germany.  After  that  time  until 
1879  it  embraced  tliose  persons  wlio,  though  of  liberal 
antecedents,  contiimed  in  support  of  the  later  policy  of 
Bismarck.  Since  the  separation  of  the  anti-protectionist 
members  (Secessionists)  in  1S80,  the  strent'tli  of  the  party 
iu  the  Reichstag  has  been  greatly  dimiuished. 

National  Party.     In  United  States  history,  a 

name  of  the  (ircenback-Labor  party. 

Nations,  Battle  of  the.     A  name  given  to  the 

tiattle  of  Leipsic,  Oct.  16, 18,  and  19, 1813.  where 

'-    French,   Prussians,  Austrians,   Russians. 

c.lcs,  Saxons,  etc.,  were  represented.     See 

Nativity,  Convent  of  the.    See  l!<tl,i'i,i  m. 

Nativity,  On  the  Morning  of  Christ's.  A 
hymn  or  ode  by  Milton,  written  in  1629. 

Natolia.     See  Jjiatolia. 

Natty Bumpo or Bumppo.  See  Lcathcrstocl-hig. 

Natuna  (nii-tti'iui)  Is^nds.  A  small  group 
of  islands,  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  situated  iu 
the  China  Sea  northwest  of  Borneo. 

Natural  Bridge.  An  arch  of  limestone  which 
crosses  a  small  river  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia,  13  miles  southwest  of  Lexington. 
Height  of  arch,  215  feet.  Similar  bridges  exist 
in  Walker  County,  northern  Alabama;  in  Cali- 
fornia; and  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 

Nature  and  Art.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
publi.slictl  in  17(16. 

Natiirliche  Tochter  (nii-ttir'lich-e  toch'ter), 
Die.  [(.;., 'The  Illegitimate  Daughter.']  -\  play 
by  Goethe,  perl'orined  at  Weimar,  A]iril,  1S03. 
It  was  to  h.'ive  fiirincd  the  fli-stpart  of  a  trilogy,  and  relates 
to  the  Frciicli  Revolution  and  the  state  of  alfairs  which  led 
to  it. 

Naucratis  (nil'kra-tis).  [Gr.  'Sampanc.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  in  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Nile  iu  the  Delta,  about  midway  Ijctwceu 
Cairo  and  Alexandria,  near  the  modem  village 
of  Xebireh.  It  Is  believed  to  have  been  founded  by 
Milesian  colonista  not  later  than  tlie  7th  century  n.  c, 
and  Wfis  described  by  Atlienfcus  and  Ileiodiitus  as  cele- 
brated fijr  its  ptttcrs  and  tlorists.  The  site  remained  un- 
known till  it  was  discovered  by  Petrie  in  iw-sj.  Tito  very 
extensive  and  itnportant  remains  that  have  been  exca- 
vated, especially  nuderthedireclionof  IVtrieariilnf  (J.'irdi- 
ner,  includeruitisof  tbcfiunouslfellenium(atcmpleowned 
by  the  Greeks  i[i  comuimii).  temples  of  Zeus.  Ilera,  an<l 
Aphrodite  (all  known  in  IijstoryX  and  pieces  of  pottery  in 
(treat  variety  and  proftisiim. 

Naud6  f  no-ila').  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Purls.  160n : 
died.it.Vbbeville,  I'r.nice.  1653.  A  French  scholar 
and  lilirarian,  the  collector  of  the  Mazarin  Li- 
brary. 

Naudet  (no-da'),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
8, 1786:  died  at  I'uris,  Aug.  13, 1878.  A  French 
historical  scholar.  lie  wrote  a  hlst.iry  of  tlie  flolhio 
mrinarcby  in  Italy,  works  on  Roman  hist/try  and  adminis- 
tration, etc. 

Nauen  (imu'en).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Branilenburg,  Prussia,  24  miles  west-northwest 
of  Beriin.     Population  (ISOn),  8.120. 

Naufragium  Joculare  (na-ria'ji-nm  jok-n-la'- 

re).      [L.,'Tlie   .Meny  Shipwreck.-.)      A  Ltititi 
acfiilemicnl  comiMly  by  Abraham  Cowley,  acted 
al  Trinity  Ciillege.  Cambridge,  in  1638. 
Naugatuck(na'ga-tuk).     .\  town  in  New  Ha- 
ven County,  Conhoctieut,  situated  on  Nauga- 


725 

tuck  River  15  miles  north-northwest  of  New 
Haven.     Population  (1900),  10,541. 

Nauheim,  or  Bad  Nauheim  (bad  nou'him).  A 
small  watering-iilace  in  the  province  of  Upper 
Hesse,  Hesse,  17  miles  north  of  Frankfort-ou- 
the-Main.     It  is  noted  for  its  salt  baths. 

Naumann  (nou'man),  Emil.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  8,  1827;  died  at  Dresden,  June  23,  1888. 
A  Geriuiin  composer  and  writer  on  music,  son 
of  M.  E.  A.  Naumann.  Among  his  woi'ks  is  an 
illustrated  history  of  music. 

Naumann,  Johann  Friedrich.    Bom  at  Zie- 

bigk,  near  Kollien,  (iermany,  Feb.  14,  1780: 
died  there,  Aug.  15,  1857.  A  German  ornitholo- 
gist, professor  and  inspector  of  the  ornitholo- 
^cal  museum  of  the  Duke  of  Anhalt-Kothen. 
His  chief  work  is  "Xaturgeschichte  der  Vogel  Deutsch. 
lands '  ("  Natunil  History  of  the  Birds  of  Germany," 
1S20-C0). 

Naumann,  Johann  Gottlieb  or  Amadeus. 

Bom  at  Blasewitz,  near  Dresilen,  April  17, 1741: 
died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  23,  1801.  A  German  com- 
poser of  operas  and  sacred  music.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Tartini  al  Padua  and  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna.  His 
chief  operas  are  "Amphion  "  (1770). "  Cora"  (1780),"  Gustav 
Wasa  "  (1780),  and  "  Ori)heus  "  (17So). 

Naumann,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Dresden, 
Jlay  30, 1797:  died  there,  Nov.  26. 1873.  A  Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  geologist,  son  of  J.  G. 
Naumann.  He  was  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geog- 
nosy at  Leipsic  1842-71.  lie  wrote  "Lehrbuch  der  Geog. 
nosie"("  Manual  of  Geognosy,"  IS.'iO-.Vi),  etc. 

Naumann,  Moritz  Ernst  Adolf.  Born  at  Dres- 
den. Oct.  7,  1798:  died  at  Bonn,  Pnissia,  Oct. 
19,  1871.  A  German  physician,  son  of  J.  G. 
Naumann.  He  was  professor  at  Bonn  from  1828.  His 
works  include  "Handbucli  der  inedizinischen  Klinik  " 
O829-.i:0,  etc. 

Naumburg(noimi'b6rG).orNatimburg-on-the- 
Saale  (zil'lo).  A  city  in  the  province  ot  .Sax- 
ony. Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  27  miles 
southwest  of  Leipsic.  it  has  trade  in  wine,  etc.  Tlie 
chief  building  is  the  cathedral.  It  was  governed  by  bish- 
ops from  the  11th  to  the  16th  century,  and  passed  from 
Sa-vony  to  I*russia  in  1815.    Population  (1S90),  19,793. 

Naupactus.     See  Lepanto. 

Nauplia  (na'pli-a).VenetianNapolidi  Roma- 
nia (uii'p6-le  de  ro-mii-ne'ii).  [tir.  yav-'/ia.] 
A  seaport  in  the  nomarchy  of  Argolis  and  Cor- 
inth, Greece,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Nauplia,  25  miles  south  by  west  of  Corinth.  It 
■was  the  port  of  the  ancient  Argos,  and  was  the 
seat  of  the  Greek  government  1824-34.  Popu- 
lation (1889).  5,4.59;  commune,  10,879. 

Nauplia,  Gulf  of,  or  Argolic  (iir-gol'ik)  Gulf. 
An  arm  of  the  *T2geau  Sea.  east  of  the  Pelopou- 
nesus.  Greece :  the  ancient  Argolieus  Sinus. 
Ijength,  about  30  miles. 

Nausa.     See  Xiaffimtn. 

Nauset  (na'set).  [PI. ,  also  Kausettg.'i  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  which  once  lived 
on  Capo  Cod  an<l  the  eastern  part  of  Barnstable 
County,  Massachusetts.  They  were  subject  in  his- 
toric times  to  the  Wanipanoags,  and  early  lost  their  iden- 
tity. 

Nausett  Beach  (ntl'set  bech).  A  long  beach 
oTi  tlie  eastern  coast  of  Capo  Cod,  southeastern 
Massachusetts. 

Naushon  (na-shon').  The  largest  of  the  Eliza- 
bi'tli  Islanils,  situated  northwest  of  Martha's 
A'ini-yaril,  Massachusetts. 

Nausicaa  (na-sik'a-ii).  [Gr.  'SamtKda.']  In  the 
( idyssey,  the  daughter  of  Alcinous,  king  of  the 
Phwacians. 

NauvOO  (na-vi)').  A  city  in  Hancock  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  42  miles 
north  of  yuincy.  It  was  foumlcd  in  lK<(i  by  the  Mor- 
mons, who  were  expelled  in  Ix-IO.  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
Icarian  connnnnity  ]Hr,0'.'.7.     I'Mpnlittieii  (looo),  l,:i21. 

Navajo  (nav'a-ho),  or  Tennai  (the  name  used 
by  themselves).  [Origin  of  the  name  doubtful.] 
The  leading  tribe  of  the  southern  division  of 
the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Since  llrst  known  they  have  occupied  the  country 
on  and  soutltof  tlie  San  ,Iuan  River  in  northern  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona,  and  extemicd  into  Colorado  and  rtjih. 
They  were  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  cognate  Apache 
tribes,  except  on  the  north,  where  they  niet  the  tribes  of 
the  ShoshoTuuin  family.  At  presetit  the  Navajo  are  on  the 
reservation  bearing  their  name  in  I'tah,  New  -Mexiett,  ami 
Arizona.     See  Athaitn^rnn. 

Naval  Academy,  United  States.  -\n  institu- 
tion for  the  training  of  naval  oflicers,  situated 
at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  under  government 
eontl'ol.  It  was  founded  in  isifi  thniugh  the  efforts  of 
George  Bancroft,  then  secretary  of  tlic  iiavv.  The  number 
of  cadets  Is  one  foi-  ciieli  nictobcr  of  llic  tbuise  ef  Repre- 
sentatives (the  members  noiniiiating  theni),  (Uie  for  the 
hislriet  of  Columbia,  and  ten  at  large.  The  course  is  four 
years,  followed  liy  two  al  sea. 

Navan  (nav'aii).  A  small  town  in  Comity 
Meath,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 


Naxos 

Blackwater  and  Boyne,  27  miles  northwest  of 

Dublin. 

Navarete,  Juan  Fernandez.    See  Xarnrrefe. 

Navarino  (nii-vii-re'no).  or  Neocastro  (na-o- 
kiis'tro).  or  Pylos  (pe'los).  A  small  seaport  in 
the  nomarchy  of  Messenia,  Greece,  situated  on 
the  Bav  of  Navarino  in  lat.  36°  54'  N.,  long.  21° 
43'  E.  ■  ^ 

Navarino,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  Oct.  20, 
1827,  in  which  the  English,  French,  and  Rus- 
sian fleets,  united  for  the  protection  of  Greece, 
entering  the  harbor  of  Navarino  under  the  com- 
mand of  Codrington,  annihilated  the  Turkish- 
Eg\i>tian  fleet. 

Navarino,  Bay  of.  A  small  bay  west  of  Mes- 
senia, (ireece. 

Navarra  y  RocafuU  (uii-viir'rii  e  ro-kii-fol'), 
Melchor  de,  Duke  of  La  Palata.  Born  in  Ara- 
gon  :  died  at  Porto  Bello,  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
April  13,  1691.  A  Spanish  administrator.  He 
was  vice-chancellor  of  Aragon  and  president  of  the  royal 
council  during  the  minority  of  Charles  II.  From  Nov.  20, 
W81,  to  Aug.  15,  1(389,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru. 

Navarre  (na-viir';  F.  pron.  na-viir'),  Sp.  Na- 
varra (nii-viir'rji).  1.  An  ancient  kingdom 
which  comprised  the  modem  province  of  Na- 
varre in  Spain  and  part  of  the  department  of 
Basses-Pyri'n^es  in  France.  It  arose  about  900,  and 
under  Saneho  the  Great  (1000-1035)  comprised  also  Aragon 
and  Castile.  On  his  death  his  dominions  — Navarre,  Castile, 
etc. —  were  separated.  Navarre  was  later  united  to  Ara- 
gon, and  later  still  to  France,  from  which  it  was  separated 
in  l:i28.  The  part  south  of  tlie  P.^Tenees  was  ac<iuired  by- 
Spain  in  15i:i.  The  part  north  of  the  l*yrenees  was  united 
with  France  under  its  king,  Henry  IV.,  in  1589. 
2.  A  province  of  Spain.  Capital,  Pamplona.  It 
is  bounded  by  France  on  the  north,  Uuesca  and  Saragossa 
on  the  east.  Saragossa  on  the  south.  Logroflo  on  the  soutli- 
west,  and  Alava  and  Onipuzcoa  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  generally  mountainous.  Area,  4,040  s*iuare  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1S«7),  304,122. 

Navarrete  (nii-viir-ra'ta).  A  place  near  Lo- 
groiio,  in  Spain,  from  which  the  battle  of  N&jera 
is  sometimes  named. 

Navarrete,  Domingo  Fernandez.    Bom  in 

Spain  about  1610:  died  in  Santo  Domingo.  1689. 
ASjianish  missionary,  author  of  a  work  on  China 
(''Tratadoshist6rieos,"etc.,  1676).  Ilenasarch. 
bishop  of  Santo  Domingo  from  1C7S.  There  is  an  English 
translation  of  his  book  in  Churchill's  "  Vtiyagcs." 

Navarrete,  or  Navarete,  Juan  Fernandez, 

siiriiained  El  Mudo  ('The  Mute').  Born  at 
Logrouo,  Spain,  1526 :  died  about  1579.  A  Span- 
ish painter  of  religions  subjects. 

Navarrete,  Martin  Fernandez  de.    Bom  at 

.■\valos,  Logroiio,  Nov.  8,  1705:  ilied  at  Madrid, 
Oct.  8,  1,844.  A  Spanish  naval  officer  and  his- 
torian. Heattaineil  the  rank  of  captain  in  1790,  and  sub- 
sequently held  higli  otlices  in  the  department  of  ma- 
rine. In  1789-92  he  was  commissioned  to  collect  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  history  of  the  .Spanish  navy.  I-Yom 
1823  he  was  director  of  the  hydrographic  department,  and 
from  1824  director  of  the  Madrid  Academy  of  History.  His 
principal  works  are  "  Coleceiou  de  los  viages  y  descubri- 
mlentosquehicieron  pormar  los  Espafailcsdesde  tines  del 
siglo  .XV.,  etc."  (7  vols.  ls'26-<i.5),  and  "Hiblioleca  niarf- 
tima  espaiiola"  (ixisthumous,  1851).  He  planned  and  ed- 
ited the  first  4  vilumes  of  the  great  collection  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  Spanish  history.  During  his  later  years 
he  was  a  peer  and  senator. 

Navarro,  Mrs.     See  JiHjcr.ion,  Man/  Antniiirttr. 

Navas  de  Tolosa  (nii'viis  da  t6-16'sii).  A  small 
village  ill  the  province  of  ,laen,  southern  Spain, 
43  miles  north  by  east  of  Jaeii.  it  is  famous  for 
the  victory  gained  there,  July  Ifi,  1212.  by  the  allied  Chris- 
tian forces  <if  Spain  over  the  Almohades  under  Slohamined, 
followed  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  Moorish  empire  In 
Spain. 

Navesink  (nav'e-singk).  or  Neversink  (nev'- 

er-singk).  Highlands  of.     A  langc'  ot  hills  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  New  Jerscv,  near  Sandy 
Hook. 
Navez  (nii-vii'),  Francois  Joseph.     Born  at 

Charleroi,  Belgium,  17S(  :  .lie.l  in  \M9.  \  Bel- 
gian paintei-.  He  studied  at  Paris  witli  David.  He 
wa8<llreclorof  the  Royal  Academyof  Heaux  Arts  al  Brus- 
Bids,  and  professor  of  ))aintiug  tliere,  and  also  at  tlie  Kcide 
Normale.  Among  his  nictures  are  "  Ilngar  in  tlie  Desert," 
"  Meeting  of  Isiuio  and  Kebeoca,"  "Kesiurectlou  of  Lam- 
ms." etc. 

Navidad,  La,     See  La  Xavidad. 

Navigators'  Islands.    See  ,s,iinoai)  Islands. 

Nawanagar.    See  XoinuKiiini'. 

NAxera.    See  ydjmi. 

Naxos  (inik'sos).  or  Naxla  (nKk-se'H).  [Gr. 
Nnjof.]  1.  An  island  in  the  -Tlgean  Ses,  be- 
longing to  the  <\vcdadi's,  Greece,  intersected  by 
lat.37°N..  long."25''30'  E.  IlislliclarKestnnd  nio«t 
fertile  of  the  Cvchides,  and  in  eel.  braled  for  its  wine.  It 
was  a  member  »tf  the  ("onfederacy  of  l>cl,»fl.  and  r»»volle<l, 
bntwassnbilued  by  Vlllens  nbot.t  4<17  It.  c.  Near  it  Athens 
won  a  naval  ^  Ictoiy  »»verSpnrta  ;{7(i  n.  r.  It  was  contpicnMl 
by  the  Venelians  in  1207,  and  was  the  center  t)f  a  tluehy 
uiilil  15<HI.  Area,  KM  niuarc  miles.  I'opulatlon.  about 
15,IX)0. 


Nazos 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Naxos,  situ-  Neaera  (ne-e'rii). 


726 
The  name  of  a  maiden 


ated  on  the  northwestern  coast. 
Nazos,  or  NaXUS  (nak'sus).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  seaport  in  Sicily,  26  miles  northeast  of 
Catania.  it  was  the  earliest  Greek  colony  in  Sicily 
(founded  by  Chalcis  in  735  B.  c),  and  was  destroyed  by  Dio- 
nysius  403  B.  c. 

Naxos,  Duchy  of.     A  Latin  duchy  founded  by  ht    -  t,  /    -    i       i          ■     -,..■■>  x        -u      a,  , 

a  Venetian  i,,  1207.    It  comprised  Nax-osand  other  isl-  ^:^,¥}''^^  \il^fJ''^^■  °M   "^^^  f'°?l^f  \^^^^ 

ands  in  the  .Egean  Sea.    It  was  formally  annexed  by  Tur-  '"  ^  ',** '^^-  -Ireland,  13  miles  west  of  Belfast.    It 

key  in  1579.  is  the  largest  lake  in  the  British  Isles.    Its  outlet  is  by  the 

"Kt^-^^^:*.  /..•:     -i     -4./\       *              i.    •                  •         c  Bann  into  the  North  Channel    Length,  16  miles.    Area 

Kayant  (na-ya-ret  ).    A  mountainous  region  of  153  square  miles.                                     "  luuco.    ^^o., 

western  Mexico,  long  forming  the  northern  part  Neal  (neli,  Daniel.    Born  at  Loudon,  Dec.  14, 
of  the  state  of  Jalisco,  but  now  included  in  the     167S  :  died  at  Bath,  April  4,  1743.     Aji  English 


m 
classical  Latin  pa.storal  poetry.  Miltou  uses  the 
name  in  "Lycidas,    1.  69, — 

To  sport  with  .Amaryllis  in  the  shade, 
Or  with  the  tangles  of  Nejera's  hair, —  ' 
it  is  thought  with  reference  to  a  woman  loved  by  the  Scot- 
tish poet  Buchanan,  to  whose  golden  hair  the  latter  makes 
frequent  reference  in  his  poems. 


territory  of  Tepie. 

Nayarits  (na-yii-rets'),  or  Coras  (ko'ras).  A 
tribe  of  Mexican  Indians  in  the  mountainous 
region  of  the  territory  of  Tepic,  between  Zaca- 
tecas  and  the  Pacitie.  They  belong  to  the  Sonoran 
stock,  are  agriculturists  and  intelligent  and  bold  warriors, 
and  are  p.issionately  attached  to  independence.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Spaniards  only  in  1722,  after  a  wai-  of  20 
years ;  and,  though  they  subsequently  received  missionaries 
and  government  officers,  they  remained  practically  free. 
In  1S73  they  rebelled  under  Manuel  Losada.  They  still 
number  at  least  30,000. 


historian.  He  was  educated  at  the  Jlerchant  Taylors' 
School  and  at  the  universities  of  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  In 
1706  he  settled  as  an  independent  clerg>-man  in  London. 
He  wrote  a"Historj-  of  New  England"  (1720),  and  (his 
chief  -work)  the  "  History  of  the  Puritans"  (1732-38). 
Neal,  David  Dolloff.  Born  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
Oct.  20,   1837.     An  American  figure-painter. 


Necho 

2.  A  place  in  Palestine,  near  the  village  of  Hal- 
hul,  which  is  also  supposed  to  be  the  site  of  the 
tomb  of  Jonah. 
Nebo  (ne'bo).  [Assyro-BabylonianJNoiii.]  One 
of  the  principal  gods  of  the  Babylonians  and 
Assyrians,  son  of  Merodach  (Marduk)  and  hus- 
band of  Tashmet,  the  goddess  who  answers 
prayer.  He  was  piirticularly  the  god  of  learning,  and 
therefore  the  patron  of  the  priests  and  scribes,  as  lie  is 
called  the  "creator  of  tablet-writing,"  the  "wise  g..d" 
the  "god  of  open  eai-s  and  wide  mind."  His  priiicipil 
sanctuaiT  was  Kzida,  'the  eternal  house,' at  Borsipnarthe 
temple  described  by  Herodotus  as  that  of  Bel);  but  he  had 
also  in  the  temple  of  Merodach  at  Babvlon  (Esagila)  a 
magnificently  adorned  chamber.  Like  Merodach,  he  was 
carried  in  procession  through  Babylon  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year.  He  is  mentioned  with  Bel  (i.  e.  Bel.Merodachl 
in  Isa.  xlvL  1. 

Nebo,  Mount,  modern  Jebel  Neba  (jeb'el  na'- 

bii ).  In  Bible  geogi'aphy,  a  summit  of  Abarim, 
Moab  (2,043  feet),  7  miles  northeast  of  the  Dead 
Sea.     It  was  the  place  of  the  death  of  Moses. 


He  studied  with  Ainmiiller  and  at  the  Royal  Academy  at  Nebraska  (river).     See  Platte 

l■"L"S.^l='.^^_.l=''/L^T"'l^;^»^•'",<''^^■^•''gn«r  .=>»<>  P"»«y-  Nebraska  (uf-bras'ka).    One  of  the  Westeni 

States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend. 


He  resides  principally  at  Munich.  Among  his  works  are 
"The  First  Meetingof  Mary  Stuart  and  Rizzio  '  (lS76),"01i 
ver  1 'romwell  visits  John  Milton  "  (1883). 


Nayler  (na'ler),  or  Naylor  (na'lgr),  James.  Neal,  Jolin.    Born  at  Portland,  Maine,  Aug.  25, 

"  -    .    ..       .  — "     1793:  died  there,  June  21,  1876.     An  American 

novelist,  poet,  journ.alist.  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  Among  his  novels  are  "  Seventv-Sis" 
(1823),  "Logan"  (1828),  and  " Do wn-Easters " 
(1833). 


Born  at  Ardsley,  Yorkshire,  1618 :  died  in  Hunt- 
ingdonshire, 1660.  A  Puritan  fanatic.  He  served 
as  "quartermaster  in  the  Parliamentary  army  in  1642,  and 
in  1651  became  a  Quaker.  Under  the  delusion  that  he 
was  a  reincarnation  of  Christ,  he  entered  Bristol  Oct., 
1(;*5,  on  horseback,  naked,  in  imitation  of  Christ's  entry 


into'.Ierus.alem.     On  Dec.  16,  1656,  he  was  convicted  of  Neal,  Joseph  Clay.     Born  at  Greenland,  N.  H. 


blasphemy  by  Parliament.  The  punishment  to  which  he 
was  subjected  brought  about  a  recantation  May  26, 1657. 

Nazarene  (naz-a-ren').  An  inhabitant  of  Naz- 
aretli,  a  town  in  Galilee,  Palestine  :  a  name 
given  (in  contempt)  to  Jesus  (with  the  definite 
article),  and  to  the  early  converts  to  Christian- 
ity (Acts  xxiv.  .5) ;  hence,  a  Christian. 

Nazarenes  (naz-a-renz').  A  sect  of  Jewish 
Christians  which  continued  to  the  4tli  century. 
They  obser\'ed  the  Mosaic  ritual,  and  looked  for  a  millen- 
nium on  earth.  Unlike  the  Ebionites,  they  believed  in  the 
divinity  of  Christ.    See  Ebfonit^s.    A\so  Sazareaiis. 

Nazareth  (naz'a-reth),  modern  En-Nasira  (en- 
na-se'r;i).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Galilee,  Palestine,  in  lat.  32°  42'  N.,  long.  35°20' 
E.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  dwelling-place  of  Jesus  during 
his  childhood  and  early  manhood.  The  Church  of  the  .\n- 
nunciation  was  founded  by  the  empress  Helena,  but  ruined 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  rebuilt  later.  It  is  well  propor- 
tioned, and,  while  much  of  the  architecture  is  new,  it  pre- 
serves interesting  memorials  of  the  past.  In  the  crypt  is 
the  traditional  place  of  the  Annunciation.  Population, 
6,IX>15  to  10.000. 

Nazareth.    A  borough  in  Northampton  County, 


Feb.  3, 1807:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  18, 1847 
An  American  humorist.  He  edited  the  "Pennsyl- 
vanian  "  at  Philadelphial831-44.  His  works  were  collected 
in  "Charcoal  Sketches "(1837  and  1849),  and  '■  Peter  Ploddy 
and  other  Oddities"  (1S44). 

Neale  (nel),  John  Mason.    Born  at  London, 
Jan.  24, 1818:  died  at  East  Grinstead,  England, 


ing  from  lat.  40°  to  43°  N.,  and  from  long.  930 
25'  to  104°  W.  Capital,  Lincoln;  chief  city, 
Omaha,  it  is  bounded  by  South  Dakota  (partly  eep^ 
rated  by  the  Missoiu-i)  on  the  north,  Iowa  and  Missouri 
(separated  from  both  by  the  Missouri)  on  the  east,  Kansu 
and  Colorado  on  the  south,  and  Colorado  and  Wyoming  on 
the  vi-est.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Platte.  The  surface  ia 
rolling.  The  State  is  especially  fertile  in  the  east.  The 
chief  industries  are  agriculture  and  grazing.  It  is  one  of 
the  leading  States  in  the  production  of  com.  It  has  QO 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  6  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  8  electoral  votes.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  and  of  Missouri  Territorj- :  was  settled 
at  Bellevue  in  1847  ;  was  made  a  Territory  in  1S64  (iiiclud. 
ing  portions  of  the  present  North  and  South  Dakotas.  Mon- 
tana, Wyoming,  and  Colorado) ;  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Union  in  1867.  The  name  is  from  that  of  the  river.  Arei^ 
""  -10  s.inare  uilks.     I'opulatloii  U'.iOO),  1,066,""" 


Aug  6, 186b    AnEnglishh>Tnnologistandeccle-  Nebraska  City.     The  capital  of  Otoe  County, 


Siastical  historian.  HewaseducatedatTrinityCollege, 
Cambridge,  and  became  warden  of  Sackville  College.  East 
Grinstead,  in  1846.  He  belonged  to  the  extreme  High- 
church  party  ;  was  inhibited  by  his  bishop  for  14  years ; 
and  was  burned  In  effigy  in  1S67.  He  founded  the  sister- 
hood of  St.  Margaret.  His  contributions  to  modern  hym- 
nology  are  notable.  He  wrote  "An  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  the  Holy  Eastern  Church  "  (1847-61),  "Media;- 
val  Hymns  and  Sequences"  (18S1).  "Essays  on  Liturgiol- 
ogy  " (18(33),  '•  Mediaival  Preachers  "  (18S7),  "Hymns of  the 
Eastern  Church  "  (1863),  etc.  He  also  translated  the  me- 
dieval hymn  "  De  contemptu  mundi,"  by  Bernard  of 
Cluny,  in  several  parts,  beginning  "Brief  life  is  here  our 
portion,"  "Jerusalem  the  Golden,  '  etc. 

Neander  (ne-an'der;  G.  pron.  na-an'der), 
Joachim.  Born  at  Bremen  about  1650:  died 
there,  1680.     A  German  hjnnn-writer. 


Pennsylvania.  .56  miles  north  of  Philadelphia.  Neander,  Johann  August  Wilhelm  (original- 


It  is  noted  for  it3  Moravian  academj-.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  2,304. 
Nazarites  (naz'a-rits).  [From  Heb.  »a:ar,  sep- 
arate oneself,  vow.  abstain  ]  Among  the  an- 
cient Hebrews,  religious  devotees,  set  apart  to 
the  Lord  by  a  special  vow  the  terms  of  "which 
are  carefully  prescribed  in  Num.  vi.  They  in- 
cluded entire  abstinence  from  wine  and  other  intoxicating 
liquors,  from  all  cutting  of  the  hair,  and  from  all  approach 
to  a  dead  body.  The  vow  might  betaken  either  for  a  lim- 
ited period  or  for  life.  They  tirst appear  in  thetimeof  the 
Philistine  oppression. 

Naze  (uaz).  The.  A  cape  at  the  eastern  extrem- 
ity of  Essex.  England,  projecting  into  the  North 
Sea  (H  miles  east-northeast  of  London. 
Naze  (nii'ze).  The,  or  Lindesnas(lin'des-nas). 
A  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Norway, 
projecting  into  the  North  Sea  in  lat.  (of  light- 
house) 57=  .59'  N.,  long.  7°  3'  E. 
Ndombe  (ndom'be),  or  Bandombe  (ban-dom'- 
l)e).     A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 

living  in  a  low  state  of  culture  along  the  coast  Neapolis  (ne-ap'o-lis).   [Gr.  XfdiroA;f,newcitv.] 
between  Benguella  and   Mossamedes.     They     In  ancient  geography,  the  name  of  various  cities. 

(a)  The  modern  Naples,    (b)  In  Palestine,  Shec- 
hem  or  Nablus.    (c)  In  Macedonia,  the  seaport 
of  Philippi. 
Nearchus  (ne-iir'kus) 
Crete:  livedintheseeondhalf  of  the  4fh  century 
B.  c.    A  Macedonian  officer,  a  friend  of  Alex- 


Iv  David  Mendel).  Born  at  Giittingen,  Jan. 
16, 1789:  died  at  Berlin,  July  14, 1850.  A  noted 
German  Protestant  church  historian  and  theo- 
logian, of  Hebrew  descent:  professor  at  Berlin 
from  1813-  His  chief  work  is  "  AUgemeine  Geschichte 
der  christlichen  Religion  and  Kirche  "  ("General  Histoiy 
of  the  Christian  Religion  and  Church."  6  vols.  1825-52). 
Among  his  other  works  are  "Geschichte  der  Ptlanzung 
und  Leitung  der  Kirche  durch  die  Apostel  "(1832-33),  and 
"Das  Leben  Jesu"  ("Life  of  Jesus,"  1837). 
Neanderthal  (na-iin'der-tiil).  A  valley  between 
Elberfeld  andDiisseldorf,  in  Prussia.  It  is  noted 
for  the  prehistoric  skeleton  discovered  there  in 
1857. 

The  celebrated  Neanderthal  skull  (index  72X  found  near 
Diisseldorf  in  1857,  is  less  human  and  more  simian  in  chai'- 
acter  tlian  any  other  known  skull,  but  is,  nevertheless, 
classed  by  Hamy  and  De  Quatrefages  as  belonging  to  tlieir 
Canstadt  type.  Its  precise  age  is  doubtful,  and  it  would 
be  unsafe  to  regard  it  as  the  type  of  a  special  race,  since 
its  characteristics  .  .  ,  have  been  occasionally  reproduced 
in  modern  times.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  106. 


are  pastoral,  and  speak  a  dialect  of  their  own  in 
addition  to  Umbundu. 
Ndonga  (ndong'ga),  or  Ondonga  (on-dong'ga). 
A  country  between  Hereroland  and  the  Ku- 
nene  and  Kubango  rivers :  a  fertile  and  healthy 
plateau,  called  Cirabebasia  by  the  Catholic  mis- 
sionaries. The  inhabitants,  of  the  Bantu  race,  have  no 
national  name.  By  the  Hereros  they  are  called  Ovarabo, 
and  their  language  Otyambo,  because  they  are  ngricul'- 
turists.     Ndonga  is  the  principal  tribe,  arid  its  dialect. 


Nebraska,  situated  on  the   Missouri  40  miles 
south  of  (:)maha.     Population  (1900),  7,380. 

Nebuchadnezzar  (neb'u-kad-nez'ar),  or  Neb- 
uchadrezzar (-rez'ar).  [Babylonian  ynbH- 
l-i(diiii-ii<;ui;  Nebo  protect  the  boundary.]  King 
of  Babylonia  605-562  B.  c,  the  chief  niler  of  the 
Neo-Baliylonian  empu'e,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est monarchs  of  the  ancient  world.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  general,  while  still  crown  prince,  in 
the  battle  of  Carchemish  (which  see)  against  the  Egyptian 
king  Jfecho  in  605.  On  his  return  flt)m  this  campaign  hia 
father,  Nabopolassar,  died,  and  he  was  proclaimed  king. 
His  conquest  of  Jerusalem  and  .Tudea  is  described  under 
Bahyluaian  Captivity.  Tyre  he  took  after  a  siege  of  18 
years(.585-.572).  He  invaded  Egypt  in  572.  defeated  Hophm 
(Apries),  and  set  .Amasis  on  the  thnme  in  his  place :  an 
inscription  of  Nebuchadnezzar  informs  us  that  four  yean 
afterward  he  had  to  subdue  a  rebellion  of  Amasis.  Un- 
like most  of  the  Assyrian  conquerors.  Nebuchadnezzar 
devoted  his  energies  to  the  consolidation  of  his  empire. 
The  mighty  canals  and  walls  with  which  he  suiTounded 
Babylon,  his  magnificent  p.alace  (now  represented  by  the 
ruins  of  al.Kasr, 'the  castle'),  the  so-called  "haiiging 
gardens  of  Semiramis"  which  he  had  constructed  for  liJ8 
Median  wife  ..Vniytis  (Amitu),  his  restoration  of  many  tem- 
ples, especially  Esagila  in  Babylon  and  Ezida  in  Borsippa, 
are  described  in  the  article  Babyion.  A  full  description 
of  the  buildings  he  carried  out'is  given  by  himself  in  a 
long  inscription  comprising  620  lines.  There  is  no  men- 
tion in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Nebuchadnezzar's  in- 
sanity  as  related  in  the  Book  of  Daniel  (iv.  26{r->,  but  ithasa 
certain  parallel  in  the  narrative  of  .Abydenus  (preserved  by 
Eusebius),  according  to  which  the  king  once  ascended  the 
citadel  of  his  p<alace  and,  inspired  by  a  god,  announced 
the  fall  of  his  empire. 

Nebushazban  (neb-ti-shaz'ban).  [Babylonian 
..Yrt/;«-it.:(6-flH«/,  Nebo  preserve  me.]  The  name 
of  the  captain  of  the  eunuchs  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, mentioned  in  Jer.  xxxix.  13. 

Nebuzaradan  (neb-u-zar'a-dan).  [Babylonian 
yotiu-:('i--i(}di)ia,  Nebo  lias  given  offspring.] 
The  captain  of  the  body-guard  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar who  in  586  B.  c.  was  left  by  him  in  Judea 
to  finish  the  work  of  destruction,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Jer.  lii.  30,  came  in  582  again  to  Judea 
and  carried  away  745  more  Judean  captives. 

C*?''*,?'?'?,'^"^;^  So™  J"  Neches  (neeh'ez)  River.  A  river  in  eastern 
Texas  which  flows  into  Sabine  Lake.  Length, 
about  350  miles. 


ander  the  Great.     He  was  .admiral  of  the  fleet  in  its  Necho  II.  (ne'ko),  orNeku  (ne'ko).     An  Egyp- 


voyage  from  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  to  that  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, 325-324  B.  C.  An  account  of  his  voyage  is  given 
by  Arrian  in  Ms  work  on  India. 


Oshindonga,  isused  by  the  whites  and  by  native  strangers  KrAat>i7Ti^th^      A  fcvnt  in  aiamnrtrnTmliirP  ftnntli 
as  a  general  language.     The  other  tribes  are  I'nkuanibi,      w.ffl^^TL-r   Atowninuiainorgansnire,  ftoutli 


Ongindyela,  Unkualuze,  Ombalantu.  Ondombozora,  T'n^ 
kuanyanift,  Evale,  Ekanda,  Okazima,  and  Ombandya.  The 
Ovashimba  and  Ovarondo  are  kindred  tribes.  Total  pop- 
ulation, about  iriO.OOO,  divided  between  the  German  and 
PortuLiiese  protectorates.  Finnish  Protestant  and  Krencli 
Catholic  missions  are  successful  among  them. 

NdongO  (ndong'iro).     See  Xtfola. 

Ndulu(iido'lo),  orOndulu  (on-d6'l6).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  Angola.  West  Africa,  settled  northeast 
of  Bailundo :  ethuically,  linguistieally,  and  polit- 
ically allied  with'the'Ovimbiindu. 


Wales,  situated  on  the  Neath,  near  its  mouth, 
7  miles  east-northeast  of  Swansea.  It  is  a  manu- 
faeturingandminingcenter.  Population (1891), 
11,157. 

Nebaioth,    See  Xahnt^ans. 

Nebi  YunUS  (ne-be'  yo'nus).  1.  A  mound  on 
the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  particularly  of  the 
palace  of  Asurbanipal  (668-626  B.  c.).'  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  belief  of  the  Mohammedans  that 
the  prophet  Jonah  is  buried  there,  the  supposed  site  of 
his  tomb  being  now  occupied  by  a  mosque. 


tian  king  of  the  26th  dynasty  (about  610-595  or 
599  b.  c),  son  of  Psammetichusl.  He  defeated  Jo- 
siah  at  ilegiddo  about  Oi.iti,  and  was  defeated  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar at  Carchemish  about  605.  He  sent  a  Phenician  ex- 
pedition to  circumnavigate  Africa. 

In  B.  c.  609  or  60S  Neco,  the  son  of  Psamatik  I.,  having 
recently  ascended  the  Egyptian  throne,  made  an  expedi 
tion  into  Syria  with  the  object  of  re-attaching  to  Egypt 
the  entire  tract  between  the  "ToiTens  -Egypti"  and  the 
Euphrates.  At  first  success  crowned  his  efforts:  Josiah, 
king  of  Jud;di,  who  had  ventured  to  oppose  him,  was  de- 
feated and  slain  at  Megiddo;  Palestine  was  conquered 
and  placed  under  a  tribiitar}'king(Jehoiakim)  ;  Syria  was 
oveiTUn,  and  t!ie  Egyptian  dominion  established  over  the 
entire  region  extending  northward  from  Egypt  to  Araanus, 
and  eastward  to  the  Euphrates  and  Carchemish.     This 


Necho 

tract  remained  under  the  government  of  Xeco  for  three 
years  (B.  c.  eos-iio'o).  Phuenicia  must  have  suliinitted  her 
geif.  Jiauiiitiufi^  Pha-iiicia,  p.  105. 

Nechtansmere  (nech'tanz-mer).  A  place  near 
Duiniiehen.  Foi-farshiie,  Si-otland.  Here,  in  685, 
the  Picts  totally  defeated  tlie  Northumbrians  under  Eg- 
frith. 

Keckar  (nek'kar).  A  river  iii  \\  urtem1)orK  and 
Baiien:  the  Koman  Nicer.  It  is  one  uf  the  chief 
tributaries  of  the  Khlne,  which  it  joins  at  Mannheim,  and 
is  noted  for  its  Mraantic  scenery  and  for  the  i)roiiuction 
of  wines  in  its  valley.  Heidelberg  aTid  TuliinKen  are  on  it. 
Length,  222  miles  ;  navigable  for  hu^e  craft  to  Ileillironn. 

Neckar.  One  of  tlie  four  circles  of  Wiirtemberf;, 
situiiteil  in  the  northwestern  part.  Area,  1,284 
si|Uiire  miles.     Population  {IS'M).  665.040. 

Necker  (nek'er;  F.  pron.  nti-kar'),  Jacques. 
Born  at  Geneva,  Sept.  30,  1732:  dieil  at  Coj)- 
pet,  Switzerland,  April  9,  1804.  A  French 
statesman  and  linancier.  He  was  for  a  time  a  banker 
at  Paris :  became  director  of  tlie  treasury  in  177t>,  and  di- 
rector-general of  the  finances  in  1777  :  resigned  in  17S1 ; 
wasr-'callfd  tontflce  in  17hk;  cnvened  tlie8tate8-(.feneral 
in  l"ft:t ;  "as  dismissed  July  li,  17S9:  was  recalled  in  17S*) ; 
and  finally  resigned  in  Sept.,  1790.  He  publLshed  "Compte 
rendu"  (1781),  "  L'Adndnistration  de  Ni-tker  "  (17;'l). 
"Du  pouvoir  e.xecutif  ■  tl7'.fj),  "  De  la  revolution  fran- 
Caise '  (17961,  etc. 

Necker,  Madame  (Susanne  Curcliod).  Born 
at  Grassier,  Switzerland,  1739:  died  at  Coppet, 
Switzerland,  May,  1794.  The  wife  of  J.  Neeker, 
and  a  leader  in  literary  circles.  She  was  at  one 
time  engaged  to  the  historian  Gibbon. 

Neckham  i,nek'.am),  Alexander.  Born  at  St. 
Albans,  Herts,  Sept.,  ll.'>7:  died  at  Kenipsey, 
Worcestershire,  1217.  An  Eugli.■^h  scholar,  fos- 
ter-brother of  Richard  I.  He  was  educated  at  St 
Albans.  In  118)  he  was  distinguished  as  a  professor  at 
Paris :  in  11^  he  Iiecame  an  .-\ugustinian  canon  at  Ciren- 
cester; and  in  1213  he  was  elected  abbot.  He  wrote  sci- 
entific and  grammatical  treatises, Latin  poems,  theological 
worlis,  connneiitaries  on  Aristotle,  etc.  His  name  was 
punned  upon  as  yrrjaani. 

Necklace,  Diamond.  See  Diamond  XeckJace 
Aip'ii: 

Neco.    See  Xech.o. 

Nedenas,  or  Nedenes  (na'de-nas).  A  i)rovince 
i;i  sciutheru  Norway.  Area,  3,608  square  miles. 
Population  (1891), '81,043. 

Nedim  (ne-dem').     See  the  extract. 

During  the  reign  of  Ahmed  III.  (170:i-i7301  flourished 
Nediin,  tile  greatest  of  all  the  poets  of  the  old  ottoman 
schoi.l.  Nedim  lias  a  style  that  is  entirely  liis  own  :  it  is 
altogether  unlike  tliat  of  any  of  his  predecessors,  whether 
Persian  or  Turkish,  and  no  one  has  ever  atteinjited  to 
copy  it.  Through  his  gliazels,  which  are  written  with  the 
most  finished  elegance  in  words  of  the  truest  liarmony, 
sings  a  tone  of  sprightly  gaiety  and  joyous  liglithe.irteil- 
ness,  such  as  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  poet  of  his 
nation.  His  numerous  kasidas,  wliile  they  are  more 
graceful,  are  hardly  less  bi-illiant  than  those  of  Nef'i,  and 
are  at  tlie  same  time  in  truer  taste  and  less  burdened  with 
obscure  and  far-fetched  conceits.  Little  is  known  re- 
garding Ills  life,  save  that  he  resided  at  Constantinople, 
where  the  Grand  V'ezir,  Ibrahim  Pasha,  appointed  liim 
custodian  of  the  library  which  he  had  founded,  and  that 
he  was  still  alive  in  1727.     Fool^,  Stoiy  of  Turkey,  p.  318. 

Nedjed  (ned'.iod),  or  Nejd  (nejd).  A  lar<re  re- 
gion in  central  Arabia,  lyincr  between  Shomer 
on  the  north  and  Dahna  on  the  south.  The  sur- 
face is  g.-rierally  a  plateau.  It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by 
Waliliabrts.     See  Arabia. 

Ned  Myers.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1843. 

Needbam  (ned'am).  A  town  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  il  miles  west-southwest  of  Bos- 
toi:.     l'"piilatioii  (11100).  4.016. 

Needles  I  ue'ill/.).  The.  Agroupofthree  pointed 
rocks  in  the  English  Channel,  west  of  the  Isle 
of  Wi>;li'. 

Neefe  (n.a'fe).  Christian  Gottlieb.    Born  at 

Cljcnmitz,  Feb.  o,  174S:  died  .Inn.  2i;.  1798.  A 
Gerinan  musician.  His  princli.al  claim  t.j  notice  Is 
tliat  lit-  was  the  instruct^u-  ot  Beethoven  id  Honn. 

Neenah  (ne'nji).  A  city  in  Winnebago  ("oiinty, 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  Fox  Hiver  12  miles 
north  of  OshUosh.     l'o|)ulation  (1900),  .'5,954. 

Neer  (nar).  Aart  van  der.  Born  about  1619: 
ilied  after  16112.    A  Diiti'h  laiirlscape-))aiiiter. 

Neer,  Eglon  Hendrik  van  der.    Born  at  Am- 

sterdnrn.  1641):  died  at  ])iiss<'ldorf,  Prussia, 
May  3.  1703.  A  Dutch  painter,  son  of  Aart  van 
der  Nci-r. 
Neerwinden  (nar'vin-don).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  l>i6go,  Belgium,  31  miles  east  by 
south  of  Brussels,  it  Is  noted  for  two  bailies:  her-. 
.Inly  20.  169.3.  the  French  under  I.mcnibourg  defeated  tbi' 
Allies  under  William  I  y.  of  I'.nglntid  ( this  is  also  called  t lie 
battle  of  Landcn);  and  here,  Marcli  18,  17IP3,  the  Aiis- 
triaiia  nnder  the  Prince  of  Coburg  defeated  tlie  French 
under  Dinnnuri"-z. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck  (niis  fon  a'zen-hek).  Chris- 
tian Gottfried.  Bom  in  the  Odenwald,  Hesse, 
Feb.  14,  1776-  died  at  lli'cslau.  Prussia,  March 
16,  1858.  .\  German  botanist  and  zoologist. 
Se  became  professor  of  ootany  at  Erlangon  In  1818,  at 


727 

Bonn  in  1819.  and  at  Breslau  in  1831.  For  political  rea- 
Bijns  he  was  deprived  of  his  office  in  1852.  Among  his 
works  are  "Handluich  der  Botanik"  (1820-21).  and  works 
on  entomology,  pliilosophy,  etc. 

Nefert  (ne'lert).  [Egypt.,  'good'  or  'beauti- 
ful.'] An  Egyjitiaii  queen,  wife  of  Ameuem- 
hat  II.  A  life-size  statue  of  her,  in  black  gran- 
ite, was  found  in  the  ruinsofTanis,  Lower  Egypt. 

Nefert  and  Ra-Hotep  dii-ho'tep).  Two  re- 
markable statues  of  early  Egyptian  art,  in  the 
niuseuni  at  Gizeh,  Egyjit.  The  figures  are  seated, 
carved  in  limestone,  paint«d,  and  witll  inlaid  eyes  of  gla.ss 
and  euainel,  the  etfect  being  strangely  lifelike.  Tile  prince 
wears  a  simple  loin-clotli,  I  lie  princess  a  close-fltting  white 
ganuent  with  an  elatjorate  necklace  and  a  diadem.  'I'he 
statues  came  from  the  vestiliule  of  a  toml)  at  Jleidum. 

Nefertari  (ne-fer-tii'ri)  Aahmes.  [Egypt., 
'beautiful  wife  of  Aahmes.'J  An  Egyptian 
queen,  wife  of  Aahmes  I.  Her  mummy-case,  "one 
of  the  largest  and  most  magniflcent  ever  discovered,"  is  in 
the  museum  at  tiizeli. 

Not  only  in  the  rock-caves  of  Trtrah  and  ifassaarah,  oppo- 
site to  Xlemiiliis,  but  also  on  a  numiier  of  public  monuments 
in  tlie  interior  of  tlie  sepulchral  cliambers  of  tile  Tbelian 
Necropolis,  luis  the  name  of  this  queen  been  preserved, 
surrouniled  by  laudatiuy  inscriptions.  Long  after  lier  de- 
cease, this  great  amestrcss  of  tlie  New  Empire  w:is  ven- 
erated as  a  divine  being,  and  her  image  was  iilaced  beside 
those  of  the  eternal  inhabitants  of  the  Egyptian  lieaven. 
Briujach,  Egypt  under  the  I'haraohs,  p.  131. 

NeH  (nef'e).     See  the  extract. 

During  the  reign  of  Ahmed  I.  (1603-1607),  arose  the  sec- 
ond great  light  of  olil  Turkish  poetry.  This  was  Ncfi 
of  Erzeriim,  wiio  is  as  iiincll  esteemed  for  the  brilliancy  of 
ills  kasidas,  or  eulogies,  as  Eilzuli  is  for  the  tenderness  of 
his  ghazels.  Like  liim.  lie  elaborated  a  style  for  Iiimself, 
which  found  many  imitators,  tlie  most  successful  of  whom 
was  Saliri.  I'nfortunately  for  himself,  Nef'i  was  an  able 
satirist :  his  scathing  jien  drew  down  upon  him  the  enmity 
of  certain  great  men,  who  prevailed  upon  Sultan  Murad 
IV.  to  sanction  his  execution  (1635). 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  316. 

Negapatam  (neg-a-p,a-tiim').  A  seaport  in  the 
district  of  Tan.iore,  Madras,  British  India,  situ- 
iited  in  hit.  10°  4.')'  N.,  long.  79°  51'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  59.221. 

Negaunee  (ue-ga'neK  A  city  in  Marquette 
County,  Upper  Michigan,  11  miles  west-south- 
west of  Marquette.  It  is  the  centerof  an  iron- 
mining  district.     Population    19001,  0,935. 

Negley  (ueg'li),  James  Scott.    Born  Dec  22, 

IsiiO:  died  Aug.  7,  1901.  An  American  general 
in  the  Ci\il  War.  He  defeated  the  confederates  at 
Lavergne.  Tennessee,  Oct.  7,  1862.  and  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  I'hickainanga. 

N^grier  (ua-gre-a'),  Francjois  Oscar  de.   Born 

at  Belforf,  ']s:j9.  A  French  general,  distin- 
g.iished  in  the  operations  in  Tougking  and 
Annara  1885. 

Negritos  (ne-gre'toz).  A  diminutive  dark- 
skinned  negro-like  race  found  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  (of  which  they  seem  to  have  beeu  the 
original  inhabitants),  and  in  New  Caledonia, 
etc..  according  to  some  anttiorities.  The  average 
licight  of  the  Negritos  of  the  l'liilipi>ine  Islands  is  about 
4  feet  8  inclies.     Also  Xe^friUos, 

Negro,  Rio.     See  lln>  Xcijio. 

Negro  race.  A  race  of  which  the  physical  cliar- 
actcii-it  ics  are  a  large  and  strong  skeleton,  long 
and  thick  skull,  lU'ognathic  jaws,  skin  from  dark 
broivn  to  black,  woolly  hair,  thick  lips,  and  a 
broad  and  flattened  nose.  It  occupies  in  a  compact 
mass  the  African  continent  soutll  of  the  Sahar.i.  The  brown 
races  of  .South  Africa,  tlie  pygmies  of  central  Africa,  and 
the  reddirown  races  of  Smlan,  who  live  in  the  same  aiea. 
are  comparatively  few  in  number,  or  are  Intimately  mixed 
with  tile  neyro  race.  There  is  no  racial  dittcrence  between 
the  Bantu,  speaking  languages  derived  from  one  nmtber 
tongue,  and  the  negroes  of  Ipper  Guinea  and  the  Sudan, 
who  speak  unconnected  languages;  nor  istliere  niucbdit- 
ferenco  in  customs,  Tlie  non-l!alitu  languages  of  the  I  p- 
per  (•uineaand  Sudan  negroes  are  called,  in  this  work,  the 
Nigritiebrancli,  and  this  word  is  also  applied  to  the  tribes. 
Tile  negroes  of  Nortll,  Central,  and  ,Houtli  America  liave 
been  deported  from  Africa.  The  Papuans  and  Nigritos  .d 
Australasia,  liaving  allor  inostof  the  characteristics  of  tlie 
African  negroes,  are  classed  by  some  with  these,  liy  some 
apart.  See  African  rUinmjraphu  ami  lantfiut'jc»  (under 
Afriea),  Bantu,  and  U"ttfntt>t-tlmhitn'n. 

Negropont.     The  moilern  name  of  Eulioon. 

Negrosdiil'gros).  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
situated  north  of  Minilanno.  Length,  about  130 
miles.     Population,  over  200,000. 

Neha.vend  (lui-hii-vend').  A  idaco  in  Persia, 
50  miles  south  of  Ilamadan,  noted  for  the  bat- 
tle of  till  (642  .'),  in  which  tlie  Saracens  totally 
defeated  the  Persians  and  overthrow  the  Per- 
sian kingdom. 

Nehemiah  (ne-he-ml'ij).  [Heb.,  'comforted  by 
Ynhveli.'  I  .\  llilnew  enii-bearer  of  Artnxerxes 
l^oiigiirniiius  of  I'ersin,  npiioiiited  governor  of 
•Tudea  444  n.  f.  HerclMilII  the  walla  of  .lernsnlem,  and 
restored  the  natlornd  worslilp.  Tlie  aullioisliip  of  a  part 
of  llie  Book  of  Nebi-mlab  Is  ascrll)ed  t..  him. 

Nehemiah,  Book  of.  A  !«nik..f  the  <1ld  Testa- 
ment, written  probably  in  part  by  Nehemiah. 
See  the  extract. 


Neleus 

The  book  of  Nehemiah,  or,  as  we  have  now  learned  to 
call  it  in  accordance  with  the  Hebrew  us:ige.  the  joint 
book  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah,  which  in  all  probabilit>  was 
also  one  book  witli  Ctironicles,  carries  down  the  list  o( 
high  priests  as  far  as  Jaddua.  who  was  in  otfice  at  the 
time  of  Alexander  (Neh.  xii.  11).  Tile  book,  therefore, 
was  written,  at  the  earliest  at  the  very  end  of  the  Persian 
period,  though  it  incorporates  earlier  documents,  such  as 
the  autobiography  of  Ki^ra  and  the  memoir  of  Nebemiati. 
a:  n.  smith,  o.  T.  in  the  Jewlsll  Oh.,  p.  I-IO. 

Neher  (na'lier),  Bemhaid  von.  Born  at  Bibe- 
1-ach,  Wiirtemberg,  .Jan.  16, 1806:  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Jan.  17, 1886.  A  German  historical  painter. 

Neidhart  von  Reuenthal  (nit'luirt  fon  roi'en- 

tiil).  Place  and  date  of  birth  unknown:  died 
at  Vienna,  date  unknown.  A  Middle  High  Ger- 
man lyric  poet  of  the  13th  century.  He  was  a  Ba- 
varian kiiiglit,  took  part  in  the  crusade  of  Leopold  II.  of 
Austria  1217-1'.>,  and  subsequently  lived  at  ^'ienlla  at  the 
court  of  Duke  Frederick.  His  principal  iioenis  are  dance- 
songs.  He  is  the  founder  of  tlie  popuhu-  lyric  poetry  of 
tlie  coui-ts —  poetr>-,  namely,  that  feund  its  inateriid  in  the 
rude  life  and  mani'iers  of  tlie  peasants,  who  were  held  up 
to  the  ridicule  of  the  nobles.  His  {loems  were  published 
at  I.eipsic  in  18.'>8. 

Neilgherry  Hills.    See  yiii/iri  Hills. 

Neill  ( nel ).  Edward  Duffield.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia. Aug.  9, 1823:  died  at  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
Sept.  26, 1893.  An  American  historian.  Hiswoiks 
include  "English  Colonization  cd  America "  (1871)  and 
otlier  works  on  American  colonial  llistory,  "Concise  His- 
tory of  Jlinnesota"  (1887),  etc. 

Neilson  (nel'son),  Adelaide.  Born  at  Leeds, 
Yorkshire, March  3,1848:  died  at  Paris, France, 
Aug.  15,1880.  A  noted  English  actress.  Hcrreal 
name  was  Elizabetli  Ann  Brown,  and, her  mother  having 
subseijuently  married  a  Mr.  Bland,  she  was  known  as 
Lizzie  Bland.  At  the  age  of  17  she  made  her  iXihut  as  Juliet 
In  1*70  she  made  a  conspicutnis  success  as  Amy  Rob- 
sart  in  London,  and  liy  1878  she  was  the  acknowledged 
queen  of  the  English  stage.  In  1872  she  was  equally  suc- 
cessful at  Booth's  'theater  in  New  Yorlc  She  made  four 
visits  to  .America,  her  last  appearance  tliere  lieing  on  May 
24,  1880. 

Neilson  (nel'son),  James  Branmont.    Born 

near  Glasgow,  June  22,  1792:  died  at  Queen's 
Hill,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Jan.  IS,  1865.  A  Brit- 
ish engineer  and  inventor.  He  invented  the  use 
of  the  hot  blast  in  smeltiiig-furnaces. 

Neipperg  (nip'pero).  Count  Adam  Adalbert 

von.  Born  April  8,1775:  died  Feb. 22,1829.  An 
Austrian  general  anil  diplomatist.  He  married 
Maria  Louisa  after  t  he  dea  th  of  Napoleon  ( 1821). 

Neisse  (nis'se).  The  name  of  three  rivers  of 
(lermaiiy,  principallyin  Silesia.  ((i)01at2erNeisse, 
joining  tli'e  (Ider  ;i.')  miles  southeast  of  Breslau.  Length, 
120  miles,  (h)  Wuthende  ('Furious  ')  Neisse,  joining  the 
Kat ztiach  below  Liegnitz.  (c)Ij»usitzer  or  Corlitzer  Neisse, 
joining  tlie  tider  'M  miles  soutli  of  Fraukfort-on-the-Oder. 
Length,  140  miles. 

Neisse.  A  fortified  city  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Biela  and  Glatzer  Neisse,  46  miles  south  by  east 
of  Breslau.  It  was  formerly  the  capital <if  an  ancient  prin- 
cipality of  Neisse ;  repulsed  the  Hussites  in  14'J8  ;  was  taken 
by  Frederick  tile  Great  in  1741,  nndmatle  a  strong  fi^rtress : 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  tlie  Anstrians  in  1768  ;  and 
was  taken  by  tlie  Frencli  June  Hi,  1S07.  Pojiulation  (1890), 
22,444. 

Neith  (nc'ith),  or  Net  (net).  [Gr.  N/?<0,  Egj-pt. 
,Vc^]  111  Egyptian  mythology,  a  lofty  personi- 
fication of  the  female  principle,  the  mother  of 
tho  sun.  unbegotten.  .She  was  the  chief  divinity  of 
Sais,  single,  suiireme,  and  seU-ptoiiucing.  Slie  was  identi- 
fied by  the  Greeks  witli  Atliene.  8lie  was  represented  as  a 
woman  wearing  the  crown  of  Lower  Egypt. 

Neiva,  or  Neyva  (na'e-vii).  A  town  in  the  Re- 
public of  ('iiliiiiibia.  situated  on  the  Magdalena 
125  miles  southwest  of  Bogotd.  Population 
(1886),  about  10,000. 

Nejd.     See  Xedjed. 

Nekayah,  Princess.  The  si.sterof  Rasselas.  in 
.lolniMin's  work  iif  that  name. 

Nekras.sofiF,  orNekrasoff  (ludc-ra'sof ),  Nikolai 

Alexeivitch.  Horn  in  till'  government  of  Ya- 
roslair,  Ivussia,  Nov.  22  (( I.  S. ).  1821  :  died  at 
St.  Petersburg.  Dec.  27 (O.  S.),  1877.  A  distin- 
guished Kussian  poet.  He  was  educated  at  the  cadet 
school  at  St  Petersburg,  He  was  editor  of  "The  Con- 
temporary "  and  "Tlie  Annals  of  the  Country."  '.111840  he 
Iiubiishcd  "  Dreams  ami  Elves,"  a  small  volume  of  iKiems, 
most  of  which  liad  already  ajipeareil  in  "  The  Annals  of 
the  Country"  ami  other  Journals.  His  poems  nre  pui>- 
lished  In  (1  volumes  Anmng  them  arc  "  Red-nosed  Fmst  " 
(IMW),  "To  Wlnuu  is  Life  in  Itnssla  Worth  Livlngf "  (the 
last  rantoof  which,  owliigt..  Ilncensor,  was  not  published 
till  1>8U  and  "Kussian  Women."  He  was  essentially  n 
in  let  t>t  tile  people. 

N61aton(na-lii-ton').  AugUSte.  Bom  at  Paris, 
.luue  17,  1807:  died  at  Paris,  Sept,  21.  1873.  A 
noted  French  surgeon,  jirofessorin  tln>  medical 
taciiltv  of  the  University  of  Paris  l.'<51-67.  His 
chief  work  is '  Kh^menlsde  pathologic  chirurglcale  "("  Eltt 
hienlsof  Suigleal  Pathology,"  IM4-<llO. 

Neleus  (ne'lusl.  |iir.  Xv>"<,-.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  sun  of  Poseidon  and  T)to,  founder 
and  king  of  Pylus  in  Messenia.  He  was  the 
father  of  Nestor.  ■* 


Nellore 

Nellore  (ne-lor'),  or  NellUT  (ne-lor').  1.  A 
district  in  Madras,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  14° 30'  N.,  long.  80°  E.  Area,  8,765  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1,403,736.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Nellore,  situated  on  the 
Pennair  95  miles  north  by  west  of  Madras.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  29,330. 

Nelson  (nel'son).  A  name  given  to  the  river 
Saskatchewan  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course. 

Nelson.  A  seaport  at  the  northern  end  of  South 
Islaud,  New  Zealand,  situated  in  lat.  41°  15'  S., 
long.  173°  17'E.  (lighthouse).  Population (1889), 
7,733. 

Nelson,  Horatio,  first  Viscount  Nelson.  Born 
at  Burnham-Thorpe,  Norfolk,  England,  Sept. 
29,  1758:  died  on  board  the  Victory  at  Tra- 
falgar, Oct.  21, 1805.  A  celebrated  English  ad- 
miral. He  entered  the  na\'y  in  1770.  and  w.as  made  post- 
captain  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  serving  in  the  American 
war.  At  the  declaration  of  war  with  Trance  in  17!>3,  he 
was  made  captain  of  tlie  Agamemnon  in  tlie  Mediter- 
ranean, serving  first  under  Lord  Hood  and  afterward 
under  Admiral  Hotham.  On  Feb.  1-1, 1797,  under  Admiral 
Jervis  (later  Lord  St.  Vincent),  he  fought  in  the  battle  oft 
Cape  St.  Vincent.  In  May,  179S,  he  was  sent  by  Lord  St. 
Vincent  to  intercept  Napoleon's  expedition  to  Egypt.  In 
this  he  failed,  but  destroyed  the  French  fleet  at  anchor 
I  in  the  harbor  of  Abuliir,  Aug.  1-2.  This  engagement  is 
called  "the  battle  of  the  Kile."  He  retired  to  Naples, 
where  he  became  involved  in  political  complications  and 
in  an  intrigue  with  the  wife  of  Sir  William  Hamilton, 
British  envoy  to  Naples.  In  1800  he  returned  to  England 
and  was  made  vice-admiral  and  a  peer.  The  battle  of 
Copenhagen  was  fought  April  2, 1801,  in  order  to  destroy 
the  coalition  of  the  northern  powers  known  as  the  (second) 
Armed  Neutrality.  Nelson  was  made  a  viscount  after 
Copenhagen.  The  French  fleet  under  Admiral  Villeneuve 
left  Toulon  in  March,  1805,  and  sailed  to  the  West  Indies 
with  the  intention  of  drawing  off  the  English  fleet  and 
returning  to  support  Napoleon's  projected  invasion  of  Eng- 
land. Nelson  followed,  and,  after  Napoleon's  plan  had 
been  thwarted  by  the  hesitancy  of  Villeneuve,  fought  the 
French-Spanish  fleet  off  Cape  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21, 1805.  He 
hoisted  the  signal  ' '  England  expects  that  every  man  will 
do  his  duty  "  at  the  beginning  of  this  fight. 

Nelson,  Samuel.  Born  at  Hebron,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
10,  1792 :  died  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  Dee.  13, 
1873.  An  American  jm-ist.  He  was  a-ssociate  jus- 
tice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York  1831-37, 
and  chief  justice  1837-45;  associate  justice  of  the  United 
State.^  Supreme  Court  1845-72;  and  a  member  of  the  joint 
high  coiniiiissinn  to  settle  the  Alabama  claims  in  1871. 

Nelson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Yorkto wn,  Va.,  Dec. 
26,  1738:  died  in  Hanover  County,  Jan.  4,  1789. 
I  An  American  patriot,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  in  1776  as  delegate  to  Congress 
from  Virginia.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionaiw 
War,  and  became  governor  of  Virginia  in  1781. 

Nelson.William.  Born  at  Maysville,  Kv.,  1825 : 
killed  at  Louisville,  Ky..  Sept.  29,  1862.  Au 
American  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1840,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant-commanderin 
1861.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized 
camps  in  Kentucky  for  mustering  Union  soldiers.  He  was 
made  brigadier-general  in  1861 ;  commanded  the  second 
division  of  Buell's  army  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh ;  and  after- 
ward took  command  of  Louisville.  He  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  .luly,  1862.  He  was  shot  and  killed 
in  an  altLTcation  with  General  Jefferson  C.  Davis. 

Nelson  Monument.  A  Corintliian  column  of 
grauite,  145  feet  high,  on  a  square  pedestal, 
standing  in  Trafalgar  Square,  liOndon.  it  bears 
a  statue  of  the  admiral,  17  feet  high,  and  on  the  sides  of 
the  pedestal  are  bronze  reliefs  portraying  hischief  exploits. 
Around  the  column  are  placed  four  colossal  reposing  lions 
in  bronze,  by  Landseer. 

Nemausus  (ne-ma'sus).  The  Roman  name  of 
Nimes. 

Nemea  (ne'mf-a),  [Gr.  Nf//fa.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  valley  in  Argolis,  Greece,  11  miles 
.soutliwest  of  Corinth.  It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of 
the  Nemean  games,  and  in  legend  as  the  haunt  of  the 
Nemean  lion. 

Nemean  games  (ne'me-an  or  nf-me'an  gamz). 
One  of  the  four  great  national  ifestivals  of  the 
ancient  Greeks  (the  others  being  the  Olympian, 
Pythian,  and  Isthmian  games).  These  games  were 
celebrated  at  Nemea  in  the  second  and  fourth  years  of  each 
Olympiad,  near  the  temple  of  the  Nemean  Zens,  some 
(Doric)  columns  of  which  .are  still  standing.  According 
to  the  mythological  story,  the  games  were  iTistituted  in 
memory  of  the  death  of  the  young  hero  Archemorus  or 
Opheltes  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent,  as  the  expedition  of 
"  the  Seven  against  Thebes  "  was  passing  through  tlie  place. 
The  victor's  garland  at  the  Nemean  games  was  made  of 
parsley. 

Nemesianus  (ne"me-si-a'nus),  Marcus  Aure- 
Uus  Olympius.  Born  probably  at  Carthage: 
lived  at  the  close  of  the  3d  century.  A  Roman 
poet.  Fragments  of  his  "Cynegetiea"  have 
been  edited  by  Haupt  (1838). 

In  the  time  of  Cants  and  his  sons,  M.  Aurelius  Olympius 
Nemesianus  of  Caithage  wrote  his  didactic  poem  on  the 
cnase  (Cynegetiea).  the  tirst  325  lines  of  which  have  come 
down  to  us.  They  exhibit  fluency,  ease,  and  commaml  of 
language  in  the  traditional  style,  the  technique  being  in 
the  main  the  same  as  in  the  four  wordy  eclogues  by  this 
anther,  in  which  he  has" taken  as  his  pattern  Calpurnius's 


728 

bucolic  essay,  but  proves  considerably  inferior  even  to  this 
very  mediocre  model. 

Tcufel  and  Schicabe,  Hist,  of  KomanLit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  2S9. 

Nemesis  (nem'e-sis).  [Gr.  Ne/iraif.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  goddess  personifying  allotment, 
or  the  divine  distribution  to  every  man  of  his 
precise  share  of  fortuue.  good  and  bad.  it  was 
her  especial  function  to  see  that  the  proper  proportion  of 
individu.ol  prosperity  was  preserved,  and  that  anyone  who 
became  too  prosperous,  or  was  too  much  uplifted  by  his 
prosperity,  should  be  reduced  or  punished :  she  thus  came 
to  be  regarded  as  the  goddess  of  divine  retribution.  Some- 
times Nemesis  was  represented  as  winged  and  with  the 
wheel  of  fortune,  or  borne  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  griffins, 
and  confounded  with  Adrasteia,  the  goddess  of  the  inevi- 
table. 

Nemesius  (ne-me'si-us).  [Gr.  Nf/itmof.]  Lived 
in  the  last  part  of  the  4th  century.  A  theo- 
logian, bishop  of  Emesa:  author  of  a  Greek 
treatise  "On  the  Nature  of  Man." 

Nemetes  (ne-me'tez).  [L.  (Ctesar)  Xniwtes, 
Gr.  (Ptolerciy)  Nc/z^/roi:  of  Gallic  origin.]  A 
German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by  CiBsar  as  in 
the  army  of  Ariovistus.  They  were  situated  at 
the  left  side  of  the  middle  Khine,  east  of  the  Vosges,  in 
the  region  about  Spires,  where  they  still  remained  after  the 
defeat  of  Ariovistus  (B.  0.  68).  They  were  probably  merged 
ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Nemi  (na'me).  Lake  of.  A  small  lake  17  miles 
southeast  of  Rome,  noted  for  its  beauty:  the 
ancient  Lacus  Nemorensis.  It  is  an  extinct 
crater  in  the  Alban  Mountains. 

Nemo(iie'm6).  [L., 'no  one.']  The  signature  of 
Hablot  Knight  Browne  to  the  first  two  plates 
illustrating  the  "Pickwick  Papers,"  which  he 
afterward  changed  to  "Phiz." 

Nemours  (ne-mor').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  on  the  Loiug  45  miles 
south-southeast  of  Paris.     Pop.  (1891),  4,507. 

Nemours,  Due  de  (Gaston  de  Foix).  Born  in 
1489:  died  April  11,  1512.  A  celebrated  French 
general.  He  was  the  son  of  .lean  de  Foix,  vicomte  de 
Narhunne,  and  Marie  d'Orleans,  sister  of  Louis  Xll.  He 
was  created  duo  de  Nemours  in  1505.  In  1512  he  con- 
ducted a  brilliant  campaign  against  the  Spaniards  in  Italy, 
and  was  killed  in  the  pursuit  after  a  great  victory  won  by 
him  at  Ravenna,  April  11, 1512. 

Nemours,  Due  de  (Prince  Louis  Charles  Phi- 
lippe Baphaeld'Orleans).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
25, 1814 :  died  at  Versailles,  June  25, 1896.  The 
second  son  of  LOuis  Philippe.  He  served  as  gen- 
eral in  the  French  array,  and  took  part  in  the  expedi- 
tions against  Constantine  (.\lgeria)  1S3&-37.  i*"rom  1848 
to  1870  he  lived  in  England,  and  from  1870  to  1886  in 
France.  He  was  expelled  from  the  army  in  1886.  He 
lived  subsequently  in  Belgium. 

Nemours,  Edict  of.  A  treaty  concluded  in  1 585 
at  Nemom-s,  between  Henry  HI.  and  the  chiefs 
of  the  League. 

Nen(nen),  orNene(neu).  Ariverin  the  eastern 
counties  of  England.  It  flows  into  the  'Wash  9  miles 
west-northwest  of  King's  Lynn.    Length,  90-100  miles. 

Nena  Sahib.     See  y((na  Hahih. 

Nenagh  (ne'nil;  local  pron.  ne'nach).  A  town 
in  County  Tipperary,  Ireland,  situated  22  miles 
nortlieas't  of  Limerick.  Population  (1891),  4,722. 

Nennius  (nen'i-us).  The  reputed  author  of  the 
"Historia  Britonum,"  written  probably  in  the 
9th  century. 

Neoplatonists  (ne-o-pla'to-nists).  ['New  Pla- 
tonists.']  The  believers  in  a  system  of  phil- 
osophical and  religious  doctrines  and  principles 
which  originated  in  Alexandria  with  Ammonius 
Saccas  in  the  3d  century,  and  was  developed  by 
Plotinus,  Porphyry,  lambliehus,  Hj-patia,  Pro- 
clus,  and  others  in  the  3d,  4th,  aiid  5th  cen- 
turies. The  system  was  composed  of  elements  of  Plato- 
nism  and  Oriental  beliefs,  and  in  its  later  development  was 
influenced  by  the  philosophy  of  Pliilo,  by  Gnosticism,  and 
by  Christianity.  Its  leading  representative  was  I'lotinus. 
His  views  were  popularized  by  Porphyry  and  modified  in 
the  direction  of  mysticism  by  lambliehus.  Considerable 
sympathy  with  Neoplatonism  in  its  earlier  stages  was 
shown  by  several  eminent  Christian  writers,  especially  in 
Alexandria,  such  as  St.  Clement,  Origen,  etc.  The  last 
Neoplatonic  schools  were  suppressed  in  the  6th  century. 

Neoptolemus  (ne-op-tol'e-mus),  or  Pyrrhus 
(pir'us).  [Gr.  NeonriiAc/ior.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  son  of  Achilles  and  Deidameia  (or,  according 
to  some,  Iphigenia) :  one  of  the  heroes  of  the 
Trojan  war.  He  was  one  of  the  band  which  was  con- 
cealed in  the  wooden  horse  by  means  of  which  the  city 
was  captured,  slew  Priam,  and  married  Andromache,  the 
wife  of  Hector.  He  was  later  in  Epirus.  where  he  carried 
off  Lan.assa,  a  granddaughter  of  Hercules,  and  plundered 
the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  He  married  Hermione. 
-At  Belplii  he  was  worshiped  as  a  liero,  and  was  said  to 
have  protected  that  shrine  from  the  Goths. 

Neoptolemus.  Killed  about  321  B.  c.  A  Mace- 
donian general  in  the  serviceof  Alexander  the 
Great. 

Neosho  (ne-o'sho).  A  river  in  southeastern 
Kansas  and  Indian  Territory,  which  joins  the 
Arkansas  near  Fort  Gibson.  Length,  300^00 
miles. 


Nerac 

Neot  (ne'ot  or  net).  Saint.  A  hermit  of  the  9th 
century,  whose  life,  wi-itten  bv  a  monk  of  th& 
abbey  of  St.  Neot,  is  thought  to  have  furnished 
material  for  the  history  of  Alfred. 

The  St.  Neot  mentioned  in  this  argument  was  a  kinsman 
of  King  Alfred's  who,  first  bred  to  arms,  renounced  the 
the  world,  taught  at  Glastonbury,  visited  Ktime.  and  desir. 
ing  pious  solitude  became  a  hermit  in  the  W(.ods  of  Corn- 
wall. After  seven  years  he  visited  the  Pope  again,  returned 
to  his  hermitage,  converted  it  mto  a  small  monastic  house 
of  which  he  was  the  first  abbot,  where  also  he  is  said  to 
have  been  sometimes  visited  by  Alfred,  and  died  in  877. 
In  974  his  bones  were  carried  to  the  newlv-founded  mon- 
astery of  St.  Neot's,  Huntingdonshire,  and  after  that  date 
his  life  was  written.         Murley,  English  Writers,  II.  295. 

Nepal(ne-pal'),  or  Nipal  (ne-pal'),  or  Nepaul 
(ne-pal').  A  country  in  Asia,  situated  mainly 
on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Himalaya  system. 
Capital,  Khatmandu.  it  is  hounded  by' Tibet  on  the. 
north,  Sikhim  on  the  east,  and  British  India  on  the  south 
and  west.  It  is  governed  by  a  maharaja  and  prime  minis- 
ter. The  ruling  people  are  the  Ghurkas.  The  religion  is- 
Buddhism  (Mended  with  Hinduism)  and  Hinduism.  Ne- 
pal was  coniiuered  by  the  Hindus  in  the  14th  century,  and 
by  the  Ghurkas  in  the  18th  century,  and  was  at  war  with- 
the  British  in  1814-15.  Area,  about  54,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  2,000,000-3,000,000. 

Nephele  (nef'e-le).     [Gr.  Zfeijiiln,  a  cloud.]     Itt 
Greek  legend,  the  -wife  of  Athamas  and  mothe: 
of  Phrixiis  and  Helle. 

Nephelococcygia   (nef"e-16-kok-sij'i-a).      [Gr 
iiKJ>e?MKOKKvyia,  Cuckootowu-in-the-clouds.]     A, 
fictitious  city,  refeiTCd  to  in  the  '•  Birds  "by 
Aristophanes. 

Nepomuk  (na'po-mok).  Saint  John  of.  Born  at 
Pomuk,  Bohemia :  thro\'ni  into  the  Moldau  in 
1393  (in  legend  1383).  A  Bohemian  ecclesiastic, 
patron  saint  of  Bohemia. 

Nepos  (ne'pos),  Cornelius.  Born  probably  at 
Verona,  Italy  :  lived  in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A 
Roman  historian,  a  friend  of  Cicero.  See  the- 
extract. 

His  life  may  be  said  to  fall  between  655  '99  and  730  24. 
Besides  erotic  poems,  three  books  of  Chronica  were  his- 
earliest  work,  but  he  seems  also  to  have  written  a  geo- 
graphical treatise.  His  other  writings  show  that  he  was 
influenced  by  Varro,  for  they  were  directed  to  the  history 
of  manners  and  customs  and  had  a  biographical  and  moral 
tendency.  In  this  way  he  wrote  five  books  of  Esempla, 
and  the  elaborate  biographies  of  Cato  the  Elder  and  Ci- 
cero, and  especially  his  last  and  most  comprehensive  work, 
"  De  viris  illustribus,"  in  at  least  sixteen  books,  in  w  hich  the 
lives  of  Romans  and  foreigners  were  placed  in  parallel 
juxtaposition.  The  parts  of  it  which  we  possess,  the  work 
"De  excellentibusducibus  exterarum  gentium,"and  thebi- 
ographies  of  Cato  and  of  At  ticus  (being  an  extract  from  his 
work  "De  historicis  latinis  "),  ai'e  often  more  valuable  for 
theirlucidityof  arrangement,  unpretentious  tone,  and  fair 
and  sympathetic  judgments  ;  but  tlicy  Iianlly  attain  even 
a  moderate  level  of  accuracy  and  tru-^twortiiiness  as  his- 
torical essays,  ami  are  equally  inferior  in  style,  owing  to- 
the  frequency  of  popular  and  colloquial  idioms. 

Teiiffd  and  Scfnmbe,  Hist,  of  P.om.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr)u 

[I.  341. 

Nepos,  Julius.  Killed  at  Salona,  Dalmatia,  480. 
Emperor  of  the  West  474-475.  He  was  appointed 
emperor  by  Leo  I.,  emperor  of  the  East.  He  was  defeated 
and  deposed  by  Orestes,  who  raised  his  own  son  Komulus 
Augustulus  to  the  throne. 

Neptune  (nep'tun).  [FromL.  Xeptiinns,  a  sea- 
god.]  1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  god  of  the 
sea,  who  came  to  be  identified  by  the  Romans 
themselves  with  the  Greek  Poseidon,  whose 
attributes  were  transferred  by  the  poets  to  the 
ancient  Latin  deity,  in  art  Neptune  is  usuallyrepre- 
sented  as  a  bearded  man  of  stately  presence,  with  the  tri- 
dent as  his  chief  attribute,  and  the  horse  and  the  dolphin 
as  symbols. 

2.  The  outermost  known  planet  of  the  solar 
system,  and  the  third  in  volume  and  mass,  but 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye.  It  was  discovered  in  the 
autumn  of  1846.  Uranus,  the  planet  next  to  NeiJtune,  re- 
volving about  the  sun  in  84  years,  was  discoveied  in  1781, 
but  observations  of  it  as  a  fixed  star  were  scattered  through 
the  18th  century.  In  1821  Bouvard  found  tliat  the  ob- 
servations could  not  be  satisfied  by  any  tlieory  based  on 
the  gravitation  of  known  bodies,  and  hinted  at  an  undis- 
covered  planet.  During  the  following  20  years  further  ob- 
servations satisfied  astronomers  that  such  a  planet  nuist 
exist.  To  find  its  position  was  the  problem  which  two 
mathematicians,  J.  C.  Adams  in  England  and  U.  J.  J.  Le- 
verrier  in  France,  set  themselves  to  solve  Ijymatheraatics- 
The  calculations  of  Leverrier  assigned  to  it  a  position 
within  the  boundaries  of  a  not  very  large  region.  In  con- 
sequence of  the  indications  of  Adams,  the  astronomer 
Cliallis  oliseivcd  the  star  Aug.  4  and  12,  i.S40,  but.  neglect- 
ing to  work  up  his  observations,  failed  to  recognize  it  as  a 
planet ;  while,  in  consequence  of  the  indications  of  Le- 
verrier, Galle  of  Berlin  discovered  Neptune  ,Sept.  23,  1S46. 
A  satellite  to  Neptune  was  detected  in  Oct.,  1846,  by  Las- 
sell:  its  period  of  revolution  is  5d.  21h.  Sra.,  and  its  maxi- 
mum elongation  IS".  The  name  Neptune  was  conferred 
by  Encke.  The  diameter  of  the  planet  is3","00  miles ;  its 
distance  from  the  sun  is  about  2,800,000,000  miles ;  and  its 
period  of  revolution  is  about  164  years. 

NeCLUam.    See  Xeclham. 

Nera  (na'ra).  A  small  river  in  Italy,  a  tributary 
of  tlie  Tiber.     Terni  is  situated  on  it. 

Nerac  (na-rak').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Baise 


I  N6rac 

65  miles  soiitheast  of  Bordeaux.  Before  its  capture 
by  Lcmis  XIII.  it  was  important  as  a  Huguenot  center. 
Population  (1891),  comnmiie,  0,909. 

Nerbudda  {ner-bua'dii),  better  Narbada  (niir- 
ba'(lii),  or  Narmada  (nar-mil'da).  A  river  of 
Indiii  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  about 
lat.  21°  35'N.  It  is  one  of  the  most  sacred  rivers 
of  India.  Length,  about  800  miles ;  navigable 
about  90  miles. 

Nerbudda.  A  di\-ision  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
British  India.  jVrea,  17,513  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  1,763,105. 

Nereids  (no'rf-idz).  In  Greek  mythology,  sea- 
nymphs,  the  daughters  of  Nereus  (whence  the 
name)  and  Doris,  generally  spoken  of  as  fifty 
in  number.  The  most  famous  among  tliera  were  Am- 
phitrite,  Tlietis,  anil  Galatea.  TIiu  Xt-reids  were  beautiful 
maidens  helpful  to  voyagers,  ami  constituted  the  uiaiu  l)ody 
of  the  feniiUe,  as  the  Tritons  did  of  the  male,  followers  of 
Poseidon  or  Neptune.  They  were  imagined  as  dancing, 
sinking,  playing  musical  instruments,  wooed  by  the  Tri- 
tons, and  passing  in  long  processions  over  the  sea  seated 
on  hippocamps  and  other  sea-monsters.  Monuments  of 
ancient  art  represent  them  lightly  draped  or  nude,  in  poses 
characterized  by  undulating  lines  hai-monizing  with  those 
of  the  ocean,  and  often  riding  on  sea-monsters  of  fantastic 
forms. 

Nereid  Friezes.  Four  friezes  from  the  Xereid 
monument  at  Xanthus  in  Lycia,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  The  widest  frieze  represents  a  battle 
between  Greeks  and  Asiatics ;  the  others  represent  epi- 
sodes of  war,  the  chase,  banquet,  and  sacritlce. 

Nereus  (ne'riis).  [Gr.  y!r/p£i(:.']  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  sea-god,  son  of  Pontus  and  Ga^a,  hus- 
band of  Doris,  and  father  of  the  fifty  Nereids. 

Nergal  (ner'giil).  One  of  the  twelve  great  gods 
of  the  BabyloniansandAssjTians,  mentioned  in 
2  Ki.  xvii.  30  as  the  deity  of  "Cuthah,  a  statement 
fully  confirmed  by  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. 
See  Cuthah.  ne  is  primitively,  like  Adar.  the  sun-god 
in  his  destructive  aspect.  This  is  supposed  to  be  expressed 
In  his  name,  Nergal(.\kkadian.V(?-wrw  .'/«/), 'lord  of  the  great 
city,'  i'.  e.  the  grave.  Both  were,  however,  chiefly  consid- 
ered as  the  divinities  of  war  and  the  chase.  Xergal  was 
represented  under  the  symbol  of  colossal  lions,  whicli 
guarded  the  entrance  of  the  Assjto. Babylonian  temples 
and  ])alaces. 

Nergalsharezer  (n^r'gill-sha-re'zfer).  [Babylo- 
nian Xfr(7rt/-s/)«r-Hfi(r,Nergal  protect  the  king.] 
1 .  The  name  of  a  Babylonian  general  (Jer.  x.wix. 
3)  and  of  a  chief  of  the  Magi  (.Jer.  x.xxix.  3,  13). 
—  2.  A  Babylonian  king  wlio  rided  .'560-556 B.  c, 
between  Evil  Merodncli  and  Nabonidus.  He 
was  son-in-law  of  Nebuchadnezzar. 

Neri  (na're),  Filippo  de'  (Saint  Philip  Neri). 
Born  at  Florence,  July  22,  1515:  died  at  Rome, 
May  2.5,  1595.  Au  Italian  ecclesiastic,  noted  as 
the  founder  of  the  Co:igrcgation  of  the  Oratory. 
He  was  canonized  in  1622. 

Neri  (na're).  The.  [It., 'the  Blacks.']  See 
liiaiichi. 

Nerissa  (ne-ris'sii).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
play  "The  Merchant  of  Venice":  the  clever 
companion  and  attendant  of  Portia, who  mimics 
her  mistress  with  a  good  ileal  of  adniitiiess. 

Nero  (ne'ro)  (originally  Lucius  Domitius  Ahe- 
nobarbus,  later  Nero  Claudius  Caesar  Dru- 

SUS  Germanicus).  Born  at  Antiuin,  Italy,  Dec. 
l."),37.\.  D.:  committed  suicide  near  K'ume,.Jime 
9,  68.  Koman  emiieror  .54-<)S,  son  of  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus  and  Agrippina  (daughter  of  Ger- 
manicus). lie  was  adopted  by  his  stepfather,  the  em- 
X)eror Claudius,  in.^.O,  and  in  .'i.'J  married Octavia.  the  daugh- 
t'T  of  Claudius  by  Mcssalina.  In  54  Claudius  was  poi- 
'  itied  by  Agrippina,  who  caused  ber  son  to  be  proclaimed 
t'>  the  exclusion  of  Britannlcus,  theson  of  Claudius.  His 
I'Tiner  tutors,  the  philosopher  .Seneca  and  Hurrus,  com- 
III  indcr  of  the  pretorian  guards,  were  placed  at  the  bead 
'  f  the  government,  and  tlie  early  years  of  Ids  reign  were 
marked,  on  the  whole,  by  clemency  and  justice,  lie  caused 
Ills  rival  Britanidcus  to  be  removed  by  poison  in  O.*!.  In 
^'U  he  procured  the  :issassination  of  his  mother,  of  whose 
control  he  had  become  impatient.  Burrus  died  In  02, 
whereupon  Seneca  retired  front  public  life.  Kiecd  from 
the  restraint  of  his  former  advisers,  he  gave  free  rein  to 
anaturally  tyraimical  and  cruel  disposition.  He  divoreeil 
Octavia  in  order  t(t  marry  I'oppn-a,  and  shortly  afterward 
put  Octavia  to  death  (»i:i).  Poppiea  ultimately  dieil  from 
the  clfccts  of  a  kick  admini^'tercd  by  her  brutal  husbanc). 
Having  l)eon  accused  of  kindling  the  lire  whieli  in  (14  de- 
stroyed alarge  part  of  Home,  besought  todivert  attcniion 
from  himself  by  ordering  a  persecution  of  the  Christians, 
whom  he  accused  of  Iniving  canseil  the  c'nillagration.    He 

Eut  Seneca  to  death  in  (1.1,  and  r,tWW  visited  Greece,  where 
e  competed  for  the  prizes  as  a  musician  a?id  charioteer  in 
the  religious  festivals.  He  was  overthrown  by  a  revolt 
under  Galtux,  and  stabbed  himself  to  death  withtbe  assis- 
tance of  his  secretarj'. 

But  the  imperial  Reign  of  Terror  was  limited  to  a  com- 

ftaratively  small  number  of  families  in  Rome.  The  pi-ov- 
ncos  were  nndniilric.illy  better  governed  than  In  the  later 
days  of  the  lleniililir.  and  even  in  Ronie  Itself  the  common 
people  strewed  llowers  on  the  grave  of  Nero. 

llmhikhi,  Italy  and  ber  Invaders,  I.  (1. 

Nero,  Gaius  Claudius.  A  Homan  consul  207 
B.  c.  He  miircbed  against  Hastlrubal,  and  (with 


729 

Livius)  defeated  him  in  the  battle  of  the  Metau- 
rus  in  207. 

Nero,  Emperor  of  Rome.  A  tragedy  by  Na- 
thaniel Lee,  produced  in  1675. 

Nero  of  the  North.  A  name  given,  on  account 
of  his  cruelty,  to  Christian  II.,  king  of  Denmark 
and  Norway  (and  in  his  early  years  of  Sweden). 

N6ron  (na-roii').  An  opera  by  Rubinstein,  pro- 
duced at  Hamburg  in  1879. 

Nero's  Persecution  of  Christians.    Ajiainting 

by  W.  von  Kaulbaeli.  The  emperor  stands  with  a 
company  of  kindred  spirits  on  a  terrace  in  his  gardens,  re- 
ceiving homage  as  a  god,  while  a  group  of  elderly  men 
and  another  of  German  soldiers  look  on  with  sorrow.  In 
the  foreground  a  body  of  Christians  is  uiulergoing  martjT- 
dom,  among  them  St.  Pet^r,  erueifled  head  down,  and  St. 
Paul,  who  lireaks  from  his  executioner  and  makes  a  pas- 
sionate protest  against  the  outrages  being  enacted. 

Nertchinsk  (ner-chinsk').  A  town  in  Trans- 
Ijaikalia.  Russia,  situated  on  the  Ncrtcha  about 
lat.  52°  N.  The  treaty  of  Nertchinsk,  regulating  the 
boundary  between  China  and  Russia,  was  signed  here  in 
Its;).     Poiinlaticiii,  1,:'.3.'.. 

Nertchinskii-Zavod(ner-ehin'skiy-za^vod').  A 
town  in  Transbaikalia,  Siberia,  situated  near 
the  Argun  about  140  miles  east-southeast  of 
Nertchinsk.  It  is  the  center  of  a  silver-  and 
gold-milling  region. 

Nerthus  (nOr'thus).  According  to  Tacitus,  a 
German  goddess  of  fertility  and  growth:  also 
called  Hcrthn.  The  seat  of  her  worsliip  was 
au  island  which  has  not  been  identilied. 

Nerva  (ner'vii),  Marcus  Coccelus.    Born  32 

A.  D. :  died  .Ian.  27,  98.  Kouuiu  omperor  96-98. 
He  w.ia  consul  with  Vespasian  in  71  and  with  Domitian  in 
90,  and  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  the  murderers  of  the 
latter.    He  was  a  mild  and  just  ruler.    He  adopted  Trajan 

as  his  successor. 

Nerval,  Gerard  de.    See  Gerard  de  Xcrval. 

Nervi  (ner've).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Genoa, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  6  miles  east 
of  Genoa.  It  is  a  sea-bathing  and  winter  health- 
resort. 

Nervii  (ner'vi-i).  An  ancient  people  of  the  Bel- 
gic  Gauls,  dwelling  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Sambre.  They  were  defeated  by  Julius  CKsar 
57  B.  c. 

Nesle  (nal).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
iSomme,  France,  28  miles  east-southeast  of 
Amiens.  It  was  important  in  former  times  under  the 
sieurs  of  Nesle.    Population  (1891),  coumiune,  2.a93. 

Ness  (ncs),  Loch.  A  lake  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  6  miles  southwest  of  Inverness.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  Ness  into  Moray  Firth.  Length, 
22i  miles. 

Nesselrode(ne8'sel-ro-de),  Count  Karl  Robert. 

Horn  at  Lisbon,  Dee.  14, 1780 :  died  at  St.  Peters- 
btu'g,  March  23, 1802.  A  Rus.sian  statesman  and 
diplomatist.    He  directed  the  foreign  policy  of  Riissia 

i nearly  all  the  time  as  minister  of  foreign  alfairs)  1813-:i6. 
le  conducted  thenegotiationsof  lS13-ir> ;  signed  tlie]>eace 
of  Paris  in  1S14 ;  was  at  the  congresses  of  Vienna  1S14-15, 
Aix-Ia-Chapelle  1818.  Laibacb,  1S21,  etc. ;  w.as  made  ehan. 
cellor  in  1S14  ;  and  concluded  the  peace  of  Paris  in  isr-ti. 

Nessler("es'ler).  Victor.  Boi-natBaldenheim, 
Alsace,  Jan.  28,  1841:  died  at  Strasburg,  May 
28,  1890.  A  German  composer  aiul  conductor. 
Among  his  operas  are  "  Dornroschens  Brautfahrt  '*  (18(58), 
"  Irmin^-ard '*  (187(1),  "Der  Uattenfiinger  von  Uameln" 
(1879).  "Der  wilde  Jiigcr  "  (188Ij,  "Her  Tronipeter  von 
siiikingeiL  '  (1884),  "Ottu  der  Schutz"  (1880),  etc. 

Nessus  (ues'us).  [(ir.  Nf'offof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  centaur  slain  by  Hercules.  He  carried  Dejanira. 
Uercules's  wife,  across  the  Evenus;  but  when  heattempteti 
t^run  away  with  ber,  Hercules  shot  him  with  a  poisoned 
arrow.  He  declared  to  bejanira  that  his  blood  would  pre- 
serve ber  husbatidr,  love,  and  she  took  sonie  of  it  with  licr. 
Later  she  steeped  in  itagannent  in  which  Ilerculesotli-red 
sacrifice,  and  l»y  which  lie  was  jioisoiii'd  from  the  virus  of 
bis  own  arrow  ;  the  g;n-inent  eliing  to  histlesh,  which  was 
torn  off  with  it.  Lii-Iias,  who  brought  the  shirt,  was  east  by 
the  raging  hero  into  the  sea,  and  l>ejanira  hung  herself. 
Hercules  erected  and  ascended  a  pile  of  wood,  had  it  set 
on  lire,  and  was  carried  otf  from  It  to  Olympus. 

Nest  of  Nobles,  A.  A  novel  by  TurgeniefT, 
jiulilislieiliii  F.iigla  lid  under  the  name  of  "]jiza." 

Nestor  (ues'tor).  [Gr.  N/Tr<.v>.l  In  Greek  le- 
gend.a  kingof  I'ylus,  and  son  of  Neleiis, famous 
list  lie  oldest  councilor  of  thoGreeks  before  Troy. 

Nestorians  (nes-tiVri-iinz).  1.  The  followers 
of  Xeslorius.  They  denied  the  hyiioslatleuniiui  of  two 
natures  in  otio  person  in  Christ,  holding  that  he  possesses 
two  distinct  personalities,  the  union  between  which  Is 
merely  moral.  After  the  Connidl  of  Knhesim  the  Nest<v 
rians  obtained  ]>ossessliui  of  the  theological  schools  of 
Kdessa,  Nisibis,  and  Sidcncla,  and  were  driven  by  Imperial 
edicts  into  Persia,  where  thcv  llrinly  established  them- 
selves. Later  they  sjiread  to  fndia,  liactrla,  and  as  far  as 
Chliru  About  1 -loll  t lie  greater  partitf  thi-lr  rhurebesjjiT- 
isbed  under  the  persecutions  of  'I'linur,  and  in  the  Kith 
century  a  large  part  of  the  remainder  Joined  (he  Roman 
Catholics.     These  are  called  Cluitilfaiui.     See  def.  2. 

2.  A  modern  Christian  body  in  Persia  and  Tur- 
key, the  remnant  of  the  ouce  powerful  Nesto- 


Nettleship,  Richard  Lewis 

rian  denomination.  They  number  about  140,000,  are 
subject  to  a  patriarch  (the  patriarch  of  rruuiiah)  and  18 
bishops,  recognize  7  sacraments,  administer  communioD 
in  both  kinds,  and  have  many  fasts.  Anotlier  community 
of  Xestorian  origin  still  exists  on  the  Malabar  coast  of  lu- 
di.i,  but  since  the  middle  of  the  17th  ccnturj-  these  are 
said  tn  have  become  Monophysites. 

Nestorius  (nes-tO'ri-us).  Died  after  439.  Pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople  428-431.  He  was  de- 
posed by  the  Council  of  Ephesus  on  account  of  heresy. 

See  Xfitt<maiis. 

Nestucca  (nez-tuk'ii).  A  tribe  of  North  jVmeri- 
can  Indians,  formerly  on  Nestucca  River,  west- 
ern Oregon :  now  on  the  Grand  Ronde  reserva- 
tion, Oregon.     See  Salishan. 

Netherlands  (neTH'tr-landz).  The  Low  Coun- 
tries ;  Holland  and  Belgium.  The  former  now 
retains  the  name  Netherlands.     See  below. 

Netherlands,  D.  Nederlanden  (ua'der-liin- 
deii),i;.Niederlande(ne'der-lan-de),F.Pay8- 

Bas  ( pa -e'bii' ):  often  called  Holland  ( liol'and). 
A  kingdom  of  western  Europe.  Capitals,  Am- 
sterdam and  The  Hague.  It  is  boun.led  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  west  and  north,  Prussia  on  the  east,  and 
Belgium  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  generally  flat,  the 
land  having  in  many  parts  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Meuse,  and  .Schelde.  The 
leading  occupations  are  commerce,  raising  of  live  stock, 
agriculture,  and  manufactures.  The  kingiliun  lias  11 
provinces :  North  Holland.  South  Holland,  Zealand,  North 
Brabant,  Utrecht,  Limburg,  Gelderland.  Overyssel,  Dren- 
the,  Groningen,  and  Friesland.  The  government  is  a  he- 
reditary constitutional  munarcliy,  administered  by  a  queen 
and  States-General  composed  of  an  upper  chamber  of  50 
and  a  lower  chamber  of  100  members.  The  inhabitants, 
generally  called  Diiteh.  are  chiefly  of  Low  German  race 
(three  branches  — Frankish,  Saxon,  and  Kriesian).  The  pre- 
vailing language  is  Outch,  and  the  prevailing  religions 
Dutch  Reformed  and  Roman  Catholic.  The  chief  colonial 
possessions  are  the  Dutch  East  Indies^ineluding  .lava,  the 
Moluccas,  parts  of  Borneo.  New  Guinea.  Sumatra,  and 
Celebes,  and  smaller  islands)  and  tlie  Dutch  West  Indies 
(including  Dutch  Guiana  and  Curacoa  with  its  depen- 
dencies). The  country  was  inhabitea  by  various  German 
peoples  in  Roman  times.  In  the  middle  ages  the  region 
at  present  included  in  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium  was 
divided  among  Brabant,  Flanders,  Gelderland,  Ui>lland, 
Zealand,  and  other  duchies  countships.  etc.  It  was  united 
with  Burgundy  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries,  pas^sed  to 
the  Hapsiuirg  family  in  1477,  and  thence  later  to  Spain. 
The  following  are  tlie  leading  later  incidents  and  events  : 
Reformation  introduced  under  Charles  V. ;  outbreak  of  the 
revolution  (under  William  of  (Grange  ;  Spanish  leader,  tlie 
Duke  of  Alva),  10(17 1  paeitication  of  Ghent,  i.',76  ;  nortliem 
provinces  united  in  the  union  of  Utrecht,  1579 :  war  con- 
cluded, ItWfl :  war  renewed.  1(121 ;  independence  of  the 
Dutcli  republic  acknowledged,  1(M8  ;  country  at  its  great- 
est prosperity,  luiiidle  of  17th  century;  united  with  Eng- 
land under  William  III.,  lti>9-1702  ;  conquered  by  France, 
1794-!»r. ;  erected  into  the  Batavian  Republic.  171*5 ;  made  a 
kingdom  under  Louis  Bonaparte,  IStXi ;  annexed  liy  France, 
1810 ;  union  with  Belgium  in  the  kingdom  of  the  Netiier- 
lands,  1815;  revolution  in  Bilgium.  18;i0  ;  end  of  the  war, 
183.5;  settlement  with  Belgium,  1839.  The  constitution  was 
revised  in  18S7.  Area,  l'2,i',48  square  miles.  Population 
(I8;19),  5,104,137.  .\r<-a  <»f  eohuiial  possessions.  &;<3,(MK> 
8(juare  mdes  ;  approximate  population,  33,000,(XIO. 

Netherlands,  Austrian.  The  name  given  to  the 
Siianish  Netherlands  after  their  cession  to  Aus- 
tria in  1713-14.  There  was  an  unsuccessful  revolt  In 
1789  -90.  The  provinces  w  ere  conquereii  by  France  in  1794, 
and  ceded  to  F'rance  in  1797.     See  Betifimiu 

Netherlands,  Spanish.  The  name  given  to  the 
]u'oviiiees  (neiii'ly  corresponding  to  the  present 
lielgimii)  retained  by  Spain  in  the  Duteli  war 
of  lilieiation.  They  were  ceded  to  Austria  in 
1713-14. 

N6thou  (na-te').  Pic  de.  The  highest  peak  of 
the  I'vreiiees.  It  is  in  the  Maladetta  group  in 
Spain.     Height,  11,170  feet. 

Netley  (net'li).  A  village  3  miles  southeast  of 
Southanipton,  Kngland:  noted  for  its  military 
hospital  and  ruined  abbey. 

Netscher  (nets'i^'her),  KasparorGaspar.  Born 

at  Heidelberg,  1639:  died  at  The  Hague,  Jan. 
15,  ](i,S4.  A  Dutch  genre-  and  portrait-painter, 
apujiil  of  Koster  and  Gerard  Tei-biirg.  He  lived 
at  The  Hague  from  the  time  of  his  marriage 
in  lii.'iil. 

Nettement  (net-moiV ),  Alfred  Francois.  B<iru 

at  Paris,  July  22,  \mr-,:  died  at  I'aris,  Nov,  1,5, 
1869.  .\  Frencli  historian  iiiid  ]niblicist.  Ho 
wrote  "  Hlstolre  de  la  litteratnre  f  i  angidse  sous  la  r\>yaut^ 
de.luillef(18..4).  etc. 

Nettleship  (net '1-shi])),  Henry.  Born  in  Norlh- 
:nii)iliiiisliire.  May  5,  ls:i!l:  tiled  at  Oxlord,  July 
1(1,  l.'^93.  An  Kliijlisli  educator  iind  writer.  Uq 
was  educated  at  Durlitim,  Charterhouse  SeluMd,  and  Corpus 
Cbrlstl  College.  Oxford  ;  was  as..i|slant  master  (d  llarixiw 
fnun  18(18  to  187;t,  and  classical  ledun-r  at  Christ  cbtireh,* 
tlxford,  187;i;  and  was  elected  profes.sorof  Latin  literature 
III  the  I'nlverslty  of  Oxford  In  1878.  He  edited  and  pub- 
lislieil  a  iinmber  of  works  on  elassleiU  subjects. 

Nettleship,  Richard  Lewis.    l?orn  about  1.8.50: 

died  on  tlie  I  ioiiie  dii  (ioiiler,  Switzerland,  .'\ug, 
25,  1892.  An  lOiiglisli  eilucatiir,  a  fellow  and 
classical  tutor  of  Halliol  College,  O.\ford.  He 
was  well  known  as  an  athlete,  and  died  from  ex|K>fiuro  to 
a  Btorin  while  climbing  .Mont  Blanc 


Nettleton 

Nettleton  (net'l-ton),  Asahel.  Born  at  North 
KiUiugworth,Conn.,  April  21,1783:  died  at  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  May  16,  1844.  An  American 
Congi'pgatioual  clergyman  and  rex^ivalist.  He 
published  "Village  Hymns"  (1824),  etc. 

Netzahualcoyotl  (nat-za-wal-ko-yot'l).  Born 
about  1403:  died  about  1470  An  Indian  chief 
of  Tezeueo,  Mexico,  son  of  Ixtlilxoebitl.  In  his 
youth  the  chieftainship  was  overthrown  and  his  fatlier 
killed  by  the  Tecpanecs.  Alter  many  remarliable  ad- 
ventures NetzahualcoyotI,  aided  by  the  Mexicans  and 
others,  recovered  his  place  in  1-130.  killing  Mastla,  the 
usurping  chief.  Thereafter  he  ruled  with  great  wisdom. 
He  is  said  to  have  established  a  body  of  wise  men,  or 
le:irued  society,  and  to  have  built  a  temple  to  the  invisi- 
ble supreme  deity,  forbidding  human  sacrifices  in  iL  He 
was  known  as  a  sage  and  poet,  and  writings,  said  to  be  his, 
are  preserved  in  Spanish  translations.  The  accounts  of 
^■et^ahualcoyotl  rest  mainly  on  the  authority  of  the  Tez- 
cucan  historian  LitlilxochiJ,  and  should  be  received  with 
caution.     Also  written  SezahiiatcuyriU,  etc. 

Netze  (net'se).  A  river  in  Posen  and  Branden- 
biu-g.  Prussia,  -n-hich  joins  the  TVarthe  near 
Landsberg.     Length,  about  200  miles. 

Neubrandenburg  (noi-brau'den-boro).  [G., 
'New Brandenburg.']  A  town  in  Meeklenburg- 
Strelitz,  Germany,  situated  on  the  ToUensesee 
72  miles  north  of  Berlin.  It  has  considerable 
trade  in  wool.     Population  (1890),  9,323. 

Neuburg  (noi'boro).  A  town  in  the  government 
district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  28  miles  north-northeast 
of  Augsburg.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  former  princi- 
pality of  Pf  alz-Xeuburg.  The  church  is  a  Cistercian  foun- 
dation of  1471,  with  beautiful  details.  Part  of  the  abbey 
buildings  serves  as  a  hunting-box  for  the  emperor.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  7,5U7. 

Neuchatel,  formerly Neilfchatel  (ne-sha-tel'), 
G.  Neuenburg  (noi'en-bbra).     ['Newcastle.'] 

1.  A  canton  of  Switzerland.  It  is  bounded  by  Bern 
on  the  northeast,  France  on  the  northwest,  Vaud  on  the 
south,  and  the  Lake  of  Xeuchatel  (separating  it  from 
Fribourg  and  Vaud)  on  the  southeast,  and  is  traversed  by 
the  Jura.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  watches,  lace, 
etc.  It  has  5  members  in  the  National  Council.  The  pre- 
vailing language  is  French :  the  prevailing  religion  Pi-otes- 
Umt.  Neuchatel  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1713  ;  was  given 
to  Berthier  as  a  principality  in  1S06 ;  became  in  1S15  a  can- 
ton of  the  .Swiss  Confederation,  and  a  principality  under 
the  suzerainty  of  Prussia;  and  revolted  from  Prussia  in 
1*4S.  The  King  of  Prussia  renounced  his  rights  in  1857. 
Area,  312  square  miles.    Population  (iSSS),  108,153. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Neuchatel,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  in  lat.  46°  59' 
N.,  long.  6°  55'  E.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Its 
abbey  church  (Temple  du  Haut)  was  founded  in  the  12th 
century.  It  has  a  castle,  a  college  (with  valuable  collec- 
tions), a  picture-gallerj',  and  various  charitable  institu- 
tions.   Population  (1894),  ir,.S49. 

Neuchatel,  Lake  of.  [F.  Lac  de  Xeuchdtel,  G. 
Xeuenburgersce.l  A  lake  in  western  Switzer- 
land, bordering  on  the  cantons  of  Neuchatel, 
Bern,  Fribourg,  and  Vaud :  the  Roman  Lacus 
Eburodunensis.  It  receives  the  Orbe,  and  has  its  out- 
let by  the  Thiele  (Zihl)  into  the  Aare  (and  Khine).  Height 
above  seadevel,  1,427  feet.  Length,  25  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  G  miles. 

Keudek  (noi'dek).  A  town  in  north-western  Bo- 
hemia, 24  miles  northeast  of  Eger.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  3,574. 

Neuenahr  (noi'en-ar).  A  watering-place  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr 
near  the  Rhine. 

Neuendorf  (noi'en-dorf),  Adolf.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, June  13, 1843:  died  at  New  York,  May  12, 
1898.   A  German-American  composer. 

Neufchateau  (ne-slia-td').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  France,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Mouzon  and  Mouse,  25  miles  southwest  of 
Nancy.     Population  (1891),  4,048. 

Neufchatel.    See  yeuchdtel. 

Neufchatel-en-Bray  (ne-sha-tel'on-bra').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inferiem-e, 
France,  situated  on  the  B^thune  25  miles 
northeast  of  Rouen.  It  is  famous  for  its  cheese. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4.006. 

Neuhaldensleben  (noi-hal' dens-la-ben).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated oj  the  Ohre  14  miles  northwest  of  Magde- 
burg.    Population  (1890),  8,657. 

Neuhaus  (noi'hous).  A  town  of  Bohemia,  69 
miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.  Population 
(1890),  8,502. 

Keuhausel  (noi'hoi-zel),  Hung.  Ersekujvar 
(ar  shek-oy'var).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Neutra,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Neutra  51 
miles  northwest  of  Budapest:  formerlv  a  for- 
tress.    Population  (1890).  11.299. 

Neuhof  (noi'hof ),  Baron  Theodor  von.  Born 
at  Metz  about  1686:  died  at  London,  Dee.  11, 
17.56.  A  German  adventurer.  He  aided  the  Corsi- 
cans  in  1735-36  with  money  and  weapons  obtained  from 
the  Porte  and  the  Bey  of  Tunis ;  was  crowned  king  of  Corsica 
(as  Theodore  1. 1  in  1736 ;  and  was  driven  out  by  the  Genoese 
in  1738.  An  attempt  to  reestablish  his  power  in  1743  failed. 


730 

Neuilly-SUr-Marne  (ne-ye'siir-mam').  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France, 
situated  on  the  Mame  6  miles  east  of  the  for- 
tilicatious  of  Paris.  Population  (1891),  eom- 
niime,  6,374. 

Neuilly-Sur-Seine  (-san).  A  -western  suburb  of 
Paris,  situated  immediately  beyond  the  forti- 
fications and  east  of  the  Seine.  It  was  a  fa- 
vorite i-esidence  of  the  Orleans  family.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  29,444. 

Neukomni(noi'kom),Sigismund.  Bom  at  Salz- 
burg, Austria,  July  10,  1778 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  3,  1858.  An  Austrian  composer.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Michael  and  Joseph  Haydn,  and  almost  an  adopt- 
ed son  of  the  latter.  After  the  death  of  Haydn  he  went 
to  Paris,  and  became  one  of  a  brilliant  set  of  musicians 
there.  He  was  intimate  with  TallejTand,  and  accompanied 
him  later  to  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  In  1816  he  went  to 
South  America,  and  was  maitre  de  chapelle  to  Dom  Pedro 
at  Kio  de  Janeiro  till  1S21.  w-hen  he  returned  with  Dom 
Pedro  to  Europe  and  rejoined  Talleyrand.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land in  1S"29,  and  lived  partly  there  and  partly  in  France 
until  his  death.  He  is  said  to  have  left  over  1,000  compo- 
sitions, mostly  church  music. 

Neum.     See  Comanche. 

Neumann  (noi'man),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Keiehmanusdorf,  near  Bamlierg,  Bavaria, 
Dec.  28,  179S:  died  at  Berlin,  March  17,  1870. 
A  German  Orientalist  and  historian,  of  Hebrew 
descent.  He  traveled  in  the  Orient  and  in  China,  and 
made  an  extensive  collection  of  Chinese  books  (now  at 
Munich).  From  1833  to  lso2  he  was  professor  at  Munich. 
He  translated  from  .Armenian  and  Chinese,  and  published 
a  history  of  the  British  empire  in  Asia  (1857),  of  the  United 
States  (1863-66),  etc. 

Neumark  (noi'miirk).  [G.,  'new  boundary.'] 
A  district  east  of  the  Oder,  extending  south 
below  the  Warthe,  and  mostly  included  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia.  It  was  ac- 
quired by  Brandenburg  about  1450. 

Neumarkt(noi'markt).  [G.,' new  market.']  A 
town  in  the  Upper  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Sulz  21  miles  southeast  of  Nuremberg. 
Population  (1890),  5,703. 

Neumarkt.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Pinissia,  19  miles  west  of  Breslau.  Population 
(1890).  5.860. 

Neu-Mecklenburg.    See  Xeic  Ireland. 

Neumiinster  (noi'miin-ster).  [G.,  'new  min- 
ster.'] A  town  in  the  province  of  Sehles-wig- 
Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the  Sehwale  36  miles  north 
of  Hamburg.  It  has  cloth  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  13,195. 

Neunkirchen  (noin'kirch-en),  or  Neuenkirch- 
en  (noi'en-kireh-en).  [G.,  '  new  ehiu'ch.']  A 
manufacturing  town  in  Lower  Austria,  36  miles 
south-south-west  of  Vienna.  Population  (1890), 
8,795. 

Neunkirchen.  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Blies 
40  miles  southeast  of  Treves.  Population  (1890), 
19,090. 

Neu-Pommem.    See  Nete  Britain. 

Neureuther  (noi'roi-ter),  Eugen  Napoleon. 
Born  at  Munich,  Jan.  15,  1806:  died  at  Munich, 
March  23, 1882.  AGennan  historical  painter  and 
illustrator.  He  assisted  in  the  decorations  of  the  Gl>-pto- 
thek  and  the  Konigsbau,  but  is  specially  noted  as  an  il- 
lustrator of  German  ballads,  legends,  and  romances,  par- 
ticularly those  of  Goethe. 

NeuTOde  (noi'ro-de).  A  town  in  the  pro-vince 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  43  miles  south-west  of  Bres- 
lau.    Population  (1890),  5,860. 

NeuTuppin  (noi-rbp-pen').  A  townin  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  a 
small  lake  38  miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Schinkel.  Population 
(1890),  14,584. 

Neusalz  (noi'zalts).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  75  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890),  9,073. 

Neu-Sandec  (noi-siin'dets).  AtowninGalicia. 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Dunajee  45 
miles  southeast  of  Cracow.  Population  (1890), 
8,744. 

Neusatz  (noi'zats).  Hung.  Uj-vid6k  (by've- 
dak).  A  royal  free  city  in  the  count}'  of  Bacs- 
Bodrog,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube  op- 
posite Peterwardein.  it  is  a  commercial  and  literary 
center.  In  1S49  it  was  taken  by  the  -Austrians  under  Jel- 
lachich,  and  nearly  destroyed.     Population  (18'.»0),  24,717. 

Neuse  (nus).  A  river  of  North  Carolina  -n-hich 
flows  to  Pamlico  Sound  by  a  broad  estuary  30 
miles  east  of  New  Berne.  Length,  about  300 
miles ;  navigable  about  100  miles. 

Neusiedlersee  (noi'zed-ler-za),  Hung.  Ferto 
(fer-te' ).  A  lake  in  western  Hungary,  between 
the  counties  of  Odenburg  and  Wieselburg,  30 
miles  southeast  of  Vienna.  It  communicates  with 
the  Raab  by  the  swamp  Hansiig.  Its  depth  has  vaiied 
from  time  to  time :  it  was  dry  in  1865,  and  h.as  recently 


Neuve-ville  '  f 

been  disappearing.    It  has  been  proposed  to  drain  it  by  a 
canal.     Lengtli,  19  miles. 

Neusohl  (noi'zol),  Hung.  Besztercze-Banya 

(lies' tort -se  ban'yo).  A  free  to-wn,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Sohl,  Hungary,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Gran  and  Bistritz,  86  miles  north 
of  Budapest.  The  chief  occupations  are  mining 
and  metal-working.  Population  (1890),  7,485. 
Neuss  (nois).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Pro-vince, 
Prussia,  situated  near  the  Rhine  4  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Diisseldorf:  the  ancient  Novesium. 
It  is  noted  for  its  grain-market,  its  manufactures  of  meal 
and  oil,  and  its  church  of  .St.  t)uirinus.  It  was  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  in  1474- 
14,0.  and  w.as  taken  by  Alexander  Famese  in  1586.  Popu. 
lation  (l.->90),  2-2,635. 

Neustadt  (noi'stat).      [G., 'new  city.']     1.  A 
town  in  the  Black  Forest,  Baden,  18  miles  east 
by  south  of  Freiburg.    Population  (1890),  2,591, 
—  2.  A  town  in  middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  on 
the  Aisch  23  miles  west-northwest  of  Nurem-4 
berg.     Population  (1890),  3,748.— 3.  A  suburb 
of  Leipsic.  Saxony,  lying  to  the  northeast.   Pop 
Illation  (1885),  7,656. — 4.  A  suburb  of  Magde 
biu'g,  Saxony,  Prussia,  hing  directly  north.- 
5.  A  seaport  in  the  pro-vince  of  Schles-wig-Hol-l 
stein,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Baltic  18  mileg 
north-northeast  of  Liibeck.   Population  (1890), 
3.789. —  6.  Atowninthe  province  of  West  Prua-^ 
sia.  Pnissia,  24  miles  northwest  of  Dantzio) 
Population  (1890),  6,.598. 

Neustadt,  Pol.  Prudnik  (prod'nik).  A  to-wn 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Prudnik  59  miles  south-southeast  of  Bres- 
lau. It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between  the  Pma- 
sians  and  .\ustrians  in  1745,  1760,  and  1779.  Population 
(IS'JOl,  17.677. 

Neustadt,  Wiener-.    See  Wiener-yeu.Hladt. 
Neustadt-Ebers-walde  (-ii' bers  - viil-de).   See 

KbersudJdc. 

Neustadt-on-the-Hardt (-hart').  Atowninthe 
Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  14  miles  west  of 
Spires.  It  has  some  manufactures  and  an  important 
trade  in  wine.     I'opulation  (1890),  15,016. 

Neustadt-on-the-Orla  (-or'la).  A  to-wn  in  the 
grand  diichy  of  Saxe-Weimar,  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  "Orla  26  miles  southeast  of  Weimar. 
Population  (1890),  5,49L 

Neustettin  (noi-stet-ten').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  90  miles  east-north- 
east of  Stettin.     Population  (1890),  8,695. 

Neustrelitz  (noi-stra'lits).     The  capital  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Jlecklenburg-Strelitz,  Germany, 
59  miles  north  by  west  of  Berlin.    Near  it'is  . 
Altstrelitz,   the   "fonner  capital.      Population 
(1890),  9,481. 

Neustria  (nus'tri-a).  1.  In  the  times  of  the 
Merovingians  and  Carolingians  (6th-9th  cen- 
turies), the  western  kingdom  of  the  Franks,  as 
opposed  to  Austrasia,  the  eastern  kingdom,  it 
extended  from  the  mouth  of  the  Schelde  to  the  Loire :  later 
it  was  restrictt'ii  to  the  region  between  the  Seine  and  the 
Loire.  The  inhabitants  were  mainly  Romanic.  It  developed 
after  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (S43)  into  the  kingdom  of  France. 
2.  The  western  di-vision  of  the  Carolingian 
kingdom  of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the  later 
Lombardy. 

Neuter  (liu'ter).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  called  by  the  early  French -writers  J  rti- 
uendaronlc  (corrupted  from  an  Iroquois  term 
meaning  '  the  stammerers').  They  were  called  the 
Neuter  Nation  because  they  held  aloof  from  the  w-ars  of 
the  Hurons  and  Algonquins  against  the  Iroquois.  They 
were  first  met  with  in  1626,  when  they  were  on  Lake  On- 
tario. In  1647  they  were  conquered  by  the  Senecas,  with 
whom  they  afterward  lived.    See  Iroquoian. 

Neutitschein  (noi-tit'shin).  A  town  in  Mora- 
via, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Titsch 
72  miles  east-northeast  of  Brunn.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  11,562. 

Neutra  (noi'trii).  Hung.  Nyitra  (nye'tro).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Neutra,  Hungary,  sit- 
uated on  the  Neutra  71  miles  northwest  of  Buda- 
pest. It  has  a  cathedral.  Population  (1890), 
13,538. 

Neutral  Ground.  1.  During  the  Revolutionary 
War,  that  part  of  New  York  (in  Westchester 
County)  which  lay  between  the  British  lines  (at 
Ne-w  York  city  and  elsewhere)  on  the  south 
and  the  American  lines  on  the  north.  The  scene 
of  Cooper's  novel  "The  Spy"islaidhere. — 2.  A 
small  tract  of  ground  near  Gibraltar,  lying  be- 
tween the  English  and  the  Spanish  lines. 

Neu-Ulm  (noi'olm').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Danube  opposite  Ulm.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  7,921. 

Neuveville  (nev-vel'),  G.  Neuenstadt  (noi'en- 
stjit).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzer- 
land, situated  on  the  Lake  of  Bienne.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  2,181. 


Neuville  781 

Neuville(ne-vel'),Alphonse  Marie  de.    Born    "She  Stoops  to  Conquer." 

at  St.-Omer,  France,  Mav  31,  ls:W:  di.'.l  at  Pa-     Hastings. 

ris,   May  19.  1885.     A  Frenoli  battle-painter.  Neville,  George.     Born  about  1433 :  died  June 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Picot.     Uis  best-kiioH-u  works  are       ■-■-■•      — 
scenes  in  the  Franco-(ierinan  war  of  laTO-Tl :  "  Lust  Car- 
tridges 


(1873),  "  Defence  of  I.e  Bourget "  ^1S79), 
In  tlie  Trenehes," 


'Allien, 
•  Panorama  of  tlie  Baltle  of  Cluunpi- 
guy  ■■  witli  Uetaille  (tSsl),  ete. 
Neuwied  (noi'ved).    A  town  in  tlie  Kliine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  7  miles 


Newburyport 

She  is  in  love  with  New  Beme  (bern),  or  Newbem.  A  city  and 
seaport,  capital  of  Craven  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Trent  and 
Neuse,  in  lat.  35°  6'  5s'..  long.  77°  2'  E.  It  has  a 
large  coasting  tradt  in  vegetal)leBand  naval  stores.  !i  wa£ 
the  capital  of  Nortli  Carolina  in  the  18lh  century.  Here. 
Marcli  14,  lsti2,  the  federals  under  Bumside  defeated  the 
{'onfefleratcs.  Tile  Confederate  l'l^8  wjis  578.  Population 
d'JdO),  9,090. 


.S,  ]47t>.  An  English  archbishop,  younger  brother 
of  the  E.irl  of  Warwick.  He  became  archbishop 
of  Vciik  ii]  14<i.').  and  was  lord  chancellor  1460-07. 
Neville's  Cross.  A  place  near  Durham,  Eng- 
land.    Here,  Oct.  17, 1:HG,  the  English  defeated  the  Scots 

under  David  IL     The  battle  is  sometimes  called  the  l)at.  NewbeiTy  (liu'ber-i),  John  Strong.      Born  at 
,  ,  ...         tie  of  Durham.  Windsor     T'onn       Dec     **'»     1S'*'>*    dieil    at    Kpw 

northwest  ot  C.d.l.nz.     It  was  the  capit.i   of  the  jj  ^^  (nev'in).  John  WilUamson.      Born  in     ^^'"'^s'"'  '^"""•-  ^^''-  —  i"- •   ^'^d  at  JNew 

now  mediatized  countsliip  of  W  led.  and  IS  noted  tor  lU     p        ,.,■       p,,,,,,.,-     P.,      Keli    'Ml    lhU3-diedat 

schools  and  its  L-5t:.h1isliiuents  of  the  Moravian  Brethren,      riankiiu    L0UUt\,   I  .1.,  t  c  U.   _u,  lOUJ  .  lutu  dl 

Lancaster,  Pa.,  June  6, 1880.  An  American  cler- 
gyman of  the  German  Koforined  Church,  presi- 
dent of  Marshall  College  1841-53,  and  of  Frank- 
lin and  Marshall  College  1SC(>-7C.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  "  Mercersburg  Theology."  Among  his  works 


Population  (ISiiii),  11,002. 

Neuwied,  Maximilian  Alexander  Philipp, 
Prince  of.  Born  at  Neuwied,  Sept.  23,  17s2: 
died  there,  Feb.  3,  1867.  A  Prussian  traveler 
and  naturalist.  He  attained  the  rank  of  major-general 
In  the  Pnissian  army,  but  after  ISlo  devoted  his  time 
maiuly  to  scientitlc  pursuits.     He  traveled  in  Bray.il  1815- 


Haven,  Conn.,  Dee.  7,  1892.  An  American  ge- 
ologist. He  was  secretary  of  the  western  department  of 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  in  the  Civil  War; 
was  prof essor  of  geology  at  the  school  of  mines,  Columbia 
College.  18G*>-92 ;  and  was  appointed  .State  geologist  of  Oliio 
ISOO.  He  published  numerous  Ijooks  and  papers  relating 
to  geology,  paleontology,  botany,  and  zoology. 


I  ienius  of  the  Heidelberg  Catechism  "  (1847),  etc. 


mailllv  to  scleniinc  purauiis.     iie  ii.iveieii  in  i>ni/.ii  1013-  »t       -     /  /•    \      *      •    i        i     *•  *i      i  „  A«*:n^.. 

Sl7Vand  in  the  western  part  of  North  America  in  1833.  His  NCVlS  (nev'ls)    All  island  ot  the  Lesser  Antilles 


{mbiications  include  "Reise  nach  Brasilien  "  (1820),  "Bei 
rage  zur  Xaturgeschicht«  lirasiliens"  (1824-33),  "Reise 
durch  Sord-.-lmeiika"  (1838-13),  etc.  His  collection  of 
Mammalia  is  now  in  the  American  Museum  of  JJatural 
History,  ,New  York. 
Neva  (ne'va;  Russ.  pron.  ne-vii').     A  river  of 


northern  Russia.    It  issues  from  Lake  Ladoga,  flows  NeviS,  Ben.     See  Ben  Xm>is, 


'The  Mystical  Presence"  (1810),  "The  History  and  Newberyjnu  ber-l),  John.     Bom   1(13:    died 

Dec.  22.  1 1()7.  An  English  publislier,  the  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  and  Smollett.  He 
settled  in  London  in  1744,  and  was  the  first  publisher  of 
small  storv-books  for  children.  In  1758  he  started  the 
"  Universal  Chronicle  or  Weekly  Gazette,"  in  which  the 
"  Idler  "  appeared.  The  "  Public  Ledger  "  was  commenced 
in  1700. 
New  Brighton  (bri'ton).  A  \-illage  in  Richmond 
Count  V,  New  York,  situated  on  the  northern  side 


British  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  18'  N 
long.  62°  37'  W.  Capital,  Charlestown.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  Sugar  is  exported.  The  island  forms 
part  of  the  government  of  St.  Christopher.  It  was  colon- 
ized by  the  English  in  1628.  Area,  50  square  miles.  I'op- 
ulatioh  nsai),  13,087 


past  St.  Peterebnrg,  and  empties  near  it  Ijy  several  mouths  Nevome  (na-v6  niS) 
Into  the  Gulf  of  Finland.   It  receives  the  drainage  of  Lakes      -•       ■     ■  •  -     ■ 

Onega,  Ilmen,  etc.     Length,  40  miles;  navigable  except  in 
winter.   The  Neva  and  Volga  systems  are  connected  by  the 
Ladoga  Canal. 
Nevada  i  ue-va'dii).     [Named  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  range  in  the  western  part  of  the  State, 


An  agricultural  tril>e  of    of  Stati 


jf  -New  York  citv. 


Island,  now  ;i  part 

North  American  Indians,  in  "south  central  Me.x-     Population  1  IS'.iO),  10,424, 

ico.     Its  subdivisions  or  viUages  are  Aivino,  Basiroas,  NoW  Brighton.     A  borough  in  BeaverjCounty. 


Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Beaver  River  25 
miles northwestof Pittsburg.  Population (1900), 
0.S20. 


which  range  is  named  from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Nevskii  Prospekt  (nef 'skiy  pros-pekt') 

'Snowy  Range,' of  Spain.]    One  of  the  Western  finest  and  most  important  street  in  St.  Peters- 

States'of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend-  burg,  noted  for  its  fine  buildings.     Length, 

ing  from  lat,  35°  to  42°  N.,  and  from  long.  114°  about  3i  miles. 

to  120°  W.    Capital,  Carson  City.   It  is  bounded  by  New  Albany  (al'ba-ui).  A  city,  capital  of  Floyd 

Oregon  and  Idaho  on  the  north, Utah  and  Arizona  on  the  Countv,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  2  miles 

east,andCalifoiniaonthewe8tandsouthwest.  Thesurface  from  jts  falls,  nearly  oiiposite  Louisville.   Ithas 

Uaplateautraversedljymountain-ranges.tornungmgreat  fl„uj,isiiing  manufaotuies  and  trade.     Its  glass-works  are 

part  an  interior  basin,  without  outlet  to  the  sea.   The.State  thelarg.-st  in  the  United  states.    Pop.  (19001,  20,028. 

U  rich  in  mineral  wealth:  the  chief  occupation  is  mining,  tij-.—    Alvjnn   c.il'himil        ~ 

and  the  chief  proilucts  sUver  and  gold.   It  has  14  counties,  •",?  ^^  AlDlon^(.u  jJi  on; 
sends  2  seuat<)i-s  and  1  representative  to  Congress,  and  has 


Coiuuripa,  liios,  Huvagnere,  ilovas,  Nuri.Onaba,  Sibubapa, 
Sisibotari,  Tecoripa,  Teliata,  and  Teluiizo.  Number  esti- 
mated at  8,000.     Also  called  Sebome  and  Lower  fima  or 

(^\).)  Pima  liaja.     t^er  Piman.  __         t%   .^    .      /-t     -^z-  -l   -^y    \         i*        ti'—    — 

-       -    --   ^       •■•■      The  New  Britain  (brit'an  or  bnt'n).  native  Birara 

(be-rii'rii).    1.  An  island  of  the  Bismarck  Archi- 
pelago, in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  55  miles 


8  electoral  votes.  Part  of  the  territory  was  ceded  by  Mexico 
in  1818;  the  first  settlements  were  made  in  1S48  and  IS.SO; 
silver  was  discovered  in  18.^i0 ;  Nevada  Territory  was  or- 

franizcd  in  1^61;  and  the  State  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
n  1864.  Area,  110,700  square  miles.  Population  (lUOo). 
42,335. 

Nevada,  or  Nevada  City.  The  cai)ital  of  Ne- 
vada County.  California,  55  miles  north-north- 
east of  Sacramento.  It  exports  gold.  Popula- 
tion (190(1 1,  3.250. 

Nevada,  Emma.    See  Wixom. 

Nevada  Fall.  A  cataract  in  the  Merced  River, 
Yosemite  Vallov,  California,  Height,  about 
600  feet. 

Nevers  (ne-vSr').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ni6vre,  France,  situated  at  the  ,iunc- 
tion  of  the  Nifevre  with  the  Loire,  in  lat.  47°  N 


east  of  New  Guinea:  called  by  the  Germans 
since  1885  Neu-Pommern.  The  inhabitants  are 
Papuans.  It  was  made  a  German  possession  in 
18):Ji.  Length,  about  340  miles. —  2.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  group  of  islands  called 
(since  1885)  Bismarck  Aj'chipelago. 
The  name  given  by  New  Britain.  Acity  in  Hartford  County,  Con- 
'    '    ''  "       necticut,  "J  miles  southwest  of  Hartford.    Ithas 

mauufacturesof  builders' hardware,  etc.  Popu- 
ward,  ^  latiou  (I'JOO),  25,998. 

NewAlmaden(iil-m!i-den').   A  village  in  Santa  NewBrunswick(bruuz'wik).  A  maritime  prov- 
Clara  County,  California,  57  miles  southeast  of     i„ce  of  the  Dominion  ot  Canada.   Capital,  Fred 


I  irake  to  the  Pacific  coast  now  included  innorth- 
eru  (.'alifornia,  Oregon,  and  the  region  north- 


San  Francisco,  long  noted  for  its  quicksilver- 
iiiine. 

New  Amsterdam.    See  Amsterdam,  New. 

New  Andalusia.     See  Nuera  AndaUicia. 

New  Archangel.    See  .sVMvf. 

Newark,  or  Newark-upon-Trent  (nii'lirk-u- 
pon-trent').  A  town  in  Noltiughamahire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Devon,  near  the  Trent, 
17  miles  northeast  of  Nottingham,  it  has  manu- 
factures of  malt.  Its  noted  buildings  are  the  parish  church 


and  a  ruined  castle.    King  John  dicil  at  Newark  in  1210. 

It  was  besieged  three  times  in  the  Civil  War,  and  finally 

„  ,,      .    ,  surrendered  to  the  Scots  in  1646.    Population  (1891X  14,4.'j7. 

long.  3°  9'  E.:  the  Roman  No-inodunum.    ithas  Newark.     The  capital  of  Essex  Countv,  New 

important  trade,  and  manufactures  of  faience,  iiorcelain,      t„,.„„„    aitinted  nn   the  Pns«nie    4  miles  from 

etc,andwasformerlynotedforitscannon.fouudries.    The     •' «' se.V,  Situated  on  tlie  rassaic,  4  miies  Iiom 

Newark  Bay  and  9  miles  west  of  Now  lork,  in 

lat.  40°  45' "N.,  long,  74°  10'  W.    It  is  the  largest 


etc.,  and  was  formerly 

cathedral  has  an  apse  at  each  end,  that  on  the  west  opei 
ing  on  a  spaciou-s  lltli-centm-y  transept.  The  triforium 
of  the  nave  is  remarkable :  it  has  a  trefoilcd  arcade,  the 
shafts  of  which  are  supported  by  human  figures,  with  angels 
in  the  spandrels.  The  ducal  palace(now  palais  de  justice) 
is  a  late-Pointed  building  begun  in  147.'i,  flanked  by  cime- 
roofed  towers,  and  having  square  mnllioued  windows  and 
high  roof  with  dormers.    The  interesting  museum  of  ex 


ericton  ;  largest  city,  St.  .John.  It  is  boundeil  by 
Quebec  andchaliur  Bm>  en  tlie Ih,  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence and  KortliuiiilH?  l:iiid  strait  on  the  east.  Nova  Scotia 
on  the  southeast,  the  U;iy  of  Iiuidyon  the  south,  and  Que- 
bec and  the  Stale  of  Maiiic  on  the  west.  Tile  snrtnce  is  un- 
dulating and  hilly  (particularly  hilly  in  the  northwest  and 
north).  The  chief  rivers  are  the  St.  John.  Miramichi,  and 
Restigouche.  The  province  has  deposits  of  coal,  iron, 
and  otlier  minerals.  Its  leading  industries  are  fisheries 
and  lumbering.  It  has  15  counties.  Government  is  admin- 
istered by  a  lieutenant-governor,  an  advisory  council,  and 
a  legislative  assembly  (of  40  members);  and  it  is  rejire* 
sented  in  the  Dominion  Parliament  by  10  senators  and  14 
meinbei-8  of  the  House  of  Commons.  It  was  settled  by 
the  French  in  1(>04  ;  formed  part  of  Acadia ;  was  ceded  to 
the  British  in  1713  and  1703  ;  was  colonized  by  Scottish 
settlers  in  1764  and  by  Tories  from  the  thiited  states  in  17SS; 
was  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  in  1784  ;  and  formed  one  of 
the  original  provinces  of  the  Dominion  in  1867.  Area. 
2H,)0<)  square  miles.     Population  (19011,  :l.ll. 120. 


city  ill  the  State,  and  an  important  railway  center  and  port    jf  ew  BrunSWick.     A  citv,  capital  of  Middlesex 


of  foreign  and  coasting  trade.  It  has  manufactures  of 
Jewelry,  saddlery,  haUs.  beer,  thread,  carriages,  leather,  rub- 
l)er,  flour,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  Puritan  colonists  from 
C.innecticut  in  lOflC,  and  sutfered  ill  the  Revolutionary 
War.    It  became  a  city  in  ],S30.    Population  (1900),  246,070. 


cellent  local  majolica  is  in  the  palace.     Nevers  was  a  town  jfewark.     A  city,   capital  of  Licking  Countv 

of  the  .asdui;  plaved  an  import,ant  tiart  in  (  ojsars  cam-  ""v"*    .*.      .    j    -^     .i       r  •   i  ■        •>,       ■,   ,    „„A 

paigns;  and  was  made  a  Roman  military  station.    It  was  Ohio,  situated  on  the   Licking  31  miles  east- 

the  capital  of  the  old  Niveniais.    pi>pulation  (ISOIX  com-  northeast   of   Columbus.      Population   (1900), 

mune,  26,4:16.  IS,  157. 

Nevers,  County  of.    A  medieval  county  and  Newark,  Lord.    See  Leslie,  Dariil. 

later  duchy  in  France,  in  Nivernais,  near  the  New  Atalantis,  The.   A  work  by  Mrs.  Manley, 

city  of  Nevers.     It  was  purchased  by  Mazarin     published  in  1709. 

in  1659,  and  granted  to  the  Mancini  family. 
Neversmk.    See  Xuvisink. 
Neveu  de  Rameau  (ne.v6'  d6  ra-mo'),  Le. 

[1\,  'The  Nejihew  of  Rameau.']     A  work  by 

Diderot,  written  about  1760,  liut  not  published 

till  much   later.     It  was  translated  into  (iennan  by 

Goethe  in  1805  ;  and  in  18110  Jules  Janin  wrote  a  secjuel  In 

which  he  explains  the  somewhat  enigmatical  hero,  a  bril- 
liant Bohemian  hanger-on. 


Mrs.  Mauley's  most  prominent  work  was  the  ".Secret 


County,  New  Jersey,  situated  at  the  head  of 
navigation  of  the  Raritan,  28  miles  southwest 
of  New  York.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is  the 
scat  of  Rutgers  College  (which  see)  and  of  a  Dutch  Re- 
formed theological  seminary.  Population  (1900),  20,006. 
Newburg,  or  Newburgh  (nii'berg).  A  city 
in  Orange  (.^uiiity,  .New  York,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  55  miles  north  of 
New  York,  It  has  manufactures  and  river  trade, 
being  a  shijiping  port  for  coal.  It  w.a.s  the  headquarter* 
of  Wasbinu'ton  dnrini;  part  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 
The  .American  army  ilisbanded  hero  in  17ti3.  Population 
(19001,  24.94;l. 


The  strangest  of  all  Diderot's  attempts  in  prose  fiction  — 
it  it  is  to  1)0  called  a  fiction  and  not  a  dramatic  study  — is 

the  8i>called  'Neveu  de  Kalneau,  "  in  which,  in  the  guise  ^g^  Bath  GuidO 
of  a  dialogue  between  himself  ami  a  haugir-on  of  s.icicly 
(or  rather  a  morudogneof  tlie  latter),  the  lollies  ami  vices, 
not  merely  of  the  time,  but  of  human  nature  Itself,  are 
e-xjiosed  with  a  masterly  haml,  ami  in  a  manner  wonder- 
fuilv  original  ami  piquant. 

Siiiiilflnirii.  French  Lit.,  p.  422. 

Nevianskii-  ( "i-  Neivinskii- )  Zavod  f  nev-yii  n  '- 

skiy-zii-.voil').  A  town  in  tlie  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  situated  in  the  Ural  Mountains, 
on  the  Neivn,  45  miles  iiorlli  of  Yekaterinburg. 
Il  is  the  center  of  :iii  iron  mid  gohl  region. 
Neville  (nev'il),  Constance,  one  of  \\\i-  prin- 
cipal female  characters  in  Goldsmith's  comedy 


Memoirs  andManners  of  Several  Personsof  Quality'  of  both   Newburg  AddreSSOS.     Two  anoinTUOUS  letters 

Id  Ihe  .XiMcruMii  tinny,  written  from  Newburg. 
New  York,  liy  .lohn  .Armstrong  in  178,3,  setting 
forth  the  grievances  of  the  soldiers,  chief  among 
which  was  the  arrears  of  ]iay. 

Newburn  (un'bern).  A  place  near  Newcasfle- 
on-Tyiie,  England,  Here,  August  28,  1640,  the 
Scots  defeated  the  English. 

Newbury  (iiu'bur-i).  \  ti>wiiin  Berkshire,  Eng- 
land, sitnaled  on  the  Keiinet  55  miles  west  of 
London,  Two  battles  were  fought  here  during  the  civil 
war:  on  Sept.  '20,  ltV4;i.  an  Indecisive  cimtest  between  the 
Royalists  under  Charles  1.  and  the  Parliamciitarians  under 
the  Karl  of  Kssex  ;  and  on  (let.  '27.  1644,  a  vicl.iry  of  the 
ParliainiTilarlaiis  under  Mam  besler  and  Waller  over  the 
Uoyallsls  uii.ler  Charles  I.     Population  (1891),  11.004, 

Newburyport  (nu"bur-i-port'),  A  seaport,  one 
of  the  ciipitals  of  Essex  County,  Massncliusetts, 
situale<l  on  iheMerriinac  River,  near  its  mouth, 
33  miles  norlli-norlln'asl  of  Boston.  Ithasshlp- 
building,  and  inannfactnres  of  coltiln,  shoes,  et<'  .  ami  has 
long  been  one  of  the  chief  seats  tif  Ainericau  coinmen  e. 
H  was  sepiuTited  from  Newbury  village  In  1764.  Itwasthi. 
birthplace  of  Garriion.    Population  (1900),  14,478. 


Seres.  Krom  the  New  Atalantis,  an  island  in  the  Medi 
terranean."  This  book  is  a  scandalous  chronicle  of  criiue 
reputeil  to  have  been  committed  by  persons  of  high  rank, 
(Uid  the  names  are  so  IhlnlyiliBgulscd  as  to  be  easily  Idea- 
tlfied.  Tiicki-rmau,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  12:i. 

New  Atlantis,  The.  An  allegorical  romance 
by  Bacon:  ^o  calli'd  from  its  scene  of  action,  an 
iinagiuarv  island  in  the  ocean.  It  wa8^v^itten 
before  10"l7.     Si'O  Jlliintis. 

\  satiriciil  poem  by  Cliris- 
tupher  .\iis(ey.  imhlislied  in  17li(i. 

New  Beacon  i  be'kon ).  The  highest  point  of  the 
IlighlMTuls  of  the  llndson.  in  Dutchess  Coimty, 
New  York.     Height.  1.6S5  feet. 

New  Bedford  (lied'ford).  Aseaport,  oneof  the 
cii]iilals  cif  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  sild- 
ateil  on  the  esliiarvof  Ihe  Aciishiiet,  Buzzard's 
Bay,  in  hit,  41°  »8'  N.,  long.  7(i°  .'•|6'  W.  it  has 
iminufactures  of  cotton  goods,  etc.,  and  was  long  theclib  t 
seat  of  the  American  wliale-flshery, succeeding  .Vantilcket : 
this  industry  was  at  Us  height  in  18.'>4,  but  has  since  greatly 
declined.  II  was  sepanited  from  Darluiuiitli  In  1787,  and 
became  a  city  In  1847,     Population  (lU(IO),  62,442. 


New  Calabar 

New  Calabar  (kal-a-bar',  more  correctly  ka-la- 
bar').  A  town  ou  an  island  in  the  Bight  of 
Biafra,  West  Africa,  east  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Niger. 

New  Caledonia  (kal-e-do'ni-a),  F.  Nouvelle 
Caledonie  (nii-ver  kii-la-do-ne').  An  islauil  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  Australia,  intersected 
by  lat.  21°  S.,  long.  165°  E. :  a  French  colonial 
possession.  Capital,  Noumea.  The  surface  is  moun. 
tninous.  The  island  was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1774,  and 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Frencli  in  1853,  and  njade 
a  penal  colony.  Lenjrth,  about  240  miles.  Area,  t:,S)iO 
square  miles.  Population  (1SS9),  62,752  (natives,  convicts, 
and  ctdonists.  etc.).  Dependencies  are  the  Isle  of  Tines. 
Loyalty  .\rchipelago,  Huou  Islands,  Chesterfield  Islands, 
and  W'allis  Archipelago. 

New  Caledonia.  A  name  given  to  the  Scottish 
Darien  Colony,  formed  in  1698.  See  Darien, 
Colon ji  of,  and  PtiUrsoii,  WWiam. 

New  Castile  (in  Spain).     See  Castile. 

New  Castile  (kas-tel'),  Sp.  Castilla  Nueva 
(kiis-tel'ya  no-a'va).  The  official  name  given 
in  1.^29  to  that  portion  of  Peru  which  was  gi'anted 
to  Pizarro  for  conquest  and  government.  By  the 
terms  of  the  prnnt  it  extended  from  the  river  Santiafro 
(probably  the  Mira)  southward  for  200  leagues.  The  name 
was  soon  supplanted  by  Peru.  Later  (15^8-45)  the  name 
New  Castile  was  applied  to  a  province  immediately  north 
of  Peru,  corresponding  to  what  is  now  the  southwestern 
coast  region  of  Colombia,  and  sometimes  including  apart 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.    See  Ca$tiUa  del  Oro. 

Newcastle,  or  Newcastle-upon-Tjme  (nu'kas- 
1-u-pon-tm').  A  city  and  seaport,  the  chief 
t0T\Ti  of  Northumberland,  England,  and  a  county 
in  itself,  situated  on  the  T\-ne,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  54°  59'  N..  long.  1°"37'  W. :  the  Roman 
Pons  ^-Elii.  it  is  the  largest  coal-market  in  the  world, 
and  exports  also  coke,  lead,  manufactured  goods,  etc. :  is 
the  termiims  of  various  steamer  lines ;  builds  iron  and 
steel  ships ;  and  has  manufactures  of  machinery,  engines, 
ordnance,  chemicals,  glass,  hardware,  etc.  The  Tyne  is 
crossed  here  by  the  High-level  Bridge  and  other  bridges. 
The  Church  of  St.  Nicholas  is  now  the  cathedral.  The 
>"orinan  castle,  built  in  lOSO  and  rebuilt  by  Henry  II.,  was 
long  a  noted  stronghold.  It  was  a  Roman  a'nd  Sa.\on  town  ; 
was  taken  by  the  Scots  in  1&40  and  1644 ;  and  long  held  an 
impoitani  place  in  border  warfare.  Population  (1901), 
■214,so:f, 

New  Castle.  The  capital  of  Lawrence  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Shenango  45 
miles  north-northwest  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  a 
manufacturing  and  mining  town.  Population 
(1900),  28,339. 

Newcastle.  A  seaport  in  New  South  Wales, 
Australia,  situated  on  the  coast,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hunter.  75  miles  north-northeast  of  Syd- 
ney.   It  exports  coal..  Population  (1891),  12,914. 

Newcastle,  Dukes  of.  See  Carcndish,  inninm  : 
rclliiiiii,  Tliumii.i :  and  Pclltam-Clinton,  Henry 
Ptllxnn. 

Newcastle-under-Lyme(-lim')or-Lyne(-lin'). 
A  town  in  Staffordshu'e,  England,  41  miles 
southeast  of  Liverpool.  It  has  manufactiu'es 
of  hats,  etc.     Population  (1890),  18,4.52. 

New-Chwang  (nu-chwang'),  or  Niu-cbuang 
(nii-chwaug').  A  treaty  port  in  the  province  of 
Shingking,  Manchuria,  Chinese  empire,  situated 
on  a  branch  of  the  river  Liau  75  miles  south- 
west of  Mukden.  Its  port  is  Yingtsze.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  60,000. 

New  College,  or  College  of  St.  Mary  Winton. 

A  college  of  Oxford  University,  founded  by 
William  of  Wykeham,  bishop  of  Winchester,  iii 
1379.  The  buildings  were  begun  in  1380.  iluch  of  the 
quaint  and  picturesque  buildings  dates  from  the  time  of 
the  foundati.,.n.  The  chapel  is  among  the  earliest  of  the 
complete  buildings  in  the  Perpendicular  style. 

Newcomb  (nu'kom),  Simon.  Born  at  Wallace, 
Nova  Scotia,  March  12,  1835.  A  noted  Ameri- 
can astronomer,  and  writer  on  political  econ- 
omy. He  became  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  United 
States  nai-y  in  1861,  being  assigned  to  duty  at  the  naval 
observatory  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia:  and 
1884-93  also  held  a  professorship  of  mathematics  and 
astronomy  in  Johns  Hopkins  l"niver«itv.  Among  his 
works  are  "Popular  Astn.noiny "  (1S7T)  and  "Principles 
of  Political  Economy  "  (Issi;).    Retired  fiom  the  navy  1897. 

Newcome  (nu'kom).  William.  Bom  at  Abing- 
don, Berkshire,  April  10,  1729 :  died  at  Dublin, 
Jan.  11,  1800.  A  British  archbishop,  noted  as 
a  biblical  scholar.  He  wrote  a  '•Harmony  of 
the  Gospels"  (1778),  etc. 

Newcomen  (nii-kom'en),  Thomas.  Born  1663: 
died  Aug.,  1729.  An  English  inventor.  With 
CawleyandSaveryhe  invented  the  atmospheric 
steam-engine,  patented  in  1705, 

Newcomes  ( nu'kumz).  The,  A  novel  by  Tliack- 
eray,  published  in  1855.  The  character  of 
Colonel  Newcome  is  one  of  touching  simplicity. 

Thcold  colonelis  ruined  by  speculation,  and  in  his  ruin  is 
brought  to  accept  the  alms  of  the  brotherhood  of  the  tirey 
Friars.  .  .  .  The  ffescription  is  perhaps  as  fine  as  any- 
thing that  Thackeray  ever  did.  The  i-'entleman  is  still  tlie 
gentleman,  with  all  the  priile  of  gentry ;  hut  not  the  less 
is  he  the  humble  bedesman,  aware  that  he  is  living  upon 


732 

charity,  not  made  to  grovel  by  any  sense  of  shame,  hut 
knowing  that,  though  his  norntal  pride  may  be  left  to 
him,  an  outward  demeanour  of  himiility  is  befitting.  And 
then  he  dies.  "  At  the  usual  evening  hour  the  ch:i]iel  bell 
began  to  toll,  and  Thomas  Kewcome's  hamls  outside  the 
bed  feebly  beat  time  —  and  just  as  the  last  bell  struck,  a 
peculiar  sweet  smile  shone  over  bis  face,  and  he  lifted  up 
hisheatl  alittle.andtiuicklysaid,  'Adsum' — and  fell  back. 
It  was  the  word  we  used  at  school  when  names  were  called; 
and,  lo,  he  whose  heart  was  as  that  of  a  little  child  had 
answered  to  his  name,  and  stood  in  the  presence  of  The 
Master! "  Trolkipe,  Thackeray. 

Newdigate  (nu'di-gat).  Sir  Roger.  Born  at 
Arbury.  Warwickshire,  England,  May  30,  1719: 
died  there.  Nov.  23, 1803.  An  English  scholar, 
the  founder  of  the  annual  Newdigate  prize  (for 
English  verse)  at  Oxford.  He  was  member  of 
Parliament  for  Middlesex  (1751-80). 

Newell  (nu'el).  Robert  Henry:  pseudonym 
Orpheus  C.  Kerr.  Born  at  New  York,  Dec.  13, 
lS3(j:  ili"d  at  Brooklyn  in  July.  1901.  An 
American  journalist  and  humorist.  He  wrote 
"The  Orpheus  C.  Kerr  Papers"  (1SC2-68),  "There  was 
once  a  man  "  (1884),  etc. 

New  England  (iug'gland).  Aname  given  col- 
lectively to  the  northeastern  section  of  the 
United  States,  comprising  the  States  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, and  Rhode  Island.  It  formed  part  of 
"  North  Virginia,"  granted  to  the  Plymouth  Company  by 
James  I.  in  16(^.  The  name  was  given  to  it  by  Captain 
John  Smith. 

New  England  Confederation.  The  union  ef- 
fected by  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven  in  1643, 
suggested  by  the  need  of  a  common  defense 
against  the  Dutch  and  the  Indians.  It  was  dis- 
continued in  1684. 

New  England  Primer.  A  small  elementary 
book  of  instruction,  containing  various  verses, 
the  Westminster  Shorter  Catechism,  etc.  (2d  ed. 
at  Boston  about  1691). 

New  Forest  (f  or'est ) .  A  royal  forest  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Hampshire.  England.  The  tract 
was  forcibly  afforested  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  used 
as  a  hunting  demesne.  It  still  contains  about  144  square 
miles,  in  part  belongintr  to  the  ci-own.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  death  of  \Mlli;im  IL 

Newfoundland  (oftenest  m)- found 'land;  on 
the  island  itself  generally  nu-fund-larid';  also 
nu' fund -land),  [Orig.  Xcw-foii»d  land ;  NL. 
Terra  Xorei,  F.  Tcrre  Xeure,  new  land.]  An 
island  forming  a  British  colonial  possession, 
situated  east  of  British  North  America.  Capital, 
St.  John's.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Strait  of 
Belle  Isle  (separating  it  from  Labrador),  on  the  east  and 
south  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  It  contains  the  peninsulas  of  Avalon  in  the 
southeast  and  Petit  Nord  in  the  north.  The  coast  isgreatly 
indented,  thesurfaceisgenerally  hilly,  and  there  .are  many 
lakes.  The  chief  occupation  is  the  fisheries  :  the  island  has 
thelargestcod-fisheries  in  the  world,  and  has  also  seal,  her- 
ring-, salmon-,  and  lobster-fisheries.  It  contains  productive 
copper-mines.  It  forms  with  eastern  Labrador  (Depart- 
ment of  Labrador)  a  crown  colony,  the  government  being 
vested  in  a  governor,  executive  council,  legislative  council, 
and  house  of  assembly.  It  was  discovered  by  John  Cabot  in 
1497;  the  cod-fishery  commenced  in  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  centmy ;  and  the  first  important  settlement  was  made 
by  the  English  under  Calvert  in  1621.  There  were  feuds 
between  English  and  French  fishermen,  and  by  the  treaty 
of  1713  Newfoundland  was  confirmed  to  England.  Repre- 
sentative government  was  granted  in  1S;J2,  and  the  pres- 
ent form  of  government  was  established  in  1855.  The 
French  rights  on  the  coast,  granted  in  1713  and  17S3.  have 
been  a  frequent  subject  of  dispute.  Area,  42,200  square 
miles.     Population  (1901),  217,037. 

New  France  (frans).  The  regioninNorth  Amer- 
ica claimed  and  in  part  settled  by  France.  By 
1650  it  included  the  basins  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  with  Labrador  and  the  present  Nova  Scotia 
and  New  Brunswick  and  part  of  Maine.  Contests  with 
England  arose,  and  four  wars  ensued  — King  William's, 
Queen  Anne's,  King  George's,  and  the  French  and  Indian. 
Quebec  and  Montreal  were  the  chief  settlements.  By  1750 
New  France,  with  Louisiana  added,  comprised  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  Great  L:ikes  Vtasins.  with  the  Mississippi  basin, 
though  settlements  were  confined  to  a  few  points  on  the 
lakes  and  rivers.  Acadia  (which  see)  had  been  ceded  to 
England  in  1713.  The  result  of  the  treaty  of  1763  was  the 
cession  of  all  the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi  to  England, 
and  that  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Spain. 

New  Galicia.     See  ynera  Gaticia. 

Newgate  (nxi'  sat).  The  westera  gate  of  London 
wall  bv  which  the  WatUng  street  left  the  city.  It 
was  at  "first  called  Westgate,  but  later  Chancellor's  gate. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  Chancellor's  gate  wtis  rebuilt  and 
called  Newgate.  At  about  the  same  time  the  county  of 
Middlese.\  was  given  to  the  citizens  of  London,  and  New- 
gate was  used  for  prisoners  from  that  county.  The  use  of 
this  locality  for  a  prison  continues  until  the  present  day, 
although  now  only  a  house  of  detention  is  located  here. 
Newgate  always  had  an  nnsavorj-  reputation,  and  resisted 
all  ctforts  at  reform.  These  began  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Richard  Whittington,  who  left  a  large  sum  for  its  improve- 
ment. The  prison  was  burned  during  the  Gordon  riots  in 
17S0,  and  was  rebuilt  in  1782.     Archer;  Loftie. 

Newgate  Calendar.  A  biographical  record  of 
the  most  notorious  criminals  confined  in  New- 
gate. 


New  Hebrides 

New  Georgia  (.ior'jiii).  The  former  name  for 
Vancouver  Island  and  the  Pacific  coast  opposite 
it. 

New  Granada  (gra-na'da),  Sp.  Nueva  Grana- 
da (uci-a'va  gi'a-nii'THii).  An  earlier  name  of 
the  South  American  country  now  called  Colom- 
bia ( which  see),  it  was  given  by  the  conqueror  Que- 
sada  (1538),  in  remembi-auce  of  his  native  province  of  Gra- 
nada :  at  that  time  the  term  included  only  the  highlands 
about  Bogota,  Vnder  the  colonial  presidents  (1564-17ig) 
and  viceroys  (1719-1810)  it  embraced  nearly  the  present  tei^ 
ritory  of  Colombia,  except  from  1710  to  1722,  when  Quito 
(the  present  Ecuador)  was  annexed  to  it.  The  official  title- 
under  the  viceroys  was  Nuevo  Eeino  de  Granada  (Ne\r 
Kingdom  of  Granada).  After  the  revolution  New  Granads. 
was  retained  as  a  collective  name  for  the  pro\inces  com- 
posing the  old  viceroyalty,  though  they  were  merged  in 
the  republic  of  Colombia  (including  also  Venezuela  and 
Quito)  from  1819  to  1830.  In  the  latter  year  Venezuela  and 
Quito  separated,  and  the  Eepublic  of  New  Granada  was- 
formed  in  18:31.  In  1861,  on  the  adoption  of  a  federal  con- 
stitution, the  name  was  chatiged  to  I'nited  States  of  Co- 
lombia (mow  Republic  of  Colombia). 

New  Guinea  (gin'i),  or  Papua  (pap'6-ii  or  pa'- 
po-ii).  The  largest  island  in  the  world,  belong- 
ing to  Melanesia,  and  situated  north  of  Austra- 
lia (fi-om  which  it  is  separated  by  Torres  Strait). 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north,  east,  and  s*outh  by  the  Pacific, 
and  on  the  southwest  by  Arafura  Sea.  The'  interior  has 
been  little  explored.  There  are  peninsulas  in  the  north- 
west and  southeast.  The  mountains  (Arfak  Hills.  Finis- 
terre.  Kratke,  etc.)  reach  in  the  Charles  Louis  range  the 
height  of  about  16,000  feet.  The  largest  river  is  the  Fly. 
The  island  is  divided  between  the  Dutch  in  the  west  (as- 
far  east  as  long.  141°).  the  Germans  in  the  northeast,  and 
the  British  in  the  south.  It  was  first  visited  by  the  Por- 
tuguese Menezes  about  1526,  and  was  chiefly  surveyed  by 
the  Dutch.  The  Dutch  claim  was  made  in  iS4$.  in  1884 
and  1S.S6  the  English  and  German  possessions  were  defined. 
British  New  Guinea,  under  a  governor  (the  cost  of  admin- 
istratii>n  being  borne  by  the  Australian  Commonwealth),, 
has  an  area  of  about  fl6,00i>  square  miles,  and  a  popula. 
tion  of  about  49O,0t-H).  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  governed  by 
the  German  ^few  Guinea  Company,  has  an  area  of  72.000 
square  miles,  and  a  population  of  about  110,(J00.  Dutch 
New  Guinea,  attached  to  the  residency  of  Ternate  in  the; 
Moluccas,  with  an  area  of  150,7.55  square  miles,  has  a  pop- 
ulation of  about  2(ifi.OOO.  Total  area,  about  313,000  square 
miles.    Total  population,  about  800,(X»0. 

New  Hampshire  (hamp'shir).  One  of  the  New- 
England  States  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, extendingfrom  lat.  42° 40'  to45°  18'N..and 
from  long.  70°  43'  to  72°  33'  W.  Capital,  Con- 
cord; largest  city,  Manchester.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  on  the  north,  Maine  and 
the  .Atlantic  on  the  east,  Massachusettson  the  south,  and 
Vermont  (separated  by  the  Connecticut)  and  Quebec  ott 
the  west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  north  and 
west,  and  elsewhere  hilly.  It  contains  the  White  Moun- 
tains in  the  north.  It  is  often  called ''  the  Granite  State  "and 
"the  Switzerland  of  America."  It  is  largely  a  manufac- 
turing State,  ranking  among  the  leading  States  in  its  chief 
manufactures — cotton,  woolen,  and  worsted.  It  has  10 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  2  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  4  electoral  votes.  It  was  visited  by  Pring- 
in  1603,  and  by  Captain  .Tohn  Smith  in  1014 ;  formed  pai^ 
of  the  territory  granted  to  Mason  and  Gorges  in  1622  :  wajl '. 
settled  by  the  English  at  Portsmouth  and  Dover  in  1623  ; 
was  united  to  Massachusetts  in  1641;  was  separated  and 
made  a  royal  province  in  1679;  was  at  times  again  united, 
and  finally  separated  in  1741 ;  was  often  distm-bed  by  Indian 
wars ;  and  claimed  Vermont  until  17t>4.  It  was  one  of  the 
13  original  States,  being  the  ninth  to  ratify  the  Constitu- 
tion (1788).  Area,  9,305  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
411,.588. 

New  Hampshire  Grants.    A  name  given  to 

Vermont  in  its  earlier  history. 

New  Hanover  ihan'o-ver).  An  island  of  the 
Bismarck  Archipelago. 

New  Harmony  (hiir'mo-ni).  A  town  in  Posey 
Coimty,  southwestern  Indiana,  situated  on  the 
Wabash  22  miles  northwest  of  Evansville.  See 
narmiiniats.     Population  (1900),  1,341. 

Newha'ven  (nu-ha'^-n).  A  seaport  in  Sussex, 
England,  situated  on  the  English  Channel,  at 
the  month  of  the  Ouse,  50  miles  south  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  the  terminus  of  a  steam-packet  line 
to  Dieppe,  France,     Population  (1.891),  4,9.55. 

New  Ha'ven.  A  Puritan  colony  in  New  Eng- 
land, established  in  1638,  and  united  with  Con- 
necticut in  1662.  Its  government  was  remarkably 
theocratic.  It  comprised  a  few  adjoining  towns  besides 
New  Haven. 

NewHa'Ven.  A  city,  capital  of  New  Haven  Cotin- 
ty,  Connecticut,  situated  on  New  Haven  harbor, 
near  Long  Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  18'  N.,  long. 
72°56'W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State.  It  m.anu- 
factures  carriages,  Winchester  arms,  etc.,  and  exports 
manufactured  goods.  It  is  the  seat  of  Yale  t'niversity 
(w-hich  see).  It  was  settled  by  English  colonists  under 
Davenport  and  Eaton  in  1638:  became  a  city  in  1784;  and 
was  the  State  capital  altemately  with  Hartford  from  1701 
to  1873.  when  Hartford  was  made  sole  capital.  Often 
called  "the  Elm  Citv"  from  the  number  and  lieauty  of  its 
elms.     Population  (19001,  108,027. 

New  Hebrides  (heb'ri-dez).  A  group  of  islands 
in  Melanesia.  Pacific  Ocean,  northeast  of  New 
Caledonia  and  west  of  the  Fiji  Islands.  They  are 
mostlv  of  volcanic  formation.  The  largest  island  is  Es- 
piritu' Santo.  The  inhabitants  belong  lo  Papuan  and  Poly- 
nesian races,  and  are  cannibals.    The  islands  were  dl* 


New  Hebrides 


covered  in  IWfi,  and  explored  by  Cook  in  1773.  In  1^ 
they  were  seized  l)y  tlic  Krencll  against  Australian  protest. 
p„BUl;i!ion,  al)ont  80,000. 

New  Holland  (Uol'and).  A  former  name  of 
\ustralia. 

New  Hope  Church.     A  locality  m  PauUhng 

Comitv,  (jeorgia,  4  miles  northeast  of  Dallas. 
It  was  tlie  scene  of  a  series  of  skirmislies  May  -jr-SS  ISiH, 
between  tlie  Federals  under  Sherman  and  the  <'onfeder- 
atcs  under  Johnston,  the  former  losing  2,400  men,  the  lat- 

Newington  (nu'ing-ton).  A  quarter  of  Loiuloii, 
on  thi'  soutLern  side  of  the  Thames  near  Lam- 
beth 

New  inn,  The,  or  the  Light  Heart.  A  comedy 
bv  Ben  .lonson,  first  played  by  the  Kings 
Servants  in  KVJ!),  entered  on  the  "Stationers' 
Beeister  "  in  1031.  and  publishedtlie  same  year. 
Apart  of  this  play  was  transferred  to  "Love's  Pilgnm- 
aee"  hv  Fletcher  and  another. 

New  Ireland  lir'land),  native  Tombara  (tom- 
bii'rii).    AnislandoftheBismarekAi-chipelafTO, 
Paci'tif  Ocean, 20  miles northeastof  New  Britain, 
which  it  geuerallyresembles:  called  by  the  Oer- 
maus  since  1885  Neu-Mecklenburg.  Itwas raa<le 
a  German  possession  in  1884.     Length,  about 
300  miles. 
New  Jersey  (jer'zi).     [Named  (1664)  after  the 
Isle  of  Jersey,  in  honor  of  Sir  George  Carteret, 
lieutenant-governor  of  that  isle  (1643-51).    lie 
had  previousl V  ( 1650)  received  a  grant  of  "  a  cer- 
tain island  and  adjacent  islets  in  America  in 
nerpettial  inheritance,  to  be  called  New  Jersey 
(Diet  Nat.  Bing.,  IX.  209).]     One  of  the  North 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  from  lat.  38°  56'  to  41°  21'  N.,  and  from 
Ion".  73°  54'  to  75°  33'  W.     Capital,  Trenton; 
lareest  cities,  Newark  and  JerseyCity.  Itishound- 
«d  by  New  York  on  the  north,  New  York  (separated  by  the 
Hudson,  New  York  Bay,  and  Staten  Island  .Sound)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Delaware  Bay  on  the  8.,uth, 
and  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  (both  separated  by  tie 
Delaware  River)  on  the  west.      It  is  traversed  liy  "le 
Kittatinny  and  Highland  ranges  of  the  Appalac  nan  systcili 
In  the  northwest:  tlie  southern  half  is  a  pl.un.     It  is 
the  first  .State  in  the  production  oi  zmc,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing iron-producing  States,  and  one  of  the  chief  niaiiu  ac- 
tu?inK  States,  ranking  llrst  in  the  manufacture  of  glass 
and  silk,  and  among  the  first   in  the  manufacture  of 
leather,  iron,  hats,  rubber,  sugar,  and  steel.      It  has  n 
counties,  sends  J  senators  and  10  reprisentatives  to  Con- 
gress, and    lias    Vi   electoral   v.trs.      It    »;;.«    seltled     .y 
the  Dutch  at  Bergen  probably  about  1617 ;  granted  by 
the  Duke  of  York  to  Carteret  and  Berkeley  in  1  M;  re- 
conquered by  the  Dutch  in  1073 ;  and  restore.!  to  Lngland 
In  IBil      West  Jersey  was  purchased  by  IJnakers  m  Itw  1, 
East  Jersey  in  1082.     Proprietary  government  ceased  in 
170-'  New  Jersey  being  made  a  royal  province.   It  was  un- 
derlhe  same  governor  witll  New  York  until  1738.    It  was 
one  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  and  was  the  scene  of 
the  battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Monmouth,  and  other 
events  in  the   lievolutionary  \Var.     Area,  i,S15  square 
miles.     Population  (19CHI),  l,K83,Cfi9. 

New  Jersey,  College  of,  now  Princeton  Uni- 
versity:   niso  formerly  Nassau  Hall,    ah 

institutiun  of  learning  at  Princeton,  New  Jer- 
sey.    It  was  cbarUrc.l  in  1746  and  1748,  opened  at  Eli?.a- 
bcthtown  in  1747,  and  removed  to  Newark  in  l'^^,-;",' LH 
Princeton  in  1767.   Tlie  buildings  were  oecui.ied  by  IliltlsU 
and  American  troops  in  the  Revolutionary  W  ar.     I'  ™  " 
tains  an  academic  deiiartment  and  a  school  o'  stitnee. 
The  theolodeal  seminary  in  the  same  town  (under  1  les- 
iy^rlan  control)  is  not  connected  with  l'-,  '  ''f,»"';"«''y 
Is  attende.l  by  about  l.ouo  students,  and  the  library  con- 
tains over  180,000  volumes.  „       „       ,     , 
Hew  Jerusalem  Church.   See  l^wedenhoriitans. 
New  Lanark  (lan'ilrk)    A  small  village  1  mile 
from    Lniuirk,  Scotland.      A  manufacturing  settle- 
ment w.a3  inaile  there  in  connection   with   the  philan- 
thropic Bcheines  of  Robert  Dwell. 
Newland  i  nu'laml),  Abraham.    A  name  given 
t.i  an  English  bank-note:  so  named  Ironi  AJjra- 
haiii  N'ewland,  the  cashier  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land in  lh(!  early  j.art  of  the  l!)th  century,  who 
<i<^MO'l  t he  nntt'S.  ^ 

New  Laws,  Sp.  Nuevas  Ordenanzas  (no-a  - 

viis  or-.lil-niin'tliils).  A  cu.le  of  Spanish  laws 
promulgated  in  Madrid  in  1.543,  and  having  tor 
their  special  object  the  iirotection  of  American 
Imlians.  They  were  the  outcome  of  the  elforia  of  U\» 
Casas,  aiul  were  oiiainally  written  by  him,  but  were  pub- 
lished  with  some  change*.  These  laws  |irovided  that  all 
Indian  slaves  should  be  freed  unless  a  legal  title  to  them 
coul.lbepnMlucedbylh.irmastere.  •'Kepartiniient.is,  or 
grants  of  Indian  labor,  were  greatly  restricted  anil  could 
not  be  inherited:  civil  and  ecclesiastical  olllcers  were  for- 
bidden to  hold  theui.  The  treatment  of  slaves  was  regu- 
lated, Inspectors  w.'ie  appoint,  d  |.>  watch  over  them,  ami 
provision  was  imide  f.ir  their  religious  Inst  ruction.  At  the 
same  time  wiiue. if  the oM  audiences  were  wipiiresse.l  an.l 
others  were  created.  The  new  laws  were  vehenieiillv  op- 
posed bv  the  cidonlsts,  who  declared  that  they  would  lie 
inilwverisb.  .1.  The  viceroy  of  .Mexico  was  f.uv.d  t.i  sus- 
pend tliem,  but  later(15r.l)lliey  were ent.ir.'cd  by  \  elasco, 
and  ir.11,11111  male  slaves  ahme  were  freed.  In  Peru  an 
ntleiunt  t..  enforce  the  l.ws  ivsulled  In  the  rebellion  of 
Oonzalo  I'izarro  (see  I'Unrru).  They  were  suspen.led  as  to 
that  country  ill  I'll?,  and  by  l.'.oo  ha.l  become  practically 

New  Lebanon  (,leb'a-non).     A  town  in  Colum- 


733 

bia  County,  New  York,  22  miles  southeast  of 
Albany.  It  contains  the  village  of  Mount  Le-haiion, 
noted  for  its  shaker  community,  and  the  village  of  Lebanon 
Springs,  noicd  for  hot  springs.  I'opulation  (l-Wi  ),  l,....c. 
New  Leinster  (leu'ster  or  Im  ster).  A  name 
formerly  given  to  what  is  now  Stewart  island, 
New  Zealand. 
New  Leon.  See  Suero  Leon. 
New  London  (Inn'don).  A  seaport,  and  one  of 
the  capitals  of  New  London  County,  Connecti- 
cut, situated  on  the  Thames,  3  miles  from  Long 
Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  21'  N.,  long.  72°  5  W^ 
It  has  considerable  commerce,  is  a  summer  resort,  has 
fisheries  of  seal,  cod,  and  mackerel,  and  was  formerly 
noted  fm-  its  whale-nsheries  (next  to  -^.e"' ''«'''''';)•„" 
was  captured  by  the  British  under  Benedict  Arnold  in  1,81. 

Population  (1900),  17,548.  .,,-,,, 

New  Madrid  (mad'rid).  The  capital  of  New 
JIadri.l  C.iunty,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi 46  miles  southwest  of  Cairo,  Illinois. 
The  Federals  under  Pope  captured  it  March  14, 
1862.  Population  (I'JOO),  1,489. 
Newman  (uu'man),  Francis  William.    Born 

a1  London,  Jun("27. 1S05 :  ilte.t  at  VVeston-super- 
M-ire  Oct  4, 1807.  An  English  scholar  and  mis- 
cellai'ieous  writer,  brother  of  Cardinal  Nevvinan. 
In  1826  he  graduated  at  Oxford  (Worcester  College), 
aii.i  was  inade  fellow  of  Balliol  IV'^V^InsT.!!^ 
classi.'al  professor  in  Manchester  NewColleg.-,  and  184t>-63 
w.af,il.ifo™or  of  Latin  in  Iniversity College,  London  Ue 
wote ''Ses  of  Faith,''  ■•  History  ..t  the  Hebrew  Mon- 
archy-  (1817).  "The  .Soul"  (1849 ,  -'Regal  Rone  (1»2), 
"Tieism' (1858),  "Handbook  of  Modern  Arabf    (1860), 

"  LibTan  vLabulary  ■(1882),  "'■"""'^'^  P^'t  7","''  " 
ica"(lSiX)),  trauslati.ins  from  Horace  and  Homei.ttu 

Newman,  John  Henry.  Born  at  London,  I-  eb. 
21,1801:  died  at  Edgbaston,  Aug.  11, 1890.  An 
English  Roman  Catholic  prelate.    He  was  the  son 

of  John  Newman,  banker.  He  took  '"^'^'^nw  „"f  O  i,d  in 
(Trinitv  CoUcKc)  ill  1820,  and  was  elected  f cUow  ol  Ui  itl  in 
S'2  where  h?  was  ass.i.;-iate,l  with  Dr.  Pusey.  „I"  lS33lie 
pubiishcd"ThoAriansoftheFourthCenturj-.,  »l;;»y « 
his  smaller  poems,  including  " Lead,  Kindly  Light  » .re 
written  during  a  Mediterranean  voyage  in  1832-J3  In 
18.i3  he  joined  the  dxfor.i  mcfvement,  ami  "'-o'f  "If'^  °' 
the  "Tracts  for  the  Times."  For  a  time  he  held  to  the  pos- 
sibility of  a  middle  ground  between  the  llomaii  Catholic 
Chnreh  and  Protestantism:  but  in  ^^^  ^'^^Tf^^'^'X 
livin-  in  the  Ai.gluan  1  ■liuich,  and  on  Oct.  ".  l/HS  foi  m.  y 
entere,!  the  Koman  Catholic  Church  In  1849  he  es  - 
lished  an  English  branch  of  the  brotherlKKx  of  ^t-  ' '"  ' 
Neri,the  "Oratorv."  His  lectures  on  "Aii'.;hcan  l>ilhLnl- 
ties"  were  publishe.l  in  1850.  His  sermons  were  publislie.l 
in  184'.1  and  18B7  ;  the  "  Apologia  pro  vita  sua,  or  a  Ui3t"'y, 
of  my  Religions  Opini.ms  "  in  1804 ;  •■  Grammar  of  Assent 
in  1870-  "Verses  on  Various  Occasions  in  18.4.  lie  .11.1 
not  attend  the  Vati.an  Ciuiieil,  but  he  accepted  its  results. 
On  May  12, 1879,  he  was  nia.le  cardinal.  ,,         , 

Newmartet(nu-milr'ket).  AtowninSuiTolkand 
Cambridgeshire,  England, 55  milesnorth-norlh- 
east  of  London.  Horse-races  have  been  run  aiinu:illy 
on  Newmarket  Heath  since  the  reign  of  James  I.  1  he 
principal  races  are  the  Two  Thousand  Guineas  and  the 
Ccsarewitch.     Popnl:ition  (1891),  0,213 

New  Mexico  (mek'si-ko).  A  Territory  of  the 
United  States.  Capital,  banta  16.  It  is  bounded 
by  Colorado  on  the  north,  Oklahoma  and  Texas  on  the 
east  Texas  and  ilexico  on  the  south,  and  Arizona  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  elevated,  and  is  traversed  b> 
mountain-ranges  and  by  the  Rio  Grande  from  north  to 
south  Mineral  wealth  is  abundant.  The  chief  occupa- 
tions are  the  raising  of  live  sto.k  ami  mining.  Ihe  ler- 
rit.iry  has  26  counties,  an.l  sends  1  delegate  to  Congress. 
The  inhabitants  are  largely  of  Mexican  descent.  There 
are  also  Pueblos,  uncivilized  Indians,  etc.  It  was  vis- 
ited by  Nlza  in  l.'i39,  an.l  by  Coronado  aliout  1641.  Set- 
tlements were  made  bv  Spiinisb  missionaries  in  the  eii.l 
of  the  IDth  century.  The  Spanish  were  temporarily  ex- 
pelled by  the  Indians  in  lOHO.  The  region  was  eoiKiut-reil 
by  the  Amerieans  under  Kearny  in  1846;  ceded  hy  Mex- 
ico to  the  United  States  in  1848;  an.l  organized  nsa  lerri- 
toryinlSoO.  Itwasenlarged  by  the  •'Ondsden  Purchase 
in  18.i3.    Area,  122,5S0  Bipiare  miles.    Population  (1900), 

196.310.  .  .     T  ..   1  c   1 J 

New  Milford  (inil'fnr.l).  A  town  in  Litchnpld 
C.iuiily,  CoiiiiectiiMit,  situated  on  the  Housa- 
t.inic  32  inilcs  northwest  of  New  Haven.  Pop- 
iilal ion  (I'JOO),  4,804. 

New  Mills  (mil/.).  A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  .iiinction  of  the  Kinder  and 
Goyt  12  miles  southeast  of  Manchester.  Pop- 
ulation (189]).  6,601. 

New  Model,  The.  The  name  given  to  the  1  ar- 
liameiitary  ariiiv  from  the  lime  of  Us  reorgani- 
zation in  1045.  It  was  commanded  by  Sir  1  homas 
Fairfax,  and  later  by  Cromwell. 

New  Munster  (mun'sler).  A  name  formerly 
t;iven  to  what  is  now  the  South  Island  of  New 

New  Netherlands  ( neTll  'er-landz) .  'P he  eiirly 
nnine  of  the  colony  (later  tbo  State)  of  New 
Yolk. 


Newnham  (nun'am)  College.  A  college  in  the 
suburbs  of  Ciin'ibriilge,  Lii«lan<l,  founded  m 
1875  fertile  ediicalion  of  women.  It  now  consists 
of  three  halls-Old  Hall,  Sldgwlek  Hall,  an.llMougli  Hal  . 
From  1881  its  stmlentHun.l  those  of  GIrton  I  ol'eK^  « ''^ 
see)  have  been  admllte.l  t-i  examlnatloiiB  ill  Cambridge 
iniversity.  an.l  receive  certllleatcs. 

New  Orkney.    800  /South  Orkney. 


New  Russia 

New  Orleans  (6r'le-anz).     A  city  in  the  parish 
of  Orleans,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  29°  .58'  N.,  long.  90°  3'  W.     It  is  the 
largest  city  of  Loui>iana,  the  largest  and  chief  commercial 
city  of  the  Gulf  States,  and  the  chief  seaport  of  the  Missis- 
sippi valley.     It  borders  on  Lake  P.mtchartrain  on  the 
uoith,  and  is  protected  by  levees.     From  its  shape  it  is 
called  "the  Crescent  Citv.  '    It  has  the  largest  cotton-mar- 
ket in  the  United  States,  and,  besides  otton,  exports  sugar, 
molasses,  corn,  flour,  tobacco,  rice,  wheat,  pork,  etc.    The 
most  prominent  buildings  are  the  custoin-h.iusc,  city  hall, 
ami  St.  Charles  and  St.  Louis  hotels.    The  inhabitants  are 
lar"ely  Creoles  and  nigroes.     N  ew  Orleans  was  founded  by 
the"  French  under  Bienville  in  1718;  passed  to  Spain  in 
1763  to  France  in  1800,  and  U>  the  United  States  in  1803  ; 
has  often  been  ravaged  by  yellow  fever  ;  was  seized  by  the 
Confederates  in  1801,  and  w:is  reoccupied  by  the  federals 
under  Butler  from  May  1, 1802.     F~rom  1868  to  1880  it  was 
the  State  capital.    It  was  the  scene  of  political  riots  in 
1877,  and  of  the  Ivnehing  of  11  Italians  in  1391  sus[iected  ol 
c.implieity  in  the  murder  of  the  chief  of  police.     Popu- 
lation (I'.iou),  2ST, 104.  ...  ,,T 
New  Orleans,  Battle  of.    A  victory  near  New 
Orleans,  Jan.  8,  1815,  gained  by  the  Americans 
(about  6,000)  under  Andrew  Jackson  over  the 
British  (about  12.000)  under  Pakenham  (killed 
in  the  battle).     The  loss  of  the  British  was  over  2,000; 
that  of  the  Americans,  who  were  sheltered  by  breastworka, 
8  killed  and  13  ivoun.led. 
New  Philippines  (fil'i-pinz).     A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  Caroline  Islands. 
New  Place.      The   house  of  Shakspere's  resi- 
dence and  death  at  Stratford-upon-Avon,  Eng- 
land.    The  foundations  stUl  remain.    It  was  built  about 
1540.  Shakspere  bought  it  in  1.W7,  paying  £60  for  it  in  that 
year  and  a  second  £00  in  1602.    At  that  time  the  house 
was  thought  to  be  the  best  in  the  town,  and  there  were  two 
barns  and  two  gardens  belonging  to  it.    Shakspere  after- 
ward enlarged  the  gardens.    It  is  not  known  in  what  year 
he  retired  there  permanently  from  London,  but  it  was  his 
lionie  in  1598,                                                              ^  •      ii. 
New  Plymouth  (plim'uth).     A  seaport  in  the 
North  Island  of  New  Zeiiland.  situat.^.l  in  lat. 
39°  4'  S.,  long.  174°  6'  E.     Population  (1896), 
about  8,000.                                                 ^  ^^     ,  , 
Newport  (mi'port).     The  chief  town  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  Hampshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Medina   11  miles  southwest   of    Portsmouth. 
Near   it   is   Carisbrooke    Castle.      Population 
.(1891),  10,216.                                        ,    ,.        „ 
Newport      A  seaport  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng- 
hmd,  situated  on  the  U.sk  20  miles  west-north- 
wost  of  Bristol.     It  has  iron-works  and  other  manu- 
factures   an.l  commerce  in  coal,  iron,  etc.     There  are 
ruins  of  an  old  castle.     Population  (liKil*,  07.29O. 
Newport.     A  city  in  Campbell  County.  Ken- 
tucky, situated  on  the  Ohio  opposite  Cincin- 
nati, and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking  oppo- 
site Covington.     It  has  various  manufactures. 
Population  (1900),  28,301.             .     ,       ^,     ,        , 
Newport.     -\    I'onner  capital   ol    the   Stale  ol 
Khodc  Isian.l.  an.l  the  c;ipital  of  Newport  Coun- 
ty  situated  in  the  island  of  Khode  Island,  on 
Narragansctt  Bay,  in  lat.  41°  29'  N.,  long.  71° 
"0'  W.     It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
fashionable  watering-places  in  the  United  States.    There 
is  a  United  States  torpedo  station  on  an  island  in  the  har- 
bor    Among  tho  objects  of  interest  are  the  round  stone 
ton'er  or  mill.  Fort   Adams,  an.l  tho   beaches.     It  was 
founded  about  1638,  and  was  an  important  commercial 
phice  in  tho  18th  century.     Its  tra.le  was  ruined  during 
Its  occupation  by  the  British  1776-79.    Population  (liKK)), 

Newport,  Christopher.    Born  about  1565:  died 
at  Bantam,  E.  I.,  1617.     An  English  navigator. 
He  eonimanded  the expe.lltl.m  which  foun.led .Tnmestowiv 
Virginia,  in  16ii7,  and  led  expeditions  to  V  irgiula  In  1608 
and  li;lo'-ll. 
Newport,  Treaty  of.     The  name  given  to  nego- 
tiations at  Newport,  Monmouthshire,  between 
diaries  I.   and  the  English  Parliament,  Sept. 
lo  Nov.,  164S.     Th.-  king  made  great  concessions,  but 
iipiiarenlly  ..niv  ("r  th.'  jiurpose  of  gaining  time. 
Newport  News  l  mVport  nii/.).     A  city  on  the 
north   side   of   Ilumiilon   Koads,    \  irginia,    11 
miles  northwest  of  N.u-lolk.   Pop.  ( 191101,19.1)35. 
New  Providence.    Oneof  the  principal  islands 
,,llh..  Hulianms,  containing  the  capital.  Nassau. 
New  River.     .\   name  given  to  the  Great  Ka- 

nawloi  in  tlie  iijiper  part  of  its  course. 
New  Rochelle  tro  shel').     A  city  111  \\  estches- 
ter  County,  New  York,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound  17  miles  northeast  of  New  \  ork.     i  opu- 
lalion  (1900),  14,720. 
New  Roof, The.   .V  ni.'kname  of  the  Federal  Con- 
sliluli.m  ;ilHiul  the  lime  of  lis  adoption,    lisle. 
tsTfi-ar  Roiq  ( ros).    A  t own  in  the  count les  of  \\  ex- 
fo^l  and  Kiirnuv,  Ireland,  sittn.ted  on  Ihe  Bar- 
row 72  miles  south-sonthwest  of  Dub  in.     It  »^ 

K^^^Xtt:4:s^n!ie:.i:;h,!^:n-ri]^r:;'i;;::;v^J«t 

,  '^IIU,0  "ie  r,  bels  wer..  s,ic...«sfnl  ;><  "T"';  ■"7^- 
uUlniately  roule.l  with  a  hiss  "'"';;''  'v'"^.-  '^'i  "'  "■" 
l.ivillsls  being  about  2:iii.  I'opulatlmi  (ISIIIX  6,84i. 
New  Russia  (nish'ii).  A  collective  name  fortlie 
tfm.  Kns^^an  governments  Kherson,  Taurida. 
and  Yekaterinoslttff. 


Newry 


734 


Newry  (im'ri).    A  seaport  in  the  counties  of  Newton,  Sir  Charles  Thomas.    Bom  1816 

Down  and  Armagh,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  head      ''    '    ^'  "     '^"^     ^'^"*         '"    t-...k^i.    -.--.i ^i.. 

of  Carlingford  Lough,  33  miles  southwest  of  Bel- 
fast, It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  of  Ulster.  Popu- 
lation (1S91),  12,961. 

New  Saanim.    See  Salisbwif. 

New  Shoreham.    See  Shoreham. 

New  Siberia  (si-be'ri-[i).  The  easternmost  of 
the  Xew  Siberia  Islands. 

New  Siberia  Islands,  or  Liakhoff  (le-Ueh'of) 
Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  north  of  Siberia  and  northeast  of  the 
Lena  Delta. 

New  South  Shetland.     See  South  SlietUmd. 

New  South  Wales  i  walz).  [Named  b\'  Cook  in 
1770  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  north- 
ern shores  of  the  Bristol  Channel.]  A  state 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  Capital, 
Sydney.  It  is  boumled  by  Queensland  on  the  north, 
the  Pacific  Oceau  on  the  east,  Victoria  on  the  south,  and 
South  Australia  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  from  north 
to  south  near  the  coast  by  a  range  of  mountains,  beyond 
which  are  vast  plains  in  the  interior.  The  great  river- 
system  is  that  of  the  Murray.  The  chief  industry  is  stock- 
raisin*:,  and  especially  sheep-farming.  There  are  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  coal,  copper,  and  tin.  The  exports  include 
wool,  tallow,  leather,  tin,  copper,  and  silver.  The  execu- 
tive is  vested  in  a  governor,  with  a  cabinet  of  10  minis- 
ters. The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  legislative 
council  and  a  legislative  assembly.  A  penal  settlement 
was  established  at  Botany  Bay  in  1788.  The  development 
of  the  wool  industry  commenced  under  Governor  Mac- 
quarie  about  1810-20.  Gold,  though  knowu  in  1823,  was 
not  worked  till  ISol.  The  transportation  of  convicts 
ceased  in  18n3.  Area,  310,700  square  miles.  Population 
a893).  estimated,  1/223.370. 

New  Spain  (span),  Sp.  Nueva  Espaiia  (no-a'- 
vU  es-pan'ya).  The  colonial  name  of  the  coun- 
try now  called  Mexico,  it  was  first  applied  by  On- 
Jalva  (151S)  to  Yucatan  and  Tabasco,  and  was  extended  by 
Cort6s  to  all  his  conquests.  Under  the  viceroys  the  name 
was  also  used  for  a  much  larger  territory  (see  New  Spaiii, 
Viceroyalty  of),  but  New  Spain  proper,  or  the  kingdom  of 
New  Spain,  corresponded  to  the  district  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  audience  of  Mexico,  the  present  southern 
Mexico,  embracing  (nearly)  the  modern  states  of  Yuca- 
tan, C'ampeche.  Tabasco,  Vera  Cruz,  Hidalgo.  Guanajuato, 
Michoacan,  Colima,  Mexico,  ilorelos,  Tlaxcala,  Puebla, 
Guerrero,  and  Oajaca.  '  « 

New  Spain, Viceroyalty  of.  The  region  e:ov- 
erned  by  the  ^'iceroys  of  Mexico.  The  first  viceroy, 
Meudoza,  took  possession  in  1535.  Vnder  him,  and  for 
some  time  after,  the  viceroyalty.  in  its  broadest  sense,  em- 
braced all  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Central  and  North 
America,  from  the  southern  boundary  of  Costa  Rica,  be- 
sides the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  Eastlndies  —  that 


lied  Nov.  2S,  1S94.  An  English  archaeolo- 
gist. Ue  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  in  1S37; 
was  appointed  assistant  curator  of  antiquities  in  the  Brit- 
ish Sluseum  in  1S40,  and  vice-consul  at  ilytilene  in  Asia 
Minor  in  1852;  discovered  the  site  of  the  ilausoleuni  at 
Halicarnassus  in  1S56;  and  later  excavated  at  Cnidua  and 
Branchidae.  In  18tiO  he  was  appointed  British  consul  at 
Kome,  and  from  18t>l  to  li>S5  was  keeper  of  Greek  and 
Eoman  antiquities  at  the  British  Museum.  In  ISSO  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  archtuolosry  at  I'hiversity  Col- 
lege, London.  He  wrote  "  A  Historj-  of  Discoveries  at  Ha- 
licai'nassus,  Cnidus,  and  Branchidse"(lS62),  "Travels  and 
Discoveries  in  the  Levant"  (1S65).  essays  on  art  and  archae- 
ology (1680),  et<;.,  and  translated  Panofka's  "Maimers  and 
Customs  of  the  Greeks  '  from  the  German  in  Hi49. 
Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  Born  at  Woolsthorpe,  near 
Grantham,  Lincolnshire,  Dec.  25,  1642  (O.  S.): 
died  at  Kensington,  March  20,  1727.  A  famous 
English  mathematician  and  natural  philoso- 
pher. His  father,  Isaac  Newton,  was  a  small  freehold  far- 
mer. He  matriculated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  July 
8,  1661 ;  was  elected  to  a  scholarship  April  liS,  16t>l ;  and 
graduated  in  Jan.,  1665.  At  the  university  he  was  espe- 
cially attracted  by  the  study  of  Descartes'sgeumetry.  The 
method  of  fluxions  is  supposed  to  have  first  occurred  tu 
him  in  1605.  He  was  made  afellow  of  Trinity  in  1067,  and 
Lucasian professor atCambridgeinOct.,  1669.  Hebecamea 
fellow  of  theKoyalSocietyinJan.,  1672.  Xewton's  attention 
was  probably  drawn  to  the  subject  of  gravitation  as  early 
as  1065.  The  story  of  the  fall  of  the  apple  was  first  told  by 
Voltaire,  who  had  it  from  ilrs.  Conduitt,  Is'ewtun's  niece. 
Kepler  had  established  the  laws  of  the  planetaiy  orbits, 
and  from  these  laws  ^"ewtun  proved  that  the  attraction  of 
the  sun  upon  the  planets  varies  inversely  as  the  squares 
of  their  distances.  Measuring  the  actual  deflection  of  the 
moon's  orbit  from  its  tangent,  he  found  it  to  be  identical 
with  the  deflection  which  would  be  created  l)y  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  earth,  diminishing  in  the  ratio  of  the  inverse 
square  of  the  distance.  The  hj-pothesis  that  the  same 
force  acted  in  each  case  was  thus  confirmed.  The  success 
of  Newton's  work  really  depended  on  the  determination  of 
the  length  of  a  degree  on  the  earth's  surface  by  Picard 
in  1071.  The  universal  law  of  gravitation  was  completely 
elaborated  by  16S5.  The  first  book  of  the  "Principia"  or 
"Philosophise  Naturalis  Principia  Mathematica  "  was  pre- 
sented t6  the  Royal  Society,  April  28,  1686,  and  the  entire 
work  was  published  in  1687.  In  1680  he  satin  Parliament 
for  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  at  this  time  was  as- 
sociated with  John  Ix)cke;  in  1701  he  was  reelected.  AVhen 
his  fritnd  Charles  Montagu  (afterward  earl  of  Halifax)  was 
appointed  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  Newton  was  made 
warden  of  the  mint,  and  in  16i>9  master  of  the  mint.  The 
reformation  of  English  coinage  was  largely  his  work.  The 
method  of  fluxions,  which  he  had  discovered,  wasemployed 
in  the  calculations  for  the  ''Principia,"  but  did  not  appear 
until  1693,  when  it  was  published  by  Wallis.  It  also  ap- 
peared in  1704  in  the  first  edition  of  the  ''Optics."  On 
Feb.  21, 1699,  he  was  elected  foreign  associate  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences.  In  1703  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  held  the  office  till  his  death. 


is.  the  five  audiences  of  Mexico,  Guadalajara,  Confines,  NewtOn,  Joh.n,      Born  at  London,  July  24,  172-5: 
fl-„*.  r^     r  A  >r„--:,„  „..,  *^  :  ,  .^    ^.^^  thd'e,  Dcc.  21,  1807.     An  English  clergy- 

man and  religious  poet.  His  father  was  governorof 
York  Fort  in  Hudson  Bay.  Newton  served  in  liis  father's 
ship  before  1742,  and  was  afterward  in  the  navy  and  in  the 
slave-trade  until  1755,  when  he  was  made  tide-suneyor  at 
Liverpool.  Taking  up  the  study  of  Greek  and  Hebrew,  he 
was  ordained  priest  June,  1764,  and  became  curate  of  Olney, 
where  Cowper  settled  about  1767.  They  published  the 
"Olney  Hymns"  together  in  1779.  In  1780  he  was  made 
rector  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  London.  Besides  many  well- 
known  hymns,  he  wrote  "Cardiphonia"  (1781).  etc.,  and 
an  "  Authentic  Narrative  "  of  his  early  life  (1764). 


Santo  Domingo,  and  Manila,  and  the  captaincy-general  of 
Florida.  But,  except  in  the  first  two,  the  viceroy's  powers 
were  very  limited,  and  were  soon  practically  restricted  to 
military  defense  and  a  few  other  matters  of  general  im- 
portance. During  the  ISth  century  the  East  Indies  and 
Guatemala  or  Central  America  were  completely  separated. 
The  region  generally  called  New  Spain,  in  which  the  vice- 
roy had  complete  authority,  consisted  for  a  long  time  of 
the  three  kingdoms  of  New  Spain,  New  Galicia,  and  New 
Leon,  corresponding  to  modern  Mexico  and  the  undefined 
territories  of  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  California,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  United  States.  In  1793  the  northern  prov- 
inces were  separated  (see  Provincial  Interiias),  and  there- 


after the  viceroyalty  corresponded  nearly  to  the  Mexico  of  Newton,  John.    Born  Aug.  24, 1S23 :  died  May  1 


to-day,  excluding  southern  Coahuila,  Durango,  Sinaloa, 
Chihuahua,  and  Sonora,  but  including  Upper  and  Lower 
California.  The  name  Mexico  finally  supplanted  that  of 
New  Spain  in  1S22. 
Newstead  Abbey  (nu'"sted  ab'i).  A  building  in 
Nottinghamshire,  England,  9miles  north  of  Not- 
tingham: anciently  an  abbey,  it  was  founded  by 
Henry  II.  as  an  atonement  for  Becket's  murder  in  1170, 
and  was  the  home  of  the  family  of  Lord  Byron,  ol)tained 
by  Sir  John  Byron,  his  ancestor,  at  the  dissolution  of  thi 
monasteries  in  1540. 
preservi 
18' 19,  wi 
to  sell  it  in  1S18. 


1S95.  An  American  engineer  and  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842 ;  served  throughout  the 
Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volun- 
teers in  1803 ;  was  made  brigadier- general  and  chief  of 
engineers  in  the  regular  army  in  1SS4 ;  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  1886;  and  was  appointed  commissioner  of 
public  works  at  New  York  in  1SS7,  a  position  which  he  re- 
signed in  1S88  to  accept  the  presidency  of  th  e  Panama  Kail- 
road  Company.  His  chief  engineering  feat  was  the  im- 
provement of  Hell  Gate  channel  by  the  blasting  of  Hal- 
letfs  Beef  Sept.  24,  1876,  and  Flood  Bock,  Oct.  10,  1SS5. 


)nasteries  m  lo40.     >umerous  relics  of  Lord  Byron  are  vr  l  t»       mi  j  ^  i  •   i    t->  j 

^served  in  the  house.    He  undertook  to  keep  it  up  in  Newton,  R.      Ihe  psendonjin  under  which  Ed 
19,  with  what  remained  of  his  fortune,  but  was  obliged     ward  Cave  began  printing  **  The  Gentleman's 


began  printing 
Magazine  "  in  1731. 


New  Sweden  (swe'dn).    A  Swedish  colony  in  Newton,  Thomas.     Bom  at  Butley,  Cheshire, 
Delaware,  founded  in  1638.    It  was  conquered    about  1542:  died  at  Little  Ilford,  Essex,  May, 


by  the  Dutch  in  1655, 

New  Testament.     See  Testament. 

New  Timon,  The.  A  satire  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
publishfil  in  1847. 

New  Toledo.    See  Xueva  Toledo, 

Newton  (nii'ton).  A  city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Charles  7  miles 
west  of  Boston,  it  contains  the  villages  of  Newton, 
Auburndale,  West  Newton,  >'ewton  Upper  Falls,  Newton 


Lower  tails,  Newton  Centre,  etc., and  i^  the  seat  of  New-  Newton-Abbot  (uii'ton-ab'ot).  A  s: 
ton  Theological  Institution  (BaptistX  and  Lasell  Female  -^  Dpvoimhirp  ETio-lai'ul  sitiiited  on 
Seminary  lat  Auburndale).     Population  (1900),  33,587.  1^  ^^^  onSUire,  t^ngianu,  slTuatea  OU 


Newton,  Alfred.  Born  at  Geneva,  Jtme  11, 
1829.  A  noted  English  zoologist,  professor  of 
zoology  and  comparative  anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  He  has  published  "The  Zo- 
ology of  Ancient  Europe  "  (1802) ,  an  edition  of  "  Yarrell  s 
British  Birds,"  etc.;  has  written  many  papers  on  zoologi- 
cal, and  especially  on  ornithological,  subjects;  and  his 
**  Dictionary  of  Birds,"  an  expansion  of  his  articles  in  the 
ninth  edition  of  the  '"Encycli'ptedia  Britaimiua,"  was 
published  lp!93~96.  He  was  president  of  the  British 
Association  in  1838. 


1607.  An  English  divine  and  poet.  He  translated 
Seneca's  "Thebais,"  and  in  1581  collected  the  ten  English 
translations  of  Seneca's  tragedies.  In  1575  he  published 
a  history  and  chronicle  of  the  Saracens  and  Turks,  etc. 
He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  writers  of  Latin  verse. 

Newton,  Thomas.  Born  at  Lichfield,  England, 
Jan.  1,1704:  died  at  London,  Feb.  14, 1782.  An 
English  bishop  and  author.  He  wrote  "Disserta- 
tions on  the  Prophecies"  (1754-53)  and  annotations  on 
Milton's  "Paradise  Lost  "and  "Paradise  Regained." 

small  town 
the  Teigii 
14  miles  south  by  west  of  Exeter.  William  of 
Orange  was  here  proclaimed  king  of  England 
in  16S8. 

Newton-in-Maker  field  ( -mak'  er-f  eld ) ,  or  Ne  w- 
ton-le-Willows  (-le-wiroz).  A  town  in  Lan- 
cashire, England.  15  miles  east  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891  \  12.861. 

Newton-  (or Newtown-)  Stewart  C-sta'art).  A 
town  in  Wigtonshire,  Scotland,  on  the  Cree  7 
miles  north  of  Wigtown-     Pop.  (1891),  2,738. 


New  York 

Newtown  (nu'toun).     A  town  in  Montgomery*  | 
shire,  Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn  S  miles  I 
southwest  of  Montgomery.     It  is  the  center  of 
the  Welsh  flannel  manufacttire.    Population 
(1891),  6.010. 

Newtown.  The  name  given,  during  its  earliest 
history,  to  what  is  now  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. 

Newtown.  A  suburb  of  Sydnev,  New  South- 1 
Wales.  '  '^ 

Newtownards  (nu-tn-ardz').    A  town  in  Coim-ii 
ty  Down,  Ireland,    situated  near  Strangford* 
Lough  9i  miles  east  of  Belfast.     Population 
(1891),  9,197. 

Newtown-Barry  (nu'toun-bar'i),  A  village  in  J 
County  Wexford.  Ireland,  where,  June  1,  1798,  J 
a  force  of  about  3;")0  repulsed  an  attack  madei 
by  upward  of  10,000  rebels.  1 

Newtown-Butler  (-but'ler).  A  place  in  County! 
Fermanagh,  Ireland.  73  miles  northwest  of  Dub-  J 
lin.  Here,  in  1689,  the  Irish  Protestants  defeated! 
the  Irish  Catholics. 

New  Ulster  (ul'ster).  A  name  formerly  givenl 
to  what  is  now  the  North  Island  of  New  Zealand.  1 

New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  A.  A  play  by] 
Philip  Massinger,  printed  in  1632,  but  acted  be- j 
fore  that  date,  and  since  repeatedly  revived  upJ 
to  the  present  time. 

I  have  no  doubt  in  calling:  his  [Massinger's]  real  master- 
piece by  far  the  tine  tragic-comedy  of  '*  A  Xew  "Way  to  Pay  2 
Old  Belits."    The  revengeful  trick  by  which  a  satellite  of  i 
the  great  extortioner,  Sir  Giles  Oveixeach,  brings  about  I 
his  employer's  discomfiture,  regardless  of  his  own  ruin,  is  . 
very  like  the  denouement  of  the  Brass  and  Quilp  part  of 
the  "Old  Curiosity  Shop."  may  have  suggested  it  (for  "X 
Xew  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts  "lasted  as  an  acting  play  wtrll 
into  Dickens's  time),  and,  like  it,  is  a  little  improbable. 
But  the  play  is  an  admirable  one,  and  Overreach  (who,  as 
is  well  known,  was  supposed  to  be  a  kind  of  study  of  his 
half-namesake,  Mompesson,  the  notorious  monnpolist)  is 
by  far  the  best  single  character  that  Massinger  ever  drew. 
Saiatsbunj,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  399, 

New  Westminster  (west'min-ster).  A  town  in 
British  Columbia,  situated  on  Fraser  River 
in  lat.  49^^  13'  N.,  long;.  122°  54'  W.  It  was  for- 
merly  the  capital.     Population  (1901).  6.499. 

New  Wonder,  A:  A  Woman  Never  Vext,  A 

comedy  by  Chapman,  printed  in  1632. 

New  World,  The.  North  and  South  America? 
the  western  hemisphere.  ,  • 

New  York  (york).  One  of  the  Middle  States^ 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  extendincj  from 
lat.  40°  30'  to  45°  1'  X.,  and  from  long.  71°  51' 
to  79°  46'  W.  Capital,  Albany ;  chief  city,  New 
^  ork.  It  is  bounded  by  the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada 
(mostly  separated  by  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence) 
on  the  north,  Vermont  (partly  separated  by  Lake  Cliam- 
plain).  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut  on"  the  east,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  Xew  York  Bay,  New.lersey,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania (partly  separated  by  the  Delaware)  on  the  south, 
and  Pennsylvania  and  Ontario  (separated  by  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Niagara  River)  on  the  west.  Long  Island  and  Staten 
Island  are  included  in  it.  The  surface  is  greatly  diversi- 
fied. The  Adirondack  Mountains  are  in  the  northeast,  and 
the  Catskill  ilountains,  Shawangunk  itountains,  Bigh- 
lands,  and  laconic  Mountains  in  the  east.  The  State  be- 
longs chielly  to  the  Hudson  and  St.  Lawrence  river-systems, 
but  in  part  also  to  those  of  the  Mississippi,  Susquehanna, 
and  Delaware.  It  contains  many  lakes,  including  Lakes 
George,  Oneida,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Chautauqua,  Owasco,  Ot- 
sego, and  Canandaigua,  and  is  noted  for  picturesque  scen- 
erj-.  It  is  called  "the  Empire  State."  It  is  the  lirst  State 
in  the  Union  in  commerce,  manufactures,  population,  and 
estimated  value  of  property ;  and  the  second  State  in  value 
of  farms.  The  agiicultural  products  include  buckwheat, 
barley,  oats,  rye,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  hay,  potatoes,  milk, 
butter,  and  cheese.  The  chief  mineral  products  are  salt, 
iron,  and  building-stone.  It  has  61  counties,  sends  2  sen- 
ators and  37  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  3i»  elec- 
toral votes.  The  principal  early  Indian  inhabititnts  were 
Iroquois  (Five  Nations^  The  bay  of  Xew  York  was  entered 
by  Verrazano  in  1524.  Explorations  were  made  in  the 
north  by  (haniplain  in  160^i,  and  in  the  south  by  Hudson 
in  1609.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  the  Dutch 
on  Manliattan  Island  in  1014  (or  1613).  The  region  (called 
New  Netherlands)  was  ruled  by  the  I>utch  governors  Min- 
uit,  WoutervanTuiller,  Kieft,andStuyvesant:  devastated 
by  an  Indian  war  about  1641 ;  and  conquered  by  the  Eng- 
lish under  Nicolls  in  1664.  New  York,  New  Jei-sey,  and 
^Sew  England  were  consolidated  under  Andros  in  leSiJ-i'Q. 
New  Y'ork  was  the  scene  of  many  events  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war.  It  was  one  of  the  thirteen  oriirinal  States, 
and  was  the  scene  of  Burgoyne's  surrender  (1777) and  other 
events  in  the  Revolutionary  War  and  in  the  War  of  isrj. 
Tlie  western  part  of  the  State  was  rapidly  developed  in 
the  beginning  of  the  lyth  centuiy.  A  new  constitution 
was  adopted  in  1S46.  Area,  49,170  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (190<J),  7.'2ti8,894. 

New  York.  [Named  after  York  in  England,  -with 
reference  to  the  Dnke  of  York,  aftei-ward  James 
II.]  A  seaport  and  city  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  in  lat.  4tP  43'  N.,  long.  74°  0'  W.  Inl896 
(seejVefc  York,  G/€rt?er)  a  law  was  passed  providing  that  on 
and  after  Jan.  1, 18*5,  the  city  siiouldiconiprise  the  counties 
of  New  York  (with  which  it  was  coe.\tensive  pi  ior  to  that 
date),  Richmond  (Staten  Island),  and  Kings  (Brooklyn), 
Long  Island  City,  the  towns  of  Newtown,  flushing,  Ja- 
maica, and  Westchester,  and  parts  of  Hempstead,  East 
Chester,  and  Pelham.  By  the  charter  adopted  in  lfel»7  this 
territory  (359  square  miles  in  area)  was  dinded  into  the 


New  York 


rlx)Ti.lu»,  the  lartjest  and  chief  uoiiiiiiirciiiUity  in  •M-p„i,i„  or  Npiin  or  NiezMn  fnve'zben). 
d  It  ia  the  chief  plaie  of  arrival  for  inimigrants,  -Wezp"'  ".'^  f^ejm,  oi  x«ie^mu  W^  '  "  / 
,,ure  thai,  half  of  the  forei-n  trade  uf  the  cinitiy.     A    town    m    the    government    ot    TehornigofT, 


tiomuBhs  of  Manhattan,  Hrooklyn,  Bronx,  Richmond,  and 
■  Queens.    It  is  tlio  largest  city  of  the  western  liemisiihere 
and,  af  t< 
the  world, 

and  has  in ..,..,,» 

It  is  the  terminus  of  niiiiierous  steanishlii  lines  to  all  parts 
I  of  the  world,  and  also  of  many  coastinj;  lines  and  ol  rail- 
roads. Its  varied  manufactures  include  clothing,  hoots  and 
shoes,  hread,  furniture,  cigars,  lleer,niacliinery,  hooks,  etc. 
It  is  connected  by  ferries  with  Jersey  City  and  Holioken  on 
the  west,  and  is  traversed  hy  several  lines  of  elevated  rail 


735  Nicaragua 

the  Old  Guard  at  Waterloo  June  18.    He  was  condemned   NiagUSta    (ne-a-gos'tii),    or    NaUSa    (uou'sa). 
hy  the  House  of  Peers  as  a  traitor,  and  shot.  j^   (o„.„  ;„  JIaoedonia,  European  Turkey,  52 

miles  west  of  Salouiki.   It  is  noted  for  its  wine. 
Populiition,  estimated,  5,000. 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Oster  41  miles  south-  Niam-Niam.     See  yi/(im-\yam. 
east    of    TeheriiigolT.       It    was    formerly  of  Niantic.     See  Xarriifianset. 
commercial   importance.     Population   (1890),  Nias  (ne-ils').     An  island  west  of  Sumatra,  8it- 
44,794.  uatcd  in  Int.  1°  N.     Length,  95  miles. 

Nez  Perc6.     See  Chnpunnish.  Niassa.     See  Sijas-in. 


financial  center.  The  city ,,  ,  t^  ,  • 

tity,  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  Inion  Theo-  between  the  Balolo,  Baloi,  and  Babangl.    Strong 

logical  .Seminary  and  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Seminary^  j„,j  brave,  though  notorious  as  cannibals,  they  furnish 

and  of  the  New  York  Public  Library  (Astor,  Lenox,  and  ^^„^\  soldiers  for  the  Kongo  .state  army.     .See  Mban/jala. 

j:j?^;,^;:B:';;ni'::^si!;:ri;;^iSu^i's^h;:^.n^:  Ngambue  (ngam-bwo,  orBanga^bue  d^nng. 

S^  Natural  History.  (See  iVcoWyn.)  The  old  city  hall,  gam'ljwe).  A  Bantu  tribe  ot  Angola,  West 
foundcdinl80;i,  while  of  moderate  size,  is  not  surpassed  by  Africa,  settled  on  the  Kakulovare  River  in  the 
any  other  example  of  architecture  in  the  city.  The  style  is  highland  back  of  Mossamedes.  They  are  kinsmen 
the  English  Renaissance,  and  the  plan  present  a  central  j^^^  Xyaneka  tribe,  and,  like  these,  peaceful  agricul- 
pavllinn  flanked  by  wings  Miiichatthcirextremitiesproject    t,,r|s(g  (.„  nine  cittle 

towirdthefront.  Thebuildiiighas28toriesabovethcba.se- -™"''".°""'"*=.^'".7    T     i  ^^^      ■  »i 

me"rtliecentr.ai  pavilion  Inning  in  addition  an  attic  ami  a  Ngami   (nga'me),   Lake.     A  lake  in  southern 

projecting  porch  of8  Ionic  c(dumns  above  a  broad  ilight  of    Africa,  situated  about  lat.  20°  30'  S.,  long.  22° 
BtepB.    The  central  pavilion  ami  the  projecting  portions  of    40'  K.    jt  ^^^g  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  1849,  and 
the  wings  are  ornamented  with  orders  of  pilasters,  Ir.nic    ,^„g  „ithin  the  sphere  of  British  South  Africa. 
faelow  and  Corinthian  above,  and  with  engaged  arcades  __  .......  «,  ... 

franiing  the  windows.  There  is  a  small  areade.l  and  domed  Nganga  (ngang'ga),  or  Manganga  (mang- 
central  tower,  BUrmounted  by  a  figure  of  Liberty.  The  gov-    giing'ga).     A  Bantu  tribe  jn  British  Nyassa- 


ernor's  room  is  adorned  with  an  interesting  collection  of 
historical  portraits.  Other  prominent  buildings  are  the 
post-olflce,  produce  exchange,  cotton  exchange,  custom- 
bouse,  Roman  Cathidic  cathedral,  Trinity  Church,  and 
Madison  Scpiare  Garden  (which  see).  The  city  was  settled 
by  the  Dutch  in  1623,  and  calleil  at  first  New  Amsterdam  — 
Manhattan  Island  being  purchased  from  Imlians  for?24  in 
1626.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  English  in  llitM,  retaken  in 
1673.  and  restored  in:l674  :  was  the  scene  of  Leisler's  un- 
successful Insurrection  in  1689-91,  and  of  the  supposed  ne- 
groplot  in  1741;  was  occnpicil  by  the  British  in  .Sept.,  1778 ; 
anil  was  evacuated  by  them  Nov.  25, 178.'i  It  was  the  State 
capital  from  1784  to  1797,  and  the  capital  of  the  United 
StaUsfrom  17*6  to  1790.  Agreat  tire  occurred  in  1835;  the 
Astor  Place  riot  in  1849;  the  Crystal  Palace  Industrial  Ex- 
hibition in  1863;  the  draft  riots  in  July.  1863;  and  th 
"       "    "     "    1871, 


land,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Nyassa.  The 
mountaineers  are  called  Kantundu,  the  dwellers  of  the 
plain  Chipeta  ;  their  dialects  arc  slightly  different.  The 
Nganga  language  has  a  rising  literature,  most  of  which  is 
printed  in  the  Scotch  mission  stations.  It  is  also  spoken 
by  the  Makololo,  who,  left  on  the  .Shire  by  Livingst^ine, 
have  become  powerful  by  accessions  from  neighboring 
tribes.    Also  called  Wanyassa. 

Ngangela  (ngiing-ga'la),  or  Ovangangela 

(o-vjing-gang-ga'lii).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  east  of  the  Upper  Kuneue  and 
Kuanza  rivers.  They  are  clever  iron- workers  and  wax- 
hunters,  belonging  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Oviinbundu. 
Also  Banrjangela, 


Orange  riot  July  12, 1871.     Population  of  the  original  ( ity  Ngan-hui.     See  Anhwei. 

(1890),  1,515,  .31)1,  according  to  the  national  census;. iccordiiig  Ngindo  ^^gen'd6),  or  Wangindo  (wang-gen'- 
5" """."'"-''"'' ''™™^'^'^"''"^'P''''°'^'^''"'"^'*P'-'*''^'  do).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Ciennan  East  Africa, 
New' York,  Greater.  The  popular  name  of  the  spread  over  a  vast  area  between  the  Rufiji  and 
new  municipality  which  includes  New  York, 
Brooklyn  (Kings  County),  Long  Island  City, 
Staten  Island,  Westchester,  Flushing,  New- 
town, Jamaica,  and  parts  of  East  Chester,  Pel- 


Umbekuru  rivers,  and  between  their  kinsmen 
the  Wakichi  and  the  Maehonde.  Their  chests  and 
arms  are  tattooed,  and  two  incisors  are  sharpened.  They 
have  always  opposed  the  slave-trade.  The  language  is 
called  Kingindo,  the  country  Ungindo. 


unknown  author  in  South  Gei-many  in  the  first 
half  of  the  13th  century.  The  legends,  however,  are 
much  earlier,  having  been  handed  down  orally.  Its  hero, 
Siegfried,  is  a  mythical  prince  and  later  king  of  Niderland 
(the  region  about  Xanten  on  the  lower  Rhine),  who  pos- 
sessed the  so-called  "hoard  of  the  Nibelungs,"  won  by  hira 
in  Norway,  He  wooed  Brunhild,  a  princess  of  Island,  for 
the  Burgundiau  king  Gunther,  whose  sister,  Kriemhild,  be- 
came his  wife.  He  was  afterward  treacherously  slain,  and 
the  hoard  was  ultimately  sunk  in  the  Rhine.  The  Nibe- 
lungenlied  is  the  greatest  monument  of  early  German  liter- 
ature. Historical  and  mythical  elements  are  mingled  in  it 
■Wagner's  "Ring  of  the  Nibelungs"  has  taken  little  except 
names  from  the  German  epic.  The  source  of  his  material 
is  the  Old  Norse  version  of  the  legend  coiilaineii  in  the 
Vi  ilsinii,'a  .Saga  and  the  Edda.    See  liiiiff  ties  yihiluu'jfn. 

Nibelungs  (ne'be-Uingz),  The,  G.  Nibelungen 
(ne'be-long-en).  In  German  legend,  originally 
a  race  of  Northern  dwarfs,  so  called  from  their 
king  Nibelung;  then  applied  to  the  followers 
of  Siegfried  (the  conquerors  of  the  hoard  of  the 
Nibelungs);  later  identified  with  the  Burgun- 
dians. 

Niblo's  Garden.  A  theater  on  Broadway,  near 
Prince  street.  New  York  city.  It  was  one  of  the  old- 
est in  the  *-ity,  h.-iving  been  opened  in  1^28  as  the  Sans 
Souci :  in  1829  it  was  a  concert  saloon.  Niblo's  garden  and 
theater,  owned  by  William  Niblo,  were  opened  in  1839, 
burned  in  1846  and  in  1872,  and  reopened  the  latter  year. 
It  was  taken  down  in  189». 

Nicsea  (ni-se'a),  Anglicized  as  Nice  (nes).  [Gr. 
Ni/ia/a.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in  Bi- 
thjniia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  Lake  Ascania  58 
miles  southeast  of  Constantinople:  the  modern 
Isnik.  It  was  built  in  the  4th  century  B.  C,  and  was  one 
of  the  chief  cities  of  Bithynia;  was  the  seat  of  the  firet 
general  cnurch  council  in  .'^25  A.  l>.,  and  of  the  seventh  in 
787;  and  was  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1097,  and  by  the 
Turks  in  1330. 

Nicaea  (jji  France).     [Gr.  N/kafa.]     See  Kice. 


liain,  and  Hempstead.    In  1894  the  question  of  consol-  Ngola  (ngo'lii).    A  Bantu  tribii  of  Angola,  West  Nicaea,  Empire  of.     A  Greek  empire  (120()-01), 

'"         1...-.  .....■*> ■  ,      .    ,  ,.         .    .    .       ,         founded  by  Theodore  Lascaris,  which  had  its 

center  at  NicK'a,  Asia  Minor,  during  the  period 
of  the  Latin  Empire  at  Constantinople.  It  was 
merged  in  the  restored  Byzantine  empire  in 

k- are'siend'rl'dark-  Nicander  (m-kan'd6r).    [Gr.  NiKOvdpoc.]   Lived 

and  extremities,     probably  in  the  2d  century  B.  C.    A  Greek  poet, 

grammarian,  and  physician,  authorof  two  extant 

poems  on  venomous  animals  and  poisons. 

Nicander  (^ne-kjin'der).  Karl  August.  Bom  at 

Strengnas,  Sweden,  March  20,  1799:  died  Feb. 
7,  1839.  A  Swedish  Jioet.  The  death  of  his  father 
while  he  was  a  child  left  nini  without  means,  and  in  early 
life  he  w.a.s  a  tutcu-.  His  first  important  work  was  the  dra- 
matic poem  "  Runesviuxlet "  (1821),  whose  motive  is  the  con- 
flict between  heathenism  and  Christianity.    Two  jiocniB, 


i.t.tion  was  siibniitted  to  the  vote  of  these  places,  and  they 
.b'l:ired  in  its  favor.  A  bill  for  that  purpose  was  introduced 
i  n  Ihe  legislature  in  1896,  and  became  a  law  on  Jlay  11  of  that 
■  :\r.  The  charter  was  adopted  in  1897.  See  -Vra'  Vorl.-. 
ropulalion  (1900).  :l,437.'-'02. 

[  Ne'W  York  Bay.     The  bay  at  the  mouth  of  the 

I  Hudson  on  which  Now  York  city  is  situated. 
It  iiiiliidea  New  York  Upper  Bay,  the  harbor  formed  by 
till  iiinnn  ot  the  North  and  East  rivers,  jiartly  inclosed 
by  .Mitiiliattan  Island,  New  Jersey,  Staten  Island,  and  Lom; 
Island  (Irnglh  .about  0  miles),  and  New  York  Lower  Bay. 
an  arm  of  tlie  Atlaiitir  1  ast  ol  Staten  Island. 

NewYork  Public  Library.   A  library,  founded 
ly  consolidation  of  the  Astor,  Lenox,  and  Til- 


Africa,  whoso  adapted  name  (Angola)  is  also 
applied  to  the  native  Augida  nation  and  to  the 
Portuguese  province  of  Angola.  Thekingof  Ngola, 
whose  residence  used  to  be  at  Luanda,  was  driven  by  the 
Portuguese  first  to  Pungo  Amlontro,  and  then  to  the  ICam- 
bu  and  Hamba  valleys,  where  bis  people  still  dwell  in  com- 
plete independence.  The  Ngola  jiloii" 
colored,  oval-faced,  with  fine  fcatiii 
shrewd  and  warlike,  agricultural  and  pastoral.  Their  hair 
is  plaited  and  shaped  into  various  patterns.  Theirdialeet 
in  its  purity  is  the  base  of  Kimbundii.  Ndongo,  Matam- 
ba,  and  Ndanji  are  the  three  provineesof  the  Ngola  king- 
dom. Jinga  is  the  name  generally  used  by  the  Portu- 
guese for  Ngola  or  Ndongo. 


Ion  foundations,  in  May,  1895.     itcontains about  Ngornu.     See  Anijoriiii. 

4')0,000voliiiiiesand  160,000  pamphlets,  and  is,  at  presiMt,  NgUrU  (ngo'rii).  A  mountainous  ;ind  fertile  dis- 
piirely  a  rctemice  library.  _  tlict  west  of  Zanzibar,  drained  by  the  Luseru 

NewYork  University.  Aninstltutionoflearn-  jjjj,,  1^,,.^,^  j.j^,p^^  ^^__  p„,,ulation  is  dense,  and 
iiig  at  New  \ork,  founded  in  1831.  It  contains  fac-  consists  of  the  Wanguru,  Wahuniba.  and  Wachambala 
uUiesot  art,  science,  law,  and  medicine,  and  has  about  1)0  t|.|i,„g^  whose  villages  are  fortified  by  stockades,  .see  also 
instructors  and  1,600  students.  Kaiinri. 

Ne'W  Zealand  (zo'land).  A  group  of  islands,  a  Niagara  (ni-ag'a-rii).  A  river  in  North  Amer- 
British  colonial  possession,  m  the  Pacific  Ocean,  j^..^  ^^.j^j^.j^  ,i„vvs 'fvu'ra  Lake  Erie  northward  into 
-situated  southeast  of  Australia,  and  included  L;ike  Ontario.  It  separates  New  York  on  the  eiustfrom 
mostly  between  lat.  34°  20  and  4/°  30  b..  and  the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada, on  the  west.  Length,  :i2 
long.  166°  30'  and  178°  30'  E.  Cajiital,  Welling-  miles.  It  descends  about  326  feet  in  rapids  and  cataract. 
ton.    ItlncludesNorthlsland,  South  Island,  and  Stewart    See  iVmi/nro /■'a«K.  .       „.  /1         .. 

1-land.  The  North  Island  is  somewhat  mountainous,  the  Niagara.  A  town  in  Niagara  County,  New 
n  .nth  Island  largely  bo  (the  .Southern  Alps  culminate  in  York,  situated  on  theriver Niagara,  andcontain- 
Mount  Cook,  12,:t49  feet).  The  chief  industry  is  agricul-  j,  ,  j,  ^,j|,,  ,,.  „,•  l.,  Salle.  Population  (190(1), 
lure;  the  leading  exports  are  gold,  wool,  sheep,  agricul-     ,7,..  "  1  >  ' 

tiiral  products,  etc.     Covernment  is  vested  in  a  governor,    J  ."""•  .      o        .        ,,     , 

appointed  hy  the  irown,  and  a  general  assembly  consisting  Niagara,  Battle  01.      See  LundlfS  LuilC. 


"Tassosilod  "("The  Death  of  Tasso' land  "KonungEnzio 
('*  King  Enzio"),  the  former  of  which  won  the  iirize  of  the 
Swedish  Aeaiiemy,  were  on  Italian  subjects,  lie  was  now 
(1827)eiiabled  to  undertake  a  Journey  t  .1  Rome,  which,  how- 
ever,  ended  disastrously  in  that  he  was  left,  without  means, 
to  make  his  way  home  as  best  he  could,  Subsei|Uently  he 
was  given  a  subordinate  position  in  the  public  service,  and 
made  some  translations  for  the  royal  theater.  "Minneii 
fr(lnSudern"("Kcminisceneesof  the  South  "),  a  description 
of  his  travels,  appeared  in  18.'11.  This  was  followed  by 
'*  nesperiilen  '  ("The  llesperides  "),  a  vidume  of  poems  and 
tales.  His  last  work  was  the  poem  "Lejonet  i  <»knen("The 
Lion  in  the  Wilderness"),  a  eulogy  of  Napoleon,  His  life  to 
within  a  few  years  of  his  death,  when  his  literary  work  at 
last  yielded  him  an  Income  sufilcient  for  his  needs.  \vas  a|. 
most  a  (constant  struggle  with  want.  His  collected  works 
appeared  at  Stockholm  in  1877,  in  2  vols. 


of  a  legislative  council  (appointed  by  the  crown,  now  for?  jjiagara  Falls.     The  largest  cataract  in  the  Nicaragua  (nik-a-rii'gwii  orue-kii-rii'gwii).  One 

years)ai,dahous,-oliepresci,lativcs(electcd)    Theg^^^  ^,    situated  in  the  Niagara  Kivcr  17  miles      '  '•  "  -  ^ '''''-  "'  '-■-*-•'  ■* :....      .-•„..: 

wasdiscoveredbyTasnian  m  UH2,andwaBvisitedby  <-ii"k.  ,  '        ,,  ,     ,,  t,    „„,    " 


I  by  '1 
A  nilsaioiiary  settlement  was  made  in  1814.  The  settlers 
have  been  often  at  war  with  the  natives  (Maoris),  espe- 
cially In  l.Hfio-61  and  1863-66,  Area,  104,471  »<|iinre  miles. 
Population  (estimated,  1893),  072,206. 
Ney  (na),  Michel,  Due  d'Elchingen,  Prince  de 
lit  Moskowa.  Born  at  Saarlouis  (now  in  Prus- 
sia), Jan.  10,  n&J:  shot  at  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1815. 
A  celebrated  French  marshal.  Heentered  thoarmy 
In  1787  ;  became  a  general  of  brigade  In  1796  ,  olitained  (Com- 
mand on  the  Rhine  In  1799;  gained  the  victory  of  El- 
cliingen  Oct.  14,  laOIJ  (for  which  he  was  created  duke  ot 
El.hlngen);  took  part  in  the  battles  of  .lenn  Oct.  14,  I8O1;, 
Eylau  Keb.  7-8,  I807,  and  Krlcdland  .lime  14,  180";  served 
In  Spain  1808-11 ;  rendered  Important  service  at  Boroilino 
Kept.  7,  1812  (for  which  he  was  created  prince  of  the 
Moskva) :  commanded  the  rear.guard  in  the  retreat  from 
Eussia  in  1812  ;  served  at  Liilzen  .May  2,  lialllzen  .May  20-21, 
ind  l.elpsic  Oct.  16-19,  1813 ;  was  deli'aled  by  Von  liulow  at 
Dennewitz  Sept.  6,  1813 ;  served  in  the  campaign  ot  1811; 
was  made  a  peer  after  the  restoration  in  l,sl4  by  Louis 
XVIII. ;  deserted  to  Napoleon  in  1815;  was  defeated  by 
Wellington  at  Quatre-Bras  June  10, 1816 ,  and  comiuonded 


north-norlhwest  of  Buffalo.  It  is  divided  hyGoat 
Island  into  the  American  Kail  (164  feet  high)  and  the  Ca- 
nadian (or  Horseshoe)  Fall  (100  feet  high).  The  width  of 
the  river  at  the  brink  of  th.-  fall  Is  4,7.'.0  feet.  The  water, 
jiowerof  the  falls  (Ihe  total  amount  of  which  Is  believed 
to  be  several  mill  ions  of  horse-power— much  more  than  all 
thesteam-powerandwaler-powcrnow-nlillzeillnthel'nlted 
States)  Is  now,  in  small  jiart,  utilized  by  means  of  turbine 
water-wheels  set  at  the  bottom  of  shafts  140  feet  dee|i  and 
connectid  with  alunnel  for  the  escape  of  the  water,  which 
empties  below  the  town  of  Niagara, 

Niagara  Falls,  from  the  Canadian  side.  A 
paint ingbvF.E.  Church  (1857),  in  the  Corcoran 
gallcrv,  W'ashington.  Niagara,  from  the  American 
side,  Is'in  the  National  (ialleiy,  Eiliiiburgh. 

Niagara  Falls.  A  city  in  Niagara  County, 
New  ^cll•l^,  situated  opposite  Niagara  Falls. 
I'opiihilioii  (  llHIlli    19,4.57. 

Niagara  of  Brazil.  The  cataract  of  Paulo  Af- 
fonso  on  the  river  Siio  Francisco. 


of  the  five  republics  of  Central  America.  Capi- 
tal, Managua;  chief  city.  Leon.  It  is  bounded  by 
Honduras  on  the  northwest  and  north,  the  Caribbean  Sea 
on  the  east,  Costa  Rica  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the 
west,  and  is  traversed  from  southeast  to  northwest  by  a  de. 
presslon  including  the  river  San  .luan  and  bakes  Nicaragua 
and.Managua(tlleriniteof  the  proposed  ship  canal).  .Much 
of  Ihe  eastern  coast  included  in  the  Mosi|llilo  Reservation 
is  low  (see  Monqmiitt).  There  are  numerous  volcanoes  ; 
earthquakes  are  fn-iiuent  and  sometimes  vicdent.  The 
most  important  exports  are  collee,  hlde^  cabinet  woods, 
rnblur,  frultn,  and  gidd  ;  silver  mining,  fniinerly  n  very 
important  industry,  has  been  abandoned.  The  inhabltnnta 
are  Spanish  creides,  Indiana,  a  few  negnies,  and  mixed 
races.  Spanish  is  the  common  language,  and  the  slate  re- 
ligion Is  Roman  Cathcdic.  The  chief  executive  Is  a  presi- 
dent, chosen  for  4  vears  ;  and  c  ongress  cnivl-ls  ol  a  sin- 
gle house  of  40  members.  Columbus  1  ..aste.l  the  iMistern 
side  of  Nicaragua  In  IfiOa,  but  It  was  first  ex|>lore<l  from 
the  Pacific  slile  by  Oil  Oonznlci  Davila  In  l.'.21-22.  It  was 
sellleil  iri24-25by  I'ranclsco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba,  acting 
for  Pfilrai-lnB.  Uiirlng  Ihe  c.dcuiial  period  it  was  a  prov. 
luce  of  (Juntemaln.  Indepemlence  was  proclalini-d  In  1821 
and  from  1S'.U  to  1839  N  icaragua  was  a  state  In  the  Central 


Nicaragua 

American  Federation.  Since  1840  it  has  been  an  indepen- 
dent republic.  Civil  wars  and  struggles  with  the  other  Cen- 
tral .\merican  republics  have  been  frequent.  The  filibuster 
Walker  held  a  part  of  the  country  1855-50.  Area,  about 
49,000  square  miles.    Population  (estimated,  1S94),  3(j0,000. 

Nicaragua,  Lake.  [See  yu-arao.]  A  lake  ill 
the  southern  part  of  Nicaragua.  It  receives  the 
waters  of  Lake  Managua  by  the  Tipitapa,  and  has  its  out- 
let in  the  San  Juan.  The  surface  is  110  feet  above  sealevel, 
the  depth  v;xrying  from  12  to  83  feet.  There  are  several 
islands,  the  largest,  Ometepe,  containing  two  volcanic 
peaks.    Length,  92  miles ;  greatest  width,  40  miles. 

Nicaragua  Canal.  A  proposed  ship-canal  he- 
tween  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
crossing  the  republic  of  Nicaragua  and  utiliz- 
ing the  natural  waterway  furnished  by  Lake 
Nicaragua  and  the  San  Juan  River.  p.irtial  sur- 
vej's  of  this  route  were  made  by  Americans  in  1S20  and  1S37- 
1838,  and  more  complete  ones  lor  the  Inited  States  gov- 
ernment in  1872-73  by  Commander  E.  P.  lull,  and  in  1SS5 
by  A.  G.  Menocal.  The  Nicaraguan  government  made  con- 
cessions for  constructing  the  can.al  to  Americans  in  1849 
and  1880  and  to  a  Frenchman  in  1S5S,  but  they  all  lapsed 
without  results.  In  1SS4  a  treaty  was  signed  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  canal  by  the  United  States  government, 
but  the  Senate  refused  to  ratify  it.  In  18S7  the  ^Jicaraguan 
government  granted  a  new  concession  for  100  years  (con- 
firmed by  Costa  Rica)  to  the  Nicaraguan  Canal  Company, 
by  which  it  was  transferred  to  the  Maritime  Canal  Com- 
pany :  the  latter  was  organized  May  4, 18S9,  under  acharter 
from  the  United  States  government,  and  it  agreed  to  com- 
plete the  work  within  five  years.  The  route  decided  upon 
is  from  San  Juan  del  Xoi-te  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  Brito 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  a  distance  of  1C9J  miles.  Of  this  about 
117  miles  is  through  the  lake  and  the  San  .Tuan  Eiver,  and 
in  the  remainder  advantage  can  be  taken  of  river-basins,  so 
that  the  actual  excavations  will  not  exceed  27  miles.  There 
are  to  be  two  canals  proper,  each  with  three  locks:  one  from 
Ochoa  on  the  San  Juan  lUver  to  the  port  of  San  Juan  del 
Korte  (about  35  miles,  including  the  river-basins),  and  the 
other  from  Lake  Nicaragua,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lajas, 
to  Brito  (17i  miles).  The  locks  ai-e  to  bring  the  canals  to  the 
necessary  summit  level,  which  in  the  lake  is  110  feet.  The 
deepest  excavation  will  be  on  the  eastern  section  where  it 
crosses  the  eastern  divide:  here,  for  3  miles,  the  average 
depth  to  be  excavated  is  141  feet.  Subsidiary  works  are  a 
dam  at  Ochoa,  improvement  of  the  river  and  Like  channels, 
improvement  of  the  harbor  of  San  Juan  del  Xorte,and  the 
construction  of  a  harbor  atBrito,with  the  buildingof  ashort 
railroad  forthe  tran.^portation  of  machinery.  Thework  was 
undertaken  by  the  Nicaragua  Construction  Company,  or- 
ganized under  the  laws  of  Colorado  June  10, 1SS7.  This  com- 
pany purch.ased  apartof  the  plant  which  had  been  used  on 
the  Panama  Canal,  and  actual  work  was  commented  at  San 
Juan  June  3, 1889.  A  great  part  of  the  necessary  railroad 
was  built  and  improvements  of  the  harbor  of  San  Juan  (said 
to  have  been  unsuccessful)  were  made.  Work  practically 
ceasedfrom  lackof  funds  in  Dec,  1892,  and  on  .\ug.  30, 1893, 
the  XicaraguaConstructionCompany  went  into  the  hands  of 
a  receiver.  Measures  for  forming  a  new  construction  com- 
pany commenced  soon  after.  American  engineers  have 
generally  favored  the  Nicaragua  route  as  compared  with 
other  proposed  canal-routes  across  the  Isthmus.  The  chief 
objection  raised  to  it,  principally  by  French  engineers,  is 
the  supposed  liability  of  the  canal  to  injury  from  earth- 
quakes or  volcanic  eruptions. 

Nicarao  (ne-ka-ra'o),  or  Nicaragua.  A  Cen- 
tral American  Indian  chief,  whose  tribe  oceu- 
l>ied  temtory  near  a  large  lake,  subsequently 
called  Lake  Nicaragua  (Nicarao-agua,  'water 
of  Nicarao')  by  the  Spaniards,  from  his  name. 
The  tribe  was  powerful  and  rich.  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila 
first  visited  them  in  1522,  and  obtained  much  gold  by  trad- 
ing.    See  yicaraos. 

Nicaraos  (ne-ka-ra'6s),  or  Nicaraguas  (ne-ka- 
rii'gwaz),  or  Niquirans  (ne-ke-riiuz').  [From 
the  name  of  their  chief.]  A  tribe  of  Indians 
which,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  inhabited 
western  Nicaragua,  between  Lake  Nicaragua 
and  the  Pacific.  The  Nicaraos  appear  to  have  been  a 
distant  offshoot  of  the  Nahuatlecan  stock.  They  were 
early  subdued  by  the  Spaniards,  and  their  descendants 
form  part  of  the  peasant  population  of  the  same  district. 

Nicaria  (ne-kil-re'a).  An  island  in  the  ^gean 
Sea.  lielonging  to  the  Sporades,  13  miles  west 
of  Samos :  the  ancient  Icaria.  It  is  a  Turkish 
Ijossession.     Length,  2.5  miles. 

Nicastro  (ne-kas'tro).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Catanzaro,  Calabria,  Italv,  situated  in  lat. 
39°  N.,  long.  16°  22'  E.  PopiUation  (1881),  10,- 
239;  commune,  14,076. 

Niccola  Pisano.    See  Pisano. 

Niccolini  (nek-ko-le'ne).  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  San  Giuliano,  near  Pisa,  Italv,  Oct.  29, 
1782 :  tiled  at  Florence,  Sept.  20, 1861."  An  Ital- 
ian poet,  an  imitator  of  Alfieri.  Among  his  dramas 
are  "  Poly.vena  "  (1811),  "  N.abucco  "  (1819),  "Antonio  Fos- 
cariiii  "  (1827),  '*  .\rnaldo  da  Brescia  "  (lb3.'>). 

Nice  (nes).  A  former  countship,  later  a  prov- 
ince, of  Sardiaia.  The  western  part  was  ceded  to 
France  in  1860,  and  comprised  in  the  department  oJ  Alpes- 
Maritimes. 

.Nice,  It.  Nizza  (net'sa).  A  seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  department  of  Aipes-Maritimes, 
France,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat. 
43°  42'  N..  long.  7°  17'  E.:  the  ancient  Nica>a. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  winter  health-resortsof  theliiviera, 
picturesquely  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps.  It  exports 
fruit,  and  has  manufactures  of  oil  and  perfumes.  The 
principal  places  of  resort  are  the  Promenade  ties  .Anglais 
and  the  Jardin  Public.  Nice  was  founded  by  Massil- 
ians  in  the  6th  century  B.  c.    In  the  middle  ages  it  be- 


736 

longed  to  the  county  of  Provence.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
Saracens:  passed  to  Savoy  in  1388:  was  captured  by  Bar- 
bai-ossa ;  passed  to  France  in  1792,  and  again  to  Sardinia  in 
1814;  and  was  ceded  to  France  in  1800.  It  was  severely 
damaged  by  earthquake  in  1887.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Massena  and  GaiibaldL     Population  (1901),  12.'>,099. 

Nice  (in  Bithyuia).     See  A'icau. 

Nice,  Councils  of.    See  Nicene  Councils. 

Nice,  Truce  of.  A  truce  concluded  at  Nice, 
in  1538,  between  Francis  I.  of  France  and  the 
emperor  Charles  V. 

Nicene  Councils.  Two  general  councils  which 
met  at  Nicwa  in  Asia  Minor.  The  first  Nicene 
Council,  which  was  also  the  first  general  council,  met  in 
325,  condemned  Arianism,  and  promulgated  the  Nicene 
Creed  in  its  earlier  form.  The  second  Nicene  Council,  ac- 
counted also  the  seventh  general  council,  was  held  in  787, 
and  condemned  the  Iconoclasts.  The  recognition  of  the 
first  Nicene  Council  as  ecumenical  has  been  almost  uni- 
versal among  Chi'istians  of  all  confessions.  It  is  acknow- 
ledged to  the  present  day  not  only  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
and  Greek  churches,  and  by  many  Protestant  churches,  but 
by  Nestorians,  Jacobites,  and  Copts.  The  Anglican  Church 
does  not  accept  the  second  Nicene  Council  as  ecumeaical. 

Nicene  Creed  or  Symbol.  A  summary  of  the 
chief  tenets  of  the  Christian  faith,  first  set  forth 
as  of  ecumenical  authority  by  the  first  Nicene 
Council  (32.5),  but  closely  similar  in  wording  to 
ancient  creeds  of  Oriental  churches,  and  spe- 
cially founded  upon  the  baptismal  creed  of  the 
Church  of  Cffisarea  in  Palestine. 

NicephoruS  (ni-sef'o-rus)  I.  [6r.  N(/i?755opoc.] 
Born  at  Seleueia,  Pisidia :  killed  811.  Byzantine 
emperor  802-811.  He  was  at  war  with  Harun- 
al-Kashid  and  with  the  Bulgarians. 

Nicephorus  II.  Phocas.  Born  about  912:  assas- 
sinated 969.  Byzantine  emperor  963-969.  He 
was  distinguished,  both  before  and  after  his  accession,  as 
a  general  in  wars  with  the  Saracens. 

Nicephorus  III.     Byzantine  emperor  1078-81. 

Nicephorus  Bryennius  (bri-en'i-us).  Born  at 
Orestias,  Macedonia:  died  after  1137.  AByzan- 
tine  historian,  husband  of  Anna  Comnena.  He 
wrote  a  Byzantine  history  which  was  completed 
by  his  wife. 

Nicephorus  Callistus  (ka-lis'tus).  Died  in  the 
middle  of  the  14th  century.  A  Byzantine  ec- 
clesiastical historian. 

Nicephorus  Gregoras(greg'o-ras).  Born  in  Asia 
Minor,  1295 :  died  about  1359.  A  IByzantine  his- 
torian.    He  wrote  a  Byzantine  history. 

Nicephorus  Patriarcha  (pa-tri-ar'kii).  Born 
758 :  died  828.  A  Byzantine  historian,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople  806-815.  He  wrote  a  Byzantine  his- 
tory, "Breviarium"  (ed.  by  J.  Bekker),  and  a  chronology. 

Nicetas  Acominatus  (nl-se'tas  a-kom-i-na'tus) 
or  Choniates  (ko-ni'a-tez).  Born  in  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor:  died  at  Nictea,  Bithyuia,  about 
1216.  A  Byzantine  historian.  He  wrote  a  By- 
zantine history  (ed.  by  J.  Bekker). 

Nice  Valour,  The,  or  the  Passionate  Mad- 
man, Aeomedy  by  Fletcher  and  another  (Mid- 
dleton,  according  to  Fleay ),  printed  in  1047,  but 
produced  much  earlier  (before  1624).  In  this 
play  is  "Hence,  all  you  vain  delights,"  a  song  which 
formed  the  basis  of  Milton's  "II  Penseroso." 

Nichol  (nik'ol).  John.  Born  Sept.  8,  1833: 
died  Oct.  11, ■'1894.  A  Scottish  writer  and  lec- 
turer, son  of  J.  P.  Nichol:  professor  of  English 
literature  in  Glasgow  University  from  1861  to 
1889.  He  published  "Fra;;ments  of  Criticism  '  (IHIjO), 
"  English  Composition  "  (1879),  "  The  Death  of  Themisto- 
cles,  and  Other  Poems"  (1881),  "American  Literature :  an 
Historical  Review  "  (1882),  etc. 

Nichol  (nik'ol),  John  Pringle.  BornatBreehin, 
Scotland,  Jan.  13,  1804:  die(i  near  Rothesay, 
Scotland,  Sept.  19, 1859.  A  Scottish  astronomer. 
He  wrote  "Views  of  the  Architecture  of  the  Heavens" 
(1838),  "The  Stellar  Universe"  (1817),  "The  Planetary 
System  "  (1848-60),  etc. 

Nicholas  (nik'o-las),  Saint.  [Prop,  spelled Xic- 
ohis:  F.  Xicolas  (also  Xicole,  whence  E.  JSlcol, 
XicoU,  Xichol,  Xichols,  etc.),  Sp.  Xicolds,  Pg. 
Xicohio,  It.  Xicola,  Xicolo.  T).  Xiklaas,  Khiss,  G. 
XiMoKS,  Xiklas,  Klaus,  Kuss.  Xikolai,  Xilola, 
L.  Xicola  us,  also  Xicolas,  from  Gr.  'SiK6?.aoc, 
later  forms  of  which  are  Ni/cti/'.af  and  N«<i/.tu£', 
victor  of  the  people.]  Lived  about  300  a.  d.  A 
noted  bishop  of  ilyra .  Lycia.  Asia  Minor.  He  has 
been  adopted  as  the  patron  saint  of  Russia,  and  is  also 
regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  seafaring  men,  thieves,  ■\ir- 
gins,  and  children.  He  is  a  prominent  saint  of  the  Greek 
Church,  and  his  festival  is  celebrated  Dec.  6.  He  owes  his 
position  as  Santa  Claus  (corruption  of  Sant  yf>olan^)  to 
the  legend  that  he  wished  to  piesei-ve  the  three  daughters 
of  a  poor  nobleman  from  dishonor  when  the  father,  having 
no  money  for  marri<age  portions,  was  about  to  force  them 
to  support  themselves  by  a  degrading  life.  St.  Nicholas, 
passing  the  house  at  night,  threw  a  purseof  gold  in  at  an 
open  window  forthree  nights  in  succession,thusfurnishing 
a  dowry  for  each  daughter.  On  the  third  night  the  noble- 
man watched  for  and  discovered  him,  but  the  saint  made 
him  promise  not  to  reveal  his  munificence.  From  this  in- 
cident is  said  to  be  derived  the  custom  of  placimx  gifts  in 
the  shoes  or  stockings  of  children  on  the  eve  of  St.  Nich- 
olas's day,  and  attribating  the  gifts  to  Santa  Claus.    The 


Nicholson,  William 


custom  has  in  some  countries  been  transferred  to  ChrisN 
mas.     The  election  of  a  boy  bishop  on  St.  Nicholas's  day 


ne  custom 
in,  but  lin- ,  ,_ 
bolished.  U 
ope  85a- Hi 

ilin^vltb^l 
'seudo-Id-  ^M 

He  was 


(Dec.  6)  is  an  ancient  ceremony.  The  cuStom  prevailed  i 
English  cathedrals,  grammar-schools,  etc.,  but  especially 
at  Salisbury.  The  actors  were  the  choristers,  and  (bebov 
bishop  was  chosen  from  among  them.  He  held  a  bui  lesqu'e 
jurisdiction  until  Innocents'  day  (Dec.  29).  The  ritual  was 
an  exact  burlesque  of  the  episcopal  function,  'the  custom 
died  out  with  the  establishment  of  Protestantism,  but  lin- 
gered in  the  Eton  Montem,  a  celebration  now  abolished. 
Nicholas  I.,  surnamed  '•  The  Great."  Pope  858- 
867.  He  maintained  the  papal  authority  in  dealing>irltb 
Lothair,  king  of  Lonaine.  He  recognized  the  Pseudo-M- 
dorian  Decretals. 

Nicholas  II.  (Gerard).   Pope  105S-61. 

under  the  influence  of  Hildebrand. 
Nicholas  III.  (Giovanni   Gaetano).     Pope 

1277-.S0.    He  belonged  to  the  house  of  Orsiui. 
Nicholas  IV.   (Girolamo   d'Ascoli).     Pope 

1288-92. 

Nicholas  V.  (Tommaso  Parentucelli).  Born 
at  Sarzana.  Italy:  died  March  24,  1455.  Pope 
1447-55.  He  is  noted  for  his  encouragement 
of  learning  and  art. 

Nicholas  V.  Antipope,  elected  in  opposition 
to  John  XXH.  in  1328 :  deposed  in  1330.     • 

Nicholas  I.  Bom  near  St.  Petersburg,  June  25 
lO.  S.),  1796:  died  at  St.  Petersbui'g,  Feb.  18 
(O.  S.),  1855.  Czar  of  Eussia,  third  son  of  Paul 
I.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Alexander  I.  in  1825 ;  carried 
on  a  war  with  Persia  1S26-28,  and  with  Turkey  1S27-29; 
suppressed  the  insurrection  of  Poland  1830-31 ;  aided  Aus- 
tria in  suppressing  the  Hungarian  insurrection  in  1S49; 
and  commenced  war  against  Turkey  in  1853,  which  in  1S64 
involved  him  in  war  also  with  Great  Britain  and  France 
(the  Crimean  war). 

Nicholas  II.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  18, 
1868.  Czar  of  Russia,  son  of  Alexander  III. 
whom  he  succeeded  Nov.  1,  1894.  He  married 
Princess  Alix  of  Hesse,  granddaughter  of  Queen  Victoria, 
Nov.  26,  1894. 

Nicholas,  Grand  Duke.  Bom  July  27  (O.  S.), 
1831:  died  at  Alupka,  Crimea,  April  13,  1891. 
Third  son  of  the  czar  Nicholas.  He  commanded 
the  army  of  the  Danube  in  the  war  against  Turkey  in  1877. 

Nicholas  Nickleby  (nik'l-bi).  A  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens,  first  published  serially  during 

Nicholas  of  Damascus.  Bom  at  Damascns: 
lived  in  the  1st  centiu'y  B.  c.  A  Greek  historian. 
Nicholas  of  Damascus,  the  friend  of  Augustus  and  Hero4 
the  Great,  was  a  ver>-  eminent  and  influential  person,  and 
many  anecdotes  are  tild  about  him,  some  of  them  bein^ 
derived  from  his  autobiography,  a  portion  of  which  hM 
been  preserved. 

Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit  of  Anc.  Greece,  IIL  lit 
UDoiialdsun.) 

Nicholas  of  Strasburg.  Lived  in  the  first  half 
of  the  14th  century.  A  (rennan  mystic  preacher 
at  Strasburg.  Freiburg,  and  elsewhere.  He  was 
appointed  by  Pope  John  XXII.  nuncio  and  superintendent 
of  the  Dominican  monasteries  in  Germany. 

Nichols  (nik'olz),  John.  Born  at  Islington, 
near  London, "Feb.  2,  1(45:  died  Nov.  26,  1826, 
An  English  printer  and  antiquary.  He  was  aa 
apprentice  of  Bowyer.  He  was  editor  of  and  contributor 
to  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine  "  from  1778  until  his  death. 
His  "  Memoirs  of  Bowyer,"  begun  in  1778,  were  expanded 
into  the  "Anecdotes  and  Illustrations."  an  anecdotioid 
literary  history  of  the  18th  century.  He  also  wrote  6to1< 
umes  on  the  "Festivities  of  the  Keigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  1." 

Nichols,  Sir  Richard.    See  Xicolh,  Sir  EicJiard, 

Nichols,  Thomas.  Born  in  Pembrokeshirei 
Wales,  1820 :  died  at  London,  May  14, 1879.  An 
English  writer.  He  was  professor  of  biblical  literature 
at  Carmarthen  College  (1866),  and  was  one  of  the  foundexe 
of  the  L'niversity  of  Wales.  He  published  "  The  Pedigree 
of  the  English  People"  (1868),  etc. 

Nicholson  (nik'gl-sgu).  Sir  Francis.  Died  at 
London,  March  5,  172S.  A  British  colonial  of- 
ficial. He  was  lieutenant-governor,  under  Andros,  of  the 
province  composed  of  the  colonies  north  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  1686-89,  and  represented  him  at  New  York  ;  wasUea- 
teiiant-governor  of  Virginia  1090-94  ;  and  was  governor^ 
Maryland  16 14-98,  of  Virginia  1698-170."),  of  Acadia  171S-11 
and  of  South  Carolina  1721-25.  He  returned  to  Englana 
in  1725. 

Nicholson,  James  William  Augustus.    Bom 

at  Dedham,  Mass.,  March  10, 1821 :  died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  28, 1887.  An  American  admiral.  He 
entered  the  navv  in  1S3S :  was  promoted  commander  in 
1S62  ;  and  served  with  distinction  during  the  Civil  War, 
having  charge  of  the  monitor  Manhattan  under  Earragut 
at  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay  in  1864.  He  was  commissioned 
re.ar-admiral  in  1881. 

Nicholson,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Dec.  11, 1822: 
died  Sept.  23, 1857.  An  English  soldier.  He  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  East  India  Company  in  1839,  and 
in  1840  was  ordered  to  Aighanist.on,  where  he  was  im- 
prisoned two  years  later.  He  served  in  the  Sikh  wars  in 
1845  and  1S4S,  and  in  the  mutiny  of  1857. 

Nicholson,  William.  Born  at  London,  1753: 
died  ]S15.  An  English  physicist  and  chemist^. 
He  published  an  "Introduction  to  Natural  Philosophy" 
(1781)  and  a  translation  of  Voltaire's  "Elements  of  the 
Newtonian  Philosophy."  He  was  connected  with  the  so- 
ciety for  the  encouragement  of  naval  architecture,  estab- 
lished about  1791,  and  in  1800  discovered  the  decomposition 


I 


Nicholson,  William 

of  water  by  galvanism.  "Nicholson's  Journal,"  the  earli- 
est Enslish  journal  of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry, 
waabeRun  iu  17i)7. 

mcholson,  William.  Born  at  Ovingbam,  Dee. 
2a,  1781:  tlied  at  Ediuljurgh,  Aim.  16,  1S44. 
A  Scottish  portrait-painter,  one  of  tne  founders 
aud  the  first  secretary  of  the  Scottish  Academy. 
He  L'tL-hed  portraits  of  distinguished  Scotchmen,  iucluding 
Scott,  J  eltrey,  Burns,  aud  Wilson. 

Nicias  (nisli'i-a.s).  [Gr.  N(K(af.]  Put  to  death 
in  Sicily,  413  b.  c.  An  Athenian  general  and 
politician,  chief  leader  of  the  aristocratic  fac- 
tion in  Athens  in  the  Peloponuesian  War.  He 
commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Syracuse 
416^13. 

Nicias,  Peace  of.  A  truce  between  Athens  and 
Sparta  in  the  Peloponuesian  War,  concluded 
421  B.  c.     It  was  negotiated  mainly  by  Nicias. 

Nicias  (nish'i-as)  of  Athens.  A  Greek  painter, 
a  contemporary  of  Praxiteles.  When  Pi-a-xitelcs  w.as 
mked  which  of  his  works  in  marble  he  valued  most,  he  is 
Ba'.d  to  have  answered, "Those  on  which  Nicias  has  set  his 
mark";  and  I'liny  explains  this  expression  by  the  comment, 
••So  much  importance  did  Praxiteles  attach  to  the  circum- 
lltion  (covering  of  color)  applied  by  Nicias."  This  passage 
was  for  a  long  time  the  principal  foundation  for  the  theory 
that  the  Greeks  painted  their  statues,  which  is  now  eon- 
flrmed  by  the  works  themselves:  the  hair  of  the  Hermes 
of  Praxiteles  had  a  red  color  when  discovered. 

Nick,  Old.     See  Old  Mel:. 

Nicobars  (_uik-o-barz' ),  or  Nicobar  (nik-o-biir') 
Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  situated  in 
le  Bay  of  Bengal,  south  of  the  Andaman  Isl- 
■•  nds,  about  lat.  7°  to  9°  X.  it  is  a  British  posses- 
."ion,  a  dependency  of  the  Andaman  Islands,  annexed  in 
IMiiJ.  Thelargestisland  is  Great  Nicobar.  Are.a,  434  square 
miles.    Population,  about  7,000. 

Nicodemus(nik-o-de'mus).  [Gr.  N'/;(i(!;/«of.]  Iu 
New  Testament  history,  a  member  of  the  San- 
hedrim, a  disciple  who  visited  Jesus  by  night 
as  an  inquirer.  After  the  death  of  Jesus  ho 
contributed  a  mixture  of  aloes  and  myrrh  for 
anointing  the  dead  body. 

Nicol(uik'ol),Erskine.  Bom  at  Leith,  Scotland, 
I  ulv,  1825."  A  British  genre-painter.  He  studied 
it  the  Tnistees  Academy,  Edinburgh;  lived  in  Dublin 
il.out  1845-49 ;  and  removed  from  Edinburgh  to  Lond()n  iu 
i  -0:1.    ilany  of  his  works  have  been  engraved. 

Nlcol  (nik'ol),  William.  Bom  about  1768:  died 
:  t  Edinbiu'gh,  1851  (?).  A  British  inventor  and 
.  xperitnenter  in  natural  philosophy.  In  1828  he 
iiivented  the  prism  for  polarizing  light,  named  from  him 
the  Nicol  prism,  or  nieol.  Uis  life  was  almost  entirely 
spent  in  his  laboratory  at  Edinburgh. 

Kicolai  (iiik'6-li ).  Christoph  Friedrich.  Bom 

at  Berlin,  March  IS,  1733:  died  Jan.  6,  1811. 
A  German  author  and  bookseller.  He  edited  the 
periodical  ".Allgt-nieine  deutsehe  Bibliothek,"  aiMl  wrote 
"  Anekdoten  voii  Friedriehll. "(1788-92),  the  novel  "  Leben 
u  iid  MeiiMingen  des  Herru  Slagisters  Sebaldus  Nothauker  " 
(1773-70),  etc. 

He  was  the  literary  associate  of  Lessing  and  Moses  Men- 
dclsiiohn  in  the  "Letters  eoncerning  Recent  (Jcrman  Lit- 
erature"and  the  "Universal  German  Lihr;uy,"  putilislied 
between  17-"i9  and  1792.  .  .  .  Soon  after  tlic  api)i*aiiuice  itf 
Goethe's  "Sorrows  of  Werther,"  Nicolai  published  a  mali- 
cious and  rather  sttipid  parody  entitled  "I  he  .loys  of  Wer- 
ther." .  .  .  He  has  been  called  the  Krz-1'liilister- the 
arch-reprcseiitative  of  thecommonplaee,  conveiitioiiid  ele- 
ment intiermanliteratnre.  .  .  .  (Joethewas  provoked  into 
using  the  only  weapon  which  he  considered  llttin;,'  —  riili- 
cule;  and  he  was  assisted  by  Niccdai's  own  indiscretion. 
The  latter,  whose  literary  materialism  was  his  prominent 
■  luality,— who  fought  the  spiritual  element  as  Luther 
fiiught  the  devil,  -was  visited  in  1701  with  an  avenging 
malady.  He  was  troubled  by  appaiitions  of  persons  living 
;uid  dt'iid.  who  filled  his  room,  and  for  several  weeks  con- 
tinued to  haunt  and  titrment  him  although  he  knew  them 
to  be  phantasms.  He  was  finally  relieved  by  the  application 
of  leeches  about  the  end  of  the  spine,  whence  Goethe's  term 
i'roktophantasmist  |in  "Faust"],  which  may  be  delicately 
Manslated  as  "Rump-visionary."  .  .  .  He  died  in  l.sll, 
liter  having  seen  himself  pilloried  in  the  "  Walpurgis- 
Night."  B.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Kaust. 

Kicolai,  Otto.  Bom  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
.hine  !»,  ISIO:  died  at  Berlin.  May  11,  1849.  A 
(ii-rm;iii  compo.sor  and  coinluctor.  He  founded 
tile  I'hilharmoide  concerts  at  \'ieTHia  (181'J)  during  the 
period  (1811-17)  when  he  wjus  kapillmeister  of  the  court 
opera  there.  His  chief  work,  a  comic  operji,  "I*le  lustigen 
Wciber  von  Windsor"  ("The  Alerry  Wives  of  Windsor"), 
was  produced  in  1819. 

Nicolas.     See  Niclmlds. 

Nicolas  (nik'o-las').  Sir  Nicholas  Harris:  usu- 

allykiuiwnas  Sir  Harris  Nicolas.  Born  March 
10,  17'.l!l;  diet!  near  Boulogne,  Prance,  Aug.  3, 
1S4S.  ,\n  Knglish  antiqnai'y  and  hisloriiin.  Ho 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  18:;.^.  Ho 
piil'lif^he<l"Notitia  nistorlea"(18'24  :  republished  as  "The 
t'brouiilogyof  History"  183.^,-r>l),  "Synoi>8lsof  the  Peerage 
of  England"  (ISjr.),  the  "History  of  the  (Irders  of  Kidglit- 
hoodof  the  British  Empire  "(1841-2),andthe"De8patcheB 
and  Letters  of  Admiral  Lord  Viscount  Nelson  "  (1844^0). 
NiCOlay  (nik'6-la),  John  George.  Born  in  Oer- 
niiiny.  1M3'_':  (iicl  Sept.  2(i,  UlOl.  An  Aiiiericnn 
author,  jtrivato  secretary  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
18()l)-fi5,  joint  author  with  John  Hay  of  it  "  Life 
ol'  ,'\braliam  Lincoln''  (1890),  and  editor  willi 
liny  of  Lincoln's  "  ('oinplete  Works  "  (|8!M;. 
c.—  17 


737 

Nicolini,  Madame.     See  Patti. 

Nicolls  (nik'olz).  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Ampt- 
hill,  Bedfordshire,  England,  1624:  died  May 
28,  1672.  The  first  English  colonial  governor 
of  New  York.  He  served  under  the  royal  standard  in 
the  English  civil  war,  and  was  appointed  gentleman  of  tlie 
bedchamber  to  the  Duke  of  York  at  the  Restoration.  Ue 
was  chief  of  the  commission  sent  to  New  England  to  or- 
ganize an  attack  on  New  Netherland  in  1604 ;  and  on  the 
surrender  of  the  Dutch  in  that  year  became  governor 
of  the  conquered  province,  which  he  renamed  New  York 
from  his  patron,  the  Duke  of  York.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  lotw,  and  resumed  his  former  ijnsitinn  in  the  duke's 
household.  He  fell  in  the  naval  battle  with  De  Kuyter, 
Jlay  '28,  1072. 

Nicol6  de'  Lapi  (ne-k6-16'  da  la'pe).  A  novel 
by  Azeglio,  published  in  1841. 

Nicolosi  (ne-ko-lo'se).  A  town  in  Sicily,  at  the 
southern  foot  of  Sfount  Etna.  It  is  the  usual 
starting-point  of  ascents  of  Etiui. 

Nicomachean  Ethics.    An  ethical  treatise  by 

Aristotle. 

Nicom^de  (ue-ko-mad').  A  play  by  Coraeille, 
produced  in  1651. 

Nicomedia(nik-o-me'di-a).  [Gr.  N(Kop;(5f(a.]  In 
ancient  geography,  the  capital  of  Bithynia,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  an  arm  of  the  Propontis  {Sea 
of  Marmora),  in  l.at.  40^48'  X.,long.  29°  58'  E. 
It  was  built  by  Niet>medea  I.,  king  of  Bithynia,  and  was 
the  residence  of  Diocletian,  Consfantine,  and  other  Ro- 
man emperors.     The  modern  Ismid  is  on  its  site. 

Nicomedia,  Gulf  of.  The  eastern  ])rolongatiou 
of  theaSea  of  Marmora  :  also  called  the  Gulf  of 
Ismid. 

Nicopoli.    See  NikopoU. 

Nicopolis  (ni-kop'o-lis).  [Gr.  N/zttiTo?.;?,  city  of 
victory.]  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  iu 
Epirus,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Arta  iu 
lat.  39°  N.,  long.  20°  43' E.  It  was  founded  by  Oct.a- 
vian  in  commemoration  of  his  victory  at  Actium  :il  li.  o. 
The  site  contains  many  Roman  antiquities. 
2.  An  ancient  city  in  Cappadocia,  founded  by 
Pompcy  on  accoimt  of  his  defeat  of  Mithridtites 
66  B.  c. — 3.  An  ancient  city  near  Alexandria, 
founded  by  Augustus  on  account  of  his  defeat 
of  Antony.  — 4.  An  ancient  city  north  of  Tir- 
nova,  Bulgaria,  founded  by  Trajan  on  account 
of  his  defeat  of  the  Dacians. 

Nicosia  (ne-ko-se'ii),  orLefkosia,  orLevkosia 
(lef-ko-se'ii).  The  capital  of  Cyprus,  situated 
on  the  river  Pedias  in  the  interior  of  the  island. 
The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia  is  a  three-aisled  church  in  the 
best  French  Pointed  style  (now  a  mosque).  It  contains 
several  tombs  of  the  Liisiguan  kings  who  were  crowned 
here.    Population  (1891),  1'2,51G. 

Nicosia.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Catania, 
Sicilv,  40  miles  west-northwest  of  Catania. 
Popiilatiou  (1881),  14,941;  commune,  15.4()(). 

NiCOt  (ne-ko'),  Jean,  SieurdeVillemain.  Born 
at  Nimes,  France,  1530:  died  at  Paris,  May  5, 
1600.  AFrenchdiplomatist  and  scholar.  Hein- 
troduced  the  use  of  t^jbacco  from  Portugal  into  France. 
The  genus  Nict>tiatm  and  the  substance  nicotine  were 
named  from  him. 

Nicotera  (ne-ko'te-rii).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catanz.aro,  Calabria,  Italy,  34  miles 
north-northeast  of  Reggio.  PoptUatiou  (1881), 
4,941. 

Nicotera,  Baron  Gio'vanni.  Bom  at  San-Biase, 
Calabria,  Sept.  9,  182S:  died  at  Vico  Eciuense, 
near  Naples,  Juno  13,  1894.  An  Italian  poli- 
tici:ltl.  He  became  In  his  youth  a  member  of  "Young 
Italy,"  partit:ipatcd  in  the  rising  iu  t'alabria  in  184.S,  and 
afterward  served  under  Mazzini  and  (iaribaldl.  He  wjis 
minister  of  the  interior  1870-77  and  lsi)l-:i2. 

Nicoya  (ne-ko'yii).  A  peninsula  on  the  western 
coast  of  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Nicoya,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  I'acific Ocean, 
sotitheast  of  the  peninsnhi  of  Nicoya. 

Nictheroy  (ne-ta-ro'e)-  orNitherohi.  Thecapi- 
tal  until  1894  of  the  state  of  b'io  do  Janeiro, 
situated  on  Iho  Bay  of  Kio  de  Jtiiieiro  o|iposite 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  it  figured  promincnilv  in  the  civil 
war  of  1883-04.    (See  ilcth.)    Population,  abiiut  10,wi0. 

Nicudje.    Hco  Missfiia-i. 

Nicuesa(ne-ko-a'Hii),  Diego  de.  Bom  at  Bai-za 
about  1465:  died  Marcli  (f),  1511.  A  Spanish 
commnnilor.  He  went  to  Espailolaln  l.'.O'J,  was  subse- 
quently agent  of  the  coloidsts  in  Spain,  aiul  in  lf>08  was  em- 
powered to  contpler  and  govern  t'astillii  del  4)ro,  corre- 
sponding to  the  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  and  Cen- 
tral .America  from  the  (Jtdf  of  Darlen  to  Capo  Oraelas  a 
Dies:  at  file  same  time  OJcda  reeelveil  the  a<lJoining 
provim-e  of  Nueva  Andalucia  in  South  Anierica.  Sicucsa 
left  Santo  Domingo  aliont  .Ian..  l.'ilO,  with  ft  vcBsels  and 
Or»n  (or  7H5  ?)  men.  He  lost  his  larger  ships,  was  wrecked, 
and  enilnred  terrllib-  Hultcrings  at  Nombre  de  Dios:  only 
100  men  survived.  Coltiieiiares,  on  lilswav  with  reinforce- 
mi-nts  for  Nleuesa,  touched  at  Antigua,  where OJedas col- 
ony had  liecn  left  without  a  coinmainler.  The  colonists 
sent  messengers  to  NitMu-sa,  ollcring  to  accept  him  as 
governor;  but  he  acted  in  such  an  ovt-rliearlng  nuuiiier 
that  on  his  arrival  at  Antigua  the  (*idoidstH  rebelled.  Hu 
was  forced  to  sail  away  in  a  rotten  ship,  ami  was  never 
heard  of  again. 


Niemen 

Nidd  (nid).  A  small  river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, a  tributary  of  the  Ouse.  Its  picturesque 
valley  is  called  Nidderdale. 

Nidhug  (nid'hog).  In  Scandinavian  mythology, 
;i  serjient  in  the  lower  world. 

Nidwalden  (ned'viil-den),  or  Nid'wald  (ned'- 
viiUl).  A  half-canton  of  the  canton  of  Unter- 
Wiilden,  Switzerland.  ItformBthenorthcrnpartof  the 
canton.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  -Vational  t'ouncU. 
l)n  the  reconstitution  of  Switzerland  iji  1798  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Helvetic  Kepublic,  the  inhabitants  resisted 
the  new  order  of  things,  but  were  repressed  Ijy  the  Frenclu 
Area,  112  square  miles.    See  further  under  UnUrwald^n. 

Niebuhr  (ne'bor),  Barthold  Georg.    Bom  at 

Copenhagen,  Aug.  27,  1770:  died  at  Bonn,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  2,  1831.  A  celebrated  German  histo- 
rian, philologist,  and  critic,  son  of  Karstens 
Niebuhr.  He  was  in  the  civil  service  of  Denmark  until 
1806,  and  in  that  of  l*i-ussia  lSOO-10;  was  lecturer  at  the 
Cniversity  of  Berlin ;  was  Prussian  ambassador  at  Rome 
1810-2:1 ;  and  became  lecturer  at  the  University  of  Bonn 
in  18'23.  His  chief  work,"  RbmischeGesehichte  "("Itomau 
Historj',"  3  vols.  1811-32  :  Eng.  trans,  by  Hate  and  Thirt- 
wall),  on  the  earlier  history  of  Rome,  produced  a  revolu- 
tion in  the  study  of  Roman  history.  His  "Kleinc  Schrif- 
ten  "  ("  Minor  Writings  ")  were  pu))lished  lS'28-43.  See 
his  correspondence  in '■Lebensnaehrichten"  (1838:  Eng- 
lish version  by  Miss  Winkworth  1852). 

Niebuhr,  Karstens.  Bom  at  Liidingworth,  in 
Hadeln,  Prussia,  March  17,  1733 :  died  at  Mel- 
dorf,  Prussia,  April  26,  1815.  A  German  trav- 
eler in  Arabia  and  the  East  1761-67.  He  wTote 
••'Beschreibung  von  Arabien  "  ("  Description  of  Arabia. *' 
1772),  "  Rcisebeschreibinig  von  Arabien  und  andcru  um- 
liegenden  Landern  "  ("Descriplitm  of  Travels  in  Arabia 
and  other  Neighboring  Lands,"  1774-78). 

Niederbronn  (ne'der-bron).  A  town  in  Lower 
Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  25  miles  north  of 
Strasliurg.     Population  (1890),  3,029. 

Niedermendig  (ne'der-men-diG).  A  place  in 
tlie  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  west  of  Coblenz. 
It  is  noti'cl  for  its  <|uaiTies  of  basaltic  lava. 

Niedermeyer  (ne'der-mi-er),  Louis.  Born  at 
Nyon,  Switzerland,  April  27, 1.S02:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, March  14,  1861.  ASwisscomposerof sacred 
music,  and  of  melodies  for  the  poems  of  Lamar- 
tine,  Victor  Hugo,  Deschamps.  etc.  He  was  not 
suceesSful  in  opera,  though  "Stradella"  (1837X  "Marie 
Stuart*  (lSt4),  etc.,  may  be  mentioned. 

Niederwald  (uo'der-viilt).  A  spur  of  the  Tau- 
nus,  situated  iu  Prussia,  near  the  Rhine,  oppo- 
site Bingen.  it  rises  to  the  height  of  1,080  feet  above 
sea-level.  A  national  moimment  lias  been  erected  on  It 
in  commemorati<»n  of  the  German  triimiph  over  France  in 
1870-71,  ami  tif  the  foundation  of  the  new  German  F.mpire. 
Itwasdesigned  by  Schilling,  and  inaugurateilin  lh83.  when 
^n  unsueeessful  attempt  was  made  on  the  life  vt  the  em- 
peror William.  It  consists  of  a  statue,  33  feet  high,  of 
Germania  as  a  robust  woman  holding  aloft  the  imperial 
crown,  and  standingon  amonuniental  pedestal  78feet  high. 
The  die  bears  inscriptions,  and  in  front  of  its  base,  which 
is  carved  with  the  escutcheons  of  the  Gcnnan  states,  is 
placed  the  Prussian  eagle.  At  the  front  angWs  of  the  large 
basement  from  which  the  die  rises  stand  the  angels  of 
War  and  Peace.  The  large  relief  of  the  front  inchules  por- 
traits of  the  emperor  William  I.  with  the  German  princes 
and  generals  and  soldiers  of  the  different  lU-ms  ;  and  the 
reliefs  of  the  sides  represent  the  departure  anil  return  of 
the  soldiers.  Itelow.  in  fnnit.  isa  gronpof  sculpture  rep- 
resenting the  lihine  and  tlie  Moselle. 

Niedner  (ned'uer),  Christian Wilhelm.   Born 

at  Oberwinkel,  near  Waldenburg,  Aug.  9,  1797: 
died  at  Berlin.  Aug.  13.  1805.  A  German  Prot- 
estant church  historian,  professor  at  Berlin  from 
18:59.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Lehrbiich  der  christ- 
lichen  Kirchengeschichte  "  (1840). 
Niel  (ne-el'l,  Adolphe.  Born  at  Muret.  France, 
Oct.  4,  1802:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13,  1809.  A 
French  marshal.  Hewasdistlngnlsbed  in  theCrimean 
war(particularly  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  In  1855).  and  In 
the  battles  of  Magenta  and  Solferino  iu  1859.  lie  was 
minister  of  war  1807-69. 

Niemann  (ne'miin),  Albert.  Bom  at  Erxloben, 
near  Magdeburg,  Jan.  15,  1831.  A  noted  Ger- 
man tenor  singer.  He  first  went  on  the  stage  as  an 
actor  In  1849.  His  musical  talent  was  discovered,  and  ho 
was  llnally  sent  to  Paris,  through  the  kindness  of  the  King 
of  Hainiover,  to  study  with  Du])rez.  He  is  successftll  In 
Wa-^'iicr's  opeias  and  in  heroic  parts. 

Niembsch  von  Strehlenau  (nempsli  fon  stru'- 
liii-(jii),  Nikolaus:  jisindonym  Nikolaus 
Lenau.  Born  at  Csatad,  Hungary.  Aug.  13, 
18112  :  dieil  near  Vienna,  Aug.  2'2,  1850.  Au  Aus- 
Iriau  Jioel.  Among  his  poems  are  "Faust"  (183SX 
".Savonarola"  (1837),  "  Die  Alldgenser  "  (1S42).  etc. 

Niemcewicz  (nyem-ise'vich),  Julian  Ursin, 

Born  at  Skoki,  Lithuiiuia,  1758:  died  at  Paris, 
May  21,  1841.  A  Polish  poet,  novelist,  histo- 
rian, and  clramalist.  Among  his  works  arc  "Kistorl- 
eal  .Songs  of  the  Poles"  (ISIO),  "lllst.iryof  the  Reign  of 
King  Sigismuml  111.  of  Poland  "  (1819).  etc. 
Niemen  (ue'meii ;  I'ol.  iirou.  uyem'en).  A  river 
ill  western  Russia  and  tlie  province  of  East  Pnis- 
sitl.  It  rises  in  I  he  government  of  Minsk,  and  empties  by 
several  nioullis  into  (he  Kurischeg  ilair  Tto  miles  north, 
east  of  Konigsberg.  Length,  about  .'>oo  miles  ;  nnvigablo 
from  Qrodno,  and  for  steamers  from  Koriiu.    See  J/rinW. 


Niemeyer 

Niemever  (ne  'mi-er ),  August  Hermann.  Bom 
at  Hafle,  Prussia,  Sept.  1,  1754 :  died  at  Mag- 
deburg, Prussia,  July  7, 182S.  A  Germau  theo- 
logian, sacred  poet,  and  writer  on.  pedagogies. 
He  became  chancellor  and  rector  perpetuus  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Halle  in  180S,  and  was  made  a  member  of  the 
consistory  at  Magdeburg  in  181C.  Among  his  works  are 
"Charakteristik  der  Bibel"  (1775-82),  "Grundsatze  der 
Erzieliung  und  des  Unterrlchts"  (1796),  "Eeligibse  Ge- 
dichte"(1814). 

Nienburg-on-the-'Weser  (nen '  boro  -  on  -  tho  - 

vii'zer).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hanno- 
ver, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser  28  miles 
northwest  of  Hannover.  Population  (1890). 
7,808. 

Niepce  (ne-eps'),  Joseph  Nicephore._  Born  at 
Chalon-sur-Saone,  France,  March  7,  1765:  died 
at  Gras,  near  Chalon,  July,  18o3.  A  French  in- 
ventor, associated  with  Daguen'e  in  the  inven- 
tion of  photography. 

Nierstein  (ner'stin).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rhine  Hesse,  Hesse,  on  the  Rliine  9 
miles  south-southeast  of  Mainz.  It  is  noted  for 
its  wines. 

Niesen  (ne'zen).  A  noted  summit  in  tlie  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  15  miles  west  by 
south  of  Interlaken.     Height,  7,763  feet. 

Nietzsche   (netz'she),  Friedrich   Wilhelm. 

Born  near  Liitzen,  Saxony,  Oct.  15,  1844:  died 
Aug.  '25,  1900.  A  noted  German  philosopher, 
prof  essor  of  classical  philology  at  Basel  1869-80. 
Among  his  works  are  "Morgenrbte"  (1881),  "Die  froh- 
liclie  Wissenschaft  "  (1882),  "Also  sprach  Zarathustra  " 
(1883-85),  ".Tenseits  vonGut  und  Bose"  (1886),  etc. 

M'ieuhof(noi'h6f),Johan  Jacob.  Bom  in  West- 
phalia about  1610:  died  on  the  coast  of  Malabar, 
Sept.  29  (?),  1672.  A  German  in  the  service  of 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  and  later  in 
that  of  the  East  India  Company.  He  tr.<iveled  ex- 
tensively in  northeastern  Brazil  and  in  the  East  Indies  and 
China.  From  1657  to  1672  he  was  governor  of  Ceylon. 
Nieuhof  was  probably  murdered  by  the  natives  of  the 
Malabar  coast.  His  "Gedenkwaei-dige  Zee  en  Lantreize 
door  de  voornaemste  Landschappen  van  West  en  Oost  lu- 
dien  "  was  published  in  1682. 

Nieuport(nye-p6r'),orNieuwport(nyiiv'p6rt). 

A  small  town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders, 
Belgium,  on  the  Yser  21  miles  west-southwest 
of  Bruges.  Here,  July  2,  1600.  the  Dutch  under  Mau- 
rice of  Xassau  defeated  the  Spaniards  under  the  archduke 
Albert. 

Nieuwveld  (nyev'velt)  Mountains.  A  name 
given  to  a  division  of  the  main  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Cape  Colony,  situated  about  long.  22°  E. 

Nlevre  (nyavr).  A  department  in  France,  cor- 
responding mainly  to  the  ancient  Nivernais. 
Capital,  Nievre.  It  is  bounded  by  Yonne  on  the 
north,  Cote-d'Or  and  Saone-et- Loire  on  the  east,  Saone-et- 
Loire  and  AUieron  the  south,  and  Cher  on  the  west.  It  is 
traversed  from  southeast  to  northwest  by  the  chain  of  the 
Morvan.  The  chief  productions  are  coal  and  timber,  and 
there  are  noted  iron-works.  Area,  2,712  square  miles.  I'op- 
ulation  (1891),  343.5S1. 

Kiezhin.     See  A*er7«H. 

Niffer.    See  Kipjiur. 

Niflheim  (nif'1-him).  [ON.  Niflheimr.']  losthe 
Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  cold  world  of  fog  in 
the  north.  In  the  midst  was  the  spring  Hvergelmir,  out 
of  which  flowed  ten  rivers,  the  Elivagar  (ON.  Elioaijar). 

Niflhel  (nif'l-hel).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, the  realm  of  the  goddess  Hel ;  the  abode 
of  the  dead,  it  was  situated  below  the  earth.  The 
swift  river  Slid  (ON.  Slidhr,  also  called  Gj'jli:\nii  Geirkvi- 
mul),  which  ran  overabedof  swords,  surrounded  it.  It  was 
appruached  by  a  bridge  at  whose  end  wiitched  the  maiden 
Modgtid  (ON.  Modhgudhr).  A  wall  inclosed  the  whole 
realm,  to  which  the  gate  Helgrind  (ON.  Uchjrindr)  alone 
gave  admittance.  Niflhel  was  originally  the  aljode  of  all 
the  dead.  In  later  mythology  only  it  is  made  a  place  of 
misery. 

Ifiger  (ni'jer),  called  also  Joliba  (jori-bil), 
Kworra  or  Quorra  (kwor'ij),  Mayo  (mii'yo), 
etc.  [Prob.  same  as  L.  Xigris  (Pliny)  and  Gr. 
Niytip  (Ptolemy),  applied  vaguely  to  a  large  river 
in  Africa.  Joliha  and  Kworra  are  modern  Afri- 
can names.]  One  of  the  three  chief  rivers  of 
Africa.  The  source  of  the  main  heafl  stream,  theTcmbi, 
is  about  lat.  8°  30'  N.,  long.  10°  30'  W.  It  flows  generally 
northeast  to  near  Timbuktu,  east  to  long.  0°,  then  south- 
southeast  and  south,  and  empties  by  a  delta  into  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea  about  lat.  4°-5°  N.,  long.  ff-V  E.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  Binue.  It  was  first  visited  bv  Slungo  Park  in 
17i)B.  There  is  still  an  unexploreil  portion  in  its  middle 
couise.     Length,  about  2,000  miles. 

Nigeria  (ni-je'ri-a).  The  official  name  of  the 
Niger  Territories,  which  see. 

Niger  Territories.  A  British  protectorate  in 
western  Africa  Ijetween  the  French  and  (?!ei-- 
man  spheres,  it  includes  Sokoto,  a  part  of  lionni,  a 
part  of  Borgu,  etc.,  and  extends  along  the  coast  from 
Lai.'os  to  Kamerun.  It  is  oflficially  named  Nigeria,  and 
is  ilivided  for  .administrative  purposes  into  Northern 
Nigeria  and  Southern  Nigeria.  The  estimated  aiea  is 
over  300,000  square  luiles  and  the  population  about 
26,000,000. 


738 

Nighantu  (ni-g-han'to).  [Skt..,  corrupted  from 
ni(irantku,  strung  together,  ranked.]  In  San- 
skrit, any  glossary,  but  especially  the  Vedic 
glossary  explained  by  Yaska  in  his  Nirukti :  in 
this  sense  usually  plural  (Nighantavas)  as  em- 
braeing'five  books.  The  first  three  contain  synonyms, 
the  fourth  a  list  of  specially  difficult  words,  and  the  fifth 
a  classification  of  the  divine  personages  who  figure  in  the 
Veda. 

Night  and  Morning.    A  novel  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 

ton,  published  in  1841. 

Nightingale  (nit'ing-gal),  Florence.    Bom  at 

Florence,  May,  1820.  An  English  philantlu-o- 
pist.  She  inspected  schools  and  hospitals  in  England 
and  afterward  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  and  finally  decided 
to  become  a  hospital  nurse.  She  is  especially  celebrated 
for  her  noble  services  at  Scutari  during  the  Crimean  war, 
1854-56.  Her  health  suffered  severely  from  the  contin- 
ued strain  and  her  unselfish  devotion.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  she  was  enabled  by  a  testimonial  fund  to  found 
an  institution  for  the  training  of  mu'ses,  the  Nightingale 
Home  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  She  was  also  the  means 
of  calling  attention  to  the  unsanitary  conditions  of  camp 
hospitals,  etc.  She  published  "The  Institution  at  Kais- 
erswerth  on  the  Khine  "  (18S0),  "Notes  on  Hospitals" 
(1859),  "Notes  on  Nursing "(1860),  "Observ.ations  on  the 
Sanitary  State  of  the  Army  in  India"  (180:j),  etc. 

Nightmare  Abbey.  A  novel  by  Thomas  Love 
Peacock,  published  in  1818. 

Night  Thoughts.  A  meditative  poem  on  reli- 
gion and  morality,  by  Edward  Young  (1742-46). 
Its  whole  title  is  "  The  Complaint,  or  Night  Thoughts." 

The  extraordinary  vogue  of  "Night  Thoughts,"  which 
lasted  for  a  century,  has  succumbed  to  a  series  of  vigorous 
attacks  in  our  own  age,  and  Young  is  now  in  danger  of 
being  underrated, 

Gosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  213. 

Night  Walker,  The,  or  the  Little  Thief.    A 

comedy  by  Fletcher  and  Shirley,  licensed  iu 
1633,  printed  in  1640  as  by  Fletcher  only.  This 
piny  has  been  incorrectly  conjectured  to  be  the  same  as 
"  The  Devil  of  Dowgate,  or  Tsury  put  to  IVl,"  which  was 
licensed  in  1023. 

Night-Watch,  The,  or  Sortie  of  the  Banning 
Cock  Company.  A  masterpiece  by  Kembrandt 
(1642),  in  the  Eijks  Museum  at  Amsterdam,  it 
represents  an  assembly  of  the  civic  guard  (by  daylight), 
with  their  officers,  banner,  and  drummer.  .\li  the  figures 
are  portraits,  full  of  life  and  spirit ;  and  the  picture  is  ad- 
mirable in  light  and  color. 

Nigra  (ne'gra),  Coimt  Costantino.  Born  at 
Castellamonte,  near  I\Tea,  Italy,  June  12,  1827. 
An  Italian  diplomatist.  He  served  in  1848  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  Sardinian  army  against  the  Austrians,  but 
afterward  entered  the  diplomatic  service,  and  acted  as 
secretary  to  Count  Cavour  at  the  Congress  of  Paris  in 
1856.  He  was  for  many  years  Italian  ambassador  at  Paris, 
and  held  the  same  position  at  St.  Petersburg  1S76-S2,  and 
at  Loudon  1882-85. 

Nigritia  (ni-grish'i-a).  [NL.,  'land  of  the 
blacks,'  from  L.  niger,  black.]  A  name  for- 
merly given  to  the  Sudan. 

Nigritic  (tribes  and  languages).  See  Negro  race, 
and  African,  ctlinograplu/  (under  Africa). 

Nihaloitih.     See  Echeloot. 

Nihilists  (ni'hil-ists).  The  adherents  of  nihil- 
ism. Nihilism  was  originally  a  social  (not  a  political) 
movement  iu  Russia,  in  opposition  to  the  customary  forms 
of  matrimony,  the  parental  authority,  and  the  tyranny  of 
custom;  later,  a  more  or  less  organized  secret  effort  on  the 
part  of  a  large  body  of  malcontents  to  overturn  the  estab- 
lished order  of  things,  both  social  and  political.  In  the 
former  sense  the  word  was  introduced  by  Turgenieff  in 
1862.  Nihilism  comprises  several  Russian  parties,  differ- 
ing in  the  means  of  action  employed  and  iu  the  immedi- 
ate results  aimed  at,  some  leaning  more  toward  political 
radicalism  and  violence,  and  oUiers  toward  economic  re- 
organization and  socialism.  The  movement  originated 
about  1840,  and  is  due  largely  to  the  influence  of  the  uni- 
versities. About  1855-62  it  became  increasingly  demo- 
cratic, socialistic,  and  revolutionary  under  the  leadership 
of  Herzen  and  the  magazine  "Contemporiiry."  About 
1870  revolutionary  ideas  became  the  subject  of  a  propa- 
ganda among  workmen,  peasants,  and  students.  The  ad- 
herents of  this  movement  formed  a  "people's  party" 
("  Land  and  Freedom  ")  purposing  the  complete  over- 
tlirow  of  the  existing  order  of  things  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  socialistic  and  democratic  order  in  its  stead. 
Lender  the  influence  of  Bakunin  (died  1870),  and  the  per- 
secution of  peaceful  propagandists  by  the  government, 
the  people's  party  divided  into  two  factions  —  the  "democ- 
ratization of  land  "  and  the  "  will  of  the  people,"  the  lat- 
ter being  the  stronger.  This  party  was  by  goveinnu-iit 
persecutions  driven  to  a  political  contest,  and  the  idea  of 
demoralizing  the  forces  of  the  government  by  terror  ori- 
ginated and  became  popular:  the  adherents  of  this  system 
called  themselves  "  terrorists."  After  several  unsuccess- 
ful attempts,  they  effected  the  death  of  the  czar  Alexan- 
der II.  in  1881. 

Niigata  (ne-e-ga'ta).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Eehigo,  main  island  of  Japan,  situated 
on  the  western  coast  in  lat.  37°  57'  N.,long. 
139°  3'  E.  It  is  open  to  foreign  eommeroe. 
Population  (1891),  47,019. 

Nijar  (ne-nar').  A  town  in  the  pi'o\-ince  of  Al- 
meria,  southern  Spain,  16  miles  east-northeast 
of  Almeria.     Population  (1887),  14,221. 

Nijkerk  (ni'kerk).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Gelderland,  Netherlands,  27  miles  east-south- 
east of  Amsterdam.     Population  (1889),  7,724. 


Nikolaievsk 

Nijmegen.     See  Ximwegcn. 

Nijne-Tagilsk  (nezh'ne-ta-gilsk').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Perm,  eastern  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagil  135  miles  east  of  Perm,  it  is 
the  chief  town  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  the  center  of  a  rich 
mining  district  for  iron,  gold,  copper,  and  platinum,  and 
is  noted  for  its  iron-works  (foundeil  liy  Demidoff).  Popu- 
lation of  the  mining  district,  about  30,000. 

Nijni-Lomoflf  (nezh'ni-lom'ot).  A  town  in  the 
■  government  of  Penza,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Lomoff  (54  miles  northwest  of  Penza.  Popu- 
lation. 9,482. 

Nuni-Novgorod,orNijniy-Novgorod,or  Nizh- 
ni-Novgorod (nezh'ni-nov'go-rod).  1.  A  gov- 
ernment of  central  Russia.  It  is  surrounded  by  Kos- 
troma, Vyatka,  Kazan,  Simbirsk,  Penza,  Tamboff,  and 
Vladimu-.  The  surface  is  generally  flat.  The  government 
has  considerable  commerce  and  manufactures.  Ai-ea 
19,797  square  miles.     Population  (1893),  1,586,704.  ' 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Nijni-Nov- 
gorod,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Oka  with 
the  Volga,in  lat.  56°  19'  N.,  long.  44°  E.  its  fa- 
mous  fair,  the  largest  in  the  world,  heUi  annually  in  Aug. 
and  .Sept..  is  frequented  by  from  200,000  to  ;i00,000  mer- 
chants from  Russia  and  western  and  central  Asia.  The 
chief  articles  of  trade  are  cotton,  woolen,  iron,  corn,  gait, 
tea,  furs,  silk,  and  manufactured  goods  of  all  kinds.  The 
fair  was  transferred  hither  from  Slakarieff  in  1817.  The 
town  has  .also  an  annual  fair  for  wooden  wares,  and  one  for 
the  sale  of  horses.  It  is  the  center  of  steam  navigation  of 
the  Volga.  It  was  plundered  by  the  Mongols  in  1378  ;  was 
united  to  Moscow  in  1390  ;  and  took  the  lead  under  Minin 
in  1612  in  freeing  Moscow  from  the  Poles.  Population 
(1897),  98.503. 

Nika  (ne'ka),  or  Manika  (mii-ne'ka).  The 
Bantu  tribe  inbabiting  Mashonaland. 

Nike(ni'ke).  [Gr.  N//.7/,the  personification  of  vic- 
torj'.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  vic- 
tory: called  by  the  Romans  Victoria.  She  was 
regularly  represented  in  ancient  art  as  a  winged  maiden, 
usually  as  just  alighting  from  flight,  her  most  frequent  .at- 
tributes being  a  palm-branch  in  one  hand  and  a  garland  in 
the  other,  or  a  fillet  outstretched  in  both  hands:  some- 
times she  holds  a  herald's  staff. 

Nike.  ^Vn  original  statue  by  Pseonius,  in  the 
museum  at  OljTnpia,  dedicated  in  the  Altis  by 
the  Messenians  about  420  B.  c.  The  goddess  is  rep- 
resented as  sweeping  through  the  air,  with  drapery  pressed 
to  her  form  and  streaming  behind  in  the  wind. 

Nike  Apteros,  or  Wingless  Victory,  Temple 

of.  A  beautiful  little  Ionic  amphiprostyle  tetra- 
style  temple  at  Athens,  measuring  18  by  27  feet, 
standing  on  a  high  stone  platform  projecting- 
beyond  the  Propylfea.  The  columns  are  is;  feet  high. 
The  frieze  is  sculptured  iu  high  relief  with  gods  on  the 
east  and  with  .Athenian  martial  exploits  on  the  other  sides. 
The  platform  of  this  temple  was  surrounded  with  a  marble 
balustrade  on  which  were  carved  Victories,  among  them 
the  famous  relief  of  "Victoi^  loosing  her  Sandal."  The  tem- 
ple was  pulled  down  by  the  Turks,  and  its  materials  buried 
under  the  works  of  a  battery  :  they  were  found  in  1835,  al- 
most complete,  by  German  scholars,  and  restored  to  their 
original  positions. 
Nikisch  (ne'kish),  Arthur.  Born  at  Szent- 
Miklos,  Hungary,  Oct.  12,  1855.  A  Hungarian 
composer  and  conductor.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1889,  and  conducted  the  Boston  Symphony  Or- 
chestra from  that  time  till  1893,  when  he  went  to  Buda- 
pest as  kapellmeister  and  conductor  of  the  opera. 

Nikita  I.     See  Nikola  I. 

Nikitin  (ne-ke'tin),  I^van.  Born  at  Voronezh. 
1S24:  died  1861.  A  Russian  poet.  Hewrotelyric 
folk-songs.  His  life  was  passed  in  poverty,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  keep  an  inn  to  support  himself.  Afterward  he 
changed  this  for  the  more  congenial  occupation  of  book- 
seller. 

Nikko  (nek'ko).  A  small  town  in  the  main  isl- 
and of  Japan,  80  miles  north  of  Tokio.  it  is  a 
Shintoist  and  Buddhist  religious  center,  noted'  for  its 
shrines.  The  temple  of  lyeyasu  is  one  of  the  most  splen- 
did sanctuaries  of  the  Shinto  cult  erected  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. The  sanctuary  consists  of  a  succession  of  courts  with 
gates  of  wood  and  metal  adorned  with  the  most  elaborate 
carving  and  with  brilliant  color  Ipon  the  courts  face  a 
great  immber  of  buildings  of  different  sizes  and  forms  and 
various  purpose:  they  are  built  of  wood,  but  eveiy  beam 
and  joint  is  a  work  of  art.  The  ornament  in  metal  is  of 
the  delicacy  of  jewelry,  and  that  in  terra-cotta  of  equally 
perfect  workmanship."  In  spite  of  this  richness,  vulgarity 
is  avoided  and  the  ornament  is  kept  severely  subordinate 
to  constructive  propriety. 

Nikola(ne'k6-la)  I.,  or  Nikita  (ne-ke'tii).  Born 
Oct.  7, 1841.  Prince  of  Montenegi'o.  He  was  pro- 
claimed prince  in  1860,  and  carried  on  war  against  Turkey 
1876-78. 

Nikolai  (nik'6-li).  A  town  in  the  provnnce  ol 
Silesia,  Prussia.  56  miles  southeast  of  Oppeln. 
Population  (1890),  5,633. 

Nikolaieff  (ne-kd-li'ef).  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  estuary  of  the  Bug,  in  lat.  46°  58' 
N.,  long.  32°  E.  it  is  an  important  naval  station  and 
place  of  export  for  grain,  etc.,  founded  by  Potemkin  about 
1789.     Population  (1897),  92,060. 

Nikolaievsk  (ne-ko-li'evsk).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Samara,  eastern  Russia,  situated  ou 
the  Irghiz  96  miles  southwest  of  Samara.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  15,071. 


I 


Nikolaievsk 

KUcoletieVSk.  A  port  in  the  Maritirao  Province, 
Sibei-ia,  situated  on  the  Amur,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  53°  8'  N.,  long.  140°  43'  E.  it  was  founded 
in  1851,  and  was  the  former  capital  of  the  province.  Pop- 
ulation (18S6),  2,043. 

Nikolaievskaya  Sloboda  (ne-ko-U'ef-skii-ya 
glo-bo-dii').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Astrakhan,  Russia,  situated  near  the  Volga 
about  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  45°  30'  E.  It  is  a  trad- 
ing eenter.     Population  (1892),  13,799. 

Nikolsburg(nik'olz-borG).  A  town  in  Moravia. 
44  miles  north-northeast  of  Vienna.  Population 
(1890),  8,210. 

Nikolsburg,  Truce  of.  A  preliminary  peace  be- 
tween Prussia  and  Austria,  concluded  at  Ni- 
kolsburg,  July  26,  1806.  It  was  conlirmed  by 
the  peace  of  Prague,  Aug.  23,  1866. 

Nikon  (ne'kon).  Born  near  Nijni-Novgorod, 
Russia,  1605:  died  Aug.  17,  1081.     A  Russian 

S relate .  He  became  patriarch  of  Russia  in  l(j,S2,  and  was 
eposed  in  1606.  He  introduced  reforms  in  the  church 
sen'ice. 

Nikopol  (ne'ko-poly).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  southern  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Dnieper64 miles  south-southwest  of 
Yekaterinoslaff.  It  is  a  trading  center.  Popu- 
lation (1892),  10,100. 

Nikopoli,  or  Nicopoli  (ne-knp'6-le),  Turk.  Ni- 
ehebolii(ne-ge-b6'lli)orNebul(ne-bor).  [See 
yUojiolis.']  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the 
Danube,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Osma,  in  lat. 
43°  42'  N.,  long.  24°  53'  E.  It  has  been  erroneously 
identified  witll  the  ancient  Nicopolisadlstrum.  It  was  long 
noted  as  a  fortress,  and  was  coniiueied  I  ty  Sipismund  of  Hun- 
(fary  13'.>2  and  I31t5.  Sultan  liajazet  I.  defeated  here  the 
Kr:inco-Hunpariananiiyundersi*;isinnnd8ept.  i!8, 13iKi,  It 
was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Ladislaus  of  Huncary  in 
1444.  The  Turks  were  defeated  here  by  B:lthi>ri  Sept.  6, 
15115.  and  l»y  the  Wallachians  in  l.^liS.  It  was  coiuiuered  by 
the  Eussians  in  1811).  The  Turkish  fleet  was  destroyed  near 
itand  their  camp  stormed  by  the  Russians  in  1829.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1877.    Population,  4,652. 

Nikosia.     See  Xieosia. 

Niksar  (nik-siir'),  or  Niksara  (nik-sii'rii).  A 
town  in  the  vilaj-et  of  Trcbiznnd,  Asiatic  Tui'- 
kcy,  situated  near  the  Kelkit-Tehai  145  miles 
west  by  south  of  Trebizond:  the  ancient  Neo- 
ciBsarea,  and  probably  the  ancient  Cabira.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,000. 

Niksic  (nek'sieh).  A  fortified  town  in  Montene- 
gro, 26  miles  north  of  Ccttinje.  It  was  besiesed 
antl  taken  from  the  Turks  by  the  Montenegrins  in  1877. 
t'"pulation,  about  3,000. 

Nile  (nil).  [F.  yn,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Nilo,  G.  Nil,  L. 
Xiliis,  from  Gr.  Net/.or.']  The  longest  river  of 
Africa,  and  one  of  the  longest  rivers  in  the 
world:  the  ancient  Nilus.  it  is  formed  by  several 
head  streams  which  flow  into  Lake  Victoi-ia  Nyanza.  Of 
these  the  Kagera,  Shimiyu,  and  Isanga  are  the  chief. 
From  Victoria  Nyanza  the  Nile  Hows  northwest,  forming 
tile  Kipon  and  Murchison  falls,  into  the  Albert  Nyanza. 
Tluiiie  it  flows  generally  north  (as  the  Bahr-el-Jebel,  later 
as  the  Bahr-el-Abiad  or  White  Nile)  to  the  junction  with 
the  Blue  Nile  at  Khartum  ;  traverses  the  Nubian  desert ; 
passes  by  five  cataracts  into  the  valley  of  Egypt ;  and  emp- 
ties by  a  wide  delta  into  the  Jlediterranean  Sea.  Its  prin- 
cipal mouths  arc  the  Rosetta  and  Uaniietta  branches.  It 
fertilizes  the  valley  of  Egypt  by  its  anrmal  overflow  fcaused 
by  the  melting  of  the  snows  in  the  elevated  regions  drained 
by  its  head  waters),  which  is  at  its  height  in  September 
and  October.  It  has  been  famous  in  ancient  and  modern 
times  for  the  kingdoms  on  its  hanks,  and  for  the  attempts 
to  discover  its  sources.  Its  chief  tributaries  arc  the  Bahr- 
el-Ghazal,  Sobat,  Blue  Nile,  anil  Athara.  It  receives  no 
tributaries  below  Berber.  The  chief  places  on  its  banks 
are  Lado,  Gondokoro,  Khartum,  Berber.  New  Dongola, 
Derr,  Assuaii,  .Slut;  and  f'airo.  The  course  of  the  upper 
Nile  was  a  mystery  until  recent  times.  Bruce  in  1770  found 
the  source  of  the  Blue  Nile.  In  IS.'SS  the  Victoria  Nyanza 
was  discovered  by  Speke,  in  1S(^4  the  Albert  Nyanza  by 
Baker,  and  in  1S77  the  Albert  Kilwanl  Nyanz.:!  by  Stanley. 
The  upper  basin  falls  mainly  within  the  British  sphere  of 
Influence,  partly  within  the  (lennan,  and  perhaps  the  Ital- 
ian. The  middle  valley  was  retaken  from  the  dervi.shes  in 
1898.     Length,  about  3,40u  miles. 

On  the  rocks  of  Semneh  and  KOnnnch  the  highest  point 
of  the  inundation  was  always  noted  for  coniiiarison,  and 
the  mark  was  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  ibscription. 
Thus  we  read  at  one  place  on  the  roek  :  "Height  of  the 
Nile  in  the  year  14,  under  the  reign  of  his  Majesty  King 
Amen-cm-hat  HI.,  the  ever-living."  From  observations 
made  by  Lepsinsoii  the  spot,  we  gather  that  in  the  times  of 
theTwelftli  Ilynasty  —  that  is.  forty-three  centuries  before 
our  days — the  hi'.:hest  rise  was  nearly  twenty-seven  feet 
above  the  greatest  height  of  the  inundation  in  these  days; 
and  that  the  avemge  height  of  the  Nile  when  Amen-cm- 
hat  III.  was  king  siirpa-sses  that  of  our  times  by  about 
twelve  feet.        lirujsch,  F.gypt  under  the  Pharaohs,  p.  75. 

Nile,  Battle  of  the.  A  name  often  given  to  the 
Bril  ish  naval  victoryof  Aug.  1-2, 1798.  See  Abu- 
kir, 11(11/  iif. 

Nilea  (nil/,).  A  city  in  Berrien  County,  south- 
western Michigan,  situated  on  the  St.  Joseph 
Uiver  75  miles  east  of  Chicago.  Population 
-  19110),  t,'js7. 

Niles,  Hezekiah.  Bom  in  Chester  County,  Pa., 
Del.  10,  1777  :  died  at  Wiliiiinglon,  Del  ,  April 
2,1839.    An  American  joiirnalisl.    lie  roundeil  at 


739 

Baltimore  the  weekly  Journal  "Niles's  Register"  in  1811, 
and  edited  it  until  1836. 

Nilgiri  (nil-ge're).  A  state  in  Orissa,  Bengal, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  30'  N.,  long.  86° 
40'  E. 

Nilgiri  Hills,  or  Neilgherry  (nel-ger'e)  Hills. 
1.  A  range  uf  Mnniiitaiiis  in  Madras,  British  In- 
dia, about  Int.  1 1°  30'  N.,  long.  76°  45'  E.  High- 
est peak,  Dodabetta  (8,760  feet).— 2.  A  district 
in  Madras,  British  India,  chiefly  comprised  in 
the  mountain  region  of  Nilgiri  Ilills. 

Nilsson  (uil'son),  Christine.  Bom  nearWexio, 
Sweden,  Aug!  3,  1843.  A  noted  Swedish  so- 
prano singer,  she  first  sang  in  public  at  Stockholm  in 
1860,  and  appeared  in  opera  at  Paris  in  1H64  as  VioletUu  She 
appi-ared  with  great  success  at  different  times  from  1867 
to  1870  in  England,  and  in  1870-72  in  America.  In  the 
latter  year  she  returned  to  England,  and  married  M.  Au- 
guste  Kouzaud,  who  died  in  1SS2.  From  1872-7"  she  sang 
in  England,  coming  lo  America  in  1873-74.  In  1870  she  made 
a  successful  tour  thrnu^h  .Scandinavia.  In  1880-81  she 
again  sang  in  opera  in  Ijiiilaml,  from  which  time  she  sang 
only  in  concerts  till  l^^7,  when  she  married  Count  Ca.'^a  di 
Miranda,  ami  retired  altogether  to  private  life  in  1888. 
((?rope.)  She  was  eminently  successful  in  such  parts  as 
Mignon,  Marguerite,  Ophelia,  Elsa,  etc. 

Nilsson,  Sven.  Bom  near  Landskrona,  Swe- 
den, March  8. 1 787  :  died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  Nov. 
30,  1883.  A  Swedish  naturalist  and  antiquary, 
professorat  Lund  1831-56.  He  published  works 
on  the  fauna  and  antiquities  of  Scandinavia. 

Nilus  (ni'lus).    Tlie  Roman  name  of  the  Nile. 

Nimapu,     See  Chopunnish. 

Nimar  (ue-miir').  Adistrictin  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  iuter.sected  by  lat.  21°  45' 
N.,  long.  76°  30'  E.  Area,  3,357  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  253,486. 

Nimburg  (nim'bora).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  on 
the  Elbe  27  miles  east  by  north  of  Prague. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  6,659. 

Nimeguen.'    See  Xiimrei/cn. 

Nimes,  or  Nismes  (iiem).  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Gard,  France,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  51'  N.,  long.  4°  21'  E. :  the  Roman  Nemau- 
SUS.  It  has  important  mamifacfures  of  silk  goods,  and 
an  extensive  trade,  especially  in  wine  and  spirits.  It  is 
noted  for  it.s  Roman  antiquities,  among  which  are  the 
amphitheater  (in  excellent  preservation),  the  liaison  Car- 
rie (which  see),  the  so-called  temple  of  Diana,  the  Tour 
Magne  (Turris  Magna),  and  gates.  It  contains  a  cathe- 
dral, lyceum,  picture-gallery,  fountain  garden,  etc.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  Pont  du  Gard.  Nimes  was  conquered 
by  the  Romans  in  121  B.  C,  and  became  one  of  the  chief 
provincial  cities ;  was  plundered  by  the  Vandals  in  407, 
and  suffered  from  the  West  Goths  and  Saracens;  was 
united  to  France  in  1258  ;  suffered  in  the  Huguenot  wars  ; 
and  was  the  scene  of  reactionary  atrocities  against  the 
Protestants  in  1815.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Guizot. 
Population  I  I'lni  1.811,355. 

Nimrod  (nim'rod).  According  to  Gen.  x.,  son 
of  Cush,  grandson  of  Ham,  famous  for  his  ex- 
ploits as  a  hunter,  at  first  ruler  of  Shiuar  (Shu- 
mir,  i.  e.  South  Babylonia),  then  founder  of  the 
Assyrian  Tetrapolis  (Asshur,  Nineveh,  Rehobo- 
thir,  and  Calah).  Some  Assyriologists  identify  Nim- 
rod with  Izdubar  or  fiilgamesb,  the  principal  hero  of  the 
Babylonian Izdubar  legends,  or  "Nimrod  Epic."  See  Izdu- 
bar. 

Outsidethepagesof  the  Old  Testament  nothing  is  known 
of  Nimrod.  The  nionunients  of  Assyria  and  B;ibyloiiia 
h.ave  hitherto  refused  todi\ulge  the  name,  t'ertaiii  siliol- 
ars  indeed  imagined  licit  it  might  bethcpronnneiation  of 
the  name  of  tlie  hero  of  the  great  t'halda'an  Etiie,  but  wo 
now  know  that  such  is  not  the  case.  .Nimrod  still  remains 
to  be  discovered  in  the  cuneiform  texts. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  66. 

Nimrod.  A  pseudonym  of  C.  J.  Appcrley,  a 
writer  on  liuuting,  etc.,  in  the  "Quarterly  Re- 
view." 

Nimrud  (nitu'riid).  An  important  archroo- 
iogieal  sill'  in  .\ssyria,  on  tin'  left  luiiik  of  the 
Tigris  about  19  miles  belowNincvoli:  the  ancient 
Calah  (which  sec).  It  was  excavated  by  Layard  be. 
tween  18-15  and  1S51,  and  yielded  the  remarkable  aeries  of 
reliefs  constituting  the  Nimrud  Gallery  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum.  Tlic  site  was  occupied  by  several  palaces  In  succes- 
sion, according  lo  the  oriental  custom  which  reiiuired 
cvcrymonareh  to  build  his  own.  The  long  series  of  changes 
and  reconstructions  makes  the  architect  uriil  history  of  the 
site  dilllcult  to  unravel  ;  however,  except  Khorsabad,  this 
has  been  the  most  carefully  explored  and  the  most  instruc- 
tive site  in  A8s.vria.  It  is  particularly  Interesting  for  its 
abundant  remains  of  vaults  built  of  crude  brick  in  courses 
iiieliiied  diagonally  against  each  other,  so  as  to  nbviatctho 
iiMi-  nt  centering. 

Nimwegen  (tiiin'wa-geu),  or  Nymegen,  or 
Nimeguen  (iiiiu'a-geii).  I),  also  Nijmegen 

(iii'ma-cheii  ),  F.  Nim6gUe  (ue-nuig').   .\cily  in 

the  jirovini nicldirliind,  Netherlands, sitinit- 

ed  on  Ihe  Wtiiil  in  lat.  51°  51'  N.,  long.  5°  .52'  E. : 
the  Honian  Noviomagus.  Ii  has  a  ftne  situation,  and 
contains  the  rhurchof  St.  Steiihcn.  Htiidlinis,  and  nilnsof 
the  Carol  ingianiialace.  1 1  was  t  lie  residence  of  Charles  the 
Great  and  other  monarcha.  Later  it  was  a  tree  Impeiial  city 
and  Ilanscatlctown.  It  joined  Ihe  Inionof  I  Ireclit  In  15711; 
was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  In  1.85;  retaken  by  the  Dutch 
In  1501;  and  taken  bv  the  French  in  1672  and  in  1704. 
Population  (ISHl),  ;i2,ui90. 


Nine  Worthies,  The 

Nimwegen,  Peace  of.  A  series  of  treaties  con- 
cluded at  Nimwegen  in  107S  and  1679.  With  those 
of  West  minster  bet  ween  Holland  and  England  (Feb.  9,1074), 
of  Fontiiinebleuu  between  France  and  Denmark  (Sept.  2, 
1671*),  of  Lund  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  (Sept.  26, 
107!)),  and  of  St.-Germain-en-Laye  between  Sweden  and 
Brandenburg  (I'oO),  they  put  an  end  to  the  hostilities  be- 
tween France  and  Holland  and  their  allies  originating 
witll  the  attack  on  Holland  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1672.  The 
treaty  between  France  and  Holland  was  concluded  Aug. 
10,  1078 :  that  between  France  and  Spain  Sept,  17,  1678 ; 
that  between  the  emperor  on  the  one  hand  and  i'rance 
and  Sweden  on  the  other  Feb.  5,  1679 ;  and  that  between 
Holland  and  Sweden  Oct.  12,  1679.  Holland  received  all 
its  territory  back  on  condition  of  preserving  neutrality  ; 
.Spain  ceded  Franehe-Comte,  Valenciennes.  I'ambray,  St,- 
Omer,  Ypres.CoiukS  Bouchain.Manbeuge,  and  other  places 
to  France;  France  restored  Charleroi,  Gudenarde,  Cour- 
tray,  Liiuburg,  Ghent,  Puycerda,  etc.,  to  Spain  ;  the  em- 
peror ceded  Freiburg- iin-Breisgail  lo  France;  and  Duke 
Charles  IV.  of  Lorraine  was  restored  to  his  duchy,  hut  on 
conditions  which  he  refused  to  accept. 

Nina  (nen'yii),  La.  [Sp.,  'little  girl.']  One  of 
the  smaller  caravels  of  Columbus  in  his  voyage 
of  1492.  It  was  an  undecked  vessel,  probably  not  over 
45  feet  long,  and  was  commanded  at  first  by  Vicent*  Yafiez 
Pinzon.  After  the  ftreck  of  the  Santa  .Maria  (Dec.  24, 1492) 
Columbus  returned  in  the  Nifia  to  Kurope. 

Nina  Gordon,    See  Drcd. 

Ninetta.     See  G(i-:a  Ladra,  La. 

Ninety-Six  (nin'ti-siks').  A  village  in  Abbe- 
ville Ciiuiity.  South  Carolina.  75  miles  west 
by  north  of  Columbia.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Americans  under  Greene  in 
1781. 

Ninety-Three  (nin'ti-thre').  [F.  Quatre-vingt- 
trci:c.'\  AhistoricalnovelliyVii-torllugo,  pub- 
lished in  1874.  The  scene  is  laid  in  tUo  north- 
west of  France  in  1793. 

Nineveh  (nin '  e - ve).  [Heb.  Xlneve,  Assyr.  Xi- 
niia,  Gr.  'Sivevi't)  NiVof.]  In  ancient  geography, 
an  important  city  and  for  a  long  time  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Assvrian  empire,  situated  on  the  east- 
ern bank  of  the  upper  Tigris  opposite  the  mod- 
ern Mosul,  and  surrounded  in  ancient  times  by  a 
shallow  river  (Khosr).  The  site.now  marked  by  thetwo 
mounds  of  Kuyunjik  and  Nebi  Yunils,  was  first  identified 
in  1820  by  J.  C.  Rich,  political  resident  of  the  East  India 
Company  at  Bagdad.  X'^e  first  attempts  at  excavation  were 
made  in  1842  by  Paul  Emile  Botta,  who,  however,  met  with 
slight  success:  these  were  followed  on  a  more  extended 
scale  by  Sir  Austen  Henry  Lajard  (1845-17,  1849-51),  by 
Hormuzd  Rassarn  (1854),  and  by  George  Smith  (1873-76),  the 
work  being  again  taken  up  by  R.as-sam  on  the  death  of 
Smith.  As  a  result  of  these  excavations,  the  general  out- 
line of  the  city,  the  remains  of  four  palaces  and  nunicrous 
sculptures,  and  thousands  of  tabUtstpriiicipally  from  the 
so-culled  library  of  .Asurbanipal)  weie  discovered.  The 
greater  part  of  these  is  now  in  the  Biitish  Museum.  The 
city  liad  a  circumference  of  from  7  to  8  miles,  the  ruinsof 
the  walls  sliowing  a  height  in  some  parts  of  r>0  feet.  It 
was  in  existence  as  early  as  the  time  of  Samsi-raniman  (1816 
B.  c),  who  rebuilt  a  temple  there.  Shalmaneser  I.  (l.'i:lO 
B.  C.)  built  a  palace  at  Nineveh  and  made  it  the  city  of  his 
residence.  Samsi-ramman  III.  (824-81 1)  decorated  and  re- 
stored the  temple  of  Ishtar,  famous  for  a  special  phase  of 
the  cult  of  the  goddess.  (See  Itibtar.)  Rnmman-nirari  III. 
(811-782)  built  a  new  palace  on  the  site  of  the  mound  Ne. 
hi  Ytinus.  For  a  time  Nineveh  was  neglected,  Sargon(722- 
705  n.  C),  the  founder  of  the  new  dynasty,  ahandoniiig  it 
as  the  capital  for  a  new  town,  DupSariukin  (Khorsabad), 
which  he  built  and  made  his  residence.  His  son,  Sen- 
nacherib (70.5-^181  B.  c.),  was,  however,  a  special  natron  of 
Nineveh,  lie  surrounded  it  with  a  wall,  replaced  (695) the 
small  palace  at  the  northeast  wall  by  a  large  one.  built  an- 
other palace  which  he  filled  wiili  cedar  wood  and  adorned 
with  colossal  bulls  and  lions,  and  beautitled  the  city  with 
a  park.  The  Old  Testament  (2  Ki.  xix.  :i6,  Is.a.  xxxvii.  37) 
mentions  Nineveh  as  the  n-si.lriiceof  Sennueherib.  1-lsar- 
haddon(680-ti0SB.C.)fiiiished  a  teiii|ilc.  widened  thoslrcetR, 
and  beautified  the  city,  forcing  the  kings  whom  he  con- 
(luered  to  furnish  materials  for  adorning  the  city  and  pal- 
aces. Nineveh  succumbed  to  the  combined  attack  of  the 
Medes  under  Cyaxares  and  the  Babylonians  under  .N'aho. 
polassar  in  608  (606?)  H.  c.  Sec  also  Asgi/ria,  Ci/aiares,  A'«- 
yutijiti,  and  .Vcm'  Vujiuji. 

Nine  Worthies.  The.  Nine  heroes  of  romance 
.iiid  chivalry  wliose  story  is  tidd  in  Arlhuriau 
legends.  In  one  of  these,  the  "Triuniphes  dcs  iieufs 
Preiix,"  "the  author  feigns  that  there  appeared  to  him  in  a 
vision  nine  heroes,  and  in  a  second  vision  a  tenth  hero,  viz., 
.Toshuit,  David,  Judas  Maccabicns,  Hector.  Alexander  the 
Great.  Julius  Ca'sar,  and  then  Arthur,  chaileniagne,  Ootl- 
frey  of  Bouillon,  and  finally  Bertraiid  du  Guesclin  ;  they 
charizc  Ilim  to  undertake  the  description  of  their  lives 
and  feat.s,  in  order  that  Lady  rriumphe,  who  appears  with 
tlicm,  may  be  enabled  todecide  w  lilcli  of  llleiu  has  deserved 
her  crown.  .  .  .  The  nine  heroes  of  this  romance  are 
not  Infrequently  mentioned  in  the  earlier  Knglish  litera- 
ture. Shakespeare  alludes  in  '  l.ovcs  Lah.iur  's  Lost  '(act  v. 
sc.  2)  to  the  Nine  Worthies.  Further,  they  appear  hi  the 
verses  which  precede  the  l,ow-i;ernian  lilslmy  of  Alexiin. 
der  the  Great  (llrun's  ■  Altplattdculschc  (icdichle.'  p.  336, 
etc.  Sec  also  Wurton,  vol.  iv.  p  l.'.l.  note  ii,  l/iiid.  1S24). 
They  llgurcalso  in  tapestry  and  palnlings(Wiirton,  II.  p.  44, 
nolo  9).  This  selection  of  tbrlee  three  hiToes  may  very 
likely  have  originated  in  Ihe  ■Welsh  Priads,' where  the 
Ihree  Pagan,  Jewish,  and  Cbrisdan  Irlnilles  are  enumer- 
ated as  follows:  llictor,  Alexander,  and  .lullils  Cteaar ; 
Joshua,  David,  and  Jndius  .Maccabirus;  Arthur.  Charle- 
magne, mill  Godfrey  de  Bouillon.  For  Godfrey  is  miinc- 
tlmessubstlluled  Guy  of  \>  arwick."  Diinlo/i,  Hlsl.  of  Prose 
Fiction,  I.  269,  270. 

The  "  Pageant  of  the  Nino  Worthle*,"  out  of  which  «o 
much  fun  is  uuide  In  Siinkspcrc't  "  Lovo'a  Labour '»  Lost, 


Nine  Worthies,  The 

was  represented  in  Queen  Mary's  time.  "Each  of  the 
"Worthies,"  says  Strype,  "  made  his  speech,"  no  doubt  com- 
mencing, as  in  the  comedy,  with  *'  I  Pompey  am,"  "  1  .Tudas 
am,"  etc.  Wttrd. 

Nine  Years'  Siege  (of  Montevadeo).  See  Oribc, 
Manuel. 

Ningpo  (ning'po').  orNingpo-fu  (ning'po'fo'). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Cheliiang,  China, 
situated  on  the  river  Ningpo  in  lat.  29°  51'  N., 
long.  121°  32'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  treaty  ports;  has 
flourishing  commerce ;  is  an  educational  and  religious 
center  ;  and  is  noted  for  its  tall  tower  and  temple.  It  was 
taken  by  the  British  in  1841.     Population,  250,001). 

Ninian(uin'i-an),  Saint.  Lived  about  400  A.  D. 
A  British  missionary  among  the  southern  Piets. 
He  built  a  church  at  Withern,  or  Whithorn,  Galloway,  in 
397,  and  in  420,  when  driven  to  Ireland,  is  said  to  have 
founded  a  monastery  at  Clonconnor. 

Nino  (nen'yo),  Pedro  Alonso.  Born  in  Moguer 
about  1455 :  died  about  1505.  A  Spanish  navi- 
gator. He  was  connected  with  several  Portuguese  expe- 
ditions to  the  West  African  coast ;  commanded  a  supply 
fleet  which  sailed  for  .Santo  Domingo  in  1496  :  and  was  with 
Columbus  on  his  third  voyage  in  1498.  Later  he  was  as- 
sociated with  Cristobal  Guerra  in  a  trading  expedition  to 
the  pearl  coast  (Venezuela).  They  left  Spain  about  June, 
1499,  with  a  single  small  vessel,  and  returned  richly  laden 
with  pearls  and  gold  in  April,  1500.  This  was  the  first 
financially  profitable  voyage  to  the  American  coa,st. 

Ninon  de  Lenclos  or  L'Enclos.    See  Lendos. 

Ninove  (ne-nov').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  tlie  Deiider 
15  miles  west  of  Brussels.  Population  (1S90), 
6,870. 

Ninus(ni'nus).  In  Greek  narratives,  the  founder 
of  Nineveh  (which  he  named  after  himself)  and 
of  the  AssjTiau  empire,  husband  of  Semiramis 
and  father  of  Ninyas. 

Ninus.  An  ancient  name  of  Nineveh;  also,  a 
Roman  town  (of  short  duration)  on  the  site  of 
Nineveh. 

Nio  (ne'6).  An  island  in  the  nomarehy  of  the 
Oyclades,  Greece.  12  miles  south-southwest  of 
Naxos:  the  ancient  los.     Length.  11  miles. 

Niobe  (ni'o-be).  [6r.  Nio;3?/.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  daughter  of  Tantalus  and  wife  of  Am- 
phion,  king  of  Thebes.  Proud  of  her  numerous  pro- 
geny, she  provoked  the  anger  of  Apollo  and  Artemis  by 
boasting  over  their  mother  Leto,  who  had  but  those  two 
children.  She  was  punished  by  seeing  all  her  children  die 
by  the  arrows  of  the  two  light-deities.  She  herself  was  met- 
amorphosed by  Zeus  into  a  stone  which  it  is  still  sought  to 
identify  on  the  slope  of  iluunt  Sipylus,  near  Smyrna.  This 
legend  has  afforded  a  fruitful  subject forart,  and  was  nota- 
bly represented  in  a  group  attributed  to  Scopas.  now  best 
known  from  copies  in  the  Ufiizi  at  Florence.  See  Niobe 
group. 

Niobe  group.  A  celebrated  collection  of  18  an- 
tique statues,  12  of  which  were  found  in  Rome 
in  1583,  now  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  They  are  good 
Roman  copies  of  Greek  originals  ascribed  with  probability 
to  Scopas,  though  by  some  to  Praxiteles,  representing 
Niobe  horror-stricken  in  the  midst  of  her  children,  who  are 
being  struck  to  death  by  the  unseen  shafts  of  Apollo  and 
Artemis.  The  central  figure,  Niobe,  seeks  to  shelter,  with 
her  arm  and  her  mantle,  her  youngest  daughter,  who  kneels 
terrified  at  her  feet.  The  other  children,  youths  and 
maidens,  are  dead,  dying,  or  fleeing,  seeking  to  ward  off  the 
inevitable  blow,  or  awaiting  it  with  resignation.  The  ex- 
isting group  is  incomplete :  the  original  was  probably  ar- 
ranged pyramidally  for  the  decoration  of  a  pediment. 

Niobites  (ni'o-bits).  A  branch  of  the  Monophy- 
sites,  founded  by  Stephanus  Niobes  in  the  6th 
century,  who  opposed  the  views  of  the  Severi- 
ans.  See  Sereria)is.  Niobes  taught  that,  according 
to  strict  Monophysite  doctrine,  the  qualities  of  Christ's 
human  nature  were  lost  by  its  absorption  into  his  divine 
nature.  The  Niobites  gradually  modified  their  views  and 
returned  to  the  orthodox  church. 

Niobrara  (ni-o-bra'rii).  A  river  in  northern 
Nebraska  which  joins  the  Missouri  34  miles  west 
of  Yankton.     Length,  about  450  miles. 

Niort  (nyor).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Deux-Sfevres,  France,  situated  on  the  S^vre- 
Niortaise  in  lat.  46°  19'  N.,  long.  0°  28'  "W.  it 
has  large  manufactures  of  gloves,  and  is  noted  for  its 
onions.  It  has  a  museum  of  paintings,  town  hall,  ruined 
castle,  and  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  It  was  often  taken  and 
retaken  in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Population 
(1891),  •23,2?5. 

Niphon.    See  Nippon. 

Nipigon  ("nip'i-gon),  or  Nepigon  (nep'i-gon),  or 
Neepigon  (ne'pi-gon).  Lake.  A  lake  in  British 
North  America,  25  miles  north  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, into  which  it  discharges  by  Nipigon  Biver. 
Length,  about  70  miles. 

Nipissing  (nip'i-sing).  Lake.  A  lake  in  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  northeast  of  Geor- 
gian Bay  (in  Lake  Huron),  into  which  it  dis- 
charges through  French  River.  Length,  about 
50  miles. 

Nipmuc  (nip'muk).  [PI.,  also-iV//)«i«cA-s.  The 
name  means  'fresh-water  fishiug-place.']  A 
general  name  for  the  North  American  Indian 
tribes  of  central  Massachusetts,  extending  into 
Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island.  In  1675  their  sur- 
vivors of  the  King  Philip  war  fled  to  Canada  and  to  the 


740 

Hudson  River.  Eliot's  translation  of  the  Bible  was  in  the 
Natic  dialect  of  the  language  spoken  by  the  Nipmuc  tribes. 
See  Ahjonquian. 

Nipmucks.     Hee  Xipmuc. 

Nipper  (mp'er),  Susan.  In  Dickens's  "Dom- 
bey  and  Son,"  a  young  maid  in  charge  of  Flor- 
ence Dombey,  noted  tor  her  sharp  tongue.  She 
marries  Toots. 

Nipple  Top  (nip'l  top).  An  isolated  peak  of  the 
Adirondaeks,  south  of  Mount  Marev.  Height, 
4.684  feet. 

Nippon  (nip-on'),  or  Niphon  (nif-on'),  orNipon 
(nip-on').  ['Origin  of  the  sun.']  A  name 
wrongly  used  by  foreigners  for  the  main  island 
of  Japan.  The  Japanese  call  the  entire  empire 
Dai-Nippon  or  Nippon. 

Nippur  (nip-por').  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Babylonia,  south  of  Babylon,  midway  be- 
tween that  place  andErech:  the  modern  Niffer, 
situated  on  the  Shatt  en-Nil.  The  city  existed  in  the 
earliest  Babylonian  period,  an  inscription  of  Naram-Sin 
(3750  B.  c.)  having  been  found  there.  Bel  and  Beltis  were 
its  special  divinities.  Nippur  was  visited  l-iy  .Sir  Austen 
Henry  Layard,  who  made  some  slight  excavations  and  found 
several  enameled  coffins  and  other  objects.  It  was  exca- 
vated by  an  American  expedition  sent  out  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  1889-91  under  the  leadership  of  Dr. 
Joiln  P.  Peters,  and  many  inscriptions  and  other  objects 
were  found  there.  A  portion  of  these  are  now  in  the  Im- 
perial Museum  at  Constantinople,  and  the  remainderin  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Excavations 
were  resumed  in  1893. 

Nipur.     See  yippnr. 

Niquirans.    See  Nicanms. 

Niris  (ne'ris).  Lake.  A  large  salt  lake  in  Far- 
sistan,  southern  Persia,  east  of  Shiraz. 

Nirukta  (ni-rok'ta).  [Skt.:  nis,  out,  and  vl-ta, 
spoken,  spoken  out,  loud,  clear:  and,  as  noun, 
explanation,  etymological  interpretation  of  a 
■word.]  In  Sanskrit,  the  name  of  the  fourth  of 
six  Vedangas  (which  see),  or  works  or  classes  of 
works  auxiliary  to  the  Veda.  It  consists  of  the  ex- 
planation of  difficult  Vedic  words.  As  Yaska's  Nirukti  or 
'explanation' of  the  Nighantu  or  Nighantavas  is  almost 
the  only  survivor  of  the  class,  the  name  is  also  used  of  that 
work.    See  Kiijhantu  and  Nirukti. 

Nirukti  (ni-rtik'ti).  [Skt.,' interpretation.']  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  an  exposition  in  12books,  by 
Yaska,  of  the  Nighantu  or  Nighantavas.  See 
Xiqhantu.  "it  is  in  Yaska's  work,  the  Nirukti,  that  we 
fin^  the  first  general  notions  of  grammar.  Starting  from 
tlie  phonetic  rules,  advance  was  made  first  to  a  general 
view  of  phonetics,  and  thence  to  the  remaining  portionsof 
the  domain  of  language.  Inflection,  derivation,  and  com- 
position were  recognized  and  distinguished,  and  manifold 
reflections  were  made  upon  the  modifications  thereby  oc- 
casioned in  the  meaning  of  a  root."  (Weber.)  As  to  Yas- 
ka's date,  it  can  only  be  said  that  he  belonged  to  the  last 
stages  of  the  Vedic  period.  His  Nirukti  has  been  edited 
by  Roth. 

Nirvana  (nir-v.a'nii).  [Skt.,  '  blowing  out'  (as 
of  a  light),  'extinction.']  In  Buddhism,  the 
condition  of  a  Buddha;  the  state  to  which  tlie 
Buddhist  saint  aspires  as  the  liighest  aim  and 
highest  good.  Originally,  doubtless,  this  was  the  ex- 
tinction of  existence,  liuditiia'sattempt  being  to  show  the 
way  of  escape  from  the  mist-riLS  inseparably  attached  to 
life,  and  especially  to  life  everlastingly  renewed  by  trans- 
migration, as  held  in  India.  But  in  later  times  this  nega- 
tion has  naturally  taken  on  other  forms,  ajid  is  explained 
ns  extinction  of  desire,  passion,  unrest,  etc. 

Nisaea  (nl-se'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  re- 
gion in  Media  (perhaps  near  the  Caspian  Gates), 
famous  for  its  breed  of  horses. 

The  Nissean  breed  of  horses  continued  in  repute  down 
to  the  times  of  Ammianus  Marcellinus  (xxiii.  6).  They 
excelled  all  others  in  size  and  speed,  and  were  generally 
the  property  of  the  Persian  kings  or  nobles  of  the  highest 
rank.  The  situation  of  the  Nisa-an  plain  from  which  they 
were  said  to  derive  their  name  is  uncertain.  According 
to  Strabo,  some  placed  it  in  Armenia ;  others,  according  to 
Suidas,  in  Persia.  The  general  consent,  however,  of  the 
best  writers  assigns  it  to  Media,  where  we  know  from  the 
Behistun  Inscription  that  there  was  a  district  Nisa?a  or 
N  isaya.  Rawlimon,  Herod.,  I\'.  39,  note. 

Nisami.     See  Ni.raiiii. 

Nisan(ni'san).  [Heb.  »?«(■(■«, Babylonian  )(/.«>()«».] 
The  name  of  the  first  month  of  the  Hebrew  year, 
corresponding  to  March-April:  after  the  exile 
(Esther  iii.  7,  Neh.  ii.  1)  corresponding  to  the 
preexilic  Abib.  Like  the  other  names  of  the  Hebrew 
months,  it  was  derived  from  the  Babylonians.  The  fact 
that  it  was  the  month  in  which  the  vernal  equinox  fell  is 
attested  by  the  cuneiform  tablets  and  by  Joseidius. 

Nisard  (ne-zilr'),  Jean  Marie  Napoleon  De- 
sire. Born  March  20,  1806:  died  at  Paris, 
March  26, 1888.  A  French  historian  of  literature. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1S50. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Uistoire,  de  la  litt(-rature  franjaise" 
(1844-61).  He  also  wrote  ','  Etudes d'bistoire  et  de  litt^ra- 
ture  "  (1S59),  "  Nouvelles  Etudes  "  (1864),  etc. 

Niscemi  (nish-a'me).  A  town  in  thepro\nnce 
of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  43  miles  southwest  of 
Catania.     Population  (ISSl),  12,110. 

Nish,  or  Nisch  (nesh),  or  Nissa  (nes'sii).  Tlie 
second  largest  city  of  Servia,  situated  on  tlie 
Nishava  in  lat.  43°  18'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E. :  the 


Nitria 

ancient  Naissus  (6r.  Naiiroir) .  Itwas  the  birthplace 
of  Coiistantine  the  Great.  It  was  held  by  the  Servians  from 
the  12th  to  the  14th  century,  and  then  by  the  Turks  until 
1878.  Here,  in  269,  the  emperor  Claudius  II.  defeated  the 
(ioths,  50,01  K)  of  whom  ai'e  said  to  have  jjerished  ;  and  here, 
in  1689,  tile  Austrians  under  Louis  of  Baden  defeated  the 
Turks.  The  place  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Ser- 
vians in  1809.     Population  (1891),  19,877. 

Nishadha  (ui'sha-d-ha).  In  the  Mahabharata, 
tlie  couiitrj'  of  Nala,  inferred  to  be  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Siud,  which  traverses  Gwalior  state, 
Central  India.  On  the  Sind  is  Narwar,  and  local  tra- 
dition  connects  this  place  with  King  Nala  in  a  story 
bearing  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  poem  of  Nala. 

Nishapur  (nish-sl-por').  A  city  in  Khorasan, 
Persia,  48  miles  west  of  Meshhed:  an  important 
medieval  city.     Population,  about  11,000. 

Nishinam  (nish'i-nam).  The  southern  di\ision 
of  the  Pujunan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, comprising  a  number  of  tribes  which  for- 
merly occupied  the  part  of  northern  California 
between  Y'uba  and  Cosumne  rivers.  The  name 
signifies  '  people '  or  '  om'  people.'  See  Pujunan. 

Nisib.     See  Ni;:ib. 

Nisibis  (nis'i-bis).  [Gr.  N/m/Si'c.]  lu  ancient 
geography,  a  town  in  Mesopotamia,  situated  in 
lat.  37°  N..  long.  41°  15'  E. :  the  modern  Nisi- 
bin  or  Nesibin.  it  was  an  Armenian,  Parthian,  Romati, 
and  Persian  stronghold  ;  and  was  taken  by  Lucullus  ;ii  C8 
R.  c,  and  afterward  by  "Trajan. 

Nismes.     See  Nimes. 

Nisqualli  (niz'kwa-le).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  and  about 
Nisqualli  River,  Washington:  now  numbering 
94  persons,  on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  Wasli- 
iugton.     See  SaUsIian. 

Nisroch  (nis'rok).  In  Bible  history,  an  Assyriaa 
deity  in  whose  temple  at  Nineveh  Sennacherib 
was  murdered  (2  Ki.  xix.  37,  Isa.  xxx\ii.  38). 
The  name  was  formerly  derived  from  Heb.  n^^(T(' eagle'), 
and  the  deity  was  supposed  to  have  been  one  of  the  eagle, 
headed  genii  frequently  represented  on  Assyrian  scul^ 
tures.  The  name  has,  however,  not  been  found  in  cunei- 
form literature,  and  the  conjecture  of  .Tuseph  HaMvy 
that  it  is  an  error  for  Nushit  (which  see)  has  been  gener- 
ally accepted. 

Nissa.    See  Xish. 

Nisus  (ni'sus).  [Gr.  Nitrof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Megara,  father  of  Scylla:  changed  to 
an  eagle. 

Nisyro  (ne'se-ro).  A  small  volcanic  island  off 
the  southwestern  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  south 
of  Cos  and  northwest  of  Rhodes :  the  ancient 
Nisyi'us  (Gr.  TXiavpog). 

Nitii  (nith).  A  river  in  southwestern  Scotland 
which  falls  into  Solway  Firth  8  miles  south  of 
Dumfries.     Length,  71  miles. 

Nithard  (ne-tar').  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the 
9tli  century.  A  Prankish  historian,  son  of 
Bertlia  and  gi'andson  of  Charles  the  Great. 

Nitherohi.     See  Nicthcroi/. 

Nithsdale  (niths'dal).  The  valley  of  the  Nith, 
princiiially  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland. 

Niti-Ghaut  (ne'te-gaf).  One  of  the  chief  passes 
over  the  Himalaya  from  India  to  Tibet,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  30° 50'  N. ,  long.  79°  45'  E.  Height, 
16,570  feet. 

Nitinaht  (ne'tin-iit).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  on  Nitinaht  Lake  or  .Sound,  Van- 
couver Island,  British  Columbia.  Number,  269. 
See  Jht. 

Nitishastra  (ne-ti-shiis'tra).  [Skt.,  'conduct- 
treatise':  iiiti,  conduct,  and  shustra,  instruc- 
tion, treatise.]  In  Sanskrit,  doctrine  of  politi- 
cal and  social  ethics,  and  then  the  name  of  a 
class  of  ethico-didactic  treatises.  These  consist 
eitluT  of  maxims  in  verse,  or  of  fables  and  stories  in  prose 
with  inleriiiingled  verse.  See  Bhartrihari,  Hitopadesha, 
Panetialanlra. 

Nitocris  (ni-to'kris),  or  Nit-aker  (net-ii'ker). 
['The  perfect.']  An  Egyptian  queen  of  the  6th 
dynasty  (about  3000  B.  C. ).  According  to  Maiietho 
she  was  the  noblest  and  most  beautiful  woman  of  her 
time,  and  the  builder  of  the  third  p}Tamid  at  Gizeh.  This 
pyramid,  which  was  built  by  Alenkaura  of  the  4th  dynasty, 
she  doubtless  renovated  and  enlarged.  Herodotus  also 
relates  certain  fables  about  her. 

Nitocris.     A  queen  of  Babylon. 

Babylon  was  made  impregnable ;  the  river  was  paved 
with  brick,  and  lined  with  hiigc  walls  ;  and  those  woude> 
fill  works  of  defence  were  constructed  which  Hferodotoa 
ascrilies  to  Queen  Nitilkris.  This  queen  may  have  been 
the  mother  of  Nabonidos,  who  died  on  the  6th  of  Nisan 
or  March,  B.  c.  546,  in  the  camp  near  Sippara. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  144. 

Nitria  (nit'ri-il).  The  region  of  the  Natron 
Lakes  in  Egyjit,  situated  southwest  of  the  delta 
of  the  Nile. 

The  district  Nitria  is  frequently  mentioned  by  ancient 
authors :  as  bv  Strabo  (xvii.)  and  by  Pliny  (xxxi.  46),  and 
again  by  the  Church  writers  of  the  fourth  and  following 
centuries,  especially  by  those  of  them  who  speak  of  the 
monastic  institutions  of  their  own  times.  Around  these 
dreary  waters  the  monks  of  that  time  established  them- 


Nitria 

selves  in  great  nunibers — so  many,  indeed,  that  the  em- 
peror VaJens,  thinkin;^  that  tie  could  ftnd  il  mure  useful 
employment  for  tbeni  than  that  of  reciting  the-  i'salter, 
eollsted  as  many  as  live  thousand  of  them  in  his  legions. 
Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  217. 

Nitzsch  (nitsb),  Gregor  Wilhelm.    Bom  at 

Wittenberg,  Prussia.  Nov.  lij,  \1'M:  dieJ  at 
Leipsic,  July  22.  IHtil.  A  GiTii^ui  pliilologist, 
gonof  K.  L.  Nitzsi'li  :  professor  at  Kiel  1827-5L', 
and  at  Leipsie  18.3--(il.  He  wrote  works  on  the 
Homeric  poems,  and  defended  the  Homeric  atuhorshij)  of 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 

Nitzsch,  Karl  Immanuel.     Born  at  Borua, 

Saxony,  Sept.  L'l.  17S7:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
21,  J  868.  A  Gorman  Protestant  theologian,  son 
of  K.  L.  Nitzseh  :  professor  at  Berlin  1.847-08. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "mediation  theidogy." 
His  chief  works  are  "System  der  christlichen  U'hre" 
("System  of  Christian  Doctrine,"  1829),  "  Praktische 
Theologie"  (1847-48). 

Nitzsch,  Karl  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Wittenberg, 
Prussia.  Aug.  G,  17."il :  died  there,  Dec.  5,  l.S:!l. 
A  Gefriian  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Wittenberg. 

Nitzsch,  Karl  Wilhelm.  Boni  at  Zerbst,  An- 
halt,  Dec.  22, 1818 :  died  at  Berlin,  Juuo  120, 1880. 
A  German  historian,  sou  of  G.W.  Nitzseh:  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  1872-80.  He  published  works 
on  Koman  and  medieval  German  history,  etc. 

Niut'atci.     See  Mis.soidi. 

Nivardus  (ni-var'dus)  of  Ghent.  Lived  in  the 
rjth  century.  A  Flemish  priest,  the  author  of 
the  Latin  poem ' '  Ysengrimus,"  original ly  ca Ih  d 
"Reinardus  Vulpes"  (1148).  Seo  Hei/iiard  tlic 
Fiix. 

Here  we  have  the  names  that  afterwards  entered  so  com- 

{iletcly  into  the  speech  of  Europu  that  the  old  French  word 
or  a  fox,  Ouupil,  was  replacL-d  liy  Renard.  Reinaert,  Key- 
nard,  or  ReKinhard,  means  'absolutely  hard,' a  hardened 
evil-doer  whom  there  is  no  turning  from  his  way.  It  is  al- 
together out  of  this  old  story  that  the  Fox  has  come  liy 
that  name.  Isegrim,  the  Wolf's  name,  is  also  Flemish  — 
Isengrin  meaning  'the  iron  helm.'  The  bear  they  named 
Bruno,  Bruin,  for  the  colour  of  his  coat. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  310. 

Nivelles  (ne-vel'),  Flem.  Nyvel  (ni'vel).     A 
manufacturing  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant. 
Belgium,  on  the  Thines,  17  miles  south  of  Brus- 
sels.  It  contains  the  church  of  an  ancient  con- 
vent.    Population  (1890),  10,642. 
Nivernais  (ne-ver-na').     An  ancient  govern- 
iiiont  of  France,  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
i'jmrtment  of  Ni^'vre.     It  was  bounded  by  Burgutuly 
:i  the  northeast,  east,  and  southeast,  Bourbonnais  on  the 
nth  and  southwest,  Berry  on  the  west,  arid  cirldanais  on 
■lie  northwest.   The  most  important  portion  of  il  was  the 
liichy  of  Nevers. 
Niv6se(ne-voz').    [F.,' the  snowy.']    The  name 
adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of 
the  lirst  Frencli  republic  for  the  fourth  inonlh 
of  the  year.     It  consisted  of  3»  days,  beginning  in  the 
vears  1,  2,  3,  5,  0,  7  with  Dec.  21  ;  in  4,  8,  9,  10, 11, 13, 14  with 
Oic.  22  :  and  in  12  with  Dec.  23.     The  Gregorian  calendar 
.  iune  again  into  use  after  10th  Xivose,  year  14  (Dec.  31, 

I  soli). 

Niza  (net'sii),  Marcos  de.  Born  at  Nice,  Italy, 
about  149.'5 :  diiid  in  Mexico,  l.')42  (?).  A  Fran- 
■iscan  missionary,  discoverer  of  Arizoiui.  lie  is 
lid  to  have  labored  successively  in  Peru,  Nieai-igua.  and 
Mclico,  and  in  thclast-named  country  was  provincial  of  his 
nriler.  By  order  of  the  viceroy  he  penetrat.'il  northwald 
from  Unliacan  in  la3!l,  and  in  May  of  that  yiai  reached  the 
!•  glon  called  Cibola  (perhaps  tile  Zuui  puelilos);  but,  some 
f  his  company  being  attacked  by  the  Indians,  ho  tin-ned 
ii.-k,  reaching  f'ompostella  about  .Uily.  His  exaggerated 
Mcountsdlerivccl  only  from  reports)  of  the  riches  of  Cibola 
iiid  itssevcn  cil  iis  led  to  the  cxpiditiiin  of  C(iruimdo(l.vln), 
Ahich  he  !ici:ompanied  as  giude :  the  sup]iii-(Pd  wealthy 
itieswere  then  shown  to  be  ordinary  puelilos.  anil  the 
liar  was  sent  back  in  disgust.  Mza's  report,  which  his 
men  frequently  puhlishi'd,  is  full  of  impinbahililies;  but 
Iherc  can  be  no  doubt  thai  lie  ciossed  Soiioia  and  pint  of 
Aii/ona  into  New  Mexico. 

Nizami(ni-za-m6')  (Abu  Mohammed  ben  Yu- 
suf  Sheikh  Nizam  eddin).    Born  in  IMI  at 

Tafrisli,  ncarKuni :  livcil  I  lie  greater  jiiirl  of  his 
life  at  Genje  ( Yi-lisavcl|iol),  and  dii^d  in  12(12. 
One  of  the  seven  cliiif  poets  of  Persia.  lie  wrote 
a  divan  of  28,()tHl  disticlis.  and  five  other  gn-at  poirms ; 
"The  Storchouao  of  Mysteries,"  "The  Book  of  Alexaniler," 
"Khosrau  and  Shiriii,"  "  .Majnun  and  I.aila"(see  Ijuilaund 
Majnun),  and  "  The  .Seven  l''air  Faces,"  the  last  consisting 
of  seven  8ti>rlcs  t4ihi  by  the  seven  wives  of  llahrani  Gor  to 
amuse  him.  These  tlve  works  are  known  as  the  "Five 
Treasures  of  Mzaini."  Thethinl  has  been  transhded  iiitti 
Oerniim  by  Uammer-I'llrgslall  I1H12),  tin'  fourth  Into  F.ng- 
Ush  by  Atkinsim  (18:«i),  the  llftli  lnt<i  (Jerinan  by  l^iilmann 
(1.s,S5).  .See  Bacher,  ".Nizamls  l.ebeu  und  Wcrke"((16t- 
tliigen.  IhTl). 

Nizam's  Dominions.    See  Hi/dercbad. 

Nizhni-Novgorod.     See  Nijni-Novfjoroil. 

Nizib,  or  Nisib  (ue-zeb').  A  place  in  I  lie  vilayc't 
of  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the 
Euphrates  64  miles  northeast  of  Alejino.  Here, 
.Tunc  24, 1839,  the  Egyptians  under  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated 
the  Turks. 

Nizza.     See  Xicr  (in  France). 


741 

Njenji  (njen'je).  A  name  given  to  the  land  of 
the  Barotse  by  the  Ovimbuudu,  and  adopted  liy 
the  Portuguese. 

Njord  (uyerd).  [ON.  AJorrifir.]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  father  of  Frey  and  Freyja :  most 
often  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  former 
as  the  dispenser  of  riches.  He  was  by  race  a  Vana, 
but  came  as  a  hostage  to  Asgard.  His  wife  was  .Skadi,  the 
daughter  of  the  giant  Thjazi.  He  ruled  the  wiml  and 
calmed  the  sea,  and  hence  was  the  god  of  sailors  and  fish- 
ermen. His  dwelling  was  Noatun  (O.V.  Xuatitn).  Njord 
is  in  name  the  same  as  the  godiless  Nerthus  of  Tacitus, 
who  is  called  by  him  terra  mater.  Her  cult  and  chai-ac- 
teristics  were  almost  identical  with  those  of  Frey. 

Nkumbi(ngkom'be),orBankumbi(biing-kom'- 
be),  inPg.Humbe.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  southern 
jViigola.  West  Africa,  on  the  Kunene  River.  It 
belongs  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Ovimbundu 
and  Ovambo:  the  dialect  is  called  Lunkumbi. 

No  (no).   In  the  Old  Testament, Thebes  in  Egypt. 

Noah  (no'a).  [Heb., '  rest.']  In  the  Bible,  a  pa- 
triarch, the  son  of  Lamech.  lie  found  favor  with 
God  because  of  his  righteousness,  and  when  God  deter- 
mined to  destroy  the  world  on  account  of  its  wickedness, 
he  ordered  Noah  to  build  an  ark,  and  take  in  it  with  him 
his  family  and  some  of  all  living  animals.  God  then 
brought  a  Hood,  ami  upon  its  cessation  Noah  went  forth 
from  the  ark,  and  from  his  family  the  world  was  repei)- 
pled.  A  similar  account  is  found  in  cuneiform  literature 
and  in  the  early  legends  of  various  other  peoples.  See 
Ha^U-Adra. 

Noailles(n6-i'),  Due  Adrien Maurice  de.  Born 

Sept.  29,  1678  :  died  .lune  24,  1766.  A  French 
marshal.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Pragmatic  army  at 
Dettingen  June  27,  1743,  during  the  War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession. 
Noailles,  Antoine  de.  Born  1.504 :  died  March 
11,  1.jU2.  .\  Frcnidi  admiral  and  diplomatist. 
lie  was  ambassador  in  Englaiul  l.j.'io-.'iO. 

Noailles,  Marquis  Emmanuel  Henri  Victur- 

niende.  Born  Sejit.  1,3, 1'^iW.  A  French  writer 
and  diplomatist,  son  of  Paul  de  Noailles.  He 
was  minister  plenipotentiary  and  afterward  ambassador 
at  Rome  187:J-82,  and  amb.assador  at  Constantinople  18S2- 
ISSO.  He  has  published  "La  Pologne  et  ses  frontieres " 
(lS(i3),  "Henri  de  Valois  et  la  Pologne  en  1572"  (1S67). 

Noailles,  \'icomte  Louis  Marie  de.  Born  1756 : 
died  .Tan.  9, 1804.  A  French  general  and  poli- 
tician, second  son  of  Philipiio  do  Noailles  (Due 
ileMouchy).  He  was  the  brother-in-law  of  the  Marquis 
de  Lafayette,  and  came  to  the  United  States  as  a  volunteer 
in  1779.  He  was  commissioned  to  arrange  with  Cornwal- 
lis  the  details  of  the  capitulation  at  Vorktown  in  17sl.  He 
was  elected  to  the  States-tleiioral  in  1789.  At  first  a  sup- 
poiler  of  the  Revolution,  he  emigrated  at  the  beginning 
i»f  the  Reign  of  Terror.  He  afterward  accepted  a  com- 
mand under  iUichambeau  in  Santo  Domingo,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  in  an  engagement  with  the  F.nglish. 

Noailles,  Due  Paul  de.  Boin  .Ian.  4,  1S02:  died 
May  30,  188.5.  A  French  jicer  and  writer.  His 
chief  work  is  "Histoire  do  Madame  de  Main- 
tenon"  (1848-58). 

Noailles,  Philippe  de.  Due  do  Mouchy.    Born 

171.5:  guilloliiicil  .TuiKf  27,  1794.  A  French 
niarsluil.  Ue  served  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  .succes- 
sion and  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was  one  of  the  vic- 
tims of  the  Reign  of  Terror. 

Noakhali  (no-ak-hii'le),  or  Noacolly  (nO-a- 

kol'i).  A  district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  in- 
tersected liy  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  91°  K.  Area, 
1,64:5  s(inare miles.  Population  (1891),  1,009,093. 

Nob  (nob).  In  OM  Testament  geograjihy,  a  city 
near  Jerusalem,  to  the  north.  Its  exact  site  i.s 
unknown. 

Nobbs.  The  horse  of  Dr.  Dove,  the  hero  of 
S.iutlicy's  '■Diiclor." 

Noble  Gentleman,  The.    A  i>lay  licensed  in 

Ki'JO,  printed  in  1(>47.  It  has  been  attributed  t.i 
Fletclier,  but  bis  share  in  it  is  <iuestionabIe.  Fleay  thinks 
lii;t<--ft  il  ilulinl^'liril.  anil  thai  it  was  completed  by  Rowley 
iind,  piohalily.  Midilklon. 

Noboa  (ii6-lio'iii.  Diego.  Born  at  (iiiayaiiuil. 
1789:  <lied  there,  Nov.  3,  1870.  An  Ecuadorian 
politician.  Ilewaspiomiuent  in  the  events  of  lS'20and 
1S27,  and  was  a  member  of  the  iirovlsiomtl  government  in 
ISLI.  In  1849  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  clerical  parly 
for  preshlent,  ami  after  great  liisorilers  was  eli-cteil  to  the 
]ilaee  ill  18.^9.  He  was  ileposeil  anil  biinlshed  the  same 
year. 

Nobrega  (nob'ra-gii),  Manuel  de.  Bom  in  Por- 
tugal, t)ct.  18,  1.517:  died  al^  Rio  de  .Taneiro, 
Oct.  18,  1,570.  A  Jesuit  missionary,  iiewentto 
Bnazll  in  1.^49  with  the  first  menibers  of  his  order  sent  to 
Soutll  Ainerie;!,  and  was  the  llrst  ]iroviuciat  of  the  Jesuits 
In  the  New  World  (l,'ir,3-.'.9).  The  Inlhicme  of  his  labors 
WHS  very  great,  and  be  shares  with  Anchteta  the  title  of 
"  ApoHtle  of  liiazil." 

Nocera  Inferiore  (n<5-chil'rii  iu-fii-re-o're),  or 

Nocera  de'  Pagani  (diX  pli-gii'ne).    A  town  in 

tlie  province  of  Salerno,  Ilulv,  21  miles  east  by 
south  of  Naiiles:  (lieaucieiil  Kiiceria  Alfalerna. 
It  was  captured  by  the  Kouians  in  :i(l8  H.  c.,  by  llannibid 
in  2ln,  ami  tiy  Siiarliieus  In  ".'1.  It  was  recolonizeil  by  Au- 
irustiiM,  l'i.pnliition(l«81),  12,s;fO. 
Nocera  Umbria  (iim'bre-ii).  A  small  cathedral 
city  in  lln'  ]iiovince  of  Perugia,  Italy,  20  miles 
east  of  Perugia:  the  ancient  NuceriaCamellnrin. 


Nohl 

Noche  Triste  (no'cha  tres'ta).  [Sp.,  'sad'  or 
■disastrous  night.']  The  name  given  by  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico  to  the  uight  of 
June  30,  ir)20,  memorable  for  a  struggle  in 
which  their  forces  were  nearly  annihilated.  After 
the  death  of  Montezuma,  Cort<;'srestdved  to  leave  Tenoch- 
titlan  (Mexico  City)  secretly.  The  movement  was  de- 
tected by  the  natives,  and  a  terrible  battle  ensued  on  the 
Tlacopan  causeway.  The  Spaniards  finally  escaped  with 
the  loss  of  about  4,'>0  of  their  small  force,  besides  4,000  In- 
dian allies.  .Much  of  the  plunder  they  had  acquired  was 
sunk  in  the  lake,  and  was  never  recovered. 

Noctes  AmbrOSianse  (nok'tezam-bro-si-a'ne). 
rL.,'Ambiosian  nights.']  A  series  of  papers  in 
the  form  of  dialogues  on  popular  topics,  con- 
tributed to  "Blackwood's  Magazine"  1822-3.5, 
cliieilyby  .lohn  Wilson  ("Christopher  North"). 

Noctes  Atticae  (at'i-se).  [L.,  "Attic  nights.'] 
A  miscellaneous  work  by  Aulus  Gellius. 

Nod  (nod).  The  unknown  Ian<l,  on  the  east  of 
Eden,  to  which  Cain  fled,  according  to  the  ac- 
couul;  in  Gen.  iv.  By  humorous  allusion  to  this,  the 
state  of  sleep  (or  nodding)  is  culloiiuially  called  "  the  land 
of  nod." 

Nodier  (no-dya'),  Charles  Emmanuel.    Bom 

at  Besan?on,  France,  April  28,  1780:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  26,  1844.  A  French  novelist,  gram- 
marian, and  miscelhuieous  author.  He  wrote 
"Dictioimaire  des  oaomatopi'es  fran^aises*'  (1808X  "Me- 
langes tirees  d'uiie  petite  blbliotheque"  (1825);  novels. 
"Histoire  du  roi  de  Bohenic"  (18311).  "  F^e  aux  miettes" 
(1832),"Ini;sde  la  Sierras,"  ".Smarr:r(1831),  etc.;  "Diction- 
naire  universcl  de  la  langue  fran^aise  "("  French  Diction- 
ary," 1823),  etc. 

No6.     See  Cham. 

Noel  (u<5-er),  Edme  Antoine  Paul.    Bom  at 

Paris,  1845.  A  Frencli  sculptor.  He  studied  with 
Guillaiime,  Lequesm^,  and  Cavelier,  and  took  the  grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  IStis.  .\mong  his  works  are  "Margue- 
rite "in  plaster  (1S72),  "Romdo  et  .luliette  "(1875),  "Aprts 
le  bain  "(1870).  ".Meditation  "  (1878),  "Orph^e"  (1891),  be- 
sides a  number  of  portrait-busts,  etc. 

Noel,  lldouard.  Born  at  Arras,  Oct.  24,  1848. 
A  French  dramatic  critic.  He  was  secretai-y  (secre- 
taire gi^m^M-al)  of  the  Op^ra  Comique,  but  resigned  in  1891. 
He  has  published  with  Stoullig  ^1875-91)  an  annual,  "  Les 
aiiiialcs  du  theatre  et  de  la  niusique."  .Sarcey,  Zola,  Sar- 
dou,  and  others  have  written  the  prefaces.  He  has  also 
written  several  comedies,  romances,  etc. 

Noetians  (no-e'shianz).  The  followers  of  Noe- 
tus  (see  below). 

Noetus(n(5-6'tus).  Bom  at  Smyrna  orEphesus: 
ilied  probably  about  200  A.  D.  A  heretic  of  Asia 
Minor  who  is  said  to  liave  taught  that  '"Christ 
was  the  Father,  ami  that  the  Father  was  born, 
and  suffered,  and  died." 

The  Trinitarian  question,  indeed,  had  already  been  agi- 
tated within  a  less  extensive  sphere.  Noetus,  an  Asiatic, 
either  of  Smyrna  or  F.phesus,  had  dwelt  with  such  exclu- 
sive zeal  on  the  unity  of  the  (iodhead  as  to  absoib.  as  ft 
were,  the  whole  Trinity  into  one  undivided  and  iindiHtin- 
guished  Being.  The  one  supreme  and  impassible  Father 
united  to  himself  the  man  .lesus,  whom  Ho  had  created, 
by  so  intimate  a  conjunction  that  the  divine  unity  was 
not  destroyed.  His  adversaries  drew  the  conclusion  that, 
according  to  this  blaspheming  theory,  the  F'atber  must 
have  snlTered  on  the  cross ;  and  the  ignominious  name  of 
Patrijiassiansadliered  tti  the  few  followers  of  Ibis  nnfiros- 
perousscct.  Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  SfiO. 

Nogaians  (n6-<p'anz),  or  Nogais  (no-giz').  A 
Tuico-Tatar  race  living  in  southern  liussiaand 
Caucasia. 

Nogales  (no-gii'les).  [Sp..  'walnut-trees.'] 
Tlio  name  of  two  localities,  one  in  southeastern 
New  Mexico,  near  the  fool  of  the  Sierra  Blunca, 
tlie  other  near  and  on  the  frontier  of  Souora  and 
.\rizona. 

Nogat  (iio'giit).  The  eastern  branch  of  tlie  Vis- 
liiHi,  llowiug  into  the  Frisches  Ilaff. 

Nogent-le-Rotrou(nri-zhoh'Ie-r6-tro').  A  town 
ill  t  lie  depart  men t  of  Eure-et-Loir.  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  lluisno  32  miles  west -southwest  of 
Chart  res.  It  has  a  caslli-,  which  was  the  property  of 
Sully.     Population  iIS9l),  connnune,  S,(kMi. 

Nogent-sur-Marne  (no-zlioi'i'sUr-miim').    A 

village  in  (lie  di'imrtuienl  of  Seine,  Frani'c,  sit- 
tnited  on  the  Mariie  3  miles  east  of  the  fortili- 
catioiis  of  Paris.    I'opulation  (1891),  comiuiiuo, 

x,:\m. 

Nogent-SUr-Seine(-siin').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube.  France,  silualed  on  the  Seine 60 
miles  southeast  of  Paris.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  3,704. 

Noggerath  (neg'ge-riii ).  Jakob.  Bom  at  Bonn, 
Prussia,  (hi.  10,  17S8:  died  at  Bonn.  Sept.  13. 
1877.  A  (}erman  gr'ologist  and  mineraloijist, 
professorat  Bonn.  Me  published  "  HasGobirge 
in  Kheinland-Westfaleu"  (1821-26),  '"  I)i_e  Eiil- 
stohung  mill  Aiisbildung  der  Erile"  (1847),  etc. 

Nohl  (nol).  Carl  Friedrich  Ludwig.    Born  at 

Iserlohn.  Prussi.i.  Dec.  .5,  1831:  dieiTat  Hi'idel- 
bcrg.  Dec.  Hi,  1S8.5.  A  (ierinan  writeron  music, 
lie  edited  .Mouu-t's  "Lellcra"  (180!)),  Beethoven  s  "LeU 


Nohl 


742 


Norman 


ters"  (1865-70),  "Letters  of  Musicians"  (1866).    He  also  Ifonnus(non'iis).    [Gr. Noi'toc.]   Li ved probably  NordlingenCnerd'Img-eii).  Atowninthegovern 


\vTote  works  on  ilozart,  Beetlioven,  Oluek.  Wagner,  etc. 
many  of  whicii  have  been  translated  into  English. 

Noir(nwai-).Victor(Yvan  Salmon).  BomJuly 
27,  1848:  killed  at  Auteuil,  near  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1870.  A  French  journalist.  He  was  shot  by  Prince 
Pierre  Bonaparte  in  an  altercation  over  a  newspaper  arti- 
cle published  by  the  prince.  He  w.as  connected  with  Roche- 
fort's  journal  "La  Marseillaise"  at  the  time  of  his  death 

Noir  Faineant  fnwa  fa-na-ou').  [F.,  'The 
Black  Sluggard.']     In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 


de 
and 

Noirmoutier  (nwar-mo-tya') 
of  France,  belongin^to  the  department  of  Ven- 
due, situated  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay  in  lat.  47°  N". 
Leugth.  12  miles.     Population,  about  7,000. 

Noisseville  (nwiis-vel').  A  village  in  German 
Lorraine,  -5  miles  east  of  !Metz.  It  is  noted  for  the 
battle  of  Xoisseville  (also  called  Servigny  or  Sainte-Barhe), 
Aug.  31  and  Sept.  1,  ISTO,  in  which  the  attempt  of  the  French 


in  the  first  part  of  the  5th  century.  A  Greek 
epic  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  an  epic  poem  on  Dio- 
nysus (■■  Dionysiaca,"  edited  by  Graf e  1819-26,  by  Maicellus 
1856),  and  of  a  paraphrase  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  John  in 
Gi-eek  hexameters. 

Nootka.     See  Moatcalit. 

Nootka  (not'kii)  Sound.  A  small  inlet  of  the 
Pacific,  on  the  west  coast  of  Vancouver  Island, 
in  lat.  49°  36'  N.,  long.  126°  38'  W.  A  harbor 
Iso  bears  the  same  name. 

See  Gordon  Eiots. 


'Ivanhoe,"  the  name  by  which  Eiehard  Ca,ur  j^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ts      .ee  .,„,».„  ....... 

rlp  Lion  IS  known  at  the  toni-nament  at  Ashby  U^^a  (n^'rii)^      [Gr.  X^pa.]     In  ancient  geog- 
1  the  siege  of  Front  de  Boeut's  cas  le.  ^  "^   ^         ■^>   ^^    .     Cappldocia,  Asia  JUnor, 

rmoutier  (nwar-mo-tya  ).    An  island  west     ^.^i^^-^;^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  jW^^  ,j,^^^^^  ^^^^  Ly- 

eaonia.     Eumenes  was  besieged  here  by  the 
forces  of  Antigonus  in  320-319  B.  C. 
Norba  (nor'bil).   [Gr.  Nup,?o.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Latium,  Italy,  35  miles  south 


ment  district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Eger  38  miles  north-northwest 
of  Augsburg.  It  has  nianufactiu-es  of  carpets,  etc.  For- 
merly it  was  an  imperial  city.  Here,  Aug.  27  (0.  S.),  1634, 
the  Imperialists  under  Ferdinand  III.  and  Gallas  defeated 
the  Swedish  army  under  Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar  and 
Horn.    (See  also  4">'''''*"'')    Population  (IbW),  8,004. 

Nordmark  (nord'miirk).  The  northern  march 
founded  by  the  German  king  Henry  I.  in  928 
to  preserve  the  territories  conquered  from  the 
Wends.  It  lay  southwest  of  the  Elbe,  round  the  towns 
of  Stendal  and  Sal2vvedel,  and  is  now  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia.  It  was  extended  by  Otto  the  Great  to 
the  Oder,  but  was  reduced  by  the  Wendish  rising  of  9S3to 
the  region  west  of  the  Elbe.  Albert  the  Bear  was  made 
margrave  of  the  ?» ordmark  in  1134.  It  is  known  now  as  the 
Altmark.     See  Brandenbunj. 

Nordre  Bergenhus  (uor'dre  ber'gen-hos).  A 
■|irovince  in  the  western  part  of  Norway.  Area, 
7.14.^  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  87,552. 


east  Of  Rome:  the  modem  Norma.     It  contains  jjordsjo  (nor'she).     A  lake  near  the  southern 


remains  of  Cyclopean  architecture 


coast  of  Norway.    Length,  28  miles. 


defta'ted'"''^''  ^  '''"^  f^oMg^  the  German  lines  was  Norbert_^(n6r'Mrtj  F.  pron.  noir-bar'j,  Sa^t.  Nordstrand(no"rd'strant). '    A  smalijsland  in 

Noje.     See  Tanan. 

Nokes(n6ks),Jack,andTomStiles(stilz).  Fic- 
titious names  formerly  used  in  actions  of  eject- 
ment as  John  Doe  and  Richard  Roe  were  used. 

Nokes,  James.     Died  about  1692.     An  English 


Died  1134.  An  ecclesiastic,  founder  at  Pre- 
montr^,  near  Laon,  France,  of  the  order  of  the 
Premonstrants. 
Norcia  (uor'cha).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Perugia,  Italy,  42  miles  southeast  of  Perugia  : 
the  ancient  Nursia.     It  was  a  Sabine  city. 


actor,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  comedians  of  jjord  (nor).  [F.,  '  north.']  The  northernmost 
his  time.  Before  he  H»nt  on  the  stage  he  kept  a  "knick-  department  of  France,  formed  chiefly  from  the 
knackatory "  or  "toy-shop  —a  shop  where  trinkets  and        -  r_  .  —       ,  ..,,.,. 

fancy  .articles  were  sold.  He  was  successful  in  Sir  Martin 
Mar-all,  Barnaby  Brittle,  Sosia,  etc.,  and  his  XuTse  in  Ot- 
way's  '"Cains  Marius."  a  curious  amalgamation  of  Shak- 
spere's  "Romeo  and  .luliet"  and  another  play,  was  so  ad- 
mirable that  he  was  called  "  Nurse  Xokes '  to  the  end  of 
his  life.  He  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  Robert  Sokes, 
also  an  actor,  who  died  in  1673. 

Nola  (no'la).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Caserta, 
Italy,  16  miles  east-northeast  of  Naples.  It  was 
an  ancient  city  of  Campania,  under  the  same  name,  noted 
for  its  vases.  It  was  taken  by  the  Romans  in  313  B.  c. ;  re- 
sisted Hannibal  21t>-214  ;  and  was  a  Saninite  stronghold  in 
tlie  Social  War,  90-59.  Augustus  died  here  in  14  A.  P.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Bruno.     Population  (18811,  10,062. 

Noli  Me  Tangere  (no'li  me  tau'je-re).  [L., 
•  Do  not  touch  me ' :  alluding  to  the  words  of 
Christ  after  his  resurrection.]  1.  Apaintingby 
Rembrandt,  in  Buekingliam  Palace,  London.  — 
2.  Apaintingby  Titian,  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London.  It  is  an  early  work,  with  markedly  slender 
figures.    The  composition  is  diguilied. 

Noll  (nol),  or  OldNoU.  [Nickname  for  Oliver.'] 
A  nickuame  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Nollekens  (nol'e-kenz).  Joseph.  Born  at  Lon- 
don. Aug.  11,  1737 :  died  there,  April  23,  1823. 
An  English  sculptor.  His  father  was  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp wlio  had  settled  in  England.  Joseph  studied  in  P^ome 
between  1760  and  1770.  He  was  in.-ide  royal  academician 
in  1772.  He  modeled  busts  of  George  III.,  Pitt,  Canning, 
and  Lords  Castiereagh  and  Livei-pool. 

NoUendorf  (nol'len-dorf ).  A  village  in  northern 
Bohemia,  50  miles  north-northwest  of  Prague. 
Here,  Aug.  30,  1813,  the  French  under  Vandamme  were 
defeated  by  the  Prussians  under  Kleist. 

Nomansland(n6'manz-land).  A  name  formerly 
given  to  a  district  in  South  Africa,  now  com- 
prised within  Griqualaiid  East. 

No  Man's  Land,  or  Noman's  Land.    A  small 


the  North  Sea,  belonging  to  North  Friesland, 

situated  west  of  Schleswig.     Before  1634  it  was 

connected  with  the  neighboring  Pellworm  and 

other  islands. 

Nore  (nor).   A  name  given  to  a  sand-bank  in  the 

estuary  of  the  Thames  4  miles  northeast  of 

Sheeriiess,  or  to  the  neighboring  part  of  the  es- 

,  ■  T-,         ,  T-.1      3  />      -i  1  T  '11       -  tuarv  itself. 

old  French  Flanders.  Capita  ,Lile.  Itisbounded  Nore',  Mutiny  at  the.    A  mutinv  of  the  British 

by  the  North  Sea  on  the  northwest,  Belgium  on  the  east     L     V'   Z  . i      v  -it     ,   t i  -n=-     t*  „„„  f„     • 

and  northeast,  Aisne  on  the  south,  Somme  on  the  south-     Heet  at  the  ^ore,  ilay-June,  1/9,.    It  wasforci- 
west,  and  Pas-de-Calais  on  the  southwest  and  west.    The     bly  suppressed. 

surface  is  generally  flat.    Next  to  Seine  it  is  the  most  pop-  Norfolk  (nor 'f  ok).      [-'i.S.  yorthfolc,  northern 
ulous  department,  and  has  the  most  flourishing  industries,     ppopig.]     An  eastern  county  of  England.    It  is 


It  has  coal-mines,  and  flax,  cotton,  woolen,  hemp,  iron, 
and  other  manufactures.  Agriculture  is  in  a  flourishing 
condition:  the  products  include  beets,  flax,  hemp,  grain, 
potatoes,  etc.  The  language  in  the  northern  p.art  is  Flem- 
ish. Area,  2,193  square  miles.   Population  (1891),  1,736,341. 

Nordalbingi  (n6rd-al-bin'ji).     A  branch  of  the 

Saxons  living  in  Nordalbingia. 
Nordalbingia  (n6rd-al-bin' ji-il).    In  the  middle 

ages,  a  name  given  to  the  part  of  Germany 

north  of  the  Elbe,  now  comprised  principally 

in  Holstein.    Also  called  Saxonia  Transalbina. 
Nordau(nor'dou),  Max  Simon.  Bom  at  Pest, 

Hungary,  July  29,  1849.     A  German  writer, 

of  Hebrew  descent.    He  studied  medicine,  traveled, 

was  connected  with  the  press,  and  practised  medicine  at 

Pest  tm  1880,  when  he  went  to  Paris.     Among  his  works 

are  "Paris  unter  der  dritten  Republik"  (1S81),  "Bie  kon- 

ventionellen  Liigen  der  Kulturmeiischeit "  (1^83),  "Para- 

doxe"{ls8Ul,  "Die  Kranklieit  des  Jalirhunderts,"a  novel  Norfolk    DukCS  Of. 

(is^i'i),  '"  Entartung"  (1893:  English  as  "Degeneration  ").      Norfolk  is  earl  marshal 


i>ounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north  and  east,  Suffolk 
on  the  south,  and  Cambridge  and  Lincoln  on  the  west.  Its 
surface  is  generally  flat,  and  it  contains  many  marshes  and 
fens.  It  is  largely  an  agricultural  county,  producing  bar- 
ley, wheat,  turnips,  etc.,  and  has  woolen  and  other  man- 
ufactures, and  herring-fisheries.  The  early  inhabitauts 
(Iceni)  were  subdued  by  the  Romans  in  62  A.  n.  It  was 
colonized  by  the  Angles ;  formed  part  of  East  Anglia ;  was 
conquered  by  the  Danes  in  870;  and  sided  with  the  Par- 
liament in  the  civil  war.  The  chief  town  is  Norwich. 
Area,  2,044  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  454,516. 

Norfolk.  A  seaport  in  Norfolk  County,  Vir- 
ginia, situated  on  the  Elizabeth  River  in  lat. 
36°  51'  N.,  long.  76°  17'  W.  it  is  one  of  the  largest 
cities  in  the  State,  and  a  naval  station ;  and  is  an  importani 
center  of  trade,  and  the  terminus  of  several  steamer  lines. 
It  was  founded  in  1705  ;  was  burned  by  the  British  in  1776; 
and  was  seized  by  the  Confederates  in  1861,  but  regainetl 
by  the  Federals  in  1862^     Population  (1900),  46,624. 

See  Hiiu-itrd.    The  Duke  of 
and  hereditar>'  marshal  of  Eng- 


Nordenskjold    (uor'den-sbeld).    Baron    Nils     land,  and  premier  duke  of  England,  ranking  next  after  the 
Adolf  Erik.     Boru  at  Helsingfors.  Finland,      princes  of  the  blood.    The  dukedom  was  created  in  148a 
Nov.   18,   1832 :    died  at    Stockholm^  Aug.  12.   Norfolk,  Earls  of.     See  Bigod. 
1901.   A  Swedish  arctic  explorer  and  geologist.  Norfolk  Broads.     A  group  of  lagoons  in  Nor- 
He  took  part  in  expeditions  in  1858.  18G1,  and  1864:  ex-     folk,  Eiiirland.  Avest  of  Yarmouth, 
plored  Spitzbergen  in  1SB8  ;  visited  Greenl.ind  in  1870.  and    Norfolk  Island.   An  island  in  the  South  Pacific, 

Spitzbergen  and  vieinitv  1872-7;j  ;  explored  the  Kara  Sea   ^V"-'-"-^  •'•'■'"'""; tj  .:t„:„     „;t.,„t„.i    „„„*    „« 

1875-76;  traversed  in  the  Vega  the  Ar'tic  Ocean  .along  the  belonging  to  Great  Br^ta  n,  sitnated  east  of 
Siberian  coast  through  Bering  strait  1878-79  (accomplish  Austraba  m  lat.  29°  4  S.,  long.  lb,°  o8  t.  It 
ingthent.trtheast  passacre) ;  was  created  barouin  1880;  and  was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1774;  was  formerly  a  penal  set- 
explored  the  interior  of  Gieeidand  in  1883.  He  was  the  an-  tlement;  and  was  colonized  by  the  Pitcairn  Islanders  in 
th.u- of  numer.ius  scientiflr  works.  1856.    Area,  13i  square  miles.    Population  (1896),  868. 

Nordenskjold  Sea.    The  Arctic  Ocean  north  of  Noric  Alps  (nor'ik  alps).  [L.  AlpesJS'orics.']  In 

.  .,-      ,    .  ,T.  J      Siberia  and  east  of  the  Taimvi- peninsula.  ancient  geography,  the  mountainous  region  be- 

islaiid  3  miles  southwest  ot  Martha  s  V  meyard,  Nordemey  (nor'der-ni).     A  small  island  in  the    tween  the  vallev  of  the  Drave  on  the  south  and 
Massachusetts,  to  which  it_belon^s.  _  North  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  East  Friesland,  prov-    that  of  the  Danube  on  the  north. 

No  Man's  Land,  or  Public  Land  Strip.     Adis-     jnee  of  Hannover,  Prussia.    It  is  a  favorite  place  for  Noricum(nor'i-kuin).    In  ancient  geography,  a 
trict  ceded  by  Texas  to  the  Ijmted  States  m     sea-bathing,  and  airinterhealth-resort.   It  is  8  miles  long. 
1850.    It  lies  between  longitude  100' and  103°  west,  north  Nordhausen(nord'hou-zen).  Atownintheprov- 
ofTexas.Itwasnotincludedunderanygovertiment, though     j^gg  ^j  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  base  of 

the  Harz,  at  the  western  end  of  the  GoUlene 
Aue,  56  miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  has 
important  manufactures  of  chemicals,  etc.,  brandy  distil- 
leries, breweries,  and  a  trade  in  grain.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  imperial  city,  and  w.as  finally  annexed  by  Prussia  in 
1813.  Its  cathedr.al.  Church  of  St.  Blasius,  and  museum  of 
antiquities  are  noteworthy.    Population  (1890),  26,847. 


It 


often  wrongly  represented  as  in  the  Indian  Territory, 
now  constitutes  Beaver  County  in  Oklahoma, 

Nombre  de  Dios  (nom'bra  da  de'os).  [Sp., 
'  name  of  God.']  A  Spanish  port  and  settlement 
on  the  (Caribbean  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pa- 
nama. The  name  was  originally  given  to  the  settlement 
of  Nicuesa,  made  in  1510  and  soon  abandoned  :  this  seems 


fo  have  been  near  the  modern  Porto  Bello.    .4  second  town  Nordhoff  (nord'hof),    CharlCS,       Bom  at  Er- 


of  the  same  name  was  founded  in  1519,  probably  on  the 
Bay  of  San  Bias :  it  became  the  northern  emporium  of  the 
rich  commerce  across  the  Isthmus,  but  owing  to  its  un- 
healthful  situation  the  merchants  generally  resided  at  Pa- 
nama, and  the  town  consisted  of  huts.  It  was  abandoned 
in  1597,  on  the  foundation  of  Porto  Bello. 

Nome  (nom).  A  mining  town  in  Alaska  situ- 
ated near  Cape  Nome.  Gold  was  discovered 
there  in  1898.     Population  (1900),  12,486. 

Nome,  Cape.  A  point  on  the  northern  shore  of' 
Norton  Sound,  Alaska,  about  long.  165°  W., 
lat.  64°  30'  N. 

Nomentack  (no-men 'tak).  An  Indian  chief 
brought  to  Loudon  from  Virginia  in  the  time  of 
Ben  Jonsou.  There  are  allusions  to  him  in  the 
plavs  of  the  period. 

Non- Juror,  The.  A  play  by  Colley  Gibber,  pro- 
duced in  1717 :  an  adaptation  of  Moliere's  "  Tar- 
tufe,"  written  in  favor  of  the  Hanoverian  suc- 
cession. Thisplav  still  survivesiii  Bickerstaffe"s 
'•The  Hypocrite"'  (1768) 


witte,  Westphalia.  Prussia,  Aug.  31,  1830:  died 
July  14, 1901.  All  American  journalist  and  au- 
thor. Among  his  works  are  "Secession  is  Rebellion" 
(1860),  "Cape  Cod  and  All  Along  Shore"  (1868),  "Cali- 
fornia for  Health.  Pleasure,  and  Residence,  etc."  (1872), 
"  Northern  California,  Oregon,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands" 
(1874),  "Politics  for  Young  Americans"  (1875),  "The 
Communistic  Societies  of  the  United  States,  etc."  (1875), 
"The  Cotton  States,  etc."  (1.976),  "God  and  the  Future 
Life"  (1881),  "Peninsular  California,  etc,"  (1888),  etc. 

Nordica  (nor'di-kji),  Madame  Lillian.  Born  at 
Fiirmington,  Maiiie,  about  18.58.  An  American 
soprano  singer.  Her  maiden  n.ame  was  Norton.  She 
married  ailr.  Gower  about  1882, who  died  shortly  af  ter.and 
in  1896  HerrDoehmo.  She  studied  at  tlie  Boston  Conserva- 
tory of  Music,  and  in  1879  finished  her  studies  in  Italy,  and 
has  since  sung  with  success  in  England,  on  the  Continent, 
and  in  the  United  States.  She  is  particulaily  successful  in 
•  iratorio  and  in  the  partot  Marguerite  in  Gotmod's  "Faust," 

Nordland(nor'lan).  A  province  in  the  northern 
part  of  Norway.  Ai'ea.  14,655  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  131,957. 


country  of  Europe,  bounded  by  Germany  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Danube)  on  the  north,  Pannonia  on 
the  east,  Pannonia  and  the  land  of  the  Carni  on 
the  south,  and  Vindelicia  and  Rhaetia  (separated 
partly  by  the  Inn)  on  the  west.  It  corresponded 
mainly  to  Lower  and  Upper  Austria  south  of  the  Danube, 
Salzburg.  Styria,  Carinthia,  and  parts  of  Tyrol  and  Bavaria. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  about  15  B.  C,  and  made  a 
Roman  province. 

Norma  (nor'ma).  [L., 'the  square.']  A  small 
southern  constellation,  introduced  by  Lacaille 
in  the  middle  of  the  18th  eentm-y.  between  Vul- 
pes  and  Ara.  It  was  at  first  called  Norma  et 
Regula,  but  the  name  is  now  abridged. 

Norma  (nor'ma).  An  opera  by  Bellini,  pro- 
duced at  Milan"  in  1831,  at  Paris  in  1835.  The  li- 
bretto was  taken  by  Romani  from  a  tragedy  by  Belmontet 
and  Soumet,  produced  at  Paris  about  1830.  "Tlie  main  sit- 
uation is  copied  from  the  '  Medea,'  though  compassion  pre- 
vails over  the  fire  of  jealousy,  and  the  children's  lives  are 
spared."    Makafii,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit..  I.  333. 

Norman  (nor'man),  Alfred  Merle.  Born  Aug. 
29, 1831.  An  English  naturalist,  honorary  canon 
of  Durham  cathedral,  and  late  rector  ot  Hough- 
ton-le-Spring.  '  He  received  the  medal  of  the  French 
Institute  for  his  services  in  the  exploration  of  the  depths 
of  the  Bay  of  Biscav  in  Le  Travailleur  in  18B(l.  A  cata- 
logue of  his  collections  of  the  fauna  of  the  North  Atlantic 
is  in  course  of  publication  under  the  title  "Museum  >or- 
manianum."  He  is  the  author  of  a  nundier  of  papers  and 
memoirs,  mostly  on  marine  zoology,  and  is  the  editor  and 
I>art  author  of  Bowerbanks  "  Monograph  of  Biitish  ftpon- 
giadie,"  Vol.  IV. 


Normanby 
Normanby  (nor'man-bi).  Atown  in  the  North 

Biding  of  Yorksliivo.  England,  adjoining  Mid- 

(llesborougli.     I'dpulatiou  (1891),  9,218. 
Normanby,  Marquis  of.   See  Phipps,  Constau-  Norman  s 

Urn- Jlriini.  reef  near 

Norman  Conquest,  or  the  Conquest.  ,J"  Eng-    Massachusett 

lishhistorv.tliet-oiiquest  of  England  by  ^\llllam. 
duke  of  Novniandv  (William  the  Cou(|uer(>r). 
It  was  beirui)  bv  and  is  usually  dated  from  his  victory  at 
Renlac  (HaslinKs)  in  106«.  The  leading  results  were  the 
downfall  of  the  native  English  dymisly,  the  union  of  Eng- 
land Normandy,  etc. ,  for  a  time  under  one  sovereign,  aiul 
the  i'ntiuductiuu  into  Englandof  Normau- French  customs, 

language,  etc.  „       ,.,  i        » 

Norman  Conquest  in  Italy.    See  the  extract. 

In  lOin  a  hand  ..(  ad  venturous  Normans  settled  at  Aversa, 
near  Naples.  About  tH  enty  .\  ears  later  the  elder  sons  of 
the  Norman  T.mcred  de  llautville  eanie  and  joined  their 
countrymen.    The  Norman  knights  fought  as  adventurers 


743 


Northanger  Abbey 


Longfello>y  has  celebrated  it 
in  the  poem  "The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus." 

Normantoninm-'maii-ton).  Atowuinthe^\est 

IJi.liiifot  Vorksliire.En'!'land,situateduearthe     chancellor  of  the  e.\chequer.     He  succeeded  the  Imke 
Cald"?  8  miles  south^ast^of  Leeds.     Population    of  Grafton  as  m-st  lord  of  the , 


till  his  father's  death  in  1790.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Oiford  (Trinity  College)  ;  was  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Banbury  when  2-1  years  of  age ;  was  a  lord  of  the 
treasui-y  from  1759  to  17tif> ;  and  in  Oct.,  1707.  was  made 


their  proper  share  of 
to  take  Messina 


eiiig  angered  at  denial  of 
lied  the  G 
Syraeuse  from  the  Saracens,  they 


(1891),  10,234.  ,    , 

Norn(norn).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
one  of  the  Fates,  whose  decrees  were  irrevo- 
cable. Tliey  were  represented  as  three  maiden  goddesses 
(Urd  (ON.  TrdAr),  Verdandi  (ON.  ycrdhamlC),  and  Sknld) 
who  dwelt  at  the  sacred  well  Irdharbrunn  (ON.  L/''/""'- 
brunitr)  the  judgment-place  of  the  gods,  at  the  foot  of  the 
tree  YggJiasil.  There  were  numerousinferior  Noms, every 
individual  having  one  who  determined  his  fate. 


'^'^'^''''''l''"''^'^:^^"^^SZM:^i^^O^^  N^"(i.^'n|).""'A  kin.l  of  sibyl,  a  character 


in  Scott's  novel 


turiTed'on' the  Greeks  themselves,  an.l  beat  them  out  of     q-roil    called  Noma  of  the  Fitful  Head 

■lt;y;;mdeMljhNorrbotten(nor'_bot-te..) 


tiearlv  all  .Apulia,  which  they  then  divided  into  t 
parts' for  twelve  of  tiieir  own  eou-' 
their  capital,  and  chose  William  Ir 
of  Tancred,  tor  their  chief.    Pope  L^ 


The  Pirate."    She  was  UUa 
itl 
The  northernmost 


might  tlleSnnbians 
against  these  Nonnan  eomiueiors.  Tiny  luat  the  Suabi.ms 
and  seized  the  Pope,  who  yielded  them  then  his  investment 
wilh  all  lands  they  might  acquire:  an  investment  which 
they  religiously  interpretedas  Heaven's  owneiicouragement 
to  future  comiuests.  Kobert  Guiseard,  fourth  son  of  Tan- 
cred when  it  was  his  turn  to  rule,  conquered  his  way  as 
far  south  as  Keggio,  and  became  Duke  of  Apulia  and  Cala- 
bria In  1059  he  had  that  title  ratified,  when  he  acknow- 
ledged himself  the  Pope's  vassal,  and  was  made  the  slan- 


An 


rd%Vare;of\hrch,Xh:  Th;sUmla,d-bearer.he„to.k  Norris,  JohU.  Bom  at  Co 
Capua-  besieged  and  took  Salerno  and  Amalfl ;  held  his  f^j,,  -Wrltsliire,  England,  lot 
own  against  all  menace:  and,  in  aid  of  the  Pope  Ililde-  England,  1711.     An  En 

^.. ._.  .„_..!. ...1  w, —  .^      Tl.o  Voi-miin  Robert  Ginscard.  who       toil,  XJiJ^iaii  «,  


and' largest  laen  of  Sweden.  Ai-ea,  40,503  square 
miles.  Population  (ISOn,  106,642. 
Norris  (nor'is),  Henry.  Hied  about  1733. 
English  actor,  an  e.\eellent  comedian.  He  was 
tlu-'original  Don  T.<.pezCin  "The  Wonder") and  Scrub  lie 
had  an  odd  squeaking  voice,  and  was  called  Jubilee  DicKy 
from  his  successful  impersonation  of  Dicky  in  '  Ilie  Con- 
stant Couple."  His  sons  announeecl  themselves  later  as 
"the  sons  of  Jubilee  Dicky,"  appearing  todenve  proBt  from 
the  name.  ., — 

^  "         Born  at  Collingboui-ne-Kings- 

7:  died  at  Bemer- 

glish  Platouist.    He 

was  edii'cated'at'winchcster  and  Oxford  (Exeter  College), 


ert  by  right  of  the  strong,  and  be  died,  at  the  age  of  seventy, 
Creat  Countof  Calabi  ia  and  .Sicilj .  His  son,  another  Roger, 
when  he  had  reached  man's  estate,  became,  by  failure  of 
Guiscard's  line,  undisputed  master  of  Apulia.  ThisBogt-r, 
having  taken,  after  a  few  years,  Capua  and  Naples,  thought 
himself  entitled  to  rank  as  a  king.  He  was  invested  tluie. 
lore,  by  the  Pope  as  "King  by  the  Grace  of  l,od  of  Sieil.v, 
Apulia  and  Calabria,  the  helper  and  shield  of  (  hnstians, 
sou  and  heir  of  Roger,  the  Great  Count."  Palermo  w;ns 
this  Roger's  capital.  The  new  kingdom  kept  Its  boundaries 
for  move  thau  seven  ecnturies,  and  it  was  the  biithplace 
of  that  earlier  Italian  poetry  which  afterwards  exercised 
so  manifest  an  inlliieiue  upon  our  literature,  hiiig  Roger 
of  Sicily  died  in  lir,4.     His  son  and  successor  \>  illiain  the 


sition,  and  in  the  " Cursory  „. „,-■■.  •      , 

first  pnblishedcritiqucofthecssay.  In  1092  Norris  received 
the  c'harge  of  Bemerton,  formerly  held  by  George  Herbert. 
In  1697  he  WTOte  "An  Aeconntof  Reason  and  Faith,  and  in 
1701  appeare<i  the  first  volume  of  his  chief  work  ■  •\".f'S8ay 
Towiidstl-e  Theory  of  the  Ideal  and  Intelligible  ^\  orld. 

Norris,  ■William  Ed-ward.    Born  at  London, 

1847  An  English  novelist.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1874,  but  has  never  practised.  Among  his  novels 
are  "Heaps  of  Money  "  (1877),  ''Jlsilonw^selle  deMersae 
(1880),  " Matrimony "  (1881).  "No  New  Thing  (Ig?),,,  JlJ' 
iriend  Jim"  (1886),  "A  Bachelor's  Blunder  (lt.8(.),  "Ma- 
jor and  Minor"(lSS7),  "The  Roguc"(lSS8),  "ThcCountcss 
I!adna"(lSll3),  etc. 


OI  SlCllV  (Ilea  in  1  li'^.       jii-,  aun  .mu  ou^.^.- ■^-'■'     ■-        li. 1,111.1      Vi"""/,' —       .  ,        „,,  .,      ,      1*  AT  ..  .♦ 

Bad  had  in  il«o,  for  son  and  successor  William  the  Good    NorristOWn(nor'ls-totin).    Thecapitalot  .Mont- 

-    ..    -^^         ^  ~..^     gomei'V  Countv.  Pennsvlvania,  situated  on  the 

Sehuvikill  IC  iniles  northwest  of  Philadelphia. 
•  -  I'opulation  (190(1). 


who  inaiTied  a  danahU'r  of  our  king  Henry  the  Second,  and 
died  in  11S9,  leaving  no  children.     Here  ended  the  legitl 
mate  male  line  of  descent  from  Tancred  de  H.iutviUe, 
.Viir/.i/.  English  Writer-  "'    '•--'- 


reasury  in  March,  1770,  He 
held  othce  in  entire  subserviency  to  the  will  of  George 
III.  during  the  American  war,  and  in  ilareh,  17t2,  re- 
signed after  the  surrender  of  Comwallis.  In  April.  1783, 
he  formed  a  coalition  with  Fox,  and  entered  the  Portland 
cabinet  as  joint  secretary  of  state  with  him.  He  retired 
in  Dee.,  1733. 

North,  Roger.  Born  16.53:  died  1734.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  sixth  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth 
Baron  North.  He  was  attorney-general  to  the  queen 
(Mary  of  Modena).  He  wrote  the  abusive  "Examen  "  of 
White  Kennett's  "  History  of  England  "(1740),  the  "  Lives  ■ 
of  his  brothers,  "A  Discourse  on  the  Study  of  the  laws" 
(Hrst  printed  in  1824),  "Memoirs  of  Music  "  (first  printed 
in  1848),  etc.  He  is  one  of  the  chief  authorities  on  the 
history  of  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  and  is 
remembered  for  his  partizatiship  toward  his  brothers. 

North,  Sir  Thomas.  Flourished  in  the  second 
half  of  the  10th  century.  An  English  translator. 
His  first  book  w:is  a  translation  of  Guevara's  "The  Diall 
of  Princes"  (1557).  He  also  translated  the  "Moral  Phi- 
losophy "of  Doiii,  and  an  Italian  version  of  a  book  of 
Arabian  fables,  "Kalilah  and  Dimnah"  (1570);  and  his 
translation  of  Plutarch,  which  SliMjspere  used,  was  taken 
from  the  French  version  of  .\myoi,  and  Hrst  appeared  in 

North  Adams  (ad'ainz).  A  city  in  Berkshire 
Cimntv.  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Hoosac 
Kiver'33  iniles  east  of  Albany.  It  has  boot  and 
shoe  and  cotton  and  woolen  manufactures. 
24,200. 

in 
iles 

^^^ fought 

the'baUle  of  the'standard  (see  Standard).   Pop- 
ulation (1891),  3.802. 

North  America  (a-mer'i-kS).  Agrand  division 
of  the  earth  which  comprises  the  northern  half 
of  the  western  continent.  It  extends  from  Bering 
Strait  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Its  political  divisions 
are  British  Nortli  America,  the  United  States,  Mexico, 
and  the  five  states  of  Central  America.  In  ad.lition, 
Greenland  and  the  north  pcdar  islands,  north  of  the  main- 
land, together  with  the  West  Indies,  are  reckiuieil^  in 
North  America.  The  main  physical  features  are  the  I  or- 
dillcran  mountain  system  on  the  west,  the  Appalaehian 
on  the  east,  the  great  plain  extending  from  Ihe  arctic 
regions  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great 
Lake  svotem  and  the  Mississippi  system.  Ihe  easteni 
coast-1 


vestern.    The 


,  111.  157-158. 


Norman  Conquest  of  England,  History  of  the. 

The  chief  hislori<-al  work  of  Edward  A.  iree- 
man  (0  vols.  1.S07-79). 

Normandy  (nor'man-di).  [F.  yorma)i(Jic,  ML. 
Xonimiiiiia,  Xortliniaiuiia,  land  of  the  Normans 
or  Northmen.]  A  fonnergovernment  of  France, 
corresponding  to  Seine-Inferieure,  Eure,  Orne, 
Calvados,  ami  Maiiche,     Chief  city,  Houeii.    It 


ako  system,  and  the  Mississippi  system.  '1 
toastline  is  much  more  indented  than  the  we 
origin  of  the  prehistoric  races  (mound  bnildei-s,  etc.)  is 
variously  given.  It  is  almost  certain  that  North  America 
was  reached  by  Northmen  alwut  lOtK)  a.  i>  ;  and  it  niay 


It  has  some  manufactures. 
22.20.").  . 

Norrkoping  (nor'che-ping).     A  eity  in  the  laen 

of  Einkoping.  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Jlotaia, ^^    __ 

at  its  junction  with  the  Bravik,  in  lat.  .'58°  3.)       C/.if.i/ ««(.>,  .Wcjict,  etc 

N     long.  16°  11'  E.    It  is  one  of  the  leailing  manu-  Northampton  (north-amp'ton) 


«a8t  to  northwest  by  tnc _,  ,-.  i-    ,  „ 

tricte  Caux,  Vexin,  fevrenx,  Bessin,  Coteutin,  etc.  Ciidcr 
the  Romans  it  was  part  of  Lugdunensis  Later  it  was 
partot  Neustria,  and  was  then  granted  to  the>  counts  of 
Paris.  It  was  the  scene  of  early  rai.ls  by  the  Northmen. 
Rollo,  leader  of  the  Northmen,  received  fi.un  tlie  king  the 
grant  of  the  district  between  the  .Seine  and  Epte  911 
<912'0  and  became  IliBt  duke.  This  under  Rollo  and  his  suc- 
cessors was  ex|)anded  by  addition  of  Bessin,  Cotentin,  etc. 


facturing  cities  in  Sweden,  and  has  Hourisliiiig  trade.  On 
ii'ceouut  of  its  manufaclnres  of  cotton  goods  it  is  sometinics 
called  "  the  Swedish  .Manchester."  It  was  buined  by  the 
Unssiaus  in  IrW.     Population  (1891),  33,431. 

ost  of  the 
Sweden,  com- 
botton, 
.org. 


have"been"visitcd  by  isolated  bands  at  various  times  be- 
fore the  redisrovery  by  Columbus  in  1492.    See  Amenta, 

A  south  niid- 
iand  couiitv  of  England,  it  is  bounded  by  Leicester, 
Rutland,  and' Lincoln  <ui  the  north,  Ciunbridge,  Huntiug- 
dou,  and  Bedford  on  the  east,  Buckingham  and  Oxford 
on  the  south,  and  Warwick  on  the  west.  The  surface  Is 
undulating.  The  chief  agrieulluml  pursuit  is  stock- 
raising-  and  the  other  chief  industriesare  the  manufacture 
of  bo.it3  and  shoes  and  of  iron.  The  county  formed  part 
of  the  ancient  Mercia.  Area,  1,003  9<iuare  miles.  Popu- 
atlon  (18111),  30-i,183. 


Norse  (nors).    The  langnageof  the  North  — that  Northampton.  lyiE. \o>lliamiiloii,Xiirlianipton, 
is,  of  Norway.  Iceland,  etc.    Speciflcall}'— _(n)  old     ^VS.  Acrf/i/(»w?»H,  North  Hampton. J    The  c-api' 


Norwegian,  praclieallv  identilb-d  with  Old  Icelandic,  an. 
called  especiallv  0'.' .V..r«-.  old  Icelandic,  generally  called 
simply  Uclamin-  except  when  .lislinguisbed  from  modern 
Icelandic,  represents  the  ancient  .Scandinavian  toiigne. 
(b)  Old  Norwegian,  as  dislinguished  ill  some  imrticnlais 
from  the  language  as  developed  in  Iceland,  (e)  Modern 
Norwegian. 

■  The  natives  of  ancient 


of  the 


it  was  Christianized  in  the  loth  century,  and  became  one 

of  the  chief  llefs  of  Kiance.    Its  duke  William  conijuered      _  „  ,     .      , 

England  loeO-09.  and  .Maine  in  10«:i.     Anjou,  Aqiiitame,  Norsemen  (nors  men). 

and  Normandy  were  nnlteil  1162-54.    Philip  Auguslns  con-     Scandinavia;  the  Northmen. 

quered  Normandy  (except  the  Channel  Islands)  in  ILJo-tr^  jj   ^      (iiOr'tfl).  RiO   del.       [^V-.  ' '''Ver 

i^;;='^Xa::;;:;;;L.^ri;rHe^:^v^  ';''''^^"r''\""'r' 

':"aken  anally  by  the  French  in  14.50.'      _  flclXorle.]     A  name  of  the  KlO  Orande,  espe- 

Norman    Isles    (nor'man    ilz),    F.   Iles   Nor-     fiallv  in  Mexico, 
mandesfelnoi-moiid').    The  Channellslands.  North   (n6rth),  Christopher.      Pseudonym  or 

Norman  Kings.     The  line  of  Enollsh  kmgs  he- 
ginning  witli  William,  dnke  of  Normandy 
ascended  t lie  English  tliriine  in  lOtiO), and cudili 
witli  Stephen,  wlio  died  in  lir>4. 


tal  of  the  countv  of  Nortliaiii|itoii.  England, 
situated  on  the  Nen  in  lat.  02°  lo'  N.,  long.  0° 
,')4'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  the  hoot  and  shoe  manufacture 
in  Englaml.  Its  church  of  St.  Sepnlcbre  is  notable.  It  is 
one  of  the  oldest  English  towns.  Several  medieval  par- 
liaiiunts  met  there.  It  returns  2  members  to  Parliament.  . 
Po]. Illation  119011,  87.021. 

Northampton.  A  city,  tlie  capital  of  Hamp- 
shire I'ountv,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  llie 
ronnecticutl.')  miles  north  of  Springtield.  It  Is 
noted  for  Its  picturesque  hication;  Is  the  sent  of  Smith 
College  (female),  the  State  lunatic  asylum,  and  a  deaf- 
ninte  Institute;  and  near  It  is  the  manufacturing  village 
of  Horence.     Population  (I'NiOV  lH,M:t. 

il  in 


't;8i-e-    .loin,  Wilson.  „■  „ui    Northampton,  Battle  of.   A  victory  pained  i 

■  ("■''"  North  (nOrth),  Sir  Dudley.    Horn  May  1(>,  IWl .     ,^,j,|  „,,,„.  x„rtliaiiiplon,  England,  by  the  \ork 
mdiiig    ,ii,.,l  l),.c.31,  KiOl.     .\n  English  political  econo-     ;.;,,.    over   the    Eancastriuiis.     Henry  VI.  was 


Normanri-Nerudadior'iniin-iier'ii-diii.'Wilhel- 

mine.  l-omat  liriinn,  Moravia,  Man-h  21,  Isld. 
A  noted  violinist,  .she  married  Ludwig  Nomiann,  n 
Swedish  musician, in  1804.  In  18ss»heinairiedSii Charles 
Halle.  She  has  played  much  in  Englaml. 
Normans  (nor'mauz).  [1.1.  ynniiaiiiii ;  from 
Ol'.  .\iiniia)i,  yoriiiaiid,  AS.  Sortlimaii,  icel. 
Aortlimaillir,  Northman.]  The  descendants  of 
the  Northmen  or  Scandinavians  who  settled  in 
France  under  lioUo  911.  See  .\oimaiiilii.  'ihey 
commenced  the  conquest  of  i-oulhcrn  Italj-  about  1041, 
Robert  Gnisciu'd  being  recognized  as  duke  of  Aimlia  and 
Calabria  by  the  Pope  in  1059;  they  conquered  Si.  Ily  under 
Roger  Guiseard  liKll-llii.  The  Italian  and  Sicilian  con- 
ijuests  were  in  1127  united  under  Roger,  second  count  of 


mist,  third  son  of  Dudley  North',  fourtli  Baron 
North.  He  entered  foreign  trade,  and  spent  several 
years  in  the  Levant.    He  was  forced  upoji_  the 


111  i.iv  ..u le  was  forced  upon  the  clly  of  Lon- 
don as  sheriir  in  the  iclgii  of  Charles  II.,  and  after  tbe 
revolution  of  Uk'^.'^  was  called  toaccouiit  fi.r  alleged  uncon- 
stitutional proc.clings  in  this  olllcc.  Ills  inost  Impor- 
tant wmk,  a  tract  entitled  "Discourses  upon  Trade,  etc. 
(published  1091,  reiiubliBhed  I8.%l,  anticipated  many  fea- 
tures of  modern  pollticiil  economy, 


North,  Francis,  Huron  Cuilford.  Born  Oct.  22 
10;',7-  die.l  Sept,  ^K  108.".,  Au  English  slates 
man.  second  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  Haroi 
North.  He  was  cdueated  at  Cambridge  (.St.  John's  Col 
lege),  and  was  calbd  to  the  bar  In  1055.     In  lib 6  he  wa 

made  chief  jiisll. f  the  Comimin  Picas;  In  111.M2  lor. 

kl-eper  of  thi  great  seal ;  and  liaron  Guilford  in  1083. 


bliucd  in  coiise.in.qi.'e  of  it  to  acknowledge  the 
link.'  i<(  Yi.rk  as  his  li.ir. 

Northampton,  Earl  of ;  Henry  Howard).  Horn 

about  l.">;i9;  died  101!.  .\n  English  slatesnuiu. 
seeoiiil  son  of  (he  Earl  of  Surrey  (Ihe  poel). 
He  came  Into  fav.u-  ..n  Ihe  accession  of  .lainej  1.  In 
1004  he  was  ma.le  carl  of  N..rlhan.pl..n,  and  ill  lOiW  lord 
privy  seal.     He  snpporled  the  Catholic  i.lliance. 

Northampton,  Earl  of  t  Spencer  Oompton). 

North  and  South.     .\  nov.l  by  Mrs.  Gnskell. 

i.iil.lish.d  ill  18.'>.'>.  .    .,,  .  , 

Northanger  ( north'an-ji^r)  Abbey.  _An"v. 
bv  .lane  Austen,  wTitteu  during  li9(-98,  nnU 


Northanger  Abbey 

published  in  1818,  after  the  author's  death.  It  is 
a  parody  on  the  "  Mysteries  of  Udolpho  "  school  of  novels. 
North  Anna  (an'a).  One  of  the  head  streams 
of  the  Pamunkey  River,  Virginia,  north  of  Kieh- 
mond.  Xear  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  North  Anna  in 
the  end  of  Maj',  lS<>t,  between  the  Federals  under  Grant 
and  ihe  Confederates  under  Lee.  It  was  followed  by  a  Fed- 
eral advance. 

North  Australia  (as-tra'liii),  or  Northern  Ter- 
ritory. That  part  of  the  colony  of  South  Aus- 
tralia which  lies  north  of  lat.  26°  S. 

North  Berwick  (ber'ik).  A  watering-place 
and  golfing  resort  in  Haddingtonshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  about  25 
miles  east-northeast  of  Edinburgh. 

North  Bierley  (bi'er-li).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  9  miles  west  of  Leeds. 
Population  (1S91),  22,178. 

North  Bridgewater.     See  Brockton. 

North  Britain  (brit'n).  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Scotland. 

North  Briton.  A  periodical  published  at  Lon- 
don 1762-63,  conducted  by  John  Wilkes,  and 
noted  for  its  attacks  on  the  government. 

Northbrook,  Baron.  See  Baring,  Francis  Thorn- 
hiJI. 

Northbrook  (north'bnik),  first  Earl  of  (Tho- 
mas George  Baring).  Bom  Jan.  22, 1826.  An 
English  politician,  son  of  Baron  Northbrook. 
He  wa5  viceroy  of  Indi:^S72-76.  and  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty 18SQ-85.  He  wK  created  earl  of  Northbrook  in 
1876. 

North  Cape.  The  northernmost  promontory  of 
Europe,  situated  on  the  island  of  Mageroe,  near 
the  northern  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  71°  11'  N., 
long.  25°  40'  E.  It  is  often  visited  by  tourists  for 
the  view  of  the  midnight  sun.  Height,  about 
970  feet. 

North  Carolina  (kar-o-U'nS).  One  of  the  South 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  from  lat.  33°  50'  to  36°  33'  N.,  and 
from  long.  75°  27'  to  84°  20'  W.  Capital,  Ra- 
leigh ;  chief  city,  Wilmington,  it  is  bounded  by 
Virginia  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east  and  south- 
east, South  Carolina  and  Georgia  on  the  south,  and  Ten- 
nessee (separated  by  the  Smokyand  other  ranges  or  moun- 
tains) on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  table- 
land in  the  west  (traversed  by  the  Blue  Ridge  and  other 
ranges  of  the  .Appalachian  system);  hilly  and  undulating 
in  the  center  (the  Piedmont  region)  ;  and  gene'^Uy  level 
in  the  east,  where  it  is  bordered  by  Albemarle,  Pamlico, 
and  other  .Sounds.  The  leadin;: occupation  is  agriculture  ; 
the  chief  products,  Indian  corn,  cotton,  tobacco^  rice,  tim- 
ber, etc.  There  are  mines  of  gold,  mica,  iron,  and  copper. 
It  has  97  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  10  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  has  12  electoral  votes.  Unsuccessful  at- 
tempts were  made  to  colonize  the  Carolina  region  under 
the  auspices  of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh  in  15S4-S7 :  it  was  set- 
tled probably  before  liitiS,  and  was  granted  to  proprietors 
in  1663  and  1665.  A  futile  attempt  waa  made  to  introduce 
a  constitution  framed  by  Shaftesbury  and  Locke  in  1669. 
A  royal  province  was  formed  in  1723,  when  North  and 
South  Carolina  were  separated.  The  "Mecklenburg  Dec- 
laration of  Independence"  was  passed  in  1775.  North 
Carolina  was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776)  :  was 
the  scene  of  sevei-al  battles  in  the  Revolution  (1780-Sl) ;  re- 
jected the  United  States  Constitution  in  17SS,  but  adopted  it 
in  17S9 ;  seceded  May  20, 1861 ;  was  the  scene  of  various  en- 
gagements and  military  operations  in  the  Civil  ^Yar,  par- 
ticularly in  connection  with  Burnside's  expedition  in  18G2, 
the  capture  of  Wilmington  and  other  ports,  and  Sheiman's 
march  in  1865  :  and  was  readmitted  to  the  Union  in  July, 
186(^.  .\rea,  52,250  square  miles.  Population  (19o0», 
1,89.3,810. 

North  Conway  (kon'wa).  A  summer  resort  in 
Conway,  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Saeo  20  miles  south-southeast  of 
Mount  Washington. 

Northcote  (north'kot).  James.  Born  at  Ply- 
mouth, England.  Oct.  22,  1746:  died  at  Loudon, 
July  13,  1831.  An  English  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  and  author,  in  1771  he  entered  the 
studio  of  Reynolds,  and  in  1777  went  to  Italy.  He  executed 
pictures  for  the  Boydell  Shakspere  Gallery,  and  painted 
"The  Death  of  Wat  Tyler  "for  the  city  of  London,  now 
in  the  Guildhall.  He  wrote  a  life  of  Revnolds(1813),  and 
a  life  of  Titian  (1830). 

Northcote,  Sir  Stafford  Henry,  first  Earl  of  Id- 
desleigh.  Born  at  Loudon,  Oct.  27, 1818:  died 
there,  Jan.  12, 1887.  An  English  Conservative 
statesman.  HegraduatedatOxford(BalliolCollege),and 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  18H1.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1855  ;  was  president  ul  theboard  of 
trade  1866-67,  and  secretary  of  state  for  India  1867-68; 
served  on  the  joint  high  commission  which  drew  up  the 
treaty  of  Washington  in  1871  ;  and  was  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer  1874-^0,  first  lord  of  the  trejisury  1SS5-86,  and 
foreign  secretary  1SS6-87.  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
baronet  in  1851,  and  was  created  earl  of  Iddesleigh  in  1SS5. 
He  wrote  ■■  Twenty  Years  of  Financial  Policy  "  (1862). 

North  Dakota  (da-ko'tii).  One  of  the  North 
Central  States  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Capital,  Bismarck,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  on  the  north,  Minnesota  on  the  east.  South  Da- 
kota on  the  south,  and  ^Montana  on  the  west  Its  surface 
is  generally  level  and  undulating.  It  is  noted  for  the 
production  of  wheat.  It  has  39  counties,  sends  2  senators 
and  2  representative  to  Congress,  and  has  4  electoral  votes. 


744 

In  1889  it  was  separated  from  South  Dakota,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Unfon.  Area,  70,795  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion aStiO).  319,116. 

North  Downs  (dounz).  A  hilly  region  in  Hamp- 
shire, .Surrey,  and  Kent,  England,  fonning 
natural  pastures,  and  largely  given  over  to 
sheep-raising. 

Northeast  Cape.    See  Tcheliusl-in. 

Northeast  Passage.  A  passage  for  ships  along 
the  northern  coast  of  Europe  and  Asia  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  first  to  make  the  complete  voyage 
by  this  passage  was  the  .Swedish  explorer  Nordeiiskjold  in 
1878-79,  after  it  had  been  from  time  to  time  attempted  in 
vain  for  upward  of  three  centuries. 

Northeim  (nort'him).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ruhme 
48  miles  south  by  east  of  Hannover.  Popula- 
tion (1890).  6.695! 

Northern  Athens.    See  Athens  of  the  \orth. 

Northern  Car,  The.  The  constellation  of  the 
Great  Bear,  commonly  known  in  England  as 
Charles's  Wain,  and  in  the  United  States  as  the 
Great  Dipper.     See  €rsa  Major. 

Northern  Crown.     See  Corona  Borealis. 

Northern  Herodotus,  The.    Snorre  Sturleson. 

Northern  Lass,  The,  or  A  Nest  of  Fools.  A 
comedy  by  R.  Brome,  printed  in  1632. 

Northern  Liberties.  -^  foi-merdistriet,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Northern  Territory.    See  Xorth  Australia. 

Northern  Triangle.     See  Triangulum  Boreale. 

Northern  Virginia,  Army  of.  The  main  Con- 
federate army  in  the  East  during  the  CivU  War. 

Under  Gener.al  Lee  it  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
of  1862 ;  in  the  Manassas,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg 
campaigns  of  1862 ;  in  the  Chancellorsville  campaign  of 
1863  ;  in  the  invasion  of  Pennsylvania  and  at  Gettysburg  in 
1863  ;  and  in  the  defense  of  Richmond  and  Petersburg  in 
I86I-60.  It  surrendered  to  Grant  at  Appomattox  April  9, 
1865. 
Northern  War,  The.  A  war  between  Sweden 
(under  Charles  XII.)  on  one  side  and  Rus- 
sia (under  Peter  the  Great),  Denmark.  Saxony, 
Poland,  and  finally  Prussia  and  Hannover  on 
the  other.  It  was  begun  in  1700,  and  was  ended  by  trea- 
ties 1719-21,  in  which  Sweden  ceded  Bremen  and  Verden 
to  Hannover.  Stettin  and  part  of  western  Pomerania  to 
Prussia,  and  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Ingria,  and  part  of  Karelia 
to  Russia,  and  lost  the  supremacy  in  northern  Europe, 

Northerton  (nor'sner-ton).  Ensign.  A  char- 
acter in  Fielding's  "Tom  Jones." 

Northfleet  (north'flet).  A  village  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Thames  19  miles  east- 
southeast  of  London.  Population  (1891),  11,717. 

North  Foreland.  A  cape  on  the  coast  of  Kent, 
England,  projecting  into  the  North  Sea  in  lat. 
51°  22'  N.,  long.  1°  27'  E. :  the  Roman  Promon- 
torium  Acantium.  Near  it,  July  25, 1666,  the  English 
fleet  under  the  Duke  of  Albemarle  and  Pi-ince  Rupert  de- 
feated the  Dutch  under  De  Ruyter. 

North  Friesian  (fre'zian)  Islands.  A  group  of 

low  islands  in  the  Nortli  Sea,  west  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  to  which  province  they  belong.  It  in- 
cludes Sylt,  Fohr, Pellworm.  Nordstrand,  etc. 

North  Friesland  (frez'land).  The  part  of  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  which 
comprises  the  North  Friesian  Islands  and  the  op- 
posite western  coast  of  the  mainland. 

North  German  Confederation.  [G.  Xord- 
deutscher  Bund.']  The  German  union  formed 
after  the  dissolution  of  the  Germanic  Confed- 
eration in  1866.  underthe  presidency  of  Prussia. 
It  included  all  the  German  states  north  of  the  ilain  (ex- 
cept Luxemburg  and  Limburg)  which  had  belonged  to  its 
predecessor,  and  comprised  also  Schleswig  and  the  prov- 
inces of  Poseu,  East  Prussia,  and  West  Prussia.  Hesse 
joined  it  for  its  part  north  of  the  Main.  It  was  the  model 
for  the  German  Empire,  which  took  its  place  in  1871. 

North  Holland  (hol'and),  D.  NoordhoUand 

(nord-hol'liint).  A  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands.  Chief  city,  Amsterdam,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  west  and  north,  the 
Zuyder  Zee  on  the  east,  and  Utrecht  and  South  Holland  on 
the  south.  The  surface  is  level.  Area,  1,070  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  800,742. 

North  Holland  Canal.  A  ship-canal  connect- 
ing Amsterdam  with  the  Holder,  opened  in  1825. 
Length,  about  50  miles. 

North  Island,  The  northernmost  island  of  New 
Zealand,  sejiarated  from  South  Island  on  the 
southwest  by  Cook  Strait.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
east  and  south.  It  was  formerly  called  New  Ulster.  Area, 
44,467  squ.are  miles. 

Northmen  (north'men).  The  inhabitants  of  the 
north  (that  is,  of  Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark, 
Iceland,etc.);  the  Scandinavians;  in  a  restricted 
sense,  the  inhabitants  of  Norway.  The  Northmen 
were  noted  for  their  skill  and  daring  on  the  sea,  and  for 
their  expeditions  against  Great  Britain  and  other  parts  of 
northern  and  westein  Europe  from  the  8th  to  the  11th 
centiuy.  They  founded  permanent  settlements  in  some 
places,  as  the  Orkneys,  Hebrides,  etc.,  and  in  northern 
France,  where  they  were  called  Normans.  (See  yormawi.) 
According  to  the  Icelandic  sagas,  a  Northman,  Leif  Eric- 
son,  visited  the  shores  of  Nova  Scotia  about  lOOO  A.  D. 


Northwest  Passage,  The 

North  Park.  A  plateau  in  Grand  County,  north- 
ern Colorado.  Area,  about  2,000  squai-e  miles. 
Elevation,  about  8,500  feet. 

North  Polar  Sea.    See  Arctic  Ocean. 

North  River.  A  name  given  to  the  Hudson 
River  near  its  mouth:  originally  so  named 
in  distinction  from  the  Delaware  or  "South 
River." 

North  Sea,  or  German  Ocean,  F.  Mer  du  Nord 
(mar  dii  nor),  G.  Nordsee  (nort'za  1  or  Deutsch- 
es  Meer  (doich'es  mar),  D.  Noordzee  (nord'- 
za).  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  lying 
east  of  Great  Britain,  west  of  Norway,  Denmark, 
and  Schleswig-Holstein,  and  north  of  Germany, 
the  Netherlands, Belgium. and  France:  the  Ro- 
man Mare  Germanicum  or  OceanusGermanicns. 
It  communicates  on  the  east  by  the  Skager  Rack,  Catle. 
gat,  and  Sound  with  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  southwest  by  the 
Strait  of  Dover  and  the  English  Channel  with  the  Atlantic. 
It  is  noted  for  its  general  shallowness  and  for  its  fisheries. 
It  receives  the  T.ay,  Forth,  Tweed,  Tyne,  Humber,  Ouse, 
Thames,  Schelde,  ileuse,  Rhine,  Ems,  Weser.  and  Elbe. 
Length,  about  600  miles.  Width,  about  400  miles.  Area, 
about  180,000  squai-e  miles. 

North  Sea  (;.  <■.,  north  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pana- 
ma). A  name  commonly  given,  in  the  16th 
century,  to  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  South  Sea  or  Pacific  Ocean.  By 
extension  it  was  sometimes  applied  to  the  At- 
lantic. 

North  Sea  Canal,  or  Amsterdam  Canal.  A 
ship-canal  which  connects  Amsterdam  with  the 
North  Sea  by  means  of  the  Y.  Length,  about 
16  miles. 

North  XJist  (wist).  An  island  of  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides, Scotland,  belonging  to  the  county  of  In- 
verness. It  is  separated  from  Skye  on  the  east  by  the 
Little  Minch,  and  from  Harris  on  the  north  by  the  Sound 
of  Harris.    Length,  18  miles. 

Northumberland  (nor-thum'ber-land).  [ME. 
Xorthumheriund.  from  "'Xorthumher  (ML.  Xorth- 
umhria,  in  AS.  a  folk-name,  Xorthhijmhre, 
Northanhymhre,  the  people  living  north  of  the 
Humber)  and  land.]  A  maritime  county,  the 
northernmost  of  England.  Chief  town,  New- 
castle. It  is  bounded  by  Scotland  on  the  northwest 
(partly  separated  by  the  Cheviot  Hills  and  the  TweedX 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  Durham  on  the  south  (partly 
separated  by  the  Tyne  and  Derwent),  and  Cumberland  on 
the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west.  It  is  noted 
for  the  production  of  coal,  and  has  also  flourishing  agri- 
culture. It  is  the  first  county  in  England  in  Roman  an- 
tiquities, including  the  Roman  wall.  It  formed  part  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Northumbria.  It  was  the  scene 
of  much  border  warfare.  Area,  2,015  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1S91),  506,030. 

Northumberland,  Duke  of.    See  Dudley. 

Northumberland,  Earls  of.    See  Percy. 

Northumberland,  Kingdom  of,  or  Northum- 
bria (nur-thum'bri-a).  A  former  kingdom  of 
Great  Britain,  at  its  greatest  extent  reaching 
from  the  Humber  to  the  Firth  of  Forth,  and  from 
the  North  Sea  westward  to  the  Celtic  Strath- 
clyde.  The  Anglian  kingdoms  of  Bernicia  in  the  north 
(founded  by  Ida  in  547)  and  Deira  (founded  a  few  years 
later)  were  united  under  Ethelfrith  about  600.  Christi- 
anity was  introduced  under  Edwin  (dieii  633).  Northum- 
bria reached  its  highest  point  in  the  7th  century,  as  the 
most  powerful  kingdom  in  the  island.  It  was  the  center 
of  literatiu-e  in  the  7th  and  8th  centuries.  It  was  largely 
resettled  by  the  Danes  in  the  9th  centurj- ;  was  nominally 
conquered  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  in  the  middle  of  the  10th 
century;  and  was  governed  by  practically  independent 
Danish  earls  tUl  the  period  of  the  Norman  conquest.  The 
northern  portion  was  ceded  to  Scotland  about  1000. 

Northumberland  House.  One  of  the  chief  his- 
torical houses  of  London. situated  on  theStrand, 
on  the  southeast  side  of  Trafalgar  Square.  It 
was  built  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  and  was 
bought  and  removed  in  1873-74  by  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  to  make  room  for  Northumberland  Avenue, 
which  runs  from  the  Thames  Embankment  to  Charing 
Cross. 

Northumberland  Strait.  A  sea  passage  in  the 
(Tulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  separating  Prince  Edward 
Island  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia. 

Northumbria.  See Xorthumberland.  Kingdom  of. 

Northward  Ho !  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Dekker 
and  John  Webster,  written  about  1605,  printed 
1607. 

Northwestern  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Evanston,  Illinois,  comprising  de- 
partments of  literature  and  science,  literature 
and  art,  technology,  music,  theology,  medicine, 
and  law.  It  was  chartered  in  1851.  and  opened 
in  18.55.     It  has  about  2,000  students. 

Northwest  Passage,  The.  A  passage  for  ships 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  into  the  Pacific  by  the 
northern  coasts  of  the  American  continent, 
long  sought  for  and  in  part  found  by  Parry  and 
others,  sir  Robert  M'Clure,  in  his  expedition  of  1850-54, 
was  the  first  to  achieve  the  passage,  although  his  ship  was 
abandoned  and  the  journey  was  completed  partly  iDii  ice 
and  partly  on  the  relieving  vessel.    The  discovery  is  not 


Northwest  Passage,  The 

one  of  practical  utility,  being  merely  the  solution  of  a 
scientific  problem.  The  honor  is  sometiraea  claimed  for 
sir  John  Franklin. 

Northwest  Provinces,  or  Northwestern  Prov- 
inces. A  lieutenaiit-goveruorship  of  British 
India,  surrounded  by  Tibet,  Nepal,  Oudh,  Ben- 
gal, Central  Provances,  Panjab,  and  native 
states.  Capitiil,  Allahabad.  It  belongs  to  the  Gan. 
getic  b.asin,  is  mitctl  for  its  production  of  wheat,  and  con- 
tains many  fainuus  cities.  It  was  acquired  by  the  Kritish 
nt  the  end  of  ttie  istli  and  bepiniiinj;  of  the  19th  century. 
It  was  prominent  in  the  Indian  mutiny  in  1857-58.  Oudli 
was  united  to  it  in  administration  in  1877.  Area,  with 
Oudli,  107.503  square  niiles.     Topulatiou  (1891X  46,905,085. 

Northwest  Territories.  The  territories  of 
Briti.sli  America  which  lie  to  the  nortliwest  of 
the  older  part  of  Canada.  Tlie  name  is  now  used 
with  a  political,  ratlier  thiin  a  geographical,  signification 
to  include  the  districts  of  All)erta,  -Assiniboia,  Athabasca, 
Fraiililin,  Keewatin,  Macki-nzic,  Saskatchewan,  and  I'n- 
gava,  wliicli  are  united  under  a  lieutenant-governor  and 
a  legislative  asseTnl>lj-.  Yukon  received  a  separate  gov- 
ei'oment  iu  IS'JS. 

Northwest  Territory.  A  territory  formed  by- 
ordinance  of  Congiess  in  1787,  coiiiprisincr  the 
present  Oliio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, and  Minnesota  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
Slavery  was  prohibited  in  it. 

Northwich  (north'-wieh).  A  town  in  Cheshire, 
England,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Weaver 
and  Dane,  21  miles  southeast  of  Liverpool.  It  is 
noted  for  salt-mines.   Population  (1891),  14,914. 

Norton  (nor' ton),  Andrews.  Born  atHingham, 
Mass.,  Dee.  31,  1786:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
Sept.  18,  1853.  An  American  Unitarian  theo- 
logian, professor  at  Harvard  1819-30.  Hisworl;s 
include  *'A  .Statement  of  the  Reasons  for  not  believing 
the  LWctrines  of  the  Trinitarians"  (1833),  etc. 

Norton,Mi-s.(Caroline  Elizabeth  Sarah  Sher- 
idan), afterward  Lady  Stirling-Maxwell. 
Born'  1808:  died  June  1.5,  lb77.  An  Eiif;lish 
poet  and  novelist,  she  was  one  of  "  the  three  graces," 
daughters  of  Tliomas  Sheridan.  She  puldished  ■'The 
Dandies'  Rout'*  (illustrated  by  herself  at  the  age  of  13), 
and  the  poems  "The  Sorrows  of  Rosalie,  etc."  (1829)  and 
"The  Undying  One"  (18:!0).  She  also  wrote  "  A  Voice  from 
the  Factories"  (18n6),  "The  Lady  of  La  Garaye  "  (1802: 
a  poem),  "Lost  and  .Saved"  (1803).  "Old  Sir  Donglab" 
(1867).  etc.  Slie  married  in  1827  the  Hon.  George  Chap- 
(de  Nr.rton  (who  died  in  1875),  and  in  1877  Sir  W.  Stirling- 
MaxweU. 

Norton,  Charles  Eliot.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  16, 1827.  An  American  author,  son 
of  Andrews  Norton.  Ee  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1848, 
and  was  editor,  with  James  Russell  Lowell,  of  the  "  North 
American  Review"  1864-08.  He  was  professor  of  the 
liistory  of  art  at  Harvard  Utuversity  1874-98.  Among  Ills 
works  are  "The  New  Life  of  Dante  :  an  Essay,  with  trans- 
lations" (18.58),  "Notes  of  Travel  and  .Study  in  Italy" 
(1859),  "List  of  the  Princii)al  Books  relating  to  ."  . 
Michael  Angelo  "  (1879),  "  Historical  studies  (.f  (_'hurch- 
Building  in  the  Middle  Ages'  (1880).  He  translated 
Dante's  "Divina  Oommedia"  (1892),  and  edited  James 
Eusaell  Lowell's  letters  in  18'J3,  etc. 

Norton,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1532:  died 
at  Sharpenhoe,  Bedfordshire,  1584.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer,  translalor,  andautlior.  Hewrote(with 
8ackville)the  tirst  English  tragedy,  '(iorhoduc,  or  FeiTex 
and  Porrex"  (which  see).  He  published  a  "Trajislation 
of  Calvin's  Institutes"  (1561),  and  translated  many  of  the 
psalms  in  the  Psalter  of  Sternhold  and  Hopkins  (1601),  etc. 

Norton  Sound.  An  inlet  of  Bering  Sea,  on  the 
■western  coast  of  Alaska. 

Norumbega  (no-rum-be'gii).  A  region  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  frcimently 
mentioned  in  maps  and  writings  of  the  lUth  and 
17th  centuries.  It  was  placed  between  Cape  Breton 
and  Florida,  or  narrowed  tt)  the  n(!rthcrn  part  of  that  re- 
gion, or  more  definitely  placed  within  the  present  State 
Of  Maine.  Various  English  and  French  explorers  made 
lonrneys  to  Norumbega,  It  is  disputed  whether  the  luime 
IBof  Indian,  Norse.  orS|)anisb  <iri'.;fn.  Tlie  river  of  Norum- 
bega has  been  often  iilentitlid  with  the  Penobscot.  Profes- 
Bor  Horaford  identified  tlie  lost  city  of  Norumbega  with 
Watcrtown,  Massachusetts. 

Nerval  (nAr'val),  Young.  In  Home's  play 
"Douglas,"  the  son  of  Lady  Kandolpli  by  a  pre- 
vious marriage  with  Douglas.  His  birth  "was  cm- 
ceabd.  and  he  was  l)rought  up  as  a  shepherd  by  Old  Norval, 
"the  frugal  swain,"  wlio  foun<lhiin.  He  is  killed  by  l^rd 
Kaniliilph,  who  discovers  too  late  th:it  he  is  the  son  of  Lady 
Randolph.  The  latter  kills  herself  in  despair.  Tlie  part 
was  a  favorite  one  with  .lohn  Kemble  and  othc^rs,  and  Ma- 
cready  playd  it  to  Mrs.  Siddons's  Lady  Rarulolph. 

Norwalk  (.nSr'wAk).  A  towiisiiip  in  Fah-field 
Coiinty,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound  30  miles  southwest  of  New  Haven.  It 
has  manufactures  of  hats,  etc.  it  was  settled  about 
1040,  and  was  burned  by  the  Hessians  under  Tryoii  In  1779. 
I'opiiIati.Mi  (including  South  N..rwalk)  (1900),'l'.i,9;«. 

Norwalk.  The  capital  of  Huv.ni  Couuly,  nurtli- 
orri  Ohio,  .'il  miles  west-sipufhwest  of  Cleve- 
land.    Population  (1900),  7,074. 

N()rway  (nor'wa).  [ME.  Nnrwaij,  Nnrwcij,  AS. 
Xoririe;/,  earlier  Niirlhifrij.  Icel.  Xorrf/r,  very 
rarely  Norvitfir,  Norw.  Dau.  and  Sw.  Nnrrir,  (}. 
Norweuen,  F.  Xorrif/e,  ML.  Norrcqin.  S'nrth- 
wagia,  etc.,  lit.  'north  way.'    The  first  element 


745 

has  been  eiToneously  ref  eiTed  to  a  mythical  king 
ydr,  and  to  the  Icel.  nor,  a  sea  loch.]  The  north- 
ernmost country  of  Europe.  Capital, Christiauia. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  .Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Russia  and 
Sweden  on  the  east,  the  Skager  Rack  on  the  south,  and 
the  .Vorth  Sea  and  the  .Atlantic  and  Arctic  oceans  on  the 
west.  It  forms  the  western  paH  of  tlie  Scandinavian  j>e- 
ninsula,  comprising  also  many  islands.  The  coast-line  is 
deeply  indented  by  fiords.  "I'he  country  is  traversed  by 
mountains  (Scandinavian  ilountains,  Dovre  Fjeld,  .Totun 
Fjelde,  etc.),  and  the  surface  is  generally  elevated  and 
mountainous.  .Among  the  leading  industries  are  fisher- 
ies and  lumber  manufacture  and  trade.  There  are  mines 
of  silver,  copper,  iron,  and  nickel.  The  kingdom  is  divided 
into  20  amts  (or  provinces).  The  govenmient  is  a  lim- 
ited hereditary  monarchy.  It  is  under  the  same  sover- 
eign with  Sweden,  with  which  it  is  united  in  foreign  and 
diplomatic  relations,  butotherwiseit  isindependent.  The 
king  and  a  ministry  form  the  executive,  and  the  legisla- 
tive power  is  vested  in  the  Storthing  (or  parliament),  con- 
sisting of  an  upper  and  a  lower  house.  The  language  is 
Norwegian.  "The  established  religion  is  Lutheran.  Nor- 
way furnished  a  large  i>art  of  the  Northmen.  The  king- 
dom was  consnlidated  under  Harold  the  Fair-haired  in 
the  last  part  of  the  9th  century.  Christianity  was  intro- 
duced at  the  end  of  the  loth  centurj'.  Tlie  three  Scandi- 
navian kingdoms  were  united  from  the  union  of  Kalniar 
in  l.^!97  until  15^23.  Norway  was  separated  from  Denmark 
and  united  to  Sweden  in  1814.  Recent  events  are  the  con- 
stituti-)n:il  strn'.rgle8  against  the  veto  power  of  the  king, 
and  the  agitation  forindependent  consular  representation 
aOroad.  Area.  1^24,445  square  miles.  Population  (l'J(Hi). 
•2,^2:i:i.sKO. 

Norwegian  (n6r-we',iian).  The  Scandinavian 
language  of  Norway.  Old  Norwegian  is  preserved  in 
runic  inscriptions  from  the  end  of  the  Viking  age  in  the 
11th  century,  and  in  literature  from  the  end  of  the  12th 
century.  At  the  time  of  the  Reformation.  Danish  became 
the  language  of  literature,  a  condition  which  prevails  at 
the  present  time.  Dano-Norwegian  is,  however,  characteris- 
tically dilferentiatcd  in  pronunciation  and  vocabulary,  and 
the  old  popular  dialects  have  never  died  out. 

Norwegian  Sea  (n6r-we'jian  se).  A  name  given 
iu  recent  geography  to  that  part  of  the  North 
Atlantic  Ocean  which  lies  between  Norway  and 
Greenland. 

Norwich  (nor'ij).  [ME.  Xoncich,  AS.  Northwic, 
north  town.]  The  capital  of  Norfolk,  England, 
and  itself  a  county,  situated  on  the  Wens^am  in 
lat.  52°  38'  N.,  long.  1°  17'  E.:  the  British  Caer- 
Gwent,  and  the  Gwenta  of  the  Iceni.  it  has  man- 
ufactures of  mustard,  starch,  beer,  iron,  textiles,  etc.  "The 
cathedral  begun  in  looo,  is  said  to  preserve  its  Nonnan  plan 
wi  th  less  alterat  inn  th;in  any  other  English  cathec'iral.  The 
nave  was  completed  in  1140,  the  clearetory  of  the  choir 
was  rebuilt  in  the  14th  century,  and  the  vaul'.ing  dates 
from  the  15th,  at  which  time  the  west  front  was  modified 
and  the  tall  slender  spire  rebuilt.  Tlie  exteiior  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  picturesque  arcade  of  small  arches  and  col- 
umns, above  the  lowest  range  of  windows.  In  the  interior 
the  simple  nave  is  Norman,  except  the  Perpendicular  win- 
dows and  the  vaulting.  Tlie  choir  is  shut  off  from  the 
nave  by  a  solid  screen  surmounted  by  a  tall  organ,  nim^e 
disastrous  as  an  obstruction  t'>thc  view  than  the  inclosure 
of  the  "coro"  of  a spanisli  cathedral.  The  choir  terminates 
in  a  polygonal  chevet,  the  only  example  of  this  form  in 
an  English  church  of  the  first  rank.  The  triforium-gallcry 
is  notably  wide  and  high.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathe- 
dral are  407  by  78  feet ;  length  of  transeiits,  178 ;  heiglit  of 
vaulting— nave  70,  choir  83,',  ;  height  of  spire,  315  feet. 
The  Decorated  cloister  is  large  and  ber>utiful,  and  the 
episcopal  palace  is  in  largo  partof  the  14(h  century.  The 
Church  of  St.  Peter,  Mancroft,  the  castle,  and  St,  Andrew's 
Hall  are  also  noteworthy.  Norwich  was  a  British  and  a 
Roman  town  ;  was  burned  by  Sweyn  ;  1  ecanie  the  seat  of 
the  bishopric  fit  East  Anglia  in  1091  ;  received  a  colony  of 
Flemish  weavers  in  the  14th  century;  and  became  an  im- 
portant center  for  cloth  manufactures.  It  was  one  of  the 
heading  towns  in  England  in  the  17th  century.  It  returns 
2  niemliere  to  Parliament.    Population  (1!K)1),  111,728. 

Norwich  (nor'wich).  A  city,  one  of  the  capitals 
of  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  situated 
at  the  head  of  tlie  Thames,  ]:J  miles  north  of 
New  London.  It  has  an  important  trade,  and  manu- 
factures of  paper,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  metal-work, 
etc.,  and  is  the  terminus  of  a  line  of  steamers  to  New 
^'ork.  It  was  settled  in  1059,  and  incorjiorated  ils  a  city  in 
1784.     Population  (1900),  17,251. 

Nor'wich.     A  village,  the  capital  of  Chenango 

Counly.New  York,  situated  on  (^henango  Kiver 

■19  miles  southeast  of  Syracuse.     Population 

(1900),  5,70C. 
Nor'wich  Festival.    A  musical  festival  hold  tri- 

ennially  at  Norwich,  England:  established  in 

1H'J4. 
Norwood  (nor'wi'id).     A  suburb  of  London,  sit- 

unled  iu  Stirrey  (>  miles  soulli  of  St.  Paul's. 
Norwood.     A  iiordieasteru  suburb  of  Adelaide, 

Soiilli  Aiislr:ili.'i. 

Norwood,  or  Village  Life  in  New  England. 

A  novel  by  Henry  Ward  Boecher,  publislied  in 

lKf)7. 

Noskowski  (nos-kof'ski"'),  Sigismund.    Horn 

at  Warsaw,  May  2,  1H4().  A  Polish  composer. 
He  iuvetiled  a  svstein  of  notation  for  (ho  use 
of  the  blind. 
Nossi-B6  fiKis-se-bu').  An  island  north  of  Mad- 
agascar, belonging  to  France,  situated  in  l.it 
i:!°  23'  S..  long.  4H°  W  E.  (^ipilal,  llellville. 
The  Inhabitjints  are  mostly  Snkalavas.  It  was  ceded  to 
l''rance  In  1840.    Length,  14  miles.     Population,  7,803. 


Nott,  Eliphalet 

Nostoi  (nos'toi).  [Gr.  ixioro;.]  "The  Home- 
ward Voyages,"  a  Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Tro 
jau  cycle,  liy  Agias  of  Tra'/.en  (about  740  B.  c), 
which  related  the  return  of  the  Achaean  heroes 
from  the  Tro.jan  war. 

Nostradamus  (nds-tra-da'mus)  (Michel  de  No- 
tredame  or  Nostredame).  Born  at  St.-Remy, 
France,  Dec.  14.  I.i03:  died  at  Salon,  near  Ai.\, 
France,  July  2, 1'lGO.  A  French  astrologer  and 
physician,  noted  as  tlie  author  of  a  book  of 
prophecies  entitled  "Centuries"  (15.55),  which 
has  been  the  sub.ject  of  much  controversy.  It 
was  condemned  by  the  papal  court  iu  1781. 

Notables,  Assembly  of.  In  French  history,  a 
council  of  prominent  persons  from  the  three 
classes  of  the  state,  convoked  by  the  king  on 
e.xtraordinary  occasions.  The  institution  can  be 
traced  to  the  reign  of  Charles  V.  (14th  century),  but  the 
two  most  famous  assemblies  were  those  of  1787  and  1788, 
summoned  by  Louis  XVI.  in  view  of  the  impending  crisis. 

No'tae  Tironianae  (no'te  ti-ro-ni-a'ne).  [L., 
'Tiro's  marks.']  Ancient  shorthand  abbrevia- 
tions :  so  named  on  the  supposition  that  Tiro, 
Cicero's  frecdman  and  pupil,  invented  the  art. 
An  extensive  collection  under  the  title  "Notaj 
Tironis  et  Senecie"  has  been  published. 

Notch,  The,  or  Crawford  Notch  (kra'ford 

noch).  A  deep,  narrow  valley  in  the  White 
Mountains,  New  HampsWre,'  southwest  of 
Mount  Washington,  between  Mount  Webster 
and  Mount  Willey. 

Notitia  Dignitatum  (no-tish'i-ii  dig-ni-ta'- 
tum).    [L., 'list  of  dignities.']    See  the  extract. 

Its  full  title  is,  "Notitia  dignitatum  omnium,  tarn  civili- 
um  quam  inilitariuni,  in  partibus  Orientis  et  Occidentis," 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  wascomidled  in  the  first 
ye.'U-s  of  the  fifth  century,  probably  about  the  tiioruf  Ala- 
ric's  first  invasion  of  Italy.  It  is  a  complete  ( itlicial  Direc- 
tory and  Army  List  of  the  whole  Roman  F.mpire,  and  is  of 
incalculalde  value  for  the  decision  of  all  sorts  of  questions, 
antiquarian  and  historical.  For  instance,  the  whole  theory 
of  the  identification  of  the  existing  ruins  with  the  former 
stations  along  the  line  of  Hadrian's  British  Wall  depends 
entirely  on  the  mention  in  the  Notitia  of  the  names  of  the 
cohorts  posted  at  those  stations. 

Bodr/ldn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  200. 

Notitun  (no'shi-um).  [Gr.  Ndr^oi'.]  In  ancient 
geograiihy,  the  port  of  Colophon,  nearEphesus. 
Near  it,  in  407  B.  c,  the  Spartan  tleet  under 
Ijysander  defeated  the  Athenians. 

Notker  (not'kijr),  surnained  Balbulus  ('the 
Stammerer').  Born  in  Switzerland  about  840: 
died  912.  A  monk  of  St.-(iall,  noted  for  his  re- 
forms in  church  music,  and  as  a  composer  of 
se(|Uences. 

Notker,  sumamed  Labeo  ('with  large  lips'). 
Died  10-2-2.  A  monk  of  St. -Gall,  translator  of 
various  Latin  and  Greek  works  into  OW  High 
(lerman. 

Noto  (no'to).  A  city  in  tlie  province  of  Syra- 
cuse, Sicily,  15  miles  soiitlnvesi  of  S-STacuse. 
It  was  built  near  the  ancient  Netniii  (Cr.  Niiroi).  which 
was  destroyed  by  an  eartlupiake  in  lO'JS.  Population  (18«1) 
7,418.  ^ 

Noto,  Val  di.    A  former  di'vision  of  Sicily,  in 

the  southeastern  part.  • 
Notre  Dame  (no'lrdiiml.  [F.,' our  Lady.']  A 
diureh  at  I'tiris,  one  of  the  most  imposing  ami 
famous  of  catliedrals.  The  present  structure  was  be- 
gun in  UlXi,  but  is  chiefly  of  the  early  l.Stll  ceutur)-.  The 
fai,ade,  with  its  X  large  portals,  its  gieat  roses,  its  gallery 
and  arcades,  and  its  twin  square  towers,  is  one  of  the  two 
or  three  finest  produced  by  Pointed  architecture.  The 
transept-fronts  are  uiisurp:isscd  in  their  way,  and  the  long 
range  of  windows  and  Hying  buttresses  of  nave  and  choir 
is  highly  eflectivc.  The  figure-  and  foliage-sculpture  of 
the  exterior  is  abundant  and  arttslically  remarkable.  The 
graceful  rood-spire  was  built  by  \iollet-Ie-Duc  in  place  of 
the  original  one.  The  interior,  with  nave  and  double 
aisles  continued  around  the  choir,  measures  150  by  4'2«) 
feet,  and  110  high.  The  three  roses  retain  their  original 
glass,  but  the  remainder  of  the  glass  is  modern.  Tile 
ehoir-screen  is  carved  with  interesting  New  Tcstaiuent  re- 
liefs of  the  M(h  century. 

Notre  Dame  de  Brou.  A  church  at  Bomg. 
Frfince,  in  tlie  latest  llorid-Pointed  style,  built 
by  Mnrgiiretof  Austria  between  1.505  and  153(). 
The  west  front  h:w  three  pediincnts  and  a  richly  carvi"*! 
porch;  the  nave  is  simple,  but  the  choir  is  splendidly 
deciu^ated  as  the  mausoleum  cif  Margaret  of  Austria,  her 
husband  Pbililiert  le  Beau  of  .Savoy,  and  her  mother-in- 
law.  The  torn  bs,  especially  that  of  tile  prince,  are  adorned 
with  a  profusion  of  statues  and  minor  sculplurcs.  The 
carved  rood-sfrcen  and  choir-stalls  are  of  rare  excellence. 

Notre  Dame  de  la  Salette  (nii'tr  diim  >}{•  lii  sii- 

let').  .V  locality  in  l'"raiiee,  in  Iho  Alps  near 
Grenoble.  It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  an  allegeil  appear- 
ance of  the  virgin  in  ISIO,     It  is  a  place  of  pllgrfni'iKe. 

Notre  Dame  de  Paris.    A  )irose  romain'c  by 

Victor  IIiiL'o,  pulilislii'd  in  lS:tl.  The  scene  la  laid 
at  Paris  In  the  cud  .d  the  reign  of  Louis  .\I.  It  is  a  vig- 
orous Imt  somber  picture  of  iiiedicva]  manners. 
Nott  (not).  Eliphalet.  Bom  al  .\shford.  Conn., 
.lune  i;5,  1771):  died  nt  Sclienoelady,  N.  Y..  Jan. 
129,  1866.     Au  American  educator,  president  of 


Nott,  Eliphalet 

Union  College,  Schenectady,  ISO-i-GB.  He  pub- 
lished "  Counsels  to  Young  Men  "  (1810),  "  Leetures  on  Tem- 
perance" (1S47),  etc. 
Nott,  Josiah  Clark.  Born  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
March  24,  1804:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala.,  March  31, 
1873.  An  American  ethnologist.  He  wrote  " Con- 
nection between  the  Biblical  and  Physical  History  of  Man  " 
(1SJ9),  "  Pliysical  History  of  the  Jewish  Race  "  (18511),  and, 
conjointly  witli  Gliddon,  "Tj-pesof  Mankind"  (1854),  "In- 
dig;erious  Races  of  the  Earth"  (1857),  etc. 

Nottingham  (not'ing-am),  or  Nottingham- 
sliire.  [ME.  Xotiiiyliamschire,  AS.  SnothKjhdtii- 
*■(•(>.]  A  north  midland  county  of  England,  itis 
hounded  by  Yorkshire  on  the  northwest,  Lincoln  on  the 
east,  Leicester  on  the  south,  and  Derby  on  the  west.  Its 
surface  is  level  and  undulatinu.  It  lias  coal-mines,  and 
important  manufactures  of  hosiery  and  lace,  and  contains 
remains  of  Sherwood  Forest  (the  haunt  of  Robin  Hood), 
.•ireii,  843  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  445,823. 

Nottingham.  [ME.  Xothuilmm,  AS.  Snotin(ia- 
ham,  dwelling  of  the  Snotings.]  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  Nottingham,  England,  situated 
near  the  Trent,  in  lat.  .52° 58'  N.,'"long.  1°  6'  W. 
It  is  the  center  of  the  English  lace  and  hosiery  manufacture, 
and  has  also  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.  It  contains  a  castle, 
University  College,  and  a  very  large  market-place.  It  was 
one  of  the  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danes,  and  was  recon- 
quered by  Edward  the  Elder.  Itscastlewasbuiltby\Villiam 
the  Conqueror.  Here  Mortimer  and  Queen  Isabella  were 
captured  in  1330.  Charles  I.  raised  his  standard  here,  in 
1(>42,  as  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  The  castle  was  de- 
stroyed in  the  civil  war,  and  again  by  a  Reform  Bill  mob  in 
1831.  The  town  was  th^cene  of  the  Luddite  riots.  It  re- 
turns 3  members  to  Parliament.  Population  (1901),  239,753. 

Nottingham,  Earls  of.  See  Finch  and  Mowbraij. 

Nottoway  (not'6-wa).  [PL,  also  yottowai/s. 
The  name  means '  snake,'  figui'ativelj- ' enemy.'] 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  liv- 
ing on  the  river  of  the  same  name  in  southern 
Virginia.  They  are  now  extinct.  Seelroqiioian. 

Notts.     An  abbreviation  of  Nottinghamshire. 

Noumea  (no-ma-a' ).  The  capital  of  the  French 
colony  of  New  Caledonia.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Noureddin,orNureddin(nor-ed-den')(Malek- 
al-Adel  Nureddin  Mahmoud).  Born  at  Da- 
mascus about  1116:  died  about  1173.  Sultan 
of  Syria  from  about  1145.  He  conquered  Egj-pt 
and  became  its  sultan. 

Nourmahal  (nor-ma-hal').  ['Light  of  the 
Havcm.']  One  of  the  ladies  of  the  harem  of  the 
ealif  Harun-al-Rashid.  The  story  of  his  quarrel  and 
reconcilement\vithher  is  told  in  Moore's  poem  "TheLight 
of  the  Harem."  She  was  afterward  called  2sour]"ehan,  or 
'Light  of  the  World.- 

Nouronihar  (no-ron-i-hiir').  In  Beekford's 
"Vathek,"  the  daughter  of  Fakreddin,  a  mis- 
chievous girl  with  whom  Vathek  falls  in  love, 
and  who  accompanies  him  to  the  hall  of  Eblis. 

Nourrit (no-re' ).Adolphe.  BornatPaiis.March 
3, 1802 :  died  at  Naples,  March  8. 1839.  A  French 
tenor  singer,  son  of  Louis  Nourrit  (1780-1831), 
also  a  tenor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  Paris  in 
1821,  and  from  1826-36  created  all  the  first  tenor  parts  at 
the  Academic.  He  retired  in  1837  on  the  engagement  of 
Duprez,  and  went  to  Italy,  and  his  mind  being  weakened 
by  liis  disappointment  and  by  jealousy  of  Duprez,  he  killed 
himself  in  a  fit  of  delirium.    Grove. 

Nouvelle  Heloise,  Julie  ou  la  (zhti-le'  o  la 
no-vel'  a-lo-ez').  A  sentimental  novel  by  J.  J. 
Rousseau,  published  in  1761. 

This  is  a  story  told  chiefly  in  the  form  of  letters,  and  re- 
counting the  love  of  a  noble  young  lady,  Julie,  for  Saint- 
Preux,  a  man  of  low  rank,  with  a  kind  of  after-piece  de- 
picting Julie's  maiTied  life  with  a  respectable  but  prosaic 
free-thinker,  M.  de  Wolmar.  This  famous  bitok  set  the 
example,  first,  of  the  novel  of  sentiment ;  secondly,  of  the 
novel  of  landscape-painting.  Many  efforts  have  been  made 
to  dethrone  Rousseau  from  his  position  of  teacher  of  Eu- 
rope in  point  of  sentiment  and  tlie  picturesque,  but  they 
have  had  no  real  success.  It  is  to  "La  Xouvelle  Heloise"  that 
both  sentimental  and  picturesque  fictions  fairly  owe  their 
original  popularity ;  yet  *' Julie  "  cannot  be  called  a  good 
novel.  Its  direct  narrative  interest  is  but  small,  its  char- 
acters too  intensely  drawn,  or  else  too  merely  conventional. 
Its  plot  far  too  meagre.  It  is  in  isolated  passages  of  de- 
scription, and  in  the  fervent  passion  which  pervades  parts 
of  it,  that  its  value,  and  at  the  same  time  its  importance 
in  the  history  of  novel-writing,  consist. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  423. 

NoU'Tion  (no-vyon').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  France,  33  miles  nortli  of  Laon.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  3,110. 

Nouzon  (no-z6n').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Ardennes,  France,  situated 
on  the  Meuse  5  miles  north-northeast  of  M^- 
zi^res.     Population  (1891),  eommtine,  6,741. 

Novalis  (no-vii'lis) :  pseudonym  of  Friedrich 
von  Hardenberg.  Born  on  the  paternal  estate 
"Wiederstedt,  Mausfeld,  Germany,  May  2,  1772: 
died  at  Weissenfels.  March  25, 1801.  A  German 
lyric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Jena.  Leipsic, 
and  Wittenberg.  In  1794  he  received  a  subordinate  judi- 
cial position  at  Tennstadt  in  Thuringia,  which,  however, 
he  soon  abandoned  to  take  up  mining  engineering  as  offer- 
ing more  rapid  advancement.  He  died  at  the  age  of  29. 
His  lyric  poems  arc,  both  secular  and  religious.    "Hymnen 


746 

an  die  N'acht"  ("Hymns  to  Night")  are  lyrics  in  prose 
evoked  by  the  death  of  Sophie  von  Ktihn,  to  whom  he  was 
engaged.  A  novel,  "Heinrich  von  Ofterdingen,"  is  frag- 
mentary. As  a  writer  he  belongs  to  the  so-called  older 
Romantic  school,  of  which  he  was  the  best  lyric  poet.  His 
collected  writings  were  published  at  Berlin,  1802,  in  2  vols., 
to  which  were  added  a  third  (Berlin,  1840)  and  "  Eine  Nach- 
lese"(**Gleaniiigs";  Gotha,1873).  His  correspondence  with 
the  Schlegels  was  published  at  Mainz  in  1880. 

Ncvara  (no-va'rii).  1.  A  province  in  Piedmont, 
Italy,  bordering  on  Switzerland.  Area,  2,553 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  732,104.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Novara,  29 
miles  west  of  Milan  :  the  ancient  Novaria.  it  is 
a  commercial,  manufacturing,  and  railway  center.  The 
cathedral,  founded  in  390,  but  essentially  of  the  11th  cen- 
tury, though  injured  by  modern  alteration  and  decora- 
tion, is  one  of  the  rare  Italian  examples  of  the  union  of 
church  and  towers.  The  Baptisteiy ,  essentially  of  the  11th 
century,  though  of  much  older  foundation,  is  octagonal, 
36  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  domical  vault.  The  ancient  font 
of  white  marble  is  carved  with  pilasters,  diaper-work, 
and  oak-foliage.  Battles  were  fruight  by  the  French  here 
in  1495  and  15U0  :  and  in  l.')13  the  Swissdefeated  the  French. 
Ill  1821  the  Austrians defeated  thel'iedmontese  insurgents. 
The  most  famous  battle  of  Novara  is  that  of  March  23, 
1849,  when  the  Austrians  under  Radetzky  defeated  the  Sar- 
dinians under  Charles  Albert.  The  latter  immediately 
abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Victor  Emmanuel  Popula- 
tion (1892),  38,000. 

Ncvara  Expedition.  An  Austrian  scientific 
expedition  arotmd  the  world  in  the  frigate  No- 
vara, 1857-.59. 

Nova  Scotia  (no' vii  sko'shiii).  [L.,  'New Scot- 
land.'] A  maritime  province  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada.  Capital,  Halifax,  it  consists  mainly 
of  a  peninsula  hounded  by  New  Brunswick  (separated  by 
the  Bay  of  Fundy)  on  the  northwest,  Northumberland 
Strait  (separating  it  from  Prince  Edward  Island)  and  the 
GiUf  of  St.  Lawrence  on  the  north,  the  Gut  of  Canso  (sep- 
arating it  from  Cape  Breton)  on  the  northeast,  and  the 
Atlantic  on  the  south  and  southwest;  but  also  includes 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  northeast  of  the  peninsula.  Its 
surface  is  undulating,  and  is  traversed  by  several  ranges 
of  hiUs.  It  has  a  long  coast-line.  There  are  mines  of 
coal,  gold,  gypsum,  and  iron.  The  leading  industries 
are  fisheries,  agriculture,  and  mining.  It  has  18  coun- 
ties. Government  is  administered  by  a  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor (with  an  executive  council),  a  legislative  council  (21 
members),  and  a  legislative  assembly  (38  members).  The 
province  is  represented  in  the  Dominion  Parliament  by 
10  senators  and  20  members  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Nova  Scotia  was  discovered  by  the  Cabots  in  1497.  Un- 
successful attempts  at  settlement  were  made  by  the  French 
under  De  Monts  in  1604  and  succeeding  years.  It  was 
granted  to  Sir  William  Alexander  in  1G21,  but  was  settled 
by  the  French  later,  forming  part  of  Acadia.  Nova  Scotia 
baronets  were  created  by  Charles  I.  It  was  taken  by 
England  in  1654.  given  to  France  in  1667,  and  finally  ceded 
to  England  in  1713.  The  French  settlers  (Acadians)  were 
expelled  in  17.'i5.  A  constitution  was  granted  in  1758.  New 
Brunswick  was  separated  from  it  in  1784 ;  Cape  Breton 
was  separated  in  1784,  but  reunited  in  1819.  It  joined  the 
Dominion  in  1867.  Area,  20,550  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (W;il).  4V.l,.574. 

Novatian  (no-va'shian),  L.  Novatianus  (no- 
va-shi-a'nus).  Lived'  in  the  middle  of  the  3d 
century.  A  Roman  presbyter,  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Novatians.  He  had  himself  consecrated 
bisliop  of  Rome  in  opposition  to  Cornelius  in  251.  He  is 
also  called  Novatus. 

Novatians  (no-va'shianz).  In  chui'ch  history, 
a  sect  founded  in  the  3d  century  by  Novatianus, 
or  Novatus  (see  above),  and  by  Novatus  of 
Carthage.  Novatianus  denied  that  the  church  had 
power  to  absolve  or  restore  to  communion  those  who  after 
Christian  baptism  had  lapsed  or  fallen  into  idolatry  in 
time  of  persecution ;  and  his  followers  appear  to  have  re- 
fused the  grant  of  forgiveness  tii  all  grave  post-baptismal 
sin,  and  denied  the  validity  of  Catholic  baptism,  consider- 
ing themselves  the  true  church.  They  assumed  the  name 
of  Catharij  *  the  Pure,'  on  the  strength  of  their  severity  of 
discipline.  Inotherrespectstheydiffered  very  little  from 
the  Catholics  ;  and  they  were  generiiUy  received  back  into 
communion  on  comparatively  favorable  terms.  'The  sect 
continued  to  the  6th  century. 

Nova  Zeelandia  (no'vil  ze-lan'di-ii).  [L., '  New 
Zealand.']  The  name  given  by  the  Dutch  to 
their  settlements  on  the  Essequibo  River,  Gui- 
ana, in  1596. 

Nova  Zembla  (no'va  zem'bla),  Russ.  Novaya 
Zemlya  (u6'va-ya  zem-lya'j.  ['New  Land.'] 
An  uninhabited  double  island  in  the  Ar'ctic 
Ocean,  situated  north  of  Russia  and  northwest 
of  Siberia,  belonging  to  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel, Russia.  It  is  separated  into  two  parts  by  the 
narrow  Matotclikin  Shar,  and  is  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  Kara  Sea  (and  indirectly  by  Kara  Strait).  The 
surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous.  It  is  visited  by 
hunters  and  fishermen.  It  was  discovered  by  the  English 
in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century.  Length,  about  COO 
miles.    Area,  35,000  square  miles. 

Novel  (nov'el).  A  character  in  Wycherley's 
comedy  "The  Plain  Dealer."  He  is  a  pert  coxcomb 
"who.  rather  than  not  rail,  will  rail  pt  the  dead,  whom 
none  speak  ill  of  ;  rather  than  not  flatter,  will  flatter  the 
poets  of  the  age,  whom  none  will  flatter"  (ii.  1).  He  is 
a  great  lover  of  novelties,  and  makes  love  to  Olivia. 

Novello  (no-vel'lo),  Clara  Anastasia.    Bom 

.Tune  10,  1818.  An  English  sojirano  singer, 
daughter  of  Vincent  Novello.  She  studied  .at  the 
Conservatoire  in  P.aris  in  1829,  and  made  her  first  appear- 
ance at  a  concert  in  1833.  She  was  successful  in  concert- 


No'viodunum 

singing,  hut  went  to  Italy  in  1839,  studied  for  the  stage, 
and  made  her  first  appearance  in  "  Semiramide"  at  Padua 
in  1S41.  She  appeared  in  oratorio  in  England  in  18bX 
and  was  even  more  acceptable  in  this  than  in  the  other 
two  branches  of  her  art.  She  ceased  singing  in  public  iu 
1860.  She  married  Count  Gigliucci  in  1843. 
Novello,  Joseph  Alfred.  Born  1810 :  died  July 
17,  1896.  A  music-publisher,  sou  of  Vincent 
Novello.  He  opened  an  establishment  as  a  regular  pub- 
lisher of  music  in  18"29,  nowkno^vu  as  "Novello,  Ewer  and 
Co.,"  continuing  the  publications  begun  by  his  father, 
among  them  "  Purcell's  Sacred  ^lusic."  He  introduced 
Mendelssohn's  works  tu  tlie  English  public,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  furthering  the  interest-i  of  art  and  science,  and  also 
introduced  a  system  of  printing  cheap  music.  He  retired 
from  business  in  18.56,  and  went  to  Italy,  where  he  inter, 
ested  himself  in  studying  the  properties  of  water  and  the 
construction  of  ships. 

Novello,  Vincent.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  6, 
1781:  died  at  Nice,  France,  Aug.  9,  1861.  An 
English  composer  and  musical  editor,  in  18H  he 
began  to  publish  music  from  his  private  house.  This  was 
the  origin  of  the  firm  known  later  as  Novello,  Ewer  and 
Co.     See  Novello,  Joseph  Alfred. 

November  (no-vem'ber).  [From  L.  Nmvmber, 
also  Xnvembris,  the  ninth  month  (reckoning 
from  March).]  The  eleventh  month  of  the 
year,  containing  thirty  days. 

Novempopulana  (no-vem-pop-u-la'na),  or  No- 
vempopulania  (no-vem-pop-u-la'ni-a).  A  Ro- 
man jirovince  of  southwestern  Gaul,  in  the 
later  empire. 

Noverre  (no-var'),  Jean  Georges.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  29,  1727 :  died  at  Saint-Germain- 
en-Laye,  France,  Nov.  19,  1810.  A  French 
dancing-master,  writer  on  dancing,  and  com- 
poser of  ballets,  notedfor  his  improvements  iu 
the  development  of  the  ballet. 

Novgorod  (nov'go-rod).  ['Newtown.']  1.  A 
government  of  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  St.  Petersburg,  Olonetz,  Vologda, 
Yaroslaff,  Tver,  and  Pskoff.  It  contains  the 
Valdai  Hills  in  the  south.  Area,  47,236  square 
miles.  Population  (1890),  1,254,900.-2.  The 
capital  of  Novgorod,  situated  on  the  Volkhoff, 
near  Lake  Ilmen,  100  miles  south-southeast  of 
St.  Peter.sburg.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia,  within 
the  walls  of  the  highly  picturesque  Kremlin,  or  citadel, 
was  built  in  the  middle  of  the  11th  century  by  workmen 
from  Constantinople  ;  and,  duspite  several  restorations,  it 
retains  in  great  measure  its  Byzantine  character.  The 
dimensions  are  105  by  119  feet,  and  161  feet  high  to  the 
apex  of  the  central  dome,  which  rests  on  8  quadrangular 
piers.  There  .are  4  flanking  domes,  and  a  sixth  dome  over 
the  sacristy.  The  cathedral  abounds  in  tombs  of  ai-tistic 
and  historical  interest,  and  in  rich  church  furniture,  the 
carved  stalls  of  the  czar  and  the  metropolitan  and  the 
old  bronze  doors  with  reliefs  being  especially  noteworthy. 
The  iconostasis  bears  several  fine  old  icons.  Novgorod  is 
one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Russia.  It  invited  the  Varan- 
gians for  Russian  defense  about  862.  In  medieval  times 
it  was  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  Russia  and  one  of  the 
leading  commercial  centersof  Europe. and  was  the  capital  of 
an  independent  state.  It  was  brought  under  the  dominion 
of  Moscow  about  1478,  and  was  sacked  by  Ivan  the  Terri- 
ble in  1570.  Its  commercial  importance  has  been  entirely 
destroyed  by  the  foundation  of  St.  Petersburg  and  the  in- 
troduction of  railways,     population  (1893),  25,058. 

Novgorod,  Principality  of.  The  principality 
which  lay  around  the  city  of  Novgorod,  Russia, 
and  was  founded  by  Rurik  the  Varangian  about 
862.  It  was  thus  the  nucleus  of  the  Russian  monarchy. 
Under  Rui'ik's  successor  the  capital  was  transferred  to 
Kieff.  Novgorod  continued  as  a  "  republican  principality  " 
with  many  privileges.  Its  territories  included  at  its 
height  Ingria,  Karelia,  part  of  Esthonia  and  Livonia,  Per- 
niia,  Petchora,  and  large  tracts  in  northern  Russia.  It  was 
subdued  by  Ivan  III.,  grand  prince  of  Moscow,  and  its 
existence  as  a  separate  commonwealth  ended  in  1478. 

Novgorod-Seversk  (nov'go-rod-sev'ersk).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  TchernigofE,  Rus- 
sia, situated  ou  the  Desna  88  miles  east-north- 
east of  Tcheraigoff.     Population  ( 1893),  8,530. 

Novgorod-Seversk  (nov '  go  -  rod  -  sev '  ersk), 
Principality  of.  A  medieval  principality  of 
Russia.  It  was  annexed  b}'  Muscovy  about 
1523. 

Novi,  or  Novi  Ligure  (no've  le-go're).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Alessandria,  Italy,  25  miles 
north  of  Genoa.  It  is  noted  for  its  silk  manufacture 
and  trade.  Here,  Aug.  15,  1799,  the  Russians  and  Austri- 
ans under  Suvaroff  and  Melas  defeated  the  French  under 
Joubert,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle.  The  I'rench  loss 
amounted  to  11,000. 

No'vibazar  (no-ve-ba-ziir'),  or  Yenibazar  (ya- 
ne-bii-zar').  A  town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the 
Rashka  in  lat.  43°  5'  N..  long.  20°  35'  E. :  an 
important  strategic  point.  It  was  occupied  by 
Austria  in  1879.     Population,  estimated,  12.000. 

Novikoff  (nov'i-kof),  Nikolai.  Borii  in  the 
government  of  Moscow.  Russia,  1744  :  died  near 
Moscow,  1818.  A  Russian  ,iournalist  and  pro- 
moter of  education.  He  fell  under  government  sus- 
picion, and  was  imprisoned  by  Catharine,  He  was  not  re- 
leased till  after  her  death.  He  was  a  brilliant  and  spirited 
writer.  . 

Noviodunum  (no^vi-d-dir'num).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  name  given  (a)  to  a  town  of  the 


Noviodunum  'i'*'^ 

I   Bituriges,  in  central  Gaul  (exact  location  un- 
known); (b)  to  Nc'vers;  (<■)  to  Noyon;  (rf)  to 
Nvoii ;  and  (<)  to  Soissons. 
NoviomagUS  (no-vi-om'a-gus).     In  ancient  ge- 

(  ograpby,  a  name  given  (dj  to  Lisieux;  (fc)  to 
ifimwegen;  (c)  to  Noyon;  (d)  to  Spires;  and 
(e)  toatownof  theRegni,inBritain,ueai-Brom-  Noyes  (noiz),  George  Kapall, 

NoVO-Bayazet  (no  vo-bii-ya-set  ).  or  Noviy- 

Bayazet  (no'viy-ba-ya-set').     A  town  in  the 

foveniiuent  of  Erivan,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  of  various  portions  of  the  Scriptures. 

30  miles  east-northeast  of  Erivan.     Population  Noyes,  John  Humphrey.   Born  at  Brattleboro, 

(1891).  7,488.  Vt.,Sept..  ISU:  <licil  at  Niagara  Falls,  Canada, 

ltoVOgeorgievsk(n6-vo-ga-or-ge-evsk').     1.  A  Aprill3,  1886.     An  American  perfectionist  and 

town  in  the  govcrmnent  of  Kherson.  Riissia,  communist.    He  cstalilishert  a  society  of  perfectionists 


Reign  of  Terror  by  the  Revolutionary  agent  Car- 
rier at  Nantes  toward  the  close  of  1793  and  the 
beginning  of  1 794.  The  prisoners,  liavins;  been  liounil, 
were  embiukcd  in  a  vessel  with  a  movable  bottom,  which 
was  suddenly  opened  when  the  vessel  reached  the  middle  -ir  vi.  /nvn'lila"! 
of  the  Loire,  the  condemned  persons  being  thus  precipi-  •"  uuie  vu.\w  "•«  ' 
tated  into  the  water. 

Born  at  New- 


Nugent 

As  among  the  Epyptians,  the  second  toe  is  longer  than  the 
first.  OunstitutioiiaUy  the  Nubians  are  delicate,  and  are 
peculiarly  seiisitivo  to  pneumonia.  They  suffer  also  from 
early  decay  of  the  teetli,  and  are  not  a  long-lived  race. 

Sayce^  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  51. 

A  province  of  Chile,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  37°  S..  bordering  on  the  Aj-gentiue 
Republic.    Capital,  Chilian.   Area,  3,55G  square 
Population  (1891),  161,689. 


situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Tyasmin  with 

the  Dnieper,  75  tuiles  southwest  of  Pultowa. 

Called  also  A>(7o(r.     Population.  9,560.— 2.  An  ....,,       .. 

important  fortress  in  Poland,  at  the  junction  of  Noyon  (nwa-yon  )     A  to 

the  Bug  and  Vistiila,  18 miles  northwest  of  War-    ot  Oise,  France  situated 

......     ,7  .„.,.  ..,.„..  ,,..  .,,„  „..„;„„,  , ....  IV — s  !„     north-northeast  ot  Pans 


linrvport.  Mass..  Jlarch  (I.  1798;  died  at  Cam-     niiles._ 

bridge.  Mass.,  June  3.  1808.     An  American  bib-  Nuceria.     See  Aowra. 

liealscholar.    Hisworksareehiettvtranslations  Nuddea.     bee  A«di//n.  ,-,      .     . 

Nueces  (uwa  ses).  [  \\  alnut  nver.'J  A  river 
in  southwestern  Te.vas  which  flows  by  Corpus 
Christi  Bay  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length, 
aViout  400  miles. 
Nueva  Andalucia  (nwa'va  an-dii-16-the'a). 
['New  Andalucia.']     1.  The  district  in  nortli- 


at  Putney,  Vermont,  about  lS3."i,  and  founded  the  Oneida 
Community  in  Madison  County.  New  York.  1S47-4S.  He 
wrote  a  "History  ot  .American  Socialism,"  etc. 

A  tomi  in  the  department 

on  the  Verse  58  miles 

;  the  Roman  No\nodu- 

luini  Veromanduorum.    The  cathedral  is  a  moimment 

chieliy  of  the  time  of  transition  from  Romanesque  to  Toint- 


d.     Both  transepts  have  semicircular  ends,  and  the  west  Mueva  XiSpana.      »ee  JSew  .•^pani. 
front  possesses  a  triple  porch  and  twin  towers.    Theiound  NuCVa  Galicla  (ga-le'the-a).      ['New  Galicia.  ] 


and  pointed  types  occur  indiscriminately  aniongthearches. 
The  13th-century  chapter-house  isof  great  beauty.  Noyon 
was  fonuerly  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  It  is  the  place  where 
Charles  the  Great  wa.s  crowned,  where  Hugh  Capet  was 
chosen  king  in  987,  and  where  a  treaty  was  made  between 
Francis  I.  and  Charles  V.  in  1516.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Calvin.     Population  (18i)l),  commune,  6,144. 

Nozi.      i^cf  Yaiimi. 

Nozze  Aldobrandini  (not'se  al-do-briin-de'ne). 
[It.,  -the  Aldobrandini  wedding':  referring  to 
the  owner  of  the  painting.]  A  celebrated  an- 
cient wall-painting  discovered  1606  in  an  ex- 
cavation at  Rome,  and  now  in  the  Vatican.  The 
subject  is  the  preparation  for  a  wedding.  The  bride, 
crowned  with  mjTtle,  is  attended  by  her  bridesmaid;  the 
bridegroom  is  wreathed  with  ivy;  and  at  one  side  three 
women  are  offering  sacrifice  for  the  couple. 


saw.     It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  from  the  French  in 

1813.  and  from  the  Poles  in  1831.     Called  also  Modlin. 
NoVOgrudok  (n6-v6-gr6'dok).     A  town  in  the 

government  of  Minsk,  Russia,  75  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Jlinsk.     Population.  12.715. 
Novokhopersk  (no-vo-cho-persk' ).    A  town  in 

the  government  of  Voronezh,  Russia,  situated 

■  lu  the  Khoper  112  miles  east-southeast  of  Vo- 

iv.nezh.     Population  (1893),  6,095. 
Novomoskovsk  (no-v6-mos-kovsk'%     A  town 

in  the  government  of  Yekaterinoslaff.  southern 

Russia,  on  the  Samara  17  miles  north-north- 
east of  Yekaterinoslaff.     Population,  19,106. 
Novoradomsk  (no-vo-ra-domsk').     A  town  in 

tlie  government  of  Piotrkow.  Russian  Poland, 

lii2  miles  southwest  of  Warsaw.     Population 

(1892),  9,275. 
Novorussia  (n6-v6-rush'ia).     A  name  given  to 

Bessarabia  and  Kherson.  .._  j-  -n-  ^      n        i-  *.?'„•;   „A^      rif      -.^  .r«  j 

Novosybkoff  (no-vo-seb'kof).    A  town  in  the  Nozze  di  Figaro  (not  «'^/J« /«  g;\-™^-,  £;•  S"^^^  Granada. 
overriment  of  Tchernigoff,  Russia,  72  miles     'JI""-iage  ot_  Pigaro.']_  An  opera  by  Mozait.  Nuevas_Ordenan 

north  by  east  of  Tchernigoff.  Population  (1893), 

1'l1.56. 
Novo-Tcherkask  (no-vo-cher-kask').  The  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Riis- 

>iii,  situated  on  the  Aksai  about  lat.  47°  28' 

X.,  long.  40°  9'  E.     It  was  founded  in  1805, 

:i  ml  has  considerable  trade.    Population  (1892), 

:i:i.210. 
Novum  Organum  (no'vum  6r'ga-num).    [L.,'a 

iiiw  method.']    The  chief  philosophical  work  of 

I'raucis  Bacon,  written  in  Latin,  and  iinbli.-ihed 

in  1620.     In  it  he  describes  his  new  method  of 

investigating  nature. 

Nowanagar,  or  Nowanuggur  (no-wa-nu-gur' ) , 
orNawanagar  (na-wa-na-gar').  1.  A  nativi^ 
state  in  India,  tributary  to  Great  Britain,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  22°  15'  N.",  long.  70°  E.— 2.  A  sea- 
port, capital  of  Nowanagar.  situated  about  lat. 
22°  27'  N.     Population  (1S91).  48.530. 

Nowell  (no'el),  Alexander.  Born  in  Lauca- 
sliire.  England,  about  1507:  died  Feb.,  1602.  An 
English  ecclesiastic.  He  was  educated  at  P.rasenose 
inlifge,  Oxford.  He  was  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  prolocu- 
t'lr  of  the  convocation  that  met  in  Jan..  15(i3.  with  the  ob- 
ject of  church  reform,  when  the  articles  were  revised  and 
reduced  from  42  to  39.  They  became  law  in  1671.  He 
compiled  the  Larger,  Middle,  and  Small  church  catechisms, 
wlii.h  were  published  separately  in  1570  and  1672. 

Nowell,  Robert.  Born  in  L;uicashire  about 
1520:  died  at  (iray's  Inn.  London,  Feb.  6, 1.569. 
.ViiEnglishlawyer,  a  brother  of  Alexander  Now- 
ell. He  obt;uned  many  gr)od  appointments,  and  became 
rich.     He  is  principally  rememltei'ed  for  a  fund  which  ' 


western  South  America  ceded  to  Ojeda  in  1508, 
and  later  to  Heredia.  it  corresponded  to  the  coast  of 
Colombia  from  Cape  Vela  to  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  Ancient 
and  modern  authors  frequently  confuse  this  name  with 
Castilla  del  Oro  (which  see). 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  Amazon  region  ceded 
to  Orellana  in  1544.     See  Unllana,  Francisco  de. 


produceii  at  Vienna  in  1786.  The  libretto  was  adapt- 
ed bv  Da  Poute  from  the  "Mariage  dc  Figaro"  i>y  Beau- 
marchais.  It  was  played  at  Paris  with  Beaumarchais's 
words  as  "  Le  mariage  de  Figaro"  in  1793.  and  as  "Les 
noces  de  Figaro,"  words  by  Barbier  and  Carr^,  in  1858. 
Grove. 
Nuba  (no'ba).    A  nation  of  the  Nile  valley  which 


L^wMM,,""        '..111  1.1      «i.*j„.        civil  war  and  the  death  Ot  Almagn 

occupies  the  stretch  between  the  fii-st  and  sec-  T7-„n.,  j«i^^    ^,-;ii  ,::; 

ond  cataracts,  to  which  place  it  was  brought  Nueva  Valladolld  (val->a 
from  Meroe  by  Diocletian  16  centm-ies  ago.  .,;.'.'l;!l'J='.JrVf:':i^^,^°™'V;';f," 
After  adopting  Christianity,  these  Nubas  or  Nubians 
founded,  under  Silko,  tile  Christian  state  of  Dongola, 
w  hich  lasted  until  051.  They  adopted  Islam  only  in  i:!20. 
anil  became  subjects  of  the  khedive  in  1815.  Lepsius  says 
they  are  descendants  of  the  ancient  nation  of  Uaua.  In 
race  they  are mi.ved  Nigriticand  Hamitic.  Their  language 
has  preserved  a  Nigritie  structure.  The  Nubas  of  Djebel 
Deyer,  south  of  Kordof.ui,  from  whom  the  Dongolan  Nubas 
descend,  are  still  pure  negroes.  The  dialects  of  Nuba  are 
ilabas  or  Sukkod,  Iveniis,  Dongola,  and  Fadisha.    .See 

Nuba-Fulah(uo'ba-f6'la).     A  group  of  African      ___^^^^ 

t,;ibes  and  laugnagcs  originated  by  Friedr.ch  NuevoLeon(hi-6n').  ['NewLcon.'J   l.Adivis. 
M'liller  and  adopted  by  R.  N.  Cust.  and  niisun-    ;"7',r_^"";-       '    ■--         -.     .     ■" 


,\  primary  division  of  colonial  New  Spain,  or 
Mexico,  long  known  officially  as  Reino  de  Nueva 
Galicia.  Its  limits  varied  at  different  times,  but  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  it  corre- 
sponded nearly  to  the  modem  states  of  Jalisco,  Aguas 
Calientes,  and  Zacatecas,  with  a  smaU  part  of  San  Luis 
Potosf ;  at  an  earlier  period  it  also  embraced,  for  a  time, 
Durango  and  Sinaloa.  It  was  partly  conquered  in  1530 
by  Nui^ode  Guznian.  The  audience  of  Guadalajara,  created 
ill  1S4S,  had  jurisdiction  over  Nueva  Galicia,  subject  to 
appeal  to  the  audience  of  SIcxico,  The  governor,  who 
w.as  also  president  of  the  audience,  was  appointed  by  the 
king,  but  in  military  and  treasury  matters  was  subordinate 
to  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain.  In  1786  Nueva  Galicia  be- 
came the  intendency  of  Guadalajara.  After  1T92  the 
l*rovincias  Internas  (Sonora,  Sinaloa,  Durango,  Chihnaliua, 
New  Mexico,  Coahuila,  and  Texas)  were  judicially  subor- 
dinate to  the  audience  of  Guadalajara. 

See  Xcw  Granada. 
OrdenanzaS.     See  Xeir  Laiia. 

Nueva  Toledo  (to-lii'THo).  ['New  Toledo.'] 
Tlie  official  name  of  the  territory  in  western 
South  America  granted  to  Diego  Almagro  in 
1534.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  northern  Chile,  western 
Bolivia,  and  a  small  part  of  Peru.  Disputes  as  to  its  boun- 
ilary  with  the  territorj-  granted  to  Pizarro  resulted  in  a 
civil  war  and  the  death  of  Almagro, 

THo-leTH').      The 
ua,  Honduras. 

Nueva 'Vizcaya  (veth-ki'ii).  ['New  Biscay.'] 
A  colonial  division  ot  New  Spain,  or  Me.Kico, 
corresponding  (nearly)  to  the  modern  states  of 
Dm-ango,  Chihuahua.  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  the 
southern  part  of  Coahuila.  it  was  originally  called 
Copala.  Francisco  de  Ibm-ra.  who  conquered  a  part  of  it 
between  ir.tiO  anil  1570,  named  it  Reino  de  la  NuevaVizcaya, 
an  aiipellalinii  which  it  retained  until  after  the  indepen- 
dence. During  the  17th  and  most  of  the  18lh  century  the 
governor  of  .NuevaVizcaya  was  subordinate  to  the  viceroy 
ot  Mexico  only  in  military  and  treasury  affairs.  In  1777 
this  region  was  included  in  the  Provincias  Internas. 


derstood  Ijy  many  Africmists.  it  is  not  a  race  or 
a  family  of  l.angnage-s,  but  a  grouping  of  tribes  and  lan- 
guages of  mixed  type  which  the  present  state  of  knowledge 
and  their  mixed  nature  will  not  permit  to  be  a.ssigned  with 
certainty  to  the  Hainitic  or  Negro  families.  It  is  made  to 
include  the  Nuba,  Koldaj  i.  Tuniale,  Konjara,  Kwall.  Masai, 
Berta,  Kamaniil,  Funji,  Kiej,  N yam  N yam,  Mombuttu.and 
the  Fulalis  of  wi  >tirn  Sudan.  As  knowledge  progresses, 
these  di.scoiinecled  trit)es  and  languages  will  be  subordi- 
nated to  the  Hamitic  and  Negro  families.  Some  tribes  be- 
long by  race  rather  to  one,  and  by  language  rather  to  the 
other,  family.  The  Fulabs,  the  Masai,  and  the  Kwatl  are 
rather  Hamitic  in  race  and  customs,  the  .Nyam-Nyam  and 

..„.„, ^., J - Mombuttu  more  Nit,'rific. 

established  liy  bis  will  for  benefactions  to  the  jioor.     His  JJubar  Pasha(no'barpash'&).  Bominl823:  died 


brothers  and  John  'I'owneley  were  bis  executors,  and  left  a 
list  of  the  persons  to  whom  money  was  paid.  This  list 
came  into  the  i>ossessioii  of  the  family  of  John  Towneley, 
and  was  discovered  by  H.  B.  Knowles  at  Towneley  Hall, 
and  published  in  his  report  to  the  Historical  .Manuscripts 
Coniniis-sion  in  1837.     It  contains  important  facts  regard 


at  I'aris,  Jan.  14, 1899.  An  Egyptian  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  Hcw;isanibas8adoratViennainl854; 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  under  Ismail  Pasha  18«7-7U ;  and 
premier  1878-79, 1884-88,  and  April,  lS94,-Nov..  1891 


■leciloMial  New  Spain, or  Me.Kico.coiTespond- 
iiig  to  the  i>resent  state  of  tliat  name  together 
with  jioftions  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Tamaiili- 
pas.  It  was  long  known  as  the  Nuevo  Reino  ile  Leon.  In 
17Sb  it  »:is  attached  to  the  intendency  of  San  Luis  Potest. 
2.  A  state  in  northeastern  Mexico,  suiTounded 
by  the  states  of  Coahuila.  Taniauli])as,  and  San 
Luis  Potosi.  Capital,  Monterey.  Area,  25,980 
scpiare  miles.     Population  (1.895).  309.607. 

Nuevo  Santander 'siin-tiin-dar').  A  division 
ot  .•olonial  New  Spain,  or  Mexico,  correspond- 
ing (nearly)  to  the  modern  state  of  Taraau- 
lipas.  Ollicially,  imtil  17.S6,  it  was  known  as  a 
colonv. 

Niifenen  (nii'fen-en)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass 
between  tlio  cantonsof  Ticino  and  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, connecting  the  Ticino  valley  at  Airolo 


m*    V  .  — ,-.,.'.,        1  .         .       ,  c   -         1  111  ZiOiiiiiiu.  eoiiiieei  iiii;  i  in-    i  iv  iiie 

Nubia  (nu'bi-a).  Aregionin  Africa^boumWby    ^^.j,^  „,.^,  „j.  „,^.  ..j^-.^^  i^,,„„^ 


ing  Udmnml  Spenser,  who  was  one  ot  the  poor  scholars  Egypt  (from  about  the  ueighboi'hood  of  Wady-  ••j,,_._+'/„,-,';,,,,n  iL  O-pririrp    Born  in  Enirland 

benellted  from  time  to  time.    The  list  wiis  printed  by  ,r-\L  >    ,   .  .>ior,i/ja  >onthe  north  theRedSea  JNUgenttnu  .ient;.&u  ueorge.  i5<  i  n  in  iinj,iaiiu, 

Grnsart  in  1S71,  entitled  "The  Spending  of  the  Money  of  H.ilta.m  lat. -I    ''^  ^^.7  °" '  '    ^  "'  "^^^^^  •luiie    II),  ],.)?:  died  ;it  Liltle  Marlow,  Berks, 

Robert  Nowell  of  lieude  Hall,  l.aiirasbire,  etc."  Oil  tho  east,  Abyssiiiia,  Seiinaai,  and  KotUolan     j[       1   jj    i^^tj     ^„  English  soldier.    He  wasedu- 


No  'Wit,  No  Help  like  a  'Woman's.    A  eom- 

eily  ot  intrigue  by  Middlclon.aetcd  in  1613-14. 
Shirley  revived  it,  s..'mewhat  altered,  in  1638  oa  "No  Wit 
to  a  Woman's."    It  was  not  printed  till  1657. 

Nox.     See  Xi/.r. 

Noy  (noi ),  William.  Born,  probably  in  Buryan, 
Cornwall,  1577:  died  Aug.  9.  16.'!4.  An  English 
jurist.  He  matriculated  at  OxfordfF.leter  College)April 
27,  1593,  and  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  sat  in 
Parliament  from  lUOl  until  his  death.  In  Oct..  1(31,  he 
was  appointed  attorney-general.  After  bis  death  were 
puliUsbed  his  "On  the  Orounda  and  Maxims  of  the  Laws 
of  this  Kingdom"  (1641)  and  "Tho  Compleat  Lawyer" 
(1661),  etc. 
.Noyades  (nwii-yiid').  [F.,  'drownings.']  In 
French  history,  executions  practised  during  the 


on  tho  south,  and  the  desert  on  the  west.  It  is 
not  a  political  division.  The  chief  portions  are  the  valley 
of  the  Nile  and  Takii.  It  is  nominally  an  Egyptian  pos. 
session.  The  chief  city  is  Khartum,  at  the  junction  of  the 
White  Nile  and  the  llluc  Nile.  The  inhabitants  are  Nulms 
(see  Xiiha),  Arabs,  and  Ababileh  (Hamitic).  It  was  sub 
jecl  '"  ■  ■■ 


catod  at  the  military  academy  at  Woolvv  ieli ;  served  in  the 
American  warl7."7-S3,  served  in  Klamkrs  under  the  Dnko 
of  York,  and  was  made  nnijor-general  In  179i'.-  He  served 
in  Ireland  1793;  was  made  a  bai-onet  in  ISOil  ■  l)ecamo 
connnander-inehlef  in  India  iu  1811 ;  and  was  made  fleld- 
niarsbal  in  IMU. 


cl  to  Thotlimes  111. ;  was  part  of  the  ancient  F.thi.i|iia;  «^.      (ipnTss    Nuceut    Grenville,   Baron, 
id  was  conquered  bv  the  forces  of  Mebemet  All  in  l.sjii-  JNUgeni,    I*e0rg8    ■WUSeill-    weuviiio, 
2'i    It  fell  into  the  power  of  the  Mnbdi  In  1S83;  and  It    Born  at  jiuckmgham  t  astli'.  l.ngl.ii  .1,  LA  i.  du, 
18  the  scene  of  Fnglish-r.gyptlan  expeditions  in  1883-*;6.     1788:  died  Nov.  "26,  18.50.     An  Kngli.sh  states- 


182; 
was  t 


gypllan  ex| 

if  their  black  skins,  are  usually 


The  Nubians,  In  spite 
cla.H8ed  among  the  liandKomest  of  mankind,  just  as  the 
negroes  are  among  the  ugliest,  I'bey  are  tall,  spare,  and 
well  proportioned.  The  hair  is  black  and  fairly  straight, 
and  there  is  ver)  little  of  Iton  the  tiody,  file  nostrils  and 
lips  are  thin,  the  eyes  dark,  the  nose  somewhat  aijuilinu. 
Tfie  Hat  feet  with  wbicli  tUey  are  credited  are  not  ft  racial 
characteristic,  but  are  due  to  tlielr  walking  without  shoes. 


man,  second  son  of  the  Maf(|uisot  Buckingliam. 
He  was  edueate.l  at  Oxford  ;  entered  Parliament  In  1812  ; 
became  Baron  Nugent  mi  I  he  death  of  his  mother  In  1813; 
was  a  priimoler  of  the  Rerorm  Hill :  was  Junl.'r  lord  of  the 
treasnrv  In  is:M  ;  and  w;is  lonl  high  commissioner  of  the 
Ionian  islanils  l^3J-3't.  He  published  "Oxford and  Locke" 
(1829),  "Memorials  of  Uampilen  "(I^32),  "  Lands  Classical 
and  Sucred  "  (1845-16). 


Nugginah 

Nugginah,  or  Nuginah.     See  Xagina. 

Ntlits  (niie).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Cote- 
d'Or,  France,  14  miles  south-southwest  of  Dijon. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  wines  produced  in  the  vicinity.  A 
victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Germans  under  Von  Wer- 
der  over  the  French  under  Cremer,  Dec.  18,  1870.  Popu- 
lation (1S91),  commune,  3,654. 

Nllits,  Les.  [F.,  'the  nights.']  Four  poems 
bv  Alfred  de  Musset,  published  in  1835-37. 
They  were  called  "Xuit  de  Mai,""Nuit  de  D^cembre," 
"  Xuit  d'Aout,"  and  "  Nuit  d'Octobre." 

Nviits  Blanches,  Les.  [F..  'sleepless  or  rest- 
less nights.']  A  name  given  to  a  series  of  18 
pianoforte  solos  by  Stephen  Heller. 

Nuitter  (niie-ta' ) :  anagram  of  the  surname  of 
Charles  Louis  fitienne  Truinet.  Born  at  Paris, 
1828:  died  in  1899.  A  French  writer  of  vaude- 
villes and  librettos,  mostly  for  Offenbach's 
music. 

Nukahiva  (no-ka-e'va).  The  largest  of  the 
Marquesas  Islands. 

Nukha  (no'kha).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia.  Russia,  situated 
about  lat.  41°  12'  N.,  long.  47°  10'  E. :  noted 
for  its  silk  industry.   Population  (1891),  25,894. 

Nullification,  Ordinance  of.  An  ordinance 
passed  by  a  State  convention  of  South  Carolina, 
Nov.  19.  1832,  declaring  void  certain  acts  of  the 
United  States  Congress  levying  duties  and  im- 
posts on  imports,  and  threatening  that  any  at- 
tempt to  enforce  those  acts,  except  through  the 
courts  in  that  State,  would  be  followed  by  the 
secession  of  South  Carolina  from  the  Union.  It 
was  rejiealed  by  the  State  convention  which 
met  on  March  16,  1833.     See  Jackson,  Andrew. 

Numantia  (nii-man'shi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  capital  of  the  Celtiberian  people  Are- 
vaei,  situated  on  the  Douro  near  the  modem 
Soria .  it  was  famous  on  account  of  its  siege  by  the  Ko- 
mans  under  Scipio  Africanus  Minor,  beginning  in  134  B.  c. 
It  was  taken  and  destroyed  in  133. 

Numantine  War  (nii'man-tin  war).  A  war  be- 
tween the  Romans  and  the  Celtiberians  of  north- 
em  central  Spain,  143-133  B.  c,  ending  in  the  de- 
struction of  Ntimantia  in  133  B.  c. 

Numa  Pompilius  (nii'ma  pom-pil'i-us).  Ac- 
cording to  the  legends,  the  second  king  of  Rome 
(715—672  B.  C.J.  He  was  the  reputed  author  of  many 
Roman  institutions,  including  the  pontiiices.  salii,  fiamens, 
fetiales,  vestal  virgins,  worship  of  Terminus,  temple  of 
Janus,  etc. 

Numbers  (num'berz).  The  fourth  book  of  the 
Old  'festament :  so  called  because  it  begins  with 
an  account  of  the  numbering  of  the  Israelites 
in  the  beginning  of  the  second  year  after  they 
left  Egj'pt.  It  includes  part  of  the  history  of 
the  Israelites  during  their  wanderings. 

NuineniUS(nii-me'ni-us).  IGcr.Novfir/viog.']  Born 
at  Apamea,  Syria :  lived  in  the  second  half  of 
the  2d  century.  A  Neo-Pythagorean  philoso- 
pher, forerunner  of  Neoplatonism. 

His  leading  principle  was  the  belief  that  Plato,  who 
formed,  as  he  thought,  a  sort  of  connecting  bond  between 
Pythagoras  and  Socrates,  really  preached  in  a  Greek  form 
the  revealed  doctrines  of  the  Jewish  legislator.  And  he 
went  so  far  as  to  say,  "What  is  Plato  but  Moses  talking 
Attic  Greek?  "  But  he  applied  his  Pythagorean  principles 
also  to  the  identification  of  Egj-ptian,  Persian,  and  even 
Brahminical  dogmas.  And,  without  mentioning  our  Sa- 
viour by  name,  he  made  the  Gospels  the  subjects  of  philo- 
sophical allegories  not  unlike  those  which  Philo  spun  from 
the  Pentateuch.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece, 
[III.  1»2.    (Donaldson.) 

Numerianus  (nii-me-ri-a'nus).  Marcus  Aure- 
lius.  Roman  emperor  (conjointly  with  his  bro- 
ther Carimis)  in  283  A.  D.  He  accompanied  his  father, 
the  emperor  Cams,  on  an  expedition  against  the  Persians 
in  283,  w  hile  Carinas  remained  behind  as  governor  of  the 
western  provinces.  The  death  of  his  father  during  the  ex- 
pedition elevated  him  and  his  brother  to  the  throne.  He, 
however,  died  in  camp  while  returning  from  the  East. 
Arrius  Aper,  prefect  of  the  pretorians,  his  fatherin-law, 
was  suspected  of  encompassing  his  death,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  making  himself  emperor.  Arrius  Aper  was  stabbed 
by  Diocletian  who  assumed  the  purple. 

Numidia  (nu-mid'i-a).  [L.  Xiimidia,  Gr.  Nor- 
/tidia,  from  Xirmidx,  Gt.  refle.x  'SovfitSat,  the  in- 
habitants, prop.  Xo//d(5ec,  wanderers,  nomads.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  country  of  northern 
Africa,  coiTesponding  nearly  to  the  modern  Al- 
geria. It  was  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
north,  tlie  territory  of  Carthage  on  the  east,  the  desert  on 
the  south,  and  Mauretania  on  the  west.  The  Massyli  in  the 
east  and  the  Massresyli  in  the  west  were  united  in  a  king- 
dom under  Masinissa.  This  was  dismembered  after  the 
defeat  of  Jagurtha  in  106  B.  c. ;  and  tlie  eastern  part  tie- 
came  a  Roman  province  shortly  after  the  death  of  its  king 
Juba  in  46  B.  c. 

Numitor  (nii'ini-t6r).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
grandfather  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

Nun  (non>.     The  chief  mouth  of  the  Niger. 

Nun,  or  Wad-Nun  (wad-non').  A  town  in  Mo- 
rocco, near  Cape  Nun.   Population,  about  5,000. 


748 

Nun,  Cape.  A  cape  in  Morocco,  projecting  into 
the  Atlantic  in  lat.  28°  45'  N.,  long.  11°  2'  W. 

Nunc  Dimittis  (nungk  di-mit'is).  [So  named 
from  the  tirst  two  words  in  the  Latin  version, 
"  Xiinc  dimittis  servum  tutun,  Domine,  ...  in 
pace,"  "  Now  lettest  thou  thy  servant  depart  in 
peace."]  The  canticle  of  Simeon(Luke  ii.  29-32). 
The  Nunc  Dimittis  forms  part  of  the  private  thanksgiving 
of  the  priest  after  the  liturgy  in  the  Greek  ( 'hurch.  and  is  fre- 
quently sung  by  the  choir  after  celebration  of  the  euchar- 
ist  in  Anglican  churches.  It  forms  part  of  the  office  of  com- 
plin as  used  in  theRoman  Catholic  Church,  It  is  contained 
in  the  vesper  office  of  the  Greek  Church,  and  is  one  of  the 
canticles  at  evening  prayer  in  the  Anglican  Church. 

Nuneaton  (nun-e'ton).  A  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, England,  19  miles  east  by  north  of  Bir- 
mingham. It  manufactiLres  ribbons.  Popula- 
tiou"(1891),  11.580. 

Nunes  (no'nas),  Pedro,  often  called  Nonius. 
Born  at  .AJcacer-do-Sal,  Portugal,  1492:  died  at 
Coimbra,  1577.  A  Portuguese  wi-iter  of  works 
on  navigation  and  matbematies.  Hewas royal  cos- 
mographer  from'l.">29,  and  chief  cosmographer  from  1547. 
He  is  regaided  as  the  invent<,r  of  the  loxodromic  line. 

Nunez  (non'vath),  Ignacio.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  July  30,  1793:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1846. 
An  Argentine  politician,  journalist,  and  author. 
He  served  in  the  army,  held  various  civil  positions,  and 
was  imprisoned  by  Rosas.  His  best-known  works  are 
"Xoticias  de  las  Provincias  Unidas  del  Rio  de  la  Plata" 
(1S25  ;  French  and  English  editions)  and  "Noticias  histo- 
ricas  de  la  repiiblica  Argentina  "  (posthumous,  lb57). 

Nunez,  Rafael.  Bom  in  Cartagena.  Sept.  28, 
1825:  died  there,  Sept.  18,  1894,  A  Colom- 
bian statesman.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  1865- 
1857, 1861-62,  and  1878,  senator,  and  held  other  important 
civil  offices.  From  1S(>5  to  1874  he  resided  in  Europe,  In  1875 
he  was  defeated  as  the  liberal  candidate  for  the  presidency  ; 
was  elected  for  the  term  1879-82  ;  and,  his  successor  Zaldiia 
having  died,  he  was  again  elected  for  the  term  beginning 
April,  1884.  Under  the  new  constitution  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia,  he  became  president  for  G  years  from  Dec. ,  1885, 
and  was  reelected  in  1891.  Owing  to  ill  health  from  1888  he 
was  frequently  represented  by  the  vice-president. 

Nunez,  Vasco.     See  BaWnn,  Vasco  Xiiite:. 
Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Alvar.   See  Cabesa  de 

Vac'i,  Alvar  yiiHC~. 
Nunez  de  Area  (nbn'yath  da  ar'tha),  Caspar. 
Boru  at  Valladolid,  Aug.  6,  1834 :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Jime  9,  1903.  A  noted  Spanish  poet, 
known  as  "the  Spanish  Tennyson."  He  was  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Toledo  ;*was  a  deputy  to  the 
Cortes  and  minister  of  the  colonies  in  the  Sagasta  cabinet 
of  1S83-84 ;  and  was  also  president  of  the  council  of  state 
of  commerce  and  agriculture.  In  1894  a  national  ovation 
was  accorded  him  at  Toledo.  Among  his  poems  are 
"Gritos  delCombate"  ("Battle-cries,"  1875),  "  Otima 
lamentacion  de  Lord  Byron  "  (1879),  "  El  Vertigo  "  (1879), 
**  La  vision  de  Fray  Martin  "  (1880),  etc.;  and  among  his 
plays  are  '*  Como  se  empena  un  Marido  "  (1860), '"  Ni  tanto 
ni  taiipoco*'  (1865).  "El  Haz  de  Leiia,"  etc. 

Nunez  de  Haro  y  Peralta  (non'yath  da  a'ro  e 
pa-rtil'ta),  Alonso.  Bora  at  Villagarcia,  dio- 
cese of  Cuenca,  Oct.  31,  1729 :  died  at  Mexico, 
May  26, 1800.  A  Spanish  prelate,  archbishop  of 
Mexico  from  1772,  and  viceroy  May  8  to  Aug. 
16, 1787. 

Nunez  Vela  (non'yath  va'la).  Blasco.  Born 
at  A  Vila  about  1490:  died  near  Quito,  Jan.  18, 
1546.  First  viceroy  of  Peru.  After  holding  various 
civil  and  military  offices  in  Spain,  he  was  appointed  vice- 
roy in  1543  with  the  special  mission  of  promulgating  the 
"New  Laws  "  (which  see).  He  reached  Lima  in  March, 
1544.  StrouLT  opposition  to  the  New  Laws  was  at  nnce  mani- 
fested, and  a  revolt  broke  out,  headed  by  Gonzalo  Pizarro. 
In  Sept.  the  viceroy  killed  the  factor  Snarez  de  Carbajal 
in  an  altercation,  was  arrested  by  the  audience,  and  was 
put  in  charge  of  one  of  the  auditors,  -Alvarez,  to  be  taken 
to  Spain  for  trial.  While  still  near  the  coast  Alvarez  re- 
leased him :  he  landed  at  Tumbez  and  began  to  collect 
forces  against  Pizarro,  but  the  latter  forced  him  to  retreat 
through  Quito  to  Popayan.  Reinforced  there  by  Benal- 
cazar  and  others,  he  returned  as  far  as  Quito,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Pizarro  and  killed  in  the  battle  of  Anaquito. 

Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  Tales."'  It  is  taken  from  the"  Roman  du 
Renart,"  and  is  the  story  of  Chanticleer  who  escaped  from 
the  jaws  of  the  fox  by  his  cunning  in  making  the  latter 
open  his  mouth  to  speak.  It  is  modernized  by  Drj'den  as 
"The  Cock  and  the  Fox."    See  Second  Nun's  Tale. 

Nupe  (nii'pe).  Au  African  kingdoia  of  the 
Niger  valley,  commanding  the  continence  of  the 
Niger  and  the  Binue.  ItissubjecttoakingofFulahori- 
gin,  and  nominally  vassal  of  Gando.  The  Nupe  people  are 
negroes  in  a  comparatively  high  state  of  culture.  They 
have  large  cities  (Bida,  Rabba,  Egga,  Dorin).  The  Nupe 
language  has  a  wide  extraterritorial  use  down  the  Niger 
River.  It  has  musical  tones,  and  is  related  to  both  Yoruba 
and  Ibo.  (ibedeghi,  Bini,  and  Basa-Komi  are  the  princi- 
pal dialects. 

Nu-pieds  (nii'pia').  [F., 'bare  feet.']  A  name 
given  to  Norman  peasants  who  in  1639  revolted 
at  Avranches  against  hea^T-  and  unjust  taxation. 
The  rising  was  put  down  by  Richelieu  with  relentless 
cruelty. 

Nureddin.    See  Xoureddin. 

Nuremberg  (nil 'rem -berg).  G.  Niirnberg 
iniirn'berG).  A  city  in  Middle  Franeonia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  on  the  Pegnitz  in  lat.  49°  27'  N., 


Nyam-Nyam 

long.  11°  5'  E.  It  is  the  leading  manufacturing  andcom- 
merciiU  city  of  Bavaria  ;  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
Nuremberg  wares  (including  toys  and  fancy  articles),  pen- 
cils, machinery,  ultramarine,  beer,  etc.:  and  is  the  chief 
market  on  the  Continent  for  hops.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  medieval  appearance.  The  Burg,  or  castle,  founded 
in  the  11th  centurj-  by  Conrad  II.,  and  restored  as  a  royal 
residence  in  the  present  century,  is  a  picturesque  struc- 
ture with  towers  of  different  heights  and  forms  and  high 
roofs.  In  the  Heidenthurm  there  are  two  Romanesque 
chapels,  one  over  the  other.  The  Germanic  National  ilu- 
seum  is  a  historical  collection  founded  in  1852,  and,  besides 
illustrating  costumes,  arms  and  armor,  and  the  industrial 
and  minor  arts,  includes  an  unexcelled  gallery  of  German 
15th-  and  16th-century  painting.  The  museum  occupies 
a  14th-centur>'  Carthusian  monasteiy,  with  a  handsome 
church  and  traceried  cloister,  and  also  an  Augustinian 
monastery,  rebuilt  adjoining.  Among  the  other  features 
of  Nuremberg  are  the  walls  and  towers,  churches  of 
St.  Lawrence,  St.  Sebaldus,  and  St.  Jacob,  Frauenkirche, 
fountain  (Schone  Brunnen),  and  Rathaus.  The  city  ex- 
isted as  early  as  1050  ;  was  developed  under  the  Hohen- 
staufens  ;  was  made  a  free  imperial  city  in  1219 ;  and  be- 
came in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries  a  great  center  of 
trade,  art,  science,  and  literature.  The  Reformation  was 
introduced  in  1525.  It  sutfered  severely  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War.  In  1806  it  was  annexed  to  Bavaria.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  coninnine,  261,022. 

Nuremberg,  Peace  of.  A  religious  truce  con- 
cluded between  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and 
the  Protestants  in  1532. 

Nursia.     See  Xorria. 

Niirtingen  (niir'ting-en).  Atownin  theBlaek 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar  13  miles  southeast  of  Stuttgart.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  5,479. 

Nus  (nus),  Eugene.  Bom  at  Chalon-sur-Sa6ne, 
1816  :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 1894.  A  French 
dramatic  author  and  journalist. 

Nusku  (nos'ko).  A  deity  of  the  -Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  pantheon,  the  god  of  the  midday  sun. 
See  Xisroch. 

Nut  (not).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  mother 
of  Osiris,  goddess  of  heaven  and  consort  of 
Set,  god  of  the  earth.  She  is  represented  in 
human  form. 

Nutabes  (no-ta-bas' ).  An  extinct  tribe  of  South 
-American  Indians  who  occupied  part  of  the 
region  included  in  the  present  department  of 
Autioquia,  Colombia,  on  the  right  side  of  the 
Cauca,  between  that  river  and  the  Force.  They 
were  hardly  less  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Chib- 
chas,  but  were  less  warlike  and  had  no  hereditaiy  chiefs. 
Their  clothing  was  of  cotton,  and  they  were  skilled  in  mak- 
ing small  figures  of  gold.  Many  of  these  figures  were  de* 
posited  in  their  tombs  (huacas).  and  are  still  found :  in 
1833  gold  to  the  amount  of  $18,000  was  taken  from  a  single 
huaca.    Nothing  is  known  of  their  linguistic  affinities. 

Nut-brown  Maid,  The.  A  ballad  belonging  to 
the  end  of  the  loth  century.  Prior  took  it  for  the 
foundation  of  his  "Henry  and  Emma."  The  "nut-brown 
maid  "  proclaims  her  faithfulness  to  her  lover,  who  tells 
her  at  the  end  of  every  second  stanza  that  he  is  a  banished 
man.  By  saying  at  the  end  of  the  intervening  stanza  "I 
love  but  you  alone,"  her  love  and  meekness  prevail ;  and 
he  consoles  her  in  the  end  by  sajing 

"  Thus  have  ye  won  an  erles  son, 
And  not  a  banysshed  man." 

We  owe  the  preservation  of  this  beautiful  old  ballad 
to  "Arnold's  Chronicle."  of  which  the  earliest  edition  is 
thought  to  have  been  printed  in  1502.  In  Laneham's  account 
of  Elizabeth's  visit  to  Kenilworth,  the  "  Nut-brown  Maid  " 
is  mentioned  as  a  book  by  itself,  and  there  is  said  to  be  at 
Oxford  a  list  of  books  offered  for  sale  at  that  place  in  1."'20, 
among  which  is  the  "Not-broon  Mavd,"  price  one  penny ; 
still,  the  ballad  is  not  known  to  exist  at  present  in  any 
other  ancient  form  than  that  of  the  Chronicle.  We  have  no 
means  of  determining  the  date  of  the  composition,  but 
Percy  has  justly  remarked  that  it  is  not  proljable  that  an 
antiquary  would  have  inserted  a  piece  in  his  historical  col* 
lections  which  he  knew  to  be  modern.  The  language  is 
that  of  the  time  at  which  it  was  printed. 

Chad's  Ballads,  IV.  143. 

Nutmeg  State.  A  name  given  to  Connecticut, 
from  its  alleged  manufacture  of  wooden  nut- 
megs. 

Nuttall  (nut'al),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Settle, 
Yorkshire,  England,  1786:  died  at  St.  Helen's, 
Lancashire,  England,  Sept.  10, 1859.  An  Anglo- 
American  botanist  and  ornithologist.  He  lived  in 
America  from  ISO"  to  1842,  and  in  1822  was  appointed  cu. 
rator  of  tlie  botanical  gardens  of  Harvard  University.  His 
works  are  "Genera of  North  .American  Plants,  etc. "(1818). 
"Journal  of  TraveJs  into  the  Arkansas  Territory  during 
the  Year  1819  "  (1821),  "  Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada  "  (1832-34),  "The  North  Ameri- 
can  Sylva,  etc."  (1842-49). 

Nyack  (ni'ak).  A  village  in  Rockland  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  25  miles 
north  of  New  York.     Population  (1900),  4,275. 

Nyai  (nvi),  or  Banyai  (biS-nyi').  A  Bantu 
tribe  of"  the  Zambesi  valley,  between  the  Ma- 
shona  and  the  river,  partly  in  Portuguese  and 
partly  in  British  territory. 

Nyambu  (nyiim'bo).     See  Zongora. 

Nyam-Nyam  (nyam-nyam'),  or  Sandeh  (san'- 
de).  A  great  African  "nation,  consisting  of  nu- 
merous petty  tribes,  dwelling  in  the  basins  oi 


Nyam-Nyam 

the  Welle  and  Shari  rivers.     They  number  about 

2,tH)0.000.  They  are  called  Nyam-Nyani  ('eaters,'  'can- 
nlbiiU")  l)y  the  Diiikas,  and  other  neighbors  give  them 
other  names:  their  own  name  is  Sandeh.  They  are  ne- 
groes in  color  and  hair,  ami  have  short  legs  and  round 
heaiis  and  faces.  They  tattoo  their  faces  as  a  tribal  mark, 
and  their  chests  and  arms  for  ornamentation.  They  wear 
skins  and  bark  cloth,  and  are  clever  workmen,  Imnters,  and 
musicians.  The  women  dothetiUins;.  Many,  but  not  all, 
are  or  were  cannibals.  Their  weapons  are  the  lance,  sliield, 
bow  and  arrows,  and  tbrowing-knife. 

Nyamwezi  (nyii-mwa'ze),  or  Wanyamwezi 
(wa-nyii-mwa'ze).  A  Bantu  nation  of  German 
East  Africa,  it  inhabits  a  long  stretch  of  the  undu- 
lating and  fertile  i)lateaa  between  Lake  Vieturia,  I'konon- 
po.  and  Uyanzi,  inchuling  Usukuma  in  the  north,  Vnyan- 
yembe  and  Tgunda  in  the  south,  and  also  the  Arab  settle- 
ment Tabora.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  rnyaniwezi.  their 
country,  is  placed  between  Usukuma  and  I'nyanyembe. 
The  people  are  medium-sized,  and  have  generally  Bantu 
features  ;  but  long  noses  and  occasionally  curly  instead  of 
woolly  hair  seem  to  indicate  niixtnre.  They  use  lances, 
shields,  and  bows  and  arrows  as  weapons,  rngalanganja 
i^said  to  have  been  the  first  name  of  t  lie  c>  inntiT,  and  Msvezi 
the  founder  of  the  kingdimi,  whieli  bii-anie  f,ini<nis  as  the 
S''!ni-fi)Hilou3  !Monerauji  of  old  Portuguese  authors.  See 
M  Ktwho  and  Garengaiize. 

Nyaneka  (uya-na'kji),  or  Banyaneka  (ba-nya- 
na'ka).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola.  West  Africa, 
in  the  district  of  Mossamedes,  on  a  high  and 
salubrious  plateau.  They  have  agricultural  and  pas- 
toral habits,  with  primitive  customs,  and  belong  to  tlio 
same  cluster  as  the  Ndonga  tribes. 

Kyangbara    (uyang-ba'rii),   or   Nyambara 

(nyam-ba'rii).  An  African  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  west  of  Lado,  in  a  billy  country.  They  are 
kinsmen  of  the  Eari ;  are  tall  and  naked;  and  are  hunters, 
agriculturists,  and  iron-workers. 

Nyangwe  {nyiing'we).  An  Arab  settlement 
in  Africa,  on  the  Lualaba  River  in  lat.  4°  S. : 
the  headquarters  of  Tippu  Tib.  The  Arabs  ar- 
rived there  in  1866.  It  was  conquered  and  oc- 
cupied by  Konj^o  State  forces  in  1893. 
Nyanza,  Albert.  See  Albert  Nijanza, 
Nyanza,  Albert  Edward.    Sg6  Albert  Edward 

Nyanza,  Victoria.    See  Victoria  Nyanza. 
Nyassa,  <>r  Niassa  (nyiis'sa),  Lake.    A  lake  in 

soiithHMSlcrn  Africa,  its  outlet  is  by  the  Shires  iuia 
tile  Zuinbifsi,  It  was  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  1S50, 
and  was  circumnavigated  by  Young  in  1875.  Length,  over 
350  miles. 

Nyassaland  (nyas'sii-land).  A  region  west 
and  south  of  Lake  Nyassa,  which  for  some  years 
has  been  under  the  influence  of  British  mis- 
sionaries and  of  the  African  Lakes  Company. 
In  1891  it  was  proclaimed  a  British  protecto- 
rate. 

Nyaya  (nyii'ya).  [Skt  :  «?,  into,  and  dya,  a  de- 
nvative  of  /,  go;  and  hence  *  entering,'  *  ana- 
lytical investigation.']  One  of  the  six  systems 
of  Hindu  philosophy,  it  is  ascribed  to  a  Ootama  or 
Gautama.  It  was  intended  to  furnish  a  correct  method 
of  philo8i)phical  iufiuhy  into  all  the  objects  and  subjects 
of  human  knowledge,  including  the  process  of  reasoning 
and  laws  of  thought.  It  begins  by  propounding  K!  topics, 
of  which  the  first  is  the  means  by  which  the  right  mea- 


749 

sure  of  any  subject  is  to  be  obtained.  The  processes  by 
which  true  knowledge  is  attained  are  declared  to  be  (1) 
sense  perception;  (2)  inference;  (3)  compiurison ;  (4)  ver- 
bal authority  or  trustworthy  testimony,  including  Vedic 
revelation.  Inference  is  divided  into  5  members  :  (1)  the 
proposition  stated  hypotheticidly  ;  (2)  the  reason  ;  (3)  the 
example  or  major  premise ;  (4)  the  application  of  the  rea- 
son or  minor  premise  ;  (5)  the  conclusion,  or  the  restate- 
ment of  the  proposition  as  proved.  The  terms  "invari- 
ai)le  pervasion  "  or  "concomitance,"  "pervader"  or  "in- 
variably pervading  attribute," and  "invariably  pervaded" 
are  used  in  making  a  universal  attirmatiou  or  in  attirming 
uiuversal  distribution.  The  second  topic  is  those  points 
about  which  correct  knowledge  is  to  be  obtained,  viz. : 
(1)  soul;  (2)  body;  (3)  senses;  (4)  objects  of  sense;  (5) 
understanding;  (0)  mind;  (7)  activity;  (8)  faults;  (9) 
transmi'.Tation  ;  (10)  consecjuenccs  or  fruits  of  action  ;  (11) 
rain;  (12)  emancipation.  Theothcr  14  topics  are  an  etm- 
meration  of  the  regular  stages  of  a  controversy,  including 
(1)  doubt  about  the  point  to  be  discussed  ;  (2)  a  motive  for 
discussing  it ;  {."1)  a  familiar  example  in  order  that  a  con- 
clusion may  be  arrived  at;  (4)  the  argument  of  the 
objector  with  its  5  members;  (n)  the  refutation,  and  as- 
certainment of  the  true  state  of  the  case ;  (6)  further  con- 
troversy ;  (7)  mere  wrangling;  (8)  caviling;  (9)  falla- 
cious reasoning;  (10)  quibbling  artifices;  (11)  futile  re- 
plies; after  which  follows  (12)  the  putting  an  end  to  all 
discussion.  Aft^r  discussing  his  16  topics  Gotania  states 
how  deliverance  from  repeated  births  is  to  be  attained. 
See  Williams's  "Indian  Wisdom,"  IV.,  and  the  transla- 
tions by  IJallantyne  and  Colebrooke. 

Nyborg  (nil' bora).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Svendborg,  Denmark,  in  tlie  island  of  FU- 
nen,  situated  on  the  Great  Belt  in  lat.  55°  19' 
N.,  long.  10°  48'  E.  It  was  formerly  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Denmark.  It  was  taken  in  165t^  by  the  Swedes, 
who  were  defeated  near  it  in  1859.   Population  (1S90),  0,049. 

Nydia  (niiri-jl).  A  blind  girl  in  Bulwer's  ''Last 
Days  of  Pompeii." 

Nye  (ni),  Edgar  Wilson.  Born  at  Shirley, 
Maine,  Aug.  25,  1850:  died  near  Ashevillc.  N.C., 
Feb,  22,  1S96.  An  American  humorist,  known 
as  *'BillNye."  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  ISTG,  and 
was  for  many  years  connected  with  the  press  in  the  West, 
and  more  recently  in  New  York  city. 

Nyema  (nya'ma),  or  Manyema  (ma-nya'ma). 
A  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  included  in 
the  concession  of  the  Katanga  Company,  set- 
tled between  the  Lualaba,  Nyangwe,  and  Lake 
Tanganyika.  Theycall  themselves  Wenya  or Wagenya. 
Their  country  is  one  of  the  llnest  in  the  world  for  scenery 
and  vegetation,  but  is  unhealthy.  The  people  have  a  good 
physique;  wear  an  apron  made  of  skin  or  grass-cloth;  use 
lances  and  huge  shields;  keep  their  villages  clean;  and 
show  considerable  intelligence  and  industry  ;  but  they  are 
addicted  to  cannibalism  and  intertribal  wars.  Also  Ma- 
ny iceina. 

Nyerup  (nii'er-op),  Rasmus.  Born  in  Funen. 
Denmark,  March  12,  1759:  died  June  28,  1S29. 
A  noted  Danish  scholar  and  literary  historian. 
He  published,  with  Rahbek  and  Abrahamson,  "Selected 
Danish  Songs  from  the  Middle  Ages"  (1812-14),  and  other 
works  on  Danish  literature. 

Nyika(ny6'k!i),orAnyika(a-nye'ka).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  British  and  German  East  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Pangani  aiul  Sabaki  rivers,  around 
Mombasa.  They  number  about  50,000,  includ- 
ing the  "Wadigo  andWalupangu  subtribes.  The 
language,  Kinyika,  is  allied  to  Suahili. 


Nyx 

Nykj6bing(nu'ehe-bing).  ['Newmarket.']  The 
fliief  towu  in  the  island  of  Falster,  Denmark. 

Nykoping  (nii'ohe-ping).  The  capital  of  the 
laen  of  SoJcniianlaiul,  Sweden,  situated  on  an 
inlet  of  the  Baltic  .'J.')  miles  southwest  of  Stock- 
holm. It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  castle. 
Population  (1S90),  5,978. 

Nyland  (nii'liinil).  ['New  land.']  A  govern- 
ment in  Finlaml,  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Gulf 
(if  Finland.  Capital,  Helsingfors.  Area,  4,586 
sijuare  miles.     Population  (1890),  239,456. 

Nym  (nim).  A  character  in  Shakspei-e's  com- 
edy '"The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor."  He  is  a 
thief  and  slmrper,  tlie  companion  of  Falstaff :  "an  amusinf;^ 
creature  of  whinisey."  He  also  appeai-s  with  Pistol  and 
liardolph  in  "Henry  V." 

Nymegen.    See  Nimwegen. 

Nympnaeum   (nim-fo'nm),   or  Hill  of  the 

Nymphs.  [Gr.  Niy/i,'"""!'.]  The  hill  northwest 
of  the  Puj-x  in  the  group  of  hills  on  the  south- 
west side  of  Athens,  identified  by  an  inscription, 
and  now  crowned  by  an  observatory.  The  slopes 
of  the  hill  abound  in  remains  of  prehistoric  Athens,  con- 
sistint?  of  rocic-cut  liouse  foundations,  stairs,  cisterns,  and 
water-channels.  The  settlement  on  this  group  of  hills  haa 
not  been  occupied  durinff  the  time  of  known  history. 

Nymphenhurg  (nim'fon-borG).  A  royal  resi- 
dence near  Munich,  Bavaria,  noted  for  a  treaty 
signed  there  in  1741  between  France  and  Ba- 
varia, directed  against  Austria.  Its  genuine- 
ness is  disputed. 

Nymphidia  (nim-fid'i-ii).  A  fairy  poem  by 
Michael  Drayton,  published  in  1G27. 

Nyon  (nyou).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva 
13  miles  north-northeast  of  Geneva:  the  Roman 
Noviodunnm.  It  has  an  ancient  castle  and  some 
Roman  remains.     Population  (1888),  4,225. 

Nyoro  (nyo'rd),  or  Banyoro  (bii-nyo'ro).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  East  Africa,  which  in- 
habits a  plateau  averaging  4,000  feet  in  height, 
between  Lakes  Albert  and  Victoria.  They  are 
related  to  the  Baganda  and  Wazonpora.  and  their  dialect 
is  said  to  be  purer.  The  ruling  family  belongs  to  the  ilunia 
tribe.  Kings  Kanirasi  and  Kahrega  are  notorious  from 
unfavor.ablu  accoinits  given  by  travelers  who  have  visited 
them.    The  country  is  called  Uniioro. 

Nysa  (ni'sii).  1.  In  ancient  geography,  tho 
birthplace  of  Bacchus,  of  the  cities  so  named  tho 
chief  was  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  45  miles  east  of  Ephesus : 
the  modern  Sultan-Hissar. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  44)  discovered  by  Gold- 
sehmidt  at  Paris,  Mtiy  27,  1857. 

Nystad  (nii'stiid).  A  small  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  lat.  60°  43'  N.,  long. 
21'^  15'  E. 

Nystad,  Peace  of.  A  peace  negotiated  in  1721 
between  Russia  and  Sweden,  ending  the  North- 
ern War.  Sweden  ceded  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Ingrin.  part 
of  Kareli.o,  and  other  possesj^ions,  and  Kussia  restored 
Finland. 

NjTX  (iiiks),  L.  Nox  (noks).  In  classical  my- 
thology, a  goddess,  a  persouilieatiou  of  night. 


^^  ■-  'iTii  ■"■^^Sf|ahu  (6-a'ho  or  -wa'ho).  One 
»^^(^%-?'"??(^^  of  the  Hawaiian  Islaiids,Pa- 
cifie  Ocean,  situated  south- 
east of  Kauai  and  northwest 
of  Molokai.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  and  diversified ;  the 
soil  is  fertile.  It  contains  Honolu- 
lu, the  capital  of  the  group.  Area, 
COO  square  nii'.es.  Pop.  (19(10),  .58,504. 

Oajaca,  or  Oaxaca  (wa- 
Hii'ka).  1.  A  maritime  state  in  the  southern 
part  of  Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  is  rich  in  :igr-icultural  and 
mineral  resources.  Area,  35,U0square  miles.  Population 
(1595),  8S2.529. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Oajaca,  situated 
on  the  Rio  Verde,  or  Ato.yac,  210  miles  southeast 
of  Mexico.  Ithasmanufacturesof  chocolate,  etc.,  and 
is  the  center  of  the  cochineal  trade.  Population  (1895), 
32,641. 

Oak  Bluffs  (ok bluf s).  A  summerresort  in  Ed- 
gartown,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts.  It 
is  noted  for  its  camp-meetings. 

Oakboys  (ok'boiz).  A  body  of  insurgents  in  the 
north  of  Ireland  in  the  year  1763.  They  are  said 
to  have  risen  in  resistance  to  an  act  which  required  house- 
holders to  give  personal  labor  on  the  roads.  Another  of 
their  grievances  was  the  resumption  by  some  of  the  clergy 
of  a  stricter  exaction  of  tithes.  The  movement  was  soon 
repressed.  The  Oakboys  received  thtir  name  from  oak 
sprays  which  they  woi;e  in  their  hats. 

Oakeley  (ok'li).  Sir  Herbert  Stanley.    Born 

at  Ealing,  July  22, 1830.  An  English  composer 
and  organist.  He  was  professor  of  music  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  1865-91,  and  was  knighted  in  1876. 

Oakham  (ok'am).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
Rutland.  England,  17  miles  east  of  Leicester. 
It  has  an  old'eastle.     Population  (1891),  4,134. 

Oakland  (ok'land).  A  city,  capital  of  Alameda 
County,  California,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  San  Francisco  Bay,  opposite  San  Francisco. 
It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and  is  the  seat 
of  the  Congregational  "  Pacific  Theological  Seminary  "  and 
other  institutions.     Population  (1900),  66,960. 

Oakley,  Mrs.  The  "  jealous  wife  "  in  Colman's 
play  of  that  name.  Her  jealousy  and  hysterical  vio- 
lence threaten  to  overpower  Oakley  until  he  forces  her 
to  sue  for  pardon.  Oakley  was  a  favorite  part  with  Ma- 
cready  Garrick,  Knight,  and  others. 

Oak  Openings,  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  18-18. 

Oaks  (oks).  The.  A  race  for  three-year-old 
fillies,  run  annually  at  Epsom,  England,  on  the 
Friday  after  the  Derby  (which  see).  The  distance 
is  li  miles.  It  was  established  in  1779  by  the  Earl  of  Derby. 
The'  first  Oaks  was  won  by  the  Earl  of  Derby's  Bridget. 

Oamaru  (6-am-a-ro' ).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  South  Island,  New  Zealand,  57  miles 
north-northeast  of  Dunedin. 

Oannes  (6-an'nez).  In  Babylonian  mythology, 
an  animal  having  the  body  of  a  fisli  and  the  head 
and  feet  of  a  man.  and  endowed  with  human 
reason,  which  appeared  out  of  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  taught  the  Babylonians  letters,  science,  and 
civilization :  identified  with  Ea  of  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions. 

Gates  (ots),  Titus.  Bom  at  Oakham,  1649:  died 
at  London,  .July  12.  1705.  An  English  impostor. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  took  orders  in  the  Anglican 
Church,  but  was  deprived  of  his  living  for  bad  conduct. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Jesuit  college  at  St.-Omer  in 
1673.  In  the  same  year  he  submitted  first  to  Charles  II 
and  afterward  to  Parliament  forged  documents  and  other 
alleged  proofs  of  a  conspiracy  devised  by  Don  John  of 
Austria  and  Pere  la  Chaise,  Louis  XIV". 's  confessor,  for  the 
murder  of  Charles  II.  and  the  establishment  of  Catholi 
cisra  in  England.  {See  Popish  Ptut.)  A  immher  of  persons 
were  convicted  and  executed  on  his  evidence,  and  be  was 
granted  a  pension  of  either  £600  or  i90t.i.  He  was  con- 
victed of  perjury  at  the  instance  of  James  II.  in  1685.  He 
was  pardoned  in  1(JS9  on  the  accessiou  of  VA'illiam  HI., 
and  got  a  pension  of  £300. 

Oath  of  John  Ziska,  The.  A  painting  by  Rem- 
brandt, one  of  his  largest  works,  in  the  Na- 
tional Museum  at  Stockholm. 

Oath  of  Strasburg,  The.    See  Strasburg 

Oaxaca.     See  Oajaca. 

Ob.     See  Obi. 

Obadiah  (6-ba-di'a  or  ob-a-di'a).  [Heb.,  'ser- 
vant of  God':  eqixivalent  to  tie  At.  JbdaUah.'] 
A  Hebrew  prophet,  author  of  the  short  pro- 


phetic book  which  bears  his  name.  His  date  is  un- 
certain, but  is  probably  about  585  B.  c.  Of  his  personality 
nothing  is  known.  His  prophecy  is  a  denunciation  of  the 
Edomites. 

Obadiah.  1.  A  canting  Quaker  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
li^■re's  "Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife.''  Thenameisfrc- 
quently  conventionally  given  to  Quakers.  Steady,  in  Dib- 
din's  opera  "The  Qn-akers,"  is  called  Obadi.ah  in  the  in- 
troduction ;  and  Clever,  in  Knowles's  "  Woman's  Wit," 
when  disguised  as  a  Quaker,  calls  himself  by  the  same 
name. 

2.  A  servant  in  Sterne's  "  Tristram  Shandy." 
—  3.  A  •'  drinking  nincompoop"  in  Sir  Robert 
Howard's  "  Committee." 

Obamba  (6-bam'ba),also  Mbamba  (mbam'ba). 
A  Bantu  tribe  of  French  Kongo,  settled  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ogowe,  northeast  of  France- 
ville,  in  a  hjMy  and  wooded  country.  Their  neat 
houses,  of  bamboo  and  thatch,  are.  unlike  those  of  their 
neighbors,  built  separately.  They  make  and  sell  palm-oil, 
and  speak  a  dialect  of  Benga. 

Oban  (6'ban).  A  seaport  in  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Firth  of  Lorn  in  lat.  56° 
25'  X.,  long.  5°  28'  "W.  It  is  an  important  rendezvous 
for  tourists.  Xear  it  is  Dunstaffnage  Castle,  which  for- 
merly contained  the  stone  of  Scone  (see  Scone').  Population 
(1891),  4,946. 

Obando  (6-bau'do),  Jose  Maria.  Bom,  prob- 
ably in  Garcia,  li97:  died  in  Cauca,  Jime  29, 
1861.  ANew  Granadan  general  and  politician. 
Hefought  with  the  patriots  from  1S22,  and  as  a  leader  of 
the  liberal  faction  was  prominent  in  the  disturbances  of 
lb29-31 ;  was  secretary'  of  war  under  Caicedo,  1831;  was 
vice-president  and  acting  president  in  the  first  (provi- 
sional) government  of  the  republic  of  New  Granada  (Nov. 
23, 1831, -March  10, 18.'^2) ;  and  was  secretary  of  war  under 
Santander,  1332-36.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  a  presiden- 
tial candidate,  but  Marquez  was  elected  ;  soon  after  he  led 
a  revolt  which  lasted  until  1841  and  ended  in  his  tempo- 
rary banishment.  He  was  president  of  Cartagena  in  1850, 
and  was  elected  president  of  J^ew  Granada  for  the  term 
beginning  in  1S54:  but,  assuming  dictatorial  powers,  he  was 
deposed  within  a  year.  In  1860-61  he  sustained  the  fed- 
eralists, commanded  a  force  in  Cauca,  and  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Cruz  Verde  in  that  state. 

6-Becse  (6'bech  e),  G.  Alt-Becse  (iilt-bech'e). 
A  river  port  in  the  county  of  Bacs,  Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Theiss  45  miles  south  of  Szege- 
din.     Population  (1890),  16,965. 

Obed(6'bed).  [Heb., 'servant.']  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  the  son  of  Boaz  and  Ruth,  and 
grandfather  of  Da%-id. 

Obelisk  of  Luxor.  An  obelisk  brought  from 
Egypt  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  set  up  in  the 
Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris.  It  is  a  monolith  of 
pink  Syene  granite  76  feet  high,  to  which  the  pedestal 
adds  101  feet.  The  shaft  is  inscribed  on  all  four  sides 
with  hieroglj-phs  which  refer  to  Rameses  II.  and  in. 

Obelisk  of  the  Lateran.  An  obelisk  from 
Heliopolis,  brought  to  Rome  by  Constantius, 
broken  by  falling  in  the  Circus  Maximus,  and 
repaired  and  placed  in  its  present  position  by 
Fontana  in  1588.  The  shaft,  which  bears  hieroglyphs, 
is  105'.  feet  high ;  the  total  height,  with  pedestal  and  cross, 
is  14l"feet. 

Obelisk  of  Theodosius.  An  obelisk  brought 
from  Heliopolis.  and  erected  in  390  A.  D.  in 
the  spina  of  the  hippodrome  at  Constantinople. 
It  is  of  pink  Syene  granite,  inscribed  with  hieroglyphs, 
and  97  feet  high.  The  marble  pedestal  bears  reliefs  repre- 
senting its  erection. 

Obelisk  of  the  'Vatican.  An  obelisk  brought 
from  Heliopolis  by  Caligula,  and  set  up  in  the 
Circus  of  Nero.  it  was  raised  in  its  present  position 
before  St.  Peter's  by  Fontana  in  1586.  The  shaft  is  a 
monolith  of  red  granite  825  feet  high ;  the  total  height, 
with  the  pedestal  and  the  bronze  cross,  is  132  feet. 

Ober  (6'  ber),  Frederick  Albion.  Born  in  Bev- 
erley, Mass.,  Feb.  13,  1S49.  An  American  orni- 
thologist and  traveler.  As  a  collector  he  h.as  traveled 
extensively  in  Florida,  the  West  Indies,  and  Mexico.  He 
has  published  "Camps  in  the  Caribhees"  (1879  and  1SS4), 
■•  Travels  in  Mexico  "  (1884),  several  juvenile  books,  etc. 

Oberalp  (6'ber-alp).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Uri  and  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland. It  connects  Andermatt  with  the  v.-illey  of  the 
Vorder  Rhein.    Height,  6,710  feet. 

Oberammergau  (6'ber-am'mer-gou).  A  vil- 
lage in  Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Ammer 
45  miles  southwest  of  Munich.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  ivory  and  wooden  toys,  crucifixes,  images,  etc. 
It  is  noted  for  the  miracle-play  acted  there  every  ten  years. 
See  Passion  Play. 

-SO 


Ober-Ehnheim  (6'ber-an'him),  F.  Obemai  (6- 

ber-na').  A  town  in  Alsace,  15  miles  south- 
west of  Strasburg.     Population  (1890),  4,187. 

Oberglogau  (o'ber-glo'gou).  Atownin  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia.  Prussia,  (54  miles  southeast  ol 
Breslau.     Population  (1890),  5,514. 

Oberhalbstein  (6'ber-hiilb'stin).  An  elevated 
jUpiue  valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, about  20  miles  south  of  Coire. 

Oberhausen  (o'ber-hou-zen).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  40  miles  north  of  Co- 
logne. It  is  a  place  of  modern  development,  and  an 
important  railway  junction.  Near  it  are  large  Iron-works. 
I'lipulation  (1890),  25,249. 

Oberhessen.     See  Upper  Hesse. 

Oberlahnstein  (o'ber-lan'stin).  Atown  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situatetl  at 
the  junction  of  the  Lahn  and  Rhine,  5  miles 
south  of  Coblenz.  It  has  a  castle.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  6,180. 

Oberland.     See  Bernese  Oberland. 

Oberlin  (6'ber-lin).  A  village  in  Lorain  Counts , 
northernOhio,  31  miles  west-southwest  of  Cleve- 
land. It  is  the  seat  of  Oberlin  College  (which 
see).     Population  (1900),  4.082. 

Oberlin  (o-ber-lan').  Jean  Frederic.  Born  at 
Strasburg,  Aug.  31, 1740:  died  in  the  Steinthal, 
Alsace,  June  1,  1826.  An  Alsatian  clergy-man 
and  philanthropist.  He  became  Protestant  pastorin 
the  Steinthal  (Ban-de-Ia-Eoche)  about  1767,  and  is  noted 
for  his  efforts  in  furthering  the  agriculture,  industry,  edu- 
cation, and  morals  of  that  region. 

Oberlin,  Jeremie  Jacques.  Bom  at  Strasburg, 
Aug.  7,  1735 :  died  Oct.  10,  1806.  An  Alsatian 
philologist  and  antiquarian,  brother  of  J.  F. 
Oberlin. 

Oberlin  (o'ber-lin)  College.  A  coeducational 
institution  of  learning,situated  at  Oberlin, Ohio. 
It  was  founded  in  1833  by  J.  J.  Shipherd  and  P.  P.  Stew- 
art, and  was  chartered  in  1834.  It  comprises  a  college, 
an  academy,  a  theological  seminary,  and  a  conservatory  of 
music.  It  is  a  non-sectarian  institution,  and  has  about 
85  instructors  and  1,300  students. 

Obermann  (o-ber-man').  A  psychological  ro- 
mance by  Senancour,  published  in  1804.  It  is  so 
called  from  the  name  of  the  hero,  who  is  a  dreamer  striv- 
ing to  escape  from  the  actual.  He  lives  in  a  solitary  val- 
ley, and  writes  melancholy  speculative  lettei-s  on  all  kinds 
of  problems.  Sainte-Beuve  revived  the  book  by  bringing 
out  a  new  edition  in  1833,  when  it  appealed  to  the  public 
taste  more  perhaps  than  on  its  original  production. 

Oberon  (6'be-ron).  1.  In  medieval  mythologj', 
the  king  of  the  fairies.  He  first  appears  in  the  old 
French  romance  "Huon  de  Bordeaux"  as  the  son  of  Ju- 
lius Caisar  and  Morgan  the  Fay,  and  is  thus  connected 
with  the  Arthurian  geui^alogy.  Shakspere  introduces  him 
in  the  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

He  resembles  In  many  respects  the  Elberich  in  the  story 
of  Otnit  Grimm  connects  the  name  with  Alp,  Alb,=  elf, 
and  he  may  be  regarded  as  an  importation  from  the  Teu- 
tonic Pantheon,  invested,  however,  with  many  Keltic  and 
Clvristian  as  well  as  Asiatic  attributes.  M.  Longnon,  in 
the  Romania,  vol.  iii,  has  carefully  worked  out  the  proba- 
ble connection  of  Huon  with  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Bald. 
Whatever  the  historical  element  in  the  romance,  Obei-on 
became  an  essential  part  in  it  as  early  as  the  thirteenth 
centurj-.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  296,  note. 

2.  The  fourth  satellite  of  Uranus,  discovered 
by  Lassell  in  1847. — 3.  A  romantic  poem,  one 
of  the  chief  works  of  Wieland.  published  in  1780. 
—  4.  A  romantic  opera  by  K.  M.  von  'Weber, 
produced  at  London  in  1826.  The  libretto  in  Eng- 
lish is  by  Planche.  It  was  also  produced  with  an  Italian 
libretto'at  London  in  1860,  with  various  additions  from 
••Eurvanthe,"  etc. 

Oberpfalz.     See  Palatinate. 

Oberstein  (6'ber-stin).  A  town  in  Birkenfeld, 
Oldenburg,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Nahe  47 
miles  west-southwest  of  Mainz.  The  leading 
industry  is  agate-cutting  and  -polishing.  Near 
there  are  fiftv  polishing-mills.  Population 
(1890),  6,271. 

Oberwesel  (o'ber-va'zel).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province.Prussia.situated  onthe  Rhine  19  miles 
south-southeast  of  Coblenz.  Near  it  is  the 
castle  of  Schonburg.     Population  (1890).  2,521. 

Obi  (6'be),  or  Ob  'ob).  A  navigable  river  of 
Siberia,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Biya  and 
Katun,  and  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Obi.  its  chief 


Obi 

tributary  is  the  Irtish.  On  its  banks  are  Tomsk,  Barnaul, 
and  Narym.  Length,  about  2,100  miles ;  inchiding  the  Ir- 
tish, about  2,500  niilfs. 

Obi,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north 
of  Siberia.     Length,  about  600  miles. 

Obion  (o-bi' on)  River.  A  river  in  western  Ten- 
nessee whicii  joins  the  Mississippi ')7  miles  above 
Memphis.     Length,  about  lo0-140  miles. 

Obligado,  Punta  de.  Battle  of.  See  Punta  de 
Oblii/'Klii. 

Oblivion,  Act  of.  An  English  statute  of  1660, 
entitled  "  An  Act  of  Free  and  Generall  Pardon, 
Indeiupuity,  and  Oblivion,"  by  which  all  politi- 
cal offenses  committed  during  tho  time  of  the 
Commonwealth  were  pardoned,  certain  offend- 
ers mentioned  by  name  in  the  act  being  ex- 
cepted, especially  those  engaged  in  the  trial  and 
execution  of  Charles  I.  Also  called  Act  of  In- 
demnity. 

Obok,  or  Obock  (6-bok').  A  French  colony  and 
protectorate  in  Africa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden, 
opposite  the  southwestern  extremity  of  Arabia, 
and  extending  about  40  miles  Inland.  Obok 
and  Tajurah  are  the  chief  towns. 

ObongO  (6-bong'g6),  or  Abongo.  A  tribe  of 
pygmies  in  French  Kongo,  west  Africa.  Tlieir 
stature  is  between  i\  and  5  feet ;  color  brown ;  hair  tufty 
and  woolly,  spreading  over  the  body ;  and  head  brachy- 
cephalous.  They  are  hunters  and  fishermen,  of  nomadic 
instinct,  and  live  in  round  grass  huts.  They  are  tributary 
to  liautu  tribesion  whose  skirts  they  live.  They  are  found 
in  ditfcrcnt  parts  of  French  Kongo,  and  are  variously  called 
Babi'ii'jn,  A  kwa,  Okwa,  etc.,  and  represent  the  3Iatimbos  of 
the  Portuguese  discoverers.    See  Pi/[rmies. 

Obrenovitch  (6-bren'6-vieh).  The  family  name 
of  the  reigning  dynasty  of  Servia.  This" dynasty 
was  founded  by  Milosli  Obrenovitch,  who  was  proclaimed 
hereditary  prince  of  .Servia  in  1827.  His  successors  have 
been  his  son  Michael,  his  grandnephew  Milan,  and  Ilie 
latter's  son  Alexander. 

O'Brien  (6-bri'en),  Fitz-James.  Bom  at  Lim- 
erick, Ireland,  1828 :  died  April  6, 1862.  An  Irish- 
American  litterateur.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin 
I'niversity.and  came  to  tlieUnitcd  States  in  18.52.  He  wrote 
weird  stories  after  tlie  manner  of  Poe.  Among  liis  works 
is  "Tlie  Diamond  Lens,  and  i^ther  Stories,"  collected  and 
published  in  18ST. 

O'Brien  (6-bri'en),  "William.  Born  1852.  An 
Irish  politician  and  journalist.  He  entered  Parlia- 
ment .is  a  Nationalist  in  lS8;i,  is  editor  of  "  United  Ire- 
land." and  has  a  numlier  of  times  been  imprisoned  under 
the  Coercion  Act.  In  1890,  liaving  been  liberated  on  bail 
pending  a  political  trial,  he  escaped  to  t  lie  I'nited  States  in 
order  to  fulfil  an  engagement  as  a  lecturer. 

O'Brien,  William  Smith.  Born  in  County 
Clare,  Ireland,  Oct.  17,  1803:  died  at  Bangor, 
North  Wales,  June  18, 18G4.  An  Irish  revolution- 
ist. He  entered  Parliament  in  1828 ;  became  a  leading 
member  of  the  Repeal  Association,  which  he  left  in  1S4G ; 
was  a  leader  of  the  Young  Ireland  party  ;  incited  an  un- 
Buccessful  insurrection  in  1848  ;  ami  was  arrested  in  1848, 
transported  in  1849,  ami  pardoned  in  1856- 

Observations  of  Bel.     See  the  extract. 

The  standard  work  on  astronomy,  as  has  already  been 
noted,  was  that  called  "  The  Observationsof  Bel,"  compiled 
originally  for  the  lil)rary  of  Sargon  I.  at  Accad.  Additions 
were  made  to  it  from  time  to  time,  tho  chief  object  of  the 
work  being  to  notice  the  events  which  happened  after 
each  celestial  phenomenon.  Thus  the  occurrences  which 
at  different  periods  followed  a  solar  eclipse  on  a  particu- 
lar day  were  all  duly  intrndnced  into  lli.r  t«'\t  and  i)il»-d, 
as  it  were,  one  upon  the  other.  Tho  trdibof  contents  jiif- 
flxed  to  the  work  showed  that  it  treated  of  various  mat- 
ters—eclipses  of  tlie  sun  and  moon,  the  conjunction  of 
the  Bun  and  moon,  the  phases  of  Venus  and  Mars,  the  po- 
sition of  the  pole-star,  the  changis  of  the  weather,  tho  ap- 
pearance of  comets,  or,  as  they  are  called,  "  stars  with  a 
tail  behind  and  a  corona  in  front,"  and  the  like. 

Saijct;  Assyria,  p.  115. 

Obwalden  (ob'viil-den).  A  half-canton  of  tho 
canton  of  Unterwalden,  Swilzerlaiul,  forming 
the  southern  and  western  part  of  the  canton. 
It  sends  1  meml)er  to  the  National  (  ouncil.  It  submittiil 
to  the  French  in  170S.  Enpelberg  wasannexeil  to  it  in  181.''). 
Area,  183  sfiuaro  miles.     See  furtlier  under  t'nterwaldfn. 

Oca  del  Cairo,  L'.  An  opera  begun  by  Jlozart 
in  178;j.  It  was  llni.shcd  by  Andri-  with  pieces  from 
other  operas  of  Mozart,  and  produced  at  I'aris  in  1867. 
(iT'ivr. 

O'Callaghan  (o-kal'a-hanl.  Edmund  Bailey. 

•  Born  nt  Mnllow,  Ireland,  Feb.  L'!l.  17117:  ijied  at 
New  York,  May  27,  IKSO.  An  Irish-Ani<rican 
historian.  Among  his  works  are"  lli.^toryof  New  Neth- 
erlands '  (1840),  "  IJocumentary  History  of  New  York" 
(1841)-,'d),  "DccumcMts  relating  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York  "  (lS.i5-01). 

Ocampo  (o  kiim'po ).  Sebastian  de.  Born  about 

14().'>:  died  after  l.''iOil.  .V  S|.ninsli  navigator. 
lie  was  one  of  the  earlier  coluni.4ts  of  Kwpafi'da,  and  in 
lfrt)8  was  sent  by  Ovando,  governor  of  that  island,  to  ex- 
plore the  coasts  of  Cuba.  He  succeeded  In  clrcninnavl- 
gating  It,  thus  proving  its  Insular  character:  Columbus 
hail  snpposeil  it  to  be  a  part  of  Asia. 
Ocaiia  (o-kiiu'yii).  A  town  in  tho  province  of 
Toledo,  Spain,  .'i7  miles  south-southeast  of  Ma- 
drid. Here,  Nov.  1!),  Koo,  the  French  (.iii.lHMijniiderSnult 
ami  Mnrtier  defeated  the  Spardards  (;,.".,u«0)  under  Arei- 
»aga.    Population  (1887),  fi,04«. 


751 

Ocana.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Santander. 
Colombia,  2.')0  miles  north  by  east  of  Bogota. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

O'Carolan  (o-kar'6-lan),  Turloch.  Bom  in 
1670  in  County  Meath':' died  at  Aklerford,  March 
2o.  173S.  A  famous  Irish  minstrel.  He  was  one 
of  the  last  of  the  improvising  wandering  bards,  and  trav- 
eled with  a  harp  from  door  to  door^ 

Occam,  or Ockham  (ok'.mi ).  WilUam  of.  Born 
at  Ockham,  Siu'rey,  England,  about  1270:  died 
at  Munich,  April  7.  1347.  An  English  scholas- 
tic philosopher,  the  reviver  of  nominalism.  He 
was  called  the  "Invincilde  Doctor,"  the  "Singular  Doc- 
tor." "  I'rinceps  Nominalium,"  and  in  the  ages  following 
his  own  "  Venerabilis  Inceptor,"  as  if  he  had  not  actually 
taken  his  degree.  He  was  a  great  advocate  of  the  rule  of 
poverty  of  the  Franciscan  order,  to  which  he  belonged,  and 
a  strong  defender  of  the  state  against  the  pretensions  of 
the  papacy.  He  was  lecturer  in  the  Umversity  of  I'aris  ; 
aided  Louis  of  Bavaria  in  his  contest  with  Tope  .lohu 
XXII. ;  and  opposed  the  latter  in  the  Franciscan  assem- 
bly at  Perugia  in  l.'i22.  AW  his  teachings  depend  upon 
the  logical  doctrine  that  generality  belongs  only  to  the 
sigrnllcations  of  signs  (such  as  words).  The  conceptions  of 
the  mind  are.  according  to  hini,  olijcits  in  themselves  in- 
dividual, but  naturally  signillcativet  if  classes.  These  prin- 
ciples are  carried  into  every  depai  tnient  of  logic,  meta- 
physics, and  theology,  where  their  general  result  is  that 
nothing  can  be  discovered  by  reason,  but  all  nmst  rest 
upon  faith.  Occamisin  thus  prepared  the  way  for  the  over- 
throw of  scholasticism,  by  arguiu'.' that  little  nf  importance 
to  man  could  be  learned  by  schiila.-,lii-  ni-tli'tds  :  yet  the 
Occamislicwritingsexhibit  the  schohistic  faults  of  trivial- 
ity, prtdixity,  and  fomiality  in  a  higher  degree  than  those  of 
any  other  school.  His  chief  works  are  "  Tractatus  logices," 
"Traetatus  de  sacramento  alt.aris,"  "  Super  quatuor  libros 
sententiarum  expositio  aurea." 

Occleve(ok'klev), Thomas.  [ME.  Of ctor, some- 
times with  unorig.  aspirate  Hoccleve:  prob. 
of  local  origin ;  AS.  as  if  *dc-dif,  pi.  "dcchafu, 
oak-cliff.]  Born  about  1370 :  died  about  1454. 
An  English  poet  and  lawyer.  He  lived  at  Chester's 
Iim  in  the  Strand  in  his  youth,  and  knew  Chaucer.  His 
chief  poem  is  "De  regimine  principum,"anew  version  of 
"The  Goveniail  of  Princes,"  Some  of  his  poems  were 
printed  for  the  first  time  in  1796  by  George  Mason,  but  a 
number  were  printed  1487-1598  at  Paris,  Lyons,  Veidee, 
and  Strasburg. 

The  old  confusion  with  the  aspirate  has  caused  the  name 
to  be  written  both  "  Hoccleve"  and  "  Occleve."  But  in  a 
copy  of  "The  Governail  of  Princcs,"which  the  poet  wrote 
with  his  own  hand, the  name  occurs  in  the  text.  andis^vTit- 
ten  "Occleve."  Anotherdayhemighthavewritten  "Hoc- 
cleve." and  he  may  have  done  so  in  his  own  draft  of  the 
first  line  of  his  that  will  presently  be  quoted.  But  the 
name  is  Occleve  in  the  only  place  where  we  are  sin-e,  or 
nearly  sure,  that  he  himself  1i:ls  written  it. 

Murl.ii,  i;nglish  Writers,  VI.  122. 

Oceana  (6-se-ii'na).  Aphilosophieal  treatise  on 
the  theory  of  civil  government,  by  James  Har- 
rington, published  in  1656.  The  full  title  is 
"The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana."  It  presents 
the  model  of  a  perfect  republic. 

Ocean  Grove  (o'shan  grov).  A  town  in  Mon- 
mouth Count}',  New  Jersey,  adjoining  Asbury 
Park  7  miles"  south  of  Long  Branch.  It  is  a 
seaside  resort.     Population,  about  2,77.5. 

Oceanica  (o-she-an'i-kji),  or  Oceania  (6-se-a'- 

ni-ii).  A  division  of  the  world  (according  to 
many  geographers)  which  comprises  Polynesia, 
Miei'onesia,  Jlelancsia,  Australasia,  and  Ma- 
laysia. 

Oceanus  (tj-se'a-nus).  [Gr.'Q/ifai'iif.]  1.  Ac- 
e<u'diiig  to  ancient  geograi)hical  ideas,  a  swift 
audunboumledstream  encircling  all  the  known 
lauds  aiul  seas ;  later,  the  out;er  sea,  or  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Tlio  progress  of  geogi'aj)liieal  discovery 
produced  corresponding  modilieations  of  this 
early  conception. 

The  key  to  the  confused  geography  of  the  "tiermania," 
as  regards  northern  fJerniany,  will  be  found  in  a  compari- 
son of  tho  passages  in  which  he  jTacitusi  mentions  the 
"tlccanus."  or  ocean-current,  as  distinguished  from  the 
seas  which  wei'c  crossed  or  divided  by  its  stream.  The 
Islands  of  the  Suiones,  or  the  Danish  Isles  and  Southern 
Scantlinavia,  are  described  as  being  actually  encircled  by 
"Oceanus."  AYdin.  origins  of  F.ng,  Hist.,  p,  42,  note. 

2.  In  classical  mythology,   tho  ocean  stream 
personified.     He  was  the  liusband  of  Tethys. 
Ochiali  (6-ke-il'le).    A  celebrated  corsair.    See 
llie  extract. 

Though  Dragut  was  no  more,  Ochlnll  -—  as  tho  Christians 
called  'AM  Kl  Iluji,  'the  Kcnegaile '  (the  Turks  dubbed 
Idm  F'artas,*  Scurvied,'  from  his  enmi)laint) — was  f<dlow- 
Ing  successfiUlv  in  his  old  master's  steps.  Born  at  Cas- 
telll  (l,lcastoli)"in  Calabria  about  If.llS.  (Ichlall  was  to  have 
been  a  priest,  but  his  eaiiluri'  by  the  Turks  turned  him  to 
the  more  exciting  career  of  a  Corsair.  .Soon  after  the  siege 
of  .Malta  he  succccdeil  Itarbarossa's  son  IJasau  as  jiasbaor 
Hcglerbeg  of  Algiers  (1,MW),  aiid  (Uie  of  his  llrst  a,'ts  was 
to  retake  'luids  (all  but  tbe(ioletta)ln  the  nameof  Sultan 
Sellm  II.,  who,  to  llie  unspeakable  loss  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan world,  bad  in  l.MWl  sm-ccedcd  his  great  father  Sulcy- 
nnui.  in  .Tuly,  1570,  oil  Alicata,  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Sicily,  Ochiali  surronnded  four  galleys  of  "the  Kellglon" 
—  they  tbi-n  possessed  but  live— ami  took  tbri*i'  of  them, 
Including  the  llag-ship,  which  Saint  Clenicnl,  the  general 
of  the  galleys,  aband4>ncd  in  order  to  throw  hbuhclf  and  his 
troiuture  on  shore  at  Monllcbiaro. 

Povir^  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p,  ItH. 


Oconto 

Ochill  Hills  (och'il  hilz).  A  range  of  hills  in 
Scotland,  situated  in  southern  Perthshire  and 
adjoining  parts  of  Stirling,  Clackmannan,  Kin- 
ross, and  Fife.  It  extends  from  near  Stirling  to 
the  Firth  of  Tay.  Highest  summit,  Ben  Cleugh 
(2,363  feet). 

Ochiltree  (oeh'l-tre),  Edie.  In  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Antiquary."  a  king's  beadsman  or  licensed 
beggar,  called  "Bbie  tiown"'  from  his  costume. 

Ochlno  (o-ke'no),  Bernardino.  Born  at  Slena, 
Italy,  1487:  diet!  at  Sehlackau,  Moravia,  about 
1565.  An  Italian  reformer,  a  general  of  the 
Capuchin  order.  He  fled  from  Italy  and  lived 
in  exile  in  Switzerland,  Germany,  England,  etc. 
He  wrote  polemical  works. 

Ochoa  (o-ch6';i),  Eugenie  de.  Born  at  Lezo, 
near  titiipuzeoa,  Spain,  April  19,  1815:  died  at 
Madrid,  Feb.  25, 1872.  A  Spanish  writer  and 
translator. 

Ochozomas.     See  Puquinas. 

Ochrida  (och're-dii).  A  town  in  Albania,  Euro- 
pean Tiu-key.  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Ochrida 
28  miles  west-northwest  of  Monastir.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  10.000-12,000. 

Ochrida,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Albania,  Turkev, 
situated  in  lat.41°  N.,  long.  20°  45' E.:  the  an- 
cient Lacus  Lychnitis.    Length,  about  18  miles. 

Ochsenkopf  i  och'sen-kopf).  [G.,  '  ox-head.'] 
One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  Fiehtelgebirge, 
Bavaria.     Height,  3,363  feet. 

Ochus  (o'kus).     See  Artaxerxcs  III. 

Ockham.     See  Oraim. 

Ockla'nraha  (ok-la-wii'ha).  A  tributary  of  the 
St.  John's  Kiver,  in  the  northeastera  part  of 
Florida.     Length,  about  200  miles. 

Ockley  (ok'li),  Simon.  lOcklcy,  Ackley,  and 
Oakley  are  from  AS.  Aclcd,  a  place-name,  'oak 
lea.']  Born  at  Exeter,  England,  1678:  died  at 
Swavesey,  Cambridgeshire,  England.  1720.  An 
English  Orientalist.  His  chief  work  is  a  ''His- 
tory of  the  Saracens"  (1708-18). 

Ocmulgee  (ok-mul'ge).  A  river  in  central 
Georgia  which  unites  with  the  Oconee  about  90 
miles  west  of  Savannah  to  form  the  Altamaha. 
Length,  250-300  miles;  navigable  to  Macon. 

Ocoles  (o-ko'las).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Gran 
Chaeo,  south  of  the  Rio  Vermejo,  mentioned  by 
early  writers.  They  were  probably  a  branch  of 
tho  Matagtiayas  (which  see). 

Oconee  (6-k6'ne).  A  river  in  central  Georgia 
which  unites  with  the  Ocmulgee  to  form  the 
Altamaha.  Length,  over  250  miles;  navigable- 
(at  times)  to  Milledgeville. 

O'Connell  (6-kon'cl).  Daniel.  Boi-n  near  Ca- 
hireiveen,  County  Kerry,  Ireland,  Aug.  6,  1775: 
died  at  Genoa,  Italy,  May  15,  1847.  An  Irish 
agitator  and  orator.  He  became  famous  as  an  advo- 
cate; founded  the  Catholic  Association;  was  the  leader 
of  the  agitation  in  favor  of  Catholic  emancipation ;  was- 
elected  to  Parliament  18*28 ;  became  leader  in  the  "repeal" 
agitation  1840;  promoted  the  nuiss-meetings  of  1842-13; 
and  was  arrested  1843  and  convicted  of  conspinicy  and 
seilition.     His  sentence  was  reversed  1844. 

O'Connell's  Tail.  A  nickname  given  to  the 
parliamentary  following  of  Daniel  C^'Connell 
jibout  the  years  1830  to  1S47. 

O'Connor  (6-kon 'or),  Arthur.  Bom  176$ 
(1767  0:  "lied  in  France,  Ajiril  2.5,  18.52.  An 
Irish  rovoliitionisl.  Hcwaaamemberof  thedireetoiy 
of  the  I'nited  Irishmen.  He  lived  In  exile  In  France  after 
iMi;i. 

O'Connor,  Eily.  The  Colleen  Bawn.  the  prin- 
cipal Icmale  ehaiiicter  in  Boucicault's  play  of 
tluit  name. 

O'Connor,  FeargusEd'ward.    Born  in  Ireland. 

1796:  dird  .\iig.  'M.  bs,',").  An  Irish  lawyer  ami 
]ioliliciaii.  lie  entered  I'lU'liamoid  in  ls:«,  and  after- 
ward became  tine  of  theleaders  of  tho  Chartist  party.  He 
iK'came  hopelessly  insane  in  ^'^;^2. 

O'Connor,  Roderick  or  Rory.  Bom  1116:  iliod 

1I9S.  The  last  king  of  Ireland.  He  became  king  of 
Comianght  in  ll.Ml,  and  of  Ireland  in  lliui.  He  acknow- 
b'dgid  tin'  snprcnnuy  of  llciin  11,  of  Fngland  in  117,'>, 

O'Connor,  Thomas  Po'wer.  Born  in  Ireland. 
I.SIS.  Ml  Irish  ]iiditician  :Linl  journalist.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  Isso,  and  becamean  active  memi  er  of 
the  I'arnelllte  |>arlv.  He  was  elected  president  of  the  Irish 
National  League  of  (! real  Britain  in  l>^-;t.  lie  Is  the  author 
ol  ■■l.oid  lleacon^llcl.l:  a  Biography  "  (1>71»,  etc. 

O'Connor's  Child.     A  poem  by  Campbell. 

O'Conor  (o-kon'or),  Charles.  Horn  al  New 
York.  .Ian.  22,  IsVit:  died  nt  Nantucket,  Mass., 
Mnv  12,  1884.  An  .Ainerienii  lawyer.  He  wm 
counsel  In  many  Important  cases  in  New  York  elly  ;  was 
prominent  as  pnisccutlng  lawyer  In  the  'Tweed  Ring  ' 
cases;  anil  was  nominated  for  the  presidency  by  the  llemo- 
crats  who  opisiscd  lirecley  In  187-J. 

Oconto  (o-kon'to).  The  caiiitnl  of  Oeonto  Coun- 
ty, Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
t)ci>ulo  h'iver  into  Green  Bay.  I'ojmlation 
( loom,  5.64(1. 


Ocosingo 

OcosingO  (o-ko-sen'go).  A  town  in  the  state 
of  Chiapas,  southeastern  Mexico,  south  of  Pa- 
lenque.  There  are  ancient  ruins  in  the  vicinity. 

Ocracoke  (o'kra-kok)  Inlet.  A  sea  passage  in 
North  Carolina,  connecting  Pamlico  Sound  with 
the  Atlantic,  30  miles  southwest  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras. 

Octateuch  (ok'ta-tuk).  [From  Gr.  oktu,  eight, 
and  "fi,vo?.  an  implement,  a  book.]  The  first 
eight  books  of  the  Old  Testament  considered  as 
forming  one  volume  or  series  of  books.  Also 
Octoteuch. 

Octave  (ok-tav').  In  Molifere's  "Les  fourberies 
de  Seapin,"  the  son  of  Argante.  In  Otway's 
version  he  is  called  Octavian. 

Octavia  (ok-ta'vi-a).  [L.,  fern,  of  Ociavius.l 
Died  11  B.  c.  The'sister  of  Octavius (Augustus 
Coesar).  She  was  the  wife  first  of  llarcellus,  and  after- 
ward of  Mark  Antony.  Her  marriage  with  Antony  was 
intended  to  confirm  amicable  relations  between  him  and 
Octavius.  She  was  supplanted  in  his  affections  by  Cleo- 
patra, and  was  divorced  in  32.  She  appears  in  Shakspere's 
"  Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  and  Daniel  published  (1699)  a 
poem  in  nl  stanzas  entitled  '■  A  Letter  sent  from  Octa\Ta 
to  her  husband  Marcus  Antnnius  into  Egrj-pt." 

Octavia.  Bom  about  42  A.  D.:  killed  62  A.  D. 
Daughter  of  Claudius  and  Messalina,  and  wife 
of  Xero. 

Octavian,  L.  Octavianns.    See  Augustus. 

Octavian (ok-ta 'vi-an ) .  In  Colman the  younger's 
play  "  The  Jlountaineer,"  an  inspired  maniac. 
This  character  was  taken  from  Cardenio  in 
"Don  Quixote." 

Octavian.  1.  A  ISth-centnry  romance  relating 
to  the  emperor  Octavian.  There  are  two  English 
versions  from  a  French  original,  **  Octavien,  or  Florent  et 
Lyon." 

2.  A  satirical  comedy  by  Tieek,  published  in 
1804. 

Octavian  Library.  A  public  library  at  Rome, 
the  first  library  open  to  the  public,  founded 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  in  honor  of  his  sister 
Octavia,  and  housed  in  the  Portico  of  Octavia. 
It  perished  in  the  fire  which  raged  at  Rome  for  three  days 
in  the  reign  of  Titus,  A.  D.  79-81. 

OctavillS(ok-ta'vi-us).  Adialogue, bvMinucius 
Felix,  in  which  argtiments  against  Cliristianity 
which  were  current  at  the  time  are  set  forth 
and  refuted. 

Octavius,  Cains.  [L.,'the  eighth'-born.]  See 
Aiiquxtus. 

Octavius,  Gnaeus.  Killed  at  Rome,  87  b.  c.  A 
Roman  consul  in  87  B.  C.  He  was  an  adherent  of 
Sulla,  while  his  colleague,  L.  Cornelius  Cinna,  was  an  ad- 
herent of  Jlarius.    He  was  killed  by  the  foUowere  of  Cinna. 

October  (ok-to'ber).  [From  L.  October,  the 
eighth  month.]  The  tenth  month  of  the  year. 
containing  thirty-one  days.  It  was  the  eighth 
in  the  primitive  Roman  calendar. 

October  Club.  In  English  polities,  a  club  com- 
posed of  extreme  Tories,  first  formed  about 
1690,  and  influential  in  the  reignof  Queen  Anne. 
It  was  named  from  the  October  ale  for  which  the  club  was 
celebrated.  Swiff  s  influence  was  the  principal  factor  in 
its  dispersion. 

October  States.  In  recent  American  political 
history,  those  States  (Ohio,  Indiana,  etc.)  which 
held  elections  in  October  instead  of  in  Novem- 
ber. In  presidential  campaigns  extreme  interest  cen- 
tered in  the  action  of  such  .States,  on  account  of  the  bear- 
ing on  the  ensuing  Xovember  elections.  The  elections 
are  now  held  in  November. 

Octodurum,  or  Octodurus.     See  Marfifiiu/. 

Octoroon,  The.  A  play  by  Boueicault,  produced 
in  1S61. 

Octoteuch.     See  Octateuch. 

O'Curry  (6-kur'i),  Eugene.  Bom  near  Cariga- 
holt,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  1796:  died  at  Dub- 
lin, July  30,"  1862.  An  Irish  archteologist.  He 
translated  the  ancient  Brehon  laws,  the  "Book 
of  Lismore,"  etc. 

Odd-Fellows  (od'fel'oz).  [A  fanciful  name  as- 
sumed by  the  original  founders  of  the  society.] 
A  secret  benevolent  and  social  society,  called 
in  full  The  Independent  Order  of  Odd-Fellows. 
The  order  arose  in  the  18th  centnry,  and  various  lodges 
were,  about  1314,  consolidated  into  the  Manchester  Tnity, 
which  is  n"w  the  principal  body  in  Great  Britain.  There 
are  also  lodges  in  the  I  nited  States  (the  first  permanent 
lodge  was  founded  in  1819),  and  in  Germany,  Switzerland, 
.\ustralia.  South  America,  etc.  The  object  of  the  order 
in  the  United  States  is  declared  to  be*" to  visit  the  sick, 
relieve  the  distressed,  bury  the  dead,  and  educate  the  or- 
phan, to  improve  and  elevate  the  character  of  man." 

Odelsthing  (6'delz-ting).  The  larger  house  of 
the  Storthing  or  parliament  of  Norway,  it  con- 
sists of  those  members  of  the  Storthing  who  have  not  been 
elected  to  the  Lagthing  or  upper  house  by  the  Storthing 
itself,  or  about  three  fourths  of  the  whole  number.  All 
new  measures  must  originate  in  the  Odelsthing.  See 
L*T(jtk>n{r  and  Storthing. 

Odemish  (o-da-mish').  A  town  in  Asia  Minor. 
Turkev,  northeast  of  Aidin.    Population,  about 

io,ooo; 


752 

Odenathns  (od-e-na'thus).  Killed  271  (266?) 
A.  D.  A  general  and  ruler  of  Palmyra,  practi- 
cally independent  of  the  Romans:  husband  of 
Zenobia. 

Odenburg,  or  Oedenburg  (e'den-boro),  Hung. 
Soprony  (sho'prony).  A  royal  free  city,  the 
capital  of  the  county  of  Odenburg,  Hungary, 
36  miles  south  by  east  of  Vienna :  the  Roman 
Sopronium.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  27,213. 

Odenkirchen  (6'den-kireh-en).  A  manufac- 
turing tovm  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Niers  26  miles  northwest  of 
Cologne.     Population  (1890),  11.667. 

Odense  (6'den-se).  The  chief  city  of  the  island 
of  Filnen,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Odense 
Aa  about  lat.  55°  25'  N..  long.  10°  23'  E.:  the 
third  city  in  Denmark,  it  has  various  manufactures. 
Traditionally  it  is  the  oldest  city  of  the  kingdom  (founded, 
according  to  legend,  bv  Odin).  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Hans  Christian  Andersen.    Population  0S90\  30,'>77. 

Odenwald  (6'den-valt).  Aregionsituatedmain- 
ly  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  province  of 
Starkenburg,  Hesse.  It  is  traversed  by  four  low 
parallel  ridges,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery 
and  for  legends.  Length,  about  40  miles.  Highest  point, 
the  Katzenbuckel  (2,050  feet). 

Odeon  (o-da-6n').  One  of  the  leading  theaters 
of  Paris,  situated  near  the  Luxembourg.  It  was 
opened  in  1732  as  the  Theatre  Fran^ais;  was  called  the 
Theatre  de  la  Nation  in  17Sf> :  and  in  1796  was  called  the 
Odeon.  It  was  burned  in  1799,  and  rebuilt  in  1807,  when 
it  was  called  the  Theatre  de  I'lmp^ratrice.  At  the  res- 
toration it  became  Le  Second  Theatre  Franijais.  It  re- 
ceives a  subsidy  from  the  state  as  an  offshoot  of  the  Com^- 
die  Frangaise. 

Oder  (6'der),  Slav.  Vjodr  (vyodr).  One  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  Germany:  the  Roman  Viadus. 
It  rises  in  Moravia,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Austrian  and  Prussian  SUesia,  traverses  the  province  of 
Snesia,  flows  into  the  Stettiner  Half,  and  then  by  the 
Peene,  Swine,  and  Dievenow  into  the  Baltic.  Its  chief 
tributary  is  the  Warthe.  Among  the  towns  on  its  banks 
are  Ratibor,  Oppein,  Brieg,  Breslau,  Glogau,  Frankfort, 
Kiistrin,  and  Stettin.  Length.  550  miles;  navigable  for 
small  craft  from  Ratibor ;  for  larger  vessels  from  Breslau. 

Oderzo  (6-dert's6).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Treviso,  Italy.  26  miles  north-northeast 
of  Venice:  the  ancient  Opitergium. 

Odessa  (6-des'a).  A  seaport  in  the  government 
of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea 
in  lat.  46°  29'  N,,  long.  30°  46'  E.  It  is  the  chief 
seaport  and  commercial  center  of  southern  Russia,  and 
one  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  realm.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  many  steamer  lines ;  is  especially  noted  for  its  export  of 
grain ;  exports  also  sugar,  flour,  wool,  hides,  flas,  tallow, 
etc. ;  and  has  manufactures  of  flour,  tobacco,  etc.  It  has 
a  university  and  various  educational  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions, and  constitutes  a  special  municipal  district.  It 
was  founded  in  1794,  and  was  bombarded  by  the  English 
and  French  forces  in  1854.     Population  (1897),  404.651. 

Odeum  of  Herodes  or  of  Eegilla.  A  theater 
at  Athens,  bnilt  by  Herodes  Attieus  in  the  reign 
of  Hadrian.  It  is  semicircular,  of  P.oman  plan,  and  260 
feet  in  diameter.  The  stage  structure  is  one  of  the  most 
perfect  surviving.  Itsmassive  exteriorfacehasthreetiers 
of  semicircular  arches,  and  on  the  stage,  116  by  26  feet, 
opened  the  conventional  3  doors.  The  cavea  has  1  pre- 
cinction,  below  which  there  are  5  radial  dirisions,  and 
above  it  10.  The  odeum  was  originally  covered  with  a 
wooden  roof. 

Odeypur.     See  Vdaipur. 

Odibam  (6'di-ham).  A  town  in  Hampshire, 
England,  42  miles  west-southwest  of  London. 
Population  (1891).  2,923. 

Odilienberg  (o-del'i-en-berG).  A  mountain  in 
Alsace,  19  miles  southwest  of  Strasburg.  It  is 
noted  for  its  ancient  convent  of  St.  Odilie,  and  for  the 
Heidenmauer  (which  see). 

Odilon  Barrot.    See  Barrot. 

Odin  (6'din).  In  Norse  mythology,  the  chief 
god  of  the  Ases,  corresponding  to  the  Anglo- 
S&xon  Woden.  He  is  the  source  of  wisdom,  and  the 
patron  of  culture  and  of  heroes.  He  is  attended  by  two 
ravens  and  two  wolves,  is  sumamed  the  All-father,  and  sits 
on  the  throne  Hlidskjalf.  He  is  devoured  by  the  Fenris- 
wolf  in  Eagnarok. 

Odo  (o'do).  Died  June  2,  959.  An  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

Odo.  Died  about  1097.  A  Norman  prelate  and 
nobleman,  halt-brother  of  WiUiam  the  Con- 
queror. He  became  bishop  of  Bayeui  in  1049,  and  was 
created  earl  of  Kent  and  Hereford  after  the  Conquest.  He 
was  regent  of  the  kingdom  during  the  absence  of  William 
in  1067  and  1073.  He  was  afterward  imprisoned,  but  was 
released  on  the  death  of  Williara. 

Odoacer  (6-do-a'ser),  or  Odovakar  (6-d6-vii'- 
kar),  or  Ottokar  fot'to-kiir).  Born  about  434: 
killed  March  5.  493.  A  leader  of  the  Heruli. 
Rugii,  and  other  tribes.  He  was  (according  to  the 
best  authorities)  the  son  of  a  Scyrrian  chieftain,  Edecon, 
who  served  under  Attila.  He  entered  the  Roman  army 
about  the  age  of  thirty.  In  475  the  Western  emperor  Ne- 
pos  was  dethroned  by  Orestes,  who  elevated  his  own  sor. 
Romulus  Augustulus  to  the  purple.  Orestes  caused  a 
mutinv  among  his  mercenaries  by  refusing  to  accede  to  a 
demand  for  a  division  among  them  of  one  third  of  the  soil 
of  Italy.    Odoacer  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  dis- 


Odyssey 

affected  troops,  and  in  476  overthrew  Orestes  and  com- 
pelled  Romulus  Augustulus  to  abdicate.  He  extinguished 
the  title  and  office  of  emperor  of  the  West,  and,  assuming 
the  title  of  patrician,  ruled  in  the  West,  nominally  as  vicar 
of  the  Eastern  emperor.  He  was  overthrown  and  trea- 
cherously murdered  by  Theodoric, 

O'Doberty,  Sir  Morgan.    A  pen-name  of  Dr. 

Maginn. 

Odoieff  (6-d6-yef ').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tula.  Russia,  situated  on  the  Upa  125  miles 
south  by  west  of  Moscow.     Population, 5.(365. 

O'Donnell  (6-don'el),  Kenry  Joseph,  Count  of 
Abisbal.  Boml769:  diedMay  6, 1S34.  A  Span- 
ish general,  of  Irish  extraction.  He  distinguished 
himself  during  the  French  invasion  of  1809-10,  and  in  ISll 
captured  Abisbal  (whence  his  title).  In  1819,  while  com- 
mander at  Cadiz,  he  suppressed  a  conspiracy  against  the 
government  of  Ferdinand  VJI.  He  was  compelled  to  flee 
to  France  by  the  events  of  1823.  and  died  on  his  return  to 
Spain  at  the  accession  of  Maria  Christina. 

O'Donnell,  Leopoldo.  Born  at  Santa  Cruz, 
Island  of  Tenerifife.  Jan.  12.  1809:  died  at  Biar- 
ritz, Nov.  5. 1867.  A  Spanish  general,  son  of  H. 
J.  O'Donnell.  He  fought  against  the  Carlists  1833-39, 
and  in  July  of  the  latter  year  forced  Cabrera  to  raise  the 
siege  of  Lucena,  for  which  he  was  made  count  of  Lucena 
and  lieatenant-general.  Subsequently  he  protected  the 
queen  regent  in  her  retreat  to  ih-ance.  In  Oct.,  1841,  he 
headed  an  unsuccessful  revolt  against  the  regency.  After 
the  fall  of  the  regency  he  was  captain-general  of  Cuba, 
Js  ov. ,  1843.  to  March,  1S4S.  He  was  minister  of  war  1854- 
1856 ;  president  of  the  cabinet  July  14  to  Oct.  12, 1856 ;  and 
again  premier  and  minister  of  war  June,  1858.  In  the  latter 
capacity  he  commanded  in  the  campaign  ui  Morocco  ISa^ 
1860,  and  was  made  grandee  of  Spain  and'duke  of  Tetuan, 
He  resigned  office  in  184J3,  but  once  more  held  the  premier, 
ship  1865-66. 

O'Donoghue  (6-don'o-hu)  of  Eoss.  A  legendary 
Irish  hero. 

He  was  lord  of  the  lake  [Killamey],  its  islands  and  the 
surrounding  land.  His  sway  was  just  and  generous,  and 
his  reign  propitious ;  he  was  the  sworn  foe  of  the  op. 
pressor;  he  was  brave,  hospitable,  and  wise.  .\nnaaUr 
since  his  death,  or  rather  disappearance,  he  is  said  to  n- 
visit  the  pleasant  places  among  which  he  lived.  .  .  . 
Every  May  morning  he  may  be  seen  gliding  over  the  lake 
mounted  on  a  white  steed,  richly  caparisoned,  preceded 
and  followed  bv  youths  and  maidens  who  strew  spring 
flowers  in  his  way.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict. ,  1. 220,  noteu 

O'Donoju  (6-(1ou-6-h6'),  Juan.  Bom  in  Spain 
about  175.5  :  died  at  Mexico.  Oct.  8,  1821.  The 
last  Spanish  ruler  of  New  Spain,  or  Mexico.  Ha 
was  a  lieutenant-general  in  the  army,  and  had  held  hi^ 
ofBcial  positions  in  Spain.  In  1821  he  was  appointed 
captain-general  and  acting  viceroy  of  Xew  Spain,  arriving 
at  Vera  Cruz  July  30 ;  but  the  revolution  had  acquired 
such  strength  th,at  he  could  only  treat  with  the  leaden. 
On  Ang.  24  he  signed  with  Iturbide.  at  Cordoba,  a  treaty 
in  which  he  agreed  to  surrender  Mexico,  and  virtual^ 
adhered  to  theplan  of  Iguala.  He  was  elected  one  o£  the 
five  regents,  and  died  in  office. 

O'Donovan  (6-don'6-van),  John.  Bom  in 
Countv  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  July  9,  1809 :  died 
at  Dublin.  Dec.  9.  1861.  An  Irish  archieologist. 
He  published  a  translation  of  '*  .Annals  of  Ireland  by  the 
Four  Jlasters,  etc."  (1S4S-51),  etc.  This  book  was  written 
1632-36  He  also  published  a  grammar  of  the  Irish  lan- 
guage (1845),  and  translated  and  edited  "The  Battle  of 
ll.igh  Rath  "  for  the  Irish  Archreological  Society  (1842),  etc 

O'Donovan,  William  Eudolf.  Born  in  Vir- 
ginia, March  28,  1844.  -An  American  sculptor. 
He  has  produced  many  portrait-busts  and  reliefs.  Among 
his  statues  are  those  of  Paulding,  at  Tarrytown ;  Wash- 
ington, for  the  Republic  of  Venezuela,  at  Caracas;  Wash- 
ington, (or  the  monument  at  Sewburg,  with  four  other 
statues;  Washington,  with  two  other  statues,  for  the 
Trenton  battle  monument ;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Thomas  F.akins.  equestrian  statues  of  General  U.  S.  Grant 
and  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  memorial  arch  at  Prospect 
Park,  Brooklyn,  >ew  Vork. 

O'Dowd  i^o-doud'),  Cornelius.  A  pseudonym 
of  Charles  James  Lever. 

Odrysian  Bard,  The.   Orpheus. 

Odysseus  (o-dis'us),  L.  Ulysses  (ii-lis'ez)  or 
XJlixes  (u-lik'sez).  [Gr  'Ofvcmv^.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  king  of  Ithaca,  one  of  the  heroes  of 
the  Trojan  war,  especially  famous  for  his  wan- 
derings and  exploits  on  the  homeward  voyage. 
See  Odi/sset/.  He  was  the  son  of  Laertes,  the  husband 
of  Penelope,  aiidthefatherof  Telemachus.  His  intelligent 
courage,  practical  wisdom,  and  resourcefulness  in  all 
emergencies  make  him  the  ideal  representative  of  the 
Ionic  Greek  race. 

Odyssey  (od'i-si).  An  epic  poem,  attributed  to 
Homer,  in  which  are  celebrated  the  adventures 
of  Odysseus  (Ulysses)  during  ten  years  of  wan- 
dering, spent  in  repeated  endeavors  to  return 
to  Ithaca,  his  native  island,  after  the  close  of 
the  Tro.ian  war.  Some  critics,  both  ancient  and  modem, 
who  have  acknowledged  the  Homeric  origin  of  the  Iliad, 
attribute  the  Odvssev  to  a  different  author.  (See  Homer.) 
The  Odvssev  is  the  only  complete  surviving  example  oI» 
whole  class"  of  epics,  called  Sostoi,  describing  the  return 
voyages  of  various  Greek  heroes  from  Troy.  (See  Iliad.) 
It  represents  Odysseus  as  being  thrown  by  a  storm  at  the 
outset  of  his  voyage  on  the  coast  of  Thrace,  north  of  the 
island  of  Lemnos.  He  plundered  the  town  of  Ismaro^ 
belonging  to  the  Cicones,  where  he  lost  a  number  of  WB 
followers.  Next  he  was  driven  to  the  country  of  the 
Lotophagi  on  the  coast  of  Libya :  then  to  the  goat-idand, 
which  lay  a  day's  voyage  to  the  north  of  the  Lotophajp. 
Tj>avinff  all  his  shins  behind,  except  one,  he  saded  to  the 


Leaving  all  his  ships  behind,  except  one. 


Odyssey 

neighboring  island  of  the  Cyclopes  (the  western  coast  of 
Sicily),  wliere  with  twelve  companions  he  entered  tlie  cave 
of  the  Cyclops  Polyphemus,  a  son  of  i'oseidon  and  Thoosa. 
Polyphemus  devoured  six  of  the  intruders,  and  kept  Odys- 
seus and  tlie  others  prisoners.  Odysseus  made  Polyphe- 
mus drunlt  with  witie.  put  out  his  eye  with  a  burnitig 
pole,  and  escaped  with  his  companions  by  concealing  him- 
self and  them  under  the  Ijellies  of  tlie  sheep  which  tlie 
Cyclops  let  out  of  his  cave.  Thenceforth,  however,  he 
was  pursued  l»y  the  anger  of  Poseidon,  wlio  sought  to  re- 
venge the  injury  inflicted  on  his  son.  After  further  ad- 
ventures, in  which  he  lost  all  his  ships  except  one,  he 
arrived  at  the  island  of  Jiiea,  inhabited  by  the  sorceress 
Circe.  At  her  instance  he  made  a  journey  to  Hades ;  then 
Bailed  by  the  island  of  tlie  Sirens  near  the  west  coast  of 
Italy,  passed  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis,  and  arrived 
at  Trinacria,  the  island  o(  Helios.  Here  his  companions 
Ililled  some  of  the  sacred  oxen  beluiii^'iug  to  Helios,  witli 
the  result  that  they  were  all  drowned  in  a  shipwreclc  after 
leaving  the  island.  Odysseus  escaped  witli  his  life  U>  the 
Island  of  Ogygia,  inhabited  by  the  nympli  Calypso,  witli 
whom  he  lived  8  years.  Leaving  Ogyiria  on  a  raft  built 
with  the  assistance  of  the  nymph,  lie  was  again  sliip- 
wrecked,  hut  reached  Scheria,  the  island  of  tlie  Phteacians, 
where  he  was  discovered  by  ^'ausicjui,  the  daughter  of 
Alcitious  and  Arete.  He  was  carried  to  Ithaca  by  the 
bospitable  Phieacians,  and  after  slaying  the  suitors  of  his 
wife  Penelope,  who  had  lieen  wasting  his  property  during 
bis  absence,  was  welcomed  by  his  wife  and  subjects. 

Though  there  was  controversy  in  old  days  aV)Out  the 
priority  of  the  Iliad,  it  seems  quite  settled  now  that  we 
must  look  upon  the  Odyssey  as  a  later  poem  —  how  much 
later  it  is  impossible  to  say.  The  limits  assigned  have 
varied  from  those  who  believe  it  the  work  of  the  same 
autiiur  in  oli,l  age,  to  tliose  who  place  it  two  centuries 
later  (as  M.  E.  Burnouf  does),  owing  to  the  difference  of 
its  plan  and  style.  But,  as  Bonitz  says,  if  not  composed 
In  the  old  age  of  Homer,  it  was  composed  in  the  old  age 
of  Greek  epic  poetry,  when  the  creative  power  was  diniin- 
ishing,  but  that  of  ordering  and  arraugiiig  liad  become 
more  developed.  Tlie  plot  of  the  Odyssey  is  skilfully 
conceived,  and  on  the  wliole  .artistically  carried  out,  even 
though  modem  acuteness  has  found  Haws  in  its  sutures. 
But  critics  seem  agreed  that  the  elements  of  the  Odyssey 
were  not  short  and  disconnected  lays,  but  themselves 
epics  of  considerable  length,  one  on  the  return  of  Odys- 
seus, another  on  the  adventures  of  Tclemachus,  and  these 
are  chief.        ilahajfy.  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  LiL,  I.  78. 

Oedenburg.    See  Odenhurg. 

{Edipe  (e-dep').  1.  A  tragedy  by  Comcillo, 
produced  in  1659. —  2.  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire, 
produced  Nov.  18,  1718,  though  written  some 
time  before. 

(Edipus  (ed'i-pus).  [Gr.  OiATronf.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  king  of  Thebes,  son  of  Laius  and  Jo- 
cast  o.  He  slew  the  Sphinx,  and  was  guilty  of  involun- 
tary crime  in  killing  his  father  and  marrying  his  niotlier. 
He  was  a  favorite  sui)ject  of  the  epic  and  tragic  poets. 

(Edipus  Coloneus  (ko-lo-ne'us),  or  (Edipus 
at  Colonus  (ko-16'nus).  A  tragedy  of  Sopho- 
cles which  was  not  exhibited  till  four  years  af- 
ter his  death,  and  was  said  to  bo  the  last  ho 
wrote.  In  it  (Edipus,  driven  from  Thebes  by  Creon, 
with  his  daughters  Antigone  and  Ismeiie  seeks  asylum  with 
Theseus  at  Athens,  and  there  obtains  pardon  from  tlie 
gods,  and  peace. 

CEdipus  Tyrannus  (ti-ran'us).  A  tragedy  by 
Sophocles,  of  uncertain  date,  "placed  by  the 
scholiasts,  and  by  most  modern  critics,  at  the 
very  summit  of  Greek  tragic  art." 

(Egir.    See  JEyir. 

Oenlenschlager.    See  Ohlenschldger. 

Oeland.    See  Oland. 

(Eneus  (e'niia).  [Gr.  Oiwrf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
king  of  Calj'don,  husband  of  AUhffia,  and  father 
of  .Meleager  and  Tydeus. 

CEnomaus  (en-o-ma'us).  [Gv.  Oivo/iaoc.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  in  Elis,  son  of  Ares,  and 
father  of  Hippodamoia  by  the  Pleiad  Sterope. 
He  was  also  said  to  bo  the  son  of  Ares  and  Ste- 
rope. 

An  oracle  had  declared  that  he  should  die  If  his  daugh- 
t«r  should  marry,  and  he  therefore  made  it  a  condition 
that  those  who  came  forward  as  suitors  for  llippodameia's 
hand  should  contend  with  himself  in  the  chariot-race,  and 
ho  who  conquered  sliould  receive  her,  whereas  those  that 
wereconc|uered  should  sutler  death.  Tlie  race-course  ex- 
tended from  risato  the  altar  of  Poseidon  on  the  Corinthian 
istlimus.  At  the  moment  when  a  suitorstartcd  with  Ilip- 
nodameia,  (Enomaus  sacrillccd  a  ram  to  Zeus  at  Pisa,  and 
then  armed  himself  and  hastened  with  his  swift  chariot  and 
fourhorses,  guided  by  Myrtllus,  aft<.T  tile  suitor.  He  thus 
overtook  many  a  lover,  whom  he  put  to  death,  until  Pelops, 
the  son  of  Tantalus,  came  to  Pisa.  Pelops  brilted  ilyrtllns, 
and,  using  the  horses  which  he  had  received  from  Posei- 
don, he  succeeded  in  reaching  the  goal  before  (Knoniaiis, 
who  In  despair  made  away  witli  himself,         iymilh^  Diet. 

(Enophyta  (e-nof  i-tii).  [Gr.  Oii'iii^iTO.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  place  in  Btcotia,  Greece, 
about  2'i  miles  north  of  Athens.  Hero,  in  4.")(i 
B.C.,  the  Athenians  under  Myronidcs  defeated 
the  Bojotiaiis. 

(Enotria  (e-no'tri-ii).  [Gr.  Oii'orp/a.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the 
snuthern  part  of  Italy. 

(Enus  (o'nus).    The  ancient  name  of  the  Inn. 

(Enussse  (e-no'se).  [Gr.  Oivoiiaaai.l  A  group 
of  five  islands  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  situated  be- 
tween Chios  and  the  mainland  of  Asia  Minor: 
the  modern  Spalmadori. 

C— 48 


763 

Oersted.    See  Omted. 

Oertel.    See  Ortel 

Oesel.    f^ee  Osel. 

Oesterley.    See  Osterley. 

(Eta  (6'til).  [Gr.  Ol-rn.']  In  ancient  geography, 
a  mountain  in  southern  Thessaly :  the  modern 
Katavotlira.  It  forms  the  northern  barrier  of  central 
Greece,  and  was  flanked  by  the  pass  of  Thermopylae. 
Height,  about  7,060  feet. 

Oetinger.    See  Otiuger. 

Oettingen.     See  Ottingeti. 

Oeynbausen  (e'in-hou-zen),  Bad.  A  watering- 
place  in  tlie  proWnce  of  Westjihalia,  Prussia,  on 
the  Werro  near  Mindeu.  Population  (1890J, 
2,482. 

Ofanto  (6-f  an'to).  A  river  in  southeastern  Italy, 
which  falls  into  the  Adriatic  39  miles  northwest 
of  Bari :  the  ancient  Autidus.  Leugtli,  about 
7.5  miles. 

Ofen  (6'fen).     The  German  name  of  Buda. 

Offa  (of'ii).  King  of  Mercia  from  about  7r)7  to 
796.  He  conquered  Oxfordshire  from  Wessex,  and  subju- 
gated the  Welsli  kingdom  of  Powys,  west  of  the  Severn- 
He  drew  up  a  code  of  laws  which  have  perished. 

Offa's  Dyke.  An  intrenchment  which  extends 
from  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wye  north  ward  near 
the  border  of  England  and  Wales  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Dee.  It  was  built  for  defense  against  the 
Welsh  by  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury. 

Offenbach  (of  fen-bach).  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  situated  on  the  Main  4 
miles  east  of  Frankfort,  it  is  the  first  manufactur- 
ing city  of  Hesse,  and  has  various  manufactures,  the  most 
important  being  portfolios  and  fancy  leather  good  .s,  engines, 
etc.  It  was  founded  by  J^'rench  refugees.  Population 
(ISSKl),  35.0S5. 

Offenbach  (of-en-bak'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Co- 
logne, June  21, 1819:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  5, 1880. 
A  French  composer  of  opera  bouffe.  He  was  con- 
ductor of  the  orchestra  of  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  in  1S48,  and 
began  to  attract  attention  by  the  production  of  operettas 
at  small  theaters.  In  1855  he  took  the  Tll6iUre  Comte, 
changed  its  name  to  Les  Boutfes  I'arisiens,  and  became  at 
once  popular.  Among  his  opera  boutfes  are  "Orphee  aux 
enters  "  (1858),  "La  grande-duchesse  de  Gerolstein  "  (1867), 
"La  belle  Hflene"  (1864),"liaibc-bleue"  (1866)," Madame 
Favart"  (1878),  "Le  Papillon"  (1S60:  a  ballet  pantomime^ 
" La  P^richole" (18(«)."  Vert-Vert " (186f)),  ami  "  Les contes 
d"Hoffniann"(op^racomique,  produced  after  his  death,  in 
1881). 

Offenburg  (of 'fen-bora).  A  town  in  Baden,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kinzig  12  miles  southeast  of  Stras- 
burg.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  town.  Here,  .Sept. 
24.1707,  the  Imperialists  under  Mercy  defeated  the  French, 
population  (1890),  8,481. 

Ofotenfjord  (6-f  o'ten-fyord).  Along  fiord  on  the 

north  western  coast  of  Norway,  near  the  Lofoten 
Islands. 

Ofterdingen  (of'ter-ding-en),  Heinrich  von. 
A  semi-mythical  German  minstrel  of  the  13th 
century. 

Og  (og).  An  Amorite  king  of  Bashan,  defeated 
by  the  Hebrews  at  the  epoch  of  their  entrance 
into  Canaan.     He  was  a  giant  (Deut.  iii.  11). 

Ogalala,  Ogallalla.    See  Oglala. 

Ogam.     See  Ogliiini. 

Ogden{og'den).  A  city,  capital  of  Weber  Coun- 
ty, Utah,  situated  on  the  Weber  Kiver  32  miles 
north  of  Salt  Lake  City,  it  is  an  important  junction 
of  the  Central  Pacific,  Union  I'acillc,  Utah  Central,  and 
I'tali  and  Northern  railroads.     I'opnlation  (limo),  n',,i(13. 

Ogden,  Aaron.  Born  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
l)cc.  :i,  17;j(i:  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  April 
19,  1839.  An  American  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  and  governor  of  Now  Jersey  1812- 
1K13. 

Ogden,  William  Butler.  Born  at  Walton, 
N.  Y.,  Juno  I-'),  ISd."):  dirii  at  New  York,  Aug. 
3,  1877.  An  American  merchant  and  railroad 
president,  prominent  in  developing  the  North- 
west.   He  became  first  mayor  of  Chicago  in  1837. 

Ogdensburg  (og'denz-berg).  A  city  in  81 .  Law- 
rence County,  New  Y<irk,  sitiuited  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Oswegatchie  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence, in  lat.  44°  41'  N..  long.  7.')°  30'  W.  it  has 
Importjiiit  foreign  ami  domestic  commerce  In  grain  ami 
manufactures.  It  became  a  city  in  18<i8,  and  is  sometimes 
called  "the  Maple  City."    I'opnlali..ii  tr.imll,  l'.',(03. 

Og6,  or  Oj6  (6-zha' ),  Jaci^ues  Vincent.    Born 

in  Iloiidon  about  175"):  died  at  l'orl-!iu-I'rince, 
Feb.  26,  1791.  A  Haitian  insiirgiiil.  He  was  a 
light  mulatto.  He  was  edmuili'd  In  Paris,  and  represented 
(he  colony  in  the  French  Constituent  Asaemlily.  In  ITHO 
he  organlnil  in  the  I'nileil  States  a  si'inl  expedition  for 
the  omanripatlon  of  the  coloreil  race  in  Haiti.  lie  landed 
at  Cape  l''nui(;ols  Oct.  T^,  but  after  stime  slight  sneeesses 
wasdefeateil,  captured,  and  liroken  on  the  wheel.  Hewas 
regarded  as  a  martyr  by  the  colored  populidinn,  and  his 
cruel  death  led  to  the  prai^ticiU  extermination  of  the  whites 
soon  after. 
Ogeechee  (o-go'cho).  A  river  in  soulheastern 
Georgia  which  flows  into  tlie  Atlantic  17  miles 
south  of  Savannah.    Length,  over  200  miles. 


Oglethorpe 

()g6ron  de  la  Bou§re  (6-zha-r6n'  de  Iii  bo-ar'), 
Bertrand  Denis  d'.  Born  near  Angers,  1615: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec,  1075.  A  French  adventurer, 
founder  of  the  colony  of  Haiti.  After  an  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  colonize  Guiana  (1656),  he  joined  the  buca- 
iieers,  and  in  Hj65was  appointed  governor  of  Tortuga  by  the 
h'rench  West  India  Company.  The  bucaneers  probably  had 
transient  establishments  on  the  western  end  of  Espahola 
as  early  as  16^2,  but  they  first  obtained  an  official  standing 
and  were  greatly  extended  under  Og^ron,  who  even  at 
tempted  to  conquer  the  whole  island  in  1674. 

Oggersheim  (og'gers-him).  A  town  in  the  Pa- 
latinate, Bavaria,  5  miles  west  of  Mannheim. 
Population  (1890),  4,r)37. 

Oggione(od-j6'ne),  or  Uggione(od-j6'ne), Mar- 
co da.  Born  at  Oggione  about  1460:  died  1530. 
An  Italian  painter,  chiefly  known  from  his 
copies  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci's  "Last  Supper" 
(in  Loudon  and  Milian). 

Ogham.   In  Celtic  mj'thology.  See  the  extracts. 

The  word  "ogham,"  in  modern  Irish,  stands  for  the  oc- 
cult Bciences  ;  and,  according  to  Lucian,  Oghuni  was  paint- 
ed in  the  second  century  as  a  Herculean  Alercurj',  old,  in  a 
lion's  skin,  with  a  club  in  his  right  hand  and  a  bent  bow 
in  his  left,  the  ears  of  his  worshippers  bound  by  a  chain 
of  gold  and  amber  to  his  tongue. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  I.  Ica 

He  is  signalized  in  Irish  mythology  as  the  inventor  of 
writing,  that  is  to  say  of  the' Ogam  alphabet ;  for  Ogma 
being  much  skilled  in  dialects  and  in  poetry,  it  was  he,  we 
are  told,  who  invented  the  Ogam  to  provide  signs  for  se- 
cret speech  only  known  to  the  learned,  and  designed  to 
be  kept  from  the  vul-jar  and  poor  of  the  nation.  The  mo- 
tive attributed  to  Og...a  is  an  invention  of  a  comparatively 
lat«  age.  for  there  was  nothing  crj'ptic  aliout  the  Ogam 
alphabet ;  but  the  allusion  to  Ogina's  skill  in  poetry  and 
dialects  is  important,  especially  as  there  was  not  only  a 
mode  of  «  ritiiig  called  Ogam,  but  also  a  kind  of  pedantic 
jap-'on  ^vllich  bore  that  name.  Now  Irish  legend  will  have 
it  that  the  Ogam  was  845  called  from  the  name  of  Ogma,  which 
is  etymologically  impossible. 

lihys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  18. 

Ogier  (o-zhya'),  Le  Prieur.  The  name  under 
wliich  Jean  Louis  Guez,  fieigneur  de  Balzac, 
pulilished  his  ''Apology." 

Ogier,  the  Dane,  F.  Ogier  le  Danois  or  Ogier 
de  Danemarcke,  Dan.  Holger  Danske  or 
Olger  Dansk.  In  medieval  legend,  one  of  the 
paladins  of  Charlemagne :  the  subject  of  French 
chansons  degeste  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries. 
These  arc  based  on  older  forms.  His  name  is  also  given 
as  Oger,  Ager,  and  Autcalr.  M.  Barrois,  who  has  edited 
the  12th-century  chanson,  which  is  written  In  the  Walloon 
dialect  byRaimbert,a  trouvere,  thinks  he  should  be  called 
Ogierr.Xrdennoisord'Ardenmarclie.  The  trouvf^re  Adende 
also  wrote  a  chanson  de  geste  of  the  same  cycle.  t>gler, 
the  son  of  Geoffrey  the  king  of  Denmark,  is  liroiight  up  at 
the  court  of  Charlemagne,  and  at  one  period  of  the  ro- 
mance assumes  the  crown  of  Denmark;  but  he  tires  of  it 
and  returns  to  Charlemagne,  becoming  one  of  his  chief 
paladins.  After  a  successful  and  warlike  career,  at  the 
age  of  100  years  he  is  carried  away  to  the  I.sle  of  Avalon 
by  Morgan  le  Fay,  who  restores  him  to  youth,  with  entire 
forgctfulness  of  tlie  world,  but  sends  him  back,  after  200 
years  have  passed,  to  defend  France.  .After  repelling  its 
invaders  and  restoring  the  old  spirit  of  knighthood,  ho 
returns  to  Avalon,  where  he  sleeps,  and  whence  he  may 
again  awake  and  return  to  defend  the  right.  As  Holger 
Danske,  he  has  been  raised  to  the  position  of  Danish  na. 
tional  hero. 

Ogilby  (6'gl-bi),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
1600 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  4,  1676.  A  Scot- 
tish poet,  translator,  and  compiler  of  atlases. 
He  published  "America,  being  the  most  accu- 
rate Description  of  the  New  World"  (London, 
1671). 

Ogilvie(o'gl-vi),  John.  BomiuMamoch.Banff- 
sTiire,  April  17,  1797:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Nov. 
21.  l.'^67.  A  f!>i'Ottish  lexicographer.  He  was  ap- 
pointed teacher  of  iiKtlbeiiiatiis  at  Gordon's  Hosiiltal, 
Aberdeen,  in  1831,  remaiMiiig  till  ls5!i.  He  compiled  "The 
Imperial  DIctlonarv  "(1S47-.W),  "The  Comprehensive  F.ng- 
llsh  Dictionary"  (isdn),  "The  Student's  F.nglish  DIctlon- 
arv" (18(15),  ".-\ii  English  Dictionary,  etc.,  for  the  Use  of 
Se'lio,il8"(lS67). 

Oglala  (6-gla'lii).  ['She  scattered  her  own.'] 
Tlie  people  of  Red  Cloud,  part  of  the  Titonwan. 
'I'lie  name  lias  been  eornipled  into  (hjiilalii. 

Ogle  (o'gl).  A  character,  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's 
comedy  "The  Beiui's  Duel,"  who  fancies  every- 
body is  in  love  with  him. 

Ogleby  (o'gI-bi').Lord.  InGarrickamlColman's 
•'('Iniiilestine  Marriage."  a  failid  and  delicate 
bill  wiltyold  bean.  When  this  play  was  llrsi  pnMluced 
In  17ti6,(Jiirrlckri'fusi-.l  totaketbejiai-t.amliiiconsetiuonce 
a  coldness  arose  between  him  and  Column,  which  lasted 
for  years. 

Oglesby  (o'glz-bi),  Richard  James.    Bom  in 

OldliainCoiintv,  Kv.,  July -J-'i,  1824:  died  atKlk- 
hart,  HI..  April  'Jti  1899.  An  .\iiierii-an  i>olili- 
ciau  and  solilier.  II,  was  a  general  in  the  Civil  War ; 
governor  of  Illinois  l.'<ik'.-«i),  1873.  and  IS85-8SI;  and  I'liited 
st.-ite-i  senator  ls73-7it. 

Oglethorpe  (o'gl-thfirp),  JamesBdward.  Born 

at  Loiiilon,  Dec.  21,  1096:  died  at  ( 'ranhiini Hall, 
Kssc.x,  England.  I7S:').  .An  Kiiglish  general  and 
philanthropist.    Uo projected tbecolonyofacurglafor 


Oglethorpe 

Insolvent  debtors  and  persecuted  Protestants,  conducted 
the  expedition  for  its  settlement  1733,  and  retui-ned  to 
England  1743. 

OgllO  (ol'yo).  A  river  iu  northern  Italy,  joining 
tne  Po  10  mUes  southwest  of  Mantua :  the  an- 
cient OUius.  It  traverses  the  Lake  of  Iseo. 
Length,  about  133  miles. 

Ogma.     See  OflhaiH. 

Ogoway,  or  Ogowe  (6-g6-wa').  A  river  in  west- 
ern Africa  which  flows  by  a  delta  into  the  At- 
lantic about  lat.  1°  S.  its  basin  is  under  French 
protection.  Length,  about  500  (?)  miles ;  navigable  to  the 
Xiruiiie  Falls. 

Ogulnian  (o-gul'ni-an)  Law.  In Romanhistory, 
a  law  carried  by  two  tribunes  named  Ogulnius, 
in  300  B.  c,  by"  which  the  offices  of  pontiff  and 
augur  were  thrown  open  to  the  plebeians. 

Ogyges  (oi'i-jez).  [Gr. 'fl}<}j?r.]  In  Attic  and 
Boeotian  legend,  a  king  whose  reign  was  asso- 
ciated with  a  destructive  deluge. 

Ogygia  (o-jij'i-ii).  [Gr. 'flj-i"/ /^O  The  island  of 
C'aU-pso,  referred  to  in  the  Odyssey.  Plutarch 
says  it  lies  due  west,  beneath  the  setting  sun. 

O'Hara  (o-har'ii).  Theodore.  Born  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  Feb.  11.  1820  :  died  near  Guerryton,  Ala., 
June  6,  1867.  An  American  soldier  anii  jioet. 
He  served  in  the  Mexioan  and  t'ivil  wars,  rising  to  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  the  Confederate  sirvice.  He  »rot« 
"The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead,"  "The  Old  I'ioneer,"  etc. 

O'Higgins  (6-hig'inz;  Sp.  pron.  6-e'gens),  Am- 
brosio.  Bora  in  County  Meath,  Ireland,  about 
1730:  died  at  Lima,  Pe'ru,  March  18,  1801.  A 
Spanish  administrator,  marquis  of  Osorno  from 
1796.  His  real  name  was  Ambrose  Higgins.  Hewasedu- 
cated  in  Spain,  and  when  a  young  man  went  to  Chile  as  a 
trader.  Obtaining  a  commission  in  the  army,  he  rose  rap- 
idly :  was  captain-general  of  Chile  178S-06 ;  and  was  vice- 
roy of  Peru  from  June  6, 1790,  until  his  death. 

O'Higgins,  Bernardo.  Born  at  Chilian,  Aug. 
20,  177R:  died  at  Lima,  Pei-u,  Oct.  2-1,  1842.  A 
Chilean  general  and  statesman,  natural  son  of 
Ambrosio  O'Higgins.  He  was  educated  in  England, 
where  he  derived  republican  ideas  from  Miranda;  was  a 
prominent  military  leader  of  the  Chilean  patriots  from 
ISIO;  and  on  the  deposition  of  Carrera,  1813,  was  made 
commander  of  the  army.  Carrera  opposed  him,  and  a  civil 
war  was  prevented  only  by  the  conmion  danger  from  the 
Spaniards.  The  combined  forces  of  Carrera  and  O'Higgins 
were  defeated  at  Rancagua  Oct.  1  and  2,  181-1,  and  they 
fled  across  the  Andes.  O'Higgins  joined  .San  Martin  in 
the  invasion  of  Chile,  and  his  ch,arge  decided  the  victory 
of  Chacabuco  (Feb.  12. 1817) :  three  days  after  (San  Martin 
having  refused  the  office)  O'Higgins  was  named  supreme 
director  of  Cliile  with  dictatorial  powers.  The  indepen- 
dence of  the  country  wasformally  proclaimed  Feb  V2  181S, 
and  was  decided  by  the  victory  of  Maipo,  April  5,  ISIS. 
O'Higgins's  rule  was  very  progressive.  He  was  forced  to 
resign  by  a  revolution,  Jan.  28.*1S23,  and  retired  to  Peru. 

Ohio  (6-hi'6).  The  principal  left-hand  tributary 
of  the  Mississippi.  Itisformedby  thejunctionof  the 
Allegheny  and  Monongahela  at  Pittsburg;  flows  through 
western  Pennsylvania ;  forms  the  boundary  between  Ohio. 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  on  the  north  and  northwest,  and  West 
Virginia  and  Kentucky  on  the  south  and  southeast;  and 
joins  the  Mississippi  at  Cairo.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Muskingum,  Scioto,  Miami,  and  Wabash  on  the  north,  and 
the  Great  Kanawha,  Big  Sandy,  Lickins,  Kentucky,  Green, 
Cumberland,  and  Tennessee  on  the  sfmth.  The  chief  places 
on  its  banks  are  Pittsburg.  \Mieeling,  Portsmouth,  Cin- 
cinnati, Covington,  Ne^vport,  Madison,  Louisville,  Xew 
Albany, andEvansville.  ItsrapidsatLouisvilleareavoided 
by  a  canal.  Length,  about  975  miles,  all  navigable.  Total 
length  (with  the  Allegheny),  about  1,3(X)  miles. 

Ohio,  One  of  the  North  Centi-al  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  extending  from  lat. 
38°  24'  to  41°  57'  N.,  and  from  long." 80°  34'  to 
84°  49'  W.  Capital.  Columbus ;  chief  cities,  Cin- 
cinnati and  Cleveland.  It  is  bounded  by  Michigan 
and  Lake  Erie  on  the  north,  Pennsylvania  and  "West  Vir- 
ginia (separated  by  the  Ohio)  on  the  east,  Kentucky  (sep- 
arated by  theOhiolon  the  south,  and  Indiana  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  undulating.  It  is  the  fourth  State  in  pop- 
ulation ;  the  first  in  value  of  farms,  production  of  wool, 
and  manufacture  of  agricultural  machinery;  and  one  of 
the  chief  manufacturing  States.  Among  the  chief  pro- 
ducts are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  wool,  live  stock,  dairy  pro- 
duce, flour,  pork,  coal,  iron,  salt,  and  petroleum.  It  has 
88  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  21  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  23  electoral  votes.  It  was  discovered  by  the 
Frencli  under  La  Salle  at  the  end  of  the  ITth  centurj' ;  was 
claimed  by  both  the  French  and  the  English  ;  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  passed  to  the  United  States  in 
1783.  Virginiaand  Connecticut  relituiuii,hed  their  claims 
to  the  territoi-y,  retaining,  however,  extensive  reserves  un- 
til 1800.  Ohio  formed  p;u't  of  the  Nortliwest  Territory  in 
1787  ;  was  settled  at  Majietta  in  1783 ;  was  the  scene  of 
Indian  warfare  1790-95;  was  admitted  to  the  Tnion  in 
1803 ;  and  was  the  scene  of  engagements  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  of  raids  in  the  Civil  War.  Area,  41,000  square 
miles.     Population  iiyou),  4,157,545. 

Ohio,  Army  of  the.  A  Federal  army  in  the 
American  Civil  AVar.  It  was  organized  in  1861-C2 
by  General  Buell.  In  Oct.,  1362,  Buell  was  succeeded  by 
Rosecrans,  and  the  army  was  called  the  Armyof  the  t.'um- 
berlaud.  Another  department  of  the  Ohio  was  iormed, 
and  this  army  was  in  1865  incorporated  with  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland. 

Ohio  Company,  The.  A  company  of  Virginia 
and  Maryland  colonists  to  whom  the  British 
cro-n-n  granted,  iu  1749,  500,000  acres  in  the 
Ohio  valley  for  the  purpose  of  settlement. 


754 

Ohio  Idea.  In  American  politics,  the  advocacy 
of  greenbacks  in  payment  for  United  States 
bonds,  and  of  greenbacks  in  place  of  national- 
bank  notes.  This  project  was  pushed  especially  in  Oliio 
by  the  Democratic  leaders  Allen,  Pendleton,  and  Ewing 
about  1808-70. 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  A  coeducational 

institution  of  learning  at  Delaware,  Ohio, 
founded  in  1843.  It  is  controlled  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  and  has  aliuin  bu  instructors  and  1,300 
students. 

Ohlau  (6'lou).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sile- 
sia, Prussia,  situated  on  tlie  Ohlau  and  Oder 
17  miles   southeast   of   Breslau.      Population 

.(■1890),  8.632. 

Ohlenschlager(e'len-shla-ger),AdamGottlob. 
Born  at  Vesterbro,  near  Copenhagen.  Nov.  14. 
1779:  diedthere,  Jan. 20,1850.  ADanishpoetand 
dramatist.  His  first  important  production  was  the  poem 
"  Guldhomene  "  (' '  The  Golden  Horns, "  1803),  the  work  from 
which  it  is  customary  to  date  the  beginningof  recent  Danish 
poetry.  In  this  year  also  he  wrote  and  published  a  volume  of 
poems  ("Digte")  which  contains  the  lyrical  drama  "Sanct- 
Hansaften-Spil  "  ("The  Play  of  St.  John's  Eve  ").  In  1805 
appeared  two  new  volumes  of  "  Poetiske  Skrif  ter  "  ("  Poet- 
iialWritings  "), which  include,  among  other  poems,"Thors 
Eeise  til  Jotunheim  "  ("Thor's  Journey  to  Jotunheim  ") 
and  *' Alladin  eller  den  forunderligeLarape  "  ("  Aladdin,  or 
the  Wonderful  Lamp  "),  considered  one  of  the  master- 
pieces of  Danish  literature.  With  public  assistance  he 
was  now  enabled  to  undertake  a  journey  abroad,  and  left 
Denmark  this  same  year.  In  Halle  he  wrote  his  first 
tragedy,  "Hakon  Jarl  "  ("Earl  Hakon  ").  He  remained 
the  winter  in  Berlin.  In  the  spring  of  1806  he  went  to 
Weimar,  and  lived  there  two  or  three  months  in  intimate 
association  with  Goethe.  He  was  subsequently  in  Dres- 
den, and  that  winter  went  on  to  Paris,  where  during  the 
next  eighteen  months  he  \vrote  the  tragedies  '-Palnatoke  " 
and  "Axel  ogValborg,"and  the  poem  '*  Baldur  hin  Gode" 
("Baldur  the  Good").  In  1809,  in  Rome,  he  wrote  the 
tragedy  "  Corregio  "  in  the  German  language.  He  returned 
to  Denmark  that  same  autumn,  and  in  1810  was  made 
professor  of  esthetics  at  the  Copenhagen  University. 
.After  this  period  be  wrote  numerous  works,  epic,  lyric, 
dramatic,  and  prose,  among  them  the  dramatic  idyl 
"Den  lille  Hyrdedreng"  ("The  Little  Shepherd  Boy," 
1818) ;  the  epic  cycle  (parts  of  which  had  .already  been 
published)  "Nordens  Guder"("The  Gods  of  the  >orth'). 
which  appeared  complete  in  1819;  the  tragedy  "Erik  og 
Abel  "  (1820);  the  epic  "Hrolf  Krake"  (1828);  and  his  last 
great  work,  the  epic  "Regnar  Lodbrok  "  (1848).  His 
poetical  works  ("  Poetiske  Skrifter  ")  were  published  at  Co- 
penhagen, 1857-62,  in  32  vols.  His  antobiography,"Erin- 
dringer  "  ("  Recollections  "),  was  published  at  Copelihagen, 

^1850-51,  in  4  vols. 

Ohler  (e'ler),  Gustav  Friedrich  von.    Bom 

at  Ebingen,  "Wiirtemberg,  June  10,  1812:  died 
at  Tiibingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  19,  1872.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian.  He  ptiblished 
'•Theology  of  the  Old  Testament"  (1873),  etc. 
Ohm  (6m),  Georg  Simon.  Born  at  Erlangen, 
Bavaria,  March  16,  1787:  died  at  Munich,  July 
7, 1854.  A  German  physicist,  especially  noted 
for  his  investigations  in  galvanism.  He  pro- 
pounded an  important  law,  known  as  "Ohm's  law," 
which  may  be  expressed  as  follows :  the  strength  of  an 
electric  current,  or  the  quantity  of  electricity  passing  a 
section  of  the  conductor  in  a  unit  of  time,  is  directly  pro- 
portional to  the  whole  electromotive  force  in  operation, 
and  inversely  proportional  to  the  sum  of  all  the  resis- 
tances in  the  circuit.  He  published  "Die  galvanische  Kette 
mathematisch  bearbeitet "  (1827),  etc. 

Ohm,  Martin.  Born  at  Erlangen.  Bavaria,  Mav 
6,  1792:  died  at  Berlin,  April  1,  1872.  A  Ger- 
man mathematician,  brother  of  G.  S.  Ohm:  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1824.  His  chief  work  is  "  Ver- 
such  eines  voUkommen  konsequenten  Systems  der  Mathe- 
mafik"  (1822-52). 

Ohnet  (o-na'),  Georges.  Born  at  Paris,  April  3, 
1848.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist.  After 
the  Franco-German  war  be  gave  up  the  study  of  law  for 
journalism.  At  first  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the  "Pays," 
and  thereafter  on  that  of  the  "Constitutionnel."  Hisfond- 
ness  for  dramatic  composition  led  him  to  write  "Regina 
Sarpi"  (1875)  and  "Marthe"  (1877).  Some  of  his  novels 
have  also  been  adapted  to  the  stage,  among  others  "Le 
maitre  de  forges"  and  "La  grande  mariniere"  (18S8). 
Ohnet's  novels  appeared  as  serials  in  the  "Figaro,"  the 
"Illustration,"  and  the  "  Revue  des  Deux  ilondes  "  before 
being  published  in  book  form.  The  series,  known  col- 
lectively as  "Batailles  de  la  vie."  includes  " Serge Paninc" 
(1881),  "Le  m.aitre  deforges"(1882),  "Lacomtesse  Sar,ah" 
(1883),  "Lise  Fleuron"  (1884),  "La  grande  marinifere" 
(1885),  "Les  dames  de  Croix-Mort " (1886).  "Xoir  et  rose" 
(1887).  "Volont^"  (1888).  "Le  dqcteur  Rame.-ul "  (1888). 
"Le  dernier  amotir"  (1890),  "L'Ame  de  Pierre"  (1890), 
"Dette  de  haine"  (1891),  '  Nimrod  et  Cie"  (1892),  and 
"Le  lendemain  des  amours  "(1893).  Georges  Ohnet  is  an 
idealistic  rather  than  a  naturalistic  writer, 

Ohod  (o-hod'),  or  Ohud  (o-hod').  Battle  of.  A 
■victory  gained  at  Ohod,  near  Medina,  probably 
in  62.1,  by  the  Koreish  over  Mohammed  and 
his  followers. 

Ohrdnif  (or'drof ).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Germany,  situated  on  the 
Ohra  8  miles  south  of  Gotha.  Population  (1890), 
5,919. 

Ohringen  (e'ring-en).  A  town  in  Wiirtemberg, 
on  the  Uhrn  33  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart. 
Population  (1890).  3,194. 

Oignon  (on  yon').     A  river  in  eastern  France, 


O'Keefe 

chiefly  in  the  department  of  Haute-SaonO;  which 
joins  the  Saone  21  miles  east  of  Dijon.  Various 
engagements  were  fought  near  its  hanks  in  Oct,,  1870,  and 
Jan..  1871.    Length,  120  miles. 

Oil  City  (oil  sit'i).  A  city  in  Venango  County, 
northwestern  Pennsylvania,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Oil  Creek  and  Allegheny  River,  70 
miles  north  by  east  of  Pittsbm-g.  it  is  noted  as  a 
center  for  the  production  and  distiihution  of  oil.  Popu- 
lation (laOO),  13,'264. 

Oil  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  They  are  a  dependency  of  Mau- 
ritius. 

Oil  Rivers  Protectorate.  A  British  protecto- 
rate in  western  Africa,  on  the  coast  between 
La"os  and  Kamerun.  it  was  organized  in  1892,  hav- 
ing been  secured  to  Great  Britain  in  1884. 

Oiron  (wa-ron').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deu.x-Sevres,  France,  22  miles  south  of 
Saumm-.     It  has  a  remarkable  old  castle. 

Oisans  (wa-zoh'),  Alps  of.  A  division  of  the 
Cottian  Alps,  known  also  as  the  Pelvoux  group. 
The  Pointe  des  fierins  rises  to  13,460  feet. 

Oise  (waz).  A  river  in  northern  France  which 
joins  the  Seine  15  miles  northwest  of  Paris. 
Length,  187  miles;  navigable  from  Chaimy. 

Oise.  A  department, of  France,  foi-med  from 
parts  of  the  ancient  Ile-de-France  and  Picar- 
dj'.  Capital,  Beauvais.  it  is  bounded  by  Somme 
on  the  noi^h.  Aisneon  the  east,  Seine-et-Marne  and  Seine- 
et-Oise  on  the  south,  and  Eure  and  Seine-Inferieure  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Oise,  and  has  flourishing  ag- 
riculture and  manufactures.  Area,  2,261  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  401,835. 

Oisin.     See  Ossian. 

Ojana(Sp.  pron.  6-Ha-na').  [Tehua  of  New  Mex- 
ico.] A  ruin  south  of  Santa  F6.  The  village  was 
inhabited  by  the  Tanos  (a  branch  of  the  Tehuas)  after  1598, 
but  was  abandoned  previous  to  the  insurrection  of  1680. 
It  lies  near  a  place  called  Chimal. 

Oje.    See  Of/f'. 

Ojeda  (6-Ha'THa),  Alonso  de.  Born  in  Cuenca 
about  1468:  died  at  iSauto  Domingo,  1514  or 
1515.  A  Spanish  cavalier,  prominent  in  early 
American  history.  He  went  to  Espaiiola  with  Colum- 
bus, 1493.  and  was  engaged  in  many  audacious  enterprises 
there.  Returning  to  Spain,  he  was  associated  with  Cosa 
and  Vespucci  in  the  first  exploration  of  the  coasts  of  Guiana 
and  Venezuela  (May,  1499, -June,  1500).  In  1602  and  1505 
he  made  other  voyages  to  the  northern  coast  of  Siuilh 
America.  Being  empowered  (150S)  to  settle  and  s;ovem 
N"ueva  AndaUicia  (now  northwestern  Colombia),  he  fitted 
out  an  expedition  at  Santo  Domingo,  sailing  Nov.  10, 1509. 
After  various  adventures  and  escapes  he  settled  on  the 
Gulf  of  UrabA  or  Darien.  The  colony  was  soon  reduced  to 
great  misery,  and  Ojeda  sailed  away  to  seek  aid.  He  was 
shipwTecked  on  Cuba,  and  flnally  reached  Santo  Domingo 
penniless  and  bankiupt.  He  died  in  complete  poverty; 
but  the  Darien  colony  was  eventually  successful,  and  led  to 
the  discovery  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Peru. 

Ojib-wa  (o-jib'wa),  or  Chippewa  (chip'e-wa). 
[PI.,  also  Ojihiraiis.'i  A  large  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  Their  former  range  was  along  the 
north  and  south  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  and 
extended  west  across  northern  Minnesota  to  the  'turtle 
Mountains  of  North  Dakota.  The  Ojibwa.  Ottawa,  and 
Pottawottomi  were  connected  in  a  Inose  confederacy  desig- 
nated as  the  Three  Fires.  'V^'hen  supplied  with  firearms  in 
the  early  part  of  the  18th  century,  they  greatly  extended 
their  territory  by  occupying  that  of  the  Fox,  Sioux,  and 
Iroquois.  Tliey  number  now  above  30.000.  about  equally 
divided  between  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Their 
name  seems  to  refer  to  "puckering"  or  "drawing  tip," 
whether,  as  variously  contended,  of  the  lips  in  speaking 
or  drinking,  of  a  peculiar  seam  in  the  moccasin,  or  of  the 
skin  of  a  roasted  prisoner  is  uncertain.  The  French  called 
them  Saulteurs  ('people  of  the  falls'),  from  the  band  first 
met  at  Sault  Ste, -Marie.    See  Ahjonquian. 

0.  K.  Nom  de  plume  of  Olga  Kir^eff,  now  Ma- 
dame de  N'o^•ikoff. 

Oka  (6-ka').  A  river  in  central  Russia  which 
joins  the  Volga  at  Nijni-Novgorod.  The  Moskva 
is  a  tributary.  Length,  about  900  miles;  navi- 
gable from  Orel. 

Okanda  (6-kan'da).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  French 
Kongo,  dwelling  on  the  middle  Ogowe  Kiver. 
They  are  well  built,  and  sharpen  their  incisors.  The  wo- 
men have  already  substituted  the  European  for  the  native 
cloth.  Their  dead  are  sunk  in  the  deepest  parts  of  the  river, 
lest  their  enemies  should  use  the  skuUs  for  witchcraft. 

Okanogan.     See  OJdnagan. 

OkavangO  (6-ka-vang'g6).  A  river  in  southern 
Africa,  tributary  to  Lake  Ngami:  called  Cu- 
bango, or  Kubango,  in  its  upper  course  through 
Portuguese  territory. 

OkdalT  (ok'dii).  [Ar.  'oqad-al-haifain,  the  knot 
of  the  two  threads  (an  --Vrabic  translation  of 
the  Greek  crvdeafioc,  which  was  Ptolemy's  des- 
ignation for  the  star).]  The  4i-magnitude 
double  star  a  Piseium.  situated  at  the  knot  in 
the  ribbon  by  which  the  two  fishes  are  tied  to- 
gether. 

Okeechobee  (o-ke-cho'be).  Lake.  A  lake  in 
southem  Florida',  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 

O'Keefe  (o-kef).  John.'  Bom  at  Dublin,  June 
24,1747:  died  at  Southampton,  England.  Feb. 


O'Keefe 

4, 1833.  An  Irish  dramatist.  Ilazlitt  says  he  may 
be  called  "the  English  Moli^re."  He  wrote  comedies  and 
farces,  including  "  Wild  Oats,"  "The  Poor  Soldier,"  etc. 

Okefinokee  (,6  ko-ti-no'ko)  Swamp.  An  exten- 
sive swamp  in  soutlioiistcrn  Georgia  and  the 
adjoining  part  of  northern  Florida. 

Okebampton  (ok'hamp-ton).  A  town  in  Devon- 
shire, Enghind,  situated  on  the  Okemeut  21 
miles  west  of  Exeter.     Population  (1891),  1,879. 

Oken  (o'ken)  (orifcinally  OckenfUSS  (ok'en- 
fos)),  Lorenz.  Born  at  Bohlsliach,  Swabia, 
Aug.  1,  1779:  died  at  Zurich,  Aug.  11,  ISol.  A 
German  naturalist  and  transccndentalist  nat- 
ural philosopher.  HebecaineprofessorntJenain  1807 
S)Ut  later  surrendered  his  professorship  rather  than  aban- 
on  the  editorship  of  the  "Isis,"  whieh  wasobjoetionahle 
to  the  authorities),  at  Munich  in  1S28,  and  at  Zurich  in 
1861.  He  developed  a  system  of  nature  in  his  "  Lehrbuch 
der  Naturphilosophie  "  ("  Manual  of  Natural  rhilosophy," 
WiB-ll)  and  "  Lehrbuch  der  Naturgeschichte  "  (1813-27), 
»Ed  also  published  "  Allgemeine  Naturgeschichte  fiir  alle 
Siaude*(1833->1),  etc. 

Okfaski.     See  Creek. 

Okhotsk  (6-chotsk').  A  small  seaport  in  the 
Maritime  Province,  East  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Sea  of  Okhotsk,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Okhota,  in 
lat.  59°  20'  N.,  long.  143°  T  E. 

Okhotsk,  Sea  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific,  nearly- 
inclosed  by  the  peninsula  of  Kamchatka  and 
other  parts  of  Siberia,  Saghalin,  Yezo  (in  Ja- 
pan), and  the  Kurile  Islands,  it  is  connected  with 
the  Sea  of  Japan  by  the  Gulf  of  Tatary  and  La  Perouse 
Strait 

Okinagan(o-kin-ii'gan),  or  Okanogan  (6-kan'- 
6-gan).  The  name  originally  given  to  a  single 
"  band  "  of  the  Salishan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  It  now  includes  a  division  of  that  stock 
on  the  Okinagan  or  Okinakane  River,  a  northern  branch 
on  Columbia  lliver,  ■Washington,  and  a  much  larper  num- 
ber at  Okinagan  agency,  British  Colural)ia.  Those  in 
Washington  number  374.    See  Salistian. 

Okinawa  (6-ke-nii'wii).  The  largest  and  most 
important  of  the  Loochoo  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean. 

Oklahoma  (ok-la-ho'ma).  A  Tcn-itory  of  the 
United  States.  Capital,  Guthrie.  It  is  bounded 
by  Kansas  and  Colorado  on  the  north,  Indian  Territory  on 
the  east,  Texas  on  tlie  south,  and  Texas  and  New  Alexico 
on  the  west.  The  sui-face  is  rolling  and  hilly.  Oklahoma 
was  mainly  compriseil  in  the  Indian  Territory  (which  sfc). 
After  the  acquisition  by  the  national  goveniment  of  the  In- 
dian claims,  the  Territory  was  thrown  open  to  white  set- 
tlers, the  centr.al  portion  by  proclam.ntion  of  President 
Harri.son  on  April  22,1889,  a  Large  tract  in  1801,  and  the 
Cherokee  Strip  or  Outlet  in  the  north  in  1S!)3.  The  Terri- 
tory was  settled  with  extraordinary  rapidity.  Area,  39,030 
e<iiiaro  miles.     Population  (1801)),  :;a8,3:il. 

Oklahoma  City.  A  town  in  tlie  eastern  part 
of  Oklahoma,  on  theNorthil''orkof  the  Canadian 
Kiver.     Population  (19001,  10,(i:i7. 

Okuma(ok'o-ina),  Count  Shigenobu.  Bom  in 
!li/.en,  .Japan,  in  1837.  A  .lapancsc  statesman. 
lie  was  minister  of  tlnance  1873-82.  In  1882  he  organized 
the  Kaishinto,  or  Progressive  party,  of  which  he  has 
since  been  the  leader.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  alfairs 
1889-1)1  and  1890-97;  minister  of  agriculture  and  com- 
raerce  1897,  and  premier  June-Nov.,  1898.  He  founded  a 
college  at  Tokio,  lu-incipally  for  the  study  of  political 
economy. 

Olaf  (6'laf),  called  tho  Lap-King.  Reigned 
993-1024.     The  first  Christian  king  of  Sweden. 

Olaf  (6'lilf),  Saint.  Killed  1030.  King  of  Nor- 
way 1015-28.  Heconsolidatedthokingdoraand 
introiluced  Christianity. 

Olaf  Trygvesson  or  l^rygvasson.    Born  956: 

died  1000.  Kingof  Norway  about  996-1000.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  petty  king  Trygvo  and  his  wife  Astrld, 
and  was  liom  in  exile  in  956,  his  father  having  shortly  be- 
fore been  murdered  and  his  mother  expel  led  from  Norway. 
Ho  was  educated  at  the  court  of  Vladimir,  grand  prinro 
of  Russia,  and  became  a  vlkiiig  ravaging  the  coasts  o( 
France,  Britain,  ami  Ireland.  He  deposi-.I  Hakon  the  Bad 
and  made  himself  king  of  Norway  about  9fl(l.  lie  was 
defeated  and  killed  in  a  naval  battle  by  the  kings  of  .Swe- 
den and  Denmark  in  league  with  disaltected  Norwegian 
Jarls 

Olaguer  y  Feliii  (6-lii-gar'  6  fa-le-H'),  Antonio. 
Born  about  1740.  A  Spanish  general,  governor 
of  Montevideo  1795,  and  viceroy  of  La  Plata 
1797-99. 

Olamentke  fo-Iii-ment'ke).  The  northcrndlvi- 
sion  of  the  Moqiielumnan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  comprising  a  dozen  small  tribes 
which  fonnerly  lived  north  of  San  Francisco  and 
San  Pablo  bays,  California.    See  Mnr/iirhininfin. 

Oland,  or  Oeland  (6'liind).  An  island  in  the  P.al- 
tic  Sea,  belonging  to  tho  lacn  of  Kalmar,  Swe- 
den. It  lies  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Sweden,  from 
which  It  Is  sepaiateil  liv  Kalmar  .Si.inid.  The  chief  place 
is  Borgholm.  lAjiigth.  90  miles.  Area,  D.a  scniaro  miles. 
Population  (18!)0),  37,:'.19. 

Olafieta  (ol-iin-ya'tii),  Pedro  Antonio.  Born 
in  Biscay  about  1770:  di(Hl  at  Tninusla.  Upiier 
Peru  (Bolivia),  April  2,  ]82.''>.  .\  S[)anish  gen- 
Ornl.  Ho  was  a  poor  laborer;  emigrated  to  Upper  Peru 
and  was  a  trader  tli.Te  until  1811,  when  he  |oined  the  roy- 
alist, army  ;  was  rapidly  pnimoled  ;  and  became  governor 
or  Potosi  and  major-general.    In  1823  he  defeated  Bantu 


755 

CruJ.  In  Jan.,  1824,  he  proclaimed  the  absolute  authority 
of  Ferdinand  VII.,  and  threw  otf  allegiance  to  the  viceroy 
La  .Serrra.  After  his  defeat  by  the  latter  he  tried  to  retire 
Into  Chile,  but  some  of  bis  troops  rebelled  and  killed  him. 
Olberg  (M'bero).  A  basaltic  mountain,  one  of 
tlie  chief  summits  of  tho  Siebengebirge,  Khine- 
land:  noted  for  its  view.     Height.  I,.'i20  feet. 

Olbers  (oi'bers),  HeinrichWilhelm  Matthias. 
Born  at  Arbergen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  11,  175H: 
died  at  Bremen,  ^Ia^cll  2,  1840.  A  German  as- 
tronomer. By  profession  he  was  a  physician.  He  dis- 
covered a  method  for  calculating  cometiu-y  orbits,  and  also 
discovered  various  comets  (incliiding  that  of  1815)  and  the 
planetoids  Pallas  (1802)  and  Vesta  (1807). 

Olbia  (ol'bi-ii).  [Gr.  '0A,5/a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Scythia,  a  Greek  colony  from 
Miletus,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Borys- 
thenes ;  the  modern  Dnieper. 

Olchone.      See  (lllimir. 

Old  Abe.     A  nickname  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Old  Bachelor,  The.  A  comedy  by  William 
Congreve,  produced  in  1093,  and  acted  as  late 
as  1789.  It  was  liis  first  play.  Dryden  consid- 
ered it  tho  l.>est  lie  had  everseen. 

Old  Bailey,  The.  The  principal  criminal  court 
of  England,  situated  on  the  street  named  Old 
Bailey,  which  runs  from  Newgate  street  to  Lud- 
gate  Hill,  not  far  from  St.  Paul's,  London. 

Oldboy  (old'boi),  Felix.  The  pseudonym  of 
.John  Elavel  Jlines. 

Oldbuok  (old'buk),  Jonathan,  Laird  of  Monk- 
barns.  A  Seotti.sh  antiquary,  the  leading  char- 
acter in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Antiquary." 

Besides  this  veteran,  I  found  another  ally  at  Preston- 
pans  in  the  person  of  George  Constable,  an  old  friend  of 
my  father's,  educated  to  the  law,  but  retired  upon  his  in- 
dependent property,  and  generally  residing  near  Dundee. 
He  had  many  of  those  peculiarities  of  temper  which  long 
afterwards  I  tried  todevelope  in  the  character  of  .Jonathan 
Oldbuck.  .  .  .  But myfriendGeorgewas not sodecided an 
enemy  to  womankind  as  his  representative  Monkbarns. 
Scolt,  quoted  in  Lockhart's  Scott,  I.  28,  note. 

OldBulIion.  A  nickname  of  T.H.  Benton,  given 
to  him  on  account  of  his  arguments  in  favor  of 
a  gold  and  silver  cuirency. 

Oldbury  (61d'ber-i).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Worcestershire,  England,  5  miles  west  of  Bir- 
mingham.    Population  (1891),  20,348. 

Oldcastle  (61d'kas-l),  Sir  John.  Born  in  Here- 
fordshire, England:  burned  at  Loudon,  Dee.  25, 
1417.  An  English  nobleman,  leader  of  tho  Lol- 
lards, known  as  "tlie  good  Lord  Cobhani,"  hav- 
ing married  the  heiress  of  Lord  Cobham.  lie 
was  a  successful  general  in  the  French  wars.  About  1413 
he  was  called  upon  to  abjure  the  tenets  of  Wyclif :  he  re- 
fused, was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  but  escaped  and  re- 
mained In  Wales  until  1417.  when  he  was  captured  by 
Lord  IViwis.  Ue  was  hung  in  chains  upon  a  gallows  in  St. 
Giles's  Fields,  ami  Ininn-d  alive.     See  Sir  John  Oldcastle. 

Old  Colony  (kol'p-ni),  The.  The  territory  in 
eastern  Massachusetts  occupied  by  the  Ply- 
mouth Colony. 

Oldcraft  (ohrkraft),  Sir  Perfidious.     One  of 

th(!  principal  characters  in  ■'  Wit  at  Several 
Weapons,"  by  Fletcher  and  others:  a  weak  Sir 
Giles  Overreach. 

Old  Curiosity  Shop,  The.  A  novel  by  Dick- 
ens, published  in  1840-41. 

Old  Dessauer  (des'sou-er).  The.  Aname  popu- 
larly given  to  Leopold,  prince  of  Anhalt-Des- 
sau,  a  Prussian  general. 

Old  Dominion  (do-min'yon),  The.     A  name 

pojiuliirly  given  to  the  Stale  of  Virginia.  Its 
origin  is  variously  explained.  Perlnijis  the  best  account  is 
that  ('.'ijitiiiii  .Tohn  Smith  called  Virginia  "Did  \'irgiida" 
to  <listiMuiiish  it  from  "New  Virginia,"  as  the  New  Eng- 
land colony  was  called.  The  c()lony  of  Virginia  was  al- 
ludeil  to  in  documents  as  "the  colony  and  dominion  of 
^'lrglrlla";  hence  the  phrase  "the  Old  Dominion." 

Oldenbarneveldt.    See  JSiini<ni<i 

Oldenburg  (ol'den-berg;  G.  pron.  ol'den-boro). 

1.  A  grand  dindiy  of  northern  Germanv,  and 
state  of  tlio  German  Emjiirc.  Capital,  Olden- 
burg. It  comprises  the  duchy  proper  of  Oldenburg  and 
tho  principalities  of  BIrkenfuld  and  Liibeek.  The  duchy 
of  Oldenburg  Is  bounded  Iiy  the  North  Sea  on  tho  north, 
Hannover  and  Bremen  on  the  east,  and  Hannover  on  the 
south  and  west.  The  surface  Is  generall,\'  Hat.  The  chief 
occupation  Is  agriculture  :  It  Is  noted  for  its  Ilvo  stiick. 
The  goverinnent  of  <  lldenburg  is  a  hereditary  constltut  lonal 
monarchy,  under  a  grand  duke  and  a  Lamltag  of  one  cham. 
her  :  It  semis  1  member  to  the  Buiidesrat,  and  3  members 
to  the  Uelchstag.  The  prevailing  religbui  Is  Protestant. 
Olderdiurg  was  ruled  by  counts  as  early  as  the  11th  century  ; 

fassed  under  the  rule  of  Denmark  In  1(W17;  was  ceded  to  tlie 
lolfitelnGiittorp  line  In  1773;  was  raised  to  n  duchy  in 
1777;  gained  and  lost  "territory  by  tho  changes  of  1803; 
Joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Khiiie  In  ISOS;  was  an- 
nexed to  France  In  1810;  was  restored  to  self-government 
In  1813;  entered  the  Oennanlc  Confederation  In  LslTi ; 
galnetl  adtlltlons  of  territory  in  1817  anil  1818;  assumetl 
tlie  rank  of  a  granti  duchy  In  1820;  sided  with  i'riissia  In 
18110  ;  jind  Joined  the  North  Oemian  Confederal  Ion  in  IBllii. 
Area,  2,479  square  niih  ~.     Population  (lid")),  :19:i,|ho. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, situated  on  the  Himte  in  lat.  53°  8'-  N., 


Old  Law,  The 

long.  8°  12' E.  It  has  a  trade  in  horses.  lUKesidenz. 
Schloss,  palace,  library,  and  Augusteum  museum  are  nota- 
ble.   It  was  the  birthplace  of  Herbart,    Population  (1890)i 

Oldenburg,  House  of.  A  noble  German  family 
which  rose  to  jirominence  in  the  15th  century. 
The  principal  lines  are(rt)  file  line  of  counts  in  Oldenburg 
extinguished  in  Ido  ;(i)the  royal  Danish  line  extinguished 
in  ISU;);  (e)theOoltorpo)  llolstein.<iottor]>line,which  had 
branches  in  Russia,  Sueilen.  and  Oldenburg  :  (ti)  tlie  Son- 
derburg  or  Uolstein-Sondei  liurg  line,  with  its  branch  tin* 
Augustcnburg  line  ;  and  (e)  the  Beck  or  Gliicksburg  line^ 
now  in  possession  of  the  Danish  throne. 

Oldenburg  Proper.    Tlie  main  portion  of  the 

grand  dueliy  of  ( IMenViurg. 

Old  English  Baron,  The.  A  story  by  Clara 
Reeve,  published  in  1777:  intended  to  combine 
the  romance  and  the  novel  by  making  the  for- 
mer more  probable.     It  liad  great  popularity. 

Oldfield  (old'feld),  Anne.  Bom  at  London, 
16S3:  died  there,  Oct.  23,  1730.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish actress.  Rich  took  her  into  his  company  at  liftcen 
shillings  a  week  in  1700.  In  1704  Cibber  assigned  to  hi-r  the 
part  of  Lady  Betty  Modish  in  his  "Careless  Husband, "and 
she  won  immediate  success.  By  17o6  she  was  held  to  be 
the  rival  of  .Mrs.  Braeegirdle.  She  was  the  original  repre- 
sentative of  6.'')  characters,  tliegreater  part  of  which  ludong 
to  genteel  comedy.  She  playeil  tragiir  parts  witii  great  dig- 
nity and  feeling,  but  in  Lady  Betty  Modish,  Laily  Townley, 
Sylvia,  and  -Mrs.  Sullen  she  was  probably  never  emialeii. 
Mrs.  Oldfleld  in  private  life  was  not  without  reproach. 
She  lived  for  some  years  with  Arthur  Maynwju-ing,  a  weal  thy 
bachelor,  handsome  and  aecomplishcd,  by  whom  she  had 
a  son  who  bore  his  father's  name  and  surname.  Later, 
and  after  the  death  of  Mr.  .Maynwaring,  she  was  "under 
the  protection  "of  GeneraM'lm'rchill,  the  son  of  an  elder 
brother  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  by  whom  she  had 
also  one  son,  who  married  Lruiy  Mary  "Walpole,  a  natural 
daughter  of  Sir  Itobert,  for  whom  he  ol>tained  the  rank  of 
an  earl's  daughter.  When  Mrs.  illdliihl  died  her  remains 
lay  in  state  in  the  Jerusalem  Cbamlier  of  \\estininster 
Abb -y,  and  there  she  was  buried  at  the  west  end  of  the 
south  aisle. 

Old  Fortunatus.  A  play  bv  Dekker.  printed 
ill  KiOO  witli  the  title  "  The  Pleasant  History  of 
Old  Fortunatus."  It  was  acted  in  159.5-90,  and 
part  of  it  was  written  as  early  as  1590.  See 
F<irtii)i(itii>!. 

Old  Fox,  The.     A  nickniame  of  Marshal   Roult. 

Old  French  War,  The,  or  The  Old  French 

and  Indian  War.    See  Fmu-h  and  Indian  liar. 

Old  Glory.  A  popular  name  for  the  United 
Stales  Hag. 

Old  Grimes.  The  title  of  one  of  Crabbe's  tales 
in  verse  ;  also,  a  ballad  by  Albert  6.  Greene. 

Old  Grog.  A  nickname  given  to  Admiral  Ver- 
non, who  introduced  the  beverage  grog  (about 
1/4.1).  The  name  is  said  to  be  due  to  his  grograni  breeches 
(or,  according  to  another  account,  the  grogram  cloak  he 
wore  in  foul  weather). 

Old  Guard,  The.  A  noted  body  of  troops  in 
the  army  of  Napoleon  I.  It  made  the  last 
French  charge  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Oldham  (old'am).  A  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, (i  miles  northeast  of  Manchester.  It  Isono 
of  the  principal  seats  of  cotton  nianllfucture  in  the  world, 
and  hiusutliL-rexti  iisive  nianufiictures.  It  ret unis  2  mem- 
bers to  Pailianiunt.     Populati<in  (l'.)(il),  137. 23K. 

Oldham,  John.  Born  in  England:  kiMed  163;'). 
An  l'".iiglisli  settler  in  New  England.  His  mur- 
der by  Iniliiins  brouglit  on  the  I'equot  war. 

Oldham,  John.  Born  at  Shipton,  Gloucester- 
sliire,  England.  16;')3 :  died  at  llolme  Pierrepoiiit, 
Nottinghanisliire.  1083.  An  English  satirical 
poet.  His  "Four  Satires  uiion  the  Jesuits"  (1079)  at- 
Iracted  much  attention.  He  also  wrote  "Some  New 
Pieces "(1081).  His  works  were  collected  and  publlslled 
In  1703,  1770,  and  1854,  the  Inst  edition  with  memoir. 

Old  Harrv.    Tlie  .levil. 

Old  Heads  and  Young  Hearts.     A  play  by 

l'(»U('ifnul1 ,  produced  in  1844. 

Old  Hickory.  A  nickname  of  Andrew  .Tack- 
son.  It  was  given  to  him  for  the  toughness  and 
sturiliness  of  his  cliaracter. 

Old  Hundredth,  or  Old  Hundred.    A  popular 

psahii-l ■,  lirsl    publislied   in    the   "(ieneviin 

I'saltir"  aboul  l.V)l-.')2,  edited  by  Louis  Bour- 
geois. It  was  originally  adapted  to  Beza's  vershui  of 
the  131th  Psalm,  but  when  adopted  In  England  was  set 
toKethe's  version  of  the  imith  I'salm.  It  was  .at  lli-st  known 
as  the  "  Hundredth."  hut  In  1(19(1,  when  Tate  and  llnidy 
published  their  "  New  Version."  the  word  "<»M  "\vasused 
to  show  that  the  tune  was  (he  one  whieli  had  been  In  use 
In  the  previous  Psalter  (Sleirdiold  and  Hopkins's).  It  is 
now  generally  sung  to  Hie  doxology,  "Praise  tiod,  from 
whom  all  lilesslngs  How." 

Old  Ironsides.  The  popular  name  of  the  United 

Slates  frigale  ('onslitulioil. 

Old  Lady  of  Threadncedle  Street.    A  name 

given  lolhe  l'>;ink  of  I'higland,  from  its  locution 
in  Tlireiidiii'i'dle  street,  l.ondon. 

Old  Law,  The,  or  a  New  Way  to  Please  You. 

A  ]>lay  publislied  in  Ki.'iO  as  by  Miissinger.  Mid- 
dli'ton.  and  K'owb>v.  The  original  plav  was  cer- 
tainly wrillen  by  MIddleton  In  lG:i9,  and  acted  In  IQOO, 
MoBslngcr  possibly  rovliwd  it  much  later. 


Old  Maids 


756 


Old  Maids.  A  comedy  by  Sheridan  Knowles, 
produced  in  1841. 

Old  Man  Eloquent,  The.  A  name  originally 
applied  by  Milton  to  Isocrates.  It  has  also  been 
given  to  S.  T.  Coleridge,  John  Quincy  Adanjs,  and  others. 


OUantay-tambo 

Aschersleben,  Prussia,  about  1600:  died  Feb.     lencia,  Spain.  40  miles  south-southeast  of  Valen. 
2a,  16/1.     A  German  traveler  in  Russia  and    cia.     Population  (1887),  8,779. 
Persia,  and  author.     He  wrote  a  description  of  Oliva  (o-le'fa).     A  small  town  in  the  province 
Ole  B '^U  ^^".See  Bull  n  '^^^^^  ^'■•^ssia,  Prussia,  5  miles  northwest  of 

^ot^h^r^fvol'tbft'^^ts  M^S"^"'  °^^^^°  ^?;'i%''    -f  '"^r  '^l-P^o-^r.?^  01ivlr6-ie'va),FernanPerezde.  BomatCor- 

rtij^T         i.  XI.     ?.        m^       V     ,         ?'•  ,  .         ^ovara.  Italv,  29  nules  west-northwest  of  Mi-  „     .        .  

H.T-  .^^  °^  ^'^^  °^^'  ""^-     ^  *'^^  "Arabian     ia„.     Population  (1881),  commune,  8  689. 

Nights' Eutertamments."  a  monster  who  leaped  -., .         ,:,      .   ,.  ' 

onthebaekofSindbadthesailor.cUnsLngtoldm  Pleron  (o-la-ron  ),  or  Oloron  (6-16-ruii').     An 

andrefusiugtodismount.  Hence  the  nameisap-  island  west  of  France,  situated  in  lat.  46°  2'  N., 

plied  to  any  person  of  whom  one  cannot  get  rid.  opposite  the  mouths  of  the  Charente  and  Seudi-e. 

Oldmixon  (61d'mik-son),  John      Born  in  Som-  J*  belongs  to  the  department  of  Charente-In- 

erset,  1673 :  died  at  London,  1742.     An  English  leneure.     Length,  19  miles.     Area,  59  square 

historical  writer.-     He  was  duU  and  insipid.      He  J?, '^•''•, .  ,.     ..,,,,  

abased  Pope  in  his  "Essay  on  Criticism  in  Prose"  (1728X  OlerOU  (o-la-ron  ),  Judgments  of.      A  code  of  Qlivant  (ol'i-vant).      The  ma<nc  horn   of  Or 

and  was  promptly  scarified  in  the  "DuMciad"  lii.  2831  maritime  laws  m  use  in  western  Eurone  in  the     1q,>.^i^.  if  ^.-...i^i  >,„%,„      i    *     i-  ?  V:i<%     •, 

Among  his  other  works  are  "The  British  Empire  in  middle  aees      Tt  i,  thtn  /  f      n    ,    ^f      J         lando .  it  couldbe  heard  at  a  ibstaneeof  20miles. 

^S"-l"y^'»^.''C':".i-lHistor,-ofEnglpd.etc."a72GX  ^^fZ  ?<^< .  and"  sul^'se^il^Lv^il^f '""  °'  "l°^fS   0|iT,areS  (^  0 -le  -  va '  ras).  Miguel  dc..    Bom  at 


dova,  Spain,  about  1492:  died  about  1530.  A 
Spanish  scholar  and  author.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"Dialogo  de  la  dignidad  del  hombre"  ("Dialogue  on  the 
Dignity  of  Man  "). 
OUva  (6-le'fa),  Peace  of.  A  peace  concluded 
in  1660  at  Oliva,  Prussia,  between  Sweden,  Po- 
land, the  Empire,  and  Brandenburg.  Sweden 
received  important  concessions  from  Poland, 
and  renounced  Courland. 


fjlj  T^r'   ":,.*  *      -1  fwii-         -a-  England,  at  Oleron,  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  centiin-, 

Old  Morality.     A  nickname  of  William  Henry    and  to  have  been  introduced  into  England,  with  some  ad- 
Smith  (1825-91),  a  prominent  English  Conser-    ditions,  in  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
vative  politician :  given  apparentlv  with  a  pun-  Olevano  (o-la-va'no).  Atowninthe  province  of 
ning  allusion  to  Scott's  '■  Old  Mortalitv."  Rome,  Italy,  30  miles  east  of  Rome.     Itisnoted 

Old    Mortality.      A   historical  novel  by  Sir    ^pr  i.'s  picturesque  environs. 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1816.  The  scene" is  laid  "levianus    (6-le-vi-a'nus;   G.  pron.  6-la-ve-a'- 
in  Scotland  during  the  rising  of  the  Covenanters  in  16TX     nos),  Kaspar.  Born  at  Treves,  Prassia,  Aug.  10, 
It  is  so  c:Uled  from  the  epithet  given  to  Robert  Paterson      1536 :  died  at  Herborn,  Prussia,  March  15.  15S7. 


the  gravestones  of  the 


who  passed  his  life  in  restoriui 
Covenanters. 
Old  Nick.    A  name  of  the  devil. 

Our  popular  name  for  the  evil  one,  Cld  Nick,  is  a  word 
of  this  class.  The  nickers  held  a  conspicuous  place  in 
German  romance  and  story—  they  are  frequently  spoken 
of  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  poem  of  Beowulf.    They  were  water- 


A  German  theologian,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  German  Reformed  Church. 


Chilian,  1674:  died  at  Imola,  Italy,  about  1773. 
A  Jesuit  historian,  lie  was  a  missionary  in  Chile 
1701-67,  and  traveled  in  all  parts  of  the  country"  His  two 
works  "Historia  militar,  civil  y  sagrada  del  reino  de  Chile" 
ami  "Historia  de  la  Compaliia  de  Jesiis  en  Chile"  were 
published  in  the  collection  of  "Historiadores  de  Chile  "  in 

Oiivarez  (o-le-va'reth),  Count  (Gasparo  de 
Guzman).  Bom  at  Rome,  Jan.  6.  1587:  died 
at  Toro.  Spain,  July  22, 1645.  A  Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  prime  minister  1621-43;  waged  war  unsuc- 
cessfully with  the  Netherlands,  France,  and  the  Catalo- 
nians ;  and  was  esiled  in  1043. 


Olhao  (ol-yan).     A  seaport  in  the  proWnce  of  Olivenza  (6-le-ven'tha).     A  town  in  the  prov- 


ince of  Badajoz,  Spain.  18  miles  south  of  Bada- 
joz.  Population  (1887),  8.177. 
Oliver  (ol'i-ver).  [L.  Olhenis,  F.  Olicier,  It. 
Oliviero,  riiviero.  Sp.  Pg.  Oliierio,  G.  Dan.  Oli- 
ter.]  1.  One  of  the  twelve  peei-s  of  Charle- 
magne.    See  Sola II d.— 2.  In  Shakspere's  "As 


Algarve,  southern  Portugal,   situated  on  the 

Atlantic  6  miles  east  of  Faro.    Population, 

about  7,000. 
fau-ies,  and  dwelt  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  as  well  as  in  the  OllinTiP  (^nl  hn'nnl  ni-  ninlinno  »..  n1{/^<n  i 
sea.  Solateastheflfteenthcentun-,aiIS.dictionaninEng-  H  -i  4^^at  1.°  V'  ■  "^^110116,  or  OljOn.  A 
lishandLatinexplainsnickerby  •"•sirena."  At  present,  in  1,"'^^  °*  -INorth  American  Indians,  tormerly  on 
our  island,  the  word  is  oidv  preserved  ill  the  name  of  the  San  Francisco  Bav,  California.  See  Costaiioan. 
rfi  j'''w'''  "**''"'''  ^'  ^'^'^'  ^^^"^^  ^  -=^-  Olid  (6-leTH'),  Cristobal  de.  Bora,  probablv  in     you  Like  it."  the  elder  brother  of  Orlando. 

Old  North  State,  The.      A  name  sometimes    Baeza,  about  1487:  killed  in  Hondui-as  nearthe  OUver  (ol'i-ver),  Andrew.     Born  at  Boston, 

end  of  1524.  A  Spanish  captain.  He  went  to  Darien     ^larch  28,  1706:  died  there,  March  3,  1774.    An 

and  thence  to  Cuba;  was  prominent  under  Cortes  in  the     American  politician.     He  was  stamp-distributer  in 

conquest  of  Mexico,  1519-21;  invaded  Michoacan  1622     Boston  in  176.%  and  later  Ueutenant-goremor  of  Massa- 

and  1523,  founding  Zacatula  ;  headed  an  expedition  to  Co-     chusetts. 

lima;  and  in  Jan.,  I.=i24,  w.as  sent  by  Cortes  to  conquer  Oliver  HpTirv Kprnble      Tinm  isnn-  ^ioH  i«fi>; 

Hondm^  which  had  already  been  invaded  by  GU  Gonza-      fwfy.'iirin.T?;^^^?  I  ■   fl       f   ? '      t  ■ 

lez  Davila.    On  his  arrival  there  he  threw  off  the  authority   A°  --American  composer,  chiefly  of  church  music. 


aauthority 

of  Cortes,  and  the  latter  sent  Francisco  de  las  Casas  against 
him.     Both  Cas.as  and  Gil  Gonzalez  fell  into  Olid's  hands. 


Oliver,  Isaac.  Born  15.56:  died  about  1617.  A 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Nicholas  Hilliard  and  Zuc- 
chero.  He  painted  the  portraits  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
Mary  Stu.-ui.  Prince  Henry,  Ben  Jonsoii.  Sir  Philip  Syd- 
ney, andj^thers.    He  left  a  treatise  on  painting. 


.  The, 

given  to  North  Carolina 

Old  Orchard  Beach.  A  seaside  resort  in  York 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  Saco  Bay  11  miles 
south-southwest  of  Portland. 

Old  Point  Comfort.  A  watering-place  in  Vir- 
ginia, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  James  River, 
13  miles  north  of  Norfolk.     It  contains  the  Hy- 

roj^Ti  •  '^^     TT                  T    .,      ^,  ,„  bat  they  found  occasion  toVttack  and  Vili' him." 

Old  Princely  Houses.     In  the  OldGei-manEm-  Olier  (6-lva'),  Jean  Jacques.     Bom  at  Paris. 

pi:e,  those  houses  which  had  been  represented  1608:  died  there,  1657.     A  French  ecclesiastic    -. „.....„  .....,.o.  „„  i,.^„„g 

among  the  princes  as  early  as  the  Reichstag  of  and  writer,  founder  of  the  semiaary  of  St.  Sul-  Oliver,  Peter.   Born  at  Boston.  March  26,  1713: 

Augsburg  inlo82.            _  pice  in  Paris.  died  at  Birmingham,  England,  Oct.  13. 179L  An 

Uld  l-robablllties.    A  nickname  for  the  chief  Olifant   (ol'i-fant)  Eiver.     A  river  in  South  American  jurist,  brother  of  Andrew  Oliver.   He 

signal-ofhcer    of    the    Signal-service    Bureau:  Afi-ica,  the  principal  right-hand  affluent  of  the  ^"^^me  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  in  1771;  and  was 

Limpopo.    It  rises  near  Heidelberg  in  the  Trunsvaal.  Olivpf  1^  ^Iti  rnl' f^tTa"^!  -"  ?'  ^^7"'°^'™;, 
runs  ra.iinly  northeast,  and  joins  the  Limpopo  in  Portu^  UllVCr  le  JJain  (ol  1-ver  le  dan).      The  barber 
gutse  territorj'.  and  intimate  adviser  of  Louis  XI.  of  France, 

Olifaunt  (ol'i-fant),  Nigel.  The  principal  char-    introduced  as   a   character   in   Scott's   novnl 
acter  in  Scott's  "Fortunes  of  Nigel."     He  was    "Queiitin  Durward." 

Lord  Glenvarloch  in  virtue  of  his  castle  and  Oliver  Twist.     A  novel  by  Dickens,  published 
estates.  m  1S37-38.    Named  from  its  principal  character,  a  work- 

A  nickname  Olill  (°'li")- Stephen.     Born  at  Leicester,  Vt.,     touseorphan     One  of  its  puiposes  was  to  promote  reform 
Anictname    March,  1797  :  died  at  Middletown.  Conn.,  Aug   n^lV^cW.^,',"^?'^!'''™^-   nr    ,    ,r 

16,  1851.     An  American  Methodist  clergvman  Rh vf f  V^°"°*t  f  w  ^^e  0?„w.  J/o«»f 
and  educator,  president  of  Weslevan  Uiiver-  °AT?*  ':''\'-^:%^''  ^OUIlt,  or  Mount  of  Ohves 
_:._   ,r.j.,_.'»^     ,„,.,-  -  '=       (ol  ivz).  A  ridge  containing  several  elevations, 

e  enisconal  citv  of  the    S'^^iatf^  east  of  Jerusalem,    it  is  often  mentioned 
,   »       ,  r>  V  1?  •'P.IS*^"P'1^  <^"y  ot  tne    in  Scripture  history.    Its  highest  summit  is  2,672  feel 

state  of  Pemambueo,  Brazil,  on  a  promontorv    above  sea-level.  ,<»■=> 

of  the  coast  3  miles  north  of  the  capital,    it  wi  Olivia  (o-liv'i-a).  1.  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
founded  in  1535,  was  the  early  colonial  capital  of  Pcmam-     '•  Twelfth  Night."— 2.  In  Wvcheriev's  comedy 


sometimes  abbreviated  to  Old  Probs. 

Old  Prussia  (pmsh'ii).  1.  That  part  of  Prus- 
sia which  belonged  to  the  kingdom  previous  to 
the  beginning  of  the  19th  century :  often  ap- 
plied to  East  Prussia,  West  Prussia^  Pomerania, 
andBrandenburg(includingsometimes  Silesia). 
—2.  East  and  West  Prussia. 

Old  Public  Functionary,  The. 
given  to  James  Buchanan. 

Old  Put  (put).  A  nickname  of  General  Israel 
Putnam. 

Old  Reliable.     A  nickname  of  General  George     sity,  Middletown,  1842-51. 
H.Thomas.  Olinda  (6-len'da>.     The 


OldSariun  (sa'rmn).  A  place  two  miles  from 
Salisbury,  England:  an  ancient  Celtic  and  later 
a  Roman  fortress.  Cynric  defeated  the  Britons  here  in 
552.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Danes  in  1003.  The  cathedra] 
was  removed  to  New  Sarum  in  1218.  It  was  long  noted 
as  the  most  notorious  of  "  rotten  boroughs,"  there  being, 
indeed,  not  a  single  house  within  its  limits  when  it  was 
disfranchised  in  lS-">2. 

Oldstyle,  Jonathan, 
Old  South  Church. 


buco  and  of  the  Dutch  in  Brazil  1630-M,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal commercial  city  of  northern  Brazil  until  1710.  Pop- 
ulation,  about  9,0lXl. 

OUnda,  Marquis  of.  SeeAraujo  Lima,  Pedro  de. 
Oliphant,  Carolina.    See  Xairne,  Baroness. 
See  Irviiiij,  Jrashingioii.  Oliphant  (ol'i-fant).  Laurence.     Born  in  Cape 
A  church  built  in  Boston    Town,  1829:  diedatTyrickenham,  England,  Dee. 


in  1729,  on  the  site  of  an  earlier  meeting-house    23,  1888.    An  English  traveler,  diplomatist,  and 
on  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Milk  streets,    author.    He  was  the  son  of  .\nthonv  Oliphant,  chief  jus- 


"  The  Plain  Dealer,"  a  woman  with  whom  Manly 
is  in  love:  a  detracting,  treacherous  creature 
who  deceives  him  vilely. —  3.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Goldsmith's  comedv  "The 
Good-natured  Man." — 4.  A  daughter  "of  the 
vicar  in  Goldsmith's  "Vicar  of '^Wakefield." 
See  Primrose. —  5.  The  principal  character  in 
Mrs.  Cowley's  "Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband.'" 


Y     -      ....      .   ,  "—«.—.o  ..redelivered 

here,  with  few  interruptions,  from  1712  to  1872.  After  Ihe 
latter  date  it  was  for  some  time  used  as  a  post-offlce  and 
now  contains  an  interesting  collection  of  historical  relics. 

Old  Testament.     See  Ttshiment. 

Old  Town  ;toiin).  A  city  in  Penobscot  Coun- 
ty. Maine,  situated  on  the  Penobscot  12  miles 
north  of  Bangor.     Population  (1900),  5,763. 


the  colonization  of  Palestine  by  the  Jews.  He  published 
"Journey  to  Katmandu  "  (lS.i2).  "P.ussian  Shores  of  the 
Black  Sea  "  (1S53I,  works  on  the  Crimean  war,  "Minnesota, 
etc."  (185.'.),  "  The  Narrative  ot  the  Earl  of  Elgin's  Mission 
to  China  and  Japan,  etc."(lS60),  "  Piccadilly  "(1*70),  "Al- 
tiora  Peto,"  a  novel  (1883).  "MassoUam  •"  (1SS6),  "Sym- 
pneumataja"  (1886).  '•  Scientific  Religion  "  (18&S). 

Oliphant,  Mrs.  (Margaret  Oliphant  Wilson). 


Old  Wives  Tale,  The.    A  comedy  written  by    Born  at  Wallyford,  jfidlothian,  in  1828 :  died  at 
George  Peele  and  printed  in  1595:  acted  some    London,  June  25,  1897.     A  British  novelist  and 


biographical  \Triter.  She  wrote  various  stories  of  Scot- 


years  earlier. 

The  Old  Wives' 
Milton  with  the  si 
merit,  Saiiitsbuiy, 

Old  World,  The.  A  name  often  given  to  Eu-  lr"iig"(1862),  "HistoricalSketchesoftheReignof  George 
rope,  or  to  the  eastern  hemisphere,  since  the  nf"(18«9),"TlieMakersofFlorence'(lS76),  "TheLiter.ary 
discoverv  of  America  »P">=i«>  Muce  me     HistoryofEugland' (1S82),  ••TheMakersofTenice"(1888), 

nil,^\,„-  /-  1^^/  •  r.  ,  and  "Royal  Edinburgh"  (1890X 

^T  f;^^?  it.  ■'''rtT'l',--'^-  P'^l'^i  o-la-a're-os)  01isipo(6-lis'i-p6).  TheancientnameofLisbon. 
(Latimzed  from  Olschlager),  Adam.    Bom  at  OUva  (o-ie'va):    A  town  in  the  province  of  Va- 


noted  as  an  entomologist. 
Ollanta  (6:-yiin'ta).  The  hero  of  a  celebrated 
Quichua  (Peruvian)  drama,  the  "Apu-OUanta." 
He  is  represented  as  living  early  in  the  15th  centur)'.  He 
loves  Cusi  Coyllur,  daughter  of  the  Inca  Pachacutec  Vu. 
panqui ;  but  after  she  has  borne  him  a  child  Ihe  Inca  im- 
mures her  in  a  dungeon,  and  Ollanta  leads  a  rebellion  for 
10  years.  He  is  finally  captured,  but  is  pardoned  by  the 
new  Inca  who  has  come  into  power,  and  his  wife  and  child 
are  restored  to  him.  The  drama  is  of  great  beauty.  It 
was  first  reduced  to  writing  in  the  17th  century,  but'there 
is  little  doubt  of  its  antiquity,  and  the  hero  is  perhaps 

recent  opera  have 
'  or  Ollantay. 
[Quichua, 
house  of  Ollanta.']  A  ruined  Inca  fort  and 
town  of  the  department  of  Cuzco,  Peru,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Urubamba.  -11  miles  northeast  of 
Cuzco.  ITie  place  was  a  frontier  post  of  the  Incas,  and 
is  conr\ected  with  many  events  in  Iheir  history,  :is  well  as 
with  thelei:end  of  Ollanta  (which  see).    The  baildingsare 


Ollantay-tambo 

In  a  re:narkably  perfect  condition,  and  some  of  them  rest 
on  older  luiimlutions,  supposed  to  be  i)re-Incaiial.  There 
is  abuiall  modern  village  on  the  site.  Also  wTittcu  OUantay' 

Ollapod  (ora-pod),  Doctor.  A  character  in 
Colman  the  youugei^'s  comedy  '*  The  Poor  Gen- 
tleman.'' He  is  a  warlike  apothecary,  and  also  a  cornet 
in  a  militia  troop,  noted  for  his  "jumble  of  physic  and 
shooting"  and  his  harmless  prescriptions. 

Ollivier(o-le-\Ta'),^mile.  Born  at  Marseilles     (1S30-40),  etc. 


7")  7  Omagh 

<<apital  of  a  priui'ipaUty.     Population  (1890),  Olympia.      An  Amerioan  armored  cruiser,  ot 
7  6X4  /),K70  tons  displacement,  launched  in  1892.    She 

ni'd'h'iiioan  rnlQ'hnn-yfTA    TTprmatm       Born  at     ''^  ''ee'i  the  tluKship  uf  the  Asiatic  squadron  during  the 
Ulsaausen  (Ols  nou-zcnj,  nermann,     -^o™  "^     8|,:ini8h  A.nenaui  «ar  an.i  later  troubles  in  the  Philip- 

Uldesloe,  Holsteiu,  Aug.,  litHi:  du'd  at  brlau-     ^'^^^^.^ 

gen,  Bavaria,  Sept.  4,  1839.  A  German  Protes-  Qlynipian  (6-lim'pi-an),  The.     A  surname  of 

taut  exegete,  professor  of  theology  at  Konigs-    i',.,.i,.U-s. 

berg  1821-34,  and  at  Erlangen  1834-39.     He  Olympian  Zeus.     See  Zeus. 

wrote  a  commentary  on  the  New  Testament  Olympian  Zeus,  Temple  of.     See  Ohjmpieum. 


182.5.    A  French  politician,  premier  Jan.-Aug. , 

1870. 
Olmecs  (61-meks'),  or  Olmecas  (61-ma'kaz).    A 

traditional  and  perhaps  mythical  tribe  or  race 

of  Indians,  said  to  have  inhabited  portions  of 

the  Mexican  plateau  before  the  advent  of  the 

Aztecas.    Jiccounts  of  them  are  very  vague,  and  agree  OlsnitZ  (els'uitsj.     A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 

only  in  describing  them  as  savages.  It  has_  been  sug-  S;ixony,  situated  on  the  Elster  25  miles  south- 
west of  Zwickau.  Population  (1890),  9,426. 
Oiten  (ol'tou).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Solo- 
t  hiirn,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  21  miles 
southeast  of  Basel.  It  is  a  railway  center.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  4,932. 


ges^ed  that  the  Chinantecs  were  descended  from  them. 
Also  written  Ulvxecs,  HxUraecas,  etc. 

Olmedo  (ol-ma'THo),  Jos6  Joaquin.    Born  at 

Guayaquil,  1782:  died  there,  Feb.  17,  1847.  Au 
Ecuadorian  politician  and  poet.  He  was  a  loader 
of  the  revolt  against  the  .Spaniards  in  Oct.,  1820,  and  a  nieni- 


ith  Colombia.  Subsequently  he  held  various  civil  po- 
sitions, and  in  1845  was  a  member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment.   His  poems,  principally  lyrics,  are  very  popular. 

Olmsted  (om'sted or um'stcd),Denison.  Born 
at  East  Hartford,  Coim.,  Juno  18,1791:  died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  May  13,  1859.  An  Ameri- 
can physicist,  astronomer,  meteorologist,  and 
geologist.  He  published  text-books  on  astron- 
omy and  natural  pliilosophy,  etc. 

Olmsted,  Frederick  Law.  Born  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  April  20, 1822.  An  American  landscape- 
gardener.  In  1850  he  made  a  pedestrian  tour  through 
England  and  a  short  continental  trip,  recorded  in  "  Walks 


Olympias  lo-lim'pi-as).  [Gr.  'OAi'/zTTfrif.]  Put 
Olshausen  (ols'hou-zen),  Justus.  Bom  at  Ho-    to  .loath  310  B.  c.   "  The  wife  of  Philip  H.  of 

heufekle,  Uolstein,  May  9, 1800 :  died  at  Berlin,     j[aeedon,  and  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Dec.  28, 1882.    A  German  Orientalist,  brother  of     she  was  involved  in  the  wars  of  Alexander's  successors; 

Hermann  Olshausen.    He  was  professor  at  Kiel  1823-     Mied  with  Polysperchon  against  Cassauder  317  b.  c. 

1862,  and  at  Kimigsberg  186.i-58,  and  was  connected  with  Olympic  games,  The.    The  greatest  of  the  four 

the  Prussian  ministry  of  instruction  lSjS-74.  He  wrote  Panhellenic  festivals  of  the  ancient  Greeks. 
.Xorks  on  Persian  topics  and  on  the  Old  Testament.  _     ^^^^^  ^.^^^  celebrated  at  intervals  of  four  years,  in  honor 

of  Zeus,  in  a  sacred  inclosure  called  tlie  Altis,  in  the 
plain  of  Olympia  (which  see),  containing  many  temples 
and  religious,  civic,  and  gymnastic  structures,  besides 
countless  votive  works  of  art.  Tlie  festival  began  with 
sacrifices  followed  by  contests  and  racing,  wrestling,  etc., 
and  closed  on  tlie  fifth  day  with  processions,  sacrifices, 
and  banquets  to  the  victors.  The  victors  were  crowned 
wil  li  garlands  of  wild  olive  ;  and  on  their  return  home  they 
were  received  with  extraordinary  distinction,  and  enjoyed 
numerous  honors  and  privileges  The  period  of  four  years 
intervening  between  one  celebration  and  the  next,  called 
au  OhnnjWld,  is  notable  as  the  measure  by  which  the 
Creeks  computed  time  — 776  B.  c.  being  the  reputed  first 
year  of  the  first  Olympiad. 


berof  the  first  patriot  junta  1820-22,  but  opposed  the  union  Olteuitza  (ol-te-net'sii).     A  small  town  in  Ru- 


mania, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Arjish 
with  the  Danube,  37  miles  southeast  of  Bukha- 
rcst.  Here,  Nov.  4, 1853,  and  July  29, 1854,  the 
Turks  defeated  the  Kussians. 


Olustee  (6-lus'te).    A  place  in  Baker  County,  Olympieum  (6-lim-pi-e'um),  or  Temple  of 
vriuoucc  V        !,KK.,._      Y  .,     ,  ...J'     Olympian  Zeus.    A  temple  founded  at  Athens 

by  I'isistratus,  but  not  completed  in  the  form 
represented  by  the  existingruins  until  the  reign 
of  Hadrian.  ThetemplewaaCorinthian,  dipteral,  with 
8  columns  on  each  front  and  20  on  each  dank,  and  mea- 
sured \Zi  by  Zii,i\  feet.  i'ift«en  huge  column8,^6A  feet 
high,  are  still  standing,  and  one  lirs  prostrate 


iiortliorn  Florida.  47  miles  west  of  Jacksonville. 
Here.  Feb.  20. 1864,  the  Federals  under  Seymour  were  de- 
feated by  the  Confederates  under  Fiimegan.  The  Federal 
loss  w!iB  1,828 ;  the  Confc-derate,  500. 
Olviopol  (ol-ve-6'poly).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  southern  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Bug  128  miles  northwest  of  Kherson.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,308. 


and  Talks  of  an  American  Farmer  in"  England  "  (1852).   On  OlvbriUS  (o-lib'ri-us).     Roman  emperor,  472.        OlvmpiodorUS  i  O-lim'pi-O-do'rus) 
'^^^^^^^;l^:S^^S^^i!^:i^^  Olympia  (o-lim'pi-ii).  [Gr.  ^^./../a]  In  ancient     pfTilo^opher,.    He  was.a  native  of  Ale: 

through  Texas "(1857),  "A  Journey  in  the  Back  Country"     geography,   a    valley   mElis,   Peloponnesus 
- - —    ■      ■      Greece,  situated  on  the  Alpheus  in  lat.  3i°  38 


(1860),"  The  Cotton  Kingdom  "(1861),  etc  When  the  work 
on  Central  Park,  New  York,  was  begun  he  w.as  made 
sujTerintendent,  and  collaborated  with  Mr.  Vaux  in  pre. 
paring  a  plan  which  was  successful  in  competition.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  acted  as  secretary  of  the  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion. After  severing  bis  connection  with  it,  he  spent  two 
years  in  California,  spending  much  time  in  the  Yosemite 
\  alley  in  an  official  capacity.  In  1879  he  made  a  trip  to 
Europe,  and  on  returning  took  charge  of  the  Back  Bay 
Park  in  Boston.  His  most  snecessf  nl  undertaking  was  the 
laying  out  of  Jackson  Park,  Chicago,  for  the  Columbian 
Exposition. 

Olmiitz (ol'miits), Shivic  Olomouc(o-16-m6t3'). 
The  thint  oily  of  Moravia,  situated  on  an  isl- 
and in  the  March,  in  lat.  49°  30'  N.,  long.  17° 
14'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  fortresses  of  the  Austrian 
empire.  Amon^'  the  f>ld  buildings  are  the  cathedral, 
Kathaus,  and  Mauritiuskirche.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  arch- 
bisli'in,  and  formerly  contained  a  university  (now  limited 
to  a  th.-r,logical  faculty).  It  was  the  capital  of  lloruvia 
until  lt"40  ;  was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1642,  and  by  the 
Prussians  in  1741 ;  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
the  Prussians  in  17.^'8.     Population  (laOOJ,  li),761. 

Olmiitz  Conference.  A  conference  between 
Prussia  (represented  by  Von  Manteuffel)  and 
Austria  (represented  by  Sehwarzenberg)  under 
the  mediation  of  Russia,  Nov.  28-29,  1850,  re- 
specting affairs  in  Germany,  particularly  in 
Hesse  and  Schleswig-Holstcin,  whose  popula- 
tions were  in  revolt  against  their  respective 
rulers,  the  Elector  of  Hesse  and  the  King  of 
Denmark.  Schleswig-Holatein  was  abandoned  to  Hen- 
mark,  and  the  Elector  of  Hesse  was  reinstated  in  power. 

Olney(ol'ni).  AsmalltowninBuckingham.sliiro, 
England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  53  miles  north- 
west of  London.  It  was  the  residence  of  the 
poet  Cowper. 

Olney,  Richard.  Bom  at  Oxford,  Mass.,  1835. 
An  American  lawyer  and  statesman.  He  grad- 
uated from  Brown  Universitv  in  1856,  and  fiom 
the  Harvard  Law  School  in  l'858.  In  1893  Presi- 
dent (ylevelaml  appointed  him  attorney-general, 
and  ill  1895  (on  the  death  of  Walter  Q.  Gresham) 
secretary  of  state. 

Olney  Hymns.  A  collection  of  hymns  writ- 
ten bv  \\  illiain  Cowper  and  John  Newton,  pub- 
lished 1779. 

OlonetZ  (6-16-nets').     A  government  in  north 


The  tem- 
ple stood  in  a  large  peribolos  which  was  adorned  with 

statues. 

A  Platonic 

Alexandria,  lived  in 

the  second  half  of  the  f.th  century,  and  wrote  scholia  or 

c<»mnientaries  on  the  dialogues  of  Plato,  abstracts  of  which 

N! ."long.  21°  38'  E.  It  is  famous  as  the  seat  of  a  cele-  rJVi^'^l']fA"J:!il'c'"  "a  P.„aT,  l,;=f^,.;<.^  x, 
brated  sanctuary  of  Zeus  and  of  the  Olympic  games,  the  OlympiodorUS.  A  Greek  hstonan.  He  was  a 
most  impo.ta.it  of  the  great  public  games  ot  classical  an-  nativeof  Ihebes  in  Egyp,  lived  m  the  first  half  of  the  5th 
ti.M.ily.  (.See  («./,-.  mV.mm<s.)  Theoriginsof  thesanctnary  century,  and  wrote  22  books  of  general  history  dealing  with 
and  of  the  eanies  are  a'.iterior  to  histo.-y :  according  to  tra-  "'«  pcriod  from  40i  to  425,  abstracts  of  which  have  been 
ditio.i  the  latter  were  reorganized,  in  obedience  to  the  preserved  in  the  "Libnirj-  ^of  Photius. 
Delphic  oracle,  in  the  9th  centuiy  B.  0.  The  list  of  Olym-  OlympUS  (o-lini  pus).  [Gr.  0/i'//TOf.]  luaneient 
pian  victors  goes  back  to  776  B.  c,  which  is  the  first  year     geograiihv,  the  name  of  various  motuitains,  es- 

ot  the  first  Olympiad  :  but  the  Olymjiiads  did  not  come  •    --       •-  ....  

into  accepted  use  in  chronology  until  much  later.  The 
sanctuary  was  situated  in  the  valley  between  the  rivers 
Cladeus  and  Alpheus,  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  of  Cronus.  A 
trapeziform  iuclosure  called  the  Altis,  about  5IKJ  by  r.0o 
feet  surrounded  the  temple  of  ?eus,  the  Herteum,  the  Me- 
troum,  the  treasuries  of  the  various  Greek  cities  and  states, 
and  other  buildings,  besides  numberless  statues  and  other 


pocially  of  one  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia  and 
Thessaly,  regarded  as  the  especial  home  of  the 
gods  (hence  often  used  for  heaven).  Height, 
alioiit  9,794  feet.  The  Mysian  Olympus  was  on  the 
borders  of  Alysia,  lUthynia,  and  Phrygia  in  Asia  ilinor. 
Otliers  were  in  Lydia,  Lyci-a,  t^yprus,  Laconla,  and  F.lis, 
...  Tozer  enumerating  14  in  all. 

works  of  art  and  st.Ks  with  o.,nmeinorativeinscriptlo..s.   OlynthlaC  (6-lill'thi-ak)  OtatlonS.     A  Series  of 

Outsideof  the  Altis  lay  the  lionlcnterion  or  senate-house,    v-'jr »*"«"••>- ,\  '  i  „♦    i  ti  ,„„  i,„  11„ ^ 

the  .Stadium,  which  was  the  chief  scene  of  the  athletic     tli''f<'  orations  delivered  at  Athens  by  Demos- 

■         ■    "  thenes  349-348  B.  c,  for  the  purpose  otiudneing 

the  .Athenians  to  assist  Olynthus  against  Philip 
II.  of  Macedon. 

Olynthus  (6-lin'thus).  [Gr.  'W.iiSo^.l  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  in  Chalcidiee,  Macedo- 
nia, situated  near  t  lie  head  of  the  Toronaictiulf, 
in  lat.  40°  10'  N.,  long.  23°  21'  E.  it  was  the  cap- 
ital  of  an  important  confederacy  until  its  supprc^ion 
by  Sparta  in  the  war  of  3S;t-379  B.  c.  It  was  attacked  by 
Philip  II.  of  Macodou  and  was  captured  and  desiioyed 
by  him  ;J4T  K.  0.  The  Olynthiac  orations  of  Dcnm.sllie- 
nes  were  appeals  to  Athens  to  support  olynthus  agaiust 
I'hilip. 


contests,  and  a  number  of  large  gymnasia,  and  tberma;, 
the  last  chiefly  of  Uon.aii  d.ite.  The  Olympic  games  were 
abolislled  by  Theodosius  in  301  A.  I..  The  raonuments  were 
much  shattered  by  earthquakes  in  thetJtb  century,  and  as 
time  wenton  were  iirog.essively  buried  by  landslips  from 
Cronus  and  inundations  of  the  Cladeus  anil  Alphens,  in 
one  of  wliich  the  hippodrome  w:is  entirely  washed  away. 
Sand  and  earth  were  deposited  lo  a  depth  of  from  10  to 20 
feet  over  the  ruins.  In  18211  the  French  Expedition  de 
Moree  made  some  superficial  excavations,  and  recovered 
some  sculptures  (now  in  the  Louvre)  f.oni  the  Zens  I  em  pie. 
In  six  seasons  of  work  after  1874,  the  lie. ma. i  i.'overnnieiit 
laid  bare  down  to  the  ancient  level  the  greater  jiai  t  of  what 
survives  of  the  sanctuary.  The  sculptural  finds  were  less 
had  been  liopeil  for,  though  they  include  two  capifcil 


than  I.U..  ..v.^. ...........  ..^ p. -.,  — — , .    .      .,            ,                             .,     -.i 

pieces  — the  llernn  s  of  Praxiteles  and  the  Nike  of  I'ico-  Om  (oin,  but  originally  and  more  correctly  on), 

nius.    In  the  departimiils  "f  an  hilcctnic  and  epigraphy,  fAceording  to  Bohtlii'igk  and  Koth.  an  obscura- 

however  theOcrnia.i  cv.avatio,,.st.k..ra,ik.'lsthe  must  li.i^  j.           j  g^,    ^^  ■    jj^     ,.,,,.„i,  ^,f  ,,r„loilgingand  Iia- 

portant  that  have  iiceii  made,      the  .iiitlqmties  discnvered  .         _           '                                   .■    i                     i- 

are  preserved  on  the  site,  the  more  precious  in  a  museum  saliziiig  (t,  an  assevcrativc  particle  ;  according 


buiU  for  the  purpose.  The  temple  of  Zeus,  dating  from 
the  early  part  of  tlie  6th  century  B.  o.,  is  a  Doric  peripteros 
of  6  by  13  columns,  measuring  90J  by  210}  feet :  the  col- 
umns were  over  7  feet  in  base-diameter  and  34  high.  The 
cella  had  nronaos  and  opisthodomos  with  2  columns 
in  autls  and  2  interior  ranges  of  7  columns.  In  the  cetla 
otood  the  famous  chryselephantine  statue  of  Zeus,  seated, 
about  40  feet  high,  by  Phidias.  The  pediments  were  filled 
with  important  groups  of  sculpture,  much  of  which  has 
been  recovered.  That  of  the  eaatern  pediment  represents 
the  chariot-race  i»f  Pelups  and  iKnomaus.  niulor  the  jireal- 
deucy  of  Zeus;  that  of  the  western  the  finht  between  Lapiths 
and  Centaurs  in  presenco  of  Apollo.  The  end  walls  of 
the  cella  bore  a  Doric  frieze  with  very  flue  sculptured  met- 
opes representing  the  exploits  of  Hercules.  The  Ileneum, 
or  temple  of  Hera,  a  temple  of  very  ancient  foundation. 


western  Russia,  Iving  east  of  Finland  and  north  showing  evidences  of  original  construction  in  wooil  and 

of  the  L'overnmerits  of  St.  Peterslmrg  and  .Nov-  iinburued  brick  partly  rei.laced  piecemeal  in  stone  with 

ui  iiio  feoy  iMiiK  oi-  I   ,        ,.         .  ,       ,   ,  the  advance  of  time,  is  a  large  lloric  peripteros  of  6  by  III 

gorod.     Capital,  I'etrozavoasK.     it  contains  Lake  columns:  the  cella  had  pronaosandopisihodonios  In  anils. 


Area,  67,430  square  miles. 


pri 
and  «  as  diviibcl  in  the  Interior  Into  :\  aisles  by  2  ranges  o( 
columns.  'I'he  lainons  Hermes  of  Praxiteles  was  found  in 
this  temple.  The  Philipiieum  is  a  clreilbir  bulbllug  built 
by  Philip  of  Macedon  about  :),3n  n.  <".  The  cella  was  sur- 
rounded bya  perlsiyleof  IS  Ionic  columns,  and  had  Inthe 
Interior  a  range  of  rorinthian  columns,  and  chryselephnn- 
lliie  statues  of  Philip  iiud  his  family. 


Onega  and  many  other  lakes. 
Population  (1800),  302,600. 

Oloron.    Soe  "/-ron. 

Oloron-Sainte-Marie  (6-16-r6n  sant-mii-ro  ). 

-V  town  in  the  ileparlnient  of  Basses-Pyrenees, 

I'raiice,  sitnatoil  on  the  rivers  Aspe  and  Ossaii,    ,...„ ^.  ..„ .  .  _ 

17  miles  southwest  of  Pau.     Population  (1891),  Olympia.  ThecapiliiloriiieStateof  Washington  Om  (dm).     A  river  in  western  biberm  which 

K.7,-,S.  and  of  Tliiirston  Counl y,  situated  at  the  soutli-     .joins  tlie  Irtish  at  Omsk. 

Ols  or  Oelq  ffels)      A  town  in  the  province  of  ern  extremity  of  Puge't  Sound,  about  Inf.  47°  Omagh  (6'niii  or  ri-miich').     The  capital  of  the 

Sil'.sial'nissia,  situated  on  the  (Mia  17  miles  4'  N.,  long.   122-  ...V   W.     l',.|mlalion   (1900),     county  of  Tyrone,  Ireland,  27  miles  south  of 

east-northea«t  of  Breslau.     It  was  formerly  the  4,082. 


to  Bloomlield  (A.  O.  S.  xiv.  el.),  identical  with 
Gr.  ail,  L.  aii-l,  au-lim,  (ioth.  an  h;  and  meaning 
'  now  then,'  "well  now.']  A  particle  tliat  plays 
a  great  role  in  Hindu  religious  literature,  its 
original  sense  is  that  of  sidcmn  nlfirmation.  Popular  ety- 
mology perhaps  associating  it  with  a  root  iiniilying  'favor, 
further,"  and  Its  sanctity  being  Inferreil  from  Its  occurrence 
In  the  Veillc  literature,  it  became  the  ausplcl<ius  won! 
with  which  the  teacher  began  and  the  impil  ended  each 
lesson  of  the  Veda.  Muclmf  the  Ijianishads  treats  of  the 
mystic  meaning  of  Oui,  as  summing  up  In  itself  all  truth. 
In  later  Hinduism  it  is  regarded  as  consisting  of  the  three 
elements  a,  u,  and  »i,  syinlHilizIng  respectively  \'ishnu, 
Shiva,  and  Brahma,  so  that  the  pmnava(' murmur  1  (hn 
signltles  the  Hindu  triad.  (.See  llloomfield  as  quoted 
above.)  (hn  Is  also  the  first  syllable  of  the  "formuln  of 
six  svllables"  Om  maiii  iHiiline  hitiii,  so  conspicuous  In 
Ilinblhlsm  imd  especlallv  in  Ijinialsm.  Its  reputed  author 
Is  the  deified  saint  Avalokileshvain  (which  scoK  or  Pad- 
mapani,  'the  lotus.liandeil,' lui  he  is  called  by  Tibctnns. 
It  Isvarionsly  tninslated.  Bloomlield  gives  "Om,  o  Jewel 
on  the  lotus,  hum  ' ;  Coldstiickor,  "Salvation  (Oin)llBlln 
the  jewel. lotus  (mniil  padme),  amen  (hnnil,  '  where  the 
compouiHl  "jewel-lot  US*  refers  lo  the  saint  ami  the  Mower 
from  which  he  arose,  according  to  which  the  formula  was 
originally  an  Invocation  to  Avaloklleshvara. 


Londoiider 


Omaguas 

Omagnas  (6-ma'gwas):  called Cambevas (kam- 
ba'vas)byBraziliaiis.  An  ludiau  tribe  of  north- 
ern Pei-u,  on  the  north  side  of  the  upper  Ma- 
ranon,  between  long.  72°  and  75°  W.  (temtory 
elaimed  but  not  held  by  Ecuador).  They  were 
formerly  very  numerous,  having  many  lar<:e  villages  con- 
nected by  good  roads.  ITiey  were  agriculturists,  dressed 
in  cotton  gaiments,  used  gold  ornaments,  and  are  said  to 
have  been  sun-worshipers ;  probably  they  had  derived  the 
germs  of  civilization  from  the  Incas.  Their  heads  were 
artitleially  flattened.  The  Omairuas  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages  in  the  17th  century ;  their  numbers  rap- 
idly decreased,  mainly  by  disease,  and  the  remnants  are 
mixed  by  intermamage'with  other  tribes.  They  belong 
to  the  Tupi  linguistic  stock. 

Omaguas,  Kingdom  or  Province  of.  A  name 
given  in  the  16th  century  to  the  region  occu- 
pied by  the  Omaguas.  About  1545  reports  were 
brought  to  New  Granada  and  Peru  of  a  vast  and  rich  city 
in  this  district.  It  was  connected  with  the  tales  of  El  Do- 
rado,  and  became  the  object  of  several  expeditious.  See 
Urs^uQy  Pedro  de. 

Omaha  (6'ma-ha).  [PI.,  also  Oinalias.  From 
Umanhan,  those  who  went  up  stream  or  against 
the  cuiTeut.]  A  tribe  of  the  Dbegiha  division 
of  North  American  Indians,  numbering  1,197. 
They  are  in  eastern  Nebraska.     See  Dhegiha, 

Omaha  (6'ma-ha).  The  capital  of  Donglas  Coun- 
ty, Nebraska,  situated  on  the  Missotiri  in  lat. 
41°  16'  N.,  long.  95°  56'  "W.  it  is  the  largest  city 
in  the  State,  an  important  railway  center,  and  the  eastern 
terminus  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad;  has  flourishing 
commerce  and  manufactures;  and  contains  important  sil- 
ver-smelting works.  It  has  very  large  stock-yards,  and 
pork-packing  and  beef-packing  are  important  industries. 
It  was  fuunded  in  1S54,  and  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  State.     Population  (1900),  102,555. 

Oman  (o-man').  Asultanate  in  eastern  Arabia, 
bordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf  and  Gulf  of  Oman. 
Capital,  Muscat.  The  surface  is  largely  mount-ainous. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  independent  states  of 
Arabia.  In  the  beginning  of  the  19th  centuiy  it  was  much 
more  extended,  but  the  name  is  now  limited  to  the  region 
near  Muscat.  It  is  under  British  supervision.  Area.  82,000 
square  miles.     Population,  1,500,000. 

Oman,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Arabian  Sea, 
south  of  Persia  and  east  of  Arabia.  It  is  con- 
nected with  the  Persian  Gulf  by  the  Strait  of 
0rmu2. 

Omar  (6'mar),  ibn  al-Khattab.    The  second 

calif.      He  succeeded  Abu-Bekr  in  634.  and  was  assassi- 
nated by  Firoz,  a  Persian  slave,  in  644.  His  daughter  Hafsah 
was  the  third  wife  of  Mohammed.   During  his  reign  Syria, 
Phenicia,  Persia,  Egypt,  and  Jerusalem  were  brought  under 
the  sway  of  Islam.     He  took  an  important  part  in  the  tirst 
collection  of  the  Koran.     He  was  the  tirst  to  assume  the 
title '*  Commander  of  the  Faithfur'(£';/i(ra/-7?tt(mirt(HX'*n<i 
he  "organized  a  complete  military-religious  common- 
wealth "  (Xbldeke). 
Omar  II.     Calif  717-720,  successor  of  Solyman. 
Omar,  Mosque   of,  or    Kubbet  es-Sakhra 
('Dome  of  the  Rock').     A  celebrated  mosque 
on  the  platform  of  the  temple  in  Jerusalem,   it 
is  an  octagon  of  66  feet  to  a  side,  with  4  porches  and  a 
range  of  pointed  windows,  incrusted  \rith  beautifully  col- 
ored Persian  tiles.     The  interior  has  two  concentric  ranges 
of  columns  and  piei-s,  the  central  range  supporting  the 
drum  of  the  dome,  which  is  97  feet  high  and  65  in  diame- 
ter.    Beneath  the  dome  is  the  sacred  rock  upon  which  it 
is  held  that  Abraham  was  about  to  sacrifice  Isaac.     The 
walls  and  the  drum  are  covered  with  beautiful  Byzantine 
mosaics  of  different  dates,  and  the  windows  are  filled  with 
splendid  16th-century  colored  glass.     The  mosque  was 
originally  a  veiy  early  Byzantine  church,  but  it  has  been 
much  modified  by  the  Moliammedans. 
Omar  Khayyam  (o'mar  khi-yam').     APersian 
poet  and  astronomer  who  was  bom  at  Nisha^ 
pur  in  Khorasan  in  the  latter  half  of  the  11th 
and  died  within  the  first  quarter  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury A.  D.      He  studied  under  the  imam  llowaffak  of 
Nisiiapur.  having  as  his  companions  Hasan  ben  Sabbah, 
afterward  the  liead  of  the  military  order  of  the  Assassins, 
and  Nizum-ul-Mulk,  later  vizir  of  Alp  Arslan  and  Malik 
Shah,  respectively  son  and  grandson  of  Toghrul  Beg,  the 
founder  of  the  Seliukian  dynasty.    Having  attained  power, 
Nizam-ul-Mnlk  gnmted  Omar  Khaj-j-am  a  yearly  pension. 
Omar  was  one  of  the  eight  learned  men  appointed  by  Malik 
Bhah  to  reform  the  calendar,  the  result  being  the  Jalali 
era,  socalledfromJalaluddin.  one  of  the  king's  names:  "a 
computation  of  time  which,"  says  Gibbon,  "surpasses  the 
Julian  and  approaches  the  accuracy  of  the  Gregorian  style. " 
He  was  the  author  of  astronomical  tables  entitled  *'  Ziji  Ma- 
likshahi,"  and  of  an  Arabic  treatise  on  algebra,  but  is  espe- 
cially known  as  a  poet  from  his  Rubaiyat,  or  Quatrains  (in 
2  verses  or  4  hemistichs  of  which  the  first,  second,  and 
fourth  rime),  which  have  been  translated  by  Fitzgerald 
and  by  M'hinfleld, 
Omar  Pasha.     See  Omer  Pasha. 
Omayyads.    See  Ommiads, 
Ombay  { otn-bi' ).     One  of  the  smaller  Sunda  Isl- 
ands. Malaysia,  situated  north  of  Timor,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Ombay  Passage. 
Ombrone   (om-bro'ne).     A  river  in  Tuscany, 
Italy,  which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  10 
miles  southwest  of  Grosseto :  the  ancient  Um- 
bro.     Lenf^h,  about  80-90  miles. 
Omdurman  (om-dor'man).  A  city  in  the  Sudan, 
situated  on  the  Nile  opposite  Khartum,    it  was 
built  by  the  Malidi  in  1885.  after  his  seizure  and  destruc- 


758 

tion  of  Khartum.  Here,  Sept.  2, 1898,  the  der^  ishes  were 
defeated  by  the  British  and  Egyptian  troops  under  Sir 
HtTbert  Kitchener. 

O'Meara  (6-ma'ra).  Barry  Edward.    Born  in 

Ireland.  1786:  died  at  London,  June 3. 1836.  An 
Irish  surgeon,  physician  to  Napoleon  I.  at  St. 
Helena  1815-18.  He  published ''Napoleon  in 
Exile"  (1822).  etc. 

Omer  Pasha  (6'mer  pash'a)  (originally  Lat>- 
tas).  Born  Nov.  24,  1806:  died  at  Constanti- 
nople, April  IS,  1871.  A  Turkish  general.  He 
coninianded  an  army  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  commanded 
agiiinst  the  insurgents  in  Crete  in  18ti7. 

Ommiads  (o-mi'adz),  or  Omayyads  (o-mi'- 
yadz).     A  dynasty  of  califs  which  reigned  in 


Onondaga 

the  Spanish  legislation.  His  two  "Relaciones  "  or  reports 
(1561  and  ln71)  are  still  in  manuscript,  but  have  been  f  r  eelj 
used  by  historians:  a  smaller  report  was  editeti  by  ilark- 
ham  for  the  llakluyt  Society  ls73.  In  1559  fJndejrardo 
discovered  at  Cuzco  several  mummies  of  the  Inca  sover* 
eigus. 

Onega  (on'e-ga).  A  small  seaport  of  Kussia, 
situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Onega 
into  the  White  Sea. 

Onega,Lake.  The secondlargest lake inEurope, 
situated  in  the  government  of  Olonetz,  north- 
vresteru  Russia,  northeast  of  Lake  Ladoga,  it  ig 
connected  by  canals  with  the  Volga  and  Dwina  systems.  Ita 
waters  pass  by  the  tivir  into  Lake  Ladoga,  and  finally  into 
the  Neva.  Length,  152  miles.  Greatest  width,  about  50 
miles.     Area,  3,703  square  miles. 


the  East  661-750  a.  d.,  the  fii-st  of  whom  was  Mo-  Qneglia  (6-nol'va).     A  seaport  in  the  province 


awiyah,  the  descendant  of  Omayya  (the  foiuider 
of  a  noted  Arab  family),  and  successor  to  Ali. 
The  Ommiads  were  followed  by  the  Abbassides.  The  last 
of  these  Eastern  Ommiads  escaped  to  Spain  and  founded 


of  Porto  ilaurizio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean 57  miles  southwest  of  Genoa.  It  has 
a  trade  in  olive-oil.     Population  (1881),  7,433. 


the  c;Uifate  of  Cordova  in  ViO.    This  Wi-stern  califate,  and  Oneida  (6-ni'da).    [PI.,  also  OneiVfas.    The  name 


with  it  the  Ommiad  dynasty,  became  extinct  iu  103L 

After  the  first  four  (or  "orthodox")  Khalifs,  Abu-Bekr, 
Omar,  Othman,  and  Aly,  who  were  elected  more  or  le.'is  by- 
popular  vote,  the  SjTia'n  p;uty  set  up  iloawia  as  Khalif  at 
Damascus,  and  from  him  sprang  the  famUy  of  Omeyyad 
Khalifs,  so  called  from  their  ancestor  Ome>^-a.  There  were 
fourteen  Omeyyad  Khalifs,  who  reigned  from  G61  to  750. 
when  they  were  deposed  by  Es-Seffah,  the  Butcher. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Mooi-s,  p.  59. 

OmnibllS  Bill,  The.     A  series  of  compromise 
measures  passed  through  Congress  1850,  largely 


is  translated  'standing  stone'  or  'people  of 
the  stone.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  ludi- 
ans.  The  early  French  writers  called  them  OneimiL  They 
formerly  occupied  the  lands  east  of  Oneida  l-ake,  New 
York,  and  the  upper  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  Eiver  to 
the  southward.  They  were  not  prominent  in  the  Iroquois 
Confederacy,  and  sometimes  acted  adversely  to  its  other 
members,  as  they  were  at  intervals  friendly  to  the  French 
and  took  part  with  the  colonies  in  the  Eevolution.  In  1S33 
most  of  them  removed  to  and  still  remain  at  Green  Bay, 
Wisconsin,  but  others  are  in  Ontario.  Altogether  they 
number  over  3,000.    See  Iroquois. 


throughtheinfluenceof  Clay.  The  chief  provisions  Qneida   Commuility.     A  religious  societv  or 
weretheadmissionon-aliforniaasafreebtatejothelnion,     ,,rotherhood.  the  Bible  CommSnists  or  Perfec- 


organization  of  the  Territories  of  Ltah  and  New  Mexico 
(without  restrictions  on  slavery),  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  a  fugitive-slave  law. 

Omphale  (om'fa-le).  [Gr. 'Oupd//;.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Lydiaii  princess,  mistress  of  Hercules. 

Omri  (om'ri).  King  of  Israel.  The  length  and  date 
of  his  reisn  are  much  disputed  (899-SV5  B.C.— Dnncker).  He 
was  a  usurper,  and  the  founder  of  a  dynasty  of  considerable 
eminence  which  included  Ahab  and  Jelm.  He  made  an 
alliance  with  Tyre  and  subdued  the  Moabites.  Hi-  is  men- 
tioned on  the  iloabite  stone,  and  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions the  kingdom  of  Israel  is  called  Bit-Humri  ('the  house 
of  Omri').  He  built  the  city  of  Samaria,  and  made  it  the 
capital  of  the  Israelitish  kingdom. 

Oms  de  Santa  Pau  (6ms  da  san'ta  pou),  Man- 
uel, ilarquis  of  Castell-dos-Eios.  Died  at  Lima, 
April  22, 1710.  A  Spanish  nobleman,  a  grandee 
of  Spain.  Ee  was  viceroy  of  Peru  from  July  7,  1707. 
During  his  term  the  Spanish  commercial  monopoly  of  Pe- 
ruvian trade  was  somewhat  relaxed. 

Omsk  (Omsk).  The  capital  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment of  West  Siberia,  situated  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Akmolinsk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Om 
with  the  Irtish,  about  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
The  fortress  here  was  founded  in  1716.  RaOwav 
to  Omsk,  Sept.,  1894.    Population  (1890),  54,721. 

On.     See  HcIiopoJis. 

Ona  (on'ya),  Pedro  de.  Born  at  Los  Confines, 
on  the  Biobio  Kiver.  Chile,  about  1565 :  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  after  1039.  A  Spanish-American 
poet.  Most  of  his  life  was  passed  in  Lima,  where  he  was 
fiscal  of  the  audieuce.  His  principal  work  is  the  epic 
"  Arauco  domado  "  (1st  ed.  Lima,  1596),  which  is  in  some 
respects  an  imitation  of  Ercilla's  "Ajaucana."  It  has 
some  poetical  merit,  and  is  of  much  liistorical  value. 

Onas.     See  Fuegiaiis. 

Onatas  (6-na'tas), 
about  500-460  B.  c 


tionists,  established  in  1847  on  Oneida  Creek, 
in  Lenox  township,  Madison  County,  Xew  York, 
by  John  H.  Xoyes,  after  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  establish  itat  Xew  Haven,  Connecticut,  in 
1834,  and  at  Putney,  Vermont,  in  1837.  A  branch 
of  the  Oneida  Community  also  existed  at  Wallingford, 
Coimecticut,  but  has  now  been  withdrawn.  Originally 
the  Oneida  Community  was  strictly  communistic,  all  prop, 
erty  and  all  children  belonging  primarily  to  the  society, 
and  the  restrictions  of  marriage  being  entirely  abolished; 
but  in  1S79,  owing  to  the  increasing  demand  of  punlic 
opinion  that  the  social  practices  of  the  society  should  be 
abandoned,  marriage  and  family  life  were  introduced,  and 
in  1S80  communism  of  property  gave  place  to  a  joint-stock 
system,  and  the  community  was  lewdly  incorporated  aa 
"The  Oneida  Conmiunity,  Limited." 

Oneida  Lake.  A  lake  in  central  New  York.  11 
miles  northeast  of  Syracuse.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Oneida  and  Oswego  rivers  into  Lake  Onta- 
rio.    Length.  20  miles. 

O'Neil  (o-nel'),  Hugh,  Earl  of  Tyrone.  Died 
1616.  An  Irish  chieftain.  He  assumed  the  title  ol 
The  O'Neil,  and  in  1597  headed  an  insurrection  against  the 
English,  whom  he  defeated  at  Blackwater  in  1598.  He  ne- 
gotiated a  truce  with  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  1599,  and  wu 
defeated  by  Mountjoy  1601.    He  submitted  about  1603. 

O'Neill,  Eliza.  Born  in  Ireland,  1791:  died 
there,  Oct.  29, 1872.  A  noted  Irish  tragic  actress, 
the  successor  of  Mrs.  Siddons.  She  made  her  first 
appearance  in  Droirheda  as  the  Duke  of  York  in  "Kichard 
III. "  in  1803.  in  a  small  strolling  company  of  which  her  fa- 
ther was  manager.  She  first  appeared  at  Covent  Gartien 
in  1814.  She  made  a  large  fortune  in  Ireland  and  Eng- 
land, and  was  married  in  1819  to  Mr.  (afterward  Sir)  Wil- 
liam  Eecher.  Her  best  parts  were  Juliet,  Belvidera,  Mrs. 
Haller,  and  Mrs.  Beverley. 
[Gr.  'Omrac-I  Flourished  O'Neill,  or  The  Rebel.  A  romance  by  Bid- 
An  .^ginetan  sculptor  and     wer  Lytton,  iu  heroic  couplets,  published  in 


painter.a  eontemporaryof  Ageladasthe  teacher     1S2 

of  Phidias.     See  Agehldas.     He  was  especially  fa-  OueiOUt. 


See  Oneida. 


mous  for  his  statues  of  athletes,  and  was  much  admired  OnesimUS  (6-nes'i-mus),  Saint.     A  disciple  of 
and  highly  praised  by  Pausanias,  who  d.scibes  maiiy  of  „,„,.tv,-ed  in  9.5      His  dav  is  celebrated 

his  works.  As  the  .5:lglna  marbles  were  probably  made  in 
his  day,  it  may  well  be  that  they  are  either  his  work  or  rep- 
resent his  characteristics. 


Onate  (on-ya'ta). 


St.  Paul,  martyred  in  95.    His  day  is  celebrated 
Feb.  1(5  ill  the'Roman  calendar. 
Ongaro,  Dall'.     See  VaW  Onr/aro. 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Onias  Menelaus  (o-ni'as  men-e-la'us).    High 


Guipuzcoa,  northern  Spain,  38  miles  west  of    priest  of  the  Jews  172-162  B.  c.    He  was  a  Benja- 
Pamplona.     Population  (1887),  6,152.  minite. 


not  of  priestly  family,  but  secured  the  office  from 

Antiochus  Epiphanes,  to  whom  Judea  was  then  subject,  by 
the  payment  of  a  bribe.  In  order  to  pay  this  bribe  he  de- 
spoiled the  temple  of  its  sacred  vessels.  In  171  he  killed 
the  rightful  high  priest,  Onias  ni.  With  the  help  of  An- 
tiochus he  introduced  (jreek  worship  and  the  sacrifice  of 
swine  into  the  temple.  These  acts  brought  about  the  re- 
volt of  the  Maccal>ees.  He  was  killed  by  Lysias,  the  guar- 
dian of  .\ntiochus  V. 

Onion  River.    See  Tfinooski. 

OnomacritUS  (on-6-mak'ri-tus).  [Gr.  'Ot'o/iaKpi- 
rof.]  Lived  about  530-485  B.  c.  A  Greek  pro- 
phet and  mystic  poet. 


Onate  (on-ya'ta),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Guadala 
jara,  Mexico,  about  1555 :  died  after  1611.  A  set- 
tler and  first  governor  of  New  Mexico.  He  was 
a  son  of  the  founder  of  Guadalajara,  and  was  married  to  a 
granddaughter  of  Hernando  Cortes.  In  1595  his  proposi- 
tion to  settle  New  Mexico  was  accepted  by  the  viceroy 
Velasco,  and  after  much  delay  the  grant  was  confirmed  by 
the  Count  of  Monterey.  Onate  left  Zacatecas  in  .Tan.,  l.'.QS, 
with  130  men  besides  Indians,  a  large  wagon-  and  cattle 
train,  etc. ;  reached  the  Rio  Grande,  probably  at  El  Paso, 
April  "20 ;  took  formal  possession  April  30 ;  crossed  the 
river  ;  and  in  Aug  founded  the  first  capital,  San  Juan  (San- 
ta Kc  was  founded  later).    After  the  first  year  he  had  little  ^  ,  /  -,.., ,      roi    .,^t,^  n-nn^n/rno 

trouble  with  the  Indians     E.arly  in  1599  he  explored  apart   OuOUdaga  (on-on-da  ga).     [PI.,  ^0  OnmaaffaS. 
of  Arizona,  and  in  160J  followed  the  Gila  River  down     The  name  means  'on  the  top  of  the  mountain.  J 
to  the  Gulf  of  California.    He  probably  ceased  to  rule  as 
governor  in  1608, 

Onca  (on'ka).  A  Phenician  goddess,  the  deity 
of  wisdom,  compared  by  the  Greeks  to  Athene. 

Ondegardo  (6n-da-gar'd6),  Polo  de.  Bom  at 
SrtUimanea  about  1500:  died,  probably  at  Potosi, 
Upper  Peru,  about  1575.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and 
antiquarian.  He  went  to  Peru  in  1545 :  was  a  trusted 
councilor  of  several  rulers ;  and  was  corregidor  of  Potosi 
and  Lima  He  made  a  special  study  of  Inca  laws  and  cus- 
toms, with  the  object  of  ingrafting  the  l>est  of  them  on 


The  name  means  'on  the  top  < 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  In  the  coun- 
cils of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy  they  were  called  by  » 
name  meaning  'they  who  keep  the  council-fire.'  I" 'n* 
old  Dutch  maps  they  are  styled  Capitanassei.  They  had 
their  chief  seat  ajKin  the  lake  and  creek  in  New  \ork 
which  bear  their  name,  and  claimed  the  country  to  Lake 
Ontario  on  the  north,  and  to  the  .Susfinehanna  River  on  the 
south.  Many  of  them  joined  the  Catholic  Iroquois  colonies 
on  the  St.  Lawrence  before  1751.  At  the  close  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  more  were  settled  on  Grand  Rivir,  Ont.ano, 
and  the  remainder  are  in  New  York.  Their  present  total 
Dumber  is  about  90a    See  Iroquou. 


Onondaga  Lake 

Onondaga  fon-on-da'ga)  Lake.  A  small  lake 
in  ceutral  Now  York,  nofth-uorthwest  of  Sjra- 
cuse.     Its  outlet  is  Seiioca  River. 

Onosander  (on-o-sanMer).  [Gr.  'Ovdaavdpoc.'i  A 
Greek  writer  on  military  tactics. 

Uf  the  tacticians  sbbsciiiient  tu  Polybius,  the  most  not«d 
was  Onosander,  wlio  (lonrisheil  in  the  middle  of  the  Ist 
century  of  our  era^  and  dedicated  to  Q.  Veranius  Nepos, 
consul  in  A.  D.  49,  a  brief  but  comprehensive  treatise  on 
the  military  art,  which  has  come  down  to  us,  with  tlie  title 
^TpaTrjyiKo^  A670?.  It  is  divided  into  42  chapters,  and 
gives  instructions  with  recard  to  all  the  details  of  a  cam- 
pftigu.  It  is  written  in  Attic  (Jreek,  and  in  a  suUlciently 
pure  style.  The  author,  who  was  also  known  as  a  coni- 
nientator  on  Plato,  was  tlie  source  of  the  militarj-  writings 
of  the  Emperors  Mauritius  and  Leo,  and  in  a  French  tr.uis- 
lation  was  used  as  a  manual  of  the  military  art  bv  Maurice 
of  Saxony.  Midler,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  fJreece, 

[in.  2S0.    (l)oiiahlsun.) 

Onotes  (6-no'tas).  An  extinct  triljo  of  Indians 
who  inhabited  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Mara- 
eaibo.  They  were  fishermen,  and  built  their  houses  on 
piles  in  the  water.  Ojeda,  who  found  them  in  149!^,  was 
reminded  by  their  dwellings  of  Venice  (whence  he  named 
the  country  Venezuela).  Probnl)ly  the  Onotes  were  soon 
carried  otT  into  slavery;  but  huts  similar  to  theirs  are  still 
made  in  the  same  region. 

Onslow  (onz'lo),  George.  Bom  at  Clermont- 
Ferrand,  France,  July  27, 1784:  died  there,  Oct. 
3,  1853.  A  French  composer  of  instrumental 
music. 

Ontario  (on-ta'ri-6),  formerly  called  Upper 
Canada.  A  province  of  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada. Capital,  Toronto,  it  is  bounded  by  Hudson 
Bay,  the  Northeast  Territory,  and  Quebec  on  the  northeast 
and  east,  and  on  th-^  south  and  west  by  the  United  States, 
from  which  it  is  in  the  main  separated  by  the  St.  Lawrence, 
Lake  Ontario,  Niagara  River,  Lake  Erie,  Detroit  River, 
Lake  and  River  St.  Clair,  Lake  Huron,  St.  Mary's  River, 
and  Lake  Superior :  Manitoba  bounds  it  on  the  west.  It 
has  a  hilly  and  diversified  surface ;  belongs  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  Hudson  Bay  basins;  produces  cereals,  apples 
and  other  fruits,  etc. ;  has  manufactures  of  lumber,  ma- 
chineiy,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  etc. ;  and  has  rich  luin- 
eral  resources.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant- 
governor,  executive  council,  and  legislative  assemldv.  It 
sends  24  members  to  the  Dominion  Senate.  92  to  the  House 
of  Commons.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  English,  Irish, 
Scottish,  German,  and  French  descent.  Ontario  was  ex- 
plored by  the  French  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  in  171i;i,  and  was  largely  settled  by  Tories 
in  the  American  Revolutionary  period.  It  was  separated 
from  t^uebt-c  (Lower  Canada)  aiid  called  Ipper  Canada  in 
1791.  It  was  the  sceneof  the  battles  of  the  Thames,  Luniiy's 
Lane,  etc.,  in  the  War  of  lftl2.  An  unsuccessful  rebellion 
occurred  in  18:f7.  It  was  reunited  to  (Jueliec  in  1&41.  and 
was  again  separated  and  became  the  proviiice  of  (Mitario 
In  the  new  Dominion  in  IsG".  Area,  22(',0u0  square  miles. 
Population  (I'.iUl),  2, lKi,i)47. 

Ontario,  Lake.  The  smallest  and  easternmost 
of  the  five  Kieat  lakes,  lying  between  the  prov- 
ince of  Ontario  on  the  north  and  New  York  State 
on  the  south,  it  is  connected  with  Lake  Erie  by  the 
Niagara  River,  and  for  navigation  by  the  Welland  CanaL 
Its  outlet  is  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Kingston.  Toronto, 
Handlton,  Oswego,  and  Sackett's  Harbor  are  on  its  banks. 
Length,  liio  miles.  Width,  S5  miles.  Area,  about  7,60(1 
8i|uare  miles.    Elevation,  247  feet. 

Onteniente  (6n-ta-ne-en'ta).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  4G  miles 
south  by  west  of  Valencia.  Population  (1887), 
n.lfi.5. 

Oodeypore.    See  Uduipur. 

Oost  (ost),  Jakob  van.  Bom  at  Bmges,  Bel- 
gium, about  IGUO :  dic(l  there,  1671.  A  Flemish 
pninfor. 

Oost,  Jakob  van,  sumamed  "The  Younger." 
Born  aljout  1639:  died  at  Bruges,  1713.  A  Flem- 
ish liistorical  painter,  son  of  J.  van  Oost  (1600- 
1671). 

Oosterhout  (6s'ter-hout).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  North  Brilliant,  Netherlands,  2.5  miles 
southeitst  of  Rotterdam.  Population  (1889), 
commune,  10,425. 

Ootacamund  (6-tii-kil-mund').  A  sanatorium 
in  the  Nilgiri  Hills,  Dcccan,  India.  Elevation, 
7,220  feet. 

Oparo  (6-pii'ro),  or  Rapa  (ril'pa).  A  mountain- 
ous island  in  the  South  Pacific,  often  classed  in 
the  Austral  tn'oiip. 

Opata(o'pil-tii).  [PI.,  also  Opntns;  a  corruption 
of  a  Piiiui  term  signifying  'enemy.']  A  divi- 
sion of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American 
Indians.  It  embraced  the  following  agricultural  tribes ; 
Opata,  Eudeve,  .Tova,  Teguima,  Coguina<-hi,  Tegul,  Coidla, 
and,  probably,  the  Inuires.  Its  habitat  cxtendH  from  tlio 
western  boundary  of  Chihuahua  to  the  Rio  San  Miguel  in 
Souora,  Mexico,  and  from  the  main  fork  of  the  Rio  Va^iui, 
about  lat.  28',  northward  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Arl- 
Eona,  with  settlements  mainly  Iti  the  Rio  Sonora  valley. 
It  immhers  about  .'i,5lX).     See  PiirMn. 

Opato'W  (o'pii-tov).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Kadom,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Opatowka  100  miles  south  of  Warsaw.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  6,023. 

Opelousas  (op-e-lO'sas)       The  capital  -of  St. 


7.59 


Irv  parish,  Louisiana,  56  miles  west  of  Ba- 
Rouge.     Population  (1890),  1,572. 


Land 
ton  Rouge 

Opequan  (o-pek'an)  Creek.  A  small  river  in 
\  ir^iinia  ^vTiich  joins  the  Potomac  above  Har- 
jier's  Feny.  Near  it  was  the  scene  of  (he  battle 
of  Winchester,  Sept.  19,  1864.     See  Winchester. 

Ophelia  (6-fe'lia).  The  daughter  of  Polonius, 
in  Shakspere's"  Hamlet."  Hermlndgiveswaywhen 
Hamlet  abandons  her  to  prosecute  his  revenge,  and  while 
gathering  flowers  by  a  brook  she  is  drowned. 

Ophelia,  Miss.  -V  strong-minded,  clear-headed 
New  Eiiglan<l  woman  in  Mrs.  Stowe's  "Uncle 
Tom's  Caliin." 

Ophir  (6'fcr).  In  Old  Testament  geography,  a 
country  whence  gold,  silver,  precious  stones, 
ivory,  sandalwood,  apes,  and  peacocks  were 
brought.  It  was  especially  noted  for  its  gold.  The  fleet 
of  Solomon  occupied  3  years  in  making  the  journey.  It 
has  been  variously  Identilled  with  India,  Sumatra,  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  and  the  southern 
or  southeastern  portion  of  .\rabia  on  the  Persian  Gulf. 
The  last  identification  has  in  ita  favor  the  statement  in 
Gen.  X.  29,  where  Ophir  is  mentioned  as  the  son  of  Joktan. 

Ophir  (6'fer),  Mount.  1.  A  volcano  in  Suma- 
tra, near  the  western  coast,  about  lat.  0°,  long. 
100°  E.  Height,  9,610  feet.— 2.  A  mountain 
east  of  Malacca,  Malay  Peninsula.  Height, 
aliout  3,800  feet. 

Ophi'tes  (of 'its).  A  Gnostic  body,  of  very  early 
origin,  especially  prominent  in  the  2dcentm'y. 
and  existing  as  late  as  the  6th  century.  Its  mem- 
bers were  so  called  because  they  held  that  the  serpent 
(Gr.  o'tt?)  by  which  Eve  was  tempted  was  the  impersona- 
tion of  divine  wisdom,  the  great  teacher  and  civilizer  of 
the  human  race.     Also  called  yaassenfs. 

Oplliuchus(of-i-u'kus).  [Gr.'0(J;ofi;fof,from5^(C, 
a  serpent,  and  ix''''''t  to  hold.]  An  ancient  north- 
ern constellation,  representing  a  man  holding 
a  serpent;  the  Serpent-bearer.  Also  called  *S'(r- 
pcntarius.  The  Serpent  is  now  treated  as  a 
separate  constellation. 

Opie  (6'pi),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Alderson).  Bom  at 
Norwich.  England.  Nov.  12,  1709:  died  there, 
Dec.  2,  18.53.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Alderson  of  Norwich,  and  wife  of  John  Opie 
the  painter.  She  published  various  novels,  the  first, 
"Father  and  Daughter,"  appearing  in  ISOl.  In  1826  she 
became  a  Quaker.  After  tliis  appeared  her  "Illustrations 
of  Lying,"  "Detraction  Displayed."  etc. 

Opie,  John.  Born  at  St.  Agues,  near  Truro,  May, 
17ijl :  died  April  9, 1807.  An  English  jiainter.  In 
1780  he  went  to  London  under  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Wolcot 
(I'etcr  IMndar).  who  announced  him  as  "the  Cornish  won- 
der." In  1780  he  exhibited  his  first  historical  pictiu-e,  the 
"Assassination  of  .lames  I.,"  and  in  1787  the  "Murder  of 
Rizzio."  His  lectures  at  the  Royal  Academy  were  pub- 
lished in  1809. 

OpimiUS  (6-pim'i-us),  Lucius.  Roman  consul 
]2l  B.  C.  He  was  put  forward  by  the  senate  to  oppose 
the  reforms  of  Caiua  (iracchus,  and  was  the  leader  of  the 
optimal es  who  killed  Gracchus  with  ."i.OtXlof  his  followers 
in  121.  He  was  afterward  exiled  for  accepting  bribes  from 
Jugurtha. 

Opitz  (o'pits),  Martin.  Born  at  Bunzlau,  Si- 
lesia, Dec.  23,  1597:  died  at  Dantzic,  Aug.  20, 
1639.  A  German  )>oot  and  writer.  Ho  attended 
the  gymnasia  of  Bunzlau,  Breslau,  and  IJeuthen  where  he 
wrote  in  J.atin  his  first  work.  "  Aristarchus,"  in  praise  of 
the  German  language  as  a  poetical  medium.  In  1618  he 
went  to  the  university  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  to  study- 
jurisprudence,  whence  the  following  year  he  went  to  Uel- 
delberg.  In  1020,  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War,  he  went  to  Holland.  AtLeydeu  he  became  acquaint- 
ed witli  the  philologist  Hi-insiuB,  whom  he  followed  to 
Jutland,  where  he  wrote  the  poems,  published  13  years 
later,  "Trostgedichto  in  Widcrwartigkeiten  des  Krieges" 
("Poems  of  Consolation  in  the  Adversities  of  War").  In 
1622  he  was  called  to  a  position  in  the  gymnasium  at  Weis- 
senburg.  He  returned,  however,  in  the  following  year  to 
Silesia,  where  he  went  into  the  service  of  the  iVotestant 
duke  of  Llegnitz.  In  10'24  appeared  his  "Buch  von  der 
deutschen  Poeterey  "  ("  Book  <if  the  Geniian  Art  of  Poe- 
try"), which  became  the  jirinclpal  authority  on  versifica- 
tion and  style.  In  l(J2tI  he  went  into  the  service  of  the 
Catholic  Count  Iiohiia  at  Itresliiu.  In  lO'JS  ho  was  en- 
nobled by  the  emperor  Ferdinand  1 1.  After  the  death  of 
Count  Do'hna,  in  li.;W,  hcwent  hack  to  the  Duke  of  Liegnitz, 
wiiM  sut)se<juently  with  the  Swedes,  anil  ultimately  was 
made  secretary  and  historiographer  I  o  Kingl.adisiaus  IV.of 
Poland,  at  Dantzic,  where  he  died  of  the  plague.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  first  Silesian  school  of  p,)et8,  so  called.  He 
wrote  secular,  religions,  and  didactic  <leHcriptive  poems  : 
to  the  last  class  belong  "Zlatna"  and  "Vesuvius."  Sonic 
of  his  hymns  are  to  be  fonml  in  the  church  hymn-books. 
His  "Ilercynia"  is  a  pn>so  Idyl  in  which  verses  are  oc- 
casionally introduced.  AmongothertranKhitionsheiiiatle 
a  version  of  the  text  of  the  Italian  oiiera  "Daphne."  which 
was  produced  at  Toi-gau  In  HJ27,  and  was,  accordingly,  the 
first  (ierman  opera.  By  his  advocacy  of  the  Alexandrine 
ver«e  and  the  precepts  of  his  ".Art  of  Poetry"  he  hn>ui;ht 
about  a  reform  of  German  versification.  In  that  the  poets 
of  the  iireeedlng  centuries  had  flimiily  counted  the  num- 
ber of  hvlliililes.  wllhont  reference  in  the  (luality  of  those 
upon  wfiirh  the  inetmial  accent  fell. 

Opium  War.  A  war  lietweeu  Great  Britain  and 
Cliina,  lino  to  (he  attempt  of  the  Chinese  gov- 
ernmiMit  to  jirevent  the  inipurlation  of  opium. 
It  liegan  in  1840,  and  was  ended  by  the  treaty 
of  Nanking  (which  see)  in  1842. 


Opuntian  Locrlans 

Oporto  (6-p6r't6 ;  Pg.  pron.  6-p<)r'ti?).  A  dis. 
trict  in  tlie  province  of  Entre  Dotiro  e  Minho. 
I'opulation  (1890),  .5.50,391. 

Oporto,  Pg.  0  Porto  ('The  Port').  A  sea 
port,  chief  city  of  the  province  Entre  Douro  e 
Minho,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Douro,  near  its 
mouth,  in  lat.  41°  9'  N..  long.  8°  37'  W.  Next  to 
Lisbon  it  is  the  chief  city  of  the  kingdom  and  chief  manu- 
facturing place.  It  manufactures  cotton,  silk,  etc.,  and  has 
been  famous  since  1078  as  the  place  of  export  for  port  wine. 
The  cathedral  is  early  Pointed,  but  modernized.  Tho 
cloister,  of  1S?6  but  earlier  in  character,  survives,  with 
well-carved,  almost  Romanesi|Ue,  capitals.  The  Maria  Pia. 
or  railroad  briilge  across  the  Douro,  is  an  op.nwork  arch  of 
Iron,  of  525  feet  span  and  198  feet  lieiuht  in  the  clear.  The 
bridge  of  Dom  Luis  I.,  of  similar  constriietion,  finished  in 
1888,  has  a  span  of  .'^Di  feet  and  a  height  ..f  200.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  Arabs  in  710;  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  in  1809  ;  was  the  scene  of  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution  of  1820;  was  defended  against  Dom  .Miguel 
1832-33;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  insurrection,  particu- 
larly in  1846-t7  and  1S90.    Population  (lOliOi,  172,421. 

Oposura  (6-po-so'rii).  [Opata,  'heart  of  the 
iron-wood.']  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Moc- 
tezuma,  alsocalledbythat  name  in  the  province 
of  Sonora,  Mexico,  it  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  lies  on  the  bank  of  the  Oposura  River.  It  has 
Slid ered  a  great  deal  fnjm  the  depredations  of  the  Apaches 
during  the  lOth  century. 

Oppeln  (op'peln).  A  town  in  the  pro\'ince  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  50° 
40'  N.,  long.  17°  .55'  E.  It  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  a  principality  of  Oppeln,  which  was  united  to  the  em- 
pire in  the  ICth  century.    Population  (1890),  19,'208. 

Oppenheim  (op'pen-him).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
iiiec  of  Rhino  Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
Kliine  11  miles  south  by  east  of  Mainz,  in  the 
middle  ages  it  was  an  important  free  imperial  city.  It  con- 
tains the  ruins  of  the  fortress  Landskron.  Population 
(189fl),  3,425. 

Oppert  (op'pert),  Jules.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
July  9,  1825.  A  distinguished  French  Oriental- 
ist, of  Hebrew  descent :  appointed  professor  of 
Sanskrit  in  the  Imperial  Library  at  Paris  in 
1857,  and  of  Assyriology  at  the  College  de  France 
(wliere  he  had  taught  from  18691  in  1874.  He  was 
employed  by  the  French  government  In  explorations  in 
Asiatic  Turkey  1851-.M.  Among  his  numerous  publications 
are  "  Etudes  assyriennes  "  (1857),  "  Txpedition  de  Mesopo- 
tjimic"  (1859-01),  "Grande  inscription  dupalaisde  Khorsa- 
bad  •'  (1863),  "  La  chronologic  de  la  Wn^ee  "  (1879),  etc. 

Oppian  (op'i-an).  [From  1j.  Oi>piniiii.<!,  from  Gr. 
'OTTiai'rff.]  Lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury A.D.  A  Creek  pnet  of  Cilicia.  He  was  the 
antfiorof  apoemon  fishing,  "Halieutica"  (Or.  '.\Ai,i.Ti<a), 
and  was  wrongly  considered  the  author  of  a  poem  on  hunt- 
ing, "Cynegetica." 

Oppido  Mamertina  (op'^e-do  ma-mer-te'nii). 
A  town  in  tlio  province  ot  Reggio  di  Calabria, 
smithern  Italy.  23  miles  northeast  of  Reggio. 
Population  (ISSl),  commune,  6.477. 

Oppius  (op'i-us),  Caius.  A  friend  and  con- 
temporary of  Julius  Cffisar,  reputed  author  of 
the  liistory  of  the  African  war. 

Opportunists  (op-or-tu'nists\  In  recent  French 
liislovy,  tlie  reimiilican  jiarty  represented  by 
( ianilntta.  Ferry,  and  others,  who  adapted  their 
course  to  the  exigencies  of  the  time:  opposed  to 
radicals  and  doctrinaires. 

0.  P.  Riots.  The  '•  old-price  riots,"  which  took 
]ilace  at  Covent  (Jarden  Theatre,  London,  in 
1809.  The  cost  of  tho  new  theater  then  just  built  was  so 
great  that  tho  proprietors  nUsed  the  price  of  admission, 
and  the  public  resolved  to  resist. 

The  house  opened  vn  the  ISth  of  September,  1809,  with 
"  Macbeth"  and  the  "Quaker."  The  audience  was  dense 
and  furious.  They  sat  with  their  backs  to  the  stage,  or 
stoodon  the  se:dK,  iheir  hatson.  to  hiss  and  hoot  the  Kein- 
blo  family  especially  ;  not  a  word  of  the  performance  was 
heard,  for  when  the  audience  were  not  denoiinelng  the 
Keinbles,  they  were  singing  and  shouting  at  the  very  tops 
of  their  then  fresh  voices-  The  upper  gallery  was  so  noisy 
that  soldiers,  of  whom  500  were  in  the  house,  rushed  In  to 
capture  tho  rioters,  who  let  themselves  down  to  the  lower 
gauery,  where  they  were  hospitjibly  received.  The  sight 
of  tho  soldiers  Increased  the  general  exasperation.  I'llie 
excitement  continued  for  weeks,  anil  many  of  tho  riotent 
were  arresteil.]  The  acquittal  of  leading  rioters  gave  a 
little  spirit  to  some  after  displays  ;  but  it  led  to  a  settle- 
ment. Audiences  continued  tho  alfniy,  filing  peas  on  tho 
stage  to  hringdown  tliedancei-H,and  celebrated  their  own 
0.  P.  dance  before  leaving;  but, at  a  bamiuet  to  crlehrate 
the  triumph  of  the  cause  in  the  acquittal  of  the  leaders, 
ilr.  Kembic  himself  appeared.  Terms  were  there  agreed 
upon  ;  and  on  tho  slxty-seventh  night  a  banner  in  tho 
house,  with  "  Wo  are  satisfied  "  Inscribed  on  It.  pnH'lalmed 
that  all  was  over.  After  such  a  fmy  thi'  aalisfaction  was 
dearly  bought.  The  4s.  nite  of  adlnlssioii  to  the  pit  was 
diminished  by  6d.,  but  the  half-price  reinalned  at  2s.  Tho 
private  boxes  were  decreiised  Iii  number,  but  the  new  price 
of  admission  to  the  boxes  was  maintained.  Thmslhr  man. 
agers,  after  all,  had  more  of  llie  victory  than  the  pwiple ; 
but  It  was  bought  dearly. 

yiornii,  English  Stage,  II.  362-86(1. 

Ops  (ops).     In  Roman  mythology,  a  goddess  of 

pionty,  wife  of  Silt  urn. 
Optic  (op'iilo.   Oliver.     Tho  pseudonym  of 

William  Tiiylur  Ailaiiis. 
Opuntian  Locrlans.    See  Locri  Opuntii, 


Opzoomer 


7G0 


Opzoomer  (op'z6-mer).  Karel  Willem.  Bom  Orbe  forb  or  or'be).  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
at  Rotterdam.  Sept.  20,  1S21 :  dieil  at  Ooster-  Vaiul,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Orbe  15 
beck,  Aug.  23,  1892.  A  Dutch  philosopher  and  miles  northwest  of  Lausanne.  It  was  the  ancient 
jurist,  professor  at  Utrecht.  He  wrote  a  man-  capital  of  Little  Burguudv.  Population  (1888), 
ual  of  logic  (1851),  etc.  1,620. 

Oran  (6-riin';  F.  6-ron').  1.  The  westernmost  Orbe.  A  small  river  in  the  department  of  Jiu-a, 
department  of  Algeria,  bordering  on  Morocco  on  France,  and  canton  of  Vaud,  S-witzerland,  ilow- 
thewest.  Area, 44,616square miles.  Population  ing  into  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel.  It  is  the  upper 
(1891),  942,066.-2.  The  capital  of  the  depart-  course  of  the  Thiele  (or  Zihl). 
ment  of  Oran,  aseaport  situated  on  the  Mediter-  OrbegOSO  (or-ba-go's6),  Luis  Jose.  Born  near 
raneaninlat.35°44'X..long.0°42' W.  ithasim-  Huamachuco.  Aug.  25,  1795:  died  at  Truxillo, 
I""!*"' '™1''-  The  out  Spanish  town  exists  alone  with  the     1,S47.    A  Peruvian  "eneral  and  politician.     He 

was  elected  president  by  the  constitutional  assembly, 


rnodeni  town.      It  w.is  a  Huuiishing  medieval  town  ;  was 
held  by  the  Spaniards  from  1.S09  to  170S.  and  from  1732  un- 
til after  the  earthquake  of  1790 ;  and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1S31.     Population  (181)1),  73,839. 
Orange  (or'auj ;  F.  pron.  o-ronzh').   A  town  in 


Dec.  20, 1833 ;  but  Gamarra,  Salaverry,  and  others  declared 
against  him  i  and  in  June,  1S3.S,  he  accepted  the  inter- 
vention of  Santa  Cruz,  president  of  Bolivia.  Santa  Cruz 
established  the  Peru-Bolivian  Confederation  in  1836,  and 


1802 :  died  near  St.  Denis,  June  30',  185'7.  A 
French  naturalist.  From  1828  to  1833  he  traveled  in 
southern  Brazil,  the  Platine  States,  Bolivia,  and  Peru. 
The  results  of  his  journey  were  published  at  government 
expense  as  "  Voyage  dans  1' Amerique  MSridionale  "  (9  vols. 
1834-47  ;  including  narrative,  3  vols.;  "L'Homme  Ameri- 
cain,"  ethnological,  2  vols.;  and  the  remainder  on  zool- 
ogy, etc.).  Among  his  other  WTitings  are  "  PaWontolo- 
gie  fran9aise"(14  vols.  1840-54:  unflnish.d)  and  several 
works  on  Furamimfera .  He  contributed  to  Eamon  de  la 
Sagra  s  "  History  of  Cuba  "  the  volumes  on  birds.  MoUusca, 
and  Foramim'fera. 


the  departnient  of  Vaucluse,  France,  13  miles  Orbegoso  was  nominated  president  of  North  Peru,  with 
north  of  \vin-non  ■  the  ancient  Araiisio  noted  '"e  rank  of  grand  marshal.  In  Aug.,  183S,  he  was  defeated 
fZ  tc  ■».;„„  V-  f-  ''°'^'^°'^  Arausio.  notea  ^v  Gamarra  and  the  Chileans,  and  went  into  exile  for  some 
tor  Its  Koman  antiquities.     The  Koman  triumphal     years.    Also  written  Orbegozo 

S^H  ^.f^h/""  P'-es'""'!  and  of  fine  masonry,  is  attrib-  (Jrbetello  (or-ba-tel'16).  A  small  town  in  the 
uted  to  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelms.      It  has  a   larie     „„„,.;„„„   „*  r>„  ^      rt   i         .,       ,     ,  "  i,  "^ 

central  arch  between  two  smaller  ones  flanl;ed  by  Cori'n-     P™\  nice   Ot  Orrossefo,  Italy,  Situated  near  the 
thian  columns,  the  two  middle  ones  of  which  support  a    Mediterranean.  75  miles  northwest  of  Rome, 
pediment.     It  is  ornamented  with  reliefs  among  which  OrbignV   (or-ben-ye'),  AlcldO  DessalineS   d' 
naval  trophies  are  conspicuous:  and  the  deep  vault  of  the    Born    at    Coueron     Loire-Inferipure     Sent     fi' 
central  opening  is  beautifully  coffered.    The  height  is  72     io"."     -.■    '^^'^^^'^""x.    -X      '     J'^^^l^J  PJrS}-   °' 
Jeet,  ividth  67,  and  thickness  26.    The  Koman  theater  is 
much  ruined  in  its  cavea,  but  possesses  probably  the  finest 
surnving  example  of  an  ancient  stage  structure.     The 
splendid  uncemented  wall  at  the  back  is  340  feet  long, 
118  high,  and  13  thick,  and  still  shows  the  pierced  corbels 
which  received  the  awning-poles.   The  stage  has  3  doors, 
and  was  roofed.    The  theater  could  seat  about  7,000.  The 
Cimbri  defeated  the  Romans  here  in  105  B.  c.   It  was  a 
flourisliing  Roman  town.  Later  it  was  the  capital  of  a  prin- 
cipality which  fell  to  the  house  of  Nassau  in  1530 ;  was 
nnder  the  Nassau-Orange  family  until  1702  ;  and  was  an- 
nexed to  France  in  1713.     The  title  of  Prince  of  Orange 
V.  as  retained  in  the  house  of  Nassau.    Population  (1891),  Orbigny.OharleS  DeSSalinsS  d'.   BornatCou^- 

Orange  (or'anj).   A  city  in  Essex  County,  New    S  ^?^^X}?i^^Tl^'  ^T"""'  P^?",- l^Of:  died 
Jorsly,  13  miles  west  of  New  York,    it  contains    1%  'dW  i^ny  ^'^  ^^'*'  ^"''^''  °^ 

many  residences  o.   New-Vorker..     Population  (1900),  q^'^  ^-.^^j^^^  j,  Reformed  giant  who  eats 

Orange.     See  Clove  and  Orange.  ™en  but  not  women,  in  Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's 

Orange,  Prince  of.    See  Wilfiam  "the  Silent."     "Orlando."  He  has  two  projecting  bones  for  eyes.  Man- 
Pniice  of  (Jraugc,  and    William  III     King  of    dr'cardo  delivers  Lucina  from  him. 
Kii:,'land.  '  2.  A  sea-monster  in  Ariosto's  "  Orlando  Furi- 

Orange,  Principality  of.    A  small  principality    °^°'"  ^^^^  ^^  Orlando  when  about  to  devour 
now  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse,  France, 
contiiining  Orange    and   neighboring  places. 
It   fell  to  the  house   ot  Nassau  in  1530.     Sec 
Oyiniiji . 

Orange  Free  State,  now  Orange  River  Col- 
ony. A  former  republic  in  southern  Africa. 
Capital,  Bloemfontein.  it  is  bounded  by  the 
Transvaal  Colony  (separated  by  the  Vaal)  on  the  north 
Natal  on  the  east,  Basutoland  on  the  southeast  Cape 
Colony  (separated  by  the  Orange  River)  on  the  south 
and  Griqualand  West  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undu 
lating  and  hilly.  Tlie  chief  occupation  is  the  raising  of 
hve  stocli:  the  leadin<'  products  are  wool,  riiamond.s 
ostrich-feathers,  and  hides.  The  government  was  vested  in 
a  president  and  a  legislative  assembly  called  the  Volte- 
r;iiid.  The  inbabit:ints  arc  natives  (129,787  in  1830)  ami 
whites  ot  Enrop.-an  (especi.ally  Dutcb)  descent.  The 
territory  was  settl.d  in  the  tirst  half  of  the  19th  century 
by  emigrants  fr..m  Cape  Colony;  was  annexed  by  Grea't 
Britain  in  1848;  and  became  independent  in  18.54  Con- 
quered and  annexed  by  Great  Britain  1900.  Area.  52  OOu 
square  miles.     Popul:-"  -  •-"""■    -■.-  —  ■ 


Orcades  (or'ka-dez).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Orkney  Islands. 

Orcagria  (or-kan'yii)  (properly  di  Cione),  An- 
drea, called  Arcagnolo(ofwluch  name  OiTagiia 
is  a  corruption).  Born  at  Florence  about  1329: 
diedabout  1368.  A  Florentine  painter,  sculptor, 
and  architect.  He  studied  the  goldsmith's  craft  under 
his  father,  and  painted  with  his  brother  Bernardo.  In  the 
practice  of  this  art  he  appears  to  have  been  chiefly  occu- 
pied during  the  early  part  of  his  life.  After  painting  with 
his  brother  the  life  of  the  Madonna,  and  the  two  great 
frescos  of  Heaven  and  Hell  in  Santa  JIaria  Novella,  the 
frescos  of  the  Cresci  chapel,  .and  the  facade  of  San  Apolli- 
nare,  hepainted  the  picture  of  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin 
(now  in  the  National  Gallery).  By  these  works  he  gained 
a  great  reputation.  The  frescos  of  the  Triumph  of  Death 
and  the  L.ist  Judgment  in  the  Oampo  Santo  at  Pisa,  by 
painters  of  the  Tuscan  school,  have  been  attributed  to 
him.  {See  Campo  Santo.)  About  134S  he  transformed  the 
olil  granary  of  Arnolfo  del  Cambio  (Florencej  into  the 
Cllurch  of  Or  San  Michele. 

A  name  given  to  Coimty 


.      iltinn  (1890),  207.503. 

Orangemen  (or'an.i-men).  1.  Iri.sh  Protestants.  Orchard  of  Ireland, 

Tlic  name  was  given  about  the  end  of  the  17th  century  bv    .\rniaLch,  Ireland. 

,"'•"}  Cathnhcs  to  the  Protestants  of  Ireland,  on  account  Orrhard<!OTl  (or'clrird-snn  )  ■WiniaTn  nuill^i- 
of  theu-  support  of  the  cause  of  WiUiam  III.  of  En-land,  r!:„,  „f  TTV  i  1  idlV'  Wimam  QlUller. 
prince  of  Orange.  ^.ouu,    ^^orn   at  Edinburgh,  1835.     A   British   tigure- 

2.  A  secret  politico-religious  society,  instituted    pai^tcr.   He  removed  to  London  in  1863.   Hehaspainted 

in  Ireland  in  1795.    it  was  organized  for  the  nnmosB    '7i"?  9'*"''"=^  "  '^^*>'  "  '^'■^"^  E«"" "  ('^'O).  "The  Bill 

of  upholding  the  ProtestInt7eligrn"and'al"cenranPcra°  d     mv'ns^f  t,;  °ht  bv  «?e?b''v''-  ^'"''T'::'.':''^^' 
of  opposing  Romaiiism  and  the  Roman  Catholic  influence       -  ■   ^^   ■  J',°"K''.'  l'.y.H'?_f^haiitry  betiuest),  -The  Salon 


1815  ■■  (1880:  bought  by  the  Chantry  bequest),  ' 
of  iladame  Recaniier"  (1885),  etc 


in  the  government  of  the  country.     Orangemen  are  es-  c\t.^iX'l"""i^^T'TV.'l,J 
pecially  prominent  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  but  local  branches  X      C-      '  ^  J^ehri 

ualleil  l,„in,s  are  found  all  over  the  British  empire,  as  Orcnies  (or-she').     A  town  in  the  department 
well  as  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States.  of  Nord,  France,  14  miles  southeast  of  Lille. 

Orange  River,  or  Kai  Gariep  (ki  ga-rep').  The    Population  (1891),  commune,  3,918. 
cliief  river  in  southern  .\frica.    It  rises  in  Basuto.  Orchomenus  (or-kom'e-nus).     [Gr.  'Oproueidr.'l 
'S"i°f*Ll^f,>';?,'5...°L?'"?'!_''".^  .fl"'^?  generally  west.    In  ancient  geography,  the  name  of  several  cities 


ward,  8ep,irating  Capt-  ('olony  from  the  Orange  River  Col- 
ony,  British  Bechnanalan.l,  and  German  Sontliwest  Africa. 
Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Vaal.  Length,  about  1  200  miles 
It  IS  "not  much  better  than  a  huge  torrent.  ' 

Orange  River  Colony.    See  Oi-nmie  Free  State. 

Oranienbauni(6-ra'ne-en-boum")."  [6., 'orange- 
tree.']  A  town  in  the  province  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. Russia,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
25  miles  west  of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  noted  for 
its  imperial  palace.     Population,  3,350. 

Orarian  (6-ra'ri-an).     See  Eskimauaii. 

Orators,  The.     A  play  by  Samuel  Foote,  pcr- 


m  Greece,  (a)  A  city  in  Poentia,  situated  on  the  Cephis- 
sus  and  on  Lake  Copais,  55  miles  northwest  of  Athens. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Minyfe  Here,  in  85  B  c, 
Sulla  defeated  Archelaus,  the  general  of  Mithridates. 
king  of  Pontus.  The  site  contains  important  remains  of 
antiquity.  The  treasury  of  Minyas,  so  called,  is  a  veiy 
ancient  tomb  of  the  Mycenean  beehive  type.  The  plan  is 
circular,  45  feet  in  diameter,  covered  in  by  a  pseudo-dome 
formed  by  corbeling  in  the  stones  of  the  wall.  A  side 
chamber,  rock-hewn,  had  its  sides  and  ceiling  incrusted 
with  slabs  carved  with  beautiful  arabesques.  The  "trea- 
sury" is  approached  by  a  droraos  or  passage  16  feet  wide. 
(6)  A  city  in  Arcadia,  33  miles  west-southwest  of  Corinth. 


form...l  in  1 762.     It.  satirizes  a  Dublin  printer  nlZTc  TZ°l  '"t  '"^''"'^  Arcadian  cities. 

Tiniiie.l   non,-^o  TT'oi.ll.-.io,.  UrCUS  (Or  KUS). 


named  George  Faulkner. 
Oratory 


A  Latin  name  for  Hades 


,  chapel 

for  it  and  called  an  oratory.  It  is  composed  of  sim- 
ple priests  under  no  vows.  Its  chief  seat  is  Italy,  but 
congregations  were  founded  in  England  in  1.M7  anil  1849 
under  the  leadership  of  former  members  of  the  Anglican 
Church. 


Point  in  1839,  served  against  the  Seminole  Indians  1839-42. 
and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  I'nited  States  vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  gained  the 
victoi-yof  Dranesvillein  Dec, 1861,  and  served  before  Rich- 
mond and  Petersburg  in  1861-65.  He  retired  with  the  brevet 
rank  of  major-general  in  18S0. 


Orders 

Ordaz  (cr-diith'),  or  Ordas  (6r-das'), Diego  de 
Born  about  1480:  died  at  sea,  1.533.  A  Spanish 
captain,  it  appears  that  he  was  with  Ojeda  at  Darien 
1509-10;  subsequently  he  served  with  Velasquez  in  Cuba! 
and  with  Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  1519-21.  Hav^ 
ing  obtained  agrant  of  the  country  now  embraced  in  Guiana 
and  eastern  Venezuela,  he  explored  the  Orinoco  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Meta,  1531-32.  Martinez,  one  of  his  officers 
afterward  asserted  that  he  had  seen  on  this  expedition  the 
golden  city  of  Manoa,  thus  probably  starting  the  myth  of 
El  Dorado.  Ordaz.  on  his  return  to  the  coast,  was  arrested 
on  false  charges,  and  sent  to  Santo  Domingo  :  he  was  freed 
by  the  audience,  and  died  while  on  his  way  to  ,Spain. 

OrdericusVitalis (6r-de-ri'kus  vi-ta'lis),  or  Or- 
deric(6r'de-rik),  Born'at  Atcham. near  Shrews- 
bury, England,  1075  :  died  about  1143.  An  Eng- 
lish historian  and  Benedictine  monk.  He  wrote 
an  "Ecclesiastical  History."  especially  relating  to  Nor- 
mandy  and  England  in  the  11th  ami  12th  centuries  (ed  b» 
Le  Prtivost  1838-55).  ' 

Orders.  Institutions,  partly  imitated  from  the 
medieval  and  crusading  orders  of  military 
monks,  but  generally  founded  by  a  sovereign, 
a  national  legislature,  or  a  prince  of  high  rank, 
for  the  purpose  of  rewarding  meritorious  ser- 
vice by  the  conferring  of  a  dignity :  a  number 
of  the  more  prominent  of  these  orders  are  de- 
scrilied  below.  Most  honorary  orders  consist  of  sev. 
eral  classes,  known  as  kiiiffhts  companions,  oncers,  com- 
vianders.  firand  ojicers,  and  grand  cmnmanders.  otherwise 
called  grand  cross  or  grand  cordon.  Many  orders  have 
fewer  classes,  a  few  having  only  one.  It  is  customary  to 
divide  honorary  orders  into  three  ranks  :  (a)  Those  which 
admit  only  nobles  of  the  highest  rank,  and  among  foreign- 
ers only  sovereign  princes  or  members  of  reigning  fami- 
lies. Of  this  character  are  the  Golden  Fleece  (Austria  and 
Spain),  the  Elephant  (Denmark),  and  the  Garter  (Great 
Britain):  it  is  usual  to  regard  these  three  as  the  existing 
orders  of  highest  dignity,  (b)  Those  orders  which  are  con- 
ferred upon  members  of  iiolde  families  only,  and  some- 
times because  of  the  mere  fact  of  noble  birth,  without 
special  services,  (c)  The  orders  of  merit,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  conferred  for  services  only:  of  these  the 
Legion  of  Honor  is  the  best-known  type.  The  various 
orders  have  their  appropriate  insignia,  consisting  usu- 
ally of  a  collar  of  design  peculiar- to  the  order,  a  star,  cross, 
jewel,  badge,  ribbon,  or  the  like.  It  is  common  to  speak 
of  an  order  by  its  name  alone,  as  the  Garter,  the  Bath.— 
Guelflc  Order,  a  Hanoverian  order  of  knighthood,  found- 
ed in  1815  by  George  IV.  (then  prince  regent),  and  en- 
titled the  Royal  Hanoverian  Guelflc  Order.  It  includes 
grand  crosses,  commanders,  and  knights,  both  civil  and 
military.—  Military  Order  of  Savoy,  an  order  founded 
by  King  Victor  Emmanuel  I.  of  Sardinia  in  1S15.  adopted 
by  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  still  in  existence.  The 
badge  is  a  cross  of  gold  in  red  enamel,  voided,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  royal  crown.  The  ribbon  is  blue.—  Order 
for  Merit,  a  Prussian  order  composed  of  two  classes, 
military  and  civil.  The  flrst  class  was  founded  by  Fred- 
erick the  Great  in  1740  (compare  Order  of  (JenerogUy). 
The  badge  is  a  blue  enameled  cross  adorned  with  the  let- 
ter F,  the  words  ''  pour  le  nitrite,"  and  golden  eagles. 
Since  1810  it  has  been  given  exclusively  for  distinction  on 
the  field.  The  second  class  (or  second  order)  was  found- 
ed by  Frederick  William  IV.  in  1842  for  distinction  in 
science  and  art.—  Order  Of  Alcantara,  a  Spanish  mili- 
tary order  said  to  be  a  revival  of  a  very  ancient  order  of 
St  Julian,  and  to  have  received  its  name  from  the  citj'of 
Alcantara,  given  by  Alfonso  IX.  of  Castile  in  1213  to  the 
Knights  of  Calatrava.  and  transferred  by  the  latter.— Or- 
der of  Alexander  Nevski,  a  Russian  order  founded  in 
1722  by  Peter  the  Great,  but  flrst  conferred  by  the  empress 
Catharine  I.  in  1725.  The  ordinaiy  badge  is  a  cross  patte, 
the  center  being  a  circle  of  white  enamel  showing  St! 
Alexander  on  horseback,  the  arms  of  red  enamel  with  a 
double-headed  eagle  between  every  two  arms,  and  the 
whole  surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown.  This  is  worn 
hanging  to  a  broad  red  ribbon  en  sawtotVc— Order  of 
Calatrava,  a  Spanish  military  order  founded  in  the  mid. 
die  of  the  12th  centuiy,  and  talking  itsname  from  the  for- 
tress of  Calatrava,  which  had  been  captured  from  the 
Moors  in  1147,  and  was  conflded  t-j  the  new  order.  It  is 
still  in  existence.  The  badge  is  a  cross  fleury  enameled 
red,  attached  to  a  red  ribbon.— Order  of  Charles  HI.  a 
Spanish  order  founded  by  Charles  III.  in  1771.— Order 
Of  Charles  XIII.,  a  Swedish  order  founded  by  the  sov- 
ereign of  that  name  in  1811,  for  Freemasons  of  the  higher 
degrees.  — Order  of  Christ,  a  Portuguese  order  founded 
by  King  Dionysius  and  conflrnied  about  1318,  It  contains 
three  degrees,  of  which  the  highest  is  limited  to  six  per- 
sons. The  present  badge  is  a  cross  of  eight  points  encircle<l 
by  an  oak  wreath,  and  having  between  the  arms  four  ovals 
in  black  enamel,  each  bearing  five  golden  billets,  symboli- 
cal of  the  five  wounds  of  Christ.  The  ribbon  is  dark  red. — 
Order  of  Civil  Merit,  the  name  of  several  orders,  the 
most  prominent  of  which  is  that  of  Prussia.  See  Order 
.for  Merit.  —  Order  of  Fidelity.  («)  An  order  of  the  duchy 
of  Baden,  founded  by  the  margrave  Charles  William  in 
171.5.  It  is  still  in  existence,  and  consists  of  two  classes 
only,  that  of  grand  cross  and  that  of  commander.  The 
badge  is  a  cross  of  eight  points  in  red  enamel,  having  be- 
tween each  two  arms  the  cipher  CC :  the  same  cipher  oc- 
cupies the  middleof  the  cross,  with  the  motto  '  Fidelitas." 
The  ribbon  is  orange-colored  and  edged  with  blue,  (ft)  Au 
order  of  Portugal,  founded  by  John  VI.  in  1823  for  the 
supporters  of  the  monarchy  during  the  insurrectionai-y 
movements  in  that  country. —  Order  of  Generosity,  a 
Prussian  order  of  distinction  fonndet!  in  1005,  but  not  or- 
ganized till  lt.^5.  and  siiperseiieil  in  1740  by  the  Order  for 
Merit.  — Orderof  Glory  (.Vi-.7ia/i  //liltar),  an  order  of  the 
Ottoman  cnjiiin.   iiistiluted  by  Mahmoud  II,   in  1n31.— 

Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic,  known  as  the  lioyal 
American  Order,  and  instituted  in  1S15  to  reward  loyalty 
among  the  .American  colonists  and  dependen's  of  Spain. 
The  order  still  exists.  Thebmltleis  a  cross  patte  indented, 
the  center  filled  with  a  medallion,  the  arms  Liianieled  red, 
and  with  gold  rays*betwet>n  the  arms.  —  Order  Of  Jesus, 
of  Jesus  Christ,  etc.,  the  name  of  several  orders  of  more 
or  less  religious  character,  in  Spain,  Sweden,  etc. —  Order 


Orders 

of  I*OPOld,  an  Austrian  order  founded  by  Francis  I.,  em- 
peror of  Austria,  in  memory  uf  the  emperor  Leopold  II. 
It  dates  from  lau8,  and  is  still  in  existence.— Order  of 
LouiS&i  a  Prussian  order  fuuiKKd  by  Frederieli  William 
III.  in  1S14,  for  women  only.—  Order  Of  Maria  Louisa, 
a  Spanisli  order  for  women,  founded  in  1702,  and  still  in 
existence.— Order  of  Maria  Theresa,  an  Austrian  order 
founded  by  the  empress  of  that  name  in  1757,  lint  modi- 
fled  by  the  emperor  .Ic.seiih  II.— Order  Of  Maximilian, 
an  order  for  theeLR-t_>iir;iL'fiiient  of  art  jintl  seieiue.  founded 
in  186:i  by  Maximilian  II.  of  r.a\ aria.— Order  Of  Med- 
jidl  See  MniiidL—  Order  of  Military  Merit,   (a)  An 
order  instituted  in  17ri':i  by  Louis  XV.  of  trance  for  I'rotes- 
tant  officers,  as  the  i  irder  of  St.  Louis  was  limited  to  Catho- 
lics.   Its  or;;anizatii>ii  was  similar  to  that  of  the  latter  or- 
der.   In  1814  it  was  reorganized  for  otlicers  of  the  army 
and  navy.     It  has  not  been  conferred  since  1830.      The 
badge  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  St,  Louis,  and  the  rib- 
bon is  of  the  same  color,     (h)  An  order  founded  by  Duke 
Charles  Euccne  of  W  urteniborg  in  176!>.— Order  Of  Odd- 
Fellows,  The  Independent.    See  OM- Fellows. — Order 
of  Our  Lady  of  Montesa.a  .'(panisli  order  founded  ill  the 
14tli  century  by  the  King  of  Aragon,  afterward  attached 
to  the  crown  of  Spain.  —  Order  Of  Our  Lady  of  Mount 
Cannsl,  an  order  founded  by  Henry  IV.  of  1  ranee  on  the 
oc;:asiou  of  his  embracing  Catholicism,  and  in  a  measure 
replacing  the  Order  of  St.  Lazarus.-  Order  Of  St.  An- 
drew, a  Russian  order  founded  by  Peter  the  Great  in  1GV>8. 
The  badge  is  the  double  eagle  of  Kussia  in  black  enamel, 
upon  the  breast  of  which  is  the  crucifix  of  St.  Andrew, 
with  saltier-shaped  crt)SS,  the  whole  surmounted  by  an 
imperial  crown.    The  ribbon  is  blue ;  but  on  state  occa- 
sions this  badge  is  worn  pendent  to  a  collar  composed  of 
similar  crowned  eagles,  of  ovals  bearing  saltiers,  and  of 
shields  with  tlags  and  crowns.— Order  of  St.  Andrew  in 
Scotland.    Same  as  Order  of  the  Thistle.— Oliet  of  St. 
Benedict  of  Aviz,  a  Portuguese  order  said  to  date  from 
the  12th  century.    The  badge  is  a  cross  fleury  of  green 
enamel,  having  a  gold  fleur-de-lis  in  the  angle  between 
every  two  arms  of  the  cross,  and  hangs  from  a  green  rib- 
bon worn  around  the  neck.  —  Order  of  St.  Gall.    Same  as 
Ontero/the  Bear.  — Orier  of  St.  (Jeorge.  (a)  A  Bavarian 
order  founded  or,  as  is  asserted,  restored  by  the  elector 
Charles  Albert  in  1729.     It  is  still  in  existence,  and  is  di- 
vided into  three  classes,    (b)  A  Russian  order  founded  in 
1769  by  the  empress  Catharine  II.     Tills  is  conferred  only 
upon  a  commanding  general  who  has  defeated  an  army 
of  (Ifty  thousand  men,  or  captured  the  enemy's  capital, 
or  brought  about  an  honorable  peace.     There  is  now  no 
person  living  who  has  gaineil  this  distinction  regularly, 
though  it  has  been  given  to  a  foreign  sovereign.—  Order 
of  St.  James  of  the  Sword  (also  called  St.  James  of  Cum- 
po#(ff/a ),  a  Spanish  order  ul'ii  I  cat  antiquity,  asserted  to  have 
been  approved  by  tlu-  Pope  in  1175,  and  still  existing.    In 
the  middle  ages  this  order  had  great  military  power,  and 
administered  a  large  income.    The  badge  is  a  cross  in  red 
enamel,  atfecling  the  form  of  a  sword,  and  bearing  a  scal- 
lop shell  attlic  junction  of  tbearms.     Tlieribbon  is  red.— 
Order  of  St.  Lazarus,  an  order  which  had  its  origin  in 
tlie  Uoly  Land,  and  was  afterward  transplanted  into  France, 
where  "it  retained  independent  existence  until,  under 
Ilcm-y  IV.,  it  was  in  a  measure  replaced  by  the  Order  of 
"ir  Lady  of  Mount  Carmel.    It  disappeared  during  the 
v..lution.— Order  of  St.  Louis,  a  t'rcnch  order  founded 
Louis  XIV.  in  lU'ja  for  military  service,  and  conllnned 
Louis  XV.  in  1719.    After  the  restoration  of  the  Lour- 
118  in  1814  this  order  was  reinstated.    No  knights  have 
.11  created  since  1830.    The  badge  is  a  cross  of  eight 
i^nints,  having  in  the  central  medallion  a  figure  of  Louis 
.\  I  v.,  robed  and  crowned,  and  holdiii'.,'  in  his  liands  wreaths 
i.(  honor  ;  there  is  a  gold  llcnr  de-lis  between  every  two 
arms.     The    ribbon    is    ttame-eobucd.  —  Order    Of   St. 
Michael  a  French  order  instituted  liy  Louis  XI.  in  ]4C:», 
and  modified  by  Henry  III.  and  Louis  .\IV.    Since  1830 
it  has  not  been  conferred.     The  badge  is  a  cross  of  eight 
points  with  lleurs-de-lis  between  the  arms,  and  in  the  cen- 
lial  medallion  a  figure  of  the  archangel  Michael  tram- 
Iiliiig  on  the  dragon.    The  ribbon  is  black.— Order  Of  St 
Michael  and  St.  George,  a  British  order  instituted  in 
IsH,  originally  tor  natives  of  the  Ionian  and  Maltese  isl- 
[oids  and  for  other  British  subjects  in  the  .Mc.litcri.incan. 
It  has  since  been  greatly  extended.—  Order  of  St.  Pat- 
rlclt  an  order  of  kiiightho.jil  instituted  liy  clcorgc  HI.  of 
I'.ugland  in  1783.     It  consists  of  the  sovereign,  the  lord 
li.uteuaiit  of  Irelaml,  and  twenty- two  knights.— Order 
of  SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian,  a  religious  order  in  Pales- 
tine in  the  middle  ages,  cs|K-cially  charged  with  the  care 
..(  pilgrims.— Order  of  St.  Stanislaus,  a  Polish  order 
dating  from  17r.r.,  and  adopted  by  the  czars  of  Russia.— 
Order  of  the  Annunciation.  (")  The  liiglu-st  order  of 
knighthood  (O/v/i ».•»«///-■  //"'(W'.l'i'i ""•'"'") of  the  ducal 
house  of  .Sa\oy,  now  tlie  royal  house  of  Italy,  dating  un- 
der its  present  name  from  l-'ilB,  when  it  superseded  the 
Order  of  the  ('(dlar,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Count 
Amadeus  VI.  of  Savoy  in  13(12,  but  probably  older.     The 
medal  of  the  order  bears  a  rcjirescntation  of  the  annunci- 
ation ;  its  collar  is  decorateil  with  alternate  golden  knots 
and  enameled  roses,  the  latter  hearing  the  letters  F  E  B  T, 
making  the  Latin  word/crt  (  bo  bears'),  an  ancient  motto 
of  the  bouse  of  Savoy,  but  variously  otherwise  inter- 
preted. The  king  is  the  grand  master  of  the  order.  (6)  An 
order  of  nuns,  founded  about  l.'ioo  at  llourgea,  France,  by 
Queen  Jeanne  of  Valois  after  her  divorce  from  Louis  .XII. 
(c)  An  order  of  nuns,  foundeil  alioiit  imM  at  (ienoa,  Italy, 
by  Maria  Vlttoria  Fornari.     Order  of  the  Bath,  an 
order  aupnosed  to  have  been  instituted  at  the  coronation 
of  Henry  IV.  of  England  in  13IBI.     It  received  this  name 
tioin  the  fact  that  the  candidates  for  the  honor  were  put 
into  a  bath  the  preceding  evening  to  denote  a  purillentioii 
or  absolution  from  all  former  stain,  and  that  tliey  were 
now  to  begin  a  new  life.     The  present  Order  of  the  llath. 
however,  was  instituted  by  Ueorge  I.  in  172.%  as  a  niiliUiry 
order,  consisting,  exclusive  of  tho  sovereign,  of  a  grand 
master  and  thirty-six  companions.     In  ISUi  the  order  was 

?reatly  extendeil.  and  in  1847  it  was  opened  to  civilians 
t  is  now  composed  of  three  classes,  viz. :  military  and 
civil  knights  graiiil  crosses,  O.  C.  B.;  knights  command- 
ers, K.  C.  B.;  and  knights  companions,  C,  B.  The  budge 
is  a  golden  Maltese  cross  of  eight  points,  with  the  lion  of 
England  in  the  four  principal  angles,  and  having  in  a  cir- 
cle in  the  center  the  rose,  thistle,  anfl  shamrock  (repre- 
senting respectively  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland)  be- 
tween three  Imperial  crowns;  motto,  "Triajuncta  In  uno." 


761 

Stars  are  also  worn  by  the  first  two  classes.  That  of  the 
knights  grand  crosses  is  of  silver,  with  eight  points  of  rays 
wavy,  on  which  is  a  gold  cross  tjearing  three  crowns,  en- 
circled by  a  riljbon  displaying  the  motto  of  the  order,  while 
beneath  the  scroll  is  inscribed  Icit  dieii  ('I  serve'),  the 
motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  star  of  the  kniglits 
coiniiKUidds  dilfei-s  chiefly  in  lacking  the  wavy  rays.— 
Order  of  the  Bear,  an  order  of  knights  instituted  by 
tin-  eiiipi-nii  Frederick  II.,  and  having  its  center  at  the 
abbey  of  St.  Gall,  in  Switzerland.  It  ceased  to  exist  when 
St,  (iall  became  indeiiendeut  of  the  house  of  Austria.- 
Order  of  the  Black  Eagle,  a  Prussian  order  founded 
by  Frederick  I.  in  1701.  The  number  of  kniglits  is  limited 
to  30,  exclusive  of  the  princes  of  the  blood  royal,  and  all 
must  be  of  unquestioned  noliility.  The  badge  is  a  cross  of 
eight  point.s,  having  in  the  center  a  circle  with  the  mono- 
gram FR  (for  /•'rc(/cro7.-  ]!'X).  the  four  arms  are  enameled 
red, with  the  eagle  of  Prussia  in  black  enamel  between  each 
two  arms.  The  ribbon  is  orange,  but  on  occasionsof  cere- 
mony the  badge  is  worn  pendent  to  a  collar  consisting  alter- 
nately of  black  eagles  holding  tlinnilcrbolt  sand  medallions 
liearing  the  same  monogram  as  the  badge  and  al-so  the 
motto  "Suum  cuiqne."  — Order  of  the  Burgundian 
Cross,  an  order  founiled  by  the  emperor  lliarlcs  \'.,  which 
did  not  survive.  — OrderoftheChrysanthemum,  an  or- 
der b.nnded  by  the  Mikad.M.f.iapaiiinis7';.— Order  of  the 

ConceptiOn,'anoldcr  biundcd  in  the  irth  century  by  some 
of  the  nobles  of  the  lloly  Koiiian  Empire,  and  common  to 
Germany  and  Italy.— Order  of  the  Cordon  Jaune,  a 
French  order  for  Protestant  and  Roman  t'atholic  knights, 
founded  in  the  Hit h  century  by  the  Duke  of  Nevers  for  the 
jjrotection  of  widows  and  ..rphans.  It  is  now  extinct.— 
Order  Of  the  Crescent,  a  Tuikish  order  instituted  in  1799, 
and  awarded  only  for  distinguislied  bravery  in  the  nav,al  or 
military  service.  It  was  atiolished  in  1S51.  An  order  of 
the  crescent  was  founded  by  Charles  of  Anjou  in  Sicily  in 
rZOS,  but  had  a  short  existence.  Rene  the  (jood,  of  Anjou, 
count  of  Provence  and  titular  king  of  -Naples,  founded 
another  short-lived  order  of  the  cr<-scent  in  the  16tli  cen- 
tury.—Order  of  the  Crown,  ilie  title  of  several  honorary 
orders  founded  by  sovereigns  in  the  loth  century,  each  in- 
cluding as  part  of  its  name  that  of  the  conntrj-  to  which  it 
belongs,  (d)  Tlie  Order  of  tlie  Cmirni'/  ISarnriil  .li'\ini\i:d 
by  King  Maximilian  1.  Joseph  in  ISoS.  It  is  granted  to  per- 
sons who  have  attained  distinction  in  the  civil  service  of 
the  state,  (h)  The  Jmiterial  Order  o.f  tlie  Crown  of  India. 
foundetl  in  1S78  for  women,  at  the  time  of  the  assumption 
by  ijueen  Victoria  of  the  title  Empress  of  India.  It  in- 
cludes a  number  of  Indian  women  of  the  highest  rank. 
(c)  TheOrderaftheCrowno.f  Italy, ionniXei.  by  King  Victor 
Emmanuel  in  1868.  W)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  I'russi^^ . 
founded  by  King  William  I.  on  his  coronation  in  1801.  (<■) 
The  Order  of  tlie  Crown  o.f  Ilumania,  founded  by  King 
diaries  on  assuming  the  royal  title  in  18S1.  (.0  The  Or- 
der of  Vie  Crown  o.f  Saxonij.  founded  by  King  Frederick 
Augustus  in  1807,  soon  after  his  assumption  of  the  kingly 
title.  It  is  of  but  one  class,  and  limited  to  persons  of  high 
rank.  ((/)rA(;Or(iero^(/ie(.Vi.ir,M.r.s'/«»i,  founded  in  1869, 
(/.)  The  Ordi-rofihe  Crown  of  11  (-<(./«'»  iv.  founded  by  King 
W illiam  I.  in  isiS. — Order  of  the  Danebrog,  the  second 
in  importance  of  the  Danish  orders  of  Knighthood,  origi- 
nally instituted  in  1219,  revived  in  1(171,  regulated  by  royal 
statutes  in  1693  and  1808,  and  several  times  inodiIic<l  since. 
It  now  consists  of  four  classes,  besides  a  lift  b  class  wearing 
tho  silver  cross  of  the  order  without  being  regular  mem- 
bers of  it,  the  silver  cross  being  awarded  for  some  meri- 
torious act  or  distinguished  service.  The  order  may  be 
bestowed  on  foreigners.— Order  of  the  Fan,  a  Swedisli 
order  founded  in  1744,  and  now  extinct.— Order  Of  the 
Fish,  a  decoration  founded  by  the  .Mogul  emperors  in  In- 
dia, and  conferred  upon  certain  English  statesmen  in  tho 
early  part  of  the  19th  century.  The  insignia  are  of  the  na- 
ture of  standards  borne  before  the  person  upon  whom  the 
order  is  conferred.  —  Order  Of  the  Garter,  the  highest 
order  of  knighthood  in  Great  Britain,  consisting  of  the  sov- 
ereign, the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  2.'.  knights  companions, 
and  open,  in  addition,  to  such  English  princes  and  foreign 
sovereigns  as  may  bo  chosen,  and  somutinies  to  extra  com- 
panions chosen  for  special  rea-sons,  so  that  tlie  whole  order 
usually  numbers  about  fiO.  Formerly  the  knights  eoinpan- 
ions  were  elected  by  the  body  itself,  but  since  the  reign  of 
Gcoigelll.  appointments  have  been  made  by  tllc-Sovereign. 
'Ihe  order,  at  llrst(and  still  sometimes)  called  the  (Irder 
of  St.  George,  was  instituted  by  Edward  III.  some  time  be- 
tween i:i44  and  1350,  the  uncertainty  arising  from  the  early 
loss  of  all  its  original  Vei'ords.  Its  liui  pose  hxs  been  sup- 
posed to  liavo  been  at  Hrst  only  te*iiporar,v.  According  to 
the  eiHiimon  legend,  probably  nclitioiis.  King  Edward  111. 
picked  up  a  garter  dropped  by  the  Conuless  of  .S.ilisliury 
at  a  ball,  and  placed  it  on  bis  own  knee  with  the  words  to 
his  courtiers. in  resiionso  to  the  notice  tiikcuot  the  incident, 
"lloni  soit  qui  inal  y  pelise"  {'Shamed  be  he  who  tliiliks 
evil  of  it').  To  this  incident  the  founilaliou,  the  name,  and 
the  motto  of  the  order  are  usually  ascribed.  The  insignia 
of  the  order  are  the  garter,  a  bine  ribbon  of  velvet  edged 
with  gold  and  having  a  gold  buckle,  worn  on  the  left  leg; 
the  badge,  called  the  George  or  great  George,  a  figure  of  St. 
George  killing  the  dnigon,  iiendent  from  llie  collar  of  gold, 
which  has  20  pieces,  each  represeuting  a  coiled  gart<T  ;  the 
lesser  George,  worn  on  a  liioad  blue  ribbon  over  the  left 
slioulder;  and  the  star  of  ,t  iioints,  of  silver,  having  in  the 
middle  the  cross  of  St,  George  encircled  by  the  g.arlcr.  The 
vesture  consists  of  a  inantlcof  blue  velvet  lined  with  white 
talfeta,  a  hood  ami  siircoat  of  crimson  velvet,  and  a  hat  of 
black  velvet  with  a  plume  of  white  ostrich  feathers  having 
in  the  center  a  tuft  of  black  heron  feathers.  The  sover- 
eign, when  a  woman,  wears  tlie  ribbon  on  the  left  arm.  - 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  an  order  founded  by  Philip 

Ibc  li l,duke  of  liuigundy.  111  14.311.  on  llio  occasion  of 

his  marriage  with  the  infanta  Isabella  of  Portugal.  The 
ollli-c  of  grand  master  passed  t.i  the  house  of  llapsburg  in 

1477  with  the  aeiiulsili. f  the  P.nrgunillan  d.uiiinioiis, 

which  included  the  Netherlimds,  After  the  time  of  the 
emperor  Charles  V.(dii!d  lr.58)  this  ofllce  was  exerclseil  by 
the  Spanish  kings;  but  after  the  cession  of  the  .Spanish 
Netheliailds  to  Austria,  tho  latter  power  in  1713  14 
claimed  the  office.  The  dis[iute  remains  undecided,  ami 
the  order  therefore  exists  Independently  in  Austria  and  in 
Spain.  'The  badge  of  the  order  Is  a  golden  ram  iiendent  by 
a  ring  wlilch  passes  rouml  its  middle.  TbiH  hangs  (rom  a 
jewel  of  elalMiate  design,  with  enameling  of  several  colors, 
various  suggestive  devices,  and  the  motto  "  Pretium  la- 
borura  non  vllo."—  Order  of  the  Orlf&n,  an  order  of  tho 


Orders 

grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Si^bwerin,  founded  in  1884  — 
Order  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  in)  (Often  called  by  the  French 
n-.tiUK; Saint  L\j/rit.)  The  le;i-iiiig  order  of  the  later  French 
monarchy,  founded  by  King  Henry  III.  of  France  in  l,'i78, 
replacing  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  Theking  was  the  grand 
master,  and  there  were  lOi  member-s,  not  including  for- 
eigners. The  members  were  required  to  adhere  to  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  and  to  be  of  a  high  grade  of  nobility. 
Tile  decoration  was  a  gold  cross  attached  to  a  blue  ribbon, 
and  the  emblems  were  a  dove  and  an  image  of  St.  Michael 
'liie  order  has  been  in  abeyance  since  the  revolution  of 
1830.  ib)  An  order  founded  at  Moutpellier,  France,  about 
the  en(3  of  the  12tli  ecntuiy,  and  unit^-d  to  the  Order  of  St. 
Lazarus  by  Ptipe  clctiicnt  Xlll.  (e)  A  Neapolitan  order: 
same  as  Order, if  the  A«./(.— Order  Of  the  Hospitalers  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  See  Uosjiiinlers. — Order  of  the 
Illuminati,  a  celebrated  secret  society  founded  by  Pro- 
fessor Adam  Welslianpt  at  Ingolstadt  in  Bavaria  in  1776 : 
originally  called  the  Soeiet;/  of  the  t'erfeetihilista.  It  was 
deistic  and  republican  in  luinciple  ;  aimed  at  general  en- 
lightenment and  emancipation  from  superstition  and  tjT- 
aiiiiy  ;  had  an  elaborate  organization  ;  \vas  to  some  extent 
associated  with  freemasonry  ;  and  spread  widely  through 
liurope,  though  the  Illuminati  were  never  very  numerous. 
Tlie  order  excited  much  ant^ignnism,  and  was  suppressed 
in  Bavaria  in  17,?,'.  but  lingered  for  some  lime  elsewhere. — 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire,  an  order  instituted  in  1878 
for  British  subjects  in  India,  to  commemorate  theassump- 
tion  by  Queen  Victoria  of  the  titla  of  Empress  of  India,  and 
open  to  natives  as  well  as  to  persons  of  European  extrac- 
tion.— Order  of  the  Iron  Cross,  a  Prussian  order  founded 
in  1813  for  military  ser\ices  in  the  wars  against  Napoleon. 
In  1870  the  order  w;ui  reorganized.  It  consists  of  the  great 
cross  (conferred  only  on  a  few  princes  and  generals),  and 
two  classes  comprising  several  thousand  Germans.  The 
original  badge  was  a  cross  patte  of  black  iron  with  a  silver 
rim,  upon  which  were  the  initials  F.  W.  (lYederick  Wil- 
liam) and  the  date  1813  or  1815.  The  modern  badge  is  a 
modification  of  this.  The  rilibon  is  black  with  a  white  bor- 
der —  Order  of  the  Iron  Crown,  an  order  founded  by  Na- 
jioleon  1.  as  King  of  Italy,  and  adopted  by  Francis  I.  of 
Austria  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon.  It  coiisi.ts  of  three 
classes.  The  badge  is  the  double  eagle  of  Austria  rest, 
ing  upon  a  ring  (which  represents  the  iron  crown  of 
Monza),  and  surmounted  liy  an  imperial  eruwii ;  this  is  at- 
tached to  an  orange  ribbon  edecd  with  bine  —  Order  of 
the  Knights  of  Malta,     same  as  Or.l.-nf  the  IJisjiitnlers 

of  .'it,  John  of  J«ri/«n(CTn.— Order  of  the  Knot,  a  military 
order  of  short  duration,  founded  at  Naples  in  the  14th  cen- 
tui  y.—  Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  in  France,  an  or- 
der of  distinction  and  reward  for  civil  and  military  ser- 
vices, instituted  in  May,  1602,  during  the  consulate,  by  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte,  lint  since  modified  from  time  to  time  in 
iinpi  trtant  particulars.  Under  the  first  empire  the  distinc- 
tioii  conferred  invested  the  person  decorated  wiih  the  rank 
of  legionary,  oflicer,  commander,  grand  officer,  or  grand 
cross.  The  order  holds  considerable  property,  the  pniceeds 
of  which  are  paid  out  in  pensions,  prineiiially  to  wounded 
and  disabled  members.  — Order  of  the  Lion,  tlie  name  of 
several  orders  in  Germany,  etc.  ;  especially,  an  order  found- 
ed in  1815  by  William  I.,  first  king  of  the  .Netherlands,  and 
continued  by  the  later  kings.  It  is  an  order  fi.rcivil  merit. 
'The  badge  is  a  star  of  eight  points,  having  in  the  central  me- 
dallion a  nimpant  lion  and  cixiwn,  and  a  golden  W  between 
each  two  arms.  —  Order  Of  the  Martyrs.  .Same  as  Order  of 
SS.  Cosmo  and  Dnmiiiii.—  Ql&ei  of  the  Palm,  a  German 
society  founded  at  U'einiar  in  1617  for  llie  preservation  and 
culture  of  the  i  :criiian  language.  It  disappeaied  after  1(180. 
Also  called  Fruit  r,riii;iiiiu  Socielii.— Order  Of  the  Red 
Eagle  (formerly  Order  of  Ihe  tied  Fnole  of  ISniireuth  ;  also 
called  Order  of  Sincerity),  an  order  founded  by  the  Slar- 
grave  of  Bayreutb  in  1705,  and  in  1792  adopted  by  Freder- 
ick William  II.  of  Prussia  on  succeeding  to  the  principality. 
The  present  insignia  of  the  order  are  quite  dilfcrent  from 
tliose  of  the  original  order.  Ihe  badge  is  an  eight-pointed 
cross  having  in  the  center  a  medidlion  with  a  red  eagle 
bearing  the  arms  of  the  Holieiizollern  family.  The  arms 
of  the  cross  arc  of  white  enamel,  with  an  eagle  of  red  en- 
amel between  each  two  aims,  'j'be.-ibbon  is  striped  orange- 
color  and  white  —  Order  of  the  Saint  Esprit.  See  Or- 
der of  the  Iloiii  iiliusi.  Order  of  the  Star  of  India  (in 
the  full  style.  The  .Vnst  K.rolt.d  (Irder  of  Ihe  ,'ilar  of  India), 
an  order  for  the  I'.iitish  possessions  in  India,  founded  in 
1861.  The  motto  is,  '•  Heaven's  light  our  guide."  The  rib- 
bon isliglit-blue  with  white  stripes  near  the  edge.-  Order 
of  the  Thistle  (in  full,  The  .MosI  Ancient  and  .Vont  Xoble 
Order  of  the  Thistle\  a  very  old  Scottish  order  which  has 
iiecn  renewed  and  remodeled,  and  is  still  In  existence.  The 
devices  of  tlie  order  are  St.  Andrew's  cross,  or  saltier,  and 
a  thistle-tlower  with  leaves;  these  enter  into  thedilferent 
badges,  the  collar,  star.  et^.  The  motto  is  "  Nemo  nie  im- 
luliic  lacessit."  The  riblwui  is  green. —  Order  Of  the 
White  Eagle,  an  order  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the 
istli  century  by  Augustus  II.  of  Polanil  and  Saxony,  or,  as  is 
alleged,  revived  by  him.  It  has  liecll  adopted  by  the  Czar 
of  Russia,  and  is  composed  ol  one  class  only,  'i'he  badge 
is  a  cross  of  eight  iKdiits.  bearing  a  white  eagle  in  relief, 
ami  sitrnionnted  by  an  imperial  crown.  Tho  ribbon  is  sky- 
blue,  iillt  on  state  occasions  the  liadgc  Is  worn  pendent  to  a 
collarofwbilceaglcsc.nncclcd  by  plain  gold  links.  — Order 
Of  the  White  Elephant  a  Danish  order  alleged  lo  be  of 
great  antiqility.  Its  foundation,  however,  isspeclllcally  as- 
cribed to  Christian  I.  (14(12).  and  its  reorganization  to  Chris- 
tian V.  (Ui!l3).  It  is  limited  to  30  knights  bcsiilcs  the  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  lainily,  and  no  |ierson  can  be  a  knight  who 
is  not  previously  a  member  of  the  Onler  of  the  Danebrog. 
The  collar  ol  tho  order  is  composed  alternately  of  elephants 
and  embattled  towers.  The  badge  is  an  elephant  bearing 
oil  bis  back  a  lower,  and  on  his  head  a  driver  dressed  like 
a  Hindu.  The  ribbon  to  which  the  badge  is  attached  on 
ordin.ary  occasions  is  skv-blne. -Order  of  the  White 
Falcon,  an  order  foundeil  by  thi'  Dukc.f  Saxe-W  elniarln 
17:t2,  and  renewed  in  LSI,..  It  Is  still  in  existence,  ami  con- 
sists of  three  classes,  nnmbering,  exclusive  of  the  (luilily 
of  the  reigning  grand  iliike,  12  grand  ccisses,  25  command- 
ers, and  frt)  knights.  The  badge  is  an  eighl-iadnled  cross  in 
green  enamel,  having  belwcen  each  two  arms  a  point  In 
red  enamel,  and  liorne  upon  the  whole,  in  relief,  a  falcon 
in  white  enamel,  on  the  reverse  are  the  words  "  L'Ordrc 
de  la  vigilance,"  and  a  trophy  or  other  embleni,  which  dif- 
fers for  the  civil  and  Ihe  military  knight :  also  Ihe  motto 
"  Vigilando  aseemlimus."  Ihe  riblKin  Is  dark  red  or  pon 
ceau.   Alsocallvd  Order  of  i'iijilomx.—  Order  Of  the  Yel- 


Orders 

low  string.  Sec  Order  or  the  Cordon  Jaune.— Order  of 
Vigilance.  S;iiiie  as  Order  of  the  White  Faicon.— Teu- 
tonic Order,  :i  military  order  fouiideJ  at  Acre  in  Pales- 
tine in  119U.  and  conlii-med  by  the  emperor  and  the  Pope. 
Orders  in  Council.  Orders  promulgated  l)v  the 
Bvitish  sovereign  with  the  advice  of  the  privy 
council.  Speciflcally,  the  orders  of  1807.  which  pro- 
hibited neutral  trade  directly  with  France  or  the  allies 
of  France.  All  goods  had  to  be  landed  in  England,  pay 
dlltiesthere,  and  be  reexported  under  English  regulations. 
These  orders  bore  with  especial  severity  on  American  com- 
merce. 

Ordinance  of  Nullification.    See  :S'iilUficfifi'i>i. 

Ordinance  of  1784.  An  act  of  the"  United 
States  under  the  Confederation,  passed  April 
23,  1784,  for  the  temporary  government  of  the 
>forthTrest  Territory,  which  comprised  tracts 
ceded  to  the  United  States  bvthe  several  States. 

Ordinance  of  1787.  An  aet"of  Congress,  passed 
in  1787.  whieli  secured  to  the  >J'orthwest  Terri- 
tory freedom  from  slavery,  religious  freedom, 
education,  etc.,  and  provided  for  its  future 
subdivision 


7C2 


Ordinances,  F.  Ordonnances  (or-do-nons'). 
Various  legislative  acts  in  French  history. 
The  most  celebrated  were  the  Ordinances  of  July,  pro- 
claimed by  Charles  X.  in  July.  iS3u.  They  took  away  the 
freedom  of  the  press  and  made  other  arbitrary  chantres, 
and  were  the  cause  of  the  revohition  of  July  and  the  over- 
throw of  the  Bourbon  monarchy. 

Ore  (6'ra),  Luis  Geronimo  de.  Born  at  Gna- 
manga,  Peru,  about  1.5-15:  died  at  Coneepeion, 
Chile,  1G28.  A  Franciscan  prelate  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Cuzco,  commissary  of  his 
order  in  Florida,  and  bishop  of  Coneepeion  from  1620.  His 
works  include  "  Descripcioii  del  Nuevo  Orbe  "(Lima,  1578), 
"  Relacion  de  los  mdrtires  de  Florida "  (Madrid,  1605),  a 
life  of  St.  Francisco  Solano,  and  devotional  books  in  the 

,  Indian  languages  of  Peru. 

6rebro(e're-bro).  1.  Alaen  of  southern  Sweden. 
Area.  3,alil  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
184,708. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Ore- 
bro,  situated  on  the  Svartl,  near  Lake  Hjel- 
mar,  98  miles  west  of  Stockholm,  it  has  been  the 
seat  of  various  diets  :  that  of  15-10  declared  the  thi-one  he- 
reditary, and  that  of  1810  elected  Bernadotte  crown  prince. 
Two  treaties  were  negotiated  here  in  1S12  — one  between 
Englanil  and  Sweden,  and  the  other  between  England  and 
Russia.     Population  (1891),  14,67-t. 

Oregon  (or'e-gon).     [Named  from  the  Oregn» 
River,  now  the  Columbia.  The  name  Oregon, sup- 
posed  to  be  of  Indian  origin,  occurs  in  Carver's 
"Travels"  (1763)  as  the  name  of  a  "  river  of  the 
"West  which  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  at  the 
Straits  of  Anian."]     One  of  the  Western  States 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  extendingfrom 
lat.  42°  to  46°  15'  N.,  and  from  long.  116°  40' 
to  124°  32' W.    Capital,  Salem;  chief  city,  Port- 
land.   It  is  bounded  by  Washington  (partly  separated  by 
the  Columbia)  on  the  north,  Idaho  (partly  separated  by  the 
Snake  River)  on  the  east,  Xevada  and  California  oii  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.    It  is  traversed 
by  the  Coast  Range,  Cascade  Mountains,  and  Blue  lloun. 
tains :  chief  peaks  in  the  State  are  Mounts  Hood  and  Jef- 
ferson.    It  belongs  largely  to  the  valley  of  the  Columbia 
and  its  chief  tributaiy  the  Willamette:  there  is  an  in- 
land basin  in  the  southeast.    The  chief  agricultural  pro- 
ducts are  wheat  and  other  cereals.    The  leadinf  exports 
are  wheat,  flour,  salmon,  wool,  and  fruit.     It  has  33  coun- 
ties, sends  2  senators  and  2  representatives  to  Con<Te=s 
and  has  4  electoral  votes.    The  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
was  discovered  by  the  American  captain  Gray  in  nao     jt 
was  partly  exj.lored  by  Lewis  and  Clark  1804'-05.    A'trad- 
ing-post  was  founded  at  Astoria  in  1811.     The  teiTitorv 
between  lat.  42-  and  54-  40'  N.  was  long  in  dispute  be- 
tween Great  Britam  and  the  United  States :  the  clamis 
were  settled  by  treaty  in  184G.     Oregon  Territory  was  or- 
ganized in  1848,  and  it  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1859 
Area,  96,03iJ  square  miles.     Population  (1900),  413,536       ' 
Oregon.    An  American  battle-ship,  built  in  San 
Franciseo,  launched  in  1893.     she  is  of  10,288  tons 
displacement,  and  on  her  trial-trip  maintained  for  four 
hours  a  speed  of  16.79  knots.    Under  Captain  Charles  E. 
Clark  she  made  a  famous  run  of  14,511  knots  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  leaving  Piiget  Sound  March  6  li98 
and  reaching  Key  West  May  20.     She  took  a  prominent 
part  m  the  battle  off  Santiago  July  3,  with  the  Bro<,kIyn 
forcing  the  surrender  of  the  Cristobal  CoWn.  She  left  New 
■iork  for  the  Philippines  Oct.  12,  and  joined  the  Asiatic 
s(|iiadron  at  Manila  in  March,  1899 
Oregon  River.     See  Columbia. 
Oregon  Snakes.    See  Saidi/ui-a. 
O'Reilly  (6-ri'li),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Dublin 
1 ,  22 :  died  near  Chinchilla,  Mureia,  Spain,  March 
3, 1,&4.  An  Irish  soldiei-.   He  served  successively  in 
the  Spanish,  Anstnan,  and  French  armies;  reentered  the 
Spanish  army  1761 :  commanded  the  forces  which    put 
down  a  revolt  of  the  French  in  Louisiana  (then  lately 
ceded  to  Sp.ain)  1769;  and  in  1774-75  commanded  an  un- 
successful expedition  against  the  Algerians.      He  was 
created  Count  O'Reilly,  but  in  1786  was  disgraced  and 
deprived  of  all  commands.  «  auu 

O'Reilly,  Andrew.  Bom  in  Ireland  in  174"- 
died  at  Vienna  in  1832.  An  Irish  soldier.  He 
served  in  the  Austrian  array  under  Maria  Theresa  and 
Ma*^  r'     - '  '""8'''  "'  Austerlitz ;  and  surrendered  Vienna 

O'Reilly,  John  Boyle.  Born  at  Dowth  Castle, 
County  ileath.  Ireland,  June  28.  1844:  died  at 
Hull,  Mass.,  Aug.  10, 1890.    An  Irish-American 


.lournahst  and  poet.    He  was  the  son  of  William  David 
OReilly,  master  of  the  Nettleville  Institute  at   Dowth 
Castle.     In  1863  he  enlisted  in  the  Tenth  Hussai-s  in  Ire- 
land  for  the  purpose  of  spreading  revolutionary  senti- 
inents  among  the  soldiers.   He  was  sentenced  to  death  on 
the  charge  of  high  treason  in  1866.  The  sentence  was  com- 
muted to  20  yeai-s'  penal  servitude,  and  he  was  sent  out 
to  the  penal  colony  in  Australia,  where  he  arrived  in  1868. 
He  escaped  to  the  United  States  in  18B9,  and  in  1870  se- 
cm-ed  employment  on  the  Boston  "Pilot, 'of  which  he  be- 
came  editor  in  chief  in  1S74.    He  published  "Songs  from 
the  Southern  Seas  "  (1874),  "  Songs,  Legends,  and  Ballads  " 
(1S7S),  "The  Statues  in  the  Block  "  (1881),  etc. 
Orejones (o-ra-no'nas).    [Sp. , '  eared '  or '  large- 
eared.']  A  name  givenby  the  Spanish  in  America 
to  vari  ous  Indians  who  distended  the  lobes  of  the 
ears  by  means  of  metal  or  wooden  disks,    it  in- 
eluded  :  (a)  The  Incas  of  the  blood  royal  in  Peru,  who  were 
distinguished  from  the  common  people  by  the  use  of  lar^e 
gold  or  silver  ear-disks,    (b)  A  tribe  of  Upper  Paraguay, 
described  by  early  authors,  but  about  whom  Uttle  that  is 
deflnite  is  known,    (c)  Indians  on  the  northern  branches 
ot  the  I  pper  Amazon,  in  Brazil,  Colombia,  and  Ecuador : 
called  Orethudos  by  the  Brazilians.     There  are  apparently 
several  hordes,  perhaps  of  different  stocks.    Those  on  the 
nver  Ic4  are  described  as  degraded  but  inoffensive  sav- 
ages who  distend  the  ear-lobes  with  wooden  disks  until 
they  touch  the  shoulders,    (d)  An  e.itinct  tribe  of  north- 
em  Co.ahuila,  Mexico. 
Orel(6-rel').  1.  A  government  of  central  Russia. 
It  is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Smolensk,  Kaluga, 
Tula,  Tamboff,  Voronezli,  Kursk,  and  Tchernigofl      xTie 
surface  is  undulating.     It  is  an  important  agricultural 
government.  Are.a,  18,042  square  mUes.  Population  (1893), 

^1 X4U,  i.oU> 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Orel,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Orlik  with  the  Oka, 
about  lat.  52°  57'  N.,  long.  36°  7'  E.  it  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  and  manufacturing  center,  and  a  lead- 
ing market  for  grain.  Population  (1890),  79,135. 
Orelhudos.     See  Orejones. 

Orelie  Antoine  (o-ra-le'  on-twan')  I.  (de  Tou- 
nens.)  A  French  adventurer  who  was  pro- 
claimed king  of  Araucania  in  1861.  He  was  ar- 
rested on  Araucanian  territory  by  the  Chilean  government 
in  1862.  The  arrest  being  pronounced  illegal,  ho  was  de- 
tained as  a  lunatic,  but  was  shortly  permitted  to  go  to 
France,  where  he  published  "  Or(51ie-Antoine  Ii' ,  roi  d'  Arau- 
canie  et  Patagonie,  et  sa  captirit^  en  Chili "  (1803).  Hav- 
ing  in  the  meantimereturned  to  Araucania,  he  was  deposed 
during  a  second  absence  in  France  bv  a  certain  Plauchut, 
whom  be  had  left  in  Araucania  as  his  deputy. 

O'Rell,  Max.     See  Bhmet,  Paul. 

Orellana  (o-ral-yii'nii),  Francisco  de.  Bom  at 
Truxillo  about  1490:  died,  probably  in  Vene- 
zuela, about  1346.  A  Spanish  soldier,  first  ex- 
plorer of  the  Amazon.  He  was  intimate  mth  the 
Pizarros  in  his  youth  ;  went  to  Peru  about  1635  ;  and  set- 
tled Guayaquil  in  1537.  In  1540-41  he  served  with  Gon- 
zalo  Pizarro's  expedition  to  the  Napo.  (See  Ci/i  no mo;l,Z.an(2 
0/.)  Having  been  sent  ahead  with  a  brigantine  and  60 
soldiers  to  seek  for  provisions  (probably  in  April.  1641)  he 
arrived  at  the  junction  of  the  Xapo  and  Maranon.  and,  un. 
able  or  unwilling  to  return,  continued  on  down  the  latter 
river.  In  the  course  of  this  voyage  the  Indians  told  him 
of  a  tribe  of  female  warriors,  or  Amazons,  and  he  claimed 
to  have  encountered  them  near  the  mouth  of  the  Trom- 
bet,as:  from  this  story  the  river  derived  its  present  name. 
Orellana  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  late  in  1641, 
went  on  to  Trinidad,  and  thence  to  Spain.  He  received  a 
grant  to  conquer  the  country  discovered  by  him,  and  made 
an  unsuccessful  expedition  to  it  in  1644. 

Orellana,  River  of.  [From  its  discoverer,  Fran- 
cisco de  Orellana.]  A  name  frequently  given, 
in  early  books  and  maps,  to  the  Amazon  Eiver. 
It  is  stUl  occasionally  used. 

Orelli  (6-rel'le),  Johann  Kaspar.  Bom  at  Zu- 
rich, Switzerland,  Feb.  13, 1787:  died  Jan.  6. 1849. 
A  Swiss  classical  philologist,  noted  for  his  edi- 
tions of  Horace,  Cicero,  and  Tacitus. 

Ore  (or)  Mountains.     See  Er:gebirge. 

Orenburg  (o'ren-borg).  1.  A  government  in 
southeastern  Russia,  bordering  on  Asia,  it  is 
bounded  by  Siberia,  the  governments  of  Perm.  Ufa,  and 
Samara,  Uralsk,  and  Turgai.  The  surface  is  partly  moun- 
tainous (a  continuation  of  the  Urals)  and  partly  steppe. 
Area,  73,816  square  miles.  PopiUation  (1890),  1,372,800. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Orenburg, 
situated  on  the  Ural  about  lat.  51°  46'  N.,  long. 
55°  10'  E.  It  is  an  important  trading  center. 
Population  (1891),  62,534. 

Orense  (6-ren'sa).  1.  A  pro-vinee  in  GaUcia, 
Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Portugal  on  the  south,  and  on 
the  other  sides  by  the  provinces  Pontevedra,  Lugo,  Leon, 
and  Zamora.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  2,739 
square  miles.    Population  (1887).  405,074 


Organon 


2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Orense,  situ- 
Jd  on  the  Minho  in  lat.  42°  IS'  N.,  long.  7° 


ated ^„   ^.,, . ^.  . 

50'  W.  The  cathedral  is  of  the  13th  centurj',  but  retains 
many  Romanesque  features,  as  the  very  long  transepts. 
The  bridge  over  the  Minho,  built  in  1230.  has  seven  arches, 
four  of  them  pointed,  and  rises  in  a  steep  grade  from  both 
ends  to  the  middle.  The  grand  central  arch  has  a  span  of 
about  l.">0  feet,  and  its  crown  is  1S6  feet  above  the  river- 
bed.    Population  (1887).  14,168. 

Oresteia  (6-res-te'ya).  A  trilogy  by  ^Esehvlus, 
founded  on  the  history  of  the  family  of  "Aga- 
memnon. It  comprises  the  "Agamemnon," 
••  Choephorte,"  and  "  Eumenides." 

Orestes  (6-res'tez).  [Gr. 'OpioTti^.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Agamemnon  andClytemnestra, 


auil  brother  of  Electra.    Ue  slew  Clytemnestra  and 
.igisthu.s,  and  was  pursued  by  the  Erinnyes.    He  was  a 
lavorite  subject  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets.    See  Eltctra 
Orestes.      A  play  of  Euripides,   exhibited  in 
409  B.  C. 

In  the  looseness  and  carelessness  of  the  metre  in  the 
crowding  of  incidents  at  the  end  of  the  plav.  in  the  low 
tone  of  Its  morality— they  are  all  base,  says  the«choliist 
except  Pylades,  and  yet  even  he  advises  a  cold-blnojl-d 
mui-der  for  revenge's  sake  — there  is  no  play  of  Euripides 
so  disagreeable.  On  the  other  hand,  for  dramatic  etfect 
as  the  same  scholiast  observes,  there  is  none  more  strik' 
ing  ;  but  this  applies  only  to  the  opening  scenes 

ilahaffy.  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  301. 
Orestes.    Killed  476  A.  D.    Regent  of  the  West- 
em  Empii'e  in  the  reign  of  his  son  Romulus 
Augustulus  (475-476). 

The  army  had  revolted,  and  the  commander  in-chief 
an  lUyrian  named  Orestes,  had  seized  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment. This  Orestes  had  a  strange  history.  About  thutv 
years  before  the  date  of  the  events  just  mentioned  Ids 
native  countiy— the  northern  part  of  what  is  now  cilled 
Croatia  — had  been  given  up  by  the  Romans  to  the  Hiius 
Orestes,  who  was  then  quite  a  young  man,  finding  himself 
one  of  Attilas  subjects,  offered  his  services  to  the  Hun- 
nish  king,  and  seems  to  have  acted  as  his  secretary  In 
this  capacity  he  was  in  the  year  448  sent  on  a  mission  from 
Attda  to  the  eastern  emperor,  Theodosius  IL .  and  we  read 
of  his  being  terriblyindignant  because  he  wasnot  regarded 
as  a  person  of  equal  consequence  with  his  fellow  envoy 
Edica  the  Scirian.  By  what  curious  chances  it  came  alxiut 
that  the  former  secretary  of  Attila  now  found  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  Roman  army,  and  master  of  the  Roman 
state,  history  does  not  tell.  Orestes  did  not  choose  to  call 
himself  emperor,  thinking,  perhaps,  that  it  was  safer  for 
the  wearer  of  the  diadem  and  the  real  holder  of  power  to 
be  different  persons.  He  contented  himself  with  the  title 
of  Patrician,  the  same  which  had  been  borne  by  Kikiiner 
and  by  Aetius,  and  bestowed  the  imperial  crown  on  his  son 
a  buy  of  f.iurteen,  who  was  named  Romulus  after  his  ma^ 
tei  nal  grandfather.       Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  12& 

Orestes  and  Electra.  1.  A  group  in  marble, 
probably  a  late  Greek  original,  in  the  Villa  Lu- 
dovisi,  Rome,  a  woman,  already  full-grown,  rests  her 
arm  kindly  on  the  shoulder  of  a  handsome  boy,  who  la 
speaking  to  her. 

2.  An  interesting  group  of  antique  sculpture 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  Electra,  dad  in 
the  long  tunic,  stands  with  her  arm  about  her  brother's 
neck.  I'his  work  belongs  to  the  school  of  Pasiteles,  of 
the  early  empire. 

Oretani  ( or-e-ta'nl).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
people  in  southern  Spain,  living  in  the  Sierra 
Jlorena  and  neighboring  regions. 

Oreus  (6're-us),  or  Histiaea'(his-ti-e'a).  [Gr. 
'Qpedc,  'larlaia.]  In  ancient  geogi'aphy,  a  city 
on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Euboea,  Greece, 
situated  oi)posite  Thessaly. 

Histia^a,  afterwards  called  Oreus,  was  the  most  impor- 
tant town  of  northern  Eubcea,  and  gave  name  to  a  consid- 
erable tract  which  has  been  already  mentioned  as  His- 
tiieotis.  It  lay  about  midway  in  the  northern  coast  of  the 
island,  at  the  western  extremity  of  a  broad  plain,  and  by 
the  side  of  a  small  river  called  the  Callas.  Its  remains 
are  found  in  this  position,  and  still  bear  the  name  of  Oreos. 
We  learn  from  Theopompus  that  when  Pericles  conquered 
Euboea  and  expelled  the  Histia-ans,  while  they  sought  a 
refuge  in  Macedonia,  2,000  Athenian  citizens"took  their 
place,  and  colonised  Oreus,  which  had  before  been  a  town- 
ship of  HistiKa.  Maulirison,  Herod.,  IV.  277,  note. 

Orfeo  (or-fa'o).  A  dramatic  pastoral  bv  Polizi- 
ano.  produced  in  1483.  It  was  the  first  pastoral 
written  in  the  language  of  the  countiy  to  which 
dramatic  action  was  given. 

Orfeo  ed  Euridice  (or-fa'6  ed  a-6-re'de-ehe) 
( Orpheus  and  Eurydice ).  An  opera  by  Gl uck. 

Words  by  ('alsaljigi.  produced  at  Vienna  in  1762. 
In  1774  it  was  produced  at  Paris  as  "Orphee  et  Euridice." 
where  it  was  very  successful.  The  libretto  was  translated 
from  the  Italian  by  Moline.     See  Orpheus. 

Orfila  (or-fe-lii'),  Matthieu  Joseph  Bonaven- 
ture.  Born  at  Mahon,  Balearic  Islands,  April 
24, 1787 :  died  at  Paris,  March  12, 1853.  A  French 
physician  and  chemist,  noted  as  a  writer  on 
toxicology  and  medical  jurisprudence.  Among 
his  writings  are  " Toxicologic gto^rale"  (1815),  "Traitide 
m^decine  legale"  (1847),  etc. 

Orford  (or'ford).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Suf- 
folk, England,  situated  near  the  North  Sea  17 
miles  east-northeast  of  Ipswich.  Population 
(1891),  7.34.5. 

Orfor(i,  Earls  of.     See  Sussell  and  Wa!pole. 

Organic  Statute.  A  Russian  edict  of  1832.  by 
which  Poland  lost  its  constitution. 

Organ  (or'giin)  Mountains,  Pg.  Serra  dos  Or- 
gaOS.  A  group  of  mountains  of  the  Brazilian 
coast  range,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Rio  de 
•Janeiro.  They  attain  the  height  of  7,325  feet,  and  are  re- 
markable for  their  strange  forms.  One  peak,  c.nlled  the 
Dedo  de  Deos  (■  Fii  iger  of  God  ),  appears  from  the  bay  like 
a  finger  pointing  upw.ard. 

Organon  (or'g.a-non).  [Gr.  opyavov,  an  instru- 
ment, organ.]  The  logical  treatises  of  Aristotle. 
The  name  was  originally  applied  to  the  logical  theory  of 
demonstration,  and  then  by  the  Peripatetics  to  the  whole 
of  logic,  especially  to  the  topics  of  Aristotle  or  the  rules 
for  probable  reasoning,  as  being  only  an  instrument  or 
aid  to  philosophy,  «nd  not  meriting  the  higher  place  of  a 
part  of  philosophy  claimed  for  it  by  the  Stoics  and  most  of 
the  Academics. 


Orgetorix 

OrgetoriX  f  6r-jet'o-riks).  A  Helvetian  conspira- 
tor slioi-tly  before  the  time  of  Cajsar's  war  with 
the  Helvetians  in  58  B.  c. 

Orgon  (oi'-Koii').  A  ereiiulous  dupe  in  Moli6re's 
"Taitufe."  Ho  has  an  imbecile  infatuation  for 
the  h>-poeritical  Tartufe. 

Oria  (6're-ii).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Lecee, 
Apulia,  Italy,  20  miles  southwest  of  Brindisi. 
Population  (1881),  7,705. 

Oriana  (o-ri-au'ii).  1.  The  legendary  mistress 
of  Arnadis  do  Giinl,  daughter  of  Lisu'arte,  king 
of  England.  Queen  Elizabeth  is  frequently  called  "the 
peerless  Oriana"  in  the  adulatory  poems  of  her  time. 

2.  The  principal  character  in  Flctc heir's  comedy 
"The  Wild  Ciooso  Chase,"  and  in  Farqnhar's 
comedy  "  The  Inconstant,"  which  is  praetieally 
the  same.  She  is  betrothed  to  the  evasive  Mirabel  (the 
"wild  goose"),  and  finally  brings  him  to  reason  and  marries 
bim. 

3.  A  character  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  "The  Woman-hater":  a  teasing,  torment- 
ing, brilliant  woman. — 4.  A  ballad  by  Tenny- 
son, published  in  18:!0. 

Oriana,  The  Triumphs  of.  A  collection  of  mai  1- 
rigals  in  honor  of  yueon  Elizabeth,  compiled 
and  published  by  Thomas  Morley  in  1001. 

Oribe  (6-re'ba),  Manuel.  Bom  about  1802:  died 
at  Monte\ndeo,  Nov.,  1857.  An  Uruguayan  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  war  mider 
Rivera  1833-.35,  and  succeeded  him  as  president  for  four 
years,  March  1,  1835.  In  1836  Rivera,  at  the  head  of  the 
Colorados  party,  revolted,  and  eventually  (Oct.,  ia3S)  took 

*  Montevideo.  Oribe  then  joined  with  the  dictator  Rosas  in 
a  scheme  for  uniting  Urufiuay  with  Buenos  Ayres.  Rosas 
furnished  liim  with  troops,  and  from  1842  to  1851  he  held 
possession  of  much  of  Uruguay  and  besieged  Montevideo 
at  intervals :  this  period  is  known  as  the  Nine  Years*  Siege 
("Sitio  de  Nueve  Ai^os").  Eventually  Brazil  and  Entre 
Kios  interfered,  and  Oribe  capitulated  to  Urcjuiza  in  Oct., 
185L    He  led  a  revolt  in  Sept.,  1855. 

Oriel  (o'ri-el)  College.  A  college  of  Oxford 
Univei-sity,  founded  liy  Adamde  Brome  and  Ed- 
ward II.  in  1320  (see  the  extract).  The  existing 
buildings  date  in  greater  part  from  the  early  17th  centurj-. 
Though  the  parts  areincongruons,  the  whole  is  picturesque. 
On  one  side  of  the  quadranglethere  isafine  rangeof  win- 
dows with  medieval  tracery. 

Oriel  College,  the  fifth  in  antiquity  of  the  colleges  that 
now  remain  at  Oxford,  dates  its  legal  existence  from  the 
year  1326,  although  it  actually  took  its  origin  two  years 
earlier.  It  was  in  1324  that  Edward  II.  gave  formal  per- 
mission to  his  almoner,  Adam  de  Brome,  to  acquire  land 
for  the  purpose  of  founding  a  college  which  should  be 
styled  "the  House  of  the  Scholars  of  St.  Mary  at  <)xforii." 
In  accordance  with  the  temis  of  the  royal  licence,  Adam 
de  Brome  bought  of  Roger  Marshall,  rector  of  Tackley,  a 
buihling  known  as  Tatkley's  Inn,  situated  on  the  south 
side  of  the  High  Street  of  Oxford,  and  there  ho  seems  to 
have  established  his  scholars,  one  of  them,  set  over  the  rest, 
being  designated  the  Rector.  He  also  bought  for  their 
benefit  a  house  called  La  Perilos  Hall,  which  stood  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Durham  College,  in  the  northt-rti  suburb. 
Before  long,  however,  he  resolved  to  place  his  college  under 
more  powerful  protection  than  his  own,  and  with  that  ob- 
ject surrendered  it  into  the  hands  of  his  royal  master. 
Edward  II.  was,  by  a  transparent  fiction,  made  to  appear 
the  founder  of  an  institution  of  which  in  i)oint  of  fact  ho 
wasmerelythe  foster-father.  On  the2Istof  Jatnuiry,  1320, 
he  issued  a  fonnal  charter  of  foundation  and  a  code  of 
statutes,  both,  no  doubt,  drawn  up  by  his  almoner,  who 
caused  himself  to  be  appointed  the  oflicial  head  of  the  Col- 
lege, with  the  title  of  Pncpositus,  or  Provost. 

hyte,  Oxford,  p.  141. 

Orient  (6'ri-ent),  The.  [From  L.  oricn.i,  rising 
(sc.  of  the  sun).]  The  East;  eastern  countries ; 
8pecificall.v,the  regions  to thoeastandsoutheast 
of  the  leading  states  of  Europe :  a  vague  term, 
including  Asiatic  Turkey,  Persia,  India,  Egypt, 
etc. 

Origen  (or'i-,i(Mi),  L.  Origenes  (6-rij'e-nez)  (sur- 
uamed  Adamantius).  [<  ir.  'ii/jiyturic  'Ada/iavTC- 
i«C.]  Bom  probably  at  Alexandria,  185  or  186 
A.  D. :  died  at  Tyre,  probably  253.  One  of  the 
Greek  fathers  of  tlio  church.  He  was  educated  at 
Alexandria,  and  was  head  of  the  celebrated  catechetitrul 
school  in  that  city  from  about  211  luitil  231  or  232,  when  for 
obscure  reasons  he  was  degraded  by  the  synoil  from  the 
condition  of  a  presbyter  to  that  of  a  layman.  He  afterwanl 
founded  a  school  at  Cicsarca.  Ue  was  linpris(ined  in  the 
Decian  persecution  in  250.  lie  w.is  an  extremely  prolific 
author,  and  wrote  on  a  great  variety  of  subjects  pertaining 
to  theidogy.  Among  his  works  are  a  vahniblc  recension  of 
the  Old  Testament,  entitled  *' Hcxapla,"frngmctd8of  which 
have  been  preserved;  and  a  defense  of  Christianity  against 
the  Epicurean  philosopher  Cclsus. 

OrigenistS  (or'i-jen-ists).  1.  The  followers  of 
Ong(  11  of  Alexandria;  those  wlio  held  or  pro- 
fessed to  hold  the  doclrincs  held  by  or  attrib- 
uted to  Origon. — 2.  Tlio  members  of  a  sect 
mentioned  by  Epiphanius  ns  followers  of  some 
unknown  person  named  <  irigcii.  He  attributes 
.shameful  vices  to  tliein,  but  supplies  no  further 
inf<irmati<in  concorniiit;  them. 

Original  Chronicle  of  Scotland,  The.  A  rimed 

chronicle  by  .Vndi-ew  of  WvuIdmii.  (inished  1)0- 
tweeii  1420"  and  1124.  ll  begins  with  the  angels, 
follows  with  Adam  and  Eve,  and  continues  dowu  to  the 
author's  time. 


763 

Wyntoun  says  that  he  called  his  chronicle  "original" 
because  hn  designed  to  trace  things  froEU  their  origin  ;  and 
he  wrote  it  in  [line  books  in  honour  of  the  nine  orders  of 
angels.  Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  50. 

Origines  (o-rij'i-nez).  [L.,  'origins.']  Seethe 
extract. 

Cato  composed  also  the  first  Roman  historical  work  in 
Latin  prose,  his  seven  books  of  Oriu'lnes,  cominenced  in  the 
lateryears  of  his  life  and  contiiuu-d  neatly  until  his  death. 
The  work  comprised  also  the  other  tribes  of  Italy,  includ- 
ing I'pperltaly,  at  the  same  time  dealing  with  ethnography 
and  all  sides  (if  social  life  to  an  extent  which  remained 
without  imitation.  In  all  the  rest,  the  work  was  in  the 
manner  of  the  .Annalists,  now  brief,  now  extensive  and 
even  allowing  space  for  the  insertion  of  complete  speeches 
by  the  author.  Teuffel  and  Schwnhe,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit. 
|(tr.  by  ti.  C.  W.  Warr),  I.  174. 

Origin  of  Species,  The.  A  work  by  Darwin, 
developing  his  theory  of  evolution,  published 
in  1S59. 

Orihuela  (6-rc-wa'lii).   A  town  in  the  province 

of  Alicante.  Spain,  situated  on  the  Segnra  13 
miles  northeast  of  Jlurcia.  Population  (1887), 
24.364. 

Orinda  (o-rin'dii),  The  Matchless.  See  Phi!- 
ips,  Katlierhic. 

Orinoco  (6-ri-n6'k6).  The  northernmost  of  the 
three  great  rivei-s  of  South  America.  It  rises  in 
the  Parima  Mountains,  flows  northwest,  then  lH)rth  and 
flnallyeast  through  Venezuela,  and  empties  by  a  delta  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Trhiidad,  about  lat.  9*-10°  N.  The  upper 
ptu-tion  is  in  a  forest  region  ;  the  lower  course  is  bordeird 
by  open  llanos.  Its  branch  the  Cassiiiuiaro  connects  it  with 
the  Rio  Negro,  and  hence  with  the  Amaz.cm.  The  chief 
tributaries arctheCuaviare,  Meta.  Apun^.V'entuari,  Caura, 
and  Carotii.  Its  mouth  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1408,  and  it  was  first  navigated  by  Diego  de  Ordaz  in  1531. 
Length,  about  1,350  miles  (irulu'ling  tlie  Guaviare,  about 
1,B(J0  miles);  navigalde  aboul  9(Hl  miles,  to  the  Orinoco 
"falls,"  or  rapids  of  Atures,  and  above  them  for  a  long 
distance. 

Orion  (o-ri'on)-  [Gr. 'S2piW.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
tholog3',  a,  giant  and  liunter.  There  were  various 
legends  about  him.  Hewas  blinded,  with  theaidof  Diony- 
sus, liy  Oinopion  whose  daughter  he  had  ravished:  hut 
regained  his  sight  by  opening  his  eyes  to  the  rays  of  the 
rising  sun.  He  was  slain  by  .Artemis.  After  his  death  he 
was  changed  to  a  constcdlation. 

2.  Aconstellation  situatedin  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere with  respect  to  the  ecliptic,  but  having 
the  equinoctial  crossing  it  nearly  in  the  middle. 
This  constellation  is  represented  by  tlie  figure  of  a  giant 
with  a  sword  by  his  side.  It  contains  seven  starswhieh  are 
very  conspicuous  to  the  naked  eye:  four  of  these  form  a 
quadrangle,  and  the  other  three  are  situated  in  the  middle 
of  it  in  a  straight  line,  forming  what  is  called  the  belt  or 
Girdle  of  Orion.  They  are  also  popularly  called  Jacoh'x 
Staff,  Our  Laflij'it  Wanit,  the  Varil-icand,  etc.  Orion  also 
contains  a  remarkable  nebula. 

Oriskany  (o-ris'ka-ni).  A  village  in  Oneida 
Count.y,  New  York,  7  miles  northwest  of  Utica. 
Here.  Aug.  6_,  1777,  the  v\niericans  under  Herkimer  de- 
feated the  British  and  Indians.     See  llerlnmer. 

Orissa  (6-ris'sii).  A  province  in  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  the  lieutenant-governorship  of  Ben- 
gal, British  Imlia,  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, It  was  fonnerly  a  Hindu  khigdom :  later  was  under 
Mogul  and  Mahratta  rule ;  and  was  acquired  by  the  British 
in  1803.  Area,  9,853  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
4,1117,352. 

Oristano  (o-ris-tii'no).     A  town  in  the  province 

of  Cagliari,  Sardini.a,  situated  on  the  Tirso,  near 
the  western  coast,  54  miles  north-northwest  of 
Cagliari.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Population  (1881), 
7,031. 

Orizaba  (6-re-thii'Bii).  A  city  of  Mexico,  in  the 
state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 64  miles  west-south- 
west of  Vera  Cruz.    l'o|iulation  (1894),  10,775. 

Orizaba,  Peak  of.  A  slumbering  pyramidal 
voli'aiiii,  M  miles  northwest  oft  )rizabn.  It  is  the 
highest  mountain  in  Mexico,  and,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  Motitit  l.ogtin.  the  highest  In  North  America. 
Height  of  Ot  izaba  (Heilprin,  189(1),  18,205  feet ;  (Scovell, 
1892),  18,314  feet. 

Orkhan(or-6h!in').  Died  13.59.  Sultan  or  emir 
of  tint  Turks  1326-,59,  son  of  Othnian. 

Orkney  (orU'ni).  A  county  of  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  the  ( Irkiicy  Isliinils. 

Orkney  and  Shetland  (shet'lnnd).    A  former 

county  of  Scotlainl,  divided  in  1889.  Sco  OrL- 
1UII  Ixlonds  ami  Sin  Ihiiid  IshiiKtu. 

Orkney  (ork'iii)  Islands.    [Icel.  ow,-»ciy«r,  Or- 

cades  Islands  (<  i/,  pi.  cjijar,  island),  the  first  ele- 
ment being  (uob.  confused  with  orkti,  iirkti,  a 
seal.]  A  group  of  islands  north  of  Scotland, 
from  which  they  are  separated  by  Pentlnnd 
Firth:  the  ancient  Oi'cades,  Chief  town,  Kirk- 
wall. They  form  a  distinct  county,  and  are  about  07  In 
number,  29  being  inhid>itetl.  The  nrlnclpiil  island  Is  Main- 
land ;  surface  generally  low  (hilly  in  Hoy  ami  parts  of 
Mainland);  chief  otx'tipatlons,  agriculture  ami  fisheries. 
Tile  ancient  Inhabitants  were  I'lcts:  they  were  Christian- 
ized by  Irish  missionaries.  The  Islands  were  actiuired  liy 
the  Northmen  In  the  8lli  and  9tli  centuries,  and  ruleil  Ity 
jarls.  In  12;il  they  passed  to  Iho  Earls  of  .Vngtis,  etc.,  anil 
In  1108  to  the  .seiUtKh  crown.  Iienmark  renounced  Its 
claims  of  Rovereigttty  In  IfiDO.  Area,  37tl  square  miles. 
Population  (181)1X  30,403. 


Orleans,  Hel^ne  Louise  Elisabeth  d' 

Orlando  (6r-Ian'd6).  1.  The  Italian  form  of 
7i'o/<(H(/(which  see). — 2.  In  .Sliakspere's  comedy 
"As  you  Like  it,"  the  younger  brother  of  Oliver, 
and  lover  of  Kosalind. 

Orlando  Furioso  (or-lUu'do  fo-re-6'so).  [It., 
'  Orlando  Mad.']  A  metrical  rrmiauce  bvAriosto, 
40  cantos  of  which  were  published  iii  1515,  to 
which  he  added  5  more  before  his  death  in  1533. 
Sir  .John  llarington's  translation  was  published  in  1591.  It 
is  a  continuation  of  lioiardos  "Orlando  Innamoralo,"  but 
it  begins  ;it  a  point  before  the  end  of  Boiardo's  work.  Or- 
lando's mailness  is  occasioned  by  the  falseness  of  Angelicx 

Orlando  Furioso,  The  History  of.  A  plav  by 
Robert  Greene,  produced  piobably  about  1588- 
l.)8i).  It  was  revived  in  1.'.92,  printed  in  1594.  Greene 
makes  Orlando  marry  .Angelica. 

Orlando  InnamoratO  (en-nii-mo-ra'to).  ['  Or- 
lando Enamoured.']  A  metrical  romance  by 
Boiardo,  on  the  love  of  Orlando  or  Roland  for 
Angelica.  Tliehero,  however,  is  reallyRogero.  Boiardo 
left  it  unfinished  in  1494,  and  Ariosto  wrote  his  "Orlando 
Furioso"  as  its  sequel.  Boiardo's  poem  was  remodeled 
in  a  lively  style  by  liemi. 

Orl6anais  (or-la-ii-ntX').  An  ancient  govern- 
miiit  of  France.  Capital,  Orleans.  It  was  bounded 
by  I  le-de- France  on  the  north,  Champagne  anil  Burgundy 
on  the  east,  Nivernaison  the  southeast,  Herrjon  the  south, 
and  Touraine  on  the  west.  It  comprised,  bes"ides  Orl(?anai8 
proper,  Gatinais,  Beauce,  and  Sologne.  It  correspitmied 
mainly  to  the  departments  of  Loiret,  Loir-et-Cher,  Eure-et- 
Loir,  and  parts  of  Seine-et-Oise,  Indre-et-Loire,  Nievre, 
Cher,  and  Sarthe. 

Orleanists  (6r'le-an-ists).  In  French  politics, 
the  adherents  of  the  princes  of  the  Orleans 
family.  Tlie  family  is  descended  from  a  younger  brother 
of  Louis  XIV.,  and  has  furnished  one  sovereign,  Louis 
Philil)l)e  (who  reigned  1830-48). 

Orleans  (or-la-oii'),  Eng.  Orleans  (or'lf-anz). 
[Formerly  also  Orlcuiiiicc,  JIE.  Orleaiix,  Or- 
leaiiiis,  O'rliaiins,  OF.  Orleans,  Orlians,  LL.  .-1k- 
rcliaii i, or  A iirclianensis,  Aurelian's  (city).]  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Loire  in  lat.  47°  ,54'  N.,long.  1°  .54' 
E.:  the  medieval  Aureliani,  and  probably  the  an- 
cient Oenabum.  it  has  important  commerce  in  wool, 
w-ines,  grain,  timber,  oil,  etc.,  and  manufactures  of  blankets, 
hosiery,  worsted,  vinegar,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  a  building 
of  great  size,  rebuilt  by  Henry  IV.  (liegun  in  1601)  in  as 
close  an  approximation  as  possible  to  the  architecture  of  the 
original  Pointed  cathedral  destroyed  by  the  Huguenots. 
The  facade,  with  its  6  portals  and  2  lofty  towers,  is  of 
gingerbread  work ;  but  much  of  the  chevet  and  apsldal 
chapels  belongs  to  the  earlier  church,  and  is  verv  fine. 
The  live-aisled  interior  is  485  feet  long,  and  the  nave  100 
high.  Orl(?ans  was  a  town  of  the  Canintes.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  Cajsar,  but  was  rebuilt  by  Aurclian.  occupying 
an  important  militarj'  position.  It  was  unsticeessfully 
besieged  by  Attila  in  461 ;  was  a  leading  town  from  the 
Jlerovingian  times;  and  was  the  chief  place  of  Orteanais. 
The  famous  siege  of  it  commenced  by  tile  English  Oct.  12, 
1428,  was  raised  in  May,  1429,  in  consetiuence  of  the  as- 
saults of  the  relicAing  forces  under  Joan  of  Arc  (see  the 
extract).  ItwasaHugnenotcenterabout  1563.  Avietory 
of  the  Germans  over  the  French.  Oct.  11, 1S70,  was  acconi- 
panleil  by  the  capture  of  the  city.  The  VYench  retook  It 
in  Nov.;  but  in  the  severe  fighting  of  Dec.  2-4  they  were 
worsted,  and  the  Germans  again  occupied  it.  Pupiilatlou 
(19(11),  67,.5:)9. 

The  Loire,  flowing  first  norlhwarils,  then  westwanls, 
prot-ects,  by  its  broad  sickle  of  waters,  this  portion  of  Gaul, 
and  the  Loire  itself  is  commandeil  at  its  most  northeily 
polntbythatcity  which, known  In  Ciesar'sdayasGenabuin, 
had  taken  the  name  ,\urellani  from  the  great  Empenir, 
the  conqueror  of  Zenobia,  and  is  now  called  Orl(^ans.  Three 
times  has  Aureliani  played  an  cniinent  part  In  the  history 
of  Gaul.  There  broke  out  the  great  insurrection  of  B.  0. 
62  against  the  victorious  Ciesar;  there  Atlila's  host.  In 
A.  D.  461,  received  their  first  repulse;  and  there  in  I42fl, 
the  maid  of  Domremy,  by  forcing  the  Duke  of  Bedford  to 
rai-^o  the  siege,  wrested  from  the  English  Flantageuets 
their  last  chance  of  ruling  In  France. 

llinlijhin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  1.12. 

Orleans,  Charles,  Due  d'.  Born  May  26,  1301 : 
dieil  .Ian.  4,  1465.  A  French  poet,  son  of  Louis, 
due  irOrli'tins.  He  w.aa  taken  pris<uier  by  the  English 
at  Aglncourt  In  1415,  and  released  in  1440,  His  poems  were 
edited  by  d'Hcricault  in  1874. 

The  life  of  this  poet  .  .  .  falls  Into  three  divisions.  In 
the  first,  when  after  his  father's  death  he  held  the  position 
of  a  groat  feudal  prince  almost  independent  of  royal  con- 
trol, It  is  notrcconled  that  he  produced  any  literary  worlc. 
His  long  cajltivlty  in  Englamt  wtis  more  fruitful,  and  dur- 
ing It  ho  wrote  both  In  French  and  in  English.  But  the 
last  fivi--and. twenty  years  of  his  life,  when  he  lived  quietly 
and  kept  court  at  Blols  (bringing  about  bitti  the  literary 
men  of  (lie  time  fnun  li«>ni'iqu:dt  to  \'llhiti,  and  engnging 
with  them  in  pitctictd  lotitiianicnts).  were  the  inosi  pnv 
diictive.  Ills  undouliteil  wi>rk  is  ni>t  large,  but  the  pieces 
which  compose  it  are  among  the  best  of  their  kind. 

Sainlttbun/,  French  Lit.,  p.  105. 

Orldans,  Ferdinand  Philippe  Louis  Charles 

Henri,  l>ued'.  I'.ornni  I'lilermo,  Sopt.  3,  ISjO: 
died  near  Paris,  .July  13,  1.S42.  Eldest  son  of 
Louis  Pliilip]ie,  king  of  the  French.     Ho  served 

in  the  camiwigns  in  .Mgcria. 

Orl6ans,  H616ne  Lotilse  Elisabeth,  Duchesse 

d'.  Born  :H  l.mlwigslust.  .Miekloiibiirg,  1814: 
died  at  Kichtnonil,  Knglaiid.  1.><.5S.  A  princessof 
Mccklenbuig,  wife  of  the  Due  d'Orli'ans  (islf>- 
1842). 


Orleans,  House  of 

Orleans,  House  of.  In  French  history,  at  vari- 
ous times  since  the  14th  century,  a  younger 
branch  of  the  reigning  family,  holding  the 
duchy  of  Orleans  as  an  appanage:  particularly 
the  family  of  the  younger  brother  of  Louis  XIV., 
Philip,  whose  descendants  and  adherents  have 
been  called  Orleanists. 

Orleans  (6r'le-anz),  Isle  of.  An  island  in  the 
St.  Lawrence,  northeast  of  Quebec.  Length, 
20  miles. 

Orleans  (or-la-on' ).  Jean  Baptiste  Gaston.Duc 
d".  Bom  April  25, 1608 :  died  Feb.  2,  1660.  A 
younger  son  of  Henry  IV.  He  is  noted  chiefly  forhis 
intrigues  against  Richelieu  and  Mazaria  in  the  reigns  of 
I/^uis  XIIL  and  Louis  XIV.  He  was  created  duke  of  Or- 
le;ins  in  1627. 

Orleans,  Louis,  Due  d'.  Bom  1371:  killed  at 
Paris,  Xov.  23. 1407.  Younger  brother  of  Charles 
VI.  He  was  created  dulic  of  Orleans  in  1392.  In  the  same 
year  his  brother  became  deranged,  and  he  assumed  the 
regency  in  opposition  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  He  was 
assassinated  by  Jean  Sans  Peur,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  1407, 
and  his  death  was  the  signal  for  the  civil  war  between 
Bunrundians  and  Arraagnacs  or  supporters  of  Orleans. 

Orleans,  Louis  PhiUppe,  Due  d'.  See  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, King  of  the  French. 

Orleans,  Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  Due  d'.  Bom 
at  St. -Cloud,  France,  April  13, 1747:  guillotined 
at  Paris.  Nov.  6,  1793.  Great-grandson  of  Phi- 
lippe d'Orleans  (1674— 1723).  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constituent  Assembly  I7S9-91,  and  was  a  Montagnard  dep- 
uty to  the  Convention  1792-93.  ,  He  renounced  his  title,  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Philippe  Egalite,  and  voted  for  the 
death  of  the  king.  He  was  executed  on  the  accession  of 
the  Jacobins  to  power  in  the  Convention. 

Orleans,  Maid  of.    See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Orleans,  Philippe,  Due  d".  Boi-u  Sept.  21, 1640 : 
died  June  9. 1701.  The  younger  brother  of  Louis 
XIV.  He  became  duke  of  Orleans  in  1660,  and 
is  the  ancestor  of  the  present  house  of  Orleans. 

Orleans,  Philippe,  Due  d'.  Bom  at  St. -Cloud, 
France,  Aug..  1674:  died  at  Paris,  Dec,  1723. 
The  son  of  Philippe  d'Orl^ans  (1&10-1701).  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  general,  and  was  regent  of 
France  1715-23.  and  prime  minister  in  1723. 

Orleans  Madonna,  The.  A  small  but  beauti- 
ful paintiug  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  on  wood, 
at  the  Chateau  de  Chantilly,  France.  The  virgin 
has  the  circular  nimbus,  and  in  the  background  appear 
earthenware  vessels  and  a  flask. 

Orloff  (or-lof ' ),  Alexei.  Bom  1737  :  died  1S08. 
A  Russian  admiral,  brother  of  Grigori  Orloff. 
He  took  part  in  the  conspiracy  which  raised  Catharine  II. 
to  the  throne,  and  strangled  the  czar  Peter  III.  with  his 
own  hands  (1762X  Hegainedthenaval  victory  of  Tchesme 
over  the  Turks  in  1770. 

Orloff,  Prince  Alexei.  Bom  17S7:  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  May  21,  1861.  A  Russian  general 
and  diplomatist.  He  negotiated  the  peace  of  Adria- 
nople  in  1S29,  and  that  of  Hunkiar-Skelessi  in  1833 ;  and 
represented  Russia  at  the  Congress  of  Paris  in  1S56. 

Orloff,  Count  Grigori.  Born  Oct.  17,  1734 :  died 
at  Moscow,  -\.pril  24,  1783.  A  Eussian  general 
and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years' War,  and 
participated  in  the  conspiracy  which  raised  Catharine  II. 
to  the  throne  in  17C2.  He  afterward  became  Catharine's 
paramour. 

Orloff  Diamond,  The.  -A.  famous  gem,  the  chief 
ornament  of  theRussianimperial  scepter:  some- 
times eaUed  the  scepterdiamond.  It  was  purchased 
at  Amsterdam  by  Count  Grigori  Orloff,  and  was  given  by 
him  to  Catharine  IL  It  weighs  193  carats.  Also  Koh-i-Tur. 

Onn.     See  Ormulum. 

Ormazd  (or'mazd),  or  Onnuzd  (or'muzd).  See 
Aliura  Ma:da. 

Orme  (6rm),  Robert.  Bom  at  Anjengo,  Tra- 
vaucore,  India,  June,  1728:  died  at  Great  Eal- 
ing, near  London,  Jan.  13,  ISOl.  An  English 
historian  of  India,  son  of  Alexander  Orme,  sur- 
geon in  Anjengo.  Hewas  educated  at  Harrow,  and  in 
1743  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service  at  Calcutta. 
He  was  intimately  associated  with  Lord  Clive,  succeeded 
Lord  Pigot  as  governor  of  Madras. and  was  commissar>'-gen- 
eral  from  1757  to  1739.  In  1759  he  returned  to  London,  and 
between  1763  and  1778  published  a  "History  of  the  Milit.ary 
Transactions  of  the  British  Nation  in  Indostan  from  1745." 

Orme's  Head  (ormz  hed).  Great,  and  Onne's 
Head,  Little.  Two  promontories  in  Carnarvon- 
shire, North  Wales,  which  project  into  the  Irish 
Sea  about  35  miles  west  of  Liverpool. 

Onnin.     See  Ormulum. 

Ormonde  (or'mond).  The  former  name  of  East 
Muuster  (Tipperary),  Ireland. 

Ormonde,  A  bay  thoroughbred  horse  foaled  in 
1SS3.  In  1886  he  won  the  Derby,  St.  Leger,  and  Two  Thou- 
sand Guineas.  He  became  a  roarer,  and  was  sent  to  Buenos 
Ayres.  In  1892  he  was  bought  by  Mr.  McDonougb  of  Cali- 
fornia for  $150,000,  the  largest  price  ever  paid  for  a  single 
animal.  Ormonde  is  considered  the  greatest  racer  ever 
bred  ill  England. 

Ormonde,  Dukes  and  Earls  of.    See  Butler. 
OrmskirK  (onnz'kerk).     A  town  in  Lancashire. 

Eiit'land,  12  miles  north-northeast  of  Liverpool. 

Population  (1891).  6,298. 
Ormulum  (6r'my-lum).     A  series  of  metrical 


764 

homilies  on  the  New  Testament,  with  para- 
phrases, composed  by  Orm  or  Ormin  in  the  first 
part  of  the  13tli  century.  He  was  an  Augustinian 
canon,  and  it  is  :xssumed  that  he  lived  in  Lincolnshire 
or  Xottinghamshire,  but  there  are  arguments  in  favor  of 
Ormskirk  in  Lancashire.  Orm  had  a  phonetic  system  of 
his  own,  distinguishing  the  short  vowels  by  doubling  the 
following  consonant.  The  Ormulum  was  first  edited  from 
the  ilS.  by  Robert  Meadows  vrhite  in  1852. 

The  intention  of  his  work  corresponded  to  that  of  the 
Scripture  Paraphi-ase  of  Caedmon,  although  it  differed 
much  in  plan  and  execution.  His  work  is  called,  from  his 
own  name,  the  Onnulum. 

"This  boc  iss  nemmned  Orrmuliun 
Forrthi  that  tirm  itt  wrohhte." 
But  though  the  author  there,  for  a  purpose,  calls  himseU 
Orm,  he  says  elsewhere  that  he  was  named  Ormin.  There 
remains  only  a  portion  of  the  work,  and  it  is  in  a  single  MS. 
which  forms  a  folio  volume  in  the  Junian  collection,  now 
preserved  in  the  Bodleian. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  232. 

0rmus(6r'mus),  orHormuzChor'muz).  Anan- 
eient  and  meiUeval  city  situated  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Persia  at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian 
Gulf.  It  was  removed  to  a  neighboring  island  in  the  Strait 
of  Ormus  about  1300 ;  became  an  emporium  of  commerce 
and  noted  for  its  wealth ;  became  dependent  on  Portugal 
in  1514  ;  and  in  1622  was  taken  by  the  Shah  of  Persia,  as- 
sisted by  the  English.  It  is  now  in  ruins.  Milton  cele- 
brates "the  wealth  of  Onniis  and  of  Ind  "  ("Paradise  Lost," 
it  2). 

Onnuzd.     See  Ahura  Masda. 

Ome  ^om).  A  river  in  northern  France  which 
flows  into  the  English  Channel  10  miles  north- 
east of  Caen.     Length,  about  100  miles. 

Ome.  -^  department  in  northern  Franee.f ormed 
from  part  of  the  ancient  Normandy.  Capital. 
Alen9on.  it  is  twunded  by  Calvados  on  the  north,  Eure 
on  the  northeast,  Eurc-et-Loir  on  the  east,  Sarthe  and  Ma- 
yenne  on  the  south,  and  Manche  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly.  Horses  and  other  live  stock  are 
bred.   Area,  2.354  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  354,3S7. 

Oromo  (o-ro'mo).     See  Galla. 

Oronsay  (6'ron-sa1.  A  small  island  of  Scotland, 
immediately  south  of  Colonsay. 

Oronte  (6-r6ht').  A  fop  in  Moliere's  "Le  mis- 
anthrope." He  has  written  a  sonnet  in  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour,  and  seeks  applause. 

Orontes  (6-ron'tez).  [Gr.  'Opuvrrjg.']  The  chief 
river  in  northern  Syria :  the  modern  Nahr-el- 
Asi.  It  rises  between  Lebanon  and  .\nti-Libanus,  flows 
past  Antioch,  and  empties  into  the  Mediterranean  about 
lat.  36'  5'  X.    Length,  aboat260  miles. 

Orontes  (motmtain).     See  Ehrend. 

Oroomiah.    See  Vrumiah. 

Oroonoko  (6^ro-n6'k6).  A  tragedy  by  South- 
erne,  founded  on  Mrs.  Behn's  novel:  lirst  acted 
in  1696,  Oroonoko,  the  principal  character,  is  a  real  per- 
son, and  is  represented  as  an  accomplished  black  prince, 
made  a  slave,  and  paj-ing  a  fearful  penalty  for  his  marriage 
with  Imoinda.  The  phrase  '*Pity  's  akin  to  love,"  which 
is  found  in  this  play,  has  passed  into  a  proverb. 

Oroonoko,  or  the  Royal  Slave.  -A.  novel  by 
Mrs.  Aphva  Behn,  published  about  1658:  found- 
ed on  facts  which  became  known  to  her  while 
residing  at  Surinam,  of  which  her  father  was 
governor. 

Or  opus  (o-ro'pus).  [Gr.  '2pu-of.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  seaport  in  Attica,  Greece,  bor- 
dering on  Boeotia,  situated  on  the  Euripus  23 
miles  north  of  Athens.  Near  it  was  the  oracle 
of  Amphiaraus. 

Oroshaza  (6'r6sh-ha-zo).  Atowninthe  county 
of  Bekes,  Hungary,  31  triiles  northeast  of  Szege- 
din.     Population  (1890),  19,956. 

Orosius  (d-ro'si-us),  Paulus.  Bom  in  Spain 
(probably  at  Tarragona) :  lived  in  the  tirst  part 
of  the  5th  century  A.  D.  A  Latin  historian  and 
theologian.  He  wrote  an  epitome  of  history  directed 
against  the  pagans:  "Historiarum  libri  vii  adversus  paga- 
nos  "  (translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by  Alfred  the  Great). 

Paulus  Orosius,  a  native  of  Tarragona  in  Spain,  and  a 
friendof  Augustine,  wrote  his  Seven  Books  of  "Histories" 
about  the  year  417,  while  he  was  still  a  young  man  (■  religi- 
osus  juvenis "),  at  the  request  of  the  Bishop  of  Hippo.  They 
were  to  form  a  history  of  the  world  from  the  Deluge  down 
to  his  own  time  (the  last  entry  relates  to  the  year  417X  and 
the  object  of  the  book  was  to  show  that  bloodshed,  oppres- 
sion, and  misery  had  ever  been  the  staple  of  human  his- 
tory, and  that  "Christian  times"  were  unjustly  blamed 
for  the  woes  which  the  barbarians  were  then  inflicting 
on  the  empire.  .  .  .  Vague,  passionate,  and  declamatorj", 
Orosius  represents  only  the  narrow  prejudices  of  an  ortho- 
dox provincial  of  the  empire  in  his  judgments  concerning 
the  men  and  the  events  of  that  mighty  crisis. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  245. 

Orota'va  (6-r6-ta'va).  -A.  toivn  near  the  north- 
em  coast  of  Teneriffe,  Canarv  Islands.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  8,876. 

Orozco  y  Berra  (6-r6th'k6  e  ber'ra\  Manuel. 
Bom  at  Mexico,  June  8,  1816:  died  there,  Jan. 
27, 1881.  A  Mexican  publicist  and  author.  He 
was  a  lawyer  :  was  appointed  director  of  the  national  ar- 
chives in  1S52 ;  and  held  important  posts  under  Juarez.  Sub- 
sequently he  accepted  otfice  under  ilaximilian,  and  on  the 
return  of  Juarez  in  1867  was  imprisoned  for  a  short  time. 
His  works  include  "Geografia  de  las  lengnas  y  carta  etno- 


Orta 

grAflco  de  Mexico  "  (1864),  and  various  works  on  Mexicao 
history  and  geography.  He  edited  the  Mexican  supple- 
ment of  the  "  Dicciouario  universal  de  historia  y  geo- 
grafia. " 

Orphan,  The,  or  the  Unhappy  Marriage.  A 
tragedy  by  Otway,  produced  in  1680.  See  Mo- 
nimia. 

Orphee  aux  Enfers  (or-fa'  6  zan-far').  [P., 
'  (Jrpheus  in  Hell.']  An  opera  bouile  by  Offen- 
bach, produced  at  Paris  in  1858. 

Orphee  et  Euridice.     See  Orfeo  ed  Euridice. 

Orpheon  (or-fa-6n').  A  general  French  name 
for  a  singing  society,  or  a  combination  of  such 
societies. 

An  institution  which  in  1867  numbered  in  France  alone 
3,243  choral  societies,  with  147,5t.io  effective  members,  and 
which  still  (l&SO)  comprises  1.500  Orphans  and  60,000 
Orpheonists,  naturally  required  organs  of  its  own,  espe- 
cially for  the  ventUation  of  topics  connected  with  the  "  con- 
cours"  and  festivals.  The  most  important  of  these  are 
"La  France  chorale,"  "L'Echo  des  Orph^ons,"  "La  noa- 
velle  France  chorale,"  and  "L'Urpheon." 

Grace,  DicL  of  Music,  etc.,  IL  612. 

Orpheus  (or'fus).  [Gr.  'Op^ifif.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Apollo,  or  of  a  Thracian  river-  ' 
god,  and  husband  of  Eurydice.  He  had  the  power 
of  charming  all  animate  and  inanimate  objects  with  his 
sweet  lyre  ;  descended  living  into  Hades  to  bring  back  to 
life  Eurydice;  and  perished,  torn  to  pieces  by  infuriated 
Thracian  mfenade.    See  Eurydice. 

The  earliest  poet,  in  Greek  legend,  is  Orpheus.  The 
name  of  this  mythical  person  is  the  Greek  form  of  the  In- 
dian Ribhu.  The  Ribhus  flgure  in  the  Indian  hymns  aa 
great  artificers,  the  first  mortals  who  were  raised  to  the 
gods.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  18. 

Orpheus  and  Eurydice.    See  Orfeo  ed  Euridice. 
Orpheus  C.  Kerr  ("Office-seeker").  The  psen- 
i!oii_\-m  of  Robert  Henry  Newell. 

OrpHeuB,  Eurydice,  and  Hermes.  A  replica  of 
an  Attic  high  relief  of  the  school  of  Phidias,  in 
the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  group  is  shown 
just  at  the  moment  when  Orpheus,  having  looked  back, 
must  lose  his  wife  forever.  It  is  full  of  the  charm  and 
high  ideal  quality  of  the  best  Gree's  work. 

Orr  (or),  James  La'wrence.  Bom  at  Crayton- 
ville,  S.  C,  May  12,  1822:  died  at  St,  Peters- 
burg, May  5,  1873.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1S4^ 
1859 ;  speaker  of  the  House  1857-59 ;  Confederate  senator 
1862-65 ;  governor  of  South  Carolina  1865-68 ;  and  Cnited 
States  minister  to  Russia  1873. 

Orrery,  Earls  of.    See  Boyle. 

Orrhoene.     See  Osrhoene. 

Orsay  (or-sa'),  Comte  Alfred  Guillaume  Ga- 
briel d*.  Born  at  Paris  about  1,98:  died  at 
Paris,  -\ug.  4, 1852.  A  leader  of  society  in  Pa- 
ris and  London,  and  amateur  of  the  fine  arts. 
He  is  noted  for  his  intimacy  with  the  Countess  of  Blessing- 
ton,  In  1827  he  married  Lady  Harriet  Gardiner,  daughter 
of  Lord  Blessington  by  his  first  wife.  She  soon  left  him, 
and  Lady  Blessington,  who  was  then  a  widow,  took  up 
her  abode  with  him.  Their  house  was  the  resort  of  a  bril- 
liant literary  and  fashionable  societj*.  On  his  bankruptcy 
in  1S49,  they  returned  to  Paris,  where  the  countess  died  in 
a  few  weeks. 

Orsinl  (or-se''ne).  A  Roman  princely  family, 
formerlv  powerful  in  Rome  and  elsewhere  in 
Italy. 

Orsini,  Felice.  Bom  at  Meldola,  Forii.  Italv, 
1819:  executed  at  Paris.  March  13.  1858.  An 
Italian  patriot  and  revolutionist.  He  attempted, 
with  others,  to  assassinate  Napoleon  m.  by  explodLing 
bombs  Jan.  14,  1S5S.    Pieri  was  executed  with  him. 

Orsino  (6r-se'n6).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
play  ••  Twelfth  Night,"  the  Duke  of  Illyria.  He 
loves  Olivia,  who  discourages  him.  He  finally  marries 
Viola,  who  secretly  loves  him  and  has  served  him  as  a 
page. 

Orsk  (orsk).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Orenburg,  eastern  Russia,  situated  on  the  Ural 
about  150  miles  east-southeast  of  Orenburg. 
Population  (1891),  18,067. 

Orson.     See  Valentine  and  Orson. 

0rS0Ta(or'sh6-vo),01d,and0rS0Ta,Ne'W.  Two 
■villages  in  Hungary,  situated  at  the  Iron  Gates 
of  the  Danube,  near  the  Rumanian  and  Servian 
frontiers.  New  Orsova  was  a  Turkish  fortress 
imtU  1878. 

Orsted,  or  Oersted  (er'sted),  Anders  Sandoe. 
Bom  at  Rudkjobing,  Denmark,  Dec.  21,  1778: 
died  May  1,  1860.  A  noted  Danish  statesman, 
jurist,  and  author:  brother  of  H.  C.  Orsted. 
He  was  premier  1S53-.54. 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian.  Bom  at  Rudkjobing, 

Denmark,  Aug.  14,  1777;  died  March  9. 1851.  A 
Danish  physicist,  professor  at  Copenhagen,  es- 
pecially celebrated  for  his  discovery  of  electro- 
magnetism  in  1819.  He  published  "  Aanden  i 
Naturen"  ('•  Spirit  in  Nature,"  1850).  etc. 

Orsua,  Pedxo  de.    See  Ursua. 

Orta  (or'ta).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Novara.  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lake 
of  Orta  27  miles  north-nortJiwest  of  Novara. 


Orta,  Lake  of 

Orta,  Lake  of,  or  Lago  Cusio  (la'po  k6'ze-6). 
A  small  lake  in  the  proviiioe  of  Noviira,  north- 
ern Italy,  6  miles  west  of  Lago  Maggiore. 
Length,  7+  miles. 

Ortegal  (6r'te-gal;  Sp.  pron.  or-tii-gal'),  Cape. 
A  cape  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Spain. 

Ortel  (er'tel),  Philipp  Friedrich  Wilhelm: 
pseu'loiiym  W.  0.  VOn  Horn.    Bom  at  Horn, 

I      near  Simmern,  Prussia.  Aug.  15.  1798:  died  at 

I      Wiesbaden,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 1867.     A  German 

I      writer  of  popular  stories. 

'  Ortelius  (6r-te'li-us)  (Latinized  from  Oertel  or 
Ortell),  Abraham.  Born  at  Antwerp,,  1527: 
died  at  Antwerp,  l.'iOS.  A  Flemish  geographer. 
He  pulilishfd  an  atlas,  'Theatrum  orliis  terranim  "  (1570), 
etc.  Ho  came  to  ICni^land  in  l.'.T".  and  it  was  liia  encour- 
agement and  solicitation  that  induced  Camden  Xo  produce 
his  " Britiiniiia." 

Ortenau(or'te-nou).  A  region  in  central  Baden, 
lying  east  of  the  Rhine,  west  of  the  Black  For- 
est, and  north  of  the  Brcisgau. 
Orth  (orth),  GrOdlove  Stqner.  Born  near  Leb- 
anon, Pa.,  April  22,  ISl/  :  died  at  Lafayette, 
Ind.,  Dee.  10,  1SS2.  An  American  politician. 
He  wjis  member  of  Congresa  from  Indiana  180:^-71,  1S73- 
1875,  and  1879-82,  and  United  States  minister  to  Austria 
1875-77. 
Orthez  (or-taz').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Basses-Pyrenees,  Franco,  situated  on  the  Gave 
de  Pau  2.T  miles  northwest  of  Pan.  it  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  B^arn.  Later  it  was  a  Protestant  center. 
Kear  it,  Feb.  27,  1814,  the  Enjlish  and  Spanish  forces  un- 
der Wellington  defeated  the  lYench  under  Soult  Popu- 
lation (1891X  commune,  6,210. 

Ortler  (ort'ler),  or  Ortler  Spitze  (ort'ler  spit'- 
se).  The  highest  mountain  in  the  Austrian  em- 
pire, situated  in  the  western  part  of  TjtoI.  near 
the  Italian  frontier,  40  miles  northwest  of  Trent. 
It  is  the  higiiest  mountain  of  the  eastern  Alps,  and  was 
formerly  supposed  to  be  the  Wghest  peak  in  Europe. 
Height,  12,810  feet. 

Ortler  Alps.  A  group  of  the  Alps  including  the 
Ortler.  It.  foi-ms  the  watershed  of  the  Adige, 
Adda,  and  Oglio  basins. 

Orton  (ur'ton),  Arthur.  Died  at  London, 
April  1.  IsyS'.     See  Ticliliorne. 

Orton,  James.  Born  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y., 
April  21,  1830:  died  on  Lake  Titicaea,  Peru, 
Sept.  2.5,  1877.  An  American  Congregational 
clergjTuan,  naturalist,  and  traveler.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  naturjU  sciences  at  Rochester  Univer- 
sity in  186*1,  and  professor  of  natural  history  at  Vassar  Col- 
lege in  1869.  In  1867  and  1873  he  conducted  expeditions 
to  South  America,  crossing  the  Andes  and  descending  the 
Amazon.  In  1876  he  undertook  the  e.vploration  of  the 
river  Beni,  but  was  forced  to  return,  and  died  on  his  way 
home.  He  published  "The  Andes  and  the  Amazon  "(1870 
and  1876),  "  Comparative  Zoology  "  (1875),  etc. 

Ortona  (or-to'na).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  (Jhieti,  eastern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic 
14  miles  east  of  Chieti.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  FrentanL  Population  (18S1),  6,894;  commune, 
12  122. 

Ortygia  (or-tij'i-ii).  [Gr. 'Opnij/a.]  In  ancient 
geograjihy,  a  small  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Great  Harbor  of  Syracuse,  Sicily.  It  was  fa- 
mous in  the  sieges  of  that  city. 

Oruba  (6-r6'ba),  or  Aruba  (il-ro'bii).  A  small 
island  of  the  West  Indies,  situated  in  tU(^  Carib- 
bean Sea,  north  of  Venezuela,  in  Int.  12°  31'  N., 
long.  70°  3'W.  It  belongs  to  the  Netherlands,  and  is 
attached  to  the  colony  of  Curasao.  Area,  09  s<iuare  miles. 
Population  (1890),  7,743. 

Orungu  (o-riing'gS).  A  small  Bantu  tribe  of 
French  Kongo,  West  Africa,  settled  around  the 
mouth  of  the  Ogovvo  aiul  Cape  Lopez.  They  are 
a  branch  of  the  Mpongwe. 

Oruro  (o-ro'ro).  1.  A  department  in  western 
Bolivia,  bordering  on  Peru  and  Chile,  Area, 
21,331  square  miles.  Population,  189,840.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Oruro,  situ- 
ated about  1.50  miles  northwest  of  Sucre.  Pop- 
ulation, about  10,000. 

Orvieto  (or-ve-a'to)  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  situated  on  a  volcanic  hill  liO 
miles  north  by  west  of  Home:  the  ancient  Urbi- 
bentum,  and  medieval  UrbsVctiis.  It  is  noted  for 
Its  picturesque  site,  Ktriiscan  nm-.pulis,  cathedral,  well, 
private  residimces,  and  wine.  The  eaOn-ilral,  founded  1290, 
U  in  plan  u  Latin  crows  with  square  ehevet,  2113  feet  long, 
107  wide,  and  lilt  high  Ut  the  optMi-framed  wooden  roof. 
Tlie  interior  isof  basilican  character,  except  ft>r  its  narrow 
pointed  elearslocy  wirnlows.  The  liuildiiig  is  exiremelv 
rich  in  works  of  art  of  all  kimls.  The  splendid  octagonal 
sculptured  fontand  the  frescos  by  J'Ya  Angeljcotuid  I.ina 
Signorelli  are  esjieciidly  noteworthy.  Tiiowest  front (nilit) 
is  tile  in<mt  lieantiful  and  the  purest  design  of  its  type  in 
exislenee.  It  has  three  vertical  divisions,  separated  by  piers 
and  pitmacles,  and  terinlnat  jug  In  lofty  gables  tilled  with 
mosnics.  Below  there  are  thre*!  great  canopied  doors,  and 
belweon  the  doors'niul  the  gables  mosides,  an  arcade,  anil 
a  central  rose-window  iiiseribed  in  a  richly  decorated 
square.  The  jiiers  between  atnl  at  the  sides  <»?  the  portals 
are  covered  with  admirable  reliefs  by  aiovnnui  Pisanoand 
AmoUu,  repreaenting  the  Creation,  the  Palriarclia  utid 


765 

Prophets,  the  life  of  Christ,  and  the  Last  Judgment.   The 

facade  is  174  feet  high  and  131  wide.     Population  (18S1), 

7,304;  connnune,  15,93L 
Orville  (or'vil).  Lord.     The  lover  of  Evelina, 

in  Miss  Burney's  novel  of  that  name. 
Oryekhoff-Zuyeflf  (or-yech'of-z6'yef).     A  cot- 

loiiiiiauufaeturing  village  in  the  government 

of  N'ladimir,   Russia,  about  55  miles  east  of 

Moscow. 

Orzechowski  (or-zhe-chov'ske)  (L.  Orichovi- 

US),  Stanislaw.  Born  at  Przemysl,  (jalicia, 
aliout  ir)1.5 :  died  1.566  (f ;.  A  Polish  theologian, 
by  turns  a  champion  and  au  opponent  of  the 
Keformation  in  Poland. 

Osage  (o'sii,]') :  theii-  own  name  is  Wacace  (wii- 
shii'sha).  '  [PL,  also  Osaf/cx.']  A  tribe  of  the 
Dhegih'a  division  of  the  Siotum  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  comjjosed  of  the  Great  Osage 
and  Little  Osage.  Great  Osage  is  the  common  but  er- 
roneous name  for  thenighland  (>s;ige  ('th«tse  who  camped 
at  the  top  of  the  hill ').  and  Little  Oi.agc  is  a  similarly  erro- 
neous name  for  the  Lowland  Os:ige  (■  tln)se  who  camped  at 
the  base  of  the  hill").  The  Osage  are  in  Oklahoma,  and 
number  1,581.    See  DhejUta. 

Osage  (o'sa,!  or  6-sa,i').  A  river  in  eastern  Kan- 
sas and  in  Missouri,  which  flows  into  the  Mis- 
souri 9  miles  east  of  Jefl'crson  City.  It  is  called 
in  Kans.is  Slarais  des  Cygnes.  Length,"  400-500  miles; 
navigable  nbout  200  miles. 

Osaka.     See  OMln. 

Osaka  (o-sil'kii).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  French  Kon- 
go, neighbors  and  kinsmen  of  the  Bakelo. 

Osbaldistone  (os-bal'dis-ton),  Francis.  The 
nominal  hero  of  Scott's  "liob  Roy." 

Osbaldistone, Rashleigh.  Tlieviliainof  Scott's 
"  Kob  Roy."  He  is  the  cousin  of  Francis,  and 
a  well-drawn  character. 

Osbom  (oz'bern),  Sherard.  Born  Ajiril  25, 
1822 :  died  May  6, 1875.  A  British  admiral  and 
arctic  ex])lorer.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1837 ;  assisted 
in  the  reduction  of  Canton  in  1811 ;  took  part  in  two  ex- 
peditions in  search  of  Sir  John  J-Yankliti  (publishing  ae- 
counts  in  1852  and  1850);  and  served  in  the  Crimean  and 
second  Chinese  wars.  In  Dec,  18,59,  he  published  "The 
Career,  Last  Voyage,  and  Fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin." 

Osborne  (oz'bern),  George.  A  cliaractcr  in 
Thackeray's  "  Vanity  Fair,"  the  liandsome,  sel- 
fish husband  of  Amelia :  in  the  ojiinion  of  his 
friends,  "a  regular  Don  Giovanni,  by  Jove!" 

Osborne,  John.  A  character  in  Thackeray's 
"Vanity  Fair  " 

One  of  the  powerful  portraits  in  the  work  is  that  of  old 
Osborne,  George's  father.  If  it  have  a  defect,  it  is  that  it 
is  loo  uniformly  black.  It  is  made  up  of  arrogance,  vanity, 
m.'-.lignity,  vindictiveuess,  ingratitude;  in  short,  of  all  the 
l>ad  passions  and  bad  tendencies  that  are  capable  of  coex- 
istence. Senior,  Essays  on  Fiction,  p.  326. 

Osborne  House.  The  winter  residence  of  (Jueen 
N'ietoria.  iiitlie  Isle  of  Wight,  near  East  ('owes: 
a  large  and  .sumptuous  modern  Italian  villa, 
with  beautiful  terraces  and  gardens.  Itwasgiven 
by  Ddwani  VII.  to  the  British  nation. 

Oscar  (os'kiir)  I.  (Joseph  Franz).  [Sw.  Dan. 
Ostiir,  NL.  Ofifanis.']  Bcu-n  at  Ptiris,  July  4, 
17!)!):  di.'d  at  Stockholm,  J  Illy  8,  18.59.  King  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  1844-59,  son  of  Bernadotte 
(Charles  XIV.)  whom  ho  succeeded. 

Oscar  H.  (Friedrich).  Born  at  Stockholm,  Jan. 
21,  1829.  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  third 
son  of  Oscar  I.  HosucceededliisbrotherCharles.W. 
in  1872.  lie  is  a  poet  and  writer  of  merit.  His  publi- 
cations include  "AMemoirof  Cluu'lesXII."  (Eiig.  trans. 
1879). 

Osceola (os-e-o'la).  Bornin Georgia,  1804:  died 
at  Fort  Moviltrie,  S.  C,  Jan.  30,  1838.  A  Semi- 
nole chief,  leader  during  the  first  part  of  the 
second  Seminole  war  (183,5-37). 

OschatZ  (6'shiils).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Sa.xoiiy,  situated  on  the  Diillnilz  35  miles  north- 
west o"f  Dresden.     Population  (1890),  9,392. 

Oschersleben  (6'shers-la-ben).  _  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bode  19  miles  west-southwest  of  Magdeburg. 

__Pnpu!ation  (1890),  10,682. 

Osel,  or  Oesel  (e'zel).  An  island  in  Iho  Baltic 
Sea,  belonging  to  the  government  of  Livonia, 
Russia,intersectedl)yhit..58°30'N.,long.22°30' 
K.  Chief  town,  Ai'cnsburg.  Thesurfaee  Is  genenJIy 
low.  Osel  bebmged  to  the  Teufonic  Kiduhtafnun  the  13lli 

to  the  Kith  century  ;  passed  then  to  l>e aik  ;  and  passed 

to  Sweden  in  lill5,  anil  to  linssla  In  1721.  Area,  1,010 
aquaro  miles.    Population  (1S81),  ,'>3,12o. 

Osgood  (oz'gvid),  Mrs.  (Frances  Sargent 

Locke).  Born  at  Boston,  June  is,  1811:  dieil  at 
llingliam,  Mass.,  May  12,  18.50.     An  Aiuericau 

}>oet.  Among  her  works  In  "A  Wreath  of  Wild  l''l()wera 
rom  New  r.ngbind"  (18.1S).  She  eontribiited  to  a  number 
of  English  and  Amerlean  periodicals,  ami  was  editor  of 
"The  Lailles'  Companion  "  for  some  time.  She  also  wrote 
a  iilay,  "The  llap|iy  Kelease,  or  the  Triumphs  of  Love," 
Osgood,  Samuel.  Born  at  Audover,  Mass..  Feb. 
14,  174S:  died  at  Now  York,  Aug.  12,  1813.  An 


Osnabriick 

American  politician.  He  was  the  first  commisslone* 
of  the  United  States  treasury  1785-89,  and  was  postmaster- 
general  1789-91. 

Osgood,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
Aug.  30,  1812 :  ilied  at  New  York,  April  14, 
18S(I.  An  American  clergyman  and  writer.  He 
w;is  originally  a  Vnitarian,  but  joined  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  in  ls70.  Uis  works  include  "Studies  in 
Christian  lii.igrapby"  (1850),  "God  with  Man,  etc."  (1853). 
"The  Hearth-Stone,  etc."  (1864),  "  Mile-Stones  in  our  Life 
Journey"  (ISSi),  "Student  Life"  (ISOO),  "American 
Leaves,  etc."  (1867),  "New  York  in  the  19th  Ccntur)" 
(1867),  etc.  He  also  edited  "  The  Holy  Gospels  "  (1856), 
illustrated  by  Overbeck. 

O'Shaughnessy(d-sha'ne-si),  Arthur  William 
Edgar.  Bom  at  London,  March  14,  1844  :  died 
Jan.  30,  1881.  An  English  minor  poet.  He  was 
an  assistant  in  the  natunU  history  division  of  the  British 
Museum.  He  published  "Epic  of  Women,  etc."  (1870), 
"The  Lays  of  France  "(1872),  "Music  and  Moonlight  etc." 
(t874),  "  Songs  of  a  Worker  "  (1881). 

Oshiba  (6-she'bii).     See  Fan. 

Oshkosh  (osh'kosh).  A  city,  capital  of  Win- 
neliago  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Winnebago,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Fox  River,  80 
miles  north-northwest  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  nnm- 
nfacttU'es  of  doors,  blinds,  sashes,  shingles,  etc.  Popula- 
tion   (1900I,  2^,'.'KI. 

Osiander(6-z6-an'der)(Hosemann),  Andreas. 
Born  at  Guuzenhausen,  near  Nuremberg,  Ba- 
varia, Dec.  19, 1498:  died  at  Konigsberg,  Prus- 
sia, Oct.  17,  15.52.  A  German  Protestant  tlieo- 
logiaiu  He  was  instrumental  in  introducing  tlie  lut'ir- 
niation  into  Xuremberg,  and  is  noted  as  a  controversialist 
on  the  doctrine  of  justification. 

Osiandrians(6-si-an'dri-auz).  Followersof  An- 
dreas Osiander  (see  above  i,  who  hidd  that  jus- 
tification by  faith  involved  the  imparting  to  the 
believerof  the  essentialrighteousness  of  Christ. 

Osimo  (os'e-mo).  A  town  in  the  pro\iuce  of 
Ancona,  Italy,  9  miles  south  of  Ancona:  the 
ancient  Ausimum.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  some 
antiquities.     Population,  4,743. 

Osiris  (6-si'ris).  [L.  Osiris,  Gr.  'Oaipt^,  also 
"Yaipic,  from  Egyptiiin  Uesiri.1  In  Egj-ptian  my- 
thology, one  of  the  chief  gods,  the  principle  of 
good,  the  creator,  the  foe  of  evil,  the  god  of  the 
Nile,  in  constant  conflict  with  his  brother  or 
son  Set  (the  Greek  Typhon),  the  god  of  evil,  of 
darkness,  of  the  desert.  Osiris  is  vanquished  and 
slain,  but  revives,  and  is  avenged  by  Horns  and  Thoth  — 
evidently  a  personillcation  of  the  phenomena  of  the  rising 
and  setting  sun.  He  was  the  guardian  of  mankind  in  the 
state  after  death,  and  as  such  the  nocturnal  sun,  and  a 
type  of  the  sutTcrings  and  triumphs  of  hunuinity.  In  one 
form  (the  Osiris  of  Mendes)  he  personified  the  male  prin- 
ciple.    In  art  he  was  portrayed  as  a  mummy  wearing  the 

•  crown  of  Upper  Egypt,  usually  flanked  by  ostrich-plumes. 

People  do  not  yet  agree  as  to  the  original  character  of 
Osiris.  Maspero  tried  to  discover  the  development  of  this 
god,  and  maintains  that  Osiris  was  originally  and  essen- 
tially a  god  of  the  dead,  the  first  man,  son  of  the  heaven 
and  earth,  and  as  such  the  god  of  the  dead.  He  also  says 
that  the  original  home  of  Osiris  was  not  at  .\bydUR,  but  In 
tlie  Delta :  at  llusiris  and  Mendes.  However  this  may 
bo,  Osiris  w.as  to  the  Egyptians  above  all  things  a  goil  of 
the  dead,  more  especially  in  a  benertcial  way  aa  Onnoris. 
IjUt  ho  was  identilled,  at  an  early  date,  wUll  the  sun  : 
chapter  seventeen  of  ttie  Book  of  lac  Dead  calls  "  Ka  the 
Bout  of  Osiris,  and  Osiris  the  .soul  of  Ra." 

La  Saiissaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  408. 

Oskaloosa  (os-ka-lo'sS).  A  city,  capital  of  Ma- 
haska County,  Iowa,  55  miles  etist-southeast  of 
Di's  Moines."   Population  (1900),  9,212. 

Oskarshamn  (os'kars-hiimn).  A  small  sea- 
)iort  on  the  southeastern  coast  of  Sweden,  op- 
posite tlio  island  of  Olaud. 

Osman  (os-miin')  L  (or  Othman).    Died  1326. 

The  founder  of  the  Ottoniiin  empire.  Hcheeame 
chief  of  his  tribe  in  1288,  and  assumed  the  title  of  emir 

(not  of  sultan)  in  1299. 

Osman  II.  Killed  1622.  Sultan  of  the  Turks 
lt;iS-22,  son  of  Achmet  I. 

Osman  III.  Sultan  of  the  Turks  1754-57,  bro- 
ther of  Mahinud  I. 

Osman  Digna  (os-miin'  dig'nii).  Born  at  Sun- 
kini  iiIm.uI  1S!I).  A  general  of  the  Maluli.  He 
deleati  <l  llie  lliitisb  under  Baker  Pasha  Feli.  4.  1884,  was 
defeated  by  (irahiun  at  Talnanieb  Mureh  1.1,  1884.  and  took 
part  In  the  defunw  of  the  Sudan  acainst  General  Klli  heller 
111  1898. 

Osman  Pa.sha  (pnsh'A).  Born  in  As\a  Minor 
about  1835  (f ):  died  at  Conslanliiiople.  .\pril  -t, 
1900.  A  Turkish  general,  lloservtdin  the  war  with 
S,  rvia  In  1876.  and  in  the  f.dlowiiig  year  condin  teil  the 
defense  of  I'leviia  iigaliisl  the  Russians.  lie  was  com. 
polled  to  surrender  Dee.  lo,  1877. 

Osmanli  (os-m.in'li).  [Turk.  'Onmanli,  from 
'OsiiKDi,  Ar.  'Olhmaii  (whence  E.  (Ulimaii,  Olio- 
man).^  1.  A  member  of  the  reigning  dynasty 
of  Turkey. — 2.  A  Turk  .snb.ieel  to  the  Hiiltnii  of 
Turkev.  '  ,'^ce  OIU»»<i».  Provincials  who  are  not  of 
Turkish"  bbiod  aoiiiel  lines  designate  olllcers  of  the  Turkish 
governinent  as  Oitiiianli*. 

Osnabriick  (os'nii-brilk),  aometimos  oaHed  Ofl- 
naburg  (os'ni.)-b(rg).     A  city  in  the  province 


Osnabriick 

of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Haase  in 
lat.  52'  16'  N.,  long.  8°  4'  E.  it  has  important  and 
viried  manufactures.  Its  Roman  Catholic  cathedral, 
Protestant  Marienkirche.  Kathaus,  and  Katharinenkii-che 
are  noteworthy.  The  bishopric  of  Osnabriick  was  founded 
by  Charles  the  Great  about  7S5.  By  the  peace  of  West- 
ph;Uia  (lt>4S)  it  was  ruled  alternately  by  Boman  Catholic 
and  Protestant  bishops.  It  was  secularized  and  given  to 
Hannover  in  1802.  The  treatj^  of  Westphalia  was  signed 
here  in  164S.     Population  (1S90X  39,929. 

Osorio  (6-z6're-6),  Jeron3nno.  Bom  at  Lisbon, 
1506 :  died  at  Tarira,  Aug.  20,  1580.  A  Portu- 
guese historian  and  philosophical  author,  some- 
times called  "  the  Cicero  of  Portugal."  He  was 
bishop  of  SOves  from  1567.  His  chief  work  is 
a  Latin  history  of  the  reign  of  Emanuel  I.  (1571). 

Osorio  (6-s6're-6),  Manuel.  Born  at  Seville, 
1770:  died  about  1830.  A  Spanish  general.  In 
1814-16  he  commanded  the  Spanish  forces  in  Chile,  defeat- 
ing the  republicans  at  Rancagua  Oct,  2, 1S14,  and  extin- 
guishing the  revolt  for  a  time.  He  returned  to  Peru,  but 
in  Jan.,  1S18,  was  again  sent  into  Chile  against  San  "Martin ; 
defeated  him  at  Cancha  Kayada  Slarch  19,  but  was  himseU 
defeated  at  the  decisive  battle  of  JIaipo,  April  6, 1818 ;  and 
soon  after  fled  from  the  country.  He  subsequently  served 
in  sj.Ain  and  the  West  Indies, 

Osorio,  Manuel  Luiz.  'Bom  near  Pelotas,  Eio 
Grande  do  Sul,  May  10,  1808 :  died  at  Eio  de 
Janeiro.Oct.  4, 1879.  A  Brazilian  general.  He 
was  prominent  in  the  campaigns  in  Kio  Grande  do  Sul 
and  Uruguay,  1845-52  ;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bra- 
zilian forces  in  the  Paraguayan  war  March  1,  lS6o,^uly 
15,  1866,  and  took  a  leading  p'art  in  the  remainder  of  the 
war;  was  lieutenant-general  from  June  1. 1867;  was  created 
successively  baron,  viscount,  and  marquis  of  Herval ;  was 
senator  from  Jan.  11,  1877,  and  minister  of  war  from  Jan. 
5,  1S7S.  On  account  of  his  bravery  the  soldiers  called  him 
0  Leifendario  ('The  Fabulous ').    Often  ivritten  Ozario. 

Osorno,  Marquis  of.    See  0  'Higgins,  Ambrosio. 

Ospina  Rodriguez  (6s-pe'na  rod-re'gath),  Ma- 
riano. Bom  in  Guasea,  1803 :  died  at  iledeUin, 
18S5.  A  Xew  Granadan  politician.  He  opposed 
Bolivar  1828-30 ;  was  a  member  of  congress  1S3S-40 ;  was 
secretary  of  the  interior  in  1841 ;  and  later  was  governor 
of  Bogotii  and  of  Medellin.  From  1857  to  1861  he  waspresi- 
dent  (elected  by  the  Conservatives)  of  ^'ew  Granada,  then 
called  the  Granadine  Confederation.  A  revolt  led  by 
ilosquera  began  in  1859,  assumed  formidable  proportions, 
and  resulted  in  a  changeof  constitution  soon  after  Ospina's 
term  closed.  He  was  imprisoned  for  a  short  time  in  1861, 
and  subsequently  remained  in  exile  until  1872. 

Osrhoene  (os-ro-e'ne),  or  Orrhoene  (or-6-e'ne). 
In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Mesopotamia.  Its  chief  city 
was  Edessa. 

Ossa  (os'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  motintain 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
north-northwest  of  Pelion,  and  separated  from 
Olympus  on  the  north  by  the  Yale  of  Tempe : 
the  modem  Kissavo.     Height,  about  6,400  feet. 

Ossat  (os-sa'),  Arnaud  d'.  Bom  near  Auch 
in  1536 :  died  at  Rome  in  1604.  A  French  car- 
dinal and  statesnian.  He  received  the  cardinal's 
hat  in  1599  for  his  diplomatic  services. 

Ossan  (6 -so'),  Vallee  d'.  A  valley  in  the 
French  P\Tenees,  south  of  Pan. 

Ossawatomie  (os-a-wot'o-mi)  Brown.  See 
Bnmn,  John  (1800-59). 

Ossegg  (os'ek).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  49  mUes 
northwest  of  Pragtie.  It  is  noted  for  its  Cis- 
tercian abbey.     Population  (1890),  3,424. 

Ossett-cum-Gawthorpe  (os'et-kum-ga'th6rp). 
A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 9  miles  south  of  Leeds.  Population  (1891), 
10.984. 

Ossian  (osh'ian).  A  name  commonly  given  to 
Oisin,  a  semi-historical  (Jaelic  bard  and  war- 
rior, son  of  Finn.  He  lived  about  the  end  of  the  3d 
century.  To  him  was  ascribed  the  authorship  of  the 
poems  (''Fingal  "and  others)  published  by  James  ilac- 
pherson  in  1760-63 :  but  it  is  now  generally  admitted  that 
Macpherson  himself  was  the  compiler,  and  in  part  the 
autlior,  of  these  works.    See  ilacphermn. 

Ossining  (os'i-ning).  The  name  for  which  that 
of  Sing  Sing  (which  see)  was  changed  in  1901. 

Ossipee  (os'i-pe)  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  east- 
i>rn  Xew  Hampshire,  9  mUes  northeast  of  Lake 
Winnepesaukee. 

Ossoli  (os's6-le),  Marchioness.  See  Fuller, 
Sarah  Margaret. 

Ossory  (os'o-ri).  A  Roman  Catholic  diocese,  in- 
cluding parts  of  King's  and  Queen's  counties 
and  Kilkenny,  Ireland. 

Ossuna.     See  Osuna. 

Ostade  (os'tii-de),  Adrian  van.  Born  .at  Haar- 
lem, Netherlands.  Dec,  1620 :  died  there,  April 
27.  1GS5.     A  Dutch  genre-painter. 

Ostade,  Isaac  van.  Bom  at  Haarlem,  Nether- 
lands, June  2,  1621:  died  there,  Oct.  16,  1649. 
A  Dutch  genre-painter,  brother  of  Adrian  van 
O.^tade. 

Ostashkoff  (os-tasb-kof).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tver,  Russia,  situated  on  Lake  Seli- 


766 

ger  107  miles  west  by  north  of  Tver.  Popula- 
tion. 11.914. 

Osten-Sacken  (os'ten-zak'ken),  Count  Dmitry 
von  der.  Bom  1793 :  died  March  27,  1881.  A 
Russian  general.  He  served  against  the  Polish  and 
Hungarian  insurgents  in  1831  and  1849  respectivelj',  and 
\vas  commandant  of  Sebaslopol  in  1855. 

Ostend  (os-tend')=  [F.  Ontende,  D.  Ostende,  east 
end.  ]  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  West  Plan- 
dei"s.  Belgium,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  in  lat. 
51°  14' N..  long.  2°.55'E.  It  is  the  second  seaport  and 
principal  fishery  port  in  Belgium;  the  terminus  of  a  steamer 
route  to  Dover,  and  on  one  of  the  great  routes  between 
England  and  the  Continent;  and  one  of  the  leading  sea- 
side resorts  on  the  Continent,  It  was  formerly  strongly 
fortified ;  was  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  under  Spinola  in 
1601-04,  and  finally  sun-endered ;  was  taken  by  the  Allies 
in  VIM ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1745  and  in  1794. 
Population  (1893),  26,414. 

Ostend  Manifesto.  In  United  States  history, 
a  despatch  Lira wn  up  in  1854bytliree  diplomatic 
representatives  of  the  United  States,  after  a 
conference  at  Ostend  in  Belgium,  urging  that 

.the  United  States  should  acquire  Cuba. 

Osterbotten  (es'ter-bot-ten).  A  district  in  the 
northern  half  of  Finland,  comprising  the  gov- 

..eruments  of  UleSborg  and  Wasa. 

Ostergotland  (es-ter-yet'land).  Alaenof south- 
ern Sweden.  Area,  4,267  square  mUes.  Popu- 
lation (1893),  estimated,266,892. 

Osterhaus  (os'teT-hous),Peter  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Coblenz,  Germany,  about  1S20.  A  German- 
American  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  became  a 
major  of  Missouri  volunteere  at  the  beginning  of  the  war ; 
commanded  a  brigade  under  Fremont ;  and  took  part  in 
General  Samuel  E.  Curt  is's  pursuit  of  General  Sterling  Price 
into  Arkansas.  He  commanded  a  division  in  the  battle  of 
Missionary  Ridge,  and  was  promoted  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  1S'>4.  He  was  subsequently  United  States  con- 
sul at  Lyons,  France,  and  altimately  returned  to  Germany. 

Osterland(os'ter-lant).  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  part  of  Germany  situated  between  the 
rivers  Saale  and  Midde :  later  it  was  restricted 
southward  and  extended  eastward ;  later  still  it 

.comprised  the  region  about  Altenburg. 

Osterley  (es'ter-li),  Karl  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 
Bom  at  Gottingen,  June  22. 1805 :  died  at  Han- 
nover, March  28, 1891.  A  German  historical  and 
portrait  painter.  He  studied  with  Matthay  at  the  Dres- 
den  -Academy ;  went  later  to  Italy ;  on  his  return  studied 
with  Schadow  at  Diisseldurf ;  and  finally  became  court 
painter  at  Hannover  in  1845.  From  1831  to  1863  he  lectured 
at  the  University  of  Gottingen.  Hepublished,  with  Ottfried 
MtUler,"  Monuments  of  Antique  Art." 

Ostermann  (os'ter-man).  Count  Andrei.  Born 
at  Boehum,  Westphalia,  May  30,  1686 :  died  at 
Beresoff,  Siberia,  May  31,  1747.  A  Russian  di- 
plomatist. Hewas  a  trusted  official  of  Peter  the  Great, 
for  whom  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Xystad,  Sept.  10, 1721. 
Catharine  L  appointed  him  imperial  vice-chancellor  and 
a  member  of  the  council  of  regency  during  the  minority 
of  Peter  II,  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  the  empress  Anna 
Ivano^'na,  but  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  was  arrested 
and  condemned  to  death ;  but  his  sentence  was  commuted 
to  exile  in  Siberia. 

Ostermann-Tolstoifos'ter-man-tol'stoi), Count 
Alexander.  Born  1770 :  died  near  Geneva,  Feb. 
12,  1857.  A  Russian  general,  distinguished  in 
the  Turkish  and  Napoleonic  wars. 

Osterode  in  the  Harz  (os'te-ro-de  in  iHg 
hiirts).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hannover" 
Prussia,  situated  in  the  Harz  Mountains,  on  the 
Sose,  19  miles  northeast  of  Gottingen.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  6,757. 

Osterode  on  the  Drewenz  (dra'vents).  A  town 
in  the  pro\-inee  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Drewenz  with  Lake 
Drewenz,  73  miles  south-southwest  of  Konigs- 

..berg.     Population  (1895),  11,278. 

Osterreich,  or  Oesterrelch  (es'ter-rich).    [G., 

..'  east  kingdom.']  TheGermannamefor  Austria. 

Ostersund  (es'ter-sond).  The  capital  of  Jemt- 
land,  central  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Storsjo. 
Population  (1890),  5.333. 

Osterwald,  or  Ostervald  (os-ter-vald'),  Jean 
Frederic.  Born  at  Neuchatel,  Switzerland, 
Nov.  25, 1663 :  died  at  Neuchatel,  April  14, 1747. 
A  Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 

Ostfalen  (ost'fa-len).  The  medieval  name  of 
the  eastern  division  of  the  Saxons.  li\"ing  in  the 
present  Brunswick  and  in  neighboring  parts 
of  the  provinces  of  Hannover  and  Saxony  in 
Prussia. 

Ostia  (os'ri-a).  [L.,  'the  mouths'  (sc.  of  the 
Tiber).]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Latium, 
Italy,  situated  at  tbe  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  15 
miles  southwest  of  Rome.  It  was  a  port  of  Rome. 
An  artificial  haven  was  constructed  near  it  by  Claudius 
and  Trajan. 

Ostiaks,  or  Ostyaks  (os-ti-aks').  A  people  of 
Finnish  descent,  living  mainly  in  western  Si- 
beria, in  the  valleys  of  the  Obi  and  Irtish. 

Ostiglia  (6s-tel'ya).   A  town  in  the  province  of 


Oswego  River 

Mantua,  Italy,  situated  ou  the  Po  18  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Mantua.  Population,  about  4,000. 
Ostorius  Scapula  (os-to'ri-us  skap'u-la).  A 
Roman  general  in  Britain  about  50  a.  b  He 
made  conquests  in  the  interior,  defeating  the  Silures  un- 
der Caractacus, 

Ostrau,  Mahrisch-  (ma'rish-os'trou),  A  town 
in  northern  Moravia,  Austria-Hungar\-,  situ- 
ated ou  the  Ostrawitza  50  miles  east-northeast 
of  Olmiitz.  Poptdation  (1890), commune,  19,243. 

Ostrog  (os-trog').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Yolhvnia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Gor\-n 
about  lat.  50°  20'  N.,  long.  26°  25'  E.  Popula- 
tion, 16,891. 

Ostrogosh  (os-tro-gosh').  A  town  in  the  gov. 
emment  of  Yoronezh,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Sosna  52  miles  south  of  Yoronezh.  Popnlatirjn, 
8,112. 

Ostrogoths  (os'tro-goths).   The  eastern  branch  ; 
of  the  Gothic  race.    'While  dwelling  in  southein  Rus- 
sia  near  the  valley  of  the  Don,  they  were  attacked  about  ' 
A.  D.  375  by  the  Huns,  were  subjugated,  and  with  the  Haus  i 
pushed  the  Visigoths  to  the  borders  of  the  Roman  Empire,  i 
After  the  Visigothic  victorj'  at  Adrianople  in  378,  many 
Ostrogoths  settled  in  Pannonia,   Manyot  them  joined  later  : 
the  army  of  AttUa,  and  after  his  death  were  employed  by  J 
the  Eastern  emperors  to  defend  the  lower  Danube.  Thee-  J 
doric  became  their  king  in  474,  and  in  489  led  the  nation! 
over  the  Julian  Alps,  conquered  Odoacer  in  493  at  Ra.  ' 
venna,  and  became  king  of  Italy.    Under  his  rule  (see 
Theodoric)  the  country  prospered.    Belisarius  tried  to  ex- 
pel the  Goths,  and  in  552  they  were  decisively  defeated  by 
the  Byzantine  general  Narses.    Italy  was  temporarily  re- 
gained for  the  empire,  and  the  Goths  were  absorbed  in 
other  peoples.     • 

The  real  history  of  the  Goths  begins  about  the  year  245, 
when  they  were  living  near  the  mouths  of  the  Danube  un- 
der the  rule  of  Ostrogotha  C-Austragata],  the  first  king  of 
the  Amaling  stock.  Ostrogotha  was  celebrated  in  tradi- 
tion for  his  "patience";  but  in  what  way  he  displayed 
that  virtue  we  are  not  infonued.  for  historv'  tells  only  of 
his  victories.  Whether  on  account  of  his  patience  or  his 
deeds  in  war,  his  fame  was  widely  spread ;  for  one  of  the 
oldest  Anglo-Saxon  poems  mentions  him  as  "  Eastgota,  the 
father  of  Unwen."  The  name  of  this  son  is  given  by  Jor- 
danes  as  Hunuil,  but  probably  the  Anglo-Saxon  form  is 
the  right  one.  Bradley,  Storj*  of  the  Goths,  p,  24. 

Ostrolenka  (os-tro-leng'ka).  Atowninthe  gov- 
ernment of  Lomza,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on 
the  Narew  64  miles  north-northeast  of  Warsaw. 
Here,  Feb.  16, 1S07,  the  French  under  Oudinot  defeated  the 
Russians  under  Essen ;  and  here.  May  26,  1831,  the  Rus- 
sians under  Diebitsch  defeated  the  Poles  under  Skrzynecki, 
the  Poles  losing  7,C<X),  and  the  Russians  9.000. 

Ostrovski  (os-trof'ske).  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Moscow,  April  12,  1823 :  (Ued  June  14,  1SS6.  A 
Russian  dramatic  writer.  He  took  his  types  from 
the  tradesman  class.  "TheFalse  Dmitri *'  is  perhaps  the 
most  notable  of  the  five  comedies  by  which  he  is  best 
kno^vn. 

Ostrovski,  Antoni.  Born  at  Warsaw,  1782: 
died  near  Tours,  1846.  A  Polish  patriot,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  rebellion  of  1830-31. 

OstrOWO  (os-tro'vo).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Posen,  Prussia,  66  miles  southeast  of  Posen. 
Population  (1890),  9,7181 

Ostsee  (ost'sa).  [G., 'eastsea.']  The  German 
name  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Ostuni  (os-to'ne).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Leece,  Apulia,  Italv.  22  miles  northwest  of  Brin- 
disi.     Popuhition  (1881),  18,226. 

Osuna  (o-so'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Se- 
viUe,  Spain,  48  miles  east  of  Seville.  Popula- 
tion (1887).  19,376. 

Osuna,  or  Ossuna,  Duke  of.  See  TeXlez  y  Criron, 
Pedro. 

Oswald  (oz'wald).  Saint.  [OG.,' power  of  God.'] 
Born  about  604:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Mascr- 
field,  Aug.  5, 642.  King  of  Northumbria  634-642, 
son  of  Ethelfrith.  He  defeated  Cadwallon  at  Heaven- 
field  in  (>35 ;  established  Christianity ;  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  by  Penda.    His  festival  is  celebrated  Aug.  5. 

Oswald  raised  the  first  cross  over  the  fii^t  Christian  altar 
in  Berenicia,  to  commemorate  his  victory. 

Pearson,  Hist,  Eng.,  L  140. 

Oswald.  In  Shakspere's  "  King  Lear,"  steward 
to  Goiieril. 

Oswaldtwistle  (os'wald-twis-1).  A  town  in 
Lancasliire,  England,  19  miles  north  bv  west  of 
Manchester.     Population  (1891),  13,296, 

Oswego  (os-we'go).  A  city  and  port  of  entry, 
capital  of  Oswego  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswego 
River,  34  miles  north-northwest  of  Syiacuse. 
It  has  important  foreign  and  coasting  trade ;  imports  grain 
and  lumi'er;  and  has  manufactures  of  starch  (containing 
what  is  probably  the  chief  starch-factor)-  in  the  world), 
fl^ur,  machinery,  etc,  A  fort  was  founded  herein  1?27;  and 
it  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1756,  and  by  the  British  in 
1S14.     Population  a-MIH.  22,199, 

Oswego  River.  A  river  in  New  York  which  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Seneca  and  Onei- 
da rivers"  12  miles  north  by  west  of  Syracuse, 
and  flows  into  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego,  It  is 
the  outlet  of  the  lake  system  of  central  New 
York.     Length,  24  mUes. 


767 


Oswestry 

Oswestry  (oz'es-tri).     A  town  in  Shropshire, 

En'^'lauil,  16  miles  northwest  of  Shrewsbury. 

It  ft  generally  identifleil  with  the  ancient  Slaseitlild, 
i   where  Oswald  was  slain  in  (Mi     Population  (ISIl  I.  s.J'.KJ. 

Oswv  (os'Vi),  or  Oswiu  (os'vri-o).    Kiiif,' of  Otis,  James.  m  i-u-i 

"Sumbria  64'J-(i70,  brother  of  OswaUl.    He    5   1725:  die,!  at  Andover.  Mass.,  May  23,  1,8  . 
deleated  Penda  of  Mercia  in  6.^%  a..d  extended  his  su-     An  Amenean  patriot  and  orator.    He  is  espec.al  y 

aeieaieu  rtnua    _  ,...,' ,.. ^j,^j_     celebrated  for  his  speech  at  Boston  in  opposition  to  the 

'writs  of  assistance"  (writs  directed  against  Ainericiin 


Otto  m. 


AmericanpoHtician  and  jurist.nephewof  James    in  tlie  province  of  Ontario,  on  the  Ottawa,  aliotit 
Otis.     He  wa^  congressman  from  Massachusetts .1797-     Iat.45°21' N     lonir  7.i''42' W.  The Chaudit-rc  Falls 


corn-Te . 

1801;  a  prominent  memhi-rot  the  Hartford  Convention  in 
1814  ;  an.l  rniled  States  senator  IS17-22. 

Born  at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  Feb 


A  small  bav  on  the  east-     liberties)  in  17111.    He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
t'!T_  .™    XT„  .?  Sli„l?   „.,      Massachusetts  House  of  Kcpresentalive  ' ^      '  '" 


gate  to  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  in  17«.i 


and  was  a  dele- 
He  wrote  the 


are  in  the  neighborhood.  It  isan  important  center  of  the 
lumber  trade,  and  has  manufactures  of  lumber,  Hour,  etc. 
The  govermnental  buildings,  especially  the  Parliament 
House,  are  noteworthy.  It  «;is  settled  in  18->7:  the  name 
was  changed  and  it  was  made  a  city  in  1854;  and  in  1858 
it  W!is  selected  as  the  capital.  Population  (1901).  iiu,»is. 
Ottawa.  A  eity,  capital  of  La  Salle  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Fox  Kiver.  70  miles  southwest  of  Chicago. 
Population  (1900),  10.,")88. 


pamphlets 'Vindication  of  the  Conduct  of  the  House  of  QttaWa.     A  citv,  capital  of  Franklin  County, 
Kepresentative£  ''Klghts  of   the  British  co^^^^  ■  •       -  -^^ 

sert«l    (i,U),  etc.  _       .       _     . .     D„„..i„f;„„  /lnon^    a 


premacy  over  all  Teutonic  Britain  except  Wessex 
I  and  Sussex. 

0tago(6-ta'g6)Bay, 

I  em  coast  of  South  Island,  New  Zealand, 
I   which  Dunedin  is  situated. 

iOtaha.     See  T.,h„„.  liepresentatives,"  "Kignts  oi  ti.e  ijr.iisn  ^o.on.e,  ..»-   -.;;:{,• "  Kansas. 'situ'ated  on  the  Osage  River, 

Otaheite,  or  Otaheiti.     See  Tahiti.  n+it!!  /  l'r\       \   tnw,,  in  the  West  Ridin'' of     Population  (1900),  6.934 

Otchakoflf  (0-cha'kof).      A   town  and  former  Otley  (ot  h).     A  to«n  in  the  "^^s\".  "'"r' "'  n+i.J,_„    or  Grand  f-'i-and)  River      A  river  in 

Trfies^in  the  goveminent  of  Kherso,;,  south-     Yorkshire   Eng  and  si  nate.l  on    he  A\l,^         °,^S  rhiTlfforl^  the  primTpa'l  part  of  the 

eniRussia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dme-    miles  northwest  of  Leeds.     Population  (IhJl),     ^^^^^^j._^,^.   i^^tween   QiielU   and  Ontario  and 

ner  Liman,  42 miles  east  of  Odessa.    It  was  taken   J.^JS.        ,    .  ,        .    ,  ,  e  *i,„     inins  the  St   Lawrence  near  Montreal.    It  flows 

S"(0:&.     1;,^  opera^l^RossinUi-  ^^^^rlv^^^^  O^ti^e^ime^sMea  Ottensen  (^;ten.«0.^^  A  ^snial,^^^ 
bretto  altered  from  Shaksperes  "Othello  'pro-     ^,^,^  ^^^^  q^^     ^^pj^.  q,^.,,  „j^,„e  i^^.jng  jTatoln, 
ducedatNaplesinlS_16.— 2.  Anoperal.yVerdi,     meaning 'lovers  of  sexual  pleasure.']    Atribe 

of  the  fciwere  division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of 

North  American  Indians.    For  many  y^ars  the  oto 

and  llissouri  tribes  have  been  consolidated.  They  are  now 

in  ( iklahoma.     See  TciwcTc. 


words  by  Biiito,  jmiduced  at  ililan  in  1887. 
Otford(6t'f6rd).  A  i)lace  in  Kent,  England,  near 
Sevenoaks,  where  OlTa,  kingof  Mercia,  defeated 
the  men  of  Kent  in  77.J. 


Otfried  (ot'fred).    Lived  in  the  9th  century.    A  Otoe.     See  Oto.  .    _      .., 

German  monk,  author  of  a  poetical  hai-mony  of  Otomacs  (6-to-niiiks'),  or  OtomacOS  (6-to-ma 


the  Gospels  in  Old  Iliixh  German.  Hewasa  pupil 
of  Rabanus  Maurns.  111,5  poem  is  the  oldest  in  German 
chara'-terizcd  by  the  end  rime 

Othello  (6-thel'6),  the  Moor  of  Venice,  The 
Tragedy  of.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  acted 
in  1604,  and  printed  in  1622  in  a  quarto  and 
in  1623  in  a  folio  edition.  It  was  founded  on 
one  of  Giraldi's  novels  in  the  "Hecatommithi "  (iii.  3). 
Othello  is  a  high-minded  Moor  in  the  military  service  of 
Venice.  He  ii  arouseil  to  fury  against  his  wife  Dcsdemona 
by  the  insinuations  and  lies  ot  lago,  and  smothers  her. 


kos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  wlio.  in  tlio  l.sili  and 
early  in  the  imli  century,  lived  along  the  mid- 
dle Orinoco,  from  the  junction  of  the  Meta  to 
that  of  the  Arauca.  They  were  very  degraded  sav- 
ages, and  were  remarkable  for  their  custom  of  eating  enor- 
mous  quantities  of  clay  during  seasons  of  scarcity.  The 
Jesuits  endeavored,  with  little  success,  to  gatlier  the  Oto- 
macs into  their  mission  villages.  Later  they  disappeared 
from  the  river  shores,  and  the  tribe  is  now  either  extinct  or 
lives  in  a  distant  part  of  the  llanos.  The  Otomac  Ian- 
guagc,  from  the  little  that  is  known  of  it,  appears  to  con- 
stitute a  distinct  stock. 


I  have  often  told  you  that  I  do  not  think  there  is  any     ""''".  "  "':  "  _  ',,       rT\.T„i,„on  „t„,„ui   ■cp.m 

alousy,  properly  so  calle.i,  i.l  the  character  of  Othello.  OtomiS  (o-to-mes    ).      [Nahuatl  otmmU,  W.in 


Jealousy,  properly  -  -  ,- 

There  is  no  predisposition  to  suspicion,  which  I  take  to  be 
an  es.»eutial  term  in  the  ileflnition  of  the  word.    Desde- 
niona  very  truly  told  Emilia  that  liew.is  not  jealous,  that 
ti,  ot  a  jealous  iiabit,  arid  he  says  so  as  truly  of  himself. 
Cohnlfie,  Table-Talk,  June  24,  Ib'27. 

Othinan(oth-man').    Boi-n  about  r)7.5 :  killed  at 

Medina,  Arabia,  6.56.    Calif  of  the  Moslems  644- 

"'6,  successor  of  Omar.  Ho  extended  thecalifatc  by 
H.iuests  in  Persia,  Africa,  and  tlie  island  of  Cyprus.  A 
,iispiracy  was  formed  against  him  by  Ayesha,  widow  of 

the  prophet,  and  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Mohammed,  son  of 

the  calif  Abu.Bekr.     He  was  succeeded  by  Ali. 
Othman  (Sultans  of  the  Turks).     See  O.tman. 
Otho  (o'tho),  Marcus  Salvius.     Born  32  a.  D.:      Ullwmics.    see  tiiomi  wocf,  uciow.  »  Ottlncen  (et'tin 

■  ■..mmitted  suicide  April,  69.    Emperor  of  Rome  Otomi  stock (6-t6-me' stok).  Alinguisticstockof     ^^..^  ffcrmanv  n 


derer.]  A  tribe  of  Indians  of  the  Mexican  pla- 
teau. At  the  tinieof  the  conquest  they  dwelt  principally 
in  the  mountainous  district  west  of  the  Mexican  lakes, 
and  had  long  liein,  in  some  sense,  subdued  by  the  Aztecs, 
According  to  tradil  ions  they  were  one  of  the  oldest  nations 
of  the  plateau,  having  exi.sted  he  re  even  before  the  Tol- 
tec  hivasion.  They  were  agiirnlturists  and  used  cotton 
clothes  and  gold  and  copper  ■irjiaincnts,  but  were  much 
less  advanced  than  the  Nalmas,  During  the  siege  of  Mex- 
ico they  joined  Corte^s  (June,  l.=i21).    They  have  ever  since 


province  of  Schles^vig-IIolstein,  Prussia,  imme- 
diately adjoining  Altona.    Klopstock  is  buried 
here. 
Otterbein  (ot'ter-bin),  Philip  William.  Bom 

at  Dillenburt:,  Gerinanv,  .Tune  4,  1726:  died  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  17,  1813.  A  clergyinan 
of  the  German  Reformed  Church  in  America. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  United 
Brethren  in  Christ. 

Otterburn  (ot'er-bern),  Avillagein  Northum- 
berland, England,  near  the  Scottish  border,  29 
miles  northwest  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  Here, 
Ang.  19, 1388,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Otterburn,  or  Chevy 
Chase.  The  English  under  the  Percys  were  defeated  by 
the  Scotts  under  the  Earl  of  Douglas,  who  was  killed  in 
the  battle.  The  battle  is  the  subject  of  severol  ballads 
which  are  preserved  in  Percy's  "Keliqnes,"  Herd's  "Scot- 
tish Songs?'  the  "Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border,"  etc. 
See  Ch.i'u  Cfmsc,  and  Dowjlat,  Jama. 

Otter  Creek  (ot'ir  krekl.  A  river  in  western 
Vermont  which  flows  into  Lake  Champlain  5 
miles  northwest  of  Vergennes.  Length,  about 
90  miles. 

Otter  Tail  Lake.  A  lake  in  Otter  Tail  County, 
wistern  Minnesota.  Its  outlet  is  into  the  Red 
River  svsteni. 

Ottery  St.  Mary  (ot'er-i  sfint  ma'ri).  A  small 
I  own  in  Di'vonshire,  England,  east  of  E.xeter: 
the  birthplace  of  Coleridge. 


I:.ii.-April.  69.    He  was  governor  of  Lusitania  under     Mexican  Indians,  embracinganumber  of  tribes, 

.  ro;  overthrew  (ialba  by  a  conspiracy  in  Jan.,  C9;  and     -n-ith  closely  allied  dialects,  which  occupy  ])or- 

' " -"■' '^■'  '^■"-""■°  tions  of  the  states  of  Mexico,  Morelos,  Hidalgo, 


i)7ennonUnallysnbjecttothewhites,.andarrc7thorics°'hut  Ottilie    (6t-te'le-e).       The    central   figure    of 
have  aiqiiired  liltle  c  ivilizalion.     Their  descendants  of     Goethe's    " AVahlverwandtseliatten.'     The  origi- 
pure  blood  pinl.iil.lv  luimlirr  more  than  200,000,  and  are     j^^^j  ,^,,.jg  ju,,,,^  Herzlielp,  tlie  foster-sister  of  Alwine  From- 
scattered  thri>ugh  (■ciitral  .Mexico.   Also  written  Olkomit,     m-um.    Her  relations  with  Uoethe  are  well  kimwn, 
Ollwmics.    See  Otomi  stoct-,  below.  .  nt+irin-on  fit'ting-en).   .\  former  county  of  Swa- 

nearNordlingen,    it  was  mediatized 


-i  in  tuiTl  overthrown  by  Vitellius, 
Otho  (Roman-German  emperors).     See  Ottn. 
Othol.,or0tt0(ot't6).    Born  at  S.alzburg,  Aus- 
tria, June  1,  181.5:  died  at  Bamberg,  Bavaria, 
.July  26,  1867.     Second  son  of  Louis  I.  of  Ba- 
varia, chosen  king  of  Greece  in  1832.      Ho  as- 
sumed  the  government  in  person  in  1835,  and  was  de- 
posed through  the  revolution  of  1802. 
Othomans.     See  OtUimaus. 
Othomis,  or  Othomies.    See  ntnmis. 
Othrys(oth'ris).    [Gr,  "OOpcf.]   In  ancient  geog- 
.phy,  a  mountain-range  in  tlio  southern  part 
■  i:  Thessaly,  Greece.     Sec  tho  extract. 

Othrya,  now  Mount  Ii'^rako,  is  situated  due  south  of  Ossa, 
and  southwe^t  ..f  I'elion,  Us  height  is  estimated  at  ,1,070 
f'  et.  It  isioinir.led  with  I'indus  by  a  chain  of  hills  aver- 
running  nearly  due  west,  and 


Querd'taro,  Guanajuato,  and  San  Luis  Potosi. 
Among  theniore  important  branches  are  the  Otonds  proper, 
the  Mecos  or  Joiiaz  in  Qucretaro,  and  the  Pames.  All,  or 
nearly  all, arc  noniioidlv  I  lirisl  inns,  but  have  retained  many 
of  their  al)iu'i'jin:d  ru^to^ls  anil  their  language.  This  is 
very  harsh  and  dilltcnlt,  ami  consists  largely  of  monosylla- 
bles. In  stature  these  Indians  are  rather  shmt,  and  I  heir 
color  is  dark,    Tliey  are  said  to  number  nearly  800,000, 

Otrante,  Due  d".    Sec  Fourln'. 

OtrantO  (o-triin'to).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  46  miles  south- 
east of  Britulisi:  thi'  ancient  Hydriisorllydnin- 

tum.     It  was  a  flourishing  anident  and  medieval  city  un- 

athedral  Is  a 


historiques,"  a  history 
"to  Frederick  VII, 


in  ISOO,     The  town  of  Ottingen  is  on  the  \V<,rnitz. 

Ottinger  (it'ting-er),  Eduard  Maria.    Born  at 

Breslaii,  Prussia,  Nov.  19,  180,'^ :  die<l  near  Dres- 
den, June  26, 1872.  A  (Terman  journalist,  poet, 
novelist,  bibliographer,  and  historical  writer. 
He  published  "I'.nch  der  Licbe"  tpoems,  1S.S2 :  "Neues 
Buch  der  l.icbe."  1852),  "Archives  his 
of  tho  Danish  court  from  Christian  11 
(1858-69),  "  Moniteur  dcs  dates  "  (lsfi4-S2X  etc 

Otto.     See  Oto. 

Otto  (ot'to)  I.  rOHG.  Oto.  0,lo.  Otto,  MHG.  G. 
Otto,  from  Ot,  AS.  cdd,  wealth,  |property.]  Born 
at  Munich,  April  27.  1848.  King  of  Bavaria, 
brother  of  Louis  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  188li. 
He  became  insane  in  1S7.!,  anil  succeeded  under  the  regency 
of  his  uncle  Prince  L\ntpold, 


:^rr.:f;r  I^^Tcurti'ra,;^  whlih-^U^ts'Si^J^ir:;?  OtrantO,  strait  of.  A  sea  passage  connecting 
^  "lo  (Sinus  Pagasieus)  at  the  distance  of  a  few  miles  from  \]^t>  Adriatic  Sea  with  the  Mediterranean,  anil 
tlie  shore,  Rawlimon,  Herod,,  IV,  In;,,     separating  Italy  from  Turkey.   Width,  about  40 

Otiartes  (6-ti-a.r'tez).     A  mythical  Babylonian    miles. 
l;ing  mentioned  by  Berosus:  probably  a  scribe's  Qtranto,  Terra  di.  A  former  name  of  thoprov- 
iTorfor  Opnrtcx,  and  identical  with  the  name    j,,,,,,  ,,i;  l,^,(.,.(.,  Italy. 
t'liarii-tiilii  in  the  cuneiform  account  of  the  O'Trigger   (o-trig'<^r).    Sir  Lucius.      A  char- 

..delugo.  _..     _         .       acter  in  Sheridan's  comedy 


til  it  was  sacked  by  the  Turks  In  1480,    The  catiie.nai  isa  f^ir'" ,"'" 'f\i.y,'nVt    ■•'i'li,>  Gre.it  "    Born  <)1'>' died 
3  aisled  basilica  with  x  apses  and  a  remarkable  pavement  OttO  (or  OthO)  1.,     1  >}<  ^'r<  •>'  ■       ii"J}^  -";■  '.Vi!,'" 

in  mosaic  (Ilia)  of  hililical  scenes,  animals,  etc 


'The  Rivals":  a 


at  Memleben.  Prussian  Saxony,  May  7,  97:i 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Homan  Empire.  He  was 
the  sonot  Henry  1.,  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  (ler. 
nniny  in  930.  The  earlv  iKirt  of  his  rclgu  w:is  occniiicd  in 
subduing  his  turbulent  nobles.  He  put  an  end  to  the  in 
cursions  of  the  Bohemians,  the  Wetids,  and  the  Danes,  ami 
in  9.11 «  ent  to  the  support  of  Ailclaide,  i|ueen  of  I.<unl)ardy. 
against  Bcrengar  II.  He  defeateil  Hcrengar  and  married 
A<lelaide.  In  9.'..'>  he  irdlicted  a  decisive  defeat  on  the 
Magyars  on  the  U-chfcId  In  IKIJ  he  was  crowned  emperor 
at  Home,  reviving  the  oltlce  founded  by  Chnrlemagne. 


Otinger    (6'ting-er),    Friedrich     Chnstqph.    fortune-hnuting  Irishman,  noted  for  his  peril-  QttO  II.     Born  95.5:  died  at  Rome,  Dee.  7,  983 

Born  at  Gilppingen,  ■NViirteiTiberg,  May  6,  1(_II2:    naeious  attachment  to  the  jpractico  of  dueling,  '  -----.  .„„„.. 

died  at  Murrhardt,  Wiirtoniberg,  Fell,  10,  1782.  Q^gggQ   (,>t-se'go).   Lake.     A   lake   in   Otseg( 


A  German    I'mti  stniit  theologian,  noted  us  a 
theosophisi , 

Otis  (6'tis),  Elwell  Stephen.  Bom  at  Frod- 
•  rick,  Md,,  March  25,  18.'}8.  An  American 
^'(■neral  Ilc  entered  the  Union  army  as  a  volunteer  in 
■■pt,,  1802;  was  breveted  brigadier-general  of  volnnteerB 


County,  central  Ni'W  York,  60niilo8  west  of  Al- 
banv.  It  is  the  B<mrceof  the  Susiiuchainni  Ulver,  and  Is 
ceh'lirateil  In  Cooper's  "  Leat herstocklng "  novels,  I/ungth, 
aliont  8  miles. 

Ottawa  (ot-a'wil).    [Pl.,also  0(/((«'rt,v.l    A  tribe 
of  Nort  h  American  Indians,  lirst  found  in  Canada 


March  13, 1806 ;  was  appointed  lieuKnanl-roimiel  In  the     oil  the  Upper  Ottawa  Kiver.    Thoy  were  linn  allh 
'       if  the  French,   In  livio  the  Iro(piol»drove  them  Iroin  their 


iiular  army  in  1807  ;  was  promoted  brlgadicr.gcneral 
Nov.  23,  IStl.'l;  was  appointed  major-general  of  volunte,  rs 
.May.  1S98:  and  was  pjomotiil  in.iior  giiieral  lllOO,  Ho 
srrvi'd  on  the  frontier  against  the  Indians  18117-81  :  then 
orgaiiizril  the  t'nitetl  States  infantry  and  cavidry  school  at 
I.-averiwoilti,  Kan,,  which  he  couiluctetl  until  IHH,'",,  In 
ls:«he  was  placed  in  coinmami  of  the  Deparlnoiit  of  the 
I'acihc  and  w;i^  noliinrv  uovernoi  ot  the  Philippines 
until  .\|Hil,  I'.iMC.     It.tireil  In  1902. 

Otis,  Harrison  Gray.    Born  at  BoHton,  Ma 

Oct.  8,    1765:  died   there,  Oct.   28.    184S 


homes  to  the  west  along  the  siail  h  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
and  in  the  tlrst  years  of  the  l«th  century  they  fixed  their 
chief  seat  near  the  hiwer  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan, 
spreading  tliem-c  in  all  directions.  They  number  about 
,^,0110,  those  in  the  fnited  Slates  being  cidelly  at  the  .Macki- 
nac agencv.  Michigan,  ami  tho.xc  in  Canada  on  MaTdt.iulln 
and  t'ocklnirn  Islands,  Ontario.  Ihe  various  derivations 
of  the  name  are  oidy  conjeclnral.  _Se.-  .l/.ioi./i/i.iii. 


Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Emiiirc  97.V98;t, 
son  of  Otto  I.  and  Adehiidi',  Ilesuluiue.l  a  revolt 
of  Ills  cousin  Henry  duke  of  Bavaria,  about  li;7.  In  9T8 
Ihe  French  invaded  Lorndne,  hut  were  expelled  by  the 
emperor,  who  unsuccessfully  lieslegiil  Paris.  Ilemarrleij 
the  tlreck  princess 'theophauo,thr.ingh  wluan  he  claimed 
Apulia  and  Calabria  in  scnithern  Italy.  His  claim  was  re. 
slsteil  by  the  (ivecks  with  Ihe  as.«islunce  of  the  .Saracens. 
After  some  successes  he  was  totally  defeated  In  1>S2. 
Otto  III.,  called  "The  Wonder  of  the  World 
(from  his  inti'lleclual  endownieiits).  Born  980  : 
diedat  Pnterno,  nenrVilerbo,  Italy,  .Ian.,  1002. 
Emperor  ot  tlie  Holy  Ifoiiian  Empire  9,83-1002, 
son  of  Otto  H.  During  his  miumliy  Ihe  regency  wtt« 
condueteil  bv  his  nn'llnr  I'hi'ophano  in  tJennany  (after 
her  death  bv  the  Arcbln»hop  of  Mainz),  and  his  ginud- 
niolher  Adelaide  In  lial\.  lie  assumed  Ihe  n'ins  of  gov- 
ernment in  inm.     He  aimed  to  make  Home  the  Imperial 


MS.,  Ottawa  (oCa-wit),  formerly  BytOWn(bi'toun).      residence  lind  center  of  a  new  unlrcriMil  empire^  but  dl«l 
An    The  capital  of  tlie  Dominioii  of  Canada,  situated     at  the  early  ngeof  tweniytwo. 


Otto  rv. 

otto  rv.    Bom  about  1174:   died  at  the  Harz- 

•  burg,  Germany.  May  19.  1218.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Eoman  Empire,  second  son  of  Henry  the 
Lion,  duke  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria.  He  was 
elected  king  of  Germany  in 'opposition  to  Philip  of  Swabia 
in  lli>S,  and  was  crowned  emperor  in  1209.  He  afterward 
became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with  the  Pope,  who  in  1212 
pat  forward  Frederick  LL  as  anti-emperor.  Having  allied 
himself  with  England,  he  concerted  an  invasion  of  France 
with  John  Lackland,  with  whom  he  was  defeated  at  Bou- 
vines  in  1'214.  Discredited  by  tliis  defeat,  he  presently 
withdrew  to  his  heredit^iry  domain  of  Brunswick. 

Otto  of  Freising.  Died  Sept.  22, 1158.  A  Ger- 
man historian,  bishop  of  Freising  (in  Bavaria). 
His  histories  were  edited  in  1867. 

Otto  VOnWittelsbach.  (ot'to  fon vlt'tels-bach). 
Killed  1209.  The  murderer  of  Philip  of  Swabia, 
kins  of  Germany.  1208. 

Ottoboni,  or  Otthoboni  (ot-to-bo'ne),  Pietro. 
Bom  in  1668:  died  Feb.  17,  1740.  A  cardinal, 
nephew  of  Pope  Alexander  VHI.  He  received  the 
cardinalate  in  1690.  but  is  principally  noted  as  a  patron  of 
art.  He  collected  a  fine  library,  containing  manuscript 
masses  by  Palestrina  and  other  great  masters,  etc.,  which 
after  his  death  were  purchased  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 
and  presented  to  the  \'atican. 

OttOCar  (ot'to-kar)  U.  Killed  1278.  King  of 
Bohemia  1253-78.  He  acquired  Austria,  .'^tyria,  Ca- 
rinthia,  and  Camiola.  For  these  German  fiefs  he  refused 
to  do  homage  to  Rudolph  of  Hapsbui^,  king  of  Germany, 
who  in  consequence  declared  war  against  him.  He  was 
defeated  and  killed  on  the  Marchfeld  in  1278. 

Ottoman  Empire.    See  TkiIci/. 

Ottomans  (ot'o-manz).  [From  F.  Ottoman  = 
Sp.  Ofow(nno=Pg.  It.  Ottomano,  from  Turk. 
'Othman,  'Osiiian,  the  founder  of  the  Tm-kish 
empire  in  Asia:  see  Ogmaiiti.  Cf.  Othman.'] 
That  branch  of  the  Turks  which  founded  and 
rule  the  Turkish  empire.  The  Ottoman  Torkslived 
originally  in  central  Asia.  Under  their  first  sultan,  (_nh- 
nian  (reigned  12SS-1326X  they  founded  a  realm  in  Asia 
Minor,  which  was  soon  extended  into  Europe.  AVith  the 
capture  of  Constantinople  in  1453  they  succeeded  to  the 
Byzantine  empire,  and  their  rul«,at  its  height  in  the  16th 
centur>',  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  southeastern 
Europe  and  much  of  western  Asia  and  northern  Africa. 
They  have  since  lost  Hungary,  Rumania.  Servia,.  Greece, 
etc.,  and  practjcUly  Bulgaria.  Eg>-pt,  etc  The  Ottoman 
Turks  are  Snnnite  ilohammedans,  and  regard  the  saltans 
as  representatives  of  the  former  califs. 

Ottumwa  (o-tum'wa).  A  city,  capital  of  Wa- 
pello County,  southern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Des  Moines  70  miles  west  bv  north  of  Burling- 
ton.    Population  (1900),  18,197. 

Ottweiler  (ot'vi-ler).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  theBlies  33  miles 
southeast  of  Treves.   Population  (1890),  5,150. 

Otuel  (ot'u-el),  Sir.  One  of  Charlemagne's 
paladins.  He  was  a  pagan  knight,  but  was  converted 
to  Christianity  by  the  prayers  of  Charlemagne  and  his 
people  during  a  battle. 

Otumba  (6-tom'ba).  A  town  of  Me.xieo.  in  the 
state  of  Mexico,  about  35  miles  northeast  of 
the  capital,  on  the  railroad  to  Vera  Cruz.  It  was 
an  ancient  Indian  pueblo,  and  its  name  (originally  Otom- 
pan,  'place  of  the  Otomis")  appears  to  indicate  that  it 
was  once  inhabited  by  Otomi  Indians.  Near  it,  during 
the  retreat  from  Mexico.  Cortes  defeated  the  Aztec  forces, 
July  7,  1520.     Population,  about  5,000. 

Otway  (ot'wa),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Trotton, 
Sussex,  England,  March  3, 1652  :  died  at  Tower 
HUl,  London,  April  14,  1685.  The  principal 
tragic  poet  of  the  English  classical  school,  the 
son  of  Rev.  Humphrey  Otway.  He  entered  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  in  1669.  He  fell  in'love  with  Jlrs.  Barry, 
who  appeared  in  his  "Alcibiades,"  and  she  became  liis 
evil  genius:  to  escape  her  he  enlisted  and  ser^'ed  in 
Flanders,  but  retamed  to  her.  She  made  her  greatest  repu- 
tation in  his  plays,  but  owing  to  her  greed  and  immorality 
her  influence  over  him  was  entirely  bad.  He  died  in  a 
baker's  shop  near  the  sponging-house  in  which  his  hist 
days  were  spent.  Among  his  plavs  are  "Alcibiades" 
(1675),  "Don  Carlos  "  (1676),  translations  of  Eacine's  "Ti- 
tus and  Berenice  "  and  Molifere's  "Fourberies  de  Scapin" 
("Cheats  of  Scapin,"  1677),  "Friendship  in  Fashion" 
(1678),  "The  .Soldiers  Fortune"  (16JI),  "The  Orphan" 
(I6S0),  "  Caius  Marius  "  (1681).  "Venice  Preserved  "  (16S2), 
"The  Atheist"  (1684:  a  second  part  of  "The  Soldier's 
Fortune"). 

Otzthal  (ets'tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in  Tyrol, 
opening  from  the  southern  side  of  the  upper 
valley  of  the  Inn,  and  situated  southwest  of 
Innsbriick.     It  is  noted   for  its    picturesque 

.scenery. 

Otzthaler  (ets'tal-er)  Alps.  A  large  group  of 
Alps  in  Tyrol,  south  of  the  Inn. 

Ouchy  (6-she').  The  port  of  Lausanne,  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 

Oude.     See  Oudh. 

Oudenarde,  or  Oudenaarde  (ou'den-iir-de),  F. 
Audenarde  (od-uiird').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Sehelde  33  miles  west  of  Brussels,  it  has  maim- 
factures  of  cotton  and  linen.  Tlie  hotel  >ie  ville.  or  town 
h.all  (a  beautiful  late-Pointed  building,  finished  in  15;!5), 
and  the  churches  .  if  St.  Walburga  and  Xotre  Dame  are  the 
principal  buildings.  Here,  .luly  11.  17'>s.  the  Allies  under 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugenedcfealed  the 


768 

French  under  Vend6me  and  the  Dnke  of  Bm-gnndy.    Pop. 
ulation  (1S90),  6.141. 

Oudendorp  (ou'den-dorp),  Frans  van.  Bom 
at  Leyden.  Netherlands,  July  31.  1696:  died 
Feb.  14,  1761.  A  Dutch  classical  philologist, 
professor  of  eloquence  and  history  at  Leipsic. 

Oudh,  or  Oude  (oud).  [Hind.  Aicadh.']  A  prov- 
ince of  British  India,  now  united  politically  to 
the  lieutenant-governorship  of  the  Northwest 
provinces.  Chief  city,  Lucknow.  it  lies  between 
the  Ganges  on  the  southwest  and  Nepal  on  the  northeast. 
The  surface  is  mainly  a  plain.  The  province  is  densely 
peopled.  It  was  formerly  under  various  Mohammedan 
rulers ;  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1S56 :  was  one  of 
the  chief  scenes  of  the  mntiny  of  187.7 :  and  was  united  in 
administration  to  the  Northwest  Provinces  in  1S77.  Area, 
24,217  s<iaare  miles.    Population  (ItOl).  12,6:.<',&31- 

Oudinot  (o-de-no').  Nicolas  Charles,  Due  de 
Reggio.  Born  at  Bar-le-Duc,  France,  April  25. 
1767:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  13.  1847.  A  French 
marshal,  noted  as  a  commander  of  grenadiers. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  Zurich  in  1799,  and  at  Aus- 
terlitz  in  IS'35 ;  gained  the  victorj-  of  Ostrolenka  in  1S07 ; 
fought  at  Friedland  in  1807,  at  Wagram  in  1S09,  in  the  re- 
treat from  Eussia  in  1812,  and  at  Bautzen  in  1S13 ;  was 
defeated  at  Grossbeeren  in  1S13 ;  and  served  through  the 
campaigns  of  1S13-14. 

Oudinot,  Nicolas  Charles  Victor.  Bom  at 
Bar-le-Duc,  France.  Xov.  3, 1791 :  died  at  Paris, 
July  7, 1863.  A  French  general,  son  of  Nicolas 
Charles  Oudinot.  He  commanded  the  expedi- 
tion against  Rome,  which  he  captured  in  1849. 

Oudry  ( 6-die ' ),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  17, 16S6 :  died  at  Beauvais.  April  30, 1755. 
A  French  historical  and  animal  painter.  He 
was  con  rt  painter  to  Louis  A  v.;  was  superintendent  of  the 
Beauvais  factory  and  of  the  Gobelin  factory;  and  was 
made  professor  of  the  Academy  in  1743. 

Ouffle,  Histoire  des  imaginations  extrava- 
gantes  de  M.  -^  work  by  Laurent  BordeloL, 
published  in  1710.  It  is  notable  as  being  the  book  to 
which  Johnson  ref  ei^  in  his  "  Life  of  Pope  "  as  the  prototype 
of  the  '•  Memoirs  of  Martinus  Scriblerus."  The  book  has 
been  mistakenly  ascribed  to  the  Abb^  Bom^ielot. 

Oughtred  (ot'red),  William.  Bom  at  Eton, 
1574 :  died  about  1660.  An  English  mathema- 
tician. He  was  edncated  at  Cambridge  (King's  College). 
He  wrote  "  Claris  Mathematicse  "  (1631),  "  A  Description  of 
the  Double  Horizontal  Dial  "(1636),  and  "  Opuscula  Mathe- 
raatica  "  (1677). 

Ouida.     See  Z)e  la  Eamee,  Louise. 

Ouiouenronnon.    See  Ca^iuija. 

Ouless  1 6-les').  Walter  William.  Bom  at  St. 
Helier's,  Jersey,  Sept.  21,  184S.  An  English 
portrait-painter.  He  was  edncated  at  Victoria  Col- 
lege, Jersey,  and  began  to  study  art  in  London  in  1864. 
He  was  made  associate  royal  academician  in  1S77,  and  royal 
academician  in  ISSl.  Hi's  portraits  of  Darwin  (etched' by 
Rajon)  and  Cardinal  Newman  (ISSO)  are  well  known. 

Oullins  (o-lan').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone  3  miles 
south  of  Lvons.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
8.327. 

Ouriqne  (6-re'ke).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  94  miles  southeast 
of  Lisbon.  For  the  battle  there,  see  the  ex- 
tract. 

Under  the  reign  of  the  same  Alfonso  was  achieved  the 
memorable  victory  of  Ourique,  obtained  over  the  Moors 
on  the  twenty-sixth  of  July,  1139,  in  which  five  Moorish 
kings  were  defeated,  and  which  was  followed  by  the  adop- 
tion of  the  title  of  kingdom,  in  place  of  the  coantr,v,  of 
PortugaL  The  Cortes,  assembled  at  Lamego  in  1145,  con- 
ferred a  free  constitution  upon  the  new  people,  who.  by 
the  acquisition  of  Lisbon  a  few  years  after,  came  into  pos- 
session  of  a  powerful  capital  with  an  immense  popalation 
and  an  extensive  commerce. 

Sisinondi,  Lit  of  South  of  Europe,  IL  450. 

Our  Mutual  Friend.  A  novel  by  Dickens,  pub- 
lished in  1865. 

Our  Old  Home.  A  record  of  impressions  and 
experiences  in  England,  by  Hawthorne. 

Ouro  Preto  (o'ro  pra'to),  formerly  "Villa  Rica 
(vel'la  re'ka).  [Pg..  'black  gold'  and  'rich 
town'  respectively.]  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  about  175  miles  north  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  was  formerlv  noted  for  its 
gold-mines.    Population  (1890),  about  22,000. 

Ours.  A eomedyby Robertson,  producedin  1866. 

Ourthe  (ort).  A  river  in  Belgium  which  joins 
the  Meuse  at  Liege.     Length,  about  100  miles. 

Ouse  (oz).  Ariverin Yorkshire,  England,  itis 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Swale  and  Tre,  and  unites 
with  the'Trent  16  miles  west  of  Kingston-upon-HuU  to 
form  the  Humber.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Wharfe, 
Aire,  Don,  and  Derwent.  Length.  60  miles  (including  the 
Swale,  about  130  miles);  navigable  to  York. 

Ouse,  or  Great  Ouse.  A  river  in  the  eastern  part 
of  England,  which  flows  into  the  Wash  near 
King's  Lynn.  Length,  160  miles;  navigable 
about  50  miles. 

Ouseley  (oz'li).  Sir  Frederick  Arthur  Gore. 
Born  at  London.  Aug.  12,  1825 :  died  April  6. 
1889.  An  English  musical  writer,  musician,  and 
composer  of  sacred  music :  son  of  Sir  Gore  Ouse- 


Overbury 

ley.  He  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  was  elected 
professor  of  music  at  Oxford  in  1855 :  and  the  same  year 
was  made  precentor  of  Hereford  cathedral.  In  1856  he 
was  made  vicai  of  St.  itichael's,  Tenbury,  Worcestershire 
and  warden  of  St  Jlichael's  College,  of  which  he  was  the 
principal  founder.  He  published  'Harmony  '  (lb68)  and 
"Counterpoint  and  Fogae"  (1869X  and  composed  a  num- 
ber of  services  and  an  oratorio  ("  Hagar,"  1873). 

Ouseley,  Sir  Gore.  Born  1770:  died  1844.  A 
British  diplomatist  and  Orientalist,  brother  of 
Sir  William  Ouseley. 

Ouseley,  Sir  William.  Bom  in  Monmouthshire, 
England,  1767:  died  at  Boulogne,  Sept.,  1*42. 
An  English  Orientalist.  He  served  in  the  army  unta 
1794.  He  published  "Persian  Miscellanies "  (1795),  "Ori- 
ental Collections  "  (1797X"  Oriental  Geography  of  Ebn  Haa- 
kal  "  (ISOO).  etc.  He  was  secret.ary  to  his  brother.  Sir  Oon 
Ouseley,  ambassador  to  Persia  in  ISIO. 

Ouseley,  Sir  William  Gore.  Born  July  26, 1797 : 
died  March  6.  1866.  An  English  diplomatist, 
son  of  Sir  William  Ouseley. 

Oust  (ost).  A  river  in  Brittany,  France,  which 
joins  the  "S'ilaine  near  Eedon.  Length,  about 
90  miles. 

Outagami.    See  Fox. 

Outram  (o'tram).  Sir  James.  Bom  at  Butter- 
ley  Hall,  Derbyshire.  Jan.  29, 1803:  died  March 
11,  1863.  An  English  general,  known  as  "the 
Bayard  of  India."  In  1S18  he  studied  at  Marischal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  and  in  1S19  went  to  India  as  cadet  In 
1838  he  was  aide-de-camp  toSir  John  Keane ;  and  in  lS.=iP  was 
appointed  lieutenant-general  in  command  of  au  expedition 
to  Persia.  In  June.  1857.  he  was  summoned  to  Calcutta 
to  assist  in  suppressing  the  Sepoy  rebellion.  He  especially 
distinguished  himself  in  the  relief,  defense,  and  capture 
ofLucknow.  HereturnedtoEnglandinl660.  Heisburied 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Ouvidor  (6-ve-d6r').  The  principal  business 
street  (for  retail  trade)  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 
It  is  about  i  mile  long,  and  very  narrow.  No  vehicles  are 
allowed  to  pass  through  it,  and  hence  it  has  become  a  pop- 
ular promenade,  presenting  a  very  animated  appearance, 
especiaUy  in  the  late  afternoon  and  evening. 

0'7ada  (6-va'da).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Alessandria,  21  miles  northwest  of  Genoa.  Pop- 
ulation (1881).  6.646;  commune.  8,293. 

Ovalle  (o-val'ya).  Alonso  de.  Bom  at  Santiago 
about  1601:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March  11, 165L 
A  Chilean  Jesuit  historian.  His  best-known  work 
is  "Hist^Jrica  relacion  del  reyno  de  Chile"  (Rome,  1646: 
an  Italian  version,  same  place  and  date).  An  English  trans- 
lation of  the  first  six  books  was  published  in  the  Churchill 
collection. 

Ovalle  (o-viil'ya),  Jose  Tomas.  Bom  at  San- 
tiago, 1791:  died  there.  March  21.  1831.  A  Chil- 
ean politician.  He  was  elected  vice-president  by  the 
conservatives  Feb.,  1S30,  and  from  Maixh  31, 1830.  was 
acting  president  The  liberals,  under  Freire.  were  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Lircay,  April  17,  1830,  and  the  con- 
servatives came  permanently  into  power.  See  Portaie*, 
Diego  Jos^  Victor. 

Ovambo  (6-vam'b6).     See  Xdonga. 

0'7amboland(6-vam'bo-land).  A  region  in  Ger^ 
man  Southwest  Africa,  north  of  Damaraland. 
An  attempt  to  establish  a  republic  here,  called 
Uppingtonia,  about  1885  faDed. 

Ovando  (6-van'd6),  Nicolas  de.  Bom  at  \a\- 
ladolid  about  1460.  died  at  Madrid.  1518  (f).  A 
Spanish  administrator.  He  was  a  knight  of  Alcsn. 
tara,  and  held  a  high  position  in  the  royal  court  In  1501 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Esp.aiioia,  his  jurisdiction 
embracing  all  the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  New  World 
except  those  ceded  to  Ojeda  and  Pinzcn.  He  arrived  at 
Santo  Domingo,  April  15,  1502.  with  30  vessels  and  2,5*0 
colonists,  and  retained  the  place  until  July,  1509,  when  he 
wxs  superseded  by  Diego  Columbus.  During  this  time 
the  colony  was  prosperous,  but  the  Indians  were  treated 
with  great  cruelty  and  a  large  portion  of  them  died.  Afri- 
can slaves  were  first  extensively  introduced  under  Ovando. 

O'var  (6-var').  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Beira,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Aveiro  lagoon 
19  miles  south  of  Oporto.  Population  (1890), 
11,002. 

Overbeck  (o'ver-bek).Friedrich  Johann.  Bom 
at  Liibeck.  Germany ,*.July  3, 1789 :  died  at  Rome, 
Nov.  12.  1>^69.  A  noted  German  painter.  He 
studied  at  the  Vienna  academy:  but,  objecting  to  the  sen- 
suousness  of  the  prevailing  pseudo-classical  style,  he  waa 
expelled  and  went  to  Rome,  where  he  formed  the  brother- 
hood of  the  Preraphaelites  in  ISIO  with  Cornelius,  Scha- 
dow,  and  others  (s«e  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood\  seeking 
to  revive  German  art  on  a  religious  basis.  He  became  a 
convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  1813,  and  de- 
voted himself  entirely  to  painting  sarred  subjects.  His 
style  was  full  of  devout  feeling,  but  hard  in  outline. 
Among  his  works  (some  of  them  frescos)  are  the  "Vi- 
sion  of  St.  Francis."  '-Jerusiilem  Delivered"  (Rome), 
"Clmst's  Entry  into  Jerusalem  "  (Liibeck).  "Triumph  of 
Religion  in  the  .\rts"  (FninkiV'rt),  "Christ  Blessing  Little 
Children  "(Liibeck\  "Pieta"  vLubeckX"  Christ  in  the  Gar- 
den'  (HamburgX  etc. 

Overbeck,  Johannes  Adolf.    Born  1826:  died 

1895.  A  German  archaologist  and  historian 
of  art.  nephew  of  F.  J.  Overbeck :  professor  at 
Leipsic  from  1853.  His  works  include  "Geschichte 
der  griechisciien  Plastik  "  (18o7-.'>S).  "  Pompeji  "  (1855), 
■■  Griechische  Kunstmythologie  "  (1871-89).  etc. 
Overbury  (6'verber-i),  Sir  Thomas.  Bora  at 
Compton-Seorpion,  Warwickshire,  1.581 :  poi- 


Overbury 

aoned  in  the  Tower,  Sept.  15,  1613.  An  English 
•miscellaneous  writer.  He  studied  at  Oxford  (Queen's 
College)  1595-98,  and  at  the  Middle  Teraple,  and  traveled 
on  the  Continent.  He  became  the  protege  of  Robert  Carr. 
Viscount  Rochester  (afterward  earl  of  Somerset),  para- 
mour of  Lady  Essex.  Having  incurred  the  enmity  of  Lady 
Essex  by  opposing  a  marriage  between  her  and  Carr,  he 
wa."  hy  her  influence  imprisoned  in  the  'lower  April  26, 
16i;i,  and  poisoned  there.  He  wrote  "The  Wife"  (1614), 
"Characters"  (1614),  and  "Crumras  fal'n  from  King 
James's  Table, "  flrst  printed  in  1715. 

Over  Darwen(6'ver  dar'weu).  A  town  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  18  miles  northwest  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  paper,  paper-stainitig,  and  other 
manufactories.     Population  (ISOl),  34,192. 

Overdo  (o'ver-do),  Adam.  A  complacent  jus- 
tice, a  prominent  character  in  Ben  Jonson's 
"Bartholomew  Fair." 

Overdone  (6'ver-dun),  Mistress.  A  character 
in  Shakspere's  "Measure  for  Measure." 

Overland  Route.  SpeeificaUy  — (n)  The  route 
from  England  to  India  through  France  and  Italy 
to  Brindisi,  and  thence  by  steamer  by  the  Suez 
Canal,  Red  Sea,  and  Indian  Ocean.  The  time 
required  for  the  journey  is  from  three  to  four 
weeks.  (6)  Formerly,  the  principal  land  route 
(via  Utah)  to  California. 

Overreach  (6'ver-rech),  Sir  Giles.  The  prin- 
cipal character  in  Massinger'.s  '"A  New  Way 
to  Pay  Old  Debts":  a  cruel  e.xtortioner  whose 
actions  are  governed  by  systematic  calculating 
self-love.  He  is  a  study  of  Sir  Giles  Mompesson,  the 
monopolist.  He  is  proud  and  grasping;  hut,  as  his  name 
Indicates,  finally  overreaches  liimaelf,  and  is  "outwitted 
by  two  weak  innocents  and  gulled  by  children." 

Overskou  (o'ver-skou),  Thomas.  Born  at  (Co- 
penhagen, Oct.  11, 1798 :  tiled  there,  Nov.  7, 1873. 
A  Danish  dramatist  and  historian  of  the  drama. 
He  wrote  "Den  dansko  Skueplads"("  The  Da- 
nish Theater,"  1854-64),  etc. 

Over'Weg  (o'fer-vao'),  Adolf.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  .July  24. 1822  :  died  at  Maduari, 
on  Lake  Chad,  Sept.  27, 1852.  An  African  ex- 
plorer. As  a  specialist  in  geology  he  accompanied  Rich- 
ardson and  Barth  to  the  Sudan  in  1850 ;  established  the  fact 
that  the  Sahara  is  not  below  sea-level ;  explored  Maradi ; 
navigated  Lalie  Chad  1851 ;  and  visited  Kanem  and  ilusgu. 

Overyssel.or  Overijssel(6'ver-is-sel).  Aprov- 
inee  of  the  Netherlands.  Capital,  ZwoUe.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  Zuyder  Zee  on  the  northwest,  Friesland 
and  Drenthe  on  the  north,  Prussia  on  the  east  and  south- 
east, and  Gelderland  on  the  south  and  southwest.  The 
«urface  is  generally  flat.  The  most  important  industry  is 
Stock-farming.  The  province  joined  the  Union  of  rtrecht 
In  1579.  Area,  1,291  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  300,- 
49:i. 

Ovid  (ov'id),  L.  PubUus  Ovidius  Naso.    Bom 

at  Sulmo,  Italy,  43  b.  c.  :  died  at  Tomi,  near  the 
Black  Sea,  17  or  18  A.  D.  A  Roman  poet,  one 
of  the  leading  writers  of  the  Augustan  age.  He 
lived  at  Rome,  and  was  exiled  for  an  unknown  cause  to 
Tomi  on  the  Euxine,  in  Miesia,  about  9  A.  i>.  His  chief 
works  are  elegies  and  poems  on  mythological  subjects, 
"iletamorphoses,"  "Fasti,"  "Ars  Amat<jria"  ("Art  of 
Live"),  "  Heroides,"  and  "Amores." 

Ovidiopol(6-ve-de-6'poly).  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  near  the 
Dniester  Liman,  21  miles  southwest  of  Odessa. 
Population  (1885),  5,776. 

Oviedo(6-ve-a'TH6).  1.  A  province  of  northern 
Spain,  corresponding  to  the  ancient  A.sturias. 
Area,  4,091  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
595,420. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Oviedo,  situated  in  lat.  43°  22'  N.,  long.  5° 52'  W. 
It  ha.s  manufactures  of  llrearms,  etc. ;  is  ttie  seat  of  a  uni- 
versity ;  and  has  a  collection  of  antiquities.  The  cathedral 
is  a  Pointed  church  of  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  with  a 
lofty  arched  western  porch  and  a  high  tower  ami  spire. 
Oviedo  waa  founded  about  765,  and  was  the  capitjil  of  the 
realm  of  Asturias  until  the  removal  to  Leon  about  924. 
Population  (1887),  42,716. 

Oviedo,  or  Oviedo  v  Vald^s  (o  val-das'),  Gon- 
zalo  Fernandez  de.    Korn  at  Madrid,  1478 : 

died  at  Valladolid,  1557.  A  Spanish  historian. 
He  was  a  page  of  Prince  Juan  at  the  siego  of  Granada,  and 
«aw  the  first  return  of  Columbus  ;  was  at  iJarlen  (1614-17) 
as  a  treasury  officer,  and  later  (1519-23)  as  lieutenant  of 
Pedrarlas  ;  subsequently  was  governor  of  Cartagena,  and 
in  ItiX)  alcalde  of  the  fort  at  Satito  I>omingo  ;  a[Hl  for  some 
years  l>e(orc  liisdeath  wasolllclal  chronicler  of  the  Indies. 
Ills  principal  work,  and  one  of  the  flrst  and  best  of  the 
early  liistories  of  America,  is  "  Hlstorla  natural  y  general 
de  las  Indias"  In  50  boi:)ks.  Uf  these  19  were  jinbHslo'd  at 
^^cville  in  1535,  and  the  twentieth,  finishing  the  flrst  pari,  at 
N'alladolid  soon  after.  The  complete  work  was  not  pub- 
lisbod  until  1861-65  (by  the  Madrid  Academy). 

Ovimbundu  (6-vem-bon'd6).     See  (jmhuntUi. 

Ovoca.     See  Avoca. 

Owain,  or  Owen.  Died  in  1197.  A  Welsh  prince 
(of  I'owvh).  He  was  noted  as  ii  fighter,  and  as 
till-  author  of  "The  Ilirhis  Horn"  (wliicli  see). 

Owasco  Lake  (o-was'ko  hlk).  .\  lake  in  Cayu- 
ga County,  New  York,  south  of  Auburn.  Its  out- 
let is  Owasco  Creek  and  Seneca  River.  Length, 
aJiout  11  miles. 

Owego  (6-we'g6).   The  capital  of  Tioga  County, 

r.  — 49 


769 

New  York,  situated  on  the  Susquehanna,  at  the 
mouth  of  Owego  Creek,  63  miles  south  of  Syra- 
cuse. Population  (1900,,  village,  5,039. 
Owen  (6'en),  David  Dale.  Bom  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  June  24, 1807:  died  at  New  Harmony, 
Ind.,  Nov.  13,  1860.  An  American  geologist, 
.son  of  Robert  Owen.  He  came  to  the  United  .States 
with  his  fatherin  18'23.  In  1848  he  took  charge  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  and  of  that 
of  Minnesota  in  185'2. 

Owen  (Latinized  Audoenus  or  Owenus),  John. 

Bom  in  Wales  about  1560:  died  1022.  A  Brit- 
ish Latinist,  noted  for  his  Latin  epigrams. 

Owen,  John.  Bom  at  Stadhampton,  Oxfora, 
England,  1010 :  died  at  Ealing,  near  London, 
Aug.  24,  1083.  An  English  theologian :  during 
the  civil-war  period  a  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
later  an  Independent.  He  was  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1651-60,  and  after  the  Restoration  waa  a  noncon- 
formist pastor  in  Ixjndon.  He  wrote  a  large  number  of 
works,  theological  and  controversial  —  among  them  "  Vln- 
dlcire  EvangeliciB  "  (1655),  "Animadversions"  (16C2  :  a  re- 
ply to  "  Fiat  Lux,"  a  plea  for  Romanism),  "Exposition  of 
the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews  "  (1608),  and  an  "  Inquiry  into 
the  Nature,  etc^  of  Evangelical  Churches  "(1681). 

Owen,  John  Jason.  Born  at  Colebrook,  Conn., 
Aug.  13,  1S03 :  died  at  New  York,  April  18, 18G9. 
An  American  classical  scholar.  He  edited  the 
"Anabasis,"  "Iliad,"  "Odyssey,"  "Thucy- 
dides,"  etc. 

Owen,  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Lancaster,  Eng., 
July  20, 1804:  died  at  London,  Dec.  18,  1892.  An 
English  comparative  anatomist  and  paleontolo- 
gist. He  studied  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and  at 
the  medical  school  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  18"26.  He  afterward  became  assistant  curator  of  the 
Hunterian  Museum,  and  in  1834  professor  of  comparative 
anatomy  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  He  was  appointed 
Hunterian  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  18:i6,  and  in  18r>0  superintendent  of  the 
natural  history  department  in  the  British  Museum.  He 
was  created  knight  commander  of  the  Bath  on  his  retire- 
ment in  1883.  Among  his  works  are  "Odontography" 
(1840-45),  "Archetype  and  Homologies  of  the  Vertebrate 
System  "  (1848),  "On  Parthenogenesis"  (1849),  "  .\n  atomy 
of  the  'Vertebrates  "  (18tia-<i8). 

Owen,  Robert.  Born  at  Newtown,  Montgomery- 
shire, Wales,  May  14, 1771:  died  there,  Nov.  17, 
18.58.  The  founder  of  English  socialism.  He 
became  at  nineteen  manager  of  a  cotton-mill  at  Manches- 
ter, and  in  1300  became  manager  and  part  owner  of  the 
cotton-mlllsat  New  Lanark.  Here  he  introduced  extensive 
reforms  looking  to  an  improvement  i[i  the  condition  of 
his  operatives.  In  1825  he  founded  a  socialistic  commu- 
nity at  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  which  failed  in  1827.  He 
severed  his  connection  with  the  mills  at  New  Lanark  in 
l'^8,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  propagation  of  socialism. 
The  history  of  English  socialism  is  coniinordy  dat^'d  from 
1817,  in  which  year  he  communicated  a  report  on  the  poor 
law  to  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Conuuons. 

He  recommended  that  communities  of  about  twelve  hun- 
<ired  persons  each  should  be  settled  on  quantities  of  land 
of  from  1,000  to  1,500  acres,  all  living  in  one  large  t>uilding 
in  the  form  of  a  square,  with  public  kitchen  and  mess- 
rooms.  Each  family  should  have  its  own  private  apart- 
ments, and  the  entire  care  of  the  children  till  the  age  of 
three,  after  wliich  they  should  lie  brought  up  by  the  com- 
munity, their  parents  having  access  to  them  at  meals  and 
all  other  proper  times.  These  cr)nmmnitics  might  be  es- 
tablished by  individuals,  by  parishes,  by  counties,  or  l>y 
the  state;  in  every  case  there  should  be  effective  supcrvi- 
sion  by  duly  qualified  persons.  Work,  and  thecnjoynient 
of  its  results,  should  bo  in  common.  The  size  of  his  com- 
nmnity  was  no  tbuibt  partly  suggested  by  his  village  of  New 
Lanark  ;  and  he  s()on  proceeded  to  advocate  such  a  scheme 
as  the  best  form  for  the  reorganization  of  society  in  gen. 
eral.  Thotnan  Kirkup,  in  Encyc.  Brit,  XVIII.  87. 

Owen,  Robert  Dale.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  9, 
1801  :  died  near  Lake  George,  N.  Y.,  June  17, 
1877.  An  American  social  reformer,  politician, 
spiritualist,  and  author:  son  of  Robert  Owen. 
He  was  memberof  Congress  from  Indiana  1843-47,  ami  was 
noted  as  an  advocate  of  negro  ennincipation.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Kootfiillson  the  Boundary  of  Another  W'iirld  " 
(IS.Mi),  "The  Dclialable  Land  belwi'en  this  World  and  the 
.Next"(l-<721,  "Threading  .My  Way "  (1S74),  etc. 

Owen  Meredith  (o'cn  mcr'e-dith).  The  pseudo- 
nym of  the  iirsi  Karl  of  Lytton. 

Owens  (o'enz),  John  Edmond.  Horn  at  Liver- 
jiool,  April  2,  IKL'i):  cliod  nc-u-  Towson,  Balti- 
nioi'e  County,  Maryland,  l)e<'.  7,  1886.  An 
American  I'oini'ilian  and  niiinager.  Hewn-ibronght 
to  America  wli--n  a  child,  and  inaile  his  flrst  appearance 
in  Phlladeljiliia  In  1H41  Me  roae  rapidly  m  his  iimfcssion, 
anil  in  1864  produced  "Solon  Shingle"  at  Wallack's,  New 
York,  whirh  held  the  boards  for  eiwht  or  nine  nmnths. 
He  was  very  pr)pular,  and  maile  a  large  f<»rtune,  <-xpendIng 

Itiirt  of  it  in  building  a  country  bonse,  Aigbtnth  Vale,  near 
laltiinore,  in  which  be  ille<I.  Hi^  best  parts  were  Solon 
shingle,  Caleb  rluinmer,  Dr.  Olliipo,!,  in-.  Pangloss,  ami 
Aminadab  SheU. 

Owensboro(o'enz-bur-6).  A  city,  capita!  i)f  Dn- 
vii'ssCoiiiity,  Kentucky,  situated  onthe  Ohio  80 
miles  west-southwest  of  Louisville.  Population 
(1900).  Kl.l.Sil. 

Owens  (o 'on  z)  College.  -Vninstifution  of  higher 
learning,  siliiatoil  iil  .ManrhcsliT.  F.nghiml.  It 
was  founded  by  John  Owens  in  18-16,  and  opened  in  1H6L 
Since  1880  it  has  been  a  college  of  tlio  Victoria  Univcmlty. 


Oxford,  Provisions  of 

Owen's  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  eastern  California 
near  Mount  Whitney.  Length,  about  18  miles. 
It  has  no  outlet. 

Owen  Sound.  A  southern  arm  of  Georgian  Bay, 
Lake  Huron. 

Owen  Sound.  The  capital  of  Grey  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  on  Owen  Sound,  at  the 
mouth  of  Sydenham  River,  100  miles  northwest 
of  Toronto.     Population  (1901),  8,776. 

Owen's  River.  A  river  that  flows  into  Owen's 
Lake,  California.     Length,  about  175  miles. 

Owen  Stanley  Range  (6'en  stan'li  ranj).  Part 
of  the  continuous  range  of  lofty  mountains  in 
British  New  Guinea.  Mount  Owen  Stanley  is 
13,130  feet  in  height. 

Owhyhee.     See  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Owilapsh  (6-wi-liipsh'),  orWhilapah.  A  tribe 
of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  between 
Shoalwater  Bay  and  the  head  of  the  Chehalis 
River,  Washington.     See  Athapascan. 

Owl  and  the  Nightingale,  The.  An  English 
poem  attributed  to  Nicholas  de  Guildford  of 
Portesham,  Dorsetshire.  Tlie  date  of  the  poem  is 
disputed  (Morris).  Stevenson,  who  first  printed  it  in  1838, 
assigns  it  to  the  12th  century  :  from  the  handwriting  of  the 
manuscript,  however,  it  is  thought  to  belong  to  the  13th 
(Morley). 

Owl-glass.     See  EideHspicfjel. 

Owl's  Head  (owlz  hed).  A  cape  at  the  western 
entrance  to  Penobscot  Bay,  Maine. 

Owl's  Head.  A  mountain  in  Quebec,  Canada, 
bordering  on  Lake  Memphremagog. 

Owosso  (6-wos'6),  or  Owasso.  -^  city  in  Shia- 
wassee County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Shia- 
wassee River  72  miles  northwest  of  Detroit. 
Population  (1900),  s,690. 

O'wyhee,  or  Owhyhee.     See  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Owyhee  (6-wi'he)  River.  A  river  in  northern 
Nevada,  southwestern  Idaho,  and  southeastern 
Oregon.  It  joins  the  Snake  River  about  43° 
45'  N.     Length,  about  350  miles. 

Oxenden  (ok'sen-den),  Ashton.  Born  near 
Canterbury,  England,  Sept.  28,  1808:  died  at 
Biarritz,  Fiance,  Feb.  22,  1892.  An  Anglican 
bishop  and  baronet,  a  religious  writer:  bishop 
of  Montreal,  metropolitan  and  primate  of  Can- 
ada 1869-78. 

Ozenstierna,  or  Oxenstjerna  (oks'en-shar-na), 
or  Oxenstiern  (oks' en-stern).  Count  Axel. 
Born  at  Fanii,  Upland,  Sweden,  June  16,  1583: 
died  at  Stockholm,  Aug.  28,  1654.  X  celebrated 
Swedish  statesman.  He  became  chancellor  in  1611: 
in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  heUl  supreme  control  in  the 
Ilhine  region  ;  directed  the  foreign  policy  of  Sweden  after 
1632;  was  made  director  of  the  Evangelical  League  1633  ; 
was  one  of  the  guardians  of  tjueen  Christina ;  and  negoti- 
ated the  peace  of  Brbmsebro  in  1W5. 

Oxford  (oks'ford),  or  Oxfordshire  (oks'ford- 
shir),  or  Oxon  (ok'zon).  [MK-  <>xef»rd.  Oxen- 
ford,  Oxencford,  AS.  (ixnaford,  Oxcniiford,  Oxona- 
ford,  oxen's  ford.  The  ML.  Oxonia  (E.  Oxon)  is 
formed  from  the  tirst  element  of  the  AS.  name.] 
Asouth  midland  county  of  England.  itisUmnded 
by  Warwick  and  Northamp'ton  on  the  north,  Buckingham 
on  theeaBt,Iierkshlreon  the  south,  and  Berkshire  and  (3 hm. 
cester  on  the  west,  and  is  separated  from  Berkshire  by  the 
Thames.  The  surface  is  varied,  but  in  the  north  flat.  The 
county  was  long  notcnl  for  its  forests.  The  chief  m-cupa. 
tion  is  agriculture.  Area,  756  s^iuare  miles.  Population 
(1S91X  185,609. 

Oxford.  The  capital  of  Oxfordshire,  England, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  (^herwell  with  the 
Thames,  in  lat.  .')1°45'  N. ,  long.  1°  16'  W.:  the  me- 
dieval Oxenafcud  and  Oxenford,  and  Latin  Ox- 
onia. It  Is  chiefly  noted  as  the  seat  of  Oif.ird  University. 
'I'heCatheilral  of  Christ  Church  is  In  the  main  a  late- Norman 
building  with  round-arclied  mtveinnl  choir.  The  nave  has 
a  wooden  roof ;  the  choir  is  vaulted  with  pendants.  There 
are  a  number  of  interesting  t4)mbs,  and  S4Une  flne  glau, 
both  medieval  and  modern.  The  upper  stage  of  the  central 
tower  is  Early  English,  finely  arcaded ;  there  Is  a  cliapter. 
house  of  the  same  date,  and  a  Perpendicular  cloister.  The 
authentic  annals  of  Oxfitrd  begin  in  912,  when  it  was  an* 
nexed  by  Edward  the  Elder,  king  of  the  West  .Saxons,  It 
was  a  place  of  strategical  importance  and  one  of  the  po- 
litical centers  in  the  middle  ages:  it  was  n  meeting. place 
of  the  witenagemot.  Harold  Harefoot  was  prmdaimed 
king  there  in  ln.36,  and  died  (here  In  1040.  The  population 
in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confe8s^>r  Is  estiinatetl  at  5,000  : 
In  llWa  It  was  Oldy  1,700.  The  castle  was  besieged  by 
•Stephen  in  1141-*'J,  Malilfin  escaidnn  then  t.ver  the  frvucn 
river.  The  city  was  the  Koyalist  headtjuarters  in  the  civil 
war.  It  WHS  taken  bv  rarriamentarlans  under  Fairfax  in 
1046.      Population  (I.^'bI),  45,741. 

Oxford,  Earl  of.     See  Hariri/.  liohcrt. 

Oxford,  Provisions  of.  In  English  history,  a 
set  of  articles  jiassed  by  the  "  Mad  Parliament" 
at  Oxford  in  125,'*.  They  provided  (or  a  coinmllt*oof 
twenty-four  to  redress  grievances  in  church  and  stale ;  for 
a  standing  iHtdy  of  fifteen,  as  a  council  to  the  kbig,  who 
should  liold  three  animal  parliaments  and  conmnndcato 
with  a  iHxiy  of  twelve  representing  the  bmrons  ;  and  for  a 
l>ody  of  twenty-tour  membem  to  negotiate  flnanclal  mlda. 


Oxford,  University  of 
Oxford,  University  of.    Tlie  older  of  the-  two 

great  universities  of  England.  It  grew  up  in  the 
12th  centiir>',  Robert  Pullen  and  the  L<-)mbard  Vacarius 
being  eaily  teachers  of  note.  It  contains  the  following 
colleges:  University  (founded  in  1249),  Merton  (1264),  Bal- 
liol  (between  1203  and  12t»),  Exeter  (1314  and  15(i5),  Oriel 
(1324 and  1320),  Queen's (1S4II),  >'ew (137!i),  Lincoln(1427  and 
1478).  All  Souls  (1437),  Magdalen  (145s).  Brasenose  (15l«). 
Corpus  Christi  (1510X  Christ  Church  (1M6),  Trinity  (16:>4), 
St.  .lohn's  (1565),  Jesus  (1671).  Wadliam  (1612),  Pembroke 
(1624),  Worcester  (1714),  Keble  (1S70),  Hertford  (1S74). 
There  are  also  two  public  halls  (St.  llary  Hall  and  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall)andt\vo  private  haUs  (Charsley's  Hall  and  Tur- 
rell's  Hall).  Among  the  institutions  connected  with  the 
university  are  the  Bodleian  Library  (which  see),  Radditfe 
Lil)rary,  .\shniolean  Museum.  Clarendon  Press,  Taylor  In- 
stitution, University  Observatory,  University  Museum,  Bo- 
tanic Garden,  and  Indian  Institute.  University  sermons 
are  mostly  preached  at  St.  JIary's  Church,  a  line  old  build- 
ing (of  the  15th  and  IGth  centuries)  in  High  street, which  has 
always  been  closely  connected  with  the  university.  The 
three  governing  bodies  are  the  Convocation,  which  includes 
all  who  continue  members  of  the  university  :  the  Congrega- 
tion of  the  Universitj',  consisting  of  the  resident  members ; 
and  the  Hebdomadal  Council,  consisting  of  the  chancellor, 
vice-chancellor,  proctors,  and  IS  elected  members.  The 
undergraduates  numbered  3,412  in  1898. 

Oxford  Movement.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  a  movement  in  the  Church  of  England  toward 
High-chureh  principles,  as  against  the  tendency 
toward  liberalism  and  rationalism:  so  called 
from  the  fact  that  It  originated  in  the  University 
of  Oxford  1833-41. 

Oxford  School.  A  name  given  to  that  party  of 
the  Church  of  England  which  adopted  the  prin- 
ciples  promulgated   in  the   "Tracts   for  the 


770 

Times."  The  members  of  the  party  were  also 
called  Tracturians  and  FuseyHes. 
Oxford  street.  The  principal  commercial  thor- 
oughfare between  the  northwest  of  London  and 
the  City.  It  was  formerly  called  Tybum  Road,  and  as 
late  as  1729  was  built  up  only  on  its  northern  side.  It 
extends  from  Holbt>rn  to  the  Marble  Arch,  and  contains 
many  of  the  most  important  shops  in  London. 

Oxford  Tracts.    See  Tracts  for  the  Times. 

Oxen.     See  Oxford. 

Oxonia  (ok-s6'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of  Oxford. 

Oxus.     See  Amu-Varia. 

Oyama  (6-ya'mS).  Amoimtain  of  Japan,  about 
100  miles  northwest  of  Kioto.  Height.  5, 594  feet. 

Oyama  (6-ya'ma),  Marshal  Count.  A  contem- 
porary Japanese  statesman,  minister  of  war  in 
1S94.  He  won  recognition  by  his  valor  in  the  civil  war 
of  southern  Japan  in  1877.  He  led  the  second  invasion 
of  Chinese  soil  in  the  Chino-Japanese  war.  Being  in  com- 
mand of  the  second  corps  after  the  Chinese  defeat  in 
Korea,  he  sailed  for  the  Liau-tung  peninsula  in  Oct., 
1894.  and  struck  the  final  blows  of  the  conflict,  capturing 
the  great  Chinese  strongholds  of  Port  Arthur  and  Wei- 
hai-wei,  in  conjunction  with  a  naval  force  under  Admiral 
I  to. 

Oybin  (o-e-ben').  A  remarkable  isolated  rock, 
situated  near  Zittau,  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony. 
Height  above  sea-level,  1.600  feet. 

Oyique  (6-ye'ke).  [Tehua,  from  mji,  frost.] 
The  winter  people  in  the  Tehua  pueblos  of  New 
Mexico.  That  tribe  is  divided  (each  village  or  pueblo) 
into  two  sections  —  the  winter  people,  or  Oyique,  and  the 
summer  people.    The  dignity  of  chief  penitent  or  cacique 


Ozorio 

belongs  alternately  to  each  of  these  two  groups.  Thus  th& 
summer  cacique  (called  Fayojque)  serves  from  the  vernal 
equinox  to  the  autumnal,  and  the  winter  cacique  (also 
termed  Oyique)  from  the  autumnal  to  the  vernal  equinox. 
On  very  important  occasions,  however,  the  Oyique  is  in- 
ferior to  his  colleague. 

Oyonnax  (6-yo-na' ).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  2-5  miles  west  9f  Geneva.  Pop- 
ulation (1891).  commime,  4,461. 

Ozaka,  or  Osaka  (6-sa'ka).  A  city  in  the  main 
island  of  Japan,  situated  on  the  Aji  in  lat.  34° 
41 '  N.  It  is  one  of  the  three  imperial  cities  or  "f  u,"  and 
the  manufacturing  and  commercial  center  of  Japan.  It 
contains  many  Buddhist  and  Shinto  temples,  a  castle,  an 
arsenal,  and  a  mint.  It  was  founded  in  the  end  of  the  15th 
century,  and  opened  to  foreign  trade  in  1868.  Popu^tion 
(1891),  473,541. 

Ozanam  (6-za-non'),  Antoine  Fr6d6ric.    Bom 

at  Milan,  April,  1813 :  died  at  Marseilles,  Sept. 
8.  1.S53.  A  French  historian.  He  wrote  "Dante 
et  la  philosophic  catholiqne"  (1839X  "itudes  germa- 
niques  "  (1847-49),  etc. 

Ozark  (6-zark')  Mountains,  or  Ozark  Hills. 

A  group  of  low  mountains  iu  southwestern  Mis- 
souri, northwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Indian  Territorj-.  Height,  1,500- 
2,000  feet. 

Ozieri  (6-ze-a're).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Sassari,  Sardinia,  26  miles  southeast  of  Sassari.. 
Population  (1881),  8,602. 

Ozolian  Locrians.    See  Locri,  OsoUe. 

Ozorio,  Manuel  Luiz.    See  Osorio. 


I 


-f2 


'a^smv^^' 


i«»iuuii«mili|illiuiiiiiiiiBimiiii«|)jS©   <^S*  sJ-TXtZ?  ""'J!' 


aalzow  (palt'so),  Frau  (Hen-    band  Juan  de  Padilla,  in  the  defense  of  Toledo 
riette    Wach).      Bom    at     by  the  iiisurreotiouists  1521-22. 
Berlin,    17K^:    died    there,  Pacheco,  Ramon.    Bom  at  Santiago,  Dec.  14, 
Oct.  30,  1847.     A  Gemiaii     1845:  died  at  Iquique,  May  22, 1888.    A  Chilean 
~  ....        novelist.    His flrst  romance.  "El  Puftidy la. Sotano," was 

published  in  IS74,  and  was  followed  by  several  others. 
Pacheco,  ToribiO.  Born  in  1830 :  died  at  Lima, 
1808.  A  Peruvian  jurist  and  politician,  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs  in  1865,  and  author  of  a 
standard  work  on  Peruvian  civil  law. 
Pacheco  y  Osorio  (e  6-s6're-6),  Rodrigo  de. 
Marquis  of  Cerralvo.  Born  about  1580:  died 
after  1640.  A  Spanish  administrator.  He  was 
governor  of  Galicia,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct,  31, 1624,  to 
Sept.  16,  1635,  succeedinR  the  Marquis  of  Gelves,  who  hail 
been  deposed  by  the  audience  <see  Carrilln  d.-  ilcndom  y 
PimenM).  He  was  an  able  and  efticient  rnler,  and  on  his 
return  was  made  a  councilor  of  the  Indies. 


novelist.  Her  works  include 
"Godwie-Castle"  (1836), 
"St.-Roche"(1839),  etc. 
Pabna  (piib'na).  A  town 
in  Bengal,  British  India,  on 
an  arm  of  the  Ganges  north  of  Calcutta.  Pop- 
ulation, 15,000.  ^  ,  „ 
Paca  (pa 'ka),  William.  Bom  at  Wyehall, 
Harford  County,  Md.,  Oct.  31,  1740:  died  there, 
1799.  An  American  politician,  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Maryland  1782-85. 


T»  «__X  /„■;  Vn  ,»T,rQ',•as!^       An  Tyidinn  tribo      return  was  made  a  councuor  ot  tne  inQies. 

^ofn'^^efn'&YairdC^.U.Sabo^'t:  Pa^^^^  A  town  in  the  province  of 

rapids  of  the  upper  Madeira,  Beni,  and  Mamor^. 

They  are  savages  of  a  rather  low  grade,  living  in  small 

villages  and  subsisting  mainly  by  hunting  and  flshmg. 


NL.  3farfPac(/ci(m  ('pacific  sea'),G.  StiUes  Meer 
('still  sea')>  or  Siklsee  ('south  sea')-]  That 
j)art  of  the  ocean  which  extends  westward  from 
North  Anu  rica  and  South  America  to  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Asia,  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and 
Australia :  so  named  by  Magalhaes,  the  first  to 
navigate  it  (1520),  who  found  it  calm  after  his 
experience  of  storms.  It  communicates  by  Bering 
Strait  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north.  Its  southern 
boundary  is  arbitrary,  some  separating  it  from  the  Ant.irc- 
tic  Ocean  l)y  tlie  Antarctic  Circle,  while  otlurs  interpose  a 
"Southern  Ocean  "  the  northern  limit  of  which  is  lat.  JO  S. 
It  is  regarded  as  divided  by  the  equator  into  the  North 
and  South  Pacittc.  Its  chief  gulfs,  etc.,  are  Bering  Sea, 
Gnlf  of  Georgia  and  Puget  Sound,  Gulf  of  California,  Gulf  of 
Tehnantcpec,  Bay  of  Panama.Yellow  Sea.  Sea  of  Japan,  and 
Seaof  Okhotsk.  The  principal  currents  are  the  equatorial, 
Peruvian,  and  Japanese.  The  Pacific  was  flrst  seen  by 
Balboa  in  1513  ;  was  Hrst  navigated  by  Magalhaes  m  1620 ; 
and  was  explored  by  Drake,  Dampier,  Anson,  and  numerous 
later  navigators.  Several  steamer  lines  (Pacific  Mail,  I'ana- 
dian  Line,  etc.)  traverse  it.  Greatest  lireadth  from  eajt 
to  west,  about  lO.OOOmiles.  Area.e8timated.  about  :o,oOO.uOO 
square  miles.     Greatest  known  depth. 


Syracuse,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  coast  24  miles 
south-southwest  of  Syracuse.  Population(1881), 

CO  o....  =„„..=....„  .,  -„  =  ^      7,430;  commune,  8,274.  _  -  .    . 

i^eyliavealw7\78T)ec'n  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  dur-  Pachmann   (piieh'miin),  Vladimir  de.      Born  PaCUU 

Ing  the  18th  century  some  of  them  were  gathered  into  mis.        ^  Odessa,   July   27,   1848.      A  noted    Russian 

■inn  viUfuzes  which  were  subsequently  abandoned.  D  Or-         .       .   ..        '  ''  ..    .  ^  -    *  xi_  * 

bienvbelfeved  that  they  were  allied  to  the  Mojos,  but  Dr.      pianist.     He  was  a  pupil  of  his  father,  an  amateur  vio-     -^-^-  -j  --■■     ---  -  ^  ^.,  j^.,    ^^^  ,.  ^-i„,,j 

SrlSorC  referred  tLir  language  to.thePano_stnck     !?:■,-^-?,l  Ji-,--,?,' V^'^^v  f^.l^ra^ll'V^^lsn^.^K     a^el-^Sa^^'Xll.o'^  "'Medea ••(1843y_and;;,^ 


.930  feet, 
(pil-che'ne).  Giovanni.     Bom  at  Syra- 
cuse, Sicily,  Feb.  11,  1706:  died  near  Peschia, 
Dec'  6,  1867.     An  Italian  composer.    He  wrote 


(which  see).    A  few  hundreds  remain.    Also  written  Pa- 
eavarae,  Pacauaras. 
Pacajas  (pa-ka-zhiis' ).     An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
lower  Amazon,  which  foi-merly 
of  the  mainland  on  both  sides 


^  in  1800,  but  did  not  play  regularly  till  1871,  since 
which  time  he  has  had  much  success  both  in  Eur.>pe  and 
in  the  fnited  States,  especially  as  an  interpreter  of  Chopin. 


Cipro  "  (1846).    "He  organized  a  musical  institute  at  Via- 
reggio,  and  afterward  removed  to  Lucca,  where  he  trained 
lan  triDe  OI  tue   -liy  C '"'{''',"'  \:^f^x      '\    c;.j;„t    '  Tfnrn  nvohn-      many  pupils  who  became  celebrated. 

occupied  much  ^.f^^^^^X^^^^^^hiT.^o^it^.  Packard  (pak'ard),  Alpheus  Spr^g.    B-n  at 

of  the  island  of        ^    ^^  j,^^  founder^  of  monasticism.    He  estab-     Chelmsford  Mass.,  Dec. -3,  l,Jh.  ditaat  Squu 


Maraj6.  They  were  of  Tupi  stock,  lived  in  large  yil-  ]jsj,ej  a  monastery  on  the  island  of  Tabenna  in  the  Nile, 
lages,  and  were  agriculturists.  Their  descendants  are  a,„j  „..,g  the  flret  thus  to  collect  the  monks  under  one  roof 
merged  in  the  country  population  of  the  same  region.  ,j„,|  establish  strict  rules  of  government  for  the  commu- 

Pacaraima  (pii-ka-ri'mii).  Sierra  or  Serra  de.    niiy.  ,-  i-i/  -x 

A  range  of  low  mountains  between  Venezuela  Pachuca  (pii-chij'kii),  or  HldalgO  (e-dal  go). 
on  the  north  and  Brazil  on  the  south,  extend-    The  capital  of  the  state  of  Hidalgo,  Mexico, 


ituated  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Mexico. 
Population  (1895),  52,189. 

Shortly  after  the  Coniiuest  a  shepherd  discovered  the 
ri'^h  silver  workings  here  [at  Pachuca),  and  a  mining  camp 
at  once  sprang  up  that  about  1534  was  made  a  town.  Here 
was  invented  in  1657,  by  Bartolom(5  de  Medina,  the  so- 
called  "patio  pioce88"for  the  amalgamation  of  silver  ore. 
Anion"  the  more  famous  of  the  ancient  mines  was  the 
Trinidad,  whence  was  extracted  $40,000,000  in  silver  in  ten 


ing  into  British  Guiana.  They  are  continuous  with 
the  Parima  Range,  and  probably  both  are  edges  of  a  table- 
land. The  highest  peak  is  Roraima,  on  the  confines  of 
Guiana  (about  8,500  feet). 

Pacasas  (pii-ka-siis' ).  An  oldname  for  a  branch 
of  the  Aymara  Indians  of  Bolivia,  on  the  east- 
ern side  of  Lake  Titicaca.     See  Aymaras. 

Pacauaras,  or  Pacavaras.    See  Pucaijuaras. 

Pacayas(pa-ka-yiis').  1.  SameasPflcojos.— 2. 
An  Indian  tribe  of  northeastern  Peru  and  Bra- 
zil, on  the  river  Javary.  They  are  apparently 
allied  to  the  Pevas  (see  Pevas),  and  are  presu- 
mably of  Tupi  stock. 

Pacca  (pak'kii),  Bartolommeo.  Born  at  Bcne- 
vento,  Italy,  Di'<-.  25,  175G:  died  at  Rome,  April 
19,  1844.  A  Roman  cardinal  and  politician,  au- 
tlior  of  various  historical  memoirs. 

Paccaritambo  (pak-kii-re-tiim'bo).    rQuiehu,a: 

paccari,  dawn,  and  tampu,  house.]     Acave  sit-  „       •      ■,;■,,  -mT,. 

^ated  a  few  miles  south  of  Cuzco,  Pern,  in  the  ^f^f,/^'- '^^^he^p.  0,.rru,cl  Faaficon 


rei  island,  Maine,  July  13,  1884.  An  American 
educator,  professor  in  Bowdoin  College,  Maine, 
from  1S24. 
Packard,  Alpheus  Spring.  Born  at  Brunswick, 
Maine,  Peb.  19,  1839.  An  American  naturalist, 
son  of  A.  S.  Packard  (1798-1884).  He  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  1861,  and  at  Maine  Jledical  School  in  1864; 
was  curator  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science  at  Salem 
181.8-76,  and  State  entomologist  of  Jlassachusetts  1871-73; 
and  has  been  professor  of  zoology  and  geologj-  at  Brown 
fniversity  since  1878.  Ills  works  include  ■Guide  to  the 
Stuilyof  Insects"  (1869),  "Our  Common  Insects"  (1873), 
"  Half-Hours  with  Insects  "  (1877),  "  Zoologj-  for  Students 
and  General  Readers"  (1879),  "Zoology  "  (1880:  American 
Science  Series),  "Entomology  for  Beginners  (1883),  etc 
Born  at  Groton,  Conn., 
May  17, 
politician. 
Ivania  185:i-57, 
was  the  pro- 


city's  dormant  prosperity.       Janvier,  Mex.  Guide,  p.  442. 
Pachj^nus  (pa-ki'nus).     [Or.  nd,rw'Of.]     In  an- 
cient gcographv.  the  cape  at  the  southeastern 
ext remit  V  of  Si'cily:  the  modern  Cape  Passaro. 
—         See  Pai-Hic  Ocean 


valley  of  the  Vilcamayu  River.  It  was 
place  of  the  Incas :  according  to  one  of  their  legends, 
Manco  Capac  issued  from  it  with  three  brothers.  Also 
Pacraritninpjt.  . 

Pachacamac  (piich-a-kii'miik).  [Quiehua, 
'foiiiiderot  theworld.']  Oneof  thenamesgiven 
by  the  ancient  Pemvians  to  the  supremo  deity, 
otherwise  called  Uiracocha  (which  see). 

Pachacamac.  A  town  and  temple  of  ancient 
Peru,  on  the  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Lurin,  about  20  miles  south  of  Lima.  The  temple 
wa«  dedicated  to  Pacliacamac,  who,  in  this  case,  had  per- 
haps come  to  bo  regarded  as  a  l.)cal  deity.  Ohl  historians 
state  that  it  was  much  fre<iuented  by  pilgrims  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  The  shrine  and  wooden  Image  of 
Pachacamac  were  destroyed  liy  Hernando  Plzarro  in  153;j. 
The  existing  ruins  of  the  building  are  very  eitensivi-,  and, 
accorillng  to  Squier,  are  not  of  the  Inca  type  of  architec- 
ture and  appear  to  be  very  ancient.  There  arc  other  and 
more  modern  ruins  of  Incarian  type.  Including  what  is 
supiwsed  to  have  been  a  house  of  the  virgins  of  the  bud. 
A  small  village  remains  on  the  site. 

PachaCUtec  Yupanqui.     See  Yupanqui. 

Pacheco  (iiii-clui'ko),  Francisco.  Born  at  Se- 
ville, Spain,  1571 :  diedat  Seville,  1054.  A  Span- 
ish painter  and  writer  on  art,  author  of  "Arto 
de  la  pintura"  ("Art  of  Painting,"  1649). 

Pacheco,  Gregorio.  A  Bolivian  politician,  pres- 
ident 1884-88. 


Howard, 

Pa.,  April  2.  1807  :  died  at  Williamsport,  Pa., 
Si])t.  27,  1870.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  governor  of  Penusvlvaiiia  1S5S-61. 
Pacolet  (pak'o-let).  a"  dwarf  in  the  romance 
'■  Valentino  and  Orson."  The  name  has  been  given 
to  other  dwarfs  in  literature.  Sir  Waller  Scolt  gives  it  to 
.     ,,  -   ,1         u  i-haracter  in  "The  Pirate,"  and  Steele  uses  It  for  a  nun- 

The  iiame  comiiioiily  given  to  the  war  waged  by     ;\i',™j;iV„  i,,'' .■n,..  Tatler." 
Chile  against  Bolivia  and  Peru  18(9-83.   It  arose  p^ctg  de  famine  (piikt  d6  fii-men').    [F.,'Fam- 
from  claims  made  by  Chile  to  the  nitrate  regions  of  Ata-  ('oninact  '1     A  monopoly  formed  bv  certain 

canui,  Bolivia,  and.  later,  toad  olnliig  regions  in  Peru.    In     nil  vonqHn  i .  j      ^  „t  ,i,„-  ,„i  „f  t)„/rei<rii  of 

Keb  ,  187'.i,  the  Chileans  selml  Antofagastii,  Bolivia.    Bo-     rich  men  in  I  ranee,  at  the  end  of  the  reign  or 
livia  declared  war  Maicli  1.    Peru  ottered  her  mediation      Louis  X\  .,  for  the  purpose  of  raisinj;  the  price 
was  met  bydemandswliich  she  refused,  and  Chile  dccliu-ed     ^j  ^.j^^j,  -^^y  eausiiig  a  factitious  scarcity  of  it. 
war  ..n  Peru  April  r..    Thereafter  Peru  and  Boliv  a  acted  p      .     j     6hinandeea.     See  ConfnUracion  Cen- 
asallies.     The  principal  Bnb«c.|Uiiitevent.iwere:Iqulquc   raCTO  QB  yiUUauuCKd..      kjc<.  i.      j 
blockaded,  April  5-,  naval  cMgug.incnl  ibere,May21;  Pe-  Jni-.tmrnraim.  ,       „     „         1x1     T„  „., 

ruvlan  ironclad  llnascar  taken  by  the  (  hikans  olf  Point  PactoluS  (pak-to'lus).  [Or.  IIOKTuWr.  J  In  ail- 
AngamoB,  Oct.  8;  Pisagua  taken  liy  the  Chileans,  Nov.  2;  ,:„,,*  m.oi'raDhv,  a  Bmall  river  of  Lydia,  Asia 
allies  defeated  atSan  \n;;;ci-;.,  N- "V.^y-uvbrn^^^^^         j,.,,^^^^  ,K,,|„ -^^  „f  „,„  jj,^,,,. 


at  TanuiacA,  N'ov,  _.  ,  .  .  „.  ,, 

Moquegna  .Mar.h '22,  1880;  Chilean  victory  at  lacna,  May 
26-  Callaii  blnekaded  April  10,  bombarded  May  26  ;  Arica 
bombardeii  by  the  Chileans  June  5,  taken  Juno  7  ;  Chilean 
victory  at  Chon  iUos,  Jan.  i:i,  1881 ;  at  Mlrallores,  Jan.  16 ; 
Lima  taken,  Jan.  17.  There  were  many  subseiiuent  en- 
gagements, often  bloody,  but  unimportant  In  their  results. 
A  iirellminary  treaty  of  peace  between  Chile  and  lern  was  PacUTiUB 
Blgned  at  Ancon  Oct.  20,  ISSl,  and  mtllled  April  4,  18sl. 
(See  liilena*,  Mliiwl.)  A  treaty  of  peace  between  Chile  and 
Bolivia  was  algn'ed  Dec.  II.  lH.-<t.  By  Ulese  treaties  all  the 
coast  region  of  Bcillvia,  and  TarapaeA  In  Peru,  were  perma- 
nently ceded  to  l  bile.  .She  was  to  hold  Arica  and  Tacna  for 
ten  yeai-8.  Chile  obtjilned  other  im|M)rlant  advantngcB  re- 
lating to  the  guano  deposits.  The  Chileans  evacuated 
Lima,  Oct,  22,  18s:).  .... 

Pacification  of  Ghent.    Bee  ahent,  Pactjica- 

tiitu  of. 


It  was  long 


celebrafeil  for  its  gold. 

Like  most  gold.flclda,  that  of  the  Pacl4>lU8.  bo  celebrated 
at  an  early  period,  was  soon  exhausted.  By  the  time  of 
Augustus  It  had  ceaaed  to  produce  gold. 

^aiWwuoii,  Herod., 


(pa- 


,  III.  SOI. 

Marcus.     Bom   at 


Pacheco,  Maria.    Lived  in  the  first  part  of  tlie  Pacific  Ocean,  or  South  Sea.    fF.  f>c'a>,''in. 

lelhcentury :  died  in  Portugal  in  1531.    A  Smn-     /,.,,.<'.  or  Om,»  .1  usn,l  ( ^""'  ''■• '  "^"X  J/i^ 
ish  woman,  leader,  after  the  death  of  herhus-     .l/.r  <(«  s,„l  ('south  sea  ),  bp.  Mar  1  aajuo, 

771 


ki"i'vi-n»), 

HniiMlisium',  Italy,  about  220  li.  c. :  died  about 
129  II.  <■.  A  celebrated  Roman  tragic  poet, 
tiiily  fragments  of  his  plays  have  been  pre- 
served. , 

Padan-aram  (i.A'dan-a'ram).  Apparently  the 
same  IIS  .ti-Kiii  Sahiinifni.     See  .livim. 

Padang  (pii  <liing').  A  seaport  on  the  western 
cnnst  of  Sumatra,  situate.l  in  Int.  0°  :>S'  S..  long. 
100°  20'  K.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernment of  the  west  coast.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 15,000. 


Paddington 

Faddington  (pad'ing-ton).  A  borough  (muni- 
cipal ^  of  London,  situated  north  of  Hyde  Park. 
It  returns  2  members  to  Parliament.  Population  (1891), 
117.838. 

Paddock  (pad'ok).  Benjamin  Henry.  Bom  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb.  29,  1828:  died  at  Boston. 
Mass.,  March  9, 1891.  An  American  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  became 
bishop  of  Massachusetts  in  1873. 

Paderbom  (pa'der-bom).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  43  miles  northwest 
of  Cassel.  The  cathedral  is  chiefly  in  the  style  of  the 
transition:  the  west  end,  with  tower  and  crypt,  is  of  the 
middle  of  the  12th  century ;  the  eastern  parts  are  a  centurj' 
later.     Population  (1890),  17,986. 

Paderbom,  Bishopric  of.  A  bishopric  and 
member  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  eastern  part  of  the  proWnce  of 
"Westphalia,  Prussia.  It  was  founded  about  800  in 
the  land  of  the  Saxons :  was  secularized  in  1803,  and  given 
to  Prussia ;  was  made  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia 
in  1807  ;  and  was  regained  by  Prussia  in  1813. 

Paderewski  (pa-de-ref  ske),  Ignace  Jan.  Born 
in  Podolia,  Russian  Poland,  in  1860.  A  Polish  ■ 
pianist  and  composer.  He  went  to  Warsaw  in  1872, 
where  he  studied  with  Roguski  and  Janotha,  and  when 
about  16  years  old  made  a  concert  tour  in  Russia,  at  the 
close  of  wliich  he  went  back  to  Warsaw  and  took  his  di- 
ploma from  the  Conservatory.  He  also  studied  later  at 
Berlin.  In  1878  he  was  made  professor  of  music  there, 
and  in  1883  occupied  the  same  position  at  Strasburg.  He 
made  his  d^bnt  at  Vienna  in  1887,  and  at  New  York  in 
1892.  He  is  particularly  successful  in  his  interpretation 
of  Schumann,  Chopin,  Rubinstein,  and  Liszt. 

Padernal.     See  PedemaJ. 

Padiham  (pad'i-ham).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Calder  23  miles  north 
of  Manchester.    Population  (1891),  11,311. 

Padilla,  Agustin  Davila.  See  Davila  y  Padilla. 

Padilla  (pa-THerya),  Juan  Lopez  de.  Born  at 
Toledo,  Spain :  executed  April,  1521.  A  Span- 
ish revolutionist,  leader  of  the  insuiTeetion  of 
the  communes  against  absolutism  in  1520.  His 
army  was  defeated  at  Villalar,  April  23, 1521, 

Padilla,  Maria  de.    See  Pacheco. 

Padishah  (pa-de-sha').  ['Father  of  the  king.'] 
A  title  of  the  sultans  of  Turkey  and  of  the  kings 
of  Persia. 

Padma  Purana  (pad'ma  po-rii'na).  [Skt. , ' Lo- 
tus Purana.']  In  Sanskrit  literature,  a  Purana 
of  55,000  stanzas,  said  to  be  so  called  as  contain- 
ing an  account  of  the  period  when  the  world 
was  a  golden  lotus  (padma).  Of  its  five  books, 
the  first  treats  of  creation,  the  second  of  the  earth,  the 
third  of  heaven,  the  fourth  of  the  regions  lielow  the  earth, 
while  the  fifth  is  supplementary.  A  sixth  division,  also 
current,  treats  of  the  practice  of  devotion.  The  different 
sections  are  probably  distinct  works  brought  together. 
None  is  older  than  the  12th  eentui-y  A.  D.  The  tone  is 
Vishnuite. 

Padouca.     See  Comanche. 

Padua  (pad'ii-a).  A  province  in  the  compar- 
timento  of  Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  823  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  434,322. 

Padua,  It.  Padova  (pa'do-va),  F.  Padoue  (pa- 
do').  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Padua, 
Italv,  situated  on  the  Bacchiglione  in  lat.  45° 
24'  N.,  long.  11°  51'  E.:  the  Roman  Patavium, 
Among  the  chief  objects  of  interest  are  the  churches  of 
San  Antonio,  Eremitani,  and  Santa  Giustina,  cathedral,  uni- 
versity, botanic  garden,  Scuolo  del  Santo,  picture-gallery, 
Loggia  del  Consiglio,  and  Palazzo  Municipio  (noted  for  its 
great  hall).  The  Baptistery  of  the  Duomo,  an  early- 
Romanesque  building,  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  beau- 
tiful early  frescos  of  the  school  of  Giotto.  The  Church 
of  the  Eremitani,  now  the  University  Chapel,  a  large 
church  of  1260,  restored,  contains  many  interesting  me- 
dieval and  Renaissance  tombs,  notably  those  of  the  Car- 
raras.  The  Loggia  del  Consiglio,  an  interesting  early- 
Renaissance  building,  begun  1493,  has  below  an  open 
vaulted  hall  with  widely  spaced  columns,  and  above  a 
finely  decorated  saloon  with  three  monumental  windows. 
The  Palazzo  della  Ragione  was  begun  in  1172  as  a  court 
of  justice.  The  lower  story  consists  of  open  vaults  sur- 
rounded by  arcades  left  open  for  trading-booths.  Above  is 
an  arcaded  gallery  with  a  sculptured  frieze.  In  the  second 
story  is  the  famous  Salone,  a  hall  29r>  feet  long,  S8  wide, 
and  79  high,  whose  enormous  arched  roof  is  entirely  with- 
out intermediate  supports.  The  walls  of  the  Salone  are 
covered  with  very  curious  mystical  frescos;  and  the  hall 
itself  serves  as  a  pantheon  for  Paduan  worthies,  contain- 
ing among  other  relics  the  reputed  tumesof  Livy.  Padua 
wasaveryimportant  Roman  town;  sided  with  the  Guelphs 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  a  center  of  literature  and  art ; 
iuid  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  1406.  Population  (1901), 
commune,  82,281. 

Padua,  University  of.  One  of  the  oldest  and 
most  celebrated  universities  of  Europe,  founded 
in  the  13th  century :  especially  famous  for  its 
faculties  of  lavr  and  medicine.  It  has  about 
150  instructors  and  1,600  students. 

Paduca.  or  Paducah.    See  Comauche. 

Paducan  (pa-du'kii).  [From  the  Indian  tribe 
name.]  A  city,  capital  of  McCracken  County, 
Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  at  [the  mouth 
of  the  Tennessee,  in  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long.  88°  36' 
"W.      It  has  an  extensive  river  trade,  and  is 


772 

a  manufacturing  center.  Population  (1900), 
19.446. 

Padula  (pa-do'la).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy,  52  miles  southeast  of  Salerno. 
Population  (1881),  8,938. 

Padus  (pa'dus).     The  ancient  name  of  the  Po. 

Psean  (pe'an).  In  Greek  mythologj-,  a  surname 
of  Apollo  and  of  other  gods. 

Pseonia  (pe-o'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
region  in  the  interior  of  Macedonia. 

Pseonius  (pe-o'ni-us).  [Gr.  liai6vtoc.']  A  Greek 
sculptor  of  Mende  in  Thrace.  His  statue  of  Nike 
on  a  pillar,  described  by  Pausanias,  was  discovered  in 
1875  with  its  inscription,  and  gives  a  perfect  idea  of  this 
master's  style.  The  eastern  pediment  of  the  Zeus  temple 
discovered  at  the  same  time,  and  ascribed  by  Pausanias  to 
Paeonius,  is  much  inferior. 

Paer  (pa-ar'),  Ferdinando.  Born  at  Pai-ma, 
Italy,  June  1,  1771 :  died  at  Paris,  May  3,  1839. 
An  Italian  composer  of  opera.  He  was  appointed 
mattre  de  chapelle  by  Napoleon,  and  went  to  Paris  in 
1807 ;  was  director  of  the  Italian  opera  there  1812-27 ;  and 
was  director  of  the  king's  chamber  music  in  1832.  His 
works  include  "Camilla"  (1801),  "Sargino"  (1803),  and 
"Eleonora"(1804). 

Paes  (pa-as'),  or  (by  a  double  plural)  Paezes 
(pa-a'zaz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Colombia,  in 
the  mountains  of  the  Central  Cordillera,  de- 
partments of  Tolima  and  Antioquia.  They  were 
fomierly  powerful,  and  were  at  war  with  the  Chibchas 
before  the  Spanish  conquest.  At  present  about  2,000  re- 
main in  a  semi-independent  state.  They  have  fixed  vil- 
lages, practise  agriculture  on  a  small  scale,  and  are  noted 
hunters;  though  living  at  high  altitudes,  they  go  nearly 
naked.  Their  language  is  closely  related  to  that  of  the 
Paniquitas  (which  see).     See  also  Pijaos. 

Paesiello.    See  PoisieUo. 

Psestum  (pes'tum),  originally  Posidonia  (pos- 

i-do'ni-ii).  [Gr.  Tlai(Trov,  IloG£i6ovia.'\  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  Lueania,  Magna  Gr^eia, 
Italy,  situated  near  the  sea  in  lat.  40°  25'  N., 
long.  15°  E.  It  was  a  Greek  city,  a  colony  of  Sybaris, 
founded  about  600  b.  c,  and  brought  under  Roman  domi- 
nation after  the  failure  of  Pyrrhus's  invasion  in  273  B.  c. 
Under  Roman  rule  Prestum  dwindled,  and  it  was  finally 
destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century.  The  site  is 
now  deserted.  The  Greek  walls  are  still  standing  through- 
out their  circuit  of  2\  miles,  with  8  towers  and  4  gates 
more  or  less  ruined :  the  plan  is  approximately  trapezoidal. 
Within  the  walls  the  three  archaic  Doric  temples  form, 
from  their  remarkable  state  of  preservation,  the  most  im- 
pressive Greek  architectural  group  existing,  except  the 
monuments  of  Athens.  Besides  these  beautiful  temples, 
little  is  visible  except  remains  of  a  Roman  amphitheater, 
theater,  and  temple,  all  very  ruinous.  The  temples  of 
Pfestum  are  not  mentioned  by  ancient  writers,  and  were 
unknown  to  modern  scholars  until  described  by  Antonini 
in  1745.  The  temple  of  Neptune,  so  called,  is  one  of  the 
three  best-preserved  Greek  I)oric  temples,  retaining  all  its 
exterior  columns  and  most  of  those  of  the  interior,  and 
majestic  in  its  aspect.  It  is  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with 
14  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps,  mea- 
suring 85  by  190  feet.  Tlie  columns  are  7i  feet  in  base 
diameter  and  29  feet  high.  Entablature  and  pediments 
are  practically  intact.  Both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos 
have  two  columns  in  antis.  The  cella  has  two  double 
ranges  of  7  Doric  columns,  the  lower  tiers  of  which  are 
still  complete.  The  temple  is  built  of  the  local  travertine, 
which  has  assumed  from  age  a  rich  yellow  color.  It  dates 
from  the  6th  century  B.  C.  The  temple  of  Ceres,  so  called, 
is  Greek  Doric,  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  13  columns  on 
the  flanks,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps,  measuring  47  by  107 
feet.  There  was  an  interior  portico  before  the  pronaos. 
and  no  opisthodomos ;  the  cella,  however,  had  a  rear 
chamber  occupying  about  one  third  of  its  length,  with  a 
door  in  the  back.  Though  many  architectural  details  ap- 
pear debased,  the  temple  probably  dates  from  the  early 
6th  century  b.  C.  The  Basilica,  so  called,  is  a  Greek  Doric 
peripteral  structure  of  9  by  18  columns,  measuring  80  by 
178  feet,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps.  There  are  5  columns 
between  antse  in  the  pronaos,  and  the  cella  is  divided 
longitudinally  by  a  central  range  of  columns.  A  reason- 
able explanation  of  this  unusual  plan  is  that  the  tem- 
ple was  double,  one  half  being  dedicated  presumably  to 
Demeter  and  the  other  to  Persephone.  Despite  some  poor 
architectural  details  which  have  been  thought  to  indicate 
a  late  date,  the  temple  probably  belongs  to  the  first  part 
of  the  Cth  century  B.  c. 

Paestum,  Gulf  of.    See  SalernOj  Gndf  of* 

Paetus  (pe'tus).     See  Arria. 

Paez  (pa'ath),  Jos6  Antonio.  Born  in  the 
province  of  Barinas,  June  13,  1790;  died  iii 
New  York  city,  May  7,  1873.  A  ^'enezuelan 
general  and  politician.  He  was  a  distinguished  cav- 
airy  leader  in  the  war  for  independence ;  captured  Puerto 
Cabello,  the  last  Spanish  post  in  Venezuela,  in  1823  ;  and 
under  the  Colombian  republic  was  military  commandant 
of  Venezuela  from  1823,  and  jefe  superior,  with  military 
and  civil  powers,  from  1827.  In  1829-30  he  headed  the 
movement  by  which  Venezuela  separated  from  Colom- 
bia; was  president  March  18,  1831,  to  Feb.  9.  1835,  and 
again  Feb.  1, 1839,  to  .Jan.  28, 1843 :  in  the  interval  between 
these  terms  he  commanded  the  army  and  put  down  two 
rebellions.  In  Jan..  1848,  he  declared  against  Monigas, 
but  was  eventually  defeated,  imprisoned  Aug.,  1849,  to 
March,  1850,  and  banished  for  some  years.  On  the  deposi- 
tion of  Gual  (Aug.  29,  1860),  General  Paez  was  proclaimed 
dictator  by  the  army.  He  assumed  the  office  Sept.  9,  and 
held  it  until  his  final  defeat  by  Falcon  and  Guzman 
Blanco,  May,  1863.  His  autobiography  was  published  at 
New  York  in  1867. 

Paez,  Ramon.  Bom  about  1825.  An  author, 
son  of  General  J.  A.  Paez.     He  has  written  "Wild 


Paget.  Violet 

Scenes  in  South  America " (1862), "Ambas  Americas " (I8T2X 

Paezes.    See  Paes, 

Pagani  (pa-ga'ne).    A  town  in  the  province  of 

Salerno,  Italy,  21  miles  east-southeast  of  Naples. 

Population  (1881),  13,290. 
Pagania  (pa-ga'ni-a).    See  the  extract. 

In  the  10th  century  one  Dalmatian  district,  the  Naren- 
tine  coast  between  Spalato  and  Ragusa,  together  with  some 
of  the  neighbouring  islands,  bore  the  significant  name  of 
Pagania.  Freeman^  Hist.  Essays,  III.  25. 

Paganini  (pa-ga-ne'ne),  Nicolo.  Bom  at  Genoa, 
Oct.  27,  1782:  died  at  Nice,  May  27,  1840.  A 
celebrated  Italian  violinist.  He  first  appeared  in 
public  in  1793  at  Genoa.  In  1795  he  went  to  Parma,  with 
his  father,  to  study  with  Rolla.  On  hia  return,  after  a  few 
months,  to  Genoa  he  began  to  compose  his  **  Studies." 
which  were  extraordinarily  difficult.  He  commenced  his 
foreign  tours  alone  in  1798 ;  from  1801  till  1805  he  did  not 
play  in  public ;  he  then  resumed  his  concert  tours,  and  soon 
after  became  solo  player  to  the  court  at  Lucca.  It  was 
here  that  he  became  famous  for  his  execution  on  the  single 
G-string.  From  this  time  his  success  was  remarkable,  and 
his  bizarre  and  mysterious  appearance  added  to  his  fame. 
It  was  currently  reported  that  he  was  a  son  of  the  devil, 
whom  he  was  fancied  to  resemble. 

But,  after  all,  the  extraordinary  effect  of  the  playing 
could  have  had  its  source  only  in  his  extraordinary  genius. 
If  genius,  as  has  been  justly  remarked,  is  "  the  power  of 
taking  infinite  pains,"  he  certainly  showed  it  in  a  wonder, 
ful  degree  in  the  power  of  concentration  and  perseverance 
which  enabled  him  to  acquire  such  absolute  command  of 
his  instrument.  Mere  perfection  of  technique,  however, 
would  never  have  thrown  the  whole  of  musical  Europe 
into  such  paroxysms.  With  the  first  notes  his  audience  was 
spell  bound;  there  was  in  him  —  though  certainly  not  the 
evil  spirit  suspected  by  the  superstitious  —  a  daemonic  ele- 
ment which  irresistibly  took  hold  of  those  that  came  within 
his  sphere.  Grove,  Diet,  of  Music,  etc.,  XL  tiSO. 

Pagasse  (pag'a-se).  [Gr.  MayaGaL']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  seaport  in  the  eastern  part  of  Thes- 
saly,  Greece,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Paga- 
seean  Gulf,  southwest  of  Pelion.  It  was  the 
mythical  starting-point  of  the  Argonauts.  The 
ruins  of  the  city  are  visible  near  Volo. 

Page  (paj).  In  Shakspere^s  comedy  '*  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,"  the  easy  husband  of  Mis- 
tress Page  who  conspires  with  Mistress  Ford 
to  fool  Falstaff,  and  the  father  of  **  sweet  Anne 
Page  "  who  is  intended  by  him  to  marry  the 
foolish  Slender,  and  by  her  mother  to  marry 
Dr.  Cains,  but  who  marries  Fenton. 

Page,  John*  Bom  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  May  21, 
1787:  died  Sept.  8,  1865.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from 
New  Hampshire  1836-37,  and  governor  of  New  Hampshire 
1839-42. 

Page,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  at  Shelly, 
Gloucester  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  4,  1808:  died  at  Rome, 
Italy,  Oct.  26, 1899.  An  American  naval  officer. 
As  lieutenant-commander  he  was  engaged  1863-56  in  ex- 
plorations in  the  Platine  region,  South  America.  In  Feb., 
1855,  his  vessel,  the  Water  Witch  (then  in  charge  of  Lieu- 
tenant Jeffers),  was  fired  upon  by  a  Paraguayan  fort,  and 
one  man  was  killed :  the  fire  was  returned.  Page  resigned 
early  in  1861;  entered  theConfederate  service;  was  commis- 
sioned commodore :  and  in  1862  was  sent  to  England  to  take 
charge  of  a  cruiser.  His  ship  was  not  permitted  to  leave, 
and  lie  took  command  of  a  small  ironclad  at  Copenhagen, 
but  it  was  soon  after  seized  in  a  Spanish  port,  thus  ending 
hisConfederateservice,  Subsequentlyhe  resided  in  the  Ar- 
gentine and  in  Florence,  Italy.  He  was  the  author  of  "  La 
Plata,  the  Argentine  Confederation, and  Paraguay  "  (1859). 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson,  Bora  in  Hanover 
County,  Va.,  April  23,  1853.  An  American 
lawyer  and  author.  He  is  chiefly  noted  for  his  tales 
and  verses  in  the  negro  dialect.  Among  his  works  are 
"In  Ole  Virginia,  or  Marse  Chan  and  Other  Stories "(1887), 
'*Two  Little  Confederates'*  (1888),  "On  Newfound  River" 
(lS90),"The  Old  South"  (essays,  1892),*' Meh  Lady" (1893). 

Page,  William.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
23,  1811:  died  at  Tottenville,  Staten  Island, 
Oct.  1, 1885.  An  American  painter,  best  known 
for  his  portraits.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Ve- 
nus," "Moses  and  Aaron  on  Mount  Horeb," "Flight  into 
Egypt,"  etc. 

Pag^S.     See  Garmer-Pagds. 

Paget  (paj'et),  Henry  William,  first  Marquis 
of  Anglesey.  Born  1768  :  died  1854.  An  Eng- 
lish general  and  politician.  He  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  Low  Countries  and  in  Spain  1808-09 ;  and  com- 
manded the  British  cavalry  at  Waterloo.  He  was  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  1828-29  and  1830-33.  Later  he  was 
made  field- marshal. 

Paget,  Sir  James.  Bom  at  Yarmouth,  Jan.  11, 
1814:  died  at  London,  Dec.  30,  1899.  An  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  became  a  memberof  the  Koyal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  1836,  and  was  its  president.  He  was 
sergeant-surgeon  to  the  queen,  surireon  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  consulting  surgeon  to  St.  liartholomew's  Hospital, 
and  vice-chancellor  of  the  University  of  London.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1871.  He  published  "Lectures  on 
Surgical  Pathology  "  (1853) ,  "Clinical  Lectures  "  (1876),  etc 

Paget,  Violet :  pseudonym  Vernon  Lee.   Born 

in  1857.  An  English  writer  and  critic.  She  has 
written  much  on  the  art.  literature,  and  drama  of  Ital^ 
where  she  has  lived  for  many  years ;  and  has  contributed 
esthetic  and  philosophical  criticisms  to  the  principal  Eng- 
lish reviews. 


Pago 

Pago  (pa'go).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic,  l)e- 
longiug  to  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  44°  30'  N.,  long.  15°  E.  It  is  sepa- 
rated frora*Croatia  by  the  Caiiale  della  ilorlacca.  Length, 
36  miles.    Population  (1890),  commune,  6,203. 

Pago-Pago.     See  Pango-Paiigo. 

Pahang  (pii-hang').  A  native  state  under  Brit- 
ish influence,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Malay 
peninsula,  north  of  Johore. 

Pahlanpur,  or  Pahlampoor.    See  Palanpur. 

Pahouins.     See  Fan. 

Pah-Utah.     See  Paiute. 

Paiconecas  (pa-e-ko-na'kiis).  A  race  of  Indi- 
ans in  northeastern  Bolivia,  between  the  rivers 
Guapor6  and  Baur^s.  They  werenumerous,  forming 
many  small  independent  villages,  and  subsisting  mainly 
by  agriculture.  The  Jesuits  induced  some  of  them  to  join 
their  mission  of  Concepcion,  where  about  f>00  remained 
In  183L  They  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  ilaypure  linguis- 
tic stock.  Probably  the  Paunacas,  a  tribe  mentioned  by 
Fernandez,  but  located  further  south,  were  the  same. 

F&ijiiime  (pa-yan'ue).  A  lake  in  southern  Fin- 
land, 70  miles  north  by  east  of  Helsingfors. 
Length,  80-90  miles. 

Paillailiacu(pii-el-ya-ma'ko).  Bomaboutl525 : 
died  in  1603.  An  Araucanian  Indian  of  Chile, 
toqui  or  war-chief  from  about  1593.  He  attacked 
the  Spaniards  in  159.%  1596,  and  1597,  and  in  159S  headed 
the  most  successful  rising  of  his  tribe  :  the  governor  of 
Chile,  Oiiez  de  Loyola,  was  surprised  and  killed  (Nov.  22, 
1698),  Villariia,  Imperial,  and  other  places  were  besieged 
for  several  years  and  finally  taken,  and  the  Spaniards  were 
driven  beyond  the  Biobio.     Also  written  Paillamachu, 

Pailleron  (pii-ye-ron'),  i^douard  Jules  Henri, 

Bomat  Paris,  Sept.  17, 1834:  died  in  April,  1899. 
A  French  poet  aud  dramatist.  He  began  life  as  a  no- 
tary's cU-rk,  incidentally  writini:  poems  and  pla.\s.  On  his 
first  appearance  before  the  put'lic  he  lirouubt  out  a  short 
comedy  en  titled"Le  parasite  "anil  a  volume  of  satires.  "Les 
parasites"  (1860),  followed  in  1861  by  "Le  murmitoyen." 
Further  plays  are  *'  Le  dernier  quartier"(18i-)3),  "Le second 
mouvement "  (1865),  "Le  monde  oii  Ton  8'amuse"(1868), 
"  Les  faux  manages  "  (1S69),  "  L'Autre  motif "  (1872),  "  H6- 
tene"(1872),  "Petite  pluie "  (1876),  "L'Age  ingrat"  (1878), 
"L'Enlincelle  "  (1879), "  Le  monde  oil  Ton  s'ennuie  "  (ls.si>, 
"La  souris ■■  (1887),  "Les  cabotin5"(1894).  Three  of  his 
comedies  —  " Le  chevalier  Trnmeau,"  "Le  narcotique," 
and  "  Pendant  le  bal" — were  published  ttigether  as  "Le 
theatre  chez  Madame"  (1881).  He  married  the  daughter 
of  M.  Buloz,  general  manager  of  the  "Kevue  dcs  Deux 
Mondes,"  and  many  of  his  poems  appeared  in  that  pub. 
lication.  Among  them  are  "Led^part  "(1870),"  Priere  pour 
la  France"  (1871),  and  the  collection  entitled  "Amours  et 
balnes  "  (1S8S).  Pailleron  was  elected  to  the  French  Acad- 
emy in  188L  His  inaugural  speech,  together  with  his 
addresses  to  that  body  on  other  occasions,  appeared  as 
"DiBcours  acad^miques"  (1886).  More  recently  he  wrote 
the  "Biographic  d'fimile  Augier"  (1889). 

PaimbCBUf  (pan-bef).  A  decayed  seaport  in  tho 
department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  i!3  miles 
west  of  Nantes.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2,180. 

Paine  (pan).  Elijah,  Bom  at  Brooklyn,  Conn., 
Jan.  21,  1757:  died  at  Williamstown,  Vt.,  April 
28,  1842.  An  American  jurist  and  politician. 
United  States  senator  froiii  Vermont  1795-1801. 

Paine,  Halbert  Eleazar.  Born  at  Chardon, 
Ohio,  Feb.  4,  1S2G.  An  .\merican  general  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  was  Republican  membor  of  Cntigress 
from  Wisconsin  1865-71.  and  I'nited  States  cummissioner 
of  patents  1879-81.  lie  has  published  "  A  Treatise  on  tho 
Law  of  Elections  to  Public  lltticea"  (18«t). 

Paine,  John  Knowles.  Bom  at  Portland,  Maine, 
Jan.  9, 1839.  An  Americau  composer  and  organ- 
ist. He  went  to  Berlin  in  1868  to  study,  and  In  1861  re- 
turned  to  America,  where  he  gave  several  organ  concerts. 
He  was  instructor  of  music  nt  Harvard  I'lnversity  in  1S62, 
and  professor  from  1876.  Among  his  works  are  a  mass 
and  the  oratorio  "St.  Peter."  Ho  has  also  wTittcn  a 
"  Symphony  in  C  Minor"  and  another  called  "Spring,"  be- 
sides chanii)er-music,  cantatas,  songs,  etc. 

Paine,  Martyn.  Born  at  Williamstown,  vt., 
July  8,  1794:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  10,  1877. 
An  American  physician,  son  of  Eli.iah  Paine. 
His  works  include  "  ciiokra  Asphyxia  of  New  Yiirk  "(1832), 
".Medical  and  I'hyslobigicaK'nmmentarics  "(1840-44),  "In. 
stitutesof  Mcdiciiic"(1817),"Kcview  of  Theoretical  Geol- 
ogy "(18r.i;).  etc. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat.  Bom  at  Boston,  March 
11,1731:  diedthere,  Jlay  11, 1814.  An  American 

eitriot,  politician,  and  judge:  a  signer  of  tho 
eclaralion  of  Independence  as  inembcrof  Con- 
gress in  177(). 

Paine,  Robert  Treat.  Bom  at  Timnton,  Mass., 
Dec.  '\  1773:  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  13,  ISll.  An 
American  poet,  son  of  K.T. Paine.  Ilis  collected 
•    works  were  pulilished  in  1812. 

Paine,  Thomas.  Born  at  Thetford,  Norfolk, 
England,  .Tan.  29,  1737:  died  at  New  York,  June 
8,  1809.  An  Anglo-American  ])olitical  writer 
and  free-thinker.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1771 ; 
publ isiu'd  in  1770  the pol ilicai  pamplil ct  "  Comnn mi  Sense, " 
In  which  he  advocatcil  the  Initcpendenco  of  the  American 
colonies;  took  a  prominent  part  in  supi)ort  of  tile  American 
Revolution;  puldished  tlle  periodical  "  Crisis  "  1776-83  ; 
went  to  F.urope  in  1787  ;  publhdnd  the  "KIghta  of  Man  " 
1791-02,  for  whicll  he  was  outlawed  from  England ;  was 
elected  to  the  French  National  Convention  in  1793 ;  was 


773 

imprisoned  in  1794 ;  and  returned  to  the  Tnited  States  in 
1802.     His  "  Age  of  Reason  "  was  published  in  1794. 

Painesville  (panz'vil).  The  capital  of  Lake 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  Grand  River  30  miles 
northeast  of  Cleveland.  Population  (1900), 
5.024. 

Painter  (pan'tfer),  Gamaliel.  Bom  at  New 
Haven,  Conn..  May  22,  1743:  died  at  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  May  21,  1819.  An  American  politi- 
cian, chief  founder  of  Middlebury  College. 

Painter,  William.  Born  in  Middlese.\  about 
1540:  died  at  Ijoudon  in  1594.  The  author  of 
a  collection  of  translations  called  ''The  Pal- 
ace of  Pleasure."  He  entered  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  l.'»&4,  and  in  l.'HJl  was  made  clerk  of  the  ord- 
nance in  the  Tower  of  London.  In  1566  he  published 
the  first  volume  of  "  The  Palace  of  Pleasure,"  containing 
60  novels.  He  originally  intended  it  to  contain  only  trans- 
lations of  tales  from  Livy  and  the  older  writers,  but 
altered  his  plan  and  added  tales  taken  from  Boccaccio, 
Bandello,  Straparola.  and  other  Italian  and  French  novel- 
ists. The  second  volume  was  jinblislied  in  1667.  contain- 
ing 34  novels ;  a  third  volume,  althougll  announced,  did  not 
appear.  In  later  editions  6  more  novels  were  added,  so 
that  there  were  100  novels  in  all.  It  is  the  largest  prose 
work  between  "Morted'Artlnir"and  North's  "Plutarch," 
and  is  the  source  from  which  the  Elizabethan  dramatists 
took  many  of  their  plots. 

Paisiello  fpii-e-ze-el'lo),  or  Paesiello  (pii-a-ze- 
cl'lo),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Taranto,  Ital  v.  May 
9, 1741:  died  at  Naples,  June  5,  1816.  An  Ital- 
ian composer  of  operas  and  church  music.  He 
went  to  Naples  when  young,  and  in  1770  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  produced  "II  IJarbiere  di  Siviglisi-"  About  17fc4 
he  returned  to  Naples  by  way  of  Vienna,  where  he  wrote 
"II  K(^  Teodoro,"  and  was  made  chapel-master  to  Ferdi- 
nand IV.  Here  he  remained  for  about  13  years,  produ- 
cing some  of  his  best  music:  after  this  he  went  to  Paris  to 
organize  the  music  of  the  chapel  of  Napoleon,  where  he 
excited  much  jealousy.  He  returned  to  Italy  in  1804.  He 
composed  between  90  and  100  opera-s,  and  more  than  100 
masses,  etc.  Among  the  operas,  besides  those  mentioned 
above,  are  "II  Marcbese  di  Tnlipano"  (written  before  he 
went  to  RussiaX  "Nina,  o  la  Pazza  d'Amore,"  "La  Moli- 
nara,"  etc. 

Paisley  (paz'li).  AcityinEenfrewshire,  Scot- 
land^tuatedoutheWhiteCart,  near  the  Clyde, 
n  inilft  west  by  south  of  Glasgow.  It  is  noted  for 
the  manufacture  of  thread,  cotton  and  wor^teil  goods, 
nnislins,  prints,  starch,  soap,  corn-flour,  machinery,  etc., 
and  for  bleaching  and  dyeing,  and  was  formerly  famous 
for  its  manufacture  of  shawls.  Its  abbey  church  is  of  in- 
terest:  the  abbey  (at  first  a  priory)  was  foimded  about 
1161.     Population  (WOD,  79,355. 

Paititi.     See  Pai/titi. 

Paiute,  or  Piute  (pi'iit).  [Also  Pah-Ede,  Pah- 
niite,  Pah-Utah,  Paijucha,  Piedc,  Piutah,  I'l/eed. 
Thenameisfromj>rt(or;<(.tnie,andr/f.]  A  tribe 
orgroupof  North  American  Indians.  The  name 
stric:tly  belongs  to  a  small  tribe  on  Corn  Creek,  south- 
western I'tah,  but  is  generally  given  to  a  number  of  Slm- 
shonean  tribes,  eight  of  which  are  in  southwestern  I'tah, 
seventeen  in  soutlieastern  Nevada,  four  (including  the 
Chemehuevi)  in  northern  and  western  Arizona,  and  nine- 
teen in  southeastern  California  from  Owens  valley  along  tho 
sierras  to  tho  sontll  of  Tulare  Lake  aiul  east  of  the  Coast 
Range.  Theynumberabout2,600;  inrtah,5(K:»;  innorthern 
and  western  Arizona,  500;  in  southern  Nevada,  1,000;  in 
southeastern  California,  500.    See  Duirjer  and  Shotthnn^an. 

FaiX  des  Dames  (pa  da  diim).  [F.,  'Ladies' 
Peace.']  A  name  often  given  to  the  treaty  of 
Cambray  (1529).     See  Camhraij. 

Paixhansfpaks'anz;  F.pron,  piik-sons'), Henri 

.Joseph.  Born  at  Metz.  .Ian.  22,  1783:  died  at 
Jouy-au.x- Arches,  near  Metz,  Aug.  19,  IS.'il.  A 
French  general  of  artillery.  He  invented  tho  Paix. 
hans  gun,  and  published  "Nonvelle  force  maritime" 
(182-2),  etc. 

Pajol(p!i-zh6r),ComteClaudePierrede.  Born 

;it  Besan^'on,  France,  1772:  di(>d  at  Paris,  1844. 
A  French  gem-ral.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  Napoleon,  and  was  prominent  in  tho  revolu- 
tion of  July  against  Charles  X.  (1830). 

Pajon  (i>a-zhun').  Claude.  Born  at  Koiuoran- 
tin,  France,  Wli'y.  died  1(J85.  A  French  Prot- 
estant theologian,  founder  of  the  liberal  theo- 
logical system  named  from  him  I'ajonium,  Ho 
denied  airimmedlato  and  special  interferences  by  Ood  In 
either  the  course  of  events  or  tlie  spiritual  life  of  tho  in- 
dividual. 

Pajou  CpiL-zhii'),  Augustin.  Born  at  I'aris, 
Sept.  19,  1730:  ;died  there.  May  8,  1809.  A 
French  scul]itor. 

Pakamali.    See  Atsngt'. 

Pakawa  (pii-kii-wii'),  or  Pinto  (pen'to).    [Sp. 

I'iiitii,  jiainted.]  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  the  lower  Kio 
Grande  in  Texas  and  in  Tamaulipas,  Mexico, 
of  the  tribe  but  twowonu'ii  weri'  known  t.o  survive  in  1886. 
Tliese  lived  at  La  Volsii,  near  Keynosa,  Tanntulipas.  'I'he 
name  /'uifo  was  apiplled  by  theSpaidsh  lnallui,io>L  lo  their 
custom  of  tattooing.     See  Cualiiiilli'cilii. 

Pakenham(pak'cn-ani),  Sir  Ed'ward  Michael. 

Born  in  Irelnn<l,  March  19.  1778:  killed  at  the 
battle  of  New  Orleans,  Jan.  8,  1815.  A  Uritish 
general,  brother  of  tlle  Karl  of  l.iinL'ford.  lie 
sen'cd  In  the  IV-nlnsular  war,  connnaiuli-il  the  exprdltlon 
against  .New  Orleans  in  1814,  and  was  defeated  liy  Jackson 
111  the  battle  of  Haw  Orleans. 


Palais,  Le 

Fakhoi  (pSk-hoi'),  or  Peihai  (pi-hi'),  or  Pel- 
hoi  (pi-hoi').  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Kwangtung,  China,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Tongking  in  lat.  21°  29'  N.,  long.  109°  6'  E.  It 
was  opened  to  foreign  commerce  in  1876.  Pop- 
ulation, about  25,000. 

Pakht  (pacht).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a  lion- 
ess-luaded  or  oat-headed  goddess,  with  diffi- 
cultydistinguishable  from  Bast.  .She  was  honored 
at  Memphis  as  the  wife  of  Ptah,  and  was  identified  with 
Isis  as  a  bringer  of  misfortune,  and  by  the  Greeks,  like 
Bast,  with  Artemis. 

Pakington  (pa'king-ton).  Sir  John  Somerset, 
first  Baron  Hampton.  Born  Feb.  20,  1799:  died 
AprU  9, 1880.  An  English  Conservative  politi- 
cian. He  was  colonial  secretary  In  1852 :  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  1858-59  and  1866-67 ;  and  war  secretary  1867-68. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  in  1846,  and  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  Baron  Hampton  in  1874. 

Paks  (poksh).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Tolna, 
Htingarv,  situated  on  the  Danube  60  miles 
south  of  Budapest.     Population  (1890),  11,803. 

Palace  of  Honour,  The.  A  poem  by  Gawain 
Douglas,  written  in  1501.  It  is  an  imitation  of 
Chaucer's  "House  of  Fame." 

Palace  of  Justice.    See  Palais  de  Jxistiee. 

Palace  of  Pleasure,  The.  See  Painter,  U'HUam. 

Palaces  of  the  Caesars.  A  vast  congeries  of 
constructions  in  Rome,  begun  by  Augustus  and 
aikled  to  b}'  successive  emperors,  occup^-ing  the 
Palatine  Hill.  Though  in  very  ruinous  condition,  the 
plans  have  been  in  large  part  recovered  by  excavation, 
with  architectural  fragments  sutticient  for  a  far-reachinff 
restoration  ;  and  many  imiKising  walls  and  vaults,  with  in- 
teresting wall-paintings  and  gralUti,  remain  in  position. 

Palacio,  Diego  Garcia  de.    See  Garcia  de  Pa- 

hirii). 

Palacio  (pii-la'the-o).  Raimundo  Andueza. 

Horn  about  1840:  died  at  Caracas,  .\ug.  IX,  1900. 
A  Venezuelan  politician.  He  ivas  the  principal 
minister  of  Rojas  Paul  1888-90.  and  stn-ceedeil  him  aa 
■  president  for  two  years.  March  19. 1890  In  lsif2  the  elec- 
tions were  iMJstponed,  Palai-in  remaining  in  ottiee  until 
deiK>sedby  the  revolt  of  Crespo,  Jmie,  18'.e_»,  and  banished. 

Palacio,  Vicente  Riva.    See  liUa  Palacio. 

Palacky  (pii-liits'ke),  Frantisek.  Born  at 
Hodslawitz,  MoraWa.  June  14.  1798:  died  May 
2(i,  187G.  A  Bohemian  historian,  president  of 
the  Sla\ic  congress  in  1848.  He  was  parliamentary 
leader  of  the  autonomist  Czech  party,  ilis  chief  work  is  a 
"  History  of  Bohemia  "  (5  vols.  18:16-67).  He  also  wrote  vari- 
ous other  works  on  Bohemian  history  and  literature. 

Paladilhe  (pii-lii-dey'),  Emile.  Bom  at  Mont- 
pellier,  Jutie  3, 1844.  A  French  composer.  He 
prodnceti  ".Susanne,"  an  op^ra  conii(iue  (1878),  "Diana'* 
(ls85),  tho  nnnsic  for  Sardou's  drama  "  Patrie  "  (1886),  etc 

Palad'Oro(pa'lad6'r6).  [It., 'golden  i-etable.'] 
Tho  rotable  of  the  higli  altar  of  St.  Mark's  in 
Venice,  probaldy  the  finest  existing  specimen 
of  Byzantine  mi'tal-work.  It  was  made  in  Constan- 
tinople in  976,  but  has  later  alterations ;  is  55  inches  high 
and  137  long ;  and  is  of  silver  gilt  sttnlded  with  jewels  and 
with  ornament  in  enamel.  It  has  85  panels  with  reliefs 
of  scriptural  scenes  and  personages,  angels,  portraits,  and 
emblems. 

Pal8emon(pa-le'mon).  [Gr.  Tla?.aifiui:']  In  Greek 
niyfbiilogy,  a  sea  divinity  into  which  Melicer- 
tcs  was  metamorphosed. 

Palaeologus(iul-le-oro-gus).  [Gr.  Tla7niu?.6}or.J 
.V  Byzantine  family  which  furnished  the  rulers 
of  the  Eastern  Empire  during  neai-ly  the  whole 
])crioil  from  the  accession  of  Michael  in  1261 
until  the  death  of  Constantino  in  1453. 

PalafoxyMelzi(i>a-lii-fon'emarthe).  Josfide, 

Duke  of  S.-iragiissa.  Horn  1780:  died  Fel).  16, 
1847.  A  .Spanish  general,  captain-general  of 
Aragon,  and  commander  in  the  defense  of  Sar- 
agossa  against  the  French  in  1808. 

Palafox  y  Mendoza  (men-<16'th!i'),  Juan  de. 

Born  at  Fitiro,  Navarre,  June  24,  KWO:  died  at 
Osina,  Oct.  I,  l('i.59.  A  Spanish  prelate,  admin- 
istrator, and  autlior.  He  was  councilor  of  the  Indlea; 
was  consccratcil  bishop  of  Puebla,  Mexico,  in  Dec,  163l»; 
and  at  the  same  time  was  nnuic  visitador-gencral  of  New 
Spain.  In  the  latter  caiiacily  he  had  a  ilispute  with  the 
viceroy  Escalona,  and  by  ortlcr  of  the  king  sncceetied  him 
as  viceroy  June, -Nov.,  1642.  Owing  to  quarrels  with  the 
Jesuits  he  was  deposed  In  lCv47,  and  in  UM9  returned  to 
Spain.  Inlir.ShewasmadelilslnipofOsma.  Hejuihllshi'd 
mnnerous  historical,  judicial,  and  theoK'glcal  works. 

Palaihnihan  (pa-lih'ni-han),  or  Pit  River  In- 
dians. A  linguistic  stock  of  North  .Vincrican 
Indians  which  formerly  occupied  the  territory 
draiiu'il  by  Pit  Kiver  and  its  tributaries,  from 
(ioose  Lake  to  the  niont  h  of  Scpiaw  Creek,  north- 
easlcrn  California.  The  tribal  divisions  are  Acho- 
inawl,  AlsugcS  .Muauilh,  Chumawa,  Kstakewach,  llantiwl, 
liumawhl,  and  llnniwl:  they  are  almost  extinct.  A  few 
representatives  of  the  slock  are  on  Hound  Valley  r<|»erT«- 
tion.  The  name  is  adapted  fnun  the  Klannilh  wonlyi'ii'Vrit, 
nu'aidng  'niountalneers' or  'nplandera.' 

Palaik.     Snini>  as  I'dlnihiiihan. 

Palais  (l>ii-la'),  Le.  Tho  chief  town  of  the  isl- 
and of  Bolle-lle-eu-Mer,  ofiE  the  coast  of  Brit- 


Palais.  Le 


774 


tany,  department  of  Morbihan,  Prance 
lation  (1891),  2.967. 
Palais  Bourbon  (pa-la'  bor-bon') 


Palermo 


this  region  became  snbsequently  known  as  the  Psle.  bnt 
the  limits  varied  at  different  times. 


Popu-  IfiSO  embraced  two  separate  regions,  the  Rhine  (or  Lower) 

Palatinate  (distinctively  the  Palatinate',  and  the  I'pper  _ 

Paris  now  the  Chamber  of  T)^  V'  ^P"^^"'*''  ^o^^S ^^L  ^'L^^:;:,{::^  J^h^^  Paleario  (piay'r^SrordeUa  PagUa  (del'. 

I'aris,  now  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  begun  in  tart  princes  of  the  empire  as  early  as  the  iith  cemi?y  ^^  pal'.va),  or  degll  PagUariccl  (del'ye  pal- 

II — ^.    The  fine  fapade  toward  the  Seine  flas  finished  in  ^^'J'  i"  the  13th  century  the  Palatinate  passed  to  the  va-ret  che),  Aonio  or  Antonio       "" 

1S07:  It  has  a  Riinaii  peilimented  colonnade  of  12  Corin-  Bavariandynastvof  Wittelsbach.whichsoonafterbranched        '■    ^-    •         •  

<  -  ..-  ..    -   .        .  off  into  the  Bavarian  and  Palatine  lines. 


thian  columns,  with  a  flight  of  steps  between  two  projecting 
piere.  The  sculptures  in  the  tympanum  represent  France 
J^i'^u^'.^'^'^/lJ''"^"'  O"*'^'''  Agriculture,  and  Commerce! 
Ihe  halls  of  the  interior  are  embellished  with  many  no- 
table paintings  and  sculptures. 

Palais  de  Justice  (d6  zhus-tes').  [F.,  'palace 
of  justice.']  A  historieallj-  and  artistically  in- 
teresting congeries  of  buildings  in  Paris,  situ- 
ated on  L'lle  de  la  Cit6,  at  an  angle  of  the  (^uai 
de  I'Horloge.  it  is  composed  in  part  of  portions  of 
the  ancient  royal  palace  (the  Conciergerie,  with  its  three 
cylindrical  cone-roofed  towers,  and  the  vaulted  Cui- 
sines de  St.  Louis).  Excavations  in  1S4S  disclosed  the 
foundations  of  the  Fu>nian  prefectorium  under  the  present 
liUais  de  .lustice.  It  was  the  residence  of  Childebert  and 
the  earlier  Merovingians.  Count  Eudes  (king  a.  d.  SSS) 
reconstructed  the  old  Palais  de  la  Cite  as  a  fortress  against 
the  Norman  inv,aders.  When  the  Louvre  was  built  by 
Philip  .Augustus,  the  palais  lost  its  importance  as  a  for- 
tress and  ag.iin  became  a  residence  and  the  seat  of  royal 
courts  of  justice,  a  use  to  which  the  entire  building  was 
finally  put  The  greater  part  is  comparatively  modern, 
and  all  has  been  restored  since  the  wanton  destruction  by 


nmns.    The  Galerie  de  St.  Louis  is  admirably  frescoed  by 


ilerson,  and  many  other  haUs  are  notable  for  their  deco- 
ration. The  modern  west  facade  is  impressive  :  it  is  in  a 
neoclassical  style  with  8  great  Doric  columns  and  2  angle- 
piei-s,  and  much  sculpture;  it  opens  on  a  magnificent  ves- 
tibule. 


,.  .,  ,      -  Born  at  Ver- 

oli,  Italy,  about  1500 :  executed  at  Rome,  July 
1570.  An  Italian  Reformer  and  humanist,  ar- 
rested by  the  Inquisition  on  a  charge  of  heresv 
and  executed.  Hepublished  theological  works' 
a  didactic  poem  in  Latin,  etc.  ' 

Palembang  (pa-lem-bang').  1.  A  residencT  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  Sumatra,  Dutch  East 
Indies.  It  corresponds  in  the  main  to  the  former  kina- 
dom  of  Palembang  and  the  kingdom  of  JambL  PopolaUon 
(1890).  655,625. 

2.  The  capital  of  Palembang,  situated  on  the 
river  Musi  in  lat.  2°  59'  S.,  long.  104°  45'  E 
It  waa  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  182L     Popolation,  ibont 

DO.vWO. 

all  westof  theEhinewascededtoFrance;Badenreceived  iralencia  (pa.-]an'the-a).     1.  A  province  in  Old 
H.„ieih„„  At  .„„K„;„.  . .  .. ,  „  .    „  Castile,  Spain,  bounded  by  Santander  on  the 

north,  Burgos  on  the  east,  Valladolid  on  the 
south,  and  Valladolid  and  Leon  on  the  west,  it 
IS  mountainous  in  the  north  and  a  plateau  in  the  south. 
-4rea,  3,136  square  miles.  Population  (1887),  188,954. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Palencia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Carrion  in  lat.  42°  X.,  long.  4°  35'  W.: 
theancient  Pallantia.  it  has  linen  and  other  niamil 
factnres.  The  flr«t  .Spanish  university,  foanded  here  about 
1209.  was  removed  to  Salamanca  in  1239.  It  has  a  cathedral 
chiefly  of  the  14th  century.     Population  (1SS7),  15,028.     ' 

See  Feruandez 


The  Palatinate 

was  enlarged  early  in  the  14th  century  with  a  part  of  Ba- 
varia (the  I'pper  Palatinate).  The  Golden  Bull  of  1356 
dcsit'iiated  the  Palatinate  as  one  of  the  seven  electorates 
In  the  16th  century  Heidelberg,  the  capital  of  the  electors 
palatine,  became  a  great  center  of  Calvinism.  The  elector 
Frederick  V.,  having  accepted  the  Bohemian  crown  in  1619 
and  having  been  overthrown  in  1620,  was  stripped  of  his 
dominions.  The  electoral  dis;nity  was  transferred  to  Ba- 
vana  in  1623,  and  the  Upper  Palatinate  was  annexed  to  it 
By  the  treaty  of  1648  the  Rhine  Palatinate  was  restored  to 
its  fonuer  rulei-s,  and  an  eighth  electorate  created  for  it 
the  I  pper  Palatinate  being  confirmed  to  Bavaria.  The 
Rhine  Palatinate  was  terribly  ravaged  by  the  f>ench  in 
1674  and  1689.  The  Palatinate  and  the  Bavarian  lands  were 
united  in  1777.     In  ISJl  tlie  Rhine  Palatinate  was  dirided  : 

he  Rhine  was  cec  ' 
Heidelberg.  Mannheim,  etc.;  and  the  rest  fell  to  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Nassau,  etc.  By  the  treaties  of  1814-15  the 
IVench  portion  west  of  the  Rhine  was  restored  to  Ger- 
many:  Prussia  and  Hesse-Darmstadt  received  portions, 
but  the  greater  portion  fell  to  Bavaria.  This  part  is  the 
present  Rhine  Palatinate,  or  Lower  Palatinate  (G  JVtein- 
p/aJz  or  Unttrp/alz):  it  is  bounded  bv  the  Rhine  on  th. 


building  in  Paris,  constructed  in  connection  Palatine  (pal'a-tin)  Hill.    PL.  Mons  Palathius 


t  forms  a  "  Regierungs-bezirk '  of  Bavaria,  w  ith  Spires  as 
capit^U.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Hardt  Mountains,  and  pro- 
duces grain,  wine,  coal,  etc.  Area,  2,289  square  miles 
Population  (18911),  72s,339.  The  Vpper  P;ilatinate  (G.  Obi-r 
p.i'aiz)  forms  a  "Rederungs-bezirk  '  of  Bavaria,  under  the  -, 

title  I  pper  Palatinate  and   Ratisbon  (Regensburg).     li.  PalenCia,  DiCgO  FemaudeZ  dfi. 
borders  on  Bohemia.    Capital.  Ratisbon.    It  has  extensive     tie  I'aleiicia 

Palais  duTrocad^roCdutro-ka-da'ro).  Along    mnl''  lopuil™^),"^"^'"-    ^''^'  ^''^^  ^i""'' PalenqTie(pa-lan'ka).  [So  called  from  a  neigh- 

"     ■  -  --  __    •  bomig  modem  village.]     A  group  of  ruined 

buildings  in  the  state  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  about 
60  miles  north-northeast  of  San  Oistobal.  They 
are  of  calcareous  stone,  and  consist  of  a  large  central  build- 
ing, commonly  called  the  "palace,"  with  various  smaller 
builduigs,  pyTamids,  eti\  Hieroglyphic  tablets  and  two 
sculptured  figures  of  great  interest  have  been  discovered. 
The  Palenque  ruins  were  unknown  to  the  Spaniards  until 
the  middle  of  the  ISth  century,  and  it  Is  evident  that  the 
place  had  been  abandoned  before  the  white  conquest.  It 
is  conjec-tured  that  the  boildings  were  used  for  religioM 
purposes. 

).  or  Palencas  (pa-lan'- 
northem  Venezuela,  in  the 


with  the  exhibition  of  1878,  and  combining  sev- 
eral museums  and  a  large  concert-hall.  The  latter 
occupies  a  central  pavilion  of  horseshoe  shape  190  feet  in 
diameter  and  ISO  feet  high,  flanked  by  2  towers  270  feet 
high.  From  each  side  extends  a  low  curved  wing  660  feet 
long,  the  plan  of  the  whole  thus  being  a  crescent.  The 
entire  Seine  front  is  skirted  by  continuous  open  galleries. 
Palais  Royal  rwa-yal').  ApalaceinParis,buLlt 
by  Richelieu  1629-34,  and  left  by  him  to  the 
king.    It  w.as  given  by  Louis  XTV.  to  the  Duke  of  Or- 


It.  Monte  Palathto.]  One  of  the  "seven  hiUs" 
of  Rome,  situated  southeast  of  the  Capitoline 
and  north-northeast  of  the  Aventine.  it  borders 
on  the  Rom.an  Forum ;  is  the  traditional  seat  of  the  city 
founded  by  Romulus ;  was  the  seat  of  private  and  later 
of  imperial  residences  ;  and  contains  many  antiquities. 
Palatka  (pa-lat  'ka).  A  citv,  the  capital  of  Put- 
nam County.  Florida,  situated  on  St.  John's 
River.     Population  (1900), 


l&ns,  and  remained  in  his  family,  with  interruptions  dur-  PS'l^Wan  (pa-la-wan  ),orParagua(pa-ra  gwa).  PalenOtieS  (pa-Ian'kas 

mg  the  Revolution  and  the  empire,  until  the  revolution    ^^  island  m  the  Malav  Arehipelaso,  Ivin?  be-    Viis^       Tn.liaT,;:  ^f  ^«„, 

of  1848.    It  was  damaged  by  the  Commune  in  isn,  but     tween  Borneo  and  the  inain  CTOun  of  the  Phil      t    V'      ^^^'^f^"!  °orl 

has  been  restored.     The  state  apartments  are  handsome,     icpjne  Inland':    Tt  h.l  If,  ^  .k^»v  ,  J     ^'^^*"^™  P*"  of  what  IS  now  the  state  of  Ber- 

The  gardens  were  surrounded  by  the  duke  Philippe  Egn-     i,„tiv  to  the  ".^tan  nf  1 1  Ss^l  ""fl ''  ^  *''f  Philippines  and     mudez.    As  a  tribe  they  are  extinct.    Thev  be- 

^..^^:i^i^^^^z^^^,!^^  ^rv^:^^p,^^t,^'*--'>^--^^  pSueubi'^'l's.^^"",  r'^-  It 

treFran^ais.  Palazzo  Borghesi.     See  Borgliese  Palace.  ra,lenaiie  tablet.     A  stone  plate,  covered -with 

Palamas  (pal'a-mas),  Gregorius.  Lived  about  Palazzo  Contarini  Fasan     See  Venice 

13o0.     .-^  Greek  archbishop  of    Thessalonica,  Palazzo  del  Governo.     See  &>«a. 
Je.ader  of  the  Hcsychasts.     ^eePala,,utes.  Palazzo  della  Ragione.     See  Padua. 

lf,r/;.^pf^l';^  Palazzo  Doria(d6'ri-a).    1.  A  palace  in  Rome, 
tormerly  known  as  the  Pamphili  Doria.    it  faces 


Palamedes  (pal-a-me'dez) 
In  Greek  legend.'son  of  Nauplius  and  Clymene^, 
one  of  the  Greek  warriors  in  the  expedition 
against  Troy.     He  was  killed  through  the  ma- 
chinations of  Odysseus. 

Palamites  (pal'a-mits).     The  followers  of  Gre- 
gorius Palamas,  a  monk  of  Mount  Athos  in  the  „  _  --=.,-_    —    _, , 
14th  century.     Simeon,  abbot  of  a  raon.ast«ry  at  Con-     ^^  -Andrea  Doria  in  1552,  but  is  veo°much  older.' 
stantinople  in  the  11th  century,  taught  that  by  fasting,  ialaZZO  Famese.     See  Faniese. 
prayer,  and  contemplation,  with  concentration  of  thought  PalazZO  FoSCaii.     See  Venice. 
on  the  navel,  the  heart  and  spirit  would  be  seen  viithin,  Pala77nln  Arrpiilo  Cna  15t'«n  In  st  ,.5'^  ^^\      a 
luminous  with  a  visible  light.  "^  This  light  was  believed  to     f  nt  ,7  i„    tbl^         •  ^^        *  c  ^'^-^^e-de).    A 
be  uncreated,  and  the  same  which  was  seen  at  Christ's     '".""  '°   '^"^  piOMUce  of  Syracuse,   Sicilv.  19 
mles  west  of  Syracuse:  on  the  site  of  the  an- 


toward  the  Corso  and  the  Piazza  di  Venetia.    It  is  very 
large  and  contains  galleries  of  pictures  and  sculpture. 
2.  A  palace  in  Genoa,  on  the  Piazza  del  Prin- 
cipe.     It  contains  fine  frescos,  and  the  garden  facing 
the  harbor  has  a  large  arcaded  loggia,    " '    ■ 


hieroglj-phies,  which  was  sent  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  in  1S42.  and  is  now  in  the  Na- 
tional Museum  at  Washington,  it  was  found  at 
Menque,  Mexico,  where  it  originally  formed  the  left  side 
of  the  Group  of  the  Croes.  a  remarkable  ornament  on  one 
of  the  temples.  This  group  was  6J  feet  high  bv  about  12 
broad  ;  the  centra]  portion  exhibited  a  cross-like  structure 
with  a  human  figure  on  each  side  and  other  details;  flank- 
ing it  were  two  slabs  with  closely  set  hieroglyphic  char- 
acters ;  of  these  the  Palenqne  tablet  Is  one.    Various  at- 

,.  .,.^.„        tempts  have  been  made  to  decipher  the  characters. 

It  was  presented  Palermo.  A  province  in  Sicilv.  Area,  1,948 
square  nules.  Population  (lS9i),  791.928. 
Palermo  (pa-ler'mo;  It.  pron.  pa-ler'mo).  [It. 
Palermo,  L.  Panonnui,  Panhormus,  6r.  Ildwip- 
/wf.]  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Paler- 
mo, Sicily,  a  seaport  situated  on  the  Bav  of  Pa- 


transfiguration,  and  is  known  accordingly  as  the  "uncre-  ""Jfs  wesi  oi  o.yracuse:  on  tne  site  ot  the  an-  lermo    at  the  foot  nf  Ar^ntQ  T><.11<.™^^^*  ■""  T  7 

atedlightof  MountTabor."    Thedoctrinewasmorecare-  cient  Acne.     It  contains  manv  antiquities   in-  Mo^?\    )„,,!  \%?'v.,f^  Pellegrino,  m  lat 

fully  formulated  and  defended  by  Palamas,  who  taught  cludine  a  Greek  theater   ani   luiViTl  1^1,,,  i  ??-  '..-\''°"?- .^'^   "l   E.:  theancient  Panormus 

thatthereexistsadivine.light,etemalandun?reated,which  nO^    R^J: ^T'^^'^     .,^?^^'^   ^°"    burial-ground 


is  not  the  substance  or  essence  of  deitv.  but  God's  activity 
or  operation.  Tlie  Palamites  were  favored  by  the  emperor 
Joannes  Cantacuzenus,  and  their  doctrine  was  confirmed 
by  a  council  at  Constantinople  in  1351.  They  were  caUed 
by  tlieir  uppontins  Eiicfdtes  and  Massalians :  also  Hesi/- 
cAn.*r.an.l  l',Hhii;c„„;„ii. 

Palamon  and  Arcite  (pal'a-mon  and  ar'sit). 
Two  noble  youths  the  storv'of  whose  love  for 
Emilia  has  been  told  bv  Chaucer  in  the 
"Knight's  Tale"  (derived  from  Boccaccio's 
"Teseide"),  by  Dryden  in  a  version  of  "The 
Knight's  Tale"  called  "Palamon  and  Arcite." 
by  Fletcher  and  another  (perhaps  Shakspere)  in 
aplaycalled  "The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen"" 


The  theater  is  small  but  verv  perfect.  There 
are  12  tiers  of  seats,  divided" into  9  cunei  by  8 
radial  stairways.  Parts  of  the  stage  structure 
remain.  Population  (1881),  11,154. 
Palazzo  Pitti  (pit'te).  A  palace  in  Florence, 
Italy,  designed  by  Brunelleschi,  and  begun 
about  1435.  it  is  a  massive  building :  the  chief  facade  is 
of  qnarry-faced  ashlerin  three  stories  with  series  of  round- 
arched  windows  having  verj-  long  voussoirs.  The  front 
toward  the  Boboli  Gardens  has  projecting  wings  inclosing 
a  court,  with  superposed  tiers  of  pilasters  formed  of  blocks 
alternately  large  and  small.  It  is  at  once  a  royal  palace 
and  the  home  of  a  world-famous  gallery  of  paintings. 

Palazzo  Pubblico.    See  .•<<eiia. 


and  "by  others.     Edwards  produced  a  play  entitled  Palazzo  "Valentino.     A  palace  at  Turin. 
"Palamon  and -4rcite  'at  Christ  Church  Hall,  Oxford,  1566.  PalaZZO'Vecchio(p!i-lat's6  vek'ke-6).    fit 


in  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  visit  there;  and  a  play  with 
the  same  name  is  mentioned  by  Henslowe  in  1594. 

PalanpuT,  or  Pahlanptir  (pa-lan-por';.  i.  A 
native  state  in  India,  under  British  protection, 

intersected  by  lat.  24°  20'  N.,  long.  72°  20'  E. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Palanpur.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  21,092. 

Palapra't  (pii-la-prii'),  Jean,  Sieur  de  Bigot. 
Bom  at  Toulouse,  France,  1650 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  14, 1721.  A  French  dramatist,  collaborator 
with  Brueys. 

Palatinate  fpa-lat'i-nat).  The.  [F.  Palatinat, 
G.  Pfal-,  ML.  Palatinatus,  the  province  of  a 
count  palatine,  from  palaiinus,  palatine.]  A 
former  German  state.  Its  territories  were  originally 
in  the  region  of  the  Rhine,  and  from  the  14tli  century  to 


.  .  .'old 
palace.']  A  palace  in  Florence,  begun  in  1298 
by  -Arnolfo  as  the  official  seat  of  the  chief 
magistrates  of  Florence.  It  is  an  imposing  castle- 
like building,  with  small  windows,  a  heavy  projecting 
machicolated  and  battlemented  gallery  above,  and  a  great 
square  tower  rising  from  it,  also  having  a  machicolated 
gallery,  and  supporting  a  belfry  resting  on  4  cylindrical 
columns.  The  total  height  is  307  feet.  The  picturesque 
interior  court  has  9  rich  Renaissance  columns  carved  in 
arabesques.  The  apartments  are  extremely  interesting, 
displaying  fine  coffered  ceilings,  historical  paintings,  and 
sculptures. 
Pale  (pal).  The  English.  That  pan  of  Ireland 
in  which  English  law  was  acknowledged,  and 
within  which  the  dominion  of  the  English  was 
restricted,  for  some  centuries  after  the  eon- 
quests  of  Henry  II.  John  distributed  the  part  of  Ire- 
land then  subject  to  England  into  12  counties  palatine,  and 


It  is  the  largest  city  and  the  commercial  center  of  Sicily 
and  the  fifth  city  of  Italy  ;  is  the  seat  of  extensive  trade 
and  fisheries;  exports  oranges,  lemons,  sulphur,  wine, 
stunac,  etc. ;  and  has  manufactures  of  silk,  cottou,  etc. 
The  cathedral  is  a  large  and  highly  picturesque  Xorman- 
Saracenic  building.  The  e.vterior  is  flanked  by  4  slender 
towers,  and  enriched  with  graceful  arcades  and  Saracenic 
battlements.  The  south  porch  incloses  a  sculptured  por. 
tal ;  the  arcaded  west  front  has  3  recessed  )>ortals,  and  is 
connected  by  flying  arches  with  a  keep-like  camp.inile-  the 
interlacing  arcades  and  arabesque  patterns  of  the  chevet 
are  unique  in  architecture.  The  interior  is  moderniied. 
but  contains  most  interesting  tombs  of  emperors  (Henry 
^1.  and  Frederick  II.),  kings,  and  archbishops.  The  Ponte 
dell'  Ammiraglio,  a  picturesque  Saracenic  bridge  built 
across  the  Oreto  (which  has  since  changed  its  course)  in 
1113  by  King  Roger's  Greek  admiral,  rises  toward  themid- 
dle  in  gable  form,  and  consists  of  11  pointed  arches  so  dis- 
posed that  those  of  narrow  and  wide  span  alternate.  San 
Giovanni  degli  Eremiti,  a  notable  foundation  of  King 
Roger  (1132),  of  T-plan  with  3  shallow  apses,  is  roofed  by 
5  domes  supported  on  stjuinches,  and  possesses  a  quad- 
rangular domed  towerand  a  cloister.  Palermo  was  founded 
apparently  by  the  Phenicians,  and  was  one  of  the  strong- 
holds of  Carthage.  It  was  taken  by  Pyrrhus  in  2J6  B.  c, 
and  passed  from  Carthage  to  Rome  in  254.  The  Cartha- 
ginians under  Hasdrubal  were  defeated  under  its  waUsby 
the  Romans  under  Cascilius  Metellus  in  251  or  250.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Vandals  and  East  Goths  about  440  i.  D. ;  was 
captured  by  Belisarius  in  535  ;  was  taken  bv  the  Saracens 
about  S30,  and  became  one  of  their  chief  cities  ;  later  be- 
came the  capital  of  ,<icily  ;  was  captured  bv  the  Normans 
about  1072 ;  passed  to  the  Germans  and  to  the  house  of 
-\njou  ;  was  the  scene  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers  in  1282,  and 
came  under  the  rule  of  .\ragon :  followed  the  later  fortunes 
of  Sicily  ;  was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  in  1820.  and  the 
Seat  of  a  revolutionary  government  in  1&48.IW  ;  was  bom- 
barded and  reduced  by  the  Bourbons  in  1849 ;  and  revolted, 
receiving  the  troops  of  Garibaldi  in  1860.  Population 
(19011,  commune,  309,694. 


Palermo 


775 


The  thing  to  be  borne  in  mind  In  the  early  history  of 
Palermo  .  .  .  is  that  it  never  was.  as  the  other  great  cities 
«t  Sicily  were,  a  commonwealth  of  repuMicaii  and  pagan 
Hellas  ;  nor  did  it  ever  fall  into  the  hands  of  any  tyrant  of 
Hellenic  Sicily.  .  .  .  Palermo,  as  it  now  stands,  in  the  actual 
date  of  its  streets,  its  churches,  its  palaces,  carries  us  back 
■  to  no  date  earlier  than  the  days  of  the  .Norman  counts  and  pa,lcn.a,ve  FranciS  TUTDer.  B 
kings.  Freeman,  Hiat.  Essays,  III.  438,  Ml.     g^pj    28,'l824  :  died  there,  (lot 

Palermo,  Gulf  of.  A  bay  of  the  MediteiTauean 
Sea,  near  Palermo. 

Pales  (pa'lez).  1.  In  old  Italian  mythology,  a 
deity,  protector  of  shepherds  and  flocks. — 2.  An 
asteroid  (No.  49)  discovered  by  Goldschmidt  at 
Paris,  Sept.  19,  1857. 

Palestine  (pares-tiu),  called  also  Canaan  (ka'- 
nan)  and  The  Holy  Land.  [L.  I'dla-stinn,  I'a- 
Isstiue,  Gr.  Ua/aiaTivr/,  the  country  of  the  Phi- 
listines. See  I'lulistines.]  Thecountryof  the  He- 
brews, a  territory  in  the  southern  part  of  .SjTia. 
Chief  city,  Jerusalem.  The  name  is  occasionally  re- 
stricted to  the  coast  region  of  the  Philistines,  but  is  usually 
regarded  as  indicating  the  region  bounded  by  the  Slediter- 
ranean  on  the  west  and  the  desert  on  the  east,  and  on  the 
■outh  by  an  indefinite  line  extending  westward  from  the 
I  Boutliern  extremity  of  the  Dead  .Sea.  ("in  the  north  it  is  re- 
i  ({ardedashounded'(somewhatindellnitely)by  theregionof 
Phenicia,  Lebanon,  and  Anti-Lebanon.  The  chief  natural 
features  are  the  plain  borderingon  the  Mediterranean,  the 
mountainous  mass  extending  eastward  to  the  .lordan,  the 
deeply  sunken  valley  of  the  .lordan  (with  the  Sea  of  Galilee 


by  royal  permission  in  1823.  He  wag  called  to  the  bar  at  the 

Middle  Temple  in  1S:!7,  and  in  18M  was  api.i)int.d  deputy 
keeper  of  the  public  records.  He  was  knighted  in  183*2. 
His  chief  works  are  "Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
Conimonwealtb"  (1832)  and  "History  of  Normandy  and 
England  "(4  vols.  ls51-«4). 

Born  at  London, 
24,  1897.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  Sir  Francis  Palgrave. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Cliarterhouaeiand  at  halliol  Ccil- 
lege,  Oxford,  and  was  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford  1885- 
lb97.  He  published  "Idylls  and  Songs"  (1864),  'Essays 
on  Art  "  (1868),  "Hyrans  "(1867),  "Lyrical  Poems"  (1871), 
etc.;  and  edited  "Golden  Treasury  of  En'.dish  Lyrical 
Poetry"  (1861)  and  "  Treasury  .if  Sacred  Song  "  (1890). 

Palgrave,  William  Gifford.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  24,  18:26:  died  at  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 
Sept.  30,  1888.  An  English  traveler,  son  of  Sir 
Francis  Palgrave.  After  serving  foratinie  in  the  army, 
he  entered  the  Jesuit  order,  and  was  employed  in  India, 
Palestine,  and  Syria.  In  18(12-*i3  he  traveled  extensively 
in  the  interior  of  Arabia,  and  in  18G5  he  was  employed 
by  the  I$ritish  government  to  negotiate  for  the  release  of 
prisoners  in  Abyssinia.  Subsequently  he  held  various 
British  consular  positions,  aTid  from  1884  was  minister  to 
Uruguay.  He  published  "  Narrative  of  a  Year's  Journey 
through  l^entral  and  Eastern  Arabia  "  (186.'i),  "Essays  on 
Eastern  Questions " (1872),  "Dutch  Guiana"  (1876X  etc. 

Paliano  (pii-le-a'no).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italv,  31  miles  east  by  south  of  Rome. 
Po))iilation  (1881),  4.91.'). 


and"theDeadSea).aiidtheelevatedregionlyingeastofthe  poiita-/,,;;  ]>  Vnn"l     A  nlncfi  in  China  between 

Jordan.   The  soilis  naturally  fertile.    The  ancient  inhabi-  J:'al_lKao(pa-le-Kou  ).   Apiaee  in  l^nina,  peiween 

tants  were  the  tanaatutes,  who  were  later  coniiuered  and         '  '      "      '         -     .     --  ^     .  „.  ..     .. 

more  or  less  assimilateii  with  the  Israelites,  under  whom 

the  country  was  portioned  out  in  the  tribal  divisions  of 

Simeon,    Judah,    Dan,    Benjamin,    Ephraim,    Manasseh, 

Aslier.  Issachar,  Zebulon,  Naphtali,  Gail,  and  Reuben.  The 

tiivisions  west  of  the  Jordan  in  the  time  of  Christ  were 

Juiiea  in  the  south,  Samaria  in  the  center,  and  Galilee  in 

the  north.     The  country  formed  part  of  the  Roman  and 

Byzantine  Empire:  passed  under  Mohammedan  rule  about 

63tJ :  was  held  by  the  Christians  temporarily  during  the 

Crusades;  and  since  1516  has  been  in  the  possession  of 


Peking  and  Tientsin.  Here,  Sept.  21, 186i),  the  French 
and  British  forces  under  Cousin- .Montauban  defeated  the 
Chinese. 

Palikao(pii-le-kii-6').Comtede  (Charles  Guil- 
laume  Marie  Apollinaire  Antoine  Cousin- 

Montauban).  Born  at  Paris,  June  '2i,  1796: 
died  .Ian.  8,  1878.  A  French  general.  He  served 
in  Algeria;  commanded  the  expedition  against  China  in 
18tifl  ;  gained  the  victory  of  Palikao  Sept.  21,  1860  ;  and  was 
premier  and  minister  of  war  Aug.  lu-Sept.  4,  1870. 

the  Turkish  government.     Area,  estimated,  10,000-11,0(X)  p-liiiVinTn  ^nnl  i  Ush'i  nm'l      TT,    Pnliliriiii  Tier. 

square  miles.     Population,  probably  about  400,000.  raUilClUm  (pal-i-Usn  i-um).    lU.  I-aiHlc>us,j,eT- 


Palestine.  A  city,  the  capital  of  Anderson  Coun 
tv,  southern  Texas.     Population  (1900),  8.297. 

Palestrina  (pa-les-tre'nii).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  22  miles  east  of  Rome: 
the  ancient  Prfeneste  (which  see).  It  contains  a 
cathedral  and  various  antiquities.  The  sanctuary  of  For- 
tune is  a  very  ancient  foundation  of  wealth  and  renown, 
which  occupied  ten  terraces  rising  in  succession  and  now 
in  part  covered  by  the  modern  city.  The  chief  remains, 
besides  the  teirace  walls,  include  the  main  temple  surviv- 
ing almt)st  complete  with  Corinthian  columns  ami  pilas- 
ters  and  a  raised  tribune,  the  grotto  of  the  famous  oracle, 
niiisaics.  extensive  series  of  vaulted  chambers  antl  ptirti- 
(■■>s,  and  a  small  circular  temple,  now  disposed  as  a  chapel, 
at  the  summit.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Palestrina.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  0.129. 

Palestrina,  Giovanni  Pierluigi  da.    Born  at 


Pallee 

Palitana,  one  of  the  remarkable  Jain  agglom 
erations  which  consist  wholly  of  temples  and 
have  no  inhabitants  except  a  few  priests  and 
servant.s.  it  covers  a  large  area,  including  two  hills, 
surrounded  by  picturesque  fortitications  and  numbering 
hundreds  of  temples,  the  largest  of  which  stand  In  their 
own  iiielosures.  All  the  temples  are  characterized  by  their 
pagoda-towers,  here  in  general  <(Uadrangular,  steejil)  py- 
ramidal with  bulging  sides,  and  having  a  bullious  amalaka 
crowning.  The  construction  is  excellent,  and  much  of  the 
finish  and  ornament  admirable.  'I'be  eai  liest  temples  dat« 
from  the  11th  century,  and  the  series  continues,  always  of 
the  same  type,  to  the  present  day.     Alfio  called  Sutruniya, 

Palk  Bay  (pak  ba).  An  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean 
between  southern  India  and  Ceylon,  southwest 
of  Palk  Strait. 

Palladio  (pal-lii'de-d),  Andrea.  Bom  at  Vi- 
cenza,  Nov.  .30,  l.'ilS :  died  at  Venice,  Aug.  19, 
1580.  A  celebrated  Italian  architect.  In  1547  he 
finished  the  Castello  of  Cdine  begun  in  1519  by  FontAna, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  been  his  master  in  architecture. 
He  designed  the  Baibarano,  Tiene,  and  other  palaces  at 
Vicenza,  and  the  Olympic  Theater  there.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Venice  are  many  Palladian  edifices,  and  at  Venice 
he  built  a  Corinthian  atrium  for  the  monastery  delta  Ca- 
rit^,  the  church  of  San  (Jiorgio  Maggiore,  etc.  The  cathft. 
dral  of  Brescia  and  the  governor's  palace  are  attributed  to 
him.  At  Padua  he  built  the  Palazzo  AldrighelU  caaa 
Adriani.  According  toLetronilly,  theonly  workof  I'alladio 
in  Rome  was  an  altar  in  the  long  hall  of  the  hospital  of 
San  Sfiirito.  He  published  "Le  Antichitk  di  Roma"  (1654), 
"  Illustrations  to  Caesar's  Commentaries"  (1575),  "  I  quat- 
trolibri  deir  Arcbitettura"  (Venice,  167"),  etc.  Ilis  style 
was  known  as  the  Palladian,  and  was  long  considered  the 
most  perfect. 

Palladis  Tamia,     See  Meres,  Francis. 

Palladius  (pa-la'di-us).  [Gr.  I\n?Miho^.']  Bom 
in  Gahitia,  Asia  Minor,  probably  about  367 
A.  D.:  died  about  431.  A  bishop  of  Helenopo- 
lis  (in  Bitliynia),  author  of  a  historical  work, 
"  Lausiacum." 

Palladius.  Lived  probably  in  the  5th  century. 
A  Greek  medical  writer. 

Palladius,Rutilius  Taurus  .ffimilianus.  Lived 

in  the  4th  or  5th  century.  A  Roman  writer, 
author  of  a  work  on  agriculture  ("De  re  rus- 
tica").  A  Middle  English  translation.  In  verse,  was  pub- 
lished for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  from  a  unique 
English  MS.  of  about  1420,  from  Colchester  Castle,  under 
the  title  "  Palladius  on  Husbondrie." 

Pal  Lahara  (piil  lii-hii'ra).  A  small  state tribu- 
f  nrv  to  ( Irissa,  British  India.  Population  (1881), 
14,S87. 

The  ancient  name  of 


taining  to  the  Palilia,  or  feast  of  Pales.]  A 
name  given  by  the  Romans  to  the  Hyades,  and 
especially  to  Aldebaran,  the  brightest  of  them, 
because  this  group  of  stars  rose  heliacally  on 
the  day  of  the  PaliHa  (April  21),  the  anniversary 
of  the  founding  of  the  city. 

Palinuro  (pii-le-no'ro),  Cape,  or  Cape  Sparti- 

mento  (spiir-te-men'tn).  A  promontory  on  tlie 
western  coast  of  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  40°  2' 

N.,long.  15°  17'  E.:"tho   ancient   Palinunim.  /  i..  „^ 

It  was  the  scene  of  shipwrecks  of  Roman  fleets  Pallantia  (pa-lan  shi-k) 
in  253  and  in  36  B.  C.  Palencia. 

Palinurus  (pal-i-nu'rus).     [Gt.  n.ahmvpoc.'i    In  Pallanza  (piil-liin'za).  A  town  in  the  province 
(4rcekclassicallcgend,thehelmsmanof jJIueas.     of  Novara,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  Lago 


lie  perished  on  the  western  coast  of  Italy. 
Palestrina,  near  Ro.ne.VrobaWv  L524:7lied  at  PaUsades  (pal-i-sadz').  The.    A  basaltic  bluff 
Rome,  Feb.  2,  l.-)94.     A  celebrated  Italian  mu-     extending  along  the  western  shore  of  the  Hud- 
sician  surmamed  "Priuceps  Musica>"  ('Prince     «pn  '"  the  States  of  New  Jersey  and  New  \  uric 
. \,      ■    , ,      ,.  ..       ,         .       .  .V    r  .         -..  ..       It  commences  opposite  the  northern  part  of  ?<ew  \ork 

Of  Music  ).  He  was  chapel-master  at  the  Lateran,\ati.  ^jty  n.id  continues  northward  about  IS  mUes.  Height, 
can,  and  Sta.  Maria  Maggiore  in  Rome.     In  accordance     ..|,|).-,||o  feet 

with  resolutions  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  he  composed  —T  ,.  '..  ,_     _,,    ,>  j      r,  i.  riu        n 

three  masses  in  \Mi.  setting  the  standard  of  ecclesiastical  PallSSy  (pa-le-se'),  Bernard.  Born_at  Chapelle 
music.  For  this  he  was  appointed  composer  to  the  pmitift-  Biron,  near  Agen,  probably  about  1;)10:  died  m 
cal  choir     He  is  considered  the  first  compoaer  who  united     jIk,  Bastille,  Paris,  1589.     A  celebrated  French 


the  art  with  the  science  of  music,  and  his  works,  all  sacred 
except  two  vrdunies  of  madrigals,  mark  an  important  ejwch 
In  the  annals  of  music.  He  left  between  90  and  lOOniasses, 
hymns  for  the  year,  about  60  motets,  and  a  number  of  lam- 
entations, litanies,  etc. 

Palestro  (pii-les'tro).  A  village  in  the  province 
of  Pavia.  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  .34  miles 
west-sonthwest  of  Milan.  Here,  May  30  and  .'11, 1859, 
the  Sardinians,  aided  by  the  French,  defenfed  the  Aus- 
trlana 

Paley  (pii'li), William.  Bom  at  Peterborough, 
England,  July,  1743:  died  May  25,  1805.  An 
English  theologian  and  philosopher.  Hograduated 
at  f-hrlsl's  College,  Cambridge,  in  176:i ;  took  holy  orders  ; 
and  In  1 706  w:is  chosen  a  fellow  of  hiscoUegc.  Hevacated 
his  fellowship  by  marriage  In  1776.  and  retired  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Musgrave  in  Westmoreland,  which  had  been  con- 
ferred  on  him  the  year  before.  He  was  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Carlisle  in  1782,  became  a  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  in  17(M.  was  presented  to  the  subdeaneryof  Lincoln 
cathedral,  and  in  1795  received  the  rectory  of  Blshop- 
Wearmouth  He  published  "Principles  of  Moral  and  Piv 
lllical  Philosophy  "(178.5),  "  Horn-  Panlinai.  or  the  Truth  of 
the  S<rlpture  History  of  St.  Paul  '  (1790),  "View  of  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity"  (17nl).  ".Natural  Theology" 
(1^112) 

Palfrey  (parfri  „  John  Gorham.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, A(ay  2.  1796:  died  at  ('anibridge,  JInss., 
April  26,  IHSl.  An  American  historian  and  theci- 
,  logical  writer:  a  Unitarian  <'lergyinaii,.and  later 
professor  at  Iltirvard.  lie  was  nu^mlu-r  nf  Congress 
from  Massatdiusetta  1H47-19,  and  an  antislavery  leader. 
His  chief  work  Is  a  'History  of  New  England  "  (18r.8-(H). 
Palirhat  (piil-gaf).  A  town  in  Malabar  district. 
Madras. British  India, situated  in  lat.  10°4G'N.. 


potter  and  enameler.  He  received  an  imperfect  edu- 
cation, and  applied  himself  to  designing,  civil  engineering, 
and  natural  hist«jry.  and  made  several  journeys  in  Fi-ance 
and  Germany  :  he  also  made  some  of  the  earliest  investi- 
gations in  chemistry.  In  1539  he  established  himself  at 
Salutes,  where  he  married  and  ju-actised  the  business  of 
surveying.  In  1663  he  chanced  to  see  a  glazed  cup  which 
suggested  experiments  with  enamels.  Ho  at  llrst  sought 
only  a  white  enamel,  and  for  some  time  failed  in  his  at- 
tempts, but  at  length  Buceeedeil.  He  then  tried  to  pro- 
duce the  various  colors  of  nature.  For  16  yeais  he  labored 
in  extreme  destitution  liefore  he  snecceded  in  making  the 
ware  in  high  relief  and  rustic  tigulines  associated  with 
his  name.  He  embraced  the  reformed  religion,  and  was 
one  of  the  princliial  founders  of  the  Calvlnistic  church  at 
Salutes.  In  1.162  his  atelier  was  raided  and  devastated  as 
a  place  r>f  piditieo-rellgious  meetings.  He  was  arrested 
and  imprisoned  at  Bordeaux,  hut  was  saved  from  the  lot 
of  his  coreligionists  hy  the  Conin''tablo  de  Montmorency, 
who  Interceded  with  tliequeen,  Catharine  de'. Medici.     Set 


Maggiore  45  miles  northwest  of  Milan.  It  is  a 
winter  resort. 
Pallas  (pal'as).  [Gr.  Jla/./ar,  originally  only  a 
surname  of  Athene :  probably  from  n-dX>.<if ,  vir- 
gin.] 1.  Athene,  the  goddess  of  wisdom  and 
war  among  the  Greeks:  identified  by  the  Ro- 
mans with  Minerva.  See  Athene  and  Minerea. 
—  2.  One  of  the  planetoids  revolving  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter,  discovered  (the 
second  in  the  order  of  time)  by  Olbers  at 
Bremen,  March  28,  1802.  On  account  of  Its  minute- 
ness and  the  nebulosity  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  no  cer- 
tain conclusion  can  be  arrived  at  respecting  its  magnitude. 
Its  diameter  has  been  estimnt«d  at  1?2  miles,  and  Its  pe- 
rioil  *if  revolution  at  4.61  years.  Its  light  undergoes  con- 
siderable variation,  and  its  motion  in  its  orl)it  is  greatly 
(listurbed  by  the  jiowerful  attraction  of  Jupiter. 

Pallas  (piil'liis).  Peter  Simon.  Bom  at  Berlin, 

l'i4\:  died  there,  Se]it.S.  ISll.  A  Cxermau  uatu- 
r.'ilist  and  traveler.  He  made  a  journey  through  Kub- 
sia  and  Siberia  1768-74,  described  in  "  Reisen  dnrch  ver. 
schlcdene  I'rovinzen  des  russischen  Reichs"  ("Journeys 
through  dlllerent  Provinces  of  the  Russian  Realm,"  1771- 
1776).  He  also  wrote  "Spicilegla  zo«>l.>glca  "  (1767-1804), 
"Flora  Rossica"  (1784-88),  "Samnilnngen  historischer 
Nacliricht*:nnber  die  inongolisehenN'olkcrscbaf  ten  "("Col- 
lections of  Historical  Information  on  the  Mongolian 
Races,"  1776-1802),  and  varliais  scientillc  works. 


long.  76°  42' E.     Population  (1891),  39,481. 

Palgrave(pargi'av)  SirPranciS.    Bom  at  Lon-  Palitana  (pa-le-t  a  na)  ,,     ,^ 

don,  July,  I78S:  die.l  tit  Ilanipstead.  near  Lon-     <lia,  under  Hiili-li  iiillueiice,  nitersecled  by  lat 
don,.Tnly  6,  1861,    An  English  liisturian.    He  was 
the  son  of  a  J  ew  named  Meyer  Cohen,  and  changed  hia  name 


at  liberty,  Pallssyattacheil  himself  to  the  king,  the  (|uecn  PallaS  (pal'as),  Albaui.      A  beautiful   ttreek 
mother  Catharine,  and  the  CimniHablc  de  Montmorency.  -.■■..         .      „      .    ,.  ... 

The  cinin6table  brought  Pallssy  to  Paris,  where  he  set  up 
his  furnaces  in  the  tile-yards  (tuileries),  where  the  Palais 
defl  Tuileries  was  built.  Four  of  his  furnaces  have  re- 
cently been  discovered  uniler  the  palace.  He  was  also 
employed  at  Eeoucn.  In  1566  ho  was  eliarged  by  Catharine 
Willi  the  construction  of  grottoes  ami  other  works  In  the 
Tullerlea  gardens.  He  was  engngeil  in  this  work  In  1672 
when  thcmaaaacrcof  St.  Bartholomew  occurred.  His  life 
was  saved  by  the  protection  of  ((iieeii  Catharine  herself. 
In  1.573  he  opened  a  cinirse  of  lectures  In  natural  history, 
and  continued  this  until  1,5.S4.  He  was  among  the  vei7 
first  to  substitute  positive  experiment  lor  the  explanations 
of  the  schoidmen.  He  also  investigated  Ibi^  geology  ot 
the  Paris  basin,  and  formed  the  first  cabinet  of  mitural 
history  In  France.  In  Ul-ih  he  was  aiTested  and  thrown 
Into  the  liastlUe,  and  dieil  there.  Ills  writings  were  pub- 
lished between  1557  and  l.vso. 


1.  A  small  state  in  In- 


1°  .30'  N..  long.  71°  45'  E.     Population  (1881). 
49,271. —  2.  A  city  of  temples  in  the  state  of 


luist,  of  colossal  size,  in  Pentelic  marble,  in 
the  (ilyiitothek  at  Munich.  The  goddess  wears  a 
small  u'gis  and  a  Corinthian  helmet  with  a  serpent  an 
crest.  The  heail  is  bent  forward  It  Is  held  to  be  from  a 
bronze  orlgitial. 

Pallas  of  Velletri.     A  good  Roman  copy  of 

a  tine  (ireek  original,  of  colossal  size,  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  goildess  Is  standing,  fully  dniped, 
with  a  loirrow  legls  and  a  I'orlnthlan  helmet.  One  railed 
lunel  held  an  upright  spear;  the  left  hand,  perlmps,  sup- 
ported a  figure  of  Victory. 

Pallavicino  diiil-Ui-ve-che'no),  or  Pallavicini 

(piil-lii-ve-che'ne),  Sforza.  Born  ill  Koine, 
1607:  died  16li7.  .\  Woman  cardinal,  author  of 
a  "  llislory  of  the  Council  of  Trent "  (16.56-57). 
Pallee,  or  Pali  (jiii'le).  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Jinilipur,  India,  situated  on  a  branch  of  tho 
Liini  40  miles  south-southoast  of  Jodhpur. 
Population  (1891),  17.1.50. 


Pallene 

Pallene  (pa-le'ne).  [Gr.  na?.>.:^v7i.']  In  ancient 
geography,  the  westernmost  of  the  three  penin- 
sulas of  Chaleidice,  Jlaeedonia. 

Pallice  (pa-les'),  La.  A  new  artificial  harbor 
for  large  vessels,  near  La  Rochelle,  France. 

Pall  Mall  (pel  mel).  A  fine  street  in  London, 
leading  from  Trafalgar  Square  to  the  Green 
Park:  between  Cockspur  street  and  Trafalgar 
Square  it  is  called  Pall  Mall  East. 

Its  name  is  a  record  of  its  having  been  the  place  where 
theganieof  Palle-malle  was  played  —  agame  still  popular 
in  the  deserted  streetsof  old  sleepy  Italian  cities,  and  deriv- 
ing its  name  from  Palla,  a  ball,  and  Maglia,  a  mallet.  The 
street  was  not  enclosed  till  about  1690.  when  it  was  at  first 
called  Catherine  Street  in  lionor  of  Catherine  of  Braganza, 
and  it  still  continued  to  be  a  fashionable  promenade.  Club- 
houses are  the  characteristic  of  the  street,  though  none  of 
the  existing  buildings  date  beyond  the  19th  century.  In 
the  ISth  century  their  place  was  filled  by  taverns  where 
various  literary  and  convivial  societies  had  their  meetings. 
Hare,  London,  IL  44. 

Palma  (pal'ma).  One  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
situated  west-northwest  of  Teneriffe.  Capital, 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Palma.  It  is  traversed  by  a  moun- 
tain-range.    Length,  26  miles.     I'opulatiou  (1887),  39,605. 

Palma.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  Balearic  Isles, 
Spain,  situated  on  Palma  Bay,  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Majorca,  in  lat.  39°  34'  N. ,  long.  2°  41'  E. 
It  is  the  seat  of  important  commerce  and  industry.  The 
cathedral  is  a  line  Pointed  building  the  towers  and  flying 
buttresses  of  which  form  a  conspicuous  landmark.  The 
columns  of  the  nave  .are  very  hisrh  ami  slender,  the  vault 
measuring  nearly  150  feet,  and  the  tombs  of  Mallorcan 
kings  and  bishops  and  the  great  medieval  carved  wooden 
reredos  add  interest  to  the  interior.  The  exchange  is  also 
notable.     Popnlation  (1887),  60,514. 

Palma,  or  La  Palma.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva.  Spain,  31  miles  west  of  Seville.  Pop 
ulation  (1887),  5,897. 

Palma,  or  Palmanova  (pal-ma-no'vii).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Udine,  Italy,  57  miles 
northeast  of  Venice. 

Palma,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo,  surnamed  "Palma 
Veechio"  ('the  Elder').  Born  at  Serinalta, 
near  Bergamo,  Italy,  about  1480:  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Aug.  8,  1528.  A  Venetian  painter.  He  is 
classed  with  though  not  equal  to  Giorgione  and  Titian. 
His  portraits  of  women  are  especially  brilliant  and  soft  in 
tone  and  color.  Among  his  pictures  are  "St.  Barbara"  at 
Venice;  "  Santa  Conversazione."  Naples  Museum  ;  "Visi- 
tation "  and  "  Santa  Conversazione,"  Vienna  ;  "  The  Three 
Graces,"  Dresden  ;  ".Tudith,"  L'thzi,  Florence  ;  "La  Schia- 
va,"'  Palazzo  Barberini,  Rome  ;  etc. 

Palma,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo,  surnamed  "  Palma 
(iiovane ''  ("the  Younger').  Born  at  Venice 
about  1544:  died  there,  1628.  A  Venetian 
painter,  nephew  of  Palma  Vecehio.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  freshness  of  his  coloring,  and  compared 
not  unfavorably  with  his  contemporaries  Tintoretto  and 
Paolo  Veronese  :  but  he  became  careless  in  his  later  pic- 
tures, and  is  said  by  Lanzi  to  be  the  last  painter  of  the 
good  and  the  first  of'the  bad  epoch  in  the  Venetian  school, 

Palma,  Ricardo.  Born  at  Lima,  Feb.  7,  1833. 
A  Peruvian  author.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  subsequently  was  connected  with  the  National  Li- 
brary :  it  w!vs  mainly  through  his  efforts  that  it  was  re- 
opened in  18S4,  after  its  destruction  by  the  Chileans.  Pal- 
ma's  works  include  "  Anales  de  la  Inquisicit)n  de  Lima  " 
(1863),  several  volumes  of  poems,  romances  and  sketches, 
and,  since  1S70,  a  series  of  works  of  great  interest  on  the 
historical  traditions  and  legends  of  Peru. 

Palma  Campania  (kitm-pa'ne-ii).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  1(5  miles  east  of 
Naples.     Population  (1881),  6,476. 

Palma  del  Bio  (del  re'6).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadal- 
qiHvir,  at  the  junction  of  the  Jenil,  29  miles 
west-southwest  of  Cordova.  Population  (1887), 
7,696. 

Palmaria  (pill-ma-re'S).  A  small  island  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Spezia,  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy.  It  is  famous  for  its 
black  marble. 

Palmas  (pal'mas).  Cape.  A  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Liberia,  western  Africa,  situated  in  lat. 
4°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  44'  W. 

Palmas,  Las.  ['The  palms.']  A  cathedral  city 
and  a  seaport,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Gran 
Canaria,  (Ja.nary  Islands,  it  is  the  largest  place  in 
the  islands,  and  has  flourishing  commerce.  Population 
(1887),  20,766. 

Palmblad  (palm'bliid),  Wilhelm  Fredrik. 
Born  Dec.  16, 1788:  died  Sept.  2, 1852.  A  Swe- 
dish author,  one  of  the  Pliosphorists.  Among 
his  works  is  the  novel  "Aurora  Kfinigsmark" 
(1846-49).  After  1835  he  was  co-editor  of  the 
"Biographisk  Lexicon." 

Palm^las  (pal-mel'yiis).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
northeastern  Bolivia,  department  of  Beni,  on  the 
river  Baur^s.  By  their  language  they  appear  to  belong 
to  the  Carib  linguistic  stock,  though  they  are  widely  sepa- 
rated from  other  Cai-il)  tribes. 

Palmer  (pam'er),  Charles  Ferrers.  Bom 
1819:  died  Oct.  27,  1900.  An  English  anti- 
quarian. He  studied  at  the  Queen's  College  of  Medi- 
cine, Birmingh.am,andpractised  as  a  surgeon  forsome  time. 


776 

In  1842  he  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Chru'ch,  entered  the 
Dominican  tirder  in  1852,  and  took  orders  in  1859.  He  is 
known  as  Father  Raymund.  He  published  "  The  His- 
tory of  the  Town  and  Castle  of  Tamworth,  etc."  (1845), 
"The  Dominican  Tertiary's  Guide"  (1866),  "The  Life  of 
Philip  Thomas  Howard,  O.  P.,  Cardinal  of  Norfolk,  .  .  . 
with  a  Sketch  of  the  .  .  .  Dominican  Order,  etc."  (1867), 
"History  ...  of  the  Collegiate  Churcli  of  Tamworth" 
(1871),  "History  of  the  Baronial  P'amilyof  Marmion"(1875), 
etc.,  and  other  works  principally  relating  to  the  Dominican 
order  and  to  the  town  of  Tamworth. 

Palmer  (pam'er),  Ed'ward  Henry.  Born  at 
Cambridge,  England,  Aug.  7,  1840 :  murdered 
by  Bedouins  in  the  desert  near  Suez,  Aug., 
1882.  An  English  explorer  and  Orientalist. 
He  entered  St.  John's  Colk'^'c,  Camiiridge.and  was  elected 
fellow  in  1867.  He  joined  tlie  Siniii  expedition,  and  in  1870 
explored  the  Wilderness  of  tiie  Wandering  with  Drake  ; 
in  the  same  year  he  published  the  ''Desert  of  Exodus." 
In  1871  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge, 
and  in  1876  published  a  Persian  dictionary.  In  1882  he 
accompanied  the  government  expedition  to  the  desert  of 
Suez,  where  he  was  murdered. 

Palmer,  Ed'win.  Born  July  18,  1824:  died  Oct. 
17,  1895.  An  English  classical  scholar,  arch- 
deacon of  Oxford. 

Palmer,  Erastus  Do'W.  Born  at  Pompey,  N.  Y., 
April  2,  1817.  An  American  sculptor,  in  1846 
he  began  his  career  as  a  cameo-cutter.  He  has  produced 
more  than  100  works  in  marble. 

Palmer,  James  Shedden.  Born  in  New  Jersey, 

1810:  died  in  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  Dec.  7, 
1867.  An  American  admiral.  He  became  a  midship- 
man in  the  U.  S.  navy  in  1825,  and  was  promoted  captain  in 
1862  ;  commanded  the  Iroquois  of  Farragut's  squadron  in 
thepassage  of  theVicksburg  batteries  in  June,  1862;  and  was 
captain  of  Farragut's  flag-ship  wiien  she  ran  the  batteries 
of  Port  Hudson  in  ilarch,  1863.     Made  rear-admiral  1866. 

Palmer,  John  McCauley.  Born  Sept.  13, 1817: 
died  Sept.  25,  1900.  An  American  general  and 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  1839,  served  in 
the  Civil  War  (major-general  of  volunteers  1862,  corps 
commander  under  Slierman  1864),  was  Republican  gover- 
nor of  Illinois  1869-73,  was  elected  United  States  senator 
(Democratic)  1891,  and  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency 
as  a  sound-money  Democrat  1896. 

Palmer,  Ray.  Born  at  Little  Compton,  R.  I., 
Nov.  12,  1808:  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  March 
.29,  1887.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, noted  as  a  hymn-writer.  He  wrote  the  hymn 
"My  Faith  looks  up'to  Thee,"  and  published  "Closet 
Hours  "  (1851),  "  Complete  Poetical  Works  "  (1876),  etc. 

Palmer,  Roger,  Earl  of  Castlemain.  Born  at 
Dorney  Court,  Bucks,  Sept.  3,  1634:  died  at 
Oswestry,  July  21,  1705.  An  English  diplo- 
matist and  writer.  He  was  raised  to  the  Irish  peer- 
age at  the  Restoration  tii  propitiate  his  wife,  who  was  the 
mistress  of  tlie  king  (see  VWiers,  Barbara). 

Palmer,  Roundell,  Earl  of  Selborne.  Born  at 
Mi-xbui-y,  England,  Nov.  27,  1812 :  died  at  Black- 
moor,  near  Petersfield,  May  4,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist  and  hymiiologist.  He  was  solicitor-gen- 
eral 1861-63  ;  attorney-general  1863-66;  British  counsel  at 
the  Geneva  Court  of  Arbitration  in  1871-72 ;  and  lord 
chancellor  under  Gladstone  in  1872-74  and  1880-86.  He 
was  created  Baron  Selborne  in  1S72,  and  Earl  of  Selborne 
in  1882.  He  published  "Book  of  Praise,  from  the  Beat 
English  Hymn-writers  '  (1863),  etc. 

Palmer,  Walter  Launt.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y. , 
Aug.  1,  1854.  An  American  painter,  son  of  E. 
D.  Palmer:  a  pupil  of  F.  E.  Church  and  of 
Carolus  Duran. 

Palmerin  Romances,  The.    A  series  of  eight 

Spanish  romances  of  chivalrv.  The  first, "  Palmerin 
de  fdiva."  the  work  of  a  carpenter's  daughter  in  Burgos, 
printed  at  Salamanca  in  1511,  and  the  sixth,  "  Palmerin  de 
Inglaterra  [England],"  written  by  Luis  Hurtado  (Toledo, 
1547),  are  the  most  noted.  These  romances  are  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Amadis  romances,  and  cimie  near  them  in  im- 
portance. The  two  mentioned  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  .\ntony  Munday ;  the  second  was  abridged  by 
Robert  Southey. 

Palmer  Land,  or  Palmer's  Land.  A  land  in 
the  south  polar  regions,  south  of  Tierra  del  Fue- 
go,  about  lat.  63°  S. 

Palmerston,  Viscount.  See  Temple,  Henry  Joint . 

Palmetto  State.  South  Carolina:  so  named 
from  the  palmetto  on  its  coat  of  arms. 

Palmieri  (pal-me-a're).  Llligi.  Born  April  22, 
1807:  died  Sept.  10,  1896.  An  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  physicist.  He  w.as  .appointed  prcjfessor 
of  physics  at  the  University  of  Naples  in  1847,  and  director 
of  the  meteorological  observatory  on  Vesuvius  in  1848  (an 
oftice  the  duties  of  which  he  assumed  in  1854). 

Palmjrra  (pal-mi'rii),  or  Tadmor  (tad'mOr). 
[Gr.  RaAjivpa.']  In  aincient  geography,  a  city  sit- 
uated on  an  oasis  in  the  desert  east  of  S^Tia, 
about  lat.  34"=  18'  N.,  long.  38°  10'  E.:  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Solomon.  It  early  became  an 
important  commercial  center ;  rose  to  prominence  in  the 
reign  of  Hadrian  (about  130  A.  P.);  became  a  Roman  colony 
about  212;  became  practically  independent  in  the  reigns 
of  Valerian  and  Gallienus  under  Odenathus,  and  was  the 
capital  of  the  important  kingdom  of  P.almyra.  It  became 
formally  independent  under  Zenobia,  wlio  was  defeated 
and  captured  by  Aurelian  in  272.  Palmyra  was  destroyed 
in  273.  Later  it  was  relmilt,  and  is  now  in  ruins.  Palmyra 
is  remarkable  for  its  extensive  architectural  remains,  which 
date  for  the  most  part  from  near  the  close  of  the  Roman 


Paludan-Miiller 

protectorate,  and  are  more  rich  than  pure  in  style.  The, 
chief  monument  is  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  with  its  im- 
pressive inclosure.  .almost  more  striking  are  the  long- 
double  lines  of  colonnaded  streets,  spanned  by  triumphal 
arclies.  There  are  many  other  ruins,  including  temples, 
public  buildings,  dwellings,  and  long  stretches  of  towered 
fortifications  of  tlie  time  of  Justinian.  There  is  also  an 
extensive  necropolis,  characterized  by  mausoleums  in  the- 
form  of  towers.  Only  the  more  prominent  remains  have; 
been  tlioroughly  studied. 

Palmyra  of  the  North,  The.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  St.  Petersburg. 

Palni  (pal'ne)  Hills.  A  range  of  mountains- 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Deccan,  India,  con- 
nectingthe  Eastern  and  Western  Ghats.  Height 
of  highest  summits,  about  7,000  feet. 

Palo  Alto  (pa'lo  al'to).  [Sp., 'high  pole.']  A 
place  near  the  southern  extremity  of  Texas,  8- 
miles  northeast  of  Brownsville.  The  first  battle  of 
the  war  between  the  United  .states  and  Mexico  w-as  fought 
here  May  8, 1846.  Taylor,  commanding  the  United  States 
troops,  had  fortified  liimself  on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite 
Matamoros  ;  Arista,  the  Mexican  general.  man<euvered  X(y 
cut  him  off  from  his  base  of  supplies  at  Point  Isabel,  and 
Taylor  attacked  him  with  2,:i00  men,  the  Mexicans  having 
about  3,500.  The  battle  was  fought  mainly  with  artillery, 
and  the  Mexicans  were  defeated,  retiring  next  day  to  Re- 
saca  de  la  Palma. 

Palo  Alto.  A  stock-farm  in  California,  estab- 
lished by  Leland  Stanford.  Experiments  were 
made  here  by  E.  Muybridge  about  1880  to  determine,  with 
the  aid  of  instantaneous  photography,  the  actual  condi- 
tions of  locomotion  in  various  animals. 

Palo  Alto.  A  bay  trotting  stallion  by  Election- 
eer, dam  Winnie  (thoroughbred).  He  won  the 
stallion  record  in  2  :  08j,  and  held  it  until  he  died.  His. 
record  was  lowered  by  stamboul  (2 :  08). 

Palo  del  Colle  (pa'lo  del  kol'le).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  12  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Bari.     Population  (1881),  10,257. 

Palomino  de  Castro  y  Velasco  (pii-16-me'n6 

da  kiis'tro  e  va-las'ko),  Acisclo  (or  Acislo) 
Antonio.  Bom  at  Bujalance,  near  Cordova, 
Spain,  16.53:  died  at  Madrid,  1726.  A  Spanish 
painter  and  writer  on  art.  He  published  a  treatise 
on  painting  ("El  museo  pictorico  y  escala  optica,"  1715- 
1724),  etc. 

Paloos  (pii-los'),  or  Peloose  (pe-l<js'),  or  Pa- 
louse  (pa-los').  [PL,  alsoPrt/oose-s.]  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  In  1805  they  were  on 
the  Clearwater  River,  Idaho,  above  the  Forks,  and  on  the 
small  streams  tributary  to  it,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
In  1851  they  numliered  181:  those  now  living  are  on  the 
Yakima  reservation,  Washington.     See  Shahaplian. 

Palos  (])ii-los').  A  small  to-wn  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Tinto,  near  its 
mouth,  47mileswest-southwest  of  Seville.  Fromi 
this  port,  -Aug.  3,  149'2,  Columbus  sailed  on  his  voyage  of 
discovery. 

Palouse.     See  ralnos. 

Palouse  (pa-loz' )  River.  A  branch  of  the  Snake 
River  in  Idaho.     Length,  .about  200  miles. 

Palsgra'Ve  (piilz'grav),  John.  Bom  at  London 
about  1480 :  died  there,  15.54,  An  English  teacher 
of  French.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  and  at  Paris, 
and  was  appointed  teacher  of  French  to  the  princess  .Mary, 
sister  of  Henry  VIII.,  before  her  marriage  to  Louis  XII. 
He  remained  in  her  service,  returning  to  England  with 
her  when  she  married  the  Earl  of  Suffolk ;  was  made  a 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in  1514  ;  became  schoolmaster  to 
the  king's  bastard  son,  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  in  1525 : 
went  to  Oxford  in  1531 ;  and  w-as  presented  to  the  living  of 
St.  Dunstan's  in  the  East,  London,  by  Cranmer  in  1553.  He 
wrote  a  book  containing  his  method  of  instruction,  a  gram- 
mar and  dictionary  combined,  entitled  "  L'Esclaircisse- 
nient  de  la  Langue  Fi-ancoyse,  compost  par  Maistre  .lehan 
Palsgrave,  Angloys,  Natif  de  Londres,  et  Gradu6  de  Paris,"" 
in  1530.  it  is  a  valuable  record  of  the  exact  state  of  the 
French  language  at  the  time.  In  1640  he  published  a 
translation  of  a  Latin  play  entitled  "Acolastus,"by  aDutch 
schoolmaster, WillemdeVolder(Fullonius).  Itwaswrittea 
about  1525,  to  be  acted  by  school-boys,  and  was  on  the? 
subject  of  the  prodigal  son. 

Palti  (piil'te).  A  lake  in  Tibet.  50  miles  south- 1 
west  of  Lhassa.  It  is  nearly  ring-shaped.. . 
Length,  about  30  miles. 

Paltock,  Robert.     Sec  Fetcr  Willcins. 

Paludan-Miiller  (pal'o-diin-miirier),  Fred- J 
erik.  Bom  at  Kjerteminde,  in  Fiiiien,  Den- 
mark. Feb.  7,  1809:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec. 
29,  1876.  A  Danish  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Jens. 
Paludan-Miiller,  who  died  bishop  of  Aarlmus,  and  brother 
of  the  historian  Kaspar  Peter  Paludan-Muller(born  1805). 
He  entered  the  Copenhageii  University  in  1828.  In  1832: 
he  published  a  romantic  drama,  "Kjarlighed  ved  Hoffet"" 
("Love  at  Court").  This  was  followed  by  the  poem 
"Danserinden"  ("The  Dancing  Girl,"  1833),  the  lyrical 
drama  "  Amorog  Psyche  "(1834),  the  narrative  poem.'"  Zu- 
leimas  F'lugt "("Zuieima's  Flight,"  1835),  and  "Poesier" 
("Poems  "),in2volumes,  in  ISSeand  1838.  This  latter  year 
he  went  abroad  to  travel  in  Germany,  France,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy.  Subsequent  works  are  the  dramatic  poems- 
"  Venus" (1841),"  DryadensBrylIup"(" The  Dryad's  Wed- 
ding "),  and  "  'I'ithon  "  ( "  Tithonus  ")  (both  1S44).  His  great- 
est work, "  Adam  Homo,"  written  in  ottava  rima.  appeared 
from  1841  to  1848.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Abels 
Dod"("  Abel's  Death,"  1854).  the  lyric  drama  "Kahanus" 
(1857),  "Paradiset"  ("Paradise,"  1861),  "Kain  "  ("Cain  "),. 
"  Ahasverus  "("  Ahasuerns"),  "Benedict  fra  Nursia."  A. 
comedy,  "Tiderne  Skifte"  ("The  Times  Change'),  and 
tile  lyric  poem  "  Adonis  "  are  both  from  1874.  He  is  also- 
the  author  of  two  prose  works :  the  allegorical  tale  "  Ung- 


Paludan-Muller 

dom8kilden"("'r;.>=  Fountain  of  Youth,"  1866)  and  the  so- 
cial novel,  in  3  volumes,  "Ivar  Lykkes  Historic"  ("The 
History  of  Ivar  Lykke,"  1866-73)-  ilis  poetical  writings 
(•  PoetiskeSlcriftL-r"") appeared  at  Copenhagen,  1878-79,  in  b 
volumes. 
,  Palwal,  orPulwuKpul-wul').  A  town  ill  Gur- 
gaou  district,  Panjab,  British  India.  40  miles 
south  of  Delhi.     Population  (1881),  10.635. 

Pam.  A  nickname  familiarly  given  to  Viscount 
Palmerston. 

Pamas.     See  Punipunis. 

Pamarys.      See  Punipunis. 

Pamela  (pa-me'la).  The  daughter  of  Basilius 
and  sister  of  Philoclea:  a  noted  character  in 
Sidney's  romance  "Arcadia."  Richardson  gave  the 
name  to  a  servant,  to  signify  that  line  feeiiiigs  were  not 
confined  to  the  upper  classes. 

Pamela  (pam'e-iii).  or  Virtue  Rewarded.  The 
first  of  the  series  of  novels  written  by  Samuel 
Richardson,  piiOlished  in  1740.  it  is  so  "called  from 
the  name  of  the  heroine,  an  ostentatiously  virtuous  ser- 
vant who  resists  the  dishonorable  attempts  of  her  mas- 
U:t,  and  is  finally  rewarded  by  becoming  his  wife.  This 
amused  Fielding  and  provoked  him  into  writing  the  his- 
tory of  "Joseph  Andrews,"  an  equally  virtuous  serving- 
man  and  the  brother  of  Pamela,  which  was  begun  as  a 
caricature,  but  grew  into  a  work  of  independent  character. 
Pope,  in  his  "  Epistle  to  Mrs.  Blount,"  accents  the  name 
Fame  la  (but  see  the  extract). 

One  significant  sign  of  its  [Pamela's]  popularity  was  its 
changing  the  pronunciation  of  the  name  itself,  which  in 
Pope  is  accented  on  the  second  syllable,  and  in  Richard- 
■on  on  the  first,— the  public  being  willing  to  introduce 
discord  into  a  line  of  the  former,  rather  than  spoil  the  har- 
mony of  a  few  verses  which  the  latter  had  inserted  in  the 
novel-  Whipple,  Essays. 

Fames  (pa'mas),  or  Pamis  (pii'mes).  Mexican 
Indians  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state 
of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Queretaro  and  Guanajuato.  They  are  of  Otomi 
stock,  closely  related  to  the  true  Ototnis,  and  have  long 
been  partially  civilized.     See  Otomis  and  Otomi  stock. 

Pamiers  (pa-mya').  A  cathedral  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arifege,  France,  situated  on  the 
Ari&ire  40  miles  south  of  Toulouse.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  former  couiitship  of  Foi.\-  It  was  sacked  in 
1628.     Population  (1891),  commune,  11,143. 

Pamir  (pil-mer').  The  name  given  to  au  exten- 
sive plateau  region  in  central  Asia,  northeast 
of  Afghanistan,  south  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and 
west  of  East  Turkestan,  it  contains  the  sources  of 
the  Amu-Daria.  Its  elevation  is  alii>ut  13,000  feet,  and 
from  it  radiate  the  Alai  (Trans-Alai),  K.arak«u-um,  and 
Hindu  Kush  Mountains,  with  peaks  rising  on  the  t»orders 
2o,i)iX)-:;6,oOO  feet  in  elevation.  It  is  the  central  knot  of  the 
Asiatic  mountains,  and  is  frequently  designated  the  "  roof 
of  the  World-"  Over  it  passed  the  ancient  commercial 
highway  to  China-  It  is  on  the  borders  of  the  Russian, 
Chinese,  and  British  empires,  and  hence  has  recently  be- 
come of  great  interest-  A  large  part  of  the  I'amir  region 
was  occupied  by  Russia  in  1892. 

Pamlico  (pam-le'ko).  [PI.,  also  ramlirns.}  A 
tribe  ot  North  American  Indians  living  upon 
the  river  of  the  same  name  in  Beaufort  County. 
North  Carolina.  They  werenearlydestroyedbysmall- 
pox  in  1C96  and  by  the  Tuscarora  war  of  1711,  the  remnant 
of  them  being  absorbed  in  the  Tuscarora  tiibe.  See  Alffon- 
quian, 

Pamlico  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  east 
of  North  (J.arolina,  separated  from  the  Atlantic 
by  low  narrow  islands.  It  communicates  with  Albe- 
marle .Sound  on  the  north  by  Croatan  and  Roanoke  sounds, 
and  with  the  Atlantic  by  Ociacoke,  Uatteras,  and  other 
inlets      Length,  about  7f'  miles. 

Pammanas,  f>r  Pammarys.    See  Purupuru.i. 

Pampa  (piira'pii).  A  territory  of  the  Argentine 
KepubliCjWest  of  Buenos  Avres.  Area  variously 
estimated  at  from  58,000  to" 89,000  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  38,.500. 

Pampa  AuUagas  (piim'pa  oul-ya'gas),  oi' Aul- 
lagas,  called  also  Poopo  (p6-6-po'),  etc.  A 
swampy  lake  in  Bolivia  which  receives  tlie  river 
Desaguadero  from  Lake  Titicaca.  It  has  no 
outlet.     Length.  Gij-TO  miles. 

Pampas  (piim'piis).  A  name  given  in  the  Ar- 
gentine Kepulilic  to  various  Indian  tribes  iii- 
nabitiug  the  pampas  to  the  south  and  west  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  csipoeially  the  Puelches,  Kan- 
queles,  and  I'clHienelies. 

Pampas  (pain'pilz;  S]>.  pron.  piim'piis).  [Said 
to  bo  from  a  (juiclnnt  word  meaning  '  an  open 
field.']  A  name  given  in  southern  and  western 
South  America  to  various  open  and  grassy 
plains,  and  in  this  sense  .synonymous  with  tlii- 
flOS  Specifically,  and  in  a  geographical  sense,  the  pamlias 
are  the  great  t»pen  plains  of  the  Argentine  UepuMic,  be- 
tween tht  river  Parana  and  the  A(  hint  icon  the  cast  and  I  lie 
mountainous  regions  of  thewest.  \orthward  these  nlaiiiH 
Bie  continuous  with  the  (Iran  chaco,  and  soulhwaro  they 
rise  into  the  table-lands  of  Patagonia.  Kegarding  the 
river  Salndo  a-s  the  northern  boundary,  and  the  Colorado 
as  the  soiithetn,  the  pampas  enibraee  the  provinces  of 
Buenos  Ayres  and  Santa  Ke,  most  of  Cordoba,  niirtions  of 
Santiago,  San  Luis,  and  .Mendozji,  and  the  lerrltorj-  of  La 

*  Pampa,  to  which  the  name  is  now  cemnionly  restricted  In 
Argentina.  This  gives  an  area  of  over  300. ooiisqinire  miles. 
The  elevation  In  Cordoba  is  1,200  or  1,800  feet;  thence  it 


777 

falls  regularly  southeastward  to  40  or  50  feet  near  the  At- 
lantic. Ihereare  occasional  depressions,  occupied  by  sa- 
lines, but  no  high  hills-  The  surface  is  everywhere  open 
and,  where  not  too  dry,  very  fertile ;  jMirtions  are  subject 
to  floods.  The  name  is  often  extended,  especially  by  nat- 
uralists, to  the  open  but  hilly  lands  east  of  the  Parana 
and  in  Uruguay  and  southern  Brazil. 

Pampas  del  Sacramento  (jjiim'piisdel  siik-ra- 
men'to).  A  region  of  nortliern  Peru,  between 
the  livers  Hiiallaga  and  Ucayale.  From  the  little 
known  of  it,  it  appears  to  be  a  plateau  varied  with  hills 
or  low  mountains,  very  fertile,  and  with  a  healthy  and 
agreeable  climate ;  much  of  the  surface  is  free  from  forest, 
11  was  discovered  and  named  by  the  Jesuit  Simon  Zani 
in  1732,  and  for  many  years  was  the  seat  of  nourishing 
Jesuit  missions.  There  are  now  few  inhabitants  except 
wandering  Indians.  Length,  probably  3U0  miles.  Width, 
40  to  10(1  miles. 

Pampean  (pam'pf-an)  race.  [F.  race  pampe- 
(■«»<.]  A  name  under  which  D'Orbigny  (1839) 
included  nearly  all  the  South  American  Indian 
tribes  known  to  him  east  of  the  Andes,  except 
those  of  the  Tupi  and  Tapuya  stocks.  He  divided 
them  into  3  races  —  the  Pampean,  chi(|Uitean,  and  Moxean. 
This  classification  was  based  on  physical  characteristics, 
and  later  ethnologists,  relying  mainly  on  the  dillerences 
of  language,  have  abandoned  it.  The  tribes  are  now  dis- 
tributed in  many  linguistic  stocks. 

Pampean  stock,  or  Aucanian  stock  (ii-ka'- 

ni-an  stok),  or  Araucanian  (ar-a-ka'ui-an) 
stock.  A  linguistic  stock  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians,  on  both  sides  of  the  Andes,  in 
southern  Chile  and  the  Argentine  Kepnblic. 
It  embraces,  among  other  tribes,  the  .Araucanians  nf  cliilf, 
and  the  Aucanos,  Pehuenches,  Puelclies,  and  Querendis 
of  the  Argentine.  They  are  all  known  .as  valiant  warriors 
who  long  resisted  the  Spaniards ;  most  of  them  are  still 
practically  independent. 

Pampeluna.     See  Pamplonu. 

Pamphylia  ( pam-firi-a).  [Gr.  'na/i(j>v/.ia, country 
of  all  tribes.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  moun- 
tainous region  in  Asia  Minor,  bounded  by  Pi- 
sidia  on  the  north,  Cilicia  on  the  east,  the  Med- 
iterranean on  the  south,  and  Lvcia  on  the  west. 
It  was  successively  under  the  rule  of  "Lydia,  Persia,  Mace- 
don,  Syria,  Pergamum,  and  Rome. 

Pamphylian  (pam-firi-an)  Gulf,  or  Pamphyl- 
ian  Sea.  The  ancient  name  of  the  (iulf  of 
Adalia. 

Pamplona  (piim-plo'na),  or  Pampeluna  (piim- 
pa-lo'nii),  F.  Pampelune  (poiip-liin').  1.  A 
province  of  Spain.  See  Xanirre. —  2.  The  cap- 
ital of  Navarre,  situated  on  the  Arga  about  lat. 
42°  47'  N.,  long.  1°  40'  W.  it  is  a  fortress  and  stra- 
tegic point  of  importance.  The  cathedral  dates  from  !3!t7, 
with  a  modernized  west  front.  The  cloister  is  (if  excellent 
Geometrical  I'ointed  work,  in  part  with  openwork  pedi- 
ments over  the  traceried  arches.  A  rcfectorj- and  several 
rooms  and  chapels  older  than  Ilie  cathedral  open  on  the 
cloister.  Pamplona  was  an  ancient  t-iwii  of  the  Vaseones  : 
waspartially  destroyed  by  Charles  tile  Creat  ill  77s ;  sulfered 
in  the  Moorish  wars  ;  became  the  capital  of  the  kingiloni 
of  Navarre;  wjis  taken  by  the  French  in  IsiiH,  and  re- 
taken by  the  Spanish  in  1813;  and  suttered  in  the  Carliat 
wars.     Population  (1887),  26.603. 

Pamplona  (piim-plo'nii).  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Santander,  Colombia,  205  miles 
north-nortlieast  of  Bogota.  Populatiou  (1880), 
abiint  9,000. 

Pamunkey  (pa-mungk'i).  A  river  in  Virginia, 
fiirnied  by  the  union  of  tlie  North  and  South 
Anna,  and  uniting  with  tlie  Mattapouy  at  West 
Point  to  form  the  York  Kiver.  Length,  with 
the  South  Anna,  over  100  miles. 

Pan  (pan).  [Gr.  Ibu'.]  In  aneient  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  ])astures,  forests,  and  flocks. 
The  original  seatof  his  worship  was  in  Arcadia,  whence  it 
gradually  spread  over  the  rest  of  (ireece.  Me  was  renre- 
sented  with  the  head  and  body  of  an  elderly  man,  wliile 
his  lower  palts  were  like  the  hind  quarters  of  a  goat,  of 
which  animal  he  often  iKire  the  horns  and  ears  alwi.  He 
was  fond  of  music  and  of  dancing  with  the  forest  nymphs, 
and  was  the  inventor  of  the  syrinx,  or  shepherd's  flute, 
hence  called  Pan'g  piix'n  or  I'atuU-an  jnjtfg.  Sudden  terror 
without  visilile  or  rea'^onable  cause  was  attributed  to  his 
infiuence.  The  Komaiis  Identified  the  iJreek  Pan  with 
their  own  god  Iiiuus,  and  sometimes  also  with  Faunus. 

Panack.     Sec  linnnocl;. 

Panaetius(pa-ne'slii-ns).  [Gr.  ITaiainof.]  Born 
aliout  ISO  B.  c, :  died  alniut  111  B.  c.  A  Greek 
Stoic  ])hilosopher  of  Rhodes,  thi'  friend  (at 
Home)  of  Lielius  and  Scipio  the  Younger. 

Panagia  (ini-na'gi-ii).  [Gr.  Travayior,  all-holy.] 
In  the  (iieek  or  tiithodox  Eastern  Chuicli,  a 
title  of  (he  Virgin  Mary.  This  title  signifies  lilerally 
'all-lmly,'  an  inlcnsive  of  the  epithet  "holy"  applied  tu 
other  Hiiiiits,  and  is  of  all  her  titles  that  which  is  in  most 
general  use. 

Panama  (pii-nii-mit').  1.  A  deparlment  of  Co- 
lombia, comprising  (nearly)  the  Isl limns  of  Pa- 
nama, anil  bordering  on  t'osta  Kica.  It  was 
indepeniient  l.'^.'iU-Cil.  Area.  31,.571s(piiiremiles. 
Population,  '.'H.-i.tiOO.  — 2.  A  ealhiMlnil  city  and 
seaport,  capital  of  tlie  deparlmeni  of  Panama, 
situated  on  the  Biiy  of  Panama  in  hit.  8"  57'  N.. 
lung.  79°  32'  W.  It  Is  the  seat  of  a  l.irge  export  and 
transit  trade,  the  lermhniH  of  the  Panama  Uullway,  and  n 
free  port.     It  was  founded  In  l.^ilO  by  Prdrailas.  burned 


Panchala 

by  Morgan's  bucaneers  in  1671,  and  rebuilt  in  its  present 
location  in  1673.     Population  (18861,  est.,  sn.oOO. 

Panama,  Audience  of,  A  Spanish  court  and 
governing  body  located  at  Panama.  Asoriginally 
established  in  l;'i3»  (by  decree  of  l.iS.'i)  It  ruled  all  the  Span- 
ish possessions  of  (  entndand  South  America,  except  Vene- 
zuela. It  waB  suppressed  in  1546,  on  the  creation  of  the 
audiences  of  Lima  and  the  Confines.  From  l.')tH  to  1569 
the  audience  of  the  Confines  was  removed  to  Panama,  with 
jurisdiction  over  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  the 
Isthmus,  and  moat  of  New  Granada :  after  the  latter  year 
Honduras,  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica  were  attached  to  the 
audience  of  the  Confines,  that  of  Panama  including  the 
Isthmus  and  New  Granada,  subject  to  the  audience  of 
Lima.  It  was  suppressed  from  1718  to  172'2,  and  subse- 
quently, until  its  final  sujipression  In  175*2,  was  aubordinate 
to  the  audience  of  New  Granada  at  Bogota. 

Panama,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Oeeau, 
south  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Panama,  Isthmus  of,  or  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

An  isthmus,  forming  a  jiart  of  Colombia,  which 
connects  North  and  South  America  and  sepa- 
rates the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Pacilic  Ocean. 
It  ia  traversed  by  low  mountains.  Length  (to  Costa  Rica), 
about  450  miles.  Width,  30-70  miles.  The  name  Panama 
is  sometimes  used  in  a  more  restricted  sense  for  a  narrow 
ptirtlon  of  the  isthmus  immediately  opposite  the  t^.wii  of 
Panama;  and  a  similar  constriction  opposite  the  Gulf  of 
t'ruha  is  often  distinguished  as  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

Panama  Canal.  A  projected  ship-canal  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  idea  of  piercing  tha 
isthmus  is  very  old,  and  from  18'2«  many  surveys  were 
made  with  reference  to  it,  including  very  complete  ones 
by  the  liiited  States  government  1872-7,'i.  In  1877  the  Co- 
lombian government  gnmted  a  concession  to  a  French- 
man named  Wyse  for  constructing  the  canal.  Ferdinand 
de  Lesseps  supported  the  scheme.  At  his  invitation  an  "in- 
ternational scientific  congress  "  met  at  Paris  in  May,  1879, 
and  after  a  short  session,  and  without  considering  other 
plans,  decided  In  favor  of  the  Panama  route ;  the  American 
delegates  refrained  from  voting.  A  Panama  canal  com- 
pany was  at  once  formed  ;  the  Wyse  concession  was  pur- 
chased by  It ;  De  Lesseps  himself,  as  chief  engineer,  visited 
the  isthmus  and  declared  that  the  canal  was  entirely 
practicable  ;  and  an  "  iiitemationa!  technical  committee  " 
estimated  the  cost  at  >-'UHt,i-M k;»,oOo,  On  the  strength  of 
these  representations  the  shares  were  rapidly  taken,  and 
active  work  was  commenced  in  1881.  The  route  decided 
uiion  is  close  to  the  Panama  Railroad,  crossing  theChagres 
River  six  times,  and  involving  a  long  and  deep  cut 
through  the  Central  Cordillera :  the  periodical  floods  of 
the  chagres  were  to  be  controlled  by  dams.  Work  was 
continued,  with  some  interruptions,  until  March,  1889, 
when  the  company  went  into  liquidation.  I'p  to  that 
time  it  is  said  to  have  absorbed  S2*iO,000,ooo,  obtained  by 
the  sale  of  shares  and  bonds,  mainly  to  the  middle  classes 
in  Fnmce,  and  finally  by  lottery  drawings  which  were  au- 
thorized by  the  French  government.  Of  the  total  length 
of  the  canal  (.'>4  miles),  12  miles  had  been  so  far  finished  as 
to  be  navigable ;  but  tills  did  not  include  the  more  ditficult 
portions.  In  Dec,  18112,  De  Lesseps  and  his  son.  the  con- 
tractor Eitfel,  and  others  were  arrested  on  charges  of  fraud 
in  connection  with  the  canal.  At  their  trial  It  was  shown 
that  a  large  portion  of  the  funds  had  been  used  in  subsi- 
dizing the  French  press  and  In  bribing  members  of  the 
French  legislature,  etc.  Owing  to  these  revelations  sev- 
eral well-known  men  were  forced  from  jiublic  life.  See 
Li'sxfpn,  Ferdinand  de. 

Panama  Congress.    A  congress,  to  be  held  at 

Paiiaiini  in  lS2li,  e;illed  by  the  .Spanish-American 
republics  for  the  settlement  of  various  matters 
jiei'taining  to  America  in  general.  The  Inited 
states  were  imt  represented  in  the  preliminary  meeting. 
The  congress  adjniirnt-d  to  1827,  but  did  not  reconvene. 
Panama  Rail'way.  A  railway  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  connecting  Panama  with  Aspin- 
wall.  It  is  owned  by  an  American  company,  and  was  com- 
menced ill  18.''0  and  completed  In  1855.     Length, 47  miles. 

Pan-American  Congress.  1 .  A  congress  of  rep- 

I'eseiitativeN  tiniii  iTie  Inited  Stales,  Mexico, 
Haiti,  anil  all  llie  states  of  Central  .Vmei'ica 
and  South  .\merieii,  held  al  Washington  1SS9- 
isyi),  I'lM'the  purpose  of  consultation  on  matters 
common  to  the  various  stales,  and  for  the  fur- 
therance of  international  commcrceandcomily. 
—  2.  A  similar  congiess  held  in  the  city  of 
Mexico,  October,  1901-January,  1902. 

Pan-American  Exposition.    An  exposition  of 

the  arls,  niaMul'arturi's,  etc..  of  the  peoples  of 
North  and  South  America,  held  at  BiilTalo, 
N.  Y..  ill  1901. 

Pananas  (iiii-nii-niis').  [Corruption of  Piitciifc.'] 
The  name  given  in  New  Mexico  by  the  Span- 
ish settlers  to  the  Pawnee  tribe. 

Panaria(pii-nii-i'e'ii).  One  of  the  Lijiari  Islands, 
iinrlliensi  of  Lipari. 

Panaro  (pii-nii'ro).  Ariverof  Italy,  which  joins 
the  Po  12  miles  northwest  of  Ferrara.  Lengthy 
about  75  miles. 

Panathenaic  Stadium.    See  .iihcn.t. 

Panay  (pii-ni'i.     '  'ne  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 

silu;ileil  sotilheasl  of  Mindoro  and  northwest  of 

Xegi'os.     Ari-a,  4,('):>;i  square  miU's. 
Panchala  (luin-eliii'hi ).     The  iiaiiie  of  a  country 

andpeo]ileofani'ieiit  hiili»(intheMaha1ilinrata. 

in  (he  Lower Donb;  in  Mann,  nearKanniij:  and 

aceordiiiglo  Wilson, "extending  norlhand  west 

from  Delhi,  from  the  foot  of  the  Himalayas  to 

the  Chnmbal"!. 


Pancbatantra 

Panchatantra  (pan-eha-tan'tra).  [Skt.,  'hav- 
ing five  divisions  or  books.']  A  celebrated  Sau- 
slmt  book  of  fables,  one  of  the  two  sources  of 
the  Hitopadesha  (which  see),  25  of  the  43  fables 
of  the  latter  being  found  in  it.  From  a  now  lost 
earlier  Indian  original  of  the  Pancbatantra  came  a  lost 
Pahlavi  translation  about  560  A.  D.  ;  from  that  the  Syriac 
"Ealiiagand  Damna^  "(570)  and  the  Arabic  "Kalilah  and 
Dimnah  "  (750) ;  from  the  Arabic,  the  unknown  intemie- 
diar>'  of  Baldo's  "Alter  -Esopus  "  of  the  12th  century,  the 
Latin  intermediary  of  Don  Alfonso's  Spanish  version  of 
1299,  the  Hebrew  of  Rabbi  Joel  of  1250,  the  Persian  of 
Nasr  Allah  H;i0,  and  the  Greek  of  .Sj-meon  Seth  108u;  from 
Rabbi  Joel's  Hebrewversion,  John  of  Capua's  "Dirfctoriuni 
humanae  vil«"  1270,  a  Spanish  version  ("Exemplario")  in 
1493,  an  Italian  by  Doni  in  1552,  and  from  that  again  the  T.ua- 
lish  of  Sir  Thomas  North  of  l.'CO,  while  from  Rabbi  Joel's 
Hebrew  through  John  of  Capua's  "  Directorium  "  camealso 
Duke  Eberhard's  "  Buch  der  Beispiele  "  of  1480 ;  from  the 
Persian  of  Nasr  Allah  1130  came  Abul  Fazl's  revision  for  Ak- 
barof  1590,  a[id  thence  a  Turkish  rendered  into  fYench,  and 
the  "Anwari  Suhaili,"or  "Lights of  Canopus,"  translated 
into  English  by  Eastwick  1S54  ;  from  the  Greek  of  .Symeon 
Seth  10»0  came  a  Latin  version  published  in  Rome  166f). 
and  an  Italian  published  at  Ferraral5S3.  This  tabulation 
by  Lanman  of  the  results  of  Benfey,  given  by  him  in  the 
introduction  to  his  Pancbatantra  (Leipsic,  1859),  and  in 
Benfey '8  introduction  to  Bickell's  "  KaliLag  und  Damnag  " 
(Leipsic,  lS7ti),  shows  the  importance  of  the  work  in  the 
history  of  folk-lore.  It  is  the  origin  of  the  fables  known 
throughout  Europe  as  those  of  Pilpay  or  Bidpai,  (See  PH- 
pay.)  Besides  the  German  version  of  Benfey,  there  is  a 
French  translation  by  Lancereau  with  a  discussion  of  the 
history  of  the  fables. 

Panchavati  (pau'cha-va-te).  In  Sanskrit  my- 
thology, part  of  the  great  southern  forest  near 
the  sources  of  the  Godavari,  where  Eama  dur- 
ing his  exile  passed  along  period. 

Panches  (piin'chas).  A  name  given  by  early 
historians  of  New  Granada  to  Indian  tribes  in 
the  valleys  south  of  Bogota  included  in  the 
modern  departments  of  Tolima,  Cundinamarea, 
and  Cauca.  They  were  described  as  very  savage  and  as 
cannibals.  Probably  the  name  was  given  to  them  by  the 
Chibchas,  and  it  may  have  been  applied  to  many  distinct 
tribes.  Herrera  states  that  the  Panche  language  was 
widely  extended,  nearly  surrounding  the  Chibcha  territory 
—  a  statement  which  has  led  Dr.  Brinton  to  include  these 
Indians,  with  others,  in  the  Paniquita  stock  (which  see). 

Panch  Mahals  (panch  ma-halz"l.  A  district 
in  Guzerat,  Bombay,  British  India,  situated 
about  lat.  22°  50'  N.,  long.  73°  50'  E.  Area, 
1,613  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  313,417. 
Also  Punch  MehsJs. 

Panckoucke(pon-kok'),  Charles  Joseph.  Born 
at  Lille,  France,  Nov.  26,  1736:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  19,  1798.  A  French  publisher,  translator, 
and  writer. 

Panckoucke,  Charles  Louis  Fleury.  Bom  at 
Paris.  Dec.  23.  1780:  died  there,  July  12,  1844. 
A  French  publisher,  translator,  and  writer,  son 
of  C.  J.  Panckoucke. 

Pancras  (pan'kras),  L.  Pancratius  (pan-kra'- 
shi-us),  Saint.  A  martjT  at  Rome  under  Dio- 
cletian. He  was  only  14  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and 
was  subsequently  regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  children. 

PancsO'Va  (pan'cho-vo).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Torontal,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Temes  10 
miles  east-northeast  of  Belgrad.  Here.  July  so, 
1739,  the  Austrians  defeated  the  Turks,  and  in  1849  the 
Austrians  defeated  the  Hungarians.  Population  (1890). 
v.'.na. 

Panda  (pan'dii).     See  Iphira. 

Pandareos  (pan-da're-6s).  [Gr.  Jlaixinpfui;.]  In 
(Jreek  legend,  a  native  of  Miletus  who  stole  the 
golden  dog  made  by  Hephsestus  from  the  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  in  Crete,  and  gave  it  to  Tantalus. 
Tor  denying  its  possession  Tantalus  was  buried  under 
Mount  Sipylus,  and  Pandareos  was  slain.  His  daughters 
were  brought  up  by  Aphrodite. 

Pandarus  (pan'da-ms).  [Gr.  IlaviapoQ.']  In 
Greek  legend,  an  ally  of  the  Trojans  during  the 
siege  of  Troy,  leader  of  the  Zeleians  or  Lycians. 
He  is  represented  in  medieval  romance,  and  by  Chaucer, 
shakspere,  etc.,  as  a  procurer.     See  Cressid. 

Panda'taria(pan-da-ta'ri-a).  [Gr.  TlavdaTapia.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  one  of  the  Ponza  Islands, 
situated  in  the  Mediterranean  west  of  Naples : 
the  modern  Vandotena.  It  was  the  place  of 
banishment  of  Julia,  Agi-ippiua,  and  Octavia. 

Panda'7as  (p;in'da-vaz).  [Skt.]  Descendants 
of  Paudu.     See  Piiiidii. 

Pandects  of  Justinian.  [From  Gr.  Tav6eKTric, 
all-containing.]  A  collection  of  Roman  ci\'il 
law  made  by  the  emperor  Justinian  in  the  6th 
century,  containing  decisions  or  judgments  of 
lawyers,  to  which  the  emperor  gave  the  force 
and  authority  of  law.  This  compilation,  the  most 
important  of  the  body  of  Roman  civil  law,  consists  of  50 
books.     Mso  called  the  Digest.     Compare  C'orpwfl  J«m. 

The  popular  story,  already  much  discredited,  that  the 
famous  copy  of  the  Pandects  now  in  the  Laurentian  Li- 
brary at  Florence  was  brought  to  Pisa  from  Amalfl.  after 
the  capture  of  that  city  by  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  with  the 
aid  of  a  Pisan  fleet  in  llS.'i,  and  became  the  means  of  dif- 
fusing an  acquaintance  with  that  portion  of  the  law 
through  Italy,  is  shown  by  him  [Savigny]  uot  only  to  rest 


778 

on  very  slight  evidence,  but  to  be  unquestionably,  in  the 
latter  and  more  important  circumstance,  destitute  of  all 
foundation.  Hallam,  Lit.,  p.  53. 

PandemOS  (pan-de'mos).  [Gr.  Trdv6ri/ioc,  com- 
mon to  all  the  people.]  A  surname  of  Aphro- 
dite, alluding  both  to  her  sensual  character  and 
to  her  function  as  the  uniter  of  the  scattered 
population  in  one  social  bodv. 

Panderpur(pun-der-por'),orI»andharpur(pun- 
dar-por').  A  town  in  Sholapur  district,  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  situated  on  the  Bhima  about 
lat.  17°  41'  N.,  long.  75°  23'  E.  It  has  a  temple  of 
Vishnu.     Population  (1891),  19,954. 

Pandies  (pan'diz).  [From  Hind.  /wiTKfa,  a  Brah- 
man.] The  Hindus;  the  Sepoys:  especially 
applied  by  the  British  troops  to  the  Sepoys  in  the 
Indian  mutiny  of  1857-58. 

Pandion  (pan-di'on).  [Gr.  Tilavdiuv,']  In  Greek 
legend,  a  king  of  Athens,  father  of  Proene  and 
Philomela. 

Pandora  (pan-do'ra).  [Gr.  Ilavdufxi,  all-gifted, 
or  all-giver.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  first 
woman,  created  by  Hephsestus  at  the  command 
of  Zeus  in  revenge  for  the  theft  of  fire  from 
heaven  by  Prometheus.  The  gods  endowed  her  with 
beauty,  cunning,  and  other  attributes  fitted  to  bring  mis- 
fortune toman.  She  was  given  to  Epimetheus,  who,  in  ac- 
cepting the  gift,  brought  down  all  the  evils  of  life  upon 
the  human  race.  According  to  some  accounts  she  Itecame 
the  mother  of  Pyrrha  and  Deucalion  ;  according  to  others 
she  was  their  daughter.  In  a  later  form  of  the  legend  she 
received  from  the  gods  a  box  containing  the  blessings  of 
life,  which  she  opened,  thus  allowing  all  the  blessings  (ex- 
cept hope)  to  escape. 

Pandosia  (pan-do'shi-il).  [Gr.  Hai'iJoma.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  place  in  Bruttium,  Italy, 
near  the  modem  Cosenza.  Here,  326  B.  c,  Alex- 
ander, king  of  Epirus,  was  defeated  by  the  Brut- 
tians. 

Pandosto  (pan-dos'to),  or  the  Triumph  of 
Time.  A  romance  by  Robert  Greene,  published 
in  1588.  Itwas  based  on  a  Polish  romance.  The  second 
title  is  "The  History  of  Dorastus  and  Fawnia":  the  later 
editions  give  this  as  the  title.  Shakspere  founded  his 
"Winter's  Tale"on  this  story;  the  character  of  Pandosto 
was  the  original  of  Polixenes,  king  of  Bohemia,  in  Shak- 
spere's  play. 

Pandrosos  (pan'dro-sos).  [Gr.  nni'rfpoerof.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  daughter  of  Cecrops.  She 
had  a  sanctuary  at  Athens. 

Pandu(pan'do).  [Skt., 'the  pale.']  Brother  of 
Dhritarashtra,  king  of  Hastinapura  and  father 
of  the  Pandavas  or  Pandu  princes.  See  Maha- 
bharaia. 

Pandulf,  or  Pandulph  (pan'dulf).  Died  1226. 
A  cardinal  in  the  papal  service,  prominent  in 
English  polities  in  the  reigns  of  John  and 
Henry  III. 

Paneas  (pan-e-as').     See  Csesarea  Philippi. 

Pangani  (piing-ga'ne).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rufu  or 
Rufa.  about  lat.  5°  30'  S. 

Pangaum,     See  Goa,  Xeic. 

Pangloss  (pan'glos).  Doctor.  ['All-tongues.'] 
1.  Ill  Voltaire's  "Candide,"  an  obstinately  op- 
timistic philosopher,  the  tutor  of  Candide.  His 
favorite  maxim  is  that  "  all  is  for  the  best  in  this 
best  of  possible  worlds." — 2.  In  Colman  the 
younger's  play  "  The  Heir-at-Law,"  a  pedantic 
but  gay  and  amusing  prig,  the  tutor  of  Dick 
Dowlas:  a  satire  on  the  mercenary  and  disrepu- 
table private  tutors  of  the  period. 

PangO-PangO(pang'g6-pang'g6).  A  large  haven 
on  the  southern  side  of  Tutuila  in  the  Samoan 
Islands.  It  has  been  occupied  by  the  United 
States  as  a  coaling  station  since  1872. 

PangU  (pang'go).     See  Kongo  Nation. 

Pangwe  (pang'we).     See  Fan. 

Panhandle,  or  Pan  Handle  (pan'han'dl).     A 

popular  name  for:  (a)  The  northern  part  of 
West  Virginia,  a  projecting  strip  lying  between 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  (/i)  The  northern  ex- 
tension of  Texas,  (c)  The  northern  extension 
of  Idaho. 

Panhellenius  (pan-he-le'ni-us).  [Gr.  'nave7.7.fj- 
vioc,  of  all  the  Greeks.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
stimame  of  Zeus. 

Pani.     See  Pawnee. 

Panicale.     See  Masolinn  dn  Panirale. 

Panini(pa'ni-ni).  The  greatest  of  Sanskrit  gram- 
marians. He  is  said  to  have  been  born  at  .Shalatura  in 
the  Gandhara  country  (Kandahar),  northwest  of  Attock  on 
the  Indus.  "Respecting  his  period  nothing  really  trust, 
worthy  is  known,  but  he  is  with  hiuch  probability  held  to 
have  lived  some  time  (two  to  four  centuries)  before  the 
Christian  era"  (Whitney).  His  grammar  consists  of  eight 
lectures,  each  divided  into  four  chapters,  and  each  of  these 
into  a  number  of  sutras  or  aphorisms,  the  whole  number 
of  these  being  3.996  or  3,997,  It  traces  phenomena  wherever 
found  instead  of  classifying  material,  and  is  accordingly  a 
sort  of  natural  history  of  the  language.  To  attain  greater 
conciseness  an  arbitrary  symbolical  language  is  coined. 


Pano  stock 

the  key  to  which  must  be  acquired  to  make  the  rules  in- 
telligible. The  first  adhyaya  or  lecture  explains  the  tech- 
nical terms  and  their  use.  The  whole  work  is,  in  fact,  a 
sort  of  grammatical  algebra.  The  great  signiflcanceofitlics 
in  the  circumstance  that  the  whole  oi  the  more  modem  San- 
skrit literature  has  been  pressed  into  the  mold  prepared 
by  Panini  and  his  school.  Panini  has  been  edited,  trans- 
lated, and  explained  by  Bohtlingk  in  his  "  Paninis  Gram- 
matik  "  (new  edition,  Leipsic,  1887).  See  also  GoldstUcker'« 
"Panini :  His  Place  in  Sanskrit  Literature " (Loudon,  1861X 

Panipat,  or  Paniput  (pan-i-puf).  A  town  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India,  56  miles  north  of 
Delhi.  Here,  in  1526,  a  victory  was  gained  by  Baber  the 
Mogul  conqueror  over  the  Sultan  of  Delhi,  which  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Mogul  empire ;  here,  in  1566,  a  victory 
was  gained  by  Akbar ;  and  here,  in  Jan.,  1761,  the  Af- 
ghans under  Ahmed  Shah  Durani  defeated  the  Mahrattas 
and  l-rnke  their  p"wer,     Populatinn  (1801),  27,547. 

Paniq.uitas(pa-ne-ke'tas).  [So  called  from  their 
principal  modern  village.]  Indians  of  Colombia, 
department  of  Cauca,  in  the  mountains  near 
Popayan.  They  are  perhaps  descended  from 
the  ancient  Panches  (which  see). 

Paniquita  stock  (pii-ne-ke'til  stok).  The  name 
proposed  by  Dr.  Brinton  for  a  linguistic  stock 
of  Indians  in  Colombia.  Besides  the  modern  Pani- 
quitas  and  Paes  or  Paezes,  he  refers  to  it,  provisionally, 
several  old  tribes  whose  languages  are  lost,  including  the 
Musos,  Panches,  (!'olimas,  and  Pijaos.  Nearly  all  of  these 
were  at  war  with  the  Chibchas  before  the  conquest,  and 
they  were  less  advanced  in  civilization  than  that  tribe. 
Many  of  them  flattened  the  head  artificially.  See  Musta, 
Pijaos,  and  Payi/:he^. 

Panixer  (pii'nik-ser)Pass.  A  pass  on  the  border 
of  the  cantons  of  Glarus  and  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. It  was  the  scene  of  the  retreat  of  Suva- 
rofPs  army  in  Oct.,  1799.     Height,  7,907  feet. 

Panizzi  (pa-net'se).  Sir  Anthony.  Born  at 
Brescello,  Modena,  Sept.  16,  1797:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  8,  1879.  Chief  librarian  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  He  took  his  degree  at  the  University 
of  Parma,  and  became  an  advocate.  Implicated  in  the 
revolutionary  attempt  at  Modena  in  1821,  he  fled  to  Eng- 
land in  1823.  He  was  made  professor  of  Italian  in  Unl- 
versify  College,  London,  in  1^28,  and  in  1831  was  appointed 
assistant  librarian  in  the  British  Museum.  In  1837  he  be- 
came keeper  of  the  printed  books,  and  devised  the  cata- 
logue. He  was  made  principal  librarian  in  1856.  The 
construction  of  the  great  reading-room  from  his  design 
was  finished  in  1857.  He  retired  in  June,  1866.  He  was 
also  active  in  the  interests  of  the  revolution  in  Italy. 

Panjab,  or  Punjab  (pun-jsb'),  or  Puiijaub 
(pun-jab' ),  orPenjab  (pen-jab')-  [Hind.,  'five 
rivers.']  The  country  of  the  five  rivers,  tribu- 
taries of  the  Indus  —  the  Sutlej,  Bias,  Ravi, Che- 
nab,  and  Jhelum ;  in  an  extended  sense,  a  lieuten- 
ant-governorship of  British  India,  including  the 
Panjab  proper  and  adjacent  regions,  and  sit- 
uated northwest  of  the  Northwest  Provinces. 
Capital,  Lahore.  The  surface  is  generally  a  plain. 
The  Panjab  is  the  seat  of  the  Sikhs.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  and  was  invaded  by  Nadir  Shah  and  other 
conquerors  in  the  18th  century.  The  Sikh  power  was  con- 
solidated under  Ranjit  Singh  (died  1839).  The  first  Sikh 
war  with  the  British  was  fought  in  1846;  the  second  in 
1848-49.  The  Panjab  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1849. 
Area,  110.687  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  20,866,847. 

Panjandrum  (pan-jan'drum),  The  Grand.  A 
fictitious  personage,  invented  by  the  dramatist 
Foote. 

Panjim.     See  Goa,  Neic. 

Panmure,  Baron.     See  Pamsay,  Fox  Marde. 

Fanna,  or  Punnah  (pun'ii).  A  state  in  Bun- 
delkhand,  India,  under  British  control,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  24°  40'  N.,  long  80°  15'  E.  Area. 
2, .568  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  239,333. 

Paimonia(pa-n6'ni-a).  [Ov.  Ylamovia.^  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  ftoman  pro'vinee,  bounded 
by  the  Danube  on  the  north  and  east,  Moesia 
and  Illyricum  on  the  south,  and  Norieum  on 
the  west.  It  corresponded  to  Hungary  south  and  westof 
the  Danube,  Slavonia,  and  parts  of  Lower  Austria,  Styrla, 
Carniola,  Croatia,  and  Bosnia:  was  made  a  Roman  prov- 
ince by  Tiberius  ;  was  divided  by  Trajan  into  tipper  Pan- 
nonia  in  the  west  and  Lower  Pannonia  in  the  east ;  was 
subdivided  by  Diocletian ;  and  passed  later  to  the  East 
Goths,  Lombards,  Huns,  Slavs,  and  Magyars, 

Panom-Penh,  or Panompeng.  See  Pnom-Penh. 

PanopoUs  (pan-op'o-lis).  [Gr.  Xlavoiroh^,  city 
of  Pan.]     The  ancient  name  of  Akhmim. 

Panoptes  (pan-op'tez).  [Gr.  HavdirrK,  all-seer.] 
A  surname  of  Argus. 

Panormus  (pa-n6r'mus).  [Gr.  Havop/ioc,  all- 
haven.]     The  ancient  name  of  Palermo. 

Panos  (pa'nos).  Indians  of  Peru,  in  the  forests 
near  the  Ucayale  River,  northeast  of  Cerro  de 
Pasco.  They  were  formerly  numerous,  and  during  the 
17th  century  many  of  them  were  gathered  into  mission 
villages.  The  missionaries  described  them  as  savages  of 
a  rather  low  grade,  but  practising  agriculture  and  possess- 
ing, it  is  said,  the  art  of  hieroglyphic  writing  on  bark.  The 
missions  were  broken  up  in  1767,  and  most  of  the  Panos 
returned  to  their  wild  life,  forming  numerous  petty  tribes. 
The  few  remaining  are  friendly  to  the  whites. 

Pano  stock  (pa'no  stok).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
South  American  Indians,  mainly  in  northern 
Peru  near  the  Ucayale  and  Huallaga  Rivers. 
It  includes,  among  others,  the  Panos,  CachiboB,  Conlbos 


Fano  stock 


779 

Setiboi  Remos,  etc.,  in  Pern,  the  Mayorunas  on  the  river  PanUTge  (pa-n6rj';  F.  pron.  pa-niirzh').     [Gr. 
Javary  the  PaoaBuaras  o(  the  Beni,  anJ  possibly  the  Cari-     ,raTOi'H}of,  a  rogue,  lit. 'all-doer.'J    A  eliaracter 
i  ,-.     ..„ ...K.. „,. „„™.o.„„»      .^  Kabelais's  '^History  of  Gargantua 


.  and  Pan- 


Papinian 

the  Marches,  tTmbrla.  and  Romagna)  was  annexed  to  Italy 
in  1860;  and  the  reniainiieriinoluding  Konie  and  neighlwr- 
InB  districts)  was  annexed  Ui  Italy  in  1S70. 

Papal  Tyranny  in  the  Reign  of  King  John. 

Gibber's  alteration  of  Sliakspere's  "  King  John, 
liroiluced  in  1745:  it  had  been   "burked"   in 
1736-37. 
beenT^e^Yorhim  i^r'onrihe  PapanazeS  (pil-pii-na'zas)      [Probably  a  double 
cTn'gar  of  Merllnus  Coecaius,  or  Folengo,  a  Slacanjnic     plural  from  Papana.]     Indians  on  or  near  tbe 
Italian  poet,  but  on  the  whole  he  is  original,  and  is  hardly     Brazilian  coast  of  Espirito  Santo  and  Porto  be- 
comparal)le  to  any  one  else  in  literature  except  talstafl.  .  ^|      ^^^^  ^j  ^j^^  Portuguese  conquest. 

The  main  idea  in  PaTiurge  is  the  absence  of  morality  in     K  Tunis. 

the  wide  Aristotelian  sense,  with  the  presence  of  almost      ihey  were  ot  tuo  lupt  race,  ^^e  j«//w. 

Sainliljuni,  French  Lit.,  p.  186.  Papantla  (pa-pant'la).     A  town  in  the  state  01 
[Gr.  haviamc.']     Lived    Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  112  miles  north-northwest 
-    -        '       of  Vera  Cruz.     Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Totonac  In- 
dians     Near  Papantla  there  is  an  ancient  pjraniidal  struc- 
ture(te«calli),  with  other  ruins.    Population,  about  10,000. 
le  of  Herodotus,  a  man  of  political  note  at  p.-arrhieODOUloS  (papil-re-gop'6-los),   COH- 
iown  against  uX^,!i^:^.t^^^':t^ SU^  ^s^aS'^T^ a/U tantiyple,  1815:  died 
temporary  celebrity  by  another  "Ueracleia,"  In  fourteen 
books.  Considerablefragmcntsof  asocial  nature  are  quoted 


tagruel," 

A  very  important  personage  In  "  Pantagruel "  is  Pannrge, 
a  alngular  companion  whom  Pantagruel  picks  up  at  Paiis, 
and  who  is  perhaps  the  greatest  single  creatloji  of  Ka^ie- 
lais.     Some  ide.i3  may  have  ' 


all  other  good  qualities. 

PanyasisCpa-ui'a-sis)     _ 
in  the  lirst  half  of  the  5th  century  B 
Greek  poet  Of  Halicamassus. 

Panyasls,  uncle  of  Herodotus,  a  man  of  political  note  at 
Halkarnassus, 


punas  of  the  Madeira.     Most  of  the  tribes  are  very  savage, 
and  enemies  of  the  whites. 

Pansa(pan'za),  Gains Vibius.  Died43B.  c.  A 

Roman  consul  43  B.  c,  the  colleague  of  Hirtius. 

He  was  killed  in  the  war  against  Antony. 
Pansa,  House  of.    See  Pompeii. 
PantaenUS  (pan-te'nus).  [Gr.  nui;ra(voc.]  Lived 

at  the  end  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.     The  leader 

of  the  catechetical  school  in  Alexandria. 
Pantagoros  (piin-ta-g6'r6s).  An  Indian  tribe  of 

Colombia,  formerly  populous  and  powerful  in 

the  valley  of  the  Magdalena.  about  lat.  7°  N. 

Tbey  resisted  the  Spaniards  with  great  courage,  and  many 

of  thero  were  killed  or  enslaved.    A  tew  remain  in  the 

marshy  lands  near  the  river.     They  have  been  referred  to 

the  Paniquita  linguistic  stock. 
Pantagruel  (pan-tag'ro-el;  F.pron.pon-tii^grii- 

el'  )•     The  king  of  the  Dipsodes  and  son  of  Gar- 
gantua, in  Rabelais's  '-History  of  Gargantua 

and  Pantagruel."     See  Garffantua. 
Pantalon  (pan'ta-lon),  or  Pantalone  (piin-tii- 

16 'ne).    A  typical  character  in  Italian  comedy, 

of  Venetian  origin,  represented  as  an  old  man;     gjn  hooks,  caueu  -  lomua,   u,.  w.^  ....wh"...^- - -.     ^ ,  t-*,  j 

the  Enelish  Pantaloon.  and  especially  on  the  Ionic  migration.  34' W.     It   has  a   considerable   export   traae, 

Pantellaria  (pan-tel-Ui-re'ii),   or  Pantelleria  .WaAa/y,  Ulst.  of  classical  Greek  Ut..  I.  H.,.     population  (1881),  3,224. 

(pan-tel-le-re'ii),    or    Pantalaria    (piin-tii-la-  Panza  (pan'zii;  Sp.  pron.  pan  tba)    Sancho.  Papenburg(pa'pen-borG).    A  town  in  the  prov- 

re'a)      1    An  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,     The  famous  esquire  of  Don  (Quixote  m  Cer-     j^.e  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  a  canal 

situated  iji  lat.  36°  48'  N.,  long.  12°  E. :  the  an-    vantes's  romance  of  that  name.  near  the  Ems,  57  miles  west  of  Bremen.  Popu- 

cient  Cosvra  or  Cossura.     It  belongs  to  the  prov-        To  complete  his  chivalrous  equipment -which  he  (Don     jation  (1890),  6,933. 

Ince  of  lYapani,  Sicily.     Tlle  surface  is  volcanic.     Area,      Quixote)  liad  begun  by  fttting  up  for  himself  a  suit  of  armor  p       „_  King    The.      ^  surname  given  tO  John 

northwest  coast.     Population,  about  d.uuu.  ^^^  ^^^  ^  ^^^ .  gdflsh  and  gross,  yet  attached  to  his  mas-     ^j  Aphrodite,  from  the  worship  paid  her  in  Pa- 

PanthaVS  (nan'tbaz).     The  Mohammedans  of     ter ;  shrewd  enough  occasionally  to  see  the  folly  of  their        ,      "^ 
""Z  proVee  of  Yunnan.  China      They  pro-     |;;«;f^-;,^"^,«^-roT;rir'7f.?;;;;rspa'",ri:ii:'il™l?^  p'kphiagonia  (paf-la-go'ni-a).  [Gr.  Ila^Mw/a.] 


from  it  by  Stobajus  and  Atlienieus,  which  specially  refer 
to  the  use  and  abuse  ot  winedrliiking.   They  are  eU-gantly 


..tAthens,  April  2(),  1891.     A  Greek  historian. 
He  became  professor  ot  history  in  the  University  of  Athens  . 
in  l.ssi.    His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of  the  Greek  Peo- 
ple ■■(1800-74). 


claimed  their  independence  in  1855,  but  were 
put  down  about  1872. 
Pantheon  (pan'the-on).  [Gr.  Jldi^fiov,  neut.  of 
TTavduo^,  of  all  gods.]  A  building  at  Rome, 
now  dedicated  as  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria 
Botonda,  completed  by  Agrippa  in  27  B.  c,  and 
consecrated  to  the  divine  ancestors  of  the  Ju- 


Panzer  (piint'ser),  Georg  Wolfgang.  Born  at 
Sulzbach.  March  16,  1729:  died  at  Nuremberg, 
July  9, 1804.  A  German  clergyman  and  bibliog- 
rapher, noted  for  researches  in  the  history  of 
the  art  of  printing:  chief  pastor  at  Nuremberg. 
He  published  "  Annales  tj^pographici "  (1793- 
1803), 


In  ancient  geograpliy,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  by  the  Black  Sea  on  the  north,  Pontus 
(separated  by  the  Ilalys)  on  the  east,  Galatia 
on  the  south,  andBithyniaon  thewest.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  mountainous.  The  country  was  semi-in- 
dependent under  Persian  and  Macedonian  rule.  It  passed 
hiter  to  Pontus,  and  with  that  to  Rome  in  65  B.  c. 
Paphos  (pa'fos).     [Gr.  ndfjf.]      In  ancient  ge- 


has  a  trade  in  oil  and  wine.     Population  (1881), 
8,097. 

Paola,  Fra.    See  Sarpi. 

Paoli   (pa-6'le).     A  place  in   Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  20  miles  west  by  north  of  Phil- 
adelphia.    Here,  Sept.  20,  1777,  the  American!)  under 
Irenes  neing  inereiy  ..ml-      Wayne  were  surprised  and  defeated  by  the  British, 
brick  deep,  and  having  served  as  a  scaffolding  during  the  Paoli(pa'6-le),  PaSQUale.     Born  at  Morosaglia, 
......     «_..,,„..,   %.. ".-v."!..  c.i.-^.jci,  and  Victor  Emman-     jn  Corsica,  1<  25:   died  near  Ljontion,   reb.   o. 


and  seni ,  ,  ^    .    .  ,. 

columns.  The  interior  diameter  is  142J  feet,  and  the  height 
to  the  ape.x  of  the  great  hemispherical  coffered  dome  Is 
the  same.  The  lighting  of  the  interior  is  solely  from  an 
open  circle,  2.*  feet  in  diameter,  at  the  summit  of  the 
dome.  The  etfect  of  the  interior  is  unique  and  highly 
Imposing.  The  construction  is  of  concrete,  lightly  faced 
with  brick,  and  incrusted  (now  almost  exclusively  in  the 
interior)  with  marble.  The  dome  is  practically  solid  con- 
crete, the  faniili.ar  system  of  inset  arches  being  inerely 

p,  and  having  served  as  a  sc  " 
erection.  Raphael,  Annibale  Caracci, 
nel  II.  are  Imried  in  the  Pantheon.  It  has  been  proved 
that  the  temple  never  was  connected  with  the  baths  of 
Agrippa. 
Panth6on  (pon-ta-on' ).  The  Church  of  Sto.  Ge- 
nevieve in  Paris,  a  large  classical  building  in  the 
form  of  a  Greek  cross  276  by  370  feet,  with  a 
central  dome  272  feet  liigti  and  75  in  diiimcter. 
TheCorinthlan  columns  of  the  entrance  portico  are  si  f.et 
high.  The  pediment  is  lllled  witll  a  siulptmvd  gr.nip,  by 
David  d'Aiigers,  representing  France  distributing  laurels 
to  her  deserving  children.  The  interior  is  siuiple  and 
well  pri.iKTtioned.  Its  walls  are  in  large  part  covered 
with  jiaintings,  by  some  of  the  chief  of  modern  artists,  il- 
lustrating the  development  of  French  history  and  civili- 
zation There  are  also  some  statues  of  d  ist  inguisheil  men . 
Clovis  built  on  this  spot  the  Church  of  St.  I'eter  and  .St. 
Paul,  where  he  was  burled,  as  were  afterward  Sto.  Clcjtilde 
and  Ste.  Genevieve  from  whom  it  took  Its  later  name. 
This  church  was  probably  destroyed  by  the  Normans  In 
the  9th  century.  The  monks  of  St.  Victor  cstJibllHhed 
their  cloister  here  In  1148,  in  the  papacy  ot  Eugenins  III. 
Their  KoniantB<4ne  church  was  replaced  by  a  late. Gothic 
building  alter  148'.».  In  17(H  the  present  church  was  be- 
gun under  l.<»ui8  XV.,  and  in  1791  was  first  set  apart  for  Its 
present  purpose,— that  of  a mausolenni  for  famous  French- 
men, —  though  it  has  since  at  times  been  used  as  a  church. 

Pantheon  of  the  British,  The.    Westminster 

Abb.V. 

Pantibibla  (pan-ti-bib'lil).     See  the  extract. 

From  the  earliest  period  the  literature  of  Chaldea  was 
store.l  ill  nulilie  libraries.  According  to  Benisos,  Pantl- 
bilila.  or  'bonk-town,*  was  one  of  the  antediluvian  cities 
of  Babylonia,  and  -Klsuthros  had  burled  his  liiMiks  at  SIih 
para  — perhaps  in  retcrenco  to  the  .Semitic  sepher,  'biKifc' 
—  before  llie  Floi.d.  Saijce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  160. 

Panticapaeum  (pan"ti-ka-pe'um).  [Gr.  Uaini- 
k/ittiuuv.]     The  ancient  name  of  Kerteh. 

Pantschatantra.    See  Pdiuhntnutrn. 

Pinuco  (pii'n<i-ko).  [Probably  from  the  name 
of  ail  Inilian  chief.]  The  nnnw  given  by  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico  to  a  region  on 
the  Gulf  Coast,  about  the  IVinuco  River  (north- 
ern Vera  Cruz  and  southern  Tainaulipas).  it 
waa  partially  conquered  by  Cort^^s  In  1.^22  ;  was  claimed  by 
Francisco  de  Oaray  In  1623;  and  In  1526  was  luslgned  to 
Nufto  de  (Jiiznian.  Somewhat  later  It  was  limited  to  50 
Spanish  leagues  In  length  and  breadth,  though  Guzman 
dabned  tliat  It  extended  westward  to  the  Pacillc. 


1H07.  A  Corsican  patriot  and  general.  He  he- 
came  generalissimo  and  head  of  the  government  in  1706 ; 
carried  on  war  with  Genoa;  was  driven  from  Corsica  to 
England  by  the  French  in  1769 ;  returned  as  lieutenant- 
general  In  1790  ;  formed  a  conspiracy  with  the  aid  of  Great 
Britain  against  France,  and  tiecame  generalissimo  iu  1703 ; 
and  left  Corsica  finally  in  179(i. 
Paolo  Veronese.     See  Vcnmcse. 

Pao-ting  diii-o-ting'),  orPaouting,  or  Panting. 

(Jue  of  flic  chief  cities  of  the  province  of  (.'lii-li. 
China,  situated  on  the  river  Yung-ting  about  90 
luilos  southwest  of  Peking. 

P&pa  (pii'po).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Vesz- 
prem,  llungarv,  59  miles  south  bv  oast  of  Pres- 
liurg.     Population  (1890),  14,261. 

Papago  (piL'pii-go).  [PI.,  also  Pitpagos.  Cor- 
ruptcil  from  their  own  name  for  themselves.] 
An  agricultural  tribe  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans, closely  allied  to  the  Pima,  inhabiting  the 
territory  south  and  southeast  of  the  Gila  River, 
on  Gila  Bend  reservation,  especially  south  of 
Tucson,  southern  Arizona,  and  extending  into 
Sonora,  Mexico.  Number  in  United  States. 
5,163:  there  are  prciljablv  as  many  more  in  Mex- 
ican territory.      See  I'linan. 

Papal  States,  or  States  of  the  Church.    [It. 

StdUi  (lill/i  Chiisd.  SIdtn  Piiiitijicio,  etc.;  F. 
Etals  dr  VEtilixr;  »i.  Kinliriistiiiil.]  A  former 
dominicmof'llaly. governed  directly  by  the  pajml 
see.  In  18f>n  It  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  I/iin. 
bardo-Venetlan  kingdom,  on  the  oast  liy  the  Adriatic,  on 
the  southeiuit  liv  the  kingdom  of  Naplea.  on  the  south 
>ve8t  by  the  .Midlterranean.  and  on  the  west  by  Tuscany 
and  the  duchy  of  Modeim.  It  comprised  the  Komngna,  the 
Marches  t'mbrla,  and  the  present  province  of  Home.  It 
originated  in  the  grant  of  the  exarchateof  Kavenna  maile  by 
Pepin  the  Short  toSteiihen  II.  In  755,  conllrnRd  by  Charles 
the  Great;  received  lni|)ortant  terrltorl.  s  by  the  will  of 
Matilda  of  Tuscany  In  the  12th  renlury  ;  became  Indepen- 
dent of  the  empire  about  1200;  acquired  Bidogna,  Ancona, 
Ravenna,  and  Ferrara  In  the  Iflth  century  ;  anil  wiw  obliged 
to  cede  Avignon,  Venalssln,  Komagna,  Bologna,  and  Fer- 
rara In  1T97  A  Roman  republic  was  proclaimed  In  1798; 
thepapal  power  was  partly  re»t<ired  In  1801;  the  remaining 
terillorles  were  Ini  orponited  with  France  In  1808-09  ;  the 
Papal  Slates  were  restored  In  1811  ;  the  revolution  ot  1848 
was  suppressed  In  1849;  nearly  all  the  territory  (Including 


burned  brick  and  wood  on  a  stone  foundation  measuring 
164  l)y  220  feet.  The  famous  image  of  the  goddess  was  a 
bietylus.  The  temple  stood  in  a  large  inelosure  whose 
walls  were  likewise  of  sun-dried  brick  on  a  massive  stone 
foundation.  New  Paphos  was  situated  on  the  western  coast 
8-111  miles  northwestof  Old  Paphos.  It  was  a  commercial 
center. 
Papias  (pa'pi-as).  [Gr.  rian-iac.]  Lived  about 
130  A.  D.  An  early  Christian  writer,  bishop  of 
Hipra]i(>lis  in  Phrygia.  He  was  the  author  of  a  work 
(lost  except  in  fragments)  "Exposition  ot  the  Oracles  of 
the  Lord."    See  the  extract. 

What  has  given  celebrity  to  the  name  of  Papias  Is  hia 
authorship  of  a  treatise  In  five  books  called  "  Expositions 
of  Oracles  of  the  Lord"  (.Voyoue  Kepioxiie  «'{ iivi^.n)  .  .  . 
which  title  we  shall  make  further  remark  presently.  The 
object  of  the  liook  seems  to  have  been  to  throw  light  on 
the  Gospel  hist<«v,  and  In  particular  to  do  st)  by  the  help 
of  oral  tniditions  which  Papias  had  been  able  to  cidlect 
from  those  who  had  come  In  contact  with  surviving  mem- 
bers of  the  Apostolic  circle.  The  fact  that  Papias  livi-d  at 
a  time  when  it  was  still  possible  to  meet  such  persons  haa 
given  such  importance  to  Ills  testimony  that  tliough  only 
some  very  few  fragments  of  his  work  remain,  they  have 
given  occasion  to  »  hole  treatises :  every  »  ord  of  these  frag- 
ments being  rigidly  scnitiiiised.  and,  what  Is  less  reason- 
able In  the  case  of  a  iKMik  of  which  so  little  Is  known,  ai^ 
guments  being  built  on  the  silence  of  Papias  alwut  sundry 
mattius  which  It  Is  supposed  he  ought  to  have  mentioned 
and  assumed  that  he  did  not. 

.Si;ii7/i  aiul  nace.  Diet,  of  Christian  Biography,  IV.  185. 

Papin  (pa'pin ;  F.  pron.  pil-paii'),  Denis.  Born 
at  Blois,  France,  Aug.  22,  1647:  died  1712.  A 
French  phvsicist,  inventor  of  "  Papin's  diges- 
ter." 

Papineau  (pii-pe-no'),  Louis  Joseph.    Born  at 

Montreal,  Oct.,  17,86:  died  .Sept.  2:1.  1S71.  A 
French-Canadian  politician.  He  wa*  clect.'d  to  the 
legislative  assembly  of^  Lower  Canada  In  1809;  was  ailndt- 
ted  to  the  bar  in  1811  ;  and  was  clii>8en  spiaker  of  the 
house  in  1S16.  He  was  one  ot  the  leaders  of  the  French- 
Canadian  Insurrection  ot  18.17.  He  escaped  capture,  and 
resided  chiefly  In  France  till  1847,  when  he  returned  under 
the  general  amnesty  of  1840.  He  was  afterward  a  niein- 
lier  of  the  Cnlted  Parllainunt. 

Papinian  (papin'i-an),  L.  .aimlltus  Papinl- 

anus.  Kxocuted  by  Caracnlla.  212  A.  l>.  A 
Roman  jurist,  prelorian  pref.'cl  under  Septi- 
miiis  Soverus. 

A  friend  of  Severns  and  of  almost  the  same  age  with  him 
was  the  great  jililsl  .Fniillin  Papinlanus.  I'nder  Sevenn 
he  wat  pra-fcitns  pm-torlo,  but  was  executed  «o<ni  after 
Caracall.Vs  necesslon  to  llie  thr..ne,  on  account  of  hhi  loy- 
ally  to  theotherson.  Getn.  r.ipinirin  was  remarkable  not 
onlyforhls  JurtMcalgrnlna,  for  the  Independence  <if  Judg- 
ment the  lucidity  and  tlminess,  manifested  In  the  judicial 
decisions  on  IndlvMual  cases  which  he  gave  with  the  aid 
of  his  large  experience,  but  also  for  his  quick  sense  of 
right  ami  moridlly,  by  which  he  frequently  rose  above  the 
barriers  of  national  prcJudlco^  and  merited  the  higbut 


Fapinian 

veneration  of  succeeding  centuries.  The  most  important 
of  his  works  are  the  37  books  of  Qua?stiones  and  the  19 
books  of  Responsa,  both  of  wliich  have  been  much  used 
in  Justinian's  collections.  His  diction  is  conspicuous  for 
conciseness  and  exactness,  but  for  that  very  reason  is  fre- 
quently difficult  to  follow. 

Teuffei  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Soman  Lit.  (tr.  bv  Warr), 

[11.252. 

Papiocos  (pa-pe-6'k6s),  or  PiapOCOS  (pe-a-po'- 
kos).  An  Indian  tribe  of  southwestern  Vene- 
zuela, on  the  river  Gua^-iare  near  its  junction 
"with  the  Orinoco.  They  are  of  Arawak  or  May- 
pure  stock. 

Papirian  Law  (pa-pir'i-an  la).  Asupposed  col- 
lection of  the  ancient  Koman  Leges  Segise,  of 
early  date,  made  by  a  certain  Caius  (or  Sextus) 
Papirius. 

Papirins  Cursor  (pa-pir'i-us  ker'sor),  Lucius. 
A  Roman  consul  and  dictator,  general  in  the 
second  Samnite  war.  As  dictator  he  won  a 
victory  over  the  Samnites  in  309  B.  c. 

Papirius  Cursor,  Lucius.  A  Roman  consul  and 
geueral  in  the  third  Samnite  war. 

Pappenheim  (pap'pen-him),  Gottfried  Hein- 
ricn,  Graf  zu  (G.,  'Count  at').     Born  at  Pap- 

Eenheim,  Bavaria,  May  29,  159-1 :  died  at 
eipsic,  Xov.  17,  1632.  An  Imperialist  gen- 
eral in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  He  became  chief 
of  the  Pappenheimer  regiment  in  1623 ;  suppressed  the 
peasant  insurrection  in  Upper  .Austria  in  1626  ;  took  part 
in  the  storming  of  Magdeburg  and  in  the  battle  of  Breiten- 
fekl  in  1631 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Lutzen  in  1632. 

Pappenheimer  (pap'pen-him-er)  Regiment.  A 
regiment  of  cuirassiers  in  the  Imperialist  ser- 
vice in  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Pappus  (pap'us).  [Gr.  Ildn-n-oc.]  Lived  about 
the  close  of  the  4th  century.  An  Alexandrian 
geometer.  He  wrote  a  mathematical  work, 
the  "Collection"  (edited  by  Hultsch  1875-78). 

Paps  of  Jura  (jo'ra).  Three  mountains  in  the 
southern  part  of  tlie  island  of  Jura,  Scotland. 
Highest  point,  2,566  feet. 

Papua.     See  Xeic  Guinea. 

Pap  with  a  Hatchet.  A  scurrilous  tract  against 
"  Martin  Marprelate,"  published  in  1589  anony- 
mously :  attributed  by  Gabriel  Harvey  to  John 
Lyly. 

Paqotce.     See  Iowa. 

Pari,  (pa-ra').  A  river  of  northeastern  Brazil, 
physically  the  estuary  of  the  Tocantins,  but  re- 
cei\-ing  a  large  amount  of  water  from  the  Ama- 
zon through  a  network  of  narrow  channels  on 
the  southern  side  of  the  island  of  Marajo.  it  is 
therefore  commonly  called  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ama- 
zon    Width,  where  it  enters  the  Atlantic,  40  miles. 

Pari,.  The  northeasternraost  state  of  Brazil, 
bordering  on  Guiana  and  the  Atlantic.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level.  Area,  443,653  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (ISSi),  407,3511. 

Para,  or  Belem;  in  full  Santa  Maria  de  Belem 
do  GrrSo  Para  (san'ta  ma-re'a  de  ba-lan'  d? 
groiin  pa-ra').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  state 
of  Pard,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Para  in  lat. 
1°  27'  S.,  long.  48°  30'  W.  it  is  the  center  of  the  river 
trade  of  the  Amazon  system  ;  and  exports  rubber,  cacao, 
copaiba  balsam,  hides,  nuts,  etc.  It  «:is  founded  in  Dec, 
1615.    Population,  about  66,000. 

Parabosco  (pa-rii-bos'ko),  Girolamo.    Bom  at 

Placentium:  died  at  Venice  about  1557.  A 
noted  Italian  musician  and  poet.  He  was  organist 
and  chapel-master  at  St.  Mark's  in  Venice.  He  published 
"Kime"  (poems,  1547),  "II  Progne"  (154S:  a  tragedy), 
"LliriiLOlo  ■  (1551-52).  " I' Diporti "  (1552 :  a  collection  of 
17  novels),  sis  comedies  which  were  collected  and  published 
at  Venice  (1560),  etc. 

Paracelsus  (par-a-sel'sus),  Philippus  Aureo- 
lus  (originally  Theophrastus  Bombastus  von 
Hohenheim  .  Born  at  Maria-Einsiedeln,  Swit- 
zerland, Dec.  17,  1493:  died  at  Salzburg,  Sept. 
23.  1541.  A  celebrated  German-Swiss  physi- 
cian and  alchemist.  He  entered  the  University  of 
Basel  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  but  left  without  a  degree,  and 
spent  many  years  in  travel  and  intercourse  with  distin- 
guished scholars.  He  lectured  on  medicine  at  B.ase!  from 
about  1526  to  If  28. when  he  was  driven  from  the  city  by  the 
medical  corporations,  whose  methods  he  had  severely  criti- 
cized. He  is  important  in  the  historj'  of  medicine  chiefly 
on  account  of  the  impetus  which  he  gave  to  the  develop- 
ment of  pharmaceutical  chemistry.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  a  visionary  and  theosophic  system  of  philosophy. 
The  first  collective  edition  of  his  works  appeared  at  Basel 
in  1589-91  Among  the  many  legends  concerning  him  is 
that  of  his  sword  in  the  hilt  of  which  he  kept  a  familiar  or 
small  demi>n. 

Paracelsus.  A  poem  bv  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1835-36. 

Paraclet  (pa-ra-kla').  A  hamlet  near  Nogent- 
sur-Seine,  Aube.  France.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of 
a  nunnery,  founded  in  1123  by  Abilard,  of  which  H^loise 
was  abbess. 

Paradise.  A  fresco  by  Oreagna,  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  Florence,  notable  for  the  solemnity 
and  harmony  of  its  composition.  Christ  and  the 
Virgin  are  enthroned  above  great  companies  of  apostles, 


780 

martyrs,  saints,  and  angels.  The  fine  companion  pieces 
are  the  "  Last  Judgment "  and  "  HelL" 
Paradise.  A  painting  by  Tintoretto,  the  largest 
picture  ever  painted  on  canvas  (84  by  25i  feet), 
covering  the  east  wall  of  the  Sala  del  Maggior 
Consiglio  in  the  ducal  palace  at  Venice.  It  is 
darkened  by  injudicious  restoration,  but  is  highly  impres- 
sive in  composition,  and  full  of  beauties  of  detail. 

Paradise  Lost.  An  epic  poem  by  John  Milton, 
published  in  1667,  in  twelve  books.  The  subject  is 
the  fall  of  man.  This  is  his  greatest  work,  and  the  chief 
epic  in  the  English  language. 

Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices,  The.  A  collec- 
tion of  poems  compiled  by  Richard  Edwards  in 
1576.  It  was  very  popular,  and  went  through 
nine  or  ten  editions  before  1600.  • 

Paradise  of  Fools.    Limbo. 

Paradise  Regained.  An  epic  poem,  in  four 
books,  by  John  Milton,  published  in  1671.  The 
subject  is  the  redemption. 

Paradiso  (pa-rii-de's6),  II.  [It.,  'Paradise.'] 
The  third  part  of  the  "Divine  Comedy,"  by 
Dante. 

Paragua.    See  Palawan. 

Paraguay  (par'a-gwi),  Sp.  and  Pg.  Paraguaya 
(par-a-gwi'a).  A  river  of  South  America,  prop- 
erly the  upper  portion  of  the  Parana.  It  rises  in 
the*table-land  of  western  Brazil  near  lat.  14°  15'  S.,  flows 
south,  and  unites  with  the  Upper  Parand  to  form  the  Lower 
Parand  in  lat.  27^  17  S.,  long.  58'  30  W.  It  flows  succes- 
sively  through  Brazil,  between  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  through 
northern  Paraguay,  separating  the  Paraguayan  Chacofrom 
the  main  portion,  and  finally  between  Paraguay  and  the 
Argentine  Republic.  In  Brazil  it  is  bordered  by  the  vast 
swampy  region  called  the  Charaes  marshes  (see  Charaes). 
The  principal  tributaries  are  the  S.ao  Louren(;o  (receiving 
the  CuyabA)  and  Taquary  on  the  east,  and  the  Pilcomayo 
and  Vermejoon  thewest.  Length,  about  1,5*!K)  miles  (with 
the  Lower  ParanA  and  Plata,  2,5S0  miles);  navigable  to 
Villa  Maria,  300  miles  from  its  source. 

Paraguay.  An  interior  republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, between  the  Parana  on  the  east  and  south 
and  the  Paraguay  on  the  west,  with  a  westward 
extension  between  theParaguayandPilcomayo: 
boundednorth  by  Bolivia  and  Brazil,  eastby  Bra- 
zil, and  south  and  west  by  the  Ai-gentine  Repub- 
lic. Capital,  Asuncion.  The  main  portion  is  hilly 
or  undulating,  with  a  line  of  high  hills,  called  mountains,  in 
the  interior ;  the  part  west  of  the  Paraguay,  included  in 
the  Gran  Chaco  region  (which  see),  is  fiat,  partly  swampy, 
and  has  few  inhabitants  except  wild  Indians.  The  climate 
is  semi-tropicaL  The  principal  products  are  hides,  fruits, 
a  little  sugar,  tobacco,  and  mate  or  Paraguay  tea.  Most  of 
the  inhabitants  are  a  mixed  race,  descended  from  Spaniards 
and  Guarany  Indians  ;  the  common  language  is  a  corrupt 
form  of  Guarany,  but  Spanish  is  spoken  in  the  larger  places. 
The  prevailingVeligion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Executive  au- 
thority is  vested  in  a  president  elected  for  four  years,  and 
congress  consists  of  a  senate  and  a  chamber  of  deputies. 
The  countrj'  has  a  very  imperfect  railroad  and  telegraph 
system.  Paraguay  was  settled  by  Spaniards  in  1536,  and  the 
colony  at  fii-st  included  all  the  Platine  region  ;  the  south- 
ern part  was  separated  in  1620.  and  the  country,  as  a  prov- 
ince, approximately  with  its  present  limits,  was  attached 
to  the  vicero.valty  of  La  Plata  in  1776.  Jesuit  influence 
became  predominant  Ln  the  17th  centur>',  and  the  order 
had  here  its  most  celebrated  missions  until  it  was  expelled 
in  1767.  The  colony  declared  its  independence  in  ISll, 
refusing  to  unite  with  the  Argentine  Confederation. 
It  was  succ^'ssively  under  the  absolute  dictatorship  of 
Francia  (1S14-40),  C.  A.  Lopez  (l*41-«2),  and  f.  L.  Lopez 
(1S62-70).  The  last  in  1865  provoked  a  war  with  Brazil, 
the  Argentine,  and  Uruguay  (see  Triple  AUiance,  War  of 
the),  which  terminated  with  his  death  after  the  countrj- 
had  been  completely  impoverished  and  agreat  part  of  the 
adult  male  population  nad  been  killed.  The  present 
constitution  was  adopted  in  1870.  The  territory  west 
of  the  Paraguay  (Paraguayan  Chaco)  was  claimed  by  the 
Argentine,  but  was  awarded  to  Paraguay  by  the  arbitra- 
tion of  President  Hayes  of  the  United  States  in  lt78. 
Area,  about  95,000  square  miles.  The  very  imperfect 
census  of  1887  gave  a  civilized  population  of  329.645. 
In  1897  the  white  population  was  officially  estimated  at 
6JO,000. 

Paraguayan  War.     See  Triple  AUiance,  War 

(if  the. 

Parahyba,  or  Parahiba,  or  Paraiba  (pa-rii-e'- 
bii).  1.  Ariverinthestateof  Parahyba,  Brazil. 
Length,  over  200  miles.  Also  called  Parahyba 
do  Xorte, —  2.  A  river  which  rises  in  the  state  of 
Sao  Paulo,  separates  Minas  Geraes  from  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north- 
east of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Length,  658  miles.  Also 
called  Parahyba  do  SuJ. — 3.  A  maritime  state 
of  Brazil,  situated  north  of  Pemambuco.  Area, 
28,854  square  miles.  Population  (1890).  382,- 
587. — 4.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Parahyba, 
situated  on  the  river  Parahvba,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  7°  7'  S.,  long.  34°  53'  W.  Popidation 
(1890),  40,000. 

Parallel  Lives.  The  chief  -work  of  Plutarch. 
See  Plutarch. 

Paramaribo  (par-a-mar'i-bo).  The  capital  of 
Dutch  Guiana,  or  Surinam,  situated  on  the  Suri- 
nam in  lat.  5°  50'  N.,  long.  55°  13'  W.  It  has  im- 
portant commerce,  and  exports  sugar,  rum.  molasses,  cot- 
ton, etc.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  about  1600.  Popu- 
lation (1S90),  28,831. 

Paramatman  (pa-ra-mat'man).  [Skt. :  parama, 


Parchim 

supreme, f7?»i(7n, soul.]  In  Sanskrit,the  supreni» 
spirit,  soul  of  the  universe. 

Paramatta.     See  Parramatta. 

Paramushir  (pa-ra-mo-sher'),  or  Poromushir 
(p6-ro-mo-sher').  One  of  the  larger  islands  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Kurile  group,  south  of 
Kamchatka. 

Paran  (pa'ran).  In  Bible  geography,  a  wilder- 
ness south  of  Palestine  and  north  of  Sinai,  it 
was  the  scene  of  the  wanderings  of  the  Israelites  before 
they  entered  Canaan. 

Parani  (pa-ra-ua').  A  river  of  South  America, 
flowing  into  the  Plata,  which  forms  the  estuary 
of  the  Parand  and  Uruguay,  it  is  divided  physi- 
cally into  the  Upper  and  Lower  ParanA.  The  latter  i» 
properly  a  continuation  of  the  Paraguay,  the  Upper  Pa- 
ranA being  an  eastern  affluent.  It  has  a  general  southerly 
course,  entirely  in  the  .Argentine  Republic,  and  its  princi- 
pal affluent  is  the  Salado  in  the  west.  The  Upper  ParanA. 
is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Parana- 
hyba  in  Brazil  (near  lat.  20'  S..  long.  50°  50'  W'.).  It  re- 
ceives  several  large  Brazilian  rivers  (the  Pardo.  Tiet^,  Pa- 
ranapanema.  Ivahy,  etc.)  ;  flows  southward  between  Bra- 
zil and  Paraguay  ;  turns  westward  between  Faraway  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  ;  and  by  its  junction  with  the  Pa- 
raguay Oat.  27°  17  S.,  long.  .58°  30*  W.)  forms  the  Lower  Pa- 
ranA. The  central  portion  is  obstructed  by  rapids  and 
falls,  the  highest  being  the  Sete  Quedas  (which  see). 
Length  of  the  Upper  ParanA,  about  1.200  miles  (or,  with  the 
Paranapanema,  1,730  miles) ;  navigable  to  the  Apipe  rapids 
(about  150  miles).  Length  of  the  Lower  ParanA,  S50  miles- 
(or,  with  the  Plata,  1,080  miles);  entirely  navigable. 

Parana.  A  maritime  state  in  southern  Brazil, 
separated  from  Paraguay  by  the  river  Parana. 
Capital,  Curityba.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
table-land.  Area,  85,453  square  miles.  Population  (1890) 
626,722. 

Parana.  The  capital  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine 
Republic,  situated  on  the  ParanA.  Formerly 
called  Bajada  de  Santa  Fe  or  del  Parana.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  24,100. 

Parana,  Marquis  of.  See  Carneiro  LeSo,  HonO' 
rio  Heriiutii. 

ParanagU^  (pa-rS-na-gwa').  A  seaport  in  the^ 
state  of  Parana,  Brazil,  situated  in  lat.  25°  31' 
S.,  long.  48°  27'  51'  W.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Paranahyba  (pii-ra-na-e'ba),  or  Parnahyba 
(par-nii-e'ba).  1.  A  river  in  Brazil, one  of  the 
chief  head  streams  of  the  Parana.  It  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  the  states  of 
Goya z  and  Minas  Geraes. —  2.  A  river  in  Brazil 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  about  lat.  2°  .50'  S. 
Length,  about  830  miles. —  3.  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Piauhy,  BrazU,  situated  on  the  last- 
mentioned  river  near  its  mouth.  Population, 
about  5.000. 

Paranhos,  Jose  Maria  da  Silva.     See  Siha 

Paraiilinx. 

Pararauates.     See  Parentintims. 

Parashurama  :  pa-ra-sho-rS'ma).  ['Rama  ■with 
the  ax.']  The  first  of  the  three  Ramas,  and  the 
sixth  avatara  or  incarnation  of  Vishnu,  Vishnu 
having  appeared  in  this  incarnation  to  represa 
the  tvrannyof  the  Kshatriya,  or  military  caste. 
He  typifies  the  Brahmans  in  their  contests  with  the  Ksha- 
triya. He  was  a  Brahman,  the  fifth  son  of  Jamadagni, 
and  on  his  father's  side  descended  from  Bhrigu.  whence  he 
is  the  Bhargava,  w-hile  on  the  maternal  side  he  was  of  the 
race  of  the  Kushikas.  In  the  Mahabharata  he  instructs 
Arjuna  in  the  use  of  arms,  and  fights  with  Bhishma;  is 
present  at  a  war  council  of  the  Kauravas :  and  is  struck 
senseless  by  Ramachandra,  the  seventh  avat;u-.  In  the 
Ramayana,  Parashurania,a2grieved  by  Rama's  breakingtbe 
bow  of  Shiva,  challenges  him  to  a  trial  of  strength,  and 
is  defeated  by  him. 

Parasitaster  (par-a-si-tas'ter),  or  the  Fa'wn. 
A  play  by  Marston,  acted  at  Blackfriars  in  1604, 
and  printed  in  1606. 

The  writers  of  .Tonson'sdays  seem  to  have  connected,  I 
know  not  why,  the  idea  of  a  spy  or  splenetic  observer  with 
that  of  a  faun.  Marston  calls  one  of  his  plays  "'The  Fawne.'* 
in  allusion  to  a  character  in  disguise  who  watches  and  ex- 
poses all  the  persons  of  the  drama  in  succession. 

Gifford,  Xote  to  Jonson's  Poetaster,  p.  245. 

Faravilhanas  (pa-ra-vel-ya'nas).  A  tribe  of 
Indians  in  northern  Brazil,  on  the  confines  of 
Venezuela  and  British  Guiana,  about  the  head 
waters  of  the  Rio  Branco.  Formerly  numerous, 
they  are  now  nearly  or  quite  extinct.  They  have  been  re- 
ferred to  the  Carib  stock. 

Paray-le-Monial  (pa-ra'le-mo-nyar).  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  Fiance, 
situated  on  the  Bourbince  33  miles  west  by 
north  of  Macon.  It  is  noted  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage, 
and  for  its  convent  of  the  Visitation  and  its  church.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  3,855. 

Parcae  (pSr'se).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Fates. 
See  Mcerie. 

Parc-aUX-Cerfs  (piirk'o-sar' ).  A  house  in  Ver- 
sailles, France,  ■wliich  ■was  notorious  as  a  harem 
of  Louis  XV. 

Parchim  (pSreh'im).  A  town  in  Mecklenbtirg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  on  the  Elde  24  miles  south- 
east of  Schwerin.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Von 
Moltke.     Population  (1890),  9.960. 


Fardval 

Parcival.     See  Parsifal,  Parzival,  and  Perceval. 

Pardo  (par'do),  Manuel.  Born  at  Lima,  Aug. 
12, 1834:  assassinated  there,  Nov.  16,  1878.  A 
Peruvian  statesman .  He  was  a  banker,  and  was  min- 
uter of  the  treasury  under  Halta,  1886-88.  From  Aug.  2, 
1872,  to  Aug.  2, 1876,  he  was  president  of  Peru.  He  was  the 
first  civilian  who  attained  this  position,  and  was  one  of 
the  best  presidents  the  republio  ever  had.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  president  of  the  senate. 

Pardoe  (par'do),  Julia.  Born  at  Beverley, York- 
shire, England,  1806:  died  1862.  An  English 
historical  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Pardon  de  Ploermel  (par-don'  de  pl6-er-mel'), 
Le.  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at 
Paris,  1859.     Set<  Din'orah. 

Pardoner's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  ' '  Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  a  discourse  on  gluttony 
taken  from  a  Latin  treatise  of  Pope  Innocent 
III.     Lounsbury. 

Pardubitz  (piir'do-bits).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  C!hrudimka  with 
the  Elbe,  59  miles  east  of  Prague.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  12,367. 

Par6  (pii-ra').  Latinized  ParaeUS  (pa-re'us), 
Ambroise.  Bom  at  Laval,  Mayenue,  France, 
1517 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  22,  1590.     A  French 


781 

with  early  mosaics  of  theVlrjrln  and  galnts,  and  friezes  of 
flowers,  Hshcs,  shells,  and  foliage.  Population  (1890), 
3,120.  _ 

Parepa-Rosa  (pii-ra'pa-ro'sii),  Madame  (Eu 
phrosyne  Parepa  de  Boyesku).  Bom 
burgli,  May  7,  1836:  died  at  London, 
1874.  An  English  soprano  singer  in  oratorio 
and  opera,  she  made  her  di5but  at  Malta  in  Khf>,  and 
first  appeared  in  England  in  1867,  and  in  the  United  States 
in  1806.  .She  married  Carl  Kosa  in  1867,  and  they  estali- 
lished  an  opera  company  in  which  she  was  successful. 

Parergon.    Sei' Ayliffc.  .„_     . 

Parga  (piir'gii).  A  seaport  in  Albania,  in 
the  Turkish  vilavet  of  Janina,  situated  on  the 
Ionian  Sea  in  lat.  39°  17'  N.,  long.  20°  25'  E. 
It  was  under  Venetian  protection  from  1401  to  1797 ;  was 
besieged  by  Ali  Pasha  in  1814 ;  was  taken  under  British 
protection ;  and  in  1815  was  delivered  by  the  British  to 
Turkey.  The  inhabitants  abandoned  the  town  in  1819. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Paria  (pa're-ii  or  pil-re-ii').  A  peninsula  of 
northeastern  Venezuela,  projecting  eastward 
between  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of 
Paria,  and  terminating  in  Cape  Paria  opposite 
Trinidad. 

Paria,  GuK  of.  An  arm  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
between  Venezuela  aud  Trinidad. 

"  (the  Pa 


nTtEdin-  Paris'a^ar'is;   F.  pron.  pa-re').     [IWE.  Par. 
Tb,,    "i      •?'"'■?••'■.  AS.  Pons  (=  Sp.  Pari^,  Pg.  Paris,  ( 
,'  nr„tnrin     ^'"'''^>  '''''•)'  ^''O™  O^.  Paris  (pron.  pii-res'). 


BllrgeonTThe"  founder  of  scientific  surgery  in  Pariahs  (pa'ri-az).    [Lit.  'drummers 

"       '  riahsbeiugthehereditarydrum-beaters).]  The 

members  of  a  low  caste  of  Hindus  in  southern 
India.     They  are  lower  than  the  regular  castes  of  the 


France.  He  introduced  improvements  in  the  treatment 
of  gunshot-wounds,  the  use  of  ligatures,  etc.  His  works 
were  published  in  1501. 
PareciS  (pa-ra-ses').  A  tribe  or  race  of  Indians 
in  western  Brazil  (state  of  MattoGrosso),  on  the 
plateau  called  Campos  dos  Parecis,  about  the 
nead  waters  of  the  rivers  Paraguay,  Guapore, 
and  Tapai6s.  They  live  in  fixed  villages,  practise  agri- 
culture, and  are  generally  friendly  to  the  whites,  though 
having  few  relations  with  them.     Formerly  the  tribe  was 


Brahmanical  system,  by  whom  they  are  shunned  as  un- 
clean, yet  supeiior  to  some  other  castes  in  the  Tamil 
country,  where  they  constitute  a  considerable  part  of  the 
popul.ition.  The  Pariahs  are  commonly  employed  as  labor- 
ers by  the  agricultural  class,  or  as  servants  to  Europeans. 

Parian   Chronicle,   The.     See   Chronicle  of 

Pura.- 


navlng  lew  relations  wun  cnem.     rormeiiy  uie  irioe  wa»      -  - .      -       T>--,-«,.«*./»o  (r,o  ro  a  cro'- 

one  of  the  most  powerful  of  this  region,  but  so  far  as  is  PanaS  (pa-re-as  ),  or  i'ariagOtOS  (pa-re-a-go 


Paris,  Sieges  and  Capitulations  of 

meo  and  Juliet,"  a  young  nobleman  to  whom 
Capulet  betrothed  h"is  daughte»  Juliet  against 
her  will 

Paris, 
G 
F 
Paris  =  It.  Parigi,  from  LL.  Parisii',  L.  Lutetia 
Parisiorum,  Lutetia  of  the  Parisii,  a  Celtic  tribe. 
Lutetia  has  been  referred,  without  evidence,  to 
L.  lutiim,  mud.]     The  capital  of  France,  sit- 
uated on  both  banks  of  the  Seine  in  lat.  48°  50' 
N.,  long.  2°  20'  E.  (obseri-atory ).     it  is  the  third 
largest  city  in  the  world  ;  is  considered  the  finest  city  in 
the  world ;  and  has  long  been  celebrated  as  a  center  of 
fashion,  literature,  art.  the  drama,  and  scholarship.    Ita 
boundaries  ai-e  the  fortifications,  22  miles. long,  including 
30  square  miles.   The  nucleus  of  the  city  is  tie  de  la  Clt^,  an 
Island  in  the  Seine.     It  is  the  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing center  of  France,  and  the  center  of  the  French  rajl- 
waysystem.  Amongthe  leading  manufacturesare  clothing, 
furniture,  "articles  de  Paris,"  machinerj-,  jewelry,  clocks, 
gloves,  tapestries,  carriages,  etc.     (For  various  localities 
and  objects  of  interest  — e.  17.  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the 
Champs-Elys^es,  the  churchesof  Notre  Dame  and  the  Pan- 
thi^on,  the  TlK^atre  Fran<;ais,  the  Louvre  and  the  Luxem- 
bourg, the  Sorbonne,  etc.— and  formally  local  details,  see 
the  separate  articles.)  The  Grand  Op^ra  is  the  most  sump- 
tuous existing  theater.    The  chief  fagade  is  enriched  with 
polychromematcrials.and  adonied  with  statues  and  groups 
of  sculpture.    The  grand  staircase  is  of  great  beauty,  and 
the  grand  foyer,  a  hall  175  feet  long,  42  wide,  and  59  high, 
displays  on  its  walls  and  ceiling  the  celebrated  paintings 
by  Baudry,  representing  the  iluses,  music,  dancing,  Mount 
Parnassus,  and  the  ancient  poets.   The  city  contains  many 
hospitals  and  museums,  and  is  the  seat  of  many  societies, 
including  the  Institute  of  France.     Paris  belongs  to  the 
department  of  Seine,  and  is  governed  by  the  municipal 
council,  the  prefect  of  Seine,  the  prefect  of  police,  and 
the  mayors  of  arrondissements.    It  was  the  ancient  capi- 
tal of  a  small  Gallic  tribe,  the  Parisii ;  was  the  capital  of 
Conslantius  Chlorus  292-306 ;  was  made  the  capital  of  the 
Frankish  kingdom  by  Clovis  in  5ll8  ;  was  ruled  by  counts 
under  the  Carolingians ;  became  again  the  capital  under 
the  Capetians  ;  was  largely  developed  under  Philip  Augus- 
tus and  St.  Louis ;  suffered  from  civil  strife  under  Charles 
VI.;  w.is  entered  by  Henry  V.  of  England  in  1420,  but 
expelled  the  English  in  1436 :  was  the  scene  of  the  massa- 
cre of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572 ;  became  the  center  of  the 
League;  was  opened  to  Henry  IV.  in  1594  ;  and  was  the 
siene  of  many  of  the  leading  events  in  the  first  revolu- 
( ion  and  in  those  of  18.30  and  1848.     International  exposi- 
.  -   ,     -.A--     .      -     ,-     T,  ...       -11         p  \    ,;i      tionswerehehlherein  18.15,1867, 1878. 18«9,andl9O0.   (For 

dos  Parecis),  where  it  faces  the  river  Guapore.     Esquirou  de.    Horn  at  Aunilac,  l<nini-e,  Apni     ^1,^,  „|q|.^   important   sieges  and  treaties  of  Paris,  see 
Parades  (pa-ra'das),  Jos6  Gregorio.     Born  at     i;i,  1.S15:  died  April  9,  1893.     A  French  politi-    i.eiow.)    population  duoi),  2,660,569. 
Lima  1779:  died  there,  Deo.  16,  1839.     A  Peru-    cal  eeoiiomist  and  politician.     He  was  minis-  Paris.    A  city,  capital  of  Edgar  County,  eastern 
viau  mathematician.     He  was  appointed  official  cos-     tor  of  instruction  1849-51.  Illinois,  106  miles  east  by  south  of  Spriughel.l. 

mographer  in  1812,  and  under  the  republic  held  various  Parima  (pii-re'mii  or  pa-re-ma  ).     A  mythical     Population  (1900),  6,105. 

high  offices,  including  the  ministry  of  the  treasury.  Pare-  lake  long  supposed  to  e.xist  in  the  northern  part  Paris.  A  citv,  capital  of  Bourbon  County,  Ken- 
tZ  ^^S'CZIi^^l^Z^^S;^^^^:^  of  South  America  At  first  >^^^^^^^^^  tucky  34  miles  east  of  Frankfort.  Population 
tain  numerous  historical  and  geographical  notes  of  much      ^InJ^^^ ^t^^^^^r^i^^k^^^^^^^  pS  Comtt  de  (LouiS  PhiUppe  Albert  d'Or- 

res',feUen?^1t"^:  ^^^^y  7\p ^^  ^S)^"  Bor.i  at  Pans,  Au/^    1S3,S  ;  died   in 
Schomburgk's  explorations  proved  that  the  onlyjakes^hi    England,  Sept.  b,  lh94.     Head  ot  the  Legitimist 

' "  '"  '■     '^^"   party  iu  France  and  claimant  ot   the  French 

throne,  eldest  son  of  Ferdinand,  due  d'Orlcans, 
and  grandson  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  became  heir 
apparent  to  the  French  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father 
in  1842.  He  was  educated  in  England,  where  his  mother 
sought  relugi'  after  the  overthrow  ot  his  grandfather  In 
1848.  In  18ti2  he  serveil  as  a  captain  of  volunteers  tm  the 
start  of  General  Mcl'lellan.  He  subsetinently  took  np  his 
residence  in  France,  but  returned  to  England  on  the  pas- 
sage of  the  expulsion  bill  of  1886.  On  the  death  of  the 
Comte  de  Chanibord,  grandson  of  Charles  .\.,  without 
Issue,  in  188:i,  he  was  recognized  by  the  Legitimists  as  the 
head  of  the  royal  house  of  France,  uniting  in  his  person 
the  claims  of  the  older  and  the  younger  (OrleatXi)  line 
of  the  bouse  of  Bourbon.  He  published  "Ilistoire  de  la 
guerre  civile  en  Alnc^rique  "  (1874-^7). 

Paris  (pit-res'),  Gaston  Bruno  Paulin.    Bom 

at  Avciiav.  .Manic,  Aug.  9,  L'^:!!!;  died  at  Cannes, 
Marcdi  t),"l9(Ki.  .Vii  eiiiiiu-nt  Freiicli  Itoiiianc-e 
pliiloliigist .  From  1872  he  occupied  a  chair  of  French 
languagi'  and  literature  at  the  Colli'ge  de  France,  ot  which 
he  bicanie  administrator  in  ISllii;  he  was  also  director  of 
the  Romance  language  department  in  the  Ecole  dt  »  Hantes 
Ktudcs.  His  first  puljlicalion  ot  note  was  B"Hist>)ire 
pcetiiiuc  de  Charlemagne"  (186.i).  His  edition  of  "  U 
vie  de  Saint- Alexis"  wius  truly  epoehniaking  In  the  an- 
nals of  French  phllidogy.  lie  also  published  "  La  litiera- 
turo  trainjalse  au  inoyen  Age,"  el, ..  and  was  connected 
with  many  imiiortant  philological  publications  in  the 
Frenrh  language,  ainiuig  others  the  ■'  Uoniania  '  ami  the 
'■  Kevne  crilliine."  In  181H)  he  was  eleeUd  11  member  of 
the  French  .Vcutletny. 

Paris,  Judgment  of.    See  Judfrmrnt  of  Paris. 

Paris   Matthew  of      Sev  Mutlhrir  of  Paris. 

on,  Ills  gaiiaiinjf.  Hiiu  mo  »,-vv„..i..,o irariS,  JlXd-ttUCW   Ul.        .>     ,      ..  f-    rpl  -  ,„-.Bfr 

During  the  nupllaiaot  Peleus  and  Thetis,  Erla,  who  alone   Paris,  SlSges  and  CapitulatlOUS  01.    i  "C  '"O" 


known  only  a  few  hundreds  survive.  They  belong  to  the 
Maypure  or  Arawak  linguistic  stock  The  Ouachis,  Ba- 
cairis,  and  other  tribes  classed  with  the  Parecis  by  Martina 
are  now  known  to  be  widely  separated  by  their  languages. 
Also  written  Parexis.  PariMs.  etc. 

Parecis,  Campos  dos.    See  Campos  dos  Parcels. 

Parecis,  Serra  dos.  A  name  given  to  the  south- 
western edge  of  the  Brazilian  plateau  (Campos  Parieu  (pii-rye') 


tiis).  Indians  who  formerly  occupied  the  penin- 
sula of  Paria  in  northeastern  Venezuela.  They 
were  among  the  first  of  the  continental  tribes  seen  by 
Columbus  :  later  many  of  them  were  enslaved.  The  rem- 
nants were  gathered  into  missions,  and  are  now  merged 
in  the  country  population  of  the  coast.  They  were  of  Carib 
stock.     Also  written  Pariacoh'cs,  etc. 

Marie  Louis  Pierre  F61ix 


value, 

Paredes,  Mariano.  Bom  about  1800 :  died  at 
Granada,  Nicaragua,  Dec.  2, 1856.  A  Guatema- 
lan general  and  politician.  Hewaspresidentof  Gua- 
temala Jan.  1, 1849,  to  Jan.  1,1862,  but  was  practically  a  tool 
of  Carrera,  who  succeeded  him.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  fighting  against  Walker. 

Paredes  y  Arrillaga  (e  ar-rel-ya'ga ),  Mariano. 
Born  at  Mexico,  Jan.  6,  1797:  died  there,  Sept., 
1849.  A  Mexican  general.  He  led  the  revolution 
asalnst  Herrera,  and  after  an  overthrow  of  the  latter  was 
elected  president  ad  interim  Jan.  3, 1846,  serving  until  July 
!8,  when  he  was  forced  to  resign.  During  this  period  the 
war  with  the  United  .States  began :  the  republic  was  prac- 
tically in  a  condition  of  anarchy. 

Pareja  (pii-ra'na),  Juan  de.  Bom  at  Seville 
about  1606:  died  at  Madrid,  1670.     A  Spanish 


this  region  were  small  areas  of  flooded  grass-land.  The 
name  has  been  retained  for  mountains  and  a  river  of  the 
same  region. 

Parima,  Sierra  or  Serra  de.  Mountains  of 
southern  Venezuela,  on  the  confines  of  Brazil, 
between  the  upper  Orinoco  and  its  branch  the 
Ventuario.  Their  true  nature  is  little  understood,  and 
they  are  perhaps  edges  of  a  high  plateau,  though  some 
points  are  said  to  exceed  8,000  feet  in  altitude.  The  Ori- 
noco takes  its  rise  on  the  southwestern  side.  The  name  is 
sometimes  extendeil  to  all  the  highland  region  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Venezuela  and  Brazil  and  in  British  Guiana,  thus 
including  the  Pacaraima  Sierra  (which  see).  Often  written 
I'arijiie. 

Bom  at  Bosio, 


painter,  a  pupil  and  originally  a  slave  of  Velas-  Parini  (pii-re'ne),  Giuseppe. 

quez.    He  was  most  successful  in  portraits.    Velasquez     near  Milan.  May  22, 1729  :  died  at  Milan,  Aug, 


freed  him,  but  he  remained  in  his  service.    The  portrait 
of  him  by  Velasiiuez  represents  a  mulatto. 

Pareja  y  Septien  (e  scp-te-an'),  Jos6  Manuel. 

Born  at  Lima,  Peru,  1812 :  <iied  at  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  Nov.  28,  1K65.  A  Spanish  naval  ollicer. 
He  commanded  the  fleet  which.  In  Sept.,  18U5,  provoked 
hostilities  with  Chile  and  blockaded  the  Chilean  ports. 
One  of  his  gunboats  having  been  taken  by  the  Chileans, 
Pareja  coininitted  suicide. 
Parenis  (pii-ra-nes'),  or  Parenas  (pii-ra-nas'). 
Indians  of  Venezuela,  on  the  Orinoco  above  the 
junction  of  tlie  Apure.  They  were  gathered  Into 
missions  in  the  18th  century,  and  as  a  tribe  are  now  prac- 
tically extinct.  They  belonged  t^i  the  Arawak  or  Maypure 
linguistic  stock,  and  their  language  was  closely  allied  to 
that  of  the  true  Maypures.     Also  written  Parnu-a. 

Parentintims,  or  Parentintins  (pii-ren-teu- 
tchs' ).  Wandering  Indians  of  the  Amazon  val- 
ley, living  on  both  sides  of  the  Tajiaji'is  near 
the  lower  falls,  and  ranging  westward  to  the 
Madeira .  They  go  In  small  bands,  and  subsist  by  hunting 
and  Ashing,  or  by  stealing  from  the  plantations  of  other 
tribes.  The  Mnndunicus  call  them,  or  aomo  of  them, 
Paraniu;it,  »,  and  wage  a  constant  war  against  them.  It  Is 
prolialilc  that  Indians  of  dllferent  races  have  been  con- 
founded under  tills  name. 
Parenzo  (pii-rend'zo).  \L.  Parc>itium.'\  A  sea- 
port in  Istria,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  tli<' 
Gulf  of  Venice  31  miles  south  by  west  of  Triest. 
The  catlu'*iral  Is  a  very  curious  building,  fouinled  In  5-1.1. 
It  Is  preceded  by  an  atrium  and  biiptlHtcry.  and  lias  3  naves 
divided  by  marble  columns  with  sc-nlptured  capitals.  The 
apse  Is  Incrusted  below  with  marbles  ami  lined  above 


15  1799.  An  Italian  poet.  He  published  the  satiri- 
cal poems  "II  mattino'  (["Morning,''  1763),  "  II  mezzo- 
glorno"  ("Noon,"  1785),  ''II  vespro"  ("Evening  ),  "La 
notte"("  Night"), etc.  ,      ,      t      ,-,        11 

Paris  (par'is).  [Gr.  Ha/);?.]  1.  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  second  son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy, 
and  Hecuba :  also  called  Alexander.  Before  his 
birth  Hecuba  dreamt  that  shehad given  birth  to  aflrebrand 
which  causeil  a  conllagration  of  the  city.  The  dream  was 
Interpreted  to  mean  tbatshe  would  give  birth  toa  son  who 
wouKl  bring  disaster  on  Troy.  Paris  was  accordingly  ex- 
posed on  .Mount  Ida,  but  was  for  a  time  nourished  liy  a  she- 
liear  and  was  ultimately  taken  home  and  brought  np  by  the 
shepherd  who  was  Intrusted  with  his  exposure.  II  is  paren- 
tage  was  acciilentally  discovered  ;  ho  was  admitted  to  the 
household  of  I'riajn,  mai  ricd  (Enone.  daughter  of  the  river- 
god  Cebren,  and  became  celebrated  far  and  wide  for  Ills  -— :-•  ii--«'-T---  ,  ^,  \i,,iihr,r  01 
beauty  of  nirson,  his  gallanti7.  and  his  accomplishments.   PanS,  MattheW  Of.     hee  .U.Kf/irir  01 


among  t  he  guds  was  excluded,  threw  a  golden  apple  among 
the  marriage  gneslswitb  the  Inscription  "To  the  Fairest. 
A  dispute  arose  between  Hera,  Aphrodite,  and  Athene  over 
the  apple  and  Zeus  ordered  Hermes  to  take  tliegi>ddcB8e8 
to  Paris,  who  tended  his  flocks  on  Mount  Gargams,  a 
height  on  Mount  Ida,  and  who  was  to  adjudge  the  apple. 
To  lidluence  his  dec  Isbm  Hera  offered  hlni  power,  Athene 
martial  glory,  and  Aphrodite  the  mc  ist  beautiful  of  women. 
He  awarded  the  iippie  to  Aiilinxllte,  who  In  return  assisted 
hlmlncarrylngolf  from  Spartallelen,llic  wlfeof  Menelaus. 
The  rape  o(  Helen  gave  rise  to  the  Trojan  war,  during  which 
he  brought  down  upon  himself  Ihe  deteslallon  of  his  own 
friemis  by  bis  cowardice  and  bis  slubboni  .lel.rnilnutlcm 
not  to  give  np  Helen.  Me  was  fatally  wounded  by  Pblloc- 
tetea  with  a  poisoned  arrow  at  the  taking  of  Troy. 
2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Ko- 


iiotewortliv  of  these  are  the  following.  (")  SleBe 
by  the  Northmen  In  886-888.  It  was  unsucoessfu  (6) 
Siege  by  Henry  IV.  In  l.MM.  The  city  was  successfully  de. 
fended  l)y  the  forces  of  the  League  (0  S'!"''"!  '■■■  '" ','^° 
Allies.  March  31,  IMl.  (•()  Surrender  to  the  Allies,  July 
7  1815  (f)  Siege  ot  1S70-7I  by  the  Oennans.  It  was  com- 
menced Sept.  Ill,  1870  ;  Inertectual  .orlles  were  made  V.v. 
30-l)ec  3  Jan.  10-16,  and  Jan.  19,  1871 ;  the  city  capltu- 
latod  by  the  convenllon  of  Versailles  Jnii  28 ;  the  entry 
of  (ierman  troops  look  place  March  I,  and  the  evacuation 
March  :l  ( f)  Slene  of  1871  by  the  lr<«ipB  of  the  Natl.uial 
Assembly  commandd  bv  MacSlahon.  Paris  being  defended 
by  the  communists.  It  began  April  0,  and  the  eily  wa» 
entereil  by  the  besiegers  May  21  :  many  buildings  (llAlel 
deVUle,Tullerle»,etc.)were  destroyed  by  thetonmiunlsU. 
The  Insurrection  was  finally  suppressed  May  28,  1871. 


rledged;n!ivigation  of  the  Mississippi  was  made     1''  ^'°^-    <^^^'^  at  Boston,  May  26,  1830.     An 


Paris,  Treaties  of 

Paris,  Treaties  of.  Among  the  various  trea- 
ties negotiated  or  concluded  at  Paris,  the  fol- 
lowing are  tire  most  important,  (a)  Between  Great 
Britain  ou  one  side  and  France,  Spain,  and  Portueal  on 
the  other,  Feb.  10,  1763.  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
Canada,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Cape  Breton.  Mobile,  all 
the  teiTitor>'  east  of  the  Mississippi,  Dominica,  Tobago,  St. 
Vincent,  and  Grenada  ;  England  restored  to  France  Guade- 
loupe, Martinique,  St  Pierre  and  Miijuelon,  and  Pondi- 
cherry,  and  ceded  St,  Lncia  to  her ;  Spain  ceded  Florida  to 
Great  Britain ;  England  restored  Havana  to  Spain  ;  and 
France  ceded  Louisiana  to  Spain,  (6)  Between  Great  Britain 
on  one  side  and  Kraui 
other,  .Sept, 

was  acknowledged;  navigation  of  the  Mississipp: 
free  to  both  powers ;  Minorca  and  Florida  were  restored  to 
Spain  ;  the  region  of  the  Senegal  was  granted  to  France; 
and  mutual  restitution  was  made  of  conquests  in  the  West 
Indies,  (c)  Between  France  on  the  one  side  and  Great 
Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia  on  the  other,  M.iy  30, 
1814  :  called  also  the  Fin-t  Peace  of  Paris.  The  iudepen- 
dence  of  the  Xetherlands,  Switzerland,  and  German  and 
Italian  states  was  acknowledged,  "France  was  allowed 
to  retain  the  l>onndaries  of  1792,  with  some  additions. 
Great  Britain  was  to  keep  Malta,  but  to  restore  all  the 
colonies  held  by  France  on  Jan.  1,  1792,  e.xcept  Tobago, 
St,  Lucia,  and  Mauritius,  and  to  restore  all  the  Dutch  col- 
onies she  held  except  Ceylon,  the  Cape,  and  part  of  {now 
British)  Guiana.  Ageneral  congress  was  tomeetat  Vienna 
within  two  months  to  complete  the  arrangements,"  {Ac- 
land  and  Ransome,  English  Political  History,  p.  166.)  (d) 
Between  the  same  parties  as  the  treaty  of  1S14,  ^ov.  '20, 
1815 :  called  also  the  Second  Peace  of  Paris,  France  was 
reduced  nearly  to  the  limits  of  1790.   "£28,000,000  was  to  Parker,  Matthew, 

be  paid  to  the  Allies  for  the  expenses  of  the  war.    The     X-nfr     ~    '      *'    ' 

fortresses  of  the  northern  frontier  were  to  be  occupied  by  '^* 

the  Allies  for  five  years,  and  the  garrisons  paid  by  France. 
All  works  of  art  requisitioned  by  Xapoleon  were  to  be  re- 
stored to  their  owners."  (Adaiui  and  Ran^ojne,  English 
Political  Histor>-,  p.  166.)  (e)  Between  Kussia  on  the  one 
hand  and  Turkey.  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Sardinia  on 
the  other,  March  30,1856.  EussiarestoredKars,  and  ceded 
part  of  Bessarabia  and  the  Danube  mouth ;  Sebastopol  was 
restored  to  Russia:  the  neutralization  of  the  Black  Sea 
was  proclaimed  ;  and  Russia  abandoned  its  claim  to  a  pro- 
tectorate over  Christians  in  Turkey,  to  whom  the  sultan 
wiis  to  graut  more  favorable  terms.  (  0  Between  the  TJni- 
ted  States  and  Spain,  Dec.  10,  1898.  '  Spain  relinquished 
her  sovereignty  over  Cuba,  and  ceded  Porto  Rico,  Guahan 
in  the  Ladroues,  and  the  Philippine  Islands  to  the  United 
Stat.,s,  receiving  from  the  latter  the  sum  of  820,000,000. 


782 

European  to  accomplish  that  feat)  at  Sego  in  .July,  1796, 

after  many  adventures,  and  ascended  to  Bammaku.  In 
1799  he  published  a  narrative  of  his  journey,  entitled 
''Travels  in  the  Interior  of  -Africa."  After  having  prac- 
tised for  some  years  as  a  country  surgeon  at  Peebles,  Scot- 
land, he  undertook  a  new  expedition  to  the  >'iger  in  1805. 
He  started  from  Pisania  in  May,  1805,  with  a  company  of 
thirty-five  Europeans  and  a  number  of  natives,  reaching 
the  Niger  in  Aug.  with  only  seven  companions.  Sending 
back  his  journals  and  letters  from  Sansanding  on  the 
Xiger  in  Nov.,  1805,  he  embarked  with  four  European 
companions  in  a  canoe,  and  was  drowned  with  them  near 
Boussa  diu-ing  an  attack  by  the  natives. 


American  jurist.  He  was  a  Federalist  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1797-99,  and  in  1806  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts, 
of  which  he  was  presiding  justice  from  181-1  until  his 
death.     He  was  professor  of  law  at  Harvard  1816-27. 

Parker,  Joel.  Born  at  Bethel,  Vt.,  Aug.  27, 
1799 :  died  at  New  York,  May  2, 1873.  An  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  clergyman  and  religious 
■m-iter. 

Parker,  John  Henry.  Bom  1806:  died  Jan.  31, 

1884.  An  English  arch^ologist.  He  began  as  a 
bookseller  in  Oxford  in  1832.  In  1836  he  published  a 
"  Glossary  of  Architecture."  and  in  1849  an  "  Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture,  etc."  Hislateryears 
were  devoted  to  explorations  in  Rome.  His  "  Archseology 
of  Rome  "  began  to  appear  in  1874. 

Born  at  Xorvrich,  England, 
150-t:  died  at  London,  May  17,  1575. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge (Corpus  Chri^ti  College)'in  1526,  and  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn,  He  was  selected  to  preach  at 
Paul's  Cross  by  Thomas  CromweU.  In  1545  he  was  ap- 
pointed vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge.  On  the  accession 
of  Mary  Tudor  he  resigned,  and  lost  all  his  preferments. 
He  was  consecrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  Dec. 


Parma 

Britain  and  Ireland,  it  consists  of  the  three  estate, 
of  the  realm  — namely,  the  lords  spiritual,  the  lords  temT 
poral,  and  the  commons  :  the  general  council  of  the  na 
tion,  constituting  the  legislature,  summoned  by  the  sov. 
ereign  s  authority  to  consult  on  the  affairs  of  the  nation 
and  to  enact  and  repeal  laws.  Primarilv,  the  sovereien 
may  be  considered  as  a  constituent  element  of  Parlia. 
ment :  but  the  word  as  generally  used  has  exclusive  refer- 
ence to  the  three  estates  above  named,  ranged  in  two  di». 
tmct  branches— the  House  of  Lords  and  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  House  of  Lords  (numbering  595  in  inngv 
includes  the  lords  spiritual  (26)  and  lords  temporal 
(569).  The  House  of  Commons  consists  of  670  members- 
495  for  England  and  Wales,  72  for  Scotland,  and  103  for 
Ireland  —  377  being  representatives  of  county  constito- 
encies  (counties  or  divisions  of  counties),  284  of  bor. 
oughs,  and  9  of  universities.  The  authority  of  Parlia- 
ment extends  over  the  United  Kingdom  and  all  it* 
colonies  and  foreign  possessions.  The  duration  of  a  Par- 
liament was  fixed  by  the  Septennial  Act  in  1716  (supersed- 
ing the  Triennial  Act  of  1694)  at  7  years,  but  it  seldom 
even  approaches  its  limiL  Sessions  are  held  annually 
usually  from  about  the  middle  of  Feb.  to  the  end  of  Aug  ' 
and  are  closed  by  prorogation.  Government  is  admiuis^ 
tered  by  the  ministry,  which  is  sustained  bv  a  majority  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  Should  the  ministry  be  outvoted 
in  the  house  on  a  question  of  vntal  importance,  it  either 
resigns  oflice  or  dissolves  Parliament  and  appeals  to 
the  country.  The  precursors  of  the  Pailiament  were  the 
Witenagemot  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  and  the  Xational 
Councils  in  the  Norman  and  Ange\in  periods.  The  com- 
position and  powers  of  Parliament  were  developed  in  the 
13th  and  14th  centuries.  The  right  of  representation  from 
shires  and  towns  dates  from  1295,  and  the  separation  of 
the  two  houses  dates  from  the  middle  of  the  14th  century. 
Parliamentary  government  was  in  large  measure  suspended 
from  1461  to  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Pro- 
longed struggles  between  the  Parliament  and  the  crown 
took  place  under  James  I.  and  CTiarles  I., which  led  to  the 
civil  war  and  the  Commonwealth.  The  right  of  Britith 
subjects  to  vote  in  the  election  of  members  of  Parliament 
has  been  extended  and  regulated  by  the  Reform  Acta  of 
1832,  1867,  and  1884,  and  the  Redistribution  Act  of  188S. 


17,1559.  

As  primate  he  devoted  himself  to  the  organization  and  dis-  Parliament,  HoUSeS  of.     The  buildings  OCCU- 
pSt'i';,?!™  ^^  '        "'^  ^         opponent  of    pied  for  legislative  Durt50ses  hv  the  Rritl^h  P»,. 

Parker,  Sir  Peter.  Born  1721 :  lUed  1811.  An 
English  admiral.  He  served  in  the  American  war,  and 
made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie,  Charles- 
ton, in  1~" 


Paris,  University  of.  The  oldest  of  the  Eu- 
ropean universities.  Schools  had  been  estabUshed 
here  under  the  successors  of  Charlemagne.  They  multi- 
plied rapidly,  and  in  the  year  1200  an  edict  of  Philip  .Au- 
gustus united  them  under  one  management  and  created 
the  University  of  Paris,  called  the  Studium  till  1250.  More 
than  30  colleges  were  included.  It  degenerated,  and  was 
rehabilitated  by  Henry  IV.  in  1595.  Under  Louis  ilV. 
the  university  did  not  share  in  the  general  revival  of  arts 
and  letters,  the  Sorbonne  or  Faculty  de  Th^ologie  alone 
retaining  its  prestige.  I  n  1680  courses  of  lectures  in  French 
civil  law  were  given  forthe  first  time.  On  Sept.  15, 1793,  the 
faculties  of  theology-  medicine,  law  and  arts  were  sup- 
pressed throughout  the  republic  by  the  Convention.  See 
UniversiU  Sationale  de  France, 


Paris  Garden.  A  circus  for  bull- and  bear-bait- ^'?''^^®^'  -"^^'^i^l^-^^--  ^-"y^  is  ^'ew  Hampshire 
ing.  on  the  Bankside,  near  the  Globe  Theatre, 
London,  it  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  one  De 
Paris  who  built  a  house  there  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II 
It  was  in  use  at  the  beginning  of  Henry  VIII. 's  reign  and 
wasafterward  fitted  up  and  used  for  a  plavhouse  also 


ransn  (par  ish),  Elijah.     Bom  at   Lebanon. 
Conn.,  Nov.  7,  1762:  diedat  Bvfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  -    - 

'-  ■'"25.     An  American  Congregational  clergv- "rtsrsburg  (par'kerz-berg). 
and  geographical  and  historical  writer.    ",^  ^''??'^'_*:'°'^H'-^'  West  Virg 
History  of  New  England" 

Bom  Sept.  14,  1796 


15, 1825 
man 

He  publisiied"a 
(1809),  etc. 
Parish,  Sir  Woodbine. 


the  Rio  de  la  Plata  "  (1839  :  2d  ed.  1852).  He  brought  to 
England  an  important  coUection  of  the  large  fossa  ani- 
mals of  the  pampas. 

Parisina  (pa-re-se'na).  An  opera  by  Donizetti, 
first  produced  at  Florence,  1833.— 2.  A  poem 
by  Byron,  published  in  1816.  An  overture  for  it 
was  composed  Ijy  Sterndale  Bennett  in  1836. 

Parisot.     See  raleite. 

Parjanya  (par-jan'ya).  [According  to  Benfey, 
from  •/  sphiirj,  rumble;  according  to  Grass- 
mann,  from  pre,  in  sense  of  'to  fill,'  and  so  'the 
filled  cloud.']  The  Vedic  god  of  rain,  identified 
■with  Gothic  Fairguni,  Xorse  Fiorgyn,  and  Lith- 
uanian Perkuna :  still  the  name  of  "the  thunder. 

Park  (park),  Edwards  Amasa.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I..  Dec.  29,  1808:  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  June  4. 1900.  A  noted  American  Congre- 
gational theologian.professor  of  sacred  rhetoric 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  1836^7,  and 
of  theology  1847-81.   He  was  the  leading  editor  of  the 

_"  Bibliotheca  Sacra."  and  published  various  memoirs. 


pied  for  legislative  purposes  by  the  British  Par- 
liament, at  Westminster.  London.  They  were  be- 
gun in  1840  from  plans  by  Barry.  The  style  is  ornate  late 
Perpendicular :  the  area  8  acres.  The  structure  comprise* 
11  courts,  some  of  large  size,  1,100  rooms,  and  100  stsir- 
ways.  The  Thames  front  is  940  feet  long,  with  low  square 
towers  at  the  extremities  and  flanking  the  raised  central 
portion.  The  square  Victoria  tower  at  the  southwest 
angle  is  340  feet  high ;  the  middle  tower,  and  the  pointed 
Clock-tower  at  the  north  end,  are  slightly  less  lofty.  The 
House  of  Commons  is  toward  the  north  end  of  the  great 
structure  ;  it  measures  75  by  45  feet  and  41  high,  and  is 
solidly  and  simply  furnished,  and  paneled  with  oak.  There 
are  12  windows  of  colored  glass.  The  House  of  Lords,  90 
by  45  feet  and  45  high,  is  very  richly  decorated  :  its  walls 
are  .adorned  with  historical  frescos,  .-imong  other  notable 
rooms  are  the  Central  Hall,  between  the  House  of  Lords 
and  the  House  of  Commons,  octagonal  in  plan  and  finely 
ornamented :  and  the  robing-room  and  the  royal  gallery, 
used  by  the  sovereiL'n  when  he  opens  or  prorogues  Parlia- 
ment in  person.  St.  Stephen's  Hall  alTords  commcmica- 
tion  between  the  Central  Hall  and  Westminster  Hall  on 
the  west.  About  500  statues,  inside  and  outside,  adorn 
the  buildings. 

Parliament,  Mad.  [So  named  in  derision  by  the 
partizans  of  Henry  HI.]  A  great  council  "held 
at  Oxford  in  1258  in  order  to  accommodate  the 
differences  which  had  arisen  between  the  bar- 
ons and  the  king,  owing  to  the  persistent  eva- 
sion by  the  latter  of  the  obligations  imposed  on 
the  sovereign  by  Magna  Charta.  it  enacted  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford,  requiring  the  faithful  observance  by 
the  king  of  the  Great  Charter,  and  providing  for  the  as- 
sembling of  a  Parliament  three  times  a  year,  and  regular 
control  over  the  chief  justiciar,  chancellor,  and  other  high 
officers. 

See  Good  Parliament. 

See  Long  Parliament. 

X    >•      V-    1  --looo  .       i^  .u    -.r  J.        Parliament,  The  Rump.  See  XoHff  Par?iomf»f. 

toNewYorkinl880aspastorof  the  Madison  Parliament  of  Bats  ('bludgeons').    A  Parlia- 
bquare  Presbyterian  church.     In  1891  he  be-    ment  under  Henrv  VI.    1426. 


Parker,  Theodore.  Bom  at  Lexington.  Mass., 
Aug.  24,  1810 :  died  at  Florence,  Italy,  May  10, 
1860.  A  noted  American  clergyman,  lecturer, 
reformer,  and  author.  He  studied  at  the  Cambridge 
Divinity  School  1834-36;  becamea  Unitarian  clergyman  at 
Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  in  1837;  became  the  head  of  an 
independent  rationalistic  society  at  the  Melodeon  (1846), 
and  later  at  Music  Hall,  Boston  ;  and  was  a  conspicuous 
advocate  of  the  abolition  of  slavery.  Among  his  w-orka 
are  ' '  Discourse  on  Matters  Pertaining  to  Religion  "  (184-2), 
"Sermons  on  Theism,  Atheism,  and  the  Popular  Theology  " 
(1853),  "  Ten  Sermons  of  Religion"  (1853),  besides  a  large 
number  of  addresses,  etc..  and  "Great  Americans"  (this 
was  published  after  his  death).  His  complete  works  were 
edited  by  F.  P.  Cobhe  (12  vols.  1863-65). 


Sept.  2,  1800 :  died  at  Xew  York,  April  25,  1884. 
An  American  surgeon,  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  1839-69,  and  later  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  there.  He  became  president  of  the  Xew  York 
State  Inebriate  Asylum  at  Binghamton  in  1865.  He  pub- 
lished various  medical  monographs. 

A  city,  capital 

irginia.  situated  on 

the  Ohio  73  miles  southwest  of  Wheeling.    It  is 

the  third  city  in  the  State:  leading  industry,  the  refining 

of  petroleum.     Population  (1900).  11,703. 


came  president  of  the  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Oime.  His  exposure  of  the  corruption  of 
the  police  department  of  New  York  city  led  to  its  investi- 
gation by  a  committee  of  the  State  legislature  ("Lesow 
Committee  "X  and  its  reorganization,  and  to  the  defeat  of 
Tammany  Hall  in  1894. 
Parkman  Cpark'man),  Francis.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Sept.  16,  1823 :  died  at  Jamaica  Plain,  near 
Boston,  Nov.  8,  1893.  An  American  historian. 
He  graduated  at  Har\'ard  in  1844.  and  began  the  study  of 
law,  but  ultimately  abandoned  this  study  in  order  to  de- 
vote himself  to  literature.  He  was  professor  of  horticul- 
ture in  the  agricultural  School  of  Harvard  1871-72.  His 
historical  works  include  "Conspiracy  of  Pontiac"  (1851), 
"Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World"  (1S65X  "Jesuits 
in  North  America "(1867),  "Discovery  of  the  Great  West" 
(1869X  "The  Old  Regime  in  Canada  "  (1874),  "Count  Fron- 
tenac  and  New  France  under  Louis  XIV."  (18771,  "Mont- 
calm and  Wolfe  "  (1884),  "A  Half  Century  of  Conflict  "  (1S;12). 
He  wrote  also  " ""      -  •■-       ■  -  -  —    -     - 


Orders  had  been  sent  to  the  members  that  they  should 
not  wear  swords,  so  they  came,  like  modem  butchers,  with 
long  staves.  When  these  were  prohibited  they  had  re- 
course to  stones  and  leaden  plummets, 

Gurdon,  Hist,  of  Parliament 

Parliament  of  Dances.  A  parliament  con- 
vened at  Coventry  by  Henry  TV,  in  1404:  so 
named  because  all  lawyers  were  excluded  from 
it.  Also  called  the  Unlearned  Parliament  and 
the  Lack-learninq  Parliament. 

Parliament  of  Fowls,  or  Assembly  of  Fowls. 
A  poem  by  Chaucer,  mostly  taken  from  Italian 
sources,  sixteen  of  the  98  stanzas  are  from  Boccaccio's 
"Teseide."  It  is  a  poetical  abstract  of  Cicero's  "Dream 
of  Scipio." 

Parliament  of  Love,  The.  A  play  by  Mas- 
singer,  licensed  in  1624. 


vSf  i?l?i;'^?'a^™"T8JI),\"nd°'"Sr?^L;^'S^^  Parliament  of  Paris."  The  chief  of  the  French 


of  the  Northern  Tour  "  (1>85). 


Mount  Lin- 


_    ,  ^ ,.  parliaments;  the  principal  tribunal  of  justice  of 

Park,  Mungo.     Bom  in  Selkirkshire,  Scotland,  Park  Bange.     A  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains    the  French  monarchy,  from  its  origin  in  the 
a     1-   on  1TT1.  j--j._  .^.  ,    ,,    .     .„ —      :..^.i...„i      ^    ..  c     .,    T^_  ,     -^r       ,T.        king's  council  at  a  very  early  date  to  the  Revo- 

lution. From  about  1300  the  parliament  was  constituted 
in  3  divisions  —  the  grand'  charabre,  the  chambre  des 
requites,  and  the  chambre  des  enqu^tes.  It  played  s 
prominent  political  part  at  dijferent  times  in  the  17th  and 
18tb  centuries. 
Parma  (par'ma).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  1,250  square 


Sept.  20, 1771:  died  in  Africa  probably  in  1806. 

A  celebrated  African  explorer.  He  visited  Bencoolen 

as  assistant  surgeon  on  an  East-Indiaman  in  1792,  contrib- 

ntmg  on  his  return  a  description  of  eight  new  Sumatran 

fishes  to  the  "  Transactions  "  of  the  Linnean  Society,    As 

agent  of  the  .\frican  .Association  he  undertook  in  1795  to  »>  •  i- 

eiplore  the  course  of  the  Niger.    Leaving  Pisania  on  the  irajliament  (par  li-ment).     The  supreme  legis 

Oambia  in  Dec,  1795,  he  reached  the  Niger  (being  the  first     lative  body  of  the  tfiiited  Eingdom  of  Great 


iu  Colorado,  west  of  South  Park, 
coin  is  14.297  feet  in  height. 
Parley  (par'li).  Peter.  The  pseudonym  of  Sam- 
uel Griswold  Goodrich:  it  has  also  been  used 
bv  others. 


Parma 


783 


Parsis 


miles.    Population  (18i)l),  271,621.— 2.  A  city,  Parnell  (par'nel),  Charles  Stewart.    Born  at 


eapital  of  the  province  of  Panrni,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  river  Panna  in  lat.  44°  48'  N.,  long.  10° 
20'  K. :  the  Roman  Parma.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  flour- 
labing  trade,  and  has  manufactures  of  felt  hats.  The  ca- 
thedral is  an  interesting  Romanesqut*  building,  esaential- 
ly  of  the  nth  century.  The  fagade  has  3  round-arched 
portals  below  3  tiers  of  arcades :  arcades  are  freely  and 
picturesquely  used  throughf)Ut  the  exterior.  There  is  an 
octagonal  domed  tower  at  the  eixosing.  The  three-aisled 
interior  is  spacious,  with  mucli  excellent  sculpture  and 
painting,  notalily  the  famous  frescos  by  Correggio  in  the 
dome,  representing  the  Assumption  of  the  Virgin.  The 
baptistei7  of  the  cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  Italy,  be- 
gun in  111)6.  is  octagonal,  with  7  stories  :  the  4  intermedi- 
ate ones  form  galleries  supported  by  little  columns,  close- 
ly set.  There  are  3  beautiful  sculptured  doors.  The  in- 
terior is  sixteen-sided,  with  arcades  and  a  pointed,  ribbt-d 
dome.  The  «  alls  are  covered  with  curious  medieval  paint- 
ings, and  there  is  much  got)d  sculpture  both  without  and 
within.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  churches  of  Ma- 
donna della  Steccataand  San  Giovanni  Kvangt-lista,  ducal 
palace,  library,  museum,  art  gallery,  and  university.  Par- 
ma was  founded  by  the  Romans  as  a  colony  on  the  .-Emil- 
lan  Way  about  183  B.  c.  After  its  capture  by  Mark  An- 
tony, it  was  restored  and  called  Colonia  Julia  Augusta. 
It  had  important  woolen  manufactures  in  early  times.  It 
took  part  in  the  strife  of  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  and 
belonged  later  to  the  Visconti.  Here,  in  1734,  an  indeci- 
sive battle  was  fought  between  the  French  and  the  Im- 
{KrialistB.  (See  Parma,  Duchy  of.)  Population  (1892), 
61,5(10. 

Parma,  Duchy  of,  properly  the  Duchies  of 


years  old  when  he  died,  Mr.  Thorns,  the  editor  of  -'NoteB 
and  Queries,"  examined  the  evidence  and  found  it  un- 
trustworthy, though  Parr  was  certainljwerj' old  and  waa 
a  celebrity  for  many  years  before  his  deatlL 

Parramatta,  or  Paramatta  (par-a-mat'a).    A 

town  in  New  South  Wales,  Australia,  situated 
on  the  Parramatta  River  14  miles  northwest  of 
Sydney.  It  has  a  flourishing  fruit  trade.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  11,677. 
thrUnited  Stares  in  the  interest  of  the  Irish  agitation  for  PaiTet  (par'et),  A  river  in  Somerset,  England, 
home  rule  1879-80,  and  succeeded  .Shaw  as  leader  of  tliL-  which  flows  into  the  Bristol  Channel  6  miles 
Home  Rule  party  in  1880.  He  was  imprisoned  under  the  ^„_4.u  ^f  BridPTvnfpr  l.onpih  nhout  40  milp<? 
Coercion  Act  1881-82.  In  1886  Mr.  (iladstone  formed  a  _^""^  "^  linagwater.  l^engin,  aOOUl  4U  nuies. 
parliamentary  alliance  with  Parnell,  and  proposed  a  Homo  PairhasluS  (pa  -  ra '  shi  -  us) .  [Or,  Uappaaio^.] 
Rule  Hill  which  secured  the  support  of  all  the  Irish  mem-     Born  at  Kjihesus:  lived  about  400  B.C.     A  Cele- 


Avondalo.CountvWieklow.  Ireland,  1846:  died 
at  Brigliton,  Oct."  6,  ISDI.  An  Irish  statesman. 
He  was  the  fourth  son  of  John  Henry  Parnell  (whose  an- 
cestors  emigrated  from  England  to  Ireland  in  thu  17th 
centur>)  and  Delia  Tudor  Stewart,  daughter  of  Admii-al 
Charles  Stewart  of  the  I'nitfd  sijites  navy.  He  studied 
at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  without  taking  a  degree, 
and  w;is  elected  U>  Parliament  in  1875.  He  becaniL-  the 
first  president  of  the  Irish  Lund  League  in  1879,  visitt-d 


bers  ^85),  but  caused  a  split  in  the  Liberal  party  and  re- 
stored Lord  Salisbury  to  power.  Toward  tlie  close  of  the 
session  of  IS-sT  the  "Times  "sought  to  discredit  home  rule 
before  the  countrj'  by  publishing  a  series  of  articles  en- 
titled "  Parnellism  and  Crime,"  in  which  it  tried  to  con- 
nect Parnell  with  the  Phienix  Park  murders  and  other 
assassinations.  In  support  of  its  allegations  it  published 
a  number  of  letters  alleged  to  have  been  written  by  Par- 
nell, which  were  proved,  before  a  committee  appointed 
by  Parliament  to  investigate  the  "Times"  charges,  to  have 
been  forged  by  one  Pigott.  Parnell  l>rought  suit  for  libel 
''Times,"  recovering, t5, 000 damages.    In  Nov., 


brated  Greek  painter,  considered  one  of  the 
greatest  of  antiquity.  The  anecdotes  of  Pliny  about 
all  the  painters  of  this  time  indicate  extraordinary  realism 
carried  to  the  point  of  actual  illusion.  (Compare  Zeuxis.) 
There  were  many  pen-and-ink  sketches  by  Piu-rhasius  still 
in  existence  in  the  time  of  Pliny.  Among  his  principal 
works  were  "The  Personification  of  the  Demos  of  Athens," 
probably  suggested  by  Aristophanes;  a  Prometheus;  the 
Hercules  at  Lindus;  the  Theseus  at  Athens,  afterward  on 
the  Capitol  at  Kome  ;  and  a  Contest  of  Ajax  and  Odysseus 
for  the  weapons  of  Achilles. 


against  the  ,  _ 

1890,  Captain  O'Shea  obtained  a  grant  of  divorce  from  his  Parris  (par'is),  Albion  Keith.  Bom  in  Maine, 
wife -Parnell  (who  af  tcTward  marned  MrsA^  Shea>havmg  •'^^^^"^(f  ,7^j<'-^^  ,  Pnrtlnn.l  Maitip  Fph 
figured  as  tlu-  cnrL-KpmMlent  in  the  suit.  He  was  in  con-  Jan.  ly,  !/»»  .  died  at  rortlanU,  Maine,_r  eo. 
sequence  deposed  from  the  leadership,  at  the  instance  of  11,  1857.  An  American  Democratic  politician, 
the  Liberal  leaders,  by  a  majority  of  his  party,  but  refused  He  waa  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  181.V19; 
.   .       _        -  to  submit,  and  led  a  minority  until  his  death,  governor  of  Maine  1822-26;   and  United  States  senator 

Parma  and  Fiacenza.    A  former  duchy  in  pamell  Henry  Brooke  first  Baron  Congleton.    from  Maine  1S2&-20. 

northern  Italy,  comprising  in  later  times  the     g^^j.^  j^J^^  3^  177,3.  oomraitted  suicide,  June  8,  Parris,  Samuel.     Bom  at  London,  16o3:  died 

modern  provinces  of  Parma  and  Piacenza.  itwas     ig4o      ^  British  politician    secretary  at  war    nt  Sudbury,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1720.     An  Ameri- 

obtained  by  the  Pope  l.'Sll-13;  was  under  the  Farnese  dy-     -.qoT  00    tr    ,™^+«  •»  p;«o««;oi  ^?af/^«»«'"  /ift^n^  '  ... 

nasty  from  1^6  to  1731;  passed  to  Don  Cailos(i',ourbon  of     1831-32.  He  WTote     Financial  Reform    (1830). 

Spain)  in  1731,  to  Austria  in  17;i5,  to  Don  Philip  (llourbon      etc. 

of  Spain)  in  1748;  and  was  annexed  to  i-Yance  in  1802.  The  Pamoll  Thomas.   Bom  at  Dublin  in  1679  :  died 

duchies  of  Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  were  given  to     j^  j7i^_      A  British  poet.     He  was  educated  at  Trin- 

Ity  t'ollege,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  in  l(i97 ;  was  or- 
dained in  1700;  was  archdeacon  of  t'logher  in  1706;  and 
was  presented  to  the  vicai-age  of  Finglas  in  1716.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Scriblerus  Club.  Among  his  poems  are 
"The  Hermit,"  "Night- Piece  on  Death,"  "Hymn  to  Con- 
tentment," and  "Allegory  on  Man."  He  translated  Homer's 
"  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice." 

In  British  poll- 


Maria  Louisa  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  1814-15,  and  fell 
to  the  Duke  of  Lucca  in  1847.  There  was  an  unsuccessful 
revolution  in  1848-49.  The  duchy  was  incorporated  with 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1860. 

Parma,  Duke  of  (Alexander).    See  Farmse, 

Alessandro. 

Parmeffiano,orPanneggiano.  SeePflrw(V7?<7«<>.  __        -,.^    ,  ..  ,    ,-^,t.    . 

Parmelan  (parm-Ion').     A  mountain  near  An-  Pamelllte  (par  _nel-it)  Party. 


neuy,  in  the  Alps  of  Savoy.  Height,  G,085  feet. 
Parmenides  (par-men'i-dez),  [Gr.  Uap/irvi67j^.'\ 
Born  at  Elea  :  lived  about  450  b.  c.  (about  500 
B.  c.  ?).  A  celebrated  Greek  philosopher,  head 
of  the  Eleatic  school.  He  wrote  his  opinions  in  a  di- 
dactic poem,"  Nature"  (fragments  edited  by  Karsten  and 
by  Stein).  His  central  thought  is  the  unity  and  permanence 
of  being  :  there  is  no  not-being  or  change.  A  celebrated 
dialogue  of  Plato  waa  named  from  him. 

Parmenides,  a  native  of  Elea,  who  flourished  about  the 


ative  of  Elea,  who  flourished  about  the  ParTlv  (par-ne') 
year503B.O.,  enjoyed  a  reputation  in  his  native  city  scarcely     vi^rtilit-a  eitx      R 
inferior  to  that  of  Pythagoras  at  Crotona,  of  Empcdoclesat         '   '^"^ 
Acragas,  or  of  Sol<>n  at  Athens.     Speusippus,  quoted  by 
Diogenes  Laertius^  asserts  that  the  magistrates  of  Elea  were 
yearly  sworn  to  observe  the  laws  enacted  by  Parmenides. 
Cebes  talks  about  a  "Pythagorean  or  Parmenidean  mode 
of  life.'  as  if  the  austere  ascesis  of  the  Samian  philosopher 
had  been  adopted  or  imitated  by  the  Eleatic. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  19;J. 


tics,  the  Irish  Nationalist  party  as  it  came  un 
dertheleadershipof  Parnell  about  1879.  its  only 
important  aim  was  the  securing  of  home  rule  for  Ireland. 
In  18d5  it  became  allied  for  this  purpose  with  the  English 
Liberal  party,  and  contributed  to  the  parliamentary  ma- 
jority of  the  third  and  fourth  Gladstone  administrations. 
After  the  judgment  in  the  O'Sliea  case,  1S90,  the  party  iU- 
vided,  a  small  fraction  of  it,  called  now  distinctively  the 
Parnellites,  being  led  by  John  Redmond,  while  the  great 
majority  of  the  Nationalists  (often  called  Anti-Parnt-llites) 
chose  Justin  McCarthy  as  leader. 

. ,  fivariste  D6sir6  de  Forges, 

Vicomte  de.  Boru  on  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  Feb. 
6,  1753:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5,  1814.  A  French 
poet.  Among  his  best-known  works  are  *'  Poe- 
sies ^rotiques"  (1778)  and  "La  guerre  des 
dieux"  (1799) 


can  Congregational  clergjinan,  notable  in  con- 
nection with  the  Salem  witchcraft  delusion  of 
1692-93.  He  studied  at  Harvard,  without  taking  a  de- 
gree, became  a  merchant  at  Boston,  afterwanl  entered 
the  ministrj',  and  in  1689  became  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Danvers  (then  part  of  Salem),  Massachusetts.  In  1692 
his  daughter  and  his  niece,  Aliigail  Williams,  both  about 
li  years  of  age,  accused  Tibuta  (a  R<.)uth  American  slave 
living  with  the  family  as  a  servant)  of  bewitching  thero. 
He  beat  Tibuta  into  confessing  herself  a  witch.  The  de- 
lusion  spread,  many  persons  were  tried  for  witchcraft, 
and  in  the  course  of  16  months  20  persons  were  put  to 
death.  He  was  dismissed  by  his  congregation  in  1696  for 
his  share  in  these  judicial  murders.  Appl''fouit'  Cyc.  of 
Amer.  Bioy. 

Parrot  (i'a-ro')tJohaim  Jakob  FriedricliWil- 

helm.  Born  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  iTUli :  died 
at  Dorpat.Kussia,  about  1S40.  A  German  trav- 
eler in  the  Caucasus,  Ararat,  etc. 

Parrott(pai*'ot).  Robert  Parker.  Born  at  Lee, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  5;"1S04:  died  at  Cold  Spring.  N.  Y., 
Dec.  24, 1877.  An  American  inventor,  superin- 
tendent of  the  West  Point  iron  and  cannon  foun- 
dry, Cold  Spring,  Now  York.  He  invented  the 
Parrott  gun. 

Parry  (par'i),  Gape.     A  cape  on  the  northern 

coast  of  North  America,  projecting  into  the 
^^ 


Farmenio  (par-me'ni-6),  or  Parmenion  (par- 

me'ni-on).  [Gr.  Uap/in'iuv.^  Bom  about  400 
B.  C. :  assassinated  by  order  of  Alexander,  330 
B,  C.    A  Macedonian  general.    He  waa  the  leading 


Ai'ctlcOceanaboutlat.  70®  N.,  long.  123^30' 

Parny's  best  piece,  a  short  epitaph  on  a  young  girl ,  Is  one  Parry,  S  i  r  CharleS  Hubert  Hastings.     Bom  at 

of  the  best  things  of  its  kind  in  literature.     Hia  merits,  Bournemouth,  Ft*b.  27    184.S.    An  English  com- 

?eTs;i'w'^';\e"u,!!rpo'mfo„T.l^rd'^^.f',^.:';^:;;S^^^  PO--      He  wa,  „.a,.e  pr-re^or  o,  .usica.  his^ry  and 

against  England.  Christianity,  ami   monarchism,  wliich  connKisitH.n  iU  tliu  il<>yal  Acaili'niy  of  Mnau  in  Issl.     He 

afe  equally  remarkable  fm- blasphemy,  ohscenity.extrava-  was  knighU-.l  in  IWIK  and  .r.at.d  a  l.ar,.n..t  m  19tl-j, 

gance,  and  dullness.           Saiiituhury,  French  Lit.,  p.  399.  Pany,  Sir  William  Edward.  _Born  at  Bath, 


councUor  and  general  of  Philip  and  Alexander  the  Great,  ParoUes  (pii-rol'eR).  A  character  in  Shakspere's  fn^'Iana,  Doc.  11),  1790:  ciicii  at  Ems.  Germany, 
and  commanded  the  left  wing  at  the  battles  of  (iranicus,  ,,  .  ,,  .  yy' n  t^^t  Ends  WoU  "  a  braggart  whose  "'"'J'  ^'  ^^^^-  •^"  Englisli  navigator  and  arctic 
I.BU8,  and  Arbela.  ,„'h„„„.,„„„  ;„  1,„„,„.„„.,  „nrl  Hrr^ll  explorer.     In 


poltroonery  is  humorous  and  droll 


Parmigiaiio  (par-me-ja'no),  or  Parmegiano 

(par-nia-jii'no),  H    ('The  Piirinesan' 

name  of  Francesco  Maria  Mazzuola 

6'la)  (Mazzola,  orMazzuoli).   Born  at  Parma 

Jan.  11,  l.'J04  :  died  at  Casal  Maggiore,  Italy, 

Aug.  24,1540.  An  Italian  painter.  Among  his  works 

arc  "Vi8i<ni  of  St.  .Teronie"  (National  Oaller>',  I/indon), 

"Madonna  with  St.  Margaret"  (Bologna),  ".Madonna  del 

Colic  Lilngo"  (Pitti  Palace,  Horence),  "Madonna  della 

Kosa  "  (Dresden  Gallery),  etc. 
Pamahyba.     See  Paranahybd. 
Parnassus  (piir-nas'us).      [Gr.   Uaf>mn6(,  later 

napvana6(;.'\      A  mountain-ridge  in  Greece,  83  -n-   i  j 

miles  northwest  of  Athens,  near  the  ancient  Parquet,  Jacques  JJiel  du 

Delphi,  and  situated  mainly  in  ancient  Phocis:  J/'"  ' 

the  modem  Liakourii.    it  was  celebrated  an  the  haunt 

of  Apollo,  the  MuseB,  and  the  liyinj>lis,  and  hence  as  the 

Beat  of  mustc  and  poetry.       Highest  summit,  Lycorela 

(8,0(18  feet). 

Parnassus.  1 .  A  fresco  byRaphael  Mengs  (1760), 

in  tlie  Villa  Albani,  Rome.    It  is  a  group  of  Apollo 

and 

2. 

natura 

triumph 

influences  of  the  Renaissance.     AikiHo  and  (lie  Muses |)re 

aide  ;  Homer,  Vergil,  Dante,  Sappho,  Anacreon,  I'etnirch, 

»ndl'orinna,with  Itiiphael  himself,  llgure  with  their  fellow. 

artists  in  the  att«ndnnt  company.     It  is  a  garden  festival 

of  letli-century  Itoiuo. 
Parnassus,  Mount.  A  painting  by  Mantegna,  in 

the  Louvre,  Paris.     Mars  and  Venns  st4ind  <m  a  rock- 

arch,  with  Cupid,  will)  Is  shooting  darta  into  Vulcan's  cave: 

in  the  foreground  the  Muses  dance  while  Apollo  makes 

mualo,  and  Mercury  stands  beside  Pegaaua. 


i'):    usual  Paropamisus  (par-6-pam'i-sus  or  par'6-pa-mi'- 
a  (miit-sij-     su^*)-    [Gr.  n«/>o7r(i/;(Oor.]    In  ancient  geography, 
lit.  Parmn      <i  mountain-range  lying  west  of  the  llindu- 
Kush. 
ParOS  (pii'ros).     [Gr.  Ildpof.]     An  island  of  tlie 
Cydades,  (ireece,  situated  in  the  JEgofiu  Sea 
west  of  Na.xos,  intersected  by  lat.  37°  N..  long. 
'm°  10'  E.     It  is  composed  of  a  single  mountain,  famous 
in  ancient  times  for  its  white  niarl)le.     It  was  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  liy  Miltlades  after  the  battle  of  Marathi>n 
400  B.  c,  and  joined  the  confederacy  of  Delos.     Length, 
15  miles. 

See  Diel  du  Par- 

Parr  (jiiir),  Catharine.  Born  at  Kendal  (^astle, 
Westraorehmd,  EngliiiHl,  nlpuut  I'lll.'  :  clieii  at 
Sudely  (Jastle,  (Jlouci-Htcrsliiri',  Kiigliiiid,  Sept. 
7,  l.')4H.  Si.xth  wife  of  Henry  VIII.,  whom  she 
married  in  l.')43.    She  married  Lord  Seymour  in 

ir,47. 


ltheMn8Cs.wl(hMnemoByne,themotheroflheMu«e».   p  Samuel.     Bom    at    Ha 

A  fresco  by  Kapliael,  in  the  SUnza  della  Seg-  ^gland,  .Ian.  l.-i,  1747:  .lied. 

tura  of  the  Vatican.  Home.    The  sulijeet  Is  the     „    t'^„r        »       v„,,ii^i,  „,.lw,l,,r 

arophof  ancient  art  under  the  enlightened  and  p..etlc     V.'  '  I-iiMisn  s<  m.mr 


r,  son  of  Samuel 
Parr,  a  surgeon,  whose  assistant  he  was  \1CA-6A. 
Ho  studied  at  Harrow,  and  wjui  at  Cambridge  for  a  short 
time  in  1706.  Kroni  1707  to  1771  he  was  chief  aasistant  to 
Dr.  Sumner  at  Harrtiw  Sclu>oI,  and  in  17k;i  wiw  made  vicar 
of  Uatt4>ii,  near  Warwick.  He  waa  a  warm  friend  of  I'or- 
gon.  He  was  famous  for  the  variety  of  his  knowledge  and 
for  his  dogmatitnn. 
Parr,  Thomas,  called  "Old  Parr."  Died  at  Lon- 
don, 103.'').  A  reputed  centenarian.  He  was  said 
to  bays  been  bom  In  IMS,  and  hence  would  have  been  Hi 


explorer.  In  ISOO  he  was  midshipman  in  the  Tribune 
frigate,  and  in  18tt8  on  the  Vanguard  in  the  Baltic.  Ab 
lieutenant  of  the  Alexander  he  served  at  Spitzbergen  and 
on  La  lloguo  In  the  North  American  station  until  1817. 
He  accompanied  Ross's  p<.»lar  orpedition,  and  t<H»k  com- 
mand of  an  expedition  himself  in  May.  ISIO.  He  explored 
and  named  Harn)w  Strait,  Prince  Regent's  Inlet,  and 
Wellington  Sound,  reaching  Melville  Island  Sept.,  1819. 
By  crossing  long.  110"  W.  he  won  the  J;^000  Prize  of- 
fered i>y  Parliament,  A  narration  of  the  expedition  ap. 
peared  in  IS'il.  In  May,  1821.  he  started  on  a  second  ex- 
pedition, and  in  May,  182-1,  on  a  third,  which  were  not 
specially  successful.  Another  expedition,  by  way  of  Spite- 
Itergen,  was  likewise  unftneceBsful  hYonl  Dee.,  1S23,  to 
May,  18*20,  he  was  acting  hydrograpber  to  the  navy.  In 
18.'t"2  ho  was  made  rear-admiral,  and  in  1853  governor  of 
Greenwich  Hospital. 

Parry  Islands.   [Named  from  Sir  \V.  E.  Parry.] 

A  group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  includ- 
ing Melville  Ishinit,  Bat  hurst  Ishind,  ami  others. 

Parsdorf  diiirsMorf).  Armistice  of.     .-X  tmce 

lietween  France  ami  .\ustria.  concliideil  in  .Tuly, 
1800,  at  Parsdorf.  a  village  10  miles  ea-st  of  Mu-' 
nich. 
rrow-on-the-Hill,  Parsifal,  or  Parslval  (plir'se-fiil).     A  musical 
at  Hatton,  March     dnmia  hv  Kichanl  Wagner.     The  poem  waa  com- 
posed by  lilm  in  1S77,  the  music  in  1879.    It  was  flrat  per- 
formed at  liayreiith,  .Inly  '28,  1882.    Sec  Percnal  and  Par- 
ziral. 
Parsis, or Parsees  (piir'se/.).   [From  Pers.  Parsi, 
a  Persian.]    Thi'  descendants  of  those  Persians 
who  settled  in  India  about  the  end  of  the  7th  and 
the  beginning  of  the  SIh  century,  in  order  to  es- 


cape Mohammedan  persecution,  and  who  still  re- 
tain theirancieni  religion,  nowcalled  Zoroasfri- 


anism.     See  limbers. 


The  focal  length  of  the  telescope  is  64  feet;  the  diameter  -tartnia  (par  thi-a).     [Gr.  Uapdia,  from  UapSot, 
M  th«  .„>,„  7  f„„f  L.  Partlii,  the  PartMans.]    In  ancient  geogi-a- 

phy,  a  country  in  western  Asia,  situated  east  of 


Parsons 

Parsons  (par'sonz).  A  city  in  Labette  County, 
southeaster^^Kausas,  123  miles  south  by  east 
of  Topeka.    Topulation  (1900),  7,682. 

Parsons  (par'sonz),  Alfred  William.  Born 
in  Somerset,  Dec.  2,  1847.  An  English  land- 
scape-painter. He  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy in  1871,  and  paints  both  in  oil  and  in  water-colors. 
Among  his  works  are  "The  First  Frost "  (1883).  "  In  a  Cider 
Country  "  (1886),  "When  Nature  Painted  all  Things  Gay" 
(1887),  a  series  of  water-color  drawings  of  the  Warwick- 
shire Avon  (eihibited  in  1886),  etc.  Elected  A.  R.  A.  in  1897. 

Parsons,  or  Persons  (per'sonz),  Robert.  Born 
at  Nether  Stowey,  Somerset ,  1546 :  died  at  Eome, 
April  18,  1610.  An  English  Jesuit.  He  graduated 
at  Oxford  (Balliol  College)  in  1568,  and  was  subsequently 
a  fellow,  bursar,  and  dean  of  his  college.  In  1575  he  en- 
tered the  Jesuit  .Society  at  Rome.  He  intrigued  actively 
against  Elizabeth  and  the  Protestants  in  England  until  hifl 
death.    He  published  many  polemical  works. 

Parsons,  Theophilus.  Bom  at  Byfield,  Mass., 
Feb.  24,  1750:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  30,  1813. 
An  American  jurist.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Esses 
Junto  in  1778,  and  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Massachusetts  1806-13. 

Parsons,  Theophilus.  Bom  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  May  17,  1797:  died  Jan.  26,  1882.  An 
American  legal  and  religious  writer,  son  of  T. 
Parsons.  He  published  "LawofContracts"(1853),"Mer- 
cantile  Law  "(185<j),"  llaritime  Law"(lS59),  "  Deus  Homo  " 
(1^67).  "The  Intinite  and  the  Finite "(1872),  etc. 

Parsons,  Thomas  William.  Born  at  Boston, 
Aug.  18,  1819:  died  at  Scituate,  Mass.,  Sept. 
3,1892.  AnAmericanpoet.  He  lived  much  abroad. 
Hetranslated  Dante's  "Inferno"  in  1867,  pubIished"Ghetto 
di  Roma"  (1854  :  collected  poems,  among  which  is  "On  a 
Bust  of  Dante"),  "The  Magnolia,  etc."  (privately  printed 
1867),  "  The  Shadow  of  the  Obelisk,  etc.  (1872),  and  "Cir- 
ctmi  Pnecordia  "  (1892X  etc. 

Parsons,  William,  third  Earl  of  Eosse.  Bom 
at  York,  England,  June  17, 1800 :  died  Oct.  31, 
1867.  A  British  astronomer.  He  is  specially  nota- 
ble  for  the  reflecting  telescope  (the  largest  in  the  world) 
which  he  erected  at  Birr  Castle,  Parsonstown,  Ireland,  1845. 
The  focal  length  of  ■■  '  " 
of  the  tube,  7  feet. 

Parson's  Emperor.  [&.  Pfafeji-Eaiser.']  A 
name  given  to  the  emperor  Charles  FV.,  who 
owed  his  elevation  to  the  Pope. 

Parson's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  was  taken  from  the  same  original 
as  the  "  Ayenbite  of  Inwit,"  and  its  theme  is  penitence. 
At  the  instance  of  Pepys,  Dryden  produced  his  imitation 
of  the  character  of  the  parson  in  the  "General  Prologue  "  : 
he  turned  the  parish  priest  of  the  14th  century  into  a  non- 
juring  divine  of  the  17th  century.    Lounsbury. 

,  Parsonstown  (par'sonz-toun).  A  town  in  King's 
C'ountv,  Ireland,  43  miles  northeast  of  Limer- 
ick.    Population  (1891),  4,313. 

Partabgarh(pur-tab-gur'),orPertabgurh(per- 
tab-gur'),  orPratabgarh(prii-tab-gur').  1.  A 
district  in  Oudh,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  25°  45'  N.,  long.  82°  E.  Area,  1,438  square 
miles.  Popidation  (1891),  910,895.— 2.  A  state 
in  Rajputana,  India,  under  British  control,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  24°  N.,  long.  74°  40'  E.  Area, 
959  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  87,975. 

Partanna  (par-tan'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Trapani,  Sicily,  38  miles  southwest  of  Pa- 
lermo.    Population,  13,144. 

Parthenay  (part-na').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sfevres,  France,  situated  on  the 
Thouet  30  miles  west  by  north  of  Poitiers,  it  has 
been  a  military  stronghold  from  medieval  times.  Popula. 
tion  (1891),  comnmne,  7,297. 

Parthenia  (par-the'ni-a).  In  Sidney's  "Arca- 
dia," the  wife  of  ArgaTus,  who  assumes  the  ar- 
mor of  a  knight  to  revenge  his  death  upon  his 
slayer  Amphialus. 

Parthenius  (piir-the'ni-us).  [Gr.  UapBhio^.'] 
Lived  in  the  last  part  of  the  1st  century  B.  c. 
A  Greek  poet,  living  in  Rome.  His  only  sur- 
viving work  is  a  collection  of  prose  tales. 

Parthenon  (par'the-non).  [Gr.  Ylapdevuv,  the 
temple  of  Athene  ParthenosC  the  Virgin').]  The 
official  temple  of  Pallas,  at  Athens,  as  protec- 
tress of  the  city  and  guardian  of  the  Athenian 
hegemony,  begtm  about  450  B.  c.  by  letinus, 
.  under  the  political  direction  of  Pericles  and 
the  artistic  presidency  of  Phidias.  The  temple 
is  a  Doric  pcripteros  of  8  by  17  columns,  on  a  stylobate  of 
3  steps,  measuring  on  the  highest  step  101  by  228  feet 
Before  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  there  is  an  inner 
range  of  6  columns.  The  cella  had  two  interior  double- 
tiered  ranges  of  Doric  columns,  and  behind  it  there  was  a 
large  chamber  used  for  a  treasury,  with  4  great  columns 
;to  support  its  ceiling.  The  cult-statue  in  the  cella  wiis 
the  famous  colossal  chryselephantine  statue  of  Athene 
Parthenos  by  Phidias.  It  represented  the  goddess  stand- 
ing, wearing  helmet  and  aegis,  with  her  left  hand  sup- 
portmg  her  spear,  and  on  her  extended  right  holding  a 
Victory.  At  her  feet  were  her  shield  and  serpent.  The 
«ntire  upper  part  of  the  exterior  wall  of  the  cella  was  sm-- 
Tounded  by  a  frieze  in  low  relief, 


784 

sculpture  in  the  round,  the  group  on  the  east  representing 
the  birth  of  Athene,  that  on  the  west  her  contest  for  Ath- 
ens with  Poseidon.     The  surviving  fragments  from  the 

pediments  and  much  of  the  frieze  are  among  the  Elgin „. 

Jlarbles  in  the  British  Museum,  and  are  considered  the  Parzival  (pilrt'se-fal).      The  leffendarv  born  nf 
most  precious  e.x.stmg  sculptures.    The  me^topes^of^t^he     the  epic  poem  of  the  same  nam! rltteVby  thf 


Pas-de-Caiais 

manus,  wife  of  Darius  Ochus,  and  mother  of 
Artaxer.xes  Mnemon  and  Cyrus  the  Younger. 
She  was  notorious  for  her  crimes. 


peristyle  entablature  bore  contests 
taurs,  Amazons,  and  Trojans,  in  high  relief.  The  orna- 
ment of  the  Parthenon  also  included  a  comprehensive 
scheme  of  decoration  in  color.  In  reflnement  of  design 
and  perfection  of  execution  this  structure  has  never  been 
paralleled.  Since  1835  it  has  not  been  disputed  that 
the  existing  Parthenon  stands  on  the  foundations  of  an 
older  temple  which,  prior  to  the  discovery  in  1885  of  the 
oM  temple  of  Athene  (see  Atlwm)  adjoining  the  Erech- 
theum,  was  believed  to  be  identical  with  this  temple.  In 
ls92  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose  sought  to  establish,  nevertheless, 
the  truth  of  the  old  theorj',  basing  his  argument  prima- 
rdy  on  a  series  of  architect's  laying-out  marks  inscribed 
on  the  southern  foundation  of  the  Parthenon.  Mr  Pen- 
rose's temple,  assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c,  was  Doric,  peripteral,  hesastyle,  with  16  col- 
umns on  the  flanks,  measuring  on  the  highest  step  69.8 
by  193.1  feet,  and  thus  leaving  unoccupied  as  a  peribolos 
a  considerable  part  of  its  massive  platform.  Dr.  Durpfeld, 
however,  has  traversed  successfully  the  English  archseol- 
ogist's  theory,  and  has  proved  that  the  older  Parthenon 
was  begun  after  the  Persian  invasion  ;  that  it  was  never 
finished  ;  that  it  was  Doric,  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  19 


German  poet  Wolfram  von  Esehenbach,  after 
French  originals,  between  1205  and  1215  He 
was  the  son  of  Gamuret,  prince  of  Anjou,  and  Queen  Herze. 
loide  of  Valois.  His  father  falls  in  battle  in  the  East 
and  his  mother,  to  protect  him  from  a  like  fate,  brings  him 
up  in  the  solitude  of  the  forest  in  ignorance  of  knighthr 
customs.  After  many  misadventures  he,  however  airives 
at  Arthur  s  court,  and  ultimately  becomes  a  ^night  of  the 
Round  Table.  Afterward,  in  search  of  adventures,  he 
rescues  Queen  Condwiramurs,  who  becomes  his  wifeTand 
then  arrives  at  the  Castle  of  the  Holy  Grail.  Here  hav 
ing  neglected  certain  conditions,  he  loses  the  sovereignty 
of  the  grail  (which  it  was  possible  for  him  to  obtain)  and 
leaves  the  castle  in  disgrace.  The  messenger  of  the  Bt»n 
afterward  appears  at  the  court  of  Arthur  and  rebukes  him 
and  he  is  banished  from  the  Round  Table.  At  this  oDen 
shame  he  renounces  his  allegiance  to  God,  and  wanderj 
about  m  search  of  the  graU.  Finally  he  learns  the  true 
nature  of  God  and  of  the  graU,  leads  a  life  of  abstinence, 
and  liecomes  again  a  member  of  the  Round  Table.  At  the 
Castle  of  the  Grail  he  is  declared  to  be  now  worthy  to  be- 
come  the  sovereign  of  the  grail.    See  ParsifaX  and  Per. 


columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a  stylobate  probably  of  2  steps  ,     

bj  24'9.t'f'e"t''"''' ""  ""  "^^^  ''"'"^"PP'^^  '^^P  loo-o*  Pasadena  (pas-a-de'na).    A  noted  winterresort 

in  southern  California,  about  9  miles  from  Los 


Parthenope  (par-then'6-pe).     [Gr.  Xlapt)ny6irri.'\ 
1.  The  name  of  several  persons  in  Greek  my 


Angeles.     Population  (1900),  9,117. 


rsous  in  urees  mv-  ■d-„__„„j_  /  ■•    /         j-,      ,-„      „ 

thology,  particularly  of  a  Siren  said  to  have  ^lasargadae  (pa-sar  ga-de).    [Gr.  Haaap^drfm.] 
been  cast  up  drowned  on  the  shore  of  Naples,    i  =^°'^^®°t  geography,  the  earliest  capital  of  the 
—  2.  An  ancient  name  of  Naples.— 3.  An  aste-    ■'^?''S"*"S.  it  has  been  identified 
roid  (No.  11)  discovered  at  Naples  May  11, 1850, 
by  De  Gasparis. 

Parthenopean  (par'the-no-pe'an)  Republic. 
[From  Parthenope,  an  old  name  of  Naples.l 

The  short-Uved  republic  which  succeeded  the  v'.:;:Z::W.^'^Z7minr! 
kingdom  of  Naples  in  1799.    It  was  established  by  p^^^t!^"f"  .!•/;■•  ^       a     •         ■     , 
aid  of  the  French  in  Jan.,  and  was  overthrown  by  the  -t  aSCagOUla  (pas-lca-go  la).     A  nver  m  Missis- 
British,  Russian,  and  other  forces  in  June.    The  Bourbons     sippi  wliich  is  formed  by  the  Union  of  the  Leaf 

and  Chickasawha  rivers,  and  flows  into  Mis- 
sissippi Sound  40  miles  southwest  of  Mobile. 
Length,  including  the  Chickasawha,  about  250 
miles. 


.    ^.^    ,  m  the  ancient  site  con- 

spicuous in  the  little  valley  now  caUed  Meshhed-Murghab 
northeast  of  the  ancient  Persepolis.  Cjtus  built  here  two 
palaces  and  founded  temples;  here  he  was  buried ;  and  hia 
city  became  a  place  of  pilgrimage  and  religious  instruc- 
tion for  the  Persians.  The  architectural  remains,  though 
ruinous,  are  important. 


were  restored. 


Me^ia  and  south  of  Hyrcania.  It  was  the  nucleus  Pascal   (pas'kal;   F.  pron.  pas-kiil'),  Blaise, 


of  the  Parthian  empire. 
Parthian  (par'thi-an)  Empire.  An  ancient 
monarchy,  comprising  a  great  part  of  the  terri- 
tories of  the  first  Persian  empire,  it  extended  at 
its  height  to  the  Euphrates,  Caspian  Sea,  Indus,  and  In- 
dian Ocean.  It  was  established  by  Arsaces,  the  first  king, 
who  overthrew  the  rule  of  the  Seleucidie  about  260  B.  c.  ; 
rose  to  great  power  under  Mithridates  I.  and  II. ;  was  often 
at  war  with  Rome  ;  and  was  overthrown  by  the  new  Per- 
sian dynasty  of  the  Sassanidae  about  226  a.  d. 

Partick(par'tik).  Awestemsuburbof Glasgow, 
Scotland.  ^      ' 

Partington  (par'ting-ton),  Mrs.  A  humorous 
character  invented  by  Benjamin  Penhallow 
ShiUaber,  whose  "Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs. 
Partington  "  appeared  in  1854.  she  was  noted  for 
her  misuse  of  words.  Sydney  Smith  introduces  a  personage 
of  this  name  in  his  speech  on  the  Reform  Bill  in  1831  in 
which  he  applies  the  story  of  a  Dame  Partington  of  Sid- 
mouth  who  undertook  to  sweep  the  Atlantic  Ocean  out  of 
her  house  on  the  occasion  of  a  great  storm,  mopping  it  up 
and  then  squeezing  out  the  mop :  "  The  Atlantic  beat  Mrs. 
Partington." 

Partition  Treaties.  Two  treaties  made  between 
France,  England,  and  the  Netherlands  in  1698 
and  1700  (the  latter  on  the  death  of  the  Bava- 
rian electoral  prince),  for  the  settlement  of  the 
Spanish  succession.  By  the  first,  Spain,  the  Indies, 
and  the  Netherlands  were  given  to  the  Bavarian  electoral 
prince  Joseph  Ferdinand ;  Guipiizcoa  and  the  Sicilies  to 
France;  and  Milan  to  the  archduke  Charles.  By  the 
second,  Spain,  the  Indies,  and  the  Netherlands  went  to 
the  archduke  Charles,  and  France  was  to  receive  the  Two 
Sicilies,  Milan  (or  its  equivalent  Lorraine),  and  Guipiizcoa. 

Parton  (par'ton),  Arthur.  Born  at  Hudson, 
N.Y'.,  March  26, 1842. 


Bom  at  Clermont-Ferrand,  Puy-de-D6me,  June 
19,  1623:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1662.  A  cele- 
brated French  geometrician,  philosopher,  and 
writer.  He  was  educated  in  Paris  after  1631,  but  his 
progress  was  such  that  his  zeal  had  to  be  restrained.  Books 
were  denied  him  for  a  while,  but  nevertheless,  unaided,  he 
invented  geometry  anew  when  12  years  old,  and  at  the  age 
of  17  achieved  renown  with  his  "Traite  des  sections  co- 
niques  "  (1640).  Later  on  he  undertook  and  carried  on  suc- 
cessfully the  solution  of  the  most  diflicult  problems  That 
he  also  becamedistinguished  in  literature  is  due  to  his  con- 
nection with  the  celebrated  monastery  of  Port-Royal.  At 
different  times  during  his  early  career  Pascal  had  con- 
ceived the  plan  to  give  himself  up  as  a  layman  to  the  ser- 
vice of  God.  At  various  times  he  abandoned  his  intention 
for  a  life  of  dissipation  from  which  he  was  finally  redeemed 
as  a  consequence  of  an  escape  he  had  from  an  accident 
(1654).  He  renounced  the  world  definitely,  and  embraced 
the  cause  of  Port-Royal.  His  first  literary  work  within 
these  walls  was  transmitted  from  memory  by  an  auditor 
and  is  entitled  "Entretien  sur  Epict^te  et  Montaigne'" 
(1655).  He  rose  to  highest  literary  excellence  in  setting 
forth  and  defending  the  doctrines  of  Port- Royal  against 
the  Jesuits.  Between  Jan.,  1656,  and  March,  1657,  over  hia 
nom  de  plume,  Louis  de  Montalte,  Pascal  wrote  18  letters, 
professedly  to  a  friend  in  the  provinces:  hence  the 
epistles  ;tre  known  as  "Les  provinciales.  "  At  the  time 
of  his  death  Pascal  was  engaged  on  a  work  that  he  was 
to  name  "Apologie  de  la  religion  catholique"  The  notes 
he  had  made  for  it  were  subsequently  found,  but  in  such 
a  scattered  and  imperfect  condition  that  it  was  useless  to 
attemptrestoringhis  plan.  They  were  therefore  published 
in  1670  under  the  title  "  PensSes  de  il.  Pascal  sur  la  religion 
et  surquelquesautres  sujets,  qui  out  ^tStrouvSes  apr^s  sa 
mort  parmi  ses  papiers. "  In  addition  to  these  works  Pas- 
cal wrote  a  "Discours  sur  les  passions  de  lamour,"  "L'Es- 
prit  giSomi^trique, "  "L'Art  de  persuader,"  three  difierent 
"Discours  sur  la  condition  des  grands,"  "Priire  pour  de- 
mander  le  bon  usage  des  maladies,"  and  finally  a  limited 
number  of  letters,  addressed  among  others,  to  Mademoi- 
selle de  Roannez  in  1657. 


An  American  landscape 
painter. 

fnSs^|i;jeo\l^Ltht.^:l?hiSaS  ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

works  are  lives  of  Horace  Greeley  (185,5)    Aaron  Burr       C'   /•        .-^  P     luaa-lllB.    He  carried  on  a  strife 

(1857),  Andrew  Jackson  (I860),  Benjamin  Franklin  (1S61)      ""*'"'  '"/^'t'tufe  with  Henry  L  of  England  and  the  em- 

Thomas  Jefferson  (1874),  Voltaire  (1^1)      He  also  WTote     P"""?  Heniy  IV.  and  Henry  V. 

"Famous  Americans  of  Recent  Times"  (1867),  "Noted  Paschal  III.      Antipope  1164-68,  in  opposition 

Women  of  Europe  and  America  "  (1883),  "Captains  of  In-     to  Alexander  lU. 

dustry    (18S4  and  ls91),  etc.  -,  o       ^  j    t, 

Parton,  Mrs.  (Sara  Payson  Willis) :  pseudo-  |ti^°i,oala     sleBUoT"' 
nym  Panny  Pern.     Bom  at  Portland,  Maine,  pticSa?o      See  Pat-cZ™ 
July  9,  1811:  died  at  Brooklyn.  N,Y..  Oct.  10,  ^^^^iTiS'^^^^-m-) 


1872.  An  American  author,  wife  of  James 
Parton  and  sister  of  N.  P.  Willis.  She  married 
Charles  H.  Eldredge  in  1837 :  he  died  in  1846,  and  she  began 
to  write  for  a  livelihood.  In  1856  she  married  James  Par- 
ton.  She  publisheii "  Fern  Leaves  from  Fanny's  Portfolio  " 
(1863  and  1854),  "Little  Ferns'  (1854),  "Fresh  Ferns," 
"Ruth  Hall,"  "Rose  Clark,"  "Folly  as  it  Flies,  etc." 
„,  ,    ....  (186S),  "Ginger  Snaps  "(1870),  etc. 

;   v  - -.—^  ...  ..J..  .,si.ci,  3J  feet  high,  represent-  n  jj     /  •   ,     i.   ,     r^ 

tag  an  idealized  Panathenaic  procession,  in  presence  of  irarysatlS  (pa-ris  a-tis).   [Gr.  Uapvaaric.']  Lived 
the  Olympian  gods.     Both  pediments  were  filled  with     about  400  B.  0.     Daughter  of  Artaxerxes  Lonoi- 


,  [F., 'step  of 
Calais.']  1.  The  French  name  of  the  Strait  of 
Dover. — 2.  A  department  in  northern  France, 
corresponding  to  the  greater  part  of  Artois  and 
part  of  Picardy.  Capital,  Arras.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  English  Channel  and  Strait  of  Dover  on  the  west  and 
north,  Nord  on  the  northeast  and  east,  and  Somme  on  the 
south.  The  surface  is  a  plain  intersected  by  hills.  It  is  a 
flourishing  auricultural,  manufacturing,  mining,  and  com- 
mercial department.  Area,  2,.551  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  874,364. 


Pasdeloup 

Pasdeloup  (pad-ls'),  Jules  Etienne. .  Born  at 

Paris,  Sept.  15,  1819:  died  at  Fontamebleau, 
Aug.  14,  1H87.  A  French  conductor  of  popular 
concerts  in  Paris. 

Pasewalk  (pil'ze-viilk).  A  town  in  Pomerama, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Uker  24  miles  west  by 
north  of  Stettin.     Popiilation  (1890),  8,247. 

Pasini  fivil-se'ne),  Alberto.  Born  near  Parma. 
Italy,  1820:  died  at  Turin,  Dec,  1899.  An  Ital- 
ian "genre-painter.  He  went  to  PHris  nliout  1840,  ami 
became  the  pupil  of  E.  (Mceri,  E.  Isabey.  iilid  Tlico.lore 
Roussiaii.     His  suhjects  are  chiefly  Oriental. 

Pasiphae  (pa-sif'a-S).  [Gr.noffi<?<i7.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  daughter  of  Helios,  wife  of  Mmos, 
and  mother  of  Ariadne.  She  was  enamoured  of  a 
wlilte  bull  niven  to  Minos  by  Poseidon,  and  by  him  be- 
came the  mother  of  the  Minotaur.  _ 

Pasiteles  (pa-sit'e-lez).  [Gr.  Hacfrf /«.]  I-ived 
in  the  1st  century  b.  C.  A  Greek  sculptor,  a 
native  of  Magna  Grrecia,  who  acquired  Roman 
citizenship  when  the  southern  cities  were  ad- 
mitted to  that  privilege  about  87b.  C.  He  followed 
odem  method  of  elaborating  his  work  in  clay,  and 


785 

Passage  of  Honor.    See  the  extract. 

The  lli-st  [of  these  special  chronicles],  according  to  the 
date  of  its  events,  is  the  "  I'asso  Uonroso,"  or  the  Passage 
of  Honor,  and  is  a  formal  account  of  a  passage  at  arnis  which 
was  held  against  all  cumcrs  in  14:m,  atthebridgeof  Orbigo, 


Patanjali 

20,1786:  died  at  Breslau,  March  11, 1833.  AGcr- 
manclassical  philologist  and  lexi^oprapher,  pro- 
fessor at  Breslau  from  1815.  He  pulrtished  a  Greek 
lexicon  (1S19-24  :  5th  ed.  lK41-6r), "  Elements  of  the  History 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Literature  and  Art,"  etc 


ar  the  city  of  Leon,  duriiit.'  thirty  days,  at  a  moment  pa_sgy  (pii-se').     A  former  commune,  since  1860 
when  the  road  was  thro,«.J  willi  knights  passing  for  a  '    t-  situated  east  of  the  Bois  de 

solemn  festival  to  tlienei-hlioniiKshnne  of  Santiago.   Ihe     ._i  i";''-   "'  , 

cllallcnger  Wiis  Sucio  de  (Juinones,  a  gentleman  of  rank 
who  claimed  Ut  be  thus  emancipated  from  the  service  ijf 
wearing  for  a  noble  lady's  sake  a  chain  of  iron  around  his 
neck  every  Thursday.  The  arrangements  for  this  extra- 
ordinary tournament  were  all  made  under  the  kings  au- 
thority. Nine  champions,  manteru'dores,  we  are  told,  stood 
Willi  (Juifiones  ;  and  at  tlie  end  of  thirty  days  it  was  found 

th;      

hiscU ^ -    .    ,,        ,     , 

t;iken  place,  and  that  sixty-six  lances  had  been  broken 
one  knight,  an  Arat'onese,  having  been  killed,  and  many 
woundeil,  among  wliom  were  Quinones  and  eight  out  of  his 
nine  fellow.champions.  Tlcknnr,  Span.  Lit.,  1.174. 

Passages  from  theDiaryofa  Late  Physician. 

A  collection  of  short  stories  by  Samuel  Warren, 


Boulogne. 
Pasta(pas'ta), Madame (GiudittaNegri).  Born 

at  Como,  Italv,  1798:  died  near  the  Lake  of 
Como,  April  1,"  1865.  An  Italian  opera -singer, 
of  Hebrew  birth,  one  of  the  leading  sopranos  in 

, .„ .  Paris  and  Italv  from  1819  to  about  1835. 

,atsix(y.eiglitknigbt5hadadventuredthemselvesagain.5t  pagtasa  (pas-tiis'ii),  or  Pastaza  (pas-f a'tha). 

sclaim,tl.atsi.vhuMdiedan.itwenty.sevenenc«untersbad  .'    g        j  ^  which  joins  the  Marauon 

1 1..,.,^    n,„l  »!,.,,  cJvfv.^iv  Iriiipes  hnd  been  broken  ; —       ■'^    li>ei    111    i-*K.  i.Ltx\-t.\^t,     ""*^"   J  .^_  _  , 

(Amazon)  about  long.  76°  30'  W.  Length, 
about  400  miles.  .    ,     , 

Pasterze  (piis-tert'se).  One  of  the  largest  Al- 
pine glaciers,  situated  in  the  Glockner  group 
on  the  border  of  T\to1  and  Carinthia. 


first  published  in  "Blackwood's Magazine."    In  p,„tpiir  f niis-ter' )  Louis.     Born  at  Dole,  .Tura, 
is:n  in  America  (1832  in  England.,  two  ^i^^-^J^^^^^'^    ivtnc"  Dec.  27, 1822:  died  near  St.-Cloud,  Sept. 


i,te  five  books  on  artistic  matters  much  copied  by  1 1  n>.  poocoOTiateS    (pii-sii-gwa' tas). 
isiteles  and  his  school  atfected  a  kind  of  pre-PliKlian  raSSagUaies   ^1"^  J,"'   ^  ; 

tic      Many  pseudo-archaic  works  are  ascribed  to  them.       known. J      A  nomatl  tripe  OlSOUrc 
*        ■      '  " T^  •      -    -«    hua,  mentioned  m  1;)82  by  Espe.io. 


Pasit 

Btylc.     Many] .   ,^     _  _.  . 

Paskevitch   (piis-kye'vieh      Ivan     Pnnce    of 
Warsaw.  Born  at  Poltava, Russia, May  8(0. S. ), 


28,  189.'i.  A  celebrated  French  chemist  and  mi- 
croseopist.  He  is  famous  especially  for  his  researches 
in  bacteria,  fermentation., the  "Siberian  pest.  '  hydropbo. 
bia,  etc.  He  pulilislied  " Etudes sur  le  vin " (ISCC),  •■Etudes 
sur  le  vinaigre  "  (IStiS),  "fitudes  sur  la  maladie  des  vera  a 
soic  ••  (1870>,  "  fetudes  sur  la  biere  "  (1.^76),  etc.     He  began 


lialied,  and  in  1S38  a  third  was  added 
morbid  interest,  but  were  extremely  popular. 

,s).      [Origin    in- 
southern  Chil.ua- 
It  is  DOW 

,_,_^ ^,     extinct,  and  nothing  is  known  "of  its  langi'age.     __^_^    ^,„.„,     , - 

1782r'died  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  1, 185'6.    A  Russian  Passaic  (pa_-sa'ik)_.  A  river  m  New  Jersey  wAieh  jhiTpractVce  of"inoculation  for  hydrophobia  in^l»Si 

field-marshal.    He  was  distinguished  in  Turkey  until 

■     -  — ■"-*  ^' — "' — ■  — "      acataractoi  (aieei.wuiia  peipenuicuim  lanoi  .^wic,;^,  »,.     pj^ 

Paterson.    Length,  about  100  miles.  '   • 

Passaic.  Amauufacturingcity  in  Passaic  Coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  river  Passaic 
I'l  miles  iicirthuest  of  New  York.  Population 
(1900) 


con- 
cap- 


1812,  and  in  the  later  campaigns  against  ^'apoleon; 
ouercd  Persian  Armenia  and  stormed  Erivan  in  1827;  . 
tur^d  K.ars  in  1828,  and  Erzeruni  in  18J9 ;  as  commander- 
in-chief  in  Poland  captured  Warsaw  in  1831,  and  became 
irovernor  of  Poland,  executing  the  Organic  Statute ;  and 
commanded  the  Eussian  contingent  against  the  Hunga- 
rians in  1849,  and  the  Danube  army  in  1854. 


Pasman  (piis-man').  A  smaU  narrow  island  in  Passamaquqddy  (pas'a-ma-quod'i).  A  tribe  of 
the  AdriaC  Sea,  south  of  Zara,  belonging  to  North  American  Indiaiis,  chiefly  m  Maine.  See 
Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary,  _Ahnah> 


Paso  de  Chocolate  (pii:??,da  eho-ko-lii^ta)^.  ^^A  Passamaauoddy  B^^.  ^^^^^^^.^^  situatedonthe 


pass  m  northwestern  Chihuahua,  between  the 
towns  of  Galeana  and  Casas  Grandes,  famous  for 


flows  int'o'Newark  Bay  below  Newark.  It  forms  pasto  (piis'to).     A  town  in  the  southwestern 
acataractof  72  feet,  with  a  perpendicular  fall  of  50  feet,  at    pj^j.(.  q£  Colombia  (department  of  Cauca),  100 
'  '  miles  southwest  of  Popayan,  on  the  eastern 

flank  of  a  volcano  of  the  same  name.     Popula- 
tion, about  10,000. 

Paston  Letters.  A  series  of  letters  written  or 
received  by  members  of  the  Paston  family,  of 
Paston,  count V  of  Norfolk,  England.  The  scries 
commenced  in  1424,  and  ended  in  1509.  Tliey  are  valuable 
for  15thcentury  iiistory,  and  were  first  published  in  part 
by  Sir  John  Feiin  in  17s7.  The  best  edition  is  by  James 
Gairdner  (3  vols.  1872-76),  Increased  by  more  than  600  let- 
ters, with  notes,  etc. 


rFromthe  Indian  tribe 

le 

It 


last  action  fought  there  was  in  1882.  when  nearly  all  the 
able-bodied  men  of  Oaleana  were  slain  by  a  superior  force 
of  Indinns,  after  a  desperate  resistance. 
Paso  del  Norte  (pii'so  del  nor'ta),El.  [Sp., 
'The  Pass  of  the  North.']  A  town  (oflicially 
Juarez)  in  northeastern  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  on 


borderbetweeuMaineandNewBrunswick.^.™-,  •■■-."■"";, -^^^^  .,      a  short  move- 

S;;?;;;cUi;s-;;^ittedthere  by  the  Apaches  ^eeiv^theS.^^^^ 

duritig  the  19th  and  precediiig  centuries.^^  The  Passaro  ^P^«  ^Xn  name  ofpachynum.    In  a    l^lrt^°-<^'":«  CthsymphonJ^    He  added  a  second 

^■tnglitoffthiscape,  Aug.  11, 1718,  tlie  British  under  Byng     title,  ''or  RecoUectlonsofCoun^ 
annihilated  Ihe  Spanish  fleet  under  Castaneta.  Pastor  Fldo  (pas-tor   fe  do),  II.     L    Ihe  l;_aitn- 

Passarowitz  (piis-sii'ro-vits),  or  Posarevatz  fui  shepherd.']  A  pastoral  drama  by  Giam- 
(p6-sii're-viits),  or  Poscharewatz  (po-sh;l're-  battista  Guarini,  played  at  Turin  in  1585.  but 
viits).  -A  town  in  Servia,  38  miles  east-south-  „ot  printed  till  1590.  It  was  composed  to  celebraU 
east  of  Belgrad.     Population  (1891),  11,134.  the  marriage  of  a  duke  of  Savoy,  and  has  been  six  times 

•        —  -       .   ,        .         Deluded  at     translated  into  English. 

Turkey  on  Patagonia  (pat-a-go'ni-a).     The  southenimost 

o-nlV  relay  between  Parral  in  southern  Chihuahua  and  one  SKle  ana  ivustria  auu  v  eu,e«  ox.  the  other,  portion  of  South  fS-^^^yif,^'  '.^l^-^Pf  *" -^^  Y^f 

Santa  Frin  New  Mexico.    In  1680,  when  the  Pueblo  In-  v,.„i,,e  ceded  the  Jlorea  to  Turkey  •.  Tui-key ceded  to  Aus-  Argentine  Republic  south  of  the  Kio  Negl  o,  to- 

dians  of  New  Mexico  drove  the  Spaniards  from  Santa  Fe,  tria  p:iri  "f  r.nsni:i,  Little  WuUachia,  part  of  hervia  (in-  pether  with  the  adjacent  parts  of  Chile.  The  wesU 

the  retreating  colonists  andafew  soldiers  halted  at  El  Paso  elu.ling  liilgmdi,  and  tlie  Banat  of  Temesrfr.  ^^^  partis  traversed  from  north  to  southby  the  Andes :  east 

del  Norte  and  established  their  camp.    Thereafter  it  be-  Passau(pa8'sou).     Acity  in  Lower  Bavaria,  Ba-  „(  ,f,j.n,  nuichof  the  country  is  occupied  by  high  and  more 

came  the  seat  of  government  for  the  province  of  New  .      situated  at  the  iunction  of  the  Inn  and  Ilz  or  less  arid  plains.    The  shores  of  the  Chilean  p,.rtion 

Mexico  until  1603,  and  the, base  of  operations  against  the  ]^^}^^^l^^  Danube,  close  to  the  Austrian  frontier,  are  bordered  by  an  infinity  of  islands.    1  he  interior  is 


inlat.  48°  34'  N.,  long.  13° 27'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its 
picturesque  location.  The  cathedral,  of  very  early  foun- 
dation, but  often  restored,  and  finally  rebuilt  in  1C6^>,  is 
one  of  the  best  examples  of  the  German  florid  rococo  style. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  bishopric  of  Passau.  Population 
<l-<!Hi),  iii,i':i3.  „ 

~    "         ■       "A  former  Gorman  prin- 


hostile  Pueblos.     A  Spanish  town  gradually  arose,  and  the 

Indian  settlements  became  merged  in  that  place  in  tlie 

course  of  time.    It  remained  attached  to  New  Jlexicountil 

after  the  warbetween  the  United  Statesand  Mexico,  when  it 

was  after  the  conclusion  of  peace,  included  in  the  Mexican 

«tite  of  Chihuahua.    During  the  latter  part  of  the  reign 

of  Maximilian,  El  Paso  del  Norte  formed  the  headquarters  ,   _     ,.      ,                    .        „        .  ,              r, 

of  the  national  forces  and  of  President  Juarez.    Ihe  Mexi-  passaU,  BishopriC  Of.     A  former  Gorman  pril 

can  Central  Itailroad  has  there  its  northern  terminus.  ,,i.,,,ii,y  J,,  ^\^^,  ueighborhood  of  Passau.    It  was 

Population,  about  8,(X»i.      .                                   ,.  r.„,:„  founded"  in  the  8th  century,  was  secularized  in  1803,  and 

Pasauier  (pSls-kya  ),  Etienne.    LSorn  at  rans,  ,gj^,,i  (^  liiivaria  in  1805. 
1529:   died  there,  1G15.     A  French  junst  and  passau.  Peace  of.    A  treaty  concluded  at  Pas- 
author.    II  is  chief  works  are"  Recherches  sur  la  France"  j..,,,,  j,iiy  m^  )5,-|0^  between  the  elector  Maurice 
("Kcsearches  on  France":  publication  commenced  about  ^^^  Saxony  and  King  Ferdinand  in  behalf   of 
1560)  and  "Letters."                                  -,  ^      t>     \  the  emperor  Charles  V.  The  ])nneipal  provision 

PasQUier,  Etienne  Denis,  Baron  (later  Uuc)  ^,      granting  of  freedom  of  religion  to  the 

de.    Born  at  Paris,  April  22,  1767:  died  there,  j^,,,,,,,,,,,,^^. 
July  5,  1862.     A  French  politician    " 
an  official  under  Napoleon  I. ;  was 

Ing  the  restoration,   and  president  01   uie ..-.   ■•-  --  -  -                                            lafii"     A    CJoi.m'in    -ivt 

Peers  under  Louis  Phllippi;  received  the  titular  dignity  at    Frankfort,   Aug.   1.',  1861.     A   Geiman   alt 

of  chancellor  in  1837;  and  was  created  duke  In  1814      He  ]iistorian  and  artist.    His  works  include  a  life  of  Ra- 

retircd  to  private  life  aftcrthe  revolution  of  1848.     Hewas  pimei  (i831)-.'i8  :  French  ed.  1860),  "Le  pelntre-gravcur' 

the  joint  author  with   M.  de  Raiidon  of  a  vamlcville,  (,,,4151^4^),  etc. 

.       ._,..,.,„...  „..,.,..,.„.i..i.,. « ;^asseier.    See  n^sq/r. 

■    tribe  of  Indians  m  thi 
las,  on  the  north  sid 
mon  temps."  ,      .,    .,      of  the  Amazon,  about  the  month  of  the  Japiiri'i. 

Pasquin  ( pas'kwin).  It .  Pasquino  (pas-kwe  no). 
[F.  pasijiiin,  a  lampoon,  also  the  statue  so 
called  (('otgrave),  from  It. /)(/.w/Hi«»,alanipoon.] 
A  tailor  (or  a  cobbler,  or  a  barber)  who  lived 
about  the  end  of  the  15th  century  in  Rome, 
noted  for  his  caustic  wit,  and  whoso  name, 
soon  lifter  his  death,  was  transferred  toa  muti- 
lated statue  which  had  been  dug  up  opi>osite  hi 


-r'.' .   .      •  ,    '     Lutherans. 

olitician.  He  served  as  passavant(pii-8a-voh'),  Johann  David.    Bom 

,^nrS''JbV"Srr'':^i    atl.'mnkfoV'^-on-the-Main,  S^^ 

celved  the  titular  dignity    at   Frankfort,  Aug.  12,  1861.     A  German  art 

Teatcd  duke  In  1814      lie    ]iistorian  and  artist.    His  « 

;volution  of  1848.     Hewas     pi,„el  (i831)-.'.8  :  French  ed.  186 

Randon  of  a  vaudeville,     !,,j|5||_(^)  gtc 

V, , -, «;;•■  P"''.""'"^''  "  i"?'".""'^  Passeier.     Sec  Passcyr. 

prononciSs  dana  lea  chamhres  K-gislatives  de  18I4-.io  ^,^°^'  ,, ;;„  ,,,■;,,'■,  A  tril 
(1842):  and  left  a  memoir  in  manuscript,  the  tirstvoluine  PaSSCS  (pas-sas  ).  2\  in 
of  which  appeared  in  1S98  umler  tlio  title  of  "Illatoire  de     Brazilian  state  ot  Aniazoi 


Formerly  they  were  numerous,  ranging  eastwaril  to  the 
Elo  Negro  anil  westward  to  the  I^ii.  They  aro  a  gentle 
race  ot  agriculturists,  and  liave  never  resisted  tile  wliites. 
IMlring  the  Istli  centurv  manyof  them  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages.  Verv  tew  remain  in  a  wild  »t«t«.  Tlie 
pa.sscB  are  a  brancli  ot  the  great  Ariivvak  or  Maypure  stock. 

Passeyr  (i>iis'ir),  or  Passeier  (piis'i-er).     A 

romantic  Alpine  valley  in  Tyrol,  about  30  miles 
south  by  west  of  Innsbruck,  which  unites  with 


shop,  on  which  were  posted  anonymous  lam-    Uui  valley  of  the  Adige  at  Meraii 


poons.  At  the  opposiU^  end  of  the  city  from  the  statue 
mentioned  above,  tliere  was  an  aiic'ieilt  statue  of  Mars. 
called  by  the  people  Marfiuio  ;  and  gibes  and  Jeers  pasted 
upon  Pa.s(|nln  were  answered  by  similar  eiruslona  011  the 
part  of  Martorio.  By  this  system  of  thrust  and  iiarry  the 
most  serious  matters  were  dlscloBed,  and  the  most  .1|..- 
tlnguishcd  persons  attacked  and  detendeil.  /.  H  hrnr/i. 
Pasquin.  A  dramatic  satire  by  Fielding,  pub- 
lished in  1736. 


sparsely  populated  by  Indians  (I'atjigoiilans,  Araucaniana, 
etc  )  but  there  are  now  nourishing  Argentine  and  Chilean 
settlements  along  the  coasts.  In  18^1  Patagonia  was  dl- 
videil  by  treaty,  Chile  taking  the  portion  west  of  Ihe  Andes, 
together  with  the  shores  of  the  'Jtrait  of  Magellan  from 
lat.  62°  S.,  and  the  Argentine  Republic  retaining  all  the 
rest.  Both  portions  have  been  subdivided  into  territories 
and  provinces.  The  name  is  now  used  only  as  a  conve- 
nient geographical  term,  and  is  commonly  restricted  to  the 
Argentine  portion  :  Tierra  del  Fuego  Is  s<unetimes  In- 
eluded.  Total  area  (excluding  Tierra  del  Fuego),  alwut 
2:t.^,iKio  square  miles,  of  which  about  one  fifth  is  in  Chile. 
Patagonians(pat-a-g6'ni-anz).  The  principal 
Indian  race  of  Patagonia.  They  call  ihiinselvca 
Clionck,  Tzoneca,  or  Inaken;  the  Pamiiettu  Indians,  ami 
hence  Ihe  whites  of  Argentllll^  give  them  the  general  des- 
ignation ot  Teliuelchcs, or 'southern  petinle.'a  name  more 
particularly  applied  to  those  between  the  rivers  Chubut 
and  .Simla  Cruz.  They  arc  wandering  hunUrs,  their  small 
villages  being  frei|Uciitly  changed;  at  present  they  are 
friendly  t«  the  whiles,  bringing  skins,  etc.,  to  sell  at  tlio 
setlklnents.  The  Patagoiiians  are  noted  for  their  great 
stature,  many  o(  the  men  being  over  six  feet  high  :  the 
early  evplorersrepresented  them  as  gianls.  Their  language 
indicates  a  distinct  stock,  though  Maitlusbelleved  Ihiil  it 
had  some  relation  to  that  of  the  Tapuyaa  of  Braiil.  They 
number  about  2(1,000. 
Patala  (pii-tii'la).  [Skt.  patala,  a  word  ot  ob- 
scure derivation.]  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  sub- 
terranean or  iiil'erunl  region,  or,  more  properly, 
the  name  of  one  of  its  seven  siibiegions  or 
stories,  supposed  to  be  inliabited  by  various 
classes  of  siiiternattiral  beings,  especially  Aa- 
(jas,  or  nerpeiits.  Patala  Is  iu>t  n  place  ot  tomiciit. 
t'nder  It  are  Ihe  hells  (narakas).  of  which  Maim  eiiumcrw 
ales  <>l  and  the  Buddhists  l:W.  . 

Patani  (pii-tii'ne).    A  small  native  state  m  the 
.Malay  peninsula,  feudatory  to  Siam,  situated 
n  Ih'e  eastern  const  about  lat.  6°-7°  N. 


iinT  *ini, .,  ,',  li.v.  -....,.,^  ---  ,,j^  in,,  eastern  cohm  unwu,  ,«,..  ..     .     *,. 

Passion  Play.    A  mystery  or  miracle-play  rep-  pataniali(pa-tan'ja-li).    1.  Tlie  reiiuted  found 
resenting  Uie  dilTerent  seems  in  the  passion  of    ^.j.  ^^j-  ,]||,  Yon«.  system  of  Hindu  jiliilosoiiliy.— 


Christ.  The  passion  jilay  Is  still  extant  In  the  periodic 
representallons  at  llberamniergau.  In  Ihe  Bavarian  high- 
biiids,  perhaps  the  only  exiimjile  to  be  found  at  ibc  pres- 

Passow  (piis'so),  Franz  Ludwig  Karl  Fried- 
rich.   Born  at  jjudwigslust,  Mecklenburg,  Sept. 


2    The  aut  hor  of  I  he  Mahabliashya  (which  see). 
He  was  born  at  lionarda  in  the  cost  ol  India,  and  lived  for 
Boniethne  In  Kashmir.  Acconlliig  loOoldstllckerb 
between  140  and  120  11.  C,  but  Weber  plans  lllin 


wrote 
bout  25 


years  after  elirisi.     laiiiiii.  i\iiijitj»iiii,  ». 
the  groat  triad  ot  Sanskrit  grammarians. 


Patapsco 

PatapSCO  (pa-tap'sko).  A  river  in  Harvland 
which  flows  iijto  Chesapeake  Bay  14  miles  south- 
east of  Baltimore.     Length,  nearly  80  miles. 

Patara  (pat'a-ra).  [Gr.  Ilarapa.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Lyeia,  Asia  llinor,  situated 
on  the  coast  in  lat.  36°  15'  N.,  long.  29°  22'  E. 
There  ai'e  remains  of  a  theater  of  the  date  of 
Hadiian. 

Pataviom  (pa-ta'vi-um).  The  ancient  name 
of  Padua. 

Patawat  (pat'aA\-at).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  on  lower  ilad  Kiver,  Cali- 
fornia.    See  Wishosl-ati. 

Patay  (pa  -ta ' ) .  A  vill  age  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  France,  13  miles  northwest  of  Orleans. 
Here,  June  18,  1429.  the  French  under  Duuois 
and  Joan  of  Are  defeated  the  English. 

Patch  (paeh),  Samuel.  Born  in  Rhode  Island 
about  1807:  killed  at  Eoehester,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  13, 
1S29.  An  American,  noted  for  leaping  from 
bridges,  etc.  He  was  killed  in  attempting  to  jonipfrom 
a  height  c£  125  feet  into  the  Genesee  Eiver  at  Genesee 
falls. 

Patchoglie  (pat-chog').  A  village  in  Suffolk 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  on 
Great  South  Bay,  51  mUes  east  of  Brooklyn. 

Patelin  (pat-Ian').  A  conventional  character 
in  Frenehcomedy.  He  is  a  supple,  insinuating  flatterer, 
one  who  tries  to  accomplish  his  ends  by  indirect  means. 
He  seems  to  have  had  his  origin  in  a  l-tth-centm-y  fiirce, 
"L'Avocat  Pathelin." 

•Pater  (pa'ter),  Walter.  Bom  at  London,  Aug. 
4,  1839:  died  at  Oxford,  July  30,  1894.  An 
English  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford.  He  published  "Studies  in  the  History  of  the 
Renaissance  "US73)."iIarius  the  Epicurean  "dSSoi,"  Im- 
aginary Portraits"  (1887),  *\\ppreciations"(lS8y»,  etc. 

Paterculus  (pa-ter'ku-lus),  Caius  Velleius. 
Born  about  19 B.C. :  diedafter30  a.  D.  AEoman 
historian,  author  of  an  epitome  of  Roman  his- 
toiy. 

The  Monarchy  occupies  the  principal  place  in  the  abridg- 
ment of  Koman  histor}-  in  two  books  by  C.  Velleius  Pater- 
culus, A.  D.  30.  This  ^vriter  had  been  in  military  service 
under  Tiberius,  whom  he  then  learned  to  admire  ;  but  he 
soars  to  such  fervour  of  loyalty  and  extravagance  of  style 
that  he  lauds  and  magnifies  everj-thing  connected  with 
his  general  beyond  all  bounds,  aiid  vilifies  all  that  was 
opposed  to  him. 
Teufel  and  ScAwafe,  Hist,  of  Eom.  Lit,  <tr.  by  TVaiT),  II.  15. 

Patemc  (pa-ter'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  11  miles  northwest  of 
Catania,  on  the  siteofHybla.  Population (1881), 
15.230;  commune,  17,354. 

Paternoster  Row  (pat'er-nos'ter  ro).  A  street 
in  London,  north  of  St.  Paul's,  long  famous  as 
a  center  of  book-publishing.  It  is  said  to  be  so 
named  from  the  prayer-books  or  rosaries  formerly  sold 
in  it. 

Paterson  (pat'er-son).  [Named  from  WUliam 
Paterson  (1744-1806) :  see  below.]  A  city,  capi- 
tal of  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on 
the  Passaic  17  miles  northwest  of  New  Y^ork.  it 
is  the  third  city  in  the  State.  The  Passaic  Falls  supply  it 
with  water-power.  It  is  called  "the  Lyons  of  America" 
from  its  manufacture  of  silk.  It  has  manufactures  also  of 
engines,  machinery,  cotton  goods,  woolens,  velvets,  jute, 
flax,  hemp,  paper,  iron,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  1792  under 
the  patronage  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  and  became  a  city  In 
1851.    Population  (1900),  105,171. 

Paterson,  William.  Born  in  Dumfriesshire, 
April.  1658 :  died  in  1719.  A  Scotch  adventurer. 
In  1695  the  Scottish  Parliament  authorized  him,  with  oth- 
ers, to  plant  colonies,  and  a  charter  was  obtained  from 
William  III,  A  company  was  formed  to  settle  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien  (called  in  the  charter  Sew  Caledonia);  the 
stock  was  taken  np  in  a  spirit  of  wild  speculation,  and 
thousands  volunteered  as  colonists.  Paterson  skilled  from 
Leith  July  26, 1698,  with  l,200men;  landed  on  the  Isthmus; 
and  founded  the  settlement  of  New  St.  Andrew,  at  the 
port  of  .Ada  .After  teivible  sufferings  it  was  abandoned 
on  .June  22,  1699,  and  Paterson  became  f.r  a  time  insane. 
Other  colonists,  to  the  number  of  1,800,  who  had  not  heard 
of  the  disaster,  arrived  later:  they  were  attacked  by  the 
Spaniards,  capitulated  after  a  siege  of  six  weeks  (March 
31, 1700),  and  were  allowed  to  leave  the  country,  but  very 
few  ever  reached  home  He  originated  the  plan  of  the 
Bank  of  England.     See  ilontagu,  Charles. 

Paterson,  or  Patterson  (pat'er-son),  William. 
Born  about  1744 :  died  1806.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  jurist.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
Ifew  Jersey  1789-90 ;  governor  of  New  Jersey  1791-93 ;  and 
justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  "1793-1S'36. 

Patey  (pa'ti),  Madame  (Janet  Monach  WTiy- 
tock).  Bom  at  London,  1842:  died  at  Sheffield, 
Feb.  28, 1894.  A  noted  English  contralto  singer. 
She  made  her  d^but  in  Birmingham  as  a  mere  child,  and 
before  her  death  was  considered  the  leading  conti^to  of 
the  English  stage.  She  went  to  the  United  States  in  1871, 
and  to  .Australia  in  1890.  She  married  John  George  Patey 
in  1865. 

Pathans  (pa-thanz').  Persons  of  Afghan  race 
settled  in  Hindustan,  or  those  of  kindred  race 
in  eastern  Afghanistan. 

Pathelin.     See  PnMin. 

Pathfind  er,  or  Pathfinder  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 


786 

tains,  The.  A  surname  given  to  John  Charles 
Fremont,  from  his  work  as  an  explorer. 

Pathfinder,  The.  The  third  in  chi'onological 
oriUr  of  Coopers  "Leatherstoeking"  novels, 
published  in  1840.  It  is  so  called  from  a  nick- 
name of  the  hero,  Bumpo.    See  Leatherstoeking. 

Pathros.     See  Mi~raitn. 

Patiala  (put-e-a'la).  1.  A  native  state  in  the 
Panjab,  India,  under  British  influence,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  76°  E.  Area,  5,951 
square  mUes.  Population  (1891).  1,583,521. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Patiala.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  55,856. 

Patience  (pa'shens).  An  English  comic  opera, 
music  by  Sullivan,  words  hv  W.  S.  (iUbert,  pro- 
duced in  1881. 

Patient  Grissel.  A  play  by  Dekker,  Chettle, 
and  Haughton,  produced  in  1599,  entered  on  the 
"Stationers'  Register"  in  1600,  and  published 
in  1603.  The  songs  "Art  Thou  Poor?"  and  '-'Golden  Slum- 
bers Kiss  Thine  Eyes"  are  Dekker's.     See  Griselda. 

Patinamit  (pa-te-na'met).  The  ancient  capi- 
tal of  the  Cakchiquels  of  Guatemala,  probably 
on  or  near  the  site  of  the  first  Spanish  city  of 
Guatemala.  It  is  described  as  a  large  and 
strongly  fortified  place.  It  was  also  called 
Iximehe. 

Patino.     See  Patmos. 

Patkul  (pat'kol),  Johann  Reinhold  or  Regi- 
nal  von.  Bom  1660:  executed  Oct.  10,  1707. 
A  Livonian  adventurer.  He  became  a  captain  in  the 
Swedish  army.  Having  been  condemned  to  death  in  1694 
for  participating  in  the  opposition  of  the  Livonian  nobil- 
ity to  a  reduction  of  the  crownlands,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Augustus  II.,  elector  of  Saxony,  king  of  Poland, 
in  169S.  He  negotiated  the  alliance  of  1702  between  Au- 
gustus and  the  czar  against  Sweden.  He  entered  the  Rus- 
sian service  in  1703,  and  in  1704  became  Russian  ambas- 
sador at  the  court  of  Augustus.  He  was  also  made  com- 
mander of  the  Russian  troops  sent  to  the  aid  of  the  latter. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  Augustus  in  1705  on  the  suspicion  of 
conspiring  against  him.  He  was  surrendered  to  the  Swedes 
by  the  treaty  which  Charles  XII.  dictated  to  Augustus  at 
-Altranstadt  in  1706.  He  was  court-martialed  and  executed. 

Patmore  (pat'mor),  Coventry  Kearsey  Digh- 
ton.  Born  at  Woodford,  Esse.x,  July  23.  1823 : 
died  at  Lymington,  Hampshire,  Nov.  26,  1896. 
An  English  poet  and  writer.  He  was  assistant 
librariim  at  the  British  Museum  1847-68.  He  published 
"Poems"  (1844),  "  Tamerton  Church  Tower,"  etc.  (1853), 
"  The  .Angel  in  the  House  "  (in  four  parts,  1854-62),  etc. 

Patmos  (pat'mos).  [Gr.  nd-/;of.]  An  island  of 
the  Sporades,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  in 
the  jiEgean  Sea  about  20  miles  southwest  of 
Samos:  the  modem  Patmo  or  Patino.  A  monas- 
tery beai^  the  name  of  John  the  Divine,  and  a  cave  is 
pointed  out  where,  according  to  legend,  the  apostle  saw 
the  visions  of  the  Apocalypse.  Compare  John  (the 
Apostle). 

Patna  (pat'na).  [Pflftowa,  city.]  Anative  state 
in  India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by 
lat.  20°  30'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  2,400  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  332,197. 

Patna.  1.  A  division  of  Bengal,  British  India. 
Area,  23,647  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
about  1.5.000.000.— 2.  A  district  in  the  division 
of  Patna,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  85° 
E.  Area,  2.076  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,769,004,-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Patna.  situated  on  the  Ganges,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Grandak  and  Son,  about  lat.  25°  35' 
N.,  long.  85°  12'  E. :  the  ancient  Pataliputra. 
It  is  an  important  center  of  river  traffic,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  opiimi,  cotton,  etc.  In  the  ISth  centur>-  Patna  be- 
came the  capital  of  an  independent  state,  and  in  1763  there 
was  an  outbreak  of  hostilities,  during  which  a  number  of 
the  English  were  seized  and  massacred  by  order  of  the  na- 
wab.  Several  Sepov  regiments  here  took  part  in  the  mu- 
tiny of  1S57.     Population  (1891),  165,19-2. 

Paton  (pat'n).  Sir  Joseph  Noel,  commonly 
called  Sir  Noel  Paton.  Bom  at  Dunfermline, 
Scotland,  Dee.  13.  1n21  :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
26,1901.  A  British  historical  painter.  He  w,is  ori- 
ginally a  designer  of  patterns  for  damask-weaving ;  went 
to  London  in  1843  ;  and  studied  in  the  Royal  -Academy 
schools.  He  settled  at  Edinburgh  in  l$o7,andwas  knighted 
in  1867.     He  was  also  a  sculptor,  archaeologist,  and  poet. 

PatOQUa  (pa-to-kwa').  [Jemez  of  New  Mex- 
ico, signifying  'pueblo 'or  'village  of  the  bear.'] 
The  ancient  and  now  ruined  Jemez  pueblo  of 
San  Joseph  de  los  Jemez,  situated  5  miles  north 
of  the  present  Jemez  village.  It  was  abandoned 
after  the  uprising  of  1680,  and  was  never  reoccupied.  Its 
ruins  contain  those  of  the  old  church  of  San  Joseph  of 
Jemez,  founded  previous  to  1617,  abandoned  in  162-2,  and 
again  occupied  in  1627. 

Patos  (pa'tos),  Lagoa  dos.  A  lake  in  the  east- 
em  part  of  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  com- 
municating with  the  Atlantic  by  the  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul.  It  is  the  largest  lake  in  Brazil.  Length, 
140  miles. 

Patrae  (pa'tre),  or  Patras  (pa-triis'),  It.  Pa- 
trasso  (pa-tras's6).    A  seaport,  capital  of  the 


Pattieson 

nomarchy  of  Achaia.  Greece,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Patra?iu  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  21°  45'  E.: 
the  ancient  Patrse  (Gr.  Tldrpai).  It  is  one  nf  the 
largest  cities  of  Greece,  the  chief  commercial  center,  and 
the  terminus  of  a  railway  line  to  Corinth.  It  was  a  lluur- 
ishingancientcity;  was  the  cajiital  of  the  mfdieval  dudiy 
of  Achjiia ;  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Turks  in  1821 : 
and  was  the  point  of  outbreak  of  the  Greek  revolution. 
PopiUation  (1896) ,  37,9,")S, 

Patriarch  of  Dorchester.    John  White  (1574- 

1648),  the  Eng-lish  preacher. 

Patriarch  of  Ferney.    %'oltaire. 

Patrick  (pat'rik).  Saint, L.Patricins (pa-trish'- 
ius).  [L.,'noble,"patrician.']  Born, according 
to  tradition,  at  Nemthur  (now  Dumbarton),  Scot- 
land, about  396:  died  probably  469.  The  patron 
saint  of  Ireland,  son  of  the  deacon  Calpurniua, 
son  of  Potitus,  a  priest.  After  the  withdrawal  of  the 
Roman  garrisons,  Calpumius  retired  to  the  country  south 
of  the  Wall  of  Severus,  where  Patrick  was  captured  by  the 
Picts  about  411,  and  sold  as  a  slave  into  Ireland.  After  six 
years  he  escaped,  and.  devoting  himself  to  the  conversioD 
of  Ireland,  prepared  for  the  priesthood.  About  425  he  en- 
tered  upon  his  mission.  In  441  he  was  consecrated  bishop. 
He  wrote  a  '-  Confession  "  and  an  "Epistle." 

Patrimonium  Petri  (pii-tri-mo'ni-um  pe'tri). 
[L.,  'Peter's  patrimony.']  An  ancient  admin- 
istrative di-vision  of  the  Papal  States,  situated 
in  central  Italy  northwest  of  the  Roman  Cam- 
pagna.     Capital,  Yiterbo. 

Patriots  (pa'tri-ots  or  pat'ri-ots).  In  English 
politics,  a  faction  of  the  Whigparty  inthe  reigns 
of  George  I.  and  George  II.,  opposed  to  Sir  Rob- 
ert Walpole. 

Patroclus  (pa-tro'klns).  [Gr.  Ha-poiO.og.']  In 
the  niad.  the  intimate  friend  of  Achilles.  When 
Achilles  withdraws  from  the  fight,  and  the  Greek  host  is  ia 
danger  oT  being  routed,  he  gives  Patmclus  his  armor  and 
sends  him  at  the  head  of  the  Myrmidons  against  the  Tro- 
jans. Patroclus  at  first  succeeds,  but  at  last  is  met  ly 
Hector  and  slain.  Achilles  then,  to  avenge  his  frien^ 
reappears  in  the  battle,  ilrives  the  Trojans  within  their 
walls,  and  vanquishes  Hector. 

Patron  (pa'tron  or pat'ron), The.  Acomedy by 
Foote,  produced  in  1764! 

Patschkau  (piitsh'kou).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Glatzer 
Neisse,  46  miles  south  of  Breslau.  Population 
(1890).  5.757. 

Patterdale  (pat'er-dal).  A  tourist  center  in 
Westmoreland,  England,  near  Ullswater,  eight 
miles  north  id  Ambleside. 

Patterson,  Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
Feb.  (3,  1785:  died  there,  April  4,  1879.  An 
Americac,  lady,  daughter  of  a  Baltimore  mer 
chant,  who  married  Jerome  Bonaparte,  brother 
of  Napoleon.  Dec.  24, 1803.  Napoleon  refused  to  rec- 
ognize the  marriage,  and  prevented  her  from  landing  on 
the  Continent  when  she  went  to  Europe  with  her  husband. 
She  accordingly  sought  refuge  in  England,  while  Jerome 
went  to  Paris  and  finally  yiefded  to  his  brother's  demand 
for  a  divorce. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Bom  in  Ireland,  May  30, 
1743 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  22,  1824.  An 
American  politician  and  scientific  -writer.  He 
became  director  of  the  United  States  mint  in 
1S05. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Bom  in  Pennsylvania, 
1753:  diednearDayton.Ohio,  Aug.  5. 1827.  An 
American  pioneer.  He  served  in  the  expedi- 
tions against  the  Sha-wnees  and  other  Indians. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Bom  in  Tyrone  County, 
Ireland,  Jan.  12,  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  7, 1881.  An  American  general.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war :  was  a  commander  of  Pennsylvania 
troops  in  1S61 ;  and  commanded  near  Harper's  Ferry  at  the 
time  of  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July,  186L 

Patterson,  William  (1744-1806).  See  Paterson, 
Will  ia  III. 

Patteson,  John  Coleridge.  Born  at  London, 
April,  1827:  murdered  Sept.  16, 1871.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  in  the  Pacific,  made  bishop  of 
Melanesia  in  1861. 

Patti  (pat'te  or  pa'te).  A  cathedral  city  and  sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Messina.  Sicily,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Patti  35  miles  west  by  south  of 
Messina.    Population  (1881),  5,999. 

Patti  (pat'e),  Adelina.  Bom  at  Madrid,  Feb. 
19,  1843.  A  celebrated  soprano  opera-singer. 
.She  was  taken  to  America  as  a  child  by  her  parents,  both 
singers,  and  first  appeared  at  New  York  in  1S59  and  at 
London  in  1861.  She  has  since  sung  constantly,  and  baa 
been  perhaps  the  most  popular  singer  of  the  time.  Her 
repertoire  contains  between  30  and  40  parts,  including 
Linda,  Norina,  Luisa  Miller,  Lucia,  Violetta,  Zerlina,  etc. 
She  married  the  Marquis  de  Canx  in  1S68,  il.  Nicolini  in 
1&S6,  and  Baron  Cederstrom  in  1899. 

Patti,  Carlotta.  Bom  at  Florence,  1.S40 :  died 
at  Paris,  June  27, 1889.  A  concert-singer,  sister 
of  Adelina  Patti.  She  made  her  dibat  at  New  York  in 
1S61,  in  England  in  1S63.  She  manied  Ernst  de  llanck, 
violoncellist,  in  1879. 

Pattieson  (pat 'i -sou),  Peter.  An  imaginary 
schoolmaster,  the  assumed  author  of  the  "Tales 


Pattieson 

of  my  Landlord,"  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.  He  has 
8  brother,  Paul  Patticson,  wlio  publishes  his 
mauuseripts  for  his  own  advantage. 

Pattison  (pat'i-snn),  Mark.  Bom  at  Hornby, 
Yorkshire,  1813:  died  at  Harrowgate,  July  :iO, 
1884.  An  EiiKlish  writer.  He  sraduated  at  Oxfonl 
(Oriel  Colltige)  in  ls:i7,  .iml  became  a  felluw  of  Lincoln  Col- 
lege in  l&i9,  and  later  tutor  and  (1801)  rector.  He  wrote  a 
"Eeporton  ElenuMitaiy  Eilucationin  Protestant  Germany" 
(185'.t),  ''ililton  "  (1»T1»>,  etc.  llis  essays  were  collected  in 
1880. 

Patton  (pat'n),  Francis  Landey.  Bom  m  Ber- 
muda, Jan.  22,  184:3.  An  American  Presbj-te- 
rian  clergjnnau  and  educator.  Ue  hecame  professor 
In  Chicago  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary  in  1871,  and 
iu  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  JH81 ;  and  v,^?  pres- 
Ident  of  Princeton  University  18H8-1!KI2.  He  lias  pub- 
1ish''d  a  "Summary  of  Christian  Doctrine  "  (1874),  etc. 

Patuxent  (pa-tuks'ent).  A  river  iu  Maryland 
which  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  "):)  miles  south- 
east of  Washington.     Lengtli.  o\  er  100  miles. 

Patwin, or Patween  (pat-wen').  ['.Man.']  The 
sout  horn  division  of  tlie  Copohan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  formerly  embracing  23  small 
tribes.  Its  habitat  extended  from  Stony  Creek.  Colusa 
County,  California,  to  Suisnn  Kay,  and  from  Sacramento 
River  on  the  east  to  the  boundary  of  the  Moituelunnian, 
Yukian,  and  Kulanapan  stocks  on  the  west.    See  Copehaiu 

Patzcuaro  (piit'thkwii-ro),  or  Pascuaro  (piis'- 
kwii-ro).  A  town  in  the  state  of  Miohoacan, 
Mexico,  130  miles  west  of  Mexico.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Pau  (p6).  [Prov.  pnti,  a  pale,  with  reference 
to  the  pale  or  palisade  of  the  old  castle. J 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Basses- 
PjT^n^es,  France,  situated  on  the  Gave  de 
Pau  in  lat.  43°  17'  N.,  long.  0°  22'  W.  It  is  a 
favorite  wiutcr  health-resort,  on  account  of  its  equable 
climate.  It  has  some  trade  and  manufactures.  The  square 
(the  Place  Royale)  is  noteworthy.  The  chfiteau,  rebuilt 
about  l.'iOO  by  Gaston  Phrebus,  count  of  Foix,  is  of  inter- 
est as  a  chief  residence  of  the  sovereigns  of  Navarre  and 
the  birthplace  of  Henry  IV.  It  has  5  tall  towers  joined 
by  massive  walls,  and  a  small  but  handsunie  Renaissance 
court.  The  interior,  restored  by  Louis  Philippe  and  Na- 
poleon III.,  contains  very  beautiful  and  interesting  apart- 
ments with  splendid  Renaissance  furniture.  Pau  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  Navarre,  and  was  a  celebrated  center  in 
the  time  of  Margaret  of  Valois,  Jeanne  d'Albret,  and  An- 
tolue  de  liourbon.     Population  (18i>l).  33.111. 

Pau,  Gave  de.  A  river  in  southern  France  which 
joins  the  Adour  14  miles  east  by  north  of  Ba- 
yonne.     Length,  about  10.5  miles. 

Paucartambo  (pou-kar-tiim'bo).  A  frontier 
fort  and  station  of  the  Incas  of  Peru,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  a  branch  of  the  Ueayale, 
about  40  miles  northeast  of  Cuzco.  The  ruins 
Btill  exist,  and  there  is  a  modem  village  on  the 
site. 

Paner  (pou'er),  Ernst.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Dee. 
21,  1820.  An  Austrian-English  pianist,  teacher 
of  the  piano,  and  musical  editor. 

Pauillac  (po-e-yiik').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the  Gi- 
ronde  27  miles  north  by  west  of  Bordeau.x.  It 
is  the  chief  entrepot  for  M^doc  wines.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune.  4,.''>()4. 

Paul  (pal),  Saint  (originally  Saul).  [Gr.  IlaiiXof, 
L.  Paulas,  from  paitliis,  poullKs,  little.]  The 
great  apostle  to  the  Gentiles.  He  was  bom  at  Tar- 
■as,  a  "Hebrew  of  the  Hebrews'  ;  was  taught  the  trade 
of  tent-maker ;  went  to  .lerusalem  and  studied  "at  the  feet 
of  Gamaliel ";  was  at  first  a  vehement  persecutor  of  the 
Christians,  and  held  the  clothes  of  those  who  stoned 
Stephen  ;  was  miraculously  converted  on  his  way  U>  Da- 
mascus; and  became  the  most  earnest  preacher  and  the 
greatest  expounder  of  Christianity.  He  made  missionary 
lours  in  Syria,  Cyprus,  Asia  Minor,  Macedonia,  Greece,  and 
elsewhere,  mention  of  some  of  which  is  niaile  in  the  New 
Testiment.  UewasimprisonedatCtcsarea:  wastried before 
Felix,  in  whose  custody  he  remained  until  he  was  handed 
over  by  Felix  to  his  successor  Fcstns  ;  appealed  to  C'lesar  ; 
ancl  was  sent  to  Rome,  where  he  an'ived  in  01.  He  lived 
lor  jibout  two  years  in  comparative  freedom  in  his  own 
hired  house,  Ue  appears  to  have  been  tried  and  ac(|Uitted  ; 
to  have  made  various  journeys  ;  to  have  returned  to  Rome; 
and  to  have  sulfercd  martyrdom  there,  probably  hy  de- 
capitation about  (i7. 

Paul  I.  Pope  7.')7-7G7,  a  friend  of  Pepin,  king 
of  till'  Franks. 

Paul  II.  (Pietro  Barbo).  Bom  at  Venice,  Feb., 
1418:  died  July,  1471.  Pope  14f)4-71.  Tie  en- 
couraged luxury,  aiLiI  ]iersecuted  the  humanists. 

Paul  III.  (Alessandro  Farnese).    Born  Feb. 

28,  14(iS:  diod  Nov.  10.  l.".4!(.  l'oiMar)34-49.  He 
evi-oriuuunieated  Henry  VIII.  of  Drigland  in  l.^>38 ;  ap- 
prii\,-,l  tho  order  of  Jesuits  in  IfilO;  and  convoketl  the 
''ouned  of  'Irent  in  l.''i4r>.  iu  I.^-IG  he  made  Ills  son  Pier 
l.nigi  l-'arncse  duke  of  Parma  and  Piacenza. 

Paul  IV.  (Giovanni  Pietro  Oaraffa).  Born 
Juno  28,  147(J:  died  Aug.  18,  1559.  Pope  1555- 
1.5.-)9. 

Paul  V.  (CamlUo  Borghese).    Bom  at  Rome, 

Sept.  17,  irM2:  dii^d  .Inn.  2.8,  1021.  Pope  lf;n,-)-21. 
Ho  weakened  tho  jiapal  authority  in  a  contest  with  Ven- 
ire, which  he  placed  under  an  interdict  In  UUV}. 
Paul  I.  Petrovitch.     Bom  Oct.,  1754 :   nssas- 


787 

sinated  March  23-24,  1801.  Czar  of  Russia,  son 
of  Peter  III.  and  Catharine  II.  He  succeeded  his 
mother-  in  171Ki,  and  joined  the  coalition  against  Franco 
1708-1800,  but  withdrew  from  it  later.  In  ISOl  he  annexed 
Georgia.     His  miuder  was  the  result  of  a  conspiracy. 

Paul,  the  Deacon.    See  I'aulus  Diaconus. 

Paul,  Brotlier.     See  Sarpi. 

Paul,  Pablo  Rojas.     See  liojaii  Paul. 

Paul,  Suint  Vincent  de.     See  Vhicent  de  Paul. 

Paul  of  Samosata.  Born  probably  at  Samo- 
sata,  Syria.  A  Monarchian  heretic,  bishop  of 
Antiocli  from  200  to  his  deposition  in  272.  He 
denied  the  personality  of  the  Logos  and  of  the 
Holy  Spirit. 

Paula,  Francis  of.    See  Francis. 

Paul  Clifford.  A  novel  by  Bidwer,  published 
in  1.S30:  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

Paul  et  Virginie.  1.  A  novel  by  Bernardin  de 
Saint-Pierre.  ))ublished  in  1788.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Mauritius. —  2.  An  opera  by  Mass6,  first 
produced  at  Pai-is  in  1876. 

Paulding  (pal'ding),  Hiram.  Born  at  New 
York,  Dec.  11,  1797:  dii-il  at  Huntington,  L.  I., 
Oct.  20,  1.S78.  An  American  admiral,  son  of 
.John  Paulding.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  vic- 
tory of  Lake  Chaiuplain  in  1814  ;  and  suppressed  a  tllibus- 
tenng  expedition  against  Nicaragua  by  aiTcstmg  the  leader 
Walker  at  Pmita  .Arenas  in  lS.'i7,  an  act  for  which  he  was 
censured  by  President  Buehauair,  inasmuch  as  the  ai-rest 
took  place  on  foreign  soil. 

Paulding,  James  Kirke.  Bom  at  Nine  Part- 
ners, Dutchess  County,  N;  Y.,  Aug.  22,  1779: 
died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  ¥.,  April  G,  1860.  An 
American  novelist,  poet,  historian,  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1838-41.  His  chief 
novels  arc  "The  Dutchman's  Preside  "  (18;il),  "Westward 
Ho"(183-.i);  chief  hisloi-ical  work,  "Life  of  George  Wash- 
ington "  (isij.*!)  -.  poem,  "  The  iiackwoodsman  "  (1818)  -,  sat- 
ires, "The  Diverting  History  of  .lohn  Bull  atui  Brother 
Jonathan"  (1812),  "Lay  of  the  .Scottish  Fiddle"  (1813), 
"  Merry  Tales  of  the  Three  Wise  Men  of  Gotham  "  (18;i6), 
He  was  a.ssociated  with  Irving  in  '■  .Salmagundi  "  (1807-08), 
and  published  a  second  series  alone  {181D-20). 

Pauli  (pou'le),  Georg  Beinhold.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, May  25,  1823 :  died  at  Bremen,  June  3, 1882. 
A  German  historian.  He  lived  many  years  in  England. 
His  works  are  chiefly  on  English  history.  They  include 
"  Kbnig  Alfred"  ("King  Alfred,"  18.^j1),  "Geschichte  von 
England  "  (1853-.^8 :  a  contimiation  of  Lappenhei-g's  "  His- 
toi-y  of  England  ").  "  Geschichte  Englands  "  (lsr4-75  :  "  His- 
tory of  England  "for  the  pel-iod  1814-52),  and  "Simon  von 
Montfort  "(1807).  He  also  published  an  edition  of  "Con- 
fessio  Aniantis." 

Paulians (pa'li-anz).  AUnitarianbody founded 
iir  llio  3d  century  by  Paul  of  Samosata  (see 
above)  in  Syria. 

Paulicians  (pa-lish'anz).  A  sect  probably 
founded  by  Constantiue  of  Syria  during  the  lat- 
ter half  of  the  7th  century.  They  held  thcdnalistic 
doctrine  that  all  matter  is  evil  ;  believed  that  Christ, 
having  a  purely  ethereal  body,  sulfercd  only  in  a])ijearance ; 
and  rejeeted  the  authority  of  the  Olii  Testament  and  reli- 
gious ordinances  and  cer-emonies.  The  sect  is  sai<l  to  have 
become  extinct  in  the  13th  century.  The  name  is  proba- 
bly derived  from  their  high  regard  for  the  apostle  Paul. 

Paulinus  (pa-H'nus)  of  York.  Died  ()44.  A 
missionary  to  England,  sent  thither  by  Pope 
Gregory  the  Great  iu  (iOl.  He  was  instrumental  in 
introducing  Christianity  into  Northumbria,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  York  in  6-25,  and  of  Rochester  in  633. 

Paulinzelle  (pou'16u-tsel-le).  A  village  in 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  22  miles 
south-southwest  of  Weimar.  It  is  noted  for 
its  ruined  monastery  and  convent. 

Paulists  (pa'lists).  A  body  of  Roman  Catholic 
monks  who  profess  to  follow  the  example  of  the 
apostle  Panl.  Spcciflcally,  in  tho  Tinited  States,  the  Con- 
gregation of  the  Missionary  Priests  of  St.  Paul  the  Apos- 
tle, a  Roman  Catludic  organi/ation  founded  in  New  York 
city  in  the  year  1858  for  iiarochial,  missionary,  and  educa- 
tional work.     Also  calleil  I'auliti'H,  or  liennitH  of  St.  I'aiil. 

Paullufpii-'d'yii),  called  Paullulnca  or  Paullu 

Tupac  Yupanqui.  Horn  about  l.'illll:  diod  at 
(Juzco,  May,  Ifi-lSt.  A  Peruvian  chief,  son  of  the 
Inca  Hnaina  Capac,  and  younger  brother  of 
Huascar  and  Mauco.  After  the  fall  of  Cuzco  he  re- 
mainc4l  faithful  to  the  Sjianiards,  aeeoiupnided  Aliuagro 
to  Chile  ir>3.'. -.'ill,  and  fought  for  him  and  for  Gonzalo 
IMzarro,  \ml  was  pardoned.  He  wiw  baptized  iu  lr,43  with 
the  nanu!  of  ( 'rist<tl)al. 

Paulo  AffonSO  (poii'16  iif-fon'so).  A  celebrated 
cataract,  cuIIimI  "tlu'  Niagara  of  Brazil,''  on  the 
river  Silo  Friincisco,  193  miles  above  its  mouth. 
It  Is  2(ir)  foot  in  total  height,  but  is  broken  by  ledges  and 
rocks;  the  volume  of  water  la  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
Nia4{ara. 

Paul  Pry(pri).  A  comedy  by  .John  Poole,  attribu- 
ted to  I  lougliisJerrold,  produced  in  18.')3.  The  Im- 
pudent, meddlesome  adventurer  who  givcB  hla  name  U) 
tho  play  was  <lrawu  from  a  Thomas  Hill,  at  one  tinio  con- 
nected with  the  press. 

Paul's,  St.     See  SI.  Paul's. 

Paul's  Cross.  -\  cross  sitimted  near  the  north- 
eastern angle  of  old  St.  Paul's  in  the  church- 
yard: originally  the  place  of  assembling  of  the 


Pausias 

folksmote.  From  it  great  public  assemblies  were  ad- 
dressed and  sermons  preached.  The  "  Paul's  Cross  Ser- 
nums  "  are  still  preached  on  Sunday  UKjrnings  in  St.  Paul's. 
Thomas  Kempe,  bishop  of  London  from  144S  to  1-189,  re- 
placed the  e.arly  wooden  erection  by  a  stone  cross  and  pul- 
jdt,  which  was  one  of  his  most  famous  structures  in  old 
L.indon. 

Paul's  Walk.  The  nave  of  old  St.  Paul's,  which 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  and  the  first 
part  of  the  16th  century  became  a  rendezvous 
for  the  transaction  of  business  and  for  secular 
amusements  of  every  description,  it  was  fre- 
quented by  disreputable  characters  and  men  out  of  em- 
ployment, and  is  fre(|Uently  alluded  to  iu  old  plays.  A 
"  Paul's  man  "  was  a  frequenter  of  Paul's  Walk,  and  pre- 
sumably tlisreputable.  It  was  also  called  Duke  /lunu 
pfttry'H  Walk. 

Paulus(pou'los).HeinrichEberliardGottlob. 
Boruat  Leonberg,  near  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg, 
Sept.  1, 1761:  died  at  Heidelberg.  Aug.  10,1851. 
A  German  Protestant  theologian,  a  leading  ex- 
ponent of  rationalism,  professor  at  Jena  and 
later  at  Heidelberg.  His  works  include  a  comment 
tai-y  on  the  New  Testament  (1800-04)  and  other  cxogetical 
woi-ks("Exegetisches  Haudbuch"  (1830-33)," l,«bon  Jesu" 
(18-28),  etc.)." 

Paulus  (pa'lus),  Julius.  Lived  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  3d  century  A.  D.  A  Roman  jurist. 
He  was  pretorian  prefect  under  Alexander 
Severus.  Many  exeei-pts  from  his  works  are 
contained  in  the  "Digest." 

ripian  was  surpassed  in  fertility  by  his(older  ?)  contem- 
porai'y  .Tulius  Paulus,  who  was  likewise  prtefectus  pi-ajto- 
rio  under  Alexander  .Severus  and  possessed  much  influ- 
ence. He  enjoyed  no  less  authority  than  I'lpian  as  a  ju- 
rist. .  .  .  The  most  comprehensive  of  his  works  was  his 
".\d  edictum  "  in  80  books ;  the  one  most  largely  used,  his 
brief  text-book ''Sententiaj  ad  filium."  We  possess  an 
abridgment  of  the  latter.  The  extracts  from  his  works 
constitute  one  sixth  of  the  Pandects  of  .lustinian. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Roiu.  Lit.  (tr.  by  WarrX 

[11.  27U. 

Paulus,  Lucius  .Smilius.  Killed  at  Canna\ 
216  v..  c.  A  lvi>ni;in  constU,  colleague  with  Varro 
in  the  defeat  at  Canna'. 

Paulus,  Lucius  .Smilius,  surnamed  Mace- 
donicusC  the  Macedonian').  Born  about  229 
n.  c:  died  100  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  son  of 
Paulus  (died  216).  He  was  distinguished  as  pretor 
iu  Spain  191-189,  and  as  pr-oeoiisul  against  the  Ingauni  in 
181 ;  was  consul  iu  168 ;  defeated  I'erseus  at  I'ydna  and 
overthrew  the  Macedonian  kingdom  ;  pillaged  Epirus  in 
1C7;  and  triumphed  at  Rome  in  1C7.  He  was  censor 
in  lt>4. 

Paulus  .^gineta  (ej-i-ne'ta).  A  celebrated 
(Ireek  medical  writer  who  lived  probably  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  7th  century  after  Christ.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  works,  the  chief  of  which  is  still  extant : 
it  is  commonly  called  "  De  re  medica  libri  septem." 

Paulus  Diaconus  (di-ak'o-nus)  (Paul  the  Dea- 
con). Horn  ill  lout  720-725:  died  at  Monte  Cas- 
sino,  Italy,  before  800.  The  first  important  his- 
torian of  the  middle  ages.  His  chief  works  are  a 
"History  of  the  Lombards. '  and  a  continuation  of  the 
Koman  history  of  Eutropius.  His  works  wore  edited  In 
"  Monunienta  Cennania^  historiea  "  (1878-79). 

Paulus  Hook.  The  name  given  formerly  to 
the  site  of  Jersey  City.  A  British  garrison  there 
was  defeated  and  capturc'd  by  Americana  under  Henry 

Leo,  Aug.  19,  1779. 

Paul  Veronese.     See  VrroiKsr. 

Paumben  u>:'"i-'>''"')-  <"'  Pamban  (pfim-btm'), 
Passage.  A  strait  connecting  the  Gulf  of 
Manaar  and  Palk  Bay,  and  separating  Ra- 
incslnvai-am  Nlund  from  continental  India. 

Paumotu,  or  Paumota,  Islands.    See  Low  Ar- 

fllijH  IftlJO. 

Paunacas.    See  Paiamceas. 

Paunaque.     See  lianuock. 

Pausanias(pa-sa'ni-as).  [Gr.  nnwni'/oj-.]  Died 
ill  Spuria  about  466  B.  c.  A  Spartan  general, 
son  of  Cleombi'otus.  Ho  commanded  at  the  victory 
of  Plata'a  ill  479  ;  continued  the  war  against  Persia  in  473; 
comilleted  a  treasonable  correspondence  with  Xerxes:  and 
w-us  starved  to  death  by  order  of  the  ephoi-s  as  a  punish- 
nu-iit  for  his  ti'eason. 

Pausanias.  Lived  in  the  2d  century.  A  noted 
llreck  geographer  and  writer  on  art.  Ilowr^dea 
"  Pcriegesls  of  Greece,"  devoted  to  a  description  of  Grecian 
antiquities. 

Pausanias,  who  la  generally  known  as  "  tin'  deerone  and 
tourist. '  and  whose  work,  "thegazetleerof  llellaa,"  Isimr 
best  repertory  of  Infoi-mation  for  tin-  lopograidiy.  local  his- 
tory, religious  observances,  architecture,  and  sculpture  of 
the  dillerent  slates  of  Greece.  Of  the  pei-soual  history  of 
Pausanias  we  know  nothing.  II  has  been  Inferred,  fnim 
his  refei-iuice  to  Pelops  as  having  dwelt  "wilh  us."  that 
he  was  a  native  of  l.vdla;  and  there  Is  evidence  lo  show 
that  he  had  lived  long  near  Mount  .sipylus.  Passages  In 
his  work  prove  that  he  waa  a  contemporary  of  ILadrian  and 
the  Antouine-s. 

A'.  ().  MuUer,  lllsU  of  the  LlU  of  Anc  Greece,  III.  2(i». 

[{Donald*on.) 

Pausias  (pa'shi-as).  [Qr.'nniw/nf.]  Lived  in 
the  middle  of  the  4fh  century  B.  c.  A  Greek 
painter  of  Sicyon,  a  niipil  of  Pampliiliis  and  a 
conteniporary  i>f  Apelles.  He  made  a  special  study 
of  foreshortening,  and  was  (be  llrst  to  palut  ceilings.     A 


Fausias 

lai^  picture  of  a  sacrifice  was  famons  for  a  big  black  ox 
directly  foreshortened.  A  famous  picture  was  the  "Ste- 
phaiioplocus"  or  "Stephauopolis,"  painted  from  Glycera 
the  flower-girl  of  Sicyon.  He  was  especially  attracted  by 
the  possibilities  of  encaustic,  and  developed  it  to  a  high 
degree  of  perfection.  Several  of  these  wax  pictures  were 
taken  to  Rome  by  Scaurus.  Their  technical  refinement  and 
cleverness  seem  to  have  had  a  special  attraction  for  the 
l;iter  Romans. 

PautMer  (p6-tya'),  Jean  Pierre  Guillaume. 
Bom  at  Besan^on.  France,  Get.  4,  isoi :  died 
at  Paris,  March,  1873.  A  French  Sinologist. 
Among  his  works  are  "La  Chine"  (1837),  "Quatre  livres 
de  philosophie  morale  de  la  Chine  "  (1S41),  etc 

Pauw  (pou),  Comelins  de.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, 1739:  died  at  Xanten,  duchy  of  Cleves, 
July  7,  1799.  A  Dutch  author.  He  joined  the 
order  of  Franciscans,  but  devoted  most  of  his  life  to  liter- 
art-  work,  residing  at  Xanten.  He  published  "  Recherches 
philosophiques  sur  les  Americains"  (3  vols-  176S-79:  en- 
laiired  editions,  1770  and  1774X  "Recherches  phQoso- 
phiques  sm-  les  Eg>-ptiens  et  les  Chinois"  (177-1),  and 
"Recherches  philosophiques  sur  les  Grecs'"  (177S).  A 
collected  edition  of  his  wTitings  was  published  at  Paris, 
1795,  and  there  is  an  English  translation  of  the  first  one. 
De  Pauw's  works  are  characterized  by  a  spiiit  of  criti- 
cism which  would  be  valuable  if  it  were  less  violent. 
His  views  excited  much  controversy. 

Pauwels  (pou'els),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Eeck- 
ereu,  near  Antwerp,  April  13.  1S30.  A  Belgian 
historical  painter.  Among  his  works  are  "Banished 
by  Alva.'"  •'  Citizens  of  Ghent,"  "The  Youth  of  Luther,  "etc. 

Pavement  of  Martyrs,  The.  See  the  extract, 
descriptive  of  the  battle  near  Tours. 

Charles  cut  through  the  ranks  of  the  Moslems  with  irre- 
sistible might,  dealing  right  and  left  such  ponderous  blows 
that  from  that  day  he  was  called  Charles  Martel,  'Karl 
of  the  Hammer.'  His  Frankish  followers,  inspired  by 
their  leader's  prowess,  bore  down  upon  the  Saracens  with 
crushing  force ;  and  the  whole  array  of  the  Moslems  broke 
and  fled  in  utter  rout.  The  spot  was  long  and  shudder- 
ingly  known  in  Andalusia  by  the  name  of  the  "Pavement 
of  MartjTS."  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  30. 

Favia  (pa-ve'S).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
jiartimento  of  Lombardy,  Italy.  Area,  1,290 
square  miles.  Population  (lS9"l),  494,748.^2. 
A  city,  capital  of  the  province  of  Pavia,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Ticino,  near  the  Po,  in  lat.  45° 
11'  X.,  long.  9°  9'  E. :  the  ancient  Ticinum.  it 
has  considerable  trade.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  cathe- 
dral (w  ith  tomb  of  St.  Augustine),  the  basilica  San  Michele, 
and  the  Visconti  palace.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  university, 
founded  in  1361,  with  56  instructors  and  about  1.100  stu- 
dents and  a  library  of  175,0«X)  volumes,  in  1S9L  The  Car- 
thusian monastery  Certosa  di  Pavia  (see  Certo&a)  is  near  the 
university.  Pavia  was  an  important  city  in  the  Roman  Em- 
pire; was  conquered  by  .\ttila  in  452,  and  by  Odoacer  in 
476 ;  was  developed  by  'Theodoric  after  43:? ;  was  taken  by 
Alboin  about  572  ;  and  was  made  the  Lombard  capital  un- 
til its  conquest  by  Charles  the  Great  in  774.  OthotheGreat 
was  crowned  there  as  Lombard  king  in  951.  It  sided  with 
theGIiibeUines :  passed  under  the  Visconti  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury ;  was  sacked  by  the  French  in  1527 ;  rose  in  insurrec- 
tion and  was  seized  by  the  French  in  1796  ;  was  the  scene  of 
an  outbreak  in  1S4S ;  and  was  annexed  to  Sardinia  in  1S59. 
It  is  son>etinies  called  "  the  City  of  the  Hundred  Towers." 
Population  {liai),  about  37,000. 

Pa'Via,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  near  Pa- 
via. Feb.  24,  1525,  by  the  Imperialists  under 
Lannoy  over  the  French  under  Francis  I.,  who 
was  taken  prisoner. 

Pa'Viotso  (pii-ve-6'ts6).  ['Strong," able,' i.e. 
'athletes.']  A  confederacy  of  28  small  tribes 
of  North  American  Indians,  in  western  Nevada 
and  southern  Oregon.  Their  territory  formerly  ex- 
tended into  eastern  California,  where  they  were  wrongly 
regarded  as  Paiute.     Number,  about  3,000.    See  Shosho- 

Pavlograd  (pHv'lo-grad).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Voltchya  33  miles  east-northeast  of  Yeka- 
terinoslaff.    Population,  15,519. 

Pavlovsk  (piiv-lovsk').  1.  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Voronezh,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Don  95  miles  south-southeast  of  Voronezh. 
Population.  5,692.-2.  A  royal  palace  and  small 
town  about  18  miles  south  of  St.  Petersburg. 

Pavo(pa'v6).  [L.,  the 'peacock.']  Asouthem 
constellation,  the  Peacock,  situated  south  of 
Sagittarius. 

Fa  von  (pa-v6n ' ).  A  small  river  of  the  province 
of  Santa  Fe,  Argentine  Republic,  an  affluent  of 
the  Parana,  about  30  miles  below  Rosario.  It 
gave  its  name  to  a  battle  fought  on  its  banks,  Sept.  17, 1861, 
in  which  the  army  of  Buenos  A)Tes  under  Mitre  defeated 
the  provincial  forces  under  Urqaiza,  This  battle  decided 
the  supremacy  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  union  of  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic. 

Pavonia  (pa-v6'ni-a).  A  name  formerly  given 
to  a  portion  of  eastern  New  Jersey,  near  New 
York  city. 

Pavullo  nel  Frignano  (pii-vol'lo  nel  fren-yii'- 
no).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Modena,  Italy, 
21  miles  south  bv  west  of  Modena.  Population 
(18S1),  1,187. 

Pa'Wnee,  orPani(pa-ne').  [PI.,  a]so Pawnees.'] 
A  confederacy  of  the  Caddoan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  its  habitat  was  formerly  in  Xe- 
braska  and  Eansaa,  on  the  Platte  and  Republican  rivers ; 


788 

it  is  now  on  a  reservation  in  Oklahoma.  The  confederacy 
consists  of  4  tribes,  together  numbering  824  persons ;  the 
Tcawi  or  Grand  Pawnee,  the  Pitahauei-at  or  Tapage,  the 
Republican  Pawnee,  and  the  Skidi  or  Pawnee  Loup.  See 
Caddoan. 

Pawnee  Loup.     See  Skidi  and  Pawnee. 

Pa'Wtucket  (pa-tuk'et).     See  Pennaeool: 

Pawtucket.  [From  the  Indian  tribe.]  Part  of 
the  lower  course  of  the  Blackstone,  near  Paw- 
tucket. 

Pawtucket.  [From  the  river  of  the  same 
name.]  A  city  in  Providence  County,  Rhode 
Island,  situated  on  the  Pawtucket  River  four 
miles  north  by  east  of  Providence,  it  lias  impor- 
tant manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  engines,  machinery, 
thread,  etc.  Cotton-manufacturingwas  established  here 
by  Slater  in  1790.    Population  (1900),  39,231. 

Pa'Wtuxet  (pa-tuk'set).  A  river  in  Rhode  Isl- 
and which  flows  into  Providence  River  below 
Providence. 

Faxos  (pak'sos).  A  small  island  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  Greece,  8  miles  southeast  of  Corfu :  the 
ancient  Paxos  (Gr.  Ila^'of).  it  is  noted  lor  the  pro- 
duction of  olive-oil.  This  and  the  neighboring  small  isl- 
and of  Antipaxo  were  called  in  ancient  times  PaxL 

Parton  (paks'ton).  Sir  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mil- 
ton Bryant,  near  Wobum,  England,  ISOl :  died 
at  Sydenham,  England,  June  8, 1865.  An  Eng- 
lish architect,  landscape-gardener,  and  horti- 
culturist. He  obtained  employment  as  a  gardener  at 
Chatsworth,  and  ultimately  became  superintendent  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire's  gardens  there,  which  he  remodeled. 
A  conservatory  which  he  erected  there  formed  the  model 
for  the  exhibition  building  of  1S51  at  London.  He  de- 
signed the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham,  which  was  built 
mainly  from  the  materials  of  the  exhibition  building.  He 
also  designed  the  mansion  of  Baron  RothschUd  at  Fer- 
rieres,  France.  He  organized  the  army  work  corps  in  the 
Crimea.  From  1854  he  was  memberof  Parliament  forCoven- 
try.  Hepublisheda"PocketBot-anicalDictioiiary"iii  1S45. 

Pax  Vobis  (paks  vo'bis).  [L.,  'peace  be  with 
you.']  A  small  half-length  picture  of  Christ 
crowned  with  thorns,  undraped,  by  Raphael,  in 
the  Palazzo  Tosio  at  Brescia,  Italy.  The  Sa- 
viour points  to  the  wound  in  his  side. 

Payaguas  (pi-ya-gwas').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Paraguay,  now  reduced  to  a  few  hundreds  in  the 
Chaco  region,  opposite  Asuncion.  They  are  very 
degraded  savages,  wandering  in  the  swamps  and  subsist- 
ing principally  on  fish  and  alligators;  their  color  is  re- 
markably dark  (perhaps  deepened  by  the  use  of  pigments), 
and  their  language  indicates  a  distinct  stock.  Parties  of 
them  are  frequently  seen  at  Asimcion.  At  the  time  of  the 
conquest  a  tribe  called  Payaguas  or  Agaces  lived  on  the 
P.araguay  from  the  site  of  Asuncion  to  the  junction  with 
the  Parana.  They  were  very  numerous  and  wiirlike.  rarely 
leaving  their  canoes,  from  which  they  fought  Sebastian 
Cabot  was  attacked  by  thera  in  1527;  Ayolas  had  a  fierce 
struggle  with  them  in  Aug.,  1.t36;  and  they  were  long  the 
most  iiormidable  enemies  of  the  colonists.  The  missiona- 
ries could  make  little  or  no  impression  on  them.  It  is 
somewhat  doubtful  if  the  modem  Payaguas  are  descended 
from  these. 

Payer  (pi'er),  Julius  von.  Born  at  Schonau, 
near  Teplitz,  Bohemia,  Sept.  1, 1842.  An  Aus- 
trian arctic  explorer  and  painter.  He  took  part  in 
the  expedition  to  Greenland  1S6&-70,  and  in  the  exploration 
of  the  .Arctic  Ocean  east  of  Spitzbergen  in  1871,  and  with 
Weyprecht  led  the  TegethoB  expedition  (1S72-74),  which 
discovered  Franz  Josef  Land. 

Payeme  (pii-yaru'),  G.  Peterlingen  (pa'ter- 
ling-en).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  Broye  25  miles  north- 
east of  Lausanne.  It  was  formerly  a  royal  Bur- 
gimdian  residence. 

Payn  (pau),  James.  Bora  Feb.  28,  1830: 
died  at  London,  March  25,  1898.  An  English 
novelist  and  poet.  He  became  editor  of  "Cham- 
bers's Journal "  in  18,^8,  and  of  the  "  Cornhill  Maga- 
zine"  in  18^2.  He  published  poems  (1855),  and  about 
100  novels,  including  "By  Proxy,"  "The  Heir  of  the 
Ages,"  etc 

Payne  (pan),  Henry  B.  Bora  Nov.  30,  1810: 
died  Sept.  9, 1896.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor 
of  Ohio  in  1S57 ;  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio  1875-77  :  was  a  nienilter  of  the  Electoral  Commission 
in  1877  ;  and  was  United  States  senator  from  Oliio  1SS5-9L 

Payne,  John  Howard,  Bom  at  New  York. 
June  9,  1791 :  died  at  Tunis,  April  9,  1852.  An 
American  dramatist,  actor,  and  song-writer. 
He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at  Xew  York  in  IS^iO.  and 
fulfilled  a  numberof  engagements  in  other  cities  as  "The 
-\merican  Juvenile  Wonder,"  etc.  He  played  als^jin  Enij- 
land  and  Ireland,  part  of  the  time  with  Miss  (^'NeilL  Be 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1832.  and  was  in  Tunis  as  Ameri- 
can consul  1843-45  and  1851-52.  He  is  famous  as  the 
author  of  "  Home,  Sweet  Home  "  (originally  in  the  opera 
of  "Clari  ").  and  was  author  and  translator  and  adapter  of 
more  than  60  plays. 

Fayojke  (pa-yoH-ka').  [Tehua,  'summer  peo- 
ple.'] One  of  the  two  very  ancient  subdivi- 
sions of  the  Tehua  tribe  of  New  Jlexico.  said 
to  have  originated  when  the  Tehuas  came  out 
upon  the  surface  of  the  earth  at  the  lagoon  or 
cavern  of  Cibobe:  also  the  name  of  the  sum- 
mer cacique,  or  chief  penitent  for  summer,  of 
the  Tehua  tribes.  Every  pueblo  has  its  summer  ca- 
cique, as  weU  afi  its  ojique  or  winter  cacique.    He  is  in 


Peace,  The 

power  from  the  vernal  to  the  autumnal  equinox.  But  in 
all  important  matters  of  reUgion  he  is  superior  to  the  win. 
ter  cacique,  and  is  really  the  religious  head  of  the  tribes. 

Paysandii  (pi-san-ds'),  formerly  San  Benito 
(sau  ba-ne'to).  A  town  and  port  in  Uruguav 
situated  on  the  river  Uruguav  160  miles  north 
of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  was  taken  by  the  Bra- 
zilians after  a  bombardment,  Jan .  2, 1865.  Pop- 
ulation, about  13,000. 

Pays-Bas  (pa-e'ba').  [F.,  'Low  Countries.'] 
Tlie  French  name  of  the  Netherlands. 

Pays  de  Vaud.    See  Vaud. 

Payson  (pa'son),  Edward.  Bom  at  Rindge, 
N.  H.,  July  25,  1783 :  died  at  Portland,  Maine, 
Oct.  22,  1827.  An  American  Congregational 
divine,  pastor  in  Portland.  His  sermons,  with  me- 
moir  by  Cummings,  were  published  in  1S46  These  ser 
mons  are  said  to  be  read  more  than  those  of  any  other  New 
England  divine,  except  Dwight, 

Payta  (pi'ta).  A  seaport  in  the  department  of 
Piura,  Peru,  situated  in  lat.  5°  12'  S.  Popula- 
tion (1889),  3.500. 

Paytiti,  or  Gran  Paytiti  (gran  pii-e-te'te).  A 
fabled  empire  said  to  hare  been  established 
by  Incas  who  fled  from  Pei'u  after  the  conquest. 
Reports  located  it  somewhere  in  the  forests  of  northeastern 
Peru,  and  described  a  magnificent  capital  city  called  Yurac- 
huasi.  Various  expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it 
during  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  and  belief  in  its  present 
or  former  existence  has  not  yet  entirely  died  oat  Also  writ- 
ten Faititi. 

Payucha.     See  Paiute. 

Paz,  La.     See  La  Pa;. 

Paz,  Mariano  Rivera.    See  Sirera  Paz. 

Paz  Soldan  (path  sol-dan')-  Mariano  Felipe. 
Bom  at  Arequipa.  Aug.,  1821:  died  at  Lima. 
Dec.  31,  1SS6.  A  Peruvian  geographer,  histo- 
rian, and  jurist.  He  held  various  civil  offices ;  was 
for  many  years  director  of  public  works;  and  was  twice 
minister  of  justice.  The  Peruvian  penitentiary  svstem 
was  reformed  by  him  in  1856.  During  the  Chilean  "occu- 
pation he  was  exiled,  residing  in  Buenos  Ayi  es.  His  works, 
which  are  very  valuable,  include  ".Atlas  geogr.iflco  del 
Peru  '  (Paris,  1S61;  F.  edition,  1865),  accompanying  the 
"Geografia  del  Perti'of  his  brother  Mateo ;  "Historia  del 
Peni  Independiente"(18t)6):  "Diccionario  geogrifico  es- 
tadistico  del  Peru"  (1577);  "Diccionario  de  la  Republics 
Argentina "(1SS4); and  'Historia de laGuerradel Pacifico" 

(18S4). 

Paz  Soldan,  Mateo.  Bom  at  Arequipa,  1814: 
died  about  1872.  A  Peruvian  mathematician 
and  author,  brother  of  M.  F.  Paz  Soldan.  He 
published  several  mathematical  works  and  a  treatise  oa 
the  geography  of  Peru. 

Paz  Soldan  y  XJnanue  (e  6u-a'n6-a),  Pedro. 
Bom  at  Lima,  1839.  A  Peruvian  poet,  better 
known  by  the  jien-name  of  Juan  de  Arona.  His 
verses  are  generally  descriptive  of  Peruvian  country  life, 
and  many  of  them  are  humorous.  He  has  publistied  a 
work  "  Peruanismos  "  (on  local  words  and  phrases). 

Pazzl  (pat'se).  A  powerful  family  of  Florence, 
noted  for  their  unsuccessful  conspiracy  against 
the  Medici  in  1478. 

Peabody  (pe'bod-i).  A  town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts.  14  miles  northeast  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  morocco,  etc.  It  was 
separated  from  Panvers  in  1855.  The  name  was  changed 
in  1S6S  from  South  Danvers  to  Pea  body  in  honor  of  (5eorge 
Peabo'iy.     Population  (l<H>:o.  11,523. " 

Peabociy,  Andrew  Preston.  Bom  at  Beverlev, 
Mass.,  March  19,  1811 :  died  March  10, 1893.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  Christian  morals  at  Harvard  1860-8', 
when  he  was  elected  professor  emeritus.  He  was  for  many 
years  editor  of  the  "Xorth  American  Re\iew.**  .\moDghi3 
works  are  "Lectures  on  Christian  Doctrine  "  (1844),  "Con- 
versation "  (1856),  "Christianity  the  Religion  of  Nature" 
(1864X  "Reminiscences of  European  Travel " (18t.S).  " Man- 
ual of  Moral  Philosophy'  (18731,  "Christianity  and  .Science" 
(1874),  "Christian  Belief  and  Life"  (1875),  "Moral  Philoso- 
phy" (1SS7),  "  BuUding  a  Character"  (18S7X  and  "  Han-ard 
Reminiscences  *  (ISSSX 

Peabody,  George.  Bom  at  Danvers,  Mass., 
Feb.  IS.  1795 :  died  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1869.  An 
American  merchant  and  banker,  celebrated  as 
a  philanthropist.  He  settled  in  London  as  a  banker 
in  1837.  Among  his  benefactions  are  the  Peabody  Insti- 
tute in  B.altimore  (1857),  a  fund  for  education  in  the  South, 
gifts  to  Har\"ard  and  other  colleges,  to  the  working-men 
of  London,  etc, 

Peabody,  Nathaniel.  Bora  at  Topsfield,  Mass., 
March  1, 1741 :  died  at  Exeter.  N.  H.,  June  27, 
1823.  An  American  RevoluHonary  officer,  a 
delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress. 

Peabody  Bay.  An  arm  of  Smith  Sound,  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Greenland. 

Peabody  Institute.  An  institution  at  Balti- 
more, f  oimded  by  George  Peabody,  and  contain- 
ing a  library,  conservatory  of  music,  art- 
gallery,  etc. 

Peace,"  The.  A  comedy  of  Aristophanes,  ex- 
hibited in  419  b.  C.  Its  aim  was  to  commend  the  an- 
ticipated peace  of  Nicias.  In  it  an  Athenian,  Trjgreus, 
mounts  to  heaven  on  a  beetle,  finds  the  gods  pounding 
the  Greek  states  in  a  mortar,  and  succeeds  in  freeing  the 
imprisoned  goddess  of  peace. 


Peace  Conference 


789 


Peace  Conference.    A  conference  proposed  by  Peary  (pe'ri),  Robert  Edwin.    Born  in  18.54. 


the  Czar  of  Kussia  which  met  at  The  Hague 
May  18,  1899.  it  urt't^tl  the  avoidance  of  force  as  far 
as  is  possible  in  international  relations,  adopted  rules  for 
international  ai'bitration,  and  established  a  permanent 
court  of  arl)itr:ition. 

Peace  of  Monsieur  (ra6-sy6' ).  [F.  Pair  <}e  Mon- 
sieur.] A  pc/ace  forced  upon  Henry  III.  of 
France  in  l-i7ti  liy  a  combination  of  Husuenot!^ 
the  Politiqiies,  and  the  Duo  d'Aleu^on  ("  Mon- 
sieur"). Great  concessions  were  made  to  the 
Huguenots  and  to  the  Due  d'Alen^on. 

Peace  of  Miinster  (miin'ster).  A  line  painting 
by  Gerard  Terburg  ( 1648),  a  distinguished  Dutch 
master.  The  Spanish  plenipotentiaries  and  thedelegntes 
of  the  United  Provinces  are  assembled,  and  are  listening 
tothereadingof  the  ratification  oath.  There  are  about  30 
figures,  all  portraits,  and  admirably  characterized  in  their 
minute  sc:de. 

Peace  River.  A  river  in  British  America  which 
rises  in  ISritish  Columbia  and  flows  into  Lake 
Athabasca.     Lcngtli,  about  1,000  miles. 

Peachtree  Creek  (peeh'tre  krek).  A  small 
tributary  of  the  Cliattahooehee,  near  Atlanta, 
Georgia.  Here,  July  19-20, 18&I,  the  Federals  under  Sher- 
man defeated  the  Confederates  under  llood, 

Peachum   (pech'um).     A  noted  character  in 


An  American  arctic  explorer,  and  civil  engineer 
in  the  United  States  navy.  In  1886 he  made  a  Jour- 
ney of  recoinioissance  to  Greenland,  advancing   for  a 


Peebles 

in  eastern  central  New  Mexico,  and  the  other 
northwest  of  Abiquiu  in  northern  New  Mexico. 
The  latter  is  distingnisheil  by  its  form,  which  is  that  of  a 
truncated  cone,  and  by  the  abundance  of  aiTOWheads  of 
flint  found  on  and  about  it. 


hundred  miles  or  more  upon  the  interior  ice.    In  June,  n'''j''"'A\V'" '.„„„.,„  /„i  >,;  „x  xr^'nm:  T^a'.ln^      A 
W.n.  as  chief  of  the  arctic  exp.<lition  of  the  Academy  of  Pedo,  AlbinOVanUS  (al-bl-no-va  nUi,  pe  UO).    A 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  he  sailed  from  .New  York    Koman  poet,  of  the  Augustan  age  :  author  of  8 
iutheKite,  andmadehishca.lcinarlcrsatMcformick  Kay,    poem  entitled  "Theseis,"  of  an  epic  poem  on 
on  the  northwest  coast  of  crionland     '|^- "'•''''■  "''•.''f,''  '''^^    contemporary  history,  and  of  epigrams, 
cursions  along  Wliale  Sound,  Iiik-kllcld  (!ulf,  anil  Hum-  ,,„,_„.'„       i.„.     ,„;i,,-    t,,.,?,.,.   /,.,„o  w„ 
boldt  Glacier;  traversed  the  inland  ice  from  Md'ormick  PedrariaS.      bee  Avtld,  Jr(h (>  Ana.s  (le. 
Bay  to  the  northeast  ancle  of  Greenland  (Indipcndcuie  Pedraza  (pad-ra  tha).  Manuel  UOmeZ.     isoru 
Bay,  lat.  81°  37' N.);  and  proved  the  ciinvergcn.e  of  the  east-    yt  Uucrctaro  about  17SS:  di('<l  in  Mexico  City, 
em  and  western  coa^ts  of  n,.rlliern  Greenland,  ami  aln...5t    j^        ^,    ^^^       ^  Mexican  general  and  politi- 
with  positivenesstbi- insnlaritv  of  the  mairdand.    llc.lis-    '^.^    '   '  ,,--.•     ^r  on 

covered  new  lands  (Melville  land,  neilj.rin  Lan.l)  lyint'  be-    dan.      He  was  secretary  of  war  under  \  ictona.  182..-29, 


yond  Greenland,  aiul  iiarnuii  niiiny  triucieis.  In  Sept.,  1802, 
he  returned.  In  .Inly,  is:*;!,  he  sulc-ti  attain,  in  tlic  Falcon, 
intending  to  survey  the  nortlieiustern  coast  of  tJreenland, 
and  if  possible  to  push  on  toward  tlie  north  pole.  He 
was  uiiaiiccessfiil  and  retuinid  in  Septembt-r,  IsD.').  In 
1893  he  again  retunieil  tA>  the  attack  upuii  the  pule.     D 


and  was  elected  to  succeed  him,  but  the  election  was  an- 
nulled. Pedraza  took  part  in  the  revolts  of  lh32,  and  was 
eventually  president  duriuK  the  last  months  of  his  legal 
term,  Dec.  20,  183i,  to  April  1, 1833.  He  held  cabinet  posi- 
tions under  Santa  Anna;  was  a  senator  1844;  and  waa  a 
presidential  candidate  in  1845  antl  1850. 


made  hia  winter  «iuart' IS  at  lUah,  near  Smith  Sound, anti  PedrO  (pe'ilro  ;  Sp.  prOll.  pa'dro)  H.  King  of 
established  caches  of  supplies  as  far  as  Fort  ConjiiT.    In  the     Avio-on  1196-1213. 

spring  of  lUOO  he  set  out  from  Ff»rt  Conger,  and  traceil  the  ^^    ,'  *"    ttt  *     t-~      '    c    a-„™^«  iO"fi  q^      TJa.  Vo 
northern  limit  of  the  Greenland  archipelaKO,  reaching  lb,-  PedrO  III.     King  of  Aragon  12,6-8.).     He  be- 
highest  latitude  (83°  .W  N.)  then  attained  on  the  western    c:une  king  of  Sicily  on  the  expul.sion  or  the 
hemisphere.  Hisintentiouwastorenewtheattcmptt^ucacli     French  in  1282. 

thepoleeachspriuKuntil  itshouldsucceed.  Bnthereturned  -paArn  TV  Kine-  of  Arason  13.36-87,  son  of  Al- 
in  Sept.,  1903,  baviiiK  reached  lat.  84' 17' S.  Hiswife,.los..  -teuro  XV.  ii"'e  "'■^  "*  ,  Tj„i„„i:„  T=loa  in 
pbine  liiebitsch  Peary,  author  of  "  Mv  Arctic  Jonrmil  toiiso  I\  .  He  annexed  the  Baleanc  Isles  m 
(1893),accompanied  the  ejcpeilitious  of  1891-92,1893-'.i-l.and     1  'M'.\. 


Peacock.  Thomas  Love.  Born  at  Weymouth, 
England,  Oct.  18,  1785:  tiled  at  Halliford.  Jan. 
23. 1866,  An  English  satirical  novelist  and  poet. 
He  was  intimately  associated  with  Shelley  and  Byron. 
His  style  is  egotistic  and  Rabelaisian.  In  1816  he  pub- 
lished "  Headlong  Hall,  "  followed  by  "  Jlelincourt "  in  1817. 
He  published  "  Nightmare  Abbey"  and  "Rbododaphne," 
a  volume  of  verse  (1818).    In  1819  he  was  made  assistant 


rmanv  against  the  no-     Ue  was  the  second  son  of  Dom  Jo.io,  who  became  John  \a. 


through  Franconia.  Swabia.  Thuiingia,  and  Alsace,  being 
stiijpre.ssed  with  great  cruelty  in  5Iay  and  June,  1526.  See 
M'uiziT  and  Friiiihithaumn, 

Peas-blossom  (pez'blos"om).     A  fairy  in  "A 

B  ,oiu.„c  ,/.  .^.=^  ^iu...,.    ...  •„-.-  ..~. ~ JMidsummcr  Night's  Dream,"  by  Shakspere. 

eitarainer  at  the  India  House,  and  in  1830  he  succeeded  Pease  (pez),  Calvin.  Bom  at  Canaan,  Conn., 
Mill  as  chief  examiner.  "  Maid  Marian  "appeared  in  1822,  Aug.  12,  1813  :  died  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  Sept.  17, 
"The  Misfortunes  of  Elphin"  in  1829,  "Crotchet  Castle  "  loflo  a,,  Ampricnii  f'niioTP<rntinnninntpr  Proo 
in  1831, and  "Gryll  Orange  '  in  1860.  He  was  much  inter-  J^°""*-  .-^°  American  Longregational  (later  i  res- 
ested  in  steam  navigation  to  India.  bytenan)  clergyman,  president  ot  the  UIlIveI^- 

Peacock,  The.     See  Pavo.  sity  of  Vermont  18.55-61. 

Peak  (pek),  The.     A  hilly  region,  principally  in  Pe-chi-li.     See  Petchili.  ^„       ^ 

Derbyshire,  England.  It  extends  from  Glossop  to  Pecht  (pecht),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Constance, 
Ashbourne  north  and  south,  andfrom  Chesterfield  to  liu.v-  Baden,  Oct.  2,  1814.  .\  German  painter  and 
I'll  L-a.st  and  west,  and  contains  some  picturesque  scencrj-.  ^vriter  on  art.  Among  his  works  is  "  Galleries 
iii-.lust  point,  Kinderscout(2,oso  feet).  ^j  Characters  from  Schiller,  Goethe,  Lessiu^ 

Peak  Cavern.    A  noted  stalactite  cave  ^n  the     a„,i  j^hakspere." 


bles  and  clergy.     It  broKe  out  fn  152t.  and  spread     ^^^^^^^^l^^^^^]^^ ^^'^^ 


the  royal  family.  His  father  assumed  the  crown  there,  and 
returned  to  Portugal  April  26,  1S21.  leaving  Dom  Pedro 
as  regent  of  Brazil.  Early  in  1822  the  prince  assumed  the 
leadership  of  the  party  of  opposition  to  Portugal,  dell- 
nitely  pronounced  for  independemx  Sept.  7,  and  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  Oct.  12  and  crowned  Dec.  1.  Tlie  only 
serious  resistance  made  by  Portugal  was  in  the  northern 
provinces,  and  was  soon  overcome  ;  in  ^H2.^  Portugal  recog- 
nized the  independence  of  Brazil.  The  popularity  of  the 
emperor,  at  first  very  great,  was  weakened  by  his  reaction- 
ary policy  in  1823.  and  especially  by  liis  forcible  dissolu- 
tion of  the  constituent  assembly  Nov.  12,  1823,  and  the 
baiMShment  of  the  Andiadas.  On  March  2!>,  1824,  he  ac- 
cepted a  constitution  which  had  been  prepjired  by  a  coun- 
cil of  state,  and  which  remained  in  force  during  tlie  em- 
pire. In  1828  the  Cisplatine  Province,  or  Uruguay,  be- 
came independent  after  three  years  of  war  with  Brazil. 
The  increasing  opposition  to  the  emperor's  policy  at  length 
provoked  popular  tumults.     Convinced  that  he  could  no 


Peak  of  Derby,  England,  situated  near  Castle-  •pQ-i,„pl.T,n<se'hp  (■nesh'wol  le'she),  Moritz  Ed-     longer  rule,  he  abdicated  in  favorof  his  son,  April?,  1831, 

., T +1.      o  /ton  i'..^*  i  cuiiuci  xjvovxxv*  \t  ,"  ., ,  ,         1  ..„,.„.,*,..„  „n;l.^.l  f.^.,  ^^.^.Tl«,„l       ri»  tl...  H..nfh  nf  .1,ibi\ 


uard.  Born  near" Morseburg.  .July  26,  1841).  A 
German  traveler.  Uc  visit  cd  the  West  Indies,  Oceania, 
and  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  seas.  He  wasamemberof  the 
German  scientiflc  expedition  to  Loango,  West  Africa,  1S74- 
1876.  In  1882  he  was  Stanley's  substitute  on  the  Kongo. 
In  1884  he  was  in  Damaraland. 
Peck  (pok),  John  James.  Born  at  Manhus, 
N.Y.,  .Jan.  4, 1821:  died  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  April 
21,1878.  An -Vmcrican  general.  He  served  in  Ihe 
-^     -  '■  1  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  tlieCivil 


ton.     Length,  2,000  feet. 
Peaks  of  Otter  (ot'er).   Two  peaks  of  the  Blue 

Uidge  in  Virginia.     Height,  aljout  4,000  feet. 
Peale  (pel ),  Charles  Willson.  Born  at  Choster- 

town,  Md..  April  11!,  1741:  died  at  Philadf  Iphiu, 

Feb.  22.  1827.     iVii  American  portrait-painter 
Peale,  Rembrandt.     Born  in  Bucks  County 

Pa  ,  Feb.  22,  1778:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct 

3,  1860.     An  American  painter,  ehietly  of  por-     Me'xicanwar,  and 

traits,  son  of  C.  W.  Peale  "'  '        ""' 

Pearce  (jgers}.  James  Alfred.    Bom  at  Alex-  ^^"^-^^ 

andria 

Md 

pol 

Marylandl83.5-39andl841-43,a.iu^ui.c.»K,.»™o     p„,^,,„,. 

senator  lS43r62.  professor  in  Columbia  ('oUege  from  1867  until  his  death. 

Pea  Ridge  (pe  ri,i).    A  place  in  Benton  County,  Pecksniff  (pek'snif ).     A  notorious  hypocrite  in 

northwestern  Arkansas, near  the  Missouri  bor-    Dickens's'' Martin Chuzzlewit."  Hehastworlaugh- 

der.     Here,  Jl.andi  7-8,  1862,  the  Federals  (in.nOO)  under     ters:  Mercy  (Merry),  married  to  .Umiis  Chuzzlowit ;  and 

Curtis  defeateii  the  Confederates  (li;,'2n2)  under  Vhti  Dorn.      Charity  (CheiTy),  who  is  a  victim  of  misplaced  alfcction. 
J'lleJ'^edena  loss  was  1,384  ;  the  Confederate  loss  w^a»^l,.'m    pecock  (pe'koU  ),  Reginald.      Lived  in  the  IStll 
/.    -.1%  ,.     „.   „,...,o     ,.|,„tu,.y.     An  English  prelate.    He  was  bishop  of 


and  soon  after  sailed  for  England.  On  the  death  of  .John 
VI.  (1826)  he  had  been  proclaimed  king  of  Portugal,  but 
had  resigned  the  crown  in  favor  of  his  ilaughter.  whom  the 
usurpation  of  Dom  iliguel  had  deprived  of  her  rights. 
On  his  arrival  in  Europe  Dom  Pedro  at  once  headed  a 
movement  in  his  daughter's  favor,  taking  a  personal  part 
in  the  war  in  Portugal.  He  was  finally  successful,  and  his 
daughter  was  crowned,  but  he  died  two  days  after.  Ho 
was  twice  married ;  in  1818  to  the  archduchess  M:u  ia  Leo- 
poldina  of  Austria,  who  died  in  Dec,  1826 ;  and  in  18'39  to 
theiirincess  Amelia  of  l.euchtenberg. 


Pearl  (perl).  A  river  in  Mississippi  which  forms 
in  its  lower  course  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Missis.';i|ipi  and  Louisiana,  and  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mixico  40  miles  north-northeast  of  Now 
Orleans.     Length,  over  300  miles. 

Pearl  Coast.  [Sp.  Cnsta  do  Pcrlw.']  A  name 
given  by  the  early  Spanish  explorers  to  tho  coast 
of  Venezuela  from  CuraanA  to  Trinidad.  Ctdum- 
buB  (1498)  ami  Ojuda  and  .ViflodtftOl.'iOO)  first  visited  this 
region  and  r,litaiiicd  pearls  from  the  Indians  ;  «ubBi'(|Ucntly 


i.xtensivc  pcarl-llsbcriea  were  established,  especially  at  pgggg   (p;l'U6s).     A  river  of  Now   .Mexico  and 

lie  ishnnls  off  the  coast.  m  i-    i    -    •        ii      n-     r*  i        i .  i    .    .xio 

,.,,         ,.        ,,  f-ii(r     Texas  which  loinsl  he  Kiouranile  about  lat.  2!)° 


Pearl  Islands.     1.  An  old  name  for  islands  off 


the  coast  of  Vene/.uola  (Margarita,  Cubagua,  p         ;     [A  corruption  of  /V,7»/»,  tho  name,  in 
A  group  of  small  islands  belonging  •'jY.T.t!         -  ...'..'.„  ,'    . 


etc.). —  2.  A  group  of  small  islands  belonging 
to  Colombia,  in  tho  Bay  ot  Panama:  so  named 
by  I'.nlliiia  in  1513. 

Pearl  River.    See  Canton  Jiiver. 

Pearls,  Gulf  of.  A  name  given  by  Columbus 
to  tlu^  (iulf  of  I'aria,  Venezuela. 

Pearson  (per'son),  John.  Born  at  Great  Snor- 
ing, Norfolk,  England,  Feb.  28,  1612:  died  at 
Chester,  July  16, 1686.  An  English  bishop  and 
theological  writer.  He  entered  Cambridge  University 
(Queens'  College),  June  10.  1631 :  took  orders  In  1639:  and 
in  1640  was  chaplain  to  Lord  Keeper  Kiiicb.  In  UIMI  he 
published  the  "  Exposition  of  the  Creeil."  In  1661  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  on  tho  review  of  the  lifuigy  .at 
the  Savoy.  On  April  14,  1662,  he  was  appointed  master  of 
Trtidty  College,  Cambridge;  and  in  1(173  he  wu  made 
bishop  of  Chester. 


War,  and  was  in  command  of  the  national  troops  in  Vir-  PedTO  II.  (Dom  PedrO  de  Alcantara).     Born 
south  of  the  James,  1862-63.  at  Rio  de  .Janeiro,  Dec^  2,  ]^'2.i:  died  at  Paris, 

em- 
April 
re- 
he 
the 
princess  Theresa'Christina,  sister  of  the  King  of  the  Sici- 
lies. His  male  chililren  died  young,  and  his  eldest  daugh- 
ter. Dona  Izabel  de  Ilragan^,ra,  became  his  constitutional 
successor.  The  prineij)al  eveids  of  his  reign  were  :  Tran- 
sient lebellions  in  Minas  Geraes  and  Sao  Paulo,  1842  ;  re- 
bellion in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  finally  sui)pressed,  Feb.,  1845 ; 
rebcllitui  in  Pernambuco  stlppressed,  1849;  alliance  with 
t'riiuiza  and  war  in  I'mguaj,  May,  IS-M,  leading  to  the 
victoiyotJIonte-Caseros,  I'eli  3.  Is.'i2,  by  which  Rosas,  dic- 
tator of  Ituenos  Ayres,  was  overthrown  ;  invasion  of  fni- 
guay  anil  alliance  with  Klorcs,  IbO^I ;  war  with  Paniguny, 
186.'i-70  (see  TripU'  Alliancf):  law  passed  for  the  gradual 
abolition  of  slavery',  Sept.,  1871  ;  slavery  llmilly  abolished 
as  tho  result  of  a  rennirkable  popular  movement.  May  13, 
18.SS.  D<mi  Pedro  visited  Europe  May,  1871,-March,  1872  ; 
visited  tho  United  States  1876,  passing  thence  to  Euiiipe, 
Palestine,  and  Egypt,  and  retni-rdng  in  Sept.,  ISii  ;  and 
visited  Europe  a  third  time  18S6-*9 :  in  each  case  he  trav- 
eled as  a  private  gentleman,  and  during  his  absence  the 
i>rincess  Izabel  acted  as  regent.  By  a  revolution  which 
lirokeoiit  Nov.  1.^,  1889  (the  principal  movers  being  army 
olllcers).  he  was  I'orced  to  resign,  ami  was  immediately  sent 
to  Europe.  Thccx-eniprcss  died  In  Portugal.  D>c.  '.'s  1889, 
and  thereafter  Dom  Pedro  resided  generally  In  Franco. 
As  a  ruler  he  was  noted  for  the  protection  which  he  iic- 
coriled  to  science  ami  literature,  and  he  was  greatly  re- 
spected both  at  home  an<l  abroad. 
Pedro,  siirnamed  "Tlie  Cruel."  Born  nt  Burgos, 
Spain,  1334:  killed  March  23,  136n.  King  of 
Castile  and  Tjoon  1  .'l.'iO-(i!),  son  of  Alfonso  XI. 
With  the  aid  of  Ihe  Black  Prince  he  defeated  his  bndher 
Henry  of  Trnslanuire  at  .Navarrete  hi  1:167,  but  was  defeated 
and  captured  by  him  at  Slonllel,  March  14, 1369.  He  was 
put  to  deatli  by  Henry,  who  ascended  the  throne. 
Pedro  I.  Born  13'jn:  died  1.167.  Kingof  Portu- 
gal 13.')7-67.  son  of  Alfonso  IV.  He  ia  noted  In  con- 
neil  Ion  » ith  thestoiy  of  Ines  de  Ca»tro(»ee  Cariro,  InrfdfX 
Pedro,  Don.  in  Shakspcre's  '•  Much  Ado  about 
Nolliiiig,''  the  Prince  of  AiTngon. 
The  name  lif  two  hi-ights  in  ?few  Mexico",  one  of  Peebles  (pe'blz).  1.  A  county  in  the  south  of 
them  lyingoastofthesalt-lakesof  the Manzano,     .Scoihind.    It  Is  bounded  by  Edinhui^h  on  the  iiortli, 


St.  Asaph  1444-49.  and  of  Chichester  1460-59:  author  of 
"  Uepressor  of  (Ivermilch  Blaming  of  the  Clergy."  Op- 
Iiosing  the  Roman  tenets  in  14.'>7.  he  was  deprived  In  1469. 
Pecorone  (pa-ko-ro'ne),  II.  [It,,  'shecpshead' 
or  '  dunce.']  A  collecticm  of  50  tales  by  Ser 
Giovanni  Fiorentino.  He  began  tj)  write  them  In 
1376,  but  the  book  was  not  piiblislied  till  l.^i-^S  atj^lilan. 
The  sUiuies  were  mostly  drawn  from  the  chronicles  of  Gio- 
vanni Villani.  Painter,  in  his  "  Palace  of  Pleasure,"  and 
siiliseriueiit  writers  are  indebted  to  it. 


,1" 
40'  N.,long.  101°  20'  W.    Length.  700-800  mile; 


the  Jeme/,  Innguage,  of  the  tribe  of  Pecos.]  A 
now  ruined  Indian  village  2")  miles  sotilheast 
of  Santa  I'V',  New  Mexico.  Its  aboriginal  name  was 
Titftitiin'tt'  (written  Ciciiiipie  by  the  ohier  SpHnlsh  chroni- 
clers). It  was  in  IfilOtbelargest  Indian  villagi!  or  pueblo 
in  New  Mexico,  containing  ii  population  of  nliont  2,ihki 
souls,  which  formed  an  independent  tribe  speaking  the 
same  language  as  the  Indians  of  Jemez.  In  1680  the  Pe- 
cos rebelled  withthe«tthcr».  but  surrendered  jieaceably  to 
Vargas  In  16!I2,  and  thereafter  remained  loyal  to  Spain. 
The  site  of  Pecos  Is  marked  by  Interesting  ruins,  Inclild- 
ing  those  of  a  large  church,  founded  In  the  beginidng  of 
the  17th  century. 

Pedee.     See  (liral  I'rilre. 

Pedernal   (pa-<ler-niir).      [Sp.,  'stone-place,'] 


l«p., 
in  Ne^ 


Peebles 

Selkirk  on  the  east,  Dumfries  on  tlie  snntli,  and  Lanark  on 
the  west.  Tlie  surface  is  hilly.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Tweeddale,  from  its  containing  the  valley  of  the  upper 
Tweed.  Area,  355  squar3  miles.  Population  (1891).  14,7.^-0. 
2.  The  county  town  of  Peebles  County,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Eddlestoue  Water  and  the 
Tweed,  21  miles  south  of  Edinburgh,  it  was  at 
one  time  a  royal  residence.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Wil- 
liam and  Robert  Chambers.    Population  (1891),  4,7W. 

Peekskill  (pek'skil).  A  village  in  the  town- 
ship of  Cortland,  Westchester  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
40  miles  north  of  New  York.  It  has  iron  man- 
ufactures.    Population  (1900),  10,358. 

Peel  (pel).  A  river  in  British  America  which 
joins  the  Mackenzie  at  its  delta.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

Peel,  A  fishing  town  on  the  western  coast  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  Great  Britain.  10  miles  north- 
west of  Douglas.  It  has  a  castle  and  a  ruined 
cathedral.     Population,  about  3,.500. 

Peel,  Arthur  Wellesley,  first  Viscount  Peel. 

Born  Aug.  3,  1S29.  An  English  politician,  son 
of  Sir  Robert  Peel :  speaker  of  the  House  of 
( 'onimons  188i-95. 

Peel  (pal),  De.  An  extensive  peat  moor  on  the 
borders  of  the  provinces  of  North  Brabant  and 
Limburg,  Netherlands. 

Peel  (pel),  Jonathan.  Born  Oct.  12,  1799 :  died 
Feb.  13,  1879.  An  English  general  and  politi- 
cian, brother  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  (1788-1850). 
He  entered  the  army  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1820;  was  surveyor- 
general  of  the  ordnance  1811-46 ;  and  was  secretai-y  of  war 
185S-.'i9  and  1S66-67. 

Peel,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  near  Bury,  Lancashire, 
Feb.  5,  1788:  died  at  London,  July  2,  1850.  A 
noted  English  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  a  calico  printer.  He  graduated  at  O.vford 
(Christ  Church)  in  1808,  and  in  1809  was  elected  member 
oi  Parliament  for  Cashel.  He  followed  witli  his  father 
the  Tory  party.  In  1811  he  became  under-secretary  for 
the  colonies,  and  was  secretary  for  Ireland  1812-lS.  He 
opposed  Catholic  emancipation,  and  instituted  the  ref::ular 
Irish  constabulary  (nicknamed  "Peelers,"  a  name  also  ex- 
tended to  the  police  generally).  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament for  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1817,  but  was  out 
of  office  from  1818  to  1822.  On  May  24,  1819,  he  delivered 
a  notable  speech  on  the  Cash  Payments  Act.  In  1822  he 
■was  appointed  home  secretary  under  Lord  Liverpool,  and 
retained  the  office  until  1827.  In  1828  he  was  appointed 
home  secretary  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  m,ade 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1829  he  changed  his 
position  and  proposed  Catholic  emancipation.  He  won 
back  his  position  in  the  Tory  party  by  his  resistance  to  the 
Reform  Bill.  After  the  passing  of  this  bill  lie  was  left 
with  a  following  of  only  150,  the  nucleus  of  the  modern 
Conservative  party.  In  1834  he  became  prime  minister, 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  cliancellorof  the  excliequer; 
he  resigned  in  183^.  In  1841  he  was  again  prime  minister 
and  first  lord  of  the  treasury.  He  became  a  free-trader,  and 
on  Jan.  27, 1846,  moved  the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws,  which 
was  carried.     He  resigned  June  29,  1846. 

Peele  (pel),  George.  Born  1558:  died  1598.  An 
English  dramatist  and  poet.  He  gr.iduated  at  Ox- 
ford in  1577.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  a  disreputable  life. 
He  published  the  ".\rraignment  of  Paris  "(1584),  the 
"Chronicle  History  of  Edward  I."  (1593),  "The  Battleof 
Alcazar  "  (1594 1, "  The  Old  Wives'  Tale  "  (1595X  "  David  and 
Bethsabe  "  (1599),  etc. 

Peele  Castle.  A  castle  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  It 
is  the  subject  of  a  noted  poem  by  Wordsworth. 

Peelites(pe'lits).  [Named  from  Sir  Robert  Peel.] 
In  British  politics,  a  political  party  existing  after 
the  repeal  ot  the  corn-laws  in  18-16.  Originally  (in 
large  part)  Tories,  but  free-traders  and  adherents  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  they  formed  for  several  years  a  group  inter- 
mediate between  the  Protectionist  Tories  and  the  Liberals. 
Several  of  them  took  office  in  the  Aberdeen  administra- 
tion (1852-66),  and  Gladstone,  Sidney  Herbert,  and  others 
eventually  joined  the  Liberal  party. 

Peene  (pa'ne).  A  river  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
and  Pomerania,  Prussia,  which  imites  with  the 
western  arm  of  the  Pomeranian  HaflF,  and  flows 
into  the  Baltic  26  miles  east  by  south  of  Stral- 
sund.     Length,  about  90  miles. 

Peeping  Tom  of  Coventry.  Aman  of  Coventry, 
England,  celebrated  in  the  legend  of  Godiva. 
See  Godivc,  Lady. 

Peep  o'  Day  Boys.  A  Presbyterian  faction  in 
the  north  of  Ireland  about  1785-90,  opposed  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  "Defenders."  They  were 
closely  allied  to  the  Orangemen. 

Peerybingle  (pe'ri-bing-gl),  Mrs,  The  wife  of 
a  carrier  m  Dickens's  "  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  " : 
a  blithe  cheery  little  woman  called  "Dot." 

Pegasus (peg'a-sus).  [Gr.  Tlrjyaaog,  traditionally 
derived  from  irriyi],  a  spring,  "because  he  came 
into  existence  at  the  fountains  of  Ocean"  (He- 
siod).]  1.  In  classical  mythology,  the  winged 
horse  of  the  Mnses,  sprung  from  the  blood  of 
Medusawhen  slain  by  Perseus.  With  a  stroke. .tins 
hoof  he  was  fiibled  to  have  caused  to  well  forth,  on  .MniniE 
Helicon  iuBieotia.the  poetically  inspirinj;foiint:iin  Hippu- 
crene.  He  wus  ultimately  changed  into  a  constellation. 
2.  One  of  the  ancient  northern  constellations. 
Tlie  figure  represents  the  forward  half  ot  a  winged  horse. 


790 

The  center  of  the  constellation  is  about  20  degrees  north  of 
the  equator,  and  4  bright  stars  in  it  form  a  large  square. 

Peggotty  (peg'o-ti).  The  faithful  nurse  of 
David  Copperfield  in  Dickens's  novel  of  that 
name.     She  marries  Barkis,  who  "is  willin'." 

Pegli  (pel'ye).  A  watering-place  in  tlie  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa  6  miles  west  of  Genoa. 

Pegnitz  (peg'nits).  A  head  stream  of  the  river 
Reguitz  (which  see)  in  Bavaria. 

PegO  (pa'go).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, eastern  Spain,  45  miles  south-southeast 
of  Valencia.     Population  (1887),  6..507. 

Pegram  (pe'gram),  John.  Born  in  Virginia, 
1832  :  killed  Feb.  6,  1865.  A  Confederate  gen- 
eral in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia. 

Pegu  (pe-go').  1.  A  division  of  British  Burma, 
in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Irawadi,  formerly  an 
independent  realm,  it  was  annexed  by  the  British 
after  the  war  of  1852-63.  Area,  9,299  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  l,45t),489. 

2.  A  town  in  the  di\-ision  of  Pegu,  situated  on 
the  river  Pegu  about  50  miles  north  of  Rangoon. 
Population  (1891),  10,762. 

Pehtsik.    See  PeUik. 

Pehuenches (pa-wan-chas')-  [Indian ^le/iHCMc/ic, 
dwellers  in  the  pine  forest.]  A  name  given  to 
a  portion  of  the  Araucanian  Indians  of  Chile  who 
lived  in  the  mountainous  region  of  the  west. 
They  were  the  most  numerous  division  of  the  tribe,  and 
from  them  most  of  the  modern  Araucanians  are  descended. 
The  modern  Pehuenches  include  Indians  of  the  same  stock 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes,  in  the  territory  of  Neu- 
quen,  Argentine  Republic. 

Peihai,  or  Peihoi.     See  Pakhoi. 

Pei-ho  (pa-ho').  A riverin  thepro^ance  of  Chi-li, 
northern  China,  which  unites  with  the  Yun-ho 
at  Tientsin  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li. 
Length,  over  300  miles. 

Pei-ho  Forts.  Fortifications  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Pei-ho  River,  China.  They  were  taken  by  the  English 
and  French  forces  in  185S  and  1860.  An  attempt  to  pass 
them  in  1S59  was  repulsed.  ^^ 

Peile  (pel),  John.  Born  at  Whitehaven,  Cum- 
berland, April  24,  1838.  An  EngUsh  compara- 
tive philol'ogist.  He  became  master  of  Christ  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1S87.  He  has  published  *'Aii  Introduction 
to  Greek  and  Latin  Etymology  "  (1869),  etc. 

Peine  (pi'ne).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  21  miles  east  by  south  of  Han- 
nover.    Population  (1890),  10,105. 

Peipus  (pi'piis),  Lake.  A  lake  in  western  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  bj[  the  governments  of  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, PskoflF,  Livonia,  and  Esthonia.  Itis  con- 
nected on  the  south  with  Lake  Pskotf.  Its  outlet  is  by  the 
Narva  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland.     Length,  about  50  miles 

■'(including  Lake  Pskoff,  about  90  miles). 

Peirseus.    See  Pirseus. 

Peirce  (pers),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Salem,Mass., 
April 4, 1809:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 
1880.  A  distinguished  American  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer.  Hebecame  tutor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  Harvard  in  1831,  and  professor  of  mathematics  there 
in  1833,  and  also  of  astronomy  in  1842.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  1867-74.  Among 
his  most  notable  researches  are  those  on  Neptune  and  on 
Satnrn's  rings.  He  published  text-books  on  trigonometry, 
geometry,  algebra,  etc.,  "Analytic  Mechanics  " (1357),"  Lin- 
ear Associative  Algebra"  (1870),  "Ideality  in  the  Physical 
Sciences'"  (1881),  etc. 

Peirce,  Charles  Sanders.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Sept.  10, 1839.  A  noted  American  phys- 
icist, mathematician,  and  logician:  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Peirce.  He  was  for  many  years  connected  with 
the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey ;  and  lias  been 
lecturer  on  logic  at  Harvard  and  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University. 

Peirce, Ebenezer  Weaver.  Born  at  Freetown, 
Mass..  AprU  5, 1822.  An  American  general  and 
historical  writer.  Hehaspublished  "The Peirce  Fam- 
ily of  the  Old  Colony  "  (1870)  and  "Indian  History,  Biog- 
raphy, and  Genealogy  "  (1878),  and  edited  "Civil,  Military, 
and  Professional  Lists  of  Plymouth  and  Rhode  Island  Col- 
onies, etc."  (1880). 

Peirce,  James  Mills.  Bom  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
May  1, 1834.  An  American  mathematician,  son 
of  Benjamin  Peirce.  He  has  been  professor  of  astron- 
omy and  mathematics  in  Hiirvard  University  since  1SS5. 
Among  his  works  are  "A  Text-Book  of  Analytical  Geome- 
try "  (1857)  and  "The  Elements  of  Logarithms  "  (1873). 

Peissenberg  (pis'sen-bero),  Hohe.  A  mountain 
in  southern  Bavaria,  35  miles  southwest  of  Mu- 
nich. Onaccountof  the  extensive  view  from  it.itissome- 
times  called  "the  Bavarian  Rigi."    Height,  3,240  feet. 

Peiwar  (pi-war'),  or  Paiwar,  Pass.  A  pass  in 
Afghanistan,  about  60  miles  southeast  of  Kabul . 
Here,  1878,  the  British  forces  under  Roberts 
defeated  the  Afghans. 

Peixoto  (pa-sho'to),  Floriano.  Bom  April  30, 
1842:  died  June  29,  1895.  A  Brazilian  states- 
man. He  supported  Fonseca  in  the  revolution  of  1889 ;  was 
elected  vice-president  1891 ;  and  by  Fonseca's  forced  resig- 
nation, Nov.  23, 1891,  became  president.  ^lany  Brazilians 
were  strongly  opposed  to  having  a  militarj'  president,  and 


Peleus 

it  was  claimed  that  Peixoto  was  scheming  to  he  his  own 
successor :  in  consequence  congress  passed  a  liill  which 
made  this  succession  impossible.  President  Pei.voto  vetoed 
the  bill  on  consiitutional  grounds,  but  his  action  caused 
much  ill  feeling,  and  revolts  broke  out,  principally  in  the 
south.  In  Sept.,  1893,  tlie  naval  force  at  Rio  de  Janeiro 
revolted,  holding  the  bay  for  many  months,  bombarding  the 
city  at  intervals,  and  taking  Santa  Catharina.  (See  Mello, 
CustodioJonide.)  Peixoto  proclaimed  a  stateof  siege,  many 
arrests  were  made,  and  a  fleet  of  war  vessels  was  ordered 
from  the  United  .States  and  Europe.  On  the  arrival  of  these 
the  naval  rebellion  was  suppressed  ( March  and  .4piil,  1894). 
Meanwhile  a  presidential  election  was  held,  and  a  civil- 
ian, Prudente  Moraes  (supported  by  the  government),  was 
elected  for  the  term  beginning  Nov.  15, 1894.  President 
Peixoto  had  the  military  rank  of  marshal. 

Peixoto,  Ignacio  Jos6  de  Alvarenga,    See 

Jh'arenga  Peixoto. 
Pekah  (pe'ka).     King  of  Israel  736-734  B.  c. 

(Duueker). 
Pekahiah  (pek-a-hi'a).    King  of  Israel  738-738 

B.  c.  (Duncker),  son'of  MensUiem. 

Pekin  (pe'kin).  A  city,capital  of  Tazewell  Coun- 
ty, Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois  River  54 
miles  north  of  Springfield.     Pop.  (1900),  8,420. 

Peking  (pe-king').  or  Pekin  (pe-kin'l  ('north- 
ern capital') :  proper  administrative  name  Shim- 
tien-fu  (shon'tyen'fo'),  literary  name  Yen 
(ven).  The  capital  of  the  Chinese  empire,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  39°  .55'  N..  long.  116°  27'  E.  Itconsists 
of  the  Tatar  City  and  the  Chinese  City.  The  imperial  palace 
in  the  "Purple  Forbidden  City,*'  Bell  Tower,  and  Drum 
Tower  (all  in  the  Tatar  City),  and  the  Temple  of  Heaven 
(in  the  Chinese  Cityi,  are  noteworthy.  Peking  became  one 
of  the  capitals  of  the  Khitan  Tatars  in  the  end  of  the  10th 
century;  was  rebuilt  by  Kiibhii  Khan  ;  and  has  been  sole 
capital  since  the  iieginning  of  the  15th  century.  It  was 
unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  Taiping  forces  in  1855. 
Tlie  English  and  French  troops  entered  it  in  1860,  and  it 
was  captured  by  the  allied  European  and  American  forces 
Aug.  14.  1900.  The  population,  variously  estimated  at 
from  .500.000  to  1,600,000,  probably  does  not  greatly  exceed 
the  lower  of  these  estimates. 

Peking,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  negotiated  at  Pe- 
king in  Oct.,  1860,  between  China  on  one  side 
and  Great  Britain  and  France  on  the  other. 
China  ratified  the  treaty  of  Tientsin,  paid  indemnities, 
and  marie  other  concessions. 

Pelaez.     See  Garcia  Pelae:. 

Pelagia  (pe-la'ji-a).  Saint.  [Gr.  Ilf^Uiyia.]  1.  A 
martyr  of  Antiocii,  about  300  A.  D. — 2.  Amartyr 
of  Tarsus,  about  300  a.  D. —  3.  A  penitent  of  An- 
tioch,  of  the  5th  century  A.  D.,  previously  an  ac- 
tress and  dancer.  A  character  of  the  same  name, 
resembling  her,  is  introduced  in  Kingsley's 
"Hj^jatia." 

Pelagians  (pf-la'ji-anz).  The  followers  of  Pe- 
lagius.  They  held  that  there  was  no  original  sin  through 
Adam,  and  consequently  no  hereditary  guilt;  that  every 
soul  is  created  by  God  sinless:  that  the  will  is  absolutely 
free ;  and  that  the  grace  of  God  is  universal,  but  is  not  in- 
dispensable; and  they  rejected  infant  baptism.  Pelagius, 
however,  held  to  the  belief  in  the  Trinity  and  in  the  per- 
sonality ot  Christ.  His  views  were  developed  by  his  pupil 
Coelestius,  but  were  anathematized  by  Pope  Zosinius  in 
418.  Pelagianism  was  the  principal  anthropological  her- 
esy in  the  early  church,  and  was  strongly  combated  by 
Pelagius's  contemporary  Augustine. 

Pelagius  (pe-la'ji-us).  [Gr.  IleXtiywf.]  Died 
probably  420  A.  D.  The  founder  of  the  theo- 
logical heresy  called  Pelagianism.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  a  British  monk  named  Morgan  (of  which  Pela- 
gius is  the  Latin  rendering),  and  took  up  his  residence  at 
Romebefore  405.  He  emigrated  to  Africa  when  Rome  was 
sacked  by  the  Goths  in  410,  but  shortly  settled  in  Pales- 
tine, where  he  is  said  to  have  died.    See  Pelagians. 

Pelagius.     See  Pelai/o. 

Pelagius  I.  Pope  555-560.  He  was  accused  of 
heresy. 

Pelagius  II.     Pope  578-590. 

Pelasgi  (pe-las'ji).  [Gr.  Hf^cryoi.]  An  ancient 
race,  widely  spread  over  Greece  and  the  coasts 
and  islands  of  the  .Silgean  Sea  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean generally,  in  prehistoric  times.  The  ac- 
counts of  it  are  in  great  part  mythical  and  of  doubtful 
value,  and  its  ethnological  position  is  uncertain. 

Pelasgiotis  (pe-las-ji-6'tis).  [Gr.  Xle/.aayidug.l 
In  ancient  geography,  a  division  of  central  Thes- 
saly,  Greece,  southeast  of  the  Peneius,  and 
northwest  of  the  Pagassean  Gulf. 

Pelayo  (pa-la'yo),  or  Pelagius  (pe-la'ji-us). 
The  founder  of  the  monarchy  of  Aiturias,  in 
Spain,  718. 

Pel^e  (pe-la').  Mount.  [Fr.  Montaijne  Pelee, 
'bald  mountain.']  1.  A  volcano  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  island  of  Martinique.  On  May  8, 
1902,  an  eruption  of  Pel(?e  destroyed  the  city  of 
St.  Pierre  and  about  40,000  people. — 2.  See 
Paint  Pelee. 

Peleg  (pe'leg).  [Heb.,  '  division.']  In  the  Old 
Testament,  the  son  of  Eber,  and  the  brother  of 
Joktan. 

Pelethim.     See  Ecrethim. 

Peleus  (pe'liis  or  pe'le-us).  [Gr.  Uri^.eic.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  the  MjTinidons  in  Thes- 
saly,  son  of  .^acus  and  father  of  Achilles. 


I 


I 


Pelew  791 

Pelew,  or  Pellew  (pe-le'),  or  Palau  (pa-lou'j  Pelles  (pel'ez),  Sir.    A  knight  of  the  Arthurian 
Islands.    Agroup  of  small  mountainous  islands     romauoe,  kingof  •'aforeisrncountry    and  lather 


in  the  North  Pacific,  intersected  by  hit.  8°  X., 
long.  134°  E. :  called  also  the  Western  Carolines. 
They  were  purchased  from  Spam  by  Germany 
in  1899.     Population,  about  10.000." 

Pelham  (rel'am),  or  the  Adventnres  of  a 
Gentleman.   A  novel  by  Buhver  Lyttou  (1828). 

Pelham  (pel'am),  Sir  Henry.  Born  1G96:  died 
March  6, 1754.'  An  English  statesman,  younger 
brother  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  He  entered  Oi- 
lord  (Christ  Church)  in  1710 ;  fought  at  Preston  1715 ;  was 
elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Seaford.  .Sussex,  in  1718  ; 
was  appointed  lord  of  the  treasur>-  in  1721,  secretary  of 
war  in  1724,  and  paym.aster  of  tlie  forces  in  1730;  and  be- 
came prime  minister  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in 
1743. 

Pelham,  later  Pelham  Holies,  Thomas,  Duke 
of  Newcastle.    Born  Julv,  1693:  died  1768.   An 


of  Elaine,  the  mother  of  Galahad. 
Pellestrina  (pel-les-tre'nii),  orPelestrina  (pa- 

les-tre'na).   An  island  7  miles  south  of  Venice, 

forming  part  of  the  barrier  between  the  Lagoon 

of  Venice  and  the  Adriatic.     Length,  7  miles. 

Population  (1881),  5.9')l.'. 
Pelletan  (pel-ton').  Pierre  Clement  Eugene. 

Born  at  Royan,  Oct.  29, 1813 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 

14, 1884.  A  French  liberal  journalist,  politician, 

and  miscellaneous  author.    Uo  wrote  •' Profes- 
sion de  foi  du  XlXo  sieclo  "  (18.52),  etc. 

Pellew  (pel'o),  Edward,  first  Viscoimt  Ex- pgY^Qux  (pel. vo')  Range.  A  group  of  the  Alps 
mouth.  Bom  at  Dover,  England,  April  19, 1757:  jn  Dauphin^,  France.  Jlont  Pelvoux  is  12,970 
died_at  Teignmouth,  England,  Jan.  23,  1833.     feet  in  height,  and  the  highest  summit  (Barre 


Penang 

modified  principles),  under  Jorge  Montt,  after  the  civil 
war  of  1891.  Ill  ls33  they  adopted  the  constitution  which, 
with  some  changes,  is  still  the  or^auic  l^w  of  the  republic 

Conservatives  were  nicknamed  Pelucones  because  that 
party  was  composed  of  old  and  venerable  persons  who 
wove  pelucus  or  perulves, 

Uiuicock,  A  History  of  Chile  (1S93),  p.  110. 

Pelusium  (pe-lii'shi-um).  [Gr.  Uji'/.oiBiov.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  at  the  northeastern 
e.vtremity  of  the  Delta,  Egj'pt,  southeast  of  Port 
Said,  at  the  Pelusiac  mouth  of  the  Nile.  It  was 
a  frontier  fortress  of  Egypt  toward  Syria.  Here  Asurbani- 
pal  defeated  Rot-Ameu  of  Epypt,  and  Cambyses  defeated 
Psammetichns,  the  last  Egyptian  king  (626  B.  C.X  reducing 
Egypt  to  a  Persian  province. 


An  English  admiral. 
Aug.  27,  1816. 


He  bombarded  Algiers     des  ficrins)  13,460  feet. 
_,,.  ,^^  „■  »  c..      ^»„j,.  _.,  *„*„.  Pemaauid  (pem'a-kwid).    A  maritime  district 

?,o?  I?  «lf  1™Ji"'„f  .u  AIL*!.?!!  fTfe^,'*^!  J^.,!  P_elliC0,  (perie-ko),  Silvio.  _  Bom  at  Saltizzo,     jn  Maine,  about  midway  between  the  Kennebec 

and  Penobscot  rivers.  It  was  settled  in  1625,  and 
purchased  l»y  the  Duke  of  York  in  1664.  A  fort,  erected 
at  Pemaquid  Point  in  1692,  was  demolished  a  few  years 
later. 


1724-54,  first  lord  of  the  treasury  1754-56  and 
1757-62,  and  lord  privy  seal  1765-66. 

Pelham-Clinton(peram-klin'ton),  Henry  Pel- 
ham, Duke  of  Newcastle.  Born  May  22,  ISll: 
died  Oct.  18,  1864.  An  English  politician.  He 
was  chief  secretar>'  for  Ireland  in  1S46;  colonial  secretary 
1852-.S4 ;  secretary  for  war  lS54-o5 ;  and  colonial  secretary 
185&-&J. 

Pelias(pe'li-as).  [Gr.  IlEA/af.]  In  Greek  legend, 
d  son  of  Poseidon,  and  king  of  loleus  in  Thes- 
saly,  associated  with  the  legends  of  Jason. 

Pelican  (pel'i-kan).  The  ship  in  which  Drake 
sailed  around  the  world.     He  left  Plymouth  with 


Italy,  June  24, 1788 :  died  at  Turin,  Jan.  31, 1854. 
An  Italian  poet  and  prose-writer.  He  was  arrested 
as  a  Carbonarist  in  1S20,  and  imprisoned  for  two  years  at 
Milan  and  Venice,  and  near  Brunn  1822-30.  His  chief  works 


coast  of  Africa,  about  hit.  5°  S.  It  belonged  to  Zan- 
zib:u',  and  in  ISIW  passed  with  Zanzibar  to  (ireat  Britain. 
Length,  about  45  miles.    Population,  10,000. 


are  the  tragedies  'Francesca  da  Rimini "(Is-lS) and -Lao.  Pemba   (pem'ba).     An   island  off  the   eastern 
damia,"  and  the  autobiographical  work  "Le  mieprigioni"  ....       ■•  .  .    .    — ^ 

("  My  Prisons,"  1833). 

Pellinore  (pel'i-nor),  or  Pellenore  (pel'e-nor), 
Sir.     A   knight   of  the   Hound   Table   in  the  Pemberton  (pem'ber-ton).     A  town  in  Lanca- 
Arthurian  cycle  of  romance  :  king  of  the  isles,     shire,  England.  16  miles  northeast  of  Liverpool. 

Pelly  (pel'i).    A  river  in  British  North  America     Population  (1891),  18,400. 
which  unites  with  the  Lewis  at  Fort  Selkirk  to  Pemberton,  John  Clifford.    Bom  at  Philadel- 
form  the  Yukon.     Length,  about  2.")0  miles.  phia,  Aug.  10,  1814:  died  at  Penlli,-n,  Pa.,  July 

Born  1825:  died  April     13,1881.     A  Confederate  general"  in  the  Civil 


caused  to  be  made  from  her  timbers  by  .Tohn  Davis,  the 
arctic  navigator,  is  now  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

Pelican  State.  The  State  of  Louisiana:  so 
named  from  the  pelican  on  its  coat  of  arms. 

Pelides  (pe-U'dez).  A  son  of  Peleus:  a  patro- 
nymic used  especially  of  Achilles. 

Peligni(pe-lig'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
living  in  central  Italy  among  the  Apennines,  be- 
tween the  Vestini  on  the  north,  the  MaiTucini 
on  the  northeast,  the  Frentani  on  the  east,  the 
Samnites  on  the  south,  and  the  Marsi  on  the 
west.    Their  chief  town  was  Corflnium.    They  were  allied  Peloponnesian  War  (pel"p-po-ne  shian  war) 


ticiau  and  author.    He 

service  1851-77,  and  entered 
Parliament  as  Conservative  member  for  North  Hackney  in 
1&S5.  He  published  "The  Miracle  Plav  o(  Hasan  and 
Hiisein  "  (1879).  ftr. 

Peloose.    See  Paloos. 

Pelopidas  (pe-lop'i-das).  [Gr.  IleXojr/iSaf .]  Killed 

atthebattleof  Cynoscephala3,Thessaly,  364B.C. 

A  Theban  general,  leader  in  the  liberation  of 

Thebes  from  the  Spartans  in  379.    He  was  the  in-  /,    • ,  \ 

tiniate  friend  of  Epaminondas,  and  was  closely  associated  Pembroke  (pein  bmk). 

with  him  in  furthering  the  greatness  of  Thebes.    He  was     iu,,st  countv  of  Wales. 

commander  of  the  Sacred  Band  (which  see),  and  was  espe 

eially  distinguished  at  Tegyra  (375)  and  Leuctia  (371). 


vith  Rome  after  the  second  Samnite  war,  and  sided  against 
RiMiie  in  the  Soci.al  War  (90  B.  c). 

Peling  (pe'ling).  A  mountain-chain  in  north- 
western China,  separating  the  valleys  of  the 
Hwangho  and  Yangtse. 

Pelion(pe'li-on).  [(iv.Tlip.tov.']  Amountainin 
Magnesia,  eastern  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
near  the  coast  southeast  of  Ossa :  the  modern 
Zagora  or  Plessidi.  It  was  famous  in  Greek 
mythology.    Height,  5,310  feet. 

P61issier  (pa-le-sya'),  Aimable  Jean  Jacques, 
Due  de  Malakoti.  Born  at  Maromme,  Scine- 
luf erieure,  France,  Nov.  6, 1794 :  died  at  Algiers, 
ilay  22,  1864.  A  French  marshal.  He  served  in 
Algeria,  where  he  became  notorious  for  suffocating  a  num- 
ber of  Arabs  in  a  cavern  in  1845  ;  became  commander  of  the 
French  forces  in  the  Crimea  May,  1855  ;  stormcil  the  Mala- 
koftSept.  8,1855;  was  ambassador  in  London  1858-59;  and 
was  governor-general  of  .\lgeria  1860-<i4. 

Pell  (pel),  John.  Born  at  Southwick,  Sussex, 
March  1,  1611:  died  at  London,  Dec.  12,  1685. 
An  English  mathematician.  In  1843  he  was  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  1616  at  Breda. 
I' >■  nil  11154  to  185S  he  was  Cromwell's  agent  in  the  Protes- 
t  lilt  rmitoiis  of  Switzerl.and.  Many  of  his  manuscripts  are 
prrsrived  by  the  Koyal  Society.     He  wrote  the  "  Astro- 

11 Hill  History  of  Observations  of  Heavenly  Motions  and 

\I  I  irances"  (1634),  "Ecliptica  progiioslica  "  (1634X  "A 
I  li'li  iif  Ten  Thousand  Square  Nuinliers,"  etc. 


A  war  between  Athens  and  its  allies  on  one  side 
and  the  Peloponnesian  confederacy  under  the 
lead  of  Sparta  and  its  allies  (Boeotians, Phociaus, 
Megareans,  etc.)  on  the  other.  It  was  carried  on 
from  431  to  4(M  B.  c.  The  following  are  the  leading  events 
and  incidents :  invasions  of  Attica  by  the  Peloponnesians ; 


War.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  entered  the  Confed- 
erate service  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  was 
promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1862;  was  defeate<lbyt:rant 
in  the  battles  of  I'hainpion'sHill  and  the  Big  liliuk  in  May, 
1863 ;  and  surrendered  Vicksbnrg  to  Grant  July  4,  1863. 
After  the  surrender  of  Vicksbnrg  he  returned  on  parole  to 
Richmond,  where  he  remained  until  he  was  exchanged. 
He  then  resigned,  but  was  reappointed  as  inspector  of  artil- 
lery,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in  which  cLpaeity  he  served 
until  the  end  of  the  war. 

1.  The  southwestern- 
It  is  hounded  by  Cardigan 
Bay  on  the  north,  Cardigan  and  Carmarthen  on  the  east. 
Bristid  Cliannel  on  the  south,  and  St.  George's  Channel  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  undulating.  It  contains  anthra- 
citecoal.  Area,  G17  square  miles.  Population(1891),S!>,133. 
2.  A  town  in  Pembrokeshire.situated  on  an  inlet 
of  Milford  Haven,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  4°  54' 
W.  Its  ruined  ca8tle(thc  birthplace  of  Henry  VII., founded 
in  the  11th  centiirv  and  taken  by  Cromwell  in  1648)  and 
Monkton  Priory  arc  notable.     Population  (1891),  14,978. 


revolt  of  Mytilene  ;  capture  of  Sphacteria  by  Athens,  4i5  ':  Pembroke,  CounteSS  Of.      BeeSidneiJ  ilary. 

battleofDelium,  424;  battle  of  Amphipolis,  422;  peace  of  Pembroke,  Eatls  of.      See  Marshal,    tf  illiam, 

Nicias,  421 ;  renewal  of  the  war,  418  ;  battle  of  Mantinca,  -     .    . 

418 ;  unsuccessful  Athenian  expedition  against  Syracuse, 

41.5-413;  revolution  in  Athen8,411;  battles  of  Abydus(41I), 

Cyzicus(410X  Notimn  (407),  Arginnsa;  (400),  and  .Kgospo- 

tami  (405) ;  surrender  of  Athens  and  close  of  the  war,  4ii4. 


Theehiefleadersonthesiileof.Vthens  were  Pericles,  Cleon, 
Dcinusthenes,  Nicias,  Alribiadcs  and  Conon  ;  on  the  side 
of  Sparta,  Brasidas,  Gylippns,  and  Lysander.  The  result 
was  the  transfer  of  the  hegemony  in  Greece  from  Athens 
to  Sparta. 
Peloponnesus  (pel  "6-po-ne'sus).  [Gr.  Ilf/'.oiroi'- 
i7/CTof,  the  island  of  Pelops.]  The  ancient  name 
of  the  peninsula  forming  the  southern  portion 
of  Greece :  the  modern  Morea.  It  is  connected  with 
central  Greece  by  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  and  separated 
from  itby  the  gulfs  of  Lepantoand  Patrason  the  north,  and 
is  bounded  by  the  .F.gean  Sea  on  the  east  and  the  Medili  r- 
ranean  on  the  south  and  west.    The  surface  is  mountain. 


and  Tidlur,  Jasper. 

Pembroke,  Third  Earl  of  (William  Herbert). 
Born  at  ^\  ilton,  England,  April  8, 1580 :  ilicd  at 
BajTiard's  Castle,  London,  April  10,  1630,  An 
English  poet.  Before  the  death  of  his  father  he  had 
formed  an  illicit  connection  with  Mary  Fitton,  a  favorite 
of  the  queen,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  in 
1601,  and  though  soon  released  was  banishcil  from  the 
court.  Mary  Fitton  is  thought  by  some  to  be  the  "  Dark 
Lady  "  of  Slnikspere's  sonnets.  He  and  his  brother  Philip 
are  "  the  incomparable  pair  of  bretheren  '*  to  whom  sliak- 
spere's  1623  folio  is  dedicated,  and  William  Herbert  is 
thought  by  some  to  be  the  "  W.  H."  styled  in  the  pub- 
lisher's dedication  of  shakspere's  sonnets  "the  onlie  be- 
getter of  these  insving  sonnets  Mr.  W.  H."  When  James 
1.  ascended  the  throne,  Pembroke  retur.ied  to  court,  and 
received  many  public <tlticcs  and  tokensof  favor.  He  was 
cbaneelliir  of  (ixfonl  1617-30.  Several  of  his  poems  wore 
edited  in  lliliii  by  Piinne. 


\":i).     In  ancient  geography,  the  cajn- 
M.icedonia,  situated  in  lat.  40°  44'  N.. 
long  22°  27'  E.     It  was  the  birthplace  of  Ale.x- 
nder  the  Great. 


Pella  (I 

tal  (jf 


broke  in  1347.     The  present  buildings  are  mod- 
ern.    TliiM-hapcl  was  built  by  Wren  in  1663-65. 


CUB.    The  chief  divisions  were  Achaia,  Sicyonia,CorintlHi 

Argolis,  Arcadia,  l.aconia,  Mess(mia,  and  F:lis.  The  chief  Pembroke  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge 
rivers  were  the  Furotas  and  Alpheus.  Length,  about  100  University,  founded  by  the  Countess  of  Pern- 
miles.     Area,  8,288  siiuare  miles.  ,./....  ui..  ., . 

Pelops  (pe'lops),     [Or.  rif/oi/'.]     In  Greek  le 

gend,  a  son  of  Tantalus,  and  grandson  of  Zeus;  t,„„,,,„v.^  r"«'(i«.Ta       \  „.^i}^cra  nf  n-rff,r,l  TT„i 

i^iitgofPisaiuElis.  Hewasthefatherof  Atreus  P^embroke  Co^^^^^^^^^^ 

ander  the  Great  b 'i       ">'^^'^-''-    „    ^   „  ,,„  ,  ,  mas  'resdale,  in  1624:  named  from  the  Earl  of 

Pelleas  (pel'e-as).     One  of  the  knights  of  the  ||  "^^(pa^ia'tf")    '  A  c.?y  In  the  state  of  l?io  P-'noke,  chancellor  of  the  university  at  the 

Roun(lT;tble,intheArthtmaneycleofromance,     ,.        I    y  o,,i  nrnvil  on  therivorSilo(loncalo  '""'•  ..  .... 

renowned  fo;  his  great  strengUi.     ^ui:^^^^^"'?^' '^^S^ 

Lagoa  dos  ratos.    it  Is  the  center  of  the  importjmt  „„i.„,.  :,f   v„„„lii.,    t.^  fA,i»    tho  Alerrimnc 

cattle  trade  of  the  state-,  and, ireparos  large  q.iantities  of  )iesaukoe  at  Ininkl'n   to  toim   the  Mi  rrimac. 

Jerked  beef,     Tho  trade  with  I'rnguay  is  considerable.  LcngI  h,  aliout  (0  miles 
Population,  46.000. 


Pelleas  andEttarre  (e-tiir' ).  One  of  the  "Idylls 

of  the  King,"  by  Tennyson. 
Pellegrin  <pil-gran').     The  pseudonym  of  the 
Hiiron  de  la  Mutte  Fou(ju6. 

Pellegrini  (iial-ya-gro'ue),  Carlos. 

tine  politician,  vice-president  under  Colman, 
Oct.  12,  188(),  and  after  Cclman's  resignation 
(Aug  6, 1890)  president  until  the  end  of  t  ho  tenu 
(Oct.  12,  1892). 

Pellegrino  (pel-Ia-gi-e'no),  or  Pellegrini  (pel- 
la  gre'iie).      See  Tihidili. 

Pelleprat  (pelpiil' ),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Bordeaux, 
1606:  died  at  Pindda  de  los  Angeles,  Mexico, 
April  21,  1667.  A  French  .lesiiit,  a  missionary 
in  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico.  He  published  "Re- 
lation des  missions  des  PP.  de  la  Compagnie  do  Jesn.H  dans 
les  isles  et  dans  la  terro  lerme  de  FAmc'rique  Mi'rldlonalc  " 
(Paris,  16.56),  containing  an  aocouut  of  the  West  Indies  and 
Guiana,  etc. 


Peiia,  Luis  Saenz.    Hro  Saen- Pelta. 

An  Argon-  Pelouze  (pi-l<>z'),  Th6ophile  Jules.     Born  at  Pena  Blanca  (imn'yii  bliin'kii).     [Sp.,  'white 
ViilogneSjManche,  France,  IS07:  died  at  Paris,     rock.']     A  settlement  27 
A  French  chemist,  professor  sue 


miles  southwest  of 
Sarita^  Fi,  between  the  Indian  villages  of  Co- 
chiti  and  Sniito  Domingo,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Kio  Grantlc.  It  dates  from  the  18th  century. 
Penafiel  (pa-nii-fe-al').  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Oporto,    Portugal,  19  miles    northeast    of 

•.—,,.,  Oporto,     Population  (1878),  4,488. 

given  to  tho  conservative  party  of  Chile  soon  pegafiel(pan-yil-fe-iil').   A  town  in  the  province 

"  "■" '""■' "■■■''         ''"■■'^  ^=..o.i...     ^|.  v.,iia,((,ii,|_  Spain,  near  the  Duoro  32  miles 

oast  of  Valladolid.     Population  (1887),  4,286. 


May  I!  1,1867, 

ccssivoly  at  Lille,  at  the  polytechnic  school  at 
Paris, and  attheColh^'gede  France,    Ho  alsofUbil 
various  positions  connected  with  the  mint.   He  published, 
with  hremy,  "Tiaitc^  de  chlmie  g(Jnc>rale,"  etc 
Pelucones(pa-lii-k6'nas).OriginalIy,anickname 


after  the  country  became  independent  (see  the 
extract) :  it  soon  became  the  common  name,  and 

has  been  retained  ever  since.    The  Pelueones  were  pgnanK   (pc-nang'),  or  "Pinang  (pi-nangM,  or 
ill  power  from  IKio  to  1876,  though  during  the  la    er  par    *pyi„  feenang  (|>fi'h''-pc-ming') :  called  officially 
od  many  cmcesaous  were  made  to  the  libera  »;     ^A?. . -V  w^  i„  l.ll^A      A.,  i«l«nrl  h«lnn<rini' 


of  this  perl' ^  - 

they  agidn  took  charge  of  tho  govcrumont  (wltli  greatly 


Prince  of  Wales  Island.  An  island  belonging 


Penang 

to  Great  Britain,  situated  west  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula  in  lat.  5°  24'  N.,  long.  100°  20'  E. 
Capital,  Georgetown.  The  surface  is  low  and  hilly. 
It  was  acquired  by  the  British  in  1785.  Area,  107  square 
miles.  Population(1891),  including  the  Wellesley  Province 
(opposite)  and  the  Dinding  Isle,  235,618. 

Penarth  (pe'narth).  A  seaport  and  bathing- 
place  in  Glamorganshire,  South  Wales,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  Taff,  opposite  Car- 
diflf.     Population  (1891),  12,422. 

Penates  (pf-na'tez).  [L.,  frompoiiis,  the  inner- 
most part  of  a  temple  or  sanctuary.]  In  Roman 
antiquity,  the  household  gods,  who  presided 
over  families,  and  were  worshiped  in  the  inte- 
rior of  ever}' dwelling.  They  included  the  Lares 
(which  see). 

Fena  y  Pena  (pau'ya  e  pan'ya),  Manuel  de 
la.  Born  at  Tacuba,  March  10,  1789:  died  at 
Mexico,  Jan.  2,  1850.  A  Mexican  jurist  and 
statesman.  He  was  judge  of  the  supreme  court  from 
1S24,  and  later  its  president ;  twice  held  cabinet  positions 
(1837  and  1845) ;  and  was  senator  1843-47.  From  .Sept.  27 
to  Nov.  9,  1847,  and  !ig;uii  from  .Tan.  8  to  June  3,  1848,  he 
wa3  provisional  president  of  Jlexico.  During  the  latter 
period  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo  was  signed  (Feb. 
2,  1848),  ending  the  war  with  the  I  nited  States. 

Pencos  (pan'kos),  or  Pencones  (pan-ko'nas).  A 
name  given  by  early  historians  of  diile  to  the 
Araueanian  Indians  who  occupied  the  region 
north  of  the  Biobio.  They  were  the  first  of  this  race 
encountered  by  the  Spaniards.  They  called  themselves 
Picunches,  'northern  men.' 

Penda  (pen'dii).  Killed  655.  King  of  Mercia 
G2(V-6.M.  He  defeated  Edwin  in  633,  and  Oswald  at  Jlaser- 
lield  in  &4'2,  and  was  defeated  by  Oswy  at  Winwoed  in 
C55.     He  was  a  champion  of  paganism. 

Pend  d'Oreille  (pend  do-rel' ;  F.  pron.  pon  do- 
ray'),  Lake,  [F.,  'ear-ring,'  'ear  ornament.'] 
A  lake  in  northern  Idaho,  about  lat.  48°  JJ.,  an 
expansion  of  Clarke's  River. 

Pende  (pen'de),  or  Tupende  (to-pen'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  between  the 
Loange  and  Kassai  rivers.  They  are  descendants 
of  fugTtives  from  Kasanji  (Cassange)  mixed  with  other 
tribes,  but  have  preserved  none  of  the  semi-civilization  of 
Kasanji. 

Pendennls  (pen-den'is).  A  novel  by  Thacke- 
ray, published  in  1850 :  so  called  from  the  name 
of  one  of  its  leading  characters,  Arthur  Pen- 
dennis,  a  poet  and  dandy,  siajor  Pendennis,  his 
uncle,  is  a  worldly  and  courageous  old  dandy,  a  finished 
portrait  of  a  gentlemanly  tuft-hunter, 

Pendjdell  (penj'de).  A  place  in  central  Asia, 
situated  on  the  Murghab,  north  of  Herat,  about 
lat.  36°  N.  Near  it  (on  the  Kushk),  March  30,  1SS5, 
the  Russians  under  Komaroff  defeated  the  Afghans.  Since 
then  it  has  been  in  the  possession  of  Russia. 

Pendleton  (pen'dl-ton).  A  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  2A  miles  northwest  of  Man- 
chester.    Population  (1891),  23,866. 

Pendleton,  Edmund.  JBom  in  Caroline  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  9.  1721:  died  at  Richmond,  Va., 
Oct.  23, 1803.  -\n  American  statesman,  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Bur- 
gesses. He  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
in  1774  ;  president  of  the  Virginia  convention ;  and  author 
(177t>)  of  the  resolutions  instructing  the  Virginia  delegates 
to  Congress  to  propose  a  DecLaration  of  Independence. 

Pendleton,  George  Hunt.  Born  at  Cincinnati, 
July  25,  1825:  died  at  Brussels,  Nov.  24,  1889. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  a  Democratic  con- 
gressman from  Ohio  18.M-65 ;  Democratic  candidate  for 
Vice-President  1S64  ;  and  United  States  senator  from  Ohio 
1879-85.  He  was  leading  advocate  of  the  rivil-sen-ice  re- 
form act  of  ISS-J.  From  1885-88  he  was  United  States  min- 
ister to  Germany 

Pendleton,  William  Nelson.  Bom  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  Dee.  26,  1809:  died  at  Lexington, 
Va.,  Jan.  15,  1883.  A  Confederate  general  in 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1830:  resigned  from  the  army  in  1833  ;  was 
ordained  priest  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
lS:i8 ;  established  an  Episcopal  high  school  at  Alexandria, 
Virginia,  in  1839;  and  joined  the  Confederate  amiyascap- 
tain  of  artillery  in  1861,  being  promoted  brigadier-general 
in  1S62. 

Pendleton  Act.  An  act  of  Congress  (approved 
Jan.  16,  1883)  regulating  the  ci^nl  serrice  of  the 
United  States :  so  called  from  its  promoter,  Sen- 
ator George  H.  Pendleton  of  Ohio. 

It  provides  for  open  competitive  examinations  for  admis- 
sion to  the  public  service  in  Washiiiirton.and  in  all  custom- 
houses and  post-offices  where  the  official  force  is  as  many 
as  fifty ;  for  the  apportionment  of  the  appointments  in  the 
departments  in  Washington  among  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories in  proportion  to  their  population  :  and  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  Civil-Service  Commission  of  three  members, 
not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  be  adherents  of  the  s:une 
political  party,  and  other  officers,  to  put  these  provisions 
into  execution.  It  also  forbids  assessments  on  public  em- 
ployes for  political  pui-poses  by  any  one  in  the  service  of 
the  United  States,  or  in  any  public  building,  and  prohibits 
Congressmen  from  making  recommendations  for  oflices  to 
be  filled  under  the  act.  except  as  to  the  character  or  resi- 
dence. Appletons'  Annual  Cychypx'iift,  1884. 

Penedo  (pa-na'do).     A  town  in  the  state  of 


792 

Alagoas,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  Sao  Francisco, 
185  miles  southwest  of  Pernambueo.  Popula- 
tion, about  9,000. 

Penelope  (pf-nel'o-pe).  [Gr.  n^vE^fiTn/.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Odysseus  and  mother 
of  Telemaehus,  famous  as  a  model  of  the  do- 
mestic virtues.     See  Odi/sseus  and  Odyssey. 

Peneus(pe-ne'us),  orPeneius(pe-ne'yus).  [Gr. 
n/;i'nof.]  In  ancient  geography  :  (a)  The  prin- 
cipal river  in  Elis,  Greece :  the  modern  Gastuni. 
It  falls  into  the  Ionian  Sea.  Length,  about  50 
miles,  {b)  The  principal  river  in  Thessaly, 
Greece:  the  modern  Salembria.  It  traverses  the 
Vale  of  Tempo  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki  26  miles 
northea-st  of  Larissa.     Length,  about  130  miles. 

Penhallow (pen-hol'o),  Samuel.  Bomin Corn- 
wall, England,  July  2,  1665:  died  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  Dee.  2.  1726.  An  American  his- 
torian. He  wrote  "History  of  the  Wars  of  New  Eng- 
land with  the  Eastern  Indians"  (1726X  etc. 

Penig  (pa'nio).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Zwickauer  Mulde  32  miles 
southeast  of  Leipsic.     Population  (1890),  6,559. 

Penikese  (pen-i-kes').  A  small  island,  one  of 
the  Elizabeth  Islands,  situated  in  Buzzard's 
Bay.  Massachusetts.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  summer 
school  of  natural  history  connected  with  Harvard  College, 
founded  by  John  And'-rson  in  1873. 

Peninsula  (pe-nin'su-la),  The.  In  history,  spe- 
cifically:  (a)  The  Iberian  peninsula  (Spain  and 
Portugal).  See  Peninsular  War.  (ft^  The  penin- 
sula in  eastern  Virginia  formed  by  the  York 
and  James  rivers.    See  Peninsular  Campaign. 

Peninsular  Campaign.  The  campaign  of  the 
Federal  Army  of  the  Potomac  under  McClellan, 
March  to  August,  1862,  for  the  capture  of  Rich- 
mond by  way  of  the  peninsula  between  the 
York  and  James  rivers.  Chief  events  and  incidents : 
siege  and  evacuation  of  Yorktown;battlesof  Williamsburg, 
Hanover  Court  House,  and  Fair  Oaks ;  Seven  Days'  Battles ; 
McClellan's  "change  of  base."  The  Army  of  the  Potomac 
was  finally  withdrawn  from  the  Peninsula  in  Aug.,  1862. 

Peninsular  State.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Florida. 

Peninsular  War.  The  military  operations  car- 
ried on  in  Portugal,  Spain,  and  southern  France 
by  the  British,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  forces 
(largely  under  Wellington)  against  the  French 
from  1808  to  1814.  The  French  were  driven 
out  of  the  Peninsula. 

Penmarch  (pah-miirk').  A  decayed  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Finistere,  France,  17  miles 
southwest  of  Quimper. 

Penn  (pen),  Granville.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  9,  1761 :  died  in  England.  Sept.  28,  1844. 
An  English  scholar,  grandson  of  William  Penn. 

Penn,  John.  Bom  in  England  about  1729 : 
died  1795.  A  grandson  of  William  Penn :  pro- 
prietary lieutenant-governor  of  Pennsylvania 
1763-71,  and  governor  1773-75. 

Penn,  Richard.  Bom  in  England,  1736 :  died 
in  England,  1811.  A  grandson  of  William  Penn: 
lieutenant-governor  of  Pennsylvania  1771-73. 

Penn,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England,  1702:  died 
in  England,  1775.  A  younger  son  of  William 
Penn,  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Penn,  Sir  William.  Bom  1621 :  died  Sept.  16, 
1670.  An  English  admiral.  He  became  admiral  in 
1653 ;  commanded  the  fleet  in  the  expedition  which  cap- 
tured Jamaica  in  1655;  was  knighted  in  1660;  and  com- 
manded, under  the  Duke  of  York,  the  fleet  which  defeated 
the  Dutch  in  1666. 

Penn,  William.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  14, 1644 : 
died  at  Ruscombe,  Berks,  England.  July  30, 
1718.  An  English  Friend,  founder  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  the  son  of  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn ; 
was  educated  at  Oxford:  and  became  a  preacher  of  the 
Friends  in  1668,  being  several  times  arrested  under  the 
Conventicle  Act,  He  became  part  proprietor  of  West  Jer- 
sey in  1675;  received  the  grant  of  Pennsylvania  in  1681; 
and  in  16S2  went  out  in  person  to  America,  founded  Phila- 
delphi-a,  and  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians.  He  ret  urned 
to  England  in  1684.  Having  been  suspected  of  intriguing 
to  restore  James  II.,  he  was  in  1692  deprived  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pennsylvania,  which  was,  however,  restored  to 
him  in  1694.  He  visited  Pennsylvania  again  1699-1701.  He 
wrote  various  religious  and  controversial  works,  a  collec- 
tive edition  of  which  appeared  in  1726  under  the  title  ".A. 
Collection  of  the  Works  of  William  Penn,  to  which  is  pre- 
fixed a  Journal  of  his  Life,  etc." 

Penna  (pen'nii),  Punta  della.  A  promontory 
in  the  pro\'ince  of  Chieti,  Italy,  32  mUes  south- 
east of  Chieti. 

Fennacook  (pen'a-kuk).  or  Pawtucket  fpa- 
tuk'et).  A  confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians which  formerly  occupied  the  valley  of  the 
Merrimac  river  and  the  adjacent  region  in  New 
Hampshire,  northeastern  Massachusetts,  and 
southern  Maine.  They  were  allies  of  the  French. 
Their  leading  tribe.from  which  the  confederacy  was  named, 
was  the  Pennacook,  whose  village  was  at  Concord,  New- 
Hampshire.    Another  tribe  was  Pawtucket,  which  name 


Pennybacker 

was  given  to  the  conf  edeiacy  by  some  writers.  Others  wer* 
Agawam,  Amoskeag,  and  Nashua.  Ihey  became  friendh 
to  the  English  until  the  treacherous  conduct  of  the  latter 
in  1676  drove  them  from  their  countrj-.  Some  remain  at 
St.  Francis  in  guebec.  The  name  is  translated  '  nut  place" 
and  'crooked  place.'  See  .4^/OH^i/wi7i. 
Pennant  (pen'ant),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Down- 
ing, Flintshii'e,'Wales,  June  14, 1726:  died  there. 
Dee.  16,  1798.  A  British  naturalist  and  anti- 
quary. He  attended  Queen's  and  Oriel  colleges,  Oxford, 
hut  did  not  take  a  degree.  His  works  include  "British 
Zoology"(176:>-77),  "Synopsis  of  Quadrupeds"  (1771;  later 
"History  of  Quadrupeds  "),  "Tour  in  Scotland  "  (1771-75), 
"Tour  in  Wales"  (1778-83),  "Arctic  Zoology"  (1786-875,  ■ 
and  "Account  of  London  "  (1790).  He  wrote  much  on  the 
archeology  of  Great  Britain. 

Penne  (pen'ne),  CivitJl  di.  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Teramo,  Abruzzi,  Italy,  18  miles 
south-southeast  of  Teramo :  the  ancient  Pinna. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  Vestini. 

Pennell  (pen 'el),  Joseph.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1860.   An  American  etcher  and  illustrator. 

Penni  (pen'ne),  Gianfrancesco,  surnamed  n 
Fattore.  Born  at  Florence  about  1488 :  died  at 
Naples  about  1528.  An  Italian  painter,  disciple 
and  joiu'neyman  (fattore )  of  Raphael.  He  assisted 
his  master  in  many  of  his  frescos,  and  painted  most  of  the 
"  Cartoons  "  from  his  designs. 

Pennine  (pen'in)  Alps.  [L.  Alpes  Pennini  or 
Penini ;  perhaps  from  Celtic  pen,  head,  peak.] 
An  important  division  of  the  central  Alps.  It 
extends  from  the  Great  St.  Bernard  Pass  eastward  to  the 
Simplon  Pass,  and  the  Rhone  is  the  northern  boundary. 
They  are  noted  for  glaciers,  long  transverse  valleys,  and 
high  peaks.  The  highest  point  is  ilonte  Rosa  (over  15,000 
feet).   Another  famous  peak  is  the  Matterhorn. 

Pennine  Chain.  A  chain  of  low  mountains  in 
England,  extending  from  the  Cheviot  Hills 
southward  to  Derbyshire.  Highest  summits,  in 
Cumberland,  over  3,000  feet. 

Pennington  (pen'ing-ton),  William.  Bom  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  May  4,  1796 :  died  there,  Feb. 
16,  1862.  An  Ajnerican  politician,  son  of  W.  S. 
Pennington.  He  was  Whig  governor  of  New  Jersey 
1837-43  :  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey 
1859-61 ;  and  speaker  1S60-C1. 

Pennsyl'vania (pen-sil-va'ni-ii).  [Formerly  also 
Pennsilvania,  Pensilrania ;  named  orig.  Sylva- 
nia,  forest  country,  to  which  Penn,  the  name  of 
the  founder,  was  afterward  prefixed.]  One  of 
the  North  Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  extending  from  lat,  42°  15'  to  39° 43' 
(Mason  and  Dixon's  line)  N.,  and  from  long.  74° 
40' to  80°  34'  W.  Capital,  Harrisburg;  chief  city, 
Philadelphia .  it  is  bounded  by  Lake  Erie  and  New  York 
on  the  north.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  (separated  from  both 
by  the  Delaware)on  the  east,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  West 
Virginia  on  the  south,  and  <.»hio  and  West  Virginia  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  from  northeast  to  southwest  by  par- 
allel low  ranges  of  the  Alleghanie^  including  the  Blue, 
Kittatinny,  Tusciirora,  Alleghany,  Laurel,  and  Chestnut 
mountains,  and  is  watered  chiefly  by  the  Ohio,  Susquehan- 
na, and  Delaware.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  States  in  the  min- 
ing of  coal  and  iron. containing  bituminous  coal-fields  in  the 
west,  and  anthracite  fields  in  the  east  (the  Schuylkill,  Le- 
high, and  Wyoming  regions).  It  is  the  first  State  in  iron 
manufactures,  the  third  in  the  production  of  petroleum, 
and  the  second  in  manufactures.  Rye,  toliacco,  wheat,  hay, 
maize,  and  butter  rank  among  the  leading  products;  and 
the  manufactures,  besides  iron  and  steel,  deal  with  woolen, 
cotton,  lumber,  leather,  oil,  glass,  etc.  Pennsylvania  is 
called  the  "  Keystone  State."  It  has  67  counties,  sends  2 
senators  and  32  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  :H 
electoral  votes.  A  colony  of  Swedes  settled  in  this  region 
in  163S,  and  a  grant  of  territory  was  made  by  Charles  II. 
to  Willi.am  Peim  in  1681.  Philadelphia  was  colonized  by 
Penn  in  1682.  The  province  was  further  colonized  by  Eng- 
lish (largely  (^lakers),  Germans,  Dutch,  Scots,  Irish,  and 
French  Huguenots,  and  continued  under  the  proprietary 
governorship  of  the  Penn  family  until  the  Revolution.  A 
boundarj'  dispute  with  Maiyland  was  settled  by  the  es- 
tablishment of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  in  1767.  Pennsyl- 
vania was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776).  It 
was  the  scene  of  the  battles  of  Erandywine  and  German- 
town  in  1777,  of  Valley  Forge  camp  in  1777-78.  and  of  the 
"  Whisky  rebellion  "  in  1794  ;  was  invaded  by  the  Con* 
federates  in  1863-64 ;  and  was  the  scene  of  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg  in  1863.  Riots  occurred  at  Pittsburg  and  else- 
where in  1877  and  1892  Area,  45,"215  square  miles.  Popo- 
lation(1900),  6,302,115, 

Pennsylvania,  University  of.  An  institution 
of  learning  situated  at  Philadelphia.  It  origi- 
nated in  an  academy  founded  by  Benjamin  Franklin  in 
1751.  and  became  a  university  in  1779.  It  contains  depart- 
ments of  arts,  sciences,  medicine,  and  law,  and  has  about 
260  instructors  ,and  t^SoO  students. 

Pennsylvania  Avenue.  The  principal  avenue 
of  Washington.  Its  most  important  section  lies 
between  the  Capitol  and  the  Treasury. 

Pennsylvania  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania:  fotmded  in 
1832.     It  is  "under  Lutheran  control. 

FennTan(pen  van').  Avillage,capital  of  Yates 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Crooked  (or  Keuka)  Lake  45  miles  southeast  of 
Rochester.     Popidation  (1900).  4,050. 

Pennybacker  (pen'i-bak-er).  Isaac  Samuals, 
Born  in  Shenandoah  Countv.Va,,  Sept.  12, 1807. 
died  at  Washington,  D,  C",  Jan.  12,  1847.     An 


Permybacker 

American  politician,  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Virginia  1837-39,  and  United 
States  senator  1845-i7. 

Penobscot  (pe-nob'skot).  [PL,  also Penobscots.'] 
A  tribe  of  Nortli  American  Indians,  chiefly  in 
Maine.  See  Abnali. 

Penobscot,  [From  the  Indian  tribe  name.]  A 
river  of  Maine,  formed  by  the  union  at  Med  way 
of  the  east  and  west  brandies.  It  aims  into  Penob- 
scot Bay  near  Belfast.  Length,  abuut  ST.t  miles ;  navignble 
tor  large  vessels  to  Bangor. 

Penobscot  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
on  the  south  coast  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Penobscot  Kiver. 

Penrith  (pen'rith).  A  town  in  Cumberland, 
England,  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Carli.sle. 
Ithas  a  ruined  castle.    Population  (1891),  8,981. 

Penruddock  (pen-rud'ok).  A  character  in  Cum- 
berland's "Wheel  of  Fortune." 

Penruddock's  Rebellion.  An  unsuccessful 
rising  in  behalf  of  Charles  II.  in  1655:  so  called 
from  its  leader,  Colonel  Penruddock,  who  was 
capturod  and  executed. 

Penry  (pen'ri),  John.  Born  in  Brecknockshire, 
Wales,  15.59  :  hanged  at  London,  in  Southwark, 
May  29, 1593.  An  English  Brownist,  suspected 
authorof  the  "Martin  JIarprelate"tracts(  which 
see).  Although  be  was  responsible  for  their  publication, 
he  denied  that  he  actually  wrote  them. 

Penryn(pen-rin').    [Corn., 'headland.']   Asea- 

?ort  in  Cornwall,  England,  adjoining  Falmouth, 
t  exports  granite.     Population  (1891),  3,250. 
Pensa.     See  Penza. 
Pensacola(pen-sa-ko'lii),orPanzacola(pan-za- 

ko'la).  [P\.,&\s,o  Pen.sucolus.']  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  once  dwelt  around 
the  present  city  and  harbor  of  Pensacola,  west- 
ern Florida.  The  name  is  from  a  Choctaw  word  mean- 
ing *hair  people.'  They  became  extinct  through  inter- 
tribal wars.    See  Muskhogean. 

Pensacola.  [From  the  Indian  tribal  name.]  A 
seaport  and  the  capital  of  Escambia  County, 
Florida,  situated  on  Pensacola  Bay  in  lat.  30° 
25'  N.,  long.  87°  13'  W.  it  has  an  important  export 
trade  in  lumber,  flsli,  fruit,  and  vegetables.  It  was  set- 
tled by  the  l-'rench  and  Spaniards  at  the  end  uf  tlif  17tb 
century;  was  taken  i>y  Bienville  in  1719,  and  iesti)red  to 
Spain  in  1723;  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  iru:i;  wu.s 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1781 ;  and  was  ceded  to  Spain  in 
1753.  Jackson  expelled  the  British  from  it  in  1811,  and 
took  it  from  the  Spaniards  in  1818.  It  passed  to  tlie 
United  States  in  1821.  Near  it  is  a  United  States  navy- 
yard:  this  was  seized  by  the  Confederates  in  Jan.,  1861, 
and  regained  in  18(i2.    ropulation  (1900),  17,747. 

Pensacola  Bay.  A  landlocked  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  northwestern  coast  of 
Florida.     Length,  about  30  miles. 

Pens^es  sur  la  Religion.  [F. , '  Thoughts  on  Re- 
ligion.'] A  philosophical  and  theological  work 
by  Blaise  Pascal  (published  1G70:  edited  by 
Faug^re  1844,  by  Havet  1881). 

Pen  Selwood  (pen  sel'wud).  Aplace  in  Somer- 
set, England,  where  Edmund  Ironside  defeated 
the  Danes  under  Canute  in  1016. 

Penseroso  (pen-se-r6's6),  II.  [It.  il pensicroso, 
the  pensive  man.]  A  poem  by  Milton,  written 
about  1632.  It  is  based  on  the  song  "Hence 
all  you  Vain  Delights,"  by  Fletcher,  in  "Nice 
Valor." 

Pensioned  (or  Pension)  or  Cavalier  Parlia- 
ment. An.-imegiven  to  (lie  English  Parliament 
of  !(i<)l-79,  wliicli  was  favorable  to  the  Cavalier 
or  lioyalist  cause. 

Pentaineron  (pen-tam'e-ron).  The.  A  work  by 
Liiiiclor,  published  in  1837'.'  it  is  principally  a  dis- 
cussion between  Petrarcli  and  Boccaccio  on  the  liteniture 
ol  Italy,  including  Dante,  Vergil,  etc. 

Pentamerone  (pen-tii-mo-r6'ue),  II.  A  collec- 
tion of  stories  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect,  by 
Iiasi!(!,  published  in  1072.  It  is  divided  into  nvo 
days,  ten  stories  being  included  in  each,  and  was  the  jiro- 
tntype  of  the  French  fairy  tales. 

Pent.apolin  (pen-tap'o-lin).  A  Christian  king 
of  the  (Jnranianteans.  lie  Is  known  as  "I'entapolin 
with  the  naked  arm,"  as  he  always  fought  with  his  rigjit 
arm  hared.  Mis  battle  with  Alifanfaron  Is  referred  to  by 
DtH)  (jiiixote.     See  Atifan/arim. 

Pentapolis  (pen-tap'o-lis).  [Or.  Ilf i'r(im<?^f ,  five 
cities. J  A  state  consisting  of  Ave  cities,  or  a 
group  of  five  cities:  used,  in  ancient  geograpliy, 
of  a  variety  of  groups,  (i)  in  Cyrenalca,  Africa,  a  dis- 
trict comprising  Cyrcno,  Apollcmlu.  Barcii,  Arsinoe,  anil 
BeiBiiice  (or  llesperides),  with  their  neighboring  terri- 
tories. (2)  In  I'alestlne,  the  cities  of  Soiloni.  (iomorrab. 
Admah,  Zclioim,  nnd  .Scgor.  (.1)  Five  litles  of  the  I'hilis- 
tlnes:  Ascalon,  (Jaza,  fJath,  Kkron,  and  AsIkIikI.  (-1)  Five 
Dorian  cities  in  Asia  .Minor  :  Onldos,  Cos,  l.lndo^  Camlros, 
and.lalisos.  (S)  Five  cities  In  Italy  :  Itlmiiil,  Aninna,  Fano, 
Pcsaro,  and  .sinigaglia,  with  part  of  the  exarchate  of  l{,i- 
venna  I'his,  also  called  I'entapolls  Marltinia,  was  later  In- 
cludicl  In  the  I'apal  Slates. 

Pentarchy(pen'tar-ki).  1.  .\  name  given  to  the 


793 

five  great  powers  of  Europe — Austria,  France, 
Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  Russia.  For  about 
half  a  century  after  the  Congress  of  Vienna  (1814-15)  they 
were  of  nearly  equal  strengtli,  each  of  them  far  superior 
to  any  other  £uru|)ean  nation. 

2.  In  recent  Italian  jiolitics,  a  parliamentary 
group  under  the  leadership  of  the  five  politi- 
cians Cairoli,  Crispi,  ZanardeUi,  Nicotera,  and 
Baccarini. 
Pentateuch  (pen'ta-tuk).  [From  Gr.  Trt'iTf,  five, 
and  rtivfor,  an  iiii]ilement,  a  book.]  The  first 
five  books  of  the  Old  Testament  regarded  as  a 
connected  group.  They  are  Genesis,  Exodus,  Leviti- 
cus, Numbers,  and  Deuteronomy.  They  record  tlie  crea- 
tion, the  ditfusionof  peoples,  tlie  formation  of  thellebrew 
nation,  and  its  histoiy  through  its  sojourn  in  the  wilder- 
ness. Opinions  regarding  the  authorship  of  these  books 
differ  greatly.  Some  scholars  believe  that  they,  with  the 
book  of  .Toshua,  were  written  substantially  by  llosc!^, 
Joshua,  and  their  contemporaries ;  others  hold  that  tliey 
were  compiled  at  a  much  later  period  (in  part  about  the 
7th  century  n.  C,  or  even  in  post-exilic  times). 

Pentaur.  An  Egyjitian  priest  and  poet  of  the 
time  of  Rameses  II.  His  heroic  poem  on  the  deeds 
of  tlie  great  king  in  the  battle  of  Kadesh  has  been  pre- 
served and  translated. 

Pentelicus  (pen-teri-kus),  or  Brilessus  (bri- 
les'us).  [Gr.  lhi'TF?.(Kuii  hfin^^  Mpt'/ t/onuc,']  ,\ 
mountain  in  Attica,  Greece,  about  12  miles 
northeast  of  Athens.  It  was  famous  for  its 
marble.     Height,  3,641  feet. 

Penthea  (pen-the'ii).  The  principal  female 
cliiiiacter  in  Ford's  "Broken  Heart." 

Penthesilea  (pen"the-si-le'ii).  [Gr.  JlnSeai- 
/fH;.]  In  Greek  legend,  a  queen  of  the  Ama- 
zons who  aided  the  Tro,)ans  against  the  Greeks. 
She  was  slain  by  Achilles. 

Pentheus  (pen'thus).  [Gr.  Ilfi'flfic.]  In  Greek 
legcMid,  a  king  of  Thebes  who  was  torn  to  pieccK 
by  his  mother  Agave  and  other  ma;uads  while 
attempting  to  stop  a  Bacchic  festival. 

Penthifevre  (jion-tya'vr).  An  ancient  territory 
in  Brittany,  France,  corresponding  in  the  main 
to  the  departmert  of  C6tes-du-Nord.  It  was  a 
county  in  the  middle  ages. 

Pentland  Firth  (]ient'land  ferth).  A  sea  pas- 
s;ige  1  pft  ween  t  lie  (.  )rkney  Isla  lids  and  the  county 
of  Caithiiess,  Scotland.     Width,  0  to  8  miles. 

Pentland  Hills.  A  range  of  hills  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Edinburgh,  Peebles,  and  Lanark,  Scot- 
land.    Highest  summits,  about  1,900  feet. 

Pentweazel  (pent'we-zl),  Lady.     A  cliarac- 

tcr  in  Foote's  comedy  "Taste,"  a  kind  of  Mrs. 
MaUipvo]!,  vain  of  her  lost  charms. 
Penza  (peu'zil).  1.  A  government  in  eastern 
Russia,  liounded  by  the  governments  of  Ni.jni- 
Novgorod,  Simbirsk,  SaralnfT,  and  TaiiibufT. 
The  surface  is  undulating.  'I'he  chief  occnpalitin  is  agri- 
culture. Area,  14,'.iy7  squai-o  miles,  roiiulation  (181X)), 
1.590,r>00. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Penza, 
situated  at  the  .iiinction  of  the  Penza  with  the 
Sura,  about  lat.  .53°  10'  N.,  long.  4.5°  3'  E. 
Population  (1890),  47,701. 

Penzacola.     See  Pntxacola. 

Penzance  (pcn-zans').  [Com.  Pensmis,  holy 
head,  from^Mii,  head,  and  sans,  later  c«)i-,  holy 
(from  Ij.  sanctKs.  holy).]  A  seaport  in  Cornwall", 
England,  situated  on  Mounts  Bay  21  miles  west 
of  Falmouth.  It  is  tlie  westenimost  town  in  r.nglanil. 
a  wateiing-place  and  health-resort.  It  has  considerable 
trade,  ami  large  mafkerel-  and  i)ilchard-llsheries.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy.    Population  (ISDIJ, 

12.44S, 

Penzance,  Baron.    See  JViltlc,  Jaims  Plnistni. 

Penzing  (pcnt'siugl.  A  western  suburb  of 
Vicuna. 

People's  Palace.  An  institution  in  East  Lon- 
don, on  Mile  lOiid  Road,  intended  forllie  "rec- 
reation anil  aniusrment,  tin-  inlc-llectual  and 
nialerial  advani'fiiH'iit.  i^\  the  vast  artisan  jntp- 
ulalion  (it  the  Last  End." 

People's  Party,  or  Populists  (pop'u-Usts).    In 

Uuiled  Stales  politics,  a  parlv  formed  in  1891, 
ill  which  were  merged  the  I'ariiiers'  Alliance 
and  other  kindred  organizations,  it  ileveloped 
conslderulile  streuglli  in  vai  ii,iis  Southern  and  Western 
States,  and  in  18112  nominated  James  B.  Weaver  fnr  Presi- 
fleiit.  The  Populists  obtained  22  eleelMiai  votes.  In 
18)111  they  accepted  the  Heiiiorratlc  nominee  for  President, 
W.  .1.  Bryan,  ttiit  nominated  their  own  eaiididate,  Thomas 
E.  WatJion,  for  the  vlce-iiresldem  y.  Among  their  alms 
are  an  IncreaBc  of  the  eirelilatlng  medinni,  free  coinage 
of  silver,  free  trade,  an  income  tax,  siijipreHston  of  mo. 
llopolies,  etc. 

Peoria.     See  llUnoin. 

Peoria(pe-o'ri-ii).  [From  the  Indian  name.]  A 
city,  capital  of  I 'eoria  County,  Illinois,  situated 
on  the  Illinois  Iv'iver.  at  the  fool  nf  Peoria  Lake, 
02  miles  north  of  S|iriiig(ield.  It  la  a  nourishing 
commercial,  mnnnfaetnrlng,  and  railway  center,  having 
an  extensive  tiade  In  grain.  A  tradlng-pikSt  wiia  estal,. 
llahcd  hero  by  La  Salle  In  IHHU.    Pop.  |1  ii  i,  (iu,iw. 


Pepys,  Samuel 

Peoria  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  niinoisEiver 

near  I'cuiia. 

Peparethos  (pep-a-re'thos).  [Gr.  Xlcndpi/eoc .] 
Ill  ancient  geograjihy,  an  island  in  the  .^geau 
Sea  niu'th  of  Euhira:  tlie  modem  Skopelos. 

Pepe  (pa'pe),  Florestano.  Bom  at  SquiUaee, 
Italy,  1780:  died  at  Naples,  April  3,  1851.  A 
Neapolitan  general.  He  sened  in  1806  under  Joseph 
Bonapiu-te,  whom  he  accompanied  to  .Spain.  He  became 
brigadier-general  in  1811,  served  in  the  Russian  campaign 
in  1812,  and  fought  aa  lieutenant-general  under  Murat 
against  the  Atistriaus  in  1816. 

Pepe,  Guglielmo.  Born  at  Squillaoe,  Italy,  Feb. 
15,1783:  dieil  at  Turin,  Aug.  9, 1855.  A  Neapoli- 
tan general,  brother  of  F.  Pepe.  He  commanded 
in  the  revolution  at  Naples  1820-21,  and  in  the  defense  of 
Venice  in  1849. 

Pepin  (pep'in;  F.  pron.  pa-pan' ),  surnamed  "The 
Short.*'  lY.Pipinle  Br/f.'\  Died  768.  King  of 
the  Franks,  son  of  Charles  Mart  el.  He  became  ma- 
jor domus  of  Neustriaonthedeathof  his  father  in  741,  his 
brother  Karlman  becoming  major  domus  of  Austmsia. 
The  latter  abdicated  in  his  favor  in  747,  and  with  tlie  Pope's 
sanction  he  assumed  ttie  title  of  king  in  751.  He  assisted 
the  I'ope  against  Aistnlf,  king  of  the  I..ombards,  754-755, 
and  granted  the  Pope  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna,  the  Pen- 
tapolis, and  the  territory  of  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  thus 
laying  the  foundation  of  the  Papal  States. 

Pepin.  Died  838.  King  of  Aqnitania  817-838, 
second  son  of  Louis  leDebonnaire  (see /.OKi'ivi.). 

Pepin  of  Heristal.  Died  714.  A  ruler  of  the 
Franks.  He  became  major  domus  of  Austrasia  in  676, 
and  in  (187  became  sole  major  domus  over  all  the  Franks 
by  his  victory  at  Testri  over  tlie  major  domus  of  Ncus- 
tria.  He  thenceforth  styled  himself  dine  et  princeps 
Fnincorum. 

Pepin  (pe'pin),  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the 
Mississippi  between  Minnesota  .■iiid  AVisconsin, 
40  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Length,  about 
27  miles. 

Pepoli,  Countess.     See  ATboni,  Marictla. 

Pepoli  (pa'p6-le).  Marquis  Gioachino.  Bom 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Nov.  6,  1825:  died  at  Rome, 
-March  20, 1881.  An  Italian  liberal  politician, 
grandson  of  Murat.  He  defended  Bologna  against  the 
Austrians  in  1848,  and  was  cliief  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment in  Bologna  in  18r>!).  In  1862  he  was  minister  of  agri- 
culture and  commerce  under  Rattazzi  :  in  1863  ambassador 
at  St.  Petersburg ;  and  1868-70  ambassador  at  Vienna. 

Pepper  (pep'er),  Tom.  An  imaginary  charac- 
ter in  sailors'  legends,  said  to  have  been  kicked 
out  of  heaven  for  lying. 

Pepper,  'William.  "  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Aug 
21, 1843:  died  at  I'leasanton,  Cal.,  July  28, 1898. 
An  American  physician  and  scientist.  He  was 
provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1881-94. 

Pepperell,  or  Pepperrell  (pep'er-el).  Sir 'Wil- 
liam. Born  at  Ivittery,  Maine,  June  27,  1090: 
dicdat  Kittery,  .luly  0.  17i")9.  An  American  gen- 
eral. H  0  commanded  the  provincial  ai'iny  which  besieged 
and  e.'tptiired  ixiuisliurg  in  1745  :  and  was  acting  governor 
of  Massachusetts  176ll-^'8. 

Pepperpot(pep'f!r-pot),  Sir  Peter.  A  rich  West 

Indian,  a  character  in  Foote's  ]ilay"The  Pa- 
Iron."     Finite  ]ilayed  it  himself. 

Pepusch  (jia'posh),  Johann  Christoph.    Bom 

at  Berlin,  1607:  died  at  London,  July  20,1752. 
A  German-English  composer,  noted  for  his 
theoretical  knowledge  of  music.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land about  1700,  and  in  1710  wa-sinstnimentol  ill  theoi-gan- 
ization  of  the  Acailcmy  of  Ancient  Music.  He  composed 
a  number  of  masks,  and  wrote  the  overture  and  arrangt-(l 
the  airs  for  Gay's  "  lieggar's  Opera"  and  "I'olly,"  luid  for 
"The  Weildliig,"  onotlier  hallau-opera.  He  left  also  a  good 
deal  of  music  for  string  and  wind  instruments,  and  pub- 
lished anonymou.sly  a  treatise  on  harmony. 

Pepys  (peps  or  pi|is  or  iieji'is).  Charles  Chris- 
topher, first  Earl  Col  tenhani.  Born  at  London, 
-April  29,  1781:  died  in  Italy,  April  29, 1851.  An 
English  jurist,  lord  chancellor  1836-41  and  1846- 
1850. 

Pepys,  Samuel.  Born  Fell.  23,  irK53:  died  May 
20,  1703.  An  English  jmlitician  and  diarist". 
He  was  a  son  of  John  Pe)iys.  a  tailor  In  l.ond,i!i.  In  ItLIO 
ho  entered  MagdaU-nel'ollege,  Cambridge.  lie  married  In 
Itl-^S  and  was  taken  into  the  house  of  Sir  F.dward  Montagu 
(afterward  earl  of  Sandwich),  whose  mother  had  nnirrled 
Pepya's  grandfather.  His  "lliary"  was  begun  .Ian.,  1660, 
and  Is  one  of  the  i  bief  authorities  on  the  Itestoration,  In 
which  Pepys  actively  participated.  Montagu  made  lifm 
secretary  to  the  generals  at  sea  March,  1060.  and  clerk  of 
the  acta  of  the  navy  .tune  28, 1660.  During  the  great  plague 
he  remained  in  Lomlon  and  atone  conilueted  tile  entire  ad- 
ministration of  the  navy  as  secretary  of  the  admiralty. 
He  also  assisted  in  checking  the  greit  tire  In  1666.  In 
1678-79  he  sat  as  member  of  rarlliiment  for  Harwich,  and 
was  twice  master  of  'i'rinlty  House.  On  May  22,  1679,  he 
was  sent  to  tbcTowerasaimpist.  From  1684-S6  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Itoyal  .S<iclety.  About  161KI  he  published  "  Me- 
moirs relating  totheState  of  the  lioyal  Na\y  "  Ills  library 
of  .t.oco  volumes  was  lusiueatheil  f<i  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge.  The  last  entry  In  the  *' Diary  "  was  made  May 
29,  imill.  It  was  written  In  cipher,  ami  was  tronslateil  by 
the  Kev.  J.  Sniilli  and  juibllsheil,  with  many  omissions,  by 
l.'ird  Brnybnioke  (v^ho  Imd  diseovereil  It  lii  the  Pepyslan 
Library)  in  ls-.f>.  In  187.'.  7:i  the  H<v.  Mynors  llrlghi  re. 
published  It  with  much  original  matter,  and  In  189.'t  a  new 
editloi.  containing  all  tlleonillted  portions,  with  the  nolM 
of  botii  ctu-lier  editions,  was  edited  by  U.  B.  Wheatloy. 


Pepysian  Library 

Pepysian  (pe'pis-i-an)  Library.  The  library 
of  Samuel  Pepys  (eontaiuiug  the  cipher  MS.  of 
his  ''  Diary"),  bequeathed  by  him  to  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge.  It  is  in  aseparatebuilding,  which 
was  approaching  completion  about  the  time  Pepys  deter- 
mined to  bequeath  his  collection  either  to  Magdalene  or 
to  Trinitj-,  and  in  which  (in  the  former  case)  he  wished  it 
to  be  deposited.  The  libnuy  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  college  on  the  death  of  his  nephew,  Mr.  Jackson,  iii 
1724. 

Pequot  (pe'kwot).  [PL,  also  Pequols.  The 
name  is  translated  'destroyers'  or  'ravagers.'] 
A  former  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  the 
most  dreaded  of  all  in  southern  New  England. 
Historically  they  formed  one  tribe  with  the  Mohegau  who 
seceded  under  Uncas  from  Sassacus.the  great  Pequot chief. 
Their  first  known  territory  was  a  narrow  strip  of  coast  in 
Connecticut  from  Nlantic  River  to  the  Rhode  Island  boun- 
dar)' ;  but  Sassacus  controlled  all  the  tribes  of  Connecticut 
east  of  the  river  of  that  name  and  westward  to  neju"  ^'ew 
Haven,  and  neiirly  all  Long  Island.  Their  greatest  strength 
was  about  3,000,  but  has  lieen  estimated  as  much  greater. 
In  lti37  the  English  colonists  surprised  their  principal  fort, 
on  the  Mystic  River,  and  slaughtered  six  hundred.  The 
survivors  of  the  tribe  fled  in  scattered  bands,  some  reach- 
ing tribes  with  whom  they  became  amalgamated.  Also 
Pequod,     See  Alffonquian. 

Pequot  War.  A  war  between  the  Pequot  In- 
dians of  Connecticut  and  the  settlers,  1636-38. 
The  Pequot  were  nearly  exterminated  after 
their  defeat  by  the  colonists  under  Mason  in 
1637. 

Pera  (pa'ra).  A  northern  quarter  of  Constanti- 
nople, It  is  situated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Europeans. 

Peraea  (pe-re'ij).  [Gr.  Uepaia,  from  jripav,  be- 
yond.] In  ancient  geography:  (o)  A  vague  re- 
gion east  of  the  Jordan,  corresponding  to  the 
earlier  Gilead  and  sometimes  including  Bashan. 
(6)  A  maritime  district  on  the  coast  of  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  opposite  Rhodes. 

Perak  (pa-rak').  A  native  state  on  the  western 
side  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  about  lat .  4°-5+°  N. 
It  is  under  British  'protection.  The  chief  product  is  tin. 
Area,  10,000  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  214,254. 

Peralta  (pa-ral'ta),  Gaston  de.  Born,  proba- 
bly in  Navari'e,  about  1510 :  died  at  Valladolid, 
1580.  A  Spanish  nobleman,  marquis  of  Peralta. 
He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Oct,  1666,  to  Oct.,  1567.  Owing 
toa  dispute  with  theaudience,  he  was  deposed  by  the  king, 
and  soon  after  sent  to  .Spain,  where  he  justified  his  course 
and  was  made  constable  of  Navarre. 

Peralta  Barnuevo  (bar-no-a'vo),  Pedro  de. 
Born  at  Lima,  1663 :  died  there,  1743.  A  Peru- 
vian mathematician  and  author.  He  was  several 
times  rector  of  the  University  of  San  Marcos,  and  from  1703 
was  ortici.'U  cosmographer.  His  numerous  writings  include 
poetry,  history,  law,  and  mathematics.  It  is  said  that  Ms 
published  and  manuscript  works  exceed  60  in  number. 
Among  the  best-known  are  "  Lima  fundada,"  an  epic  of  the 
conquest  of  Peru,  in  10  cantos  (Lima,  1732)  ;  and  a  history' 
of  the  viceroyalty  of  the  Marquis  of  Castell-fuerte.  Also 
written  Peralta  y  Barnuevo. 

Perceforest(per-se-for'est),orPerceforet(pers- 
fo-ra').   Amedieval  French  historical  romance. 

The  second  romance  concerning  events  preceding  the 
reign  of  Arthur,  to  which  I  alluded,  and  which  exhibits  a 
different  set  of  lieroes  from  the  tales  of  the  Round  Table, 
is  Perceforest,  which  comprehends  the  fabulous  history  of 
Britain  previous  to  the  reign  of  Arthur.  It  is  the  longest 
and  best-known  romance  of  the  class  to  which  it  belongs, 
an<l  is  the  work  which  St.  Palaye  and  similar  writers  have 
chiefly  selected  for  illustrations  and  proofsof  the  manners 
of  the  times,  and  institutions  of  chivalry. 

Duiilop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  238. 

Perc6  (per-sa')  Bock.  A  remarkable  rock  in  the 
Gasp^  Peninsula,  Quebec,  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
It  is  enth-ely  pierced  in  places,  andf  orms  arches. 
Height,  nearly  300  feet. 

Perceval  (per'se-val).  Amedieval  legend  relat- 
ing to  the  search  of  Perceval  for  the  Holy  Grail, 
and  his  other  adventures.  It  first  appeared  (in  poeti- 
cal  form)  as  a  French  epic  poem  by  Chrestien  deTroyes  in 
the  12th  century :  from  this  it  passed  into  the  literature 
of  nearly  every  European  nation.  The  legend,  however, 
is  nuich  earlier,  and  appeared  in  several  prose  forms :  it 
is  traced  by  some  to  the  Welsh  "  Peredur,"  a  name  which 
means  'searcher  for  the  basin.'  Some  writers  contend, 
however,  that  this  story  from  the  old  Welsh  "Red  Book  " 
is  an  adaptation  of  the  French  poem,  mixed  with  local  tra- 
ditions.   See  Parzival. 

Perceval,  Caussin  de.  See  Co  ussin  de  Perceval. 
Perceval  (per'se-val),  Spencer.    Bom  at  Lon- 

ilon,Nov.,  1762:  assassinatedin  the  lobby  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  May  11, 1812.  An  English 
statesman,  younger  son  of  the  Earl  of  Egmont. 
He  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  at  Cambridge  (Trinity 
College)  in  1781;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1780  ;  became  member  of  Parliament  for  Northampton  in 
17iKi ;  and  was  solicitor-general  in  the  Addington  adminis- 
tration in  18U1,  and  attorney-general  in  1802.  He  opposed 
Catholic  emancipation.  He  was  premier  180&-12. 
Perche  (persh),  Le.  An  ancient  conntship  of 
northern  France,  corresponding  in  the  main 
to  the  departments  of  Eure-et-Loir  and  Orne. 
Capital,  Mortagne.  It  passed  by  escheat  to  the  French 
crown  in  1257.  and  a  large  part  was  included  in  the  gov- 
ernment ot  Maine  (or  Maine  and  Perche). 


794 

Percival  (per'si-val),  James  Gates.    Bom  at 

Berlin,  Conn.,  Sept.  15,  1795:  died  at  Hazel 
Green,  Wis.,  May  2,  1856.  An  American  poet. 
His  complete  works  were  published  (2  vols.)  in 
1859. 

Percy  (per'si).  A  tragedy  by  Mrs.  Hannah 
More,  produced  in  1778.  She  is  supposed  to 
have  been  assisted  by  Ganick  in  this  jilay. 

Percy,  Henry,  first  Earl  of  Northumberland. 
Killed  in  battle,  1408.  An  English  military  com- 
mander. He  was  instrumental  in  dethroning  Richard 
n.,  and  was  engaged  in  various  conspiracies  against  Henry 
IV.    He  defeated  the  Scots  at  Homildon  HiU  1402. 

Percy,  Henry,  surnamed  Hotspur.  Killed  in 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  1403.  The  son  of 
Henry  Percy,  first  earl  of  Northumberland.  In 
1402  he  fought" with  his  father  at  Homildon  Hill,  and  cap- 
tured the  Earl  of  Douglas.  Resenting  the  injustice  of 
Henry  IV.  toward  his  brother-in-law,EdmundMortimei-,lie 
associated  liimself  with  Owen  Glendowerin  his  waragain-t 
the  king,  and  was  killed  at  Shrewsbury  1403.  Shakspere 
introduces  him  as  a  gay,  jesting,  fiery-tempered  soldier  in 
his  "Henry  IV.,"  first  part. 

Percy,  Thomas,  seventh  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land. Beheaded  at  York,  England,  Aug.  22, 
1572.  An  English  politician,  executed  for  con- 
spiracy against  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Percy,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bridgnorth,  Eng- 
land, April  13, 1729:  died  at  Dromore,  Ireland, 
Sept.  30,  1811.  An  English  poet  and  bishop, 
the  editor  of  the  "  Reliques  of  Ancient  English 
Poetry,"  known  as  "  Percy's  Keliques."  He  was 
the  son  of  a  grocer,  and  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1750.  He  was  appointed  vicar  of  Easton  Mau- 
dit,  Northamptonshire,  in  1753 ;  chaplain  to  George  III.  in 
1769 ;  and  bishop  of  Dromore,  Ireland,  in  1782.  The  "Rel- 
iques of  Ancient  English  Poetry"  appeared  in  1765  :  the 
fh-st  edition  contained  176  poems  or  ballads.  Itwascoarse- 
ly,  but  with  some  justice,  attacked  by  Ritson  as  not  being 
an  exact  transcription  from  the  original  manuscripts.  He 
also  published  "  Hau  Kiou  Chooau '  (1761:  a  Chinese  novel 
from  the  Portuguese),  "Miscellaneous  Pieces  relating  to 
the  Chinese  "  (1762),  "  Northern  Antiquities  "  (1770  :  trans- 
lated from  Paul  Henri  Mallet),  etc. 

Perdiccas(per-dik'as).  [Gr.  ncp(5//vhaf.]  Assas- 
sinated in  Egypt,  321  B.  C.  One  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  became  regent  in  323, 
and  conquered  Cappadocia  in  322.  A  league  was  formed 
against  him  by  Ptolemy  and  others. 

Perdiccas  I.  King  of  Macedon.  the  alleged 
founder  of  the  Macedonian  kingdom. 

Perdiccas  II.  Eing  of  Macedon  at  the  time  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war  (until  about  413  B.  c). 

Perdiccas  III.  Died  359  b.c.  King  of  Macedon, 
brother  and  predecessor  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 

Perdido  (per-di'do;  Sp.  pron.  per-Tee'THo). 
[Sp.,  'lost.']  A  small  river  and  bay  on  the 
western  border  of  Florida,  separating  it  from 
Alabama. 

PerditaCper'di-ta).  1.  In  Shakspere's"  The  Win- 
ter's Tale,"  the  daughter  of  Leontes  and  Her- 
mione,  brought  up  as  a  shepherdess. —  2.  See 
Sobiiison,  Mrs.  (Man/  Dariy). 

Pereda  (pa-ra'THa  j,  Antonio  de.  Bom  at  Val- 
ladolid, 1599  :  died  at  iladrid,  1669.  A  Spanish 
painter.  Among  his  works  is  ■'  The  Disenchant- 
ment of  Life,"  in  the  Academy  of  San  Fernando. 

Pere  Duchesne.     See  Sebert,  Jacques  Bene. 

Peredur.  A  Welsh  romance  of  the  12th  century. 
It  is  in  the  "Mabinogion,"  taken  from  the  "Bed 
Book  "  of  Hergest.     See  Perceval. 

Pfere  Goriot  (par  go-ryo'),  Le.  A  novel  by  Bal- 
zac, published  in  1835. 

The  general  situation  may  be  described  in  two  words,  by 
saying  that  Goriot  is  the  modern  King  Lear.  Mesdames 
de  Restaud  and  de  Nucingen  are  the  representatives  of 
Regan  and  Goneril ;  but  the  Parisian  Lear  is  not  allowed 
the  consolation  of  a  Cordelia. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Uoais  in  a  Library,  p.  261. 

Peregrina,  La.     See  Avellatieda  y  Artenga. 

Peregrine  Pickle  (per'e-grin  pik'l),  The  Ad- 
ventures of.  A  novel  by  Smollett,  published 
in  1751.  Peregrine  is  a  handsome  profligate  sowing  his 
wild  oats,  disliked  by  his  mother  who  devotes  herself  to 
her  younger  son  Gamaliel  or  Gam,  a  deformed  but  equally 
villainous  scoundrel.  Peregrine  is  adopted  by  Commodore 
Trunnion,  his  uncle,  and  the  humorsof  the  latter  and  Lieu- 
tenant .Tack  Hatchway  are  unsurpassed. 

Peregrinus  Proteus  (per-e-gri'nus  pr6'te-us). 
Died  165  a.  d.  A  Cynic  philosopher.  After  a 
youth  spent  in  debauchery  and  crime,  he  became  a  Chris- 
tian and  afterward  a  Cynic  philosopher.  He  burned  him- 
self alive  at  Olympia  during  the  Olympic  games  in  165. 
He  is  represented  by  Lucian  as  a  profligate  and  crazy  quack. 
He  is  the  subject  of  a  romance  by  Wieland. 

Pereira  da  Silva  (pe-ra'ra  da  sel'vii),  Joao 
Manuel.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1818:  died 
1898.  A  Brazilian  historian.  His  works  include 
"  Historia  da  fundat^ao  do  Iinperio  Bra2ileiro"("  History 
of  the  Foundation  of  the  Kr:izilian  Empire,"  1864-68),  etc. 

Pereire  (pa-rar'),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Bordeaux. 
France,  Nov.  2.5,  1806 :  died  July  12,  1880.  A 
French  financier.  In  companywith  his  brother  £mile 
PSreire  he  established  himself  as  a  broker  at  Paris.  The 
brothers  purchased  the  railroad  from  Paris  to  St -Germain 


Pergamum 

in  1835,  and  in  1862  founded  the  Credit  Mobilier  (which 
see).  He  published  "Le  role  de  la  Banque  de  France  et 
Porganisatiou  du  credit  en  France"  (IsM),  "Questions 
financieres"(1877),  and  "Politique  flnanciire"  (1879). 

Perekop  (pe-re-kop').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tam-ida,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Perekop,  61  miles  southeast  of  Kherson. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress  and  com- 
mercial place.     Population,  4,801. 

Perekop,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Black  Sea, 
hdug  northwest  of  the  Crimea. 

Perekop,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  connecting 
the  Crimea  with  the  rest  of  Russia,  and  separat- 
ing the  Sea  of  AzofE  from  the  Black  Sea.  Width, 
4  mUes. 

P6re  Lachaise  (par  lii-shaz').  Cemetery  of. 
The  most  important  and  celebrated  cemetery 
of  Paris,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city. 
The  site  belonged  to  a  rich  burgher  in  the  16th  century, 
and  was  called  "La  Folie-Regnault."  It  was  bought  by 
the  Jesuits  in  1626,  and  named  Mont-Louis.  It  was  later 
enlarged  by  Pere  Lachaise,  the  Jesuit  confessor  of  louia 
XIV.,  and  has  always  borne  his  name.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  struggle  between  the  Communists  and  the  national 
troops  May  27,  1871.     Also  written  Pere  La  Chaise. 

Perez  (pa'rath),  Antonio.  Bom  in  Aragon 
about  1539 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3, 1611.  A  Span- 
ish politician,  secretary  of  state  imder  Philip  H. 
At  the  instigation  of  Philip  he  proctu-ed  the  murder,  for 
political  reasons,  of  Escovedo,  secretary  of  Don  John  of 
Austria,  March  31.  1678.  He  lost  the  king's  favor,  and 
was  arrested  in  1579  and  forced,  by  torture,  to  confess  his 
part  in  the  deed  :  but  he  escaped  to  Aragon,  and  thence  to 
France  (1591).  His  protection  by  Aragon  led  to  the  sup- 
pression by  Philip  of  the  ancient  Aragonese  privileges. 
He  published  "Relaciones"  ("Accounts,"  1594). 

The  letters  of  Perez  are  in  a  great  variety  of  styles,  from 
the  cautious  and  yet  fervent  appeals  that  he  made  to  Philip 
the  Second,  down  to  the  gallant  notes  he  wrote  to  court  la- 
dies, and  the  overflowings  of  his  heart  to  his  young  chil- 
dren. But  they  were  all  written  in  remarkably  idiomatic 
Castilian,  and  are  rendered  interesting  from  the  circum- 
stance, that  in  each  class  there  is  a  strict  observance  of 
such  conventional  forms  as  were  required  by  the  relative 
social  positions  of  the  author  and  his  correspondents. 

Tickiwr,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  167. 

Perez  (pa'rath),  Jose  Joaquin.  Bom  at  Santi- 
ago in  1800 :  died  1890.  A  Chilean  statesman. 
Heoccupiedvariousdiplomaticpositions,  and  under  Bulnes 
was  minister  of  the  treasury  1845-49,  and  of  the  interior 
1849-51.  He  became  president  of  Chile  Sept.  18, 1861.  serv- 
ing, by  reelection  in  1866,  until  Sept.  18,  1871.  Under  him 
the  moderate  liberalsbegan  to  take  part  in  the  <;overnment. 
The  period  was  one  of  general  prosperity.  War  broke  out 
with  Spain  in  Sept.,  1S65,  and  Valparaiso  was  bombarded 
by  a  Spanish  fleet  March  31,  1S66.  Hostilities  ceased  in 
April,  though  the  treaty  of  peace  was  delayed  many  years. 

Perez  (pe'rea),  Michael.  A  noted  character  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play  "  Rule  a  Wife  and 
Have  a  Wife,"  known  as  ''the  Copper  Captain." 
He  is  a  pretentious  imitation  of  a  rich  and  noble 
soldier. 

Perez  (pa'rath),  Santiago.  Bom  1830:  died 
1900.  A  Colombian  politician  of  the  liberal 
party.  He  was  secretary  of  foreign  relations  under  Mu- 
rillo  Toro  1864-66,  and  again  under  Santos  Gutierrez  1868 ; 
minister  to  the  United  States  3870-72 ;  and  president  of 
the  United  States  of  Colombia  April  1,  1874,  to  March  31, 
1876.  Subsequently  he  was  again  minister  to  the  United 
States.    He  is  an  author  of  some  repute. 

Perez  de  Zambrana  (pa'rath  da  tham-bra'na), 
Luisa  (nee  Perez  de  Montes  de  Oca).    Bom 

near  Santiago.  1837.  A  Cuban  poet  and  novelist. 
In  1858  she  married  Dr.  Ramon  Zambrana,  a 
well-known  physician  and  author,  who  died  in 
1866. 
Perga  (per'ga).  or  Perge  (per'je).  [Gr.  Hepji?.] 
In  ancient  geographv,  a  citvin  Pamphvlia,  Asia 
Minor, situated  aboiit  lat.37°N.,long."30°55'E. 
It  was  noted  for  the  worship  of  .\rtemis.  A  Roman  theater 
here  is  one  of  the  finest  surviving.  The  cavea  has  1  pre- 
cinction  and  40  tiers  of  marble  seats,  with  a  gallery  at  the 
top,  colonnaded  in  front  and  arched  at  the  back.  The 
back  wall  of  the  stage  has  five  large  niches,  with  fine 
columns  of  breccia.  The  diameter  is  330  feet.  The  theater 
is  in  great  part  built  up  of  masonry.  There  are  also  re- 
mains of  a  stadium,  771  feet  long  and  194  wide,  the  arena 
732  by  115.  The  tiers  of  seats  rest  on  vaulted  foundations, 
and  were  skirted  at  the  top  by  a  gallery.  There  is  a  monu- 
mental arched  entrance  in  the  semicircular  end. 

Pergamum  (per'ga-mum),  orPergamus  (per'- 
ga-mus).  [Gr.nfpj'd/ior.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  in  Teuthrania,  Mysia.  Asia  Slinor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Caicus  50  miles  north  of  Smj-ma: 
the  modem  Bergamo  or  Bergama.  The  city  was 
raised  to  importance  bv  the  famous  \ictory  of  Attains 
I.  over  the  Gauls  in  the  latter  half  of  the  3d  century  B.  C. 
To  the  son  of  Attains,  Eumenes  II.,  are  due  the  great  ex- 
tension of  the  city  and  its  architectural  adornment,  and 
during  his  reign  occurred  the  remarkable  development 
of  Pergamene  sculpture,  on  lines  of  much  more  modern 
sphit  than  the  older  Greek  art.  The  same  king  founded 
the  famous  Pergamene  Library.  His  chief  buildings  were 
placed  on  a  succession  of  terraces  on  the  summit  of  the 
acropolis,  which  rises  900  feet  above  the  plain,  and  on 
other  lower  terraces  immediately  outside  of  the  powerful 
acropolis  walls.  The  city  remained  prosperous  under  the 
Romans(see  Pergamum,  Kinridrm  of\  and  many  fine  bilild- 
ines  were  erected  on  the  acropolis,  and  beside  the  Selinua 
Kiverbelow,  under  the  empu-e.  In  1878  the  Prussian  gov- 
ernment sent  to  the  site  an  exploring  expedition  under 


Pergamum  795  Perote 

"Italian  Sculptors,  etc."  (186SX  "Raphael  and  Michel- 
angelo "  (1878),  'Historical  Hand-Book  of  Italian  Sculp- 
tors." "History  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  "(of 
which  he  was  president)  (lS8:t),  "'Ghiberti  et  son  6cole" 
(l«8i),  at  Paris),  etc.  He  edited  "Art  in  the  House."  etc. 
(1S79).  and  w:is  critical  editor  of  a  " Cyclopedia  of  Painters 
■  of  Zeus  i.imsistuH  "t  .,» ,    .         ..  ,    -     -     -  ,        .  -      ^  ^\-       c     ;uiii  I'iiiiitintrs  "(ISit-). 

»ithai,rua.lilii..li;of  P^ngord  (pa-re-Kor  ).   An  ancient  countship  of  perkins,  Justin.     Born  at  West  Springfield, 
,  «Lis  surrounded  l.y     Fraiu'C,  ■nhicli  tonued  part  ot  the  government     Mass..  March  12,  ISO.'):  died  at  Chicopee,  Mass.. 

"  ~ of  (Juienne.    Capital,  PeriKueux.    itwas  bounded     Dee.  31,  1869.     An  American   Congi-eKational 

l)y  Angoumois  on  the  north,  <)uercy  and  Limousin  on  the     „,i^.;ionarv  anion"  the  Xestoriaiis  in  Persia 
east,  Agenais  on  the  south,  and  Saintonge  on  tlie  west.    It  J"  ,.""„■    •'J"  ,  "  '""^  -MStonans  m  i-eisia. 
was  largely  included  in  the  department  of  Doidogiie.     It  i'erKin  WaroeCK. 
appears  as  a  countj^liip,  a  fief  of  Aguitaine,  in  the  10th  Perla  (por'la).  La. 


•CoDze,  Humaim,  and  Bohii.    Their  investigations  were  Perier,  Jean  Paul  PiCITe  Casiinir  (called  Ca- 
4ontinued  for  several  years,  and  t.)  thcin  are  due  the  redis-     simir-Perier )      Born  at  I'aris,  Nov.  S   1S47.     A 

<i0verv  of  Pergaineue  art  and  the  inasM»f  new  itifornialion      t-,  i       ..   *  ..i    „* i    ^„^^iA^,^^   ^f    tlw^ 

regarding  later  (ireek  architecture  which  together  form     French    statesman,    elected    president  ot    the 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  arclueulugical  acquisitions  of     >  retich  republic  June  2/.  1894;  resigned  Jan.  lr>, 
thccentury.     The  sculptures  discovered  at  Feiganium  aic      Isy.").     lie  is  a  grandson  of  Casiinir  Plirier  (1777-1832). 
preserved  at  Berlin.     The  great  altar  of  Zeus  consisted  of 
bli  immense  (luadraiigular  basement 
steps  penetrating  one  side.     The  toji 
an  Ionic  peristyle  which  inclosed  the  altar  proper  on 
sides.    t)n  tlie  wall  of  this  peristyle  was  tlie  smaller  frieze 
of  the  famous  Pergamum  Slarbles.  while  around  tlie  base- 
ment and  along  the  stairs  was  carried  the  large  frieze. 
The  latter  was  excavated  in  1879-SO.  and  now  is  the  cliief 
treasure  of  the  t)id  ^luseum  at  Berlin.    This  e-xteiisive 
frieze  dates  from  about  180  b.  c,  and  belongs  to  the  monu 


century;  followed  mainly  the  fortunes  of  Aquitaiue;  and 
was  united  to  France  under  Henry  IV. 


See  Wtirbecl:. 
[It.,  'the pearl.'] 


A  paint- 


mental  commemoration  of  the  triumph  of  Eumenes  II.   p._-_„i  /,,„,.':  „,,n      'Plio  luMnpiii'il  diarncterin 
over  tlie  invading  (iauls.    It  represents  in  high  relief  the  -rfPSOt  (pei  1-gpt;-    /  l>o  pimc  pal  ( liaraeter  m 
victorious  battle  of  the  gods  against  the  giants,  the  two     lletcher  8  "I'aithtul  biieplierdess. 
cbiefgroupscenteringaboutZeusand  Athene.  Tlie flgures  P^rigUeUX  (pa-re-ge' )•     The  capital  of  the  de- 
.!,„  ,,..,1... ,„  „f  n„.«„.i,..i.i„     pm-tinent  of  Donlogne,  France,  situated  on  the 


are  of  colossal  size,  and  the  sculpture  is  of  remarkable 
vigor:  it  represents  an  entirely  new  pli.tse  of  (Ireek  art, 
more  emotional  and  modern  in  feeling  than  had  been  de- 
.  lopetl  elsewhere.  The  small  frieze,  excav.ated  at  the  same 
me.  is  now  also  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  This  frieze 
lorned  the  monumental  structures  which  stood  upon  the 
lossal  altar.  Its  subject  is  the  story  of  the  local  hero 
ilci)hU8,  and  it  is  extremely  pleasing  in  conception  ami 
.  \eciition.  There  are  a  Greek  theater  and  a  Roman  am- 
i'bitheater,  and  remains  of  several  temples.  .An  Ionic 
t'.-niple,  of  the  finest  Greek  design,  is  on  the  slope  of  the 
acropolis:  the  cella  with  its  ornamented  doorway  remains 
unusually  perfect.  The  temple  of  .\thene  Polia.s,  a  Doric 
perinterosof  tj  by  10  columns,  of  late  Greek  date,  measuring 
4'21  ny  72  feet,  occupied  a  terrace  which  was  surrollnrled 
on'  two  or  three  sides  by  a  handsome  stoa  of  two  stories, 
Doric  below  and  Ionic  above,  with  a  balustrade  sculptured 
with  warlike  trophies  in  the  second  story.  The  temple  of 
Trajan,  occupying  a  large  terrace  toward  .the  summit  of 
the  acropolis,  was  a  Corinthian  peripteros  of  white  marble. 

Pergamum,  Kingdom  of.  An  ancient  Greek 
!.iri>ri  loin  ill  Asia  Minor.  It  rose  to  prominence  under 
Attains  I.  in  the  3d  century  B.C.  Attains  111.  died  133  B.  c, 
iTid  bequeathed  the  kingdom  to  Koine.  It  was  made  a 
[irovince  under  the  name  of  Asia. 

Pergamus,  or  Pergamum.  The  name  given  in 
tlie  Iliad  to  the  citadel  of  Troy. 

Perge.     See  Pcriia. 

Pergola (per'go-lii).  Atowninthe  province  of 
Pesaro  e  Urbiuo,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Cesano 


ing  of  the  Holy  Family,  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Royal  Museum  at  Madrid,  it  was  so  named  by 
Philip  I\'.,  who  bought  it  from  the  collection  of  Charlea 
I.  of  Great  Britain,  and  exclaimed  when  he  saw  it :  "Ihis 
is  the  peai'l  of  my  pictures  I "  The  coloring  is  opaque,  and 
the  shadows  heavy  :  the  king's  judgment  overrated  it. 

river  We  in  llt.'45°  n' N.7loiigr'6°"44' eT"  the  Perleberg(per'le-berG).   A  town  in  the  province 

ancient  Vesuua  or  Vesunna.     It  has  considerable     «?  Brandenburg.  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Stepe- 

commerce.and  is  noted  forits"Pi;rigoidpics"oftruffles     nitz  (6  miles  northwe.st  of  Berlin.     Population 

and  partridges.     Tile  cathedral,  one  of  the  most  remark-      (bSSlO),  7, :")()."). 

ableof  medieval  monuments,  dates  from  the  11th  century.  Pefle  du  Br^Sil  La     TF     '  The  Pearl  of  Brazil '1 

In  plan  and  dimensions  it  almost  exactly  reproduces  St.       ,  ,       |.','|i,.ipn  Duvid    nrodiiced  st  Parii 

Marks  at  Venice:  the  present  view  is  that  both  were  in-      ;^"  "PJ^"''     ■    ^  ^^"'^1<^"  ^"^^  '")  prOUUceU  at  raris 

spired  by  tlie  Church  of  the  Holy  Apostles  at  L'onstanti-     m  lool. 

nople.    The  plan  is  a  Greek  cross,  measuring  about  184  Perm  (perm).   1.  A  government  in  eastern  Rus- 

feet  each  way,  covered  by  6  domes  on  pendcntives,  about     gj^,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Ural  Mountains, 


30  feet  in  diameter  and  lOO  high.  The  construction  ia  of 
plain  masonry,  with  some  Romanesque  arcades,  and  en- 
tirely without  the  wonderful  Byzantine  decoration  in 
sculpture  and  color.  The  exterior,  however,  as  restored, 
is  highly  impressive.  The  chevet  is  a  remodeled  14th-cen- 
tury chapel,  and  at  thewest  end  there  is  a  narthex  formed 
of  part  of  an  earlier  church,  with  a  very  old  and  curious 
tower,  197  feet  high-.  This  is  the  parent  of  all  French 
medieval  domical  churches,  other  objectsof  interest  are 
the  museum,  the  old  cathedral  of  St.  Etienne,  a  ruined 
ancient  amphitheater,  and  the  Roman  Tour  de  V^sone. 
Vesunawas  the  chief  place  of  the  Petrocorii,  and  later  a 
flourishing  Roman  town.  The  place  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1356,  and  was  occupieil  l>y  the  Huguenots  from  1575 
to  1581.     Population  (1891).  commune,  31,439. 


and  borderiiigon  Siberia.  Itiswateredbythe  Kama, 
Obi,  and  Petchora  systems.  It  is  the  chief  mining  govern- 
ment in  liussia.  producing  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  jilati- 
num,  and  other  minenils,  and  precious  stones.  -Area. 
128,211  squai-e  miles.  Population  (1S90),  2,811,300. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Perm,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kama  about  lat.  58°  N.,  long.  56° 
'iO'  E.  It  is  on  the  main  route  to  Siberia.  aii<l  is  the  seat 
of  an  important  transit  trade.     Population  (l^;»o),  39,750. 

Permians (pir'mi-tinz),  or  Permyaks  (ptrm'- 
yaks).  A  peojde  living  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  belonging  to  the  Finnic  stock. 
Thev  number  about  60,000. 


15 

•■ommune.  9,120.  A  collection  of  love  stories  interspersed  witli 

Pergolesi  (per-go-la'se),  or  Pergolese  (per-go-    poems,  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1588. 
ft 'set.  Giovanni  Battista.     Bomat  Jcsi,  Jan.     The  stories  are  mostly  from  Boccaccio. 
;;.   1710:  died  at  Pozzuoli,  March  10,  1736.     A 


Perim  (pa-rem').  A  small  island  in  the  Strait  PernambuC0(per-nani-bo'k6;Pg.pron.per-uan- 
of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  bo'ko).  A  maritime  state  of  Brazil,  situated 
Sea.  It  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  used  about  lat.  7°-10°  S.  Area,  49,625  square  miles. 
as  a  coaling-station.  Population,  estimated  il894),  1.2.J4.I.59. 


milessoutheast  of  Urbino.  Population (1881),  Peiimedes    (per-i-me'dez)   the    Blacksmith.  Pernambuco,  or  Recife  (re-se'fe).     A  seaport. 


ir  !•  1  Italian  composer.  He  was  educated  at  Naples, 
ml  ^ii  llrst  studied  theviolin  under  Domenico  de  Matteis, 
then  I  oLinterpoint  and  vocal  composition.  He  composed 
his  first  opera.  "  La  Sallustia,"  about  1731,  and  two  others 
in  rapid  succession.  These  were  not  successful,  and  he 
ceased  writing  for  the  stage  and  composed  2  masses  and 


ciqiital  of  the  state  of  Pernambuco,  situated 
on  tlie  coast  in  lat.  8°  3'  S.,  long.  34°  52'  \V. 
It  is  composed  of  three  parts  separated  by  narrow  chan- 
nels— Recife,  Santo  Antonio,  and  Boa  Vista.  It  is  one  of 
the  chief  commercial  cities  of  Brazil.  The  leading  export 
is  sugar.  Population  variously  ■  estimated  at  110,000  to 
190,000. 


Perinthus,  or  Heraclea  Perinthus  (her-a-kle'ii 
pe-rin'thus).  [Gr.Tlfpivlhr.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Pro- 

poiitis  55  miles  west  of  Byzantium.     It  made  a  Pemau  (per'nou).      A  seaport   and   watering- 

successful  defense  against  Philip  nf  Macedon  in  WO  B.  c.  phice  in  the  government  of  Ijivonia.  Russia,  sit- 

The  modern  Eski  Eregli  is  on  its  site.  „jj,p^|  .^^  t,jp  entrance  of  the  river  Pernau  into 

30  tHos  for  violins  and  hassviol.    Shortly  aftcr(apparently  Perion  (Sp.  pron.  pa-re-6n').     A  mvtliieal  king,  the  Gulf  of  Ri"a    in  lat  58° ''3' N     long  "4° ''9' 

within  the  same  year)  he  produced  his  very  successful     ^j^    father  of  Araadis  of  Gaul  in  the  romance  of  i.;      if  i,„s  u,  floi'irishiio'  fort'iL'ii  trade     "it  was 

operctta"LaServaPadrona  :  thiswasthebasisof  Italian  ''•     ii  iia»  a^  noiiii.siiiiij,ioii  15,11  uaoc.     11  v»a» 

comic  opera  to  the  time  of  Rossini  (throve).     He  died  _;"■'.'  "i^™!;-     ,        ....    .,.,    .      rr.         r.  founded  in  12.5.1.      Population,  13,:)29. 

whUellnishinghis'StabatMater 'fortwovoices.soprano  Peripatetics  (per''i-pa-tet  Iks).    [tromGr.  Trepi-  pgme  (pern),  Andrew.     Bom  at  East  Bilnev, 


and  contralto.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Flamineo 
(1736  :  an  opera boutle),"SalveRegina."  "Dieslrre,"  "Orfeo 
e  Euridice"  (a  cantata),  and  much  church  and  chamber 
music. 
Periander  (per-i-an'der).  [Gr.  Ucpiavdpoc.'] 
Died  585  B.  c.  Tyrant  of  Corinth  62.5-585  B.  C. 
He  is  usually  counted  among  the  seven  wise 
men  of  Greece. 

The  cruel  tyranny  of  Periander  is  agreed  on  by  al  1  writers. 
There  is  some  dilference  of  detail.  He  set  uj)  a  body- 
guard of  300  men,  made  severe  sumptuary  laws,  kept  the 
litizens  poor  by  means  of  fines  and  confiscations,  shed 
al.undant  blood,  and  was  frequently  guilty  ot  the  grossest 
cMitrages.  RauiiiU'ia,  Herod.,  III.  293,  note. 

Pericles(per'i-klez).  [CiT.nepiK/.fK.']  Bornproli- 
:ibly  about  495  B.  c:  died  at  Athens,  429  B.  c. 
A  celebrated  Allieuian  statesman  and  orator, 
~on  of  Xanthippus.  He  entered  public  life  aliout  469; 
became  the  leader  of  the  ilcmocratic  party ;  and  secured 
the  ostracism  of  Cimon  and  later  of  Thucydides.  After  FenSSa 
444  he  was  the  principal  minister  of  Athens.  He  aided  in 
the  inilitAry  and  naval  development  of  the  state ;  encour- 
aged art  and  literature;  completed  the  fortificati<ui  of 
Athens  and  Piraius;  caused  the  building  of  the  Parthe- 
non. Propylffia,  Odeon,  etc. ;  and  commanded  in  the  war 
against  Samos  and  in  the  first  part  of  the  Peloponncslan 
war.     See  AiqKima. 

Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre.    A  play  by  Shak- 

sjiere,  probably  on  the  sta_ge  in  IfiOH,  published 

in  icon.    It  is  thought  that  George  Wilkins  wrote 

I>art  of  it. 
Pericu  (pa-re-kii').     [Pi.,  also  rirk-iia.']    A  tribe 

or  division  of  Nortli  American  Indians,  living 

at  tlie  southern  end  of    Lower  California   (to 

about  lat.  24°  N.).     See  Yumuu. 
Periegesis  (per"i-o-je'sis).    [Gr.  nrp/;};//'7/r;.]    A  ,  „     ,        .   ,„ 

deseriptiim  of  the  world  in  about  1,000  iambic  Perjur  d  Husband,  The,  or  the  Adventures 

lilies,  by   Scymims  of  Chios  (about  74  B.  C).  Of  Venice.     -V  1.rage.ly  by  Mrs.  Ci-iillivre,  ]iro- 

This  poem  is  extant.  dueed  and  printed  in  1700.     This  was  her  lirst 

P6rier  (pa-rvii').  Casimir.    Bom  at  Grenoble,  P'ay.      ,.„.,_.,_,,,          „ 

France,  Oct.  21,  1777:  died  Mav  1.5-16.  1832.    A  Perkins  (per  kinz).CharlesOallahan.  Horn  at 

French  statesman  and  (inaneier.    He  was  a  mom-  Boston, March  1, 1H23:  ,lied  nt\Vllldsor,^  t.,  Aug. 

her  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  under  Louis  .Will,  and  2;>,  IHKIi.    An  Aluericaii  wnler  on  art.      He  studied 

Charles  X.  (acting  with  the  opposition),  and  was  premier  painting  both  in  R-nne  and  Paris,  and  afterward  music  an.l 

1831-32.  etching.    He  published  "Tuscan  Sculptors,  etc.  '  (1804), 


nnniTiiiuq,  given  to  walking  about,  csp.  while 
teaching  or  disputing.  The  name  was  given  to 
Aristotle  and  his  followers  because  he  taught 
in  the  walks  of  the  Lyceum  at  Athens.]  The 
followers  of  Aristotle  (384-322  B.  c).  In  the 
middle  ages  the  word  was  often  used  to  signify 
'logicians.'     See  Aristnth: 

Periplus  (per'i-plus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  ;rfpiVAoo{-, 
77riii7T'/j}vr,  a  sailing  around,  ail  account  of  a 
coasting  voyage.]  The  title  of  various  geo- 
graphical works  of  antitiuity.  The  oldest  extant  is 
by  Scylax  of  C:iryanda  in  Caria.  assigned  by  Niebuhr  to 
the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great.  There  were  also  similar 
works  by  Nearchus,  Agatharchldes,  Hanno,  Timagenes, 
and  others. 

Periscii  (pe-risli'i-i).  The  inhabitants  of  the 
polar  circles:  so  called  because  in  their  sum- 
mer-time their  shadows  describe  an  oval. 

(pe-ris'ii).  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  the  youngest  of  three  sLsters  who  were 
always  discordant.     See  M'diiui. 

Perizzites  (pcr'i-zits).  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a  people  ot  Canaan,  living  west  of  the 
Jordan  in  the  region  between  Bethel  and  Slie- 
chem. 

The  Perizzites,  however,  did  not  represent  cltlier  a  race 
or  a  tribe.  They  were  the  people  of  the  *' cultivated  plain," 
the  agriculturists  of  that  part  of  the  country  which  was 
canableof  tillage, likethemodern  fellahinof  F.gypt.  They 
belonged  accordingly  to  various  races  ami  natii>nulitles  : 
there  were  Israclltish  Perizziin  as  well  as  Canaanttish  or 
Amorlte  Pcrizzim.  The  name  was  a  descriptive  one,  like 
tllat  of  Kadmonite  or  *'  Eastern  "  which  denoted  the  popu. 
lation  on  the  eastern  side  ot  the  .Ionian. 

.y.i.i/cc,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  120. 


Norfolk,  1519:  died  1589.  An  English  ecclesi- 
astic and  scholar.  He  was  a  graduate  and  fellow  of 
t)ueens' College,  and  master  of  Peterhouse, Cambridge.  He 
is  best  known  by  his  changes  in  religious  belief :  he  waa 
a  Catholic  under  Henry  VIII.,  a  Protestant  under  Edward 
VI.,  a  Catholic  again  under  Mary,  and  finally  a  Protestant 
under  Elizabeth.  He  was,  notwithstanding,  a  man  of  fine 
character,  and  rendered  important  service  to  his  genera- 
tion. 

These  changes  of  opinion  exposed  him  to  no  little  ridi- 
cule. The  w  its  of  the  I'niversity  added  a  new  verb  to  the 
Ijitin  language,  jurnare,  'to  change  one's  opinion.'  It 
became  proverbial  to  siiy  of  a  cloak  that  had  been  turned, 
"  It  has  been  Pemed."  The  letters  A.  P.  A.  P.  on  the 
weathercock  of  St.  Peter's  Church  were  explained  to  mean 
"Andrew  Perno  a  Papist,"  or  "Andrew  Perne  a  l*rote8- 
tant,"  according  to  the  fancy  of  the  reader,  and  the  like. 
Clarke,  Cambridge,  p.  42. 

Pernelle  (per-nel'),  Madame.  The  motlierof 
Orgon  in  jltdi^re's  "Tartufe."  The  part  was 
originally   played   by   Bejart,   and   is  usually 

jilayed  by  a  iii;ui. 

Perblla  and  Izadora.  A  tragedy  by  Cibber, 
produced  in  1705.  It  was  foundea  on  Lord  Or- 
rery's •'  Partheiiissa." 

P6ronne  (i>ri-ron').  A  town  and  fortress  in  the 
department  of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the 
Soninie  30  miles  east  of  Amiens.  Charles  III. (the 
Simple)  was  Imprisoned  here,  and  In  1408  Ixtuls  -\I  waa 
Imiirisoncd  here  by  Charles  the  Bold.  It  was  successfully 
defended  against  the  forces  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  In 
ir>:!(l ;  was  stormed  by  the  English  .1  nne  'Jli.  1S15  ;  and  wa> 
besieged  by  the  Germans  lice,  27,  1870,  and  capitulated 
.Ian.  9.  I,s7i.     Population  (181HX  connnune,  4,;4ii. 

P6ronne,  Treaty  of.  A  conference  in  146S  l)e- 
tweeii  ciiarles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
Louis  XL  of  France  (wlio  had  gone  to  Peronne 
with  a  small  escort  and  was  imprisoned  by  the 
duke).     Louis  made  important  concessions. 

Perote  (pii-ro'ta).  A  village  of  the  state  of  Vera 
Cru/,.  Mexico,  about  18  miles  west  of  .Tnlapa. 
Near  it  was  a  f.u-t  of  the  same  name,  commanding  the  road 
up  the  mounta'is  It  was  cmnmenced  In  1770,  and  was 
long  the  strongest  fort  in  Jlexlco  except  San  .luan  de 
rina  at  ViniCruz.  It  was  an  Important  point  during  the 
civil  wars. 


P6rouse,  La 

Perouse,  La.     See  i«  F,-roi(se. 

Perowne  (pe-roun'),  John  James  Stewart. 
Born  at  Bui-dwan,  Bengal,  March  13,  IS'JS. 
An  English  divine,  bishop  of  Worcester  1891- 
1901.  He  t-radnated  at  Cambridge  (Corpus  Christi  Col- 
legei  ill  1S45.  He  hsis  pu\>lished  v.irious  theological  and 
exegeticiil  worlis. 

Perpema  (per-per'na).  Put  to  death  by  Pom- 
pey  about  72  B.  c.  A  Roman  general  in  Spain, 
lieutenant  of  Sertoriiis  whom  he  put  to  death. 

Perpetua  (per-pet'u-a),  Saint.  Killed  at  Car- 
thage in  203.    An  African  martyr. 

Of  all  the  histories  of  niartjTdom,  none  is  so  unexagger- 
ated  in  its  tone  and  language,  so  entirely  unencumbered 
with  miracle  ;  none  abounds  in  such  exquisite  touches  of 
nature,  or,  on  the  whole,  from  its  minuteness  and  circum- 


796  Persiani 

see)  Sept.  10, 1813.    He  announced  his  victory  In  a  note  to  sculptures  and  inscriptions  taken  by  a  private  expeditioi> 

General  Harrison  in  the  words  "We  have  met  the  enemy,  sent  out  from  England. 

and  they  are  ours."    His  victory  enabled  General  Han-ison  PerseUS(per'sus).  [Gr.IIfpCTfi  f.]    l.InGreekmv- 

to  invade  Canada  supported  l-y  Perrj-^s  squadron.__^Peir.v  ti^iog^.  a  hero,  son  of  Zeus  or  Danae,  who  slew- 


commanded  the  naval batt-ilion  in  the  battleot  theThames 
Oct.  5  1813.  These  two  victories  restored  Michigan  to  the 
United  States  and  established  the  supremacy  of  the  Ameri- 
cans on  the  northwestem  frontier  during  the  rest  of  the 
War  of  1812.  Perrj-  received  from  Congress  a  vote  of 
thanks,  a  medal,  and  the  rank  of  captain.  He  subsequently 
assisted  in  the  defense  of  Baltimore. 
Perry,  William  Stevens.   Born  at  Providence, 


the  Gorgon  Medusa,  and  afterward  saved  An- 
dromeda from  a  sea-monster.  See  Danae. — 2. 
An  ancient  northern  constellation,  the  figure  of 
which  represents  Perseus  in  a  singular  posture, 
holding  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  in  one  hand  and 
waving  a  sword  with  the  other. 


stantiality,  breathes  such  an  air  of  truth  and  reality,  as  perrvville(per'i-vil).   A  town  in  Bovle  Countv, 
that  of  Perpetua  and  Felicitas,  two  African  females.   Their  ■'t-  I'l      ,._  oK„.:i ....»i,„ti:' i,f„U    „.__  ^\ 


K.  f..  Jan.  22.  1832-:  died  May  13,  1898.  An  Perseus.  A  celebrated  statue  by  Canova  (1800), 
American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  and  historical  writer.  Among  his  works 
.are  "  Documentary  History  of  the  Piotestant  Episcopal 
Churcli  in  the  United  States"  (1863-&4),  "Historical  Col- 
lections of  the  American  Colonial  Church "  (1871-78), 
History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  '  (1886),  etc. 


Kentuckv.  39  miles  south  of  Frankfort.  Here,  Oct. 
S,  1862,  an  "indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the  Fed- 
erals un.ler  BueU  and  the  Confederates  under  Bragg.  Pop- 
illation  11900),  431. 
Perpetual  Peace,  The.    A  name  given  to  the  Persae  (per'se).     [Gr.  TKpaatfthe  Persians.]    A 


death  is  ascribed,  in  the  Acts,  to  the  year  of  the  accession 
of  Geta,  the  son  of  Severus. 

ilibnan,  Hist  of  Christianity,  11. 168. 


treaty  concluded  at  Fribourg  between  Prance 
and  the  S«-iss  Confederation  in  1516. 
Perpignan  (per-pen-yon')-  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Pyr"eni5es-0rientales,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Tet  in  lat.  42°  44'  N.,  long.  2° 
53'  E.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  has  flourishing 
trade  and  manufactures.    The  cathedral,  founded  in  1324 


tragedv  of  .cEschylus,  exhibited  m  4(2  B.  c.  It 
celebrates  the  victory  of  the  Greeks  over  the  Persians  at 
Salamis,  of  which  the  poet  was  an  eye-witness. 

Persano  (per-sa,'n6).  Count  Carlo  Pellione  di. 
Born  at  Vercelli,  Italy,  March  11,  1S06:  died 
An  Italian  admiral. 


in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  As  an  art-work  it  is  of  high 
technical  perfection,  but  is  little  more  than  a  travesty  of 
the  antique. 
Perseus.  Died  in  the  middle  of  the  2d  century 
B.C.  The  last  kingof  Macedonia,  son  of  PhilipV. 
whom  he  succeeded  179.  He  began  war  with  Rome 
in  172 ;  was  defeated  at  Pydna  by  jEmilius  Faulus  in  1^  ; 
and  was  dethi'oned  and  t^en  captive  to  Rome  in  167  B.  c. 

Perseus  and  Andromeda.  1.  A  painting  by- 
Rubens,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Peters- 
burg. Perseus  has  already  conquered  the  monster,  and 
approaches  Andromeda,  who  is  chained  nude  to  a  rock, 
and  is  being  set  free  by  Cupids.  Victory  approaches  to 
crown  Perseus,  and  Pegasus  is  seen  in  the  background. 
2.  A  painting  by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum.  St.  Petersburg.  The  figure  of  the  chained 
Andromeda  is  much  admired  for  its  lieaiity  of  form  and 
color.  Perseus  is  in  the  act  of  overcoming  the  dragon. 
The  palace  of  Cepheus  appears  in  the  distance. 


July  28,  1883.     An  Italian  admii-al.    He  lost  the 

trade  ana  manuiacrures.    xn.  ua.ucu.^.,  ..u......  .,  ..,,     '^"i«l^i,^V=,°?S  t^rTe^n^ilTf  Vn  ^c'iS^t  M^<i'-     The  palace  of  Cepheus  appears  in  tne  oistance. 

by  Sancho  II.,  king  of  M.a  orca,  is  thoroughly  Spanish  in  Persarmeuia  (per-sar-me  ni-a).  in  ancient  geog-  _       '  ,  MpHiisa      A  statue  bv  Benvenuto 

character,  even  to  its  great  marble  rotable  with  reliefs  from     raphv,  the  eastern  portion  of  Armenia,  annexed  PerseuS  aUQ  Meausa.    -A  statue  oy  cenvenuio 
the  life  of  St.  John.    The  nave,  without  aisles,  is  90  feet     ,    '  Pprsia  about  384  A   D.  Cellmi,  m  the  Loggia  del  Lanzi,  1  lorence.    The 

■■■       ■" — = "- :«...  .«..-H.„„„     oy  rtisia  duoiu  o^i:  A.  1^.  hehneted  hero,  holding  his  falcliion,  stands  over  the  bleed- 

ing body  of  Medusa  and  uplifts  her  severed  head.  The 
elaborate  pedestal,  with  its  m>-thological  figures,  is  rather 
goldsmith's  than  sculptor's  work,  and  the  st.atue,  despite 
its  celebrity-,  illustrates  the  limitations  of  CeUini. 


high  and  60  in  span.    Perpignan  was  the  ancient  residence  p--.  Th^  Tp'ti       In.eeelesiasticalllis 

of  the  kings  of -Majorca;  passed  to  Aragpn;  was  taken  by  ^^ers_eCUtWJlS,^ine  ien-^ 


Louis  XI.  in  1475 ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Francis 
I.  in  1542;  and  since  1642  has  belonged  to  France.  It 
was  the  ancient  capital  of  Eoussillon.  Population  (18911, 
33.87a 

Perplexed  Lovers,  The.    A  comedy  by  Mrs. 

Centlivre,  produced  and  printed  in  1712. 
Perrault(pa-r6'),  Charles.   Bom  at  Paris,  Jan. 


torv,  the  persecutions  under  Nero,  Domitian, 
Trajan,  Marcus  Aiirelius,  Septimius  Severus, 

Maximin,  Decius,  Valerian,  Aurelian,  and  Dio-  .  -  .    -rr-  ^      i  . 

cletian.  Those  under  Decius  and  Diocletian  Pershore(per'sh6r).  Atownin  Worcestershire, 
were  o-eneral  throughout  the  Roman  Empire.  England,  situated  on  the  Avon  Dmiles  southeast 
Persephone.     Hee  Proserpine.  of  AToreester.    Population  (1891),  about  4,000_. 


ZTthere   Mav  16   1TO3     A  French  PerseJoUs  (per-sep'o-lis).     In  ancient  geogra-  Persia  (per'sha  or  per'zha),  F.  Perse  (pars),  G. 
aiea  mere,  iuay  lo,  i/uo.     ^  jMem-u  r  „„„;talo  nf  thn  Persian  PTiin  re.     PorcioTirnpr'7P-PTil.PersiannameIranfe-ran'y 


12,  1628 

writer.    According  to  his  own  testimony,  he  left  the  col- 
lege at  Beauvais  in  consequence  of  a  misunderstanding 
with  one  of  his  professors,  and  spent  three  or  four  years  in 
conscientious  study,  especially  of  the  classics.    Two  odes 
in  eulogy  of  Louis  XIV.  brought  him  into  favor  at  court, 
80  that  no  opposition  was  raised  to  his  admission  to  the 
French  Academv,  Sept.  22, 1671.    His  poem  "le  sificle  de 
Louis  le  Grand,'  read  before  this  body  on  Jan.  27, 1687,  ex- 
pressed incidentally  some  ideas  that  were  disparaging  to 
the  old  classics.    Between  Boileau  and  Perrault  arose  then 
the  greatliterary  quarrel  concerning  the  respective  merits 
of  the  ancients  and  the  modems,  which  lasted  over  a  dozen 
years,  and  did  much  to  bring  Penault  s  name  into  promi- 
nence.   In  the  course  of  their  diatribe,  Perrault  started  in 
1688  the  publication  of  his  "ParaU^le  des  anciens  et  des 
modemes."     He  also  wrote  the  two  works  upon  which  his 
literary  fame  rests,  "Leshommesillustresquiontparu  en 
France  pendant  ce  siicle"  (1696-1701),  and  "Les  contes 
de  ma  mt:re  I'oye"  (1697X    These  tales,  reminiscent  of  our 
••  Mother  Goose, "«re  also  known  simply  as  "  Les  contes  de 
Perrault "  :  they  include  18  charming  fairy  tales  such  as 
"Cinderella,"   "Bluebeard,"  "Little  Red  Riding-Hood," 
"Puss  in  Boots,"  etc.    These  stories  were  probably  known 
long  before  Perrault's  day,  but  to  him  belongs  the  credit  of 
giving  them  in  their  French  form  a  simple  and  lasting  ex- 
pression.   The  remainder  of  Perrault's  writings  have  not 
added  materially  to  his  literary  reputation,  and  he  himself 
died  in  relative  obscurity. 
Perrault,  Claude.    Bom  1613:  died  1688.     A 
French  architect,  brother  of  (Carles  Perrault. 
He  devised  the  colonnade  of  the  Louvre. 
Perrenot,  Antoine.     See  Granrdla. 
Perrers  (per'erz),  or  Perren  (pcr'en),  Alice. 
A  mistress  of  Edward  III.,  notorious  for  her  in- 
fluence in  English  affairs  about  the  time  of  the 
Good  Parliament  (1376). 
Perron  (pa-r6n'), Madame  de.  The  special  agent 
of  Catharine  de'  Medici  in  superintending  the 
works  by  Philibert  de  I'Orme  at  the  Tuileries. 
Catharine  herself  is  said  to  have  made  drawings 
for  the  work. 
Perron,  Du.     See  Anqnetil-Duperron. 
Parrot  (per-ro' ),  Georges.  Bom  at  ViUeneuve- 
St.-Georges,   Seine-et-Oise,   France,  Nov.  12, 
1832.     A  French  archaeologist,  director  of  the 
Normal  School  at  Paris  and  professor  of  archse- 
ology  (1877)  at  the  university.     He  has  made 
researches  in  Asia  Minor,  etc. 
Perry  (per'i),  Arthur  Latham.   Bom  at  Lyme, 
N.  H.,  Feb.  27,  1830.     An  American  political 
economist,  professor  at  Williams  College.     He 
published  "  Political  Economy"  (1865),  etc. 
Perry,  Matthew  Calbraith.    Bom  at  New- 
port, R.  L,  April  10,  1794:  died  at  New  York, 
March  4, 1858.     An  American  naval  officer.   He 
sened  in  the  War  of  1812  and  the  Mexican  war,  and  com- 
manded the  expedition  to  Japan  1852-64,  during  which 
he  concluded  the  treat>'  opening  Japan  to  American  com- 
merce.    He  became  commodore  in  1841. 

Perry,  Oliver  Hazard.  Bom  at  South  Kings- 
ton. R.  I.,  Aug.  23  (21),  1785  :  died  at  Port  Spain. 
Trinidad,  Aug  23.  1819.  An  American  naval 
officer,  brother  of  M.  C.  Perry.  He  became  a  mid- 
shipman in  1799,  sened  in  the  Tripolitan  war.  and  defeated 
the  British  in  the  celebrated  battle  of  Lake  Erie  (which 


phy,  one  of  tlie  capitals  of  the  Persian  empire, 
situated  not  far  from  the  Kur,  about  35  miles 
northeast  of  the  modern  Shii-az,  about  lat.  30° 
N.  It  became  the  capital  under  Darius  I. :  was  captured 
and  burned  by  Alexander  the  Great  about  330  B.  c. :  and  is 
still  notedfor  the  ruins  of  itspalaces.  Xear  it  aie  themins 
of  Istakhr,  the  later  Sass.anian  city.  The  most  remarkable 
monuments  are  grouped  on  a  terrace  of  smoothed  rock  and 
masonry,  approximately  rectangular  in  plan,  though  with 
irregular  projections,  measuring  940  by  1,550  feet,  and  at- 
taining in  liont  the  height  of  43  feet,  of  flue  polygonal 
masonrj',  while  at  the  back  it  is  dominated  by  the  rock  of 
the  foot-hills  behind.  The  chief  buildings  on  the  terrace 
were  the  Propylsea  and  the  great  hypostyle  hall  of  Xerxes, 
the  Hall  of  100  Columns,  attributed  to  Darius,  and  the  resi- 
dence palaces  of  Darius  and  his  successors.  The  Propylaea 
in  their  presentform  consistof  two  end-passages  between 
piers  of  masonry  from  the  front  pair  of  which  a  wall  for- 
merly extended  on  each  side,  while  in  the  interval  between 
the  passages  stood  two  pairs  of  great  columns  all  of  whose 
superstructure  is  now  gone.  To  one  side  of  the  Propylaea, 
toward  the  southeast,  lies  a  second  terrace,  10  feet  high, 
upon  which  stand  the  ruins  of  the  h>-postyIe  h;Ul  or  throne- 
pavilion  of  Xerxes.  This  consisted  of  a  central  squ-are  of 
36  huge  columns,  preceded  and  flanked  on  both  sides  at  an 
interval  by  3  hexastyle  porticos,  each  of  12  columns  of  the 
same  size  as  those  of  the  main  group.  The  indications  are 
that  this  structure  never  possessed  inclosing  walls,  but 
was  open  like  the  halls  of  some  Indian  palaces,  and  fitted 
upon  occasions  of  ceremony  with  hangings.  The  massive 
entablatures  and  the  coffered  ceilings  were  of  wood,  the 
roof  of  beaten  clay.  Thirteen  imposing  fluted  columns 
still  stand  almost  entire  ;  their  height  is  nearly  C4  feet, 
their  intercolumniation  291.  This  monument  was  one  of 
the  greatest  ever  built  by  man.  To  the  left  of  the  hall  of 
Xerxes,  in  the  middle  of  the  terrace,  wasthe  throne-pavil- 
ion of  Darius,  the  Hall  of  100  Columns,  a  building  250  feet 
square,  preceded  on  the  north  by  an  octastyle  portico  in 
antis  of  16  columns.  Unlike  the  pavilion  of  Xerxes,  tliat 
of  Darius  was  surrounded  by  a  massive  wall,  and  the  root 
was  supported  by  10  ranges,  each  of  10  columns,  with  an 
intercolnmniationof  over20feet.  The  door-  andwindow- 
frames,  antse,  and  niches  of  stone,  and  the  bases  of  most 
of  the  columns,  remain  in  place,  whUe  the  brick  walls  have 
The  residence  palaces  occupied  the 


Persien(per'ze-en), Persian  namelran(e-ran'). 
AcountrvofwestemAsia.  Capital, Teheran,  it 
is  bounded"bv  Transcaucasia  (Russia),  the  Caspian  Sea,  and 
Russian  Central  Asia  on  the  north,  -Afghanistan  and  Ba- 
luchist,an  on  the  east,  the  Arabian  Sea,  Strait  of  Wmiuz, 
andPersian  Gulf  on  the  south,  and  the  Persian  Gulf  and  Tur- 
key on  the  west.  The  suiiaee  is  laigely  mountainous  and 
table-land, the  principalmountain-rangesbeingin  the  west, 
northwest,  north  (the  Elhurz),  and  east.  Much  of  the  coun- 
try is  desert,  and  without  drainage  to  the  sea.  Wheat, 
sugar,  fruits,  etc.,  are  produced ;  and  the  leading  manu- 
factures are  silks,  carpets,  shawls,  arms,  embroidery,  etc. 
The  chief  divisions  are  Aierbaijan,  Gilan,  JIazandaran, 
Khorasan,  Kirman,  Mekran,  Laristan,  Farsistan,  Yezd. 
Khuzistan,  Lm-istan,  Irak  Ajenii,  and  Ardelan.  The  gov- 
ernment is  an  absolute  monarchy  under  a  hereditary  shah. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Shiite  Mohammedanism.  The 
Persians  are  the  leading  race :  there  are  also  Turks,  Ar- 
menians, Kurds,  etc  According  to  Sayce,  Howorth,  and 
other  modem  scholars,  the  ancient  Persians  came  to  Elam 
about  600  B.  c,  not  from  Persis,  but  from  Parsua  (which 
was  probably  near  Lake  Urumiah).  The  Persians  under 
CiTus  the  Great  overthrew  Astyages  about  549  B.  c,  and 
the  Medo-Persiau  monarchy  rose  to  power  under  Cyrus, 
Cambyses  (who  conquered  Egypt),  and  Darius  I.  It  un- 
successflOly  attempted  the  conquest  of  Greece  under 
Darius  I.  and  Xerxes.  The  first  empire  under  the  Achse- 
menians  was  overthrown  bv  Alexander  the  Great,  at  the 
battles  of  Issus  (333)  and  Arbela(331) ;  and  the  country  was 
ruled  bv  Alexander  the  Great  and  his  successors,  and  by 
the  Seleucida^  until  the  rise  of  the  Parthian  monarchy  in 
the  middle  of  the  3d  century  B.  c.  The  Parthian  empire 
of  the  ArsacidiE  was  overthrown  bv  the  second  Persian  em- 
pire of  the  Siissanians  227-228  a.  d.  Persia  was  often  at 
war  with  Rome.  It  was  at  its  height  in  the  reigns  of 
Khusrau  I.  and  II.  in  the  6th  and  7th  centuries ;  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Saracens  at  the  battles  of  Kadisiyah  (about 
635)  and  Sehavend  (about  641) ;  came  under  the  calif  ate, 
Seljnks,  Kharesmians,  and  Mongols;  was  conquered  by 
Timur  in  the  end  of  the  14th  century ;  was  under  the  »ufl 
dj-nasty  1499-1736 ;  flourished  under  Abbas  .■ihahl.586-lC2S ; 
and  was  under  Nadir  Shah  17.36-47.  Persian  Armenia  was 
conquered  by  Russia  in  1827.  Persia  was  at  war  with 
Great  Britain  in  1856-57.  -Area,  628,000  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (estimate  of  1894),  about  9,000,000. 


fiuZTp'ar""?' tie  i^i^^^^^'S;^^^^^^^  Per sian  Fighting,  A.  An  antique  marble  statu- 
in  number.    The  most  important  are  those  of  Darius  and     gtte  in  the  Vatican  Museum,  Rome,  identmed  as 


Xerxes,  most  of  whose  piers,  massive  door-  and  window 
frames,  and  other  members  of  stone  are  still  erect,  whUe 
the  brick  walls  and  the  wooden  superstructure  have  per- 
ished. These  palaces  are  similar  in  plan  :  there  was  a  large 
covered  hall  in  the  middle,  upon  the  front  and  sides  of 
which  opened  a  number  of  rather  small  rooms,  while  the 
more  spacious  roval  apartments  were  at  the  back.  The 
cornices  over  the  great  doors  have  precisely  the  Egyptian 
elements  and  profile,  but  differ  in  their  decoration.  In 
thepalace  of  Darius  carved  reliefs  of  men  fighting  animals 
occur,  based  on  Assvrian  originals ;  in  that  of  Xerxes  the 
sculptures  represent  subjects  pertaining  to  royal  luxury. 
Great  figures  of  bulls,  often  set  up  before  the  porfcils.  re- 
call the  Assvrian  practice.  The  columns,  somewhat  slen- 
der in  type,  have  sculptured  basesof  inverted  bell-form,  and 
capitals  with  the  fore  parts  of  bulls  projecting  widely  on 
2  sides  like  those  of  the  Portico  of  the  Bulls  at  Delos,  and 
often  beneath  an  erect  circlet  of  plume-like  leaves  above  a 
convex  band  of  pendent  lanceolate  leaves,  the  entire  pro- 
file being  strikingly  similar  to  that  of  the  newly  classifleil 
Greek  .Eolic  capital,  in  which  spreading  volutes  replace 
the  bulls.  In  the  face  of  the  cliff  behind  the  terrace  are 
the  decorated  facades  of  royal  rock-tombs.  The  chief  ex- 
plorations are  due  to  Flandin  jind  Coste  in  1840-41.  and  to 
Stolze  and  Andreas  prior  to  1SS2  In  1891  some  excavations 
were  made  by  Herbert  Weld  BlundeU,  and  casts  of  the 


one  of  the  notable  series  of  Pergamenian  copies 
from  the  four  groups  of  sculpture  presented  to 
Athens  about  200  b.  c.  by  Attains  I.  of  Perga- 
mum.  This  example  is  probably  from  the  group  of  the 
battle  of  Marathon.  The  warrior  has  sunk  on  one  knee, 
and  seeks  with  his  raised  right  arm  to  parry  a  blow  from 
an  adversar>'  before  him. 
Persian  (p^r'shan  or  per'zhan)  Gulf.  -An  ann 
of  the  Arabian  Sea,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  the  Strait  of  Ormuz :  the  ancient  Persicus 
Sinus.  It  lies  benveen  Persia  on  the  northeast,  Arabia 
on  the  south  and  west,  and  Turkey  on  the  northwest  The 
chief  tributar\-  river-system  is  tliat  of  the  Euphrates  and 
Tigris.  Length,  about  600  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  about 
220  miles. 

Persian!  (per-se-a'ne),  Madame  (Fanny  lac- 
chinardil.  Born  at  Rome,  Oct.  4, 1812 :  died  at 
Passy,  France,  May  3, 1867.  An  Italian  opera- 
singer.  She  made  her  first  appearance  at  Leghorn  in 
ISsC  and  at  Paris  in  1837.  The  next  year  she  sang  in  Lon- 
don and  from  this  time  alternately  in  London  and  Pans  tor 
many  years,  with  occasional  seasons  in  other  places,    sne 


Persiani 

left  England  finally  in  185^  :iinl  lived  at  Paris  and  after- 
ward in  Italy.  Her  vuice  was  a  sonit-what  thin  soprano. 
Slie  was  celebrated  for  the  tinisli  of  her  style. 

Fersieins  (per'shauz).  The  natives  or  inhabi- 
tants of  ancient  orof  modern  Persia.  The  mod- 
ern Persians  area  mixed  race,  in  part  descended 
from  the  ancient  Iranians. 

Persians,  The.  One  of  the  e.xtant  dramas  of 
.iEschylus. 

Persian  Wars.  In  aucieut  Greek  history,  the 
wars  between  Persia  and  the  Greeks  commen- 
cing in  5l>0  and  ending  about  449  B.  C.  The  wars 
liegan  with  a  revolt  of  the  Ionian  Greeks  against  Persia  in 
600.  Tlie  lonians  were  subjugated  in  494.  The  assistance 
rendered  them  l)y  Athens  and  F.retria  provoked  the  Per- 
sians to  attempt  the  conquest  of  European  Greece.  Witli 
this  object  in  view,  three  praiid  expeditions  were  under- 
taken, each  of  which  was  repelletl.  The  first  expedition 
was  undert.aken  in  492  under  Mardoiiius,  who  returned 
fiiter  having  iost  part  of  his  army  hi  an  attack  by  tliu 
Thracians,  and  after  having  sulfered  tlic  loss  of  his  Heet  in 
a  storm.  Tlie  second  expedition  was  undertaken  in  4i>0 
under  Artaphernes(tlie  young  nephew  of  Darius),  assisteii 
hy  the  experienced  general  iJatis.  It  wasatiandoned  after 
the  defeat  of  the  army  at  the  tiattle  of  Mamthon,  Sept.  I'J, 
490.  The  third  expeiiition  was  undertaken  in  481-4SIJ  under 
Xerxes.  It  consisted  of  an  army  of  itiH),OiX>  men,  exclusive 
of  European  allies,  and  a  fleet  of  1,'200  war-sliips,  besides 
3,000  transport  vessels.  The  army  forced  the  pa.^s <if  Tlier- 
mopyla),  after  a  heroic  defense  by  the  Greeks  under  Leoni- 
das,  and  destroyed  Athens  in  480.  In  the  same  year  tlie 
fleet  fought  the  indecisive  battle  at  Artemisium  and  was 
defeated  at  Salamis,  which  compelled  the  retreat  of 
Xerxes,  who  left  Mardonius  to  prosecute  the  war.  .Mardo- 
nius  fell  at  the  battle  of  Platsea  in  470,  and  his  army  was 
completely  routed.  On  the  same  day,  according  to  some, 
the  Persian  fleet  under  Mardontes  was  defeated  at  tlie 
battle  of  ilycale.  Hitherto  the  Greeks  had  acteil  on  the 
defensive;  they  now  assumed  the  olfensive.  g.-iining  the 
victories  of  the  Eurymedon  in  46t3or4(J5  and  of  Salantis  in 
Cyprus  in  449.  After  the  battle  of  Salumis  negotiations  for 
peace  were  opened,  and,  althouu'h  no  formal  treaty  was 
adopted,  peaceable  intercourse  was  gradually  restored  on 
the  basis  of  existing  political  relations.  By  some  the  name 
Persian  wars  is  restricted  to  the  period  between  50!J  an^ 
479  inclusive,  during  which  the  Greeks  acted  on  the  de- 
fensive. 

Persigny  (per-sen-ye'),  Duc  de  (Jean  Gilbert 
Victor  Fialin).  Born  at  St.-Germain-Lespi- 
n^sse,  Loire,  France,  Jan.,  1808:  died  at  Nice, 
Jan..  1872.  A  French  politician.  He  took  p.art  in 
the  Bonapartist  attempts  at  Strasburg  in  18:i6  and  Pum- 
logne  in  lS4n,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  conspirators  in  the 
coup  d'etat  of  Dec.  2,  1851.  He  was  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior 1852-54  ;  ambassador  in  London  1855-58  and  1859-00; 
and  minister  of  tlie  interior  1860-63. 

Persis(per'sis).  [Gr.  Ilfptj/f.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  couutiy  in  Asia,  lying  southeast  of 
Snsiana,  south  of  Media,  and  west  of  Carmania. 
It  was  the  nucleus  of  the  Persian  empire,  and  corre- 
sponded nearly  to  the  modern  Farsistan. 

Persius  (pcr'shi-us)  (AulusPersiusFlaccus). 
Born  at  Volat(>rra>,  Etrnria,  li-l  A.  u. :  died  (iJ 
A.  D.  jV  Roman  satiiist.  His  six  satires  have 
been  edited  by  Jahii,  Conington,  Gildersleeve, 
and  others. 

Under  Nero  the  youthful  and  immature  but  noble- 
minded  poet,  A.  Persius  Flaccus  (a.  d.  34-^12)  of  Volater- 
DB,  wrote  six  satires,  most  of  which  are  versilled  lectures 
on  .Stole  tenets.  The  want  of  indciiendence  of  the  begin- 
ner is  manifested  in  the  extensive  eniploynient  of  Uora- 
tian  phrases  and  characters.  The  exaggeration  and  boin- 
bft.it  characteristic  of  the  mannerof  the  period  are  in  these 
satires  carried  to  obscurity.  Hut  the  staunch  earnestness 
of  the  young  moralist  won  for  him  lively  admiration  im- 
mediately after  his  early  death. 
Teufdaiid  Schwabe,  Ilist.  of  Horn.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  75. 

Persons,  Robert.     See  Parsom. 

Persuasion.  A  novel  by  "ano  Austen,  pub- 
lislied  ill  1818,  after  the  '"  .  th  of  the  author. 

Pertabgurh.     See  rartabi  aril. 

Perte  du  Rhone  (pert  dii  ron).  A  deep  ravine 
near  Hi-llcf,'arde,  department  of  .Yin,  France,  10 
miles  soutliwest  of  Geneva,  through  which  the 
Rhone  (:it  certain  periods)  flows  with  a  partly 
subteiTiiiieoiis  course. 

Perth  (pertli).  1.  A  midlandcountyof  Scotland. 
It  is  hounded  by  Inverness  and  Aberdeen  on  the  north. 
•  Forfar  on  the  east,  Fife  (partly  separated  by  the  Firth  of 
Tayjon  the  southeast,  Kinross,  Olaekinannan.  and  Stirling 
(the  last  partly  separated  by  the  Forth)  on  the  south,  and 
Dumbaiton  and  Argyll  on  the  west.  It  is  situated  on  the 
border  of  the  Highlands.  Is  iiioiintainous,  ami  is  famous 
for  pictures<iuo  scenery  and  associations  with  hlstxiry  and 
romance.  Area,  2,528  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
122,186. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Perth,  situated 
on  the  Tay  in  lat.  .W  24'  N.,  long.  3°  26'  W. 
It  has  saliiion-tlsberies  and  some  commeree.  and  nianufae. 
tiires  ginghams,  liyes,  muslins,  etc.  It  has  been  promi- 
nent in  .Scottish  history.  After  Scone  it  was  the  eaiiltal 
of  the  country  until  1182.    .lames  1.  was  niurdered  there 

in  14:J7.     Scone  Palace  is  in  the  nelgliborh I.     It  was 

taken  Iiy  Bnice  In  ISll,  by  .Montrose  in  1(H4,  hy  Cromwell 
in  1651,  by  flaverhoiise  in  liwii,  and  by  the  Jacobites  In 
1716  and  1745.     Population  (18!ll\  2tl,(Kl2. 

Perth.  The  capital  of  West  Aufitriilia,  situated 
on  the  Swan  Kiver.  near  its  nioulli.in  Int.  .'IP 
.'i7'  S.,  long.  115°  .'52'  K.  Population  (189.')), 
est.,  vj,:y.vi. 

Perth,  Convention  of.  An  assembly  summoned 


797 

by  Edward  I.  at  Perth,  Scotland,  in  1305,  to 
send  Scottish  representatives  to  the  English 
Parliament. 
Perth  Amboy  (perth  am-boi').  A  seaport  ami 
city  in  .Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Raritan  Riverinto  Rari- 
tan  Bay,  20  miles  southwest  of  New  York.  It 
has  manufactures  of  terra -cotta.  fire-bricks,  etc. 
Population  (1!M>0),  IT.iilili. 

Perthes  (jjer'tes),  Friedrich  Christoph.  Bom 

at  Rudolstadt.  Germany,  April  21,  1772:  died 
at  Gotha,  Germany,  May  18,  1,843.  A  German 
publisher  in  Hamburg,  later  in  Gotha. 

Perthes,  Johann  Georg  Justus.  Bom  at  Ru- 
dolstadt, Germany,  Sept.  11, 1749:  died  at  Gotha, 
May  1,  1810.  A  German  publisher  at  Gotha, 
uncle  of  F.  C.  Perthes. 

Perthes,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Goiha,  Gemianv, 
June  18,  17!I3:  died  Sept.  10,  18.53.  A  German 
publisher  of  geographical  works,  son  of  J.  G. 
.1.  Perthes. 

Pertinax  (per'ti-naks),  Helvius.  Bom  12G 
A.  D.:  killed  at  Rome,  March  28, 193.  Emperor 
of  Rome.  He  was  proclaimed  emperor  Dec.  31, 192,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  the  pretoriaiis  in  the  following  year. 

Pertuis  (per-tiie').  A  town  in  the  dejiartment 
of  \'aiicluse,  France,  situated  near  the  Dui'ance 
29  miles  north  bv  east  of  Marseilles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,927. 

Pertuis  Breton  (bre-ton').  A  strait  between 
the  niaiiilaiid  of  France  and  the  lie  de  R6. 

Pertuis  d'Antioche  (don-tyosh').  A  strait  be- 
tween the  ile  do  Ke  and  the  lie  d'OliSron,  west 
iif  France. 

Party  (per'te),  Joseph  Anton  Maximilian. 

Born  at  Ornbaii,  Bavaria,  Sept.  17,  1804:  died 
at  Bern,  Aug.  8,  1884.  A  German  naturalist, 
professor  at  Bern. 

Pertz  (perts),  Georg  Heinrich.  Born  at  Han- 
nover, JIarch  28,  179.5  :  died  at  Jlunich,  Oct.  7, 
187G.  A  noted  German  liLstoriau,  best  known 
as  the  editor  of  the  "Monuraenta  Germania> 
liistorica"  (1826-74).  He  became  secretary  of 
the  royal  archives  at  Hannover  in  1823. 

Peru  (pe-ro'),  Sp.  Perii  (pii-ro'),  F.  P6roU  (pa- 
ri)'). [See /J/Vh.]  Arepublicof  South  America. 
Capital,  Lima.  It  is  bounded  by  Ecuador  on  the  north, 
Brazil  and  Bolivia  on  the  east,  Chile  on  the  south,  and  tlie 
PaciftcOeeanon  the  southwestandwest,  Thewestern  and 
southern  parts  are  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  three 
principal  chains  or  Cordilleras  of  the  Andes;  they  inclose 
several  high  plateaus.  In  the  northeastern  part  are  ex- 
tensive wooded  plains,  which,  witli  the  eastern  slopes  and 
valleys  of  the  Andes,  are  drained  by  the  Amazon  and  its 
tributaries.  It  is  extremely  rich  in  mineral  wealth  (gold, 
silver,  etc.X  agricultur.al  products  (sugar,  cotton,  etc.), 
lumber,  cinchona,  coca,  india-rubber,  wool,  etc.  It  has 
19  departments.  The  executive  power  in  the  republic  is 
vested  in  a  president,  the  legislative  in  a  congress  com- 
posed of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  representatives.  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefly  Peruvians  (of  Spanish  descent)  and 
Indians.  The  prevailing  language  is  Sjianish  ;  the  prevail- 
ing religion,  Roman  t'atholic.  (-'ivili/.utioii  was  highly  de- 
veloped under  tile  empire  of  the  Iiicas(see  /ncfi.^and  y;iff( 
Eiitpirf)  and  tlieir  predecessors,  the  Piruas  (which  see). 
The  country  was  conquered  by  the  Sjianiards  under  Pizari  o 
in  lf»;i3-34.  Independence  was  proclaimed  in  1821 :  and 
the  Spanish  viceroy  was  finally  defeatetl  at  the  battle  of 
Ayacucho  Dec.  9, 1824.  Peru  has  suffered  from  frequent 
revolutions;  was  at  war  with  Spain  in  1865-66;  and  has 
several  times  been  i-avagecl  hy  earthqn.ikes.  A  war  with 
Chile  began  in  1879;  Lima  was  entered  by  the  Chileans  in 
1881,  and  by  the  treaty  of  188.'!  Peru  ceded  TarapacA  to  Ch  lie, 
Tacna  and  Arica  to  bo  occupied  by  Chile  until  189.;.  (See 
I'arijii;  War  o/ the.)  Area,  6115.720  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, about  4.600,010. 

Peru.  A  city  in  La  Salle  County,  Illinois,  situ- 
ated on  the  Illinois  River  8.5  miles  west-south- 
west of  Chicago.     I'diiulation  (19(10),  (1,863. 

Pern.  A  city,  <'ai)itnl  of  Miami  County,  Indi- 
ana, situated  (111  tlie  W'abasli  70  miles  north  of 
Indinnnpolis.      I'oi>iilatioii  ( 19011 1,  8,4(i3. 

Peru,  Upper  <>r  Alto.  A  common  name,  during 
the  ciilonial  period,  for  Charcas,  or  the  modern 
Holivia.     Si'c  Clnirctin, 

Peru,  Viceroyalty  of.  The  region  governed  by 
the  viceroys  of  Piru,  who  resided  at  Lima.  The 
coiKiuest  of  "I'eni  proper  led  to  that  of  (_'liile,  Charcas  (Mo- 
livla).  and  Quito  (Ecuador);  and  I'izarn*.  with  his  succes- 
sors the  viceroys,  controlled  those  eoiin tries  through  their 
audiences  anil  presidents  or  eaptalns-geiieral.  New  (Jra 
liada,  Panama,  and  Paraguay  (including  all  the  I'latiiie  re- 
gion) were  later  added  to  Peru;  so  that,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tuiy  and  part  of  the  IStli  the  viceMyalty  iiraetleally  em- 
braced all  of  Spanish  South  America  and  the  iHthnins; 
that  K  the  andleiice  districts  of  Lima,  Charcas.  Ilnelios 
AyrCB,  Santiago  ((Jhile).  (^iitit,  Hogotj^,  and  Panama.  The 
viceroy  was  appointed  by  the  crown,  anil  corresponded  dl 
rectly  with  the  Council  of  the  Indies  :  he  received  a  salary 
of  :tii,inio  (Ineats,  or  10,000  more  than  the  viceroy  of  Mex- 
ico; had  military  as  well  as  civil  Jurisdiction;  and  was 
president  of  the  ainileneeof  Llina.  (Irndilally  his  authority 
in  the  outlying  provinces  was  restricted.  In  1718  New 
l.ranada  was  completely  separated  ;  Quito,  which  was  at 
first  attached  to  it,  was  restored  to  I'eril  In  17S9.  The  for 
mafion  of  the  viceroyalty  of  l.a  Plata  (1776)  rcdueeil  IViii 
to  Peru  proper,  Chile,  and  Quito,  the  viouroy  at  Lima  coii- 


Pescara,  Martinis  of 

trolling  the  last  two  in  inilitarv'  and  treasury  inatters  only. 
'1  bis  arrangement  continued  until  the  revolution. 

Perugia  (pa-rii'ja).  1.  A  pro\-ince  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Umbria,  Italy.  Area,  3.748 
square  miles.  Population  (1891).  .59.5,.579. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Perugia,  sit- 
uated on  hills  above  the  Tiber  in  lat.  43°  7' 
N.,  long.  12°  23'  E.:  the  ancient  Pemsia. 
It  contains  a  university.  The  cathedral,  a  late-Pointed 
church  chiefly  of  the  15tli  century,  is  exceedingly  rich 
in  tombs  and  other  sculptured  work,  and  contains  sev- 
eral paintings  of  unusual  excellence,  especially  a  De- 
scent from  the  ftoss  by  Baroccio  (l.MBi,  and  a  Ma- 
donna by  Luca  Sigiiorelli.  The  hexagonal  late-Pointed 
exterior  pulpit,  resting  on  brackets.  Is  among  the  most 
beautiful  of  its  date :  it  is  of  marble,  areaded,  with  mosaic 
ornament.  The  Cambio,  or  hall  of  the  money-ehangers, 
built  in  1457,  is  famous  for  the  frescos,  by  Perugino,  which 
cover  its  walls  and  vaults,  and  constitute  the  most  im- 
portant connected  series  of  works  by  that  master.  Other 
objects  of  interest  include  the  Palazzo  Pnbhlico  (picture- 
gallery),  Fonte  Waggiore,  and  churches  of  San  Pietro  and 
San  Donienico.  Perugia  was  one  of  the  twelve  cities  of 
the  Etruscan  League ;  was  reduced  by  Rome  aliout  SOO 
B.  C. ;  was  besieged  by  Octavian  in  41  and  taken  in  40  B.  c; 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  Totila  in  549  A.  I>. ;  was  ruled 
hy  the  popes  and  by  various  despots ;  suiTcndered  to  Pope 
Julius  II. ;  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  .Savoy  in  1708  ;  and 
was  taken  hy  the  Austrians  in  1849.  After  the  insurrection 
of  1859  it  was  united  to  Italy  (I860).  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
I'mbrian  school  of  painting  in  the  Renaissance.  Popula- 
tion (1SJ2),  54,5110. 

Perugia,  Lake  of.     See  Tnisimiuo.  Lagn. 

Perugino  (pa-iii-je'no)  (Pietro  Vaimucci). 
Born  at  Citta  deUa  Pieve,  Umbria.  Ital}',  1446: 
died  1524.  A  celebrated  Italian  painter  of  the 
Umbiian  school,  called  "11  Perugino"  from  his 
long  resilience  in  Perugia.  His  mastei-y  of  the  tech- 
nical iiii.ilitiesof  iiaintiiiginadethe  training  which  he  gave 
liis  pupils  valuable.  His  greatest  distinction,  however,  is 
that  of  having  been  the  master  of  Raphael.  Leading  a 
somewhat  wandering  life,  he  was  called  to  Rome  by  Sixtus 
IV.  to  assist  in  the  decoration  of  the  Sistine  chapel,  and 
is  credited  with  nine  frescos  there.  Perhaps  his  greatest 
work  is  the  decoration  of  the  Sala  del  Cambio  at  Pij-ugia. 
atilhiian. 

Perusia.     See  Perugia. 

Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation.  [Sp.  Con- 
Icdiracinii  Pirii-JSnliiidiia.}  A  confederation 
foruied  by  Santa  Cruz,  who  united  Peru  and 
Bolivia  in  1.S3G.  It  consisted  of  the  three  states  of  Bo- 
livia, North  Peru,  and  South  Peru,  the  capital  being  at 
Lima.  Santa  Cruz  was  protector,  with  dictatorial  powers, 
and  each  state  had  a  president  and  congress.  Tlie  eon- 
federation  was  formally  proelaimed  Oct.  28,  18.16,  and  it 
eanic  to  an  end  with  tlie  overthrow  of  the  protector  in 
Jan.,  1839.     See  Santa  Critz,  Andrt'g. 

Peruvian  Corporation.    See  Grace  Contract. 
Peruvian  Empire.    See  Inca  Emxnre. 
Peruvians.     See  (Jiiichiias. 
Peruzzi  (pa-rot'se),  Baldassare.     Bom  near 

Siena,  Italy,  1481:  died  about  1536.     An  Italian 

architect  and  painter. 
Peruzzi,  Ubaldino.     Bom  at  Florence,  April 

2,  1822:  died  there,  Sept.  9,  1891.    An  ItaUan 

politician,  minister  in  the  Tuscan  and  (1861- 

1864)  in  tlie  Italian  cabinet. 
Pesado  (pa-sii'do),  Jos6  Joaquin.     Bora  at 

Orizaba  about  1812.  A  Mexican  author  and 
publicist,  minister  of  foreign  relations  in  1846. 
He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Mexican  poets,  and 
has  published  many  biographical  and  political  essays. 
Pesaro  (pii'sii-ro).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Pesaro  e  Urbino,  Italy,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Foglia  in  the  Adriatic,  in  lat. 
43°  55'  N.,  long.  12°  54'  E. :  the  ancient  Pisau- 
rum.  It  has  some  manufactures  and  trade,  and  is  es- 
pecially noted  for  its  figs.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Rossini, 
It  became  a  Roman  colony  in  184  B.  c.  ;  belonged  later  to 
the  Exarchate;  and  afterward  belonged  to  the  Papal  States. 
It  was  a  literary  center  in  the  time  of  Tasso.  Fupitlatlon 
(1892),  24,.'iOO. 

Pesaro e Urbino (pa'sii-ro a or-l)6'no).  ['Pesaro 
and  rrbiiio.'l  A.province  in  theeompartimento 
of  I  lie  Marches,  Italy.  Area,  1, 1 18. s(|uare  miles. 
I'nioilntiiin  (1S92).  'estimated,  234,526. 

Pescadores  (pes-kii-d(5'res).  [Sii., 'Fishers' 
Islands.']  1.  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Strait  of  Formosa,  west  of  Formosa. —  2.  A 
group  of  small  islands  olT  the  coast  of  Peru, 
nortliwist  of  Callan. — 3.  A  small  group  in  the 
Marshall  Islands.  Pacilic  Ocean. 

Pescara  (pes-kil'rii),  or  AtemO  (ii-lcr'no).  A 
river  in  central  Italy  which  Mows  into  the 
Adriatic  near  (tii>  towli  of  I'esenra:  the  nnoicnt 
Aternus.     Length,  about  90  miles. 

Pescara.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ohieti, 
central  Italy,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Pescara  ill  the  .\driatic,  8  miles  north- 
iiortli.^ast  of  Cliieti :  the  ancient  Aternus. 

Pescara.  Tin'  governor  of  Granada  in  Shoil's 
"The  Apostate.''  It  was  ono  of  Macrendv's 
great  parts,  anil  also  one  of  the  elder  Bootli  s. 

Pescara,  Marquis  of  (Ferdinand  Francesco 

d'AvaloSi.       '•orn  nlioul    U9U:   died   Nov.  '.'5. 
1525.     An  Italian  general  in  the  service  of  the 


Pescara,  Marquis  of 

emperor  Charles  V.,  distinguished  at  the  vie- 
tbry  of  Pa^^a  in  1525.  Betrothed  to  Vittoria  Colonna 
at  the  ageof  4anil  married  at  lO.he  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title  in  boyhood,  and  was  destined  to  a  brilliant  military 
career.  In  l.'il2  he  was  wounded  and  made  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Kaveuna ;  in  1S15  he  served  in  the  war  in  Lom- 
bardy.  He  contributed  largely  to  the  victory  at  Pavia, 
where  King  Francis  I.  was  captured.  Soon  after  he  be- 
trayed to  Charles  V.  a  plot  formed  by  Francesco  Sforza, 
duke  of  Milan,  and  others  for  driving  the  Spaniards  and 
Germans  out  of  Italy.  He  h.ad,  apparently,  joined  the 
conspiracy  for  this  purpose. 

Peschel  (pesh'el),  Oskar.  Bom  at  Dresden, 
March  17,  1826:  died  at  Leipsie,  Aug.  31, 1875. 
A  German  geographer  and  historian.  He  was 
editor  of  "  Ansland  "  1864-71,  and  in  the  latter  year  be- 
came professor  of  geography  at  the  University  of  Lcip- 
Bic.  His  works  include  "Geschichte  des  Zeit.alters  der 
Entdeckungen "  (1858:  2d  ed.  1S7"),  "Geschichte  der 
Erdkunde  "  (1865  and  1877),  "  Volkerkunde  "  (1S74),  .ind 
'■  Abhandlungen  zur  Erd-  and  Volkerkunde"  (3  vols. 

■  1877-79). 

Peschiera  (pes-ke-a'rii).  A  fortified  town  in  the 
province  of  Verona,  Italy,  situated  at  the  exit 
of  the  Mincio  from  Lake  Garda,  15  miles  west 
of  Verona.  It  is  famous  as  one  of  the  fortresses  of  the 
Austrian  "Quadrilateral " ;  was  taken  by  the  S.ardinians  in 
May,  1848,  and  restored  in  Aug.  ;  and  was  ceded  to  Italy 
in  1806.     Population  (1881),  1,653. 

Pescia  (pesh'a).  A  cathedral  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lucca,  Italy,  29  miles  west  "by  north  of 
Florence.     Population  (1881),  11,863. 

Pescina  (pe-she'nii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Aquila,  central  Italy,  27  miles  south-south- 
east of  Aquila.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Maza- 
rin.     Population  (1881),  4,455. 

Peshawar,  or  Peshawur  (pe-shou'ur).  1.  A 
district  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  situated  in 
the  northwestern  extremity  of  the  country,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  72°  E.  Ai-ea, 
2,444  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  703,768. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Peshawar, 
situated  about  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  71°  35'  E.  It  is 
an  important  strategic  point,  near  the  Khyber  Pass,  on  the 
route  from  India  to  Kabul.  Population,  including  canton- 
ment (1891),  84,191. 

Peshito  (pe-she'to),  or  Peshitto.  [Lit.  'sim- 
ple '  or  '  true.']  A  Syriac  translation  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments.  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  made  by  Christians  in  the  2d  century,  and  possesses 
high  authority.  The  Old  Testament  is  translated  directly 
from  the  Hebrew.  2  Peter,  2  and  3  John,  Jude,  and  Rev- 
elation are  wanting. 

Pessi  (pes'si).  A  small  tribe  of  Liberia,  west- 
ern Africa,  back  of  Monrovia.  They  used  to  tattoo 
their  faces  and  file  their  teeth,  and  are  said  to  have  prac- 
tised cannibalism. 

Pessinus,  or  Pesinus  (pes'i-nus).  [Gr.  Ueaat- 
I'o&f.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Galatia, 
Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  river  Sangarius 
80  miles  west-southwest  of  the  modern  Angora. 
It  was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Cybele.  Remains  of  a 
theater  and  hippodrome  (the  latter  1,115  feet  long)  have 
been  discovered  near  the  modern  Bala-Hissar. 

Pestalozzi  (pes-ta-lot'se),  Johann  Heinrich. 

Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Jan.  12, 1746:  died 
at  Brugg,  Switzerland,  Feb.  17, 1827.  A  Swiss 
educator  and  writer,  celebrated  for  his  reforms 
in  the  methods  of  education.  He  studied  theol- 
ogy and  then  jurisprudence  at  Zurich.  Subsequently  he 
turned  his  attention  to  agriculture.  He  had  already  de- 
termined to  devote  himself  to  the  education  of  the  people, 
and  had  established  in  1775,  on  his  estate  Neuhof,  a  poor- 
school  which  was  intended  to  draw  its  support  from  popu- 
lar subscription.  He  was  obliged,  however,  to  give  this 
up  in  17S0.  The  first  account  of  his  method  of  instruc- 
tion was  published  at  this  time  in  Iselin's  "  Ephemeriden  " 
with  the  title  "  Abendstnnden  einesEinsiedlers"("  Even- 
ing Hours  of  a  Hermit").  His  principal  literary  work  is 
the  didactic  novel  "  Lienhardt  und  Gertrud,  ein  Buch  fur 
das  Volk"  ("Lienhai'dt  and  Gertrude:  a  Book  for  the 
People  "),  which  was  written  between  17S1  and  1785.  In 
1798,  with  government  support,  he  founded  an  educational 
institution  for  poor  children  at  Stanz,  which  was,  how- 
ever, given  up  the  year  after.  He  now  took  charge  of  a 
school  at  Birrgdorf,  which  was  removed  in  1S04  to  Miin- 
chenbuchsee,  and  the  following  year  to  Yverdon,  where 
it  continued  to  exist  until  1825,  when,  notwithstanding  the 
renown  that  his  pedagogical  system  had  acquired,  the  en- 
terprise was  finally  abandoned.  His  collected  works  were 
published  at  Brandenburg,  1S69-72,  in  16  volumes.  They 
include  "  Wi^  Gertrud  ihre  Kinder  lehrt " (" How  Gertrude 
Teaches  her  Children,"  1801),  memoirs  of  Burgdorf  and 
Yverdon,  "Meine  Lebensschicksale"(lS26),  etc. 

Pesth.     See  Buclnpest. 

Petau  (pe-to'),  Denis,  Latinized  Petavius. 
Born  at  Orleans,  France,  Aug.  21, 15.83:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  11,  1652.  A  French  chronologist, 
antiquary,  and  Roman  Catholic  theologian. 
Among  his  chronological  works  are  "Opus  de  doctrina 
teniporura  "(1627), "  Tubulie  chronologica;  "(1028), "  Urano- 
logiura  "  (1630),  "Rationarium  teraporura"  (1033-34).  He 
also  wrote  "  De  theologicis  dogmatibus  "  (1644-50),  etc. 

Petch,  or  Pe6,  or  Petsh.     See  Ipel: 

PetchenegS  (pech-e-negz').  A  nomadic  peo- 
ple, of  Turkish  stock,  who  established  a  state 
between  the  Don  and  the  Danube,  which  pos- 
sessed considerable  power  fi'om  the  9th  to  the 
11th  century.     It  disappeared  in  the  13th  cen- 


798 

tury.     One   branch    of    the   PetchenegS   was 

merged  with  the  JIagyars. 
Petcnili,  or  Pe-chi-li  (pe-che-le').    A  province 

of  China.     Bee  Chi-Ii. 
Petchili,  or  Pe-chi-li,  Gulf  of.    .An  arm  of  the 

Yellow  Sea,  situated  east  of  China.    It  receives 

the  Hwang-ho.     Length  (including  the  Gulf  of  Liautung), 

about  290  miles. 

Petchili,  or  Pe-chi-li,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage 
conuGcting  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li  with  the  Yellow 
Sea.  and  separating  the  province  of  Shing-king 
on  the  north  from  that  of  Shau-tungon  the  south. 

Petchora  (peeh-o'ra).  A  river  in  northeastern 
Russia  which  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about 
lat.  68°  N.,  long.  54°  E.  Length,  about  1,000 
miles. 

Peteguares.     See  PoUguaras. 

Peten  (pa-ten')-  "!■  Itza  (et-za').  A  lake  in  the 
northern  part  of  Guatemala;  also,  an  island  in 
the  lake.  • 

Peter  (pe'ter)  (originally  Simon).  [D.  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  Peter,  F.  Pierre,  OF.  Pier,  Piers,  (whence 
ME.  Piers,  mod.  Pierce,  Peirce,  Pearce,  Pears), 
Sp.  Pg.  Pedro,  It.  Pietro,  Piero,  from  L.  Petrus, 
from  Gr.  Iltrpof,  translating  Heb.  Cephas,  a 
stone.]  One  of  the  twelve  apostles.  He  was 
originally  a  fisherman ;  became  one  of  the  three  most 
favored  disciples  of  Christ;  and  was  the  most  prominent 
leader  of  the  church  after  the  ascension.  He  was  im- 
prisoned by  Herod  in  44 ;  contended  with  Paul  at  Antiocli 
touching  the  proper  policy  to  be  observed  toward  the  Gen- 
tiles ;  and  according  to  tradition  was  the  founder  of  the 
church  at  Rome  and  a  martyr  there  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  two  epistles  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment. Peter  is  claimed  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  as 
its  first  bishop  or  pope.  His  death  is  celebrated  with  that 
of  .St.  Paul  on  the  29th  of  .lune  in  the  Eastern,  Roman, 
and  Anglican  churches.  This  is  the  most  ancient  of  the 
festivals  of  the  apostles,  dating  from  the  3d  century. 

Peter  (Portuguese  and  Spanish  kings).  See 
Pedro. 

Peter  I.  Alexeievitch,  surnamed  "  The  Great." 
Born  at  Moscow,  June  9  (N.  S.),  1672:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  8  (N.  S.),  1725.  Czar  of 
Russia,  son  of  Alexis.  He  reigned  conjointly  with  his 
half-brother  Ivan  from  1682,  and  alone  from  1696.  He  freed 
himself  from  the  regency  of  his  sister  Sophia  in  1689  ;  cap- 
tured Azoff  from  the  Turks  in  1696;  traveled  in  Germany, 
the  Netherlands,  England,  and  Austria  1696-97  ;  put  down 
a  rebellion  of  the  Strelitzi  in  1698 ;  and  took  part  in  the 
Northern  War-  (which  see)  1700-21,  in  the  course  of  which 
he  was  defeated  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  at  Narva  in 
1700,  and  defeated  him  in  turn  at  Pultowa  in  1709.  He  was 
forced  by  the  Turks  (who  had  taken  up  arms  at  the  in- 
stance of  Charles)  to  restore  Azotf  by  the  treaty  of  Pruth 
in  1711.  In  1721  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Nystadt  with 
Sweden,  by  which  he  obtained  Livonia,  Esthonia,  In.ger- 
manland,  and  part  of  Karelia.  He  founded  St.  Petersburg 
in  1703 ;  imprisoned  his  son  Alexis  (see  Alexis)  for  treason 
in  1718 ;  and  carried  on  a  successful  w.ar  against  Persia 
1722-23.  He  introduced  Western  civilization  into  Russia, 
which  he  made  one  of  the  great  powers  of  Europe. 

Peter  II.  Alexeievitch.  Born  Oct.  23,  1715 : 
died  1730.  Czar  of  Russia  1727-30,  son  of  Alexis 
and  grandson  of  Peter  the  Great. 

Peter  III.  Feodorovitch  (properly  Karl  Peter 
Ulrich).  Born  at  Kiel,  Holstcin,  Feb.  21, 1728 : 
assassinated  at  Ropsha,  Russia,  July  17,  1762. 
Czar  of  Russia,  son  of  Charles  Frederick,  duke 
of  Holstein,  and  Anna  (daughter  of  Peter  the 
Great).  He  was  appointed  heir  in  1742;  married  Cath- 
arine (later  empress)  in  1745 ;  and  succeeded  to  the  tin  one 
in  Jan.,  1762.  He  immediately  made  peace  with  Frederick" 
the  Great,  with  whom  his  predecessor  had  been  at  war 
since  1757.  (See  Seven  Years'  War.)  He  was  murdered 
after  a  few  months'reign,  and  his  wife,  who  wiis  an  ac- 
complice in  his  murder,  was  placed  on  the  tlirone. 

Peter  Bell.  A  poetical  tale  by  William  Words- 
worth, published  in  1819. 

Peter  Bell  the  Third.  A  burlesque  poem  by 
Shelley. 

Peter  of  Blois,  or  Petrus  Blesensis.  Bom  at 
Blois,  France :  died  about  1200.  A  French  ec- 
clesiastic and  scholar  who  settled  in  England 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 

Peter  of  Bruis  (or  Bruys).  Burned  as  a  heretic 
about  1126.  A  French  reforming  enthusiast,  a 
pupil  of  Abelard.  He  sought  to  restore  the  church  to 
its  original  purity  by  abolishing  infant  baptism,  the  mass, 
and  other  observances. 

Peter  the  Hermit,  or  Peter  of  Amiens.    Born 

about  1050:  diedatHuy,  Belgium,  Jidy  11, 1115. 
A  hermit  and  monk,  one  of  the  leading  preachers 
of  the  first  Crusade.  He  led  the  advance  divi- 
sion of  the  first  Crusade  as  far  as  Asia  Minor 
in  1096. 
Peterborough  (pe'ter-bur-o).  A  city  in  the 
counties  of  Northampton  and  Huntingdon,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Nen  75  miles  north  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  a  railway  and  trading  center.  A  Benedictine 
abbey  was  founded  here  in  655.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the 
most  important  of  English  Norman  churches,  was  begun 
early  in  the  12th  century  and  finished  before  the  13th,  ex- 
cept the  interpolated  Decorated  windows,  the  Perpendicu- 
lar retrochoir,  the  l;itb-century  northwest  tower,  the  fine 
central  tower  of  the  14th,  and  the  famous  west  front  of 
tlie  13th.    The  west  front  consists  of  3  grand  gabled  arches 


Peters,  Wilhelm  Karl  Hartwig 

of  equal  height,  the  central  one  much  the  narrowest,  be- 
tween two  small  arcaded  and  pinnacled  towers  The  span, 
drels  are  filled  with  rosettes  and  st.atues  in  niches,  and 
above  the  arches  is  carried  a  range  of  arcades  with  statues. 
Each  gable  contains  a  small  wlieel.  This  splendid  front 
forms  in  fact  an  open  screen  before  the  actual  front  of  the 
cathedral :  it  is  marred  by  a  low  Perpendicular  porch  in- 
serted in  the  opening  of  the  central  arch.  The  interi<»r  is 
light  and  effective.  The  ceiling  of  the  nave,  thougli  of 
the  12th  century,  is  of  wood;  that  of  the  choir  is  Perpen- 
dicular. The  chevet  of  the  church  was  originally  of  ap- 
sidal  form,  and  this  can  still  be  traced  in  the  later  retro- 
choir.  The  dimensions  are  471  by  81  feet ;  length  of  east 
transepts,  202  ;  height  of  vaulting,  81.  Population  (1891)l 
25,172. 

Peterborough.  The  capital  of  Peterborough 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Otona- 
bec  69  miles  northeast  of  Toronto.  Population 
(1901).  ]1.2;'9. 

Peterborough  and  Monmouth,  Earl  of.  See 
ilordaunt,  Charles. 

Peterhead  (pe-ter-hed').  Aseaport  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  28 
miles  north-northeast  of  Aberdeen.  It  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  herring  and  other  fisheries.  Population 
(1891),  12,195.  _ 

Peterhof  (pa'ter-hof ).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Finland  about  15  miles  west  of  St. 
Petersbui'g.  Near  it  is  the  imperial  p.alacc,  built  by 
Peter  the  Great,  of  high  interest  from  the  great  quantity 
of  works  of  art  of  all  kinds  and  of  historic.il  relics  which 
are  collected  in  it,  as  well  as  for  the  beautiful  gardens 
with  their  fountains  and  statues,  and  the  connected  im- 
perial pleasure-houses.    Population,  9,516, 

Peterhouse.    See  St.  Peter's  College. 

Peter  Lombard.    See  Lombard. 

Peterloo  Massacre.  [Formed  in  imitation  of 
n'oterloo.]  A  riot  at  St.  Peter's  Field,  Man- 
chester, England,  Aug.  16,  1819.  A  large  assem- 
bly, mainly  of  the  laboring  classes,  had  met  in  behalf  of 
reform,  under  the  leadership  of  Hunt,  The  assembly  was 
charged  by  the  military,  and  many  were  killed  aiut 
wounded. 

Petermann  (pa 'ter- man),  August.  Born  at 
Bleicherode,  Prussia,  April  18, 1822 :  committed 
suicide  at  Gotha,  Sept.  25,  1878.  A  noted  Ger- 
man geographer.  He  went  to  Great  Britain  in  1846; 
took  charge  of  the  Geographical  Institute  (founded  by 
Perthes)  at  Gotha  in  1S64  ;  and  encouraged  geographical 
explonitions  in  Africa,  the  polar  regions,  and  elsewhere. 
He  founded  and  conducted  Petermann 's  "Mitteilungen" 
("Communications")  after  1855,  and  contributed  to  the 
atlases  of  Stieler,  etc. 

Peter  Martyr.    See  Marti/r. 

Peters  (pa'ters), Christian  August  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  7,  1806 :  died  at  Kiel, 
Prussia,  May  8,  1880.  A  noted  German  astron- 
omer, appointed  professor  of  astronomy  at  Ko- 
nigsberg  in  1849,  and  director  of  the  observatory 
at  Altona  (removed  in  1872  to  Kiel )  in  1854.  He 
edited  "  Astronomische  Nachrichten." 
Peters,  Christian  Henry  Frederick.  Born 
at  Koldenbiittel.  near  Eiderstedt,  Schleswig, 
Sept.  19,  1813:  died  at  Clinton,  N.  ¥.,  July  18, 

1890.  A  German-American  astronomer,  director 
of  the  observatory  at  Hamilton  College,  New 
York,  from  1858.  He  discovered  over  40  as- 
teroids. He  published  "Celestial  Charts"  (1882- 
1888),  etc. 

Peters  (pe'terz),  or  Peter  (pe'ter),  Hugh.  Bom 
in  Cornwall,  England  (baptized  June  29,  1598'' : 
hanged  at  Charing  Cross,  Oct.  17, 1660.  An  Eng- 
lish Puritan  clerg^^nan.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College)  in  1616.  In  Oct,  1636,  he  emigrated  to 
Boston,  and  in  1638  bacame  minister  to  the  First  Church, 
Salem,  ilassachusetts  In  1041  he  was  the  agent  of  the 
colony  in  England,  anu  ..i.er  filled  important  offices  in  Eng- 
land under  Cromwell.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  impris- 
oned in  the  Tower  and  tried  and  convicted  as  an  accom- 
plice in  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  Oct.  13.  1660. 

Peters  (pa'ters),  Karl.  Born  at  Neuhaus,  Han- 
nover, 1856.  An  African  explorer  and  adminis- 
trator. He  founded  the  German  Colonization  Society  ; 
in  1884  acquired  in  East  Africa  large  tracts  of  land  and  ob- 
tained for  them  an  imperial  protectorate  ;  as  head  of  the 
German  East  .\fricaCompany  extended  its  possessions  and 
organized  its  stations;  brought  about  a  colonial  congress 
at  Berlin  in  1886 ;  and  returned  to  East  Africa  in  1887.  He 
made  further  explorations  in  1889-90  and  1891-93,  and  was 
made  imperial  commissioner  for  German  ICast  Africa  in 

1891.  He  fought  his  way  through  Masailand  with  reck- 
less bloodshed,  and  tried  to  place  Uganda  under  German 
protection.  For  liis  cruelty  he  was  court-martialed  in 
1807  and  liismissed  from  the  German  service. 

Peters  (pe'terz),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Hebron, 
Conn..  Dec.  12,  1735:  died  at  New  York,  April 
19,  1826.  An  American  Episcopal  clergyman, 
a  grand-nephew  of  Hugh  Peters.  He  wrote  a  satire 
entitled  "General  History  of  Connecticut  "(1781),  cojitain- 
ing  the  so-called  "  Blue  Laws  "  (invented  by  him). 

Peters   (pa'ters),  Wilhelm  Karl  Hartwig, 

Born  at  Koldenbiittel.  near  Ejderstedt,  Schles- 
wig, April  22,  1815 :  died  at  Berlin,  April  20, 
1883.  AGerman  naturalist  and  traveler,  brother 
of  C.  H.  F.  Peters.  He  explored  Mozambique 
1843-47,  and  published  "Naturwissenschaft- 
liche  Reise  nach  Mozambique"  (1852-82). 


Petersburg  799 

Petersburg.     See  St.  retcrsburff.  Peto  (pe'to).   An  nssoeiato  of  Falstaff  iu  Shak- 

Petersburg  (pe'terz-bfcrg).  AcityinDinwiddie  spere's  ''Hesiry  IV.,"  first  and  second  parts. 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  the"  Appomatto.x,  Petofi  (pe'te-ti),  Sandor  (Alexander).  Born 
at  the  head  of  steam  ua^^gation,  23  miles  south  in  Little  Ciiinania,  Hungary,  Dee.  31,1823: 
of  Richmond.  It  is  the  third  city  in  the  State ;  has  im-  killed  probably  in  the  battle  of  Schilssburg, 
portant  trade  in  tobacci>,  cotton,  tlour,  tcrain,  etc. ;  and  has  July  31,  1849.  The  great  e.st  lyric  poet  of  Him- 
""'" -"—•.•■■     ■*  -      ^ary.    He  played  an  important  part  at  the  outbreak  of 


manufactures  of  tobacco,  cotton,  etc.  it  was  incorporated 
ill  174^  It  was  liesiet^ed  by  tlie  Federals  under  Grant 
1864-05.  After  some  unsuccessful  attempts  to  seize  it,  the 
siege  commenced  June  1!),  ISM.  Final  operations  bcsan 
March  20, 1865  :  and  :ifter  the  battle  of  Five  Forks  (March 
31  and  April  1)  it  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates 
April  2-3,  and  surreniiered  April  3.  Population  (10(10). 
■ji.sin. 
Peter  ScMemihl  (pa'ter  shla'mel).  '-The 
story  of  a  JJan  Without  a  Shadow,"  a  romance 
by  Chamisso,  published  in  1814. 

Chamisso's  "  Peter  .Schlemihl  "...  is  a  faultless  work 
of  art,  and  one  of  deep  import.  There,  too,  a  popular  su- 
perstition forms  the  leading  motive,  namely,  the  idea  that 
a  man  might  lose  his  shadow,  the  devil  caiTying  it  otf  when 
he  could  not  get  the  man  himself  into  his  power.  'I'his 
tale  deserves  its  universal  renown.  The  poet  has  made 
the  hero  a  symbolical  portrait  of  himself.  ".Schlemihl" 
means  an  unlucky  wight,  and  Chamisso  has  attributed  to 
this  piior-devil  the  same  incapacity  of  coping  with  the 
world  which  in  his  own  case  had  disposed  him  to  solitude, 
to  intercourse  with  nature  and  with  children  of  nature. 
Scherer,  Hist.  German  Lit.,  p.  206. 

Petersen  (pa'ter-sen),  Clemens.  Bom  in  Den- 
mark, 1834.  A  Danish-American  miscellaneous 
writer. 

Petersen,  Niels  Matthias.  Born  in  Fiinen, 
Denmark,  Oct.  24,  1791:  died  et  Copenhagen, 
May  11,  1862,  A  Danish  historian  and  philolo- 
gist. His  works  include  a  "Histoi-y  of  the  Danish,  Nor- 
wegian, and  Swedish  Languages"  (1820-30),  "Contribution 
to  the  History  of  Danish  Literature  "  (2d  ed.  1867-71),  etc. 

Petersfield  (pe'terz-feld).  A  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  10  miles  north  of  Portsmouth. 
Poijulation,  parish  (1891).  2,002. 

Petersham  { pij'terz-ham).  A  town  in  Worces- 
ter County,  Massachusetts,  2G  miles  northwest 
orW(»reester.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  final  engage- 
ment in  Shays's  rebellion,  in  which  the  insurgents  un- 
der Shays  were  dispersed  by  the  State  troops  under  Lin- 
coln, Feb.,  1787.     Population  (1000),  8.')3. 

peter  the  Great  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Sea  of 
Japan,  south  of  the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia. 

Peterwardein  (pa'ter-var-din).  Hung.  Peter- 
vArad  (pa-ter-vii'rod).  A  town  in  Slavonia, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube,  opposite 
Neusatz,  44  miles  northwest  of  Belgrad.  it  is 
one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  of  the  Austi-ian  empire,  and 
has  been  called  "the  Gibrahar  of  Hungary."  It  was 
wrested  from  the  Turks  by  the  Imperialists  in  1688.  In  a 
battle  fought  near  it,  Aug,  5, 1 716,  the  Imperi.ilists  under 
PrinceEugeneof  Savoy  defeated  the 'J'urks  under  the  grand 
vizir  Daniad  Ali.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Hungarian  in- 
surgents in  1848,  and  surrendered  to  the  Austrians  on 
Sept    6,1840.     Population  (1S9U),  :!,(» a 

Potion  (pa-tyon').  Alexandre  Sabes.  Born  at 
Port-au-Priiiee,  April2,  1770:  died  there,  March 
29,  1818.  A  Haitian  general  and  politician. 
He  was  a  light  mulatto  and  an  educated  man ;  was  com- 
mandant of  artillery  under  Toussaint  Louverture  and 
Rigaud;  followed  the  latter  to  France  in  ISOO;  and  was 
attached  to  Leclerc's  expedition  1801-02.  In  18n2  he  joined 
the  revolt  of  those  who  feared  that  slavery  was  to  be  re- 
established, served  under  Dessalines,  and  after  his  death 
became  president  of  Haiti  (Sl:u-ch  10,  ls07).  Christophe 
had  already  revolted  in  the  north,  and  the  French  portion 
of  the  island  was  thus  divided  into  two  parts,  between 
which  there  was  almost  constant  war  for  many  years.  V(- 
tlon,  by  reelection,  continued  to  rule  the  southern  part 
until  his  death,  but  besides  the  war  with  Christophe  there 
were  many  internal  dissensions. 

P6tion  de  Villeneuve  (pa-ty6n'devel-n6v'), 
J6r6me.  Born  at  Chart  res,  France,  IT.IS:  com- 
mitted .suicide  near  Bordeaux,  June,  1794,  A 
French  revolutionist.  Ue  was  chosen  tu  the  third 
estate  of  the  States-Oeneral  in  1789 ;  was  one  of  the  leadeis 
In  the  Constituent  Assembly,  and  its  president  in  1700;  was 
commissioner  to  Varenncs  in  1791 ;  was  mayor  of  Paris 
1791-92  ;  and  was  Girondist  deputy  to  the  Convention  1702- 
1793.  He  was  proscribed  in  June,  1793,  but  escaped  to  the 
south 
•Petit  Andr6  (pe-te'ton-dra')-  [l'-,  ' T..ittle  .Vn- 
drew.']  An  executioner  of  Louis  XI.,  intro- 
duced as  a  character  in  the  novel  "  Quentin 
Dnrwni'd"  bv  Sir  Walti^r  Scott. 

Petition  of  Right.  An  act  of  Parliament  passed 
in  1628:  one  of  the  chief  documents  of  the  Eng- 
lish constitution.  It  provided  that  "no  freeman  bo 
required  to  give  any  gift,  loan,  benevolence,  or  tn\  with- 
out common  consent  l>y  Act  of  Parliament;  that  ;io  free 


the  Hungarian  revolution  in  J'est,  and  throughoutllie  war 
his  patriotic  songs  made  him  a  national  hero.  He  was 
last  seen  on  the  battle-tleld  !)f  Schaashurg,  and  for  many 
years  it  was  popularly  believed  that  he  survived  as  a 
prisoner  in  .Siberia. 
Petra  (pe'tra).  [Gr.  Uhpa,  rock.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a.  citv  in  Arabia  Petrsea,  situated  in 
lat.  30°  19'  N..  long.  3")°  31'  E.  The  site  was  early 
occupied  on  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  commercial 
route  between  Arabia  and  i;gn)t.  From  the  2d  century 
II.  c.  it  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Nabatteans.  The  site  con- 
sists of  a  precipiceinclosed  valley  on  the  northeastern  side 

of  Mount  Hor.    Tl  '  '  " --  =  ■•=-•■ '- • 

in  many  diiterent 
action  of  water.    1  . 

tural  remains,  dating  from  after  the  establishment  of  Ro- 
man rule  in  105  A.  I'.  These  remains  have  been  looked 
upon  by  many  as  those  of  temples  and  n,alaces,  but  are 
merely  the  facades,  many  of  them  considerable  in  scale 
and  elaborate  in  ornament,  of  roektombs.  All  lack  purity 
in  design,  and  most  precision  in  execution  :  but  some  are 
picturesque  and  graceful,  bringing  to  mind  the  architec- 
tural ornament  of  Pompeiati  wall-paintings ;  and  they  gain 


Petty,  Sir  William 

often  identified  with  a  certain  Caius  Petronips 
mentioned  by  Tacitus.  The  original  title  of 
his  work  (see  the  extract)  was  "  Satiree." 

To  Xero's  time  belongs  also  the  character-novel  of  Pe- 
tronius  Arbiter,  nodoui)t  the  same  I'ctionius  whom  Nero 
a,  GO  compelled  to  kill  himself.  Originally  a  large  work 
in  at  least  20  books,  with  accounts  of  various  adventures 
supposed  to  have  taken  pla.  c  during  a  journey,  it  now 
consists  of  a  heap  of  fragments,  the  most  considerable  of 
which  is  the  "  cena  Trimalehionis."  being  the  description  of 
a  feast  given  by  a  rich  and  ufieducated  upstart.  Though 
steeped  in  obscenity,  this  novel  is  not  only  highly  impor- 
tant for  the  history  of  manners  and  language,  especially 
the  plebeian  speech,  but  it  is  also  a  work  of  art  in  its 
way,  full  of  spirit,  tine  insight  into  human  nature,  w-it  of 
a  high  order,  ami  genial  humour.  In  itsfoi-ni  it  is  a  satira 
Menippea,  in  which  the  metrical  pieces  interspersed  con- 
tain chiefly  parodies  of  certain  fashions  of  taste.  This  ap- 
plies especially  to  the  larger  carmina,  "Troiie  halosis"  and 
"Bellum  civile." 

Tetiffd  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit,  11.  84. 

).    A  Eoman 
the  higher  Ro- 

maii  noldlity.  He  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  baiul  of 
disaffected  persons,  kifled  the  emperor  Valentinian  III,, 
seized  the  throne  (4o.^),  and  forced  Eudoxia,  Valentinian's 
widow,  to  marry  him  (liis  own  wife  having  in  the  mean- 
time died).  Eudoxia,  however,  appealed  to  Genseric,  king 
of  the  Vanilals,  who  pillaged  Itonie.  Petronius  Maximus 
was  killed  by  a  band  of  Burgundian  mercenaries  as  he 
was  fleeing  from  his  capital. 


e-incl<tseci  vaiiey  on  ine  norineasiein  siou  j  ( iy„:t  uuu  .^^vitwuut^,  xlisu  xv 

he  sandsl.nie  rocksare brilliantly  colored  Po+rnniiio  Ma  Yimiie  (Tnnk'si-miis 
r  hues,  und  are  fantastically  worn  by  the  irCtrOniUS  iVlaXimUS  (mal^  Sl-mus 
Petra  is  fanrous  for  its  rock-cut  architec-     enipc  imv  in  4.i..i.    lie  was  a  member  of 


in  effectiveness  by  their  situatioir  and  by  the  marvelous  Petropavlovsk  (pe-tro-piiv-lovsk  ).  A  town  in 
colorirrg  of  the  rock.  The  imildings  of  the  town  ai-e  very  the  government  of  Akmolinsk,  West  Siberia, 
ruiirous,  except  the  rock-cut  theater.  situated  on  the  Ishim  about  180  miles  west  of 

Petrarch  (pC'trilrk),  It.  Petrarca  (pa-triir'kii),     Omsk.     Population  (1889),  16,794. 

Francesco.    Born  at  Are/zo.  Italy.  July  20,  Petropavlovsk,  or  Petropaulovski  (pe-tro- 

1304:  died  at  Arqua,  near  Padua.  July  18  (19?),  pou-lov'ske).      A  seaport  in   Kamchatka,   Si- 

1374.     A  celebrated  Italian  poet,  one   of  tbe  beria,  situated  on  the  Sea  of  Kamchatka  in  lat. 

chief  names  in  Italian  literature.     His  father  be-  52°  58'  N.,  long.  l.')8°44'  E.    Itisof  little  importance 

longed  to  the  party  of  the  liianchi,  and  was  barrisfied  at  since  its  occupation  by  the  English  and  French  in  1856. 

the  same  time  as  Darrte :  Peti-arch  remembered  seeing  the  Populatiorr  (1890),  480. 

latter  in  his  childhood.  The  family  went  to  Avignon  in  PetrOPOlis  ipiit-ro'po-les).  The  cajrital  (since 
1313,  and  when  about  fourteen  years  old  Petrarch  went  to  , ,  .  laoi ,  ,,■  *),„  efite  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro  Bra- 
Morrtpellierto  pursue  his  studies:  he  remained  there  until  "  f  it'  •  -  "'*:,*'^''"  "'.""J  w;  '  V..  ,,„  ,1 
he  was  eighteen.  In  1S27  he  first  saw  the  Laura  of  his  son-  z",  about  3..)  miles  north  ot  Kio  Uo  daueuo 
nets.  There  have  been  many  theories  as  to  her  identity:  and  2,300  feet  above  the  sea.  It  was  founded  in 
that  generally  received  is  that  she  was  the  daughter  of  1844 ;  was  the  summer  residence  of  the  imperial  court ; 
Arrdibert  de  Novcs,  who  married  Hugues  de  Sade  in  1325,  and  is  mrrch  frequented  as  a  health-resort.  It  is  noted  for 
arrd  becanre  the  motherof  eleven  children.  This,  however-,  the  lieauty  of  its  scenerj'.  Populatiorr,  aborrt  5.000. 
has  been  disputed.  Petrarch's  homagewas  conventrorral,  PetrOVSk  (pe-trovsk').  1.  A  seapiu't  in  DagbeS- 
and  personal  relatiorrs  are  rrot  s'lpfiosed  to  have  existed  ^  Caucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Caspian 
between  the  wife  of  De  hade  and  the  poet.  He  received  '  .  "  n,  „„„i.i.,„„„t  „»•  •n„,.KnT,fl  h^r, 
a  cano.iry  at  Lomljez,  at  the  loot  of  the  Pyrenees,  irr  1335 ;  Sea  75  miles  north-nortbwest  ot  Derbend.  Pop- 
in  l:i37  he  bought  the  little  house  at  Vaucluse,  near  Avi-  illation  (1891).  3.469. —  2.  A  town  m  the  govern- 
gnorr,  to  which  he  retired,  and  where  he  did  most  of  his  ment  of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situateil  on  the  Med- 
best  work ;  and  in  1340  he  was  called  on  the  same  day  both  .(.yp^iiij,^  (-,3  „,nes  north-northwest  of  Saratoff. 
to  Rome  and  to  Parrs  to  be  crowned  as  poet  laureate.    He  ' .'    ""  '••         ;  ,i  oS- 

received  the  laurel  crown  at  Rome  April  8,  ia41.     In  1347  Population,  lb,iiB.D.                   ,  ,  ,^      mt            -j.   y 

he  built  a  house  at  Parma,  but  resided  partly  at  Vaucluse  PetrOZaVOdsk  (pe-tro-za-VOQSk  ).     The  capital 

until  1353,  when  he  settled  in  Milan.    He  was  patron-  qj;  ^^jjg  government  of  Olouetz,  Russia,  situated 


ized  by  nobles  and  ecclesiasties,  and  employed  oir  various 
diplomatic  missions,  pr  irrcipally  by  the  Visconti,  whom  he 
rcnresented  at  the  court  of  King  John  of  France,  conduct- 
ing the  marriage  of  a  young  Viscorrti  with  the  darrghter  of 
the  king.  In  1362  he  removed  to  Padua,  where  he  had 
held  a  canonry  since  1347,  and  to  Verricc,  in  the  sameyoar-, 
where  he  saw  Boccaccio  for  the  last  time,  having  first  met 
him  in  1350  at  Florence.  He  went  to  Ar  ijuil  irr  1370,  where 
he  died.  His  chief  works  are,  in  Italian,  the  "Rime"  or 
"Canzoniere,"  emnprising  sonrrets  and  odes  in  honor  of 
Laura,  and  the  allegnrieal"Trionfi"("  Triumphs  "),hislast 
work;  in  Latin,  tire  treatises  "Dccontemptn  murrdi," .ad- 
dressed to  Saint  Airgnstine,  "Do  vita  solitaria,"  "De  viris 
illU8tribus"(liicigiapbies),  "De  vera  sapientia,"  "De  olio 
religiosorum,"  "  Afriea."aii  epii-  poem  on  .Scipio  Afr'ieanus, 
etc.  His  letters  and  oratiorrs  ;ire  rrrrrn'Toirs,  ami  he  w  rote 
a  nrrmber  of  controversial  and  ]>olemical  treatises.  Tire 
"  Canzoniere"  was  edited  I  ly  >farsand  aird  by  f.eopanli.  His 
life  has  beerr  writterr  by  De  .Sade,  Korting,  Bartoli,  etc. 

Petrarch,  The  English.     A  name  sometimes 

given  to  Sir  Philip  Siilney. 

Petrie  (pe'tn;),  W.  M.  Flinders.     Born  June 

3,  1853.  An  Knglish  Egyptologist.  He  was  edu. 
cated  privately.  From  1874  to"  l.sSO  he  wius  errrployed  sur- 
veying ancient  British  ear-thworks ;  1881  and  lS82hosperrt 
in  surveyirrg  the  pyramids  and  temples  of  (lizeh.  He  re- 
turrred  to  Egypt  irr  1884,  lUi  explorer  to  the  Egypt  Explora- 
tion Fund.  He  werrt  twice  again  in  the  same  capacity, 
each  time  making  important  discovciies,  exploriirg  the 
sitesof  Defenrreh,  Nrurcr-atis,  etc.,  and  brirrgirrgbrrck  plarrs 
and  illustrations,  all  of  which,  with  his  memoir  sarrd  reports 
on  the  subject,  have  beerr  published  by  the  corrrmiftec. 
In  1887-89  he  explored  in  the  Firyrrm (rrot  for  the  Explora- 
tion Fund),  and  later  explored  with  vahrable  resrrlts  both 
for  the  Egypttan  arrd  I'aUslirre  Exploraliorr  Fumls.  He 
has  published  "Stoneberrge,  etc."  (18,sil),  "Pyrarrrida  and 
Terrrples  of  (ihizelr"  (ia8:i).  "Ilistoricrd  Scarabs,'  "His- 
torical Data  of  the  XI.  Dynasty,"  rmd  other  monographs 
(1888),  "Ilawara,  Bialrmu,  rrrrd  Ar-sinoe,  etc,"  (1880),  "Sur- 
veys of  the  l-vramid  of  Hawirra,  etc."  (IS'.IO),  "Terr  Years' 
Diggilrg  in  Egypt,  18^1 -1801 "  (1S!I2),  etc.;  ami  contributed 
the  article  "Weights  arrd  Meaarrres"  to  the  9th  edition  of 
the  "Errcyclopreilia  Itiitarrrriciu" 


man  be  irrrprrsonecl  or  detained  contrary  to  the  law  of  the  PetrikaU.     See  I'hilrkow. 

land  ;  that  soliliers  or  irrarirrcrs  bc^  not  billeted  in  private  PetrO-AleXaudrOVSk        (pe  '  tro  -  iil  -  ok  -  siill ' 


houses;  and  that  commissions  to  punish  soldiers  arrd  sail 

ors  by  nrartial  law  Ire  revoked  and  no  more  Issrred"  (,4c- 

laiiil  11,1,1  l:„,imn,e.  Eng.  Pidit.  Hist.,  p.  88). 
Petit  Nesle  (pil'-te'  nal).     A  smaller  residence 

attaclied  to  the  tlrainl  Nesle,  or  Tour  de  Nesle,  Petronell   (po-ti'6-irer), 

in  Paris.   They  stooil  where  the  Irrstitute  rrow  starrds,  op- 
posite the  Louvre,  at  the  soirth  errd  ot  the  Polrt  dcs  Arts. 

Both  were  inhabited  by  tire  royal  family  at  varioirs  tirrres, 

and  rrrrmeroua  crimes  were  saitl  to  have  beerr  coirrmltted 

there.     Cellini  had  his  strrdio  irr  the  Petit  Nesle. 
Petit-Tbouars,  Du.     See  Dupctit-Tltoitars. 


on  Lake  Onega  185  miles  northeast  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. It  has  a  cannon-foundry,  established  by  Peter  the 
Gr-eat  in  1703.  arrd  other  manufacturirrg  irrdustries.  Pop- 
rrlation,  10,920. 
Petruchio  (pe-tro'cho  or  -ki-6).  In  Shakspere's 
■'  Trrming  of  the  Shrew."  tlu'  rough  wooit  and 
tamer  of  Katheriue.  He  subdues  her  by  meethrgtur- 
bnlence  with  turbulerrce—remairring,  how  ever,  entirely 
good-natrrrid  himself.  Fletcher  intr-oduces  hinr  irr  "  The 
Womarr's  Prize,  or  the  Tamer  Tamed"  as  the  henpecked 
hnsbaird  of  a  second  wife,  Maria. 

Petrus  Lombardus.    See  Lombard,  Peter. 

Petsh.    See  //»/.■. 

Petsik  (pet'sik),  orPehtsik.  A  collective  name 
(sigiiifving  Mip'or  ' up-stream')  applied  by  II10 
AVeitspek  lirdiarrslo  thet^irorateair  tribes  on  the 
Klamath  above  tire  mouth  of  the  Trinity,  north- 
western California. 

Pettau  (pet'tou).  A  town  in  Styria,  Austria- 
Huirgarv,  situated  on  IheDrave  15  miles  south- 
east of  Marburg.     Population  (1S90),  3,914. 

Pettenkofer  (pet 'ten-ko-fer).  Max  von.    Born 

Dec.  :;,  I.SIS:  ilieil  Feb.  10.  1901.  A  (ierinan 
elreirrist  ami  iihysiologist,  proli'ssor  cif  nriMlical 
chemistry  at  Muirich  :  noted  for  his  researches 
iir  hygiene,  especially  iu  ventilation,  the  spread 
of  cholera,  etc. 
Pettie  (pet'i ).  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh.  March 
17,  1839:  died  at  Hastings,  Feb.  21.  189.3.  A 
British  historical,  genre,  and  portrait  painter. 
He  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  irr  ISfil.  Ainontt 
his  pictrrr-es  are  •  Wlraf  .1'  ye  Lrrck'.'"  (1802),  "A  Iirrrnrhead 
Corrrt  Martial"  (181H).  "Arr-csted  f..r  Witeher-aff  (1800: 
this  pictrrr'e  decided  the  academy  to  elect  him  lo  an  asso- 
ciatcslrip:  he  was  made  a  full  member  irr  1>74),  ".lacobites 
irr  1746  •' (1875),  "A  Krriudit  of  the  Severrteerrth  Century, 
a  portrrdt  of  William  I'.laek  (1887),  "The  Defiance,  "Boir- 
nie  Pr  ilrco  Charlie,"  etc.  -  ••_       x  t> 

Pettigre'w (pi-t 'i-grfi).  James  Johnston,  win 
in  Tvrrol  Countv,  N.  C,  July  4.  1S28  :  died  near 
Winchesler.Va.',  July  17. 18(i3.  A  Confederato 
general.  He  became  brigadler-gcireral  in  1862.  and  com- 
marrded  llellr  s  ilivislon  drrring  the  third  dav's  light  at  tiro 
battle  of  rlellysbirrg.  taklrrg  part  iu  fickett  s  charge.    He 

^^  _  ,  was  fatally  worrnded  In  a  skirmish  with  the  I'nion  cavalry 

AttstHarsitYialed  on  the  Danube  2:'!  miles  below     in  the  retreat  to  \  irgioia 

Vienna      N.'ar  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Petty  (i.et'i),  S.r  William.     B^"' j^t  Ro'"«ey. 

C.riruirturrr  Hanrpshiri'.  Englan.l,  May  20, 1(.23:  died  at  Lon- 

Petronius  Arbiter   (pe-trd'ni-us    iir'bi-t.'T).     don.l)ec.lG,l(187,    An  English  statistician  and 

Died  probably  al  rout  (36  A.  D.     A  Roman  author,     political  economist,   llesldcd  with  the  Parliament  In 


vsk).     .\  nrililar-y  sialion  in  tire  lerritor-y  ot 
ir-Daria,  Uiissiari  Central  Asia,  situateil  on 
-Arrrii-Darin  about  30  miles  east  of  Khiva. 
A  village  iu  hower 


800 


Fharaoli 


the  civil  war.    In  IB'r^l  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Ox- 
ford, and  professor  of  music  at  Gresham  College.    In  165' 


The  second- 


Petty,  Sir  William 

nl-diih,  the  thigh  of  the  bear.] 
magnitude  star  }■  Ursse  Majoris. 
Phaedo  (te'do),  or  Phaedon  (fe'don).  [Gr.  i>ai. 
dun.}  Born  at  Elis,  Greece :  lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  4th  century  B.  C.  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  disciple  of  Socrates.  His  name  is  given 
to  a  celebrated  dialogue  of  Plato,  which  purports  to  be  the 
last  conversation  of  .Socrates,  with  an  account  of  his  death. 
The  Phsedon,  or  last  conversation  and  death  of  .Socrates, 
is  certainly  the  most  famous  of  all  Plato's  writings,  and 
owes  this  renown  not  only  to  the  infinite  importance  of  the 
subject —  the  immortality  of  the  soul  —  but  to  the  touch- 
ing scenery  and  pathetic  situation  in  which  the  dialogue 
is  laid.  Socrates  and  his  friends  in  the  prison,  the  calm 
cheerfulness  of  the  victim,  the  distress  of  the  friends,  the 
emotions  even  of  tlie  jailor  —  these  pictures  »re  only  paral- 
lel ed  in  literature  by  theone  sacrifice  which  was  greater  aud 
more  enduring  than  that  of  the  noblest  and  purest  pagan 
teacher.       Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  lit,  IL  186. 

Phaedra  (fe'dra).  [Gr.  ^aMpa.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Minos  and  Pasiphae,  sister  of 
Ariadne,  and  ■svife  of  Theseus,  noted  for  her 
love  for  her  stepson  Hippolytus.  She  was  repulsed 
by  Hippolytus,  and  calumniated*  him  to  Theseus,  thus  se- 
curing his  death.  When  his  innocence  became  known,  she 
committed  suicide.  She  w  as  the  subject  of  tragedies  by 
Euripides,  Seneca,  and  Racine,  and  of  a  lost  tragedy  by 

„ ^-  „  1      t  T     1-        >.c.,;.,.^i»  ,..^  ^i,=^i...„o.  Sophocles. 

of  Canada  1883-88,  governor-general  ot  India  pfaUgraben  (pfal'gra-1:>en).  A  long  line  of  for-  PhEednis  (fe'drus).  [Gr.  "tazaoo?.]  An  Athenian, 

1888-93,  seoret;n-y  ot  state  tor  war  1890-1900,     tifications  built  bv  the  Romans  about  70  A.  D.  ^-         ■    '      ■        '^     ■"  — ■   ■   •  ? 

secretary  of  state  for  foreign  aliairs,  1900-.  ^^^  protection  against  the  Germans.    They  ex- 

Petun,  Nation  dU.     See  Tionontatl.  tended  from  Batisbon  northwestward  to  Giessen,  Ems, 

Peucer  (poit'ser),  Kaspar.     Bom  at  Bautzen,     and  Honningen.    The  chief  fort  was  the  Saalburg. 

Saxony,  Jan.  6, 1525 :  died  at  Dessau,  Germany,  Pfalz.     See  Palatinate. 

Sept.  25, 1602.  A  German  Protestant  theologian  Pfalzburg  (pfiilts'borG).     A  town  in  Lorraine, 

and  physician,  son-in-law  of  Melanehthon.  He    Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  among  the  Vosges  27 

was  imprisoned  1574-86  as  one  of  the  leaders    miles  northwest  of  Strasburg:   formerly  a  for- 

of  the  Cryptocalvinistic  movement.  tress.    It  was  taken  by  the  Germans  in  Dee., 

Peucker    (poi'ker),   Eduard    von.     Born    at     1870.     Population  (1890),  4,414. 

Sehmiedeberg,  Silesia,  Jan.  19,  1791:  died  at  Pfeffel  (pfef'fel),  Gottlieb  Eonrad.    Bom  at  Pbaedrus.    Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  cen- 

Berlin  Feb.  10, 1876.     A  German  general,  com-    Colmar,  Alsace,  June  28, 1736 :  died  there,  May    tury  A.  D.     A  Roman  fabulist,    originally    a 

mande'r  of  the  army  against  the  Baden  insur-    1,  1809.     A  German  poet  and  fabulist.  Macedonian  slave.     His  fables,  in  verse,  were 

rectionists  in  1849.     He  wrote  "Das  deutsehe  Pfeiffer  (pfif'er),  Franz.    Bom  at  Solothum,    edited  by  Bentley,  Orelli,  MuUer  (1877),  Her 


lished  a  defense  of  his  conduct.    He  was  created  marquis 
of  Viluma,  and  was  subsequently  captain-general  of  New 
he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  army  in  Ireland,  aud      Cistile.  x,»  ™.        ,    c  cm       s      k     -i 

about  1654  executed  by  contract  a  fresh  survey,  commonly  PfaferS  (pta'ters),  or  PfeffersCpfef  ters).  A  vil- 
known  as  the  Down  Survey,  of  the  forfeited  lands  granted  lageandwatering-placeinthecantonof  St.-Gall, 
to  soldiers.  He  bought  large  tracts  of  land  and  estab-  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Tamina,  near  Ra- 
lished  various  industries.  After  the  Restoration  m  16bil  „"',„':,'  ,,„tli  nf  Cnire  Tt  is  noted  for  its 
he  was  knighted.  In  1663  he  invented  a  double-bottomed  gatz,  10  miles  nortli  ot  Coire.  it  IS  noiea  lOT  lis 
ship.  He  wrote  "Treatise  of  Taxes  and  Contributions"  hot  springs  and  romantic  gorge. 
(1662-8.=.).  "Political  Arithmetic" (1691),  "Political  Auat-  pfaff  (pfaf),01iristianHeinrich.  BornatStutt- 
oniyof  Ireland  "(1691),  etc.  .       „,         i  gart.  Wiirtemberg,  March  2, 1772 :  ilied  at  Kiel, 

Petty,  Wllham,  first  Marquis  of  Lansdo^ie  ^^-^^^^^  April  24,  1852.  A  German  physicist 
Bora  atDublm,May  20,1, 3( :  died  May  ,,180j  ^^^  eheimst,  brother  of  J.  F.  PfafiE:  professor 
A  British  statesman.    He  was  president  of  the  board       .  vr\c\  frnm  17Q7 

of  trade  in  1763;  secretary  of  state  176C-6S  and  17s2 ;  and  jiV  ^' t^V^tT^  -p^o^^^T,  Bnvn  nt  ^tuttcrnrt 
prime  minister  17S-2-S3.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  sec-  PfafF,  Jobann  Fnedncb.  Born  at  btuttgart, 
ond  e-irl  of  Shelbume  in  1761,  and  was  created  marquis  of  ^^  iirtemberg,  Dee.  22,  l,ba:  died  at  Halle. 
Lansdowne  in  1784.  Pi'ussia,  April  20-21,  1825.     A  German  mathe- 

Petty-Fitzmaurice  (pet'i-fits-ma'ris),  Henry,  matician,  professor  at  Halle  from  1810  :  noted 
third  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.     Bom  1780 :  died    ^^^  j^j^  analvtical  works. 

Jan.  31, 1863.  AnEnglish  Liberal  politician,  son  pfaffendorf  "(pfaf 'fen-dorf ),  Battle  of  (in  1760). 
of  the  first  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.    Hewaschan-     Hee  Lieqnit^ 

cellor  of  the  exchequer  ^^J^°'",l^.^^'J.  Jfrrrf  i  Pfaffenbofen  (pf af 'f en-ho-f en).  A  small  town 
lord  president  of  the  eouncd  1830^.  183>^1,  amn64t«. .  irw,Benno^_^^  VP._^^  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Dm 

28  miles  north  of  Munich.  Here.  April  15, 1745,  the 
Austriaiis  under  Batthy^nyi  defeatetl  the  French  and 
Bavarians:  and  April  19,  1809,  the  lYencli  under  iiudinot 
defeated  the  Austrians. 


and  a  member  of  the  cabinet  (mthout  office)  ISo^SS. 

Petty-Fitzmaurice,  Henry  Charles  Keitn, 

fifth  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.     Born  Jan.  14, 
1845.     An  English  politician,  governor-general 


a  friend  of  Plato,  from  whom  one  of  Plato's  most 
famous  dialogues  was  named. 

Tliere  are  few  Platonic  works  more  full  of  poetry,  as 
Soi-rates,  bv  tlie  shady  banks  of  tlie  Ilissus,  and  within  view 
of  tlie  theatre  of  Dionysus,  soars  into  a  mighty  dithyramb 
on  theuature  and  effects  of  that  divine  impulsewliii  h  leads 
us  to  long  for  immortality  and  to  seek  after  perfection. 
.  .  .  There  seems  now  to  be  a  sort  of  general  agrte- 
meut,  even  amon,'  the  Germans,  that  it  was  an  early  »  ork. 
Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  n.  189. 


Kriegswesen  der  Urzeit"  (1860-64) 

Peutinger  (poi'ting-er),  Konrad.  Bom  at 
Augsburg,  Oct.  14,  1465:  died  there.  Dee.  28, 
1547.  A  noted  German  antiquary.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  discovery  of  an  ancient  map  of  the  mili- 
tary roads  in  the  Eoman  Empire,  called  for  him  "Tabula 
Peutingeriana"  (1753). 

Pevas  (pa'vas),  or  Pebas  (pa'bas).  Indians  of 
northern  Peru,  on  the  Maraiion  and  its  tribu- 
taries. They  formerly  constituted  one  of  the 
largest  tribes  of  the  Maranon,  and  the  Jesuits 
estalilished  many  important  missions  among 
them,  among  others  the  town  still  called  Pebas. 
They  were  probably  of  the  Tupi  stock,  and  perhaps  a 
liraiich  of  the  Omaguas. 

Pevensey  (pev' en-si).  A  small  seaport  on  the 
coast  of  Sussex,  England,  22  miles  east  of  Bright- 
on. It  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  the  Roman  Anderida. 

Peveril  (pev'er-il)  of  the  Peak.  A  historical 
novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1823. 
The  scene  is  laid  near  the  Peak  of  Derbyshire 
and  elsewhere  in  England,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  H. 

Peyer  (pi'er),  Johann Konrad.  Bom  at  Schaff- 
hausen,  Switzerland,  Dee.  26,  1653:  died  Feb. 
29,  1712.  A  Swiss  anatomist,  the  discoverer 
of  Fever's  glands. 

Peyronnet  (pa-ro-na'),  Charles  Ignace,  Comte 
de.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  France,  Oct.  9,  1778: 
died  at  Montferrand,  near  Boreleaux,  Jan.  2, 
1854.    A  French  reactionary  politician.  He  was 


Switzerland,  Feb.  27. 1815:  died  at  Vienna,  May    vieux  (1884),  etc. 

29,1868.     A  German  philologist,  appointed  pro- Phaer   (fa'er),  Tho^^S.     Born  at  Kilgarran, 

fessor  of  the  German  language  and  literature 

at  Vienna  in  1857.  He  is  best  known  for  editions  of 

medieval  German  works,  including  "German  Mystics  of 

the  14th  Century,"  etc. 
Pfeiffer,  Madame  (IdaReyer).  Bom  at  Vienna, 

Oct.  15,  1797:  died  there,  Oct.  28, 1858.   An  Aus- 
trian traveler  and  writer  of  travels.   She  traveled 

in  Asiatic  Turkey  and  Egypt  in  1842 ;  in  Scandinavia  and  Ice- 
land in  1845  ;  around  the  world  1S46-48,  and  again  lS51-.^4  ; 

in  Madagascar  lS56-o8  (where  she  w;is  imprisoned) ;  and 

elsewhere.     She  published  "Keise  einer  Wienerin  in  das 

Heilige  Land  "("Journey  of  a  Viennese  to  the  Holy  Land," 

1843),  "  Reisenachdem  skandinavischen  Norden"  ("Jour- 
ney to  the  Scandinavian  North,"  1846),  "  Eine  Frauenfahrt 

um  die  Welt  "("A  Woman's  Journey  round  the  World," 

1350),  "Zweite  Weltreise"  ("Second  Journey  rour  ^  ^^ 

World,"  1856),  "Reise  nach  Madagascar  "  (1861),  etc. 
Pfister  (pfis'ter),  Albrecht.     Bom  about  1420 : 

died  about  1470.     One  of  the  earliest  German 

printers. 

The  conjecture  that  Pfister  printed  the  Bible  of  36  lines 
will  not  bear  a  critical  examination.  It  is  not  enough  to 
show  that  our  first  positive  knowledge  of  the  types  and  the 
copies  of  this  book  begins  with  Pfister  and  Bamberg.  It 
still  remains  to  be  proved  that  Pfister  made  the  types  and 


Pembrokeshire,  Wales :  died  there.  1560.  An 
English  translator.  He  was  advocate  for  the  Marches 
of  Wales,  andbecame  a  doctorof  medicine  at  Oxford,  where 
he  was  educated.  In  1558  he  published  his  translation  of 
the  "Seven  First  Books  of  the  Eneidos  of  \irgil."  He  had 
begun  the  tenth  book  w-hen  he  died  :  nine  books  were  pub- 
lished in  1562.  He  also  wTote  on  various  subjects,  includ- 
ing law  and  medicine. 
Phaethon  (fa'e-thon).  [Gr.  ^aiduv.  the  shining 
one.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  surname  or  the 
name  of  the  sun-god  Helios;  also,  the  son  of 
Helios  and  Prote.  The  latter  obtained  permission  from 
his  father  to  drive  his  chariot  (the  sun)  across  the  heavens, 
but,  being  unable  to  check  his  horses,  nearly  set  the  earth 
on  fire,  and  was  slain  bv  Zeus  with  a  thunderbolt, 

,'^"™l'I'?."™»i\''.?"°'^  ""^  Phaethon,  or  Loose  Thoughts  for  Loose 
Thinkers.  A  work  by  Charles  Kingsley.  pub- 
lished in  1852. 
PhalariS  (fal'a-ris).  [Gr.  *d?.apic-.]  A  tyrant 
of  Agrigentiim  in  Sicily  from  about  570  B.  C.  to 
about  554  or  549  B.  c,  notorious  for  his  cruelty 
(notably  his  human  sacrifices  in  a  heated  brazen 
bull).  The  spuriousness  of  a  number  of  epistles  which 
passed  under  his  name  was  shown  by  Bentley. 


printed  the  copies.    The  proof  is  wanting  and  the  prob- pjjj^jgj-yjjj  (f^.le'rum).     IGT.ia'/r/pov.l     In  an- 
abUitiesarestrongg^adverse.^^^^^^.^^^^^  geopaphy,  a  seaport  of  Attica,  Greece, 

1VC        ,  ^^,      X  -n     1  A   V  i-        -D  *  ot  i,-     south  of  Athens  and  east  of  Pmeus. 

Pfizer  (pfit'ser),  Paul  AchatlUS.  Bom  at  Stutt-  piianagoria  (fan  -  a  -  go '  ri  -  ii).  [Gr.  iavayopla.-] 
gart,  Wurtemberg,  Sept  1^^  1801_:  died  at  Tu-  j,,  a^eient  geography,  a  Greek  eolonv  situated 
bmgen,  Wiirtemberg,  July  30, 186  <.     A  German    ^^  ^^^^  j^j^j^^  ^^^  (.^Ued  Taman.  opposite  the 

jiublieist  and  bberal  politician. ^  _         _  ^      (^rimea 


^t1u^re^ii-2l"andSn^sterof'1h;  S.!Zl  Pfordten  (pfor'ten)   Ludwig  Karl  Hei^ich  piianariots(fa-nar'i-ots).    [From  Turk.  r«««r, 


minister  _.  ^ --, 

1830.    He  signed  the  "  Ordinances "  (which  led  to  the 
revolution  of  July),  and  was  imprisoned  at  Ham  1S30-36. 
Pizenas   (paz-nas')-     A  town  in  the   depart- 
ment of  Herault,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 


von  der.  Bom  at  Ried,  Upper  Austria,  Sept 
11,  1811 :  died  at  Munich,  Aug.  18, 1880.  A  Ba- 
varian politician,  premier  of  Bavaria  1849-59 
and  1864-66. 
tiou  of  the  Peyne  with  the  H6rault,  25  miles  Pforta  (pfor'tii),  orSchulpforta(sh61'pfor-ta). 
west-southwest  of  Montpellier:  the  Roman  a  state  school  2J  miles  west  of  Naumburg, 
PiseennsB.  It  has  a  trade  in  brandy,  Popula-  Pi-ussian  Saxony .  It  was  established  by  the  Saxon  gov- 
tion  (1891),  commune,  6,720.  ernment  in  1543  in  a  Cistercian  abbey.    Itcame  under  the 

Pezet(pa-that'),  Juan  Antonio.  Bom  at  Lima,      Prussian  government  in  ISIS. 
1810:  died  there,  1879.  APeru\-ian  general  aud  Pforzheim  (pforts'him).     A  town  m  the  circle 
politician.     He  was  prominent  in  the  civU  wars :  was     of  Kar]sruhe,  Baden,  situated  atthe  junction 


minister  of  war  under  CastUla  in  1859 ;  was  second  vice- 
president  in  1860;  and  first  vice-president  under  San 
Roman,  Oct.  24,  1862  ;  and  by  the  death  of  the  latter  be- 
came constitutional  president,  and  was  inaugurated  Aug. 
5,  1863.  Soon  after.  Spain  demanded  from  Peru  a  large 
indemnity  for  alleged  injuries.  Pezet  endeavored  to  tem- 
porize, and  on  Jan.  27, 1865,  agreed  to  an  arrangement  to 
which  the  Peruvian  people  were  strongly  opposed :  this 
led  to  a  revolt,  and  Pezet,  to  avoid  a  civil  war,  resigned 
Nov.  6, 1865,  and  lived  abroad  until  1871. 


of  the  Wiirm,  Nagold,  and  Enz,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Karlsruhe  :  said  to  be  the  Roman  Porta 
Here  vnige.    It  is  the  leading  manufacturing  city  of  Ba- 


a  quarter  of  Constantinople,  so  called  from  a 
lighthouse  (NGr.  (pavdpi)  on  the  Golden  Horn.] 
The  residents  of  the  quarter  of  Fanar  in  Con- 
stantinople ;  hence,  the  members  of  a  class  of 
aristocratic  Greeks,  chiefly  resident  in  the  Fanar 
quarter  of  Constantinople,  who  held  important 
official  political  positions  under  the  Turks,  and 
furnished  hospodars  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia. 
Also  Fanariots. 

Phaon  (ta'on).  A  boatman  of  Mytilene,  the 
favorite  of  the  poetess  Sappho.  According  to  the 
legend,  when  old  and  ugly  he  carried  the  goddess  Aphro- 
dite across  the  sea  and  would  accept  no  payment.  For 
this  she  rewarded  him  with  youth  and  beauty. 


Popula. 


Pezuela  (pa-tho-a'lii),  Joaquin  de  la.  Born  in  Phact  (fakt).  [Ar.] 
Aragon,  1761 :  died  at  Madrid,  1830.  A  Spanish  star  a  Columbse. 
general  and  administrator.  Hewent  to  Penias  a  colo- 
nel in  1805 ;  rose  to  the  rank  of  general ;  succeeded  Goye- 
neche  in  the  militai-y  command  of  Upper  Peru,  orBoli\ia; 
and  in  1816  was  made  viceroy  of  Peru,  assuming  olflce 
July  7.  Owing  to  his  ill  success  in  checking  the  patriots 
under  San  Martin,  he  was  deposed  by  his  own  officers,  .Ian. 
20, 1^1.  and  soon  after  returned  to  Spain,  where  he  pub- 


margrav 
fen,  May  6,  1622,  is  now  generally  discredited, 
tion  (1S90),  29,988. 

The  second-magnitude 


Phsacia  (ff-a'shi-a).    [Gr.  ^aiama,  from <J>n/a»:f f , 
^Qi^/zv-fc,  the  inhabitants.]  A  mythical  land  repre- 


and  bis  reign  has  been  placed  between  420-428. 
Pharamond  (fa-rii-mon'),  ou  I'Histoire  de 

France.    A  novel  by  La  Calprenede,  published 

in  1661. 
Pharaoh  (fa'ro).     [L.  PJiarao.  Gr.  ^apau.  Heb. 

Paroh,  from  Egypt.  Pir-aa,  Pei-aa.  great  house. 


sented  in  the  Odyssey  as  visited  by  Odysseus  gee  the  quotation.]'  Atitle'givento'the Egyptian 

?."  ''i?/^*^™  *^°™  '^''°y  *°  Itbaca:  sometimes  ^^^^^     ^^^^^  ^^^^^  mentioned  by  this  name  in'the  Old 

identifaed  with  (^  orcyra.  Testament  are  a  contemporary  of  Abraham ;  the  patron 

Phaed  (fa'ed),  or  Phecda  (fek'da).    [Ar./dAarf-  and  friend  of  Joseph ;  the  oppressor  of  the  Hebrews  (Jtar 


Pharaoh 

meses  II.  V):  the  Pharaoh  who  reigned  at  the  time  of  the 
Exodus  (Meni-phthah?) ;  Pharaoh  N'echo  (see  Necho);  and 
Pharaoh-Huplira,  known  as  Aprien  or  Uophra. 

Pharaoh  appears  on  the  monuments  as  pir-aa,  'preat 
house,'  the  palace  in  which  the  king  liveil  being  used  to 
denote  the  king  himself,  just  as  in  our  own  time  the"  purte" 
or  gate  of  the  palace  has  become  synonymous  with  the 
Turkish  Sultan.  Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  51). 

Pharisees  (far'i-sez).  [From  Heb.  jutra.sh^  sep- 
arate.] An  ancient  Je\N'ish  school,  sect,  or  party 
which  was  specially  exact  in  its  interpretation 
and  observance  of  the  law.  both  cauonical  and 
tratUtional.  Indoctrine  the  Pharisees  lit-M  to  the  resur- 
rection of  the  body,  the  existeiiceof  aiigcls  and  spirits,  the 
providence  and  decrees  of  (Jod,  the  canonicity  and  au- 
thurity  of  Scry>ture,  and  the  authority  of  ecclesiastical  tra- 
dition ;  politically  they  were  intensely  .lewish,  though  not 
constituting  a  distinct  political  party  ;  morally  tliey  were 
scrupulous  in  the  obBervauceof  the  ritual  and  regulations 
of  the  law,  both  mitten  and  oral.  The  Pharisees  antago- 
nized John  Hyrcanus  I.  (135-10.'»  b.  c),  and  as  religious 
reformers  bitterly  opposed  the  coiruptions  which  had  en- 
tered Judaism  from  the  pagan  religions.  They  were  called 
Separatists  by  their  opponents.  In  support  of  the  au- 
thority of  the  law,  and  to  provide  for  the  many  questions 
which  it  did  not  directly  answer,  they  adopted  the  theory 
of  an  oral  tradition  given  by  God  to  Moses. 

Pharnabazus  (far-na-ba'zus).  Lived  about  400 
B.  0.  A  Persian  satrap  in  Asia  Jfinor.  He  was 
allied  with  Sparta  against  Athens  during  tlur  last  part  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  aided  tlie  Athenians  under 
Conon  agiunst  Sparta  in  394  B.  c. 

Pharnaces  (fiir'na-sez)  I,  King  of  Pontus  about 
190-160  B.  c.     He  conquered  Sinope  in  183. 

Pharnaces  II.  King  of  Bosporus,  son  of  Mith- 
ridates  the  Great  of  Pontus,  On  the  suicide  of 
Mithridates  in  63  B.  C,  he  revolted  and  made  himself 
master  of  that  part  of  his  father's  dominit^ns  lying  along 
the  Cimmerian  Bosporus.  He  afterward  invaded  Pontus, 
but  was  defeated  by  Csesar  at  Zela  in  47.  He  shortly  after 
fell  in  battle. 

Pharos  (fa'ros).  [Gr.  ^apoq."]  An  island  op- 
posite ancient  Alexandria,  on  which  Ptolemy  I. 
and  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus  erected  the  cel- 
ebrated lighthouse  Pharos,  one  of  the  seven 
wonders  of  the  world.     ISee  Alexandria. 

Pharpat  (far'par).  In  Bible  geography,  a  river 
of  Damascus:  the  modern  Awaj. 

Pharsalia  (fJir-sa'li-a).  [Gv.  ^apaayia.'\  A  dis- 
trict of  Thessaly,  ancient  Greece,  containing 
the  citv  of  Pharsalus  (which  see). 

Pharsalia.  An  epic  poem  in  ten  books,  by  Lucan 
(M.  Anna^us  Lucanus),  on  the  civil  war  between 
Pompey  and  Ca?sar, 

The  scheme  [of  the  Pharsalia]  is  prosaic,  the  treatment 
rhetorical,  full  of  descriptions,  speeches,  and  general  re- 
flections; the  style  is  artirtcially  elevated*;  the  wliole  pro- 
duction youthful  and  unripe,  liut  indicative  of  genuine 
power  and  lofty,  generous  motives. 
Tetiffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  U.  7& 

Pharsalus  (far-sa'lus),  [Gv.^apr^aior.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  in  the  district  of  Phar- 
salia, Thessaly,  Greece,  23  miles  south  of  La- 
rissa:  the  modern  Fersala.  it  is  celebrated  for  the 
great  battle  fought  near  it,  Aug.  0,  4S  B.  c,  in  which  ('aisar 
with  22,t)00  legionaries  and  l.OOn  cavalry  totally  clefeated 
Pompey  and  his  army  of  45,000  legionaries  and  7,000  cavalry. 

Phaselis  (fa-se'lis).  [Gr.  ^air^^^f;-]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  seapori:  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  .sit- 
uated on  the  western  shore  of  the  Pamphylian 
Gulf  (the  modern  Gulf  of  Adalia). 

Phasis  (fa'sis).  [Gr.  <I'aCT/f.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  river  in  Colchis.     See  liion. 

Phazania  (fa-za'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  modem  Fezzau. 

Phebe.     See  Phahe. 

Phebo  (fe'bo),  Donzel  del.  The  Knight  of  the 
Sun,  a  famous  character  in  the  old  ST)anish 
romances,  reproduced  in  ' '  The  Mirror  of  Knight- 
hood." 

Ph^drO  (fadr).  A  tragedy  by  Rjicine,  produced 
Jan.  1,  1677.  it  was  founded  on  the  s(ory  of  Phiedra. 
Within  a  week  another  play  with  the  aana-  name,  by  I'ra- 
don,  was  produced  attheojiposition  theater.  Owing  to  the 
tricks  of  a  cabal,  the  latter  inferior  play  was  a  success,  and 
Racine's  masterpiece  was  nearly  driven  from  the  stage. 

"Ph^dre"  .  .  ,  is  unquestionably  the  most  remarkable 
of  R:»cine's  reguhir  tragedies.  By  it  the  style  must  stand 
or  fall,  and  a  reader  need  hardly  go  farther  to  appreclato 
it.  .  .  .  For  excullence  «>f  eoristruction,  artful  beauty  of 
verse,  skilful  use  of  the  Hinited  means  of  appeal  at  the 
command  of  the  dramatist,  no  play  can  Hiirpans  "  I'hedro"; 
and  if  it  still  is  found  wanting,  a^  it  undouldedly  is  by  the 
vast  majority  of  critics  (including  nowadays  a  powerful 
minority  even  among  Frenchmen  themselves),  tlie  fault 
lies  rather  in  the  style  than  in  the  author,  or  at  least  iu 
the  author  for  adopting  the  style. 

SaiiUsburij,  French  Lit,,  p.  303. 

Pheidias.    See  PhidioN. 

Phelps  (felps),  Austin.  Born  at  West  Brook- 
firld,  Mass.,  .Fan.  7,  1S20:  died  at  Bar  Harbor, 
Maine,  Oct.  l^J,  1890.  An  American  CouKretja- 
tional  clorfrynian  and  author,  professor  at  An- 
dover  Theological  Sominarvfrom  1H4S.  His  works 
include  "New  Birth "(18(17).  ".Solitude  of  Christ  "(ISiis), 
"Theory  of  I»i-eaching"  (1881),  "Fiiiglish  Stylo  in  Public 
Discourse"  (1883),  "My  Study  "  (1880),  etc. 
C— r.I 


801 

Phelps,  Edward  John.    Born  at  Middlebur\ , 

Vt.,  July  11,  1822:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.. 
March  9.  1900.  An  American  jurist  and  diplo- 
matist, son  of  Samuel  Shethar  Phelps.  He  In-- 
came  professor  of  law  at  Yale  in  18H1,  and  was 
United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1885-,s9. 

Phelps,  Samuel.  Born  at  Devonport,  Feb.  13, 
1804:  died  Tiear  Eppinj^s  Essex,  Nov.  6.  1878. 
A  noted  En^dish  actor.  He  went  on  the  stage  in  1S28. 
playing  in  provincial  theaters,  but  was  not  noticed  until 
Oct.,  18:i(i,  when  he  appeared  at  Kxeter  with  great  success. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  London  stage  (Hay- 
market)  in  1837;  and  iu  IMi.  in  conjunction  with  Mrs. 

.  Warner  and  Mr.  Greenwood,  he  took  Sadler's  WellsTheatre, 
playing  there  until  18(12.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
revival  of  Shaksprre  and  the  older  dramatists,  and  perso- 
nated 30  of  Shakspere's  chai-actera,  together  with  such 
parts  ju-  Sir  Perlinax  Macsyeophaiit.  in  which  he  was  cele- 
brated. 

Phelps,  Samuel  Shethar.  Born  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  May  i:i.  17911:  died  at  Middlebury,  Vt., 
March  2;'i,  1855.  An  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician. Ho  was  United  States  senator  from  Ver- 
mont 1839-51  and  1853-54. 

Phelps,  William  Walter.    Born  a  t  Ne  w  York , 

Au*;.  24,  1839:  die.l  at  Teaneck,  Engle- 
wood,  N.  J.,  Juno  17,  1894.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  New  Jersey  1873-75;  was  United  States  minister  to 
Austria  18S1-82;  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  New 
Jersey  1883-89;  and  was  minister  to  GenuanylS89-93. 

Phelps  Ward,  Elizabeth  Stuart.    See  Ward. 
Phenicia,  or  Phoenicia  (fe-nish'ii).  [L.iVya«»r, 

Gr.  'I'oiviKr^j  land  of  palms.]  The  strip  of  land 
extending  from  33°  to  36°  N.lat.  on  the  coast  of 
southem8yria,betweeuMount  Lebanon  andthe 
Mediten-auean  Sea.  it  was  about  200  miles  in  length, 
and  its  width  did  not  exceed  35  miles  at  the  maximum; 
area,  al)Out  4,00ii  square  miles.  But  the  rivers  (fed  by 
the  snows  of  Lebanon)  which  irrigated  it,  and  the  energy 
and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants,  made  this  narrow  tract 
of  landoneof  themostviu'ifd  in  its  products,  and  gave  it  a 
place  in  history  out  of  proportion  to  its  size.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  were  the  Leuntes  (the  modern  Litany),  nortli  of 
Tyre  and  theOrontes(the  modern  Nahrel-Asy)iti  the  north. 
The  cedars  of  the  moiu itains  furnished  build ing-material; 
the  coast  furnisliid  sand  for  glass  and  the  puriile  snail  for 
dyeing  ;  and  the  inland  plains  were  covered  witli  orchards, 
gardens,  and  corn-fields.  Though  the  coast-line  was  not 
deeply  indented,  the  skill  of  the  inhabitants  secured  them 
harbors.  The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Phenicia,  the  Fha'- 
nicesof  the  classical  writers  (Pa?»t  or  /'(//li' designating  the 
Cartliaginians).  are  now  considered  by  many  sctiolura  to 
have  been  Semites  of  the  Canaanite  group,  thouirh  in 
Gen.  X.  15  Sidon  (Zidon),  from  whom  the  oldest  city  in  tlie 
country  derived  its  nnme,  is  represented  as  a  descendant 
of  Ham.  They  called  themselves  Canaanites,  and  their 
country  Canaan.  Acct^rding  to  classical  writers  they  emi- 
grated from  the  Erythrean  Sea.  This  would  favor  the 
assumption  that  the  Phenicians  were  identical  with  the 
Punti  of  the  Kgj'ptian  monuments.  The  language  of  the 
Phenicians  was  closely  akin  to  Hebrew.  They  wi)rshiped 
as  principal  divinities  Baal  ami  Astarte,  besides  the  seven 
planets  under  the  name  of  Cabiri  (which  see).  Phenicia 
never  formed  a  single  state  under  one  head,  hut  rather  a 
confederacy  of  cities.  In  the  earliest  period  (1600-lHiO 
B.C.)  .Sidon  stood  at  the  head  of  Phenician  cities ;  about  lliK) 
Sidon  lost  the  hegemony  to  Tyre ;  in  701  Aradus  was 
founded  in  the  northern  extreme  of  the  country ;  and  from 
these  three  cities  Tripnlia  (the  modern  Tarablus)  was  set- 
tled. South  of  Tripolis  old  B>  bins  was  situated,  while  Bery- 
tus  f  the  modern  Beirut)  in  the  north  did  not  become  promi- 
nent before  the  Korann  period.  To  the  terTitor>'  of  Tyre  lie- 
longed  Ake  or  Acca  (the  modem  Acre),  later  called  Ptol- 
emais.  Separated  from  the  rest  of  Phenicia  lay  Joppa 
(the  modern  Jatfa),  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  whicli  tlie 
Maeeiibees  united  with  J*alestine.  The  constitution  of 
these  Phenician  townsliips  was  aristocratic,  headed  l)y  a 
king.  The  earliest  king  of  'l'>-re  mentioned  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament was  Hiram,  a  contemi>orary  and  friend  of  David 
and  Solomon.  After  Hiram  si.\  kings  are  supposed  to  have 
rnh'd  until  Ethbaal  or  Ithohal,  the  father  of  Jezebel,  wifo 
of  Ahab.  Under Et hliaal's crandsoii, Pygmalion. content liuis 
about  the  throne  led  to  the  emigration  of  his  sister  Elista 
(Dith)  In  VergiDand  the  foundation  of  Carthage,  the  mighty 
rival  of  Rome.  In  the  mid<ilo  of  the  Dth  centuiy  H.  r. 
Phenicia  shared  the  fateof  Syria  at  large.  After  the  but- 
tle of  Karkar  (^^hi  n.  e.)  it  liccame  tributary  to  Assyria.  It 
made  a  struggle  for  iudependenceunderShalmaneserlV., 
but  wjis  brought  to  snbmisHion  by  his  successor,  Sargon. 
In  001)  Phenicia  came  for  a  short  time  into  the  hands  of 
Necho  II.,  king  of  Kgypt.  Tyre  was  besieged  for  13  years 
(r»85-.')72)  iiy  Nebuchadnezzar.  Cyrus  brought  Phenicia 
•  with  thereat  of  the  Baltylordan  possessions  under  Peisliin 
supremacy.  But,  owing  to  tlieir  skill  in  navigation,  the  Plie- 
nicians  retahied  a  sort  of  independence.  In  H51  Sidon 
was  destroyeii  by  .\rtaxerxe8lll.  The  same  fate  befell  Tyre 
at  the  hands  of  Alexander  tlie  Great  in  332.  In  04  Phenicia 
was  annexeil  by  Pompey  to  the  Syrian  jirovince  of  the  Ko- 
nian  I'mplre.  I.eHBoriuhialanil  productive  In  the di»maln  of 
thought  anil  hiu'h«  MuUnre,  tlie  Phenicians  excel  the  other 
members  of  the  Semitic  family  in  contributions  lo  mate- 
rial civilization.  They  were  the  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers of  authptity.  They  were  the  most  Rkilfn!  ship- 
builders and  boldest  navigators.  All  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean, even  beyond  (llbraltar.  they  establisbeil  colonies. 
They  sent  colonies t*i<'ypru«,Crete.  and  England,  and  it  Is 
not  Improbable  that  they  worked  the  tin-mines  of  Cornwall. 
They  even  ventured  to  eircmnnavigate  Africa.  The  prin- 
cipal articles  of  their  connneree  were  precious  stones, 
nnitjils,  ylasswiire.  costly  textiles,  and  espeeiully  pnrplu 
robes.  Their  skill  iu  architecture  was  exhibited  in  (he 
temple  of  Solnmon.  Their  alphabetic  writlnvr  heriinie  the 
parent  of  all  the  idphabeMc  syBteins  now  In  use.  They  also 
transmitted  a  kuowledk'e  of  mathematics  ami  of  weights 
and  measures  to  other  nations.   Of  the  Phvuiciuu  Ittcraturo 


Philadelphia 

only  a  few  fragments  in  Greek  translation  (by  Sanchunl- 
athon)  have  come  down  to  us.  Among  the  numerous  Phe- 
nician inscriptions  the  most  important  is  that  of  the  sar- 
cophagus of  the  Sidonian  king  Eshmunazar  (.who  reigned 
in  the  4th  century  B.  c),  found  iu  185.'),  and  now  in  Paris. 

PheniX,  or  PhCBnix(fe'niks).  [Gr.  4>OM7^.]  In 
ancient  Oriental  mythology,  a  wonderful  bird 
of  great  beauty,  which,  after  living  500  or  600 
years  in  the  Ai'abian  wilderness,  the  only  one 
of  its  kind,  built  for  itself  a  funeral  pile  of 
spices  and  aromatic  gums,  lighted  the  pile  with 
the  fanning  of  its  wings,  and  was  burne^upon 
it,  but  from  its  ashes  revived  in  the  freshness 
of  youth.  Hence  the  Phenix often  serves  as  an  emblem 
of  immortality.  Allusions  to  this  myth  are  found  in  the 
hieroglyphic  writings,  and  the  fable  survives  in  popular 
forms  in  Arabia,  Persia,  and  India.  By  heralds  the  I'he- 
nix  is  always  represented  in  the  midst  of  flames. 

Pherae  (fe're).  [Gr.  '^^pa/.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  in  Thessaly.  Greece,  25  miles 
southeast  of  Larissa.  It  was  important  in  the  first 
half  of  the  4th  century  ii.  c,  under  the  tyrant  Jason  and 
his  family. 

Pherecydes  (fer-e-si'dez)  of  Syros.    Born  in 

the  island  of  Syi'os:  lived  in  the  6th  century 
B.  C.  A  Greek  philosopher,  sometimes  reckoned 
among  the  seven  wise  men.  Fragments  of  his 
work  on  cosmogony  and  theogony  are  extant. 
Pherkad  (fer'kad).  [Ar.  ai-fcrqod,  the  calf.] 
The  name  of  the  third-magnitude  star  >  Ursro 
Minoris.  The  Arabs  called  the  two  stars  3  and  y  al- 
ferqadein  the  two  calves,  but  &  is  usually  called  Kochab. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.     [From  the  Greek 

letters <;!»,  /?,  and  k,  theinitialsof  thewordswhich 
fonn  the  motto  of  the  society.]  A  literary  so- 
ciety (nominally  secret),  established  in  several 
American  colleges,  to  which  students  of  high 
scholarship  are  admitted.  It  was  founded  at 
William  and  Mary  College,  Virginia,  in  1776. 
Phidias  (fid'i-as).  [Gr.  *e/(Jmf.]  Born,  prob- 
nbly  at  Athens,  about  500  B.  c:  died  about  430 
Ii.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  sculptor,  the  son  of 
Charmide  S.  He  studied  with  Hegias  of  Athens,  and  later 
with  Ageladas  of  Argos,  who  may  nave  come  to  Athens  Id 
the  time  of  Cimon.  He  became  later,  under  Pericles,  a 
counselor  in  political  affairs  at  Athens,  as  well  as  chief 
sculptor,  and  w.is  a  sort  of  supervisor  of  public  works. 
Among  Iiis  first  works  were  the  temple  of  Theseus,  not 
detlnitely  identified  with  the  existing  building,  and  a 
group  of  thirteen  flgiu-es  at  Delphi,  ordered  by  Cinion,  sou 
of  Miltiades,  to  commemorate  the  victory  at  Marathon,  in 
whicli  Miltiades  was  represented  among  gods  and  heroes. 
To  thia  early  period  are  ascribed  also  the  Athene  at  Pel- 
lene,  the  Athene  Areia  at  I'lata^a,  and  the  Athene  Pronia- 
chos,  or  bronze  colossus,  on  the  Acn>polis.  This  figure 
was  probably  more  than  ;tO  feet  high,  and  could  be  seen  for  a 
great  distance.  The  pedestal  w.as  discovered  In  1845.  The 
statue  of  Olympian  Zeus  at  EUs,  his  greatest  work,  de- 
Si-riliedby  Pausanias.  is  supposed  to  have  been  about  42  feet 
liigh,  seatetland  Indtlinff  a  Xike(Victor>')in  his  hand.  The 
tiesh  was  of  ivory  and  tlie  drapery  of  gold,  with  inlaid  or 
inscribed  decoration.  The  throne  it.^elf,  wliich  rose  above 
the  head  of  the  statue,  wus  elaborately  carved  and  deco- 
rated to  the  vei-y  top.  Both  throne  and  statue  were  sur- 
rounded with  statues  and  paintings.  By  444  H.  C.  Phidias 
must  have  been  in  Athens,  and  intimately  associated  with 
Pericles  in  his  transformation  of  the  city.  All  the  great 
monuments  of  Athens,  including  the  Parthenon,  were 
erected  at  this  time,  within  a  period  not  longer  than  20 
years.  The  work  of  Phidias  culndnated  In  the  Athene 
Parthenos.  a  chryseleidiantitu-  (fold  and  ivory)  statue  of 
Athene  in  the  cella  of  the  Parthenon.  It  wa^  finished  and 
consecrated  in  438.  The  figure  was  about  38  feet  high, 
standing,  and  held  a  Nike  iu  her  right  hand.  The  Varva- 
keion  .\thene  in  .\then8(di8covered  in  lS81)repre9ent«  the 
statue,  but  inadequately.  The  enormous  expense  of  tliese 
works,  whicli  was  paid  with  money  exacted  from  the  allies 
of  Athens,  brought  both  Pericles  and  I'hidiius  Into  disre- 
pute. According  to  Plutarch,  I'hidias  was  accused  of  ap- 
propriating the  mdd  ilcvoted  to  the  statue  to  his  own  tise. 
The  k'old  w:is  removed,  weiglied.  and  found  to  be  intact. 
He  \\:\A  tlien  accused  of  sacrilege  in  representing  Pericles 
and  himself  on  the  shield  of  the  goddess.  i>n  this  accu- 
sation he  was  condemned,  thrown  Into  prison,  and  died 
there,  nossibly  of  poison.  This  nt<»ry.  however.  Is  doubt- 
ful. Tiie  actual  style  of  Phidias  Is  beH<t  reprei^ented  in  the 
well-known  fragmentsof  the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon,  which 
easily  hold  the  supreme  place  anions  all  existint:  works  of 
sculpture.  Among  the  inde])emleiit  statues  of  Phidiaa 
was  an  Amazon  at  l^phesus  which  took  the  second  prize  In 
competition  with  Polycletus.  This  is  supposed  to  be 
ii'prcHented  by  the  Amazon  Mattel  of  the  Vatican. 

Phigalia  (li-ga'li-ii  or  fig-a-U'ji).  [Gr.  ^t)a7.ia,'] 
In  ancient  geogniphv,  a  town  in  Arcadia, 
Greece,  situat.-.l  in  la't.  'M'^  24'  X..  long.  21° 
52'  K.     Nrar  it  was  Ilassm  (whicli  m'k^). 

Philadelphia  (lil-a-derfi-ii^.  [Qv.  ^ulaM}^ia, 
city  «>r  I'hilndelph'us.]  Ill' ancient  geography: 
(ff )  A  city  of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor.  7S  miles  cast  of 
Siuvrna.  It  contained  one  of  the  seven  churches 
of  Asia  nd<lressod  in  Kevehition.  {h)  TIio  chief 
town  of  tlie  AnmKMiites,  ensi  of  the  .lordnn.  .'lO 
milt's  <':is1  (»f  .Icriisalem:  earlier  called  Kabbah 
or  l\:iblMitb-AmiMon. 

Philadelphia  (til-a-derfi-|i).   [^eCityofBro- 

thcrhf  Lon .]  A  city  forming  a  county  m  Penn- 
sylvania, gitiuited  on  the  Peljiware  ninl  Sclinvl- 
kill,  in  lat.  :jn°  57'  N..  long.  75°  9'  W,  It  is  tho 
laiweMt  city  in  tlie  State,  and  the  third  city  in  noinilatlon 
and  second  in  munufacturea  Iu  the  euuotry.     It  Is  called 


Philadelphia 

"the  Citv  of  Brotherly  Love."  The  streets  are  generally 
at  right  uugles.  The  more  important  buildings  and  ob- 
jects  of  interest  are  Independence  Hall  (or  Old  State 
House),  Carpenter's  Hall,  Christ  Church,  Girard  College, 
the  I'nited  States  mint  and  custom-house,  the  post-office, 
the  municipal  buildings,  and  Fairmount  Park.  The  lead- 
ing manufactures  are  those  of  iron  and  steel  machinery, 
cotton,  wool,  silk,  carpets,  bricks,  sugar-retining,  etc.  The 
city  was  formerly  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  coun- 
tiy;  it  is  the  terminus  of  steamship  lines  to  Liverpool, 
Glasgow,  and  American  ports,  and  the  center  for  the  Peim- 
sylvania,  Reading,  and  Lehigh  Valley  railroads.  It  w.as 
fonnei-ly  the  chief  literary  center  of  the  country,  and  pre- 
vious to  1830  the  flist  city  in  population.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  American  Philosophical  .Society,  Pennsylvania  His- 
torical Society,  and  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  It  w.os 
laid  out  in  1682  under  a  patent  giauted  to  William  Penn  ; 
was  the  residence  of  Benjamin  Franklin  ;  was  the  meet- 
ing-place of  the  Continental  Congress  in  1774  and  gener- 
ally afterward  (the  Declaration  of  Independence  being 
adopted  there  July  4,  1776,  and  the  .Axticles  of  Confeder- 
ation in  1778)  ;  wasthemeeting-placeof  theC.<nstitutiiinal 
Convention  in  1787;  andivas  the  cipitalof  the  country  from 
1790  to  1800,  and  the  capital  of  Pennsylvania  until  1799.  It 
was  ravaged  by  yellow  fever  in  1793.  The  first  national  bank 
was  established  here  in'1791,  and  the  second  bank  in  1816. 
There  was  an  anti-Romanist  riot  in  1844.  The  territory  of 
the  city  was  greatly  enlarged  bv  the  annexation  of  German- 
town,  ftankford,  ilanavunk,  etc.,  in  1854.  The  Centennial 
Exposition  of  1876  w.asheldin  the  city.  Population  (1900), 
l,2:ia,0.i7. 

PMlae  (fi'le).  [Gt.  ^i?Mi.']  AnislandintheNile, 
Upper  Egypt,  situated  near  the  first  cataract,  in 
lat.  24°  N.  It  is  noted  for  its  remains  of  ancient  tem- 
ples. The  temple  of  Isis,  founded  by  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus  and  Arsinoe  (-28(5  B.  c),  is  preceded  by  a  great  double 
pylon.  120  feet  wide  and  60  high,  behind  which  lies  the 
Great  Court,  which  has  a  colonnade  on  its  east  side,  and  a 
complete  small  temple,  almost  Greek  in  plan,  on  the  west. 
A  second  pylon,  of  smirller  size,  opens  on  a  hypostyle  hall 
with  huge  columns  and  brilliantly  colored  decoration.  A 
Greek  inscription  shows  that  Isis  and  Osiris  were  wor- 
shiped here  as  late  as  4.53  A.  I).  The  Kiosk,  or  Pharaoh's 
Bed.  so  called,  is  a  small  but  beautiful  and  well-preserved 
temple  of  late  date,  rectangular  in  plan.  The  capitalsare 
of  the  spreading  foliage  type,  in  several  forms. 

Philaminte  (fel-a-manf).  The  wife  of  Chrysale 
in  Moliei-e's  "Lesfemmes  savantes."  She  is 
infatuated  with  the  talents  of  Trissotin. 

Philander  (fi-lan'der).  [Gr.  (jii'/.avSpo^,  loving 
men.]  A  name  often  given  to  lovers  in  old 
plays  and  romances,  as  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Fnrioso"  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "  Laws 
of  Candv."  The  verb  jihilander  is  taken  from 
this. 

Philario  (fi-la'ri-6).  In  Shakspere's  "Cymbe- 
line,"  an  Italian  gentleman,  friend  to  Posthu- 
mus. 

Philaster  (fi-las'ter),  or  Love  lies  Bleeding. 
A  play  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  produced 
about  1610,  published  iu  1620.  It  was  very  success- 
ful. In  1695  an  unsuccessful  version  was  produced  by  EI- 
kanah  Settle.  In  1714  another,  called  "Restauration,  or 
Right  will  "Take  Place,"  was  published  by  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham.  In  1764  another  version  was  produced  by 
Colman  the  elder. 

Phitbrick  (fil'brik),  John  Dudley.  Born  at 
Deerfield,  N.  H.,  May  28,  1818  :  died  at  Dan- 
vers,  Mass.,  Feb.  2,  1886.  An  American  edu- 
cator, founder  of  the  "  Quiney  system  "  of  pub- 
lie  instruction. 

Philemon  (fi-le'monV  [Gr.  ^i/^/zui'.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Phrygian  who  ■n'ith  his  wife  Baucis 
offered  hospitality  to  Zeus  and  Hermes.  See 
Baucis. 

Philemon.  Born  about  360  B.  c. :  died  262.  A 
Greek  poet  of  the  New  Attic  Comedy.  Frag- 
ments of  his  works  have  g.urvived. 

Philemon,  Epistle  of  Paul  to.  One  of  the  books 
of  the  New  Testament,  a  letter  wi-itten  by  Paul 
during  his  first  captivity  at  Rome. 

Philidor.     See  Dankan. 

Philinte  (fi-lanf).  In  Moliere's  comedy  "Le 
misanthrope,"  the  friend  of  Aleeste.  He  is  an 
easy-going  man  who  bears  quietly  with  the  faults  of  others 
only  from  the  necessity  of  living  among  them,  and  who 
from  his  easy  idea  of  the  utter  impossibility  of  making 
them  better  forms  a  happy  contrast  to  .\lceste. 

Philip  (fil'ip),  the  Apostle.  [L.  Pliilippiis,  from 
Gr.  Ji/.fjrn-of,  fond  of  horses;  It.  Filippo,  Sp. 
Felipe,  Pg.  Filippe,  F.  Philippe.']  Lived  in  the 
1st  century.  One  of  the  twelve  apostles,  some- 
times confounded  with  Philip  the  Evangelist. 
Nothing  is  known  cnncerning  him  after  the  ascension, 
though  he  is  the  subject  of  various  legends. 

Philip,  sumamed  "The  Evangelist."  Lived  in 
the  1st  century.  A  deacon  and  preacher  in  the 
early  Christian  church.  He  is  noted  as  the  agent  in 
the  professed  conversion  of  Simon  the  sorcerer,  and  for 
his  conversation  with  the  Ethiopian  eunuch. 

Philip  II.  Born  382  B.  c. :  assassinated  at  Mg?e, 
Macedonia,  Aug.,  336  B.  c.  King  of  Maeedon, 
son  of  Amyntas  II.,  and  father  of  Alexander  the 
Great .  He  lived  some  years  at  Thebes  as  a  hostage ;  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Perdiccas  in  359 ;  defeated  the  lUyrians 
and  Psonians  in  358;  captured  Amphipolis  in  358,  and 
Potida?ain35r, ;  founded Philippi in 356;  captured Methone 
about  3.53;  subdued  nearly  all  Thessaly  in  352;  took  Olyn- 
thus  in  347  ;  took  part  in  the  Sacred  War  against  the  Pho- 
ciaus,  after  whose  overthrow  iu  346  he  was  elected  to 


802 

their  place  in  the  Amphictyonic  Council;  made  peace  with 
Athens  in  346 :  besieged  unsuccessfully  Perinthus  and  By- 
zantium 340-339;  t^tok  command  iu  tlie  Holy  \A'ar  against 
theLocriansin339;  totally  defeated  the  combined  Athenian 
and  Theban  army  at  Chjeronea  in  338;  subdued  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus ;  and  in  337  was  chosen  commander  of  the  Greek 
forces  against  Persia. 

PhiUp  III.  Arrhidaeus.  Murdered  317  B.  c. 
King  of  Maoedou,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip  II. : 
proclaimed  king  in  323. 

Philip  IV.  King  of  Maeedon,  son  of  Cassander. 
He  reigned  for  a  few  months  about  297  B.  c. 

Philip  V.  Born  237  B.C.:  died  179  B.C.  King  of 
Maeedon.  son  of  Demetrius  II.  He  reigned  220-179. 
He  was  at  war  with  the  .Etolian  League  ■22(f-217 ;  was  allied 
with  Carthage  and  at  war  with  Rome  (later  also  with  the 
-Etolian  League,  etc.)  214-205 ;  began  the  second  war 
against  Rome  in  *200 ;  was  defeated  by  Flamininus  at  Cy- 
noscephalie  in  197 ;  and  was  forced  to  renounce  the  he- 
gemony in  Greece  in  196. 

Philip  I.  Born  about  1053  :  died  1108.  King 
of  France  1060-1108,  son  of  Henry  I. 

Philip  II.  Augustus.  Born  Aug.  21,  116.5  :  died 
a  t  Mantes,  France,  July  l-t,1223.  King  of  France, 
son  of  Louis  VII.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1180: 
one  of  the  chief  consolidators  of  the  French 
mon  archy .  He  banished  the  Jews  ;  engaged  in  the  third 
Crusade  with  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted  in  1190;  withdrew 
from  it  in  1191  and  waged  war  with  Richard  ;  conquered 
(1202-05)  Normandy,  Anjou,  Maine,  Poiton,  and  Touraine 
from  England  ;  and  gained  the  victory  of  Bouvines  in  1214. 
The  crusade  against  the  Albigenses  occurred  in  his  reign. 

Philip  III.,  sumamed  "The  Bold"  (F.  "Le  Har- 
di").  Born  1245:  cUedatPerpignan, France,  1285. 
Kiu^  of  France,  son  of  Louis  IX.  whom  he  suc- 
eee(ledinl270.  He  inherited  in  1271  the  county 
of  Toulouse,  which  was  added  to  the  erowu- 
laiids. 

Philip  IV.,  surnamed  "The  Fair"  (P.  "Le 
Bel").  Born  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  1268: 
died  Nov.  29,  1314.  King  of  France  1285-1314, 
son  of  Philip  III.  He  married  in  12S4  Joanna,  heiress 
of  Navarre,  whereby  he  united  that  kingdom  with  France. 
In  1292  or  1293  he  summoned  Edward  I.  of  England,  as  the 
holder  of  French  tlefs,  to  his  court  to  answer  for  depreda- 
tions committed  by  Edwaid's  subjects  on  the  Norman 
coast,  Edward  senthis  brother,  the  Earl  of  Lancaster,  who 
surrendered  Guienne  to  Philip  as  security  for  a  satisfac- 
tory settlement.  Phihp  thereupon  declared  Edward's 
fiefs  forfeited  on  account  of  his  non-appearance.  War 
broke  out  in  consequence  in  1294 ;  peace  w^s  restored  in 
1290.  Guienne  being  restored  to  Edwai-d.  In  1296  he  be- 
came involved  in  a  quarrel  with  Pope  Boniface  VIII.,  as 
the  growing  expenditures  occasioned  by  the  centralization 
of  the  government  led  him  to  tax  ecclesiastical  property. 
The  quarrel  culminated  in  1303  in  the  seizure  of  the  Pope, 
who,  although  released  by  the  Roman  populace,  died  shortly 
after.  Boniface's  successor,  Benedict  XI..  dying  in  1304. 
Philip  procured  the  election  of  a  Frenchman,  Clement  V., 
who  removed  the  papal  residence  to  Avignon.  In  1302 
Philip's  army  was  defeated  by  the  revolted  Flemings  at 
Courtrai,  and  he  was  forced  to  recognize  their  indepen- 
dence in  1305.  He  suppressed  the  order  of  the  Templars, 
whose  lands  he  confiscated. 

PhilipV.  ''The  Tall."  Bom  1293  (?):  died  1322. 
King  of  Prance  1316-22,  second  sou  of  Philip 
IV.     He  succeeded  his  brother  Louis  X. 

Philip  VT.  Born  1293:  died  Aug.,  1350.  King 
of  France  1328-50,  son  of  Charles  of  Valois  (the 
brother  of  Philip  IV.):  the  first  king  of  the 
house  of  Valois. .  In  his  reign  began  the  Hundred  Years' 
War  with  England  (1338).  He  was  defeated  by  Edward  HI. 
at  Cr6cy  in  1346,  lost  Calais  in  1347,  and  acquired  Dauphin^ 
in  1349. 

Philip  I.,  surnamed  "The Handsome."  Bom  at 
Bruges,  1478 :  died  in  Spain,  Sept.  25,  1506. 
King  of  Castile,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximilian 
I,  and  Mary  of  Burgundy,  and  grandson  of 
Charles  the  Bold.  He  became  sovereign  of  the  Nether- 
lands in  1482  ;  married  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  in  1496 ;  and  became  king  of  Castile  in  15(4.  He 
was  the  lather  of  the  emperors  Charles  V.  and  Ferdinand  I. 

Philip  II.  Born  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  Mav  21, 
1527:  died  at  the  Eseorial,  Spain.  Sept.  13, 1598. 
King  of  Spain  1556-98,  son  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  and  Isabella  of  Portugal.  He  was  in- 
vested by  his  father  with  the  duchy  of  Milan  in  1.540,  with 
the  kingdoms  of  Naples  and  Sicily  in  1554,  and  with  the 
lordship  of  the  Netherlands  m  1555,  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Spain  and  its  dependencies  on  the  abdication  of 
his  father  in  1556.  Throughout  his  reign  the  chief  objects 
of  hif  policy  were  to  restore  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
in  the  Protestant  countries  of  Europe,  and  to  introduce  a 
uniform  and  despotic  form  of  government  throughout  his 
diversified  dominions.  In  1559  he  concluded  w  ith  France 
the  f.avorable  peace  of  Cateau-Cambrt^sis,  which  ended 
a  war  inherited  from  the  previous  reign.  His  political 
and  religious  oppression  provoked  in  1567  a  revolt  of  the 
Netherlands,  wiiich  resulted  in  the  virtual  independence 
of  the  seven  northern  provinces  by  the  Union  of  Utrecht 
in  1679.  His  half-brother  Don  John  of  Austria  gained  the 
brilliant  naval  victoi-y  of  Lepanto  over  the  Turks.  Oct.  7, 
1571.  In  1580  he  annexed  Portugal,  the  inheritance  of 
which  he  claimed  in  right  of  his  mother.  In  1585  he 
fomied  an  alliance  with  the  Holy  League  against  the  Hu- 
guenots in  France,  but  was  unable  in  the  end  to  prevent 
the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  In  1588  he  sent  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  (see  Annmla,  The  Invincible)  against  Eng- 
land, which,  among  other  causes  of  otfense,  was  giving  as- 
sistance to  the  Dutch  insurgents.  He  was  fotir  times  mar- 
ried, his  first  wife  being  Tklaria,  daughter  of  John  III.  of 
Portugal,  whom  he  married  in  1543,  and  who  died  in  1545 ; 


Philippi 

his  second,  Mary,  ciueen  of  England,  whom  he  married  in 
1554,  and  who  died  in  1558;  his  third,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Henry  II.  of  France,  married  in  1559,  who  died  in  1568  ; 
and  his  fourth,  Anne,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Maximilian 
II.,  married  in  1570,  who  died  in  1580.     See  C'lrlm,  Don. 

Philip  II.  -^  tragedy  by  Alfieri,  which  was 
printed  in  1783.  It  was  founded  on  the  Abb6 
de  Saint-Real's  storv  of  Don  Carlos. 

Philip  III.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1578 :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, 1621.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  II.  and 
Anne  of  Austria.  He  reigned  1598-1621.  The 
Moriscos  wei'e  expelled  from  Spain  iu  1609. 

Philip  IV.  Born  at  ^^llladolid,  Spain.  1605: 
died  1665.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  III. ; 
reigned  1621-63.  The  Spanish  power  declined  through 
wars  w  ith  the  Netherlands  and  France,  and  the  loss  of 
Portugal  in  1(>J0. 

Philip  IV.  1.  An  equestrian  portrait  by  Ve- 
lasquez, in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Madrid.  The 
king,  in  corselet  and  plumed  hat,  holding  his  baton  of  com- 
mand, sits  on  a  prancing  charger.  This  is  held  to  be  Ve- 
lasquez's finest  portrait. 
2.  A  portrait  by  Velasquez,  in  the  Lou-vre,  Paris. 

Philip  V.  Born  at  Versailles,  France,  Dec.  19, 
1683 :  died  at  Madrid,  July  9,  1746.  King  of 
Spain,  grandson  of  Louis  XIV^.  of  France,  and 
second  son  of  the  dauphin :  called  Duke  of  An- 
jou until  his  succession  to  the  Spanish  throne 
in  1700  (by  the  will  of  Charles  H.).  His  accession 
caused  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  He  lost  Gi- 
braltar in  1704,  and  by  the  peace  of  Utrecht  was  obliged 
to  cede  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  the  Milanese,  Sardinia, 
and  Naples  to  Austria.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  sou 
Louis  in  17'24,  but  on  the  death  of  the  latter  in  the  same 
year  resumed  the  government.  He  was,  during  the  latter 
"part  of  his  reign,  completely  under  the  ascendancy  of  his 
second  wife,  Elizabeth  Farnese  of  Parma. 

Philip  (Marcus  Julius  Philippus),  "The  Ara- 
bian." Roman  emperor  244—249.  He  celeorated 
the  thousandth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Rome  by  a 
splendid  exhibition  of  the  secular  games  in  248. 

Philip,  surnameil  "The  Bold "  (F.  "  Le  Hardi"). 
Bom  Jan.  15,  1342:  died  April  27,  1404.  Duke 
of  Burgundy,  younger  son  of  John  the  Good  of 
France.  He  obtained  the  duchy  of  Bnigundy  in  1363. 
He  was  regent  for  many  years  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VL 

Philip,  surnamed  '-The  Good"  (F.  "Le  Bon"). 
Born  at  Dijon,  France,  1396:  died  at  Bruges, 
1467.  Duke  of  Burgundy,  son  of  John  the  Fear- 
less, whom  he  succeeded  in  1419.  As  regent  of 
France  he  signed  the  treaty  of  Troyes  in  1420 ;  was  allied 
with  England  against  Charles  VII.  until  1435 ;  andacquired 
Holland  and  other  territories. 

Philip,  sumamed  "The  Magnanimous."  Born 
Nov.  13,  1504 :  died  March  31,  1567.  Landgrave 
of  Hesse  1509-67.  He  introduced  the  EefomiatioD 
into  Hesse  in  1626;  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Smalkaldic  League  1630-31.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Charles 
V.  1547-62. 

PhiUp,  Duke  of  Swabia.  Born  about  1177:  mur- 
dered at  Bamberg,  Gei-many.  by  Otto  von  AVit- 
telsbach.  June  21, 1208.  Youngest  son  of  Fred- 
erick Barbarossa.  He  was  elected  king  of  Germany  in 
1198.  but  his  rival  Otto  IV.  was  chosen  emperor.  A  teu 
years'  war  with  Otto  ended  in  Philip's  death. 

Philip,  King  (originally  Metacomet).  Killed  at 

Mount  Hope,  Rhode  Island.  Aug.  12.  1676.  An 
Indian  chief,  the  son  of  Massasoit.  He  became 
chief  of  the  Wampanoag  or  Pokanoket  Indians  in  1662; 
gave  his  name  to  King  Philip's  war  against  the  New  Eng- 
land colonists,  which  commenced  at  Swansea,  June,  1675 ; 
prosecuted  the  war  1675-76 ;  and  was  killed  by  a  party 
under  command  of  Benjamin  Church. 

Philip,  Herod.     See  Herod  Philip. 

Philip,  John  Woodward.  Born  at  Blinder- 
hook,  X.  Y.,  Aug.  26,  1840:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  June  30, 1900.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  in  1856  ;  and 
was  promoted  commander  in  1874,  cajdain  in  1889,  commo- 
dore Aug.  10, 1898,  and  rear-admii-al  inl899.  Heconmiaiided 
the  Texas  in  the  battle  ■  ilf  Santiago,  July  3;  was  temporary 
commander  of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron ;  and  on  Jan. 
15.  1809,  took  command  of  the  na^-y-yard,  New  York. 

Philip  Augustus.     See  Philip  IT.  of  France. 

Philiphaugh  ( til'ip-hach),  A  place  about  2niiles 
west  of  Selkirk,  Scotland.  Here,  Sept.  13, 1645.  the 
Parliamentarj-  troops  under  Leslie  totally  defeated  the 
Rovalist  Highlanders  under  Montrose. 

Philippa(fi-lip'a).  [L.,fem.ofP/'(7y>p««.l  Bom 
about  1312 ;  died  1369.  Queen  of  Edward  III. 
of  England.  She  was  the  daughter  of  WUliani,  count 
of  Holland  and  Hainault,  and  married  Edward  in  132a 

Philippe  EgalitI,  Duke  of  Orleans.  See  Orlians. 

Philippe'Tille  (fe-lep-vel').  A  seaport  in  the- 
province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated  oa 
the  Gulf  of  Stora  38  miles  north-northeast  of 
Constantine.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  inlS.'iSon 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Roman  station  Rusicada,  and  is  an 
important  commercial  port  for  the  trade  of  eastern  Algeria 
and  eastern  Sahara.  Population  (1891),  15,950 ;  commune, 
21.962.  , 

Philippeville.  Asmalltown  and  former  fortress 
in  the  province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  23  miles 
southwest  of  Namur.  It  was  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians from  the  French  in  1815. 

Philippi  (fi-lip'i).     [Gr.  ^i/.i-TTOi.']     In  ancient 


Fhilippi 

geo^aphy,  a  city  of  Maoedonia,  situated  73  miles 
east-northeast  of  Salouiki.  it  was  named  from 
Philip  H.  of  Maredon,  and  is  famous  for  the  two  battles  in 

42  B.  (\  in  whiuh  Octavius  and  Mark  Antony  defeated  tht 
repulilic:>ns  innk-r  Bmins  and  Cassius.  A  Christian 
church  was  fcinnded  here  tiy  Paul,  who  addressed  to  the 
church  the  Epistle  to  the  I'hilippians. 

Philippi.  The  eapital  of  Barbour  County,  "West 
Viririiiia.  situated  on  Tyjrart's  Valley  Kiver.  80 
miles  south-southeast  of  VTheelinc:.  Tlie  Con- 
federates were  routed  here bvtheFederals  June 
:i.  isiil.      I\>ind;ition  aiKiO )."(>(;.'. 

Philippians  (fi-lip'i-anz),  Epistle  to  the.  A 
letter  addressed  by  the  apostle  Paul  to  the 
church  in  Pliilippi.  He  alludes  in  it  to  the  close  per- 
sonal relations  uxistinp  between  himself  and  the  members 
of  that  uhuroh,  encourages  them  to  remain  in  unity,  and 
warns  them  against  various  dangers.  It  was  probably 
written  at  Rome  shortly  before  his  release  in  O-'f. 

Philippics  tli-lip'iks),  The,  A  ^Toup  of  nine  ora- 
tions of  Demosthenes,  tlirected  against  Philip  of 
Ma«'edon.  "The  real  adversary  in  all  these  famous 
gp^LL-hes  is  not  so  much  the  King  of  Macedon  as  the  sloth 
and  supineness  of  the  Athenians,  and  the  influence  of  the 
peace  party,  whether  honest  or  bribed  tiy  Philip."  (Ma- 
lnif;i,)  They  are  the  first  Philippic,  urging  the  sending  of 
J  m  ilitary  force  to  Thrace,  delivered  3.*>1  B.  c. ;  three  orations 
in  behalf  of  the  city  of  <-»Iynthus  (destroyed  by  Philip), 
delivered  in  349-348;  the  oration  "On  the  Peace."  340; 
the  second  Philippic,  344  ;  the  oration  "On  the  Embassy," 
343;  the  speech  ■•  On  the  Chersonese,"  341 ;  and  the  third 
Philippic,  341.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  series  of  four- 
teen (fratinna  of  Cicero  against  Mark  Antony,  delivered  44- 

43  «.<-'. 

Philippicus(fi-lip'i-kus),orPhilepicus(fi-lep'- 
i-kus)  (ori^nally  Bardanes).  Byzantine  em- 
peror 711-7KJ. 

Philippine  (nrip-in)  Islands,  or  Philippines, 

Sp.  Islas  Filipinas  (es'liis  fe-le-x>e'nas). 
[Xamc'il  after  Philip  II.  of  Spain.]  An  archi- 
pelago Ipng  between  the  China  Sea  on  the  ^est 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east.  Capital, 
Manila.  It  is  situated  to  the  eastof  Annam  and  north- 
ea>t  of  Borneo,  and  is  separated  from  Celebes  on  *he  south 
ttythei'flfbesSea.  The  principal  islands  are  Luzfm.Cama- 
rirt'  s,  Mimloro,  Samar,  I.eyte,  I'anay,  Negros,  Cebu,  Bohol, 
Miiiil:iii:ict,  Palawan,  and  the  Sidu  Islands.  The  surface  is 
hilly  or  mnnntainouB  ;  hiyht-st  peak,  10,28'J  ftet.  The  chief 
products  are  tobacco,  hemp,  cnffee,  sugar,  cocoa,  and  rke. 
The  group  was  ceded  by  Spain  ti  the  United  States  by  tin- 
treaty  of  Paris,  D'.-c.  10,  1898.  The  inhabitants  are  mot-tly 
ditlerent  Malay  tribes  (Tagals.Visayas.  etc  );  there  are  also 
Chinese,  Nei;ritos,  and  mixed  ra<  es.  The  nnminal  reli- 
^'iuri  is  Roman  Catholic.  The  islands  weri-  disruvrred  in 
1521  In  Mayalhaes,  who  was  killed  there.  Setth-Miient  was 
cumnu-nced  in  IfiGS.  A  native  insuiTection  against  Spanish 
rub-  bruke  out  in  Ls96,  was  quelled  l»y  Jan.,  1898,  but  auidn 
broke  out  under  the  leadership  of  Aguinaldo.  after  the 
battle  of  Manila,  in  May.  1898.  In  Feb.,  1899,  the  insur- 
pent>;  turned  th«ir  arms  against  the  T'nited  stat'-s.  Area, 
114.  I'.t'i  .s(|iiare  miles.     Population,  i-stiTiiated.  H.uiHt.oon. 

Philippopolis  (fil-ip-op'o-lis).  Turk.  Filibe  (fe'- 
le-be)  or  Felibe.  [Gr.  ^lAnrirdTro'/.i^^  city  of 
Philip.]  The  capital  of  Eastern  Kumelia,  Bul- 
garia, situated  on  the  Maritza  in  lat.  42°  10' N.. 
lonj;.  24°  4'')'  E.  It  is  a  trading  center,  and  has  con- 
siderable manufactures.  It  is  an  ancient  city,  named  aflt-r 
Philip  II.  of  Macedon.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Russians 
in  1873.  A  revf»lution  broke  out  there  in  1885,  resultinp  in 
the  union  of  Eastern  Rumelia  with  Bulgaria.  Population 
(188:.),  33,442. 

Philippoteaux  (fe-le-po-to'),  Henri  Emman- 
uel Ffelix.  Bom  at  Paris,  1815:  died  therf, 
Nov.  8,  1884.  A  French  historical  and  battle 
painter.  He  painted  the  cyclorama  "The  Pe- 
ft'Hse  of  Paris." 

Philippoteaux,  Paul.  Bom  at  Paris.  1846.  A 
French  painter  of  oycloramas,  son  of  H.  E.  F. 
Philippoteaux.  Among  his  cycloramaa  are  "Battle 
of  r;etty8burg"(1883),  "  Plevna,"  aiid  "Falls  of  Niagara." 

Philipps  (fil'ip«),  Georg.  Bom  at  Koni^'sber^% 
Prussia,  .Tan.  Q,  1804:  ^lied  at  Vienna,  Sept.  0. 
1872.  A  (rcrinan  jurist  and  Roman  Catholic 
historian,  professor  at  Munich  1833-47,  at  Inns- 
bruck 1849-r>l,andatViennal8r)l-72.  Hischief 
\vo?k  on  canon  lawis  **  Kireheurecht"(184')-72), 

Philippsburg  ftirips-boiG).  A  small  town  in 
tlie  circde  of  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  situated  at  tlu^ 
jiinctionof  the  Salzbaeh  with  the  Rhine,  H»  miles 
north  of  Karlsnihe.  It  has  been  often  taken,  nota- 
bly by  the  Imperiallsta  in  1676  and  by  the  French  In  lfl88, 
17:tl,  iirid  17i»9. 

Philippus  (l^nnan  ennicror).     See  I'hili/t. 

Philips  (lil'ips),  Ambrose.  Bom  1071:  died 
1749.  An  Enfrlish  writer.  He  was  of  a  Leicester- 
shire family,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College),  where  he  wnitc  his  "Pastorals  "  (17<Ml),  which  ap- 
peared in  the  sixth  vohimc  of  Tonson's  *' Miscellanlea" 
(the  same  volume  in  which  Pojie's  "Pastonils"  appeared). 
He  sided  with  Aildison  in  his  (|uarrel  with  Pone,  went  to 
Ireland  as  secretary  bi  Archbishop  HouUcr.  and  wan  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  for  the  county  of  Anna^h,  Ireland. 
His  nickname  ''  Namby  Pamby  "  was  conferreii  on  him  by 
Henryl'arey.andadriptedby  I'ope  who  considered  it  suited 
t<»hi8  •'  eminence  in  the  infantile  style. "  Dorau  says,  how- 
ever,  that  lie  ranked  with  the  wits  at  1!u t ton's  Colfee  House, 
and  had  n  i  reasnn  1o  f»;ir  the  ridicule  nf  men  like  Carey. 
He  i.s  best  k?iown  by  his  play  "The  Distrest  Mother,"  an 
adaptAtInn  of  Racine's  "  Andrnma(|uu"  (1712).  Among  his 


803 

other  plays  are  "The  Briton"  (1721),  "Humphrey,  Duke 

nf  f;iouet_-st.  r"  (1:j2>,  etc. 

Philips,  or  Phillips  (fil'ips),  John.  Bom  at 
Bampton,  Oxfordshire,  1676:  died  1708.  An 
English  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
at  Oxford  (Christ  Church).  "The  Splendid  ShiUing,"a 
burlesque  of  Milton's  "Paradise  Lost,"  appeared  about 
1703.  In  1705  he  published  *' Blenheim. "also  in  imitation 
of  Milton,  and  in  170*''  "  Cyder."  his  most  ambitious  work, 
in  imitatinu  of  Ver^ril"^  ■'"Cenrfries." 

Philips,  Mrs.  (Katharine  Fowler).  Born  at 
London,. Jan.  1.1G:U:  died  June  22.1664.  An  Eng- 
lish letter-writer  and  poet.  She  was  known  as  "  the 
matchless  Orinda,"  because  of  the  sig-nature  "Orinda" 
atiopted  by  her  in  a  correspondence  willi  Sir  Charles  Cot- 
terell,  wlioused  the  name  of  "  Poliarchus."  She  also  used 
the  name  as  her  usual  signature.  She  translated  "Horace  ' 
and  "  Pomp^e,"  two  of  Corneille's  plays,  which,  with  a  imm- 
ber  of  poems,  were  published  in  107S. 

In  her  8evetit<;enth  year  she  married  a  Royalist  gen- 
tleman of  Wales,  Mr.  James  Philips,  of  Cardigan  Priory. 
,  .  .  She  seems  to  have  ado])ted  the  melodious  pseudonym 
by  Mhich  slie  has  btcuuu'  knuwn  tu  postt-rity  ni  H151, 

(tvss'-,  Hours  in  a  Library. 

Philip  van  Artevelde.    See  Artrvckle. 

Philisides  (U-lis'i-dez).  In  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
"Arcadia,"  a  shepherd  whose  name  is  formed 
from  Sidney's  own.  In  the  volume  of  Spenser's  poems 
pnblishetl  in*15t>6  is  a  collection  of  laments  for  Sidney, 
aniontr  which  is  a  "Pastoral  -l^glopue  upon  the  Death  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  etc., "in  which  each  shepherd  begins  his 
lament  with  the  words  "  Philisides  is  dead."  It  has  been 
attributed  to  Sir  Kdward  Dyer. 

Philistia  (li-lis'ti-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
(-•ountry  southwest  of  Palestine,  l>ing  along  the 
Mediterranean.  The  five  principal  cities  were 
Asealon,  Ashdod,  Gaza,  Gath,  and  Ekron. 

Philistines  (fi-lis'tinz).  A  nation  of  Semitic  (?) 
orifriu.  dwelling  in  Philistia.  They  were  frequently 
at  war  with  the  Hebrews,  and  reached  their  highest  power 
in  the  reigns  of  Saul  and  David. 

Caphtor  was  the  original  home  of  the  Philistines,  as  we 
learn  from  several  passages  of  the  Bible  (Deut.  ii.  23,  Jer. 
xlviL  4,  Aiuos  ix.  ?).  In  Genesis  the  reference  to  them 
has  been  shifted  from  its  original  place:  it  should  fol- 
low the  name  of  the  Caphtorim  and  not  of  the  Casluhim. 
The  Philistines,  in  fact,  were  the  garrison  established  by 
the  E^'yptian  kings  on  the  southern  bnrdcr  of  Palestine. 
The  five  cities  whichthey  held  commanded  the  coast  road 
from  Egypt  to  Syria  (Exod.  xiii.  1T>,  ami  formed  the  start- 
ing-point of  Eg>iftian  conquest  and  domination  in  Asia. 
It  was  needful  that  they  should  be  inhabited  by  a  popula- 
tion which,  though  akin  in  race  to  that  of  Canaan,  were 
yet  subjects  of  the  Egyptian  Pharaoh  and  bound  by  ties  of 
birth  to  the  Plmraob  s  land.  They  came  indeed  from  Ca- 
naan, biit  nevertheless  were  not  of  Canaitn.  As  long  as 
Egypt  was  strong  their  devotion  to  her  was  unshaken 
when  she  deserted  them  and  retreated  witliin  the  limits 
of  her  own  territory  they  still  prcser^'ed  their  individual- 
ity and  refused  to  mix  with  the  population  that  surrounded 
tliem.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  53. 

Phillip  (fil'ip),  John.  Horn  at  Aberdeen,  April 
19,  1817:  died  at  London,  Feb.  27, 18G7.  ASeot- 
tish  painter.  He  exhibited  "The  Letter-Writer  of  Se- 
ville at  the  lloyal  Academy  in  ISM.  lie  was  made  asso- 
ciate royal  academician  in  isr.?,  and  royal  acadeinieian  in 
IS.'i!).  fie  was  especially  divnlcd  to  Spain  and  Spanish 
subjects. 

Phillips  (fil'ips),  Adelaide.  Born  at  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  England,  1833:  died  at  Karlsbad,  Oct. 
2,  1882.  An  American  singer.  Her  voice  was  a  con- 
tralto. She  made  her  dt^but  Sept.  25,  l»4;s  at  the  Boston 
Museum,  aa  Little  Pickle.  She  appeared  at  Barnum's  Mu- 
seum, New  York,  as  a  juvenile  dafiseuse.  and  was  an 
nouneed  as  "the  Child  of  Avon."  She  apjicared  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1846,  at  tin-  Walnut  Street  Tlieater,  as  Rosa  in 
"John  of  Paris."  In  ]Sr.n,  un  Jenny  I.lnd's  advice,  she 
went  to  London  and  studied  witli  Gareia.  In  IBM  she  ap- 
peared in  opera  at  Milan,  and  in  IS^O  at  New  York  ir  'Ml 
Trovatore."  She  appeared  in  Paris  later  in  the  same  pnrt, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  "Mile.  Filippe."  After  this 
Bhesangln  almost  \\\\  the  principal  cities  of  the  world,  but 
was  particularly  aihuired  in  America.  Her  last  appear- 
ance was  in  1881-  Jler  sister  .Mathihle  was  also  a  contralto 
singer. 

Phillips  (fil'ips).  John.  Born  at  Andover.  Mass., 
l>ee.  6,  1719:  died  at  Kxeter,  N.  II.,  April  21, 
1795.  An  American  mereIiant,fonnderori']nllip3 
Academy  in  Kxeter,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
l^hillips  Aendeiny  in  Andover. 

Phillips,  John.  Born  at  ^fardon,  Wiltshire, 
]).•<_■.  LT),  18(10:  died  at  Oxford,  AjumI  23,  1K74. 
An  English  ireolo;rist.  lu  l.s:«  he  Iieeame  pmfessor 
of  geology  at  Kind's  Collcire,  L<uidon;  and  in  1H40  entered 
the  stall  of  the  K'euIo(firaI  survey  of  (Ircat  Britain.  lie 
jiuhlished  "  Illnstnili'tiis  of  the  Geolopy  of  Yorkshire" 
(I^;l.'.),  "Treatise  mi  (Jeoloyy"  (ltt^l7-3!t),  etc. 

Phillips,  Samuel.  Born  at  North  Andover, 
Mass.,  Fob.  7.  17:)1:  died  Feb.  10,  1H0L>.  An 
American  politician,  jndpe,  and  merchant, 
nc]dn'\vnf  .Tnlm  I'iii Hips  (1719-95):  the  principal 
fniiiidrr  of  I'hillijis  Acatlemy  in  Andover. 

Phillips.  Samuel.  Horn  ISl.'c  died  at  iiriRh- 
ton,  Oct.  14,  lHr)4.  An  Kn^lish  writer,  son  of 
a  Jewisli  tradesman  in  Hegent  street,  Loiwlon. 
He  was  educated  at  rnlversKy  College.  I»nditn,  and  at  flid- 
tink'en,  and  resldecl  at  Sydney  SuHsex  CollcKe,  CambridKO, 
for  some  time  with  a  view  of  taktiiK  orders.  His  llrsl 
novel.  " Caleb  Stukdv."  appeared  In  "  lUaekwood's  Ma>{a- 
zhie"(lS*l).  In  18i:!  and  1^(1  he  was  indlt|c»l  editor  of 
the  "  Morninp  Hcndd,"  and  was  liteniry  critic  to  the 
' '  Times"  1B44-&4.  "  Kssays  from  the  Times"  wore  published 


Philoctetes 

In  1853,  and  in  1854  in  Murray  s  "  Reading  for  the  BalL* 
Hewas  proprietorand  editor  of  the  "John  liuir'newBpaper 
1845-ie,  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  tTystal  PaUce 
Company,  held  various  offices  in  connection  with  it,  and 
in  1S52-M  was  its  literarj*  director  and  wrote  several  of  iu 
•-Mune-ljookh. 

Phillips,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Somerton,  near 
(Kxlord,  July  J>,  1868.  An  English  poet  and 
playwright.  He  was  on  the  stance  1880-92. 
Ue  has  written  "Poems"  (1K»7>,  "Paolo  and  Francesca" 
(18'jy),  "Ucrod"  (1900),  etc 

Phillips,  Thomas.  Born  at  Dudley,  "Warwick- 
shire, Oct.  IS,  1770:  died  at  London,  April  20, 
lK4o.  An  En;;Ush  painter.  Heleamwiplass-painting 
at  liirmintrham,  and  was  employed  on  the  window  of  St, 
Geortre's  Chapel  at  Windsor.  He  went  to  Lon^lon  in  1790; 
exhibited  inl7;»2;andwasniade  associate  royal  academician 
iBlS04,androyalacaileniicianinl8*iS.  In  lvJ4  he  succeeded 
Fuseli  as  professor  of  painting  at  the  Royal  Academy;  re- 
signed in  1632;  and  publish'd  his  lectures  on  "The  History 
and  Principles  of  Painting"  in  lb33.  He  was  successful  as 
a  portrait-jiainter. 

Phillips,  Wendell.  Bom  at  Boston.  Xov.  29. 
isll:  died  at  Boston,  Feb.  2,  1884.  A  noted 
American  orator  an<l  abolitionist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harvard;  was  admitted  tothe  bar  in  lS;il;  was  the 
leadinjj:  orator  of  the  abolitionists  1837-61 ;  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Anti-SIavcr>- Society  1865-70.  He  was  also  a 
prominent  advocate  of  woman  sulfra^e,  penal  and  labor 
reform,  etc.  In  1870  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  labor  re- 
formers and  prohibitionists  for  governor  of  Massachusetta, 
His  speeches  were  published  in  1863. 

Phillips.  William.  Bom  May,  1775:  died  1828. 
An  Enirlish  mineralogist  and  geologist.  Hepub- 
li>ht'd  "  Outlines  of  Mineralogy  and  Geology  "  (1815);  "In- 
troduction to  the  Knowledjre  of  Mineralogy  "  (1816) ;  and, 
conjointly  with  W.  D.Conyheare,'"  Outlines  of  the  Geology 
of  England  and  Wales  "(1822),  etc 

Phillips  Academy.  1.  A  preparatory  school 
for  boys,  situated  at  Andover.  Massachusetts: 
founded  by  John  and  Samuel  Phillips  in  1778. 
—  2,  A  preparatory  school  for  boys,  sittiated  at 
Exeter,  New  Hampshire:  founded  by  John  Phil- 
liiisin  17S1. 

Phillipsburg  ('fil'ips-b^rg).  A  town  in  Warren 
t'ounty.  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Dtdaware, 
opposite  Kaston,  55  miles  west  of  Newark.  Pop- 
ulation (19(K»),  10,052. 

Phillis.     See  PhylliSy  2. 

Philo,  or  Philo  Judaeus  (fi'16  jo-de'us)  ('the 
Jew').  [Gr.  <I>(/wr.]  Born,  probably  at  Alex- 
andria, about  20  B.  c. :  died  after  40  A.  D.  A 
Hellenistic  Jewish  philosopher  of  Alexandria. 
He  went  to  Rome  about  4»  A.  i».,at  the  head  of  an  enibasi^y 
of  five  Jews,  to  plead  with  Caligula  for  the  uninterrupted 
exercise  of  their  religion. 

The  object  of  Philo  .  .  .  is  to  harmonize  the  philoso- 
phy of  reliirion,  which  he  had  derived  from  a  stuity  of  Plato. 
Aristotle,  iiiid  other  eminent  heathen  writers,  with  the  let- 
ivv  of  the  books  attributed  to  Moses.  And  he  etfects  this 
reconciliation  by  an  unliniited  licence  of  alleporj'.  This 
mode  of  dealin;;  with  ancient  writers  is  justified  not  only 
!>y  the  practice  of  the  Pharisees  in  Paleatine.  as  we  infer 
from  the  example  of  St.  Paul,  but  also  by  the  licence  uf  the 
Greeks  in  dealing  with  their  own  mythology  in  general, 
and  with  Homer  in  particular. 

K.  O.  MiiHer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit  of  Anc.  Greece.  III.  175. 

[(Donaldion.) 

Philobibloil(fi-lo-bib'lon).  A  treatise  on  books 
}iy  Kic'liard  Aunp'rville  (often  called  Ri<'hard 
of  Bury)  bishop  of  Durhatn  and  chancellor  of 
Kdward  HI.  it  waa  finished  in  1345;  was  printed  at 
Cologne  in  1473;  and  has  been  reprinted  at  Paris  in  1.^00, 
and  at  Oxfortl  in  15i>9  (tlie  same  as  the  5th  Paris  edition). 
John  Inglis  translated  it  into  English  in  1832.  In  18f>6  (t 
was  collated  by  M.  Ilippolyte  Coiberis  and  translate*!  into 
French.  In  1861  an  American  edition  was  puhlishe*!  at 
Albany  by  Samuel  Hand;  and  the  GroHer  Club  iu  New 
York  ]>rinted  the  Latin  text  with  a  new  translation  by 
Andrew  Y.  West  (lS8!t). 

Philo  Byblius(hih'li-iis)Cof  ByblusM.  Lived 
ahout  100  A.  1>.  A  grammarian  from  Bj'blus  in 
Phenicia.     See  the  extract. 

Philo.  a  native  of  ilyblos,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  I>ebanon. 
obt;iined  a  considerable  reputation  as  a  li  anted  gramma- 
nan  at  Chf  end  <>(  the  hrsl  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
second  cfntur>'  of  our  lera.  Hi-  wan  bt.»rn,  i(  secni>.  in  the 
rel^'u  of  NtTo.  and  lived  long  t  ntMigh  to  write  ultotii  Ha* 
driau.  It  is  nrobalile  that  he  was  estaldifhed  at  Home. 
ii>  a  client  of  Iferennins  Srverus,  who  obtained  the  consul- 
sbii*.  prtibabty  as  coimut  ttuiict'tun,  about  tin-  year  VIA  A.  P.; 
for  Philo  bore  the  name  of  Herenntns,  and  i^  appiirently 
confused  with  tlds  nobli>  Kuuian  by  Sniilu.**  or  one  of  hts 
nulhorltlcs.  Besiilcs  works  on  hi»t<u-y,  rbetoric,  and  Imal 
celebritb's.hecngajied  in  labours  not  nnllkc  Ihoseof  Mane- 
tlioand  HernsuH,  and  nn4ilo  knounto  tbe  liti-rary  uorldlu 
general  the  rontents  o(  the  liiHlorlcal  bot.ks  of  hitt  uwn 
mitlon.  EuHcbiuK,  in  the  e|>o(hal  work  ni  which  he 
endeavours  tit  bIu.w  that  all  the  heathen  nations  liorrowtHl 
their  tnidltional  learning  from  the  .lews,  ^ivesanaeeount 
of  the  ancient  mythology  of  the  PlMcnictans.  on  the  au- 
Ib-  I  ity  of  a  translalion  in  nine  iHioks  by  Philo  of  llyhlos 
(roui  ihi-  PbaMileiim  hlst*u-yof  Snncbonlatluui  of  Hcrytus. 
who  was  placed  in  the  time  of  Sumiranib  and  before  the 
Tioiaii  war. 

A*.  O.  Mullrr.  Hist,  of  the  T.lt.  of  Anc.  Oreocc,  III.  2.1B 

Philoctetes  (fil-ok-to'te/.).  [Or.*/>nh-r//rw.]  In 
(Ireek  letT'iid.  n  (Jreek  warrior  in  the  Trojan 
war,  fnmons  as  an  archer.  He  was  the  friend  and 
armor-bearer  of  Hercules,  and  set  Arc  to  the  funeral  pile 


Philoctetes 

of  that  hero.  He  was  woimded  either  by  a  serpent  or  ac- 
cidentally bv  one  of  the  poisoned  arrows  given  him  by  Her- 
cules, and  was  left  to  die  on  Lemnos.  The  legends  about 
him  var>-.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a  play  by  Sopho- 
cles. 

FMlolaUS  (fil-o-la'us).  [Gr.  <J>;?.o/aor.]  Lived 
in  the  5th  century  B.  C.  A  Greek  philosopher, 
one  of  the  chief  of  the  Pythagoreans.  Frag- 
ments of  his  Tvorks  are  extant. 

Philomela  (fil-o-me'lii).  [Gr.  *(?.o////P.a.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Pandion,  sister 
of  Procne,  and  sister-in-law  of  Tereus.  She 
was  metamorphosed  into  a  nightingale  or  a 
swallow.     See  Procne. 

Philomela.  A  novel  by  Robert  Greene,  pub- 
lished in  1592. 

The  most  beautilul,  however,  and  best  known  of  Greene's 
productions  is  his  "Philomela"  other^vise  called  "lady 
Fitzwater's  Nightingale."  in  honour  of  the  Lady  Fitzwnter 
to  whom  it  is  addressed  ;  "being  penned,"  as  the  author 
says  in  the  dedication,  "  to  approve  women's  chastity." 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  557. 

Philopatris  (fi-lop'a-tris),  or  the  Taught.  A 
dialogue  designed  to  discredit  Chi-istianity,  at- 
tributed to  Lucian,  but  probably  by  another 
hand. 

PhilopCEmen  (fil-o-pe'men).      [Gr.  *jAon-o<//;7v.] 


804: 

district  in  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  northwest 

of  Argolis,  northeast  of  Arcadia,  and  south  of 

Sicvouia. 
Phlius  (fii'us).     [Gr.  */.(oi'<:.]     In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Phliasia,  Peloponnesus,  Greece, 

1-t  uiiles  west-southwest  of  Corinth.     It  was 

usuallv  allied  with  Sparta. 
Phobos  (fo'bos).     [Gr.  ^0  Joe,  fear:  in  mythol- 

cv  personified  as  the  son  of  Ares  and  brother 

ofDeimos.]     The  inner  of  the  two  satellites  Phorcyads  (for'si-adz),  or  Phorcids  (for'sidz), 


Phut 

the  Phoenix  Iron  Works  being  the  chief.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  9,196. 

Phokis.     See  Phocis. 

Phorbas  (for'bas).  [Gr.  it>op,3af.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, son  of  Lapithes.  He  freed  the  Ehodians  from 
a  plague  of  serpents,  and  was  honored  by  them  as  a  ben>. 
He  was  placed  in  the  heavens  as  the  constellation  Ophia- 
chusC'the  Serpent-holder').  According  to  another  legend 
he  WDS  a  famous  boxer, but  having  challenged  the  gods  to 
contend  with  liim  was  slain  by  Apollo. 


of  the  planet  Mars,  discovered  by  Asaph  Hall  at 
Washington,  in  Aug..  1877.  This  extraordinarj- body 
revolves  in  the  plane  of  the  equator  of  ilars,  at  a  distance 
of  only  about  3,7UO  miles  from  the  surface  of  the  planet.  At 
the  equinoxes  it  is  in  eclipse  about  one  flith  of  the  time: 
at  the  solstices  it  does  not  suffer  eclipse.  It  revolves  about 
its  primary  in  7h.  39m.  Us. ;  and,  as  Mars  revolves  on  its 
a.vis  in  over  24  hours,  the  satellite  must  appear  to  an  ob- 
server on  Mars  to  rise  in  the  west  and  set  in  the  east.  At 
a  station  on  the  equator  of  Mars(where  the  satellite  always 
passes  through  the  zenith),  it  wUl,  out  of  its  lib.  6m.  233. 
of  period,  pass  only  3h.  20m.  above  the  horizon. 
Phocaea(fo-se'a).  [Gr.  <i>(j/ca(a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on 
the  ^Egean  Sea  28  miles  northwest  of  Smyrna. 
The  inhabitants  emigrated  in  large  numbers  after  an  at- 
tack by  the  forces  of  Cyrus  the  Great  in  the  6th  century 

_  B.  c.    It  was  the  mother-city  of  Marseilles. 

Born'^at  MegalopoUs,  Arcadia^  Greece,  about  Phocaea  (fo-se'ii).    An  asteroid  (No.  25)  discov- 

952  B.  c. :  put  to  death  at  Messene,  183  B.  c.    A     ered  bv  Chacornac  at  Marseilles,  April  7,  1853.  pT,„„„},„„ic  rfos'fo  rus) 
■  •      ■    ■  "  „,,,.,     X      .  .„^  _,_.,,-,,  .       .      [Gr.  <i>6)«'(jr.]    Born  about  •','^."^.".1     T.,  /^—-.-i-  ~^ 


general  of  the  Achjean  League,  called  "the  Last  Phocion  (fo'shi-on) 
of  the  Greeks."    He  was  distinguished  at  the  battle  of 
Sellasia  225:  or  221 ;  was  several  times  general  (first  in  20S) ; 
defeated  the  Spartans  at  Mantinea  about  207;  and  defeated 
Nabis,  tyrant  of  Sparta,  in  192. 

Philosopher  of  Ferney,  The.  Voltaii-e :  he  re- 
sided many  years  at  Ferney,  near  Geneva. 

Philosopher"  of  Malmesbiiry.  The.  Thomas 
Hobbes  :  he  was  born  at  Malmesbm-y.^ngland. 

Philosopher  of  Sans  Souci,  The 

the  (Trt-at ;  so  iianiPd  by  himself. 
Philosopher  of  ■Wimbledon,The.  HomeTooke. 
Philosophical  Club.     See  Soyal  Society  Clid). 
Philostorgius  (fil-o-stor'ji-us).      Bom  in  Cap- 

padoeia  about  364:  died  after  425.     A  Greek 

ecclesiastical  historian. 
Philostrate   (firos-trat).     A  character  in  "A 


The.  '  [Gr.  <i>opKlStg.'\     See  the  extract. 

Three  daughters  of  Phorkys  (Darkness)  and  Keto(The 
Abyss).  Their  names  were  Deino,  Pephredo,  and  Enyo  : 
Hesiod,  in  his  Theogony,  gives  only  tlie  two  last.  They 
were  also  called  the  GraiBe.  They  were  said  to  have  iu 
common  but  one  eye  and  one  tooth,  which  they  used  alter- 
nately, and  to  dwell  at  the  uttennost  end  of  the  earth, 
where  neither  sun  nor  moon  beheld  them.  They  represent 
the  climax  of  all  which  Greek  imagination  has  created  of 
horrible  and  repulsive.  Taylor,  Xotes  to  Faust. 

[Goethe  transforms  Mephistopheles  into  a  Phorcyad  in 
the  second  part  of  Faust.] 

Phormio  (for'mi-o).    A  comedy  by  Terence: 

so  called  from  the  name  of  one  of  its  characters. 
Phosphorists  (fos'fo-rists).  In  Swedish  literary 
history,  a  poetic  school,  of  romantic  tendency. 
in  the  first  part  of  the  19th  century  :  so  named 
from  their  organ  "Phosphoros."  The  leading 
writer  of  the  school  was  Atterbom. 

[Gr.  ^ua<p6poc,  light- 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  morning 


402  B.  c. :  put  to  death  317  B.  c      A  celebrated  st";'^^'';^^^  ^f  Astraus  aid  EosT'the  name  of  the 

Athenian  statesman  and  general     He  commanded  j       ^  y          ^              ^^  ^^^  g^j,;^.  ^^^.^    gee 

the  left  wing  of  the  Athenian  fleet  in  the  sea-nght  with  t" 

the  Spartans  off  Na.Kos  in  376,  and  in  3S9  commanded  a  Ueajierua, 

force  which  successfully  opposed  Philip  of  Macedon  at  Phosphorus.  In  Arthurian  legend,  a  name  given 

Byzantium.    He  afterivard  became  the  leader  of  the  aris-  ^q  gjp  Persaunt  of  India.  Tennvson,  in  ''  Gareth 


tocratic  party,  and  advocated  the  policy  of  peace  with 
Macedon  in  opposition  to  Demosthenes.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  the  democratic  party  on  a  false  charge  of  treason. 
Frederick  p]iocis  (fo'sis).  [Gr.  ■i'u/iif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, aterritoryincentral  Greece.  Itwasbound- 
ed  by"Locris  on  the  north,  Boeotia  on  the  east,  the  Corin- 
thian Gulf  on  the  south,  and  Doris  and  Locris  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  contains  Mount 
Parnassus,  and  was  especially  important  from  its  chief 
place,  Delphi.  It  took  part  in  the  Sacred  War  .367-346  B.  c. . 
aud  was  defeated  by  Philip  of  Macedon.  It  is  comprised 
the  modern  nomarciiies  of  Phocis  and  Boeotia, 


Midsummer   Night's    Dream."  bv   Shakspere:  Phocis.     A    nomarchy     of     modern    Greece. 
Theseus's  master  of  the  revels.    "  Area.  788  square   miles.     Population  (1896), 

Philostratus   (fi-los'tra-tus),   sumamed  "The    88.211. 
Elder."     [Gr.  ipi'/darparo^.']     Born  probably  in  Phocylldes(fo-sil'i-dez).   [Gr.  ^uKv?uSr/(.']   Born 


Lemnos :  iived  in  the  first  part  of  the  3d  cen 

tury  A.  D.     A  Greek  sophist  aud  rh 

He  'wrote  the  life  of  Apollonius  of  Tyana, 

("  Likenesses  "X  "Heroica,"  "Lives  of  the  Sophists. 

Philostratus,  surnamed  '•  The  Younger."  Lived 
in  tlie  3d  century.     A  Greek  sophist. 

Philoxenus  (fi-lok'se-nus).  [Gr.  "tz/.o^fiof.] 
Lived  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century.  A 
Monophysiteleader  of  the  Eastern  Church.  He 
authorized  the  "Philoxenian"(Syrian\version 
of  the  Bible. 

Philtre  (fel'tr),  Le.     [F.,  'The  Philter.']     An 


n  Ionia  about  560  B.  c.    A  Greek  epic  and  ele 
iac  poet.     Nothing  is  known  of  his  life. 
Eikones"  Phoebe  (fe'be).      [Gr.  ioi,3ri:  see  Phwhiis.']     In 
classical  mythology,  a  Titaness,  daughter  of 
Uranus  andGsea ;  also,  a  surname  of  Diana  (Ar- 
temis) as  goddess  of  the  moon. 
Phoebe.     1.  A  shepherdess  in  Shakspere's  "As 
you  Like  it":   an  Arcadian  coquette. — 2.   A 
character  in  Hawthorne's  story  "The  House  of 
the  Seven  Gables":  a  cheerful,  contented  New 
England  girl,  contrasting  with  the  morbidness 
)f  most  of  the  other  characters  in  the  storv. 


opera  by  Auber,  words  by  Scribe,  produced  at  pi^gbus  (fe'bus).    [Gr.  ^oi^o^,  the  shining  one.] 
Paris  in  1831.    It  is  the  same  in  subject  as  Doniiietti's      .^jj  ppjtljet  of  \pollo 
"  L'Elisire  d'Amore.'  and  was  very  popular.  -piiroTiiVia        <<pp  Php/iii^n 

Phinehasffin'e-has).  In  Old  Testament  historv,  E?'®'4"a-     !5?e  i /(eimia. 

aWgh  priest  of  Israel,  son   of  Eleazar  and  P^??!?  (^f^'^'-   ^^^-  *<"!"'-5 


and  Lvnette,"  calls  him  "Morning  Star." 
Photius  (fo'shi-us).  Died  892  (891  ?).  A  cele- 
brated Byzantine  prelate  and  scholar.  He  held  the 
lay  offlces  of  captain  of  the  body-guard  and  chief  secretary  to 
the  emperors  Michael  III.,  Basilius  the  Macedonian,  aud 
Leo  the  pliilosopher ;  was  raised  to  the  patriarchal  dignity 
in  857  in  place  of  Ignatius,  and  held  the  office  for  ten  years, 
when  he  was  deposed.  Restored  in  877,  he  remained  in 
office  till  886,  when  he  was  again  deposed.  He  died  in 
banishment.  His  chief  works  are  "  MjTiobibliou,"  a  col- 
lection of  extracts  from  and  abridgments  of  280  volumes 
of  classical  authors,  the  originals  of  which  are  now  in 
large  part  lost :  and  "  Amphilochia,"  a  collection  of  ques- 
tions and  answers  on  difficult  points  in  Scripture. 
Phrygia  (frij'i-ii).  [Gr.  <l>pi';m.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  eoiintry  in  Asia  Minor,  of  varying 
boundaries.  In  the  Persian  period  it  comprised  Lesser 
Phrygia  on  the  Hellespont,  and  Great  Phrygia  in  the  in- 
terior, bounded  by  Bithynia  and  Paphlagonia  on  the  north, 
the  Ualys  on  the  east,  the  Taurus  on  the  south,  and  Mysia 
Lydia,  and  Caria  on  the  west.  Later  the  fialatians  settled 
in  the  northeast  portion.  The  inhabitants  (Phrygians)  are 
of  undetermined  origin.  The  country  was  overrun  by  the 
Cimmerians  in  the  7th  century  B.  c,  and  was  ruled  later 
by  Lydia,  Persia,  Macedon,  and  Rome. 
Phryne(fri'ne).  [Gt.^pvi'?i.']  Lived  in  the  middle 
of  the  4th  century  B.C.  A  celebrated  Athenian 
hetaira.  She  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  model  of  the 
picture  "Aphrodite  Anadyomene  "  by  Apelles,  and  of  the 
statue  of  the  Cnidian  Aphrodite  by  Praxiteles.  According 
to  the  legend,  she  was  defended,  on  a  capital  charge,  by 
her  lover  Hyperides;  and  when  he  failed  to  move  the 
judges  by  his  oratorj-^  he  bade  her  uncover  her  bosom, 
and  thus  secured  her  acquittal. 


grandson  of  Aaron. 
Phipps  (fips),  Constantine  Henry,  Marquis  of 
Normanby.  Born  May  15,  1797:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  28,  1863.  An  English  statesman  and 
writer,  son  of  the  first  Earl  of  Mulgrave.     He 


1.  In  Greek  Phryne  before  the"  Areopagus.    A  painting 
legend:  (a)  A  brother  (or  father)  of  Europa:  re-  _by  Gerome  (1861). 
puted  ancestor  of  the  Phenicians. 
Amyntor  and  Hippodamia.     He  was  intrusted  by 
Peleus  with  the  education  of  Achilles,  whom  he  attended 


during  the  Trojan  war. 
2.  See  Phenix. 


was  educated  at  Cambridge  (Tnnity  College),  and  entered  phrenix.  The  capital  of  Arizona,  a  City  m  Man- 
Parliament  for  Scarborough  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.    He  „  /'^„„+,-      ■D.,^„i„f;n„  /^Qnn^    ^  -<  < 
published  his  first  novel,  "Matilda/'  in  1825,  and  in  1S28  copa  County      Population  (1900).  o,M 
'■  Yes  and  No."    He  succeeded  his  father  as  Earl  Mul  PhoeniX,    John.       The    pseudonym    of    George 
grave ;  was  made  captain-general  and  governor  of  Jamaica  Horatio  Derb  V. 

in  1831;  w-as  made  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1835;  phoenix    The."     An  old  London  theater  in  St. 

was  created  marquis  of  >ormanby  in  1838;  and  was  colo-  ,-,-,  ■^^' .,      ^A.    ,;•        ,,             ,i      j  «                   ,    -^ 

„ial  senretai-i-  and  bomp  ser-retn.^-    siirrp.ssivelv.  in    T.ord       GlleS-in-tlie-i  ICMS.      It  was  altered  from   a  COCkpit, 

and  was  sometimes  called  by  that  name.     In  1583  it  was 


nial  secretary  and  home  secretary,  successively,  in  Lord 
Melbourne's  administration.  From  1846  to  1852  he  was 
ambassador  at  Palis,  and  from  1854  to  185S  at  Florence. 


one  of  the  chief  places  of  amusement 
1649. 


Force  t 

dom  in  disguise  like  Harun-al-Rashid. 


the  British  navy  in  1765,  and  in  1773  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition in  search  of  the  northwest  pass.age,  which  was  -p-u™-,--  oriH   Tnrtip   T'hp       A  nopm  bv  Shak 
stopped  by  ice  in  lat.  80'  48'  X.     He  wrote  a  'Journal  of  irhoeniX  ana  lUTCie,  ine.     ^  poem  m  oudK 
a  Voyage  toward  the  North  Pole  "  (1^''4). 

Phips,  or  Phipps  (fips).  Sir  William.  Born  in 
Maine,  Feb.  2,  1651 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  18, 
1694.  Governor  of  Massachusetts  1692-94.  He 
captured  Port  Royal  in  1690,  and  in  the  same  year  com- 
manded an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Quebec. 

Phiz  (fiz).     See  Browne,  HahJot  Knight. 

Phlegethon  (flej'e-thon).  [Gr.  ^7jr)'i6av,  the 
flaming.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  river  of  fire 
in  the  lower  world,  which  flows  into  Acheron 


(6)  Son  of  Plirynichus'(frin'i-kus).  [Gr.^pvvixo^.'^  Flour- 
ished 500  b:  c.  An  Attic  poet,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Greek  tragedy. 

Phrynichus  of  Athens  (512-476)  still  used  only  one  actor, 
but  improved  the  organisation  of  the  chorus,  sometimes 
subdividing  it  into  smaller  bands,  one  of  which  might 
represent  a  group  of  maidens,  another  a  group  of  elders,  or 
the  like.  One  of  his  choral  performances  represented  the 
"Capture  of  Miletus,"the  chief  town  of  Ionia,  in  the  last 
year  of  the  Ionian  revolt  (494  B.  C).  The  Athenians  were 
so  moved,  Herodotus  says,  that  they  fined  the  poet,  who 
had  set  before  them  the  sufferings  of  their  kinsmen,  "for 
reminding  them  of  their  own  misfortunes."  In  his  "Phoe- 
nissse  "(476  B.  c.)  Phrynichus  celebrated  thedeeds  of  Athens 
in  the  Persian  wars  :  one  group  of  the  chorus  represented 
Phoenician  women  who  had  been  sent  to  the  Persian 
court,  while  another  group  represented  Persian  elders. 

ye6?.,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  72. 

Phthia  (thi'ii).  [Gr.  ■Wi>.]  A  region  of  ancient 
Greece,  mentioned  by  Homer,  whence  Phthio- 
tis  is  named. 


;  it  was  destroyed  in 


spere,  first  published  in  an  appendix  to  a  book  _*'*  j^.  ^t^^f!^:  -,^  ,  ro  *«  -  i  t.,  „^„;o„f 
called  "Love's  Martvr,"bv  Robert  Chester,  in  Phthiotis(thi-o'tis).  [Gr  *0™r<f .]  In  anc  ent 
Vp,^,  •   '      -  geography,  a  district  in  the  southern  part  ot 


1601 
Phoenix  Nest,  The.     A  collection  of  poems 

published  in  1593,  edited  by  "  E.  S.  of  the  Inner 

Temple,  "entleman." 
Phcenix  Park.    A  pleasure-resort  in  Dublin, 

about  1760  acres  in  extent.    Thereon  May6,l&S2,oc 


Thessaly,  Greece,  north  of  the  Maliac  Gulf. 
Area  of  modern  nomarchy,  1703  square  miles. 
Phurud'(fu-r6d').  [-^^  dl-fnriid.  the  isolated 
or  solitary.]  The  third-magnitude  star  C  Canis 
Majoris.  in  the  left  hind  paw  of  the  animal. 


curred  the  assassination  of  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish,'chief  Phut  (fot).     See  the  extract. 


secretaryforlreland.and  Thomas  H.Bnrke.undersecretary. 

Phlegraean  Plain  (fleg-re'an  plan).  The  vol-  Phcenixville  (fe'niks-vil).  A  borough  in  the 
canic  district  Ijing  west  of  Naples,  near  the  township  of  Schuylkill,  Chester  County,  Penn- 
coast.  svlvania,  situated  at  the  junction  of  French 

Phliasia  (fli-a'shi-a).  [Gr.  ^'/.laaia,  the  terri-  Creek  with  the  Schuylkill.  23  miles  northwest 
tory  of  Phlius.]    In  ancient  geography,  a  small    of  Philadelphia.  It  has  important  manufactures. 


The  name  which  follows  that  of  Mizraim  in  Genesis  is 
still  enveloped  in  mystery.  Since  the  days  of  Josephns  it 
has  been  the  fashion  to  identify  Phut  with  the  Libyans; 
but  this  cannot  be  correct,  since  the  I.ehabim  or  Libyans 
are  included  among  the  sons  of  Mizraim.  .\  broken  frag- 
ment of  the  annals  of  Nebuchadnezzar  has  at  last  shed  a 
little  light  on  the  cjuestion.    We  there  read  that  the  Baby- 


OAK  Pickens.  Francis  Wilkinson 

.^  ■  .  =„„ii„^  fhP  xBhes  mixed  with  water.  The  Piaroa  Un-  piccadills.  smaU  stiff  collars,  affected  by  the  Ral- 
wnian  king  in  the  37th  ye»r  of  his  reign  marched  acaj..st  ^^^"^^e  .^^^w" h.s  nut  bee,,  classified  Jmj  classed  fa^ts  of  the  time  of  James  I.]  The  Rreat  thor- 
Egypt,  and  defeute,    the  anuy  o    A.n»\'3.    he  Egj^pnan     M.a^e^  J^^saliva,  which,  in  turn,  he  made  a  branch  of  the  y,f^^^  ;„  London  between  Hyde  Park  Corner 

""ri'h^.'j'^JVhilmiins'    W^^^  ^''^'^-  m,  *if     „^»rnf  the  first     and  the  Ha  vmarket.    The  street  was  named  from  m 

pUhlue.°e  •   he  h"    Ranted  special  privileges  t«  the  piast  (pvast).     The  reputed  tounder  of  the  hrst  ^j  entertainment  (PiccadUly  House)  which  stood  in 

K"h"d'su.'roumle,t  himself  with  a  i;reckl.oay.Kuard,      polish    d^Tiasty  (about  the   middle  of  the  9th      theUaymarketinthetimeof|;haresI.   The  western  por- 
»nd  had  removed  the  camp  of  the  Greek  mercenaries  from      ..^.^t^y,;  tion  of  Piccadilly  was  then  called  Port  ug^  street, 

the  neighbourhood  of  Pelusium  to  that  of  Memphis     in  p.      ♦„ -/.j^ji^tz).     The  first  dynasty  of   Polish  piccinni,orPiccini(pet-che'ne),HlCOla.   Bom 
;'''>r'l^th''Grtk  me";  n'V"^"^^^^^^  ruWs.  ^'i\  ided  n  Polandwith  thedeath.o,Casi„,irlII    ^a\  Bari.'ltaly.  1728:  died  at  Paris,  May  7.  1800. 

*.W m^nner't^be  m^^^  [,V,:,70,bu. .  ontinuedson.eceuturieslonger.n  Ma.ov,aand     ^^^  jj^i;^^  composer  of  opera.    In  177C  he  went  to 

of  KvrTnrfrom  whence  Amasis  had  obUuned  a  wife.  siksia.  „  ,  Paris,  and  then  arose  the  famous  quarrel  between  his  fol- 

of  h-yrenc,  irom  w  5a„cc,  Kaces  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  W.  piatigorsk.     See  Pya^f/ora/;.  lowers  and  those  of  Gluck,  which  absorbed  the  public. 

,     .^     ^  --'    T   1    T    f-       il„r,.,„1     Piatra  fvie-a'tra)      A  town  in  Moldavia,  Buma-     Among  his  works  are  "La  Cecchina  ossia  la  Buona  Fl; 

PhvUiS  (IJl  is).  [Gr.*!//"!:.]  1.  In  Greek  lof^end,  Fiatra  (pe  a  t™  •  /^  >•  ;,  j.     gUuola"  (1760),  which  had  a  great  success:  "  Ro  and 

thf  betrothed  wife  of   Demophon.     Because  be     ll'a^Slt''''t«^'}  ,''"  *''^  ^'^[1.  t    ,,W1™I(  ^''O  000       ^j-^g);  "Atys-dTsO);  and,  in  opposition  to  Gluck,  ••  Iphl- 
f»ifed  to  keen  his  promise  to  come  and  many  her  on  a     southwest  of  Jassy.     Population  (IbJU),  r"'"""-     it.„ie  en  Tauride  "(ITSIV    Glucks  opera,  however,  was  the 
certain  day  she  hung  hLrlelf,  and  w.as  metamorphosed  pj^tt  (pi'at).  Donn.     Born  at  Cinemuali,  Juiie     ^^^.e  successful.    He  rfied  in  great  poverty, 
into  an  almond-tree.  .  09  1819 :  died  lit  Cleveland,  Ohio,  ^ov.  IL,  l»Jl.  pjggjjj^jjjjjjjj  (pjk-ko-lom'e-iie).    An  Italian  no- 

2   In  pastoral  poetry,  a  conventional  name  lor      .^  American  journalist.    He  was  in  1851  app.>intcd    y^jp  familv,  a  branch  of  which  settled  in  Ger- 
a  maiden.     Also  spelled  Fhilli.i.  ,„,,     „,  the  Court  of  Common  Pleiis  iii  Hamilton  County,  goth  lines  became  extinct  in  the  18th 

Phvsical   Force   Party.      A  name  sometimes     Ohio,  and  later  secretary  of  legation  at  Paris;  he  sen  ed  on  • 

^&ot"''fun.,I,Xnd  party,  after  (V^^^^^^^     -^-^^i^^^^^l;^!^:^^  fj^^^         p'iccoiomini.  Die.      ["The   Piccolomini.']     A 
nell's  repudiation  ..t  the  use  ot  forc^e  about  184,5.     ''"'"''".'d  edited  it  for  two  years.    He  wrote  -  Memoirs     tragedy  bv  Schiller  (1799),  forming  the  second 

Kiysick  ((iz.'ik),  Philip  Syng.     Born  at  Phila-     l,j«  ^J  jjen  who  Saved  the  fnion"  (1887),  and  "The  Lone  »,  .^-  ^^^-^  i,.ii,-,„v  of  "  Wallenstein." 

de1phia,July7,17(3S:  ,Uea  at  Pliiladelpliia,  Dec.     Grave  of  the  Shenandoal."  (1888).  Dnnrhom  Piccolomini,  Maria.    B(uu  at  Siena,  1836:  died 

15,1837:    An  American  surgeon  and  physician:  Piatt.  John  James    ,i ''l'" 'iy^^^'^uAm^S    at'  Flo^.^:    Dec,  1899.     An   Italian  opera- 
sometiraes  called"  the  Father  of  American  Sur-    County,  Indiana  March  1183o.     AuAmoican  descendant  of  the  famous  family  of 

eery.-'  ^  ^     ^.  ,  P^^h' r.   J'"<™r-n>«"v.  that  name.     Her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  was  at 

pWolOgUS  (fiz-i-ol'o-gUS).     AbestiaiT,  OrCOl-  »   'he.«oUse.,f^l^^^^^^^^^  ^  ,„„.  ,.,^^^.„^^   j„i       „,«  earnhal  of  (8.'.;!.,as,Luerezia  torgia 

lection  of  allegorical  fables  on  animals.    These  ?'i,X  4urw    u    nowells,  "Poems  of  Two  Mends"  HerLondondebut  was  at  Her  Majesty  sTbeat  em 

were  widely  read  ft.  the  middle  ages     The  word  was  some-  "^■4y:<i'i^,i;i,i,wife.''The>estsat  Washington   (.8«),  La  Traviata^    In  I808  «  ^  ""^t  n  S  lid  soon  aJtfr 

Umes  used  as  if  it  were  the  name  of  the  author.  \j      '.bUshed  also  "  P<.ems  in  Sunshine  and  1-  ircj  gt  much  admired.    S  '«<=',  "f,™Be  in  IKOO,  anu  500 

.        A  Physiologus  a^ribed .»  Epipha^ius  w.  pubUs^^^^^^^^     ^Cdn'i^k:' eVc  ■^S^^^s  T^^^^Z  ^  p^c^loS  Wnce  0  U^^^^    Bom  1.599 :  died 

ls:^^^^'::\^i^ms^o^^^^:^^^"^  (is^fsfTh'eVhfdrLoj^^ 

Sise,  which  wascondemned'asapocryphal  ajad  hereti.     1S.1)  "At  '^^  Uo'v  "  ^:^^1'^^  ('^^^^.i^'-j^.      go^^  ^t  Years'  War,  in  the  Imperialist,  and  later  ,n  the 

calbyPopeGelasiusIL  inacounciloftheycar496.     Theie  Pjatt,  Mrs.  (Sarah  morgan  iSl^an;.      ouiuau  g         .  j^    service.     He  was  inslrument,<d  in  bringing 

iTe  several  Latin  manuscripts  of  snch  works,  but  none     Lexington,    Ky.,    1S3(..       An    American    poet,  *P'^;'\|'^\{„;"f„,,  „,  wullenstein  in  1634.     He  was  de- 
earlier  than  the  eighth  century.     TJiey  are  'f'"^  ;.■'■'';  f"'     ^[ff.  of  ,1.  J.  Piatt.     She  has  published  "  A  Woman  s  ,  ,     Torsten.son  at  Leipsic  in  1W2. 

In  Old  High  German  prose  of  the  eleventh  centui>,nna  in      "''        .  ,    ..  voyage   to  the  Fortunate   Isles,  etc  ""»  '  T>icrnr-ro  fripk  dii  me-de'  d6  be- 

the  Old  French  of  Philippe  de  Thaun  at  the  iKg.nning  of     P°t."f ..  <i°' ^^^^  rliiom  and  Moods"  (1879),  "  An  Irish  PlC  du  Midi  dC  BlgOrre  U^f  1-/'"  ^e  oe    ae  ue 

Se  twelfth  century.    Another  is  of  the  thirteentluentury,       1*  ./>„,,  P^/^X.tS'a -World  Ballads  "  (1887),  "The  f;Or' )  or  ds  BagnfereS.      [!•., 'southern  peak  of 

"Le  l',estiaire  Divin."  of  Guillaume,  ^^^.^^;;"'}:^";^ll>     \V'itd.  in  the  Glass,  etc."  (18S8),  etc.  .  .  Bigorre.']    A  mountain  in  the  PjTenees  depart- 

fr''^^^'di;ons'tfken"f;ort°he  plt'^^   effound 'thel;  PiaiAy,  or  Pia'uhl  (pe-ou-e').     1.  A. river  in  „e^,tof  Hau,es-Pvr.Mu.e^,France,20m.lessouth 

w'yaKtothe-SpeciZm  the   state  of  Piauhy,  Brazil,  whu-h  joi.is  the  of  Tarbes.     Height.  9,-MO  feet. 

Beiuvais.   Our  Old  English  Bestiary  contains  few  Norman     c^ninde  about  lat.  C°  30'  S.     Length,  about  3.>0  pj^.  ^^  jjj^  d'OssaU  (do-so' ).      [F.,  'southern 
words  in  its  vocabulary ;  and  Dr.  Morris  believes  that  it                _2.  A  state  of  Brazil,  lying  southeast  of  ]^    £  Ossau.'l     A  mountain  in  the  Pyrenees, 

jayhaye.been  written  by  the  author  of  the  poems  of     ™;^^;^go  and  northwest  of  Pernambuco  and  [,     artment    of    Basses-PyrtW-es,    France,   So 

°""^*"    """    ^-j/orto,  English  Writers,  m.  334.     Bahia.     Area,  116,218  square  miles.     Popula-  ,„iies  south  of  Pau.     Height,  9.46o  feet. 

,   -  ..    1      /  -x'       \   ^„„,.;„f.«  ;„  tl,P     tion   estimated  (18941,  300.009.  Picenum  (pi-se'num).     In  ancient  geography, 

Piacenza  (pe-a-chen'za).      A  province^  m  the     t'^^^^^^i.'??^^)/ A  river  of  Venetia,  Italy, which  ^''^f^X-  -  in  Italv,  Iving  between  the  Adriatic 

compart iraento  of  Emilia,  Italy,  nearly  cone-  ^.1^^®  X,  ^7^^;^  oq  ^iies  east-northeast  of  and  the  Apennines.     Capital,  Asculum.     It  was 

sponding  to  the  former  duchy  of  Piaconza  JSee     J?  "^  *':*\^"'^^^5j;t  pjavis.    Length,  about  130  Siunded  l.fPmbria  on  the  norlhwest  and  west,  the  Sabines 

Parma,  Durlm  of.)    Area,  954  scxuare   miles.     \  ;  uKe.  tne  ancitni  itj  &    ,  on  the  southwest,  and  the  Vcstini  on  the  soiith     It  was 

Population  (1891),  228,827.  t?"       '/•=,'»>    TliA      An   arcade   occupying     reduced  by  Rome  in  208  b.  c,  and  took  part  m  the  SochU 

on  the  Po   near  its  junction  with  the  Trebbia,  ket  m  London.                                                             ^^^      1^5oru  at  Santiago  de  los  Catialleros.  Dec. 

in  lat    45°  3'  N  ,  long.  9°  40'  E. :  the  ancient  it  was  first  called  "the  Portico  Walk,"  but  .  .  .  hiuslone     oQ,  1799 :  died  at  Havana.  18  (9.  A  Cuban  author. 

PKcentia      Its  noted  buildings  are  the  Church  of  .San  home  the  quaint  name  of  ''ii^f '■."»  "P™  '•"■■"''°''  '''"^     He  published  several  geogl-aphical   works  on 

Sto  the  caVhedraT(consecrated  in  1133),  an.l  the  Palazzo  those  which  line  the  streets  of  l'^1««'^^;V«^„,,„„  ,  .,0.     Cub.a,  and  a  dictionary  of  Cuban  provmcialisms 

Communale.    It  received  a  Roman  colony  219  B.  c. ;  was  '                              (3d  ed.  1862). 

Dearly  destroyed  by  the  Gauls  2«0  B.  c  ,  was  the  meet-  p.            ^  ,1      gicmoria  (pe-iit'sa  del'lii  sen-yo-  p\„-i,p_„   (ue^h-srii'),  Charles.      Bom  at  Ar- 

iTn^difthelttre'^lnd'SedwIna.n™^  ^^^Ifor  PiLzl'del  Gran  Duca  (del  griui  dr.'-  ^.^^iJi^f l^.a^'^^i-l^^^ee,  Feb.  10   1761:   committed 

SeriSunderbichtenstein  defeated  the  united  FYench  ^^j,     [It.,' place  of  til,,  government' or    of  the     ^„i,.ije  (or  was  assassinated !)  in  prison  April 

and  .Sp.™iah  troops  here .lune  16, 174(i.    Population(l89.),  g^and  duke.']    The  chief  ptibbc  stiuaro  in  I' lor-     r,    ^^04      a  French   general,  distinguished   as 

^^za.  Duke  of.     See  Leyrun,  Carles  Fran-  ^ence^  ^^^                ^^^,  ^^,^,^^              ,p,,  't^^'^^l^L^  til^l'V^^th' in'l'^;  and'esl 

i"!"-              ^              „       „,             ,„                             of  the  people.']     A  sc|uare  in  the  northern  part  ,„.^.iaiiy   i,i  Beigiuni  in  1794.    He  conmicred  the 

PiaceVOle  Notte.     heeStraparola                                   modern  Home,  where  the  Corso  begins.  'Netherlands  in  179.-.;  suppressed  the  Germinal  insurre*. 

Piaggia(|>e-iid'.ia).CarlO.  Bon  atLucea,Ital>,  -"^ '"""',  j    Snagna    (dC.    siian'vii).      A   public  ti.m  in  Paris,  April,  179,s :  was  a  .mmber  of  the  Cm^^^^^^^ 

1830-  died  in  Siniiaar,  1882.     Aif  Atrican  trav-  i-iazza   ai    opagud,    ^           1         -     ',             '[ii.u^.e  y^^  Hundred  ;  and  wa.s  implicated  in  the  conspin.  j  of 

e  er  ;n;rcoll..ctor.    He'went  young  to  Egypt-  learned     s-iuaix.  m  l^.nn-  "^^     „  '     ,  J  ^'^.'^  Ted  ;"'  a  Fruetid,,r(.797>  H.M;ng^edinanunsuccessfulconspin.cy 

|^r^^SSIal\^5^^wi;ilSy:;ir;:!:,(^^     ;:irt^i:Z^.::^ibegn;a,.li^it  of  steps  lead-  ^^^^^:CX:m.  r  AvolcanoinEctia- 

Mand  1871  76:  and  went  with  Gessi  to  the  lakes  of  the     ;,      ^^  the  " Trinita  de'  Monti."  ,,ur.  northwest  of  Quito.     Height  (\\  hymper), 

NUeinl876.     He  was  the  first  European  among  the  Nyam-  p;    „_j  (ne-iit'sc),  GiuseppS.      Born  at  Ponte,  ,r  01  sfept.— 2.  AprovinceinEcuador,  eontain- 

Nyam.    His  ethnologic  collections  were  secured  by  the  ^.^^^ff^^i/iP^^Yt.Uv,  .lulv  1(^1746:  died  at  Naples,  ^'.'X  c-ltv  of  ()uito.     Area,  6,215  square  miles. 

Berlin  Museum  of  Ltlmolo^y^                                                   July  22  1826.    An  Italian  astronomer.    Hebeeamo  r.,7,,„iatio;.,  20.-.,(>00. 

'^isJiTk^Bl^^^f  yE;JS~i3Sa-H:  ^ik^^AASX^^ 

Scr7ption  f.mnd  at  Mount  Itarkal  on  "a  "ock  of  granite     J.^;,^ '^'^j^,  4'{^,;  ^^^^^  t^uito,  between  the  Spanianis  under  luimiiez 

covered  with  writing  on  all  sides  up  to  the  very  edges       ^['J,':',X,;;^,,,,  1,.  1803  and  1814.  and  the  patriots  under  Sucre.    I'b--' vhl'.ry  "f  the 

^nShaw(pI-an'k^-sh^).     Atribeof  No,|h  Pica^^I^'';;]- Lo^ie?11^!^^^^^\4,^7:     ^^rZ^k;^:^'^^'^"^^'^'^^^^ 
St^^^h'iS^^^l^uq^ib;:;!^^     A  ^remdi  re,.Uicun  poliUc^^  ^^^-  ,„.  Karomje    V.n 

the  Wabash  Uiver  from  its  mouth  to  Verm.l  on     ?|,!!  Administer  of  the  interior  1871-72.         .  Greiner).     «V^"  "*  ^ '^'"•'"' T'''  i  nov  i  st   ... 

Biver  and  west  to  the  watershed  between  tlic^  pig^rds  (pik'iLnlz).     A  sect  in  Bohemia  about     ,|,e,.e.  ,)„lv  9,  1843.     An  Austri.i.  '"^^•'"^'' "" 
Wabash  and  the  Illinois.   Thev  finally  were  absorbed     ,1,,.  i,e,ri„„i„^r  of  the  inth  century,  siii.pressed     „,,„.  of  "  Agathokles"  (1808)  nnit  other  nisiori- 
by  the  Illinois.     The  name  is  translated  as  the  color  ver-  7,\sku  in  1421.    Tlie  Pieards  are  ac  .ise.l  ..f  an  at-     ,.,,1  „ovels. 

milion,  from  the  red  eiu-th  of  their  early  habitat.     Bee     uy  ''                               _^  ,.,.„„ri„g  man's  i>rhnitlve  inno-  piekelherinff      See  Ihntsinirst. 
Al:,o,„i,n<,n.  cencMrrenew  the  practices. d, he  Adn.ultes,  In  g.d.^^^^^^^^^^  ,._j I 

PiaUOCOS        "^ee   [tljttr""^-  '       '  ....  '- 1  , i..,..i..i,.,r  il,„  .■.imiiiunitv  ol 

Piar 

and 
16,; 

18i.i'i7,  but  eventually  conspired  against  lioltvar,  an.,  was  i,.,„;„,ers  on   the   ....rlb,   '»;'"'''''«'"■    '"''.''""'T-'.'i'm;      itsi       '         ' 

tfled  by  court  martial,  and  shot.  'l-'^ra"'^^'^  "'>'''«  T''''' ""'' ^NlnTt,  he    .^^^^^^^^                                                    Hoc  Fori  I'iHcnx. 

Piaroas  (pO-ii-ro'lis).     An  Indian  tribe  of  Ven-  channel  on  the  west  Y'"-''!';'' '    '„«     »'^„•  , ''[     e     I    Virbtll'  F?anci8  WilklnSOn.    Bom  at  Topa- 

ezuela,  on  the  .ipper  Orinoco,  near    he  junc-  «'™- ->  J-;V;;[^;,;;;;';;;;.;;';'.:'^t,;i:^^^^^^^^^                    ^  ."JoS  •(■"'- '  ^^'^^■-   -"-"'    »'    ''•'''^"■'■■l"'' 

tion  of  the  Ouaviiire.    They  are  described  as  a  gen-  ,„,,  ,,„„,|,i,.„  ,.|,..     u  was  under  the  suieralnly  .>f  Han-            ;     ,         ..-,   is(l<»        \n  American  l>emocriit  10 

tie  and  llmid  race  of  ngricullnrlsis  and  fishermen  who  ■  ,,„       ■,„|,,..Uo  France  uii.ler  I,..ui«  .XI.                                ;■•■ :'"' ^'....loon  of  Andrew  Pickens.    Hewas 

have  had  little  int.rcourse  wiib  the  whiles    they  [.reserve  p".' ^j,,     („ik'a-dil-i).  [From  the  picardils  or    politician,  grandson  or  Anarow  jrii.» 
the  bones  ot  their  relatives  for  a  year,  then  bum  them  and  riccaoiuy  (pii-  ii  /     L 


Pickens,  Francis  Wilkinson 

member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1834-43 ;  was 
United  States  minister  to  Russia  1858-^;  and  was  gover- 
nor of  South  Ciirulina  1861-62.  He  was  prominent  as  a 
Secessionist  leader  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  "War. 

Pickens,  Israel.  Born  in  North  Carolina,  1780 : 
died  near  Matanzas,  Cuba,  1827.  An  American 
politician .  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Xorth  Carolina  lSll-17 ;  governor  of  Alabama  1S21-25 ;  and 
United  .-states  senator  1826. 

Pickering  (pik'er-ing),  Charles.  Born  in  Sus- 
quehanna County,  Pa.,  Nov.,  1805 :  died  March, 
1878.  An  American  naturalist,  gi'andson  of 
Timothy  Pickering.  He  wrote  "Races  of  Man  and 
their  Geographical  Distribution"  (1848),  "Geographical 
Distribution  of  Animals  and  Man  "  (1864),  "  Geographical 
Distribution  of  Plants  "  (18U1),  etc. 

Pickering,  Edward  Charles.  Born  at  Boston, 
July  19,  1840.  An  American  astronomer  and 
physicist,  great-grandson  of  Timothy  Picker- 
ing. He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1865 ;  was  professor  of 
physics  at  the  M.ossachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
1868-77 ;  and  h.as  been  professor  of  astronomy  and  geodesy 
and  director  of  the  observatory  at  Iliirvard  since  1876. 
He  has  published  "Elements  of  Physical  Manipulation  " 
(1874-76),  etc. 

Pickering,  John.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Feb.  7, 
1777:  died  at  Boston,  May  5,  1846.  An  Ameri- 
can philologist,  son  of  Timothy  Pickering.  He 
published  ' '  Vocabulary  of  Americanisms  "  (1816),  a  Greek- 
English  lexicon  (1826),  "Kem.ark3  on  the  Indian  Lan- 
guages of  North  America  "  (1836),  etc. 

Pickering,  Timothy.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
July  17,  1745 :  died  there,  Jan.  29,  1829.  An 
American  statesman  and  soldier  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.  He  was  postmaster-general  1791-96 ; 
secretary  of  war  1796  ;  secretary  of  state  179.>-1800 ;  Feder- 
alist I'nited  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1803-11 ; 
and  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1813-17. 

Pickett  (pik'et),  Albert  James.  Bom  in  An- 
son County,  N.  C,  Aug.  13. 1810:  died  at  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  Oct.  28, 1858.  An  American  his- 
torian, authorof  a  "History  of  Alabama"  (1851), 
etc. 

Pickett,  George  Edward.  Born  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  Jan.  25,  1825:  died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  July 
30,  1875.  A  Confederate  general.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1846,  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  was  promoted  captain  in  1855.  He  resigned 
his  commission  in  the  I'nited  States  army  and  accepted  a 
colonelcy  in  the  Virginia  militia  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  SVar.  He  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  in  the 
Confederate  army  in  1S62,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign.  He  was  later  in  the  same  year 
promoted  major-general,  and  held  the  center  of  Lee's  line 
at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg.  He  led  the  van  in  Long- 
street's  assault  on  the  Federal  center  during  the  last  day's 
fight  at  Gettysburg  (.Tuly  3,  1863),  and  entered  the  Union 
lines  on  Cemetery  Hill,  but  failed  to  receive  support  and 
fell  back,  with  a  loss  of  three  fourths  of  his  division.  He 
successfully  defended  Petersburg  against  General  Benja- 
min F.  Butler  in  May,  1864,  and  served  with  distinction  at 
Five  Forks  in  April,  1865.  After  the  war  he  engaged  in  the 
life-insurance  business  at  Richmond. 

Pickle  (pik'l),  Gamaliel  ami  Peregrine.  See 
Peregrine  Pirlie. 

Pickwick (pik'wik) Papers.  A  story byCharles 
Dickens,  published  serially  in  1836-37.  it  takes 
its  name  from  its  cliief  character,  Mr.  Samuel  Pickwick, 
the  founder  of  the  Pickwick  Club. 

Pico  (pe'ko).  A  volcanic  island  of  the  Azores. 
It  rises  to  the  height  of  about  7,600  feet  (the 
highest  point  in  the  group).  Popidation,  about 
24:000. 

Pico,  Gio'vanni,  Count  of  Mirandola.  Bom  1463 : 
died  1494.  An  Italian  humanist  and  philoso- 
pher, one  of  the  leading  scholars  of  the  Italian 
Renaissance. 

Pico deTeyde  (pe'ko da ta'e-THe).  Avolcanoin 
the  island  of  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands,  and  the 
culminatingmotmtain  of  the  group:  sometimes 
called  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe.  Height,  12,182 
feet. 

Picot  (pe-ko'),  Francois  Edouard.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, Oct.  17, 1786  :  died  there,  March  15, 1868.  A 
French  genre-  and  portrait-painter.  He  won  the 
grand  prix  in  1813,  and  studied  for  five  years  at  Rome.  Ca- 
banel,  Bouguereau,  Henner,  and  other  well-known  artists 
have  been  his  pupils. 

PicOU  (pe-ko' ),  Henri  Pierre.  Born  at  Nantes, 
Feb.  27.  1824:  died  there,  July  18,  1895.  A 
French  historical  and  genre  painter. 

Picquigny  (pe-ken-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  Frantie,  9  miles  west-north- 
west  of  Amiens.  A  treaty  was  concluded  there  between 
France  and  England  in  147.5 :  Edward  I  V.'s  army  left  France 
in  return  for  a  money  payment. 

Picrochole  (pek-ro-shol').  In  Rabelais's  "6ar- 
gantua  and  Pantagruel,"  a  character  supposed 
by  some  to  represent  either-  Ferdinand  of 
Aragon  or  Charles  V. 

Pictet  (pek-ta'  or  pe-ta'),  Adolphe.  Bora  at 
Geneva,  Sept.  11,1799:  died  there,  Dee.  20, 1875. 
A  Swiss  comparative  philologist.  He  published 
"Origines  indo-em'op6ennes  "  (1859-63),  etc. 

Pictet,  PranQOis  Jules.  Bom  at  Geneva,  Sept. 
22, 1809 :  died  May  15, 1872.  A  Swiss  naturalist. 


806 

professor  of  zoology  and  anatomy  at  Geneva. 
He  wi'ote  "Traits  61^mentaire  de  paleontologie  " 
(1844-45),  etc. 

Picton  (pik'ton).  The  capital  of  Prince  Edward 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  a  bay  of 
Lake  Ontario,  35  miles  west-southwest  of  Kiiigs- 
ton.     Population  (1901).  3.698. 

Picton,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  Poyston,  Pem- 
brokeshire, Aug.,  1758:  died  June  18,  1815.  An 
English  general.  In  1809  he  was  governor  of  Flushing, 
which  he  had  helped  to  capture.  He  commanded  a  di- 
vision in  the  Peninsul.a,  serving  with  distinction  at  the 
capture  of  Badajoz  (1812),  and  was  killed  at  Waterloo. 

Pictor,  Fabius.     See  Fabius  Pietor. 

Pictor  Ignotus  (pik'tor  ig-no'tus).  [L.,  'un- 
known artist.']  A  pseudonym  of  William  Blake 
the  artist. 

PictOU  (pik-to').  A  seaport  in  Pietou  Covinty, 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  Pietou  harbor  85  miles 
northeast  of  Halifax.  It  exports  coal.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  3,235. 

Picts  (pikts).  [From  LL.  Picii,  the  Picts:  ap- 
parently so  named  from  their  practice  of  tattoo- 
ing themselves,  but  the  name  may  be  an  accom- 
modation of  a  native  name.]  A  race  of  people, 
of  disputed  origin,  who  formerly  inhabited  a 
part  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  and  other  re- 
gions. Their  langu^e  was  Celtic.  The  Picts  and  Scots 
were  united  in  one  kingdom  about  the  reign  of  Kenneth' 
ilacalpine  (in  the  middle  of  the  9th  century). 

Picts'  Wall.     See  Hailrian's  JVaU. 

Picture,  The.  A  play  by  Massinger,  licensed  in 
1029  and  printed  in  1630.  The  plot  was  from  one  of 
Bandello's  stories  in  Painter's  "Palace  of  Pleasure,"  The 
picture  is  a  magical  one,  and  grows  brighter  or  darker  ac- 
cording to  the  behavior  of  the  absent  wife  it  represents. 
The  play  was  revived,  somewhat  altered,  by  the  Rev.  H. 
Bate  Dudley  in  1783. 

Pictured  Bocks.  A  group  of  picturesque  cliffs 
in  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  situated 
on  Lake  Superior  50  miles  east  of  Marquette. 

Picunches.     See  Pencos. 

Picus  (pi'kus).  [L.,  'woodpecker.']  In  Italian 
mythology,  a  god  of  agriculture,  regarded  as  a 
son  of  Saturn,  in  Latin  legend  he  was  awarlike  hero, 
and  first  king  of  Latium,  transformed  into  a  woodpecker 
because  he  repelled  the  love  of  Circe  and  was  faithful  to 
the  nymph  Canens. 

Piede.    See  Puiute. 

Piedimonte  d'Alife  (pe-a-de-mon'te  da-le'fe). 
A  to'STn  in  the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy.  37 
milesnorth  by  east  of  Naples.  Population(  1881 ), 

5,935 ;  commune,  7,252. 

Piedmont  (ped'mont),It.Piemonte  (pe-a-m6n'- 
te),  F.  Piemont  (pya-mon').  [From  L.  ad  pedes 
moiitiiim,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  (Alps).] 
A  eompartimento  in  the  northwesternmost  part 
of  Italy,  comprising  the  modem  provinces  of 
Tm'in,  Novara,  Alessandria,  and  Cuneo.  Various 
ranges  of  the  Alps  are  on  the  borders  between  it  and 
Switzerland,  France,  and  Liguria.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
upper  valley  of  the  Po.  It  formed  the  most  important 
part  of  the  former  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  Area,  11,340 
sijuare  miles.     Population  (1S91),  3,252,738. 

Piedmont  Region.  A  name  given  in  several 
States  of  the  Atlantic  slope  to  the  broken  and 
hilly  territory  l.nng  east  and  southeast  of  the 
Appalachian  chain:  as,  the  Piedmont  Region 
of  Virginia,  of  North  CaroUna,  or  of  Georgia. 

Pied  Piper,  The.     See  Hamebi,  Piper  of. 

Piedrahita  (pe-ad-ra-e'ta),  Lucas  Fernandez 
de.  Born  at  Bogota,  1624 :  died  at  Panama, 
1688.  A  New  Granadan  prelate  and  historian. 
After  being  governor  of  Popayan,  he  was  in  Spain  1663-69 
to  meet  charges ;  was  exonerated  ;  was  made  liishop  of 
Santa  Slarta  in  1669 ;  and  was  translated  to  Panama  1676. 
His  best-known  work,  and  the  most  important  of  the  early 
histories  of  New  Granada,  is  "Historia  general  de  las  con- 
quistas  del  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada"  (Antwerp.  16&8?). 
It  is  mainly  a  compilation,  as  the  author  admits,  from 
Quesada's  "  Compendio  "  and  the  fourth  part  of  Castel- 
lano's  "  Elegias,"  both  of  which,  however,  are  lost. 

Piegan  (pe'gan).  One  of  the  tribes  of  the  Sik- 
sika  Confed&racy  of  North  American  Indians. 
See  Silsihi. 

Pieng-an  (pyeng-an'),  or  Ping  Yang  (ping 
viing).  An  important  city  of  Corea,  situated  on 
the  river  Tatong  about  lat.  38"=  25'  N. 

Pienza  (pe-en'zii).  A  small  cathedral  city  in 
the  jjrovince  of  Siena,  Italy,  25  miles  southeast 
of  Siena.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Pope  Pius  H. 

Pierce  (pers  or  pers),  Benjamin.  Born  at 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  Dec.  25, 17.57:  died  at  Hills- 
borough, N.  H.,  April  1,  1839.  An  American 
politician,  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1827-29. 

Pierce,  Franklin.  Born  at  Hillsborough,  N.  H. , 
Nov.  23,  1804:  died  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  Oct.  8, 
1869.  The  fourteenth  President  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  son  of  Benjamin  Pierce.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  lS33-:i7 ;  w-as 
United  States  senator  1837-12  ;  was  a  general  in  the  Mexi- 
can war  ;  and  was  elected  as  Democratic  candidate  to  the 
presidency  in  1852.  Among  the  leading  events  of  his  ad- 
ministration were  the  repeal  of  the  ^lissouri  Compromise, 


Tieth 

the  Kansas-Nebraska  struggle,  the  Ostend  Manifesto,  the 
dissolution  of  the  Whig  party  and  rise  of  the  Americaa 
and  Republican  parties,  and  the  Gadsden  Purchase. 

Pierce  Penniless  his  Supplication  to  the 
De'Vil.  A  pamphlet  by  Thomas  Nashe,  pub- 
lished in  1592. 

The  first  of  these  [Nash's  undoubted  productions]  in 
pamphlet  form  is  the  very  odd  thing  called  "Pierce  Penni- 
less "  (the  name  l)y  which  Nash  became  known)  "  his  Sup. 
plication  to  the  Devil."  It  is  a  kind  of  rambling  condemna- 
tion of  luxm*y,  for  the  most  pait  delivered  in  the  form  ot 
burlesque  e.xhortation,  which  the  laedixvalsernwiigjoyeia 
had  made  familiar  in  all  European  countries. 

Saintsburif,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  232. 

Pierce's  Supererogation,  or  a  New  Praise  of 

the  Old  Ass.  A  pamphlet  by  Gabriel  Harvey, 
wi-itten  against  Nashe,  published  in  1593. 

Pieria  (pi-e'ri-a).  [6r.  Uitpia.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy,a  district  in  the  north  of  Thessaly, Greece. 
It  was  the  legendary  birthplace  of  Orpheus  and 
of  the  Muses. 

Pierides  (pi-er'i-dez).  1.  In  ancient  mythology, 
the  Muses:  so  named  from  Pieria,  their  reputed 
birthplace. — 2.  Certain  would-be  Muses,  the 
daughters  of  Piei-us,  who  were  tiresome  chat- 
terers. They  contended  with  the  real  Muses,  and  were 
defeated  and  changed  into  magpies. 

Pierola  (pe-a-rd'ia),  Nicolas  de.  Bom  at  Ca- 
mand,  department  of  Arequipa,  Jan.  5,  1839.  A 
Peru\'ian  politician.  He  was  a  lawyer  and  journalist ; 
was  minister  of  the  treasury  under  Balta  1868-72 ;  and 
headed  unsuccessful  revolts  against  Pardo  in  1874  and 
Prado  1877-78.  During  the  Chilean  war,  when  Prado  had 
deserted  his  post,  Pierola  headed  another  revolt,  deposed 
tlie  vice-presiilent.  and  was  proclaimed  supreme  chief  at 
Lima.  Dec.  23, 1879.  He  did  hie  best  to  check  the  Chileans, 
and  when  Lima  was  taken,  Jan.  17,  1881,  escaped  into  the 
interior.  In  July  he  convoked  a  congress  at  Arequipa, 
but  in  Nov.  resigned  and  went  to  Europe.  In  1885  he 
returned  and  tried  to  seize  the  presidency,  but  was  ban- 
ished. He  was  a  presidential  candidate  in  1894.  He  ovcr- 
thrt-w  CAceres  in  1895,  and  was  president  until  Sept., 
1899. 

Pierpont  (per'pont),  John.  Bom  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  April  6,  1785:  died  at  Medford,  Mass., 
Aug.  27, 1866.  An  American  poet  and  Unitarian 
clergyman.  He  published  "Airs  of  Palestine" 
(1816),  and  other  poems. 

Pierre  (pe-ar').  A  city,  the  capital  of  South 
Dakota,  situated  in  the  center  of  the  State,  at 
the  junction  of  Bad  River  with  the  Missouri. 
Population  (1900),  2,306. 

Pierre.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Ot- 
way's  "Venice  Preserved":  a  conspirator,  a 
"fine  gay  bold-fac'd  villain." 

Pierrefonds  (pyar-fon').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  France,  9  miles  east  of  Com- 
piegne.  The  chateau  is  a  huge  castle  built  by  the  Duke  of 
Orleans  in  13SK),  and  completely  restored  by  Napoleon  III. 
It  is  approximately  rectangular  in  plan,  with  high  battle- 
mented  walls  and  roofs  flanked  by  8  great  cylindrical  cone- 
roofed  towers  over  100  feet  high.  Within  the  inclosure 
the  buildings  surround  an  extremely  picturesque  court, 
on  one  side  of  which  rises  the  Florid  chapel.  In  the  in- 
terior the  polychrome  decoration  «f  many  of  the  apart- 
ments has  l)een  renewed,  and.  together  with  the  sculpture, 
the  great  fireplaces,  and  all  the  arrangements  for  medie- 
val life  and  warfare,  composes  a  unique  picture. 

Pierre  Pertuis  (pyar  per-tue').  [F.,  'pierced 
rock.']  A  remarkable  hollow  passage  in  the 
.Jura.  Switzerland,  22  miles  northwest  of  Bern. 

Pierrepont  (per'pont),  Edwards.  Born  at 
North  Haven,  Conn.,  March  4, 1817:  died  at  New 
York,  March  6. 1892.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  was  attorney-general  1875-76, 
and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain 
1876-77. 

Pierrot  (pyer-ro').  Atypical charaeterlnFrench 
pantomime.  He  dresses  in  loose  white  clothes  with 
enormous  white  buttons,  and  his  face  is  whitened ;  he  is  a 
gourmand  and  thief,  capable  of  every  crime,  incapable 
of  a  good  action,  and  absolutely  without  moral  sense. 
The  present  Pierrot  was  created  by  Gaspard  Deburau  under 
the  Restoration  ;  previous  to  this  he  had  been  a  gayer  and 
more  insignificant  personage,  a  cross  between  a  fool  and 
an  ingenlL     Larimsse. 

Piers  Plo'wman.    See  Vision  of  Piers  PJowman. 

Piers  Plo'wman's  Crede.  A  satirical  allitera- 
tive poem,  after  the  style  of  "  The  Vision  of 
Piers  Plowman,"  written  about  1394.  See  Plow- 
man's Tale. 

Pieta  (pe-a-tii').  [It., 'pity.*]  A  title  of  numer- 
ous pictures,  bas-reliefs,  etc.,  representing  the 
compassionate  lamentation  of  the  Virgin  and 
other  women  over  the  body  of  Christ  after  the 
descent  from  the  cross,  (n)  A  painting  by  Van  Dyck, 
in  the  old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  body  of  Christ  lies 
on  some  drapery  spread  on  the  ground,  the  head  and 
shoulders  supported  by  the  Virgin.  The  cross  is  behind, 
and  at  the  left  .are  three  mourning  angels,  (b)  A  vigorous 
painting  by  Andrea  del  Sarto  (about  1518),  in  the  Imperial 
Galleiy  at  Vienna.  Christ's  body  lies  on  outspread  yellow- 
drapery,  mourned  over  by  the  weeping  Virgin  ;  an  angel 
supports  the  head,  and  another  holds  the  accessories  of 
the  passion,  (c)  A  painting  by  Van  Dyck  (1628),  in  the  mu- 
seum at  Antwerp.  Belgium.  Tlie  ^'irgin  holds  on  her  lap 
the  head  of  the  dead  Christ,  whose  face  is  drawn  with  suf- 
fering. St.  John  points  out  the  wound  in  one  hand  to  two 


Pieti 

grieving  angels,  (d)  The  masterpiece  of  Quentin  Massys 
(1508),  in  the  nmseum  at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  It  is  a  trip- 
tych. <-tn  the  chief  panel  Christ  is  seen  borne  to  the  tomb, 
supported  by  Joseph  of  Ariraathea  and  St.  John.  The 
Virgin  kneels  by  the  body,  anil  near  her  stand  the  Mag- 
dalen, St.  John,  and  Maiy  Salome.  The  drawing  is  some- 
what rigid  in  the  effort  to  attain  anatomitfid  exactness. 
On  the  side  i):inelsare  painted  the  martyrdoms  of  .St.  John 
the  fiaptist  and  .St.  John  the  Evangelist. 

Pietermaritzburg  <  pe-ter-mSi-'its-borg),  almost 
always  called  MaritzbuTg  (inSr'its-biirg).  The 
(.■apital  of  Natal,  South  Africa,  situati-il  47  miles 
northwest  of  Durban.  Population  (1891),  17,500. 

Piety  in  Pattens,  or  the  Handsome  House- 
maid. A  puppet-show  ilroU,  jiroiluee'l  byFoote 
in  1773.  played  by  exeellcntly  contrived  pup- 
pets. 

Pigafetta  ipe-gii-fet'ta),  Antonio.  Born  at Vi- 
cenza,  1491:  (lied,  probably  at  the  same  place, 
about  1.534.  An  Italian  traveler.  He  went  to  Spain 
in  the  suite  of  the  papal  nuncio  in  1510;  received  per- 
mission to  accompany  Fernaode  ^lagalhaesto  the  Moluc- 
cas ;  sailed  in  the  Victoria,  Sept.  20,  tSl'J ;  and  was  one  of 
those  wlio  returned  to  Spain  in  that  vessel,  Sept.,  l.'i2"J, 
after  the  first  voyage  round  the  world.  (See  3Ia^inlhiles 
and  Crt»i.)  Pigafetta  wrote  for  (^harles  V.  an  account  of 
the  voyage,  which  was  quickly  published  in  several  lan- 
guages A  longer  manuscript  which  he  prepared  w.as  dis- 
covered in  the  Ijbr.ary  of  Milan  and  published  in  IbOO  as 
"  Primo  viaggio  intorno  al  globo  terracqueo." 

Pigalle (pe-gal'), JeanBaptiste.  Bornat Paris, 
.Ian.  26,  1714:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  20,  178.5.  A 
French  sculptor.  His  best  work  is  a  mauso- 
leiiiu  of  Marshal  Saxe  iu  Strasburg. 

Pigmalion.     See  I'ljamalion. 

Pigmies.     Ses  Pygmies. 

Pignerol.    See  Pincroln. 

Pignotti  (pen-yot'te),  Lorenzo.  Born  in  Tus- 
cany, 1739:  died  at  Pisa,  1.S12.  An  Italian  phy- 
sician, historian,  and  fabulist.  He  was  made  his- 
toriographer of  the  kingdom  of  Etruria  in  18*51,  and  rector 
of  the  University  of  Pisa  in  1809.  Among  his  works  are 
"La  Felicitil  deU'  Austria  e  delta  Toscana"  (1791).  his 
"Fables'"  (1779),  which  are  popular  in  Italy,  and  other 
poems. 

Pigott  (pig'ot)  Diamond,  The.  A  famous 
diamond  bronght  to  England  by  Earl  Pigott. 
It  weighed  49  carats,  and  was  thought  to  be 
worth  about  .$200,000. 

Pigwlggen  (pig-wig'en).  A  fairy  knight  iu  Dray- 
ton's '•  Nymphidia."  He  has  a  combat  with  Oberon, 
who  is  jealous  of  him  and  his  love  for  Queen  Mab,  The 
name  is  also  given  toa  constable  mentioned  in  "Selimus," 
a  tragedy,  probably  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1504. 

Pijaos  (pe-Hti'6s).  An  Indian  tribe  of  New 
Granada  (Colombia)  which,  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest,  was  numerous  and  powerful  near  Po- 
payan.  on  the  rivers  Cauca  and  Neyva.  They 
were  little  advanced  in  civilization.  The  Pijaos  were  ap- 
parently related  to  the  modern  Paniquitas  and  Paes  or 
Paezes  :  the  latter  are  sometimes  called  Pijaos. 

Pike  (pik),  Albert.  Born  at  Boston,  Dec.  29, 
1809:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  April  2,  1891. 
An  American  lawyer  and  author.  After  engaging 
for  some  time  in  journalism,  he  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  Arkansas  about  1830,  and  obtained  much  business  as 
counsel  for  the  Inilians  in  their  sale  of  lands  to  the  Fed- 
eral government.  He  commanded  a  squadron  of  Arkansas 
voliuiteer  cavalry' during  the  .Mexican  war:  w:m  appointed 
Indian  commissioner  of  the  Confederate  goveriunent  at 
the  begiiming  of  the  Civil  War;  and  olitained  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general  in  the  Confederate  anny.  He  practised 
law  at  Washington  from  about  186a-S0.  He  published 
"Prose  Sketches  and  Poems  "(1834),  etc. 

Pike,  Austin  Franklin.  Born  at  Hebron,  N.  H., 
Oct.,  1819 :  died  at  Franklin,  N.  H.,  Oct.  H,  1886. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  Republican  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  New  Hampsliire  187:i-75,  and  United 
States  senator  1SS3-SC,. 

Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery.    Bom  in  New 

Jersey,.lan..'),  1779 :  killed  in  the  assault  on  York 
(Toronto),  Canada,  April  27.  ISK!.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  As  commander  of  an  exploring  expedi- 
tion he  visite<l  Pike's  Peak  (later  nameil  from  him)  in  1800. 
He  commanded  the  attack  on  ^'oik  in  lst:j. 

Pike's  Peak  (piks  ix'k).  [Named  from  General 
Z.  M.  Pil,t:]  One  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
Kocky  Mountains,  situated  in  Colorado  70  mih-s 
soutli  bv  wist  of  Denver.  Il  was  visited  by  Z.  M. 
Pike  in  1801',.  Height, 11,147  (eet.  A  mountain  railway  up 
Pike's  Peak  from  Mardtou  was  opened  in  1H91. 

Pilat  (pe-lii'),  Mont.  One  of  tlie  chief  sum- 
mits of  the  mountains  of  Lyonnais,  northern 
Covennes.  France.     Hoiglit,  4.70:5  feet. 

Pilate  (pi'lat),!...  Pontius  Pilatus.  [Gr.  n6vTioc 

Il(/n7or,]  Ijived  in  tile  lirst  half  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury .\.  T).  -V  Koinan  lii'ocurator  of  .Tudca, 
Iduiriea,  and  Samaria  2(>-.')G  A.  I).  He  tried  and 
condemned  Clirist.  He  is  the  subject  of  many  legemls. 
Pilate,  Arch  of.  An  arch  in  .lenisali'in  wliich 
spans  the  Via  Dolorosa.  It  has  been  venerated  by 
pilgrims  since  the  middle  age.i.  but  is  held  to  be  in  fact 
the  remains  of  a  trlumjihal  arch  of  the  time  of  Hadrian. 

Pilate's  staircase.    Scc  Sniin  Sania. 

Pilatus  (pe-lii'tiis).  Mount.  A  mountain  on  the 
border  of  I  lie  cantons  of  Lucerne  and  Unter- 
walden,  Switzerland,  7  miles  south-southwest 


807 

of  Lucerne.  It  is  a  much  frequented  tourist  resort,  and 
is  ascended  by  a  mountain  railway.  Height  of  highest 
peak  (the  Tomlishoru),  6,998  feet. 

Pilaya  (pe-li'ii).  A  right-hand  tributary  of  the 
Pilcomayo, in  Bolivia.   Length,  about  500  miles. 

Pilcomayo  (pel-k6-mi'6).  A  river  rising  iu 
southern  Bolivia  and  flowing  through  the  Gran 
Chaco,  where  it  separates  western  Paraguay 
from  the  jVrgeutine  Republic.  It  is  the  longest 
branch  of  the  Para-uay,  which  it  joins  opposite  Asuncion. 
In  the  Chaeo  it  is  very  crooked  and  shallow,  and  obstructed 
by  sand-bars;  the  lower  portion  is  brackish.  Slany  vain 
attempts  liave  been  made  to  explore  it,  with  the  object  of 
opening  a  route  to  Bolivia ;  a  scheme  now  generally 
believeil  to  be  impracticable.  The  French  explorer  Cre- 
vaux,  who  tried  to  ascend  the  river  in  1882,  was  killed  by 
the  Indians,  with  all  his  i)arty.  Length  unknown  (i)rol)- 
ably  about  1,40*»  miles). 

Pilgrim,  The.  1.  A  play  by  Fletcher,  produced 
at  court  in  1021  and  jirinted  in  1647.  In  1700 
Sir  JohnVanbrugh  produced  an  alteration  which 
was  revived  in  1S12. —  2.  A  tragedy  by  Thomas 
Killigrew,  prinhd  in  1(564. 

Pilgrimage  of  Grace.  An  insurrection  in  York- 
shire and  Linccilnshire  1536-37, headedbyKobert 
Aske.  It  was  occasioned  by  the  ecclesiastical  and  political 
reforms  of  Henry  VIII.  The  rebels  occupied  York,  « lure 
they  were  joined  by  the  .\rchbi5hop0f  Vork.  Their  number 
having  increased  to  S0,(X)O,  they  proceeded  to  Doncaster, 
where  they  were  induced  to  disband  by  the  representations 
of  the  royal  commissioners.  Finding  themselves  deceived, 
they  rose  again  under  Sir  Francis  BIgod.  Martial  law  was 
declared  in  the  north,  and  the  rising  was  suppressed  with 
great  severity. 

Pilgrim  Fathers,  The.  The  founders  of  Ply- 
mouth Colony,  Massachusetts,  iu  1620. 

Pilgrims,  Chaucer's.     See  Cantrrhury  Talcs. 

Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine.  A  descriptive  work  by 
P.uhvcr.  pubUslii'd  in  1S34. 

Pilgrim's  Progress,  The.  A  famous  allegory.by 
Juhn  Buuyan,  which  recounts  the  adventures 
of  the  hero  Christian  in  journeying  from  the 
City  of  Destruction  to  the  heavenly  Jerusalem. 
It  was  composed  while  Bunyan  was  in  prison,  between 
1060  and  1672.  The  tlrst  part  was  printed  in  1678.  A  sec- 
ond part  (1684)  narrates  the  similar  travels  of  Christiana, 
christian's  wife. 

Pilgrim's  Tale,  The.  A  poem  thouglit  by 
Thynne  to  have  been  Chaucer's.  He  printed  it, 
but'it  was  not  published,  being  objected  to  by  the  bishops. 
It  was  lost,  apparently ;  and,  attention  having  been  directtd 
to  it,  it  was  searched  for  an  vain  for  over  two  hun<lred 
years,  Tyrwhitt  found  part  of  it,  examined  it.  and  it  ilis- 
appeared  again,  .\t  length  it  was  rediscovered  and  printed 
by  the  Chaucer  Society.  It  was  found  to  be  by  some  one 
ac(iuainted  with  Chaucer's  work,  but  writing  after  1532. 
Louiisbury. 

Pillars  of  Hercules.  In  ancient  geography, 
the  two  opposite  promontories  Calpe  (Gibraltar) 
in  Europe  and  Abyla  iu  Afi-ica,  situated  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 
sentinels,  as  it  were,  at  the  outlet  from  the  Med- 
iten'anean  into  the  unknown  Atlantic.  Accord- 
ing to  one  of  several  ex[danation8  of  the  name,  they  were 
supposed  to  have  been  toni  asunder  by  Hercules,  Com- 
pare Metkarth. 

Pillau  (pil'lou).  A  seaport,  fortress,  and  wa- 
tering-place in  the  province  of  East  Prussia, 
Prussia,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  tlie  Frisches 
Haff.  25  miles  west  of  Konigsberg. 

Pillnitz  (pil'nits).  A  royal  Saxon  castle,  situ- 
ated on  the  Elbe  6  miles  southeast  of  Dresden. 

Pillnitz,  Convention  of.  A  meetingat  Pillnitz 
inAug..l791.  between  the  emperor  Leopold  II., 
Frederick  William  II.  of  Prussia,  and  the  Coin te 
d'Art.ois  (laterCharli>s  X.  of  France).  They  issued 
a  declaration  hostile  to  the  French  Revolution,  which 
formed  the  basis  of  the  first  coalition  against  France. 

PillO'W,  Fort.     See  Fart  Pillow. 

Pillo'W  (pil'o).  Gideon  Johnson.    BominWil- 

liainson  County,  TiTin.,  .lime  .s,  ISOO:  died  in 
Lee  County,  Ark.,  Oct.  6,  1.S78.  An  Aiiiericau 
general.  He  served  with  distinct  Ion  first  as  a  brigadier- 
general  and  afterward  as  a  major-genend  of  volunteers  in 
the  Mexican  war,  at  the  close  of  which  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  Tennessee.  He  became  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral In  the  Confederate  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War:  commanded  under  General  Leonidas  Polk  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Belmont,  Missouri,  \ov.  7,  1861 ;  and  was  second  in 
command  under  tienend  John  H.  Floyd  at  Fort  Donelson 
in  Fell.,  1862,  when  he  escaped  with  his  chief,  leaving  Oen- 
enil  Hiickner  to  surrender  the  |K)St  to  Oeneml  tJniiit. 

Pilot  Knob  (pi'lo'  nob).  A  hill  consisting  al- 
most entirely  of  iron  ore,  situated  73  miles  soiitli 
bv  west  of  SI.  Louis. 

Piloty  ( pe-lo'le).  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Munich, 
Oct.  9,  1828:  died  there,  Dec,  21,  1895,  A  genre 
and  hisUirical  painter,  brother  of  Karl  von 
I'iloty,  whose  style  inlliieiiced  liiiii.  He  was  au 
hoiiornrv  nieiiiber  of  the  Munich  .\cadeuiv. 

Piloty,  Karl  von.  Bom  nt  Munich.  Oct.  1,1826: 
died  al  Miinicli,  .Inly  21,  188(1.  A  noted  Oei-- 
man  historical  painter,  professor  in  the  Munich 
Academy  from  18:58,  and  its  director  after 
1874.  Among  his  paintings  arc  "  Scnl  bofon-  the  Body  of 
Wallensteln,"  "  Nero  on  the  Kulns  of  Rome,"  "Columbus 


Pinchwife,  Mr. 

as  Discoverer  of  America,"  "Galileo  in  Prison,"  "Deatb 
of  Caesar"  "Triumph  of  Germanicus," etc. 
Pilpay  (pil'pi).  or  Bidpai  (bid'pi).  "The  Fa- 
bles of  Piljiay  "  is  the  alternative  title  of  "  Kali- 
lah  and  Diiunah,"  the  .iVrabic  translation  of  the 
Pahlavi  translation  of  the  Sanskiit  original  of 
the  Pauchatantra.  See  Kalihih  and  Dimnali. 
According  to  the  Arabic  introduction.  Dabshelim  was  the 
first  king  of  the  Indian  restoration  after  the  fall  of  tlie 
governor  appointed  by  Alexander  H.  c.  3'J6,  and  was  very 
wicked.  To  reclaim  him,  a  Brahman  has  recourse  to  par- 
able. This  wise  man  is  called  in  Arabic  bidbah.  and  in 
syri.ac  bidvag.  These  words  Benfcy  traces  through  the 
Pahlavi  to  the  Sanskrit  vidyapati,  'master  of  sciences.' 
.Accordingly  bidbah,  which  lias  become  Bidpai  or  Pilpay 
in  moilern  books,  is  not  a  proper  name,  but  an  appellative 
ajiplied  to  the  chief  paniiit  or  court  scholar  of  an  Indian 
prince.  La  Fontaine  tells  us  that  he  owes  most  of  his  new 
material  to  Pilpay,  the  Indian  sage.  R^gnier's  edition  of 
La  Fontaine  gives  references  to  the  Indian  sources. 

Pilsen  (pil'sen).  A  city  in  Bohemia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Mies  and  Eadbusa,  inlat. 
49"  45'  N.,  long.  13°  23'  E,  it  is  the  second  city  of 
Bohemia;  has  various  manufactures;  and  is  especially 
famous  for  the  manufacture  and  export  of  lilsener  beer. 
It  was  stormed  by  Mansfeld  in  lOlS,  and  was  one  of  tlie 
scenes  of  the  consplnicy  of  Wallenstein  in  ltl34.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  riO,'22I. 

Pim  (pim),  Bedford  Clapperton  Trevelyan. 

Born  at  Bideford,  England,  June  12,  1826:  died 
at  London,  Oct.  1,  1886.  An  Englisli  admiral. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1842 ;  took  part  in  the  Franklin 
search-expedition  which  sailed  under  Sir  E.  Belcher  in 
1852  ;  commanded  a  gunboat  on  fhe  Baltic  during  the  Cri- 
mean war;  and  in  1S(;0  protected  Nicaragua  against  the 
filibusters.  He  was  promoted  captain  in  1863,  and  retired 
in  1870.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1873,  and  was  a  Conservative  member  of  Parliament  1874- 
1880.    He  wrote  •■The  Gate  of  the  Pacific  "  (1863),  etc. 

Pima  (pe'ma).  [PI.,  also  Pi»i(i«.]  Anagricultu- 
ral  tribe  of  North  American  Inilians,  residing 
on  reservations  in  the  Salado  and  Gila  valleys, 
southern  Arizona.  Number,  4,404.  Also  called  rj>p«- 
Pima  or  (Sp.)  Pima  AUa.  in  contradistinction  to  Ptma 
Haja  or  Xevoine.    See  Piman. 

Pima  Baja.     See  Xn-omc. 

Piman  (pe'man).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  It  embraces  the  following  divi- 
sions :  Pima  (from  which  the  stock  was  named),  Papago, 
Sobaipuri,  Nevome  or  Lower  Pima,  Opata.  Tarahumar,  Ca- 
hita,  Cora,  ami  Tepehuan.  Their  habitat  extends  from 
the  Salado  and  Gila  rivers  in  southern  Arizona  over  a 
vast  area  in  northwestern  Mexico,  including  the  greater 
portion  of  the  territory  embraced  by  the  states  of  Sonora, 
Chihuahua,  Sinaloa,  and  Durango.  and  jiartsof  Jalisco  and 
Zacatecas.  According  to  some  authorities  the  Piman  stock 
as  here  recognized  forms  but  part  of  a  linguistic  group 
embracing  the  Shoshonean,  Piman,  and  Aztec  or  Naliuatl 
tribes.     Estimated  number,  85,000. 

Pimlico  (pim'li-ko).  A  part  of  Westminster, 
Ijondon,  situated  2^  miles  west-southwest  of 
St.  Paul's. 

Pinafore  (pin'a-for),  H.  M.  S.  A  comic  opera 
bv  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced 
ill  1878. 

Pinakothek  (pin'a-k6-thek;  6.  pron.  pe-na-ko- 
tak').  [G.,  from  Gr.  ■n-ivaKo6i'/K7i,  a  picture-gal- 
lery.] In  modern  use,  an  art  gallery.  The  most 
celebrated  galleries  so  named  are  the  two  in*  ^lunlcll,  con- 
taining ctdlections  of  pictures  and  other  works  of  art. 

Pinal  Coyotero  (pe-nal'  k6-y6-to'ro),  or  Tonto 

Apache  (tou'to  ii-pii'chel.  One  of  the  sub- 
tribes  of  the  Gileuo  tribe  of  North  -American 
Inilians.  They  are  distinct  from  the  PinaleQo 
or  Tchikun  and  the  White  Mountain  Coyotero. 
Soo  GUcHo. 
PinardelRio  (pe-niir'delre'6), formerly  Nueva 
Filipina.  A  city  of  western  Cuba,  100  miles 
west-southwest  of  Havana.  It  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  the  tobacco  district  called  Vuelta  Aliajo.    Population 

(ISflfll,  H.RHO. 

Pinch  (pinch).  A  schoolmaster  in  Shakspere's 
"Comedy  of  Errors." 

Pinch,  Ruth,  in  Dickens's  novel  "Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit,''n  jiretty  little  body,  unreasonably  grate- 
ful to  tlie  I'ecksnilTs  for  their  patronage  of 
her  brother  Tom  Pinch. 

Pinch,  Tom.  In  Dickens's  novel  "  Martin  Chiiz- 
zlewit,"  an  ungainly  kind-liearted  man  of  ster- 
ling <iualities,  in  the  einploynn'iit  of  Mr.  Peck- 
sniff. "  lie  was  perhaps  about  thirty,  but  he 
might  have  been  almost  any  ago  between  sixteen 
ami  sixty." 

Pinchback  (pinch'bak),  Pinckney  Benton 
Stewart.  Born  at  Macon,  (in..  May  10,  ls:!7. 
An  American  Kepublican  iiolilicinn,  of  Africa u 
descent.  He  was  elected  lieutenant  govenior  of  Uiul- 
%lana  In  1871;  was  acting  goverin)r  ls72  73;  and  waa 
elected  United  States  senator  from  Lniislana  In  1873,  but 
not  seated.     Uo  was  admitted  to  the  bar  In  1880. 

Pinchbeck  (pinch'bek),  Christopher.    Died  in 

1732.  .\  London  wnU'liniiikir.  ||,-  Invented  nn 
alloy  which  rcsembli-d  gold,  much  nscci  in  cheiip  Jewelry : 
hence  (be  word  I'iiichbeck  applied  to  sham  or  spiirloua 
lliliigs. 
Pinch'Wife  (pinch'wif),  Mr.  In  Wycherlej-'s 
comedy  "The  Country  Wife,"  the  anxious  bus- 


Pinchwife,  Mr. 

baud  of  Mi's.  Marjory  Pinchwife,  the  "eoimtiy 
■wife,"  taken  by  Wyeherley  from  Molifere's  play 
"  L'^fieole  des  femmes."  Pinchwife  held  that  a  wo- 
man is  innocent  in  proportion  to  her  hick  of  Ictiowledge; 
and  his  attempt  to  keep  his  wife  in  a  state  of  ipnoi;ince 
met  witli  tlie  success  it  deserved.  Marjory  is  tlu- original 
of  Congreve's  Miss  Prue  and  of  Vanhrugh's  Hnyden.  She 
is  also  the  Peggy,  and  Mr.  Pinclnrife  the  Moody,  of  tlar- 
rick's  "Country  Girl." 

Pincian  Hill  (pin'shi-an  hil),  L.  Mons  Pincius 

(monz  pin'shi-us),  It.  Monte  Pincio  (mon'te 
peu'cho).  A  hill  in  the  northern  part  of  Rome, 
extending  in  a  long  ridge  east  from  the  Tiber. 
It  was  not  one  of  the  Seven  Hills,  though  separated  by  but 
a  narrow  interval  from  the  Quirinal.  lu  anti<iuity.  as  at 
the  present  day,  it  was  not^d  for  its"  beautiful  gardens. 
The  superb  view  from  it  toward  St.  Peter's  is  famous, 
Pinckney(pingk'ni),  Charles.  Born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  1758:  died  there,  Oct.  29,  1824.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Convention  in  17S7  ;  governor  of  South  Carolina 
1789-92, 1796-98,  and  1806-08 ;  United  States  senator  1798- 
1801 ;  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1802-05  ;  and  mem- 
ber of  Congress  1819-21. 

Pinckney,  Charles    Cotesworth.     Born   at 

Charleston,  S.  C,  Feb.  25, 17-16:  died  there,  Aug. 
16, 1825.  An  American  statesman  and  soldier  in 
the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  in  1787 ;  speeiiil  envoy  to  France 
(in  the  "  X  Y.  Z.  Mission  ")  179U-97  ;  and  unsuccessful  Fed- 
eralist candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1800,  and  for  Presi- 
dent in  1804  and  1808. 

Pinckney,  Henry  Laurens.  Bom  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  Sept.  24, 1794 :  died  there,  Feb.  3. 1863. 
An  American  politician,  journalist,  and  writer: 
son  of  Charles  Pinckney,  He  was  Democratic  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1833-37,  He  founded 
tlie  Charlesti'H  ■'Mercury"in  1819, and waslong itseditor. 

Pinckney,  Thomas.  Bora  at  Charleston,  S,  C, 
Oct,  23, 1750  :  died  at  Charleston,  Nov.  2,  1828. 
An  American  statesman  and  soldier  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary War :  brother  of  C.  C,  Pinckney,  He 
was  governor  of  South  Carolina  1787-89 ;  United  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1792-94,  and  to  Spain  1794-96 ; 
a  Federalist  candidate  for  the  presidency  1796;  and  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  South  Carolma  1797-1801, 

Pindar  (pin'dar).  [L.  Pindanis,  Gr.  IlMapoc.~i 
Born  at  Cynosoephalse,  near  Thebes,  Greece, 
about  522  B,  C. :  died  at  Argos,  443  B.  c.  The 
greatest  of  the  Greek  lyric  poets.  He  resided  chiefly 
at  Thebes,  but  spent  about  four  years  at  the  court  of  Hie- 
ron  in  Syracuse,  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

The  remains  of  Pindar's  work  represent  almost  evei-y 
kind  of  lyric  poem.  The  fragments  may  be  classified  as 
follows:  1.  ffymTW  to  Persephone,  to  Fortune,and  in  praise 
of  "Theties  and  its  gods.  2,  Pjeaiis  to  Apollo  of  Delphi  and 
Zeiis  of  Dodona.  S,  Choral  dithyrambs  to  Dionysus,  i.  Pro- 
cessioiuil  sonffs,  for  the  people  of  Delos  and  of  -Egina,  5. 
Choral  gongs  for  maidens:  one  addressed  to  "Pan,  lord  of 
Arcadia, watcheroftheawfulshrine"(ofCybele).  6.  Choral 
dance-songs  —  "hyporchemes,"  as  the  Greeks  called  them 
—  in  which  the  words  were  accompanied  by  a  lively  dance  or 
pantomime  expressive  of  the  action;  they  arose  from  the 
early  Cretan  war-dances,  and  were  used  especially  in  the 
worship  of  Apollo,  as  a  relief  to  the  solemn  paean.  One 
of  these  was  written  for  the  Thebans,  and  was  connected 
with  a  propitiatory  rite  following  an  eclipse  of  the  sun, 
probably  in  463  B.  c.  7.  Encomia :  laudatory  odes  (in  praise 
of  men,  and  thus  distinguished  from  hymns  in  praise  of 
gods)  sung  by  the  festive  troop  or  cmnxte.  8.  Scolia :  fes- 
tive songs  to  be  sung  at  banquets  by  a  comus  or  festive 
troop.  9.  i>ir7es,  to  be  sung  to  the  flute,  mth  choral  dance. 
Besides  the  fragments,  we  have  forty-four  complete  Epi- 
nicia,  or  Odes  of  Victory,  in  which  Pindar  celebrated  vic- 
tories in  great  national  games.  Fourteen  odes  belong  to 
the  games  at  Olympia,  held  once  in  four  years :  the  prize 
was  a  \vreath  of  wild  olive.  Twelve  odes  belong  to  the 
Pythian  games,  held  at  Delphi,  in  honour  of  Apollo,  once 
in  four  years,  in  the  3rd  year  of  each  Olympiad :  the  prize 
was  a  wreath  of  laurel.  Seven  odes  belong  to  the  Nemean 
games,  held  at  Nemea,  in  honour  of  Zeus,  once  in  two  years, 
the  2nd  and  4th  of  each  Olympiad :  the  prize  was  a  wreath 
of  pine.  Eleven  odes  belong  to  the  Isthmian  games,  held 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  in  honour  of  Poseidon,  once  in 
two  years,  in  the  1st  and  3rd  years  of  each  Olympiad  :  the 
prize  was  a  wreath  of  parsley.  Among  all  these  odes  of 
which  the  dates  can  be  fixed,  the  earliest  is  the  10th  Pyth- 
ian, in  502  B.  c;  the  latest,  the  5th  Olympian,  in  452  B.  c. 
Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  06. 

Pindar,  Peter.  The  pseudonjnn  of  John  Wol- 
cott. 

Pindarees  (pin-dar'ez),  or  Pindarries,  or  Pin- 
dharies.  [Hind.,  'plunderers.']  A  horde  of 
mounted  robbers  in  India,  notorious  for  their 
atrocity  and  rapacity.  They  first  appeared  about 
the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and  infested  the  possessions 
of  the  East  India  Company  and  the  surrounding  country 
in  the  ISth  century.  They  were  disorderly  and  merceiiaiy 
horsemen,  organized  for  indiscriminate  raiding  and  loot- 
ing.  They  were  dispersed  in  1818  by  the  Marquis  of  Hast- 
ings, then  governor-general. 

Pindus  (pin'dus).  [Gr.  Ilh'fSof.]  A  range  of 
mountains  in  Greece,  between  Thessaly  on  the 
east  and  Epirus  on  the  west,  extending  north 
to  about  lat.  39°  N.  Greatest  height,  7,665 
feet. 

Pine  Bluff  (pin  bluf ).  The  capital  of  Jefiferson 
(bounty,  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  38 
miles  south-southeast  of  Little  Kock.  It  exports 
cotton.     Population  (1900),  11,496. 


808 

Pinega  (pe-na-gii'),  A  river  in  northern  Russia 
whicli  joins  the  Dwina  50  miles  southeast  of 
Ai'changel,     Length,  300  to  350  miles. 

Pine  (pin)  Islands.  A  group  of  the  Florida 
Keys,  situated  northeast  of  Key  West. 

Pinel  (pe-nel'),  Philippe.  Born  at  St,-Audr^, 
Tarn,  France,  April  20,  1745:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  25,  1826,  A  French  physician,  dii-ector  of 
the  insane  asylum  at  Bicetre  (1791)  and  the 
Salpetriere  (1794) :  noted  for  the  improvements 
which  he  eifeeted  in  the  treatment  of  the  in- 
sane. Hewrote  "Nosogi'aphiophilosophique" 
(1798),  etc. 

Pinelo  (pe-na'l6),  Antonio  de  Leon.  Bom 
probably  at  Cordoba,  now  in  the  Argentine 
Republic,  about  1590:  died  at  Seville,  Spain, 
about  1675,  A  Spanish  lawyer  and  author.  He 
was  judge  of  the  tribun.al  of  the  Casa  de  Contratacion  at 
Seville,  and  historical  secretary  of  the  Council  of  the  In- 
dies, In  1637  he  was  appointed  royal  historiographer. 
Employed  to  codify  the  colonial  laws,  he  completed,  in 
1635,  his  "  Recopilacion  general  delasleyesdelas  Indias," 
made  authoritative  by  royal  order  in  ICSO,  and  published 
in  IGSl  (Madrid,  4  vols.).  It  was  several  times  revised. 
Pinelo  also  published  various  works  on  America  and  on 
colonial  law;  a  life  of  Toribio.  .\rciil)isliopof  Lima(16.'i3); 
and  '*Biblioteca  Oriental  y  Occith'ntal,  nautica  y  geogrA- 
fica"  (Madrid,  1629):  the  first  liililingraphy  of  theSpanish 
colonies.  There  is  a  revised  edition  by  Gonzalez  de  Barcia 
(3  vols.  1737-38). 

Pinerolo(pe-ne-r6'16),F.Pignerol(pen-ye-r6r). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Turin,  Italy,  22 
miles  southwest  of  Turin.  It  was  taken  from  .Savoy 
by  Francis  I.  of  France,  and  held  until  1574 ;  and  was 
again  taken  by  the  French  about  1630,  and  held  as  an  im- 
portant fortress  until  the  close  of  the  century.  Population 
(1S80),  12,281 ;  commune,  17,492. 

Pinerolo,  Pacification  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
by  the  English  Commonwealth  under  Cromwell 
with  France  in  1655,  providing  for  the  cessation 
of  the  Waldensian  persecution  by  the  Duke  of 
Savoj-. 

Pines"  (pinz),  Isle  of,  Sp.  Isla  de  Pinos  (es'la 
da  pe'nos).  An  island  of  the  West  Indies, 
formerly  belonging  to  Spain,  situated  40  miles 
south  of  the  western  part  of  Cuba,  of  which  it 
was  a  political  dependency.  Chief  place, 
Nueva  Gerona.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1494, 
and  was  long  notorious  as  a  resort  of  pirates.  Area,  1,214 
square  miles.    Population,  almut  2,50o. 

Pines,  Isle  of,  F.  lie  des  Pins  (el  da  pan).   A 

small  island,  a  French  penal  station,  situated 
in  the  South  Pacific  southeast  of  New  Cale- 
donia. 

Pine-tree  State.  The  State  of  Maine :  so  called 
from  the  pine-tree  in  its  coat  of  arms. 

Ping  Yang.     See  Pieng-an. 

Pinini(pe-ne-ne').  [A  corruption  of  the  Sp.  P>l(t- 
meos,  pygmies  or  dwarfs.]  The  name  given  by 
some  of  the  Pueblo  Indians  to  a  mj-thical  tribe 
of  small  men  who  are  said  to  have  invaded  some 
of  the  Pueblo  villages  in  the  times  long  previous 
to  the  Spanish  oceupatiou.  The  tale  may  be  a  mod- 
ern adaptation  of  classical  mythological  legends  to  Indian 
tradition. 

Pinkerton  (ping'ker-ton),  John.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh. Feb,  17,  1758:"  died  May  10,  1826.  A 
Scottish  historian,  antiquary,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  published  "  Two  Dithyrambic  Odes  on  En- 
thusiasm and  Laughter"  (1782),  an  "Essay  on  Medals" 
(17S4).  "-\ncient  Scottish  Poems"  (1786).  a  "Dissertation 
on  the  Origin  and  l*rogress  of  the  Scythians  or  Goths" 
(1787),  "Enquiry  into  the  History  of  Scotland"  (1790), 
"leonograpliica  Scotica"  (1795-97),  etc. 

Pinkham  Notch  (ping'kam  noch).  A  pass  in 
the  Wliite  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  lead- 
ing from  the  Glen  House  southward. 

Pinkie  (ping'ki).  A  place,  about  6  miles  east 
of  Edinburgh,  where,  Sept.  10, 1547,  the  English 
under  the  protector  Somerset  totally  defeated 
the  Scots. 

Pinkney  (pingk'ni),  Edward  Coate.  Bom  at 
London,  1802:  died  at  Baltimore,  April  11, 1828. 
An  American  poet,  son  of  William  Pinkney.  He 
published  "  Rodolph,  and  Other  Poems"  (1825). 
etc. 

Pinkney,  William.  Born  at  Annapolis,  Md., 
March  17,  1764:  died  Feb,  25, 1822.  An  Ameri- 
can lawj'er.  politician,  and  diplomatist.  He  was 
minister  to  Great  Britain  180&-11 :  attorney -general  1811- 
1814  ;  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  1815-lG ;  min- 
ister to  Naples  1816,  and  to  Kussia  1816-18 ;  and  United 
States  senator  1820-22, 

Pinner  of  Wakefield.     See  Gennie-a-Greene. 

Pino  (pe'no),  Joaquin  del.  Boi-n  about  1730: 
died  at  Buenos  A^Tes,  April  11. 1804,  A  Span- 
ish soldier  and  administrator.  He  was  successively 
governor  of  Monte\ideo  (1773-76),  president  of  Charcas 
(1777)  and  of  Chile  (1800),  and  viceroy  of  La  Plata  from 
May  20,  1801. 

Pinos,  Isla  de.    See  Pines,  Isle  of. 

Pinsk  (pinsk).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Minsk,  Russia,  situated  among  marshes  on  the 
Pina,  140  miles  south-southwest  of  Minsk,    it  is 


Piombino 

an  important  center  of  river  transit  trade.    Population 

(1890),  32,480. 

Pinta  (pen'ta),  La.  One  of  the  smaller  vessels 
of  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage,  it  was  a  little 
larger  than  the  Nina  (which  see),  and  was  commanded  bv 
Martin  Alonso  Pinzon.    See  Pinzon. 

Pinto.     See  Palictiva. 

Pinto (pen't6),Anibal.  Bornat  Santiago,  1825: 
died  at  Valparaiso.  1S84.  A  Chilean  statesman, 
son  of  General  F.  A.  Pinto.  He  was  a  moderate  lib- 
eral in  politics ;  was  ministerof  war  and  marine  under  Er- 
razuriz  1871-76,  and  succeeded  him  as  president  Sept.  18, 
1876, -Sept.  18,  ISSl.  Pinto  was  the  first  declared  liberal 
elected  to  the  presidency  after  1830.  During  his  term  the 
war  with  Bolivia  and  Peru  was  commenced  (1879).  See- 
Pacific,  War  of  the. 

Pinto  (pen'tci),  Fernao  Mendes.     Bom  near 

Coimbra,  Portugal,  about  1509:  died  near  Lis- 
bon, 1583.  A  Portuguese  adventurer  and  trav- 
eler in  the  East  (China  and  Japan).  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  travels  entitled  "Peregrina- 
(;ao"  (1614). 

Pinto  (pen'to),  Francisco  Antonio.  Bom  at 
Santiago.  1785:  died  there.  July  18,  1858.  A 
Chilean  general  and  politician.  He  was  diplomatic 
agent  of  the  republic  at  Buenos  Ayres  and  in  England 
1811-17  ;  subsequently  served  with  distinction  in  Charcas 
1818-21,  and  in  Peru  1822-23;  and  was  minister  of  the  in- 
terior and  of  foreign  relations  in  1824.  Early  in  1827  he 
was  elected  by  congress  vice-president,  and  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Freire  became  president  May  8, 1827.  He  resigned 
in  July,  1829 ;  two  months  later  he  resumed  the  post  by  a 
regular  election ;  but,  a  revolution  being  imminent,  he 
again  resigned,  Nov.  2, 1829.  He  waa  the  liberal  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  1S4L 

Pinto,  Serpa.    See  Scrpa  Pinto. 
Pinturicchio  (pen-to-rek'ke-6)  (Bernardino  di 

Betti).  Born  at  Perugia,  Italy,  1454  :  died  at 
Siena,  Italy,  Sept.  11, 1513.  An  Italian  painter, 
of  the  school  of  Pei'ugino:  noted  for  his  fres- 
cos and  panels.  Many  of  his  principal  works  are  at 
Kome(in  theVatican  and  Church  of  Sta.  Maria  del  Popolo>- 
and  at  .Siena. 

Pinzgau  (pints'gou).  The  upper  vaUey  of  the 
Salza,  in  Salzburg,  Austria-Hungary,  situated 
southwest  of  the  city  of  Salzburg.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Pinzgau, 

Pinzon  (pen-thon'),  Francisco  Martin.  Bro- 
ther of  Martin  Alonso  Pinzon,  and  pilot  of  his 
vessel,  the  Pinta. 

Pinzon,  Martin  Alonso.  Bom  at  Palos  aliout 
1441 :  died  there.  1493,  A  Spanish  navigator. 
He  was  the  head  of  a  family  of  ship-builders  in  Palos, 
and  had  made  many  voyages.  There  is  a  story  that.  In 
one  of  these,  in  a  French  ship,  he  was  driven  by  a  storm 
from  Africa  to  the  coast  of  Brazil ;  but  this  is  generally 
discredited.  Another  story  is  that  he  found  in  Rome  an 
old  manuscript  which  he  gave  to  Columbus,  and  in  which 
it  was  stated  that  Asia  might  be  reached  by  sailing  west- 
ward. It  is  more  probable  that  he  joined  Columbus  in 
his  voyage  of  1492because  he  was  part  owner  of  the  smaller 
vessels.  He  commanded  the  Pinta,  In  Nov..  1492,  he 
parted  company  with  Columbus  on  the  coast  of  Cuba ;  waa 
the  first  to  discover  Haiti ;  and  rejoined  the  admiral  on 
the  coast  of  that  island,  Jan.  6, 1493.  Columbus  afterward 
asserted  that  he  had  deserted  with  the  intention  of  re- 
turning to  Spain.  During  the  return  voyage  the  Pinta  was 
separated  from  the  Isiiia  in  a  storm,  Feb.  14.  and  eventu- 
ally reached  Bayona,  a  port  of  Galicia ;  thence  Pinzon 
sent  a  letter  to  the  sovereigns  with  an  account  of  the  dis- 
covery, and  sailed  on  to  Palos,  reaching  it  on  the  same  day 
as  Columbus  (March  l.s).  His  death,  shortly  after,  is  said 
to  have  been  hastened  by  chagrin  because  Columbus  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  the  discovery. 

Pinzon,  Vicente  YaSez.  Bom  at  Palos  about 
1460:  died  there,  about  1524.  A  Spanish  navi- 
gator, brother  of  Martin  Alonso  Pinzon.  He 
commanded  the  Nifla  in  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus  in 
1492.  Early  in  Dec,  1499  (according  to  some,  Jan.  13, 
1500),  he  left  Palos  in  command  of  four  exploring  ships; 
crossed  the  equator,  being  the  first  Spanish  commander  to 
do  so  ;  struck  the  coast  of  Brazil,  probably  near  Cape  St. 
Augustine ;  thence  followed  it  northward  and  northwest- 
ward, discovering  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon ;  and  after 
passing  between  Trinidad  and  the  mainland,  and  touching 
at  Espaiiola,  returned  to  Spain  in  Sept.,  1500,  Some  sup- 
pose that  Vespucci  was  with  him  on  this  voyage,  but  he 
was  probably  with  Ojeda,  (See  Ue^p«CCT,)  In  1.^06  Pinzon 
was  associated  with  Soils  in  an  exploration  of  the  Gulf  of 
Honduras  and  a  small  portion  of  southeastern  Yucatan. 
In  1508  he  was  again  with  Solis  in  an  exploration  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  South  America,  from  Cape  .St.  Augustine 
southward  probably  as  far  as  lat.  40°.  See  Solis,  Juan 
Diaz  de. 

Piojes  (pe-6-Has')-  Indians  of  eastern  Ecuador 
(a  region  claimed  by  Colombia),  on  the  lower 
Napo  and  the  Putumayo  or  !(;&.  Those  on  the 
former  river  are  often  called  Santa  Marias,  from  a  mission 
village  in  which  many  of  them  were  gathered;  they  have 
no  knowledge  of  the  horde  on  the  Putumayo.  These  In- 
dians are  agriculturists,  skilful  canoemen  and  fishermen, 
and  industrious ;  they  are  friendly  to  the  whites,  but  main- 
tain a  semi-independence.  By  their  language  they  are 
generally  classed  with  the  Betoya  stock,  but  the  relation- 
sliip  is  doubtful, 

Piombino  (pe-om-be'no).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  on  a  promon- 
tory projecting  into  the  Mediterranean.  45  miles 
south  by  east  of  Leghorn,  and  opposite  Elba. 
Population  (1881),  commune,  4,076. 


Piombino,  Principality  of 

Piombino,  Principality  of.  A  former  small 
priiu-ipality,  adjoiiiiug  aud  including  the  towu 
of  Piombino. 

Piombo  (pe-om'bo),  Fra  Sebastiano  del.  Bom 
in  Venice  (f),  1485:  died  at  Kome,  June  21, 1547. 
A  painter  of  the  Venetian  school.  His  rral  name 
waiiLuciani,  but  he  was  commonly  culled  del  PionilK)  from 
his  offlee  of  keeper  of  the  le.ulen  seals,  which  he  held  un- 
der Clement  VII.  and  Paul  III.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gio- 
vanni Bellini,  and  afterward  of  Giorgione,  and  wa.s  called  to 
Rome  about  l.'iOO  by  AKOstiuo  Chigi  to  assist  in  decorating; 
the  Karnesina  with  frescos.  Sleaiitinie  his  portraits  in  oil 
had  won  him  fame.  .Amoiic  the  best  of  this  period  are  the 
Bo-called  "Fornarina"  in  the  Ufilzi  at  Florence.  Piombo 
was  intimatelyassociated  with  ilichelanpelo,  and  is  said  to 
have  painted  the  ''Resurrection  of  Lazarus  "in  the  National 
Gallery,  London,  with  his  assistance.  In  1527  he  went  to 
^■eIlice,  and  there  probably  painted  the  portrait  of  Andrea 
Doria,  now  in  the  Doria  Palace  at  Rome.  He  returned 
to  Rome  in  1529.  In  1531  he  became  keeper  of  the  seals 
and  an  ecclesiastic. 

Pioneers,  The.  A  storv  bv  James  Fenimore 
Cooper,  published  in  1823.  " 

Piotrkow  (pey-otr'kov),  G.  Petrikau  (pa'tre- 
kon).  1.  A  government  in  Russian  I'oland,  bor- 
dering on  Prussia.  Area,  4.729  square  miles. 
Poptilation,  1,091,282.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Piotrkon-,situated  84 miles  south- 
west of  Warsaw.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  Polish 
towns.     Population  (1884),  24.840. 

Kove  di  Sacco  (pe-o've  de  siik'ko).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Padua,  Italy,  18  miles  southwest 
of  Venice.  Population  (ISSl),  5,137;  commune, 
8,606. 

Piozzi  (pi-oz'i ;  It.  pron.  pe-ot'se),  Mrs.  (Hester 
Lynch  Salisbury ;  Mrs.Thrale).  BomatBod- 
ville,  Carnarvonshire,  Jan.  27, 1741 :  died  at  Clif- 
ton, England,  May  2,  1821.  An  English  lady,  a 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  she  was  well  educated  in 
Latin  and  Greek  and  the  modern  languages.  In  1763  she 
married  Henry  Thrale,  a  brewer  of  Southwark.    In  1704 

.  she  met  Dr.  Johnson,  and  an  intimacy  began  which  lastetl 
for  20  years.  Mr.  Thrale  died  on  April  4, 1781,  and  on  July 
26, 1784.  she  married  Piozzi,  an  Italian  musician.  Her  anec- 
dotes of  and  correspondence  with  Dr.  Johnson  are  second 
Id  interest  only  to  Boswell's  "Life." 

Pip  (pip)-  Nickname  of  Philip  Pin-ip,  the  hero 
of  Dickens's  "  Great  E.xpectations." 

Pipchin  (pip'chin),  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "Dom- 
bev  aud  Son,"  a  disagreeable  old  woman,  pro- 
prietress of  an  "infantine  boarding-house  of  a 
very  select  description"  at  Brighton,  where  lit- 
tle Paul  Dombey  was  sent  for  his  health. 

Piper  (pi'per),  iom.  A  character  in  the  Eng- 
lish morris-dance. 

Piperno  (pe-per'n6).  A  to-mi  in  the  province  of 
Eome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Amaseno  47  miles 
southeast  of  Rome.  Near  it  was  the  ancient 
Volscian  city  Privemum.  Population  (1881), 
4,932 

Pipes  (pips),  Tom.  In  Smollett's  "Peregrine 
Pickle,"  the  attendant  of  Peregiine  at  school, 
and  Commodore  Trunnion's  former  boatswain. 

Pipin.     See  I'epiii. 

Pippa  (pep'pii)  Passes.  A  dramatic  idyl  by 
Robert  Brovming,  published  in  1841. 

Pippi.     See  G-itdio  Romano. 

Pippin.     See  Pepin. 

Piqua  (pik'wa  or  pik'wa).  A  city  in  Miami 
County,  Ohio',  situated  on  the  Miami  70  miles 
west  by  north  of  Columbus.  Population  (1900), 
12,172. 

Pita.     See  Piro. 

Piracicaba  (pe-ra-se-kii'bii),  or  Constituigao 
(kon-ste-twe-souii').  A  town  of  the  state  of 
Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  about  75  miles  northwest  of 
Sao  Paulo.     Population,  about  10.0011. 

Piraeus,  or  Peiraeus  (pi-re'us):  also  Piraeeus. 

[Gr.  ncjpnHi'c.]  Till.'  seaport  of  Athens,  siluu- 
ted  on  the  Saronic  Gulf  5  miles  southwest  of 
Athens.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  of  Greece.  It  was 
founded  tiy  Themistodes  and  I'eiicles  ;  was  destroyeil  by 
Sulla  in  86  B.  0. ;  and  has  been  rebuilt  in  the  present  cen- 
tury. It  was  In  ancient  limes  cotniecte<l  with  Athens  by 
the  "Long  Walls,"  and  \i  now  connected  by  a  railway. 
Population  (IW.l).  34,327. 

Pirano  (pG-ril'no).  A  seaport  in  Istria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Tri<'st 
14  miles  southwest  of  Triest.  Near  It,  In  1177,  the 
Venetian  tiect  defeftteil  the  Genoese  and  Imperialists. 
Population (ISlHl),  commune,  12,32«. 

Piran  Round.    An  ancient  theater  in  Cornwall. 

Tills  relii-  of  antiquity  Is  called  Plran  Round.  It  con- 
sists of  a  circular  embankment,  about  ten  feet  high,  sloji- 
Inu  backwarils,  and  cut  Into  steps  for  seats  or  standing- 
places.  This  enilmnkment  enchtses  n  level  area  of  grassy 
ground,  and  stands  in  the  middle  cjf  a  Hat,  wild  heath.  A 
couple  of  thousand  spectators  could  look  down  from  the 
Beata  upon  the  grassy  circus  which  formed  a  stage  of 
mufe  than  a  hundred  feet  In  diameter.  Here.  In  very 
early  times,  si)orta  were  played  ntiil  combats  fought  out. 
and  rustic  councils  assemlded.  The  ancient  Cornish  Mys- 
teries here  drew  tears  and  laughter  from  the  inlleil  ami! 
ences  of  the  day.  They  were  popular  as  late  as  the  jterhKi 
of  shakspeare.  Duran,  English  .Stage,  I.  3«. 


809 

Pirata  (pe-rii'ta).  II.  An  opera  by  Bellini,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1827. 

Pirate  (pi'rSt)  The.  -V  novel  by  SirWalter  Scott, 
published  in  1K'_'2.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  .Shetland 
and  Orkney  Islands  in  the  last  half  of  the  I'tli  century. 

Pirates  (pi' la'z)  .War  with  the.  A  war  against 
the  pii-ates  of  the  Jleditenauean,  who  were 
suppressed  in  67  B.  C.  by  Pompey  (appointed 
by  the  Gabinian  Law  to  deal  with  them). 

Pirates  of  Penzance  (pen-zans').The.  A  comic 

opera  by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  lirst 
produced  at  New  York  in  1879. 

Pirindas.     Same  as  Mntlnl-incos. 

Pirithous  (pi-rith'n-us).  [Gr.  JlcipWoof."]  In 
Greek  legend,  one  of  the  Lapithse,  a  sou  of  Zeus 
(or  I.\ion).an(l  a  friend  of  Theseus.  The  famous 
battle  with  the  Centaurs  took  place  on  the  occasion  of  his 

\\eddilig. 

Pirmasens  (pir'mU-sens).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  44  miles  north  by 
west  of  Strasburg.  Theleadingindnstryisthemanu- 
faeture  of  boots  and  shoes.  Here,  Sept.  14, 179.'i,  the  Prus- 
sians under  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French 
under  Moreaux.     Population  (ISUoX  21,041. 

Pima  (pir'nii).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, sitimted  on  the  Elbe  12  miles  southeast  of 
Dresden.  It  is  a  manufacturing  town ;  exports  sand- 
stone: aud  contains  the  castle  of  Sonnenstein.  It  suffered 
severely  in  the  Tliirty  Years'  and  Seven  Years'  wars. 
Population  (18!W),  13,852. 

Pirnatza  (per-niit'sa),  or  Dhipotamo  (de-pot'-, 
ii-mo).  Thechief  i-iver in  Messeuia,  Greece:  the 
ancient  Pamisus.  It  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Messenia  west  of  Kalamata. 

Piro(pe'r6).  [PI.,  also  Pi  »•(«.]  .\di\nsionof  the 
Tauoan  linguistic  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  in  12  towns  alongand  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  Rio  Grande,  from  Seuecti  to  Seville!  a 
in  Now  Mexico.  The  tribal  organization  was  sundered  in 
the  Pueliio  revolt  of  lOSO.when  most  of  its  members  joined 
the  Tigiia  in  their  flight  to  the  a  ieinity  of  El  Pasi>,  Tex.a3. 
.Six  miles  east  of  El  Paso  they  established  a  village,  nam- 
ing it  .Senecu  after  their  former  pueblo  in  the  north.  About 
60  still  reside  at  Senecu  del  .Sur.     See  Taiwan. 

Piron  (pe-ron'),  Alexis.  Born  at  Dijon,  France, 
July  9,  1689:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1773.  A 
French  epigrammatist.  He  also  wrote  the  com- 
edy "Metromanie"  (1738),  vaudevilles,  etc. 

Piros  (pe'ros),  locally  called  Chontatjuiros 
(chon-ta-ke'ros)  or  Siriminches  (se-re-men'- 
chas).  1.  An  Indian  tribe  of  eastern  Peru,  in 
the  forest  region  bordering  the  Apurimae  aud 
TJcayale  rivers,  between  10°  and  12°  S.  lat.  They 
were*formerly  numerous,  and  between  1683  and  1727  niany 
of  them  were  gathered  into  mission  villages:  but  they 
subsequently  returned  to  a  wihi  life.  They  were  long  no- 
toritais  for  their  raids  on  other  tribes,  origimilly  to  steal 
women  for  wives,  but  later  to  procure  slaves  which  they 
sold  to  the  whites.  Only  one  or  two  thousands  remain,  and 
they  are  gradually  submitting  to  white  inlluence.  The 
Piros  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  Alayjiure  stock,  forming 
Its  westernmost  tribe.  This  is  one  of  the  tribes  loosely 
called  Chunehos  by  the  Peruvians. 
2.  See  Piro. 

Pirot  (pe-rof).  A  town  in  Servia,  situated  on 
a  head  stream  of  the  Nishava,  in  lat.  43°  14'  N., 
long.  22°  35'  E.  It  was  ceded  by  Turkey  t<i  Servia  in 
1878.  Here.  Nov.  •26-27.  lS.s.'i,  the  Bulgarians  defeated  the 
Servians.    Population  (IS'.il),  9,930. 

Piruas  (pe-ro'iis).  The  traditional  name  of  the 
rulers  of  a  very  aucientpeo]>le,  the  Hat  uu  Runas, 
who  oeeupieil  the  highlainls  of  Peru  and  Bo- 
livia previous  to  the  rise  of  the  Inca  dynasty. 
That  such  a  people  existed  is  evident  from  the  remains  of 
Cyclopean  architecture  of  a  type  dilferent  from  aTi<l  oliUr 
than  the  Inca  editlees  (see  Tialtunnwu  and  Sac'ahmiiin), 
and  all  the  traditions  collected  by  authors  soim  after  the 
conquest  agree  in  pointing  to  a  powerful  kingdom  or  cou- 
fedei'ation  which  was  broken  up  before  the  Ineas  came 
into  power  at  Cuzco.  The  Ih-st  Piruas  are  said  tt)  have 
come  from  the  south,  and  they  have  been  connected  with 
the  Ayinaras  of  Bolivia;  but  at  that  time  the  Aymaras  and 
(jillchuas  may  have  f(U'med  one  nice.  Montesinoe  gives 
a  list  of  65  chiefs  or  "kings"  of  the  PIrua  line,  am!  this 
list,l(mg  discredited, has  ix-ceived  incidental  support  from 
the  mention  of  .some  of  the  names  In  recently  discovered 
manuscripts.  As  the  Pirua  line  ceased  before  the  loth 
centuiy,  the  list,  if  correct,  carries  it  back  to  a  time  earlier 
than  the  Christian  era. 

Tho  IMnias  governed  a  vast  empire,  erected  Imperishable 
Cyclopean  editlees,  and  developed  a  complicated  civiliza- 
tion, which  is  dimly  indicated  to  us  by  tho  numerous  sym- 
hidlcal  sciilpluns  on  the  monolith  (at  Tlahuanucu).  They 
also.  In  a  long  course  of  years,  brought  wild  i)lants  under 
cultivation,  and  doinesticated  the  nnimids  of  the  1oft> 
Andean  plateau.  But  it  Is  remarkable  that  the  shores  <'f 
Lake  Titicaca,  which  are  almost  treeless,  ami  where  corn 
will  not  ripwn,  should  have  been  chosen  as  the  center  of 
this  most  ancient  civilization.  Yet  the  ruins  of  TIahua. 
nucu  ctinclusively  establish  the  fact  that  the  capital  of 
the  Piruas  was  on  the  loftiest  site  over  selected  for  tho 
seat  of  a  great  empire. 

Markham,  in  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America, 

(I.  -222,  2'23. 

Pisa  (pe'zii  or  jio'sii).  A  province  of  Tuscany, 
llalv.  .\rea.  1,179  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  302,:!-19. 

Pisa,  F.Pise(pez).    The  capital  of  the  province 


Pisano,  Andrea 

of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Amo,  6  miles  from 
the  sea,  in  lat.  43°  43'  N.,  long.  10°  23'  E. :  the 
ancient  Pisie  and  Colonia  Julia  Pisana.  It  is  now 
a  winter  health-resort.  The  cathedral,  withthecanipanlle- 
the  baptistery,  and  theCamp<i  Santo  (which  seeX  forming 
a  world.fam.tus  group  of  four  buildings,  was  begun  in  1007, 
and  consecrated  in  1118.  In  plan  it  is  a  Latin  cross,  311  feet 
long,  106(  across  nave  and  four  aisles  and  237  across  the 
transepts',  and  91  feet  hiu'li  to  the  wooden  ceiling  of  the 
nave.  The  interior  is  aicaded,  with  tine  monolithic  shafts, 
arcacled  triforium-gallery.  clearstory,  and  a  great  elliptical 
dome  at  the  crossing.  The  semi-dotne  of  tlie  apse  is  tilled 
with  mosaics  on  gold  ground,  in  part  by  Cimabue.  The 
faijade,  in  alternated  courses  of  dark  and  light  marble,  has 
five  superposed  tiers  of  arcades,  with  small  columns,  and 
a  sinillar  arcade  is  carried  around  the  church  under  the 
roof.  The  bronze  doors  of  the  facade  are  line  Kenaissance 
productions  by  Giovanni  da  Btdogna ;  tliat  of  the  st.uth 
tnmsept  is  Romanesque,  with  curious  reliefs  in  square 
panels.  The  sculptured  marble  pulpit,  of  the  type  of  that 
in  the  baptistery,  was  the  masterpiece  of  Giovanni  Pisano: 
it  was  shattered  in  the  fire  of  159*;,  but  has  lately  been  re- 
stored. There  are  many  fine  i^aintings,  particularly  a  beau- 
tiful  St.  Agnes  by  Andrea  del  parto,  and  admirable  choir- 
stalls  and  church  furniture.  The  baptistery,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  Italian  buildinus,  is  circular  and  domed, 
with  two  tiers  of  sui>erposed  Pisan  arcades,  and  above 
these,  below  tlie  dome,  coupled  cuspcd  windows  with  deco- 
rated pointed  canopies.  The  lowest  story,  with  round 
wall-arcades  inclosing  windows,  is  of  the  12th  century: 
the  parts  above  are  later.  The  little  arcades  of  the  second 
tier  are  joined  two  and  two  by  beautiful  tracerled  and 
crocket ed  pediments,  separated  by  slender  pinnacles.  The 
middle  of  the  building  is  occuiucd  by  the  octagonal  font, 
14  feetindiamcter,with  most  delicate  geometrical  carving 
and  mosaics  on  its  panels.  Its  chief  boast,  however,  is 
the  famous  puliiit  (12fi<J)  of  Xiccola  Pisano.  This  is  hex.ig- 
onal,  raised  on  seven  columns,  three  of  theouter  ones  with 
bases,  three  resting  on  lions,  and  the  central  one  sup- 
ported by  a  fantastic  group  of  men  and  animals.  One  side 
is  taken  by  the  stair:  the  live  others  bear  remarkable  reliefs 
from  tlie  life  of  Christ,  si  ri.uigly  intluenced  by  the  antique. 
At  one  angle  is  an  eagle,  foniiing  a  lectern.  The  diameter 
of  the  baptistery  is  117  feet,  i(s  total  height  ISO.  The 
camitanile,  or  Lei'ming  Tower,  is  cylindrical,  in  eight  stages, 
that  at  the  base  .solid  with  a  wall-arcade,  the  six  above 
lower,  and  surrounded  within  their  small  columned  ar- 
cades with  galleries.  The  highest  stjige  appears  recessed, 
since  it  lias  no  exterior  arcade :  its  wall-arcade  is  inter- 
rupted by  six  large  arches  to  allow  the  sound  of  the  bells 
to  escape.  The  campanile,  begun  in  1174,  with  its  super- 
posed tiers  of  small  arches  is  the  exemplar  of  the  peculiar 
Pisan  type  of  medieval  architecture.  It  is  181  feet  high, 
b\\  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  inclines  13  feet  8  inches 
t^iward  the  south.  About  half  of  the  sinking  took  place 
during  the  construction,  and  the  etforls  made  to  correct 
it  by  (liniinishing  the  height  of  the  stages  on  the  north 
side  resulted  in  a  convexity  of  In  inches  on  the  south.  The 
spire  originally  designed  was  not  built,  on  account  of  the 
continued  sinking  of  the  foundation.  San  Pacdo  a  Ripa 
d'.\rno  was  the  original  cathedral,  founded  by  Charle- 
magne, but  altered  in  the  12th  century.  The  facade  Is 
built  of  gray,  yellow,  and  black  marble :  it  has  five  blind 
arches  below,  three  of  them  inclosing  doors,  and  three  tiers 
of  columned  galleries  above.  The  interiMr  has  granite 
columns  with  <|uaintly  carved  white  marble  capitals.  In 
tile  cloister  there  is  a  highly  picturesque  and  curious  hep- 
taL'onal  structure  with  a  pointed  n»of,  ajqem-ntly  the  bai>- 
tistervof  the  old  cathe<iial-  Tbcnnivei-if  \ ,  ortraiiized  in 
1343,  had  76  professors  and  l,o,so  students  in  1896-97:  the 
building,  locally  c;Uled  La  Sapienza,  was  begun  in  1493, 
and  enlarged  by  Cosmo  de'  iledici.  Pisa  was  probably  of 
Ktniscan  origin.  It  became  a  Roman  colon>'  and  was 
flourishing  umler  the  empire.  In  the  11th  century  it  was 
a  maritime  republic,  and  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
powers  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  conquered  Sardinia.  Cor- 
sica, and  the  Balearic  Islands;  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  Crusades;  was  frequently  at  war  with  Genoa,  Luces, 
and  Florence ;  was  a  leading  Ghibelline  city :  was  defeated 
by  the  Genoese  at  Meloria  ill  12S4,  and  lost  soon  after  its 
jiosscssions  ami  imiiortance;  was  annexed  by  Florence  in 
1406;  became  independent  in  14i>4 ;  and  resisted  attacks 
by  Florence  in  1499,  l.MM,  and  15(15,  but  tlnally  submitted 
in  1.509.  It  had  an  important  part  in  the  early  develop- 
ment of  architecture  and  sculpture.  Galileo  was  born 
tlure.  Population  (1S9'2),  61,500. 
Pisa,  Council  of.  An  ecclesiastical  council  held 
at  Pisa  in  1409  for  the  purpose  of  liealing  the 
papal  seliisni.  It  deposed  the  rival  popes  Gregory 
All.  and  Benedict  XIII.  Alexander  V.  was  elected  by 
the  cardinals. 

Pisac  (pe-siik').  Avillage  of  Peru,  on  the  river 
Vileamayii  about  1.5  miles  east-northeast  of 
Cuzco.  It  is  noted  for  its  remains  of  Incai-ial  archltec- 
t  ure,  including  a  large  fortress,  almost  perfectly  preservwl, 
a  temple,  numerous  temices,  rock-tombs,  et^:. 

Fisagua  (pe-sii'gwii).  A  town  and  ])ort  of  the 
province  of  Tara))ac4,  Chile  (formerlv  in  Peru), 
in  lat.  19°  .36'  30  S.:  one  of  the  ci'iiters  of  the 
nitrate  iiidnslrv.  It  was  iMinbarded  by  the  Chileans 
April  18,  I871I,  ami  attacked  and  taken  by  tlleiu  Nov,  2. 
I'opiilatlon,  about  5,(«i». 

Pisan,  Christine  de.     See  Christine  dc  PiMH. 

PisanlO  (].e-sii'iie-6).  A  servant  of  Posthiimus 
ill  Shakspcre's  "C.nnbeline." 

"Slv  anil  ciMistant,"  as  the  queen  calls  him,  and  aa  he 
himself  wishes  to  be.  PIsanIo  unites  the  cunning  of  tho 
serpent  with  the  haniilesaness  of  the  dove.  His  slngulai 
position  is  tlmuighout  that  he  Is  truest  where  he  is  nioit 
untrue. 
drrrinut,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  F..  Ililn- 
(nett,  eil.  l!N>Cr|,  p.  67:i 

Pisano  (pe-zii'no),  Andrea  (Andrea  da  Pon- 

taderra).  Bom  1270:  died  nt  Klorence  about 
1349,  .-Vii  Italian  seiilptor.  He  was  early  appren- 
ticed to  Giovanni  Pisano,  and  devoted  much  time  to  the 
study  of  the  anthiue  sarcophagi  In  the  Camiw  Santo,    At 


Fisano,  Andrea 

35  years  of  age  he  is  said  to  have  visited  Venice,  where  he 

madeseverafstataesforthefat^adeof  San  Marco,  and  made 
designs  for  the  arsenal,  subsequently  tinished  by  Filippo 
Calendario.  After  his  return  from  Venice  he  made  the 
bronze  door  of  the  baptisteiy  in  Florence,  which  is  his 
chief  and  enduring  title  to  fame  (finished  1330).  He  also 
executed  the  bas-reliefs  designed  by  Giotto  for  the  lower 
storj'  of  the  campanile,  and  some  figures  on  Aniolfo's  fa- 
cade of  the  duomo.  He  strengthened  the  Palazzo  Vecchio 
with  great  walls  and  fortifications  to  render  it  a  safe  resi- 
dence for  Walter  de  Brienne.  titular  duke  of  Athens,  whom 
the  Florentines  had  made  governor  of  the  city. 

Pisano,  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Pisa»  1240:  died 
1320.  An  Italian  architect  and  sculptor,  son  of 
Xiccola  Pisano.  From  1206  to  1267  he  worked  with  his 
father  upon  the  pulpit  in  Siena,  In  l"2tS  he  went  to  Na- 
ples to  design  the  church  of  the  Franciscans  and  the  epis- 
copal palace.  In  1278  he  went  to  Pisa  ou  the  death  of  his 
father.  At  this  time  he  transformed  the  Oratory  of  Santa 
Maria  del  Porto  into  the  present  Church  of  Santa  Maria 
della  Spina,  the  first  edifice  built  in  Italy  in  the  Pointed 
style,  and  built  the  first  and  most  beautiful  Campo  Santo  in 
Italy:  in  the  Campo  Santo  are  still  many  works  of  Gio- 
vanni. About  12S9  he  made  the  monument  of  Pope  Urban 
IV.  at  Perugia,  and  the  shrine  of  San  Donato  at  Arezzo  in 

i-:90. 

Pisano,  Niccola.  Born  at  Pisa  between  1205 
and  1207  :  died  at  Pisa,  1278.  A  noted  Italian 
sculptor  and  architect,  said  to  have  been  the 
son  of  Pietro  da  Siena,  a  notary.  He  founded  a 
new  school  of  sculpture  in  Italy.  ^Mien  about  lr>  years  old 
he  was  employed  as  architect  by  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  and  went  with  him  to  Naple^  where  he  worked  on  the 
Castel  Capuauo  and  Castel  deli'  Uovoinl221.  He  designed 
the  basilica  of  St.  Anthony  at  Padua  in  1231.  and  in  1237 
made  his  first  known  ess:iy  in  sculpture  in  the  alto-rilievo 
of  the  Deposition,  still  in  the  tympanum  of  the  arch  over  a 
side  door  of  San  Martino  at  Lucca.  About  124S  he  built  the 
Santa  Trinita  at  Florence,  the  San  Domenico  at  Arezzo,  the 
duomo  at  Volterra,  and  the  Pieve  and  Santa  Marguerita 
at  Cortona.  In  1260  he  produced  the  famous  pulpit  in  the 
baptistery  at  Pisa.  In  1265  he  began  the  Arcadi  San  Do- 
menico at  Bologna,  in  wiich  he  was  assisted  l>y  Fra  Gug- 
lielmo  Aenelli.  In  1266  he  began  the  pulpit  of  the  cathe- 
dral at  Siena,  assisted  by  his  son  Giovanni  and  his  pupils 
Arnolfo  del  Cambio,  Donato,  and  Lapo.  It  is  similar  to 
the  one  in  Pisa,  but  larger,  and  octagonal  instead  of  hexa- 
gonal. In  1269  Charles  of  Anjou  commissioned  him  to 
erect  the  abbey  and  convent  of  La  Scorgola  to  commemo- 
rate the  victory  of  Tagliacozzo,  which  occurred  in  the 
neighboring  valley.  In  1274  was  begun  the  fountain  in 
Perugia  finished  by  his  son  Giovanni.  The  24  statuettes  of 
this  fountain  whicli  are  ascribed  to  Xiccola  Pisano  are  sim- 
ply designed  and  broadly  treated. 

Piscataqua  (pis-kat'a-kTva).  A  river  in  New 
Hampshire  and  partly  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  it  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Salmon  and  Cocheco,  and  flows  into 
the  Atlantic  3  miles  southeast  of  Portsmonth.  Length  (in- 
cluding the  Salmon),  about  50  miles. 

Piscataquis  (pis-kat'a-kwis).  A  river  in  Maine; 
joiniuff  the  Penobscot  30  miles  north  of  Ban- 
gor.    Length,  about  70  miles. 

Piscataway.    See  Conoif. 

Pisces  (pis'ez).  [L.,  '  the  fishes.']  A  constel- 
lation and  sign  of  the  zodiac  ;  the  Fishes.  The 
figure  represents  two  fishes  united  by  a  ribbon  attached  to 
their  tails.  One  of  the  fishes  is  east,  the  other  south,  of 
the  square  of  Pegasus.    Symbol,  k. 

Piscis  Austrinus  (pis'is  as-tri'nns).  [L.,  'the 
southern  lish.']  An  ancient  southern  constella- 
tion, the  Southern  Fish,  it  contains  the  1.3  magni- 
tude star  Fomalhant.  which  is  30  degrees  south  of  the 
equator,  and  is  in  opposition  on  the  3d  of  Sept.  The  figure 
represents  a  fish  which  swallows  the  water  poured  out  of 
thf  vase  by  Aquarius. 

Piscis  Volans  (pis'is  vo'lanz).  [L./the  fijing 
fish.']  One  of  the  southern  constellations  in- 
troduced by  Theodori,  or  Keyser,  at  the  end  of 
the  16th  century-  it  is  situated  west  of  the  star  3  Argus, 
and  contains  two' stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude.  Also 
called  Volans. 

Pisek(pe'sek).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on 
the  Wottawa  55  miles  south  by  west  of  Prague. 
Population  (1890).  commune,  10,950. 

Pisgah.  (piz'ga).  In  Bible  geogi*aphy,  a  moun- 
tain of  Abarim.  Moab,  northeast  of  the  Dead 
Sea  :  now  identified  with  Jebel  Siaghah.  Mount 
Nebo.  from  which  Moses  viewed  the  promised  land  of  Ca- 
naan, was  one  of  its  summits. 

Pishacha  (pi-sha'cha).  In  Hindu  m}-thology. 
the  name  of  a  class  of  demons,  perhaps  origi- 
nally (as  is  inferred  from  the  epithets  of  Pisha- 
chi  in  Rig\'eda  I.  cxxxiii.  5)  a  personification  of 
the  ignis  fatuus.  They  are  called  the  *'flesh- 
eating  Pishachas"  in  Atharvaveda^Vlil.  ii,  12. 

Pishin  (pe-shen').  A  district  north  of  Quetta,  on 
the  border  of  Baluchistan  and  Afghanistan.  It 
is  under  direct  British  rule. 

Pishpai  (pish'pi).  [Pers.,  'fore  foot.']  A  rarely 
usc'f  name  for  the  third-magnitude  star  /i  Gemi- 
11  Oram. 

Pishquitpali,    See  Pisquow. 

Pisidia  (pi-sid'i-a),  [Gr,  TlfGiSia.']  In  ancient 
geogi-aphy.  a  territory  in  Asia  Minor,  it  was 
bounded  by  Phrygia  on  the  north,  Isauria  and  Cilicia  on 
the  east,  Pamphylia  on  the  south,  and  Lycia  on  the  south- 
west, and  was  traversed  by  the  Taurus  Mountains,  It  was 
reduced  by  Rome. 

Pisistratidae   (pis-is-trat'i-de).      Hippias  and 


810 

Hipparchus,  the  two  scuis  and  snceessors  of 
Pisistratus. 
PisistratUS  (pi-sis'tra-tus).  [Gr.  UeicrifyTpaToc.l 
Born  about  605  B.  c":  died  527  B.  c.  A  tyi'ant 
of  Athens,  a  friend  of  Solon.  He  usurped  the  su- 
preme power  in  560 ;  was  twice  expelled ;  and  was  restored 
and  reigned  until  Ms  death. 

Peisistratus,  in  the  last  period  of  his  rule  (537-527  B.  c.\ 
is  said  to  have  commissioned  some  learned  men,  of  whom 
the  poet  Onomacritus  was  the  chief,  to  collect  the  poems 
of  Humer.  It  is  now  generally  believed  that  an  Iliad  and 
an  Odyssey  already  existed  in  writing  at  that  time,  but  that 
the  lest  had  become  much  deranj:ed,  especially  through 
the  practice  of  reciting  short  passages  without  regai-d  to 
their  context.  Besides  these  two  poems,  many  other  epic 
poems  or  fragments  of  the  Ionian  school  went  under 
Homer's  name.  The  great  task  of  the  commission  was  to 
collect  aZ/  these  ''poems  of  Homer"  into  one  body.  From 
this  general  stock  they  may  have  supplied  what  they 
thought  wanting  in  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  Their  work 
cannot,  in  any  case,  have  been  critical  in  a  modem  sense. 
But  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  thatsome  systematic  attempt 
to  preserve  ■ '  the  poems  of  Homer  "  was'made  in  the  reign 
of  Peisistratus.  Jebh,  Greek  Lit,,  p.  32. 

Piso  (pi'so).  Calpumius,  Tliename  of  a  family 
distinguished  in  Roman  history.  Among  its  mem- 
bers we~re  the  following :  Lucius,  a  censor,  consul,  and  au- 
thor of  the  second  half  of  the  2d  centur5-  B.  c.  ;  Lucius,  a 
politician,  father-in-law  of  Julius  Casar;  Cneius,  gover- 
nor of  Syria  tinder  Tiberius,  and  the  reputed  murderer  of 
Gerraanicus ;  Caius,  the  leader  of  an  unsuccessful  conspir- 
acy against  >'ero  in  »>5  A.  i>. :  and  Lucius,  the  successor  of 
Galba  for  four  days,  put  to  death  by  Otho  (69  A.  D.). 

Pison  (pi'son).  One  of  the  foui*  rivers  men- 
tioned in  Gen.  ii.  It  has  been  conjecturaily 
identified  with  the  Ganges,  the  upper  Indus, 
etc.    Also  Pi.shon. 

Pisseletl.    See  £tampesj  Ditrhesse  d\ 

Pissevache  (pes-vash').  A  picturesque  water- 
fall in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated near  Martigny.     Height,  230  feet. 

Pissis  (pe-ses' ),  Aiiae.  Bom  at  Brionde,  Haute- 
Loire.  May  17,  lSl:i :  died  at  Santiago.  Chile, 
1888.  A  French  naturalist.  He  visited  Brazil  in  1S36, 
and  the  Andes  in  1S46,  and  in  1S4S  was  made  official  geolo- 
gist of  Chile.  His  principal  work,  "Geografia  fisica  de 
Chile,"  was  published  in  1S76,  and  he  wrote  many  reports 
and  papers,  principally  on  South  American  geologj-. 

Pistola,  or  Pistoja  (pis-to'ya).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Florence,  Italy,  near  the  Ombrone, 
20  miles  northwest  of  Florence :  the  Koman  Pis- 
toria.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron  and  firearms.  The  ca- 
thedral is  an  interesting  church  of  the  l'2th  and  13th  cen- 
turies. The  porch  crosses  the  entire  front ;  it  has  7  round 
arches  on  slender  columns,  the  central  arch  much  the  high- 
est. Above  the  p<:)rch  are  2  tiers  of  arcades,  and  the  gable 
and  the  front-walls  of  the  aisle-roofs  have  ranges  of  col- 
umns without  arches.  The  interior  is  modernized,  but 
preserves  good  painting  and  sculpture,  and  has  a  magnifi- 
cent medieval  silver  altar  with  admirable  statues  and  re- 
liefs. The  campanile  is  solid  below,  and  has  above  3 
arcaded  galleries  surmounted  by  a  short  p>Tamidal  spire. 
The  baptistery,  the  Palazzo  Pretorio,  and  several  other 
buildings  are  also  of  interest.  Catiline  was  defeated  and 
slain  near  the  city  in  62  B.  c.  It  was  noted  in  the  middle 
ages  for  factional  strife.  Population  (1S81).  20,190;  com- 
mune, 51,552. 

Pistol  (pis'tol).  A  character  in  the  "Merry 
Wivesof  "Windsor,"  in  the  second  part  of  *'King 
Henry  I\'.."  and  also  introduced  in  **King 
Henry  V." :  a  bully  and  swaggerer,  a  compan- 
ion of  Falstaff.  He  is  a  modification  of  the 
regular  Italian  type,  the  *'  Thraso." 

Pistol  Rivers.     See  Qicinetimnetmu 

Pistoria.     See  Pistoia. 

Pitcairn  (pit-liani').  John.  Bom  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  about  1740:  killed  at  Bunker  Hill, 
Jiine  17.  1775.  A  British  officer  (major),  com- 
mander of  the  advanced  force  in  Gage's  expedi- 
tion to  Lexington  and  Concord.  April  19,  1775. 

Pitcaim  (or  Pitcaim's)  Island.  An  island  in 
the  South  Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  25°  4' S.,  long. 
130°  IS'  "W.  It  was  discovered  in  1767,  and  was  settled 
in  1790  by  mutineers  from  the  British  ship  Bounty.  The 
colony  removed  to  Norfolk  Island  in  1856.  Many  of  them 
have  since  returned  to  Pitcaim  Island.  It  is  under  the 
supervision  of  Sew  South  Wales.  Area,  3  square  miles. 
Population.  120. 

Pitcher,  Molly.  The  wife  of  a  Revolutionary 
soldier  who  distinguished  herself  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth.  June  28, 1778.  she  t<K»k  the  place  of 
her  husband,  who  was  killed  while  dischai^ing  a  cannon. 
Washington  commended  her  bravery  and  iraveher  a  com- 
mission as  sergeant. 

Pitei,-elf  (pit'e-a-elf).  A  river  in  northern 
Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia about  lat.  65°  25'  X.  Length,  about  ISO 
miles. 

PitMviers  (pe-te-vya').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  France,  situated  on  the  river 
CEuf  25  miles  northeast  of  Orleans.  Popidation 
(1891).  commiine.  5,480. 

Pithom  (pi'thom).  One  of  the  store  cities  built 
iu  Egypt  bv  the  Israelites.  It  was  determined  by 
E.  Naville  tobe  near  the  modem  Tel  el-Maskhutah.  about 
12  miles  from  Ismailia,  on  the  Suez  Tanal.  In  the  time  of 
the  Oreek  dynasty  its  name  became  Heroopolis,  which  the 
Romaos  abridged  to  Ero. 


Pltti  Palace 

Pitilagas  (pe-te-la'gas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
Gran  Cbaco,  on  the  river  Vermejo,  mentioned 
by  Azara  and  others.  They  were  probably  a 
branch  of  the  Tobas.  Lozano  called  them  Ya- 
pitalaguas. 

Pitkin  (pit'kin),  Timothy.  Bom  at  Farming 
ton.  Conn.,  Jan.  21.  1706:  died  at  New  Haven. 
Conn.,  Dec.  18,1847.  An  American  lawyer,  poli- 
tician, and  historian.  He  published  "Statistical  View 
of  the  Commerce  of  the  United  States"  (1S16).  "  A  Puliti- 
cal  and  Civil  Histon.-  of  the  United  States  from  the  year 
1763  to  the  close  of  Washington's  Administration  "(1S28). 

Pitman  (pit'man),  Sir  Isaac.  Born  at  Trow- 
bridge,  England,  Jan.  4.  1813:  died  at  Bath, 
Jan.  22,  1897.  An  English  stenographer.  He 
became  master  of  the  British  school  at  Bart*»n-on-Humber 
in  1832,  established  the  British  school  at  Wotton-under- 
Edye  in  1S36.  and  removed  to  Bath  in  1839.  He  published 
in  1S37  his  first  treatise  on  shorthand,  entitled  "Steno- 
graphic Suundhand,"  in  which  he  applied  phonography  to 
shorthand.  After  the  establishment  of  the  Phonetic*S<»- 
ciety  in  1S43,  he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  tlie  propajra- 
tion  of  his  system  of  shorthand,  and  was  the  head  of  the 
Phi  metic  Institute  at  Bath.  He  was  also  identified  with  the 
movement  for  spelling  reform.    He  was  knighted  in  18&4. 

PitriS  (pi'triz).  [Skt.  p/fr,  father;  nom.  jyita- 
ras.l  In  Hindu  belief,  the  Manes,  or  spirits  of 
the  departed.  They  are  the  object  of  shraddhas,  orobla- 
tions  to  the  Manes,  accompanied  by  a  funeral  meal  and 
gifts  to  the  Brahmans. 

Pit  River  Indians.    See  Palaihnihan. 

Pitt  (pit),William,  first  Earl  of  Chatham.  Bom 
at  Westminster.  Nov.  15,  1708 :  died  at  Hayes, 
Kent,  May  11,  1778.  A  famous  English  Whig 
statesman  and  orator.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert  Pitt  of 
Boconnock^in  Cornwall ;  studied  at  Trinity  College, Oxford ; 
and  obtained  a  comet's  commission  in  the  dragoons.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  173.^,  and  in  1746  became  vice-trea- 
surer of  Ireland  in  Pelham's  administration.  He  was  in  the 
same  year  promoted  to  the  office  of  paymaster-general, 
which  he  retained  under  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  Disap- 
pointed  in  his  hope  of  advancement,  he  attacked  the  gov- 
emment  in  1755,  and  was  deprived  of  office.  He  was  sec- 
retary of  state  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  1756-57.  In 
1757  he  formed  a  coalition  with  the  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
who  became  premier,  although  l*itt.  as  secretary  of  state, 
obtained  the  ascendancy  in  the  government.  He  adopted 
vigorous  measures  in  prosecution  of  the  Seven  Years'  War, 
and  the  period  which  followed  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
in  English  liistory.  He  resigned  in  1761.  inasmuch  as  he 
failed  to  receive  the  support  of  the  rest  of  the  ministry  for 
a  war  with  Spain.  He  became  premier  on  the  fall  of  Rock- 
ingham in  1766,  and  was  created  Viscount  Pitt  and  Earl  of 
Chatham.  He  resigned  in  176S,  owing  to  ill  health.  He 
opposed  the  pidicy  pursued  toward  the  American  colonies, 
although  his  last  appearance  in  the  House  of  Lords,  on 
April  7,  177S,  was  in  order  to  protest  aizainst  the  dismem- 
berment of  the  British  empire  by  the  acknowledgment  of 
th-L-ir  independence. 

Pitt,  William.  Bom  at  Haves,  near  Bromlev, 
Kent,  May  28,  1759:  died  at  Putney,  Jan.  23, 
1806.  A  celebrated  English  Whig  statesman. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  "William  Pitt,  earl  of  Chatham, 
and  Lady  Hester  Grenville,  daughter  of  Hester,  Countess 
Temple-  In  1773  he  entered  Cambridge  (Pembroke  HallX 
In  17S0  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  and  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Appleby.  On  Feb.  26, 17S1,  he 
made  his  first  speech  in  favor  of  Burke's  plan  of  econom- 
ical reform.  In  a  speech,  May  7, 17S2,  he  attacked  the  ex- 
isting electoral  system  and  moved  an  investigation,  being 
defeated  by  a  narrow  majority.  In  July,  1782,  he  became 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  Shelbume's  ministry,  which  resigned  March 
31, 17S3.  On  the  downfall  of  "the  coalition  "  of  North  and 
Fox,  Pitt  became  prime  minister,  first  lord  of  the  treasury, 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  (Dec.  1783).  He  was 
member  for  Cambridge  in  17S4.  Pitt's  first  administration 
continued  until ISi'L  The  French  Revolution  in  1739  was 
at  first  regarded  with  favor  in  England,  and  as  late  as  the 
spring  of  1792  Pitt  hoped  for  peace.  When  finally  dragged 
into  the  struggle  (1792-93),  his  activitj-  was  political  rather 
than  military.  His  policy  was  frustrated  by  Napoleon  on 
the  Continent,  but  at  home  it  met  with  no  opposition:  by 
1799  the  largest  i>ossible  minority  in  Parliament  was  25. 
Bis  internal  administration  was  extremely  severe.  Jaco- 
binism was  suppressed,  and  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  re- 
peatedly suspended.  His  policy  in  Ireland  resulted  in  the 
union  of  1800.  His  attempt  to  relieve  Roman  Catholic  dis- 
abilities was  opposed  by  the  king,  and  he  resigned  March 
14,  ISOl.  The  Addington  ministr>\  which  succeeded,  was 
made  up  of  Pitt's  supporters.  It  fell  after  the  failure  of 
the  treaty  of  Amiens,  and  Pitt's  second  administration  be- 
gan May  12, 1S04.  Napoleon's  attempted  invasion  of  Eng- 
land failed  through  the  vigilance  of  Nelson,  but  the  coa- 
lition of  England,  Russia,  and  Austria,  with  which  Pitt 
opposed  him  on  tlie  Continent,  was  wrecked  at  Vim  and 
Austerlilz  in  1S05.  Pitt  was  completely  prostrated  by 
these  disasters;  retired  to  his  villa  at  Putney  Jan.  11, 
1806;  and  died  there. 

Pitta,  Sebastiao  da  Rocha.    See  Bocha  Pitta, 

Pittacus  (pit'a-kus).  [Gr.  11/— ohoc.]  Born  in 
Lesbos  about"  e.'Sl  b.  C.  :  died  about  569  B.  C. 
One  of  the  seven  vrise  men  of  Greece,  ruler  of 
Mvtilene  about  5>i9-579  B.  C. 

Pitt  Diamond,  The.  A  celebrated  diamond 
which  was  purchased  bv  Thomas  Pitt,  ^and- 
father  of  William  Pitt. 'first  earl  of  Chatham, 
and  was  sold  by  him  to  the  Regent  of  Orleans 
in  1717  for  about  $675,000.  it  came  originally  from 
India  (the  Parteal  mines,  on  the  Kistna),  was  one  of  the 
crown  jewels  of  France,  and  was  set  in  the  handle  of  the 
first  Napoleon's  sword.  It  weighs  about  lo7  carats.  Also 
known  as  the  Regent  Diamond, 

Pitti  Palace.     See  Palazzo  Pitti, 


Pittsburg 
Pittsburg, orPittsburghipits'btrg).  Theoap- 
Ua^  "f  AllPKbenv  Couuty,  Pcnnsylvaniii,  situ- 
ated at  tlie  iunctiou  of  tlu*  Monongabela  and 
AUeghenv  rivoi-s  (which  Unite  here  to  form  the 
Ohio)  in"hit.  40°  '2-'  N.,  long.  80°  W.  It  is  the 
•ecoml  city  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  cliicf  manutactur. 
fnfc  tiesot  lie  couiitiV,  heing  the  leading-  place  .1.  the 
country  fomimitacmres  of  iron,  steel,  copper,  and  Rlass. 
There  are  also  n.anufactures  of  brass,  "■;'»■.  ■»«;-l''.": 
en-!  petroleu.n,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  an  nnportant  r  »a> 
renter  and  the  headipiarters  of  a  river  trade  aid  cx_ 
™,rta  coa  coke  etc.  It  is  called  "the  Iron  City  and 
^^e  smoky  Cij'"  The  English  began  a  fort  on  its 
site  in  K64  this Vas  seized  by  the  Ff 'l^^h  «" J  S^*  k  ?^ 
nnrniesiie  and  an  attempt  to  recover  it  by  BraddocK  re. 
fulled  ihi^  'teat  in  thel.attleot  the  Monongahela,  Ju  y 
ll^k  An  unsuccessful  attempt  to  capture  't  "f""  « 
by  Gr»nt  in  IT:^.  but  it  «as  llnally  taken  by  tor  .es  e 
Mnic  year  Kort  I'itt  (named  fi  om  the  elder  1  tt)  "  '» 
S  ill  1759.  and  I-itUbW  was  settled  in  1701.  I'opula- 
tion  (I'.KXll,  321, till".. 

Pittsburg  Landing.    Hce  shiloh 

Pittsfield  (pits'fOl.l).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
29  miles  east-southeast  of  Albany.  It  was  incor- 
Dorated  in  1761,  and  has  manufactures  of  woolen  and  cot- 
ton g«.ds,  silk,  tacks,  etc.     Population  (liKXI,,  21,706. 

Pittstond'its'tou).  AborouijhiuLuzcrneCinin- 
ty  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susquehanna, 
near  the'iuouth  of  the  Lackawanna,  8  miles 
southwest  of  Scranlou.  It  is  an  important 
place  of  export  for  anthracite  coal.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  12,r).50.         ,^     „       .       ^     T„  „„ 

■Pitmia3>  (uit-i-u  se).  [Or.  UiTmvaat.\  In  an- 
c*eKographv,  the  two  islands  of  the  Bale- 
aric "mjup  now"calleil  Iviza  and  Formentera 

Piura'(pe-o'ni).  1.  Thenorthwesternmostde- 
nartment  of  Peru,  bordering  on  Ecuador  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Area,  about  lo,.-)00  square 
miles.  Population(187tj),i;«.50-J.— S.Thecapi- 
tal  of  the  department  of  Piura,  situated  near  the 
coast  in  lat.  5°  I'i'  S.  It  was  founded  by  Pizarro. 
Population,  about  10,000. 
Pins  (pi'us  I  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  142-150. 
Pius  II.  ( Enea  Silvio  Piccolomini,  Latinized  as 

;F!npa<?SvlviUS).  Burn  near  Sitna,  Italy,  Uct. 
^,H0.':.nAug.l5,14W.  Pope  14.^8-04.  He 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Siena  and  Horence  and  in 
r«l  became  secretary  to  the  Bishop  of  Fermo,  whom  he 
"coinpt  ed  to  the  Council  of  Basel.  He  at  first  supported 
?he  council  in  its  contest  with  Pope  EuRenuls  IV .,  but 
afterward  sided  with  Eugenius  against  the  council.  He 
was  for  a  time  poet  laureate  at  the  court  of  the  emperor 
Frederick  III.  He  was  appointed  cardinal  in  146li,  and 
asceiXd  t he  papal  throne  in  USS.  He  wrote  an  erotic 
nnver' i-'niialus  ^"'1  LucretiiC'and  "Commentaries"  relat- 
ing  to  his  own  times. 

Pius  III  (Francesco  Todeschini).  Born  at 
sfenalialy,  14:19:  died  Oct.  18,  1503.  Pope 
Sept  -Oct.,  I"i0;i. 

Pius IV.  (Giovanni  Angelo Medici).    Born  at 

Milan.  149!»:  died  l)oe.9,  IWl...  Poppl:i59-C.5.  He 
reop.ned  the  Council  of  Trent  in  1562,  and  issued  a  buU 
confirming  it»  decisions  In  I6W. 

Pius  V.  (Michele  Ghislieri).  Born  at  Bosco, 
near  Milan,  1.5U4 :  died  May  1 , 1.72.     Pope  1566- 

Kus'VI.  (Giovanni  Angelo  BrascM).  Born 
at  Cesena,  Italy,  Dec.  27  1717:  died  at  \alenco 
France  Am?  29,1799.  I'oi.e  1  / /.1-99.  Thehrcnch 
ftripped'hVmli'f  parts  of  his  d'.minions  In  171.1  and  ITW 
«7Sf  the  remainder  in  17»s  In  17..«  he  was  carried  u 
S  prisoner  to  Valence,  in  t,™'P^  "^"^ ''"^""^p.  .    „ 

Pius  VII.  (Gregorio  Luigi  Barnaba  Cmara- 

monti).  Horn  at  Cesena,  It:ily,  Aug.  14,li4-. 
ded  Aug.  20,  1823.  Pope  1800-2:).  He  ratified  the 
concordat  with  France  in  1801,  and  consecrated  Napoleon 

a™.'n,  por  in  1804.  His  "■n.V'i'''^^'';^:;™  :.„«;fVC:' 
brought  on  the  annexation  of  the  Papal  .'states  to  fninLe 
1,  Si,  and  his  own  imprisonment  first  in  1'"'^  ""'' "  '^^ 
ward  III  Kraliee  1801M1.    He  was  restored  to  Home  and  to 


811 
Treviso,  Italy,  June  2, 1835.  Pope  since  August, 
1903.    He  was  ordauied  priest  in  1858;  was  >naJ«  b-'hop 
of  Mantua  in  ls84 ;  cardinal  and  P»triarch  of  Venice  m 
la:i:t ;  and  was  elected  pope  August  4,  IJoj. 

Piutp  Piutah      See  I'diiiti'- 

P  za^^O  A  play  translated  from  Kotzebue's 
"Spaniards  in  Peru."  it  is  known  as  Sheridan  s,  but 
the  Franslation  was  not  made  by  him.     It  was  produced  m 

Rzarro'(pi-za'r6;  Sp.  pron   pe.thiir'r6),Fran. 


Placidia 

hualpa.  He  went  back  to  Peru  ;  commanded  in  the  de. 
fense  of  Cuzco  against  Maiicolncaiu  163«;  and  was  seized 
by  Almagro,  April  18, 1537,  but  was  released  on  his  proni- 
isl-  to  leave  the  coulitry.  Instead  of  doing  so,  he  toolj 
command  of  his  brother's  army:  defeated  Ahnagro  at 
Las  Salinas,  April  '26,  15,!S:  and  put  him  to  J';"'''- ,„^"f 
this  ci>iiduct  lie  was  afterward  kept  in  niilil  coiiflnemeiit 
in  Spain  tor  20  years  (154IM10).  Uiiring  this  period  he 
married  an  illegitimate  daugtiUr  of  Francisco  Pizarro <a 
granddaughter  of  Huaina  Capac),  and  !iad  three  cliil- 
dren.        _    .  ^^^^^  ^^  Toledo,  ir.14:  died  in 

Cousin  of  Francisco  Pizarro, 


^?J  o?  U™ pSffc'^3)  "l^in{^  i^iiS  Kt  Pa:    ;r-:;,  VL'cmmlilst;-  "il  was linst  published  In  VoK  V,o 

ania      Here  in  1522,  he  joined  with  Diego  de  Alniagi-o    ^^^^  „  [jocumenfos  ini^ditos  para  la  fiietoria  de  Espafla. 
and  a  priest  named  Hernando  de  Luque  ■"  »  ^f''';"'" '"{  pizarTO  C  AraUJO  (pe-zii'rij  e  a-rou'zlii.i),  Josfi 

Piz^^fo  lefrPiVnania  No>^  14,  1524,  with  one  ship  and  about  q,,,  jo^  nj^j  .  died  I  h.-re.  May  14,  1 830.  A  Bra- 
lOOnien.  following  the  coast  to  about  lat.  "  V  A"" ';»•  j^iliau  historian.  He  took  orders  and  occupied  va- 
during  greiit  >ult.  rim;,  lie  was  obliged  to  return      Alma-  ecclesiastical  positions  at  Kio  de  Janeiro   besides 

go  wi.o  bad  sailed  later  and  passed  hi«v  met  with  no^^^^^^^     rrTelinrextensivel?   in  the  interior.     His   ';Me™on«s 
ter  success      Aided  liy  Caspar  de  Espmosa  they  sa  led       Y''*^'  J>    .     c„„it;„iia  do  Bio  de  Janeiro,  e  das  demals 
l^ain  in  l^rgcT  vessels  (about  Sept    1526),  ?«>«<"';«  ^    •'■'^'^f^^/j",,  "^ZaX  "  (9  vols.  1820-22).is  one  of  the  most 
?he  equator,  and  saw  large  cities  ""'  «»';'"'"",^' ^.f^  .';„     important  works  on  the  history  of  Brazil. 
Almairom.w  returned  for  reinforcements,  le^^^^^^  Qrellana  (pe-thiir'ro  e  o-nil-vil'lia), 

•ind  anartof  the  men  on  the  little  island  of  uaihui.n.  i  l-izarro  V  \jreiiA"«>'  M  "^  ,-q.-.  ,,;„,i  ,,(■.„,.  ifi'tQ 
b'>  N)  where  hey  suffered  Bieatly.  The  new  governor  of  pemando.  Hern  about  1.^9.):  died  attei  IMJ. 
Pa,ia;ur^.s  lliosVefused  to  authorize  fur. her  expUira-  f;,p,^t  „.,.,„lson  of  Francisco  Pizarro  through 
tion,  and  sent  two  ships  to  take  r'^r™  ort    b"J  he,  with  ,  ,^^4^,.  Francises  who  married  Hernando 

10  of  his  ■"?".  f™«.^;7hTlslan'i       Anot'L'r'"^  p  zaiTO       In  1639  he  published  "  Varones  ilustres  del 

'""Tn'h  mt  I  el   IW  w  th  positive  orders  to  take  them     x  .e","  >,„„d!,,"  which  giVes  the  most  eV;^''d'<<  "'•f""  "' 
ff     ,?,tTns?ead'ofobeY,g,^he^^^^^^^  heconqueror.if  Peru,andbiographie8ofColum  m8,oMa, 

?he'r  einl  .rat!™      This  t  me  they  reached  Tumbez  and     ,.„rt,.s,  Juan.  Hernamlo  and  IJon^^lo  Pizarro.  Diego  de  AI- 
oUier  iSia  tow" s,  were  well  received,  saw  evidences  o      ,„„^„,,  „„ j  pi,p„  oarcia  de  Paredes. 
great  wealth,  and  at  length  returned  to  i""'""""  «''h  "'«=  piz  Bomina  (pets  ber-ne'na).  A  peak  of  the  Ber- 
Lsurancethattliey  had  discovered  the  long-sougW  r^f^  ^     ^^^  eult*nating  summit  of  the 

SrS'h;  rec!dv"d'rc™ce\t;"rto°co'i  ;pr"an"g^  H   a-tian  Xlps,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Gn- 

filru   \e'urning   to    P^nania.   Pizarro  sailed  for   the    ^ons,  Switzerland,  soutb  of   the   Lpper   Enga- 
Luth  in  Jan..  1531,  with  3  vessels  and  185  men  ;and..d  at  Height,  13.295  feet, 

the  island  of  Pun4  in  tlie  Gulfof^Guajaqiul,  wheje^hc  ^_^  T.„..T„arH  r„ets  lilne-eward').     A  peak  in 

east  of  Pont- 


^^:^l^:^:^^::^::^Tl\:^^^i:^l'^^"^^^-PiZZO  (piCso).    >  seaport  in  the  P^;-^e  of 

S   He  wrpromised  his  liberty  if  he  would  fill  a  room  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy  24  miles  southw  est 

with  gold,  and  he  actually  did  collect  through  his  officers  Catanzaro,  on  the  Gulf  of  Santa  Etifeinia. 

32ii,ii:)9  pesos  of  gold  and  .ILBIO  marks  of  silver,  ei|ual  to  "                    executed  here  in  1815.     Population 

a  (uir,  fi7odiirats  rafiniated  at  Slfl,ii00,000of  modern  money.  JMurai  was  exiLULtu  uc»i                            1 

I'^heend  hecViv^^  (1881 ),  8.00^).                            .      ,.    i-i"    ,;;iMnr 

ingagahrs  UieSpanianls,Ang.2«,ir.3:!.   (.SeeJm/i™'/«^  de  la  BastiUe  (plas  de  la  bas-tel  ),  or 

SirT!CZ^rS^;;h;;rto'ii^^£'b^n^  La  BastiUe.     Thesite.of  .hoBaslille.a,  the 


his  temporal  diiininions  in  ISM.  .... 

Pius  VIII.  (Francesco  Xaviero  Castigliom). 

Born  at  Ciiigoli,  ni-»r  Anr,m»    lUiU^^-'V.  -^ 
17(,1 :  died  at  Home,  Nov.  30,  1830.     Pope  1829- 

Pius  IX.  (Giovanni  Maria  Mastai  Ferretti). 

Horn  at  Sini^.a^lin,  nenr  .Vneo.m    Ua  v.  May  l.t, 

1792:  died  at  Uome,  Feb.  7,  I818.     Pope  184(.- 

1878.     He  became  archblshopof  Spoleto  In  1827;  was  ap- 

poinlcd  cardinal  in  1840;  and  ascended  the  papa   throne 

I,  iMli      His  grand  object  at  his  aecesslon  was  to  bring 

„  ,11  a  confederation  of  the  Italian  stales  under  thy  papa 

8  iniiliiacv.     Wllh  this  ol,)ect  in  view,  he  placed  fiimself 

at   he  head  of  the  movement  for  reform   proclaimed  an 

amnesty  to  political  otlenders,  reorganized  the  muclciiml 

gov  Tiiinent  of  Rome,  and  granted  a  constitution  to  the 

Panal  Slates.     Kiightened.  however,  by  the  increasing  1  •• 

mam  so   thJ  populace,  ho  lied  to  (laeta  In  .Nov.,  18  8,  w  ,  le 

a  republic  was  proclaimed  at  Home.     He  was  res  ..red  by 

Uie  !;"l  of  the  French  In  lsr.().     Henceforth  he  malnU.ine, 

■  an  attitude  of  uncompromising  conservatism.     A  large 

p  r^^  o     lis  dominloMs'was  annexed  by  Victor  F.nimanne 

KtHilO,  and  he  was  altogether  deprived  of  his  tenipori 

Dower  in  18711.     Througli   his   inllile.ice     he  doctrine     f 

Sapal  iillalUbility  was   ad..pled  by  the  Vatlcau  CouucU. 

Pius  X.'^Giuseppe  SartO).  Horn  at  Rieso,  near 


endof  theKueSt.-Antoine,  Pans.  After  the  rev- 
olution of  18:i0  the  Colonne  de  JuiUet  w-a-s  erected  hereto 
commemorate  the  tliree  eventful  days  of  J  uly  M  hat  year. 
The  first  st-mewas  laid  by  L.mis  Philippe,  Jul)  21,  IMl. 
In  the  revolution  of  1848  , he  strongest  Virr  cade  of  the 
insurgents  was  placed  at  the  entrance  of  the  t  aubourg  St.- 
An  oi^'e  to  tlm  east  of  the  Place,  and  Archbishop  Alfre  was 
killed  the?"  The  revolution  o(  Feb.  23-24.  ls4S,  begin,  at 
the  Place  de  la  nastille,  and  it  was  one  of  the  slrongliolds 
of  the  ("rmmunists,  being  captured  after  adesperate  Strug. 

gle  on  May  25,  1871. 

Place  de  la  Concorde  (kon-kord  ).    A  noted 

sinnne  in  Paris,  .i.irth  of  the  Seine  and  west  of 
the  Tnileries.  In  the  first  revolution  It  was  called  the 
Place  de  la  Cuillotilie.  It  was  alsi.  called  'h-  P  ace^U-  a 
Revolution  and  the  Place  U.uis  -W  .  In  >«;*'',•:  ""V* 
land  here  was  transformed  Into  a  piazza  to  be  c»  led    ht 

b,:;rri^^,^,^i;i;vz'rk;;^:':if  pf  :^M^ 
nrind«:^:;;"-'-5^rwi.^hf.:!'s;:f:rr^ 

XV  Ma  !•  Antoinette,  and  many  of  the  nobility  «„er. 
beheaded  here.  Its  present  name  dates  mn,  1795.  The 
()l>,liH,|iuile  l.nxoi  WHS  brought  here  In  1833. 

".     A  square 

past  of  the 
Louvre  lis  name  is  derived  from  the  tourna- 
ment held  here  in  1662.     See  Arc  dc  Tnomfhc 

maoego.c.orof  ouito    I"  i-^V-^;- Ti.I.'Va.i,r«mr»Ts  Placcntia!    See  naceiKa. 

JiliJiS'lS;;:;"  ^^^.  ^^'^■^<^  i;?S'^rin p  ^lacentia  (pla-son'shi-ii).    A  <''"«^  -  J-' - 

the  A.na/on      In  l.',44  he  consented,  after  some  hesKation,     s;,.„  loumllaiid,  63  miles  wesl-soutliwesf  of  bt. 
^:;il:rV:;«r^"errvXr Jfl^eH  25..;5  p^^^^^^  A,iin,o,of.heA.l,.ii.icOcoa„, 

;!!^li»^^h^  ^^^■^:^^^>^^^^^'i  ^!^f^^±K IS.  of  Newfoundlaiid.  Leii«.h. 

Isthmus  of  Panama.     The  Spanish  governnient  now  sent     .|1„„,|  (u  miles.  „^4.,„„» 

Pedrodela(!a»ca,wlthe.tra.udlna|^ypowers  to  ake  .0|  Rovale,  La,  OU  I'AmOUreUX  extrava- 

';:^Z^:'^V-i:^t    Szr::S'"o;;^;"h;p3^Sl  A?.ni.;iybyCornei.le^prod.iced.iiU.,U^ 

F  irSrtiuisj-'C^^aiu^^i^^^t-sjjj^ 

r  :;;s>^,:s^i;cv:nf^.sr!in;;in:^'^^  jr:':„l;:;:^Ui:!  of  sacramcto.  popma. 

,!4n!.iio.     PlJ-ionowreturnedtoi-uzco.an.   me    the       ^,^_^^,,,,,,^     ,  ;.^ 

army  of  (Insca  In  the  valley  of  saesiib.iaim.^Y^^^^                                Veudome    (pl""  voll-dom').      A    noted 

but  his  dishearleiied  s.ddleis  deserted  or  led. and  t       .  f  lacO    V eiiuuiuD    v  Seine.     It  was  dc- 

„:»  no  baffle.     ,,..110  gave  himself  up.  and  was  executed     ,.,„„,..  .1,   V''!:;;  XI V  Napoleon    I.  erected    a 

Piza^^O,  Hernando.     Bortiat  Tnixillo  1474  (»    ^Zm  column  here  in  1806.     See  CoUnnu 
ui-  1179  (f):  died  there.  1.578,      IlalLbrolher  ,1.-      ,.^„J,„^. 

(.-Miniate)  of   Francisco   IV"";"-  "'".""..  "p.'jr  placidia  I plft-'Wi-")- Oa"*-     "'""  "''""*  ^^ 
ci.mpanied  to  Pern.  r.-lnrniiiK  to  hpaiii  m  -Ta  n..  f  laClQ  a  M  ^.j      .^  \i,mx>in  i.rii.cess.    She 

1034  with  the  royal  fifth  of  the  ransom  of  Ata-    A.  i>. .  'i" 


distnnuiion  01  me  oouij.      ...w.^. ,."...-._ 

armed  resistance,  but  in  the  march  to  Cuzco  which    ol 
lowed,  the  Spaniards  were  repeated  y  attacked.    On  .Nov. 
15  1633,  Pizarro  entered  Cuzco.     M.anco  Inca,  the  Ugitl- 
mite  hiir  to  the  throne,  tendered  his  subniissnm    and 
Pizarro  made  a  puppet  monarch  of  him;    lehimsef  ».i3 
the  real  ruler,  ami  Cuzco  was  pillaged  and  turned  into  a 
Snanish  city.     In  Jan.,  l.s:!:,,  he  founded  Lima  as  his  capi- 
ti^^    soon  after  he  reJeived  from  Spain  "■'^ 'itl-^  "'  X" 
quii,  and  his  territory  was  defined  as  extending  from    he 
river  Santiago  Oat.  1'  2'  S.)  southward  for  .i")  le.iguts. 
Almagro,  at  the  same  time,  was  granted  the  region  ad- 
ioining  thij  on  the  south,  and  he  set  out  with  an  army  to 
iom  u«  Chile.      Meanwhile  lienalcazar,  with  a  part  of 
Pizarro's  forc^   h.ad  con.|Uered  (Juito,  and  Pizarro  took 
possession  of  it.     In  April,  1536,  the  Indians  rose  1.1  revol 
under  Manco,  and  for  a  time  threatened  to  drive  the 
Spaniards  out,  but  were  finally  con.iucrcd      Almagro,  re- 
tiiriiiiig  from  Chile,  el.aimed  Cuzco  as  lying  within  his 
territory  •  war  followed  between  him  and  I'lzarro ;  and  Al- 
magro was  defeated  at  Las  Salinas  (April  20,  1538),  and 
s,H.n  after  was  executed.     His  followers  w-ere  gcnerall> 
aUowedtogofree  ;  but  they  plotted  against  Pizarro.  and  at 
Uneth  a  party  of  them  altaeked  him  iuhis  palace  and  slew 
him  with  several  attendants.  i.-,n,-,  „,. 

Pizarro.  Gonzalo.  Born  at  Tru-xiUo  l.,0.  o. 
1.-.06  :  died  at  Cu/.co,  April  12  (t),  !•  48  lialt- 
brolherof  Francisco  Pizarro,  whom  he  followeil 

in  the  conipiost  of  Peru.     He  t. 

fense  of  Cuzco  In  15:10  ;  waslniprlsoneo  ..,  ;■."■■•  ■->     .: 

037>ut  escaped,  led  the  Infantry  at  l.as  Sainas.  April 
20,15.18;  subseiiueiitly  served  in  Charcas,  «' '•'"., '^J:^, 
ceived  a  grant  of  the  rich  Potosl  mines;  and  in  L.,i'.)  was 
made  gove  ■  or  of  (Julfo.     In  ir,41-42  he  led  an  unsilccess- 


(T,,  1.  -jn         ..""-  i,i;;.,i„,,,„-  de  l.nio,  was  broughf  here  In  183;) 

diom  he  followed  ^^  CarTOUSel  (dii  kii-ri.-zcl' ). 

took  part  111  the  de-  .             ^|       f   ,1,,,   s,.i„e  „„a  e 

,dl,y  Almagro,  Ap.  1  ,  'J'  ..!.'.    '   I,  j  .„„„e  is  derived  from  t 


Flacidia 

was  the  daughter  of  Theodosius  the  Great ;  was  taken 
prisoEerby  Alaric,  king  of  the  West  Goths,  during  the  sack 
of  Rome  in  410  :  and  became  the  wife  of  Aiaric's  successor 
AtaiUphus  in  414.  Ataulphus  was  killed  in  415,  and  I'la- 
cidia  was  restored  to  her  half-brother  the  emperor  Hono- 
rius.  She  married  in  417  Constantius,  by  whom  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  Valentinian  III. 
Plagiary  (pla'ji-a-ri).  Sir  Fretful.  A  char- 
acter in  "  The  Critic,"  by  Sheiidan.  It  is  a  satir- 
ical portrait  of  Cumberland,  said  to  have  been  written  in 
revenge  for  the  latter's  behavior  at  the  tirst  night  of  the 
"School  for  Scandal." 

Plague  of  Serpents,  The.  A  powerful  ceiling 
picture  by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Rocco 
at  ^  enice.  There  are  many  figures  scattered  in  flight 
and  death  before  swarms  of  small  but  monstrous  flying 
and  writhing  snakes,  beneath  a  sky  covered  with  black 
clouds,  but  illuminated  in  one  place  by  the  descent  of  an 
angel  of  mercy. 

Plaideurs  (pla-der'),  Les.  A  comedy  by  Ea- 
cine,  printed  in  1668.  it  is  a  severe  satire  on  the 
legal  profession,  and  at  first  was  unsuccessful,  but  after- 
ward became  extremely  popular:  "a  charming  trifle 
which  has  had,  and  has  deserved,  more  genuine  and  last- 
ing popularity  than  any  of  his  tragedies  "  iSaintgbury). 

Plain  (plan),  The.  In  the  legislatures  of  the  first 
French  revolution,  the  floor  of  the  house,  occu- 
pied by  the  more  moderate  party :  hence,  that 
parij:  itself,  as  distinguished  from  the  Mountain 
(winch  see). 

Plain  Dealer  (plan  de'ler).  The.  A  comedy  by 
Wycherley,  produced  in  1674  and  printed  in 
1677.  It  "owes  its  existence  to  Moliere's  "Le 
misanthrope."     See  Manly. 

Plainfield  (plan'feld).  A  city  in  Union  County, 
New  Jersey.  24  miles  west-southwest  of  New 
York.     Population  (190111.  15,36y. 

Planche  (plou-sha'),  James  Robinson.  Born 
at  London,  Feb.  27,  1796 :  died  May  29,  1880. 
An  English  dramatist  and  writer  on  heraldry, 
costume,  etc.  He  wrote  more  than  200  plays.  He  was 
created  Rouge-CroLx  Pursuivant  of  Arms  in  1854,  and 
Somerset  Herald  in  1S66. 

Planck  (plangk).  Gottlieb  Jakob.  Born  at  Niir- 
tingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  15,  1751:  died  Aug. 
31,  1833.  A  German  Protestant  theologian, 
professor  of  theology  at  Gottingen  from  1784. 
His  chief  work  is  " '  Geschichte  des  protestantischen  Lehr- 
begriifs  "  ("  History  of  the  Protestant  System  of  Doctrine." 
ITSl-lSOO). 

PlanQOn  (plon-s6n'),  Pol.  A  noted  contem- 
porary bass  singer,  bom  in  France.  He  first 
sang  in  Paris  as  Mephisto  in  "Faust"  in 
1&S3. 

Plantagenet,  George,  Dnke  of  Clarence.  Born 
at  Dublin,  1449:  mm-dered  in  the  Tower  of 
London,  Feb.  18.  1478.  Younger  brother  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  of  England.  He  married  Isabel,  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  1469  ;  and  intrigued  with  War- 
wick 1469-71.  According  to  an  unauthenticated  tradition, 
he  was  drowned  in  a  butt  of  malmsey  wine. 

Plantagenet  (plan-taj'e-net).  House  of,  also 
called  House  of  Anjou.  [From  L.  planta 
genista,  sprig  of  broom,  emblem  of  Geoffrey, 
count  of  Anjou.]  A  line  of  English  kings  (11.54- 
1399),  founded  by  Henry  H..  son  of  (ieoffrey, 
count  of  Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry 

1.  of  England.  The  kings  of  this  house  were  Henry 
II.  (lli;4-S9),  Kichard  I.  (1189-99),  John  Lackland  (1199- 
121'.),  Henrv  III.  (1216-72),  Edward  I.  (1272-1807X  Edward 
n.  (i:M7-27),  Edward  III.  (1327-77),  and  Richard  n.  (1377- 
1399).  It  became  extinct  m  the  direct  line  on  the  death 
of  Richard  IL  in  1399. 

Plantagenet,  John.     See  John  of  Lancaster. 
Plantagenet,  Richard,  Earl  of  Cornwall.  Bom 
at  Winchester,  England,  Jan.  5. 1209 :  died  April 

2,  1272.  Yoimger  brother  of  Henry  HI.  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  elected  king  of  Germany  by  part  of  the 
electors,  and  crowned  at  Aachen  in  1257,  He  was  cap- 
tured at  Lewes  iu  1264. 

Plantin  (plon-tan'),  Christophe.  Bom  near 
Tours,  France,  1514 :  died  at  Antwei-p.  1589.  A 
French  printer  iu  Antwerp.  He  published  a 
polyglot  Bible  (1.569-72).     See  Antwerp. 

Plantin-Moretus,  Mus^e.    See  Antwerp. 

Plasencia  (pla-scn'the-a).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caceres,  western  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Jerte  70  miles  south-southwest  of  Salamanca. 
The  cathedral  is  of  the  florid  architecture  of  Ferdinand 
and  IsabelLa,  with  later  classical  alterations  and  additions. 
The  choir-stalls  are  remarkable  even  in  Spain :  the  carving 
is  admirable,  and  the  blending  of  sacred  and  profane  sub- 
jects very  curious.    Population  (1887X  8,044. 

Plassey,  or  Plassi  (plas'se)  A  place  in  Bengal. 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  85  miles 
north  of  Calcutta.  Here,  June  -23,  1757,  the  British 
forces(3.20O)  under  Clive  defeated  the  Bengal  army(5O,o00) 
tmderSurajah  Dowlah.  Thebattleisimportantasvirtually 
securing  the  establishment  of  the  British  power  in  India. 

Plata,  Gobemacion  del  Rio  de  la.    See  Sic 

de  la  I'hita. 
Plata  fpla  'tin.  La.  ^ee  Argentine  Confederation. 
Plata,  La,  Auciience  of.     The  audience  of 

Chuquisaea,  otherwise  called  La  Plata.     See 

Charcas. 


812 

Plata,  Provinces  of  the.    See  La  Plata. 

Plata,  Rio  de  la.     See  Bio  dc  la  Plata. 

Plata,  Viceroyalty  of.    See  La  Plata. 

Platsea  (pla-te'ji),  or  Plataeae  (pla-te'e).  [Gr. 
n/.draia,  n'/avaiai .'\  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Cithseron  30  miles  northwest  of  Athens.  It  was 
allied  with  Athens :  furnished  a  contingent  against  the  Per- 
sians at  Marathon  in  490  B.  c.  ;  was  the  scene  of  a  famous 
battle  in  479  (see  below):  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by 
the  Thebans  in  431 :  was  besieged  by  the  Peloponnesians  in 
429.  and  taken  in  427 ;  was  rebuilt  in  3S7,  again  destroyed 
by  the  Thebans  about  372,  and  rebuilt  338.  The  site 
contains  a  few  ruins :  a  Heraeum.  or  temple  of  Hera,  was 
discovered  in  1S91. 

Platsea,  Battle  of.  -^  \ictory  gained  in  479  B.  c. 
by  the  Greeks  (about  110.000,  Lacedfemonians 
and  others)  under  Pausanias  over  the  Persians 
(about  300.000)  under  Mardonius.  It  resulted 
in  the  final  repulse  of  the  Persian  invasion  of 
Greece. 

Plateau  (pla-to'),  Joseph  An toine  Ferdinand. 
Bom  at  Brussels,  Oct.  14, 1801 :  died  at  Ghent, 
Sept.  15.  1883.  A  Belgian  physicist,  professor 
of  experimental  physics  and  astronomy  at  Ghent 
1835-71:  noted  for  his  researches  in  molecular 
forces  and  in  optics.  His  chief,  work  is  "  Sta- 
tique  esperimentale  et  th^orique  des  liqnides  " 
(1873). 

Platen  (pla'ten),  August,  Count  von  Platen- 
Hallermund  (or  -HallemiiLnde).  Bom  at  Aus- 
bach,  Bavaria,  Oct.  24,  1796  :  died  at  Syracuse, 
Sicily,  Dec.  5,  1835.  A  German  poet.  He  was  at 
ih-st  in  the  cadet  corps  at  Munich.  In  1S15,  as  a  Bavarian 
lieutenant,  he  was  in  the  field  against  France.  Subse- 
quently, without  having  left  the  army,  he  studied  linguis- 
tics at  Wiirzburg  and  Erlangen ;  afterward  he  traveled 
much  abroad,  particularly  in  Italy  and  the  South.  He  is 
buried  in  Syracuse.  Among  his  poems  me  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  his  sonnets  and  the  "Ghaselen,"  written  in 
the  Persian  form  of  the  '"gazel,"  the  first  of  which  ap- 
peared hi  1821 :  healso  wrote  odes,  idyls,  songs,  and  ballads. 
In  1S26  appeared  the  satiric  comedy  "Die  verhangnissroUe 
Gabel " (" The  Fatal  Fork "),  directed  against  the  "fate  tra- 
gedies," so  called ;  and  in  1839  "  Der  romantische  (Edipus  " 
("The  Romantic  CEdipus""),  directed  against  German  ro- 
manticism :  plays  that  gave  him  the  title  of  a  German  Aris- 
tophanes. "Gedicbte  "  (''Poems")  appeared  in  1S2S.  His 
last  great  work  is  the  Oriental  legendarj-  epic  "Die  Abas- 
siden"("The  Abassides,"  1835).  His  collected  works  ap- 
peared at  Stuttgart,  in  1876,  in  two  volumes. 

Plate  River.     See  Eio  de  la  Plata. 

Platine(pia 'tin)  Colonies.  [Sp.  Colonias del  Eio 
dcla  Flata.1  A  collective  name  for  the  Spanish 
colonies  bordering  ontheRiodela  Plata  audits 
aflluents.  These  were  at  fii-st  included  in  the  colony  of 
Paraguay,  from  which  Buenos  .\\Tes  was  separated  in  1620. 
(See  Rio  de  la  Plata.)  Montevideo  (now  I'ruguay)  was  made 
agovernment  subject  to  that  of  Buenos  A>Tes  in  1750.  In 
1776  the  colonies  were  united  with  others  in  the  vice- 
royalty  of  La  Plata. 

Platine  States,  The.  A  collective  name  for 
the  Spanish-American  countries  bordering  on 
the  Kio  de  la  Plata  and  its  tributaries ;  at  pres- 
ent, the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  and  Pa- 
raguay. Uruguay  was  attached  to  Brazil  from  1S21  to 
1S2S,  and  the  Argentine  provinces  were  long  st-parated  from 
Buenos  Ayres.  but  were  reunited  to  it  in  1859. 

Plato  (pla'to),  originally  Arlstocles.  [Gr. 
IV.aTuv :  so  surnamed  from  his  broad  shoulders.] 
Born  at  JEgina,  429  or  427  B.  c. :  died  at  Athens, 
347.  Af  amous  Greek  philosopher,  a  disciple  of 
Socratesandtheteacherof  Aristotle:  the  founder 
of  the  Academic  school.  His  father,  Ariston,  and  his 
mother,  Perictione,  were  of  aristocratic  birth.  He  was  in 
his  youth  a  successful  gymnast,  a  soldier,  and  a  poet.  After 
he  became  adisciple  of  Socrates  he  is  said  to  have  destroyed 
his  poem%  but  some  epigrams  attributed  to  him  are  e.\tant. 
His  association  with  his  master  lasted  from  an  early  age 
until  Socrates's  death,  .\fter  this  event  he  went  to  Eucleides 
at  Megara,  and  later  journeyed  in  Egypt,  (Tyrene,  Sicily, 
and  Magna  Grrecia.  By  Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  who  was  of- 
fended at  his  opinions,  he  was  delivered  to  the  Spartan  am- 
bass-ador  PoUis,  who  sold  him  as  a  slave  in  -Egina.  He  was 
ransomed,  returned  to  Athens,  and  founded  the  Academy 
(which  see).  In  367  he  revisited  Syracuse  on  the  invitation 
of  Dion  and  of  Dionysius  the  younger,  but  soon  left,  re- 
turning, however,  for  a  short  time  about  361.  He  then 
returned  to  Athens,  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  a  marriage-feast.  All  his  genuine  works  have 
been  preserved ;  but  some  extant  works  attributed  to  him 
are  spurious.  The  former  include  the  dialogues  "Pro- 
tagoras," "Phjedrus,"  "Symposium,"  "Gorgias,"  "Theae- 
tetos,"  "Republic,"  "Timieus,"  "Philebus,"  "Sophist," 
"Politicus,"  "Parmenides,"  "Cratylus,"  "laws,"  "Crit- 
ias,"  "Meno,"  " Euthydemus,"  "Apology,"  "C^ito,"  "Ly- 
sis," "Charmides,"  "Laches."  "Lesser  Hippias.""Euthy- 
phro,"  " Menexenus " (^,  and  "Ion"  (?).  Plato's  philoso- 
phy, which  is  still  the  greatest  exposition  of  idealism,  was 
founded  on  the  Socratic  teaching,  but  went  far  beyond  it 
in  a  speculative  direction.  (See  Socrateg.)  It  has,  with 
Aristotelianism,  largely  controlled  the  progress  of  specula- 
tive thought  to  the^present  day. 

Plato.  A  remarkable  Greek  bust  in  bronze,  of 
the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  B.  c,  in  the 
Museo  Xazionale,  Naples,  once  supposed  to  rep- 
resent the  great  philosopher.  Many  consider  it 
a  bearded  type  of  Dionysus ;  some  the  famous 
Poseidon  of  Tarentum. 


Playfair,  Sir  Lyon 
Plato.  A  large  crater  in  the  moon. 
Plato.  An  Athenian  comic  poet  who  flourished 
from  428  to  389  B.  C.  He  is  ranked  among  the  very 
be.<t  of  the  poets  of  the  Old  Comedv.  He  carried  on  a 
poetic  contest  with  -Ajistophanes,  and  attacked  the  dema- 
goguesCleon,  Hj-perbolus,  Agyrrhius,andCleophon.  Frag- 
ments  only  of  his  works  are  extant. 

Platonick  Lovers,  The.  A  tragicomedy  by  Sir 
William  Daveuaut.  printed  in  1636. 

Piatt  (plat),  Charles  A.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Oct.  16,  1861.  An  American  landscape-painter 
and  etcher.     He  was  a  pupil  of  Boulanger. 

Piatt  (plat).  Thomas  Collier.  Bom  at  Owego, 
N.  Y.,  July  15, 1833.  An  American  Republican 
politician.  He  studied  at  Yale  without  taking  a  degree, 

eniagedinmercantilepursuits,andbecamepresidentofthe 
Tioga.  New  York,  National  Bank.  He  w.as  a  member  of  Con. 
gi-ess  from  New  York  1873-77.  In  Jan.,  1881,  he  was  elected 
United  States  senator  to  succeed  Francis  Kernan,  whose 
term  expired  in  March,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  Mav  at  the 
instance  of  his  colleague  Conkline.  (See  ConkKna,  Jtofcoe.) 
He  was  again  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1S97.  He  h.as  ))een 
president  of  the  United  States  Express  Company  since  188a 
Platte  (plat),  or  Nebraska  (nf-bras'ka).  One 
of  the  largest  tributaries  of  the  Missotiri.  It  is 
formed  by  the  union,  in  Lincoln  County,  Nebraska,  of  the 
North  and  South  Forks  of  the  Platte,  and  joins  the  Mis- 
souri 18  mUes  south  of  Omaha.  The  North  Fork  rises  in 
northern  Colorado,  and  flows  through  Wyoming  and  west- 
ern Nebraska ;  the  South  Fork  rises  in  central  Colorado, 
and  flows  through  that  State  and  western  Nebraska.  To- 
tal length,  including  North  Fork,  about  900  miles.  It  is 
not  navigable. 

Plattensee.     See  Balaton.  Lale. 

Plattner  (plat'ner).  Karl  Friedrich.  Bora  at 
Kleiuwaltersdorf,  near  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Jan. 
2, 1800 :  (Ued  at  Freiberg,  Jan.  22, 1858.  A  Ger- 
man chemist  and  metallurgist,  professor  at  Frei- 
berg :  noted  for  his  work  in  developing  blow- 
pipe analysis.  He  published  "  Probirkunst  mit 
dem  Lothrohr"  (1835).  etc. 

Plattsburg  ( plats'berg).  A  village,  the  capital 
of  Clinton  County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake 
Champlain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saranac,  in  lat. 
44°  40'  N.,  long.  73°  30'  W.  it  is  the  center  of  con- 
siderable trade  and  manufactures.  Near  it.  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  a  naval  victorj-  was  gained  Sept.  11,  1814,  by  the 
American  fleet  under  Macdonough  over  the  British  fleet 
under  Downie  :  while  here,  at  the  same  time,  the  American 
land  forces  under  Macomb  repulsed  the  British  under 
Prevost.    Population  (1900),  8,4»4. 

Plattsmouth  (plats'mouth).  A  city,  capital  of 
Cass  County,  Nebraska,  situated  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Platte  and  the  Missouri.  Population 
( 1900),  4,964. 

Plauen  (plou'en).  A  city  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  White  Elster  22  miles 
southwest  of  Zwickau.  It  is  the  chief  center  in  Ger- 
many for  the  wearing  of  white  cotton  goods  and  the  em- 
broidery of  white  goods,  and  has  various  other  manufac- 
tures. It  is  the  chief  place  of  the  Yogtland.  Population 
(1890),  47.0117. 

Plausible  (pla'zi-bl).  Lord.  In  "Wycherleys 
comedy  •''The  Plain  Dealer."  an  insinuating 
fop,  in  love  with  01i^■ia. 

Plautus  (pla'tus),  Titus  Maccius.  Bom  at 
Sarsina.  Cmbria  :  died  184  B.C.  A  Roman  dram- 
atist. He  adapted  materials  taken  from  the  New  Attic 
Comedy.  Twenty  of  his  comedies  (nearly  all  complete) 
are  extant.  Among  them  are  "Amphitruo,"  "Captivi," 
"Aulularia,"  "Trinummus,"  "Rudens."  "Miles  Glorio- 
sus,"  "Mostellaria,"  "Pseudolus," and  "MensechmL" 

Players,  The.  A  New  York  club  founded  by 
Edwin  Booth,  incorporated  in  1888.  "Its  objects 
are  the  promotion  of  socLal  intercourse  between  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  dramatic  profession  and  of  the  kindred 
professions  of  literature,  painting,  sculpture,  and  music, 
and  the  patrons  of  the  arts;  the  creation  of  a  library  re- 
lating especially  to  the  history  of  the  American  stage :  and 
the  preservation  of  pictures,  biUsof  the  play,  photographs 
and  curiosities  connected  with  such  history."  Its  house 
is  at  16  Graiuercy  Park. 

Player's  Scourge,  The.    See  Hi.striomastii. 

Playfair  (pla'fan.  John,  Bora  at  Benvie.  For- 
farshire, March  10,  1748:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
July  19,  1819.  A  Scottish  mathematician  and 
physicist.  He  entered  St.  Andrews  University  at  U 
years  of  age.  In  1755  he  succeeded  Dugald  Stewart  as 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh._  His  works  in- 
clude "On  the  .\rithmetic of  Impossible  Numbers "(1779), 
"Elementsof  Geometry '"(1795),  "Illustrations of  the  Hut- 
tonian  Theorj-  of  the  Earth  "  (1S02X  "  Proof  of  Natural  Phi- 
losophy "  (1S05),  'An  Account  of  the  Lithological  Survey 
of  Schehallion  '  (1811X  ''  Natural  Philosophy  "  (JS12-16).  a 
"Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of  Mathematical  and  Physi- 
cal Science"  (iu  the  "Encyclopedia  Britannica "),  and  an 
edition  of  Euclid. 

Playfair,  Sir  Lyon,  first  Lord  Pla-vfair.  Born 
at  Meerut,  Bengal.  Mav  21.  1819:  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  29,  1898.  A  British  chemist  and  Lib- 
eral politician.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  chem- 
istrj-  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  iu  1858  ;  was  elected 
to  Parliament  in  1868  ;  and  was  postmaster-.ireneral  1873- 
1874,  and  chairman  of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means 
and  deputy  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  lSSO-83. 
He  was  created  Baron  Plaj-fair  in  1892.  He  pubUshed 
"Primary  and  Technical  Education"  (1870),  "  On  Teach- 
ing Universities  and  Esamiuatioi'  Boards  "  (1872),  etc 


Pleasants 
Pleasants  (plez'ants),  James.  Bom  in  Vir- 
iiula  1709:  diefV  in  Goochlana  County,  Va., 
Vov  9  is:i6.  An  American  politician.  He 
wasbemocratic  niomljer  of  Congress  from  \  ir- 
einia  1811-19;  United  States  senator  1819-22; 
and  governor  of  Virginia  1822-2». 
Pleasonton  (plei'on-ton).  Alfred.  Bm-n  at 
Washington.  D.  C,  Dec.,  1823:  died  there,  Feb. 
17  isy"  An  American  general.  Ue  grmluateil  at 
West  Point  ii.  1814  ;  served  in  the  Me.xican  « "r  :  ""'ijr*^ 
„romute.l  captain  in  185r,.  He  hecan.e  a  major  "/  cavalry 
n  the  Arinvot  the  P..to.nac  in  Feb.,  1862  ;  served  thrmigh 
the  I'eninsnlar  eanipaittn  ;  \,ecan)ebrij.'adler-).a-iiera  o  v.  1- 
,,nt«ers  in  July,  18ti2 ;  wa.s  engaged  in  the  huttles  of  i,outl 
Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksl.urg  ;  J'»  ;ni;"'^>'ed 
himself  at  rlianeellorsviUe  :  and  cnmianded  'hecava^r) 
St  Oettyshurg.  He  drove  Slerhnu-  ft-.ee  out  o  M^souri 
in  18W.     He  retired  witli  the  rank  of  eolonel  in  l»s». 


Ill    lOIM.         »»i     H.1...V -    

Pleasures  of  Hope.  A  poem  by  Thomas  Camp- 
bell, publislu'd  in  1799.  ,      o  i 

Pleasures  of  Memory.    A  poem  by  Samuel 

Rogers,  pul)lishc(l  in  1792.       _ 

Pleasures  of  the  Imagination.  _  A  didactic 
poem  bv  Akenside,  publislied  m  lcl4. 

P16iade"(pla-vad'),  La.  The  name  given  in  lit- 
erature to  several  groups  of  seven  poets  living 
at  the  same  time,  notably  to  such  a  group  in  the 
time  of  Ptoleinv  Pliiladelphus.  These  were  I.yco- 
Dliron  Theocritus.Aratns,  Nieandcr,  Homer,  Apollomusof 
KhodJs,  and  Callimachus.  Tlie  name  has  been  apphed  to 
other  similar  groups,  especially  m  the  10th  cent>u-y  to  that 
fonued  bv  Konsard  with  Joachim  du  Bellay,  Antoi  le  de 
Baif,  .lodelle,  Pontus  de  Thyard,  Dorat,  and  Keini  Belleau. 
These  united  in  a  close  league  t«  reduce  the  trench  lan- 
guage and  literature  to  a  classical  form.  They  had  many 
followers. 

French,  alter  all,  despite  a  strong  Teutonic  admixture, 
was  a  Latin  tongue,  and  recurrence  to  Latin,  and  to  the 
8tiU  more  majestic  and  fertile  language  which  had  had 
80  much  to  do  in  shaping  the  literary  Latin  'halect,  was 
natural  and  germane  to  its  character.  In  point  of  fact, 
thePl(:iade  made  modern  French-made  it,  we  ni.-iy  say, 
twice  over  ;  for  not  only  did  its  original  work  revolutionise 
the  language  in  a  manner  so  durable  that  the  reaction  of 
the  next  century  could  not  wholly  undo  it,  hut  it  was 
mainly  study  of  the  PWiade  that  armed  the  great  masters 
of  the  Kom.antic  movement,  the  men  of  1S30.  in  their  revolt 
against  tlle  cramping  rules  and  impoverished  v.. L-alHilary  1 1 
ihe  eighteenth  century.  The  effect  of  the  chaii'^-..  i.hK..1 
was  far  too  universal  for  it  to  be  possible  for  any  Jlallulb. 
or  any  Boileau  to  overthrow  it.  The  whr.le  literature  o 
thenation,  at  a  time  when  it  was  wonderfully  abundant  and 
vigorous,  "Ronsardised-  for  nearly  fifty  years,  and  such 
practice  at  such  a  time  never  fiiils  to  leave  it8  n.arlL 
^  Saintsbuni,  French  Lit.,  p.  197. 

Pleiads  (pli'adz),  or  Pleiades  (pli'a-dez).  [Gr. 
n?MaSec,  traditionally  so  called  as  indicating 
by  their  rising  the  time  of  safe  navigation; 
from  7r?.e;i',  .sail.]  A  close  group  of  small  stars 
in  the  constellation  Taurus,  very  conspicuous 
on  winter  evenings,  about  24°  north  of  the 
equator,  and  coming  to  the  meridian  at  mid- 
nicht  in  the  middle  of  Nov.  For  some  unknown 
rcSion  there  were  anciently  said  to  be  seven  Pleiads,  al 
though  only  six  were  conspicuous  then  asnow-^;  hence  the 
suggestion  of  a  lost  Pleiad.'^  In  m,  thologj-  the  Pleia.ls  were 
«aW  to  be  the  daughters  of  Atlas  an.l  Pleione,  and  were 
named  Alcyone,  Merope,  Cel.-eno,  Electra,  Sterope  or  As^ 
terooe  Taygeta  and  Maia.  These  names,  with  those  of 
the  parents!  have  been  applied  by  modern  ii8lron.)incrB 
since  Kicciolo  (IWiS)  to  the  principal  stars  of  the  group. 

Pleissnerland  (plis'ner-lant).  The  .listnct  .... 
both  sides  of  tlio  Pleisse,  a  small  tributary  ot 
the  White  Elstcr  in  Saxe-Altenbure  and  the 
western  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sa.xony. 

Plenty  {ph'u'ti),  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pa- 
cific Oci-an,  on  tlic  northeastern  coast  of  North 
Island.  New  Zealand. 

Pleskoff      !^eo  r,-:t(iff. 

Plessis-Ies-Tours (plo-se'la-tor' ).  Aruined cas- 
tle near  Tcmrs,  France,  noted  as  the  residence 

P^lessis-Marly,  or  Duplessis-Mornay.     See 

Miinimi. 

Plethoil       See  (Icmistiis. 

Plevna  (Plev'nil),  or  Pleven  (plev'en).  A  town 
in  Buh'aria,  88  miles  northeast  of  hoha.  U  is  an 
Important  strategic  point  A  Russian  ''"^y^  under  Sc.ll- 
dcrSchuldner  on  a  Turklnh  force  Intrenched  hei  u  iind. . 
Osman  Pasha  was  repulsed  .July  20.  1877  ;  "  "•'.f '"''  f.  ^^l 
July  3n-:il,  under  Krndencr,  was  repulse.l  wllh  gieat  1  m»  , 
imTngh.ing  was  continued  between  7^i«|0,H.VH«lKu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

and  Rumanians  under  the  grand  duke  .Me bo  as.  Skobelelf, 
etc  and  about  f.0,1100  Turks  under  Osman  Pasha,  Sept  7-lS. 
A  formal  siege  comiiieiiced  In  Oct.  under  the  dlrec  ion  of 
Todkben*  and  an  nnsuccisstul  sortie  of  Osman  Paslia  was 
foil',w,dbVb,»s„rrcnderl).e  l.i.  i'n,,ulatl«n  (1S88U4,307. 

Pleyel  (pli'il),  Ignaz  Joseph.  Bom  at  Rup- 
persthal,near  Vienna,  .lune  I,  li.x  :  died  Nov. 
14,  1831.  An  Austrian  composer,  chielly  of  in- 
strumental music.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Haydn,  and 
founded  at  Paris,  18"T,  n  pianoforte  manufactory.  His  son 
Cainllle  became  his  partner  In  1821. 
Pliable  (iili'a-l'l).  A  character  in  Bunyans 
"PilgrimV  Progress."  He  deserts  Cliristian  at 
the  fn-st  dimculty.  ,     ,•  , 

Pliant  (pli'ant),  Dame.     A  Imndsome  foolish 


813 

widow  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  The  Alchem- 
ist."    She  is  finallv  married  to  Lovewit. 

Pliant,  Sir  Paul  aiid  Lady.  Characters  in  Con- 
grev-s  comedv  "The  Double  Dealer."  Lady 
Pliant  is  noted  for'her  easy  i  irtueand  awkwardly  assumed 
prudeo'  and  her  insolence  to  her  uxorious  old  husbana. 

PlimsoU  (plim'sol),  Samuel.  Born  at  Bi->st/>|, 
Feb.  10,  1824:  died  June  3,  1898.  An  Lnglish 
nhilauthropist.  In  1864  he  started  in  the  coal  trade  in 
london,  and  began  to  interest  himself  in  the  sailors  o  the 
me  ca  tile  marine.  In  IWW  he  entered  Parliament  for 
Derby  In  W«  his  "  Merchant  Shipping  Act  'was  passed, 
t,i  prevent  ships  from  going  to  sea  in  an  ■'■)«^'«i°:',"^^'''; ': 
He  published  "Our  Seamen  ■'  In  1873,  and  m  1690  tattle 
Ships,"  exposing  the  cruelties  of  that  trade. 

Plinlimmon.    See  P/.vh/i/«""'«.  . 

Pliny  ( pliii'i ).  "  The  Elder  "  (Caius  Plinius  Se- 
CUndus).  BornatComo  (Roman  Novum  Co- 
mum),  Ital  v,  23  A.  D. :  perished  in  the  eriipl  ion  of 
Vesuvius,  79  A.  D.  A  celebrated  Roman  natu- 
ralist. He  went  to  Rome  In  early  youth;  served  in  Africa, 
and  at  the  age  of  2a,  as  commander  of  a  troop  of  cavalry 
in  Oerinany  •,  returned  to  Rome  and  studied  law  :  was  proc- 
unitor  in  .Spain  under  Xero(about  70-72);  and  was  charged 
with  .ither  otficlal  duties  in  various  parts  of  the  emiure. 
His  literary  work,  which  was  conducted  with  extraordi- 
nary industi-y  in  the  intervals  of  his  of«cial  labors  (scarcely 
a  waking  moment  of  day  or  night  being  left  unoccupied), 
extended  into  the  departments  of  tactics,  histoiy,  gram- 
mar, rheturic,  and  natund  science.  Of  his  writings,  only 
his  "  Natural  History  "  is  extant.  (See  the  extract.)  Uis 
death,  an  account  of  which  is  preserved  in  a  letter  of  1  Imy 
the  Younger  was  the  result  of  his  efforts  tr.  obsei-ve  more 
closely  the  eruption  of  Vesuviusand  to  aid  those  who  were 
In  danger. 


Wepossessof  thcworksof  Pliny  ttheElderlonlyhisXat- 
uralishistoria  ■'  in  :i7  books,  a  work  presented  a.  ,7  to  1  itus 
but  constantly  enriched  and  enlarged  by  the  autior  until 
his  death.  It  is  a  kind  of  encyclopedia  of  natuml  science, 
but  chielly  concerned  with  its  application  in  human  lile 
and  art ;  and  accordingly  it  includes  geography,  medicine, 
and  the  histoiT  of  art.  The  materials  are  compiled  from 
a  great  number  of  works,  often  hastily  and  without  ade- 
quate knowledge  or  discrimination,  hence  very  unequa 
in  value.  The  style  alsoisuneven, sometimes  merely  bent 
upon  the  subject-matter  and  discardingartistic  f  orm.  some- 
times mannered  an,i  rhetorical.  On  the  whole,  the  work 
is  an  inexhaustible  st<,rebouse  of  mfonuation,  and  test  lies 
to  the  earnest,  studious,  and  patriotic  spirit  of  the  .autlioi . 
It  long  exercised  great  inliueiice  both  in  its  original  shape 
and  in  various  abridgments  w„.,.\  tt  07 

Teuffelaml  .SVAu'aftf,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),IL9<. 

Pliny  "Tlie  Younger"  (Caius  Plinius  Caeci- 

lius  feecundus).  Born  at  Como.  Italy,  62  A.  D. : 
died  113.  A  Roman  author,  nephew  ot  the 
elder  Pliny.  He  was  a  consul  in  ion,  andlater(lllorIl2) 
governor  of  isithynia  and  Pontica.  He  was  a  friend  of  1  ra- 
fan  and  Tacitus.  His  "Epistles"  and  a  eulogy  "f  Irajaii 
have  been  preserved.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  letter.s 
isoiie  to  Trajan  concerning  the  treatmentof  the  Christians 
in  bis  province. 
Plock  (plotsk).  1.  A  government  m  the  north- 
'westeru  part  of  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on 
Prussia.  Area,  4,200  square  miles.  Population 
(1891)  fi60,457.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Plock,  situated  on  the  Vistula  59  miles 
west -northwest  of  Warsaw.  Population  (1890), 
23,.'5(i8.  ,     J 

Ploermel  (plo-er-mel').     A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihaii,  France,  3.')  miles  west-south- 
west of  Reuiies.     Population  (1891),  commune, 
.1,913. 
Plojeshti.     See  rioi/csti. 

Plomb  du  Cantal  (plou  An  kou-tiil').  The  en  - 
minating  summit  of  the  mountains  of  Cantal, 
France,  19  miles  northeast  of  Aurillac. 

Plombi^res  (phm-byar').  A  watering-place  m 
llic  dcpailiiient  of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on 
the  Augvogue  15  miles  south  of  Epinal.  It  has  the 
most  ininorluiit  mineral  springs  in  the  Vosges,  with  ther- 
nioinineral,  ir..M,  and  alkaline  baths.  It  was  known  to  the 
Romans,  and  was  greatly  dcveb.ped  by  Napoleon  HI-  A 
conference  was  held  here  in  IS-W  between  .Napoleon  ill. 
and  Count  Cavoiir,  with  reference  to  an  alliance  between 
I'Yanceand  SanliniiL 

Plon-Plon(plon-pl6u')-  [Acomiption..f;-/om?<- 

plomb,  uUuding  to  runningaway  from  l)iillels,J 

A   nickname    "f   Prince   Napoleon   Bonaparte 

(1822-91),  given   on  account  ot   his   supposed 

-wardice  in  the  Crimean  war. 


Plutarch 

system  of  categories  he  direcUy  opposes;  and  he  endea- 
vours In  all  essential  p<dnts  to  identify  the  doctrines  of  the 
Old  Vcademv  and  the  Lvc  cum.  To  elf  ect  this,  he  is  obliged 
to  have  recourse  to  an  overstrained  latitude  of  interpreta- 
tion sometimes  making  his  own  inferences  from  opinions 
half  expressed,  and  not  iinfrcqnently  ([Uoting  from  mem- 
orj-.  Although  be  is  strongly  at  variance  with  the  .Stoics  on 
the  grounds  of  knowledge,  treating  with  great  contempt 
their  doctrine  of  intellecluid  conception,  he  borrows  agood 
deid  from  Chrysippus  wherever  he  can  find  an  agreement 
even  in  expression.  The  older  writers  also  fundshed  him 
with  suggestive  materials.  He  was  acquainted  with  An- 
axagonis,  Uemocritus,  Empedoclcs,  Piu-menides,  and  the 
most  ancient  Pythagoreans.  And  he  refers  directly  to  the 
later  Peripatetics  Aristoxenus  and  Dica:archus.  He  can- 
not, then,  be  tenned  strictlyor  eiclusivelya  Neo-PlatonUt ; 
he  Is  equally  a  Neo- Aristotelian  and  a  Neo-Philosopher  in 

^'''^' O.'  JIuUcr,  UiBt.  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc  Oreece,  lU.  m. 

UDoiuUtUan.) 

Ploug  (plog),  Panno  Carl.  Bom  Oct.  29, 
1813:  died  Oct.  27,  1894.  A  Danish  poet  and 
iouriialist .  After  1829  he  studieil  philology  at  the  Copen- 
hagen Inlversity.  His  fli-st  contributions  to  literature 
w-ere  student  songs  which  he  publishe.l  under  the  nscu- 
donym  Paul  Rylter.  From  1841  he  was  editor  of  the 
iun  al  ■■  Fiidoelandet  "  r  The  Fatlierland  ■').  In  Sbl  ap- 
eared  his eoUected  poems  (-Samlede  Digte")  and  inl8r,9 
"Vvere  Sange  og  Digte"  ("Recent  .Songs  and  Poems  ). 
H?Urk  an  active  part  in  pnlitics:  i"  l84«-49  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitntional  I'onventi.ni,  from  1854  to 
i"r"  a  number  of  the  Kolketliing;  and  from  1859  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Landsthing.  .       ,       , 

Plouharnel  (plo-iir-nel').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan.  France,  1/  miles  west 
of  Valines.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  megalithic 
monuments.  „.    t  -j 

Plowman  of  Madrid,  The.    St.  Isidore. 

Plowman's  Tale,  The.  A  poem  once  attributed 
to  Chaucer,  appearing  in  Thj-nne  s  1542  edition 
(but  not  in  1532).     It  was  written  by  the  author  of 


COWaKllCl!   Ill    111'    '    iiiiiL-,111    ,,«.. 

Plornish  (plor'nish),  Mrs.  A  plasterer  s  wife 
in  Dickens's  "Little  Dorrit":  "a  young  woman, 
made  somewliat  slatternly  in  lierself  and  her 
belongings  bv  povertv."  She  is  uoteil  for  her 
boldexperiminlsinthe  "Eyetalian" language. 

PlotinUS  (]>16-tl'nus).  [Gr.  U/urnor.']  Born  at 
hvcopolis,  l'ig\-pt,  about  204  a.d.:  died  m  Italy 
about  270.  A  celebrated  Neoplatonic  philoso- 
nhcr.  He  studied  In  Alexandria  under  Ammoiilus  Sac- 
cas,  and  afterward  taught  jdiilosophy  in  Rome.  Ills  works 
(called  ••  I'.nneads")  were  iHllted  by  Creuzer  in  18.ir.. 

The  relation  In  which  Plotinns  st.iod  to  his  predeees. 
sors  am.u.g  the  Oreek  philosophers  Is  very  easify  stated 
He  had  ma.b-  himself  ac,|nalnted  with  every  system,  ad 
culled  from  Iheni  all  whatever  seemed  to  supinut  his  solu- 
lion  .)f  the  great  problems  of  thouglil  ami  existence.  I  hit.. 
Is  the  chief  authority  ami  the  sUirting-polnt  In  hli.  specula- 
tions     Hut  he  lakes  full  cogulianco  of  Artolotle,  whose 


Plowman.'  . 

Ployeschi  (plo-ves'che),orPloestl  (plo-es  te). 
A  t.iwn  in  Wallachia.  Rumania,  3G  miles  north 
of  Bukharest.     Population  (1890),  34,474. 

Plume  (plum).  Captain.  The  recruiting  officer, 
the  principal  character  in  Fartjuhar  s  comedy  ot 
that  name.  He  is  a  gay  and  gallant  soMler,  Irresistjble 
to  women,  for  whom  he  cares  less  than  for  his  profession. 
It  w  .as  a  favorite  p.art  with  Oanick  and  Macready. 

Plumed  Knight,  The.  An  epithet  fretnieutly 
applied  to  James  G.  Blaine,  first  by  R.  G.  Ingcr- 
soll  at  Cincinnati  in  1S7G  in  a  speech  support- 
ing Blaine's  nomination  for  the  presidency. 

Plumer  (plumVr),  William.  Born  at  Newbury, 
Mass.,  1759:  died  at  Epping,  N.  H.,  IhoO.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Federalist  Tnited  States 
senator  from  New  Hampshire  1802-07,  and  governor  ot 
New  Hampshire  1812-13  and  1810-19. 

Plum  (plum)  Island.  1.  An  island  belonging 
to  Massachusetts,  lying  south  of  the  moutli  of 
tlie  Merrimac,  parallel  to  the  coast.—  2.  A  small 
island  belonging  to  New  York  situated  north- 
east of  Long  Island,  near  the  eastern  entrance 
to  Long  Island  Sound.  t       t,-   i 

Plummer  (plum'er),  Caleb.  In  Dickens  s 
■'  C'rick.t  on  the  Hearth,"  a  poor  and  careworn 
old  toy-maker.  His  sjiirit  is  crusbed  with  hopeless  de. 
nressloii  but  he  conceals  his  hardships  fr.un  Ills  blind 
Saugh  "^  lerlha  with  a  pathetic  attempt  at  cheerfulness, 
and  describes  his  daily  lite  to  her  a.s  pi-osperous  and  happy. 

Plumptre  (pb.mp'tr),  Edward  Hayes     Born 

at  London,  Aug.  (i,  1S21:  died  at  Wells.  1  eb 
1, 1891.  An  English  clergyman  and  theological 
and  classical  scholar.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (1  iii- 
versltv  College),  where  he  became  a  fellow  of  Unisenose  in 
1844;  was  chaplain  (1847)  and  later  (1S(M)  professor  o  Nexv 
Test  iment  exiesis  at  King's  College,  I.ondoil ;  and  In  ls81 
became  dean  of  Wells.  Kroin  1809  to  1874  he  was  oi.e  of 
the  revisers  of  the  Old  Testament,  lie  published  co in- 
mentarl.'S,  etc.,  and  translated  Into  English  vci-se  soplio- 
eles  (18(1.">)  and  .Kschylus  (181'^). 

Plunket  (plung'k.t),  William  Conyngham, 

fir-it  Baron  Plunket.  Born  in  the  county  ot 
Feriinuiagh,  Ireland,  July,  17(>5:  died  Jan.  :>, 
18.54  An  Irish  lawyeriind  politician.  Heentend 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In  1779,  and  I.lncolirs  Inn  In  ■'uijC 
IW  ;  L  was  cvlled  to  the  Irish  bar  h,  1787.  In  1.08  he 
0  Itemed  the  Irish  Parliament  '"rCharle.none  an,  ,,pp"»  d 
Pltfs  scheme  for  the  l^nlon  of  ISiHi.  In  18.1.1  he  »««  o  le 
if  he  prosecu.ors  of  Emmet  In  Pitt,  sec.u.d  adin  n  s- 
tratlon  (1804)  h.-  became  sollcltor-general  and  later  atlor- 
my.generVd/or  Irelan.l,  ami  sat  In  t  be  Iniper la  Pari  ament 
ll  1812  as  nember  for  Trinity  College  l.ublln.  He  was 
one  of  the  foremost  on>t..i s  of  his  day.  He  »'"■"";  'J '-' 
liistle,.  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  ami  niisi'd  to  llio 
i"emie  ill  1827.  and  was  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  18;«- 
I,S.S4  and  1835-11.  ,      ,, 

Plutarch  (plo'tiirk).,  [Or.  n?"'™PV"r.]  B«<r" 
at  Clueroiil'a,  Bn-otia.  (Jreece.  about  4.  A.  n 
A  Creek  historian,  celebral.'d  as  the  author  of 
fortv-six  "Parallel  Lives"  of  Creeks  and  Ro- 
mans lie  also  wr..tevarl<ul»pbllosol>hlral  ethical,  and 
lur  works,  group..!  as  •■  Oj.eia  m..ralla."  1  e  was  a  Pla- 
loillst.  V.iit  ..ccupled  hlmsel/ chielly  with  ethical  and  reli- 
gious retlectluns. 


Flntarch 


814 


want 
remain 

Qotonl,>  ueuausc  iiicy  oiuiju  m  iiit  place  oi  many  voiuines      ^,  .  .  -    ,  -- . 

of  lost  histon',  Imt  also  because  they  are  written  with  a  ystwith  Height  "  481  feet 
graphic  and  dramatic  vivacity,  such  as  we  find  in  few  Pnn™  Ponli  c.^T.rvr!,'^o„"i  TU^  „„„■*  i  „«  r: 
bioKraphies,  ancient  or  modern  ;  because  they  are  replete  ■^nOm-i'enll  (puom-peil  )  The  Capital  of  Cam- 
with  reflexions  which,  if  not  profound,  are  always  moder-  "oaia,  Situated  on  the  Mekong  about  lat.  11°  35' 
ate  and  sensible;  and  because  the  author's  aim  throughout  N..  long.  105°  E.  Population,  30,000-35.000. 
is  to  enforce  the  highest  standard  of  morality  of  which  a     Also  Paiiompeiifi 

heathen  was  capable.     As  one  of  his  most  enthusiastic   Vntrr  Cna-al        fCiv    n,„'.f  T      4  1,;11  l,„f„  *i 
admirers  has  said,  -He  stands  before  us  as  the  legate,  the  \i^^  ^"^tr-Vi      ''Vj.'     S  f,"  ^  r  ft  ^^ll^  between  the 
' ■■     •          Museum  Hill  and  the  Hill  of  the  Xvmphs.  above 


uuii>t...io  i.Bo  ouiM,  iic  oiaiiua  ueiuie  us  iie  iiie  legaic,  me 
ambassador,  and  the  orator  on  behalf  of  those  institutions 
whereby  the  old-time  men  were  rendered  wise  and  vir- 
tuons." 

E.  O.  MuUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  243. 

{{Donahlson.) 

Pluto  (plo'to).  In  Roman  mythology,  the  lordof 
the  infernal  regions,  sou  of  "Saturn  "and  brother 
of  Jupiter  and  Neptune.  He  is  represented  as  an 
elderly  man  with  a  dianifled  but  severe  aspect,  and  often 
as  holding  in  his  hand  a  two-pronged  fork.  He  was  gen- 
erally called  by  the  Greeks  Hadei,  and  by  the  Romans 
Unu^,  Tartarus,  and  Dis.  His wifew.is Proserpine,  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter  and  Ceres,  whom  he  seized  in  the  island  nf 
Sicily  while  she  was  plucking  flowers,  and  carried  to  the 
lower  world, 

Plutusfplo'tus).  [Gr.mofror.]  In  classical  my- 


the  Agora,  in  the  group  southwest  of  the  Aerop 
oils,  at  Athens;  also,  a  famous  place  of  pub- 
lie  assembly  established  on  the  northern  slope 


^^  ....._.  „.,,.  .^v.^vuiu  lui.  owiuiuii.  ±ue  place  01  as 
sembly  consists  of  a  terrace,  bounded  at  the  back  by  a  ver- 
tical cutting  1.3  feet  high  in  the  rock  at  the  summit  of  the 
hill,  and  supported  by  a  curved  retaining-wall  of  early 


Pogge 

ment  of  Grodno,  Russia,  about  30  miles  north- 

^^}  t^A^^^f;,  ,.  ^"^-  ^"S.  12,  1812.  the  allies  oi  the 
French  defeated  the  Russians. 

Podol  (po-dol').  A  \'illage  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Iser  42  miles  northeast  of  Prague 
It  was  the  scene  of  the  flrst  engagement  between  the  Inisl 
sians  and  Austrians  in  the  war  of  1S66  (June  20). 

Fodolia  (po-do'li-a).  A  govemmeut  of  south- 
western Russia,  on  the  Austrian  frontier,  and 
surrounded  on  other  sides  by  the  governments 
of  Volhynia,  Kieff.  Kherson,  and  Bessarabia 
Capital,  Kamenets.  it  is  one  of  the  most  fertUe  gov- 
ernments of  Russi.a.  It  was  annexed  from  Poland  in  1793- 
l/9o.  .\rea,  16,224  square  miles.  Population(1890),  2,604  8<X) 


„-p  iv-      ,,;l,    ■.  ,,     ,,  .: 1"^       -"■"•  -^-'>.i"i-'^''4uaieumes.  ropuiauon(l»yO),  2,604,800. 

ot  this  hill,  beneath  the  summit.    Theolacecf  as-  PnHnlot   rr,n-/lnicL-'\       a   tX, •    \.i        ■""'■"'"• 

sembly  consists  of  a  terrace,  bounded  at  the  ba?kbv- a  vS-      .??.°i!f ,  P°"^°'''i:  ^-   .  '^  ^"'^'^  ^?   *¥   govern- 


ment  ot  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Pakhra 
20_miles  south  of  Moscow.     Population,  10,934. 


hill,  and  supported  by  a  curved  retaining-wall  of  early  -"  fules  South  ot  Moscow.  Population,  10  934 
date  built  of  weU-jointed  polygoniil  masonry  in  huge  Podsnap  (pod'snapl,  Mr.  A  character  in  Dickl 
hocks.  Some  of  the  courses  of  this  retaining-wall  have  eus's  "Our  Alutual  Friend  "  ■*<"-'"" -L-it^K 
disappeared,  so  that  the  terrace  now  slopes  downward       „il,M,,  ,..:„" .till  _„    ^^^,        ^e  is  a  smUing,  emi- 


.-..^..Ko.  ^i^iiit  wi  Liic  cuui^es,  OI  inis  reiaining-waii  nav( 
disappeared,  so  that  the  terrace  now  slopes  downward 
u  ''if  ""e'"^"}'  "  was  level  or  ascended  slightly  toward 
the  back.  The  length  of  the  terrace  is  305  feet,  and  its 
width  212.  The  back-wall  is  not  straight,  but  forms  an 
open  obtuse  angle,  at  the  apex  of  which  projects  a  huge 
cube  of  rock,  rising  from  3  steps  and  ascended  by  a  small 
flight  of  steps  in  the  angle  at  each  side.   This  is  the  bema 


t  iutua  I  piu  vus).   LVrr.  ii/.otvof. J  in  classioalmy-  flight  of  steps  in  the  angle  at  eSch  side    This  is  the  bema      i.;Ti         '^    .  ■      "^napier  takes  the  liberty  of  calling,  afte 

thologj-,  a  personification  of  wealth,  described  or  oi-ators-  platform,  from  whfch  Demosthenes  a1id™he  r^^  ■•'=P«f  Dj;-»t've  nanie,  Podsnappeiy." 

as  a  sou  of  lasion  and  Demeter,  and  intimately  """"■  Si'eat  Athenian  political  orators  delivered  their  ha-   "06  (po).  Edgar  Allan.      Born  at  Boston,  Jan 

accn/iinf-^.i  ,,-^n.  r?: .„  T-,-^'       _.  i       .        «,    '  raugucs.  10    mno  •    I'WaA    of    TJol +;,.,..„..    r\^t.    rr    totn 


*i  — X  r, i.^^vi.       Qc  ia  a  srauing,  emi- 

nently respectable  man,  who  always  knows  exactly  what 
Providence  means.  "And  it  was  ven-  remarkable  (and 
must  have  been  very  comfortable)  that  what  Providence 
meant  was  invariably  what  Mr.  Podsnap  meant.  These 
may  be  said  to  have  been  the  articles  of  faith  of  a  school 
which  the  present  chapter  takes  the  liberty  of  calling  after 
Its  representative  name,  Podsnappery." 


associated  with  Eirene  or  Peace,  who  is  often  p^fnst     Ti,oi„.      ♦    ■  «  t^  ,      .,, 

represented  in  art  grouped  with  the  infant  Pl.i-  •N?J,P°^-    i  ■  ,  largest  river  of  Italy :  the  ancient 


represented  in  art  grouped  with  the  infant  Plu- 
tus.  Zeus  Is  said  to  have  blinded  him  in  order  that  he 
might  not  bestow  his  favors  exclusively  on  good  men  but 
should  distribute  liis  gifts  without  regard  to  merit. 
Pluviose  (plii-ve-6z').  [F.,from  L.  pluriosus, 
full  of  rain.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the 
National  Convention  of  the  first  French  repub- 
lic for  the  fifth  month  of  the  vear.  it  consisted  of 
30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7  with  .Tan  20  • 
in  4.  8,  9.  10,  11,  13  with  Jan.  21;  and  iu  12  with  Jan. 


Padus  or  Eruianus.  it  rises  in  llonte  Viso  in  the  Alps 
on  the  French  border,  flows  northeast  and  then  generally 
east,  traversing  a  wide,  fertile,  and  nearly  level  plain,  and 
empties  by  several  mouths  into  the  Adriatic  about  lat  44" 
65  N.  Its  chief  tributaries  iire  the  Tanaro  and  Trebbia  on 
the  right,  and  the  Dora  Baltea.  Sesia,  Ticino  (draining 
Lago  Maggiore),  Adda  (draining  the  Lake  ot  Como),  Oglio 
(di:iiningLagod'Iseo),  and  Mincio (draining Lago diGarda) 
on  the  left.  The  cliief  places  on  its  banks  are  Turin,  Pia- 
cenzii,  Cremon.1,  and  Guastalla.  Length,  about  400  miles  ■ 
navigable  to  above  Turin.  ' 


---  -,  ",  -,    ,  ',    ;    .   "*'"  """■  -i.  "u^  *u  A-  Willi  Jan.  ITL'.         uawgaoie  xo  aoove  iunn. 

iT!^f-ff"?  """'^-     [L-'*li<L\ainy.']     In  Ro-  Pocahontas  (p6-ka-hon'tas).     Died  at  Graves 
man  mythology,  a  surname  of  Juniter.  o,„l    t'„.,i„„^*^;„  Sr„.„.,    -^r-,-,       .      i^i-  <Jia>eb 


man  mythology,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

Plymley  (plim'li),  Peter.  A  nom  de  plume 
of  Sydney  Smith. 

Pljnnoutn  (plim'uth).  A  seaport  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  iu  lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  4°  9'  W. 
With  the  adjoining  Stonehouse  and  Devonport  it  lies  on 
Plymouth  Sound  between  the  estuary  of  the  Plym  (Catte- 
water)  and  that  of  the  Tamar  (Hamoaze).  It  is  a  fortress 
of  the  flrst  class,  and  one  of  the  chief  naval  stations  of  the 
countiy ;  and  has  extensive  commerce,  especially  with  Bal- 
tic and  Mediterranean  ports,  Australia,  the  West  Indies, 
South  America,  etc.,  exporting  tin,  lead,  copper  flsh,  build- 
Ingstone,  etc.  Objects  of  interest  are  the  breakwater,  the 
dockyard  (at  DevonportX  the  citadel,  and  the  Hoe  (an  ele. 
rated  promenade  and  park).  Plymouth  was  the  starting- 
point  of  the  expedition  against  the  .\rmada  in  15SS  and 
the  last  point  touched  by  the  Mayflower  in  1620  It  was 
unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Eoy.alists  in  the  civil  war 
Itreturns  2  members  to  Parliament.     Population  (1901). 

Plymouth.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Plymouth 
harbor  about  35  miles  southeast  of  Bosto"n.  it  has 
manufactures  and  fisheries.  Points  of  interest  are  the  Pil- 
grim Hall,  Biu-ial  HiU,  Plymouth  Rock,  Pilgrim  Monument 
(commenced  in  1>^.=.(l^  ^nd  r-nlo'c  tt;ii      t+;..h ij„„*  >- 


end,  England,  in  March,  "1617.  An  Indian  wo- 
man celebrated  in  the  colonial  history  of  Vir- 
ginia. She  was  the  daughter  of  the  chief  Powhatan,  and 
was  about  12  years  of  age  when  John  Smith  was  brought 
a  captive  before  her  father  in  1607.  According  to  the  ac- 
count of  his  captivity  given  by  Smith  in  his  "General  His- 
tory of  ^  u-ginia,"  published  in  1624  after  the  appeiirance  of 
Pocahontas  in  England,  she  saved  his  life  by  inteiposin" 
her  body  between  him  and  the  war-clubs  of  his  execution" 
ers  and  by  interceding  for  him  with  her  father.  This  epi- 
sode is  omitted  from  the  accounts  of  his  captivity  given 
m  his  "  True  Relation  "  and  his  "  Jlap  of  Virginia"  "  pub- 
lished in  1608  and  1612  respectively,  before  Pocahontas  s 
appearance  in  England,  and  is  commonly  discredited  by 
recent  historians.  She  had  married  one  of  Powhatan's  cap- 
tains, and  was  living  with  a  tributar>-  band,  when  .Samuel 
Arg.all  secured  possession  of  her  by  intimidation  or  bribery 
in  1612.  He  demanded  as  her  ransom  a  tribute  of  com  and 
the  restitution  of  the  English  captives  and  goods  in  the 
hands  of  Powhatan.  Powhatan  sent  back  7  captives  with 
3  muskets,  a  saw,  an  ax,  and  a  canoe  loaded  with  corn 
Pocahontas  was,  nevertheless,  detained,  and  in  1613  was 
baptized  by  the  name  of  Rebecca  and  married  to  John 
Eolfe,  one  of  the  settlers  at  Janiesto»vn.  In  1616Rolfe  and 
his  wife,  in  company  with  a  number  of  Indians,  sailed  with 
Sir  Thomas  Dale  for  England. 


^^S^S^'^SkltSl^li^'iijilE^fXFif  P^l^^as..  Achestnutpaeingmarebylron's 
1620.    Population  (1900).  9,592.  _  Cadmus,  which  was  also  sire  of  Blanco,  sire  of 

Smuggler.  She  made  a  race  record  of  2. -171,  and 


eapitaiot  Washington  Countv,  '^uiLiggier.  one  matte  a  race  record  of  2:174,  and  ,  ..  .'.Tn,  ^r  ""'""'>"« 
situated  at  the  head  of  Alb'e-  Jssaidtohavepacedatrialheatlowerthan2:10.  t,  "' •  ^^^'^de'-s  in  i 
miles  south-southwest  of  Nor-  Pocock  (po'kok),  Edward.     Bom  1604:  died  £°^PP¥-    p<^_<^,  ^/'I'P'ff' 


19,  1809:  died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  7,  1849.  A 
noted  American  poet  and  writer  of  tales.  His 
father  was  an  actor.  After  the  death  of  his  mother  an 
actress,  he  was  adopted  by  a  Mr.  John  Allan  of  Richmond, 
who  educated  him  partly  at  a  private  school  at  Richmond, 
.and  m  1815  took  him  to  England  and  placed  him  at  the 
Manor  House  School  at  stuke-Xewington,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1820,  when  he  returned  to  school  in  Richmond. 
In  1S26  he  enteredthelniversityof  Virginia.where.  daring 
his  short  stay,  he  was  noted  for  his  love  of  strong  liquors 
(though  he  was  not  a  drunkard)  ami  reckless  gambling 
Jlr.  AUan  paid  his  debts,  and  undertook  to  place  him  in 
his  counting-room  in  Dec.  of  this  same  year.  Poe  ran 
away,  and  tried  to  start  himself  in  life  by  publishing  his 
poems  in  Boston.  His  flrst  venture  was  a  volume  entitled 
•Tamerlane,  and  Other  Poems:  by  a  Bostonian"  (1827). 
Being  without  resources,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
United  States  army  as  Edgar  A.  Perry,  and  in  1829  was  ap- 
pointed  serjeant-major.  In  the  same  year  he  was  recon- 
ciled  to  ilr.  Allan, n  ho  procured  his  discharge,  and  he  was 
shortly  after  appointed  a  cadet  at  West  Point,  where  he 
went  July  1,  1830,  but  contrived  intentionally  to  get  him- 
self dismissed  March  6.  1831.  as  Mr.  Allan  would  not  allow 
hmi  to  resign.  He  then  broke  off  his  connection  with  the 
latter,  wandered  from  one  city  to  another,  and  settled  in 
Baltimore,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  pub- 
lishing some  of  his  prose  tales  and  writing  critical  essa)  s. 
In  1835  he  married  Virginia  Clemm,  and  became  ass"is- 
tant  editor  of  the  "  Southern  Literary  Messenger  "  at  Rich- 
mond. In  1839  he  was  associate  editor  of  "The  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  "at  Philadelphia;  in  1841  was  editor  of 
"  Graham's  Magazine  ":  and  in  1S44  removed  to  Xew  York 
where  he  was  assistant  on  Willis's  "Mirror."  In  1845 
he  published  "The  Raven,"  and  at  once  became  a  liter- 
ary lion  and  reached  the  summit  of  his  success.  In  1^47 
however,  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  began  to  deteri- 
orate, and  in  two  years  he  died  at  Washington  College 
Hospital  at  Baltimore  in  a  delirious  state.  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Al  Aaraaf,  Tamerlane,  and  Minor  Poems  " 
(1829),  ''Poems"  (1831),  "Tales  of  the  Grotesque  and  Ara- 
besque (1840).  Many  of  his  poems  and  tales  appeared  in 
periodicals,  and  shortly  after  his  death  his  remaining  writ- 
ings were  published  by  his  friends,  .\mong  his  noted  prose 
tales  are  "Arthur  Gordon  Pym,"  "The  J'iill  of  the  House 
of  Usher,"  "The  Gold-Bug,"  "A  Descent  into  the  Mael. 
Strom,"  "  The  Murders  in  the  Rue  Morgue,"  etc. 


Plymouth.    The  capital  of  Washington  Countv, 

North  Carolina,  situated  at  the  head  of  Alb'e-  .„  i „ 

marie  Sound  74  miles  south-southwest  of  Nor-  Pocock  (po'kok),  Ed-ward.     Bom  1604:  died  S°^PP^f-    f"^_<^,  {('ppiff- 

'-"''■    •■  '""'      *    "    ■■  •  " md  biblical  com- -Po^^^ster^poet-as-ter).  The,  or  His  Arraign- 


folk,  Virginia,  in  the  harbor,  Oct,  27, 1864,  Lieutenant 
Cushmg  destrc.yed  by  torpedo  the  Confederate  ram  Albe- 
marle.    Population  (1900),  1,011. 

Plymouth.  A  coal-mining  borough  in  Luzerne 
County.  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 20  miles  southwest  of  Scrauton.  Popu- 
latiou  (19001,  13,(549. 

Plymouth  Brethren,  or  Plymouthites  (iilim' 


1691.  An  English  Orientalist  and  biblical  com- 
mentator. In  1620  he  was  a  scholar  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  and  fellow  in  162S.  In  1630  he  became 
chaplain  of  the  English  factory  at  Aleppo ;  in  1636  profes- 
sor of  Arabic  .at  0.xford  ;  and  in  1648  prof essor  of  Hebrew 
He  published  ".«pecmien  Historiae  .Arabum"  (1649), "Porta 
Mosis"  (1655),  "The  .innals  of  Eutychius  in  .Arabic  and 
Latin  "  (16.i6),  etc.,  and  edited  the  histon-  of  Abulfaragius 
(1603)  and  other  Arabian  works  and  Old' Testament  com 
mentaries. 


r,    -i  \        A — — —,  —  *  *j  *i4vi*uiixuco  vi'*^"^  -     mentaries  — 

?raclld' noir at  Plym^ttE^ngS  ^^183a   K°l°^¥^M^^^,?i<:^^J^-,^^^^^ 


ment.  A  comical  satire,  bv  Ben  Jonson.  acted 
in  1001  and  printed  in  1602. "  it  was  thought  to  be  a 
direct  attack  on  Dekker  and  Marston,  whereupon  Dekker 
produced  his  "Satirom,asti.x,  or  the  rntrussing  of  the  Hu- 
morous Poet,"  In  1603  and  1604,  however,  Jonson  collab- 
orated with  each  of  them. 

Poet  at  the  Breakfast-Table,  The.    A  series 
of  sketches  by  O.  W.  Holmes,  published  in  1872: 

_,,.„  ^^.w..vx.^..xu.^uiii.uoouiuamp-    ^lT,f^  *°  -'The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 

ton,  1704:  died  176.5.  AnEnglish traveler, bishoD  T.ii-u.1.    -r.         ™         ^ 

of  Ossory  (1756-65)  and  of  Meath  (1765).    He  wi,  S°®P  9^*"®  ^°°^1  ^®-    .George  Crabbe. 

oe  m  the  east  side  of  the 
minster  Abbey,  contain- 


.     "    —  — ^  v;'^  ""  iwmiai  ciceu,  ecciesiasiicai  or- 
ganization, or  official  mmistry,  condemning  these  as  the  ^,;" — A t"'i-  nT,"  ''-.V  '^  "^-""icvuo  v >'"-ivu- 

causes  of  sectarian  divisions.  They  are  also  caUed  .Dart./  ™a°s  )■     lndiaus  of  the  Ma  va  stock,  formerly 

i(e«  after  Mr.  Darby,  originally  a  barrister,  subsequently  a  numerous  in  central  Guatemala.     Often -writ 

clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  thereafter  an  ten  Pokonchis,  Pokomam. 

e\angeli5t  not  connected  with  any  church,  to  whose  ef-  PodSbrad  (pod've-brad^       A  town  in  -RnheTnia       leys  monument, 

'^t:^^T'^:^':t^S^:i:^^^;>^^i:^\     'nZ^X^l  t  ^nes'L  of  Prl^^  ""pop's::  P?ey  (po  -  ay),  FeUpe.;  Born-al  Hava"na:May 

branch  of  the  Plymouth  Brethren  entitled  iMSBrrfil  tion  (1890),  commune,  4,807.  26,  1,99:  diet 


busts,  or  monuments  of 
r---.  — —  ««^o„^,  Chaucer,  Milton,  Spen- 
ser, and  other  British  poets,  actors,  divines,  and 
great  men .  Some  of  them  areburied  near  or  under  their 
monuments.  Robert  Browning  is  buried  in  front  of  Cow- 
ley's monument,  and  a  bust  of  Longfellow  is  near  by. 


branch  of  the  Plymouth  Brethren  entitled  £n-Z««reBrrfn-     '"On  (1890),  commune,  4,807.  ^"»  '^'•'•'.-  <"ea  tnere,  Jan.  :iS,  Ibyi.     A  (Juban 

rfii  on  account  of  the  strictness  of  their  views  and  the  ex-  Podgorze   (pod-gor'zhe).     A  town  in   Galicia  naturalist.    From  1839  he  was  director  of  the  museum 

ciusiveness  of  their  communion.  Austria-HuUiraA-    situated  on  the  Vishilo  nn'  »' Havana,  and  he  was  long  a  professor  in  the  university. 

Plymouth  Colony.   Acolonyestablishedin the    posftrcS^PofuTaUon  (18*90).  13  S  "^'  ^i'Sa^^^ S^^^^'^°^  ^'  ^"'■^?"'°^  "« 

'^^^:^^^'^^^-^^^^''t^:  ^?&^^,£r^yr^'^h  «eori  of    Bon,  PoeyTlSreTp^W  .  K-g.r're),  Andres. 

—,14a.  Kine-  ot  Born  at  Havana,  1826.  A  Cuban  scientist,  son 
of  Felipe  Poey.  He  was  long  director  of  a  meteorologi- 
cal observatory  at  Havana,  and  conducted  a  similar  estab- 
lishment at  Mexico  during  the  rule  of  Maximilian.  He 
has  published  numerous  works  and  papers,  principally  on 
meteorology. 
Pogge  (pog'e),  Paul.  Born  at  Ziersdorf.  Meck- 
lenburg-Sehwerin,  Dec.  24,  1838:  died  at  Lo- 
anda.  West  .\frica,  March  17, 1884.  An  African 
explorer.     He  visited  Natal  and  Mauritius  in  1864;  e»- 


chusetts  by  the  English  Pilgrims,  it  was  founded 
at  Plymouth  in  1620  ;  formed  with  Massachusetts  Bjiy,  Con- 
?;?I'.;'S'"'  ""i*  ^'''''  H**'^"  "">  New  England  Confederacy 
1643-84 ;  and  was  united  definitely  with  Massachusetts  Bav- 
in 1691.  •' 

Plymouth  Rock.  A  rock  at  Phinouth,  Mas- 
sacausetts,  alleged  to  have  been"  the  landin"'- 
plac-e  of  the  Pilgrims  in  1620.  " 

Plymouth  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  English  Chan- 


April  6,  1420:  died  March  22"ilfl. '  King  of 
Bohemia,  He  became  leader  of  the  Utraquists  in  1444; 
was  acknowledged  as  governor  ot  Bohemia  in  1452 ;  was 
elected  king  in  1468 ;  and  was  excommunicated  by  Pope 
Paul  11.  in  1466.    A  crusade  was  declared  against  him. 

Po  di  Primaro  (p6  de  pre-ma'ro).  The  lower 
course  of  the  river  Reno,  in  Italy. 

Podlachia  (pod-la'ki-ii).  An  ancient  division 
m  the  eastern  part  of  Poland. 


nelbetweenDevonshireandCornwaltEngland.  Podobna  (^doT^iT)^.  ^°i"ptce  in  the  govern- 


Pogge 

plored  thu  Luntla  country  from  Loanda  to  Muata-Yamvo 
anil  back  1^75-7U:  ami,  accompanied  by  Wissman,  dis- 
covered new  rc^'ions  between  the  Kassai  and  Nyangwe. 
He  died  on  Iiis  return  to  Loanda  IssSO-SJ.  Ue  wrote  ''Im 
Keicbedes  Muala-Vanivo  "  (1S80). 

Poggendorff  (iiog'fien-tlorf),  Johann  Chris- 
tian. Burn  at  Hninbui'f;.  Doc.  29.  IT'Jti:  diod  at 
Borlin,.T;ui.-4, 1877.  AUfriiiaii  [iliysicist,  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1834:  uoted  forresearelics 
in  raagnetisiii  and  electrieity.  Heedited  "Annalen 
der  PliysikiuidCIiemie"' from  1824,  and  pnbljsbeil  *'  Bio;:ra- 
I)hisch-litterari-^rla-s  Ilanduurterl'Ucir  (KV.T-tki),  etr. 

Poggiod'od'ju)  (Grian  Francesco  PoggioBrac- 
ciolini).  Bom  at  Terranova,  Tuseaiiy,  1380. 
died  14."i9.  A  uoted  Italian  scholar  anil  author 
in  the  Kenaissaiice  (icriod.  He  was  secretary  of  tbe 
papal  curia  ;  became  histoi  ioi^raphcrtoKlorenct'and  chan- 
cellor in  Ur.a ;  <liscovered  many  classical  MSS.  ;  and  WTOte 
satires,  moral  essays,  a  "Historj-  of  Florence," etc 

The  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century  has  been  some- 
times called  the  ape  of  PoKitio  Bracciolini.  which  it  ex- 
presses not  very  inaccunitely  as  to  his  literary  life,  since 
he  was  born  :a  1381  and  died  in  1459;  but  it  seems  to  in- 
volve too  high  a  compliment.  The  chief  merit  of  Pogpio 
was  his  dilipence,  aided  by  pood  fortune,  in  recoverinp 
lost  works  of  Roman  literature  that  lay  moulderinp  in 
the  repositories  of  convents.  Hence  we  owe  to  this  one 
man  eijiht  orations  of  Cicero,  a  complete  Quintiliati,  Co- 
lumella, part  of  Lucretius,  three  books  of  Valerius  Flac- 
cus,  Silitis  Italicu.s,  .-Vramianus  Marcellinus,  Tertullian. 
and  several  less  important  writers ;  twelve  comedies  of 
Plautus  were  also  recovered  in  Germany  throuph  his  di- 
rections. Haltam,  Lit.,  p.  6i. 

Poggy  Islands.     See  X/is-snu  Itchnids. 

Pogram  (po'sram), Elijah.  In  Dickens's  "Mar- 
tin Chnzzlewit,"  an  American,  a  public  bene- 
factor and  a  member  of  Conp'ess  :  an  amusing 
caricature. 

Pohah.     See  Wash,il:i. 

Pohl  (pol),  Johann  Emanuel.  Born  at  Kam- 
nitz.  Feb.  22, 1782:  died  at  Vienna,  May  22, 1834. 
An  Austrian  botanist,  lie  was  one  of  the  naturalists 
who  accompanied  the  archduchess  Leopuldine  to  Brazil 
in  1817,  reniaininp  four  years  in  that  couiitr>'.  On  his  return 
he  was  appointed  a  curator  in  the  Vienna  Museum.  He 
published  "Reise  ini  Innern  von  Brasilien"  (2  vols.  1832- 
18:^7).  "  Plantarum  Brasilia;  icones  et  descriptiones "'  (2 
vols.  18-_'7-;fl),  etc. 

Poictiers.     See  I'nUicrs. 

Poindexter  (poln'deks-ter),  George.  Bom  in 
Louisa  County,  Va.,  1779:  died  at  Jackson, 
Miss.,  Sept.  fi,  18.53.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi 
1817-19;  povernorofMississippi  1810-21;  and  T'nited  States 
senator  1830-35. 

Poins  (poinz).  In  Shakspere's  "Henry  IV.,"  a 
dissolute,  witty  companion  of  the  prince  and 
Fnlstaff. 

Poinsett  (poin'set),  Joel  Roberts.    Bom  at 

Charleston,  .S.  C,  March  2,  17i9-  died  at  Btates- 
bur£;,S.C..Dec.l2.1851.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Chile  in  1800,  and 
to  Mexico  in  1822  ;and  was  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1821-25,  United  States  minister  to  Mexico  1825- 
1H20,  and  secretary  of  war  1837-41. 

Poinsot  (pwan-s6'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan. 
3,  1777:  died  there,  Dee.  15,  1859.  A  Frencli 
mathematician.  Among  bis  works  is  "filaments 
de  statique"  (1803). 

Point  Comfort,  Old.    See  Old  Point  Comfort. 

Point  de  S-alle  (point  d6  giil),  or  Galle.  A  sea- 
port on  the  soutliwestern  shore  of  Cevlon,  sit- 
uated in  hit.  6°  r  N.,  long.  80°  13'  E".  It  is  an 
important  commercial  place,  and  a  stimpinp-point  for  va- 
rious steamship  lines.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Portuguese 
early  in  the  Ifith  century;  passed  Ui  the  Dutch  in  the  mid- 
die  of  the  17th  century;  and  passed  to  Great  Britain  in 
1790.     Population  (1801),  ,'i3,.''i(l5. 

Pointe-i-Pitre  (i>waiit-!l-petr').  The  chief  port 
in  the  island  of  tiuailelouiie.  French  West  In- 
dies, siluateit  in  hit.  16°  14'  N.,  long.  Gl°  33'  K. 
Population,  17,.524. 

Pointe  Pel6e.     See  Point  Pclec. 

Pointis  (p\vah-te'),  Jean  Bernard  Louis  Des- 

jean, Baron  de.  Boi'n  in  104."):  died  near  Paris, 
1707.  A  French  naval  ollicer.  He  commanded  an 
expedition  which  took  Cartagena,  New  Gran.-ida,  .May  2. 
U>07,  obtaining  an  innnense  booty.  In  17*4-4)5  he  licsieped 
Gibraltar  bv  sea.  He  published  "  Relation  de  I'expl^dition 
de('artli,ipene"(10n8). 
Point  Isabel  (point  iz'a-bel).  A  place  in  south- 
ern Te.xas,  situated  near  the  (iulf  of  Mexico  21 
miles  northeast  of  Brownsville. 

Point  Pelee  (or  Pele)  (pe'h'),  or  Pointe  Pel6e 

(|i\v;nit  pe-la').  1.  A  heiidhind  projccliii;,'  into 
Lake  Krie  IVnm  the  soutlnveslerii  |iart  of  On- 
tario, Canada. — 2.  An  island  in  Lake  F.rie,  25 
miles  north  of  Sandusky.  It  belongs  to  Can- 
ada. Tjenglh,  9  miles. 
Point  Pleasant  (plez'iuit).  The  capital  of  Ma- 
son County,  West  Virginia,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Kanawha  and  Ohio  rivers.  Here, 
Oct.  10,  1774,  the  American  settlers  under  Andrew  Leiiis 
defeated  the  Shawnee  Indians.    Population  (luoo),  l,o;i4 

Poiachwitz  (poish'vits).  A  village  15  miles 
south  of  Liegnitz,  Prussian  Silesia.  An  armistice 


815 

between  the  French  and  the  Kussians  and  Prus- 
sians was  signed  here.  .June  4.  1S13. 
Poise  (pwiiz),  Jean  Alexandre  Ferdinand. 

Burn  at  Nimes,  June  3.  1S2S:  died  at  Paris,  May 
2(i.  1892.  A  French  composer  of  comic  operas. 
Among  them  are  "Bonsoir  voisin!"  (1853),  "Les  char- 
meurs  "(is.i.'i), '■Lasurpriscd'aniour"(1877Xand  "L'Amour 

modecin  "  (1S80:  after  .Moiiire). 

Poisson  (iiwii-soh'),  Simeon  Denis.  Born  at 
Pithiviers.  France,  June  21,  1781:  died  at  Paris, 
April  25,  1.840.  A  French  mathematician,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  application  of  mathematics 
t  o  physics :  professor  at  Paris  from  1802.  Among 
his  works  is  "Traite  do  m^cauique"  (1811). 

Poissy  (pwii-se').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine  14 
miles  northwest  of  Paris.  It  has  a  noted  church,  and 
until  recently  was  famous  for  its  cattle-market.  A  con- 
ference was  held  here  in  .Sept..  15(;i,  between  leading  the- 
ologians of  the  cliurches  (Cardinal  Lorraine,  etc.,  for  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  Beza.  Peter  Martyr,  etc.,  for  the  Re- 
fonned).  It  was  unsuccessful  in  etfecting  a  reconciliation. 
Population  (1801),  conunune,  ti,4.":2. 

Poitevin  (pwiit-van').  Prosper.  Born  about 
1810  :  tiled  at  Paris,  Oct .  29,  1884.  A  French 
graniiniirian,  lexicograi)her,  and  litterateur. 
.Amnnp  liis"  iirks  are  "Nouveau  dictionnaire  nniverselde 
la  lanpue  fran^aise  "  (18.S4-t30\  "(Jramntaire  generate  et 
historique  dela  lanpiie  franvaise"  (isr»6),  "Cours  pratique 
de  littSrature  fraufaise"  (180,5),  etc. 

Poitiers  (pwii-tya').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Vicnne,  France,  situated  at  the  iunction 
of  the  Boi\Te  andClain,  in  lat.  46°  35'  N.',  long.  0° 
23' E. :  the  ancient  Limomim.  Later  it  was  railed 
Pictavus  Linionum  and  Pictavium,  ils  a  chief  place  of  the 
Pictavi  (whence  the  present  name).  The  cathedral  is  a  tine 
early-Pointed  structure,  of  unusual  plan.  It  has  a  wide, 
high  nave  of  4  Itays,  with  clustered  columns,  flanked  by 
aisles  almost  as  high  as  the  nave.  The  only  windows  are 
in  the  aisles.  The  church  has  transepts  and  a  square 
chevet.  Notre  D.-une  is  a  very  notable  examplcof  decorat- 
ed Romanesque,  with  3  aisles,  harrel-vaultins:,  and  central 
tower.  The  so-called  Temple  de  St.  Jean,  id..ntitied  a.s  a 
baptistery  of  the  0th  century,  is  one  of  the  oldest  (  luistian 
edifices  in  France.  The  masonry,  in  part  of  4>i»us  reticu- 
latum,  is  Roman  in  character,  and  the  ornament  of  pilas- 
ters, arcades,  and  triangles  is  also  Roman.  The  university 
with  its  school  of  law,  the  palais  de  justice,  and  the  modern 
h6tel  de  ville  are  also  of  interest-  Hilary  was  the  first 
bishop  <»f  Poitiers  It  was  the  capital  of  Poitou  in  former 
times.  Near  it  Clovis,  king  of  the  I-Yanks,  defeated  Alaric, 
king  of  the  West  Goths,  in  507  ;  and  near  it.  Sept  10, 13.'*, 
the  English  army(8,00ii)  under  the  Black  Prince  defeated 
the  French  (60,ii00)  under  King  .Tohn,  who  was  taken  pris- 
oner. (For  another  battle  fought  in  the  neighborhood  in 
732.  see  Toum.)  It  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Huguenots. 
Population  (IsOl),  commune,  37,407. 

Poitiers,  Diana  of.     See  Diana  of  Poitiers. 

Poitou  (pwii-to').  An  ancient  government  of 
France.  Capital,  Poitiers.  It  was  bounded  by 
Brittany  and  Anjou  on  the  north,  Touraine  on  the  north- 
east. Berry  and  Marche  on  the  east.  Angoumois,  Saintonge, 
and  Aunison  the  south,  anil  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west. 
It  contained  liaut- Poitou  in  the  east  and  Bas- Poitou  in  the 
west,  and  corresponded  nearly  to  the  departments  of  Ven- 
due, r)eux-S^vres,  and  Vienne.  It  was  governed  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  by  counts.  With  Eleanor  of  Gnienne  it  passed  to 
France  in  1137,  and  in  11.'.2  to  Henry  (who  became  Henry 
II.  of  England  in  1154),  It  was  conquered  by  Philip  .Augus- 
tus of  France  about  1205,  and  retained  tiy  treaty  in  12.0 ; 
was  ceded  to  Edward  III.  of  England  in  IHW,  and  recovered 
by  l)u  Guesclin  a  few  years  later;  and  was  united  finally 
to  the  French  crown  by  Charles  VII. 

Pokah.     S<'0  Waalidld. 

Pokanoket.     See  Wnnipanoag. 

Pokomo  (p6-k6'in6).  or  Wapokomo  (wii-po- 
ko'mo).  A  Hantu  tribe  of  Britisli  East  Africa, 
dwelling  along  (he  Tana  River,  in  the  midst  of 
hostile  (iallas. 

Pokonchis,  or  Pokomans.    See  Poconchis. 

Pola  (po'lii).  A  seajjort  in  Istria,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  44°  .52'  N.,  long.  13°  51' 
E.  :  the  Roman  Pietas  Julia.  Since  18.5o  it  hasheen 
the  chief  mival  arsenal  of  the  empire,  and  contains  exten- 
sive docks  and  wharves.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  contains 
many  Roman  antiipiities.  The  Porta  Aurea  (L, 'golden 
gate  ')  is  a  Ronum  triumphal  arch  of  a  single  opening,  13) 
feet  wide  and  24A  high,  between  coupled  Corinthian  col- 
umns with  an  Interrupted  entablature.  The  Roman  am- 
phitheater consists  of  three  stories  (07  feet  high)  on  tbe 
west  side,  and  oidy  one,  owing  to  the  slope  of  ilte  ground, 
on  the  east.  The  axes  of  the  greater  ellipse  arc  452  ami 
389  feet,  of  the  arena  229  and  147.  The  temple  of  Rome 
and  Augustus,  now  the  museum,  is  Corinthian,  prostyle 
tetrastyle,  with  an  intervening  column  on  each  side  be- 
tween angle-column  ami  cella.  on  a  high  basement,  in 
plan  27  by  57  feet.  Pola  came  under  Roman  power  atunit 
17»  n.  c.  Near  it,  in  1370,  the  Genoese  lleet  defeateil  the 
\  eiMtians.     Population  (180O),  31,(i2,S. 

Polabia  (pola'bi-ii ).  The  countrv  of  the  Pola- 
biaiis,  in  the  basin  of  the  Lower  ftlbe. 

Folabians  (po-hX'bi-anz).  A  branch  of  the  Po- 
lish division  of  the  Slavs,  formerly  dwelling  in 
northern  (lennany,  in  the  Lower  Elbe  valley. 
The  language  is  extinct. 

Poland  (po'land).  [L.  Polnnia.  G.  Polcn.  V. 
I'liliKinr,  P(d.  I'lilsUa.']  A  former  kiiig<lom  of 
Europe.  In  1772  It  comprised,  besides  the  present  Prns- 
Bian  Poland,  Austrian  Poland  atid  itussian  Poland  (see 
those  headingsX  the  Russian  governments  of  Kovno, 
Vilnn,  Vitebsk,  Mohllelf,  Minsk,  Grodno,  Vulhyniu,  Po- 


Pole 

dolia,  and  most  of  Kieff.  The  capital  from  about  1320 
was  Cracow;  from  the  reicn  of  Sigismund  III.  (15^7-1632) 
it  wiis  Warsaw.  The  early  history  of  Poland  is  legendary 
and  obscure.  A  Polish  duuhy,  acknowlidKiuR  tlie  suze- 
rainty of  the  Gerniiin  emperor,  with  its  center  at  Uneven, 
appeared  in  the  reign  of  Mieczyslaw  (dti2-«9-2X  » ho  em- 
biared  CIn istianity.  I'nder  Itoleslau.%  his  successor.  Po- 
land became  a  kingdom  and  had  a  momentary  greatness. 
After  a  period  of  great  decline  it  was  highly  prosperous  in 
the  reign  of  i'asimir  the  Ureat  (iaH.i-7o).  The  dynasty  of 
Piasts ended  with  him.  Poland  and  Hungary  were  united 
i:f70-S2.  Lithuania  wus  united  with  Polan.l  in  1386,  and 
the  .lagellon  -lynasty  then  began.  Under  W'ladisUw  III., 
whodied  in  lt44,  PulantI  and  l!ungar>'wereforashort  tihie 
uniteil.  West  Prussia  was  aciiuired  in  140«.  The  kingdom 
flourished  in  thereignsof  Siu'ismund  I.  and  Sigismumi  II. 
(1500-72).  Livonia  wasaciiuired  in  ir>01.  A  closeunion  be- 
tween Poland  and  Lithuania  was  etfeeted  at  the  Diet  of  Lub- 
lin in  15t;9.  The .Iagellund>'nasty ended  in l.S7iandthecrown 
became  elective.  It  nia-le  cessions  of  Ltvunia  to  Sweden 
in  16<iO,  and  of  the  tenitory  east  of  the  Dnieper  to  Russia 
in  1667.  Sobieski  reigned  I(i74-1M»,  It  wjia  united  with 
Sax"iny  under  AugustusII.  (Ui«i7-1704, 170i>-;i3)and  Augus- 
tus in.  (1733-63).  It  look  part  in  the  Northern  War,  and 
about  this  time  suffered  greatly  from  factional  troubles. 
Stanislaus  Poniatowski  wa.s  fleeted  king  in  17tU.  (For  the 
Confederation  of  B:ir  in  17<W,  see  .Bar ;  and  for  the  parti- 
tions of  Poland  in  1772,  1793.  and  HIT),  see  helow.)  An 
insurrection  under  Koszciusko  took  place  in  1794,  and 
Stanislaus  resigneti  in  179.'»,  Part  of  Poland  was  formed 
by  Napoleon  into  the  duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1S07.  The 
Congress  of  Vieiuia  in  ISlf)  made  a  resettlement  of  the  ter- 
ritory, creating  a  kingdom  of  Poland  (comprising  the  bulk 
of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw)  under  Kussi-.m  rule.     SeePoiamJ, 

Poland,  Austrian.  That  part  of  Poland  which 
was  acquired  by  Austria,  now  forming  Galicia. 

Poland,  Great.  A  historical  division  of  Po- 
land, coniprisiii^  what  is  now  tbe  Prussian prov- 
iiic)'  of  Posen  and  a  i)art  of  the  present  Rus- 
sian Poland. 

Poland,  Little.  A  historical  division  of  Po- 
land, comprising  part  of  the  present  Russian 
Poland  and  the  western  part  of  Galicia. 

Poland,  Luke  Potter.  Born  at  Westford,  Vt., 
Nov.  l.isi.-):  diednt  \Vaterville,Vt.,  July2.1S87. 
Aw  American  ])olitician  and  jurist.  He  became 
chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vermont  in  ISOO ; 
was  Republican  Iriited  Stales  senator  from  Vermont  18*i.^- 
\HVJ  ;  and  was  a  member  of  Congress  1867-7.^  and  1883-^. 

Poland,  Partitions  of.  There  were  three  par- 
titions of  Poland  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th 
century,  (l)  Between  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria  in 
1772  :  agreed  to  by  Poland  in  1773.  Prussia  received  the 
greater  part  of  West  Prussia  and  the  Netze  district;  Aus- 
tria received  Galicia  and  the  county  of  Zips  in  Hungary  ; 
and  Russia  received  everything  east  of  tlie  Dnieper  and 
Diina.  (2)  Between  Russia  and  Prussia  in  17l»3.  Prussia 
received  nearly  all  the  present  province  of  Posen,  and  the 
western  part  of  what  is  now  Russian  Poland:  Russia  re- 
ceived all  the  territttry  east  of  about  long.  24*.  (3)  Be- 
tween Russia.  Prussia,  and  Austria  in  179fi.  Prussia  took 
a  large  part  of  the  present  Russian  Poland,  including  War- 
saw ;  Austria  received  part  of  the  present  Russian  Poland 
between  the  Bug,  Vistula,  and  Pilica;  and  Russia  received 
all  the  remainder,  situated  east  of  the  Niemcn  and  Bug. 

Poland,  Prussian.  That  part  of  Poland  which 
was  acipiirod  by  Prussia.  It  now  forms  the  prov- 
ince of  Posin.  nearly  aUof  West  Prussia,  and  part  of  East 

Prussiii. 

Poland,  Russian,  A  name  p^ven  popularly  to 
the  ton  Russian  governments  of  tue  **  Vistula 
Land,"  corresponding  to  the  kingdom  of  Poland 
fonned  in  lSir>.  it  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of 
Russia  ;  is  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  north  and  west  and 
Austria  on  the  ^outh  ;  and  consists  of  the  goverimients 
Suwalki.  Loniza,  Siedlce,  Lublin,  Kielce,  Radom.  War- 
saw, Pluck,  Kalisz,  and  Piotrkow.  Capitjd,  Warsaw. 
The  surface  is  genenilly  a  jilain.  The  chief  river  is  the 
Vistula.  The  |>rineipid  uccupation  is  agriculture,  espe- 
cially the  production  of  grain.  Manufactures  and  mining 
are  Increasing.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Poles  :  there 
are  also  Jews,  Ruthenians,  etc.  The  German  element  ami 
RuHSJan  inlhience  are  buth  increasing.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  the  Rtmmn  Catlu>Iic.  The  territory  was  formed 
hito  the  kingdom  of  Pohmd  under  the  Russian  emn*'- 
ror,  with  a  conslltutit.n.  in  1815 ;  an  insurrection  which  be- 
gan  in  Nov.,  l&iO,  was  suppressed  in  Sept,  18;U ;  the  con- 
stitution was  abolished  in  ]8;(2;  there  was  an  unsuccessful 
rising  in  ISIG;  and  an  insurrection  beghniiug  in  IStXi  w:i8 
suppressed  in  1864,  the  kiiigdcmi  of  Poland  ceasing  to  exist 
about  this  time.  Tlie  peasants  received  important  con- 
cessicMis  in  lStV4.  Area,  49,1.'>7  square  miles.  Population 
(ISOUX  8,2r>6.r.62. 

Polaris  (po-la'ris^.  A  double  or  triple  starof  the 
scrniid  niatriMtude,  a  I'rsu'  Minoris,  situated 
n*»ar  the  north  j)ole  of  the  heavens;  tlie  pole- 
star.  It  Hcrvid  in  furuur  times,  and  8(111  serves  among 
lu'hnitlvepeo|ilt',  as  a  guide  In  navigation.  Il  is  now  abunt 
11'  from  (he  pi>le,  very  nearly  in  a  line  with  the  two  stars 
in  I'rsa  .Major  (a  and  0)  which  form  the  further  edge  of 
the  Ko-eatl>'(l  Dipper.  .Xboiit  6.UoOyeai-H  ago  (he  poh-.Btar 
was  o  Drucoiiis.  and  in  almut  l:.',mW  *t  will  be  a  Lyms. 

Pole  (l>ol),  Reginald.  Born  at  Stourton  Cas- 
tle. StafT.trdshir.'.  Kngland.  March  rt.  ir>On  :  ,ii,Ml 
at  Jiondnn,  Nov.  IS,  ir>r)S.  An  Knplisli  Ixnmuii 
Catholic  prolate.  He  was  the  sonof  Sir  Richard  Pole 
and  Margaret,  countess  of  Sall«hur>-,  idece  of  Kdward  IV. 
lie  entered  Magilalen  College,  Oxford,  and  at  the  age  of 
19  went  to  I'adua  to  comple(o  his  education,  returning 
In  1025.  In  1.m;2  ho  went  again  (o  Kaly,  and  was  crentrd 
cardinal  I'ee.  2:  1M6.  ID-  qnarreled  with  Henry  VIII  , 
who  cjuised  a  bi.l  of  attnhidor  to  he  passed  agnlnst  him 
and  set  a  piicc  on  his  head.   His  mother  was  tliruwn  into 


Pole 

the  Tower  and  beheaded.  In  1545  he  was  a  legate-presi- 
dent of  the  Council  of  Trent.  On  the  death  of  Edward 
VI.  he  was  sent  to  England  to  assist  Queen  Mai-j-.  Pole, 
who  was  only  in  deacon's  orders,  desired  to  marry  the 
queen,  and  slie  for  a  time  favored  the  project,  but  it  was 
finally  abandoned.  After  the  burning  of  C'ranaier,  Pole 
was  ordained  priest,  and  on  March  2:'.,  1550,  was  conse- 
crated archbishop  of  Canterbur>'.  His  legation  as  pujml 
ambassador  to  England  was  canceled  by  Paul  IV.  His 
death  occurred  on  the  day  after  that  of  the  queen.  He 
was  largely  responsible  for  the  persecution  of  Pi'otestants 
during  her  reign. 

Polemon  (pore-mou).  [Gr.  no>i/iwr.]  A  Pla- 
tonic philosopher  of  Atheus  (died  273  B.  C),  the 
successor  of  Xenocrates  as  president  of  the 
Academy. 

Polesine  (po-le-se'ne).  The  district  uear  Rovigo 
ill  Italy. 

Polexandre.  A  romance  by  Gomberville.  it 
was  publislied  in  1632.  and  enjoyed  a  high  reputation.  It 
was  the  earliest  of  the  heroic  romances,  and  seems  to 
have  been  imitated  by  Calpren^de  and  Scud^ry. 

Policastro  (p6-le-kas'tr6).  A  small  seajjort  in 
the  province  of  Salerno.  Italy,  sifiiated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Policastro  60  miles  southeast  of  Salerno : 
the  ancient  Pyxus,  later  Buxeutum. 

Polichronicon.     See  PoJuchronicon. 

Polignac  (p6-leu-yak'), 'Due  Armand  Jules 
Marie  Heraclius  de.  Born  Jan.  17, 1771:  died 
March  2, 1847.  A  French  politician,  son  of  the 
Duchesse  de  Polignac,  imprisoned  1804^13  for 
complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal. 

Polignac,  Duchesse  de.  Born  about  1749 :  died 
at  Vienna,  1793.  Wife  of  the  Due  de  Polignac 
(died  1817):  an  influentialfavoriteof  Marie  An- 
toinette. 

Polignac,  Prince  Jules  Auguste  Armand  Ma- 
rie de.  Born  May  14, 17S0:  died  ilaroh  29, 1847. 
A  French  politician  and  diplomatist,  son  of  the 
Duchesse  de  Polignac.  He  was  imprisoned  for  com- 
plicity in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal  in  1804  ;  was  am- 
bassador to  Great  Britain  1823-29 ;  and  was  minister  of  for- 
eign aflfairs  and  premier  1829-30.  He  signed  the  ordinances 
of  "July  25.  1830  (leading  to  the  revolution  of  July),  and  was 
imprisoned  1830-36. 

Polignano  a  Mare  (po-len-ya'no  a  ma're).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Bari.  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Adriatic  20  miles  southeast  of  Bari.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  7,855. 

Poligny  (po-len-ye').  Ato"^vnin  the  department 
of  Jura,  France,  46  miles  southeast  of  Dijon.  It 
has  a  ruined  castle.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4.433. 

Polillo  (po-lel'vo).  One  of  the  smaller  Philip- 
jiiue  Islands,  situated  east  of  Luzon.  Length, 
altout  30  miles. 

Polish  fpol'ish).  Mrs.  A  character  in  Jouson's 
comedy  "  The  Magnetick  Lad}*." 

Mrs.  Polish,  the  most  perfect  representation  of  a  Rossip- 
ing '  toad-eater '  that  the  English  stage  can  buast.    Gifford. 

Polish  Succession,  War  of  the.    A  war  which 

broke  out  in  1733.  owing  to  a  disputed  election 
to  the  throne  of  Poland.  Stanislaus  Leszczynski  was 
supported  by  France,  Spain,  and  Saidinia,  and  Augustus 
III.  felector  of  Siixony)  by  Austria  and  Russia.  It  was 
endea  by  the  peace  of  Vienna  (1738),  by  which  Augustus 
III.  was  acknowledged. 

Polistena  (p6-lis-ta'na).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Reggio  di  Calabria,  Italy,  32  miles  north- 
east of  Reggio.  Population  (1881),  6,974;  com- 
mune, 8,359. 

Politian  (po-lish'ian),  L.  Politianus  (po-lish-i- 
a'nus).  It.  Angelo  Poliziano  (po-let-s'e-a'no) 
(Angelo  Ambrogini).  Born  at  Montepulciano, 
Tuscany,  July  14.  1454:  died  at  Florence,  Sept. 
24, 1494.  A  celebrated  Florentine  humanist  and 
poet,  professor  at  the  University  of  Florence. 
He  published  the  Italian  poems  "La  giostra,"  "Orfeo" 
(which  see),  etc. ;  the  Latin  poems  "Rusticus,"*'Nutricia, ' 
"  Ambra,"  "Manto";  Latin  translations  from  the  Greek; 
critical  essays  In  the  "Miscellanea"  (1489),  etc. 

Politics  (pol'i-tiks).  [Gr.  rio/l/nKd.]  Atreatise 
on  the  state,  by  Aristotle- 

The  "Politics"  [of  Aristotle]  are  confessed  on  all  hands 
to  be  the  ripest  and  fullest  outcome  of  Greek  political  ex- 
perience. They  were  based  on  the  researches  of  Aristotle's 
"Constitutions,"  or  catalogue  of  some  250  polities,  of  which 
many  precious  fragments  tell  us  enough  to  desire  that  it 
were  preserved  even  at  the  expense  of  the  extant  book  on 
the  theory  of  politics.  For  as  such  the  present  work  is 
essentially  conceived  in  Aristotle's  peculiar  method,  tteing 
based  ou  actual  experience  and  the  criticism  of  previous 
theorists.      Makafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  414, 

Polixfene  (pol-ek-san').  The  assutued  name  of 
Madelon  in  Moliere's  comedy  '*Les  pr^cieuses 
ridicules." 

Polixenes  ( po-liks  'e-nez) .  The  King  of  Bohemia 
in  Shakspere's  '' Winter's  Tale." 

Poliziano.     See  Politian. 

Polk  (pok),  James  Knox.  Born  in  Mecklen- 
burg County.  N.  C,  Nov.  2,  1795:  died  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  June  15, 1849.  The  eleventh  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  (1845-49).    He  was  ad- 


816 

mitted  to  the  bar  in  1S20;  was  a  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Tennessee  1825-39;  was  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  1835-39 ;  was  governor  of  Ten- 
nessee 1839-41 ;  and  aa  Democratic  candidate  for  President 
was  elected  in  1844.  The  leading  events  in  his  adminis- 
tration were  the  Mexican  war,  which  resulted  in  the  ac- 
quisition of  California  and  other  cessions  from  Mexico, 
and  the  Oregon  boundary  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Polk,  Leonidas.  Born  at  Raleigh,  N.  C,  1S06: 
killed  at  Pine  Mountain,  Ga.,  June  14,  1864. 
A  bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  later  a 
Confederate  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1827,  but  resigned  liis  commission  in  the  army  in  the  same 
year,  and  in  1831  was  ordained  a  priest  in  the  Pi-utestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  became  missionary  bishop  of  Ar- 
kansas and  the  Indian  Territory  in  1838,  and  bishop  of 
Louisiana  in  1841,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
accepted  a  major-generalship  m  the  Confederate  army,  be- 
uig  promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1862.  He  commanded 
the  right  wing  of  General  Braxton  Bragg's  army  at  Chicka- 
mauga.  He  was  accused  by  his  superior  of  insubordination 
on  this  occasion,  and  was  relieved  of  his  command.  In 
Dec,  1863,  he  succeeded  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  in 
command  of  the  department  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and 
East  Louisiana.  His  command  was  afterward  united  to 
that  of  Johnston. 

PoUa  (pol'la).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italv,  40  miles  east-southeast  of  Salerno. 
Population  (1881),  6,516. 

Pollajuolo  (pol-la-yo-6'16),  Antonio.  Born  at 
Florence,  1429 :  died  at  Rome,  1498.  An  Italian 
painter  and  sculptor.  He  was  originally  a  goldsmith, 
and  of  his  work  in  this  line  we  have  examples  in  the  bas- 
reliefs  of  the  Feast  of  Herod  and  the  Dance  of  Herodias's 
Daughter  which  he  made  for  the  silver  altar  in  the  Opera 
del  Duomo  at  Florence.  As  a  niellist  he  ranks  with  the 
best  of  his  time.  He  was  the  first  painter  who  had  a  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  anatomy  from  dissection.  He  was  called 
to  Rome  about  1480  by  Pope  Innocent  VIII.  to  make  the 
bronze  monument  of  his  predecessor,  Sixtus  IV.  (finished 
1493),  one  of  the  most  original  tombs  of  the  time.  He  also 
made  the  tomb  of  Innocent  VIII. 

Pollard  (pol'ard),  Edward  Albert.  Born  in 
Nelson  County,  Va.,  Feb.  27,  1828:  died  at 
Lynchburg,  Va.,  Dec.  12,  1872.  An  American 
journalist  and  historian,  editor  of  the  Rich- 
mond "Examiner"  during  the  Civil  "War.  His 
works  include  a  "  Southern  History  of  the  War  "  (1866),  "The 
Lost  Cause  "(1866),  "Leeandhi3Lieutenants"(lS('i7),  "Life 
of  Jefferson  Davis,  with  the  Secret  History  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy  "  (1869),  etc. 

Pollentia  (po-len'shi-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  place  in  Italy,  28  miles  south  of  Turin,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Stura  and  Tanaro :  the  mod- 
ern Pollenzo  or  Pollenza.  Here,  in  402  or  403,  a 
battle  was  fought  between  the  Romans  under  Stilicho  and 
the  West  Gotlis  under  Ahu'ic.  This  is  generally  said  to 
have  been  a  decisive  Roman  victor}',  but  "Cassiodorusand 
Jornandes  both  say  distinctly  that  the  Goths  put  the  Ro- 
man army  to  flig:ht  "  {Hodfjkin). 

Pollenzo,  or  Pollenza.     See  PollenHa, 

Pollio  (poi'i-o),  Caius  Asinius.  Born  about 
76  B.  c. :  died  at  Tuscnlum,  Italy,  6  A.  d.  A 
Roman  politician,  commander,  author,  and  pa- 
tron of  litera1:ure:  an  adherent  of  Julius  Cfe- 
sar.  He  was  consul  40  b.  c,  and  was  governor  of  Trans- 
padane  Gaul.  He  defeated  the  Parthians  in  lUyria  in  3i'. 
He  was  a  patron  of  Vergil  and  Horace.  Only  fragments  uf 
his  works  survive. 

PollnitZ  (pernits),  Baron  Karl  Ludwlg  Von. 
Born  at  Issum,  Prussian  Rhine  Province,  Feb. 
25,  1692  :  died  at  Berlin,  June  23,  1775.  A  Ger- 
man \\Titer  of  memoirs.  He  was  reader  to  Frederick 
the  Great  and  theatrical  director  in  Berlin.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Lettres  et  m^moires,  etc. "  (1738-40),  "  Etat  abreg^ 
de  la  cour  de  Saxe.  etc."  (1734),  etc.  He  was  probably 
also  the  author  of  "  Histoire  secrete  de  la  duchesse  d'Hano- 
vr.'  '■  (1732),  and  of  *'La  Saxe  galante  "  (1734). 

Pollock  (pol'ok),  Sir  Jonathan  Frederick. 

Born  Sept.  23,  1783:  died  Aug.  23, 1870.  AnEng- 
lish  jurist,  attorney-general  1834-35,  1841—44. 

Pollock,  Sir  George.  Bom  at  "Westminster, 
June  4,  1786:  died  Oct.  6,  1872.  An  English 
general,  brother  of  Sir  Frederick  Pollock.  He 
commanded  the  British  army  in  Afghanistan  in 
1842,  and  entered  Kabul  in  Sept. 

Pollockshaws  (pol-ok-shaz').  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  Kenfrewshire,  Scotland,  3  miles 
south-southwestof Glasgow.  Population (1891). 
10,228. 

Pollok  (pol'ok),  Robert,  Born  at  Moorhouse. 
Kenfrewshire,  1798  (?) :  died  at  Southampton, 
Sept.  17,  1827.  A  Scottish  religious  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  Glasgow  University.  His  chief  work, 
"The  Course  of  Time,"  was  published  in  1827,  six  months 
before  his  death.     His  theology  was  strongly  Calvinistic. 

Pollux  (pol'uks),  orPolydeuces  (pol-i-du'sez). 
[Gr.  lio/.v^tvK7}£.'\  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the 
twin  brother  of  Castor,  one  of  the  Dioscui'i. 
See  Castor  and  PoUux  and  Dioscuri. —  2.  An 
orange  star  of  magnitude  1.2  (/^Geminorum),  in 
the  head  of  the  following  twin, 

Polly  (pol'i).  A  ballad-opera  by  John  Gay:  a 
sequel  to  *'The  Beggar's  Opera."  It  was  ready  for 
the  stage  in  1728,  but  was  suppressed  by  the  government, 
some  members  of  which  had  been  satirized  in  the  first 
opera.    Gay  published  it,  however,  in  1729,  and  it  brought 


Polycletus  of  Sicyon 

him  over  £1.200.  It  was  finally  played  in  1777,  having 
been  altered  by  Cohnan  the  elder. 
Polly  Honeycomb  (luin'i-kom).  A  farce  at- 
tributed to  Garrick.  it  was  the  first  written  by  Col- 
mau  the  elder,  was  first  played  in  176o,  and  was  a  satire 
leveled  at  the  absurd  prevalence  of  novel-reading. 

Polo  (po'lo),  Marco.  Born  atVenice,  1254:  died 
there,  1324.  A  celebrated  Venetian  traveler. 
His  father,  Nicolo,  and  uncle,  Matfeo,  left  Constantinople 
for  the  Crimea  on  some  commercial  enterprise  in  1260. 
Their  business  eventually  brought  them  to  Bokhara,  where 
they  fell  in  with  some  envoys  of  Kublai  Khan.  They  were 
persuaded  to  accompany  the  envoys  to  Kublai,  whom  they 
found  either  at  Cambaluc  (Peking)  or  at  Shangtu,  north  of 
the  Great  Wall.  Kublai  received  them  well,  and  sent  them 
as  his  envoys  to  the  Pope  with  a  request  for  one  hundred 
educated  men  to  instruct  his  subjects  in  Christianity  and 
in  the  liberal  arts.  The  brothers  arrived  at  Acre  in  1209. 
They  obtained  from  Gregory  X,  two  Dominicans  who  turned 
back  at  an  early  stage  of  the  journey.  The  brothers  left 
Acre  on  the  return  journey  in  1271,  accompanied  by  Marco, 
then  17  years  of  age.  They  traveled  by  Sivas,  Mosul,  Bag- 
dad, and  Hornmz,  through  Khorasan,  up  the  Oxus  to  the 
Pamir,  by  Kashgar,  Yarkand,  and  Khotan,  to  Lob  Nor,  mid 
across  the  great  desert  of  Gobi  to  Tangut,  thence  to  Shanj^tu, 
where  they  found  Kublai  Khan  in  1275.  They  were  kindly 
received,  and  retained  in  the  public  service.  Marco  rose 
rapidly  in  the  emperor's  favor,  and  was  employed  in  im- 
portant missions  in  various  pai-ts  of  the  empire.  Marco, 
with  his  father  and  uncle,  left  China  in  1292,  and  after  many 
adventures  reached  Venice  by  way  of  Sumatra,  India, 
and  Persia  in  1295.  In  1298  Marco  was  taken  prisoner  in 
the  battle  of  Curzola  between  the  Venetians  and  the  Gen- 
oese. He  was  detained  for  a  year  at  Genoa.  Here  he  dic- 
tated in  the  French  language  to  a  fellow-captive,  Rustici- 
anoof  Pisa,  an  account  of  his  adventures,  which  ultimately 
obtained  a  wide  popularity,  inasmuch  as  the  Polos  were 
the  first  European  travelers  in  China.    Chambers's  Encyc. 

Polo  de  Ondegardo.    See  Ondegardo. 

Polonius  (po-16'ni-us).  In  Shakspere's  "Ham- 
let," the  father  of  Ophelia,  and  the  king's  cham- 
berlain. 

Polonius.  who  is  the  personified  memory  of  wisdom  no 
longer  actually  possessed.  This  admirable  chai-acter  is 
always  misrepresented  on  the  stage.  Shakspere  never  in- 
tended to  exhibit  him  as  a  butfoon  :  for,  although  it  was 
natural  that  Hamlet  ~  a  young  man  of  fire  and  genius, 
detesting  formality,  and  disliking  Polonius  on  political 
grounds,  as  imagining  that  he  had  assisted  his  uncle  in 
his  usurpation  —  should  express  himself  satirically,  yet 
this  must  not  be  taken  as  exactly  the  poet's  conception  of 
him.  In  Polonius  a  certain  induration  of  chai-acter  had 
arisen  from  long  habits  of  business  ;  but  take  his  advice 
to  Laertes,  and  Ophelia's  reverence  for  his  memoi-j',  and 
we  shall  see  that  lie  was  meant  to  be  represented  as  a 
statesman  somewhat  past  his  faculties, — his  recollections 
of  life  all  full  of  wisdom,  and  showing  a  knowledge  of 
human  nature,  whilst  what  immediately  takes  place  be- 
fore him,  and  escapes  from  him,  is  indicative  of  weakness. 
Coleiidye,  Lects.  on  Shak.,  etc.,  p.  237. 

Polotsk,  or  Polock  (po'lotsk^.  A  to^vn  in  the 
government  of  Vitebsk,  Russia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Polota  with  the  Diina,  59  miles 
west-northwest  of  Vitebsk.  It  was  stormed  by 
the  French  in  1812.     Population,  20,064. 

Polotsk,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  princi- 
pality of  Russia,  in  the  basin  of  the  Diina. 

Poltava.     See  Pidtowa. 

Polybius  (po-lib'i-us).  [Gr.  UoM'fSioc,']  Born  at 
Megalopolis,  Arcadia,  Greece,  204  B.  c. :  died 
about  125  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  historian. 
He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Achiean  League  ;  was  taken 
as  a  political  prisoner  to  Rome  about  169 ;  became  a  friend 
of  Scipio  the  Younger :  was  released  in  151 ;  and  was  later 
engaged  in  settling  the  affairs  of  Achaia.  He  went  to 
Egypt  in  181,  with  his  father  and  Aratus,  as  an  ambassa- 
dor of  the  Achaean  League.  He  was  the  author  of  a  history 
of  Rome  in  40  books,  five  of  which,  with  fragments  of  the 
others,  have  been  preserved. 

Polycarp  (pol'i-karp).  [L.  Pohjearpus,  from 
Gr.  Ilo7.vKap7:Q^.']  Born  before  69  A.D.:  burned 
at  Smyrna,  155  (?).  A  Christian  martyr,  bishop 
of  Smyrna:  author  of  an  epistle  to  the  Philip- 
pians. 

Polychronicon  (pol-i-kron'i-kon).  A  chronicle 
of  universal  history,  by  Ralph  Higden,  finished 
in  1366:  a  continuation  was  added  to  the  year 
1413.  It  begins  with  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  known 
world,  with  lives  of  Adam,  Abraham,  etc.,  and  brings  its 
entries  down  to  the  time  oi  writing.  It  was  translated 
into  English  by  John  of  Trevisa. 

Polycletus  (pol-i-kle'tus).  or  Polyclitus  {-kli'- 

tus),  of  Sicyon.  [Gr.  Jlo/t/t/e^rof.]  Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  5th  century  b.  C.  A  cele- 
brated Greek  sculptor  and  architect.  He  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  high  development  of  abstract  proportion 
which  characterizes  Greek  sculpture.  He  seems  to  have 
realized  the  athletic  type  or  ideal  to  the  entire  satisfaction 
of  the  Greek  world,  and  made  a  figure  embodying  the  ac- 
cepted proportions,  which  was  called  "  the  canon."  This' 
canon  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  simple  figure  carrying 
a  spear  (dorj-phorus),  described  Iiy  Pliny  and  properly  rep- 
resented by  several  replicas.  The  best  of  these  was  found 
at  Pompeii,  and  is  in  the  museum  at  Naples.  Another 
statue  of  almost  equal  importance  is  mentioned  by  Pliny, 
and  called  "diadumenos"  (i.  e.,  an  athlete  binding  a  fillet 
about  liis  head).  The  best  replica  is  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum ;  the  original  was  sold  at  one  time  for  10(1  talents  — 
about  S117.000.  The  most  important  monumental  work 
of  Polycletus  was  the  cliryselephantine  Hera  at  Argos,  rep- 
resented by  the  so-called  Ludovisi  Juno. 


Polycletus 

PolycletUS,  "The  Younger."    Lived  about  400 

B.  '-■.     A  Greek  sculptor  of  Arojos. 
Polycrates  (po-lik'ra-tez).     [Gr.  no/c/c/jan/r.] 

Put  to  ileath  522  B.  c.     Tyrant  of  Samos  from 

about  5^6  (or  532)  to  522.     He  was  a  patron  of 

literature  aud  art. 

He  had  formed  an  alliance  with  Aniasis,  king  of  E^^pt, 
who,  h'lwever,  flnally  reiiuiiiiced  it  tliroutrh  alarm  at  the 
amazing  Kood  fortune  of  I'olycraies,  which  never  met  with 
any  check  or  disaster,  and  which  therefore  was  sure,  sooner 
or'later,  to  Incur  the  envy  of  the  gods.  Such,  at  least, 
is  tiie  account  in  Herodotus,  who  has  narrated  the  story 
of  tlie  rupture  between  Aniasis  and  Polycrates  in  Iiis  most 
dramatic  manner.  In  aletter  which  Amasis  wrote  to  I'olyc- 
rates,  the  Egyptian  monarch  advised  him  to  throw  away 
one  of  his  most  valnalile  possessions,  in  order  that  he  might 
thus  intlict  some  injury  upon  himself.  In  accordance  with 
this  advice  Polycrates  threw  into  the  sea  a  seal-ring  of  ex- 
traordinary beauty  ;  but  in  a  few  days  it  was  fonixl  in  the 
belly  of  a  fish,  which  had  been  pre-iieiited  to  hirn  by  a  tlsh- 
erman.  Thereupon  Amasis  immediately  broke  olf  liis  jU- 
liance  with  him. 

Smith,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography,  III.  450. 

Polydamas  Cpo-lid'a-mas).  [Or.  ITo?./ Ja/^ar.] 
Lived  about  400  B.  c.    A  Tliessalian  faitious  for 

his  strength. 

Polydeuces.    See  PoUux. 

Polydore  (jjori-dor).  1.  A  name  assumed  by 
Guiderius  in  Shakspere's  "  CvTubeliue." — 2.  In 
Ot way's  tragedy  "Tlie  Orphan.'*  the  brother  of 
i  ';istalio  who  was  the  husband  of  Moniinia,  the 
!'piiau.  He  succeeded  in  deceiving  the  latter  by  per- 
.-  'uating  Castalio  on  his  wedding  night,  and  on  this  fraud 
tl>c  ti-agic  stoiy  of  Monimia  hinges. 

Polydore  Vergil.    See  Vergil 

Polydorus  (pol-i-do'nis).  [Gr.  Tlo/.iik^)oi\']  In 
liicok  legend,  the  youngest  son  of  Priam.  He 
\v:is  killed  by  Achilles  (or  according  to  other  legends  by 
I'.ilymestor).     See  Hecttba. 

Polydorus,  A  Rhodian  sculptor,  associate  of 
Ai.'es:iuder  in  earvina:  the  Laocoon  group. 

Polyeucte  (p6-le-ekt ').  1.  A  play  by  Cor- 
Kiille,  issued  in  1640:  *'the  gi'eatest  of  all  Chris- 
tian tragedies"  (Saiutsburif). — 2.  An  opera  by 
(iounod,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  1878.  The 
words,  by  Barbier  and  Carr6,  are  founded  on 
Corneille. 

PolygnotUS  (pol-ig-no'tus).  [Gr.  Ilo/ijruror.] 
I'.oru  in  tlie  island  of  Thasos:  lived  in  the  raid- 
die  of  the  5th  eentuiy  B.  C.  A  celebrated  Greek 
painter,  pupil  of  Aglaophon.  His  activity  lasted 
from  about  4S0  to  456  B.  C.  He  was  made  an  Athenian  citi- 
Zen  in  return  for  the  painting's  in  the  Pcecile  or  Theseuni, 
and  the  Amphietyons  gave  hirn  the  ri^'htof  free  entertain- 
ment in  the  Hellenic  cities.  He  was  identified  with  i'imon 
ill  the  reconstruction  of  Athens,  and  seems  to  have  had 
I'out  him  a  large  school  or  force  of  assistants.  His  prin- 
!|ial  works  were  the  paintings  in  the  Lesche  of  the  Cnidi- 
ans  at  Delphi,  described  in  detail  by  Pausaniaa  ;  the  paint- 
iii'ja  of  the  Pcecile  at  Athens,  made  with  the  assistance  of 
Micon  and  Panrenus;  theniarriage  of  Castor  and  I'ollux 
■with  the  ilanghters of  Leucippus,  in  the tcTuplc  cf  the  Dios- 
curi at  Athens;  some  of  the  pictures  in  the  l'in:tki)tlieke 
of  the  Propyheum ;  the  picture  in  the  porch  of  the  temple 
of  Athene  AreiaatPlatjea;  amipicturesatTnespijc.  Polyp- 
notua  introduced  transparent  draperies  and  many  realistic 
effects,     riinij,  XXXV.  3.5. 

Polyhymnia  (pol-i-him'ni-ii).  or  Polymnia  (po- 

iim'ni-ii).  [*ir.  UoAvuvia,']  1,  In  (Jn'ck  anti- 
fjuity,  the  Muse  of  the  sublime  hymn  aiui  of  tlie 
faculty  of  learning  and  remenilieriiipr.  According 
to  some  poets,  she  was  the  inventor  of  the  lyre.  Durint; 
thf  final  centuries  of  the  Itiiman  Empire  she  was  regarded 
as  the  i)atroiiess  uf  mimes  and  pantnniimes.  In  art  she  is 
usually  represented  as  in  a  meditative  attitude,  heavily 
draped,  and  without  any  attribute, 
2.  An  asteroid  (No.  33)  discovered  by  Chacor- 
fiMe  .it  Paris,  Oct.  28,  18r>4. 

Polykleltos.    See  Ptthf rictus. 

Polymnia.     !^ee  Polyinfmnia. 

Polynesiafpol-i-ne'siii).  [From  Gr.7r(5?pf, many, 
and  vfiOoQ,  an  island:  ^raany  islands.*]  A  divi- 
sion of  Ofeanica  which  comprises  all  or  lu-arly 
all  the  Pacific  islands  east  of  Australia,  Papua, 
and  the  Philippines.  There  are  three  main  divisions. 
Theprlnclpaltfroupsof  Polynesia  pri)per,  or  East  Polynesia, 
are  the  Hawaiian,  Samoan,  Tonpa,  ro<ik.  S-.ciety.  Austral, 
Maniucsas.  Low,  EUice,  and  Ph<rnix  islands:  Fiji  Is  tren- 
erally  Included  in  this  division,  but  issonietimes  placed  in 
llelnncsia.  Micronesia  Inchides  the  Ladrones.  <'an>Iinea, 
anil  Marshall,  (Jilbert,  ami  Pelew  |slan<lH.  Melanesia  In- 
cludes the  hisiiiarck  ArehipelaKo,  Admiralty  and  Si>)iim(ui 
iBl;iiids,  Ix)nisiade  ArchiprduKo,  N'ew  Hebrides,  DEntre- 
cnsteaux  Ishinds,  New  Caledonia,  etc.  The  islands  have 
recently  been  rajudly  ac(|nired  by  dilTerent  European  na- 
tions. Hawaii  and  .Samoa  are  Independent.  See  the  sepa- 
rate articles. 

Polynices  (pol-i-ni'se/.).  [Gr.  no^JiT/V^r.]  Tn 
Greek  legend,  a  son  of  (Edipus  and  Jocasto,  and 
brother  of  Eteocles.  Ue  was  driven  from  Thebes  by 
his  brother,  and  the  famous  expeditirm  of  "the  .Seven 
airaltist  TliebLs"  was  made  to  rewlon-  birii- 

Polyolbion  iiM.i.i.r.riii-<>n).  or  a  Chorograph- 
ical  Description  of  all  the  Tracts,  Kivers, 
Mountains  ...  of  Great  Britain.    A  poem 

by  Michaid  Drayton.  pul)iishc.l  l(ii;t-22.      it  is 
his  longest  and  most  celebrated  poeni.     It  consists  of  30 
'"songa"  filled  with  antiquarian  knowledge. 
C— r)2 


817 

Polyphemus (pol-i-fe'mus).  [Gr.TTo/.i'o^/iof.]  In 
Greek  hgend,  a  oue-eyed  griant.  the  chief  of  the 
Cyclopes,  and  son  of  Poseidon :  celebrated  in  the 
legends  of  Odysseus,  whom  he  kept  a  prisoner 
in  his  cave  until  the  clever  Greek  made  him 
drunk  and  hlinded  Iiim. 

Polysperchon  (pol-is-pOr'kon).  [Gr.  no/iwr^t'/a- 
Xi^'^'-'\  Died  after  303  B.  c.  A  Macedonian  gen- 
eral in  the  service  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He 
succeeded  Antipateras  regent  in  319.  He  was  superseded 
by  C'assander. 

Polyxena  (po-lik'se-na).  [Gr.  no/iv*r//.]  In 
Greek  lef^end,  daujichter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
and  bride  of  Aehilhs.  At  her  marriage  to  Achilles. 
the  latter  was  slain  by  Paris,  and  the  Greeks  later  sacri- 
ficed her  to  appease  liis  shade.  .She  was  the  subject  of  a 
lost  traeredy  by  .Sophocles,  and  of  the  tragedies  "llecuba" 
by  Euripides  and  "Troades  "  by  Seneca. 

Polyxena,  A  tni^edy  by  Kiecolini,  a  Florentine 
writer,  in  the  style  of  Alfieri,  produr-rd  in  1811. 

Pombal  (pom-baV;  V^x-  j>oii-i';ir),  Marquis  de 
( Sebastiao  Jos6  de  Carvalho  e  Mello ).  Dorn 

at  Soure,  near  Coitubra,  May  Kt,  1()99:  died  at 
Pombal,  May  8,  1782.  A  famous  Portuguese 
statesman.  He  became  minister  at  London  in  1739,  and 
at\'iennain  1745;  and  was  made  minister  of  foreifrn  alfaii's 
in  17.S0,  and  premier  in  1750.  He  encouraged  commerce 
and  aj^riculture,  and  expelled  the  Jesuits.  He  was  dl&> 
missed  from  ottice  in  1777. 

Ponierania(pom-e-ra'ni-a),G.Ponimern(pom'- 

merut.  [F.  Poiniratiie.']  A  i>rovinee  of  Prus- 
sia. Capital,  Stettin,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic 
Sea  on  the  north,  West  Prussia  on  the  east,  West  Prussia, 
Brandenbnrpr,  and  Mecklenburg  on  the  south,  and  Meck- 
lenburg on  tlie  west.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The 
people  are  mostly  engaged  in  agriculture,  the  rearing  of 
live  stock,  and  coasting  and  foreign  trade.  Tiiere  are  a 
government  districts(Stettin.Stralsund,  and  KusliiO;  and 
Furtlier  Pomerania(Hinterpommern),  eastoftho  Oder,  and 
Hither  Pomei-ania(\'orpomniern),west  of  the  Oder,  are  his- 
torical divisions.  The  early  inhabitants  were  Celts,  fol- 
lowed by  Wends.  Christianity  was  introduced  in  the  r2th 
centurj-.  Tlie  territory  became  gradually  Oermaiiizfd  ; 
was  governed  by  lines  of  dukes;  and  suffered  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War.  Tlie  eastern  part  fell  in  1048  to  Brandeiiburi:, 
the  western  part  to  Sweden.  In  1720  Sweden  ceded  to 
Prussia  the  territory  e:ist  of  the  Peene;  and  the  remainder 
of  Swedish  Ponierania  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Area, 
11,87U  square  miles.     Population  (1890),  l,52)t,8S!>. 

Pomeranian  Haff.    See  SUftincr  HajT. 

Pomeranus,  or  Ponuner.    See  Buotuhnfjen. 

Pomerellen(l)O-mer-erien),  Formerly  the  west- 
ern part  of  West  Prussia,  lying  west  of  the  Vis- 
tula.    It  belonged  to  Poland  till  1772. 

Pomeroy  (pom'e-roi  or  pum'e-roi).  A  city,  cap- 
ital iif  Meigs  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
82  miles  southeast  of  Cohmibus.  It  has  coal- 
mines aud  salt-works.   Population (1900).  4.639. 

Pomfret.     See  Pontcfrart. 

Pomfret(pom'fret).  John,  Born  1667:  died  1703. 
An  Kuglirsh  poet,  rector  of  Maulden  in  Bedford- 
shire :  author  of  **  The  Choice  "  (1699),  a  poem 
very  popular  in  the  18th  century. 

Pommern.     See  Pomn-auia. 

PomCEriuni  (po-me'ri-um).  [L.,from  liost  tucp- 
rain  (i,  e.  miiru/u)^  beyond  the  wall.]  In  an- 
cient Rome,  an  area  surrounding  the  earliest 
walls  of  Koma  Quadrata,  whose  boundary  was 
traced,  inacconlanee  with  a  ndigious  ceremony 
of  Etruscan  origin  the  ritual  of  which  is  now 
forgotten,  by  a  phiw  drawn  by  a  cow  and  a  bull. 
Tlie  area  of  the  FfmioDrium  was  helil  sacred,  and  was  kept 
free  from  dwellings.  Its  exact  limits  are  no  longer  known, 
thoujh  the  Forum  Komamim  marked  the  northern  angle, 
anti  the  \i  estt-rn  ani.'le  lay  in  the  Forum  Boarium. 

Pomona.     See  Mtunhnd  (in  Orkney). 

Pomona  (po-mo'nii).  1.  In  Roman  mythology, 
llie  goiMess  of  fruit-trees. — 2.  An  asteroid  (Nn. 
32)  discovered  by  Goldschmidt  at  Paris,  Oct.  26, 
1854. 

Pompadour  (p'"n'i  -  ].a  -  dr.r '),  Marquise  de 
'Jeanne  Antoinette  Poisson  le  Normant 

d'£tioles).  Bom  at  I'aris,  Dir.  29,  1721:  died 
at  Versailles,  A])ril  15,  1764.  The  chief  mis- 
tress of  Louis  XV.  of  France:  notorious  for 
her  influeiH'c  in  French  internal  politics  aud 
foreign  afl'airs  during  the  period  1745-(U. 
Pompeii  (i>oni-pu'ye;  L.  jtron.  poin-pe'yi).  An 
jiiM'icni  city  of  Italy,  situated  on  tlie  liay  of 
Naples,  Vii  miles  southeast  of  NapU's,  nearly  at 
tlie  foot  of  Mount  Vestunus.  it  was  a  tlourlshinu 
provineial  town,  eontainlng  many  villas  of  lUtmans  It 
was  severely  injured  by  an  earthnuake  In  (CI  a.  P..  and 
was  t^itally  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  tn  TO, 
and  buried  under  ashes.  The  site  was  dlseovertnl  In  174S, 
and  excavations  have  been  carried  on  down  to  the  present 
time.  Owing  to  the  preservation  of  ihe  ruins  praetieally 
intact  to  the  present  day  by  the  superincumbent  layer  of 
ashes  and  i)umiee,  the  reninins  of  Ponipeii  alford  In  many 
ways  the  most  complete  inforinatlon  we  imissckh  of  Honmn 
material  civilization,  tn  this  <|Uiet  provincial  town  no 
civic  buildings  on  a  niairnillcent  scale  existed,  but  Its  nu>d' 
est  temples  and  public  oitiees  are  not  without  liiHtnicllon, 
while  the  many  handsouH'  private  dwellings  have  nlfordeil 
n  rich  fltore  of  knowledge,  elsewhere  unattainable,  c()n* 
curning  Koman  decorative  art  uud  home  life.    Not  the 


Pompey 

least  important  yield  of  the  excaTatfons  has  been  the  re< 
niarkable  collection  of  antique  sculptures  and  uteubils^ 
the  best  part  of  which  is  in  the  Museo  >uziuuale  at  Na- 
jdes.  Some  excavations  were  made  on  the  site  in  antiqui- 
ty, in  the  elloit  to  recover  buried  treasuix* ;  but  PompeU 
and  its  tragic  end  «ere  soon  furgottt-n.  In  1748  some 
])casants  came  accidentally  ujwjn  a  few  ancient  works  o! 
art  in  a  ruined  house,  and  the  llourbou  sovereigns  of  Na- 
ples thereurnju  caused  searches  t^ij  be  made  fur  similar  ob- 
jects.  Between  ISOS  and  181,'")  Murat  instituted  the  first 
seient ideally  conducted  excavations.  After  his  fall  the 
work  went  on  more  or  less  irregularly  until  the  Bourlwn 
kingdom  ended  in  18<:0.  Since  tlien  it  has  pn'greased  with 
adminible  system  and  regularity  under  Fiurelli,  About 
half  of  the  oval  area  includenl  within  the  walls  has  been 
thoroughly  explored.  The  pixat  theater,  of  the  time  of 
Augustus,  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  of  Roman  antiquity, 
semicircular  in  plan,  with  a  diameter  of  322  feet  The 
cavea  has  2  precinctions:  below  the  lower  one  there  are 
4  tiers  of  seats  of  honor ;  the  upper  one  has  communica- 
tion by  passages  and  stairs  with  the  triantfular  forum, 
and  above  it  there  are  raised  tiers  of  seats  for  women  and 
a  platform  for  working  the  awnincs.  The  cavea  had  7 
cunei.  The  temjde  of  Isis  is  a  small  Corinthian  tetrastyle 
prostyle  structure  raised  on  a  basement  in  a  peristyle  court 
upon  which  open  the  lodgings  of  the  priests.  Many  in- 
teresting objects  ccjnnected  with  the  cult  were  found  here, 
and  skeletons  of  the  priests  amid  surroundings  indicating 
that  they  had  sought,  too  late,  to  Hee.  The  house  of  Cas- 
tor and  I'ollux  is  curious  as  being  a  double  house  with  a 
large  peristyle  court  common  to  the  two  parts.  Each 
part  has  its  atrium  and  all  it8  subdivisions  complete. 
Here  were  found  the  paintings  of  Andromeda  and  Medea, 
now-  at  Naples.  The  exterior  of  the  house  contrast  with 
the  usual  plainness  by  its  stucco  decoration  in  panels  and 
arabes<iues.  The  house  of  Slarcus  Lucretius  is  a  double 
house,  remarkable  also  for  having  hud  three  storie.'i,  and 
for  its  beautiful  reception-room  (tablinum)  and  diidog- 
room.  The  house  of  Meleager  is  notable  for  its  paintings 
and  other  decorations.  In  the  atrium  there  is  a  marble 
table  supported  by  winged  gritfins.  The  peristyle  court, 
with  24  Ionic  columns,  is  the  finest  in  Pomprii,  At  the  back 
there  is  a  large  room  with  a  colonnaded  gallery  resting  od 
columns  coiuiected  by  arches  instead  of  aichitraves.  The 
houseof  Pansa  is  oneof  the  largest  and  most  elaborate  dwell- 
ings of  Ponipeii,  measuring  12<)  by  300  feet.  The  street 
fronts  were  occupied  by  small  shops.  The  vestibule  leads 
to  the  atrium,  which  is  bordered  by  small  si|nare  sleeping- 
rooms,  and  connected  by  a  passage  with  the  handsome  peri- 
style court.  Upon  t  his  open  more  bedi-oorns,  the  triclinium, 
and  the  kitchen  and  servants' (juarters.  At  the  back  there 
were  a  two-storied  j)ortico  and  a  spacious  garden.  The 
house  was  ornamented  with  abundant  mosaics,  wall-paint- 
ings, and  other  art  works.  The  house  of  Sallust  is  a  large 
and  richly  decorated  mansion,  in  general  arrangement 
similar  to  the  house  of  Pansa.  The  garden  is  borderetl  by 
a  Doric  portico  and  arranged  for  Howers  in  l»<:»xes;  in  one 
corner  there  is  a  summer  dining-room.  liefiide  the  atri- 
um there  is  a  subordinate  col<innaded  court,  witli  beau- 
tifully painted  rooms  fonning  a  women's  apartment.  The 
house  of  the  Faun  is  perhaps  the  best  in  style  of  the  an- 
cient city.  The  usual  wall-paintings  are  here  replaced  by 
mosaics.  The  famous  Dancing  Faun  and  the  mosaic  of 
the  Battle  of  Issus,  inthe  Naples  Museum,  came  from 
this  house.  The  villa  of  Diomed  is  a  large  and  rich  resi- 
dence cmtside  the  Uerculaneum  gate.  In  the  middle  is  a 
large  peristyle  serving  as  an  atrium,  uiwn  which  open 
bedrooms,  one  of  them  semicircular  with  windows,  the 
handsoniest  in  Pompeii.  li<-yoml  were  baths  with  glass 
windows,  and  at  the  back  a  tine  garden  with  pavilion  and 
tlsh-pond.  The  women's  apartments  were  in  an  upper 
story.  The  cellars  contained  amjihonc  arul  the  skeletons 
of  18  unfortunate  occupants.  The  old  thernue,  consisted 
of  three  divisions:  the  tire-rooms  for  heating,  the  bath 
for  men,  and  the  bath  for  women.  Each  of  the  baths  in- 
cluded a  disrobing-room  (apodyterium)  and  cold,  warm, 
and  vapor  baths.  The  men's  division  is  the  handsomer: 
it  is  decorated  with  nuisks  and  figures  In  stucco,  and  with 
graceful  arabesques  and  reliefs,  and  had  gla^  windows 
and  marble  piscines.  The  new  thermoc  were  similar,  but 
had  many  more  subdivisions. 

Pompeii.  Last  Days  of.     See  Last  Days  of 

pu)ii(>t  a. 

Pompeii,  The  Last  Day  of.  A  larpe  and  dra- 
matic painting  by  Hriilow,  inthellennitap^  Mu- 
seum, St.  Peters'bnrp.  It  is  held  to  he  theohief 
work  of  the  eontemporancons  Kussian  sehool. 

Pompeius  Magnus.    Sre  /v»m/.ry. 
Pompelus U'«'iii-pe'yns) Magnus,  Sextus.  Born 

To  B.  c. :  kilkMl  at  Mytilcno,  3r)H.c.  Son  of  <^ne- 
iusPoinpeius,<lpfented  by Ca^sarat  Miinda  in  4r>. 
He  became  powerful  as  cnnmiander  of  a  fieet  on  the  eoasta 
of  Sicily  and  Italy,  and  was  defeated  In  a  naval  battle  by 

Agripjia  in  3(1 

Pompeu  de  Souza  Brazil  (p6ni-]>n'i>de  s6'zi| 

lirii-zel').  Thomaz.  Horn  near  Sobral.  Cenni. 
dune  (>.  ISJS  :  died  nt  Fortaleza,  Sept.  2.  1S77. 
A  Hraziliaii  publirisi  iind  author.  He  toctk  order* 
as  a  presbyter,  and  %^as  vlcar-general  of  Ids  province;  as  a 
liberal  was  repeatedly  deputy  ;  and  was  senator  frtun  ISfiS. 
His  most  Important  worK  Is  "  Ensaio  estatlstlco  da  pnv 
viiicia  do  CearA  *'  (2  vols.  18<i:MU). 
Pompey  0"*^"'l''^'  snniaincil  "The  Grrat'*(L. 

Cneius  Pompeius  Magnus).    Horn  1(h»p.c.  : 

iiiurticred  in  K^^ypt,  4S  w.  r.  A  fatnous  Hotnnn 
f^eneral.  He  served  In  theS«u-lal  WarlnS]>.  andasajMrtl- 
mn  of. sulln,  83-^1,  in  Italy,  Sicily,  nud  Africa;  commanded 
against  the  M.irians  In  Snaiii  7ti-7'-' :  aided  In  suppressing 
the  Servile  Insurrection  In  71  :  and  was  consul  with  Cras- 
sus  In  70.  He  wan  appointed  by  Ihe  Cabiniiin  Law  coni- 
mander  In  the  war  aualnst  the  pirates,  whom  he  Bulnlucd 
in  KM  :  and  by  the  Manllian  Law  commander  In  the  Kaat  In 
(Ml.  Heendol  th<-»:ir  with  Milbridales;  annexed  Syria 
and  Palestine  ;  triumphed  In  t'd  ;  fonned  with  .lullusCtrsnr 
and  (^^l!>^us  the  first  triumvlratr  In  (W ;  was  eoncul  .'-ft; 
became  theebampionof  the  senate  and  conservative  p:irty; 
began  the  civil  war  with  (trsar  In  40  ;  and  \\i\»  totaUj  de- 
feated by  Ca'sar  at  Pharsalla  in  48. 


Pompey 

Pompey.  In  Shakspere's  "Measure  for  Mea- 
sure." the  clownish  servant  of  Mistress  Over- 
lioiie. 

Pompey's  Pillar.  A  Corinthian  column  of  beau- 
tifoflypolished  red  granite  at  Alexamlria,  stand- 
ing on  a  pedestal  or  foundation  of  masonry. 
The  total  height  is  about  99  feet,  of  which  the  shaft  mea- 
sures 73  and  the  capital  16;  feet.  An  inscription  shows  that 
it  was  erected  in  302  A.  i).  in  honor  of  Diocletian,  whose 
statue  stood  on  the  summit.  There  is  no  reason  for  the 
name. 

Pompouius  Mela.    See  Mela. 

Pomptine  Marshes.    See  Pontine  Marshes. 

Ponack.     See  lUinnock. 


818 

rente-Inferieure.  Tvestern  France,  situated  on 
the  .Seugne  32  miles  southeast  of  Eochefort. 
Population  (1891).  commune,  4,615. 
Pons  Milvius  (ponz  mil'vi-us).  In  ancientge- 
ograph  V,  a  bridge  that  crossed  the  Tiber,  on  the 
Fhiminian  "SVay.  about  -  miles  from  Rome.  It 
is  noted  for  the  victor)-  gained  in  its  neighborhood,  Oct. 


Poole,  John 

partment  of  Yonne.  France,  situated  near  Aus- 
erre,  noted  for  its  ruined  abbey.  Its  abbey  church, 
a  simple  early-Pointed  structure,  is  the  most  perfect  sur- 
viving Cistercian  church.  Its  windows  ai'c  uaiTow  lan- 
cets :  there  is  no  triforium ;  and,  except  the  beautiful  pol- 
ished rose-granite  shafts  of  the  choir,  there  is  almost  no 
ornament.  There  are  a  small  open  narthex  and  pl;un  choir- 
screen  and  stalls.    The  length  is  354  feet ;  the  height,  68. 


28,  312,  by  Constantineoverilaxentius.    The  bridge  broke  Pontine  Islands.     Hee  I'o)i:a  Islands. 


down  under  the  latter  as  he  sought  to  escape  by  it  with 
his  routed  troops,  and  he  perished. 
Ponta  Delgada  (pon'ta  del-ga'da).  The  chief 
town  of  the  island  of  San  Miguel,  Azores,  sit- 
uated on  the  southwestern  coast.  Population 
(1890),  16.767 


Ponape  ip6'na-pa).  One  of  the  Caroline  Isl-  Pont-a-Mousson  (p6nt'a-mo-s6n').  Atownin 
aiids.  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  volcanic.  Length,  the  department  of  Mcurthe-et-Moselle,  France. 
12  railes.  situated   on   the   Moselle  1,7  miles   north  by 

Ponashta.    See  Bannock.  west  of  Nancy.     Population  (1891),  commune, 

Ponce  (piin'tha).     A  town  near  the  southern     11.595. 
loast  of  Porto  Kico.   Population  (1899).  27.952.  pontarlier  (pon-tar-lya').     Atownin  the  de- 
"■'"■"  "   "  '^  partment  of   Doubs,  France,  situated  on  the 


Ponce de  Leon (pon'thada  la-6n'),  Juan.  Born 
in  Aragon  about  1460 :  died  in  Cuba,  1521.  A 
Spanish  soldier,  conqueror  of  Porto  Eico  and 
discoverer  of  Florida.  Hefirst  went  to  America  with 
Columbus  in  1493 ;  under  Ovando  was  goveriior  of  Higuay, 
or  the  eastern  part  of  Espaiiola ;  and  in  1508  passed  over 
to  Porto  Eico.  In  1510  he  was  empowered  to  conquer 
Porto  Kico,  of  which  he  was  made  governor ;  later  he 
went  to  Spain,  where  (Feb.  23, 1512)  he  received  a  grant  to 
discover  and  settle  the  island  of  Uimini  (the  mjthical  re- 
gion in  which  report  located  the  fountain  of  youth).  The 
explorer  sailed  from  Porto  Eico  in  March,  1513,  with  3 
caravels.  Passing  the  Caicos  and  other  islands,  he  dis- 
covered the  mainland  March  27,  coasted  northward  to  lat. 


Doubs  29  miles  southeast  of  Besaiijon.  it  suf- 
fered in  tlie  wars  of  the  middle  ages  and  in  the  Tlui'ty 
Years'  War.     Population  (1S91),  commune,  7.1S7. 

Pontassieve  (pon-tas-se-ii've).  A  town  in  the 
provim-e  of  Florence.  Ital.v,  situated  at  the 
jimotiou  of  the  Sieve  with  the  Arno.  9  miles  east 
of  Ficreuee.     Population  (1881),  2,641. 

Pont-Audemer  (p6nt-dd-mar' ).  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Eure.  France,  situated  on  the 
Eille  18  miles  southeast  of  Havre.    Population 


^a.u..^,,w..=.^^ .............. ........     (l'*91).  commune.  6,084 

30'  8',  landed,  and  on  AprTl'8'(Pas1.^ua"Flor'ida  or'Eas'ter  Pontchartrain  (pon-char-tran'),Lake, 
Sundav)  took  possession  of  the  countr>-  for  the  King  of     Ju  southeastern  Lomsiana,  situated  north  of 
S,-.ain 'calling  it  Florida.     Thence  he  turned  southward,      XewOrleans.    It  is  connected  by  the  Ricolets  with  Lake 
rounded  Cape  Sable,  and  ran  up  the  western  coast  tojat,      ^^^^^  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length,  40  mUes.  Greatest 

width,  about  2o  miles. 


27'  30,  flnariy  returning  to  Porto  Kico  in  Sept.    On  Feb. 

27,  1514.  he  received,  in  Spain,  a  grant  to  settle  "the  Isl-  t>„„4.  j„  n^^A       e„o  n^r^    J>n„t  /?>/ 

landofBirainiiindthelsLidof  Florida";  but,  being  oc  Pont  du  Gard.     See  Gar(l,Fo>tt  (lu 

cupied  with  Indian  wars  m  Porto  Eico.  he  was  unable  to  Ponte.     See  Jiassano  and  Ba  Fonte. 

attempt  the  enterprise  until  March,  152L    He  then  sailed  PonteCOrVO   (pon-te-k6r'v6).     A   ti 

with  a  large  number  of  colonists,  but  was  attacked  by  In-  -  -  -     '         ... 

dians  and  forced  to  retreat  after  he  had  himself  received 

from  an  Indian  arrow  the  wound  of  which  he  died.    There 

are  indications  from  maps,  but  no  positive  proofs,  that 

Florida  was  known  before  1513. 

Poncelet  ( p6ns-la' ).  Jean  Victor.  Born  at  Metz, 
July  1,  1788:  died  at  Paris.  Dec.  22,  1867.  A 
French  geometer  and  military  engineer,  inven- 
tor of  Poncelot's  hydraulic  wheels.  His  works  in- 
clude "Traits  des  propri^tes  projectives  des  figures" 
(1S23),  "Cours  de  m^canique  appliqu^e  aux  machines" 
(1S20),  etc.  He  became  a  brigadier-general,  and  in  1S4S 
was  appointed  commander  of  the  national  guard  of  the 
department  of  the  Seine. 

Ponchielli  (pon-ke-el'le),  Amilcare.  Bom  at 
Cremona,  Sept.  1,  1834:  died  Jan.  16,  1886.  An 
Italian  composer.  Among  his  operas  are  "I  promessi 
Sposi "  <1856>,"  Le  due  Gemelle."  a  ballet  (187S). "  I  Lituani " 
(1874),  -Gioconda"  (1^76).  "n  flgliuol  prodigo"  (1880), 
"Marion  Delornie"  (1SS5),  etc. 

Pond  (pond),  John.  Born  at  London,  1767 :  died 
at  Blackheath,  Sept.  7,  1836.  An  English  as- 
tronomer. In  1811  he  succeeded  Dr.  N.  Maske- 
lyne  as  astronomer  royal.  He  published  a  star- 
cataloffue  in  1833. 

Pondicherry,orPondicherri(pon-di-sher'i),F. 
Pondichery  (poii-de-sha-re').  Indian  Pudi- 
cheri.  The  capital  of  French  India,  situa- 
ted on  the  eastern  coast  in  lat.  11°  56'  N.,long. 

79°50'E.    It  h.is  considerable  commerce.    Itwasoccu.  PonteVOdra  (pon-ta 
pied  *y  the  French  about  16T2;  was  several  times  con-     Galicia,  Spain 
queredandtemporarilyheldby  the  British;  but  was  finally  '-        — 

restored  in  1816.  It  is  the  chief  place  of  a  small  French 
district.  Population  (1S88X  41,253.  Population  of  French 
India,  280,303. 

Pondoland ( pon'do-land).  A  British  possession 
in  South  Africa,  situated  southwest  of  Natal, 
about  lat.  31°-32°  S.     It  was  tal*n  directly  under 


_^  _  town  in  the 

province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
rigliano  .53  miles  northwest  of  Naples.  It  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a  principalitv,  the  property  of  Bema- 
dotte  1S06-10.     Population  (ISSl),  5,172. 

Pontedera(pon-te-da'ra).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pisa.  Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Era  with  theArno,  13  miles  east  by  south 
of  Pisa.  Population  (1881),  8,695;  commune, 
11,817. 

Pontefract  (pon'ti-frakt.  colloquially  and  gen- 
erally pom'fret ),  orPomfret.  [See  the  extract.] 
A  town  in  the  West  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land. 12  miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  It  cont,ains  a 
ruined  castle,  the  scene  of  Richard  11. 's  murder  in  1399, 
taken  and  dismantled  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1649. 
Population  (1891),  9,702. 


Pontine  ipt>"''i")Marshes.  [L.  PomptlnxPa- 
halts.']  A  marshy  region  in  Latium,  Italy,  ly- 
ing between  the  sea  and  the  Yolseian  Moim- 
tains,  and  extentling  31  miles  from  Terracina  to  ' 
near  Velletri.  Since  ancient  times  it  has  been 
notoriously  pestilential,  and  thinly  inhabited. 

Pontivy  (p6u-te-ve').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  France,  situated  on  the 
Blavet  30  miles  northeast  of  Lorient.  It  was 
called  Napoleonville  under  the  empire.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9.175. 

Pontmartin  (p6u-mSr-tau'),  Annand  Augus- 

tia  Joseph  Marie  Ferrand,  Comte  de.  Bom 
at  Avignon,  France,  July  16,  1811:  died  there, 
March  29. 1890.  A  French  critic  and  litterateur. 
His  articles  are  collected  in  "Causeries  littiraires  "  (1854 
andlS56).  " Causeries duSamedi"(lS57-59-«)-65-SlX  "Se- 
majnes  litteraires  "  (1861-63),  etc.  He  also  wrote  a  ntun- 
ber  of  romances,  etc. .  among  which  is  "  Les  Jeudis  de  Mme. 
Charbonneau  "  (lS4i2). 

Pont  Neuf  (pon  nef).  [F., 'new  bridge.']  A 
bridge  over  the  Seine  in  Paris,  near  the  Louvre, 
built  by  Henry  IV. 

Pont-Nbyelles  (pon-nwa-yel').  Battle  of.   A 

AJake     battle  fought  Dec.  23,  1870,  at  Pont-Noyelles  (a 

village  near  Amiens,  France),   between  the 

French underFaidherbeandthe Germans.  Also 

called  the  battle  of  the  Hallue. 

Pontoise  (p6n-twaz').  [•  Bridge  of  the  Oise.'] 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Viosne 
and  Oise,  17  mUes  northwest  of  Paris:  the  an- 
cient Briva  Isane.  It  has  an  important  trade  in  grain 
and  flour.  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  town  ;  passed  and  re- 
passed between  ;Xormandy  and  France ;  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1419,  and  again  about  1437  ;  and  was  retaken  by 
Ch.arles  VIL  in  1441.  It  was  the  capital  of  French  Vexin. 
The  P;u'lianient  of  Paris  met  at  various  times  at  Pontoise. 
A  treaty  between  France  and  Navarre  was  concluded  there 
in  1359.    Population  (1491),  commune,  7,422. 

Pontremoli  (pon-trem'6-le).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Massa  e  Carrara,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Magi-a,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines.  37mile8 
southwest  of  Parma.  Population  (1881),  3,828 ; 
commune,  14.355. 

Pontresina  (pon-tra-ze'na).  A  village  in  the 
Upper  Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, situated  31  miles  southeast  of  Coire :  a 


It  was  probably  from  a  broken  Roman  bridge,  the  re- 


_        _^ .  noted  tourist  resort.    Height,  5,915  feet. 

mains  of  which  seem  to  have  been  visible  in  the  time  of  PontS-dO-Ce  (p6n-de-sa'))  IiOS.  A  small  town 
Leland  that  the  town  of  Pontefract,  in  Yorkshire  (;«.«  ^^jj  ^^  islands  in  the  Loire,  directly  SOuth  of 
/racfiM),  derived  Its  name.  Irn<;'A^  Celt,  p.  Ib6.      ^^^ggrg^  i^i.aiiee. 

Ponte  Vecchio  (pon'te  vek'ke-6).     [It., 'old  Pontus  (pon'tus).     [Gr.   Ilorrof.]     In   ancient 
bridge.']    A  bridge  in  Florence,  over  the  Arno :     geography,  a  country  in  Asia   Minor.    It  wa» 

a  picturesque  structure  with  3  wide  arches,  re- "     '  "^        ""  "-'-•--■ 

built  in  1345.  The  roadway  is  bordered  on  both  sides 
by  quaint  little  shops,  except  over  the  midiUe  arch,  where 
there  is  an  opening,  ttver  the  south  row  of  shops  is  car- 
ried a  gallery,  buift  by  Vasari,  connecting  the  Pitti  Palace 
with  the  Vtfizi  and  the  Palazzo  Vecchio. 

va'THra).  1.  Aprovincein 


west  and  on  Portugal 
square  miles. 


bordering  on  the  ocean  on  the  po^tyg  Euxinus  (pon'tus 
Ttuga  on  the  south.  Area,  1.  ,39  ^"Euxine  Sea.']  The  ancieni 
Population  (188,),  443,380. — 2.     g^^ 


bounded  by"  the  Euxine  on  the  north,  Colchis  on  the  east, 
Armenia  on  the  southeast  and  south,  Cappadocia  on  the 
south,  Galatia  on  the  southwest,  and  Paphlagonia  on  the 
west.  The  siulace  is  diversified.  It  became  independent 
of  Persia  in  the  4th  century  B.  c. ;  rose  to  great  power  with 
extended  boundaries  under  Mithridates  the  Great :  after 
the  victories  of  Pompey  (66  B.  c.)  was  reduced  to  its  former 
limits ;  and  was  eventually  made  a  Roman  province. 

iik-si'nus).     [L., 
ancient  name  of  the  Black 


A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Ponteve-  pontypool  (pon'ti-pol).  A  town  in  Monmouth- 
dra  sittiated  at  the  hesid  of  the  Ba.v  of  Ponte-  shirlBnslAnA.  situated  on  the  Avon  27  miles 
vedra.aboutlat.42°2,  N.,long.8°3o  W.  Pop-  northwest  of  Bristol.  It  has  flourishing  iron 
ulation  (18s, ),  19,990.  manufactures.     Population  (1891),  5.842. 


«  in  the  Elster,  Oct.  19, 1813.  A  Polish  general, 
nephew  of  King  Stanislaus  Augustus  Poniatow- 
ski.    He  served  against  Eussia  in  1792,  and  in  the  insur- 


Capital.  Abbe\'ille.  It  fluctuated  in  early  times  be- 
tween Normandy  and  Flanders,  and  was  conquered  by 
William  of  Normandy  in  1056.  In  the  later  middle  ages 
it  fluctuated  between  England,  Burgundy,  and  France. 


rection  of  1791 ;  was  commander  of  the  Polish  contingent  Pontia,  Or  Pontiae.     See  Poii'a. 
in  the  French  campaigns ;  was  minister  of  war  in  the  pgntlaC  (pon'ti-akl.   Killed  1769.   A  celebrated 
duchv  of  Warsaw  ;  invaded Galicia  in  1809  ;  and  was  made      \.    ^     j,  ^Y      ^,.  x    j*      ^   *!,..  1...,  !..«;«  "D«t, 

a  French  marshal  in  1S13.    He  fought  at  Leipsic,  and  lost     ehief  of  the  Ottawa  Indians,  the  leader  in  Pon- 
hi-  life  at  the  close  of  the  battle.  tiac  s  war.    He  led  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  Detroit 

PoniatOWSki,  Jozef  Michael  Xavier  Francis     in  1763,  and  submitted  to  the  British  in  1766. 
John      Born  at  Eome,  Feb.  26,  1816 :  died  at  Pontiac.    A  city,  capital  of  Oakland  County, 
London,   Julv  3,   1873.      A  Polish  composer,     Michigan,  situated  on  amton  Eiyei;  -3  miles 


prince  of  Monte  Eotondo,  and  nephew  of  Prince 
Poniatowski  (1762-1813).  He  settled  in  Paris  in 
18.>4,  and  was  senator  under  the  empire.  He  composed  a 
ntimber  of  operas,  the  first  ("  Giovanni  da  Procida  ")  in 
1838. 

Poniatowski,  Stanislaus  Augustus.  See-Stan- 

islaiis  Ai(fiustus  Poniatowski. 
Ponka  (pon'kii,).     [PI.,  also  Ponkas.]    A  tiibe 

of  the  Dhegifea  division  of  North  American 

Indians,  numbering  847.    Part  are  In  Nebraska, 

the  rest  in  Oklahoma.     See  Dhegiha. 
Pons(p6ii).    A  town  in  the  department  of  Cha-  Pontigny  (p6n-ten-ye').     A  village  in  the  de- 


north-uorthwest  of  Detroit.   Population  (1900), 
9,769. 

Pontiac'sWar,orPontiac's  Conspiracy-  -A-n 
Indian  war  in  1763,  between  the  settlei-s  and 
garrisons  on  the  western  frontier  and  the  In- 
dians from  the  tribes  of  the  Delawares,  Wyan- 
dots,  Shawnees,  Mingoes,  Chippewas,  etc.  Pon- 
tiac was  the  leader  of  the  Indians.  They  captured  Mack- 
inaw, Piesque  Isle,  and  other  forts,  and  unsuccessfully 
besieged  Detroit. 

Pontifical  States.     See  Papal  States. 


The  Taff  is  crossed  here  by  a  remarkable  bridge 
of  one  arch.     Population  (1891),  19,971. 

Ponza  (pon'za).  The  chief  island  of  the  Ponza 
gi-oup,  situated  in  the  Mediterranean  67  miles 
west  of  Naples :  the  ancient  Pontia  or  Pontije. 
It  was  a  place  of  confinement  for  state  prison- 
ers under  the  early  Eoman  emperors. 

Ponza  Islands.  -A.  group  of  small  volcanic  isl- 
ands, west  of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  province 
of  Caserta :  the  ancient  Pontine  Islands.  It  in- 
cludes Ponza.  Palmarola,  and  Zannone.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  3,779. 

Pool  (pol ) ,  The.  A  part  of  the  Thames  in  Lon- 
don, immediately  below  London  Bridge. 

Poole  (pol).  A  'seaport  in  Dorset,  England, 
situated  on  Poole  Harbor,  an  inlet  of  the  Eng- 
lish (Channel,  28  miles  west-southwest  of  South- 
ampton. It  has  a  flourishing  foreign,  colonial, 
and  coasting  trade.     Population  1 1891),  13.405. 

Poole,  John.  Bom  1786 :  died  at  Kentish  Town, 
London,  Feb.,  1879.     An  English  playwright 


Poole,  John 

His  best-known  work  is  •  Paul  Pry," produced  at  the  Hay- 
muiket  in  I8'25.  Among  his  other  works  are  "  Deaf  as  a 
I'osI,  '"  Little  PedliMKton  and  tl]uPedlingtoniaU6,"a6atire 
(IsiiO),  '■  A  Comic  Miseellaiiy  "  (I*!;'.!,  etc. 
Poole,  Reginald  Stuart.  Burn  at  London,  Feb. 
:27,  li<'y2  ■  died  Keb.  8, 1895.  An  English  archro- 
ologist.  He  became  conservator  of  the  department  of 
onus  ami  in. -dais  of  the  British  Museum  in  1S70.  He  ]>ub- 
lished  many  ImpoitaMt  eataloyues  of  coins  and  medals. 

Poole,  William  Frederick.     Born  i»t  Salt  m, 

Mass.,  ISlil:    died  at   Chicago,  March  1,  1894. 
An  American  libriirian,  bibliographer,  and  his- 


., „.,       eastern  1 

torieal  writer:  originator  of  "Poole-s  Indes  to  Popo  (po'po).  Grand  atidpttle.  Two conti^^^^ 
Periodical  Literature"  (18.13).  At  the  time  ot  ousnative  towns  and  territories  of  West  ^Vliici, 
his  death  he  was  librarian  of  the  Newbei-ry  on  the  coast  near  Dahomey.  They  wore  annexed 
nis  aeaiu   ne    wa.    iiuiai  a  j  France  in  1885 ;  but  Little  Popo  was  ceded  the  same 

Library  m  Chicago.  r=f,.;..t  in     year  to  Germany.    See  Ewe  and  Litlle  Pl^. 

Poona,  or  Poonah    po  na).     1.  A  district  m  Popocatepetl  (pq-p6-kii-ta-pet'l).      ['Smoking 
Bombu      "    *     „-..„„  ...     ,..    .1  .... 


819  *       Port-au-Prince 

hibiting  a  real  acquaintance  with  the  subject,  and  statins 
the  difiiculties  wliich  must,  sooner  or  later,  have  demanded 
a  Bolution. 
K.  0.  MOUer,  Hist  ol  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  IIL  ML 

{{Donaldson,) 

nglish  history,  an  alleged  porpora  (p6r'p6-ra),  Niccolo  (or  Niccola)  An- 
ioman  Catholics  in  10^^8  to  tojjjo^  Bom  at  Naples,  Aug.  19,  ItJSO:  <iied 
'"  '  "  "  ' """  there,  1706  (or  17G7).  A  celebrated  Italian  sing- 
ing-master and  composer.  He  was  the  instructor 
of  Kai-inelli.  Calfarelli,  and  others,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
the  greatest  slnging-mafitcr  that  ever  lived.  He  composed 
between  30  and  40  operas  and  cantatas,  orat^irios,  sonatas, 
fugues,  etc. 

Porree.    See  Gilbert  dc  la  Porrie. 

Porrex.    See  Gorhoduc. 

Porrima  (por'i-mji).  [L.  rorrima  or  Postvorta, 
a  Koman  goddess,  one  of  the  Camenie.]  The 
third-magnitude  binary  star  ;  Virginis. 


Pope  of  Philosophy,  The.    -Vristotle. 

Popham  (p<jp'ani},  Sir  John.  Bom  1531:  died 
l(j07  An  English  jurist,  lord  chief  justice  of 
England  1.192-1607 

Popish  Plot.    In  E 
conspiracv  of  the  K' 

mtu-der  Charles  11.  and  control  the  government 
in  the  interest  of  the  Romish  Church:  chiefly 
contrived  by  Titus  Gates.     See  Oat<^. 

Poplar  (pop  llir).    A  borougli  (muiiici)ial)in  tlie 
lartcd'London.SAmili'seastofSt.Paiirr 


la,  or  Foonan  (po-na;.    -i-  -"^  |^'**"    ,«"  P'opocatepetl  (pQ-po-kii-ta-pet'l).     ['Sc „  „.    ,        -         -  ,  ■  ,^    .    •  ,  . 

ibay,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  18      Mf,|„i,.ii],  n  Avoleano(inthesolfatarastage)in  Porsanger  Fjord  (por  sang-er  fyord).  An  inlet 
N.,  long.  74'^  E.     Area,  .1,369  square  miles.     jjp.,i^.„  49  j^Hes  southeast  of  the  eitv  of  Mexico,     of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  penetrating  Norway  from 


Population  (1891),  1,067,800.-2.  The  capital  of 
the  district  ot  Poona,  situated  on  the  Muta 
about  lat.  18°  30'  N.,  long.  73=  oO'  E.  it  is  an  im- 
portaiit  military  station.  It  was  taken  liy  the  British  in 
1817.    Population,  including  cantonment  (1801),  161,:i9C. 

Poore  (por),  Benjamin  Perley.  Born  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  Nov.  12,  bSL'O:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  May  30, 1SS7.  i\ji  American  journalist 
and  author,  Washington  correspondent  of  the 
"  Boston  Journal  "  18.14-84.  He  published  biogra- 
phies of  Zachary  Taylor  and  others,  "Political  Register 
and  Congressional  Directory  '  (1878),  "Reminiscences" 
(1880),  and  compiled  many  official  works. 

Poor  Gentleman,  The.  A  comedy  by  George 
Colmaii  the  Younger,  produced  at  Covent  Gar- 
den in  1801,  and  iirinted  in  1802. 

Poor  Richard's  Almanac.    An  almanac  pub- 


it  is  surmounted  by  a  crater  2,iKX)  feet  in  width,  and  is     near  the  North  Cape.     Length,  about  75  miles. 

e  of  the  highest  peaks  of  North  America  (1",.').')0  feet).     Porsena  (por'se-nii),  or  Porsenna  (pdr-sen'na), 

sa-bi'nii).     Died  Co    Lars.     In  Roman  legend,  a  king  of  Clusium  in 


Poppeea  Sahina  (po-pe'ii 
A.  I).     Wife  of  Otho,  and  mistress,  and  subse- 
quently wife,  of  Nero.    She  was  divorced  from 
the  former  and  married  the  latter  in  (>'2. 

Poppig,  or  Poeppig  (pep'piG),  Eduard  Fried- 
rich.  Born  at  Plaueii  im  Vogtland,  .Sa.\ony, 
July  16, 1798 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  4, 1868.  A 
Prussian  naturalist  and  explorer.  He  traveled  in 
North  America  and  Cuba  1822-25,  Chile  182(;-2:),  and  Peru. 


1830-32,  finally  descending  the  Amazon  on  his  way  to  Porta,  Baccio  della.     See  Bartolrimmco,  F 

Europe.   His  collections  of  South  American  plants  were  Poj^a  (por'tii),  Giambattista  della.      Bor 
verv  iniDortant.     From  1833  he  was  proiessor  of  zciulufrv     xt      i      *    ,        /i-«o       i-     i      .  y      i         li^-ir 
:rrl;'"P    i7i,;,,i,iici,„.i"Rpi«..i,,chii,=  ivninndanfdem    Naples  about  lo4.j :  died  at  .Naiiles.  161.1. 


Etruria,  famous  in  the  legends  of  Taiquin,  He- 
rat ins  Codes,  etc. 

Person  (por'son),  Richard.  Born  at  East  Rns- 
tou,  Norfolk,"Dcc.  21.  1759 :  died  at  Loiulon, 
Sept.  2.1,  1808.  An  English  classical  scholar, 
famous  for  his  knowledge  of  Greek.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Klon  and  Caniliridge  (B.  A.  1782),  and  was  fellow 
t  Xiiniij;,  an(l(17'.f.!)iiT"fes5orof  Greek  at  Cambridge. 
11a.  See  Bartolrimmco,  Fra. 
Born  at 


atLcipsic:'Hepublished"JleiseinChUe,Peruundaufdem     Naples' about  154.-5:  .lied  at  .N'aples.  1615.     An 

Amazijnenstrom  "  (2  vols,  and  atlas,  1835),  "  Nova  genera     Italian  natural  philosopher.    He  founded  theAcad- 

ac  species  plantarum  "  (3  vols.  1835-45),  "lUustrierte  Na-     emy  "Seerctorum  Natune  "  at  Naples,  and  was  a  member 

-  turgeschichte  des  Thierreichs  "  (4  vols.  1851),  etc.  of  the  Academv  "  Dei  Lincci  "at  Rcmie.    His  chief  work  ia 

lished  1)V  Benjamin  Franklin  1732-57,  noted  for  Populists      See  People's  Party.  "  ^'nsi"  naturalis  •  (1569). 

its  maxims.  .   _  ,  Popul  Vuh  (po-pol' vo).   The  sacred  or  national  Port  Adelaide  (port  ad'e-lad) 

book  of  the  Quiche  Indians  of  Guatemala.  It 
was  originally  written  in  hieroglyphics,  but  has  come 
down  to  us  in  a  copy  in  the  (Juich^  language,  with  a 
translation  into  Spanish  by  a  Domitiican  missionary,  Fian- 

ciseo  Ximenez,  who  wrote  about  1721.     "This,  according  ■ri''lll.'^i"^21"'/'-.    „     -i„„„/\ 
to  Father  -Ximenez  himself,  and  according  to  internal  evi-  irOrtaaOWn   (poit-a-<loun  ) 
dence,  is  a  translation  of  a  literal  copy  of  an  origin.al  book, 
written  by  one  or  more  Quicht5s,  in  the  Quiche  language, 
Roman  letters,  after  the  Christians  had  occupied  Gua- 


Poor  Robin.  An  almanac  which  first  appeared 
in  1663,  and  was  discontinued  in  1828.  It  w.as 
"written  by  Poor  Robin  Knight  of  the  Burnt  Island,  well- 
wisher  to  the  Mathematics ;  calculated  for  the  Meridian  ot 
Saffron  Walden. "  Robert  Herrick  is  said  to  have  assisted 
in  the  first  rmmbere.    Cliambers. 

Popay&n  (p6-pii-yan').  The  capital  ot  the  de- 
partment of  Cauca,  Colombia,  situated  on  the 
Cauca  about  lat.  2°  27'  N.,  long.  76°  45'  W.  The 
"  kingdom  "  ot  Popayan  (so  called  from  Payan,  an  Indian 
chief)  was  conquered  by  Benalcazar,  who  founded  the  city 
as  his  capital  in  1536.  It  was  long  a  place  of  importance, 
but  has  suKered  much  from  civil  wars  and  earthquakes. 
Population  (18861,  est.,  20,(X)0. 

Pope  (pop),  Alexander.  Born  in  Lombard 
street,  London,  May  21, 1688:  died  at  Twicken- 
ham, May  30, 1744.  "a  famous  English  poet.    His 


The  port  of 
the  citv  of  ,\delaide.  South  Australia,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Vincent  in  lat.  34°  47'  S.,  long. 
138°  31'  E.  Population  (1891),  .1,005  (with  Sema- 
phore, 12,164). 

A  town  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
Bann  24  miles  southwest  of  Belfast.  Popula- 
tion (1891).  8,430. 


temala  and  after  the  real  original  Popul  Vuh  had  been  x»  -x      t     /    -  \'.i  '/\    t  -n  •         t,  ^ 

lost  or  destroyed."  (Ba7«-ro/(,  Indian  Tribes,  III.  42.)  The  JfOrtaolS  (por-tals  ),  Jean  FranQOlS.  Bora  at 
manuscript  of  Ximenez  is  preserved  at  Guatemala.  The  V  ilvorde,  Belgium,  May  1.  1818;  died  at  Brus- 
Spani5htextwa8flrstpublisliedliylir.Scherzerinl857,and  ^dg^  pgb.  9,  1895.  A  Belgian  painter,  from 
in  1861  Bnisseur  de  Bou.hon,L-,,nMished  a  French  trans-    ,^-g  jirg^.tor  of  the  academy  at  Brussels. 

lation  founded  on  a  carelul  stndyof  thet)uiche  text.     Ine  —   _.  t*  „a  n-j /    -  /i--     •x.f\      k     -i. 

substantial  authenticity  of  the  Popul  Vuh  is  generally  ad-  PortagO, or  Portage  City  (por  til.)  sit  l).  A  city, 
niitted.  The  book  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  con-  capital  of  Coliinibia  County,  Wisconsin,  situ- 
taining  the  yuiche  cosmogony  and  mythology,  and  the  ;,(ej  on  the  Wisconsin  Kive'r  and  on  the  canal 
second  dealing  with  the  eaily  history  of  the  tribe.    Also    joining  flie  Wisconsin  aiul  Fox  rivers.  87  miles 

west-northwest    of    Milwaukee.      Population 

( 1900),  5,4.19. 

height, 
.•er. 
•ninsula 


father  was  a  linen-draper  who  had  ijecome  a  convert  to  tnc     ,yfitt,;„  popol  Vuh. 

Roman  (;atholic  Church.    He  learned  Latin  and  Greek  from  _,,         Cinv  biin'Hiirl    or  PorphflTldar    or 

various  friends,  and  had  no  regular  tiuinuig  in  the  public  I'^oroanaar  (poi-Dun  Oar),  or  roreoanaar,  or 

schools. 
Before 
met 
mitted 
tion 

bull.and  Dryden  was  his  hero  and  master,    uy  iviii  lie  nan  i:»orcla  (por'SUia).     UieQ  4::  B.  c.     J.'augnier  or    ,.,„„„.,.(,.,i  „,it(,  Keweenaw  Bav 
become  alienated  from  Addison,  .and  his quanel  with  .lolni     gato  Utieensis,  and  wife  of  Bibulus.      She  mar- p     x    ,  mdr  tii  In'cre)      1     A  distriet  in  th« 

Dennis  had  begun.     In  1718  he  settled  at  Iwickenhain.  ,  r>„„t,,„  ^r.'      „  rOrtaiegTC  (por-ta-ia  gre).     1.  AQlsmciin  tne 

His  first  published  poem.  "The  Pastorals,"  appeared  111     iicci  uruuistjiB.  c.  -  r>   i-    •      oo      -i^o    Iil'o\nilC0   of  Alemtojo,   Portugal.     Population 

Ton8on'a"Miscellanies'.May,1709,thonghwrittenfouror  Porco  (por  ko).     A  village  ot  Uolivia,  --miles    (jggo),  113,727.-2.   .\  town  in  the  district  of 
five  years  earlier.    The  "Essay  on  Criticism  "  followed  in     southwest  of  Potosi.    Near  it  were  the  most  prodnc-    Pi,rtale"Te   101  miles  east-nortlieast  of  Lisbon. 
„  ..,__,     ,...,.,..         ,  .,...„..,„.      tiyesiiver-inincsof  the  Incas,  and  they  were  worked  with     \        '      '^     ' 


rquette, 


_       ^  •  followed  in 

1711.  "The  Rape  of  the  Lock,'"  his  masterjiicce,  was  pub- 
lished in  1712,  and  'Windsor  Forest"  in  1713.  The  trans- 
lations o(  Homer  were  undertaken  in  1713,  and  continued 
12  years.    The  "Iliad"  was  published  in  1720, the  'Odys 


par 

near  Sl.-Nazaire. 
Poromushir.     See  Paramushir. 
Poros(po'ios).  An  island  oast  of  Argolis,Greeoe: 

the  ancient  Calauria.     It  contained  in  ancient  times 


??&u^;^n" ''l^Z^eamfswin:  ""ii^-  i^Ed  "  '^.  PoTcWe  (P"  r'kM'"0,  Peter.    A  pseudonym 

peared  in  1728,  but  is  said  to  have  been  written  before  the     ot  William  CoOoett.  ,      .   , 

attacks  In  the  "  Miscellanies"  had  purposely  elieite<l  the  Porkopolis  (pork-op'o-lis).  A  nickname  often 
stinging  retorts  which  he  represented  as  having  indnced  ,,iyp,j  („  Cincinnati  and  also  to  Chicago,  both 
him  to  write  it.  A  fourth  book  of  the  "Dunciad  ap-  ^  .  ,  .,.  ,,.,,,i.;„„  oonters 
peared  in  1741,  in  which  he  attacked  Cibbcr.  The  "  Es-say  note  I  poik-p.l  Icng  centers. 
on  Man "  appeared  1732-34.  He  also  wrote  a  number  of  PomiC  (por-nek').  A  sea-bathing  resort  in  the 
"Epistles,"  etc.,  published  as  the  "Moral  Essays"  and  department  of  Loire-Inf<Srieure,  France,  28 
"The  Imitations  of  Horace.'  miles  west  of  Nantes. 

Pope,  John.  Born  in  Prince  William  County,  Pomidiet  (por-ne-sha').  A  watering-place  in 
Va.,  1770:  died  in  Wasliington  County,  Ky.,  ,],(,  ,l|.p,irtinent  of  Loire-Inf(5rieur 
July  12, 184.1.  An  .Vnieriean  iioliliciau.  Ilewas 
Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky  1807-13; 
president  prn  U-miuirr  of  the  Senate  1811 ;  governor  of  Ar- 
kansas Territory  18211-36  :  and  member  of  Congress  friun 
Kentucky  1837-43. 
Pope.  John.  Born  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  16, 
1822 :  died  at  Sandusky,  Ohio,  Sept.  23,  1892. 
An  American  general.  He  gnduated  at  West  Point 
In  1842,  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war;  and 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  United  States  volun- 
teers at  the  beginning  of  the- Civil  War.  He  defeated  Gen- 
eral bterling  Price  on  the  Blaekwater  In  ISOl,  and  in  the 
following  year  commanded  the  land  force  In  theexpedilion 
which  reduced  .New  Madriil  and  Island  No.  10.  He  was 
commlssiimcd  major-general  of  volunteers  for  his  service  at 
New  Madrid,  and  In  June,  1802,  was  assigned  to  the  cinn- 
mand  of  the  Armv  of  Virginia.  A  division  of  hlsariny  un- 
der Nathaniel  P.  Banks  wasdefcatcd  by  "StonewallMaek- 
son  at  Cedar  Mountain;  anil  he  was  himself  defeated  by 
Robert  E.  Lee  at  the  seeond  batlle  of  Bull  Hun,  loid  was 
forced  to  retire  behind  the  fmlincatlons  ot  Washinglon 
early  In  Sept.  He  beeanie  major  general  In  the  regular 
army  in  1882,  and  was  retired  in  1880. 
Pope  Joan.     See  .laan. 

Pope  of  Geneva,  The.    Calvin. 


immense  profit  by  the  Spaniards  for  a"long  time  after  the    !'opulatioii_(  1878),  8,ffl)9. 

conquest.    Some  of  the  Porco  miners  discovered  the  still  PortaleS  (por-ta  las),  DiegO  JOSe  VlCtOr.  Horn 

richer  deposits  at  Potosi 


at  Santiago,  June  26,  1793:  died  at  Val|iarniso, 
June  6, 1837.  A  Chilean  politician.  He  was  a  mer- 
chant, and  took  little  part  in  politics  before  1827.  Ovallo 
made  him  minister  of  war  1830-31,  and  from  that  time  he 
exerted  iiiHuelice  which  made  him  practically  rulerofi  hilc. 
He  treated  the  revolting  liberals  with  great  severity,  and 
to  him  were  mainly  due  the  institutions  which  kept  the 
conservatives  in  power  for  more  than  40  years.  Portales 
was  elected  vice-president  and  was  again  minister  of  war 
under  Prieto  from  Sept.,  1835.  Having  declared  war  oil 
Peru,  he  was  reviewing  the  troops  when  a  mutiny  broke 
out,  and  he  was  impri!.oned  and  shot., 

I'raiu., Portalis  (por-tii-les'),  Jean  Etienne  Marie. 

Born  at  Bausset,  Franco,  1745  ;1746  f) :  died  at 
Paris,  IS07.  A  French  .iurist  and  statesman, 
lie  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Ancients  17!>5-07  :  be- 
came director  of  public  worship  In  ISOI,  and  minister  of 
public  worship  in  1804 ;  and  was  chief  editor  of  the  "Code 
Civil." 


a  temple  <if  Poseidon.     Demosthenes  died  there  :I22  n.  o. 

Portfcy  (P?'"'ii"i).    U'-  I-orph^rh...,  Or.  no,,.--  Porta  Maggiore  (por'tii  miid-j6're)._  [It..'great 
rviyuyiy  yi'^nn  It,.    i/_'- '  ■   i    .'^_     ^<      ^     ,' ;   ,.    gate.']     The  hiiest  and  most  imposinp 


iig  ancient 


'^n    I.           .  ni              ij.*  ,.     .. /i»...,i.....\  .,i,.„,f  g  lie.         1  lie  iiiiesi  aim  iiu».*.l  iiiiiiofniK  iiiien-ui. 

niiii-.l   Horn  atTvre.orHataiK'a  ( liasuan).anoiit  '",.■'.,           ,,       ,  ,,             ,.!.<«       i   . 

■  ,;-'^      11    .  ij          .,1 I'm-,     \  K.,.,.,l,.i,>.,i«  gate  III  the  walls  ot  Koine.    It  consists  of  2  nrche^ 

2.53A.D.:  diedat  Uoiiieabo  It  JO...  ANe.  platoiuc  1^^^^,  ^^  .icBlgncd  lo  carry  the  waters  of  two  aqueduct. 

philosopher,  adisciiile  ot  I'lotinus,  ami  teacuor  „ver  2  great  highways.    The  arches  open  between  3  riistl- 

'    "    ■  "  ■"  "        oto  a  treatise  agalii«l    cated  piers,  and  the  attic  bears  Inscriptions  rcconling  the 

1  life  of  rythauoriiB,  construction  by  Claudius  and  rcsloralioiis  by  Ve>piu>lan 

I  books  (by  Porphyry].  Port  ArthuT  (po't  iir'ther).    A  Chinese  nrseiial 

iwered by  Eusebius in  g,|,|   i,,,^.,]   station  near  the   extremity  of  the 


of  philosophv  at  Koine.     He  wrote  a  treatise  agalii«l  cated  piers,  and  the  attic  bears  Inscriptions  rcconling  the 

the  Chlislian^■  a  lite  of  Plotliius,  a  life  of  I'ythagoriiB,  construction  by  Claudius  and  rcsloralioiis  by  Ve>piu>lan 

works  on  AiiHlotle,  etc.  jlnd  Titus. 
"  Against  the  Christians," In  fifteen  1 

Thiscelebraled  work,  which  was  answe., ,.„,., ..„....,.„...     ^^^ 

twenty  five  books.  Is  known  lo  iis  only  from  the  notices  of  j  :       ,          „euiiisula,  in  the  province  ot  Shiug- 

It  In  .ferome-s  commentary  and  other  cccleslas  leal  wril  l^l""  '-"I't.  ^         '  ,„.  ,,  ,,„  ,1,..  j„nanese  Nov.  21. 1894. 

Ings.    Its  loss  is  due  t»  Thcodnslns  II.,  who  orderc.l  it  to  king.    It  was  eiipluied  by  tilt  Japanese  Jsov.  «,  iovt. 

be  nublielv  burned  in  .».  I>.  435,  a  proceeding  which  only  It  was  leiis.  d  1..  Russia  In  isau.                                   ,    ,. 
shows  tliaUhenpologlsis  had  iiot 'been  successful  In  an- Port-aU-Prfnce  (port'o-prins':  F.  pron.  pOr-tS. 

Bwerlng  all  Its  allcgati<His.  Modem  biblical  criticism  has  ,, rails' ) ;  r.irnierly  also  Port-RepUDllcain  (por- 
sanctloncd  many  of  the  opinions  t-;  which  Porphyry  first  .,-,  ,,iii,-U"-kaii').  The  capital  and  cliief  city  and 
f^rs^r^c  rill^etjrjXrwei:oUgeJt--VUL"-eJ:   po^t  of  the  republic  of  iaiti,  situated  on  a  bay 


Port-au-Prince 


820 


Portobello 


of  the  western  coast  in  lat.  18°  34'  N.,  long.  72° 
22'  W.  It  was  founded  in  the  middle  of  tlie  18th  centurj', 
and  has  several  rimes  been  devastated  by  earthquakes  and 
flres.     r.piilatiun.  4ll,UOO-60,OClO. 

Porta  Westphalica.     See  WestphaUan  Gatr. 

Port  Blair  (port  blar).  A  British  colony  and 
convict  settlement  in  South  An  daman.  Andaman 
Islands.  Indian  Ocean:  established  in  185S. 

Port  Chester  (ches'ter).     A  village  in  West 


Reading"  (1870),  "American  CoUesres  and  the  American  Porticl  (por'te-che).    A  town  in  the  province  of 

Public  '■  (1870),  "Science  of  Nature  versus  the  Science  ..f     Xaples,  Italv,  situated  on  the  Bav  of  Xaples  5 


Man"  (1871),  "Elements  of  Sloral  Science  "(1885),  "Life  of 
Bishop  Berkeley  "  (lSS,iX  and  "  Kant's  Ethics  "  (1SS6X 


Porter,  Peter  Buel.     Born  at  SaUsbm-y,  Conn.,  _"-'J.y' :  ';<;™P"?'?-..V'-'r'i 
Aug.,  1773 :  died  at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  March  Portman  (B«r-te-na  re)  B 

on    ICLii        An    ATnericnil  trpnprnl.     Hi.  woq  meniher      died  JuUC  J.  i_JU.      Anita 


miles  southeast  of  Naples.     Population  (1881), 
10,197;  commune.  12,709. 

Beatrice.  Bom  1266: 
20.l84i.  An  American  general.  He  was  member  died  June  y.  i::yu  An  Italian  lady,  celebrated 
of  Congress  from  Sew  York  1809-12,  and  served  with  dis-  by  Dante  m  his  "  \  ita  Nuova"  and  ■•Dmna 
tinction  in  the  War  of  1S12,  especially  at  Chippewa  and     Commedia."     She  married  Simone  de'  Bardi,  a 

„,,.  ^ „„ , ,.     -   o Lundys  Lane  (1811)  t^     ,  x-  Florentine,  before  1287. 

Chester  Countv,  Xew  York,  22  miles  northeast  Porter,  Sir  Robert  Ker.    Born  at  Durham,  tng-  Port  Jackson  (jak'son).  A  harbor  in  New  South 
of  New  York.     Population  (1900),  7.440.  land,  17 o:  died  at  St.  Petersburg.  May  4.  Ih4l..     ^Vales,  Australia.     Svdnev  is  situated  on  it. 

PortCornwallis(k6m-wol'is).    A  former  Brit-    An  EngUsh  painter  of  battle-scenes,  brother  ot  Port  Jervis  (jer'vis)".    A  tillage  in  Deer  Park 
--      -  -  ■     •  Jane  and  Anna  Maria  Porter.      He  studied  at  the     township.  Orange  Countv,  New  York,  situated 

Eoyal  .Academy,  and  in  ISOl became  pamtero  the  Emperor  fhp  Tlelnware  T?ivpr  60  miles  northwest  of 

of  Russia.  In  1S08  he  accompanied  Sh  John  Moore's  ex-  g^  tne  Delaware  Jtivei  DU  mues  nortnwesi  oi 
pedition  in  Spain.  In  ISII  he  married  Princess  Mary  de  New  lork:a  favorite  Summer  resort,  Pop- 
Slierhatotf,  and  later  was  British  consul  in  Venezuela.  He      ulation  (1900).  9.38-5. 


ish  settlement  on  North  Andaman,  Andaman 
Islands,  Indian  Ocean. 

Port  Darwin  (dar'win).  A  harbor  in  the  North- 
ern Territory  of  Australia.  The  chief  place  is 
Palmerston. 

Porte,  The.     See  Sublime  Porte. 


Porte-Crayon  (port-kra'on).    [F.,'peucU-hold-  p'!l"r'( 
er.']     A  pseudonym  of  D.  H.  Strother.  March  1 


Port  Elizabeth  (f-liz'a-beth).  A  seaport  in 
Cape  Colouv,  situated  oh  Algoa  Bay  in  lat.  33° 
55'  S.,  long".  25°  36'  E.  It  has  important  for- 
eign commerce.     Population  (1891).  23,266. 

Porteous  (p6r'te-us)  BiotS.  Riots  at  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  in  1736.  They  originated  in  a  disturbance  at 
an  execution,  when  Captain  .John  Porteous  ordered  his 
troops  to  Are  on  the  crowd.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  persons 
were  killed  or  wounded.  Porteous  was  tried  for  murder 
and  condemned,  but  was  respited,  whereupon  a  mob 
dragged  him  from  the  prison  and  hanged  him,  Sept.  7. 
This  incident  is  the  starting-poiut  of  .Scott's  "Heart  of 
Midlothian." 

Porter  (por'ter).  Anna  Maria.  Bom  at  Dur- 
ham, England,  about  1780 :  died  1832.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  sister  of  Jane  Porter.  She  wrote 
"Artless  Tales"  (1793-95X  "Walsh  CoIviUe"  (1797),  "Oc- 
t.avia  "  (1798),  "The  Lake  of  Killarney"  (1804X  "Honor 
d'Hara"  (JS26),  "The  Barony"  (1830),  et*. 

Porter,  Da'Vid.  Born  at  Boston.  Feb.  1,  1780 : 
died  at  Pera,  Constantinople,  March  3,  1843. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  entered  the  navy 
In  17'9S :  served  in  the  Tripolitan  wiir  1801-03 ;  was  com- 
mander of  the  Essex  in  the  W.ir  of  181-2;  was  defeated  .and 
taken  prisoner  in  battle  near  Valparaiso  March  28,  ISl-i ; 
and  resigned  1826.  He  was  commander  of  Mexican  naval 
forces  1826-29,  and  United  States  minister  to  TurkeylSSl- 
1843. 

Porter,  Da'Vid  Dixon.  Born  at  Chester,  Dela- 
ware County,  Pa.,  June  8.  1813:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, Feb.  13,  1891.  An  Araerican'admiral, 
son  of  David  Porter.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1829 ; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  commanded  the  mortar-fleet 
under  Farracut  on  the  Mississippi  in  1802 ;  aided  in  the 
reduction  ofVicksburg  in  1863;  participated  in  the  Red 
River  expedition  in  1864  ;  commanded  the  naval  forces  in 


An  American  commodore,  son  of  David  Porter. 
He  served  in  the  Mississippi  waters  1861-62. 
Porte  St.-Antoine  (port  san-toii-twan').  A 
triumphal  aieh,  formerly  standing  in  Paris, 
through  which  the  Rue  St.-Antoine  passed,north 
of  the  spot  where  the  Bastille  stood.  A  gate  was 
built  here  in  1380,  and  on  Sept.  14,  1574,  Henrj-  III.,  on 
his  return  from  Poland,  made  his  triumphal  entr>-  through 
it.  A  beautiful  Renaissance  arch  was  erected  to  commem- 
orate the  event,  which  was  adorned  by  sculptures  supposed 
to  have  been  by  Jean  Goujon.  In  1660  Louis  XIV.  also 
made  a  triumphal  entrj-  at  this  gate,  and  the  arch  was 
transformed  by  the  architect  Blondel  in  1662.  In  his 
scheme  Blondel  treated  the  c-u-lier  work  with  the  utmost 
respect,  merely  adding  side  arches  and  an  attic  above.  It 
presented  one  of  the  most  pleasing  Eenaissanoe  composi- 
tions in  Paris.  It  was  demolished  in  1778.  Jean  Goujon 's 
river-gods  in  the  spandrels  of  the  arch  were  afterward 


important 

steamer  lines  ;  has  valuable  foreign  trade  (especially  vvith 
Canada),  coasting  trade,  and  fisheries ;  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  boots  and  shoes,  macliiuery,  sugar,  engines,  etc. 
It  is  the  winter  port  of  Canada.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Machigonne.  It  was  settled  l>y  the  English  in  1632,  its 
early  name  heingFalmoutli  ;  wasbombardedbythe  British 
in  tlie  Revolutionary  War  ;  had  its  name  changed  to  Port- 
land in  1786:  became  a  city  in  1^32;  and  was  devastated 
by  a  Are  in  IS-iS.     Population  (19001,50,145. 

Portland.  The  capital  of  Multnomah  County, 
Oregon,  situated  on  the  Willamette  River,  12 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Columbia,  in 
lat,  4.5°  30'  N.,  long.  122°  40'  W.  it  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  State,  a  railroad  center,  and  the  terndnus  of 
several  steamer  lines  ;  is  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation; 
and  exports  salmon,  lumber,  wheat,  and  flonr.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1K45  ;  was  made  a  citv  in  1851 ;  and  was  ravaged  bv  a 
fire  in  1873.     Population  (1900),  90,426. 


buUt  into  the  gate  of  the  Beaumarchais  garden,  and  are  Portland.     A  city  of  New  Brunswick,  a  suburb 


now  in  the  Cluny  museum. 


of  St.  John. 


Porte" St.-Deiis('sah:cle-ne').  Atriumphalarch     oj^-;;-°-P°^^^^^^^ 

on  the  Boulevard. St.-Denis  Paris,  built  in  1672  |ortland,  Dukes  and  Earl^f  ,rT?nfrtTna 

in  honor  of  the  victories  of  Louis  Xiv  .  m  the 

Low  Countries.    It  has  a  single  archway  with  reliefs 

above.  Victories  in  the  spandrels,  and  warlike  trophies 

adorning  simulated  obelisks  on  each  side.     The  width  is 

82feet,  and  the  height  SL    It  was  buUt  by  Francis  Blondel, 

and  the  brothers  .Anguier  were  the  sculptors. 
Porte  St.-Martin  (san  mar-tan').  Atriumphal 

arch  on  the  Boulevard  St. -Martin.  Paris,  built  in 


Portland,  Isle  of.  A  peninsula  in  Dorset,  Eng- 
land, south  of  Weymouth,  projecting  into  the 
English  Channel,  and  terminating  in  the  Bill 
of  Portland :  noted  for  its  castle  (built  1520), 
its  building-stone,  and  its  breakwater.  Near  it, 
Feb.  18,  1653,  an  indecisive  battle  was  fought  between 
the  English  fleet  under  Blake  and  the  Dutch  under  Tromp. 
Length,  about  4  miles.     Population  (1891),  9,541. 


1674  bv  Pien-e  Bullet  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV.  Portland,  Race  of.     A  dangerous  sea  passage 

between  the  Isle  of  Portland  and  a  neighboring 

, „  .  reef,  the  Shambles. 

two  smaU  oiies,  with  reliefs  in  the  spandrels  of  the  large  Portland  Vase.     -A.  famous  urn  of  bine  trans- 


It  commemorates  the  taking  of  Besan?on  and  the  victo- 
ries overthe  Imperialists.  It  hasalai-ge  archway  between 
two  small  ones,  with  reli 

opening.  Above  the  coinice  there  is  an  attic.  The  height 
and  breadth  are  both  57  feet. 


parent  oanieo-ciit  glass,  ten  inches  high,  it  was 
discovered  about  1630  in  a  sarcophagus  in  a  tomb  in  the 
Monte  del  Grano,  near  Rome.  It  is  so  called  from  its  pos- 
sessors, the  Portland  family,  who  bought  it  in  17S7  from 
,Sir  William  Hamilton  (its  original  purchaser  in  1770),  and 
placed  it  in  the  British  Museum  in  ISIO.  It  is  also  called 
the  Barberini  vase,  because  it  was  first  deposited  in  the 
Barberini  Palace. 


the  attack  on  Fort  Fisher  Dec,  ISW, -Jan.,  1865;  and  was  Port  Famine  (port  fam  m).  A  place  m  southern 
made  vice-adminU  in  1866,  and  admiral  in  1870.  Patagonia,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Magellan 

Porter,  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Cornwall,  Conn.,  south  of  Punta  Arenas.  An  unsuccessful  at- 
Oet.  5,  1772:  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  April  8,  tempt  was  made  to  form  a  Spanish  settlement 
183-1.   An  American  Congregational  clergyman     jiere  in  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

and  educator,  professor  (1812)  and  president  Port  Glasgow  (glas'go).  A  seaport  in  Renfrew-  p„+T  nnis  Ho'isorlo'p)     A  seanort   canital  of 
(1827)  of  .\ndover  Theological  Semina^.     He     ^hire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Clyde  17  mi  es  X^^j^'^f  ^fVa  "^  -^ 

published  various  works  on  rhetoric  and  homi-  west-northwest  of  Glasgow.     It  has  trade,  ship-  *'''li;  „"  .n^Lilt^"   "  '  I   ,     ,^ 

^  ^.  ,     .,  T             J            c     A.            ■D„„„i«*:„„ /1Q01N  on  the  norttiwestem coast.  Itisthechieicommercial 

leties.    „.       ,  ^         ^          .         ^,    ,^„.,     ^.   ^  building,  and  manufactures.  Population  (1891),  j^ee  of  the  colony.    In  ISIO  it  was  taken  by  the  British. 

Porter,  FltZ-John.     Born  Aug.  31.  1822  :  died  14.624.  Population  (1891),  62,046. 

May  21. 1901.     An  American  general,  cousin  of  Port  Hamilton  (ham'il-ton).     A  harbor  soutli  Port  Louis.    The  former  capital  of  the  Falkland 

D.D.Porter.    He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845,  and  of  Korea,  in  one  of  the  Nanhow  Islands.    Great  Islands,  situated  on  East  Falkland, 

took  part  in  the  Mexican  war.    Hewas  appointed  a  briga-  Britain  annexed  it  in  1885,  but  abandoned  it  in  Port  Lvttelton  (lit'el-ton).     A  seaport  in  the 

dier-general  of  volunteers  at  the  begmning  of  the  Livil  .^„,  <Sr>ntli    TslnTid     Xew '■/pnlnTid    situated   on  the 

War,  and  ser\ed  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  cam-  _^*''"'-_          ..  _    .         ...            ..     „     ,         ^  boutn    islana,  .New_Z,eaiana,   SItuatea   on  ine 


cashiered  by  court  martial  in  Jan.,  1863,  for  failure  to  obey  ,-...-   zx       ,-,_        « »i,     i.m.         -ir     i 

orders  on  .\ug.  29.  His  sentence  was  partly  remitted  in  PorthOS  (por-tos').  One  of  the  '■Three  Jluske- 
1882.  and  he  was  restored  to  the  army  in  1886.  He  was  teers"in  Dumas's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
police  commissioner  of  Xew  York  city  1884-88.  noted  for  his  great  size  and  strength  and  his 

Porter,   Horace.     Bom   at  Huntington,   Pa.,     inordinate  love  of  display. 
April  15.  1837.     An  American  general,  son  of  pQj^  Hudson  (hud'son).     A  place  in  East  Fe- 
David  Rittenhouse  Port_er  (1788-1867,  governor    lioiana  parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Mis- 


Islands,  Spain,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast :  the 
ancient  Portus  Magonis.  it  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish under  Stanhope  in  1708 ;  conquered  from  them  by  the 
French  in  1756;  restored  to  Great  Britain  in  1763:  con- 
quered by  Spain  in  1782 ;  and  finally  ceded  to  Spain  in  1802. 
Population  (18S7),  18,445. 

of  Pennsylvania  1838-45).     He  graduated  at  West     siss-»ppi  9rmiles  northwest  of  Xew  oTa"ns."'!t  ^^E^e^^*^c^irlf  l^kt^ated'^'on  1°  ^^'"^'  ^"""^ 

l!'S^S:^:^i.^^S^!^^'^i^r^ir^    --  ^fe^-^^,^^  ^^'^  ^'.derals  under  Banks  in  /^^-^  slXortl 

war;  and  served  as  his  private  secretary  1869-73.    He  was     May.  1863.  and  _suiTer.-l»T-o.I  .T„lv  8  _..,-< 

breveted  brigadier-general.    He  resigned  from  the  army  Port  Huron  (hii'ron] 

in  1873.    In  1897  he  was  appointed  ambassador  to  France,     of  gf  _  Claire  Countv,  Michigan,  situated  at  the 

Porter,  Jane.  Born  at  Durham,  England.  1776 :  junction  of  Black  River  with  St.  Clair  River,  56 
died  at  Bristol,  May  24,  18o0.  An  English  nov-  ^jjeg  northeast  of  Detroit.  It  is  a  railroad  center, 
elist.    She  made  a  great  reputation  as  a  romantic  novel-     and  has  important  Canadian  and  domestic  trade,  and  ship- 

iiit.    She  »T0te  "Thaddeus  of  Warsaw  "(1803),  "The  Scot-     building.    Population  U'JiiO).  l'-M;-».  .,>..„,,,,-,,-,       ,         ^        it.    /-,     -t-i 

tishChiets' (1810),  "Tales  Round  a  Winter  Hearth,"  with  po-tia  (por'shia)  1  The  principal  female  PortO  Bello  (bal  yo).  A  port  on  the  Caribbean 
her  sister  Anna  Maria  (lS26X"The  Field  of  Forty  Foot-  pij^j-acter  in  Shakspere's  '"Merchant  of  Yen-  coast  o£  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Colombia.  20 
steps    (l&2b),  etc,  "'  ■'         .     n  f-,  t 

Porter,  Noah.  Bom  at  Farmington,  Conn., 
Dec.  14, 181 1 :  died  at  Xew  Haven,  Conn. ,  March 
4,  1892.  An  .\merican  educator  and  philoso- 
pher. He  graduated  at  Tale  in  1831;  was  master  of  Hop. 
kins  Grammar  School  1831-33 ;  was  a  tutor  at  Yale  1833-35 ; 
was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Sew  Jlilford, 
Connecticut,  1836-43,  and  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts, 
1843-46 ;  was  professor  of  metaphysics  and  moral  philoso- 
phy at  Yale  1846-71 ;  and  was  president  of  the  university 
1871-S6.  He  was  the  editor  in  chief  of  the  editions  of  Web- 
ster's tnabridged  Diction«ry  published  in  1864  and  1S80. 
and  of  the  International  Dictionary  (1890).  Among  his 
works  are  -'The  Human  Intellect"  (1868),  "Books  and 


a  juij  o.  Porto  Alegre   (por'tij  ii-la'gre).     A  seaport, 

"■'^L  ^^Llll/tffhl  '■apital  of  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil, 
situat  ed  on  the  river  Guahyba  or  Lower  Jacuhy, 
near  its  mouth  in  the  Lagoa  dos  Patos,  in  lat. 
30°  2'  S.  It  is  the  most  important  city  of  southern  Brazil, 
and  has  a  hirge  trade.  Population,  estimated (1592),  55,00a 


miles  northeast  of  Colon.  The  bay  was  discovered 
and  named  by  Columbus,  1502.  It  was  unimportant  until 
1597,  when  it  officially  replaced  Xombre  de  Dios  as  the  Car- 
ibbean port  of  Panama,  and  hence  of  Peru.  Every  year  a 
fleet  arrived  from  Spain,  and  rettmied  laden  with  treasure. 
It  w.as  taken  and  sacked  by  the  English  captain  Parker, 
1602 ;  by  Morgan,  1668,  and  by  other  hucaneers.  1679 ;  and 
by  Vernon,  1739,  It  is  now  a  small  village.  Also  written 
Porto  Beh  and  Puerto  Bello. 

A  town  and  sea- 
herself  by  swallowing  live  coals.  In  Shak-  bathing  resort  in  Midlothian,  Scotland,  situated 
spere's  "  Julius  Ctesar"  she  does  so  while  insane  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  3  miles  east  of  Edinburgh, 
from  anxiefj-  over  her  husband.  Population  (1891).  8.181. 


ice":  an  heiress  in  love  with  Bassanio.  Her 
suitors  were  obliged  bv  the  terms  of  her  fathers  will  to 
choose  one  of  three  caskets  of  gold,  sUver,  and  lead,  one 
of  which  contained  her  picture,  and  the  chooser  of  it  was 
to  be  her  husband.  Bassanio  was  successful,  choosing  the 
leaden  one.  Portia  is  noted  for  her  celebrated  defense  of 
B.issanio's  friend  Antonio,  resisting  the  demand  of  Shylock 
for  a  pound  of  flesh  from  Antonio's  body  in  case  Bassanio 
failed  to  pay  money  borrowed  from  Shylock,  See  Shylock, 
2.  ThewifeofMareusBrutus,saidtohavekiUed  Portobello  (por-to-ber6) 


Porto  Ferrajo 

Porto  Ferrajo  i^por'to  ffr-rii'vo).  The  chief 
place  in  the  island  of  Elba,  pnivinee  of  Leghorn, 
Italy.     Population  (issi),  r,:Mn. 

Port"  of  Spain,  or  Puerto  d'Espana  (pwer'to 
des-pan'yii).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Triuidad,  situated  on  the  western  coast  in  lat. 
10°  39'  N.,  long.  Gl°  31'  W.  Population  (1891), 
33,782. 

Portogruaro,  or  Porto  Gruaro  (por'to  gio-a'- 
rO).  A  towu  in  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Lemene  34  miles  northeast  of 
Venice.  Population  (1881),  4,807;  commune, 
!i,:!s6. 

Porto  Maurizio(mou-rid'ze-6).  1.  A  province 
in  Liguria,  It;ilv.  Area,  455  square  miles.  Poj)- 
ulatlou  (1S91),'141.'_'95.— 2.  A  seaport,  capital 
of  the  province  <if  I'orto  Maurizio,  situated  on 
the Mediterraneaniu lat .43° 53' X. ,  long. 8°  1 ' K. 
It  iiroducos  olive-oil.    Population  (1893),  7,900. 

Porto  Novo  (no'vo).  The  capital  of  Dahomey. 
>vestern  Africa,  situated  near  the  Higlit  of 
Benin,  south  of  Abomey.     Poj).,  aboul  .■)(!. OOO.. 

Porto  Novo.  A  small  seaport  on  the  Coroniandel 
coast  of  India,  south  of  Madras.  Here.  .Tuly  1, 
1781,  the  Hritish  (about  8,000)  unilert'oote  defeateil  Hyder 
All  (M-ith  about  40,000  men). 

Porto  Plata.     See  I'm rto  Fluid. 

Porto  Rico  (re'ko),  Sp.  Puerto  Rico  (pwer'to 
re'ko).  The  easternmost  island  of  the  Greater 
Antilles,  West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  situated  east  of  Santo  Domingo,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Moua  Passage. 
Capital,  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico.  It  is  tiaversed 
from  east  to  west  by  a  rau^re  of  low  mountains.  The 
chief  exports  are  sii^ar,  t-otfec.  an<i  tul)acco.  It  was 
.lisrovered  by  Columbus  in  1493,  and  was  conciuered. 
maiidy  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  1508-20.  Slavery  was  ab.]. 
ished  in  1873.  It  was  ceded  by  .Spain  to  the  United 
States  in  1898.  Length,  about  100  miles.  Greatest  breadth 
about  .if.  miles.  Area,  3,000  square  miles.  Population 
(18'.i:»),  '.tj:t,-J43. 

Porto  Santo  (jior'tp  siin'to),  A  small  island  of 
the  Madeira  group,  situated  about  30  miles 
northeast  of  Madeira. 

Porto  Seguro  (por'tii  se-g6'ro).  A  captaincy 
of  Brazil,  granted  in  1534  to  Pero  de  Campos 
Tourinho.  it  corresponded  to  the  coast  from  the  river 
Mocury  northward  60  leagues.  After  the  death  of  Campos 
Tourinho  it  fell  into  decay,  and  later  was  united  to  Bahia, 
of  which  it  forms  the  southern  part. 

Porto  Seguro.  A  town  and  port  of  the  state  of 
Bahia,  Brazil,  at  themouth  of  the  riverCa.xoeira, 
in  lat.  16°  20'  38"  S.  At  this  point  Cabral  took  posses- 
sion of  Brazil  fr)r  Portugal,  Ajiril  W,  IXKK  The  ttiwn  was 
founded  in  IM.i.     I'opulation,  about  4.(KI0. 

Porto  Seguro,  Viscount  of.    See  ramhagoi, 

Fraiicixco  Jdalpho  de. 

Porto  Vecchio  (vek'ke-6).  [It.,  'old  port.']  A 
scajiort  in  Corsica,  near  the  southern  extremity. 

Porto  Venere  (va'ne-re).  A  small  port  on  the 
tiulf  of  Spezia,  Italy. 

Port  Patrick  (port  pat'rik).  A  small  seaport 
in  Wigtownshire,  Scotland,  situate<l  ou  the 
North  Channel  27  miles  west  of  Wigtown,  it 
was  formerly  an  important  port  for  trade  between  Scttt- 
land  anil  Ireland,  and  eictcnsive  harbor  works  were  com. 
menced. 

Port  Phillip  (firip).  A  bay  on  the  southern 
coast  of  \^ctoria,  Australia.  Melbourne  is 
situated  on  it. 

Port  Republic  (re-pub'lik).  A  place  in  Rock- 
ingham County, Virginia,  situated  on  the  Shen- 
andoah 90  miles  northwest  of  Richmond,  Here, 
.luneO,  1802.  the  Confederates  under  "Stonewall  ".Jackson 
defeated  the  Federals  under  Shields. 

Port  Richmond  I  rich 'mond).  A  fonuer  village 
in  Slaten  Island,  New  Vork,  situated  on  Ihe 
Kill  van  KuU  10  miles  southwest  of  New  York  : 
now  a  i>art  of  New  York  city. 

Port-Royal  (-roi'al).  A  Cistercian  abbey  for 
auns,  situated  about  17  miles  southwest  of  Paris. 
It  was  founded  in  1204  ;  was  reformeil  uniler  the  abbess 
.lacfiuelinc  Marie  .\ngeli<pie  .\rnuuld  in  liiilS  ;  was  called 
Port-Royal  deaCbaTnps  after  tile  eHtablishment  (l«20)ot  a 
branch  bouse  ;it  I'aris  (called  Port-Koyal  de  Paris);  and  be. 
came  noted  as  a  r, ■liter  of  .Tatmenisn).  The  oliler  estab- 
lisbment  beram-  fariH.iis  for  its  schools  and  as  a  center  of 
learnluR;  it  ua-  -uppi.  -sed  in  17o9.  J'ort-Kojal  du  Paris 
continued  until  ITlio. 

Port  Royal.  A  name  formerly,"given  to  Annap- 
olis, Nova  Scotia. 

Port  Royal  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  siHilliern  coast  of  Soutli  Carolina,  at  the 
mouth  of  Broad  Uiver. 

Port  Said  (sii-Cd').  A  seaport  in  Egypt,  situ- 
ated at  the  northern  end  of  the  Suez  ('anal, 
between  the  Me<literranean  and  Lake  Menza- 
leh,  in  lat.  31°  IC  N.,  long,  32°  19'  E.  It  was 
fouiidcil  ill  I8r,0.  and  is  the  terminus  of  many  lines  of 
stcanicrs.     I'opulation  (1K!17),  12,011.',. 

Port  St.  Mary.     See  T'lin-tn  de  Sniitn  Miirin. 

Portsea  (port  se).  1.  The  island  in  Ilanipshire, 
England,  on  which  Portsmouth  is  situated. — 2. 


821 

A  part  of  Portsmouth,  situated  north  of  Ports- 

mouth  ])roper. 

Portsmouth  (ports'muth).  A  seaport  in  Hamp- 
sliire,  England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  Ilarlior 
and  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  50°  48'  N.,  long. 
1°  6'  W.  Besides  Portsmouth  proper  it  includes  the 
adjoining  Portsea.  Landport.  and  Southsea.  It  is  the  prin. 
cipal  naval  station  of  England  and  the  strongest  fortress; 
has  a  large  garrison  ;  and  is  noted  for  itj^  line  harbor.  Mear 
it  is  the  roadsteiul  of  Spithead.  Its  dockyard  (the  niost 
important  in  the  countrj")  is  located  at  Portsea.  Part  of 
the  naval  establishment  is  at  (Josport,  opposite.  The 
Church  of  St.  Thomas  Beeket  is  notable.  I'ortsmouth  rose 
to  iniiiortance  in  the  13th  century,  and  wa.s  strongly  for- 
tilled  ill  the  10th  centiu-y.  It  returns  2  members  to  Par- 
liament.    Populatioii(l'.ioi).  iS8,l;i;i. 

Portsmouth.  A  seaport  and  one  of  the  capi- 
tals of  Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire, 
situated  on  thi'  Piscatai|ua,  3  miles  from  its 
moutli,  in  lat.  43°  4'  N.,  long.  70°  45'  W.  It  is 
the  oidy  seaport  in  the  State;  is  noted  for  its  excellent 
harbor;  has  ship-building  and  some  commerce;  and  is  a 
favorite  summer  resort.  Near  it  (on  islands  situated  in 
Kittery,  Maine)  is  the  Portsmouth  navy-yard.      It  was 

■  settled  in  1623;  was  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire  (ex 
cept  for  a  short  period)  until  1807 ;  and  was  made  a  city 
in  1S40.     Population  (1900),  10,037. 

Portsmouth.  A  city,  capital  of  Norfolk  Coun- 
ty, Virginia,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Elizabeth  River.  op]5o.site  Noi-folk.  it  is  the  icr- 
minusofsevcral  steamer  lines;  contains  the  GosportCnitcd 
states  navy-yard  ;  and  has  considerable  trade.  Population 
(1900),  17,427. 

Portsmouth.  -V  city,  capital  of  Scioto  County, 
Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Scioto  iiml 
Ohio.  90  miles  east-southeast  of  Cincinnati.  It 
has  flourishing  manntactm-es  and  trade.  Poji- 
nlatioii  (1900).  17,870. 

Portsmouth,  Duchess  of.  See  K^rouaUe,Loiiifie 
/;,,!,,  ,1,. 

Portsmouth  Harbor.  An  inlet  of  the  English 
( 'liamiel.  exteiiilino  into  Hampshire  4—5  miles. 

Port  Townsend  (port  toun'zend).  A  city  and 
seajiort  in  Jelferson  County,  Washington,  on 
I'noet  Sound  north  of  Seattle.  Popuhition 
il»0in,  3,443. 

Portugal  (por'tu-gal),  Pg.  Portugal  (por-tii- 
giil').  A  kingdom  in  Europe,  situated  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  Iberian  peninsula,  extending 
from  lat.  oG°  5.8'  to  42°  10  N.,  and  from  long^ 
6°  10'  to  9°  30'  W.  Capital,  Lisbon.  It  is  bounded 
by  Spain  on  the  luu-th  and  east,  and  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
south  and  west.  It  is  traversed  by  several  ranges  of  low 
mountains  (the  highest,  in  the  Serra  da  Soajo,  nearly  8,ooo 
feet)  which  enter  it  from  Spain.  The  chief  rivers  are  the 
Douro,  Tagus,  and  Guadiana.  The  principal  exports  are 
wine,  cork,  fish,  live  stock,  and  copper.  Its  commerce  is 
mostly  with  Great  Britain,  Brazil,  the  United  States,  and 
France.  It  is  divided  intii  s  provinces,  the  northern  more 
flourishing  than  the  sniithcrn.  It  is  a  hereditary  consti- 
tutional monarchy,  the  legislative  power  being  vested  in 
the  Cortes  (which  see).  The  language  is  Portuguese;  the 
prevailing  religion,  the  Roman  Catholic.  The  colonial  pos- 
sessions iiicluile  (besides  the  .Azores  and  Madeiras,  which 
are  considered  jiart  of  Portugal)  the  (ape  \  enl  Islands. 
Guinea,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Angola,  etc, ,  st.  Thomas, 
Goa,  Damilo,  Diu,  Timor,  etc.,  Macao,  ami  some  smaller 
territories  The  territory  was  jiartly  included  in  the  an- 
cient Lusitania;  fell  under  the  power  of  the  Moors;  was 
made  a  countship  feudatory  to  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile  lOC'i 
(or  10'i4);  became  a  kitigdoin  iintlcr  Alfonso  I.  (tradition- 
ally through  the  victory  at  iniri(|iie  in  1130);  was  a  great 
maritime  power  in  the  i.atli  and  loth  centuries;  was  noted 
for  discoveries,  explorations,  and  contiuests  under  I'rince 
IIenr>',  Biu-tholomeu  Dias.  Vasco  da  Gauia,  Cabral,  Albu- 
(lUenjue.  Magalb.'ies,  etc.  ;  founded  a  large  empire  in  the 
East  Indies  and  Brazil ;  was  comiuered  by  Sjiain  and  lost 
its  independence  in  ITtSO  ;  recovered  independence  through 
a  revolution  in  1040 (beginning  of  the  Braganva  line);  was 
invaded  by  the  French  in  1S07.  the  royal  family  escaping 
to  Brazil;  and  was  aided  by  England  in  the  war  of  lib- 
eration from  the  French.  More  recent  events  are  an  out- 
break of  reV'ilution  in  1820  ;  return  of  King  .tohn  VI.  from 
Brazil  in  1821;  signing  of  the  constitution  in  1822;  Bra- 
zil separated  from  Portugal  In  1822;  struggle  between 
Dom  Miguel  and  Maria  da  (ilorla,  ending  in  thesniimission 
of  .Miguel  in  1834  ;  disturbance  In  following  years  by  civil 
strife;  and  eoinpllcations  with  Great  Brttaia(ln  1889,  18U1, 
and  later)  regarding  the  African  claims.  Area,  80,038 
square  miles.     I'opulation  (l!HHi.  r>,428,ortO. 

Portuguese  America,  Brazil :  the  only  part  of 
America  which  was  colonized  by  the  Portu- 
guese.    See  Tordinilliiis. 

Portuguese  East  Africa.     See  East  Africu. 

I'tirtiKincsc. 

Portunus  (pAr-tu'nus),  or  Portumnus  (por- 
liiiii'nus).  In  Roman  mythology,  a  god,  pro- 
tccliir  of  hiirbors. 

Port-Vendres  (por-voh'dr).  A  seaport  in  the 
depailnieiil  of  I'vrenees-Orientales,  rrance,  sit- 
uated on  the  MediteiTauenn  18  miles  southeast 
of  Perpignan  :  the  ancienl  I'ortns  Veneris,  it 
has  a  eoniinodious  harbor.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,li.M. 

Port  Victoria  (port  vik-to'rl-ii).  The  chief  port 
of  the  Seychelles  Islands,  Indian  Ocean,  situ- 
ated on  Mali*'". 

PoruS  (lio'rus).  [^r.  UCtimr.']  Killed  about  318 
B.C.    An  Indian  king  who  reigned  between  the 


Potemkin 

Hydaspes  and  Acesines.  He  was  defeated  and  csp- 
tured  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  a  battle  on  the  Hydaspea 
in  326.  According  to  Plutarch,  when  asked  by  his  victor 
how  he  wished  to  be  treated  he  replied,  '*  Like  a  king."  He 
was  restored  to  his  kingdom  by  Alexander.  After  the  lat- 
ter's  death  he  was  treacherously  killed  by  the  Uacedonian 
general  Eudemus. 

Pory  (por'i),  John.  Bom  in  England  about  1570: 
died  jirobably  in  Virginia  before  1G35.  An  Eng- 
lisli  pioneer  in  America, and  geographical  writer. 
He  studied  at  CamliriilL'e((;onviIle  and  Cains  College).  In 
lUKllie  translated  the  "Geographical  History  of  Africa  "by 
Leo  Africanus.  From  lOlti  to  1021  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Virginia  Colony  at  Jamestown,  and  an  assistant  of  Hakluyt 
in  his  geographical  enterprises. 

Posadas  (po-sii'diis),  Gervasio  Antonio  de. 

Born  at  Buenos  AjTes,. June  19, 1757:  died  there, 
.luly  2, 1.832,  An  Argentine  politician.  Through 
the  inlluence  of  the  Lautaro  Society  (which  sec)  he  was 
elected  supreme  director  or  president  of  the  Platine  I*rov- 
fuces,  .Tan.  22, 1814,  holding  the  position  for  a  year.  With 
him  the  executive  was  first  placed  in  the  hands  of  one 
person. 

Poscharevatz.     See  Paxsamirlt.:. 

Poschiavo  (pos-ke-ii'vo),  G.  Puschlav  (posh'- 
liiv).  A  district  in  the  canton  of  (irisous,  Swit- 
zei'laud,  situated  south  of  the  Engadine  ou  the 
Italian  frontier.     Chief  place,  Poschiavo. 

Poseidon  (po-si'don).  [dv.'iiooeiduv.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  tlie  chief  Olympians,  brother 
of  Zeus, and  supreme  lord  of  the  sea:  sometimes 
looked  tipon  as  a  benignant  piomoter  of  calm 
and  prosperous  navigation,  but  more  often  as  a 
ten'iblegod  of  storm.  His  consort  was  the  KereidAm- 
phitrite,  anil  his  attendant  tniin  was  composed  of  Nereids, 
Tritons,  and  sea-monsters  of  every  form.  In  art  he  is  a 
majestic  Ilgure,  closely  approaching  Zeus  in  type.  His 
most  constant  attributes  are  the  trident  and  the  dolphin, 
with  the  horse,  which  he  was  reputed  to  have  created  dur- 
ing bis  contest  with  Athene  for  supremacy  in  Attica.  The 
original  Koman  or  Italic  >'cptune  became  assimilated  to 
him. 

Posen  (po'zen).  A  province  of  Prussia.  It  is 
liounded  by  West  Prussia  on  the  north.  Russian  Pidand  on 
the  cast,  Silesia  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  Branden- 
burg on  the  west.  The  surface  is  genendly  level.  The 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Poles,  and  areKoman  Catho- 
lics. It  belonged  formerly  to  Poland.  The  Netze  district 
was  annexed  by  Prussia  in  1772,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
province  in  1793.  Area,  11,178  squai-e  miles.  Poijulation 
(1890),  1,701,042. 

Posen,  Polisli  Poznan  (poz'niin).  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  at 
the  .iunction  of  the  Cybina  and  Warthe,  in  lat. 
52°24'N.,  loug.l6°55'E.  it  is  an  important  fortress 
and  strategic  point ;  contains  a  cathedral  and  a  Katliaus  ; 
and  has  some  trade  and  manufactures.  The  inhabitants 
are  Germans,  Poles,  and  Jews.  It  was  an  ancient  Polish 
city,  and  at  one  time  the  capital.  In  the  middle  ages  it 
wasa  Hanseatic  town  and  a  prosperous  commercial  center. 
I'opulation  (19IK1).  117,014. 

Posey  (p<)'zi ),  Thomas.  Born  in  Virginia,  July 
9,  17,50:  died  at  Shamiectown,  111.,  March  9, 
1818.  An  American  general  and  politician.  He 
served  in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  Indian  wars ;  was  Vniled 
States  senator  from  Uaiisiaiia  1812-13;  and  was  governor 
of  Indiana  Territory  1813-16. 

Posidonia.    See  I'lrstum. 

Posidonius  (pos-i-do'ni-us).  [Gr.  TlncciSuvio^.'] 
Born  at  Apamea,  Syria:  lived  at  the  beginning 
of  Ihe  1st  ceutni-y  B.  c.  A  noted  Greek  Stoic 
philosopher,  teticher  at  Rhodes. 

Poseidonius,  whocoiuited  among  his  pupils  the  eminent 
Romans  Cicero  and  Pompey,  was  a  literary  man  of  very 
varied  excellence.  In  many  respects  he  followed  in  the 
steps  of  the  great  Eratosthenes.  Like  him  he  investigated 
physical  geography,  and  made  some  iin]iortant  contribu- 
tions to  this  subject.  He  wrote  a  general  orniiscellaneouB 
history  in  about  fifty  luMiks.  extending  from  140  Ii.  c.  to  98 
It.  C,  and  therefore  in  continuation  of  IVtlybins  ;  a  treatise 
on  natural  philosophy  in  llfteen  books;  an  essay  on  the 
gods  in  thirteen  books,  besides  a  disiinisition  "on  the  be. 
coming,"  which  his  pupil  Cicero  combined  with  Ihe  work 
of  Panwtius  in  his  luKik  "He  (Mlleiia  ' ;  a  book  on  Ihe  mag- 
nitude of  the  sun :  and  numerous  other  works  on  meteor- 
ology, natural  philosophy,  ami  ethics.  Including  a  com- 
mentary on  the  "Tiinieus  '  of  Plato. 

A'.  0.  MtMer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  35. 

{(Jtimaldmn.) 

Posilipo  (po-s6-le'p6),  orPausilipO  (pou-se-le'- 
po).  A  ridge  southwest  of  Naples,  famous  for 
i(s  iincieni  grotto. 

Postglossators.     See  Harlobis. 

Postnumus  (pos'tii-mus),  LeonatUS.  The  hus- 
band of  Imogen  in  Shakspere's  '•Cj-mbeline." 
His  wiiger  as  to  her  lidelil  vis  the  turning-point 
ofihe  play. 

Postilion  de  Longjumeau  (pos-te-y6i'i'  d(-  16ii- 
/.liii-mo'),  Le.  An  opera  comiquc  by  Adam, 
pioiluced  at  Paris  in  183(1, 

Postl,     See  Scahlirld. 

Postumia  gens  (pos-tu'mi-jl  ,ienz).  A  Roman 
patru'ian  gens.  Its  most  distinguisheil  family 
was  .Vlbiis  or  .Mbintis, 

Potemkin  (po-tem'kin;  Riiss.  pron.  pot-yom'- 
kin).  Prince  Grlgori.  Bom  in  the  government 
of  Smolensk,  Russia,  Sept.,  173f):  died  in  Bes- 
sarabiii,  t)ct.   10,  1791.     A  Russian  politician 


Potemkin 

and  general,  chief  favorite  of  the  empress  Cath- 
arine II.  He  had  great  influence  in  internal  and  foreii^n 
affairs:  effected  the  annexation  of  the  Crimea;  andfounded 
Kherson  and  other  places  in  South  Russia. 

Potenza  (p6-ten'za).  1 .  A  province  of  southern 
Italy  which  forms  the  compartimento  of  Ba- 
silicata.  Area,  3.845  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  540,287.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Potenza,  Italv,  situated  on  the  Basento  in 
lat  40°  38'  X.,"long.  15°  49'  E.:  the  ancient 
Potentia.  The  old  town  was  destroyed  by  Frederick  II. 
and  by  Charles  of  Anjou.  The  modern  town  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  in  1857.  Population  (1891),  1S,500. 

Potenza  Picena  (pe-cha'nii),  A  small  town  in 
tbe  province  of  Maeerata,  Italy,  11  miles  north- 
east of  llacerata. 

Pothier  (p6-tva'),  Robert  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Orleans,  France,  Jan.  9.  1699:  died  at  Orleans, 
llarch  2,  1772.  A  French  jurist.  Among  his 
works  are  an  edition  of  the  "Pandects"  of  Jus- 
tinian (1748-52),  '-Traits  des  obligations,"  etc. 

Poti  (po'te).  A  seaport  in  the  government  of 
Kutais.  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Black  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Rion,  35 
miles  north  of  Batum.  Near  it  was  the  ancient 
Phasis.     Population  (1882),  4,785. 

Potidsa  (pot-i-de'a).  [Gr.  Uo-ldaia.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  of  Macedonia,  situated 
on  the  isthmus  joining  the  peninsula  of  Pallene 
to  the  mainland,  in  lat.  40°  11'  N.,  long.  23°  20' 
E. :  the  modern  Pinaka.  It  revolted  from  Athens  in 
432  B.  C,  and  was  reduced  in  429.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Cas- 
sander,  and  called  Cassandreia. 

Potiguaras  (p6-te-gwa'ras).  An  ancient  branch 
of  the  Tupi  Indians  in  Parahyba,  Ceard,  and 
southern  Jlaraahao,  Brazil.  The  name  is  vari- 
ously (vritten  Petigares.  Petpguares,  Pitagoares, 
Potijitaras,  etc.     See  Tiipis. 

Potiphar  (pot'i-far).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
an  otficer  of  Pharaoh,  the  owner  of  Joseph.  His 
wife  sought  unsuccessfully  to  seduce  Joseph. 

Potiphar,  to  whom  Joseph  was  sold,  bore  a  purely  Egyp- 
tian narae,  meaning  'the  gift  of  the  risen  one."  while  the 
name  of  Potopherah,  the  high  priest  of  On,  whose  daugh- 
ter, Asenath.  was  married  by  Joseph,  is  equally  Eg>'ptian, 
and  signifles  'the  gift  of  the  Sun-God.* 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  59. 

Potiphar  Papers,  The.  A  collection  of  satiri- 
cal articles  by  G.  W.  Ciu-tis,  published  in  1853. 

Potomac  (po-to'mak).  A  river  in  the  United 
States,  formed  by  the  union,  southeast  of  Cum- 
berland, Maryland,  of  the  North  and  South 
Branches.  The  former  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
the  latter  in  the  Shenandoah  Mountains.  It  forms  the 
main  boundary  between  Marj'land  on  the  north  and  West 
Virginia  and  Virginia  on  the  south,  and  empties  by  a  wide 
estuary  into  Chesapeake  Bay  in  lat.  38'  K.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  ShenandoalL  Length,  about  400  miles  ;  navi- 
gable for  large  vessels  to  Washington  (125  miles). 

Potomac,  Army  of  the.  The  principal  Federal 
army  in  the  American  Civil  War.  it  was  organ- 
ized  by  General  McClellan  in  IStil.  In  1862,  under  him,  it 
served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and  later  in  the  Antie- 
tara  campaign.  In  ^ov.,  1S62,  General  Burnside  took  com- 
mand and  the  army  was  defeated  at  Fredericksburg  in 
Dec.  In  Jan.,  1863,  General  Hooker  assumed  command 
and  it  was  in  May  defeated  at  Chancellorsville.  Cnder  Gen- 
eral Meade  it  won  the  victory  of  Gettysburg,  July,  1863.  It 
continued  under  the  immediate  command  of  General 
Meade  during  Genei-al  Grant's  operations  of  1S64-65. 

Potosf  (p6-t6-se').  1.  The  southwesternmost 
department  of  Bolivia,  noted  for  its  richness  in 
metals.  Area,  52,089  square  miles.  Population, 
(1893),  360.400.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Potosi,  situated  about  lat.  19°  35'  S., 
long.  65°  45'  W.,  over  13,000  feet  above  the  sea- 
level.  It  was  long  famous  for  the  silver-mines  in  the 
neighboring  mountain  (Cerro  de  Potosi),  where  silver  was 
discovered  in  1546.  The  production  has  greatly  decreased 
of  late.    Population  (1893),  estimated,  20,000. 

Potrero  de  las  Vacas  (po-tra'rodalas  va'kas). 
[Sp.,' Pasture  of  the  cows.']  One  of  the  high 
mesas  north  of  Cochiti,  in  central  New  Mexico, 
on  the  summit  of  which  stand  the  ruins  of  an 
ancient  village  or  pueblo  of  the  Queres  Indians, 
abandoned  long  before  the  IGth  century.  In  its 
vicinity  are  fjso  the  largest  statues  of  Indian  origin  known 
to  exist  in  the  Southwest.  They  represent  two  pumas 
carved  out  of  the  rock. 

Potsdam  (pots'dam).  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment district  of  Potsdam,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Nuthe  with  the  Havel,  16  miles  southwest 
of  Berlin.  It  is  an  imperial  residence,  and  contains  many 
palaces.  It  was  an  old  Slavic  town,  and  was  greatly  de- 
veloped under  Frederick  William  I. ,  Frederick  the  Great, 
and  their  successors.  The  royal  palace^  begun  in  IGCO,  but 
much  altered  in  1750,  is  chiefly  notable  for  its  souvenirs  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  whose  apartments  have  been  kept  as 
he  left  them.  TThey  are  adorned  with  good  contemporary 
fYench  paintings,  and  retain  the  king's  personal  furniture. 
Other  apartments  are  of  interest  from  their  Louis  XVI. 
decoration,  and  others  for  their  good  pictures.  The  new 
palace  begun  by  Frederick  tlie  Great  in  1763  is  the  summer 
residence  of  the  present  emperor.  The  fai;ade  is  375  feet 
long,  flanked  by  two  projecting  wings,  with  engaged  pi- 


822 

lasters  carried  to  the  full  height  of  the  three  stories  and 
an  ugly  central  dome.  The  interior  is  richly  decorated, 
and  contains  some  good  paintings.  The  Grotto  Saloon  is 
a  large  room  with  walls  and  ceiling  inlaid  with  shells  and 
minerals,  and  a  fine  marble  pavement.  See  San^  Souci, 
Population  (1890),  54,125. 

Potsdam  (pots'dam).  A  village  in  St.  Lawrence 
Coimty,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Racket 
River  24  miles  east  of  Ogdensburg:  noted  for 
sandstone-quarries.     Population  (1900),  3,843. 

Pott  (pot).  August  Friedrich.  Born  at  Net- 
tclrede,  Hannover,  Nov.  14, 1802 :  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  July  5,  1887.  A  noted  Germau  phi- 
lologis.t,  professor  at  Halle  from  1833.  He  pub- 
lished "Etymologische  Forschungen "  (1833-36),  "Die 
Zigeuner  in  Europa  und  .-Vsien  "(1S44-15),  "  Die  Personen- 
namen  "  (1S53),  etc. 

Pottawottomi  (pot-a-wot'o-mi).  [PI.,  also 
Pottaicottomies.  The  name  signifies  'fire-mak- 
ers,' referring  to  their  secession  from  the  Ojibwa 
and  making  fire  for  themselves.]  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians.  WTien  first  known  (about 
1670)  they  lived  on  the  Noquet  Islands  in  Green  Bay,  Wis- 
consin. At  the  close  of  the  17th  century  they  were  estab- 
lished on  Milwaukee  Eivcr,  at  Chicago,  and  on  St.  Joseph 
Kiver.  At  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  they  pos- 
sessed the  country  around  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan  from 
Milwaukee  River,  Wisconsin,  to  Grand  River,  Michigan, 
extending  southwest  over  a  large  part  of  Illinois,  and  south 
in  Indiana  to  the  Wabash.  They  were  prominent  in  the 
Pontiac  risinsr  and  in  the  W,ir  of  the  Revolution,  when  they 
fought  on  the  English  side,  as  also  in  the  War  of  181'2. 
The  present  number  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  is 
about  1,500.    See  Alfionquinn, 

Potter  (pot'er).  Alonzo.  Bom  at  La  Grange. 
Dutchess  County,  N.  Y. ,  July  6, 1 800 :  died  at  San 
Francisco,  July  4, 1865.  An  American  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  bishop,  professor  at  and  later 
vice-president  of  L'nion  College.  He  became  bishop 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1S45.  He  wrote  various  works,  includ- 
ing text-books,  '•  Religious  Philosophy"  (1870),  etc. 

Potter,  Eliphalet  Nott.  Bom  Sept.  20. 1836 : 
died  Feb.  6.  1901.  An  American  Episcopalian 
clergyman  and  educator,  son  of  Alonzo  Potter, 
fie  became  president  of  l^nion  College  in  1871,  and  of 
Hobart  College  (Geneva,  New  York)  in  1884. 

Potter,  Henry  Codman.  Bom  at  Schenectady, 
N.  Y.,  May  25. 1835.  An  American  Protestant 
Episcopal  bishop,  son  of  Alonzo  Potter.  He  be- 
came assistant  bishop  of  Xew  York  in  1883,  and  bishop  in 
1887.  He  has  published  "  Sisterhoods  and  Deaconesses  " 
(ls72),  "The  Gates  of  the  East"  (1876),  etc. 

Potter,  Horatio.  Born  at  La  Grange.  Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  9.  1802:  died  at  New  York. 
Jan.  2,"  1887.  An  American  Protestant  Episco- 
pal bishop,  brother  of  Alonzo  Potter.  He  be- 
came provisional  bishop  of  New  York  in  1854, 
and  bishop  in  1861. 

Potter,  John.  Bom  at  "Wakefield  in  1674:  died 
Oct.  10, 1747.  An  English  prelate  and  classical 
scholar.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  graduating  -n  1694,  and 
was  appointed  divinity  professor  there  in  1708.  He  was 
bishop  of  Oxford  1715-37,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
1737-47.  He  wrote  an  excellent  work  on  Greek  antiquities 
("ArchjeologicaGrseca."  1697-99),  and  edited  the  works  of 
Lycopiii-on,  (Siemens  .\Jexandrinus,  etc. 

Potter  (po-tar'),  Louis  Joseph  Antoine  de. 

Born  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  April  26,  1786 :  died 
there,  July  22,  1859.  A  Belgian  revolutionist, 
a  memberof  the  provisional  government  in  1830. 
He  wrote ' '  Histoire  du  christianisme  "( 1830!-37 ). 

Potter  (pot'er),  Nathaniel.  Born  in  Maryland, 
1770:  died  at  Baltimore,  Jan.  2, 1843.  An  Ameri- 
can physician. 

Potter,  Paul.  Bom  at  Enkhuizen,  Nether- 
lauds,  Nov.  20,  1625:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan. 
27, 1654.  A  noted  Dutch  portrait-  and  animal- 
painter,  pupil  of  Pieter  Potter, his  father,  in  1631 
his  family  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  the  following  year 
Paul  went  to  study  painting  under  Jakob  de  Weth  the 
elder.  He  was  made  a  member  of  the  gild  of  St.  Luke 
at  Delft  in  1646,  and  later  at  The  Hague,  He  resided  in 
the  latter  place  from  1(>49  to  1652 ;  he  then  returned  to  Am- 
sterdam. Among  his  pictures  is  the  celebrated  work  "A 
Young  Bull  ■'  (1647 :  see  Bull,  Toung).  It  is  in  The  Hague 
museum. 

Potter,  Robert.  Born  in  England,  1721 :  died 
Aug,  8, 1804.  AnEnglish  clergyman  and  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  in  1741. 
He  published  translations  of  Jlschylus  (1777),  Euripides 
(1781-82),  Sophocles  (17SS),  etc. 

Potteries  (pot'er-iz).  The.  A  district  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  famous  for  the  manufacture 
of  earthenware,  porcelain,  etc.  It  includes  Stoke- 
upon-Trent,  N'ewcastle-under-Lyme,  Etruria,  etc.,  and  is 
very  densely  peopled. 

Potter's  Field.  An  old  burial-place  for  stran- 
gers at  Jerusalem,  it  overlooks  the  valley  of  Hin- 
nom,  A  burial-place  for  paupers  and  strangers  has  re- 
ceived this  name  in  many  modem  cities. 

Pottinger  (pot'in-jer).  Sir  Henry.  Born  in 
County  Down.  Ireland,  1789 :  died  at  Valetta, 
Malta,"  March  18,  1854.  A  British  diplomatist 
and  colonial  governor,  in  18(M  he  was  a  cadet  in 
India.  When  the  opium  war  began  he  was  ambassador 
to  China,  and  signed  the  treaty  of  Nangking,  which 
opened  the  ports  of  China,  Aug.  29,  1842.    In  1844  he 


Powell,  Charles  Stuart 

was  privy  councilor,  and  from  1847  to  1854  governor  ol 
Madi-as. 

PottstOWn  (pots'toun).  A  manufacturing  bor- 
ough in  Mont.somery  County,  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated on  the  Sehuvlkill  34  miles  northwest  of 
Philadelphia.     Population  (1900),  13,696. 

Pottsville  (pots'vil).  The  capital  of  Schuyl- 
kill County.  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  93  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  the  center  of  the  Sehuvlkill  coal-region. 
Population  (1900),  15.710. 

Potyuaras.     See  Potiguaras.  i 

Pouance  ipb-oh-sa').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire.  France,  35  miles  north- 
west of  Angers.  Population  ( 1891),  commune, 
3.508. 

Poughkeepsie  (po-kip'si).  A  city,  capital  of 
Dutchess  (I'ounty,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Hudson,  64  miles  north  of 
New  York,  it  has  extensive  raanufacluresauti  consid- 
erable trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  several  educational  istah- 
lishments.  Xear  it  is  Vassar  College  (whicli  seel.  It  was 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and 
became  a  city  in  1854.     Popuh»tion  (1900),  24,029. 

Pougin  (po-zhan').  Arthur.  Born  at  CTiateau- 
rous,  Aug.  6,  1834.  A  French  musician  and 
writer  on  music.  He  edited  the  musical  articles  in  La- 
rousse's'-  Dictionnairel'niversel"  ;  has  been  musical  critic 
for  many  periodicals ; 'and  has  published  biographies  of 
Meyerbeer  (1864),  Bellini  (1S6S),  Rossini  (1871),  Boieldieu 
(1875).  Verdi  (1881).  and  others,  and  the  supplement  to  the 
musical  biographies  of  F^tis  (1878-80). 

Pouillet  (p6-ya'),  Claude  Servais  Mathias. 
Born  at  Cuzance,  Doubs,  France,  Feb.  16.  1791 : 
died  at  Paris.  June  15,  1868.  A  noted  French 
physicist.  His  chief  work  is  "  filemcnts  de  phy- 
sique exp^rimentale  et  dem^tforologie"  (1827). 

Poujoulat  fpo-zho-la' ).  Jean  Joseph  Frangois. 
Born  at  La  Fare.  Bouches-du-Rhoue.  France, 
Jan.  26.  1800:  died  at  Paris.  Jan.  5,  1880.  A 
French  historian,  and  legitimist  politician.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  (1848),  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly.  He  wrote  "Histoire  de  J^rusa. 
lem"  (1841-42),  "Histoire  de  Saint  Augustin "  (ISI4X 
"  Histoire  de  la  revolution  franQaise  "  (1S47),  etc. 

Poultry- Yard,  The.  A  painting  by  Jan  Steen 
(1660),  in  the  royal  gallery  at  The  Hague,  Hol- 
land. The  scene  is  a  court  traversed  by  a  stream.  Pigeons 
and  chickens  are  feeding,  while  ducks  swim  in  the  water, 
and  a  peacock  sits  in  a  tree.  On  steps  at  one  side  a  young 
girl  is  sitting  with  a  lamb,  and  talks  with  two  men,  one  of 
them  carrying  a  basket  of  eggs. 

Poupart  (pb-par'),  FranQois.  Born  at  Mans, 
1661 :  died  Oct.  31, 1709.  A  French  anatomist. 
He  studied  medicine  at  Paris  and  at  Rheims,  where  he 
received  his  medical  degree.  Poupart's  ligament  has 
been  named  after  him. 

Pouqueville  (pok-vel'),  Francois  Charles 
Hugues  Laurent.  Bom  at  Merlerault,  Orne, 
France.  Nov.  4,  1770:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  28, 
1838.  A  French  writer  and  traveler,  noted  es- 
pecially for  his  works  on  Greece. 

Pourri  "(p6-re'),  Mont,  or  Thuria  (tii-re-a'). 
A  peak  of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastern 
France.     Height,  12,430  feet. 

Poushkin.     See  Puslil'in. 

Poussin  (po-san'^,  Gaspar  (Gaspar  Dughet). 
Born  at  Rome.  May.  1613:  died  there,  Jlay  25, 
1675.  A  French  landscape-painter,  brother-in- 
law  and  pupil  of  Nicolas  Poussin. 

Poussin  (p6-san'),  Nicolas.  Born  near  Le 
Grand  Audelys,  France,  June,  1594:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  19, 1665,  A  noted  French  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  a  pupil  of  Quentin  Varin, 
Lallemont,  anti  others.  He  went  to  Rome  in  1624; 
studied  with  Dufresnoy  the  sculptor ;  returned  to  Paris  in 
1640 ;  was  patronized  by  Louis  XIII. ;  and  settled  finally  in 
Rome  in  1642.  Among  his  works  (chiefly  in  the  Louvre)  are 
"The  Deluge,"  "Plague  of  the  Philistines,"  "Rape  of  the 
Sahines,""Moses"(3),  "Triumph  of  Truth, "and"Rebekah 
and  Eliezer."  He  decorated  the  Grande  Galerie  of  the 
Lou\Te,  and  his  pictures  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  prin- 
cipal galleries  of  Europe. 

Povoa  de  (or  do)  Varzim  (p6-v6'a  de  (dS)  var- 
zen').  A  seaport  in  the  district  of  Ctoorto,  Por- 
tugal, 20  miles  north  of  Oporto.  Population 
(1890),  12,463. 

Powder  (pou'derl  River.  A  river  in  Wyoming 
an(i  southeastern  Montana  which  joins  the  Yel- 
lowstone about  lat.  46°  45'  N.,  long.  105°  30'  W. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Powell  (pou'el).  Baden.  Born  at  Stamford  Hill, 
near  London,  Aug.  22.  1796:  died  at  London, 
June  11,  1860.  An  English  scientific  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Oriel  College)  in  1817,  and  was 
professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  from  1827  until  his  death. 
He  published  "The  Connection  of  Natural  and  Divine 
Truth "  (1838),  and  "On  the  Study  of  the  Evidences  of 
Christianity"  (1859),  and  contributed  to  "Essays  and  Re- 
views " (lS6oy 

Powell,  Charles  Stuart.  Bom  in  England, 
1749:  died  April  26.  1811.  An  English  actor. 
He  was  man.ager  of  the  Haymarket,  and  appeared  in  the 
first  dramatic  representation  in  Boston  (Aug.  13. 1792).  In 
1794  he  was  manager  of  the  New  Boston  Theater. 


Powell,  John  Wesley 
Powell,  John  Wesley.  Born  at  Mount  Jlorris, 
N.  Y.,Maril.  J4.  is:«:  died  at  Haven,  Me.,  Sept. 
23  1902.  An.Xmerioaiigeolojristandethnolofrist. 
He'seivtil  in  Hie  fivil  War,  attaining-  the  rank  of  lieiiten- 
ant-eolunel  of  volunteers;  coiidueted  the  survey  ..f  the 
Ciiloraiio  valley  from  1870;  was  head  of  the  liurcaii  of 
e'thnoloity  Isva-liXa;  an,l  from  1880  to  1S94  was  dir.etorof 
the  Inited  states  (icolonical  Survey.  He  ptil.Mshed  "Ex- 
Dloratioh  of  the  r„l„rad..  River  of  the  West  (181.1),  "In- 
tro.lintion  t.)  tlie  Study  "t  Indian  Languages  (18S0), etc. 
Powell,  Lazarus  Whitehead.  Born  in  Hender- 
son Coiintv,  Ky.,  Oct.  6,  1812:  died  there,  July 
3, 18G7.  An  Anifrican  politician.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Kcntniky  1S51-55,  and  Democratic  I'nited  .-states 
senator  ls:.9-t;,i.  _,        .,.,, 

Powell  (P"u'fl),  Mary.     See  Milton,  John. 
Powell's  Islands.     Sie  SiHith  Orkneij  Mfnf-i. 
Power  (pou'ir),  Marguerite,  Countess  of  Bless- 
jneton       Boru  near  Clonmel,  Ireland,   Sept. 
1,  1789:  died  at  Paris,  June  4,  1849.     A  Brit- 
ish writer  and  leader  of  fashion.     She  was  the 
dauBhter  of  Edmund  Power,  a  small  landowner.    In  18i>4 
«be  was  man  ied  by  her  parents  to  a  Captain  Fanner,  with 
whom  she  refused  to  live  after  about  three  months  on  ac- 
count of  his  temper.    He  was  killed  in  1817.  and  in  1818 
she  married  Charles  .lohn  Gardiner,  the  first  Larl  of  Bless- 
Ington     He  was  extremely  rich  and  lavish,  and  proud  of 
her  beauty  and  wit.    Their  house  soon  became  a  noted 
social  center     In  1822  they  started  for  the  Continent,  ac- 
coniDanie<l  by  the  Count  dorsay,  with  whom  the  countess 
was  henceforth  intimately  associated      Ho  married  her 
8tep<laughter  in  1S.;7.     In  1829  the  earl  dud.  and  in  1831 
the  countess  took  a  house  in  JIayfair,  where  she  again 
became  one  of  the  rulersof  society  and  fashion.  She  began 
to  write  novels  in  1833,  and  in  18.34  to  edit  the  "Book  of 
Beauty  "    In  1838  she  moved  to  Gore  House,  wlnie  for 
thirteen  years  she  w:is  the  center  of  the  most  intellectual 
society  of  the  time.     Count  d'Ursay,  who  had  lived  with 
her  at  (iore  House  for  about  twelve  years  after  his  separa- 
tion from  his  wife,  lied  (.\pril  1)  to  escape  arrest,  and  m 
about  two  weeks  the  countess  followed  him.    Oore  House 
was  sold  at  auction  in  May,  but  only  a  coniparativelj'  small 
sum  was  realized.    The  countess  died  suddenly  about  a 
month  after.    Among  her  novels  are  "The  Two  Fnends 
(1835)    "Confessions  of   an  Elderly  (ientleman     (1830) 
"Confessions  of  an  Elderly  Lady  " (1838),  "The  Gov;crness  _ 
(1-311),  "The  Idler  in  Italy  ■■  (1S39-1II).  •■The  Idlenn  France 
(1811)  "Lottery  of  Life,  etc."(1842),"Strathern,  etc.  (1813), 
'■Slcmoirs  of  a  Femme  de  Chambre  "  (1840),  "  Marmaduke 
Herbert,  etc."  (18-47),  etc.    In  18;!4  she  published     Con. 
versationswith  Loni  Byron,"  whoso  acf|uaiiit.ance  she  had 
made  at  Genoa  in  182:i.    She  edited  "The  keepsake   (I841-- 
1S4'.0-    Herla-stnovel,  "Country  Quarters,   was  published 
in  ISM.  after  her  death.  . 

Power  Tyrone.   BornatKilmaethomas,in\Va- 
J        tcrford  County,  Ireland,  Nov.  2,  1797:  lost  at 
sea  March,  1841.    Au  Irish  comedian.    He  made 
his  di-but  at  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1815 ;  first  appeared 
at  London  in  1822 ;  and  made  successful  tours  m  the  h  nite. 
States  183:i-35  and  184M1.  On  Xtarch21, 1841,  he  embarked 
on  the  steamship  l-resident,  which  was  sighted  on  tlio 
24th,  but  was  never  heard  from  again. 
Power  of  Love,  The.     A  work  hy  Mrs  Manloy 
(1720),  consisting  of  seven  novels:      i-he  I^air 
Hypocrile,"    -'The    Physician's    Stratagem.' 
"The  Wife's  Resentment,"  "The  Husband's 
Resentment  in  two  Examples,"  "The  Happy 
Fugitive,"  and  "  The  Perjured  Beauty." 
Powers  (pou'ferz).  Hiram.  Bom  at  "Woodstock, 
Vt.,  July  29,  ISCJ:  died  at  Florence,  June  2i. 
1873.     A  noted  American  sculptor.     He  modeled 
and  repaired  wax  figures  in  a  museum  at  Cincinnati  for  i 
years  ,  went  to  Washington  in  lSi5  with  a  view  to  mode  ■ 
Jng  busts  of  celebrated  men ;  and  established  himself  at 
Florence  in  1837.    Among  his  chief  w-orks  are  "The  Greek 
Slave'  (1843),  "II  Penscroso,"  "The  Usher  Boy,       '\"^^[- 
Ica,"  « Eve, •■  "California,"  "The  Indian  Girl,    and  nu- 
merous portrait  and  ideal  busts. 
Powhatan  (pou-ha-tan').    [True name  Wahun- 
sonacook.l  Boi-n about  15.iO:  diedm  April. 1018. 
An  Indian  chief,  head  of  the  confederacy  of 
Powhatan.     Compare  Pocahontas,  and  Smith, 

Powhatan.    [The  name  is  translated  '  falls  in  a 
streui.i,'  and  was  that  of  a  village,  now  a  suburb 
of  Kiclini.nid,  at  the  falls  of  James  Kiver.]     A 
confederacy  of  North  American  Indians,  oceu- 
BVing  the  tide-water  section  and  eastern  shore 
of  Virginia,  and  a  part  of  Maryland,  and  extend- 
ing west  to  a  lino  passingbeyond  Fredericksburg 
and  Richmond.    It  was  of  recent  formation  when  llrst 
met     The  great  cliief  Powhatan  had  by  his  personal  i|ua 
UleV  Increa'^Ml  it  from  only  7  tribes,  besides  the  ^^"-^ 
Ing  his  name,  to  30.    The  geographic  names  of  the  i  Iv  ers 
vid  streams  of  the  region  preserve  the  names  of  most  of 
Ule  30  tribes.   The  Spaniar.fs  llrst  met  then,  '■>  J/;"  "  •^» 
seeking  to  form  a  mission  on  the  Iliippahannock  RUei    but 
Utile  was  known  of  then,  until  the  V.nglish  established  the 
Solony Tt.Tameslown,  with  the  history  of  wide  i  the  e,.n. 
Srncy  with  alternating  peace  and  war  was  intimately 
connected.     The  result  was  the  destruel  Ion  of  nearly  .11 
of  these  Indians  by  the  colonists  and  the  lro.|Uols.     lb.: 
history  of  the  Powhatan  tribes  practically  ceased  at  the 
treaty  of  Albany  iii  liwl.    See  Ahjoi^iuutn. 
PowiS      Scr  I'liicilK 

Pownall  (pou'nab,  Thomas.  Bom  at  V"'*'"'". 
England,  17211  :ilied  at  Hal h,  England,  l-eb.  2;>, 
180.5    A  colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts.  He 

graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1743  ;  was  "•^"^P;'"""!.".?.''.''.';!; 
5l  New  Jersey  in  17r,r, ;  wi«  governor  ..f  ^'''f "-;'"'»'-  f; 
1756-00 ;  and  later  was  a  member  of  Parliament.  Ho  pub- 
Ushed  "Tlie  Administration  of  the  Colonies    In  17««. 


823 

Powys,  or  Powls  (pou'is).  An  anci^ent  Celtic 
IiriiKipalit  V  in  the  eastern  part  ot  \N  ales. 

PoyningS  ("poin'ingz),  Sir  Edward.  An  Erig- 
lish  demitv  in  Ireland  in  1494.  He  assembled 
the  parliainent  which  passed  "  PoyniugssLaw. 

Poynings's  Law.  Two  acts  of  the  Irish  Parha- 
ment  iiT  1494,  named  from  Sir  Edward  Poynings 
(see  above).  They  had  a  serious  and  lasting  effect  upon 
Irish  affairs.  Their  most  important  provisions  were  that 
al  Englisli  laws  '  lately  made  "  (wluch  was  construed  to 
?nelSdl  all  prior  English  laws)  should  be  in  force  n  Ire- 
land,  and  that  thereafter  no  parliament  should  sit  u  lie- 
land  without  the  license  of  the  king  and  his  council,  and 
that  no  act  passed  by  such  parliament  should  be  cH'-'-  ^'j 
unless  atnrme.l  by  them.  Tfiese  acts  are  '-^">';<"n'-;f,.^'f J^.'' 
the  Statute  of  Ur..gheda,  from  the  niuli.anient  nhcie  they 
were  adopted.    They  were  repe-akd  in  li>2. 

Poynter  (poin'tir),  Sir  Edward  John.  Born 
at  Paris,  March  20, 1S36.  An  English  historical 
painter.  From  18.'.3 1,,  1864  he  lived  in  K"™'^;  '"  **^  "I® 
'went  to  Paris,  and  in  180O  to  London.  In  1808  he  became 
Lsociate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  in  1876  r; .yal  •'^■»J«/»  ^■>»"^. 
and  in  1871  and  1873  Slade  professor  at  Unneisitj  Co  ei^c, 
London.  He  was  director  for  art  and  principal  of  the  liain- 
ing-sehool  at  South  Kensington  1870-81 ;  was  ai.poiu  ed 
d  rector  of  the  National  (iallery  m  1894 ;  and  was  e  ec  e 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  181)0  He  was  Kni|d  ted 
in  1896  and  create.l  a  baronet  in  1902.  He  pni'dcd  .  Isy^'",', 
in  Egypt"  (1W!7),  "  The  Catapult  "  (18<»  ,  .'The  I''if  ■  >■ 
(1871)."Atalauta'sRace"  (187G),"Zenobia  (Is.O),  ln.idu- 
men/"  (1884).  "On  the  Terrace"  (1889  -  etc-  He  has  also 
.lesigned  the  mosaic  of  St.  Oeoffee  in  «  ,7stn,iiister  1  alare. 
tbedecorationsforthegrill-roomatSonthKfiis.ngt.ui.ete. 

Poyser(poi'z(T),Mrs.  Aconspicuouscharacter 
in  George  Eliot's  novel  "Adam  Bede."  she  Is  a 
vigorous,4iard-working  countrywoman,  keen,  clever,  and 
inclined  to  shrewishness,  living  with  her  husband  on  one 
of  S<iuire  Donnithorne's  farms. 

But  though  Jlrs.  Poyser  be  humble,  she  is  far  from  or. 
dinary.  "Some  folks'  tongues,"  she  says,  ■  are  like  the 
clocks  as  run  on  strikin',  not  to  tell  you  the  time  of  the 
day  but  because  there  's  summat  wrong  i  their  own  in- 
side." Tuckennan,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  FicU,  p.  290. 

Pozsony  (po'zhony).     The  Hungarian  name  of 

POZZO  di'SorgO  (pot'so  de  bor'go).  Count  Carlo 
Andrea.  Born  near  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  March  .h, 
17(54:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  15, 1842.  A  Russian 
diplomatist,  early  in  life  a  Corsican  patriot.  He 
entered  the  Russian  diplomatic  service  in  1803,  and  was 
noted  for  his  hostUity  to  Napoleon.  He  signed  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1815.  .  .      ., 

Pozzuoli  (pot-s6-6'le).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Pozzuoli  7  miles  west  of  Naples:  the  ancient 
Puteoli.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruins,  especially  for  the  Ro- 
man amphitheater,  formed  of  3  superposed  arcades, "the 
lowest  of  stone,  the  otliere  of  reticulated  masonry  m  brick. 
The  chief  entrances,  at  the  extremities  of  the  long  axis, 
were  ornamented  with  arcaded  porticos  in  marble,  there 
are  a  complicated  system  of  subterranean  dens  and  pas- 
sages, and  appliances  for  Hooding  the  arena  'ortlxema- 
machv  The  axes  of  the  greater  ellipse  arc  482  and  .S84 
feet  •  of  the  arena,  236  and  138  feet.  Puteoli,  an  ancient 
Greek  city,  became  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cities  of 
the  Roman  Empire  and  a  special  port  of  Rome.  Its  harbor 
was  protected  by  a  mole,  now  in  rums.  It  was  a  resort 
of  the  Roman  nobility 

Pozzuoli,  Bay  of.  The  northwestern  ami  of  the 

Bay  of  Naples.  .  ,     „         .        -      , 

P  f*.  Clerk  of  this  Parish,  Memoirs  of.    A 

work  liy  Arlmtlniot,  a  satire  on  Bunu-t  s   '  His- 
tory of  "his  own  Time."  ,-,-,,         , 

Prahodhachandrodaya  (pra-bo  d-ha-chan- 
di-6'da-va).  [Skt.,  'the  nse  of  the  moon  of 
(true)  intelligeiuo.']  An  allegorical  and  philo- 
sophical play  in  Sanskrit,  by  Knshnfi  Mishra, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  12th  <'™- 
turv  A.  D.  Its  dramatis  persona;  arc  Faith,  Volition, 
Opinion,  Imagination,  Contemplation,  Devotion  Quietude, 
Friendship,  etc.,  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  Error,  Self- 
conceit,  Hypocrisy,  Love,  Psission,  Anger,  and  Avarice  Tie 
for  ner  be.l.me  ,.lct..rious  over  the  latter,  the  Iluddhi.  s 
and  other  Heretical  sects  being  represented  as  adherents 
of  the  vamiulshcd.  .  r^  „ 

Pradier  (prii-dya'),  James.    Born  at  C-<l»eva, 

Mav  23, 1792:  died  mar  Pans.  Juno  14, 18^>-..  A 
Swiss  sculptor.  Most  of  his  works  are  in  I  a- 
ris  (including  "Phryne,"  "Psyche,"  "Venus 
andCupi<l,"etc.).  ,  .   ,  ,     ,  .        , , 

Prado  (prii'TiK)).  The  chief  fasluonable  prom- 
cnado  of  Madrid. 

Prado  (prii'TllO),  Juan  de.  Born  m  Leon,  171C . 
die.l  there  about  1771.  A  Soanish  «'■'■';■'"  • 
Made  governor  of  Cuba  heb.  7,  170  ,  tie  surnndcred  t  o 
Island  to  the  English  under  Lord  Albemarle  Ang  .!,  1,(  2. 
For  this  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to  death,  but  the 
sentence  was  I'oininnti^l- 

Prado.  Mariano  Ignacio.    Born  1820.  died 

1<HI|     A  l'cruviiiMs..l.li.ruud  politician.   In  Feb 

ia«(.,  he  .leciare,!  ''^"i;'^^}^^}:,::^';^,^:!^:^^:::,^:^ 


Prague,  Compactata  of 


,y  "with  the  Spaniards  had  made  him  very  unpop  l 
I'e-zet  resigned,  and  Prado  was  named  supreme  clilef  In 
Dee      lie  at  once  forme.l  a  close  offensive  and  detensve 
ulMnnce  with  Chile,  and  .leelar.-d  war  with  Spa  n.     On 

rcDulsed  Prado,  wh.ise  jiosltlon  was  iincoiiMltutlonal. 
wrtorced  t oUav;.  the  country  In  .Ian  l.s«8  He  returned 
Tome  years  after,  and  was  regularly  elected  preshlent,  as- 
sSralng  office  Ai«. ».  1870.    In  1870  war  broke  out  with 


Chile  After  the  I'cruvians  had  been  repeatedly  defeated 
in  the  south.  President  Prado  left  the  government  in  tha 
hands  of  Vice  President  fj  Puerta,  and  on  Dec.  17,  1879. 
sailed  for  Europe,  ostensiblv  to  raise  a  I. .an  and  buy  Iron- 
cl.'ids.    Soon  after  the  presidency  «a.s  seized  by  Pierola. 

Praed  (prad),  Mrs.  (Rose  Murray  Prior).  Bom 
in  (Queensland,  Marcli  27,  18.'i2.  Au  Australian 
novelist,  wife  of  Campbell  Mackworth  Praed,  a 
nephew  of  W.  M.  Praed.  Among  her  books  are  "An 
Australian  Heroine "(1880),  "Nadine "(1882)^ ''The  Hrad 
Station  ■'  (1885),  "The  Romance  of  a  Station  (1890);  with 
Justin  M'Carthv.  "The  Right  Honourable"  (1S86)  and 
"The  Ladies'  Gallery  "  (ls89> ;  etc. 

Praed.  Winthrop  Mackworth.    Bom  at  Lon- 
don, July  26.  1802:  dicii  at  London,  July  15, 
1839.  An  English  poet,  a  writer  of  society  verse 
(vers  de  soeiet^).     He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trin- 
ity Cambridge;  was  third  in  the  classical  tripos  of  18-25; 
and  in  18>2  wasa  principal  contributor  to  "Knight  s  C(uar- 
terly  Magazine."    In  Slay,  1829,  he  was  called  to  the  bar  In 
the  Middle  Temple;  was  Tory  member  of  Parhanieut  for 
St   Germans  1S30-.32;  was  afterward  member  for  Grrait 
Y:innouth,  and  still  later  for  Aylesbury  until  his  death. 
His  collected  poems  were  published  in  1864,  his  prose  es- 
says  in  1887,  and  his  political  poems  in  1888. 
Prjeneste  (pre-nes'te).   In  ancient  geography,  a 
cityiii  Latium,Italy,  22  miles  east  of  Rome:  the 
modern  Palestrina.    It  was  built  probably  as  earlyas 
the  sth  century  B.  c. ;  was  often  opi-osed  to  Rome,  espe- 
ciallv  in  3S0  B  c.,  and  in  the  Latin  War  340-338  ;  was  in 
anian 'e  wTth  Rome  until  the  time  of  the  Social  War  90-88, 
when  it  received  the  Kcunan  franchise ;  was  taken  by  the 
partizaiis  of  Sulla  from  the  Marians  under  the  younger 
Marius  in  82  ;  was  ft  favorite  summer  resort  of  the  Roman 
n'ibility  (the  residence  of  Augustus,  Horace,  TibermYnd 
Hadrian)-  and  was  celebrated  for  the  temple  and  oracle  ol 
the  goddess  Fortune.    There  are  few  ruins  remaining. 
Praesepe  (pre-se'pe).     A  loose  cluster  of  stars, 
appearing  as  a  nebula  to  the  naked  eye,  in  the 
la-oast  of  the  Crab:  fCancri. 
Prsestigiar.    The  dog  that  is  the  constant  atten- 
(hmt  of  Faust  in  the  early  forms  of  the  legend. 
He  is  supposed  to  be  the  devil. 
Praga  (pra'gii).   A  suburb  of  A\  arsaw,  situated 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Vistula.    It  was 
stormed  by  the  Russians  under  SuvaroH,  ^ov. 
4,  1794.  .     ^, 

Pragel  (pra'gel).  An  Alpine  pass  in  tlie  can- 
ton of  Schwyz,  Switzerland,  25-30  miles  east  by 
south  of  Lucerne.  It  was  the  scene  of  severe  flghting 
between  the  Russians  under  Suvaroff  and  the  French  in 
Sept.,  1709.  .  ^     ^  ,.    1  i„ 

Pragmatic  Sanction.  A  term  first  applied  to 
certain  decrees  of  the  Bvzantine  emperors,  regu- 
lating the  interests  of  tlieir  subject  provinces 
and  towns;  then  to  a  svstem  of  limitations  set 
to  the  spiritual  power  of  the  Pope  m  France  in 
1438,  which  laid  the  foundations  of  the  so-called 

Gallican  Church.  Lastly,  it  became  the  name  for  an 
arrangement  or  family  compact,  made  by  dillerent  poten- 
tales,  regarding  succession  to  sovereignty^  the  most 
noted  being  the  instrument  by  which  the  emperor 
Charles  VI.,  being  without  male  issue,  endeavored  to 
secure  the  succession  through  his  female  descendants 
The  I'ragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  \1.  provided  (I) 
that  the  lands  belonging  to  the  house  of  Austria  should 
be  indivisible  ;  (2)  that  in  the  absence  of  male  h«'_«  """>« 
lands  should  devolve  upon  (harlcss  daughters  (the 
eldest  of  whom  was  SInria  Theresa),  according  to  the  la« 
of  primogeniture ;  ami  (3)  that  in  case  of  the  extinction  of 
this  line  the  inheritance  should  pass  to  the  daughters  of 
.loseph  I.  and  their  descelidants.  „     ,     -,    m 

Prague  (prag).   [U.  iVi/y,  Bohem.  Prn/m.]   The 
caiiital  of  Bohemia,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
tho  Mol.lau.  in  hit.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  14°  26   E. 
It  is  the  third  city  of  the  Austrian  empire,  an  important 
railway  center,  and  the  commercial  and  manufacturing 
center  of  Bohemia.     Among  the  manufactures  are  beer 
chemicals,  niachlner>-,  ircui,  and  cotton.     The  pnncipal 
quarters  are  the  Altstadt,  .Neusladt.  Klclnseite,  ?1"1  ""d- 
sehiii-    The  cathedral  has  a  large  and  fine  choir  o(  1386 
and  a  modern  nave  built  in  a  corresponding  style.     1  ho 
choir  contains  a  splendid  monument  o    '"•"■l''"  '"'f  "'»• 
baster  to  the  kings  of  liolicmia.  executed  in    he  l«th  ce  - 
tury  by  a  Flemish  sculptor.     The  van  ting  is  118  'cet  high. 
Other  objects  of  Interest  are  the  Tcynkiiche   Rathans 
Karlsbruckc  over  the  .Moldau,  picture-gallery,  R""""' "/ 
the  Neustadt,  citadel,  several  museums,  imp. rial  palaii\ 
abbey  of  Strahow,  and  Belvedere.   The  university,  founded 
In  i:us,  was  very  nourishing  at  the  epoch  of  Hussilbe  1  e- 
ginning  of  tho  IMh  century).    It  contains  2  departments. 
German  and  Czech  (tho  (ormer  with  11.'.  '"f  ™;,';;;^  "":> 
1,;)84  students  in  1896-97,  a.i.l  the  latter  »"li  IW  nslrue- 
tors  .uid  -2,399  student*),  and  has  a  library  of  •!-''>''»"';'; 
nines.   Founded  apparently  about  tbeStli  century,  1  rag  o 
was  developed  In  the  13th  and  14th  centuri.s.   1  i'c  "nssi  e 
«al-  broke   .ut  theio  in  1419.  and  the  Thirty  \  cars   «  ar   n 
1618.       «^18  taken  by  the  Impel  lalists  In  1.  ■-•...  'I"-' -^"'V',''  " 
l«:tl  and  hy  Wallcnsteiu  In  U02,and  the  Swedes  enlered  ll  u 
Kl,,    fclte  in  1618.     The  Freuch  and  Bavarians  to,.k  it   ll 
^711  the  In  n'ri  dists  in  1743.  and  Frcleriek  the  liieat  In 
m  •     Nc      I     M  y  6     7t,7,  ihe  Prussian,  (about  68. «K)) 
,mlerl>^^-ederlck     10  o'leal  defeated  the  Austrlai.s (7.'.,0.«- 
S."  MW)  11.  er  Ch,.rles  ..(  Lorndne.     Ix.ss  of  the  Pruwl.ui. 
!J;Z    of  the  Anslriaus,  about  20.0.x..    It  »a.s  consoll.  a  ted 
Into  one  city  In  1784.    A  I'anslavic  Congr.-ss  wii-s  he  ,  there 
Sirdurlng  which  a  crceh  outbreak  occnrre.1  which  1,  .1 
UK^„!mb,.nl,..ent  ,.f .  he  city  by  W  i|"   »-;  'f  "•  '-  ,  '    ""' 
taken  hy  Ihe  I'll. sslans  In  ImW.     Populatlon(19no).  ■«n4.4i1 

Prague,  Compactata  of.  .\  set tlement  oi  t h.- 
Boh.-iiiian  controversy  bv  the  Council  of  Basel 
in  1433,  bv  whicli  the  Hiis^itos  were  gianted 
llic  use  of" the  ciin  in  the  eucharist. 


Prague,  Peace  of 

Prague,  Peace  of.  1 .  A  treaty  concluded  Tje- 
tween  the  emperor  Ferdinand  ll.  and  the  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony  in  1635.  by  whicli  the  latter  re- 
ceived Lusatia. — 2.  A  treaty  between  Prussia 
and  Austria,  concluded  Aug.  23.  1866,  by  which 
the  Lombardo- Venetian  kingdom  was  annexed 
to  Italy,  the  Germanic  Confederation  dissolved, 
and  a  new  arrangement  of  Germany  prorided 
for,  excluding  Austria.  Austria  ceded  her  rights 
in  Schleswig-Holstein  to  Prussia,  and  paid 
Prussia  a  war  indemnity  of  11.5,000.000. 

Praguerie  (prag-re').  [F.,  from  Prague,  refer- 
ring to  the  Hussite  insurrection  there.]  An  un- 
successful insurrection  in  France.  1440.  in  op- 
position to  the  establishment  of  a  standing 
army. 

Prairial(pra'ri-al;  F.pron.pra-re-iil').  [F.,from 
2>r(iirie,  a  meadow.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793 
by  the  National  Convention  of  the  tirst  French 
republic  for  the  ninth  month  of  the  year.  It 
consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1  to  7  witli 
May  20,  and  in  S  to  13  witli  May  21. 

Prairial  Insvirrection.  An  unsuccessful  insur- 
rection of  the  populace  in  Paris  against  the  Con- 
vention, on  the  1st  Prairial,  year  3  (May  20, 
1795). 

Prairie  (pra're).  The.  Tlie  last  in  chrono- 
logical order  of  Cooper's  "Leatherstocking" 
novels,  published  in  1S27. 

Prairie  du  Chien  (pra're  du  shen).  [F..  'dog's 
prairie.']  A  city,  capital  of  Crawford  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  89  miles 
west  of  Madison.     Population  (1895),  3,286. 

Prairie  State,  The.    Illinois. 

Praisegod  Barbon  or  Barebones.    See  Barhon. 

Praise  of  Folly  (L.  Encomium  Moriae).  A 
satirical  work  by  Erasmus,  published  in  1511, 
directed  against  the  clergy  and  others. 

Praise  of  Women.  A  poem  erroneously  attrib- 
uted to  Chaucer.  It  was  included  in  T? hynne's 
list. 

Prajapati  (pra-ja'pa-ti).  [Skt. :  praja,  erea- 
tm-e,  and  paii,  lord:  'lord  of  creatures.']  In 
the  Rigveda,  an  epithet  applied  to  Savitar.  to 
Soma,  and  to  Indra  and  Agni;  also,  a  special 
genius  presiding  over  procreation,  who  is  in  ad- 
dition a  protector  of  the  living.  Once  in  the  Rig- 
veda, and  often  in  the  Atharvaveda  and  Vajasaneyisanhita 
and  Brahnianas.  Prajapati  is  a  supreme  god  over  tlie  other 
gods  of  the  Vedic  period.  'J'his  Pi.-ijapati  becomes  the 
Brahma  of  later  philosophical  speculation.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  Manu  Svayambhuva,  as  the  son  of  Brahma 
and  the  secondary  creator  of  the  ten  Kishis  from  whom 
mankind  has  descended. 

Prajna  Faramita  (praj'na  pa'ram-i'tii).  fSkt.: 
prajna,  knowledge;  itei,  gonef  jmram,  to  the 
other  shore.]  Transcendental  wisdom:  the 
title  of  the  principal  Sutra  of  tlie  JIahayana 
school  of  the  Budilhists.  or  Great  Vehicle.  It 
begins  with  a  eulogy  of  Buddha  and  the  Bodhisattvas,  and 
contains  incidentally  wonderful  phenomena  connected 
with  the  apparitions  of  Buddhist  saints,  but  is  essentially 
metaphysical  Its  doctrine  is  the  entire  negation  of  the 
subject  as  well  as  the  object. 

Prakrit  (pra'krit).  [Skt. pnU-rta,  natural,  un- 
changed, common  ;  frova  pralrti,  original,  nat- 
ural form.  Prakrit  is  the  '  natural,  unchanged' 
idiom,  as  distinguished  from  the  Sanskrit 
('  adorned,  elaborated,  perfected'  as  subjected 
to  artificial  regulation);  the  common,  popular 
language,  in  distinction  from  the  Sanskrit  as  the 
sacred  and  classic.  But  the  grammarians  use 
the  word  in  the  sense  of  '  derived,'  thereby  de- 
noting the  connection  of  the  Prakrit  with  the 
original  Sanskrit,  much  of  the  Prakrit  of  books 
being  formed  in  accordance  with  rules  from  the 
Sanskrit.]  The  general  name  under  which  are 
comprised  the  various  dialects  which  appear  to 
have  arisen  in  India  out  of  the  corruption  of 
the  Sanskrit  during  the  centuries  immediately 
preceding  our  era.  They  form  the  connecting-link  be- 
tween Sanskrit  and  the  modem  Aryan  languages  of  India. 
The  sacred  languages  of  the  Buddhists  of  Ceylon  (Pali)  and 
the  Jainas of  India (.laina  Prakrit)are only  diflerenl forms 
of  Prakrit,  and  Pali  seems  to  have  been  chosen  as  the  Bud- 
dhist sacred  language  to  appeal  to  the  s.nnpathies  of  the 
people.  In  Alexander's  time  Prakrit  seems  to  have  been 
the  spoken  dialect  of  the  people.  The  langoage  of  the 
rock-inscriptions  of  King  Ashoka,  which  record  the  names 
of  Antiochus  and  other  Greek  princes  (about  250  B.  c),  is 
also  a  form  of  Prakrit,  and  it  is  found  on  the  bilingual 
coins  of  the  Greek  kings  of  Bactria,  It  plays  an  impor- 
tant part  in  all  the  ancient  Hindu  dramas,  the  highermale 
characters  speaking  Sanskrit,  the  women  and  subordinate 
male  characters  using  various  forms  of  Prakrit,  the  lan- 
guage varying  according  to  the  rank  of  the  speaker.  The 
oldest  Prakrit  grammarian,  Vararuchi,  distinguishes  4  dia- 
lects (the  Maharashtri,  the  Paishachi,  the  Magadhi,  and 
the  Shauraseni),  while  the  Sahityadarpana  enumerates  14. 
Prakrit  almost  always  assumes  the  Sanskrit  bases,  altering 
and  eliding  certain  letters  in  the  original  word.  It  con- 
tinually affects  a  concurrence  of  Towels,  which  is  utterly 
repugnant  to  Sanskrit. 

Pram(pram.i,  Christen  Henriksen.    Bom  in 


824 

Norway,  Sept.  4.  1756 :  died  on  the  island  of  St. 
Thomas,  Nov.  25,  1821.  A  Danish  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  the  epic  "Starkodder"  (1785). 

Prantl  (prau'tl),  Karl  von.  Born  at  Lands- 
berg,  Bavaria,  Jan.  28,  1820 :  died  at  Oberst- 
dorf,  Sept.  14,  1888.  A  German  philosophical 
writer,  professor  at  Munich  from  1847.  His 
chief  work  is  "  Geschichte  der  Logik  im  Abend- 
lande"  (1855-70). 

Prater  (pra'ter).  [From  L.  pratum,  a  meadow.] 
A  noted  public  park  in  Vienna,  it  is  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Danube  and  the  Danube  Canal.and  is  covered 
with  forest  trees  and  intersected  with  magniticent  drives 
and  walks.  It  was  dedicated  "  to  the  human  race  "  by  the 
emperor  Joseph  II. 

Pratigau  (pra'te-gou).  or  Prattigau  (prat'te- 
gou).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  canton  of  Grisons.  Switzerland,  east  of  Coire 
and  bordering  on  Vorarlberg. 

Fratishakhya  (pra-ti-sha'khya).  [Skt. :  prati, 
belonging  to,  and  shdllid,  branch.  Vedic  text.] 
The  name  of  each  of  a  class  of  phonetieo-gram- 
matical  treatises,  each,  as  the  name  ('belong- 
ing to  each  several  text')  indicates,  having  for 
subject  one  principal  Vedic  text  and  noting  all 
its  peculiarities  of  foi-m.  Their  real  purpo-se  is  to 
show  how  the  continuous  sanhita  test  is  to  be  reconstructed 
out  of  the  pada  or  word-text,  in  Avhich  the  individual 
words  are  given  separately  in  their  original  form,  unaf- 
fected by  sandhi  or  the  intluence  of  the  words  which  im- 
mediately precede  and  follow.  Four  are  extant ;  that  of 
the  Rigveda,  translated  by  both  Muller  and  Eegnier;  that 
of  the  Black  Yajmveda,  by  Whitney;  that  of  the  \\liite 
Y,ijurveda,  by  Weber ;  and  that  of  the  Athan-aveda,  by 
AMiitney. 

PratO  (pra'to).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  situated  on  the  Bisenzio  11  miles 
northwest  of  Florence.  It  has  flouiishing  industries, 
being  especially  noted  for  its  straw-plaiting  and  the  pro- 
duction of  bread  and  biscuits.  The  cathedral  is  a  pictur- 
esque Pointed  building  incrusted  with  alternate  courses 
of  black  or  green  serpentine  and  gray  limestone,  arcaded 
on  the  exterior,  and  possessing  a  handsome  campanile  in 
six  stages.  At  the  southwest  exterior  angle  there  is  a 
beautiful  circular  pulpit,  and  in  the  interior  another  no- 
t.able  sculptured  pulpit,  by  Mino  da  Fiesole.  The  choir- 
chapels  have  very  remarkable  frescos  by  Filippo  Lippi. 
and  the  bronze  screen  of  the  Chapel  of  the  Sacra  Cintola 
is  hardly  surpassed  in  loth-centmr  metal-work.  Prato  was 
a  famous  art  center  in  the  Renaissance.  It  was  stormed 
by  the  .Spaniards  in  1512.  Population  (ISSl),  16,641 ;  com- 
mune, 42.190. 

Pratt  (prat)  Charles,  first  Earl  Camden.  Bom 
in  Devonshire,  England,  about  1714:  died  at 
London,  Agril  18, 1794.  An  English  jurist,  cre- 
ated Baron  Camden  in  1765  and  Earl  Camden  in 
1786.  He  was  lord  chancellor  176(5-70.  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council  1782-83  and  1784-94. 

Pratt,  Charles.  Bom  at  Watertown,  Mass., 
Oct.  2,  1830:  died  at  New  York,  May  4,  1891. 
An  American  philanthropist.  He  accumulated  a 
large  fortune,  chiefly  in  the  oil  trade.  He  is  best  known 
as  the  founder  of  the  Pratt  Institute  in  Brooklyn,  which 
was  incoi-porated  in  IsSG  and  opened  in  1887. 

Pratt,  Orson.  Born  at  Hartford,  N.  Y..  Sept. 
19, 1811:  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Oct.  3, 1881.  An 
apostle  and  missionary  of  the  Mormon  Church. 
He  joined  the  itormon  Chtirch  in  1S30,  and  became  an 
apostle  in  1835.  He  possessed  an  extensive  knowledge  of 
the  higher  mathematics,  and  in  1S54  published  his  dis- 
covery of  the  law  of  planetary  rotation,  namely,  that  the 
cube  roots  of  the  densities  of  planets  vary  as  the  square 
roots  of  their  periods  of  rotation.  He  wrote  "Cubic  and 
Bi*iuadratic  Equations "' (1S66>,  etc. 

Frattigau".    See  I'rtitiijau. 

Praxiteles  (praks-it ' e-lez).  [Gr.  Tlpa-tri'/K.} 
Bom  at  Athens  about  the  end  of  the  oth  century 
B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  sculptor.  His  activity 
lasted  until  about  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great,  or  336 
B.  c.  Nearly  threescore  of  his  works  are  mentioned  in 
old  writers.  The  ch.aracteristics  of  his  work  are  shown  in 
the  statue  of  Hermes  and  Dionysos  discovered  intheHe- 
neum  at  Olympia  and  identitied  by  Pausanias's  descrip- 
tion. Various  figures  in  modern  museums  are  supposed 
to  be  copies  of  his  work.  Among  them  are  the  SatjT  of 
the  Capitol  (the  "  Marble  Faun  "  of  Ha\vthorne's  novel)  ; 
a  much  more  beautiful  torso  discovered  in  the  Palatine, 
and  now  in  the  Louvre  ;  the  Silenus  and  Dionysus  in  the 
Lou%Te;  the  Apollino  of  the  tribune  in  Florence;  and  the 
Apollo  Sauroctonus  of  the  Vatican,  His  most  celebrated 
work  was  the  Aphrodite  of  Cnidus,  which,  next  to  the 
Zeus  of  Phidias,  was  the  most  admired  of  the  statues  of 
antiquity. 

Pray  (pra),  Isaac  Clark.  Born  at  Boston,  1813; 
died  at  New  York.  Nov.  28,  1869,  An  Ameri- 
can journalist,  theatiical  manager,  actor,  play- 
wright, and  poet.  He  began  to  write  for  the  press 
when  only  fourteen.  In  1840  he  went  on  the  stage  in 
London,  and  played  forsome  time  such  pa^ts  as  .Alexander. 
Hamlet,  Othello,  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  etc.  Among  his  plays 
are  "  The  Old  Clock,  etc,"  dramatized  from  his  novel  U^OX 
"  Cajcinna,"  "The  Broker  of  Florence."  etc.  He  was  par- 
ticul.arly  successful  in  training  pupils  for  the  stage, 

Pr6ault  (pra-6'),  Antoine  Auguste.    Bom  at 

Paris,  Oct.  8, 1809:  died  there.  Jan.  11, 1879.  A 
French  sculptor.  He  studied  in  the  CoUf^ge  de  Charle- 
magne till  he  was  sixteen,  and  then  supported  himself 
in  an  ornament-modeler's  shop,  de%*oting  his  leisure  hours 
to  drawing  in  a  life  class  managed  by  a  celebrated  model 
of  the  day.    From  this  he  went' to  the  atelier  of  David 


Prentiss,  Benjamin  Mayherry 

d'Angers.  He  executed  "La  mistre,"  "Gilbert  mourant* 
"La  famine"  (1833),  "Les  parias,"  '"Mour<5,"  "Vitelliur" 
and  the  famous  bas-reliefs  of  "La  tuerie"  (in  plasterX 
all  rejected  liy  the  jury  (1834).  His  works  were  systemat. 
ically  rejected  for  the  .^alon  till  1848,  on  account  of  their 
extremely  marked  character.  Other  works  are  the  Co. 
lossal  statue  of  Charlemagne  (1836),  "Becuba"  (IsseX 
" Carthage "aSSSX  "L'.^bbe  de  lEpee"for  the  Hotel  de 
ViUe  (1844 ).  and  "  Clemence  Isaure  "  for  the  fanfin  du  Lui- 
embourg  (ls48).  He  made  the  famous  medallion  of  Silence 
for  the  Jewish  cemeterj-  at  Pere  Lachaise  in  1848-  the 
statue  of  General  ilarceau  (1850) ;  the  Christ  of  theChntch 
of  Saint-Gervais ;  'La  vierge  aux  <!pines  "  (1866);  "Pan! 
Huet"(1870:  funeral  medallion);  etc. 

Pre  aux  Clercs  (pra  6  klar),  Le.  A  strip  of  land 
in  old  Paris,  which  extended  from  the  wall  of 
Philippe  Auguste  to  the  present  Champ  deMar^ 
between  the  abbey  of  St. -Germain  des  Pres  and 
the  river,  it  must  have  belonged  originally  to  the  ab- 
bey, but  was  at  an  early  date  transferred  to  the  university 
and  used  as  a  park  or  campus  by  the  students.  It  was  for 
many  years  given  over  to  lawlessness.  It  is  now  built 
upon. 

Pre  aux  Clercs,  Le.    An  opera  by  Herold,  pro- 

dueed  in  1832  at  Paris.  It  was  verv  successful. 
Preble  (preb'l),  Edward.  Born  at  Falmouth 
(now  Portland).  Maine,  Aug.  15,  1761 :  died  at 
Portland,  Aug.  25.  1807.  An  American  naval 
officer.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  com- 
manded the  naval  expedition  against  Jloiijcco  and  Tripoli 
in  18'i3-*:4, 

Preble,  Greorge  Henry.  Bom  at  Portland, 
Maine,  Feb._25,  1816:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  1, 1885.  An  American  admiral  and  naval 
writer,  nephew  of  Edward  Preble,  He  entered  the 
navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1835;  commanded  the  Kalahdin 
and  the  St.  Louis  during  the  Civil  War  ;  was  promoted  cap- 
tain in  1807,  commodore  in  1871,  and  rear-admiral  in  187S; 
and  was  retired  in  1878.  He  wrote  "  Historv  of  the  Preble 
Family  in  America  "  (1868),  "History  of  the  Hag  of  the 
Tnited  .States  of  America,  Xaval  and  Tacht  Club  Signals, 
etc."  (1872),  etc. 

Precaution  (pre-ka'shon).  James  Fenimore 
Cooper's  first  novel,  published  in  1821. 

Precauzioni  (pra-kout-se-6'ne).  An  opera  by 
Petrella.  first  produced  at  Genoa  in  1851. 

Precieuses  Ridicules  (pra-syez' re-de-kiil'), 
Les.  --V  comedy  by  Moliere.  produced  in  1659. 
The  Marquee  de  Rambouillet  had  collected  around  her, 
eai  ly  in  the  I7th  centtuj',  a  coterie  of  fine  (not  to  say  finical) 
literary  ladies,  who  came  to  be  known  as  the  "Precieuses"; 
and  the  fashion  had  extended  to  the  provinces  when  Mo- 
liere wrote  his  play.  "The  stage  had  been  employed  often 
enough  for  personal  satire,  but  it  had  not  yet  been  made 
nse  of  for  the  actual  delineation  and  criticism  of  contem- 
porary manners  as  manners  and  not  as  the  foibles  of  in- 
dividuals. The  play  was  directed  against  the  atfectations 
and  unreal  language  of  the  members  of  literarv  coteries 
which,  with  that  of  the  Hotel  Rambouillet  as  the  chief,  had 
long  been  prominent  in  French  society.  It  has  but  a  single 
act,  but  in  its  way  it  has  never  been  surpassed  either  as  a 
piece  of  social  satire  or  a  piece  of  brilliant  dialogue  illus- 
trating ludicrous  action  and  character."  SainUbiiry, 
French  Lit.  p,  308. 

Freciosa  (prat-se-6'za).  A  play  by  "WoMf.  music 
))y  Weber,  produced  at  Berlin  in"  1821. 

Predil  (pra'dil).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the  south- 
em  border  of  Carinthia,  Austria-Hungary,  35 
miles  west-southwest  of  Klagenfurt,  connect- 
ing the  valleys  of  the  Drave  and  Isonzo. 

Pregel  (pra'gel).  A  river  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia.  It  is  foi-med  by  the  union  of 
the  Pissa  and  Rominte,  and  flows  into  the  Frisches  Haff  5 
miles  below  Kbnigsberg,    Length,  about  125  miles, 

Preller  (prel'ler),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Eise- 
nach, Germany,  April  25. 1804 :  died  at  Weimar, 
April  23,  1878.  A  noted  German  landscape- 
painter.  Among  his  best  works  are  landscapes  illustrat- 
ing the  Odyssey,  in  the  long  corridor  in  the  musetUD  at 
Weimar. 

Preller,  Ludwig.  Born  at  Hambm-g.  Sept.  15, 
1 809 :  died  at  Weimar,  June  21 .  1861.  A  German 
antiquary,  chief  librarian  at  Weimar  from  1846. 
His  chief  work  is  "Griechische  Mythologie"  (1854-55). 
With  H.  Ritter  he  published  "Historia  philosophifie  Gr»- 
cse  et  Romante  "  (1836). 

Prelude  (pre'ltid  or  prel'ud).  The.  A  philo- 
sophical poem  by  Wordsworth,  published  in 
18.50. 

Prence  (prens),  or  Prince  (prins),  Thomas. 
Born  in  England,  1601;  died  at  Plymouth  Mass,, 
March  29,  1673,  An  American  colonist,  one  of 
the  pilgrims  in  the  Fortune.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Plymouth  Colony  1634-38  and  1657-73. 

Prentice  (pren'tis),  George  Denison.  Bom  at 
Preston.  Conn.,  Dee.  18.1802:  died  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  Jan.  22,  1870.  An  American  journalist, 
poet,  and  humorist.  He  became  editor  of  the  Louis- 
ville "  Journal "  in  1S31.  His  humorous  writings  were  pub- 
lished as  "  Prenticeana  "  in  1859. 

Prentiss(pren'tis).BenjaminMayberry.  Bom 
Nov.  23,  1819 :  died  Feb.  8.  1901,  An  American 
general.  He  served  as  a  captain  of  volunteers  in  the 
Mexican  war.  and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  being  promoted 
major-general  in  18t'2.  He  defeated  Generals  Theuphilus 
H.  Holmes  and  Sterling  Price  at  Helena,  Arkansas,  July  4^ 
18C3.    He  resigned  in  Oct.  of  the  same  year. 


Prentiss,  Charles 

Prentiss,  Charles.  Born  at  Heading,  Mass., 
Oct.  ^  1774:  died  at  BiimlieUI,  Mass.,  Oct.  20, 
1820.  An  American  jourualist  and  raiBcellane- 
ous  author. 

Prentiss,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Payson).  Bom  at 
Portland,  Maine  Uut.  i;0,  18ls  :  died  at  Dorset, 
Vt.,  AufT.  13,  1878.  An  American  novelist  and 
writer  of  juveniles  :  wife  of  G.  Lewis  Prentiss, 
and  daufjhter  of  Kd ward  Payson.  Her  best-known 
work  is  "Stepping  Ileaveriwanl "  (ISOil).  Slic  also  wrote 
'Little  .Susv  .Series,"  "Flower  of  the  Family  "(1S54),  etc 


825 


Provost  d'Exiles 


Prentiss,  Seargent  or  Sargent  Smith 

at  Portlaini,  Maine,  Si-i.t.  'M.  IsilS:  died  near 
Natchez,  Mi.ss..  July  1, 1S.50.  An  American  ora- 
tor and  politician.  "He  was  elected  to  Con<rress 
from  Mississippi  in  1S3S. 
■Prenzlau  (prents'lou),  or  PrenzlOW  (prents'- 
16).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Brandenliurg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Uker  and  the  Lower 
TJkersee  .'iS  miles  north-northeast  of  Berlin.  I( 
was  tlie  capital  of  tlie  ancient  t^I<erniark.  Near  it,  Oct.  2.s. 
1806,  a  Prussian  anny  under  Prince  von  llohenlolie  sur- 
rendered to  tlie  French  under  .Mur.it.  I'opulation  (18W). 
1S,010. 

Preraphaelite  Brotherhood,  The.    A  band  of 

artists,  originally  consistins;  ot  Holman  Hunt, 
D.  G.  Ro.ssotti.  and  J.  E.  Millais  (joined  later 
by  William  Michael  Rossetti,  Thomas  Wool- 
lier, F.  G.  Stephens,  and  .lames  Collinson).  who 
united  in  1848  with  a  view  of  adopting  a  closer 
study  of  nature,  and  as  a  protest  against  aca- 
demic dogma.  "The  Oenn"  was  started  in  ISiJO,  but 
only  four  numbers  were  published.  Its  avowed  object  was 
to  ••  enforce  and  enconrace  an  oitiie  adherence  to  tlie 
simplicity  ot  nature."  The  jirinciplc  was 'applied  to  the 
wiitiiiK  of  imetrj'  as  well  as  to  paintins.'.  Kuskiii  earnestly 
advocated  the  school,  whose  methmi.^  he  detlncd  as  tlie 
effort  "to  paint  thinfts  as  they  prcjliably  diii  look  and 
happen,  not  as,  by  rules  of  art  (le\eloj)ed  tnidcr  Raphael, 
they  might  be  supposed  gracefully,  dclicionsly.  or  sutilime- 
ly  to  have  happened."  A  slnrni  of  vituponilive  criticism 
rageil  round  the  brotherhood  for  Ave  years,  and  finally 
spent  itself  on  their  successors.  By  1S54  the  band  was 
practically  broken  up  iiy  divergence  of  methods.  Over- 
beck,  who  went  to  Rome  in  1810,  hail  with  Scliadow,  Cor- 
nelius, Philip  Veit,  and  ntlu-i-s  (known  by  friends  and  ene- 
mies a.s  the  Prerapliaclites,  the  New  ..I.I  S.l 1,  itc),  built 

up  a  school  based  on  tlie  nu-thnds  of  IVrnu'lno  and  others 
preceding  Raphael.  Their  work  iiilluriired  Iiyce.  .Maclise, 
Madox  lirown.  Hunt,  and  others  in  F.iiuland  .-iiid  led  to  the 
formation  of  the  Preraphaelite  BrotlH.rliond, 

Prerau  (prii'rou).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Beczwa  13  miles 
south-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1890), 
13.172. 

Fresanella  (pra-za-nel'lii).  A  group  of  the  Alps, 
in  southern  Tyrol,  connected  wit  li  t  he  Adaincllo 
Jtountains,  ai'id  separated  from  the  Ortler  group 
by  the  Tonale  Pass.  Height  of  Monte  Presa- 
nella,  11,680  feet. 

Presburg,  or  Pressburg  (pres'boro).  Hung.  Po- 

ZSOny  (I>o''''l'ony).  [L.  P(«OHiH/H.]  Thecaiiital 
of  the  eountv  of  Presburg,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  48°  9'  N..  long.  17°  6'  E. 
It  Is  a  seat  of  consideralile  trade  by  the  Uaiiube  and  the 
railway  system  of  which  it  Is  the  center,  .'ind  ncciipi.s  an 
Important  strategic  iiosition.  The  iinlablr  l.iiil.lincs  an- 
the  cathedral,  ruined  ciistle,  and  Kathaus.  It  was  tlic  ca|ii- 
talOt  Hungary  from  1:".41  to  1784.  and  the  seat  of  parliament 
until  1848.     Population  (1890),  52,444. 

Presburg,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Franeeand  Austria, Dec.  2(),  180:").  Austria 
ceded  her  Venetian  possessions  to  the  kingdom  of  Itid.v, 
Tyrol,  Vonirlberg,  Passim,  etc.,  to  Bavaria,  and  her  Swa- 
blan  possessions  to  the  Smitli  (Jerinan  states.  HavarlaHiid 
Wurtemberg  were  made  kingdoms,  Austria  received  the 
prlneiiudily  of  Salzburg  and  some  smaller  possessions. 

PreSCOt  (pres'kiit).  A  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, H  miles  east  of  Liverpool.  Population 
(1891),  0,74.'). 

Prescott  (pres'kot).  A  town  in  Yavapai  Coun- 
ty, Arizona,  sitti'ated  in  lat.  34°  30'  N..  long. 
112°  24'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  a  eold-  and  silver- 


Prescott,  William  Hickling.    Bom  at  Salem,  Prestwich,  sir  Joseph.  Born  at  Clapham,  Lon- 

Mass. .May4, 1790;  diedat  Boston,  Jan. 28, 18,")9.  don.  March  12.  1.^12:  died  at  SShoreham.  Kent, 

A  noted  American  historian.    While  he  was  an  un-  June  23,  1896.     A  noted  English  geologist,  pro- 

dergraduate  at  Harvard  one  of  his  eyes  was  injured  by  a  fessor  of  geologv  at  t  Ixforii  1874-S7. 

piece  of  bread  thrown  by  a  teiiow.studeiit  and  in  a  sii<,rt  Pretender,  The  or  The  Old.    See  Sttiari,  James 

timehebecamenearly  blind.   .Notwithstanding  this  draw-  ,..,.„„,.,■,  ,,■,;„„,■,; 

back,  he  was  able  to  make  careful  researches,  principally  '  ' '"" '"  '"""'"—                  ^        .r..       .       i-j         j 

inspanishhistory,  employing  a  reader  and  using  a  special  Pretender,   Ihe  YOUng.     See  Charles  tdieard 

writing-case.     He  obtained  fnuii  Spain  a  large  numlier  of  I^nni.^  I'hi/iji  (tlsinitr. 

valuable  niantlscripts.     His  principal  «;°;^^;'''^  "''';';'^>'  Pretoria  dire-to'ri-ii).    Thecapital  of  theTrans- 
of  theReign  of  tcnllnandand  Isabella    (18JS)    •Con<iiiest  C.lni  V    SoiiHi  Afriea      Pnniilntinii  flK.qfil 
of  Mevico "(1*43),  ••Conquest  of  Peru"(184T),  and  "His-  \aaltolouy,  soutn  Atnca.    population  ( 1^M0), 
tory  of  the  Keign  of  Philip  II."  (unfinished,  lsri:V.58)^  est.,  S.OOO. 


Born  President.  l..\n  American  frigate, huilt  at  Xew  Pretorian  Camp.     A  camp  of  an(?ient  Borne, 


York  ill  1794,  a  sister  shij)  to  Constitution  and 
United  States.  At  the  beginning  of  the  War  of  1812  it 
was  Hag-ship  of  the  s<|uadroii  commanded  by  C'apt;iin  .lohn 
R.idgers.  On  .Ian  1.'..  181.''.  it  .lefeatcd  the  liritish  ship 
F.ndvmion.  but  surrendered  to  her  consorts 
2.  An  American  steamer  which  sailed  from  New 
York  for  Liverpool  March  21,  1841.  It  was 
sighted  on  the  24th,  but  was  never  seen  again. 

Pressburg.     See  Presburg. 

Pressense  (prii-son-sa').  Edmond  D6hoult  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1.824:  died  Ajdil  S,  1S91. 
A  French  Protestant  theologian,  orator,  and 


tirst  perm;iuentry  established  by  Tiberius,  out- 
side of  the  city  walls.  It  formed  approximately  a 
»iuare  of  l.sixi  feet  to  a  side,  and  was  inclosed  by  a  good 
brick-faced  wall  10  feet  high,  strengthened  with  towers  at 
its  gates.  The  camp  was  included  by  Anrelian  in  his  new 
line  of  fortifications,  and  still  forms  an  abrupt  projection 
ill  the  wall  on  the  nttrtbeast.  The  fortifications  of  .Aurelian 
are  3  times  as  lligh  as  those  of  Tiberius,  and  not  so  well  built. 
The  latter,  embedded  as  they  are  in  the  newer  work,  can 
still  be  followed  for  a  considerable  distance.  Within  the 
campthere  were  monumental  buildings  with  iiios;iicsand 
marble  incrustation.  Constantine  abolished  the  Preto- 
riau  Guard,  and  pulled  down  the  wall  of  their  camp  on  the 
side  tow  arif  Ihe  city. 


statesman.    His  works  include  "  Histoire  des  trois  pre-  Pretorian  Guard,  The.     See  the  extract. 


mining  region.     Po|)iilation  (1900),  3,:').')9. 
Prescott.     A  town  in  Grenville  County,  Onta-  Preston',  William  Ballard.     Born  at   S 
rio,  Canada,  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  op-     ijeld,  Monlgoinery  County,  Va.,  Xov.  2."), 


miers  si.  cles  de  I'eglise  chretieune"  (1S,t,S-€1),  "  Discours 
religieu.v  "  (18.'>iO,  "Jesus-Christ,  sa  vie,  son  temps,  ct  son 
a'Uvre"(18««),"Coneiledu  Vatican "(1871),  "Etudes (ivan. 
eeliqiies"  (18(>7),  "Les  origines"  (1882),  etc. 

Prester  (pres'ter)  (/.  e. 'Presbj-ter')  John.  A 
faliulousl'hristianmonarch  believed,  in  the  12th 
century,  toliavemade  extensive  conquests  from 
the  Mussulmans,  and  to  have  established  a  |>ow- 
erful  emjiire  somewhere  in  Asia  "  beyond  Per- 
sia and  Armenia,"  or,  according  to  other  ac- 
counts, in  Africa  (Abyssinia).  Marvelous  tales 
were  told  of  his  victories,  liilies,  and  power;  and  extra- 
ordinary letters  purpurtiii;;  to  have  been  written  by  him 
t<i  the  emperor  .Manuel  Cmneiius  and  toother  potentates 
were  circulated.  Pope  Alexander  HI.  sent  him  a  letter  by 
a  special  messenger  who  never  returned.  The  foundation 
of  the  legend  is  uncertain.  Sir  .Tohn  Mandeville  gices  this 
account  of  the  name:  An  emperor  of  India,  who  was  a 
Christian,  went  into  a  church  in  Eg>-pt  on  the  Saturday  in 
Wliitsun  week,  where  the  bishop  was  oiilaining  priests. 
"And  he  beheld  and  listend  the  servyse  fiille  teutyfly." 
He  then  said  that  he  would  no  longer  be  called  emperor, 
but  priest,  and  that  he  woubl  have  the  name  ot  the  first 
priest  of  the  church,  which  was  .lohn.  And  so  he  has  ever 
since  been  called  l*rester  .John. 

Prestige  (pres-tezh'),  Fanny.  Born  at  London, 
-Aug.  0,  1846.  An  ai-tress.  she  made  her  first  ap- 
]iearancc  at  Melbourne,  Australia,  when  only  10  years  old, 
as  the  Duke  of  York  in  "Itichard  III."  Her  first  appear- 
ance in  .New  Vork  was  in  1SII.S. 

Preston  (pres'ton).  A  to«Ti  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Ribble  in  lat.  53°  4:j' 
N..  long.  2°  42'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  centers  of 
cotton  manufacture  in  England;  has  also  manufactures 
of  linen  (clatiiiL-  fi"ni  llie  end  of  the  IStli  century),  iron, 
machinery,  etc. ;  and  Ices  et>nsideratile  coasting  coinnicrce. 
Here,  Aug.  17-lf).  ltJ4S,  the  Parlianientarians  (about  lo.OiX)) 
under  Cromwell  totally  defeated  the  Scottish  Royalists 
under  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  ;  and  here  in  Nov.,  171.').  the 
.Jacobites  were  defeated  by  the  British  troops  and  com- 
pelled to  surrender.  The  town  was  occii|iied  by  the 
"Young  Pretender  "in  Nov.,  1745.  It  returns  2  members 
to  Parliaimnt.     Papulation  (l!)01l,  n2,98-.>. 

Preston,  Harriet  Waters.  Bom  at  Danvers, 
Mass.,  about  1H43.  An  American  writer  and 
translator,  she  has  lived  in  Fnince  and  fireat  Britain 
for  some  time,  and  Is  particularly  noted  for  her  tninslation 
of  Mistral's  "Mireio"in  1873.  She  has  also  translated 
"The  Life  of  Madame  Swetchine"  (ISWi).  "Portraits  ile 
feinmes"  from  Salute  Beuve  (called  "Celebrated  Wo- 
men"), etc.,  and  lias  written  "Trouliadours  and  Trou- 
vt-res  •  (187(1),  "A  Year  in  I'.deu  "  (18811),  etc. 

Preston,  John  Smith.  Born  near  Abingdon.Va., 
April  20,  1SII9:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  May  1. 
1881.  .\ii  .\iiiovican  orator:  a  Secessionist 
leader  in.d  Coiil'iMleriite  general. 

Preston,  William.  Bom  near  Louisville,  Ky.. 
Oct.  10,  1810:  died  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  Sejil.  21, 
1887.  An  Americiin  politician.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  fiMin  Kentueky  \SM  ra;  Inll.-d  Slates  inin. 
Ister  to  Spain  l8:'.8-(jl ;  and  a  C.mfederate  general. 

-    ••       -      "  ■    Smith- 

1 80.') : 


posite   Ogdensburg,   New  York.      Population 

(1901),  3,(119. 

Prescott,  Harriet.    See  Spnffor't.  ^frs. 

Prescott.  Richard.  Born  in  England,  172.'): 
died  in  England.  Oct.,  1788.  A  British  general. 
He  served  In  the  Seven  Years'  War;  came  to  Canada  In 
177:1;  anrl  had  command  of  the  British  force  In  Rhode  Isl- 
and In  1777.  when  he  was  captiireil  by  William  Barton, 
lie  became  major-general  in  1777,  ami  lieutenant-general 
In  I7S2. 

Prescott,  Robert, 

iiciir  Battle.  K      ' 

generiil.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
and  was  colonial  governor  in  ('iiiiada  1790-99. 
Prescott, William.  Born  at  ( Iroton.  Mass..  I'eb. 
•20,  1720:  (lied  at  I'eppendl,  Mass.,  Oct.  13.  179."i. 
An  American  soldier.  He  served  In  the  expedition 
to  Nova  Scotia  in  175f>,  and  commanded  nt  the  liattle  of 
Bunker  Hill  .Tune  17,  1776. 


bert.     Born  in  England,  172.'):  died  prestonpans  (pi'i 
Kngland,  Dee.  21,  181(i.     A  British      j,,  Hii,|irin"lonsh 


died  there,  Nov.  10,  1802.  An  American  jioii- 
tician.  He  was  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia 
1847-10:  secretary  of  tile  navy  1S41)-D0;  and  a  Confederate 
senator.      

Preston,  William  Campbell.    Born  at  Phila- 

dilphia.  Dec.  27.  1794:  died  iil  Colniiibia,  S.  (',, 
.Mav  22,  180(1.  An  .Viiiericiiii  polilician  and  ora- 
tor. He  was  nemocratic  I'lilted  States  senator  from.SouIll 
Carolina  1837-4'J,  and  president  ot  .South  Carolina  College 
Isl.^-.-.l 

es-ton-panz').  A  small  town 
Ml  lliiililingionsnire,  Scotlanil,  on  the  Firth  of 
Forth  8  miles  eusl  of  Edinburgh.  Mere,  Si'id.  21, 
174.^,  the  .lacobites  (eliiilly  Highlanders)  under  Charles 
Edward,  the  "  Young  Pretender,"  defeated  the  British 
troops  under  Cope. 
Prestwich  (prest'wieh).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  4  miles  northwest  of  Manchester. 
Population  (1891),  7,809. 


Slime  remembrance  of  this  fact  lingering  in  the  speech 
of  the  people  gave  always  to  the  term  Pnctorium  (the  I'm?. 
tor's  house)  a  peculiar  majesty,  and  caused  it  to  be  used 
as  the  equivaleut  of  palace.  So  in  the  wellkniiwn  pass-ages 
of  the  New  Testament,  the  palace  of  Pilate  the  Governor 
at  .lerusalem,  of  Herod  the  King  at  Cajsarea.  of  Nero  the 
Emperor  at  Rome,  are  all  called  the  Pratoriiini.  From  the 
palace  tlie  troops  who  surrounded  the  person  of  the  Em- 
peror took  their  well-known  name  "the  Piictorian  (iuard.  " 
t'nder  Augustus  the  cohorts  composing  this  force,  and 
amounting  apparently  to  9,000  or  lo.iion  men.  were  scat- 
tered over  various  positions  in  the  city  of  Rome.  In  the 
reign  of  Tiberius. on  pretenceof  keeping  them  understricter 
diseipline.  thev  were  collected  into  one  calnj,  on  the  north- 
east of  the  city.  The  author  of  this  change  was  the  noto- 
rious Sejanus,  our  first  and  most  conspicnous  example  of  a 
Prefect  of  the  Prastorians  who  made  liimself  all-powerful 
in  the  state.  The  fall  of  Sejanus  diil  not  bring  w  itli  it  any 
great  diminution  of  the  power  of  the  new  functional^  As 
the  Pnctorians  were  the  fre<|ueiit,  almost  the  recogniseti, 
creators  of  a. new  Emperor,  it  was  natiitBl  that  their  com- 
manding otHcer  should  be  a  leading  personage  in  the  state, 
as  natural  (if  another  English  analogy  may  be  allowed)  a» 
that  the  Leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  should  be  the 
first  Minister  of  the  Crown.  Still  It  is  stniiige  to  find  the 
Pnetorian  Prefect  becoming  more  and  more  the  ultimate 
judge  of  appeal  in  all  civil  and  criminal  cases,  and  his  of- 
flee  held  in  the  golden  age  of  the  Empire,  the  second  cen- 
tury, by  the  most  eminent  lawyers  of  the  day.  This  part 
of  his  functions  survived.  When  Constantine  at  length 
abated  the  longslauding  nuisance  of  the  Pi-setorian  Gilanis 
—  setting  an  examiile  which  was  unconsciously  followed 
by  anotlier  ruler  of  Constantinople,  Sultan  Mahmoiid,  in 
his  suppression  of  the  Janissaries  —  he  prescn-ed  the  lYie- 
toriau  Prefect,  and,  as  we  have  alreaiU  seen,  ga)  e  bim  a 
position  of  pre-eminent  dignity  in  the  civil  and  judicial  ad- 
ministration of  Ihe  Empire.  But  of  military  functionshew  as 
now  entirely  deprived,  and  thus  this  idlieer,  who  had  risen 
into  importance  in  the  state  solely  as  the  most  conspiciloua 
(iilardsman  about  the  court,  was  now  peniiitted  to  do  al- 
most anything  that  he  pleased  in  the  Empire  so  long  as  he 
in  no  way  touched  soliliering. 

UmUik-iit,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  211. 
Prettyman  (prit'i-man).  Prince.  A  whimsi- 
cal character,  in  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  play 
"The  Rehearsal,''  who  alternates  between  be- 
ing a  fisherman  and  a  prince,  and  is  in  love 
with  C^loris.  His  embarrassments  are  amusing  and  nu- 
merous. He  was  intended  to  ridicule  Leonldas  in  lirj'deu's 
"Marriage  a  la  Nb)de." 

Preuss  (prois),  Johann  Datnd  Erdmann.  Born 

at  Landsberg.  Prussia.  Ajiril  1.  !7s.'):  died  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  '24,  1808.  A  I'russian  historian, 
historiogra|iher  of  the  royal  house  of  Branden- 
lilirg.  He  published  ••  ltl,.graphie  Friedrichs  des  Oros- 
sen  "  (ls:t2-34X  and  other  works  on  Frederick  the  iJrent. 

Preussen  (prois'sen).  The  German  name  of 
Prussia. 

Preussisch-Eylau.    See  Kylaii. 

Prevesa  (pni-va'sii).  A  seaport  in  Albania, 
Tiirkev.  situated  at  the  entrance  to  tlu'  tiulf  of 
Arta,  in  lat.  38°  ,')7'  N..  long.  '20°  40'  E..  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Nicopolis.  Poptilalion, 
about  6,000. 

Prevost  (pre-vd'),  AugUstine.  Bom  at  (^.ene- 
va,  Switzerland,  about  172.'i:  dieil  in  England, 
May  .■>.  178t).  A  British  general  in  Ihe  Revolu- 
tionarv  War.  lie  defeate^l  the  Americans  at  Brier 
Creek  in  177»;  was  unsuccessful  befnre  Clinrleston  In 
17711;  and  deteniled  Savannah  Bncccsstully  In  17711. 

Prevost,  Sir  George.  Born  at  New  York,  May 
19,  17ti7:  died  .lau.  :").  ISIO.  A  British  general, 
son  of  .\.  Prevost.  I|ebecjin)ecoiiiniaiider-iii-chlef  in 
llrlllsli  North  -Vmcrlca  in  1811,  and  was  delealiMl  by  the 
VmerieansMt  I'laltsbnrg  In  1814. 

Pr6vost  d'Exiles  (pra-vo'  deg-zel').  Abbe  An- 
toine  Fran(;ois.  Bom  at  Ilesdin.  .Vrtois,  Aj)ril 
1,  1097:  died  in  the  forest  of  Chantilly,  Nov. 
'23,  1703.  .\  French  novelist.  For  .10 years  lie  siM-nt 
Fiis  time  belween  Ihe  .lesillls'  scli.iols,  the  army,  soclely 
and  the  cloister.  Flmilly  he  lis.k  moiiaslle  vows,  but  did 
not  retain  them  long,  lie  lied  from  the  country  and  re. 
sided  six  years  In  Hidhind  and  England,  lie  maile  a  live. 
llliiKid  by'mcans  of  his  |ieli,ulid  at  the  outset  drew  largely 


Prevost  d'Exiles 

upon  hisown  fuml  of  personal  experiences  for  the  subject- 
matter  of  hi''  writings.  He  achieved  success  with  his 
"Menii'ires  J'un  homme  de  qualite"  (1728-3-2).  Then  he 
wrote  "Histoire  de  M.  Clevehmd.  flls  naturel  de  Croni- 
well.ou  lephilosoplie  anglais  "(1732-39).  and  hiscelebrated 
masterpiece,  "Histoire  du  chevalier  Des  Grieux  et  de 
JIanon  Lescaut"  (1733).  A  periodical  publication,  "Le 
pour  et  le  contre,"  in  2ll  volumes,  extended  over  7  yeare, 
lieKinning  in  1733.  He  also  wrote  "  Le  doyen  de  Killerine  " 
(1736),  "Histoire  de  Marguerite  d'Anjou''  (1740),  "Cam- 
pagnes  philosopliiques"  (1741),  '^M^moires  pour  servir '■ 


826 

llarhles,"  1676),  "  The  Validity  of  the  Orders  of  the  Church 
of  England,  etc."  (H'88),  "Connection  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments  in  the  History  of  the  Jews,  etc."  (IVIB-IS),  a 
number  of  ecclesiastical  tracts,  etc. 
Pride's  Purge.  In  English  history,  the  forcible 
exclusion  from  the  House  of  Commons,  Dee.  6, 
1648,  of  all  the  members  who  were  favorable  to 
compromise  with  the  royal  party.  This  was  effected 
by  a  niilit.ary  force  commanded  by  Thomas  Pride,  in  exe- 
cution of  orders  of  a  council  of  Parliamentary  officers. 


rhistoire  de  M.alte"  (1741),   "L'Histoire  d'une  Grecque  Prjegnitz,  or  PrignitZ  (preg'nits).     That  part 

of  the  ancient  mark  ot  Brandenburg  which  lay 
south  of  Mecklenburg  and  northeast  of  the 
Elbe  and  Havel.     Chief  town,  Perleberg. 

Priene  (pri-e'ue).  [Gr.  Upir/vT/.']  In  ancient 
geogi'aphy,  an  Ionian  city  situated  in  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  north  of  Miletus.  The  site  contains 
many  ruins.  The  templeof  Athene  Polias,  dedicated  in  340 
B.  c,  w.asan  Ionic  peripteros  of  6  by  11  columns,  of  marble, 
graceful  in  proportion  and  with  delicate  decorative  sculp- 
ture.   Its  walled  peribolos  was  bordered  with  porticos. 

Priestley  (prest'li).  Joseph.  Bora  at  Fieldhead, 
near  Leeds,  Yorkshire,  March  13,  1733:  died  at 
Northumberland,  Pa.,  Feb.  G,  1804.  An  Eng- 
lish clergyman  and  natural  philosopher,  espe- 
cially celebrated  as  the  discoverer  of  oxygen. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  nonconformist  cloth-dres-ser,  and  was 
educated  at  a  Dissenters'  academy  at  Daventry.  In  1755 
he  tools  charge  of  a  small  congregation  at  Needtiam  Market, 
.Suffolk,  which  was  subsidized  by  both  Independents  and 
Presbyterians.  In  17(il  he  was  tutor  in  an  academy  at 
Warrington.  In  17157  he  published  the  "  History  of  Elec- 
tricity." He  adopted  i?ocinian  views  on  religion,  and  ma- 
terialistic views  on  philosophy.  At  this  time  began  his 
researches  in  "  different  kinds  of  air."  About  1773  he  be- 
came liteiary  companion  toLord  .Shelburne,  and  traveled  in 
Holland  and  Germany,  returning  to  Paris  in  1774.  In  1774 
he  announced  his  discovei-y  of  "  depldogisticated  air," 
now  called  oxygen.  In  1780  he  removed  to  Birmingham, 
and  Ijecurae  associated  with  Boulton,  Watt,  and  Dr.  Dar- 
win, grandfather  ot  Charles  Darwin.  For  sympathizhig 
with  the  French  Revolution  (he  had  been  made  a  citizen 
of  the  French  republic)  he  was  attacked  in  1791  by  a  mob, 
his  house  was  broken  into  and  burned,  and  his  manu- 
scripts and  instruments  destroyed.  In  1794  he  removed 
to  America. 

Prieto  (pre-a't6%  Joacmin.  BomatConcepcion, 
Aug.  20, 1786 :  died  at  Valparaiso,  Nov.  22, 1854. 
AChilean  general  and  politician.  Hetook  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  war  for  independence:  was  a  leader  of  the 


rnoderne"  (1741),  "Histoire  de  Guillaume  le  Conquerant 
(1742),  "Memoires  d'un  honnete  homme "(1745),"Hi3toire 
g^niirale  des  voyages  "  (1745-70),  "  Manuel  lexique  "  (1750), 
'■  Le  monde  moral "  (17G0),  "  Memoires  pour  servir  k  I'his- 
toire  de  la  vertu"  (1762),  "  Contes,  aventures,  et  fails  sin- 
guliers"  (1764),  "Lettres  de  mentor  J»  un  jeune  seigneur" 
(17('i4),  etc.  As  a  translator  he  rendered  into  ftench  works 
of  Drvden,  Hume,  Richardson,  Cicero,  etc. 

Pr6v"ost-Paradol  (pra-vo'pa-rii-dol'),  Lucien 
Anatole.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  8,  1829 :  com- 
mitted suicide  at  Washington,  D.  C,  July  20, 
1870.  A  French  journalist  and  autlior,  an  op- 
ponent of  Napoleon  III.  He  was  minister  to  the 
Vnited  States  in  1870.  He  wrote  "Revue  de  I'histoire 
univcrselle  "  (1854),  etc. 

Priam  (pri'am).  ICir.Jlplafio^.li.Priamus.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  king  of  Troy  at  the  time  of 
its  siege  by  the  Greeks.  He  was  the  husband  of 
Hecuba,  and  the  father  of  50  sons,  including  Hector  and 
Paris.    He  perished  at  the  capture  of  Troy. 

Priapus  (pii-a'pus).  [Gr.  np/a-of.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  god,  a  son  of  Dionysus  and  Aphro- 
dite, the  promoter  of  fertility  and  the  protector 
of  shepherds,  farmers,  and  fishermen. 

Pribram,  or  Przibram  (pzhe'bram).  A  town 
in  Bohemia,  situated  33  miles  southwest  of 
Prague.  It  is  noted  for  its  silver-mines  (the  property  of 
the  state),  the  most  important  in  the  Austrian  empire.  It 
has  also  lead-mines.    Population  (1891),  commune,  13,412. 

Pribyloff  (pre'be-lof)  Islands.  A  group  of 
islands  in  Bering  Sea,  about  lat.  57°  N.,  long. 
170°  W. ,  belonging  to  Alaska.  They  h.ave  come  into 
prominence  in  connection  with  the  controversies  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  concerning  the  seal- 
fisheries. 

Price  ( pris ),  Bonamy.  Bom  in  Guernsey,  May 
22. 1807 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  8, 1888.  An  Eng- 
lish political  economist.  He  graduated  at  Oxford 
(Worcester  College)  in  1829,  and  in  1868  became  professor 
of  political  economy  at  Oxford.  He  published  "The  Prin- 
ciples of  Currency  "  (1869),  "Chapters  on  Practical  Political 
Economy  "  (1878),  etc. 

Price,  Fanny.  The  principal  character  in  Jane 
Austen's  novel  "  Mansfield  Park,"  noted  for  her 
humility. 

Price,  Matilda.  In  Dickens's  novel  "Nicholas 
Nicklebv,"  the  bosom  friend  of  Fanny  Squeei-s. 
She  afterward  marries  .John  Browdie.  She  is  alluded  to 
hv  Miss  .Squeers  iu  their  little  unpleasantness  as  "base 
degrading  'Tilda." 

Price,  Richard.  Born  at  Tynton,  Glamorgan- 
siiire,  Feb.  22,  1723:  died  at  London,  April  19, 
1791.  An  English  philosophical -writer, 
published  "Review  of  the  Principal  Questions 
He  is  best  known  as  a  writer  on  financial  and  political 
questions.  In  1778  he  was  invited  by  Congress  to  help  in 
the  management  of  the  national  finances,  but  declined. 

Price,  Sterling.  Born  in  Prince  Edward  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  11.  1809:  tlied  at  St.  Louis,  Sept.  29, 
1867.  An  American  general.  He  was  a  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Missouri  1845-40,  when  he  re- 
signed and  raised  a  Missouri  cavalry  regiment  for  the  Mexi- 
can war.  He  took  part  in  General  .Stephen  W.  Kearny's 
march  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Santa  Fe,  where  he  was 
left  in  command  when  Kearny  proceeded  to  California. 
In  1847  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  conquered  Chihuahua.  He  was  governor  of  Missouri 
1853-57,  and  became  a  Confederate  major-general  in  Mis- 
He  served  at 


Princes,  Robbery  of  the 

from  office  in  March,  1894,  Lord  Kosebery  succeeded  him 
as  prime  minister ;  resigned  June,  1S95.  He  w;i8  chairman 
of  the  first  London  county  council,  elected  in  1889. 

Primrose,  Charles.    The  vicar  of  Wakefield 

in  (ioldsmith's  tale  of  that  name.  He  is  a  sincere, 
humane,  and  simple-minded  man,  who  preserves  his  mod- 
esty and  nobility  through  hardship  and  good  foiiune. 
ill's.  Primi-ose  is  an  excellent  housekeeper  with  a  passion 
for  show,  and  she  can  read  any  English  book  without  much 
spelling.  George,  the  eldestson,  was  bred  atOxford  and  in- 
tended for  one  of  the  professions.  Moses,  tlie  youngest, was 
bred  at  home  and  distinguishes  himself  by  going  to  the  fair 
in  a  gosling-green  waistcoat,  and  a  thunder-and-lightning 
coat,  to  sell  a  colt,  coming  home  with  a  gross  of  green  spec- 
tacles. The  daughters  are  described  by  Dr.  Primrose  him- 
self as  follows :  "  Olivia  wished  for  many  lovers,  Sophia  to 
secure  one.  Olivia  was  often  affected  from  too  great  a 
desire  to  please.  Sophia  even  represt  excellence,  from  her 
fears  to  offend.  The  one  entertained  me  with  her  vivacity 
when  I  was  gay,  the  other  with  her  sense  when  I  was 
serious.  But  these  qualities  were  never  canied  to  excess 
in  eitliti',  and  I  have  often  seen  them  exchange  characters 
for  a  whole  day  together.  A  suit  of  mourning  has  trans- 
formed my  coquette  into  a  prude,  and  a  new  set  of  ribbons 
has  given  her  sister  more  than  natural  vivacity."  Guld' 
^iiith.  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  i. 
Primrose  Hill.  An  eminence  about  200  feet 
higli.  north  of  Regent's  Park,  London.  There  is 
a  very  fine  view  from  it.  In  the  early  part  of  the  19th 
centuiy  Clialk  Fai-m,  which  is  on  the  hill,  was  a  popular 
place  for  duels. 
Primrose  League.  In  Great  Britain,  a  league 
or  combination  of  persons  pledged  to  principles 
of  ConseiTatism  as  represented  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  earl  of  Beaconsfield  (1804-^1),  and  op- 
posed to  the  •'  revolutionary  tendencies  of  rad- 
icalism." The  object  of  the  league  is  declared  to  be 
"the  maintenance  of  religion,  of  the  constitution  of  the 
realm,  and  of  the  imperial  ascendancy  of  Great  Britain." 
Tire  scheme  of  the  organization  was  first  discussed  at  the 
Carlton  Club  in  Oct.,  1883,  and  tlie  actual  league  made  its 
first  public  appeai'ance  at  a  grand  banquet  at  Freemasons' 
Tavern  in  London  a  few  weeks  later.  The  organization  of 
the  league  is  by  "  habitations"  or  clubs  :  these  obey  the 
instructions  of  the  Grand  Council,  and  annually  send  del- 
egates to  the  Grand  Habitation,  which  is  held  in  London 
on  or  near  the  loth  of  April,  the  anniversary  of  Beacons- 
field's  death.  A  noteworthy  feature  is  the  enrolment  of 
women,  or  "dames,"  who  take  an  active  part  in  all  the  bus- 
iness of  the  association,  having  an  executive  committee 
and  a  fund  of  their  own.  Tlie  name  and  symbol  of  the 
league  are  derived  from  Eeaconsfield's  favorite  flower, 
which  it  has  been  fashionable  to  wear  on  the  19th  of  AprlL 


conservative  revolt  of  1829-30;  and  by  his  victory  over  p_;_„„  ipi,„       Cp„  Prinrinp    Tl 
Freire  at  Lu-cay(.\pril  17,  1830)  decided  the  result  for  his  prince,  J-ne.     av^iri  uaiiii,ii. 

p.arty.    On  the  death  of  Ovalle  (March  21, 1831),  Prieto  be-  Prince    (pnns),  ThomaS.     Bom  at   Sandwich, 


came  provisional  president,  soon  after  was  regularly  elected 
president,  and  by  reelection  retained  the  post  until  Sept. 
18, 1841.  On  May  25, 1833,  the  constitution  now  in  force  was 
adopted.  A  revolt  was  suppressed  in  1836,  and  the  same 
year  a  war  with  Peru  was  commenced,  resulting  (Jan.  1839) 
in  the  overtlirow  of  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation. 


Mass.,  May  15,  1GS7:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  22, 
1758.  An  American  clergjTuan  and  historian, 
pastor  of  the  Old  South  (jhurch,  Boston.  He 
published  "  Chronological  History  of  New  Eng- 
land" (1736-55). 


Prig  (prig),  Betsey.     A  nurse,  the  friend  and  Prince  Albert  Land.     A  district  in  the  arctic 


"frequent  pardner"  of  Sairey  Gamp,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  '"Martin  Chuzzlewit." 
Prigioni  (pred-je-6'ue),  Le  Mie.     [It., 'My 
Prisons.']    A  work  by  Silvio  Pcllico,  published 
in  1833,  describing  his  prison  life  (1820-30). 

jhieal writer.   In  1758 he  prignitz.     See  rricytiit^. 

c.pal  Questions  in  Morals.^  ^^  ^^^^..^^^  Juan.Count  de  Reus.  Marquis  de 
los  Castillejos.  Born  at  Reus,  Catalonia,  Spain, 
Dee.  6,  1814:  died  at  Madrid,  Dee.  30,  1870.  A 
Spanish  statesman  and  general.  He  entered  the 
army  of  the  Cristinos  in  1834,  in  the  civil  war  between  the 
Cristinos  and  theCarlists.  As  a  progressist  he  was  after- 
ward one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  the  overthrow  of 
Espartero.  While  iu  command  iu  1860  of  a  division  of 
Reserves  in  the  w;ir  against  .Morocco,  he  gained  tlie  brilliant 
victory  ot  Los  Castillejos  (Jan.  1),  which  secured  for  bun 
the  title  of  marquis.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  insurgents 
who  deposed  Queen  Isabella  in  18C8,  and  became  premier 
and  minister  ot  war,  with  the  chief  command  of  the  army, 
in  the  provisional  government  established  by  them.     He 

•     1  .1,     u     ■  f  *!.     /^-  -1  \v  -  "  n^  ^^^r^A  ^^      was  fatally  shot  by  an  assassin  Dec.  28,  18.0. 

soun  at  the  beginning  of  the  Cml  War.     He  served  at  _.         ,-no  it  r>  *r>n 

Wilson's  Creek,  and  captured  Lexington  in  1801;  took  part  PnmC  (prim),  Samnel  ItenSUS.    Born  at  Ball- 

inthebattlesofPeaRidgeandCorinthinl862;  commanded     ston,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  4,  1812:   died  at  Manchester, 

at  Inka  in  1862 ;  and  commanded  the  district  ot  .Arkansas     yt,  July  18, 1885.     An  American  editor,  author. 


1,-6'J-l^J. 

Prichard  (prich'iird),  James  Cowles.  Born  at 
Ross,  Herefordshire,  Feb.  11, 1786 :  died  at  Lon- 
don. Dec.  22,  1848.  An  English  ethnologist. 
His  parents  belonged  to  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  grad- 
uated at  Edinburgh,  and  studied  also  at  Cambridge  and 
Oxford.  In  1810  he  was  a  physician  at  Bristol.  In  1813  he 
published  "Researches  into  the  Physical  History  of^an," 
ant!  in  1S31  '■Eastern  origin  of  the  Celtic  Nations.' 

Pride  (priu),  Thomas.  Born  at  London:  died 
there,  Oct.  23,  1658.  An  English  Parliamentary 
oflicer.  He  was  originally  a  drayman  and  brewer.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  ensign  under  Essex,  and 


distinguished  himself  at  Preston.  On  Dec.  6,  1W8,  he  was  Primj-ose  (prim'roz).  Sir  Archibald 
delegated  to  "purge"  the  House  ol  Commons  by  ejecting  ^  ,•  ,  iT.-n^'  .  a  .„tf;ol.  K„,..,„.^f  u 
the  members  that  favored  reconciliation  with  the  king,      died  16/9.     A  iacottisll  Uaionc t.     He 


and  Presbj'terian  clergyman.  He  became  an  editor 
of  the  New  York  "  Observer  "  in  1840.  and  contriliutor  under 
theniimeof  "Irenteus."  Among  his  works  are  "ThePower 
of  Prayer"  (1859),  "Travels  in  Europe  and  the  East " (18.')5), 
"Letters  from  Switzerland"  (I860),  "The  Alhambra  and 
the  Kremlin  "  (1873).  etc. 

Prime, William  Cowper.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  31,  1825.  An  American  journalist 
and  author,  brother  of  S.  I.  Prime.  He  edited 
the  New  York  "Journal  of  Commerce."  He  wrote  travels, 
including  'Tent  Life  in  the  Holy  Land "  (1857),  and  "Pot- 
tery and  Porcelain,  etc."  (1877),  etc. 
Primorskaya.     See  Maritime  Province. 

■     ■  - BornieiT: 

e  supported  the 


the  members  that  favored  reconciliation  with  the  king. 
He  was  one  of  the  judges  of  the  king,  and  signed  his  death- 
warrant. 
Pride  and  Prejudice.    A  novel  by  .Jane  Austen,      Ui.s  fourth  son  was  created  earioi  iwseoery. 

wrrttfifhi  1796 TtHl  published  ill  1S13.  Primrose,  Archibald  Philip,  fifth  Lari  of  Rose 

Prideaux  (prid'o).  Humphrey.     Born  at  Pad-     '"''■-^•-    Bom  m  Loud,,,..  May  ,,  184<.    A  Bntis 

stow.  C'omwall.  May  2,  1648:  died  at  Norwich, 

England.  Nov.  1,  1724.     An  English  theological 

writer,  dean  of  Norwich.    He  was  educated  under 

Dr.  Busby  at  Westminster,  and  graduated  at  O.xford  (Christ 
■   Church) "in  1672.     He  wrote    'Marmora  Oxoniensia  ex 

Arundelliani^  •"tc.,conflata"("  Description  ot  the  Arundel 


regions,  about  lat.  72°  N.,  long,  ll.j-^  W. 

Prince  DorUS{prins  do'rus).  A  poem  by  Charles 
Lamb,  published  in  1811.  It  is  a  poetical  version 
of  the  old  tale  of  the  prince  with  the  long  nose. 

Prince  Ed'ward  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  La%\Tence,  forming  a  province  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada.  Capital,  Chai'lottetown.  it  is 
separated  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  on  the 
southwest  and  south  by  Northumberland  Strait.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating;  the  soil  fertile.  It  has  flourishing 
agriculture,  industries,  and  fisheries.  It  is  divided  into  3 
counties.  Government  is  vested  In  a  lieutenant-governor, 
executive  council,  legislative  council,  and  legislative  as- 
sembly. It  sends  4  members  to  the  Dominion  Senate,  5 
members  to  tlie  House  of  Commons.  It  was  discovered  by 
Cartier  in  1534,  and  named  Isle  .St.  Jean  ;  was  settled  in  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century;  was  ceded  by  France  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763;  had  the  present  name  given  it  in 
17'.'9;  and  entered  the  Dominion  in  1873.  Length,  about 
130  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  34  miles.  Area,  2,133  square 
miles.    Population  (I'.n  r,  103,259. 

Prince  John.     A  nickname  of  John  Van  Biiren. 

Prince  of  Tarent.     See  rery  Woman,  A. 

Prince  of  the  Peace.  A  title  given  to  Godoy, 
duke  of  Alcudia,  who  negotiated  with  France 
the  peace  of  Basel,  1795. 

Prince  of  Wales,  Cape.  The  northwestern- 
most  point  of  North  America,  projecting  from 
Alaska  into  Bering  Strait,  in  lat.  6.5°  33'  N., 
long.  167°  59'  W. 

Prince  of  Wales  Island.  1 .  See  Penang.—  2. 
An  island  belonging  to  Alaska,  situated  west  of 
the  mainland,  about  lat.  55°-56°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  130  miles.— 3.  A  tract  in  the  arctic  re- 
gions, about  lat.  72°-74°  N.,  long.  100°  W.~4. 
A  small  island  north  of  Cape  Y'ork  peninsula, 
Australia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Endea- 
vor Strait. 


Royalist  cause  in  the  civil  war,  and  at  the  Restoration  was  Prjjice  Of  Wales  Strait.  Aseapassageinthearc- 
made  a  lord  of  session,  with  the  title  of  Lord  Carrington.  (:,,.,,„;(„,„  separating  Banks  Land  on  the  north- 
His  fourth  son  was  created_eari  of  Rosebery.    .        _^^^_     ^^^^^^  -  .^^^^  ^^^^^  ^j^»  ^^  j  .^^^^  ^^  ^j^^  southeast, 

and  leading  into  Melville  Sound. 
LibVnil  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  PriUCe  Regent  Inlet  ^^^ea  Passage  in  the 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  succeeded  his  grandfather  as  arctic  regions,  separating  Coekburn  Island  on 
earl  in  1S68.  He  has  occupied  a  prominent  place  in  pub-  the  east  from  North  Somerset  on  the  west,  ana 
lie  afiairs.  He  was  tinder-secretary  of  state  for  home  at-  l,iadillf  to  the  Gldf  of  Boothia, 
fairs  1881-83;  first  commissioner  of  works  l)-84-S5 ;  and  p_i„„.J  Pnbbprv  of  t.hp  In  German  history, 
foreign  secrefarvin  tlio  third  and  fourth  Gladstone  minis-   Jrrinces,  KODDery  01  ine.      in  ^xeiiudi  j, 

tries,  1886  and  1392-04.    On  Jlr.  Gladstone's  retirement     the  resultless  abduction  from  AltenDurg  ot  rue 


Princes,  Robbery  of  the 


837 


Prometheus  Bound 


pnn--    ...     ^__tie  ot  Saxony,  ami  founders     J" '^,  "'/,„..:,,  Snam  and  Gaul,  caU.MUroni 


author.  He  was  eilucatcl  at  Harrow,  and  was  a  school, 
mat" of  Byron  and  Sir  Kol.trt  I'ed.  In  1807  he  went  to 
E,na.m  to\tu,lv  law.  In  1820  he  l,«;.n  writing  under  he 
Dseudonyni  llan-y  Cornwall,  and  in  1.^31  was  called  to  the 
Tr  fIo...  l^lo  1861  he'was  commissioner  o  lunacy. 
He  wrote  "  Uraniatic  Scenes  and  other  I'oems    (ISIB),     A 

"icilian  Story"  (18>o).  "  >'J^"T'"H1,  'IS-j.P,';?"?'' Effl 
Coventliardcn  in  1821).  "  Flood  of  rhesiialy  (18,"\„''™; 
Kies  l-,.eiica  ■'  (1824).  "  English  .-^ongs  •■  (1832),  and  n.emoira 
of  Ktan,  l.amb  (ISUO),  Ben  Jonson,  and  shakspere. 

—  *      Born  in  Wales, 

1765  :Tliei\  at  Liverpool,  EnglaU(  . 
ish  ceiieral.  He  was  colonel  of  a  reRlment  in  Canada 
in  1812  •  ilefeated  the  Americans  under  Janies  VJ  incliester 
at  F.VnVhtown  in  1813  ;  and  was  repulsed  by  Harris,. n  at 
Fort  MeiKs,  by  tll-ORhan  at  Fort  Stephenson,  and  by  Ham- 
son  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  (Oct.  5, 1813). 


Fr;d;AckThe  5entle  ot  Saxony   and  founders     ^U^- J^;-^'  ,^,Y1„  gpam  and  Gaul,  ealled  Ironj 

iJSSSi.  'r^oup^^^alUslandsin  I^- ^j:!;--^;.^^^^^^.^^^^!^ 

Sess  (Prii'^^o^).  The.    A  narrative  peer,  by    <leatl,.^  ;;l'^the  people  in  56;  and  later  pretor.       1765  :  .lieA  at  Liverpool,  hngland,  lbo9.    A  Br.t_- 
Tennyson.rnbH£.edmlb4<.^^^^,^^.^^^^_  A  Prishtina.  .See.iV«(/,m.  _^     ^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^ 

,,'  founded  on  the  im- 
iivisourafnt  ot  uonuivaid  in  the  Castle  of  Cliil-  ^  t„„  name  oi  me  in,i,.i,s=  ^.^v-.  ^ ,. 

i^^[^!.^^»i:^-^='^'-=  £-JrSS^')-   Atownmthevllayetof  ^^S^^^^^^I^O^^T ^t^, 
^1^^%?«S^S^>^?-lx^i:r^a^^^^  ^-"''"^""^      .......i.h  astronomer.    Hewas 

^l^Hn  W:-.-  a  court  piece  or  com^die-  ^l^^^^on  ^tn^ted,  3^0^^^^^  _ 

^ncess  Ida  or  Castle  Adamant.     An  opera  l;y^f  °,t  to.n  in  the  vilayet  of  Kosov-a,  Kuro- 
^Sullivan  Ws  by  W.  8.  Gilbert,  produced    ^„  Turkey^  situated  m    at  42°  40   N.,  long. 
riis"4    a  burlesouo  of  Tennyson's '•Princess."     S,o  n'  E.     Population,  est.,  K, 550. 

^^e      She  excelled  also  in  characters  of  intrigue  and 

^^ety,  as  Lady  Betty  Modish,  Lady  Towneley,  etc.    she     ^^,  „^  ,j,p  „,.,„^„^. 

abandoned  the  stage  in  im  tn,„,i„r,nrt    Prodieal  Son.  The.    An  oratono  by  bir  Artn 

■  ",  r'i-ancrsul^ed  on  ^!ot  ^XS^ueedat  the  Worcester  Festival 


•Priiices  Street.  The  principal  street  in  Edin- 
b^glf  Scotland.  It  has  a  magnihcent  view 
S  built  on  one  side  only,  and  furnishes  a  fine 


Sent   r2,'l«.S><.    An  English  astronomer.    He  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and  at  St.  John  3  Col- 
lege  Cambridge,  graduating  in  1860.     H',^  Pff=''^''' ^gSf. 
in  measuring  the  rotation  of  Mars  and  charting  the  324 - 
198  s  "rs  of  Argelander's  catalogue  is  specially  notevorth>. 
Tie  mililished  "  Half-hours  with  the  Telescope    (1808), 
?  hJ^I  -hour/with  the  Stars  •  (1869),  ■■.  Star  .Atlas  "(18705 
"The  Sun  "  (1871),  "Borderland  of  Science    (187.)),     The 
Expans^  of  Heale^X18V4),".Myths and Marvds of  A^^^^^ 
oniv"(1877),"01d  and  New  Astronomy    (lM8-aO),    Light 
?c!encefor  Leisure  Hours,"  "  Elementary  Xstrouomy,   and 
works  on  whist  and  mathematics. 
Procyon    (pr6'si-on).      [From  Or.  TpoK-ru^  be- 
fore the  dog:  so  named  from  its  rising  a  little 
l^efore  the  dog-star.]     1.  The  ancient  constel- 
lation Canis  Minor.- 2.  Tlie  pnncipa    star  of 
the  constellation  Canis  Minor, the  eighth  bnglit- 
est  in  the  hea^;e_ns.       .  _^^    ^.__ ^^^^ 

in 


?t  9  the  seat  of  Princeton  University  (see  New  Jersey,  CM- 

o're).     The  former  name  of  the  pro^^nee  ot  ^j|.'J.J'JJ^j^l^  Pannonia:  killed  near  Sirmmra,  282 
Salerno,  Italy.      .  _.  ,„.,  ,- „.  =v„.      The  for-    a.  D.    Koman  emperor  276-282.   Ho  ' 


veze  ill  lat.  44°'44''  N.,  long.  4°  36'  E.   An  ancient  ^^^^^  ,j,j^        ^  novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte, 

Calvinist  stronghold,  i_t  ^w.s  t«ke^n^ -J,,bun,ed  ^>^  .he  PrO^SSOr,  ine.^.  ^^^.  ,^,,,b,'which  occurred  in 

Professor  at  the  Breakfast-table,  The.    A 
series  of  sketches  by  <  Hiver  W  endell  llolmes:  a 


Lira,  riiiuiuuui  .   iviii'-'*  ^^^.--^ - 

A  D.  Koman  emperor  276-282.  Ho  waged  war 
successfully  against  the  Germans  in  (^aul.  ±lc 
was  killed  by  mutinous  sojdiers.^^  .^^^^^  ^^  ^^^ 

entrance  oi  lu«  ^ix.v  «.  ...-t.-..,  -  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Naples,  belonging  to  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italv:  the  ancient  Prochyta.  Length, 
2  miles.     Population  (1881),  13,131. 


2  miles.     Population  (1881),  io,iJi-  Hampshire.  . 

Proclamation,  Emancipation.  Thoproclama-  profound  Doctor,  The.  ^°a'»t,p^„'-°  ^^r^^T 
tiou  by  whicli  on  .lau.  1.  18G3,  President  Lui-  ^._.,^,  ^..Uoolmen,  i.articularly  to  Thomas  Brad 
,...1.,    „.,  ,.,„.,„„i>„!pr-iTi-chief  of  tlio  armies  ot     „..,^,,;„„ 


p'rincTp'ato  iriteriore  (m-t.-re-o're).    The  f 

™  name  of  the  province  of  Avellmo   Italy  ^^^_^  ^^__^^^_       ^__^ 

Principe  (pren'se-pe),  or  Prince  S  ISiana.     a  p     „•  ^    (riro'che-dil).    A  volcanic  i: 
%malHsla,^d  belonging  f^^^^^f'^f^^^^^,  ^.Xte^of  the  Bay  of  Naples   13 

the  Bight  of  Biafra,  west  of  Africa,  m  lat.  1   4i  ^^^^^^^^^.^^j  ^j  Naples,  belonging  to  t 

N.,  long  7°  28' E.  'The Prince '1 

Princine  (pren'che-pe),  II.    [«•,    iue  t-rmte  j 

A   famous  political  treatise   by  Machiavelh, 

pomnleted  in  1513.    It  was  an  outgrowth  of  us     Dis- 

K!li  trSive  of  its  eomposi.ion  1-    ™g  -^^^^  ^^^^  „.^..,„  ^^,.,„...                     ,._           . 

f-^'i^^f'that^hralvationlff  FS'y  ™  po^fibleoJu'thr^^  T,?  armed  rebellion  all  persons  held  as  slaves 

helntSfeiUon  o?an  autocrat'such  as  he  portrayed.  ..  ^,^  „„a  henceforward  shall  be  free. 

S^SS^Si,a.s  of    Na^iiral   P^U^O  ^yjere  J^.-canie  the  m^^^^^ 

phv.']      A  famous  work  by  Sil  Isaac  J-^ey""'  {„„,  Athens  ravished  heron  the  way,  cut  outhertongue, 

Lmposed    chiefly    V>»t»^uJ"''^f%tl''J:i^.  aiThM  hi?o„"  arnassus..  Shocontnv^lo  in.o^ 


series  Oi  sh.eicuc>  ■..,  •■"•'••■•■-;,.  j„ki.  » 
sequel  to  the  "Autocrat  ot  the  Breakfast-table. 
It  was  published  in  I860.  „,,      „      ,    .  ,-, 

Profeta  (pro-fa'ta),  11.  It.,  'The  Prophet.;] 
Ail  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at  Pans 

Profile  \in-6'm  or  proTil).  A  celebrated  gioup 
ot- rocks,  resembling  a  human  face,  on  the  side 
of  Mount  Cannon, in  the  Francoma  Range,  New 

Hampshire. 


coin,  as  commander-in-cmei  oi  u.u  a>i^.--=  --     -n-ardine. 

the  United  States,  declared  as  a  military  mea-  pjogjeso  (pro-gra'so). 

sure,inaceordancewithnoticeproclaimedbept.     ^^^  Yucatan. 

22,  1862,  that  within  certain  specified  territory  pjokesch-Osten  (pro' 

in  armed  rebellion  all  person-  '■"'■'  "=  ''""^«  - 

tervention  of  an  autocrat  such  as  lie  ponrayeo.  ..  ^.^^e  and  henceforward  shall  1 

iDia  (prin-sip'i-ii) :   in  full  Philosophise  procne(prok'ne).  [Gr.ni.invr/.] 

iralisPrincipia'Mathematica.  [l-,  ihe    „,p  aauglitcr  of  Pandion  and 

,,,r^,ti(^il   PrinciiiUs  of    Natural   Pljlloso-     By  Tcreus  she  became  the  mo  her  of 
cmatioil   1  1  ni-  Newton,      that  his  wife  was  dead,  Tereus  brought 


The  seaport  of  Merida 


111   iiu-auiu.  ,.      »    /^         »    »_ 

Prokesch-Osten  (pro'kesh-os'tenV  Count  An- 
ton von  B"ru  at  (iratz,  Styria.  Dec.  10.  1  .M.i . 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  26,  1876.  An  Austrian  di- 
Tilomatist.  author,  and  andueologist.  He  wa.s  aro- 
iassador  in  Athens  l.s:i4-4»,  in  Berlin  18_4i.-62  in  J  ™,Wort 
18^■^-55  and  in  Constantinople  1865- iL  He  publislii<i 
ra«  8  and  "Geschichte  des  Abfalls  der  firleclien  v..n. 
tmkischen  Keich"  ("History  of  the  Revolt  of  the  Greeks 
from  the  Turkish  Empire."  18(>7 


died  about  .%-)  (J).  A  Byzantine  historian.  He 
accompanied  Belisarius  on  various  campaiglis  and  roc 
l.iul„ri,-«  of  the  Pcrs  an,  Vani  al,  and  Gothic  wais  in  uie 
time  J  t  lliii.  e'was  also  the  anthor  o  a  work  on 
10  b  IdirgVof  .lustinian  ("  be  lediflciis")  and  of  a  secret 
1  st..^     '  A^  e,-.lola-)  directe,!  against  Justinian 


««,r,T,nsPfi    cnienv    x^u.,-^^,    f ,  „.;,,M  I,..,  on  Parnassus.  She  contrived  to  inform  Brocne     fr„m  the  Turkish  Empire,    18(.,1. 

Ro^rSocie"v  April   28,   168g,  and  first   pub-  ,     e'rlt'^.TniSuro  slew  Itys  and  served  hin,  up  t„  his  prolegomena   in   Homerum  (P!;o-\<--g°™;?-".'* 

Koya     ouL      y       I    ^_  (edited  by  Halley).    The  f,,ther  to  eat.    Tcreus  was  changed  into  a  hawk,  rrocne          iio.,„e'rum).    A  critical  work  by  1' .  A.  A.N  olf, 

llfo'd  el  mon^      I)    as  editV^  1^  Roger  Cotes.  Vis  the  j;,,.,  ,  ,„.„ow.  and  Bhiloniela  into  -;»-""";«'  ^                  "J.l.lU^d  in  1795.  attacking  the  then  commonly 

^S^^ation  oTiiode/n  astronomy,  mechanics,  and  mathe-  pro^opiuS  (VVof>y^-^>^).   [^M,^^^^'^  f «™ 

matical  physics.                                              u„w„  ;,,  at  Cresarea,  Palestine,  probaby  about  4.W  A.  D. 

Prior  (pri'or),  Matthew.     Bom    Probably    n .,,..„.. „  i.,..,„.,„n     n 

Bast  I)orset,''july  21,  1«64:  died  at  W.nipole 

marlev's  country-seat),  CambrKlgeshire,  bept. 

18  1721     An  Englisli  poet  and  diplomatist.    He 

S^-;:,^^i^;;;:h;%;"«i»t;fst 

was  secretary  to  the  Earl 
in  1699  he  succee  ' 
plantations,  and  1 

he  was  a  member  Oi  lioiiume,.,' .".  ...—.-- 

weiTtas  ambassador  to  Paris  in  1712  ;  ".".V-Tllig  ai  d 
England  1715-17,  during  Ihe  triumph  «'  "'^,^\  fA;  "4'^ 
nassed  the  rest  of  his  life  at  his  home,  llown  Hall  In  18- 
L"     He  was  the  author,  with  Charles  Montague,  of  the 

"city  Mouse  and  I'ountry  Mouse"  (I.W :  a  parody  .." 

Dryden's  "Hind  and  I'anther").    " 

and  they  were  published  in  17"9(' 

in  171.S1      In  17411  two  volumes  oi  mn  i........ »•■--•-  i^--^ 

lUhed'witi.  (alleged)  niemoirs    and  some  of  his  Wt 

poems  which  had  not  been  printed  befoic. 
^ioress's  Tale,  The.    (^ne  of  Chaucer's     Can- 

terburv  Tales."    It  .s  told  by  Madam.;  Ei-'1';,""]<'.  .»"'l 

istle  story  of  the  cliild  ..f  aChrlstian  widow  Ijllled  in  Asia 

by  the  .lews     Wordsworth  wrote  a  modernized  version. 
•  Kijlaiiline,  and  llwjh  o/  Lincoln 


ce  (St       hns  College)  in  ItiSO.    tn  1.198  ho     hlstx.ry  (  -Auc-ooia  , ,.., »  -  „ 

'^  ,i  ra     ';  Bortland's  embassy  to  France    Procopius,  Andrew,  surna.npl        Hie  Grca^ 
ceded  T,..ckc  a,s  commissioner  of  trade  ami     j^-;,,,.,^  ,„  ,,.,ttU.  near  Bidimiseh-Brod    Bohi'mia, 
J  became  nndci-secrct.iry  of  state.  In  1701     .,.;,,    j^.j^       A  m.ted  Hussite  leader.    He  be- 
ter  of  Parliament  _for  E<^t  «;■"»'«'  f-.^^     ^ay  ■>  „,  j,,„  .,.„„orites  hi  1424  ;  gaine.l  the  v.c- 


.^r  (i.^^  •  a  ."u.;-^  on     ihe  ,»uiJ  „f-l^hniisch.Br.;d,  May  30.  14.4 

He  collected  his  poems.  ProcHS  (pro'kris).    [(>r.  ilpukfin.i 

(" Alma "iuid "Solomon"    „„,i,i   tlio  wifo  of  Cephalus,  by  wl 

of  his  poems  were  pub-      ^    .    ' 


^' (;;;;;;:;r"A  ri^-  in  -st^n.  Bu^ia   ^;;;^ -;:^;:-;,  Adelaide  Anne. 

^ie^^^it  S^S'  ^iSout-ittS"      '  ■    ■     -•  

navigable  to  Pinsk, 


came  commander  of  the  Taborites  in  1424  :  KJ''""' ';'";;^: 

nac.'ata  r  pTague;  and  was  .lefeated  by  the  Calixtmes  in 
rh.Vlmteof^ohmiscli.Brod,May30.14;,4 

-    •        -■■     "  .]   In  Greek  le 

whom  she  was 

Procrustes  (pr.-.-krus'tez).  [Or.  n^oKpofffn/c, 
the  slictclier.l  Tlio  surnamo  of  a  legendary 
Attic  robber  (Dnmastes  or  Poljni.'mon).  Hcha.l 
n  bed  (name,l  from  him  the  '•  Procrustean  )  upon  which  li  s 
p  is.;,  e^  were  torture.l :  tln.sc  who  7'''"  ;;;>,«'''■•'  ';" 
stretcheil  to  tit  It,  an.l  those  who  were  t<...  tiUl  had  thiil 
limbs  cut  to  the  proper  lenglh. 

"  ■  ■  ;de  Anne.    Bom  at 

Lon.l.m.Dct.  30.  1825:  di.'d  ther.'.  Feb.  3.  b'JG^- 
All   Eii.'lisli  po.'t,   daiiglit.^r  of   Bryan   \Val   'r 


^d;;?p;;:h'i.").  l.  Pnscianus  C^sanen.    ^;-^J:->^;S^-!"sh;l'b:r;  J^rJ 

^^^t''A^::i::;:.:?^i^nS".^-"  "J^  Hr  BSb'^ali;r^"s;,idonvm  Barry 
most  famous  work  is  "  Institutiones  gramma-  I'^jter,  Bryan^WaUe^^  ^^^.   .,^_  ^.^.» 

thie.''  „„  /i";,,.!!!^.?™' Oct  4  1874.    An  English  poet  and 

Priscilla  Mullens.    See  Mullcis.  died  tlieie.Uct.  4,  i8(4.    ^      a       i- 


in  no-me  riiui;.    .£iv.i>.v .-..-  -..  -  - 

published  in  1795.  atta.-king  the  then  commonly 
received  theory  of  the  Homeric  p..ems. 
Prome  (pr.-.m).  The  cai.ital  of  the  district  of 
I'rome,  British  Bunua,  situated  on  the  Irawadi 
itilat.  18°47'  N..  long.  1)5-  17'  E.  It  was  taken 
bythe  British  in  1825.  l>opulation(1891),  30,0„. 
Promessi  Sposi  (pro-mes'se  spo  ze),  1.  Lit., 
■  ThI  li.l  r.  d  ho.l.'J  1 .  A  novel  by  Manzoni.  his 
principal  work,  published  182.-,-2,  The  scene 
islaiil  in  Milan  ami  its  vicinity  in  the  first  pait 
of  the  17lh  centurv.— 2.  An  opera  by  1  etrelhi, 
lirst  i.ni.lucid  at  Leceo  in  ll>69.  , 

Prometheus  (pro-mo'tuis).  [Gr.  nw-^nf, 
t'orethonght.]  In  (Jreek  mythology,  the  son 
of  laindiis  and  the  ocean-nymph  t  lymeiie.  cele- 
brat.'.i  as  Ihe  b..nefactor  of  mankind.  For  .le^ 
....ii  nm.-iised  unon  hiin  by  Prometheus  in  a  sacrlllce, /.eu» 
,eir,Uo'im.,lX.l;i...fllre;butPun„eth™ 
heaven  and  brought  t  to  earth  In  a  hollow  ree.l.  For  "lis 
hewM  clalned  by.>rderof  Zen^  on  a  monnlalrK<  auca- 
Xwhe'e^hdiyVisliverj^hlehgrewapliM^^^^^^ 

=Xi:;?icnh;:t:pii'i;imrif'is^2^i^:^^..>- 

to  mankind.  See  Pamhra. 
Promptheus  1.  A  liranm  in  blank  verse  by 
^.■°^l!e^t^gu,i  in  1773.  H^amrwar.!  cut  it 
down  t..  a  monohigne.-2.  A  ba  let  by  Beet- 
loven.  produced  at  Vienna  in  1802.  It  was  ar- 
vang.'.l  f..r  the  st.lge  by  Salvatore  Vigano. 

Prometheus  Bound.    A  irag.uly  of  Asch>ln8, 

of  iin.MTtniii  .lat,'.      Pnimethcus.  iwund  to  the  rocks 
1  V  orl.r  ..t  Z.US  f,.r  his  ben.>v,.leiice  to  man  resists  all  ef- 
;  I  lu  '.c  his  will  an.l  pnr,H.se.  bids  .Uanee  t,.   he 

<  1  ,  .,  ,.f  111,-  iro.l-.  an.l  .llsappears  In  an  appalling  tempest, 
Mrs  Browillng  puWl.ht.d  a  p..etleal  translation  In  1833. 


Prometheus  Bound 

The  "PrometlieusVinctus"  brings  us  to  the  perfection  of 
^scllyln-s"  ;irt,  nxxd  to  a  specimen,  unique  and  unapproach- 
able, 'd  what  that  wonderful  genius  could  do  in  simple 
tragedy,  that  is  to  say,  in  the  old  plotless,  motionless,  sur- 
priseless  drama,  made  up  of  speeches  and  nothing  more. 
There  is  certainly  no  other  play  of  ^schylus  which  has 
produced  a  greater  impression  upon  the  world,  and  few 
remnants  of  Greek  literature  ai'c  to  be  compared  with  it 
in  its  eternal  freshness  and  its  eternal  mystery. 

Mahttffij,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  258. 

Prometheus  Unbound.    A  lyrical  di'ama  bv 

Shelley,  iniblished  in  1820. 

Promos  and  Cassandra  (pro'mos  and  kas-san'- 
dra).  A  play  by  Whetstone,  printed  in  1578, 
but  never  acted.  Shakspere  took  the  story  of  "Mea- 
sure for  Measure"  from  this  play,  which  is  in  two  parts, 
and  which  was  in  turn  taken  from  one  of  Cinthio's  novels. 
In  liiS:^  Whetstone  altered  it  to  a  prose  novel. 

Promptorium  Parvulorum,  sive  Clericorum 

(promp-to'ri-um  par-^^i-16'rum  si've  kler-i-ko'- 
rum).  An  Enjjlish-Latin  dictionan',  said  to 
have  been  the  first  in  nse.  Prompiorium  should  be 
proHiptuarium  ('storehouse "),  and  is  so  spelled  by  Wynkyn 
de  \Vorde  in  his  edition  "  Promptuarium  Parvulorum  Cleri- 
coi-um  "  (1510),  The  words  were  collected  from  various 
authors  by  Fratre  Galfridus  (Geoffrey),  called  Grammati- 
cus,  a  preaching  friar,  a  "recluse  of  Bishop  Lynne"  in  Nor- 
folk. There  are  several  maniiscripts,  and,  besides  Wynkjm 
de  Worde,  Pynson  printed  it  in  1499  and  Julian  Notary  in 
15118.  The  Camden  Society  published  it  in  1S65,  edited  by 
Albert  Way. 

Propertius  (pro-per'shlus),  SextUS.  Born  at 
Assisi,  Italy,  about  50  B.  c. :  died  after  16  b.  c. 
A  Roman  elegiac  poet:  a  friend  of  Jlieeenas, 
Vergil,  and  Ovid.  His  poems  are  largely  amatory,  cele- 
bratiiig  his  mistress  Cynthia  (Hostia). 

Proph^te  (pro-fat'),  Le.     See  Profeta,  II. 

Prophetess f I irof'et-es), The.  AplaybyFleteher 
aiiil  Jni--sint,'er,  licensed  in  1622,  printedin  1647. 
Bettcrton  produced  an  alteration  of  it  in  1690. 

Propontis(pro-pon'tis).  [6r.  IlpoToiT/f,  the  fore- 
sea.]    The  ancient  name  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora. 

Propus  (pro'pus) .  [Gr.  rpd-oi'f ,  the  fore  foot  or, 
in  this  ease,  the  forward  foot.]  Ptolemy's  name 
for  the  third-magnitude  (but  slightly  variable) 
double  star  ri  Geminorum,  in  the  northern  foot 
of  Castor. 

Propylaea  (prop-i-le'a).  [6r.  ~po7Tv7.aia  (pi.), 
a  gateway.]  The  monumental  gateway  to  the 
Acropolis  at  Athens,  begun  437  B.  c.  by  Mne- 
sicles.  It  consists  of  a  central  ornamented  passage  and 
two  projecting  wings,  that  on  the  north  with  a  chamber 
(the  Pinacotheca)  behind  its  small  portico.  The  central 
passage  has  on  both  west  and  east  faces  a  magnificent 
hexastyle  Doric  portico.  At  about  two  thirds  of  its  length 
it  is  crossed  by  a  wall  pierced  with  5  doorways,  the  widest 
and  highest  in  the  middle.  An  inclined  waypasses  through 
the  wider  middle  intercolumniations  of  both  great  porches 
and  the  large  central  door:  this  way  was  flanked  between 
the  west  portico  and  the  door  by  six  tall  Ionic  columns, 
whose  capitals  supply  the  most  beautiful  type  of  the  order. 

PrOSCrittO  (pro-skret'tq),  n.  [It., '  The  E.xile.'] 
An  opera  by  Nicolai,  produced  at  Milan  in  1840. 
It  was  afterward  produced, with  alterations,  as  '"^Die  Heim- 
kehr  dea  Verbannten  "  in  1844.     See  Eriiani. 

Proserpina  fpro-ser'pi-na).  An  asteroid  (No. 
26)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  May  5,  1853. 

Proserpine  (pros'er-pin).  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  greater  goddesses,  the  ijireek 
Persephone  or  Kora,  daughter  of  Ceres,  wife  of 
Pluto,  and  queen  of  the  infernal  regions,  she 
passed  six  months  of  the  year  in  Olympus,  during  which 
time  she  was  considered  as  an  amiable  and  propitious  di- 
vinity ;  but  during  the  six  months  passed  in  Hades  she 
was  stem  and  terrible.  She  was  essentially  a  personifi- 
cation of  the  changes  in  the  seasons,  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer bringing  fresh  vegetation  and  fruits  to  man,  and  in 
winter  harsh  and  causing  suffering.  She  was  intimately 
connected  with  such  mysteries  as  those  of  Eleusis.  The 
Roman  goddess  was  practically  identical  with  the  Greek. 

Prosna  (pros'na).  A  tributary  of  the  Warthe, 
which  it  joins  38  miles  southeast  of  Posen, 
forming  part  of  the  boimdary  between  Prussia 
and  Russian  Poland.     Length,  about  120  miles. 

Prosopopoia  (pros''o-p6-poi'a).  See  Mother 
Hiilihcrirs  Tale. 

Prosperity  (pros-per'i-ti).  A  poem  attributed 
by  Morris  to  Chaucer,  but  rejected  by  Skeat. 

Prosperity  Robinson.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Frederick  KoMnson  (Viscount  Goderich),  on 
account  of  his  eulogy  of  British  prosperity 
(shortly  before  the  financial  crisis  of  1S25). 

Prospero  (pros'pe-ro).  The  rightful  Duke  of 
Milan  in  Shakspere's  "  Tempest."  He  is  repre. 
sented  as  a  wise  and  good  magician  (not  a  necromancer  or 
wizard)  living  in  exile  on  an  island  with  his  daughter 
Miranda. 

Pross  (pros),  Solomon.  A  spy  and  scoundrel 
in  Dickeus's  "Tale  of  Two  Cities."  His  sist«r, 
Miss  Proas,  a  wild-looking  but  unselfish  woman,  becomes 
the  instrument  of  vengeance,  and* accidentally  kills  Ma- 
dame Defarge.     Also  called  John  Barsad. 

Prossnitz  (pros'nits).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  in  the  Hanna  plain  11 
miles  southwest  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1891), 
19,512. 

Protagoras  (pro-tag'o-ras)  of  Abdera.    [Or. 


828 

IlpuTaySpa^.']  Bom  about  481 B.  c. :  died  about 
411  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  sophist,  the  ear- 
liest of  that  class  of  teachers.  He  was  driven 
from  Athens  on  a  charge  of  atheism,  and  his  work  "On 
the  Gods"  was  publicly  burned.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  famous  dictum  "  Man  is  the  measure  of  all  things  :  of 
those  which  are,  that  they  are ;  of  those  which  are  not, 
that  they  are  not." 
Protagoras.  A  dialogue  of  Plato:  the  narra- 
tion by  Socrates  of  a  conversation  which  took 
place  in  the  house  of  Callias,  a  wealthy  Athe- 
nian, between  himself,  the  sophists  Protagoras, 
Hippias,  and  Prodicus,  Hippocrates,  Alcibiades, 
and  Critias.  The  theme  of  this  celebrated  dialogue  is 
virtue,  its  nature,  unity,  and  teachableness :  and  it  is  also 
a  study  of  the  sophistic  teachers  in  the  person  of  one  of 
their  best  representatives,  the  famous  Protagoras.  It 
closes  with  the  well-known  conclusion  of  .Socrates  that 
virtue  is  knowledge 

Protector  of  the  Indians.  BartolomS  de  las 
Casas,  who  received  this  official  title  (Protector 
Unifersal  de  los  Indios)  in  1516.  Later  there 
were  local  protectors  in  the  different  colonies. 

Protesilaus  (pro-tes-i-lii'us).  [Gr.  Upu-eauaoc.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  first  of  the  Greeks  slain 
in  the  Trojan  war. 

Protestant  Duke,  The.  A  name  given  to  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth  (son  of  Charles  II.). 

Protestantenverein  (pro-tes-tan-ten-fe-rin'). 
[G., 'Protestant  union.']  An  association  of  Ger- 
man Protestants  formed  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  in  1863.  Among  its  objects  are  toleration,  free- 
dom from  ecclesiastical  domination,  union  of  different 
churches  in  a  national  church,  and  the  development  of 
Protestantism. 

Protestant  Pope,  The.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  who  suppressed 
the  Jesuits. 

Proteus  (pro'tiis  or  pro'te-us).  [L.,  from  Gr. 
np(j7fi''f.]  1.  In  classical  mythology,  a  sea- 
god,  the  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  who  had 
the  power  of  assuming  tUfferent  shapes.  Accord- 
ing to  the  legend,  Menelaus,  on  his  return  from  Tro.v,  sur- 
prised Proteus  and  held  him  fast  through  all  his  changes 
of  form,  until  he  learned  from  him  how  to  return  home. 
2.  One  of  the  '"two  gentlemen  of  Verona,"  in 
Shakspere's  play  of  that  name. 

Prothalamion  (pro-tha-la'mi-on) .  A  ' '  spousal 
verse"  by  Edmund  Spenser,  published  under 
this  name  in  1596.  it  was  written  on  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  on  the  same  day  of  the  two  daughters  of  the 
Earl  of  Worcester  to  Henry  Guilford  and  AVilliam  Petre. 

Protogenes  (pro-toj'e-nez).  [Gr.  nptjToyiv?ic.'\ 
Born  at  Caunus,  Caria,  Asia  Minor  (or  at  Xan- 
thus  in  Lyeia) :  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the 
4th  century  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  painter  of 
Rhodes.  His  most  famous  works  were  the  lalysus  in 
Rhodes,  afterward  placed  in  the  Temple  of  Peace  in  Rome, 
and  the  Resting  Satyr.  Protogenes  and  his  work  were 
greatly  admired  by  his  contemporary  Apelles. 

Proud  Duke.  A  name  given  to  Charles  Sey- 
mour, sixth  duke  of  Somerset. 

Proudhon  (pro-don' ) ,  Pierre  Joseph.  Born  at 
Besan(;on,  France,  July  1.5, 1809:  died  at  Passy, 
Jan.  19, 1865.  A  French  socialist.  Hewastheson 
of  a  cooper ;  studied  at  the  College  of  Besan^on,  and  in 
1839  obtained  from  the  Academy  of  Besan^on  a  pension 
which  enabled  him  to  spend  several  years  of  study  at  Paris. 
He  was  afterward  (1843-47)  in  the  employ  of  a  commercial 
house  at  Lyons.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  February  revolu- 
tion in  1S48  he  threw  himself  with  ardor  into  the  socialis- 
tic propaganda  at  Paris:  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly ;  and  founded  the  short-lived  journals 
"  Le  Peuple  "  (1848-49X  "  La  Voix  du  Peuple  "  (1849-50),  ami 
*'Le  PeupledelS50"(lS50).  He  was  imprisoned  under  the 
press  laws  1849-52,  and  fled  to  Belgium  to  escape  a  sen- 
tence of  imprisonment  on  the  publication  in  1858  of  his 
work  "  De  la  justice  dans  la  revolution  et  dans  rt^glise,"* 
but  was  amnestied  in  1860.  He  also  published  "Quest-ce 
que  la  propriety?  "(1840),  "Creation  del'ordredansrhuman- 
ite"  (1S43),  "Syst^me  des  contradictions  6conomiques" 
(1846),  "La  revolution  sociale,  demontr^e  par  le  coup 
d'etat"  (1852),  etc. 

Prout  (prout).  Father.  The  pen  name  of 
Francis  Mahony. 

Provence  (pro-vons').  [From  the  Latin  provin- 
c(V/.]  An  ancient  government  of  southeastern 
France.  Capital,  Aix.  It  was  bounded  by  Ven.aissin 
and  Dauphine  on  the  north.  Piedmont  and  Nice  on  the 
east,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
Languedoc  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the  west,  corre- 
sponding to  the  departments  of  Var,  Basses-Alpes,  and 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  and  part  of  Vaucluse.  It  is  noted  for 
its  fruits  and  a  variety  of  other  products.  It  was  made  a 
Rijman  province  (provincial  125-105  B.  c,  and  was  after- 
ward part  of  Gallia  Narbonensis.  It  was  overrun  by  the 
West  Goths  in  the  5th  century,  and  conquered  by  the 
Franks  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century.  Then  it  was 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Theodoric,  but  about  538  was  re- 
conquered by  the  Franks.  The  Saracens  overran  it  in  the 
8th  centiu"y.  On  the  division  of  the  Carolingian  empire 
in  843,  it  went  to  Lothair  and  later  to  Charles  the  Bald. 
Boso  became  king  of  Provence  or  Cisjurane  Burgundy  in 
879.  Provence  was  later  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Aries, 
and  was  ruled  by  its  own  counts  from  926.  It  passed  to 
the  counts  of  Barcelona  about  1112,  and  later  to  Aragon. 
Ch.arles  of  Anjou  founded  the  Angevin  line  of  counts  of 
Provence  in  1246.  It  passed  to  Louis  XI.  of  France  in  1481, 
and  was  united  with  the  crown.    Its  inhabitants  are  Pro- 


Prudentius 

venpals.  a  designation  extended  to  include  dwellers  in  the 
south  of  France. 

Proverbial  Philosophy.    A  didactic  work  in 

verse  liy  M,  F.  Tupper,  published  1838-67. 
Proverbs  (prov'erbz).  One  of  the  books  of  tlie 
Old  Testament,  following  the  Book  of  Psalms. 
The  full  title  is  Proverbs  of  Solomon  (i.  1).  It  is  a  collection 
of  the  sayings  of  the  sages  of  Israel,  taking  its  full  title  from 
thechief  among  them,  though  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that 
he  is  the  author  of  a  majority  of  them.  Portions  of  the  book 
are  ascribed  to  other  persons:  Chaps,  xxv.-xxix.  are  said 
to  have  been  edited  by  the  "men  of  Hezekiah,"  chap.  xxx. 
contains  "  the  words  of  Agur,"  and  xxxt.  1-9  "  the  words 
of  Lemuel. "  The  original  nieiining  of  rni^hh,  the  Hebrew 
word  translated  'proverb, 'is  'a  comparison.'  The  '.erm  is* 
sometimes  translated  'parable 'in  our  English  Bible;  but, 
as  such  comparisons  were  commonly  made  in  the  East  by 
short  and  pithy  sayings,  the  word  came  to  be  applied  to 
these  chielly,  though  not  exclusively.  They  formed  one  of 
the  most  characteristic  features  of  Eastern  literature. 

Providence  (prov'i-dens).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Providence  and  of  the  State  of 
Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Providence  River, 
at  the  head  of  Xarragansett  Bay,  in  lat.  41° 
49'  N.,  long.  71°  24'  W.  it  is  the  largest  city  of  the 
■State  and  second  city  of  New  England,  a  railroad  and 
steamboat  center  and  an  important  maimfactm'ing  center, 
and  has  a  considerable  coasting  trade.  The  leading  man- 
ufactures are  cotton,  woolen,  steam-engines,  iron  castings, 
jewelry,  silver-ware,  and  worsteds.  It  is  the  seat  of  Brown 
University  (which  see),  and  of  various  educational  and 
benevolent  institutions.  It  was  founded  by  Roger  Wil. 
liams  in  1636;  was  damaged  by  fire  in  King  Philip's  war 
in  1675 ;  and  suffered  severely  from  a  storm  in  1815.  It 
became  a  city  in  1832,    Population  (1900),  175,697. 

Providence  River.  The  estuary  formed  by  the 
Blaekstone  and  ot  lier  rivers  at  the  northern  end 
of  Nnrragansett  Bay. 

Provincetown  (prov'ins-toun).  A  seaport  in 
Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at 
the  extremity  of  Cape  Cod-  peninsula,  in  lat. 
42°  3'  N..  long.  70°  11'  W.  it  has  cod-,  mackerel-, 
and  whale-flshei-ies.  The  Mayflower  came  to  anchor  here 
in  1620.     Pupulatien  (1900),  i,Ul. 

Provincia,  or  Provincia  Gallica  (pro-vin'shi-ii 
gal'i-kii),  or  Gallia  Provincia(gal'i-apr9-vin''- 
shi-ii).  In  ancient  geographj',  the  part  of  Gaul 
conquered  by  the  Romans  in  the  end  of  the  2d 
centm'y  B.  C.  it  corresponded  to  Provence,  Dauphinc. 
and  Languedoc.  Later  the  name  was  restricted  to  Pio- 
vence.    Compare  yarbonetisis. 

Provincial  Letters.    See  Pascal. 

Provincias  Internas  (pr6-ven'the-as  en-ter'- 
nas).  [Sp., 'Interior Provinces.']  Aeolonial  di- 
vision of  Spanish  America.  The  name  was  vaguely 
used,  as  early  as  the  17th  century,  for  the  northern  parts 
of  New  Spain  or  ile.\ico.  In  1777  (by  order  of  Aug.  22, 
1776)  a  new  government  was  formed  under  this  name, 
completely  separated  from  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain, 
and  comprising  Nueva  Vizcaya(Dnrangoand  Chihuahua), 
Coahuila,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  the 
Californias.  The  capital  was  Arizpe  in  Sonora,  and  the 
audience  of  Guadalajara  retained  its  judicial  authority; 
the  governor  was  also  military  commandant.  In  1T86 
and  1787-93  the  government  was  again  subordinate  to  the 
viceroy.  WTien  the  final  separation  was  made  in  1793, 
California  was  attached  to  Mexico.  Later  the  Provincias 
Internas  were  divided  into  two  military'  districts,  the  Oc- 
cidente  and  Oriente,  California  being  united  to  the  former; 
this  change  went  into  eflfect  in  ISIO. 

Provincias  Unidas  de  la  Plata.   See  La  Plata. 
Provincias  Unidas  del  Centro  de  America. 

The  official  name  of  the  Central  American  con- 
federated states,  declared  by  the  Constituent 
Congress,  July  1,  1823.  The  provisional  government 
was  an  executive  of  three  members  and  the  existing  courts. 
"With  the  constitution  adopted  Nov.  22.  1824,  the  name 
became  Estadoa  Federados  de  Ceyiiro-America. 
Provins  (pro-van').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et^Mame,  France,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Duretiu  and  Voulzie,  50  miles  southeast  of 
Paris.  The  Church  of  St.  Quiriace,  the  Grosse  Tour 
(keep),  and  the  ancient  ramparts  are  notable.  It  was  a 
large  and  important  city  in  the  middle  ages,  but  declined 
in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  8,310. 

Provisions  of  Oxford,  See  Oxford,  Provisions  of. 

Provo  (pro'vo),  or  Provo  City.  The  capital  of 
Utah  County,  Utah,  situated  on  Utah  Lake  40 
miles  south  by  east  of  Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  a 
railroad  and  manufacturing  center.  Population 
(1900),  6,185. 

Provoked  Husband,  The.  A  comedy  begim 
by  Vaubrugh,  who  wrote  nearly  fom-  acts  be- 
fore his  death,  under  the  title  "A  .Journey  to 
London.''  It  was  fijiished  by  Gibber,  and  pro- 
duced in  1728. 

Provoked  Wife,  The.  A  comedy  by  Vanbrugh, 
produced  in  1697.     It  was  revived  in  1726. 

Pruckner  (prok'ner),  Caroline.  Born  at  Vi- 
enna, 1832.  A  noted  teacher  of  singing.  She 
opened  a  school  of  opera  in  1870  at  Vienna,  and  has  pub- 
lished a  *'  Theorie  und  Praxis  der  Gesangskunst  "  (1872  and 
1883). 

Prudentius  (pro-den'shi-us),  Aurelius  Clem- 
ens. Boi'n  probably  in  Spain,  348  a.  d.  :  lived 
about  400.    A  Latin  poet,  author  of  hymns  and 


Prudentius 

other  poems  on  religions  subjeets:  the  chief 

Cbristiau  poet  of  the  early  church. 

Prudhomme  (pru-doiu').  Monsieur  Joseph. 

A  self-satisiied  character  created})}' Heuriiloii- 
nier  in  1H.")2,  noted  for  his  high-sounding  l)ut 
empty  phrases.  He  is  frequently  quoteii  and  rufen-ed 
to  in  French  literature.  His  name  was  taken  from  the  Old 
French  temi  sii;nifyin2  'riphte-ius  man,'  used  for  a  mem- 
ber of  a  council  composed  of  workmen  and  employers, 
appointed  for  the  settlement  of  disjiutes  between  the  two 
classes. 

Prudliomme,  Sully.  Born  at  Paris,  1S39.  A 
French  poet.  He  published  his  first  poems,  "Stances 
et  poemes,"  in  1^35,  and  since  that  time  has  eiven  himself 
apentirely  to  literature,  science,  and  plulosophy.  Anion? 
his  works  are  "Les  dpreuves,  etc."(lStiti),  "Les  solitudes" 
(1869^  "Les  destins"(lS72),  **La  rt^volte  dea  tieurs"(lii74), 
''La  France "(1S74),  "La  justice"  (187»X  etc. 

Sainte-Beuve  observed  of  M.  Sully  Prudhomme  that  he 
belonged  to  none  of  the  schools  of  contemporary  pi)etry. 
"His  was  rather  the  nul>Ie  ambition  of  conoiliatinK  (hem, 
of  deriving  from  them  and  reuniting  in  himself  what  was 
good  in  each.  With  much  skill  in  the  treatment  of  form. 
he  was  not  indifferent  to  the  idea;  and,  among  ideas,  he 
did  not  adopt  any  group  to  the  exclusion  of  the  rust." 
This  rightly  defines  the  position  of  Sully  Prudhomme. 

Doirdeji,  Studies  in  Lit.,  p.  425. 

Frudhon  ( prii-don'  )•  Charles  Francois  Joseph, 
Born  at  Paris,  July  114, 1S45.  A  Frciioh  come- 
dian. He  is  a  pupil  of  R^gnier;  made  his  debut  at  the 
Com^die  Fran^aise  in  1865;  and  was  elected  a  member  In 
1883. 

Prud'hon,  Pierre  Paul,  Bom  at  Cluny,  France, 
April  4,  1758 :  died  at  Paris,  Pel).  16,  1823.  A 
French  historical  and  portrait  iiaiiitcr.  He  was 
a  pnpil  of  Desvogea  at  Dijon,  artd  l;iter  ;it  ttie  Beaux  Arts. 
He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  ITsi,  and  lived  at  Piome 
7  years,  returning  to  Paris  in  178ft.  where  his  reputation 
was  established  in  179?.  Among  his  best  works  are  "Di- 
vine .Justice  and  Vengeance  pursuing  Crime"  (18'>8:  in 
the  Louvre),  "  Rape  of  Psyche  "(ISl^),  "Demeter  in  the 
House  of  Nefera,"  "Interview  between  ^Napoleon  L  and 
Francis  II.  after  Austerlitz,"  etc. 

Pru©  (pro),  Miss.  In  Congreve's  play  "Lovo 
for  Love,''  a  romping  awkward  country  s^irl 
with  a  well-deA'cloped  taste  for  a  lover.  She 
is  taken  from  "Wycherley's  *' Country  Wife." 

Prusa  (pro'sii).     The  ancient  name  of  Brusa. 

Prussia  (pmsh'a),  G.  Preussen  (prois'sen), 
[F,  Frus.'^e,  T>.  I^ruisae)!,  It.  Frusiyia,  Sp.  Prufiia, 
Dan.  Preus.'itit.l  A  kingdom  of  northern  Ger- 
manv,  extending  from  lat.  49°  7'  to  55°  54'  N., 
and  from  long.  5°  52'  to  22°  54'  E. :  the  largest 
state  in  area  and  population  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Berlin,  it  is  bounded  by  tlie  North 
Sea,  Oldenburg,  Denmark,  Mecklenlmrg,  and  the  llaltic 
on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  east,  the  Austrian  empire, 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  the  Thuringian  states,  Bavaria, 
Hesse,  and  Alsace-Lorraine  on  the  suuth,  and  Luxemburg, 
Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  west.  It  omiprises 
also  the  detached  territory  of  HohenzoUern  and  several 
smaller  exclaves.  Among  the  islands  belonging  to  Prussia 
are  Riigen,  Fehniem,  the  North  Friesian  Islands,  and 
Helgoland.  Tlie  northern  and  eastern  parts  belong  to 
the  great  northern  plain  of  Europe.  In  the  south  and 
southwest  the  surface  is  chieflj  hilly  'U-  mountainous  — 
the  principal  ranges  there  being  the  Sutletir  Mi>nnt;iiiis  "ii 
the  border  of  Austria,  and  the  Thuringian  and  Ilaiz  Moun- 
tains, while  further  west  are  the  Weser  Mountains,  Teu- 
toburgerwald.  Taunus,  Westei-wald,  etc.  There  are  many 
email  lakes  in  the  north  and  northeast.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Kms,  Weser,  EH)e  (with  the  Spree  and  Ha- 
vel), Eider,  Oder,  Vistula,  Pregel,  Nienien,  and  Rhine 
(with  the  Moselle).  Among  the  agricultural  products  are 
rye,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  millet,  fruit,  hemp,  tlax,  hops, 
beet-root,  tobacco,  and  maize.  \\'ine8  are  largely  proiinerd 
in  the  west.  There  is  large  prochiction  of  coal  and  iron, 
and  the  countrj-  yields  about  half  the  zinc  in  the  world  ; 
there  are  also  mines  of  copper,  lead,  salt,  nickel,  alum, 
Bulphur,  amber,  etc.  Trussia  is  one  of  the  principal  man- 
ufacturing countries  of  the  world.  The  exports  include, 
besides  manufactured  good-s  timlter,  grain,  wool,  lol.neco, 
live  stock,  etc.  The  kiiigduni  is  subdivided  into  12  jjrov- 
inces,  not  including  I'.eilin  ami  Jlolnii/olirni :  r.ii^l  I'lus- 
ela,  West  i'rusHia,  Ton  mi  an  ia,  I'osrn,  iJiandentmrk'.  "^aNony, 
Silesia.  Hannover,  .s,-hl.  swig- HoMeiii,  Wistplialia,  Hesse- 
Nassau,  and  Rhine  Province,  The  goverimient  is  a  he- 
reditary constitutional  monarchy,  ndminiHtered  by  a  king 
and  a  Landtag  consisting  of  twu  chambers:  the  Herren- 
haus,  or  House  of  Lords,  and  the  Abgeoidnetenhaus  of  43;i 
members.  Trussia  is  the  inimipal  stale  in  the  empire, 
and  has  17  votes  in  the  Hundesrat  and  J:!*".  members  in  the 
Reichstag.  Itskuig  is  thet^Jerman  eniperur.  Aboul  seven 
eighths  of  the  inhabitants  are  (iernmns;  the  remainder 
include  I'oles,  with  a  smaller  number  nf  Lithuanians, 
Danes,  Weinis,  and  f'zecha.  nn<l  a  few  Walloons.  Thedom- 
fiunit  religi<in  is  Protestant  (Kvaiigelical  Church),  but 
abixit  one  third  are  |{<mian  Cathoties.  JYussia  had  its 
origin  in  the  Nordnuirk,  which  grew  into  the  nnirk  of 
Bnuulcnburg;  this,  united  with  the  duchy  of  J'russia 
(1618),  developed  in  the  17Ih  century  under  the  (ireat 
Elector.  'Ilie  elector  Frederick  III.  assumed  the  title  of 
Frederick  L,  king  of  Prussia,  in  17ol.  Nencliittil  with 
other  territory  was  ac(iuired  in  1707.  and  part  of  (lelderland 
in  171.1.  A  large  part  of  Swedish  Pomeratda  was  amie.\i-.i 
in  1720.  Prussia  rose  to  a  place  among  the  Furoptun 
iiowers  in  tlio  reign  of  FredericU  the(ireat(1740-iJO\  lead- 
ing events  In  which  were  the  aci)Uisilionof  Silesia  tn  1742 
and  the  Sev.n  Years'  War  I'Gtt-tHi.  liy  the  Ilrst  partition 
of  Poland  (177:^)  West  Prussia  was  acquired  with  the  Nelze 
district  and  Krineland.  Prus'^ia  was  at  wnr  with  Franco 
1792-05.     By  the  partitiiuis  of  Poland  in  17y3  and  171 5  Po- 


Ptah 

he  wafi  sentenced  by  the  Star  Chamber  to  he  imprisoned 
and  t)ned  Xo,itm],  expelled  fnmi  his  profession,  degraded 
from  his  university  degree,  and  set  in  the  pillory,  where 
he  lost  l)oth  Ins  eai-5.  In  1040  he  was  ix'leased  by  the  Long 
Parliament.  In  1043  he  entered  uiMm  the  prosecution  of 
Archbishop  Laud.  On  Nov.  7,  lt>4».  he  obtained  a  seat  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  He  at  once  took  the  part  of  tlie 
king,  and  was  included  in  Itide's  Purge(Dec.  6, 1648)  He 
was  arrested  by  iiradshaw  July  1,  1650,  and  imprisoned. 
He  was  released  Feb.  18,  1652.  He  was  ajjpointed  by 
Charles  II.  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower.  In  16C8 
hepul'lished  the  "Vindication  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Juris- 
diction of  the  English  Kings." 
By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  it  acquired  nearly  all  its  for-  Przemysl  (pzhem'isl).  A  fortified  town  in  Ga- 
mer possessions  (Itut  not  Hannover  or  the  Polish  territory  \[qi^  Anstria-Hun^arv 
lost  in  1S07),  also  parts  of  tlie  electorates  of  Cnlugne  and  '         '  >-.     .  < 

Treves,  Swedisli  Pomerania,  IJerc.JuIieh,  Westphalia,  Sie- 
gen,  and  large  parts  of  .S;ixiuiy(\\  ittenberg.Torgau.etc).  It 
entered  the  Germanic  Cunfednalinii,  and  beltmged  to  the 
Holy  Alliance,    Rcvolutii>iiary  ontlireaks occurred  in  1S4S 


820 

sen  and  the  Polish  territories  as  far  as  the  Pilica,  Vistula, 
and  Bug  were  annexed.  Prussia  lost  to  France  her  ter- 
ritories west  of  the  Rhine  in  1801;  received  in  1803  the 
bishoprics  of  Paderbornand  Hildcsheim,  and  large  parts  of 
Munster.  Nordhausen.  Goslar,  Ei-furt.  the  Eiclisfeld,  and 
Muhlhausen :  received  Hannoverin  l&K'i  in  return  for  Ans- 
Itach,  Cleves,  and  Neuchatel ;  was  t4»tally  overthntwn  (at 
Jena,  etc.)  by  France  in  lS<Hi:  lost  in  ItMJ"  alKUit  half  its 
territories,  including  its  possessions  on  tlie  left  of  the  EM)e, 
Kottbus  and  the  larger  part  of  its  territories  acquired  front 
Poland  in  1793  and  17s»5,  and  was  reduced  to  a  second-rate 
state ;  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  War  of  Liberation 
(1S13),  and  in  the  overthrow  of  Naptdeon  (1S14  and  1S15). 


la,  Aiistna-Iluntjary,  situated  on  the  San  54 
miles  west  of  Lemberg.  It  has  an  active  trade  ;  con- 
tains two  cathedrals;  and  Is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of 
Poland.  It  was  founded  in  orabout  the  8th  century.  Pop- 
ulation (1890X  35,209. 


It  was  at  war  with  Denmark  in  1848-11),  and  suppressed  in-  Przibram       ^'C  Prihra/ti. 

surreclions  in  .^axony.   Baden,  and   elsewhere   '"^^.l^^^^  PsalmS  (samz),  or  the  Book   of  PsalmS, 


Prussia,  Saxony,  and  IJannover  were  united  in  an  allii*iitc     ,       .       c  ^u     /^i  i  rr     *  ^      i  ■ 

in  IMO.     A  constitution  was  adopted  in  its  final  form  in     "OOk  ot  the  Via  lostumeut  win 
1850.   Concessions  were  made  to  Austria  in  the  Conference     psalms  and  hymns.     The  authorship  of  a  large  num 


A 

ontains  ir)0 


berof  the  psalms  is  ascribed  traditionally  to  David.  Many 
of  them,  however,  are  supposed  to  date  from  the  time  of 
the  exile  or  later.  The  hook  is  often  called  the  "Psidter," 
hut  tiiat  term  is  usually  restricted  to  those  vei-sions  of  or 
compends  from  it  which  are  arranged  especially  for  tlie 
services  of  the  church.  The  translation  of  the  Psalter  in 
the  Hook  of  Common  Prayer  is  not  that  of  the  author- 
ized version,  hut  that  of  the  earlier  version  of  Cranmer's 
Bible. 

The  Psalter,  as  we  have  it,  unquestionably  contains 
Psalms  of  the  Exile  and  the  new  Jerusalem.  It  is  also 
generally  admittecl  to  contain  Psalms  of  the  period  of 
David,  thus  embracing  within  its  compass  poems  extend- 
ing over  a  range  of  some  five  Imndred  years. 

ir.  li.  Smith,  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish  Ch..  p.  176. 

PsammenitUS.     See  Psamtuctichus  III. 


of  Olmutz,  ls50.  Prussia  interfered  in  Schleswig-Holstein 
in  1851,  and  renounced  its  rights  to  Neuchatel  in  18:»7. 
After  the  accession  of  William  I.  in  1801  a  parliamentary 
struggle  took  place  between  Bismarck  and  the  liberals. 
The  coiiiplieaiions  resulting  from  the  l)anish  war  of  18t;4 
(see  Scftl'Sirri-H'-lst'  tit  ifars)  ltd  in  istiti  to  the  war(in  con- 
junction with  Italy)  again.st  Austria  allied  withthe  South 
fierman  states.  Saxony,  and  Hannover.  By  the\ictory  *>( 
ISuUl'russia  acquired  Hannover,  Nassau,  Frankfort,  Hesse- 
Cassel,  and  Sehleswig-Holstein,  became  the  tlrst  Uerman 
state,  and  formed  the  North  (Jerman  Confedeiation.  Hy 
the  war  between  France  and  (iermany  in  1S70-71  the  new 
Gennan  Empire  was  formed,  with  the  crown  hereditary  in 
the  Pi'ussian  dynastv.  More  recent  events  are  the  acces- 
sion of  Frederick  ill.  and  of  William  II.  (both  in  1888), 
and  the  retirement  of  Bismarck  in  I89o.  (Compare  O'-'r- 
iimiiij.)     Area,  134,403  square  miles.     Population  (lyOof, 

■  '""'   *  ^f  Psammetichus{sa-met'i-kus)  I.,  orpsemthjek, 


.    ,     .,  .    „         luoiii    1C-0  An  Lsviitiau  kiur',  tlic  iouikIpi' 01  the  _()tn  dv 

into  this  from  1821)  to  18(f>.  "•  i  '^'  • 

Prussia,  Duchy  of.  A  former  duchy  coiTcspond- 
iug  nearly  to  the  present  provinee  of  East  Prus- 
sia (minus  Ermehind).  The  am-ieiit  inhabitants  (Prus- 
sians) were  cnnttM'TL'i  tjy  tlic  Teutunic  Ivnii^llts  in  the  13th 
century.  We^t  I'russia  was  ceded  to  Pi)lan<i  in  1160,  East 
Prussia  remaining  a  I'olisli  fief.     Tlie  secular  duchy  was 


nasty.  He  freed  Efrj-pt  from  .Assyrian  rule,  opened  tlie 
country  to  the  Greeks,  and  reunited  the  kintidom. 

Psammetichus  III.,  or  Psammenitus  (sam-p- 

ni'tus).  King  of  Egyjit.  son  of  Aiuasis.  He  was 
defeated  at  I'elusiuin  by  Oambyses  52,'j  B.  c.aiid  Eg>'pt  be- 
came a  Persian  province. 


constituted  in  1,S'2.');  it  was  united  to  Brandenburg  in  lOlS.  Psara,     Sec  /pfiaro. 
Prussia,  East,  6.  Ostpreussen(ost;prois'sen).  Psellus  (sel'us),  Ilichael,  surnamed  "The  El- 
A  province  of  the  lungdoiu  of  Prussia.  Capital,    der."    Born  iu  Andros,  Greece.     A  Byzantine 

author  who  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  9th 


Konigsherg.    it  is  bounded  by  tlieBalticon  thenorth. 

west,  ilussia  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Russian  Poland 

the  south,  and  West  Prussia  on  the  west. 

generally  low 

Konigsberg  an 

to  the  ancient  duchy 

l.'inth   Area,  14,275  stjnare  miles.   Populatioa(l^:)r.),  2,005,- 

078. 

Prussia,  New  East.    A  region  now  belonging 
to  Kussiau  Poland,  accjuired  Ijv  Prussia  in  th 


ceutiu'y 


id  West  Prussia  on  the  west.     The  surface  is  pii"   /,/•,     Mir-'hnpl    nnnstatitinp     sur. 

.-.   itcontainsthetwogovernnKEitdistrictsof  *=6^^"f  (sei  us),  jyucnaei  oonsxanxme,  sur 

and  r.unibinnen.  and  crrespomls  generally     named    ■■  Uie    \ounger.       Born    at     t  onstan- 
tduchyof  Prussia  with  the  ad. liiii. not  Erme-     tinople,   lOL'O  :   died   after  1105.     A   Bvzantim 


pie,  iu::u:  (Ueii  alter  uuo.  A  uyzantine 
philosopher  and  autlior.  Among  his  numerous 
works  is  "Opus  in  qiiatuor  mathematicas  ilisciplinas  — 
arithmeticam,  niusicam,  peometriaiu,  et  astronomiam  " 
(Venice.  I.n32). 

partitions  of  Poland  in  i7!)3  and  1793,  and  lost  ill  Pseudodoxia  Epidemica   (su-do-doks'i-ii  ep-i- 

IJ^OT.   It  lay  north  of  the  Vistula  and  Bug,  and  south  and  dem'i-kii),  or  an  Enquiry  into  Vulgar  IjITOrS. 

east  of  East  Prussia  and  West  Prussia.  _^  work  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  jmlilished  in 

Prussia,  Polish.     A  former  division  of  the  an-  1646.  It  isliis most popularandimi)ortant  work, 

cient  kingdom  ot  Poland,  forming  the  greater  I'oninionly  known  as  "  Vulgar  Errors." 

portionof  the  present  province  of  West  Prussia,  Psiloriti  ipse-16-re'te),  Mount.     Tlie  modern 

Prussia.  name  of  Mount  Ida  in  Crete. 

Prussia,  Rhenish.     See  Hhinr  I'rovivcc.  Pskof  (pskof ).    1.  A  government  of  Russia,  sur- 

PruSSia,  South.   A  former  province  of  the  king--  nmnded  by  the  governments  of  St.  Petersburg, 

dom  of  Prussia,  acquired  in  the  partitions  of  Novgorod,  Tver,  Smolensk,  Vitebsk,  and  l.ivo- 

Poland  ot  17!)i!  and  170.1.  Itcomprised  iiearlyall  the  nia.     It  contains  many  swamps  and  lakes.    Area,  17,009 

present  province  of  I'osen  south  of  the  Netze  district,  and  "    "  '   "  " " 

tlic  part  of  present  Russian  I'oland  lying  between  the  Vis- 
tula and  Pilica.  

Prussia,  West,  (J.  Westpreussen  (vest'prois"- 

sen).  A  provinco  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia. 
Capital.  Dant/.ic.  It  is  liounded  by  the  Baltic  on  the 
north,  East  Trussia  on  the  cast,  Kiissian  Poland  and  I'osell 
oil  the  south,  Brandenburg  on  the  southwest,  and  Poine- 
raniaon  thewestand  imitliwrst.  'I'bcsnrfacc  isgencrally 
low.  It  contains  tln'tunyovilillHiif  districts  Ilantzicand 
Maricnwcrdcr,  and  corrrsit-aids  in  the  niainto  tliereu'ions 
acquired  in  the  dilferent  partitions  of  Poland.  Are;i,  ll.SlO 
square  miles.     Population  (180.5),  1,404,114. 

Pruth  (priith  ;  G.  proii.  priit).  A  river  in  eastern 

I'jUrope.    It  rises  in  Oalicia,  flows  through  Bukowlna, 

foniiing  the  boundary  between  Moldavia  anil  Bessarabia 

(in  Russia),  anil  joins  the  Dannlte  at  Reid  eimt  of  Gulatz. 

I.cngtli,  over  f>(H)  miles;  navigable  to  nearJassy. 
Pruth,  Peace  of  the.     A  tretity  concluded  at 

I  Iiisli  lii^t  ween  Ii  iissia  and  Turkey,  ,Tuly  113, 1 71 1 . 

I'eter  tlic  Creat  and  liis  arniv  (which  had  lieen  iilockadcd 

at  lIiiMli,  near  the  I'nitli)  were  relieved  ;  Azott  and  oilier 

possessions  were  ceded  to  Turkey  ;  and  it  was  stipulated 

fliatCIiarlesXIT.  "f  Swetlen  should  be  perinilteil  to  return 

btuue  unmolested.     Calh-ii  also  tile  trealff  "/  Fatrzi. 
Prynne   (prin),   Hester.     The  princiiial  eliar- 

aeleriif  j  lau  I  home's  ''Scarlet  Ijetter."    She  Is 

doomed  t^i  wear  a  scarlet  A  embrtiidererl  on  her  breast  as 

a  penance  for  Iter  adultery  with  her  Iiiistiand'sfriend.    See 

him  int'xilntr,  A  rlh  ur. 
Prynne  (prliO,  William.    Born  at  Swainswlek, 

near  Halli.  llilM):  died  at  Loudon.  Oct.  L'4,  10l>!l. 

An  Eiiglisli  Presbyterian  lawyer,  pamiihleleer, 

and  statesman,     lie  graduated  at  Oxford  In  1021,  I'li- 

tered  hincoln's  Inn  in  the  same  year,  ami  was  afterwarii 

called  In  the  bar.     In  ua:t  he  published  "  lllstrliMniislix." 

For  hidlrectly  criticizing  the  king  and  (lUeen  In  this  book 


square  miles.  I'opnlation  (ISOii),  1,010,000. 
'2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Pskoff,  sit- 
uated on  the  Velikaya  in  lat.  r)7°  .')0'  N.,  long. 
2.S°  •22'  E.  In  the  middle  ages  It  was  a  repuhlic,  sustain- 
ing close  relations  with  Novgorod;  carried  on  an  exten- 
sive trade  with  the  towns  of  the  Ilanscatie  League:  and 
successfully  resisted  the  attacks  of  the  Livonian  Knights. 
It  was  conquered  by  Moscow  in  IMO     Population,  •.'H,721. 

Pskof,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Russia,  forming  the 
soiilheni  extension  of  Bake  Peipus.  Bength, 
.'ill  miles. 

Psyche  (si'ke).  (^L.,  from  Gr.  'I'vxv,  breath, 
spirit,  life,  the  spirit,  soul,  mind,  etc.;  a  depart- 
ed spirit,  ghost,  etc.;  also,  a  butterfly  or  moth 
as  the  symbol  of  the  soul.]  1.  In  classical 
mytliology,  the  personiliinl  and  di'ilied  soul  or 
spirit,  tlie  beloved  of  Eros,  by  whom  she  was 
alteriiiitely  I'aressed  and  tormented,  shewnscon- 
siclered  asafair  young  girl,  often  with  the  wings  of  a  but- 
terfly, and  the  butterlly  was  her  sjnibgl.  .See  Ciii'ul  and 
J'mjche. 

2.  The  sixteenth  planetoid,  discovered  by  Do 
(iusparis  at  Naples,  Marcli  17.  lHr)2. 

Psyche.  A  religious  poem,  in  "24  cantos,  by  .Jo- 
sepli  Beaumont,  luiblished  in  164M. 

Psyche.  A  l ragieomeily  liv  Moli^re,  Pierre  Cor- 
neille,  and  (^>uinaull,  produced  in  1070. 

Psyche  of  Capua.  A  celebrated  (ireek  torso, 
undra|ieil.  in  Ilie  Nluseo  Naziomile,  Na)>les.  The 
bead  la  bent  in  sorrow.  It  Is  a  copy  from  I'nultcles  or  his 
iniiiM'diate  school,  and  Is  somewhat  Injurcil. 

Ptah  (ptii).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  an  impor- 
tant (ieity,  tliougii  not  one  of  the  oldest.  He  wa« 
the  creative  force  (not  solar),  the  divine  builder,  the  tIvI- 


\ 


Ptah 

^ng  iutellectual  power,  honored  especially  at  Memphis. 
He  was  represented  in  haman  form,  sometimes  as  a  pygmy 
or  embryo. 

Pteria  (te'ri-a).  [Gr.  Ilrep/a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  place  in  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor:  the 
scene  of  a  battle  between  Cyrus  the  Great  and 
Croesus  554  (?)  B.  c. 

P.  T,  Letters,  A  series  of  letters  published  by 
Pope. 

Never!  surely,  did  all  the  arts  of  the  most  skilful  diplo- 
macy give  rise  to  a  series  of  intrigues  more  complex  than 
those  wliich  attended  the  publication  of  the  "P.  T.  Let- 
ters." An  ordinar>'  man  says  that  he  is  obliged  tu  publish 
by  request  of  friends,  and  we  regard  the  transparent  de- 
vice as,  at  most,  aTenial  offence.  But  in  Pope's  hands 
this  simple  trick  becomes  a  complex  app:iratus  of  plots 
within  plots,  which  have  only  been  unravelled  by  the  per- 
severing labours  of  the  most  industrious  literarj' detectives. 
The  whole  story  is  given  for  the  first  time  at  full  length 
in  Mr.  Elwm's  edition  of  Pope,  and  the  revelation  borders 
upon  the  incredible. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Librar}-,  p.  101. 

Ptolemais  (tol-e-ma'is).  [Gr.  Ilro/f.ua/c.]  In 
ancient  geography:  (^0  A  city  in  Cj-renaica, 
-west  of  Cyrene.  (b)  A  later  name  of  Aeeho. 
See  Acre,  (c)  Ptolemais  Theron,  a  town  on  the 
west  coast  of  the  Ked  Sea.  about  lat.  18°  N. 

Ptolemy  (tor e-mi)  I.,  surnamed  Soter  ('Pre- 
server ')  and  Lagi  (•  son  of  Lagus '),  [L.  PtoJe- 
mseiis,  from  Gr.  IiroA€ucuog.'\  Died  283  b.  c. 
King  of  Egypt,  founder  of  the  Greek  dynasty 
in  that  country.  Hewas  the  alleged  son  of  Lagus,  a  Ma- 
cedonian of  ignoble  birth,  and  Ai-sinoe ;  but,  as  Ai-sinoe  had 
been  the  concubine  of  Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  he  was  com- 
monly supposed  by  his  contemporaries  tobe  the  son  of  that 
monarch.  He  rose  to  a  high  command  in  the  array  under 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  in  the  distribution  of  the  prov- 
inces on  the  latter 's  death  in  323  obtained  the  government 
of  EgjTit.  He  formed  an  alliance  with  Antipaterag-ainst  Per- 
diccas,  the  reirent  in  Asia,  who  invaded  Egj-pt  in  321  but 
was  murdered  by  his  own  troops.  He  afterwaid  concluded 
an  alliance  with  Cassander,  Seleucus.  and  Lysimachus 
against  Antigonus,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Ipsus  in  301. 
He  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  306.  In  304  his  efficient 
support  of  the  Khodians  enabled  the  latter  to  repel  a  for- 
midable attack  by  Demetrius,  whence  he  received  the 
sum  am  e  Soter  or  Preserver.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his 
son  Ptolemy  IL  in  285. 

Ptolemy  il.,  sm-uamedPhiladelpllUS.  Born  in 
the  island  of  Cos,  309  B.  c:  died  247  b.  c.  King 
of  Egypt  285-247.  son  of  Ptolemy  I.  He  annexed 
Phenicia  and  Coele-Syria ;  encouraged  commerce,  litera- 
ture, science,  and  art;  and  raised  the  Alexandrian  Mu- 
seum and  Library,  founded  by  his  father,  to  importance. 

Ptolemy  III.,  sm-uamed  Euergetes  {'Benefac- 
tor ').  T>ied  222  B.  C.  Kiug  of  Egj-pt  247-222, 
son  of  Ptolemy  11.  whom  he  succeeded  in  24*. 
To  avenge  his  sister  Berenice  (see  Atitinchus  II.  ofSyrin). 
he  invaded  Syria  about  245.  and  captured  Babylon,  but 
was  recalled  in  2J3  by  a  revolt  in  Eg>"pt. 

Ptolemy  IV,,  sumamed  PMlOpator  ('Loving 
his  Father').  King  of  Eg>-pt  222-205  (204?) 
B.  c  son  of  Ptolemy  III.  He  defeated  Antio- 
chus  the  Great  at  Raphia  in  217. 

Ptolemy  V.,  sumamed  Epiphanes  (' Illustri- 
ous 0-  King  of  Egypt  205  (204?>-1S1b.  C.^sou 
of  Ptolemy  IV.  His  dominions  were  overrun  by  An- 
tiochus  the  Great,  and  saved  only  by  the  interference  of 
Rome.  Ee  married  Cleopatra,  daughter  of  Antiochus  the 
Great,  in  the  winter  of  103-102,  in  accordance  with  a  treaty 
of  peace  concluded  w  ith  Antiochus  some  years  previously. 

Ptolemy  VI.,  sumamed  Philometor.  Died  146 
b.  c.  Kiug  of  Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  V.  whom 
he  succeeded  in  181  b,  c.  He  was  captured  during 
an  invasion  of  Egypt  by  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  king  uf 
Syria,  in  170,  whereupon  liis  younger  brother  Ptolemy  Vll. 
proclaimed  himself  king.  He  was  presently  released  by 
Antiochus,  and  for  a  time  reigned  conjointly  with  his 
brother.  Expelled  by  his  brother,  he  sought  relief  in  per- 
son at  Rome  in  1&4,  and  was  reinstated  at  Alexandria,  his 
brother  being  forced  to  retire  to  Cyrene,  which  he  was  al- 
lowed to  hold  as  a  separate  kingdom. 

Ptolemy  VII.,  sumamed  Euergetes  oi  Phys- 

COn.  Pied  117  B.  c.  King  of  Egi.'pt.  He  was  a 
younger  brother  of  Ptolemy  VI.,  on  whosedeath  in  146  he 
us»u*ped  the  throne,  putting  to  death  the  legitimate  heir. 
(For  Ptolemy  VIT.'s  history  previous  to  this  event,  see 
Ptolem;/  VT.)  He  was  expelled  from  Alexandria  by  the 
populace  in  1-^0.  out  recovered  his  capital  in  127. 
Ptolemy  Vm.,  sumamed  Soter  {* Saviour')  or 
PMlometor,  also  called  Lathyms.  Died  81 
B.  c.  King  of  Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  VII.  Phys- 
con,  on  whose  death  in  117  he  ascended  the 
throne  conjointly  with  his  mother  Cleopatra. 
He  was  in  107  expelled  fiom  Egypt  by  Cleoputrn,  who  raised 
her  favorite  son  Ptolemy  IX.  Alexander  to  the  thrfme  in 
his  stead.  He  succeeded,  however,  in  maintaining  himself 
in  Cyprus,  which  he  held  as  an  independent  kingdom,  un- 
til the  death  of  his  mother  in  S9,  when  he  was  recalled  by 
the  Alexandrians,  who  had  in  the  meantime  expelled  his 
brother. 

Ptolemy  XI.,  sumamed  Neus  Dionysus  and 

Auletes  ('Flute-player').  Died  nl  e.  c.  King 
of  Eg}-pt,  illegitimate  son  of  Ptolemy  VTII. 
LathjTus.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  legitimate  line  of  the  Ptolemies  in  SO  B,  C.  lie 
was  expelled  by  the  populace  in  58,  but  was  restored  by 
the  Romans  in  55. 
Ptolemy  Xn.  Died  in  48  or  47  B.  C.  King  of 
Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  XI.  Auletes.    He  ascended 


830 

the  throne  in  51  conjointly  with  his  sister  Cleopatra,  whom 
he  expelled  in  40.  The  reinstatement  of  Cleopatra  by  Cte- 
sar  in  4S  gave  rise  to  war.  Ptolemy  was  defeated  on  the 
Nile,  and  was  drowned  in  the  flight. 
Ptolemy.  Died  40  A.  D.  King  of  Matu-etania, 
the  son  of  Juba  11.  and  grandson  of  Antony 
and  Cleopatra.  He  was  summoned  to  Rome  and  put 
to  death  by  Caligula  (40  A.  V.\  whose  cupidity  had  been 
excited  by  his  great  wealth. 

Ptolemy,  L-  Claudius  Ptolemaeus  (kla'di-us 
tol-e-me'us).  Bomat  Alexaudria:  flourished  in 
the  first  half  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.  A  cele- 
brated Alexandrian  astronomer,  geographer, 
aud  mathematician.  He  "built  up  a  mathematical 
system  of  astronomy  and  geography  which  was  universally 
received  until,  in  the  course  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries, 
the  system  of  Copernicus  displaced  it.  Ptolemy  believed 
that  the  sun,  planets,  and  stars  revolved  round  the  earth. 
His  error  in  calculating  the  circumference  of  the  globe  war- 
ranted C«lumbus  in  supposing  that  the  distance  from  the 
western  coast  of  Europe  to  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia  was 
about  one  third  less  than  it  acturdly  is ;  and  thus  encour- 
aged the  enterprise  which  led  to  the  discovery  of  America" 
(Jebb),  His  recorded  obstr\ations  (at  Canopus)  extend 
from  127  to  151  A.  D.  His  astronomical  and  mathematical 
work  is  contained  in  the  "Syntaxis,"  called  by  the  Arabs 
"Almagest"(w^hich  see). 

Puans.     See  JVuiiicbago. 

PublilianLaws(pub-liri-anlaz).  1.  In  Roman 
history,  a  law  passed  about"471  B.  C,  through  the 
efforts  of  the  tribime  Pubiilius  Volero.  it  trans- 
ferred the  election  of  tribunes  from  the  centuries  to  the 
comitia  tributa,  and  its  passage  marked  the  concession  of 
the  right  of  initiating  legislation  to  the  plebeians. 
2.  Laws  proposed  by  Pubiilius  Philo  339  (338  ?) 
B.  C,  They  provided  that  one  censor  must  be  a  plebeian ; 
that  plebiscita  (laws  passed  by  the  comitia  tributa)  should 
apply  to  all  citizens ;  and  that  laws  presented  to  the  cen- 
turies should  be  previously  approved  by  the  curiie. 

Publius  (pub'li-us).  The  pseudonym  of  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  John  Jay.  and  James  Madison 
in  their  papers  in  the  ''Federalist." 

Pucelle  (pii-ser),La.  [F.,  ^The  Maid.']  The 
siirname  given  to  Joan  of  Are. 

Pucelle,  La.  1.  An  epic  byChapelain.  Halfof 
it  was  published  in  16o6,  after  being  hei-alded  for  twenty 
years.  It  was  ridiculed,  and  the  other  half  was  not  printed. 
2.  A  burlesque  epic  by  Voltaire,  published  iu 
1762.     He  denied  the  authorship  forsome  years. 

Puck  (puk).  A  piayf id,  mischievous  elf  in  folk- 
lore :  otherwise  Robin  Goodfellow,  "Wiil-o'-the- 
TVisp.  etc.  Shakspere  introduces  him  in  the  "  Mid- 
summer ^Night's  Dream  "as  ahousehold  faiiy,  the  jester  to 
King  Oberon,  aud  he  plays  many  pranks  in  the  wood  near 
Athens.  In  "Faust"  Goethe  introduces  him  asapen'ading, 
whimsical,  perverse  element  rather  than  as  an  individual. 
The  tricksy  nattire  of  Shakspere's  Puck  harmonizes  better 
with  the  etymology.  Puck  came  to  England  with  the 
Scandmavian  or  Danish  settlers.  "  Puki  in  old  !Noi-se  \vas 
a  devil,  usually  a  wee  de\'il.  His  Danish  name  was  Pokker. 
To  the  Celts  he  was  Pucaor  Pwca.  He  is  Pug  when  Pug 
is  an  imp's  name,  and  Bug  in  the  sense  of  hobgoblin,  bug- 
bear, and  humbug."    Morley. 

ITie  character  of  Puck,  or,  as  he  is  properly  called.  Kobin 
Goodfellow,  is  literally  no  other  than  our  own  '"guter 
Kjiecht  Ruprecht";  and  it  is  curious  that  from  this  name 
in  German  the  word  "Eiipel "  is  derived,  the  only  one  by 
which  we  can  g^ve  the  idea  of  the  English  clown,  the 
verj'  part  which,  in  Shakespeare,  Fuck  plays  in  the  king- 
dom of  the  fairies.  This  belief  in  fairies  was  far  more 
diffused  through  Scandinavia  than  through  England  ;  and 
again  in  Scotland  and  England  it  was  far  more  actively  de- 
veloped than  in  Germany.  Robin  Goodfellow  especially. 
of  whom  we  hear  iu  England  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tur>',  was  a  favourite  in  popular  traditions,  and  to  his  name 
all  the  cunning  tricks  were  imputed  which  we  relate  of 
Eiilenspiegel  and  other  nations  of  others. 
Gervinu&,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  hv  F.  E.  Bun- 
[nett,  ed.  l&aj),  p.  194. 

Piickler-Muskau  (piik'ler-mos'kou).  Prince 
Hermami  Ludwig  Heinricli  von.  Bom  at 
Muskau,  Silesia,  Pinissia,  Oct.  30,  1785:  died  at 
Branitz,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  4, 1871,  A 
German  writer  of  travels.  He  wrote  *'Briefe  eines 
Verstorbenen"  ("Letters  of  One  deceased,"  1830^  "Semi- 
lassos  vorletzter  Weltgang"  ("Semilasso's  Last  Journey 
but  One  Around  the  World,  *  1835),  "Semilasso  in  Af- 
rika"  (1836),  "Aus  Mehemed-AIis  Reich"  (1844),  etc. 

Pudding  (pud'ing),  Jack.  A  clown  in  English 
folk-lore.  He  corresponds  to  Piekelhering, 
Hanswur.st.  etc. 

Pudding  River  Indians.    See  Ahantchutful: 
Pudsey  (pud'siK     A  town  in  the  West  Riding 

of  Yorkshire,  England.  7  miles  west  of  Leeds. 

Population  (1891),  13.444. 
Pudukota  (po-do-kot'a),  or  Tondiman  (ton'di- 

man).  A  native  state  of  ludia.  tributary  to 
Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat.  10°  30''  N., 
loui:.  78°  45'  E. 
Puebla  (pweb'la).  1.  A  state  of  Mexico,  sur- 
rounded by  Vera  Cruz,  Oajaca.  CJuerrero,  More- 
los,  Mexico,  Tlascala,  and  Hidalgo.  Area,  12,204 
isquare  miles.  Population  (1895).  979.723. —  2, 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Piiebla,76miles  south- 
east of  Mexico :  in  fiUl,  La  Puebla  de  los  Angeles. 
It  is  the  second  city  in  the  republic  in  population,  has 
thriving  manufactures  and  trade,  and  contains  a  cathedi-nl 
and  many  religious  establishments.  It  was  founded  in 
1532.     In  1855-&a  it  was  the  scene  of  several  revults  by 


Puff 

partizans  of  the  church  party,  and  was  twice  besieged 
anil  taken  by  President  Comonfc.rt.  On  Slay  3,  1862,  the 
French  were  repulsed  in  an  attack  on  tlie  nlace,  but  it 
was  taken  by  Forey  in  1S63.  Named  fn.ni  the  pions  tra- 
dition that,  before  the  conquest,  visions  of  anjrel  host* 
n  ere  seen  in  the  licavens  aboye  its  site.  Population  (18951. 
!I1.91T. 

Pueblo(pweb'16).  The  capital  of  Pueblo  County, 
Colorado,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River  106 
miles  south  of  Denver.  It  has  manufaetures  of 
iron,  steel,  and  lead.     Pop.  (1900),  28,157, 

Pueblo  Indians.  See  Eeresan,  Taiioan,  Tusayan, 
and  Zunuin. 

Puelches(po-al-chas')-  ['Eastern people.']  In- 
dians of  the  Pampean  or  Araucanian  stock,  in 
the  western  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
north  of  the  Rio  Negro  (territories  of  Rio  Negro, 
Los  Andes,  and  Pampa).  They  are  probably  the  same 
as  the  Querendis,  a  formidable  tribe  which  opposed  the 
fii-st  settlers  of  Buenos  Ayres.  (See  C»ercnc/i,«.)  At  present 
they  do  not  number  more  than  o,(hX),  but  their  fighting 
force  is  often  increased  by  their  .-illiance  with  the  Amu- 
canians  of  Chile.  Until  within  a  few  years  they  have  been 
hostile  to  the  whites,  and  they  are  still  dangerous  neigh- 
bors of  the  settlers.  They  are  somewhat  wandering  iu 
their  habits.    This  is  one  of  the  tribes  called  Pampas. 

Puente  de  Calderon  (pwen'ta  da  kal-da-ron'). 
[Sp.,  'bridge  of  Calderon.']  A  place  about  30 
miles  east  of  the  city  of  Gtiadalajara.  Mexico, 
where  the  highroad  from  Lagos  crosses  the  river 
Santiago.  Here  the  royalist  forces  (6,000)  under  Calleja 
defeated  the  revolutionists  (said  to  have  numbered  80,04tO) 
under  Hidalgo  Jan.  IV,  1811.  The  victor>"  was  largely  due 
to  an  accident  by  which  the  long  grass  was  set  on  fire  io 
front  of  Hidalgo's  army,  forcing  it  to  retreat  in  confusion. 
This  battle  decided  the  failure  of  the  first  attempt  to  make 
Mexico  independent. 

Puerto  Beilo.    See  Porto  Bella. 

Puerto  Cabello  (ka-Bel'yo).  A  seaport  in  the 
state  of  Carabobo.  Venezuela,  situated  on  the 
Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  10°  29'  N.,  long.  68°  1'  W. 
It  is  noted  for  its  fine  harbor,  and  exports  cof- 
fee, ete.     Population  (1892).  about  11.000. 

Puerto  Cortes  ipwar'to  kor-tas').  or  Puerto 
Caballos  (kii-Bal'yos),  or  Port  Cortez  (port 
kor'tez  i.  A  place  in  Honduras,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Honduras  about  100  miles  north  of  Coma- 
yagua.     It  is  a  railway  terminus. 

Puerto  de  Santa  Maria  (san'ta  ma-re'a),  or  El 
Puerto  (el  pwer'to).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cadiz.  Spain,  situated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Guadalete  into  the  Bay  of  Cadiz,  8  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz.  It  exports  sherrv.  Popu- 
lation (1S87),  20..590. 

Puerto  d'Espana.    See  Port  of  Spain. 

Puerto  Lamar.    See  Cobija. 

Puerto  Mahon.    See  Port  ilahon. 

Puerto  Montt  (mont).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Llanquihue,  Chile,  situated  at 
the  head  of  the  Bav  of  Kelonea\-i,  about  lat.  41° 
30'  S.     Populatioii  (1885).  2,787. 

Puerto  Plata  (plii'ta),  or  Porto  Plata  (por'to 
pla'ta).  A  seaport  situated  on  the  northern 
coast  of  the  Dominican  Republic,  110  miles 
northwest  of  Santo  Domingo,  West  Indies.  Pop- 
ulation, about  4,000. 

Puerto  Principe  (pren'the-pa),  or  Cindad  del 
Principe (the-6-THU?H' del pren'the-pa).  Acity 
in  Cuba,  situated  about  lat.  21°  24'  N.,  long, 77° 
55'  W.  It  has  considerable  trade  and  mantifac- 
tures.     Population  (1899),  25,102. 

Puerto  Real  (ra-al').  A  town  in  the  pro-s-ince  of 
Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bav  of  Cadiz  7 
miles  east  of  Cadiz.    Population  (1887),  9,694. 

Puerto  Rico.    See  Porto  Eko. 

Pueyrredon  i_pwa-e-ra-TH6n'),  Juan  Martin. 

Boru  about  liSO:  died  near  Buenos  A\Tes,  1S45. 
An  Argentine  general  and  politician.  He  was  su- 
preme director  or  president  of  the  United  Pro\  inces  from 
July,  1S16,  to  June,  1819,  when  he  resigned.  It  was  owing 
to  his  cordial  support  of  San  Maitin  that  Chile  was  con- 
quered by  the  patriots, 

Pufendorf  (po'fen-dorf).  Baron  Samuel  von. 
Bora  near  Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Jan.  8.  1032:  died 
at  BerUn.  Oct.  26, 1694.  A  celebrated  German 
jurist,  publicist,  and  historian,  professor  suc- 
cessively at  Heidelberg  and  at  Lund,  and  his- 
toriographer in  Sweden  and  in  Brandenburg. 
His  chief  work  is  "De  jure  natnrse  et  gentium ""C' On  the 
Law  of  Xature  and  Nations,"  1672).  lie  also  wTote  "Ele- 
menta  juxisprudentiEe  universalis"  (1660).  "De  statu  im- 
perii Gernuinici"("t)n  the  Condition  of  the  German  Em- 
pire." 1667),  "  De  rebus  Suecicis  "  ("  On  .Swedish  History," 
1676),  a  history  of  the  Great  Elector  (1695),  etc. 

Puff  (puf).  1.  A  bustling  and  impudent  liter- 
ary humbugin  Sheridan's  "Critic."  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  the  tragedy  rehearsed  in  the  play,  and  past  master 
in  the  art  of  puflfing.  A  character  in  a  joint  humorous 
composition  of  Sheridan  and  his  schoolfellow  Halhed  was 
the  prototype  of  Puff. 

2.  A  publisher  and  vender  of  quack  medicine 
in  Foote's  ''Patron." — 3.  A  hunibiiggiiig  auc- 
tioneer in  Foote's  "Taste." — 4.  A  cowardly 
servant  in  Garrick's  "  Miss  Ln  her  Teens." 


Pug 

Pug  (pug).  A  devil  in  man's  shape  in  Jonson's 
'"The  Devil  is  an  Ass."  He  gives  the  title  to 
the  play,  being  made  an  ass  of,  much  to  his 
mortitieatioii. 
'  Puget  (pii-zlia'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Marseilles. 
1622:  (lied  1094.  A  Freiieli  painter,  sculptor, 
engineer,  and  arcliiteet.  in  ig,-,7  he  desisjuetl  and  ex- 
ecuted the  Porte  de  Ville  lit  Toulon,  his  tlrst  celebmled 
architecturul  coinpositiun :  the  caryatids  of  this  Kate  are 
anions  the  chtssics  of  I'rciich  sculpture.  HeiUso  Ijuilttlie 
Halle  au  Poisson,  Hospice  de  Charit(^,  and  mar.y  flnebulld- 
inRR  in  Marseilles.  To  this  period  belongs  tlie  Hercules 
Galilois  in  the  Louvre.  After  KXill  he  executed  his  three 
principal  works  of  sculpture  ;  the  Perseus  arul  Andromedi, 
Milo  of  Crotonn,  and  tlie  Inis-relief  of  Alexaniler  and  IJio- 
gencs  now  in  the  Louvre.  The  .Miluof  crotona  is  his  best 
work.  It  represents  that  atlilete  caURlit  in  a  spl  it  tree-trunk 
while  a  lion  attacks  him  from  liehind.  This  was  tinislied 
in  1082,  and  in  ltW3  placed  in  the  Karden  of  Versailles ;  it 
is  now  in  the  Louvre  (Salle  de  I'uget). 

Fuget  (pfi'jet)  Sound.  An  arm  ot  the  Paeifie, 
penetrating  into  tlu>  State  of  Washington  south- 
ward from  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  by  wliieh 
it  is  connected  witli  the  r'acific.  It  is  divided  into 
Puget  Sound  proper  in  the  sfiutb  and  .Admiralty  Iidet  in 
the  north.  It  is  noted  for  its  depth  and  its  line  harbors. 
Seattle  and  Taconia  ai-e  on  its  shores.  Total  length  in 
Btraiglit  line,  about  80  miles. 

Pughe  (pi"i),  William  Owen.  Bom  at  T\-n  v 
Bryn,  Wales,  Aug.  7,  1759:  died  June  4,  i83.'). 
A  Welsh  antiquary.  He  published  a  Welsh- 
English  dietionarv  (1793-1803),  and  with  others 
"  My\'}Tian  .Archaiology  "  (1801-07). 

Pugin  (pu'jin),  Augustus  Welby  Northmore. 

Born  at  London,  March  1,  1812:  died  at  Kams- 
gate,  Sept.  14, 18.52.  An  English  architect, son 
of  Augustus  Pugin  (1762-1832).  He  left  the  Church 
olEnglandfor  the  Church  of  Rome  when  quite  younji.  lie 
made  the  designs  for  Killarney  Cathedral.  Adare  Hall,  a 
chapel  at  Douai,  and  many  churches  and  buildings  for  that 
faith,  and  iissisted  .Sir  Charles  Barry  in  the  decorations  of 
the  new  Housesof  Parliament,  lie  imbli.^bed  "Cuntrusts: 
or  a  Parallel  between  the  ArthiteilniLof  the  l.",(li  :ind  lOtli 
Centuries  "(li^^itJ),  '*  True  Principles  of  Cliristian  Aicbitec. 
ture  "  (18-11),  '*  Glossary  of  t^cclesiastical  Ornament "  (1814), 
etc.    In  lS;'iii  lie  became  insane. 

Pujol,  Abel  de.    See  Abel  de  Fiijul. 

Pujunan  (po-jo'nan).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  comprising  the  Maidu 
and  Nishinara  divisions.  It  embraces  a  number  of 
small  tribes  and  villages  formerly  occupying  the  part  of 
California  between  Deer  Creek,  Lassen  liutte,  and  Honey 
Lake  on  the  north  to  Cosumne  Kiver  on  the  south,  and 
from  the  Sacramento  and  in  places  from  points  west  of 
that  river  on  the  west  to  the  summit  line  of  the  sierra 
Nevada  on  the  east.  In  1850  the  stock  numbered  proba- 
bly 2,500  or  3,Ono  persons  ;  but  many  of  the  tribes  are  now 
either  extinct  or  on  the  verge  of  extinction,  and  the  few 
survivors  are  scattered  through  the  country  over  which 
they  once  held  sway.  The  stock  is  named  from  the  Pusnna, 
a  small  Nisliinam  tribe  formerly  near  the  mouth  of  Fea- 
ther Kiver. 

Pul  (pul).  A  king  of  Assyria,  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament:  identical  with  Tiglath-Pile- 
serni.     Alfo  I'h III. 

Fulairih.     See  I'ulailniiliaii. 

Pulaski  (pu-las'ki),  Pol.  Pulawski  (pii-liif- 

ske),  t'oiiut  Casimir.  Hum  in  I'udolia.  .March 
4,  1748:  died  near  Savannah.  Ga.,  Oct.  11, 
1779.  A  Polish  general.  He  took  part  in  the  in- 
surrection following  the  fonnation  of  the  Confederation 
of  Bar  in  1708  ;  escaped  from  Poland  ;  entered  the  Ameri- 
can service  in  1777;  served  at  Brandywine;  formed  a 
corps  called  "  Pulaski's  legion  "in  1778;  defended  (Miarles- 
ton  in  1779 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  near  Savaimah, 
Oi:t.  '.I,  1T79. 
Pulcheria  (pul-k6'ri-ii).  Bom  Jan.  19,  399  A.  D.: 
died  Feb.  18,  453.  A.  Byzantine  empress  414- 
453,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Arcadius.  .She 
reigned  conjointly  with  her  lirother  Tlieodosius  II.  -114- 
450.  On  the  death  of  her  brother  in  450  she  married  Mar- 
cianus,  whom  she  raised  to  tlie  throne  as  her  colleague. 

Pulch^rie  ()uil-sha-ro').  [P.,  '  Pulclicria.']  A 
tragedy  by  Oorneille,  produced  in  1672.  The  sub- 
ject is  taken  from  the  end  of  the  life  of  the  em- 
press. 

Fulci  (pOrdie),  Luigi.  Bora  at  Florence,  Dec. 
3,  1432:  died  1487  (1490  Morley).  An  Italian 
romantic  poet,  the  friend  of  Poliliaii  and  Lo- 
renzo lie'  Medici:  author  of  the  burlesiiuc  epic 
"II  Morgante  Maggiore  "  (148,"iK  Ills  brothers 
Bernardo  and  Luca  were  also  ports. 

Pulcinella,  or  Pulcinello,  or  Punchinello.  See 

Pulkowa  (pol'ko-vii).'  A  place  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  10  miles  soutli- 
west  of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  noted  for  the  Nh-holas 
Central  (Miservatoiy,  Biliiiited  in  bit.  5'J'  4li'  N'.,  Icnig.  :!0' 
20'  10.,  the  most  important  in  KuHsIa,  completed  in  Isail. 

Pullet  (piil'et).  Aunt.  A  selfish  invalid,  one  of 
the  principal  eharaciers  indeorge  Eliot's  "Mill 
on  tiie  Floss."  she  hcnpecks  her  husband,  whose  mis- 
sion in  life  seems  to  be  to  tlatter  her  and  tliid  her  idllsfor 
her.    She  Is  the  sister  of  Aunt  (Jlegg  and  Mrs,  'I'nlliver, 

Pullman  (pul'man).  [Named  from  lleorge  M. 
Pullman.]  A  village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  13 
miles  south  of  Chicago,  now  forming  a  suburb 


831 

of  that  city.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  car-works  of 
the  Pullman  Manufacturing  Company.  Popula- 
tion, aliout  11,000. 

Pulo-Gondor(po'16-kon-dor'),orCondore(kon- 
dor'),  or  Candore  (k!in-<16r'),  F.  Poulo-Con- 

dore(pii-lo'kdn-dor').  Agroujiof  small  islands 
in  the  China  Sea,  situated  about  lat.  8°  40'  X., 
long.  10()°40'E.  They  have  belonged  to  Franco 
since  lS(i2. 

Pulo-Penang.     See  Foiang. 

Pultava.    See  Vultoitn. 

Pulteney  (pult'ni),  William,  Earl  of  Bath. 
BorMl()S4:  dieil  July  7, 17ii4.  An  English  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  Westminster  and  at  Oxford 
(Christ  Church),  and  in  1705  entereil  Parliament.  He  was 
a  prominent  Wliig  in  tlie  reign  of  Queen  Anne  :  when  Wal- 
pole  was  sent  to  the  Tower  by  the  Tories  in  1712,  Pulteney 
defended  him  in  the  House  of  Commons.  On  the  accession 
of  George  I.  he  became  secretary  of  war,  retiring  in  1717. 
Neglected  by  Walpole,  he  became  bis  ojiptuicnt  in  1725.  On 
July  14, 1742,  lie  was  createtl  earl  of  Bath. 

Pultowa  (piil-to'vii),  or  Poltava  (pol-ta'vii),  or 
Pultava  (piil-tii'va).  1.  A  government  in 
southwestern  Kiissia,  surroniuled  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  TcheinigofT,  Kharkoff,  Yekateri- 
noslaff,  Kherson,  and  KielT.  It  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ingngricultural  governments  of  the  country.  Area,  19,265 
snuarc  miles.  Population  (lS9il),  2,8'.I8,000. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Pultowa, 
situated  at  the  .iunction  of  the  Pultavka  with 
the  Vor.skla.  about  lat.  49°  35'  N.,  long.  34°  35' 
E.  It  is  noted  for  its  fairs.  Near  it,  .Tunc  27  (X.  S.  Julv 
8),  1709,  the  Russians  (about  70.000)  under  Peter  theGreii't 
defeated  the  Swedes  (about  2.%tX)0)  under  Charles  XII. 
The  battle  marks  the  fall  of  the  latter's  power,  and  the 
1  i.se  of  Itussia.     Population  (1891),  43,603. 

Pultusk  (piil'tiisk).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Lonisha,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Narew  34  miles  north  of  AYarsaw.  Here,  in  1703, 
the  Sw'edes  under  Charles  XII.  defeated  the  Saxons:  and 
here,  Dec.  20,  isoo,  a  battle  was  fcinglit  between  the  French 
under  LaiinesandtbeP.ussians  under  I'-nmigsen.  Victory 
was  claimed  for  both  sides  ;  tlie  Itussians  retreated  after 
the  battle.     Population  (1890),  0,224. 

Pulwul.     See  I'alwdl. 

Pumacagua  (po-ma-kiig'wa),  Mateo  Garcia. 

Born  near  Cuzco,  1738 :  died  at  Sicuani,  Marcli, 
1815.  A  PemWan  Indian  general.  In  Ang.,i,si4, 
he  headed  a  formidable  insurrection  against  the  Spaniards, 
occupied  Arcquipa,  and  at  one  time  liad  40.000  folbtwers, 
lie  was  defeated  at  Uniachiri  (Siarch  II,  181.5),  captured, 
and  ]iut  to  death, 

Pumblechook  (pbm'bl-chok'),"Mr.  A  pom- 
pous old  gentleman  in  Dickens's  novel  "Great 
Ex])ectations."  lie  is  Joe  Oargery's  uncle,  and  makes 
himself  pecnliarly  odious  to  I'iji  by  his  jiatronago  and  his 
olVensive  habit  of  springing  mathematical  problems  on 
him  for  solution. 

Pumpernickel(pom'i"r-nil-cl),  His  Highness 
of  or  His  Transparency  of.  A  name  by  whicli 
minor  German  jirmces  are  jocularly  satirized. 

Pun&  (po-na').  An  island  of  Ecuador,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  (Juayaquil,  which  it  pro- 
tects from  the  sea.  it  is  about  25  miles  long  by  12 
broad,  low,  and  partly  covered  with  forest.  Its  Imlian  iii- 
liabitants,  a  warlike  r.aee,  sulniiltted  to  the  Incas  altont 
1600,  Hero  Pizarro  gathered  bis  forces  in  1632,  before  in- 
vading  Peru :  ho  liad  a  battle  with  the  natives. 

Punadio'niijjorDespobladoCdiis-po-blii'THo). 

In  the  Andean  rigimis  of  ■South  .'Vnierica,  any 
liigli  and  arid  tabic-laiid.  .Sjiecitleally,  and  In  a  geo- 
graphical sense,  a  region  in  Peru  between  the  Central  ami 
Western  Cordilleras,  extending  from  atiout  lat.  13'  S.  to 
the  contlnes  of  Itolivia  or  beyond;  southward  it  has  an 
average  width  of  l.Mi  miles,  narrowing  northward.  The 
I'uiia  consists  of  undulating  lands,  13,000  to  18,000  feet 
above  sea-level,  very  cold,  barren,  and  uninhabited. 

Puna,    See  I'oiiiKi. 

Punames  (po-nil'mSs).      See  ffiii. 

Punch  (punch).  [Alibr.  of  l'iiiirhin<Uo,  from  It. 
jioliciiK  llo,  'pulcinillii.']  A  short  hump-backed 
hooked-nosed  pn]ipet,  with  a  squeaking  voice, 
the  chief  character  in  a  street  imppet-sliow 
called  "Puncii  and  Judy,"  who  strangles  his 
child,  beats  liis  wife  (Jiuly)  to  death,  belabors 
a  policeman,  and  does  other  tragical  and  out- 
rageous things  ill  a  comical  way.  Pnncb  Is  the 
descendant  of  tho  clown  or  Pulcinella  (K.  V»Ui'hiH'-Hr)  ot 
the  Neapolitan  comedy  :  the  part  is  thought  t4i  haM>  been 
created  by  Silvio  I'loriUo,  a  coineilian,  iiltout  UMi  >.  He 
tlrst  appeared  in  France  lu*  a  pnpiiet  in  tlie  beginning  of 
the  reign  of  U>ui8  XI \'.  Allusions  t*>"  I'nnclilnellos"  be- 
come frequent  in  rngland  after  1088.  'I'hc  origin  of  Toby 
the  dog  is  uncertain,  and  Punch  In  his  Italian  form  had 
far  more  liberty  of  action  than  in  the  English  jiuppet- 
show. 

Punch.  A  satirical  illustrated  journal,  pub- 
lished weekly  in  London;  fonndod  1841. 

Punchinello  (pun-chi-ncd'o).  [From  It.  ;)i//n'- 
ni'Ui),  a  clown,  buffoon,  iiroji.  a  puppet.]  See 
I'uurh. 

Punderpur.     See  P<tti<t<rpiir. 

Pungwe  (pilng'we).  A  riveriii  Portuguese  East 
Africa  which  Hows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  north 
of  Sofala.    It  rises  in  Munlcaland,  and  the  railroad  con- 


Pur ana 

necting  Mashonaland  with  the  sea  has  to  pass  through  its 
valley.   

Punic  Wars,  or  Carthaginian  Wars.    The 

till!  1-  w;irswagoil  between  Koine  and  Carthage. 
'I'lle  ttrst  began  in  201  B.  C.  Its  nominal  cause  was  tile  inter- 
ference of  the  Koinans  in  iiehalf  of  the  Mamertiues  (be- 
siCo-cd  in  .Messnna,  Sicily,  by  Hicro  of  .Syracuse).  Thelead- 
ing  events  were  the  fidlowing :  naval  battlesof  Mylie  and 
Ecnomus;  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Africa  by  Kcgulus; 
battlesof  Panormus  and  Drepanum  ;  campaigns  of  IIaniil> 
car  in  Sicily ;  final  Koiuan  victory  (ending  the  war)  at  the 
.Egatcs  241  B.  c.  By  the  peace  Carthage  ceded  western 
Sicily  and  paid  a  large  indemnity.  Tlie  scat  ot  war  was 
Sicily,  Africa,  and  the  Mediterranean.  The  second  war 
began  in  218  u.  c.  Its  immediate  cause  was  Hannibal's 
conquest  of  .Saguntnm  (ally  of  Rome)  in  219,  It  was 
carried  on  in  Spain,  Italy,  Sicily,  and  AfriciL  The  follow- 
ing were  the  leading  events;  Hannibal's  invasion  of  Italy 
after  crossing  the  .Vlps  in  218  ;  battles  of  Ticino,  Trebbia, 
Lake  Trasiniene,  and  Caiinic;  campaigns  in  Spain:  conquest 
of  Syracuse  by  Marcellus  ;  invasion  of  Italy  by  Hasdrubal, 
defeated  at  the  Metaurus;  linal  defeat  of  Hannibal  at 
Zania  in  202.  By  the  peace,  20i  b.  c.  ,  Carthage  ceded  pos- 
sessions in  Spain  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  paid  a  heavy 
tribute  ;  Niimidia  became  an  ally  of  Konie ;  and  the  Car- 
thaginian fleet  was  reduced.  The  chief  commanders  were 
Hannibal  for  Carthage  and  Sclpio  Africanns  and  Fabius 
ilaxiinns  for  Rome.  "  The  third  war  began  in  149  b.  c.  Its 
cause  was  the  att.ick  by  Carthage  on  Xlassinissa.  Carthage 
was  besieged  I>v  land  and  sea  by  tile  younger  Scipio  .\frl- 
canus,  and  w;is  taken  and  destroyed  in  140.  Its  ten"itory 
was  divided  between  Home  and  Numldla. 

Punitz  (lio'nits).  A  town  in  tlie  province  of 
Poscn,  Prussia,  44  miles  south  ot  Posen.  Near 
it,  in  1704,  the  Swedes  under  Charles  XII.  de- 
feated the  Saxons.     Population  (1890),  2.004. 

Punjab,  or  Punjaub.    See  I'anjab. 

Punnah.    See  I'miiia. 

Punnak.    See  Ilaimocl: 

Puno  (po'no).  1.  A  department  in  southeast- 
ern Peru,  bordering  on  Bolivia.  Area,  20,190 
square  miles.  Population  (1876).  250,594. —  2. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Puno,  situated 
near  Lake  Titicaca.     Population  (1889).  5.000. 

Punt  (]>ont).  In  Egj'ptian  antiquity,  a  region 
identified  by  Maspero  and  Mariette  with  that 
part  of  the  Somali  country  which  is  situated  on 
tlio  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  bordering  the  Gulf 
of  Aden.  Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc., 
p.  276. 

Punta  Arenas  (pon'tii  ii-ra'nsis).  [S]).,  '  Sand 
Point.']  A  ( 'hiiean  colony  on  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan, in  hit.  .53°  9'  42"  S.  It  is  the  southern- 
most town  in  America.  Population,  about  2,000. 

Punta  de  Obligado  (inin'tii  da  ob-le-gii'Tiio). 
A  low  projecting  biuff  on  the  western  side  of  the 
river  Paranil,  Argentine  Republic,  at  the  boun- 
dary between  the  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres  and 
Santa  F6.  in  IMS  the  dictator  Rosas  had  this  place 
strongly  fortified  with  batteries  commanding  the  river 
and  defended  by  4,0^)0  men  under  Mansilla.  On  Nov.  20 
the  position  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  combined 
ICnglisIi  and  French  fleets. 

Puntarenas,  or  Punta  Arenas.   The  principal 

seaport  on  the  Pacific  side  of  Costa  Rica,  sitti- 
ated  on  1  lie  (^.ulf  of  Nicoya,  about  lat.  9°  .59'  N., 
long.  84°  46'  \V.  It  has  considerable  foreign 
commerce.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Puntarvolo  (punt-iir'vo-lo).  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"Evii'V  Man  out  of  his  Humour,"  a  knight  af- 
fecting faii1;istic  romanticism. 

Piipienus  Maximus  (pfi-pi-e'nus  mak'si-mus), 
M.  Clodius.     Died  238.     A  Roman  emperor. 

He  was  appointed  by  tile  Senate  joint  emperor  (Augustus) 
of  Itoiiie  with  liecimns  Cielius  Balbinus  in  '2.SS,  In  opiio- 
sition  to  Maxiniin,  who  was  shortly  after  killed  by  his 
own  soldiers  at  the  siege  of  Aqulleia.  Pupienns  and  his 
colleague  were  murilercd  by  tho  pretorians  at  Rome  before 
the  beginning  of  August  in  the  same  year,  after  having 
reigned  from  about  the  eml  of  April. 

Puquinas  (]ui-ke'niis),  orXJrUS  (8'r6s),  or  Ocho- 
zomas  (6-cho-tho'iniis).  Asingular  race  of  In- 
dians who  live  about  the  southern  end  of  Lake 
Titicaca,  Bolivia.  Ijirge  jiarts  of  the  lake  are  shallow 
and  covered  with  reeds,  and  among  these  the  PuquitiHs 
have  their  retreats,  as  they  have  had  for  centuries.  They 
navigate  the  lake  in  balsas  (rafts  made  of  rushes),  and  sub- 
sist on  tlsli,  or  on  vegetables  which  they  otitiiin  bv  barter. 
The  approaches  to  their  haunts  are  thrtuigh  wimiing  nas. 
sages  which  they  conceal  with  jealous  care:  thus  iney 
have  been  able  to  retain  their  imlependence  Itoth  under 
the  Incas  and  the  Spaniards,  whom  tlicy  resisletl  bravely  in 
the  17th  ci-ntnry.  l.ittle  Isknown  of  llndr  language,  which 
is  quite  distinct  from  the  i^ulchua  and  Aymiu^  A  few 
tbonsands  remain. 

Purana  (pii-rii'iia).  [Skt.,  from  piiri'nin,  old, 
ancient,  and  so,  literally,  'nn  old  tratlitionni 
story.']  The  name  of  each  of  n  class  of  San- 
skrit works,  imiiortanl  in  (heir  connection  with 
the  later  phases  of  Bralimanism,  as  exhibited 
in  the  doctrines  of  emannlion.  incarnation,  and 
triple  nianifestntion.  They  are  the  Veda  of  popular 
Hinduism,  and  contain  the  histtiry  of  the  gods,  inlerwiiven 
with  every  variety  of  legendary  tradition  on  other  sub- 
jects. Though  nominally  trltbelstie,  they  are  practically 
Tiolythelstle  and  yet  essentiallv  pantheisifc.  1'hclr  form 
is  in  general  that  of  dialogues  in  whii-b  a  well-known  anil 
Inspired  sage  answers  the  questions  of  his  diticiples  wbilu 
others  are  inoiKdogues.    'Ihey  are  written  in  the  shioka 


Purana 

meter  of  the  Maha'.iharata,  with  occasional  passages  in 
prose.  Tlu-y  immber  IS.  The  best-known  is  the  Vislinn- 
purana.  ti.inolateii  by  Wilson,  whose  translation  has  l)t'en 
resiiiteil  with  notes  by  Hall.  There  are  also  18  Upapura- 
uas.  or  subordinate  Puranas. 

Purbeck  (per'bek),  Isle  of.  A  peninsula  in  Dor- 
set. England,  9  miles  in  length.  It  is  noted  for 
limestone-quarries. 

Purcell  (per'sel),  Henry.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, about  1658:  died  there,  Nov.  21,  1095.  A 
noted  English  niusicinu  and  (.•mjijioser.  He  was 
admitted  as  chorister  in  tlierliajiel  Kuyal,  and  in  1070  com- 
posed an  ode  for  the  liin^''.s  birtluiay.  In  1075  he  composed 
his  famous  opera  "  Dido  and  .Eneas"  for  performame  in 
a  school.  In  1676  he  was  a  copyist  at  Westminster  Al>be\'. 
and  composed  the  music  of  Dryden's  "  Aurenirzelie  "aiid 
Shadweirs"  Epsom  Wells  "and  "TheLibertine."  In  1077 
he  wrote  the  music  to  Mrs.  Behn's  tragedy  "  Abdelazar." 
Some  of  the  songs  in  these  compositions  :u-e  still  pt)i)Ular. 
In  1680  he  was  the  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
during  the  next  5  or  6  years  composed  most  of  his  church 
music.  In  1682  he  w'as  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal. 
In  1683  he  began  to  compose  chamber  music  ;  and  in  1687 
wrote  the  music  for  Dryden's  "Tyrannic  Love."  He  com- 
posed the  anthem  "Blessed  are  they  that  fear  the  Lord." 
by  command  of  the  king,  108S;  the  nnisic  for  Dryden's 
"King  Arthur,"  1091:  and  liis greatest  work,  tlie"TeDenm 
and  Jubilate."  written  for  St.  Cecilia's  day,  1604.  He  was 
the  most  celebrated  of  a  noted  family  of  musicians.  The 
Purcell  Society  was  founded  in  1S76  for  the  express  pur- 
pose of  doing  justice  to  his  memory  by  publishing  and  per- 
forming ids  work. 

Purchas  (per'chas),  Samuel.  Born  at  Thaxted, 
Essex,  1577:  died  at  London,  Sept.,  1626.  An 
English  elergj-man  and  author,  best  known  from 
his  works  of  travel.  He  published  "  Purchas  his  Pil- 
grimage, or  Relations  of  tlie  World  and  the  Religions  ob- 
served in  all  Ages  and  Places,  etc."  in  1613 :  a  second  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1614,  much  enlarged.  Four  succeeding 
volumes,  comprising  articles  from  Ilakluyt's  publications 
atid  manuscripts,  appeared  in  1625  witli  the  general  title 
"Hakluytus  Posthumus,  or  Purchas  his  Pilgrimes :  con- 
taining ft  History  of  the  World,  in  Sea  Voyages  and  Land 
Travels  by  Englishmen  and  Others."  The  fourth  edition 
of  "  Purchas  his  Pilgrimage  "  is  usually  sold  with  the  latter 
work  as  if  it  were  a  succeeding  fifth  volume,  and  the  live 
are  known  as  "  Purchas's  Pilgrims."  Tins  collection  is  of 
great  histoiical  value.  Purchas  also  published  "Purchas 
his  Pilgrim :  ^licrocosmns,  or  the  History  of  Man,  etc." 
(1619),  " The  King's  Tower  etc."(1623:  a  sermon),  etc. 

Pure  (piir).  Simon.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  com- 
edy "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife,"  a  Pennsylva- 
nia Quaker  who  is  intended  by  the  guardian  of 
Ann  Lovely,  an  heiress,  to  marry  her.  His  name 
and  personality  are  assumed  by  Colonel  Fainwell  in  order 
to  win  the  lady's  person  and  fortune;  hence  arose  the  ex- 
pression "  the  real  Simon  Pure,"  as  he  brought  witnesses 
finally  to  prove  that  he  was  the  owner  of  the  name. 

Purgatorio  (por-ga-t6're-6),  II.  ['Purgatory.'] 
The  seeond  part  of  Dante's  '■Di\ina  Comme- 
dia"  (which  see). 

Purgatory  (per'ga-to-ri)  River.  A  river  in 
soutliern  Colorado  which  joins  the  Arkansas  in 
Bent  County.     Length,  about  175  miles. 

Purgon  (piir-goii').  One  of  Argan's  physicians 
in  Moliere's  ''Le  malade  imaginaire."  He  is 
"all  physician,"  a  satire  on  the  profession. 

Purgstall,  Joseph  von  Hammer-.  See  Ham- 
mer-I'i(y(istall. 

Puri,  or  Pooree  (po-re').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Orissa  division,  Bengal,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  86^  E.  Area,  2,472 
square  tniles.  Population  (1,891),  944,998.-2. 
See  Juggernaut,  where  an  account  of  the  temple 
and  festival  is  given. 

Purim  (po'rim).  [Heb.,  pi.  ot  pur,  lot  (Esther 
ix.  26).]  An  annualJewish  festival  celebrated 
on  the  14th  and  15th  of  the  month  Adar  (March). 
It  is  preceded  by  the  fast  of  Estlier  (on  the  L'itli),  at  the 
close  of  wliich  the  scroll  containing  tlie  book  of  Esther  is 
read  in  the  synagogue,  and  the  name  of  Hainan  cursed, 
while  that  uf  Murdecai  is  blessed. 

Purissima  Indians.    See  Cliumashan. 

Puritan  (pu'ri-tan).  A  wooden  center-board 
sloop  designed  by  EdwardBurgess,andlaimched 
in  South  Boston  in  1885.  Her  principal  dimensions 
were :  length  over  all,  94  feet ;  length  at  load  water-line,  81 
feet  li  inches  ;  beam,  22  feet  7  inches;  draught,  8  feet  8 
inches ;  displacement,  105  tons.  Winning  two  out  of  three 
of  the  trial  races,  she  was  selected  to  defend  the  America's 
cup  ill  188.1.  This  she  did  successfully  in  two  races  with 
the  tienesta,  Sept.  14  and  Sept.  16. 

Puritan,  The,  or  the  Widow  of  Watling 
Street.  A  play  published  as  "  written  by  W. 
S."  (William  Shakspere)  in  1606.  According  to 
Fleay,  the  author  of  the  play  is  undoubtedly  \Iid.lleton, 
the  whole  style,  plot,  and  meter  being  his.  Swinburne 
thinks  it  is  probably  by  Rowley.  Dyce  thinks  that  it  was 
by  Wentworth  Smith,  "an  industrious  playwright,"  who 
was  fortunate  in  his  initials.     Ward. 

Puritan  City,  The.    Boston. 

Puritani  di  Scozia  (po-re-tii'ne  de  skot'se-ii).  I. 
An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  produced  at  Paris  in 
1835.     It  is  usually  known  as  ''  I  Puritani." 

Puritan's  Daughter,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe. 
produced  at  London  in  1861. 

Purmayah  (p6i'-ma"ye').    [From;)«r,  full,  and 


832 

niayan,  measure :  '  having  full  measure,  full- 
grown,  rich,  precious.']  lu  the  Shahnaiuah,  the 
wonderful  cow,  with  the  colors  of  the  peacock, 
that  nourished  the  infant  Faridun ;  also,  a 
brother  of  Fariduu  'U'lio,  with  another  brother 
Kayanush,  sought  to  kill  Faridun  by  rolling  ujion 
him  in  his  sleep  a  rock  which  was  arrested  by 
Fariduii's  magic  power. 

Purniah  (per'ni-a),  or  Pumeah  (per'ne-a).  1. 
A  district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected 
bv  lat.  26°  X.,  long.  88°  E.  Area,  4,993  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1.944,658.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Purniah,  in  lat.  25°  46' 
N.,  long.  87°  31'  E.     Population  (1891),  14,555. 

Purple  Island,  The.  An  allegorical  poem  on 
the  human  bodvbvPhineas  Fletcher,  published 
in  1033. 

Pursh  (jK-rsh),  Frederick.  Born  at  Tobolsk, 
Siberia,  1774:  died  at  Montreal,  June  11,  1820. 
A  Russian  botanist.  He  wrote  "  Flora  Americse  Sep- 
tentrionalis.  oraSystematic  Arrangement  and  Description 
of  the  Plants  of  North  America  "  (1814),  etc. 

Purupurus  (po-ro-po-ros'),  or  Purus  (pii-rcis'), 
or  Pamarys  (pil-mii-rez').  Brazilian  Indians 
living  about  the  lower  course  of  the  river  Pu- 
riis,  an  affluent  of  the  Amazon  which  takes  its 
name  from  them.  They  are  wandering  in  habit,  con- 
structing rude  temporary  huts  on  the  swampy  islands,  and 
subsisting  principally  by  fishing.  Lazy  and  timid,  they 
have  never  resisted  the  whites,  and  are  anioni;  llie  iimst 
despised  of  the  Amazonian  tribes.  The  name  I'm  ujiurus, 
(Tupi  pirU'puru)  refers  Ui  a  disease,  almost  universal 
among  them,  in  which  the  skin  turns  bluish  and  then 
white  in  patches.  Martins  supposed  that  tliese  Indians 
were  the  same  as  the  Pamas  who  formerly  lived  on  the 
Madeira.  The  Arauas,  a  horde  on  the  river  Juru^,  seem 
to  be  linguistically  allied  to  them. 

Purus  (po-riis').  A  river  which  rises  in  Peru, 
flows  through  the  northern  part  of  Bolivia  and 
the  western  part  of  Brazil,  and  joins  the  Ama- 
zon about  long.  61°  30'  W.  It  was  iirst  explored 
by  Chandless  in  1864.  Length,  along  its  numer- 
ous ■windings,  about  1,900  miles ;  navigable  for 
a  great  part  of  its  course. 

Pusey  (pu'zi),  Ed'ward  Bouverie.  Born  near 
O.xford,  1800:  died  Sept.  10,  1882.  An  English 
theologian.  His  name  was  originally  Edward  Bouverie  : 
the  family,  of  Huguenot  origin,  became  lords  of  the  manor 
of  Pusey,  near  Oxford,  and  from  it  took  that  name.  In 
1818  he  entered  Clu-ist  Church,  O.xford,  .and  in  1824  became 
a  fellow  of  Oriel.  He  was  associated  with  John  Henry 
Newman  and  Joltfl  Keble.  In  1828  he  was  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew  at  Oxford  and  canon  of  (Christ  Church.  In  1835 
he  took  part  in  the  tractarian  movement,  and  later  was 
suspended  for  three  years  (1843-40)  from  the  function  of 
preaching  for  publishing  "'The  Holy  Eucharist  a  Comfort 
to  the  Peintent."  The  movement  thus  started  took  tiie 
name  "  Puseyism."  The  practice  of  confession  among  the 
extreme  ritualists  of  the  Church  of  England  dates  from 
his  two  sermons  on  "the  entire  absolution  of  the  peni- 
tent "  (1846).  Among  his  w-orks  ai-e  "  Parochial  Sermons," 
"  Doctrines  of  the  Real  Presence,''  "  The  Real  Presence," 
and  "The  Minor  Pi'ophets."  He  was  one  of  the  editoi-s  of 
the  "  Librai-y  of  Translations  from  the  Fathers"  and  the 
*' .\nglo-Catholic  Library." 

Pushan  (po'shan).  [Skt.,  from  -^f  push,  thrive, 
make  thrive.]  A  god  frequently  invoked  in  the 
Vedic  hymns.  He  is  a  protectorand  multiplierof  cat- 
tle and  of  human  possessions  in  general.  As  a  cowherd 
he  carries  an  ox-goad  and  is  drawn  by  goats.  As  a  solar 
deity  he  beholds  the  universe  and  guides  on  journeys,  in- 
cluding those  to  the  other  world,  and  aids  in  the  revolu- 
tions of  day  and  night.  In  the  marriage  ceremonial  he  is 
besought  to  take  the  bride's  hand  and  lead  her  away  and 
bless  her. 

Pushkin,  or  Poushkin  (piish'kin),  Alexander. 
Born  at  Moscow.  May  26  (O.  S.),  1799:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  29  (O.  S.),  1837.  A  cele- 
brated Russian  poet.  His  mother  was  of  negro  de- 
scent. He  was  repeatedly  employed  in  the  administra- 
tive service  of  the  government,  in  spite  of  his  liiieral  sen- 
timents. He  was  mortally  wounded  in  a  duel.  His  works 
include  "Ruslan  and  Liudmilla,"  "Prisoner  of  tlie  Cauca- 
sus," "Fountain  of  Baklitchisarai,"  "The  Ciipsies,"  "Rob- 
ber Brothers,"  "Count  Nulin,"  "Poltava,"  "Angelo"  (a 
play,  from  "  Measure  for  Measure  ").  "  House  in  Kolomna," 
tragedy  "Boris  Godunoff,"  "Eugene  Ouyegin"  (showing 
Byron's  inrtueuce)  ;  odes;  the  novels  "Captain's  Daugh- 
ter," "  Queen  of  Spades,"  etc.  ;  and  a  "  History  of  the  Con- 
spiracy of  Pngatcheff." 

Puss-in-Boots (pus'in-bots' ).  [F. Le chatmaifre, 
nu  le  chat  botte.']  The  hero  of  a  nursery  tale, 
translated  in  the  18th  century  from  the  French 
tale  published  about  1697  by  Perrault,  who  took 
the  plot  from  Straparola's  "Piacevole  Notte." 
This  cat,  by  liis  cleverness,  makes  the  fortune  of  his  mas- 
ter, a  miller's  son.  Tieck  published  the  story  in  1795  as 
"  Der  Gestiefelte  Kater." 

Pusterthal  (pos'ter-tiil).  An  Alpine  valley,  one 
of  the  largest  in  Tyrol.  It  comprises  the  valley  of 
the  Rienz  and  the  upper  valley  of  the  Drave.  Length, 
about  60  miles. 

Putbus  (p6t'b(5s).  The  largest  ]>laco  in  the  isl- 
and of  Rligen,  Pntssia,  situated  in  the  southern 
part,  south  of  Bergen. 

Puteoli.     See  Posziwli. 

Putignano  (po-ten-ya'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 


Pyat 

ince  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italv.  24  miles  south-south- 
east of  Bari.     Population  (1881),  12,161. 

Put-in-Bay  (put'in-ba').  A  summer  resort  in 
South  Bass  Island,  Lake  Erie,  14  miles  north  of 
Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Putlitz  (pot'lits),  Gustav  Heinrich  Gans, 
Edler  zu.  Born  at  Retzien,  Prussia,  March  20, 
1821 :  died  there,  Sept.  9, 1890.  A  German  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  fairy  poem 
'"Was  sich  der  Wald  erzahlt"  (1850),"  Vergissmeinnicht," 
"  Walpurgis  "  (1809),  etc. 

Putnam(put'nam).  A  city  in  Windham  County, 
northeastern  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinnebaug 
River.     Population  (1900),  7,348. 

Putnam,  Israel.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  7, 
1718:  died  at  Brooklyn,  Conn.,  May  19,  1790. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general.  He  was  a 
farmer  at  Pomfret,  Connecticut.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war  1755-62,  and  in  Poutiac's  war  in  1764; 
was  one  of  the  commanding  officers  at  the  battle  of  Bunltei 
Hill  in  1775  ;  was  made  a  major-general  in  1775;  took  part 
in  the  siege  of  Boston  177.'>-76;  commanded  at  the  defeat 
on  Long  Island  in  1776;  commanded  in  the  Highlands  of 
the  Hudson  in  1777 ;  and  served  in  Coiniecticut  1778-79. 
He  was  disabled  from  active  service  by  a  stroke  of  paraly- 
sis in  1779. 

Putnam,  Mrs.  (Mary  Lowell).  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Dee.  3, 1810;  died  there  in  1898.  An  Amer- 
ican author,  sister  of  J.  R.  Lowell. 

Putney  (put'ni).  A  suburb  of  London,  situated 
in  Sm'rey,  on  the  Thames,  6  miles  southwest  of 
St.  Paul's.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  course  for  the  uiij. 
versity  boat-race.     Population  (1891),  17,771. 

Putrid  Sea,  The.    See  Simsh. 

Puttenham  (put'en-am),  George.  Born  about 
l."i:>0:  dictl  about  1600.  An  English  author.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  had  traveled.  The  "Art 
of  English  Poesie"  (1589)  has  been  attributed  to  him,  but 
there  is  a  dispute  as  to  his  authorship. 

Puttkamer  (pot'kii-mer).  Robert  Victor  von. 

Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia,  May 
5,  1828 :  died  at  Karzin  in  Pomerania,  March 
15,  1900.  A  Prussian  ijolitician.  He  became  min- 
ister of  public  instruction  in  1879 ;  introduced  an  im- 
proved orthography  of  the  German  language,  commonly 
called  "the  Puttkamer  orthography,"  into  the  public 
schools  in  1880  ;  and  became  minister  of  the  interior  and 
vice-president  of  the  ministry  in  1881.  He  was  dismissed 
from  office  I>y  the  emperor  Frederick  in  1888. 

Put  Yourself  in  his  Place.  A  novel  by  Charles 
Reade,  published  in  1870. 

Putziger  Wiek  (pot'sig-er  vek).  ['  Bay  of  Put- 
zig.']  The  western  branch  of  the  Gulf  of 
Dantzie. 

Puvis  de  Chavannes  (pii-ves'  de  sha-van'), 
Pierre.  Born  at  Lyons,  Dee.  14,  1824:  died 
Oct.  25,  1898.  A  French  historical  and  decora- 
tive painter.  He  was  a  pupil  ot  Couture  and  Henri 
.Sclietfer.  Among  his  works  are  "  Ste.  Genevieve"  (Pan- 
theon, Paris),  and  "Tlie  Sacred  Grove."  (He  executed 
mural  paintings  for  the  new  Sorbonne,  1886-89,  and  fur  the 
new  Public  Library  in  Boston,  1894, 1896.  He  became  pres- 
ident of  the  Socic'tt?  des  Artistes  Dissident  after  the  death 
of  Meissouier  in  1891. 

Puy  (pile),  Le,  or  Le-Puy-en-Velay  (le-pwe'- 
ou-ve-la').  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Haute-Loire,  France,  situated  between  the 
Borne  and  the  Dolezon,  in  lat.  45°  2'  N.,  long. 
3°  52'  E. :  the  medieval  Anicium  and  Podium. 
It  is  a  manufacturing  center  for  laces.  The  chief  objects 
of  interest  are  the  early  medieval  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame, 
and  Mont  Corneille,  a  rock  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  the 
Virgin.  The  place  has  been  a  resort  for  pilgrims  from 
early  times.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  "Velay. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  20,308. 

Puyallup  (po-yal'uii).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  Theyformerly  lived  on  Puyallup  Bay  and 
at  the  month  of  Puyallup  River,  Washington  ;  but  are  now 
on  Puyiillup  reservation,  Washington.  Number,  563.  See 
Salishan. 

Puy-de-Dome  (pUe-de-dom').  [F.  pny.  from 
LL.7)()r//«w,  ahill.]  1.  A  peakof  the  Auvergne 
Mountains,  situated  in  the  department  of  Piij'- 
de-D6me  8  miles  west  of  Clermont-Ferrand.  On 
the  summit  there  are  an  observatory  and  Roman  ruins. 
Height,  4,805  feet. 

2.  A  department  of  central  France.  Capital, 
Clermont-Ferrand.  It  is  bounded  by  Allier  on  the 
north,  Loire  on  the  east,  Haute-Loire  and  Cantal  on  the 
south,  andCorreze  and  Creuse  on  the  west,  and  corresponds 
to  the  northern  part  of  the  ancient  Auvergne,  part  of  Bour- 
bonnais,  and  a  small  part  of  Forez.  Its  surface  is  mostly 
mountainous.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Allier,  forming  the 
valley  of  Limagne.  Its  agriculture  and  manufactures  are 
flourishing.  Area,  3,070  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
564,266. 

Puy-de-Sancy  (piie-dc-son-se').  The  highest 
suniniit  of  the  Auvergne  Momitains,  Prance. 
Height,  0,185  feet. 

Puzzuoli.     See  Pnc'iiali. 

Pyat  (pvil),  Felix.  Born  at  Vierzon,  Cher, 
France, "Oct.  4,  1810:  died  at  St.-Gratien,  Aug. 
4, 1889.  A  French  socialist  politician  and  dram- 
atist.    He  was  a  member  of  the  "Mountain"  party  in 


Pyat 

the  ronstituent  Assembly  in  1S48;  as  a  member  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly  in  1840  si^ed  the  appeal  to  arms, 
and  escaped  from  France ;  returned  in  liSTO ;  and  was  a 
leader  of  the  t'ommune  in  1871. 

Pyatigorsk,  orPiatigorsk  (pyii-te-gorsk').    A 

tmvu  in  the  Ter^k  Territory,  Ciseaueasia,  Rus- 
sia, sit  uatetl  on  an  afHuent  of  the  Knma  in  lat.  44° 
4'  N.,  long.  42°  8'  E.  it  is  noted  as  a  watering-place 
on  account  of  its  sulphur  springs.      Population  (1889), 

un4. 
Pydna  i  pid'na).  [Gr.  niJra.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  i:i  Macedonia,  situated  near  the 
OmII'  of  Saloniki  ISO  miles  southwest  of  Saloniki. 
It  is  notal'Ie  for  the  victory  gaineil  near  it  in  168  B.  c.  by 
the  Romans  under  .Kmilius  Vaulusovar  the  .Macedonians 
under  Perseus,  causing  the  overtlirow  of  the  Macedonian 
monarchy. 

Pye  ( I'i  >■  Henry  James.  Born  at  London,  July 
111.  174.5:  ilied  near  Harrow,  Aug.  l.'i,  1813.  An 
Kiiglish  poet.  He  was  educated  at  l).xford  (Magdalen 
I'nllegeX  and  became  a  memberof  Parliament  in  1784.  In 
17;to  he  succeeded  Wharton  as  poet  laureate.  In  17!'2  be 
was  a  London  jtolice  magistnite.  He  wrote  "Alfred,"  an 
epic,  in  1801,  and  several  volumes  of  poems  and  translations. 

Pyeed.     See  Paiutr. 

Pygmalion  (pig-nia'li-on).  [Gr.  ni)//a/.iui'.]  In 
(jreek  legend:  («)  The  brother  of  Dido.  See 
hiihi.  (A)  A  sculptor  and  king  of  Cjlirus.  Ho  fell 
In  love  with  an  ivory  statue  whicil  he  had  made,  and  at  his 
request  .Aphrodite  gave  it  life,  ilarstoti's  Itrst  publication 
was  *■  The  .Metamorphosis  of  Pygmalioirs  Image  :  atid  Cer- 
tain Satires,"  which  was  printed  in  l;">it8.  "  Pj'gmalion  s 
Image "  was  a  poetn  of  '243  lines,  not  a  satire.  William 
Morris  has  also  t^jld  the  story  in  his  "Earthly  Paradise." 

Pygmalion  and  Galatea  (gal-a-te'ii).    A  fairy 

coinetly  by  \V.  S.  Gilbert,  produced  in  1871. 

Pygmies  ( pig'niiz).  An  African  race  of  dwarfs. 
The  existence  in  .\frica  of  an  undersized  race,  with  a  stature 
averaging  that  of  a  lx)y  of  12  to  13  years,  was  known  to  the 
earliest  writers,  as  Homer  and  Uesiod,  who  must  have 
heard  of  it  through  Egyptian  channels.  Sataspes  the  Per- 
sian f'jund,  at  the  term  inns  of  his  voyage  along  the  African 
west  coast,  a  tribe  of  dwarfs  wearing  leaves  and  owning 
cattle,  i  lie  Pygmies  are  found  all  the  way  from  F.gypt  to 
the  t  "apeCBusbnien).  and  from  Kamerun  to  Zanzibar,  in  spo- 
radic liancls  of  timid  and  nomadic  hunters  and  llshermcn, 
paying  tribute  to  Bantu  or  Hamitic  chiefs.  In  Abyssinia 
are  found  the  Doko.  who  m.ake  good  servants ;  on  the  Blue 
Nile,  the  Sienietye  ;  in  Oallaland,  the  Wasania  and  Watua ; 
on  the  .Aruwimi  River,  the  .Akka  and  Waml)uti ;  in  French 
Kongo,  the  Obongo  and  Bakkebakke;  on  the  Kuangu 
River,  the  Bachwa;  on  the  Lulua  and  Sankuru  and  in  the 
horseshtie  bend  of  the  Kongo  River,  the  llatua  (also  P.a- 
tekke  or  Bayekke) ;  in  the  Nguru  Mountains  near  Zanzibar, 
the  Wadidikimo  ;  at  the  head  of  Lake  -Nyassa,  high  up  in 
the  mountains,  the  Waiienaor  Wapanga.  Finally,  the  vari- 
ous tribes  of  Bushmen  south  of  the  Zambesi  are  also  Pyg- 
mies. See  Hottentnt-Bushmen.  Hottentots,  Ihu^htneii,  Khot- 
khoiu.  and  African  ethnoffraphy  (under  Africa). 

Pylades  (piTa-dez).  [Gr.  rit'/'.(if!;/r.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  friend  of  Orestes  and  husband  of 
Electra. 

Pylus  (pi''"s).  [Gr.  ni/'aif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  Messenia,  Greece,  situated  at 
the  northern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Navarino, 
5  miles  northwest  of  the  modern  Navarino.  it 
lathe  traditional  seat  of  Nestor  and  other  Neleids.  It  was 
fortilled  by  the  Athenians  under  Demosthenes  in  42j  B.  c. 

Pylus,  Bay  of.     See  Xararino,  lUiij  of. 

Pym  (pirn ).  John.  Born  at  Brymore,  Somerset- 
shire. I.'i84  :  died  at  London,  Dec.  8,  1043.  An 
English  statesman  and  Parlinniontary  leader. 
He  entered  Broadgates  Hall  (now  I'cinliroke  rollege),  Ox- 
ffird.  in  Ifitin.  and  becamcaniemlnTof  I'arlianu-nt  for  I'alne 
in  ltj21.  He  was  one  of  the  managers  "f  lluekingbam's 
lmpe!uhment  In  1026,  and  advo.-ateil  tin-  I'.-litinn  ul  Might 
In  iti2s.  Hisauthority  began  in  the  >li'>rt  Parliament.  In 
the  I/»ng  Parliament  he  assisted  in  impeaching  Stratford 
and  Laud,  He  was  one  of  the  "live  members"  whose  ar- 
rest was  attempted  by  Charles  I.  In  Jan.,  WA'l. 

Pynclieon(pin'ehon),  Clifford.  In  Hawthorne's 
"House  of  the  Seven  (itibles,"  the  brother  of 
'•old  maid  Pyneheon."  who  has  returned  from 
a  prison  to  find  himself  at  odds  with  a  matter- 
of-fact  world. 


833 

Clitford  too —  .  .  .  who  evidently  represents  the  sen- 
sitive and  lesthetic  side  of  the  authors  own  mind,  "that 
s<|ueamish  love  of  the  beautiful  "(to  use  his  own  expressive 
phrase)  winch  is  in  him  when  stripped  of  that  cold  con- 
templative  individuality  which  seems  to  me  to  bo  at  the 
centre  of  Hawthorne's  literary  genius  and  personality  — is 
a  flno  study.  lluUon,  Essays,  IL  442. 

Pyne  (pin),  Louisa  Fanny.    Born  at  London, 

1832.  A  ]iojiular  English  singer.  In  l(yi2  she  ap- 
peared in  public  with  her  sister  Susan  (ilrs.  Standing),  and 
in  1811}  she  appeared  in  the  ojiera  "S,,iinambula"  at  Bou- 
logne, and  was  engaged  for  opera  in  Ixjnd()n.  In  1854-57 
she  visited  America,  llrst  api)earing  in  "Soimambula"  at 
New  York,  and  singing  at  all  the  principal  cities  with 
brilliant  success.  She  returned  to  I»ndon  in  1S.'>7,  and 
opened  the  Lyceum  Theatre  for  English  opera.  She  was 
married  in  1S(W  to  Frank  U.  Bodda. 

Pyramid  LakeCpir'a-midliik).  A  lake  in  west- 
ern Nevada,  50  miles  north  by  east  of  Carson 
City.    It  has  no  outlet.    Length,  about  35  miles. 

Pyramid  Peak.  A  summit  of  the  Elk  Moun- 
tains. Colorado.     Height.  13,885  feet. 

Pyramids  ()jir'a-midz)  of  Gizeh.  The  north- 
ernmost surviving  group  of  a  range  of  about  70 
pyramids,  extending  from  Abu  Koash  south  to 
Meidoum.  The  Gizeh  group  consists  of  the  Oreat  Pj-ra- 
mid,  the  second  and  tbinlpynunids,and88m.-ill  pyramids. 
The  Great  Pyramid  is  the  tomb  of  the  Pharaoh  Kliuln 
(Cheops),  of  the  4tli  dynasty,  and  dates  from  about  4.00f.i 
B.  c.  Its  ori;:iiial  height  was  481  feet  (])resent  height, 
4.'il),  and  the  original  length  of  the  sides  at  the  base,  7f>5. 
It  is  built  of  solid  masonry  in  large  blocks,  closely  lilted, 
with  use  cif  mortiir.  The  exterior  forms  a  series  of  steps, 
which  were  originally  lllled  with  blocks  of  limestone  ac- 
curately cut  to  form  a  smooth  sloi)e.  The  entrance,  origi- 
nally concealeil,  is  on  the  north  side,  4.t  feet  above  the  base 
and  '24  to  one  side  of  the  center.  The  jiassage  slants  down- 
ward for  3o6  feet;  but  the  corridor,  slanting  upward  to 
the  true  sepulcliral  ch.ambers,  soon  branches  ort"  from  it. 
A  horizontal  branch  leads  to  the  queen's  chamber,  about 
IS  feet  scjuure,  in  tile  center  of  the  pyramid,  and  the  slant, 
ing  con'idor  continues  in  the  lireat  iJallery,  151  feet  long, 
'28  high,  ami  7  wide,  to  the  vestihule  of  tlie  iving's  chamber, 
which  is  34^  feet  long,  17  wide,  and  19  high,  and  141  above 
the  base  of  the  pyramid.  It  contains  n  plain,  empty  sar- 
cophagus. The  second  pyramid,  or  pyramid  of  Cltephren 
(Khafra),  was  originally  47'2  feet  high  and  7(Hj  in  base-mea- 
surement, ItlLts  two  entrances,  and  interior  passages  and 
chambers  similar  to  those  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  It  re. 
tains,  at  the  top,  p:u't  of  its  smooth  exterior  casing.  The 
third  pyramid,  that  of  Menkatira  (Jlencheres),  was  215  feet 
high,  and  .'t4tt  to  a  side  at  the  base.  The  entrance-jiassages 
and  sepulchral  chambers  are  similar  to  those  of  the  otlier 
pyramids.  All  three  were  built  by  the  4th  dynasty.  Tem- 
ples, now  ruined,  stantl  before  the  eastern  faces  of  the 
second  and  third  pyramids.  For  the  Step  l*j'ramid,  ace 
.'^akkarah. 

Pyramids,  Battle  of  the.    A  victory  gained 

near  the  iiyramids  of  Egypt,  July  21,  1798,  by 
the  Ereiichunder  Napoleon  over  the  Mamelukes 
under  Murad  Bey. 

Pyramus  (pir'a-mus).  [Gr.  Ilipa/ioc.'i  In  clas- 
sical legend,  a  youth  of  Babylon,  the  lover  of 
Thisbe.  Their  story  is  celebrated  by  Ovid  in  hi*"  Meta- 
morphoses." and  Shakspere  introduces  it  in  the  interlude 
of  the  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Pyramus.     The  ancient  name  of  the  .Jihtin. 

Pyrenees  (i>ir'e-iiez),  F.  Pyr^n^es  (iii?-ra-iia'), 
sp.  Pirineos  (pe-re-nii'os),  L.  Pyrenaei  {pir- 

ij-ue'i).  A  niountain-i-ange  which  separates 
trance  on  the  north  fiom  Spain  on  the  soutli, 
and  extends  from  t  he  Bay  of  Biscay  to  the  Medi- 
terranean. It  is  divided  into  the  Eastern.  Central,  and 
Westeni  Pyrenees.  The  highest  points(Pic  do  NtJ'thon  and 
Mont  Perdu,  reaching  about  ll.neo  feet)  are  in  the  Central 
Pyrenees.  'There  are  few  passes,  and  tho  chain  has  a  high 
average  elevation.  There  are  a  number  of  small  glaciers. 
Length,  about  :it)0  ndles.     Greatest  width,  about  70  miles. 

Pyrenees,  Australian.    The  western  part  of 

tho  Auslrnlinn  .\lps,  in  Victoria. 

Pyr6n6es,  Basses-.    Sec  liiis-scs-Pi/reiiecs. 
Pyr6n6es,  Hautes-.    See  Haiitts-i'yrencoi. 
Pyrenees,  Peace  of  the.    A  treaty  between 

France  and  S|iniii.  eoio'luded  in  Nov.,  1G59,  on 
an  island  of  the  liidassoa  (near  the  Pyrenees). 


Python 

Spain  ceded  to  France  a  great  i>art  of  Artois.parts  of  Han- 
ders,  Hainaut,  and  Luxemburg,  most  of  Koussillon,  and 
part  of  I'erdagne  ;  a  marriage  was  arranged  between  Louis 
.\1V.  and  the  lufanta  of  Spain,  31aria  Theresa,  daughter 
of  Philip  IV. 

Pyr 6nees-0rientales  ( pe-ra-na' zo-ryon-tal' ) . 
[F.,  'Kastirn  Pyrenees.']  A  department  of 
southern  France,  capital  Perpignau,  formed 
from  tho  ancient  Koussillon  and  small  parts 
of  Languedoc.  It  is  bounded  by  Ariijge  on  the  north- 
west. Aiide  on  the  north,  the  ilediterranean  on  the  east, 
and  Spain  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  mountainous  on 
the  frontiers.  It  is  an  agricultunil  department.  The  lead- 
ing pro'inct  is  wine.  Area,  1,592  square  ndles.  Popula- 
tion (181U),  2111,125. 

Pyrgopolinices  (per-go-pol-i-ni'sez).  A  brag- 
gart, a  character  in  the  comedy  "Miles  Glorio- 
sus,"  by  Plautus. 

Pyrmont  (por'mont).  1.  A  small  principality 
in  I  ii-nuany,  united  with  Waldeck.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  Pi'ussia,  Lippe,  and  Brunswick. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  principality  of  Pwmont, 
situated  33  miles  southwest  of  Hannover.  It  is 
a  watering-place  with  chalybeate  and  saline 
springs. 

Pyrocles(pir'o-klez).  1.  A  characterin  Sidney's 
' '  Arcadia."  lie  disguises  as  a  woman,  Zelmane. 
—  2.  The  son  of  Aerates  and  brother  of  Vycao- 
cles,  in  Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene." 

Pyrrha  (pir'ii).  [Gr.  Ui!if>a.']  In  Greek  legend, 
t  lie  wife  of  Deucalion.     See  Deiicalioii. 

Pyrrho  (pir'6).  [CJr.  Ulpput:']  Bom  in  Elis, 
Greece,  about  3G0  B.  c. :  died  about  270  B.  c.  A 
Greek  philosopher,  the  founder  of  the  skeptical 
school. 

Pyrrhus.    See  Xcoptolcmus. 

Pjrrrhus  (pir'us).  [Gr.  ni'/')/>oc.]  Born  about  318 
B.  c. :  killed  at  Argos,  Greece,  272  B.  c.  Kin^  of 
Epirus,  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  antiquity. 
He  wa.s  invited  by  Tarentum  to  assist  it  against  Rome  in  280 ; 
defeated  the  Romans  at  Heracleiain  '2Sn,and  at  Aseulum  in 
279 :  remained  in  Sicily  until  27ti ;  and  was  defeated  by  the 
Romans  at  Beneventum  in  275. 

Pythagoras  (pi-tliag'o-ras).  [Cir.  Ili^'ojopac.] 
Born  in  Samos,  Greece,  probably  about  582  B,  c, : 
died  at  Metapontum,  ilagna  Gnpcia,  about  500 
B.  C.  A  famous  Greek  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician. He  emigrated  to  Cixitonn,  Magna  Gnecia, 
about  529,  and  founded  there  a  philosophic  school.  Later 
he  removed  to  Metap^intum. 

Pytheas  (pith'e-as).  [Gr.  neOfuf.]  A  Greek 
navigator  and  astronomer  who  lived  in  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  4th  century  B.  C.  He  was  a  native 
of  Massilia  (Mai-seilles),  and  visited  the  coast  of  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Great  Britain,  His  works,  fragments  oidy  of 
which  remain,  contain  our  earliest  precise  infonnatioti 
concerning  the  northwestern  countries  of  Europe. 

Pythia  (pith'i-a).  [Gr.  Ilef^ia.]  Tho  prophetess 
iif  llic  Dilpliio  oracle. 

Pythian  games.  One  of  the  four  great  national 
festivals  of  Greece,  celebrated  once  in  four 
years,  in  honor  of  Apollo,  at  Delphi. 

Pythias  (pith'i-as).  [Gr.  Ili't^idr.]  A  SjTacu- 
sau  condemned  to  death  by  Dionysius  I.  See 
J  hi  moil. 

Pythius  (pith'i-us).  [Cir.  llWim:.]  A  surname 
of  Apollo  as  the  slayer  of  the  Python. 

Python  (pi'thon).  [Gr  nit/ur.]  In  classical  an- 
tic[uilies  and  in  the  New  Testament,  a  sooth- 
saying sjiirit  or  demon;  hence,  also,  a  per.son 
possessed  liysuch  a  spirit ;  es]iecially,  a  veiilril- 
04iuist.  Some  ancient  writers  speak  ot  the  seriK'ut  l*y- 
thon  as  having  delivered  oracles  at  helphi  before  the  com- 
ing of  Apollo  (who  slew  it),  and  during  the  Roman  lmpo> 
rial  period  we  Ilnd  the  name  often  given  to  soothsayers. 
The  spirit  was  supjiosed  to  speak  from  the  belly  of  the 
8(M)thsayer,  who  was  acconlingly  called  «"y>a<rTpiMeCov,  a 
ventriloiiuist,  a  woril  useil  in  tlie  Septuagint  to  represent 
the  Hebrew  ubh,  often  reudereil  wilhon  In  the  Vulgate. 
In  Acts  xvl.  18,  the  usual  reading  is  "a  spirit  of  l'>thon,' 
while  some  manuscripts  read  "a  spirit,  a  Pytbon." 


ua-.  For  names  beginning 
thus,  not  given  here,  see 
Kica-. 

Quackenbos  (kwak '  en  - 
bos). George  Pasm.  Bom  at 
Ne-svYoik,  siept.4,1826:  died 
JulyL;4.  ISSl.  An  American 
educator.  He  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbia in  1^43,  and  was  for  many 
years  principal  of  a  collegiate  school  at  New  York.  He  edited 
the  "Literary  Magazine  "  tS48-50t  He  is  known,  chiefly 
as  the  author  of  various  te.\t-books  on  United  States  his- 
tory, grammar,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  and  natural  philos- 
ophy. 
Qnadi  (kwa'di).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Qiiadi.  Gr. 
(Strabo)  Koorfoiw;.]  A  German  tribe,  a  part  of 
the  Suevi.  the  eastern  neighbors  of  the  Jlar- 
eomanni  in  Bohemia,  in  the  region  back  of  the 
Danube  about  the  March  and  the  Taya.  They 
were  originally  allies  of  the  Marcomanni,  but  later  (in  the 
4th  centur>')  appear  in  incursions  into  Roman  territory  in 
company  with  the  Sarmatian  Jazyges.  They  were  ulti- 
mately included  under  the  common  name  Suevi, 
Quadra (kwa'dra). Vicente.  ANicaraguan poli- 
tician, president  March  1, 1871,  to  March  1, 187.5. 
His  term  was  peaceful  and  prosperous. 
Quadrilateral  (kwod-ri-lat'e-ral).  The  four 
fortresses  of  Legnago,  Mantua,  Peschiera.  and 
Verona,  in  Italy.  They  are  famous  for  their  strength 
and  for  their  strategic  importance  during  the  Austrian 
occupation  of  northenl  It.-^ly, 

Quadrilateral,  Bulgarian.  The  four  fortresses 
of  Rustchuk,  Schumla.  Silistria.  and  Varna. 

Quadruple  Alliance,  The.  A  league  against 
Spain,  formed  in  li  18  by  tireat  Britain,  France, 
Austria,  and  the  Netherlands. 

Quadruple  Treaty,  The.  A  league  formed 
against  the  usurper  Dom  Miguel  of  Portugal 
and  Don  Carlos  of  Spain  in  1834.  The  signa- 
torv  powers  were  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain, 
aini  Portugal. 

Quai  d'Orsay  (ka  dor-sa' ).  The  quay  along  the 
south  bank  of  the  Seine  in  Paris,  on  which  are 
situated  the  department  of  foreign  affairs  and 
the  buUding  of  the  Corps  Legislatif ;  hence,  the 
French  foreign  office,  or  the  government  in  gen- 
eral (like  the  English  Downing  street). 

Quaker  (kwa'ker).  The.  -An  opera  by  Charles 
Dibdin,  produced  in  1777. 

Quaker  City.  Philadelphia,  which  was  colo- 
nized by  Quakers. 

Quaker  Poet,  The.  A  name  given  to  Bernard 
Barton,  and  also  to  John  Greenleaf  Whittier. 

Quangsi.     See  Kwangsi. 

Quangtong.     See  Kicangtung. 

Quantock  Hills  (kwan'tok  hilz).  A  range  of 
hills  in  Somerset,  England,  west  of  Bridgwater. 

Quantz  (kwants).  Johann  Joachim.  Bom  near 
Gottingen,  Jan.  30, 1697 :  died  at  Potsdam,  Prus- 
sia, July  12,  1773.  A  celebrated  German  flute- 
player  and  composer  for  the  flute. 

Quaquas  fkwa'kwas).  Indians  of  east  n  Vene- 
zuela, south  of  the  Orinoco,  on  the  '  er  Cuyu- 
ni:  a  branch,  descended  from  thos'  .hieh  were 
gathered  into  the  mission  villages  in  the  18th 
century,  is  found  near  the  Gulf  of  Paria.  The 
Quaquas  formerly  lived  on  the  upper  Orinoco,  above  the 
junction  of  the  Meta,  and  they  are  said  to  have  spoken  a 
dialect  of  the  Saliva  language;  but  at  present  they  speak 
-Ara^vak,  perhaps  from  long  intercourse  with  that  tribe. 
They  are  of  a  mild  disposition,  and  agriculturists.  Also 
written  Gua{^ue.%  Guaicas,  and  Guaycai. 

Quaregnon  (ka-ren-y6n').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut.  Belgium,  36  miles  southwest 
of  Brussels.     Population  (1890),  14,361. 

Quarles  (kwarlz),  Francis.  Bom  at  Kumford. 
Essex,  1592:  died  Sept.  8,  1&44.  An  English 
poet.  He  was  educated  at  Christ's  College.  Cambridge, 
and  became  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  London.  He  was 
city  chronologer  iu  1639.  Among  his  works  (largely  sacred 
poems)  are  "Divine  Emblems"  (1635*,  "Hieroglj-phics  " 
(1638),  and  a  prose  work,  "Enchiridion"  (16tOX 

Tl.e  enormous  popularity  of  Francis  Qnarles's  "Em- 
blems" and  "  Enchiridion,"  a  popularity  which  has  not 
entirely  ceased  up  to  the  present  day,  accounts  to  some 


extent  for  the  very  unjust  ridicule  which  has  been  lav- 
ished on  him  by  men  of  letters  oi  h  is  owu  and  later  times 
It  is,  of  course,  sufficiently  absurd  that  such  hasty  and 
slovenly  work  should  have  been  reprinted  as  fast  as  the 
presses  could  give  it.  when  the  "Hesperides"  remained 
almost  unnoticed.  But  the  silly  antithesis  of  Pope,  a 
^vrite^  who,  great  as  he  was.  was  almost  as  ignorant  of  lit- 
erary history  as  his  model,  Boileau,  ought  to  prejudice  no 
one,  and  it  is  strictly  true  that  Qnarles's  enormous  volume 
hides,  to  some  extent,  his  merits. 

SaintOmry,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  377. 

Quarles  (kwarlz),  John.  Bom  1624:  died  1665. 
-An  English  poet  and  author,  son  of  Francis 
Quarles. 

Quamero  (kwar-na'ro),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 
the  .\driatic  Sea.  southeast  of  Istria. 

Quarra  (kwa-ra').  [Tigua  name  of  central  New 
Mexico.]  -A.  former  village  (pueblo)  of  Tigua 
Indians,  situated  in  Valencia  County,  New  Mex- 
ico, on  the  southern  edge  of  the  salt-basin  of 
the  Manzano.  it  was  abandoned  about  1674  on  ac- 
count of  the  hostility  of  the  Apaches,  the  inhabitants  flee- 
ing to  Tajique.  The  ruins  uf  a  large  church  of  stone  stand 
by  the  side  of  those  of  the  village.  The  mission  of  Quarra 
was  founded  shortly  prior  to  1632. 

Quarrelers.    See  Kutdiin. 

Quartley  (kwart'li),  Arthur.  Bom  at  Paris, 
May  24,  1839 :  died  at  New  York,  May  19.  1886. 
An  American  marine-painter.  He  was  of  English 
parentage :  lived  mostly  in  Baltimore  and  New  York  ;  and 
was  elected  national  academician  in  1>S6. 

Quartu  (kwar'to),  Gulf  of.  -\n  arm  of  the  Gulf 
of  Cagliari.  in  Sardinia. 

Quasimodo  (kwa-si-mo'do).  [From  the  first 
words  of  the  introit  in  the  mass  for  Quasimodo 
Sunday.]  A  misshapen  dwarf,  one  of  the  chief 
characters  in  Victor  Hugo's  ''Notre  Dame  de 
Paris." 

Quatre-Bras  (katr-bra').  A  place  in  Belgium, 
20  miles  south  by  east  of  Brussels.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  battle  between  the  French  under  Xey  and 
the  Allies  under  Wellington,  June  16,  1S15  (two  days  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Waterloo),  when  >'ey  was  forced  to  re- 
treat. 

Quatrefages  de  Breau  (katr-fazh'  de  bra-6'), 
Jean  Louis  Armand  de.  Bom  at  Berthez&me. 

Gard.  Feb.  10.  ISIO :  died  at  Paris.  Jan.  13, 1892. 
A  French  naturalist. professor  (18.55)  of  anatomy 
and  ethnology  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory in  Paris.  He  published  works  on  zoology- 
and  anthropology. 
Quatre  Fils  Aymon  (katr  fes  a-mon')-  Les. 

1 .  A  medieval  French  prose  romance  of  adven- 
ture, from  a  narrative  poem  by  Huon  de  Ville- 
neuve,  taken  from  earUer  chansons  in  the  13th 
century :  a  popular  French  chap-book  was 
founded  on  it,  AjTuon  de  Dordogne  has  four  sons  who 
are  knighted  by  Charlemagne :  Renaud  or  Reynauld  (It. 
Rinaldo).  Guichard  or  Guiscard,  ,\lard  or  .\del.-u-d,  and 
Richard orRichardet.  To Renaudor Rinaldo wasgiveTi tlie 
celebrated  horse  Bayard  (which  see).  Rinaldo  appears  in 
"  Orlando  Furioso,"  and  also  in  Tasso's  poems. 

2.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1844. 

Quatremfere  (kiitr-mar').  Etienne  Marc.  Bom 
at  Paris,  July  12. 1782:  died  there.  Sept.  18, 1857. 
A  French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
SjTiac  at  the  College  de  France  from  1819.  He 
published  "Recherches  historiques  et  critiques  sur  la 
langue  et  la  litterature  de  I'Egypte  "  (1S08).  "  illmoires  his- 
toriques et  geographiques  sur  I'Egypte  "(1810).  "Memoire 
sur  les  Nabateens"  (1n3.'>i,  etc. 

Qua'tremere  de  Quincy  (katr-mar'  de  kan-se'), 
Antoine  Chrysostome.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
28.  1755:  died  at  Paris.  Dec.  8.  1849.  A  noted 
French  archaeologist  and  politician.  He  published 
"Dictionnaire  de  I'architecture,"  and  critical  works  on 
Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Canova,  etc 

Quatres  Vents  de  I'Esprit  (katr  von  de  les- 
pre'),  Les.  [F.,  'The  Four  "^inds  of  the 
Spirit.']  X  volume  containing  poems  and  a 
drama  by  Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1881. 

Qua'tre-Vingt-Treize.     See  Xinety-Three. 

Quauhtemoc,  or  Quauhtemotzin.    See  Guate- 

niotciti. 

Quay  (kwa).  Matthe-w  Stanley.  Bom  at  Dills- 
burg.  York  County,  Pa.,  Sept.  30,  1833.  -\n 
American  Republican  politician.   He  was  admitted 


to  the  bar  in  1854 ;  obtained  prominence  in  the  politics  ol 
Pennsylvania;  and  has  represented  that  Statein  the  United 
States  Senate  since  1SS7.  As  chairman  of  the  RepublicaD 
National  Committee  he  conducted  the  presidential  cam- 
paign of  1S&8. 

Qubad  (pres.  Pers.  pron.  ko-bad',  earlier  ko- 
bad' ),  or  Eobad,  in  Greek  Kobades.  The  name 
of  the  19th  and  24th  kings  of  the  Sassanian  dy- 
nasty. Eobad  I.,  the  son  of  Perozes  (FiruzX  reigned  a.  d. 
488-198  and  again  501  or  oO-2-o31.  In  the  interval  Zaineg 
(Jamasp),  Kobad's  brother,  dethi-oned  him  and  compelled 
him  to  fly  to  the  Huns,  with  whose  assistance  he  recovered 
the  throne.  Eobad  waged  war  with  the  Greek  emperor 
Anastasius.  but  on  the  defection  of  his  allies,  the  Huns, 
made  peace  with  Anastasius  on  condition  of  receiving 
ll,OX)  pounds  of  gold.  War  with  Constantinople  was  re- 
newed in  521,  in  the  reign  of  Justin  I.,  and  continued  un- 
der Justinian  I.  He  is  the  Eaiqubad  of  Firdausi.  Eob.id 
n.  reigned  Feb.,  6-28.  July,  6-29.  He  put  to  death  his  father, 
Chosroes  II.,  and  his  brothers  and  half-brothers  to  the 
number,  it  is  said,  of  forty,  and  is  represented  as  dying  of 
remorse.  It  is  more  probable  that  he  died  of  a  plague  which 
ravaged  Persia  at  that  time. 

Quebec  (kwe-bek':  F.  pron.  ke-bek').  A  prov- 
ince of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  British  North 
America.  Capital. Quebec:  chief  city.  Montreal. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Northeast  Territory  and  Labrador  on 
the  north,  Labrador  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  on  the 
east,  New  Brunswick.  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
and  New  York  (partly  separated  by  the  St.  Lawrence)  on 
the  south,  and  Ontario  (partly  separated  by  the  Ottawa 
River)  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Limrentian. 
Notre  Dame,  and  other  ranges  of  mountains.  The  chief 
river-system  is  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  fisheries  and 
lumbering  interests  are  important.  It  cM>ntains  63  coun- 
ties. Government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant-governor,  ex- 
ecutive council,  legislative  council,  and  legislative  assem- 
bly. It  sends  to  the  Dominion  Parliament  -11  senators  and 
6o  representatives.  Ilie  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman 
Catholic.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  of  French  origin,  and 
the  language  is  largely  Canadian  French.  The  region  was 
explored  by  Cartier  in  1535.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ment was  made  by  the  French  at  Quebec  in  160S.  The  ter- 
ritory was  ceded  by  France  to  Great  Britain  in  1763 :  the 
prorince  of  Upper  Canada  was  set  off  in  1791 ;  and  Upper 
Canada  and  Lower  Canada  were  united  in  1841  and  sepa- 
rated in  1867.  -Area,  347,350  square  miles.  Population 
(1901),  1,64«,898. 

Quebec.  The  capital  of  the  pro'vince  of  Que- 
bec, Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  St. 
Charles  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  lat.  46°  48' 
N.,  long.  71°  12'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque 
situation,  and  is  the  most  strongly  fortified  city  on  the 
western  continent.  It  has  extensive  trade ;  is  a  terminus 
of  steamship  lines ;  exports  timber,  etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of 
Laval  University  (Roman  Catholic).  The  site  was  visited 
by  Cartier  in  1535.  The  city  was  founded  by  the  French 
under  Champlain  in  160S;  taken  by  the  British  in  1629  and 
restored  in  1632 ;  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  British 
in  1690 :  besieged  by  the  British  under  Wolfe  in  1759.  and 
taken  after  the  battle  of  Quebec  in  Sept..  175'.* :  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763:  and  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the 
Americans  under  Montgomery  in  1775.  He  perished  before 
its  walls  and  his  troops  were  dispersed.  Since  then  it  h£s 
not  been  attacked,  the  battle  of  Quebec  was  a  victory 
on  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  near  Quebec,  Sept.  13,  1759, 
gained  by  the  British  under  Wolfe  over  the  French  under 
ilontcalm.  It  resulted  in  the  fall  of  Quebec,  and  ulti- 
mately in  the  loss  of  Canada  to  the  French.  Population 
(19011,  68,  S4a 

Quedlinburg  (kved'lin-boro).  A  citv  in  the 
province  or  Saxony,  Prussia,  situateS  on  the 
Bode,  near  the  Harz,  34  miles  southwest  of 
Magdeburg,  it  is  noted  for  the  production  of  vegeta- 
bles, fruits,  and  especially  of  seeds,  and  has  manufactures 
otcloth.  Theabbey church, orSchlosskirche,isanionument 
of  much  artistic  importance-  The  main  structure  is  of  the 
early  11th  centiu^- ;  the  choir  was  modified  in  the  14th. 
The  crypt  is  the  original  church  of  the  luth  century :  it  is 
built  over  a  still  older  chapel  which  contains  the  tombs  of. 
the  emperor  Hem^'  I.  and  his  consort  Matilda.  Qued- 
linbtirg  was  founded  by  Henry  the  Fowler ;  was  frequently 
a  royal  residence  ;  and  was  a  Ilanseatic  town.  It  belonged 
to  Saxony,  and  later  to  Brandenburg.  Population  (1S9C), 
20,76L 

Queen  Anne's  War.     The  name  given  in  the      [] 
United  States  to  the  war  against  the  French  and 
Indians  1702-13  (part  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession). 

Queen  Charlotte  (shar'lot)  Islands.  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  west  of  British  Colum- 
bia, and  belonging  to  that  province.  The  chief 
islands  are  Graham  Island  and  Moresby  Island.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  The  inhabitants  are  Indians ;  their 
number  is  estimated  at  2,000. 

Queen  Charlo'tte  Sound.  The  continuation  of 
Johnstone  Strait,  separating  Vancouver  Island 
from  the  mainland  of  British  Columbia. 


Queen  City  of  the  Lakes 

Queen  City  of  the  Lakes.    Buffalo. 

Queen  City  of  the  South.    Sydney.  Australia. 

Queen  City  (or  Queen)  of  the  West.    Cincin- 

Iiali. 

Queen  Mab.  A  poem  bv  fehelley,  printed  in 
]oi:-i. 

Queen  Mary.  A  dramatic  poem  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1875. 

Queen  of  Cities.    Eome. 

Queen  of  Corinth,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
Miissinfier,  and  others,  produced  before  1618 
and  printed  in  1(547. 

Queen  of  Hearts,  The.  Elizabeth,  queen  of 
Bohemia,  duugliter  of  James  I.  of  England. 

Queen  of  Sheba.  1.  SeeSheha. —  2.  An  opera 
liy  Goldmark,  ]iroduced  at  Vienna  in  1875. 

Queen  of  Tears.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Mary,  secomi  wife  of  James  II.  of  England. 

Queen  of  the  Antilles.    Cuba. 

Queen  of  the  East.  1 .  A  name  given  to  Anti- 
och,  in  SjTia. — 2.  A  title  of  Zcnobia,  queen 
of  Palmyra. —  3.  A  name  given  to  Batavia,  iu 
Java. 

Queen  of  the  North.    Edinburgh. 

Queen  of  the  Sea.    Tyre. 

Queen's  College.  A  college  of  0.xford  Univer- 
sity, England,  founded  in  honor  of  Philippa, 
consort  of  Edward  III.,  by  her  confessor  Robert 
de  Eglesfield.  in  1340.  The  present  buUdintts  date 
from  1692,  except  tlie  chapel,  whjuli  is  of  171-1.  Tlie  liall, 
built  by  Wren,  contains  tine  portrait.^.  Tlie  High-street 
tri'nl  has  a  circular  belvedere,  with  coupled  columns, 
over  the  entrance. 

Queens'  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, England.foundedby  Margaret  of  Anjou, 
consort  of  Henry  VI.,  in  1448,  and  refounded 
by  Elizabeth  Woodvillc,  consort  of  Edward  TV., 
in  1465.  The  vaulted  gateway  pa.sses  under  a  square 
tower  with  octagonal  Itattleinented  turi-ets  at  the  angles. 
The  (ireat  Court  is  bordered  by  the  venerable  chapel,  hall, 
and  library.  There  are  three  other  old  courts  —  the  Clois- 
ter Court,  Erasmus  Court,  and  Walnut  Tree  Court  —  besides 
a  modem  one. 

She  [Queen  Margaret]  proposed  to  call  it  the  College  of 
St  Margaret  and  St.  Bernard,  but  after  her  husband's  de- 
position the  name  was  changed.  Andrew  Docket,  the  first 
master  who  had  been  appointed  to  that  otflce  by  Queen 
Margaret,  hastened  with  pardonable  subservience  to  in- 
gratiate himself  with  her  successor,  and  so  cleverly  did  he 
manage  that  Elizabeth  Wf)odville  consented  to  be  named 
as  co-foundress,  and  the  college  liecame  "The  (Queens'  Col- 
lege of  .St.  Margaret  and  St.  Bernard,"  now  familiarly 
known  simply  as  Queens*  College.  C^arA-, Cambridge,  p.  143. 

Queen's  (kwenz)  County.  A  county  in  Lein- 
stv-r,  Irel.and.  Chief  town,  Muryborough.  it  is 
bounded  by  King  s  County  on  the  north,  Kildare  on  the 
east, Carlow and  Kilkeiuiyon  thesoutli,  and  Tipperaryand 
King's  County  on  the  w(/st.  Area,  6C4  square  miles.  I'op- 
Ulation  (1891),  64,8'!i3. 

Queen's  Exchange,  The.  A  comedy  by  Rich- 
ard Brome,  printed  in  1657,  and  reprinted  with 
tlie  title  "The  Royal  Exchange"  in  ICOl. 

Queensferry  (kwenz'fer-i),  or  South  Queens- 
ferry.  A  small  seaport  on  the  Firth  of  Forth, 
Scotland,  8  miles  west  of  Edinburgh.  The  cele- 
brated Forth  Bridge  crosses  the  Firth  of  Forth  fnnn  South 
Queensferry  in  Liidithgowshire  to  North  Queensferry  iu 
File. 

Queen's  Gardens.  [Sp.  Jardincs  dr  la  Rti/iKi.'] 
A  line  of  small  islands  alongthe southern  coast 
of  Cuba :  so  named  by  Columbus  who  discov- 
ered them  in  1494. 

Queensland  (kwenz'land).  Asta  oftheCom- 
Pionwealtli  of  Australia,  ('anil  ,  Brisbane. 
Ills  tiounded  bytheOulf  of  Carpentaria  and  Toms  Strait 
on  the  north,  the  Paiille  Ocean  on  the  northeast  ami  east, 
New  South  Wales  and  .South  Anstralia  on  the  south,  and 
South  Aiiatndia  and  the  Northern  Tciritj.ry  on  the  wist. 
It  is  traversed  by  low  ranges  parallel  Ui  tlie  coast,  fiidd, 
tin,  silver,  and  other  metals  are  mined,  but  the  chief  in 
duBtry  is  stock-farming.  Qovernmeiit  is  vested  iu  a  gov- 
ernor, legiHlative  council  (nominutt'd  for  life),  and  as- 
•enibly  (elected).  (Queensland  was  explored  by  'J'orrcK. 
Cook,  KliiidiTs.  .Mitchell,  Lelchhanlt,  etc.;  was  made  a 
penal  .tettleiiient  iu  1H2I'. ;  was  opened  to  free  »ettlerB  In 

•  lH4'i;  and  was  made  a  B<-parate  colony  in  1H6'.).  Area, 
ti6H,i'.r;  B<|uaie  miles,     rnpulution  (1h9(I),  est.,  ■198,623. 

Queen's  Marie,  The.  A  Scottish  ballad  relat- 
ing the  (h'ath  of  M.'try  Hamilton,  one  of  the 
"(Duoen's  Maries"  wlmnri'  inentioneil  in  7nany 
ballads.  In  this  ballad  the  Maries  arc  nanierl  as  "  Marie 
Seaton  and  Marie  Beaton  ami  Marie  Carmiclmel  and  me" 
(Marie  Hamilton).  Keith  names  tlu-m  as  belonging  to  the 
families  of  Living8t.on,  Fleming,  Seatouu,  and  lteat<uin. 
Scott's  version,  the  llrst  pnbtishefl,  was  made  nji  frimi  sev- 
eral oltler  ballads. 

Queenston    ( kwenz '  ton ),   or    Queenstown 


place  1 

liles  nor 


Situated  about  5  miles  north  of  Niagara  Falls. 
If  n-aa  the  scene  of  a  vlct<iry  of  tin-  I'.iltisli  tinili  r  Hrock 
(killed  early  in  the  action)  ovf-r  thr  Ami-i  irans.  Oct.  I;{,  )HI2 
Queenstown.  .V  seaiioit  in  County  Cork,  Ire- 
hmd.  sit  iial('<I  on  Great  Islainl  H  miles  east -soul  li- 
east  of  Cork,    it  is  the  seaport  of  Cork, and  a  port  of 


835 

call  for  transatlantic  steamships.  It  was  called  Cove  of 
r.,rk  before  the  visit  of  Queen  Victoria  iu  ltW9.  Popula- 
tion C1S9U9,II8'2. 

Queerununania  (k-wer-um-ma'ni-ii).  The  lands 
over  which  KiugChi'ononhotonthologos reigned, 
in  Henry  Carey's  tragical  burlesque  with  the 
latter  name. 

Queiros  (ka-e-ros'),  or  Quiros  (ke-ros'),  Pedro 

Fernandes  de.     Born  about  l.'iliO:  died  at  Pa- 
nanui,  l(il4.     .\  Portuguese  navigator  who  com- 
manded an  exploring  expedition  in  the  Pacific 
l()fl4-06,  and  discovered  the  New  Hebrides. 
Queiroz  ( ka-e-ros' ),  Jos6  Maria  Ega  de.    Born 

Nov.  25,  1843:  died  .\iig.  Hi.  liton.  A  Portu- 
guese novelist,  author  of  "  O  crime  do  padre 
.\maro  "  ( 1874),  etc. 

Quelpaerd  (kwel'jiiird),  or  Quelpart  (kwel'- 
piirt).  An  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Chan- 
nel of  Corea.  situated  60  miles  south  of  Corea, 
to  which  it  belongs. 

Quemada  (kil-mii'dii  or  -THii),  La.  [Sp.,  'place 
burned  over.']  A  collection  of  ruins  in  the  state 
of  Zaeatecas,  Mexico,  35  miles  west-south  west  of 
Zaeateeas.  Tlley  include  several  large  and  very  ancient 
buildings,  a  small  pyramid,  etc.,  and  ai-e  remarkable  for 
their  massivenesa  and  the  absence  of  oruamentation.  S'o- 
thing  IS  known  of  their  origin.  Some  of  the  early  tradi- 
tions mention  this  place  as  a  temporary  dwelling  of  the 
Aitecas  during  their  migration  from  the  nortli. 

Quentin  Durward  (kwen'tin  der'ward).  A 
iiov.l  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  imblislied  in  1823. 
Quentin  llurward  is  an  archer  *>f  the  Scottish  Guard,  who 
seeks  his  fortune  in  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XI. 

Quera.     See  Kcrtsnn. 

Qu6rard  (ka-riir'),  Joseph  Marie.  Bom  at 
Kennes,  France,  Dec.  25.  17il7:  died  at  Paris, 
Pec.  3,  1865.  A  noted  French  liibliographer. 
He  published  "La  France  litt<l-raire "  (182f.-l'2),  "La  lit- 
terature  fran^aise  contemporaiue"  (1S42-57),  etc. 

Quercy (kar-se').  Aformercountshipof France, 
situated  in  the  general  government  of  Guienne 
and  (iascony,  south  of  Limousin.  It  was  mostly 
included  in  the  present  department  of  Lot.  It  shared 
generally  the  fortunes  of  Aquitaine. 

QuerechO  (ka-ra'cho).  A  hunting  tribe  of  the 
Apache  group  of  North  American  Indians,  met 
by  Coronado  in  1.541  in  eastern  New  Mexico. 
OAatel  (1598)  speaks  of  them  as  the  'Vaqueros,  *cattle- 
herders.'    Identiiled  with  the  Toiikawa. 

Querendis  (ka-ran-des' ).  A  numerous  and  wiir- 
liko  race  of  Indians,  which,  in  the  16th  century, 
occupied  most  of  the  territory  now  included  in 
the  province  of  Buenos  Ajtcs.  Argentine  Re- 
puVilic.  The  first  settlers  at  Buenos  Ayres  had  many 
ctnitlicts  with  them,  and  they  were  never  entirely  subdue  I. 
The  modern  Puelches  (which  sec)  ai)pcar  to  be  their  de- 
scendants Probably  the  name  Querendl  was  applied  to 
them  liy  the  Cnaranys. 

Querer  por  Solo  Querer  (ka-rar'  p6r  so'lo  ka- 

rar').  [S]i.,  'To  Love  for  Love's  Sake.']  A 
S|iMiiish  jilay  by  Mendoza,  published  in  1(549. 

Queres.     See  Kcrcsan. 

Quer^taro  (ka-ra'tii-ro).  1.  A  state  in  Mexico, 
surrounded  by  San  Luis  PotosI,  Hidalgo,  Mex- 
ico, .Mielioacan,  and  (iiianajn.'ito.  Area,  3,5.56 
square  miles.  Population  (1895),  227,233. —  2. 
'I'he  capital  of  the  state  of  Queri^taro,  situated 
11(1  niilis  northwest  of  Mexico,  u  has  Important 
manufactures,  particularly  (if  cotton.  The  iieaec  of  (!ua- 
dnlupe-lliilalgo  was  ratilled  here  iu  1848,  and  here  Maxi- 
milian was  besieged  and  captiireil  In  18<i7.     Population 

llK'.l.'i;,  ;12,790. 

Querturt  (kvar'fc'irl).  ] .  A  former  lordsliip  iu 
Saxony,  holding  of  the  empire.  It  was  annexed 
to  I'rus-la  in  islf),  and  Is  now  divided  in-twcen  the  govern- 
ment districts  of  Mcrsclmi-g  and  Potsdam. 
2.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Querne  34  miles  west  of  Leip- 
sic.     Pojiulation  {1890).  5,280. 

Querouaille,  Louise  Ren6e  de.   See  E&rouaUe. 

Quesada,  Gonzalo  Ximenez  de.    See  Ximene: 

ilr  i>nf  sinla . 

Quesnay  (ka-na'),  Francois.    Bom  at  Men'', 

near  Mont lort-rAmaiiry,  l''rance,  June  4,  1694: 
died  at  Paris,  Dee.  16,  1774.  A  noted  French 
political  economist  and  physician,  founder  of 
the  school  of  the  physiocrats:  surgeon  to  Louis 
XV.  His  chief  work  Is  "Tableau  economlqne"  (17.^s : 
limited  llrst  cditiiin  lost),  lie  also  contributed  to  the 
"Eiicycloprdie,"  and  wrote  medical  works,  etc. 

Quesnel   (ka-nel'),  Pasquier  (Paschasius). 

Born  at  Paris,  .Tuly  14,  1634:  died  at  Amster- 
dam, Dec.  2,  1719.  A  French  Roman  Catholic 
theologian,  a  member  of  the  Oratory,  ojiposed 
bv  tlie  .lesuits  as  n  (Jallicnnist  ami  Jansenisl. 
Ills  best-known  work  Is  "  lt4'-llexltMis  inondes  stir  Ic  Nou- 
vean  Testament  "  ("  Moral  Kellectlons  on  the  New  Tesln- 
meiit,"  1(187),  condemned  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  In  Uie  bull 
■M:nlKciiltns"(I7i:i). 

Quesnoy  (ka-nwii'),  Le.  A  fortified  town  in 
tliedeiinrtmentof  Nord.  France,  10  miles  south- 
east of  Valenciennes,    it  has  been  many  times  taken, 


Quiches 

especially  by  Louis  XI.  in  1477.  by  Turenne  in  16.''>4,  hy 
Prince  Eugene  in  17r2,  by  \  illars  in  171'2,  by  the  Aus- 
trians  in  179:i,  and  l>y  the  French  under  Sch^rer  in  17M. 
Populatioa  (1891 1,  3,>41. 

Quesnoy-sur-Deule(ka-nw!i'siir-dtl').  A  town 
in  the  (ie])artiuent  of  Nord.  France,  situated  on 
the  Deule  8  miles  ifoi'th-north  west  of  Lille.  Pop- 
iilation  (1891),  commune,  5,.328. 

Quetelet(ket-la'), Lambert  Adolphe  Jacques 

Born  at  Ghent,  Feb.  22,  1796:  ilie.l  at  Brussels, 
Feb.  17,  1874.  A  Belgian  mathematician  and 
astronomer,  especially  noted  as  a  statistician. 
He  was  successively  professcjr  of  mathematics  at  the  royal 
college  in  Ghent  (181.'.)  and  at  the  Atliemeum  in  Brussels 
(1819),  and  of  :istroiiomy  at  the  military  school  in  Itrussela 
(18315).  He  was  the  head  of  the  statistical  commission  of 
iJelgium.  lie  published  "Sur  I'homme  et  le  developpe- 
iiicnt  de  ses  facultes"  (1835),  "Sur  la  th^orie  des  proba- 
biliti's  "  (1846),  "  Du  systenie  social "  (1848),  "  L'Anthropo- 
metrie  "  (ls71),  etc. 

Quetta  (kwet'tii).  A  town  in  Baluchistan,  situ- 
ated aliout  lat.  30°  7'  N.,  long.  67°  E.,  occupied 
by  the  British.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point  at 
the  end  of  the  Bolan  Pass,  commandiiu'  tl  e  route  between 
India  ami  southern  Afghanistan  ;  and  is  now  the  northwest- 
ern terminus  of  a  British  military  railway,  and  the  head- 
qu;irt.cr8  of  a  district  administered  by  the  British- 

Quetzalcohuatl  (kat-ziil-ko-wiit'l).  [Nahuatl: 
i/«f /.-«//i,  green  feather,  and  roliudtl,  snake.]  A 
hero-god  of  the  ancient  Mexicans.  Some  stories 
represent  him  as  one  of  the  foiirprincipal  gods,  controlling 
the  air  ami  wind,  and  assisting  in  tlie  creation  of  the  tvorld 
and  man.  But  commonly  he  is  a  man  with  more  or  less 
supernatural  attributes,  and  there  are  various  confused 
accounts  of  how  he  came  from  a  distant  country,  in  the 
time  of  the  I'oltccs  or  before  them,  and  ruled  in  Anahuac 
for  many  years  with  great  wisdom.  Then  he  went  to  Cho. 
Inla,  where  he  lived  for  20  years  and  taught  the  people  to 
weave,  build  st.me  houses,  and  make  p<itter>-  and  feather- 
work  ;  but  becau.se  lie  wished  to  abolish  human  siicritices 
he  was  opposed  by  the  priests,  and  at  length  journeye<l 
on  to  Tlapallan  (probably  on  the  Oulf  Coast)  and  disap- 
peared over  the  sea.  He  was  worshiped,  especially  at 
Cholnia,  as  the  god  of  the  air  and  rain,  and  human  sacri- 
fices were  made  to  him.  It  would  appear  that  the  niytli 
was  greatly  embellished  by  the  .Tesuit  authors,  who  made 
of  (Juetzaleohnatl  a  kind  of  prophet  or  apostle,  a  white  and 
bearded  man  wearing  a  strange  dress  and  practising  severe 
penances,  eventually  identifying  him  with  SI.  Thomas. 
Probably  these  later  authors  are  also  responsible  for  the 
story  that  he  foret4dd  the  coming  of  white  men  whoshouhl 
give  the  Indians  abetter  government  and  religion.  It  is 
possible  that  Quelzalcnhuatl  was  a  real  personage  of  very 
ancient  times.  'I'he  .Maya  (Quiche;)  creative  deity  (iucn- 
niatz  somewhat  rcscniiiles  Quetzalcohuatl,  and  the  name 
baa  the  same  meaning. 

Queux,  Sir.     See  Kni/,  Sir. 

Quevedo  y  Villegas  (ka-va'THO  e  vel-va'giis), 
Francisco  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  Sept.  26.  1580: 
died  at  Villanueva  de  los  Infantes.  Spain.  Sept. 
8,  1645.  A  Spanish  satirist,  humorist,  and  nov- 
elist. He  was  employed  iu  the  civil  service,  and  was  im- 
prisoned for  political  libel.  Among  bis  satirical  works  la 
"Sueflos"  ("  Visions'). 

By  these  ||ir..se  satires]  he  is  remembered  and  will  al- 
ways be  renii-oihirrd  throuuhont  the  wild.  Tlie  longest 
of  them,  called  'Tlif  History  and  Lifeof  tlielireat  Sharper, 
Paul  of  Segovia."  was  Hist  printed  in  l«2ti  It  belongs  to 
the  style  of  fiction  invented  by  Mendoza  in  his  "  Lara- 
rillo."  and  has  most  of  the  characteristics  of  its  class: 
showing,  notwithstanding  the  evident  haste  an  :  careless- 
ness with  which  it  was  written,  more  talent  and  spirit  than 
any  of  them  except  its  prototj-pe.  Like  the  rest,  it  sets 
forth  the  life  of  an  ad  venturer,  cowardly,  insolent,  and  full 
of  resources,  who  begins  in  the  lowest  and  most  infainoiiK 
ranks  of  society,  but,  unlike  most  others  of  his  class,  never 
fairly  rises  above  his  original  condition  ;  for  all  his  ingenu- 
ity, wit,  and  spirit  only  enable  him  to  struggle  up,  as  it 
were  by  accident,  to  some  brilliant  success,  fniiii  which  he 
is  immediately  proclpitjitcd  by  the  discovery  of  his  true 
character,  Tickiuir,  .Span.  Lit.,  II.  286. 

QuezaltenangO  (ka-thUl-ta-niin'go).  A  town  in 
(iiialemnla.  75  niilcs  west-northwest  of  (tunle- 
mala.  it  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  tjiiich(5 
city  of  Xelahuh,  and  was  founded  bv  Alvarado 
in  1524.     Population  (1893),  21.437. ' 

Qui-.  For  names  beginning  thus,  not  given  here, 
see  /Tl'.. 

Quiberon  (ke-brAii').  A  smnll  town  and  penin- 
sula in  tlie  department  of  Morbihan.  France, 
22  miles  southeast  of  Lorient.  It  wa.s the  scene  of 
a  landing  of  the  French  niyallsts  In  171).S  supported  by  an 
Kiigllsh  licet  and  by  the  Clnnians.  They  were  totally  lie- 
fcatcil  by  the  rciiublicans  uiiiler  llochc,  July  20-',;i.  i'7<>ft, 

Quiberon  Bay.  .\  small  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, east  of  Quiberon.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  naval 
victory  of  the  British  under  Ilawke  over  the  French  under 
Cmillans,  Nov.  •-'(I,  17f>9. 

Quiches  (ke-chas').  A  powerful  Indian  tribe  of 
western  GiiateiiKiln  nl  tlie  time  of  the  con(|uest. 
They  were  one  of  (he  cblrf  brniiches  of  the  Maya  stock, 
aiid.'accoriling  to  tradidou,  had  origln.'illy  forme<l  a  part 
o(  tile  great  Maya  nation.  After  (he  breaking  np  of  the 
in  iginal  Maya  ctnplri',  a  series  of  struggles  took  phu  e  until 
the  12th  or  13tli  centurj,  when  the  Quiche  dynasty  became 
established.  Ijiter  the  Caki'hlquels  scjiarated  from  them, 
and  ill  time  became  divided  intotwo  tiibes  bv  the  ltr<  ak- 
ing  oil  of  Ihc/ntnglls.  Thus  at  the  luu-lnnlng  of  the  lUlh 
century  iIotc  were  three  great  Maya  tribes  In  (^uatemahi 
the  Quiches,  <'akellli|Uels.  and  Zutugtls  :  but  of  these  the 
Quiches  had  a  certain  political  and  cultural  preeminence. 


Quiches 


Their  capital  was  I'tatlan,  near  the  present  town  of  Santa 
Cniz  Quiche,  northwest  of  Guatemala,  and  it  is  described 
as  a  large  and  fine  city,  fortified  with  great  skill.  The 
Quiches  were  ruled  by  hereditary  chiefs,  had  a  complicated 
system  of  laws  and  religion,  and  kept  records  in  picture- 
w-riting.  (See  Popul  Vuh.)  They  were  the  first  Indians  en- 
countered by  Alvarado  when  he  entered  Guatemala  in  15'^. 
Their  chief,  Tecum  Uman,  broughl  a  vast  army  against 
the  Spaniards,  but  was  defeated  and  killed ;  his  son,  Oxib 
Quieh.  was  seized  and  hanged  ;  the  city  of  I'tatlan  was  de- 
stroyed ;  and  within  a  few  months  the  Quiches  were  com- 
pletely conquered,  many  of  them  being  enslaved.  Their 
descendants  now  form  the  peasantry'  of  the  same  region. 

Quichuas  (ke-cho'as).  The  domiuant  Indian 
race  of  Peru  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  con- 
quest. Before  the  time  of  the  Incas  the  highlands  of 
Peru  were  inhabited  by  many  tribes,  all  or  most  of  which 
spoke  dialects  of  the  Quichua  tongue  and  resembled  each 
other  in  customs :  possibly  they  were  descended  from  the 
ancient  Piraas  (which  seeX  One  of  these  tribes,  in  the 
valleys  near  Cuzco,  rose  to  prominence  under  the  luca 
sovereigns  during  the  13th  and  14th  centuries ;  partly  by 
conquest,  partly  by  a  liberal  and  conciliatory  policy,  they 
amalgamated  the  other  tribes,  and  eventually  established 
an  empire  which  extended  from  Quito  to  central  Chile. 
(See  /HCrt  Empire.)  The  later  conquests  along  the  coast 
and  in  the  south  and  east  brought  in  many  tribes  which 
■were  not  of  Quichua  stock,  and  were  never  thoroughly 
amalgamated  with  the  conquerors.  In  many  respects  the 
Quichuas  were  the  most  remarkable  of  American  Indians. 
Their  government  was  a  form  of  state  socialism,  controlled 
by  a  hereditary  aristocracy,  the  whole  under  the  absolute 
control  of  a  hereditary  sovereign.  (See//i-raj*.)  Their  inter- 
nal polity  was  singularly  perfect.  They  planted  maize, 
potatoes," coca,  etc.,  and  they  had  long  domesticated  the 
llaraa  and  alpaca,  using  the  former  as  a  beast  of  burden 
and  for  food,  and  the  latter  for  its  wool,  from  which  they 
spun  fine  cloth.  They  escelled  in  the  making  of  pottery 
and  in  building:  and  they  constructed  roads  from  Cuzco 
to  all  parts  of  the  country.  They  had  no  knowledge  of 
■^vriting  or  hieroglyphics,  records  and  accounts  beingim per- 
fectly kept  by  means  of  quipus,  or  knotted  cords.  Their 
religion  included  the  recognition  of  a  supreme  being,  who 
was  worshiped  as  Pachacamac  or  Uiracocha :  at  Cuzco  he 
was  represented  by  a  stone  statue  covered  with  gold,  and 
also,  it  would  appear,  by  a  polished  gold  plate.  The  sun, 
moon,  stai-s,  and  many  lesser  deities  were  adored  with  vari- 
ous ceremonies,  the  sun-worship  being  particularly  promi- 
nent. Animals  were  sometimes  sacrificed  at  the  festivals, 
but  human  sacrifices,  if  they  existed,  were  very  rare.  After 
the  fall  of  the  Incas  most  of  the  Quichua  tribes  submitted 
to  the  Spaniards,  and  were  pennitted  to  keep  their  heredi- 
tary chiefs  under  the  Spanish  rule,  ilany  of  their  laws 
were  retained  (see  Libra  de  Tarns),  and  from  the  old  sys- 
tem of  common  labor  for  the  state  the  colonial  mitta  was 
evolved,  by  which  every  Indian  community  paid  taxes  in 
the  enforced  labor  of  a  part  of  its  members.  This  became, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  akindof  slavery  under  which  the  In- 
dians perished  by  thousands  in  the  mines.  In  IVSti  Tupac 
Amaru,  a  descendant  of  the  Incas,  led  them  in  a  formida- 
ble reliellion  which  was  at  length  suppressed  with  great 
bloodshed.  Quichua  is  still  the  common  language  in  the 
interior  of  Peru,  and  a  large  proportion,  even  of  the  upper 
classes,  are  of  Quichua  blood.  Some  of  the  mountain 
tribes  retain  their  old  organization.  The  name  Quichua 
was  notoriginally  a  tribal  designation,  but  referred  to  any 
mountaineer:  it  was  fli"st  used  for  the  language  by  the 
Jesuit  missionaries.     Also  written  Quechuas,  Kickuas,  and 

Quichua  stock.  A  linguistic  stock  of  South 
American  Indians,  embracing  the  various  Qui- 
chua tribes  of  Peru,  the  Quitus  of  Ecuador,  etc. 
Several  tribes  of  northeastern  Pern,  Ecuador,  and  Colom- 
bia have  adopted  the  Quichua  language.  Jfany  ethnolo- 
gists are  inclined  to  unite  the  Ajmaras  of  Bolivia  with 
this  stock. 

Quickly  fk^k'li).  Mistress  or  Hostess.  A  ser- 
vant to  Dr.  Caius  in  the  "Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor"; also,  a  hostess  in  the  first  and  second  parts 
of  "King  Henry  IV."  and  in  "King  Henry  V." 

Quicksilver  (kwik'sil'ver).  1.  A  character  in 
Chapman.  Marston,  and  Jonson^s  play  "East- 
Tvard  Ho!":  an  idle  and  rowdy  apprentice,  a 
caricature  of  Luke  Hatton.— 2.  A  character  in 
"Warren's  "Ten  Thousand  a  Year":  an  undis- 
guised caricature  of  Lord  Brougham. 

Quileute  (kwil-e-of).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on  the  river  of  the 
same  name,  ashort  distance  above  and  below  its  mouth,  and 
on  the  adjacent  coast  of  the  Pacific,  between  the  Makah, 
of  Wakashan  stock,  on  the  north,  and  the  Quaitso,  a  Salishau 
tribe,  on  the  south,  in  the  State  of  Washington.  The  Hoh 
formed  the  southern  division  of  the  tribe  Wars  with  the 
numerically  superior  Salishan  tribes  gradually  reduced 
their  number.  The  Quileute  are  now  confined  to  Xeali  Bay 
reser\ation,  Washington,  where  in  1885  they  numbered 
about  250.  The  Hoh  are  on  the  Pnyallop  reservation,  and 
number  aboct  60.     See  ChimaJman. 

Quiliniane,  or  Ealimane  (ke-ie-ma'na).  1.  A 
river  in  Africa,  the  northern  mouth  of  the  Zam- 
besi.—  2.  A  town  in  Mozambique,  sitxiated  on 
the  river  Quilimane  in  lat.  17°  52'  S.,  long.  37° 
1'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade.  Population, 
about  6.000. 

Quillota  (kel-yo'ta).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Valparaiso,' Chiles,  20  miles  northeast  of  Val- 
paraiso.    Population,  about  11,000. 

Quiloa,     See  Kilica, 

Quilp  (kwilp).  In  Dickens's  "Old  Curiosity 
Shop,"  a  malicious  dwarf  who  abiises  his  wife. 

Quimper,  or  Quimper-Corentin  (kan-par'ko- 
ron-tau').  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Finist&re,  France,  situated  at  the  jimction  of 


836 

the  Steir  and  Odet.  in  lat.  4S°  X.,  long.  4°  6'  W. 
It  is  a  seaport  with  considerable  commerce,  and  contains 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  Corentin.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
old  county  of  Cornouailles,  and  suffered  in  the  religious 
wars.     Population  (1S91).  commune,  17,406. 

Quimperle  (kan-per-la'),  Atowuiuthe  depart- 
ment of  Fiuistere,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Ell^  and  Isole,  11  miles  northwest 
of  Lorient.    Population  (1891),  commime,  8,049. 

Quin  (kwin),  James.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  24. 
1693 :  died  at  Bath.  England,  Jan.  21, 1766.  An 
English  actor.  He  first  appeared  at  Dublin  in  1714.  at 
London  in  1715 ;  and  in  1720  he  made  a  great  success  of  Fal- 
staif.  He  was  the  rival  of  Garrick  until  the  latter  became 
umnistakably  more  popular  with  the  public,  when  Quin  re- 
tired (1751)  from  the  stage,  reappearing  only  for  benefits. 
His  great  parts  were  Falstalf,  ilaskwell.  Sir  John  Brute, 
Cato,  Brutus,  Volpone,  etc. 

Quinames  (ke-na'mas),  or  Quinametin  (ke-nii- 
ma-ten').  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl)  tradition,  a 
fabled  race  of  giants  who  were  the  first  inhabi- 
tants of  the  plateau  of  Anahuac. 

Quinault  (ke-no')j  Philippe.  Bom  at  Paris, 
June  3. 1635:  died  Xov.  26, 1GS8.  A  French  dram- 
atist, the  creator  of  the  lyric  tragedy.  He  wrote 
librettifor  Lulli's  operas,  including  "Roland  "(16S5),  "Ar- 
mide"  (16S6),  etc. 

Quinbus  Flestrin.    See  Flestrin. 

Quince  (kwins),  Peter,  A  carpenter  in  Shak- 
spere's  *'Midsummer  Xight^s  Dream."  Betakes 
the  part  of  stage-manager  in  the  interlude.  In  the  farce 
of  "Bottom  the  Weaver,  "into  which  the  comic  parts  of  the 
"Midsummer  Night's  Dream  "  were  worked,  he  becomes 
a  pedant  and  schoolmaster,  and  in  Grj'phius's  translation 
of  this  farce  was  introduced  to  Germany  as  "Herr  Peter 
Squenze." 

Quinctilianus.    See  QuintiUan. 

Quincy  (kwin'zi).  A  city  in  Norfolk  County, 
ilassachusetts,  situated  onQuincyBay  inBoston 
harbor,  7i  miles  south-southeast  of  Boston,  it  is 
famous  for  its  granite-quarries.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
John  Hancock,  John  Adams,  and  John  Q.  Adams.  It  was 
.-eparated  from Braintree  in  1792.  Population  (1900), 23,899. 

Quincy.  A  city,  capital  of  Adams  County.  Dli- 
uois.  situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat.  39°  biS' 
A.  It  is  an  important  railway  centre;  is  a  seat  of  river 
trade;  and  has  flourishing  manufactures  of  flour,  etc.,  and 
commerce.  It  was  laid  out  in  1S25.  Population  (1900), 
;t6.252. 

Quincy,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Braintree,  Mass.. 
16S1:  died  at  London,  1738.  An  American  ju- 
rist. 

Quincy,  Edmund.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  1, 
ISOS:  died  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  May  17.  1877. 
An  American  author,  son  of  Josiah  Quincy 
(1772-1S64)  whose  biography  he  wrote  (1867) 
and  whose  speeches  he  edited  (1S75). 

Quincy,  Josiah.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  23, 1744 : 
died  at  sea,  Apiil  26,  1775.  An  American  law- 
yer and  patriot,  grandson  of  Edmund  Quincy 
(1681—1738).  He  was  sent  on  a  pohtical  mission  to  Eng- 
land 1774-75.  He  published  various  political  works,  in- 
cluding "Observations  on  the  Act  of  Parliament  common- 
ly called  the  Boston  Port  Bill"  (1774). 

Quincy,  Josiah.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  4, 1772: 
died  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  July  1,  1864.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman,  orator,  and  historian:  son  of 
Josiah  Quincy  (1744-75).  Hewas  a  Federalist  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  lSi)o-13 ;  opposed  the 
embargo,  the  admission  of  Louisiana,  and  the  War  of  1S12 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature;  was  may- 
or of  Boston  1823-28;  and  was  president  of  Harvard  1S29- 
1S45.  He\vrote  a  "Historyof  Harvard  University  "(1840), 
"Municipal  History  of  Boston"  (1S52\  "Life  of  J.  Q. 
Adams"  (1S5S). 

Quincy,  Quatrem^re  de.    See  Quatremere  de 

Quincy. 

Quinebaug  (kwin-e-bag').  A  river  in  south- 
t-ru  Massachusetts  and  eastern  Connecticut, 
which  unites  with  the  Shetucket  3  miles  north- 
east of  Norwich,  Connecticut.  Length,  80-90 
miles. 

Quinet  (ke-na').  Edgar,  Bom  at  Bourg,  Ain, 
Feb.  17i  1803:  died  at  Versailles,  March  27, 
1875.  A  French  philosopher,  poet,  historian. 
and  politician.  After  studying  in  Heidelberg  he  trans- 
lated Herder's ''  Ideen  zur  Philosophie  der  Geschichte  der 
Menschheit."  He  had  previously  (1823)  published  ''Les 
tablettes  du  Juif  errant."  He  summed  up  the  results  of 
his  travels  in  Greece.  Italy,  Spain,  etc.,  in  'De  la  Grece 
modeme  et  de  ses  rapports  avec  I'antiquite  "  (1830),  "  Voy- 
ages d'on  solitaire  "  (1836X  *■  AUemagne  et  Italic  "(1839), 
*"Mes  vacances  en  Espagne  "  (lb46),  etc.  In  connection 
with  his  studies  and  observations  in  foreign  countritrs 
Quinet  wrote  a  number  of  monographs  and  contributt-d 
many  articles  to  the  leading  periodicals.  He  also  com- 
posed epic  poems,  including  *■  Napoleon  "(1836)  and  "Pro- 
raethee"  (1839),  and  '■Ahasverus.  a  prose  drama  "(1833).  He 
lectured  in  the  faculty  of  letters  at  Lyons,  and  in  1S4'2  ac- 
cepted a  chair  of  South  European  literature  at  the  College 
de  tYance.  His  best  work  of  this  period  is  "Le  genie  des 
religions  "  (1842).  He  lost  his  position  in  1846  on  account 
of  his  radical  \iews.  went  to  Spain,  and  after  his  return  in 
1847  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  He  took 
part  in  the  revolution  of  1848.  and  in  1852  was  banished 
from  France.  He  resided  subsequently  in  Belgium  end 
Switzerland,  and,  although  amnestied  in  1859,  did  not  re- 
turn to  France  until  after  the  downfall  of  the  empire. 


Quito 

Aside  from  numerous  articles  and  pamphlets,he  completed 
"Les  revolutions  d'ltalie"  in  1852,  and  published  "Lea 
esclaves"  (1853),  "Merlin  I'euchanteur"  (1S60),  *'<Euvre3 
poet  iques  "  (1S6U). "  Histoire  de  la  campagne  de  1815"  (1S62X 
•'La  revolution"  (IStto),  "La  creation"  (1870),  "Larepub- 
lique  "  (18T2),  and  "L'Esprit  nouveau"  (ls74). 

Quinsigamond  (kwin-sig'a-mond)  Lake.  A 
lake  in  Massachusetts.  2^  miles  east  of  Wor- 
cester. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Quinsigamond  River 
into  the  Blaekstone.     Length,  5  miles. 

Quintana  (ken-tii'na).  Manuel  Jos^.  Bom  at 
Madrid,  April  11,  1772:  died  there,  March  11, 
1S57.  A  Spanish  author.  He  was  a  lawyer ;  was  sec- 
retary of  the  Cortes  and  regency  during  the  struggle  against 
Joseph  Bonaparte ;  and  was  impris^aied  181-4-20.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  preceptor  of  the  infant  queen  Isabella 
(1833X  and  in  1835  w-as  made  senator.  Quintana  was  one 
of  the  first  poets  of  his  time,  but  he  is  best  known  for  hia 
'  ■  Vidas  de  Espailoles  celebres  "  (3  vols.  1807-34 :  many  sub- 
sequent editions), which  isone  of  the  Spanish  prose  classics. 

Quintilian  (kwin-til'i-an)  (Marcus  Fabius 
Quintilianus  or  Quinctilianus).     Born   at 

Calagurris  (Calahorra),  Spain,  about  35  A.  D. : 
died  about  95  A.  D.  A  celebrated  Roman  rhet- 
orician. He  was  educated  at  Rome;  returned  to  his 
birthplace  as  teacher  of  orator>" ;  and  went  back  to  Rome 
with  Galba  in  68,  and  taught  oratorj'  there  for  20  years. 
He  was  patronized  by  Vespasian  and  Domitian.  His  most 
celebrated  work  is  his  *'Institutio  Oratoria." 

Some  copies  of  Quintilian's  Institutions  of  Oratory,  very 
much  corrupted  and  mutilated  by  the  ignorance  or  pre- 
sumption  of  copyists,  were  known  in  Italy  before  the  fif- 
teenth ceutuT}-.  But  in  1414,  whOe  the  Council  of  Con- 
stance was  sitting,  Poggio,  a  learned  Italian,  was  commis- 
sioned by  the  promoters  of  learning  to  proceed  to  that 
place,  in  search  of  ancient  manuscripts,  which  were  be- 
lieved to  be  preserved  in  the  monasteries  of  the  city  and 
its  vicinitj".  His  researches  were  rewarded  by  discovering 
in  the  monastery  of  St.-Gall,  beneath  a  heap  of  long-neg- 
lected lumber,  a  perfect  copy  of  the  Institutions. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc  Books,  p.  1C8. 

Quintus  (kwin'tus).  A  son  of  Titus  Andronicus 
in  Shakspere's  (?)  "Titus  Andronicus.'* 

Quintus  Curtins  Rufus.    See  Curtius. 

Quintus  Icilius.    See  Guichard, 

Quip  for  an  Upstart  Courtier,  or  a  Quaint 
Dispute  between  Velvet-breeches  and 
Cloth-breeches.  Apamphletpiinted  by  Robert 
Greene  in  1592.  It  attacked  Gabriel  Harvey  and  his 
family  in  a  few  lines  which  were  afterward  canceled.  It 
was  mostly  a  reproduction  of  Thynne's  "Debate  between 
Pride  and  Lowliness,"  and  satirized  pride  of  attire,  etc. 

Quirigua  (ke-re-gwii'),  or  Quirihua  (ke-re-wa'). 
A  site  of  ancient  ruins  in  eastern  Guatemala, 
on  the  river  Motagua  13  miles  south  of  Izabal. 
The  remains  include  a  pyramid,  a  great  altar  (?)  formed  of 
a  single  sculptured  stone,  etc.  The  place  appears  to  have 
been  abandoned  before  the  Spanish  conquest. 

Quirinal(k:wir'i-nal),L.MonsQui3±ialis(monz 
kwir-i-na'lis).  The  furthest  north  and  the  high- 
est of  the  seven  hills  of  ancient  Rome,  lying 
northeast  of  the  Capitoline  and  northwest  of 
the  \  iminal.  it  has  its  name  from  an  old  Sabine  sanc- 
tuary of  Quirinus  (Mars).  On  the  hill  stands  the  palace 
of  the  Quirinal,  the  former  summer  palace  of  the  Pope, 

QuirinaUa  (kwir-i-na'U-a).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  festival  in  honor  of  (Quirinus,  celebrated  on 
Feb.  17,  on  "which  day  Romulus  was  said  to 
have  been  translated  to  heaven, 

Quirinus  (kwi-ri'nus).  An  Italian  divinity, 
identified  "with  Romulus  and  assimilated  to 
Mars. 

Quirinus.  The  pen-name  of  Dr.  I.  J.  von  Dol- 
linger. 

Quirites  (kwi-ri'tez).  The  citizens  of  ancient 
Rome  considered  in  their  civil  capacity.  The 
name  Quirifes  pertained  to  them  in  addition  to  that  of  ^o- 
mani,  the  latter  designation  having  application  in  their 
political  and  military  capacity. 

Quirix.     See  Keresan. 

Quirk,  Gammon,  and  Snap.  Afirm  of  rascally 
solicitors  in  Warren's  * "  Ten  Thousand  a  Year." 
See  Gammon, 

Quiros.    See  Queiros, 

Quissama  (ke-sa'ma).     See  Kisama. 

Quistello  (kwis-tel'lo).    A  town  in  the  province 
of  Mantua,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Secchia  14  • 
miles  southeast  of  Mantua.    Here,  1734,  the  Impe- 
rialists defeated  the  French  and  Sardinians.    Population 
(ISSl),  commune,  10,492. 

Quiteria  (ke-ta're-a).  The  lost  bride  of  Cama- 
cho.     See  Camacho. 

Quitman  (kwit'man),  John  Anthony,  Bom 
at  Rhineheck,  K.'Y.,  Sept.  1,  1799:  died  at 
Natchez,  Miss.,  July  17,  1S58.  An  American 
politician  and  general.  He  served  in  the  Texan  war 
for  independence  in  1S36,  and  was  distinguished  in  the 
ilexican  war  at  Jlonterey.Vera  Cruz,  Puebla,  and  Chapul- 
tepec.  He  was  governor  of  the  city  of  ilexico  in  1S47  ;  goT- 
ernor  of  Mississippi  1850-51 ;  and  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Mississippi  1S55-58. 

Quito  ike'to).  The  capital  and.  except  Guay- 
aquil (?).  the  largest  city  of  Ecuador,  situated 
on  the  plateau  of  the  Andes.  9,350  feet  above 
the  sea,  in  lat.O°  13'  S.,  long.  78=^  27'  W     it  hes 


Quito 

at  the  base  of  the  Pichiiiclia  volcano,  and  Ootopaxi.  Cay- 
ambt,  Antisana,  and  several  other  lofty  peaks  aie  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  surroundinua  hasin  called  the  valley 
or  plain  of  Quit<j.  The  city  is  an  archbishop's  seat,  and 
contains  numerous  convent^  a  university,  etc.  It  was  the 
ancientcapital  of  the  Quitus  and  later  of  Atahualpa,  and 
was  coTiquered  by  the  Spaniards  uniler  Kenalcazar  and  Al- 
varado  in  1534.    Population,  about  80,000. 

Quito,  Audience  of.  The  chief  court  ami  gov- 
eniiiif;  bodv  of  Quito  or  Ecuador  during'  the 
colonial  period,  (^uito  was  long  a  province  of  Peru, 
and  when  the  Hrst  audience  was  established,  ii]  1583,  it  was 
made  subordinate  to  that  of  Lima.  The  president  of  the 
audience  was  also  governor  of  the  province;  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown,  but  answered  directly  to  the  viceroy 
nt  Lnna.  From  1710  to  1722  Quito  was  attached  to  Sew 
firanada.  The  audience  was  atwlished  in  171S  when  New 
(iranada  became  a  viceroyalty.  but  was  restored  in  173!) 
and  thereafter  remained  subordinate  to  Peru  until  the  rev- 
olution of  1822.  when  Quito  was  incorporated  with  Oolom- 
oia.  The  name  Ecuador  was  adopted  in  1831,  when  the 
country  became  independent. 

Quito,  Kingdom  of.  The  ancient  domain  of 
the  Quitu  Indians.  It  comprised  a  large  part 
of  the  highlands  of  Ecuador.     See  Qidtu^. 

Quito,  Kingdom  or  Presidency  of.  The  colo- 
nial name  of  Ecuador.     See  Quito,  Audinice  of. 

Quitus  (ke'tos).  A  very  ancient  and  powerful 
Indian  tribe  of  the  highlands  of  Ecuador.  Ac- 
cording to  the  doubtful  trailitions  preserved  by  Velasco, 
they  had  a  monarchical  form  of  government,  and  their 


837 

kings  reigned  for  many  generations  at  Quito.  They  were 
probablyof  theQuichua  stock.  Likctheir  Peruvian  neigh- 
bors, they  were  well  advanced  in  civilization,  and  the 
strength  of  their  empire  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  Incas 
subdued  them  onlyafter  many  yearsofwar(1460-87).  Their 
descendants  form  a  large  portion  of  the  Indian  population 
of  Ecuador,  speaking  a  dialect  of  Quichua. 
Quivas  (ke'viis).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Vene- 
zuela, on  the  upper  Orinoco  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Meta.  It  is  said  that  they  formerly  lived  on  the 
tasanarein  Colombia.  They  are  verj- savage,  and  enemies 
of  the  whites,  frc(|uenlly  attacking  travelers.  Their  lan- 
guage has  been  referreil  to  the  Carib  stock. 

Quivira  (ke-ve'rii),  La  Gran.  [Sp.,  'the 
great  Quivira.']  The  name  given,  in  the  second 
half  of  tlie  l.Stli  century,  to  tlio  niinsof  the  Piro 
imeblo  of  Tabira,  south  of  the  salt-deposits  of 
thi^  Manzano.  Theoriginof  this  designation  was  a  geo- 
graphical mi.sunderstanding,  coupled  with  the  fabulous 
tales  about  the  wealth  of  the  Quivira  tribe. 

Quixote,  Don.      See  Don  (Jililote. 

Quixote  of  the  North,  The.    Charles  XII.  of 

Swi'ilcn. 
Quomodo  (kwo-mo'do).     In  Middleton's  play 

•'.Micliaelinas    Term,"   a    woolennlraper    and 

usurer,  whose  amusingly  frustrated  ambition 

is  to  be  a  landed  proprietor. 
Quongti  Richard.    A  pseudonym  of  Macaulay. 
Quoratean    0<«o-rii-te'an),   or   Quoratem. 


Qwinctunnetun 
[From  the  native  name  of  Salmon  River.]  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it 
eniliraces  the  Karok  and  Kworatem  divisions,  formerlyoc- 
cupying  numerous  villages  on  the  Klamath  River  and  its 
tributaries,  from  the  l-ange  of  hills  above  Happy  Camp  to 
Its  jumlion  with  the  Jrinity,  and  on  the  Salmon  from  its 
mouth  to  Its  sources  in  northwestern  California.  Number 
between  Sou  and  500.     See  Petei*. 

Quoratem.  See  Quoratean. 
Quorra.     See  XUjer. 

Quotem  (kwot'em),  Caleb.  A  character  in 
•■llie  Keview."  by  Colmaii  the  vounger.  The 
character  was  taken  by  him  from  an  unsuccessful  comic 
?.P^[?'.!,'^''l?''  <3""'<^™  ami  liis  "ife,  or  Paint,  Poetry,  and 
1  utty,  by  Henry  Lee.  Quotem  is  a  ubiquitous  and  preter- 
natundly  loquacious  Jack  of  all  trades,  as  may  be  seen  by 
the  sign  over  his  door :  "Quotem,  Auctioneer,  Plumber, 
Glazier,  Engraver,  Apothecary,  .Schoolmaster.  Watch, 
maker,  Sigii-Painter,  etc.,  etc.  X.  B.  Ihis  is  the  Parish 
Clerks  — I  cure  Agnes  and  Teach  the  Use  of  the  Globes." 
Quran.     Sec  Koran. 

Qwinctunnetun  (chwin'shtun-na'tnn).  ['Peo- 
ple among  the  gi'avel.']  A  subdi^nsion  (village) 
of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians:  also  known  as  the 
Wishtenatin  or  Pistol  Rivers  (so  called  from 
their  former  habitat  on  Pistol  River,  Oregon). 
The  survivors  arc  on  the  Siletz  reservation, 
Oregon.    See  Athabascan. 


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I 


a  (ra).  lu  Egyptian  mytholo- 
■ry ,  the  sim-god,  a  type  of  the 
supreme  deity,  always  vic- 
torious: the  protector  of 
men  and  vanquisher  of  evU. 
He  was  frequently  associated  or 
confouBded  with  other  gods,  as 
Amim-Ra,  or  Sebeli-Ka.  In  art 
he  was  represented  either  hawk- 
headed  or  in  human  form,  exhib- 
iting ou  his  head  the  sohir  disk  with  the  urseus-  As  the 
•emblem  of  supreme  power,  every  Egj-ptian  king  was  styled 
bis  son. 

Kaab  (rab).     A  river  in  Styria  and  Hungary 
which  joins  an  arm  of  the  Danube  at  Eaab. 
Lengtli,  about  150  mOes. 
Baab,  Huug.  Gyor  (dyer)  orNagy-Gyor  (nody'- 

dyer  ).  A  royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Raab,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Baab 
and  an  arm  of  the  Danube  (the  "Little  Dan- 
ube"). 63  miles  west  bynorth  of  Budapest,  ithas 
important  trade.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  and  the  Abbey 
of  St.  Martinsberg  is  in  the  vicinitj-.  It  was  an  ancient  Ro- 
man town ;  was  held  by  the  Turks'  in  15iH-9S ;  and  was  for- 
merly strongly  fortified.  Near  it.  June  14, 1S09,  the  French 
under  Prince  Eugene  defeated  the  -Austrian  forces  under 
Archduke  John.  It  was  held  by  the  Hungarians  in  1&1&- 
lSi9,  and  stormed  by  the  Austrians  in  1S49.  Population 
(1S90),  22,795. 

Baasay,  or  Basay  (ra'sa).  An  island  of  the 
Inner  Hebrides,  Invemess-shire,  Scotland,  sep- 
arated from  the  Isle  of  Skye  on  the  west  by 
Eaasay  Soimd.     Length,  13  miles. 

Bab.    See  Arbe. 

Bab  (rab)  (Abba  Areka\  Born  175 :  died  247. 
A  celebrated  rabbi  in  Babylonia,  the  most  im- 
portant Jewish  personage  of  his  period.  He  held 
for  a  time  the  post  of  agoranomos  (inspector  of  markets); 
was  one  of  the  collectors  of  the  ilishna ;  founded  the 
celebrated  Jewish  academy  at  Sora ;  and  introduced  many 
reforms,  more  especially  in  the  marriage  laws  and  the 
practice  of  the  courts  of  justice. 

Babagas  (ra-ba^gas').  A  play  by  Sardou,  pro- 
duced in  1871. 

Bab  and  bis  Friends.    See  Brown,  John  (1810- 

1882). 

Babanus,  or  Hrabanus,  or  Bbabanus  (rii-ba'- 
nos'.  ManniS  ("the  Moor').  [OHG.  Mraban. 
raven.]  Boin  at  Mainz  about  776:  died  at 
Winkel,  Germany,  Feb.  4, 856.  A  German  theo- 
logian, abbot  of  Fulda,  and  later  (847)  arch- 
bishop of  Mainz.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Alcnin,  and 
before  nis  elevation  to  the  archbishopric  taught  theology, 
philosophy,  poetry,  and  rhetoric  at  Paris  in  a  school  es- 
tablished there  by  Anglo-Saxon  monks.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries and  theological  works  (edited  by  Colvenerius, 
1627). 

BabSrt  (ra-biif),  or  New  Sallee.  A  seaport  in 
Morocco,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bu  Ee- 
greg,  opposite  Sallee,  in  lat.  34°  X.  It  has  impor- 
tant manufactures  of  leather,  carpets,  cotton  and  woolen, 
etc.,  and  has  coasting  and  foreign  trade.  Population, 
26,00.1.     Also  Rehal,  Ritxit,  Arbel,  Arbat,  Jibat,  etc. 

Babbab,  or  Babba,  or  Babbath-Ammon.  See 
Philatleljthia. 

Babelais  (.rab-e-la'),  Frangois.  Born  at  Chi- 
non.  Touraine,  probably  iu  1495:  died  at  Paris, 
April  9,  1553.  .\  celebrated  French  humorist. 
He  attended  school  at  an  abbey  near  his  native  town,  and 
went  thence  to  the  convent  of  La  Baumette  near  Angers. 
In  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  his  father,  Thomas  Rabe- 
lais, he  became  a  monk  and  spent  some  15  years  in  con- 
scientious work  at  the  Cordelier  convent  of  Fontenay- 
le-Comte  (1509-24).  He  was  transferred  thence  to  the 
order  of  Benedictine  monks  at  Maillezais,and  his  occupa- 
tions during  the  6  years  that  follow  are  not  well  defined. 
In  1530  he  is  found 'stud>ing  medicine  at  MontpeUier.  and 
two  years  later  practising  the  profession  at  Lyons,  though 
he  took  the  doctor's  degree  in  1537  only.  He  devnted  a 
great  deal  of  his  time  to  writing,  and  yet  led  a  wandering 
life  in  France  and  in  Italy.  He  was  in  charge  of  th*^ 
iparish  of  Mendon  1550-,'i2,  and  died  shortly  aft*Tward, 
presumably  in  Paris,  Besides  composing  yearly  alma- 
nacs, t'f  which  but  a  few  fragments  are  preserved  to  this 
day.  Rabelais  edited  various  old  medical  treatises,  and 
made  his  lasting  reputation  with  the  novels  "  P.antapruel " 
0533)  and  "Gargantua  "  (1535),  of  which  the  latter  comes 
first  in  point  of  the  story  they  both  tell.  They  were 
published  under  the  name  of  Alcofrihas  Nasier.  which  is 
simply  the  anagram  of  Franijois  Rabelais.  Their  suc- 
cess was  such  as  to  encourage  a  sequel.  Subsequent  vol- 
ames  came  out  under  Rahelais's  own  name,  the  third  in 
1545,  the  fourth  in  1552,  and  the  fifth  as  a  posthumous 
vork  in  1564. 


Babelais,  The  English.    An  epithet  given  to 

Swift,  Amory,  and  Sterne. 

Bab-mag  (rab-mag').  The  title  of  a  Babylonian 
officer  mentioned  in  Jer.  xxxix.  3:  possibly  the 
chief  of  the  Magi,  a  class  of  soothsayers. 

Babshakeb  (rab-shak'e).  [Assyro-Babylonian 
rah  «/■(/.]  The  title  of  a  Babylonian  officer 
(2  Ki.  x\-ui.  17,  Isa.  xsxvi.  2).  probably  general 
or  commander. 

Babutin(ra-bu-tan"l,Bogerde,ComtedeBussy. 
known  as  Bussy-Babutin  (bii-se'rii-bii-tan'"). 
Born  at  Epiry,  Xievre,  France,  -\pril  18,  161S: 
died  at  Autim,  France,  April  9, 1693.  AFreneh 
officer  and  writer.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  amoureuse  des 
Gaules  "  (1665  :  a  kind  of  scandalous  chronicle  recording 
gossip  about  the  ladies  of  the  court),  '"Memoires,"  and 
'■Lett  res," 

Baccoon  (ra-kon'),  or  Coon  (kon),  Biver.  A 
river  in  Iowa,  a  tributary  of  the  Des  Moines, 
which  it  joins  at  Des  Moines.  Length,  about 
175  miles. 

Bace  (ras).  Cape.  A  headland  at  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Newfoundland. 

Bace  of  Aldemey.  That  part  of  the  EngUsh 
Channel  which  lies  between  Aldemey  and  the 
neighboring  coast  of  France  (department  of 
Manche). 

Bacbel  (ra'chel).  [Heb.,  ' a  ewe' ;  P.  Siichel,  It. 
SachiU,  Sp.  Saquel,  Pg.  liachel,  G.  EaluL;\  The 
daughter  of  Laban,  sister  of  Leah,  and  wife  of 
Jacob :  mother  of  Joseph  and  Benjamin.      . 

Bachel  (ra-shel').  Eiisa  or  Elisabeth  Felix, 
called.  Born  at  Mumpf,  Aargau,  Switzerland, 
Feb.  28, 1821  (March  24,1820  ?):  died  near  Cannes, 
France,  Jan.  3, 1858.  A  celebrated  French  tra- 
gedienne, of  Hebrew  descent.  She  was  a  street- 
singer  in  Lyons  in  1S31  with  her  sister  Sophie,  known  as 
Sarah.  Choron,  director  of  a  school  of  music,  hearing  her, 
was  struck  with  the  quality  of  her  voice,  and  took  her  with 
her  family  to  Paris,  where'she  entered  his  academy.  She 
soon  lost  her  voice,  however,  and  studied  the  dramatic 
art  with  Saint-.\ulaire,  He  had  a  small  theater  known  as 
^La  Salle  Molifere,"  where  he  produced  plays  with  his 
pupils  as  actors.  Rachel  played  soubrettes  and  tragic 
roles  there  from  1S34  to  1S3&  She  began  to  attract  at- 
tention, and  was  admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  1836; 
made  rapid  progress ;  resigned  in  1837 ;  appeared  at  the 
Gymnase  in  July  of  that  year;  and  in  1838  appeared  as 
Camille  in  *'Horace"at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais.  Hersuc- 
cess  was  extraordinarj",  in  the  greenroom  and  orchestra  as 
well  as  in  the  house.  From  this  time  her  reputation  was 
secure.  She  went  to  England  in  1S41,  and  to  -America  in 
1S55,  where  she  contracted  a  cold  that  ended  in  her  fatal 
illness.  Her  finest  parts  were  in  the  plays  of  Comeille 
and  Racine,  and  in  *'  Adrienne  Lecou\Teur,"  She  also 
played  Jeanne  Dare,  Mademoiselle  de  Belle  Isle,  Cleo- 
piitxe,  etc 

Bacine   (ra-sen').     A  city,  capital  of  Bacine 

County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan 
23  miles  south  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  a  flourishing 
trade  in  grain,  and  important  manufactures  (threshing- 
machines,  wagons,  etc.).  It  was  settled  in  1834.  Popula- 
tion (190(1).  29,10-,;. 

Bacine  (ra-sen'),  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at  La 

Ferte-Milon,  Dec.  21,  1639:  died  at  Paris,  April 
26,  1699.  A  celebrated  French  tragic  poet. 
He  lost  his  parents  at  a  very  early  age,  and  was  brought 
up  by  his  grandparents.  His  studies,  begun  when  he  was 
ten  years  old  at  the  College  of  Beauvais,  were  continued  at 
Port  Royal,  and  finished  at  the  College  d'Harcourt  (1658- 
1659).  On  graduating,  he  went  to  live  with  a  cousin  of  his, 
who  was  in  the  service  of  the  Due  de  Luynes.  He  was 
well  received  in  society,  and  made  stanch  friends  among 
men  of  literarj-  bent.  His  early  training  in  Greek  and 
Latin  classics,  especially  the  former,  had  been  verj*  thor- 
ough, and  his  tastes  all  ran  in  the  direction  of  intellec- 
tual pursuits.  He  attracted  attention  in  this  line  for  the 
first  time  by  an  ode  wTitten  for  the  marriage  of  Louis  XIV,, 
andentitled  "Lesnymphesde la  Seine "(1660).  Acouple 
of  short  comedies.  *'-\niasie"  (1660)  and  "Les  amours 
dOvide "  (1661),  are  among  his  first  attempts  as  a  play- 
wright, and  unfortunately  are  now  lost.  His  friendly  rela- 
tions with  men  like  La  Fontaine,  Boileao,  and  Moli^re  led 
him  to  devote  himself  to  writing  for  the  stage:  he  thus 
produced  a  couple  of  plays,  "La  Thebaide"  (1664)  and 
'■  --Uexaudre  "  (1665X  His  first  real  success  as  a  dramatic 
poet  was  scored  in  ".-Vndromaque"  (1667),  which  is  the 
initi.al  tragedy  in  a  long  series  of  masterpieces.  He  at- 
tempted comedy  next  in  "  Les  plaideurs"  (1668).  but  re- 
verted completelv  to  tragedy  in  "Britannicus"  (1669), 
"B^rinice"  (1670),  "Bajazet  "(1672),  ■■Mithridate'(1673), 
"Iphigtoie"  (1674).  and  '  Phedre  (1677),  Racine's  ene- 
mies conspired  against  him  at  this  juncture,  and  preferred 
to  him  a  minor  poet  named  Pradon,  who  had  written  a 


rival  tragedy  on  '*PhMre"  which  they  extolled  far  abore' 
Racine's  play.  The  great  poet  abstaiiied  then  for  a  num. 
ber  of  years  from  composing  tragedies,  but  finally,  at 
the  request  of  Madame  de  Maintenon,  wrote  a  couple  of 
plays  of  great  hxic  beauty,  dealing  with  subjects  from  the 
Bible  :  "Esther  " (16!-9)and  "  Athalie " (1691X  Besides  the 
above,  Racine  composed  four  hymns  that  rank  among 
the  finest  productions  in  lyric  poetry  of  his  day,  also  an 
"  .-Vbreg^  de  ITiistoire  de  Port-Royal,"  and  a  few  other 
minor  writings.  The  best  edition  of  Racine's  works  was 
ijiade  by  Paul  Mesnard  *or  the  "Collection  des  grands 
Ecrivains  de  la  France  "  (1865-74X  Racine  was  made  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1673. 

Bacine,  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1692: 
died  there,  Jan .  29, 1763.  A  French  poet,  son  of 
J.  B.  Eacine  whose  biography  he  wrote  (1747). 

Backet  (rak'et).  Mrs.  A  character  in  Mrs. 
Cowley's  comedy  ''The  Belle's  Stratagem": 
"a  qualified  flirt,  the  incarnation  of  vivacity 
and  good  humour." 

Backet  Lake  (rak'et  lak).  A  lake  in  the  Adi- 
rondacks,  in  Hamilton  County,  northern  New 
^  ork.  Its  outlet  is  by  Long  Lake  and  Racket  Eiver  into 
the  St,  Lawrence,    -\lso  Raquett'-, 

Backet  Biver.  A  river  in  the  northern  part  of 
New  York.  it  joins  the  St,  Lawrence  45  mSes  north- 
east of  Ogdenshurg.    Length,  about  125  miles. 

Bacla'Wice  (rat-sla-vit'se).  A  village  iu  the 
government  of  Kielce,  Eussian  Poland,  north 
of  Cracow.  Here,  April  4,  1794,  the  Poles  under  Kos- 
ciuszko  defeated  the  Russians. 

BacO'W.     See  Ealoic. 

Bada  (ra'da),  Juan  de.  Born  in  Castile  about 
1490:  died  at  Jauja,  Peru.  1542.  ASpanishcav- 
alier.  He  followed  Alvarado  to  Guatemala  and  Peru 
(1534X  was  with  the  elder  Almagro  in  CTtile  (1535-36),  and 
later  headed  the  conspiracy  against  Pizarro,  killing  him, 
it  is  said,  with  his  own  hand  (June  26,  1,>41),  Rada  then 
declared  young  Diego  Alniagro  governor  of  Peru,  and  ruled 
through  him  until  his  sudden  death  while  marching  to 
Cuzco.    Also  Juan  de  Herrada. 

Badack  (rii'dak),  or  Batak  (ra'tiik),  Islands. 
A  chain  of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  nearly  parallel 
with  the  Ealik  chain,  and  ■with  it  forming  the 
Marshall  group. 

Badagaisus  (rad-a-ga'sus),  or  Badagais  (rad- 
a-gas').  Died  405  A.  D.  A  leader  of  an  army 
of  Suevi,  Vandals,  and  other  tribes  which  in- 
vaded Italy  in  405  A.  D.  He  was  defeated  by  StUicho 
at  Fsesulae,  and  surrendered  on  condition  of  having  his 
life  spared.     He  was,  however,  treacherously  put  to  death. 

Badautz(ra'douts).  AtowninBukowiua,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  a  subtributary  of  the 
Sereth  31  miles  south  of  Czemowitz.  Popula- 
tion (1S91),  commune,  12,895. 

Badcliffe  (rad'klif).  A  town  in  Lancashire. 
England,  situated  on  the  Irwell  7  miles  north- 
west of  Manchester.   Population  (1S91),  20,020. 

Badcliffe,  Mi-s.  (Ann  Ward).  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, July  9,  1764:  died  there,  Feb.  7,  1823.  An 
English  novelist.  She  appears  to  have  reached  the 
culmination  of  the  romantic  novel,  and  her  imitators  have 
produced  little  that  is  new  in  the  way  of  conjuring  up 
imaginary  horrore.  -Among  her  novels  are  "The  Castles 
of  Athlin  and  Dunbayne."  "The  Sicilian  Romance  "(1790), 
"Romance  of  the  Forest"  (1791),  "The  Mysteries  of 
Udolpho  "  (1794X  "The  Italian  "  (1797X  etc 

Badcliffe,  James,  Earl  of  Derwentwater.  Bom 
1689 :  beheaded  at  London,  Feb.  24.  1716.  An 
English  Catholic  nobleman,  a  leader.in  the  re- 
bellion of  1715. 

Badcliffe,  John.  Bom  at  Wakefield,  England.  , 
1650:  died  near  London,  Nov.  1,  1714.  An  Eng- 
lish physician,  founder  of  the  Raddiffe  Library, 
He  studied  at  Oriord,  and  in  16S4  settled  at  London  "as 
a  medical  practitioner.  He  obtained  great  celebrity  as  a 
physician,  and  attended  several  members  of  the  royal 
famUy.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1713.  He  left  £40,000 
for  the  erection  of  the  library  at  Oxford  which  bears  his 
name, 

Badcliffe  (rad'klif)  College.  Atx  institution 
of  learning  situated  at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts.  It  was  founded  in  1879  as  "  The  Society  for  the  Col- 
legiate Instruction  of  Women,"  popularly  known  as  "the 
Harvard  Annex."  with  the  purpose  of  giving  to  women  a 
collegiate  educationof  the  same  characterasthat  afforded  to 
thestudents  of  Harvard  College,  Theinstructionhasalwais 
been  given  bv  the  professors  and  the  teachers  of  Harv;ini. 
At  first  it  conferred  no  degree,  but  only  a  certificate  that  the 
graduate  had  taken  the  same  courses  and  passed  the  same 
examinations  as  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College.  In  1S4 
it  was  formally  incorporated  by  the  Massachusetts  legis- 
lature as  a  degree-giving  body,  its  degrees  to  be  coun- 


I 


Radcliffe  College 

tersigned  by  thepri>sideiit  o(  Harvard,  and  its  instniction     fljrore  Is  Ter>- 

and  general  raiina-„-enienl.  to  be  under  tbe  direction  nf  the     Beled.  or  v: 

cori)oration  of  Harvard  Cullej;e.    The  name  RadclUIe  was     works  in  th 

given  in  lionor  of  Lady  Mowl<on,  whose  maiden  name  Rjetia.     See  liliietin. 

was  Anne  Radclitfe,  and  wlio  •-■ave  one  hundred  nountls  to  w-fael      See  Uavhnd 

Harvard  (■..liege  in  UH3,  the  Brst  i.'ift  maile  to  the  college  ^Ztf,,.'i 

by  a  woman.     It  has  about  400  students.  ttan  1 1  a 

Eadcliffe  Library.  A  library  (originally  medi- 
cal) eoimeeted  with  the  Uuiversity  of  Oxt'ord, 
England  :  founded  by  John  BadcliJBfe. 

Badetzki,  or  Radetzky  (rii-det'ske),  Feodor. 

Born  at  Kazan.  July  'J8,  1820:  died  at  Ode.ssa, 
Feb.  26,  1890.  A  Russian  general.  Ue  distin- 
^ished  himself  in  the  Rusao-Turkish  war  by  his  success- 
ful defense  of  tbe  .shipka  Pass,  Aug.-.'^ept..  1877. 

Badetzky,  or  Radetzki,  Joseph  Wenzel, Count 
Badetzky  de  Kadetz.  Binii  at  Trzebnitz,  near 
Tabor,  Bohemia,  Nov.  2,  170():  died  at  Milan, 
Jan.  5,  18.58.     An  Austrian  field-marshal.     He 


Raff  ( riif ),  Joseph  Joachim.    Bom  at  Laehen, 

Schwvz,  Switzerland,  Mav  27,  1822:  died  at 
Frankfort-ou-the-Main,  June  24,  1882.  A  Ger- 
man composer.  His  works  number  nearly  300,  includ- 
ing symphonies  (among  whieli  are  "Im  Waldu,  ' 


served  against  the  Turks,and  against  the  French  at  Uohen-  RaflneSQUe(rii-fe-nesk'),Constantuie  SmaltZ 
linden,  Aspern,  Wagram,  etc. ;  was  chief  of  stalT  in  the      „  ot   (inlaty    rnnstnntiiimile    1784-  died  a( 

campaigns  of  1813-15  ;bec-ame  commander  in  Italy  in  1831;        "■"  ?'*''?"»'?>  ^^""o   ,L,Ir  %  w  i'    a  • 


campaigns 

W.1S  defeated  by  tile  Sardinians  at  Ooito  in  1S48;  and  de- 
feated tlieni  at  Custozza  in  1848,  and  at  Mortara  and  Novara 
ii'  1849,  and  captured  Venice.  He  was  governor  of  Upper 
Italy  1849-57. 
Badha  (ril'dha).  [Skt.,  'success,  blessing.'] 
In  Sanskrit  mythology:  («)  The  foster-mother 
of  Kama.  Her  husband,  Adhirath.a,  the  cliarioteer  of 
King  Shura.  found  Kama,  the  illegitimate  son  of  Pritha 
or  Ivunti  by  the  Sun,  exposed  on  the  .Tunina  by  his  mother, 
and  rearedhira  as  his  own  son.  See  ^nr/wi.  (6)  A  cow- 
herd or  Gopi,  the  favorite  mistress  of  Krishna 


839  Rainer 

ry  lifelike.  Commonly  called  the  Sheikh  el  Ragusa  (ra-go'sa).  [Y.  Raguse, It.  Sagnsa,%\s,-v. 
illage  sheilih.  He  was  an  overseer  ..f  public  ;>„/,n«)i(A-,  Turk.  P«»roi-«ii-.]  A  seaport  of  Dal- 
e  time  of  the  4th  dynasty.  ^^^^^^^  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Adri- 

atic in  lat.  42°  38'  X.,  long.  18°  9'  E.  It  exports  oiL 
The  chief  buildings  are  tlie  cathedral  and  the  medieval 
palace.  It  is  .strongly  fortified.  It  was  settled  in  the  7th 
century  ;  was  recruited  largely  by  fugitives  from  Old  ila- 
gusa  and  by  .Slavs;  became  a  republic  governed  by  rectors; 
came  under  the  protection  of  Hungary,  Turkey,  etc.;  was  a 
tloiM'Ishing  maritime  state  in  tbe  l.'ith  century  ;  was  nearly 
destroyed  by  an  earttuiuake  in  liiti"  ;  became  the  seat  of  a 
flourishing  literature;  was  occupied  by  tlie  French  in  18U6; 
and  was  given  to  Austria  in  1814.  Population  (1^^)>  com- 
mune, 11,177. 

rV  city  in  the  province  of  SjTacuse, 
Sicily,  situated  on  the  river  Bagusa  30  miles 
west-southwest  of  Syracuse.  It  is  sometimes  Identi- 
fied with  the  ancient  Hybla  Hertea.  Population  (1881X 
L>4,341 ;  « ith  the  lower  town,  30,721. 
RagUSa  Vecchia  i  rii-go'sii  vek'ke-ii).  ['  Old  Ba- 
gusa.'J  .V  small  town  9  miles  southeast  of  Ba- 
gusa in  P.ihiiatia  :  the  ancient  EpidauruB. 
Raguse,  Due  de  (Huke  of  Bagusa).     See  J/ar- 

niotlt. 
Rahab  (ra'hab).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
woman  of  Jericho  who  protected  two  spies  sent 
by  .Joshua  to  view  the  land,  she  concealed  them  In 
herhouse,  put  their  pursuers  on  a  false  scent,  and  let  them 
down  by  a  cord  from  a  window  (Josh.  Ii.).  She  was  the 
mother  of  Boaz,  and  David  was  her  descendant. 
Rahel.     Sre  Varnhdtieu  mil  Eiise. 


I.e. 
nore,"  et'c.X  sonatas,  songs,  quartets,  and  operas.  Among 
the  last  are  " Konig  AUred  "  (1850), " Dame  Kobold  "  (1870), 
etc. 
Raffaello,  orRaffaelle.     i^ro  nuphnrl.  PamiQa 

Raffles  (laflz).  Sir  Thomas  Stamford.    Born  *^STisa 
at  sea,  July  .'),  1781:  died  July  5,  ls2(i.  An  Eng- 
lish  ciilonial   governor   and   administrator   in 
.lava  and  Sumatra.     He  published  a  "  History 
f  Java"  (1S17). 


at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  18,  1842.  "A  French-Ameri- 
can botanist.  He  published  several  works  on 
botany  and  miscellaneous  subjects. 
Rafn  (iilfn),  Karl  Christian.  Born  at  Brahes- 
liorg,  Flinen,  Denmark,  Jan.  16,  1795:  died  at 
Copenhagen,  Oct.  20, 1804.  A  noted  Danish  an- 
tiquary. He  published  various  works  on  Ni>rthern  an- 
tiquities, and  is  best  known  from  his  "  Antiquitntes  Ameri- 
anic"(ls37).  on  the  medieval  (10th-century)  discoveries 


when  at  Vrindavana  among  the  cowherds,  and  a  Raft  of  the  Medusa.    A  painting  by  Gericault, 


and  the  settlements  from  the  nth  to  the  14th  century  of  Rahi(ral),  Karl.  Bom  at  Vienna.  Aug.  13, 1812: 
the  .Scandinavians  in  .America.  .      _..        .        died  there,  July  9, 186.').  An  Austrian  historical 


a  principal  character  in  Jayadeva's  "  Gitago- 
vinda."  She  is  sometimes  held  to  typify  the  human  soul 
attracted  toward  Krishna  as  the  divine  goodness,  sonie- 
times  the  divine  love  tt»  which  Krishna  returns  after  other 
arfeetions.  She  is  also  regarded  as  an  avatar  of  Lakshini 
as  Krishna  is  of  Vishnu. 

Radhanpur  (rad-han-por'),  orRahdunpur  (rii- 
dun-por')  1.  A  native  state  in  India,  under 
British  protection,  situated  about  lat.  23°  40' 
N'.,  long.  71°  40'  E.  Area,  1,1.50  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  98,129.-2.  The  capital  of 
the'  state  of  Badhanpur.  Population  (1891^, 
14,175. 

Radnor  (rad'nor).     A  county  of  South  Wales 


in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The  raft  bears  the  dying  survi 


painter. 


lie  Liouvre,  I'aris.  The  raft  bears  the  dying  survi-  p.i,-,. _;__>,  rrSh  .init.iiR' vel  or  Rama-niph 
vors  of  the  lost  frigate.  It  is  a  dramatic  presentation  of  Kahmaniyeh  (r&ll-ma-ne  ye),  or  KamaniCn 
suffering  and  despair.  The  picture  created  a  sensation,  (ra-mii-ne  e).  A  place  m  the  Delta  ot  bgjpt, 
when  exhibited  in  1819,  as  oneof  the  earliest  strongly  de-  40  miles  east  by  south  of  Alexandria.  It  was  a 
lining  the  tendencies  of  the  new  Romantic  school.  scene  of  military  operations  in  the  French  campaigns  In 

Ragatz,orRagaz(rii'giits).     A  watering-place     Egypt  1798-1801. 
in  the  canton  of  St.-Gall,  Switzerland,  situated  Ra-Hotep.     See  Xefert  and  Ra-Hotep. 
ontheTamina  inlat.  47°N..  long.9°30'E.  It  is  RahuCrii'ho).  [Skt. ,'the8eizer';  from-/ rnM  = 
noted  for  its  hot  springs,  and  has  about  60,ono  visitors  an-     r/ni/i.  seize.]  In  Sanskrit,  the  demon  who  seizes 

the  sun  and  moon,  and  thereby  occasions  their 
eclipse.  In  astronomical  treatises,  the  ascending  node, 
the  eclipse  itself,  and  especially  the  moment  at  whioh  the 
obscuration  begins. 


mtaining  the  record  of  the  fealty  ot  Scottish 
barons,  idergy,  and  gentry  to  Edward  1.  of  Eng- 
land when  in  Scotland  in  1296. 


InllieChronicleof  Lanerco8t(edltedbyStevenson,  page  Raibolini,  FranceSCO,     See  Frniicia 


J(J1)  we  read  that  an  instrument  or  charter  of  subjection 
and  hoiuagu  to  the  Kings  of  Kngland  is  called  by  the  .Scots 
ra^finan,   because  of  the  many  seals  hanging  from 


it. 


.    ,  .  Eama. 

It  Is  bounded liy  ifontgomery  on  the  north,  Shropshire  on  Raghu  (ra'g-ho).  In  Hindu  mythology,  an  an- 
the  northeast,  Herefoid  on  the  east,  Brecknock  on  the  ;f  ,  j^j  ancestor  of  Bama  (whence  the  lat- 
south,  and  Brecknock  and  Cardigan  on  the  west.   Thesur-     ,'   '.         ,,"',  t.      i  .i  i      i.    «  u      i      7\ 

face  is  ..•tiierally  hilly.  Area,  440  square  miles.  Popula-  ter  is  called  Baghava,  •descendant  of  Bagliu  ). 
tion  (is'.ii),  Ji,79i.  Raghuvansha  (ra-g-ho-van'sha).      [Skt.,  'the 

Radolfzell  (ril'dolf-tsel),  orZell  (tsel).  Atown  Kaghu  race.']  A  Sanski-it  poem,  ascribed  to 
in  the  circle  of  Constance,  Baden,  situated  on  Kalidasa,  on  the  history  of  Eamachandra,  the 
the  Untersee  arm  of  Lake  Constance,  11  miles  Raghava.  Its  date  cannot,  according  to  .Tacobi,  be  ear- 
northwest  of  Constance.  lier  than  the  4th  century  .4.  D.    It  has  been  translated  into 

Radom  fra'dom).    1.  A  government  of  Bussian     L^'''"  >>y  stenzlei,and  into  English  by  Griffiths. 
Poland,  surrounded  by  the  governments   of  Raglan,  Lord.      See  Somerset,  FiUroij  James 
Kielce,  Piotrkow,  Warsaw,  Siedlce,  and  Lublin,     llfurii.  ... 

and  by  Galieia.    Area,  4,769  sqtiare  miles.   Pop- Ragman  Roll.     1 .  A  collection  of  parchments 
tdation  (1890),  782,274.— 2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Eadom,  situated  on  the  Mleczna 
59  miles  south  of  Warsaw.    Population  (1890), 
16,005. 

Badowitz  (rii'do-vits),  Joseph  Maria  von. 
Bom  at  Blankenbiirg,  Germany,  Feb.  6,  1797: 
died  Dec.  25,  18.53.  A  Prussian  general  and  poli- 
tician, of  Huiiirarian  descent.  He  wa-s  a  deputy  to 
the  Frankfort  parliament  In  1848,  and  to  the  F.ifurt  parlia- 
ment in  18J0.  He  was  a  friend  and  confidential  advi8eri)f 
Frederick  William  IV.,  and  was  a  leader  of  the  anti-revo- 
lutionary party. 

Badstadt  (riid'stiit).  A  tovrn  in  Salzburg,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Enns  31  miles 
south  by  east  of  Salzburg.  It  was  formerly  of 
importance. 

Sae  (ra),  John.  Bom  in  the  Orkney  Islands, 
1813 :  died  at  London,  July  24, 1893.  A  British 
arctic  explorer.  He  studied  medicine  at  F.dlnburgh, 
and  was  for  a  time  a  ship's  surgeon  in  the  employment 
of  the  Ibnlsoii  liay  Company.  He  made  explorations  In 
1846  and  1&1U-I7.  -  -  ■ 
Boarch 
an  isl: 

1854.     In  istil  he  made  a  telegraphic  survey  across  the 
Rocky  .Mountains. 

Saeburn  (ra'bcm),  SlrHenry.  Born  at  stock- 
bridge,  near  Edinburgli,  March  4,  17.")fi:  died 
there,  July  8,1823,  A  Scottish  iiortrait-painter. 
He  was  educated  at  Hcriot's  Hospital,  and  at  15  apprefi- 
tieed  to  a  goldsmith  at  Kdinbnrgh.  From  this  he  passed 
to  niliiiature-iiaintlng  and  to  oil-painting,  entirely  self- 
taught.  He  visited  Sir  Joshua  Reynotds  in  London,  and 
later  (1778)  went  to  Italy,  returning  to  IMinbui  gb  In  1780, 
where  he  remained.  Ho  painted  jwrtraits  of  -Scott,  Itlalr, 
Hobertson,  liiiuald  Stewart,  etc.  In  1811  he  was  made 
a.s8ociate  royal  acudemieian  ;  and  in  1816  royal  ncad- 
emician. 

Raedwald  (rad'wald),  or  Bedwald  (red'wAld). 
.\  ])owerful  king  of  East  Anglia  (died  about 
lil7):  included  among  the  Brelwaldas. 


nually.     A  victory  was  gained  here  liy  the  Swiss  Confed- 
erates over  the  Austrians,  1446.  by  which  the  independence 
of  tbe  former  w.as  materially  strengthened. 
Raehava  (rii'gha-va).       [Skt.,  'descendant  of 
Baghu.']     In  Sanskrit  mythology,  a  name  ot  Rahway(ra'wa).    Acity  in  Union  County,  New 
°  .Jersey,  situated  on  BahwayEiverl7miles  south- 

west of  New  York.    It  has  raanufactiu'es  of  car- 
riages, etc.     Population  (19011).  7,93,5. 
Raiatea  (ri-ii-ta'ii),  or  tJlietea  (o-lo-e-ta'a). 
One  of  the  Society  Islamis,  Pacific  Ocean.     It 


is  the  largest  of  the  Leeward  group,  situated  northwest 
of  Tahiti. 

Rai  Bareli  (ri  ba-ra'le),  or  Roy  Bareilly  (roi 

bii-rii'le).  1.  AdivisionofOudli,  British  India. 
Area,  4,882  square  miles.  Population  (l.'*81), 
2,756,864. —  2.  A  district  in  the  division  of  Bid 
Bareli,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  15'  N.,  long.  81° 
E.  .\iea,  1,751  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,036,521.-3.  The  capital  of  1  he  district  of  Bai 
Bareli,  situated  on  the  Sai  about  lat.  26°  14'  N., 
lone.  81°  15'  E.     Population  (1891),  18,798. 


le  liuoson    isay  t_ompany.      iie  niaoe  eAiiuaaiioim  ui  i'M->. 

and  1&1U-I7.     In  1848  he  went  with  Richardson  In  RagnarOk   (riig'nii-rek'),       [Fn 

ch  of  Franklin.     He  proveil  King  William's  Land  t.i  be  .?      tivili.rl.t    nf'tbo    irods   (Ci 

ilamLinddiscoveredtracesof  Sir  John  Franklin  IK.:)-  ""'^  tvMligllt    ot  tni    gous  (U. 


Omim  instrumentuni  sive  cartam  subjectionis  et  honia- 
gli  faeieiidi  reijibus  Angliie  ...  a  Scottis  propter  inulta 
sigilla  depend,  ntia  ragman  vocatur."  That  is  the  sense  in 
which  Lanulaiid  uses  the  word.  Afterwards  in  Wyntoiin's 
Chronicle,  Douglas  and  Dunbar,  "ragman  "'and  "ragmen  I" 
mean  a  long  piece  of  writing,  a  rhapsody,  or  an  acec.unt. 
In  course  of  time,  it  is  said,  "ragman's  i-oll"  became  "rig- 
marole." Mnrlcii,  English  Writers,  I\'.  ilil. 

2.  A  poem  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Woide,  con- 
sisting of  a  list  of  good  and  bad  women  in 
alternate  stanzas. 
Ragnar  Lodbrok  (riig'nUr  loil'brok).  A  semi- 
legendary  Norse  viking,  supposed  to  have  in- 
vaded England  about  the  end  of  the  8th  ceu- 
I'lry. 

[From  Icel.  ragna 
~  (Hittertlammer- 
ling),  from  nir/na,  gen.  of  n'igii,  regin,  nent.  pi 
the  gods (  =  (;oth.  r«(/iH,  counsel,  will,  determin- 
ation, from  ragineis.  counselor),  and  rijkr,  twi- 
light, <limncss,  vapor;  but  orig.  nigiin  nik.  the 
history  of  the  goils  and  the  world,  esji.  with  ref. 
to  the  last  judgment,  doomsday,  from  nil:,  rea- 
son, judgment.]  In  Old  Noi-sc  mylhology,  the 
general  destruction  of  the  gods  in  a  great  bat 


Raikes(iaksl,  Robert.  Bomnt  Gloucester,Eng- 
land,  Sept.  14,  1735:  died  April  5,  1811.  An 
Englisli  publisher,  noted  as  a  philanthropist. 
He  was  the  originator  of  the  modern  Sunday  sehi«ils,  the 
llrst  of  wbieh  he  established  at  clouceeter  in  1780. 
Railroad  City,  The.  Indianapolis, 
Rail-Splitter,  The.  A  nickname  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  in  allusion  to  his  early  life. 

Raimond.    See  itiujiiiniKl. 

Raimondi(ri-inon'de).  Antonio.  Bom  at  Milan. 
1825;  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Dec,  1890.  An  Ital- 
ian geographer  and  naturalist.  He  went  to  Peru 
In  1850,  and  spent  20  years  in  traveling  and  collecting 
material  for  bis  great  work  on  the  geography  and  natural 
history  of  the  republic.  This  was  to  have  been  printed 
at  the  expense  of  the  nation,  and  3  preliminary  volumes 
appeared  (1S7I.  1S70,  and  IsSo).  The  eilition  of  the  4th 
volume  was  d.stit.yed  by  theChlleans  In  1S81,  and  after  the 
war  the  puldiead.in  was  Intemiptcd ;  but  tbe  materials 
collected  by  lialmondi  are  preserved  by  the  Peruvian 
(Jeographical  .society.  He  published  a  topographical  and 
geological  acciuint  of  Aneachs  (lh7;0. 

Raimondl (ri-mon'de),  Marcantonio.    Born  nt 

Hidogna,  Italy,  nboii)    1475:  dicil  before  1,534, 
One  of  the  chief  Italian  engravers  of  the  Be- 
naissance.     He  engravcil  after  b'ni>liael,  Giiilio 
BoMinno,  Albrechl  Diiri'r,  an<l  others, 
Raimund.     See  Rui/nmiul. 

Born  at  \  i- 


RagOtzky.  See  /Jtihircii. 
Ra-en-ka  (i-ii'en-kir).  A  remarkable  work  of  Raguet  (rii-gii'),  Oondy.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
early  Egyptian  art,  in  tho  museum  at  Oizeh,  .Ian,  28,  1784:  died  there,  JIarch  22,  1842.  An 
Egypt.  It  In  a  figure  of  wood,  of  over  half  natural  size,  American  ]iolitical  economist.  Ucpuhllshcd  "IMn- 
represcntlng  a  middle  agcil  man  staniling  in  the  atlllnde  ciples  of  Free  Trade  "  (1835),  "  On  Currency  and  Banking  " 
of  a  person  directing  workmen.   Tho  eyes  are  inlaid.   Tlio     (1839),  etc. 


tie  witlitli('i>vilpow<rs,  in  whichllielatleralso  Raimund  (ri'mi'uiii),  Ferdinand, 

perish  and  tho  universe  is  consiiined  by  lire,  enua,  June  1, 1790:  died  Sept,  5,  1830.  AnAus 

It  Is  followed  by  the  regeneration  of  all  things.    A  new  triaii  dramatist  and  actor. 

earth  rises  from  the  sea;  sons  of  Odin  and  of  Thor,  gods  RaimunduS  LuUuS,     See  I.ullil. 

whoropreaentlherigenirntiveforcesof  nature,  reappear,  -p    •      ,,.,,,s        ■,  ^„,,,n  town  in  Swabia    Bavaria 

together  with  Itablnr  ami lur  ("Id  Nor...r /;,„(ftr),  go.l8  Rfin  (nn).      .\  '•"""'  'f""  '"  ""»"».  "">ar>B 

f  Ihe  year's  seasons  ;  and  the  earth  Is  peopled  anew. 


situaleil  near  tin'  Lech  22  miles  north  of  Augs- 
burg.    It  was  Ihe  seenc  of  an  t-ngagenient  between  tho 


forces  of  Oustavus  .\dolphus  and  Tilly,  April  16,  1032,  In 
which  I'lllv  was  mortally  wounded. 
Rainer   (Vi'ner),  An'lnbike   of   ,\uslri8.      Bom 
Sept.  30,  1783:  died  in  Tyrol,  Jan.   16,  18.53. 
Seventh  son  of  the  emperor  Leopold  13.,  vice- 


Bainer 


840 


Toy  of  the  Anstrian  possessions  in  Italy  from    Budapest,  Hungary,  east  of  the  Danube.    Many 
1818  to  the  insurrection  of  1848.  Hungarian  Diets  have  met  here.     It  was  the 

Bainler  (ra'ner),  Mount.     The  highest  moun-    scene  of  several  combats  in  1849. 
tain  in  the  State  of  Washington,  situated  east  Bakow  (ra'kov).     A  small  town  in  the  govern- 
of  Tacoma.     It  is  of  volcanic  origin.     Height,    ment  of  Eadom,  Russian  Poland,  near  Kielce. 


It  was  the  center  of  the  Polish  Socinians  in  the  end  of 
the  l<;;th  centurj-  and  the  beginning  of  the  17th. 
Rakshasa  ira'ksha-sa).     [Skt..  from  raksha 


Bambam 

Sita,  'furrow,' retains  oulv  her  name  and  the' 
legends  of  her  birth  and  death.  See  Earth's 
"  Religions  of  India,"  p.  177.]  The  hero  of  the 
Raniayana  (which  see).  He  there  typifies  the  con 
quenng  Ksbatriyas,  advancing  southward  and  subjUKatinir 
the  barbarous  aborigines.  His  storj-  is  also  given  more 
briefly  in  the  Mahabharata.  He  was  the  son  of  Dashara 
tha,  king  of  Ayodhva,  by  Kaushalya. 


hurt,  injury,  and  then  personified  -injurer.']  Bamadan  (ra-ma-dan';  E.  pron.  ram-a-dan'),or 
An  evil  demon.    The  F.akshasas  play  a  great  part  in     Bamazan(ra-ma-zan').  Theninthmouthof  th» 


Jlohammedan  vear. 


Hindu  belief.    According  to  some  they  aie  divided  into 
three  classes,  one  being  semi-divine  and  ranking  with  the 
Vakshas,  another  being  like  the  Titans  and  relentless  ene- 
mies of  the  gods,  while  a  third  are  imps  and  goblins  that  -Ram, -u   /,,a',„3\       riTo-K      i„  T,-   I.      1         1-1     , 
goaboutatnight.haunting  cemeteries,disturbing6acri.  ^^'?S^'^  <"^  ™S)-      L^leD.,    'a  high  place.']     In 

♦-"d  testament  geography,  the  name  of  several 


.  Each  day  of  the  entire  month  Is 

observed  as  a  fast  by  the  Mohammedans  from  dawn  tai 

sunset. 


14,526  feet.  Sometimes  called  Tacoma 
Bains  (ranz),  Gabriel  James.  Bom  in  North 
Carolina,  1803:  died  at  Aiken,  S.  C,  Sept.  6, 
1881.  An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1827 :  served  in  the  Seminole  and  Mexican  wars ; 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  1S60.  He 
accepted  a  brigadier-generalship  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice in  ISCl,  .ami  served  with  distinction  at  Wilson's  Creek, 
Shiloh,  and  .^even  Pines.  He  afterward  had  charge  of  the 
cunscript  and  torpedo  bureaus  at  Richmond. 
Bainy  (ra'ni)  Lake.  A  lake  on  the  border  of 
Minnesota  and  Canada,  northwest  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. Its  outlet  is  the  Rainy  River  (length  80  to  100 
miles)  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods.     Length  of  the  lake, 

about  55  miles.  -.        .    ,    

Eaipur  (ri-por').     The  capital  of  the  district  of  ^*.l®lSll  (ra  li)^ 
Raipur,  Central  Provinces  of  British  India,  sit-     "'" ' 

uatedaboutlat.  21°lo'N.,long.  81°41'E.  Pop-    v         •  •.  -     --    - 

ulation,  with  cantonment  (1891),  23,759.  ra'^tS^e'r^n  fs"ca  M ''Ihe^r/TAf^o^uf  "^  printed  inl611.    Earn  AUey  led  from  Fleet  street  to  the 

EaiS.      SeeEets.  to  1790      PonSaUo^CigW)     3  tu^  Itwaslaidout      Temple,andformerlysecuredimmunityfromarrest:  hence 

Baisin(ra'zn).     A  riv«  i.  southern  Michigan  EaleiihCo^i^n^UvBalegh):  Sir  Walter.  Born     'l^s.^t:1?Z:s\S^^,To^^i':^:^,%fr^^^^^ 

at  Hayes,  Devonshire,  1.5.52:  executed  at  Lon-     r^f'^rred  to  in  this  connection  in  contemporary  literature. 

don,  Oct.  29,  1618.     An  English  courtier,  offi-  Bamanieh.     See  Balimatiii/eh. 

cer,  colonizer,  historian,  and  poet.    After  a  short  Bamantha.     See  Laodicea. 

residence  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  he  entered  the  Hugue-  Bamanuja  (ra-ma'no-ia).       [From  Sdma  and 

notamiy(1569),returningtoEnglandinl576C0.  InlSSOhe  '     ■  "  " '        "  -      '« '"'  auu 

commanded  an  English  company  in  Munster,  Ireland.     In 

13S-2  he  was  in  Leicester's  suite  at  Antwerp.    He  was  a 


go  about  at  night,  haunting  cemeteries,  disturbing  sacri 
flees,  animating  dead  bodies,  ensnaring  and  even  devour- 
ing human  beings.  .Some  have  long  arms,  SDme  are  fat, 
some  thin,  some  dwarfish,  some  tall  and  humpbacked] 
some  have  only  one  eye,  some  only  one  ear,  some  enormous 
paunches,  projecting  teeth,  and  crooked  thighs,  while 
_others  can  assume  beautiful  forms. 

[Named  after  Sir  Walter  Ra 


places  m  Palestine.  The  principal  were  the  Eamah 
of  Benjamin,  situated  a  few  miles  north  of  Jerusalem  (at 
Er-Kam),  and  the  Eamah  of  .Samuel,  also  called  Rama- 
thaim  Zciphim.  The  latter  was  situated  northwest  of  .le- 
rusalem,  probably  near  Lvdda:  some  identify  it  with 
the  Kamah  of  Benjamin. 


leigh.]     A  city,  capital  of  North  Carolina  and  Bam  Alley,  or  Merry  Tricks.    A  comedy  bv 
of  Wake  County,  situated  in  lat.  3.5°  47'  N.   it     Lodowick  Barry,  acted  probably  in  1609"and 


which  flows  into  Lake  Erie  34  miles  south-south 
west  of  Detroit.  Length,  about  125  miles.  For 
the  battle  fought  on  it  in  1S13.  see  Frenchtoirn. 
Eajagriha  (ra-ja-gri'ha).  ["King's  house';  in 
Pan  Bajagalia.]  The Giri vraja  of  theRamayana. 
the  modem  Rajgir  in  Behar.  it  was  the  capital  of 
Magadha,  and  one  of  the  scenes  of  Buddha's  preaching. 
Near  it  was  the  Veluvana  ('bamboo  grove')  which  King 
Bimbisara  gave  to  Buddha,  and  in  which  Buddha  delighted 
to  dwell. 

Bajamandry  (ra-.ia-man'drf).  or  Bajama- 
hendri  (ra-jii-ma-hen'dre).  A  town  in  Goda- 
vari  district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on 
the  Godavari  about  lat.  17°  X.,  long.  81°  48'  E. 
Population  (ls91),  2S.397. 

Eajashekhara  (ra-ja-sha'k-ha-ra).  A  Hindu 
dramatist  who  lived  about  900  A.  D.  (Von 
Schroder).  He  was  the  author  of  three  Sanskrit  dramas, 
the  "Balaramayana"  ("Exploits  of  Balarana"),  the  "Pra- 
chandapandava  "  ("  The  Wrathful  Sons  of  Pandu  "),  and  the 
"  Viddhashalabhaiijika"  ("The  Wounded  Doll"),  and  of  a 
Prakrit  drama,  the  "Karpuramanjari  "  ("auster  of  Cam- 
phor-blossoms"). 

Bajatarangini  (ra-ja-ta-rang'gi-ne).  [Skt., 
'  Stream  of  Kings.']  A  Sanskrit  chronicle  of  the 
kings  of  Kashmir,  written  about  1148  a.  d.  by 
Kalhana.  It  is  remarkable  as  almost  the  only  work  in 
Sanskrit  literature  which  h.is  any  historical  value.  There 
is  a  French  translatiun  by  Troyer. 

Bajeshaye,  or  Bajeshahi.    See  SajsJiahi. 

Eajputana,  or  Bajpootana  (raj-po-ta'na).  A 
name  given  collectively  to  twenty  native  states 
in  India,  under  British  protection,  situated  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  the  country.  The  chief 
states  are  Bikanir,  Jaipur,  Jaisalmir,  Marwar,  and  Mewar. 
The  ruling  people  .are  the  Rajputs.  The  region  formed 
part  of  the  Jlogul  empire :  it  was  subjugated  bv  the  Mah- 
rattas.  Area,  13»,268  square  miles.  Population  (1S91). 
12,016,102, 

Eajputs,  or  Eajpoots  (riij-pots').  [From  Hindu 


-  -  -  -  Antwerp.  He  was  a 
favorite  of  Elizabeth.  In  1583  he  became  warden  of  the 
stannaries  and  vice-admiral  of  Devon  and  Cornwall;  in 
158"  he  was  captaui  of  the  guard.  In  liii  he  obtained  a 
charter  of  colonization,  and  sent  Amidas  and  Barlow  to 
e.vplore  the  region  which  he  called  Virginia.  In  15So  he 
despatched  a  fleet  of  colonists,  who  landed  on  Roanoke 
Island,  but  were  brought  back  by  Drake  the  following 
year.  In  1587  he  despatched  another  body  of  emigrants, 
which  settled  in  Eo'anoke  Island,  but  which  had  disap- 
paired  when  a  relief -expedition  reached  the  island  in  1590. 
In  1584  he  introduced  the  potato  in  Munster.  In  15S8  he 
took  an  active  part  against  the  Armada.  He  introduced 
Spenser  to  Eliz,abeth,  and  persuaded  him  to  publish  the 
'■  Faerie  Queene. "  For  his  seduction  and  marriage  of  Eliza- 
beth Throckmorton  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  In 
1595  he  sailed  for  Trinidad  and  ascended  the  Orinoco.  In 
159ii  he  commanded  a  squadron  under  Howard  and  Essex 
in  the  e.xpedition  which  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  at 
Cadiz.  In  1597  he  captured  Faval  in  the  .\zores.  On  the 
accession  of  Jiunes  I.  in  1603,P,aleigh  was  charged  with  a 
plot  to  place  Arabella  Stuart  on  the  throne,  and  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower,  In  the  Tower  he  devoted  himself 
to  chemical  e-vperiments,  and  wrote  as  much  of  his  "His- 
tory of  the  World  "  as  was  ever  finished.  In  1616  he  was 
released  to  command  another  expedition  to  Guiana  and  the 
Orinoco.  The  expedition  was  a  f.ailure,  and  on  his  return 
he  was  condemned  and  executed.     Encyc.  Btit. 

Balik,  or  Ealick  (ra'lik).  Islands.  -\  chain  of 
islands  in  the  Pacific,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
Radack  chain,  and  with  it  forming  the  Marshall 
group. 

Balph  (ralf.  in  Great  Britain  often  raf  or  raf), 
James.  Bom  at  Philadelphia:  died  at  Chis- 
wick,  England,  Jan.  24,  1762.  An  English 
pamphleteer,  historical  writer,  poet,  and  play- 
wright. 


rajput.  a  prince,  son  of  a  raja.]     'The  members  Balph  Boister  Dois'ter  (rois'ter  dois'ter).     A 


of  the  Hindu  race  (divided  into  numerous  clans) 
Who  regard  themselves  as  descendants  of  the 
ancient  Kshatriya,  or  warrior  caste.  They  are  the 
ruling  (though  not  the  most  numerous)  race  of  the  great 
region  named  from  them  P,ajputana,  consisting  of  several 
diflerent  states.  Their  hereditary  profession  is  that  of 
arms,  and  no  race  in  India  has  furnished  so  large  a  num- 
ber of  princely  families.  The  Eajputs  are  not  strict  ad- 
herents of  Bnibmanism. 

Eajshahi  iraj-sha'he),  or  Bajeshaye  (ra-je- 
sha'e).  1.  A  division  in  Bengal,  British  India. 
Area,  18,735  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
8,336,399. —  2.  A  district  in  the  Rajshahi  divi- 
sion, intersected  by  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long.  89°  E. 
Area,  2,.330  square  miles.  Population  (1.891), 
1,313,336. 


comedy  by  Nicholas  Udall,  probably  written  be- 
tween 1.534  and  1541,  to  be  played  by  Eton  bo  vs. 
Udall  was  master  there  at  that  time."  It  was  licensed  and 
printed  in  1568,  and  is  the  first  English  comedy.  The 
' '  Miles  Gloriosus  "  of  Plautus  appears  to  be  its  direct  fore- 
runner. 

The  plot  turns  on  the  courtship  of  Dame  Christian  Cus- 
tance  [Constance],  a  widow  of  repute  and  wealth  as  well 
as  beauty,  by  the  gull  and  coxcomb  Ralph  Roister  Dois- 
ter,  whose  suit  is  at  once  egged  on  and  privately  crossed 
by  the  mischievous  Matthew  Merrygreek,  who  plays  at 
once  parasite  and  rook  to  the  hero.  Although  Custance 
has  not  the  slightest  intention  of  accepting  Ralpli,  and  at 
last  resorts  to  actual  violence,  assisted  by  her  maids,  to 
get  rid  of  him  and  his  followers,  the  affair  nearly  breeds 


a  serious  quarrel  between  herself  and  her  plighted  lover, 
Gawin  Goodluck ;  but  all  ends  merrily. 
X(„i m   1   /  ../I  ,.      ....,^  T.  —      .  Sain<«6»7T/,  Hist,  ef  Elizabethan  Lit,  p.  54. 

^BM^\  ^'\''^V^\Z^^\^:^.?^.^^.S±  Ealston  (ral'ston).  William  Balston  Shed- 

den.     Bom  1828 :  died  at  Loudon,  Aug.  6, 1889. 


van'  hrad).  Asacred  lake  in  Tibet,  situated 
about  lat.  30°  4.^'  X.  It  is  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  Sutlej.     Circumference,  about  50  miles. 

Bake's  Progress,  The.  A  series  of  8  pictures 
by  Hogarth  (1735),  in  the  Soane  Museum,  Lon- 
don. The  subject  is  the  descent  of  a  rich  yoimg 
man,  through  dissipation,  to  poverty,  despair, 
and  madness. 

Eakoczy  (ra'kot-se),  Francis  n.  Died  at  Ro- 
dosto,  Turkey,  April  8,  1735.  A  Hungarian 
statesman,  leader  of  the  insurrection  of  170.3- 


Eak6czy, 

of  Transylvania"l631-48.  In  alliance  with  the 
Swedes,  he  invaded  Hungary  and  Moraria  1&44- 
1645. 

E4kos  (ra'kosh),  Field  of.    A  large  plain  near 


An  Enghsh  Russian  scholar.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge  (Trinity  College^  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1862.  He  visited  Russia  four  times, 
and  was  a  friend  of  Turgenieff.  He  published  a  transla- 
tion of  Turgenieff's"Liza"  (1869),  "Kriloff  and  his  Fables" 
(1869),  "Songs  of  the  Russian  People"  (1872),  "Russian 
Folk-Tales,  etc."  (1873). 
Bama(ra'ma).  [Lit. 'joy-bringer.']  The  name 
of  three  heroes  of  Hindu  mvthology — Balara- 
ma,  Parashurama,  and  Ramachandra  (see  these 
names):  especiallv  applied  to  the  last. 

' ~       'Rs 

hter 
plants 

.  -     moon. 

The  name  Rama-Lunus  is  thus  a  reminiscence  of 
the  connection  of  Rama  with  the  moon,  and  im- 


n)ii(;(/,bomafter,younger brother :  lit. ' vounger 
brotherof  Rama.']  Born  aboutl017A.  d".  at  Shri 
Parambattur,  about  26  miles  west  of  Madras : 
said  to  have  died  in  1137.  The  founder  of  a  Ya- 
ishnava  sect.  He  is  buried  in  the  great  temple  of  Shri- 
ranganath.  His  distinctive  tenet  was  his  assertion  of  a 
triad  of  principles  — (1)  the  supreme  spirit,  Parabrahnian 
or  Ishvara ;  (2)  the  separate  spirits  of  men  :  and  (3)  non- 
spirit-  .\ll  three  are  eternal  and  inseparable,  but  the  spirits 
of  men  and  the  visible  world  or  non-spirit  are  dependent 
on  Ishvara.  In  this  Ramanuja  was  opposed  to  Shankani, 
who  viewed  the  separate  existence  of  man's  spirit,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  universal  spirit,  as  illusory.  Still  he  so  far 
accepted  a  modified  form  of  Shankara's  system  of  non- 
duality  that  his  own  system  is  called  that  of  "qualified 
non-duality  "  (vishishtadvaita).  In  the  13th  centurv  a  di- 
vision arose  among  his  followers,  resulting  in  the  northern 
school  (Vadagalai)  and  the  southern  (Tengalai),  In  their 
view  of  the  human  spirit's  dependence  on  Vishnu  the  Va- 
dagalais  are  Arminian,  the  Tengalais  Calvinist,  and  the 
sects  have  struggled  as  fiercely  as  in  Europe.  .\t  present 
the  chief  ground  of  contention  is  the  frontal  mark,  the 
Tadagalais  holding  that  it  should  represent  the  impress 
of  Vishnu's  right  foot,  while  the  Tengalais  claim  that  equ.il 
reverence  is  due  to  both  feet.  Each  of  the  present  chiefs 
of  the  two  sects  claims  unbroken  succession  from  Rama- 
nuja himself,  the  Vadagalai  successor  living  in  the  Kurnool 
district,  the  Tengalai  in  the  Tinnevellv.  Each  makes  a 
periodical  visitation  of  his  diocese,  holding  a  kind  of  con- 
firmation, when  he  brands  the  initiated  with  the  proper 
marks.  See  Williams's  "Brahmanism  and  Hinduism.' 
pp.  119-129. 

Bamasetu(ra-ma-sa't6).  [Skt., 'Rama's  dike.'] 
The  ridge  of  rock's  which  extends  from  the  south 
extremity  of  the  Coromandel  coast  toward  Cev. 
lon,  supposed  to  have  been  formed  bv  Hanumat 
as  a  bridge  for  the  troops  of  Rama  -when  fight- 
ing Ravana:  "Adam's  bridge." 
Bamatapaniyopanishad    (ra-ma-ta-pa-ne-v6- 
pa-ni-sha.r  ).     [Skt.,  'the  (pure)  golden  Upa'ni- 
shad  treating  of  Rama ':  fromBama  and  fdpaiih/a 
and  Upanishad.']    An  Upanishad  of  the  Athar- 
vaveda.  in  which  Rama  is  worshiped  as  the  su- 
preme god.  Its  earliest  possible  date  is  the  11th  century. 
Te.xt  and  translation  were  published  by  Weber  in  186*. 
Bamayana  (rii-ma'ya-na).     [Rdma-ai/aiia.  the 
goings  ordoings  of  Rama.]  One  of  the'two  great 
epics  of  India,  the  other  being  the  Mahabharata. 
It  is  ascribed  to  a  poet  Valmiki,  and  consists  at  present  of 
about  24,000  stanzas,  divided  into  7  books.    It  is  the  pro- 
duction of  one  man.  though  many  parts  are  later  additions, 
such  as  those  in  which  Rama  is  represented  as  an  incarna- 
tion of  Vishnu,  all  the  episodes  in  the  first  book,  and  the 
whole  of  the  seventh.    It  was  at  first  handed  down  orally, 
and  variously  modified  in  transmission,  as  afterward  when 
reduced  to  writing  :  hence  the  number  of  distinct  recen- 
sions, agreeing  for  the  most  part  as  to  contents,  but  fol- 
lowing a  different  arrangement  or  varying  throughout  in 
expression.    One  belongs  to  Benares  and  the  northwest : 
another,  generally  more  diffuse  and  open  to  suspicion  of 
interpolations,  to  Calcutta  and  Bengal  proper:  a  third  to 
Bombay  and  western  India:  while  Weber  has  found  among 
the  manuscripts  of  the  Berlin  Library  what  seems  to  be  » 
fourth,    Weber  has  sought  to  show  (■'  I'eber  das  Ramaya- 
nam,"  1870)  that  the  modifications  of  the  storv  of  Rama  in 
its  earliest  shape,  as  contained  in  Buddhist  legends,  show 
Valmiki's  acquaintance  with  the  Trojan  cycle  of  legend- 
He  dates  the  composition  of  the  present  Ramavaua  at 
a  time  toward  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era.  when 
Greek  influence  had  begun.    In  1806  and  1810  Carev  and 
Marshman  published  at  Serampore  the  text  and  translation 
of  2  books  in  the  Bengal  recension:  inlS2^-3S.\-W.  von  Schle- 
gel  at  Bonn  2of  the  northern  with  Latin  translation ;  inlS4S- 
1870  the  Italian  Gorresio  at  Paris  the  complete  text  of  the 
BenE.ali  recension  with  Italian  translation.   Two  complete 
editions  of  the  text  appeared  in  l&'i9  in  India,  one  at  Bom- 
bay, the  other  at  Calcutt.a.  There  is  a  French  translation  by 
Fauche,  following  Gorresio's  text,  and  an  English  transla- 


plies  an  original  lunar  agricultural  god ;  but  the     *JiTtio^  °^''''  ^'^°""'  '"'^'*^  '""""""^  "'^  '^"'*' 
name  is  all  that  survives  of  this  origin,  just  as  Bambam.     See  Maimonides. 


Rambervillers 

*>-^v,=^TTinor=    ^rnV,  V,pr  i-P  vfl"l       A    townin  19  Computed  at  l.ono  tone.    The  reliefs,  among  which  are 

BamberVlUerS    (ron-ber-\e-ja  ).      A    ™wn  in  illustnItlonsoftheA8iaticcalupaignsofRa.iiesesn.,areof 

the   department   of  Vosges,  t  ranee,  Aa  miles  „,,.  |,jj,,,p,,  interest. 

southeast  of  Naucy.     Population  (1891),  com-  Kameswaram   (rii-iues'wa-raiu).  or  Ramesh- 

mune,  5,735.  waram  (-mesli'-i,  or  Bamisseram  (rii-ijiis'e- 

Sambler  (ram'bler),  The.     A  periodical  after  rii,,,).     j^  island  between  India  and  Ciylon, 

the  style^of  the  "Speetatur,"  published  in  Lon-  forming  the  western  end  of  Adam's  Bridge. 

It  is  an  -- 


don  by  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  1750-52. 
imitation  of  the  "  Spectator."' 
Bambouillet  (ron-bo-ya')-  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  25  miles 
southwest  of  Paris,  it  is  celebrated  for  its  ancient 
chateau,  at  different  times  a  royal  residence  (of  Francis  I. , 
louis  XVI., Charles X.,  etc.).  The  park  of  the  chateau  is 
celebrated  for  its  scenerj-  and  its  trees.  Charles  X.  nbdi- 
cated  Iiele  in  IsfO.     P.ijiuhition  (1891),  commune,  5,897. 

Eambouillet,  Hotel  de.    See  Hotel. 
Bambouillet,  Marquise  de.  See  Vivonne,  Cath- 
erine tie. 
Bambouillet  Decree.    A  decree  issued  by  Na- 


841  Bamsey 

jab,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Chenab  60 

miles  north-northwest  of  Lahore.  It  was  the  scene 

of  a  battle  between  tlie  British  under  Oough  and  the  Sikhs 

iii  ItM-. 

Bamona  (ra-mo'uii).     A  novel  by  Helen  Hunt 

Jacksuij,  published  in  1884.    It  is  an  exposure  of 

the  wrf)nc:a  snllered  by  the  North  American  Indians. 

Here  is  aDravidian  temple  of  great  size.    The  plan  is  a  Bamoth  Gilead  (ra'moth   gil'e-ad)  and  Ba- 

rectanglc  67-2  by  StW  feet,  with  a  large  gi^ura  or  pylu^^^^^       moth  Mizpah  (miz'pii).     Places"(or  a  place) 

ill   Bible  s^'cography,  probably  identical  with 


the  niiiidle  of  each  face  except  the  eastern,  which  has  a 

p<.rtico,  the  gopura  here  rising  from  within  the  structure.  _  .    - 

The  interior  consists  of  corridors  forming  two  rectangles,  Mi/.p.iU  (^wnieli  see).  .... 

one  wilhin  the  other,  but  not  concentric,  and  crossed  by  Bamput  (riim-por  ).     1.  Anative  state  m  India, 

galleries  connecting  the  four  gopuras.  In  the  center  is  ,j„(j,.r  British  protection,  intersected  bv  lat.  28"* 
thesmallshrine,  with  a  gilt  ball  and  spire.    The  corridors      ,->   ^      lone    Ti°  F.      Aren    <t45  snuave  miles 

are  about  30  feet  wide  and  high,  ami  those  on  the  sides  ■*•'     ^r .  }''"'' ■^aa^^    --i  o.fi    '  o     mi'  ■.      „r 

are  nearly  700  feet  long.  They  are  flanked  on  each  side  by  Population  (1891),  ool,249.— 2.  The  capital  of 
compound  piers  on  a  continuous  dado,  with  bracket-cap-  the  state  of  Eampur,  situated  on  the  Kosila. 
itals  supporting  an  ornamented  ceiling.    The  piers  are     population  (1891),  76,733. 

sculptured  with  arabesque  designs  of  remarkable  variety  -p^     ,_  •Ro«„l-n'h  nip.n'lp.BI       The  cnnifnl  of 

and  riclmess.    The  construction  is  assigned  to  the  17th  KampUT  ijeauieainue-a  le-aj.     ine  capital  01 

P^,„,uj.j.  the  district  ot  Kajshahi,  Bengal,  British  India, 

"^'oieonL,March23, 1810,  providing  fortheseiz-  Bamganga,  or  Bamgunga  (ritm-gung'gil),  or    situated  cm  tlie  Canges  130  miles  north  of  Cal- 

ure  and  sale  of  American  vessels.  Bamaganga  (r;i-ma-i;uug'gU).    AriverinBrit-     eiitta._     P(iimlatioii  (1891)^  1.1,40( . 

Bameau  (rii-mo'),  Jean  PhiUppe.     Bom  at     isl,  Inaia,wluch  ioin's'lhe  Gaiges53 miles  north-  Bamn,  or  Bamree  (ram-re  ).     An  island  west 

Diioii,  France,  Sept.  25, 1(583:  died  at  Pa.ris,  Sept.     northwest  of  Cawnpore.      Length,   over  300     of  British  Burma,  to  which  it  belongs,  situated 

12,1764.    A  French  composer  and  musical  the-    miles.  about  120    miles  south  of  Arakan.     Length, 

orist.      He  published  "Trait^  de  ITiarmonie"  (1722),  BamillieS  (rji-me-ye') 


"  Nouveau  systcme  de  musii)ue  th^orique  "(172G),  etc.  His 
operas  and  ballets  include  "Hippolyte  et  .\ricie  "  (1733), 
"Les  Indea  galantes"  (1735),  "Castor  et  Pollux"  (1737), 
"Les  fiStes  d'llcbi  '  (1739),  "Dardanos"  (1739),  "Zais" 
(1748),  *'  La  princesse  de  Navarre  "  (1745),  "  Les  paladins  " 
(17(io),  etc. 

Bam6e,  Pierre  de  la.    See  Eamus. 


A  village  in  the  prov- 


about   120    miles 
about  50  miles. 


nice  of  Brabant,  Belgium,  29  miles  southeast  of  Bamsay  ^( raiu ' z 

Brussels.      nere.May2:!,17<iC,the  AllicsundcrtheDuke      '" " 

r.f  Marlborough  defeated  the  French  and  r.avaiians  under 
Villeroi.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  l.'i,m-iO;  of  the 
.\llies,  over  3,.S00.  The  victory  led  to  the  capture  of  nearly 
all  the  fortresses  held  by  the  French  in  the  Low  Countries. 

Rabe- 


Bamehghi  (rii-raeug'ge),  Bartolommeo,  called  Baminagrobis  '■•f-,™«-"*^gF"^''^'?.>-.  .^"Z','^, 
-  "     (biTn-va-ka-val'lo).     Born  near     lais's  "  Pantagi-uel,"  an  aged  poet:  intended  1. 


geographv,   a  c  ty  of  Lower  Bamirez  (ra-me'reth)  Juan.    Born  about  1765 : 

■  t    .;    C       ,-7        T.          .   •.    •  liied  after  1S23.     A  Spanish  general  in  Peru. 

It  by  the  Israelites.    Its  exact  site  is  ""         ,i,        .     •     ,  ,^.,,'  [.,,„,  ,.f  f......„„pi,p  i,,  chnrrn-s 

I.  it  ,,-oa  i.l..„tifi„,l  >,■»!,  T.,ni<;  nr  Snn  He  was  the  principal  lieutenant  of  C.oycneche  in  (.  harcai 


Bagnacavallo 

Bologna,  1484:  died  1542.  An  Italian  painter, 
of  the  Bolognese  school:  a  pupil  of  Kaphael. 

Barneses  (ram'e-sezj,  orBamses  (ram'sez).  In 
Old   Testament 
Egvpt.    It  was  built    . 

disputed  :  by  Itrugsch  it  was  idcntifled  with  Tanis  or  San, 
and  by  Lepsius  with  Tel-el-Maskliuta. 

Bameses  iram'e-sez)  I.,  or  Bamses  (ram'sez). 
[NL.  liamencs,  Ramsea,  L.  Jidmiaes,  lilicimises, 
Rhiimses,  6r.  'Vaueaf/c,  Egypt.  lin-me-su.  child 
of  Ka.]  An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the 
IQtli  dynasty  (atiout  1400  I'..  C. ).  A  memorial  stone 
of  the  second  year  of  his  tcign  h.as  been  found  at  the  sec- 
ond cataract  at  Wady-Halfa. 

Bameses  n.,  or  Bamses:  Miamunl.  Oneofthe 

most  famous  of  Egyptian  kings,  the  third  of  the 
19th  dvnasty  (1300  B.  C),  son  of  Seti  I.  He  was 
a  great' builde"r  and  a  successful  warrior.  His  most  no- 
table campaigti  was  one  against  the  Hittites:  and  the 
great  battle  of  Kade-sh,  in  which  he  was  .saved  by  his  per- 
sonal bravery,  is  celebrated  in  the  epic  pucni  of  Pentaui'. 
(See  I'entaur.)  His  mummy  was  found  at  Deircl-Bahari 
in  l&sl.  Also  called  Ses,  .Vealesu,  Setesu,  Sethoris,  and  by 
the  Greeks  Sesodris. 

Here  ITanis,  .Siinl  also  Mr.  Petrie  discovered  the  remains 
of  the  largest  colossus  ever  sculptured  by  the  hand  of  man. 
This  huge  figure  represented  Riimeses  II.  in  that  i)osif  ion 
known  as  ■  the  hieratic  attitude";  that  is  to  say,  with  tlie 
arms  straightened  to  the  sides,  and  the  left  foot  advanced 
in  the  act  of  walking.  It  had  lieen  cut  upliy  Osorkipii  II., 
of  the  Twenty  second  Dynasty,  to  build  a  pylon  gateway 


Cretin,  a  poet  <'eh'brated  in  his  time,  now  neg- 
lected. La  Fontaine  gives  this  name  to  a  great 
cat  in  his  -'Fables." 


i),  Allan.  Bom  at  Leadhills, 
Laiiark.shire,  Oct.  15,  1686:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
.Jan.  7,  17.58.  A  Scotti.sh  poet.  Ue  was  a  peasant 
by  birth,  and  was  apprenticed  at  lifteen  to  a  barber  in 
Edinburgh.  The  "  Gentle  .Shepherd,"  a  pastoral  comedy, 
his  best-known  work,  was  suggested  by  the  critique  of 
Pope's"  Windsor  Forest  "  in  the  "Guardian,"  April  7. 1713. 
It  substituted  for  the  pseudo-pastoral  poetr>  of  the  time 
the  reid  life  of  the  Scotch  shepherds.  It  has  been  called 
"the  first  geiniine  pastoral  after  Theocritus."  He  set  up 
a  book-shop  in  High  street  and  ].ulilishcd  bis  collections 
of  poems;  "The  Ica-Tatilc  Miscellany  ■(Kiii.'lislj  ami  Scot- 
tish songs,  nH:  the  music  for  these  was  |inlili.~lied  in  1725), 
and  the  "Evergreen,"  the  precursor  of  "  Percy  sReliques," 
containing  Scottish  Bongs  written  before  Itioo  (1724): 
"Thirty  Fables"  partly  original  (1730);  ".Scots  Proverbs" 
(17.;7);  etc. 


Pichiucha.     llanli'rez  then   capitulated  and  left  IJuito, 
which  was  never  again  occHpied  by  the  Spaniards. 
Bamirez,  NorbertO.     Born  about  ISOO:  died  in 
18.56.    A  Central  .American  politician,  president 
of  Salvador  1840^1,  and  of  Nicaragua  April  1, 
1849,  to  llarch  14,  1851. 
Bamiro  (rii-me'ro)  II.    I>ied  .Tan.  5,  950.    King 
of  Loon  and  Asturias  from  about  930  to  950. 
lie  defeated  tlio  calif  Abd-er-Eahman  III.  on 
the  ]ilain  of  Siinancas  July  21,  939. 
Bamisseram.     See  Ranwswaram. 
Bamleh  (riim'lei.     [Ar.,  'sand.']     A  town   in 
Palestine,  an  important  stopping-place  on  the 
rnad  from  Jaffa  to  Jerusalem,  13^  miles  from 
JalTa.     It  was  f.aiiuled  bv  the  llnnniail  calif  Suleiman, 
and  was  twice  caiitured  during  the  nusades  by  the  .Sara- 
cens.    Napcilei.n  had  bis  headquarters  there.    Population, 

„.   _, ^._      ,.  ..  .         about  s, 000. 

and  it  was  from  the  fallen  Mocks  of  this  gateway  that  ■Romman  (riim'miln).     An  Assyro-Babvloiiian 

»«-    i.„i_;., li....!  ...I...,  if  l...,1  .M.i.ri,i.ilK- lio<.n        Atiwiiitr     *•«*•       -■-,.***     X  / 


prmcip:.. -         . 

(1809-r2),  and  subs,  qtuiilly  held   ;i  seiiaiate  command 

against  the  formididOe  n  lullion  of  I'un 

anally  defeating  him  at  the  battle  of  I  ma 

1815.     Ramirez  treated  the  prisoners  with  greiit  cruelty,      ,„„.,  .,^.^  ,,.,;„i.„.    ,:.,„  ,,i 

and  a  large  number  were  put  to  death.     In  KW  he  wiui     poftiait-iiainlei    son  <H  r,    ■       ,  n^ 

made  president  of  Quito,  where,  on  Miiy  24,  1822,  be  was  Bamsay,  Sir  Andrew  CrOmbie.     Born  at  Ulas- 

dcfeated  by  the  patriots  under  Sucre  at  the  battle  of     gow,  Jan.  31,  1814:  died  Dec.  9,  1891.     A  Scot- 


iiniacagua  in  Pern,  Bamsay,  Allan.    Bom    at  Edinburgh   about 
.!."M:''i!;l:..l'^I.;;'.li"'     1T13:  diedatDiiver,  Aug.  10,  1781.     A  Scottish 


if  Allan  Kamsav. 


Mr.  Petrie  recognized  whiit  it  had  originally  been.  Among 
these  fragments  were  fouml  :in  ear,  pait  of  a  foot,  pieces  of 
an  arm,  part  of  the  pilaster  which  supiiorted  the  statue  up 
the  back,  and  part  of  the  bn-ast,  on  wliich  are  carved  the 
royal  ovals.  A'x  peile  Ui-rcuUin.  These  fragments  (mere 
chips  of  a  few  tons  each),  although  they  represent  but  a 
very  small  portion  of  the  whole.  enid)led  Mr.  Petrie  to 
measure,  describe,  and  weigh  the  siudfend  giant  with  ab- 
solute certainty.  Ue  proved  to  have  been  the  most  stu- 
pendous colossus  known.  Those  statues  which  appn)acll 
nearest  to  him  in  size  iirc  the  colossi  of  Abii-Sinibel,  the 
torso  of  the  Ramcsseum,  and  the  colossi  of  the  Plain. 
These,  however,  are  all  seated  figures,  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  torso,  are  executed  In  comparatively  soft 
materials.  But  the  llameses  of  Tanis  was  not  only  sculp- 
tured in  theididurate  red  granite  of  Assaan,and  designed 
upon  a  larger  scale  than  any  of  these,  but  he  stood  erect 
and  crowned,  ninety-two  feet  high  from  top  to  toi;,  or  one 
hundred  and  twenty-flve  feet  high  inclmling  his  pedestal. 
EilwardH,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  63. 

Bameses  III.,  or  Bamses.    An  Egyptian  king 

(about  I'2(I0  n.  c.  1,  tli(^  founder,  or  aci'ordiiig 
to  some  the  second  king,  of  the  20th  dynasty. 
He  rcigiieil  32  years  and  conducted  successful 
eaiiipaigiis. 
Bamesseum  (ram-es-se'um),  commonly,  but 
erroneously,  callid  tlicMemnonium  (meni-iio- 
ni'um).  A  splemliil  inoiiuiiieiit  built  liv  Kain- 
eses  II.  at  Tllebcs  in  Egypl.  The  entrance,  between 
two  great  pyr-:unldal  towers,  opens  on  a  court  about  '2iK) 
feet  sipiare,  wliicli  had  on  ejich  side  a  double  range  of  i-id- 
umns.  The  second  eourt,a  little  Huialler. has  Oslrldo  pillars 
in  front  and  rear,  and  double  ranges.of  CidumuH  on  the 
Bides  From  the  rear  pi>rtlco  Is  entereil  the  splendlil  by 
postyle  hall,  which  has  K  ranges  of  n  columns,  forming  9 
aisles.  The  columns  of  the  central  aisle,  :12^  feet  high  and 
over  21  In  circumference,  are  the  largest,  ami  still  sujiport 
part  of  the  linlcls  of  the  root.  The  capitals  are  of  the 
spreading  bell. form,  Reyr)nd  the  hypostyle  liidl  were  9 
cnambers  in  3  rows,  tln^  first  two  of  the  centnd  row  col- 
umned. Among  the  sculptures  the  colossid  seateii  figure 
of  Rameses  in  tlie  enter  courts  now  shatterol,  slionid  be 


Tlie  eleventh 


e  rainy  month),  Shebat,wa8  dedicated  to  him.  His  t}-  "___'  p.JTOarH 
extended  over  Syria  (2  Ki.  v.  18),  under  the  Kamsay,  tia^a.Ta 
„i   UnAnd  and  also  Rimmon.    See  lladad-rim-     Born    at    AlierUeeii 


livinity  who  presided  over  storms 

moiitli(th( 

worship  ex'-- ^    -  .         ^  . 

names  Dad,  Uadad,  and  also  liimmon.    See  Iladad-nm- 

vwn. 
Bamman-Nirari    (ram'milu-ni-ra're)-       The 

iiiime  of  sivenil  kings  of  Assyria.    The  first  reigned 

about  1315  11.  c. ;  the  second,  Oll-jtuil  11.  r.  ■  and  the  third. 

811-782  1).  0.     1  he  hist  conquered  many  of  the  neighboring 

countries,  and  restored  Assyrian  intlucnce  in  Babyloniii. 
Bammelsberg  (riim'iiiels-berc.).     A  niounlain 

in  the  ILirz,  (iermaiiy,  directly  south  of  Goslar. 

It  is  iiotcil  fur  its  mines  of  copper,  load,  silver, 

etc.     H.'ight.  2.(140  feet. 
Bammohun  Boy   (riim-mo-hun'  roi).     Bom 


tish  geologist.  He  was  appointed  director-general  of 
the  geolo',:ical  survey  of  the  fnited  Kingdom  and  of  the 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology  in  1872,  and  was  knighted 
on  retiring  from  these  ofllces  in  18»1.  Uis  works  include 
"  Physical  Geology  and  Geography  of  Great  Britain,"  etc. 

Bamsay,  Andrew  Michael,  called  the  Cheva- 
lier de  Kamsay.  Born  at  .\vt,  Scotlaml,  Jan. 
9,  1686:  died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye.  France, 
May  6, 1743.  A  Seottish-Frencli  miscellaneous 
author.  His  chief  work  is  "  Voyages  de  Cy- 
rus" (1727). 

Bamsay,  David.  Born  in  Lancaster  County, 
Pa.,  April  2,  1749:  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
May  8,  1815.  An  American  physician,  histo- 
rian, and  patriot,  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress.  He  published  a  "History  of  the  Revolution 
of  South  Candina, etc. "(1786),  "History  of  the  American 
Revolution  "(17S9),  "Life  ot  Washington  "(1807),  "History 
of  South  Ciii-olina"  (1809),  "History  of  the  Inited  Sfates^' 
(IsKi:  forming  jiiu-tof  "  I'niversal  History  .\no-ricanized," 
in  12  vols.,  ISWIj  etc. 

Bannerman     Burnett. 

Jan.  31,  1793:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec,  27,  1872.  A  Scottish  clergy- 
man and  author,  dean  of  the  diocese  of  Edin- 
burgh in  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church.  His 
"Itcminiscences  of  Scottish  Lite  and  Character  '  (1857)  is 
nolidile. 
Bamsay,  Fox  Maule,  second  Baron  Panmure 
and  elcvi'iilli  Earl  of  Dalhousie.  Born  at  Bre- 
chin Castle,  Forfarshire,  April  22.  1801:  died 
July  6,  1874.  A  British  ]iolilii'iaii,  known  at 
first  as  Fox  Maule.  He  entered  the  army  in  his  youth, 
and  was  refurneil  to  Parliament  as  ii  l.llurid  in  18:«V.     He 


abiiiit  1774  in  the  district  of  Murshidabad:  died  was  secretary  at  war  under  U>rd  .lohn  Russell  (18)0-,'.2), 

.)■   IJ,.;   t..l     l.'.i.rl.iiiil    Sold    '^7    I.K'l'!        The  (irst  and  under  I/ird  Palmerstmi  (IS^S;*).     He  succeeded  his 

at  Bristol   Lnglaiicl.  Si  pt.  -/ ,  !.'>  .^  mm  j^^^,^  ,^.  .^^  „^^.  ^^  ^^^  ^^.^  „,,,,  ,,(,  ^.,,„^|„  ,„  „„.  ,,„^,. 

great  mcidiTIl  thelstical  reloiniel  ot  limia.   ills  ,i,„„  |„  imji,  ,,ssuming  the  surname  of  Kamsiiy  after  that 


gre.--  - 

father  was  a  Brahman,  and  his  grandfather  had  been  an  of- 
flchd  of  tlie  Mogul  emperors.  Disgusted  with  the  extrava- 
gant Hindu  mythohigy.  at  10  he  composed  a  tract  against 
idolatry.  Persecuted,  he  lleil  to  lienares  and  then  loTilief 
that  he  might  iiHiversc  with  Buddhist  priests,  being  deter- 


ng  the  surname  of  Kams:iy  aiier  ihat 
of  Mimlr  nv  i..y:d  license  in  ISid. 
BamsbottOin(ramz'bot  um).  A  manufacturing 
tiiwii  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  ou  the 
Irwell.     Population  (1891),  16,7'.'0. 


mined  to  study  each  religion  at  its  fountaluhead.      He  BamsdOU  (ramzMell),  JeSSe 


learned  Pall  to  rcail  the  Tripitaka,  as  later  Arabic,  llelircw, 
anci  Greek  to  read  the  sacred  books  of  those  languages. 
At  20  he  retunie.1  and  resnmed  his  Sanskrit  sluilies,  at  the 
same  time  learning  English.  After  his  fathers  death  in 
18o3his  antagi>niBin  to  Idolatry  became  more  marked,  ami 
ho  set  on  fool  the  movement  whldi  resulted  in  18:!0  in 
aliollshingtliosilf.immolatiimof  wlilow»(Bali).  Hefornod 
at  Calcutta  in  181(1,  the  AlmiyaSahhu,  or  Spiritual  Sociel  v. 
which  became  in  18:io  the  Brahma  .Sablui.  'the  Assembly 
or  Society  of  God,'  the  precursor  of  the  later  .\dl-Hrahina 
.Samaj  aiiil  llrahnia  Saiua)  or  Brahmo  Soma)  In  April, 
1831,  he  visited  F.ngiaud,  where  he  stayed  until  his  death. 
Bamnes  (ram'nezl.  One  of  the  three  tribes  into 
which  the  ain'ienl  Koman  iienple  were  said  to 
have  been  diviileil :  siipiioseil  to  represent  the 
Latin  oleiiienl  in  the  composition  of  the  nation. 


In 


01  Kameses  in  the  onler  cimri,  now  snaiicreii,  snouni  oe      -  ,       ■  ,    „„•„,.      r>,,. 

mentioned  as  by  far  the  largest  statue  in  Egypt :  its  weight  BamnuggUT  (ram-nuR  ur).     A  place  in  the  Pan 


Born  at  Salter- 

bl.lo,  near  Halifax.  Kngland,  1735:  died  Nov. 

5,  IsOd.     An  English  nianiifaclurer  of  mathe- 

niatieal  instruments.     Telescopes  and  divided 

circles  were  among  his  specialties. 

Bamses.     See  li'aiiic.ien. 

Bamsey  ( ra  m  'zD.  A  seaport  and  watering-place 
in  till'  Isle  of  Man.  situated  12  miles  north- 
northeast  (if  Poughis.    Piipulatioii  (1891),  3,934. 

Bamsey,    Alexander,    n-rn   Sept.  s.   18!5: 

iUed.\liril22,  1!'G3,  .\ii  .Viiierieaii  politieiaii.  He 
was  Whig  nienilicr  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  IM.t- 
1817  governor  of  Minnesota  Territory  1849  6:1 ;  governor 
of  Minnesota  lS..9-«3;  Ke|inbllcan  lnlte<l  States  senator 
from  Mluiiesola  18<B-7f.;  secreUiy  of  war  1879-4>1 ;  and  a. 
member  of  the  Itah  cominlMlon  1S82-80. 


Bamsgate  842  Baphael 

Samsgate  framz'gat).  [See  Thanet.']  A  sea-  Randolph,  Theodore  Prelioghuysen  Fitz.  western  Perthshire.  Scotland, "36  miles  north- 
port  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet.  Kent,  England,  situ-  Boiu  at  Xew  Brunswit-k,  X.  .T.,  June  24.  lSii6:  west  of  Perth.  Its  outlet  is  indirectly  into  the 
ated  on  the  North  Sea  6o  miles  east  by  south  of     died  at  Morristomi,  X.  J..  Nov.  7,  1883.     An     Tay.     Length.  9i  miles. 

London :  an  important  Ts-atering-place.  Popu-  American  politician.  He  was  Democratic  gov-  RanpUT  (run-por').  A  small  native  state  in 
lation  (1891),  24.676.  ernorof  New  Jersey  1869-72,  andUnited  States     India,  under  British  protection,  intersected  by 

JLamus  {ra-miis'),  Joseph  Marius.     Born  at     senator  from  New  Jersey  1875-81.  lat.  20°  N..  long.  85°  E. 

Aix,  France,  June  19, 1805:  died  at  Nogent-sur-  Randolph,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Honghton,  Da-  Ranqueles  (ran-ka'las).  Indians  of  the  Argen- 
Seine.  June  3,  1888.  A  French  sculptor.  He  ventry,  NorAamptonshire,  1605 :  died  1634.  An  tine  Republic,  in  the  southern  part  of  Men- 
went  to  Paris  in  182-2  and  studied  with  Cortot.  Among  English  poet  and  dramatist.  He  was  educated  at  doza.  San  Luis,  and  Cordoba.  They  are  of  the  Pam- 
hisworksare"DaphnisetChloe,"'Llnnocence,""Ceph.ile  Westminster  and  Cambridge,  and  was  also  incorporated  peanorAraucanian  stock,  and  are  said  to  have  immigrated 
et  Procris,"  "Anne  dAutriche  "  (gardens  of  the  Luxem-  at  Oxford.  Ben  Jonson  adopted  him  as  one  of  his  "sons."  from  Chile.  They  have  had  little  intercouise  with  the 
boarg),  a  statue  of  Puget  for  llarseUIes,  Saint  Michel  and  He  wrote  "  Aristippus."  "The  Muses'  Looking-Glass,  a  whites. 
Saint  GabrieUor  the  Church  of  St.  Eustache,  etc.  Comedy,"  -Amyntas.  or  the  Impossible  Dowry,"  "The  RansOm  (ran'soml    Thomas  Edward  GreeB- 

:^mus(ra'mus},Petrus.(PierTedelaRamee)     g'-^iJ;^. (f^Cji:  :^S,^^»?i^™'S,;^ 

Born  at  Cuth.\ermandois,  France,  tola:  k.Ued     f  °Sr  of  mTnor  pofms       "' ^'oP^^ne*).  ^'<=- .  also     ^^^,.^01^3^6^    Oct.29  1864.  An  American  gen- 

m  Uie  massaci-e  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Aug  24^  Randolph-MaCOn  College.  An  institution  of  eral  in  the  Civil  War.  He  entered  the  Union  army  as 
I0-2.  A  French  logman,  noted  for  his  writings  i^tli^n^ "i^rThland  Vi^^^  onened  in  183"  a  volunteer  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  served 
directed  against  Aristotelianism.  Tt^^,  ?lo,.  ttl  I!; LJ^I  ^f  ?1^!'  m^+S^-  t  v"     '^'h  distinction  at  Fort  Donelson,  at  Shiloh,  and  in  the  At, 

HamUSio  (ra-m6'se-6),  Giovanni  Battista.  K  is  uuder  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Epis-  lanta  campaign,  attaining  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general 
Born  atVevlso,  Italy,  JuIe2o!Tl85:  died  at     ^'^Pf^  Church  ibouth).     It  has  about  400  stu-     of  volunteers  in  18«.  ^  ^  _     ^  ^        , 

Padua,  Julv  10,  1.557.     A  Venetian   statesman  -d^'^j  '      ,       ,a      -.t  ^      a       a  n  •  1     .,  ■     KantovQ  (ran  tol).  Robert.    Bom  at  Beverley, 

and  author:  secretary  of  the  Senate  and  later  of  ^T^?<^?™R^''''°/,^?il?^.^°i-    ^^f^  ^^^''"'^  ^°     Mass.,  Aug.  13, 1805:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 

the  Council  of  Ten.  "  He  traveled  in  various  Eun,pean  J"^'I-^^^^,\^^'*^'^L  f^^t^nl^th  oV  T?«.Ho         '^""S'  'l  ^^''-    ^  ^^^^''^^  politician,  lawyer, 

countries.  Bv  correspondence  he  was  acquainted  with  Random  Sound.  An  inlet  south  of  Random  and  reformer:  an  opponent  of  slavery.  He  was 
Oviedo,  Cabot,  and  other  distinguished  historians  and  trav-     Island.  United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  in  1851;  and 

elers;  and  he  was  indefatigable  in  collecting  accounts  of  Randon  (ron-don'),  Comt«  JaCqUeS  Louis  CI-  D™iocraticand  Free-soil  memberofCongressfromMassa- 
the  explorations  made  in  his  time.    His"Dellc  navigationi     _,_    AlpYanHrp       Rom    at  firennhlp     Fmni^p       chusetts  lSol-62. 

lliT^^'^^'^^^u't^^TeXf^lo^i'^^Ilt  March  25^1795 'died  ™  Geneva  Jan!  16ri87i:  ^^  des  Vaches  (ron  da  vash).  [F.,  'chime 
r  R^usTsnTme^"ta°pVe^eT/^he«^^^^^^^  A  French  marshal,  governor-general  of  Alge-     of  the  cows.']    A  strain  of  an  irregular  descnp- 

which  was  delayed  until  15.=.9.  ria  and  minister  of  war  under  Napoleon  IH.         *'°P;  "^^^^^  m  some  parts  of  Switzerland  is  sung 

Ilan(ran).  [ON.B«h.]  In  Old  Norse  mvthology.  Randsfjord  (rands'fvord).  A  lake  in  southern  or  blown  on  the  Alpine  horn  m  June  to  call  the 
a  water-demon,  the  goddess  of  the  sea,  where  she  Nonvay.  north  of  Christiania.  It  has  its  outlet  S,""^®  ^°^  ^'^^  valleys  to  the  higher  pastures, 
caught  drowning  men  in  her  net.    she  was  the     into  Christiania  Fjord.     Length,  44  miles.  T>''''"^vTii  -'i-  *••    /\         a    i  •     j.i. 

wife  of  .Egir,  but  typified  the  destructive  characteristics  Ranelagh  (ran'e-la)  Gardens.  Gardens  for-  -Kaon-l  ttape  (ron  la-tap  ).  A  town  in  the 
ofthesea^  merlv  situated  near  the  Thames,  in  Chelsea,     department  of  %  osges  France  situated  on  the 

Ranof^chh.     SeeAac*/,.  London.    Thev  were  noted  for  concerts  fk,ml740tol805.     ijeurthe  3-  mJes  southeast  of  Nancy      Here, 

ilancagua  aan-kag  wa).  A  city  of  Chile,  capi-  ^^^  famous  as  the  scene  of  wild  and  extravagant  enter-  ^ct.  0.  18,0.  the  French  were  repulsed  by  the 
tal  of  the  province  of  G  Higgms,  43  mUes  south  tainments,  masquerades,  etc.  They  were  closed  in  1805,  Baden  army.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
of  Santiago.    Here  the  patriots  under  O'Higgins  were     and  no  trace  now  remains.  4.036. 

defeated  by  the  Spaniards  under  Osorio  in  a  two  days' bat-  Ranen  Fjord  (rii'nen  fvord).     A  fiord  on  the  Raoul  Island      See  Stindau  Island 
tie  in  the  streets,  Oct  1-2,  1814.    O'Higgins  escaped  with    western  coast  of  NorwaV,  in  lat.  66°  20' N.         Raoul-Rochette  (ra-ol'ro-shet'l  (Dlsir^  Ra- 

onlv  a  small  part  of  his  force.    Carrera  was  held  respon-  •d„_„„i„„  ,„;:„;/i;n  t  «^^^J„       \    „ f  i„i.„-  •"■aoi^-i -n-ui-uci/ire  ii<»    oi  lo-suei  ;   ^i»e!Jl^e  Xfca- 

sibie  for  this  defeat,  as  he  could  have  reinforced  O'Higgins.  RangOloy  (ranj  li)  Lakes.  A  group  of  lakes  oul).  Born  at  bt.-Amand.  Cher.  France,  March 
The  disaster  made  the  Spaniards  masters  of  Chile  until  in  the  western  part  of  Maine,  including  Range-  9,  1790 :  died  at  Paris.  Julv  3. 1854.  A  French 
1817.    Population,  about  8,000.  ley  Lake,  Lake  rmbagog(partlyin  New  Hamp-     archasologist.    He  wrote  " H^toire  critique  de  Wtab- 

Sance  (rori-sa'),  Annand  Jean  le  Bouthillier     shire),  etc.  Their  outlet  is  bv  the  Androscoggin,     lissementdes  colonies  grecques"(l8l5),  "Monuments  In- 

de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  9,  1626:  died  at  So-  Ranger  (ran'jer).  1.  A  character  in  Wycher-  ^dits  d'antiquites "  (1828-30),  " Peintures incites "  (1836), 
lignv-la-Trappe,  Ome,  France,  Oct.  12,  1700.     lev's  comedv  ''Love  in  a  Wood":  a  brilliant  _^ '^'         ,  ■■      ,^    -r  r. 

Abbot  of  La  Trappe  :  founder  of  the  Trappists.    specimen  of  the  rakish  fine  gentleman  of  the  -K^UX   (ra-o  ),  Jean.      Bom  at  MontpeUier, 

Rand,  The.     See  TTitwatersrand.  period.— 2.  A  similar  character  in  Hoadlev's     fJi',"'^^'  "J?"^  \-'  ^'^' '  =  ^\^^  ^^  P'*"^,  Feb.  10, 

Randall      ran'dal),    Alexander    Williams.     "Suspicious  Husband."    Garrick  created  it"        ^'.'^^j  A  Ir  rench  genre-painter.   Hewonthe^nd 

Born  in  Montgomery  County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1819:  Rangoon,  or  Rangnn  (ran-gon').     The  capital     Kdemj  inTnV"  ^^  *  °""" 

died  at  Elmira.  N.Y.,  July  2.5. 1872.    AnAmer-     of  Lower  Burma,  in  the  Pegu  division,  situated  t>__„      See  Oparo 

ican  politician.  He  was  Republican  govemorof  Wis-  on  the  river  Rangoon  in  lat.  16°  46' N.,  long,  -pj^ii' ^.^  'xi/iA  »  cmoii  seaTiort  in  tKo 
consin  1857-61 ;  United  States  minister  to  Italy  1861-62  ;  96°!!'  E.  It  forms  a  district.  It  has  considerable  com-  nrS^H^^p  of  Genon  Tt«lv  ^U,^flfcZthfc\,U 
and  postmaster-general  1866-69.  merce  in  rice,  etc.,  and  its  principal  industn"  is  ship-buUd-     P^o^nee  ot  Genoa.  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 

Randall,  James  Ryder,  Bom  at  Baltimore,  ing.  The  Shoedagong  Pagoda  is  at  the  base  a  p.3lygon  of  ot  Genoa  lb  miles  east  ot  Genoa.  It  is  a  winter 
Jan  1  1839  An  -^.merican  song-writer  and  many  sides  carried  up  in  a  concave  cone  with  decorated  health-resort,  and  has  a  trade  in  oil. 
iournalist  author  of  "Marvland  mv  Marv-  firface^nd  terminating  in  a  sharp  flnial.  It  is  about  40()  Rape  of  Lucrece,  The.  1.  A  narrarive  poem 
jouiudiisi,  duiuoi  ui  jidi.Mduii,  m\  iuai\  feet  m  diameter  and  300  high,  and  the  base  is  surrounded  hvSlinksnpre  Tuihlislied  in  15<U —9  A  tvaV-pdv 
land"  (1861),  and  other  songs  m  behalf  of  the  by  a  great  number  of  little  pagodas.  Rangoon  was  founded  o.\  ouat^spere.puDlislieain  lo94.— ^  Atragedy 
Confederate  cause.  in  1753.    It  was  taken  bv  the  British  in  1834  and  1852.     by  Ihomas  Heywood,  printed  in  1608.     It  eon- 

Randall,  Samuel  Jackson,     Bom  at  Philadel-     Population,  including  cantonment  (1891),  180,324.  tarns,  singularly  enough,  comic  songs, 

phia,  Oct.  10,  1828 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.  RangpUT,  or  Rungpoor  (mng-por').    1.  A  dis-  Rape  of  the  Lock,  The.     A  mock-heroic  poem 
April  13.  1890.    An  American  statesman.  Hewas    triet  in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by    by  Pope,  published  in  two  cantos  in  1712,  and  in 
a  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  from     lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.   89°  15' E.     Area,  3.486     its  present  foi'm  in  1714.     See  Belinda,  5. 
1863untUhi5dea»h,  and  was  speakerof  the  House  1870-81.     square  miles.     Population  (1891),  2.06.5.464. —  Rape  of  the  Sabines,  The.     1 .  A  group  in  mar- 
HewasnotedastheleaderottheProtectionist  Democrats.     2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Rangjjur.  sit-    ble  by  Giovanni  da  Bologna,  in  the  Loggia  dei 

^Randall  S  Island.  An  island  in  the  East  Riv-  uated  on  the  river  Ghaghat.  Population  (1891),  Lanzi.  Florence.  A  young  Roman,  bearing  off  a  strug- 
er.  opposite  the  upper  part  of  New  lork  city,      14.216.  gling  woman,  strides  over  the  crouching  form  of  a  Sabine 

to  which  it  belongs.     It  contains  several  hos-  Ranke  (ran'ke),  Leopold  von.    BoraatWiehe,     ^^"■■■.  .     .      ,     , 

pitals  and  other  institutions.  Thuringia    Germanv,  Dec.  21,  1795:   died  at     3.  A  vigorous  pamtmg  by  Luca  Giordano,  in  the 

Randegger  (ran'deg-ger),  Alberto.     Bom  at  Berlin    Mav  23    1886      A  "celebrated  German     museum  at  Dresden.    The  Romans,  in  armor,  are  seiz- 

Triest   April  13,  1832.     An  Italian   composer,  ^stori'an.    ke  w;is  educated  at  Leipsic:  became  ex-     wSh*ene^'1nT'o^nTace'ado'rd''w«S^^^^ 
conductor,  and  singing-master.    He  went  to  Eng-     traordinaxy  professor  of  history  at  Be'rlin  in  1825^,rdi-     ^^LthiaS2:Sr'*'Ro'mS]^  moTnte^  is^n"co'Sm^i 
land  in  ls54.  and  in  1868  was  made  professor  of  singing  at     narv  professor   m  1834,  and  historiographer  of  Prussia     „      »        ■   ^-       i_     ti    i.  •     ^t     ir  ,..■        ,^    , 

the  Royal  Academy  of  Music.  in  1841 ;  and  retired  from  his  professorship  in  1871.    His     "5.   A  painting  by  KubenS,  in  the  National  Gal- 

Randers  (ran'ders).     The  capital  of  Randers     chief  works  are  "Geschichten  der  romanischen  und  ger-     lery,  London.  The  scene  is  in  the  Forum,  with  the  Pan- 
nrnvince  in  Tntlnnd    DenmnTlf  aitnated  on  tha     manischen  Vblker  von  1494  bis  1535  '  ("Histories  of  the     theon  and  a  triumphal  arch  in  the  background, 
province  in  dutlana,  Uenmark,  situated  on  tne     Komanicand  Teutonic  Peoples  1494-1535."  1824), "Fursten  -Ranhapl   Cra'fa-el  or  raf'a  el)       \n  ano-el  men 
Guden-Aa  22  miles  north  by  west  of  Aarhuus.     und  Volker  von  Sadeuropa  im  16.  und  17.  Jahrhundert"  -Kapnaei  (ra  i.a-el  or  rat  a-el).    An  angel  men- 
It  has  manufactures  of  gloves,  etc.,  and  was  a  flourishing  ("Princes  and  Peoples  of  Southern  Europe  in  the  16th     tionecl  m  Jewisn  literature.      He  is  the  companion 
town  in  the  middle  ages.     Population  (1890),  16,617.  and  17th  Centuries,"  1827),  "Die  serhische  Revolution  "     and  instructor  of  Tobias  in  the  Book  of  Tobit.  and  Milton 

Randolph  (ran'dolf).  Edmund.     Bom  at  Wil-     ("The  Servian  Revolution,"  lS-29)   "Die  Versehwbrung     represents  him  as  a  winged  seraph  sent  by  "  heavens  high 
Uamsburg   Va     Auo-    10    17.53-    died  in  Clarke     gegen  Venedig  im  Jahr  16S8 "("  The  Conspiracy  against     Ems    to  converse  as  "  friend  with  fnend  '  with  Adam. 
•PonntvVa    Sentls'lSn    An  American  afntes       Venice  in  1688,"  1831),  "Die  romischen  Papste"  ('The  Raphael,  CartOOnSOf.  See  Cartoons  of  Baphae}. 
l..ounty,  V  a.,  sept.  li>,isi.}.  An. -vmencan  states-     p^peg   of  Rome,"  1S34-37),    "Deutsche   Geschichte  im  •Ranha.pl  Hp  TpCfio  frii-fa-al' de  7he-7fi<5")     Bom 

man,  nephew  of  Peyton  Randolph.  Hewasadel-  Zeitalter  der  Reformation"  ("German  Historj- in  the  Pe-  -Kapnael  ae  JeSBS  (ra-la-al  tte  zbe-zos  ).  liora 
egate  to  Congress  1779  and  1780-82 ;  governor  of  Virginia  nod  of  the  Reformation,"  1839-47),  "Neun  Bucher  preus-  ^^  Ijuimaraes,  1014:  Oiea  at  IjISDOU,  JJec.  Jd, 
1786-88;  aninfluentialdelegate  tothcConstitutionalCon-  sischer  Geschichte  "("  Xine  Books  of  Prussian  Histor>-,"  1693.  A  Portuguese  Benedictine  monk  and  his- 
ventionl787(introducerofthe"VirginiaPlan  ");attomey-  1847-iS),  "Franzosische  Geschichte,  vomehmlich  im  16,  torian.  He  was  made  chronista-mor  or  chief  annalist,  of 
general  1769-94  ;  and  secretary  of  state  1794-95,  und  17.  Jahrhundert"  ("French  History,  especiaUy  in     the  kingdom  in  1^1.    His  principal  works  are  "  Castriota 

Eandolph,  John, ''of  Roanoke."  Bora  at  Caw-  'l>e  16th  and  17th  centuries,"  1852-61),  "Englische  Ge-  Lusitana,"ahistoryof  the  war  against  the  Dutch  in  Brazil 
<ions  nipitpifif'ld  Countv  Va  .Tune  -^  1771-  schichte  im  16,  und  17.  Jahrhundert  ("EngUsh  History  in  (16V9:  2d  ed,  1844),  and  "Monarchia  tusitana.  parte  sep- 
^°    l'  ^if^ll      1    l^-o    T^Y'o/  185^       i"'A  the  16th and  17th  Centuries."  18.59-67),  "Weltgeschichte"       i^a,"  containing  the  reign  of  Alfonso  IV.  (1683)     ffls 

died  at  Philadelphia,  June  24,  1833.  AnAmer-  ("miversal  History,"  1880-86),  "Geschichte  Wallen-  .yida  d'  el  rei  D.  Joao  IV."  remains  in  manuscript  at 
lean  statesman.    He  was  Democratic  member  of  Con-     steins"  (1869),  "Urspmng  des  Siebenjahrigen  Krieges'      Lisbon 

gress  from  Virginia  1799-1813, 1815-17.  and  181£i-25;  United     (1871X  "Vrsprung  der  Revolutionskriege  1791  und  1792"  Wonhael  of  Cats    The      A  name  given  to  the 
States  senator  18-25--27 ;  member  of  Congress  1827-29 ;  and     (1S75),  "Die  deutschcn   Machte  und  der  Fiu^tenbund"     ^,;r^^Z~y„tSlc^~,U7'r^\  nr,',,,! 
rnited  States  minister  to  Russia  1830.    He  was  reelected     (1872),    Life  by  Prutz  (lSs6).  J^" 'C^  P^V°!,'^,^>°\""ed  Mind.  _„     „, 

tocong.e.^inis32.  Ranklne  (ran'kin),  WilUam  John  Macquorn.  ^P^^l  0;a  fa-el)  (or  Rafael,  orRaffaello) 
Randolph,  Peyton.  Bom  atWUbamsburg.Va.,  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Julv  5,  1820:  died  at  Glas-  Sanzao  (san  ze-o)  or  Santl  (san  te).  Bom  at 
1723:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  22,  1775.  An  gow,  Dec.  24,  1872.  A'Scottish  physicist,  pro-  ^''^J^o.  Italy,  March  2s,  14S3:  died  at  Rome, 
Amencaii  patriot,  a  leading  member  of  the  Vir-  fessor  of  civil  engineering  in  the  University  of  Apnl  6,  lo20.  A  celebrated  Italian  pamter.  He 
ginia  House  of  Burgesses.   He  was  president  of     Glaseow  from  18o5       He  ^T-nte   T„«nn«i»  nn  "The     studied  under  his  father  Giovanni  Santi,  and  after  about 

?i,o  ««ot  r-^^n^n^tSi   n „„»  ;„  iTTi    ,.„a   „      <i^      °i;     ,      .rl.ir.,'      ¥*  wrote   manuals  on      ine     1499  under  Peruaino  in  Perugia,  whose  style  he  imitated 

the  first  Continental  Congress  in  \t  li,  and  a      steam  Engine,"  "Civil  Engineering,"  etc.  {or  manv  years.  "He  assisted  in  the  decoration  of  the  Sala 

■delegate  to  Congress  in  1/(0.  Rannoch   (ran'och),  Loch.     A  lake  in  north-     del  Cambio  there.    His  first  great  work,  still  in  the  style  of 


Raphael 


Perugino,  is  the  "Coronation  of  tlie  Virgin  "  (1503),  now  in 
the  Vatican.  From  1503  t*>  1504  lie  painted  a  series  of  pic- 
tures for  the  rittii  di  Castello, eltief  of  wliich  is  tlie  "Mar- 
riage of  tile  Virgin,"  or  "Sposalizio,"  in  the  niuseuiu  of 
Brera.  In  150*  he  estaljlislied  liiniself  in  Horence,  but 
worlced  also  at  Perugia  and  Siena.  To  this  period  belongs 
the  St.  George  of  the  Lou\Te.  The  works  of  the  second  or 
Florentine  period  are  mainly  Madonnas  and  Holy  Families, 
also  the  portrait  of  himself  in  the  Utftzi.  Here  he  studied 
the  great  carttwns  of  Michelangelo  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 
In  l."»0y,  at  the  recommendation  of  his  countryman  lira- 
luante,  he  went  to  Rome  to  decorate  the  Vatican  for  Julius 
II.  In  this  third  and  Liat  period  Raphael  emancipated  liiiu- 
self  from  the  traditiotis  of  hia  predecessors  and  formed  his 
own  style.  His  activity  at  this  time,  during  the  remainder 
of  the  reign  of  .7ulius  II.  and  that  of  I.eo  X..  was  prodigious. 
In  1514  he  was  appoitited  chief  architect  of  St.  Peter's.  He 
organized  fetes  for  the  popes,  was  guardian  of  antiquities, 
and  liad  prepared  a  great  archaeological  work  on  Roman 
remains.  His  work  in  Rome  may  be  divided  into  five  main 
groups  :  (1)  The  Stanze  of  tlie  \'atican.  (2)  Loggic  of  the 
Vatican.  (3)  Decoration  of  the  Villa  t'higi(l''arne.'iiiia).  (4) 
Cartoons  for  the  tapestries  of  the  Sistine  Cliapel  (they  are 
now  at  the  South  Kensington  iluseum,  London).  A  tapes. 
try  from  Rapliael's  cartoons  is  presen'ed  in  the  old  museum 
at  Berlin.  It  was  made  at  Brussels  for  Henry  VIII.  in  151.'i- 
1516.  The  colors  are  somewhat  faded.  ThereareOsubjeets 
In  this  collection,  the  tenth,  "  Paul  in  Prison  at  Philippi," 
having  perished.  (5)  Works  at  St.  Peter's.  Among  his  cliief 
easel-pictures  are  "Spo8alizio"(lii04:  in  Milan).*'  Entomb- 
ment (Borghese,  RomeX  "La  belle  jardiniere  "  (Louvre), 
"La  Foniarina"  (Roine),"The  Resurrection"  (S^atican), 
"The  Crucifixion  (London),  "Coronation  of  the  Virgin" 
(Vatican),  '•  ilarriage  of  the  Virgin  "(Milan),  "St  (George 
and  the  Oragon,"  "St.  5Iichael,"  "St.  John,"  "Apollo  and 
Marsias"  (Louvre),  "The  Transfiguration,"  finished  by 
Giulio  Romano  (ir>19-20  :  Vatican),  "  Vision  of  Ezekiel " 
(Florence),  "Lo  Spasimo"  (Madrid).    See  Madontut. 

Baphia(ra-fi'a1.  [Gr.'Pa^/a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  eity  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  south- 
west of  Gaza.  Near  it  Ptolemy  Philopator  de- 
feated Antlochus  the  Great  in  217  B.  c. 

Saphoe  (ra-fo').  An  ancient  episcopal  city  in 
Donegal,  northern  Ireland,  13  miles  southwest 
of  Londonderry. 

Bapidan  (rap-i-dan').  The  chief  tributary  of 
the  Rappahannock,  in  Virginia,  which  it  joins 
10  miles  west-northwest  of  Fredericksburg. 
Length.  75-100  miles. 

Sapp (rap),  George.  Bom  at  Wurtemberg,  1770 : 
dien  at  Economy,  Pa.,  Aug.  7, 1847.  A  German- 
American  socialist,  founder  of  the  Harmonists. 
He  emigrated  with  his  followers  in  1803  to  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  founded  a  religions  communistic  settlement, 
which  received  the  name  of  Harmony.  In  1815  the  com- 
munity removed  to  Indiana.  The  new  settlement  was 
called  New  Harmony.  The  property  at  New  Harmony 
was  sold  to  Robert  Owen  in  1824,  and  the  Harmonists  re- 
moved to  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  where  they  built 
the  village  of  Economy.  Rapp  continued  to  be  the  spiri- 
tual head  of  the  Harmonists  until  his  death. 

Eapp,  Comte  Jean.  Born  at  Colmar,  Alsiiee, 
April  26, 1772:  died  near  Lorrach,  Baden,  Nov. 
8,  1821  A  French  general.  He  served  in  the  Na- 
poleonic campaigns,  ana  was  particularly  distinguished 
at  the  defense  of  Dantzic  181S-14,  which  he  surrendered  in 
Jan..  1814. 

Eappaccini's  Daughter.  A  tale  by  Hawthorne, 

|.iililishi".l  111  ls-14. 
Eappahannock  (rap-a-han'ok).  A  river  in  Vir- 
ginia, it  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  Fork  with 
otller  brandies,  and  Hows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  25  miles 
south  of  tile  nioutli  of  the  Potomac.  It  was  of  great  stra- 
tegic importance  in  the  Civil  War.  particularly  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  tlie  Army  of  the  Potomac  ls(,2-ti4.  Length,  over 
2011  miles, 

Kapperschwyl   (riip'per-slivel),  or  Rappers- 

Wll  (riip'pfrs-vel).  A  town  iu  the  ciiiiioii  ot 
St.-(iull,  .Switzerland,  situuti'il  on  the  upper 
Lake  of  Ziiricli  IG  miles  southeast  of  Zurich. 

Ilappists(ra))'ists;,orRappites(rap'its).  Same 
as  Hnrmoiiists. 

Rapti  (riip'te).  A  river  in  Nepal  and  British 
India  winch  joins  tlie  Gogra  about  80  miles 
norlh'^'ast  of  Benares.  Length,  about  37r)-400 
miles. 

Raratonga  (ril-ra-tong'ga).  The  largest  island 
of  Cook's  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  r)3  miles 
in  circuit. 

Raritan  (rar'i-tan)..  [From  an  Indian  tribal 
name.]  A  river  in  New  .lersey.  It  Is  fonned  by 
the  union  of  the  north  and  south  liranches  in  Somerset 
County,  ami  flows  into  Raritan  Hay  at  Perth  Amboy.  To- 
tal length,  about  75  miles. 

Raritan  Bay.    A  bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of 

Now  .l<MS(y,  south  of  Staten  Island. 
Rarotonga.     See  narntniKja. 
Rasalas  (ras'a-las).     [Ar.  rds-al-asad,  the  head 

of  the  lion.]    The  third-magtiit  tide  star// Leonis. 

It  is  oft-Ti  further  designated  as  Atuhnruill  or  ItnrealU,  as 

being  the  northernmost  of  the  group  of  "tars  in  thellon's 

head 

Ras-al-gethi  (His-al-ge'tiiii.  also  Ras-al-geti. 

fAr.  rils-iil-jnthi,  the  liead  of  the  l<neeler  (the  gi- 
ant beingrciUTsented  as  kneeling).]  The  third- 
nKigiiitudc  variable  colorcil  doiibl(>  sfaroHer- 
ciilis.  in  tlio  lii'iid  of  the  constelhilion. 
Rasalhague  (riis-al-ha'gu).  [Av.  rds-nl-liamrd, 
the  head  of  the  serpent-charmer.]   The  second- 


843 

magnitude  star  n  Ophiuchi,  in  the  head  of  the 
constellation. 

Rascia  (rash'ia).  A  region  in  the  southern 
part  of  Bosnia.  Tlie  chief  place  is  Novibazar. 
It  is  iiiliabited  by  Serbs.  The  name  was  for-^ 
merly  aiiplied  to  tlie  kingdom  of  the  Serbs. 

Rasgrad  (liis'griid).  A  town  iu  Ijjilgaria.  situ- 
ated oil  the  Ak  Loin  3.')  miles  southeast  of 
Hiistehuk.  It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between 
the  lurks  and  Russians  in  1810  and  1877.  Population 
(188s),  12,1174. 

Rashi  (ra'she).  [Contracted  from  the  initials 
of  the  full  name:  Rabbi  Salomoh  Izhaki  (i.e. 
'son  of  Isaac').]  Lived  1040-1105  at  Troyes, 
in  Champagne  (northern  France).  One  ot  the 
most  eminent  and  influential  men  in  Jewish 
talmudical  and  biblical  literature.  He  studied 
in  the  celebrated  schiKils  of  his  time  at  ilainz  and  Worms 
((Germany).  He  was  the  first  to  compose  a  commentary 
on  the  Talmud  (with  the  exception  of  three  tracts)  and  on 
most  of  the  btwks  of  the  Old  'restainent.  His  commen- 
taries, especially  that  on  the  Talmud,  are  distinguished 
by  clearness  of  language  and  s<il>riety  of  judgment. 


Ratisbon 

for  the  British  Museum.    He  has  published  "The  British 
Mission  to  Theodore,  King  of  Abyssinia"  (1809). 
Rasselas  (ras'e-las).    A  philosophical  romance 
by  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  published  in  1759. 

Rasselas  and  his  royal  brothers  and  sisters  live  in  a  se- 
cluded portion  of  the  larth  known  as  the  Happy  Valley, 
where,  completely  isolated  from  thewoild,  they  await  their 
succession  to  tile  crown  of  the  imaginary  lai.i  of  4hys6iiiia, 
surrounded  by  every  luxury  which  can  make  life  agreeable, 
and  shut  off  from  all  knowledge  of  those  evils  wtiich  can 
make  it  painfuL  The  aim  of  tlie  story  is  to  show  the  van- 
ity of  e.vpecfing  future  liappine.ss,  and  the  folly  of  sacrifi- 
cing present  advantages  for  the  delusive  promises  of  the 
future.      Tiiekerjuan,  Hist  of  English  Prose  Fict,  p.  2S4. 

Rastaban  (riis-ta-liiin').  [Ar.  rd.i-al-thii'bdii, 
tlie  head  of  tlie  basilisk.]  The  third-magnitude 
star ;  Dracoiiis,  in  the  head  of  the  constellation. 

Rastatt,  or  Rastadt  (riis'tat).  A  town  in  the 
circle  of  Baden-Baden,  in  Baden,  situated  on 
the  JIurg  14  miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe.  It 
is  one  of  tiie  stntiigest  fortresses  in  Germany.  The  Baden 
insurrection  of  1841)  rnmnienced  here  on  ilay  11,  and  ended 
with  the  surrender  of  the  fortress  on  July  23.  Population 
(18'in).  11,557 


commentary  on  the  Talmud  saved  that  monumental  work   Rastatt,  CongTeSS  Of.       1.   A  Congress  held  in 


fmm  neglect,  and  has  not  been  surpassed  ;  and  Ills  com 
mentary  on  the  Bible  is  still  a  great  favorite  with  the 
Jews,  and  is  constantly  drawn  upon  by  modern  exegetes. 

Rasht.    See  ncsht. 

Rask  (riisk),  Rasmus  Kristian.    Born  at  Bran- 

dekilde,  Denmark,  Nov.  22,  1787:  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, Nov.  14, 18,32.  A  Danish  jihilologist  and 
wi'iter,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  modern 
science  of  comparative  philology.  He  went  to  the 
Copenhagen  I'niversity  without  means,  but  olitaiiied  a 
subsidiary  position  in  the  university  library,  and  eked  out 
a  support  by  giving  private  instruction  while  he  contin' 
ued  the  linguistic  studies  to  which  he  had  devoted  him 
stU.  His  earliest  work 
of  Old  Norse.  In  1808 
Edda  :  in  1811  an  Icelandic  grammar, 
emment  assistance,  he  made  a  journey  to  Iceland  to  study 
the  language,  returning  by  the  way  of  Scotland  in  1S15. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  been  awarded  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  an  essay  on  the  ori- 
gin of  the  Old  Norse  language.  In  1810,  with  public  sup- 
port, he  startetl  on  an  extended  Journey  to  the  East,  lie 
was  first  for  some  montlis  in  Stockholm,  then  in  ,St.  Peters 
liurg,  whence  he  set  nut  in  the  summer  of  1819  for  Tiflis 


1713-14  for  putting  an  end  to  the  war  between 
Austria  and  France. — 2.  A  congress  held  in 
1797-99  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  the  ques- 
tions at  issue  between  France  and  the  Empire. 
It  met  Dec.  8,  1797,  and  was  dissolved  April  8,  1799.  The 
cession  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine  to  France  and  the  secu- 
larization of  various  German  dominions  were  agreed  to. 
Two  of  the  French  envoys  were  murdered  by  Austrian  hus- 
sars near  Rastatt.  April" 28,  1799. 
Rastatt,  Convention  of.  A  secret  agreement 
between  France  and  xVustria,  Dec.  1,  1797,  pro- 
viding for  tlie  delivery  of  the  left  bank  of  the 

,     J.     ..         Rhine  to  the  French. 

[  was  particularly  in  the  direction  p-.+.ii.    -paara   nf        A    trefttv  concluded   be- 
he  published  a  translation  of  the  Kastatt,  reace  01.      A  treaty  conutiaea   oe 
idicgrammar.    In  1813,  with  gov-     twccii  1  ranee  and  Austria  in  March (i,  1  (14.     It 

Wits  supplemented  bv  the  treat V  of  Baden  (which 
sec). 
Rastrick  (ras'trik).  A  town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  Calder 
12  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population  (1891), 
9,279. 
Rata.     See  Jlnta. 


He  traveled  through  Persia  in  1820,  and  then  went  on  to  "<*"<».     "\^  "'""  „ 

Bombay,  everywhere  actively  engaged  in  studying  the  Ian-  Katak  IsIandS.     bee  hadacK  Islands. 

guages  of  the  countries  through  which  he  passed.    In  In-  Ratazzl.     Hi'e  Ildtta-^i. 

dialieremainedtwoyeari.engagedinlinguisticstudyanil  JJotekau      See  liaikau 

in  collecting  and  copying  MSS.  ^ ^/^  fj-^Yime' fllle]  oi  RathCUO-lf  (rii'te-no)!  or  Rathenan  (rS  '  te 


Copenhagen  in  1823.     His  labors  for  a  long  t 


nou).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bruudeuburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  tl:c  Havel  4.')  miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin.  It  lia-s  manufactures  uf  spectacles  and 
glass.  It  was  repeatedly  taken  in  the  I  liirty  Years'  War, 
and  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Great  LIcctor  of 
Brandenburg.  Frederick  William,  over  theSwedes,  June  16, 
1875.     Population  (1890),  10,353. 


a  just  recognition.  A  small  pension  was  given  him  for  three 
years  by  the  government:  in  1825  he  was  made  professor 
extraordinarius  of  tlie  history  of  literature,  liut  without  a 
stipend.  In  ls29,  however,  he  was  appointed  university 
librarian  ;  and  at  the  end  of  18:U.  barely  a  year  before  his 
death,  he  finally  received  the  professorship  of  ( iriental  lan- 
guages which  liehad  so  long  desired,  llislinguistic  stud- 
ies covered  a  most  extraordinary  range.  He  published,  _.,,.,,,,,.,  ,  ,i  .  ,  i  i  i  ■  » 
among  others,  grammars  of  Icelandic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Sin-  RathllU  {rath  lin).  A  small  island  belonging  to 
galese,Spani8h,Fricsian, Italian, Danisli(inEnglish),Lapp,  the  coiiutv  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  in  the 
and  English,  and  wrote  monographs  on  especial  points  of  Xorth  Channel  50  miles  north  bv  west  of  Belfast. 
many  languages  and  dialects  In  nuinerous  in.-itaiices  he  ■d„4.t,_,,-_-o  c-uf).  iniT,.,')  \  i.'inoo  in  TTolnml  3 
cleared  the  way,  by  his  preliminary  labors  and  suggestions,  RathnUUeS  (ratli-min/.  ).  A  place  in  Irtlan.l  A 
forother  workers  in  the  same  Held.  I  he  principle  of  the  rel-  miles  south  ot  Dul)lin.  Here,  Aug.  2. 1649,  the  Royal- 
ative  correspondence  of  consonants  in  the  IndoGermanie  ists  under  Ormonde  were  defeated  by  the  Parliamentarians 
languages,  nir  instance,  was  tliscovered  by  him,  although     uniler  Jones. 

it  was  formulated  as  a  law  liy  Jacob  lirimin  whn.se  name  it  J>a,tiV(jr  (rii'te-bor).     A  eitv  in  the  province  of 
hears.      lliH  enlK-ct.  d  essays  C^Samla.ie  Afhandlinger')     jm,^.^;,,^  Prussia,  situated  on"  the  Oder  in  lat.  50° 

5'  N.,  long.  18^  12'  E.  It  has  flourishing  trade  and 
manufactures,  and  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  princi- 
pality of  Katilior.  Population  (ISWo),  '20,737. 
Ratibor,  Duchy  of.  .\  duchy  of  the  Holv  Ro- 
man Eiii)iii('.  in  the  southcastorn  part  of  Silesia. 
It  W!LS  aciiniie.l  liy  the  Ilayi^burgs  l.':K,  and  by  I'rustia 
1742.     The  priiiei|ialily  of  l^dilicM  w  a.-i  cleat,  d  1822. 


His  cllect 
were  piibli.^bed  at  ('■■penhagen.  18;M-;i8,  in  3  vols. 
Ras  Mohammed  (riis  mo-hiim'ed).    The  south- 
crniuost  licaiilaiid  of  the  Sinai  peninsula,  pro- 
jri'ting  into  the  h'ed  Sea. 

Raspail  (riis-piiy'),  FranQois  Vincent.    Born 

atCarpeiitras.  France,  .lau.  29,  1791:  dii'd.laii. 
8.   1878.     A  French  naturalist  and  radictil  re- 


publican politician.      He  took  part  in  the  revolution-  Ratlbor.Duke  of  (  Vlctor  MoritZ  Karl,  Prince 

'      ■" "■  '    -•-■■••• '■■    of  Corvey  aiidof  Hohi'iilolie-Waldenburg-Schil- 

lingsfurst).     Born  Feb.  10,  1818:  died  Jan.  30, 

1893.     A  Giiniaii  polilieiaii.  president  of  the 

I'riissiaii  upper  house  from  1S77. 

ale"  ^18:iU),  "  Hlstoire  naturelle  do  la  aante  et  J{,atisbon{iat'is-bon),  G.  Regensburg(ra'gens- 

ladie^  (1843).  "  Nouvelles  dtudes  sclentiflques     ^*i^.^°,"""[-V.   JtalislJn,,,.   MH.    I!.,li.<bo,w,{Tom 

(\ltic  Jtddc.ipona.  The  Koniiin  name  was  yiVi/i- 
iiiim  or  CdSlrii  Ucijiiui,  the  camp  on  the  river 
Regen  (OHG.  litijau);  OIIG.  Kniomxpiinic,  (r. 
Uiytnubiini.']  The  cajiilal  of  the  I'pper  Palati- 
nate. Bavaria,  situated  on  the  south  hank  of  the 
Danube,  opposit  e  tlie  mouth  of  t  hi'  Rigeii,  in  lat. 
49°2'  N.,  long.  12° 5' E.:  the  Roman  Reginumor 
Castra  Regiiia.  Ithas  a  Iransittrade,  and  manufactures 
of  boats,  pottery,  lead-penolK  etc.,  and  conlnins  many  me. 
dievalliuildings.  The  catlieilral  was  built  between  1276  and 
1531.  rhewestlidntisofthel.'.theentniytlt  i»cover>Klwllh 
arcading.  Hanked  liv  2  towers  with  lofty  openwork  .«plre» 
(finished  l.sii',1),  ami  lias  before  Its  wulplureil  cenlnil  porUil 
a  curious  project  lug  areaded  triangular  porch.  The  cathe- 
dral measuies  :ii»l  bv  1-5  feet:  the  iiave-vault  Is  1:12  feet 
high,  (il  her  objects  of  interest  are  the  Italhaiis  (the  seat  <if 
theGerninn  IteieliBtag  fr.nii  llHVllo  lso(i),("ildeli  Cross  Inn, 
Golden  Tower  anil  other  towen<,  Chiireh  of  St  I'lrich,  Ab- 
hey  of  St,  r.mnieiam.and  .-ieliottenkirelie.  In  the  vlcinily 
Is  the  hall  Walhalla.  Katislion  was  an  iniportiint  Koman 
town,  later  a  free  iinperial  4'ily.  and  one  of  the  most  flour 
Ishing  medieval  towns  of  Gernmnv.  It  suflered  in  the 
'I'liirty  Years'  War  ;  was  given  lo  tfic  prince  primate  |)il 
burg  ill  1803 ;  Biillurod  severely  Iu  tho  five  dayt'  flfrhtliiR 


ary  movements  of  1830  and  1848,  in  whicli  latter  year  hi 
was  imprisoned.     He  was  a  member  of  the  Corps  U'gis- 
latlf  iu  1801),  and  was  electid  to  tlii^  Chiunber  uf  Deputies 
in  1870.     Among  his  works  are  "  Nouvcau   aysteme  de 
chimie  organi.iue  "  (183:1),  "  Nouveail  systeme  de  physiot 
gie  v^gCtali 
de  la  mill 
(18(i4),  etc. 
Raspe  (riis'pe),  Rudolph  Erich.     Born  at  Han- 
nover, 1737:  died  at  .Muckross,  Ireland,  1794      A 
German  author.    He  was  for  a  time  professor  of  archie- 
ology  and  curator  of  the  museum  at  Casael.  but  was  charged 
with  stealing  luedalH  iiinler  his  care,  and  lied  to  F.ngland 
to  avoid  prosecution.  Ilewasassay-niaster  and  storekeeper 
at  the  Ilolcoatli  mines  in  Cornwall  1782-8s.    He  wrote  some 
scientific  works,  but  is  known  ehlelly  as  the  compiler  of 
"Baron  Muncliausen's  Narrative  of  his  Marvellous  Travels 
and  Campaigns  in  Russia  "  (1785),  a  German  translation  of 
wliieh  was  introduced  in  Germany  liy  the  poet  Burger  in 
1787. 

Rassam(riis-siini'),Hormuzd.  Born  at  Mosul, 
Turlicy,  ]82fi.  A  Turkish  Assyriologist,  of  Chal- 
dean Christian  parentage.  Ue  assisted  Ijiyard  In 
his  arehieologlcal  excavations  at  Nineveh  1.H45-17.  Having 
at  Layard's  Instance  completed  his  studies  at  Oxford,  ho 
acconipanii.-d  biiii  on  his  seconil  expcslitlon  in  1849.  and  in 
18,^1  became  Ills  successor  as  British  agent  for  the  con- 
duct of  .\ssyrlan  expli>rations,ii  post  which  heliehlnnlll  the 
explorations  came  to  an  end  in  1854.  In  1.S04  lie  was  sent  by 
tile  British  government  on  n  mission  to  Theoilore,  king  of 
Abyssinia,  by  whom  he  was  kept  imprisoned  until  I.hiW. 
From  1870-82  ho  conducted  explorations  in  Mesopotamia 


Batisbon 

between  Napoleon  and  the  archduke  Charles,  April  lJ>-23. 
1800:  and  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1810.  Population  (ISyO). 
37,934. 

Batisbon  Interim.  A  provisional  arrangement 
devised  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  for  tne  set- 
tlement of  the  points  of  dispute  between  the 
Catholics  and  Protestants,  it  was  based  on  a  con- 
ference held  during  the  Diet  at  Ratisbon,  in  IMl,  between 
leading  theologians  (Melanchthon,  Bucer,  Eck,  etc.). 

Rat  (rat)  Islands,  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
Tvestem  part  of  the  Aleutian  chain. 

Ratkau  (rat'kou),  or  Ratkow  (riit'ko),  or 
Ratekau  (rit'te-kou).  A  village  5  miles  from 
Liibeck,  Germany.  Here,  Nov.  7, 1806,  Bliicher,  on  the 
retreat  from  Auerstiidt,  surrendered  with  about  7,000  men 
to  the  French. 

Ratlam.     See  Hutlam. 

Ratnagiri  (rut-na-ge're),  or  Rutnagheiry  (rut- 
na-ger'i).  1.  A  district  in  Bombay,  British  In- 
dia, situated  along  the  coastof  the  Arabian  Sea, 
and  intersected  by  lat.  17°  N.  Area,  3,922  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  l,10r),926.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Ratnagiri,  situated  on 
the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  17°  N.,  long.  73°  16'  E. 
Population  (1891),  14,303. 

Ratnavali  (rat-na'va-le).  [Skt. :  ratna,  pearl, 
and  (irali,  row.]  "  The  Pearl  Necklace,"  a  San- 
skrit drama  of  the  7th  century,  ascribed  as  the 
Nagananda  and  the  Priyadarshika  to  the  king 
Shri  Harsha.  Hall,  Biihler.  and  Weber  believe  the  real 
author  to  have  been  Bana,  while  Pischel  ascribes  it  to 
Dhavaka.  The  first  scene  describes  the  sports  and  jokes 
of  the  spring  festival  now  called  Holt  Sagarika.  called 
Ratnavali  from  her  jewel  necklace,  a  princess  of  Ceylon. 
is  accidentally  brought  to  the  court,  falls  in  love  with  the 
king,  and  paints  his  picture.  The  queen  discovers  the  pic- 
ture, is  jealous,  and  imprisons  Sagarika.  In  the  end,  how- 
ever, the  king  conciliates  the  first  wife  and  gains  a  second. 
A  sorcerer  plays  a  great  part  in  it.  The  best  edition  is 
by  Cappeller  in  Bbhtlingk's  "Sanskrit  Chrestomathie  "(2d 
ed.).  It  h:is  been  translated  into  English  by  Wilson,  and 
into  German  by  Fritze. 

Raton  ( ra-ton ' )  Mountains.  A  mountain  group 
in  soutliern  Colorado  and  the  northern  part  of 
Xew  Mt'xico. 

Rat  Portage  (rat  por'taj).  A  town  of  Algoma, 
Ontario,  situated  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods.  It  is  noted  for  the  production  of  cav- 
iar.    Population  (1901),  .5,202. 

Ratsey  (rat'si),  Gamaliel.     See  the  extract. 

Gamaliel  Ratsey  was  a  notorious  highwayman,  who  al- 
ways robbed  in  a  mask,  which  was  undoubtedly  made  as 
hideous  as  possible  in  order  to  strike  terror.  In  the  title- 
page  of  an  old  pamphlet  (which  I  have  not  seen)  con- 
taining the  history  of  his  exploits,  he  is  said  to  be  repre- 
sented with  this  "frightful  visor :  in  allusion  to  which,  I 
suppose,  he  is  called  by  Gab.  Harvey  "Gamaliel  Hobgob- 
lin." On  the  books  of  the  Stationers'  Company  (^Iay, 
160.^)  is  entered  a  work  called  "The  Lyfe  and  I)eath  of  Ga- 
maliel Ratsey,  a  famous  theefe  of  England,  executed  at 
Bedford."  There  are  also  several  "Ballats''on  the  sub- 
ject, entered  about  the  same  time.  But  the  achievements 
of  Gamaliel  have  been  sung  in  more  than  one  language. 
Gifford,  Notes  to  Jonson's  The  Alchemist,  II.  7. 

Ratsey's  Ghost.  A  very  rare  tract,  printed 
without  date,  but  supposed  to  be  prior  to  1606. 
It  mentions  Shakspere's  "Hamlet"  by  name, 
and  refers  to  the  author  and  some  circum- 
stances of  his  life.  (Collier.)  Ratsey  is  referred 
to  in  many  publications  of  the  time.  See  the 
article  above. 

Rattazzi,  or  Ratazzi,  Urbano.  Bom  at  Ales- 
sanilria,  Italy,  June  29,  1808 :  died  at  Frosinone, 
Italy,  June  5,  1873.  An  Italian  statesman.  He 
became  deputy  in  the  Sardinian  parliament  in  1848 ;  was 
minister  for  short  periods  in  1848  and  1840;  became  min- 
ister of  justice  in  13.')3,  and  of  the  interior  in  1854;  re- 
signed in  1858 ;  was  again  minister  of  the  interior  185&-60 ; 
and  was  prt-niier  in  ].stj2  and  1867. 

Rattenfanger  von  Hameln  (riit'ten-feng"er 
fon  ham'eln),  Der.  [G., 'The  Bat-eateher  of 
Hameln.']  An  opera  by  Victor  Nessler,  pro- 
duced at  Leipsic  m  1879.    See  Hameln,  Piper  of. 

Rattlin  (rat'lin),  Jack.  A  saUor,  a  character 
in  Smollett's  "Roderick  Random." 

Ratzeburg  (rat'se-bSro).  1.  A  former  bishop- 
ric, afterward  a  secularized  principality,  lying 
northwest  of  Mecklenburg-Sohwerin,  and  be- 
longing to  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. —  2.  A  town 
in  Lauenburg,  in  the  province  of  Sehleswig- 
Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  Lake  Ratzeburg 
12  miles  south  of  Liibeck.  The  cathedral,  with  the 
northern  part  of  the  town,  belongs  to  Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
(see  def.  1).     Pc.[.ulati"n  (iy«M,"4,23.'5. 

Rau  (rou),  Karl  Heinrici.  Born  at  Erlangen, 
Bavaria,  Nov.  23,  1792:  died  at  Heidelberg. 
March  18, 1870.  A  German  political  economist, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1822.  His  chief  work 
is  "  liChrbuch  der  politischen  Okonomie  "  ("  Manu,al  of  Po- 
litical Economy,"  1826-37). 

Rauber  (roi'ber),  Die.  [6.,  'The  Robbers.'] 
A  play  IJv  Schiller,  printed  in  1781  and  repre- 
sented in  1782. 


844 
Ranch  (rouch).  Christian  Daniel.    Bom  at 

Arolsen,  Waldeck,  Germany,  Jan.  2.  1777:  died 
at  Dresden,  Dec.  3,  1857.  A  noted  German 
sculptor,  .\mong  his  works  are  the  mausoleum  of  Queen 
Luise  of  Prussia  at  Charlottenburg  (1814) ;  statues  of 
•  Blucher  in  Breslau  and  Berlin,  and  of  Ma.vimiliau  I.  of  Ba- 
varia in  Munich  ;  the  monument  of  Diirer  at  Nuremberg  ; 
statues  of  Scharnhorst,  Von  Biilow,  Francke,  etc. ;  and  the 
monument  of  rrederick  the  Great  at  Berlin  (1851). 

Ranch,  Friedrich  August.  Born  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  July  27,  1806:  died  at  Mereersbm-g, 
Pa.,  March  2.  1841.  A  German-American  phi- 
losopher, first  president  of  Marshall  College, 
Mereersburg  (1835-41).  He  wrote  "Psychol- 
ogy" (1840),  etc. 

Raucoux.     See  Rocoux. 

Raudian(ra'di-an)  Fields.  [L.  Campi  Raudii.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  noted  plain  in  northern 
Italy,  probably  near  Vereelli,  but  by  some  lo- 
cated near  Verona,  it  was  thescene  of  a  battle  in  101 
B.  c,  in  which  the  Cimbri  were  annihilated  by  theRomans 
under  Marius  and  Catulus. 

RaudnitZ  (roud'nits).  A  town  in  northern  Bo- 
hemia, situated  on  the  Elbe  25  miles  north  by 
west  of  Prague.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  6.615. 

Railhe  Alp  (rou'e  alp)  or  Alb  (alb).  The 
Swabian  Jura,  or  that  part  of  it  between  Hohen- 
zollei-n  and  Bavaria ;  in  a  more  restricted  sense, 
a  gi'oup  of  mountains  near  Reutlingen. 

Raumer  (rou'mer),  Friedrich  Lud'wig  Georg 
■yon.  Boi'n  at  Worlitz,  Anhalt.  Germanv,  Mav 
14,  1781:  died  at  Berlin,  June  14, 1873.  A  Ger- 
man historian.  He  became  professor  at  Breslau  in  1811, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1819,  and  was  a  member  of  the  tYankfort 
parliament  in  1848,  and  later  of  the  Prussian  chamber.  His 
chief  works  are  "Geschichte  der  Hohenstaufen  "  ("History 
of  the  Hohenstauf  ens,"  1823-'25),  and  "Geschichte  Europa's 
seit  dem  Ende  des  15.  Jahrhunderts  "  ("History  of  Europe 
since  the  End  of  the  15th Century,"  lS3'3-.50);  otherworks 
are  "Briefe  aus  Paris  und  Frankreich  "(183i),  "  England  " 
(1836-41),  "  Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nordamerika " 
(1846),  etc. 

Raumer,  Karl  Georg  ■von.  Born  at  Worlitz, 
Germany.  April  9,  1783:  died  at  Erlangen,  Ba- 
varia, June  2, 1865.  A  German  geographer,  ge- 
ologist, and  wi'iter  on  pedagogics,  professor  at 
Erlangen:  brother  of  Friedrich  Ludwig  Georg 
von  Raumer.  His  works  include  "  Lehrbuch 
der  aUgemeinen  Geographic"  (1832),  "Ge- 
schichte der  Piidagogik"  (1842),  etc. 

Raumer,  Rudolf  von.  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
April  14,  1815 :  died  at  Erlangen.  Bavaria,  Aug. 
30,  1876.  A  German  philologist,  son  of  K.  G. 
von  Raumer :  professor  at  Erlangen  from  1846. 
He  wrote  "'  Geschichte  der  germanisehen  Phi- 
lologie"  (1870),  etc. 

Raupach  (rou'pach), Ernst  Benjamin  Salomo. 
Born  at  Straupitz.  near  Liegnitz,  Silesia,  Jlay 
21,  1784 :  died  March  18, 1852.  A  German  dram- 
atist. 

Rauraci  Montes.  In  ancient  geography,  a  name 
given  to  Abnoba,  now  the  Black  Forest. 

Raurici  (ra'ri-si),  or  Rauraci  (ra'ra-si).  [L. 
(Cfesar)  Raurici,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  'Vfn-panoi.]  A 
Gennan  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Cfesar.  They 
were  situated  in  the  neighborhood  of  Basel,  on  the  upper 
Rhine,  in  territory  north  of  the  Helvetii,  whom  they  had 
joined  in  their  attempted  migration,  58  B.  c. 

Ravaillac  (ra-vii-yiik').  FranQOis.  Born  near 
Angouleme,  France,  about  1578:  executed  at 
Paris,  May  27, 1610.  The  murderer  of  Henry  IV. 
of  France"  (May  14,  1610). 

Ravee.     See  Ravi  (in  India), 

Ravello  (ra-vel'16).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Salerno,  Italy,  it  was  formerly  a  place  of 
importance.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1087,  is  remark- 
able especially  for  its  bronze  doors  of  1176  and  its  pulpit 
of  1272. 

Raven  (ra'vn).  The.  A  notable  poem  by  Edgar 
Allan  Poe,  published  in  1845. 

Ravenna  (ra-ven'a;  It.  pron.  ra-ven'na).  1. 
A  province  in  the  compartimento  of  Emilia, 
Ital.y.  Area,  715  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  223,013.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ravenna,  situated  between  the  Ronco  and 
Lamone,  6  miles  from  the  Adriatic,  in  lat.  44° 
25'  N.,  long.  12°  12'  E. :  the  Roman  Ravenna. 
It  is  famous  for  its  churches  (basilicas  of  the  late-Roman 
and  Byzantine  periods).  The  cathedral,  founded  in  the 
4th  century,  but  remodeled  in  the  ISth,  was  a  5-aisled  ba- 
silica with  mosaics,  but  is  now  a  3-aisled  domed  church 
with  grotesque  ornament.  The  venerable  circular  cam- 
panile and  the  crypt  are  of  the  original  construction. 
There  are  several  noteworthy  frescos  by  GuidoReuL  San 
Giovanni  Evangelista  is  a  votive  church  built  in  425  by 
Galla  Placidia.  There  is  a  narthes  on  the  west :  its  door 
is  a  very  richly  sculptured  work  of  the  13th  century.  The 
3-aisled  interior  has  24  antique  columns ;  in  one  chapel 
there  is  a  fresco  of  the  evangelists  and  the  doctors  of  the 
church,  by  Giotto,  powerful  and  characteristic  despite 
restoration.  The  palace  of  Theodoric,  a  fragment  65  feet 
long,  with  two  tiers  of  arcades,  a  large  arched  doorway  in 
the  middle,  and  over  it  a  large  domed  niche  containing  a 
double-arched  window,  is  important  historically  as  the 


Rawlins 

abode  of  Theodoric,  the  exarchs,  and  the  Lombard  kings, 
and  architectm-ally  as  one  of  the  best  secuhir  examples  of 
early  Italian  Romanesque.  The  mausoleum  of  ITlieodoric, 
of  the  6th  century,  though  Roman  in  character,  is  in  plan 
a  decagon  45  feet  in  diameter.  The  upper  story.  35  feet  in 
diameter,  is  circular,  roofed  by  a  single  enormous  slab  cut 
to  the  form  of  a  flat  dome.  This  stoiy  was  surrounded  by 
ornamental  arcades,  now  gone.  Each  side  of  the  decagoQ 
below  has  a  niche  formed  by  a  massive  arch.  EaL-h  story 
contains  a  chamber:  the  lower  one  is  cruciform.  The 
mausoleum  of  Galla  Placidia.  built  in  440,  is  in  plan  a  Latin 
cross  40  by  46  feet.  The  four  arms  have  barrel-vaults,  and 
the  central  space  is  covered  by  a  raised-groined  vault.  The 
ends  of  the  arms  are  occupied  by  sarcophagi.  The  vaults 
are  lined  with  mosaics  which  rank  among  the  finest 
remains  of  early  Christian  art.  Among  other  notable  struc- 
tures are  tlie  baptistery,  Dante's  tomb,  library,  archi- 
episcopal  palace,  and  churches  of  San  Vitale.  San  Na- 
zario  e  Celso,  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin,  San  Apollinare 
Nuovo,  and  San  Apollinare  in  Classe.  Ilavenna  was  an 
ancient  city  of  Cisalpine  Gaul :  it  is  mentioned  in  the  his- 
tory of  Julius  Caesar.  It  was  in  old  times  a  seaport,  and 
the  headquarters  of  the  Roman  Adriatic  fleet ;  the  chief 
capital  of  the  Western  emperors  from  about  402  to  476; 
and  the  capital  of  Odoacer.  of  Theodoric  and  the  East 
Goths,  and  of  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna  (which  see,  below). 
It  w-as  taken  by  the  Lombard  Aistulf  about  752 ;  was  taken 
by  Pepin  in  755,  and  granted  to  the  Pope;  had  various 
other  rulers  in  the  middle  ages  (the  Polentas,  Venetians, 
etc.)  ;  and  passed  finally  to  the  Papal  States  in  1509.  A  vic- 
tory was  gai?ied  near  it,  -April  11, 1512,  by  the  French  under 
Gaston  de  Foix  (killed  in  the  battle)  over  the  papal  and 
Spanish  troops.  It  was  united  with  the  kingdom  of  Italy 
in  1800.  Dante  died  here  in  1321.  Population  (1892),66,80a 
Ravenna.  A  village,  the  capital  of  Portage 
County,  Ohio,  36  miles  southeast  of  Cleveland. 
Population (1900),  4.003. 

Ravenna,  Exarchate  of.  The  dominion  of  the 
Byzantine  exarch  (or  governor)  in  Italy,  with 
its  headquarters  in  Ravenna.  The  Ostrogothic 
realm  in  Italy  was  conquered  by  the  Byzantines  in  536- 
553,  and  the  exarchate  was  instituted  in  568.  It  comprised 
at  first  Italy,  but  was  soon  contlned  to  a  district  in  north- 
eastern Italy,  near  Ravenna :  and  was  taken  from  the  Lom- 
bards by  Pepin  the  Short  in  755  and  granted  to  the  Pope. 

Ravensburg  (ra'vens-borG).  A  town  in  the 
circle  of  the  Danube,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on 
the  Schusseu  22  miles  east-northeast  of  Con- 
stance. It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and 
has  several  fine  buildings.  It  was  founded  by  the  Welfs; 
became  a  free  imperial  city  in  the  13th  century ;  passed 
to  Bavaria  in  1803 :  and  passed  to  W'iirtemberg  in  1810. 
Population  (1S90),  12,267. 

Ravenscroft  (ra'venz-kroft),  Ed'ward.    An 

English  dramatist  of  the  17th  century.  He  was 
a  student  of  law  in  the  Temple.  His  works  include 
"The  Careless  Lovers"  (1673),  '■  Mamamouchi.  or  the  Cit- 
izen turned  Gentleman"  (1675).  "Scaramouch"  (1677X 
"The  Wrangling  Lovers,  or  the  Invisible  Mistress  "(1677), 
"King  Edgar  and  -\lfreda"  (1677),  "The  English  Lawyer" 
(1678 :  a  translation  of  the  Latin  play  "  Ignoramus "), 
"The  London  Cuckolds  "  (1683),  "  Dame  Dolison,  or  the 
Cunning  Woman"  (1684),  "The  Canterbury  Guests,  or  a 
Bargain  Broken "  (leo.^i),  "The  -Anatomist,  or  the  Sham 
Doctor  "  (1697),  "The  Italian  Husband  "  (1697). 

Ravenspur  (ra'%Ti-sper).  A  place  (now  sub- 
merged) on  the  coast  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
near  Spurn  Head,  where  Henry  r\'.  landed  in 
1399  and  Edward  IV.  in  1471. 

Ravens'wood  (ra'venz-wiid),  Edgar,  Master 
of.  Theloverof  Lucy Ashton  in  Scott's  "Bride 
of  Lammermoor."  A  melancholy  and  revengeful  man, 
finding  her,  as  he  supposes,  faithless  to  him,  he  bitterly 
reproaches  her,  is  challenged  by  her  brother,  and  perishes 
in  a  quicksand  on  his  way  to  the  meeting. 

Ra'Vi  (rii've),  or  Maravi  (ma-ra've).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  British  Nyassaland,  central  Africa, 
settled  on  a  high  plateau  southwest  of  Lake 
Nyassa.  Once  a  powerful  nation,  they  have  been  much 
reduced  in  numbers  and  power  by  the  Maviti  and  other 
tribes  owning  firearms.  They  are  kinsmen  of  the  Ma- 
nganja.  A  fraction  of  the  tribe  fled  east  to  the  Xamuli 
Mountains,  and  mixed  there  with  Loniwe  tribes. 

Ravi,  or  Ravee  (ra've).  One  of  the  "five  riv- 
ers" of  the  Pan  jab.  India,  uniting  -with  the 
Chenab  35  miles  northeast  of  Multan.  Length, 
over  400  miles. 

Ra-wal  Pindi,  or  Ra'wnl  Pindee  (ra'ul  pin'de). 
1.  A  division  of  tlie  Panjab,  British  India. 
Area,  15,435  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
2,520,508.-2.  A  district  in  the  Rawal  Pindi 
division,  intersected  by  lat.  33°  30'  N.,  long.  73° 
E.  Area, 4,844  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
887,194.-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Ra- 
wal Pindi,  situated  about  lat.  33°  37'  X.,  long. 
73°  5'  E.  It  is  an  important  military  station 
and  commercial  center.  Population,  including 
cantonment  (1891),  73,795. 

Ra'Wdon,  Lord.   See  Hastings,  Francis  Ratrdoii. 

Rawil,  or  Rawyl  (rii-vel');  Pass,  F.  Col  des 
Ravins  (kol  da  rii-van').  An  Alpine  pass  on 
the  border  of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais, 
Switzerland,  leading  from  the  Simmenthal  in 
Bern  to  the  Rhone  valley  at  Sion. 

Rawlins  (ra'Iinz),  John  Aaron.  Bom  at  East 
Galena,  111.,  Feb.  13,  1831:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Sept.  9.  1869.  An  American  general.  He 
was  a  Douglas  Democrat  in  1860,  but  joined  the  Union 
army  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and  became  assis- 


Rawlins 

t«nt  adjutant-general  to  Grant  in  1861.  and  chief  of  staff 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  In  1865.  He  was  secre- 
tary  of  war  ISG9.  „,      , 

Eawlinson  (ra'lin-son),  George.  Bom  at  Cliad- 
lingtou,  O.vfordshire,  Nov.  L'ii,  1^V2:  ilifd  at 
Canterbury,  Oct.  (i,  1902.  An  English  historian, 
Orientalist,  and  theologian,  the  brother  of  Sir 
H.  C.  Rawliuson.  He  became  canon  of  faiitirbiiry 
cathedral  in  1872.  He  publislied  "  Five  Great  Monarcliies 
of  the.\Mcient  Eastern  \Voria"(l«CJ-07l,"l'hc  SiithGreat 
Oriental  Monarchy"  (1873),  "Tlie  Seventh  Great  Oriental 
Monarchy  "(187fi),  "  A  Manual  of  Ancient  Histury"  (IKliil), 
a  translation  of  Herodotus  (IS-OS-tW;  conjointly  «itli  liis 
brutlicr  an.l  Sir  J.  G.  Wilkinson),  "  .\  History  of  Egypt  ' 
(1881),  "  Plio-nicia"  (ISS'J),  and  various  tlieological  worlvs. 

Eawlinson,  Sir  Henry  Creswicke.    Born  at 

Cliadlingtou,  Oxfordshire,  April  11,  1810:  died 
at  London,  March  ">,  IS'J.'i.  An  English  Assyri- 
ologist  and  diplomatist.  He  entered  the  East  India 
Company's  army  in  ls-27,  and  held  various  important  of- 
fices both  ndlitary  and  diplomatic,  retiring  in  Is-iti.     '■■ 


845 

philosopher.  He  was  a  priest  attached  to  the  parish  of 
.St.  Suljiice  in  Paris,  tiut  was  dismissed  lor  bad  conduct, 
and  sulisequently  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  beat- 
known  work  is  the  "  Uistoire  philosophiciue  ct  politique 
des  ^tablisscnients  et  du  commerce  des  Europil-ens  dansles 
deux  Indes"  (■•rhih>sophieal  and  I'iditical  History  of  the 
EsLiblishmentsand  Uoimncrce  of  the  Europeansiu  the  Two 
Indies"  :  puldished  1770  ;  new  edition  1780-8.'.).    The  book 


Eecorde 

Sevier  County,  Tenn.,  Oct.  8, 1818.  An  Ameri- 
can Democratic  politician.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Texas  1857-61 ;  was  postmaster-general  of  the 
Confederacy  lS61-tJ.'>,  and  (for  a  short  time)  acting  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  ;  was  a  member  of  (.'ongress  from 
Texas  187.^,-87  ;  and  was  a  United  .states  senator  1887-91, 
when  he  resigned  in  order  to  accept  the  cbairmauship  of 
the  railroad  commission  of  the  State  of  Texas. 


was  burned  by  order  of  the  Farlement  in  Ijry  on  account  g^atg  ( i-O-a'te).     The  ancient  name  of  Rieti 
of  its  lil>endlsni,  ami  lU  author  was  exiled.    He  also  wrote  tj^_,,_„.    • 


Uistoire  dn  Stathoudi-rot  "(l 748), "Anecdotes Iitt<5raire3  " 
(2  vols.  1760),  "  Meiuoires  poliiiiiues  de  I'Europe  "  (Svols. 
lT.M-74).  etc.  Raynal  was  regarded  as  a  leader  of  the 
French  freethinkers. 

Raynouard  (ra-nii-iir'),  Frantjois  Juste  Marie. 

Born  at  Urignoles,  France,  .Sept.,  17G1 :  died  at 
Passy,  Paris,  Oct.  27, 1836.  A  French  poet  and 
scholar.  He  was  noted  for  his  works  on  Provencal  liter- 
ature and  language,  including  "  Choix  des  poesies  origi- 
nalcs  des  troubadours "(181i;-'21),  and  "  Lexique  roman,"a 
dictionary  of  the  language  of  the  troubadours,  with  a 
grammar  and  a  selection  of  poems  (183tJ-4.^). 


Reaumtir  (ra-6-mUr'),  Bend  Antoine  Fer- 
chault  de.  Bom  at  La  Kochelle,  France,  Feb. 
2.S,1683:  died  on  his  estate,Bermoiidi6re,  Maine, 
France,  Oct.  18,  1757.  A  French  physicist  and 
naturalist,  best  known  as  the  inventor  (about 
1731)  of  the  Reaumur  thermometer,  in  the  scale 
of  which  the  space  between  the  freezing-point 
and  the  boiling-point  of  water  is  divided  into  80 
degrees.  He  also  discovered  the  i>orcelain  named  from 
him.  His  chief  work  is  "  Mt*moires  pour  servir  k  I'histoire 
naturelle  des  insectes"  (17*4-12). 


fires  notn  ininiarv  arm  mniomauc,  reiirnii;   iii    i».>o.      iii      h  •""•"•".  -....- --i-  \ —    -    -  i-  »»-  t^-li i_,-ii/..i       m     r,   i.      _     - 

5^  he  was  appointed  liiitish  minister  at  Teheran,  where  Razfes  (rii-za').       A    former    small    division    of  EebeCCa,  or  Rebekah  (re-bck  a)     IF.IiebeeqM, 

■     •  "   •  ■ •••    ■ —  .....     g      Rebicd,  rg.  It.  Jlebecxa,  L.  Jiebcccn,ijrT.   Vc- 

fliKKa,  Heb.  Iiih)iiidh,ivom  )V(W(«A-, bind, fasten.] 
The  sister  of  Laban,  wife  of  the  patriarch  Isaac 
and  mother  of  Esau  and  .Jacob. 


tionoftheKnglishuiidertheDukeofliuckinghamagalnst  Rebellion    The       1.   In  United  Sta 
the  French  in  1627.     Length,  13  miles.  tli,>  ( 'ivil  W'lr  (  which  see)  — 2    In  S 

lead  (red)    George      [The  E   sumanrio  «       J;;       ■',  Ja'c^bUe  insut^ections!" 
also  spelled  Readc,  Herd,  Sc.  RchI.  is  tho  same  p„,  ■,,,„„  ^b^  Orpn t.      In  Enrfish 


of  Isaac  of  York.  She  secretly  loves  Ivanhoe,  whi,m 
she  cures  of  a  wound,  and  repulses  at  the  peiil  of  her  life 
tile  criminal  love  of  iJelioisGuilbert,  on  account  of  whose 
iilfatnatton  she  is  condemned  as  a  witch,  hut  is  saved  by 
the  sudden  death  of  her  accuser,  .\fter  the  marriage  of 
Ivanhoe  to  Kowena,  she  leaves  England  with  her  father. 

tes  history, 
Scottish  his- 


iie  remained  oiieyeiU-.     He  became  a  member  of  the  Conn-  ~ij,t,^<,||edoc.  France,  corresponding  to  parts  of 

cil  of  India  in  18US.  and  president  of  the  Royal  (ieograpla-  .ipnnrtmpiits  of  Aude  and  Pvren^es-Orien- 

caVSofiety  in  1871.     He  was  made  a  K.  c.  B.  in  ls5t:,  a     tne  departments  oi  Auiit  anu  iryreiiet-s  wiieii 

G.  C.  B.  in  188D,  and  a  liaronet  in  1891.     He  copieil,  aniid     tales. 

great  hardships,  the  trilingual  inscription  at  Behi.'stnn.  Razor  (ra'zor).     An  amusing  intriguing_\'alet  ,,,,.,  •     c-    Tir  ,. 

He  published  "On  the  Inscriptions  of  Assyria  and  liaby-     •     Vaubruirii's  comedv  "The  Provoked  Wife."  Rebecca  (re-bek  ii).     A  character  in  Sir  \\  alter 

Ionia  ■•(18.-.0),  "Outline  of  the  History  of  A.ssyria"(is,vj),  _         .       „  |;  sv,^,,„,„     "  Scott'snovel '■Ivanhoe":  a.Tcwess.tliedaught<-r 

and  "England  and  Russia  in  the  East' (IS?:.);  and  was  KaZZl.»ee  tXW'mn.  .      .,       ,  .     ,,     t>         «■      -' ' -*  i-„-i.      „ , ,..    . 

the  joint  editor  of  "Cuneiform  Inscriptions  of  Western  Re,  or  Rne(ra),Ile  dC.     An  island  in  the  Bay  Ot 

Asia "  (1861-70),  and  other  collections  of  in.scriptions.  Biscay,  situated  opposite  La  Kochelle,  belong- 

Bawson  (ra'son),  Edward.     Bom  at  fJilling-    ing  to  the  department  of  Charente-Iiifi^rieure. 

ham,  EnglantJ,  April  16.  1615:  died  at  Boston,     Chief  place,  St.-Martin.     The  chief  industry  is  salt 

Aug.  27,  1693.      A  colonial  secretary  of  Massa-     manufacture.     Itwasthesceneof  annnsuccessfulexpedi 

chusetts,  and  historical  writer. 
Eawtenstall  (ra'ten-stal).     A  manufacturing  Rg^d 

town  in  Lancashire,  England,  16  miles  north  of 

Manchester.     Population  (1.S91),  29,507. 
Rawtll  Pindee.     See  Itawul  rindi. 
Raxalp  (rJiks'iilp).    An  elevated  plateau-moun- 
tain on  Ihe  bordcrof  Lower  Austria  and  StjTia, 

northwest  of  the  Semmering  Pass  and  44  miles 

southwest  of  Vienna.     Height,  6,.')00  feet. 
Bay  (ra).  Cape.    The  southwestemmost  cape  of 

Newfoundland,  situated  in  lat.  47°  37'  X.,  long. 

59°  18'  W. 
Bay,  orWray  (ra),  John.    Born  near  Braintree, 

Essex,  England,  1628:  died  Jan.  17,  170.'>.     A 

noted  English  naturalist,  called  ''  the  father  of 

English  natural  history."    He  traveled  on  the  Con. 

tkient  with  Willughby  1663-80.  It  is  thou'.'lit  that  the  Lit- 
ter deserves  much  of  the  praise  which  H:i>  icccived  as  the 

founder  of  systematic  zoology.    He  i>ulilislitil  "Catalogus 

plantarum  Anglice,  etc."  (1070);  "A  Collection  of  English 

Proverbs  '(1070,  and  many  later  editions);  ".MLthi>dns 

plantarum  nova,  etc. "(1082);  "Uistoria  plaiitaniin  "(lOSO- 

17<M) ;  "  Methodus  insectorum  "  (170.',),  and  many  z<  n  dni^ical 

■works ;  "The  Wisdom  of  God  manifested  in  the  Wmk^  of 

the  Creation  "  (1091) ;  "  Miscellaneous  Discoursi'S  "  (10'.I2) ; 

etc.    The  Kay  Society  was  established  in  1844  for  the  pur- 
pose of  publishing   'rare  books  of  establisheil  merit"  on 

zoology,  Dotany,  etc. 
Bayi  (ra'e).      [Ar.  al-rd'l,  the   shepherd.]     A 

rarely  used  name  of  a  Ophiuchi,  usually  known 

as  lidniillififiiir. 

Bayleigh,  Lord.    See  Strutt,  John  William, 
Baymi,  Feast  of.    See  Hntmi  Rmimi. 

Baymond    (ra'mond).      A    village    in    Hinds 

County,  Mississippi,  13  miles  west  by  south  of 

Jackson.     Here,  May  12,  1863.  part  of  Grant's 

armv  defeated  the  Confederates. 
Baymond  IV.,  of  Saint-GilU's.     Died  at  Tripo- 

lis,  Feb.  28, 1105.    Count  of  Toulouse  1088-1105. 


sp 
as  the  adj.  red,  and,  like  Black,  Hhitc,  etc.,  re 
ferred,  asa  surname,  to  the  comple.xion.]  Bora 
inCeciU'ounty,Md.,Sept.  18,1733:  died  at  New- 
castle, Del.,  Sept.  21, 1798.  An  American  states- 
man and  jiu-ist,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  as  (felegato  to  Congress  from 
Delaware.  Ho  was  United  States  senator  from 
Delaware  1789-93,  and  chief  justice  of  Delaware 
1793-98. 

Bead,  Thomas  Buchanan.  Bom  in  Chester 
Countv,  Pa.,  March  12,  ]sl>2:  died  at  New  York, 
May  11, 1872.  An  Aunricaii  jioet  and  painter. 
Ho  wrote  "Poems"  (1847,  ls.s:i,  Isuu-Ofi),  "The  New  Pas- 
toral"  (l«>r>),  "The  House  by  the  Sea"  (I860).  "Sylvia, 
etc."  (1857),  "Tlie  Wagoner  of  the  Alleghanlcs"  (1862), 
"Sheridan's  Eide  "  (18(i5),  etc. 

Beade  (ri'd),  Charles.  Born  at  Ipsden  House, 
( Lxfcirdshirc,  June  S,  1814:  died  at  London,  April 
11,1884.  An  English  novelist  and  dramatist.  He 
graduated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  1835;  was 
elected  to  a  Vinerian  scholar.'ship  at  Oxford  ;  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln. s  Inn  in  1847.  He  is  noted  for 
the  skill  with  which  he  inveighed  against  social  wrongs. 
His  first  play,  "The  Ladies'  Battle,"  appeared  in  18S1.  His 
ipiimipal  works  are  "Peg  WofflngUm  "  (ISM).  "Christie 
.ri.hnsdme  "  (183:!),  •'  Masks  and  Faces  "  (a  play,  with  Tom 
Ti.vlorl.  "Clouds  and  Sunshine"  and  "Art"(I855|,  "  It  is 
Never  Too  Late  to  Mend  "  (18,'i6 :  also  dramatized),  "  Love 
me  Little,  Ixive  me  Long"  (181J9),  "The  Cloister  and  tho 
Health"  (1801),  "Hard  Cash  '  (1803),  "Griffith  Gaunt" 
(1800),  "F'oul  Play"  (1809),  "  Put  Vouraelf  in  Uis  Place" 
(1870),  "  ATerribleTemptatlon  "  (1871),  and  "The  Wander- 
ing Heir"(1872).  Among  his  other  novels  are  "The  Course 
of  True  Love  never  did  Run  Smooth  "  (18..7).  "  White  Lies" 
(Isr.Tl,  "A  Womaii-Hater"  (1877X  "A  Simpleton"  (1874), 
etc.  Among  his  plays  are  "  A  Scuttled  Ship  "  (1879 :  with 
Bouclcault,  from  "Foul  Play")  and  "Drink"(froin  Zida's 
L'Assoinnndr  "), 


Heivasoneof  the  niMSt  powerful  princes  in  Europe  In  his  JjQa(je    William  WinWOOd.      B(mi  at  Ipsden, 

time,  and  in  1090  assumed  command  of  a  laru'e  army  which  i,'„,-i„',i     iu-mi.  ,ii,.,l   .,  i    WiTiibleiloii     EiMrlninl 

participated  In  the  first  Crnsade.     He  besiege.l  Trip.dis  V"^'   '    '''  ,^  ";V "  '  "  ',•'',.,.                '  •'^    Cfl-      ' 

hrilo)      A^..  Itaimond.  Jlaiinuml.  etc.  April  24,  18, i..    An  Ki.glish  travel,'!   in  Africa, 


Raymond  VI.  Horn  n. 56:  ,lie.1 1222.  Count  of 
Toulouse  1 1!)4-1222.  He  t4)ok  part  with  the  Albigenses 
against  the  Crusailers  under  .Montfort,  and  was  totally  lie- 
feated  by  the  latter  in  121.'i. 

Baymond,  Henry  Jarvis.  Born  at  Lima.  N.  Y., 
Jan.  24,  1H20:  ilied  at  New  York,  June  18, 
1869.  An  American  journalist  ami  politiciau. 
Ho  became  assistant  editor  of  the  New  York  "Tribune" 
1841 ;  later  was  on  the  stalf  of  the  "  Courier  ami  RminlriT"  ; 
was  speaker  of  tin-  Vev;  York  Assembly  in  18.^,0  and  1801; 
loundeil  the  "  New- York  Times  "  in  18:.l ;  was  liirntinaiit- 
goTernor  of  New  York  IS.Vi-S? ;  and  wils  Kepiiblicaii 
member  of  Congress  from  -New  York  180.V07.  He  wrote 
"A  History  of  the  Ailministratlon  of  President  Lincdn  ' 
(1861),  "Life  and  Public  Services  of  Abraham  Lincoln" 
(1805), 

Ba3rm< 
OBri 

died 

American  comedian.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  at  Kocln'ster,  New  ^'ork.  In  18.^:^ ;  ami  In  18.^9 
made  his  first  ilisllnctlve  hit  as  Asa  Trenchard  with  Soth- 
em  as  llunilrearv.  In  187:!  he  nr»t  took  the  part  of  CiJo- 
nel  Mulberry  Sidlers  in  "Tho  Gilded  Age,"  for  which  he 
Is  chii-llv  riTii, 'inhered. 

Baymond  LuUy.    See  Lull;/. 
Baynal  (ni-niil'),  Quillaume  Thomas  Fran- 
cois: ciiiiid  Abb6  Raynal.    Horn  at  si. -(;,•- 

niez,  Aveyroii,  France,  April  12,  1713:  died  at 
Paris,  March  6,  1796.    A  French  historian  and 


and  novelist,  a  neiihew  of  Charles  Reade.  He 
piililislieil  "Savage  Africa"  llKO:ll.  "The  African  Sketch- 
Hook  "  (187:!),  "  Ashaiitee  Campaign"  (1875),  ete. 
Beading(rc<l'ing).  [ME.  Uediuij,  AS.  Heddiiifian, 
prop,  til,'  nameof  the  inhabitant8,'the  descen- 
(iantsof  Redd,'  i.  o.  Red,  a  man's  name.]  A  town 
in  Berkshire,  Englainl.  situateil  on  the  Kennct. 
nearits  junction  with  tli,' Thames,  39  miles  west 
by  south  of  Jjomloii.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and 
manufactures  of  biscuits,  iron,  ale,  etc.,  and  cuitiiiua  ruins 
of  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  was  the  heaihiuarters  of  the 
Danes  111  llicir  inroad  on  Wessei  In  871,  ami  the  scene  of 
one  of  their  ilefeats ;  was  biirneil  by  t  he  Danes  in  IIXKI ;  anil 
was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  under  tho  Earl  of  Essex 
in  1043.   Population   iliHiii,  7'A214. 


''  '"'j     T  V      fn    ^                I                  r  T.I Beadincr.  Acilv.eaiiitalof  HerksConntv.  IVnn- 

mond,  John  T.  (assumed   name  of  John  ""^"'"fS-  \      ■  •      I        ,      «.,,,,, ,.i,.;i,   r.ii  ,„:],,„ 

.   .        •  v\^»»»»   Tt>   tv  1     XT  Tr     K      -t  -   iu-„-  s\' U'aniu.  silun  ,',1  on   lli,^  r>eliii\  IKill  .»('  nines 

$nen  .    Bom  at  BuTa  o,  N.  Y.,  Aiinl  .>,  l.S.id;  ■     .i        \    r  m   i    i   i   i  : .      ,.  ,  '      ,         .     .     n 

1      ,    I-              ii.    T     1      \.„;i   io     luu-        \.,  northwest  of  lliiladelpliia.    It  Is  an  Important  mil. 

\  at    Kvansvillc,  Iii.l.,  April   10.   ISS,.      An  ,,„„„„,,  ,„„,„„,.„.t,iriiig  cmter;  contains  machiiie.»h..p« 


way  and  inanulactunng 

of  the  Phllailelphla  anil  ItcadliiR  Rnllroail ;  and  has  niann 
faclurcsof  Imn,  st,-,  1,  brass,  shoes,  cigars,  leather,  etc.  It 
wiut  hihl  out  In  174S,  and  became  a  city  in  1847.  I'opula- 
thin  (IWK)).  78,1101. 

Reaiiing  Magdalen,  The.    See  Mnrjdnlm,  i . 

Beading  the  Will.  A  piiinting  by  Sir  David 
WilUii-l  lSi;(l),iM  llii'Ni'Wl'inukolheknl  .Munich. 
A  nniiiber  of  persons,  of  all  ages  ami  various  demeanor, 
are  a.ssembled  in  a  room  lliiteniiig  to  the  reading  of  a  will 
by  a  lawyer,  who  sits  at  a  table. 

Eeagan  (re'gan),  John  Henninger.    Born  in 


Bebellion,  The  Great.  In  English  history,  the 
war  waged  by  the  Parliamentary  array  against 
Charles  I.  from  1642  to  his  execution  in  1649, 
and  the  subsequent  maintenance  by  force  of  a 
government  opposed  to  the  excluded  sovereign 
Charles  II.  till  the  Kcstoration  in  1660. 

Rebello  da  Silva  (ro-bel'l<i  da  sel'vii),  Lnis 

AugUSto.  Born  at  Lislion.  April  1,  1822:  died 
.Sept.  19,  1871.  A  Portuguese  historian,  novel- 
ist, and  Jiolitical  orator.  His  chief  works  are  a  "His- 
tory  of  Portugal  in  the  17tli  and  ISth  Centuries  "  (1860-71) 
and  the  historical  novel  "A  mocldade  de  11  .loao  V." 
("  The  Youth  of  lloni  John  V.,"  1861-53). 

R6camier  ( ril-k  ii-mya ' ) ,  Madame  ( Jeanne  Fr  an- 
Qoise  Julie  Ad61al(ie  Bernard).     Bom  at 

Lyons,  Dec.  4,  1777:  died  at  Paris,  May  11, 1849. 
A  celebrated  French  leader  of  society.  She  was 
married  at  15  to  Monsieur  Jacques  R^camier,  who  was 
nearly  three  times  her  age.  Her  beauty  and  intelligence 
attracted  to  her  salon  a  brilliant  circle  at  Paris  during  the 
consulate  and  eini>ire,  and  later  at  Abbaye-aux-Bols.  She 
was  exiled  from  Paris  by  Najioleon.  Among  her  friends 
were  Madame  de  Stai-I.  Chateaubriand  (who  wislied  to 
marry  her  after  the  death  of  her  liusbainl).  Constant,  etc. 
The  only  one  of  her  admirers  who  is  thought  to  have 
touchecl  her  heart  was  Prince  Augustus  of  Prussia.  She 
agreed  to  marry  liiin,  and  her  husband,  who  had  hist  his 
fortune,  consenteil  to  a  divorce  :  she,  however,  touched  by 
Ills  ainiability,  refused  to  leave  him  in  his  poverty.  Her 
"Souvenirs  et  correspoiulaiice  "  were  edited  by  her  niece 
.Madame  Lenoniiant  in  18511. 

Rechabites  (rek'a-bits).  The  members  of  a 
.lewisli  I'aiinlyaiursect  descended  froniRechab, 
which,  in  obedience  to  the  cominaml  of  Jona- 
dab,  Hediab's  son,  refused  to  drink  wine,  build 
or  live  iu  liouses,  sow  seed,  or  plant  or  own 
viiieyanls  (.Ter.  x.K.w.  :')-10). 

Recife.     See  reniaiiilmro. 

Recklinghausen  (rek'ling-hou-zen).  1.  A 
roniur  iiiiiulsliip  in  Westiihalia,  annexed  to 
Prussia  in  ISlo. —  2.  A  town  in  the]irovince  of 
Westphalia.  Prussia,  situated  31  miles  south- 
west of  Miiiisler.  Populution  (1890),  7,640, 
''oniniune,  14,041. 

Reclus  (ra-Ulii'),  Jean  Jacques  Elis6e.    Born 

at  St.-Foy-la-Graniie,  (iironde,  March  I'l,  1830. 
A  French  geographer.  He  traveled  In  England.  Ire. 
land,  and  North  ami  .South  Ainerica.  18.'>2-57,  and  subse- 
<iuenlly  devoted  himself  lo  writing  luniks  of  travel  and 
geogmiihy  :  some  of  these  were  tlrst  iinlilisheil  In  the 
"Tour  du  Monde"  and  Ihe  "Keviie  lies  Deux  .Mondes," 
and  republished  in  book  form.  Tliey  include  "  Iji  tcrre  " 
(1807-08),  "Lea  plu'nomencs  tcrrestres.  le  niolide  et  lei 
meteores  "  (1872 ;  republlsheil  111  English  as  "  The  Ocean"), 
"Voyage  ii  la  Slerni  Nevaila  de  Saiiitc  .Marthr."  etc.  Ills 
greatest  work  is  the  "Nouvelle  niograpliie  aniverselle" 
(20  vols  .  <lo,  187.1-lM).  Ill  1871  Kechis  was  seiiteneiil  to 
Iransportnlloii  for  life  on  account  of  his  ronnectlon  with 
the  Paris  Conilnnue,  but  the  sentence  wan  i-oniniutoil  lo 
banishment  at  the  Intercession  of  iiiinieroiiB  distliignlshod 
scientists,  and  he  lived  at  CInrens,  Sivltzerlaml,  until  the 
amnesty  of  1870  iierinlltcd  his  relilrn  to  Paris. 

Recoaro  (ra-ko-ii'rd).  A  wateriiig-iila,'c  in  the 
priiviiic,>  of  Vicenzn,  nortliem  Ilaly,  situated 
21  mill's  north-norlhenst  of  Verona.  Popula- 
tion (1881).  eoinmuii,'.  (i.  163. 

Recorde  (rek'oid),  Robert.  Born  at  Tenby, 
Wales,  about  I.'iOO:  died  in  the  King's  Bench 
prison,  Loudon.  l.Vi8.  A  British  mathemafi- 
ciaunnd  physician.     Uc  entered  Oxford  In  1625;  was 


Eecorde 


846 


fellow  of  All  Souls  in  1531 ;  and  was  physician  to  Edward 
VI  and  Queen  JIarv.  He  wrote  "The  Grounde  of  Artes, 
teachin^e  the  Perfect  Worke  and  Practise  of  Arithme- 
ticke-  (1540),  "The  Pf  hway  to^Knowledp^^containJng  Eed  Lake  River,    A  river  in  northwestern  Min 


em  Minnesota,  intersected  by  lat.  48°  N.  Its 
outlet  is  by  tlie  Bed  Lake  River.  Length,  33 
miles. 


the  First  Principles  i  .  . 

Knowledge,  etc."  (1556),  "The  Whetstone  of  Witte,  etc, 

the  first  English  book  on  algebra  (1557).    Most  of  his  works 

are  in  the  form  of  dialogues  between  the  pupil  and  his 

master. 

Reculver  (rf-kul'ver),  or  Reculvers  (-verz). 
A  place  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  England,  9  miles 
northeast  of  Canterbury :  the  Roman  Regul- 
bium. 

Recuyell  of  the  Historyes  of  Troye.  ['  Col- 
lection of  the  Tales  of  Troy.']   See  the  extract. 

The  first  book  printed  in  English,  the  *•  Recuyell  of  the 
Historyes  of  Troye,"  a  stout  folio  of  351  leaves,  does  not 
cijntainthe  date  of  printing,  nor  the  name  and  place  of  the 
printer;  but  it  appears  from  the  introduction  that  it  was 
translated  from  the  French  by  Wi  Uiam  Calton  between  the 
yearsl469andl471.  De  Vimie.  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  507. 


nesota  which  joins  the  Red  River  of  the  North 
opposite  Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota .    Length, 
over  150  miles. 
Red  Lions,  The.    An  association  formed  in 
lSo9  at  Birmingham,  England. 

When  the  British  Association  met  there,  several  of  its 
younger  members  happened  accidentally  to  dine  at  the 
JRed  Lion  in  Church  street  ...  It  was  resolved  to  con- 
tinue the  meeting  from  year  to  year,  wherever  the  Asso. 
ciation  might  happen  to  meet.  By  degrees  the  "Eed 
Lions"— the  name  was  assumed  from  the  accident  of  the 
first  meeting-place  —  became  a  very  exclusive  club.  Forbes 
first  drew  round  him  the  small  circle  of  jovial  philosophei-s 
which  included  Lankester.  Thomson,  Bell,  Jlitchell,  and 
Strickland.  Many  were  added  afterwards,  as  the  club  was 
kept  up  in  London  in  meetings  at  Anderton's  in  Fleet 
street.  Timbs. 


A  range  in  Wyoming,  near 


Redan  (re-dan').     A  fortification  defending  Se-        j   •««•        +   • 
bastopol' in  the  Crimean  war.     It  was  stormed -Ked  Mountain,        „,     f   i      ^    •  •  *  ■    nr       * 
by  the  British  Sept.  8,  18.55,  but  immediately    Yellowstone  Lake.   The  highest  point  is  Mount 
abandoned  bv  them. 


Sheridan  (which  see). 


Reeve,  Henry 

Africa  on  the  west,  it  divides  in  the  north  into  the 
Gulf  of  Sinai  and  the  Gulf  of  Akaba.  The  chief  islands  are 
Farsanandthe  Dahlak archipelagoes.  Itcommunicatesou 
the  north  with  the  Mediterranean  by  the  Suez  Canal,  and 
on  the  south  with  the  Indian  t)cean  by  the  Strait  of  Bab-el- 
JIandebandtheGulf  of  Aden.  It  is  noted  for  its  heat.  Its 
commercial  importance  has  increased  since  the  opening 
of  the  Suez  Canal  in  1S69.  It  receives  no  river  of  impor- 
tance. Length,  about  1,150  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  20& 
miles.    Greatest  depth,  about  1,200  fathoms. 

Redshid  Pasha.     See  Seshid  Fat'hn. 

Red  Skins,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1S46. 

Red  Sticks.  In  United  States  history,  those 
Creek  Indians  who.  expelled  from  their  lands 
dirring  the  War  of  1812,  retired  southward  and 
continued  hostile  to  the  L'nited  States.  They 
were  so  called  because  in  their  principal  village  they  erect- 
ed  a  high  pole,  and  painted  it  red  to  signify  their  eagemesB 
for  the  blood  of  the  whites. 

Remaining  at  St.  Mark's  [Fla.]  for  two  days,  and  inspir- 
ing new  terror  by  hanging  on  the  spot  two  Red  Stick 
chiefs  who  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  Jackson  next  set  out 
in  pursuit  of  the  enemv. 

Schoider,  Hist,  of  the  Tnited  States,  III.  70. 

Redwald.     See  S^dwald. 


Red  Bank  (red  bangk').     A  village  in  Glouces-  Redon  (re-don').     A  town  in  the  department  of  ^^  ^^-       ^  ^j      ^^  j^^j  ^^  Goodhue  County, 
tpr  nn,,T,tv   New  .Wpv   «itn«ted  oti  th«  Dpla-    IUe-et-\ dame,  _sitnated  at  the  junction  of  the_     ,n„„p,„f„    sit„pteH  on  the  Mis.«is.^inT>i.  at.  tb» 


ter  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Dela- 
ware 7  miles  south  of  Philadelphia.  Here,  Oct. 
22, 1777,  the  Americans  defeated  the  British  and 
Hessian  forces  under  Donop 
Red  Book  of  Hergest,  The.  [W.  Llyfr  Coe/i.] 
The  collection  of  Welsh  tales  known  in  its  Eng- 
lish translation  as  "The  Mabinogion."  it  is  a 
MS.  of  the  14th  century,  and  is  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford, 


Oust  with  the  Vilaine,  37  miles  southwest  of 
Rennes.  Population  (1891).  commune,  6.929. 
Redoute (re-do-ta ' ) .Pierre  Joseph.  Born  at  St . - 
Hubert,  Belgium,  July  10,  17.59:  died  at  Paris, 
June  20,  1840.  A  French  painter  of  flowers, 
professor  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  in 

„^.  „.  .„„  ..... .  ^..^ Paris.     He  illustrated  many  botanical  works. 

It  contains  a  chronology  from  Adam  to  131S  A.  iiT,  a  chrono-  Redpath  (red'path).  James.  Born  at  Berwick- 
logical  history  of  the  Saxons  to  1376,  and  the  oldest  copies  on-Tweed,  England,  Aug.  14,  1833 :  died  at  New 
known  to  exist  of  the  poems  of  TaUesin  and  Llywarch  Hen.     York,  Feb.  10,1891.    An  American  abolitionist 

Red  Cross  Knight,  The.    The  hero  of  the  first         ^ 
book  of  the  "Faerie  Queene,"  by  Spenser. 

The  Red  Cross  Knight,  by  whom  is  meant  reformed  Eng- 
land (see  c.  X.  61,  where  he  is  called  "8t.  George  of  merry 
England  ").  h.is  just  been  equipped  with  the  "armourwhich 
Fna  brought  (that  is,  the  armour  of  a  Christian  man,  speci- 
fied by  .St  Paul,  v.  [vi.J  Ephes.),"  as  Spenser  tells  Sir  \V. 
Raleigh  in  his  letter.  The  armour  "wherein  old  dints 
Ac."  though  new  to  the  Knight,  is  old  as  Christendom. 
Thus  equipped  and  guided  by  truth,  he  goes  forth  to  fight 
against  error  and  temptation,  and  above  all  to  combat 
that  spirit  of  falsehood  concerning  which  the  England  of 
15S8  had  learnt  so  much  from  Philip  n.  of  Spain  and  Alex- 
ander of  Parma. 

Eitcheiiy  Note  in  Spenser's  Faerj-  Queene. 


Red  Cross  Society.  A  philanthropic  society 
founded  to  carry  out  the  views  of  the  Geneva 
Convention  of  1864.  its  object*  are  to  care  for  the 
wounded  in  war  and  secure  the  neutrality  of  nurses,  hos- 
pitals, etc.,  and  to  relieve  suffering  occasioned  by  pesti- 
lence, floods,  fire,  and  other  calamities.  The  society  was 
established  through  the  efforts  of  Henri  Dnnant.  The 
president  of  the  American  Xational  Red  Cross  Society  is 
Clara  Barton.  The  distinctive  flag  is  a  red  cross  on  a 
white  ground. 

Redditch  (red'ieh).  Atown  inWorcestershire, 
England,  12  miles  south  bv  west  of  Birmingham. 
Population  (1891).  parish,  8.266. 

Redemption  (re-demp'shon).  The.  A  trilogy 
bv  Gounod,  produced  at  the  Birmingham  festi- 
val in  1882. 

Redesdale  (redz'dfil).  The  valley  of  the  Reed, 
a  tributary  of  the  Tyne,  in  Northiunberland, 
England. 

Redfield  (red'feld),  Isaac  Fletcher.  Born  at 
Weathersfield,  Vt.,  April  10,  1804:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, March  23.  1876.  An  American  jurist.  He 
published  "Law  of  Railways" (1857),  "Law  of 
Wills"  (1864-70).  etc. 

Eedgauntlet  (red-gant'let).  A  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1824.  it  descriiies  the 
Jacobite  enthusiasm  of  the  ISth  century.  Darsie  Latimer, 
who  has  b^-eii  kept  out  of  Encland  during  his  minority,  be- 
comes infatuated  with  a  ntysterious  lady  in  a  green  cluak 
known  as  Greenmantle.  He  discovers  that  he  is  in  reality 
Sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  and  that  Greenmantle  is 
his  sister  Lilias  Redgauntlet.  He  is  imprisoned  by  his 
nncle  and  guardian  Redgauntlet  to  force  him  into  the 
Jacobite  insurrection. 

Redgrave  (red'grav),  Richard.     Bom  at  Lon- 
don. April  30. 1804 :  died  Dec.  14. 1888.    An  Eng- 
lish genre-  and  landscape-painter,  inspector-  tj    j  tj 
general  of  art  schools  and  surveyor  of  the  royal  R6d  Kose 
pictures.     He  published  (with  tis  brother)  "A     ""°*^'"'  '" 
Centurv  of  Paiuters  of  the  English  School" 
(1866)." 

Red  Horse,  Vale  of  the.  A  valley  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Warwickshire,  England. 

Redi  (ra'de),  Francesco.  Bom  at  Arezzo,  Italy, 
Feb.  18, 1626 :  died  at  Pisa,  March  1, 1698.     An 


Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  at  th» 
head  of  Lake  Pepin,  39  miles  southeast  of  St. 
Paul.  It  exports  wheat.  Pop.  1 19o0),  7. .525. 
Redwitz  (red'vits).  Baron  Oskar  von.  Bom 
at  Lichteuau,  near  Ansbach.  Bavaria,  June  28, 
1823 :  died  July  7, 1891.  A  German  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  novelist.  Among  his  works  are  the  drama 
"  Philippine  Welser. "  the  poems  "  Amaranth  "  (1849),  "  Da» 
Lied  voni  neuen  Deutschen  Reich  "  (1871).  "  Odilo  "  (1S78), 
the  novel  "Hermann  Stark  "  (1868),  etc. 

Ree.     See  AriJcara. 
and  author.    He  became  a  journalist  at  an  early  age,  Rge  (re),  LoUgh.     A  lake  in  Ireland,  an  expan- 
identifled  himself  with  the  abolition  movement,  and  acted     gJQj^  ^f  (-j^p  j-jver  Shannon,  bet  ween  Roscommon 
as  a  war  correspondent  for  Northern  papers  during  the  .,  .  .  t  -_^__j   „_  j  TVpotmpath   rm 

Civil  War.  He  established  the  Lyceum  Bureau  at  Boston  "^  ^"^  ^^'''^  ana  l-,ongtora  ana  >>  estmeatn  on 
inl868.   Amonghisworksare"Echoesof  Harper'sFerry"     the  east.     Length,  lb  miles. 

(I860),  "The  John  Brown  Invasion  "  (1S60),  'The  Public  Reed  (red),  Sir  Ed'Ward  JameS.  Born  at  Sheer- 
Life  of  Captain  John  Browti"  (I860), ''John  Brown,  the  ^^gg  England,  Sept.  20. 1830.  A  noted  English 
Hero"  (1862),  ..Talks  about  teland    C^IX  etc  ^^^:^^  Ingineer    designer  of  various  vessels 

Red  Peak^,  A  peak  of  the  Park  Range  m  Colo-    f^^.  ^^^  British,  German,  and  other  navies. 

Reed,  Henry.  Bom  at  Philadelphia.  July  11, 
1808:  lost  at  sea,  Sept.  27, 1854.  An  American 
author,  grandson  of  Joseph  Reed.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Dar  in  1829,  but  abandoned  law  on  accepting  an 
assistant  professorship  of  English  literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1S31.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  1835.    He  was  lost  at 


Heiglit,  13.333  feet 

Red  Riding°Hood.  IF.  Cliaperon  Eauge.']  The 
heroine  of  a  popular  nursery  story,  one  of  the 
tales  in  the  collection  by  Perrault. 

Red  River.  The  largest  right-hand  tributary 
of  the  Mississippi,  after  the  Missouri  and  the 
Arkansas.  It  rises  in  the  Staked  Plain  of  Texas,  forms 
the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Indian  Territory,  flows 
through  the  southwestern  part  of  Arkansas,  traverses 
Louisiana,  and  joins  the  Mississippi  about  lat,  31°  N.  Its 
chief  tributary  is  the  Washita.  Length,  about  1,200  miles : 
navigable  to  Shreveport,  navigation  above  that  point  being  ij„„  j  Tncon'h 
partly  checked  by  "rafts'orcoUectionsof  driftwood,  which  •'>*6Q,_  J  OSepiL 


sea  on  a  return  voyage  from  Europe.  He  edited  the  works 
of  Wordsworth  and  Gray,  and  wrote  "  Lectures  on  English 
Literature '  (1855),  "  Lectures  on  English  History  and  Tra- 
gic Poetry  '(1855),  "Lecttu-es  on  the  British  Poets "(1867). 
etc. 

Bom  at  Trenton.  N.  J.,  Aug. 


formerly  blocked  the  channel  for  45  miles.  27.  1741:  died  at  Philadelphia,  March  5,  1785. 

Red  River,  or  Song-koi  (song-koi%     The  chief  An  American  patriot,  a  member  of  the  Conti- 

river  of  Tongking.    It  rises  in  the  province  of  Yun-  nental  Congress.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 

nan  China,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Tongking.    Length,  and  was  president  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of 

600-^700  miles  Pennsylvania  1778-81. 

Red  RiverExpedition.     1.  In  United  States  Reed,  PhiUp.     Died  Nov.  2.  1829.     An  Ameri- 

historv.   an  unsuccessful   Federal    expedition  $?"  ,P^','tl,T,1'    He  was  a  United  States  senator  from 

Ar       u   ir        ,oci\        *i  „  Tj„.i  T?;.,„„.-„ii„..  *,  -  Slaniand  1806-13,  and  a  member  of  Congress  1!*1,-1B and 

(March-May,  1864)  up  the  Red  River  valley,  tor  182.2-..23.    He  commanded,  as  colonel  of  militia,  the  regi- 

the  purpose  of  recovering  western  Louisiana,  ment  of  home  guards  which  defeated  the  British  under 

The  Federal  land  forces  were  commanded  by  Banks,  the  Sir  Peter  Parker  at  Moorefields,  Maryland,  Aug.  30,  1814. 


Bailey. 

2.  In  Canadian  history,  the  expedition  under 
Wolseley  in  1870.  which  succeeded  in  putting 
down  the  insurrection  under  Riel  in  the  valley 
of  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

Red  River  of  the  North.  A  riverin  the  United 
States  and  Canada  It  rises  in  western  Minnesota; 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Minnesota  and  N'rth 
Dakota;  traverses  Mnni"ob:i ;  nnd  flows  into  Lake  ^  in- 
nipeg.  'it  is  called  in  part  of  its  upper  course  the  Otter 
Tail  River.    Length,  about  700  miles. 

Red  River  Settlement.  A  name  formerly  given 


politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1865;  com- 
menced practice  at  Portland,  Maine ;  and  held  various  po- 
litical offices  in  his  native  State.    He  was  a  member  of 

Congress  from  Maine  1877-99.  and  was  speaev  of  »Iie 
House  18S9-01.  1^95-97,  and  1897-99. 

Reed,  Thomas  German.  Bom  at  Bristol.  June 
27,  1817:  died  March  21,  1888.  An  English 
musician  and  conductor.  He  was  the  originator  in 
1855  of  a  novelty  known  as  "Mr.  and  Mrs.  German  Reed's 
Entertainment."  It  provided  mild  dramatic  entertainment 
for  persons  who  objected  to  the  theater,  and  was  very 
popular.  Mrs.  German  Reed  was  Priscilla  Horton  (bom 
at  Birmingham,  Jan,  1,  181S),  an  actress. 


to  the  British  colony  settled  in  what  is  since  Reeder  (re'der).  Andre'W  H.     Bom  Aug.  6, 


1870  the  Canadian  province  of  Manitoba.     It  is 
traversed  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

The  emblem  of  the  House  of  Lan- 
caster in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses  (which  see). 

Red  Rover  (red  ro'ver).     A  sea-novel  by  J.  F. 
Cooper,  published  in  1827. 

Red  Russia  (rush 'a).     A  name  formerly  given 


1807:  died  at  Easton.  Pa.,  July  5,  1864.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  governor  of  Kansas 
l&>4-.">5.  and  a  delegate  from  Kansas  in  1855.  He  was 
elected  United  States  senator  from  Kansas  in  1856,  but 
was  refused  admission. 
Reelfoot  Lake  (rel'fiit  lak).  A  submerged  dis- 
trict in  Lake  and  Obion  counties,  northwestern 
Tennessee. 


to  the  territorv  now  included  in  the  eastern  Rees  (res).  Abraham.  Bom  at  Llanbrynmair, 
part  of  Galicia"  (Austria-Hungary)  and  in  the  Wales,  1743:  died  June  9.  1825.  A  British  au- 
part  of  Russian  Poland  near  Chelm.  thor.    He  edited  "  Chambers's  Cyclopsedia  "  (1776-86),  and 

Italian  naturalist  and  poet.  He  wrote  "Esperienze  Rednith(red'roth).     A  town  in  Cornwall.  Eng-  ^'Kees'sCJ-<:I''P=^.'ii-''"(l«K-19). 
intomo  alia  generazione  degli  insetti'C  Experiments  on     land.  8  mUes  northwest  of  Falmouth.     It  is  an  Reese  (res)  Kiver.     A  nver  intentrai  .^evaaa, 
the  Generation  of  Insects, "  1668).  important  center  of  tin-  and  copper-mining.    Population     a  tributary  (at  times)  of  the  Humboldt  Klver, 

Red  Jacket  (Indian  name  Sagoyewatha).  Bom     (1S91),  10.324.  Length,  about  150  miles, 

at  Old  Castle,  near  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  about  1752:  Red  Sea.  [L.  Arabictis  Sinm  or  Mare  Rubrum,  Reeve(rev),Henry.  Bom  1813:  died  Oct.  21,1895. 
died  at  Seneca  Village,  N.  Y.,  Jan.,  1830.  A  F.  Mer  Rouge.  G.  Rotes  ileer  or  Arabischer  Meer-  .\ii  English  writer  and  editor.  He  was  registrar 
chief  of  the  Senecas,  noted  as  an  orator.  husen.']    One  of  the  principal  arms  of  the  Indian    of  the  privy  council  1837-87,  and  became  editor  of  the 

Red  Lake.    A  lake  in  Beltrami  County,  north-    Ocean,  lying  between  Arabia  on  the  east  and    '.EdiuburghEeview' 


i-J 


I 


'  in  1855.    He  published  translatione 


Reeve,  Henry 

of  DeTocqaeville's" Democracy  in  America^and  "France 
■before  the  Revolution  of  1789,"  and  of  ftuizot's  "  Washin^- 
ton."  He  published  "A  Journal  of  the  Reiens  of  King 
George  TV  and  King  William  IV."  by  Greville  in  1874, 
and  a  sequel  to  that  work  in  1885.  He  also  published 
"  Royal  and  Republican  France,"  a  coUecticn  of  histori- 
cal essays. 
j^eeye,  Tapping.  Boru  at  Brookhaven,  L.  I., 
1744-  died  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Dec.  13,  1S23, 
An  American  jurist.  He  established  a  law  school  at 
Litchfield  in  1784.     He  published  various  legal  treatises. 

Reeves  (revz),  Mrs.  (Helen  Beckenham  Ma- 
thers). Bom  at  Crewkerne,  Somerset,  185L*. 
An  English  novelist,  known  as  Helen  Mathers. 
She  has  published  "Coniin' thro'  the  Kye"(lS75),  "Cherry 
Ripe  "(1877),  "My  Lady  Green  Sleeves  "  (1879),  "The  Story 
of  a  Sin  "  (1881).  "Found  Out "  (1884),  ""The  Fashion  of  this 
Worid"  (1886).  "A  Man  of  the  Time"  (1894),  etc. 

Eeeves,  John  Sims.     Born  Sept.  26,  1818 : 

■I'od  Oct.  2.".,  VX)().  A  note.l  English  teuor 
singer.  He  made  his  first  appearance  as  a  baritone  at 
Newcastle  in  1839,  but  from  1S4I  to  1843  he  sang  second 
tenor  roles.  Shortly  after  he  went  to  Paris  to  study,  and 
in  1847  appeared  in  tenor  roles  in  England.  He  was  greatly 
admired  also  in  oratorio. 
Reeve's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  **Canter- 
hury  Tales."  He  probably  took  it  from  Jean  de  Bove's 
fabliau  "De  Gombert  et  des  deux  clercs."butit  forms  the 
sixth  novel  of  the  ninth  day  of  the  "Decameron."  Itwaa 
modernized  by  Betterton  and  Home 

Reformation  (ref-or-ma'shon),  The.  The  great 
religious  revolution  in  the  IGth  century,  which 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Protestant 
churches.  The  Reformation  assumed  different  aspects, 
and  resulted  in  alterations  of  discipline  or  doctrine  more 
or  less  fundamental  in  different  countries  and  in  different 
stages  of  its  progress.  Various  reformers  of  great  influ- 
ence, as  Wyclif  and  Huss,  had  appeared  before  the  16th 
century,  but  the  Reformation  proper  began  nearly  simul- 
taneously  in  Germany  under  the  lead  of  Luther  and  in 
Switzerland  under  the  lead  of  Zwingli.  The  chief  points 
urged  by  the  Reformers  were  the  need  of  justification  by 
faith  ;  the  use  and  authority  of  the  Scriptures,  and  the 
right  of  private  judgment  in  their  interpretation  ;  and  the 
abandonment  of  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  the 
adoration  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  saints,  the  supremacy  of 
the  Pope,  and  various  other  doctrines  and  rites  regarded  by 
the  Reformers  as  unscriptural.  In  the  German  Reforma- 
tion the  leading  incidents  were  the  publication  at  Witten- 
berg of  Lutner's  ninety-five  theses  against  indulgences  in 
1517;  the  excommunication  of  Luther  in  1520;  his  testimony 
before  the  Diet  of  Worms  in  1521 ;  the  spread  of  the  princi- 
ples in  many  of  the  German  states,  as  Hesse,  Saxony,  and 
Brandenburg,  and  the  opposition  to  them  by  the  emperor ; 
the  Diet  and  Confession  of  Augsburg  in  1530 ;  and  the  pro- 
longed strn  ggle  between  the  Protestants  and  the  Catholics, 
ending  wifh  comparative  religious  equality  in  the  peace 
of  Passau  in  1552.  The  Reformation  spread  in  Switzerland 
under  Zwingli  and  Calvin,  in  France,  Hungary,  Bohemia, 
the  Scandinavian  countries,  the  Low  Countries,  etc.  In 
Scotland  it  was  Introduced  by  Knox  about  156<).  In  Eng- 
land it  led  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to  the  abolition  <»f 
the  pupal  supremacy  and  the  liberation  from  papal  control 
of  the  Church  of  England,  which,  after  a  short  Roman 
Catholic  reaction  under  Mary,  was  firmly  established  under 
Elizabeth.  In  many  countries  the  Reformation  occasioned 
an  increased  strength  and  zeal  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  sometimes  called  the  Counter-Reformation. 

Reformation  Sjrmphony.  Mendelssohn's  sym- 
phony in  D  minor,  written  for  the  tercentenary 
celebration  of  the  Augsburg  Protestant  Confes- 
sion in  1830.  It  was  not  performed,  however, 
till  1832,  when  it  was  given  in  Berlin. 

Reform  Bill.  In  English  history,  a  bill  for  the 
purpose  of  enlarging  the  number  of  voters  in 
elections  for  members  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  of  removing  inequalities  in  representation. 
The  first  of  these  bills,  passed  in  1832  by  the  Liberals  after 
a  violent  struggle  (often  called  specifically  the  Reform 
Bill),  disfranchised  many  rotten  boroughs,  gave  increased 
representation  to  the  large  towns,  and  enlarged  the  num- 
ber of  the  holders  of  county  and  borough  fraachise.  The 
effect  of  the  second  Reform  Bill,  passed  by  the  Conserva- 
tives under  Liberal  pressure  in  1867,  was  in  the  direction 
of  a  more  democratic  representation,  and  the  same  ten- 
dency was  further  shown  in  the  Franchise  Bill  passed  by 
the  Liberals  in  1884. 

This  measure  [The  Reform  Bill  of  1832]  disfranchised 
flfty-six  nomination  boroughs  which  returned  111  members, 
took  away  one  member  from  thirty  others,  and  two  from 
Weymouth  and  Melcombe  Regis,  thus  leaving  vacant  14:t 
seats.  It  gave  sixty-five  additional  members  to  the  coun- 
ties, two  members  each  to  Manchester,  Leeds.  Birming- 
ham, and  nineteen  largetowns,  including  the  metropolitan 
districts,  and  one  member  each  to  twenty-one  other  towns, 
all  of  which  had  been  previously  unrepresented.  In  the 
counties  copyholders  and  leaseholders  for  years  were  added 
as  voters  to  the  40&.  freeholders;  and  tenants  at  will  pay- 
ing £50  a  year  (the  Chandos  clause)  were  enfranchised. 
In  the  towns  a  £10  household  franchise  was  established, 
and  the  rights  of  freemen  to  vote  were  restricted. 

Adand  ami  Ransovie^  English  Politicid  History,  p.  180. 

Reform  War.  [Sp.  Guerra  dc  la  licforma,']  A 
civil  war  in  Mexico,  1857-61.  it  arose  out  of  the 
adoption  (Feb.  5,  1857)  of  the  present  coTistitution  of 
Mexico,  which  greatly  restiictcd  the  jiower  of  the  clergy. 
This,  and  some  acts  of  I'rcsidetit  Comonfort  which  were 
regarded  as  hostile  to  thi-'  church,  led  to  a  reaction  and 
the  deposition  of  Comonfmi  (Jan.  21,  1858).  Uis  legal 
successor,  Juarez,  estalilished  a  government  at  Vera  Cruz 
(May  4, 1858),  and  this  bcranie  the  focus  of  the  "  liberal," 
"reform,"  or  "constitutional"  party.  The  reactionists 
made  Zuloaga  president  of  Afexico,  but  he  was  deposed  on 
Dec.  23,  1858,  and  General  Miramon,  their  principal  mili- 


847 

tary  leader,  took  his  place.  The  government  of  Juarez 
was  recognized  by  the  t'nited  States,  greatly  strengthen- 
ing his  cause.  On  July  12,  1S5!1,  he  issued  his  famous  de- 
cree confiscating  church  property,  and  thus  increasing  the 
breach.  The  war,  on  the  side  of  Juarez,  was  generally 
carried  on  by  his  generals,  but  Miramon  often  commanded 
his  own  forces.  The  movements  and  counter-movements 
were  confusing  to  the  last  degree,  and  during  the  whole 
period  the  interior  was  in  a  state  of  anarchy,  the  prey  of 
guerrilla  parties.  Some  of  the  chief  events  were:  Reac- 
tionist victory  at  Salamanca  in  Guanajuato.  March  9-10, 
1858,  followed  by  the  surrender  of  the  liberals  under  Par- 
rodi  at  Guadalajara;  Miramon  and  Mejia  occupy  San 
Luis  Potosl  Sept.  12,  and  defeat  Vidaurri  at  Ahualulco 
Sept.  29;  siege  of  Guadalajara  by  the  liberals  Sept.  28 
until  its  capture,  Oct.  27;  Guadalajara  retaken  by  Mar- 
quez,  Dec.  15;  first  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  by  Miramon,  ending 
in  his  repulse,  March  29,  1859 ;  liberals  defeated  at  Tacu- 
baya,  April  11 ;  execution  of  prisoners  (called  the  "mas- 
sacre of  Tacubaya"),  April  11;  United  States  vessels  cap- 
ture as  pirates  Miramon's  ships  which  had  attempted  to 
attack  Vera  Cruz,  March  6,  I860;  abandonment  of  second 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  March  21;  liberals  repulsed  from 
Guadalajara,  May  25  ;  Miramon  defeated  on  the  Silao  Hills, 
Aug.  10;  liberals  defeated  at  Tuluca,  Dec.  9;  final  defeat 
<»f  Miramonat  Calpulalpam,  Dec.  22;  Miramon  resignsand 
secretly  leaves  Mexico,  Dec.  24;  entryof  Juarez  into  Mexico, 
Jan.  11.  1861,  The  confusion  did  not  entirely  cease  with 
Miramon's  defeat,  and  it  eventually  opened  the  way  Ui  the 
French  intervention  and  the  short-lived  empire  of  Maxi- 
milian. 

Refusal,  The,  or  the  Ladies'  Philosophy.    A 

comedy  by  Gibber,  produced  and  printed  in 
1721.  It  is  from  Moli^re's  **Les  femmes  sa- 
vantes,"  with  incidents  of  the  South  Sea  mania. 

Regalbuto  (ra-^iil-bo'to).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  Sicily,  situated  25  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Catania.  Population  (1881),  10,- 
032. 

Regaldi  (ra-gal'de),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  No- 
vara,  Italy,  Nov.,  1809:  died  at  Bologna,  Feb., 
1883,  An  Italian  poet,  noted  as  an  improvi- 
sator: professor  of  history  at  Bologna  from 
1866. 

Regan  (re'gan).  The  second  ilaughter  of  Lear 
in  Shakspere's  tragedy  of  *'King  Lear":  the 
fierce  and  revengeful  wife  of  Cornwall. 

Regen  (ra'gen).  A  river  in  Bavaria  which 
joins  the  Danube  opposite  Ratisbon.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Regensburg(ra'gens-borG).  The  German  name 
of  Ixatislion. 

Regent  Diamond.  Another  name  for  the  Pitt 
Diamond  (which  see). 

Regent's  Park  (re'jents  park).  One  of  the 
largest  parks  of  London,  situated  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  city.  It  is  472  acres  in  ex- 
tent, and  contains  the  Zoological  Gardens. 

Regent's  Sword  (re'jents  sord).  A  peninsula 
in  the  province  of  Shingking,  Manchuria,  sep- 
arating the  Gulf  of  Liaotung  from  Korea  Bay. 

Regent  street  (re'jent  stret).  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal streets  of  the  West  End  of  London,  ex- 
tendingfrom  Portland  Place  to  Waterloo  Place. 

Regga  (reg'gii),  or  Waregga  (wii-reg'gii),  or 
Malegga  (ma-leg'gii).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
Kongo  State,  between  the  Mauyema  and  the 
Bakumu,  northwest  of  Lake  Tanganyika.  Living 
isolated  in  an  unexplored  ftu-est  region,  they  yet  show,  as 
far  as  known,  a  state  of  culture  superior  to  that  of  the 
average  African  negro. 

Reggio  (red'jo).  A  former  duchy  now  forming 
part  of  the  province  of  Reggio  nell'  Emilia, 
Italy. 

Reggio.  A  province  of  Calabria,  Italy,  formerly 
called  Calabria  Ulteriore  Prima.  Area,  1.221 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  393,126. 

Reggio  di  Calabria  (red'jo  de  ka-la'bre-ii),  or 
Reggio.  A  cathedral  city,  the  capital  of  the 
provmce  of  Reggio,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Messina  in  lat.  38°  8'  N.,  long.  15^  40'  E.  it  is 
noted  for  its  fruits;  has  manufactures  of  essences,  scented 
waters,  silk,  etc.;  and  exports  fruit,  etc.  It  was  the  ancient 
Rhegium(whichBee);  was  taken  by  Alaric  in  410,byTotila 
in  M!),  and  by  Kobert  C.uisc.iird  in  V\&) ;  and  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  an  eartliqiiake  in  178;t.  _Population(18q2),43,0(  Ml. 

Reggio  neir  Emilia  (red'jo  nel  hi-me'le-ii),  1. 
A  province  in  the  cor  artimento  of  Emilia. 
Italy.  Area,  876  squai.  niles.  Population 
(1891),  249,374.-2.  The  caj..  d  of  tlio  province 
of  Reggio  mdl' Emilia,  siluated  on  the  Crostolo 
in  lat.  44°  42'  N.,  long.  10°  37'  E.  it  contains  a 
cathedral  and  various  works  of  art.  It  was  an  ancient  Ko- 
man  town  (llfgium  Li-pidi),  often  mentioned  in  the  civil 
war.  Ariosto  and  Cialdiiii  were  born  there.  Topulation 
(1892),  5(3,fK)0. 

Regicide  ( rt  * j '  i-si(  1 ) ,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Smollett. 
It  was  pviliiislied  in  1749,  l)ut  was  never  acted. 

Regillus  (re-jil'us),  Lake.  In  ancient  geog- 
rapliy,  it  small  lake  near  lionie  (periiaps  near 
Erascati).  It  isthe  scene  of  a  traditional  victory 
of  the  Romans  over  the  Latins  about  496  ».  c. 

Regfina  (re-ji'nji).  The  capital  of  Assiuiboia, 
Canada. 

Reginum  (re-ji'num).  A  Roman  name  of  Rat- 
isbon. 


Rehan 
Regiomontanus  (re  ji-6-mon-ta'nus),  Johann 

Mliller,  called.  BomatKonigsberg,  Franconia, 
June  6,  1436:  died  at  Rome,  July  6,  1476.  A 
German  mathematician  and  astronomer,  bishop^ 
of  Ratisbon. 

Regnard  (re-nar'),  Jean  Francois.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.,  1655:  died  at  his  estate  of  Grillon, 
near  Doiu-dan,  Sept.  4,  1709.  A  French  Mi-iter 
of  comedy.  He  was  of  a  wealthy  family,  and  received 
an  excellent  education.  He  visited  successively  Italy, 
Holland,  Scandinavian  countries  (including  Lapland),  Po- 
land, Turkey,  Germany,  etc.,  and  left  copious  notes  on  hi& 
flips  to  these  countries.  When  he  finally  returned  to 
France,  it  was  to  divide  his  time  between  Paris  and  his 
estate  at  Grillon.  After  Moli^re  he  is  regarded  as  the 
greatest  exponent  of  comedy  in  France.  His  prose  come- 
dies began  to  appear  in  1688,  and  followed  rapidly  on  eacb 
other  during  five  years.  After  1693  he  composed  a  imra- 
ber  of  short  plays  in  verse,  and  in  100(5  he  tinally  put  on 
the  stage  the  comedy,  in  verse,  that  ranks  him  immediately 
next  to  Moliere — "Le  joueur."  He  further  displayed  the 
originality  of  his  talent  in  "ledistrait  "(lG97)."D6mocnte" 
(1700),  "Les  foliesamoureuses"  (1704).  "Les  M^nechmes" 
(1705),  and  "Le  legataire  universel"  (1708).  His  success 
was  by  no  means  limited  to  these  plays  in  verse,  for  some 
of  his  best  work  is  done  in  prose,  like  *'La  foire  de  Saint- 
Germain"  (1696)  and  "Le  retour  impr^vu"  (1700).  or  else 
in  prose  and  verse  together,  like  ''  La  suite  de  la  foire  de 
Saint-Germain  "or  "Les  momies  d'Egypte"  (1696).  Keg- 
nard's  novel  "La  Proven(,-ale"  is  in  a  certain  measure 
autobiographical:  it  was  not  published  till  1731. 

Regnault  (re-no'),  Alexandre  George  Henri. 
Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  30,  1843:  killed  in  battle  at 
Buzenval,  Jan.  19,  1871.  A  French  historical 
painter,  son  of  H.  V.  Regnault.     He  was  a  pupil 

of  Montfort,  Lamotbe.  and  Cabanel ;  took  the  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1866  ;  studied  in  Italy  till  1868  :  and  then  went 
to  Spain,  where  he  painted  the  equestrian  portrait  of  Gen- 
eral Prim.  In  1869  he  revisited  Italy,  and  in  1870  went 
to  Africa.  He  returned  to  fight  in  the  Gennan  war.  Hia 
works  include  "Automedon  "  (1^67),  "Salome,"  "Execu- 
tion in  Granada,"  "Judith  and  Holofernes,"  "Thetis  giv- 
ing Achilles  the  Arms  of  Vulcan,"  "A  Fantasia  in  Tan- 
giers."  etc. 

Regnault,  Henri  Victor.  Born  at  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  July  lil,  1810:  died  Jan.  19,  1878.  A 
French  chemist  and  physicist.  He  became  director 
of  the  Sevres  porcelain  manufactures  in  1S.S4.  He  wrote 
articles  in  the  "Comptes-rendus'uf  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, "Cours  (^'l^mentaire  de  chimie  "  (1847-49),  etc. 

Regnault,  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  19,  1754:  died  there,  Nov.  12.  1829. 
A  French  historical  and  genre  painter.  He  took 
the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1776;  and  received  the  title 
of  Baron  in  1819.  Among  his  woiks  are  "Education  of 
Achilles  "  (1783),  "The  Descent  from  the  Cross  "(1789),"The 
Three  Graces"  (in  the  Louvre). 

R6gne  Animal  (rany  ii-ne-mal'),  Le.  [F.,'  The 
Animal  Kingdom.']  A  treatise  on  zoology,  by 
Georges  Cuvier,  published  in  4  vols.  1817.  The 
system  developed  in  this  work  may  be  regarded  as  the 
basis  of  nearly  all  the  scientific  classifications  until  after 
the  appearance  of  Darwin's  "Origin  of  Species." 

Regnier  (ra-nya').  Jacques  Auguste  Adolphe. 
Born  at  Mainz,  Germany,  Julv,  1804:  died  at 
Fontainebleau,  Oct.  21, 1884.  A  French  philol- 
ogist,  librarian  of  the  palace  of  Fontainebleau 
from  1873.  He  was  the  author  of  works  on  Ger- 
manic, classical,  and  Oriental  philology. 

Regnier  (ra-nya'),  Mathurin.  Born  at  Char- 
tres,  Dec.  21,  1573:  died  at  Rouen,  Oct.  22, 1613. 
A  French  satirical  poet,  a  nephew  of  the  poet 
Desportes.  At  the  age  of  ll  he  received  the  tonsure, 
and  when  20  followed  the  Cardinal  de  Joyeuse  to  Rome  as 
a  private  secretary.  On  his  return  to  France  in  1604.  he 
maintained  the  dissipated  mode  of  living  into  which  he 
liad  fallen  while  away,  but  was  appointed  to  a  canoniy 
in  the  Chartres  cathednd  in  16(».  As  a  writer.  Regnier  is 
well  known  for  his  satires.  He  is  at  his  best  in  "  Le  goiH 
decide  detout,"  "L'Honneur  ennemi  de  la  vie,"  "L'.^mour 
qu'on  ne  pent  domptcr."  "Rt^pnier  apologiste  de  lui- 
m^me,""  La  folte  estgenerale."  "Ny  craintenyesp^rance," 
*'Le  mauvais  repjis,"  and  "Le  mauvais  lieu."  Sainte- 
Beuve  speaks  of  Rx^gnicr  as  st^mding  on  the  threslujld  of 
the  17th  century,  anil  yet  looking  backward  and  fraterniz- 
ing with  Slontaigne,  Ronsard,  and  Rabelais.  He  states 
tliat  where  Rt'gnier  excels  is  in  his  knowledge  of  life,  his 
expression  of  manners,  hia  delineation  of  characters,  and 
hia  description  of  home  scenes.  He  likens  R^gnier'ssatirea 
to  a  gallery  of  wonderful  Flemish  portraits. 

RegnitZ  (reg'nits).  A  river  in  Bavaria,  it  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Pegnitz  and  Rednitz  near 
Fnrth,  and  joins  the  Main  near  Bamberg.  Length  (in- 
cluding the  I'egnitz),  about  125  miles. 

Regillus  (reg'ii-lus).  [NL.  (Copernicus),  trans- 
lating Gr.  fiaaiXiGKor,  the  name  of  the  star  in 
Ptolemy.]  Avory  white  star,  of  mngnitude  1.4, 
on  the  heart  of  tlie  Lion;  a  Leonis. 

Regulus  (reg'u-lus),  Marcus  Atilius.    Died 

2r>0  (?)  B.  c.  A  celebrated  K'onian  ^'eiiernb  Ho 
was  consul  in  2(!7;  and  as  consul  in  *iftO  defeated  the  Car- 
thaginian llect.  invaili  (i  Afiira,  and  defeated  the  Cartha- 
ginian army.  Hcwas  (irfiatiil  Iiy  the  Carthaginians  under 
Xantlppus  in  2.'>ri  and  taken  prisoner.  According  to  Roman 
tradition  he  was  sent  by  the  Carthaginians  t*>  Rome  with 
an  embassy,  in  260,  to  aak  for  pi-ace  or  an  exchange  of  pris- 
oners. In  this  be  was  unsuccessful,  and  was  put  to  death 
on  his  return  to  Carthage,  whither  he  went  in  accoi'dance 
with  his  promise. 
Rehan  (r^'an).  Ada.  Bom  at  Limerick,  Ire- 
land, April  22,  IStiO.   A  noted  American  actress. 


Kehan 


848 


She  came  to  America  with  her  family,  whose  name  is  Ore- 
han,  in  1S65.  In  1S74  she  made  her  iUhut  at  Newarli,  New 
Jersey,  and  her  first  appearance  in  New  Vorli  the  same 
year.  She  became  leading  lady  in  the  company  of  Augus- 
tin  Daly  in  IsrS,  and  made  her  first  appearance  in  his  thea- 
ter in  1879.  .She  has  since  appeared  with  success  in  both  Keichenhall  (ri'chen-hal). 
London  and  Paris.     Her  best  impersonations  are  Rosalind      --  "  -^      ..  -     ^ 

in  "  As  you  Like  it,"  Katharine  in  "The  Taming  of  the 
.Shrew,"  Viola  in  "Twelfth  Night,"  and  Countess  Vera  in 
"The  Last  Word";  and  she  has  created  more  than  40  r61es 
in  the  light  comedy  of  the  day. 
Jlehearsal  (re-h6r'sal),  The.  A  burlesque  tra- 
gedy or  faree  by  George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, and  others,  produced  in  1671.  it  is  a 
travesty  of  the  bombastic  rimed  plays  of  Dn'den  and 
others     Butler,  the  author  of  "Hudibras"  ~       ' 


the  first  in  regard  to  manufactures  (yarn,  carpets,  beer, 
etc.,  its  cloth  manufactures  being  especially  .noted).  It 
belonged  to  Wallenstein  1622-34,  and  later  to  the  families 
<-Tallas  and  Clam-Gallas.  The  Prussians  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians  here  April  21,  1757.    Population  (1890),  30,890. 

A  small  town  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Saalach  9  miles 
southwest  of  Salzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  salt- 
-springs,  and  as  a  watering-place  and  health-re- 
sort. 
Reichensperger  (ri'chen-sperg-er),  August. 


Beiske 

shire,  Scotland,  1791:  died  in  England,  Oct., 
1858.  A  British  meteorologist  and  colonial  gov- 
ernor, chaii-man  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  exhibition  of  1851.  He  published  "An  Attemptto 
develop  the  Law  of  Storms "  (1838),  "Progress  of  the  De- 
velopment of  the  Law  of  Storms  "  (1849),  etc. 
Beigate  (ri'gat).  A  town  in  Surrey,  England, 
situated  20  miles  south  of  London.  The  site  of 
the  old  castle  is  marked  by  a  large  cave  which  the  barons 
are  said  to  have  used  as  a  meeting-place  and  guard-room. 
Population  (1891),  22,646.  i-  o  -^ 


Born  ISOs  :  died  July  16,  1895.    A  Prussiau  poli-  -Rpio-n  nf  TorrAr "Wo      T„  T?,.o„„i,  i,v* ii,  i. 

tkian  and  writer  on  art :  one  of  the  leaders  of  ^Z^AfVI^ll?^±^}^JJT}}'t°JZl'^^^^ 


the  clerical  (Center)  i)arty. 


tin  Clifford,  and  others  assisted  Buckingham 
Dryden.  and  Sir  Robert  Howard  are  all  satirized.    (See 
Bai/es.)    Sheridan's  "Critic  "  isa  similar  play,  and  Marvell's 
satire  "The  Rehearsal  Transprosed  "  is  indebted  to  it. 

Behfues  (ra'fiis),  Philipp  Joseph  von.    Bom 


Dr  Shrat  Mar-  nviivo,!  ^^^uk,^i/  jnim  . 

m.'  Davenant,  Rcicheiisperger,  Peter  Franz.    Bom  at  Co- 


blenz,  Prussia,  May  28,  1810 :   died  at  Berlin, 

Dee.  31,  1892.     A  Prussian  politician,  brother 

of  August  Reichensperger,  and  a  prominent 

,™..,.  TtT-.  i      ,--    ^;—,  :;--„—•,■    ,  member  of  the  ck-rical  (t^enter)  party. 

at  Tubingen, Wurtemberg  Oct.  2, 1,-9:  died  on  ReichUn-Meldegg  (rieh'lin-mel'deg),  Baron 

his  estate  near  the  Drachenfels,  Oct.  21,  1843.     -rr--!   a, ,°°   ^        t,  .  „     P"     "^ 


Karl  Alexander  von.  Born  at  Grafenau,  Ba 
varia,  Feb.  22,  1801:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Feb, 


A  German  novelist  and  miscellaneous  author 

Behoboam  (re-ho-bo'am).  King  of  Judah  953- 
932  B.  c.  (Dimcker),  son  of  Solomon.  His  acces- 
sion was  the  signal  for  the  revolt  of  the  ten  northern  tribes 
under  the  leadership  of  .Teroboam,  which  resulted  in  the 
separation  of  the  Hebrews  into  two  kingdoms,  that  of  Ju- 
dah and  that  of  Israel. 

Behoboth  (re -ho 'both).     The  name  of  three 
places  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament:  (i)Re. 
hoboth-Ir.  a  city  near  Nineveh ;  (2)  a  city  near  the  Eu- 
phrates :  possibly  the  modern  Rahaheh  ;  (3)  a  well  situ-    -n    -"i,    i        j  V  --u"/!"'   .-\ 
nilessouthofBeersheba.Palestine:  -Keicnsiana  (nebs  lant). 


period  of  the  first  revolution  during  which  the 
country  was  under  the  sway  of  a  faction  which 
made  the  execution  of  persons,  regardless  of  age, 
sex,  and  condition,  who  were  considered  obnox- 
ious to  their  measures  one  of  the  cardinal  princi- 
ples of  their  government .  This  period  maybe  said  to 
have  begun  in  March,  179:!,  when  the  Revolutionary  tribu- 
nal was  appointed,  and  to  have  ended  in  July,  1794, »1th  the 
overthrow  of  Robespierre  and  his  associates.  Also  csiUed 
the  Terror. 
Beikiavik.     See  Itei/ljavH: 


15,1877.     A  German  philosopher  and  theolo-  Sf-f/  -n   T  t,         nv"-*.-         -o  xt,,_      , 

gian,  professor  of  philosophy  at   Heidelberg  ■'^"i'l,.': ''^?'^^'"U'P'^,^r^^5;„-^°™f*^'j2".4e> 


ated  probably  about  eoniil 


the  modem  Wady  Ruheibe. 

Behoboth  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  coast  of  Dela- 
ware, south  of  Cape  Henlopen. 

Breicha(ri'cha),  Anton  Joseph.  Born  atPrague, 
Feb.  27.  1770 :  died  at  Paris,  Hay  28,  1836.  A 
composer  and  writer  on  music.  He  published 
"Traits  de  mSlodie"  (1814),  "Cours  de  composition  musi- 
c.ile"  (1818),  "Traits  de  haute  composition  musicale" 
(1824-26),  "L'Artdu  compositeur  dramatique"  (1833).  t>    ■   v.   ^    ji.   -n    ^ 

Beichard(ri'chart),  Paul.  Born  at  Neuwied  |eichstadt  Duke  of.  hee  ^-apoJeol,  21 
on  the  Rhine,  Dec.  2,1854.  An  African  exiilorer.  KeiclistagiCT.prou.  riehs  tag).  [G.,' parliament 
When  Leopold  II.  and  the  German  g.)vernment  sent,  in  "'  ""^  empire.'J  1.  In  the  present  empire  of  Ger- 
1880,  Dr.  Kaiser  and  Dr.  Bohm  on  an  expedition  to  central  many,  the  deliberative  body  which,  in  eombina- 
Africa,  Reichard  joined  them.    The  station  Kakoma  was     tiou  with  the  Bundesrat,  exercises  the  legisla- 


East  Friesland,  Feb.  28,  1759:  died  at  Halle', 
Nov.  22,  1813.  A  German  anatomist  and  phy- 
sician, professor  (1810)  at  Berlin.  He  was  super, 
intendent  of  the  military  hospitals  in  1813,  and  died  of 
u  /n     it.    1,   .....>       o.         /.,„-„  ,„..  typhus  contracted  in  the  performance  of  his  duties. 

X1;^  t^onfl89o'r sole  "^- '''''"•''' "^"'■"'•^  Beille  (ra,;),  Comte  Honor6  Chaxles  Michel 
copulation  (l»JO),d, 0.3b.     _  Joseph.     Born  at  Antibes,  France,  Sept.  1, 

1775:  died  at  Paris,  March  4,  1860.     A  French 


from  1839.     He  wrote  "Lehrbuch  der  PsychO' 
lo.gie"  (1837-38),  etc. 
Beichshofen  (nchs'ho-fen).    A  manufacturing 
town  in  Lower  Alsace,  24  miles  north  of  Stras 


[G.,  'imperial  terri- 
A  designation  since  1871  of  Alsaee-Lor- 


tory.'] 
raine. 
Beichstadt  (rieh'stat).    A  smalltown  in  north-     1847. 
ern   Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Zwittebach  43  Reimarus    (ri-ma'ros),    Hermami    Samuel 


marshal.     He  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars  in  Spain, 
at  Quatre-Bras,  Waterloo,  etc.,  and  was  made  marshal  in 


miles  north  by  east  of  Prague.  It  gave  the  title  to 
the  Duke  of  Reichstadt.  At  ameeting  hereof  the  emperors 
of  Austria  and  Russia,  July  8, 1876,  it  was  agreed  that  these 
powers  should  not  take  independent  action  in  the  dismeni- 
beniieiit  uf  Turkey.     Population  (1890),  commune,  1,769. 


Born  at  Hamburg,  Dec.  22,  1694:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, March  1,  1768.  A  German  philosopher 
and  scholar,  professor  (1727)  of  Hebrew  and 
later  also  of  mathematics  at  the  gymnasium  in 
Hamburg.  He  is  especially  noted  as  tlie  author  of  the 
rationalistic  "Wolfenbuttel  Fragments,"published  byLes- 
sing (1774-78) as  fragmentsof  the  work  of  an  unknown au- 
thorfound  by  him  in  the  Wolfenbuttel  Library.  The  whole 
work  bears  the  title  "  Apologie  oder  Schutzschrift  fiir  die 
verminf tigen  Verehrer  Gottes  "  ("  Apology  or  Defense  for 
the  Rational  Worshipers  of  God  X 


founded.  Lake  Tpemba  was  discovered,  tractsof  landwere  five  nower  in  imiierial  niattpra    Tt  i=  ofiT,i^„=o.l  ,,''".''  "^ 

acquired  by  Reichard,  and  much  new  ground  in  the  upper  'v  qo-    i        ?■  ^P?""*'  matters.  It  IS  composed  Reims.     See  FI)  finis. 

Luahiba  basin  W.1S explored;  but  only  Reichard  sun-ived  ^^  "*?'   deputies  elected  by  universal  suffrage  T>gjj,g„tg  p„„i,„      See  Reimard  the  For 

and  reached  ao-ain  the  en.t  r-r.»6t  in  ISSJ  for  5    VPars— Q     T  IP    Tianie  Vit-  wl,;,.),    +I,p  fiS^.    S'BlUtJl.K.e  JT  UtnS.       aee  neipiara  We  £0X. 


and  reached  again  the  east  coast  in  1884. 

Reichardt  (ri'eharf).  JohannFriedrich.  Bom 

at  Kiiiiisjsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  25,  1752:  died  at 
(iicliichenstein,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  June  27, 
1814.  A  German  composer  and  musical  writer, 
best  known  now  from  his  songs. 

Beichenau  (ri'che-nou).  An  island  in  the  Un- 
tersee  of  the  Lake  of  Constance,  5  miles  north- 
west of  Constance.  It  has  belonged  to  Baden  since 
1803.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  Benedictine  abbey, 
founded  about  728  (secularized  in  1799).    Length,  3  miles. 

Beichenbach  (ri'chen-bach).  A  small  tributary 
of  the  Aar,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
which  .ioins  the  Aar  16  miles  east  of  Interlaken. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  cascades  (at 
its  entrance  into  the  Aar  valley). 

Rreichenbach.  A  to  wti  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
31  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolens.   Population  (1890),  21,496. 

Beichenbach.  A  manufacturing  to^vn  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  32  miles  southwest 
of  Breslau.  Here,  Aug.  16,  1762,  Frederick  the  Great 
defeated  the  Austrians  under  Laudon  ;  and  here  a  conven- 
tion was  signed,  July  27.  1790,  by  which  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold agreed  not  to  annex  Turkish  territory.  A  treaty  was 
concluded  here,    '         "  '         -..-  ■■ 

agr>*ed  tosubsid 
N:iI..'li-on.     Pof 


BMEmmm^^Mi:^^m^m 


SSS^?|lZSS""'"~-°"-^-m-|J£-;S-,:-'&»"'': 


E'and  ^'th' MiningU'is.'^eifa^d  YTo^n.^^He'"'™  K^ineke  Vos  (G.'  Beineke  Fuchs).    See  Eey. 

elected  president  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1831      >l<'>'(l  the  F\i.r. 

Among  his  portraits  are  those  of  John  Mackenzie,  H.  Well'-  BeinC  Margot  (mar-go'),  La.     A  novel  by  the 

•  s7o°"h  pTrl"m%"?t'H°ousS"''*^°'  '°''"  ""'  '"'  '"  ""     P'^7  V^'T''  P"^"^^«f  >"  }^f,-     «  --  ^^- 
Reid.  Mayne.     Bom  in  Ireland,  1818:  died  at    to  ^sV""  ""^  ^''"'^"^  "'  ^"^"^'^  ''^'"'^''  """■  "''''' 
London,  Oct.  22, 1883.    A  British  novelist.    He  Beine  Topaze  (to-paz'),  La.     [F., 'Queen  To- 
traveled  in  the  United  states,  and  served  as  captain  in  the    paze.']     An  opera  by  Victor  Mass^,  produced 
United  States  army  in  the  Mesacan  war.    He  sailed  from     at  Paris  in  1856 

New  York  m  1849  with  a  party  of  volunteers  to  aid  in  the  T)-    r!      J   V  /-«••!,...>      . 

Hungarian  struggle  for  freedom,  but  arrived  too  late  to  •KeinnarasDrunn  (nn  harts-bron).  Anotedcas- 
take  part  in  it.    He  wrote  tales  of  adventure  including    tie  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  situated 
!!?!!'' n'''?T'^^?*'''^/,(l?s''i';,^'J'''^^'=*'P  Hunters" (1S51),    at  the  foot  of  the  Thiiringerwald,  near  Fried- 
"TheP.oynunters"(lS62),"TheWhiteChicf"(ls,W),"The    richrod-i    9  miles  southwpft  of  cJha 
Bush  Buys"  (1S55),  "The  Quadroon"  (1,V*),  "The  War     "^"lOd^,  Jmiles  SOUtnwest  _0t  Gotha. 

Traii"(i857),"Osceoia"(i85S),"TheBoyT.ar"asfli)"The  Bemhart(nn  hart),BenjaminFranklin.  Bom 

Maroon "(1862),  "The  Headless  Horseman"  (1865), '"The    at  Wa>niesburg,  Pa.,  Aug.   29,  1829:   died  at 
^!^^^7ix^^;vi?^!,n^!l!^r'^^i^-^'^'vi '■■?"" J'^'^ll    Philadelphia,  May  3,  1885.     An  American  por- 
.  t!^<l-'Gl^p^n^;^^:li!:^-:Sol'^2^''''"''^     trait  and  historical  painter.  He  studied  at  Dus- 

':  June  15,  .1813  by  which  Great  Britain  Reld,  Samuel  Chester.  Bom  at  Norwich,  Conn     J*^]^?^'  ^°™«''  ^J^^  '^J^^\ 

Zllti3.''^MTi3fi^'  "^        Aug.  25, 1783:  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  28, 1861.' Keinhart,  Charles  Stanley.    Bom  at  Pitts- 


Reichenbach.   A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia.  Prussia,  9  miles  west  of  Gorlitz.    Near 


An^Amcriean  naval  ofScer.  'As'command'ero7a    Y^^^'  ^^■'  l*W:.'^ied  at  New  York,  Aug   30, 
privateer  he  repulsed  a  British  attack  at  Fayal  in  1814      io9b.     Au  Americau   genre-pamter  and   illus- 
ft    Ato,.  oo    1019+1,     V         T,  J   t     +   J  ii.     -D  He  designed  the  United  States  flag  in  its  present  form.    '     trator.     He  studied  at  Paris  and  Munich. 

iVnn    •  p;'r.!,^^Hn.  n^om '■?  qA  '"  ^^id.  Thomas.    Bom  at  Strachan,  Kincardine-  Beinhold  (rin'holt),  Karl  Leonhard.  Bom  at 

?li^^o^w^     aJlii  ^LJt:;      T,         iun7      shire,  April  26,  1710:  died  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  7,    Vienna,  Oct.  26,  1758 :  died  at  Kiel,  Holstein, 
ieichenbach.  Anton  Benedict     Bom   1807  r    i796_     ^  Scottish  philosopher,  the  principa     April  10,  1823.     A   German  philosopher,  prol 


Beichenbach,  Anton  Benedict.  Bom  1807: 
ilied  1880.  A  German  naturalist,  brother  of 
H.  G.  L.  Reichcnbach. 

Beichenbach,  G-eorg  von.  Bom  at  Durlach, 
Baden,  Aug.  24,  1772 :  died  May  21,  1826.  A 
German  mechanician,  manufacturer  of  astro- 
nomical and  mathematical  instruments. 

Heichenbach,  Heinrich  Gottlieb  Ludwig.  <>nthePrincipIeoKon')'mon"se'n"se"'(1764')""Essaysonthe 
Bnrii  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  8,  1793:  died  March  17  JntfUectual  Powers  of  Man"  (1786),  and  "Essays  on  the 
1879  A  German  botanist  and  7onlo<rist  T>ro  ■*^''''e  Powers  of  the  Human  Mind"  (1788).  His  works 
IfMJ.  Aljeimau  ooianisi  ana  zoologist,  pro-  were  edited  by  sir  William  Hamilton, 
fessor  at  Dresden  from  1820.  His  chief  work  is  Reid  Whitelaw  Born  in  Oliio  Ctot  "7  1SQ7 
•Flora  Germanica  "  (with  the  "Iconographi.a,"  1S23-S4).  ■^1">  »» l^eiaw.  llorn  m  UhlO,  Uct.  -7, 1837. 
He  also  wrote  "Regnumanimale"  (1834-36),  etc.  An  ii^mencan  joiimalist.    He  graduated  at  Miami 

Beichenbach,  Baron  Karl  "    ' 
gart,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  12 

sic.  Jan.  19,  1869.     A  German   

manufacturer.    He  discovered  creosote,  paraffin,  etc. ;  He  was  United  States  minister  to  France  18S9-92,  and 

but  is  best  known  from  his  theories  concerning  the  so-  J^^?  <;''"1,- i^  '"''  jj  "ce-presidency  on  the  Republican 

called  "od"or  "  odic  force  "  'i"*"^'  which  was  defeated  in  the  presi.iential  campaign 


founder  of  the  Scottish  school  of  philosophy,  fessor  at  Jena  1787-94  and  at  Kiel  1794-1823.'  He 
He  graduated  at  Marisclial  College,  Aberdeen,  in  172C  ;  was  advocated  Kant's  philosophy  in  "  Briefe  (iher  dieKantische 
librarian  there  ;  became  pastoratXewmachar,  near  Aber-  Philosophie"  (17m'.^7),  and  also  published  "  Versuch 
deen,  in  1739;  was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  einer  neuen  Theorie  des  Vorstellungsvermogens"("New 
King's  College.  Aberdeen,  In  1752  ;  and  was  professor  of  Theoiy  of  the  Faculty  of  Ideas,"  1789),  etc. 
moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow  1764-81.  He  wrote  an  "  Es-  Beluisch  (ri'nish),  LeO.  Born  at  Osterwitz, 
!?.5'.2"';ili^."V„',5'- _('.?*  "r'nquiry.iiitothe  Human  Mind    Styria,  1832.     A  noted  Eg\7>tologist  and  Afri- 

canist,  since  1872  professor  of  Egyptology  at  the 
University  of  Vienna.  His  numerous  works  include 
"Ags-ptisehe  Chrestomathie  "(1873-75):  grammars  of  Barea 
(1874),  Xulia(1879),andBilin(188;i).  and  dictionary  of  Bilin 
(1887).  He  repeatedly  visited  all  the  tribes  speaking  these 
languages. 


Catholic  theologian :  suspended  in  1870  on  ac- 
count of  opposition  to  the  dogma  of  papal  in- 
fallibility.   He  was  consecrated  bishop  of  the  Old  Cath- 

,  , , ^ —      olics  in  18^3,  and  resided  in  Bonn.    He  published  various 

ber  of  the  Spanish  Peace  Commission  1898.  works  on  ecclesiastical  history,  etc. 

«ast  of  Prague,    it  is  the  third  city  of  Bohemia,  and  Eeid,  Sir  William.    Born  at  Kinglassie,  Fife-  Reiske  (ris'ke),  Johann  Jakob.    Bora  at  Zor- 


ItpirhPTlVlPrtrCrT'phpTi  bprr^     A  pitvin  Rnlipmii      °f'**--  AppomtedspecialambassadortoEnglaudtorepre 
-aeicnenoergtri  enen-DerG).  ACityin  tJonemia,    sent  the  President  at  the  Queen's  jubilee  1897,  and  mem. 
Situated  on  the  GorlitzerNeisse  i)6  miles  north-    '  -   '"    "         ■  -        - 


Beiske 


849 


bie.near  Halle,  Dec.  i5, 1716:  died  Aug.  14  1/, 4. 
\  uoted  German  Orientalist  and  classical  pln- 
ioloeist,  rector  6f  the  Nikolaiscliule  at  Leipsie 
from  17')«.   He  pubUshed  works  on  Arabic,  edi- 
tions of  drcck  authors,  etc 
■Reiss  ( ris),  Wilhelm.    Born  at  Mannheim,  18dS. 
AUermaii scientist  aiidtraveler.   From ISCS  to  1876 
he  traveleJ  in  S.iulli  Ai.i.rii.-:!,  Ruiierally  in  coinpany  with 
A  StMliel      lluy  ni;i.lc  tluir  la-:uliiuarturs  at,  guito  for 
four  years ;  exjilorcl  the  Kctiadorian  inounU.ins  ;  made  an 
exten.lcii  examination  of  tlie  ancient  necroiwlisof  .\nc,.n 
near  Lima,  and  otlier  Pcnivian  antii|Uilies ;  an.l  lllialiy 
descemlea  tlie  Amazon  and  visited  the  I!r.i/.ilian  coast 
cities.    Their  most  important  joint  w..rk  is     l>a3  lotcn- 
feld  voii  Anton  in  Peru  '  (3  vols,  tolio.  with  plates,  18W>- 
18S7)     Reiss  has  also  pnblislied  many  geological  works 
and  papers  on  Sonth  America,  and  various  scicutulc  mem- 
oirs ill  .Spanish  (at  IJuito). 
Beissiger  <  ris'sig-er),  Karl  GrOttlieb.    Born  at 
Belzi-'.  near  AVitteiibcig.  .laii.  31,  ITOrt:   died 
at  Drestleu,  Nov.  7, 1859.     A  German  composer 
of  operas,  songs,  etc. 
E6iane(ra-zliiin'),GabrielleR6ju,oaUpd.  Born 

■It  Puis  in  18.")7.  A  J''rciicli  actress.  She  made  her 
ikibii'l  ill  187.-.  at  the  Van.levillc.  One  of  her  !;ieatest  suc- 
cesses is  Madam'  SansGeue  in  Sard..i.B  play  uf  that  name 
(IS!.!.,  in  whicll  she  appeared  ii.  the  I'lil  ed  Mates  Ahout 
iSc  -he  married  SI.  Porel.  director  of  the  i.raiid  Ihcatre. 

Rejected  Addresses.  A  collection  of  parodies 
onWordswortli,  Bvnm,  Scott,  Moore,  Coleridge, 
and  other  poets,  written  on  the  occasion  of  the 
burning  of  Uniry  Lane  Theater,  London,  by  the 
brothers  James  and  Horace  Smith,  published  in 

l"*'--  ^  .11 

Belapse,  The,  or  Virtue  in  Danger.  A  play  by 

Vanlini"-h,  iiroduced  in  l<ii)7.  It  was  a  sequel  to 
ribliers  "Love's  last  Shift."  Sheridan  altered  it  to  "  The 
Trip  to  Sc;irljorough."    See  Comte  de  lloursoufle. 

Belay  House.  A  junction  on  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Kailwav,  7  miles  from  Baltimore,  which 
General  Butler  fortified  in  May,  1861. 

Belief  of  Lucknow,  The.  A  play  by  Boucicault. 

The  incident  of  Jessie  Brown  and  the  approaeh  of  the 
relief  playing  "Tlie  Campbells  are  coming  is  said  to  he 
nivthieal.  f  »   t 

ReUgiO  Laid  (re-lij'i-6  la  1-si).     [L.,    A  Lay- 
man's Religion.']    A  polemic  poem  by  Dryden, 
pulilished  in  16.S2. 
Religio  Medici  (re-lij'i-o  med  1-si).     [L.,    A 
Physician's  Religion.']    A  religious  treatise  by 
Sir  Tliomas  Browne,  published  in  1643. 
Remagen  (ra'mii-gen).     A  town  m  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  J- 
miles  northwest  of  Coblcnz:  the  Roman  Kigo- 
magiis.  It  contains  various  Roman  antiquities. 
Population  (1890),  3,218. 
Rembang (rem-bilng').    Atown neartbe north- 
ern coast  of  .lava,  situated  in  lat.  6°  42  S.,long. 
111^  M'  K.     Population,  about  14,000. 
Rembrandt  (rem'lirant  ;   D.  proiu   rom'brant) 

(Rembrandt  Hermanzoon  van  Ryn  or  Kyn). 
Born  at  Leyden,  July  15,  1607 :  died  at  Amster- 
dam (buried  Oct.  8,  1669).     A  celebrated  Uu  eh 
painter  and  etcher,  the  chief  member  of  the 
Dutch  school  of  painting.    His  father  was  a  miller 
In  easy  circumstances.    At  the  age  of  12  he  entered  the 
studio  of  Van  Swanenbureh  ami  three  years  later  that  of 
Pleter  Lastman  at  Amsterdam.    In  10^  ''«■;';■.""'"'".;:;>; 
den.  where  he  repiained  until  KWO.    .V«;»t  102s  he  receiv  ed 
his  first  pupil,  Gerard  Uouw.     In  lli:lO  lu-  removed  to  Am- 
sterdam, where  he  soon  had  many  pupils  and  many  orders. 
Oil  June  10. 1634,  he  married  Saskla  van  I  K-nlii.rg.     Allel 
her  death  he  became  Involved  in  litigati.m,  e.mtiaij.d 
debts,  and  in  165«  was  formally  declared  bankrupt,  and  hi.-, 
collections  were  seized  and  sold  for  OiiO  llorins.     Among 
his  principal  works  are  "I'rcsentatl.m  in  the  li-mpe 
(1«31*):  -Lesson  in  Anaton.y  "  (1IB2); /Mlescent  tro.n  to 
bross,"an  ctehlng  (10:i:i);  the  "Artemisia"  at  M;"  "'I.  "    ' 
■•  SI.  Thomas " at  the  Hermitage.  St .  Petersburg (lU.^), I  of; 
■     tl-alt  of  himself  with  his  wife  Saskia  on  his  knee  H  .As  , 
etching  ot  Tobias  and  the  Angel  and  Eeec  Homo  ('■«), 
portrait  of  his  mother,  at  Vienna(lian);    Le  doreiir   (    J    e 
Slider,"  I.VW),  now  In  New  York ;  "  «"rtle  of  t lie  '  ™I   1|  ' 
of  Frans  Hannlng  Cock"  (the  8"-c"lle''"-^'l?'"-^V  .'';.>.■. 
his  mantelpiece  (1W2);   efhlng  "'  '"J""  ^''J  ;'-'    ' '""r 
ntH3)  •  "  Pilgrims  of  Emmaus,"  In  the  Louvre  (1(H8) .  jier- 
trall  ol  Tn,rnne  on  horseback   now  in  '.f  V' [,"«If  "b Vl  i 
lection  (V.m:   the  ■•hundied-guilder     H"  "'  "^ '^ 
preaching  (IK.l)  (the  name  eoines  from  a  Iraditl.  n  that  a 
koman  merchant  olteled  lllm  seven  engravings  b>  M.ire- 
antonl..,  w.rtli  luo  guilders,  for  a  eony  ■.(  the  e tcbliig). 
"The  liin-g..ma*teranil  his  wife  "(I0.'.7S;  '  *';',»';i;  7;  ™'': 
Ing  Sinai-  llil.MO;  ■'.Syndics  of  Ihe  (Tolh   Hall     (IIKH), 
■'.lewlsh  liriile"  (lfl03)     He  painted  between  40  and  M 
portraits  of  himself,  which  arc  In  the  various  public  gnl- 
leries  of  F.iilope. 

Remedy  of  Love,  The.    A  poem  a|.parentiy 

wrilteii  nliotit  1530.  it  was  printed  In  ir.:i2ln  an  c<ll- 
tion  of  Chaucer's  poems,  and  wrongly  allribuled  to  lilm. 
Bemesal  (ra-ma-siil'),  Antonio  de.  Horn  at 
Allariz.  Galicia,  about  1.570:  died  at  Jliidriil, 
11)39.  .\  Sininish  Dominican  historian.  Hewas 
viiUmhr  of  his  order  In  Central  America  1H18-17.  and 
while  there  wrote  his  "  lllstoria  de  las  provlncias  de  I  'u- 
aim  y  (iuatomala'  (Madrid,  WW),  sometimes  called  llls- 
toria general  do  las  Indlas."  It  was  the  llrst  history  of 
Onatomala  prepared  In  tlie  country,  and  Is  much  estecmea 
by  historians. 

(■.—  .".4 


Bemi  (re'mi).  In  ancient  history,  a  people  of 
the  Helgiv,  in  Gaul,  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  ot 
Rheiras  (their  capital).  They  sided  with  Julius 
Ca;sar  in  his  Gallic  wars. 

Remigius  (re-mij'i-us),  or  RemedlUS  (re-me  - 
di-tis ).  or  F.  Remi  (re-mo' ),  Su.nt.  Boni  about 
435 :  (lied  about  530-533.  Archbishop  of  Rheims. 
He  was  raised  to  the  episcopate  "''"''V"  /iid  was  i.nl  1- 
ential  with  Clovls  whom  he  baptized  n  4%  J-h<=^  '<" 
Kcmigii  •  was  written  by  Hlncmar  in  the  9th  century. 

Remington  (rem'ing-ton).  Frederic.  Bom  at 
Canton,  X.  Y.,  Oct.  4,  1801.  An  American  hg- 
iire-  and  animal-painter  and  illustrator.  Among 
biswoiksai-e"A  IHishforthe  limber."  "Laststand,  'I  ast 
all  SurKcri-,'  anil  "  A  Broncho  Buster  (in  bronze),  fie  is 
well  known  as  an  illustrator  of  the  principal  periodicals. 

Remoisd't'-mwii').  An  ancient  district^n  Cham- 
pagne, Prance.     Its  chief  place  was  R heims. 

Remonstrance,  The  Grand.  In  KukIi^''  lii'^- 
torv,  a  i>rotest  passed  by  the  House  of  t  nnimons 
jj^y'  oo  1541.  It  rehearsed  the  unconstitutional  ami 
unwise  acts  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  demanded  rcmc- 

Remonstrants  (re-mon'strants).  The  Arinin- 
ians:  so  called  because  they  formulated  their 
creed  (A.  D.  1610)  in  five  articles  entitled  1  ho 
Remonstrance."  This  document  expressed  their  points 
of  divergence  from  strict  Calvinism,  and  was  presented  to 
the  states  of  Holland  and  West  Fricsland. 

Remscheid  (rem'shit).  A  town  in  tho  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  19  miles  northeast  ot  L-o- 
lo"ne  It  Is  the  center  of  hardware  manufactures  in 
nermanv  (iueliuling  scythes,  saws,  skates,  flies,  etc.),  and 
hi^  an  imPtant  export  trade.  Population  (1890X  18,641; 
i-ommnne,  40,371.  j.   »t  _  \r^,A- 

Remsen  (rem'zn),  Ira.  Born  at  New  \oik, 
Feb  10  1846.  An  American  chemist.  Hegrad- 
uated  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Colum- 
bia College  in  lSti7  ;  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  phys- 
i.-s  at  Williams  C..lle..'e  187-2-7tl;  and  "  as  professor  of  cliem- 

ism  -It  1  lis  llupkins  Vnivei-sity  1S7G-1S)01,  and  preshleiil 
mt  He li^  ul'lisl.ed■'PrineipU-sofTlKO^•tieaU■hen,- 
i;t•v•'(18'^7)  "  -Ml  Intiodu.tion  to  the  Study  of  Organic 
!'lu-niistry '(ISSS),  "  Elementary  Chemistry"  df ->•;';;• 
Remus  (re'mns).  In  Koman  legend  the  bro- 
1  licr  of  Romulus,  by  whom  he  was  slam,     bee 

Remus,Uncle.  An  oldplantationnegro, feigned 
narrator  of  the  plantation  and  folk-lore  tales 
collected  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris. 

Rgmusat  (ra-mii-za'),  Comtesse  de  (Claire 
tffsabeth  Jeanne  Gravier  de  Vergennes  . 

Porn  at  Paris,  Jan.  5,  L.SO:  died  Dec.  Jl  l.s-l. 
A  French  lad  v,  wife  of  tho  chamberlain  of  Napo- 
leon L,  and  an  attendant  of  the  empress  Jose- 
pliijie.  Her  "  Mi'moirc9"on  thec.mrt  of  N'a]iolcon,  etc., 
!v,;re  published  in  1879,  and  her  "  I;'^'V*" '" '"-|'^„   ,„ 

R6musat,  Comte  Frangois  Mane  Charles  de. 
Bom  at  Paris,  March  14,  179,  :  died  at  Paris, 
June  6, 1875.  A  French  politician  and  author, 
son  of  the  Comtesse  de  Remusat.  Ho  vyas  minis- 
ter of  the  interior  in  1840,  and  minister  of  foreign  atlairs 
1871  73  Ho  wrote  various  philosophical  works,  indu  1- 
ing  -Essais  do  philosophic"  (1842),  "Abailard  (184,i-.) 
"St.  Anlelme  de  Cantert.ury "  (1853),  "L'-^"';!*'"'^;;,"" 
XVII1«  8ii'-cle"(ia'->tl),  "P.aeon.  sa  we.,  son  temps,  sa  phll.^- 
8uphle"(1857),  ''Histoire  de  la  philosophie  en  Angleterre 

Rdmusat.  Jean  Pierre  Abel     Bom  at^Paris 

Sept.   5,    1788:  died  June  3,  1832.     A  licnch 
Orientalist.    He  wrote  "  Essal  sur  la  languc  et  la  lit- 
tiiraturo  chinoises"  (IsU),  "Recherches  sur  les  langues 
taJtwes"    IS'W  •'tlement^  de  la  grammalro  chinoiso 
(ls-22),  and  other  works  oil  Chinese,  etc. 

R6my  (ra-mC ),  Jules.  Born  near  Chalons-sur- 
Marne,  Sept.  2,  1820:  died  Dec.  5,  1893.  A 
French  traveler  and  botanist.  From  IS.il  to  lb(i3 
he  traveled  e.xtensivelv  in  S..ntli  and  N..rth  Amerna,  t be 
P?„  11  .Islands  and  Asia.  Besides  botanical  memoirs  he 
n  bl  shed  oly  ooks  on  tho  euuntries  visited  by  him: 
Uno  ortbe  best-known  is  "  Voyage  an  pays  des  Mormons 
(•'  vols.  18611 :  an  Eiiglisb  translation  1-1.0).  .     .,  „ 

■Rpnaix  (re-nii').  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
p"v^co  of  icist  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated 
■\\  miles  west  bv  south  of  Brussels.     Popula- 

^^ki^;::^l;.^^;?|osph  Ernest  B«,^tT... 
guier,  C<)tes-du-Nord,  Jan.  2,,  182J.  died  at 
Paris  Oct.  2,  1892.     A  French  philologist  and 

historian,  "hc  was  the  acknowledged  leader  of  ll>e  school 
of  critical  nhUosophy  in  Kr.inee      >  '»»','  ''''lie  ^as   1 

t;^i.,\i„uii,.  in.thod  then  111  vogue,  and  broke  sharply  with 

med  his  s  idles  In  comparative  philology,  ami  look,  one 
after  bo  "her,  his  university  degrees.  Ilia  works  pub. 
Hshe,  letw."  n  SfiOand  18IK1  attracti-il  much  atten  ion,  es- 
peelally  lor  their  Htyle.  Theyjncbide  h|s  dodor  s  ti  s 
,11  "Aver^l^a  et  I'averroisme  (18.^.2),  '•"",'""''''  i. 
>  .lie  eiise"  (18r.7).  "  l>c  rorigino  dii  langage  (lst.8)  l.s- 
a  ilenuJl"  "decrltli,ue''(lsr>l.).  etc.  Soon  after  lis 
re  urn  f"oin  mission  lo  the  East  (1801),  Itcnan  was  called 
r,  he  cr  of  Hebrew  In  the  College  de  France  ;  bii  ,  as 
ed  -nil  I  Ml  •  divinity  of  Christ,  he  fell  out  with  the  .•lerl- 
.,d  ,  -tv  and  was  forced  lo  resign  his  pr..les«on.b  p  in  SIM. 
■I  I  J  wi  ?k»  •  wrote  al«iit  Ihis  lime  conti United  perhaps 
In  gTOitest  measure  to  hi.  reputation.     Foremost  among 


Reno 

them  stands  "Iji  vie  de  J^sus "  (18f.3).  the  flrst  book  in 
theseries  entitled  "Histoiredesoriginesduchristiaiiisine, 
whieb  includes  further  "  Les  apotres  "  (ISOi;),  .St.  I  aul  et 
sa  mission-  (1807),  "L'AntechHst "  (1673),  "Les  evirngl  es 
et  la  seconde  geniiration  chriitienne  (187,),  L  bgllse 
chretiennc  '  (187a),  and  "  Marc-.^urele  et  a  tin  dii  inonde> 
aiitiiine  "  (1S80).  The  "  Index  "  was  published  in  18!>9,  am 
the  natural  introduction  to  the  entire  series  is  to  be  found 
in  an  entirely  sepanile  « ork,  "  Histoire du  pcuple  d  Israel 
(1887-1)4).  Kenan  was  also  the  author  of  "tjuestioiis  eon- 
temporaines  "  (ISfts).  -•  l>i.dogues  pbilosophiipies"  (1S78), 
•'Dnimes  philosophiqui  s '  (1S»8),  and  many  ether  works. 
He  w  as  eleeu  d  a  member  ol  the  French  Academy  June  13, 
1878 

Renart,  Roman  de.    See  linjmud  the  Fox. 
Rendel  (rcnMel  1.  James  Meadows.  Bom  near 


Dartmoor, England,  1.99:  dnilat  London, Nov 
21,  1856.  An  English  engineer,  constructor  of 
bridges  ami  harbors  of  refuge. 

Rendshurg  (r.-iids'biiro).  A  town  m  the  prov- 
ince ot  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated 
oil  the  Eider  and  on  the  Schleswig-Holstein 
Canal'^Oniiles  west  of  Kiel,  it  was formeriy  strongly 
fortified  :  was  unsuccessfully  besi.-ged  by  w  mngel  in  1W5; 
and  was  taken  by  the  .Sehl.-swig-H.dst,  iners  "'1848-  "'" 
fori  illcations  were  demolished  by  the  Danes  in  1S62.  Popu- 
lation (1690),  13,105. 

fi,en6  (re-:iii').  A  romance  by  Chateaubriand, 
published  in  1902.  ,  „     „     „       ,      -, 

Ren6  I.,  sumamed  "The  Good."  [L •/'"'("•'»•  J 
Bnrn  at  An-ers.  France.  Jan.  16,  1409:  died  at 
•Vix  France,  Julv  10.  1480.  Duke  of  Anjou, 
count  of  Provence,  and  (titular)  king  of  Naples, 
son  of  Louis  II.  of  Naples  and  Yolande  of  Ara- 
con.  He  succeeded  Joanna  II.  in  Naples  in  1435.  but 
was  dispossessed  by  Alfonso  V.  of  Aragon  in  1442.  He  was 
a  patron  of  literature  and  .art,  _ 

Renegade,  The,  or  the  Gentleman  of  Venice. 

\plav  bv>Iassinger,liceused  m  1024and  printed 
in  1630."  The  title  was  changed  before  Shirley  s 
'■Gentleman  of  Venice"  was  produced. 
Renfrew  (ren'fro).  1.  A  southwestern  county 
of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  tlie  Clyde  and  Dumbar- 
ton on  the  north,  Lanark  on  the  east,  Ayr  on  tlic  south 
and  southwest,  and  the  Firth  of  «yde„»"  ,  """"'^  .Jl 
cmitains  tho  large  towns  Paisley  and  Greenock  and  has 
coal-  and  Irmi-inines  and  important  manufactures.  Area, 
246  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  -'DO. i)i. 
2  The  county  town  of  Renfrew,  situated  near 
the  Clyde  6  miles  west  of  Glasgow.  Population 
(1891),  6,246.  .„  ,  -K,      A 

Reni  (ra'ne).  Guido.  Born  at  Bologna,  Nov. 4, 
1575 :  died  there,  Aug.  18, 1642.  A  noted  painter 
of  the  Bologtiese  school.  Hewaaapupll of  Calvaert, 
and  also  of  the  Carracci.  He  went  about  1608  to  Koine 
wheic  he  remained  for  twenty  years.  He  was  the  rival  of 
CM-avaggio,  mid  was  opiKisenl  from  jealousy  by  Annllmle 
rScd,  and  even  by  \iis  friend  Albani.  lie  >»<!  "'""y 
Uldls  at  Home  and  Ilologna.  He  decorated  the  private 
■bli'.l  of  the  Palazzo  Monte  Cavallo  at  Konie,  and  at  a  later 
ne?lod  executed  the  celebrated  fresco  of  "Aurora"  in  tho 
'pa  izzo  Kos pigliosi.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Massacre 
of  the  Innocents  "  "  St.  Sebastian,"  "  Madonna  delta  Heth, 
and  "Sa  snnVlctorious"at  Mogna ;  thedoubtfulpiirtrat 
of  Beatrice  Cend  at  the  Palazzo  Barberini  Rome  -.  "  t  ruei- 
flxion  o  St  Peter  "and  "Madonna  in  iM-p'  <V«""")-. 
several  •■F.cce  Homos  "at  Bologna,  Rome,  Dresden,  Pam, 
U,ndoii,  and  other  places ;  and  numerous  other  paintings, 
many  of  them  of  sacred  subjects. 

Rennell  (ren'el),  James.  Bom  near  Chud- 
leidi  Devon.  England,  Dec.  3,  1742:  died  at 
London,  March  29,  1830.  An  English  geogra- 
iiher  in  the  service  of  Ihe  East  India  (  ompany. 
His  chief  works  are  "  Memoir  of  a  Map  of  Hindustan  ■ 
("rvlsel  ed.  1793),  "Bengal  Atlas"  (178l5.  ■  Ceographleal 
Sj^tem  of  Herodotus  "(18O0).  "  T-r  Bnll^liy  "(  I'e  I'lain  of 
Troy  "  (1811). mid  "  Expedition  of  iJyrus    (ISJI). 

•Rpnnea  (ren).  Th.-  caiiital  of  the  department 
of  lUe  et-Vilaine.  Fraii'ce.  situated  at  tho^junc- 
tiou  of  the  llle  and  Vilaine.  in  Int.  48  <  N., 
lonn-.  lo41'W.:  the  Gallic  Condate  and  Roman 
CivTtas  Redonum.  The  noted  buildings  are  the  Cn- 
medr  of  St  Peter.  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  Mordelalse 
ga  c  i  da  -e  ot  Just  ice,  and  town  house.  It  containsa  pic. 
fur e:J  1  -Vv  and  a  university  college  (with  acuities  of 
,lwsc   Vices  and  letters).     It  was  the  eapitnl  of  ancient 

?^;um  ■;  wiii  s;:v..ai  -i'."«» '•^r'"'?^!;in"-4:-"    ' 

»troyedbyllreinl720.  Population  (UkU),  .J."""-- 
Rennie  (ren'i),  John.  Bom  at  Phantnssie.  Had- 
dingd.n.  Scotland,  June  7.  1761  :  died  at   Lon- 
don Oct.  16. 1.821.   A  noted  British  engineer  and 
nivl'lilect.   Three  of  the TlmniesbrldgcsjtheSmltliwar^ 

the  Walcrioo,  and  the  I.mdoii  «'r'\''"'  '  V  ,  ,'  rH-k» 
signs.  He  also  designed  the  l-ondon  llock^  t  e  ''  "  ^^J 
and  docks  at  Hull.  Greenock  LycrpooU  an  Dublin,  and 
the  dockyards  at  Portsmonlli,  Chatham,  Shecrnes*,  ana 

to  tlie  Ailrintie  12  miles  north  of  Ravenna. 
It  was  calleil  h'henus  by  the  Roniiins.  and  for- 
merly tlowed  into  tho  Po.    Total  length,  about 

Ren<)"('ri^^iio>.  The  capital  of  Washoe  County, 
NVvadi.  siliinted  on  UcKeo  River  16  mi  es 
ni.rlhwest  of  Virginia  City.  Populaliou  1 1900). 
■),.')00. 


Reno,  Jesse  Lee 

Reno,  Jesse  Lee.  Bom  at  Wheeling.  W.  Va., 
June  30, 1S23 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  South  Moun- 
tain, Md..  Sept.  14.  1862.  An  Amerieau  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1S46 ;  served  in  tlie  Mexi- 
can war:  and  wasappointed  a  brigailier-general of  L'niied 
States  volunteers  in  ISCl.  '  He  served  in  tiie  Koanoke  ex- 
peditidu  in  1S62  ;  and  participated  as  a  corps  connnander 
in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Kun,  and  in  the  battles  of 
C'hantilly  and  South  Mountain. 

Reno,  Marcus  A.  Born  in  Illinois  about  1835 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C  March  31,  1889.  An 
Ameriean  officer.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1857.  and  served  through  the  Civil  War.  As  major  he  com- 
manded a  detachment  of  Custer's  army  at  the  time  of  tlie 
massacre  of  Little  Big  Horn  in  1876.  He  was  dismissed 
Irora  the  United  States  service  m  1880  ou  the  chai-ge  of 
mis  unduct. 

Rent  Day,  The.  A  domestic  drama  by  Douglas 
Jcrrold,  printed  in  1832. 

Renwick  (ren'ik),  James.  Born  at  Moniaive, 
Dumfriesshire,  Feb.  15, 1662 :  executed  Feb.  17, 
1688.  A  Scottish  Covenanter  and  martyr.  He 
attended  Edinburgh  rniversity,  but  was  denied  hi's  degree 
for  refusing  the  oath  of  allegiance.  In  16^3  he  was  ordained 
at  Groningen,  Holland.  In  lii84  he  published  the  ■'  .•Apolo- 
getic Declaration,"  for  which  he  was  outlawed.  He  de- 
nounced James  II.  on  his  accession,  and  was  condemned 
and  executed.  • 

Renwick  (ren'wik),  James.  Born  in  England, 
1790  (1792  ?;:  died  at  Xew  York,  Jan.  12,  1863. 
An  American  physicist.  He  wrote  "Outlines  of  Nat- 
ural Philosophy  "(1822-23),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Steani-En- 
gine"(lSaO),  "Elements  of  Mechanics"  (183-i),  scientific 
text-books,  and  biographies  of  Fulton,  Hamilton,  etc. 

Renwick,  James.  Born  at  Bloomingdale  (now 
part  of  Xew  York  city),  Nov.  3,  1818 :  died  at 
New  York,  June  23,  1895.  An  American  archi- 
tect, son  of  James  Kenwiek.  He  designed  Grace 
Church  (Xew  York,  1S45),  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  (Xew 
York,  commenced  1858),  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
Corcoran  Art  Gallery  (Washington),  Vassar  College,  etc. 

Reole  (ra-61'),La.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Giroiide,  France,  situated  on  the  Garonne -31 
miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Population(1891), 
commune,  "1,177. 

Re  Pastore  (ra  pas-to're),  II.  A  dramatic 
cantata  by  Mozart,  to  Metastasio's  words,  com- 
posed in  1775. 

Rephaim  (ref 'a-im  or  re-fa'im).  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a  race  of  giants,  the  ancient  in- 
habitants of  Palestine  and  of  the  land  east  of 
the  Jordan. 

Rephaim,  Valley  of.  In  ancient  geography,  a 
valley  or  plain  southwest  of  Jerusalem. 

Repnin  (rep-nen').  Prince  Nikolai.  Born  at  St. 
Petersburg,  March  22,  1734 :  died  at  Riga,  May 
24,  1801.  A  Russian  general  and  diplomatist. 
He  served  against  the  Turks,  whom  he  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Matchin,  July  9,  1791. 

Repos  de  Cyrus  (re-p6'  de  se-riis'),  Le.  Awork 
by  the  Abb6  J.  Pornetti. 

''LeReposde  Cyrus  "embraces  the  same  period  of  the  life 
of  the  Persian  prince  as  the  work  of  Ramsay,  and  compre- 
hends his  journey  into  Media,  his  chase  on  the  frontiers 
of  Assyria,  his  wars  with  the  king  of  that  country,  and  his 
return  to  Persia.      Dunltrp,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  349. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  1.  A  painting  by  Murillo,  in 
the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The 
Virgin  sits  under  a  tree  watching,  with  two  cherubs,  the 
sleeping  Child  at  her  side.  St.  .Toseph  stands  beyond,  with 
the  ass,  amid  attributes  of  the  journey. 
2.  A  painting  by  Van  Dyek,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum.  St.  Petersburg."  The  Virgin  sits  before  St. 
Joseph  on  a  shaded  bank,  holding  the  Child  standing  in 
ber  lap.  .\11  are  looking  at  a  covey  of  partridges.  Some- 
times called  Madonnu  iritk  the  Partridges. 

Representati'ves,  House  of.  The  lower  or  more 

numerous  branch  of  the  United  States  Congress, 
comprising  (1903)  386  members,  chosen  every 
second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States. 
Representatives  are  apportioned  among  the  States  accord- 
ing to  population,  the  ratio  at  present  being  one  to  every 
173  901  of  population.  Xo  one  can  be  a  representative 
who  has  not  attained  the  age  of  twenty-five,  who  has  wot 
been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  is 
not  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in  wliich  he  is  chosen.  The 
House  of  Representatives  has  the  sole  power  of  impeach- 
ment and  of  originating  bills  for  raising  revenue.  Eacll 
Territoiy  has  a  delegate  in  the  House  of^Representatives, 
who  is  entitled  to  speak,  though  he  has  no  vote. 

Repressor,  The.  An  ecclesiastical  treatise  by 
Bi.shop  I'l'cock.  written  in  1449. 

Reprisals,  The,  or  the  Tars  of  Old  England. 

.V  fiirce  by  Smollett,  produced  in  1757.  It  is 
sai<l  to  be  his  single  success  on  the  stage. 

Reptile  Fund,  The.  A  name  given  in  Germany 
to  a  Prussian  fund  held  for  the  deposed  Hano- 
verian dynasty,  part  of  which  it  was  alleged  was 
diverted  to  the  subsidizing  of  journals  in  the 
interest  of  the  government. 

Reptile  Press,  The.  A  name,  in  Germany,  given 
collectively  to  the  jotirnals  believed  to  be  sub- 
sidized by  the  Prussian  government.  It  eama 
into  use  in  1869.     Compare  BeptiU  Fund. 


850 

Republic,  The.     A  famous  work  by  Plato,  de- 
scriptive of  an  ideal  commonwealth. 
Republica  Dominicana.     See  Dominican  Ee- 

pilhlic. 

Republican  Party.  1 .  The  usual  name  of  the 
I)emocratic  party  (in  full  Democratie-Repub- 
licau  party)  during  the  years  following  1792- 
1793 :  it  replaced  the  name  Anti-Federal,  and 
was  replaced  by  the  name  Democratic.  See 
Democratic  Parti). — 2.  A  party  formed  in  1854, 
having  as  its  original  purpose  opposition  to  the 
extension  of  slavery  into  the  Temtories.  It  was 
composed  of  Free-soilers.  of  antislavery  A\'higs,  and  of 
some  Democrats  (who  unitedly  formed  the  group  known 
as  .\nti-Xel)raska  men),  and  was  joined  by  the  abolition- 
ists, and  eventually  by  many  Know-nothings.  During  the 
jVerioil  of  the  Civil  War  many  war  Democrats  acted  with 
it.  It  first  nominated  a  candidate  for  President  in  1856. 
In  1856  it  elected  its  candidate  (Banks)  for  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  and  in  1861  it  gained  con- 
trol of  the  executive  and  both  houses  of  Congress.  The 
presidents  from  ISttl  to  1SS5,  Lincoln,  .Tohnson,  Grant, 
Hayes.  Garfield,  and  .Arthur,  were  Republicans,  and  the 
presidency  was  atrain  tilled  bv  a  Republican,  Harrison. 
from  1889  to  1893,  and  by  another,  McKinley,  1897-.  The 
Republicans  held  the  power  in  Coii^'ress  until  ls75;  they 
then  lost  the  House,  regained  it  in  1881,  lost  it  in  1883,  again 
regained  it  in  1889,  and  lost  it  again  iii  1891,  regaining  it 
once  more  ui  1895,  and  holding  it  in  1897.  The  Senate,  how- 
ever, they  continued  to  hold,  except  for  1879-83,  until  1893, 
when  the  executive  and  both  branches  of  Con,c:ress  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Democrats ;  in  1897  they  obtained  one 
half  of  the  total  number  of  senators  and  the  Vice-President. 
The  party  favors  generally  a  broad  construction  of  the  Con- 
stitution, litieral  ext)endi"tnres,  extension  of  the  powers  of 
the  national  government,  and  a  high  protective  tariff. 
.4mong  the  measures  with  which  it  has  been  identified  in 
whole  or  in  part  are  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion,  the 
al)olition  of  slavery,  reconstruction,  and  the  resumption  of 
specie  iiayments. 

Republican  Pa'wnee  (pa-ne').  A  tribe  of  the 
Pawnee  Confederacy  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans.   Also  called  the  Eitlelwhlci.    See  Pawnee. 

Republican  River,  or  Republican  Fork.  A 
river  in  eastern  Colorado,  sotithern  Nebraska, 
and  northern  Kansas.  It  unites  with  the  Smoky  HiU 
Fork  in  D.avis  County.  Kansas,  61  miles  west  of  Topeka,  to 
form  the  Kansas.     Length,  about  ooo  miles. 

Repulse  Bay  (re-puls'  ba).  A  bay  south  of  Mel- 
ville Peninsula,  British  America,  near  the  en- 
trance to  Hudson  Bay. 

ReQluena  (ra-ka'nii).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Valencia,  Spain,  42  miles  west  of  Valencia. 
It  is  a  wine  center.     Poimlation  (1887),  14,457. 

Requier  (re-kya' ),  Augustus  Julian.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  May  27,  1825:  died  at  New 
York,  March  19,  1887.  An  American  poet  and 
dramatist.  •  , 

Resaca  de  la  Palma  (ra-sa'kii  da  la  pal'mii) 
( Sp. , '  dry  river-bed  of  the  palm '),  or  Resaca  de 
Guerrero  (da  ga-ra'ro).  A  place  in  southern 
Texas,  4  miles  north  of  Matamoros,  Mexico, 
where  a  battle  was  fought.  May  9, 1846,  between 
the  United  States  troops  (about  2.200)  under 
Taylor  and  the  Mexicans  (4.000  to  5,000)  under 
Arista.  The  engagement  followed  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto 
on  the  8th,  and,  as  in  that,  Taylor  was  victorious.  All  the 
Mexican  artillery  and  trains  fell  into  his  hands. 

Resen  (re'sen).  One  of  the  ancient  cities  in 
Assyria. 

The  site  of  Resen  has  not  been  identified,  though  its 
name  has  been  met  with  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  under 
the  form  of  Reseni,  'the  head  of  the  spring.' 

Sayce,  Assyria,  p.  2i 

Reservoir  of  the  1,001  Columns.  A  reservoir 
in  Constantinople,  built  by  Constantino,  it  is  in 
plan  197byl66feef ;  itsgroinedVaultsreston  212  columns 
in  15  ranges.  Though  about  half  tilled  with  sediment  de. 
posited  by  the  water,  the  shafts  and  capitals  still  project 
to  a  height  of  33  feet. 

Reshd.     See  Besht. 

Reshid  Pasha  (re -shed'  pash'a)  (Mustapha 
Mehemed).  BomatConstantiuopU',1802:  died 
at  Candia,  Jan.  7,  1858.  A  Turkish  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  several  times  minister  of 
foreign  affair-;  under  Mahmud  Tl.  and  Abdul-Medjid  :  pro- 
mulgated the  Hatti-sherif  of  Olilhan^  (see  .161/"/-.)/ (^'V^jV/ )  in 
1839;  and  was  grand  vizir  at  the  time  of  the  Crimean  war. 

Resht  (resht),  or  Rasht  (rasht),  or  Reshd 
(resht).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gilan. 
Persia,  situated  near  the  Caspian  Sea  about 
lat.  37°  18'  N.,  long.  49°  37'  E.  it  has  important 
commerce,  through  its  port  Enzeli,  and  is  the  chief  place 
in  Persia  for  the  silk-trade.  It  was  terribly  ravaged  by 
fire  in  1885.    Population,  about  25,000. 

Resolute  (rez'p-lut).  An  arctic  exploring  ship 
which  belonged  to  .Sir  Edward  Belcher's  squad- 
ron. She  sailed  with  the  Assistance,  Pioneer,  Intrepid, 
and  North  Star  in  April,  1852,  to  se.irch  for  Sir  .John  Frank- 
lin. On  ilay  15,  1854,  at  the  command  of  Belcher  and 
a.gainst  their  will.  Captain  Kellett  and  Commander  McClin- 
tock  abandoned  the  Resolute  and  the  Intrepid  in  the  ice 
off  Melville  Island.  On  Sept.  17.  1855,  Captain  Budding- 
ton,  in  the  .\nierican  whaler  George  Henry,  met  the  deseit- 
ed  Resolute  in  sound  condition  about  40  miles  from  Cape 
Mercy,  she  must  have  drifted  through  Barrow  Strait, 
Lancaster  Sound,  and  Baffin  Bay.  She  was  recovered, 
and  the  United  States  bought  her  and  restored  her  in  per- 


Retif  de  la  Bretonne 

feet  condition  to  the  British  service.  She  was  presented 
to  the  queen  by  Captain  Hartstein  in  1856.  She  is  now 
dismantled. 

Resolution  (rez-o-lii'shon).  An  exi)loriug  ship 
in  which,  with  tlie  Discovery.  Sir  Thomas  But- 
ton sailed  from  England  in  1612.  He  wintered  at 
the  mouth  of  Nelson's  Elver,  and  accomplished  the  ex- 
ploration of  Hudson  Bay  aiul  of  Southampton  Island,  re- 
turning to  England  in  the  autumn  of  the  next  year. 

Resolution  (rez-o-la'shon)  Island.  .\n  island 
of  British  America,  situated  north  of  Labrador, 
at  the' entrance  of  Hudson  Strait. 

Restif  de  la  Bretonne.    See  Petif. 

Restigouche  (res-ti-gosh').  A  river  in  New 
Brunswick  which  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  New  Brimswick  and  Quebec,  and  flows 
into  the  Bav  of  Chalem-  at  Dalhousie.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 

Restitution,  Edict  of.  An  edict  by  the  em- 
peror Ferdinand  II.,  dated  March  6.  1629.  re- 
quiring Protestants  to  restore  to  the  Roman 
(Catholics  sees  and  ecclesiastical  jiroperty  ap- 
propriated since  the  treaty  of  Passau  in  1552. 

Restoration,  The.  1.  In  English  history,  the 
reestablishment  of  the  English  monarehj"  with 
tlie  return  of  King  Charles  II.  in  1660 ;  by  ex- 
tension, the  whole  reign  of  Charles  II. —  2.  In 
Jewish  histoiy,  the  return  of  the  Jews  to  Pales- 
tine about  537  B.  c. ;  also,  their  future  return  to 
and  possession  of  the  Holy  Laud,  as  exjjected  by 
many  of  the  Jewish  race  and  by  others. —  3.  In 
French  history,  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  to 
power  in  1814  (called  the  first  Restoration)  and 
(after  the  episode  of  the  Hundred  Days)  in  1815 
(called  the  second  Restoration). 

Restorer  of  the  Roman  Empire.    A  title  given 

by  the  senate  to  Aureliau. 

Restrepo  (res-tra'po).  Jose  Manuel.  Born  at 
Envigado,  Antioquia.  about  1775:  died  about 
1860.  A  New  Granadan  historian .  He  was  a  law- 
yer and  active  in  politics,  occupying  various  civil  and  cab- 
inet positions.  His  intimate  acquaintance  with  Bolivar 
and  other  leaders  of  the  movement  for  independence  pecu- 
liarly  fitted  him  for  writing  a  history  of  the  times.  His 
most  important  work  was  "  Historia  de  la  Revolucion  de  la 

■  Republica  de  Colombia  "(1827:  7  vols.,  with  3  vols,  of  doc- 
uments; 3d  ed.  4  vols.,  lb5S). 

Reszke  (resh'ke),  Edouard  de.  Born  at  War- 
saw, 1856.  A  noted  Polish  bass  singer,  brother 
of  Jean  de  Reszke.  He  made  his  d(^but  at  Paris  in 
1876,  anfl  his  career  practically  coincides  with  that  of  his 
brother.  His  principal  parts  are  Rnv  Gomez  (  "Hernani"), 
Don  B.asile("Barhierde  Seville  "),  Le'porello( 'Don  .luan  "), 
-Mephistophi^Ies  ('Faust"),  and  Frere  Laui-ent  C-Romio 
et  .luliette). 

Reszke,  Jean  de.    Bom  at  Warsaw,  1853.    A 

noted  Polish  tenor  singer.  He  made  his  d^but  in  Lon- 
don in  1875,  and  appeared  at  the  Th(?atre  Fran<;ais  in  1876, 
and  again  in  1883.  At  this  time  hisvoiceclianged  from  the 
baritone  to  the  tenor  register,  and  his  success  has  since 
been  great.  In  1S84  he  was  engaged  at  the  Italian  Opera, 
and  has  since  sung  there,  with  various  absences.  In  1S92, 
1893-94,  1895-96.  1896  97.  1898-99. 1900-01  he  sang  in  Amer- 
ica. His  principal  parts  are  Faust,  Romeo,  Radames 
("Aida"),Vasco("L'AI'ric.aine"),and  Ascanio  ("Cellini"). 

Retford,  East.     See  East  Retford. 

Rethel  (re-tel').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the  Aisne  23 
miles  northeast  of  Rheims.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  7,136.  * 

Rethel  (ra'tel),  Alfred.  Bom  near  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  May  15, 1816 :  died  at  Diisseldorf ,  Prus- 
siL\,  Dec.  1.  1859.  A  noted  German  historical 
painter.  His  works  include  frescos  of  subjects  taken  from 
the  history  of  Charles  the  Great  (in  the  Rathaus  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle),  series  on  the  "Dance  of  Death,"  and  "  Hannibal 
Crossing  the  Alps." 

Rethelois  (ret-lwa').  A  former  division  of 
Champagne,  France,  now  comprised  within  the 
department  of  Ai-dennes. 

Re'thra  (reth'ra  or  ret'ra).  An  ancient  Slavic 
i-ity  in  the  present  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  Ger- 
many.    Its  exact  locality  is  unlcnown. 

Retif  (ra-tef)  or  Restif  de  la  Bretonne  (ra- 
tef  de  lil  bre-ton')  (Nicolas  Edme  Restif). 

Born  at  Sacy.Y'onne,  France,  Nov.  22. 1  <34:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  3, 1806..  A  French  romancer  and 
litterateur. 

.A.  much  more  remarkable  n.'mie  is  that  of  Restif  de  la 
Bretonne,  who  has  been  called,  and  not  w  itiiout  reason, 
the  French  Defoe.  He  was  born  at  Sacy  in  Burgundy  in 
1734.  and  died  at  Paris  in  1806.  Although  of  very  humble 
birth,  he  seems  to  have  acquired  an  irregular  but  consid- 
erable education,  and,  establishing  himself  early  in  Paris, 
he  became  an  indefatigable  author.  .Some  fifty  separate 
works  of  his  exist,  some  of  which  are  of  great  extent,  and 
one  of  which,  "I.es  Con  temporaines,"  includes  forty-two  vol- 
umes and  nearly  three  hundred  separate  articles  or  tales. 
Restif,  whose  entire  sanity  may  reasonaVily  be  doubted,  was 
a  novelist,  a  philosopher,  a  social  innovator,  a  diligent  ob- 
server of  the  manners  of  his  times,  a  spelling  reformer. 
His  work  is  for  the  most  part  destitute  of  the  most  rudi- 
mentary notions  of  decency,  biu  it  is  produced  in  good 
faith  aiid  evidently  with  no  evil  purpose. 

.Saints'ninj,  French  Lit.,  p.  426- 


Eetimo  851                                                      Revolutionary  War 

Retime  fva-te'mo).     A  soaport  on  the  northern  lished  by  Louis  XIV  at  Metz,Besan?on,Tour-  Revel  (rO-vol';.     A  town  in  .the  department  of 

coast  of  Trptc,  27  miles  cast-southeast  of  C'auea.  nai.  and  Breisaeh,  1680.    Tliey  deciikd  on  the  an-     Haute-Garonne,  France.  SOmiles  east -southea<it 

Pnpulation.  about  8.000.  ne.\ntion  to  France  of  various  territories  ulong  the  eustcrn     ,,f  Toiiloiisi'.  PMimlatioii  {189] )  i-oimmnu-  .'i  fiGG 

Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Greeks.    See  p^l'^f  "^'■■"'''"■.^?r'|,''r^';'">-  .„,„,,,,  f,.  Revelation  Book  of,  or  The  Revelation'of  St.' 

,(„„/„,.sv.s.                                                                 ■  I^union  (ra-ii-n.you  )   He  de  la,  formerly  He     John  the  Divine.     The  last  book  of  the  New 

Return  from  Parnassus,  The.    A  plav  in  two  Bourbon.     An  islaijd  m  the  Indian  Ocean,  a     Testament :  also  called  th/»  Apoaihi,,,,:     it  i,a, 

parts,  being  the  second  and  third  parts  of  "The  eolonialpossessionotlranee.southwestotMau-     lieeu  f;enen,lly  attriimtea  by  the  church  ti  the  apostle- 

Pil.'r-itiiao-e  to  Parnassus  "    Thcvwerewrittcn  before  "t"'=*-    ^t.-I)enis.  the  capit.il.  is  situated  in  lat,  20' 6r  S.,     John,  ami  diednte  of  its  cpiniwsition  isoften  put  near  the 

fhi^  .   1  nf  onpcf  Fn,';^fcth  and  h  verecennl  Wn  ,.Hnt  '""K-  55°  S)'  E.      The  surface  is  mountainous  and  vol-     «';'.  of  the  1st  centurj- ;  bi.t  its  authorship  and  date  are 

S  >a  a  "hole  ^'nfil'dir  nlai^                       ran.lu-  l"  e  <=""'<=.  "-e  highest  sununit  beiuR  Piton  des  Neiges  (lO.fM.     ,B»'')ccts  o  dispute.    There  is  a  wide  diffeivnce  of  opinion 

■fn  1  w  the  first  n-irr  n  ''Se  K?hirn"nro  >* Iv  nT 'p8^  '"^"O-    ■>'"=  <^'">^f  product  is  sugar.    The  inhabitants  are     "'so  as  to  the  interpretation  and  siguillcance  of  the  book, 

he  a'st";rS."The  .  .ire'tKht  to^'h^-ei",'writleu  descendants  of  French,  neg^es,  coolies  etc,    The  island  Reveller  (rev'el-er),  Lady.     One  of  the  prin- 

byme.nbers  of  St.  .loh'n'sL'ollcge,  Cambridge,  and  are  per.  J^' ?,Su,TlS'wirtTken  Dosse"^^^^^^^^^                                  '■'5'"'   '•''''"•■"■^'■■■i^    i"    it'-s.    Centlivre's    eoiedy 

^';ksri'do^;n''";d^l"'1ca;^  e^^hlg  bil'^el/r  ^^^'i^t^i^n^'^^!^^^^     I-Th*'  Basset-Table."    she  is  a  coquettish  widow  and 

*il'^tf,?„l  M  orVo?,!  «.    ,HrV       ^  eM»t"i(,  between  pro-  isin.ir,.  Arca,7S0squareinUes.  l'opulaiion(18i)2),  171,7:il.      '  rilliant  flne  lady  who  keeps  a  bassct-table,  where  she 

pITlTiatIr    A    f«™o^^   ^i,n=;.n    „f   V.r^n.^^  ReunloU,  WarS  of.     A  uatne  somctitues  given     'levotcshersel    night  and  day  to  not  too  scrupulous  play. 

Eetz   (rets).    A   former  division  of  Bnttany,  ,„  ^^^  ^^ars  lietween  France  and  the   allie.l  Revenge.     A  tragedy  by  Dr.  Young,  produced 

Fratice   eorrespomlmg  to  part  of  the  depart-  p„„.ers  waged  in  consequence  of  the  annexation     i"  1721. 

nient  ot  Lone-Inf^neure.  U  teiTitor?  .leterinined  by  the  Chambers  of  K.-  Revenge  for  a  Father.     See  Hoifman. 

Retz,  or  Rais  (ras),  or  Raiz  (raz),  Baron  de  iiiiim,  ill  l'680.                                                   Revenge  for  Honour.     A  tragedy  by  Chap- 

(Gllles  de  Laval).   Born  about  13%:  executed  R^ug  (ra'iis).     A  city  in  the  province  of  Tarra-     "i''"  <  •).  published  in  lGr.4. 

atlsantes,  trance,  Oct.,  1440.     A  French  mar-  fr,„ia,  Spain,  situated  near  Tarragona  63  inilc.s  Revenge    of   Bussy  d'Ambois.      See    Bussy 

shal.notonous  for  his  cruelties  to  children     His  southwest  of  Barcelona.    It  is  the  second  industrial     <>' ■i'"l'"'^.     ^ 

Btory  IS  connected  with  that  of  "  Barbe-Bleue."  place  in  Catalonia,  and  li.as  important  manufactures  ..f  Revenger  S  Tragedy,  The.     A  play  by  Cyril 

&ee  Bluebeard.  wims,  cotton,  silk, etc.    Salou  is  its  seaport.    Population     Touineur,  licensed  and  printed  in  1C07." 

■Retz    (ras).  Cardinal    de    iJean    Franpois  J 'f^I, if -"'?'■,     .    .        -,  a   •.      ,     ,    ,             Revere  (re-ver').    A  town  and  watering-place 

Paul  de  Gondi).     Born  at  Monlmirail.  Oct.,  RfUSS  (rois).    A  river  of  Switzerland.    Itrsesin     ;„  Suiiolk  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on 

iftiJ..  ,i;,i,l  Qf  T'o>.;a     Ai.rr    Oi    ii!7Q        \   i,',.„„,.i,  tlic  .st.-Gotthard,  tnueises the  Lake of  Lucemc,  Slid  louis     ^r           ,          "     tj      -">-"">-'     =,"^°'  =oi"o'cii  uu 

1614.  died  at  1  ans,  Aug.  24,  10(9.     Aireneh  the  .\are  near  Brugg.    Length,  sio  miles.                             Massachusetts  Bay  4  or  5  miles  northeast  of 

politician  and  author.    lie  received  his  education  at  t>. ai      j  ■     mt.     •      •  ^    i  r,  Boston.     Ponulation  1 1900)    10  395 

!he  hands  of  St  vincnt  de  Paul,  and  thereafter  at  the  ReUSS.     A  land  m  Thuringia,  central  Germany,  p^^^^^^    pt^,,!       u"  ,.   at  ^                           X,  1735- 


Reuss.  A  land  in  Thuringia,  central  Germany,  p"3"-  p,  ,'"  u  ^  I 
consisting  of  several  detached  portions,  west  severe,  raui.  tsoiii  at 
of  the  kingdom  of  Sa.xonv :  part  of  the  aAcient    l''.'"' ''!  Boston.  Ma.y  10. 1 


Jesuit  College  of  <_ierinont.    From  earliest  childhood  he  ^.....-...'..  ..^  v.^   ov.^mi  v»^  icn-u..,-,   ./wmvjiio,  m.^,       ,.    ,     .  ,>  ...       ,^  lo.o 

was  intended  for  tlie  church,  where  he  was  to  become  of  the  kingdom  of  Sa.xonv :  part  of  the  ancient    \.\ ''!  ^"'*'"i'-  -^'i'.y  }^-  .^f  If-    An  .American  pa- 

eveiituallyarehliishopof  P,-iris,adigiiitythathaiIlongheen  Vncrfl-nwl      ti,<>  .^..:„;„  ^f  ti,"  i,  ;,.„  i  t     t        .i    twi      'riot,  laiuous  Iron]  Ills  ride  from  Boston  to  Lex- 

U^-^t  iSill;;^  ^ll'l^l^ns'^ill.&ilf ^i?i;™?eS'"X,';ftS:;  -^  -^  ^^^:i^^&t:^IS^^:^l^    ington,  April  I8-I9, 1775,  to  a.-ou^  the  mlnute. 

^!^^^^^^:^X^S;.^i4SX!^  ^^'^]^^     T-      ^      -D  r     -r     ■'    -.>.     f/""-     Tlii\ride  is  celebrated  bv  Longfellow  in 

seat  well  present  in  his  mind.    X  strong  desiieon  his  part  ReUSS(ElderLine),orReUSS-GreiZ(rois'gnts').     the  poem     Midnight  Ride  of  Paul  Kevere,"  pub- 

to  become  a  political  leader  led  him  to  take  an  active  part  [Q .  Me  lis::  ciJIv  re  Li  iiic  .1    A  principality  and  state    lished  in  "  Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn." 

in  the  niovement  against  Cardinal  Jlazarin  (lcis-40)     He  of  the  German  Empire,  bordering  on  Saxony,  Review,  The.     A  niusicai  farce  by  George  Col- 

hta^Tftn,':dign!ty"<;rca?dil'.''''kfhrs'pTp\\-la"^^^^^^^  Saxe-Weimar,  and  other  German  states.   Capi-    man  the  younger  printed  in  1800.     it  .1  taken 

short-lived,  and  he  was  finally  imprisoned  at  Vincennes  tal,tTreiz.    It  is  largely  engaged  in  manufacturing.   The     ";:'"  ■'"  "nsuceessful  comic  opera,]' Caleb  Qiioteni  and  his 

(165-2).     He  made  good  his  escape,  and  traveled  in  foreign  government  is  a  heredifciry  monarchy,  vested  in  a  prince      ''  ''^■'  '"'  I'^ont,  Poetry,  and  Putty,    by  Henry  Lee. 

countries  nntil  the  time  of  Mazarin's  death.    Then  he  i-e-  and(siMeel8U7)a  chamberof  12  members.  It  scndslmeni-  Revllla  Gigedo,  generally  written  ReviUagi- 

turiied  to  France.     He  resigned  the  aicbbishopric,  which  ber  to  the  Bundesrat  and  1  to  the  Eeichstag.     Area,  122     eedo  ^ra-vc!'vii-He-Ha'TH6"l        A   <rrniii.  nf  ^■^l 

In  the  meantime  bad  fallen  to  bis  lot  through  his  uncle's  square  miles.     Puimlation  (1900,,  Cs.nor,.  feao  5><1  J  >  '  >  i^  »e  "«  ?«»'•      ^  &ro"l'  Ot  \ol- 

death,  and  retired  shortly  after,;o  private  life  in  Lorraine.  ReUSS(YoUnger  Line),  orReUSS-Gcra-Schlelz-     S^n  Kiocorro  i   silinl^dfnla^^ 

^^^^^S^^^:^^iJ:t^^:;^,iC^  Lobenstem^bersdorf  (rois'ga:ra-shirts'l6'-    T^^yi^^'^■C^'^'^:^^;^^^^Z^ 

are  included- in  the  collection  of  the  "ML-moiressur  nils-  ben-stm-a  bers-dort).    [G.  7i«(«S  Ji«ir/ere /,(H(e.]     '"''■'.™«l-.  x      -  ,r.  ,  ,, 

toirede  France."   The  best  edition  is  the  one  made  by  >I,  A  principality  and  slate  of  the  German  Empire.  KeVlllaglgeaO,  UOUnt  Of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 

^^ij'f 'S'*;? 'T°"f  a''°,l''^''"'''"'''>S'','"''j*/''V''''™nce';  Capifal.Gera.     It  comprises  the  principality  ot  Cera.  „^,''''.''"'  ""'-• 

^    I  ]■   Tm         "!"■?>''?';"''■;•'''" '"'''"^''■'"''.'^'P"'''''"'  situated  west  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  and  the  principalities  of  ReVlUe    (I'^'i-vel'),    Albert.     Born    at    Dieppe, 

and  doubtless  reliable  mfomiation  concerning  the  queen,  Schlciz  and  of  Lobenstein-Ebersdorf,  situated  west  of  the     France,  Nov.    4,    1826      A  French  Protestant 

Mazarin,  fiaston  d'Orl&ns,  Cond,;,  Turenne,  La  Rochefou-  ki„(;jom  ot  Saxony  and  north  of  Bavaria,    It  has  flourish-     cler"  vman  •nid  theoTo^icnl  writer     "°''^''^*°^ 

(jauld,  and  many  others.  ing  manufactures.    The  government  is  a  hereditary  mon-     ,  p  Jft  "  "i„  *^  A,*A^?i    ",    f  ,^^    ,  k  ,,„   i  "'""PLt^ 

Retzius  (ret'se-os),  Anders  Adolf.     Born  in  archy,vested  ma  prince  and  a  chamber  of  le  deputies.   It     ?,,  ?,' „'^  P%  .-^  °  ,'v'\%^, '  sZ' ,  M 

Lund,  Oct.  1?,  1796:  died  April  18,  1860.     A  '^^l^^'^^^^^'^T^^^^^^lV^^.^^iS^'^-    £-«;^r-arS^^I^"--l'F-:;e,m^ 

Swedish  anatomist,  son  of  A.  J.  Retzius :  pro-  „  "-j^  ■*'"  ^'luart™"''''-  /X.: '    i      -rl  >  religious  history  in  the  College  of  Krauce  in  issn ;  and  was 

fessor  of  anatomy  and  phvsioloev  at  Stock-  RCuSS  (rois),  iiduara  Wllnelm  Eugen,     Born     chosen  president  of  the  Section  of  Keligious  Sciences  at 

1..]  •'  ^  ■>  ''•'  at  Strasburg,  July  18,  1804:  died  there,  April     the  Sorbonne  in  ISSC.    Among  his  works  are  "Es.sais  de 

Retzius,  Anders  Johan.   Bom  1742:  died  1821.  l?.  1891-     A  noted  Alsatian  Protestant  theolo-    cri.W- r^Ugieuse •' (i8o^^^ 

A  Swedish  botanist,  professor  at  Lund  f-"-  ^^'^^^t^^^'^lJi:^  ^Jill/ten  ^  ^^^^^^  (™-"-^rs;S-^*°^?1'  "^Jl'-"'  "^J^^ 

Eetzsch  (retsh),Montz.   Born  at  Dresden,  Dee.  NeuenTestanients"(i-y2),  "Histoid la  tb.r.iogiechn;-    KeVlllon.  Bornat  St.-Laurent-lez-Macon.Ain, 

9,  1779:  died  there,  June  11,  1857.     A  German  tionnc  an  sircb-  apoBioli.iuc"  n8,s2i,  -Histoire  du  canon     France,  Dec,  29,  1832:  died  Feb.  12,  1,S9S.     A 

etcher  and  painter.     He  illustrated  works  of  '?'-'?  Saintes.fi(ritui.a"  (Usks),  ''(ieschlchte  der  heUigen     French  novelist  and  miscellaneous  author. 

Goethe,  Schiller,  etc.  Schnften  des  Alten  l  estaments    (1S81),  etc.  Revlu  (re-van').     A  town  in  the  department  of 

Reuben  (ro'ben).   [Heb.,  prob.  'behold)  ason.']  ^^^ll'  ^  'i^tp'^'  TVit^      Rnr„  ^*  t;t.,^»„t,o„«„      '^I'Jennes,  France,  on  the  Meuse  12  miles  north 

1.  The  eldest  son  of  Jacob  aud  Leah.-2.  One  n^^^^l.ib^  vl  qMf^>r?;    ^nl   7    1^0..^^^;    '^-^  ^''^^  "f  M<'''-i^>'fS'     Population  (1891),  com- 

of  the  tribes  of  Israel,  descended  from  Reuben,  k^?,":'  ",  "T,?:^' '  ."^  S74'  ^a  nnt'e  1  ( •  r,,,,,!  1  i!      ">"'*''  ■*•-•'-• 

,,.      ,         .,  ,  ,  '  n  ,.       ..^        .   f^.  ...  r.isoiinch.  .J  iiiio  I  _.   I  .'M.l.       A  Tinted)  tiinniiTi  ,i  i;i-  t^ , .  a  _  f¥i..,_.. 

Its  terntory  lay  east  of  the  Dead  Sea  and  Jor- 
dan, south  of  Gad,  and  north  of  Moab. 

Reuben  and  .Simeon,  whom  it  was  soon  dimcult  to  dis-  liclligen  "(185f,;,  •■  Kein  Husung  '(186,s).  "  llanne  Niiteun  x»cYi<iui  yy^--' ^-'■"'.  '.■  .  l">""--.  ,1  mc  l^^peclur- 
oern  from  Jloah,  Edom,  and  the  Arabs  of  the  desert,  dis-  'l"-'  '"dde  Pudel  "  (Isr.D),  "  Schurr-Murr  "  (isfll) :  also  a  col-  General.' J  A  satirical  comedy  by  Gogol,  pro- 
appeared  at  an  early  period  as  tribes.     They  were  consid-  lection  ot  novels,  "(llle  Kamellen  "  (comprising  "Ut  de     dllccil  in  1S41. 

ered,  like  that  ot  Levi,  as  sporadic  tribes  dispersed  through  I'Vanzosentid"  (IMi  11  ■•  rt  mine  Festungstid'' (1862),  •' tt  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (nants; 

the  rest  of  Israel  nunc  strum tui    tihiw},  etc.).  1 1  ■  t  \       \  i  i  ■  c  i  VT\r 

ife„«„,  Hist,  Of  the  People  of  Ismel,  I.  203.  Reuter's  Telegraph  Agency.     An  agency  for     :;fi'Z;r;M.2^i;iiXZ!!dllngthrMi^o^ 

Reuphlin  froich'tiiil  .TnbnTi-n  (Greciyed  iisfJan-  the  coUccI  lou  and  trniisiuission  ot  news,  devel-     v..,,*,,.,.     i.  /    ,    ,    .,     .  .       .  .^    ,w  .    .     . 

xveuijUilu  woicu  iiiu.  donanni,>Jie(  liituasoap-  ^„.^,,  .    .  t,    t  „   .    ■,   „,    ,.  :..  .i,„  j,.  „  i„  lorn  en     •dilutes.     It  forbade  the  free  exercise  of  the  Protestant 

mo).      Born    at    Pforzheim,    Baden,    Dec.    28  oped  by  1  .  J.  \  011  Renter  in  tlie  decade  18!)0-60     religion.    Its  promulKution  was  followed  by  the  emigra- 

(or  Feb.  22),  145,'):   died  at  Liebcnzell,  near  and  hiter.  and  now  extending  over  nearly  the    tion  of  about  ,100,000  iiersons,  including  artisans,  men  of 

Hirschau.  Bavaria,  June  30, 1522,    A  celebrated  ("ntir'^  world.  science  and  Uttei-s.  and  othera,  to  Holland,  Brandenburg, 

German  humanist.'    He  studied  and  traveled  In  tier-  Reutlingen(roit'ling-en).    The  diief  city  of  the  ^ZT^' T^X^^^   'X^T\L.r.n..  ^a.^  W 

many,Switzerland,France,andItidy;  settled  at  Tubingen  l^lack    h'urest  circle,  Wiirfemlierg,  situated  on  ^^VOlt  Ot  lSlam,lhe.     A  narrative  poem  by 

In  1481  as  a  teacher  of  Jurisprudence  and  the  liberal  arts;  the  Kcliatz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Svvaliiau  Alp,  20     !^"elley.  publislird  111  1818.     It  was  first  called 

wasajudgeintheS\vabianLeaguefromir.(Xiorl,'.o'2tol.'.12;  miloti  south  of  Sfutt"art      It  has  llouHshini.' mann       "■'•'"H  oiid  (Mhiio," 

Efeii™lof'rhrTl:7ll't'?J.^,''L'm':';''r;',''';'  ''n"'  "',°  '"cton's.  especiaiiv  of  k^ithei-.   The  ■,iiie(  building  is  a  RevolutioH,  American.  SeoRerolutiouiini  W,ir. 

v3X' the  converted    c^^^^^^^  (iothic  chui'ch  (i:ttb  an,l  Mth  centuries),     Itwasmadean   Revolution,  English.  The  movements  bv  which 

h5^it'^™\r^^;o5^"j;wm['^hi'',",m;nV'n^^^^  '^i;^[^Sl'l:ili^,,ji^^'^±;:^'i^l}!^''Tl:l  '■'""■^  "•  ^^^'^  ^■■■"'■''  "•  '-'^•<'  E"Ki"..-i  ..-i  a 

the  obscurantists  generally ;  and  taugbtat  Ingolatadt  and  o,   '«"  'wn  m  ^^^^^^^  I,  IH  s     I""'*''-  constilutinnul  goyerninent  was  secured 

K;^r..,^!ex¥:Zk::;l;i^;;^:t^Jai^.;;sw:s  !{^^^xMiJu^;,i^;^"^fKi^^ai8,l^^  m-ough  ,he  ..id  or  wiiHa,,,  of  orange,  who 

Greeli,  and  Hebrew,  including  a  II. ■bnvv  gramnnir  "  lindj.  Reutte,  or  ReutB  (I'oi'te).     A  tourist  resort  in      hmdeil  in  I'.ngliiud  ill  .Nov..  It)88.   In  ItlSti  \Mlllam 

mentaIUbiaica"(l,'ioO).    llepulilixludtlnealmllstlc  works  iiiirtlirni  'I'viol.  near  the  Bavarian  frontier,  sit-     '""'  ^'"''>'  ''■'''"^'  pro'laimeil  constitutional  sovereigns,  and 

"Deverbominllco'(llW),  •■L)ca,tecablmli»llca'(14W),  „,,,,,, 1  ,„i  ,1,,,  heel,  35  miles  ^vest-north^vost  of  /'''''T'™' '"'''"'"''' I""' ''"''>■'';'.'■      ,    n       ,   .■ 

Reudnitzdoid'nits).    A  manufacturing  village,  Innsbruck  Revolution,  French,     i^ro  Irem-h  Hryohttinn 

au  eastern  suburb  of  Leipsic.  Reval  (rev'iU),  or  Revel  (rev'el).    fRoss-  />''-  Revolution,    South   American,     bee   .sm,*/. 

Reumont  (roi'moiiO.   Alfred  von.     Bornat  rel.']     A  seaport,  and  the  eapilal  of  Ksthonia.  •;""''l''""m"iv        1      r    r.        ii-. 

.A;ix-la-(;iiap,'lle.   Aug,    1.5.  ISOS:  ,li,.,l  at   Burt-  Russia.situalcd  on  abavof  the  (iulf  of  I'Mnland,  Revolutionary  Tribunal.     In  French  history, 

schei.l,  u.'ar  Aix-la-Cliopellc.  A,u'il  27.  1KH7.    A  in  lat.  .59°  26'  N.,  long.'  24°  45'  K.     n  consists  of     «I'f-''>  '.''"".v.  »»  f  x";'""-'!"":^-  ''.""[t .f  J"s/'^6 

German  writer  on  Italian  history  an.l  art    and  the  lower  town  and  the"  T)om";  has  a  large  ami  Increasing     estahlislied  Py  tlii't  onveiiti.in,  in  l/.i.i,  to  taKe 

diplomatist.    His  diplomatic  service  was  rendered  prin.  ••"■•'•■•T'-  Inn  fav..rltewaterlng.i,lac,.;  and  contains  sev-     cogniznuee  of  all  attacks  directed  ngaiiist  the 

cipally  in  It^ly,  and  largely  at  the  papal  court.    Hcwroc  ^'l  ""'cworthy  bnil.lhigs(incod[ng  the  Olal  an.l  Nik.dal      Kevoluti..!,.  Ilic  republic,  and   the  pulilic  wel- 

"beschl.hte  ,  er  .stadt  Kom"  ("History  of  the  City  of  churches).    It  wa,.  founded  by  the   .anesin  1210;  bccumea     f,,,,,.       „  „.,,.,  Mippressc.l  in  1795. 

RnniB  '  iw(C/  -n\  ,.tn  •      V,.  ,vi  Hanseatic  town;  joineil  the  LIvonlan  Order  o(  knights   n   t>         1    j.-  iW  ttt  rxv      a _j 

Kome    180/-.  0),  etc,        ,      ,      .  ,  j.s40;  and  was  annexed  to  Sweden  in  iwii,  and  t..  itussia  Revolutionary  War,  or  War  of  the  American 

reunion,  Chambers  of.     special  courts  ostab-  in  1710.    Population  (181I4),  M.soo,  Revolution.  The  warforredressof  grievances, 


Revolutionary  War 

and  later  for  independence,  waged  by  the  thir- 
teen American  colonies  (States)  against  Great 
Britain.  They  were  assisted  by  France,  Spain,  and  tlie 
Netherlands  (in  the  latter  part  of  the  war).  Its  causes 
were  the  repressive  measures  of  Great  Britain  (Writs  of 
Assistance,  17(;i ;  Stamp  Act,  1765  ;  taxes  on  glass,  paints, 
etc..  1707  ;  Boston  Port  Bill,  1774).  The  following  are  the 
leading  incidents  and  events :  Boston  massacre,  177o ; 
Boston  Tea-Party,  Dec.  10,  1773 ;  first  Continental  Con- 
^•ess.  Sept..  1774 ;  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord,  .April 
19, 1775 ;  meeting  of  the  second  Continental  Congress.  3Iay 
10  :  cajiturc  of  Ticonderoga,  May  10 ;  Mecklenburg  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  May  20  or  31;  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  June  17;  unsuccessful  attack  on  Canada,  1775-76; 
evacuation  of  Boston,  March  17,  1776 ;  British  repulse  off 
Charleston,  June  2s ;  Declaration  of  Independence.  Julv 
4;  battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27;  battle  of  White  Plains, 


852 


under  Joseph  Bonaparte  as  commissary  in  Calabria.  He 
wrote  "L'Egypte  sous  la  domination  de's  Romains  "  (1S07). 
"  Do  r^conomie  publique  et  morale  des  Egj'ptiens  et  des 
Carthaginois  "  (1823),  "De  I'teonomie  publique  et  morale 

_     „...,..,„.....  .^      ,..,o      des  .-Vrabes  et  des  Juifs  "  (1830X  etc. 

Oct.  28;  loss  of  Forts  Washington  and  Lee,  and  retjoat  Reynier,  Jean  Louis  Ebeuezer.  Born  at  Lau- 
sanne, Jan.  14. 1771 :  died  at  Paris.  Feb.  27, 1814. 
A  French  general,  brother  of  J.  L.  A.  Reynier. 
He  lost  the  battle  of  Maida,  July  4, 1806." 
Reynolds  (ren'oldz),  John.  Born  in  Montgom- 
ery County,  Pa.,  about  1789:  died  at  Belleville, 
m..  May  8,  1865.  An  American  politician.  .\s 
governor  of  Illinois  he  comm.anded  the  militia  in  Black 
Hawk's  war  in  1832.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Illinois  1834-37  tind  1839-43.  He  published 
"Pioneer  Histoiy  of  Illinois  "(1848),  etc. 

Reynolds,  John  Fulton.  Born  at  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  Sept.  20,  1820:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg. Julv  1,  1863.  An  American  sreneral 
He       -•-•—.    ^   - 


Rheingau 

x'rTiriii;?yT^,r.rnU''trafy^:r!  ^^5*?r  (^f  *f  h'°^-  .^^^t  °^'^^  ■^^- 

elf  with  the  Sain^simonists.    He  was     ,1      Alps,  situated  on  the  borders  of  Grisons, 

\  orarlberg.  and  Liechtenstein.     Highest  sum- 
mit, Scesaplana  (9,738  feet). 
Rhazes(ra'zes).  BornatEaj,Persia:  died  about 
932.     An  Arabian  physician,  author  of  an  en- 

n,c,.Q  rio^  17  laoi       \  !?„„     i"     vt-   -1  •  cyclopedic  treatise  on  medicine, 

ttiere.  Dee.  J.(,lhJ4.     A  i ranch  political  ecouo-  jjj^^      See  He 

mist  and  administrator.     Bonapiu^e  placed  him  in  Rhoa  (re'a^     TGr  -Pr,..  r,^ 'P/^  n   i    t^  n       i 
charge  of  the  fliiancial  alfairs  of  EgyptTand  he  later  served     ,"ri  .!:I?  r.J_L  !5!\__  .°  ^         "  ^   ^  'J^  Greekmy. 


ing  engineer  in  the  servi 

resigned  his  position  afl 

and  associated  himself 

a  moderate  Democrat  in  the  assembly  of  1848,  and  soon 

retired  to  private  life,    His  chief  work  is  "Terre  et  ciel" 

(1S54). 

Reynier  (ra-nya' ),  Jean  Louis  Antoine.    Born 

at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  July  2.").  1762:  died 


through  Kcw  Jersey,  end  of  1776 ;  battle  of  Trenton,  Det 
26;  battle  of  Princeton, .Ian.  3, 1777 ;  battle  of  Bennington. 
Aug.  IG ;  battle  of  Brandywine,  .Sept.  11 ;  battle  of  Still- 
water, Sept.  19 ;  battle  of  Oernmntown,  Oct.  4  ;  battle  of 
Saratoga,  Oct.  7 ;  Biu'goyne's  suirender,  Oct.  17 :  adoption 
of  the  .Articles  of  Confederation,  Nov.  15 ;  treatv  with 
France,  Feb.  6, 1778 ;  battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28 ;  storm- 
ing of  Stony  Point,  July  16, 1779;  naval  victory  of  Paul 
.Tones,  Sept.  23;  British  capture  of  Charleston,  ilay  1-2, 1780; 
b.attle  of  Camden,  Aug.  16;  Arnold'strcachcry.  Sept.;  battle 
of  King's  Mountain.  Uct.  7:  battleof  the  Cowpens.  Jan.l7, 
ITSl ;  ratiflcition  of  the  .Articles  of  Confederation  by  the 
last  of  the  States,  March  1 ;  battle  of  Guilford,  March  15  ; 
battle  of  Eutaw,  Sept.  8 ;  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  York- 
town.  Oct,  19 ;  peace  of  Paris,  Sept,  3,  1783 ;  evacuation 
of  New  York,  Nov.  25. 

Revolution  in  Spanish  South  America.    See 

Soiitli  Anil  lican  Hcvolittion. 
Revolution  of  July.    The  French  revolution  of 
July.  1S30,  which  overthrew  Charles  X. 


thology,  a  daughter  of  Uranus  and  Gsea,  wife  of 
Cronus  and  mother  of  Zeus,  Poseidon,  Hades, 
Hera,  Hestia,  and  Demeter:  often  identified 
with  Cybele.  She  was  worshiped  especially  in 
Crete.  At  Rome  she  was  sometimes  identified 
with  Ops.— 2.  The  fifth  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini  Dee.  23,  1672. 

Rhea,  or  Rea  (re'ii),  Silvia,  also  called  lUa.  In 
Roman  legend,  a  vestal  virgin,  mother  by  Mars 
of  Romidus  and  Remus. 

Rhegiuni(re'ji-um).  [Gr.  ■P?>>7or.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Magna  Grsecia.  Italy:  now 
Reggio  di  Calabria  (which  see),  it  was  founded  by 
Chalcidians  and  Messenians  in  the  8th  century  B.  C;  was 
a  nourishing  commercial  citv  ;  was  besieged,  taken,  and  de- 
stroyed by  Dionysius  the  Elder  in  3S7B.  C;  and  was  taken 
by  theCampanians  in  280,  and  held  till  their  expulsion  by 
the  Romans  in  270.  Laterit  was  called  Rhegium(orEegiuni) 
Julium. 


raduated  at  West  Point  in  1841;  served  in  the  Mexi-   'R>ipi,)f    ai- P'hoiil       <ioo  Tfh^„r7f 
can  war;  and  was  appointed^  brigadier-general  of  United  £'^  .    ''•        -Klieia.     i>ee  Hhei/dt. 


States  volunteers  in  ls61.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign ;  was  promoted  major-general 
in  1862  :  and  commanded  the  first  array  corps  at  Gettys- 
burg, where  he  fell. 


Revolution  of  1848.      The  French  revolution  _ 
of  Feb.,  1848,  which  overthrew  the  govern-  Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua.    Born  at  Plympton  Earl 
meut  of  Louis  Philippe.  t^„„„„„i.;„.   t„i„  1/,  i--.-,o-  i..  ,  _, -r       ,       „, 


Rewah,  orRewa(i'a'wa).  1.  A  native  state  in 
India,  under  British  control,  intersected  bv  lat. 
24° X.. long. 81° E.  AtreatyestablishingaBrit- 
ish  protectorate  was  made  in  1812.  Area,  12,- 
679  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,508, 943. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Rewah,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  24°  31'  N.,  long.  81°  20'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  23,620. 

Re-wbell  (re-bel'),  Jean  Francois.  Born  at 
Colmar,  Alsace,  Oct.  8,  1747:  died  at  Colmar, 
Nov.  23,  1S07.  A  French  politician.  He  was  a 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  and  Convention,  and 
a  member  of  the  Director}'  1795-99. 

Reybaud  (rfi-bo'),  Madame  (Henrietta  Etien- 

nette  Fanny  Ainaud).  Born,at  Aix,  France, 
1802:  died  Jan.  1,  1871.  A  French  novelist, 
wife  of>L  R.  L.  Revbaud. 

Reybaud,  Marie  Roch  Louis.    Born  at  Mar-  „..„ ,,,... 

f^l'i*^^' f^"g-  ^^'  ^™^=  'lied  at  Paris,  Oct.  28,  Rezat  (ret'sat),Franconian,and  SwabianRe 


Devonshire,  July  16, 1723 :  died  at  London,  Feb. 
23, 1792.  A  celebrated  English  portrait-painter. 
He  was  educated  by  his  father,  a  schoolmaster  and  clergy- 
man. In  Oct.,  1741,  he  went  to  London  and  studied  under 
Thomas  Hudson,  In  1746  he  established  himself  as  a  por- 
trait-painter  in  London.  By  invitation  of  his  friend.  Com- 
modore (afterward  Admiral)  Keppel,  he  sailed  for  Italy  on 
the  Centurion,  arriring  in  Rome  at  the  close  of  1749. 
Owing  to  a  cold  which  he  took  there,  he  became  deaf  and 
never  recovered  his  heai-ing.  After  two  years  in  Rome  he 
visited  P.irma,  Florence,  Venice,  and  other  Italian  cities. 
He  returned  to  London  in  1752,  and  was  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  Johnson,  Burke,  Goldsmitli.  Garrick.  arid  oth- 
ers. The  "  Literary  Club  "  was  established  at  his  sugges- 
tion in  1764.  In  1763  the  Royal  .Academy  was  founded, 
with  Reynolds  as  its  first  president.  His  annual  addresses 
form  its  well-known  "Discourses."  In  178J,  on  the  death 
of  Allan  Ramsay,  he  was  made  painter  to  the  king.  Rey- 
nolds wrote  three  essays  in  the  "Idler  "(1759-60).  His  most 
famous  works  are  his  portraits  of  Johnson,  Ganick,  Sterne 

Goldsr-*^  *'■-'='*'- ^-^-^^ '        "     --■- 

as  the 
berry 


18'79.  A  French  miscellaneous  writer  and  poli- 
tician. His  works  include  "Etudes  sur  les  rifomiateurs 
ou  socialistes  modernes  "  (1840-43),  the  satirical  novel  '■  Je- 
rome Paturot"  (1843),  etc. 

Reykja-vik  (rik'ya"vik),  or  Reikiavik  (ri'ke- 
a-vik).     The  capital  of  Iceland,  sitiuited  on  the 


zat.     Two  small  rivers  in  Bavaria  which  unite 

and  form  the  Rednitz. 
Rezin  (re'zin).     Lived  in  the  8th  century  B.  C. 

A  king  of  Syria,  a  contemporarv  and  opponent 

of  Ahaz,  king  of  Judah,  and  Tiglath-Pileser, 

- .....^  .^-.ot,  on  a  bav  of  the  Faxafloi,  -p^'""  of  Assyria.  ^ 

in  lat.  64°  9' N.,  long.  21°  55' W.   It  was  founded  KezonviUe  (re-zon-vel').      A  village  10  miles 

in  874,  and  is  the  chief  trading-place  of   the     Y.    oy  south  of  Metz.     it  was  the  scene  of  impor- 

i^land       Pomilation  (•1,S9n^    'J  900  taut  events  m  the  Franco-German  war  (Aug.,  1870).    The 

■B'J^^'lifJ^^i,---     ■■t-     -;-    :'  T      -  ■.,      .  ''^"'''  °f  Gravelotte  is  sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Re- 

Keyna  Bamos  (ra'e-na  ba-re'os),  Jose  Maria,    zonviiie. 

AGuatemalan  politician,  nephew  of  RufinoBar-  Rha  (ra).     The  ancient  name  of  the  Vol-'a 
fr;hP^prrn/l^"*"^  ^r'-'^^"*  °Ar^'"f  ^f.?.\^  Rhabanus  Maurus.    See  Sabanus.        ° 
R^U^^lHnT-     Vrr  ^!^°^"^°  f^^'?^'^fr  Rhadamanthus  (rad-a-man'thus).     [Gr.  'Padd- 
Reynaldo  (ra-na   do).     A  character  in  Shak-    /,„,fc,..]    lu  Greek  m^lhology,  brother  of  Minos 

spcre  s  tragedy  "Hamlet":  a  servant  to  Polo-    and  so'n  of  Zeus  and  Europ°a.'    He  was  associ-  ^v   ■ 
■Dl.r™',-j  ^  -/   ■■   J  /..  js  .1.^    .„  .  Jited  with  Minos  and  .^acus  as  a  iudge  in  the  S;?^^  ("°)-    The  German  name  of  the  Rhine. 

Reynard  f  ra  nard  or  ren'ard)  the  Fox.     A  sa-    lower  world.  Rheine  (ri'ne).  A  town  in  the  province  of  West- 

tincal  epic  poem  in  which  the  charnr.fpr«  =ro  t>v„4..-.    ^j^yg  correctly  Rjetia  (re'shiil).     [L.     I'l^alia-  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ems  24  miles 

solihcetia,  Gr.  'Pairia ;  from  B^tl.  JRIia'ti'     "o^b  by  west  of  ilunster.    It  has  manufactures 
Gr.  'Pairol,  ■Palrot,  the  inhabitants,  prob.  Celtic'     "^  cotton.     Popidation  (1890),  7,356. 
'mountaineers.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  pro  v-  Rheineck  (li'nek).  A  noted  castle  in  the  Rhine 
ince  of  the  Roman  Empire.  It  was  bounded  by  Vin-     Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
delicia  (at  first  included  in  it,  but  afterward  made  a  sepa-     the  Rhine,  about  22  miles  northwest  of  Coblenz 

corresponding  to  the  modern  Grisons,  northern  part  of     J^V-       -,^    Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Tyrol,  and  part  of  the  Bavarian  and  Lombard  Alps.  It  was     "hine  10  miles  east  of  Basel.     Here,  March  3, 
conquered  by  Tiberius  and  Drusus  in  15  B.  c,  and  made     1638,  Bemhard  of  Weimar  defeated  the  Imperi- 
alist and  Bavarian  forces. 
A  term  of  va-  Rheinfels  (rin'felz).     A  castle  and  former  for- 


Rheims,  or  Reims  (remz :  F.  pron.  rans).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  Rhemes ;  ME.  Eeymes,  Semes,  F. 
Seims.']  A  city  in  the  department  of  Marne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Vesle  in  lat.  49°  15'  N. 
long.  4°  2'  E.:  the  ancient  Gallic  townDurocor- 
torum,  chief  town  of  theRemi  (whence  the  name, 
originallyRemi).  Itisoneoftheleadingmanufacturing 
and  commercial  cities  of  France  ;  is  a  leading  center  of  the 
manufacture  and  export  of  champagne  ;  is  noted  especially 
for  its  manufacture  of  various  kinds  of  woolen  goods  :  and 
has  also  manufactures  of  biscuits,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
academy  of  sciences,  and  formerly  had  a  university.  The 
cathedral,  one  of  the  greatest  in  the  world,  was  the  his- 
toric place  of  coronation  of  the  kings  of  France.  The  west 
front  has  twin  towers,  a  great  central  rose,  and  S  mag- 
nificent canopied  portals,  covered  with  13th-century 
statues  and  reliefs  of  such  excellence  that  many  of  them 
can  defy  comparison  with  the  best  classical  work.  This 
fa?ade  is  the  finest  produced  in  the  middle  ages.  The 
lateral  elevations  and  the  chevet  are  at  once  rich  and  very 
massive ;  and  the  fagade  and  portal  of  the  north  transept 
are  most  admirable.  The  interior  (466  feet  long  and  l->4 
high)  is  unsuipassed.  The  nave  is  Hanked  by  single  aisles, 
while  the  choir  has  a  double  deamljulator}'  upon  which 
open  radiating  chapels.  The  glass,  much  of  it  of  the  13th 
century,  is  superb.  The  cathedral  originally  possessed  7 
lofty  spires,  which  were  destroyed  by  a  fire  in  1480.  The 
abbey  church  of  St.  Renii  is  a  noble  Romanesque  church, 
of  great  size,  with  Pointed  facade  and  chevet.  The  inte- 
rior is  350  feet  long  and  795  high, with  wide  nave  and  beau- 
tiful perspectives  in  its  arcading.  The  choir  possesses  a 
sculptured  Renaissance  screen  of  marble.  The  canopied 
Renaissance  shrine  of  St.  Remi  bears  the  effigy  of  the  saint 
and  statues  of  the  12  peers  of  France.  The  Porta  Martis, 
a  Roman  triumphal  .arch,  held  to  have  been  dedicated  by 
Agrippa  in  honor  of  Augustus,  but  probably  later,  hiis  3 
large  archw.iys  of  equal  size.  Hanked  by  8  Corinthian  col- 
umns, and  preserves  part  of  its  sculptured  ornament, 
Rheims  was  sacked  by  the  Vandals  in  406 :  is  celebrated 
as  the  scene  of  the  coronation  of  Clovis  by  Remigius  in 
496,  and  as  the  usual  place  of  coronation  of  later  Capetian 
and  Bourbon  monarchs  from  Philip  II.  to  Charles  X. ;  and 
was  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  and  the  meeting-place 
of  many  church  councils  (1119, 1148,  etc.).  Joan  of  Arc 
crowned  Charles  VII  here  in  1429.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  seminar;,'  existed  at  Rheims  in  the  time  of  Bliz,a. 
beth.  Napoleon  defeated  the  Russiansneiu-RheimsMarch 
13,  1814.  It  was  the  headquaiters  of  King  William  of 
Prussia  in  Sept.,  1870.    Population  (1901)    107.773 


jynard  fra  nard  or  ren'ard)  the  Fox.  A  sa-  lower  world 
irical  epic  poem  in  which  the  characters  are  Rhaetia  mor 
nimals :  it  receives  its  name  from  its  hero,  the  H.rtia,  alsoi? 
^l'  .^.^•^'",".'';''     Th"  ultimate  origin  of  the  story  was  a     Gr.  'Fairoi  'I 


annua 

fo.\  Re.N  iiaru.  me  ultimate  origin  of  the  story  was  a 
folk-tale  which  was  subsequently  embodied  in  .«sop's  fa. 
ble  of  the  fox  and  the  lion.  A  Latin  beast  epic  by  an  un- 
known monk  was  written  in  the  10th  centui-y.  In  1148 
Master  Nivardus  of  Ghent  wTote  a  much  longer  epic  in 
Latin,  with  the  title  "Isengrimus."  The  Flemish  poet 
Willem  fin:Uly  wrote  in  his  own  language,  in  the  first  half 
of  the  13th  century,  the  poem  "Reinaert,"  after  a  French 
original  by  the  priest  Pierre  de  St.  Cloud  from  the  be-in- 
ning  of  the  same  centurj-.  About  1380  Willem's  work  was 
remodeled  and  continued  by  an  unknown  poet,  and  a  cen- 
turj-later  was  furnished  with  a  prose  com  ■  " 
rikvanAlkmer.    A  Low'' 


soon  after  a  Roman  province. 

cIiil!.'',,^J'i'^'''°'",'i\"''-"'*'''?:?l"-  RhaetianAlps(re'shian  alps). 
s;SS:ia?lSLo:k\rim'\l    "^^^  signification,  applied  In  ancient  times  to 
"  "■  "  the  mountainous  regions  of  Rhfetia,  but  in  mod- 

ern times  generally  to  the  chain  of  the  Alps  e.K; 
tending  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Splugeii 
Pass  to  the  valley  of  the  Adda,  di^-ided  by  the 
Engadine  and  Bergell  into  the  Northern  and 
SoutheKi  Rhietian  Alps. 
Rhanmus  (ram 'mis).      [Gr.  'Pa/iwif.]     In 


Herman  Barkhusen,  was  published  at  Liibcck  in  H98  "  In 
1.144  a  High  German  version  of  this  last  was  made  by  Mi- 
chael Beuther.  In  1566  it  was  translated  into  Latin("Sne- 
culum  vita;  aulicne  ")  by  Hartniann  Schopper.  Goethe,  in 
1794,  wrote  a  free  version  of  the  Low  German  poem  in 
hexameters,  with  the  title  "Reinecke  Fuchs."  A  prose 
version  of  the  14th-century  poem  "Historic  van  Revnaert 
de  ^os  ("History  of  Reynard  the  Fox")  was  printed  at 
Oouda  in  1479 and  at  Delft  in  U85.  A  Middle  Higli  German 
poem, "  Reinhart  Fuchs,"  was  written  by  the  .Alsatian  poet 
Heinnch  der  Glichezare  in  the  12th  centurv  from  French 
sources.  The  Low  German  poem  was  published  by  LUb- 
ben  as  "Rcinke  de  Vos, "  Oldenburg,  1867. 

Reynaud  (ra-no').  Jean  Ernest.  Born  at  Lv- 
ons,  Feb.  14.  1806:  died  at  Paris.  June  28, 1863. 
A  French  philosophical  writer.    He  became  a  min- 


tress  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  near  St. 
Goar,  the  most  imposing  ruin  on  the  Rhine,  it 
was  built  in  the  l;:th  centurj-,  and  soon  after  successfully 
resisted  the  combined  attack  of  the  Rhenish  towns  which 
were  aggrieved  by  its  river-tolls.  Its  huge  walls  and  tow- 
ers, shattered  by  gunpowder  but  still  imposing,  form  sev- 
eral lines  of  defense  and  cover  much  ground.  It  was  un- 
suKcessfully  besieged  by  the  French  under  Tallard  in  1692, 
and  w  as  taken  by  the  French  in  1794. 


•ient  geogi-aphy,  a  place  in  Attica,  Greece,  sit-  Rhemgau  (rin'gou).    A  district  in  the  province 


uated  on  the  coast  24  miles  northeast  of  Athens. 
The  temple  of  Xemcsis  here  was  a  Doric  hexastyle  perip- 
teros  with  12  columns  on  the  flanks,  measuring  37  bv  98 
feet.  The  cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  Eight 
columns  are  still  standiug.  The  cult-statue  was  bv 
Phidias. 


of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  lying  along  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  from  Niederwalluf,  near 
Mainz,  to  Riidesheim.  it  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of 
its  scenery,  and  for  its  wines  (Johannisberger  Steinber- 
ger,  Assmannshausen,  etc.).  Length,  13  miles.  Breadth, 
6  miles. 


Bheingold,  Das  853 

Rheingold  (rin'golt).    Das.     [G., 'The  Rhino-  Darmstaflt.  lying  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine, 

gol.l.']     The  first  part  of  Wagner's  "Ringdei-  nui'tluit'tlif  Rhine  Palatinate. _  Area. 'i:n  square 

Xilielimgen,"  performed  at  JIunich  in  18G9.  J'.>'l''^-_  l^"Ii"liiti(>n  ( 1890 K  307. ifjil 


Riall 


Eheinhessen.     See  Ithme  Hesse. 

Rheinland.    See  Illiiiie  rroviiwe. 

Eheinpfalz  (rin'pfalts).    See  Pdlatinate. 

Rheinsberg  (lius'berG).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  46  miles 
norlli-norlliwest  of  Berlin.  It  has  often  been 
a  royal  resilience. 

Rheinwaldgebirge.    Sci>  Aduhi. 

Rhenish  Alliance  or  Confederation.  An  alli- 
ance between  tlie  Elect. ii-s  iif  Mainz,  Cologne, 
and  Treves,  the  Bishop  of  ilunster,  Sweden, 
He.sse-Cassel,  Liineburg,  and  Pfalz-Neuburg, 
formed  in  IGoS.  It  was  directed  against  the  emperor 
I.eopolU  I.,  iiiid  ill  favor  of  the  French.  It  was  dissolved 
in  l(iCT. 

Rhenish  Bavaria.    See  ralntinaie. 

Rhenish  Confederation.    See  Shine,  Confeder- 

iitiiiu  of  th'  . 

Rhenish  Prussia.    See  llhine  Province. 
Rhenish  Switzerland. 


the  prime  mover  in  nlttainin;;  mining  rights  overMat.i- 
liett'l.iinl  and  Mashonulaml.  and  in  cxtendinc  liritisli  iii- 
Hufiicc  in  sonth  Africa.  He  was  created  a  member  I'f 
tlie  Privy  Conncil  in  ivjo. 

Rhodes,  Inner,  and  Rhodes,  Outer.    See  Ap- 

<;.      i,n,:.U. 

Eheinprovinz  (riu'prr.-vints  )  or  Rheinland  Rhodes,  Knights  of.    See  Uospitalers. 
Uiu'laiLlJ.    The  westernmost  [irovincc  ol  Prus-  Rhodes,  William  Bames.     Lived  in  the  last 
,   .       , i..  .Lu     iji.:.„      ,. ,.     half  of  theistli  century.    An  English  dramatist, 


Rhine  Palatinate. 
Rhine   Province, 


See  PalatiiKiti . 

ir  Rhenish  Prussia, 


sia,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Rhine.     It  is 
l>..iinded  liy  the  Xctlierlaiids  on  the  north,  Westplialia, 


author  of  '•Borabastes  Furioso,"  a  burlesque 

tragic  opera. 
Rhodesia  (ro-de'zia).    [From  Ceeil  7f/iorf«.]   A 

....^ ., _ loiiil  name  of  British  Zambesia. 

Tlie  manufactures  are  important, parti,  nliirlythosei.f  ir.in,  RljodoDe  (rod'6-pe),  mo.lerii  DespOtO-Dagh 
steel,  c.tlon,  woolen,  silk,  etc.;  and  the  wine-Kr..wmg  ,',"""''  .a.,];:.,-;  ^  rh^  l',,,*,,-,  1  .\  i,i,,titilMiii- 
district  is  not.at)le.    The  province  has  .1  KovennneMt  dis-     C'l.  s-piMo-aa^  ).      L':"'.  1<ho.;,.j      .\  i.i.ititii.mi 


nc-ie  Xas.sau  Hesse,  and  the  Rhine  Palatinate  on  the  east. 
I,,  .rn.ineon  the  south  and  wiuthwest,  and  the  Netherlands. 
I  ;il  u  i  .1  rn.  and  Lusemhur;;  on  t  he  n  est.  The  surface  is  gen. -r- 
ally  level  in  the  north,  hilly  and  mountninnns  in  the  south. 


vYiu^»,i.ic»iiv..     A  name  sometimes  _,  .   ^.  .   ,,,  _   ,    ,,.     ■■•■,■  s 

.'iven  to  the  vallev  of  the  Ahr,  in  the  Rhine  Rhmthon  tnn  tlion).  [('f.  In-'i 
Province.  Prussia."  ^""  »•  c     A  Greek  poet  of  1  a 

Rhenus  (re'nus).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
Khiue,  and  also  of  the  Reno. 

Rhesus  (re'sus).  [Gr.  "Pi/oof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  Trojan  prince,  ally  of  the  Trojans  against  the 
Greeks.     On  theniphtof  his  arrival  before  Troy,  Dioined 


._ provi 

triels;  Diissel.lorf,  foloKne.  roblenz,  Treves,  and  Aix-la- 
f'haiielle.  It  is  composed  of  various  territories  ac.iuiied  in 
the  17th  ISth,  and  l!)lli  centuries  (Cleves,  J.ilich,  Berg, 
Treves,  Colosne,  etc  ).  Area,  10,410  si|uai  e  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  4,710.3.il.  „,      ,       .,.,-,.,       rn     -v,  A-        ^      1       1., 

Ehinns,  or  Rinns  f  rinz).  of  Galloway.    A  pe-  Rhodopis  (r-.-do  pij,).    [Gr.  _Po<!<.^,c.]  .  A  eele- 

ninsiila  in  the  count  V  of  Wigtown.  S.-i  it  hnid,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Irish  Sea.  It  terniinates  in  the 
soulli  in  the  Mull  of  Gclloway.  Length. 28 miles. 
I'/i-rti./c.]  Lived  aboTit 
poet  oi  Taientum,  noted  in 
the  development  of  the  burlesque  drama. 

'  " Po- 

Rho- 


range  in  Bulgaria,  Eastern  Kunielia.  and  Tur- 
key, branching  from  the  Balktins  toward  the 
south,  anil  then  turning  east.  Highest  summits. 

!l.onO-y..'iOO  feet. 


lirate.l  Greek  courtezan,  a  Thraeian  by  birth, 
said  to  have  licen  a  fellow-slave  of  yEsop.  She 
was  taken  to  Naucratis,  Egypt,  where  the  brother  of  .-ap- 
plio  fell  in  love  with  lier  and  ransomed  her.  She  was  at- 
tacked bv  Sappho  in  a  poem.  Her  i  lal  name  »  as  liorhha, 
and  Rh.idopis.  '  the  rosy-ch.eke.l,'  was  merely  an  epithet. 
It  was  iiiid.r  this  name  of  Doricha  thai  she  was  mentioned 


Rhinthonio  (rin-thon'ik)  Comedy.  A  variety  of  j^'^^ne  (rtin).  fF.  lihwic.  L.  ni,ofla,,iis.  Gr. 
auci.-nt  K'omau  comedy,  named  Irom  Rhmthon  ^,„,,,;,,-|^  A  river  of  Europe:  the  Roman  1 
of   larcntum.  a  WTiUr  <if  travesties  of  tragic     ,,,„--'     „    .^„_  .,  ,.„  „.,„„.    ..^  „^,^  ,.     , 


subjects.      No  specimens  have  survived. 


\IieeiVn,        ,,I|    lliu  ..il^ill  "1    ilia  .111  .,.11  .rvi.Jlc  J-lv'.,  ,  1.1V.1II...*  .      -  _.-.  T».  /      -  /  \  ■,  * 

and  I'lysses  fell  upon  him,  slew  him,  and  carrie.l  olf  Iiis  RhlO  (re'o),  or  RlOU  (re-ou  ).    1.  A  name  given 


white  steeds,  concerning  which  it  had  lie.n  prophesied 
that  if  they  fed  on  Trojan  fodder  or  drank  the  waters  of 
.Xanthiis  before  Troy,  the  city  could  not  be  ovi-itlir.Avn. 
Rhett  (ret),  Robert  Barnwall  (original  name 
Smith).     Born  at  Beaufort,  S.  ('..  Dec.  24, 1800 


to  an  archipelago  south  of  the  Malay  penin- 
sula and  cast  of  Sumatra. —  2.  A  seaport  off 
the  island  of  Bintang  in  the  Rhio  Archipelago, 
.')0  miles  southeast  of  Singapore. 

[Gr.    PiKaia 


n  American  politician.  Rhipaei  Montes  (r-pe  i  luou    ez) 
licr  of  Congress  from  South    "/"'•]     An  imaginary  range  otnio 


ouutains  sup- 
ineieiit  Greeks  to  be  at  the  ex- 


<lied  Sept.  14,  1876.     A 

He  was  a  Democratic  meinb^.   _.  , ..- - 

farolina  1837-11);   I'liitcd  States  senator  lS51-,'i2;  and  a     poseil  liy  tlie 
member  of  the  Confederate  Congress.     He  w.as  the  owner     trellie  north  of  the  world. 

of  th.-  Charleston  "  .Mercury,"  and  a  leading  iiulliner  and  RJuj^anUS  (rod'a-nus).     The  Latin  name  of  the 

h'l 


IheKhine   Province,  Prussia, 

'S  tiorthwc 
facturesof  otton.silk,  iron,  etc. 


danus.  It  rises  in  the  Rhone  glacier  near  the  Fiirka 
Pass,  canton  of  Valais.  Switzerlan.l ;  Hows  west-southwest 
to  XIartigny  ;  turns  to  the  northwest,  forming  the  boun- 
dary between  Valais  ami  Bern  ;  traverses  the  Lake  of  Ge- 
neva; enters  France;  ti-aversesachasin(l'erte  du  Rh.uie); 
flows  generally  south  and  west ;  from  Lyons  flows  nearly 
south,  separating  Daupliiiie  ami  Provence  on  the  east  from 
Lyoniiais  and  l.angiiedoc  on  the  west;  and  flows  into  the 
Sieiliterraneaii  by  two  months,  forming  a  delta,  the  Grand 
Rliiiiie  and  Petit  khonc.  The  chief  tributary  is  the  Saone. 
Among  the  other  tributaries  are  the  Ain  and  Gard  on  the 
right,  and  the  Arve.  Isere,  Dri'.mc,  and  Durance  oli  the  left 
The  chief  towns  on  its  bunks  arc  ticneva.  Ly.ms,  Vienne, 
Valence,  Avignon,  and  Aries.  Length,  about  600  miles; 
navigalde  from  Scyssel. 

A  dejKirtmeut  of  France,  eapi- 
oiinais 


extreme  Secessionist  (*' fire-eater"). 

Rheydt,  or  Rheidt,  or  Rheid  (rit).     A  town  in  ■'■''■■■;■  ,      [Named  from  the  isl- Rhone  (rou).     A  dejKirtmeut  of  Fraiice 

^^:;l;^^n(S^SS;  NewEuglandintliei:^itedStat^,of  Ameriea,    -^^^^:-,  ]^^t:^::^:7^Tti^rZ 

commune,  io.ssi).  oiieof  thethirteeuorigiiialStates.  (.  iipital.Prov-     jji,o„e)„|,  the  east,  and  Loircon  the  wiiith  and  west.    The 

Rhin  (ran).     The  French  name  of  the  Rhine.  iilcnce,andforuieilvalsoNewport.  Itislioundedby     surface  is  mountainous  and  l.ill.v.    There  is  consi.lerable 

~  (Im).       A    former    department    of  Mas.sachu8ettson  then."irtliandeast,the  AtlanticOceanon     wine-culture,  and  the  manufactures  are  very  iinp<irtant 


Rhin,  Bas    ,     , 

France,  now  included  in  the  German  Alsace. 

Rhin,  Haut-.     See  BeUnrt,  Territory  of. 

Rhine  (rin).  [G.  Rlici'n,  F.  lihin,  D.  IHjti.  llhini, 
etc.,  Ladin  Bin,  It.  Reno,  L.  Rhenus.']  The  prin- 
cipal river  of  Germany,  and  one  of  the  most 
famous  rivers  in  the  world,  it  rises  in  tlie  can- 
ton of  Orisons,  Switzerland,  being  formed  by  the  union  at 
Reichenau  of  its  two  chief  head  streams,  the  Vorderrhein 
and  Hinten-hein ;  flows  north,  and  forms  the  boundary 
between  Switzerland  on  the  west  and  Liechtenstein  and 
Vorai'lbcrg  on  the  east ;  traverses  tlie  Lake  of  Constance ; 
flows  west,  forming (formostof  the di8tance)the boundary 
between  Switzerland  and  Baden ;  at  Basel  turns  north, 
and  separates  Baden  on  the  east  from  Alsace  and  the  Rhine 
Palatinate  on  tlic  west ;  traverses  Uesse ;  turns  west  at 
.Mainz,  and  separates  Hesse  from  Prussia ;  turns  north  at 
Bingen,  and  flows  tiirough  Prussia  generally  noilh-north- 
west;  enters  the  Netherlands  near  Kniinerieh.and  divides 
Into  the  Waal  (which  finally  discharges  through  the 
Jkleuse)an.l  the  Kbiiic,  the  latter  siilidividiiig  and  sending 
oB  the  New  VsmI  li.tlicZiiyderZeeandtheLck  bithcMeuse 
and  the  Viclit;  and  cn.i.ties  as  thooude  Rijn(<>l>l  Rhine) 
into  tlie  North  Sea  north  of  Tlie  Hague.  Its  chief  tributa- 
ries *^re  the  Neckar,  Main.  Lahn,  Sicg,  Ruhr,  and  Lippe  on 
the  right,  and  the  Aare,  111,  Nahe,  .Moselle,  Ahr.and  Krft  on 
the  left.  The  cllief  towns  on  its  banks  arc  Coire.  Schaff- 
liausen,  Basel,  Spires,  Mannheim,  Worin.s,  Mainz,  Cobleiiz, 
Cologne.  Dnsseldorf,  Wesel,  Aniheim,  Itrc.lit,  aii.l  Ley 


th.-  south, nii.l  Connecticut  on  the  west;  and  comprises 
.-iib-stli.  ti-rril.ir\..ntbeniainlnndtheisl:.ii.l-liliiidil8!ali.l. 


particularly  those  of  silk,  cotton,  chemicals,  iron,  etc 
Area,  i,ii77Ei|iiar.-  miles.    Population  (ls91),  800,737. 


Canonii  lit,  Prud.nce.  Blocklsland.and s.iiiicsmaiieroiics.  B,h6ne  Bouchos-du-.    See  Bouches-du-Rh6ne. 

Itis.situatcdinlat.4IM8-12nN.(notinelu.iliigl;lockIsl-  SJ'V"^'  S„"i"5„        J„„   T>,ftr. /I,,   llhAne 
aii.l)  h>ng.7rH-7r5:tW.  The  surface  is  diversified.  Tlic  Rhone,  Perte  dU.      >>ee  1 1  >  te  (in  hliime. 


1),  long.  .  -  -    - 

,  ..istdineis  deeply  indented  by  Narragansett  Bay.  Rhode 
Island  is  essentially  a  manufacturing  state  :  it  is  the  sec- 
ond State  in  the  product  ion  of  cotton  goo.ls.  and  the  first  in 
proportion  to  population  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton, 
woolen,  worsted,  etc.  Among  its  other  manufactures  are 
jewelry,  machinerv,  screws,  rubber,  etc.  It  is  the  smallest 
State  territorially  in  the  Fnion,  and  the  most  densely 
peopled.  It  has  r>  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  2  represen- 
tatives to  Congress,  and  lias  4 -slectot-al  votes.  It  was  per-  ,  .  /  1-  \ 
haps  visited  hy  the  Nortlimen;  was  visited  by  Verrazaiio  RhongCbirge  (ren  ge-ber-ge), 
in  1624;  and  was  settled  liy  Roger  Williams  at  I'rovi.ienee  \  jridu|>  of  mountains  in  the  northern  Jiart  of 
in  iu;tc.  A  charter  was  granted  in  l(M3-44,  and  a  more  lib-  Lo^er  Franconia  in  Baviiria,  and  in  the  iidjoin- 
eral  charter  in  1««3.  It  sufiered  in  king  I'liihp  s  war.  .  _„  .^  „f  v;,,..,.  \V..iTi,,iv  Fiaonneli  Prussia 
Commerce  was  developed  in  the  18th  century.  It  took  mK  parts  ot  ,Sa\e-\\  eiim  l-hisenaili.  i^russia, 
an  active  iiart  in  the  Revolution,  and  ratified  the  Con-  and  Saxo-Meiningen.  Highest  point,  tlie  Gross© 
slitulion  in  179(1.    A  new  constitution  went  into  eltect  in    Wasserknppe  (3.11.')  feet). 

1«43  in  conseiiuence  of  the  agitation  caused  by  Dorr's  re- Tj,,  ^r;l»^     T  Ar/1       Onn   of  'RnlzHc's  enrlv 

bellion  in  1842.    Area,  1,2.W  square  miles.     Population  R  hOOnO   (ron),   IjOra.     Une   01  rrnizac  s  cany 

(llltlll),  4-_'8,&5(i, 


Rhone  Glacier.    -V  glacier  nearthe  eastern  end 

,,rilii-.-;iiii t  Valais,  .Switzerland:  the  sonrce 

of  the  Ph. nil-. 

Ehone-Ehine  Canal.  [F.  Canal  du  Rhdne  an 
Uliiii.']  A  canal  connecting  the  basins  of  the 
Rhone  and  Rhine.  It  leads  from  Saint'-Sym- 
phoiien  on  the  Sa6ne  to  the  111  near  Strasburg. 

Ehon  (i-i'-n). 


,2.'>0  square  miles.     ..-,— 

ps(-iid.  limns. 

Ehode  Island, or  Aquldneck(a-kwid'nek).  An  Ehyl  dil).     A  town  and  watering-place  in  the 

i'lMud  in  Xnrni.'iuisi-ttl'.nv,  belonging  to  Rlioile     county  of  Flint.  A\  ales,  situated  near  the  month 
Man. 1  State.     It  contains  the  city  of  Newporl.     "f  thet'lwyd  li'Jmiles  we 
Length,  10  wiles.  I'""'-     I-npnlalion  (InOI),  6,491 


st-southwest  of  Liver- 


den.  It  is  fam. Ills  for  its  beauty,  esjicciall 
tween  Bingen  anil  Bonn.  The  chief  falls  ar.-  at  SchaO 
hauscn.  It  is  celebrated  in  German  Icgeii.l  anil  iioctry. 
In  Roman  times  it  washing  a boiiiidai-y  between  Ihi-  prov- 
inceof  Gaul  and  theOerniaii  tribes.  Itplayedaii  iiiipi. riant 
part  in  the  bist.iiy  of  Germany,  latterly  and  until  Is7t  as 
the  frontier  bi-lween  (iemiany  and  France.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  boats  fr.ii.i  Coire.  and  for  large  vessels  fr.im  Kchl. 
It  has  often  be.-n  cr.issed  by  armies  :  twice  liy  .liilius  Cre- 
sar,  in  tlie  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  in  the  wars  of  Louis 
XIV'.,  tlie  Revolution,  and  Napoleon.  Its  navigation  was 
declared  free  ill  18(i8.     Its  length  is  about  8IHI  miles. 

Ehine, Confederation  of  the.  Aconfcileraiion 

of  most  ot  till'  German  states,  fi)riiieil  in  .liily, 
I80G,  under  the  protectorate  of  Napoleon  I., 
emperor  of  the  French,  and  dissolved  in  1813. 
It  e.niipiised  Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  Sax.iny,  Westphalia, 
Ba.l.-M,  II.  ^se. Darmstadt,  an. 1  all  the  otlu-r  minor  German 
stairs  .Ac.pt.  Brunswick  an.l  Klectoral  Hesse. 
Ehinebeck  (rin'bek).  A  (own  in  Dutchess 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  th(>  Hudson,  op- 
posite Kingston,  82  miles  north  of  New  York. 
Population  I  llinO).  :t.472. 

Ehine  Cities,  League  of.    A  union  of  German 

cities  (Mainz,  Worms,  Oppenheim,  and  others 
near  the  Rhine)  foriiicd  in  I2.'>4  forthe  jmrposo 
of  preserving  the  pnlilii-  jieace.  It  wiui  revived  in 
the  14th  .entury;  but  its  Infiuence  diminished  after  ita 
.lefeat  at  Worms  bv  the  el.-etur  palatine  in  i:W-'. 

Ehine-Hesse  (hes),  g.  Eheinhessen  (lin'Ucs- 
sen).    A  province  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Uease- 


vhi'uic"mrtl'e-'  Ehodes  (rodz)'.    [L.  7iViorf«s,  from  Gr. 'P-irfoc.]   1.  Ehyme  of  Sir  Topaz.     See  Rimeo/SirThojm: 

>  111  tlic  part,  ne-  ."""utio  1   ,  ._  '      l -, ^j^,,    „„...l,,..„„(.  „f  .*„;.,    -o-uZ.^^  ^r  *\,«.Ti,,^\,o€,a^ll->iT        A  rr>ninnti,-l>n 


Ehyme  of  the  Duchess  May.    A  romantic  bal- 

In.l  liy  l-'.liznl»'tli  Banctt  Browning. 

Ehymer,  Thomas  the.    See  nomas  the  Rhijmir. 
Ehymney,  "c  Eumney  (min'ni).    .\  nianui'a.-- 

tiiriiii;  ami  mining  town  in  Moninoulhsliirt-. 
Enu'Innd,  ."i  miles  east  of  Merthyr  Tydvil.  Pop- 
ulation (ISiU  1.7.733. 


An  island  in  the  .fEgean  Sea.  southwest  of  Asia 

Minor,  intersected  by  lat.  3(i°  N.,  long.  28°  E. 

It  b.longs  to  Turkey.    The  surface  Is  nionntainous  an.l 

hilly.     It  is  noted  for  Its  fertility,  an.l  has  inereasingi-oi.i 

mercc.     The  Inbahilants  are  largely  Greeks.     It  was  col 

onlzed  by  Phenicians.  later  by  Dorians,  and  its  three  cities 

formed  with  Hallcariia.sBUS,  Cnidus  an.l  C.is,  the  "  liorlan 

Hexapo'lis."  The  thr.-e  cities Lindus,  lalysiis,  ami  Camirus 

founded  the  city  Rliodes  In  408  II.  c.     Rliodes  became  in  /  •    / 1     i  .,  .v        re.    'P..,  I/,.,;- 1       V 

the  4th  century  II.  c.  a  Iiading  maritime  and  commercial  EhyndaCUS   (rm  dii-kus).       [Gr.    ll■ldo^<|..J     A 

state  ;  became  noted  for  its  mai-itimc  laws  and  as  a  center 

of  art  an.l  oratory;  wa.s  in  alliance  with  Rome  an.l  ii..ni 


rivi 


iiallv  iiide)ieiident;  iiasscil  from  the  Byzantine  empire  to 
the 'Knights  of  .St.  .lolin  about  l;i0U  ;  and  surrendered  b. 
the  Turks  in  ir.-J-i.  Lengtll,  about  46  miles.  Area,  570 
square  miles.  iVipnlation,  2n,00«. 
2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  llie  i.sland  of  Rhodes.  It 
was  foundeil  408  n.c. ;  wassu.-cessfuliy  d.f.n.le. I  against  De. 
melrlus  I'oiiorceles  in  ;i06-304  n.  c,  ami  against  the  Turks 
hi  14S0A.  b.  ;  was  taken  hy  the  Turks  In  l(!'i'.' ;  and  was  vis- 
ited by  an  earth.|iiak.-  In  ISti:).  Population,  about  1(),00<I. 
For  the  Col.issus  of  Rlio.les,  sec  VliarfK. 

Ehodes,  Cecil  John.     Born  at  Bishoji  stori- 

foid,  lliits,  Kiit,'lan.l,.luly 'i,  l.s,'i3:  diedat  t'ape 
Town,  .March  2<i,  1'."I2.   A  .Soiiili  .M'rican  sli.tes- 


the  north'weslern  part  of  Asia  Jlinor: 
Ihe  modern  .\dranas- or  Adirnas-Tchai.  It  trav- 
erses Lake  Abnlloiila.  receives  Ihe  Mii.eslus.  ami  Hows 
Into  Ihe  Sea  of  Marmora  66  miles  s..nlh-«oulhwe»t  of  Con- 
stantiiii.ple.  Length,  about  161)  miles. 
Eiad  (re-iid').  or  Eiyad.  The  Wahhabpe  enpi- 
lal  in  Nedje.l,  Arnliia,  sit  unted  ill  lal .  24°  30'  N., 
long.  4(i°42'  E.  Il  eonlains  a  palace  and  large  mosque. 
It  has  been  the  capital  Biiiee  about  1818.  I'opulatl.ni,  c»tl- 
inalcd,  .'in.niio. 

Riah  (ri'ii).  Mr.  In  Dickens's  "Our  Mutual 
Friend."  a  gentle  old  .Tew  in  the  einplo^\inent 
of    Fascination    Fledgeby,    and     abominably 


man.  Ile  went  to. south  Africa  for  his  health  ;  amassi. la  ^T*'!', '/' -'"n  "<;i. -pUnolina  orPbinfiOB  Bom 
■  f  Kimberh-j;  an.l  became  a  Riall  (ri  al).  Sir  Phincnas  oi  mineas.  iwnj 
in  Englaiid.  177;'i:  ilic.i  nt  Pans,  N..v.  10,  IS.'iL 
An  English  major-geni-ral.  He  commanded  at 
the  battles  of  f"hippewa  uud  Luudy's  Lane  in 
1814. 


fortune  in  tlie. llamonilMildi 

member  ..f  the  Cj.pe  niinlilry  In  IHM4,aiiil  prime  minisi 
I.I  Cape  C.d. my  In  IH'.in.    He  reslgi.e.l  this  |>ositl<.n  in  ISlHi, 
as  ulB..  that  of  ehainnan  of  the  British  .Soiilli  Africa  Coin, 
jiany,  on  account  of   his  coiiiieell.m  with  the  Jameson 
raid  into  the  Transvaal      (Sec  .Mine«m. /,.  S.)    lie  was 


Kialto 


S54 


BialtO  I're-Sl'to).      1.  See  Rinlto.  Bridge  of  the.  1859-«0,  and  liibored  sti-enuously  for  the  annexation  of 

—  2.  The  name  given  to  the  bloek  ou  l4th  itreet  '^"^■'"1^^%  Sai-Uiniu  :    «■:«   govern..r.general    of    Tus- 

,    ,            T)        1  "            1  p        ,1     \               ■     -v-  cany  ISeO-Cl ;    and  was  preiiier  ot    Italy  1861-62  and 

oetween  Broadway  ami  touitli  Avenue  in  rsew  is66-67. 

York  eity,  and  also  to  the  west  side  of  Broad-  J^J(;a^t      gee  Riirimt 

■n-ay  between  23a  and  32d  streets— both  fre-  Rjcci  (ret'che;.'Federico.    Born  at  Naples,  Oct. 

qneuted  oy  actors^  22.  180y :  died  at  Couegliano.  Dee.  10, 1877.    An 


Bialto  (re-al'to)  Bridge  of  the.  A  bridge  over 
the  Grand  Canal  in  Venice.  It  was  besun  in  1688, 
and  consists  of  a  single  graci-ful  arch  of  marble,  about  91 
feet  in  span,  24\  feet  above  the  water  in  tlie  midille,  and 
72  feet  wide.  In  the  niitldle  there  is  a  short  level  stretcli 
beneath  a  large  open  arch,  to  which  steps  ascend  from  the 
quay  on  each  side.  It  is  divided  into  3  footways  sepaniled 
by  2rowsof  shops  bniU  under  arcades.  The  bridge  is  sim- 
ple and  well-proportioned,  with  some  sculpture  in  the 
spandrels. 

Rianzares,  Duke  of.    See  Muno::. 

Riazan.     Sie  I!iiii;ini. 

Ribault,  or  Ribaut  (re-bo'),  Jean.  Born  at 
Diejipe,  1520:  died  in  Florida,  Sept.  23,  156.5. 
A  French  navigator.  .\s  the  .agent  of  Toligny  he  es- 
tablished in  1562  a  colony  of  l-Yench  I'rotestants  near  Port 


Italian  composer  of  operas,  etc.,  brother  of 
LiiigiKicci,  and  collaborator  with  him  in  "Cris- 
pino  e  la  Comare."  He  also  wrote  "  Une  J"olie 
a  Rome." 
Ricci,  Ltligi.  Born  at  Naples.  June  8,  1805: 
died  at  Prague,  Dec.  31, 1859.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  operas.  He  studied  with  Zingarelli,  and  was 
sub-professor  at  the  Royal  Conservatory,  Naples.  He  com- 
posed about  30  operas,  of  which  the  best-known  is  his 
"I'rispiiio  e  la  Comare"  (isr>0:  with  his  brother). 

Ricci,  Matteo.     Born  at  ilaeerata,  Italy.  1552: 
died  at  Peking,  1610.    An  Italian  Jesuit  mis-  Richard  IV.,  King  of  England 
sionary  in  China,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of    by  Pcrkin  Warbeck. 
Christian  missions  in  that  country.     He  settled  Richard  II.    A  historical  play  by  Shakspere 


Richardson,  Henry  Hobson 

peasantsun^erWat  lyler  w,a.«  put  down  in  1381.  Richard 
assumed  the  government  pei-sonallv  in  13^9.  He  was 
overthrown  by  the  Duke  of  Hereford  (see  Henry  IV.)  in 
1399,  and  was  probably  murdered  in  prison. 
Richard  III.  Born  at  Fotherinsjay,  England. 
Oct.  2.  1452:  killed  at  the  battle'of  Boswovth, 
Aug.  22,  14S5.  King  of  England  1483-85,  third 
son  of  Richard,  duke  of  York,  and  younger 
brother  of  Edward  R".  He  was  known  asthe  Duke 
of  Gloucester  before  his  accession.  He  served  in  i  he  bat- 
tles ot  Bamet  and  Tew  kesburv  in  1471 :  and  invaded  Scot- 
land in  1482.  On  the  death  of  Edward  IV.  in  April,  1483, 
he  seized  the  young  Edward  V.,  and  caused  himself  to  be 
proclaimed  protector.  On  June  2C,  1443.  he  assumed  the 
crown,  the  death  of  Edward  V.  and  his  brother  in  prison 
being  publicly  announced  shortly  after.  He  suppressed 
BuckinKham's  rebellion  in  14S3 ;  and  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Bosworth  by  the  Earl  of  Richmond 
(see  Henry  VII.).  He  was  the  last  of  the  Plantagenet 
line. 

A  title  assumed 


in  China  1583  (at  Poking  1601). 


Royal,  South  Carolina,  where  he  erected  Fort  Charles,   .p..      .        ,-.       „,       ^  , 

which  was  ab.andoned.    In  1564  Coligny  sent  out  a  band  KlCCiarelll.     See  /  olterrn. 

of  colonists  under  Uen6  de  Laudonniere,  who  founded  RicciO    David       See  Iiic~io. 

Fort  Carolina  on  the  St.  John's  River  in  Florida.     Ribault  RicgiQ   uet'cllu),   DomeniCO,  ca 

followed  nil5(Jo  with  reinforcements.    Soon  after,  while  he  ••••"^^'y  /^^.r^^^^^^^.^,  j,-,-r- 

wasexploringthecoast,thetortwasattackedanddestroyed     SOrcl.     Born  at  \  eroua,  Italy,  14!«:  died  lob* 

bj   tlie  Spaniards  under  Menendez  de  AviWs  (see  that     An  Italian  painter. 

name).    Ribault  on  his  return  w.is  shipwrecked,  and  fell  Riccoboni  (rek-ko-bo'ne).  LodOVicO.     Bom  at 

into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  who  killed  him  withmost     jiojena.  1677 :  died  at  Parma.  Dec.  5. 1753.    An 

Ribbeck'(rib'bek),  JohannKarl  Otto.     Bom    ^}^^  play^ight,  actor,  and  writer  on  the 

edition  of  \  ergil  f5  vols.,  1859-68),  "Scenica;  Eomanoruni 

puesis  frajmenta'  (1S52-55),  "  Die  rbmische  Tragbdie  im 

Zeitaltcr  der  Eepublik  ■  (1876),  "  Alazou  ;  ein  Beitrag  zur 

antikeu  Ethnologic,  etc."  (1882),  et«. 
Ribble  (rib'l).     [AS.  Bibbel.^    A  river  m  Eng- 
land which  rises  in  Yorkshire,  traverses  Lan- 

cashire.  and  flows  by  an  estuary  into  the  Irish  BlpS 

Sea  below  Preston.      Length   (including  the 

estuarv),  about  75  miles. 
Ribbon  Society,  The.     In  Irish  historv,  a  secret     ™an.   He  went  .as  Congregational  missionary- to  India  in 
AvxwuwiA  ^^v^^i^^wj,        w.  -loAo-  *     -..•       A        1812  :  and  became  a  Baptist  and  returned  in  1&13.     Hewaa 

association,  formed  about  1808  m  opposition  to     ,hefounder  of  Columbian  University, Washington,  District 

the  Orange  organization  of  the  northern  Irish     of  Columbia. 


proiUicpd  between  1594  and  1596.  it  is  the  earliest 
of  the  historical  series,  and  the  plot  is  from  Holinshed's 
'■  Chronicle. "  Tlieob.ald  adapted  it  iu  1720. 
lied  II  Bnisa-  I^ichard  III.  A  historical  play,  thought  to  be 
completed  and  altered  by  Shakspere  in  1594 
from  an  earlier  play  by  ilarlowe,  left  unfinished 
at  his  death,  it  was  printed  anonymously  in  1,=.97 : 
in  the  l.i93  edition  Shakspere's  name  appears,  and  Cibber 
produced  an  alteration  in  1700  which  was  long  considered 
the  only  acting  version  of  the  text.  Macready  produced 
a  partial  restoration  in  lb21.  In  1876  Edwin  Booth  re- 
stored the  Shakspere  version  with  slight  changes  of  ar- 
rangement, but  no  interpolations.  The  famous  line  "Off 
with  his  head  —  so  much  for  Buckingham  I  "is  Cibber's. 


1714:  died  there,  1792.     A  French  novelist  and  Richard,  Duke  of  Gloucester.    See  liichard  III. 
letter-writer,  dauffhter-in-law  of  L.  Riccoboni.  Richard,  Duke  of  York.     See  Yorl;  Diile  of. 
Herbestworksare'Hi5tou-eduManjtlisdeCrecy,'"Let.  RicJia^^    Coeur    de   LiOH.      An    old    romance, 
tres  deMiladvCatesby,    and  "Ernestine.      Shealsowrote     ,,,u,,.„  i  k,.v\-,.„i.,-.,   i„-n-'  i„;     iKnn      » 
a  continuation  of  Jlai-ivaux's  "Marianne,"  which  she  did     pnuted  b>  ^\  >  nkyn  de  ^\  orde  m  lo09.     It  appears 
not  finish  "^^  written  in  French  in  the  time  of  Edward  I., 

and  afterward  translated  into  English. 


about  1401.  An  English  Benedictine  monk  and 
historian.  He  wrote  an  English  history  ("Speculum," 
edited  1863-69),  and  long  was  reputed  to  be  the  author  of 


-  1  -/  ..V        *  i  •      ii-  -  £  J.V1V11,  iji*Axiu-ixiA.     ^^^  i^%. .,.,,,...,  ^.......  Kicnara  11.,  or  Kicnara     wiinout  cou 

™-!«^, ™);    4,  *°'^  IV  '^^ province  of  ^^^^  jotn.     Born  in  1692 :  died  Nov.  26,  1761.  Richards  ( rich'iirdz ),  Brinley.     Born  at  Car- 
.  Sicily,  21  miles  northwest  of  Girgenti.     ^  jjoted  English  harlequin,  called  -'the  Father    marthen,  Nov.  13, 1817:  died  at 


fi.xicy  of  tenure,  or  of  inflicting  retaliation  for  real  or  sup- 
posed agrarian  oppression.  The  members  were  bound  to- 
gether by  an  oath,  had  passwords  and  signs,  and  were  di- 
vided locally  into  lodges. 

Ribe  (re'be),  or  Ripen  (re'pen).  A  small  town 
in  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  river  Elbe, 
near  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  55°  18'  N.,  long.  8° 
44'  E. :  formerly  important 

Ribera  (re "      " 
Girtrenti. 
Population  (1881),  8,081, 

Ribera  fre-Ba'rii),  Jusepe,  called  Spagnoletto 
(■Little  Spaniard').  Born  at  Jativa  (San  Fe- 
lipe), near  Valencia,  Spain.  Jan.  12,  1588:  died 
at  Naples,  1056.  A  Spanish  Neapolitan  painter, 
chiefly  of  historical  pieces:  a  pupil  and  imita- 
tor of  Caravaggio. 

Riberac  (re-ba-rak').     A  town  in  the  depart-, 
ment  of  Dordogne,  France,  on  the  Dronne  20 
miles  west  of  Perigueux.     Population  (1891), 
commune,  3,696. 

Ribot  ( re-bo' ),  Alexandre  Felix  Joseph.  Bom 


Rich  (rich),  Claudius  James.  Born  near  Dijon,    succeeded  in  943  or  942.   .N  ormandy  was  Galli- 
France,  March  28,  1787 :  died  at  Shiraz,  Persia  ^}^2^'^  principally  m  his  reign 
Oct.  5,  1821.     An  EngUsh  Orientalist  and  trav^  ^^ichard  the  Good      Duke  of  Normandy  996- 
eler  in  Syi-ia,  Babvlonia,  Kurdistan,  and  else-  ^9-.^-  """.Vi^  ^^^'^T''-^      "  ^f "'■'<'"«•        ^  ^,    ^ 
where.    iewasBri.i-shresidentinBagdad.     Sairatives  ^^^^.l^d Jhe  RedelesS.     A  poem^^^^^ 
of  his  travels  were  published  in  1811  and  1836. 

Rich,  Edmund.     See  Edmidid,  Sahlf.     Richard  II,  or  Richard  "without 


William  Laiigland,  written  in  1399.  The  title  is 
given  by  Professor  Skeat,  and  refers  to  the  "redeless" 
Richard  II.,  or  Richard  "without  counseL" 


statesman.  He  became  a  republican  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputie.;  in  1878  ;  was  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs under  Freycinet  in  1890 ;  and  was  premier  1892-93, 
and  again,  under  President  Faure.  in  1895. 

Ribot  (re-bo' ),  Augustin  Theodule.  Born  at 
Bretenie.  Eure,  Aug.  8,  1823:  died  at  Colombes, 
Sept.  11, 1891.  A  French  historical,  genre,  and 
portrait  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Glaize  at  Paris 
in  1851.  Among  his  paintings  are  "Les  cuisiniers"  (lSi.;i). 
"St.  .S^bastien,"  "J6sus  et  les  docteurs,"  "Samaritqin," 
"MfereMorieu,"  etc.  He  had  two  styles,  the  one  realistic, 
dealing  often  with  disagreeable  subjects,  and  a  more  ele- 
vated but  gloomy  manner. 

Ricara.     See  Arikara. 

Ricardo  (ri-kar'do),  David.  Bom  at  London, 
April  19, 1772 :  died  at  Gatcomb  Park,  Glouces- 
tershire, Sept.  11,  1823.  A  noted  English  po- 
litical economist,  of  Hebrew  descent,  in  isi9  he 
becameamember  of  Parliament  His  chief  work  is"  Prin- 
ciples of  Political  Economy  and  Taxation  "(1817).  He  also 
wrote  "'fhe  High  Price  ot  Bullion  a  Proof  of  the  Depre- 
ciation of  Bank-N'otes  "  0809),  "  Funding  System  '  (1520 :  in 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ").  He  was  especially  noted 
for  his  discussion  of  the  theory  of  rent.  His  works  were 
edited  by  M'Culloch  in  1846. 

Hicasoli  (re-ka's6-le).  Baron  Bettino.  Bora 
at  Florence,  March  9,  1809:  died  at  his  castle 
Brolio,  near  Siena,  Oct.  28,  1880.  An  Italian 
statesman,  gonfalonier  of  Florence  1847-48, 
-He  took  part,  as  a  liberal,  iu  the  movements  in  Tus- 
<2any  1848-49 ;  was  the  head  of  the  Tuscan  government 


London,  May  1, 

of  Harlequins."  Heplayedunderthenameof  Lun,  He  1885.  A  Welsh  composer.  He  was  the  author 
was  m.anager  at  Lincoln'sinn  Fields  1713-32,  and  then  built  j  several  popular  songs  ("Her  bright  Smile 
theflrstCoventGaiden  Theatre,  which  was  opened  Dec.  7,    ,  t-ii  ii     ♦     \ 

1732.     During  the  season  of  1718-19  Rich  frequently  pro-    naunts  me  StlU,     etc.;. 

duced  French  plays  and  operas  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.      Richards   (rich'ardz).  JameS.      Bom  at  New 

Rich,  Penelope  Devereux.     See  SMla.     '  Canaan,  Conn.,  aboirt  1707:   died   at  Auburn, 

Rich,  Thomas  D.     Born  at  New  York.  May  20,    N.  Y.,  Aug.,  1843.     An  American  Pi-esbyterian 

ISOS :  died  there,  Sept.  19, 1860.     An  American    clergyman,  professor  at   Auburn  Theological 

negro  minstrel,  the  originator  of ''Jim  Crow."    Seminary. 

He  made  his  first  appearance  in  negro  character  at  Louis-  Richards  (rich'ardz'),  ThomaS  AddisOn.  Born 
TiUe,  and  first  appeared  in  Xew  York,  at  the  Park  Theater  j  London,  Dec.  3,  1820.  An  American  laiJd- 
as  Jim  Crow.     He  went  to  Er.gland  in  1836,  and  acted  at    ""  .    '  '  ..       ,         j       •  ■ 

the  Surrey  Theatre,  London,  with  great  success.  scape-paniter.    He  was  made  a  national  academician 

in  1S51,  and  has  been  corresponding  secretary  of  the  acad- 
emy since  1S52.    He  was  first  director  of  the  Cooper  Vnion 
School  of  Design  for  Women  1858-60,  and  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  art  in  the  Tniversity  of  New  York  since  1867. 
do.  ML.  Iikardus,fvoxa  ORG.  Richiirt,  G.  Heidi-  Richards,  William.   Born  at  Platnfield,  Mass., 
an?,  powerful.]  Born  probablv  at  Oxford,  Sept.    Aug.  22,  1792:   died   at   Honolulu,  Sandwich 
8, 1157:  died  April  6, 1199.  King  of  England  1189-    Islands,   Dec.   7,    1847.      An    American    mis- 


at  Saint-Omer,  France,  Feb.  7,  1842.   A  French  Richard  (rich  '  iird)  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Lion- 

Hearted"(F."CoeurdeLion").    [ME.  TJicAard, 
from  OF,  Sicliard,  F.  Eichard,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Hicar- 


1199,  thil'd  son  of  Henry  II.  He  was  invested  with 
theduchyof  Aquitainein  1169:  joined  the  league  between 
his  elder  brother  Henry  and  Louis  VII.  of  France  against 
his  fatlier  1173-74  ;  became  heii-  apparent  on  the  death  of 
his  brother  Henr>-  in  1183:  acted  with  Philip  II.  of  France 
against  his  father  11SS-S9;  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
England,  the  duchy  of  Normandy,  and  the  county  of  Anjou 
in  1189.  He  started  on  the  third  Crusade  in  alliance  with 
PhilipII.of  France  in  1190;  conquered  Cj-prns  in  1191 :  ar- 
rived at  Acre  in  June ;  assisted  in  the  captureof  Acre  in  July: 
defeated  the  Saracens  at  -\rsuf  the  same  year ;  retook  Jaffa 
from  Saladinin  1192;  signed  a  truce  with  Saladin  in  Sept.; 
and  left  Palestine  in  Oct.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in  Aus- 
tria by  Duke  Leopold  in  Dec. ;  was  transferred  to  the  em- 
peror Henry 'ST.  in  March,  1193;  and  returned  to  England 
on  the  payment  of  a  ransom  in  1194.  Haring  suppressed 
a  rebellioi)  of  his  brother  ,Iohn,  he  turned  against  John's 


sionary  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  He  was 
also  in  the  Hawaiian  diplomatic  and  political 
service. 

Richards,  William  Trost.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia. Nov.  14,  1833.  An  American  marine-  and 
landscape-painter.  He  is  an  honorao-  member  of 
the  National  Academy.  He  studied  with  Paul  Weber  in 
Philadelphia,  and  visited  Italy,  France.  Germany,  an.l  Eng- 
land at  dilferent  periods  between  1855  and  1880.  A  series 
of  47  water-color  landscapes  and  marine  views  (1871-76) 
is  at  the  iletropolitan  Museum.  New  York, 

Richardson  (rich 'iird -son),  Albert  Deane. 
Born  at  Franklin.  Mass..  Oct.  6,  1833:  killed  at 
NewYork,Dec.  2. 1869.  An  American  journalist. 
He  was  correspondent  of  the  New  York  "  Tribune  "  in  the 
Civil  War,     He  published  "The  Field,  the  Dungeon,  and 


ally,  Philip  II.,  whom  he  defeated  at  Gisors  in  119.S.    He  __ 

built  the  Chateau  Gaill.ard  in  1197,  and  was  mortally  the  Escape  "  (1865).  a  life  of  T,  ,8.  Grant  (1808),  etc, 

woundedbyanarrowwhilebesiegingChalur.nearLimoges.  RichardsOn,  Charles.     Born  July,  1775  :    died 

Richard  II.    Bom  at  Bordeaux.  France.  April  at Feltham.'near  Loudon.  Oct,  6, 1865.   An  Eng- 


13.1366:  probably  murdered  at  Pontefract, Eng- 
land, Feb.,  1400".  King  of  England  1377-99, 
son  ot  the  "  Black  Prince  "  Edward,  and  gi'and- 
son  of  Edward  HI.  whom  he  succeeded 
his  minority  the  government  was  conducted  by  his  uncles 
the  Dukes  of  Lancaster  and  Gloucester,    .\  rebellion  of  the 


lish  lexicographer.       He  was  the  teacher  of  a  school 
at  Clapham.     He  compiled  a  dictionary  of  the  English 
language  (1836:  supplement  1856),  and  also  published  "On 
T,     .  the  .*tudv  of  Languages,  etc."(1854). 

uneTe!  RichardsoH,  Henry  Hobson.    Born  at  New 
Orieans,  1838 :  died  at  Boston.  April  28,  1886. 


Richardson,  Henry  Hobson 

An  American  architect.  He  j;ra<luateil  al  Harvard 
in  185:>,  and  studied  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Ails,  I'aris. 
Amo"B-liii  desisiis  are  Trinity  Clmrch  (Boston),  Albany 
city  i.all,  :ind  p:irts  of  tlie  State  Capitol  at  Albany. 
Eichardson,  James.  Born  at  Boston,  Knglantl, 
Nov.  3.  1«0!) :  ditd  in  Bornu,  Sudan,  March  4. 


855 

nenoa  in  1747  :  captured  Tort  Malioii  in  1760;  and  scried 
in  Hannover  1767-5S.  He  was  tlie.(alleged)  author  of  "  Jlc- 
moires,"  published  in  171)0. 
Richelieu.  A  plav  bv  Bulwer  Lytton,  first  jiro- 
diufd  March  7,  183!).  Macready  created  the 
part. 


l.H.")l     An  Entrlisli  traveler  in  Africa.   Hisexplora-  Richepin  (resh-paii'),  Jean.     Born  at  Mi?deah, 
AlRcria.  Feb.  4,  1849.     A  French  poet  and  dra- 
matic author.     He  served  with  the  francs-tireurs  who 
followed  the  arniv  of  Bourbaki  in  1S70,  and  ivcnt  to  Paiis 
in  1871  and  wrote  for  "Le  ilol  d'Ordrc."  "Le  Corsain," 


tion  01  the  .Sahara  ((lli:uliinies,  Ohat,  etc.)  and  studies  on 
the  TuarefTs  (ISir.)  were  de.'.eribed  in  his  "Travels  in  the 
Greot  Dc8-rt  of  Sahara"  (l»J;l).  Accompanied  by  Over- 
weg  avd  Bartli,  he  started  in  18-W  from  Tripoli  for  lake 
Chad,  and  ixplor.-d  the  rocky  plateau  of  Hamnmda,  but 
euccumbedat  I  o^'uriltua,  near  LakcCliad.  His  notes  were 
published  in  ■•  Narrative  of  a  Mission  to  Central  Africa" 
(IS-'a)and  "Trawls  in  Morocco  "  (1S51)). 

Richardson,  sir  John.  Born  at  Dumfries,  Scot- 
land, Nov.  .5,  17S7:  died  near  Grasmere,  Eng- 
land, June  5,  186.').  A  British  naturalist  and 
traveler.  He  took  part  as  surceon  and  naturalist  inthe 
arctic  expeditions  of  I'aiTj'  and  Franklin,  and  in  the  Frank- 
lin relief  expedition  of  1848.  He  i)Ulilished  "  Fauna  Bore- 
ali.  Americana"  (ls2'.i-37),  •■  Arctic  -Searching  Expedition' 
(K.l),  etc. 

Richardson,  Samuel.  Born  in  Derbyshire,  EnR- 
laud,  1689:  died  at  London,  July  4,  1761.  An 
English  novelist,  called  "the  founder  of  the  Eng- 
lish domestic  novel."  He  was  apprenticed  as  a 
printer  in  London  in  171)0,  and  quite  late  in  life  became 
master  of  the  Stationei-s'  Company.  «  hen  a  boy  he  was 
addicted  to  letter-writing,  and  was  employed  by  yonn- 
girl!"  to  write  love-letters  for  them.  In  1739  he  conip^sid 
a  vohune  of  "  Familiar  Letters,"  which  were  attcrw  ard 
published  as  an  aid  to  those  too  illiterate  to  write  Ibeir 
own  letters  without  assistance.  Fiom  this  came  "Pamel,% 
■  T  \  irluc  Iteward.d"  (1740).  He  then  wrote  '('larisBa 
Hirlowe,  or  Ihi-  History  of  a  Young  L.ady  '  (first  4  vol* 
1747.   last  4,    1748),   ami 


"Lav"(5riti-,"  etc.     lie  published  "Jules  Vall68  "  (1»72), 
"  L  Etoiie  "(a  comedy,  with  Amlre  Oill),  "  La  chanson  des 

gueux       ^      '         "       ■ "      '-  ■"   - 

morts 

verse),  "Les  blasphemes"  ( 

pieces),  "  I.i  nier  "(ISSfi :  poems\  and  a  ininiberof  dramas, 

among  which  is    '  Nana  .Sahib  "  (Ig'-S  :  he  »  rot    •'  -  '  - 


Ricketts 

House,  Whitehall,  Feb.  2, 1818.  An  English  Con- 
servative  ))(ilitician.  He  was  president  of  the  boanl  of 
trade  1^4i7-<^'».  l"rd  president  »1  the  council  )S74-80.  and 
secretary  for  Seotlaml  ls*6-8<:.  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
sixth  duke  of  Itiehmond  in  ISOO.  was  createil  duke  of  Gor- 
don in  1S7G,  and  is  CMiimoidy  designated  as  the  Ituke  of 
Kichniond  anil  Gordon.  He  is  also  duke  of  Lennox  ill  the 
pecnige  of  Set.tlanil.  and  due  d".\ubigny  in  that  of  France. 
For  otJRT  dukes  of  Richmond,  s^-e  Lentwx. 

Richmond  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawnii.o,  im  tlie  uorthei'n  side  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  deeply  indenting  that  island  for 
about  10  miles. 


"^1870:  for  this  ho  was  imprisoned  ami  fined),  'Lcs  jjj  j^  ,  j   ,^  Mountain.     A  place  in  Randolph 
b  zarres    (1877),  "Les  caresses    (1577:  a  drama  in  *•*>-"  \       . '  "'■""^.-".lu.  i  t:,„:„;„ 

"Les  blasphtocs"  (18*4:  a  collection  of  short     <  ounty.  jn  the  .•:ist,rn  part  of  West  \  irginia. 


Ibis  fo 


ITere.  July  11.  ISiil,  tin-  Federals  under  Kose- 
erans  defeated  the  Conlider;ites. 


SarahBernhardt.andplayedtheprincipalpart  with  heron  -d.-.i-x..  z:^,  -,/.,.,    Adrian  Ludwie      Born  at 
account  of  the  illness  of  the  proper  actor).    Healsowrote  IllCniier  (ncu  ici   .  Aaridn  Xiuuwis.   J^uiu  ui 


Dresden,  Sept.  28,  1803:  died  near  Dresden, 
June  19.  1884.  A  noted  German  landscape- 
painter  iind  illustrator  of  scenes  from  German 

life. 


a  version  of  ".Macbeth"  (1884>  for  her,  and  ".Monsieur 
Scapin  '  (ls86),  "  Le  flibustier  "  (1888),  and  "  I'ar  le  glaive  " 
(lS02)for  the  Comt^die  Fran^aise. 
Richerus  (rl-kc'rus).  Latinized  from  Richer 
(re-sha').  Lived  in  the  sei'ondhalf  of  the  lotli 
century.  A  Frankish  historian,  author 
tory  for  the  perioil  8S8-9!).')  (edited  V 

isno). 

Riches  (rich'ez).     A  version  of  Massinger's 

•■  (it  v  Madam."  which  still  keeps  the  stage.        _.  ,^     --,  v,  *  t>-    „„i  i„_f  t>„.„„:„ 

Richfield  Springs  (rich'fGld  springz).     A  vil-  Richter,  Eugen.     Bor.i  at  DnsseUlorf,  Prussia, 
and  fasliidiiable  summer  resort  in  Otsego 


,.,  f'n  1  <   Richter,  Ernst  Friedrich  Eduard.    Bom  at 

.  p  ,!,;     (irosss.-hr.iiau.  Saxonv.  t>et.  ■J4,  1808:  died  at 
"•    '^<''"'     Leipsic,  April  9,  1879".     A  German   composer 
and   musical  writer,  author  of  text-books  on 
liarmony,  counterpoint,  and  the  fugue. 


'The  History  of   Sir  Charles   p'^_h  TiQlipr  Thp      !Sep    Hum 
Grandi8on"(1753).    Uiscorrespondenck  with  a  biography  S' .{f .•","-'!,  ,."?;  '      ' 


lajA-  --     - 

County,  Xew  York,  situated  on  Schuyler  Lake 
6.")  miles  west  bv  north  of  Alb;iny.  It  has  sul- 
phnr_springs. ^Vopulation  (1900),  1,.')37. 


.July  :10.  !.s:is.  A  Genuan  politician.  Hecntered 
theHeichsiag  in  l5(i7.and  the  l-russian  Landtag  in  1869. 
He  has  been  the  leader  of  the  progressist  ("  Fortschritts  ") 
party,  and  of  ihe  German  libend  ("  Deutsche  Freislnnige") 
pait'y,  ;ind  is  at  present  the  leader  of  the  radical  people's 
party  ;"Fieisiniiiu'e  Volkspartei  "). 


by  Anna  Letitia  liarbauld,  was  published  in  1804.  All  Ills 
novels  were  published  in  the  form  of  letters,  which  was 
suigeated  by  his  early  work  in  letter-writing. 

Richardson,  William  Alexander.  Born  iu 
Favette  Oountv.  Ky.,  Oct.  11„  3811:  died  at 
(^uiney,  111.,  De'c.  '^l',  187.'j.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Illinois  1847-.=ie  ;  governorof  Nebraska  1857-68;  and  Demo- 
c.alic  United  States  senator  from  Xeliraska  1863-06. 

Richardson, William  Merchant.  Born  at  Pel- 
ham,  N.  H..  Jan.  4, 1774:  died  at  Chester,  N.  H.. 
March  23,  1838.     An  American  jurist  and  poli 


Richier  de-shvii'),  Ligier  or  Michier.     Born  Richter  Gustay.  Born  at  Berlin  Aug.  31,  Isp  • 
at  Dagonville!  near  Lign  v,  1500  or  1.^06 :  died     did  ;it  Berlin,  Aug.  3,  lsS4.     A  German  painter 
about  1.572.     A  French  sculptor,    iiespentflve  ..r    of  portraits  and  historical  subjects, 
six  years  in  Home,  where  he  is  said  to  have  come  undir  Richter,  Hans.     Born  at  Raab,  Hungary,  April 
.,,.■.,.,        ., .     i.„....        .1  ..>     4    js4;j.     A  celebrated  conductor.    InlStKliewaa 


tiie "personal  inlluence  of  Mielulangelo.  He  returned  to 
Lorraine  about  1621,  and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his 
life.  His  work  consisted  largely  of  the  decoration  of  houses. 
In  1532  he  executed  the  ioloss.il  group  celebrated  under 
the  name  of  "  the  Sepulchcr  of  Saint-M  ihlel, "  composed  of 
eleven  Hgurcs,  larger  than  life,  grouped  abont  the  foot  of 
the  cross,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  creations  of  the  Re- 
naissance: and  in  l.'>44  the  mausoleum  of  the  Prince  of 
Oran'.;c,  with  its  extraordinary  "Siiuelette,"ln  the  Church 
of  Saint-l'ierre  at  Bar-le-l)ui 


ticiau.    He  was  a  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  RichingS  (rich'ingz),  Peter.     Born  at  London, 
Massachusetts  1812-14,  and  chief  justice  of  New  Hamp-     jj^y  jg_  jyyy .  ^\p^\  gt  Media,  Pa.,  Jan.  18,  1871. 


shire  181'i-38. 

Richborough  (ricli'bur'o).  A  place  in  Kent, 
Eiif;lanil,  on  tlie  Stour  II  miles  easf  of  Canter- 
bury: the  Roman  RutupiiP.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant Roman  fortress  and  si:iiiort. 

Rich6  (re-sha'l,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Cap 
Haitien,  1780:  died  at  Port-au-Prince.  Feb.  28, 


An  F.nglish-American  actor  and  manager.  He 
came  to  America  in  1821,  and  made  his  debut  at  .New  York 
as  Harry  Bertram  in  "Guy  Mannering."  For  sixteen  years 
he  was  a  reigning  favorite  at  the  Park  Theater,  where  he 
was  a  member  of  the  regular  company.  Captain  Absolute 
("  The  Rivals  ")  was  one  of  his  best  impersonations.  For 
a  time  he  acted  as  manngerof  the  Riiliings  English  opera 
trouiie,  lint  retired  from  active  life  in  1807. 


1847.    A  Haitian  general  and  politician.    Ue  was  Richmond  dich'niond).     A  town  in  the  North 
a  negro,  and  in  e.arly  life  was  a  slave.    lie  served  under     Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Christophe  .igainst  Pi-tion,  and  suhsefiuently  under  Boyer 
and  was  president  of  Haiti  from  March  1, 1840. 


Richelieu  (resh-lye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the 
Mable  32  miles  southwest  of  Tours.  Popula- 
tion (l.s9n,  2.:'.64. 

Richelieu,  or  Chambly  f  shon-ble'),  or  St.  John. 
(sant  jon).  A  river  in  the  province  of  Quebec. 
Canada,  which  issues  from  Lake  Champlain  and 
flows  into  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Sorel,  44  miles 
northeast  of  Montreal.  Length,  about  SO  miles. 

Richelieu  (P.  pron.  resh-ly6'^;  E.  resh'lii).  Car- 
dinal aii<l  Due  de  ( Armand  Jean  du Plessis ). 

Born  at  Paris  (or  at  the  Castle  of  Kic-hclieu  in 
Poitou),  Sept.  .1,  l.')85 :  <lied  :it  I'aris,  Dec  4, 1642. 
A  celcbnitodFreiicli  statesman,  llr  was  educated 
for  the  church  :  heiame  bishop  of  Luyon  iu  n;07.  andseere- 
tary  of  state  in  1010 ;  was  exiled  to  Blors (later  to  Avignon)  iu 
1017;  became  cardinal  in  1622  ;  and  was  the  principal  min- 
ister of  Louis  -XIII.  1624-42.  Ho  Increased  the  inlluence 
of  France  abroad  and  the  powerof  the  crown  at  home,  and 
lessened  the  power  of  the  nobles.  The  chief  events  In 
his  administration  were  the  deslrllction  of  the  |>olitieal 
powerof  the  Huguenots  by  the  siege  and  capture  of  l.a 
Rochelle  1027-28  ;  the  war  In  Italy  .against  Spain  and  Aus- 
tria 1029-30;  the  defeat  of  the  paltlzaus  of  llaria  de' 
Medici  in  liBO.,-  tho  suppression  of  the  rising  of  .Mont- 
morency and  Oaston  of  Orleans  in  1(W2 ;  the  ci>operaiion 
of  Franco  with  Sweden  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War;  the 
founding  of  the  French  Academy  In  1036  :  and  the  defeat 
of  the  Cinq-Mars  conspiracy  in  1(H2.  His  literary  r.v 
mains  include  religious  w.irks,  dramas,  mrnmliH,  coirc 
»p li-iiec.  and  stale  jialiers. 

Richelieu,  Due  de  (Armand  Emmanuel  du 
Plessis).     Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  2.'i.  1766:  died 


Swale  42  miles  northwest  of  York.  It  is  noted 
for  its  castle,  now  in  ruins.  Population  (1891), 
4,216. 

Richmond.  Atown  in  Surrey, England,  situated 
on  t  he  south  bank  of  the  Th.ames,  10  miles  west- 
southwest  of  St.  Paul's.  It  was  formerly  called 
Sheen  (Schenc,  'beautiful '),  etc.  It  was  bing  a  royal  resi- 
deuce :  used  by  Edward  I.,  Edw  ard  III  .  Uichiird  II.,  Henry 
VII.  (who  gave  It  till'  name  Ki.dimond  in  1.'.00),  etc.  Rich- 
mond Park  was  iliehised  by  Cbaihs  I.  Riilimond  is  a 
favorite  snmnier  resort,  and  its  wbiiebait  diiniers  at  the 
Star  and  Garter  are  n.ded.     P..pulation  (ISill),  '22,084. 

Richmond.  The  capital  of  Virginia  and  of  Hen- 
rico Countv,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
.Tames  Rivt-r,  in  lat.  37°  32'  N.,  long.  77°  27'  W. 
It  has  an  imiiortant  trade  in  tobacco  and  Hour,  and  manu- 
factures of  tobacco,  irim,  etc.  Among  the  noted  objects 
arc  the  capitol,  St.  .lohn's  church,  Crawford's  statue  of 
Washington,  etc.  The  site  was  llisl  settled  in  1009.  The 
place  was  called  at  first  Byrd's  Warehouse.  Richmond 
was  incorporated  in  1742;  was  made  the  capital  in  1779: 
Bulfered  fiom  lire  iu  IHil ;  was  noted  before  the  war  as  an 
lmi)ortantc4innucrcial center fortolmcco  lea, etc.:  became 
the  capital  of  the  Confederate  .States  May,  1801;  was 
threatened  by  McChllan  in  1802;  was  besieged  by  Grant 
18ftl-06  :  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  (who  bnrne.l 
thebuslnessportion)  April  2,  and  occupied  by  the  Federals 
April  3,  1806;  and  sullered  fn>m  a  Hood  In  1870.  I'opu- 
lallou  (19l)(l).  8.'..0.')0. 

tile  Richmond.  -V  city,  capital  of  Wayne  County, 
Indiana,  sit  iiatcd  on  a  l)raiich  of  Ihe  Whitewater 
IJiver,  68  iiiiles  easi  of  Imliaiiupolis.  It  l»  a  rail- 
road and  tra'llug  center,  und  has  manufartures  of  agri- 
cultural irn|ilenientH,  (urnllure,  nuiclilnery,  etc.    I'opula* 


Mav  17.  1822 


tl..n  (11)00),  lM,2'2ll, 

,  ,        Richmond,  Dukes  of.    Sec  Lnmox. 

A  French  politician,  grandson  Richmond   Earl  of.     The  title  of  Henry  VII. 


of  I'.iiglaiol  previous  to  his  accession   to  the 
tliriini'. 
Richmond,  Legh.     Born  at  Liveriiool,  Jan.  20, 
1772:  diid  nt   'I'urvov,  Beds,  Engtand,  May  8. 

1827.     All " 

for.    llolsl 

the  Poor"  (1814  :  Including  "  The  llalryman's  liailgliter 
"The  Young  I'cilljiuer.'   "'Ihe  Negr<i  .Servant,"  ete.X 
^^^g,^,       , , ,.,l|led  "Falbeisof  the  Ijigllsb  cbnrch"(lMM7  12). 

died  tliere,  Aug.  8,  1788.    A  French  niarsliul.  Richmond  and   Gordon,  Duke  of  (Charles 
graudnephewof  CariJinalRiclielieu.    Hedcfendcd     Henry  Gordon  LennOX).     Bom  at  Richmond 


of  Marshal  Richelieu.    He  emigrated  about  1789,  and 

was  in  the  Kussian  service  during  the  Itevidutl ry  ami 

Nal)cdc-.inic  periods,  being  appointed  governor  cd  lldi-ssa 
In  180:i.  He  returned  to  France  In  1H14  :  became  premier 
in  1815;  signed  the  treaty  with  the  Allies  In  1816;  was 
ambassador  at  llic  Congress  of  Alx  la-Chapelb-  In  1818: 
and  retired  fnun  onU-e  In  1H18.  He  was  prender  again 
18'2i)-21. 

Richelieu,  Due  de  (Louis  Frangois  Armand 

du  Plessis).     Born  at  Paris,  March   13,  1696: 


,.       ,.,,•'  1       1-    •         *      ■        the  purine  n 

Knglisli  clergyman  and  religious  wri-  o,„^._'     . 

lest  known  fnuii  Ills  traelsenlltled  "Anualsof  S.   J"^?!^*^, ' .,  , 

r,"  Ricketts  (rik 

He 


.nductor  at  the  Hof-  und  National-'lheater,  .Munich  ;  in 
1871  conductor  at  the  National  I'heater,  Pest:  and  in  1»75 
became  principal  conductor  at  the  Imperial  Opera  House, 
Vienna,  where  he  also  conducts  the  Philharmonic  con- 
certs. He  also  directed  the  rehearsals  of  the  "Xibe- 
lungen  Ring"  at  Bayreuth,  and  in  1870  the  whole  of  the 
festival  there,  and  later  other  works  of  Wagner :  and  since 
1879  has  conducted  ven-  successful  orchestral  concerts  at 
London.  From  1893  to  1898  he  was  first  court  kapell- 
meister at  Vienna. 

Richter.  Jean  Paul  Friedrich.    Bom  at  Wun- 

siedel,  Bavari:i,  March  21.  1763:  died  at  Bay- 
reuth. Bavaria,  Nov.  14.  1825.  A  celebrated 
German  humorist.  His  father  was  first  a  teacher,  and 
subsequently  village  pastor  at  .Toditz  and  then  at  Schwar- 
ziid>aeh.  After  the  death  of  his  father,  who  left  the  fam- 
ily in  extreme  poverty,  he  went  to  Ixipsic  in  the  hope  of 
beingableto  support  himself  bv  giving  private  instruction 
while  he  studied  theology.  He  began  here  his  literary 
career,  in  17^,  with  the  satirical  sketches  "  Diegronlnnd- 
ischtu  I'rocesse '  ("The  Greenland  Lawsuits "),  which  met 
with  but  little  success,  as  did  also  "  Auswahl  aus  des  reu- 
fels  I'apieren'C  Selections  from  the  Papers  of  thu  Devil." 
1789).  After  17^  he  lived  with  his  mother  In  poverty  at 
Hof,  whence  he  went  to  Schwaiv.enbach,  w  here  he  taught. 
Here,  In  17»;i.  he  wrote  the  novel  "  Die  unsiebtbare  Ijige" 
("The Invisible  Lodge"),  for  which  he  received  lOOducats. 
From  179t  he  lived  again  in  Hof,  where  lie  wnde  (1794) 
the  novel  "  Hesperus,'  like  the  other  a  fictitious  biography, 
which  Hi  mly  founded  his  literary  fame.  This  was  f.dlowe.1 
by  "i;uintU3  Fixlein  "in  1796;  by  '  Sicbenkas"  in  17110-97 
(full  title,  'Bluinen  ,  Fruelit-,  und  Dornenstncke.  inler 
Khestand,  Tod,  und  Hocb?.cit  des  Armenadvocateii  Sle- 
beliKas  ":  "  Flower,  Fruit,  ami  Thcrn  Pjecea,  or  Wedlock. 
Death,  anil  Marriage  of  Sicbenkas,  the  Advocate  of  the 
Poor");  "Campanerthar'C'Tlic  Valley  of  Campan,"  1797); 
"lilan"  (1S1»M)1):  "Die  Flegcljahrc  "  ('The  Awkward 
Ago"  1SII4-06),  considered  his  best  work;  "Rclse  des 
Keldprcdlgirs  Schmelzlc  inich  Flaj  "(".lourney  of  Field- 
Preacher  Sehmelirle  to  FInz  ")  and  "  Dr.  KBtienbergers 
liadereiso"("  Hr.  Katzenberger's  .lourney  to  the  Water- 
ing-place ').  both  1809.  Besides  these  and  other  novels 
and  tales  he  wrote  "  Vorsehule  der  Aestlietik"  ("  Prepar- 
atory Course  III  Ksthetlcs,  "18iM)nnd  "Levaiia  odcr  Erile- 
hungslehro  "("  Levana,  or  the  Theory  of  Education,"  1807). 
He  wai  the  author  also  of  a  number  of  essays  and  piditlchl 
pamphlets.  After  the  .leatb  of  his  niolher  he  left  Hof, 
lived  for  a  time  In  l.elpslc,  .lena,  and  Weimar,  and  siibse- 
i|U.  ntlv  In  Goiha,  lllldhurghauseii,  and,  In  isol.  In  lleriln, 
wh.  re'he  married.  Afterward  he  lived  In  Mclnlngen.  in 
Colulig,  and  finally  In  llayreuth,  where  he  was  made  conn, 
selfirof  legation  and  the  recipient  of  a  government  pen- 
sion, and  where  he  died.  He  is  best  known  as  a  writer 
under  his  pseiidoiivm  Jean  Paul.  A  com|)lete  edition  of 
his  works  was  published  at  Berlin,  Iu  Ks?,l,  in  00  vols. 
Ricimer  (ris'i-mer).  I>ied  Aug.  IS.  472.  A  Ko- 
niaii  I'oniiiiander.  Ho  was  the  son  of  a  Suevic  chief 
by  a. laughter  of  Wallla,  king  .if  the  West  Goths:  wnsedu- 
cat.  dal  iheconrtof  theemiHrorValentlnUiiIII.;  iindniso 
lo  high  command  In  the  lioinan  army.  He  .lefeated  the 
Vandals  In  a  •leilsive  naval  battle  olt  Cornlcu  In  460.  Inthe 
same  year  he  deposed  the  cmprror  Avilns,  and  In  4.'i7 
caused  himself  tobecrtated  palrlehin  I  nder  this  title 
he  ruled  the  Western  Empire  iinlll  his  death,  making  njid 
unmaking  emperors  al  his  pleasure,  hut  fearing  to  assuim 
the  purple  himself  on  account  of  Ills  barbaric  origin. 
See  Arilnrn. 

1  s ) ,  James  Bre'werton.  Bom  at 

New  York,  .lime  21.  1817:  died  at  Washington. 
D.  C,  Seiit. '22,  1887.  An  .\meric»n  general.  He 
graduated  al  West  Point  In  18,19;  served  In  Ihe  Mellcrn 
war;  was  appointed  a  lirlgndler-gcncnl  of  Tolun(««rs  In 


Bicketts 

S861 ;  and  served  in  the  Armj-  of  the  Potomac  from  the  first 
battle  of  liiiU  Kun  to  the  sie?*.'  of  Petersburg  (1804).  He 
was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  regular  amiy  in  1865. 
Eico  (.re'ko),  Martin.  Born  at  Madrid.  A  con- 
temporary Spanish  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Ma. 
drazo.  and  "later  studied  in  Rome  and  Paris.  Alost  of  his 
paintings  are  architectural :  they  include  many  Venetian 
scenes.  Hereceived  the  distinction  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
in  1S7S. 

Riddell  Crid'!),  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Eliza  Lawson 
Cowan).  Bom  about  1837.  AnEnglishuovelist. 
daughter  of  James  Cowan,  of  Carrickfergus.  Ii'e- 
land.  She  married  J.  H.  Riddell  in  1857,  and  becanif' 
co-proprietor  and  editor  of  the ''St.  .James's  Magazine"  in 
1S67.  She  published  some  of  her  earlier  novels  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "F.  G.  Tratford."  She  has  written  "Far 
above  Rubies,"  "George  Geith."  "The  Ruling  Passion," 
'•  The  Senior  Partner,"  "  A  Struggle  for  Fame,"  "MissGas- 
coigne,"  "Idle  Tales,"  etc 

Biddle  (rid'l),  George.  Bom  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Sept.  22, 18.53.  An  American  elocution- 
ist. He  appeared  as  Grxlipus  in  the  "  (Edipus  Tyrannus" 
,;iven  at  Harvard  University  in  1S81,  and  has  given  Shak- 
speiian  readings. 

Kiddie,  George  Beade.  Born  at  Newcastle, 
Del.,  1817:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March, 
1867.  An  American  politician.  He  was  Demo- 
ci;itic  member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1861-55,  and 
riijted  States  senator  1m.4-€7. 

Biddle,  Joseph  Esmond.  Born  al)out  180-1 :  died 
at  Cheltenham,  Aug.  27,1859.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  scholar,  a  graduate  of  Oxford.  He  w,as 
associated  with  Arnold  and  White  in  the  preparation  of 
Latiii-Enirli.^h  dictionaries. 

Kideau  Lake  (re-do'  lak).  A  lake  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ontario,  Canada,  45  miles  southwest  of 
Ottawa.  It  communicates  by  the  Rideau  Canal 
with  the  Ottawa  Eiver  and  Lake  Ontario. 

Riderhood(ri'der-hud).  Pleasant.  In  Dickens's 
novel  "Our  Mutual  Friend." Rogue Eiderhood's 
daughter.  "  Upon  the  smallest  of  small  scales  she  was 
an  unlicensed  pawnbroker,  keeping  what  was  popularly 
called  a  leaving-shop." 

Riderhood,  Roger  or  Rogue.  In  Dickens's 
novel  "  Our  Mutual  Friend,"  a  river-thief  and 
longshoreman,  the  accuser  of  Gaffer  Hexam. 
Afterward  a  lock-keeper,  he  was  drowned  in  the 
lock  in  a  struggle  with  Bradley  Headstone. 

Ridinger,  or  Riedinger  (re'ding-er),  Johann 
Elias,  Born  at  Ulm,  Wiirtembevg,  Feb.  15, 
1695 :  died  at  Augsburg,  April  10, 17C7.  A  Ger- 
man artist,  especially  noted  for  his  drawings 
and  etchings  of  wild  animals. 

Ridley  (rid'li),  Nicholas.  Bom  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  about  1500:  burned  at  Ox- 
ford, Oct.  16,  1555.  An  English  bishop  and 
Protestant  martyr.  He  was  chaplain  to  Cranmer  and 
Henrj'  VIII.,  and  sided  with  the  Reformation.  He  be- 
came bishop  of  Rochester  in  1547,  and  of  London  in  1550. 
He  was  arrested  under  Marj'  in  1553  and  1555,  and  con- 
demiifd  to  death  for  heresy.     See  Latimer. 

Riduna  (ri-du'na).    The  Roman  name  of  AI- 

derney. 
Ried  (ret).     A  town  in  Upper  Austria,  Atistria- 

Hungary,38  miles  west  of  Linz.  A  treaty  was  con. 

eluded  here  between  Austria  and  Bavaria  Oct.  3,  1813, 

whereby  Bavaria  joined  the  alliance  against  >'apoleon. 

Population  (1S90),  4,517. 

Riedel  (re'del),  August.  Born  at  Bayreuth, 
Bavaria,  Dee.  27,  1799:  died  at  Rome,  Aug. 
8,  1883.  A  German  painter,  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  San  Luea  at  Rome. 

Riedesel  (re'de-zel),  Baron  Friedrich  Adolph 
von.  Born  at  Lauterbach,  Hesse,  June  3,  1738: 
died  at  Brunswick,  Jan.  6,  1800.  A  German  ma- 
jor-general, commander  of  the  Brunswick  con- 
tingent of  the  British  forces  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War.  He  served  .at  Ticonderoga  and  at  Huhbard- 
ton.  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Saratoga  Oct.  17, 1777.  He 
Was  exchanged  in  1779,  and  commanded  on  Long  Island 
1779-80.  His  wife  (1746-1808)  accompanied  him  in  his 
American  campaigns.  Her  "Letters"  (1800)  were  trans- 
lated by  W.  L.  Stone  (ls67) ;  and  his  "  Memoirs,  Letters, 
eta  ■  were  translated  by  Stone  (1868). 

Riego  y  Nunez  (re-a'go  §  non'yeth),  Rafael 
del.  Bom  at  0\-iedo,  Spain,  Oct.  24,  liSo: 
executed  at  Madrid,  Nov.  7,  1823.  A  Spanish 
general  and  patriot.  He  served  against  JIapoleon; 
was  leader  of  the  revolution  in  southern  Spain  Jan.  1, 
1820 ;  was  president  of  the  Cortes ;  and  was  taken  prisoner 
in  the  French  invasion  of  18*23,  and  put  to  death  as  a 
traitor.  

Eiehl  (rel),  Wilhelm  Heinrich.    Born  at  Bie- 

lirich  on  the  Rhine,  May  6,  1823:  died  Nov,  16, 
1897.  A  German  novelist  and  historical  writer. 
His  father  was  custodian  of  the  castle  at  Biebrich.  He 
studied  theology  at  Marburg,  Tiibingen,  and  Giessen, 
.and  subsequently  the  history  of  culture  at  Bonn.  For 
the  next  ten  years  he  was  engaged  in  journalistic  work  in 
turn  at  Frankfort,  Karlsruhe,  and  Wiesbaden.  In  1853 
he  was  raatle  professor  of  political  economy  at  the 
University  of  Munich,  and  in  1859  professor  of  the  his- 
tory of  culture.  He  was  ennobled  in  1880,  In  18s6  he 
was  made  director  of  the  Bavarian  National  Museum,  His 
literary  work  was  almost  wholly  in  the  directi<-'n  of  the 
history  of  culture.  From  ISol  to  1855  appeared  "Xa- 
turgescliiclile  des  Vulks  als  Grundlage  einer  deutschen 


85G 

Social-Politik"  ("Natural  History  of  the  PeopleastheFoun- 
dation  of  a  German  Social-Poblicai  .System,'  3 parts)  ;"Mu. 
sikalische  Chai-akterkopfe '  ("Musical  Character  Stud- 
ies,"' 1S52-7S,  3  vols.):  "Kulturgeschichtliche  Kovellen" 
(■'.Stories  in  the  History  of  Culture,  "1856);  "Die  Pfalzer' 
("The  People  of  the  Palatinate.  "1857);  "Klllturstudienaus 
drei  ,Iahrhunderten  '  ("Culture  Studies  from  Three  Centu- 
ries," 1S59) ;  "  Geschichten  aus  alter  Zeit "  ("  Stories  of  Old 
Times,"  lSlS-64,  2  vols,)  ;  "  Neues  Novellenbuch  "  ("New 
Story-Eook,"  1S67);  "Freie  Vortrage  "  ("  Impromptu  Lec- 
tures," 1^73-s."),  2  vols.):  three  volumes  of  "Novellen" 
("Stories")  from  1875,  1S80.  and  1888;  "Kulturgeschiclit- 
liclie  Charakterkopfe  "  ("  Character  Studies  in  the  History 
of  Culture, "  1891). 

Riel  ( re-el'),  Louis.  Bom  in  Manitoba,  Oct. 
23.  1844:  executed  at  Regina,  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, Nov.  16.  1885.  A  Canadian  half-breed, 
leader  of  the  Red  River  rebellion  of  1869-70 
(which  was  suppressed  by  Wolseley).  and  of 
the  rebellion  of  1885  (which  was  put  down  liv 
Middleton). 

Riemann  (re'man).  Georg  Friedrich  Bern- 
hard.  Born  at  Breselenz.  near  Dannenberg, 
Hannover,  Sept.  17,  1826:  died  at  Selasca, 
Lago  di  Maggiore,  July  20, 1866.  A  noted  Ger- 
man mathematician,  professor  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Gottingen  from  1857.  His  collected 
works  were  published  by  H.  Weber  (1876). 

Rienzi  (re-en'ze).  1.  A  tragedy  by  Miss  Mit- 
ford,  published  in  1828. —  2.  A  historical  novel 
by  Bulwcr  Lytton,  published  in  1835. — 3.  An 
opera  bv  Wagner,  first  produced  at  Dresden  in 
1842. 

Rienzi(re-en'ze),  or  Rienzo  (re-en'z6),  Coladi. 
Bom  at  Rome  about  1313:  killed  at  Rome,  Oct. 
8, 1354.  Au  Italian  patriot.  He  was  in  1343  employed 
on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  at  Avignon,  by  whom  he  was 
made  a  notary  of  the  apostolic  chamber.  In  1347  he  led  a 
revolution  at  Rome  which  overthrew  the  power  of  the 
aristocracy,  and  introduced  beneficial  reforms  in  the  gov- 
ernment. He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  municipality 
under  the  title  of  tribune  of  the  people,  and  received  the 
recognition  of  Clement  VI.  He  became  intoxicated  with 
success,  and  his  arrogant  and  arbitrary  conduct  alienated 
the  populace,  while  his  visionary  plans  for  the  restoration 
of  the  universal  dominion  of  the  city  brought  him  into 
conflict  with  the  papacy.  He  was  expelled  in  134S.  He  re- 
turned in  1354  atthe  instance  of  Innocent  VI,,  who  sought 
to  recover  control  of  the  city  throu.gh  his  instrumentality. 
His  conduct,  however,  provoked  a  riot  in  which  he  was 
killed. 

Ries  (res),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Bonn,  Prussia, 
Nov.  29,  1784 :  died  at  Frankfort.  Jan.  14, 1838. 
A  German  pianist  and  composer,  a  pupil  of 
Beethoven. 

Riesengebirge(re'zen-ge-ber''ge).  [G.,  'giants' 
mountains,']  Arange  of  the  Sudetie  Mountains, 
on  the  boimdary  of  Bohemia  and  Prussian  Sile- 
sia, They  are  the  highest  mountains  in  northern  Ger- 
many, and  are  noted  for  their  picturesque  scenery  and  in 
legend.  Length,  23  miles.  Highest  point,  the  Schneekopne 
(5,265  feet), 

Riesi  (re-a'se).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cal- 
tanissetta,  Sicilv,  54  miles  west  by  south  of 
Catania.     Population  (1881),  12,008. 

Rieti  (re-a'te).  A  cathedral  eityin  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Velino  42 
mUes  northeast  of  Rome:  the  ancient  Reate. 
It  was  an  ancient  Sabine  town.  Its  vicinity  was  long 
famous  for  its  fertility.    Population  (ISSl),  13,679, 

Rietschel  (ret'shel),  Ernst  Friedrich  August. 
Born  at  Pulsnitz,  Saxony,  Dec,  15,  1S04:  died 
at  Dresden,  Feb,  21,  1861,  A  noted  German 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  Goethe  and  Schiller 
(Weimar),  Lessing  (Brunswick),  Pieta  (Potsdam),  Luther 
(Worms),  etc. 

RietZ  (rets),  Julius.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Dec.  28, 
1812:  died  at  Dresden,  Sept.  12,  1877.  A  Ger- 
man composer,  conductor,  -violoncellist,  and 
musiqal  editor. 

Rif(ref),orRiff(rif).orErRif(erref).  Arange 
of  mountains  in  northern  Morocco,  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  Mediterranean  coast.  The  aggres- 
sions of  its  inhabitants,  the  Rifi&ans,  led  to  complications 
between  Spain  and  Morocco  in  1893, 

Riffelberg  (rif 'f  el-berc),  A  noted  height  south 
of  Zermatt  in  the  Alps  of  Valais,  Switzerland, 
Height,  at  the  Kiffel  Hotel  on  the  summit, 
8,430  feet. 

Riffis  (rif'iz),  or  Riffians  (rif'i-anz).  The  in- 
habitants of  the  Rif  mountains.     See  Si.f. 

Riga(re'ga).  [Russ.  7fiV/a,Eett,i?i7((?e,Esthonian 
if)V(-?f«,]  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  government  of 
Livonia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Diina,  near  its 
mouth,  in lat,  56° 57' N., long.  2408' E,  Itisoneot 
the  chief  cities  in  Russia  in  commerce  and  population ;  ex- 
ports flax,  hemp, linseed, timber, grain,  etc.;  andhasmanu- 
facturesof  machiner>',  woolens,  cigars,  etc.  Thecathedral 
(with  one  of  the  largest  organs  in  the  world)  and  the  castle 
are  notable,  Riga  was  settled  by  Bishop  Albert  of  Livonia 
in  1201 ;  was  ruled  by  the  bishops  and  by  the  Knijilits 
Sword-bearers  (who  coalesced  with  the  Teutonic  Order  in 
1237);  passed  to  Poland  in  1561;  was  taken  by  Gustavus 
.Adoiphus  in  1621  ;  and  was  flnalb  taken  and  annexed  by 
Russia  in  1710.     Population  (1897).  with  suburlis,  '282,943. 

Riga,  Gulf  of.    An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  north 


Rikva 

of  Courland  and  west  of  Livonia.  Length, 
about  115  miles. 

Rigas(re'gas),Konstantinos.  Bomabout  1753: 
executed  1798.     A  Greek  patriot  and  poet. 

Rigaud  (re-go').  A  character  in  Dickens's  "Lit- 
tle Dorrit,"  a  sinister-looking,  sharp,  murderous 
criminal,  formerly  a  convict  in  Marseilles: 
otherwise  Blandois,  otherwise  Lagnier.  His 
"  moustache  went  up  and  his  nose  went  down." 

Rigaud,  Hyacinthe.  Born  at  Perpignan, 
France,  July  20,  1659 :  died  Dec.  27,  1743.  A 
French  portrait-painter. 

Rigault  de  Genouilly  (re-go'  de  zhno-ve'), 
Charles.  Born  at  Rochefort.  France,  April  12, 
1807:  died  at  Paris.  May  14.  1873.  A  French 
admiral  and  politician,  "hc  sened  in  the  Crimean 
and  Chinese  wars,  and  was  minister  of  marine  under  Na- 
poleon III.  1867-70. 

Rigdon  (rig'don),  Sidney.     Born  in  St.  Clair 

township.  Alleghenv  Countv,  N,  Y.,  Feb,  19, 
1793:  died  at  Friendship,  N,"  Y„  July  14,  1876, 
An  American  Mormon.  He  was  associated  with  Jo- 
sepli  Smith  alwut  IS'29,  and  was  collaborator  with  him  in 
publishing  the  "Book  of  lloi-nion," 

Rigdumfunnidos  (rig'dum-fun'i-dos).  A  lord 
in  waiting  at  the  court  of  Chrononhotonthol- 
ogos,  in  Carey's  burlesque  of  that  name,  .Scott 
g,ive  this  name  to  John  Ballantyne,  his  printer,  as  being 
more  mercurial  than  his  brother.  See  Aldiborontepko»- 
cophornio. 

Rigel  (re'jel  or  ri'jel),  [Ar.  rijl-nl-jaii:(i.  the 
leg  of  the  giant,]  The  brilliant  white  double 
first-magnitude  star  /?  Orionis,  The  same  name 
(then,  however,  more  usually  spelled  Rigil)  is  also  some- 
times given  to  S  Centauri, 

Rigg  (rig).  James  Harrison.  Bom  at  Newcas- 
tle-on-'Tyne,  1821,  An  EnglishWesleyan  clergy- 
man and  religious  writer.  He  became  principalof 
the  Wesleyan  Training  College  in  1868,  .and  was  president 
of  the  Wesleyan  Conference  in  1878.  He  has  published 
"The  Churchnianship  of  John  Wesley  and  Wesleyan 
Jfethodism  "  (1868),  ".\  Comparative  View  of  Church  Or- 
ganizations" (18S7),  etc, 

Riggs  (rigz),  Elias.  Born  Nov.  10,  1810:  died 
Jan.  17,  1901.  Au  American  missionary.  He 
graduated  at  Andover  Theolo-jical  Seminary  in  1S32, 
and  was  a  missionary  at  C,»nstantinople  from"  1853.  He 
published  "  M,anual  of  the  Chaldee  Lanu'uage  "  (1832', 
etc, 

Riggs,  Stephen  Return.  Bom  at  Steuben-ville, 
Ohio.  March  23.  1812:  died  at  Beloit.Wis.,  Aug. 
24,  1883,  An  American  missionary  among  the 
Dakota  Indians,  He  published  various  works  on  the 
Dakotas  and  their  language,  including  "Grammar  and  Dic- 
tionarj'  of  the  Dakota  Language  "  (1852), 

Righi.     See  Hiffi. 

Right  (rit).  Captain.  A  fictitious  title  borne 
by  an  insurgent  leader  whom  the  peasants  of 
Ireland  in  the  18th  century  were  sworn  to  obey. 

Right,  Petition  of.    See  'Petition  of  Eight. 

Rightful  Heir,  The.  A  play  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
produced  in  1809, 

Rights,  Bill  of.  1,  See  Declaration  of  Sight.— 
2.  A  statement  or  declaration  of  personal  rights 
in  the  constitution  of  a  State  of  the  American 
Union,  incorporated  in  the  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States, 

Rights  of  Man,  The.  A  work  by  Thomas  Paine, 
published  in  1791 :  a  reply  to  Burke's  "  Reflec- 
tions on  the  Revolution  in  France." 

Rigi,  or  Righi  (re'gi).  A  mountain  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  of  Lucerne  and  Schwyz, 
Switzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne and  south  of  the  Lake  of  Zug,  8  miles  east 
of  Lucerne,  Isolated  in  position,  it  is  famous  for  its 
extensive  view  (300  miles  in  circumference).  It  is  a  noted 
tourist  resort,  reached  by  rack-and-pinion  railways  from 
Arth  and  Vitznau.  Highest  point,  the  Kigi-Kulin  (5,90& 
feet). 

Rigi,  Ba'Varian.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Peissenber^,  south  of  the  Ammersee. 

Rigi  of  Upper  Swabia.  A  name  given  to  the 
Griinten,  Bavaria,  on  account  of  its  extensive 
view. 

Rigolets  (re-go-la')  Pass.  A  strait  in  eastern 
Louisiana,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Pontchartrain 
into  Lake  Borgne  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Rigoletto(re-g6-let't6).  An  operaby Verdi. pro- 
duced at  Venice  in  1851. 

Rigveda.     See  Veda. 

Rigvidhana  (rg-vi-d-ha'na).  [Skt.,  lit,  'ar- 
rangement' or  'disposition  of  the  Rik,'  or  Rig- 
veda.] A  Sanski-it  work  treating  of  the  magic 
eflicacyoftherecitationof  the  hymns  of  the  Rig- 
veda. or  of  single  verses.  It  belongs  to  the  period  of 
the  Pnranas.  It  has  been  edited  by  R.  Meyer.  Berlin, 
1877. 

Riis  (res),  Jacob.  Bom  at  Ribe,  Denmark,  May 
3, 1849,  ADanish-Americanreporterandwriter 
on  social  topics.  He  has  written  "How  the  Other 
Half  Lives"  (1890),  "Children  of  the  Poor"  (1892).  etc 

Rikwa.     See  ireitf:pekan^ 


Riley,  Charles  Valentine 
Eiley  (ri'li),  Charles  Valentine.  Born  at  Lon- 

doii,  Sept  18,  1843:  died  Sept.  14,  18<)r..  An 
Anglo-American  entomologist.  He  was  .state 
entomologist  of  Missouri  1868^7,  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed chief  of  the  I'liitod  states  commission  to  investiRate 
the  Rocliy  Mountain  locust.  From  1881  to  ISM  he  wiis 
bead  of  the  entomnlosiiud  division  of  the  department 
of  agricnlture  at  \Vai:hington.  He  made  important  re- 
searches on  the  phylloxera,  tlie  potato-beetle,  cotlon-wonn, 
etc. 
Blley.  Jamee  Whitcomb.  Bom  at  Greenfield, 
Ind.,  1854.  An  Ameiiean  poet  and  dialect 
Tyriter.  He  wa-i  tor  a  time  encased  in  juunialisni.  He 
first  puldisliod  iiiidcr  the  psendtmyin  "Henj.  K.  Johnson 
of  lioune.'  Aniout'  his  works  are  •'Tiie  Old  Swimmin' 
Hole,  etc.'  (lSM:i),  "  Afterwhilea"  (18S7).  "C'iiaractcr 
Sketches,  etc."  (1887),  "Old-Fasliioned  Koses,  etc."  (1888), 
"Pipes  o  Pan,  cte."{lS8iM,  "Green  Fields  and  Running 
Brooks"  (1893),  ••  Poems  Here  at  Home"  (1893),  etc. 

Bilo-Dagh  (re-lo-dag')-  A.  mountain  group  in 
southwestern  Bulgaria,  about  40  miles  south 
of  Sofia,  connecting  the  Rhodope  and  Balkan 
monntaiiis.     Iloight,  about  8,77.t  feet. 

Rima-Szombat  (rira'o-som 'hot),  <t.  Qross- 
Steffelsdorf  (gros'atef'fels-dorf ).  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  Gomor,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Rima  78  miles  northeast  of  Budapest.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,502. 

Bime  of  Sir  Thopas.  One  of  Cliaucer's  "  Can- 
terbury Tales,"  a  burlesque  on  the  metrical 
romances  of  the  day. 

Bime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner.  See  Ancient 
Mariner, 

Bimini  (re'me-ne).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Forli,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in  lat. 
44°4'N.,long.  12°34'E.:  the  ancient  Ariminuiii. 
It  has  silk  manufactures,  and  there  is  sea-bathinp  in  the 
neighborhood.  The  cathedral  was  built  in  the  nth  and 
renovated  in  the  15th  century.  There  are  notable  Roman 
antiquities,  including  an  amphitheater  and  a' triumphal 
arch.  The  bridge  of  Augustus,  across  the  Marecchja.  is 
one  of  the  most  perfect  of  ancient  bridges.  It  is  built  of 
marble  in  five  arches,  with  a  square  pedimented  niche  in 
every  pier.  It  is  236  feet  long  and  14.7  wide,  and  the  span 
of  the  central  arch  is  M  feet.  The  place  was  a  town  of  the 
Umbrians,  laterof  the  Etruscans,  and  then  of  the  Seiiones ; 
was  made  a  Roman  colony  about  2(58  B.  c;  was  the  termi- 
nus of  the  Flaminian  and  -Emilian  ways :  and  was  the 
starting-point  of  Julius  Ca?sar  in  the  civil  war  49  B.  C  It 
was  an  important  imperial  city  ;  was  later  subjected  to  the 
exarchate,  and  one  of  the  cities  forming  the  Pentapolis; 
and  came  under  the  rule  of  the  -Mala testa  f.araily  in  the  hrst 
part  of  the  13th  century.  Its  most  noted  ruler  was  Sigis- 
mondo  Malatesta  (l.">th  century).  It  passed  detlTiitely  to 
the  Papal  states  in  1528.  and  was  annexed  to  Italy  in  18C0. 
Population  (1881),  ]ii,8.i8 ;  commune,  37,1)78. 

Bimini,  Francesca  da.  See  Francesco  da  Ri- 
miiii. 

Bimini,  Story  of.  A  poem  by  Leigh  Hunt,  pub- 
lished in  l.SK). 

Bimmer  (rim'er),  William.  Bom  at  Liverpool, 
England,  Feb.  20,  181G:  died  at  South  Milford, 
Mass.,  Aug.  20,  1879.  An  American  sculptor, 
painter,  and  art  anatomist.  His  father,  a  French 
refugee,  whose  name,  Thomas  P.immcr,  was  assumed,  set- 
tled in  Boston  as  a  shoemaker  in  !S20.  Before  184.'i  Rim- 
noer  commenced  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  1S55  began  to 
practise  it  alEastMilton.SIass.achiisitts,  painting  portraits 
and  religious  pictures  as  occasjun  nllrf  d.  He  carved  the 
"Head  of  St  Stephen  "in  18(11,  ami  mc.dcled  the  "Falling 
Oladiator"  In  18(i4  he  executed  a  statue  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  and  immediately  afterward  the  "Osiri-s,"  his 
favorite  work.  The  "  Dying  Centaur"  was  made  about 
1871,  and  the  "Fighting  Lions  "  (presented  to  the  Boston 
Art  flub) at  the  same  time.  Hepublidied"Art  AnaUmiy" 
In  1877.  From  187n  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  sculp- 
ture at  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston. 

Bimmon.     See  Jtammnn. 

Bimnik  (rem'nek).  A  small  river  in  Rumania 
which  joins  the  Soroth  28  miles  west-northwest 
of  Galiitz.  Near  it,  in  1789,  the  Russians  under 
SuvnrolT  defeated  the  Turks. 

Bimouski  (re-mds-ke').  A  watering-place, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Riinouski.  Quebec,  Can- 
ada, situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  45  miles  north- 
east of  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay. 

BinaldoCri-nal'do).  [F.Itenaiid.']  1.  A  famous 
characterin  medieval  romance.  Hewasoneof  the 
four  sons  of  Aynmn,  the  cousin  of  Orlando,  and  oue  of  the 
bravest  of  the  knightj*  of  Cbarlemagne.  In  the  French  ro- 
mances  he  Is  kn<(wii  as  Renaud.  or  Risu'nault,  or  Kenaud 
de  Montauhan.  The  last  is  th<^  title  of  a  clianscm  degeste 
attributed  to  Ilnon  de  Villeneuve,  devoted  to  an  account 
of  his  adventures.  It  was  to  Renauil  or  Rinalilo  that  the 
famous  horse  Bayard  was  given.  Sec  ijitnlrf  Fih  Aitutfnu 
2.  A  steward  in  Shakspero's  "All  's  Well  that 
Ends  Well." 

Binaldo  and  Armida,  A  tragedy  (from  Tasso's 
"  Gerusalemme  Liberata")  by  John  Dennis, 
produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  in  1699. 

Binaldo  Rinaldini  (re-nill'do  re-niil-do'no).  A 
romance  liy  Vulpius,  published  in  1797. 

Bhld  (rind).  In  Norse  mythology,  one  of  the 
wives  of  Odin,  personifying  the  cruat  of  the 
earth. 

Binehart  (rin'hart), William  Henry.   Born  in 


857 

Maryland,  Sept.  13, 1825 :  died  at  Borne,  Oct.  28,- 
1874'.  .\n  American  sctilptor,  resident  at  Koine 
after  185h.  He  completed  Crawford's  bronze  doors  (at 
Washington).  Araong  his  other  works  are  'Clytie  "(in 
Baltimore).  'Uive  Reconciled  with  Death  "  (Baltimore), 
"  Woman  of  .S;uuaiia,"  "Latona  and  her  Children,"  etc- 

Ring  and  the  Book,  The.  A  poem  by  Robert 
Browning,  pulilishcd  in  1869. 

Ring  des  Nibelungen  (ring des  ne.'be-15ng-en), 
Der.  LG.,  •The  King  of  the  Nibeluug.']  -V 
sequence  of  four  musical  dramas  by  Wagner, 
first  plaved  together  at  BajTCutli  in  1870.  It  com- 
prises "  lias  Rheingold  "  (the  lirst  part  was  llr-t  performed 
18«9),  "DieWalkiire"  (1870),  "Siegfried  "(1870).  and  "Got- 
terdammerung"(lS7G).  It  has  very  little  in  common  with 
the  •'  N  ilielungeidied,   being  based  on  the  Icelandic  sagas. 

Ringkjobing  (ring'ehe'bing)  Fjord.  -A.  lagoon 
on  the  western  coast  of  Jutland,  Denmark,  com- 
municating with  the  North  Sea.  Length,  about 
20  miles. 

Rink  (ringk),  Henry  John.  Born  at  Copenhagen 
in  1819:died  at  Clinstiauia,  Norway,  Dec,  1894. 
A  Danisli  naturalist  and  explorer.  He  went  round 
the  world  in  the  Galatea  in  1845,  and  in  1848  made  the  first 
of  thirty-eight  exploring  expeditions  to  Greenland.  He 
became  inspector  in  south  tJreetdand.  and  returned  to 
Denmark  as  director  of  the  tJreenland  trade  in  1871.  He 
wrote  numerous  works  about  (Jreeidand. 

Rink  (ringk),  Johann  Christian  Heinrich. 
Born  at  Elgersburg,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Fob. 
18,  1770:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Aug.  7,  1846.  A 
noted  German  composer  for  the  organ. 

Rinteln  (rin'teln).  A  town  in  the  prorince  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser 
30  miles  west-southwest  of  Hannover.  Popu- 
lation (1890).  4,045. 

Rio.     A  common  abbreviation  of  Jlio  de  Janeiro. 

Riobamba  (re-o-bam'bU).  A  town  in  Ecuador, 
95  miles  south  of  Quito.  It  was  removed  from  its 
fonncrsite  at  Cajal^mba  after  its  destruction  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1797.     Population,  about  li;,(X)3. 

Rio  BranCO.     See  Ih-onco. 

Rio  Branco,  Viscount  of.  See  Silva  Paranhos, 
./(>.«/  Maria  da. 

Rio  Bravo  delNorte.    See  Bin  Grandrdel  Xnrtr. 

Rio  Cuarto,  or  Concepcion  del  Rio  Cuarto 

(koM-tUep-tlie-ijii'ilel  re'o  ko-iir'to).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  C6rdoba,  Argentine  Republic, 
on  the  Rio  ('uarto  112  miles  south  of  C6rdoba. 
Population  (1889),  12,000. 

Rio  de  Janeiro  (re'6  do  zhii-na'ro),  often  called 
Rio.  [Pg-i '  river  of  January,'  a  name  applied  to 
the  bay,  in  allusion  to  the  date  of  its  discovery.] 
The  capital,  largest  city,  and  most  important 
port  and  commercial  center  of  Brazil,  situated 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Bav  of  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro, in  lat.  22°r>4'  S.,  long.  43°  8'  AV.  with  its 
beautiful  suburbs  it  nearly  surrounds  a  group  of  nnmn- 
tains.  The  city  contains  innnerous  public  institutions, 
including  libraries,  a  nuiseum,  observatory,  navy-yard, 
large  hospitals,  etc.  The  leading  export  is  coffee,  nearly 
hulf  the  amount  consumed  in  the  wt)rld  coming  from  this 
port.  The  cxpoi-ts  are  mainly  to  the  United  States,  the 
imports  from  Europe.  Epidemics  of  yellow  fever  com- 
mordy  f)ccur  in  the  sinnmer  nuinths  (Oct.-llay).  The  city 
is  included  in  the  "Mnnicipio  Neutro"  ('iiulependcnt 
township'},  which  contains  521  square  ndles,  and  is  under 
the  direct  control  of  the  federal  goveriunerd.  The  Bay  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro  was  discovered  and  nameil  Jan.  1,  151t5. 
In  1555  Villegaignon  estai)lished  a  colotiy  of  F'rench  Prot- 
estants on  the  island  which  still  beais  his  name;  they 
were  driven  out  in  l.^»(17  by  the  Portuguese,  who  then 
founded  the  city  of  Silo  Sebastlao,  or  Kio  de  Janeiro.  In 
1702  it  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Brazil,  to 
which  Maranhilo  (northern  Brazil)  was  attached  in  1774. 
It  wius  the  residence  of  the  Portuguese  court  18(18-21,  anil 
became  the  capital  ot  the  empire  of  Brazil  in  1822.  I'n- 
til  181*4  it  was  also  the  capital  of  the  jjrovince  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  The  revolution  of  1889oecurred  here,  and  in  181»3 
the  city  was  bombarded  during  the  naval  rebellion.  Popu- 
lation of  the  city  proper,  abmit  600,000  (there  are  no 
census  figures).  Pupulation  of  the  -Municipio  Neutro 
(c-tiniated,  18;i2),  622,(l.'.l. 

Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  maritime  state  of  Brazil, 
lying  south  ot  .Minns  Geraes.  Capital,  I'elropo- 
lis.  Area,  26,6:i4  square  miles.  Lstimated  pop- 
ulation (1893),  excluding  the  Municipio  Neutro 
wliich  it  surrounds,  1,349,901. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bay  of.    A  bay  on  the  coast  of 

lira/il,  the  pfirt  ol'  Rio  di^  Janeiro.  It  Is  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  Is  noted  for  its  beauty. 
Ix*rigth,  about  17  ndles. 

Rio  de  la  Plata  (re'o  da  lii  plii'tii),  orLa  Plata, 

or  Plate  (pliil).  [Sp., 'river  ot  sih.i-.'J  An 
estuary  bet  ween  Uruguay  and  the  Argent  iiieRe- 
public.  It  Is  formed  by  the  union  of  thcllrnguayarnlthe 
combined  Paramiand  Paraguay,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
about  lat  .')5'  8.  Till'  cities  Buenos  Ayrcs  and  iMonteviilco 
stand  on  it.  Length,  about  15i)  ndles.  The  mono  is  also 
given  to  the  river  system  finding  Its  outlet  In  this  estuary. 
Compare  J'arntui  and  I'araffuaif, 
Rio  de  la  Plata.  A  colonial  division  of  Span- 
ish South  America,  at  first  called  n  territory 
(goberiiacioM),  uiid  Inter  a  ])roviiiee.  It  was  sci>- 
arated  from  I'aniguay  In  1020.  Buenos  Ayres  being  nnidu 
the  capital  and  the  seat  of  a  bishop.  It  was  the  basis  of  the 


Rio  Negro,  Captaincy  of 

raodernArgentlneRepnldic.but  embraced  only  the  modern 
provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  Entre  Rios,  with  fruguay ; 
the  northeastern  portion  of  the  present  republic  was  at- 
tached to  Paraguay,  the  western  part  to  Chile;  Patagonia 
was  unexplored,  and  (Mrdoba  ami  Santa  F^  (later  the  prov- 
ince of  Tucuman)  were  a  part  of  Charciis.  The  governor 
of  Rio  de  la  Plata  was  subject  to  the  viceroy  of  Peru.  In 
1(301  an  audience  or  high  court  was  establisneil  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  thereafter  the  govenutr  was  president  of  the 
audience  with  the  title  of  captain  general.  Thisarrange- 
mentcontiimed  until  the  province  was  merged  in  the  vice- 
royalty  of  La  Plata  in  177ti. 

RioGrandede'ogi'iin'da).  [Sp.  and Pg., 'great 
river.']  A  name  designating  various  rivers  in 
regions  discovered  by  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese, (a)  A  river  in  Senegambia  which  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  about  lat.  11*45'  N.  Estimated  length,  alnrnt  300 
miles.  (fj)Oneof  the  chief  head  streams  of  the  river  Parang 
in  Brazil.  It  forms  part  of  tie-  l)oundary  betwe<Mi  the  states 
of  Minas  denies  and  S.lo  Paulo,  and  unites  with  the  Para- 
nahyba  about  lat.  10'  S.  Length,  over  r-oti  nnlcs-  Also 
called  the  I'ard.  (r)  The  name  given  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  Araguaya-  (rf)  One  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Maroor£, 
in  Bolivia.  Also  called  the  Ouapey.  (e)  The  Kio  Grande 
del  Norte. 

Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (del  nor'ta),  or  Rio 
Bravo  del  Norte  (re'6  brU'vo^lel  nor'ta),  or 
Rio  Grande  (often  pronounced  in  the  United 
States  re'6  grand').  [Sp.,'gi'eat  river  (or  fine 
river)  of  the  north.']  A  river  in  North  America. 
It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  southwestern  Colorado, 
traverses  New  Mexico  from  north  to  south,  fomis  the  boun- 
dary between  Mexico  and  Texas,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  below  Matamoros.  The  chief  tributary  is  the 
Pecos.  Length,  estimated,  about  1,800  miles ;  navigable 
(for  small  boats  only)  to  Kingsbury  Rapids  (about  450 
nules). 

Rio  Grande  de  Santiago  (<la  san-te-U'go).  A 
river  in  Mexico,  principallv  in  Jalisco,  which 
flows  into  the  Pacific  about  lat.  21°  40'  N.  It 
is  called  in  its  upper  course  the  Rio  de  Lerma. 
Ijength,  about  500  miles. 

Rio  Grande  do  Belmonte.  See  Jcquitinhonha. 
Rio  Grande  do  Norte  (dij  nor'te).   [Pg., 'great 

river  ot"  the  north.']  A  maritime  state  of  Bra- 
zil, Ijing  north  of  Parahyba.  Capital.  Natal. 
Area,  22,195  square  miles.     Population  (1894), 

347.818. 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul  (dp  sol).  [Pg.,  'great  river 
of  the  south.']  The  outlet  of  the  Lagoa  dos  Pa- 
tos,  Brazil,  near  lat.  32°  8'  S.  Length,  about 
.50  miles. 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  formerly  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio 

Grande  do  Sul,  which  wasoften  ablneviated  to 
Sao  Pedro.  1.  The  southernmost  state  of  Bra- 
zil. It  l>orderson  the  Atlantic,  I'rugu.ay,  and  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  and  contains  various  successful  Genuan 
and  Italian  colonies.  Area,  91,S35  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1894),  774,406. 

2.  A  seaport  in  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
situated  on  the  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  in  hit.  32° 
S.,  long.  52°  8'  W.  It  Is  the  chief  port  in  the  sUte, 
and  exports  hides,  dried  meat,  tallow,  etc.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

Rioja  (re  6'nii),  La.  1.  A  province  in  the 
iiorthwesteni  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
bordering  for  a  short  distance  on  Chile.  Area, 
20,500  scpiare  miles.  Population  (1895),  70,010. 
—  2.  The  eajiitnl  of  the  jirovince  of  Riojn,  near 
Int.  29°  III'  S.,  long.  07°  10'  W.  Population. 
about  10,000. 

Rioja,  La.  A  fertile  plain  in  the  prorince  of 
LogroGo,  Spain,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Ebro. 

Riom  (ryoii').  Atown  in  the  department  of  Puy- 
(le-D6me,  Prance,  situated  on  thij  Amb^ne  9 
miles  north  of  Clermont-Ferrniui.  It  has  consid- 
erable trade;  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Auvergne;  and 
contains  several  old  chnrclu'S.     Population  (Islll),  11, ISO. 

Rion  (rt''-6n'),  or  Rioni  (re-6'ne).  A  river  in 
'I'ranscaucasia,  Russia,  which  Hows  into  the 
Black  Sea  39  miles  north  of  Batum:  the  ancient 
Phasis.  Legend  connects.it  with  the  ex])edition  of  tho 
Argonauts,  anil  itwason  thelineof  tndllc  between  Kuro|)fl 
atul  -Vsia  from  \erye:irly  times      Length,  about  IM)  miles. 

Rio  Negro  (re'6  mt'gro)  [Pg.,  '  black  river.'] 
A  river  in  South  America.  It  rises  In  Colombia 
(region  also  claimed  by  Venezuela);  flows  tbnmgh  noi  them 
Brazil :  and  joins  the  Anmzon  about  75  miliK  we^l  of  the 
month  of  the  Madeira  (lat.  ,S'  1)'  S.,  long  r.O"  58  W.).  In 
its  upper  course  it  is  called  IheGunynia.  it  cnnnnndcate* 
by  the  Casslquinre  with  the  ( Irlnoco.  The  chief  tributaries 
are  the  t'api^s  and  llnineo.  Length,  about  l.SfHI  miles; 
navigable  for  (klO  ndles,  and,  after  passing  20  ndles  of 
rapids  for  a  long  ilistance  beyond. 

RiO,NegrO.  A  river  of  the  .Argentine  Reimblic, 
rising'  \\\  llie  Amies  ami  llowiiig  east-southeast 
to  the  Allniitic,  which  it  reni'hes  near  Int.  41°  S. 
Most  of  its  course  lies  within  the  territory  of  Rio  Negro. 
Length,  about  KM  ndles ;  the  greater  part  Is  said  to  be  naT- 
Igable. 

Rio  Negro,  or  S5o  Jos6  do  Rio  Negro  (soun 
zlio-zn'  ili.i  re'o  nu'grl.i).  Captaincy  of.  A  colo- 
nial division  of  lira/.il,  cri'aled  in  1759,  and  cor- 
resiioiiding  nearly  to  tin-  present  state  of 
Amazoiias.     It  was  called  at  flnt  81a  Jott  do  Jarary. 


Eio  Negro,  Captaincy  of 

It  was  united  to  the  prortnce  of  Pari  in  1822,  and  again 
separated  as  the  province  of  Amazonas  in  1S62  (by  decree 
of  1850). 

Eios  (I'e'os),  Jose  Amador  de  los.  Born  at 
Baena,  Spain.  May  1.  ISIS:  died  at  Seville.  Feb. 
17, 1878.  A  Spanish  historian,  professor  of  lit- 
erature at  the  University  of  Madrid.  He  wrote 
"Historia  critica  de  la  litcratura  espauola" 
(1861-67),  etc. 

Rio  Seco  (re'o  sa'ko)  [Sp.,  'dry  river'],  or 
Medina  del  Rio  Seco.    See  Medina  de  Eio 

t>t  t'O. 

RioTintOi  ten'to).  [Sp.,' colored  (orred)river.'] 
A  mining  town  in  the  province  of  Huelva.  Spain, 
[  46  miles  northwest  of  Seville.  Population 
(1887^.10.671. 

RiOUW.     See  Ehio. 

Rio  Vermejo.    See  Vcrmejo. 

Ripley  (rip'li).  A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land. 10  miles  north  by  east  of  Derby.  Popu- 
lation (1891).  6.Sln. 

Ripley,  Eleazar  Wheelock.    Born  at  Hanover. 

N.  H.,  April  l.^i.  17m':  died  in  Loiusiana,  March 
2,  1S39.  An  American  general  and  politician. 
He  served  in  the  War  of  1S12.  and  at  the  battles  of  Chip- 
pewa, Niagara,  and  Fort  Erie  in  ISU.  He  was  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1S35-39. 
Ripley,  George.  Born  at  Greenfield,  Mass., 
Oct.  3.  1802:  died  at  New  York,  July  4.  1880. 
An  American  critic  and  scholar.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1823,  and  was  settled  as  a  ITnitai-ian  clergyman 
in  Boston.  He  was  one  of  theleaders  of  the  Transcenden- 
talists,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Dial."  and  one  of  the 
chief  promoters  of  the  Brook  Farm  experiment.  In  1849 
he  became  literarj-  critic  for  the  New  York  "Tribune'  ; 
and  was  joint  editor  with  C.  X.  Dana  of  the  "New  Ameri- 
can Cyclopaedia  "  1357-63,  and  of  the  revised  edition  1873- 
1S76. 

Ripley,  Mount,  A  peak  in  the  Coast  Range, 
California,  about  lat.  39°  N.  Height,  about 
7,500  feet. 

Ripon  (rip'on).  A  city  in  the  West  Biding  of 
Yorkshire.  England,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Skell  with  the  Ure,  22  miles  northwest  of 
York.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
woolens  and  spurs.  The  cathedral  was  built  between  the 
12th  and  the  15th  century.  The  interior  forms  a  pictur- 
esque mass,  with  its  low  square  tower  at  the  crossing,  and 
the  2  towers  Hanking  the  west  front.  The  fapade  has  3 
recessed  canopied  doors,  which  are  surmounted  by  2  tiers 
of  5  lancets,  and  3  small  lancets  adorn  the  upper  part  of  the 
gable.  Tlie  interior  is  very  plain.  The  nave  is  for  the 
most  part  Perpendicular.  The  choir  is  walled  in  by  a 
sculptured  Pei-pendicular  screen.  The  large  Decorated 
east  window  is  handsome,  as  are  the  15th-centurj'  stalls. 
The  crypt,  dating  from  the  7th  century,  is  one  of  the  only 
two  Saxon  ci-ypts  surviving  in  England.  The  cathedral 
measures  270  by  87  feet.    Population  (1S91),  7,512. 

Ripon,  Earls  and  Marquis  of.    See  Eobiiison. 

Ripon,  Treaty  of.  A  truce  concluded  at  Ripon 
Tiy  (/harles  I.  with  the  Scots  in  Oct.,  1640. 

Rippach  irip'pach).  Hans  von.  A  Gennan 
slang  designation,  denoting  a  coarse,  awkward, 
boorish  fellow:  an  equivalent  for  the  Scotch 
Satniey  as  it  is  used  in  some  localities.  Taylor, 
Notes  to  Faust. 

Rippoldsau  (rip'p61d-son).  A  village  and  wa- 
tering-place in  the  Black  Forest,  Baden,  27miles 
east-southeast  of  Strasburg. 

Ripuarian  Franks.    See  Franks:. 

Rip  Van  Winkle  (rip  van  wing'kl).  The  hero  of 
oneofthe  principal  stories  in  the  "  Sketch-Book" 
by  Washington  Ir\ing.  published  in  1819.  The 
scene  is  laid  ui  the  Catskills,  and  the  point  of  the  story  lies 
in  the  awakemng  of  Rip  Van  Winkle,  an  easy,  good-natured 
ne'er-do-well,  from  a  sleep  of  20  years  to  find  himself  a  tot- 
tering old  man,  his  wife  dead,  his  village  changed,  and  his 
country  a  republic.  It  has  furnished  the  material  for  8 
or  10  plays.  Boucicaalt  rewrote  the  existing  one,  and  it 
was  first  produced  in  his  version  at  the  London  Adelphi  in 
1865.  .Toseph  .Jefferson  has  altered  the  play,  and  has  made 
the  part  of  P.ip  Van  Winkle  peculiarly  his  own. 

Rig.uet  with  the  Tuft."  [F.  Riquet  ft  la  houppe.1 
A  fairy  tale  by  Pen-ault,  translated  into  Eng- 
lish in  the  I8th  century.  He  took  the  story  from 
Straparola.  Madame  Le  Prince  de  Beaiunont  expanded 
the  gtory  into  "Beauty  and  the  Beast" 

Rishanger,  William.  An  English  chronicler 
who  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the  14th 
century.  He  was  a  monk  of  St.  Albans,  and  compiled 
a  chronicle  covering  the  period  from  12.'i9-1307,  which  is 
commonly  looked  upon  as  a  continuation  of  Matthew 
Paris. 

Rishi  (ri'shi;  Skt.  pron.  r'shi).  In  the  Veda, 
'singer  of  sacred  songs,'  'poet.'  These  ancient 
singers  appear  to  later  generations  as  the  saints  of  pri- 
•ueval  times.  "The  seven  (that  is,  manyl  Rishis"  are  the 
representatives  of  those  times.  The  expression  is  also  used 
of  the  seven  stars  of  the  Great  Bear. 

Risk  (risk).  .\  character  in  the  musical  farce 
■•  Love  Laughs  at  Locksmiths,"  by  the  younger 
Colman.  Risk  was  a  favorite  character  with 
Charles  Mathews. 

Rist  (rist),  Johann.  Born  at  Ottensen.  Hol- 
stein,  March  8, 1607:  died  at  Wedel,  Holstein, 


858 

Aug.  31, 1667.  A  German  poet  and  author,  es- 
peciallv  noted  for  his  hymns.  , 

Ristori"ires-t6're),  Adelaide.  Bom  atCividale, 
Frinli.  Jan.  29.  1822.  -\  noted  Italian  tragic  ac- 
tress. She  appeared  in  Pari.i  in  ls.'i5,  and  was  regarded 
as  posing  as  the  rival  of  Rachel,  who  w.as  then  in  the  height 
of  her  success.  Notwithstanding  nmch  heated  criticism, 
she  became  more  and  more  successful,  and  her  reception 
in  other  countries,  especially  in  the  I  nited  States,  was  en- 
thusiastic. Sh'e  retired  from  the  English  stage  in  1873.  but 
has  since  appeared  occasionally.  Among  her  leading  parts 
are  Francesca  da  Rimini,  Maria  Stuart,  Pia  dei  Tolomei, 
Myrrha,  Phaedra.  Lady  ilacbeth(whichsheplayed  in  Amer- 
ica with  Edwin  Bootli).  Judith,  etc. 

Ritchie  (rieh'i).  Mrs.  (Anna  Cora  Ogden:  also 
Mrs.  Mowatt).  Born  at  Bordeaux,  Prance, 
about  1819:  died  at  Henley-on-Thames,  Eng- 
land, July  28. 1870.  An  American  actress,  nov- 
elist, dramatist:  and  poet.  She  married  J.imes  Mo- 
watt  in  18:34.  and  owing  to  loss  of  property  went  on  the 
stage  at  New  York  in  1845.  She  left  the  stage  before  her 
marriage  to  W.  F.  Ritchie.  She  published  her  autobiog- 
raphy in  1S54.  Among  her  plays  are  "Gulzara"  (1840), 
"  Fashion"  (1845),    'Armand  "  (1847). 

Ritchie,    Mrs.    Richmond   (Anne    Isabella 

Thackeray).  Born  at  London,  1S3S.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  the  daughter  of  William  Make- 
peace Thackerav.  she  has  published  "The  Ston"  of 
Elizabeth"  (186.31,  "'The  ViUage  on  the  ClitT"  (1S63>,  "Old 
Kensington"(lS73),  "Miss  Angel  "(1875), "A  Book  of  Sibvls" 
(188S).  etc. 

Rito  Alto  (re'to  al'to).  Mount.  A  peak  of  the 
Sangi-e  de  Cristo  range,  Colorado.  Height, 
about  13,000  feet. 

Ritschl  (ritsh'l),  Albrecht.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
March  25,  1822 :  died  March  20,  1889.  A  Ger- 
man Protestant  theologian,  professor  at  Got- 
tingen  from  1864.  He  wrote  "Die  cliristliche  Lehre 
von  derEechtfertigungund  derVersohnung'  ("The chris- 
tian Doctrine  of  .lustitication  and  Expiation,"  1870-74),  etc. 

Ritschl,  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Gross- 
vargida.  Thuringia,  April  6,  1806:  died  at  Leip- 
sie,  Nov.  9,  1876.  .\  noted  German  classical 
philologist.  He  became  professor  at  Breslau  in  1834, 
at  Bonn  in  1839,  and  at  Leipsic  in  1865.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  works  on  Plautus  (including  an  edition  1S4S-64). 
He  edited  "Priscie  latinitatis  monumenta  epigraphica" 
(1862 :  facsimiles  of  Latin  inscriptions).  His  lesser  philo- 
logical writings  were  published  1867-79. 

Ritson(rit'son),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Stockton. Eng- 
land, Oct.  2;'17.53:  died  1803.  An  English  anti- 
quarv.  Among  his  works, are  "Ancient  Songs"  (1790), 
"  Scottish  Songs  "  (1 794), "  Robin  Hood  '  (1795 :  a  collection 
of  ballads). 

Rittenhouse  (rit'n-hous).  David.  Born  near 
Philadelphia.  April  8,  1732:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  26, 1796.  An  American  astronomer. 
He  worked  on  his  father's  farm  until  about  the  age  of  19, 
when  he  established  himself  as  a  clock-maker  at  Norriton. 
He  also  made  mathematical  instruments,  and  in  1770  com- 
pleted an  orrerj'  on  an  improved  model  devised  by  himself. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Americm  Philosophical 
Society  in  1768,  and  in  1769  made  an  observation  of  the 
transit  of  Venus.  He  was  treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  1777- 
17S9;  was  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1770-S2 :  and  was  director  of  the  Fnited 
States  mint  at  Philadelphia  1792-9.'..  He  was  elected  an 
honorary  fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society  of  London  in  179.% 
and  was  president  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
from  1790  until  his  death, 

Ritter(rit'ter), Frederic  Louis.  Bom  atStras- 
burg.  1834:  died  at  Antweiii,  July  6, 1891.  An 
American  composer,  conductor,  and  musical 
writer.  His  family  were  Spanish :  their  name  was  Cabal- 
lero,  which  he  translated.  He  came  to  America  in  1856  and 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  organized  the  Cecilia  and 
Philharmonic  societies.  In  1861  he  became  conductor  of 
the  Arion  and  Sacred  Harmonic  societies.  New  York,  and 
was  director  of  music  at  Vassar  College  1867-91.  He  pub- 
lished ".\  History  of  Music  "(1870-74),"  Music  in  England" 
(1883),"Musicin  America  "(1S83),"  Manual  of  Musical  His- 
tory, etc."  (1886),  etc.  His  vriie.  Fanny  Raymond  Ritter. 
has  written  "Woman  as  a  Musician  "(187T),"Some  Famous 
Songs"  (1878),  "Songs  and  Ballads " (1887),  and  has  trans- 
lated Lobe's  "Catechism  of  Music,"  Ehlert's  "Letters  on 
Music,"  Schumann's  "  Music  and  Musicians,"  etc. 

Ritter,  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Zerbst,  Germany, 
Nov.  21.  1791:  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  3,  1869. 
A  German  philosopher,  professor  at  Gottingen 
from  1837.  His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte  dor 
Philosophie  "  ("History  of  Philosophy,"  1829- 
1855). 

Ritter,  Karl.  Born  at  Quedlinburg,  Pmssia, 
Aug.  7.  1779:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  28,  1859.  A 
celebrated  German  geographer,  professor  at 
Berlin  from  1820.  His  chief  work  is  "  Die  Erdkunde 
im  Verhaltniss  zur  Natur  und  Geschichte  des  Menschen" 
("Geography  in  Relation  to  Nature  and  to  the  Historj-  of 
Man,"  1817-18  :  incomplete  :  revised  ed.  treating  of  Africa 
and  Asia).  Among  his  other  works  arc  "Europa"  (1804-07), 
lectures  on  universal  and  European  gengrai)hy,  etc, 

Rittershaus  (rit'ters-hons),  Friedrich  Emil. 
Born  at  Barmen,  Prnssia.  April  3.  1834 :  died 
there.  March  8,  1897.     A  (German  lyric  poet. 

Ritusanhara  (r-to-san-ha'ra).  ['  The  Collection 
or  Circle  of  the  Seasons.']'  A  Sanskrit  poem 
by  Kalidasa  on  the  six  Indian  seasons :  the  hot 
season,  the  rains,  autumn,  the  cold  season,  the 


Rivera,  Jose  Fruotuoso 

dewy  season,  the  spring.  "Kalidaja's  fine  feeling 
for  nature  and  its  beauty,  his  rich  gift  of  obser^'ation,  which 
even  the  little  and  the  least  do  not  escape,  his  synmietri. 
cally  beautiful,  now  dejicate,  now  strong,  even  glowing 
coloring,  that  we  know  also  from  his  dramas,  show  them- 
selves clearly  and  to  great  advantage  in  this  poera."  (Von 
Schrnder,  Indiens  Literatur  und  Cnltur.)  Eldited  by  Sir 
William  Jones,  and  printed  in  Bengali  characters  at  Cal- 
cutta in  179'2.  it  was  the  first  took  ever  printid  in  San- 
skrit. It  was  again  edited  with  a  Latin  and  a  metrical 
German  translation  by  P.  von  Bohlen  at  Leipsic  in  1840. 

Riva  (re'va),  in  G.  also  Reif  (rif).  A  town  in 
Tyrol,  situated  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lago 
di  Garda,  17  miles  southwest  of  Trent :  a  tourist 
resort.     Population  (1890).  commune,  6,480. 

Riva-Agiiero  (re'va-a-go-a'ro),  Jose.  Bom  at 
Lima.  May  3,  1783:  died  there,  Jlay  21.  18.58. 
A  Peruvian  politician.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  oJ 
the  early  movements  for  independence,  and  was  twice  im- 
prisoned ;  joined  San  Martin's  army  in  1821;  w.as  governor  j 
of  the  department  of  Lima  :  and  on  Fel).  2S,  18'23,  was  electetl  j 
first  president  of  Pern  with  the  rank  of  grand  marshal. 
Owing  to  the  machinations  of  Bolivar  and  Sucre  he  was 
deposed  June  19,  1823.  He  attempted  to  reestablish  his 
government  at  Trujillo,  but  was  arrested  on  Nov.  25,, and 
condemned  to  be  shot.  Admiral  Guise  insisted  on  his  re- 
lease, and  he  was  allowed  to  leave  the  country.  He  returned 
in  1831,  but  owing  to  his  support  of  Santa  Cruz  was  again 
banished  (1839-4 7"). 

Rivada'vla(re-va-da-ve'a).  Bernardino.  Born 
at  Buenos  Ayres.  1780:  died  at  Cadiz.  Spain, 
Sept.  2, 1845.  An  Argentine  statesman.  He  was 
minister  of  war  and  for  a  time  minister  of  state  and  of  the 
the  treasur>'  (lSll-12):  was  minister  of  state  under  Ro^ 
drignez ;  was  governor  of  Buenos  .\yres  1820-'23 ;  and  became 
president  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  Feb.  8,  1826, 
but  resigned  June  27.  1827,  to  prevent  a  ci\'il  war.  In  all 
these  otBces  he  conferred  great  benefits  on  the  country  by 
his  enlightened  and  far-seeing  measures.  As  president  he 
initiated  the  plan  by  which  Uruguay  became  independent 
in  18'28.  In  the  interims  he  held  important  diplomatic 
positions  in  Europe.  H4s  later  years  were  spent  in  exile. 
Rivadavia  stands  in  America  second  alone  to  W.ash- 
ington  as  the  representative  statesman  of  a  free  people, 
ifiVre,  Historia  de  San  Martin. 

Rival  Fools,  The.  An  alteration  of  Fletcher's 
"Wit  at  Several  Weapons."  produced  in  1709 
by  Colley  Cibber. 

Rival  Ladies,  The.   A  tragicomedy  by  Di'yden, 

produced  in  1664. 

Rival  Queens,  The,  or  the  Death  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.  A  tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee, 
played  in  1677.  Tliis  is  Lee's  best-known  play.  Some 
of  the  scenes  seem  to  have  been  suggested  by  La  Cal- 
prenede's  novel  "Cassandre";  and  it  has  always  been  a 
favorite  with  actresses.  Cibber  produced  a  "  comical 
tragedy  "  called  "  "The  Riv.il  Queans,  with  the  Humours  of 
Alexander  the  Great,"  in  1710.  printed  in  1729. 

Rivals,  The.  1.  -in  alteration  of  "The  Two  No- 
ble Kinsmen."  attributed  to  Davenant.  played 
in  1664.  printed  in  1668.— 2.  A  comedy  by  Sheri- 
dan, produced  in  1775.  This  is  considered  a  bet- 
ter play  than  "The  School  for  Scandal,"  though 
less  celebrated. 

Riva Palacio (re'va  pii-la'the-6). Vicente.  Bom 
at  Mexico.  Nov.  4.  1803:  died  there.  Feb.  '20, 
1880.  A  Mexican  general.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
diyinguished  leaders  under  Juarez:  opposed  Lerdo,  and 
was  banished  by  him  in  1875  :  and  was  minister  of  the  in- 
terior under  Diaz.  He  was  a  well-known  journalist,  novel- 
ist.  and  jioet,  andpulilished  "  Historia  de  In  administracion 
de  D  Sebastian  Lerdo  de  Tejada  "  (1876  :  the  first  part  only 
written  by  Riva  Palacio). 

Rivarol  (re-va-rol').  Antoine,  called  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Baguols.  Lanffuedoc.  June  26,  1753: 
flied  at  Berlin.  April  13. 1801.  A  French  writer, 
noted  as  an  epigrammatist.  He  emigrated  as  a  roy- 
alist in  1792.  His  works  include  '  Petit  Almanach  de  no« 
grands  hommes  i>our  1788,"  a  translation  of  Dante's  "In- 
ferno," etc. 

Rivas(re'vas).  A  town  of- Nicaragua,  between 
Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  Pacific,  about  4  miles 
from  the  former.  It  was  an  ancient  village  of 
the  Nicaraos.     Population,  about  12.000. 

Rivas,  Duke  of.     See  Saavedra,  Angel  de. 

Rivas  (re'viis).  Patricio.  Born  1798:  died  1867. 
A  Nicaraguan  politician.  He  was  made  president 
l)v  ilie  conservative  faction  Oct,  3o,  ls55.  -A.t  first  he  up- 
held Walker,  and  made  him  commander-in-chief  of  the 
arm.v,  hut  deposed  him  in  June,  1856.  Walker  thereupon 
had  iiimself  illegallv  elected  presiiient,  and  declared  Rivas 
deposed.  Tlie  latt'er  joined  with  the  otlier  Central  Amer 
ican  g.iverniuents  in  driving  Walker  from  the  country  in 
18'>7.     liivas  resigned  his  power  e.arly  in  1857. 

Rive-de-G-ier  (rev'de-zhe-a')-  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Loire.  France,  situated  on  the 
Gier  19  miles  southwest  of  Lyons.  It  is  a  coal- 
mining center,  and  has  manufactures  of  coke,  glass,  iron, 
etc.     Population  (1891).  commune,  l.-l,134. 

Rivera  (re-va'ra).  Jose  Fructuoso.  Born  in 
Pavsaudu  about  1790:  died  at  t'eno Largo,  Jan, 
13,"l854.  AnUraguayan  general  and  politician. 
He  was  a  leader  of  the  Gaucho  cavalry  ;  was  engaged  in 
various  civil  wars  (1811-27) :  and  was  president  of  I  ruguay 
Oct.  24,  1830. -Oct.  24,  1S34.  Succeeded  by  Oribe,  he  r^ 
volted  against  him  in  July,  1836.  Oribe  was  at  length  forced 
to  resio^n,  and  Rivera  was  again  president  Oct.,  183S,-Oct, 
1842.  "In  1842  Oribe,  aided  by  Rosas,  began  the  nine 
years'  siege  of  Montevideo,  in  which  Rivera  directed  the 
defeuse,  acting,  during  most  of  the  time,  with  his  cavalry 


Riveta,  Jos6  Fructuoso 


859 


in  tlif  interior,  until  he  was  defeated  by  Urquiza  in  the  of  Verona,  Italy.  13  miles  northwest  of  VeroiKi. 
Imttleof  Inilia  Miieita  (March  islSJo).  In  lM:(he  aided  f|,.,.p  j,,,,  J4  j7c)7  ,|„.  Freneh  unJef  Boua- 
i„  the  rtvolt  au-ainst  Oribe,  and  alter  his  overthrow  was  ,i,,|eatea  tlie  Austrians. under  Alviuczy. 

Bivera,  Manuel.     A   Mexican   historian.    Hi,  Rivoh,  Due  de.     bee  Mcis^eiu, 
principal  works  are  "Histnria  antiKua  v  moderna  de  Jala-  RlVoll,  Rue  de.     See  Jiiie  <le  liiroll. 
1)8"  (.'1  vols,  1869-71:  a  general  history  of  Mcxieo,  with  Rixdorf  ifiksMorf ).     A  nianufaetunng  village 
special  reference  to  Vera  ('rnz  and  Jahii)8)and  "Los  go-     ji,.,.L.,|y  south-simtheast  of  Berlin,  Prussia.    It 
bernanlesile  MLXico'(L' vols,  187;;).  was  partly  founded  by  Bohemian  emigranta  in  1787.    Pop- 

Eivera,  Payo  Henriquez  de.    See  Henrique^    u,^,^;,,  (/gg,,),  3;,_702. 

lie  Itirera.  Riyad.     See  liiad. 

Rivera  Paz  (re-va'ra  path).  Mariano.    Born  Rizzio  (ret'se-o).  or  Riccio  (ret'eho),  David. 

about  179.'):  assassinated  in  1S4'J.     AlTiiati'iiui-    Kilkdat  Kdiubuigh,  March  9,  loCG.   A  favorite 


Robert  le  Diable 

Robbia,  Luca  della  i  real  nameLucadi  Simone 
di  Marco  della  Robbia^.  Born  at  riorence 
about  1400:  died  at  Florence  (T),  Sept.2J.  148:2. 
A  celebrated  Italian  sculptor.  He  was  early  appren- 
ticed to  Leonardo  di  .Ser  Giovanni,  the  best  goldsmith  of 
tile  city.  In  1443  he  made  the  llr*t  wt>rk  in  Robbia  ware 
after  long  study  and  repeated  experiments.  At  first  he 
employed  0  simple  c'otnbinali'Hi  of  white  Ilpures  with  blue 
draperies  ami  oct-asionally  t.'ieen  in  the  baekirrounds.  He 
and  his  laniily  afterward  nniltiplied  the  number  of  colors 
and  carried  them  into  the  llesli  and  drajteries  of  their  lig- 
ures.  The  first  bas  reliefs  of  Itobbia  w.'u-e  are  those  of  the 
Resurrection  and  .'Vscension  in  the  lunettes  of  the  doors 
leading  into  the  8.acrigty  of  the  Duomo.  The  earliest 
memorials  of  the  first  43  years  of  his  life  are  the  bas-reliefs 
set  into  the  side  of  Giotto's  Campanile  1435-40,  and  2  un- 
finished reliefs  of  the  imprisonment  and  crucifixion  of  .St. 
Peter.  He  made  tlie  well-known  reliefs  of  singing  boys 
for  the  screen  of  one  of  the  organ-lofts  of  the  catliedral 
1131-10.  To  1445  belong  the  bri.nze  doors  of  the  saci  isty 
of  the  Duomo.  It  is  dilficult  to  distinguish  his  worHs  from 
those  of  Andrea  and  his  four  sens,  (^iovaiuii,  Luca  II.,  Am- 
brogio,  and  Girolamo  .Among  the  most  remarkable  of 
those  which  may  be  attributetl  to  Luca  alone,  or  Luca  and 
Andrea,  are  the  altarpiece  in  tile  t  hurcll  of  the  Osservanza 
ncar.Siena(which  represents  the  Coronation  of  the  \  irgin), 
a  bas-relief  over  the  door  of  tlie  Church  of  San  Pierino  in 
RiukanfOS   (rvii'kan-fosl.      A  cataract  in   the      the  via  di  Term  Vecchia  in  Florence,  the  ceiling  of  the 

j.\,jiii».a,iiiuo   >,    '  M,...,„o,.    i„   tbo  Mqoi,       Chapel  of  .San  Mlnnlto,  some  of  the  medallions  on  the 

province  of  Bratsberg,  Norway,  in  the  Maan-  outside  of  Or  San  Micbele,  a  Virgin  and  child,  an  Annun- 
Elf  .SO  miles  west  of  Chnstiania:  one  of  the  elation  in  the  cloister  of  the  Innocenti  Hospital  in  Flor- 
fiiiest  ill  Europe.     Height,  about  800  feet.  ence.  a  Madonna  with  two  saints  in  the  Via  della  Scala,  a 

PnQTi    ■RarV>aTTr      Tlie   fnvointe   horse  of  Kinff     Coronationof  the  Virgin,  an  adoring  Madonna  formerly  at 
Koan  iJarOary.      lue   I.nonre   norse   01  j^Lufe      Pisa,  and  a  fountain  in  the  sacristy  of  .Santa  Maria  Novell-a. 
=,-7 —   "/ -     -,   -:   ^   ^    1         •  i>  j./->    •         ivHMiaril  11.  ...     ,r.^  ,    ,,      Alter  lastiiig  iicariy  a  cciitury,  the  scliool  of  Delia  Robbia 

Riveros (re-va'ros),  Galvanno.  Bom  at  Qum-  jjoan(n")n)  Mountain.  A mountamm Mitchell  ,ii^.,i  „„t. 
ehao.  Chilo6, 1830.  A  (;hilean  naval  officer.  In  Couutv.  in  tlie  western  part  of  North  Carolina,  Robbins  (rob'inz),  Ashur.  ■  Born  at  Wethers- 
conjunction  with  Latorre  he  captured  the  Huascar,  the  jj  Tennessee  border.  Height,  about  0,300  field  Conn.,  Oct.  26, 1757:  died  at  Newport,  K.  I., 
last  imiiortant  Peruvian  war-vessel,  otf  Point  Angamos  "  u  or,  ictu;  a.,  iT.,o,.i„„.,  ...Uitioin,.  \\'I,i<r 
(Oct.  8, 1879).  (ieoUrau.Mviud.)  Soon  after  he  was  made  feet.  .  ,,  ,  ^  ^  e  1' eh.  2i),  1845.  An  American  politician,  \Milg 
rear-admiral  witli  command  of  theCliilean  fleet,  which  he  Roaime  (ro-au').     A  town  m  the  department  ot     United  States  senator  from  Hhode  Island  182;>- 


lan  politician.  He  became  president  July  22. 183S:  was 
deposed  Jan.  30. 1839,  but  restored  April  13,  I83!i,  and  held 
the  post  until  Dec.  13, 1841.  He  was  again  president  May 
14.  1842.  to  Dec.  8.  1^4,  when  he  resigned.  During  his 
administration  he  had  constant  difticulties  with  Carrera 

Bivero(re-v:i'r6),  Mariano Eduardo  de.  Borii 

at  Arequipa  about  179.'):  died  al  Paris,  Nov.  (i, 
1857.  A  Peruvian  naturalist.  He  received  an  elab- 
orate education  in  Kurope  ;  conducted  a  scientific  e.\ploni- 
1Ion  in  N'enezuela  1823-26;  and  on  his  return  to  Peru  at 
the  end  of  the  latter  year  was  made  director-genera!  of 
n)iiaes.  Later  he  was  director  of  the  national  museum, 
and  founded  and  edited  a  scientific  journal,  the  "  .Memo- 
rial de  ciencias  natnrales."  He  was  a  member  of  Congress 
in  1832,  governor  of  .lunin  in  1845  and  of  Tacna  in  1840, 
and  consul-general  to  Helgium  in  1851.  His  works  include 
'Antiguidades  peruaiias"  (with  Tscbiuli,  1851),  "Colec- 
cioii  de  memorias  cientlficas"  (1857),  etc. 

River  of  Swans,  The.    The  Potomac. 


of  Marv  Queen  of  Scots.  He  was  a  native  of  Pied- 
mont, am'  in  1.5(31  accompanied  the  Piedmontese  ambas- 
sador to  Scotland  as  his  secretary.  He  entered  the  Scot- 
tish queen's  service  as  a  musician  in  1.5114.  and  afterward 
became  her  French  secretary  and  confidential  adviser.  He 
promoted  tlie  marriage  of  Jlai-y  with  Darnley.  The  latter, 
however,  faibd  tosupplant  him  in  Mary's  confidence,  and 
suspected  liim  ot  being  the  cause  of  her  refusal  to  share 
the  government  with  him.  He  consequently  organized  a 
conspiracy  of  the  Protestant  lords  against  him,  at  the  head 
of  wh.uu  he  burst  into  Holyrood  Palace,  wounded  Itizzio 
in  the  (lueen's  presence,  and  despatched  him  outside  the 
cli;iiiil>er. 

in  the 


directed  during  the  rest  of  the  war.  His  operations  in- 
cluded the  bomliardment  of  Callao  (May  26,  1880)  and 
Arica(,Inne  5,  IS80). 

River  Plate  Republics.    See  Platine  States. 

Riversitie  Park.  A  narrow  park  running  from 
7'Jd  stri'Ot  to  130th  street,  New  York,  border- 
ing Hudson  Kiver.  It  contains  narrow  lawns  and  the 
Riverside  Drive,  which  runs  through  it  to  12Sth  street,  and 
Grant's  tomb.    Its  average  width  is  about  500  feet. 

Rives  (revz),  William  Cabell.  Born  in  Nelson 
County,  Va.,  M.ay  4,  1703:  died  near  Charlottes- 
ville, Va.,  April  20,  1868.  An  American  iioliti- 
cian.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Vir- 
ginia 18'23-'29 ;  United  States  minister  to  France  182n-32  ; 
United  States  senator  from  Virginia  183;)-34  and  1836-15; 
minister  to  France  1843-53 ;  delegate  to  the  PeaceCongress 
in  1.S61 ;  and  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress.  He 
iniblished  '■  Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison  "  (1859-69), 
etc. 

Rivesaltes  (rev-zalf).  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pyren^es-Orientales,  France,  situated 
on  the  Aglv  6  miles  north  of  Pernignan.  It  is 
noted  for  its  iine  Muscat  wines.  Population  (1S91),  com. 
niune,  6,010. 

Siviera  (re-ve-a 
[It., 'coast.']     Th 
separates  the  Maritim 
from  the   Mediterranean,  between   Nice  and 


Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire  42  miles  1839. 
northwest  of  Lyons:  the  Roman  Rodumna.  It  Robbins,  Royal.  Bom  at  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
has  varied  manufactures  and  considerable  trade.  The  ,^,.f  oj  17H8  :  died-at  Berlin,  Conn.,  March  26, 
Si";,^  i"^^t  It^ul^nt'and  ialer'^i'if^man  sTaUon.'  1««1-  A"  American  Congregational  clergyman 
Pcnnlation  (1891),  commune.  31,380.  and  author.     He  wrote  a  "  History  of  American  Litera. 

A  river  in  Virginia  and    tiire^^  O'f  7).  "  """""•«  "'  '^■"^''••»'  ^■"'  »'"''<^'-»  "  '^""^ 

'    ■        "~  heriJ.Uiihard, 
eri,  It.  Jio- 


Roanoke  (ro-a-nok'). 


North  Carolina,  formed  by  the  iinion  of  the  Dan  g^g^jg^t ,  ,'„l,'ert)  I.  [ME.  Itobert,  Robei 
and  Staunton  at  ClarkviUe,   \  irgumi.    it  flows     ,,p    /,■,,/„■/•/,  liobart,  F.  Hohcrt,  liitin 

;_*..    4 II.... ....-I..  c.m.r        TiULrfl,     If,..1iiH,i,rr  t.hA  Srnniiton  _       .      '  -  ,—         ....       '-. 


into  Albemarle  Sound.    Length,  including  the  Stauuton, 

ahi.ut  4.',0  miles;  navigable  to  Weldon. 
Roanoke.     -^  manufacturing  city  of  Roanoke 

Couutv,  Virginia.     Population  (1900),  21.495. 
Roanoke  Island.     An  island  on  the  eastern 

coast  of  North  Carolina,  between  Albemarle 

Sound  on  the  north  and  Pamlico  Sound  on  the 


licrto, liiiliertd,  I!^ujHrli>,  Sp. liobcrto. Ruperta,  Pg. 
Roberto,  from  OLG.  RoMrrilit,  OHG.  Hnindlicrt, 
etc.,  G.  Rupert,  Riiribcrt,  Riipm-lit  (also  Roliert, 
from  P.),  lit.  'fame-bright,'  illustrious.]  Killed 
at  Soissons.  France.  923.  King  of  France,  son 
of  Robert  the  Strong :  chosen  king  in  opposition 
to  Charh>s  the  Simple  in  922. 


south.     Unsuccessful  attempts  to  colonize  It  were  made  _    ,.    „    (oninotiinps   cilled    Robert  T  1    siiv- 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1685  and  1587.    A  victory  was  JiObert  11    (soiiietiine.s   laliea    KODert  1.).  sui 
gained  here  by  the  Federals  under  Burnsideover  the  Con-      nanied  '"Ihe  Pions."     Born  at  (IrK-ans.  trance, 
federates,  Feb.  s,  1862,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  th^  Con-     !)7l:    ciieil   at   Melon,  France,   1031.     King   of 
fedenite  garrison.    Length,  about  10  miles.  France,  son  of  Hugh  Capet  whom  he  succeeded 

Roaring  Forties,  The.     The  notably  rough  part     |„  gyo.      During  his  reign  the  kingdom  suffered  from 
of  the  North  Atlantic  crossed  on  the  passage      an  insurrection  of  tlu- serfs  and  from  famine. 


Indian  oceans. 


Eiviera.     That  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Ticino.     .„,t^.,.  ^ 

canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  which  extends  Rpatan.     See  Rnntini. 

from  Biasea  to  Bellinzona.  Robber  Council  or  Synod.  See  Ephesus,  Coun- 

Bivifere  fre-vySr'),  Briton.     Bom  at  London,     ,  ,7  ,,/  (449  .\.  D.). 

Aug.  14,  1840.    An  Englisli  painter,  son  and  )iii-  Robber  Indians.     See  Itamioeh. 

Romances.     In  German  literature,  a 
iiuaiM-es  prevalent  at  the  end  of  tlie 

extraction.    He  began  to  exhibit  in  ln:,S  at  the  Royal     iKfli  mnl  tlie  bcginuiiur  nf  the  19th  century. 

Academy.    Among  his  works  are  "Ihe  Poacher's  .\ui-»e'[  RgbberS    The      f'tvi'  t!i"ilii  r,  Hir. 

(1866),  "Circe,  etc."  (1871),  "Daniel  In  the  Den  of  Lions     -p    ,  ,  •     /!.„i,M,r,  :;',   AnHrpn  dplla.    Born  in  143 

(18723;  "Sympathy"  (lb78)  "Rizpah,"  "The  Exile"  (1886),   KODbianoO  IK -,i ),  AnQreaaeua.  porninif.i 


Aug.  1-*,   10-10.      /Ill  ai,iij4ii:-ii  t,.iiinv-i,  nw.,  ,v,i..  ,,..      J^oooer  Xlit 

pil  of  a  drawing-master  at  ('Inlteuham  Culleg.'  Robber  Ro 
and  afterward  at  Oxford,  of  French  Hiigueuol     ,.|,i^s  of  m 


etc. 

Ri'vifere,  Henri  Laurent.    Bom  July  12,  1827: 

killed  by  tie-  Black  Flags  before  Hanoi,  Tong- 
king.  May  19.  1SS3.  A  Froncli  naval  iilhceraud 
writer,  commander  of  an  expedition  into  Tong- 
king  1882-8:1. 

Eivi6res  du  Sud(re-vyar'  dii  slid).  A  French 
dependency  in  western  Africa,  situated  along 
the  coast  about  lat.  9°-ll°  N.  Its  capital  is 
Conakry.  Population  of  the  coast  region  (the 
coloiiv  proper),  about  47.0(10. 

Rivington  friv'ing-lou),  James.  Bom  at  Lou- 
don iiboiit  1724:  died  at  Now  York.  .Tuly.  180'.'. 
An  .\iiioriraii  bookseller  and  |)rinter.  He  emi- 
grated to  America  in  I'm.  and  in  1761  established  himself 
as  a  bookseller  at  New  York.  In  1773  hefoiiiidid  a  royal- 
ist newsiiiiper,  '  The  New  Vork  (bizetteer,"  wlileb  was  dis- 
continued in  1775  on  the  destnictbm  of  his  press  liy  a 
party  of  American  soldiers.  Ill  1777  he  establlslied  "  Itlv- 
ington's  New  York  Loyal  Oa7.etto,"»lioge  title  wascbanged 
to  •■  The  Riival  (iazette"  in  the  same  year.  After  the  evac- 
uation of  New  Vork  by  the  Ibitisb,  ho  renamed  bis  pajier 
"RIvlngton's  New  Vork fJazcttc  and  Universal  Advertiser." 
It  was  discontinued  In  178:i. 
iRivoli  (re'v6-le).  1.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Turin,  Italv.  9  miles  west  of  Turin.  Popula- 
tion (If'*^!),  0,314.— 2.  Avillage  in  the  province 


died  aliout  ].'i2H.  Tlie  neiihew  of  Luca  de 
Robbia,  noted  for  his  work  in  leiTa-cotIa,  the 
secret  of  which  he  inherited.  He,  "iih  Ids  son  Luca, 
spent  eleven  years  upon  the  frieze  of  the  Ceppo  hospital 
at  Plstola.  He  also  executed  the  decorations  of  the  Loggia 
di  .San  Paolci  at  I'loreiice,  the  mediilllons  of  Ihe  fapade  of 
the  Ilosidtal  of  the  Innocents,  the  decoration  of  Or  San 
MIchele,  and  a  long  series  of  bas-reliefs  executed  for  the 
churches  of  Arezzo.  Pralo,  PIstola,  Siena,  etc.  He  very 
rarely  worked  In  marble:  n  marble  I'ictti  is  hi  the  Church 
of  .Santa  Maria  delle  OrazIo,  near  Ari-im. 

Robbia,  Giovanni  della.     Born  about  UiiO: 

died  abdul  l.')'-'9.  S.iii  cd'  .\ndrea  della  Robbia, 
noted  as  a  worker  in  lerr.'i-cotla. 

Robbia,  Girolamo  della.     l>ied  about  MOO. 

Sou  ot  Andrea  della  Robbia.  iiiited  as  a  worker  in 
terra-ciitta  and  asan  architect.  None  of  the  sonsof 
Andrea  delbi  liuldda  did  so  much  In  apiilylug  llobbia  ware 
to  arclilteitund  |ini  |ieses  as  iJindanio,  Ills  fourth  son,  who 
was  arcliili'ct,  seul|ilor,  and  painter,  and  bad  already  ob. 
tallied  notice  for  Ills  works  ill  bronzi-  and  marble  when  he 
was  taken  ttp  Fniii«e  by  some  Florentine  merchants,  and 
there  found  emplovmcnt  during  the  remaining  45  years 
of  his  life  under  fourkingsof  the  house  of  Valois.  (in  bis 
arrival  he  was  .  niployedby  Fi-anclsl.  to  build  Ihe  Chftteail 
dc  Madrid  in  the  liois  de  llonlogne,  wlilcli  be  decorated 
throughout  with  Kobbia  ware  This  palace  was  leveled 
In  the  liividiitlon,  and  Its  beautiful  lerra-coltaa  were  used 
to  mend  roads. 


of  the  country.  He  was  known  before  his  accession  as 
Earl  of  Carrick. "  He  sided  variously  with  the  Scottish  and 
Lnglish  parties  previous  to  l;iiM,  when  he  united  with 
Lanibertoii  against  Hdwaiil  I.  of  F.ngland,  who  claimed  the 
suzerainty  of  Scotland.  He  murdered  the  rival  claimant 
Comyii  at  Dumfries  in  l:ioO,  nml  wiis  crowned  king  at 
Scone  ill  March  of  that  year.  He  was  defeated  and  es. 
caped  to  Ireland  (I.'iOd).  but  continued  the  war  against 
Eiiward  II.,  whom  he  t^ilally  defeated  at  Baniiockbilrii  In 
1314.  He  snppcuted  his  brother  Edward  in  1317  In  his 
atteni))t  on  Ireland;  eoiii|Ueied  Berwick  in  1318;  and  In- 
vaded England  several  times.  His  title  was  recognileU 
by  England  In  the  treaty  of  Xorthainpton  in  1.3'28. 
Robert  II.,  "  The  steward."  Born  about  1316 : 
died  1390.  King  of  Scotland,  grandson  of 
Robert  Bruce,  and  lirst  of  the  Stuart  dynasty. 
He  was  regent  under  David  II.,  his  uncle,  whom 
he  suceeeilcd  in  1370  or  1371. 
Robert  III.  Died  140G.  Kingof  Scotland,  son 
of  Robert  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1390.  He 
was  at  war  with  England  In  the  latter  part  of  his  reign. 
The  government  was  chletly  administered  by  his  brother, 
the  F.ari  of  Fife  (Duke  of  AlbanyX  and  by  the  carl's  son, 
the  Earl  of  Ciurlck  (Duke  of  Kothesa.v). 
Robert  I.,  surnamed  "The  Devil.''  Qied  at 
NicH'a.  .Iiily  22.  lO:!.').  Dtike'of  Normamly  1028- 
lO^.'i,  younger  son  of  K'idiard  the  (iooil.  He  siin- 
IKJrted'thc  English  athellngs  against  Caiiut.-.  He  made 
a  pilgrimage  t<i  .lorusaleni.  on  the  return  from  which  he 
dieil.  Lodge  wr.ite  a  life  of  Robert  liefore  LMLS.  and  many 
inylliH  have  collected  almin  his  name.  .See  Jtnhrrt  Ir  DMilf. 
Robert  II.  Horn  about  lO.'')!!:  died  in  prison 
1134.  l>iike  of  Niuinaiidy.  eldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam the  ( 'oni|iieror.  He  was  several  times  In  rebel, 
lion  against  his  father;  succeeded  lllln  In  the  iliichy  ill 
10K7-  wasat  warwitb  Wllllaiii  II. ;  mortgage, I  Normandy 
to  him-  lo,.k  part  in  the  Hist  Crnsiide  IrtHWli;  Invaded 
England  In  llol  ;  and  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by 

Ills  brother  Henry  I.  at  Tliicbebnil,  11IH1 

Robert,  Karl  of  (iloncesler.  Died  about  114(. 
.\n  illegitiiiiale  son  of.IIenry  I.,  and  an  ndhcr 
enl  el'  Matilda  against  Sleplien. 

Robert  le  Diable (ro-bar'  le.iyii'bl).  [F.,' Rob- 
ert   the    Devil.']      An   opera   by    Meyerbeer.- 


Robert  le  Diable 

libretto  by  Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1831. 

See  liiihci'i  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Devil." 
Robert    of   Anjou,    surnamed     "The    Wise." 

Born  about  1275 :  died  1343.    King  of  Naples, 

son  of  Charles  11.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1309. 

He  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  conquer  Sicily. 
Robert  of  Brunne.     See  Manning,  Itobcrt. 
Robert  of  Gloucester.    Lived  in  the  second 

half  of  the  13th  centiu'y.    An  English  monk. 

the  reputed  author  of  a  rimed '"Chronicle  of 

Eudish  History"  (ed.  by  Heame  1724). 
Robert  of  JumiSges.   ANorman  i>relate,bishop 

of   London,  and    archbishop    of    Canterburv 

10.51-52. 
Robert  of  Paris,  Count.    See  Count  Itolwrt  of 

I'dih. 

Robert  (ro'bert),  Ernst  Friedrich  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Dee.  IG,  1778:  died  at  Baden- 
Baden,  July  5,  1832.  A  German  di'amatist  and 
poet. 

Robert  (ro-bar'),  Hubert.  Bom  at  Paris,  1733: 
died  there,  April  15,  1808.  A  French  painter, 
noted  for  his  architectural  paintings. 

Robert,  Louis  Leopold.  Born  at  La-Chaux-de- 
Fonds,  Switzerland,  May  13,  1794:  committed 
suicide  at  Venice,  March  20,  1835.  A  Swiss 
painter,  noted'  for  scenes  from  Italian  life. 
Among  his  works  are  the  "  Neapolitan  Improvisator," 
"Fisliers  of  tlic  Adriatic,"  "Reapers,"  etc. 

Robert  Elsmere  (rob'ert  elz'mer).  A  novel  by 
Mrs.  llumpln-y  Ward,  published  in  1888. 

Robert  Guiscard  (ges-kar').  Born  about  1015: 
died  in  Cephalonia,  July  17,  1085.  Duke  of 
Apulia  and  Calabria,  son  of  Tancred  de  Haute- 
ville.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Humphrey  as  leader 
of  the  Normans  in  Apulia  in  1057 :  and  in  1059  received 
the  papal  confirmation  of  the  title  of  duke  of  Apulia  and 
Calabria  which  he  had  previously  assumed.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brother  Roger,  he  conquered  part  of  Sicily 
from  the  Saracens,  capturing  Palermo  in  107'2,  and  Salerno 
about  1077.  He  defeated  Alexius  Comnenus  at  Durazzo 
in  lOSl,  and  in  1084  captured  Rome  and  delivered  Pope 
(;re<rory  VII.  from  the  emperor  Henry  IV. 

Robert  Macaire,  A  comedy  by  Fr^d^ric  Le- 
maitre  and  Benjamin  Antier.  produced  at  Paris 
in  1834.  It  is  the  sequel  of  "L'Auberge  des 
Adrets."     See  Macaire,  Bobert. 

Roberto  Devereux  (ro-ber'to  dev-re').  1, 
An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced  at  Naples  in 
1837.  The  words  are  from  Thomas  Corneille's 
"Comted'Essex." — 2.  AnoperabyMercadante, 
produced  at  Milan  in  1883. 

Roberts  (rob'erts),  David.  Born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  near  Edinburgh,  Oct.  24,  1796:  died  at 
London,  Nov.  25, 1864.  A  British  painter,  noted 
for  his  landscapes  and  architectural  paintings. 
In  1822  he  went  to  London  as  a  scene-painter,  and  was  as- 
sociated with  Stansfield.  In  1831  he  was  president  of  the 
Society  of  British  Artists.  In  1838  he  visited  the  Holy 
Land.  He  was  niadt'  an  associate  of  the  royal  academy  in 
l^:;!t,  anil  a  rnynl  a<:t(li-inician  in  1841. 

Roberts,  Ellis  Henry.  Born  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  30,  1827.  An  American'  journalist  and 
politician.  He  became  editor  of  the  Utica  ''Morning 
Herald  "in  1850,  and  was  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1871-75,  and  treasurer  of  the  United  States 
1897 -.  He  wrote  a  history  of  New  York  for  the  "American 
Commonwealth  Series"  (1887). 

Roberts,  Frederick  Sleigh,  Earl  Roberts. 
Born  at  Cawnpore,  Sept.  30,  1832.  A  distin- 
guished British  general.  He  served  in  the  Indian 
mutiny  and  in  the  Abyssinian  war.  and  w  as  di-stingnished 
in  the  Afghan  war  1878-80,  He  gained  the  victory  of 
Charasiab  in  1879  ;  made  a  celebrated  march  from  Kabul 
to  Kandahar  in  18S0 ;  defeated  Ayub  Khan  near  Kandahar 
Sept.  1, 18.S0;  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in 
India  l»85-y.'i,  conmiander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland  1895- 
1H99.  commander-in-chief  iu  .South  Africa  1S99-19(KI,  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  1900.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  1881,  Baron  Roberts  1892,  and  Earl  Rob- 
erts 1901 

Roberts,  George  Washington.  Born  in  Ches- 
ter County,  Pa.,  Oct.  2, 1S33:  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Muifreesboro,  Dec.  31,  1862.  An  Amer- 
ican general.     He  served  iu  the  West. 

Robertson  (rob'ert-son),  Agnes.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  Dec.  25,  1833.  A  British  ac- 
tress, she  gave  concerts  in  public  before  shewasll  years 
old,  and  began  her  theatrical  career  at  Hull  when  she  was 
16.  She  first  appeared  in  London  as  Nerissa  in  1851.  In 
1^53  she  was  married  to  Dion  Boucicault. 

Robertson  (rob'^rt-son),  Charles  Franklin. 
Born  at  New  York  city,  March  2,  1835  :  died  at 
St.  Louis,  May  1, 1886.  An  American  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  writer  on 
American  history. 

Robertson,  Frederick  William.  Bom  at  I^on- 
don, Feb.  3, 1816 :  died  at  Brighton,  Aug.  15, 1853. 
A  British  clergyman  and  pulpit  orator.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  captain  inthe  Royal  Artillery,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  TTniver^ty.  He  tried  law  and  the 
army,  and  finally  matriculated  at  Oxford.  In  1840  he  was 
ordained  and  settled  at  Cheltenhara.  In  Aug.,  1847,  he 
entered  upon  his  famous    ministry  at  Trinity  Chapel, 


860 

Brighton.  His  "Sermons,"  in  separate  series,  were  pub. 
lished  in  1855,  1857,  lb5;i,  1863,  and  complete  iu  1870 ;  his 
"  Lectures  "  in  1852  and  1858. 

Robertson,  George  Croom.  Bom  at  Aberdeen. 
1842 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  20, 1892.  A  Scottish 
metajihysieian  and  educator.  He  graduated  at  the 
LTniversit^y  of  Aberdeen  in  1801,  and  was  made  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  there  in  1864.  and  professor  of  the  philoso- 
phy of  mind  and  logic  in  University  College,  London,  in 
1866.  From  1S7G  till  1892  he  was  editor  of '■  Mind."  He 
\vT0t  e  a  biographical  study  of  Hobbes  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Classics  "  in  1SS6,  etc. 

Robertson,  James.  Born  in  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
l.and,  April  1, 1725 :  died  March  4, 1788.  A  Brit- 
ish governor  and  general.  From  1758  to  1759  he 
served  (as  quartermaster-gener.al)  against  Louisburg  and 
Ticonderog:t,  FYom  1763  to  1765  he  was  stationed  in  New 
'Ifork.  He  was  made  niajor-gener.al  on  Jan.  1,  1776,  and 
commanded  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island.  In 
1779  he  was  appointed  royal  governor  of  New  York,  and 
was  made  lieutenant-general  Nov.  20,  1782. 

Robertson,  James  Craigie.  Bom  at  Aberdeen, 
1813 :  died  July  10, 1882.  A  Scottish  historian, 
a  gi'aduate  of  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in 
1834,  He  was  vicar  of  Bekesbourne  1S46-59,  and  became 
canon  of  Canterbury  in  1^59,  and  professor  of  ecclesiastical 
history  in  King's  College,  London,  in  1864.  He  published 
a  "History  of  the  Christian  Church  from  the  Apostolic 
Age  to  the  Reformation  "(1854-75),  and  edited  "ilaterials 
lor  the  History  of  Thomas  Becket,  etc."  (1871-81). 

Robertson,  John  Parish.  Born  at  Edinburgh 
about  1793:  died  at  Calais,  France,  Nov.  1, 
1843.  A  Scottish  author  and  traveler.  "Until  1830 
most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  Platine  States  of  South 
America,  where  he  was  a  merchant  and  at  one  time  very 
wealthy.  He  was  in  Paraguay  during  the  dictatorship  of 
Francia.  His  works  (written  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  "William  Parish  Robertson)  include  "  Letters  on 
P.araguay  "  (1838),  "  Francia's  Reign  of  Terror  "  (1839),  and 
"Letters  on  South  America  "  (1843). 

Robertson,  Joseph.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  May  17, 
1810:  died  Dee.  13, 1866.  A  Scottish  antiquary. 
He  was  educated  at  Marischal  College,  and  was  a  new-s- 
paper  editor  at  Aberdeen,  Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh  from 
1839  t-o  1853.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  curator  of  the  his- 
torical department  of  the  Register  House,  Edinburgh.  He 
published  "Concilia  Scotite :  Ecclesise  Scoticanie  Statuta" 
(1863),  etc. 

Robertson,  Madge.  See  Kendal,  Mrs.  (Mar- 
i/arrt  Brnntun  liohertaon). 

Robertson,  Thomas  William.  Born  at  Newark 
on  theTrent,  Jan.  9, 1829:  died  at  London,  Feb. 
3, 1871.  An  English  dramatist,  son  of  a  provin- 
cial actor  and  manager.  In  1864  his  first  successful 
drama,  "David  Garrick,"  was  produced  at  the  Hayraarket 
with  Sothern  in  the  principal  rdle.  Among  his  other  plays 
.are  ' ■  Society  "  (1S65X "  Ours  "  (1866). '•  Caste  "  (1867), "  Play  " 
(18(58),  "School  "  (1809),  "M.  P. "(1870). 

Robertson.William.  Born  at  Borthwick,  Scot- 
land, Sept.  19, 1721 :  died  near  Edinburgh,  June 
11, 1793.  A  Scottish  historian,  and  clergyman 
in  the  Church  of  Scotland.  He  became  a  royal  chap- 
lain in  1761 ;  principal  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in 
1762 ;  and  historiographer  in  1764.  His  works  include  a 
"  History  of  Scotland  during  the  Reigns  of  Mary  and  .Tames 
VI."  (1759),  "  History  of  the  Reign  of  the  EmperorCharles 
V."(1769),  "History  of  America"  (1777),  "  An  Historical 
Dis(|Uisition  concerning  the  Knowledge  '..'hich  tire  An- 
cients had  of  India,  etc."  (1791),  etc. 

Roberval  (ro-ber-val'),  Gilles  Personne  or 
Personier  de.  Born  at  Robei'val,  in  Beauvoisis, 
France,  1602 :  died  at  Paris,  1675.  A  French 
mathematician,  best  kno'wn  from  his  methods 
of  drawing  tangents. 

Robeson(r6b'son),  George  Max'well.  Born  at 
Oxford,  Warren  County,  N.  J.,  1829:  died  at 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  27,  1897.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1869-77,  and 
Republican  member  of  Congi'ess  from  New  Jersey  1879-83. 

Robeson  Channel.  A  sea  passage  in  the  north 
pohir  regions,  between  Hall  Land  in  Greenland 
on  the  east,  and  Grant  Land  on  the  west. 

Robespierre  (F.pron.ro-bes-pyar'),  Augustin 
Bon  Joseph,  called  "  The  Younger."  Born  at 
AiTas,  Jan.  21, 1763:  guillotined  in  Paris,  July 
28.  1794.  Brother  of  Maximilien  Robespierre, 
and  a  deputy  to  the  Convention. 

Robespierre",  Marie  Marguerite  Charlotte. 
Born  Jan.  21,  1760  :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  1, 1834. 
Sister  of  Maximilien  RobespieiTe :  memoirs  of 
her  brothers  were  published  under  her  name 
b.v  Laponneraye  iu  1835. 

Robespierre,  Maximilien  Marie  Isidore,  sur- 
named "The  Incorruptible."  Born  at  Arras, 
Mav  6,  1758 :  guillotined  at  Paris,  10th  Thernii- 
dor,  year  2  (July  28, 1794).  A  celebrated  French 
revolutionist.  He  was  originally  an  advocate  at  Arras ; 
was  elected  from  Artois  to  the  Third  Estate  of  the  States- 
General  in  1789 ;  and  became  the  leader  of  the  Extreme 
Left  in  the  Constituent  Assembly,  and  one  of  the  leading 
orators  in  the  Jacobin  Club.  His  influence  increased  after 
the  death  of  Mirabeau  in  1791.  He  was  elected  deputy  to 
the  Convention  in  1792;  opposed  the  Girondins  ;  became 
a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  July,  1793 ; 
was  identified  wi  th  the  "  Reign  of  Terror  " ;  attacked  Dan- 
ton  and  Hubert  in  1794  ;  was  overthrown  in  the  Convention 
July  27;  and  with  his  partizans,  Saint-Just,  Couthon,  and 
others,  was  arrested  and  put  to  death. 


Robinson,  John 

Robin  (rob'in).  [ME.  liohin,  liohyn,  from  OP. 
L'ohin,  dim.  of  Hnherl.]  In  Shakspere's  "Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,"  a  page  following  Falstaff. 

Robin  (ro-ban'),  Charles  or  Charles  Philippe. 
Bom  at  Jasseron,  Ain,  June  4,1821 :  dieil  there, 
Oct.  5,  1885.  A  French  anatomist  and  physi- 
ologist. His  works  include  "Histoire  naturelle  des  v^g6- 
taux  parasites  "  (1853),  "Anatomic  microscopique  "  (18^), 
etc.    He  edited,  with  Littr^,  "  Dictionnaire  de  mcdeciue." 

Robin  Adair  (rob'in  a-dar').  A  song  and  air. 
The  latter  first  became  popular  in  England  in  the  last 
half  of  the  ISth  century  :  it  is  the  Irish  air  "Eileen  Aroon." 
English  words  were  written  for  it,  and  there  are  several 
versions,  all  having  "Robin  Adair"  as  the  refrain.  Bums 
made  a  Scottish  version,  but  it  is  not  known  who  wrote 
the  present  song.  Robin  Adair  is  said  to  have  been  a  real  ' 
person  of  S(  tme  local  interest :  a  Robert  Adair,  an  ancestor  | 
of  the  later  ^'iscounts  Molesworth,  lived  in  County  Wick- 
low  in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century. 

Robinetta  (rob-i-net'ii).     A  painting  by  Sir  • 
JoshuaEeynolds(identitiedasMissLewis, after-  ; 
wardtheHon.  Mrs.  Tollemache),  in  the  National 
Gallery,  London.     It  is  a  half-length  of  a  seated  girl 
with  a  bird  on  her  right  shoulder  and  her  left  arm  resting 
on  its  cage. 

Robin  Goodfello'W.    See  Puck. 

Robin  Hood.     See  Hood,  Eohin. 

Robin  of  Redesdale.  The  assumed  name  of  Sir 
William  Conyers,  the  leader  of  a  peasants'  insur- 
rection in  Yorkshire  against  Edward  TV.  in  1469. 

Robins  (rob'inz),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Bath, 
England,  1707:  died  in  India,  July  29,  1751. 
An  English  natural  philosopher  and  mathema- 
tician. He  invented  the  ballistic  pendulum,  first  de- 
scribed in  his  "New  Principles  of  Gunnery"  (174'2),  and 
made  important  discoveries  regarding  the  flight  of  pro- 
jectiles and  the  rifling  of  gun-barrels.  In  1749  he  was  ap- 
pointed engineer-general  to  the  East  India  Company. 

Robinson(i'ob'in-son),Ed'Ward.  Born  at  South- 
ington.  Conn.,  April  10. 1794 :  died  in  New  York 
city,  Jan.  27,  1863.  An  American  biblical 
scholar.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College ;  was  instruc- 
tor in  AndoverTlieological  seminary  1823-26,  and  professor 
there  1830-33 ;  and  was  professor  in  Union  Theological  Sem- 
inary (New  York)  1837-63.  From  ls37tolS39he  was  inthe 
Orient,  traveling  in  Egypt,  the  Sinaitic  peninsula,  and  Pal- 
estine, largely  in  company  with  Dr.  Eli  Smith.  Tlie  results 
of  their  investigations  were  published  in  his  chief  work, 
"Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine  and  the  Adjacent  Coun- 
tries "  (3  vols.  1841,  revised  ed.  1867).  He  translated  Gese- 
nius's  "  Hebrew  Lexicon  "  (1836),  and  compiled  a  '■  Greek 
atid  English  Lexicon  of  the  New  Testament "  (1836),  "Greek 
Harmony  of  the  Gospels"  (1845),  "English  Harmony  of  the 
Gospels"  (1846),  and  "Physical  Geography  of  the  Holy 
Land"  (186,5).  He  founded  the  "Biblical  Repository" 
(1831)  and  the  "Bibliotheca  Sacra"  (1843). 

Robinson,  Ezekiel  Gilman.  Born  at  Attlebo- 
rough,  Mass.,  March  13,1815:  died  June  13, 1894. 
An  American  Baptist  clergyman  and  edueatoi. 
He  was  professor  in  the  theologioalseminary  at  Covington 
(Kentucky),  and  1853  at  Rochester  (New  York),  and  became 
president  of  the  theological  seminary  at  Rochester  in  1860, 
and  was  president  of  Brown  University  1872-89.  He  pub. 
lished  a  revised  translation  of  Neander's  "  Planting  and 
Training  of  the  Church  "  (1865),  and  edited  the  "  Christian 
Review  "  1859-64. 

Robinson,  Frederick  John,  first  Earl  of  Ripon. 
Borfl  Nov.  1, 1782 :  died  Jan.  28, 1859.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman,  younger  son  of  the  second  Lord 
Grantham.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1806;  be- 
came president  of  tlie  board  of  trade  in  1818:  chancellor 
of  the  exchetiuer  in  1S23;  colonial  secretary  in  1827;  pre- 
mier 1827-28;  colonial  secretary  in  1830;  lord  privy  seal 
1833-34  ;  and  president  of  the  board  of  trade  1841-43.  He 
was  created  Viscount  Goderich  in  1827,  and  earl  of  Ripon 
in  1833. 

Robinson,  Sir  Frederick  Phillipse.  Bora  in 
New  York,  1703:  died  at  Brighton,  England, 
Jan.1,1852.  A  British  general.  He  served  in  the 
American  Revolution,  the  Peninsular  war,  and  the  "W'ar  of 
1812. 

Robinson,  George  Frederick  Samuel,  first 

Marquis  of  Kipon.  Born  Oct.  24.  1827.  An 
English  politician,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Ripon. 
lie  was  secretary  lor  war  1863-66,  and  for  India  1866 ;  lord 
president  of  the  council  1868-73 ;  chairman  of  the  joint 
high  commission  to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  "Washington 
1871 :  ami  governor-general  of  India  1880-84.  Known  at 
first  by  the  courtesy-title  Viscount  Goderich,  he  succeeded 
ills  father  as  second  earl  of  Ripon  in  1859,  and  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  marquisate  in  1871. 

Robinson,  Henry  Crabb.  Born  at  Bury  Saint 
Edmunds,  May  13,  1775 :  died  at  London^  Feb. 
5,  1867.  An  English  writer.  From  isoo  to  1805  he 
studied  at  Jena,  Weimar,  etc.;  in  1807  was  reporter  of  the 
"Times"  in  Spain  (the  first  war  correspondent);  and  in 
1813  was  called  to  the  bar.  In  1828  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  London  University.  His  "  Diary,  Remi- 
niscences, and  Correspondence"  was  edited  in  1869  by  Dr. 
Sadler.  He  was  a  friend  of  Goethe,  "Wieland,  Wordsworth, 
Lamb,  and  other  authors. 

Robinson,  John.  Bom  near  Scrooby,  Notting- 
hamshire, 1.575:  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands, 
March  1,  1625.  An  English  Independent  min- 
ister. He  entered  Cambridge  (Corpus  Christi  College)  in 
1692,  and  was  elected  fellow  in  1597  C^.  He  took  orders, 
but  was  suspended  by  his  bishop  for  puritanism.  In  1604 
he  joined  the  Independents,  and  in  1606  became  pastor  of 
the  Separatist  congregation  at  Scrooby,  England.    In  1608 


Robinson,  John 

he  removed  to  Amsterdam,  and  in  HKK)  to  Leyden.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  Rntrlish  Separatist  Cimrch  in  the  >"ether- 

laiiiLs.     His  woiks  weit;  edited  by  Aslit^'ti  in  1851. 

Eobinson,  Si  r  John  Beverley  or  Beverly.  Boru 

ill  Lc>\vi-r('aii;iila,  .July  lMi,l/lil:  ilii-d at  Toronto, 
.1:111.  .1(1.  1>>(!3.    A  CamiiUaii  jurist  and  politiciau. 

Robinson,  John  Cleveland.  Born  at  Bingliam- 
toii.  N.  Y.,  April  10,  1817:  died  there,  Feb.  18, 
1S97.  Au  American  t;eiioral.  He  served  in  the  Mex- 
hnu  war,  and  was  cuniini^sioned  brigadier-^'enei-al  of 
vr.Iunteers  in  1862.  He  euninianded  a  division  at  Fred- 
triiUsbiir*..',  Clia.tcellorsville,  and  Gettysimr;;,  and  in  tlie 
liattles  of  tlie  Wilderness  and  at  Spnttsylvania  Court 
House.  He  was  retired  with  tlie  rank  of 'inajor-Keiii-ral 
ill  18tJ!>.   He  was  lientenant-^oventor  of  >'ew  York  l&73-7">. 

Robinson,  John  Thomas  Romney.    Born  at 

Diildiii,  .Vpril  L':;.  17;)L':  di.'.l  F.di.  LN,  1,'JIS2.  A 
IJrilish  asti-oncimor,  the  inventor  of  the  cup- 
rinenionietcr.  He  was  a  fellow  of  Trinity  College.  Dub- 
lin. Tn  1>2:1  lie  beeame  astronomer  at  the  ArmaRh  01>- 
.servutury.  Hi-  was  the  author  of  the  ".Armagh  Catalogue 
of  .-il,ars"(l'-.=i:i). 

Robinson,  Mary.  Born  at  Leamiugtou,  Feb. 
•J",  isr)7.  An  EuKlLsh  poet,  in  18&S  she  married 
\I.  Iiarmesteter.  the  Frcneh  Orientalist.  She  has  written 
•A  Handful  of  Hoiieysiickle3"(137S),  "  The  Crowned  Hip- 
poly  tus'(ltiv  i|,  a  translation  of  F,uripides(  1881),  "The  End 
of  the  llid.lle  Age5"(lS8t):  a  historical  work),  etc. 

Robinson,  ilis.  (Mary  Darby),  known  as  Per- 

dita.  Born  at  Bristol,  Knslaiid,  Nov.  27,  17.'i8: 
.lied  Dee.  Hi,  1800.  An  English  actress,  uovcl- 
ist,  anil  ))Oet.  She  went  on  the  st:>«e,  for  which  .she 
Irui  previously  been  prepared  by  Carrick,  on  account  of 
thelossof  her  hushand's  projierty.  and  in  her  third  season 
\.'a8  cast  for  Perdita,  and  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Prince 
..f  Wales  ((ieorge  IV.).  She  left  the  stage  for  liini.  but 
lie  soon  cast  her  otf.  Her  profession  being  closed  to  her, 
she  wrote  poems  and  novels  under  the  pen-name  of  Per- 
dita. .she  afterward  lived  for  nearly  10  yeai-s  with  Colonel 
larlcton. 

Robinson,  Richard.  An  actor  of  Ben  Jensen's 
lime,  celi'brated  as  an  impersonator  of  female 
rliaraetcrs.  He  was  known  as  Dick  Robinson.  Tlie 
actor  who  was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Basing  House  by  lla- 
i'li  Harrison  was  William  Rut'inson. 

Robinson,  Mis.  (Therese  Albertine Luise  von 

Jakob):  jiseudonyni  Talvj.  Boru  at  Hallo, 
Prussia,  .Tan.  26,  17;)7:  died  at  Hambin-LC,  April 
Ki,  1870.  A  German  writer,  wife  of  Edward 
IJoliinsoii  and  dauKhtor  of  L.  H.  von  Jakob, 
-hcpublislied  translations  of  Servian  folk-songs  (]S2ri-26), 
"  Historical  View  of  the  Languages  and  Literature  of  the 
Slavic  .Nations  "  (ISoo),  tales,  etc. 

Robinson,  William  Erigena.  Born  near  Cooks- 

lown,  Ireland,  May  6,  1814:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N'.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1892.  An  American  journalist 
and  politician.  He  was  a  Demcicratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  New  Vork  1807-^1:1  and  issi-s.-^.  He  freijuently 
wrote  under  the  signature  of  "Ricliclieii." 
Robinson  Crusoe  (rob'in-son  krii'so).  Tlio  hero 
rif  a  famotis  storv  of  that  name  by  Defoe,  pub- 
lished in  1719.     See  NelLirl:. 

Rob  Roy  (rob  roi)  (Robert  McGregor  or  Camp- 
bell). ['RedKob.']  Bom  in  Buchanan  jiarish, 
bi71:  died  at  Balquhidder,  Dec.  28,  1734,  A 
Scottish  outlaw.  He  was  the  younger  son  of  Doilkld 
.McUregor,  a  li^ltcnant-colonel  in  the  army  of  .lames  II. 
He  got  his  name  Koy  from  his  red  hair,  and  adopted  Camp- 
hell  as  his  surname.  .After  the  accession  of  William  III. 
he  obtaincil  .1  commission  from  James  IL,  and  in  1001 
made  a  descent  on  Stirlingshire.  In  1712  he  was  evicted 
and  outlawed  "ii  a  charge  of  embezzlement.  He  beeame 
a  Higlllainl  free! ter,  and  was  inclinled  in  the  Act  of  At- 
tainder. I  Oder  the  protection  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  he 
cfuitiniied  to  levy  Idackmail  oil  the  Scottish  gentry.  He 
is  the  subject  of  a  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (published  in 
1818).  of  an  opera  by  Flotnw  (1832),  and  of  several  plays. 

Robsart  (rob'siirti.  Amy.  -V  eliaracter  in  Sir 
Wiilter  Scott's  novel  ■'Kenihvorth."  She  Is  the 
iiiciekiiowledged  wife  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  anil,  escap- 
ing from  her  place  of  concealment,  fnllow^  liim  to  Kenil- 
wortii.  only  to  be  disowned  and  sent  back  to  die  at  the 
hand  of  Richard  Varnev.     See  Diulliii,  U./lirrt. 

Robson  (riiii'son),  Frederick  (real  name  Fred- 
erick Robson  Brownhill).  Born  at  Mai-^ate, 
England.  1H21:  died  Aug.  12,  18(i4.  An  lOng- 
lisll  actor.  In  IS.VI  he  made  his  debut  at  the  Olympic 
ill  Wych  street,  Lonilon.     He  was  a  suci-casflll  comedian. 

Robson,  Stuart.  Born  al  Annapolis,  JId.,  .March 
I,  isaii:  ilird  at  New  York,  Ajiril  29,  )9(0.  An 
American  comedian.  He  was  a  page  in  the  Senate  at 
^Vashiinit'in,  and  went  on  the  stage  at  Haltiinnre  in  18.^2. 
Ill  IM.*,.-,  be  played  at  Washington,  and  In  Isii-J  liccame  a 
iiieiniier  111  Laura  Keeiii^  s  company  al  New  Vork.  From 
IM77  to  I.HK'.i  he  ac  ted  in  liarlnership  with  W.  II,  Crane, 

Robusti.     See  Ti/itnrrtfo. 

Roc  (loli).  The,  In  the  "Arabian  Nights,"  a 
gigantic  bird  which  carries  Sindbad  the  Sailor 
'  lilt  of  I  lie  \';illey  of  Diamonds.  Such  a  blrdaiipcars 
■ilso  in  other  stfiries  in  the  "Enti-rtalninents."  A  roc's 
egg  has  become  the  syiiibid  of  something  unattulnahle. 

B,oca  (rc")'kii).  Cape,  I'g.  Cabo  da  Roca(kii'- 

lii.i  dil  nVkii).   A  headlaiiil  in  I'urlugal,  west  by 

iiorlh  of  Eisbon.    it  is  the  westernmost  cape  of  Iho 

intineni  of  Europe.    Lat.  of  lighthouse,  38" 47'  N„  long. 

Roca,  Julio  A.     Boru  ut  Tueuman,  Julv,  1843. 


8(51 

An  Argentine  general  and  politiciau.  He  was 
minister  of  war  under  .\vellaneda  187t-8i),  airfin  this  ca- 
pacity led,  in  lb7!t,  a  military  expedition  into  Patagonia 
which  did  much  to  open  up  that  region  to  settlement. 
Fn.m  I  let.  12, 1880.  to  Oct.  12,  Igstj,  he  was  president  of  the 
republic.     He  was  again  chosen  president  in  ls98. 

Roca  (ro'kii),  Vicente  Ramon.  Born  at  Guaya- 
•Itiil  about  1790:  died  there,  18.j0  An  Ecua- 
dorian politician.  He  wasscnator,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  revolution  of  184.',,  a  member  of  the  provisional  gov* 
crumcnt  fonnedthat  year,  and  president  1815-19.  During 
this  period  there  wei-o  several  revolts  by  the  partizansof 
Flores. 

Rocafuerte  (ro-ka-fii-ar'tii),  Vicente.  Boni  at 
:iuaya(piil,  .May  3,  1783:  died  at  Lima,  Peru, 
May  l(i,  1847.  An  Ecuadorian  statesman.  He 
traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  North  .\merica,  and 
was  deputy  from  liuayaqilil  to  the  Spanish  lories  (1812- 
18W),  where  he  opposed  the  government  of  Fcinando  VII. 
From  1824  to  Isao  he  was  envoy  of  Jlcxico  to  the  court  of 
St  James's.  He  returned  to  Ecuador  in  lS.'a ;  was  elected 
to  Congress,  and  Ihu  same  year  led  a  revolution  .against 
Florea ;  and  was  defeated  and  captured  in  lis^ii.  Flores  par- 
doned him  and  made  him  commander  of  the  army,  in 
which  position  he  did  efticient  service.  From  ISSr,  to  18;i9 
he  was  president  of  Ecuador,  and  his  term  was  the  most 
prosperous  the  country  has  ever  known.  Subsequently 
he  held  various  imjiortant  civil  and  diplomatic  positions. 
Rocafuerte  is  regarded  as  thegrealest  of  i;euailorian  st.ates- 
men.     He  published  various  works  on  political  subjects. 

Rocamadour  (ro-kil-ma-dor').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Lot,  France,  situated  23  miles 
north-northeast  of  Cahors.  it  has  a  noted  church 
and  chapels,  and  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  places  of 
pilgrimage  in  France. 

Rocas  (ro'kiis).  A  reef  in  the  Atlantic,  situ- 
iited  northeast  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  in  lat.  3°  52' 
S.,  long.  33°  49'  W.  Being  almost  entirely  cov- 
ered during  high  tides,  it  is  veiy  dangerous  to 
ships. 

Rocca,  or  Roca,  Inca.     See  Jiwci  Rocca. 

Roccasecca  (rok-kii-sek'kii).  [It.,' dry  castle.'] 
A  small  town  in  the  )>roviiice  of  Caserta,  Italy, 
.')9  miles  northwest  of  Naples. 

Roch  (rok),  or  Rochusfro'kus),  Saint.  Born  at 
.Miiiit|iellii,r,  France,  about  129.'):  died  at  Mont- 
jiellier,  1327,  A  French  Franciscan,  noted  for 
his  ministrations  to  the  plague-.stricken.  He  was 
canonized,  and  his  feast  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  Church 
-Vug.  Hi.  Ill  England  St.  lUich's  day  was  celebrated  as  a 
harvest-home. 

Rochambeau,  Comte  de.    See  Vimeure,  Jean 

lidlilisir  DiilKllii  II  dr. 

Rochambeau,  Vicomte  de.    See  Vimeure,  Do- 

iiitlitii  Miiriii  Joseph  de. 

Rocha  Pitta  (rosh'ii  pet'ta),  Sebastiao  da. 

Born  at  Baliia,  May  3, 1660 :  died  near  the  same 
jilaco,  Nov.  2,  1738.  A  Brazilian  historian.  Ho 
spent  many  years  in  collecting  material  for  his  "Historia 
da  America  Portngueza"  (17:jii,  and  subseiiuent  editions). 
It  was  the  lirst  general  history  of  Brazil,  bringing  the  ac- 
count down  to  1724,  and  was  long  a  staiid.ard. 
Rochdale  (roch'diil).  A  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough  of  Lancashire,  England,  slt- 
utiled  on  the  Koch  11  miles  north-northeast  of 
Manchester.  It  has  manufactures  of  flannels,  woolens, 
cotton,  iron,  and  machinery  ;  and  is  the  seat  of  a  success- 
ful working-men's  cooperative  association.  It  was  founded 
in  1814.  John  Bright  liad  his  residence  there.  Population 
(r.llU).  s3,112. 

Rochefort(rosli-for').  A  seaport  In  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inf(5rieiire,  France,  situated 
on  the  Charente,  9  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat. 
4:1°  57' N.,  long.  0°  58'  AV.  It  has  an  immense  marine 
iu"seiial,  with  a  hospital  and  other  government  estaiilish- 
mentg,  and  a  naval  harbor.  Its  commerce  is  impnrtant. 
The  principal  Industry  is  ship. building.  It  was  selected 
by  Colbert  as  an  important  naval  station  in  liWO.  The 
lirltish  fleet  defeated  the  French  near  It  in  180(t.  Napo- 
leon was  taken  prisoner  in  the  neighlwirhood  by  the  British 
in  .luly,  181.^1  There  was  a  convict  establishment  here 
until  l»fi2.     Population  (ISIM),  ;):i,a.t4. 

Rochefort,  Henri  (Victor  Henri,  Comte  de 

Rochefort-LugayK  Born  atl'aris. Jan.  30. 1,830. 
jV  Frencli  journalist,  radical  politician,  and 
playwrighl .  He  rontiibuled  to  the  "Figaro."  etc.;  at- 
tacked  the  empire  in  his  journal  "La  Lanterne"  lS(i8; 
Ileil  to  Belgium  in  18(W  ;  was  elected  to  the  Corns  L(>gishttif 
In  1809;  founded  the  "Maiselllai8c"(lS(!!)),  in  which  he  cmi- 
tlnued  his  attack  on  Napoleon;  was  lni]irisoned  in  1870; 
became  a  member  of  the  government  of  national  defense 
In  1870;  and  was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
1871.  He  sympathized  with  the  Conunune  (Ift71);  was 
arrested  in  ilay,  ls71  ;  was  banished  to  New  Caledonia  in 
187;i ;  escajied  to  I'.ngland  in  1K74  ;  and  was  amnestied  In 
1880.  He  fMUndi'd  in  Paris  the  "  Intnnisigeant  "  In  IHsu. 
He  was  a  bitter  opjionent  of  (lambetia  and  the  Opportu- 
nists, iiiid  was  a  siipp'irtcr  of  Boulanger. 
Rochefoucauld,  La.     See  l.n  Rui-hrfoucauhl. 

Rpchefoucauld-Liancourt,  La.  See  La  lioclic- 

finlrnilld-l.iinirniirt. 

Rochejacquelein,  La.    See  La  liochejacqttelein, 

Rochelle,  La,    See  /../  UiwhrVe. 

Roches  '  I'lisli  1,  Col  des.  .\  imss  in  the  Jura,  on 
the  borilers  of  i'rani'i'  iiiid  I  he  canton  of  Neu- 
chalehSwitzerhind,  II  miles  west -north  west  of 
Nellchlllel. 

Rochester  (roch'es-ti^r).     I  ME.  Itofliesler,  A8, 


Rock  Island 

Hrofecraster,  Brofeseenster,  translated  by  ML. 
Hrofi  or  Hrobi  ciritas,  city  of  Hrof  (a  "man's 
name).]  A  city  and  seaport  in  Kent,  England, 
situated  on  the  Modway,  adjoining  Chatham  and 
St  rood,  26  miles  east-southeast  of  London :  the 
Homtin  Durobriva>  or  Dorobi-evuin.  it  has  con. 
siderable  trade.  It  contains  a  ruined  Norman  castle.  The 
cathedral  Isot  very  eai-ly  foundation,  but  was  rebuilt  in  tlic 
lath  century  and  later.  The  choir  is  Eailv  English,  hand- 
somely arcaded,  with  sqinire  chevet.  Tlie clearstor}'  of  the 
nave  is  Perpendicular,  with  a  very  large  west  window.  The 
ceiling  is  of  wood.  The  cathedral  has  double  truisepts,  and 
an  ugly  square  tower  over  the  llrst  crossing.  The  recessed 
west  portal  is  line,  and  there  is  a  remarkable  crypt.  The 
dimensions  are  Sili  by  (W  feet,  anil  120  across  the  west  tran- 
septs. It  was  a  British  and  Roman  town ;  was  sacked  by 
the  Danes ;  and  was  besieged  by  William  Ilufus.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  28,309. 

Rochester.  [Named  from  Nathaniel  Rochester.] 
A  city,  capital  of  Monroe  County,  New  York, 
situated  on  the  Genesee  7  miles  from  Lake  On- 
tario,_and_on  the  Erie  Canal,  in  lat.  43°  8'  N., 
long.  77°  37'  \V.  it  is  an  important  railway  center.  It 
has  manufactures  of  ready-made  clothing,  boots  and  shoes, 
flour,  beer,  tobacco,  carriages,  and  furniture ;  an  important 
trade  in  coal;  and  many  nurseries.  It  contains  the  Unl- 
vei-sily  of  l;oelieslcr(liaptisl,  founded  l-.'m).  Baptist  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  an  observatory,  and  chuiitalde  and  rc- 
fonnatory  institutions.  There  are  three  falls  of  the  Cenesec 
within  the  city  limits.  It  was  settled  in  1812.  and  incor- 
porated as  a  city  in  183-1.    Population  lltiOO),  1(;2,60«. 

Rochester.  A  city  in  Strafford  County.  New 
Hampshire, situatedon  the  Salmon  and  Cocheco 
rivers,  2S  miles  east  bvnorth  of  Concord.  Pop- 
iilalion  (1900),  8,406." 

Rochester.  A  city,  capital  of  Olmsted  Countv, 
Minnesota,  situated  on  the  south  fork  of  Zum- 
bro  River,  73  miles  south-southeast  of  St.  Paul. 
Population  (inoili,  (;,,K43. 

Rochester,  Earl  of.    See  Wilmot.  John. 
Rochester,  Ed'ward  Fairfax.    The  principal 

character  In  Charlotte  Bronte's  "Jane  Eyre." 
He  is  probably  responsible  for  most  of  the  muscular 
heroes  in  the  worhl  of  fiction  since  his  time. 

Rochester,  Nathaniel.  Born  in  Westmoreland 
County,  Va.,  Feb.  21,  17.52:  died  at  Rochester, 
N.  Y,,  May  17, 1831.  An  American  jiioncer  and 
Revolutionary  officer.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  colo- 
nizers of  the  Cefiesce  valley  (.New  Vork)nnd  of  the  city  of 
Rochester  (which  w.is  named  after  him). 

Eoche-SUr-Yon,  La.     See  Lo-Roche-sur-Ton. 

Rochet  (ro-sha'),  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug. 
24,  1813:  died  there,  Jan.  21.  1878,  A  Frendi 
seulj>tor,  .Among  his  works  are  "  Comte  I'golino  et  ses 
enfants"  (1839),  "Jeune  femme  pleiirant  "  (1840),  "Gull- 
Inunie  le  Conqut^rant "  (1S.'»1 :  at  Falaise),"  Nap<iIeon  lioiia- 
jiarte,  ^leve  de  Brienne  "  (lSi»3 :  statuette),  "  Napolt^on 
Boiiaparte"(lS5.'j),  "5Ime.  de  Sevign^"  (1857:  at  Orignau), 
"  I.'Einpereur  Pom  PedroI."(18ttl:  large  eiiuestrian  statue 
erected  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  ISIS),  etc. 

Rochette.     See  Rnmil-RoiUeltr. 

Rochlitz  (roch'lits).  A  town  In  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  edge  of  the  Riesengebirge  62  miles 
northeast  of  Prague.  Population  (1891),  oom- 
niune,  7,391. 

Rochlitz.  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situaleil  on  tlieZwickanerMulde  28  miles  south- 
east of  Leipsic.     Population  (1890),  6,180, 

Rochlitz,  Friedrich.  Born  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  12. 
1709:  died  there, Dec.  Ki,  1K42.  A  German  mu- 
sical critic  and  novelist.  He  founded  the  "  AU- 
genieine  miisikalische  Zeltiing"  in  1798. 

Rochus.     See  Roch. 

Rock  (rok),  Captain.  A  fictitious  name  signed 
to  notices,  summonses,  etc..  by  the  leailer  of  a 
certain  band  of  Irish  insurgents  In  1S22. 

Rocka'way  (rok'a-wa).  A  summer  resort  on  the" 
south  coast  of  Long  Island,  southeast  of  Brook- 
lyn. 

Rocka'way,  Far.    A  summer  resort  east  of 

b'ockaway. 

Rockaway  Beach.  A  long  beaeli  on  the  south 
loasl  ol'  Long  Island,  10-12  miles  southeast  of 
Brooklyn. 

Rockford  (rok'ford).  A  city,  capital  of  Winne- 
bagoCoiinty,  noi-thern  Illinois,  situiitedon  Rock 
River  79  miles  wcsl-noitlnvest  of  Chicago,  it 
has  varied  and  extensive  mannfaclures,  and  is  the  scat  of 
a  fcniale  seminary.     Population  (190n),  a  ,061, 

Rockhampton  (lok-hamp'ton).  A  town  in 
(jueenstiind,  Austi'alia.  situated  on  Filzroy 
River  about  lat,  23°  25'  S.  Population  (1891), 
11,6'29. 

Rockhillfr.ik'liil),  William Woodville.  Bom 

at  I'iiilailelpliia  inlS51.  .\ii  .Xnnric'an  traveler, 
diplomat,  and  author,  lie  was  aeeretary  of  legntii>n 
In  Peking  1KK.",-Hii;  llrst  iissi-tant  secretary  olstateof  the 
Unite.l  Slates  1h:ii'.-'.i7  ;  minister  to  (ireece  IKfT-iW;  and 
wa.  a|ipiilnted  -|iccial  ciooy  to  China  In  July,  liiOO.  Ho 
has  willteii  "  I  be  Land  of  the  Ijinios  "  (I8UI).  etc. 

Rockingham,  Marquis  of.     See  Uninrorih, 

fliiirlii    Hols,,, I. 
Rock  Island  trok  i'hiinl).     All    Island  in   Iho 
Mississippi,  opposite  tbo  city  of  Rock  Island. 


Rock  Island 

It  IS  the  seat  of  a  large  tinited  States  arsenal  and  annpry, 
and  was  the  sit<?  of  Fort  Armstrong  at  the  time  of  the  Black 
nawk  war.    Length,  about  3  miles. 

Rock  Island.  A  city,  capital  of  Koek  Island 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  op- 
posite'Davenport  (in  Iowa),  in  lat.  41°  28'  N. 
It  is  an  important  railway  center,  and  the  seat  of  a  United 
States  arsinal.     Population  (1900),  19,493. 

Rockland  (rok'lamli.  A  city  and  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  Knox  County.  Maine,  situated  on  Penob- 
scot Bay  38  miles  southeast  of  Augusta.  It  has 
important  inanu(aeturin<;  and  ship-building  industries, 
exp'irts  gi-anite,  and  has  trade  in  lime.  Population  (19O0). 
s.  I.=i0. 

Rockland.  A  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 18  miles  south-southeast  of  Boston: 
formerly  called  East  Abington.  Population 
(1900).  0..327. 

Rockport(rok'p6rt).  AseaportinEssexCounty, 
Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  extremity  of  the 
Cape  Ann  peninsula,  30  miles  northeast  of  Bos- 
ton.    Population  (1900),  4.592. 

Sockstro  (rok'stro),  William  Smyth.  Born 
about  1830 :  died  July  2, 1S9.5.  An  English  com- 
poser, author  of  a  ''History  of  Music." 

Kocky  (rok'l)  Mountains.  The  most  important 
mountain  svstem  in  North  America.  The  name 
is  sometimes  applied  to  the  entire  mountainous  region  in 
the  western  part  of  the  continent,  extending  to  the  Pacific, 
but  is  cenerallv  restricted  to  the  series  of  ranges  which  ex- 
tend from  Jlexico  through  the  United  States  north-north- 
west, and  through  Britisli  America,  exclusive  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  Cascade  Mountains,  Coast  Eange,  and  ranges  of 
the  lire:it  Basin.  Among  the  chief  ranges  are  the  (_'o?ur 
d'.U^ne  Mountains.  Bitter  Koot  Mountains,  Salmon  River 
Mountains,  Big  Horn,  Black  Hills.  Crazj-  Jlountains,  Sho- 
shone Mountains,  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Medicine  Bow 
Eange,  Park  P,anges,  Front  P.ange,  Sawatch  Mountains, 
and  Elk  Mountains.  The  sjstem  traverses  Arizona,  >'ew 
Mexico,  rtah.  Colorado,  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  Slontana. 
The  chief  peaks  are  Pike's  Peak,  Long's  Peak,  Cray's  Peak, 
Mount  Harvard,  Mountainof  theHolyCross,  Incompahgre 
Peak,  and  Blanca  Peak  (14,468  feet,  the  highest  in  tlie  sys- 
tem within  the  United  states).  The  heights  of  the  princi- 
pal suiumits  in  British  America  are  not  detinitely  known, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  any  peak  rises  above  13,000-14,000  feet, 
unless  it  be  about  the  Alaskan  region.  Mount  Brown, 
frequently  represented  tobel.%000-ie.000  feet  in  elevation, 
has  recently  (1894)  been  shown  to  fall  below  10,000  feet. 
Among  the  special  features  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are 
the  canons  and  geyser  springs  (see  Yellotcstone  yoticnal 
Park),  and  the  singular  rock  formations,  in  the  shape  of 
pinnacles,  columns,  etc.,  which  have  likened  them  to  mon- 
uments (Monument  Park,  Garden  of  the  Gods,  near  Colo- 
rado Springs).  The  "parks"  (North,  Middle,  South,  San 
Luis,  etc.)  are  notable  features.  The  system  contains  the 
sources  of  the  Saskatchewan,  Missouri,  Platte,  Arkansas, 
Eio  Grande,  Columbia,  Colorado,  and  other  rivers. 

Rocourt,  or  Rocour  (ro-kbr'),  or  RocoUX  (ro- 
ko'),  or  Raucous  (ro-ko'),  or  Raucourt  (ro- 
kor').  A  village  in  Belgium,  3  miles  north-north- 
west of  Liege.  Here,  Oct.  11, 1746,  the  French 
under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the  Austrians  and 
their  allies. 

Rocroi,  or  Rocroy  (ro-krwii').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  near 
the  Belgian  frontier,  15  miles  northwest  of 
Mezidres.  It  was  fortified  by  Vauban,  and  was  taken 
by  the  Allies  in  ISlo,  and  by  the  Germans  Jan.  5, 1S71.  A 
victory  was  gained  near  it  May  19,  1643,  by  the  French 
under  the  Due  d'Enghien  ("  the  Great  Cond^  ")  over  the 
Spaniards.     Population  (1891),  commune,  2,265. 

Rodbertus  (rod-ber'tos),  Johann  Karl.  Born 
at  Greifswald,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1805 :  died  on 
his  estate  Jagetzow,  Dee.  6,  1875.  A  German 
political  economist,  originator  of  German  sci- 
entific socialism.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Prussian 
National  Assembly  in  1848,  and  of  the  second  chamber  in 

•  1849.    He  wrote  "Soziale  Briefe  "  (18S0-61),  etc. 

Rodenberg  (ro'den-bero)  (originally  Levy), 
Julius.  Born  at  Eodenberg,  Prussia,  June  26, 
1831.  A  German  poet,  novelist,  and  writer  of 
travels.  He  has  edited  the  "Deutsche  Rund- 
schau "  since  1875. 

Roderick,  or  Roderic  (rod'er-ik) .  [F.  Sodrigue, 
Roderic,  Sp.  Bodrigo,  Stii/,  Pg.  It.  Eodrifio,  Gael. 
Ruairidh,  Eorij,  Pol.  Soderi/k,  Kuss.  Bodcrikh, 
Surik,  ML.  Rodericus,  from  Goth.  *Hrotlia- 
reiks,  OHG.  Hruoderic,  Roderick,  G.  Roderick, 
prince  of  fame.]  The  last  king  of  the  West 
Goths  in  Spain.  He  ascended  the  throne  about 
710  and  was  overthrown  and  probably  shiin  by  the  Sara- 
cens under  Tarik  in  711.  According  to  legenil  he  violated 
Florindaor  Cava,  daughter  of  Count  Julian  t»f  Ceuta,  whose 
father  avenged  her  dishonor  by  calling  in  the  .Saracens. 
Roderick  was  overcome  in  a  seven  days'  fight,  and  fled  to 
the  mountains,  where  he  became  a  hermit. 

The  fate  of  Roderick  has  remained  a  mystep*  to  this  day, 
Hio  horse  and  sandals  were  found  on  the  river-bank  the 
day  after  the  battle,  but  his  body  was  not  with  them. 
Doubtless  he  was  drowned  and  w.tshed  out  to  the  great 
ocean.  But  the  Spaniards  would  not  believe  this.  Tliey 
clothed  the  dead  king  with  a  holy  mystery  whicli  assuredly 
did  not  enfold  him  wlien  alive.  They  made  the  last  of  the 
Goths  into  a  legendary  sa'/iour  like  King  Arthur,  and  be- 
lieved that  he  would  come  again  from  his  resting-place  in 
some  ocean  isle,  healed  of  his  wound,  t-ileatl  the  Christians 
once  more  against  the  infidels.    In  the  Spanish  legends, 


862 

Roderick  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  pious  acts  of  penance, 
and  was  slowly  devoured  by  snakes  in  punishment  for  the 
sins  he  had  conuuitted,  until  at  last  his  crime  was  washed 
out,  "the  body's  pang  had  spared  the  spirit's  pain,"  and 
"  Don  Rodrigo "  was  sutfered  to  depart  to  the  peaceful 
isle  whence  his  countrjTuen  long  awaited  his  triumphant 
retiim.  Puole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  21. 

Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths.  A  narrative 
poem  by  Robert  Southey,  published  in  1814. 

Roderick  Dhu  (rod'er-'ik  du).  A  Highland 
chieftain,  one  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Scott's  "Lady  of  the  Lake." 

Roderick  Random  (ran'dom).  A  novel  by 
Smollett,  published  in  1748. 

RoderigO  (roil-e-re'go).  1.  In  Shakspere's 
"Othello,"  a  foolish  gentleman  in  love  with 
Desdemona  and  duped  by  lago. — 2.  In  Middle- 
ton's  play  "The  Spanish  Gipsy,"  a  brutal  ruf- 
fian whose  repentance  and  reformation  form 
the  theme  of  the  play. 

Rode'Wisch  (ro'de-vish).  Amanufacturingtown 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the 
Goltzsch  14  miles  south  by  west  of  Zwickau. 
Population  (1890),  4,630. 

Rodez.formerly Rhodez  (ro-das')-  [ML.  Rtitoia, 
Riitkeiiis,  Rutenica;  from  the  Riitein  :  see  the 
def.]  The  capital  of  the  department  of  AvejTon, 
France,  situated  on  the  Aveyron  in  lat.  44°  21' 
N.,  long.  2°  34'  E.:  the  ancient  Sagodunum.  It 
has  considerable  commerce  and  manufactures.  The  ca- 
thedral, founded  in  1274,  and  carried  on  for  two  centuries, 
is  large,  and  has  by  the  north  transept  a  tower  205  feet  high. 
The  nave  is  110  feet  high.  The  town  was  the  capital  of  the 
Ruteni,  and  later  of  Eouergue.  It  was  united  to  France 
under  Henry  IV.    Population  (1891),  commune,  16,122. 

Rodgers  (roj'erz),  Christopher  Raymond 
Perry.  Born  at  Brooklyn.  N.  Y. ,  Xov.  14. 1819 : 
died  at  Washington,  D."  C,  Jan.  8,  1892.  An 
American  admiral.  He  entered  the  United  States 
navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1833.  and  served  in  the  Seminole 
andMexicanw.ars,  beingpromoted  commander  in  1861.  He 
was  fleet-captain  in  the  Wabash  of  Admiral  Du  Pout's  fleet 
at  .the  battle  of  Port  Royal  in  1861 ;  commanded  an  expedi- 
tion to  St.  Augustine  arid  up  St.  Mary's  River  in  1862  ;  and 
was  fleet-captain  in  the  New  Ironsides  in  the  attack  on 
the  defenses  of  Charleston  April  7, 1863.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  1874-77  and 
in  1881.    Promoted  rear-admiral  1874 :  retired  1881. 

Rodgers,  John.  Born  in  Harford  County,  Md., 
July  11, 1771 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  1.1838. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  was  executive  offi- 
cer of  the  Constellation  at  the  capture  of  the  French 
frigate  L'Insurgente  in  1739,  and  in  18(t.''  succeeded  Com- 
modore Barioit  in  e.mnnand  of  the  American  squadron 
opemtingagains',.Tripolis,  Hecommandetl  the  President 
in  the  action  against  the  Little  Belt  in  1811,  and  took  part 
in  the  defense  of  Baltimore  in  1814. 

Rodgers,  John.  Born  in  Maryland,  Aug.  8. 1812 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  5,  1882.  _An 
American  admiral,  son  of  John  Rodgers  (1771- 
1838).  He  served  agains  the  Seminoles;  was 'distin- 
guished in  the  Civil  W'ar,  capturing  tlie  Confederate  iron- 
clad Atlanta  in  1863 ;  and  commanded  the  Korean  expedi- 
tion in  1871,  He  was  superintendent  of  tlie  United  .States 
Naval  Observatorj-  at  Washington  1877-82. 

Rodiger  (re'dig-er),  Emil.  Born  at  Sanger- 
hausen,  Thuringia,  Oct.  13.  1801 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Jime  15, 1874.  AGerman Orientalist,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1860. 

Rodilardus  (ro-di-lar'dus).  [From  L.  rndere 
?arrf«»i,  to  gnaw  lard.]  An  immense  cat,  in  Rabe- 
lais's  "Pantagruel,"  which  attacks  Panurge. 

Rodin  (ro-dan' ),  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris.  Nov. , 
1840.  A  French  sculptor.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he 
entered  La  Petite  l^cole,  and  later  the  school  of  the  Gobelins 
and  Bar>-e's  classes  at  the  .Tardin  desPlantes.  He  executed 
the  famous  bust  called  "The  Broken  Nose"  in  1862-63, 
Rodin  worked  as  an  artisan  at  Marseillesand  Strasburg,  and 
finally  entered  the  atelier  of  Carrier-Belleuse.  During  the 
Commune  he  followed  Carrier-Belleuse  to  Belgium,  where 
he  remained  until  1874.  He  then  went  to  Italy,  where  he 
made  a  profound  study  of  Donatello  and  Michelangelo, 
which  seems  to  have  revealed  hisownpowersto  the  sculptor 
himself,  now  34  years  of  age.  He  returned  to  Brussels.  At 
the  Salon  of  1877  he  exhibited  a  figure  called  "L'Age  d'ai- 
rain,  "which  expressed  what  he  believed  to  be  the  right  jirin- 
cipleof  construction  of  a  statue.  His  bust  of  "St. -Jean  Bap- 
tiste  "  established  his  reputation.  Among  his  other  works 
are  another  "St. -Jean "(1880),  "Creation  of  Man  "  (ISSl), 
busts  of  J.  P.  Laurens  and  Carrier-Belleuse  (1882),  A'ictor 
Hugo  (1884),  a  statue  of  Bastien-Lepage  (1885),  and  a 
monument  for  the  citj'  of  Calais  in  commemoration  of  the 
patriotism  of  Eustachede  Saint- Pierre  and  his  companions, 
who  offered  themselves  as  a  sacrifice  to  the  demands  of 
Edward  III.  of  England,  conqueror  of  the  city  in  1347.  He 
also  received  a  commission  for  the  bronze  doors  of  the 
Mus^e  des  Arts  D^coratifs,  of  which  the  subject  is  taken 
from  the  "Inferno"  of  Dante. 

Rodman  (rod'man),  Isaac  Peace.  Bom  at 
South  Kingston.'R.  I„  Aug.  18,  1822:  died  at 
ShaiT)sburg,  Md.,  Sept.  30, 1862.  A  Union  gen- 
eral in  the  Ci\-il  War..  He  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Antietam. 

Rodman,  Thomas  Jackson.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Ind.,  July  31,  1816 :  died  at  Rock  Island,  HI., 
June  7, 1871.  An  Ameiican  (brevet)  brigadier- 
general.     He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841,  and  is 


Roebling,  John  Augustus 

notable  as  the  author  of  various  inventions  in  difierenk 
departments  of  orduance,  the  chief  of  which  is  the  Rod- 
man gun. 

Rodna  (rod'na).  A  pass  in  the  Carpathians  in 
northern  Transylvania,  leading  from  the  valley 
of  the  Szamos  into  Moldavia. 

Rodney  (rod'ni),  Caesar.  Born  at  Dover,  Del., 
Oct.  7,  1728:  died  there,  June  29.  1784.  An 
American  patriot,  a  signerof  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  as  member  of  Congress  in  1776. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and. 
president  of  Delaware  1778-82. 

Rodney,  Caesar  Augustus.  Born  at  Dover, 
Dei.,  Jan.  4,  1772:  died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  June 
10, 182-1.  An  American  politician,  sou  of  Ctesap 
Rodney.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Delaware  1803-05,  and  United  States  attorney-general  1807- 
1811.  He  served  in  tlie  War  of  1812 ;  was  commissioner 
to  South  America  in  1817 :  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Delaware  1821-22,  and  United  States  senator  1822-23 ;  and 
was  minister  to  Buenns  Ayres  1S23-24. 

Rodney,  George  Brydges,  first  Baron  Rodney. 
Born  at  Walton-on-Thames,  England,  Feb.  19, 
1718:  died  in  London,  May  24, 1792.  A  noted 
English  admiral.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War; 
and  gained  a  victoiy  over  the  Spaniards  off  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent, Jan.,  1780,  and'  one  over  the  French  under  De  Grasse 
off  Dominica,  April  12,  17S2.  He  was  created  Baron  Rod- 
ney June  19, 1782. 

Rodogune  (ro-do-gUn').  A  tragedy  by  Cor- 
neille,  produced  in  1646. 

Rodomont  (rod'o-mont).  A  brave  though  brag- 
ging Moorish  king  in  "Orlando  Innamorato" 
and  "  Orlando  Furioso."  The  word  "  rodomon- 
tade" is  derived  from  his  name.  He  appears  to 
have  originated  in  the  Jlezentius  of  Vergil. 

Rodoni  (ro-do'ne).  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  coast 
of  Albania,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  41°  37'  N., 
long.  19°  28'  E. 

Rodosto  (ro-dos'to),  A  seaport  in  European 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Sea  of  Mai-mora  78 
miles  west  of  (Constantinople:  the  ancient  Bi- 
santhe  and  Rhsedestus.  Population,  estimated, 
17,000. 

Rodrigo  Diaz  de  Bivar.    See  Cid. 

Rodrigues  Ferreira  (rod-re'ges  fa-rar'rS), 
Alexandre.  Born  at  Bahia,  April  27,  1756 : 
died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  April  23,  1815.  A 
Brazilian  naturalist.  From  1783  to  1793  he  traveled 
in  the  interior  of  Brazil  (the  .\mazon  v.alley,  Matto  Grosso, 
etc, )  on  a  scientific  commission  from  the  Portuguese  gov- 
ernment. His  numerous  reports  and  scientific  papere 
were  left  in  manuscript,  but  some  of  them  have  been  pub- 
lished during  the  nineteenth  centur>-. 

Rodrigues  Torres  (tor  '  ras).  Joaeiuim  Jos6. 

Born  at  Sao  Joao  de  Itaborahy,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Dec.  13,  1802:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Jan.  8, 
1872.  A  Brazilian  politician.  He  was  several  times 
minister  of  marine  (1831-32,  lS3'2-34,  and  18.'*7-39),  minister 
of  the  treasury  (1849),  and  premier  May  11,  lSo2,-Sept.  6, 
1853.  In  1844  he  was  chosen  senator,  and  from  1864  was 
the  acknowledged  chief  of  the  conservative  party.  •  He 
w.as  created  viscount  of  Itabor.ahy  in  1854. 

Rodriguez  (ro-dre'ges).  or  Rodrigues  (rod- 
reg' ).  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  about 
lat.  19°  40'  S.,  long.  63°  25'  E.,  east  of  Mauri- 
tius, of  which  it  is  a  dependency,  it  was  origi- 
nally settled  by  the  French,  but  is  now  a  British  possession. 
Area,  42  square  miles.    Population  (1891).  2,068. 

Rodriguez  (rod-re'geth),  Jose  Joaquin.     A 

Costa  Rican  statesman,  president  from  May  8, 

1890.  to  Mav  8.  1894. 

Rodriguez,  Mariano  Ospina.    See  Osi>i"a  -Bo- 

dri^fne~. 

Roe  (ro),  Azel  Stevens.  Bom  in  New  York  city. 
Aug.  16, 1798 :  died  at  East  Windsor  Hill,  Conn., 
Jan.  1,  1886.  An  American  novelist.  Among 
his  works  are  "James  Mountjoy.  or  I've  been  Thinking" 
(1850),  "A  Long  Look  Aliead  "  (1856),  "True  to  the  Last" 
(1S59),  etc. 

Roe,  Ed'ward  Payson.  Born  at  Xew  Windsor, 
Orange  Countv,  N.  Y.,  March  7,  1838  :  died  at 
Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  July  IQ,  1888.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman  and  novelist.  Among 
his  novels  are  "  Barriers  Burned  Away  "  (187'2),  "  Opening 
a  Chestnut  Burr"(1874X  "From  Jest  to  Earnest  "  (1875)^ 
"A  Knight  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  "(1877),  "A  Face 
niumined  "  (1878),  "  Without  a  Home  "  (18S0),  etc 

Roe  (ro),  Richard.  Thenameof  the  imaginary 
defendant  in  fictions  formerly  In  use  in  eases  of 
ejectment.     Compare  Due,  Jokn. 

Roe,  or  Row,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Low  Ley- 
ton,  Essex,  about  1568  (,') :  died  1644.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist  under  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 
He  was  "esquire  to  the  body"  to  Queen  F.lizabeih;  was 
knighted  by  James  I.  in  1604 ;  and  was  sent  by  Prince 
HeniT  to  the  West  Indies  in  1609.  He  gained  consider- 
able reputation  bv  his  embassy  to  the  court  of  the  Oreat 
Mosul  at  Agra  (1615-18).  In  1621  he  was  ambassador  to 
the  Porte,  and  in  1B41  was  sent  to  the  Diet  of  Katisbon. 

Roebling  (reb'ling),  John  Augustus.  Bom 
at  Miihlhausen,  Prussia,  June  12.  1.806:  died  at 
Brooklyn,  July  22,  1869.  An  American  civil 
en  gineer.  Among  his  works  are  suspension-bridges  over 
the  Niagara  (1851-55),  over  the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati  (1856-07). 


Eoebling,  John  Augustus 

and  (IfsigTis  for  the  East  Rivur  Briiljie  between  New  York 
and  lliuuklj'n.  He  died  from  injurie-i  received  while  in- 
spectiri;;  the  w(prk  on  tilis  hridtre.    He  published  "Long 

iiiid  .^hort  Spun  Bridj^es  "  (l«(JOi,  etc. 

Roebling,  Washington  Augustus.    Bom  at 

Saxi'iiljiiig  Pii.,  May  JO.  1S:!7.  An  American 
civil  engineer,  souof  J.  A.  Koebling,  Afterthe 
hitter's  deatli  lie  superintended  the  construction 
of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

Roebuck  (ro'lnik).  John  Arthur.  Bom  at  Ma- 
dras. Dec,  1802  :  dieil  Nov.  liU,  1879.  A  British 
I  Radical  politician.  He  became  meniher  of  Parliament 
fill  Bath  in  18:,-2,  and  later  sat  for  .Sheflleld.  He  wrote  a 
"  Hun  for  the  Government  of  our  EiiKlish  C<iIt>nie8*'(lS49), 
"  History  of  the  Whig  Ministry  of  l»;i(i  "  0>-'>-).  etc. 

Roederer{re'der-er),ConitePierreLouis.  Born 
at  .Mctz,  Feb.  15,  17.')4:  died  Dee.  17,  183.').  A 
French  politician,  puhlicist^and  economist.  He 
wns  a  member  of  the  National  As-sembly  in  ITiSO,  and  an 
administrator  under  \aptdeon  f.  He  was  created  a  count 
in  ISirt).  He  supported  Napt.deon  during  the  Hundred 
Days,  and  retired  to  private  life  afterthe  second  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons.  Jle  published  "Memoires  pourser- 
vir  11  riiisloire  de  Louis  .\1I.  et  de  Francois  I."  (1S2.'))  and 
"Esprit  de  la  revolution  de  1789 "(1S31),  and  "  Chronlque 
decin<iuunte  jours,  du  20  Juin  an  10  AoUt"  (1832). 

Soer,  or  Ruhr  (ror).     A  river  in  the  wesiern 

Sart  of  tho  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  and  the 
[etherlands     It  joins  the  Mouse  at  Roermond. 
Lengtli,  about  125  miles. 
.Boermond  (ror-mOnt'),  or  Eoermonde  (riir- 

mon'de),  F,RuremOnde  triir-iuond').  A  town 
in  the  i>rovince  of  Liniburg,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Roer  and  Mouse,  27 
miles  northeast  of  Maestricht.  it  has  a  minster 
anil  cloth  manufactures.  Population  (1889),  S,984. 
Boeskilde,  or  Roskilde  (res'kil-de),  A  town 
in  the  islanii  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  situated  on 
Roeskildc  Fjord  20  miles  west  of  Copeuhagei,. 
The  ealheilral,  built  in  the  middle  of  the  i:ith  century  in 
the  Transition  style,  is  with  three  exceptions  the  finest 
medieval  church  in  Scandinavia.  The  nnusonry  is  of  sand- 
stone and  brick.  There  arc  many  interesting  tombs,  in- 
cluding those  of  several  kings  and  (jueens  of  Denmark. 
The  cathedral  is  280  feet  lone,  the  tower  2-tO  high.  Roes- 
kilde  was  an  ancient  ecclesiastical  center.  It  had  at  one 
time  a  population  of  100,000,  and  was  the  capital  until  144S. 
By  tho  i>'-ace  concluded  at  Roeskildc  between  Denmark 
and  Sweden,  Feb.  28.  UJ.5K,  the  fimner  ceded  Schonen, 
Balland,  Bornholm,  Drontheini,  etc.  roinilation  (1890), 
6.974.  • 

Boger  (roj'er)  I.  (Roger  Guiscard).  [L.  /I'o- 
gcrus,  F.  Iloycr,  It.  liiiiK/ifrii,  lioiicra,  Sp.  Pg. 
S<i(ierio,G.  JltHliiji >:]  Born  1031:  died  at  Mileto, 
1101.  Grand  Count  of  Sicily,  youngest  son  of 
Tancred  de  Hauteville  and  brother  of  Robert 
Guiscard.  He  aide.l  his  brotlier  in  Calabria  aftei'  l(ir.8, 
and  began  with  him  aliout  loou  thecotiquest  of  Sicily,  tak- 
ing .Messina  (1001),  Palermo  (1072),  Catania,  tiirgenti.  etc. 
In  1090  he  took  Malta  from  the  Saracens.  He  assumed 
the  title  of  count  of  Sicily  about  1071. 

Boger  II.  Born  about  1096  :  died  at  Palermo, 
1154.  Count  and  later  king  of  Sicily,  son  of 
Roger  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1101,  He  was 
acknowledgeil  duke  of  .\pulia  and  Calabria  in  1127,  thus 
uniting  the  Nonnan  conquests  in  Italy  with  Sicily  ;  was 
crowned  king  of  Sicily  in  1130  ;  was  defeated  by  the  em- 
peror L<ithair  in  1 137  ;  waged  war  suct^essf  ully  against  the 
Pope  in  1139,  and  against  the  Kastern  I-'.mpire  and  the 
Arabs ;  and  conquered  Naples  ancl  the  Abruzzi. 

Boger  de  Coverley.    See  Cmwrlei/. 

Boger  of  Hoveden  (roj'er  ov  huv'den  or  hov'- 
deu).  Livid  in  the  last  half  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. The  aullior  of  a  chronicle  of  England, 
first  printed  in  l.")!**).  He  was  a  clerk  and  a  member 
of  the  royal  household  of  Henry  II. ,  and  seems  to  have  been 
well  versed  in  the  law.  He  served  the  king  in  various  dip- 
lomatic and  public  alfairs,  and  on  Henr>'a  death  he  iiroli- 
ably  retired  to  the  collegiate  church  of  Hoveden  (flovedon 
or  Howden),  In  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  wrote  his 
chronicle. 

RogerofHoveden's  Chronicle  was  based  first  upon  a  com- 
pilation made  probably  at  Durham  between  the  years  1148 
and  lltil.  and  known  as  the  "  Historia  Saxonum  vel  Anglo- 
nim  post  obitum  Bedie."  This  chronicle  was  complied 
from  the  hlBtories  of  Simeon  of  Durham  aiul  Henry  of 
Huntingdon.  Roger  of  Hoveden  added  to  this  an  account 
of  the  miracles  of  Edward  tin-  Confessor  ;  an  jibstnict  of  a 
charter  of  William  the  Conqneror  granting  Heiidnburgh 
anil  Brackenbolrii  to  Durham  ;  a  copy  of  a  charter  by  which 
ThotnaH  I,,  an-bbishopof  York,  released  Durham  chilrcheB 
In  bis  ilinci-sr  hooi  riistomary  payments  to  the  Archbishop  ; 
a  list  In  Kreiii-li  of  warriomat  the  siege  of  Nice  ;  and  about 
eight  olh.-r  adilhioris.  The  part  of  Hiiveden's  Chronicle 
wbli-li  extends  from  1148  Ut  1170  is  not  founded  upon  any 
written  authority  except  the  chronicle  of  Melrose.  .  .  . 
The  .Melrose  Chronicle  was  based  upon  Simeon  of  Durham 
until  the  yt-ar  1121,  and  was  then  continued  until  1109  with 
contemporary  record.  Between  midland  11(19  Roger  of 
Hoveden  draws  largely  from  the  lives  of  Becki^t  in  the  rec- 
ord of  his  quarrel  with  the  king.  .  .  .  l-'rom  lli'.il  to  the 
spring  of  119t'  Roger  of  Hoveden's  (^hl-oniele  endHMiies, 
with  ocea-sional  divergence,  anil  addition  of  documents, 
chii-llv  noi-therii,  that  of  Benedict  of  I'elerborough  ;  and 
from  1192  to  I2iil,  at  which  dale  the  chronicle  einls.  the 
addition  of  documents  especially  relating  to  the  north  of 
Erc'land  becomes  a  marked  feature  of  the  work.  'I'his  is 
the  partiif  the  chronicle  in  which  linger  of  Hoveden  is  his- 
torian of  bis  own  time,  and  his  work  is  of  the  highest  value. 
The  renutation  of  tbecbronicle  was  in  ifsown  time  sogimd 
that  Edward  I.  is  said  Ui  have  caused  diligent  search  to  be 
made  for  copies  of  it  In  the  year  1201,  in  order  that  on  its 


803       , 

evidence  he  miubt  adjust  the  disputes  aa  to  homage  due  to 
him  from  the  Crown  of  Scotland. 

Mnrleij,  English  Writers,  III.  193,  194. 

Boger  ofWendover  (wen'do-ver).    Died  rj:j7. 

An  Kiiglish  chronicler,  a  mouk  of  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Albans  and  prior  of  Belvoir.  He  was  the  author 
of  that  portion  of  the  'Florcs  histori.arum "  which  treats 
of  the  period  after  1189.  Ibe  rest  is  by  .lohu  de  Uella. 
Bogero  (ro-ja'ro),  or  RuggierO  (rod-ja'ro).  A 
Saracen  knight  in  Boiardo's  ••Orlando Iiinamo- 
rato"  and  in  Ariosto's  '•Orlando  Furioso."  He 
becomes  a  Christian  and  is  liaptized  for  the  sake  of  Brada- 
mant.    He  is  one  of  the  most  important  characters. 

Rogers  rojcrz),  Fairman.  Born  Nov.  15, 
1833:  (lied  Aug.  23,  UKIO.  .An  American  engi- 
neer. He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1853.  and  was  professor  of  civil  .riginei  ring  in  that  uni- 
versity 18.1^-70,  serving  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Inion  amiy 
ilnriiig  the  Civil  War.  He  publi:,lied  Terrestrial  Magnet- 
ism ami  the  Magnetism  of  Iron  Ships"  (1883),  etc. 

Rogers,  Henry.  Born  Oct.  18,  1800:  died  in 
North  Wales,  Aug.  20,  1877.  An  English  Con- 
gregationalist  preacher  and  essayist,  professor 
of  English  at  University  College,  London.  His 
best-known  work  is '•The  Eclipse  of  Faith" 
(ls.-i2). 

Rogers,  Henry  Dar'win.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  1, 1808:  died  near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  May 
29,  186G.  An  Ameriean  geologist.  He  was  pro. 
lessor  of  geology  and  mineralogy  at  the  Iniversityof  Penn- 
sylvania 18:1&-4U,  made  a  geological  survey  of  New  Jersey 
(begun  in  18:15),  and  was  the  State  geologist  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 183(1-38.  In  1855  he  removed  to  Edinburgh,  ami  in 
1868  became  professor  of  natur.il  history  at  the  I'niversiiy 
of  (JIasgow.  He  published  a  "  Description  of  the  C,eolo;:y 
of  the  State  of  New  .Tei-scy  "  (1840),  "Geology  of  Pennsyl- 
vania :  a  Oovemnient  Survey"  (1S.'>8).  etc.  \Vith  the  firm 
of  W.  and  A.  K.  Johnston  he  published  a  geographical 
atlas  of  the  fnited  States  (IS.OTV 

Rogers,  James  Edwin  Thorold.    Born  at  West 

Meon,  Hampshire.  1823:  diedOt.  12,  1890.  An 
English  political  economist.  He  graduated  at  ox- 
ford (Magdalen  Uall)  in  1846,  and  officiated  for  a  time  as 
a  clergyman,  but  afterward  renounced  bis  orders.  From 
1862  to  lUfS  he  was  professor  of  ])oliticaI  economy  at  Ox- 
ford ;  and  from  1880  to  1>80  be  sat  in  Parliament  as  an 
advanced  Liberal.  He  published  "  History  of  Agriculture 
and  Prices  in  England  "(l.s08-s-S|,  "Six  Centuries  of  Work 
and  Wages  "(18S6),  "The  Economic  Interpretation  of  His- 
tory "  (18»S),  etc. 

Rogers,  John.  Born  near  Binningliam  in  1505 : 
burned  at  Smithfield,  Feb.  4,  15.55.  An  Eng- 
lish Protestant  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
briilge  (Pembroke  Hall)  in  15'>5.  In  1537,  under  the  name 
of  John  Matthew,  he  jjublished  "Matthew's  Bible"  (com- 
piled from  Coverdale's  and  Tyndales  versions  with  the 
Apocrj'pba  in  his  own  translation.  After  the  accession  of 
ilary  he  jireached  against  Romanism  at  Paul's  Cross,  ami 
was  arrested,  tried  as  a  heretic,  and  burned,  the  first  mar- 
tyr of  that  reign. 

Rogers,  John.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Oct.  30, 
182!i.  An  American  sculptor,  best  known  by 
his  sm;ill  groujis  illustrating  soenes  from  the 
Civil  War,  country  life,  etc. 

Rogers.  Randolph.  Born  at  Waterloo,  New 
York,  July  (i,  1825:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  1.5,  1892. 
An  American  sculjitor.  He  removed  to  Italy  in  18.^5. 
Among  his  works  are  the  bronze  dO(.>rs  in  the  Capitol  at 
Washington  and  iiortrait-stalues  and  memorial  monu- 
ments in  Richmond,  Providence,  Detroit,  etc. 

Rogers,  Robert.  Born  at  Dunbarton,  N.  H., 
1727:  died  about  1800.  An  American  officer, 
noted  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  as  coiii- 
niander  of  the  corps  called '•  Rogers's  Ran  gi'is." 
He  served  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Oeorge  and  at  Detroit ; 
was  arrested  by  Washington  as  a  spy  in  1770 ;  secured  his 
freedom  by  violating  his  parole,  and  raised  a  ro™liBlcor])8 
called  "i'lietjucen's  Rangers";  and  went  to  England  in 
1777,  after  which  nothing  is  known  of  him.  He  \>Tote 
"A  Concise  Account  of  -North  America"  (1765),  "Jonr 
nals■•(17(l.^),and  "Diaryof  tho  Siegeof  Detroit  "(published 
iNiai). 

Rogers,  Samuel.  Born  at  Newington  Green, 
London,  July  30,  1763:  died  at  London,  Dec.  18, 
18.55.  An  Knglisli  jioet,  son  of  a  London  banker. 
He  was  educnleil  al  the  Nonionforndst  Academj  at  .New- 
ington (ireen,  and  entered  his  father's  bank.  His  house  in 
London  was  noted  as  a  literary  center.  His  principal  po- 
ems are  "  Pleasures  of  .Memory,  etc.  '  (IVittX"  liplslle  to  n 
Frlend,etc."(179H),'  Voyage  of  Columbus"!  1812;,  "Jacque- 
Inn    "(18M),   "Uuman  Life  "(1819),  "Italy'"  (18'22-'28). 

Rogers,  William  Augustus.    Born  at  Water- 

luril,  Colin..  Nov.  13,  Is:;:;:  died  at  Walervillc, 
.Ml.,  .March  1,  IS'JS.  An  American  astronomer 
and  physicist,  a  specialist  iu  micrometry.  He 
graibnite'd  at  Brown  I  ulversily  in  18.57,  ami  in  1858  be- 
came  professor  of  mathenuitics  and  astronomy  at  Alfred 
Urdverstty,  a  [mst  wliieh  be  oecnpi.  d  tbiiteen  jears.  lb 
was  appoLiiteil  luisistant  in  the  Harvard  observalory  in 
1870  :  became  assistant  professor  of  astronomy  at  Harvard 
In  1H77  ;  ami  accepted  thi-  chair  of  astronomy  and  jdiysics 
at  Colby  I'niversiiy  in  1880. 
Roget  (ro-zhrr ). Peter  Mark.  Born  at  London, 
17(9:  died  isii'l.  .\n  I'lnglish  physician  and 
seientitic  writer.  lie  ti».k  his  medical  degree  at 
Edinburgh  in  IVils.  and  pi-actlsed  as  a  physician  in  Man 
cllester  and  Ixindon,  where  he  became  physician  to  the 
Northern  Dlsiiensary.  He  was  fyr  ninny  years  secretary 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was  Pullerlan  lecturer  on  physl- 


Rokelle 

ology  al  the  Royal  Institution.  His  chief  work  is  the  nota- 
ble^'Thesaurus  of  English  Words  and  Phrases"  (1862). 

RoggeveldBerge(rog'ge-veld  bero'e).  Amoun- 
t;mi-i'aiige  in  the  western  part  of  Cape  Colony, 
intersected  by  lat,  32°  S.  It  is  eonuected  on 
the  east  with  the  Nieuweveld  Berge. 

Bogier  (ro-zhva'),  Charles.  Bom  at  St.-Quen- 
tin,  France,  Aug.  12,  1800:  died  .May  27,  1885. 
A  Belgi;in  statesman.  He  was  prominent  in  the  rev- 
olution  of  18:io,  and  was  one  of  the  members  of  the  pro- 
visional government,  and  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the 
Belgian  monarchy.  He  was  a  member  of  various  minis- 
tries, and  a  leader  of  the  liberal  party. 

Rogue  (rog)  River.  A  river  in  southwestern 
Oregon,  which  Hows  into  the  Pacific  at  Ellens- 
burg.     Length,  about  '200  miles. 

Rogue  River  Indians.    See  Jthapascaii  and 

Till.rllinl. 

Rohan  (ro-on'),  Due  Henri  de.  Bom  at  the 
castle  of  Blain,  Brittanv,  Aug.  25.  1579:  died 
April  13,  1638.  A  eelebiated  French  general, 
writer,  and  statesman.  Hewasaleaderof  thcHuguc- 
nota  in  the  civil  wars  which  ended  in  16-.^);  was  forced  to 
retire  to  Venice,  where  be  became  genend  (1(131 1 ;  was  re- 
called to  France,  and  comiuerci  the  Valtelline,  defeating 
the  Imperialists  and  Spaniards.  1035-30:  and  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Rbeinfeldeii  in  163S.  He  wrote 
"be  parfait  capitaine  "  <U):Hi),  " Memoires  et  lettres  sur  la 

trilelle  .le  la  \  altelline  "  (IT.'iSt,  etc. 

Rohilkhand,  or  Rohilcund  (ro-liil-kund').  A 
division  in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British  In- 
dia. Area,  10,885  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  5.122..5.57. 

Rohitsch  (I'o'hitsh).  A  village  in  StjTia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  in  lat.  4G°  14'  N.,  long. 
15'^  43'  E.  Near  it  is  the  watering-place  and 
health-resort  Rohitsch-Sauerbi^unn. 

Rohlfs  (rolfs).  Friedrich  Grerhard.  Bom  at 
Vegesack,  near  Uieiueii,  .Ajiril  14,  1831:  died  at 
Goilesberg,  Prussia,  June  3,  1896.  An  African 
explorer-  He  was  a  military  surgeon  in  Algeria  1855-00.; 
explored  Morocco.  Tafllet  (1860-02).  and  Tilat  ( 1&4M  >;  crossed 
Africa  from  Tripoli  to  Lagos  over  Lake  Cliad,  Bornu,  Man- 
dara,  Sokot^^,  Binne.  and  Yornba  (1865-66):  visited  Abys- 
sinia in  1868,  the  oases  between  Tripoli  and  F.gypt  in  1868, 
the  Liiiyan  desert  lS";l-74,  and  the  oases  Sokna  and  Kufra 
in  1S78:  and  was  (.ternian  consul  at  Zanzibar  1^84-85.  His 
numerous  works  incliide  "  Reise  dnrch  Marokko"  (1869\ 
"  Von  Triiwlinach  Alexandria"  (1871  )."t)uerdurchAlrika" 
(1874-75X  '■Kufra"(1881),  "Quid  novi  ex  Africa?'  (1886). 

Rohri.     See  7i«)-i. 

Rohtak  (i'6-tiik').  1.  A  district  in  the  Hissar 
division.  I'anjab,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  29°  N.,  long.  76°  40'  E.  Area,  1,797  square 
miles.  Population  (1891), 590,47.5.— 2.  Thecaj)- 
ital  of  the  district  of  Rohtak,  42  miles  north- 
west of  Delhi.     Population  (1891 ).  Hi, 702. 

Roi  des  Montagues  (rwii  dii  mon-tiiny').    [F.. 

'  King  of  tin-  Mountains.']  A  novel  l)y  Edmond 
.\bont,  published  in  1806.    The  scene  is  laid  in 

(ireeee. 

Roi d'Yvetot (rwa dev-to'), Le.   [F..'The King 

of  Yvetot.']  A  song  by  Bi^ranger.  wliich  ap- 
peared in  1813.  It  alludes  to  the  conteiiti-d  rnler  of 
a  very  small  seignior.v,  and  has  a  political  signification, 
turning  on  the  fact  that  the  French,  at  that  time  retumwl 
from  Moscow,  had  begun  to  weary  of  the  glor.v  which  c*tst 
so  much  blood  and  t^-ars.  The  ballad  of  the  Kingof  Yvetot. 
who  tejok  "pleasure  feir  his  code,"  was  sung  by  all  h'rance, 
and  passed  into  literature  as  a  type  of  the  "roi  Iwn  enfant" 
whose  reign  the  French  wished  to  inaugurate 

Roi  s' Amuse  (rwii  sii-iniiz'),  Le.  [F.,  •The 
King  Amuses  Himself.']  A  drama  by  Victor 
Hugo,  produced  in  1832.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
tlie  reign  of  Francis  I. 

Rois  Faineants  (rwii  fa-nii-on'),Le8.  [F.,'tb9 
do-not  hiiig  or  sluggard  kings.']  .\  name  given 
to  King  ('ill vis  II.  of  Nenstria  (died  65l>)  and  his 
ten  siiecessoi'S.  They  were  merely  hgnrelieads,  being 
entirelv  under  themanagenient  of  the  mayorof  the  palace. 
or  major  domUN  an  oltlcer  who  had  charge  of  the  royal 
household  and  later  eif  the  royal  domain.  Themavor  was 
originally  elected  by  the  nobles,  but  the  oltlee  became 
hereilitai*y  in  the  Austrasian  family  of  the  Carollngians. 
Theempireof  the  Meixwinglans  slowly  declined  in  the  use- 
less hands  of  the"  rois  faineants 'until  751,  when  Pepin  the 
short  usurped  the  crown. 

Bojas(ro'niis),  Fernando  de.  Pied  about  1.510. 

A  SpanishdramatisI,  aiithorof  the  play  "Celes- 
tiiia." 
Bojas  Paiil  (pil-iil'),  Jos6  Pablo.    Born  about 
1845.     A  Venezuelan  politician,  president  from 
Feb.  '2(1,  1888,  to  Feb.  -20.  1890. 

Rojas-Zorillaor-Zorrillairo'iiiis-thor-i-eryK), 

Francisco  de.      Hmn   al    Toledo.  tU'l.  4.  1607 
.\  Spanish  diamntist.  distinguished  as  a  writer 
Violli  of  trniredies  anil  eomedies.      Amoni:  his  play* 
are"(bireiadelCaBtanar  "and  "Donile  liny  agrnvlosnohay 
zelos. "  imitated  by  Scai-ron,  Thomas  Cornellle,  and  Rolroii. 

Bokeby  (rok'bi).  A  narrative  poem  by  Sir 
Waller  Seoll.  imblished  ill  1813.  The  scene  is 
laid  ill  iiorlhern  Yorkshire  in  1644. 

Bokelle  (ro-kel' ).  A  river  in  the  southern  part 
of  Sencgambiaandiu  SierraLeone.  Itflowsinto 


Bokelle 

the  Sierra  Leone  estuary.  Length,  estimated, 
over  200  miles. 
Bokitansky  (ro-ke-tan'ske),  Baron  Karl  VOn. 
Boru  at  Koniggratz,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19,  18W: 
ilieil  at  Vienna,  July  23,  1878.  An  Austrian 
anatomist,  founder  of  the  German  school  of 
pathological  anatomy.  He  wrote  a  "Handhuch  der 
patbolojnschen  Anatomie "  ("Manual  of  Pathological 
Anatomj-,"  1842-16).  etc. 

Kokitno  (ro-ket'no).  A  marshy  distriet  in  west- 
ern Russia,  between  the  Dnieper  and  the  Pri- 
ppt.  According  to  one  theory  it  was  the  home 
of  the  Aryans. 

Boland  (ro'land).  [E.  also  Rowland,  T>.  Eoeland, 
F.  lioliitid.  S'p.  EoUindo.  Pg.  Rolando,  Orlando, 
RoUlao.  It.  Orlando.  ML.  Bolandus.  from  OHCt. 
Hruodland,  G.  Eudland.  Euland.  Eoland.  hav- 
ing a  famous  laud.]  In  medieval  romance, 
the  most  celebrated  of  the  palaiUns  of  Char- 
lemagne, famous  for  his  prowess  and  death 
in  the  battle  of  Koncesvalles  in  778.  His  deeds 
were  fii-st  recorded  in  Turpiu's  chronicle  and  in  the 
"Chanson  de  Roland,"also  in  the  works  of  Puici,  Boiardo, 
and  Ariosto.  He  had  a  wonderful  horn  called  Olivant, 
which  he  won,  together  with  the  snord  Durandal  (Durin- 
dana),  from  the  ^ant  .Tutmnndus.  The  horn  might  be 
heard  at  the  distance  of  twenty  miles.  There  are  numer- 
ous legends  concerning  i',oland.  He  once  fought  for  five 
days  with  Oliver  or  Olivier.  s<in  of  Kegnier,  duke  of  Genoa, 
another  of  Charlemagnes  paladins.  They  had  previously 
known  each  other,  and  were  nearly  equally  raatched- 
>' either  gained  the  adv.intage :  hence  the  phrase  "  to  give  a 
Roland  for  an  Oliver,"  i.  e.  a  blow  for  a  blow.  "  Childe 
Eoland  (Rowland)  to  the  Dark  Tower  came,"  a  poem  by 
Robert  Browning,  is.  according  to  his  own  statement,  sim- 
ply a  dramatic  creation  called  forth  by  the  line  sung  by 
Edgar  in  '"  King  Lear"  iii.  4. 

Eoland,  Chanson  de.    See  Chanson  de  Eoland. 

Eoland  de  la  Platlere  (ro-lon'  delapla-tyar'), 
Jean  Marie.  Bora  at  Thizy,  near  VUlefranche, 
France.  Feb.  18. 1734:  committed  suicide  near 
Rouen,  Xov.  15. 1793.  A  French  statesman  and 
writer.  Previous  to  the  Revolution  he  was  an  inspector 
of  manufactures  at  Amiens  and  tyons.  He  became  a  re- 
publican propagandist  in  Paris  in  1791 :  and  wasone  of  the 
Girondist  leaders.  He  was  minister  of  the  interior  March- 
June.  179-2,  and  Aug.,  1792, -J an.  22,  1793,  and  was  a  deputy 
to  the  Convention.  He  escaped  from  Paris  in  June,  1793. 

Eoland  de  la  Platiere  (ro-lon'  de  Iii  pla-tyar'), 
iladame  (Manon  Jeanne  Phlipon).  Born  at 
Paris,  March  17.  17.'i4:  guillotined  at  Paris. 
Xov.  8.  1793.  The  wife  of  Roland  de  la  Pla- 
tiere, a  famous  adherent  of  the  Revolution. 
Her  salon  in  Paris  was  the  headquarters  of  the  republi- 
cans and  Girondists  1791-93.  She  was  arrested  May  31. 
1793.  Her  "M6moires,"  written  in  prison,  were  fii-st  pub- 
lished in  1795. 

Eoland  for  an  Oliver.  A  farce  by  Thomas 
Morton,  founded  on  Scribe's  ■' Visite  a  Bedlam  " 
and  "Une  heure  de  mariage":  produced  in 
IXig.     See  Eoland. 

Eolandseck  (ro'lants-ek).  A  small  viUage  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  22miles  south-south- 
east of  Cologne.  It  is  noted  for  its  mined  castle. 
N'ear  it  is  the  village  of  Rolandswerth. 

Eoldan  (rol-diin'),  Francisco.  Born  about  1450 : 
died  July  2  (?),  1502.  A  Spanish  adventurer. 
In  1493  heVent  with  Columbus  to  Espanola,  where  he  be- 
came chief  judge.  In  1497  he  headed  a  rebellion  against 
BartholomewColumbus,  who  wasthengovemingthe  island. 
He  submitted  to  Columbus  himself  in  1498  on  the  promise 
of  a  pardon  and  his  reinstatement  in  office,  terms  which 
proved  the  weakness  of  the  admiral's  rule.  The  Spanish 
sovereigns  sent  Bobadilla  to  inquire  into  these  disorders, 
and  he,  instead  of  punishing  Koldan,  forced  Columbus 
and  his  brothers  to  return  to  .Spain  as  prisoners.  Roldan 
was  arrested  by  Ovando  in  1502,  and  ordered  to  Spain. 
Soon  after  leaving  the  island  he  was  drowned  in  the  great 
storm  in  which  Bobadilla  also  perished, 

Eolf.     See  EoVo. 

Bolfe  (rolf).  Eobert  Monsey,  Baron  Cranworth. 
Bom  at  Cranworth.  Norfolk,  England,  Dee.  18, 
1790:  died  at  London,  July  24,  1868.     An  Eng- 

•  lish  .iurist.  He  was  lord  chancellor  1852-58  and 
1865-66. 

Bella  (rol'ii).  A  character  in  Kotzebue's  play 
"  The  Spaniards  in  Peru"  (known  in  English  as 
Sheridan's  "  Pizarro  ")  :  the  commander  of  the 
army  of  Ataliba. 

Eolla.  A  tale  in  verse  by  De  Musset,  published 
in  1S.36. 

EoIl-Call,Tlie.  A  noted  paintingbyLady  Butler 
(Elizabt'tli  Thompson),  in  Windsor  Castle.  Eng- 
land, of  date  1874.  It  represents  the  calling  of  the 
roll  of  the  Grenadier  Guards,  in  presence  of  the  colonel, 
after  a  battle  in  the  Crimea,  in  winter. 

Eoll-Call  of  the  Last  Victims  of  the  Terror. 

-V  painting  by  Miiller  (18-50),  in  the  palace  of 
^  ersailles.  It  represents  the  calling  ol  the  names,  in 
the  Co'nciergerie  prison,  of  the  last  detail  of  victims  for  the 
guillotine,  in  .tuly.  1794.  The  Princesse  de  Chimay  is  in 
the  tumbril,  which  is  seen  through  the  open  door ;  the 
Princesse  de  ilonaco  rises  upon  hearing  her  name.  Andre 
Cheuier.  the  poet,  sits  in  a  chair  in  the  foreground,  Tliere 
is  a  replica  in  the  .1-  J,  Astor  collection.  New  York. 
EoUe  (rol  I.  Eichard.  Born  at  Thornton.  York- 
shire, about  1290 :  died  at  Hampole,  1349.    An 


SG4 

English  hermit  and  religious  writer,  known  as 
"  the  Hermit  of  Hampole."  He  was  well  educated, 
and  wrote  many  prose  treatises  and  a  long  poem, "  The 
Prick  of  Conscience."  It  was  edited  by  Richard  Mor- 
tis for  the  Philol.igieal  Society  in  1863. 

Eollin  (ro-liiii')-  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan. 
30,  UiOl:  died  Sept.  14,  1741.  A  French  his- 
torian. He  became  professor  of  elo»iuenceat  the  College 
de  France  in  1688 ;  was  rector  of  the  University  lt^94-9o ; 
and  in  1699  was  appointed  coadjutor  of  the  College  de  Beau- 
vais,  a  jwst  which  he  lost  twelve  years  later  on  account 
of  his  Jansenistic  sympathies.  He  was  reelected  rector 
of  the  university  in  1720.  Among  his  works  ai-e  "Histoire 
ancienne"  (''.Ancient  History,"  1730-3SX  "Traite  des 
etudes"  (1726-31),  and  "Histoire  romaine"  ("Roman  His- 
torj-,'  1738-48). 

Eollin,  Ledril-.     See  Ledm-EolUn. 

EoUo  (rol'6),  or  Eolf  (rolf),  or  Hrolf  (hrolf),  or 
Esuu'o).  Died  about  930.  'Thelirst  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  was  a  Norwegian  viking  who  ascended  the 
Seine  and  took  Rouen  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  Scandina- 
vian pirates,  and  in  911  or  912  compelled  Charles  III.  the 
Simple  to  invest  him  with  the  sovereignty  of  the  region 
between  the  Seine  and  the  Epte,  which  received  the  name 
of  Norm.andy.  He  on  liis  part  accepted  Christianity,  mar- 
ried Charles's  daugliter  Gisela,  and  recognized  the  king  of 
t'rance  as  his  feudal  superior. 

Eollo,  Duke  of  Normandy,  See  Bloody  Bro- 
ther. The, 

Edm  (rem).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Sehleswig-Holstein, 
Prussia,  4  mUes  west  of  the  mainland.  Length, 
S  miles. 

Eoma.    The  Latin  and  Italian  name  of  Rome. 

Eomagna  (ro-mSn'ya).  A  territorial  division 
in  Italy.  It  formed  the  main  part  of  the  exarchate  of 
Ravenna,  and  later  was  an  important  part  of  the  Papal 
States,  It  now  comprises  the  provinces  of  Eologna,  Fer- 
rara,  Ravenna,  and  Forli. 

Eomain  (ro-man'),  Cape.  A  point  on  the  coast 
of  South  Carolina,  38  nmes  noi-theast  of  Charles- 
ton. 

Eomainville  (ro-man-vel').  A  viUage  and  fort 
directly  northeast  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  French  bv 
the  Allies,  March  30,  1814.  The  Russians  es"- 
tabhshed  their  headquarters  here  on  the  night 
before  they  entered  Paris. 

Eoman  Actor,  The.  A  play  by  Massinger, 
licensed  ia  1626.  It  was  revived  in  1722,  1796, 
and  1S22. 

EomanBourgeois(ro-mon'  bor-zhwa').Le.  [F., 
'The  Bourgeois  Romance.']  A  work  of  fiction 
by  Antoiue  Furetiere,  publisned  in  1666. 

Xn  original  and  lively  book,  without  any  general  plot, 
but  containing  a  series  of  very  amusing  pictures  of  the 
Parisian  middle-class  society  of  theday,  with  many  curious 
traits  of  language  and  manners. 

Saintsbunj,  French  Lit.,  p.  323. 

Eoman  Campagna.     See  Campagna  di  Eoma. 

Eomance  of  the  Forest,  The.  A  romance  by 
ilrs.  RadcliJi'e,  published  in  1791. 

Eoman  comique(r6-mon'ko-mek').  [F.,' com- 
ical romance.']  .A  work  by  ScaiTon,  "an  unfin- 
ished history  of  a  troupe  of  strolling  actors,  dis- 
playing exti'aordinary  truth  of  observation  and 
power  of  realistic  description  in  the  style  which 
Le  Sage  and  Fielding  afterwards  made  popular 
throughout  Europe"  (Saintshiin/).  It  was  ver- 
sified by  M.  d'Orvilliers,  and  published  at  Paris  (1733) 
La  Fontaine  wrote  a  comedy  which  comprehends  most 
of  the  characteis  and  best  situations,  and  Goldsmith  wrote 
an  English  version  of  the  romance. 

Eoman  de  la Eose (ro-mou' delaroz).  [F.. 'Ro- 
mance of  the  Rose.']  An  early  French  poem, 
begun  by  Guillaume  de  Lorris  before  1260,  and 
continued  forty  or  fifty  years  later  by  Jean  de 
Meung.  The  part  written  by  the  former  extends  to  4.670 
lines,  and  the  entire  poem  contains  more  than  20,fHio.  It 
is  an  elaborate  allegory  the  theme  of  which  is  the  art  of 
love.  For  a  long  time  it  enjoyed  extraordinary  popularity. 
See  Emnaujit  of  the  Rose. 

Bnt  the  real  secret  of  its  vo^e,  as  of  aU  snch  vogues,  is 
that  it  faithfully  held  up  the  mirror  to  the  Later  middle 
ages.  In  no  single  book  can  that  period  of  history  be  so 
conveniently  studied.  Its  ingrained  religion  and  its  nas- 
cent free-thought ;  its  thirst  for  knowledge  and  its  lack  ol 
criticism  ;  its  sharp  social  divisions  and  its  indistinct  as- 
pirations after  liberty  and  equality  ;  its  traditional  moral- 
ity and  .asceticism,  and  its  half-pagan  half-childish  relish 
for  the  pleasure  of  sense :  its  romance  and  its  coarseness, 
all  its  weakness  and  all  its  strength,  here  appear. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  86. 

Eoman  de  Troie  (ro-mon'  de  trwS).  A  poem 
by  Benoit  de  Sainte-Maure,  written  about  1160. 

The  principal  poem  of  this  class  is  the  "Roman  de 
Troie  "  of  Benoist  de  Sainte-More.  This  w»»rk,  which  ex- 
tends to  more  than  thirty  thousand  verses,  has  the  re- 
dnndancy  and  the  loiigwindedness  which  characterise 
many,  if  not  most,  early  French  poems  written  in  its  metre. 
But  it  has  one  merit  which  ought  to  conciliate  English 
renders  to  Benoist:  it  contains  the  andoabted  original 
of  ."Shakespeare's  "  Cressida." 

Saintstntry,  French  Lit.,  p.  44. 

Eoman  de  Brut.  A  romance  by  Waee,  who 
vei-sified  GeofErey  of  Monmouth  under  this  title. 


Eomberg,  Andreas 

Other  romances,  however,  had  the  same  name, 
and  it  became  a  common  one.  See  Brut. 
Eoman  d'un  Jeune  Homme  Pauvre,  Le.  [F., 
■  The  Romance  of  a  Poor  Young  Man."]  A 
novel  by  Feuillet,  published  in  1S57.  He  diam- 
atized  it  in  1858. 

Eoman  du  Eenart.    See  Eeynard  the  Fox. 

Eoman  Empire.    See  imder  Eome. 

Eoman  Empire,  Holy.    See  Holy  Eoman  Em- 

[lire. 

Eomanes  (ro-man'ez),  George  John.  Born  at 
Kingston,  Canada,  May  20,1848:  diedat  O-xford, 
May  23, 1894.  A  British  naturalist.  He  graduated 
at  Cambiidge  (Cains  College)  in  1870 ;  was  Buniey  prize 
essayist  in  1873,  and  Croonian  lecturer  to  the  Royal  So- 
ciety in  18, 5  and  1881 :  and  was  elected  Fullerian  professor 
of  physiolocy  at  the  Royal  Institution  in  1889.  He  pub- 
lished "Animal  Intelligence  "(18S1).' Mental  Evolution  in 
Animals"  (1SS3),  "The  Philosophy  of  Natural  History 
before  and  after  Darwin  "  (1888),  etc. 

Eomani,  Giulio.     See  Caccini,  Giulio. 

Eomania  ro-ma'ni-a).  1.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  tbe  Eastern  Empire. —  2.  The  eastern 
part  of  the  Morea,  during  the  Venetian  period. 
— 3.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Rumelia. — 
4.  See  Eumania. 

Eomania  (ro-ma-ne'a).  Cape.  A  headland  at 
the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  Malay  penin- 
sula, east  of  Siugapore. 

Eomanika  (ro-ma-ne'ka).     See  Eiianda. 

Eomano  (ro-ma'no),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Florida,  situated  in  lat. 
25°  52'  N..  long.  81°  57'  "\Y. 

Eomano,  Ezzelino  da.     See  Ezzelino  da  Eo- 

nuiKO. 

Eomano.  Giulio.    See  Giulio  Eomano. 

Eomanoff  (ro-ma'nof).  The  present  reigning 
house  of  Russia,  descended  from  Andrei  Ro- 
manoff ( 14th  century).  ThefamUy  came  to  the  throne 
ir  ;he  person  of  Mikhail  in  1613.  The  direct  male  line  ter- 
minated in  1730,  and  the  female  line  in  1762.  The  present 
ruler  belongs  to  the  Holstein-Gottorp  (or  Oldenburg-Ro- 
manotf)  branch  line. 

Boman  EepubUc.  1.  See  Eome.— 2.  A  name 
given  to  the  short-lived  republic  established  at 
Rome  in  1798  and  overthrown  in  1799. 

Eomans  (ro-moh').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Drome.  F^-ance,  situated  on  the  Isere  11  miles 
northeast  of  Valence :  formerly  the  seat  of  an 
ancient  abbey.     Population  (1891),  16,545. 

Eomans  (ro'manz),  Epistle  to  the.  An  epistle 
written  by  the  apostle  Paid  to  a  Christian  com- 
munity at  Rome,  consisting  partly  of  Jews  and 
partly  of  Gentile  converts,  it  was  composed  before 
the  apostle  had  visited  Rome,  and  is  generally  supposed  to 
have  been  wiitten  from  Corinth  about  58  A.  D.  Its  main 
object  is  the  doctrine  of  justification  by  faith,  witli  special 
reference  to  the  relations  of  the  Jews  and  Gentiles  re- 
spectively to  the  law  of  Go<l  (natural  and  revealed),  the 
rejection  of  the  Jews,  and  the  admission  of  the  Gentiles. 

Eomans  of  the  Decadence.  A  large  painting 
by  Couture  (1847),  in  the  Luxembourg  Museum, 
Paris.  It  represents  a  wild  debauch  in  the  later  days  of 
the  empire,  in  the  court  of  a  splendid  house.  The  st.itnes 
of  dignified  ancestors  contrast  with  the  scene  of  unbridled 
license  before  them.- 

Eomanus  (ro-ma'nus).     Pope  897. 

Eomanus  I.  Lecapenus.  Died  948.  Emperor 
of  the  East  919-944,  father-in-law  and  colleague 
of  Constantine  Porphj-rogenitus. 

Eomanus  II.  Emperor  of  the  East  95^-963,  son 
of  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus. 

Eomanus  III.  Argyrus  (ar-ji'ms).  Emperor 
of  the  East  10-28-34.  husband  of  Zoe. 

Eomanus  IV.  Diogenes  (di-oj'e-nez).  Emperor 
of  the  East  1068-71.  He  was  defeated  by  Alp 
Arslan  and  imprisoned. 

Eoman  Wall.     See  Hadrian's  Wall. 

Eomanzoflf.     See  Enmiant-eff. 

Eomanzoff  (ro-man'tsof).  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
western  coast  of  Alaska,  situated  in  lat.  61°  52' 
N..  long.  166°  17'  W. 

Eomanzoff  Bay.  An  inlet  at  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  Yezo,  Japan. 

Eomanzoff  Moantaias.  -l  range  of  mountains 
in  the  iiortheasl^ern  part  of  Alaska,  near  the 
Arctic  ( loean. 

Eoma  Quadrata  (ro'ma  kwod-ra'ta).  [L.j'the 
S(|uare  Rome.']  The  earliest  fortified  Rome,  oc- 
cupying the  Palatine  Hill  and  a  quadrangular 
inelosure  suiTOunding  its  base.  This  oldest  fixed 
area  or  pomerium  was  looked  upon  witli  reverence,  .iiid 
was  marked  by  boundary-stones  as  late  as  the  empire.  'I'iie 
existing  fragments  of  ancient  wall  on  the  slopes  of  the 
Palatine  do  not  belong  to  this  inelosure,  but  to  the  citadel 
of  the  Palatine. 

Bomaunt  of  the  Bose.  A  translation  of  the 
"  Roman  de  la  Rose,"  attributed  with  some  un- 
certainty to  Chaucer.  He  certainly  translated  the 
''Roman."  but  whether  the  vei-sion  first  printed  in  the 
15;i2  edition  is  by  his  hand  is  not  clear. 

Eomberg  ( rom'bero),  Andreas.  Bom  at  Vechte, 
near  Miinster,  Germany,  April  27, 1767:  died  si 


Romberg,  Andreas 

Gotha,  Nov.  10,  1821.    A  German  \'iolinist  and 
composer  of  sacred  music,  operas,  etc.    He  com- 
posed the  music  for  Schiller's  * '  Song  of  the  Bell," 
etc. 
Romberg,  Bernhard.   Bom  at  Diuklage,  Miin- 

stor,  Nov.  11,  1770:  died  at  Hamburj?,  Aug.  13, 
1841.  A  German  player  on  the  violoncello,  and 
composer  for  that  instrument. 

Rome  (rom).  A  eompartimeuto  and  province 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  formerly  belonging  to 
the  Papal  States.  Area.  4,6G3  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  986,135. 

Rome,  f  F.  Rome,  It.  lioma,  G.  i?o;«,  L.  Roma,  Gr. 
'VuiiT}.  There  were  two  other,  older,  cities  in 
Italy  so  Tiamed,  and  one  in  the  Troad ;  the  name 
is  prob.  lit.  'strength'  or  'stronghold.'  from 
Gr.  pw/iJ?,  strength,  force.  The  name  Vahntiaj 
*  strength,'  was,  iu  fact,  also  applied  to  Rome, 
and  was  the  name  of  several  other  cities.] 
The  capital  and  center  of  the  greatest  state  of 
the  ancient  world,  tlie  center  of  t!ie  Koman 
Catholic  Church,  and  the  capital  of  the  present 
kingdom  of  Italy.  This,  the  most  famous  of  all  cities, 
is  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Tiber,  15  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  in  lat.  41*  54'  N.,  long.  12°  29  E.  The  city 
proper  is  on  the  left  bank,  on  the  original  seven  hills  (<  api- 
toline.  Palatine,  Aventine,Ctelian,  Viminal,  Ksquiline,  and 
Quirinal)  and  the  connecting  valleys  and  plains  near  the 
river.  The  government  quarter  is  in  the  northeast ;  the 
modern  part,  where  the  great  development  (since  1.^70)  of 
the  city  is  most  marked,  is  in  the  north  and  east ;  the 
papal  quarter  (the  Leonine  City)  is  on  the  right  hank  of 
the  river.  Among  the  existing  remains  of  the  ancient  city 
Uie  Forum,  Colosseum,  Forum  of  Trajan,  Cloaca  Maxima, 
catacombs,  Pantheon,  column  of  Aurelius,  theater  of  Mar- 
cellus,  pyramid  of  Cestius,  arches  of  Cunstan  tine,  Titus,  and 
Septimius  .Severus,  baths  of  Titus  and  Caracalla,  ruins  on 
the  Palatine,  temple  of  Neptune,  basilica  of  Constantine, 
tentplesof  Concord,  Fortune,  Siiturii,  and  Neptune,  palace 
of  Caligula,  mausoleum  of  Hadrian,  and  nl.ulisks  are  no- 
table. (For  the  various  objects  of  interest  in  ancient  and 
modem  Rome,  see  the  separate  articles.)  The  history  of 
Kome  is  that  of  the  city  and  of  the  power  which,  growing 
up  around  it,  extended  throughout  Italy  and  beyond  it 
under  the  repuMic,  and  finally  under  the  Iloman  Empire 
comprised  nearly  the  whole  of  the  civilized  world.  The 
early  accounts  we  have  of  Rome  appear  to  consist  of  an 
nndistinguishahle  thread  or  two  of  fact  in  a  web  of  le- 
gend. According  to  tradition  the  city  was  founded  by 
Romulus  in  753  it.  C,  and  was  ruled  by  seven  kings  in  suc- 
cession (Itomulus,  Numa  Pompilius,  Tullus  Hostilius, 
Ancus  Martins,  Tarquinius  Priscus,  Servius  Tullius,  and 
Tarciuinius  Siiperbus),  the  overthrow  of  the  last  of  whom 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  republic  in  or  about  509 
B.  C.  The  history  of  the  first  two  or  three  centuries  of 
the  republic  is  also  largely  traditional.  Dm-ing  the  5th 
and  4tii  centuries  B.  C.  it  was  confined  mostly  to  Latium, 
and  was  occupied  with  the  struggles  between  the  patri- 
cians and  plebeians  and  with  wars  against  the  ,Equi, 
Heraici,  Volsci,  Etruscans,  Gauls,  and  Samnites.  of  later 
evcTits  the  following  is  a  summary:  Secession  of  the  i)lebs 
and  formation  of  the  tribunate,  about  494  B.  c;  formation 
of  the  decemvirate,  461-449 ;  capture  of  Veil,  39tJ ;  invasion 
of  the  Gauls  and  sack  of  Rome,  390  ;  passage  of  the  Licin- 
lan  laws,  3<;7  ;  passage  of  the  Publilian  laws,  33s  ;  Samnite 
wars,  343-341,  3^0-304,  and  2HS-290 ;  Latin  war  34a-;j;i8; 
Hort^nsian  law,  2S6(?^;  war  against  Gauls,  Etruscans,  etc., 
285-282  ;  war  against  Tarentum  and  Pyrrhns,  2.s2  275  ;  con- 
quest of  the  peninsula  completed  by  l'<:5  ;  first  rtiiiic  w;ii , 
2tH-241;  Illyrian  war,  220  22S;  conquist  nf  (i-alpim-iiinil. 
225-222;  second  Punic  war,  218-201  (lU'ine  tbreutencd  hy 
Hannibal,  211);  Macedonian  wars,  214-20.''.,  200-197,  and 
171-168;  war  with  Syria,  192-189;  thinl  Punic  war,  149- 
146;  subjugation  of  Greece  complete,  110;  war  in  Spain 
ended  with  capture  of  Numanti.i,  13;;;  attemiited  reforms 
under  the  Gracchi,  13:-!-121;  warwithJugurtliatertiiinaleii, 
106;  overthrow  of  the  TeutonesandCirnbri,  lOJ-lol  ;  Social 
War,  90-X8;  civil  wars  of  Marius  and  Hulla,  ii.y-S2(Rome 
stormed  by  Sulla,  88 ;  reign  of  terror  in  the  city  under 
Marius  and  Carbo,  87  ;  proscTiption  by  Sulla,  82);  Mitbri- 
datic  wars,  88-84, 83-81,  and  74-t^  ;  struggle  with  thegladi- 
atorfl,  7;i-7l ;  war  with  the  pirates,  ended  07 ;  touspiiacy 
of  Catiline,  03;  first  triumvirate,  Oo ;  conquest  of  Gaul 
nnder  Julius  Crosar,  58-51  ;  tumults  in  the  city  between 
the  partlzans  of  Clodius  and  Milo,  67-52;  civil  war  of 
Cecsai  and  Pompey,  41M8;  supremacy  of  Ciesar,  49-44  ; 
aasaasination  of  Cresar,  44  ;  secimd  triumvirate,  43  ;  over- 
throw of  the  n-publicana  at  Philippl,42;  battle  of  Ac- 
tium  31,  and  commencementof  the  sole  ruleof  Augustus; 
eBtablishment  of  the  Roman  Empire.  27  ;  golden  period  of 
Roman  literature  during  the  reign  of  Augustus,  31  h.  c- 
14  A.  !».;  Julian  emnerors,  until  68  a.  n.  (iieath  of  Nero) ; 
Flavian  emperors,  0!i-Oti  ;  reign  of  Trajan.  98-U7,  the  em- 
pire then  reaching  Its  greatest  extent,  comprising  Italy, 
Britain.  Gaul.  Spain,  westem  Germany.  Rbictia,  Norlcum, 
Pannonia.  Ualnmtia,  Dacht,  Miesia,  Thrace,  Macedoida, 
Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Armenia,  part*  of  the  Cau- 
casus regions, -Arabia.  Egypt,  Cyrenalca,  Africa  (Tunis), 
Numldla.  Mauretania,  ('(Mslca,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Crete,  Cy- 
pnis,  and  other  Islands  in  the  Mediterranean  ;  age  of  the 
Antonines,  down  to  death  of  Marcus  AurellUF.  In  liSO ; 
inroads  of  the  northern  barbarians,  conimonced  In  the 
Sd  century;  reign  of  Aureljnn.  27<^-275 ;  reign  of  Diocle- 
tian, 284-30.'>,  followed  by  dlvl.slon  of  the  empire  between 
various  rulers;  last  genonil  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians, about  303;  reign  of  Constantine  as  sole  ruler,  and 
recognition  of  Christianity  as  the  religion  of  the  empire, 
823-337  ;  capital  transferred  t^iConstaTitlnople,  3:M)  ;  reign 
of  Juflan  the  Apostate.  301-3(W  ;  reign  of  TheodoBltia,  379- 
895  ;  final  separation  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  empire.i, 
895  (see  Eastern  Empire);  Western  Empire  disinti'grateri 
in  the  .'ith  ceiituty  under  attacks  of  Goths  (under  Alarlr, 
etc.),  hVanks.  VaiiiliilH(nnderGenserlc,  etc.),  HurgundiaiiH, 
Angles  and  S:i\<-iis,  and  lluns(niider  Alllla) :  Ravenna  the 
residence  of  the  Western  emperorsafter-lfri;  Rome  besieged 
by  the  Goths  under  Alarlc  about  408-  Backed  by  Alaric  lu 
f.  —  56 


865 

410,  threatenod  l>y  tlie  Huns  under  Attlla  and  saved  by 
Fo|)c  Leo  the  (Jreat  in  4W.  and  sacked  by  the  Vaiuhils  in 
450  ;  end  of  the  Western  Empire,  470,  and  accession  of  Odo- 
aeer  (chief  of  the  Heruli)  as  ruUr  of  Italy  (see  lUibi)  ;  in- 
crease  of  the  ecclesiastical  importance  of  the  city  throii^'h 
the  gradual  development  of  the  claims  of  the  bishops  of 
Rome  ;  Kome  taken  by  lielisarius  in  'SM.  by  lotila  in  Mti, 
and  by  Narses  in  552  ;  establishment  of  t lie  tcnipond  power 
of  the  Fope,  8th  century  ;  c  jMsecrationcit  the  emperors  at 
Rome  commenced  with  Charles  the  Great,  800  (ended  with 
Frederick  III.,  1452);  Orefory  VII.  besiegeil  by  the  em- 
peror Henry  IV.  and  delivered  liy  Robert  Guiscard,  KIW  ; 
revolution  under  .Vrnold  of  Brescia,  1143-,S6;  removal  of  pa- 
pal residence  to  Avignon,  1309;  revolutions  under  Kicnzi, 
1347  and  13..4  ;  return  of  the  popes  to  Rome.  1S77 ;  over- 
throw of  the  republican  privileRcs  by  I'ope  Boniface  I.K., 
1398 ;  Rome  taken  by  the  Constalde  de  Bourbon,  1527 ; 
Roman  republic  revived,  179S-99  ;  Kome  in  the  possession 
of  France  1808-14 ;  insurrection,  IMS ;  Komau  republic  re- 
vived in  1849,  and  supprcsseil  in  the  same  year  by  French 
troops;  meeting  of  the  Vatican  Council,  18(19-70;  Rome 
entered  bv  the  Italian  troops,  .'iept.  20,  1S70,  and  made 
the  capital  of  the  kinRdom  of  Italy.  1871.  Population 
(1901),  commune,  4<i2,7H3. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  from  the  same  somewhat  vague 
premises  the  following  very  different  conclusions  are 
drawn  l»y  their  respective  authors:  Bunsen  fixes  the 
population  of  Rome  (B.  c.  ir.)  at  l,3iiO,000,  Marquardt  at 
1.(130,000,  Zlimpt  at  1,1170.000,  Hoeck  at  2,205,00(1.  I  take 
this  (■oini>arison  of  their dilferent  results  from  Von  Wieters- 
lieini,  wlKj  himself  arrives  at  results  verj-  similar  to  those 
of  Bunsen,  making  the  tot.al  population  of  the  city  l.:i50.- 
000.  The  "Curiosum  I'rbis,  a  description  of  the  city  of 
Rome  assigned  to  the  age  of  Constantine,  gives  the  num- 
ber of  the  dwellings  therein  as  179i)  Donius  and  40,002  In- 
sidn?.  .Scholars  are  generally  agreed  that  the  former  are 
the  great  self.contsined  mansions  of  the  rich,  and  the  lat- 
ter the  blocks  of  what  we  should  call  "  tenemented  prop- 
erty "let  out  in  flats  and  r(X)mst^»  the  poorer  classes.  From 
this  number  of  dwellings  Gibbon  infers  a  population  of 
1,200,000  and  Von  Wietersheim  1.470,000  at  the  beginning 
of  the  fiuirth  century.  It  is  obvious,  however,  how  ex- 
ceedingly liable  to  eiTor  are  all  calculations  of  the  popu- 
lation of  a  city  from  a  conjecttiral  allowance  of  so  many 
inhabitants  to  each  house. 

Uodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  394. 

For  agea  the  Empire  remained  Roman  in  the  fullest 
sense,  Roman  even  in  keeping  p«»ssession  of  the  Old  lbm»e. 
It  was  Roman  too  in  one  ntost  distinctive  characteristic  of 
the  older  Roman  power.  Friml  the  first  Julius  to  the  last 
I'alaiologos,  the  Roman  Empire  was  a  power  and  not  a  na- 
tion, tif  no  pha-se  of  the  Roman  power  is  this  more  true 
tiianof  its  F-astern  or  Byzantine  phase.  The  name /^o^hz/ji, 
in  the  use  of  Procopius,  when  it  does  not  refer  geographi- 
cally to  the  elder  Rome,  means  any  man,  of  whatever  race, 
who  is  a  subject  of  the  Roman  Fnipire  or  who  serves  in 
the  Roman  armies.  His  nationality  may  be  not  only 
Greek,  Macedonian,  or  Thraeian,  but  Gothic,  Persian,  or 
Uunnish.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  246. 

Borne.  A  manufacturing  city,  capital  of  Floyd 
County,  Georgia,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
Coosii"  River,  57  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta. 
Population  (1900),  7,2i)l. 

Rome.  A  c-ity  of  Oueida  County.  New  York, 
situatpci  un  the  Mohawk  and  at  tlie  junction  of 
the  Erie  and  Black  Kiver  canals,  95  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Albany.  It  i<  an  important  dairy  cen 
ter.  and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  It  occupies  the 
site  of  Fort  Staiiwix,  besieged  by  the  British  in  1777.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  l.'i,:)43. 

Rome  of  the  North,  The.    Colog:ne. 

Romen.    •'^'■c  /.'"'««,'/. 

Romeo  and  Juliet.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere, 
Kiirroiititiouslv  jiriutod  in  1597  (a  correct  edi- 
tion 111  1599),"  and  iiroduoed  between  1591-9fi. 
The  legend  of  the  lovers  is  founded  on  a  tide  found  amiuig 
the  "Novelle"  of  Masuccio  di  Salerno,  of  whom  little  is 
known.  It  wasprlntcd  at  Naplesln  147(i.  The  story  next 
appears  in  "LaGiulietta,"a  taleby  Luigi  daPorta,  in  ir>35  ; 
then  "a  Dominican  monk,  Matteo  Bandello,  took  up  the 
tale,  rehaiKlIed  it,  and  included  it  among  his  somewhat 
nnclerical  'Novelle.'  wliich  appeared  at  Lucca  in  ir..M. 
Five  years  later  it  passed  the  Alps  —  a  version  of  Bandel- 
lo's  'Novelle,"  with  variations  and  a(Mitions,  being  given 
to  French  readers  by  Pieire  Boaistuau  among  his  'llis- 
tolres  Tragi<|Ues.'  In  1502  Arthur  Brooke  produceil  the 
F.nglish  poem.  'The  Tragicall  History  of  llomens  and  .Tn- 
liet,"  on  which  shakspere  founded  his  tragedy.  Brooke 
S|ieaks  of  having  seen  'the  same  argument  lately  set  forth 
on  stage';  no  such  drama  of  early  Elizabethan  days  sur- 
vives; rude  indeed  must  have  been  the  attempt  of  any 
playwright  in  England  of  1502.  Again  Ave  years,  and  Boals- 
tuau'8  French  patapin :lsc  of  Bandello  was  translated  into 
English  pr(»se  by  Willimn  Painter  for  his  '  Palace  of  Plea- 
sure'; this  also  shaksyiere consulted.  In  Italy  before  the 
close  of  the  sixteenth  centurj'  Ihelegend  had  been  verslfled 
in  ottava  rima,  professedly  by  a  noble  lady  ctf  Verona  nam- 
ing herself  'CI  ilia '—really.  It  Is  sufiposed,  by  Gherardo 

Bolderl ;  It  had  been  dramatized  l>y  thi' blind  i landni-- 

torLillgi  Groto.  with  scene  and  time  and  names  of  persons 
changed  ;  it  had  been  recor.led  as  grave  inatfi  r  of  history 
by  I)e  la  Coitc,  who  states  that  he  had  many  times  seen 
thetimbfirsarcrtplmguH of  the  lovers,  then  used  as  a  wash- 
ing-trough, at  Ihe  well  of  the  orjdianngt^  of  St.  Francis" 
(hiniden).  Oarrlck  produced  a  verslcui  of  "ll<mieoan(l  .lu- 
llet  "  in  1748,  with  a  dillerent  ending,  fiir  Harry  and  Mc 
cnd)er;  .Tames  Howard's  adaptation  ajtiieared  about  bids. 
I/ipedo  Vega  and  Francisco  de  Uoxas  also  wrote  Spanish 
plays  on  the  snbjeel.  The  story  Is  of  the  love  and  tragic 
death  (»f  twti  itnpassloned  lovers.  The  subject  Inw  often 
been  used  by  comiMtsers  td  opera,  not.;iblv  by  Zlngarclle. 
Ilellini  and  (lonnoil  Berlioz  used  (he  snfileel  forhis  dra- 
matic llfth  sympliony  ("  Rom.'o  et  Juliette, '  18.19). 

Romer,  »'■  Roemer  (r<<'nior),  Friedrich  Adolf. 

Morn  111  llild.-shi-iiii,  Pnissiu,  April  11.  Isii'.l; 
died  at  Claustlial,   Prussia,  Nov.  25,  1809.     A 


Ronaldshay.  South 

German  geologi.st,  an  authority  on  the  moun 
tains  of  northwestern  Germany. 

Romero  (ro-ma'roj,  Matias.  Bom  in  1837:  died 
at  Washington.  1).  C.  L»ee.  30, 1898.  A  Mexican 
diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  minieter  to  the 
I  lilted  States  18<i3-«8  and  again  lb*2-98 ;  and  at  various 
tinier  wasserretary(d  the  treasury  and  poatiuaster-general. 

Romford  (rum'ford).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  river  Kom  11 
miles  east-northeast  of  London.  It  is  noted 
for  alp.     Population  (1891),  8,408. 

Romilly  (rom'i-li).  John.  Born  1802:  died  Dee. 
Zi,  1874.  An  English  jurist,  second  sou  of  Sir 
Samuel  Romilly.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College),  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn 
in  1827.  He  was  solicitor-general  1848-50,  attorney-general 
1850-51,  and  master  of  the  rolls  1n'.1-72.  In  this  la>t  olltce 
hes'iperintended  the  publication  of  public  records  of  great 
liistoric  importance.     Created  a  baron  in  1>4J0. 

Romilly,  Sir  Samuel.  Born  at  I.,ondon,  March 
1,  1757:  committed  suicide  Nov.  2,  1818.  An 
English  lawyer  and  philanthropist,  of  Hugue- 
not descent.  At  21  years  of  age  he  entered  Gray's  Inn. 
In  1808  ho  was  appointed  solicitor-general  of  the  Gren- 
ville  administration.  He  is  famous  from  his  labors  for  the 
reform  of  the  criminal  law,  ciunmencing  in  1807.  His 
plans  were  not  realized  during  his  lifetime.  His  speeches 
were  pulilished  in  1820,  and  his  autobiography  in  1840. 

Romilly-SUr-Seine(r6-me-ye'siir-san').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Aube,  France,  situated 
near  the  Seine  04  miles  east-southeast  of  Paris. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  7,244. 

Romney,  or  New  Romney  (rom'ni).  A  town 
in  the  cimntv  of  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  18  miles  southwest  of  Dover: 
one  of  the  original  Cinque  Ports.  Population 
(1891),  1,366. 

Romney,  George.  Bom  at  Beckside,  Lanca- 
shire, England,  Dec.  15,  1734:  died  at  Kendal, 
Nov.  15,  1802,  A  noted  English  painter  of  jior- 
traits  and  historical  subjects.  He  was  apprenticed 
at  first  to  a  wood-worker,  was  a  clever  musician,  and  liegan 
very  early  to  paint  portraits.  Ho  established  himself  in 
London  in  1700,  ami  made  some  success  with  his  "  Death 
of  General  Wolfe."  He  visited  Paris  in  17(>4,  and  exhibited 
the  "  Death  of  King  Edmund  "  in  1765,  This  was  follow  ed 
by  a  sojourn  in  Italy.  He  retunied  to  Ix)ndon  in  1775, 
where  he  took  a  studio  in  Cavendish  Sijiiare  and  painted  a 
series  of  famous  portraits.  He  assisted  hi  preparing  the 
Boydell  Shakspere  Gallery  in  1790.  Although  left  without 
a  rival  at  the  death  of  Bejniolds,  he  was  seized  w  ith  liypo- 
chondi  ia,  left  London,  rejoined  his  wife  and  family,  whom 
he  had  abandoned  30  years  before,  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  retirement  at  Kendal. 

Romney  Marsh.  A  largo  tract  of  reclaimed 
laud  in  Kent,  England,  near  Romney. 

Romny  (rom-niV),  or  Romen  (ro-men').  Atown 
ill  the  govenimeiit  of  Piiltowa.  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Suhi  95  miles  northwest  of  Pultowa. 
Popidatioii  (1894),  15,'249. 

Romola  (rom'o-la).  A  novel  by  George  Eliot, 
published  origin.allyiu  the  "Cornhill  Magazine" 
from  July,  1862,  to  July,  1803,  and  in  book  form  io 
1863.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Florence  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century.  The  artistic  aim  of  the  novel  is  to  show  the  con- 
flict between  liberd  and  classical  culture  and  the  Christian 
faith  aroused  by  the  influence  of  the  reformer  Savonarola 
in  the  heart  of  Ronnda.  a  daughter  of  the  Horentine  house 
of  Bardl.  Her  marriage  with  theOreekTitoMclema  having 
proved  a  failure,  and  all  the  ties  of  her  life  having  been 
broken,  she  devotes  herself  to  the  service  of  a  plague- 
stricken  people,  and  attains  peace  through  self-sacriflce. 

Romonan  (ro-nnVniin').  A  tribe  of  Indians  for- 
merly on  Sau  Francisco  Bay,  California.  See 
CostfiiHHin. 
Romorantin  (n'l-mo-roii-tai'i').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Loir-et-Chcr,  France,  situated  on 
the  Grande  Sauldre  39  miles  south  by  west  of 
Or^'ans.  It  has  manufactures  of  wool.  Tlie  edict  of 
Romorantin,  issued  in  .May,  15(.0.  through  the  Influence  of 
L'll()pltal,  secured  the  exclusion  of  the  Iiapiisltion  from 
France.  Population  (1891X  commune,  7,812. 
Romsdal  (n'uns'diil).  A  province  in  Norway, 
siluntcd  along  tho  coast  about  lat.  C2°-<i3°  N. 
Area.  5,785  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1'27,806. 
RomualdO,  Saint.  Died  1027.  The  founder  of 
the  order  of  Cainnldolcsi.  Dnnt<i  placed  him  in  hli 
"  I'aradlso."  The  Itomaii  Church  celebrates  his  nienior)- 
(Ul  Feb.  7. 

Romulus  (rora'fi-lus).  According  to  Uomnii  le- 
gend, Ihe  founder  of  Rome  (7.">3  B.  c).  and  its 
first  king  (753-716):  son  of  Mars  and  the  vestal 
RlioaSiTvin.  lie  was  worsliiiied  ns  a  divinity 
tinder  (lie  inline  of  l^tiiirinus. 

Romulus,  Circus  of.    See  Cirni.^. 

Romulus  AuRUStUluS(a-g"s'lu-liiK).  Last  em- 
peror ol'  llio  Wcsl.  son  of  Orestes,  lie  was  pro- 
claimed ill  475,  and  deiiosed  liyOdoncer  ill  476. 

Ronaldshay  (ron'ald-slia).  North.    t>ne  of  tho 

diUiiev  Islands,  Scotland,  in  the  northeastern 

port  o'r  llie  g'"iip. 

Ronaldshay.  South.  One  of  the  larger  Orkney 
Islands,  iu  tho  southern  part  of  the  group. 


Boncaglia 

fioncaglia  (■ron-kal'ya).  A  village  east  of  Pia- 
eenza,  Italy  :  a  rendezvous  of  the  followers  of 
the  medieval  German  emperors  on  their  jour- 
neys to  Kome. 

Boncal  (ron-kal').  A  valley  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
situated  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Pyrenees, 
40  miles  east  of  Pamplona. 

Koncesvalles  (ron-thes-val'yes),  F.  Ronce- 
vaux  (rons-vo').  A  place  in  Navan-e,  Spain, 
in  the  Pyrenees  20  miles  northeast  of  Pamplona. 
It  is  notable  for  the  defeat  there  of  tlie  rear-guard  of 
Charles  the  Great's  army,  on  its  return  from  Spain,  by  the 
Basques  (or  according  to  tradition  by  the  Moors)  in  77S. 
From  the  death  of  Roland  in  the  battle,  the  "Chanson  de 
Roland"  is  called  also  "Chanson  de  Roncevaux." 

No  action  of  so  small  importance  [.is  Eoncesvalles]  has 
ever  been  made  the  theme  of  so  many  heroic  legends  and 
songs.  It  is  the  Thermopylse  of  thePj-renees.  with  none 
of  the  glory  or  the  significance,  but  allthe  glamour,  of  its 
prototype.  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  3S. 

Eonciglione  (ron-ehel-yo'ne).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Rieano 
31  miles  north -north  west  of  Rome.  Population 
(1881),  5,769. 

Ronconi  (ron-ko'neX  Domenico.  Bom  at  Len- 
dinara,  July  11,  1772:  died  at  Milan,  April  13, 
1839.  An  "Italian  composer  and  teacher  of 
vocal  music. 

Ronda  (ron'dii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  southern  Spain,  situated  near  the 
Guadiaro  40  miles  west  of  Malaga,  it  occupies  a 
picturesque  situation  on  a  lofty  and  steep  rock  ;  has  con- 
siderable trade ;  and  is  famous  for  its  bull-fights.  It  was 
captured  from  the  Moors  in  1485.  Population  (1SS7),  18,350. 

Rondeau  (ron-do'),  Jos6.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1773:  died  there,  1834.  A  Spanish-Amer- 
ican general.  He  commanded  the  patriot  forces  in  the 
siege  of  Montevideo  1811-13,  and  subsequently  in  tapper 
Peru  or  Bolivia  1S14-19,  where  he  was  generally  unsuccess- 
ful He  was  supreme  director  of  the  United  Provinces 
June  10, 1819,  to  Feb.  12, 1820,  when  he  was  deposed.  From 
Xov.  24,  1828,  to  April  17, 1830,  he  was  provisional  presi- 
dent of  Uruguay. 

Rondo(ron'd6),  orOvarondo(6-va-ron'do).  See 

Xdonga. 

Rondout  (ron'dout).  A  former  village,  since 
1872  a  part  of  the  city  of  Kingston,  Ulster 
County,  Xew  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  79 
miles  north  of  New  York.  It  has  a  large  coal 
trade. 

Ronge  (rong'e),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Bisohofs- 
walde, Silesia, Oct.  16,1813:  diedat  Vienna,Oct. 
26, 1887.  A  German  Roman  Catholic  priest,  one 
of  the  chief  founders  of  the  German  Catholic 
movement  in  1844  and  succeeding  years.  He 
was  in  exile  1849-61. 

Ronne  (ren'ne).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Bomholm  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  Denmark, 
situated  on  the  west  coast.  Population  (1890), 
8.2S1. 

Ronne,  Ludwig  Moritz  Peter  von.  Born  Oct. 
18, 1804:  died  at  Beriin,  Dee.  22, 1891.  A  Prus- 
sian jurist  and  politician.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Die  Verf assung  und  Verwaltung  des preussischen  Staats  " 
(1843-72),  "  Das  Staatsrecht  der  preussischen  Monarchic" 
(1856-63X  "Das  Staatsrecht  des  deutschen  Reichs  "  (1876- 
1877),  etc. 

Ronneburg  (ron'ne-boro).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Altenburg.  Germany, 
35  miles  south  by  west  of  Leipsic.  Population 
(1890),  6,011. 

Ronsard  (ron-sar'),  Pierre  de.  Bom  in  the 
Chateau  de  La  Poissonniere,  Vendomois,  Sept. 
11,  1524:  died  at  the  priory  of  St. -Come,  Tou- 
raine,  Dec.  27, 1585.  A  celebrated  French  poet. 
After  a  brief  stay  at  the  CoUfege  de  Navarre  in  Paris,  he 
became  page  to  Charles,  duke  of  Orleans,  second  son  of 
Francis  I.  of  France,  He  spent  also  a  couple  of  years  in 
the  service  of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and  then  returned  to 
his  former  post,  and  was  attached  to  various  diplomatic  em- 
bassies. On  his  final  return  to  France  in  1542,  he  lost  his 
sense  of  hearing  in  consequence  of  a  severe  illness.  This 
infirmity  compelled  him  to  give  up  the  life  at  court.and  led 
him  to  turn  all  his  attention  to  literary  labors.  Together 
with  his  friend  Baif,  he  took  up  a  course  of  study  that  ex- 
tended over  7  years  (l.'vl2-49)  and  made  of  him  an  excellent 
Greek  scholar.  The  ultimate  end  he  had  in  view  was  to 
regenerate  bio  native  tongue,  and  demonstrate  in  his  own 
works  that  the  French  language  was  capable  of  as  much 
power  and  nobility  of  expression  as  it  had  of  acknowledged 
grace  and  refinement.  About  1552  he  began  to  publish  his 
poetic  works:  "Odes,""  Sonnets  ^Cassandre,""Lebocage," 
"Les  amours,"  etc.  His  greatest  success  was  attained  in 
his  "Hymnes"  (1555-66),  and  he  became  a  great  favorite 
with  Charles  IX.,  king  of  France  from  l.'^eo  to  1574.  On 
the  death  of  his  royal  patron,  Ronsard  was  gradually  rele- 
gated to  the  background  :  finally  he  left  the  court  in  ut- 
ter discouragement.  The  last  yearrf  of  his  life  (1574-8.=.) 
were  spent  in  quiet  and  sad  retirement.  Ronsard  was  the 
father  of  lyric  poetry  in  France.  His  great  ambition, 
however,  had  been  to  rank  as  the  Homer  or  Vergil  of  liis 
country,  and  in  this  spirit  he  undertook  to  write  a  long 
poem,  "  La  Franciade  " :  he  labored  on  it  for  25  years,  and 
fln.ally  left  it  nnflnisbed. 

Bonsdorf  (rons'dorf).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  23  miles 


866 

northeast  of  Cologne.  Population  (1890),  7,470; 
cominune,  11,762. 

Rontgen  (rent'gen),  Wilhelm  Konrad.    Born 

March  27, 1845.  An  eminent  Genuan  scientist. 
He  was  educated  at  Zurich  and  Utrecht.  Since  1870  he 
has  taught  at  Wiirzburg,  Strasbm-^',  and  elsewhere,  and  in 
l&i8  was  made  director  of  the  Physical  Institute  of  the 
University  of  Wiirzhurg,  Professor  at  Munich  since  1899 
His  «lis'-nvery  t-f  the  X-rays  was  announced  m  Dec,  189.^. 
Rood  (rod).  Black.  [^Black  and  rood,  a  cross.] 
A  relic  brought  to  Scotland  by  the  wife  of  Mal- 
colmCanmore,  and  long  held  in  extreme  venera- 
tion by  the  Scots.  It  consisted  of  a  cross  of  gold,  in- 
closing'a  piece  of  the  true  cross,  set  in  an  ebony  figure  of 
Christ.  It  was  deposited  with  the  regalia  in  Edinburgh 
Castle,  and  carried  with  them  to  England  by  Edward  I.,  and 
used  by  him  to  give  increased  solemnity  to  the  oaths  he  ex- 
acted from  the  Scottish  magnates.  All  trace  of  it  is  now  lost. 

Roodee  (ro'de).  A  meadow,  outside  the  city  of 
Chester,  which  is  partly  surrounded  by  a  Roman 
wall,  the  best  preserved  in  England,  it  has  been 
used  .18  a  race-course  from  the  earliest  times.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  rood  or  cross  which  formerly  stood  here. 

Rookery  (ruk'er-i),  The.  A  dense  mass  of 
houses  which  was  once  the  worst  part  of  St. 
Giles  in  London.  It  has  been  cleared  away  in 
the  formation  of  New  Oxford  street. 

Rook  (ruk)  Island,  or  Rook's  Island.  An 
island  in  the  Pacific,  east  of  Papua  and  west  of 
New  Britain,  in  long.  148°  E.     Length,  31  miles. 

Room.     See  Mum. 

Room-Elee.     See  Hionelia. 

Roon  (ron).  Count  Albrecht  Theodor  Emil 
von.  Born  at  Pleushagen,  near  Kolberg,  Prus- 
sia, April  30, 1803:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  23, 1879. 
A  celebrated  Prussian  general  and  statesman. 
He  was  minister  of  war  1859-73,  and  minister  of  marine 
1861-71.  He  is  especially  famous  for  his  successful  efforts 
in  reorganizing  the  Prussian  army,  the  result  of  which  was 
shown  in  its  rapid  mobilization  in  the  wars  of  1866  and 
1870.  He  was  made  general  field-marshal  and  Prussian 
premier  in  1873,  but  resigned  the  latter  office  in  the  same 
year. 

ROOS  (ros),  Johann  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Otter- 
berg,  Palatinate,  Oct.  27, 1631 :  died  Oct.  3, 1685. 
A  German  painter  of  landscapes  and  animals. 

Roos,  Joseph.  Bom  about  1728 :  died  1805.  A 
Gennan  painter  and  etcher,  grandson  of  Johann 
Heinrich  Roos. 

Roos,  Philipp  Peter:  called  also  Rosa  di  Ti- 
voli.  Born  at  Frankfort,  1657:  died  at  Rome, 
1705.  A  German  painter  of  landscapes  and  ani- 
mals, son  of  Johann  Heinrich  Roos. 

Roosendal,  orRozendaal  (ro'zen-dal).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
27  miles  south  of  Rotterdam.  Population  (1889), 
6,118;  commune,  11,197. 

Roosevelt  (ro '  ze-velt),  RobertBarnwell.  Bom 
in  New  York  city,  Aug.  7,  1829.  An  American 
author  and  politician.  He  was  New  York  State  flsh- 
commissioner  1867-88 ;  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1871-73 ;  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Citizen  "; 
and  United  States  n)inister  to  the  Netherlands  in  1888. 
He  wrote  "Game  Fish  of  North  America,"  "Game  Birds 
of  the  North,"  etc. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.  Bom  at  New  York,  Oct. 
27,  1858.  An  American  author  and -iitatpsman. 
He  was  Republican  New  Y'ork  State  assemblyman  18S2-S4  ; 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  mayor  of  New  York  city  in 
ISbO ;  United  States  civil-service  commissioner  1889-95  ; 
president  of  the  New  York  board  of  police  commissioners 
189.5-97  ;  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy  1897-98 ;  fought 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  First  Volunteer  Cavalry  (Rough 
Riders)  at  Las  Guasimas  June  24,  and  San  Juan  July  1 ; 
was  appointed  colonel  July  8, 1898  ;  was  elected  governor 
of  New  York  Nov.,  1898,  and  vice-president  of  the  United 
States  1900;  and  became  president  of  the  United  States 
Sept.  14, 1901,  on  the  death  of  President  JIcKinlev.  His 
works  include  "History  of  the  Naval  War  of  1812  '"(18821, 
lives  of  Tliomas  H.  Benton  (1887)  and  Gouverneur  Morris 
(1888),  works  on  western  frontier  life,  hunting,  etc. 

Root  (rot  or  riit),  George  Frederick,    liom 

Aug.  30,  1820:  died  Aug.  6,  1895.  An  Amei-- 
ican  composer  and  musical  publisher.  He  was 
the  author  of  various  songs  ("There  's  Music  in  the 
Air,"  "Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp,  the  Boys  are  Jl arch- 
ing," "Battle  Cry  of  Freedom,"  etc.),  cantatas,  raanu- 
il8,  etc. 

Root  and  Branch.  In  English  history,  the  ex- 
tremists of  the  Parliamentary  party  who  about 
1641  favored  the  overthrow  of  episcopacy;  also, 
the  policy  of  these  e.xtremists. 

Root-Diggers.     See  Diggers. 

Root-Eaters.     See  Diggers. 

Roquefort  (rok-for').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ave^Ton,  southern  France,  33  miles 
southeast  of  Rodez.  It  is  celebrated  for  the 
manufacture  (in  its  grottoes)  of  Roquefort 
cheese. 

Roqueplan  (rok-plon'),  Joseph  £tienne  Ca- 
mllle.  Bom  atMallemort,  Bouehes-du-Rhone, 
France,  1802:  died  1855.    A  French  painter. 

Roqueplan,  Louis  Victor  Nestor.  Bora  at 
Mallemort.  France,  1804:  died  at  Paris,  April 
24,  1870.     A  French  miscellaneous  writer  and 


Resales 

theatrical  director,  brother  of  J.  £.  C.  Boqu» 

plan 

Roques  (ro'kes),  Los.  [Sp.,  '  the  rocks.']  A 
group  of  small  uninhabited  islands  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea.  belonging  to  Venezuela,  situated  in 
lat.  11°  .56'  N.,  long.  66°  40'  W. 

Roquette  (ro-kef ),  Otto.  Born  at  Krotoschin, 
Posen,  April  19, 1824:  died  at  Darmstadt, March 
18.1896.  A  German  poet  and  author.  Hestudied 
history  and  philosophy  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and  Halle ; 
was  afterward  a  teacher  in  Dresden,  and  after  1862  in  Ber- 
lin; and  in  1869  was  made  professor  ol  the  German  language, 
literature,  and  history  in  the  school  of  technoKigy  at  Darm- 
stadt. He  wrote  numerous  lyrics,  dramas,  novels,  and 
tales.  Among  them  are  "  \\'aldmeistei-s  Brautfabrt :  ein 
Rhein-,  Wein-,  und  Wandermarchen '"  ("  Waldmeister'B 
Wedding  Journey :  a  Tale  of  the  Rhine,  Wine,  and  Travel,' 
1851)  ;  "Liederbuch"  ("Song-Book,"  1852:  the  third  edi- 
tion under  the  title  "Gedichte  "  ('■  Poems"),  1880)  ;  "Dra- 
matische  Dichtungen"  ("Dramatic  Writings,"  1867-76,  2 
vols.);  the  novels  "Im  Haus  der  Vater  "  ("In  the  Ances- 
tral House"),  "Das  Buchstabirbuch  der  Leidenschaft" 
("The  Spelling-Book  of  Passi'.n,"  1878),  and  "Die  Pro- 
phetenschule"  ("The School  of  the  Prophets,"  1879),  He 
is  also  the  author  of  a  *'  Gescbiehte  der  deutschen  Litte- 
ratur"  ("  History  of  German  Literature,"  1862),  which  in 
the  third  edition  has  the  title  "  Geschiclite  der  deutschen 
Dichtung"  ("History  of  German  Poetry,"  1879). 

Roquevaire(rok-var').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situated  on 
the  Huveaune  11  miles  east-northeast  of  Mar- 
seUles.  It  is  noted  for  its  export  of  raising. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,115. 

Roraas  (re'ras),  or  Roros  (re'ros).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  South  Trondhjem,  Nor- 
way, situated  61  miles  southeast  of  Trondhjem: 
noted  for  its  copper-mines. 

Roraima  (ro-ra'e-ma).  The  highest  mountain 
of  British  Guiana,  on  the  western  frontier,  in 
territory  claimed  by  Venezuela.  It  is  properly  a 
part  of  the  Pacaraima  range.  The  upper  portion  is  a  table- 
land with  very  precipitous  sides,  ascended  in  1884  by  Im 
Thurm.    Height,  estimated,  8,580  feet. 

Rori  (ro're),  or  Warori  (wa-ro're).  A  Bantn 
tribe  of  Gennan  East  Africa,  north  of  Lake 
Nyassa,  on  the  Rueha  afiluent  of  the  Rufiji 
River.  They  are  of  short  stature  except  the  chiefs,  wear 
capes  and  belts  of  bead-work,  live  in  large  tembes,  eat  dogs, 
and  are  feared  aa  slave-raiders.  The  country  is  called 
Urori. 

Rorschach  (ror'shach).  A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  canton  of  St.-GaU,  Switzerland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lake  of  Constance  20  miles  south- 
east of  Constance.  It  has  a  large  grain  trade. 
Population  (1888),  5,863. 

RoryO'More(r6'ri6-mor').  A  novel  by  Samuel 
Lover,  published  in  1836. 

Ros  (ros).  [LL.  Ehos;  Byzantine  Gr.  'Puf  (Gly- 
eas),  'PuCTo!.]  The  Scandinavians,  specifically 
the  Swedes,  who  conquered  a  part  of  Russia  in 
the  9th  century  and  gave  their  name  to  the 
country  itself.  Novgorod,  in  the  north,  and  Kieff,  in 
the  south,  became  centers  of  Scandinavian  power.  About 
866  A.  D.  the  Ros  made  incursions  southward  as  far  as 
Constantinople,  which  they  again  threatened  in  941.  Thej 
were  amalgamated  with  the  Slavs.  Better  known  as 
Varangians. 

Rosa  (ro'sa).  Saint  (Isabel  Flores),called  Rosa 
of  Lima.  Bom  at  Lima,  1586 :  died  there.  Aug. 
24,  1617.  A  Peruvian  ascetic.  She  was  can- 
onized in  1671,  her  feast-day  being  fixed  on 
Aug.  30. 

Rosa  (ro'za),  Carl.  Bom  March  22, 1842 :  died 
April  30,  1889.  A  German  violinist  and  mana- 
ger of  opera.  After  the  success  of  his  wife  Parepa-Rosa 
in  opera,  he  formed  an  English  opera  company  which  con- 
tinued with  success  after  her  death.  He  produced  nearly 
20  operas  not  previously  sung  in  English. 

Rosa,  Euphrosyne  Parepa.    See  Parepa-Sosa. 
Rosa,  Francisco  Martinez  de  la.  See  Martinez 

de  la  lliisd. 

Rosa,  Monte.     See  Monte  Rosa. 

Rosa  (ro'sii),  Salvator.  Born  at  ReneUa,  near 
Naples,  June  20, 1615  (?) :  died  at  Rome,  March 
15,  1673.  A  painter  of  the  Neapolitan  school. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  his  uncle  Paolo  Greco  and  Falcone.  He 
is  said  to  have  learned  from  the  banditti  of  the  Abruzii 
many  incidents  which  he  afterward  painted.  He  went  to 
Rome  in  1635,  and  soon  became  famous  as  a  painter,  musi- 
cian, and  satirical  poet.  He  sympathized  with  Masaiiiello 
in  16*6-17,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  member  of  a  Com- 
pagnia  della  Morte,  formed  for  the  waylaying  and  killing 
of  Spaniards  in  Naples.  His  masterpiece  is  considered  to 
be  the  "  Conspiracy  of  Catiline,"  in  the  Pitti  at  Florence. 
He  excelled  in  battle-pieces. 

Rosader  (ros'a-der).     In  Lodge's  "  Rosalynde, 
the  younger  brother  of  Torrismond  the  Usurper, 
and'lover  of  Rosalynde.    He  is  the  Orlando  of 
•'As  vou  Like  it." 

Rosa  di  Tivoli.    See  Boos.  Philipp  Peter. 

Resales  (ro-sal'as).  Diego  de.  Bom  at  Madrid, 
1595:  died  in  Spain,  1674.  A  Jesuit  historian. 
From  1629  to  1665  he  was  in  Chile,  where  he  traveled  ex- 
tensively and  for  a  time  was  provincial.  His  "Historia 
general  del  Reyno  de  Chile  "  was  first  published  in  1877.  It 
is  one  of  the  best  of  the  early  works  on  Chile. 


I 


Rosalie 

Rosalie  (roz'a-li),  Saint.  The  patron  saint  of 
Palermo,  saicl  to  have  lived  near  there  in  the 
li!th  eenturv. 

Bosalie  Peak  (roz'a-li  pek).  A  peak  in  the 
Frout  Range,  Colorado,  about  14,340  feet  in 
height. 

Rosalind  (roz'a-lind).  1.  A  name  given  to  Rosa 
Daniil,  tlif  sister  of  Samuel  Daniel  and  the  wife 
of  Julin  Florio.  she  was  Invuil  by  Spenser  in  her 
youth,  and  he  complains  of  her  ill  nsage  of  him  in  "The 
>hephcrd'8 Calendar."  In  "The  Faerie  Qtleene"  he  again 
inti-oduces  her  under  the  name  of  Mirabel. 

2.  The  daughter  of  the  exiled  duke,  in  love  with 
Orlando:  a  character  in  Shakspere's  "As  you 
Like  it."  Her  vivacity  gives  the  chief  charm 
to  the  play. 

Rosaline  (roz'a-lin).  1.  Romeo's  former  love, 
a  lady  mentioned  in  Shakspere's  "Romeo  and 
Juliet." — 2.  A  lady  atteuding  on  the  Princess 
of  France:  a  character  in  Shakspere's  "Love's 
Labour's  Lost."  Slie  "holds  her  part  victori- 
■  us"  in  a  war  of  words  with  Biron  whom  she 
l^ives. 

Rosalynde,  or  Euphues'  Golden  Legacy.    A 

jiriise  idyl  by  Thomas  Lodge,  lii'St  printed  in 
l')UO.  Shakspere  took  hia  "  As  you  Like  it"  from  it.  It 
is  the  most  famous  l>ouk  of  the  Euphnist  school,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  "Euphues"  itself.  Kosalynde  is  the  niece  of  the 
usurper  Torrisniond,  and  disguises  herself  as  Ganymede. 

Rosamond  (roz'a-nioud).  [See  ItnsiinniiKlfi.'] 
\u  (ppera  by  Addison,  produced  at  l)rury  Lane 
II  1707. 

Rosamond,  Fair.    See  Clifford,  Bosamond. 

Rosamond  S  Bower.  A  subterranean  labyrinth 
in  Bletiheim  Park,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Henry  II.  as  a  retreat  for  Rosamond  Clifford. 

Rosamond's  Pond.  A  sheet  of  water  formerly 
lying  in  the  southwestcoriierof  St.  James's  Park 
ill  Loudon.  It  was  "  long  consecrated  to  disas- 
1  ions  love  and  elegiac  poetry."  It  was  filled  up 
in  1770. 

Eosamunda  (ro-za-mun'da),  or  Rosamond 
(roz'a-mond).  [G.  Rnsanmnde  or  Iiosimu)Hl.~\ 
Daughter  of  Cunimond,  king  of  the  Gepidfe, 
and  wife  of  Alboin,  king  of  the  Lombards.  She 
is  said  to  have  procured  the  death  of  her  husband  (573). 
See  Alboin. 

Rosario  (r6-sii're-6).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Santa  F6,  Argentine  Republic,  situated  on  the 
I'arana  about  lat.  33°  5'  S.  It  is  an  important  rail- 
way temunus  and  center  for  river  and  foreign  trade, 
nn.l  was  made  a  port  of  entry  in  1864.     i'opulation  (1896), 

Rosario.  A  small  town  in  the  state  of  Sinaloa, 
Mexico,  about  35  miles  southeast  of  Mazatlan. 

Rosas  (ro'siis).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
1  ieroua,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Gidf  of  Rosas  82 
miles  northeast  of  Barcelona.  Pojiulation(1887), 
•J.SHlfi. 

Rosas  (ro'sas),  Juan  Manuel  de.  Born  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  March  30,  17!)3 :  died  near  South- 
ampton, England,  March  14,  1877.  Dictator  of 
I'uenos  Ayres.  For  many  years  he  was  a  leader  of  the 
'iauchos,  and  Dorretro  (1827)  made  him  commander  of 
I  iie  rural  militia.  By  the  deposition  and  death  of  Dorrepo 
(Ilec,  1828),  Rosas  became  chief  of  the  federalist  party, 
which  aimed  at  securing  the  practical  indeiti'ndciiceof  the 
provinces.  After  sonic  months  of  (itrhtinK.  the  unitarian 
chief,  Lavallc.  resigned,  and  Koaa^  was  governor  of  lluenos 
Ayres  Dec,  18211, -I>ec.,  18:)2.  Ilia  suci  essur.  ISalrarce,  was 
deposed  by  a  resolution  instigated  by  I^'Kas's  wife;  and 
Itosas  way  again  elected  governor  with  extraordinary 
powers  (March  7,  18:t5).  From  this  time,  by  successive 
reflections,  he  governed  as  an  absolute  dictator  until  hia 
fall,  and  often  with  tyrannical  cruelty.  The  press  was 
tnu7zled,  commerce  was  restricted,  and  hundreds  of  his 
political  opponents  were  driven  into  exile  or  assassfiuited. 
Some  of  the  provinces  formed  a  loose  alliance  with  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Kosas  immaged  to  put  his  creatures  in  charge 
of  most  of  the  others:  thus,  for  a  time,  he  practically  ruled 
them  all,  though  nominally  he  waa  only  g<ivernorof  Buenos 
Ayres.  One  of  his  great  ambitions  was  to  subject  .Monte- 
video, which  had  become  a  refuge  for  exiles  from  Buenos 
Ayres  and  a  center  of  the  unitarian  party;  to  this  end 
he  Joined  with  the  exiled  president,  Orlbe,  who,  thus  aided, 
held  most  of  the  Interior  of  Uruguay  from  1842  to  isOl, 
though  the  city  waa  never  taken.  (See  Oribe.)  (iwing  to 
Rosas's  persecution  of  French  residents,  a  French  fleet 
blockade<l  Buenos  Ayres  during  most  of  the  time  from 
1838  to  18-I5.  In  the  latter  year  France  ami  Enu'lanil  In- 
terfered to  protect  Montevideo,  and  their  combined  Heet« 
attacked  and  took  the  Intrenched  camp  of  Itosas  at  I'unta 
de  Obligado  (Nov.  2n),  but  nothing  further  came  of  the 
matter.  The  unitarians  made  many  armed  attempts  to 
depose  Kosas,  the  most  formidable  being  that  connnandetl 
by  Lavallc  (IKin  41).  but  all  failed.  Atlength  (1851)  Brazil 
interfercii  to  prot«-ct  the  Independence  of  Trugnay,  unit- 
ing with  Uniuiza,  governor  of  Eutr<'  Rlos.  'I'hey  were 
joined  by  Corrieiitca,  and  later  by  other  prf>vinees.  The 
combined  forces,  under  Uripllza,  eventually  defeated  the 
ariny  of  Rosas  at  Monte  ('aacros,  near  Buenos  Ayres  (Feb. 

3.  1^')2).  Kosas  lied  to  England,  where  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment until  his  death. 

Rosbach,     See  Ilon.ihaeh. 

Roscellinus  (ros-e-li'nus),  Roscellin  (ros-el- 
ah').  Rucelinus  (ro-se-li'nus).  etc.  Born  in 
northern  France  about  the  middle  of  the  11th 


867 

century:  died  after  1121.  A  scholastic  theolo- 
gian, the  chief  founder  of  Nominalism:  canon 
at  Compiegne.  He  was  condemned  by  a  church  coun- 
cil at  Soissons  in  1092  on  account  of  his  teachings  regard- 
ing the  Trinity. 

Eoscher(rOsh'er),Willielni.  BornatHaunover, 
Germany,  Oct.  lil,  H17:  died  at  Leipsic,  June 
4,  1894. "  A  noted  German  political  economist, 
professor  at  Leipsic  from  1848:  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  historical  school  of  political 
economv.  His  works  include  "System  der  Volkswirth- 
schaft"  (".System  of  Political  Economy,"  18.14-81),  "Oe- 
schichte  der  Nationalokonomik  in  Deutschland  "(*'  History 
of  Political  Economy  in  Germany,"  1874),  etc. 

Rosciad  (rosh'iad),  The.  A  poem  by  Churchill, 
pul>lislieii  in  17G1.  It  is  his  first  published  poem,  and 
is  a  reckless  satire  on  various  I.<)udonact4>rs.  It  was  issued 
anonymously,  but  its  success  wiis  so  great  that  Churchill 
at  once  acknowledged  it. 

Roscius  (rosh'ius),  QuintUS,  Died  about  62 
B.  c.  The  greatest  of  Roman  comic  actors.  He 
was  a  native  of  Solonium,  near  Lanuvimn.  lie  was  pre- 
sented h\  Sulla  with  a  gold  ling,  the  symbol  of  equestrian 
r:ink,  anil  was  tbe  instructor  and  friend  of  fieero. 

Roscius,  African,  The.    Ira  Aldi-idge. 

Roscius,  English,  The.     David  Garrick. 

Roscoe  (ros'kd),  Sir  Henry  Enfield.  Bom  in 
London,  Jan.  7,  1833.  A  noted  English  chem- 
ist, emeritus  professor  of  chemistry  in  Victoria 
Lhiiversity  (Owens  College),  Manchester.  He 
was  chosen  member  of  Parliament  for  Manchester  in  1885 
and  1889.  His  works  include  "  Lesstuis  in  Elcmentiu-y  CheTp- 
istry"  (ISfKS),  "Lectures  on  Spcctnim  Analysis'  (1SC9), 
"A  Treatise  oti  Chemistry"  (with  .Schorlemmer,  1878-S9). 

Roscoe,  Thomas.  Born  at  Alliston  Hall,  near 
Liverpool,  1791:  died  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  24, 
1871.  An  English  translator  and  scholar,  son 
of  William  Roscoe.  He  translated  "  Memoirs  of  Ben- 
vennto  Cellini  "(1822).  Sianiondi's"I,itei-atureof  the  South 
of  Europe "(1823),  Lanzi's  "  History  of  Painting  in  Italy" 
(ls2S),  etc. 

Roscoe,  William.  Born  at  Liverpool,  Jfarch  8, 
]  7.'i3 :  died  J  unc  30, 1831.  A  noted  English  his- 
torian,poet,  and  miscellaneous  author.  Hischief 
works  are  "  Life  of  Lorenzode'  Sledici "  (1796)  and  "  Life  and 
Pontiacate  of  Leo  X."  (1806).  He  also  published  poems, 
p:uui)hlets  against  the  slave-trade,  etc. 

Roscoff  (ros-kof).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Finistfere,  France,  situated  on  the  English 
Channel  34  miles  northeast  of  Brest.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  4,600. 

Roscommon  (ros-kom'on).  1.  Acounty  of  f'on- 
na  light ,  Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Lcitrim  on  the  north 
and  northeast ;  L<ingford,  Westmeath,  and  King's  County 
on  the  east ;  Galway  on  the  south  ;  Galway  and  Mayo  on 
the  west ;  and  Sligo  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  level 
or  undulating.  Area,  949  square  miles.  Population 
(1891).  114,397. 

2.  'The  capital  of  the  county  of  Roscommon, 
situated  43  miles northeastof  Galway.  Thecastle, 
one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in  Irelatul,  built  in  12tW,  is 
quadrangular  in  plan,  with  round  towers  at  the  angles. 
The  gate  is  flanked  by  towere.  The  state  apartments  oc- 
cupy a  building  in  the  inner  court.  Population,  about 
2,000. 

Rose  (roz),  (Jeorge.  Bom  in  1830:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  13, 18S2.  An  English  humorous  writer 
under  the  pspudonvm  -Vl'thur  Sketehley.  Hew.aa 
the  author  of  .several' plays,  but  is  better  known  as  the 
author  of  the  "Mrs.  Brown  Lectures,"  written  in  the 
character  of  a  "garrulous  cockney  woman,  based  prolmbly 
on  Mi-s.  (fainp."  In  lst.;7  he  visited  America  and  gave 
these  lectures,  but  they  were  not  very  successful. 

Rose  (ro'ze),  Gustav.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
28.  1798:  died  thei-e,  July  1."),  1873.  A  Gemiau 
mineralogist,  professor  of  mineralogy  at  Berlin 
from  1820,  lie  jiublished  " Eleniente  der  Krys- 
tallograpliie"  (1833),  etc. 

Rose,  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Aug.  6, 1795 : 
died  Jan.  27,  18(34.  A  German  chemist,  brother 
of  (Justav  Hose :  professor  of  chemistry  at  Ber- 
lin from  1823.  Hischief  work  is  a  "llandbuch 
der  analvtischen  Chemie"  ("Manual  of  Analyt- 
ical Cheraistrv,"  1829). 

Rose  (roz),  irtie.  1.  A  playhouse  oiiened  by 
lli'iisloweonthe  Hankside,  South wark,  London, 
about  l.V.rj. —  2.  .\n  onlinary  in  Russell  street, 
Covent  (jiirdeii,  Loinlon.  near  the  theaters,  and 
mu(di  frei|uentod  about  l(i(i7. 

Roseau  (ro-zd').  The  ca))ilal  of  the  i.sland  of 
Diiiiiiiiiia.  British  West  Indies,  sittniled  on  the 
soutliweslern  coast.     Pojiulation,  about  ri.OOO. 

Rosebery,  Earl  of.     See  I'rimrosr,  A.  p. 

Rosecrans  im '/.e-kranz),  William  Starke. 

li.ini  .Ml  KingMtiiM,  Ohio,  .Sept,  (i,  1M9  ;  ilieil  at 
UoMcfi'ans,  near  i^os  .i\ng*'les,  t'al.,  Mai'ch  11, 
1898,  An  American  genernl.  Ilegradnaled  at  West 
Point  In  1842,  but  resigned  his  eolumisslon  in  the  army  in 
1864  after  altiilning  the  rank  of  Ilrst  lieutenant.  He  volun- 
teered aa  aide  to  General  CeorgeB.  .Mi'Clellau(then  In  eoni- 
man<l  of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio)  at  thebeginnlngof  tbe 

Civil  War,  and  s i  received  a  conimiHsioii  as  brigadier- 

general  in  the  regular  army.  He  gained  the  battle  of  Kleh 
.Mountain  In  .luly.  IM'd;  waa  appointed  commander  of  tlie 
Department  of  the  Ohio  in  the  same  month  ;  galneil  the 
battle  of  Carnifex  Ferry  lu  Sept.,  1801 ;  look  i>urt  In  the 


Bosetta 

siege  of  Corinth  in  1862 ;  gained,  as  commander  of  the  Army 
of  the  Mississippi,  the  battles  of  luka  in  Sept.,  and  of 
Corinth  in  Oct.,  1802 ;  was  transferred  to  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cuniberlaml  in  Get.,  1862  ;  gained  the 
battle  of  -Miirfreesboro  Dec.  31,  lS(i2,--Jan.  3, 1863 ;  crossed 
the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  the  Tennessee  River  In 
Aug.,  1863;  was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Chiekanianga  in 
Sept.,  1^3  ;  was  relieved  of  the  command  of  the  .Vrmy  of 
the  Cumberland  inttct.,  18*13;  and  ascommanderof  the  De- 
partment of  the  Missouri  repelled  Price's  invasion  of  Mis- 
souri in  18ft4.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in  1867 ;  was 
United  States  minister  to  Mexico  1868-00 ;  was  Democratic 
niemlicr  of  Congress  from  California  1881-85  ;  and  register 
of  tbe  Inited  Stales  treasury  188.vn:j.  He  was  reap- 
l)irinted  brigadier-general  and' placed  on  the  retired  list 
by  a  s](eeial  act  of  Congress  in  Feb.,  1889. 

Rosedale  (roz'diil).  A  play  by  Lester  Wallack, 
founded  on  Hamley's  novel ' '  Lady  Lee's  Widow- 
hood": it  was  produced  in  1863. 

Rose-Garlands,  Feast  of.    See  Feast  of  J!ose- 

tidrltnuts. 

Rosellini  (ro-sel-le'ne).  Ippolito.  Bora  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  1800:  died  there,  June  4, 1843.  An  Italian 
Orientalistandarchieologist.associateof  Cham- 
pollion  in  Egypt :  professorof  Orientallanguages 
at  Pisa  from  1824  to  1839,  wlien  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  archwologj-.  He  published  "I  monu- 
menti  dell'  Egitto  e"della  Nubia  "  (1832-40). 

Roselly  de  Lorgues  (ro-za-le'  de  lorg)  (before 
1860,   Roselly),  Antoine    Frantjois   F61ix. 

Born  at  CJrasse,  Alps-Slaritimes,  France,  Aug. 
11,  180,'"):  died  Jan.  2,  1898.  A  French  author, 
best  known  for  his  works  in  defense  of  Roman 
Catholicism  and  liis  writings  on  Columbus. 
The  former  include  "  Le  Christ  devant  le  siicle  "  (1836), 
"  Ijicroix  dans  Its  deux  niondes"  (1844),  etc.  His  works  on 
Ctilumltus  are  extremely  laudatory,  and  were  undertaken 
with  the  direct  end  of  securing  the  beatification  i»f  hia 
hero.  Among  them  are  "Christojdie  Colomb  '  (18.''6,  2 
vols.),  "  CbristopheColombserviteur  lie  iiieu  "  (1^84),  and 
"Hiatoire  jiusthume  de  Christophe  Cidoinb  '  (18s&). 

Rosenbusch  (ro'zen-bosh),  Karl  Heinrich 
Ferdinand.  Born  at  Einbeck,  June  24,  1836. 
A  noted  lienuan  geologist.  In  I87s  he  was  made 
professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  has  principally  devoted  him- 
self to  microscopic  petrography.  He  tHiited  the  "  Ncuen 
Yahrbuchs  fur  .Mineralogie,  (ieologie  und  Palaontologie " 
with  Klein  and  Benecke  1871>-84. 

Rosencrantz  and  Guildenstem.  Characters  in 

shakspere's  "Hamlet."  They  are  old  schoolfellows 
of  Hamlet,  and  are  sent  for  by  the  king  to  spy  upon  him. 
They  always  appe:U'  together. 

Rosendale  (ro'zn-diil).  A  village  near  Kings- 
ton, New  York,  noted  for  its  cement. 

Rosengarten  (ro'zen-giir-ten).  or  Great  Rosen- 

garten.  A  medieval  Gorman  folk  epic  (dating 
in  its  iiresent  form  from  about  1300).  It  treats  of 
liietrieh  of  Bel  n,  Kriemhild  of  Worms,  etc.  It  was  edited 
by  W.  Grinun  (18;«'.)- 

Rosenheim  (lo'zen-him).  A  town  in  Uppet 
Bavaria,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Inn  31  miles 
southeastof  Munich.    Population  (1890),  10.090. 

Rosenkranz  (ro'zeu-kriints),  Johann   Karl 

Friedrich.  Born  at  Magdebmtr,  Prussia.  .Xjiril 
23,  180."):  died  at  KiJnigslierg,  Prussia,  June  14, 
1879.  A  German  Hegelian  philosopher  and  his- 
torian of  literature,  professor  at  Kiinigsberg 
1833-49.  He  wrote  "(jeschichte  der  deutschen  Poeslo 
imMittclaltcr"("  History  of  German  Poetry  in  the  Middle 
Ages,"  18;)0),  "Han<lbuch  einer  allgemeinen  <;eschichte 
der  Pocsie"  ("Manual  of  a  t'niversal  Histon- of  Poetry," 
1832-:(3),  "Kneyklupadie  der  theologischen  Wissenschaf- 
ten  "  ("  Eneyclopi-ilia  of  the  The-ological  .Sciences."  1831). 
"KritischeKrlatitcrungenclcsHegelschen  Systems  '("Crit- 
ical Illustnitions  of  the  Hegelian  .Syste'm,"  1840),  "Stu- 
dien  "  (18.'«)-44X  "  I'sychologie"  (1S.37),  "Goethe  und  seine 
Werko"  (1847),  "Die  I'ailag.igik  als  Syst«m  "  ("  Pedagogy 
as  a  System,"  184.s),  "  WIsseu.sehaft  der  logischen  Idee  ' 
(181)8-.'>9),  life  of  Dideliit  (lS6li>,  of  Hegel  (1844'),  "Nene 
Studien"'087ri'"7),  etc.  With  F.  W.  .S<hubert  he  edited 
Kant's  works  (I8;i8-4n:  with  a  "llistor)'  of  the  Kantian 
Philosophy"). 

Rosenlaui  (ro'zen-lou-wi  1  Glacier.  One  of  the 
most  noted  Alpine  glaciers,  situated  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  11  miles  east  by  south 
of  Interlaken. 

Rosenmiiller(i'o'zen-iniil-ler). Ernst  Friedrich 

Karl.  I'.ornat  Ilessberg,  near  l!ildlini':.'lumsen. 
Genuiniy,  Dee.  10,  1768:  died  Sepl.  17.  \s:\rt.  A 
(ierman  Orientalist  ami  Proleslant  tlieoli>ginn, 
sou  of  .1.  G.  Rosenmiiller:  )>rofessor  at  Leipsic 
from  179.'>.  Among  his  works  are  scholia  to  the  Old 
Testament,  "Hamlbuch  der  biblischen  Alu>rtumakuiida  " 
(lv_'3-31).  etc. 

Rosenmiiller,  Johann  Oeorg.     Bom  at  Um- 

iiiersladt,near  llildiiini,'liiiiisen,  Germany,  Dec. 
18,  1730:  died  lit  Leipsic,  March  14,  181.'"..  A 
(ierman  Protestant  theologian  anil  popular  re- 
ligious writer,  professor  of  theology  and  super- 
intendent at  Leipsic  from  ns.'i. 

Rosenthaliru'zon-tiiO.MoritZ.  Bornat  Lera- 
liiM'tr.  I>ee.  IS,  1SI')2.  A  noted  (ii'nnnn  pianist. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  IIrzI,  and  Is  noted  for  his  hrllllnnt 
technle. 

Roses,  Wars  of  the.     Scc  IViirs  of  thr  Itosru. 

Rosetta  (ro-zet'tii),  Ar.  Rashid  (rii-shed').  A 
town  in  the  Delta  of  Egypt,  situated  near  the 


Bosetta 

mouth  of  the  Kosetta  arm  of  the  Nile,  35  miles 
east-northeast  of  Alexandria.  Population(1897), 
14,414. 

Bosetta  Branch.  The  -n-estemmost  of  the  two 
chief  branches  into  which  the  XUe  divides  to 
form  the  Delta .  it  separates  from  the  Daniietta  branch 
a  few  luiles  north-northwest  of  Cairo. 

Bosetta  Stone,  The  name  given  to  a  stone  nowin 
the  British  iluseum,  originally  found  by  French 
soldiers  who  were  digging  near  the  Rosetta 
mouth  of  the  Nile.  It  is  a  piece  of  black  basalt,  and 
contains  part  of  three  equivalent  inscriptions,  the  tirst  or 
highest  in  hieroglyphics,  the  second  in  demotic  characters, 
and  the  third  in  Greek.  According  to  these  inscriptions, 
the  stone  was  erected  in  honor  of  Ptolemy  EpipUanes, 
March  27,  B.  c.  19ti.  This  stone  is  famous  as  haWng  fur- 
nished to  Young  and  ChatnpoUion  the  first  key  for  the 
interpretation  of  Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  In  its  present 
broken  condition  it  measures  3  feet  9  inches  in  height,  2 
feet  4}  inches  in  width,  and  11  inches  in  thickness- 

Bosheim  (roz'him').  A  town  in  Lower  Alsace, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  15  mUes  southwest 
of  Strasburg.  It  was  once  a  free  imperial  citv. 
Population  (1890),  3.2(>4. 

Bosier  (ro'zher),  James.  Bom  in  Xorfolk,  Eng- 
land, about  1575 :  died  in  the  midtUe  of  the  17th 
century.  An  English  explorer.  He  accompanied 
Waymouth  in  his  voyage  to  Maine  and  the  Penobscot  in 
1605,  and  described  the  voyage  in  his  "True  Relation." 

Bosinante(roz-i-nan'te).  DonQuixote'scharger, 
all  skin  and  bone.  '  He  next  proceeded  to  inspect 
his  hack,  which,  with  more  quarters  than  a  real  and  more 
blemishes  th.in  the  steed  of  Gonela  that  tantum  2>eUig  et 
ossa/uit,  surpassed  in  liis  eyes  the  Bucephalosof  Alexan- 
der and  the  Babieca  of  the  Cid."   Also  Rocinante. 

Eosine  (ro-zen').  The  ward  of  Doctor  Bartholo 
in  Beaumarchais's  comedy  ''  The  Barber  of  Se- 
ville." He  seeks  to  marry  her,  but  through  the  adroitness 
of  Figaro  she  is  married  to  Count  Almaviva. 

Bosini  (ro-se'ne),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Luei- 
gnano,  Italy,  June  24, 1776:  died  at  Pisa,  May 
16.  1855.  An  Italian  poet  and  writer  of  histori- 
cal novels. 

Boslin  (ros'lin).  A  village  in  Midlothian,  Scot- 
land, situated  about  7  miles  south  of  Edinburgh. 
The  notable  chapel  here  was  built  in  1446  as  the  choir  of  a 
projected  coUegiate  church.  The  nave  consists  of  five 
bays.  and.  especially  in  its  comparatively  plain  exterior, 
with  beautiful  arches  and  flying  buttresses,  presents  the 
appearance  of  being  much  older  than  it  is.  The  interior 
is  sculptured  with  foliage  and  arabesque  ornament  much 
undercut, 

Eosmini  (ros-me'ne),  Carlo  de'.  Bom  at  Eo- 
veredo,  Tyrol,  Oct.  29,  175S:  died  at  Milan, 
June  9,  1827,  An  Italian  historian  and  biog- 
rapher. His  chief  work  is  "Storia  di  Jlilano" 
("History  of  Milan,"  1820). 

Bosmini-Serbati  (ros-me'ne-ser-ba'te).  Anto- 
nio. Born  at  Roveredo,  Tt,to1,  March  25,  1797: 
died  at  Stresa,  near  Lago  Maggiore,  July  1, 
1855.  A  noted  philosopher,  founder  of  the  re- 
ligious order  of  the  Brothers  of  Charity.  Among 
his  numerous  works  Is  "Xuovo  saggio  sull"  origine  delle 
idee '  ('•  New  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Ideas,"  1830). 

Eosmnnda  (roz-mun'dat.  A  tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  published  in  1783.  Eistori  was  celebrated 
in  the  part  of  Eosmunda. 

Eosny  (ro-ne'),  Leon  de.  Bom  at  Loos,  Xord, 
Prance.  Aug.  5,  1S37,  A  French  Orientalist 
and  ethnographer,  author  of  various  works  on 
the  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Corean  languages, 
and  on  the  antiquities  of  Central  America  and 
Yucatan. 

Boss  ( ros).  or  Boss-shire  (ros'shir) .  A  northern 
county  in  Scotland.  The  mainland  portion  is  bounded 
by  Sutherland  and  Dornoch  Firth  on  the  north,  Moray 
firth  on  the  east,  Inverness  on  the  south,  and  the  Atlan- 
tic on  the  west  and  northwest,  and  includes  various  de- 
tached portions  of  Cromarty.  Ross-shire  comprises  also 
the  northern  part  of  Lewis  and  other  islands  of  the  Hebri- 
des. The  sui^ace  is  generally  mountainous.  It  is  con- 
nected politically  with  Cromarty.  United  area  of  Ross  and 
Cromarty,  3,078  square  miles ;  population  (1891X  74,727. 

Boss.  A  town  in  the  county  of  Herefordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Wye  15  miles  west  bv 
north  of  Gloucester.  It  has'i  noted  church  (with 
the  tomb  of  John  Kyrle,  the  "  Man  of  Ross  "1  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,575. 

Boss,  or  Eosse,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Aberdeen, 
1590:  died  16-54.  A  Scottish  clergyman  who 
became  chaplain  to  Charles  L  and  master  of 
the  Southampton  free  school.  .-Vmong  his  works  is 
"\  View  of  .all  the  Religions  in  the  World"  (1652),  to 
which  Butler  refers  in  the  couplet  in  "Uudibras": 
"  There  w.as  an  ancient  s.*ige  philosopher. 
Who  had  read  Alexander  Ross  over." 

Boss,  Alexander.  Born  in  Aberdeenshire, 
1699 :  died  at  Lochlee,  Forfarshire,  May  20, 1784, 
A  Scottish  schoolmaster  and  poet.  He  wrote 
'* Helenore, or  the  Fortunate  Shepherdess"  (1768:  a  nar- 
rative poem),  and  a  number  of  songs  ("  Wooed  an'  Mairied 
an'  a',"  etc.)  and  other  poetical  pieces,  in  the  rural  dialect 
of  Aberdeenshire, 

Boss,  Alexander.  Born  in  .Nairnsliire,  Scot- 
land, May  9.  1783:  died  in  Colony  Gardens 
(now  in  Wia>:ipeg,  Manitoba),  Red  RiverSettle- 


868 

ment,  British  North  America,  Oct.  23.  1856.  A 
British  firr-trader  and  pioneer  in  British  Amer- 
ica. He  ^vrote  "Adventures  of  the  First  Settlers  on  the 
Oregon  or  Columbia  River"  (1849),  "Fur-Himters  of  the 
Far  West"  (1S55),  "The  Red  River  Settlement  "  (1856). 

Boss,  Alexander  Milton.  Born  at  Belleville, 
Ontario.  Canada,  Dee,  13,  1832:  died  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Oct,  27.  1897.  A  Canadian  naturalist 
and  botanist,  noted  for  his  collections  of  Cana- 
dian fauna  and  flora. 

Boss,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  (Betsy)  Griscom).  Bom 

at  Philadelphia.  Jan.  1,  1752  :  died  there.  Jan. 
30.  1836.  An  American  woman,  who.  at  the 
suggestion  of  Washington,  madethe  first  Amer- 
ican flag,  adopted  by  Congress  June  14,  1777. 
The  house,  239  Arch  Street.  Philadelphia,  in  which  the 
flag  was  made  is  now  the  property  of  the  American  Flag 
House  and  Betsy  Ross  Memorial  .^sociatioiL 

Boss,  Sir  James  Clark,  Bom  at  London,  April 
15,  1800:  died  at  Aylesbury,  England,  April  3, 
1862.  A  British  navigator  and  arctic  explorer. 
He  served  with  his  uncle.  Sir  John  Ross,  and  with  Parry 
in  their  arctic  expeditions :  commanded  the  expedition  of 
the  Erebus  and  Terror  to  the  antarctic  regions  lt39-43,  dis- 
covering Victoria  Land  and  penetrating  to  lat.  78°  10'  .S., 
the  furthest  point  ever  yet  reached  in  the  antarctic  re- 
gions ;  and  commanded  the  Enterprise  in  search  of  Sir 
John  Franklin  in  1S48.  He  published  "  Voyage  of  Discovery 
and  Research  in  the  Southern  and  Antarctic  Regions  1S39- 
1S43  "  (1^7).  To  Sir  James  Clark  Ross  is  generallv  given 
the  credit  for  the  discovery  of  the  north  magnetic  pole- 

Eoss,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Inch,  Wigtownshire. 
•Scotland,  June  24,  1777:  died  at  London,  Aug, 
30, 1856.  A  British  admiral  and  arctic  explorer. 
He  conamanded  expeditions  in  search  of  the  northwest 
passage  ISIS  and  1829-33.  and  one  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  1850-51.  He  published  '  'A  Voyage  of  Discovery  " 
(1819) .  "  J<  arrative  of  a  Second  Voyage  in  S^ch  of  a  North- 
west Passage"  (1835),  etc. 

Boss,  John.  Bom  in  Georgia  about  1790.  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  1,  1866,  A  Chero- 
kee half-breed.  He  became  Cherokee  chief  182S ;  pro- 
tested against  the  removal  to  Indian  Territory  1835 ;  and 
sided  with  the  Confederates  1S61. 

Boss,  Man  of.    See  Eyrie,  John. 

Ross,  New.     See  Xeic  Boss. 

Ross,  Robert.  Born  at  Ross  Trevor,  Devonshire, 
England,  17(0:  kiUed  at  North  Point,  Md..  Sept. 
12.  1814.  A  British  general.  He  served  in  the  wars 
against  France :  defeated  the  Americans  at  Bladensbiu^, 
Aug.,  1814  ;  and  burned  Washington. 

Ross  and  Cromarty.    See  JRnss. 

Rossano  (ros-sa'no).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  southern  Italy,  situated  on  a  spur  of 
Mount  SOa.  near  the  Gn\f  of  Taranto,  27  miles 
northeast  of  Cosenza.  It  has  marble  and  alabaster 
quarries,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop.  It  belonged  to 
the  Byzantine  empire  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Popula- 
tion aSSlX  16,224. 

Eossbach  (ros'bach),  in  F.  sometimes  Bos- 
bach.  -\  village  in  the  pro\-inee  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  9  miles  southwest  of  Mersehurg.  Here, 
Xov.  5, 1757,  the  Prussians  (22,000)  under  Frederick  the 
Great  defeated  the  united  armies  of  the  French  under  Sou- 
bise  and  the  Imperialists  under  the  Prince  of  Saxe-Hild- 
burghausen  (total  43,000).  Loss  of  the  Prussians,  about 
500 ;  of  the  Allies,  1,700  killed  and  7,0iX>  prisoners. 

Bossberg  (ros'berG).  A  mountain  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cantons  of  Sehwyz  and  Zug,  Swit- 
zerland. 12  miles  east  by  north  of  Lucerne.  A 
landshde  from  it  buried  the  village  of  Goldau  in  1806. 
Hei',;ht,  6,195feet, 

Bossbrunn  (ros'bron).  A  village  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria. about  8 miles  west  of  Wiirz- 
burg.  Here,  July  26,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
Bavarians. 

Eossdorf  (ros'dorf).  A  village  in  Saxe-Meiu- 
ingen.  Germany,  12  miles  northwest  of  Meiniu- 
gen.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Prussians 
and  Bavarians  July  4,  1866. 

Rosse  (ros).  A  thane  of  Scotland  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Macbeth." 

Rosse  fros'e),  Earl  of.    See  Parsons,  TTiUiam. 

Rossellino  (ros-sel-le'no),  AntoniO  (real  name 
Gambarelli).  Born  about  1427:  died  about 
1497.  A  Florentine  sculptor,  brother  of  Ber- 
nardo Rossellino.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  with 
Donatello,  and  possessed  great  delicacy  of  treatment. 
Among  his  works  is  the  noble  monument  to  Cardinal  Por- 
togallo  in  San  Miniato  at  Florence,  executed  in  14t:i.  The 
Duke  of  Amalfi  ordered  Antonio  to  make  one  like  it  fui 
the  Church  of  Monte  Oliveto  in  Naples,  in  memory  of  his 
wife,  Marj'  of  Aragon. 

Rossellino,  Bernardo.  Born  1409:  died  about 
1464.  A  Florentine  sculpt  oranil  architect.  Hewas 
the  eldest  of  the  family  of  Matteo  di  DomenicoGanibarelli, 
which  gave  five  sculptors  to  I'uscany  (Bernardo.  Domenico. 
^laso.  Giovanni,  and  .\ntonio).  Two  of  these.  Bernardo  and 
Antonio,  were  artists  of  great  ability.  Bei-nardo  was  a  disci- 
ple of  Albert!,  and  attained  special  eminence  as  an  archi- 
tect in  the  service  of  Pope  Nicholas  V.  It  was  thrtmgh 
his  agency  that  this  Pope,  who  restored  the  falling  edifices 
of  ancient  Rome  and  reconstructed  St.  Peter's  and  the  Vati- 
can, built  palaces  at  Orvieto  and  Spoleto,  ami  princely 
baths  at  Viterbo.  After  the  death  of  Nicholas  and  his 
successor  Calixtus  III,,  Bernardo  found  an  equally  zealous 
patron  in  Pius  II.,  whose  chief  aim  was  the  embellishment 
of  his  native  town,  Cosignano,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 


Rossini 

of  Pienza.  In  this  little  town  Bernardo  built  a  palace,  t 
cathedral,  and  a  city  hall.  He  also  made  the  beautiful 
monument  to  Leonardo  Bruni  (Aretino)  in  Santa  Croce 
(1444X  generally  considered  to  be  the  finest  monument  of 
the  Quattrocento,  and  a  typical  specimen  of  the  style  of 
the  time.  Two  of  his  works  are  a  bust  of  St.  John,  in 
Florence,  and  an  excellent  portrait-bust  of  Battista  Stores. 

Bossetti  (ros-set 'te).  Christina  Georgina 
Bom  Dee.  5, 1830 :  died  Dee.  29,  1894.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  sisterof  D.G.Rossetti.  She  contributed  to 
"The  Gena  "  as  Ellen  Alleyn,  and  wrote  "  (Soblin  Market " 
(1862X  "The  Prince's  Progress  "(1866),  'Sing-Song,  a  Xur- 
sery  Rhyme  Book  "  (1871),  "A  Pageant  and  Other  Poems" 
(1881X  "  Time  Flies,"  etc.  (18S5).  and  a  number  of  religious 
works  on  the  Benedicite.  the  minor  festivals,  etc 

Bossetti,  Dante  Gabriel  (Gabriel  Charles 
Dante\  Bom  at  London,  May  12,  1828:  died 
at  Birchington,  England,  April  9.  1882.  An 
EngUsh  poet  and  painter,  son  of  Gabriele  Bos- 
setti. He  became  noted  as  one  of  the  leading  Prert. 
phaelites  (see  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood),  and  one  of  the 
chief  romantic  and  sensuous  poets  of  modem  English 
literature.  He  was  educated  at  King's  College  school 
and  about  1S46  entered  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1847  he 
entered  Madox  Brown's  studio.  .Among  his  chief  paint- 
ings are  "  Fomid,"  "  Girlhood  of  the  Virgin  "  (1849).  "  The 
-Annunciation,"  "Ecce  Ancilla  Domini  "(1850:  in  the  Nt 
tional  Gallery!,  "Boat  of  Love,"  "  Ladv  Lilith  '  (18641 
"Sibylla  Palmifera  "  (1806),  '■  Dante's  Dream  "(1870X"Pro8- 
erpina"  (1874X  "La  Pia"  (18S1X  etc.  He  wrote  transla- 
tions from  Italian  poets  (1S61X  and  published  "Poems" 
(1870),  including  "The  Blessed  Damozel,"  "My  Sister's 
Sleep,"  and  other  poems  reprinted  from  "The  Germ" 
(1S50X  and  "  Ballads  and  Sonnets "  (1S81X  including  his 
series  of  one  hundred  sonnets  called  "The  House  of  Ufe.' 

Bossetti,  Gabriele.  Bom  at  Vasto,  kingdom 
of  Naples,  March  1, 1783 :  died  at  London,  April 
26, 1854.  An  Italian  poet  and  commentator  on 
Dante:  father  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti.  He 
fled  to  Malta  in  1821  and  to  England  in  1824,  and  was  made 
professor  of  Italian  at  King's  College,  Ix>ndon.  in  1826.  He 
is  tiest  known  from  his  patriotic  poems  at  the  time  of  the 
revolution  of  1S20. 

Bossetti,  William  Michael.  Bom  at  London, 
Sept.  25, 1829.  An  English  poet  and  art  critic, 
brother  of  Dante  Gabriel  Bossetti.  He  wrote  a 
translation  cf  Dante's  "Inferno"  (1865X  "Poems  and  Bal- 
lads"(lS66),  "Life  of  Shellev" 0869);  edited  the  poetical 
works  of  S.  T.  Coleridge  (1S7I),  Milton  (1871)  Campbell 
(ISi^),  William  Blake  (iS74X  Shakspere's  works  with  glos- 
sary (ISSO)  ;  and  wrote  a  "Life  of  Keats"  (1S77). 

Bossi(ros'se). Ernesto.  Bom  at  Leghorn.  Italy, 
1829:  died  at  Peseara,  June  4,  1896.  An  Ital- 
ian actor  and  ilramatist.  He  early  became  noted 
in  the  plays  of  Alfieri  and  Shakspere.  He  went  to  Paris 
in  1S55  with  Ristori.  and  again  in  1866, 1874,  and  1875.  He 
was  called  "the  Italian  'falma."  He  playe<l  with  much 
success  m  all  the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  and  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1^9.  Among  his  plays  are  "Adele" 
(written  for  RistoriX  "  Les  hy^nes. "  "  La  priere  d'un  soldaL' 
"Consorzio  parentale,"  etc.  He  also  wrote  dramatie 
studies  and  personal  reminiscences  (iSS7-90,. 

Bossi,  Giovanni  Battista  de.  Bom  Feb.  23. 
1822 :  died  Sept.  20,  1894.  An  Italian  archa?olo- 
gist.  He  is  best  known  from  his  discoveries  in  the  Ro- 
man catacombs,  published  in  "  Inscriptiones  christians^ 
urbis  Romae  septimo  sjeculo  antiquiores  "  (1857-61)  aiMi 
"  Roma  sotterranea  Christiana  "  (Ia64-77X  He  also  pub- 
lished other  imp<:>rtantworkson  Roman  art  and  antiquities. 

Rossi,  Count  Pellegrino.  Bom  at  Carrara, 
Italy,  July  13.  178^:  assassinated  at  Rome, 
Nov.  15. 1.848,  An  Italian  politician,  jurist,  and 
economist.  He  lived  in  exile  after  1815.  In  1816  he 
settled  at  Geneva,  became  professor  of  Roman  and  penal 
law  at  the  academy  (ISIOX  and  played  a  prominent  part  in 
Swiss  politics.  In  is33  he  went  to  Fi-ance  and  became  (1834) 
professor  of  political  economy  at  the  Collie  de  France, 
and  later  of  constitutional  law  at  the  Law  SchooL  He 
was  made  a  peer  in  1839.  and  was  in  the  service  of  the 
French  government  under  Guizot  1840-45.  He  was  ap- 
pointed French  ambassador  at  Rome  in  1845,  and  became 
papal  premier  in  Sept,  1S4S-  He  wrote  "  Traits  de  droit 
penal  "(lS29X"Cours  d'^conomie  politique  "(1S40-.54X  etc 

Eossignol  (ros-sen-yol').  Lake.  A  lake  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Nova  Scotia,  17  miles 
north  of  Liverpool,  Its  outlet  is  the  Mersey, 
Length,  12  miles. 

Bossini  (ros-se'ne).  Gioachino  Antonio.  Bom 
at  Pesaro,  Italy,  Feb.  29.  1792 :  died  at  Paris. 
Nov.  13,  1868. "  A  celebrated  Italian  operatic 
composer.  He  was  of  humble  birth,  and  was  early  ap- 
prenticed to  a  smith.  He  began  to  take  regtilar  lessons 
in  music,  and  played  the  honi  in  a  theater  at  Bologna  when 
he  was  about  13.  In  1807  he  entered  a  class  in  counter- 
point at  the  Liceo.  and  a  little  later  studied  the  violon- 
cello. In  1S08  a  cantata  by  him  was  performed  in  public, 
and  before  1S23  he  had  written  twenty  operas,  most  of  them 
after  1S15,  at  which  time  he  became  director  of  the  San 
Carlo  .ind  Del  Fondo  theaters  at  Naples.  In  1S21  he  mar- 
rie.l  Is.abella  Colbran  and  went  to  Vienna  (1S22X  where  he 
had  much  success  in  spite  of  opposition.  He  risited 
London  in  1823,  where  he  w.as  warmly  received,  and  soon 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  vas  made  director  of  theTh^itre 
Italien  for  IS  months.  Here  he  brought  out  a  number  of 
his  operas  as  well  as  Meyerbeer's  "  Crtx-iato. '  He  was  re- 
tained in  the  king's  service,  and  in  1829  produced  "Guil- 
laume  Tell,"  his  greatest  work.  He  retired  in  1836  to 
Bologna,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  encouragement  of  the 
Liceo.  In  1842  his  '  Stabat  Mater  "  was  tirst  given  com- 
plete. In  1S47  he  went  to  Florence,  and  in  1855  to  Paris, 
where  at  his  villa  at  Passv  he  was  the  center  of  a  brilliant 
circle  till  his  death.  Toward  the  end  of  his  life  he  wrote 
littlebutpianofortemusic.  His  operas  include  "Tancredi" 
(1813X  '  Elisabetta  "  (1S15X  "  II  Barbiere  di  Siviglia  "  (1816), 


Sossini 

■'Otello"(1816),  "LaCenerentola"(1817),  "La  Gazza  La- 
dia"(1817),"Armiila"(181"),"La  Donna  del  Lago"<l»19), 
"  Maumetto  Seconrtu  "  (1820),  "Zelmira  "  (18'->1),  ••Semlni- 
inide"(18.a).  a[id  "Guillaume  Tell  "(1829).  He  also  wrote 
•'M"5i'  ill  EKitto"  (1-1^;  an  oratorio),  "Stabat  Mater" 
(1842),  and  "  Messe  Soknnelle  "  (18U4^  etc 

Eossiter  uos'i-tur).  Thomas  Pritchard.  Bom 

at  New  Haven,  Comi..  1H17:  died  at  Cold 
Spring,  N.  Y.,  May  1",  1871.  An  jVmeriean  his- 
torical painter.  He  lieuan  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  1838,  and  in  1840-41  studied  at  lx)ndon  and  I'aris. 
anil  from  1R41  to  1846  at  Kome.  He  was  elected  national 
aca'lcMiician  in  184'.>. 

Bossmassler  i  rds'mas-ler),  Emil  Adolf,  l^my 

at  Leipsie,  Maivh  3.  ISlKi:  died  there,  -Vpril  ■'^. 
18()7.  A  (jernian  naturalist  and  popular  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Ikonoin"apIiie  der  europ&isclien  Land 
uud  Siisswasserniollusken  "  <"  Iconogi'aphy  of  Xuropea:. 
Land  and  Frcsli-water  Slollusks,"  1835-68). 

Ross-shire.    See  Ito-ss. 

Rostand  (ros-tiiii').  Edmond.  Born  at  M;ir 
si-illes  in  1868.  A  Freneh  poet  and  playwrit;lit. 
He  lias  written  "  Les  Koniaiie&ini-s  "(1894),  **  La  Princesst- 
Lointaine  "  (1895),  "  LaSaiuaritaiiie  "  11897),  "  Cyrano  de 
Beri-'irac"  (1897),  "L'Aiglon  "  (1900),  etc. 

Rostock  (ros'tok).  A  seaport  in  Moeklenbiirin;- 
Sehweriu,  situated  on  the  estuarv  of  the  War- 
now,  in  lat.  f>-i°  n'  N.,  lonfr.  12°  8'  E.  it  is  the 
principal  place  in  Mecklenburg,  and  one  of  the  chief  ports 
of  tile  Baltic,  and  has  a  trade  in  grain,  herrings,  timber, 
oil,  etc.  St.  Peter's  Church  and  some  of  the  other  churclies 
are  notable.  BlUcher  was  born  and  (imtius  died  there. 
The  university,  founded  in  1419,  was  temporarily  trans- 
ferrcd  to  Greifswald  from  1437  to  1443.  and  (in  part)  to 
Biitzow  from  17«i  to  1789:  it  had  .523  students  in  1896- 
1897,  and  a  library  of  about  3(i7.(iO(l  voluiTics.  l{<istock 
is  ail  ancient  Wendish  town.  It  belonged  to  the  Hansa 
until  16:i0.    Population  (1890),  44,409. 

Eostoff  (ros-tof ) .  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Yaroslaflf,  situated  on  Lake  Nero  125  miles 
nortlieast  of  Moscow.  It  was  founded  in  the  early 
middle  ages;  was  the  seat  of  a  principality  annexed  by 
Ivan  III^  in  1474  ;  and  has  important  commerce  and 
manufacturesof  sacred  pictures.    Population  (1894),  17,440. 

Rostoff.  A  city  in  the  government  of  Yekateri- 
noslaflf,  situated  on  the  Don  about  lat.  47°  16'  N.. 
long.  39°  43'  E.  It  was  built  in  the  18th  century,  and 
is  an  important  distributing  center  for  the  grain  and  otllrr 
agi-iciiltural  products  of  southern  Kussia.  Population 
(l«:i7l.  ir.l,889. 

Bostoptchin  (ros- top 'chin),  Count  Feodor. 
Born  in  the  government  of  Orel,  Russia,  March 
23,  1765:  died  at  Moscow,  Feb.  12,  1826.  A 
Russian  politician,  general,  and  writer:  gov- 
ernor of  Moscow  at  the  time  of  the  French  in- 
vasion in  1812.  He  is  believed  to  have  ordered 
the  burning  of  Moscow.  He  published  memoirs, 
etc. 

Roswitha  (rns've-tii),  or  Hrotswitha  (hrots'- 
ve-til),  or  Hrosvitha  (hros've-tii):  properly 
HrotSUit  (lirot'svit).  Bom  about  935:  died 
probably  about  1000.  A  German  poet  and  chron- 
icler :  a  nun  in  the  Benedictine  nunnery  of  Gan- 
dersheira, Brunswick.  She  wrote  poetical  chronicles 
of  otto  I.,  etc.,  and  six  Latin  comedies  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  the  sisterhood.  Her  works  were  edited  by  Kon- 
rad  ( 'eltes  in  150L 

Rota  (ro'tii),  or  Rata  (ra'ta).  One  of  the  La- 
droiio  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  lat. 
14°  7'  N.,  long.  14.5°  13'  E. 

Rota  or  Coffee  Club,  The.  A  London  political 
club,  founded  in  1659  as  a  kuid  of  debating  soci- 
ety for  the  dissemination  of  republican  opin- 
ions. It  met  in  New  Palace  Yard  "atone  Miles's,  where 
was  made  purposely  a  large  ovall  table  with  a  jiaHsage  in 
the  middle  for  .Miles  to  deliver  his  eolfeo."  The  club  was 
lirokcn  up  after  the  Restoration.    Timhi. 

Rotanev  (rot'a-nev).  [L.  vvnator,  with  the  let- 
ti  1^  reversed.]  A  name  assigned  in  the  Paler- 
III  ■  '-ataloguo  to  the  fourth-magnitude  double 
st:ir ;(  Delphini,  by  the  Italian  astronomer  Nic- 
colo  C'aceiatore,  the  Latinized  form  of  whose 
name  is  Nieolaus  Violator.  The  origin  of  the 
name  was  long  a  puzzle,  until  the  trick  was  de- 
tected by  Webb.     Compare  Sviiloriii. 

Roth  (rot),  Justus  Ludwig  Adolf.    Bom  at 

Hamburg,  Se)>t.  15,  IKIK:  died  at  Berlin,  April 
1,  1K!)2.  A  noted  Herman  geologist  and  min- 
enilogist,  professor  at  Berlin  from  1867. 
Roth,  Rudolf  von.  Born  April  3,  1821:  died 
June  22,  1SU5.  A  noted  German  Oriental- 
ist, professor  at  Tiibiugen  from  1848  (or- 
dinary profos.sor  1856).  nis  chief  work  Is  a  "San- 
skrit \Vorterbuch" ("Sanskrit  Dictionary,"  185:{-7r,,  wllb 
Bohtllngk).  Among  his  other  works  are  "Zur  I.ittenitnr 
uiid(lcs,hlcbt.cl,'8Veda"(1846),anedllionoftho  Atharva- 
veila  (witli  W  bilney.  I&',ll-ri7),  etc. 

Rothaargebirge  (rot'har-go-bPr'ge),  or  Rotla- 

gergebirge  (rot'Ul-ger-ge-lwr'ge).  A  moun- 
tain-r;ing(>  in  the  southern  part  of  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia.  Height,  about  2,500 
feet. 

Rothe  (ro'te),  Richard.  Bom  at  Posen,  Prus- 
sia. Jan.  28, 1799 :  died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  20, 


869 

1867.  A  noted  German  Protestant  theologian, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1854.  His  chief  work 
is  '  Theologische  Ethik"  ("Theological  Ethics,"  1S45-1S : 
revised  ed.  1807-71).  His  other  works  include  "Die  An- 
faii'.-e  der  christluhen  Kirche"("The  Beginnings  of  the 
Christian  Church,"  1837),   'Zur  Dogniatik " (1863),  etc. 

Rothenburg  ob  der  Tauber  (ro'ten-bora  6b  der 
tou'ber).  A  town  in  Middle  Franconia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  near  the  Tauber  41  miles  west  of 
Nuremberg,  it  is  one  of  the  olilest  Franconian  towns, 
and  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city.  It  took  part  in  the 
Franconian  League  and  in  the  Peasants'  War,  and  sulfered 
in  the  Ihirty  Years'  War.     Population  (1890),  7,0iil. 

Rotherham  ( roTU'er-am).  A  town  in  the  We.st 
Riding  of  Yorkshire, "England,  sittiated  on  the 
Don  6  miles  northeast  of  Sheffield.  It  has 
extensive  manufactures.  Population  (19111). 
54,348. 

Rotherhithe  (roTH'tr-hiTH),  or  Redriff  (red'- 
rif ).  ['  Cattle-port.']  A  district  of  Loudon, 
situated  in  Surrey,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Thames,  2  miles  east-southeast  of  St.  Paul's. 
It  is  tlie  terminus  of  the  Thames  tniinil. 

Rothermel  (roth'er-mel),  Peter  Frederick. 

Born  July  18,  1817:  died  \ug.  15,  1895.  An 
American  historical  painter.  He  visited  Europe  In 
18.'>0-59,  and  afterward  lived  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
an  associate  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy.  Many  of  his 
pictures  have  been  engraved.  Among  them  are  "  De  Soto 
discovering  the  Mississipjii  "(1&44),"  Patrick  Henry  before 
the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses,"  ''Battle of  Gettysburg" 
(1871). 

Rotherthurmpass(r6'ter-torra'pas').  [G.,' red- 
tower  pass.']  A  pass  in  the  Transylvanian 
Carpathians,  onthe borders  of  Transylvaniaand 
Wallachia,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Aluta 
south  of  Hermannstadt.  It  was  the  scene  of  defeats 
of  the  Turks  by  the  Hungarians  in  1442  and  1493.  The 
Rilssiun  invaders  passed  through  it  in  1849. 

Rothesay  (roth'sa).  A  royal  burgh,  capital  of 
the  countv  of  Bute,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Bute,  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  30  miles 
west  of  Glasgow.  It  is  a  watering-place  and  health- 
resort;  has  importjint  fisheries-,  and  contains  a  ruined 
castle.     Population  (1891),  9.034. 

Rothesay,  Duke  of.     See  Stewart,  David. 

Rothorn,  or  Rothhom  (lot'hom).  [G., 'red 
horn.']  The  name  of  several  stimmits  in  the 
Aljis  of  Bern.  Valais,  the  Grisons,  etc. 

Rothschild  (G.  pron.  rot'shilt;  commonly  E. 
roths'child).  [Said  to  be  from  the  sign  of  the 
house  in  Frankfort — ''zum  rotheu  Schilde," 
'  at  the  lied  Sh  ield.']  A  celebrated  Jewish  bank- 
ing-house at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  founded  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  18th  century  by  Mayer  An- 
selm  Rothschild.  Mayer  Ansclm  died  in  1812,  leaving 
five  sons,  allot  whom  were  created  barons  of  the  Austrian 
empire  in  1822.  The  eldest.  Anselni  Mayer  (177.V18.'ili), 
succeeded  as  head  of  the  flmi.  Solomon  (1774-186.''.)  es- 
tablished a  branch  at  Vienna;  Nathan  Mayer(1777-ls3ij),  a 
branch  at  Lomlon  (1798);  Charles  Mayer  (1788-18.'.B),  a 
branch  at  Naples  (discontinued  about  1801) ;  and  .lakob 
(,ranie8)  (1792-1808),  a  branch  at  Paris,  Nathan  Maycrwaa 
succeeded  by  his  son  Lionel  Nathan  n808-79)  as  hearl  of 
the  Ix>ndon  branch  :  the  present  head  is  Lionel's  son  Na- 
thaniel Mayer  (born  in  1840 :  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron 
Rotlischild  in  188.M. 

Rothschild,  Baron  Lionel  Nathan.  Born  Nov. 
22,1808:  died  June  3,  1879.  An  English  banker 
and  politician,  of  Hebrew  birth:  son  of  N.  M. 
Rothschild.  He  was  several  times  elected  a  member  of 
Parliament  for  London,  but  did  not  take  his  scat  before 
18.18,  when  the  Parlianientary  oath  was  niodiflod  by  omit- 
ting the  words  obnoxious  to  his  faith. 

Rothschild,  Anselm  Mayer.    Born  at  Frank- 

I'ort-on-the-Main,  1743 :  died  at  Frankfort,  Sojit. 
19, 1812.  A  German-Jewish  banker,  founder  of 
the  house  of  the  Rothschilds.  He  became  a  banker 
at  lYankfort,  and  in  1801  was  appointed  agent  to  the 
Landgrave  (subsequently  Elector)  of  Hesse-Cassel.  He 
preserved  the  electijr's  private  fortune,  which  was 
intrusted  t^i  him  iluring  the  invasion  of  the  French 
In  1806,  and  wa-s  in  gratitude  allowed  the  free  use  of 
It  for  a  time,  which  enabled  him  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  Ills  wealth. 

Rothschild,  Boron  NathanMayer.  Bom  Sept. 

16,1777:  died  .Inly  2S,  183(i.  The  I'ounderof  the 
English  linmch  of  the  house  of  Rothschild, 
third  son  of  Mayer  Anselm  Rothschilil.  About 
1800  ho  went  to  ManchcMter  to  buy  g.Kids  for  his  father. 
In  1805  he  settled  in  London.  Ho  Itecame  the  Ilnanclal 
agent  of  nearly  every  civilized  government. 

Rothwell  (roth'wcd).  A  town  in  the  West  Rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  England,  4  miles  southeast  of 
Leeils.     Population  (1891),  (i,2fl5. 

Rotrou  (ro-lri)'),  Jean  de.  Born  at  Dreux, 
France,  Aug.  21,  16(19:  died  there,  Juno  28, 
16.50.  AFrench  dramatist.  His tragMllesnnd  come- 
dies are  largely  Iniltiitid  from  the  cIiiksIcs  and  the  Span- 
ish. He  foi  nod.  with  Cornellle,  Colletel,  HnUrobcM.  and 
L'Ktollc,  the  liiind  of  KIchelleil  s  "live  poels,"  who  lom- 

^losed  tragedies  jointly  on  the  cardinal  b  plans.     Among 
lis  best  works  are  the  tragedies  "Saint-(lcne«t"  (1U40), 
"  Vcncoslas  "  (1047).  "  Connies  "  (1IH9). 
Botse  (rot'se),   or  BarotsO  (bil-rot'so):   also 
called  Marutse.     A   Bantu   tribe   of  Central 


Rouen 

Africa,  settled  in  the  low  plain  of  the  upper 
Zambesi  valley,  which  is  periodically  flooded, 
and  hence  fertile  but  imhealthy.  The  kingdom  ol 
the  Barolse  extends  far  beyond  the  tribal  boundaries.  By 
a  revolution  the  Barotse  exterminated,  in  1865,  their  con- 
querors the  Makololo.  but  retained  the  language  of  these 
and  the  dominion  over  neighboring  tribes.  These  tribu- 
tary tribes  are  the  Manansa,  Malaya,  ^lasubia,  Matotela, 
-Manclioia,  ilambunda.  Balibale,  and  Mahe.  The  kings 
since  186.0  are  Septipa,  Ngwanawina,  Lobosi,  .^kufuna,  and 
Lewaiiika.  The  Barotse  kingdom  is  in  the  British  sphere 
of  influence. 

Rottee.    See  Rotti. 

Ro'ttenburg  (rot'tcn-boro).  Ato'wn  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wurtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar  24  miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart. 
Population  (1890),  6,912. 

Rotten  Bo'W  (rot'u  ro).  [From  F.  Route du  Rot, 
the  king's  way.]  A  fashionable  thoroughfare 
for  equestrians,  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  extend- 
ing west  from  Hyde  Park  Comer  for  H  miles. 
"The  old  royal  route  from  the  palace  of  the  Plantagenet 
kings  at  Westminster  to  the  royal  hunting  forests  was  by 
what  are  now  called  'Birdcage  Walk,'  'Constitution 
Hall.'  and  'Rotten  Row ' ;  and  this  road  was  kept  sacred 
to  royalty,  the  only  other  person  allowed  to  use  it  being 
(from  its  association  with  the  hunting-grounds)  the  Grand 
i''alcoiicr  of  England."     Hare,  London,  II.  107. 

R6tterdam(rot'er-dam  ;  D.  pron.  rot-ter-diim'). 
[From  the  river  Rotte.]  A  city  and  seaport  in 
the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kotte  with  the 
Nleuwe  Maas  (orNewMeuse),  in  lat.  51°  55'  N., 
long.  4°  29'  E.  it  is  the  second  seaport  of  the  country 
and  the  second  city  in  population ;  and  has  extensive  sea 
commerce  and  river  traftlc  with  lietgiiim,  Germany,  etc. 
Its  trade  in  colonial  products  is  very  large.  It  is  the  ter- 
niinusof  asteamshiplineto  NewY'ork  ;  and  hasship-buUd- 
ing  industries  and  manufactures  of  machinery,  sugar,  to* 
bacco.  etc.  It  consists  of  an  outer  and  an  inner  city. 
Amcing  the  objects  of  interest  are  Boyman's  Museum,  the 
<juay8.  Church  of  St.  Lawrence,  Bourse,  etc.  The  town  was 
burned  in  1563.  and  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1672.  It 
developed  rapidly  ill  the  lyth  century.  Population  (I'.KMii, 
.■i32,185. 

Rotti,  or  Rottee  (rot'te).  One  of  the  smaller 
islands  of  t  he  Dutch  East  Indies,  situated  south- 
west of  Timor. 

Rott'weil  (rot'vil).  A  town  in  the  Black  Forest 
circle,  Wiirtemberg.  situated  on  the  Neckar  50 
miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart:  formerly  a  free 
imperial  city.     Population  (1890),  6,912. 

Rotuma  (ro-to'mii).  A  small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific,  belonging  to  the  British,  situated 
in  lat.  12°  30'^  S.,  long.  177°  5'  E.,  north  of  the 
Fiji  Islands,  of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  It 
was  annexed  by  the  British  in  1880. 

Rouarie  (ro-ii-re').  Marquis  de  la  (Armand 

Teffin).  Borunear  Kennes,  France.  1756:  died 
nearLamballc,France,  Jan.  30. 1793.  AFrench 
officer.  He  served  in  the  American  Revolutionary  "War 
1777-ii2 :  and  was  a  royalist  agitator  in  Brittany  1791-93. 
Roubaix  (ro-ba').  A  city  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  5  miles  northeast  of  Lille.  It  Ib 
a  leading  industrial  center.  The  principal  manufacturea 
are  woolen,  eottim,  silk,  dyes,  etc.  It  develujK'd  notably 
in  the  Ilith  century.     Population  (19<ll|,  r.'4.6r.o. 

Roubillac  (rii-be-yiik'),  Louis  FranQois.  Bora 
at  Lyons,  1()95:  ^ied  at  London,  Jan.  11,  1762. 
A  French  sculptor  (known  in  England  under 
the  name  Koubiliac),  a  pupil  of  Balthazar  in 
Dresden  and  of  Nicholas  Constou  in  I'aris.  in 
1730  he  won  the  second  grand  prix  in  sculpture.  In  1744 
ho  went  to  England,  and  was  a  proti^gt^  of  the  Waliwle 
family.  In  1745 he  went  to  Rome.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land lie  executed  a  number  of  monuments  in  the  great 
cliurches.  His  chief  works  are  the  statue  of  Handel  at 
Yauxhall ;  the  monument  to  Duke  John  of  Argyll  In  West- 
minster Abbey,  which  Caiiova  called  the  best  work  in  Eng- 
land ;  the  statue  of  Shakspcrc  for  David  Oarrick.  now  in 
the  liritiflh  Museum;  the  monument  of  the  Duke  and 
iMicties.s  of  M<,ntagu  at  Bougliton  ;  etc. 

Roucouennes  (ro-kO-enz').  [From  roucou,  ar- 
notto,  with  which  they  paint  themselves.] 
Indians  of  tlio  Carib  stock  in  the  southern  part 
of  French  Guiana.  They  are  probably  rcmnanta  of 
the  true  Caribs  or  Galibis,  which  have  been  driven  from 
tile  coast  and  have  retained  their  iiulepeiidence  in  the  in- 
terior. 

Rouen  (ro-oi'i').  The  cajiital  of  the  department 
of  Seine-Infi^'ricurc,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine,  at  its  junction  with  the  Aubetto  and 
Robee,  in  lat.  49°  25'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.:  the  Ro- 
man Rotomagus  and  medieval  Rmlomum.  ltl« 
an  Important  port  with  extensive  quays  ;  Ua»  large  foreign 
and  domestic  trade  ;  and  Is  the  lernilnns  of  several  foreign 
steamship  lines.  It  Is  sometimes  called  "the  Manchester 
of  Franco  *•'  on  account  of  Its  cotton  manufactures.  It  haa 
olso  nianufiieturcs  of  winden  giKids,  machinery,  etc.  The 
cathedral  Is  one  of  the  most  impressive  existing.  Thcwido 
front  ranges  In  date  from  the  ltomanes,|ne  to  the  Flam* 
Iwyant.  The  Florid  south  tower  (Tour  tie  Beiirre)  is 
notable.  The  transepts  possess  tine  rose-wliidows  and 
ailmirable  sculpture  In  pr«>fuslon  about  their  rich  gabled 
portals.  Tile  central  ^pl^^,  of  in,n,  .""lOO  feet  high,  re- 
places an  old  one  ileslmyeil  by  lightning.  The  arches 
of  the  nave  are  siibilivlileil  into  2  tiers  below  the  trifo- 
rinm-gallery ;  the  choir  Is  remarkable  for  it«  lightness ;  and 
there  are  admirable  Kenaisuncc  tombs  of  the  Due  dc  Brdxr 


Bouen 

and  Cardinnlii'Amboise,and  much  rich  13th-century  glass. 
The  length  of  the  cathedral  is  447  feet ;  the  height  of  the 
nave.  92.  The  abbey  church  of  St  Ouen,  a  celt^brai  ed  luonu- 
ment  of  great  size  and  harmony  of  design,  was  built  in  the 
14th  and  15th  centuries,  except  the  facade,  which  was  fin- 
ished only  recently  in  a  somewhat  earlier  style  than  the  re- 
mainder. Tlie  central  lantern  is  as  famous  for  grace  and 
lightness  as  that  of  BuTiros.  Other  beauties  :ire  the  porch 
of  the  south  transept  and  the  admirahle  ^Toupins  of  the 
apse  and  radiating  chapels.  The  interioris  very  light  and 
ertective.  the  wall-spaces  being  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The 
length  is  453  feet ;  the  height  of  the  nave,  106.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  churches  of  St,  Maclou,  of  St.  Vin- 
cent, of  St.  Godard,  and  of  St.  Patrice.  Palais  de  Justice, 
industrial  and  commercial  museum,  Corneille's  house,  li- 
bran-,  musee.  Hotel  du  Boui^theroulde,  H«>tel  de  Ville.  an- 
tiquarian museum,  and  museum  of  natural  history.  Tliere 
are  schools  of  theologj'.  medicine,  and  agriculture.  The 
city  was  the  birthplace  of  Pierre  and  Thomas  Corneilk-  and 
of  Boieldieu.  It  was  the  capit^il  of  Lugdunensis  II. ;  became 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric  about  oOO;  and  was  several  times 
sacked  by  the  Normans,  who  finally  settled  there  and  made 
it  tlie  capital  of  Normandy.  Arthur  of  Brittany  is  said  to 
have  been  murdered  at  Rouen-  It  was  taken  by  Philip  II. 
in  1'204 ;  was  taken  by  Henry  V.  of  England  in  1419,  and  re- 
covered by  the  French  in  1449;  was  the  scene  oi  the  bum- 
ing  of  Joan  of  Arc  in  1431 :  suffered  in  the  Huguenot  wars ; 
resisted  Henry  IV.  of  France  in  1.^92 ;  and  was  occupied  by 
the  CTermans  Dec.,  1S70.  Population  (1001),  115,914. 
Rouergne  (ro-arg').  An  ancient  territory  of 
southern  France,  in  the  government  of  Grui- 
enne  andGascony,  corresponding  mainly  to  the 
department  of  Avevron.  it  wasa  connty  in  themid- 
dle  ages,  and  was  united  to  the  crown  in  1525. 

Rouge  (ro-zha').  Vieomte  Olivier  Charles  Ca- 
mille  Emanuel  de.  Born  at  Paris.  April  11, 
ISll:  died  at  his  Chateau  Bois-Dauphin.  Dee. 
31,  1872,  A  celebrated  French  Egyptologist, 
professorofarchjeologyattheColl^gedeFrance. 
He  is  best  known  from  his 'discovery  of  tlie  prototj-pes  of 
the  Semitic  alphabet  in  the  early  Egyptian  hieratic. 

The  entire  glorv-  of  this  discovery  is  due  to  the  genius 
of  a  French  Egyptologist,  Emanuel  de  Rouge.  The  first 
account  of  his  investigations  was  given  in  a  paper  read 
before  the  Academic  des  Inscriptions  in  the  year  lS5i>. 
A  meagre  summary  of  his  results  was  published  at  the 
time  in  the  "'Comptes  rendus,"but  by  some  mischance 
the  lis.  itself  was  lost,  and  has  never  been  recovered. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  89. 

Roogemont  (F.  pron.  rozh-mon')  Castle.  A 
castle  in  Exeter,  England,  founded  by  William 
the  Conqueror. 

Rouget  de  Lisle,  or  I'lsle  (ro-zha'  de  lei), 

Claude  Joseph.  Born  at  Montaign.  Lons-le- 
Saulnier,  Finance.  May  10, 1760 :  died  at  Choisy- 
le-Roi,  near  Paris,  June  27,  1S36.  A  French 
soldier  and  composer  of  songs.  He  was  the  son  of 
royalists:  refused  to  take  the  oat^h  to  the  constitution 
abolishing  the  crown :  and  was  stripped  of  his  rank  as  first 
lieutenant,  and  imprisoned.  He  escaped  after  the  death 
of  Robespierre ;  was  wounded  under  General  Hoche  In  La 
Vendue ;  and  retired  to  Mont.aigu,  where  he  lived  in  all  but 
absolute  starvation.  He  wrote  a  number  of  songs,  and 
published  "Cinqnante  chants  fran(;^is"  (IS'25)  and  other 
works,  but  is  most  celebrated  as  the  author  of  the  "ilar- 
seillaise  "  (which  see). 

Rough  and  Ready,  Old.  An  epithetoften  given 
to  General  Zachary  Taylor. 

Rough  Riders.  The  popular  name  of  the  First 
United  States  Volunteer  Cavalry,  organized  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt  and  Leonard  Wood  for 
service  in  the  Spanish- American  war.  it  con- 
sisted  of  1,000  men,  recruited  mainly  from  western  States. 
They  fought  (dismounted)  at  Las  Guasimas  June  24>  and 
Sau  Juan  July  1,  1898. 

Rougon-Macquart  Cro-gon' ma-kar').  The 
name  of  a  family  celebrated  by  Zola,  after  the 
fashion  of  Balzac,  in  a  series  of  novels  (1871-93) 
nnder  the  general  title  of  "Les  Rougon-Mac- 
quart,  histoire  naturelle  et  sociale  d'une  famille 
sous  le  second  empire."     See  ZoJa, 

Rouher(ro-ar'),Eug6ne.  Bom  at  Riom.  France, 
Nov.  30.  1814:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1884.  A 
French  statesman.  Hewasd>?putytotheConstitueut 
Assembly  in  184S,  and  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849 ; 
minister  of  justice  and  premier  1S4&-51 ;  and  minister  of 
justice  1851-52.  He  became  vice-president  of  the  State 
Council  in  1S52,  and  minister  of  commerce,  agriculttire, 
etc.,  in  1855;  and  concluded  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  in  1860,  and  others  with  Belgium,  Italy,  and 
Germany.  He  was  premier  lS63-69,and  reactionary  leader ; 
president  of  the  Senate  1869-70 ;  and  after  1871  a  Bonapartist 
leader. 

Roulers  (ro-la'),  or  Rousselaere  (ros-Uir'),  or 

Roeselare  (ro-se-la're\  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Flanders.  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Mandelbeke  27  miles  west-southwest  of  Ghent, 
It  has  cotton  and  other  manufactures.  Here,  Jnly  13, 1794, 
the  French  under  Pichegni  and  Macdonald  defeated  the 
Austrians  under  Clerfayt.    Population  (1890X  20,^. 

Roum.     See  J?HW. 

Roumania.    See  JRumania. 

Roumanille  (ro-ma-nely'),  Joseph,  Bom  at 
Saint-Remy(Bouches-dii-Eh6ne),  Aug.  8. 1818: 
died  at  Avignon,  May  24,  1891.  A  Provencal 
poet.  He  studied  at  Tarascon ;  went  in  1847  to  Avipnon ; 
and  was  one  of  the  principal  members  of  the"  F(^lihripes." 
In  1859  he  organized  "L'.ArmanaProven^au."  Hisimpron* 
aations  include  '  Li  Margarideto"  {1^7%  "Lis  Oubreto" 


870 

0859),  "Lou  M^ge  de  Cucugnau  "  (1863X  "LI  Conte  pro- 
venpau  li  casoareleto  '  with  a  French  translation  (l^X 
'*Le  Campano  Mountado,"  etc. 

Roumelia.     See  J^umelia. 

Roundheads  (round'hedz).  In  English  history. 
the  members  of  the  Parliamentarian  or  Puritan 
party  during  the  ci^'il  war.  They  were  so  called  op- 
probriously  by  the  Royalists  or  Cavaliers,  in  allusion  to 
the  Puritans'  custom  of  wearing  their  hair  closely  cut, 
while  the  Cavaliers  usually  wore  theirs  in  ringlets.  The 
Roundheads  were  one  of  the  two  great  parties  in  English 
politics  first  formed  about  1641,  and  continued  under  the 
succeeding  names  of  Whigs  and  Liberals,  as  opposed  to 
the  Cavaliers,  Tories,  and  Conservatives  respectively. 

Roundheads,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn.  produced  in  1682. 

Round  Table,  The.  In  Arthurian  legend,  a 
table  made  by  Merlin  for  Uther  Pendragon.  who 
gave  it  to  the  father  of  Guinevere,  from  whom 
Arthur  received  it  with  100  knights  as  a  wed- 
ding gift.  The  table  would  seat  150  knights.  One  seat 
was  called  the  siege  or  seat  perilous  because  it  was  death 
to  any  knight  to  sit  upon  it  unless  he  were  the  knight 
whose  achievement  of  the  Holy  Grail  was  certain.  The 
Order  of  the  Eound  Table  was  an  institution  founded  by 
King  Arthur  at  the  advice  of  Merlin.  It  was  originally 
military,  but  it  ultimately  became  a  military  and  theocratic 
organization.  The  romances  of  the  grail  and  of  the  Kound 
Table  are  closely  connected.  There  were  legends  of  the 
latter  before  1155,  but  between  1155  andl20(»  several  books 
were  collectively  called  "Romances of  the  Sound  Table." 
Among  the  poetic  and  prose  compositions  belonging  to 
this  cycle  are  ''Parzifal  und  Titurel"  (GermanX  '"Perce- 
val" (French),  "Morte  Arthur"  (English  and  French). 
"I^ncelot  du  Lac  " (French),  "Tristan  "  (French^  "Life  of 
Merlin"  (French  and  English),  "Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail" 
(French  and  English). "  Perceforest  "  (French),  *'  Meliadus  " 
and  "Guiron  le  Courtois  "  (FrenchX 

Round  Table  Conference.  Aresultless  confer- 
ence of  representatives  of  the  Gladstonian  Lib- 
erals and  Liberal-Unionists  in  1887,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  effect  a  reunion  of  the  Liberal 
party. 

Roundway  Down  (round'wa  doun).  A  place 
near  Devizes.  Wilts,  England,  at  which  the 
Parliamentary  forces  under  Waller  were  totally 
defeated  bv  the  Royalists  under  Hopton,  Julv 
13,  1(U3. 

Rouphia.    See  AJpheus. 

Rouroutou  Island,     See  Rurutu  Island. 

Rous,  or  Rouse  (rous)^  Francis,  Bom  at  Halton, 
Cornwall.  1579:  died  at  Acton,  Jan.  7.  1059. 
AnEnglishPuritan.  noted  as  the  author  of  a  met- 
rical version  of  the  Psalms  ( 1(>46).  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  a  member  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  the 
WestminsterAssemblyofDivines,  and  in  16i3  was  appointed 
provost  of  Eton.  His  version  is  that  still  used  in  the  Scot- 
tish churches. 

Rousay  (ro'sa).  One  of  the  Orkney  Islands. 
Scotland,  1  mUe  north  of  Mainland;  Length,  6 
miles. 

Rouse's  Point  (rous'iz  point).  A  village  in 
Champlain  township.  Clinton  County,  New 
York,  situated  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of 
the  State,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlaia,  near 
the  Canadian  frontier.   Population  (1900),  1.675. 

Rousseau  (ro-s6'),  Jacques,  Bom  at  Paris. 
1630:  diedat  London.  1693.  A  French  painter. 
His  pictures  were  principally  interiors  and  architectural 
views,  and  under  the  direction  of  Lebrun  he  decorated  all 
the  royal  residences.  After  a  period  of  study  in  Italy,  he 
decorated  many  public  buildings  and  a  numlier  of  apart- 
ments at  Saint-Germain,  at  iXarly,  and  at  the  palace  of  Ver- 
saillt  s.  He  went  to  London  to  decorate  one  of  the  houses 
of  Lord  MontaiTue,  hut  died  before  completing  it, 

Rousseau,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
16,  1670:  died  at  Brussels,  March  17,  1741.  A 
French  poet.  He  was  exiled  from  France  in  171-2  on  the 
charge  of  writing  satirical  verses  on  certain  influential 
persons.  He  engaged  in  controversies  with  Voltaire  and 
others. 

The  first  poet  who  is  distinctively  of  the  lith  century, 
and  not  the  least  remarkable,  was  Jean  Baptiste  Rousseau 
(1669-1741).  Rousseau's  life  was  a  singular  and  rather  an 
unfortunate  one.  In  the  first  place,  he  was  exiled  for  a 
piece  of  scandalous  literature  of  which  in  all  probability 
he  was  quite  guiltless ;  and.  in  the  second,  meeting  in  his 
exile  with  Voltaire,  who  professed  (and  seems  really  to 
have  felt)  admiration  for  him,  he  offended  the  irritable  dis- 
ciple and  was  long  the  butt  of  his  attacks. 

Saint^buri/,  French  Lit.,  p.  394. 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques,  Bom  at  Geneva,  June 
28, 1712:  diedat  Ermeuonville.  near  Paris,  July 
2, 1778.  An  eminent  Swiss-French  philosopher. 
His  mother  died  in  giving  him  birth,  and  his  father,  a 
man  of  selfish  and  careless  nature,  spent  his  time  mending 
watches  and  teaching  dancing  as  a  means  of  livelihood.  For 
education  Jean  Jacques  read  Plutarch  and  some  novels. 
He  was  successively  an  engraver's  apprentice,  a  lackey,  a 
musician,  a  student  in  a  seminary,  a  clerk,  a  private  tutor, 
and  a  music-copyist.  He  changed  his  religion  repeatedly, 
even  on  pectmiary  inducements.  He  lived  thus  from  hand 
to  month  until  the  age  of  38,  and  the  only  time  that  he 
knew  no  need  was  during  the  years  spent  with  the  notori- 
ous Madame  de  Warens,  His  first  real  awakening  to  his 
latent  talents  dates  from  the  summer  of  1749,  when  he  un- 
dertook to  compete  for  a  prize  offered  by  the  Academy  of 
Dijon  for  the  best  dissertation  on  the  subject "  Whether  the 
progress  of  the  sciences  and  of  letters  has  tended  to  corrupt 
or  to  elevate  morals."  So  eloquent  was  he  in  his  paradox- 
ical condemnation  of  civilizatioQ,  that  be  achieved  at  once 


Rowan 

a  brilliant  success.  The  following  years  witnessed  a  series 
of  literarj-  triumphs,  such  as  "  Le  devin  du  village  "  (1752), 
"Discours  sur  linegalite  des  conditions"  (17M),  "Lettre 
sur  les  spectacles"  (175S),  "La  nouvelle  Heloise*"  (1761X 
"  Le  contrat  social "  (1762),  and  ''  Emile,  ou  de  I'educatioD  "* 
(1762).  The  ideas  expressed  in  this  last  work  led  to  Rouft, 
seau's  exile  from  France,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  mod- 
em pedagogy.  He  lived  in  Switzerland  and  England  until 
he  was  allowed  to  come  bauk,  in  176T,  on  condition  that  he 
would  not  write  any  more.  And  in  fact  his  last  works  of 
consequence,"  Les  confessions  "and  "Reveries  d'unprome- 
neur  solitaire,"  were  not  published  until  17S2,  4  years  after 
his  death.  Rousseau's  home  life  is  an  enigma  i  he  lived 
with  a  woman  unworthy  of  him,  Therese  Le  Vasseur,  who 
bore  to  him  5  children,  whom  he  sent  one  after  the  other 
to  the  Foondling  Asylum.  He  died  of  apoplexy  after  hav- 
ing been  for  many  years  a  victim  to  the  mania  of  persecu- 
tion. 

Rousseau,  Lovell  Harrison.  Bom  in  Lincoln 
County.  Ky.,  Aug.  -i.  1S18 :  died  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  7, 1S69.  An  American  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Unioo 
army  in  the  Civil  War(in  the  battles  of  Shiloh,  Perryvill^ 
Murfreesboro.  Chickamauga,  etc.).  He  was  Republican 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1S65-67. 

Rousseau,  Pierre  £tienne  Theodore,  known  as 
Theodore  Rousseau.  Born  at  Paris.  April  15, 
1812:  died  at  Barbizon,  near  Foutainebleau, 
France,  Dec.  22,  1867.  A  noted  French  land- 
scape-painter, one  of  the  leaders  of  the  French 
realistic  school,  known  as  the  school  of  Fon- 
tainebleau.  His  father  was  a  merchant  tailor  from  the 
Jura ;  his  maternal  uncle,  Gabriel  Colombet,was  a  portrait- 
painter  and  pupil  of  David.  He  began  when  very  young 
to  paint  with  K^mond,  and  copied  Claude  at  the  Lou%Te, 
To  the  famous  Salon  of  1831  he  contributed  a  *'  View  in 
Auvergne."  He  shared  with  Barye  the  patronage  of  the 
Due  d'Orleans,  who  in  1S33  bought  his  "Border  of  Felled 
Woods."  From  1S31  to  1836  he  led  the  revolt  against  for- 
malism. In  1S36  his  "  Descent  of  Cattle  from  the  Jura 
Mountains"  was  rejected  by  the  Salon,  and  in  1>37  his 
"Avenue  of  Chestnuts"  was  also  rejected.  No  picture  of 
his  appeared  at  the  Salon  until  1S49.  In  1&46  he  was  estab- 
lished in  a  studio  at  Paris  :  later  he  withdrew  entirely  to 
Barbizon.  He  painted  a  large  number  of  pictures  particu- 
larly representing  the  neighborhood  of  Barbizon  and  the 
forest  of  Foutainebleau. 

Rousselaere.    See  Houlers. 

Roussillon  (ro-se-yon').  An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  France,  bordering  on  Spain.  Capital, 
Perpignan.  it  corresponds  nearly  to  the  department  of 
Pyxenees-Orientales.  It  was  a  countship  in  the  middle 
ages  ;  was  annexed  to  Aragon  in  1172 ;  was  freed  from  the 
nominal  feudal  supremacy  of  France  in  1258 ;  was  annexed 
by  Louis  XI.  in  1471 ;  was  recovered  by  Aragon  from  Charles 
ATII.  in  1493 ;  and  was  annexed  to  France  by  the  treaty  of 
the  I*yrenees  in  1659. 

Roussy.     See  Girodet. 

Roustem.    See  Rustom. 

Rouvier   t;ro-vya'),  Maurice.    Bom   at  Aix, 

France,  April  17,  1842,     A  French  politician. 

Hewas  minister  of  commerce  1881-82  and  1SS4-85;  premier 

May- Dec,  1SS7;  and  minister  of  finance  1889-92  and  1902-. 
Rover   (ro'ver).     The  principal    character  in 

0'Keefe"s  farce  '-Wild  Oats." 
Rover,  The,  or  the  Banished  Cavaliers.    A 

comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn,  produced  in  1677. 
Roveredo  (ro-ve-ra'do).  G.  also  Rofreit  (ro'- 
frit").  A  town  in  South  Tyrol.  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Leno,  near  the  Adige,  14  miles 
south  by  west  of  Trent,  it  is  an  -mportant  silk-manu- 
facturing center,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade.  It  was  an- 
nexed bv  Venice  in  1413,  and  by  Austria  in  1510.  Here, 
Sept.  3  and  4,  1796,  the  French  under  Mass^na  defeated 
the  Austrians.     Populatiou  (1S90),  9,030. 

Rovigno  (ro-ven'yo).  A  seaport  in  Istria.  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Adriatic  40  miles 
south  of  Triest.  it  has  a  cathedral,  is  noted  for  its 
wine,  and  has  flourishing  trade  and  fisheries.  Population 
(1S90),  9,662. 

RovigO  (ro-ve'go).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Venetia.  Italv.  Area,  685  square 
miles.  Population  (1891), 236,405.— 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Rovigo.  situated  on  the 
Adigetto  37  miles  southwest  of  Venice.  It  has 
a  large  library  aud  picture-gallery.  Population 
(1892).  11.500. 

RovigO,  Due  de.     See  Savartf. 

Rovira,  Custodio  Garcia.   See  Garcia  Sotira. 

Rovuma  (ro-vo'ma).  A  river  in  Africa  which 
separates  German  East  Africa  from  Portuguese 
East  Africa,  and  flows  iuto  the  Indian  Ocean 
near  Cape  Delgado. 

Rowan (ro'an),  Stephen Clegg,  BomnearDub- 
lin,  Ireland,  Dec.  25, 1808:  died  atWashington, 
D.C.,  March  31.1890.  An  American  admiral.  He 
entered  the  narv  as  a  midshipman  in  1S26;  served  in  the 
Seminole  and  Mexican  wars ;  and  commanded  the  Pawnee 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Ciril  War.  In  this  vessel  he  par- 
ticipate in  the  first  naval  action  of  the  war,  namely,  the 
attack  on  the  Confederate  batteries  on  Aquia  Creek,  May 
2o,  1S61.  He  destroyed  a  small  fleet  of  gunboats  near 
Elizabeth  Citv.  North  Carolina,  in  Feb.,  1S62 ;  commanded 
the  fleet  which  cooperated  with  General  Bumside  in  the 
capture  of  Newbem  in  March  of  the  same  year ;  and  cotp' 
manded  the  Xew  Ironsides  in  the  operations  against  the 
defenses  in  Charleston  harbor,  Au^.-Sept.,  1S63.  He  was 
promoted  rear-admiral  in  1866  and  nce-admiral  in  187(V 
and  was  retired  in  1889. 


Bowandiz 

Rowandiz  (rou-an'diz).     See  the  extract. 

The  "  iiKtuiiUin  of  the  world,"  or  Rowandiz,  the  Accadian 
Olyinpt'S,  was  believutl  to  be  tlie  pivot  on  wliich  the  lieaven 
resteil,  covering  the  earth  like  a  huge  extiniiuisher.  The 
world  was  bound  to  it  l)y  a  rojie,  like  that  with  which  the 
sea  was  churned  in  Hindu  legend,  or  the  golden  cord  of 
Homer,  wherewith  Zeus  proposed  to  suspend  the  nether 
earth  after  binding  the  t-ord  about  01ynipos(Il.  viii.  l'.)-2ti). 
,  .  .  It  lay  far  away  in  the  regions  of  the  northeast,  the  en- 
trance, as  it  was  supposed,  to  the  k>wer  world,  and  it  was 
BOmetimes  identitled  with  the  ni<punt:iin  of  Nizir.thenind- 
em  Rowandiz,  on  whose  stimniit  the  jirk  of  the  Chaldean 
Noah  was  believed  to  have  rested. 

Sayce_  Anc.  Monuments,  pp.  173-178. 

fiowandiz.  A  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated 
OD  a  tributary  o£  the  Greater  Zab,  83  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Atosul. 

Eowe  (lo).  Nicholas.  Born  at  Little  Barford, 
Beilfortlsliire,  Ku^'land,  1G74  :  died  Dec.  6, 1718. 
An  English  dramatist  and  poot,  appointed  poet 
laureate  1714.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar.  His  chief 
tragedies  are  "The  .Ambitious  Stepmother,"  "Tamer- 
lane "  (1702),  "  The  Fair  Penitent  "(1703),  "  IHysses,"  "The 
Royal  Convert,"  "Jane  Shore"  (1714),  and  "La<ly  Jane 
Grey  "(1715).  He  also  %TTote  "The  Biter,"  a  comedy.  He 
edited  Shakspere  (1700),  and  translated  Lucan's  "Phar- 
a.alia." 

Kowena  (ro-e'nii).  1  The  legendary  dauijhter 
of  Hengist,  and  the  wife  of  the  British  chief  Vor- 
tigem. —  2.  A  ward  of  Cedrie  iu  Scott's  "Ivan- 
hoe."  She  is  the  rival  of  Rebecca  the  Jewess, 
ami  marries  Ivauhoe. 

Rowland.     See  Roland. 

Rowland  (ro'hmd),  Henry  Augustus.     Born 

Nov.  :i7,  1.S48:  died  Ai)ril  Ki,  1901.  A  noted 
-American  physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physiis  at 
Johns  Hopkins  Tniversity  lH7G-IiHll,and  was  tlu-aulhiu-of 
nunier<nis  jpapers  fliielly  relating  to  optics  and  electricity. 
He  w.-isespei-iallynutt-d  for  his  work  on  tin-  siilarsiH.-etrum. 

Rowlands  (ro'landz),  Samuel.  Born  about 
1570:  his  last  poem  was  written  in  1030.  An 
Englisli  pamphleteer.  His  pamphlets  and  others  of 
the  same  style  took  the  place  now  occupied  by  the  news- 
paper. 

Rowley  (rou'li),  Samuel.  An  English  drama- 
tist of  the  17tti  century.  Only  two  of  his  plays  exist 
iu  print :  '*  When  von  see  me,  you  know  me,"  a  chronicle- 
play  (16;i2).  and  "The  Noble  Soldier  "  (1634). 

Rowley,  William.  Lived  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
and  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  He  is  mentioned  as  an  actor  in  the  Iinkc 
of  V(»rk's  Company  in  1010.  Four  of  his  dramas  are  extant ; 
"A  New  Wonder:  A  Woman  never  V'ext  "(1632), "A  Match 
at  Midnight"  (16.33),  "All  's  Lost  by  LuBt"(l«;«),  and  "A 
Shoemaker  a  (Jentleman"  (16:18).  He  also  collaborated 
with  Middleton,  Dekker,  Ford,  Massinger,  and  others. 

Rowley  Poems,  The.  A  collection  of  poems 
written  by  Chatterton,  and  attributed  by  him 
to  a  mythical  Thomas  Rowley,  a  priest  of  tlie 
1.5th  century.  lie  began  to  write  them  in  17iU.  They 
were  declined  hy  Dodsley  the  publisher  in  1768.  but  in 
1769Chatterton8uceeeded  in  deceiving  Wal  pole  with  them. 
Gray,  however,  discovered  the  hoax. 

Rowley  Re^S  (rou'li  re'jis).  A  town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, Eiigland,  6  miles  west  of  Birmingham: 
a  manufacturing  and  mining  center.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  30,791. 

Rowton  Heath.  A  place  near  Chester,  in  Eng- 
land, where,  Sept. 24, 164.5,  the  Parliamentarians 
dolV-ati'd  the  Royalists. 

Roxana  ( L.  pron.  roks-a'nii ;  E.  pron.  roks-an'ii), 
or  Roxane  (!■'.  pron.  rok-siin').  Murdered  at 
Amphipolis,  Macedonia,  311  B.  c.  A  Baetrian 
princess,  daughter  of  Oxyartos.  She  married  Alex, 
ander  the  Great  in  327,  and  was  put  to  death  with  her  son 
by  order  of  Cassander. 

Soxana,     A  jiovil  by  Dd'oe,  published  in  1724. 

Roxburgh  (roks'bur-u).  A  southern  county  of 
Scotland.  It  Is  hounded  by  Berwick  on  the  north,  Eng- 
latid  on  the  east  and  soutlieast,  Immfrleson  the  southwest, 
and  Selkirk  and  IMInburgh  on  the  west.  It  Is  largely  in- 
cluded in  the  valleys  of  the  Teviot  an<l  Tweed.  The  county 
town  Is  Jedburgh.  It  contains  v:irioU3  antiquities,  and 
was  the  scene  of  many  border  contllcta.  Area,  Ott.'i  square 
miles.     Population  (ISill),  ri3,ri00. 

Roxburghe  Club,  The.  A  dub  founded  in  1812, 
at  tlio  lime  of  the  sale  of  the  lil)rnry  of  .lohu, 
<bd<e  of  Roxburglie.  "The  Rev.  Thomas  Krognall 
Dibdln  claimed  the  tith;  of  founder.  The  avowed  object  of 
the  club  was  the  reprinting  of  rare  pieces  of  ancient  III  era- 
ture.  .  .  .  It  still  exists,  and,  with  the  niletlantl  Society, 
may  be  said  to  have  suggested  the  pulillshing  s<icl(!tles  of 
tin-  present  day,  at  tile  lleail  of  wlilch  Is  the  Camden  " 
ThM. 

Roxbury  froks'bur-i).  A  former  city  of  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  south-southwest  of  the 
old  part  of  Boston.  It  was  foun<ied  in  1630,mn<ie 
a  city  in  1846,  and  annexed  to  Boston  in  IKIiH. 

Roxo  (rok'so  or  ro'sho),  Cape.  A  cai)e  on  tlio 
coast  of  Senegambia,  western  Africa,  about  170 
miles  south  of  Cape  Verd,  in  hit.  12'^  2.5'  N., 
long.  Ki"  49'  W. 

Roxolani  (roks-o-la'ni),  or  Roxalani  (roks-11- 
la'iii).  A  pi^ople  of  Sarmatiaii  stock,  living  In 
Bouthom  Russia,  between  the  Don  and  Dnieper, 
about  the  beginning  of  tlio  Christian  era. 


871 

Roy,  Rammohun.     See  liammnhun  Buy. 

Roy  (i-di),  William.  Bom  in  Scotland,  May  4, 
1720:  died  at  London,  July  1,  1790.  A  British 
surveyor.  He  conducted  the  measurements  for  ascer- 
taining the  ditfereiice  in  longitude  between  the  Greenwich 
and  Paris  observatories.  He  wrote  "  Military  Antiquities 
of  the  Romans  in  North  Britain  '  (1793),  etc. 

Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  A  society  founded 
in  17iJs  liy  ticoigo  III.  lor  the  establishment  of 
a  scho4)l  of  design  and  the  holding  of  an  annual 
exhibition  of  tlie  works  of  living  artists.  Its  llrst 
rooms  were  in  Somerset  House,  London ;  thence  it  removetl 
to  Trafalgar  S<)uare(ls:i4):  and  il  now  occupies  Uurlington 
House.  The  society  consists  of  42  royal  aeailemicians,  at 
least  30  associates,  and  2  associate  engravers.  Its  (Irst  presi- 
dent was  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds;  the  present  holder  of  the 
olllce  is  Sir  E.  J.  Poyuter  (elected  Nov.,  1S96X 

Royal  Exchange,  The.     See  Queen's  Exchange, 

'lilt:. 
Royal  George.  An  English  man-of-war  of  108 
guns.  While  being  refitted  at  Spithead,  Aug.  -29, 178-2, 
she  suddenly  heeled  over,  under  the  strain  caused  by  the 
shifting  of  her  guns,  lllled,  and  went  down  with  her  com. 
niander,  .Admiral  Kempenfelt,  and  nearly  l.Oisi  sailors, 
marines,  and  visitors  on  board,  about  Six)  of  whom  were 

lost. 

Royalist  (roi'al-ist),  The.  A  play  by  D'Urfey, 
])roducod  in  1682.  It  contains  good  songs  and 
music,  some  of  the  latter  by  Henry  Pui'cell. 

Royalists  (roi'al-ists).  1.  In  English  history, 
the  partizans  of  Charles  I.  and  of  Charles  II. 
during  the  civil  war  and  the  Commonwealth ; 
the  Cavaliers,  as  opposed  to  the  Roundheads. 
—  2.  In  American  history,  the  adherents  of  the 
British  government  during  the  revolutionary 
period. —  3.  In  French  history,  the  supporters 
of  the  Bourbons  as  against  the  revolutionary 
anil  subsiM[ur'nt  gfivernments. 

Royal  Merchant.  The.    See  Beggar's  Bush. 

Royal  Society,  The.  An  association  founded 
in  Loudon  in  or  a  little  before  1600  (incorpo- 
rated iu  1662),  the  object  of  which  is  the  ad- 
vancement of  science,  especially  of  the  physi- 
cal sciences,  its  designation  in  full  is  "The  Royal 
Society  of  London  for  Improving  Natural  Knowledge."  It 
has  held  the  foremost  place  among  such  societies  in  Eng- 
land, and  has  always  numbered  the  leaders  of  British  sci- 
ence among  its  iiirmlHi  s.  Its  principal  publications  are 
"The  l'r.iic.(line,Mi  th,  I;, ,yal  Society '■  and  "The  Philo- 
sophical Trans, 1.  iinii.,'  It  meets  at  Burlington  House, 
Piccadilly. 

Royal  Society  Club,  The.  A  London  club 
which  aiii)i:irs  to  have  existed  from  1709.  It 
has  consisted  largely  but  not  exclusively  of  fellows  of  the 
Royal  Society.  Its  members  were  formerly  known  as 
"  Royal  Philosophers,"  and  later  as  "Royals." 

Royal  Sovereign.  1.  A  British  line-of-battlo 
ship  of  1(10  guns  and  2,175  tons  register.  She 
served  In  the  Channel  fleet  1703-95,  and  was  the  flag-ship 
of  Vice-Admiral  Cuthbert  Collingwood  at  Trafalgar,  Oct. 
21,  1805. 

2.  A  British  line-of-battle  ship  of  120  guns  and 
3,144  tons  register.  ,Sho  was  cut  down  to  one  deck, 
armored  with  a  water-line  belt  5^  inches  thick,  provided 
with  4  turrets,  and  launched  In  ISin. 

Royan  (rwil-yoii').  A  seaport  and  sea-bathing 
resort  in  the  department  of  Charente-Inf^ri- 
euro,  France,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Girondc,  22  miles  south  of  Rochcfort.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  7,247. 

Royat  (rwii-yii').  A  watering-place  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy-do-D()ine,  France,  situated 
on  the  Tiretaine  near  Clermont-Ferrand.  It  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs. 

Roy  Bareilly.    See  Hat  Bareli. 

Royer-Collard  (rwii-ya'ko-liir'),  Pierre  Paul. 

Horn  at  Siini|iiiis,  Marno,  France.  June  21, 
1703:  died  at  Chatoauvieux,  near  St.-.\ignaii, 
Sept.  4,  184.5.  A  French  philosopher  and 
statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the  niunicipal  council 
of  Paris  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  antl  a  member 
ofthe  Council  of  Klve  Hundred  In  1797.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  phllo8iq)hy  In  the  Faculty  of  Lett' Ts  at  Paris  in  1811, 
teaching  the  doi^lrlncs  of  the  .Scottish  schcHd.  After  the 
Restf)ration  he  was  a  balding  member  of  the  ll'hamber  of 
Depulles  and  chief  of  the  "  Doctrinaires."  He  became  a 
membrr  of  the  1'  r-eticb  Academy  In  1827,  and  president  of 
the  Cliamber  of  Deputies  In  1828. 

Royle(roin,  JohnForbes.  Boni  at  Cawnpore, 
British  Inrliii,  ISIIO:  died  at  .\cton,nearLondon, 
Jan.  2,  1H.5K.  A  HrKish  bol.'iiiist.  lnlS22howa8 
iwslstant  BurgCfUi  (o  tho  I'.ast  Indti  Company,  and  from 
1H37  to  18.')6  was  professor  of  materia  medica  at  King's 
College,  Lrimlon.  His  works  Inelinle  "On  (he  Antiquity 
of  Hindoo  Medicine  "(1h:i7),  "llluslrnllons  of  tho  Botany 
and  other  Branches  of  Natural  History  of  the  Himalaya 
.Monnlains  "  (I8;t:i-40),  etc. 

Royton  (roi'ton).  A  mainifacluring  tovm  in 
L:iniashire,  England,  sitiiateil  3  miles  north  of 
Oldham.      INmnlat  h.ii  (IKOl),  13,39.5. 

Rozas,  Juan  Martinez  de.    See  Mnrtincs  de 

A'fi^a.s". 
Rozlnante  (roz-i-nan'teV     See  Rnshiante. 
Rua  (rii'il),  or Barua  (bil-rli'il).    A  Bantu  nation 

of  the  Kongo  State,  included  in  the  concession 


Rubinstein 

of  the  Katanga  Company.  Onco  a  great  kingdom, 
occupying  most  of  the  Lualaba  basin  between  the  Lomanii 
and  Lake  Tanganyika,  It  has  lost  its  political  unity  and  has 
been  dlsmeniliered  by  the  Anilis  in  the  north  and  by  King 
Msidi  in  the  south,  and  by  the  rebellion  of  native  tribes. 
Tho  kingdom  of  Kassongo  exists  now  only  in  traditional 
history.  Ethnically  the  Kua,  Ruba,  and  Luba  are  identical 
See  Luba 

Rnad  (ro-iid').  A  small  i.sland  on  the  coast  of 
Syria,  70  miles  north-northeast  of  Beirut.  It 
contained  the  ancient  city  Anulus. 

Ruanda  (ro-Un'dii)  or  Waruanda  (wa-ro-iSn'- 
dii).  A  Bantu  tribe  in  tho  high  and  mountain- 
ous region  around  Mount  Mfumbiro,  between 
Lakes  Albert  Edward  and  Tanganvika,  on  the 
boundary  of  the  Kongo  State  and  British  East 
Africa.  They  are  a  strong  and  warlike  race. 
King  Romanika  of  Karagwo  was  of  Ruanda 
origin. 

Ruatan  (ro-ii-tiin'),  orRoatan  (ro-U-tiin').  An 
island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  35  miles  north  of 
Honduras. towhichrepublieitbelongs.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Rubaiyat ( n^'biii-vii t ), The.  See OmarKliai/i/am. 

Ruben  (rij'ben).  Christian.  Bom  at  Treves, 
Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1S05:  died  in  Vienna,  July  8, 
1875.  A  German  historical  and  genre  painter. 
Among  his  noted  paintings  is  "Columbus  Dis- 
covering America." 

Rubens  (Wi'benz), Peter  Paul.  Bom  at  Siegen, 
Westphalia,  .lune  29, 1577:  diiii  at  Antwerp, Slay 
30,1040.  A  celebrated  Flemish  painter.  He  lived 
m  Cologne  until  1587, when  his  fatherdied  and  his  mother 
removed  with  her  children  to  Antwerp.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  Jesuits'  school  at  Antwerp,  and  later  be- 
came a  lay  brother.  To  the  Jesuits  he  owed  his  e.xccllent 
classical  training.  Rubens's  first  teachers  wereTobie  Ver- 
haegt,  a  landscape-painter, and  Adam  van  Not)rt. a  flgure- 
painlerand  imitator  of  Paul  Veronese.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Gild  of  .St.  Luke  in  1598.  In  Ido  he  went  to  Italy, 
studied  in  Venice  and  Rome,  and  served  Duke  Vincenzo 
Gonzaga  at  Mantua  5  years.  In  lom  he  returne<l  to  Ant- 
werp. In  the  same  year  he  married  Isabella  Brandt  (liied 
1C2B)  ;  two  years  later  he  built  a  house  in  Antwerp  and  be- 
gan to  employ  assistants  in  his  work.  Chief  of  these  were 
Vandyck,  Jordaens,  and  Snyders.  In  16'22  Rubens  was 
sunnnoned  to  Paris  to  decorate  the  Luxembourg  for  Marie 
de  Jk'dicis.  His  private  collection,  whicli  he  sold  to  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham,  contained  17  Titians.  21  Bassanos, 
1.1  Veroneses,  8  I'alma-Vecchios,  17  Tintorettos,  3  Leonardo 
da  Vincis,  3  Raphaels,  and  13  pictures  by  himself.  In 
Sept.,  1628.  he  went  to  Madrid  on  a  diplomatic  mission 
to  the  Spanish  court,  and  met  Velas<|uez.  He  painted  5 
piM-lrails  of  Philip  IV.  From  Madrid  he  went  to  Ix>ndon, 
where  ho  arrived  June  5,  1620,  on  the  same  diplomatic 
mission.  He  was  made  honorary  M.  A.  at  Cambridge,  and 
knighted  at  Whitehall,  March  3,  1630.  He  left  Loudon 
March  6.  He  painted  several  pictures  in  England,  and 
received  an  onler  for  the  decoration  of  Whitehall.  On 
Dec.  6,  1630,  ho  married  Helena  Fourmciit,  a  niece  of  his 
first  wife.  He  was  famous  as  a  colorist,  and  painted  his- 
torical and  sacred  subjects,  portraits,  landscapes,  etc.  Of 
bis  pictures  89  are  in  Munich,  45  in  the  Louvre,  40  in  the 
Belvedere  at  Vienna,  22  at  Antwerp  (besides  many  pic- 
tures in  churches),  and  11  are  in  the  National  Gallery  In 
London.  Among  his  chief  works  are  "The  Descent  from 
the  Cross"  (Antwerp).  "Elevation  of  the  Cross."  "Fall  of 
the  Damned"  (Munich),  and  "  Rape  of  the  Sablnes"  (Lon. 
don). 

Riibezahl  (rii'be-tsiil).  In  German  folk-lore, 
the  mountain  spirit  of  the  Eiesengebirge,  in 
Silesia  and  Bohemia. 

Rubicon  (ro'bi-kon).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  in  Italv,  near  Rimini.  In  the  later 
Itonmn  republic  It  was  {ho  boundary  between  Italy  proper 
and  Cisalpine  Gaul.  The  crossing  of  it  by  Ca'sar,  49  a.  c, 
began  llii  .  ivil  WW.  It  has  been  Identified  with  the  I'r- 
gcuio  and  with  tho  Cso. 

The  most  recent  Investigations  tend  to  show  that  tho 
Rubicon  has  entirely  i]uitted  its  ancient  course.  It  np. 
pears  originally  to  have  fallen  Into  the  Flumlelno.  farther 
south,  while  at  tho  present  day  itj>  upper  part  (I'rgone) 
unites  with  the  IMsciatello.    HanhUr,  Central  Italy, p.  91, 

Rubini  (ro-bo'ne),  Giovanni  Battista.    Born 

at  Romano,  near  Bergamo,  Italy.  .Xpril  7.  1795: 
died  there,  Mai'ch  3,  l.H,54.  A  celebrated  Italian 
tenor  singer.  His  llrst  Important  engagement  was  at 
Naples,where  betook  leasonsfroiu  No7.r«ri ;  Tint  his  Mrst  ap- 
pearance in  Paris  In  18-2.5  was  the  beginning  of  his  career 
of  great  and  unbroken  BUccens  He  first  K.ing  In  I'.nglaml 
in  1831.  and  till  184:1  sang  there  and  iu  Paris  altcrufltely. 
In  1H4:(  ho  set  out  on  a  tour  with  l.lszt  throuu'h  Holland 
and  Germanv,  but  they  soon  separateil.  KuliinI  went  on 
to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  sang  with  such  etfect  that  ho 
was  made  din'ctor  of  singing  In  Kiissla.  Ho  retiroil  from 
public  life  about  1844  with  a  large  fortune. 
Rubinstein  (rO'bin-.stin),  Anton.  Born  in  Vol- 
liyuia,  Russia,  Nov.  30, 1829:  died  iienrSt.  Peters 
burg,  Nov.  20,  1894.  A  noted  Riissiiin  pianist 
and  composer.  In  la'tn  ho  made  o  concert  tour  with 
his  teacher  Villoing  ;  went  to  Paris  ;  studied  under  Liszt ; 
went  to  ICngland  in  1842  ;  nnule  other  concert  tours ; 
studied  for  s  years  in  Russia;  and  In  IS-Vl  appeared  in 
Hamburg  with  many  of  his  own  coiniMtsltlons.  Kroni  this 
time  bis  success  was  unbrokou.  He  was  ap|>oiuted  Im- 
perial concert  director  iu  Russia  in  I8.S8  ;  founded  the  St 
Petersliurg  C<uiservatory  of  Music  in  1862;  and  becamu 
Its  |irlticli>a1  In  18't7.  He  visited  England  and  France  a 
number  of  times,  and  the  I'nited  States.  His  works  Include 
"Ocean  Syuiphiuiy,  Op.  42,"  ami  other  symiillonles,  many 
songs  and  coiiuortoA,  and' the  upoiiu  "  Fcraiuurz, "  "  The  Do. 


Rubinstein 

mon,"  "The  Maccabees,"  "Nero,"  etc.:  but  he  is  cele- 
brated principally  as  a  pianist.  He  wrote  his  •'  Autobiog- 
raphy" and  a  "Couversation  on  Music-"  In  1887  he  gave 
a  series  of  historical  recitals  in  London. 

Rubrum  MareCro'briimma're).  [L., 'Red  Sea.'] 
A  Latin  name  of  the  Eed  Sea. 

Rucbah  (ruk'ba).  [Ar.  al-rukliiah,  the  knee.] 
A  name  assigned  both  to  the  third-magnitude 
star  £  Cassiopeise  and  to  the  fourth-magnitude 
star  a  Sagittarii. 

Rucellai  (ro-ehel-la'e),  Giovanni.  BomatFIor- 
euce,  Oct.  20,  1475:  died  1526.  An  Italian  poet 
and  (h-amatist. 

Riickert  (rUk'ert),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Sehweinfurt,  May  16,  1788 :  died  on  his  estate 
Neuses,  near  Coburg,  Jan.  31, 1866.  A  German 
poet.  He  studied  at  Wurzburg,  Heidelberg,  and  Jena,  at 
which  university  he  settled  for  a  time  as  docent,  but  soon 
renounced  the  position  and  lived  in  various  places.  In 
1817  he  went  to  Italy  and  spent  the  winter  in  Rome.  He 
then  devoted  himself  to  Oriental  studies.  In  1826  be  was 
called  to  Erlangen  as  professor  of  Oriental  languages,  and 
remained  there  until  1^41,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin  in  a  like  capacity.  In  I'iJb  he  resigned 
his  position  and  lived  thenceforth  at  Xeuses,  where  he 
died.  His  first  poems  are  from  1807.  In  1814  appeared 
the  collection  "  Deutsche  Gedichte  von  Freimund  Eaimar  " 
("German  Poems  by  Freimund  Rainiar  "),  which  contained 
among  other  poems  his  "  Geharnischte  Sonette"  ("Son- 
nets in  Armor").  In  1817  was  published  another  collec- 
tion with  the  title  "Kranz  der  Zeit " ;  in  1822  "  Liebesfruh- 
ling  "  ("  Love's  Spring  ").  He  made  many  translations  and 
imitations  of  £.13160)  poetry,  among  them  "Ostliche  Ro- 
sen'* ("Eastern  Roses,"  182-2)  and  "Nal  und  Damajanti" 
(1828).  His  collected  poetical  works,  "Gesammelte  poe- 
tische  Werke,"  were  published  in  Frankfort  (1S6S-69)  in 
12  volumes.  "  Nachgelassene  Gedichte  "  ("  Posthumous 
Poems")  were  published  in  Vienna  (1877). 

Rudabah  (ro-da-be').  In  the  Shaknamah, 
daughter  of  Mihrab  (king  of  Kabul), wife  of  Zal, 
and  mother  of  Rustam.  The  story  of  the  love  of  Zal 
and  Rudabah,  of  the  anger  of  Mihrab.  and  of  the  opposi- 
tion of  Sam  and  Minuchihr  is  one  of  the  most  idyllic  por- 
tions of  the  great  poem. 

Ruddiman  (rud'i-man),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Boyndie,  Banffshire,  Oct-,  1674:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1757orl758.  A  Scottish  classical  scholar. 
He  wrote  "  Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Tongue  "(171-1),"  Gram- 
matics Latinfe  Institutiones  "  (1725, 1731).  etc.,  and  edited 
"Livy'  (1751). 

Ruddygore  (rud'i-gor),  or  the  Witches'  Curse. 

A  comic  opera  by  Gilbert  and  Sullivan,  pro- 
duced in  1887.  It  is  sometimes  spelled  Btiddi- 
g»re. 

Rude  (riid),  FranQois.  Born  at  Dijon,  France, 
Jan.  4,  1784:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3.  1855.  A 
noted  French  sculptor.  Among  his  -works  are 
the  "  Neapolitan  Fisher,"  a  group  in  the  Arc  de 
Triomphe,  etc. 

Rudelsburg  (ro'dels-boro).  A  ruined  castle 
near  Kosen,  on  the  Saale,  south-svest  of  Naum- 
burg,  in  Prussian  Saxony. 

Riidesheim  (rii'des-him).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  neartbe 
Rhine  opposite  Bingen.  it  Is  celebrated  for  its 
Rhine  wine  "  Rudesheimer,"  and  for  the  castle  Brbmser- 
burg     Population  (1890),  4,240. 

Riidiger  (rii'di-ger).  One  of  the  leading  char- 
acters in  the  "Nibelungenlied." 

Riidiger  (ro'di-ger),  Cotmt  Feodor.  Bom  at 
Mitau,  Russia,  1784 :  died  at  Karlsbad,  June  23, 
1856.  A  Russian  general.  He  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  wars  against  Napoleon,  against  Turkey  182^29, 
and  against  Poland  in  ISSL  He  received  the  surrender  of 
GOrgey  at  Vilagos  in  1849. 

Rudkjobing  (rod'che'bing).  The  chief  townin 
the  island  of  Langeland,  Denmark,  situated  in 
lat,  54°  56'  N.,  long.  10°  41'  E.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Orsted.    Population  (1890),  3,485. 

Rudolf  (ro'dolf)  I.  King  of  Burgundy  888-912. 
He  originally  held  a  county  in  the  Jura,  and  on  the  dis- 
memberment of  the  empire  at  the  deposition  of  Charles 
III.  made  himself  master  of  Transjurane  Burgundy,  which 
he  erected  into  a  kingdom.  His  dominion  extended  over 
the  northern  part  of  Savoy  aod  all  Switzerland  between 
the  Reuss  and  the  Jura 

Rudolf  I.,  or  Rudolph  (ro'dolf).  Bom  May  1, 
1218 :  died  at  Germersheim,  Germanv,  July  15, 
1291.  German  king  1273-91,  son  of  Albert" IV., 
count  of  Hapsburg  and  landgrave  of  Alsace.  He 
succeeded  his  f.ither  in  Hapsburg  and  Alsace  in  1239,  and 
was  elected  German  king  in  Sept.,  1273,  being  the  first 
monarch  of  the  Hapsburg  line.  liy  a  war  with  Ottocar  of 
Bohemia,  who  was  slain  on  the  Marchfeld  in  1278,  he  ob- 
tained Austria,  Styria,  and  Carniola  for  his  house. 

Rudolf  II.,  or  Rudolph.  Bom  July  18,  1552 : 
died  Jan.  20, 1612.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire  1576-1612,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximil- 
ian U.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  archduke  of  Austria, 
king  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary,  and  as  emperor  in  1576. 
He  was  a  scholar  in  his  tastes  and  habits,  but  an  unprac- 
tical man  of  affairs,  and  was  under  the  influence  of  the 
court  of  Spain.  He  was  forced  to  acknowledge  his  brother 
Matthias  as  king  of  Huugary  and  governor  of  Austria  and 
Moravia  in  1608 ;  was  forced  to  grant  religious  freedom  in 
his  "letter  of  majesty"  to  the  Bohemian  Protestants  in 
16' 19 :  and  resigned  Bohemia  to  bis  brother  in  1611. 

Rudolf,  or  Rudolph.   Bom  Aug.  21,  1858:  com- 


872 

mitted  suicide  at  Mierling,  near  Vienna.  Jan. 
30,  1889.  Archduke  and  cro-wn  prince  of  Aus- 
tria-Hungarj-,  only  son  of  the  emperor  Francis 
Joseph.  He  was  a  man  of  considerable  literary  attain- 
ments, and  was  a  collaborator  on  "Die  Osterreichisch- 
Ungarische  Monarchic  in  Wort  und  BUd  "  (1886,  etc-). 

Rudolf,  or  Rudolph,  of  Ems.  Died  in  Italy  be- 
tween 1251  and  1254.  A  Middle  High  Gennan 
poet.  He  was  by  birth  a  Swiss,  and  probably  owes  his 
nametoHohenems,  in  the  Vorarlberg  region.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  begun  to  write  about  122.i.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  the  legendary  poems  "Der  gnte  Gerhard  "("Good 
Gerhard")  and  "Barlaam  und  Josaphat";  the  historical 
dramatic  poems  "Wilhelm  von  Orleans"  and  "Alexan- 
der"; and  a  "  Weltchronik "  ("Universal  Chronicle"), 
which,  however,  only  comes  down  to  Solomon.  This  last 
work  is  dedicated  to  Conrad  IV.  with  whom  he  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  died. 

Rudolf  of  Hapsburg.  See  Huclolfl.,  German 
king. 

Rudolf,  or  Rudolph,  of  Swabia.  Died  Oct.  15, 
1080.  Duke  of  Swabia  after  1057.  He  was  chosen 
king  in  opposition  to  Henry  rv.  of  Germany  in  1077,  and  was 
supported  by  Pope  Gregory  VII.  He  was  at  war  with 
Henry  1078-80,  and  was  defeated  in  battle  and  slain. 

Rudolf,  Lake.  A  large  lake  in  British  East 
Africa,  northeast  of  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Rudolstadt  (ro'dol-stat).  The  capital  of  the 
principality  of  Sohwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Saale  in  lat.  50°  43'  N., 
long.  11°  20'  E.  It  has  manufactures  of  porcelain, 
dyes.  etc.  Near  it  is  the  palace  of  Heidecksburg.  Popu- 
lation (1890X  11,398. 

Rudra  (ro'dra;  with  Vedic  accent,  ro-dra'). 
[IStymology  and  original  meaning  uncertain. 
The  Hindus  connect  it  with  the  root  rud,  to 
cry,  and  understand  it  as  meaning  'howling,' 
'roaring,'  '  terrible.']  In  the  Rigveda.  the  lord 
of  the  JIaruts ;  the  stonn-god.  With  his  bow  he 
shoots  deadly  darts  at  the  earth,  but  he  also  bestows  re- 
medial herbs  and  has  a  special  power  over  the  cattle.  In 
the  Atharvaveda  he  is  already  invoked  as  the  master  of 
life  and  death,  and  those  of  his  aspects  which  inspire  terror 
are  e.\alted  in  preference  to  the  beneficence  which  most 
distinguishes  him  in  the  Rigveda  Later  he  becomes  the 
Shiva  of  the  Hindu  triad.  His  evolution  and  character- 
istics are  treated  very  fully  in  Muir's  "Original  Sanskrit 
Texts,"  IV.  299-420. 

Rueda  (ro-a'THa).  Lope  de.  Bom  in  Seville: 
flourished  from  1.544  to  1567.  A  Spanish  drama- 
tist and  actor.  He  enjoyed  great  popularity  during  his 
lifetime,  and  occupies  an  important  place  in  the  history 
of  Spanish  drama  as  the  founder  of  the  popular  national 
theater. 

Rue  d'Autriche  (rti  do-tresh').  An  old  street 
within  the  wall  of  Philippe  Auguste,  between 
fhe  Louvre  and  the  H6tel  de  Bourbon,  in  Paris. 
It  extended  from  the  Quai  de  I'Ecole  to  the  Rue  St,-Honor6- 
In  1664  a  considerable  part  was  absorbed  by  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Louvre,  and  the  northern  portion  was  called 
Rue  de  rOratoire,  from  the  church  of  that  name  established 
in  1616. 

Rue  de  I'Ajicienne  Com^die  (rii  de  lon-sf-en' 
ko-ma-de').  The  old  road  in  Paris  called  Rue 
des  Fosses  St.-Germain-des-Pr^s,  made  on  the 
site  of  the  moat  of  the  wall  of  Philippe  Auguste, 
near  the  abbey  of  St.-Germain-des-Pres.  The 
alinement  was  established  in  1560.  In  1689  the  Com^die 
Francaise  had  its  house  here,  and  gave  its  modem  name  to 
the  street. 

Rue  de  la  Paiz  (rii  de  la  pa).  A  street  in  Paris, 
running  from  the  Place  de  I'Op^ra  to  the  Col- 
umn of  the  Vendome.  It  is  filled  with  fine 
shops. 

Rue  de  I'Oratoire.    See  Sue  d^Autriche. 

Rue  de  Rivoli  (de  re-vo-le').  An  important 
street  in  Paris,  leading  from  the  Place  de  la 
Concorde  to  the  Rue  St.-Antoine,  which  con- 
nects it  with  the  Place  de  la  Bastille,  it  dates 
from  the  first  empire,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  vic- 
tory of  Bonaparte  over  the  Austrians  at  Rivoli,  Jan.  14, 1797. 
The  present  street  was  completed  in  1865.  The  reasons 
for  its  creation  were  mainly  military,  as  it  controlled  the 
approach  to  the  western  palaces  and  the  fauboiu^  from 
the  Place  de  la  Bastille.  It  contains  many  fine  shops  and 
hotels,  and  passes  the  Louvre,  the  Place  du  Palais  Royal, 
the  garden  of  the  Tuileries,  the  Hdtel  de  Ville,  etc. 

Rueil  (rii-ay').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  4  miles  west  of  the  forti- 
fications of  Paris.     Population  (1891),  9,937. 

Rue  St.-Antoine  (rti  san-ton-twan').  A  street 
in  Paris,  leading  from  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  to  the 
Place  de  la  Bastille,  from  which  point  it  is 
known  as  the  Faubourg  St.-Antoine.  It  was  ori- 
ginally a  Roman  road  leading  from  the  Pont  Notre  Dame 
to  Vincennes.  During  the  middle  ages  it  passed  between 
the  royal  palaces  of  Saint-Paul  and  Les  Toumelles.  .About 
the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  it  began  to  be  identified  with  the 
proletariat  of  Paris.  It  is  the  street  by  which  the  mob  of 
the  Faubourg  St.-Antoine  and  the  Place  de  la  Bastille  ad- 
vanced on  the  Louvre  and  Faubourg  St.-Honor^.  This  fact 
led  to  the  construction  of  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  and  Caserne 
Napoleon  by  the  Napoleonic  dynasty. 

Rue  St.-Denls  (rii  son-de-ne').  A  street  in  Pa- 
ris, leading  north  from  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  to  the 
Boulevard  St. -Denis.  Crossing  this  at  the  Porte  st.- 
Denis,  it  becomes  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St.-Denis,  which 


Ruhla 

terminates  in  the  Boulevard  de  la  Chapelle,  forming  one 
of  the  most  ancient  lines  of  streets  in  Paris.  The  Porte 
St.-Denis  is  a  triumphal  arch  built  in  1672  to  commemorate 
the  victories  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Holland  and  the  lower  Rhine 
region. 

Rue  St.-Honore  (san-t6-n6-ra').  The  name  giv- 
en to  an  old  street  in  Paris,  called  in  early  times 
the  Fournus  du  Louvre.  It  was  so  named  from 
a  chapel  near  the  western  gate  of  the  wall  of  Philippe 
Auguste,  dedicated  about  1201  to  St.-Honor^,  bishop  of 
-■Imiens.  After  12i«  the  chapel  was  definitely  established 
as  a  collegiate  church.  After  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  the 
lower  lands  ('petits  champs')  without  the  walls  became 
the  Faubourg  St.-Honore.  The  street  nins  from  the  Rue 
du  Pont  Neuf  past  the  Place  du  Th&tre  Fran^ais,  where 
it  is  called  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St. -Honors,  and  by  the 
Palais  de  I'Elys^e  to  the  Avenue  des  Ternes.  During  the 
middle  ages  the  Rue  St.-Honor6  was  the  great  street  of 
Paris,  corresponding  to  the  Strand  in  London. 

Ruffini  (rij-fe'ne),  Giovanni  Domenico.  Bom 
at  Genoa,  Italy,  in  1807 :  died  at  Taggia  (Ei- 
■viera),  in  1881.     An  EngUsh-Italian  writer. 

Rufinus  (ro-fi'nus).  Born  in  Aquitania  :  assas- 
sinated Nov.  27,  395.  Chief  minister  of  Theo- 
dosius  the  Great,  and  later  of  Arcadius.  He 
encouraged  the  inroad  of  the  Goths  into  the 
Roman  Empire. 

Rug  (rog),  or  Hogolu  (ho'go-lo).  One  of  the 
islands  of  the  Caroline  group.  North  Pacific, 
situated  in  lat.  7°  28'  N.,  long.  151°  55'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  5,000. 

Rugby  (rug'bi).  A  town  in  TVarwiekshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  near  the  Avon  28  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Birmingham,  it  is  a  railway  junction, 
and  a  seat  of  fairs,  but  is  notable  principally  for  its  gram- 
mar-school, one  of  the  great  public  schools  of  England. 
It  was  founded  by  Laurence  Sheriff  in  1667,  and  reached 
its  greatest  celebrity  under  the  head-mastership  of  Dr- 
Thomaa  Arnold  1827-42.    Population  (1891),  11,262. 

Rugby.  A  colony  in  eastern  Tennessee,  in  Mor- 
gan County,  founded  in  1880  by  Thomas  Hughes, 
and  partly  colonized  by  Englishmen. 

Rugby.  A  servant  to  Dr.  Caius,  in  Shakspere's 
"Merry  "Wives  of  Windsor." 

Ruge  (ro'ge),  Arnold.  Bom  at  Bergen,  island  of 
Riigen, Germany,  Sept.  13,  1802  :  died  at  Brigh- 
ton, England,  Dec.  31, 1880.  A  Gennan  political 
andphilosophical  writer.  He  conducted  various  jour- 
nals which  were  suppressed  by  the  Prussian  and  Saxon  gov- 
ernments on  account  of  their  radical  tendencies,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  in  1848.  After  1849 
he  lived  in  England. 

Riigen  (rii'gen).  The  largest  island  of  Ger- 
many, situated  in  the  Baltic  north  of  the  main- 
land of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  to  which  it  belongs, 
and  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strela- 
sund  and  Bodden  (1-|  miles  -wide),  it  is  diversified 
and  picturesque,  is  deeply  indented  in  outline,  and  rises  to 
over  400  feet.  It  contains  the  peninsulas  Jasmund,  Wit- 
tow,  MOnchgut,  etc.  It  is  frequented  on  account  of  its 
scenery  and  bathing-places.  The  noted  points  are  Bergen, 
Putbus,  and  the  Stubenkammer.  It  has  flourishing  fish- 
eries. The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Germans,  followed 
by  Slavs.  The  island  remained  heathen  until  late  in  the 
middle  ages.  It  was  in  the  possession  of  Denmark  1168- 
1325  (and  nominally  a  centurj-  longer) ;  was  then  attached 
to  Pomerania  ;  passed  to  Sweden  in  1648  ;  and  was  annexed 
to  Prussia  in  1815.  Length,  37i  miles.  Area,  377  square 
miles.    Population  (1890),  45,185. 

Ruger  (ro'ger),  Thomas  Howard.    Bom  at 

Lima,  Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  April  2, 1833. 
A  Union  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1854,  but  resigned  from  the  army  in  1855 
in  order  to  take  up  law.  He  volunteered  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War ;  commanded  a  division  at  Gettys- 
burg :  and  aided  in  suppressing  the  draft  riots  at  New  York 
in  1863.  He  became  a  colunel  in  the  regular  army  1S66. 
was  superintendent  of  West  Point  Academy  1871-76  ;  and 
was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1886,  and  major-gen- 
eral in  1895.    He  retired  in  1897. 

Ruggiero.     See  Eogero. 

Ruggles  (rug'lz).  Timothy.  Bom  at  Rochester, 
Mass.,  Oct.  20, 1711:  died  at  Wilmot,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, Aug.  4,  1795.  An  American  lawyer,  and  a 
general  in  the  French  and  Indian  war.  He  was 
president  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  of  1765,  but  refused 
to  sign  the  addresses  and  petitions  which  it  drew  up,  and 
was  publicly  censured  for  this  by  the  general  court.  He 
emigrated  from  Massachusetts  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1776. 

Rugii  (ro'ji-i).  [L.  Eugii  (Tacitus),  or  Rugi 
(Paulus  Diaconus),  6r.  'Voyoi  (Procopius).]  A 
Germanic  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Tacitus.  They 
were  originally  situated  on  the  Baltic,  west  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Vistula.  In  the  5th  century  they  appeared  south  of 
the  Carpathians,  where  they  are  named  among  the  people 
in  the  army  of  -ittila.  They  founded  a  kingdom  on  the 
Danube,  including  parts  of  Roman  Noricum,  which  was 
overthrown  late  in  the  same  century.  They  then  joined 
themselves  to  the  East  Goths,  with  whom  they  subse- 
quently disappear  from  history.  With  Jutes,  Angles.  Sax- 
ons, and  possibly  Friesians,  they  seem  to  have  taken  part 
in  the  conquest  of  England,  where  their  name  is  presened 
in  Surrey  (AS.  Suth-ryge)  and  in  Eastry  in  Kent  (AS.  Edst- 
ri/'ie). 

Ruhla  (ro'la).  A  to-sra  and  summer  resort  in 
Thuringia.  6  miles  south-southeast  of  Eisenach. 
It  belongs  partlv  to  Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach,  partly  to  Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha,  and  has  manufactures  oi  pipes,  etc  Popu- 
lation (1890),  5,077 


i 


Buhmeshalle 

Euhmeshalle  (ro'mes-hiil-le).  [G., 'hall  of 
fame.']  A  Doric  hall  in  the  southwest  of  Mu- 
nich, finished  by  Kleuze  in  1853.  It  is  adorned 
n-itli  busts  of  noted  Bavarians. 

Ruhmkorflf (rom'korf ),  Heinrich Daniel.  Born 
at  Hannover,  1803 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21, 1K77. 
A  German-French  mechanician,  inventor  of 
tlie ' '  Kuhmkorfl  coil"  (1851).  He  lived  in  Paris 
from  1839. 

Ruhr  (ror).  1.  A  right-hand  tributaiy  of  the 
Khine  in  Prussia.  It  rises  in  southern  West- 
plialia  and  joins  the  Rhine  at  Kuhrort.  Length, 
14(3  miles. — 2.  See  lioer. 

Ruhrort  (ror'ort).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Ruhr  with  the  Rhine.  It  has  a  large  river  harbor, 
and  isthe  chief  placu  of  export  for  coal  mioed  iu  the  Ruhr 
basin,  etc.    Population  (Is'JO),  11,099. 

Ruisdael.    See  Huysdael. 

Ruiz  (ro-eth'),  Juan,  called  the  "Archpriest 
I  if  Hita."  Flourished  about  the  middle  of  the 
14th  century.  A  Spanish  poet  of  note.  "Heap- 
pears  to  have  been  born  at  AlcalA  de  Henares,  and  lived 
ruuch  at  (iuadelaxara  and  Hita,"  Ticknor. 

The  Archpriest  [of  Hita,  Juan  Ruiz]  has  not,  indeed, 
the  tenderness,  the  elevation  or  the  general  power  of 
Chaucer;  l»ut  his  genius  has  a  compass,  and  his  verse  a 
^kill  and  success,  that  show  him  to  be  more  nearly  akin 
to  the  great  English  master  than  will  be  believed  except 
by  those  who  have  carefully  read  the  works  of  both. 

Ticknor,  .Span.  Lit,,  I,  77, 

Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife.    A  comedy  by 

Fletcher,  It  was  played  in  1624  and  printed  in  1640,  and 
was  extremely  popular.  It  was  partly  founded  on  one  of 
Cervantes's  novels,  but  the  main  plot  is  Fletcher's.  In  1759 
it  was  revived  by  Garrick, 

Rule  Britannia.  An  English  national  air,  the 
words  by  Thomson  and  Mallet,  music  byArne: 
both  were  composed  for  the  mask  "Alfred."  It 
was  first  performed  at  Cliefden  House,  Maiden- 
head, the  residence  of  Frederick,  Prince  of 
Wales,  in  1740. 

Rullianus,  See  Faiius  Maximns  MuXlianus, 
Quint  IIS. 

Rum,  or  Roum  (rom).  [A  form  of  Rome.']  In 
Arabian  literature,  Rome.  It  is  often  used  in  a  re- 
stricted sense  for  separate  portions,  as  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire, and  also  for  the  medieval  monarchy  of  the  -Seljuk 
Turks  in  Asia  Minor,  which  had  its  center  at  Iconium. 

Rum  (rum).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  belonging  to  the  county  of  Ai-gyll, 
situated  south  of  Skye  and  west  of  the  main- 
land, and  intersected  by  lat.  57°  N.  Length,  8 
miles.     Also  Room. 

Rumania,  or  Roumania  (ro-ma'ni-a),  some- 
times Romania  (ro-ma'ni-a).  [F.  Roiimaiiie, 
G.  Iiiimaiiieit,  Nh.  Rumania,  Romania,  from  Ru- 
manian Rinnan,  Roman  (nasal  a),  Rumanian,  a 
Rumanian,  fromL.fio»iaHi(.5(RumaniauiJo»irtn), 
Roman,]  A  kingdom  of  southeastern  Europe. 
Capital,  Bukharest,  it  is  bounded  by  Austria-Hun- 
gary on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  northe;iSt,  the  Black  Sea 
on  the  east,  Bulgaria  on  the  south,  and  Servia  and  .\ustria- 
Hungary  on  the  west.  The  Danube  forms  a  great  part  of 
its  southern  boundary,  and  the  Carpathians  (Transylva- 
nian  Alps)  form  the  boundary  with  Austria-Hungary, 
It  is  composed  of  the  former  piincipalities  of  \N'allachia 
In  the  south  and  west,  and  Moldavia  in  the  northeast,  be- 
sides the  Dobrudja  in  the  east.  The  surface  rises  with  a 
gradual  slope  from  the  Danube  plain  to  the  ('ari)athians. 
The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  leading  exports 
are  wheat  and  maize.  The  govcrmnent  is  a  hereditary 
constitutional  monarchy,  administered  liy  a  king,  a  senate 
of  120  mcml'eis  elected  for  8  years,  and  a  ch;iMitKT  of  ls3 
deputies  elected  for  4  years.  The  leading  nationality  is 
Rumanian  ;  the  population  includes  also  al'ont  to«),o(K) 
Jews,  besides  Gipsies,  Slavs,  etc.  The  leading  religi«»n  is 
the  Greek  Chureh  ;  there  are  also  many  Konian  ("atliolics. 
(For  early  history,  see  MtiUlavia  and  Watlaffiin.)  The  two 
principalities  were  united  in  1S69  under  Alexander  John 
I,  Cuza,  and  a  legislative  luiion  was  established  in  IhGl, 
In  18(i6  Cuza  was  deposed,  Charles  of  Hohenzollern  Signia- 
ringen  elected,  ami  a  new  constitution  estaiilished,  llu- 
mania  :issisted  Russia  in  the  war  with  Turkey  1877-7S  :  its 
troops  distinguished  themselves  especially  before  Plevna 
In  1877.  At  the  cud  of  this  war  it  was  recognized  as  in- 
dependent of  Turkey,  and  ceded  its  portion  of  P.essambia  to 
Russia,  receiving  the  Dobrudja  as  compensation,  I'rinro 
Charles  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  1881,  Area,  4s,;i07 
square  ndles,     Pojmlation  (18112),  cBtinmted,  6,fi00,000. 

Rumburg  uiini'biird).  A  niatiuracturing  town 
in  Uolfi'iiiia,  situated  near  Ihe  frontier  of  Sax- 
oiiv,  ()1  miles  north  of  Prague.  Population 
(1890),  conimiine,  10,178. 

Rumelia,  or  Roumelia  (ro-me'li-|i),    [P.  Rou- 

tni'lic,  Turk,  Hiimili.]  A  gcograpliical  term  of 
varying  sigiiilication,  it  is  used  to  denote  (a)  the 
European  possessions  of  Turkey:  (t)  the  lialkan  I'euin- 
sula,  south  of  the  Balkans,  extending  westward  from  the 
Black  Sea  to  the  Adriatic  (ftr  to  Albaida)  and  soutliward 
to  tireece  ;  (r)  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula (the  ancient  Thrace). 

Rumelia,  Eastern.    See  Eastern  Ilumriia. 

Rumford,  Count.     See  Thompson,  lU  iijiniiin. 

Rumiantzelf  (ro-mo-iiu'tsef),  Count  Nikolai, 
Born  1754:  died  Jan.  15, 1820.  A  Russian  states- 


873 

man  and  patron  of  science,  son  of  Count  Petr 
Rumiantzeff :  chancellor  of  the  empire  pl■e^'iou8 
to  1812, 
Rumiantzeff,  Count  Petr.  Bom  1725 :  died  1796. 
A  Russian  general.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War ;  commanded  against  the  Turks  17(i<J-74  ;  and  dictated 
the  treaty  of  Kutchuk-Kainardji  in  1774, 

Riimker  (rUm'ker),  Karl  Ludwig  Christian. 

Born  at  Stargard,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  May 
18,  1788  :  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  21, 1862.  A  Ger- 
man astronomer.  He  was  director  successively  of  the 
School  of  Navigation  in  Hamburg  (1819),  and  of  observa- 
tories in  Parametta,  New  South  Wales  (1821),  Hamburg 
(1830),  and  Lisbon  (1857).  He  published  a  catalogue  of 
12,000  fixed  stars  (1843). 

Kununel  (rii-mel').  A  river  in  Algeria  which 
flows  into  the  Mediten-anean  45  miles  north- 
west of  Constantine :  the  ancient  Ampsaga.  In 
its  lower  course  it  is  called  the  Wady  el-Kebir. 
Length,  over  100  miles. 

Rummer  Tavern.  An  old  London  tavern,  sit- 
uated between  Whitehall  and  Charing  Cross. 
It  was  kept  b}'  Sam  Prior,  the  uncle  of  Matthew 
Prior  tlie  poet. 

Rump  Parliament.  1 .  In  English  history,  the 
name  given  to  the  remnant  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment after  Pride's  Purge,  Dec,  1648.  See  Lony 
Parliament  and  Pride's  Purge. —  2.  In  German 
history,  the  name  given  to  the  remnant  of  the 
National  Assembly  of  Frankfort,  which  met  at 
Stuttgart  June  6-18,  1849. 

Rumsen  (mm'sen).  [From  rumsenta,  north.] 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly lived  in  vUlages  on  the  coast  of  California 
fromPajaro  River  to  Point  El  Sur.  AlsoAehasta, 
Aehastlian,  Ruynsien,  Runcien,  Ruiisen,  Ritslen. 
See  Costanoan. 

Runaway  (run'a-wa).  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  North  Island  of  New  Zea- 
land, situated  in  lat.  37°  31'  S.,  long.  178°  E. 
It  forms  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Bay  of  Plenty. 

Runaway,  The.  A  play  by  Mrs.  Hannah  Cow- 
ley. It  was  produced  by  Garrick  in  1776  and 
printed  the  same  year,  and  was  very  popular. 

Runcorn  (rung'korn).  A  town  in  Cheshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey,  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Bridgewater  Canal,  11  miles  southeast  of 
Liverpool.     Population  (1891),  20,050. 

Rundi  (ron'de),  or  Warundi  (wii-ron'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe,  partly  in  the  Kongo  State  and 
partly  in  German  East  Africa,  at  the  north  end 
of  Lake  Tanganyika,  in  the  valley  of  the  Ruzizi. 
Their  country  is  called  Urundi. 

Runeberg  (r6"'ue-bera),  Johann  Ludvig.  Bom 

at  Jacobstad,  Finland,  Feb.  5,  1804:  died  at 
Borga,  May  6,  1877.  A  Swedish  poet,  the  great- 
est name  in  Swedish  literature.  His  father  was  a 
merchant  captain  in  extremely  poor  circumstances.  After 
attending  school  at  Wasa,  Runeberg  went,  in  1822,  to  the 
University  of  Abo,  where  he  supported  himself  by  giving 
private  instruction.  After  the  burning  of  Abo  in  1827,  he 
was  for  three  years  tutor  in  Sarijaivi,  in  the  interior  of 
Finland,  where  he  wrote  a  imuiber  of  his  most  important 
works.  Hisftrst  volume  ai)peared  in  1830.  Among  others 
it  contains  the  long  poem  *'  Svartsjnkans  Natter  "  ("  Nights 
of  Jealousy  '■),  and  a  number  of  lyrics.  This  same  year  he 
was  appointed  doeent  in  Latin  liter;tture  at  the  university, 
which  had  bcrn  traii^f.n  eil  fmni  ,\1po  to  li.lsingfnrs.  In 
1832 appeared  hisllrst  great  work,  tlie  epic  "  Elgskyttarne" 
("The  Elk-Hunters"),  written  in  hexameters.  A  seciuui 
volume  of  lyrics  appeared  in  1833.  In  1836  appeared  the 
idyl  *'Hanna."  In  the  meantime  he  had  foiuided  the 
Journal  "  Helsingfors  Morganblad."  whiih  ho  edited  witli 
great  success,  attd  to  which  lie  eontrihnled  nmeh  vahiatile 
criticism.  In  18;i7he  gave  np  tliisand  his  nnivrrsity  imsi- 
tion  to  accept  ttie  post  of  jceloi-at  tlu-  gynuiasiiiniiri  Boig;"!, 
where  he  8Ulise<[nenfly  lived,  and  where  he  died.  In  Isll 
appeared  anotlnr  idyl,  "■Inliivallen  "  ("  clnistmas  Lve"), 
like  the  "I'lk-Hunters"  an<l  "Hanna,"  in  hexameters. 
Tliis  same  year  w:is  ptiblishcd,  further,  the  epic  "J^'a- 
donchda."  In  ls43  appeared  a  third  vcdunic of  lyrics;  in 
1844  the  romantic!  cycle  "  Kung  I'jalar"  (■'  King  Fjalar"). 
In  18-tS  was  published  the  first  part  of  the  greatest  of  his 
works,  the  scritrs  itt  nai-rative  poems  with  the  title  "  Kan- 
rick  ,st?ilsS;igni'r"('-  I'.nsign  Still's  Stories  "),  whoso  motive 
is  (he  war  of  ISHs,  A  aerond  part  appeared  In  1800,  In 
1844  he  had  been  made  jirofessor  at  Biu-ga,  where,  In  18-17, 
lie  was  elected  rector,  (lis  last  works  were  dramatic-. 
"Kan  ej  "  ("*-'^"'t"\ '*  rimed  comedy,  was  published  in 
1802;  "Kungarne  p,^  Salamls"("Tho'Klngs  at  Salatnls") 
in  1803,  In  IS.'iS  he  had  collected  and  published  his  prose 
writings  under  the  title  "Sinarre  Bernittclser"("Mluor 
Writings"),  His  collected  works  (".Samlade  Skriftcr") 
were  published  at, Stockholm  In  187(1  in  2  vols,;  his  posthu- 
mous works  ("  Efterlcmladc  Skrifter  ")  at  Stockholm  1878- 
1871)  in  3  vols. 
Runjeet  Singh  (run-jet'  singh).  Bom  at  Gugii- 
rauwalln,  Nov,  2, 1780:  died  at  Lahore,  June  27, 
l.S:i9.  Mnliaraja  of  the  Ptnijab,  He  organized 
his  army  with  tlie  aid  of  French  otilcers,  and  siilijugatetl 
the  Siktis  in  his  neighbcuhood.  In  IHOii  those  between 
the  Sutlcj  and  the  .Fumna  appealed  to  the  British.  An 
agreement,  however, was  concluded  between  Runjeet  Singh 
and  the  army  sent  against  him,  and  the  StltleJ  was  made 
the  limit  of  Ills  dominion.  He  attjiekcd  the  Afghans,  con- 
<iuered  Kashmir  in  1819  and  I'esliawar  In  1S29,  and  left  his 
empire  at  his  death  on  a  firm  footing.  He  was  known  as 
the  King  of  Lahore. 


Rush,  Benjamin 

Runnymede,  or  Runnimede  (run'i-med),  or 
Runnemede  (run'e-med).  A  meadow  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Thames,  near  Egham  in  Surrey, 
21  miles  west  by  south  of  London.  It  is  celebrated 
in  Knglish  history  as  the  place  where  the  barons  forced 
King  .Tohn  to  grant  Magna  Charta,  June  15.  1215, 

Runnymede.  A  pseudonj-m  of  Benjamin  Dis- 
raeli, Earl  of  Beaconsfield.  In  1836  he  wrote  a 
series  of  letters  which  appeared  in  the  "Times  "with  this 
signature,  containing  attacks  upon  Lord  Melbourne's  gov- 
ernment. They  were  reprinted  in  1836  in  a  volume  en- 
titled "The  Letters  of  Runnymede." 

Runo  (ro'uo),  Sw.  Runo  (ro'n^).  A  small  isl- 
and in  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  belonging  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Livonia,  Russia. 

Runsen.     See  Rumsen. 

Rupel  (F.  rii-pel').  A  short  tributary  of  the 
Sclielde,  in  Belgium,  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Dyle  and  Nethe  northwest  of  Mechlin. 

Rupert  (ro'pert),  or  Rupertus  (ro-p6r'tus). 
Lived  about  700.  A  bishoi)  of  Worms,  called 
"the  Apostle  of  the  Bavarians"  fi'om  his  mis- 
sionary labors  in  Ratisbon,  Salzburg,  etc. 

Rupert,  Prince  of  the  Palatinate.  Born  at 
Prague,  Dec,  1619:  died  Nov.  29,  1682.  Third 
son  of  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.  and 
Elizabeth  of  England,  and  nephew  of  Charles  I. 
He  served  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  against  the  Imperial- 
ists ;  and  became  celebrated  in  the  English  civil  war  as  a 
cavali'y  leader.  He  fought  at  Edgehill,  Chalgrove,  New- 
bury, Marston  iloor,  and  Naseby  ;  captured  Bristol,  1643 ; 
surrendered  it  in  H>45;  and  was  a  naval  commander  against 
the  Parliament  1648-53,  In  1660  he  returned  to  England  ; 
became  a  privy  councilor;  and  commanded  against  the 
Dutch  fleet  1665-66  and  107.3,  He  was  governor  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company ;  and  was  a  student  of  engraving,  chem- 
istry, etc. 

Rupert  Land,  or  Rupert's  Land.    See  Hudson 

Bail  Tirritorij. 
Rupert  River.    A  river  in  Canada,    it  issues  from 

Lake  Mistassini,  and  flows  into  the  southeastern  part  of 
James  iiay.     Length,  about  350  miles. 

Ruphia  (ro-fe'a).  The  modem  name  of  the 
Alpheus. 

Rupp  (roji),  Julius.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prus- 
sia, Aug,  13,  1809:  died  there,  July  11,  1884.  A 
Prussian  pastor:  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
German  "Free  Congregations."  He  founded 
that  of  Konigsberg  in  1.S46. 

Riippell  (riip'pel),  Wilhelm  Peter  Eduard 
Simon.  Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Maiii,  Nov. 
20,  1794:  died  at  Frankfort,  Dec.  11,  1884.  A 
German  traveler  and  natm'alist.  He  traveled  in 
Nubia,  Kordofan,  Sennaar,  and  .\rabia  1822-27  ;  and  in 
Abyssinia  1833-34.  He  wrote  accounts  of  his  travels,  and 
works  on  natural  history. 

Ruppin  (rop-pen').  A  former  countship,  situ- 
ated in  the  present  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  northwest  of  Berlin  and  southeast  of 
Priegnitz. 

Ruprecht  (rti'precht).  Born  1352 :  died  1410. 
King  of  Germany.  He  succeeded  as  elector  of  the 
I'alatinate  in  13!i8,  and  wavchosen  king  in  1400. 

Ruprechtj  Elnecht.    See  Knccht  Rupreeht. 

Rupununi  (rup-o-u6'ne).  A  river  in  British 
Guiana,  joining  the  Essequibo  tibout  hit.  3°  57' 
N.,  long.  .'■18°  3'  W.     Length,  about  220  miles. 

Ruremonde.     The  French  name  of  Roemiond. 

Rurik  (rci'rik).  Died  879.  The  reputed  founder 
of  Die  Russian  monarchy.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  Scandinavian  adventurer  who.  with  Ids  two  brother^ 
about  802  gained  Novgorod  and  neighboring  regions,  and 
rnlc.i  alone  as  grand  prince  of  Novgorod, 

Rurik,  House  of.  A  Russian  royal  house,  de- 
sccuiled  fnim  Rurik.  It  became  extinct  in  the 
pcrsdii  of  FiMiclor  in  1598. 

Rurutu,  or  Rouroutou  (ro-rS-to'),  Island.  A 
siuall  island  of  the  Austral  or  Tubuai  group, 
South  Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  22°  29'  S.,  long. 
151°  24'  W. 

Rus  (rus).  In  the  middle  ages,  the  collection  of 
Slavic  states  in  southern  Russia  of  which  KicfF 
was  t  he  principal.  The  name  was  later  applied  to  tho 
realm  of  Moscow  (and  modified  to  Jiini^iiia.  fiutigia)-  It 
now  denotes  the  regions  of  the  Little  Russians  and  White 
Russians.     See  Ron. 

Rusalki  (rii-sarki),  or  Russalkas  (-knz).  In 
Slavic  folk-lore,  water-nymphs  with  green  hair. 
who  entice  unwary  peojilc  into  the  water  and 
kill  them. 
Ruscuk,  or  Ruscsuk.  See  nu.flrhuK: 
Rush  (rush).  Benjamin.  Born  near  Phihulel- 
lihia.  Dee.  24,  1745:  died  in  Pliil!ul(;l|ihia,  April 
19,  1813.  A  noted  Ainirican  physician.  He  was 
educated  at  I'rineelon  and  Kdinburgh  ;"and  became  pn>- 
fcssor  of  clicinlstry  at  the  Medical  Sehool  of  Philadelphia, 
and  later  professcu- of  clinical  practice  and  physic.  Ue 
was  oneof  the  signers  of  the  Decliu-atlou  of  Independence 
as  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  was  a 
surgeon  111  the  army  1777-78.  In  171X)  he  was  Bjipolnted 
treasurer  of  tin'  Uiilted  States  mint.  He  wrote  "  Medical 
luiiulrlcs  and  (lliservations "  (5  vols.  178l)-!>8),  "Essays" 
(171W).  Sixteen  Introdiictor)'  Lccturc8"(181l),"Di8ea8e» 
ol  the  Mlnil"(1812),  etc. 


Rush,  Friar 

Rush,  Friar.  A  mythical  pprsoiiafre  who  origi- 
Batet-I  in  German  folk-loi'e  (Bruder  Rauseh);  a 
fiendish-looking  creature  who  wasreally'a  devil 
and  kept  monks  and  friars  from  leading  a  re- 
ligious life:  he  was  also  a  household  sprite. 
A  number  of  tales  and  plays  were  written  about  him  in 
England,  notably  "The  Historic  of  Frier  Rush,  etc.,"  the 
under-title  of  which  runs,  "A  pleasant  Uistory,  Uow  a 
Devil  (named  Rush)  cam*;  to  a  religious  house  to  seek 
a  service  "  (1620) ;  this  was  commended  to  the  reading  of 
"young  people."  Chettle  also  wrote  a  play  called  "Friar 
Rush,  or  the  Proud  Woman  of  Antwerp." 

Friar  Rush  was  probably  at  one  time  a  good-natured 
imp  like  Robin  Good  Fellow,  but  under  the  influence  of 
Christian  superstition  hebecamethe  typical  emissary  from 
Satan,  who  played  tricks  aming  men  calculated  to  set 
tbera  by  the  ears,  and  who  sought  by  various  devices,  al- 
ways amusing,  to  fit  them  for  residence  in  his  raasti-r's 
dominions.  Tttckerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  54. 

Rush,  James.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  March  1, 
1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  26,  1869.  An 
American  physician  and  author,  sou  of  Benja- 
min Rush.  He  wrote  "Philosophy  of  the  Hu- 
man Voice '^  (1827),  etc. 

Rush,  Richard.  Bora  at  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
29,  1780:  died  there,  July  30, 1859.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman,  diplomatist,  and  jurist:  son  of 
Benjamin  Rush .  He  was  United  States  attorney-general 
1814-17;  acting  secretary  of  state  in  1S17;  United  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1S17-25,  where  he  negotiated  the 
fisheries  treaty  of  1818,  and  treaties  on  the  boundaries ; 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1825-29 ;  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Vice-President  in  1828;  commissioner  to  obtain  the 
Smithsonian  legacy  lS3(>-38  ;  and  United  states  minister 
to  France  1847-51.  He  wrote  "Codification  of  the  Laws 
of  the  United  States  "  (1815),  "Narrative  of  a  Residence 
at  the  Court  of  London"  (1833-45:  new  edition  as  "The 
C'lurt  of  London,"  1873).  "Washington  in  Domestic  Life" 
fK'T),  "Occasional  Productions,  etc."  (18G0),  etc. 

Rusk  (rusk),  Jeremiah  McLain.   Born  in  Mor- 

gau  County,  Ohio,  June  17,1830:  died  at  Viroqua, 
Wis.,  Nov.  21, 1893.  An  American  politician.  He 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  1  irisa- 
dier-general  of  volunteers  ;  was  a  Republican  member  of 
Congress  from  Wisconsin  1871-77 ;  was  governor  of  Wis- 
consin 18S2-89  ;  and  was  secretary  of  agriculture  1889-93. 

Rusk,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  at  Camden, 
S.  C,  Aug.  8,  1802:  committed  suicide  at  Na- 
cogdoches, Texas,  July  29, 1856.  An  American 
politician.  He  played  a  prominent  part  in  the  Texan 
war  of  independence  1835-36,  and  in  the  agitation  whicli 
led  to  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United  States  in  1845. 
He  was  a  United  States  senator  from  Texas  184G-56. 

Ruskin  (rus'kin),  John.  Born  at  London,  Feb. 
y,  1819  :  died  at  Brantwood,  Jan.  20,  1900.  An 
eminent  English  art  critic  and  writer.  He  en- 
tered Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1833  ;  gained  the  Newdi- 
gate  prize  by  a  poem  entitled  "  Salsette  and  Elephanta" 
in  ls39;  and  graduated  in  1842.  He  studied  painting  under 
Cupley,  Fielding,  and  Harding.  In  1843  lie  published  a 
volume  entitled  "  Modern  Painters,"  which  uinied  to  prove 
the  superiority  of  modern  landscape-painters,  and  espe- 
cially of  Turner,  over  the  old  mastt- rs.  This  work  created 
a  sensation  by  the  brillianiy  of  its  style  and  the  startling 
originality  of  its  views,  and  established  tlie  authors  repu- 
tation as  an  art  critic.  It  was  afterward  enlarged,  by  the 
addition  of  several  volumes,  into  a  discursive  treatise  on 
art.  After  the  appearani:e  of  the  first  vohinie  of  "Modern 
Painters,"  Ruskin  spent  some  years  abroad,  chiefly  devoted 
to  the  study  of  art  in  Italy.  His  father,  a  wealthy  wine- 
merchant,  diid  in  18t>4.  Itaviiig  him  an  ample  fortune.  He 
was  appi'iiited  prolfssitr  at  tin-  Cambridge  School  of  Art  iu 
1858.  and  Rede  kcturc-r  at  Cambridge  in  18G7  ;  and  held  the 
Slade  professorsliip  of  fine  art  at  Oxford  1869-79  and  1883- 
1S85,  after  wliich  date  he  lived  in  retirement  on  his  estate 
at  Brantwiiod,  on  Coniston  Lake,  in  the  Lake  Country,  He 
wrote  a  number  of  works  of  a  socialistic  tendency  on 
political  economy,  and  in  1871  established  the  St,  George's 
Gild,  an  industrial  society  based  on  his  peculiar  views  in 
reference  to  capital  and  labor.  Among  his  works  are 
"The  Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture  "(1849),"  Poems  "  (1850), 
^The  Stones  of  Venice"  (1851-53),  "Pre-Raphaelitism" 
(1851),  "The  Elements  of  Drawing"  (1857),  "Unto  this 
Iiast"(1862),  "Sesame  and  Lilies"  (1SC4).  "The  Ethics  of 
the  Dust "(1865).  "The  Crown  of  Wild  Olive"  (ism\  "The 
Queen  of  the  Air"  (1869),  "Lectures  on  Art,  "delivered  before 
the  University  of  Oxford  (187U), "  Fors  Clavigera :  Letters  to 
the  Workmen  and  Labourers  of  Great  Britain  "  (1871-84), 
"  Munera  Pulveris:  Six  Essays  on  the  Elements  of  Politi- 
cal Economy  "  (1872).  "  Aratra  Pentelici :  Six  Letters  on  the 
Elements  of  Sculpture"  (1870),  "The  Relations  between 
Michael  Angelo  and  Tintoret,"  a  lecture  on  sculpture  de- 
livered at  Oxford  (187f)-71),  "The  Eagle's  Nest :  Ten  Lec- 
tures on  the  Relation  of  Natural  Science  to  Art"(1872\ 
"  The  Sepulchral  Monuments  of  Italy,  etc."  (1872),  "Love  s 
Meinie :  Lectures  on  Greek  and  English  Birds"  (1873), 
"Ariadne  Florentina;  Six  Lectures  on  Wood  and  Metal 
Engraving"(lS72), "  Val  d'Arno:  Ten  Lectures  on  the  Tus- 
can Art  directly  Antecedent  to  the  norentine  Year  of  Vic- 
tories" (1873).  "Frondes  Agrestes :  Readings  in  Modern 
Painters,  etc."  (1880),  "Proserpina:  Studies  of  Wayside 
Flowers,  etc. " (1875-70),  "  Deucalion:  Collected  Studies  of 
the  Lapse  of  Waves  and  Life  of  Stones "(1875-78),  "Morn- 
ings in  Florence  "(1875-77),  "St.  Mark's  Rest:  theHistory 
of  Venice,  etc."  "(1877-79),  "The  Laws  of  F^sole,  etc." 
(1877-79).  "  Elements  of  English  Prosody  "(1880),  "Notes 
on  Samuel  Front  and  William  Hunt  "(1880),  "Arrows  of 
the  Chace  "  (1880),  "The  Lord's  Prayer  and  the  Church: 
Letters  to  the  Clergy,  with  Replies  '  (1881),  "  Our  Fathers 
Have  Told  Us"(1881),  "The  Artof  Engl:ind"(1883),  "  i'.eli 
Enarrant:  Studies  of  Cloud  Form  and  of  its  Visible 
Causes,  etc."(1884>.  "The  Pleasures  of  England"  (1881), 
"The  Storm-Cloud  of  the  Nineteenth  Century"(1884),  "On 
the  Old  Road  :  a  Collection  of  Miscellaneous  Essays,  Pam- 
phlets, and  Articles,  published  1834-85  "  (1885),  "Hortus 


874 

Inclusus:  Messages  from  the  Wood  to  the  Garden,  etc." 
(1887),  "Dileeta:  consisting  of  Correspondence.  Diary, 
Notes,  and  Extracts  from  Hooks,  illustratijig  Prajterita  " 
(1887),  "Pneterita:  an  Autobiography"  (1887-^). 

Kussel  (rus'el)j  Dan.  [The  name  Biissel,  Bus- 
sell,  nieaus  ^reddish,'  i.  e.,  red-haired,  from  OF. 
roussel,  rousaeau,  reddish,  red-haired.]  The 
Fox  in  Chaucer's  "Nun's  Priest's  Tale." 

Russell.  Charles,  first  Lord  Russell  of  Killowen. 
Born  at  Newry,  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1832:  died 
Auix.  10,  1900.  A  British  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  practised 
for  a  time  as  a  solicitor  at  Belfast.  He  was  called  to  the  Eng- 
lisli  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  inl8.S9  ;  became  Q.  C;  atid  reached 
the  hii:hest  eminence  as  a  pleader.  He  entered  Parliament 
as  a  Liberal  in  1880,  and  was  attorney-general  in  1886  and 
1892-94,  when  he  became  lord  chief  jxiatice  of  England. 
He  was  knighted  in  1880,  and  created  Baron  RuBsell  of 
Killowen  in  May,  1894. 

Russell,  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Orford.  Bom 
1651:  diod  1727.  An  Englisli  Wliig  politician 
and  admiral,  grandson  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Bed- 
ford. He  gained  the  naval  victory  of  La  Hogue  over  the 
French  in  1692,  and  was  created  eiiil  of  Orford  in  1G97. 

Russell,  Henry.  Born  Dec.  24,  1813-  died  Dee. 
7,  lyOO.  An  English-American  singer  and  com- 
poser of  songs.  He  went  to  Italy  in  1825,  and  to  America 
in  1833 ;  lived  and  taught  at  Kochester.  New  York,  for 
some  years;  and  appeared  as  Elvino  in  "LaSonnambula" 
at  Philadelphia  in  1839.  In  1840  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  repeated  the  concert  tours  which  had  been  so 
successful  in  America.  He  composed  neaily  800  songs, 
among  which  are  "A  Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave,"  "I'm 
Afloat,"  'Cheer,  Boys.  Cheer,"'*The  Maniac." "The Gam- 
bler's Wife,"etc.  His  songs  were  very  influential  in  send- 
ing emigrants  to  the  colonies  and  the  United  States, 
especially  "There  's  a  Good  Time  Coming,"  etc. 

Russell,  John,  fourth  Duke  of  Bedford.  Born 
1710:  died  1771.  An  English  statesman.  He  was 
secretary  of  state  1748-51 ;  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
1756-Cl ;  negotiated  a  treaty  with  France  in  1702;  and  was 
president  of  the  council  1703-65. 

Russell,  John,  first^  Earl  Russell :  known  as 
Lord  John  Russell  till  1861.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  IS,  1792:  died  May  28,  1878.  An 
English  statesman,  orator,  and  author:  thii'd 
son  of  the  sixth  Duke  of  Bedford.  He  studied  at 
Edinburgh;  entered  Parliament  in  1813;  began  his  ad- 
vocacy of  Parliamentary  reform  in  1810 ;  advocated  Catho- 
lic emancipation  in  1826,  and  the  repeal  of  the  Test  Acts 
in  1828 :  became  paymaster  of  the  forces  in  1830 ;  intro- 
duced the  Reform  Bill  in  1831,  and  was  one  of  its  leading 
champions  until  its  passage  in  1332 ;  became  leader  of  the 
Whig  party  in  1834 ;  was  home  secretary  1835-39,  secre- 
tai'y  tor  war  and  the  colonies  1839-41,  and  prime  minister 
andflrstlordof  the  treasury  1846-52;  published  the  "Dur- 
ham Letter  "in  1850;  was  foreign  secretary  and  laterpres- 
ident  of  the  council  1852-55  ;  represented  England  at  the 
Vienna  Conference  in  1855 ;  was  colonial  secretary  in  1855, 
foreign  secretary  in  the  Pal raerston- Russell  administra- 
tion 1859-65,  and  prime  minister  and  first  lord  of  the  trea- 
sury 1865-G6;  and  was  created  Earl  Russell  in  1861.  He 
edited  the  memorials  and  correspondence  of  Charles  James 
Fox  (1853-57),  and  of  Moore  (1852-56);  and  wrote  "Life 
and  Times  of  Fox"  (1859-66X  "Recollections  and  Sugges- 
tions" (1875),  etc. 

Russell,  John  Scott.  Bom  in  Scotland.  1808 : 
died  at  London,  June  10,  1882.  A  noted  Brit- 
ish engineer.  He  introduced  the  so-called  *'  wave-sys- 
tem" into  the  construction  of  steam  vessels.  He  super- 
intended the  building  of  the  Great  Eastern.  His  works 
include  "The  Modem  System  of  Naval  Architecture  for 
Commerce  and  War"  (1864),  "Systematic  and  Technical 
Education  for  the  English  People  "  (1869). 

Russell,  Odo  William,  first  Baron  AmptLill. 
Born  at  Florence,  Feb,  20,  1829:  died  at  Pots- 
dam, Aug.  25,  18S4,  An  English  diplomatist, 
brother  of  the  ninth  Duke  of  Bedford.  He  was 
ambassador  at  Berlin  1871-84. 

Russell,  William,  first  Duke  of  Bedford.  Bom 
in  1614:  died  Sept.  7,  1700.  An  English  noble- 
man who  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  succeeded  his  father  as  fifth  earl  of 
Btdford  in  1641,  and  was  created  duko  in  1(594. 

Russell,  William,  Lord  Russell  (often  errone- 
ously called  Lord  WilUam  Russell).  Born  Sept. 
29,  1639:  beheaded  at  London,  July  21,  1683. 
An  English  statesman,  third  son  of  the  fifth  Earl 
(later  the  first  Duke :  see  above)  of  Bedford.  His 
older  brothers  predeceasing  him,  he  was  known  by  the 
courtesy-title  Lord  Russell.  He  became  an  active  member 
of  the  "country  party"  in  1673;  was  a  leading  opiinnent 
of  Danby  and  the  Duke  of  York  ;  was  a  privy  c<)uncilor 
1679-80;  and  supported  the  Exclusion  Bill.  He  was  tried 
and  condemned  on  a  charge  of  high  treason  (pretended 
conii»licitv  in  tlie  Ptye  House  Plot)  in  16^3.  His  son,  Wrio- 
thesKj',  .su(L(<_d(.d  to  the  dukedom  of  Bedford  in  1700. 

Russell,  William.  Bom  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, 1741 :  died  in  Dumfi'iesshire,  Dec.  25,  1793. 
A  Scottish  historian.  He  wrote  "History  of  Modern 
Europe  "  (1770-84),  and  other  works. 

Russell,  William  Clark.    Bom  at  New  York, 

Feb.  24,  ls44.  An  English  novelist.  He  went  to 
sea  in  the  English  merchant  service  when  between  13  and 
14  years  of  age ;  but  after  seven  or  eight  years  returned  to 
England  and  began  to  write  nautical  novels.  The  first 
was  "John  Holdsworth.  chief  mate  "  (1874)  ;  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  "The  Wreck  of  the  Grosvenor."  "The  Little  Loo," 
"A  Sailor's  Sweetheart,"  "An  Ocean  Free  Lance,"  "A  Sea 


Russia 

Queen,"  "The  Lady  Maud,"  "Jack's  Courtship,"  "The 
Strange  Voyage,"  *'The  Death  Ship,"  "A  Frozen  Pirate," 
"Marooned,"  "  AnOcean  Tragedy,"  "My  Shipmate  Lou- 
ise," etc.     He  has  also  written  a  "  Life  of  J^elson." 

Russell,  Sir  William   Howard.    Bom  near 

Dublin,  March  28,  1S21.  A  British  journalist. 
He  was  war  correspondent  of  the  London  '*  Times "'  in  the 
Crimean  war,  the  Indian  mutiny,  the  first  part  of  the 
American  Civil  War,  the  Austro-Prussian  war,  and  the 
Franco-German  war.  In  lS76he  accompanied  the  Prince 
of  Wales  to  India.  He  has  written  a  "History  of  the 
Crimean  War  "(1855-56),  "  My  Diary  in  India"  (IStiO).  "My 
Diary,  North  and  South"  (1862),  "My  Diary  during  the 
Last  Great  War "(1873),  "The  Prince  of  Wales'  Tour  in 
India  "  (1877),  etc.  He  was  knighted  in  1895. 
Russellse  (ro-sere).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
oity  of  the  Etrusean  League,  situated  near  the 
Umbro  (Orabrone)  about  6  miles  northeast  of 
the  modern  Grosseto.  it  was  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
uKins  about  300  B.  c.  There  are  various  remains  of  anti- 
i|uily  on  tliL-  site. 

Russell  Square.  A  London  square  wliieh  lies  to 

the  east  of  the  British  Museum. 
Russia(rush'a), formerly  Muscovy  (mus'ko-vi). 

[F.  JiicssiCy  NL.  Russia  (G.  Bussland)^  from  Russ. 
Jiossit/a  :  see  Rus,  jF?o.s.]  An  empire  of  eastern 
Europe.  Capital,  St.  Petersburg;  second  capital 
and  coronation  city,  Moscow.  It  is  the  largest  coun- 
try  of  Europe  in  area,  and  has  the  largest  population  ;  and, 
including  its  Asiatic  possessions,  it  is  the  most  exten- 
sive dominion  in  the  world,  next  to  the  British  empire. 
It  comprises  European  Russia  (including  Russian  Po- 
land and  Finland),  Caucasia,  Russian  Central  Asia,  and 
Siljeria.  European  Russia  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean 
on  the  north  ;  its  Asiatic  possessions  on  the  east ;  the 
Caspian  on  the  southeast;  Persia,  Turkey,  and  the  Black 
Sea  on  the  south;  Rumania  on  the  southwest;  the  Aus- 
trian empire,  the  German  Empire,  the  Baltic,  and  Swe- 
den on  the  west ;  and  Norway  on  the  northwest.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  a  great  plain  ;  but  on  the  borders  are  the 
Urals.  Caucasus,  the  mountainous  region  of  the  Crimea, 
and  spurs  of  the  Carpathians ;  and  northwest  of  the  center 
the  surface  is  broken  by  the  Valdai  Hills.  Russia  is  noted 
for  its  great  rivers:  theNiemen,  Diina,  iS"eva.  Mezen,  Dwina, 
Petchora,Ural,  Volga(withtheKamaaTidoka),Don,Kuma, 
Terek,  Kuban,  Dnieper,  Dniester,  Pruth,  Vistula,  etc.  The 
Black  and  Caspian  seas  are  largely  Russian,  and  Russia 
includes  Lakes  Ladoga,  Onega,  Saima,  Ilmen.  Peipus,  etc. 
It  contains  large  forests,  and  extensive  steppes  and  tun- 
dras. Much  of  it  is  fertile,  especially  in  the  "black  earth" 
belt  toward  the  south.  The  leading  occupation  is  agri- 
culture. The  chief  crops  are  wheat,  rye.  and  other  cere- 
als, hemp,  flax,  potatoes,  tobacco,  etc.  There  are  manu- 
factures of  linen,  woolen,  etc.;  live  stock  is  raised;  and 
there  are  fisheries  of  sturgeon,  etc.  Gold,  platinum,  coal, 
iron,  petroleum,  copper,  etc.,  are  mined.  The  leading  ex- 
port (in  normal  years)  is  grain;  after  it  come  flax,  hemp,  lin 
seed.timber,  animal  products. etc.  Russia  proper,  including 
Poland,  Eiuiand,  and  Caucasia,  has  78  governments.  The 
government  is  a  hereditary  absolute  monarchy,  vested  in 
the  czar.  Administration  is  committed  to  the  council  of 
the  empire,  senate,  holy  synod,  and  ministry.  The  leading 
race  is  Russian  (the  Great  Russians  being  the  most  impor- 
tant, then  the  Little  Russians  and  White  Russians).  Other 
nationalities  are  the  Poles,  Lithuanians,  Finns,  Germans, 
Swedes,  Letts,  Rumanians,  Jews,  various  tribes  of  Cau- 
casians, Esthonians,  Mordvinians,  Tcheremisses,  Tatars, 
Bashkirs,  Persians,  Armenians,  Kirghiz,  Kalmucks,  Tchu- 
vashes,  etc.  The  leading  religion  is  the  Greek  Catholic, 
There  are  many  dissenters  (Raskolniks)  as  well  as  many 
Roman  Catholics,  Jews,  Protestants,  M(diammedans,  and 
some  pagans.  Russia  has  no  foreign  possessions :  Bokhara 
and  Khiva  are  vassal  states.  Russia  was  known  to  the 
ancients  as  Sarmatia.  It  had  Greek  colonies  on  its  south- 
ern coast  (Crimea,  etc.)  ;  was  inhabited  by  the  Scythians, 
Finns,  and  other  races ;  and  was  overrun  by  the  Goths, 
Huns,  Avars,  Bulgarians,  Magyars,  and  Khazars.  The 
Russian  Slavs  at  the  beginning  of  their  history  (9th  cen- 
tury) were  confined  mainly  to  the  upper  Dnieper,  the 
sources  of  the  oka,  \'olga,  Dwina,  and  Dniester,  and  Lake 
Ilmen.  The  Varangians  under  Rurik  came  to  Novgorod 
in  862.  Under  Oleg,  about  880,  KiefE  became  the  center. 
Sviatoslaff  (0(54-072)  defeated  the  Khazars,  and  waged  wsr 
with  the  Byzantine  empire.  Christianity  was  introduced 
under  Vladimir  (980-1015).  Russia  became  united  under 
Varoslaff  (1015-10&4\  with  Kieff  asthe capital.  After  1054 
Russia  was  divided  into  many  principalities,  Kieff  being 
the  grand  principality  and  overlord  for  about  a  century, 
and  then  Suzdal  (Vladimir)  the  leading  power  :  others  were 
Novgorod,  Pskoff,  Smolensk,  Galicia  (Haliez),  Volhynia, 
Ryazan,  Tver,  Tchernigoff,  Polotsk,  etc.  Tlie  Mongol  in- 
vasion, and  the  conquest  of  all  Russia  except  Novgorod, 
happened  about  1240.  The  Russian  principalities  became 
tributary  to  the  khans.  Moscow  became  a  principality  at 
the  close  of  the  13th  century,  and  the  chief  power  in  1:128. 
(See  Moscow.)  Russia  was  freed  from  the  Mongol  yoke  in 
1480.  Theworkof  consolidation  wasgreatlyadvancedunder 
Ivan  Ill.jVasili,  and  Ivan  IV.  (See  summary  of  acquisitions 
below.)  The  title  of  czar  (or  tsar)  was  assumed  by  Ivan 
TV.  in  1547.  The  dynasty  of  Rurik  came  to  an  end  in  V>9S. 
The  date  of  the  accession  of  the  house  of  Romanoff  (the 
present  reigning  house)  is  1613.  A  great  development  of 
the  country  took  place  under  Peter  the  Great  (1689-1725): 
Russia  took  part  in  the  Northern  War ;  and  the  capital  St. 
Petersburg  was  built.  It  was  also  involved  in  the  Seven 
Years"  War.  The  reign  of  Catharine  II.  (1762-96)  was  sig- 
nalized by  wars  with  Turkey  (1768-74  and  1787-92)  and  with 
Sweden  (1788-90).  Russia  was  at  war  with  France  1798- 
1801.  The  folio  wing'are  the  leading  events  and  incidents  of 
more  recent  history :  Reign  of  Alexander  I.,  1801-25 ;  war 
with  France,  1805-07;  aUiance  with  France,  1807-12;  inva- 
sion  of  Russia  by  Napoleon,  1812  ;  war  with  France,  1812- 
1815 ;  Holy  Alliance  (with  Austria  and  Prussia) ;  wars  with 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  Sweden  ;  reign  of  Nicholas,  1825-65; 
war  with  Persia,  1826-28 ;  war  with  Turkey,  1827-29;  Polish 
insurrection,  1830-31 ;  Hungarian  rebellion  suppressed  by 
Russian  aid,  1849  ;  Crimean  war,  1853-56 ;  reign  of  Alexan- 
der II.,  1855-81;  emnncipationof  the  serfs,  1861;  growth  of 
nihilism;  wai- with  Turkey,  1877-78;  assassination  of  Alex- 


Kussia 

ander  U.,  1881 ;  famine,  18^1-92.  The  followiog  is  a  synop- 
tical uccount  of  the  acquisition  of  the  different  Russian 
territories.  Moscow  was  founded  as  a  principality,  in  the 
end  of  the  i:ith  centur>-,  by  Daniel,  son  of  Alexander  Nevski 
(of  Novgoiod).  Vasili  (1389-1425),  grand  prince  of  Moscow 
and  Vladimir,  ac<i»ired  Siiztial.  Muinni,  Vologda,  and 
other  territories.  Ivan  III.  (i4()J-1506)  acquired  Perm  in 
147*J,  Novtrorod  in  147S,  Tver  in  U82,  Vyatka  in  14S9,  Rostolf 
and  vast  rei^ions  in  the  north,  and  made  conquests  fnmi 
Litimania  as  far  westward  as  the  river  Soga.  Vasili  (1505- 
1533)  acquired  Vskoff  in  1510.  and  Ryazan  aUout  1521. 
Under  Ivan  IV.,  Kazan  was  acquired  in  15r>2,  and  As- 
trakhan in  1554.  The  Don  Cossacks  oanie  under  the  pnt- 
tection  of  Rui>sia,  and  a  great  part  of  Siheria  was  added. 
The  acquisition  of  Siberia  went  on  through  the  17th  cen- 
tury. I'nder  Alexis  (l»>15-7(>),  Smolensk,  Kietf,  and  the 
eastern  Ukraine  were  added  (about  U>07).  By  tlie  treaty 
of  Nystad,  I'eter  the  fireat  gained  from  Sweden  Livonia. 
Esthoiiia,  Ingria,  and  Karelia,  which  had  been  conquered 
several  years  previously.  Tliere  was  a  small  cession  in 
southern  Russia  by  Turkey  in  the  reign  of  Anna(17;{0-10). 
Part  of  Finland  was  acquired  by  Klizabeth  in  1743.  Lithu- 
ania and  a  large  part  of  Poland  were  acquired  by  the  par- 
titions of  1772,  171>3,  an<l  17if5,  under  Catharine  II.  :  she 
received  cessions  from  Turkey  in  the  peace  of  1774.  the 
terms  of  which  enabled  her  to  annex  the  <Yiniea  (17S3)  ; 
annexed  the  republic  of  the  Saporogian  Cossacks  ;  gained 
temtorj'  from  Turkey  between  the  Hug  and  Dniester  in 
1792  ;  and  annexed  Coiirland  in  179-').  Paul  annexed  Georgia 
in  1801.  Finland  was  conquered  in  lsi.i&-0!»  by  Alexander 
I.,  who  also  won  Bessarabia  from  Turkey  in  1?>12.  By  the 
treaties  of  1S15  a  large  part  of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw  was 
assigned  as  the  kingdom  of  Poland  to  Alexander  I.  He 
added  also  Daghestaii,  Mingrelia,  Imeritia,  and  Shirvan. 
Nicholas  in  182S  acquired  Erivan  and  Nakhitchevan  from 
Persia,  and  in  1829  Poti  and  other  fortresses  near  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea  from  Turkey,  and  received 
the  submission  of  the  Kirghiz.  Under  Alexander  II.  the 
Caucasus  practically  submitted  in  1869  :  the  Amur  terri- 
tory was  gained  in  1858 ;  the  Khanate  of  .>aniarkand  was 
pained  in  1808 ;  and  Bokliara  became  a  va.s-sal  state.  Rus- 
sian America  was  ceded  to  tlie  United  States  in  18ti7. 
Khiva  became  a  vass:d  state  in  1873.  The  Chinese  prov- 
ince of  Kuldja  was  acquired  in  1871,  but  retroceded  in 
1881.  Khokand  was  annexed  in  1870.  The  strip  of  Besj*a- 
rabia.  lost  in  1856,  was  regained  in  1878,  and  Kai-s  and 
Batum  were  gained  at  the  same  time.  Geok-Tepe  was 
taken  in  18S1.  The  Merv  oasis  submitted  in  1S84.  The 
region  around  Pendjdeh,  in  northwestern  Afghanistan, 
was  gained  1887-^.  The  lu-ea  of  European  Russia  piopi-r 
is  returned  as  1,902,002  square  miles,  and  the  i)opuhiti.'ii 
(ls91)  as  94,650,000;  including  Polaiid  and  Fitdund.  tli. 
aiv.t  .a  j,u,i.i,ouJ  square  miles,  and  the  population  inti,- 
l.')4,(j07.  The  area  of  the  Russian  empire  is  8,600,282  square 
uiih-s,  and  the  impulation  (lh97)  12s. 932,173. 

Russia,  Great,  Little,  Red,  White.    See  G no t 

Rxsaia,  clc. 

Russian  America.    Au  old  name  of  Alaska. 

Russian  Armenia.  That  part  of  Armenia  wliicli 
is  incliuled  in  Kussia.  It  was  eonquered  in 
part  from  Persia  (1827-28)  aud  in  part  from 
Turkey  (1877-7S),  and  comprises  the  govern- 
ments of  Erivan  and  Kar.s. 

Russian  Asia,    See  Amific  Russia, 

Russian  B3nron,  The.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Pusltkiii. 

Russian-German  Legion.  In  the  war  against 
France  1813-14,  a  corps  recruited  from  Germans 
in  Russia,  in  the  Russian  service,  but  under 
Prussian  military  niles,  and  supported  by  Great 
Britain. 

Russian  Turkestan.    See  Turkestan. 

Russian  Wars  with  Turkey.  The  most  im- 
portant of  tlie  so-calh^dRusso-TurkishorTurco- 
Russianwars  in  modern  timosarethe  following. 
(1)  Wars  of  the  rei^n  of  Peter  the  Great :  Russia  con- 
quered Azofif,  1090;  truce  (tlie  peace  of  f'arlowitz)  10:>i>; 
war  renewed,  1711  ;  Russian  reverses;  treaty  of  the  Pruth, 
1711.  f2)  Warof  17;itt-39:  Austriaon  thesideof  Kussia.  C6) 
Waroi  1768-74 :  Russians  generally  successful  in  the  Danu- 
blan  principalities  and  the  Crimea ;  advance  into  ISuIgaria, 
1773-74 ;  Russians  repulsed  before  Silistria,  Varna,  and 
Shumla;  peace  of  Kutchuk-Kainardji,  1774  ;  Tatars  in  the 
south  of  Russia  freed  from  allegiance  to  Turkey;  Russian 
conquests  in  southern  Russia  retained.  (4)  War  of  1787- 
1702  (Austria  on  the  side  of  Russia) ;  Otchakolf  stormed  hy 
the  Russians,  17»8;  Russians  and  Aiistrians  Kalned  the 
victory  of  Kokshani,  17S1';  S'lvaroff  stormed  Isnmil,  1700  ; 

Seaco  of  Jassy,  17S)2;  Russian  boundary  extended  to  tlu' 
niester.  (5)  War  of  1><HJ-12  :  war  cmiimenced.  1806; 
truce,  1807;  war  renewed,  18oi»;  terminated  by  the  pence 
of  Bukharcst,  1812;  Russian  boundary  extended  to  the 
Pruth.  (0)  War  of  1827-29:  Russian  fleet  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Navorlno,  1827;  war  derlared,  1828;  Russians 
took  Varna,  1828;  repulsed  before  .shumla  and  Silistria; 
successful  under  Paskevitch  fn  Asia,  182^-211 ;  Russians 
under  Diehitscli  crossed  the  Balkans,  1820  ;  war  ended  by 
the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  lh2».  (7)  War  of  lH.'i;i-60;  see 
Crimean  War.  (8)  War  of  l»77-7s:  war  decliu-ed,  April, 
1877;  Russians  crossed  the  Danube,  June;  Shipka  Pass 
taken,  July;  Russian  reverses  before  Plevna,  July  and 
Sept.;  defeatof  the  Turks  at  Aladja  Dafch,  Oct.;  Russians 
Btnrnied  Kars,  Nov.;  falh)f  Plevna,  Dec;  Russians  crossed 
the  Balkans  under  Oourko  and  others,  Dec.  lH77,-»'an., 
]s7,S,  and  advanced  to  the  outskirts  of  ConstjuitinopU- ; 
peace  of  San  Stefano  (very  disadvantaj^eous  to  Turkey) 
concluded,  March,  187s  ;  Intervention  of  KiiKland  in  behalf 
of  Turkey;  final  settlement  at  the  t'onRrcss  of  Berlin, 
Juno-July. 

Rust  (rust).  An  antiquarian  in  Foote'e  play 
"Tlie  Patron." 

Rustam  (Pors.  pron.  rys-tem').  A  boro  of  the 
Shahnamah,  son  of  Zal  and  Rudabah,  dau^'hter 
of  Mihrab.  kinj;  of  Kabul.  <>n  the  first  day  of  his 
Ufe  he  became  as  large  as  a  child  a  year  old,  and  ten  narsea 


Rutledge,  Jolin 

name  in  1766  —  a  second  charter  behi?  issued  in  1770  — and 
was  opened  in  1771.  It  was  closed  during  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  the  building  beingbunied  by  the  British;  and  in- 
struction was  subsequently  twice  snspeniled  fi»r  financial 
reasons  (1795-18M5  and  181t}-26X  In  1825  it  was  enabled  to 
resume  itji  exereis^-s  by  a  gift  from  Henr>'  Rutgers,  whose 
name  it  adopted.  It  comprises,  besides  the  academic 
department,  a  department  of  agricultural  and  niechan- 
ital  arts,  a  grammar-school,  and  an  observatoO'-  It  is 
non-sectarian,  and    has    about  30  instructors   and  170 

_  students. 

self,  ami  drags  him' fastened  by  bis  girdle  t.i  Raksh.  The  Ruth  (r<5tll).  [Ileb.,  *  a  friend.']  The  leading 
girdle  breaks,  and  Afrasyab  is  hidden  by  his  warriors.  He  charaetor  of  the  Book  of  Ruth,  a  Moabitess  who 
advises  Pashang.  the  king  of  Turan,  to  make  peace.  In  -.  v  x-j.^.^:  ^p,,f  *^  Rptlilohprn  nml  thero  mar- 
the  next  reign  (that  of  Kaikawus)  Rustam  has  his  seven  wiui  .^aoml  went  10  lieinienem  ana  mere  luar- 
adventures,  encountered  in  delivering  Kaikawus  from  the  rieil  Uoaz:  an  ancestor  of  David. 
King  of  ilaz.indaran.  Raksh  kills  a  lion,  Rustam  finds  a  Rutherford  (rUTH'6r-ford),  Daniel.  Boru  at 
spring  in  a  burning  desert,  slays  a  dragon  eighty  feet  long,  Edinburdi.  Nov.  3,  174i):  died  tliere,  Nov.  15, 
slaysan  enchantress,  subdues  Aulad  and  spares  his  life  on  .^-  „  a  Kpnttish  nhvsifMnti  -iiid  *;(>ipntiftt  fho 
condition  that  he  fih:Ul  guide  him  to  the  caves  of  the  White  \^^^-  ^*-  ?^(*0ttisU  pu\sician  ana  scientist,  tne 
Demon,  slaysthedemonchicfArzang,  and  finally  slays  the     discoverer  of  nitrojjen. 


875 

were  necessary  to  provide  him  with  milk.  While  a  mere 
child  he  kills  a  raging  elephant,  and  while  still  ajouth  he 
avenges  the  death  of  his  great-grandfather  >arinian  by 
taking  the  fortress  of  Sipaud,  which  he  enters  disguised 
as  a  salt-merchant.  In  the  reign  of  Garshasp,  Zal  givL-s 
over  the  dignity  of  Pahlavan,  or  champion  oi  the  realm, 
to  Kufttam,  who  takes  the  club  of  Sam  and  chooses  his 
horse  KakslL  On  the  death  of  Garshasp.  Rustam  is  sent 
to  ulfer  the  crown  to  Kaiuubad,  who  is  at  Mount  Alburz. 
Returning  with  Kaiiiubau,  Rustam  defeats  without  help 
thearmiesof  Afrasvab.   Rustam  fights  with  Afrasyab  him- 


and  weds  his  daughter  Tahminah.  Summoned  away  be- 
fore the  birth  of  his  son,  Rustam  leaves  for  him  a  bracelet 
by  which  lie  is  to  recognize  him.  When  Suhrab  the  son 
is  born,  Tahminah,  fearing  that  the  child  will  be  taken 
away  to  Inin,  pretends  that  it  is  a  daughter.  Suhrab  grows 
up  unknown  to  his  father,  and  becomes  a  great  warrior. 
The  Turanians  and  Iranians  fight.  A  council  of  chiefs  de- 
cides for  single  combat  between  the  leaders  Suhrab  and 


terian  clergyman,  theologian,  and  controver- 
sialist. He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Edinburgh  in  1621,  and 
became  professor  there  in  1023.  He  was  banished  for  his 
sewre  Calvinism  from  Hi34J  to  1638.  In  104:i  he  attended 
the  Assembly  at  Westminster.  He  wrote  "Lex  Rex" 
(ltU-1),  which  was  publiily  burned  by  the  authorities,  and 
other  works,  but  is  best  known  from  his  "  Letters  "  (first 
]published  in  1GC4). 


Rustam,  when  Rustam  kUls  Suhrab      Learning  from  the  Rutherfurd.  LewlS  MomS.     Bom  at  ilorrisa- 

bmcelet  that  he  has  slam  his  son,  he  returns  ni  grief  to  avui/ucxiiu.w,  jjc  vvio  x.AWiXAo.  ,  •ii:i.„ 

Zabulistjin,  whence  he  comes  later  to  kill  Sudabah,  the     "la.  N.  i..,  No\.  -O,  IHK) .  dieU  at  IranquUlity, 

N,  J.,  May  30, 1892.    A  distingiushed  American 


ZabulisUiu,  whence 

tnachei-ous  wife  of  Kaikawus.  and  to  continue  the  war  with 
Turan.  in  which  he  perfoi-ms  endless  exploits  in  the  reigns 
of  Kaikhusrau,  Luhrasp,  aiidGushtasp.  the  most  consider- 
able being  the  combat  with  Asfandiyiu".  (See  Iii/fiidiyar.) 
Zal,  father  of  Rustam,  had  by  a  slave  a  son,  Shaghad,  who, 
the  astrologers  said,  was  to  be  the  ruin  of  his  race.  This 
Shaghad,  becoming  the  son-in-law  of  the  King  of  Kabul. 
was  irritated  at  the  annual  tribute  of  a  eowskin  paid  by 
Kabul  to  Zabul,  and  by  a  ruse  drew  Rustam  andahundrtd 
knights  to  Kabul,  wliere  they  were  lured  into  a  hunting- 
park  in  whirli  had  I)Len  dug  concealed  trenches  filled  with 
javelins.  Raksh  sank  into  one  of  these.  Rustnn  came 
up  wounded  unto  death,  but  before  his  death  was  able  to 
pierce  with  an  armw  the  treacherous  Shaghad. 


physicist.  He  graduated  at  WUliams  College  in  1834, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837,  but  abandoned  law  in 
lsr.Mn  t>rder  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  physics.  He 
olttaiiied  important  results  in  astronomical  pliotography, 
and  by  means  of  a  ruling-engine,  designed  by  him  in  1870, 
constructed  the  finest  difi'raction-gi-alings  which  had,  up 
to  tliat  time,  been  made  (now  surpassed  by  those  of  Row- 
land). 
Rutherglen  (ruTH'^r-glen,  popularly  rug'len). 
A  royal  burgh  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated near  the  Clvde  3  miles  southeast  of 
Glasgow.     Population  (1891),  13,361. 


Rustchuk(ros-chok  ),orRuscuk.  AcitymBul-  Ruthven  (ruth'ven,  locallv  riv'en),  Raid  of. 

^':ina,situatedontheI)anube,  at  the  junction  of  Jn  Scottish  historv.  a  conspiracy  at  Castle  Kuth- 

the  Lorn,  inlat.  43°  50'  X.,  long.  20^58'  L.   it  was  ^en,  near  Perth,  in  1582.    The  Earls  of  Gowrie.  Mar. 

long  an  important  strat^nc  point  in  the  Russian  and  Turk-  j^^^j  ^^^^^.^  g^^j^cd  the  person  of  James  \^.,  and  took  him 

ish  wars.    It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Russians  in  ^j^^  ^^^  ^j,^  keeping  of  his  guardians,  the  Duke  of  Lennox 

1810 ;  destroyed  in  ISll ;  rebuilt  m  1812 ;  and  besieged  by  j^j^j  jj^^.  j,-.jj.|  ^'^  \i-n,n 

theRu8sian8inl877-7-,whenthefortiflcationswerencarly  -Dnt-h^pfi  firnoc      See  thft  eTtraet 

destroyed.    Population  (lf.s7),  27,198.  itumweil  KjTOSS,     ^ee  tno  esxraci. 

Rustebceuf.      Wee  Iiuf/hiinf.  Among  the  remains  of  the  Northumbrian  Saxon  is  the 

T?iie:fnw  Crii^'tni  WiThplm  "PripHrirh      Born  at  runic  writing  combined  with  sculpture  from  sacred  sub- 

«.UST;OWiiu^  TO)  Wlineim  xnearicn,    ^orn»t  ^^^^^  j.^^^^  inscriplinns  upon  the  stone  obelisks  at 

Brandenburg,  i'russia,  Mny  2o,  IbJl:  committed  Ruthwell,  on  the  >n,ttish  border-an  obelisk  or  cross  that 

suicide    at   Zuricli,  Au^.  14,  1878.       A   German  was  fiung  down  by  the  rresbytcriaus  in  1(^2,  and  had  part 


military  writer,  iic  sen*cd  with  Garibaldi  in  18(50.  His 
works  include  "  Geschichte  des  griechischen  Kriegswe- 
sens"  ("History  of  the  Greek  Military  Art,"  18.^2),  "ileer- 
wescn  und  Kriegfiihrung  Casars"  (isr)5),  works  on  .Napo- 
leon l.'s  campaigns.  *'Die  Feldhcmikunst  des  19.  Jahr- 
hundcrts"(18:i7),  "Geschichte  der  Infanterie"  (IS57-58), 
"MilitHrisches  Handwdrterbuch "("Military  Dlctionarj*," 
lsr.9),  etc. 

Rutebceuf(riit-bef').  Born  probably  about  1230: 
died  about  1280.     A  French  trouv^re  of  the  13th 


vi  its  writing  thenelfaced.  The  Ruthwell  runes  had  been 
misread  by  Repp  and  Professor  Finn  Magnuson  as  half 
Danish  or  as  some  prrfectly  new  language,  and  they  were 
first  rightly  interpretccl  by  Jidin  Mitchell  Kemble.  in  a 
l)aper'>n  Anglo-Saxon  Runes  read  to  the  London  S<.»ciety 
of  Antifjuiu'ies,  as  an  inscription  in  what  was  the  English 
of  Northumbriaduring  theseventh,  eighth, and  ninth  cen- 
turies.  Mr.  Kemble  tht-n  pointed  out  that  they  set  forth 
ft  few  couplets  of  a  ri-licions  poem  on  thcevents  sculptured 
in  the  two  principal  compartments  of  the  stone,  namely, 
the  washing  of  our  Saviour's  feet  by  Marj'  Magdalene  and 
the  glorification  of  t'hristthiiiugh  Ilis  i'assion.  The  cor- 
rectness of  his  interpretation  was  afterwards  proved  by 
the  discovery  of  lines  similar  to  those  read  by  hlni  in  one 
of  the  poems  of  the  Vercelli  Rook. 

Moriey,  English  Writers,  II.  174. 


century.     Very  little  is  known  concerning  him  beyond 

what  may  bo  gathered  from  his  own  writings.     Gaston 

Paris  passes  the  foil. twing  judgment  tm  his  works:  "The 

Parisian  poetry  of  Rutcbieuf  is  semi-popular  in  form.     It 

stands  by  itself  in  subject-matter  and  inspiration.    The 

poet  celebrates  the  events  and  the  jn-ople  of  note  in  his  ,.  i  -■*       m  x  ^-i-  i-i. 

day;  or  he  interests  himself  keenly  in  the  dissensions  ex-  RutlllCO  (ro-tll  1-ko).      [iTOm  1j.  ruttfictis,  pllt- 

isting  between  the  church  and  tlie  I  niversity  of  Paris;  or     tering.]      A   rarelv  used  name    for   the   bright 

again,  and  this  is  most  frequently  the  caise.  he  relates  his     third-maKuitude  star  /3  Herculis,  more  U8lll3ly 

own  troubles  m  his  humble  clerkship  where  he  depends     ....h^j    /.w»^^^w.u 

for  the  support  of  his  family  uiwn  either  the  favor  of  the  ^^  '4,  ncTOtos,         ,      ,„        ^       -        . 

nobles  or  public  charity."    lieaides  being  a  caustic  satir-  Rutlam,   or  Ratlam  (nit  lani).      1.     A  native 

1st,  RuteboDuf  wrote  a. number  of  fablcaux,  among  others     slate  in  India,  under  British  protection,  inter- 


'  Chariot  luJuIf,"  "L'Ame  du  vilain,""l-'rere  Denise,"and 
"Le  testament  de  I'ano";  he  is  also  the  author  of  the  po- 
etic compositions  "Notre-Oame."  "  La  vote  do  Paradm." 
**  Le  miracle  de  I'heophile"  (a  sort  of  mlracle-pIay  which 
might  be  said  to  contain  the  germ  of  t^alderon's  "  Kl  Ma- 
gIcoProdigiosn,"and  thusmnottdy  of  Goethe's  "^'ausf 
Lowell),  "Maintellarlo  rEgyptienne,"  "SaintO'Elisabeth 
de  Hongrle,"  etc. 

Ruteni  (ro-te'ni).     In  ancient  history,  a  people 
ill  sciiitliern  Gaul,  occupying  tholaterRouergue. 

Rutennu  (rij-teu'nu).     See  the  extract 


seeted  by  lat.  23°  l.j'  N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area, 
7l»9  square  miles.  PoptUatiou  (1891),  89.U)0.— 
2.  Tlie  capital  of  the  state  of  Kutlam.  Popu- 
lation (1S!)1).  2*t,SL>l>. 

Rutland  (rut'laud).  The  smallest  county  in 
Enfrland.  Chief  town,  Oakham.  It  is  bounded  by 
Llncohi  on  the  northeast,  Northiunpton  on  the  southeast, 
and  Leicester  on  the  west  and  northwest.  The  surface  Is 
nndulaling.  Itcontains  the  fertile  vale  of  Catmoss.  Area, 
ir.-J  8»iuaro  miles.     Population  flKH),  'M,*ib9. 

o    ,    .    .t       II    »  f  M  1        1  *„«i.«  Rutland,     Ttiecapitalof  Kutland  County,  ccn- 

SjTiL  In  the  widest  sense  of  the  word,  was  known  to  the  *w"UAa,u«,  •*      *     »        ,^xa   _#t»«  .u  ;«  f-V   j'lO 

^    ■  ■    *  nnu     It     tral  V  ermont,  situated  on  Otter  Oeek  in  lat.  4J" 


Egyptians  as  the  country  of  the  Rutennu  «»r  Lute 
was  divitled  into  Ipperainl  Lower,  the  Lr)wer  Rutennu  ex- 
tending fn)m  the  ranges  of  the  Lebanon  as  far  as  Mesopn 
tamia.    What  is  meant  bv  the  I  pi>er  Rutennu  Is  made 
dear  In  an  inscription  of  Thof" 
towns  he  had  i 
the  southern  I 
cities  of  the  I'liper  Rutennu. 

S<i;/ci',  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  123. 

Rutgers  (rut'g*"r/,),  Henry.  li"rn  at  New  York, 
Oct.  7,  174'):  dird  thrrc,  1-Vb.  17,  IKtO.  An 
American  pliilaiithropist.     He  graduated  at  Colum 


37'  N.  It  is  nnlod  for  Its  quarries  of  white  niarhlo.  It 
was  ..ne  of  the  eapitalsof  Vermont  1784-18W.     Population 

(1{HK1).  ritv.   II. I'll). 

ition  of  Thothines  III.,  in  which  tho  Rutland  DukOS  Of.     Sri>  }f(t}nirrs. 

luered  frj.in  Kadesh  on  the  Orontes  to  T>„tledire  (rut 'U'i  1.  Edward.      Honi  at  Charles- 

K  ar  es  of   Palestine  are  described  as  avuuicujsc  vi'n   i^  j  .jju_wo.au. 

ton.  S.  *  .,  Nov.  -3,  1j4:»:  died  there,  .Tau.  2J, 
1800.  An  Aniericau  politiciati,  brother  of  John 
Itulledge.  lie  was  a  member  of  Congress  fnmi  South 
Carolina  1774-77.  and  a  signer  of  the  Iieelaratlon  of  Indc- 
I»endence;servi-4l  lilt  be  Revolutionaryanny.  and  was  taken 

,,.„^.. , , ..^^ -      prisoner  ;  and  was  govern.)r  of  South  randina  171>S-lSO0. 

blaCollegein  17<M1:  served  In  the  KeV(dutlonary  War:  and   Rutledge    JohU.      Horn    at  Clmrh'StOU,   8.  C, 

.   -    •-  -' '"■ --'•-■*-     ]7;j.).  ,^„.,]  .,t   c'harleston.  July  23,    1800.     An 

Aiiu'rii'iiii  staiesmini.  lie  was  a  member  of  th« 
Stamp  Act  Congress  In  17(i.\  of  (he  S*mth  Carolina  Conven- 
tion In  1774.  and  of  the  Ctuitiiieiilal  Conyre^ts  1774-7.'';  wai 
president  of  South  Candliml77<V-7S.goVernorof8tmthCaro. 
ilna  177&-^A&ii^  momt>ur  of  Congroaa  1782-83;  was  a  dele- 


was  a  member 
linlversitvlSO: 


)f  the  Itoard  of  Regents  of  New  York  Stale 
2».   He  gave  ^'i.(MXI  to  (Queen's  College,  New 


Jersey,  wliich  took  the  nanu;  of  Rutgers  College  In  182'.. 

Rutgers  College.     An  institution  of  Icarniupafc 

New  liriinswirk.  New  Jersey ;  calbMl  tu'ijritially 

(Queen's  College.    It  waa  chartered  under  the  latti:r 


Rutledge,  John 

gate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787;  was  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  17»9-!)1  ; 
was  uhief  justice  of  South  Carolina  1791-95  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
in  1795,  but  was  not  confirmed. 
Eiitli  (riit'li),  or  Griitli  (grlit'li).  A  meadow 
in  the  mountaius  of  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzer- 
land, situated  near  the  southern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne,  15  miles  east-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. It  is  famous  as  the  legendary  scene  of  the  for- 
mation of  the  Swiss  League  against  Austria,  by  Stauf- 
facher,  Arnold  von  llelchthal,  Walther  I'urst,  and  thii-ty 
others,  Nov.  8,  1307. 

Rutnagherry.    See  Satmigiri. 

Rutter  (rut'er),  Joseph.  Lived  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  An  English  dramatic  author.  He 
was  of  noble  family  (that  of  the  Earl  of  Dorset),  and  at  the 
earl's  order  translated  into  English  "The  Cid,"  from  the 
French  of  Corneille  (first  part  printed  in  ltl:i7).  The  sec- 
ond part  of  "  The  Cid  "  was  printed  in  lti40,  and  "as  trans- 
lated by  Rutter  at  the  command  of  the  king.  "  The  Shep- 
herd's Holiday,"  a  pastoral  tragicometly,  acted  at  White- 
hall and  printed  at  London  in  1635;  is  also  ascribed  to 
him. 

Rutuli  (ro'tii-li).  In  Roman  legendary  history, 
a  people  of  Latium,  whose  capital  was  Ardea. 
Tlieir  king  Turnus  was  famous  in  connection 
with  the  legends  of  .SIneas. 

Ru'VO  di  Puglia  (ro'vo  de  pol'yii).  A  to-wn  in 
the  provinceof  Bari,  southeastern  Italy,22  miles 
west  of  Bari :  the  ancient  Rubi.  Many  ancient 
Apulian  vases  have  been  discovered  here.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  17,956. 

Ru'Weuzori  (ro-wen-zo're).  Mount.  A  moim- 
tain  in  Equatorial  Africa,  between  Albert 
Nyanza  and  .Albert  Edward  Nyanza.  It  was 
discovered  by  Stanley  in  1888.  Height,  16,600 
feet. 

RuyBlas(rUeblas).  1.  Adramaby  Victor  Hugo, 
produced  in  1838  at  Paris.  Ruy  Bias,  the  principal 
character,  is  a  lackey  who  rises  to  power,  loves  the  queen, 
enjoys  a  terrii>le  revenge  on  his  previous  master,  Don 
Salluste,  who  endeavors  to  degrade  her,  and  kills  himself 
to  save  her  honor. 

2.  An  opera  by  Marehetti,  first  produced  at 
Milan  in  1869. 

Ruy  Diaz.     See  Cid. 

Ruysch  (roisch ),  Frederik.  Born  at  The  Hague, 
March  23,  1638 :  died  Feb.  22,  1731.  A  noted 
Dutch  anatomist  and  surgeon,  professor  of 
anatomy,  and  later  of  botany,  at  Amsterdam. 
He  investigated  the  lymphatics,  etc. 

Ruysdael,  orRuisdael,  orRuisdaal  (rois'dal), 
Jakob.  Born  at  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  about 
1625:  died  there,  March  14,  1682.  A  Dutch 
landscape-painter  and  etcher.  He  is  noted  for 
representations  of  forest  scenery,  etc. :  the  figures  are  by 
other  artists.  His  works  are  in  the  Netherlands,  Paris, 
London,  Dresden,  and  elsewhere. 

Ruyter  (ri'tf-r ;  D.  pron.  roi'ter),  Michel  Adri- 
aanszoon  de.  Born  at  Flushing,  Netherlands, 
March  24, 1607 :  died  at  Syracuse,  Italy,  April  29, 


876 

1676.  A  famous  Dutch  admiral.  He  served  against 
the  Spaniards  in  1041,  and  against  the  English  1662-64. 
He  was  made  vice-admiral  of  lloll.-nid  after  the  death  of 
Tromp  in  1663,  and  in  1659  coiniiiaii'ied  the  Dutch  fleet 
which  supported  Demnark  against  Sweden.  He  was  en- 
nobled by  the  King  of  Denmark  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war 
in  1(160.  He  was  subsequently  made  admiral-in-chief  of  the 
Dutch  fleet,  and  commanded  against  the  English  166.5-67, 
sailing  up  the  Thames  and  Medway  in  1667.  He  com- 
manded against  the  combined  English  and  French  Jleets 
1672-73,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  a  battle  against  the 
French  off  Messina,  in  April,  1676. 

Ryan  (ri'an).  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in  Wig- 
townshire, Scotland.     Length,  8  miles. 

Ryan,  Richard.  Died  at  London,  Aug.,  1760. 
A  British  actor,  contemporary  with  Better- 
ton,  with  whom  he  acted,  on  his  first  appear- 
ance, as  Serton  to  Betterton's  Macbeth.  He 
rose  to  the  first  place  among  actors  of  the  second  rank. 
He  played  Orestes,  Lord  Townley,  Edgar,  Macduff,  lago, 
Cassio,  and  many  other  characters  with  great  effect. 

Ryance  (ri'ans),  or  Ryence  (ri'ens).  A  legen- 
dary king  of  Ireland  and  Wales,  in  the  Arthurian 
legends.     His  sword  was  named  Marandaise. 

Ryazan,  or  Riazan  (re-ii-zan').  1.  A  govern- 
ment of  central  Russia,  surrounded  by  Vladi- 
mir, Tamboiif,  Tula,  and  Moscow.  It  is  traversed 
bytheOka-  The  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  16,255  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  1,928,600. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ryazan, 
situated  on  the  Trubej,  near  the  Oka,  about 
lat.  54°  42'  N.,  long.  39°  50'  E.  The  capital  of  the 
old  principality  of  Ryazan  was  Old  Ryazan,  situated  on  the 
Oka.     Population  (1894),  30,319. 

Ryazan,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  princi- 
pality of  Russia.  It  was  frequently  a  rival  of  Mus- 
covy, and  was  annexed  by  Muscovy  about  1521. 

Rybinsk  (rii-bensk' ),  orRuibinsk,  orRiibinsk. 
A  town  in  the  government  of  Yaroslaflf,  cen- 
tral Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Sheksna,  170  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Moscow.  It  is  an  important  center  of 
transit  trade  over  the  Volga  and  the  canal-system  which 
connect  St.  Petersburg  with  the  southeast  of  Russia.  Pop- 
ulation (1S90),  32,111. 

Rycaut,  or  Ricaut  (re-ko').  Sir  Paul.  Diedin 
England,  Dec.  16,  1700.  An  English  diploma- 
tist, traveler,  and  historian.  He  wi-ote  "Present 
State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire"  (1670)  and  "  His- 
tory of  the  Turks  1623-1699"  (16S0-1700). 

Rydal  (ri'dal).  A  -village  in  Westmoreland, 
England,  2  miles  north-northwest  of  Amble- 
side. It  contains  Rydal  Mount,  the  home  of 
Wordsworth. 

Ryde  (rid).  A  town  and  watering-place  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  situated  on  the  north- 
ern coast  Smiles  south-southwest  of  Portsmouth. 
Population  (1891),  10,952. 

Rydci'vist  (rid'kvist),  Johan  Erik.  Born  at 
(Gothenburg,  Sweden,  Oct.  20,  ISOO:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Dec.  19,  1877.     A  Swedish  philolo- 


Rys'wick 

gist  and  author,  chief  librarian  of  the  royal  li- 
brary 1858-65.  He  wrote  "Svenska  sprikets  Lagar" 
("  Laws  of  the  Swedish  L3n|j;uage,"  18.50-74),  etc.,  and  ed. 
ited  "  Heimdall,"  a  literary  journal,  1,828-32. 

Rye  (ri).  A  seaport  in  the  county  of  Sussex, 
England,  situated  near  the  English  Channel  53 
miles  southeast  of  London,  it  is  one  of  the  an- 
cient Cinque  Ports,  and  formerly  stood  directly  on  the 
coast.    Population  (1891),  3,871. 

Rye.     A  town  in   Roekinghanl  County,  Ne'w  ' 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  di- 
rectly south  of  Portsmouth.  The  summer  resort 
Rye  Beach  is  near  it.    Population  (1900),  1,142. 

Rye  House  Plot.  In  English  history,  a  conspir- 
acy by  some  extreme  Whigs  to  kill  Charles  II. 
and  the  Duke  of  York  (James  II.),  June,  1683. 
It  is  so  called  from  Rye  House  in  Hertfordshire,  the  meet- 
ing-place  of  the  conspirators.  Lord  Russell  (see  Ruesell, 
IfjV/ifn/i), Algernon  Sidney.and  Robert  BaiHie  were  exe- 
cuted for  alleged  complicity. 

Ryle  (ril),  John  Charles.  Born  May  10,  1816: 
died  June  10,  1900.  Bishop  of  Liverpool.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and  in  1880  was 
appointed  bishop  of  Liverpool.  He  was  the  author  of  nu- 
merous religious  works. 

Rsrmer  (ri'mer),  Thomas.  Bom  about  1641: 
died  at  London,  Dec.  14,  1713.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish antiquary.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn 
June  16,  1673.  In  1692  he  succeeded  Thomas  shadwellas 
historiographer  royal.  On  Aug.  26,  1693,  he  began  the 
great  "Foedera,"  based  on  the  "Codex  Juris  Gentium 
Diplomaticus"  of  Leibnitz.  It  is  a  compilation  of  all  the 
treaties,  conventions,  correspondence,  ami  other  records 
relating  to  the  foreign  relations  of  England  from  1 101  A.  D. 
to  his  own  time.  The  publication  was  completed  after  his 
death,  in  1735.  His  critical  work  was  good.  Vnit  he  pro- 
duced an  unsuccessful  play,  "Edgar, or  the  English  Mon- 
arch "(167s). 

Rysdyk's  Hambletonian  (10).   A  bay  trotting 

stallion,  foaled  about  1849.  From  him  has  sprung 
most  of  the  improved  trotting  stock  of  America.  He  was 
by  .\bdallah  (1),  dam  the  Charles  Kent  mare ;  Abdallah  by 
Mambrino,  dam  Amazonia;  and  Mambrino  hy  Messenger 
out  of  a  thoroughbred  mare.  The  Charles  Kent  mare  was 
by  the  imported  Norfolk  trotter  Bellfounder  out  of  One 
Eye  by  a  son  of  Messenger.  He  was  thus  a  cross  between 
the  thoroughbred  and  the  partially  developed  English 
trotting  horse  of  the  day. 

Ryswlck.or  Ryswljk  (riz'wik).  Peace  of.  [D. 
liijswijk.]  A  treaty  signed  at  Ryswijk,  a  village 
in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands. 
2  miles  south-southeast  of  The  Hague,  Sept.  21, 
1697,  between  France  on  the  one  side  and  Eng- 
land, the  Netherlands,  and  Spain  on  the  other. 
France  acknowledged  William  III.  as  king  of  England, 
abandoning  the  cause  of  the  Stuarts,  and  restored  con- 
quests in  Catalonia  and  in  the  Spanish  Netherlands  (ex- 
cept certain  "reunited  "  towns);  the  Dutch  restored  Pon- 
dicherry  to  the  French  ;  and  England  and  France  mutually 
restored  conquests  in  America.  The  treaty  was  ratified  by 
the  Empire  Oct.  30:  France  restored  its  conquests  except 
those  in  Alsace ;  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  had  most  of  his  do- 
minions restored  ;  and  a  clause  prejudicial  to  the  Protes- 
tants was  inserted,  applying  to  the  towns  "reunited"  by 
France. 


\i  (sA).  Estacio  de.    Bom  m 

Portiit;al  about  1520;  diet! 
at  Sao  Scbastiao  (Kio  <\e 
Janeiro),  Feb.  '20,  1567.  A 
Portuguese  captain, neplicw 
of  Meiu  lie  Sd.  In  1564  he  w:is 
sent  aKainst  the  French  Protes 


in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Saar  38  miles  soutb-soutlieast  of  Treves.  It  is 
the  center  of  an  important  and  exti;nsive  coal-iuining  ili>- 
trict,  and  has  considerable  manufactures.  In  its  vicinity 
occurred  a  skirinisli,  the  flrst  action  of  tlie  Kranco-G«rman 
war,  .\ug,  2, 1870,  Its  result  wasfavoralilc  to  the  French, 
and  it  was  represented  by  Napoleon  III.  as  an  important 
victory.     Population  (189n),  13,81" 


sent  against  the  French  Protes-     victory,     ropu.aiion  (i<»-.;,  "^°'^_„^  ,  „„_„    ,■■,. 
taut  colony  in  Brazil.     Aided  by   SaarbUTg    (zar'boro),    1.    SaiTeDOIUrg    (sal- 


his  uncle,  he  founded  the  city  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  ll.arch,  16W,  but 
was  closely  besieced  there  by  the  French  and  Indians,  who 
were  defeated  only  on  the  arrival  of  Mem  de  .Sli  with  rein- 
forcenunts.  Estacio  de  S4  died  of  a  wound  received  in 
the  engagement. 

Si,  Mem  or  Men  de.  Born  at  Coimbra,  Port  Il- 
eal, about  1500:  died  at  Bahia,  Brazil,  March  2, 
1572.  Governor-general  of  Brazil  from  1558 
(appointed  1556).  In  March,  1560,  he  took  the  French 
fort  of  Villegagnon  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  but 
was  unable  to  dislodge  the  interlopers  from  the  intcnor, 
and  they  returned  after  he  had  left.  In  IBiW  the  city  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro  was  founded  (see  S.i,  Estacio  de),  and  on 
Jan  21  1567,  Mem  de  SA  completely  defeated  the  trench 
and  their  Indian  allies.  He  put  down  several  Indian  re- 
volts, and  laid  the  foundations  of  the  future  prosperity  of 
the  country. 

Saadi.     See  Sadi. 

Saadia  Gaon  (sii-ad'ya  gii-on ').  Bom  at  Fayum 
Egypt,  892:  died  942.     A  celebrated  Jewish 


bor').  A  town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lorraine, 
situated  on  the  Saar  35  miles  west-northwest 
of  Strasburg.  It  has  a  ruined  castle.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  3,445. 

Saardam.    See  Z<uindam. 

Saargemuiid(z!ir'ge-TOunt),F.Sarregueinines 
(siirg-iueu').  A  town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Blieswitb 
the  Saar,  40  miles  east  of  Metz.  it  has  important 
manufactures  of  porcelain,  enrtlKim:^^.  faience,  majol- 
ica, plush,  and  velvet.     I'opuhitii'ii  (l««i),  13,07ii.  ^ 

Saarlouis  fziir-lo'i'),  F.  Sarrelouis  (siir-lo-e  ). 
A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province.  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Saar  31  miles  south  by  east  of  Treves. 
It  is  an  industrial  and  commercial  center,  and  one  of  the 
strongest  border  fortresses  of  Prussia.  It  was  foundeil  by 
Vauban  in  KM;  granted  to  France  in  1697;  and  ceded  to 
Prussia  in  18i5.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Ney.  Popula- 
tion (ISlKi).  ti,844. 

Saasgrat.     See  Mi)<chabelhonier 

Ul).     An  Alpine  valley  m  the 

Switzerland,  south-southwest 


Kgypt.  oy-: '"'^'1  "•^r,    ^,"^'^'"'"',""  TV  Saasgrat.    see  j 
exegete,  religious  philosopher,  and  ap()logist    gaasthal  (siis'tii 

He  becatie  gaon  (i.  e.  head  of  the  Talmudic  academy)  at      .      ,         j  yalais ~. 

^J^'^^^c^^r^S^m^y'i^'l^     ""BSeg:  traversed  by  the  SaaserVisp. 
middle Ves.      He  defended  Judaism  against  Karaisra,   gaatl  (sa'te).      A  height   west   of   Massowah^ 
Christianity,  and  Islam.     Besides  his  polemical  works,  he     eastern  Africa 
«„.o(<.  mnnv  treatises  on  the  Talmud,  composed  a  liebiew  :Kt„„,.  , 


Christianity,  anu  isiam.     r>c»iuc=  ino  i,._.,v..w.v«^  ..........  ..- 

wrote  many  treatises  on  the  Talmud,  composed  a  Hebrew 
lexicon  ('■  Iggaron  "),  and  translated  theOld  Testament  into 


,  occupied  by  the  Italians  in  1885 
as  a  military  post. 


iipinions  ;,  in  wnicu  no  a^^c...i,L,o  ^.^  «....»  -■.---.■------        •         and  diplomatist.  He  was  twice  exiled,   .\mong 

of  Judaism  into  a  system,  and  to  reconcile  them  with  the        !'  „.' 1""    '',L "ragcdies  "Lannza  ■'  and  "  Don  Alvaro" 


21  miles  northwest  of  Wiirzburg. 
miles. 


Saale,  Salzburger  (zalts'borg-er),  or  Saalach 
(za'liich).  A  river  in  Salzburg  and  Bavaria 
which  joins  the  Salzach  4  miles  northwest  of 
Salzburg,     Length,  about  70  miles. 

Saale,  Saxon  or  Thiiringian.  One  of  the  chiot 

tributaries  of  the  Elbe.    It  rises  in  the  Fichtelge- 


Leneth,  69    diplomatist  and  author."  His  chief  works  are 
i-t-ugiu,  _  i^^jpresas  politicas"  (1640)  and  "  Repiiblica 

literaria"  (1055). 

Saaz  (ziits),  Bohem.  Zatec  (zhii'tets).  Atown  in 
northwestern  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Eger43 
miles  northwest  of  Prague :  the  center  of  an  im- 
portant hop-growing  district.  It  was  formerly 
a  Hussite  stronghohi.  Population  (1890),  13.234. 


tributaries  of  the  Elbe.    It  rises  in  the  Fichtelge-  a.i,,  fsj 'bii)   or  Sabca  (sa-be' il).     A  former 
'?'^F^«--i?L'!;^-3^1.^;;"H;':'^:;,^^r  ^?"i;f^;e"l«  ^t  l"  ^-^^JSc^so^hwostern  Arabia:  also 


Dirge,  r.avaria;  nuveiacs  *..,.. ...^ •-•■- — :,,.,,',  ,,. 

Anhalt,  Howing  generally  north;  and  Joins  the  f.llie  lit 
miles  southeast  of  Magdeburg.  ■  Its  tributaries  are  the  llni, 
Unstrut,  WinpiT,  Bode,  and  White  Elatcr.  Kudolsta.lt, 
Jena,  Naumburg.  Slerseburg,  and  Halle  are  on  its  hanks. 
Length,  about  225  mUea;  navigable  from  Naumburg. 
Saalfeld  (ziil'felt).  A  town  in  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  situated  on  the 
Saale  24  miles  south  of  Weimar.    It  hasmanufac- 


kingdom  in  Yemen,  southwestern  Arabia:  also 
its  chief  city.  See  Slicba. 
Saba(sii'bii).  A  small  island  in  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, West  Indies,  situated  northwest  of  St. 
Christopher's,  in  lat.  17°  39'  N.,  long.  63°  l.i' 
W.  It  belongs  to  the  Dutch.  Population  (1890), 
1,883. 


^]"on^^l^rj^!:efe)!'";?'^ntJL:r?,rs;i!;^i  s^baco  (sa^a-ko),  or  shabaka  (shrbii-m 

Sorbenburg  OnOct.  10,  isnfl.abattleoccurred  initsvicm-  The  hrst  of  the  recognized  in.. luirclis  of  the -Otli 
ity  between  the  French  and  the  Prussians,  iiiwhich  the  .  jj;tiii„pia„  ,Uniastv  of  ihiliellio:  a  native  of 
latter  were  defeated  and  Prince  Ludwig  of  Prussia  was     ^^^^^^^  .1^  ^^J^  ^^  Ethioi.i 


ilain".  Population  (1890),  9,801. 
Saalfeld.  A  former  duchy  of  Germany,  founded 
in  Klsii  by  .Tohann  Ernst,  youngest  son  of  Duke 
Ernst  the  Pious  of  Gotha,  and  annexed  to  Saxe- 
Meiningen  in  1826. 

Saane  (zii'ne),  F.  Sarine  (sii-ren')-  A  river 
in  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Vaud,  and  Fribourg, 
Switzerland.  It  rlsea  on  the  border  of  Bern  and  Valals, 
an.l  joins  the  Aare  10  nillcB  west  by  north  of  Bern. 
Length,  78  miles.  ,.    .    .  ,c,     -^ 

Saanen(zii'nen).  A  former  division  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Saane,  now 
divided  between  Born  and  Vaud  (the  pays  d'en- 
haiit). 

Saar  (ziir),  F.  Sarre  (siir).  [L.  Saravu.i  or 
Siin-ti.']  A  river  in  Alsace-Lorraine  and  the 
Khine  Province,  which  joins  the  Moselle  5  miles 
southwest  of  Treves.  In  Us  basin  Is  one  of  the  clil.t 
eoal-ll.Ms  of  (fcnnany.  Length.  lllO-llO  miles.  It  is 
naviual.l.-  tniiii  Saiirgeinund  to  Its  in. .nth, 

Saarbriicken   fziir'briik-en),   or    Saarbriick 

(zar'bruk),F   SarrebrUCk  (siir-briik').    A  city 


Akesh,  in  Kush  or  Ethioiiia.  lie  Is  mentioned  by 
Herodotus,  He  retired  from  Kgypt  In  consequence  of  a 
dream.  The  death  of  an  Apis  at  the  Serapeuiu  is  recorded 
111  the  seconil  year  of  his  reign,  and  his  nnine  is  found  on 
themonumentsof  Kariiak,  He  concluded  atreaty  with  one 
of  the  Assyrian  m..iiaivh»,  and  the  seal  whi.-h  was  attached 
to  It  was  found  in  the  archives  of  Knyunjik,  the  aiuieiit 
Nineveh,  ills  reign  is  supposed  to  have  lasted  eight  years. 
Dirrh. 

Herodotus  mentions  only  ono  Sabaco,  hut  the  monti- 
ments  and  Slanetho  notice  two,  the  SabnkAn  and  Sebl- 
chAs  (SevOchos)  of  Manctho,  called  Sliebek  In  the  lilero. 
fflyphlcs.  One  of  these  Is  the  same  as  S.>  (SavA),  the  con. 
temporary  ..f  Ilosea,  King  of  Israel,  who  is  said  (in  2  kings 
xvli,4)t<>  have  made  a  Ireatywllh  the  King  ..f  Egypt,  and 
to  have  refused  the  annual  tribute  l.i  SJialmaneser,  King 
of  AssyrliL  Rairlinimn,  Herod.,  II.  210,  note. 

Sabah.    Same  as  British  \orlli  liorneo. 

Sabako.     See  Snimco. 

Sabanilla.     See  S.nniiilln. 

Sabari  (sii-bil-rii').      A   town   in  the   state   of 

Miiias  Geraes,  Urazil.*sitiiated  on  the  Kio  das 

Velhas,  about  lat.  19°  54'  S.,  long.  44°  21'  W. 

Population,  about  8,000. 

an 


Sabazius  (sa-ba'zhi-us).    A  Phrygian  god  of 
nature,  by  the  (jreeks  partially  identified  with 
Zeus  and  with  Dionysus.     His  worship,  which  was 
orgiastic,  was  closely  onnected  with  that  of  Cybele  and 
Atlis.      It  was   introduced   into  Rome,   and    flourished 
throughout  Italy,  especially  in  the  latest  pagan  times. 
His  symbol  was  the  snake. 
Sabbatai-Zevi  (sab-ba-ti'ze-ve').  Born  in  SmjT- 
na(AsiaMinor).1626:  died  1676.    AHebrewira- 
postor.    Wlien  20  years  old  he  proclaimed  himself  the 
Messiah,  and,  favored  by  the  mystical  tendencies  of  the 
time  and  the  oppression  under  which  the  Jews  were  suf- 
fering obtained  a  great  following  among  the  Eastern  Jews, 
notwithstanding  the  opposition  and  anathemas  of  the  most 
prominent  rabbis.    When  lie  arrived  with  his  followers  in 
(■onstantinople,  he  was  seized  by  .Sultan  Mohammed  \^  . 
and  put  into  prison.     The  false  prophet  then  embraced 
Islam,  but  the  movement  which  he  started  lasted  for  many 
years. 
Sabbatians  (sa-ba'tianz).     A  Novatian  sect  of 
the  4tli  century,  followers  of  Sabbatius.  who 
adopted  the  Quartodecimau  rule.     Also  Saba- 
thiiiiis,  Sabbatliaists,  Siihbiitliiaiis. 
Sabbioneta  (siib-be-o-nS'tii).     A  town  in  the 
province  of  Mantua.  Italy,  19  miles  southwest 
of  Mantua.    It  was  the  chief  town  of  a  former  princi- 
pality of  Sabbioneta.    PopuUition  (1S81),  commune,  7,102. 
Sabeans  (sa-be'anz).    1.  Members  of  some  ob- 
scure tribe's  mentioned  in  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible,  and  regarded  as  the  descen- 
dants (a)  of  Seba,  son  of  Cush;  ('»)  of  Seba,  son 
of  Raamah;  or(t)of  Sheba, sonof  Joktan.  Also 
Sabxaiis. —  2.  The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  that 
part  of  Arabia  now  called  Yemen,  the  chief  city 
of  which  was  Saba.    The  Sabeans  were  extensive  mer- 
chants of  spices,  perfumes,  precious  stones,  etc.,  which 
they  inip<irted  from  India.  ,     .  .        .     , 

Sabellians  (sa-bel'i-anz).    1.  A  primitive  Ital- 
ian people  -nhich  included  the  Sabines,  Sam- 
nites,  Lueanians,  etc.— 2.  Followers  of  Sabel- 
lius.aphilosopher  of  the  3d  century.    Sabellianistn 
ar.ise  out  of  an  attempt  to  explain  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  on  philosophical  principles.  It  agrees  with  ortho- 
dox Trinitarianism  in  denying  the  subonlination  of  the 
Son  to  the  Father,  and  in  recognizing  the  divinity  mani- 
fested in  Christ  as  the  absolute  deity  ;  it  differs  thercfiom 
In  denying  the  real  personality  of  the  .Sin,  and  in  recog- 
nizing in  the  Father.  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit  not  a  real  and 
eternal  Trinity,  but  one  only  temporal  and  modalistic. 
According  t.i  Sabellianism.  with  the  cessation  of  the  mani- 
festation of  Christ  in  time  the  Son  also  ceases  to  be  the 
Son      It  is  nearly  allied  to  Modalism. 
Sabellius  (sa-bel'i-us).   Lived  at  the  end  of  the 
2d  and  the  beginning  of  the  3d  century  A.  D.    A 
Roman  presbyter,  founder  of  the  Sabellians.  He 
was  excommunicated  by  Bishop  Callistus. 
Sabians  (sa'bi-anz).     See  Maiidiraiis. 
Sabina  (sii-be'iiii).  La.     A  mountainous  region 
north-northeast  of  Kome. 
Sabina,  Poppaea.    See  roppmi  Sahiiw. 
Sabine  (sa-ben' ).    A  river  in  eastern  Texas,  and 
on  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and  Texas. 
It  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  Sabine 
Lake  and  Sabine  Pass.  Length,  about  :')00  miles. 
Sabine  (sab'iu).  Sir  Edward.     Born  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  14, 1788:  died  at  Richmond,  June  26,  1S,'*3. 
A  British  astronomer  an.l  physicist.    He  obtained 
a  commission  In  the  artillery  about  I8(tt  ;  acc.imiianie.l 
Ross  and  Parry'  »»  astrou.uncr  In  the  arctic  expediti.uis  of 
181i>-"0-  and  wim  prcsid.  Tit  of  the  Hritisb  Ass.iclallon  In 
ls5:i,  and  of  the  Koyal  Society  1801-71.     He  published  a 
number  of  valuable  papers  pertaining  to  terrestrlid  mag- 
netism In  the   •  Philosophical  Tnuisaetlons." 

Sabine  (sa'bin).  Lorenzo.    Born  at  I,isbon, 

N.  II..  Feb.  2S.  1S(I3:  die.l  Ajiril  14,  1877.  An 
Aiiierican  author  and  politician.  Whig  member 
or  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1S52-.53.  His 
works  Inclu.lc  a  "Life  of  IVeble"  (1847),  ••  m.igniphleal 
Skct.hes  of  the  I.oyallsts  of  the  American  Eevolutlou 

Sabine  Cross-Roads  (sa-bon'  krAs'rodz).     A 

place  in  Manstiel.l.  De  Soto  pansli,  northwest- 
ern Louisiana,  wliere.  .Xjiril  **,  1864,  the  Confed- 
erates uiuler  Taylor  defeated  the  Federals  un- 
der Banks.  -  ,,,        .         o 

Sabine  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  river  ba- 
biin',  on  the  bouiuhirv  between  Louismna  ami 
Texas,  near  the  (itilf  of  Mexico.  Length,  about 
IS  miles. 

Sabine  (sii'bin)  Mountains.  A  range  of  moun- 
tains east  of  Home,  near  the  eastern  border  of 


Sabine  Mountains 

Latinm.  It  is  a  branch  of  the  Apennines.  Its 
highest  point  is  about  4,200  feet. 

Safeine  Pass  (sa-ben'  pas).  A  short  and  narrow 
imssage  connecting  Sabine  Lake  with  the  Gulf 
(if  Jlexico. 

Sabines  (sa'binz),  L.  Sabini  (sa-bi'n3).  In  an- 
cient history,  a  people  of  central  Italy,  who 
lived  chiefly  in  the  mountains  north-northeast 
of  Rome.  They  were  allied  to  the  XJmbrians  and  Oscans. 
and  the  Saninites  were  descended  from  them.  They  formed 
an  important  element  in  the  composition  of  tile  Roman 
people.  The  rape  of  the  Sabine  women  is  a  notable  inci- 
dent in  the  legendary  history  of  early  Rome.  Romulus, 
finding  difficulty  in  obtaining  wives  for  the  men  who  had 
gathered  ai-ound  him  in  his  new  city,  is  said  to  have  in- 
vited the  neighboring  tribes  to  a  celebration  of  games, 
and  the  Roman  youths  took  occasion  to  carry  off  a  num- 
ber of  the  Sabine  virgins.  The  chief  town  of  the  Sabines 
w  lis  Reatf  (now  Rieti).  They  were  subjugated  by  the  Ro- 
mans abuut  liOu  B.  c. 

Sabines,  Bape  of  the.    See  if«j)c  of  the  SaUnes. 

Sabinum  (sa-bi'uum).  The  country  villa  of 
Horace,  situated  not  far  from  Tivoli:  celebrated 
ill  his  poetry. 

Sabis  (sa'bis).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Sambre. 

Sabl6  (sa-bla').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Sarthe  27  miles 
southwest  of  Le  Mans.  In  its  vicinity  are  quarries 
of  black  marble.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,047. 

Sable  (.'^a'bl).  Cape.  [F.  .softie,  sand.]  1.  The 
southwesternmost  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia,  in 
lat.  43°  23'  N.,  long.  65°  37'  W.— 2.  The  south- 
ernmost point  of  the  mainland  of  Florida  and 
of  the  United  States,  in  lat.  25°  8'  N. 

Sable  Island,  [F.  sofefe,  sand.]  A  sandy  island 
southeast  of  Nova  Scotia,  to  which  it  belongs : 
lat.  of  eastern  lighthouse  43°  58'  N.,  long.  59° 
46'  W.  It  is  surrounded  by  shoals  and  sand- 
banks.    Length,  about  45  miles. 

Sables  d'Olonne  (sa'bl  do-lon' ),  Les.  A  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Vendue,  France,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Biscay  21  miles  southwest  of  La- 
Roohe-sur-Yon.  it  has  considerable  trade  and  impor- 
tant fisheries :  it  is  a  summer  watering-place.  Population 
(18111),  commune.  11,657. 

Sabra  (sa'bra).  In  the  ancient  ballads  of  "St. 
George  and  the  Dragon,"  the  maiden  for  whom 
the  knight  slew  the  dragon,  and  whom  he  after- 
ward married. 

Sabrina  (sa-bri'na).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
river  Severn. 

Sabrina.  The  legendary  daughter  of  Loerine. 
She  was  drowned  in  the  river  Severn  (Savarina,  Sabrina), 
with  her  mother,  by  Locrine's  enraged  widow,  and  became 
its  nymph.  Milton  introduces  her  in  "  Comus,"  and  Drayton 
in  the  "Polyolbion  "  and  Fletcher  in  "The  Faithful  Shep- 
herdess "  relate  her  transformation. 

Sabrina  (sa-bre'na).  Atemporaryislandformed 
by  volcanic  eruptions  near  the  coast  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, Azores,  in  June,  1811.  It  disappeared 
July-Oet.,  1811. 

Sabrina  Land.  [Named  by  its  discoverer,  Bal- 
leny,  captain  of  an  English  whaler,  from  a  vessel 
which  accompanied  him.]  A  region  in  the  Ant- 
arctic Ocean,  about  lat.  66°  S.,  long.  120°  E. 

Sac  (sak).  [PL,  also  Sacs.']  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  who  anciently  lived  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ottawa  River,  and  were  driven  by 
the  Iroquoisfrom  that  regionto  settlein  northern 
Wisconsin.  They  united  with  the  Fox  tribe,  and  about 
17G5  took  possession  of  the  land  on  both  sides  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  conquered  from  the  Illinois.  In  1810  they 
held  a  large  territory  in  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and 
Missouri.  They  fought  against  the  United  States  in  1812, 
and  in  1832  a  part  of  the  tribe  led  by  Black  Hawk  rebelled, 
and  was  defeated  .and  removed.  Most  of  them  arenowin  the 
Indian  Territory,  their  whole  number,  together  with  the 
Foxes,  being  somewhat  less  than  1,000.  Their  name,  prop- 
erly Om<ji,  has  been  translated  as  '  people  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river,'  referring  to  their  early  habitat.    See  Algonqttian. 

Sacae  (sa'se).  In  ancient  history,  a  nomadic 
people  dwelling  iu  Central  Asia  near  the  sources 
of  the  Oxus  and  the  Jaxartes. 

Sacapa.     See  Zacapa. 

Sacaza  (sa-ka'tha),  Roberto.  Bom  at  Leon, 
Feb.  27, 1840.  A  Nicaraguan  politician.  He  was 
a  senator,  and  when  President  Carazo  died  (Aug.,  1889) 
was  chosen  by  lot,  according  to  the  constitution,  to  suc- 
ceed him  ad  interim.  By  (alleged)  arbitrarj-  measures  he 
obtained  the  position  of  constitution.al  president  for  four 
years  in  the  election  of  Nov.,  1890.  He  was  overthrown 
by  a  revolution.  May,  1893,  and  went  to  New  York. 

Saccas.     See  Ammoiiixs. 

Saccharissa  (sak-a-ris'ii).  A  lady  celebrated  by 
Waller  in  his  poems :  she  was  Lady  Dorothy 
Sydney. 

Sacer  Mons.    See  Sacred  Mount. 
Sa,cbeverell  (sa-shev'e-rel),  Henry.    Bom  at 

Marlborough,  England',  1672  :  died  at  London, 
June  5,  1724.  An  English  clergyman  and  Tory 
politician.  He  studied  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  associated  there  with  Addison,  with  whom  he 
shared  his  rooms.    He  came  into  notice  as  preacher  of  St. 


878 

Saviour's,  Sonthwark.  For  two  sermons  criticizing  the 
Whig  ministry,  preached  Aug.  14  and  Nov.  5,  1709,  he 
was  prosecuted  at  the  instigation  of  Godolphin.  and  March 
23, 1710.  suspended  for  three  years.  He  was  reinstated  by 
the  'Tory  ministry,  April  13,  1713. 
Sachs  f  ziiks),  Hans.  Bom  at  Nuremberg,  Nov. 
5,  1494:  died  there,  Jan.  19,  1576.  A  German 
poet,  the  most  celebrated  of  the  mastersingers, 
so  called.  His  father,  a  tailor,  sent  him  to  the  Latin 
school,  which  he  left  in  his  fifteenth  year  to  become  a 
shoemaker.  Two  years  later,  as  a  journeyman  of  his  trade, 
he  wandered  through  Germany,  studying,  when  the  op- 
portunity presented  itself  in  the  larger  cities,  the  art  of 
mastersong.  Four  years  afterwai-d,  in  1515,  he  returned 
to  Nuremberg,  where  he  married.  iu'1519,  and  where  he 
died.  He  was  a  most  prolific  writer.  From  1514,  when  lie 
began  to  write,  to  1567  he  had  by  his  own  computation 
composed  4,275  mastersongs,  208  dramas,  1,558  narratives, 
fables,  allegories,  and  the  like,  and  7  prose  dialogues  —  in 
all  6,048  works,  a  number  that  was  considerably  increased 
in  the  succeeding  two  years  of  his  literary  activity.  His 
dramas  are  tragedies,  comedies,  and  carnival  plays.  Among 
them  are  his  first  tragedies  '*  Lucretia  "  (1527)  and  "  Vir- 
ginia" (1530),  and  the  later  ones  ".lulian  der  Abtriin- 
nige"  (*' Julian  the  Apostate"),  "ilelusine,"  "Klytem- 
nestra,"  "Hiirnen  Seyfried "  ^"The  Horned  Siegfrietl," 
1557);  the  comedy  "Die  ungleichen  Kinder  Evil"  ("The 
Unlike  Children  of  Eve,"  1553) ;  the  carnival  play  "  Das 
Narrenschneiden,"  In  the  Reformation  he  arrayed  him- 
self on  the  side  of  Luther,  in  praise  of  whom  he  wrote,  in 
1523,  his  "  Wittenbergisch  Nachtigall  ("  Wittenberg  Night- 
ingale ") ;  from  l.'>24  are  4  prose  dialogues  counseling  mod- 
eration in  the  religious  strife.  His  literary  material  is 
drawn  from  all  available  sources  of  the  time :  he  makes  use 
of  the  Bible,  of  ancient  history,  legends,  popular  tales,  and 
folk-books.  He  was  a  real  poet,  and  llis  influence  upon 
German  literature  has  been  lasting.  A  selection  from  his 
works,  " Diehtungen  von  Hans  Sachs,"  was  published  at 
Leipsic,  1870-71,  in  3  vols.  A  new  edition  of  the  original 
one  by  Hans  Sachs  himself,  has  been  published  at  TUbin- 
gen,  1870-80,  in  12  vols. 

Sachsen  (zak'sen).  The  German  name  of 
Saxony. 

Sachsenchronik  (zak'sen-kro  "nik).  ['  Saxon 
Chi'onicle.']  A  universal  history,  written  origi- 
nally in  Low  German  in  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century.  It  was  attributed  to  Eike  von  Rep- 
gowe.     Also  called  "Repgauische  Chronik." 

Sachsenhausen  (zak'sen-hou-zen).  That  part 
of  Frankfort-on-the-Main  which  lies  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Main. 

Sachsenland.     See  Saxonland. 

Sachsenspiegel  (zak'sen-spe"gel).  [G.,  '  Saxon 
Mirror.']  A  German  book  of  law,  composed  by 
Eike  von  Repgowe  about  1230 :  widely  influen- 
tial in  northern  Germany  and  neighboring  lands 
down  to  modem  times,  it  was  written  in  Latin,  and 
was  soon  translated  into  German.  It  gives  a  summary  of 
the  laws  of  northern  Germany,  especially  of  the  duchy  of 
Saxony. 

Sacile  (sa-ohe'le).  [ML.  Sacilum.']  A  to-wn  in 
the  province  of  Udine,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Livenza  38  miles  north  by  east  of  Venice.  It  be- 
longed to  the  republic  of  Venice  1420-1797.  In  its  vicinity, 
in  1809,  a  victory  was  gained  by  the  Austrians  under  the 
archduke  John  over  the  French  under  F.ugtne  de  Beau- 
harnais.     Population  (ISSl),  commune,  5,326. 

Sack  (zak),  Karl  Heinrich.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  17,  1790 :  died  at  Poppelsdorf,  near  Bonn, 
Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1875.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian.  He  was  professor  of  theology  (1818-47)  and 
preacher  (1819-34)  at  Bonn,  and  consistorial  councilor  at 
Magdeburg  (1847-75).  He  wrote  "  Christliche  Apologetik '' 
(1829),  "  Christliche  Polemik"  (1838),  etc. 

Sackanoir.    See  Lakmhit. 

Sackarson  (sak'ar-son).  The  name  of  a  famous 
performing  bear  in  Shakspere's  time.  Slender 
mentions  him  to  Anne  Page,  and  there  are  other  refer- 
ences to  him. 

Sackatoo.    See  Sol-oto. 

Sacken,  Osten-.     See  Osten-Sncken. 

Sackett's  Harbor  (sak'ets  har'bor).  A  lake 
port  of  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  an  arm  of  Lake  Ontario  63  miles  north  of 
Syracuse.  It  was  formerly  an  important  naval  station. 
Here,  in  May,  1813,  the  .\mericans  under  Brown  repulsed 
an  attack  of  the  British  under  Prevost. 

Sack  of  Venezuela,  Sp.  Saco  de  Venezuela. 

A  name  often  given  to  Lake  Maracaibo,  from 
its  sack-shaped  outline. 

Sack'Ville  (sak'vil).  The  family  name  of  the 
English  noble  family  of  Dorset. 

Sack'Ville,  George,  Viscount  SaekviUe.  See 
Germain, 

Sack'Ville,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Buckhurst,  Sus- 
sex, 1.536:  died  at  London,  April  19,  1608.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  entered 
the  Inner  Temple.  He  was  for  many  years  one  of  Eliza- 
beth's chief  councilors,  holding  high  otfice.  He  was  made 
Lord  Buckhurst  in  1567,  and  earl  of  Dorset  at  the  accession 
of  James  I.  His  poems  were  the  models  for  some  of  Spenser's 
best  work,  and  his  induction  to  the  "  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates "  is  the  best  part  of  that  book.  He  wrote  with  Nor- 
ton the  tragedy  of  "  Gorboduc  "  (which  see). 

Sack'ville-West  (sak'vil-wesf),  Lionel  Saek- 
viUe, second  Baron  Sack'Ville.  Born  Jiilv 
19.  1827.  An  English  diplomatist,  British 
minister  to  the  United  States  1881-88.    He  re- 


Sacred  Way 

ceived  his  passports  from  President  Cleveland  in  1888  for 
having  written,  in  answer  to  a  correspondent  who  rep- 
resented himself  as  a  naturalized  citizen  of  English  birth 
in  search  of  advice,  a  letter  in  which  he  recommended  the 
inquu-er  to  vote  the  Democratic  ticket  as  favorable  to  Brit, 
ish  interests.  'Ehe  incident  occurred  during  the  presidential 
canvass. 

Saco  (sa'ko).  A  river  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine,  it  rises  in  the  White  Mountains,  traverses  the 
White  Mountain  Notch,  and  flows  into  the  ocean  14  mUes 
southwest  of  Portland.    Length,  about  160  miles. 

Saco.  A  city  in  York  County,  Maine,  situated 
on  the  Saco  near  its  mouth,  opposite  Biddeford, 
16  miles  southwest  of  Portland.  It  has  coast- 
ing trade,  cotton  manufactures,  etc.  Popula- 
tion (1900).  6.122. 

Saco  (sa'ko),  Jose  Antonio.     Born  at  Bayamo, 

•May  7.  1797:  died  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Sept. 
26.  1879.  A  Cuban  publicist  and  author.  Part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  exile  for  political  reasons :  he  was 
several  times  deputy  to  the  Spanish  Cortes.  Saco  is  best 
known  for  his  important  works  on  the  history  and  effects 
of  slavery. 

Saco  Bay.  A  small  indentation  on  the  coast  of 
Maine,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Saco  River. 

Sacramento  (sak-ra-men'to).  [Sp.,  'sacra- 
ment.'] The  largest  river  in  California,  its 
longest  head  stream,  the  Pitt  River,  or  Upper  Sacramento, 
rises  in  Goose  Lake  on  the  Oregon  frontier.  The  Sacra- 
mento proper  rises  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Shasta,  flows 
generally  south,  enters  Suisun  Bay,  and  through  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  enters  the  Pacific.    Length,  nearly  500  miles. 

Sacramento,  or  Sacramento  City.  A  city,  the 
capital  of  California  and  of  Sacramento  County, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  American  and 
Sacramento  rivers,  in  lat.  38°  33'  N.,  long.  121° 
20'  W.  It  is  the  fourth  city  in  the  State,  exports  fruit, 
has  extensive  manufactures,  and  is  a  railway  center.  Its 
chief  building  is  the  State  capitol.  Sacnmiento  was  set- 
tled by  J.  A.  Sutter  in  1841.  Gold  was  discovered  in  the 
neightiorhood  in  1848,  It  became  the  capital  in  1S54,  and 
was  made  a  city  in  1863.  It  has  been  several  times  de- 
vastated by  floods.    Population  (1900),  29, '282. 

Sacred  and  Profane  Love.  A  painting  by 
Titian,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome.  The 
scene  is  a  g;u"den.  By  a  fountain  sit  two  women,  one  nude, 
the  other  richly  dressed.  The  former  funis  her  head  to 
see  Cupid  playing  in  the  water ;  the  latter  turns  her  back 
on  Love. 

Sacred  Band,  The.  1.  A  band  of  300  Thebans 
formed  to  take  part  in  the  wars  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury B.  C.  against  Sparta.  It  was  especially  distin- 
guished at  Leuctra  in  371  B.  c,  and  was  destroyed  at  Chse- 
ronea  in  338  B.  o. 

2.  A  company  of  several  hundred  Greeks, 
formed  in  1821  by  Alexander  Ypsilauti  for  ser- 
■vice  in  the  Danubian  Principalities  against  the 
Turks.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  battle  of  Dragat- 
chan  in  1821. 

Sacred  Mount,  L.  Mons  Sacer.  A  hill  3  miles 
northeast  of  Rome,  beyond  the  Anio.  it  is  noted 
in  Roman  history  as  the  place  of  temporary  emigrations  of 
the  plebeians,  undertaken  in  order  to  extort  civil  privi. 
leges.  The  first  (494  ('?)  B.  c.)  led  to  the  establishment 
of  the  tribunate :  the  second  (449  B.  0.)  resulted  in  the 
abolition  of  the  decemvirate. 

Sacred  Nine,  The.    The  Muses. 

Sacred  Wars.  In  Greek  history,  wars  under- 
taken by  members  of  the  Amphictyonie  League 
in  defense  of  the  shrine  of  Delphi.  There  were 
fonrof  these  wars.  (1)  In  OIO-.'.OOB,  c.  (596-686?) :  the  Am- 
phictyons  overthrew  Orissa  and  Cirrha.  (2)  About  448  B.  c. ; 
Athens  aided  the  Phocians  in  recovering  Delphi,  (3)  In 
357-346  B.  c.  :  the  Phocians,  at  first  successful  against  the 
Thebans,  Locrians,  etc.,  were  overthi-own  by  the  aid  of 
Philip  of  Macedon,  who  joined  the  allies  in  3,'j2  ;  Phocis 
was  replaced  by  Philip  in  the  League.  (4)  In  839-33S  B.  c. : 
the  Amphictyons  appointed  Philip  to  punish  the  Locrians 
of  Amphissa  for  sacrilege:  his  successes  led  to  the  union 
of  Athens  and  Thebes  against  him  and  their  defeat  at 
Cha'ronea  in  338. 

Sacred  Way.  1.  The  ancient  road  from  Athens 
to  Eleusis,  starting  at  the  Dipylon  Gate  and 
traversing  the  Pass  of  Daphne.  Over  it  passed 
every  autumn  from  Athens  the  solemn  procession  for  the 
celebration  in  the  shrine  of  the  great  Eleusinian  sanctuary 
of  the  mysteries  in  honor  of  Demeter,  Persephone,  and 
lacchus.  For  almost  its  whole  length  it  was  bordered 
with  tombs,  chapels,  and  even  more  important  founda- 
tions. At  the  outset  of  the  road  a  number  of  the  tombs 
remain  in  place,  practically  uninjured.  (See  Ceramicus.) 
Further  along  the  modern  road  to  Eleusis,  whose  line  is 
almost  identical  with  that  of  the  Sacred  Way,  many  archi- 
tectural  fragments  are  still  visiljle,  and  some  can  be  iden- 
tified from  the  descriptions  of  Pausanias.  In  the  middle 
of  the  Pass  of  Daphne  rises  beside  the  road  a  monastery 
which  exhibits,  in  contrast  with  its  Byzantine  architecture, 
some  remnants  of  French  Pointed  work.  It  was  founded 
by  the  French  dukes  of  Athens,  and  contains  their  tombs, 
but  occupies  the  site  of  a  temple  to  Apollo.  Further  on, 
toward  the  Bay  of  Salamis,  there  are  considerable  remains 
of  a  sanctuary  to  Aphrodite. 

2.  [L.  Via  Sacra.]  The  first  street  of  ancient 
Rome  to  be  established  on  the  low  ground  be- 
neath the  hills.  It  had  its  name  either  because  on  its 
line,  according  to  tradition,  Romulus  made  his  treaty  with 
the  Sabine  chief  Tatius,  or  because  on  it  lay  several  of 
the  oldest  and  most  revered  sanctuaries  of  Rome,  as  the 
temple  of  Vesta  and  the  Regia.  It  liegan  at  the  Clivns 
Capitolinus  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Forum  Romanum, 


I 


Sacred  Way 

and  ran  along  the  southern  side  of  the  Forura.  past  the 
Basilica  Julia  and  the  temple  of  Castor  anil  I'ollux  ;  then 
It  turned  at  right  angles  and  crossed  tile  Forum,  and 
turned  again  to  skirt  the  northern  side  of  the  temple 
of  Julius  Caisar.  It  continue<l  in  fi-ont  ol  the  temple  of 
Antoninus  and  Faustina  and  the  basilica  of  Constautine 
to  the  arch  of  Titus.  Under  the  empire  it  was  extended 
hence  past  the  Colosseum  to  a  point  on  the  E^quilinc. 
The  lava  pavement  of  the  Via  Sacra,  as  it  now  exists,  is 
almost  all  late  in  date ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the  course 
of  the  Sacred  Way  was  slightly  altered  from  time  to  time 
to  meet  architectural  exigencies. 

Sacrificial  Stone.  The  stone  on  whieli  luimaii 
victims  were  sacrificed  before  the  war-got! 
Hiiitzilopochtli,  in  the  principal  Aztec  temple 
at  Slexico.  it  was  dug  up  near  the  site  of  the  temple 
in  17iH,  and  is  now  in  the  ilexican  national  museum. 
The  stone  is  disk-shaped.  8 J  feet  in  diameter  and  2; 
leet  thick.  The  sides  are  covered  with  elaborate  sculp- 
tures. 

Sacripant  (sak'ri-pant).  1.  A  character  in  the 
"Orlando  Innainorato"  of  Boiardo  and  the 
"Orlando  Furioso"  of  Ariosto. — 2.  A  charac- 
ter in  Tasso's  "  Secehia  Rapita." 

SacriportUS  (sak-ri-p6r'tns).  In  ancient  greog- 
raphy,  a  locality  in  Latium,  Italy,  near  Pnc- 
neste.  Here,  in  82  B.  c,  Sulla  decisively  de- 
feated the  forces  of  the  younger  Marius. 

Sacsahnana  (siik-sii-wa'iia),  or  Sacsahuaman 

(siik-sa-wa'miin).  A  hill  and  ancient  fortress, 
northwest  of  and  overlooking  the  city  of  Cuz- 
co,  Peru.  The  hill  is  a  terrace  of  higher  mountains, 
and  is  so  steep  as  to  be  practically  un:is6ailal>!e  on  the  side 
toward  the  city,  where  it  is  but  slightly  defended.  The 
principal  works  face  the  other  way,  inclosing  a  proje<-t- 
ing  portion  of  the  terrace.  They  consist  of  three  walls, 
each  1,800  feet  li>ng,  rising  one  behind  the  other  and  sup- 
porting artiflcia!  terraces,  which  were  defended  by  para- 
pets. The  walls  are  built  with  salient  and  reentering  an- 
gles, thus  embodying  a  principle  of  modern  fortitlcation  : 
counting  from  the  outer  one,  they  are  respectively  27,  IS, 
and  14  feet  high.  They  are  formed  of  immense  irregular 
limestone  blocks,  fltted  together  with  great  skill  (see  the 
quotation)  ;  some  of  these  were  evidently  taken  from 
ijuarries  three  quarters  of  a  mile  distant.  There  are  sub- 
sidiary structures,  and  the  place  was  artificially  supplied 
with  water.  These  works  arc  commoidy  called  the  for- 
tress of  the  Incas  or  of  Cuzco.  Garcilasso  {followed  by 
S<iuier)  says  that  they  were  built  by  the  later  Incas, 
and  even  names  the  engineer.  Most  modern  arcbreoli.- 
gists  now  assign  them  to  the  jire-Incarial  period,  and  they 
are  supposed  to  be  coeval  with  the  structures  at  Tiahua- 
nucup*ee  that  iifime  and  Piruax).  Wlien  Inca  Mauco  be- 
sieged the  Spaniards  in  Cuzco  (April,  15,30),  he  seized  this 
fortress,  and  the  Indians  were  dislodged  only  after  a  fierce 
battle. 

The  work  is  altogether  without  doubt  the  grandest 
specimen  of  the  style  called  Cyclopean  extant  in  America. 
The  outer  wall,  as  I  have  said,  is  heaviest.  Each  salient 
terminates  in  an  immense  block  of  stone,  sometimes  as 
high  as  the  terrace  which  it  supports,  but  generally  sus- 
taining one  or  more  great  stones  only  less  in  size  than  it- 
self. One  of  these  stones  is  27  feet  high,  14  broad,  and  I'l 
in  thickness.  Stones  of  15  feet  in  length,  12  in  width,  and 
10  in  thickness  are  common  in  the  outer  walls. 

E.  (?.  S(piiir,  Peru,  p.  471. 

Bacy  (sa-se'),  Baron  Silvestre  de  (Antoine 

Isaac  Silvestre).  Born  at  Paris,  Hept.  21 ,  17.")8 : 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  21,  1838.  A  French  Orien- 
talist. He  became  professor  of  Tt-rsian  at  the  CulK-ge 
de  France  in  1806.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Kuropean 
study  of  Arabic.  Among  his  works  are  "( Jrammaire  ami'e  " 
(1810),  "Chre8tomathiearabe"(18no:  revised  cd,  ls2(i-:)l), 
'*  I'rincipes  de  la  grannnaire  g(5nerale  "  (17!'!').  *^tc* 

Sacy,  Samuel  Ustazade  Silvestre  de.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1801:  died  Feb.  14,  1879.  A 
French  publicist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  son 
of  Baron  Silvestre  <lo  Sacy. 

Sad  (sad).  ■  [Ar..sY('rf,  a  lucky  star.]  The  name 
given  on  some  maps  to  the  third-magnitude 
star  7  Pegasi.     The  full  name  is.SV/(?-«(«(or. 

S4  da  Bandeira  (sii  d;i  ijau-da'rii),  Bernardo 

de.  Born  at  Santarem,  Portugal,  Sept.  'Jfi. 
17!),'):  died  Jan.  0,  187G.  A  P()rtugu<'s('  politi- 
cian and  general.  lie  took  part  in  the  insurrections 
<)f  Is'JO  and  1846 ;  was  several  times  minister  (of  war  or  of 
marititO:  and  was  premier  186.'i,  1808-09.  and  1870. 

Sadacnbiah  (siid-ak-be'yjl).  [Ar.  sa'(l-(il-<ih- 
liiijii,  the  lucky  (star)  of  tlie  hidden  creatures  — 
'•  iiecause  when  it  appears  the  earthwcirms  creep 
out  of  their  holes"  {Smyth).']  The  fourth-mag- 
nitude star  y  Aquarii. 

Sadah  (se-de').  The  name  of  the  tenth  day  of 
the  month  Bahmaii :  a  fire  festival  on  which 
the  Persian  kings  liglited  fires  and  attadied 
burning  wisps  to  the  feet  of  birds.  Firdnusl  as- 
cribes the  festival  and  its  name  to  Hushang,  the  king  who 
struck  a  spark  In  hurling  a  stone  at  a  demon,  and  so  dfs. 
covered  tlri'. 

Sadalmelik  (siid-al-mel'lk).  [Ar.  sn'il-nl-melik, 
the  lucky  (star)  of  the  king.]  The  third-mag- 
nitude star  n  Aquarii. 

Sadalsuud  (siid-al-sii-od'  or  sad-al-s8d').  PAr. 
Mi'il-iis-sii'iUt,  tlie  luckiest  of  the  lucky.]  The 
third-raagnittide  star  ,i  Aquarii. 

Sadatoni  (sad-a-to'ni).  [Ar.,  corrupted  from 
(Wirt'(-n/-'i««n.]  The  fourth-magnitude  starC Au- 
rigoB. 


879 

Saddleback  (sad'1-bak).  A  mountain  in  Chim- 
lii-rlaud,  England,  5  miles  northeast  of  Keswick. 
Height.  2,S47  feet. 

Saddleback  Mountain.  A  mountain  in  Frank- 
lin C'ountv,westiiu  Maine.  Height,  about  4,000 
feet. 

Saddle  (sad'l)  Mountain.  A  mountain  of  the 
Taconic  range  in  Berkshire  County,  northwest- 
ern Massachusetts.  Its  chief  peak  (tireylock) 
is  o. (>;!.")  feet  high. 

Sadducees(sad'u-sez).  A  religious  and  political 
party  in  Judea  in  the  last  centuries  of  its  exis- 
tence as  a  .Jewish  state.  They  were  the  rivals  of  the 
Pharisees.  'I'he  name  is  probably  derived  frnm  Zadok,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  parly.  The  Sadducees  were  recruited 
fi'<»m  among  the  aristocracy  and  the  wealthy  class,  anil 
formed  the  following  of  the  llasnionean  princes.  From 
them  the  otllcers  of  the  strife  and  army  were  taken.  Con- 
trary to  the  Pharisees,  they  placed  secular  interests  above 
tliose  of  religion.  They  did  not  absolutely  reject  the  tra- 
dition and  the  oral  law.  but  considered  only  the  ordinances 
which  ni>peared  clearly  expressed  in  the  I'entateuch  as 
binding,  regarding  the  traditional  precepts  as  siibijrdinate. 
In  like  manner  they  diil  not  exactly  deny  the  immortality 
of  the  soul,  hut  repudiated  the  idea  id  judgment  after 
death.  Owing  to  this  tenet  and  to  their  literal  interpreta- 
tion of  the  Mosaic  code,  they  were  very  rigonius  in  the 
admirdstration  of  Justice.  In  the  last  struggle  of  Judea 
for  independence,  the  Sadducees  mostly  sided  with  Home. 
After  the  fail  of  Jerusalem,  they  vanish  from  liistoiy. 

Si  de  Miranda  (sii  do  me-riin'da),  Francisco 

de.    Born  at  Coimbra,  Portugal,  Oct.  27,  1495: 
tlicil  at  C^oimljra.  March  l.'j,  1558.   A  Portuguese 
and  Spanish  poet,  writer  of  comedies.  l>ucfilics, 
and  epistles. 
Sad  Fortunes  of  the  Reverend  Amos  Barton, 

The.  A  story  by  (Jeorge  Eliot.  It  first  appeared 
in  "Blackwood's  ilagazine  "  for  .Tan.  and  Feb.,  18r»7,  and 
was  afterward  included  in  ''.Scenes  of  Clerical  Life." 

Sadi  (sa-de').  [Eers.  iSa'df.]  One  of  the  most 
celebrated  Persian  poets.  His  real  name  was  shaikh 
Muslihu.'d-I>in,  Sadi  being  a  nom  de  plume  said  to  be 
taken  from  the  king  Sad  ben  Zangi,  and  so  meaning  *the 
Sadyan.'  He  was  lx)rn  and  died  at  Sliiiaz.,  and  lived,  it  is 
sai(i,  11S)0-1291  A.  ]>.;  hut  there  is  great  uncertainty  as  to 
these  dates,  aa  also  with  regard  to  many  statements  con- 
cerning his  life.  He  is  said  to  Iiave  been  educated  at 
Ilagdad,  to  have  made  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  15  times, 
and  to  have  traveled  in  parts  of  Europ<-  and  in  all  thecoim- 
tries  between  Barbary  and  India.  Wiien  near  Jerusalem 
ho  w:is  captured  by  the  Crusailers  and  forced  to  work 
upon  the  fortifications  of  Tripoli,  but  was  ransomed  by 
a  citizen  of  Aleppo,  sometimes  described  as  a  chief,  some- 
times as  a  merchant,  who  married  him  to  a  beautiful  but 
tennagant  daughter.  After  her  death  he  married  again 
and  unhappily.  His  son  anti  daughter  were  children  of 
the  first  wife.  The  son  diecl  in  infancy;  the  daughter 
lived  to  become  the  wife  of  the  poet  Ilaflz.  Sadi  is  hon- 
ored as  a  saint,  and  his  tomb  near  shiraz  is  still  visited. 
Rewrote  many  works  in  both  prose  and  verse  and  in  both 
Arabic  and  Persian,  and  Garcin  de  Tassy  declares  that  he 
was  the  first  poet  who  wrote  in  Hindustani.  Among  his 
writings  are  a  divan,  or  collection  of  odes,  the  "fiulistan  " 
('*  Kose-Garden"),  "  I'.ustan  "  ("  Tree-Garden  "),  and  "  I'and- 
namah,"  or  "Uook  of  Counsel."  (See  Giditrtan^  liuxtait.) 
Elegance,  simplicity,  and  wit  are  Sadi's  chief  merits.  The 
first  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  tltat  of  Flan  ington 
(Calcutta,  1791-95).  The  "Oulistan,"  first  edited  with  a 
Latin  translation  by  Gentius  (Amsterdam,  1651),  has  been 
translated  into  English  by  Eastwick  in  Triibner's  Oriental 
Series:  the  "  Bustan  "  by" Davie  (London,  1882). 

Sadi-Carnot.     See  ( 'uniot,  Marie  Friini;oix  Sadi. 

Sadir  (sii'der),  or  Sad'r  (sjl'dr).  [Ar.  al-sadr, 
t  he  breast.]  The  second-magnitude  star}  Cygni. 

Sadira  (sad'e-ril).  [At.  al-iia'aim  al-cdijinili, 
the  ostrich  returning  from  water  (willi  refer- 
ence to  an  old  Oriental  constellation).]  Tlie 
second-magnitude  star  a  Sagittarii.  it  is  now 
probably  much  brighter  than  when  Bayer  assigned  the 
tireek  letters  to  the  stars  of  this  constellation. 

Sadler  fsad'hr),  sir  Ralph.  Biu'n  at  Hackney, 
1507:  died  at  Slandoii.  Herts,  England,  March 
:iO,  1587.  An  Englisli  statesman.  While  a  child 
he  entereil  the  service  <(f  I'homas  Cromwell,  eat  1  of  Essex. 
Essex  introdueeii  1dm  to  the  notice  of  lletiry  VI II.,  whom 
ho  as><isteit  in  the  dissolution  of  the  monasti'Hes.  He  vis. 
ited  Scotland  15atMo  and  ir>41,  and  in  l.'i4*J  was  sent  to  ne- 
gotiate a  marriage  between  Edward,  julnco  of  \\"ale.s,and 
the  young  queen  Mary  of  Setitlancl.  He  was  ktdgbted  in 
1543.  In  1547  he  was  appointed  by  Henry's  will  a  coiui- 
cllor  to  tho  16  niibles,  guardians  of  Edward  VI.  During 
the  reign  of  Mary  he  lived  retired  at  Hackney.  On  the  ac- 
cession  of  Elizalieth  (155H)  ho  becante  member  of  Parlia- 
ment  for  the  county  of  Hertford  and  ft  privy  councilor. 
In  16S4  ho  was  keeper  of  .\laiy  tiucen  of  Scots  at  Tutbury 
Castle.  The  letters  and  negotiations  of  Sir  Italph  Sadler 
were  published  In  ITMt,  and  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  In  1809. 

Sado  (sil'do).  An  island  of  Japan,  west  of  the 
main  island,  in  the  Sea  of  Japan,  in  lat.  38°  N. 
Eengtli,  57  miles. 

Sadowa  (sil'd6-vil).  A  village  near  Kiiniggriitz, 
HoluMnia.  Its  namo  is  froouontly  given  to  the  battle 
comniotily  known   as  the   battle  of   Kotdggratz  (which 

sell. 

Sad  Shepherd,  The.  A  pastoral  drama  by  Ben 
.lonson,  published  piisthumouslv  in  1CA\.  It  Is  a 
tale  of  Ilobin  Hood,  ami  was  left  unfinished.  It  was  fin- 
Inhed  by  H'.  II.  Waldron  in  17s:i. 

Si  e  Benevides  (sii  e  be-ne-ve'des),  Salvador 

OorrSa  de.  Honiat  Kiode  Janeiro,  l.'dM:  liieil 
at  Lisbon,  Jan.  1,  1088.    A  Portuguese  soldier 


Sage  of  Monticello,  The 

and  administrator.  He  was  prominent  in  the  war' 
with  the  Dutch  and  Indians  in  Brazil ;  governed  the  cap- 
taincy of  Rio  de  Janeiro  (10;t7-42),  and  the  tliree  captain- 
cies composing  Southern  I'.razil  (1648-52) ;  and  during  the 
latter  period  recovered  from  the  Dutch  the  colony  of 
Angola  in  Africa.  F'rom  1658  to  16«U  he  was  again  gov. 
ernor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  or  Southern  Brazil,  then  a  sepa- 
rate colony. 

Ssemund  (sa'mond),  surnamed  "hinn  frodhi" 
(•The  Learned').  Bom  about  1055:  died  1133. 
An  Icelandic  scholar,  long  erroneously  reputed 
to  be  the  author  of  the  "  Elder"  or  "Ssemund's" 
Edda.     See  £(/(/«. 

Saenz  Pena  (sii'anth  p!in'y!i).Luls.  Born  about 
1830.  An  Argentine  jurist  and  politician.  He 
was  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Argentine  Republic  for  the  term  beginning 
net.  12,  1892.     Heresigned  ,lali.  21,  1805. 

Saetersdal  (sa'ters-dUl).  A  valley  in  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Norway,  north  of  Chris- 
tiansand.     Length,  about  148  miles. 

Safed  (sii'fed).  A  city  in  Palestine,  situated 
on  the  southern  promontory  of  the  Jebl  Safed 
(Mountain  of  Naphtali),  which  inclosed  the 
Meron  valley.  In  the  Jerusalem  Talmud  it  is  referred 
to  as  one  of  the  holy  cities  of  Palestine.  Safed  played  a 
partduring  tlu- strngglesof  theCrusailes.  It  experienced 
many  eartluiuakes,  the  last  of  which  occurred  tui  New 
Year's  day,  1837,  when  5,000  inhabitants  were  buried  un- 
der tho  ruins.  It  now  contains  aljout  25, (KX)  iidiabitants, 
most  of  whom  arc  Jews,  .\mong  its  ruins  is  a  medieval 
castle,  oval  it)  plan,  with  a  huge  quadrangular  keep  in  the 
middle:  founded  in  the  12th  century  by  the  Crusaders,  and 
rebuilt  in  the  13th  by  the  Templars. 

Safed  Koh  (ko),  or  Suffeed  Koh,  etc.    A  range 

of  inouTitainsin  eastern  x\fghanistan,  southeast 
iif  Kabul.     Height,  about  14.000-15,000  feet. 

Saffarids  (saf'a-ridz),  or  Soflfarids  (sof'a-ridz). 
A  Mohammeilan  dynasty  which  reigned  in 
Persia  in  the  latter  part  of  the  9th  century. 

Saffi.     See  Safi. 

Saffis.     See  Sufis. 

Safford  (saf'ford),  Truman  Henry.  Bom  at 
Roviilton,  Vt.,  Jan.  C,  ]S3(;:  died  at  Newark, 
\.  J..  June  13.  1901.  An  American  astronomer 
and  mathematician.  He  became  professor  of  a.stron- 
omy  at  the  Vniversity  of  Chicago  in  18(i5,  and  at  M'illiams 
Ctdlege  in  1876.    His  works  include  star-catalogues,  etc. 

Saffron  Walden  (saf'ron  wal'dn).  A  town  in 
Essex,  England,  situated  near  the  Cam  38 
miles  north-northeast  of  London.  Ithasaniined 
castle.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Gabriel  Harvey,  and  as 
such  was  made  famous  by  the  lampoon  of  Nashe.  "Haue 
with  you  to  Satfrt>n  Walden,  or  Gabriel  Harvey's  Hand  is 
up,"  written  in  1596.     Population  (18!II),  6,104. 

Safi  (sii'fe).  or  Saffi  (siif'fe),  or  Asfi  (fis'fe). 
A  seaport  of  Morocco,  situated  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  102  miles  west-northwest  of  Morocco. 
Population,  9,000. 

Safor.     See  Shaliinir, 

Safvet  Pasha  (sii' vet  pash'fi).  Mehemet.  Born 
at  Constantinoi)le  about  1815:  died  there,  Nov. 
17,  18S3.  A  Tui'kish  statesman.  As  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  he  signed  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  March 
3,  1878.    He  was  grand  vizir  June-Dec,  1878. 

Saga(s&'gii).  A  seaport  and  commercial  center 
in  the  island  of  Kinsiu,  Japan,  about  74  miles 
northeast  of  Nagasaki. 

Sagan  (/.ii'gjin).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bober  82  miles 
northwest  of  Breshiu.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  media- 
tized principality  of  Sagan.  It  was  formerly  a  posseaaloii 
of  Wallensteln.     Population,  12,6-23. 

Sagar  (sil-gur').  Asaci-ed  island  of  the  Hindus, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Hugli. 

Sagar  (sii-gur'},  or  Saugur  (sA-gur').  or  Saugor 

(sa-gor').  1.  A  district  in  the  Ciiiti'al  Prov- 
inces, British  Inilia,  interseeteil  by  lat.  24°  N., 
long.  78° 40' E.  Area.  4,007  si|Uai'e"  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  ,591,743.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Sagar,  situated  about  lat.  23°50'N.,. 
long.  78'45'  E.     Population  (I801),  44,074. 

Sagara  (sii-gii'rii),  orWasagara  (wii-sli-gii'rii), 

or  Sagala  (sii-gii'lii).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  (German 
East  Africa,  dwelling  in  a  mountainous  and 
fertile  region  bordering  on  Uzegua,  Ugogo,  and 
^fasailand.  They  vary  in  stature  and  color,  and  have  a 
tribal  mark  tattooed  on  their  temples.  They  live  In  con- 
stant fear  of  attack.  Isagara  is  the  name  of  the  cimntry, 
KiBagarathi*of  the  language.  The  Wainegi  area  sublrlbc. 
French  ami  English  missions  are  at  work  in  rsagars. 

Sagasta  (sii-giis'tii),  Praxedes  Mateo.   Born 

July  21,  1827:  died  Jan.  5,  1903.  A  Spanish 
liberal  statesiuan.  He  took  part  intheiuisuceeasful 
Insurrections  of  ls.'iO  and  1SC.6;  was  minister  of  the  inte- 
rlor  In  the  provisional  g,>vernment  i>l  18«s,  and  president 
of  the  Cortes  In  1871  ;  and  was  premier  In  IW'J,  1874, 
1KS1-8:I^  ]8H.',.fio.  1W);|-9S.  1897-99,  nnil  March,  1901-W. 
Sage,  Le.     See  f.r  SiKir. 

Sage  of  Concord,  The.    Palph  Waldo  Emer- 

scin  :  lie  rcsiilecl  at  Coiii'ord.  Massnchnselts. 
Sage  of  Monticello.  The.     Thomas  JelTerson: 
I'rom  his  country  resilience  at  Monticello,  Vir- 
ginia. 


Sage  of  Samos,  The 

Sage  of  Samos,  The.     Pythagoras. 

Saghalin,  or  Saghalien  (sa-ga-len').     [Also 

^iakhalin ;  Jap.  Karaftu  or Kaiafu to.']  An  island 
belonging  to  Russia,  in  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  east 
of  Siberia  (separated  by  the  Gulf  of  Tatary) 
and  north  of  Yezo,  Japan  (separated  by  the 
Strait  of  La  Perouse).  It  is  traversed  by  mountain- 
ranges.  The  climate  is  cold.  The  inhabitants  are  Rus- 
sians, Ainos,  Gilyaks,  Oroks.  andJapanese.  It wascededt'v 
Japan  to  Russia  in  1875.  Latterly  it  has  been  used  as  a 
convict  station.  Length.  670  miles.  Area,  24.560  square 
miles.     Population,  about  16,000. 

Sag  Harbor  (sag  har'bor).  A  seaport  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Suffolk  County,  Long  Island,  New 
York,  situated  on  Gardiner's  Bay  92  miles  east 
by  north  of  New  York.  Pop.  (1900),  1,969. 

Saginaw  (sag'i-na).  A  river  in  Michigan  which 
flows  into  Saginaw  Bay.  It  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Flint,  Shiawassee,  Cass,  and  Titta- 
bawassee. 

Saginaw.  A  city,  capital  of  Saginaw  County, 
iliehigan,  situated  on  Saginaw  River  98  miles 
northwest  of  Detroit.  It  is  a  railway  center  and  river 
port,  and  has  extensive  sawmills  and  various  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1900),  42,345. 

Saginaw,  East.     See  East  Saginatc. 

Saginaw  Bay.  The  largest  arm  of  Lake  Hu- 
ron on  the  United  States  side.  It  penetrates 
about  60  miles  into  Jlichigan. 

Sagitta  (sa-jit'ii).  [L.,' an  arrow.']  An  Insig- 
nificant but  very  ancient  northern  constella- 
tion, the  Arrow,  placed  between  Aquila  and  the 
bill  of  the  Swan.  It  is,  roughly  speaking,  in  a  line  with 
the  most  prominent  stars  of  Sagittarius  and  Centaurus, 
with  which  it  may  originally  have  been  conceived  to  be 
connected.     Also  called  Alahance. 

Sagittarius  (saj-i-ta'ri-us).  [L.,  'the  archer.'] 
A  southern  zodiacal  constellation  and  sign,  the 
Archer,  representing  a  centaur  (originally 
doubtless  some  Babylonian  divinity)  drawing 
a  bow.  The  constellation  is  situated  east  of  Scorpio,  and 
is,  especially  in  the  latitudes  of  the  southern  United  .States, 
a  prominent  object  on  summer  evenings.  The  symbol  of 
the  constellation  (  f  )  shows  the  Archer's  arrow  and  part  of 
the  bow. 

Sagittary  (saj'i-ta-ri).  A  monster  described 
in  medieval  romances  of  the  Trojan  war  as  a 
teiTible  archer,  a  centaur  armed  with  a  bow.  His 
eyes  of  tire  struck  men  dead.  The  allusion  in  Shaksperes 
"  Othello  "  i.  1  is  conjectured  by  Knight  to  be  to  the  othcial 
residence  at  the  .Arsenal  in  Venice. 

Sago  fsii'go),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Characters  in  Mrs. 
Centli\Te's  comedy  "The  Basset-Table."  Mrs. 
Sago,  an  ambitious  woman,  proud  of  her  intimacy  with 
Lady  Reveller,  and  with  a  passion  for  gaming,  is  in  love 
with  Sir  James  Courtly,  and  deceives  Sago,  the  druggist, 
her  doting  husband. 

Sagon  (sa-gon'),  Francois.  See  the  extract. 
Among  the  idlest  but  busiest  literary  quarrels  of  the  cen- 
tury —  a  century  fertile  in  such  things  —  was  that  between 
Marot  and  a  certain  insignificant  person  named  Frantjois 
Sagon,  abelatedr/i'''(o/Tjwewr,  who  found  some  otherrhym- 
ers  of  the  same  kind  to  support  hira.  One  of  Marot's 
best  things,  an  answer  of  which  his  servant,  Fripelipes,  is 
supposed  to  be  the  spokesman,  came  of  the  quarrel ;  but 
of  the  other  contributions,  not  merely  of  the  principals, 
but  of  their  followers,  the  ilarotiqu^g  and  Sagontiques, 
nothing  survives  in  general  memory,  ordeserves  to  survive. 
Saintsbury.  French  Lit.,  p.  176. 

Sagori  (sa-g6'ri),  orZagore  (zii-go're).  Asmall 
town  north  of  the  Sea  of  Janina,  Albania :  cap- 
ital of  a  small  state  having  a  constitution  of 
its  ovra 

Sagoskin.    See  ZagosMn. 

Sagras  (sa'gras).  In  ancient  geography,  a  small 
river  in  Bruttium,  southern  Italy,  flowing  into 
the  Mediterranean  north  of  Locri  (identifieation 
uncertain):  noted  for  the  victory  gained  near 
it  by  the  Locrians  over  the  forces  of  Croton  in 
the  6th  century  B   c. 

Sagres  (sa'gres).  A  small  seaport  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Portugal,  near  Cape  St. 
Vincent.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  Prince  Henry  the 
Navigator,  who  erected  there  an  observatory,  and  directed 
thence  his  exploring  e.Tpeditions, 

Sagnache  (sa-wach'  i,  or  Sawatch,  Bange.  A. 
range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  central  (Colo- 
rado, southwest  of  Denver  and  west  of  the  upper 
course  of  the  Arkansas.  It  contains  several  peaks 
over  14,000  feet  high,  including  Mount  Harvard  and  the 
Mountain  of  the  Holy  Cross. 

Saguenay  (sag-e-na')-  A  river  in  the  province 
of  Quebec.  Canada,  it  traverses  Lake  St.  John,  and 
joins  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Tadousac,  about  115  miles  north- 
east of  Quebec.  In  its  lower  course  (from  Ha  Ha  Bay)  it 
isof  great  depth,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  scenery.  Length 
from  Lake  St.  John,  over  100  miles :  total  length,  including 
its  chief  affluent,  the  Chomouchouan.  about  400  miles.  It 
is  navigable  for  steamers  to  Chicoutimi  (75  miles). 

SaglUltuni(sa-gun'tum).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain,  on  the  site 
ofthe  modern  Mur^'iedro (which  see).  Itwasflour- 
ishing  in  the  3fl  century  B.C.,  and  became  an  ally  of  Rome. 
In  219  B.  c.  it  was  besieged  and  captured  by  Hannibal :  this 
was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  declaration  of  war  by 
■Rome  against  Carthage. 


880 
Sahagun  (sa-a-gon').  Bernardino  de.   Bom  at 

Saliagun,  Spain,'  about  1-199 :  died  either  at 
Me.'iico  or  at  the  Convent  of  Tlatelolco,  Feb.  5, 
1590.  A  Franciscan  missionary  and  historian. 
Frt>m  1529  he  lived  in  Mexico,  where  he  held  various  offices 
in  his  order.  His  historical  works,  published  in  modern 
times,  were  freely  used  in  manuscript  by  the  old  historians. 
They  include  accounts  of  the  Aztecs  and  of  the  conquest 
of  iIe.\ico.   He  also  published  works  in  the  Aztec  language. 

Sahaptin.     See  Chopiinnish. 

Sahara  (sa-ha'ra).  [Ar..S«//rrf,  the  desert.]  The 
largest  desert  in  the  world,  situated  in  northern 
-\frica.  Its  limits  to  the  north  and  south  are  vague  and 
varying :  but  its  boundaries  may  be  given  generally  as  the 
Atlas  Mouutains  and  their  eastern  continuations  on  the 
north,  the  Nile  valley  on  the  east,  the  Sudan  on  the  south, 
and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  diversified, com- 
prising plateaus,  mountain-ranges,  saud-hills,  and  oases.  It 
includes  the  Litiyan  desert,  the  oases  of  Fezzan  and  Air, 
the  plateaus  of  .Ahajrgar  and  Tasili,  the  depression  of  Djuf, 
etc.  The  eastern  half  is  in  the  possession  of  various  in- 
dependent tribes.  Southwest  of  Morocco  a  large  district 
along  the  coast  is  called  a  Spanish  protectorate.  The  re- 
mainder is  recognized  since  1890  as  belonging  to  the  French 
sphere  of  influence.  It  thus  connects  Algeria  with  the 
French  possessions  in  Senegambia  and  the  Niger  region. 
The  inhabitants  are  Tuaregs(Berbers),  Arabs,  and  Negroes. 
Area,  estimated,  3,500,000-1,000,000  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  2,500,000.  The  area  of  the  French  Sa- 
hara is  estimated  at  1,550,000  square  miles. 

Saharanpnr  (sa-hSr-an-por'),  or  Seharunpoor 

(se-har-un-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  the  Meerut 
di\nsion.  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  77°  40'  E. 
Area,  2,242  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,001,280.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Sa- 
haranpur,  9.5  miles  north  by  east  of  Delhi.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  63,194. 

Saho  (sa'ho),  or  Shoho  (sho'ho).  A  tribe  of 
poor  pastoral  nomads,  dwelling  between  Abys- 
sinia and  Adulis  Bay  (Red  SPa).  Of  H.amitic  race, 
they  belong  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Afar  or  Danakil.  and 
profess  Mohammedanism.    They  number  about  30,000. 

Saiaz  (si-az').  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  di'vision 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, which  formerly  occupied  the  tongue  of 
land  between  Eel  River  and  Van  Dusen's  Fork. 
California.     See  Athapascan. 

Said  (sa-ed').  The  Arabic  name  for  Upper 
Egj-pt. 

SaidPasha(sa-ed'pash'a).  Born]822:  diedJan. 
IS.  1863.  Fourth  son  of  Mehemet  Ali :  riceroy of 
Eg.\-pt  18.54-63.    He  promoted  various  reforms. 

Said  Pasha,  Mehemet.  -'^  Turkish  politician, 
pi'emier  1879-82,  and  grand  Tizir  1882-85  and 
1901-. 

Saida  (si'da).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Oran, 
Algeria,  76  miles  southeast  of  Oran.  Popula- 
tion, about  5,000. 

Saida,  or  Seida  (si'da).  A  seaport  in  Sj-ria, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  33°  34' 
N.,  long.  35°  22'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Sidon.  Various  antiquities  have  been  discovered  there 
by  Renan  and  others.  It  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the 
allied  Turkish- Austrian-British  fleet  in  1840.  Population, 
about  10,000. 

Saiduka.     See  Said>/ul-a. 

Saidyiika  (sid-ii'ka).  A  confederacy  of  5  small 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly lived  near  PjTamid  Lake,  western  Neva- 
da, whence  they  were  forced  into  Oregon  by  the 
Paviotso:  now  on  Klamath  reservation.  Also 
Sriidul:a,  Sidocaw,  and  Oregon  Snakes.  Number 
(1893),  145.     See  SliosJionean. 

Saigon  (si-g6n';  F.  pron.  si-gon').  The  capi- 
tal of  French  Cochin-China,  situated  on  the 
Donnai  or  Saigon  River,  not  far  from  the 
China  Sea,  in  lat.  10°  47'  N.,  long.  106°  42'  E. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  center,  and  has  regu- 
lar steamship  commutiication  with  France.  It  was  cap- 
tured l»y  the  French  in  1S50,  and  was  anne.ved  by 
France  in  1862.  Population  (1891),  with  suburbs,  esti- 
mated, 80,0^10. 

SaigO  Takamori  (si'go  ta-ka-mo're).  Born 
about  1625:  died  1877.  A  Japanese  general, 
influential  in  reestablishing  the  rule  of  the  mi- 
kado in  1868.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  Satsuma 
rebellion  of  1877. 

Saikio  (si-ke'o).  ['Western  capital.']  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  Kioto,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Japan,  in  distinction  from  Tokio,  the  eastern 
capital. 

St.  For  names  of  saints,  see  under  the  proper 
name,  as  George,  Saint. 

Saima  (sKma).  Lake.  A  large  lake  in  southern 
Finland,  north  of  Viborg.  Its  outlet  is  into 
Lakt'  Ladoga. 

St.-Affriq.ue  (san-taf-rek'.).  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  southern  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sorgues  32 miles  southeast  of  Rodez. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  7,223. 

St.  Agnes  (sant  ag'nez).  1.  The  southwestern- 
most  of  the  Seilly  Isles. —  2.  A  small  seaport 


St.-Antoine,  Faubourg 

in  Cornwall,  England,  situated  on  Bristol  Chan- 
nel 8  miles  northwest  of  Triu'o. 

St.-Aignan  (san-tan-yoii').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Cher  33  miles  east-southeast  of  Tours.  It 
has  a  ruined  chateau.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,301. 

St.  Albans  (al'banz).  A  city  in  Hertfordshire, 
England,  20  miles  north-northwest  of  London. 
The  abbey  church  was  constituted  a  cathedral  in  1877.  It 
is  a  building  of  great  size,  founded  in  the  11th  century; 
the  handsome  choir  is  of  the  13th.  The  recent  restoration 
has  greatly  altered  the  t-sterior  aspect  of  the  building, 
and  given  it  a  markedly  Early  English  character.  This 
restoration  aroused  a  heated  controversy  ;  but  it  is  certain 
that  the  new  west  front,  with  its  three  portals  and  its 
Decorated  central  window,  and  the  two  side  divisions  ar- 
caded  and  tlanked  by  slender  turrets,  could  not  be  matched 
architecturally  on  the  wt-st^rn  side  of  the  channel.  The 
square  central  tower  is  Norman.  The  interior  combines 
very  early  and  massive  Romanescjue  work  with  the  most 
graceful  fully  developed  Pointed.  The  cathedral  possesses 
many  notable  tombs  and  brasses.  It  is  550  feet  long  (second 
only  to  Winchester),  and  measuresl75acrossthe  transepts. 
The  city  is  situated  near  the  ancient  Verulamium,  one  of 
the  chief  towns  of  the  Britons  and  Romans.  St.  Alban  is 
said  to  have  been  martjTed  here  about  300  A.  D.  A  Bene- 
dictine monastery  was  founded  in  793.  The  first  battle  in 
the  \^'ars  of  the  Roses  was  fought  here  in  May.  1455,  the 
Yorkists  under  "Vork  defeating  the  Lancastrians  under 
Somerset,  and  Henry  VI.  being  taken  prisoner  :  and  here, 
Feb.  17, 14H1,  the  Lancastrians  under  Queen  Margaret  de- 
feated the  Yorkists  under  the  Earl  of  ')l\*arwick.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  12,895. 

St.  Albans.  The  capital  of  Franklin  County, 
Vermont,  situated  45  miles  northwest  of  Mont- 
pelier,  near  Lake  Champlain.  It  has  an  import. 
ant  trade  ia  dairy  products,  and  some  manufactures. 
Population  iliiOOi.  city,  6,'239. 

St.  Albans,  Duchess  of  (Harriet  Mellon). 

Born  at  London  about  1775:  died  there.  Aug. 
6,  1837.  An  English  comic  actress,  of  Irish  de- 
scent. She  went  on  the  stage  as  a  child,  and  appeared, 
through  the  influence  of  Sheridan,  at  Drury  Lane  in  1795 
as  Lydia  Languish.  She  was  vivacious  and  very  popular, 
being  eclipsed  only  by  Mrs.  Jordan.  Her  characters  in- 
cluded Dorinda,  Mrs.  Candour,  Rosalind,  31  iranda, Ophelia, 
iliss  Prue,  Kstifania.  etc.  In  1815  she  married  the  banker 
Coutts,  and  in  1827  the  ninth  Duke  of  St.  Albans.  She  left 
a  large  fortune  to  Miss  Burdett-Coutts. 

St.  Albans,  Viscount.     See  Bacon,  Francis. 

St.  Alban's  Head.  A  promontory  in  Dorset- 
shire, England,  which  projects  into  the  English 
Channel  19  miles  southeast  of  Dorchester. 

St.-Amand,  or  St.-Amand-Montrond  (san-tii- 
mon'moii-rdu').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Cher.  France,  situated  on  the  Marmande,  near 
the  Cher,  25  miles  south  by  east  of  Bourges. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  8.673. 

St.-Amand-les-Eaux  (-la-z6').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  at  the 
union  of  the  Scarpe  and  Elnon,  8  miles  north- 
west of  Valenciennes :  noted  tor  its  hot  mineral 
springs.  It  has  a  ruined  abbey.  Population 
(1891),  8,703;  commune,  12,043. 

St.  Ambrose  (sant  am'broz).  A  small  island 
in  the  Pacific,  west  of  Chile  and  near  St.  Felix, 
in  lat.  26°  21'  S.,  long.  79°  40'  "W. 

St.  Andrew  (an'dro).  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
western  coast  of  Madagascar,  in  lat.  16°  12'  S., 
long.  44°  29'  E. 

St.  Andrews  (an'droz).  A  city  and  seaport  in 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North  Sea 
11  miles  southeast  of  Dundee.  The  cathedral  was 
founded  in  the  li'th  century,  and  the  castle  (now  in  ruins) 
was  built  in  the  13th  and  rebuilt  in  the  14t^  century.  It 
may  be  regarded  as  the  headquarters  of  the  game  of  golf, 
which  is  played  on  the  adjoining  "links."  The  university, 
founded  by  lii-shop  \\'ardlaw  in  1411,  and  attended  by  about 
200  students,  consists  of  two  colleges  :  the  united  college 
of  St.  Salvatorand  St.  Leonard,  and  the  college  (theologi- 
cal) of  St.  Mary.  St.  Andrews  was  made  a  bishopric  about 
the  9th  centiuy,  and  was  an  archbishopric  from  the  15th 
century  to  the  17th.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  martyrdom  of 
Patrick  Hamilton  and  Wishart,  and  of  the  murder  of  Car. 
dinal  Bt^atun.     Population  (1891),  6,853. 

St.  Andrews.  -'V  seaport,  capital  of  Charlotte 
County,  New  Brunswick,  situated  on  Passa- 
maquoddy  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Croix  River. 
54  miles  west  bv  south  of  St.  John.  PopulatioL 
(1.891).  1.778. 

St.  Andrew's  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  situatedontheeoast  of  Florida  80  miles, 
east  by  south  of  Pensacola.     Length,  40  miles. 

St.  Anthony  (an'to-ni).  A  former  city  of  Min- 
nesota, now  a  part  of  Minneapolis. 

St.  Anthony,  Falls  of.  A  cataract  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  opposite  the  city  of  Minneapolis. 
Height .  1 8  feet  (or,  including  the  rapids,  50  feet). 
It  is  utilized  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

St.-Antoine, Faubourg(f6-bor'san-ton-twan'). 
A  faubourg  of  Paris,  lying  without  the  Enceinte 
of  Charles  V.,  and  extending  from  the  Place  de 
la  Bastille  eastward  toward  Vincennes.  As  ciu-ly 
as  the  time  of  Louis  XL  the  proletariat  of  Paris  began  !o 
drift  into  the  neighborhood  of  the  Bastille,  the  Hotel  St.. 
Paul,  and  the  Tournelles.  When  the  two  palaces  were  abau 


St.-Antoine,  Faubourg  881  Sainte-Beuve 

dooed  the  aristocracy  of  Pa.  is  renioveti  permanently  to  tho    jnent  of  Sartlie,  Francp,  27.miles  east-south-    A  river  on  the  bouudary  between  New  Bnins- 
westernsideof  the  city,  anil  the  (|iiartierSt.-Paul  anil  Fail-     p,,gt  ^f  Le  Mails      Population  (1891),  3.613.  wick  ami  Maine.     It  is  the  outlet  of  Grand  Lake, 

]jour|St..Antoine  were  abandoned  to  n^  St.  Catharine  (siint  kath'a-riii)  Island.     An    and  flows  into  Passamaquoddy  Bay.    Length, 

Tlie  emeutes  of  Pans  always  come  ont  of  this  rcKlun.    It  w«.  vw«""'**"^'  ^.,    -.  .,    •■         *    ♦■(■    ^,.,,:„  +«     „K/M,f  Ti  ^.^il^io 

TOrrespondscuriouslyin  almost  every  way  to  the  White,     island  about  1  mile  from  the  coast  of  bi-oigia,  to     about  /o  miles.  .  ..         .        w 

chapel  region  in  London.   See  Hue  HL-Antoine.  which  it  belongs,  and  27  miles  south  by  west  of  St.  CroiX  Kiver.^  A  nver  m  northwestern  W  is- 

Saint-Arnaud  (saii-tiir-uo'),  Jacques  Achille     Savamuili.     Lengtli,  about  14  miles.  '        ""'         '"      '"'  '^ 

Leroy  de.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  Au-.  20,  ITUli:  St.  Catharines  (kath'a-rinz).  A  city,  capital 
died  Sejit.  29,  1854.  AFrcru-li  i;cmnil.  lie  sub-  of  Liiii-oln  ( 'ouuty.  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on 
dued  the  Kabyles  in  Algeria  in  1851 ;  was  appointed  inin-     the   WcUaiid  Caiial  about  10  miles  northwest 

later  of  war  Oct.,  1H51 ;  participatid  in  the  coup  dVtat  of     of  Niacara  Falls:  noted  for  mineral  wells.  Pop-  Saint-Cjrr.     See  Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. 

S,1SnVnlVirSl7tretSt™\r^^^^^  .„       «        ,     ,  St.-Cvr-rficole  (san-ser'la-kol').     .^villagein 

—     ■■  «    .      ■    .,-,--...-  -.  oi    /i.ii •„  T„i„.„j   /n„„»,i\       !»o<»  f!n«tn     jjjp   department  of  Seine-ct-Oise,  France,  2i 


cousin,  mill  on  the  boundary  between  Wiscon- 
sin and  Minnesota.  It  joins  the  Mississippi 
20  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.     Length,  about 

200  miles. 


18SJ.    He  cooperated  with  ixird  Raglan  in  the  battle  of  St.  Catharine  s  Island  (Brazil),     bee  i>anta 

the  Alma,  Sept.  20;  but  died  shortly  after  on  board  ship,      i'athtirhiit. 

St.  Asaph  (siint  az'.if).    A  city  in  Flinfsliire,  Saint  Cecilia's  Day,  Ode  for.    ^ee  Alexander's 

Wales,  situated  on  the  Clwyd  21  miles  west-     I'dxt, 

southwest  of  Liverpool.    The"  present  cathedral  Saint  Cecilia's  Day,  Song  for.    A  lyrical  poem 

was  built  about  1480.  by  Prydon. 

St.  Augustine  (a'gus-ten  or  a^gus' ten).    A  city  St.-Cergue  (san-siirg').     A  town  in  the  canton 

and  seaport,  capital  of  St.  John's  County,  Flor-    of  Vaml,  Switzerland,  17  miles  north  of  Geneva. 


miles  west  of  \  ersaiUes.  It  was  formerly  the  seat 
of  a  convent  school  for  younp  ladies,  founded  by  Madame 
de  Maintenon,  which  was  transformed  into  a  military 
school  (transferred  from  Fontainebleau)  in  1800.  Popula- 
tion (IS'.iI),  commune,  3,0-11. 

St.  David  ida'vid)  Islands,  or  Freewill  (fre'- 

wil)  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
PiiL-ilie,  situated  in  lat.  1°  N.,  long.  134°  15'  E. 


Ida,  situated  near  the  Atlantic,  on  the  peninsula  St.-ChamaS  (saii-sliii-mii').     A  town  in  the  g^_  David's  (da'vidz).     A  city  iu  Pembroke 


of  the  Matanzas  and  San  Sebastian  rivers,  in 
lat.  29°  53'  N.,  long.  81°  19'  W.  It  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  United  States,  and  a  favorite  winter  re-sort. 
The  Spanish  fort  Sau  Marco  (Fort  .Marion)  is  notabli-,  Tiie 
town  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  under  Menendcz  ile 
Aviles  in  l,'i()5 ;  was  plundered  by  Drake  in  l.'iSti ;  was  lu-ld 


department  of  Boiiclies-du-Eli6ne,  France,  25 
niiles  northwest  of  Marseilles.  It  contains  a  Roman 
hridt'e(Pont  Flavien)of  line  masonry  spanning  the  Toulou- 
bre  by  a  single  arch.  At  each  end  tliere  is  a  triumphal 
arch  with  Corinthian  ornament.  Population  (1891),  coni- 
innne,  -2.310. 


by  the  British  from  1763  lo  1783;  and  was  ceded  to  the  St.-Chamondf-shii-mon').  Amanufacturingand 


Americans,  who  took  possession  in  IH'Jl.  Population (I'.ilW), 
4,'2f2. 

St.  Austell  (as'tel).  A  town  in.Cornwall,  Kiig- 
land,  situated  near  the  English  Channel,  29 
miles  west  of  Plj-mouth,  Population  (.l^^'Jl); 
parish,  11,377. 

St.  Bartholomew  (biir-thora-mu),  F.  St.-Bar- 
th^lemy  (san-biir-tal-me').  A  small  island 
in  the  Lesser  Antilles,  West  Indies,  situated  iu 


niiniiig  I  own  in  the  department  of  Loire,  France, 
situateil  or.   the  Gier   25  miles   southwest   of 
Lvons.     Population  (1891),  commune,  14.G93. 
St!  Charles  (siint  chiirlz).   A  city,  capital  of  St 


shii-e,  Wales,  situated  near  the  coast,  almost  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Wales,  15  miles  nortli- 
west  of  Milford.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  The 
cathedral  is  a  late-Xorman  building,  with  later  modifica- 
tions. The  exterlor,witli  central  tower,  is  varied  in  outline. 
Tlie  interior  is  very  richly  ornamented,  but  not  vaulted. 
The  dimensions  are  200  by  70  feet;  length  of  transepts, 
120 ;  heiglit  of  vaulting,  46. 
St.  David's  Head.  One  of  the  westernmost 
points  of  Wales,  situated  in  Pembrokeshire 
northwest  of  St.  David's. 


Charles  County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  norfli  St.-Denis  (sau-de-ne').     A  city  in  the  depart- 


bauk  of  the  Missouri.  20  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Louis.  The  river  is  spanned  here  bya  long  bridge.  St. 
Charles  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  176!).    Population 

lUKKJl,  ';.'.)82 


lat.  17°  54' N.,  long.  G2°  51' W.     Chief  town,  St.-Chinian  (sau-#lie-nyon').    A  town  in  the  de- 
Gustavia.    It  is  a  coloni.al  possession  of  France,  and  a     partnii'iit   of  Herault,  France,  18  miles   north 
dependency  of  Guadeloupe.    It  was  settled  by  the  French     ^j-    Xarbonne.      Population   (1891),    commune, 
in  1648;  and  w.is  ceded  to  Sweden  in  1784, and  ceded  back     -j  i.i  i 
to  IVance  in  1878.    Population  (ls.«fl).  2,674.  oi  ;;t.'   -4.      v       /   -    i  i    •   't-  «^,.n    „„  c-i-  irn-*„ 

St.  Bartholomew,  Massacre  of.    In  French  St.Christopher  (saut  kns  t9-f^r),^or  St.Kitts 
historv,  a  massacre  of  the  Huguenots,  com- 


mencing in  Paris  on  the  night  of  Aug.  23-24 
(St.  Bartholomew's  day),  1572.  The  anti-Hugue- 
not leaders  were  the  Duke"  of  Guise,  the  queeu  mother 
(Cathai-ine  de'  Medici),  and  Cliarles  IX.  Coligny  was  the 
principal  victim,  and  the  total  number  In  France  is  esti- 
mated at  from  20,iliio  to  30,0(10.  ThS  occasion  was  the 
wedding  festivities  of  Henry  of  Navarre.  A  religious  war 
followed  directly.  It  is  ilisijutcd  whether  tlie  massacre 
was  suddenly  caused  by  the  discoveiy  of  Huguenot  plots 
or  had  been  long  premeditateiL 
St.Bees  (bez).  A  village  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Irish  Sea  4  miles  south  of  St.  Clair  (kliir) 


(kits).  An  island  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  British 
West  Indies,  situatedin  lat.  17°  18'  X.,  long.  G2° 
43' W.  Capital,  Basseterre.  It  is  traversed  by  moun- 
tains. It  exports  sugar.  It  is  separated  from  Nevis  by  a 
channel  about  1',  miles  wide,  and  the  two  islands  are  po- 
litically united.  'They  form  part  of  the  colony  of  the  Lee- 
ward Islands.  This  was  the  tirst  of  the  West  Indies  set- 
tled by  the  French  (162,1),  but  the  English  had  a  small 
colony  here  in  l'i23.  The  dispute  regariling  its  possession 
was  settled  in  1713  by  the  treaty  of  t'trecht,  which  left  it 


ment  of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine 
and  the  Crould,  2J  miles  north  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Paris.  It  has  important  manufactures  and 
trade.  The  abbey  church,  the  historic  burial-place  of  the 
kings  of  France,  was  founded  by  Dagobert  and  rebuilt  by 
Suger  (1144),  who  intl-oduced  the  pointed  arch,  one  of  the 
earliest  ailtllenticated  examples.  Suger's  battlemented 
west  front,  with  recessed  sculptured  portals,  and  his  ap- 
sidal  chapels  and  crypt  survive.  The  intervening  paru 
form  one  of  the  most  elegant  and  purely  designed  cre- 
ations of  the  13th  century,  the  walla  being  little  but  Ira- 
ccried  frames  of  stone  in  w-hich  the  glass  of  the  windows 
is  set.  Tlie  great  rose-windows  of  tlia  transepts  are  un- 
surpasseil  in  lightness  and  beautj-.  The  royal  tombs  wu re 
injured  in  the  Revolution,  but  have  been  restored  :  many 
of  them  are  of  great  interest  and  beauty.  The  church  is 
354  feet  long  ;  the  nave  40  feet  wide  and  92  high.  A  vic- 
toi-y  was  gained  near  St.-Denis,  Nov.  10, 1567,  by  the  French 
Catholics  under  .Montmorency  (who  was  mortally  wound- 
ed) over  the  Hngueuots  under  (.  oiide.  Population  (19U1I, 
5l),8)s4. 


in  the  hands  of  the  English.    It  was  taiien  by  the  French   £,.    ^v •„        \  „„ *    „„«:toi  .^f  tl,o  ido,,.!  <^» 

in  17>2  and  restored  in  1783.  Aiea, 68 square mUes.  I'opu-  St.-DeniS.      A  seaport,  capital  of  the  island  of 
lation  (1S91>,  30,876. 


A  cilv 


St,  Clair  Conutv, 


Michigan,  situated  on  SI.  Clair  Kiver  47  miles 
northeast  of  Detroit.  Population  0900),  2,543. 
St,  Clair,  Arthur,  Bom  at  Thurso.  Scotland, 
1734:  died  near  (ireensburg,  I'a.,  Aug.  31, 1818. 
An  American  general.  He  served  at  Louisbuig  in 
1768  and  at  IJnebec  in  1759;  took  part  in  the  victories  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton :  commaniled  in  1777  at  Ticonde- 
roga,  which  he  evacuated  before  llurgoyne  ;  and  was  pres- 
ent at  Vorktow-n.  He  was  president  of  Congress  ill  17s7, 
and  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory  1789-1802.  In 
ITJlliewas  defeated  by  the  Indians  nnd'er  Little  Turtle 
near  tin-  .Miami  villa'.:es,  and  resigned  bis  coinniaiid  in 
1792.  Heiiiililished"  A  Narrative  of  tile  Manner  in  w-hich 
the  Campaign  against  the  Indians  in  the  year  1791  was 
conducted  under  the  Command  of  Maj.-Gen.  St.  Clair, 
etc."  (1812). 

\  lake  lying  between  Miclii 


Whitehaven,     It  is  the  seat  of  St,  Bees  College 

(Anglican  theological). 
St.  Bees  Head.     A  headland  in  Cumberland, 

England,  projecting  into  the  Irish  Sea  in  lat.  .54° 

31'  X.,  long.  3=  38'  W. 
St.-Benoit-SUr-Loire    (san-b6-nwii'siir-lw>ir')- 

A  place  in  the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  on 

the  Loire  20  miles  east-southeast  of  Orli'ans. 

It  contains  a  Benedictine  monastery.    The  abbey  church, 

bnllt  between  102U  and  1218,  is  the  finest  of  its  type  in 

France.    It  is  preceded  by  a  narthex  of  3  bays,  witli  a 

crypt,  and  ll:is  double  transepts  and  a  central  t<jwer.     It 

contains  the  tomb  of  Philip  I.,  and  has  fine  sculpture  and 

handsome  15th-ceiitury  clioil'-stidls. 
St.  Bernard  (siint  ber-nJird';  F.  jiron.  sail  ber- 

n<ir').  Great,     An  Alpine  pass  leading  from  gt.  Clair,  Lake. 

Martigny,  Vahais,  Switzerland,  to  Aosta,  Italy,     gi 

and  connecting  the  valleys  of  the  Rh 

the  Dora  Baltea.    It  was  traversed  byai-in 

man  and  medieval  times.   Tlic  passage  by  the  " 

under  Napoleon  In  .May,  1800.  is  especially 

The  great  monastery  or  hospice  of  St.  iiemard,  main- 
tained here  for  the  relief  of  travelers,  conslstsof  two  large 

plain  structures  ol  masonry.    The  larger  building  dales 

from  the  middle  of  the  loth  century ;  with  it  is  connected 

the  church  of  ihSij.    There  are  many  interesting  memen 

tos  of  those  who  have  been  saved  by  the  monks.      .\ 

small  separate  building  serves  to  receive  the  bodies  of 

those  found  dead  In  the  snow.    Height  of  the  pass,  8,108 

feet. 

St.  Bernard,  Little.     An  Alpine  pass  hading 

from  Bourg  St. -Maurice,  in  the  valley  of  the 

Isfere,  France,  to  the  valley  of  the  Dora  Baltea, 

Itnlv.     This  is  almost  certainly  the  pass  traversed  by 

Haniiilials  army  218  n.  c.     Height.  7,2.').'i  feet. 
St.  Blaise  (bliiz).  A  chestnut  race-horse,  foaled 

in  18S0,  ivinner  of  the  Derby  in  1883.    He  was  hn- 

forti'd  In  188r>,  and  was  sold  at  unction  in  1891  for>loii,oiKi. 
lis  principal  foals  arc  St.  tlorian,  Potomac,  Iji  Tosca,  and 

Ches:ipi';ike. 

St.  Brandan's  Island.     See  Brendan,  Saint. 

St.  Bride's  Bay  (  bridz  ba),  A  bay  on  the  west- 
ern const  of  Pembrokeshire,  South  Wales. 

St.-Brieuc  (san-bre-e').     The  .japital  of  the  ,le-  q^-q^—^  (kloud ).  The  capital  of  Stearns  Coun 

partnieiit  of   CAtes-du-Nord,  France,  situated  ""•,,""";.„..,    .::t....»„,i  i...  ,i,„  \f:„o;=.,; :   ?• 

near  the  entrance  of  the  Qouetinto  the  English 
Channel,  in  lat.  48°  31'  N„  long  2°  47'  W.  It  is 
the  scat  of  a  bishopric.  Its  seaport  U  the  neighboring  W- 
«ui5.    Population  (1891),  19,948. 

St.-Calais  (sau-kii-lu,').    A  town  in  the  depart- 


Ri^union,  Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  north 
coast.     Population  (1891),  33.233. 

St.-Di6  (san-dya').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  siliialed  on  the  Meurllie  26 
miles  east-northeast  of  fipinal.  It  has  a  lumber 
trade  and  Bourisliiiig  manufactures,  and  contains  a  cathe- 
dral. In  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  and  tlrst  part  of  the 
liith  century  it  had  a  college  and  printing-press  under 
the  patnmage  of  the  dukes  of  Lorraine.  Here,  in  1507,  the 
name  Amei-ica  was  llrst  jiroposed  in  a  little  tract  published 
by  Waldseeinuller.     Populalion  (1S91),  cominuiie,  18,l:i6. 

St.-Dizier  (sau'do-zya').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  llaute-Mariie,  France,  situated  on  the 
Marne  35  miles  southeast  of  ChiVlons-sur-Marne. 
It  has  an  imi»ortant  timber  trade,  and  Iron  manufactures. 
It  was  defended  against  Clnu-les  V.  in  1514,  and  was  the 
scene  of  several  conilmts  between  the  F'rench  and  the  Allies 
In  1S14.     ropulatiou  (ls91),  commnne,  13,372. 

St.  Domingo.     See  S'lnln  Domhuio. 


St.  Clare  (klar),  Augustine,  One  of  the  leading 
characters  of  ''Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  by  Mrs. 
Stowe:  the  amiable  omicr  of  Uncle  Tom  and 
father  of  Eva. 

St.-Claude  (sau-klod').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  France,  situated  on  the  Bienno 
19  miles  northwest  of  Geneva.  It  has  varied 
manufactures.  Its  cathedral  of  St.Peter  is  no- 
table.    Poiiulation  (1891),  comiiuine.  9,782. 

St.-Cloud  (sail-kid').  \  town  iu  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine,  1  j  miles  west  of  the  for- 
tilications  of  I'aris.  The  caslle  or  palace  formerly 
standing  here  was  rebuilt  by  Louis  XIV.  In  U^'>8  foi-  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  and  bought  liy  Louis  .\\  1.  lor  Marie  An- 
toinette. It  was  the  favorite  summer  residence  of  the  two 
NanoleoiiB,  The  interior  was  bin  iied  in  the  war  of  1870, 
ana  the  palace  has  since  been  demollsheiU  It  win*  the 
scene  of  the  coup  distal  of  the  ISIh  liruinalre,  1799.  The 
treaty  for  the  capitulation  ot  Paris  was  signed  Ihere  in 
1815;  and  there,  tiMi, 
signed  by  (.'harles  X. 


the  ordinani-es  of  ,liilv,  18:10.  we 
opulation  (IS'.ll).  5.iMiO. 


ty,  .Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi.  7i> 
iniles  northwest  of  St.  I'aiil.  Population  (1900), 
8,(ili3. 
St.  Croix  (VN'est  Indies).     See  Santa  Cm:. 

St.  Croix  (kroi)  River,  or  Schoodic  (ske'dik). 


w-liere  he  was  brought  up  In  the  CalvlnlBtic  faith.  Atte 
William  of  orange,  be  played  the  foremost  part  in  the  lib. 
cration  of  the  .Netherlands.  The  treaty  of  Dreda  In  l.'in) 
was  formulated  by  him.  In  l.'i72  he  was  governor  of  Helfl 
and  Itotterdam.  In  1B81-S.i  he  conducted  Ihe  defense  of 
Antwerp  Ills  principal  work  Is  "Ho  liycncoil  der  h. 
Roonisi-licr  Keri-ke"("Tlie  Beehive  of  the  lloly  (hnicli 
of  Home"),  a  Calvlnlstic  satire  on  Cathollcl.sin,  published 
In  i:m)  under  the  pseudonym  Isaac  Uabbolenus  In  I.MIl 
he  pnbllslied  a  metrical  translation  ot  Ihe  I'sidins.nnd  bad 
been  ciunniissioneil  by  the  Stales-deneral  to  inakeln  Ley. 
den,  where  he  died,  a  translallon  ot  the  whole  llible.  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  writings  in  IjiI  In,  French  and 
FlemUh  on  ecclesiastical  and  polilli-id  subjects,  and  Is  re- 
puled  to  have  written  lln'  folk-song  "  Wlllulinns  van  Xas- 
Bouweli"  ("William  of  Nassau").  Ills  "lU-ehive"  was 
ti-anstated  into  Oernian  by  ,luhann  Flschart  with  the  title 
•■  P.ii-nellkolb'(l.'."9). 

Sainte-Anne(sant-Hn').  A  pilgrim  resort  in  the 
department  of  Morbihau,  France,  lOmiles  west- 
northwest  of  Valines. 

Sainte-Barbe.    Se.-  .VoiswiiV/c 
Sainte-Beuve  (saiii-bev').  Charles  Augustin. 

Ijorn  nl  l!oiilogiie-sur-Mcr,  Dec.23,  l,s04:  liiednt 
Paris, Oct.  13, 18fi9.  A  French  poet  and  critic.  He 
began  his  studli-s  In  his  native  city,  and  completed  I  hem  in 
Paris  at  the  ■olleges  Charlemagne  and  Hourlwn.  I  Hi  gradu- 
ation be  look  a  course  In  medicine,  but  gave  it  up  a  year 
later  as  nni-ongenial.  A  few  lioiik  reviews  brought  him 
favorably  Into  notice  In  literary  circles.  Among  the  many 
friends  he  made  there  was  Victor  Hugo.    In  1837  he  cum- 


Sainte-Beuve 


882 


peted  without  success  for  a  prize  offered  by  the  French  SaintC-MenehOUld  (saiit'me-n4'-0 
Academy  for  a  dlssertJition  on  the  subject -Tableau  de  la      a    »,  ,^^   ;,,   fi.p  .Jptinrtrnpiit  of  Mi 
po^sie  fran^aise  au  XVIe  siecle."    An  improved  edition     fr,__"r^  '"  "      uepaijmeiu  oi  Ji< 
of  this  work  appeared  in  1S43,  and  is  considered  an  au- 
thority on  the  subject  aud  period  in  question.    He  was 
also  a  contributor  to  "La  Revue  de  Paris,"  "La  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,"  "  Le  Constitutionnel,"  *'Le  Moniteur.'" 
and  "Le  Temps."    The  revolution  of  1830  developed  the 
political  instinct  within  him,  and  he  became  closely  con- 
nected with  *'Le  Globe"  and  " I^e  National."    His  early  Sa.inte<!  ('s'int) 
work  embraces  some  collections  of  poems,  "Poesies  de  *^**^^^^*  ''"^_    J- 
Joseph  Delorme'  (1829),  "Consolations" (1830),  and  "Pen- 
s^es  d'aout"  (1S37);  also  a  novel,  "  Volupte"  (183*2).    Of  a 
more  serious  nature  are  "L'Histoire  de  Port-Royal  "(1840- 
1842),  and  "Chateaubriand  et  son  groupe  "  (1849).     His 
contributions  to  periodicals  include  most  of  his  work  as  a 
critic.    These  so-called  "  Portraits "  and  '*Causeries " have 
since  been  collected,  and  constitute  his  strongest  claim  to 
literary  recognition.     They  are  published  as  "Portraits 
litteraires  "  (1st  series,  1832-39 ;  2d  series,  1S44),  "Portraits 


deffmmes"(1844),  "Portraitscontemporains"(1846),  "Cau- 
series  du  lundi"  (1861-S7),  "Nouveaux  lundis"  (186.3-72), 
"l'remierslundis"(ls75).  In  1845Sainte-Beuve  was  elected 
to  the  French  .Academy.     He  gave  a  series  of  lectures  on 

literary  subjects  at  Lausanne  in  1837,  and  at  Li^ge  in  1848.    «,     .^..     "         .      .',-.'/ 
For  a  brief  period  thereafter  he  rilled  the  chair  in  Latin   iSt.-±itienne  (san-ta-tyen  ). 
poetry  at  the  College  de  France.     His  last  work  as  an  edu- 
cator waa  done  in  connection  with  the  lectureship  he  held 
at  the  ficole  Xormale  1857-61.     He  was  made  senator  in 
I8U5. 

Sainte-CThapelle  (sant'sha-pel').  [F.,  'holy 
chapel. 'J  A  chapel  in  Paris,  built  by  St. -Louis 
as  the  chapel  of  his  palace,  and  to  receive  and 


ol'  orm^-no'). 
Marue,  France, 
situated  on  the  Aisne  41  miles  east-southeast  of 
Bheims.  Population  (1891),  commune,  5,298. 
St.-Emilion  (san-ta-me-ly6h').  A  small  town 
in  the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  19  miles 
oast  of  Bordeau-x :  noted  for  its  wines. 

A  town  in  the  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  situated  on  the  Charente 
38  miles  southeast  of  La  Roehelle :  the  ancient 
Mediolanum.  it  is  celebrated  for  its  Roman  remains. 
The  triumphal  arch,  formerly  the  head  of  the  old  Charente 
bridge,  has  2  arched  openings,  13  feet  wide,  between  pi- 
lasters and  engaged  Corinthian  columns.  The  height  is 
3S  feet.  The  inscriptions  show  that  it  was  built  under 
Xero,  in  honor  of  Germanicus,  Tiberius,  and  Drusus.  The 
cathedral  and  the  churches  of  St.  Eutrnpius  and  Xotre 
Dame  are  notable.  The  town  was  the  capital  of  the  .San- 
tones,  and  afterward  of  Saintonge  ;  was  held  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  the  middle  ages  ;  and  suffered  in  the  Huguenot 
Population  (1891),  18,461. 

The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Loire,  France,  situated  in  lat.-to° 
26'  N.,  long.  4°  23'  E.  it  is  the  center  of  the  principal 
coal-field  in  southern  France,  and  one  of  the  greatest  manu- 
facturing cities  of  the  country ;  manufactures  iron,  wea- 
pons, cutlery,  ribbons,  etc.;  has  a  national  arms  factory; 
and  is  an  important  railway  center.  It  has  a  school  of 
mines  and  a  palace  of  arts.     Population  (1901),  146.671. 


enshrine  a  precious  relic — the  crown  of  thorns  "*•  iiUStaclie.     »ee  Lustacne,  St. 


St.  Eustatius  (sant  u-sta'shi-us),  or  St.-Eu- 
stache  (san-te-stash').  Anislandof  the  Dutch 
"West  Indies,  a  dependency  of  Cura(;ao,  situated 
northwest  of  St.  Christopher's  in  lat.  17°29'N., 
long.  62°  59'  W.  Capital,  Orangetown.  it  is  of 
volcanic  formation.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Dutch  in  1635, 
and  has  been  held  uninterruptedly  by  them  since  1814. 
Area,  7  square  mUes.     Population  (1890),  1,588. 


—  preserved  in  the  treasury  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
peror. Baudouin  (Baldwin),  son-in-law  of  the  Emperor 
of  Constantinople,  Jean  de  Brienne,  and  his  designated 
successor,  hail  bound  himself  during  a  visit  to  Paris  to  se- 
cure this  relic  for  Louis  IX.  On  his  return  to  Constanti- 
nople he  found  the  emperor  dead,  the  crown  of  thorns  in 
pawn  with  the  Venetians,  and  the  treasury  without  money 
to  redeem  it.  .St. -Louis  paid  the  required  ransom  (about 
100,000  francs,  present  value),  and  the  relic  was  sent  to  him. 
It  arrived  Aug.  18,  1239,  and  was  deposited  at  Vincennes, 
whence  it  was  carried  with  great  pomp  by  the  king  him- 
self to  Xotre  Dame.  It  was  afterward  placed  in  the  Chapel 
of  .St.  Nicholas,  then  the  chapel  of  the  palace.  Saiute-Cha- 
pelle  was  then  built,  and  consecrated  April  25, 1248.  It  is 
now  that  of  the  P;dais  de  Justice.  It  is  the  most  perfect 
example  of  its  type  produced  during  the  best  period  of 
Pointed  architecture.  It  consists  of  two  chapels,  one  be- 
low the  other.  The  lower  chapel  was  dedicated  to  the  Vir- 
gin, has  nave  and  narrow  aisles,  and  is  in  itself  archi- 
tecturally remarkable.  The  upper  chapel,  36  by  115  feet, 
is  vaulted  in  a  single  span  66  feet  high.  Almost  the 
entire  wall-space  is  occupied  by  the  great  traceried  win- 
dows, which  are  all  filled  with  13th-centur>'  glass  of  inde- 
scribable richness  of  color.     The  Flamboyant  rose-win-  qa  T'«1,'.o- /p;^'Kl-r,\      a^ ii  ;  ^i  ,„.^  •-. +1,.- r».,..*fl„ 

dow  which  occupies  the  entire  upper  half  of  the  west  end  °l\^?"^k,%-,    ^^'-l.-^,  ^^■'.^„.i'\  '  ,  1      ,  '^'^' 


It  arrived  Aug.  18,  1239,  and  was  deposited  at  Vincennes,  Saint-EvremOnd  (sau-ta%T-nTou' ),  SeigneUT  de 

_x„„.  .,.„„.  „„™,„„  .„„.  „., ,,.....,.,_-.._.     ^Charles  de  Marguetel  de  Saint-Denis). 

Bom  at  St.-Denis-di-Guast,  near  Cioutances, 
France,  April  1,  1613:  died  in  England,  Sept. 
29,  1703.  A  French  author.  He  was  educated  by 
the  Jesuits,  and  served  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.     He  was 


St.-Germain-en-Laye 

from  1755.  The  city  grew  up  around  the  abbey,  and  be- 
came an  important  literary  center.  The  abbots  obtained 
extensive  power  in  the  middle  ages.  St.  Gall  joined  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1451.     Population  (1888),  27,390. 

St.-Galmier  (san-gal-mya').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  France,  28  miles  west-south- 
west of  Lyons.  It  exports  mineral  waters. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,257. 

St.-Gaudens  (san-go-dan').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated 
near  the  Garonne  50  miles  southwest  of  Tou- 
louse. It  has  a  Romanesque  church.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  7,007. 

Saint-Gaudens  (sant-ga'denz),  Augustus. 
Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  March  1,  1848.  An 
American  sculptor.  He  studied  in  New  York,  Paris, 
and  Rome,  where  he  produced  his  first  statue,  "Hiawa- 
tha,"in  1871.  He  received  the  commission  for  the  Farragat 
monument  in  Madison  Square,  New  York,  in  1876,  and  fin- 
ished the  work  in  1880.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Adora- 
tion of  the  Cross  '  (a  bas-relief  in  St.  Thomas  s  Church, 
New  York),  "The  Puritan,"  statues  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
Robert  P.  Randall,  etc.,  and  busts  of  W.  M.  Evarts,  Theo. 
dore  D.  Woolsey,  General  Sherman,  and  others.  The 
"  Diana  "  on  the  tower  of  Madison  Square  Garden  is  also 
his. 

Saint-Gelais  (san-zhe-la'),  Mellin  (or  Merlin 
or  Melusin)  de.  Born  at  Angouleme,  1487: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.,  1558.  A  French  poet.  He 
was  the  most  important  poet  of  the  school  of  Clement 
Marot.  He  is  noted  as  the  introducer  of  the  sonnet  from 
Italy  into  France. 

St.-Geniez  (sau-zh^-nya').  A  town  in,  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lot  19  miles  east-northeast  of  Rodez.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  3,325. 

St.  George  (jorj).  Cape.  1.  A  cape  on  a  small 
island  off  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola  River, 
in  Florida. — 2.  A  cape  on  the  western  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  forming  the  northern  limit  of 
St.  George  Bay. 

St.  George,  Cape,  or  Cape  George.  A  cape  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the 
entrance  to  St.  George  Bay. 


a  favorite  of  Conde,  but  incurred  his  displeasure  and  later  St.  Gcorge,  Gulf  of.     An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 
that  of  thekmg  alter  the  fall  of  Fouquet  by  his  letter  on    <,„  t^e  eastern  coast  of  Argentina,  about  lat. 


the  peace  of  the  Pj'renees,  and  also  by  his  adhesion  to  the 
school  of  freethinkers  founded  or  encouraged  by  Gassendi. 
In  1660  he  went  to  England,  and  lived  there  in  exile  at  the 
court  of  Charles  II.  till  his  death.  His  works  include  cri- 
tiques, letters,  etc.,  first  published  in  1705. 


was  inserted  in  the  15th  century  in  place  of  the  original 
window.    AU  the  stonework  of  the  interior  is  decorated 


west  of  Chile,  situated  in  lat.  26°  16'  S.,  long. 
80°  7'  \V, 


in  gold  and  brilliant  color,  and  there  is  much  delicate  St.-FloUT  (san-flor').  A  town  in  the  department 
sculpture.     Beneath  the  windows  is  a  range  of  arcades      ,(  p„„t.ii    "P^n.,  >„    qq  ™;i„„  „   -.i,  i,  *.      * 

whose  quatrefoUs  are  filled  with  illuminations  represent-     'f  *-.aiital.  irance,  33  miles  north  by  east  of 
ing   martyrdoms.    The  graceful  wooden  tabernacle  at    Aunllac.     Population  (1891),  commune,  5,308. 

The  upper  chapel  St.  Francis  (fran'sis).     1.  A  river  in  eastern 
.,.  J  _.,..     Missouri  and  eastern  Arkansas.     It  forms  part  of 

the  boundary  between  these  two  States,  and  joins  the  Mis- 
sissippi 9  miles  north  of  Helena.  Length,  about  450  miles. 
2.  A  river  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada, 
joining  the  St.  Lawrence  in  Lake  St.  Peter,  24 
miles  southwest  of  Three  Rivers.  Length, 
about  175  miles. 

St.  Francis,   Cape.     1.  A  cape  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Avalon,  southeastern  Newfoundland,  at 


the  east  end  is  of  the  13th  century 
was  built  to  receive  the   crown   of   thorns'  and  other 
relics.     Before  the  west  end  there  is  a  two-storied  ar- 
caded  porch. 

Sainte-Olaire  Deville  (sant-klar'  d^-vel'), 
Charles.  Born  at  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies, 
1814-  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1876.  A  French 
scientist.  He  made  a  special  study  of  volcanic  and  seis- 
mic phenomena,  exploring  for  this  purpose  the  West  In- 
dies, Tenerifle,  southern  Italy,  etc.  ;  was  the  assistant  and 
successor  of  Elie  de  Beaumont  in  the  College  de  FYance ; 
and  established  a  chain  of  meteorological  stations  in 
France  and  .\lgeria.  He  published  "  \oyage  giologique 
aux  Antilles  et  aux  lies  Tin^riffe  et  de  Fogo"  (7  vols 
1856-61),  etc  e       V  ■ 

Sainte-Croix  (sant-krwii').     1.  A  town  in  the  St.  Francis,  Lake.     1.  An  expansion  of  the  St. 
canton  of  Vaud.  Switzerland,  22  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Lausanne.    It  has  manufactures 
of  watches,  etc.    Population  (1888),  6,009.-2 
See  Santa  Cm-. 

St.  Elian's  Well.  A  celebrated  well  in  Den- 
bighshire, knov™  as  "the  head  of  the  cursing- 
wells."  It  was  thought  thatbythrowingapin  or  a  peb- 
ble  into  the  well,  inscribed  with  the  name  of  a  hated  per- 
son, and  at  the  same  time  performing  certain  impious  rites, 
the  victim  would  be  caused  to  pine  and  die,  and  his  fields 
would  be  blasted. 


45°^7°  S. 

St.  George  Bay.  -Aji  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  on  the  -western  coast  of  Newfound- 
land.    Length,  about  50  miles. 

St.  George  Bay,  or  George  Bay.  An  inlet  of 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  between  Nova  Scotia 
and  Cape  Breton. 

St.  George's  (jor'jez).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Grenada,  British  West  Indies.  Popu- 
lation, about  5,000. 

St.  George's.  1.  One  of  the  Bermuda  Islands. 
Length,  3+  miles.— 2.  A  seaport  in  the  island 
of  St.  George's.     Population,  about  2,000. 

St.  George's  Bank.  A  bank  about  lOO  miles 
east  of  Cape  Cod  in  Massachusetts.  It  is  often 
visited  by  fishermen. 

St.  George's  Channel.  A  sea  passage  sepa- 
rating Wales  and  Ireland,  and  connecting  the 
Irish  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 


the  entrance  to  Conception  Bay. — 2.  A  cape  St.  George's  Chapel.     See  Windsor. 

on  the  southern  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  situated  St.  George's  Island.     An  island  in  the  Gulf  of 

in  lat.  34°  12' S.,  long.  24°  50' E.  "     - 


Lawrence,  below  the  New  York  and  Canada 


Mexico,  situated  oflf  the  coast  of  Florida,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola.  Length, 
19  miles. 


St. Elias(e-li'as).  Mount.  1.  Thenameof  sev- 
eral mountains  in  (ireeee.  Mountains  so  named  are 
situated  (a)  in  the  western  part  of  Lacoiiia  ;  (6)  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Eubcea  :  (c)  in  Zea  ;  (d)  in  MUo  ;  (e)  in  -Egina  ■ 
CO  in  Paros ;  <j)  in  Santorin. 

2.  A  mountain  in  Alaska,  near  the  boundary 
of  British  America,  in  lat.  60°  17'  35'  N., 
long.  140°  ,55'  47'  W.,  near  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  was  once  thought  to  be  the  highest  peak  in  North 
America,  but  is  now  known  to  be  surpassed  by  the  Peak 
of  Orizaba,  in  Mexico,  and  also  by  Mount  Logan,  in  British 
territorj',  26  miles  northeast  of  St.  Elias.  Height,  ]i,023 
feet. 

St.  Elmo.    See  EJmo,  Castle  of  St. 

Sainte-Marguerite  (sant-mar-gref).  One  of 
the  ties  de  Lerins.  near  Cannes,  France,  in  its 
fort  .\tonterey  the  "man  with  the  iron  mask"  was  confined 
1686-98 ;  and  Bazaine  was  confined  there  from  1873  until 
his  escape  in  1874. 

Sainte-Marie  (sant -mil -re').  A  small  island 
east  of  Madagascar,  about  lat.  17°  S.  It  belongs 
to  the  French.     Population  (1883),  7,496. 


boundary.   Length,  about  30  miles.  Width,  2-5  St^  G«orge's  Sound^    An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of 
miles. —  2.  A  lake  in  Beauee  County,  Quebec,     -'     '  .       ,     ^ 

Canada,  59  miles  south  of  Quebec.  Its  outlet  is 
by  the  St.  Francis  River  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Length,  about  14  miles. 

St.  Gall  (sant  gal),  P.  St.-Gall  (san-giil'),  G. 
Sankt  Gallen  (sankt  gal'len).  1.  A  canton 
of  Switzerland.  Capital,  St.  Gall.  It  is  bounded 
by  Thurgau  and  the  Lake  of  Constance  on  the  north,  the 
Rhine  (separating  it  from  Vorarlberg,  Liechtenstein,  and 
in  part  from  Orisons)  on  the  east.  Orisons  and  Glarus  on 
the  south,  and  Glarus,  Schwyz,  Zurich,  and  Thurgau  on 
the  west.  It  incloses  the  canton  of  .A ppenzell.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous  and  hilly  :  the  south  and  center  are 
traversed  by  the  GLarnernlpen  and  Thuralpen.  It  is  large- 
ly a  manufacturing  canton.  The  prevailing  language  is 
German.  About  two  fifths  are  Protestants  and  three  fifths 
Roman  Catholics.  A  large  part  of  the  territory  wa.s  for- 
merly subject  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Gall  ;  different  por- 
tions came  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  confederation  in 
the  15th  and  16th  centuries ;  the  cant<m  was  formed  in 
1803.  Area,  779  square  miles.  Population  (188-?),  228,174. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  St.  Gall,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  47°  26'  N.,  long.  9°  23'  E.,  at  a 
height  of  2.165  feet  above  sea-level,  it  is  one 
of  the  chief  manufacturing  and  commercial  cities  in 
Switzerland,and  the  center  of  a  large  district  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  embroider>'  and  white  goods.  The  abbey 
is  a  famous  Benedictine  establishment,  founded  by  the 
Irish  missionary  St.  Gall  in  the  7th  century,  and  sup- 
pressed in  1805.  The  existing  buildings,  now  used  for 
cantonal  offices,  schools,  episcopal  palace,  and  the  valiia- 


Mexico,  separating  St.  George's  Island  from  the 
mainland  of  Florida. 
Saint-Germain  (san-zher-man').  Bishop  of 
Paris  and  architect  of  the  church  which  Childe- 
bert  constructed  in  honor  of  St.  Vincent.  550 
A.  D.  It  became  afterward  the  chapel  of  the  Abbey  of 
St.-Germain-des-Pr^s.  He  is  also  supposed  to  ha-e  built 
for  Childebert  a  church  to  St.-Germain  I'Aiixerrois  at 
Angers,  and  the  monastery  at  Mans. 

Saint-Germain,  called  Comte  de.     Died  in 

SchleswigorCasselafterl/.sO.  A  European  ad- 
venturer, of  unknown  origin.  He  appeareil  at  the 
court  of  Louis  XV.  about  1750,  had  a  large  fortune,  and 
was  mixed  up  in  all  the  court  intrigues  of  the  day.  He 
claimed  the  possession  of  the  elixir  of  life. 

St.-Germain  (san-zher-man').  Faubourg  of. 
A  once  fashionable  quarter  of  Paris,  situated  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Seine,  long  noted  as  the 
headquarters  of  the  French  royalists.  Many 
of  the  houses  of  the  old  nobility  are  still  stand- 
ing. 

St.-G«rmain-des-Pr6s  (da-pra').  The  impres- 
sive early-Romanesque  church  of  the  historic 
abbey  of  the  same  name  in  Paris,  conspicuous 
by  its  taU  hea\'j'  pjTamid-pointed  tower.  The- 
massive  columns  and  arches  and  the  curiously  sculptured 
capitals  are  of  high  interest.  The  walls  of  the  nave  are 
covered  with  beautiful  scriptural  paintings  by  Flandrin. 


ble  librar}'.  arenot  old,'  the  grand  medieval  structures  St.-Germain-en-Laye  (-oii-la').    A  town  in  the 
having  unfortunately  disappeared.      The  church  dates     department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated 


883 

terior  provinceo  of  Brazil  1816-22,  bringing  back  a  verj-  val- 
ual>le  collection  of  plants  and  animala.  His  must  impor- 
tant writings  are  "  Flora  Hrasiliaj  racriilionalis  "  (3  vols. 
1824),  ami  a  series  of  4  works,  in  8  volumes,  describing  his 
travels,  with  the  y:eneral  title  "  Voyage  dans  riuterieur  du 
Br(5sil  ■'  (lB.iu-51). 

Saint-Hilaire,  Barth61einy-.   See  Bartlielemy- 

tSdlitl-Hiiiiirc. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Geoffrey.     See  Geoffroy  Saint- 

Ilihiin. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Marco  de  (properly  Emile  Marc 
Hilairei.  Bonuil  ViTsuilles,  May  l.'i;.]"9ii: 'lied 
at  Neiiilly,  Nov.  .'),  1887.  A  French  ^v^ito^,  page 
at  the  court  of  Napoleon  I.  Ho  wrote  "Mtooires 
d'un  piitre  de  la  conr  imp(5riale  "  (l&tO),  and  other  works 
on  Naifoleon  I.  and  the  empire. 

St. -Hubert  (saii-tii-bar').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lnxoiuburg,  Belgium,  :iO  miles  north- 
east of  Redan :  noted  for  its  chapel  of  St.  Hu- 
bert.    Population  (1890),  2,712. 

St.  Hyacinthe  (sant  lii'a-sinth ;  F.  pron.  sant- 
e-a-saiit').  A  city,  capital  of  .St.  Hyacinthe 
County,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  on  the  river 
Yamaska  31  miles  east-northeast  of  Montreal. 

St.-Gervaix(san-zber-va').     A  watering-place  gt.^-SillrerTslwg-mvr')!'-  A  town  in  the  canton 

m   he  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  I  ranee,  s.t-  „f  Bern,  Switzerland,  26  miles  northwest  of 

uated  m  the  Arve  valley  3o  miles  southeast  of  g           j   j^      manufactures  of  watches.    Popu- 

Geneva     noted  for  its  hot  baths.  latimflSSS)    7  G13 

St.  Giles's  (jil'ziz).     A  locality  in  London,  west  „.    t~jL  '  val  '  GSankt   Tmmprtha.1  fsiiiikt 

of  the  City  and  northeast  of  Westminster,  long  ^*^^^rr-tklT^Vva^ev'in  tl^^T.^^cLnul  of 

noted  as  a  center  of  poverty  and  ™e.  Bern,  Switzerland,  i>..rth  of  the  Lake  of  Bienue. 

St-Gilles  (san-zhel  ).    A  town  m  the  depart-  gaintine  (san-ten'),  Joseph  Xavier  Boniface, 

ment  of  Gard,  France,  12  miles  south  by  east  of  °*XS°  Born  at  Paris,  July  10,  1798  :  died  there 

J^""  nsQi.       '  *  i-emarkable  church.    Popula-  j        .j   jgg,      ^  French  poet,  dramatist,  and 

tion  (1891),  commune,  5,947.  „„„„ivf    t,         .          ,    „„„    ,         . .»    .       .     .,. 

o*    «;_„.,«/„„  ■   „!.;;  »A.-  '\        A    i„,„^  ;„   ♦!,«  ^«  novelist.  He  wrote  nearly  200  plays,  at  first  under  the 

St.-GironS  (san-zhe-rou  )       A  town  in  the  de-  „a„e  of  "Xavicr."  an*  a  number  of  novels,  hut  is  best  re- 

partmont  of  Anege,  southern  i  ranee,  situated  membered  by  his  "  Pieeiola, '  a  tale  ut  the  love  of  a  pris- 

at  the  junction  of  the  Lez  with  the  Salat,  24  oner  for  a  llower. 

miles  west  of  Foix.    Population  (1891),  com-  St.  Ives  (ivz).     A  seaport  and  watering-place 

mune,  5,448.  in  Cornwall,  England,  situated  on  St.  Ives  Bay 

St.  Gotthard  (E.  sant  goth'ard),  G.   Sankt  57  miles  west-southwest  of  Plymouth,    it  has  an 

Gotthard  (siinkt  got'hiirt).      "A.  small  town  in  important  pilchard-fishery,  and  is  a  favorite  winter  resort, 

Hungary,  situated  on  the  Kaab  41  miles  east  by  Population  (isui),  6,094. 

sotlth  of  Gratz.    it  is  memorable  for  the  victory  of  the  St.  IveS.  A  town  in  Hiintingdonshire,  England, 

Imperialists  under  Montecuculi  over  the  Turks  under  situated  on  tlie  Ouse  5  miles  east  of  Hunting- 


St.-Germain-en-Laye 

on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  8  miles  west- 
northwest  of  the  fortificatimis  of  Paris.  It  is  a 
frequented  summer  residence.  The  chftteau,  a  favorite  resi- 
dence of  Francis  I.,  Louis  XIV.,  and  others,  and  of  James 
II.  of  England  after  his  deposition,  has,  like  most  of  such 
residences,  been  constantly  altered  and  renewed  with  the 
development  of  modern  civilization.  The  existing  struc- 
ture, half  citadel,  dates  chielly  from  the  reign  of  Francis  I. 
The  more  lu.xurious  Chateau  Xeuf.  adjoi»itig,  was  built  by 
Henry  II.,  but,  except  the  I'avillun  Henry  IV.,  was  demol- 
ished in  the  18th  century.  The  chapel,  which  is  earlier 
than  the  rest,  is  of  remarkable  beauty.  The  chateau  now 
contains  the  Museum  of  French  National  Antiquities. 
Among  the  treaties  signed  here  were  that  of  1570  between 
the  French  Roman  Catholics  and  the  Huguenots,  whereby 
the  latter  received  various  concessions,  and  that  of  1679  be- 
tween France  and  Brandenburg,  whereby  the  latter  was 
obliged  to  cede  Sweden  most  of  its  conquests  in  Pome- 
rania.     Population  (1891),  commune,  14,262. 

St.-Gtermain  I'Auxerrois  (16-ser-wii').  The 
parish  church  of  the  kings  of  France,  in  Paris. 
The  existing  picturesque  bnilding  dates  from  thel2tb  to 
the  16th  century  ;  it  has  a  Hne  porch  of  .'J  arches,  beneath 
which  open  the  W  richly  sculptured  13th-ceiitury  portals. 
The  interior  has  a  nave  and  4  aisles  ;  it  contains  line  glass 
and  good  modern  frescos.  The  signal  for  the  msLssace 
of  St.  Bartholomew  was  sounded  from  the  small  belfry  of 
the  south  transept. 


Kluprili  Aug.  1.  1664, 

St.  Gotthard.  [G.  SanU  Gotthard,  F.  St.-Got- 
thnril :  named  from  St.  Godehardus,  bishop  of 
Hildesheim  1038.]  A  mountain  group  of  the 
Lepontine  Alps,  on  the  borders  of  Valais,  Uri, 
Tieino,  and  Orisons,  Switzerland.  Highest 
points,  over  10.000  feet. 

St.  Gotthard,  Pass  of  the.   A  celebrated  pass 

over  the  Alps,  it  leads  from  Fliielen  in  Switzerland 
up  the  valley  of  the  Keuss.  across  the  St.  Gotthard  group, 
and  down  the  valley  of  the  Tieino  to  Belliuzona.  Ileight 
of  the  pass,  6,935  feet,  A  carriage-road  was  constructed 
through  it  in  1820-2:1.  It  was  the  line  of  the  retreat  of 
Suvarolf  in  1799. 

St.  Gotthard,  Tunnel  of  the.  The  tunnel 
through  the  St.  Gotthard  group,  in  the  St.  Gott- 
hard railway  from  Lucerne  to  Milan,  it  extends 
from  Goschenen  to  Airolo;  was  commenced  in  1872;  and 
was  opened  in  lfS82.  It  is  the  longest  tunnel  in  the  world, 
extending  to  9J  miles.   Height  of  central  point,  3,786  fecL 

St.  Helena  (he-le'na).  An  island  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated 
in  lat.  1.5°  55'  S.,  long.  5°  44'  W.  It  is  about  1,200 
miles  west  of  Africa,  1,800  miles  east  of  South  America,  and 
820  miles  from  Ascension,  the  nearest  land.  It  is  of  vol- 
canic origin.  The  only  town  is  .lamestown.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese  in  l.^(ll ;  became  a  British  pos- 
session in  1651 ;  and  is  celebrated  as  the  place  of  imprl>,on- 
ment  of  Napoleon,  who  resided  here  at  Longwood,  181.^>-21. 
Length,  lomiles.  Area, 47 fi<iuare miles.  l*opulation(1891), 
4,116. 

St.  Helena  Bay.  A  bay  of  the  Athmtic,  on  file 
west  coast  of  Capo  Colon^v,  about  lat.  32°  40'  S. 

St.  Helena  Island.  An  island  on  the  coast  of 
Beaufort  County,  South  Carolina,  southwest  of 
Charleston  :  noted  for  the  production  of  sea-isl- 
anii  cotton. 

St.  Helen's  (hel'enz).  A  municipal  and  parlia- 
1111  iilary  borough  in  Lancashire,  England,  sit- 
niilcd  I'O  miles  east-northeast  of  Liverpool.  It 
ha.s  imiiortant  manufactures  of  glass,  copper,  chemicals, 
etc.     Population  (llliil;,  84,410. 

St.  Helen's,  Mount.     A  volcanic  mountain  in 

the  State  of  Wasliiiigtoii,  one  of  the  higliest 
Biinimits  of  the  Casende  Ifniige,  situated  in  lat. 
40°  12'  N.,  long.  122°  4'  W. 
St.  H61ier  (F.  pron.  saii-ta-lya'),  or  St.  Heller's 
(sant  liel'yerz).  The  capital  of  the  islaiirl  ut 
Jersey,  Channel  Islands,  situated  on  St.  Aubin's 
Bay  in  lat.  49°  10'  N.,  long.  2°  7'  W.  It  i.s  a 
fortress,  seaport,  and  watering-place.  Poimla- 
tion  (1891),  29,1(10. 

Saint-Hilaire  (san-to-liir'),  Augustin  Fran- 

Sois  C6sar  Provensal  de,  called  Auguste 
e  Saint-Hilaire.  Bo™  at  Orleans.  France. 
Oct.  4,  1799:  died  there,  Sejit.  .10,  18,53.  A 
French  botanist.    Uo  traveled  In  the  southern  aud  In- 


ion.     Po]iulutiou  (1891),  3,005. 

St.  James's  Palace.  A  palace  in  London,  adapt- 
ed as  a  royal  residence  by  Henry  VIII.,  enlarged 
by  Charles  I. ,  damaged  by  fire  in  1809,  aud  since 
restored.  Though  no  longer  occupied  by  the  sovereign, 
it  gives  its  name  otilcially  to  the  British  court.  The  pic- 
turesque brick  gate  toward  .St.  James's  street,  and  the  in- 
teresting presence-chamber,  date  from  Henry  VIII.,  as 
does  tlie  chapel,  which  is  known  as  the  Chapel  Royal.  The 
apartments  of  state  are  splendidly  decorated. 

St.  James's  Park.  A  public  park  of  87  acres,  in 
London,  east  of  Green  Park.  It  originally  consisted 
of  fields  acquired  by  Henry  VIII.  in  exchange  for  lands  in 
Suffolk.  Tlie  Hospital  of  St.  James,  which  owned  it,  was 
pulled  down,  aliil  St.  .oimes  s  Palace  was  erected  <m  its  site. 
It  is  the  llrst  of  a  series  of  parka  extending  from  near  the 
Thames  at  Wlliteball  to  Kensington  Palace,  2J  miles,  east 
and  west.  It  reathccl  its  greatest  importance  in  the  days 
of  the  Stuarts,  and  is  especially  associated  with  the  private 
life  of  Charles  II. 

St.-Jean  d'Acre.    See  Acre. 

St.-Jean  d'Angdly  (saii-zhoii'  don-zha-le' ).  A 
town  in  the  dciiailment  of  Charente-lnferieure, 
Franco,  silunlril  on  tlie  lioutonne  35  miles 
southeast  <  if  l/i  h'r>cli(lle.  It  sulfcred  in  the  Hun- 
dred Years'  War;  was  a  Calvinist  stronghold;  and  was 
captured  and  dismantled  by  Louis  XIII.  It  has  remains 
of  aBcnedictine  abbey.  Population (1S91),  commune,  7,297. 

St.-Jean-da-Luz  (-di'-lii/.').  A  seaport  and  wa- 
teriiig-idaee  in  the  department  of  Basses-l'yre- 
nfes,  France,  silnaleil  at  the  nidiith  of  the  Ni- 
velle,in  thetiiilf  of  liascony,  12  miles  southwest 
of  Bayonne.  It  was  formerly  a  center  of  the 
whale-fishery.     Pop.  (1891),  cominiine.  3,S,5(). 

St.  John  (siliitjon).  An  island  in  the  West  In 
dies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  18'  N.,  long.  64° 42'  W. 
It  belongs  to  Deniunrk.  Area,  21  square  miles. 
Population  (18!M1|,  !)S4. 

St.  John.  A  city  of  New  Brunswick  and  of 
St.  Jdliii  County,  situated  al  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  John  Kiver  in  lat.  4.5°  IC  N.,  long.  6«° 
4'  W.  It  has  a  line  harbor,  and  tltuirlshlng  foreign  and 
coasting  commerce,  manufactures  (Inelndhig  shlp-bnlld- 
Ing),  and  IlsherlcB.  It  was  settled  chielly  by  American 
loyalists  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution;  was  chartered 
as  a  city  In  178.^  ;  and  was  partly  destroyed  by  lire  In  1877. 
Populallon  (I'.inil.  411.711. 

St.  John,  or  St.  Johns  (.ionz).  A  seaport,  cajii- 
tal  of  Antigua  and  of  the  Loeward  Islands  col- 
ony, British  West  Indies.  I'opulation,  about 
9,000. 

St.  John  (siint  ,ioii';  in  England  sin'jon'l.  Bavle. 
Born  at  London,  Aug.  9,  1H22:  died  there,  Aug. 
1,  bS;'!!).  An  English  traveler  and  author,  son 
of  J.  A.  St.  John.  He  wrote  "Village  Life 
in  Egypt"  (1853),  "The  Suliul]iine  Kingdom" 
(1850),  and  other  works  of  travel. 


St.  John's  Park 

St.  John,  Charles  William  George.  Bom  Dec. 

3,  1809:  died  July  22,  1850.  A  British  natural- 
ist and  writer  on  sports. 

St.  John,  Henry,  first  Viscount  Bolingbroke. 
Born  at  Battersea,  London,  Oct.  1,  1078:  died 
at  Battersea,  Dec.  12, 1751.  An  English  states- 
man and  political  writer.  Heentered  Parliamentin 
1701,  and  acted  with  the  Tories.  He  was  secretary  at  war 
1704-08,  and  secretary  of  state  1710-14,  and  was  create<l 
Viscount  Ii«dingbroke  in  1714.  He  was  opposed  to  the  ac- 
cession of  the  house  of  Hanover,  and  on  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne  in  1714  tied  to  France,  where  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Pretender:  he  was  soon  dismissed,  however,  and 
subsequently  returned  to  England.  He  was  a  friend  of 
Pope  and  Swift.  He  wrote  *'  Dissertation  on  Parties  "(1736), 
"Idea  of  a  Patriot  King"  (174H),  etc. 

St.  John,  James  Augustus.  Bom  in  Carmar- 
thenshire, Wales,  Sept.  24,  1801 :  died  Sept.  22, 
1875.  An  English  traveler  and  miscellaneous 
author.  His  works  include  "Journal  of  a  Residence 
in  .Norway  "  and  "Lives  of  Celebrated  Travelers"  (1830X 
"History,  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  Hindoos"  (1832), 
"Egypt  and  Mohammed  All "(1834),  "The  Hellenes  ;  .Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  Aneieut  Greece  "  (1842),  "Egjpt  and 
Nubia "(1844),  "  Views  in  Borneo  "(1847),  "  Isis.  etc. "(1853), 
"  History  of  the  Four  Conquestsof  England  "(1862),  several 
novels,  lives  of  Raleigh  and  Louis  Napoleon,  etc. 

St.  John,  John  Pierce.  Bom  in  Franklin  Coun- 
ty, Ind.,  Feb.  25,  1833.  An  American  politician. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War;  was  Republican  governor  of 
Kansas  1879-83 ;  and  was  the  Prohibitionist  candidate  for 
I-rcsident  in  1884. 

St.  John,  Oliver.  Bom  about  1598:  died  1673. 
An  English  politician  and  lawyer.  He  defended 
Hampden  in  the  "  ship-money  trial  "  in  1637  ;  was  solicitor- 
general  lMl-43;  and  was  commissioner  of  the  great  seal, 
chief  justice  of  Common  Pleas,  and  councilor  of  state 
during  the  period  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  Common- 
wealth. 

St.  John  Lateran.  [It.  San  Giovanni  in  Latt- 
rana.}  A  famous  church  in  Rome,  "  the  mother 
and  head  of  all  churches."  The  original  basilica, 
erected  by  Constantine  in  the  palace  of  the  Lateran  (which 
see)  was  destroyed  by  an  earthiiuake  in  896.  It  was  re- 
built, and  was  twice  destroyed  by  tire  (l;i08.  1360),  and  at 
various  times  remodeled.  ISxtensive  changes  were  made 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  16th  century.  The  present  cla»- 
sii-al  front  is  of  the  18th  century  ;  the  heavy  Renaissance 
ornameuta  of  the  nave,  mostly  in  stucco,  date  from  1644. 
The  Hat  wooden  roof  is  richly  colfered.  The  beautiful 
13th-century  cloisters  have  round  arcades,  slender  coupled 
columns,  and  mosaics.  The  octagonal  baptistery  waa 
founded  by  Constantine,  and  is  essentially  unaltered;  it 
possesses  a  much-revered  font  and  beautiful  old  mosaics. 

If  it  could  be  ascertained  at  what  period  in  the  life  of 
Constantine  these  churches  were  built,  some  light  might 
be  thrown  on  the  history  of  his  personal  religion.  For, 
the  Lateran  being  an  imperial  palace,  the  grant  of  a  basil- 
ica within  its  wiUlsfor  the  Christian  worship  (for  such  we 
may  conjecture  to  have  been  the  first  church)  was  a  kind 
of  direct  recognition,  if  not  of  his  ow  n  regular  personal 
attendance,  at  least  of  his  admission  of  Christianity  within 
his  domestic  circle.  The  palace  was  afterwards  granted 
to  the  Christians,  the  first  patrimony  of  the  pones. 

ililinan,  IlisL  of  Christianity,  II.  2S8. 

St.  John  River.  A  river  in  Maine  and  Canada. 
It  rises  on  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  Quebec,  flows 
northeast  (known  in  part  of  its  upper  course  asihe  Walla- 
st<H)k),  forms  part  of  the  boundary,  then  flows  east,  st^uth- 
east,  anil  south,  and  empties  intii  the  Hay  of  Fnndy  at  St. 
Jifhn.  Its  chief  brancht'S  are  the  Allegnash.  St.  FYancIs, 
Madawaska,  and  Aroostook.  Length,  alKiut  .''tOO  miles; 
navigable  to  Frederlcton,  and  for  smaller  veuels  to  Orvnd 
Falls  and  above. 

St.  John's  (.ionz).  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
Newfoniidlnnd,  situated  almost  at  the  east- 
ern e.xtri'iinty  of  the  island,  in  lat.  47°  34'  N., 
long.  52°  41'  W.  It  exports  llsh.  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  cod  and  seal  oils,  etc.  A  large  i)art  of  it  waa  de- 
stroyed by  lire,  July  8,  ISil'J.     Population  U:XiU.  2:i..VH. 

St.  Johnsbury  (.ionz'bu-ri).  The  capital  of 
Caledonia  County.  Verinont,  situated  on  Pas- 
sumpsic  Kiver  30  miles  ea«t-northeast  of  Mont- 
pelier.  It  Is  the  seat  of  the  largest  scale  faet*>ry  In  the 
w.irld  iFahbankss  scales).      Pupuhition  tl'.«IOI.  7,(ilO. 

St.  John's  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge 
University.  l'',ngliiiiil.  founded  in  1511  by  Lady 
Margaret  Beaufort,  replacing  St.  Jolin's  Hos- 
pital, which  was  established  in  tlie  I2lli  cen- 
tury. On  the  Hrst  of  the  timr  ccuirts  face  the  hall  and 
the  chapel.  The  former  possesses  a  spacious  lutorlor, 
oak-paneled,  and  with  openfraincd  wtHMlen  nvif.  The 
chapel  Is  a  very  handsome  nualern  liecorated  lutililing  by 
Sir  lillbcrt  Scott.     The  second  court,  built  of  brick  of  a 

riiirple  ttuie,  is  the  must  beautiful  In  Camltrltlge.  l"Y<im 
he  west  side  of  the  third  court,  a  covered  bridge,  called 
the  Briilge  of  Sighs. whose  arched  openings  are  lllled  with 
tnu-erj-,  leails  over  the  t^am  t4i  the  New  C»uiri,  whose 
buildings  arc  of  stcuie  in  the  Ellfabelhau  style, 

St.  John's  College.  A  college  of  <).\ford  Uni- 
versity. Kiigland.  founded  in  1.5.55.  The  build- 
Ings  are  of  various  dates.  an«l  are  plcluresiinely  gnniped; 
smnc  of  them  belonged  to  the  earlier  College  of  .si.  Ber- 
nard, and  were  built  abmil  the  middle  of  the  l.ith  century. 
The  two  (lUiidrangles  are  coniiecti'd  by  a  vaulted  paasftftr. 

St.  John's  Park.  A  park  formerlv  bounded  by 
Ilu.lson,  Beaidi,  Varick,  and  Lnig'lit  streets,  in 
New  ^'ork  city.  It  was  originally  appmprlatcd  from 
TYInity  church  donmln^  and  rinbellishf>il  by  the  cbtirch 
corporation.     It  Is  now  covered  by  a  freight  deixiU 


St.  John's  Biver 


83-i 


St.  John's  River.  A  river  in  Florida.  It  flows 
in  greneral  northward  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast,  travers- 
ing Lake  George  and  other  lakes,  and  empties  into  the 
Atlantic  16  miles  east-northeast  of  Jacksonville.  Length, 
about  350  miles ;  navigable  to  Enterprise. 

St.  John's  Wood,  A  quarter  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  London,  Tvest  of  Regent's  Park,  it  is  a 
larsre  colony  of  second-rate  villas.  Lord's  Cricket  Ground 
is  here,  where  the  Eton  and  Harrow  match  is  played  an- 
nually in  July. 

St.  Joseph  (jo'zef).  Acity,  capital  of  Buchanan 
County,  western  Missouri,  situated  on  the  ilis- 
snuri  in  lat.  39°  4.5'  N.  it  is  the  third  citv  in  the 
State,  and  .an  important  railway,  commercial,  and  manufac- 
turiiii-'  center.  It  was  founded  in  1843,  and  was  fomierh-  a 
point  of  departurefor  Western  settlers.  Population  (WCk)), 


Saint  Mary's 


Popola. 


this  time,  but  was  separated  from  him  in  1S30.  She  assisted     attacked  by  the  English  in  1693  1695  and  1758 

(.autier  m  the  composition  of  the  baUets  "Gemma,"     tion  (1891),  commune   11896       ' 

"G.psy,"  and  others. Saint-Marc  Girardi'n  (san'mar' zhe-rardan'), 

St.-Leonardisan-la-o-nar  ).    Atowninthede-  Fran?ois  Augusts  (oiiKinallv  Marc  Girar- 
partiueut  otHaute-Nienne,  France,  situated  on  din).      Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  l2,  ISOl:   died  at 
the  V  leune  10  miles  east  of  Limoges.     It  was  Morsang-sur-Seine,  near  Paris,  April  11   1873 
thebirthplaeeof  Gay-Lussae.  Population(1891).  A.  French  author,  publicist,  and  politician.    Hi^ 
commune,  5,981.  works  include  "Cours  de  littSrature  dramatique  "  (1843- 
St.  Leonards  (len'iirdzl.     A  western  suburb  of  '*<'^*'  "Essais  de  litterature  et  de  morale  "  (1844),  etc. 
Hastings.  Sussex,  England:   a  watering-place  St.  Margaret's.     A  historic  church  in  West- 
on tlie  English  Channel.  minster,  London,  founded  by  Edward  I.  and 
St.  Leonards,  Baron.     See  Siir/fleii.  modified  by  Edward  IV.     Here  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
«!»■    T  mi  i-coT,  luM        A  ,.;71„r,.^  ;„"+l.„  1           t          i.  and  «  dliamCaxton  were  buried,  and  Milton  was  married. 
ist.-ijeu  ( ^an-le  )■     A  \  illage  m  the  department  The  church  is  full  of  colored-glass  window.,  and  other  mel 
Ot   ^eine-et-Uise,  i  ranee,  northward  of  Paiis.  morialstothegreat  men  who  have  been  associated  withlt 

c!<-    Toc^^h  f^    T         T,■^■I5           .               ^.T        If  is  the  place  of  burial  of  Louis  Bonaparte  and  St.  Mark's  (Venice).   See  J/flcA-,,S^f.,iJai77(cao/. 

^^•J.?^^P\^'>'^.^°sephs)Ba.y     An  arm  of  the     other  Bonapartes.  St.  Mark's  Square.     The  principal  square  in 

iViii  °i.r  „  r,?'  "'l  *??>  '1°''*''  ?^  Florida,  120  St.-Leu,  Comte  de.     A  name  assumed  by  Louis  Venice.    It  contains  St.  Mark's  Church  and  the 

Bonaparte  after  his  deposition  (1810)  as  king  of  Campanile.      Near  it   are  the  Ducal  Palace, 

Holland.  Bridge  of  Sighs,  etc. 

St.-L6  (san-16').    The  capital  of  the  department  Saint-Mars   (sau-mar'i.  Gabrielle   Anne  de  ' 

of  Manche.  France,  situated  on  the  Vire  in  lat.  Cistemes  de  Courtiras,  Marquise  de  Poilow 

49°  7'  N.,  long.  1°  7'  W.  it  is  largely  engaged  in  ^'  "  '  '  '  '  ' 
cloth  manufacture.  The  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  lias 
tall  spires,  and  triple  portals  beneath  three  great  arches 
inclosing  large  traceried  windows.  On  the  north  side  of 
the  fagade  some  Flamboyant  tabernacle-work  was  added, 
which  is  among  the  most  exquisite  produclions  of  that 
style.  .St. -L6  was  pillaged  by  the  Normans,  and  later  by 
the  English,  and  suffered  in  tlie  religious  struggles.  Popu- 
lation (IS91),  commune,  ll,44,i. 

St.  Louis  (sant  Wis  or  lo'i).  A  city  in  Missouri, 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  in  lat. 
38°  38'  N.,  long.  90°  15'  W.  it  is  the  laigest  city  in 
Missouri  and  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  and  fourth  city  in 
the  United  .States ;  one  of  the  chief  railway  centers  of  the 
country  ;  and  one  of  its  leading  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing cities.  The  river  is  crossed  liere  by  a  bridge  2,225 
feet  long,  connecting  the  city  with  East  St.  Louis.  There  is 
e.Ktensivc  commerce  by  river:  among  tlie  leading  articles 
of  sliipment  are  grain,  live  stock,  tobacco,  Hour,  and 
cotton.  The  leading  manufactm-es  are  flour,  l»eer,  sugai-, 
iron  and  steel,  tobacco,  etc.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
custom-house  and  post-ofBce,  court-house,  merchants'  ex- 
change, Four  Courts,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Louis  and 
Washington  universities,  and  is  noted  for  its  public  schools. 
It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  17G4  (see  Chmiteau,  Au- 
guste) ;  was  formally  occupied  by  the  .Spaniaids  in  1771 ; 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1803 :  was  made  a  city 
in  1822 ;  and  has  been  several  times  devastated  by  cholera 
and  flood,  and  in  1849  by  fiie.  Its  progress  was  retarded 
by  the  Civil  War.  It  was  separated  from  St.  Louis  County 
in  1877.    Population  (1900),  575,238.  _ 

St.-Louis(san-lo-e').   The  capital  of  the  French  Saint-Martin,  Louis  Claude  de,  styled 

colony  of  Senegal,  Vvest  Africa,  situated  on  an 

island  in  the  Senegal  River,  near  its  mouth,  in 

lat.  16°  I'N.,  long.  1C°34' W.  (lighthouse).    It 

has  considerable  commerce.  Population,  about 

20,000. 
St.  Louis  flo'is  or  lo'i),  Lake.    An  expansion 

of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Lake  St.  Francis  and 

above  Jlontreal. 
distance  below  Lake  Ontario  it  forms  the  boundary  be-  ot.  JbOUlS  1 10  IS  or  lo  i)  KlVOr.     Ariverin  north- 
tween  Canada  and  the  United  States  (Xew  York).  Its  chief     eastern  Minnesota  which  flows  into  Lake  Su- 
I"l"''i'5!^?''.l"'S."!''^V:^:  ?.'.■  il=»"-ice,  andjjaguenay  on     perior  9  miles  southwest  of  Duluth.     Length, 


miles  east-southeast  of  Pensacola. 

St.  Joseph  Island.  An  island  belonging  to 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  in  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Superior  into  Lake  Huron.     Length.  20  miles. 

St.  Joseph  River.  1.  A  river  in  southwestern 
Micliigan  and  northern  Indiana.  It  flows  into  Lake 
Michigan  at  St.  Joseph.  Length,  about  200  miles;  navi- 
gable for  about  half  its  length. 

2.  A  river  in  southern  Michigan,  northwestern 
Ohio,  and  northeastern  Indiana.  It  unites  at  Fort 
Wayne  with  the  St.  Mary's  to  form  the  Maumee.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

St.-Junien  (saii'zhii-nyan').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute- Vienne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Vienne  19  miles  west  of  Limoges.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9,376. 

Saint-Just  (san-zhiisf ),  Ajltoine.  Bom  at  De- 
cize,  near  Nevers.  France.  Aug.  25, 1767:  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  July  28, 1794.  A  French  revolu- 
tionist, an  intimate  associate  of  Robespierre, 
and  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror*  He  became  deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792; 
was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  1793-94 ; 
and  was  sent  on  missions  to  the  armies  on  the  frontiers 
1793-94.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  overthrow  of  the 
H«-bertists  and  Dantonists,  and  was  involved  in  the  down- 
fall of  Robespierre. 

St.  Kilda  (kil'da).  A  remote  island  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  situated  west  of  North  L'ist, 
in  lat.  57°  49'  N..  long.  8°  35'  W.  The  surface 
is  rocky.  Length,  3  miles.  Population(1886),  SO. 

St.  Kitts.     See  St.  Christopher. 

Saint-Lambert  (san'loh-bar'),  Jean  Frangois, 
ilarquis  de.  Born  at  Nancy,  France,  Dec.  26, 
1716:  died  Feb.  9,  1803.  A  French  poet  and 
philosopher:  one  of  the  encyclopedists.  His 
best-known  work  is  the  poem  "Les  saisons" 
(1769). 

St.  Lawrence  (la'rens).  One  of  the  principal 
rivers  of  North  America,  the  outlet  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  stream  issues  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  at  Cape  Gasp^.     For  some 


de  :  best  known  by  her  pseudonvm  of  Com- 
tesse  Dash.  Born  at  Poitiers,  Aug.  2  1804: 
died  at  Paris,  Sept.  11,  1872.  A  French  woman 
of  society  and  writer.  .Among  her  books  are  "  Le  jea 
dela  rcine,"" Les bals' masques,"  "Lachaine  d'or,"  "Les 
chateaux  en  Afrique."  "La  duchesse  dEponnes,"  "  Le 
fruit  defendu,"  'Les  galanteries  de  la  cour  de  Louis  XV., " 
"Laregence,"  "La  jeunesse  de  Louis  XV.,"  *-Les  mai- 
tresses  du  roi,""Le  pare  aux  cerfs,""La  marquise  de 
Parabere,"  "La  marquise  sanglante,"  "La  poudre  et  Is 
neige,"  '■  Le  salon  du  diable,"etc. 

St. 


about  200  miles. 


the  left,  and  the  Kichelieu,  St.  Francis,  and  Chaudiere  on 

the  right.     It  contains  the  Thousand  Islands,  the  islands  oj.    t  r> 

of  Montieal,  Jesus.  Orleans,  etc.,  and  forms  Lakes  St.  "St.  liUCaS,  Cape.     See  San  Lucas.  Cape. 

Francis,  St.  Louis,  and  St.  Peter.    Tire  chief  fall  is  the  Rf    LllHa  (lii'sh^i')    or  Santa  T.iipia  CsSn'tij  1« 

Lachine  Rapids      Length  from  Lake  Ontario,  about  740  ^^^-^',^"^^,1"?.^.^,','  °J  f?.^'^^^;ff„'^^\^-5!?"Ti,t:i° 
navigable  for  the  largest  vessels  to  Quebec, 


miles;  navigable  for  the  largest  vessels  to  Quebec,  for 
large  sea  vessels  to  Montreal.  Width  of  part  below  Que- 
bec, from  7  to  90  (at  its  embouchure)  miles. 

St.  Lawrence.  An  island  in  Bering  Sea,  be- 
longing to  Alaska,  intersected  by  lat.  63°  N., 
long.  170°  W.     Length,  about  100  miles. 

St.  Lawrence,  Cape.     A  cape  at  the  northern 


se'ii).  An  island  of  the  British  West  Indies, 
situated  in  lat.  14°  N.,  long.  61°  W.  Capital, 
Castries.  Its  sm-face  is  mountainous  and  volcanic.  It 
exports  sugar,  cacao,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  the  English  in 
1639  ;  was  several  times  held  by  the  French;  and  has  been 
held  permanently  by_the  British  since  1803.    It  forms  part 


Martin  (sant  miir'tin;  F.  pron.  sau-mar- 
tan').  An  island  in  the  Lesser  Antilles.  West 
Indies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  4'  N.,  long.  63°  5'  W. 
It  is  divided  between  France  and  the  Netherlands.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  St.  Martin  exports  salt,  sugar,  and  live 
stock.  Tlie  capital  ot  the  French  part  is  Marlgot ;  of  the 
Dutch  part.  Pliilippsburg.  It  was  divided  between  the  two 
nations  in  liJ4S.  Area  of  French  part,  20  square  miles; 
population  (1839),  3,641.  Area  of  Dutch  part,  17  square 
miles  ;  population  (1890),  3,882. 

St.  Martin  (mar'tin).  or  St.  Martin's  (mar'- 
tinz).  One  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  southwest  of 
Cornw!ill,  England. 

Saint-Martin  (san'mar-tan'),  Antoine  Jean. 
Born  at  Paris.  Jan.  17.  1791:  died  there.  -July, 
1832.  A  French  Orientalist.  His  chief  work  is 
"Memoires  sur  I'bistoire  et  la  geographic  de 
TArm^nie  "  (1818-19). 

-.      .  Le 

philosopheinconnu."  Born  at  Amboise,  France, 
Jan.  18,  1743 :  died  at  Aunay,  near  Paris,  Oct. 
13,1803.  -1  French  mystical  philosopher:  called 
"the  French  Bohme"."  He  entered  the  army,  but 
abandoned  it  about  1800,  and  thereafter  lived  in  retire- 
ment, first  at  Paris  and  later  at  Aunay.  Among  his  works 
are  "Des  erreurs  et  de  la  verite  "  (1776),"Tableau  naturel 
des  rapports  qui  existent  entre  Dieu,  I'homme  et  I'uni- 
vers  "  (1782),  etc. 

Saint-Martin,  Louis  Vivien  de.    See  rivicn 

de  Siii)if-Marti)i. 

St.-Martin  de  Re  (de  ra).  The  capita!  of  the 
He  de  Re.  department  of  Charente-Inf^rieure, 
France.     Population  (1S91),  commune,  2,608. 

St.  Martin's  le  Grand.  A  monastery  and 
church  formerly  in  London,  dating  from  verv 
early  times.  In  the  second  ye.ar  of  William  the  Con- 
queror it  was  exempted  from  ecclesiastical  and  civil  juris- 
diction. Its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  General  Post 
iiffice.  Imilt  in  1825-29  from  Sniirke's  designs. 

St.  Mary  (Azores).     See  Santa  Maria. 


iiciu  i^ciiiiiiociiii^  u^  iiiB  ciiiibu  i5iiiceiou.i.    It  lorms  pari   «*.   hit  /     -/   -x    n  ^     m,  , 

of  the  colony  of  the  Windward  Islands.    Area,  237  square  Ot.  Mary  (ma  ri).  Oape.      1.  1  he  southernmost 


miles.    Population  (1892),  43,310. 


extremity  of  Cai)e  Breton  Island,  projectinginto  St.  Lucia  Bay.     An  inlet  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
tlie  (iulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Umvolozi  River,  Zululand, 

situated  south  of  the  St.  Lucia  Lake,  it  was 
claimed  by  the  Germans  in  1884,  but  yielded  to  the  British 
in  1885. 


St.  Lawrence,  Gulf  of.  [F.  Golfc  du  St.-Lan- 
rent  ]  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  it  borders  on  the  province 
of  Quebec  on  the  north,  Newfoundland  on  the  east,  Nova 
Scotia  on  the  soutli.  and  Now  Brunswick  and  Quebec  on 
the  west.  It  communicates  w  ith  the  sea  liy  a  wide  open- 
ing on  the  southeast,  by  the  Strait  of  Belie  Isle  on  the 

northeast,  and  bythe  Gut  of  Canso  on  the  south;  and  con-   c.     t,«.         .        ,      .,     ..  ,~  ,, 
tains  Prince  Edward  Island,  Anticosti  and  the  Magdalen  •St.-iVlacaire  (san  ma-kar  ).     A  to>VIl  in  the  de- 


St.  Lucia  Lake,  A  lagoon  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Zululand,  South  Africa,  about  lat.  28°  S.  It 
coniniunicates  with  tlie  Indian  Ocean  by  St.  Lucia  Bay. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 


Islands.  The  chief  branches  are  Chaleur  Bay,  Miramichi 
Bay,  Bay  of  Islands,  and  St.  George  Bay.  The  fisheries  are 
important. 

St.  Leger  (sant  lej'er).  An  English  race,  sec- 
ond in  importance  only  to  the  Derby.  Itwasestab- 
lislied  in  177i;,  and  named  from  Colonel  .Anthony  St.  Leger 
in  1778.  It  is  a  race  forthree-yeai--olds,  and  is  fun  at  Don- 
caster  about  the  second  week  of  September. 

St.  Leger  (sant  lej'er  or  sil'in-jer),  Barry.  Born 
17:i7:  died  1789.     A  British  officer,  of  Hugue- 


partment  of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the 
Garonne  25  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux:  a 
Roman  and  medieval  town.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,249. 
St.-Maixent  (san'ma-kson').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Deux-Sevres,  situated  on  the 
S&vre  30  miles  southwest  of  Poitiprs.  It  con- 
tains an  interesting  church.  Population  (1891), 
5,036. 


not  descent.    He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  St.-Malo  (san'ma-16').      A  seaport  in  the  de- 


and  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  commanded  the  un- 
successful expedition  against  Fort  Stanwix  in  1777,  and 
attained  the  rank  of  colonel  in  1780.  He  puMislnd  "St. 
l-eger's  J  ournal  of  Occurrences  in  .\merica  "  (1780). 

St.  L6on  (san-la-6n').  Fanny  (originallv  Fran- 
cesca  Cerrito).  Born  at  Naples,  March  11, 
1S21.  .\  noted  Italian  dancer.  She  made  her  d*ut 
at  the  San  Carlo  in  1833,  and  was  a  favorite  in  London  1840- 
1845.    She  married  the  dancer  and  violinist  St.  Lton  about 


partment  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on 
an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ranee,  in  lat.  48° 
40'  N..  long.  1°  59'  W.  it  is  a  strong  fortress,  and 
an  important  commercial  city  and  watering-place ;  has 
extended  quays  and  docks;  and  is  celebrated  for  the  height 
of  the  tides.  Its  ramparts,  castle,  and  parish  church  (for- 
merly a  cathedral)  are  notable.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Carrier,  Maupeituis,  Lamettrie,  Mahi  de  la  Bourdonnais, 
Chateaubriand,  and  Laraeimais.     It  was  unsuccessfully 


point  of  Madagascar,  situated  in  lat. 2,5°  39'  S., 
long.  45°  7'  E. —  2.  A  cape  in  the  peninsula  of 
Avalon,  southeastern  part  of  Newfoundland,  at 
the  entrance  to  Plaeentia  Bay. —  3.  A  cape  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia. 

St.  Mary  Bay.  1.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  southern  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Avalon, 
Newfoundland. —  2.  Au  arm  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  western  coast  of  Nova  Scotia. 

St.  Mary  de  Arcubus  or  le  Bow,  or  Bow 
Church.  [L.  de  arcubus,  of  the  arches.]  A 
church  in  London,  on  Cheapside,  within  the 
sound  of  whose  celebrated  bells  all  cockneys 
are  born,  it  is  an  excellently  designed  structure  by 
Wren,  begun  in  1671.  It  stands  over  the  fine  Norman  crypt 
of  the  older  church,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  fire  of 
16(56.  The  spire  (235  feet  high)  is  especially  admired,  and 
has  been  pronounced  the  most  graceful  in  outline  and  ap- 
propriate in  details  erected  since  tlie  medieval  period. 

Stow,  usually  very  clear,  rather  contradicts  himself  for 
once  about  the  origin  of  tlie  name  of  the  church.  In  one 
place  he  says  it  was  so  called  because  it  was  the  first  Lon- 
don Church  built  on  arches ;  and  elsewliere  he  says  it  took 
its  name  from  certain  stone  arches  supporting  a  lantern 
on  the  top  of  the  tower.  The  latter  is  more  probably  the 
true  derivation,  for  St.  Paul's  could  also  boast  its  Saxon 
crypt,  Wal.ford  and  Thonibury,  London,  I.  335. 

Saint  Mary's  (ma'riz),  or  Saint  Mary.  1. 
An  island  of  the  British  colony  of  Gambia, 
western  Africa,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 


Saint  Mary's 

Gambia. —  2.  The  largest  of  the  Scilly  Islands, 
southwest  of  Cornwall,  Englaud.  Area,  2  square 
milc'S- 

St.  Marys.  A  town  in  Perth  County,  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Thames 
6')  miles  west  of  Hamilton.  Population  (1901), 
:!.:i^4. 

St.  Mary's  Falls.     See  Sault  Suinte  Marie. 

St  Mary's  Loch  (loch).  A  lake  in  the  county 
of  Selkirk,  Scotland,  14  miles  west-southwest 
of  Selkirk.  Length,  including  the  Loch  of  the 
Lowes,  44  miles. 

St.  Mary's  River.  1.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Su- 
perior into  Lake  Huron.  Length,  !>5  miles; 
navigable  by  aid  of  ship-canal. —  2.  A  river  on 
the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Florida.  It 
empties  into  the  Atlantic  near  Feruandina, 
Florida.  Length,  about  l.'iO  miles. — 3.  A  river 
,    in  northwestern  Ohio  and  northeastern  Indi- 


885 

England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  17  mUes  west  of 
Cambridge.     Population  (1891),  4,077. 

St.-Nicolas  ( san-ne-ko-lii' ).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Last  Flanders,  Belgium,  13  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Antwerp.  It  has  nourishing  man- 
ufactures. It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Waesland.     Population  (1893),  28,487. 

St.-Nicolas.     A   town   in  the   department  of 
ileurthc-et-Moselle,  France,   situated  on  the 
Meurtlie  0  miles  southeast  of  Nancy, 
lation  (1S91),  commune,  5,654. 


St.  Petersburg 

opper  story  on  the  sides  is  merely  a  mask,  the  actual  Btroc. 
lure  of  lofty  nave  and  low  aisles  being  the  same  as  in  a 
medieval  catliedraL  The  dome  is  magnificent:  ittis  per- 
liaps  the  most  imx>osing  in  existence.  Its  drum  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  range  of  Corinthian  columns,  and  it  is  sur- 
mounted l>y  a  lantern.  The  interior  is  impressive  froiw 
its  size,  and  is  not  dwarfed  like  St.  Peter's  by  dispropor- 
tionate size  of  its  classical  details ;  but  its  decoration  is  far 
from  finished,  and  the  effect  is  bare  and  cold.  The  vaulted 
cr>'pt,  like  tlie  church  itself,  contains  many  tombs  of  fa- 
mous men.  Tile  modern  reretlos,  in  the  Italian  Kenaissance 
style,  is  elaljorately  sculptured. 
Popu-  gj;_  Paul's  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  northern  coa#t  of 
Malta,  the  traditional  .scene of  Paul's  shipwreck. 


strong  fortress,  and  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  cen- 
ter. The  cathedral  is  a  large  arid  handsome  buililing;  the 
choir  is  of  the  i:itli  century,  the  transepts  of  the  14th,  and 
the  remainder  I'lanilwyant.  The  interior  contains  paint- 
ings by  Rubens  and  Van  l)yck,  and  several  noteworthy 
tombs.  The  Church  of  Notre  Uanie  and  the  ruined  Church 
of  St.  r.erlin  (where  Childeric  III.  died)  are  also  note- 
worthy. St.-Onier  formerly  had  a  Roman  Catholic  cf>lleKe 
for  British  youth.  In  early  times  it  bi-l.inged  to  Flanders. 
It  w;is  often  t.iken  and  retaken.  In  li;77  il  was  taken  from 
the  Spaniards  bv  I.ouis  XIV.  and  annexed  to  France.  Pop- 
„^  .  Ulatlon  (l^''l),  21,001. 

St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Church  of.    The  oflicial  Sainton-Dolby    (san '  ton  -  dol '  bi),    Madame 
universityehiirch  at  l).\tord,  Lngland.   The  great     (Charlotte  Helen  Dolby).     Bom  at  London, 


St.-Omer  (sau-to-mar').     The  capital  of  the  de-  g^   Paul's  Churchyard.     The  open  space  sur- 
partment  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on     i-cnindiiig  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London. 
the  Aa  in  lat.  50°  45'  N.,  long.  2°  15'  E.    It  is  a  st_  Paul's  Rocks.    A  grou))  of  islets  in  the  At- 


ana.     It  unites  at  Fort  Wayne  with  St.  Joseph's  River 
to  form  the  Mauuiee.    Length,  about  luo  miles. 
St.  Mary's  the  Great.     The  official  university 
church  at  Cambridge,  England.    It  is  a  Perpen- 
dicular structure,  built  between  1478  and  1519. 


tower  is  surmounted  by  a  superb  octagonal  spire  of  130(1, 
with  unusually  rich  pinnacles  at  the  angles,  rising  in  the 
form  of  steps.  The  existing  choir  dates  from  140o,  and  the 
nave  from  1488;  tliey  exhibit  varie<l  types  of  tlie  Perpen- 
dicular. The  south  porch,  with  broken  pediment  and 
twisted  columns,  is  of  the  17th  century. 

St.  Matthew  (math'u).  A  small  island  in  Be- 
ring Sea,  belonging  to  Alaska,  south-southwest 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

St.  Matthe'w  (or  Matthew's)  Island.  A  small 
island  of  British  Burma,  lying  near  the  coast 
of  the  Malay  peninsula,  in  lat.  10°  N. 

8t,  Maurice  (sant  ma'ris ;  F.  pron.  san  mo-res'). 
A  river  in  Quebec,  Canada,  which  rises  in  a 
chain  of  lakes,  and  joins  the  St.  Lawrence  at 


1821:  died  there,  Feli.  18,  1SS5.  An  English 
singer  of  ballads  and  in  oratorio,  and  musical 
Wl'iter.  She  wrote  many  songs,  three  cantatas,  etc.  In 
ISiiO  she  married  Prosper  Sainton,  a  violinist,  and  in  1872 
opened  a  "  vocal  academy." 
Saintonge  (sah-tonzh').     A  former  division  of  _^.  ^,.,,^  o^ 

western  France,  which  formed  with  Angoumois  St.  Peter  Port.  A  seaport,  chief  tov\Ti  of  Cruem 


lantic  Ocean,  east  of  South  America,  situated 
in  lat.  0=  .V)'  N.,  long.  2!l°  23'  W. 

St.  Paul  Without  the  Walls.  A  famous  4th- 
century  basilica  at  Koine,  unfortunately  burned 
in  1823.  The  original  plans  have  been  reproduced  as  far 
as  i)ossible.  The  original  facade,  the  tribune  with  its  im- 
portant mosaics,  and  a  number  of  antique  columns  sur- 
vive. The  rich  interior  is  411  feet  long,  the  transepts  214 
feet.  The  flat  wooden  ceiling  is  elaborately  carved.  The 
main  cloister  isabeantiiul  work  of  the  i:jth  century,  with 
round  arcades  and  coupled  columns  in  great  variety. 

St.  Peter  (pe'ter).  The  capital  of  Nicollet  Coun- 
ty, Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Minnesota  Kiver 
02  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul.  Population 
(lOiiO).  4.302. 

St.  Peter,  Lake.  An  e.xpanslon  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence aliove  Three  Elvers.  Length,  20  miles. 
Width,  y  miles. 


a  government  before  the  Kevolution.  Chief  city, 
Saintes.  It  was  bounded  by  Aunis  and  Poitou  on  the 
north,  Guienne  on  the  east  and  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay on  the  west.  Angoumois  was  in  its  eastern  part.  Sain- 
tonge itself  is  mostly  included  in  the  department  of  Cha- 
rente-InfOrieure.  It  passed  with  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine  to 
the  Plantagencthouse,  and  generally  followed  the  fortunes 
of  Aqtiitaine. 


Three  Rivers,   it  contains  the  Falls  of  Shawenegan(i60  St.-Ouen(san-to-on').  A  town  in  the  department 

feet).    Length,  about  350  miles.  of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 

Bt.-Maurice  (sail-mo-res').     A  commune  in  the  the  Seine,  1*  miles  north  of  the  fortifications 

department  of  .Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  of  Paris.     It  has  various  manufacturing  estab- 

Mame  about  3  miles  east-southeast  of  the  forti-  lishments  and  docks.     Pojjulation  (1891),  eom- 

fications  of  Paris.     Population  (1891),  6,653.  mune,  25,909. 

Bt.-Maurice.    A  town  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  St.-Ouen,  Declaration  of.     A  proclamation  to 

;f„„*„/i  „„  ti.n  t;m,„„o  OS  ,„;]„„  till- Freucli  nation,  made  by  Louis  XVIII.  at  St, 


Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Klione  28  miles 
southeast  of  Lausanne:  the  Roman  Agannum. 
The  abbey  w.is  founded  in  the  Cth  century.  This  was  one 
of  the  leading  towns  of  the  ancient  Burgundian  kingdom. 
Population  (1888),  ],6t>>. 

St.-Maur-les-Fosses  (san'mor'la-fo-sa').    A 
village  in  the  de|iartment  of  Seine,  France,  sit 


Oiicn,  May  2,  1814,  promising  a  constitution. 
St.  Pancras  (pang'kras).     A  borough  (inunici- 
pal)  of  Lontlon,  situated  north  of  the  Thames. 
The  borough  returns  4  members   to  Parlia- 
ment. 


nated  on  the  llame  4  mUes  east-southeast  of  Saint  Patrick's  Day,  or  the  Scheming  Lieu- 


Population  (1891), 


the  fortifications  of  Paris 
17,333. 

St.-Maur-SUr-Loire  (-siir-lwiir').  A  Benedic- 
tine monastery,  founded  by  St.  Maurus,  situated 
near  Saumur,  France.  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
Normans  in  the  9th  century. 

Saint-Mery  Mederic  Louis  Elie  Moreau  de. 

See  Mnrnni.  <1r  Siiiiil-ilrni. 

St.  Michael.    Sc.'  si.  MirhH 

St.  Michael  overcoming  Satan.    A  painting 

by  Raphael  (l-'il8),  in  the   Louvre,  P;iris.    The 
archangel,  in  glowing  corselet,  with  one  foot  resting  on 
the  prostrate  form  of  his  adversarj',  is  ab<.)Ut  to  transfix 
him  with  his  poised%pear,     t '- -•>'"'■—"  •■■"-<'  "-— ■■ 
black  in  the  shadows. 

St.Michaers(mi'kelz),orSt.Michael(mi'kel). 
[Pg.  Siio  MifjtwJ.']  '*rhe  largest  and  most  popu- 
lous of  the  Azores  Islands,  situated  in  the  east- 
ernmost group.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  vol- 
canic. It  exports  fruit  and  wine,  and  is  noted  for  its  hot 
springs.  The  chief  town  is  Ponta  llelcada.  Area,  300 
etjuare  nilles.     Population,  about  12o,CMJ*). 

St.  Michael's  Mount.  A  pjTamidal  rock  in 
Mount's  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall,  England, 
18  miles-west  of  Falmouth :  the  ancient  Ictis.  It 
is  almost  isolated  from  the  mainland.  Height, 
230  feet. 

St.  Michel  (mi'kel),  or  St.  Michael.  1.  A  laen 
in  southern  Finland,  largely  occupic-d  by  lakes. 
Area,  8,819  square  miles.  Poiuihilioii  (189(1), 
180,920.-2.  The  capital  of  Ihe  laen  of  St.  Mi- 
chel, 80  miles  northwest  of  Viborg. 

St.-Michel,  Mont.    See  iUmt  Sl.-Michcl. 

St.-Mihiel  (saii-me-yel').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partniciil  of  Mouse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuso  33  miles  west-northwest  of  Nancy.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commuiM',  8,126. 

St.-Nazaire  (saii-nii-ziir').  A  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Loire-Iiif<5rieure.  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Loire,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  47°  10' 
N.,  long.  2°  12'  W.  It  Is  the  outer  haven  of  Nantes 
and  the  terminus  of  several  ocean  sleainBhiji  lines,  and 
has  large  doi;ks  and  ipiays.  .Near  it  is  a  large  granite  dol- 
men.    Population  (1801),  commune,  3o,u:i.'i. 

St.NeotS(ne'ots).  A  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 


tenant.   A  farce  by  Sheridan,  pi-oduccdin  1  u.x 

St.  Patrick's  Purgatory.    A  cave  on  a  small 

island  in  Lough  Dirg.  Ireland.  It  was  a  famous 
place  of  medieval  pilgrimage,  as  the  supposed  entrance  to 
an  earthly  purgatory  or  place  of  expiation. 

St.  Paul  (pal).  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
situated  in  lat.  38°  43'  S.,  long.  77°  32'  E.,  about 
50  miles  south  of  New  Amsterdam.  It  belongs 
to  France  (since  1892).  The  surface  is  vol- 
canic.    Length,  li  miles. 

St.  Paul  (sant  pal ;  F.  pron.  san  pol).    A  small 
island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, north-northeast  of  Cape  Breton. 
It  is  a  striking  work,  though  g^_  p^^^  (j,jjy,  p.-,i)      'ri,e  capital  of  Minnesota 

situated  on  the  Missis 


and  of  Ramsey  County 
sippi,  in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  93°  7'  W.,  south 
01  and  adjoining  Minneapolis.  Next  to  Minneapo- 
lis It  Is  the  largest  city  in  the  State.  It  is  an  important 
railway  center;  is  at^  the  head  of  uninterrupted  naviga- 
tion of  the  .Mississippi;  has  extensive  ci>nimerce;  and  Is 
a  largo  meat-packing  center.  Its  niaTUifaclures  include 
machinery,  agrlcultumi  Implements,  furniture,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc.  It  was  settlcl  in  18:tS.  and  liecame  a  city  In 
18r.4.  It  Is  remarkable  tor  its  rapid  growth.  Population 
(I'JUO),  103,0C6. 

St.-Paul  (san-pol').  A  seaport  on  the  island  of 
Ri'uniiiTi,  Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  north- 
west coiisl. 

St.  Paul,  or  Paulus.  Mendelssohn's  first  ora- 
loiio,  |irodiiced  in  1836  at  UUsSeldorf. 

St.  Paul's  (\m\-/.).  A  cathedral  in  London,  be- 
gun 1675,  according  lo  the  designs  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher Wren,  in  Jilace  of  the  obi  cathedral  of 
the  llth-liith  centuries,  which  was  destroyed  in 
the  great  tire*  if  KiOtl.  tud  St.  Paul's  was  a  ver>' notable 
church,  OIK)  feet  long,  and  with  a  14theentury  wocden  cen- 
tral spire  4i«  feet  high.  The  existing  cathedral  was  first 
used  for  divine  service  In  Hin7.  ami  waseomjileted  In  1710, 
the  cost  being  about  s;),r.nn,llO(l.  In  plan  ami  arelilteclure 
It  Is  akin  to  SI.  Peter's  at  Rome,  but  only  one  half  as  great 
In  area,  and  relatively  longer  and  nanower.  Its  dimen- 
sions are  5(10  by  US  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  2»t ;  Inner 
height  of  dome,  •Z'ib :  height  to  top  of  cross,  ;«U ;  diameter 
of  dome,  112  feet  — the  diameter  of  that  of  .St.  Peter's  be- 
ing 13111  feet,  and  of  the  Pantheon  14,!.  The  exterior  Is  clas- 
sical, with  two  stories;  the  front  and  transepts  are  pedl- 
mented,  and  the  former  Is  flanked  by  bell-towers.    The 


sey.Chamud  Islands,  situated  on  the  east  side. 
It  is  a  watering-place,  and  has  a  Gothic  tovm 
churcli.     Population  (1891),  16,658. 

St.  Peter's  (pe'terz).  The  metropolitan  church 
of  the  Roiium  see.  The  ancient  basilica  h»d  become 
ruinous  in  H.'JO,  and  it  was  decided  to  replace  it.  Little 
was  ac'omplished  until  l.'iOO,  when  the  cairying  out  of  the 
plans  of  Bramante  was  begun.  Advance  was  slow  until 
1534.  when  .Michelangelo's  designs  were  suhstituted  ;  but 
the  dome  was  not  completed  injtil  1590.  and  the  basilica 
wasdedicated  only  in  162(1.  The  plan  is  aLatin  cross,  Bl.'ij 
by  440.'.  feet,  with  rounded  apse  and  transepts,  and  a  ves- 
tibule.' The  height  of  the  nave  is  1.125  feet,  its  width  87}. 
The  interiordiameter  of  the  dome  is  i;i9i  ft-et,  its  height  to 
the  top  of  tile  cross  44S.  The  architecture  is  heavy  pseudo- 
Roman,  all  the  members  being  of  such  huge  size  that 
much  of  the  natural  elfeet  of  magnitude  is  lost.  The  in- 
terior is  lavishly  decorated  with  stucco  ornament  and  gild- 
ing, with  colossal  statues  of  saints.  The  pedimented  dome, 
resting  on  its  four  enormous  piers,  is  one  of  thenio.st  mag. 
nitlccnt  achievements  of  architecture.  The  high  altar  is 
canopied  with  a  bronze  baldacehino  95  feet  high,  with 
spiral  colunuis.  Parts  of  the  walls  and  vaults  are  covered 
with  mosaics.  There  are  many  papal  and  princely  tombs 
rich  in  statuary,  some  of  it  fine.  The  spacious  crj-pts  are 
In  part  of  the  time  of  Constantinc,  and  contain  many  in- 
teresting memorials  and  art  works. 

St.  Petersburg  (po'terz-bi'i'g).  A  government 
of  Uussia,  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Fiidand,  Fin- 
land, Lake  Ladoga. and  the  governmentsof  Olo- 
netz,  Novgorod,  Pskoff.  Livonia,  and  Esthonia. 
The  surface  Is  generally  level.  It  corresponds  to  the  an- 
cient Iiigernianland.  Area,  20,7UO  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (IS'.ni),  l,|■,^^,2l)0. 

St.  Petersburg.  [F.  Saiiit-Petersbourfi,  G. 
Saiikt-I'ettr.shurf),  Pelersburfi,  Russ.  Satiklpctcr- 
burg,  Pclerhio-;/.']  The  capital  of  the  Russian 
empire,  situated  in  the  government  of  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva,  in  lat.  60° 
N.,  long,  30°  19'  E.  It  stamls  partly  on  the  main- 
land and  partly  on  low  islands  formed  by  the  mouths  of 
the  river.  It  is  the  Itrgest  city  in  the  empire,  and  the 
fifth  in  population  of  Eui-ope ;  has  Important  maimfac- 
turea.  Including  cotton,  leather,  glass,  porcelain;  ami  has 
extensive  eonnnerce,  foreign  (directly  ami  through  Kron- 
stadt)  and  Internal,  by  its  system  of  ruihuiys  ami  by  the 
Neva  and  it,s  connections.  St.  Isaac's  Catlu'<lral  Is  a  build- 
ing of  Renaissance  style,  imposing  from  Its  size  (:im  by 
316  feet)  and  the  nuignillcence  of  its  materials :  completed 
alter  the  middle  of  this  century.  The  plan  Is  a  fireek  cross 
crowned  by  a  tine  ilomeSiW  feet  high,  with  lantern  antlert)ss. 
Fi-oni  each  face  projects  an  t>etastyle  Corinthian  jwrtico 
with  columiisflOfecthlgh,  the  shafts  monoliths  of  polished 
granite,  and  the  capitals  of  bronze.  The  i>edhnentfi  ftro 
lllled  with  sculpture  In  bronze.  The  huge  diwrs  arc  of 
bronze  covered  with  reliefs.  In  the  lnterl.>rthe  IconostasU 
Is  adorned  with  rennirkalde  coIiMnns  of  malachite,  over 9(1 
feet  high,  and  Its  royal  doors  aie  Hanked  by  great  pillars  of 
lapis  lazuli.  The  Kazan  cathedral  Is  in  plan  a  Litln  cross 
with  hexastyle porticos  bef,i|e the  nave  and  trilisenls.  and 
an  apsldal  chevet.  Though  one  thlnl  smaller  than  St, 
Isaac's,  II  Isstlll  an  Imposing  struct  are.  Tbechlef  entrance, 
whi.  h  Is  In  the  north  transept,  is  prceedetl  by  curved  portl- 
cos  of  admirable  elfeet,  In  imitation  of  those  of  St.  Peter's, 
Rome.  The  dome  rests  on  I  pleis  from  whb  11  extend  4  line 
donlile  ranges  of  colninns  with  gnnilte  shafts  and  bronze 
capitals  and  bases.  The  leonostasls  Is  of  silver,  fr<im  the 
spoils  of  Napoleon  I.;  the  eallicdnil  contains  many  other 
martial  trophies.  The  Cathedral  of  .SI.  Peter  and  .s|.  Paul, 
In  Ihefiirtii -».  iKisbeclislncelbefoilndallonof  SI.  Peter»- 
bnrg  the  niaiisnl,  am  of  Russian  sovereigns.  In  plan  It  la 
rectangnlai,  :i  aisl,-d,  l»Sby  210fcet;  it  Is  rococoin  style  and 
crowned  bv  a  shn.br  pyniiniilal  spire,  of  l>nlcb  dislgn,  SC' 
feel  high,  covered  wltli  glliled  copper.  Thc>  Imperial  lomln 
ate  Intel  est  lug.  and  the  Iconsandotherehurehornamenls  of 
extreme  richness.  The  Interior  contains  a  gnat  number 
of  warlike  trophies.    The  palace  of  the  grand  duke  Michael, 


St.  Petersburg 

bnUt  1820.  is  architecturally  the  finest  palace  in  St.  Petera- 
buiff,  and  of  a  stateliness  and  harmony  of  design  which 
would  command  attention  anywhere.  The  garden  front 
presents  long  ranges  of  Corinthian  columns  resting  on  a 
single  story  of  rusticated  masonry,  the  total  height  being 
87  feet.  The  12  columns  of  the  central  portion  stand  free, 
forming  a  portico.  At  each  end  a  pavilion  projects  slightly, 
and  is  adorned  by  six  engaged  columns  surmounted  by  a 


886 

to  the  Duke  of  Savoy.  His  principal  work  was  the  "  Con- 
juration des  Esp;iffnola  centre  Venise  "  fl672),  which  was 
the  basis  of  Otway's  •'  Venice  Preserved. 
St.  Kegis  (re'.iis).  An  Iroquois  reservation  sit- 
uated on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  partly  in  Que- 
bec, Canada,  and  partly  in  New  York,' 45  miles 
northeast  of  Ogdeusburg. 


St.  Vincent  Island 

}"h!ir"own  "•?!■'"  "'.i^Jf'LPSr,!"?.?""  ."ot  ^"ording  .to 


pediment,    Tlie  opposite  front  is  of  varied  but  kindred  gf  -Remv  fsah-re-me'1      A  town  in  the  dennrt 

,l,sposition.     The  entn-nce-hall  with  the  grand  staircase.   '*^-»r^.7Rnf°w"f,_Rt,At.^L?„„V.   .?,?,":*; 

IS  80  feet  square,  and  all  the  interior  arrangements  are  at 

once  appropriate  and  magnificent.     The  cottage  of  Peter 

the  Great,  built  by  the  czar  in  17i)3,  and  inhabited  by  him 

during  the  building  of  St.  Petersburg,  is  carefully  pre- 
served as  a  memorial,  and  contains  many  relics  of  Peter. 

It  is  20  by  65  feet,  of  wood,  with  2  rooms  and  a  kitchen. 

The  czar's  bedroom  is  now  ari^nged  as  a  chapel.     The 

Jloscow  gate,  a  fine  triumphal  arch  in  a  neo-Greek  style, 

was  erected  in  1S3S  in  commemoration  of  Russian  victories 

in  Poland,  Turkey,  and  Persia.     Twelve  columns,  68  feet 

high  and  17  in  diameter,  support  an  attic  which  bears  12 

angels  in  relief  and  inscriptions.     Other  objects  of  inter- 
est are  the  winter  palace.  Hermitage  (which  see).  Anitch- 

koll  palace,  Nikolai  and  Alexander  bridges,  equestrian 

statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  Alexander  column.     The  Saint-'RpTlP  Taillandior 

Nevskii  Prospekt  is  the  principal  street.    The  city  is  the  Sf%''. -^""^  .-'■^H   -  ,     -,;         cl    t.- 

seat  of  the  imperial  library  (over  1,000,000  vols.).  Academy  'V'-l^^'J^^?'^  *  *''°  •'f'-'vya^ ),  or^  St.-RlCquier. 

of  Sciences  (witli  rich  collections/,  Academy  of  Al-ts.  vari-     *"         ""  "^^^ "   '^  *  '      "  " 

ous  museums,  military,  mining,  naval,  medical,  and  other 

schools,  ami  learned  societies.   The  nnivei-sity,  founded  in 

1S19,  has  faculties  of  history  and  philosoi>liy,  physics  and 

mathematics,  law.  and  Oriental  studies,  and  is  attended 

by  about  3,000 students.  The  winter  is  long  and  the  climate 

unhealthy.  St.  Petersburg  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great 

in  1703,  and  thousands  were  compelled  bv  the  emperor  to 

remove  their  residences  to  it.     It  was  largely  developed 

by  Catharine  II.,  Alexander  I.,  and  Nicholas.    Population 

(1897),  1.2(i7,U23. 


their  own.  1  he  system  proposes  that  all  should  noT  b« 
occupied  alike,  but  dilferently,  according  to  tl  eir  tom 
tlon  and  capacity,  the  labor  of  each  bein|  assigned  l^e 
grades  in  a  regiment,  by  the  will  of  the  diVectiiTg  author* 
ity  (./.  5.3W(,  Poht.  Econ..II.  i  §4.)  Among  his  oth" 
nsui  ^iM  ^ '?  ■■^■■«^P/^'>"on  de  la  siciet.  eifroptome^ 
(1814),  L  Oiganisateur,"  "Systeme  industriel,"and  "CaM. 
chisme  des  mdustriels  "  (1824). 


attended  by  women,  is  of  date  about  100  A.  D.  Tlie  Roman 
mausoleum,  called  tomb  of  the  Julii,  is  of  pyramidal  out- 
line, about  60  feet  high,  and  includes  2  stories  above  a 
square  basement  encircled  by  reliefs  of  military  scenes. 
The  lower  story  is  a  structure  pierced  by  archways  and  dec- 
orated with  Corinthian  semi-columns,  and  the  upper  is  a 
circular  edicule  with  10  Corinthian  columns  and  a  domical 
roof  sheltering  2  statues.  This  beautiful  monument  is  as- 
signed to  the  early  empire. 

See  TaiUatidi' 


XIV.;  and  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  regency  at  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  In  1721  he  was  am- 
bassador to  Spain.  His  celebrated  "  M(?moires  "  on  French 
affairs  and_  the  court  during  the  last  part  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV .  and  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XV 
(a  period  of  about  30  years)  were  first  published  in  a  coml 
plete  form  by  Sautelet  under  the  title  "  ll^moires  compleU 
et  authentiques  du  due  de  .Saint-Simon  sur  le  siecle  de 
Louis  XI\  .  etja  ri^gence  "  (20  vols.  1829-30).  An  improved 
edition  by  Ch.;ruel  and  EiSgnier  appeared  1856-58  (new 


A  ^^-  Simon's  (si'monz)  Island.     An  island 


St.  Peter's  College,   or  Peterhouse  (pe'ter-  Saint-Kuth  (san-riif).     Died  1691.     A  French 


town  in  the  departtiient  of  Somme,  France,  19    the  coast  of  Georgia,  6o"miies~south  by  wTstol 

miles  northwest  of  Amiens.    Its  abbey  was  notable.     Savannah.     Length.  10  miles 

The  Flamboyant  abbey  church  has  a  lavishly  sculptured  St    SoDhia       Sep  .SV/nJuVj    Mnufy, 

facade  with  a  single  graceful  tower,  elaborate  vaulting,  and  oj'  a?S^,„-  ,       •      ..,'''-";  ™"™; 

fine  choir-stalls.    The  choir  is  of  earlier  date.    The  sacristy  "-S'-P'*^®  '"^P**^  )•     -A-  large  chUToh  at 

is  frescoed  with  a  curious  "Dance  of  Death."    ~  i.-.i^i.-t  .    .    -..i-tt 

(1891),  commune,  1,476. 

St.  Eonan's  Well.    A  novel 

Scott,  published  in  1S24. 
St.  Roque,  Cape.     See  Sao  Soque. 


acristy 
Population 


hous).  The  oldest  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, England,  founded  as  a  hospital  in  1257 
and  as  a  college  1280-86  by  Hugh  de  Balsham, 
bishop  of  Ely,  and  named  from  the  parish  church 
of  St.  Peter,  which  was  at  first  used  by  the 
scholars  for  their  devotions.  Only  parts  of  the 
original  buildings  remain. 

St.-Pierre.     See  St.  Peter  Port. 

St.-Pierre  (san-pyar').  1.  A  small  rocky  island 
belonging  to  France,  south  of  Newfoundland 
and  southeast  of  Miquelon.  it  is  connected  by  cable 
with  France  and  the  I'nited  States.  The  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  the  cod-fishery.  Area,  10  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, with  Miquelon  (18S3),  6,564. 
2.  A  town  on  the  island  of  St.-Pierre.  Popula- 
tion (1883),  4,365. 

St.-Pierre, 


Paris,  built  by  Louis  XIV.  The  facade  of  two  super- 
posed classical  porticos  is  between  square  pedimented 
by  Sir  Walter  t9»ers  with  cylindrical  tops.  The  interior  has  a  nave. 
aisles,  and  many  chapels,  with  ovoid  vaulting  and  a  low 
dome  at  the  crossing.  The  dimensions  are  462  by  18.S  feet- 
height  of  vaulting,  108.  There  are  manv  important  fret 
cos,  including  notable  works  bv  Eugene  Delacroix 


general.    He  commanded  the  Jacobite  forces  in  Ireland  St.  Thomas  (tom'as).     An  island  of  the  West 
in  1091.  and  fell  at  the  battle  of  Aghrim  in  that  year.  t  .  ,-        ,     ,         .       v     ^  .       . 

Saint-Saens  ( san  -  son ' ),  Charles  Camille. 


Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  9, 1835.  Anoted  French  com- 
poser and  pianist.  He  began  tostudy  the  piano  at  the 
age  of  seven.  In  1847  entered  the  Conservatoire,  and  was 
the  pupil  of  HalSvy,  Reber,  Benoit,  and  Gounod.  In  1851 
he  composed  his  first  symphony.  He  was  organist  of  St. 
Merri  in  1853,  and  of  the  Madeleine  1858-77.  He  composed 
several  operas,  but  his  instrumental  music  and  orchestra- 
tion have  brought  him  fame.  His  musical  criticisms, 
written  for  various  periodicals,  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1886  as  "  Harmonic  et  mSlodie."  Among  his  works 
are  the  symphonic  poems  "Phaeton,"  "Le  rouet  d'Om- 
phale,"  "Danse  Macabre,"  "La  jeuuessed'Hercule,  etc., "a 
".Suite  algi5rienne,"  .Symphonies  in  Elj,  A  minor,  and  C 
minor,  a  barcarolle  "I'ne  nuit:\Lisbonne."  several  masses, 
and  much  vocal,  pianoforte,  and  chamber  music. 


Indies,  belonging  to  Denmark,  situated  east  of 
Porto  Rico,  in  lat.  18°  20'  N.,  long.  «4°  56'  \V. 
Chief  town,  Charlotte  Amalie.  in  1870  the  United 
States  Senate  refused  to  ratify  a  treaty  for  the  purchase  of 
tliis  island  fr..im  Denmark,  and  in  1902  a  treaty  ceding  the 
D.uiish  West  Indies  to  the  I'nited  States  was  defeated  in 
the  Rigsdag.  Area,  32  square  miles.  Population  (1890). 
12.019.  ' 


St.  Thomas.  [Pg.  Sao  T1wm(.']  An  island  be- 
longing to  Portugal,  situated  in  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea,  off  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  in  lat. 
0°  20'  N.,  long.  6°  43'  E.  The  surface  is  volcanic  and 
mountainous,  and  the  climate  unhealthy.  Coffee  and  cacao 
are  produced.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese 
about  1470.    Area,  368  square  miles.    Population  (1878), 

,,,     ,.   .    ^seaportaud  the  commercial  center  Saint-Sauveur(sah-s6-ver').  A  watering-place  St?fhoinas.     The  capital  of  Elgin  County,  On- 
ot  Martinique,  1- rench  West  Indies.    It  was  totally    m  the  department  of  Hautes-Pyr^n^es.  France,    tario  Canada  situated  75  miles  west  aonthworf 
destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Mount  PeWe  on  May  8, 1902:     situated  on  the  Gave  de  Pau  29  miles  south  of    of  Hammon      PomibftioTi^lOOlT  1  lls^ 
.\bout  40,.K.o  people  in  St.-Pierre  and  vicinit.s  were  killed      Tarbes :  noted  for  hot  sulphur  springs.  St   Ubes      See  S^E^„?         ^       ^'       '       ' 

St.-Pierre.  A  seaport  on  the  island  of  Reunion,  Saintsbury  (sants'bu-ri),  George   Edward  s^Va!lry-en-Canx    san- val  re'on  ko'l     A 

Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  southern  coast.     Bateman    Bomat  Southamnton  Oct  "=1  1845   '"'•   ^'^^.'''^y/n  yani  isan-vai-re  on-Ko  ).     A 

■r   ^     ,■";  V "  .^.   ''™?^^P- '-' .  • -'^' ^*'*''-    seaport  and  watenng-place  in  the  department 

An  Lnghsh  literary  critic  and  historian.  He  was    of   Seine-Infdrieure    France    situated    or,    the 
educated  at  Oxford  (Jlerton  College),  where  he  graduated     F,,^fjv:  Vll  J^^fl   5  l       'l  '     .^        ITu         }   % 

in  1867.     He  was  classical  m astir  at  Elizabeth  CollegT    g"?lish  Channel  34  miles  north-northwest  of 
Guernsey,  1868-74.  and  headmasterof  the  Elgin  Education-     Rouen.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,014. 
Tlie'deiiartme'ii't  of  Pin'ist&re''FV^7i''ce"sihia'tpd     ?' Institute  1874-76.  Soon  after  1876  he  established  himself  St.-Valery-SUr-Somme  (-siir-som').    A  seaport 

lue  ueparrmeni  or  jJinisrere,  !•  ranee,  situatea     m  London.     He  has  published  a"  Primerof  French  Liter-     in  fho  ,lo'ortr„or,t  ^f  a„„„„o   v^„L„^   „;»..it.j 

near  the  English  Channel  32  miles  northeast  of    ature"ii88n),  "Dryden"in  English  Men  of  Letters  (1881), 

Brest.     The  cathedral  is  a  beautiful  13th-century  build-     "  ^  Short  History  of  French  Literature  "  (18^2),  "  French 

ing.  with  west  front  flanked  bv  twin  spires,  a  splendid  rose     Ljncs :  Sdected  and  Annotated  "(1883).  "  Marlborough  "  in 

in  the  south  transept,  and  a  large  porch  on  the  south  side      J^nS'ish  Worthies  (18S5),  a  "  History  of  Elizabethan  Lit- 

"■■■■•  -  er.iture     (188,),  "  Essays  on  English  Literature "  (1S91X 

"  Essays  on  French  Novelists  "  (1891),  etc. 


Population,  about  28.000, 

Saint-Pierre,  Bernardin  de, 

de  Saint-Pierre. 
St.-Pol-de-Leon(san'p6rde-la-6n') 


See  Bernardin 


A  town  in 


The  interior  is  very  beautiful  and  graceful  — the  finest  in 

Brittany.    The  choir  is  inclosed  by  a  good  screen,  and  pos-  „.     /,-,..  ,  ... 

sesses  handsome  isth-centmr  stalls.    The  Chapelle  de  ot.  bebastian.     See  San  Sebastian. 

Creizker  is  chiefly  14th-  and  ISth-century  work.    Popula-  St.  Sepulchre  (sep'ul-ker).     A  church  in  Cam- 

tion  (ibOi),  conuuune,  7.4S0.  ,,ridge,  England,  commonly  known  as  the  Rotmd 

Saint-Preux  (san-pre').     The  lover  of  Julie,  a    Church:  a  Norman  building  dating  from  1101. 

leadingcharacterinBousseau'snovel  "Lanou-    It  is  the  oldest  of  the  four  circular  churches 

velle  Heloise."  survi\ing  in  England. 

Saint-Priest  (san-pre'),  Alexis  Guignard,  St.-Servan  (san-ser-von').    A  seaport  in  the 

Comtede.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  April  23. 1805:    department  of  Ule-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated 

died  at  Moscow,  Sept.  29,  1851.    A  French  his-    "n  the  Ranee  opposite  St.-Malo.     Population 


torian  and  diplomatist.     His  best-known  work  is    (1S91),  commune,  11,608. 
mi-^sr  ^"^  ^^  ^'"i""^  '''^  Naples  par  Charles  d'.A.njou "  Saints'  Evcrlasting  Rcst,  The.    A  religious 
<Jt   Priwat  lo  TW,ir.4-o„r„«  /„   ■        -    -n-       '■      '"'ork  by  Richard  Baxter,  published  in  1650. 
tUnv'       A  vn  W™  8  S^fei  r;t!!ww  ^f-^T  Saint-Simon  (sau-se-m6n' :  Anglicized  sant  si'- 
tanj  ).     A  village  8  miles  northwest  of  Metz.    „„,,,  nia„/9o  TTot,,-,-  f!^n,to  ^%      -R^.,,  „f  t>. 


See  Graveiotte. 
St.-Quentin  (san-kon-tan').  A  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  25  miles  northwest  of  Laon.  it  is  the 
center  of  an  important  manufacturing  district,  the  lead- 
ing manufactures  being  cotton  and  woolen  goods  The 
collegiate  church,  chiefiy  of  the  13th  century,  ranks  among 
the  most  admirable  examples  of  Pointed  architecture.  The 
hotel  de  ville  is  a  typical  Flemish  Pointed  municipal  build- 
ing. The  city,  which  stands  on  the  site  of  the  Roman  .Au- 
gusta Veromanduorum,  was  sacked  by  the  Normans  in  the 
9th  century.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  the  fonner  Verman- 
dois.  Two  battles  have  been  fought  in  its  neighborhood : 
the  army  of  Philip  II.  under  Philibert  Emmanuel,  duke  of 
Savoy,  defeated  the  French  under  the  Constable  de  Mont- 
morenc.v,  Aug.  10, 1,^.57 ;  and  the  Germans  under  Von  Goben 
defeated  the  French  under  Faidherbe.  .Tan.  19.  1871.  The 
place  repulsed  a  German  attack  Oct.  8, 1870,  but  was  taken 
by  the  Uennaiis  Oct.  21.     Pop.  (1901),  commune,  60,150. 

Saint-Real  (san-ra-iil').  C6sar  Vichard,  Abb« 
de.  Born  at  Chamb(5rv,  France,  1639:  died 
there,  1092.  A  French  historian.  He  went  to 
Pans  early  in  life,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
history.  He  went  to  London,  hut  returned  shortly  to  Paris, 
and  in  1679  to  Chamber} ,  where  he  became  historiographer 


ris,  Oct.  17,  1760:  died  there.  May  19,  1825.  A 
French  philosopher,  the  founder  of  French  so- 
cialism. He  came  of  an  ancient  and  noble  though  impov- 
erished family,  studied  under  D'Alembert.  and  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  American  Revolution.  He  wasprevented 
by  his  aristocratic  birth  from  playing  a  prominent  part  in 
the  French  Revolution  (being  indeed  for  a  time  impris- 
oned), but  accumulated  a  fortune  by  speculating  in  con- 
fiscated lands,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy. The  latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  pov- 
erty, his  fortune  having  been  wasted  in  costly  experiments. 
His  flrst  work.  "|l.ettres  dun  habitant  de  Geneve  a  ses  con- 
temporains,"  appeared  in  l!-02;  but  it  was  not  until  1817 
that  a  distinct  approach  to  a  system  of  socialism  was  made 
in  "  LTndustrie."  The  fullest  exposition  of  his  socialistic 
views,  which  are  frequently  confused  and  contradictory, 
is  that  given  in  his  "Nouveau  Christianisnie"  (182.'.). 
These  views  were  developed  by  his  disciples  into  the  com- 
plete system  known  as  St.-Simonism.  "  According  to  this 
system  the  state  should  become  possessed  of  all  property  ; 
the  distribution  of  the  products  of  the  common  labor  of 
the  community  should  not,  however,  be  an  equal  one.  but 
each  person  should  be  rewarded  according  to  the  services 
he  has  rendered  the  state,  the  active  and  able  receiving  a 
larger  share  than  the  slow  and  dull ;  and  inheritance  should 
be  abolished,  as  otherwise  men  would  be  rewarded  accord- 


at  the  entrance  of  the  Somme  into  the  English 
C'hannel.  36  miles  northwest  of  Amiens.  Wil- 
liam I.  embarked  here  for  the  conquest  of  Eng- 
land in  1066.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3.541. 

Saint- Victor  (san-vek-tor'),  Paul  Jacques 
Raymond  Binsse,  Comte  de  (usuallv  known  as 
Paul  de  Saint- Victor).  Bora  at  taris,  July 
11,  1825 :  died  there,  July  9,  1881.  A  French 
critic.  In  1848  he  became  the  secretary  of  Lamartine; 
in  1855  theatrical,  artistic,  and  literary  critic  for  "La 
Presse";  and  in  1870  inspector-general  of  fine  arts.  He 
is  noted  as  a  stylist.  Among  his  works  are  "  Hommes  et 
dieux,"  a  collection  of  studies  (1867) ;  "  Les  fenimes  dc 
Goethe  "  (1869) ;  "  Les  dieux  et  les  demidieux  de  la  pein- 
ture"  (1863).  with  Gautier  and  Houssayc;  "Les  deux 
masques,"  a  history  of  the  stage,  unfinished. 

St.  Vincent  (vin'sent).  An  island  of  the  Brit- 
ish West  Indies,  situated  west  of  Barbados  in 
lat.  13°  9'  N.,  long.  61°  13'  W.  Capital,  Kings- 
town .  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  near  the  noit  hero 
end  there  is  a  volcano,  the  Soufrifre :  in  1812  (April  27- 
May  1)  there  was  a  violent  eruption,  and  in  1902  (May? 
and  later) ;  the  latter  was  verv  destructive  of  life.  Sugar, 
molasses,  arrowroot,  etc..  are  exported.  The  island  waa 
ceded  by  the  French  to  the  British  in  1763.  Area,  148 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  41,054. 

St.  Vincent,  Cape.  1.  A  cape  at  the  south- 
western extremitv  of  Portugal,  projecting  into 
the  Atlantic  in  lat.  37°  1'  N.,  long.  8°  58'  W. 
k  naval  victory  was  gained  off  this  cape,  Feb.  14, 1797,  by 
the  British  fleet  of  15  vessels  under  Jervis  over  the  Span- 
ish fleet  of  27  vessels,  4  of  which  were  captured. 
2.  A  cape  on  the  western  coast  of  Madagascar, 
in  lat.  21°  .54'  S.,  long.  43°  20'  E. 

St.  Vincent,  Earl  of.    See  Jerris,  John. 

St.  Vincent,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in- 
denting South  Australia,  situated  east  of  Yorke 
Peninsula,  which  separates  it  from  Spencer 
Gulf.     Length.  100  miles. 

St.  Vincent  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  App&- 
lachicola  River,  Florida. 


St.-Yrieix 

8t.-Trieix(san-te-ryaks' ).  Atowninthedepart- 
ment  of  Haute-Viemie.  France,  situated  on  the 
Loue  24  miles  south  of  Limoges.  Kaolin-quar- 
ries were  discovered  here  in  1765.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,711. 

Saiph  (sa-if' )■  [Ar.]  The  thivd-magnitude  star 
K  Ononis,  in  the  giant's  right  knee. 

Sais  (sa'is).  [Gr.  Zai>.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  in  the  Delta,  on  the  Rosetta  branch  of  the 
Nile,  Eg)!)!,  about  lat.  31°  N.  Its  ruins  are  near  the 
modern  village  of  Sa-el-hiiKar.  It  was  an  important  cen- 
ter of  commerce  and  learninE  ;  was  at  times  tile  capital  of 
Lower  Ejrypt ;  and  furnished  kings  to  the  8aitic  dynasties 
(the  24th^  2Cth,  and  28th).    The  chief  local  deity  was  Seitji. 

Saisan,  Lake.    See  Zais/m. 

Saj6  (sho'yo).  A  river  in  northern  Hungary 
which  joins  the  Theiss  40  miles  northwest  of 
Debreczin.  Near  it,  in  1241,  the  .Mongols  defeated  the 
Hungarians  under  King  B61a  IV.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Sak  (sak).  A  small  salt  lake  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Crimea,  Russia,  situated  near  Eupa- 
toria  and  the  Black  Sea  coast. 

Bakai  (sil'ld).  A  port  near  Osaka,  in  Japan. 
Population  (1891),  45,563. 

Sakalava  (sa-kii-lii'va).  A  collective  name 
for  the  native  tribes  which  occupy  the  western 
part  of  Madagascar. 

Bakanderabad.    See  Secfunderahad. 

Sakaria  (sii-kii-re'a).  A  river  in  northwestern 
Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Sangarius.  it  flows  into 
the  Black  Sea  93  miles  east  of  CoriBtantinople.  The  prin- 
cipal trilmtaries  are  tiie  Puraak  and  Enguri  Su.  Length, 
about  32U  miles.    It  is  not  navigable. 

Sakhrah  (sakh'rit).  [Ar.  as-Sal-hrah,  the  rock.] 
In  Mohammedan  belief,  a  sacred  rock  in  Jeru- 
salem on  which  the  temple  was  erected,  and  on 
which  the  mosque  of  Omar  stands. 

Sakkara  (siik-ka'rii).  A  village  near  the  an- 
cient Memphis,  in  Egypt.  Near  it  are  important 
remainsof  anti(juity.  The  Apismausoleuni(orSerapenni, 
as  it  is  often  called,  though  the  Scrapeum,  the  temple 
which  stood  above  the subteiTanean  mausoleum,  hasceascd 
to  exist),  a  famous  sanctuary  of  the  ancient  Euyptiiin  cult, 
was  discovered  by  Mariettein  1860,  when  the  great  avenue 
of  sphinxes  which  preceded  the  Serapeum  was  excavated. 
Access  to  the  Apis  tombs  is  by  a  sloping  subterranean  pas- 
rage.  They  consist  of  three  groups,  beginning  in  the  18th 
dynasty  (about  1700  B.  c).  The  first  two  groups  are  the  least 
Interesting,  and  are  now  again  inacces.sible.  The  third 
group,  extending  from  Psanimetichus  I.  of  the  2(ith  dy- 
nasty (about  650  B.  c.)  to  about  50  B.  c,  consists  of  a  series 
of  burial-chambers  opening  from  huge  galleries  about  1,200 
feet  in  extent.  Every  Apis  was  buried  in  a  granite  sar- 
cophagus about  13  feet  lung,  7^  wi<le,  and  11  high.  The 
Step  Pyramid  of  Sakkarah  is  believed  to  be  the  oldest  pyra- 
raiil  in  Egypt.  It  is  assigned  with  probability  to  the  4th 
Phara<di  of  the  1st  dynasty.  It  consists  of  6  steps  or  stages 
with  sloping  sides;  its  present  height  is  about  197  feet, 
and  its  base  measurement  3(jl  by  ."{94.  T'nlike  the  other 
pyramids,  it  is  not  oriented  toward  the  cardinal  points. 
There  are  a  number  of  interior  chambers  conneited  l>y  a 
lat)yrinth  of  passages,  and  a  deep  dome-shaped  excavation 
in  "the  rock  in  the  axis  beneath  the  base.  Some  of  the 
chambers  are  incrusted  with  Ijlue-green  vitrifled  tiles. 

Sakya-Muni.    See  Buddlm. 

Sala  (sa'ia),  George  Augustus  Henry.  Bom 
at  London,  1828:  died  Dec.  8,  189.').  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  lie  was  correspondent  of  the  London  "Tele- 
graph" in  the  United  states  during  the  Civil  War,  in 
France  in  1870-71,  in  Russia  in  187G,  and  in  Australia  in 
18s5.  lie  founded  "Temple  B:u-,"  and  was  its  first  editor. 
Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Seven  Sons  of  Maninum  " 
(1861),  "A  Journey  Due  North,  etc."  (18.W),  "My  Diary  in 
America  in  the  Midst  of  War"  (1866),  "  ftoni  Waterloo  to 
the  Peninsul.i,"  "Home  and  Venice,"  "Under  the  Sun, 
etc."  (1872),  "  A  .Tourney  Due  .South  "  (1885),  etc. 

Sala  del  Maggior  Consiglio  (sil'lii  del  miid'jor 
kon-sel'yo),  or  Hall  of  tfie  Council  of  Nobles. 

In  the  Ducal  Palace,  Venice,  an  imposing  room, 
175  feet  long,  84  wide. and 51  IiikIi, begun  in  Kilo. 
It  was  originally  jiainted  throughoutby  Titian,  Tintoretto, 
the  Bellini,  and  I'.k.Io  Viron.se,  Init  wasdestroyeii  byflrcin 
1677.  Asrestorcil,  the  sides  are  completely  covered,  except 
the  window-spaces,  with  paintings  hy  Tintoretto  and  the 
later  Venetians,  and  the  ceiling  eontidns  Paolo  Veronese's 
masterpiece,  the  "  Apotheosis  of  Venice,"  framed  in  gilded 
ornament  and  surrounded  wllll  other  pri«idc»?>  paintings. 

Saladin  (sal'a-din)  (Salah-ed  din  Yusuf  ibn 

Ayub).  Born  atTekrit,  1137:  died  at  Damas- 
cus, Mari-li,  1193.  A  famous  sultan  of  Egypt  iiiid 
Syria.  He  became  vlzIr  in  Egypt  about  1169;  sup- 
pressed tile  Fallmite  dynasty  in  1171 ;  was  proclaimed  sul- 
tan about  1174  :  andcomiuered  Damascus  and  the  greater 
fart  of  Syria.  He  endeavored  to  drive  the  I  hrlstians  from 
alesllne;  totally  defi'ated  them  ni-ar  Tiberias  in  1187, 
taking  pris<iner  (luy  de  Lusjgnan  (king  of  Jerusalem), 
ChAtilliMi  (granil  master  of  the  Templars),  and  many 
otilers  ;  and  captured  Acre,  Jerusalem.  Asealon,  etc.  The 
fall  of  Jerusalem  brought  on  the  »i  ene  a  powerful  army 
of  Crusaders  under  Richard  the  Lionllearted  ami  Philip 
II.  of  Kr;tnce,  which  captured  Acre  in  1191.  Kichard 
took  Cirsarea  anil  Jalfil,  and  forced  Saladirt  to  accept  a 
truce  for  three  years  in  1192.  Scott  introduces  him  in 
"The  Talisman  "  disguised  as  the  Arabian  physician 
Adonbee  and  as  Ilderim. 
SaladO  (sii-lii'TIIo),  Rio.  rSp-'suH  Hvir.']  1. 
A  river  in  th(>  .Argentine  Rejiulilic  whieli  joins 
the  Parand,  on  the  western  side,  about  100  miles 


887 

north  of  Kosario.  Length,  about  1,000  miles. 
This,  and  other  smaller  rivers  of  the  same  name  in  the 
republic,  are  brackish  or  salty  in  their  lower  courses. 
2.  One  of  the  most  considerable  streams  in 
Arizona,  and  the  main  tributary  of  the  Gila, 
which  it  joins  below  the  town  of  Phenix.    The  Sa- 


Salerno 

sence  (Feb.  23,  1835);  deposed  the  vice-president ;  and  on 
Feb.  25  proclaimed  hiniself  supreme  chief  of  Peru.  He 
was  soon  acknowledged  by  all  the  country  except  Arequipa. 
Orbegoso  invited  the  aitfof  Santa  Cruz,  president  of  lk>. 
livia,  who  marched  into  Peru,  defeated,  captured,  and  shot 
SalaveiTy,  and  established  the  I'eruvian-Bolivian  Confed- 

eration.     Salaverry  was  a  brilliant  leader  and  extremely 

lado  is  formed  in  the  Apache  reservation  by  the  Junction  popular. 
of  the  White  Slountaln  and  Black  rivers,  and  its  main  Salawattl,  or  Salawatl  (sii-la-wa'te),  or  Sal- 
course  is  nearly  from  east  to  west.  Its  waters  are  very  wattl  (siil-wiit'to).  An  island  Iving  near  the 
saline,  as  they  pass  through  large  salt-deposits  shortly  ,,,,,.,],„.,,^,,..„  „.t-i„itvof  NewGuinea  Lenirtli. 
after  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers  mentioned.  On  its  noiiuwfstt  rnexiremuyoii>twuiunea.  i^engiu, 
banks  are  interesting  aboriginal  ruins.  about  30  miles. 

3.  A  small  riverin  the  province  of  Cadiz.  Spain,  Salayer  (sii-li'er),  or  Saleiyer  (sii-U'yer).  or 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  Tarifa.  On  Saleyer  (sii-li'er),  or  Silayara  (se-li'a-ra). 
Itsbanks,  in  1340.  the  MoorswercdefeatcdbyAlfonsoXI.  An  island  directlv  south  of  Celebes,  East  In- 
of  Castile  and  Alfonso  IV,  of  Portugal.  dies,  belonging  to  the  Dutch.  -Area,  estimated, 
Salamanca(sii-lii-nian'k!i).Aprovinceof Spain,  jko  square  miles, 
in  the  ancient  Leon,  bounded  by  Zamora  and  Salayer  Islands.  A  group  consisting  of  Sa 
Valhidolid  on  the  north,  Avila  on  the  east,  Ca-     laver  and  some  n 


ceres  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the  west.  It 
is  flat  and  hillv  In  the  north  and  mountainous  in  thesouth. 
Area,  4,!>40  sq'uare  miles,     ropulation  (1887),  314,424. 

Salamanca.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Salamanca,  situated  on  the  Tonnes  about  lat. 
41°  N.,  long.  5°  37'  W. :  the  Roman  Salmantica. 
The  river  is  crossed  here  by  an  ancient  Roman  bridge.  The 
manufactures  and  commerce  of  Salamanca  were  formerly 


eighboring  islands.  Popula- 
tion (bS^O),  66,276. 
Saldanha  Bay  (siil-dii'nii  or  sal-dan'ya  ba).  An 
inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Cape  Colony,  60  miles  north-northwest  of 
Cape  Town.  Here  a  Dutch  fleet  of  6  ships  sur- 
rendered to  Eljihinstone  Aug.  16  (17 1),  1796. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 


important.      Among  its  notable  buildings  are  the  old  and   Saldanha  de  Olivelra  C  Daun  (siil-dan'va  de 

o-le-vil'rii  o  doiin),  Joao  Carlos  de,  Duke  of 
Saldanha  from  1846.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  17, 
1791 :  died  at  liOndon,  Nov.  21, 1876.  A  Portu- 
guese statesman  and  general.  He  was  a  moderate 
constitutionalist,  and  supported  Dom  Pedro  against  Dom 
Jliguel,  whose  forces  he  defeated  in  1834.  He  was  prime 
minister  in  1S3.'.,  18)6-49,  1851-.'i6,  and  1870.  He  was  am- 
bassador at  London  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Sal6.     See  SdUce. 

Sale  (sill).  A  town  in  Cheshire, England,  Smiles 
sotithwest  of  Manchester.  Population  (1891), 
9,  (■,44. 


new  cathedrals.  It  contains  also  the  Convent  of  San  Es- 
teban,  wliich  sheltered  Columlms  1484-86.  The  church 
Is  of  the  period  of  transition  between  Pointed  and  Renais- 
sance. The  front  is  most  elaborately  sculptured  with 
flgures  and  arabes<iiies  inclosed  in  a  great  round  arch. 
The  choir  is  elevated  on  a  broad  flat  arch  at  the  west 
end.  The  cloisters  are  light  and  have  good  sculpture. 
Tbeonce  celebrated  university  was  founded  in  1415.  Sala- 
manca was  the  chief  tx>wn  of  the  ancient  Vettones.  Sala- 
m;inca  was  taken  by  Hannibal  in  222  B.  r.,  and  was  re- 
covered from  the  Moors  in  the  11th  century.  Population 
(I8S7),  22,li)9. 

Salamanca,  Battle  of.    A  battle  fought  July 


22,  1812,  at'Arapiles,  near  Salamanca,  in  which  _  ■:     ;,  „        .    t^     i     j         i,  ui      v     * 

the   British  army  under  Wellington  defeated  SajlevGeorge.  ^Born  in  England,  probabl^^^^^ 


the  French  under  MaiTnont. 

Salamanca.  Council  or  Junta  of.    A  meet-    ^.        .  ^,     „         ,,^n.\     tt-   /-,  •    x  i  nao 
■        hehl    at   Salamanca,   apparently  in    the     tion  of   the  Koran  (1,34).     His  Oriental  MSS, 


1680 :  died  in  London,  Nov.  14,  1736.     An  Eng- 
lish Orientalist,  best  known  from  liis  transla- 


are  in  the  Bodleian  Librarv,  Oxford. 
See  Sallee. 


iiiK  ... 

winter  of  1486-87,  to  cohsider  the  projects  of  «   i  <s  1  b 

Columbus.     King  Ferdinand  had  referred  them  toTa-   g^rlee,  or  balen. 

lavera  to  be  laid  by  him  before  a  gathering  of  scholars.    oalCiyer.      ^ee  ^^aidl/cr. 

The  opinions  of    the  majority  were  against  Columlms.    Salem  (sa'lem).      fLL.  Salem,  Gr.  la/.f/u,  Heb. 

Probalily  the  importance  of  this  council  has  been  over-  ~      '"   "" 

estimated. 


There  seems  no  reason  to  suppose  that  at  best  It  was 
anything  more  than  someinformalconferenceof  Talavera 
with  a  few  councilors,  and  in  no  way  associated  with  the 
prestige  of  the  university  of  Salamanca.     The  registers  of 


Slialem.']  1.  The  name  of  the  place  of  which 
Melchizedek  was  king.  It  seems  to  be  impos- 
sible now  to  identify  it  with  certainty. —  2.  An 
ancient  name  of  Jerusalem:  still  used  rhetori- 
cally and  in  poetry. 


the  university,  which  begin  back  of  the  assigned  date  for  galcm.       A  city,  one  of  the  capitals  of  Essex 


such  council,  have  been  examined  in  vain  for  any  refer 
ence  to  it.  Witimr,  Christopher  Columbus,  p.  162. 

Salamis(sara-mis).  [Gr. 2a?.a//(c.]  l.Anisland 
(,t  ancient  Greece,  situated  in  the  Saronie  Gulf, 
south  of  Attica,  and  opposite  the  harbor  of 
Atliens.  In  early  times  it  was  independent,  and  was 
contended  for  l)y  the  Megarians  and  Athenians.  It  was 
acquired  by  Athens  in  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century 
B.  C;  passed  to  Macedon  in  318;  and  was  restored  to  Ath- 
ens about  232  B.  0.  A  famous  naval  victory  was  gained  In 
the  bay  between  Salamis  and  Attica,  Sept.  20,  480  B.  c,  by 
the  Creek  fleet  uniler  Themistocles  and  Kurybiades  over 
the  Persians.    It  was  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the 


County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  a  peninsula 
between  North  and  South  rivers,  and  on  Ma.ssa- 
chusetts  Bay,  in  lat.  42°  31'  N.,  long.  70°  54'  W. 
It  has  flourishing  coasting-trade  and  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly  of  leather.  Next  to  Plymouth,  it  is  the  oldest  town 
in  the  State.  It  was  settled  by  J(din  Endicottin  1628;  was 
noted  in  connection  with  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  1692; 
and  was  extensively  engaged  in  privateering  in  the  Revola- 
tion.  At  the  end  of  thelSth  and  the  beginning  of  the  llfth 
century  it  was  famous  for  its  foreign  commerce  with  the 
F.ast  Indies,  etc.  It  has  been  the  home  of  many  noted 
men.  It  was  tlie  birthplace  and  for  several  years  the 
residence  of  Hawthorne.  It  became  a  city  Id  1830.  Fop. 
ulatloll  (1900),  3;i,'.i56. 


Persian  wars.    Length,  10  miles.  ...              -^   ,     ^  c   i        ,-•        i      -vi 

2    A  city  on  the  south  coast  of  the  island  of  Salem.     A  city,  capital  of  Salem  County,  New 

Salamis,  later  transferred  to  the  east  coast.  Jersey,  situated  on  SalemCreek31  miles  south- 

SalamiS.     In  ancient  geography,  a  citv  on  the  west  of  Philadelphia.    Population  (1900),  ;),811. 

eastern  coast  of  Cvprus.     Teucer  was  Its  reputed  Salem.     A  city  iii  Columbiana  County,  eiistern 

founder     In  the  Roniaii  period  It  was  rebuilt  as  Constan-  Ohio,  62  miles  southeast  of  Cleveland.     Popu- 


tia.  A  naval  viet^jry  was  gained  near  Salamis.  ;in6  It.  c,  by 
Demetrius  Polioreetes  over  I'tolemy  and  his  allies. 

Salammbd  (sa-lam-bo').  A  novel  by  Gustave 
Elaubert,  the  history  of  nannibal's  sister  Sa- 
l.aniiubo,  published  in  1862. 

Salang  (sii-lilng').  An  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocoaii,  belonging  to  Siain. 

Salaili0(sa-lii'iii-6)  and  Salarlno  (sii-la-ro'no). 
Two  characters  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of 
Venice."  Their  names  were  confused  by  the  early  eoni- 
posltors,  andtiiespellingsarevarious.  A  third  character, 
Salerio,  was  added  to  theilrainatis  personie  by  Steevens  In 
his  attempt  to  solve  the  difllculty.  but  Dyee,  Furness.  and 
othtTS  cemsiiicr  it  unwarranted  and  the  character  to  be 
Salaido  inissiielleil.     See  Salcrin. 

Salankeman.orSalankamen.  SceSlankamen. 

Salassi  (sa-las'i).  In  ancient  history,  a  Celiic 
or  Ligurian  tribe  which  occupied  the  valley  of 
the  Dora  BaKea,  northwestern  Italy.  They  were 
In  conlllct  with  the  Romans  14,1  n.  c.  and  later,  and  were 
Anally  suhdued  in  2.'.  B.  c.  A  Roman  colony  was  planted 
at  the  modern  Aosta. 

Salatlliel(Ka-hi'lhi-pl).  A  romanceliy  George 
("roly.  imblishcd  in  "1827.  on  the  subject  of  the 
AViiiHlering  Jew. 

Salaverry  (sii-lii-va'ru),  Felipe  Santiago  de. 
Born  at  Lima,  Mav  3,  18(16:  died  at  Arequipa 
Feb.  19.  1836       ■    -  ■ 

unsuccessful  re 

In  thecanipalen  against  tiamarra  In  18;n.  Being  In  com 
mand  of  the  castle  at  Callao,  which  he  had  taken,  ho  ile. 
clared  against  I'resident  Orbegoso  during  the  lattor's  ab- 


lation (1900).  7..582. 
Salem.  A  city,  ctipital  of  Oregon  and  of  Marion 
County,  situated  on  the  Willametti'  in  lat.  44° 
i^y  N.  It  has  extensive  manufactures,  esi^ecially  i>f  wotd- 
ens,  tlour,  and  tobacco;  ami  is  the  seat  of  Willamette  Uni- 
versity (Methodist).      Population  (I'.NKl),  4,',i,'i8. 

Salem.  Thecapitalof  KoanokeCouiily, Virginia, 
situated  on  Staunton  River  .55  miles  west  of 
],vnchburg.  It  is  the  seat  of  Roanoke  College. 
I'iipiilation  (1900),  3,412. 

Salem.  1.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  12°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area, 
7,;VJ9  square  miles.  Population  (l.'<91).  1.962.- 
.591.-2.  The  ca|iital  of  the  ilislriel  of  Snlem, 
sitiialed  on  the  river  TiriimaiiiiMUt  I  urn  bout  lat. 
11°  39'  N..  long.  78°  12'  K.  Pojiulation  (1891), 
67.710. 

Salemi  (sil-lii'mo).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Trapani.  Sicily.  41  miles  southwest  of  Palermo: 
the  ancient  IlalieyiP.     Poimlation,  11,512. 

Salerio  (sa-ld'ri-6).  A  messenger  from  Venice: 
a  character  in  Shnksiicre's  "Merchant  of  Vcn- 
i<'e."     See  Sniaiiio. 

Salerno  (sa-li'r'no;  It.  ]>ron.  sll-ler'no).  1. 
A  provinci'in  Italy  (fonnerlycalled  Princinato- 
Citeiiore),  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  Area, 
\  Peruvian  general.  He  iieailed  1,916  square  miles.  Poiiulnlion  (1891),  .566,870. 
>lts  In  18:i;),  and  eomnnmded  a  dlvlnlon  2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  nrovince  of  Sa- 
lerno. Itnlv.  sitiinted  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno  in 
lat.  40°4r  N.,  long.  14°47'E.:  the  ancient  Sa- 


Salerno 

lernum.  it  has  some  corflmerce  and  manufactures  of 
cotton,  etc.  Its  chief  building,  the  Cathedral  of  San  ilat- 
teo,  was  dedicated  in  10S4.  It  is  preceded  by  an  nrcaded 
atrium  or  fore  court  with  2S  antique  columns.  The  chief 
portal  is  richly  sculptured  with  foliage  and  animals,  and 
has  bronze  doors  with  54  panels  bearing  crosses  and  sacred 
personages,  'rhepavementisinrichmosaic ;  theambones, 
ornamented  with  sculpture  and  mosaics,  rank  with  the 
best  of  early  medieval  art.  Salerno  was  an  ancient  Roman 
colony  :  became  the  seat  of  a  Lombard  principality  ;  and 
was  taken  by  Robert  Guiscard  about  1077.  Its  medical 
school  was  famous  in  the  middle  ages.  The  university 
was  closed  in  1S17.    Population  (ISSl),  22,328. 

Salerno,  Gulf  of,  or  Gulf  of  Paestum.  An  arm 

of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  on  the  western  coast 
of  Italy,  southeast  of  the  Bay  of  Naples. 


88S 


Salm-Salm,  Madame 

ig.  1"  48' W.  Itwas  formerly  noted  for  Sallust  (sal'ust)  (CaiuS  Sallustlus  CrisPUS^ 
den  manufactures.  Near  it  is  uld  .Sarum,  Born  at  Amiternum,  ooimtrv  of  the  S-ibiner 
episcopal  see  was  transferred  in  1220.   The      t.„,,.    ,,ho„t  Sfi  r    n  •    .i;„.l   ,^1 /,,   ^     '        <' 


51°  4' X.,  Ion  , 
cutlery  and  woolen 
fromwhichthe 

cathedral,  the  niost  beautiful  of  English  ecclesiastical 
monuments,  was  begun  in  1220  and  finished  In  1260,  in  a 
uniform  and  dignified  early-Pointed  style.  The  plan  has 
a  squiu-e  chevet  with  projecting  Lady  chapel,  double  tran- 
septs, and  long  nave.  The  west  front,  while  lacking  the 
clearness  and  structural  propriety  of  French  designs,  is  a 
notable  work :  it  is  flanked  by  low  towers,  and  possesses 
3  canopied  portals,  the  central  one  triple.  The  wall-space 
and  that  of  the  towers  is  covered  » ith  six  bands  of  arcades 
and  quatrefoils,  the  arcades  containing  ranges  of  statues. 
The  capital  exterior  feature  is  the  superb  central  tower 
and  spire  (Ji:i6  feet  high).  The  interior  is  excellently  pro- 
portioned, with  graceful  arches  and  pillars  but  sober  deco- 
ration.  There  is  a  rich  modern  metal  choir-screen  of  open-  Sallust,  Gardens  Of 


bales  (sal     h.  salz),  Francois.     Born  in  Rous-     ^k.and  there  are  a  number  of  fine  medieval  tombs.     sure-oTound  in  aneient  Rniiie    hiiilt  nrim.,an,- 
cillnr,   w^r,„„„   1TT1.  ,i:„.ji»/^ i„,:.i_.   Ar-,^        Thedimensonsof  thecatbedr^.lareJTShvoofBPf  ■  i»no-th     ?    ^,o  ,   ""'  .'"  <iiJ(^i'-ni:  itome.  DUUt  originally 


Italy,  about  86  B.  c. :  died  about  34  B.  c.  A 
Roman  historian.  He  was  elected  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple in  52.  In  60  he  was  expelled  from  the  senate  by  the 
censors  on  the  ground,  according  to  some,  of  adultei-y 
with  Fausta,  the  daughter  of  the  dictator  Sulla  and  wife 
of  r.  Aniiius  Milo,  but  more  probably  tor  political  reasons 
inasmuch  as  he  was  an  active  parti'zan  of  Casar.  He  ac- 
companied Ca!sar  in  46  on  his  ..Vfilcaii  canipai''n  at  the 
conclusion  of  which  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Numi- 
dia,  a  post  in  which  he  is  said  to  have  amassed  a  fortune 
by  injustice  and  extortion.  He  wrote  "  Catilina  "  or 
'■Bellum  Catilinarium,"  and  ■' Jugurtha,"  or  -Bellum 
Jugurthinum." 

A  noted  imperial  plea- 


Thedimensionsof  the  cathedral  are  473  by  99  feet;  length     v.„  t^ir^  \,:^t„^  ,„  c;   ^^      ,.      -^      ^    ,  ■  ^tS  " ,"■• 

of  west  transepts.  230:  height  of  nave-vaulting,  SI.    The     "^  ^°^  nistonan  ballust.  situated  m  the  north- 
very  large  13th-century  cloister  is  of  great  beauty,  and  the     ^rn  part,  east  of  the  Pinoian. 
octagonalchapter-house,  vaulted  from  a  central'clustered  Sallust,  House  of      See  Pomveii 
column  and  arcaded  below  the  windows,  is  admirable.    Sally  in  OUr  Alley.      1.  A  popular  ballad  with 


sillon,  France,  1771 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Feb.  16,  1854.  A  French-American  scholar, 
professor  at  Han-ard.  He  published  a  Span- 
ish grammar,  and  edited  Spanish  and  French 
classics. 
Sales,  Francis  of.    See  Francis  of  Sales. 

ia&Csdlw'' A  municipal  and  parlia-  Salisbury;  Third  Marquis  of  (Robert  Arthur  srKlm^TfieShah 
mentary  boroiigh  in  Lancashire.  England,  ad     Talbot  Gascovne  C^.ci})      Bn.„  «f  TTntfi.i.i    i5.alm(selm).  IntheShah 


Population  (1S91),  15,980. 

Salisbury,  Earl  of.     See  Cecil,  Solert. 
Salisbury,  John  of.     See  John  of  Salisbury. 

Salisbury,  Third  Marquis  of  (Robert  Art 

Talbot  Gascoyne  Cecil).    Born  at  Hatfield 


joining"Manchester,  fromTchieh  it  is  separated  ?,'^VniQ  ■^^'^i^^t^'^'^"  "^'  ^^'^^'-  '^^^'^  there,  Aug. 

by  the  Irwell.    in  industries  and  interests  it  is  closely  "--'  ^^^f-     ^  English  Conservative  statesman, 

connected  with  Manchester,  of  which  it  is  practically  a  second  son  of  the  second  Marquis  of  Salisbury, 

part.     Population  (1901),  220,936.  Known  at  first  as  Lord  Robert  Cecil,  and  alter  his  elder 

Salghir,  or  Salgir  (sal-ger').    The  principal 

river  of  the  Crimea.     It  flows  into  the  Putrid  Sea  on 

the  eastern  coast.    Length,  about  100  miles. 
Salian  Emperors.     See  Franconinn  Emperors. 
Salian  Franks.    See  Salii  and  Franls. 
Salieri  (sii-le-a're).  Antonio.  Born  at  Legnano, 

Italy.  Aug.  19,  1750:  died  at  Vienna,  May  7, 

1825.   An  Italian  composer  of  operas  and  church 

music.      He  went  to  Vienna  in  1766 ;  was  made  court 

kapellmeister  there  17SS-1S24  ;  and  was  director  of  opera 

there  176t>-90.    His  works  include  five  masses,  a  number 

of  Te  Deums  and  lesser  church  music,  four  oratorios,  be- 
tween thu-ty  and  f  ortj'  operas,  etc.    Among  the  latter  are 

"Les  Danaides"  (1784),  "La  Grotte  de  Trofonio  "  (1785), 

"Tarare"  (first  produced  in  17ST  as  "Axirr.  Re  d'Ormus": 

his  most  noteworthy  work),  and  "Die  Neger"  (1804). 
Salies  (sa-le').     ['Salt-springs.']     A  town  and 

watering-place  in  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  France,  28  miles  east  of  Bayonne.    It 

has  salt-springs.    Population  (1891),  commune, 

6,243. 
SaUi  (sa 


...s  elder 

brother's  death  (June  14,  18U6)  by  the  courtesy  title  of 
Viscount  Crauborne,  he  succeeded  his  father  as  marquis 
April  12,  186S.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Ox- 
ford (Clirist  Church),  graduating  in  1850.  He  entered  Par- 
liament asmember  lor  Stamford  in  Feb.,  1854,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  discussion  of  public  questions—  notably 
in  opposing  the  abolition  of  church  rates  in  Itrs.andin 
support  of  Disraeli's  refoim  bill  in  1859.  He  held  the 
olHce  of  secretary  for  India  in  Lord  Derby's  ministry  from 
July,  18G6,  to  March,  1867.  lu  1869  he  was  elected  chan- 
cellorof  the  Univei-sity  of  Oxford.  In  1874  he  entered  the 
cabinet  of  Disraeli  (later  Earl  of  Beacoiisfiekl),  again  as 
secretary  fur  India.  On  the  reopening  of  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion he  was  sent  to  Constantinople  as  the  representative 


an  original  melody  by  Henrv  Carev,  composed 
about  the  middle  of  the  18tli  century.— 2.  A 

^comedy  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced" in  1826. 

lalm  (selm).  In  the  Shahnamah.the  eldest  of  the 
three  sons — Salm,  Tur.  and  Iraj  — of  Faridun. 
His  mother  was  Shahrinaz.  daughter"  of  .Tanishid.  He 
weddtd,  like  his  brothers,  one  of  the  three  daughters  of 
Sarv,  king  uf  Yemen,  dn  the  return  of  the  brothei-s  from 
Yemen,  Faridun  divided  liis  realms  among  them,  "iving  to 
Salm  Rum  and  the  West :  to  Tur,  Turan  :  and  to  Iraj.  Iran. 
■Salm,  jealous  of  Iraj.  prouses  Tur  to  jealousv,  and  the  two,  ' 
after  sending  a  threr.tening  message  to  Faridun,  march 
against  Iran.  Iraj  peaceably  advances  to  meet  his  bro- 
thers, and  offers  to  resign  his  throne,  but  Tur  kills  him,  fills 
his  head  with  ambec  an<l  musk,  and  sends  it  to  Faridun. 
When  they  hear  of  the  rise  of  an  avenger  in  Minuchihr, 
Salm  and  Tur  make  overtures  to  F'aiidun,  but  without  re- 
sult. In  the  ensuing  war  Minuchihr  Slavs  Tur  and  sends 
his  head  to  Faridun,  after  which  Salm  thinks  of  retiring 
to  Alan;  but  that  fortress  is  taken ,bv  Qarin  and  Shirui, 
and  Salm  is  forced  to  fight,  this  time  in  alliance  with  Ka- 
kui,  Zohak's  grandson.  Both  fall  by  the  hand  of  Minu. 
chihr,  who  sends  Salm's  head  to  Faridun. 


of  England  n  a  conference  of  the  European  powers,  and  on  SalmaciS  (sal'ma-sis).  In  Greek  mvtholocv 
Lord  Derby's  resignation  in  April,  1878.  he  became  foreign  the  ii-niinh  nf  n  "fnoTit-air,  Jt,  Po^'o  -'X,  '"^■'• 
secretary.     The  same  year  he  accompanied  Lord  Beacons-      ^'^'?,"^^"P,    ?*  a  tountam  m  <_ana.       She  was 


field  to  the  Congress  of  Berlin.  The  death  of  Beacons- 
field  (April  19,  1881)  made  him  the  leader  of  the  Conser- 
vative p,arty ;  and  he  held  office  as  prime  minister  in  four 
administrations  — June,  1885,-Jan.,  1886,  July,  1886- 
Aug.,  1892,  June,  lS95,-Nov.,  1900,  and  1900-July,  1902. 
In  the  first,  during  the  greater  part  of  the  second,  and 
the  third  he  was  foreign  secretary  as  well  as  premier. 


united  with  Hermaphroditus  into  one  person. 
Salmagundi  (sal -ma -gun 'di).  A  humorous 
periodical,  published  in  1807  br  Washington 
Irving,  J.  K.  Paulding,  aucl  'W'illiam  Ir\ing. 
A  second  series,  by  J.  K.  Paulding  alone,  was 
published  in  1819. 


a'li-il      TLL  Salii  Fraiiri  Snlii  1    A  fler   Salisbury  Court  Theatre.     An   old  London  Salmanassar.     See  Shalmaneser. 

ibe  apartof^heFraX  fcstmenH^^^^^     theater.'  m  15S3  it  was  one  of  the  primipal  "plav-  Salmantica  (sal-man'ti-ka).  Thf 
]^^^nAl\ifl.M^^^^^  houses;_  It  was,des,royed  in  1649,  and^Duki^s  Theatre     of  Salamanca.       ....,_.        . 


The  Roman  name 

Salmasius  (sal-ma'shius).  Claudius,  Latinizeii 
from  Claude  de  Saumaise.  Bom  at  S^mnr. 
C6te-4'Or.  France,  April  15,  1.588:  died  Sept. 
3.  16.53.  A  French  classical  scholar.  He  sm-- 
ceeded  his  father  as  a  counselor  of  the  parliament  of  Di- 

irtn      K,,*    «,..„     .>lr,-».....^l..   .1.. : l         e    .t  ,_   _ 


man  tribe, 

by  Ammianus  late  in  the  4th  century.    They  were    tools  its  place  in  1660 

settled  along  the  lower  Rhine,  about  the  Yssel  on  the  Snlichnrv  firao-a       A  hio'h  rnncrp  of  liilla  ooat  of 

north  and  the  Maas  and  Schelde  on  the  south  to  the  North    ■?  r   ?,  ^i,        ?u  .  "     ^.^°S*l°5  f,"'^,'"lst  ot 

Se.i.   In  the  5th  century,  under  Clovis,  they  overthrew  the    r.dniburgh.  on  the  western  side  of  Arthur's  Seat. 

Roman  power  in  Gaul,  and  founded  the  Merovingian  Frank-  Salisbury  Island.     An  island  in  the  western 

ish  monarchy.  part  of  Hudson  Strait,  British  America. „ ^.^  ..„,,.^,., 

Salim  (sa'lim).     A  place  (not  identified)  men-  Salisbury  Plain.   An  extended  undulating  and     i"".  •>"'  "'as  liitimately  deprived  of  this  po'sTon  a 

tinned  in  John  iii.  23.  elevated  district  in  Wiltshire.England, between     ?"jis  Protestant  faith.     He  became  in  1631  a  professor 

"   -•   ■  -_      .  >       6  >  in  the!  niversity  of  Leyden,  a  position  which  he  occupied 

until  his  death.  He  exercised  a  virtual  literary  dictator- 
ship throughout  western  Europe,  and  his  advice  w;i« 
sought  in  English  and  Scottish  politics.  In  1649  he  de- 
fended the  absolutism  of  Charles  I.  of  England  in  "  De- 
fensio  regia  pro  Carolo  I.,"  which  elicited  an  answer  from 
Hilton.  Among  his  other  works  are  editions  of  Florus 
(1609)  and  the  "Augustan  History  "(1620),  and  "Plinianie 
exercitationes  in  Solinum  "  (1629). 


Salina  (sa-le'nii).     One  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in    Salisbury  and  Devizes, 

the  Mediterranean  4  miles  northwest  of  Lipari.  Salish  (sa'lish).     The  leading  tribe  of  the  Sa- 
Length,  6  miles.  lishan  stock  of  North  American  Indians.     They 

Salina  (sa-li'ua).  [Sp.  salina,  salt-pit,  salt-  formerly  lived  about  Flathead  Lake  and  vallev,  Montana, 
sijiin-.]  The  capital  of  Saline  Countv,  central  S""*'  =^.t,,'T"'s;5'  "'^"'^  Flatheads  by  suiroundiug  tribes. 
Kansas,  situated  on  Smoky  Hill  River"l07  mUes  ^rblrs  5|e  Ito'fa '/  °°°''"^^  ''^^'  decreased  their 
west  by  south  of  Topeka.     Population  (1900),  Salishan  (sa'lish-an).     [From  salst  the  Okin-  „   ,      „     , 

agan  word  for  'people.']     A  linguistic  stock  oalm-DycK    (salm-dek').  Princess  of   (Con- 

of  North  American  Indians,  living  in  British  Co-     Sta^pce  Mariede  Theis :  by  her  first  marriage 

lumbia,  Montana, Washington,  andOregon.  They 

number  nearly  19,000.    Theprincipal  tribes  are  the  Atnah, 

Bilqula.  Chehalis,  Clallam,  Colville,  Cowichin,  Cowlitz, 

Dwamish,  Kalispel,  Lunimi,  Met'how.  Sestucca,  Nisqualli, 

<  ikinatran,  Pisquow,  Puyalhip.  Queniult,  Salish,  Sans  Puell, 

ShiiMshivap,  Skokomish,  .Spokan,  Tillamook,  and  Twana. 
See  Salis-See'Wis  (sii'lis-sa'vis  or  sa-les'sa-ves'). 


6,074. 

Salinan(sa^le'nan).  Alinguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  now  represented  only  by  the 
Chalone  tribe,  formerly  residing  at  San  Antonio 
and  San  Miguel  missions,  in  Monterey  and  San 
Luis  Obispo  counties,  California.  The  name 
is  derived  from  that  of  the  Salinas  River. 

Salinas,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru. 


JIadaiiif  Pipelet).  Born  at  Nantes,  Franc'e, 
Nov.  17,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  April  13,  1845. 
A  French  poet  and  tniseellaneous  writer,  she 
married  the  Prince  de  Salm-Dyck  in  1803.  She  wrote  a 
series  of  poe,nis.  which  she  styled  "  Epitres  "  (the  first  of 
which  is  "Epitre  aux  fenimes,"  and  the  most  notable 
" Epi tre  sur  1  aveugl ement  du  siecl e  "),  "  Mes soixante  aiis  " 
(1833),  "Les  vingt-quatre  heures  d'une  femme  sensible," 
"Pens&s,"  "Cantate  sur  le  mariage  de  Napoleon,"  etc; 
also  several  plays,  -etc. 


reh,sco,Lmsdc.  Baron  Johann  Gaudenz  von.     Bom  in  the 

S>a,linas  (sa-le  nas)  River.     A  nver  in  Calif  or-  Grisons,  Switzeriand,  Dec.  26.  1762:  died  in  the 

ma  which  flows  into  Monterey  Bay  76  miles  Grisons.  Jan.  29, 1834.    A  Swiss  poet.    He  served  Salmon  (s"ara''on)    Georee      Born   at  Dublin 

south-southeast  of   San  Francisco.      Length,  inthearmyof  theHelveMcRepubijc.andbecameadjutant-     Se™.  25,  IsS.     An  InW divine  and  matCra^ 

tieian.     He  graduated  at  TrinityCollege,  Dublin,  in  1839 
took  orders  in  1844  ;  and  became  regius  professor  of  divin 


12.5-150  miles 
Saline  (sa-len')  River. 


general  to  Mass(5na.     He  published  "Gedichte" 
1.  A  river  in  central     L""ef'="<''^  translated  some  of  his  songs. 
Salle,  La.     See  La  Salic. 


andsouthern  Arkansas  which  joins  the  Washita  Sallpp   o7  SawTsiTi^M    or  «!=loT,  f,i  !«.')    ..     "y  at  Trinity  College  in  1866,  ami  provo'st  in  iS-^.'He  ha. 
near  the  boundary  of  Louisiana.  Length,  about    ciix  ?„■■  i-m       r  'l        fS-leU  (sa-le  ),  or     puMishedtex»books  on  higher  mathematics,  and  works  on 


200  miles.— 2.   A   river  in  southern   nUnois    Sale  jsa-la  )^    A  seaport  on  the  western  coast 

which  joins  the  Ohio  9  miles  south 

town.     Length,  including  the  South 

100  miles. —  3.  A  river  in  Kansas 

easterly  and  joins  the  Smokv  H 

lOOmiles  west  of  Topeka.  Length.  250-300  miles!    Prassia,  April  20,  1812:  died  at  Reichau, 

Nimptsch.  Prussia,  Feb.  21,  1843.     A  German 
poet.     His  chief  work  is  ' '  Laienevangelium  " 
("Laymen's  Gospel."  1842). 
Sallieir  Papyrus.    See  the  extract. 


theologj'. 


Salins  (sii-lau')-  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  21  miles  south-southwest  of  Be- 
sanijon:  noted  for  its  salt-springs  and  salt- 
works.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,068. 

Salisbury  (salz'bu-ri),  or  New  Sarum  (nusa'- 
rum).  [ME.  Salislmry,  Salesbtm/.  AS.  Scares- 
burh,  gen.  and  dat.  Seareshijrig,  also  SearobnrJi, 
Searohyrifi,  Searebyrit/,  appar.  'sear  borough,' 
I  dry  town,'  but  the  first  element  (ML.  Sariim) 
is  perhaps  of  other  origin.]  Acityand  thecapi- 
talofWiltshire.England.situatedatthejunction 
of  the  Wily  and  Bourne  with  the  Avon,  in  lat. 


The  great  event  of  the  reign  of  Rameses  was  the  cam- 
paign against  the  Khita  in  his  fifth  year.  It  commenced 
on  the  ninth  of  the  month  Epiphi,  and  is  represented  or 
described  in  the  temples  of  Luxor,  Abusimbel,  Bcitoualli, 
and  the  Ramesseum,  as  well  as  on  a  papyrus  in  the  Brit- 
ish JIuseum,  known  as  the  Sallier  papyrus,  in  which  the 
events  are  described  in  terms  resembling  an  epic  poem, 
which  has  been  caUed  the  Ihad  of  Egypt. 

Birch,  Egypt,  p.  125. 


goins 
about 
350-JOO  miles, 
near  Salmon  River  Mountains.  A  range  of  moun- 
tains, outliers  of  the  Roekv  Mountains  proper, 
situated  in  Idaho  about  la>.  44°  X.  The  lofti- 
est summits  are  about  10.000-12.000  feet  high. 
Salm-Salm  (zalm-ziilm),  Madame  (Agnes  Le- 
clercq).  Bom  at  Baltimore.  Md..  Dee.  25,  1840. 
The  nif  e  of  Prince  Salm-Salm.  She  obtained  some 
reputation  as  an  actress  under  the  name  of  Agnes  Le- 
clercq  ;  married  the  prince  in  1862  ;  and  accompanied  him 
in  his  campaigns.  After  his  death  she  oi-ganized  a  hos- 
pital tjrigade  which  did  good  service  in  the  Franco-Prus 
sian  war.  She  married  Charles  Heneage  in  1876.  She 
wrote  "Ten  Years  of  My  Life"  (1875).  She  is  living  at 
Bonn, 


Salm-Salm,  Prince  Felix 

Balm-Salm,  Pi-ince  Felix.  Born  at  Anholt, 
Prussia,  Dee.  25,  1828 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Gravelotte,  Aug.  18, 1870.  A  Gennan  soldier  of 
fortune.  He  was  an  ofticer  first  in  the  Prussian  and 
afterward  in  the  Austrian  service.  Compelled  to  resign 
from  the  Austrian  anny  on  account  of  pecuniaiy  difficul- 
ties, he  carae  to  the  United  .'states  in  18<il,  and  served  in  the 
Union  anny  during  the  t'lvil  War,  attaining  tiie  lirevet  ranit 
of  brignilier-general  of  volunteers.  He  entered  tlic  seiTice 
of  Maximilian,  emperor  of  Mexico,  in  IStMi,  and  Iiecume 
his  aide-de-cainpand  chief  i>f  the  imperial  household,  lie 
returned  to  Kurope  on  the  empenir's  execution,  reentered 
the  Prussian  anny  as  major  in  the  grenadier  guards,  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Gr.ivelotte  in  the  Franco-Oerman  war. 
He  published  "  My  Diary  in  Mexico  in  18*>7,  Including  the 
last  Days  of  the  Kmiwror  Maximilian,  with  Leaves  from 
the  Diary  of  the  Princess  Salm-Salm  "  (1868). 

Balo  (sii'16).  A  town  in  the  proviuce  of  Brescia, 
northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lago  di  Garda, 
14  miles  ea.st-northeast  of  Brescia.  Here,  Aug. 
3,  1796,  the  French  defeated  the  Austriaus. 
Population,  3,2W. 

Saloman  (sii-lo-mon').  Louis  Etienne  Felicity. 
Born  at  Au.x  Cayes,  18120:  died  at  Paris,  France, 
Oct.  19,  1888.  A  Haitian  general  and  politician. 
He  wasof  pure.\frican  descent.  Hewasoneof  Soulouque's 
ministers,  and  general-in-cliief  of  his  army  from  18ri.'».  On 
the  ovcithrow  of  8oulou(iue(lS59)he  dedfnun  the  island, 
but  through  his  friends  incited  sevend  revolts  ;  rettirned 
in  1379;  and  on  Oct.  23  of  tliat  year  was  chosen  president 
for  seven  years.  By  recdection  in  If^sO  he  ruled  until  Aug., 
1888,  when  he  was  deposed  by  a  revolution.  As  presiiient 
he  was  practically  dictator,  but  the  republic  was  unusually 
prosperous  under  him. 

Salome  (sa-16'me).  1.  Bied  al)outl2  A.  D.  The 
sister  of  Herod  the  Great.— 2.  The  daughter  of 
Herodias,  and  wife  of  Philip  and  later  of  Aris- 
tobulus.  She  caused  the  death  of  John  the  Bap- 
tist. 

Salome  Alexandra.  Wife  of  Alexander  Jan- 
na^us.  She  succeeded  her  hnsltaiid  in  78  B.  c.  as  regent 
of  Judea,  and  foi-  9  ycai-s  managed  the  atfairs  of  the  coun- 
try with  great  skill  and  success.  Contrary  to  the  policy 
of  her  husband,  she  favored  the  Pharisees,  l)ut  was  ju.^t  and 
tolerant  to  the  Sadducees.  Under  her  rule  Judea  for  the 
last  time  enjoyed  peace  and  prosperity,  and  she  may  be 
considered  its  last  independent  ruler. 

Salome,  Salomon.    See  Solommi. 

Salomon  ben  Judah  aben  Gebirol  (ge-be'rol) 
or  Gabirol  (sja-be'rol),  called  Avicebron  ( ii-ve- 
tha-bron').  Born  in  Spain  :  died  about  1070.  A 
Jewish  poet  and  philosopher,  author  of  a  philo- 
sophical work  called  in  the  Latin  translation 
"  Fons  Vitas  "  ("  Fotmtain  of  Life"). 

Salomon  Islands.    See  Solomon  Islnnds. 

Salon  (sa-16n'),  Le.  1.  The  gallery  at  the 
Louvre  in  which  exhibitions  of  art  were  for- 
merly held. —  2.  The  galleries  in  Paris  in  which 
the  works  of  modern  artists  aro  now  periodi- 
cally exhibited. —  3.  The  annual  exhibition  of 
such  works. 

Salona  (.sii-16'na).  A  village  in  Dalmatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 4  miles  east-northeast  of  Spalato. 
Near  it  is  the  s'ito  of  the  ancient  Salona,  an  important  Ro- 
man city,  the  birthplace  of  Diocletian,  destroyed  by  Avars 
In  the  7th  century.  Many  Itoman  antiquities  have  lieen  re- 
cently discovered  in  the  vicinity  (aiupliitheater,  basilica, 
etc.). 

Salona,  on  her  own  inl,and  sea,  with  her  own  archipelago 
in  front  of  her,  with  her  mountain  wall  rising  above  her 
shores,  became  the  greatest  city  of  the  Dalmatian  coast, 
and  one  of  the  greatest  cities  of  the  Roman  world. 

freeman.  Hist.  Essays,  III.  30. 

Salona.  The  ea])italof  the  nomarchy  of  Pho- 
cis,  Greece,  .51  miles  uorthvvest  of  Corinth,  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Anijihissa.  Population 
(1889),  ,5,180. 

Salona  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Gulf  i)f  Lejianto,  Greece. 

Saloniki  {sil-16-n6'ke).  1.  A  vilayet  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey.  Pojiulalion  (1Ss7).  "!l(i(;,:!ns.— 2. 
A  seaport,  capital  of  tlie  vilayet  of  Saloniki,  sit- 
uated at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki,  in  lat. 
40°  37'  N.,  long.  22^  .58'  K. :  the  ancient  Thessa- 
lonica.  It  has  a  large  and  increasing  ft  jcign  commerce, 
and  contains  relics  of  Uoman  architecture  and  llyzantine 
churches.  Santa  Sf»phia,  now  the  chief  mosque,  is  a  ven- 
erable church  I>nilf  liy.IiiHfiiiian  upon  tlu;  gi-neral  lines  of 
the  great  nictr(»polit;iM  rlimrli  at  Constantinople,  but  on  a 
smaller  scale.  Tlic  ijcuutiful  poitic<j  has  8  columns  of  verd- 
antiqne  ;  the  dome  is  lined  wilh  a  great  mosaic  of  the  Sa- 
vinur.  St.  (Jeorge  is  an  ancient  church  said  to  have  been 
btlilt  by  t'oustantine  ;  now  a  nu>si(ue.  The  dome  (82  feet 
in  diameter) la  lined  with  beautiful  mosaics.  The  city,  the 
ancient  Thennn,  later  Thessaloidca,  be<;ame  an  important 
Roman  commercial  center,  and  the  capital  of  Macedoida. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  by  'rheodosius  in  lifln  ;  was 
taken  by  the  Saracens  in  0O4  ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
the  Sicilian  Normans  in  1185;  wastheseat  of  an  ephetneral 
kingdom  in  the  13th  century ;  ami  wtu*  taken  from  the  Ve- 
netians by  the  Turks  under  Amiirath  II.  hi  U3n.  A  Mo- 
hammedan mob  mtirderctl  the  I'Vench  and  (lernmn  con- 
suls here  in  187<:.  l'opulation(18n3),  estimated,  1,'>U,UUO('0. 
Also  Sahnika,  tiahmca,  Salunichi,  etc. 

Saloniki,  Q-ulf  of.  The  northwestemmost  ann 
of  the  il'lgenii  Sea,  situated  west  of  the  Clial- 
eidic  peninsula :  the  ancient  Sinus  Thormiiicus. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 


889 

Salop.     See  Shropshire. 

Salpetri^re  (sal-pa-tre-ar'),La.  A  hospital  or 
almshouse  for  infirm,  insane,  and  otherwise 
helpless  women,  on  the  Faubourg  St. -Victor, 
Paris,  opposite  the  great  arsenal.  It  covers  nearly 
80  acres.  The  general  hospital  was  founded  by  royal  edict 
in  lO.'iO.  It  cont.ained  at  one  time  nearly  lO.Ono  people, 
and  the  treatment  was  extremely  brutal.  Formerly  it  was 
a  house  of  detention  as  well  as  a  hospital.  In  1823  the  ser- 
vice was  reformed,  and  the  institution  assumed  its  present 
form.    The  Bicetrc  is  a  sindlar  institution  for  men. 

Salpi  (siil'pe),LagO  di.  A  salt  lake  20  miles 
east  of  Foggia,  eastern  Italy,  near  and  parallel 
to  tlie  Gulf  of  Manfredonia*-  Length,  about  12 
miles. 

Salsette  (sal-sef).  An  island  on  the  western 
coast  of  British  India,  lying  near  Bombay  Isl- 
and, with  which  it  is  connected  by  causeway 
and  bridge:  noted  for  cave  antiquities.  The 
Buddhist  cbaitya,  one  of  the  group  of  caves  at  Keneri, 
is  a  noted  monument.  It  incjisures  8SA  by  40  feet,  and 
<late8  from  the  early  cilh  century  A.  p.  Salsette  was  taken 
by  the  Portuguese  in  the  Kith  centurj';  by  the  Jlahrattas 
in  1739 ;  and  l»y  the  British  in  1774.  Area,  241  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  108,149. 

Salso  (siil'so).  A  river  in  Sicily  which  flows 
south  into  the  Mediterranean,  28  miles  south- 
east of  Girgenti :  the  ancient  Himera.  Length, 
about  65  miles. 

Salt  (silt).  Sir  Titus.  Bom  at  Morley,  near 
Leeds,  Sept.  20,  1803  :  died  Dee.  29,  1876.  An 
English  manufacturer  and  philanthropist.  lie 
introduced  the  manufacture  of  alpaca  goods  into  England. 
He  establislied  the  model  village  of  .Saltaire  around  his 
mills  near  Bradford.  In  1848  he  was  mayor  of  Bradford. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1859,  and  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1809. 
Salta  (sUl'tii).  1.  A  pro\'inee  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  .i\jgentine  Reimblic,  south  of  the 
province  of  Jujuy  and  bordering  on  Chile. 
The  siu'faco  is  geuerallv  mountainous.  Area, 
45,000  square  miles.  Popujation  (1895),  118,- 
138. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Salta,  situated  in  lat.  24°  48'  S.,  long.  65° 
30'  W.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade  with  Bo- 
livia. It  was  founded  in  1582.  Population 
(1895),  10,072. 

Saltaire  (sal'tar).  [Namedfrom  Sir  Titus  Salt.] 
A  townintheWestKidingof  Yorkshire, England, 
3  miles  north-nDrthwest  of  Bradford:  founded 
by  Sir  Titus  Salt  in  1853.  It  has  manuf  actui-es 
of  woolens  and  worsted  (suspended  1892). 
Saltcoats  (salt'k(5ts).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  AjTshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  25  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 
Population  (1891),  5,895. 
Saltee  (sal'te)  Islands.  Two  small  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Ireland,  14  miles  south-southwest 
of  Wexford. 

Saltans  Fjord  (sUl'tens  fyord).  A  deep  fiord 
fin  the  coast  of  northern  Norway,  about  lat.  67° 
15'  N. 

Saltillo  (sal-tel'yo).  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  Coahuila,  Mexico,  near  lat.  25°  25'  N.,  long. 
101°  4'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1586.  Popula- 
tion (1895).  19.(i.54. 

Salt  Key  Bank  (salt  ke  bangk).     A  bank  lying 

north  of  Cuba  and  south  of  Florida,  in  about 

lat.  24°  N.,  long.  80°  W. 

Salt  Lake.     See  Grmt  Snlt  Lake. 

Salt  Lake  City  (salt  lak  sit'i).    The  capital  of 

the  State  of  Ftah,  situated  on  the  Jordan  Hiver, 

near  Great  Salt  Lake,  about  lat.  40°  45'  N., 

long.  111°  50'  W.    It  is  the  largest  city  of  Utah,  the 

headquarters  of  Mormonism,  and  the  seat  of  the  I'lii- 

versity  of  Utah  (formerly  of  Deseret).     Its  most  noted 

buildings  arc  the  Tabernacle,  an  elliptical  structure  250 

feet  long,  l.'iO  feet  wide,  and  70  feet  high,  capable  of  seat- 

ing  over  8,000  people,  built  lStV4-07;  and  the  new  Temple, 

a  granite  structure,  built  1853-92,  180  feet  long  and  99 

feet  high,  with  three  towers  at  each  cud,  the  loftiest  of 

which  is  210  feet  high.    The  cost  of   the  Temple  was 

^3,40:1.118.  The  city  was  laid  out  by  the  Mormons  in  1847. 

ropiiliitioii  (l:»oo). .'.:(, .'.31. 

Salto  Glrande  (sill'to  griln'da).     A  cataract  in 

the  river  Jequitiuhonha,  Brazil.   Height,  about 

145  feet. 

Salton  Sea.     A  largo  temporary  lake  recently 

liiniiid  in  the  Colorado  desert  of  southeastern 

Calil'ciniiii.     It  was  shallow,  and  soon  disap- 

jicared. 

Saltonstall  (sAl'ton-stftl),  Sir  Richard.  Born 
at  Halifax,  England,  1.586:  died  in  England 
abotit  1658.  One  of  the  early  colonists  of  Mas- 
sachusetls,  son  of  Sir  Richard  Saltoiislall,  lord 
mayor  of  London  (1.597).  In  li'^inhe  wentto  Massa- 
chusetts as  assistant  governor  t*i  Winthrop;  was  one  of 
the  fonnihrs  of  Wat4;rtowii  in  1G30;  and  returned  tu  Eng- 
lanrl  in  1031. 

Saltonstall,  Richard.  Bom  nt Woodsome,  Eng- 
land, lOlO:  died  at  Hnlme,  England,  April  29, 
1694.  An  English  colonist  in  Massachusetts, 
son  of  Sir  Kichard  Saltonstall.     He  went  out 


Salve  Regina 

to  Massachusetts  with  liis  father  in  1630,  and 
became  one  of  the  governor's  assistants  in  1637. 
Salt  (salt)  Range,  or  Kalabagh  (ka-lii-biig'). 
A  mountain-range  in  the  Paujab,  India,  from 
the  Jlielum  westward  to  Afghanistan,  about 
lat.  32°  35'  N. :  noted  for  its  salt-mines.     The 
loftiest  summits  are  about  5,000  feet  high. 
Salt  River.     1.  A  river  in  northern  Kentufky 
which  joins  the  Ohio  19  miles  south-southwest 
of  Louisville.     Length,  over  100  miles. — 2.  A 
river  in  northeastern  Missouri,  formed  by  the 
union  of  its  North,  Middle,  and  South  forks. 
It  joins  the  Mississippi  22  miles  southeast  of  HannibaL 
I.ength.  including  the  North  Fork,  about  180  miles. 
Salt  Sea.     See  Dead  Sm. 
Saltstrom  (siilt'strcm).    A  cataract  formed  by 
the  tide  in  the  Skjerstad  Fjord,  on  the  western 
coast  of  Norway,  about  lat.  67°  15'  N. 
Saltus  (sartus),  Edgar  Evertson.    Bom  at 
New  York,  June  8,  1858.     An  American  novel- 
ist and  miscellaneous  writer.    He  has  written  a 
life  of  Balzac  (1884),  "Philosophy  of  Disenchantment" 
(188.")),  "Anatomy  of  Negation  ".(1880X  "ilr.  Incoul's  Mis- 
adventure" (1887),  "Eden"(18S8),  etc. 
Saltzburg.     See  Sahhurf/. 

Saluda  (sa-lo'dii).  A  river  in  South  Carolina 
which  unites  at  Columbia  with  the  Broad  to 
form  the  Congaree.  Length,  nearly  200  miles. 
Salus(sa'lus).  [L.,' safety,"  prosperity.']  In  Ro- 
man mythology,  a  goddess  personifjnng  health 
and  prosperity :  often  identified  with  the  Greek 
Hygeia. 

Saiuzzo  (sii-lot'so).  [F.  Saluces.'}  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Po  31  miles  south-southwest  of  Turin.  It  con- 
tains ft  castle  and  ft  cathe<lral.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  mar- 
quisate  from  the  12th  century  to  1548:  was  taken  then  by 
the  French;  and  was  ceded  to  Savoy  in  1001.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Silvio  Pellico.  Population,  9,716. 
Salvador  (siil-va-Tnor').  [Sp.  lirjniliHea  del 
Siilrijihir;  incorrectly  Sail  Salvador  from  its 
capital.]  Thesmallest  but  most  thicklypopu- 
lated  of  the  Central  American  republics,  lying 
between  Guatemala  on  the  northwest,  Hondu- 
ras on  the  north  and  northeast.  Nicaragua  on 
the  east  (.ssparated  by  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca), 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south.  The  surface 
is  traversed  by  several  motmtain-chains  with  inten-eiiing 
fertile  valleys  and  plains ;  there  are  many  active  or  quies- 
cent volcanoes,  and  eartlu[uakes  are  frequent.  The  prin- 
cipal products  and  exports  are  coffee,  indigo,  sugar,  and 
balsam  of  Peru ;  the  manufactures  are  unimportant. 
About  5  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  whites  of  Spanish 
descent ;  the  remainder  are  Indians  (53  i>er  cent.),  mixed 
races  (40  per  cent.),  and  a  few  negroes.  Spanisll  is  the 
conniioii  language,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  the  Ro- 
man Catholic.  The  government  is  a  centralized  republic  : 
the  jircsident  is  elected  for  4  years,  and  congress  consists 
of  a  single  house,  the  members  elected  for  one  year.  The 
territory  of  Salvador  was  invaded  by  redrmle  Alvaradol.')24, 
and  coiHiuered  by  .loi-ge  de  Alvaradu  l.'»28.  Independence 
was  proclaimed  in  1821.  and  from  1823  to  1S39  the  cotnUr>' 
was  a  state  of  the  Central  American  Union.  Since  then 
there  have  been  fretiuent  revolutions  and  wars  with  the 
other  <',iitral  American  republics.  The  present  constittt- 
tiniidatcs  from  ISKO.  Area,  7,22.^  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (estimated,  1891),  777,896. 

Salvages  (siil-va'zhiiz)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  the  Atlantic,  north  of  the  Ca- 
nary Islands,  about  lat.  30°  8' N.,  long.  15°  51' W. 

Salvandy    (siil-von-de'),    Comto    Narcisse 

Achille  de.  Bom  at  Condom,  Gers.  France, 
Jniit^  11,  1795:  died  at  the  Castle  of  Graveron, 
Eure,  France,  Dec.  15,  1856.  A  French  politi- 
cian, publicist,  and  historical  writer. 

Salvatierra  (siil-vii-te-er'rii).  A  town  in  Spain, 
18  miles  south-sdulhcast  of  Caceres. 

Salvation  Army,  The.  An  organization  formed 
upon  a  quasi-inililary  pattern,  for  the  revival  of 
religion  among  the  masses.  It  was  founded  in  Eng- 
land by  the  Methodist  evangelist  \\'illiani  Booth  aliout 
1805,  under  the  name  of  the  Christian  Mission:  the  present 
name  and  organization  were  adopted  about  1878.  It  has 
extended  to  the  continent  of  Eunipu,  to  India,  Auslrnlla, 
and  other  British  possessions,  to  the  United  States,  South 
America,  and  elsewhere.  Its  work  is  carried  on  by  means 
of  iirocesslons,  Btreet-singliig  anil  -piTaehlng.  and  the  like, 
under  the  direction  of  otilcers  entitled  gencnds,  majors, 
captains,  etc.  Both  sexes  participate  in  the  services  and 
direction  of  the  body  on  equal  terms.  Ilesldes  its  religious 
work.  It  engages  in  various  reformatorjand  philanlbnqiic 
enterprises.  It  has  no  formnhited  creed,  but  its  diH'triiies 
bear  ft  general  resemblance  to  those  common  to  all  Prot- 
estant evangelical  churclics,.and  especially  to  those  of 
Methodism. 

Salvator  (sal-va'tor).  A  famous  American 
race-horse,  chestnut  with  white  legs  and  bliize, 
foaleil  in  ]88(i.  In  1'*;h)  he  won  the  Suburban  and  tho 
match  against  Tcnny  (by  It'iyou  d'Or)  ;  and  in  a  race  against 
time  on  the  straight  eoiirse  at  Monmouth  he  madi'  the  reo- 
ord  fir  one  mile  l:35J.   This  Is  still  l'.Hi(i)tbe  fastest  time 

for  the  diHt;incc. 

Salvator  Rosa.    See  Jiosn. 

Salve  Regina  (sal' v6  re-ji'nil).  [Sonamcdfrora 
its  first  words,  L.  i.alrc,  rcf/imi  nii.irricordiir,  hnil, 
quven  of  compassion!]  In  the  Roman  Catlinlio 
Church,  an  antiphunal  Uyvau  to  the  Virgin  Mary. 


Salve  Eegina 

It  is  contained  in  the  breviary,  is  much  used  In  private  de- 
TotioDS,  and  from  Trinity  Sunday  to  Advent  is  sung  after 
lauds  and  complin. 

Salvl,  Giambattista.    See  Sassoferrato. 

Salvianus  (sal-Ti-a'nus).  A  Clmstian  writer 
who  flourished  in  the  5th  century.  He  appears  to 
have  been  a  native  of  Cologne,  to  have  been  of  noble  birth, 
and  to  have  been  a  priest  at  Marseilles.  He  wrote  "  De 
gubematione  Dei"  and  "Adversus  avaritiam." 

Near  the  end  of  the  life  of  Placidia,  a  book  was  written 
In  Gaul,  and  circulated  from  monastery  to  monaster}', 
which  evidently  produced  a  profound  impression  on  the 
minds  of  the  generation  who  first  read  it,  and  which  re- 
mains to  this  day  one  of  our  most  valuable  sources  of  in- 
formation as  to  the  inner  life  of  the  dying  Empire  and  the 
moral  character  of  its  foes.  This  worli  is  the  treatise  of 
St.  Salvian,  Presbyter  of  Marseilles,  concerning  the  Gov- 
ernment of  God,  in  eight  bool^s, 

Hodghin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  504. 

Salviati  (sal-ve-a'te),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Vi- 
cenza,  Italy,  in  1816:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  25, 
1,S90.  An  Italian  artist.  He  revived  the  ancient 
Venetian  glass  industrj'  at  Murano  in  1S60. 

Salvini  (sal-ve'ne),  Tommaso.  Bom  atMilan, 
Jan.  1,  1829.  A  celebrated  Italian  trasredian. 
He  studied  dramaticart  with  Gustavo  Modena.  His  repu- 
tation was  still  confined  to  Italy  when  his  theatrical  career 
was  interrupted  by  the  revolution  of  1S48,  in  which  he  took 
an  active  part  and  was  taken  prisoner  with  Ma^zini,  Gari- 
baldi, and  Saffi  at  Genoa.  After  quiet  was  restored  he  de- 
voted a  year  to  classical  studies  at  Florence,  and  mastered 
many  of  his  Shaksperian  parts.  He  then  returned  to  the 
stage  and  played  with  great  success.  He  visited  South 
America  in  1872  and  the  United  States  in  1873  (for  the 
first  time).  1880. 188-2, 1886  (when  he  played  "Othello  "  with 
Edwin  Booth  as  lago,  and  the  Ghost  to  Booth's  Hamlet). 
and  1839.  He  played  in  England  in  1875  and  1884.  His 
principal  r61es  are  Egisto  in  Alfieri's  "M^rope,"  Paolo  in 
"Francesca  da  Rimini,"  Saul  in  Alfieri's  "Saul,"  CEdipus 
in  a  play  written  for  him  by  Xicolini,  Orosmane  in  Vol- 
taire's "  Zaire,"  Conrad  in  "  La  Morte  Civile,"  Samson,  the 
Glndiator.  Hamlet,  Macbeth,  Coriolanus,  Othello,  lago  (in 
Italy,  1S91),  and  King  Lear. 

Salwatti.     See  Salnwatti. 

Salwin  Hill  Tracts.    A  district  in  Tenasserim 

division,  British  Burma.     Area,  4,(H6  square 

miles.     Population  (1891),  31,439. 
Salzach  (zalt'zaeh),  or  Salza  (salt'sa).   Ariver 

in  Salzburg  which,  in  its  lower  course,  forms  the 

boundary  between  Bavaria  and  Upper  Austria. 

It  is  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Inn,  which  it  joins  35  miles 

southwest  of  Passau.    Length,  J90  miles. 

Salzbmnn  (ziilts'bron),    or   Obersalzbninn 

(o'ber-zalts'bron).  ['Salt-spring.']  A  village 
and  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  38  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is 
frequented  on  account  of  its  saluie-alkaUne 
springs.  Population  (1890),  3,469. 
Salzburg  (zalts'boro).  1.  A  crownland  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary.  Capi- 
tal. Salzburg.  It  is  bounded  by  Upper  Austria  on  the 
north,  Upper  Austria  and  Slyria  on  the  east,  Carinthia 
and  Tyrol  on  the  south,  and  Tyrol  and  Bavaria  on  the  west. 
It  is  mountainous  (containing  the  JToric  and  Bavarian  Alps), 
and  is  traversed  by  the  Salzach.  Live  stock  is  raised,  and 
there  is  extensive  production  of  salt  and  marble.  Salzburg 
has  6  representatives  in  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  has  a 
Landtag  of  26  members.  The  language  is  German  ;  the  re- 
ligion. Roman  Catholic.  This  crownland  formed  part  of  the 
ancient  Noricum.  It  became  a  bishopric,  and  was  raised 
in  793  to  an  archbishopric.  Its  archbishops  were  leading 
princes  of  the  Empire, and  were  noted  for  their  intolerance ; 
the  Jews  were  banished  in  149S.  the  Protestants  in  1731-32. 
The  bishopric  was  secularized  in  1802,  given  to  Ferdinand 
III.  of  Tuscany,  and  made  aTi  electorate.  The  region  was 
ceded  to  Austria  in  1805 ;  was  taken  by  Napoleon  in  1809, 
and  by  him  given  to  Bavaria  in  1810  ;  was  ceded  back  to 
Austria  in  1814  ;  and  became  a  crownland  in  1849.  Area, 
2,767  square  miles.  Population  (1890X  173.510. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  crownland  of  Salzburg, 
situated  on  the  Salzach  in  lat.  47°  48'  N.,  long. 
13°  3'  E. :  the  ancient  Juvavia.  it  is  noted  for  its 
picturesque  location ;  has  considerable  trade  and  manu- 
factures ;  is  a  tourist  resort ;  and  contains  many  objects  of 
Interest.  Hohen-Salzburg,  the  citadel,  is  a  picturesque 
medieval  fortress,  crowning  an  abrupt  eminence  above 
the  city.  The  castle  displays  bartizans  at  its  angles,  and 
Is  girdled  by  many  souare  and  cylindrical  battleraented 
towers,  one  of  them  80  feet  high.  The  fortress  was  founded 
In  the  9th  century,  but  in  its  present  form  is  chiefly  of  the 
early  16th.  The  Chapel  of  St.  George  (1502)  possesses  in- 
teresting sculptures,  among  them  the  apostles  in  red 
marble.  The  university,  founded  in  1620,  was  closed  in 
1810.  Above  the  city  are  the  Monchsberg  and  Kapuziner- 
berg.    It  was  the  birthplace  of  Mozart.   Population  (1890), 

Salzburger  Alps  (zalts'boro-er  alps).  A  range 
o£  the  Alps  situated  on  theborderbetween  Salz- 
burg and  Bavaria. 

Salzkammergnt  (zalts'kam"mer-got).  An  Al- 
pine land  and  imperial  domain,  situated  in  the 
southern  part  of  Upper  Austria,  adjoining  part 
of  Styna.  On  account  of  its  lakes  (Traunsee,  etc.)  and 
its  natural  beauty,  it  is  often  called  "  the  Austrian  Switzer- 
land." It  contains  the  watering-place  Ischl.  The  highest 
mountain  is  the  Dachstein.  The  inhabitants  are  largely 
engaged  in  the  production  of  salt. 

Salzungen  (zalt'song-en).  A  town  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-SIeiningen,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Werra  19  miles  north- 


890 

northwest  of  Meiningen.  It  has  salt-works. 
Population  (1890),  4,161. 
Salzwedel  (zalts'va-del).  A  to^wn  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jeetze 
53  miles  north-northwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  is  a 
very  ancient  place,  noted  in  the  Altmark ;  was  a  Hanse- 
atic  town;  and  has  oW  churches  and  other  buildings. 
Fupulatiou  (1890),  9,008. 

Sam  (sam).  One  of  the  great  heroes  of  the  Shah- 
namah,  son  of  Nariman,  father  of  Zal,  and  grand- 
father of  Rustam.  The  most  striking  episode  of  his 
history  is  his  exposure  near  Mount  Alburz  of  his  infant  son 
Zal,  whom  he  disowned  because  hishair  was  white,  and  who 
was  reared  by  the  Simurgh.  (See  Sirnurgh.')  One  night  Sam 
saw  in  a  dream  a  horseman  coming  from  the  direction  of 
Hindustan,  who  gave  him  news  of  his  son.  Called  to  inter- 
pret  the  drieam,  the  vvise  men  of  the  realm  advised  Sam  to 
seek  his  son,  who  was  brought  to  Sam  by  the  Simurgh, 
received  with  joy,  and  invested  with  distinctions  by  both 
Sam  and  King  Minnchihr — Sam  intrusting  to  him  his  realm. 

Samaden  (sii'ma'den).  [Romansh  Snmedaii.'] 
A  tourist  center  and  health-resort  in  the  Upper 
Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Inn  28  miles  southeast  of  Coire. 
Height,  5.670  feet. 

Samael.     See  Sammael. 

Samak  (sa-miik').  The  chief  island  of  the  Bah- 
rein group,  Persian  Sea,  situated  in  lat.  26°  N. 
Capital,  Menama.  Length,  about  30  miles. 
Population.  60,000  to  70,000. 

Samana  (sii-ma-na').  A  peninsula  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  Dominican  Republic.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Samani,  or  Santa  Barbara  de  Samani  (san'- 
tii  bar'ba-ra  da  sa-ma-na').  A  seaport  in  the 
Dominican  Republic,  situated  on  Samana  Bay 
in  lat.  19°  12'  N.,  long.  69°  19'  W.  Population, 
about  3,000. 

Samancl  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
Dominican  Republic,  island  of  Santo  Domingo, 
south  of  the  peninsula  of  Samand.  It  forms  one 
of  the  largest  and  finest  harbors  in  the  world. 

Samanids  (sam'a-nidz).  A  Persian  dynasty 
which  reigned  in  Transoxiana,  Turkestan,  from 
about  872  to  999. 

Samar  (sa-mar' ).  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Capital,  Catbalongan.  It  is  separated  from  Luzon  on 
the  northwest  by  the  Strait  of  San  Bernardino,  and  from 
Leyte  on  the  southwest  by  the  Strait  of  San  Juanico. 
Length,  120  miles.  Area,  4,367  square  miles.  Population 
of  province  of  Samar(including  neighboring  small  islands), 
178,890. 

Samara  (sa-ma'ra1.  1.  A  government  of  eastern 
Russia,  situated  east  of  the  Volga.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  governments  of  ,\strakhan,  Saratofl,  Simbirsk,  Ka- 
zan, Ufa,  Orenburg,  the  territory  of  the  Ural  Cossacks,  and 
the  Kirghiz  Steppes.  The  chief"  occupation  is  agricultnre. 
Area,  58,321  square  miles.   Population  (1890),  2,6(i5,300. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Samara, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  river  Samara 
with  the  Volga,  about  lat.  53°  X. ,  long.  50°  12'  E. 
It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  on  the  Volga,  and  has  a  large 
trade  in  grain.    Population  (1891),  99,856, 

3.  A  river  in  eastern  Russia  which  joins  the 
Volga  at  Samara.     Length,  about  300  miles. 

Samara  (sam'a-ra).     The  ancient  name  of  the 

Somme. 
Samara  (sa-ma'ra),  or  Samhara  (sam-ha'ra). 

A  region  in  eastern  Africa, bordering  on  the  Red 

Sea  east  of  Abyssinia. 
Samara.     See  Samarrah. 
Samara.ng(sa-ma-rang').    A  seaport,  capital  of 

the  residenev  of  Samarang,  Java,  situated  on 

the  north  coa"st  in  lat.  6°  58'  S.,  long.  110°  26'  E. 

It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  in  the  island,  exporting  sugar, 

coffee,  etc.    Population,  about  70,000. 

Samarcand.    See  Samarl-a>id. 

Samaria  (sa-ma'ri-a).  [L.  Samaria^  6r.  laua- 
ptia,  also  'S,cfiapei>i<,  Heb.  Shomron,  city  of  She- 
mer  (Gr.  'S.ijiapoq) .']  1.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  kingdom  of  Israel. —  2.  A  name 
given  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era 
to  the  central  division  of  western  Palestine, 
Ij-ing  north  of  Judea  and  south  of  Galilee. — 3. 
An  ancient  city  of  Palestine,  situated  in  lat.  32° 
15'  N.,  long.  3o°  12'  E.  It  was  founded  by  Omri  (899- 
875  B.  0.).  After  a  siege  of  three  yesirs  by  Shalmaneser  IV. 
it  was  taken  by  his  successor  Sargon  in  722,  and  settled 
with  transported  colonists.  John  Hyrcanus  destroyed  it 
in  109,  but  it  was  soon  rebuilt.  Pompey  included  Samaria 
in  the  province  of  SjTia.  and  from  the  proconsul  Gabinius 
it  obtained  the  name  of  Gabinia  or  Gabiniopolis.  Herod 
changed  its  name  to  Seb,aste  ("Augusta)  in  honor  of  Au- 
gustus, and  adorned  it  with  magnificent  buildings.  Grad- 
ually Sebaste  was  surpassed  in  growth  by  Nablus  (She- 
chem).  Down  to  the  6th  and  again  in  the  r2th  century  an 
episcopal  see  of  Sebaste  is  mentioned,  and  to  this  day  a 
Greek  bishop  derives  his  title  from  it.  At  present  Sebaste 
is  represented  by  the  insignificant  Mohammedan  village 
Sebastieh,  in  which  are  still  seen  the  ruins  of  a  church 
erected  by  the  Crusaders  over  the  supposed  grave  of  John 
the  Baptist. 

Samaritans  (sa-mar'i-tanz).  A  religious  com- 
munity which  'originated  after  the  ifall  of  the 
northern  kingdom,    in  place  of  the  Israelites  who  had 


Sanmite  Wars 

been  killed  and  transported,  Sargon  brought  to  the  terri- 
torj-  of  Samaria  a  colony  from  Babylon  and  Cuthah ;  and 
this  was  increased  by  contingents  from  the  AssjTian  prov- 
inces (Ezra  iv.  2-10).  Although  priests  were  sent  to  in. 
struct  these  foreigners  in  the  "  worship  of  Jehovah,"  the 
population  had  a  mixed  belief  and  practice,  .ifter  the  re- 
turn from  the  captirity,  the  Jews  declined  the  aid  of  the 
Samaritans  in  restoring  the  walls  and  the  temple  of  Jeru- 
salem, in  consequence  of  which  the  breach  between  them 
was  widened.  The  Samaritans,  under  the  leadership  of 
Sanballat  and  his  son-in-law,  founded  a  sanctuary  of  their 
own  on  Mount  Gerizim  (according  to  Josephus,  in  332)[ 
In  consequence  of  this  the  town  of  Shechem  (Xablus), 
at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  rose  in  importance,  while 
Samaria  declined.  The  temple  was  destroyed  by  John 
HjTcanus,  and,  apart  from  some  rebellions  and  repeated 
conflicts  between  them  and  the  Jews  and  Christians,  the 
Samaritans  henceforward  cease  to  have  any  noteworthy 
separate  history-.  The  Samaritans  are  strict  monotheists, 
believe  in  spirits  and  a  resurrection,  expect  a  Messiah  to 
appear  6,000  years  after  the  creation  of  the  world,  and  pos. 
sess  only  the  Pentateuch,  written  in  the  old  Hebrew 
characters,  in  its  text  more  akin  to  that  of  the  Septuagint 
than  to  the  Hebrew  Massoretic  text.  They  still  make  a  pil- 
grimage on  the  three  principal  festivals  to  Mount  Gerizim. 
Their  numbers  are  steadily  diminishing,  consisting  at 
present  (1896)  of  forty  or  fifty  families  only,  who  live  in  a 
separate  quarter  of  Nablus. 

Samarkand,  or  Samarcand  (siim-ar-kand').  A 
city  in  the  district  of  Serafshaa,  Turkestan, 
Asiatic  Russia,  situated  near  the  Serafshan 
about  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  67°  E.:  the  ancient 
Maracanda.  It  has  active  commerce,  and  manufactures 
of  cotton,  ^ilk,  etc  Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  the 
grave  of  Tiumr,  citadel,  3  colleges,  and  neighboring  ruins. 
The  ancient  city  was  destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Great 
In  the  middle  ages  Samarkand  was  a  large  and  flourishing 
city,  renowned  as  a  seat  of  learning.  It  was  taken  and  de. 
stroyed  by  Jenghiz  Khan  in  1219 ;  became  the  capital  of 
Timur ;  was  occupied  by  the  Russians  in  1868 ;  and  was 
afterward  annexed  to  Russia.    Population  (1S83X  33,117. 

Samarobriva  (sam''a-ro-bri'va).  The  ancient 
name  of  Amiens. 

Samarra,  or  Samara  (sa-ma'ra).  A  small 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Tigris 
70  miles  north-northwest  of  Bagdad :  a  noted 
Shiite  place  of  pilgrimage. 

Samary  (sa-ma-re'),  Jeanne  Leonie  Pauline. 
Bom  at  Neuilly,  March  4.  1857 :  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  18,  1890.  A  French  actress.  She  was  the 
granddaughter  of  Suzanne  Brohan,  and  studied  with  her 
aunt  .\ugustine  Brohan,  She  entered  the  Conservatoire 
in  1871,  made  her  debut  at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  in  1S75  as 
Dorine  in  "Tartufe,"and  gained  a  success  in  sonbrette 
parts.  .Among  her  favorite  roles  were  Toinon  in  "  L'Etin. 
celle  "  and  Suzanne  de  Villiers  in  "  Le  monde  oil  Ton  s'en- 
nuie,"  though  she  attained  distinction  in  the  classic  reper- 
tory.   In  1880  she  married  a  banker,  M.  Lagarde. 

Samas.     See  Shamaxh. 

Samaveda  (sa-ma-va'da).     See  Veda. 

Sambalpur,  or  Siimbulpur  (sum-bul-por">.  1. 
A  district  in  the  Central  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  30'  N.,  long.  84° 
E.  Area,4.948  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
796,413.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Sam- 
balpur. situated  on  the  Mahauadi.  Population 
(1S91),  14,571. 

Sambara  (sam-ba'ra),  or"Wasambara(wa-sam- 
ba'ra),  or  Sambala.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  German 
East  -Africa,  in  the  mountainous  district  facing 
the  island  of  Pemba.  Vigorous,  agricultural,  and 
pastoral,  they  are  nevertheless  poor,  because  they  leave  all 
the  trade  to  the  Arabs  and  coast  people.  Usambara  is  the 
name  of  the  country,  Kisambara  that  of  the  language. 

Sambos  (sam'bos).  [Sp.  Sambo,  a  person  of 
mixed  Indian  and  negro  blood.]  A  name  often 
given  to  the  Mosquitos  (which  see). 

Sambre  (sonbr).  A  river  in  northeastern  France 
and  Belgium  which  joins  the  Meuse  at  Xamur: 
the  Roman  Sabis.  Csesar  defeated  the  Xervii  on  its 
banks  in  57  B.  c,  and  French  victories  were  gained  on  it 
in  1794.    Length,  110  miles ;  navigable  to  Landrecies. 

Sambre-ct-Meuse  (sonbr'a-mez').  A  depart- 
ment of  France  during  the  period  of  the  repub- 
lic and  the  first  empire.     Capital,  Namur. 

Sambro  (sam'bro).  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  south  of  Halifax,  in 
lat.  44°  27'  N.,  long.  63°  35'  W. 

Sambwa  (sam'bwii).     See  Xijamwe^i. 

Samgar-Nebo  (sam'gar-ne'bo).  [Assyr..  'be 
gracious.  Xebo.']  An  officer  in  the  army  of 
Nebuchadnezzar,  mentioned  in  Jer.  xxxix.  3. 

Samhar.     See  Tigrc. 

Samliara  (eastern  Africa).     See  Samara. 

Samian  Sage.  The.    See  Snf/e  of  Samos. 

Samland  (zSm'lant).  A  district  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  lying  between  the 
Frisches  Haff  and  Kurisches  Haflf,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Konigsberg.  Its  western  coast  is  noted  as 
' '  the  Amber  Coast." 

Sammael,  or  Samael  (sa'ma-el).  In  rabbini- 
cal demonology,  a  personification  of  the  evU 
principle. 

Samnite  Wars  (sam'nit  warz).  In  Roman  his- 
tory, the  wars  between  Rome  and  the  Samnites. 
The  following  are  the  most  important:  (a)  InS4S-341B.  c: 
the  wai-  was  ended  by  a  treaty  of  alliance ;  Romereceived 


Samnite  Wars 


891 


of  her  arm  V  life,  entitled ' '  The  Female  Review," 
in  1797. 
Sampson,  Dominie.    A  character  in  Sir  Walter 
SfOtt's  QOvel  "  Guy  Mannerint;."     He  is  a  homely 


army  was  uapiuicu  ?^'"^V"","' ,*,."■;„;  thrwop  hv     i»-i-     An  American  woman  wuo  serveu  lu  me 
Z  IruTclr rn,at  Ma^st  '^Ju^'ireV.'  t  M    Revolutionary  War  disguised  under  the  name 
290  •  the  Samnites  were  allied  with  the  I'mbrians,  Etrus-    of  Robert  Shurtleff.    She  published  a  narrative 
cans  Cisalpine  Gauls,  and  Lucanians;  the  Romans  gained 
a  decisive  victory  at  Sentinum  295,  and  the  power  ot  the 
Saninites  was  broken. 

Samnium  (sam'ni-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  mountainous  district  in  central  Italy.  It 
wa8  bounded  by  the  country  of  the  Slarsi,  Peligni,  and 
Frentani  on  the  north,  Apulia  on  the  east,  Lucania  on  the 

south,  Campania  on  the  southwest,  and  Latium  on  the  _..,,.  ™, 

west,  and  was  inhabited  by  the  Saninites,  a  race  of  Sabine  SampSOn,    William  TbomaS 
origin      The  Samnite  confederacy  included  also  the  Hir-  ■-   —     —  •     "  •• 

EIni  and  Pentri,  and  colonists  of  Samnite  stock  settled 
1  Lucania  and  Campania.    The  first  treaty  with  Kome 

was  concluded  in  354  B.  C.     (For  the  wars  with  Rome,  see 

Samnite  Wars.)   Partof  the  Samnites  sided  with  Hannibal 

In  the  second   Punic  war.      They  took  a  leading  part 

against  Rome  in  the  Social  War  of  90-88  B.  c,  and  as  par- 

tlzans  of  Marius  were  finally  defeated  in  the  battle  of  the 

CoUine  Gate  (82  B.  c).    The  principal  towns  were  Bovia- 

num,  /Esemla,  and  Beneventum. 
Samoa.    See  Samoan  Islands. 
Samoan  (sa-mo'an  or  sii-mo'an)  Islands,  or 

Samoa  (sa-mo'g,  or  sa-mo'ii),  formerly  Navi- 
gators' (riav'i-ga-torz)  Islands.    A  group  of 

islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  situated  about  lat, 


Sancho  Fanza 

nor  does  his  history  form  the  chief  part  of  their  content*. 
Like  the  books  of  Kind's,  the  books  of  Samuel  formed  orig- 
inally one  book :  the  division  was  introduced  in  the  old 
Greek  and  Latin  versions.  The  books  of  Samuel  comprise 
the  history  of  Israel  frt>m  the  birth  of  Samuel  to  the  death 
of  David  (which,  however,  is  not  distinctly  recorded  in  the 
book)—!,  e.,  a  period  of  more  than  lOO  years.  The  first 
book  relates  the  birth  of  Samuel,  the  establishing  of  the 
monarchy  in  Israel,  and  the  conflict  between  Saul  an<! 
David,  closing  with  the  death  of  Saul.  The  second  book 
gives  the  history  of  David's  reign. 

awkwar.i  schoolmaste,-,  loved  for  bis  honesty  a.,,1  fait!'  fan  (san).      See  Bushmetl  and  Khoikhohl. 

fulness,  who  educates  Godfrey  Bertram's  children,  quotes  San.      See  Zoail. 

Latin.  an<i  exclaims  "  Prodigious !  '  gan  (san).    A  river  in  Galicia,  Au8tria-Hun- 

Borii  at  Pal-  gary.  It  rises  in  the  Carpathians,  and  joins  the  Vis- 
ni  vra,  X.  Y..  Feb.  9,  1S40:  died  at  Washington,  tula",  near  the  Polish  frontier,  in  long.  21*  60'  E.  Length 
I)."('.,  MiivG,  1902.     An  Americiiii  naval  officer.     243  miles.      .    .       „      _     .  j  x>        r 

He  entered  the  United  States  Naval  A.a.iemy  in  1857,  San,  or  Samt^    For  Portuguese  and  Brazilian 
served  in  the  Union  navy  durinK  the  Civil  War,  and  was     names,  see  Silo. 

lucmwted    lieutenant-comuiander    in    186B.  commander  Sana,    or    Sanaa  (sii-na').      One    of    the    chief 
in  1874,  .aptain  in  1889,  commodore  .luly  3.  189.S.  and     t^^^jg  „f  Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  about  lat.  15- 

20'  N.,  long.  44°  20'  E.  It  has  active  commerce  and 
manufactures,  and  was  formerly  the  most  important  city 
of  .\rabia.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1872.  Pojiula- 
tion,  about  20.1100. 
San  Antonio  (san  an-t6'ni-6).  A  city,  capital 
of  Bexar  County,  Texas,  situated  on  the  San 


rear-admiral  Aug.  Ill,  189H.  He  was  superintendent  of 
the  Sav:a  Academy  1886-9(1;  chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Naval  Ordnance  1893-97;  and  president  <if  the  board  of 
inquiry  into  the  Maine  disaster  1898.  He  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  North  Atlantic  naval  station  in 
.^pril,  1898  ;  bombarded  San  .Uiaii  de  Porto  Hiici  May  12  ; 
and  cuuduited  the  Mockaile  of  Santiago.  The  fieet  under 
his  coniinaiid  destroyed  the  Spanish  squadron  under  Cer- 
vit;'.  "It  the  latter  port  .Iillv  3.  1898.     Retired  V:W. 


„      .,„  Samsat.     See  SamosKtn. 

13°30'-14°30'  S.,  long.  168°-l/3°  W.     They  are  g^^ggg   (sanis'e).         An   island  belonging  to 

mostly  volcanic.    The  prmcipal  islands  are  Savau,  I  polu,     ijp„m.^i.k,  situated  east  of  Jutland  and  uorth- 

and  TutuUa;  chief  town,  Apia.     The  leading  exports  are         ^    '    "  ,4      ,      j       t  „.  „*l,    lft  „,;io,!       P^tm.Io 

copra,  cotton  and  coffee.    Trade  is  in  German  and  Brit-     west  of  Zealand.     Length,  16  miles.     Popula- 

Ish  hands     Samoa  was  explored  by  Bougainville  in  1708.     tion  (1880),  6,599. 

Christianity  was  introduced  in  1830.     In  1872  the  harborof  gamsoe  Belt       A  sea  passage  between  Zealand 

Pango-Pango  was  granted  to  the  United  States  as  a  coal-  ,  tionisne  ' 

log-station.     An  opposition  king,  Tamasese,prot('g(:' of  the     ''""'  ''■l'"""''-  ,      rr>  -a  \.    ai.  i  1 

Germans  was  in  1886  set  up  against  King  Malietoa,  and  SamSOn  (sam  son).    L-''  ro™  UeD.  f>nemesn.  sun.  J 

In  1887  Germany  declared  war  with  the  islands.    In  l&S9a    Son  of  Manoah  of  the  tribe  of  Dan,  and  the  hf- 


conference  of  British.  German,  and  American  representa- 
tives met  at  Berlin,  and  the  neutrality  of  the  islands  was 
guaranteed.  Malietoa  was  reBt4.>red  the  same  year.  After 
his  death,  in  1898,  trouble  arose  over  the  succession,  which 
resulted  iu  the  bombardment,  in  March,  1899,  of  Apia  and 
villages  along  the  coast  by  American  andBritishwar-sbips. 
Later  Great  Britain  withdrew  from  the  islands,  and  Cpoli 
and  Savaii  were  ceded  to  German.v,  and  Tiitilila  and  Mann: 
to  the  United  States.  Area,  1,100  square  miles.  Popula 
tion  (1887),  33,665.     See  Apia. 

8amogitia(sam-6-jish'i-a).   Aformerdivisionof 


Antonio  River  about  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  98° 
25'  W.  Its  trade  is  in  wool,  cattle,  grain,  hides,  etc. 
It  is  a  railway  center,  the  chief  commercial  town  of  west- 
ern Texas,  and  the  second  city  in  the  state.  A  fort  was 
built  heiv  in  1714;  the  mission  of  the  Alamo  was  estab- 
lished ill  1718.      I'oimlatioTi  (19001.  .-13,321. 

San  Antonio,  or  Sant'Antao  (Cape  Verd).  See 

Still  Antao. 

San  Antonio  (s!inan-t6'ne-6).  Cape.   1.  Acape 
in  the  Argentine  Republic,  at  the  southern  en- 
trance to  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. — 2.  A  cape  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  projecting  into  the  Mediterranean. 
—  3.  A  cape  at  the  western  extremity  of  Cuba. 
San  Antonio  (san  an-to'ni-o)  Ri'ver.     A  river 
in  Texas  which  flows  into  Espiritu  Santo  Bay. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 
ploits.riSemiticformoftheOreek  Hercules.  Itis.hovyeyer    Sanballat  (san-bal '  at).      [Assvro-Babvlonian 
likely  that  th.  accounts  of  his  deeds,  thou,*  .mbellisbed     ,s'»,-„ioH,7,  Sin  (the  moon-god)  "has  given  life.] 


tcenth  in  order  of  the  ".iudges,"  or  deliverers, 
who  managed  the  affairs  of  Israel  before  the 
monarchy  was  established.  His  exploits  and  ad- 
ventures with  the  Philistines,  the  hereditary  enemies  of  , 
his  people,  are  related  in  tlie  Book  of  Judges  xiii.-xvi. 
Some  exegetes  relegate  them  to  the  sphere  of  myth,  con- 
sidering Samson,  both  because  of  his  name  and  his   — 


by  popular  legend,  rest  t 


Lithuania,  bordering  on  the  Baltic,  Prussia,  and  Samson  (son-son'),  Joseph  Isidore.  Bor 
Courland.  Capital,  Rossieny.  Most  of  it  is  now  St.-Denis,France,  July2, 1793:  died  at  Aut 
included  in  the  Russian  government  of  Koviio. 
Samos(8a'mos).  [Gr.  2r2/zof.]  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal islands  of  the  .ffigean  Sea,  situated  about 
lat.  37°  N.,  west  of  Asia  Minor,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  a  narrow  strait.  Capital,  Vathy. 
It  is  traversed  by  a  mountain-range.  The  chief  exports 
are  wine  and  raisins.    It  is  a  principality  tributary  to 


foundation  of  historical  fact. 
Born  at 
euil, 
March  28,  1871.  A  noted  French  actor.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  Isll,  played  at  first  in 
the  provinces,  and  was  engaged  at  the  Odi'on  in  1819.  In 
1826  he  made  his  dijbut  at  the  Comc5die  Fram-aise.  He 
pLayed  witli  success  in  nearly  all  the  principal  parts  of 
classical  and  modern  comedy.     He  retired  from  the  stage 


The  chief  and  most  hostile  opponent  of  Nehe- 
miah  in  his  endeavors  to  restore  the  city  of 
Jerusalem  and  its  walls.  He  was  connected  by 
marriage  with  the  house  gf  the  high  priest  F.liashib.  He 
was,  very  likely,  head  of  the  Samaritans,  and  himself,  aa 
his  name  would  indicate,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  colo- 
nists transplanted  by  the  Assyrian  kings  to  Palestine.  See 
Samaria. 


in  1863,  and  gave  lessons  in  dramatic  art  as  professor  at  SanBernardino(sanber-nar-de  no).  An  Alpine 


the  Conservatoire.    He  also  wrote  a  number  of  plays. 


Turkey  administered  by  a  prince  appointed  by  the  sultan,  Samson   AgOniStes    (sam   son   ag-o-ms  tez). 
assisted  by  an  assembly.     The  language  is  Greek  ;  the    [Q].  ('zyuwcrrw'.struggler,  champion.]  Aclassical 
religion,  Greek  Catholic.    Saraos  was  early  colonized  by     ]_„„  '  i,„  Miltnii    tirinted  in  1671 
lonians.    It  became  an  important  center  of  Greek  com-    'Tania  Dy  Milton,  pnniea  m  i.o(i. 


loii  IU  •*(»  o.  u.  ,  wau  oc&iejieu  aiiu   laneii     long.   OO     Hi     rj.       r^OpUiai.lOU,  aUOUl  -,UOU. 

B.C.;  and  was  later  under  Persian,  Athe-  gamUCUS  (sii-mo-kos'),  or  ZamUCUS  (tha-mo- 

,  and  Roman  rule  m  turn.     It  took  an  ~  ..   ,,     ^     ,.  ».,       ,  '        ,„  „,  ,  „f  u„„f„  n-,,., 

..  r-.  .n  the  Greek  war  of  liberation,  but  waa   kos').  Indiansof  the  department  of  Santa  Cmz, 

to  Turkey  in  1830.    The  present  government  was    eastern    Bolivia,  between  lats.    18°  and  20"  S 

ted  in  1832.    It  Is  the   lurkish  Susam  AdassL    (northern  border  of  the  Gran  Chaco  region). 


Area,  180  square  miles.    Popu- 


by  Athens  in  439  B.  C. 

nian,  Pergamene, 

important  part  i 

restored  to  '" 

constituted 

Length,  about  27  miles. 

lation  (1894),  48,66«. 
SamOS.     In  ancient  geography,  the  principal 

city  of  the  island  of  Samos,  situated  on  the 

southern  coast. 
Samos,  or  Same.    .Ajicient  city  in  Cephalonia. 
Samosata   (sa-mos'a-tii).     In   ancient  gcogr.a- 

phy,  a  town  in  Commagene.  Syria,  situated  ou   distinct  s 

tViB   T^iinhr-fltea   nhniit   Int    :M°  [W  N  .   Inno'    38°  OamUel 


•They  were  formerly  numerous,  and  were  divided  into  sev- 
eral small  tribes  (Morotocos,  Tapios,  (iuaranocas,  Samu- 
cus  proper,  etc.).  D'Orbigiiy  was  the  first  to  apply  the 
name  to  the  whole  group.    Physically  they  are  a  fine  race. 


pass  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland.  It 
connects  the  valleys  of  the  Hinterrhein  and  the  Moesa, 
branching  from  the  Splugen  road  at  Splugen.  and  leading 
to  Bellinzona.    It  was  known  to  the  Romans.    Height, 

6,768  feet. 

San  Bernardino,  Mount.  The  loftiest  moun- 
tain of  tlie  Coast  Range,  California,  giving  name 
to  the  San  Bernardino  range.  Height,  11,604 
feet. 

San  Bias  (siin  bliis),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Florida,  123  miles  east-south- 
east of  Pensacola. 

San  Bias,  Bay  of.  A  small  inlet  of  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Isthmus  of 
T*aiiaina. 


hunters  and  agriculturists,  and  brave  warriors  but  not 
quarrelsome.  Their  binguasrc,  closely  allied  in  the  differ- 
ent tribes,  is  soft  and  musical ;  it  appears  to  ctuistituie  a 


the  Euphrates  about  lat.  37°  32'  N.,  long.  38°  »amviei  (sara'u-el).     {¥  SammJ,  It  SammJcJ\ 
36'  E.  :  the  modern  Samsat.     It  was  the  birth-    f'-  tfamud.lA..  Samuel,  Or.  Xa,,ov,?..  Ileb.  ,S/,f. 


place  of  Lucian 

Samoset  (sam'o-set).  Lived  in  the  first  half  of 
the  17th  century.  An  Indian  chief,  a  firm 
friend  of  the  Pilgrim  colonists  at  PljTnouth. 

Samothrace  (E.  pron.  sam'o-thras;  L.  sa-mo- 
thra'se).  [Gr.  iaiwOpaKr/.l  An  island  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  ^gean  Sea,  belonging  to 
Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  40°  25'  N.,  long.  25° 
30'  E. :  the  modern  Samothraki.  it  was  In  much 
vogue  in  anti<|uity  as  n  religious  center,  espeirially  noted 
for  its  cult  and  mysteries  of  the  Cabiri.  It  was  particu- 
larly popular  during  the  Alexandrine  epoch,  fnuii  which 
date  many  of  its  Interesting  monuments,  though 
are  also  temples  of  the  archaic  jieriod.  On  this  islain 
found  the  famous  statue  called  "the  'Victoiy  of  Sanio. 
thrace,"  now  In  the  Louvre.  The  existing  remains  have 
recently  been  Bcleiitiflcally  explored  by  Conze  and  Nie- 
mann. The  circular  temple,  62  feet  In  diameter,  dedi- 
cated by  Aisinoc',  (juci'ii  of  Ptolemy  II.,  had  a  basement- 
wall  of  masonry,  Hiinnounted  by  44  siiiiarc  piers  with  or- 
nate capKals,  supporting  a  Doric  entablature.  The  Doric 
temple,  of  unusual  plan  for  its  Hellenist  IiMlate.  apparently 
foresh.atlowing  Roman  types,  wasproalyle,  bevaslyle.  wilii 
2  Intervening  columns  between  angle  column  and  anta 
on  each  flank.  The  cella  was  diviiled  into  3  aisles,  and 
ended  within  in  an  apse,  though  sipiare  outside.  The 
plan  nuiasures  43  by  120  feet.  'I'lie  area  of  the  Island  is 
about  71  square  miles.  There  are  few  inhabitants.  Mount 
l'lictii-';iri  rises  to  the  height  of  5,248  feet. 

Sampson  (samp'son).  Servant  of  Capulet,  in 
Shakspere's  "Kotiieo  and  Juliet." 


tall,  well  f(3rmed,  and  rather  lighl-coloied.     They  are  San Buena'^Cntura  Indians.     Seo  Chuma.ihan. 

San  Carlo  (siin  kiir'IO).  The  largest  and  most 
famous  theater  of  Naples.  It  was  built  in  1737;  was 
burned  in  1816,  but  immediately  rebuilt;  and  in  1844  was 
thoroughly  restored.  Since  18(30  its  popularity  has  de- 
clined. 

San  Carlos.    See  Ancud. 

Sancho  (siiu'cht"))  I.,  King  of  Castile.  See  ,Snfi- 
i-}i(>  in..  King  of  NavaiTO. 

Sancho  II.,  "The  Strong."  King  of  Castile 
10(ri-72.     lie  conquered  Leon  and  Galicia. 

Sancho  IV.,  "  The  Great."  Born  12.^>8  :  died 
1295.  King  of  Castile,  son  of  Alfonso  X.  whom 
ho  succeeded  in  1284.  Ho  took  Tarifa  from  the 
Miioi's. 

Sancho  I.     King  of  Navarre  905-926. 

Sancho  III.,  surnamed  "The  Great."  King 
ul'  Navarre  1001-1035.  His  doniinion  ulti- 
mately included  Castile,  Leon,  Navarre,  and 
Ariigou. 

-      -        ■--■     died  1211. 
Alfonso  I. 
:3-4S,  son  of 

ThU  rciiuitid  ill  the  demand  by  the  people  tor  .Samuel  to      All'miso  II. 


mucl.']  A  Hebrew  prophet.  Ilewasthescmof  Elka- 
nah  and  Hannah,  of  the  tribe  of  F.pliraiin  (according  to  1 
Chroii.  vi.  27,  34,  of  the  tribe  of  Levi),  ami  grew  up  in  the 
sanctuary  of  Sllilob,  under  the  eyes  of  the  high  priest  I'.li. 
In  his  early  vouth  he  felt  himself  called  to  the  exalted  vo- 
cation of  prophet,  and  obtained  a  jilace  in  the  history  of 
Israel  second  only  to  that  of  Moses.  He  was  the  preserver 
of  the  work  of  .Moses,  reuniting  the  people  and  averting  the 
threatening  decay  and  Internal  comiption.  After  tin'  fall 
of  tbi-  saiictuiirv  of  Sliili>li  and  tbc  d,fe;it  ot  Israil  by  the 

PhilisliiHS  Saiimcl  lidli.d  Ibe  ii.opli-  in  Mi/Jiali  (I bin 

Nebl  Sain"il).  renewed  the  covenant  widl  .lebovah,  anil 
repelled  the  Philistines.  He  thus  became  the  reli-ioua 
and  pcdilieal  reformer  of  Israel.    To  spread  a  healthy  and 

'    '     ' *  '"  established  the  so-called 

turo  of  which  was 
song-     His  sons  Joel 


th  pure  religious  life  in  Israel,  he  estab 

there     „  ji,.i„„ii3  |,f  I'rophets."  a  special   fcai 

^Iwas     the  cultivation  ot  sacred  |ioetry  and  9 

and   Abijab    shared    with  .Samuel  the    nianagemcnt  of  Concho  (siinc'slio)  I.      Born  11.54: 
the  affairs  of  the  people-    They  were  disliked,  b(;ing  ae-  .  TnrtiMmr  1 185-TM 1   son  of 

cased  ot  misusing  their  power.    In  addition  to  this,  need      King  ot   1  (U  tugal  1 1«.>  1-11,  son  m_ 
for  a  leader  in  case  of  war  liecamo  more  and  more  felt.    oanCuO  11.      iving   ot  1  oriugal  I — . 


place  a  king  at  tlie  bead  of  the  Israelite  community.  «  ilh 
a  heavy  heart  the  aged  prophet  accedi'd  to  the  wish  of  the 
people,  ill  which  he  saw  the  loss  of  their  liberty  and  In- 
dependence, and  anointed  Saul-  .Saul  s  disoheclience  In 
the  war  against  Anialek  caused  a  rupluro  between  the 
projihet  and  himself,  and  bis  virtual  deposition.  Later  be 
anointed  David  as  king,  and  this  is  llie  last  act  recorded 
othim.  He  died  at  an  advanced  age  in  Kaniah.  The  time 
of  his  activity  falls  at  the  end  of  the  12th  and  the  licgin- 
ning  of  the  lltb  century  11.  c.  The  books  ot  Samuel  owe 
their  title  to  the  circumstanco  that  they  begin  with  the 
history  of  the  prophet :  they  wcro  not  composed  by  him, 


Sancho  Panza  (sang'ko  pan'zji ;  8p.  siin'eho 
piin'tliii).  The  "round,  selfish,  nnd  self-im- 
portant" squire  of  Don  tjuixotc,  in  Cervaiites's 
romaiici'  of  that  name.  On  his  ass  Dapple  he 
faithfully  follows  the  kniglit .  See  Ihm  Quirntc. 
At  first  be  Is  Introduced  as  the  opposite  of  Don  Qllixoto, 
and  uscti  merely  to  bring  out  bis  master's  poculinrlties  In 
a  more  striking  relict.  It  Is  not  unl  11  wc  have  gone  through 
nearly  half  ot  the  First  Part  that  he  utters  one  of  those 
proverbs  which  form  afterwards  the  ataple  of  bis  convcr- 


Sancho  Panza 

■ation  and  humor ;  and  it  is  not  till  the  opening  of  the 
8eoond  Part,  and,  indeed,  not  till  he  comes  forth,  in  all  his 
mingled  shrewdness  and  credulity,  as  governor  of  B:u^- 
taria.  that  his  character  is  quite  developed  and  completed 
to  the  full  measure  of  its  grotesque,  yet  congruous,  pro- 
portions. Ticlaur,  Span.  Lit.  II.  U6. 

Sanchuniathon  (san-tu-ni'a-thoii),  or  Sancho- 

nlathon  (sau-ko-ni'a-thon)l'  [Gr.  "^ay xowidUuv, 
Saj'.^-ui'ffi^ui',  Sa-/x"^'"''^"^t  said  by  Movere  to 
mean  'the  whole  law  of  Chon,'  and  thus  the 
name,  not  of  a  person,  but  of  a  collection  of 
writings.]  An  (alleged)  ancient  Phenician 
writer,  said  to  have  lived  before  the  Trojan  war, 
whose  works  (founded  upon  records  preserved 
in  the  temples)  PhiloByblius  pretended  to  have 
translated. 

Gre.it  importance  is  usually  attributed  to  the  so-called 
fragments  of  Sanchoniathon.  Itiswellknownthat  in  Eu- 
sebius  there  are  complete  extracts  of  a  Phcenician  history 
written  by  a  certain  Philo  of  Byblos  who  lived  in  the  first 
and  second  centiu-ies  A.  I).  This  Philo  of  Byblos  is  said  to 
have  translated  his  history  from  the  Phoenician  original 
of  a  cert.iin  Sanchoniathon.  But  now  the  question  re- 
mains, did  this  ancient  Phoenician  document  ever  exist, 
or  did  Philo  only  wish  to  cover  his  own  work  by  the  author- 
ity of  an  ancient,  more  or  less  mythical,  name  ?  This  Last 
opinion  was  formerlv  maintained  by  Movers,  and  quite 
lately  defended  with  important  arguments  by  Baudissin. 
This  opinion  is  supported  by  the  strong  syncretistic  and 
euhemeristic  tendency  of  the  fragments,  which  betntyfar 
too  much  knowledge  of  Egyptian,  Greek,  and  perhaps  even 
Persian  ideas  to  be  regarded  as  reliable  statements  as  to 
the  original  form  ^'f  the  Phoenician  religion. 

La  Saiissaiie,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  316. 

San  Cristobal  (san  kres-to'bal).  A  town  in 
Mexico,  former] ycapital  of  the  state  of  Chiapas. 
It  was  formerly  Ciudad  Eeal  and  Ciudad  de  Las  Casas. 
Popul.ition   (1.4i4>.  11.24S. 

Bancroft  (sang'krott),  William.  Born  at  Fres- 
singfield,"  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  30.  1617:  died 
there,  Nov.  24,  1693.  An  English  prelate. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Emmanuel  College)  in  1641. 
and  became  dean  of  York  in  1663,  dean  of  St.  Paul's  in 
1664,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1677.  He  wrote  the 
petition  against  reading  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence 
in  16S7  ;  was  one  of  the  seven  bishops  committed  to  the 
Tower  and  tried  in  16SS  :  and  was  deprived  of  office  in  1691 
for  refusal  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

Sand  (sond;  E.  sandl,  George:  nomde  plume  of 
Armandine  Lucile  Aurore  Dupin,  Baroness 
Dudevant.  Born  at  Paris.  July  5, 1804 :  died  at 
Nohant.Indre,Jcjie8, 1876.  A  noted  French  nov- 
elist and  playwright.  Her  early  life  was  spent  in  the 
quiet  of  her  grandmother's  country  house,  and  in  1S17  she 
entered  the  Convent  des  Dames  .\nglaises  in  Paris,  where 
she  remained  till  1S20.  Her  marriage  with  Baron  Dude- 
vant, a  retired  army  officer,  was  celebrated  in  1S22.  Their 
union,  although  blessed  with  two  children,  was  not  happy, 
and  in  1S31  she  went  to  Paris  with  Jules  Sandeau  in  search  of 
a  life  of  independence  born  of  literary  work.  Her  first  writ- 
ing w.as  done  in  collaboration  with  Jules  Sandeau,  and  was 
signed  jointly  "Jules  Sand."  On  St.  George's  day,  Sandeau 
urged  her  to  work  on  her  own  account  and  receive  the  full 
credit  due  her.  From  this  concourse  of  circumstances 
arose  her  nom  de  plume.  Embracing  the  views  of  ad- 
vanced republicanism,  she  mingled  freely  in  politics  :  she 
published  a  couple  of  open  letters,  and  made  prefatorj*  re- 
marks, at  the  request  of  Louis  Blanc,  to  his  *'  Histoire  dela 
revolution  francaise  "  (1^7),  and  also  to  the  official  "  Bul- 
letins de  la  republique."  At  various  times  she  con- 
tributed to  *' La  Revue  Ind^pendante"  and  '•  La  Commune 
de  Paris.'*  and  in  ISIS  she  even  started  a  newspaper  of  her 
own,  "La  Cause  du  Peuple."  The  preface  to  a  work  with 
socialistic  tendencies,  "Les  conteurs  ouvriers  "(1S19),  was 
written  by  her.  and  under  the  title  "  Republique  et  royaut^ 
en  Italic "  (IS-'-O)  she  published  a  translation  of  a  book 
by  the  celebrated  It,alian  revolutionist  Joseph  Mazzlni. 
But  her  best  work  is  in  her  novels,  as  for  instance  in  "In- 
diana" (ISalX  "Valentine"  (1832),  "Leiia"  (1S33),  "Le 
secretaire  intime"  (1831),  "Jacques"  (1834),  "Mauprat" 
(1836).  "Consuelo'  (1S12),  '•Francois  le  Champi,"  "La 
mare  au  diable,"  "La  petite  Fadette"  (1S46-4S),  "Les 
xnaitres  sonneurs*  (1853),  "Mont-Reveche  "  (1855),  "Elle 
et  lui "  (lSo8)  (which  called  out  De  Musset's  "  Lui  et  elle  "), 
"L'Homme  de  neige"  (1859),  "Jean  de  la  Roche  "  (I860), 
"Mile,  dela  Quintinie"  (1864),  "Pierre  qui  roule  "  (ls«9), 
"Nanon"0872),  etc.  Most  of  these  books  appeared  first 
in  serial  form  in  "La  Re\-ue  des  Deu,v-Mondes."  Of  the 
above,  "Le  secretaire  intime  "  and  "Elle  et  lui,"  and  also 
another  work,  "Lettresd'unvoyageur"(lfi30-3G).  deal  with 
the  period  of  George  Sand's  intimacy  with  Alfred  de  Mus- 
set.  The  great  novelist  herself  dramatized  her  story  of 
"Francois  le  C!hampi"  in  1549;  most  of  her  plays,  however, 
were  written  direct  for  the  stage,  and  include  "C'laudie  " 

•  (1851).  •  Le  pressoir  "  (1S53X  and  many  others. 

Sand,  Maurice,  The  pseudonym  of  Maurice 
Dudevant,  the  son  of  George  Sand. 

Sandabar  (sen-de-bar').  The  Mishle  Sandabar, 
•  Parables  of  Sandabar,'  are  a  medieval  collec- 
tion of  tales  in  Hebrew.  They  are  substantially  the 
same  book  as  the  Greek  "Syntipas,  the  Philosopher,"  and 
the  Arabic  "Romance  of  the  Seven  Vizirs."  The  name 
San^iabar  is  supp^jsed  (Keith- Falconer's  "Bidpai's Fables," 
p.  Ixxii.)  to  come  from  a  misreading  of  the  unpointed 
Arabic  name  Baidaba  (the  Sanskrit  vidj/apati,  'lord  of 
wisdom ^,  which  has  become  Bidpai  and  Pilpaij.  Baidaba 
may  have  had  in  an  earlier  form  a  final  rf  to  represent 
ihetofpati:  thus,  when  misread,  yielding  theformSinda- 
bad  (pron.  sen-de-ba'd),  which  also  occurs.  .\s  written  in 
Hebrew  the  final  d  might  be  confounded  with  r,  thus 
giving  the  form  Sandabar.  The  "Parables  of  Sandabar" 
must  not  be  confounded  with  the  Hebrew  versions  of  the 
Arabic  "Kalilah  and  Dimnah."  See  "Paraboles  deSenda- 
bar,  traduites  de  I'Hebreu  par  E.  Carmoly,"  Paris  (1849) ; 


892 

"  Syntipas.  De  Syntipa  et  Cyri  Alio  Andreopull  narratio 
edita  a  Boissonade,  '  Paris  (1>'2S);  and  lor  the  .'Seven 
Vizirs."  "T.ales.  .\necdotesand  Letters,"translated  from  the 
Arabic  and  the  Persian  by  Jonathan  Scott,  Shrewsbury 
(ISOO);  alsoCcimparetti,  "Researches  Respecting  the  Book 
of  sindibad  "  publication  ij.  of  the  Folk-lore  Society;  and 
"Sindban  oder  die  7  weisen  Meister.  Syrisch  u.  deutsch 
von  Fr.  Baethgen,"  Leipsic  (1&(9X 

The  famous  collection  which  in  the  East  went  under  the 
title  of  Seiidabad  was  translated  into  Latin  at  least  early 
in  the  13th  century,  and  became  very  popular  in  almost 
everv"  language  of  Western  Europe  under  the  name  of  the 
Romance  of  the  Seven  Sages.      T,  Wright,  Essays,  II.  60. 

Sandakan  (san-da-kan').  The  chief  town  of 
British  North  Borneo,  on  the  eastern  coast. 
Population,  7,000. 

Sandalphon  (san-dal'fon).  In  Jewish  angelol- 
ogy,  one  of  the  three  angels  whose  duty  is  to 
receive  the  prayers  of  the  Israelites  and  weave 
them  into  crowns.  Longfellow  has  a  poem  on 
the  subject. 

Sandal'wood  (san'dal-wud)  Island,  or  Sumba 
(sora'bii).  -An  island  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies, 
in  the  residency  of  Timor,  south  of  Flores. 
It  is  verv  fertile.  Area,  4,385  square  miles. 
Population.  200.000. 

Sandby  (sand'bi),  Paul.  Born  at  Nottingham, 
1725:  died  at  London,  Nov.  9,  1809.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  the  founder  of  the  Eng- 
lish school  of  water-color  painting.  He  studied 
in  London,  and  in  1746  was  appointed  by  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  draftsman  to  the  survey  of  the  Highlands. 
In  1752  he  retired  to  Windsor  and  devoted  himself  to 
water-color  painting.  His  water-colors  are  mainly  topo- 
graphical. 

Sandeau  (son-do'),  Leonard  Sylvatn  Jules. 
Born  at  Aubusson,  Creuse,  France,  Feb.  19. 
1811:  died  at  Paris,  April  24,  1883.  A  French 
novelist  and  dramatist.  Having  made  the  acquain- 
tance of  George  Sand,  they  went  to  Paris  together  in  1^1 
to  tiy  their  fortune  in  the  world  of  letters.  They  lived 
and  worked  together,  and  their  articles  were  published  in 
"Figaro."  In  1S33  Sandeau  went  to  Italy,  and  their  liaison 
came  to  an  end.  He  returned  to  Paris  in  1S34.  In  1853 
he  was  made  librarian  of  the  Mazarin  Librai-y,  and  curator 
in  1859.  He  wrote,  under  the  joint  nom  de  plume  "'Jules 
Sand,"  in  collaboration  with  George  Sand,  the  novel  "Rose 
et  Blanche"  (1831).  Independently  he  wrote  the  novel 
"  Marianna  "  and  others.  He  wrote,  in  collaboration  with 
Augier,  the  comedies  "illle.  de  la  Seigliere,"  "Le  gendre 
de  Monsieur  Poirier"  (1854)^  etc,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Academy  in  1858. 

Sandeman  (san 'df -man),  Robert.  Born  at 
Perth.  Scotland,  1718:  died  at  Danbury,  Conn.. 
April  2.  1771.  A  Scottish  elder,  son-in-law  of 
John  Glas:  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Sande- 
manians  or  Glassites. 

Sandemanians  (san-de-ma'ni-anz).  A  denomi- 
nation, followers  of  Eobert  Sandeman  (1718- 
1771).  a  native  of  Perth,  Scotland,  atid  a  zeal- 
ous disciple  of  John  Glas.  Among  the  distinctive 
practices  of  the  body  are  community  of  goods,  abstinence 
from  blood  and  from  things  strangled,  love-feast^  and 
weekly  celebration  of  the  communion.  Called  Glassites  in 
Scotland. 

Sanderson(san'der-son),Robert.  Bom  either  at 
Sheffield  or  at  Gilthwaite  Hall.  nearRotherham, 
Yorkshire. England,  Sept .  19, 1587 :  died  at  his  pal- 
ace of  Buckden, Hunts,  Jan.  29, 1663.  An  English 
bishop  and  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Lincoln  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  took  orders  in  1611 :  in  1631  was  a  royal  chap- 
lain :  and  was  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  0-\ford  1646- 
164S.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  created  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
The  "  Cases  of  Conscience,"  his  most  celebrated  work,  com- 
posed of  deliberate  judgments  on  points  of  moralit.v,  was 
published  after  his  death.  His  "  Compendium  of  Logic  " 
was  published  in  1615. 

Sanderson,  Robert.  Bom  at  Eggleston  Hall, 
Durham,  July  27,  1660:  died  Dec.  25,  1741.  An 
English  antiquarian.  He  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge:  and  became  a  lawyer  in  Ix>ndon,  and 
clerk  of  the  rolls.  He  assisted  Thomas  Rymer  in  preparing 
the  "Foedera,"  and  printed  the  work  after  his  death. 

Sandford  and  Merton,  History  of.  A  popular 
book  for  children,  by  Thomas  Day,  published 
1783-89:  named  from  its  heroes,  two  school- 
bo.vs. 

Sandgate  (sand'gat).  A  watering-place  on  the 
coast  of  Kent,  England,  near  Hythe. 

Sandhurst  (sand'herst).  A  parish  in  Berkshire, 
England,  33  miles  west-southwest  of  London.  It 
is  the  seat  of  the  Roval  Military  College,  and  near  it  is  the 
Staff  College. 

Sandhurst.  A  city  in  Bendigo  County,  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  situated  on  Bendigo  Creek  85 
miles  north-northwest  of  Melbourne.  It  is  the 
center  of  a  gold-mining  district.  Population  (1890X  with 
suburbs,  37,000. 

San  Diego  (san  de-a'go).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
San  Diego  (bounty,  California,  situated  on  the 
Pacific,  at  nearlvthe  southwestern  extremitv  of 
the  country,  in  iat.  32°  43'  N.,  long.  117°  10'  W. 
It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Pacific  coast ;  is  on 
the  Southern  California  Railroad;  and  is  a  winter  health- 
resort.  It  was  founded  by  Roman  Catholic  missionaries 
in  1769.     Population  (190O),  17,7C0. 


Sand'wich 

San  Diego,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  main  island  of  Tierra  del  Pnego. 

Sand  Lots  Party.  An  anti-Chinese  working- 
men's  party  in  California  about  the  period  1877- 
1880 :  so  called  from  a  place  of  meeting  —  the 
Sand  Lots,  an  open  space  in  the  western  part  of 
San  Francisco.    Its  leader  was  Denis  Kearney. 

Sando  (san'de),  or  Sandoe  (san'de).  [•  Sand 
island.']     One  of  the  Faroe  Islands. 

San  Domingo.     See  Snnto  Dominijo. 

San  Domingo,  Republic  of.  See  Dominican 
Rtjtuhlic. 

Sandomir(zan-d6-mer'),Pol.Sandomierz(san- 

do'myarzh).  A  town  in  the  government  ot  Ra- 
dom.  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the  Vistula  on 
the  frontier  of  Galicia.  inder  the  Jagellons  it  wag 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Poland.  A  synod  held  there  in 
April  (9-15).  1.^70,  effected  the  union  of  various  bodies  of 
Polish  Protestants.  The  town  was  destroyed  by  the  Swedes 
in  1656.     Population,  .',,765. 

Sandoval  (san-do-val'),  Gronzalo  de.  Bom  at 
Medellin,  Estremadura,  1496:  died  at  Palos, 
Dec.  (?),  1528.  A  Spanish  soldier,  one  of  the 
principal  lieutenants  of  Cortis  in  the  conquest 
of  Mexico  (1.519-21). 

Sandoval,  Prudencio  de.  Bora  about  1560 : 
died  at  Pamplona.  Spain.  March  17.  1621.  A 
Spanish  historian .  His  best-known  work  is  "  Historia 
de  la  \iday  hechos  del  Emperador  Carlos  V."  ("History  of 
the  Life  and  Deeds  of  the  Emperor  Charles  v.,"  16<:'4). 

Sandown  (san'doun).  A  watering-place  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  England,  10 
miles  south  bv  west  of  Portsmouth.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,"592. 

Sandoz  ^lOb  (san'doz  nob).  A  peak  of  the 
Black  Mountains,  in  the  western  part  of  North 
Carolina.     Height,  6,600  feet. 

Sandringham  (sand'ring-am).  A  residence 
■;i  King  Edward  VII..  near  the  coast  of  Nor- 
folk. England,  north  of  Lynn. 

Sandrocottus  (san-dro-kot'us),  or  Sandrokot- 
tos  (san-dro-kot'os),  or  Chandragupta(chun- 
dra-gop'ta).  The  founder  of  the  Maurya  or 
Magadha  kingdom  in  India  (capital  Patna). 
He  reigned  about  S15-291  B.  c.  According  to  Greek  tra- 
dition he  was  an  Indian  king  who  in  the  time  of  Seleucus 
Nicatorniled  over  the  Gangarids  and  Prasii  on  the  banks 
of  the  Ganges.  Ee  was  of  mean  origin,  and  was  the  leader 
of  a  band  of  robbers  before  obtaining  the  supreme  power. 
In  the  troubles  following  the  death  of  Alexander,  he  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  the  greater  p.art  of  northern  India, 
conquering  the  Macedonians  left  by  Alexander  in  the  Pan- 
jab.  .Seleucus  invaded  his  dominions,  but  did  not  succeed, 
and,  concluding  a  peace,  ceded  to  Sandrocottus  his  con- 
quests in  the  Panjab  and  the  country  of  the  Paropaniisus, 
receivingin  return  500  war  elephants.  For  many  years' af- 
terward Seleucus  had  as  his  ambassador  at  the  court  o.'  San- 
drocottus, Megasthenes.  to  whose  work  entitled  "Indica  " 
later  Greek  writers  were  chiefly  indebted  for  their  accounts 
of  India.  The  identity  of  Chandragupta  and  Sandrocottus 
admits  of  no  reasonable  doubt.  The  identification  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  to  Indian  chronology*,  in  which 
everything  depends  upon  the  date  of  Chandragupta  as  as- 
certained from  that  of  Sandrocottus  as  given  by  the  clas- 
sical  writers.  His  accession  is  the  subject  of  the  Sanskrit 
drama  "Mudrarakshasa."  Hindu  and  Buddhist  writers 
are  entirely  silent  as  to  .Alexander,  but  show  that  Chandra- 
gupta overthrew  the  dynasty  of  the  Nandas  and  "  estab- 
lished freedom  in  India' by  the  help  of  robbers. "  His  cap- 
ital was  Pataliputra  (in  Greek  Palibothra),  the  modem 
Patna.  The  dynasty  of  the  Nandas  is  often  spoken  of 
as  the  "nine  Nandas."  meaning 'nine descents,' or,  accord- 
ing to  some,  '  the  last  king  ilahapadma  and  eight  sons.*  Ma- 
hapadma  Nanda  w.as  the  son  of  a  Shudra,  and  so  by  law  a 
Shudra  himself.  He  was  a  tjTant.  The  Brahman  Chanakya 
is  represented  as  having  brought  about  his  fall.  Chandra- 
gupta was  then  raised  to  the  throne  and  founded  the  Mau- 
ryandjTiasty,  of  which  the  great  Ashokawas  the  third  king. 
The  commentator  on  the  Vislmnpurana  says  that  he  was  a 
son  of  Nanda  by  a  low-caste  woman  named  Mura  (whence 
he  and  his  descendants  were  called  Mauryas).  The  Bud- 
dhists claim  that  the  Maury.as  were  of  the  same  family  with 
Buddha,  the  Shakyas. 

Sands,Robert  Charles.  Bora  at  Flatbush. Long 
Island.  N.  Y.,  May  11.  1799:  died  at  Hoboken, 
N.  J.,  Dec.  17, 1832.  An  American  poet  and  au- 
thor. He  was  associated  with  Bryant  and  Verplanck  in 
the  authorship  of  the  annual  "Talisman  "  (1828-30).  His 
works  were  edited  by  Verplanck  (1834). 

Sandusky  (san-dus'ki).  A  city,  lake  port,  and 
capital  of  Erie  Countv,  Ohio,  situated  on  San- 
dusky Bay  in  Iat.  4X°  26'  N..  long.  82°  43'  W. 
It  has  a  large  trade  in  fish,  also  in  lime,  fruit,  lumber,  ice, 
etc.;  is  the  center  of  an  important  wine-growing  region ; 
has  manufactures  of  wood,  etc.;  and  is  the  seat  of  a  large 
fish-hatchery.     Population  (1900),  19,664. 

Sandusky  Bay.  An  arm  of  Lake  Erie,  near 
Sandusky.     Length,  about  20  miles. 

Sandusky  River.  A  river  in  Ohio  which  flows 
into  Sandusky  Bay  at  Sandusky.  Length,  about 
125  miles. 

Sand'wich  (sand'wich).  [ME.  Sandiciche,  AS. 
SaiuUnc,  sand-to-wn.]  One  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 
situated  in  Kent,  England,  on  the  Stour  and 
near  the  coast  opposite  the  Downs.  11  miles 
north  of  Dover.  It  was  an  important  seaport 
in  the  middle  ages.     Population  (1891),  2,796. 


I 


Sandwich,  Earls  of 

Sandwich,  Earls  of.    See  Montagu. 

Sandwich  Bay.  An  inlet  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  L:ilinid.ir,  :il)out  lat.  .')3°  30'  N. 

Sandwich  Dome.  A  mountain  in  central  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  boundary  of  Grafton  and  Car- 
roll counties, 43  miles  north  of  Concord.  Height, 
about  4,000  ffot. 

Sandwich  Island.    See  Vatt!. 

Sandwich  Islands.  [Named  by  Cook  for  the 
Karl  of  Sandwich. J     See  JIaieai'ian  Islands. 

Sandwich  Land.  An  island  };roup  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  about  lat.  58°  S.,  long.  L>7°  W. 

Sandy  (san'di)  Cape.  A  capo  in  Queensland, 
Australia,  on  Great  Sandy  Island,  at  the  en- 
trance to  Hervey  Bay. 

Sandy  Hook.  A  naiTow  sandy  peninsula  in 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  which  projects 
into  the  Lower  Bay  of  New  York,  about  16  miles 
south  of  New  York.     Length,  8  miles. 

Sandy  Hook  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Lower  Bay 
of  New  York,  lying  we>it  of  Sandv  Hook. 

Sandy  River.    See  Biy  Samiii. 

Sandys  (san'dis  or  sandz),  Edwin.  Born  at 
Hawkshead.  Lancashire.  England.  1.519:  died 
at  .Southwell,  England,  July  10.  l.^SS.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  archbishop  of  York.  He  gKi.lHatcd 
at  St.  Jotin's  College,  C;un])ri(]ge,  in  1530.  He  embraced 
the  Reformntiotn,  In  15r>:j  he  itecanie  vice-eharicellor  of 
Canibridge  University.  He  refused  to  proclaim  Queen 
Mary,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  After  tlie  ncces. 
sion  '>f  Elizabeth  he  was  made  bishop  of  Worcester  (Dec. 
21,  155«),  of  London  (I.'i'O),  and  archbishop  of  York  (1576). 
He  was  one  of  the  translators  of  the  "Bishops'  Bible" 
(l.',«.-.). 

Sandys,  Sir  Edwin.  Bom  at  Worcester  about 
l.'JOl  :  died  at  Northborne.  Kent.  Oct..  1629.  An 
Englishpolitieian  and  author,  son  of  Archbishop 
Sandys.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxfonl ;  was 
associated  with  Baeon  in  drawing  up  the  "  Kemons;lrancc  " 
of  IttOl;  became  treasurer  of  the  .Second  Virginia  Company 
in  101»;  and  assisted  the  Pilgrims  in  chartering  the  JIaj". 
flower.  He  was  knighted  in  l(i03.  He  wrote  "  Europa; 
Speculum  '(lOil.'i). 

Sandys,  George.  Bom  at  York,  1577 :  died  at 
Bc.\ley  Abbey,  Kent,  March.  1644.  An  English 
traveler  and  translator,  brother  of  Sir  Edwin 
Sandys.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  began  to  travel 
in  icio.  His  records  were  a  valuable  contribution  to  e.irly 
geography  and  ethnology.  In  1015  ho  published  a  vahi- 
atde  account  of  a  journey  to  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Pales- 
tine, and  Kgypt.  Jle  came  out  to  Virginia  as  colonial 
treasurer  in  1621  he  built  the  first  water-mill,  the  first 
iron  works,  and  the  first  ship  in  Virginia,  lleieturiied  to 
England  in  1621.  He  subseiiuently  printed  various  reli- 
gious works  and  a  translation  of  (Ivid's  "3Ietamorphose=," 
and  paraphrased  the  I'salnis,  the  Book  of  Job,  Ecclcsiastes. 
and  the  lamentations  of  Jeremiah. 

Sanetsch  (sU'nech).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  of  Valais  and  Born,  Switzer- 
land, north  of  Sion.  It  connects  the  valleys  of 
the  Morge  (tributary  of  the  Rhone)  and  the 
Saanc. 

San  Fele  (siin  fa'le).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Potenza,  southern  Italy,  17  railes  northwest 
of  Potenza.     Population  (1881),  6,859. 

Sanfelice,  Giovanni  Vicenzo.    See  Bagnuolo, 

Co  II  lit. 

San  Felipe  (siiu  fu-lo'iia).  [Sp.,'  Saint  Philip.'] 
The  capital  of  tho  province  of  Aconcagua, 
Chile,  55  miles  east-northeast  of  Valparaiso. 
Population  (1885),  11.768. 

San  Felipe.  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, inhabiting  a  jiucblo  of  the  sanii,'  name 
oti  the  west  bank  of  tho  l{io  Grande,  above 
Bernalillo,  north  cotitial  New  Mexico.  The 
name  originally  was  applied  by  the  Spanish  to 
the  mission.     They  number  5.54.    See  Kcrcsaii. 

San  Felipe  de  Jdtiva.    See  Jtftira. 

San  Fernando  (siin  fcr-fiiin'do).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Cadiz,  Sfiain,  on  the  Isla  dc 
Leon,  in  tho  Bay  of  Cadiz,  H  miles  southeast  of 
Cadiz.  Itexportssnlt.  Population  (1887), L>9,i;87. 

San  Fernando  de  Apur6  (dii  it-pii.-ra').    A 

town  ill  Venezuela,  siluated  on  the  Apur<5,  at 
tho  m»ulh  of  tho  Portuguesa,  about  187  miles 
southwest  of  Caracas.  Poiiulatiou,  about 
:i.iin(). 

San  Filippo  d'Argirft.    See  Aqira. 

San  Francisco  (sati  fran-sis'kt)).  [Sp.,  'Saitit 
I'laiicis.']  A  city  anil  seaiiort  of  Cnliforiiia, 
siluated  on  San  Francisco  liav,  in  lat.37°47',55' 
N.,  long.  1L"J=  24'  32'  W.  (Wa"shiiigton  Si|inire). 
It  occupies  Ihe  northern  part  of  a  peninsula  between  the 
bayaiid  the  l':iciflc  and  forms  a  etmnty.  It  possesHes  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  In  tho  world  ;  U  the  largest  city  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  nn<l  one  of  the  chief  seajxirts  in  t  he  coun- 
try ;  and  has  regular  atcam  lummiunlcntlon  with  China, 
Japan,  Australia,  Central  America,  etc.  II  exports  silver, 
gold,  fiulcksilver,  wheat,  flour,  wool,  etc.;  and  has  manu- 
factures of  tioots  and  shoes,  cigars,  flour,  iron  and  wooden 
articles,  etc.  It  contains  a  I'nited  States  mint.  A  Spanish 
post  and  mission  station  were  established  there  in  177(1. 
The  mission  was  secularized  In  1834.  and  a  town  was  laid 
out  in  1836.    A  United  .States  niaii-of.wor  took  possession 


893 

of  It  in  1A46,  and  It  became  an  important  place  In  1849  on 
account  of  the  discovery  of  gold  (1848).  It  was  devastated 
byflreslSi9-.'')l.  In  1850  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city.  The 
original  name  of  the  place  was  Verba  Buena  (Sp.,  *good 
herb').  It  was  changed  to  San  I'raucisco  in  1847.  Popu- 
lation (lilodi,  .■t42,7s2. 

San  Francisco  (siiu  frau-this'k6),Cape.  Acape 
on  the  coast  of  Ecuador,  lat.  0°  40'  N.,  loug. 
80°  7'  \V. 

San  Francisco  Bay  (san  fran-sis'ko  ba).  A 
landlocked  inlet  of  the  Pacific,  in  California. 
The  entrance  to  it  from  the  ocean  is  by  thepa-ssagecallefl 
the  fJolden  Cate,  on  the  northwest  of  San  Krancisc<)  city. 
It  extends  southeast  for  about  40  miles,  widening  about 
its  center  to  12  mites.  San  Pablo  Bay  is  an  extension  of 
it  toward  the  north. 

San  Francisco  Mountain  <  u-  Mountains.    The 

loftiest  mountain  group  in  Arizona.  Its  chief 
summit  (Humphrey's  Peak)  is  about  12,800  feet 
high. 

Sangai  (siin-gl').  A  volcano  in  tho  Andes  of 
Eouadoi',  120  miles  south  of  Quito,  it  is  in  a  state 
of  constant  activity.  Height,  17,4('4  feet  (Itciss  and  Stubel). 
The  saying  is  current  that  eruptions  of  Sangai  are  to  be 
apprehended  when  Cotopaxi  becomes  tramiuil,  and  the 
opinion  seems  to  prevail  that  the  two  mountains  act  as 
safety-valves  to  each  other. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  73. 

Sangallo  (sang-giil'lo),  Antonio  da,  "The 
Elder."  Born  1450:  died  1543.  An  Italian 
architect  and  military  engineer,  brother  of 
Giuliano  da  Sangallo. 

Sangallo,  Antonio  da,  "The  Younger."  Born 
at  Mugclio,  near  Florence,  1485:  died  at  Terni. 
1.546.  An  Italian  architect,  nephew  of  Giuliano 
da  Sangallo.  He  worked  on  the  Vatican,  Farnese  Palace, 
and  other  buildings  in  Home. 

Sangallo,  Francesco  da.  Born  1493 :  died  1570. 
.\  Florentine  sculjjtor.  son  of  (jiuliano  ila  San- 
Kallo  the  architect.  His  best  works  are  the  st.atues 
of  the  Bishop  of  Oortona  in  the  Elorentine  Cert<)sa,  and 
the  Bishop  of  Nocera  in  the  cloisters  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Sangallo,  Giuliano  da.  Born  at  Florence,  1445 : 
died  there.  Get.  20,  1516.  An  Italian  architect, 
military  engineer,  and  sculptor.  IlewenttoRtime 
and  in  1465  began  the  famous  album  of  the  i'.ililiolb,.iiue 
Barbcriui,  a  book  of  sketches  of  antiiiue  monuments  many 
of  which  have  since  been  destroyed.  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Paul  II.  as  mason,  and  later  as  Buperintendent  of 
the  Tribune  of  St.  Peter's.  In  1473  he  fortified  the  eity 
of  Castellina  and  defended  it  against  a  siege  directed 
by  Francesco  di  Ciurgio  llartini.  About  1489  he  built 
the  octagomU  sacristy  of  .Santo  Spirito  at  Florence  and 
the  Villa  di  Poggio  at  (.'ajano.  In  149-2  he  commenced 
the   cloister   of   Cestcllo   and    Santa  Maiia   Maddeleini 

•de'  Pazzi,  using  an  loidc  capital  found  at  Fiesole  as  a 
model  for  his  order.  He  was  at  this  time  especially  at- 
tached to  the  Cardinal  delta  Kovere  (later  Julius  II.), 
and  execnteil  a  long  series  of  works  for  him.  He  was  piob- 
ably  ill  France  with  the  carditnd  about  1404.  and  returned 
to  Italy  in  1497.  From  this  time  luitil  the  accession  of 
Delia  Rovere  as  Julius  II.  (150:t),<:iuliauo  was  engageil  on 
many  important  works,  Ihe  chief  of  wliich  is  Ihe  Palazzo 
Condi  at  Florence,  the  sculptured  decorations  of  which 
are  by  his  own  hand.  After  the  accession  of  Julius  II. 
Giuliano  associated  himsflf  witli  Michelangelo  in  the  com- 
pctitifin  with  llapliael  ami  Bramante  for  the  works  of  St. 
Peter's.  (St^e  Brcniianti'.)  On  tiie  accession  of  I,eo  X.  he 
was  associated  with  Raphael, in  the  work  of  St.  Peter's 
(al)oui  1514).  In  1516  he  made  a  design  for  the  fa(;ade  of 
.San  Lorenzo  at  Florence. 

Sangamon  (saug'ga-mon)  River.  A  river  in 
central  Illinois,  joining  tlie  Illinois  River  45 
miles  west-northwest  of  Siiringlield.  Ijength, 
including  the  North  Fork,  about  225  miles. 

Sangarius  (sang-ga'ri-us),  Tho  ancient  name  of 
Ihe  Sakaria. 

Sangar  Strait  (siin-gSr'  strat),  or  Tsugaru 

Strait  (tso-gii'ro  strat).  A  sea  passage  which 
sojiarates  the  main  island  of  Japan  from  Yezo, 
anil  connects  the  Sea  of  Japan  with  the  Pacific. 

Sangay.    See  Santjni. 

San  GermanO.     Same  as  Cossino  (Italy). 

Sangir  (siing-ger')  Islands.    .\  ri'ou|>"of  small 

islands  between  Celebes  and  the  Philippine 
Islands.  They  are  umler  tlie  suzerainty  of  the 
Dutcll.  The  chief  ishind  contains  a  volcano,  an  erui>tl<in 
of  which  In  18.'>6  killed  12,000  inhabilants  and  nearly  de- 
stroyed tho  island. 
SangpO.     See  Saiiint. 

Sangraal,  or  Sangreal.    Si'i.  crail. 
Sangrado(san-gi'ii'Tiio),  Doctor.    Acharacter 

in  IjO  Sage's  "(lil  Bl.as."  His  irealment  consists  In 
profuse  blooil  leltlTig  and  the  drinking  of  hot  water.  Ho 
resembles  Doctor  Sagredo  in  Esplnel's  "Marcos  de  Ohre- 

gon." 

Sangre  de  Cristo  (sSn'grS  da  kris't6).    [Sp., 

'  blooil  III  Christ.']  A  range  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  Colorado,  on  the  norlheaslern  boundary 
of  San  Luis  Park.  Itconfains  Blanca  Peak,  Ihe 
highest  summil  in  the  Iv'oi'kv  Mountains  proper 
of  the  United  Stales  (14.463  feet). 

Sangrus  (sang'grus).  Tho  Roman  name  of  tlie 
Snugro. 

Sanguinetto  (siin-gwe-net'to).  A  small  river,  a 
tributary  of  the  Lake  of  Perugia,  in  Italy.  On  lu 


San  Juan  de  Uliia 

banks  Is  supposed  to  have  occoiTed  the  battle  of  Lake 
Trasimene. 

Sanhita(sau'hi-tii).  [Skt., 'combination':  sam, 
together,  and  •/  f"'a,  put.]  Technically,  in  San- 
skrit literature,  the  real  continuous  text  of  the 
Veda  as  recited,  in  which  the  individual  words 
are  subjected  to  sandhi.orthe  rules  of  euphonic 
combination  characteristic  of  Sanskrit:  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  pada  text,  in  which  the  worils 
(padas)  appear  each  for  itself  uninfluenced  by 
sandhi.  The  Pratishakhyas  teach  how  the  p.idas  must  l)e 
changcil  to  form  the  sanhita  ;  thence  miihita  is  also  used  to 
designate  the  collectioii.of  mantras  or  hymns  thus  formed, 
as  in  the  expression  Kigvedasanhlta. 

San  Ildefonso.     See  La'Granja. 

San  Jacinto  (san  ja-sin'to).  A  river  in  south- 
ern Texa-i.wliichfldwsiufoGalveston  Baynorth 
of  Galveston.     Length,  about  120  miles. 

San  Jacinto,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  on  the 
banks  of  the  San  Jacinto  River,  17  miles  east- 
southeast  of  the  present  city  of  Houston,  be- 
tween the  Mexicans  (1,600)  under  Santa  Anna 
and  the  Texans  (783)  under  Sam  Houston  (April 
21,  18.36).  Santa  Anna  was  completely  defeated 
and  was  captured.  This  ■victory  decided  the  in- 
dependence of  Texas. 

San  Joatruin  (siin  Ho-ii-ken').  A  river  in  Cali- 
fornia ^^^licll  rises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  trav- 
erses the  fertile  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and 
unites  with  the  Sacramento  near  its  entrance 
into  Suisun  Bay.  Length,  about  350  miles,  it  is 
navigable  for  large  steamers  to  .Stockton,  and  for  small 
steamei-s  for  about  two  thirds  of  its  course. 

San  Jos6  (-siin  Ii6-sa').  A  eity.  capital  of  Santa 
Clara  County,  California.  48  "miles  southeast  of 
San  Francisco.  The  first  California  legislature 
met  there  1849-50.      Pop.  (lUOO),  21.500. 

San  Jos6.  The  capital  of  Costa  Rica,  Central 
America,  near  lat.  9°  .56'  N.,  long.  84°  8'  W. 
Its  seaports  arc  l.imon  on  the  Caribbean  coast  and  Punta 
Arenas  on  the  Cult  of  Nicoya.  It  was  founded  about  1738. 
and  has  been  Ihe  capital,  except  for  short  intervals,  since 
1S23.     Population  (1892),  39,112. 

San  Juan  (siin  no-iin').  [Sp..  'Saint  John.'] 
A  iirovince  in  the  western  part  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  bordering  on  Chile.  Area, 
about  38,000  square  miles.  Population  (1895). 
84,251.  ' 

San  Juan.  1.  A  river  of  Central  America,  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Nicaragua,  flowiuginto  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  near  lat.  10°  55'  N.  The  lower  portion 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Nicaragua  and  Costa 
Rica:  the  remainder  is  entirely  in  Nicaraguan  territory. 
The  charuiel  is  obstructed,  especially  near  its  month;  but  it 
is  proposed  to  utilize  the  upper  course  for  Ihe  interoceanic 
canal  (see  Nicaragua  Canal).  Length,  about  108  miles. 
2.  .\  river  in  southern  Bolivia,  a  tributary  of  the 
Pilaya  and  subtribulary  of  the  Pilcomayo. 
Lens;lh,  about  300  miles. —  3.  A  river  in  the 
province  of  San  Juan,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  flowing  into  the  La- 
goon of  Guanacache.  Length,  about  250 
miles. 

San  Juan.  The  name  given  hy  Columbus  (1493) 
to  the  i^^land  of  Porti>  Rico:  it  was  in  common 
use  until  the  ISfh  century.  Snbseqiuntlv  the  island 
was  kn<i\vn  as  San  Juan  di-  Porto  Hico.  from  'its capital ; 
now  L'enerally  shortened  to  Porto  Uieo, 

San  Juan.  A  locality  about  4  miles  southeast 
of  Santiago  de  Cub;i.  It  was  attacked  and 
captured  by  Uniti-d  Slates  trooiis  July  1,  1898. 

San  Juan,  '"r  San  Juan  de  la  Frontera  (da  lii 

froM-ta'rii).  'I'lu'  ca|iital  of  the  province  of  San 
Juan,  .\rgentiue  Republic,  situated  on  the  river 
San  Juan  i)2  miles  north  of  Jlendoza.  Popula- 
tion (is;t5),   111,517. 

San  Juan,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  northeastern 
exlreuiily  of  Porlo  Rico. 

San  Juan  Bautista.  See  San  Jiwn  de  PorloRico. 

San  Juan  de  Fuca.    Sc^e  ./«««  de  Fnra. 

San  .Juan  de  las  Aguilas.    See  Jijuiias. 

San  Juan  del  Norte  (del  nor'tii),  or  San  Juan 
de  Nicaragua  (ne-kii-rii'gwii).  or  Greytown 

(giii'louii).  .\  seaport  of  Nicaragua,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  San  Juan  in  lat.  10° 
55'  N.,  long.  83°  42'  W.  It  i«  the  only  important  At- 
lantic seaport  of  the  republic.  It  was  tHunbarded  and 
bin-ned  by  Commander  Ihdlins  ,»f  thernited  Stales  sIiHtp 
of  war  Cyane,  July  l:l,  1S>1.      Population.  I,'.>n0- 1,600. 

San  Juan  de  lbs  Lagos  (dii  l«"is  lii'gos),  or  La- 
gos. .\  lowii  in  the  state  of  Jalisco,  Mexico, 
east  of  liuadiilnjara.  Population  (1880),  V.i.'m. 

San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico  (dii  por'to  re'ko),  or 
San  Juan  Bautista  (bou-tes'iii).    A  seaport. 

capit;il  of  the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  situated  on 
the  northern  const  in  lat.  18°  29'  N..  long.  66° 
7'  W.      If  was  founded   in   1511.      Population 

(18!lill,  3'_'.048. 

San  Juan  de  Uliia  (o-16'ii).  often  called  San 
Juan  de  Ulloa.  A  fort,  on  a  small  island  of 
the  same  name,  protecting  the  harbor  of  Vera 


San  Juan  de  XTMa 

Cruz,  Mexico,    it  was  built  in  the  17th  century,  was  the 
strongest  fortification  of  Mexico,  and  has  had  an  important 

Elace  in  the  history  of  the  country.    It  was  the  last  post 
eld  by  the  :3paniards  in  North  America,  capitulating  Sov. 
19,  1825. 

San  Juan  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  ia  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia,  belonging  to  the  State  of 
Washington  (see  below).  The  principal  Islands 
are  San  Juan,  Orcas,  Lopez,  and  Shaw. 

San  Juan  Question,  The.  A  dispute  eonceru- 
ing  the  possession  of  the  San  Juan  Islands  in 
the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  southeast  of  Vancouver, 
which  arose  through  different  interpretation  of 
the  treaty  of  1846.  They  were  occupied  jointly  by 
British  and  American  prar'risons  in  18.^9.  By  the  treaty  of 
Washington  the  question  was  referred  to  the  arbitration 
of  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  who  decided  in  favor  of  the 
United  States  in  Oct.,  1872. 

San  Juan  Bange.  A  range  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, on  the  western  border  of  San  Luis  Park, 
southern  Colorado.  Highest  peaks,  over  14,000 
feet. 

Sankey  (sang'ki),  Ira  David.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Pa.,  Aug.  28,  1840.  An  American  evan- 
gelist, singer,  and  composer  of  popular  religious 
music  :  associated  in  evangelistic  work  with  D. 
L.  Moody. 

Sankhya  (siin '  khya).  [Skt. :  from  sankhiid, 
'reckoning,  enumeration,'  comes  the  adjective 
sd>il:li>ia,  '  relating  to  number,  reckoning,  cal- 
culating,' of  which  Sdnk'hi/a  is  the  masc.  or 
neuter  sing,  used  substantively  in  the  sense  of 
the  primitive.]  The  third  of  the  six  systems 
of  Hindu  philosophy,  ascribed  to  the  sage 
Kapila.  It  repudiates  the  notion  that  matter  can  ori- 
ginate from  spirit,  and  that  anything  can  be  produced  from 
nothing.  Instead  of  an  analytical  inquiry  into  the  uni- 
verse as  existing,  it  proceeds  synthetically,  starting  from 
an  original  primordial  tattva,  or  'eternally  existing  es- 
sence.'called  prakriti,  a  word  meaning  in  philosophy '  that 
which  evolves  or  produces  everything  else.'  Beginning 
with  this  original,  eternal  germ,  the  Sankhya  reckons  up 
(whence  itsname)23  other tattvas or 'entities,' all  produc- 
tions of  the  first  and  evolving  themselves  sponiianeously 
oat  of  it.  Of  these  23,  7  are  produced  and  producers, 
whence  come  16 productions.  The?  are(l)  intellect (bud- 
dhi),  (2)  self-consciousness  (ahankara,  the  "I-niaking"  tac- 
nltyX  (3)  five  principles  called  tanmatras  ('subtle  elemen- 
tary particles ').  The  16  are  the  6  mahabhuta  or  grosser 
elements  (viz.,  ether,  air,  fire  or  light,  water,  and  earth, 
these  being  produced  by  the  tanmatras),  followed  by  the 
11  organs  produced  by  the  ahankara  (viz.,  5  organs  of 
sense  and  5  ori.'ans  of  action,  together  with  an  11th,  stand- 
ing between  the  two  sets,  called  manas,  'mind,'  an  inter- 
nal organ  of  perception,  volition,  and  action).  Purusha, 
'the  soul,'  is  the  25th  entity.  It  is  neither  producer  nor 
produced,  but  eternal  like  prakriti,  and  quite  distinct  from 
the  produced  and  producing  elements  of  the  phenomenal 
world.  The  8  producers,  the  5  grosser  elements,  and  the 
11  organs  constitute  the  phenomenal  world  ;  but  as  ahan- 
kara or  'self-consciousness'  is  after  prakriti  the  most  im- 
portant producer,  the  whole  world  of  sense  is,  according 
to  the  Sankhya,  practically  created  by  the  Ego.  Prakriti 
again  is  viewed  as  constituted  of  3  principles  in  equipoise 
called  gunas.  'qualities,'  viz.  goodness  or  purity,  passion 
oractivity,  and  darkness  or  ignorance.  As  the  ingredients 
of  prakriti  they  atfect  all  that  is  evolved  from  it  The 
ethical  end  of  the  Sankhya  system  is  to  effect  the  libera- 
tion of  the  purusha  or  'soul'  from  the  fetters  In  which  it 
is  involved  by  union  with  prakriti.  This  is  done  by  prama 
or  'correct  knowledge  of  the  24  constituent  principles  of 
creation,  and  discriminating  the  soul  from  them,  its  pra- 
manas,  or  'means  of  obtaining  the  correct  measure  of  ex- 
isting things,' being  3  —  viz.,  sense-perception,  inference, 
and  credible  assertion  or  trustworthy  testimony.  Some 
adherents  of  the  Sankhya  maintain  the  existence  of  a  su- 
preme soul  called  Hiranyagarbha.  The  Sankhya  proper 
not  so  much  denies  the  existence  of  a  supreme  being  as 
ignores  it  asincapable  of  dialectical  demonstration.  "He 
must  be  free  from  desires  and  not  bound  by  troubles," 
say  in  substance  the  92d  and  following  aphorisms.  "If 
he  were  free  from  desires,  he  could  have  no  wish  to  create. 
If  he  were  bound  by  desires  of  any  kind,  he  would  be  un- 
der bondage  and  deficient  in  power." 

Sankhyakarika  (siin-khya-ka'ri-ka).  [Skt. : 
sdi'ikhi/a  and  kdriJ.'d,  ' concise  metrical  explana- 
tion of  difficult  rules,'  especially  in  philosophy 
and  grammar, '  a  memorial  verse,  or  collection 
of  such  verses.']  In  Sanskrit  literature,  a  col- 
lection of  memorial  verses  by  Ishvarakrishna, 
in  which  is  given  a  summary  of  the  Sankhya 
philosophy.  It  dates  perhaps  from  theeth  century  A.rk 
It  has  been  edited  and  translated  both  by  Colebrooke  and 
by  Wilson. 

Sankhyasara  (saii-khya-sa'ra).  'The  essence 
of  the  Sankhya '  philosophy :  a  work  by  Vijnana- 
bhikshn.  It  has  been  edited  and  translated  by 
Hall. 

Sankt  Andreasberg.    See  Andreasherg. 

Sankt  Beatenberg  (sankt  ba-a'ten-bero).  A 
health-resort  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzer- 
land, north  of  the  Lake  of  Thun,  near  Inter- 
laken. 

Sankt  Blasien  (bla'ze-en).  A  health-resort  in 
Baden,  situated  on  the  Alb  20  miles  southeast 
of  Freiburg:  formerly  noted  as  the  seat  of  an 
imperial  abbey. 

Sankt  Gallen  (gal'len).  The  German  name  of 
St.  Gall. 


894 

Sankt  G-oar  (go'ar).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  16  miles 
southeast  of  Coblenz.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of 
Rheinfels.    Population  (1890),  1,468. 

Sankt-Ingbert  (ing'bert).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  40  miles  southeast 
of  Treves.  It  is  the  center  of  a  coal-  and  iron- 
mining  district.     Population  (1890),  10,847. 

Sankt  Jakob  (yii'kop).  A  village  1  mile  south- 
east of  Basel,  Switzerland :  famous  for  the  heroic 
battle,  Aug.  26,  1444,  between  about  20,000 
Arraagnacs  under  the  dauphin  (Louis  XI.)  and 
1,600  Swiss.  The  latter  were  all  killed  except 
16,  after  slaying  about  8,000  of  the  enemy. 

Sankt  Johann  (yo'hiin).  A  town  lying  oppo- 
site Saarbriieken  (which  see). 

Sankt  Moritz  (mo'rits),  Romansh  San  Mnrez- 
zan  (san  mo-ret'san).  A  village  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  Upper  Engadine,  canton  of 
Grisons.  Switzerland,  situated  near  the  Inn  in 
lat.  46°29'N..long.  9°r)l'E.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  and  frequented  health-resorts  in  Switzerland, 
and  has  noted  mineral  springs.  Elevation,  6,090  feet 
(highest  in  the  Engadine). 

Sankt  Veit  (fit).  AtowninCarinthia,Austria- 
Hungary.  situated  on  the  Glan  11  miles  north  of 
Klagenfurt.     Population,  3,971. 

San  Lazaro,  or  San  Lazzaro  (san  lad'za-ro). 
['  Saint  Lazarus.']  A  small  island  2  miles  south 
of  Venice,  noted  as  the  seat  of  the  Mekhitarists. 
.The  monastery  contains  a  large  Oriental  library. 

San  Lorenzo  (16-ren'th6),  Cape.  ['  Saint  Lau- 
rence.'] A  cape  on  the  western  coast  of  Ecua- 
dor, lat.  1"=  3'  S.,  long.  80°  55'  W. 

San  Lucar  de  Barrameda  (lo'kar  da  biir-ra- 
ma'THa).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Cadiz. 
Spain,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadalquivir 
18  miles  north  of  Cadiz,  it  exports  sherry.  It  was 
the  starting-point  of  Magellan  on  his  great  voyage.  Popu- 
lation, 22,667. 

San  Lucas  (16'kas),  or  Saint  Lucas  (lii'kas). 
Cape.  The  southernmost  point  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, m  lat.  22°  53'  N.,  long.  109°  55'  W. 

San  Luis  (lo-es').  1.  A  province  in  the  interior 
of  the  Argentine  Republic,  east  of  Mendoza.  It 
is  rich  in  mines.  Area,30,000  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  81,155.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
proWnce  of  San  Luis,  155  miles  east-southeast 
of  Mendoza.     Population  (1895),  17,827. 

San  Luis  Park.  The  largest  and  one  of  the 
finest  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  parks,  situated  in 
the  southern  part  of  Colorado  and  the  northerfi 
part  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  partly  traversed  by  the  Rio 
Grande.  Length,  about  140  miles.  Average  width,  about 
60  miles.     Area,  about  9,000  square  miles. 

San  Luis  Potosl  (16-es'  p6-t6-se').  1.  A  state 
of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Zacatecas,  Coahuila, 
Nuevo  Leon,  Tamaulipas,  Vera  Cruz,  Hidalgo, 
(^ueri5taro,  and  Guanajuato.  Much  of  the  surface  is 
mountainous  or  hilly,  and  it  is  rich  in  silver  and  other 
minerals,  as  well  as  In  fertile  lands.  Area,  24,446  square 
miles.  Population  (18951,  670,814. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  San  Luis  Potosi, 
225  miles  north-northwest  of  Mexico,  it  was 
founded  in  1576.  It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  and 
has  thriving  manufactures  and  commerce.  Population 
(1896),  69,676. 

San  Marcos,  University  of.    A  university  at 

Lima,  Peru,  it  is  the  oldest  in  America  (founded  in 
l.'iSlX  and  is  still  one  of  the  most  famous  in  Spanish 
America.  Its  building  was  sacked  by  the  Chileans  in  1881, 
but  was  reopened  for  lectures  in  1886. 

San  Marino  (ma-re'no).  1.  "The  smallest  state 
in  Europe,  situated  between  the  provinces  of 
Forii  and  Pesaro  e  Urbtno,  Italy,  on  spurs  of 
the  Apennines.  It  is  governed  by  a  great  council  of  60 
members,  two  of  whom  are  captains  regent.  It  has  been 
an  independent  community  since  the  middle  ages :  its  inde- 
pendence was  confirmed  by  the  Pope  in  1631,  and  several 
times  since.  Area.  '23  square  njiles.  Pop.  (1891).  8,290. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of  San  Marino. 
Population,  1,600. 

San  Martin,  Cape.  A.  cape  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean directly  south  of  Cape  San  .Antonio. 

San  Martin  (san  miir-ten'),  Jos6  de.  Born  at 
Yapeyii,  Misiones  (now  in  the  Argentine  Re- 
public), Feb.  2.5, 1778:  died  at  Boulogne,  France, 
Aug.  17, 1850.     A  celebrated  Spanish-American 

feneral  in  the  war  for  independence.  Heservedin 
pain  against  the  French  (1793-1811),  attaining  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel ;  resigned  in  the  latter  year  ;  and  early 
in  1812  went  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  joined  the  patri- 
ots. In  1813  he  received  command  of  the  army  operating 
in  Upper  Peru  or  Bolivia.  Heretofore  the  patriots  had  en- 
deavored to  strike  the  central  Spanish  power  in  Peru  by 
way  of  Chuquisaca  and  Lake  Titicaca.  San  Martin  resolved 
to  open  a  new  line  of  openitions  through  Chile,  and  in  this 
he  was  efficiently  supported  by  the  supreme  director  Pueyr- 
redon.  An  army  of  invasion  was  organized  and  drilled  at 
Mendoza  during  two  years ;  and  on  Jan.  17,  lsl7,  San  Mar- 
tin, with  4,000  men,  began  his  celebrated  march  over  the 
Andes  by  theU3pallataPass(12,80iifeethigh).  Thevictory 
of  Chacabuco  (Feb.  1'2,  1817)  was  foUowed  by  the  occupa- 


San  Salvador 

tlon  c  .f  Santiago(Feb.  15).  On  March  19. 1818,  he  was  defeated 
at  Cancha  Rayada ;  but  his  brilliant  victory  at  the  Maipo 
(April  6, 1818)  vui^ually  expelled  the  Spaniards  from  Chile. 
He  bad  declined  the  office  of  supreme  director  of  Chile,  and 
prepared  for  the  invasion  of  Peru.  A  small  navy  was  or- 
ganized, and  in  Aug.,  1820,  the  patriot  army  of  4,600  men 
sailed  for  the  Peruvian  coast.  Mainly  by  skilful  maniBU- 
vers,  San  Martin  was  able  to  occupy  Lima  July  9. 1821,  and 
Callao  soon  after.  On  Aug.  3  he  was  proclaimed  supreme 
protector  of  Peru.  The  approach  of  Bolivar  with  another 
army  from  the  north  threatened  a  strife  for  leadership,  and 
San  Martin  patriotically  gave  way  to  his  rival :  after  an  in- 
terview with  Bolivar  at  Guayaquil  (July  26,  1822)  he  re- 
signed his  office  to  the  Peruvian  congress  (Sept.  22),  issued 
an  eloquent  farewell  address,  and  soon  after  left  the  coun- 
try. The  emancipation  of  Peru  was  completed  by  Bolivar. 
San  Martin  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  comparativ'epoverty 
in  France,  taking  no  further  part  in  South  American  affairs. 
San  Matias  (san  ma-te'as).  Gulf  of.  An  arm 
of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Ai'gen- 
tina,  about  lat.  41°-42°  S. 
San  Miguel.  See  St.  Michaels. 
San  Miguel  (me-gel').  A  small  island  off  the 
coast  of  California,  immediately  northwest  of 
Santa  Rosa. 
San  Miguel.  A  town  in  Salvador,  Central 
America.  74  miles  east  of  San  Salvador.  Pop- 
ulation (municipality,  1890),  23,800. 
San  Miguel,  Duke  Evaristo.  Bom  about  1780 : 
died  at  Madrid,  May  29, 1862.  A  Spanish  poli- 
tician and  general.  He  was  prominent  in  the  revo- 
lution of  1820-23 :  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1822 ; 
and  was  a  leader  in  the  events  of  1854.  Be  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  Philip  II.,  and  other  works. 
San  Miguel,  Gulf  of.  An  eastern  arm  of  the 
Bay  of  Panama. 

San  Miguel  de  Allende  (da  ai-yen'da),  or  Al- 
lende  San  Miguel,  or  Allende.  A  town  in 
the  state  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico.     Population 

(1894).  21,748. 

SanMiniato(me-ne-a't6).  1.  Atownintheprov- 
ince  of  Florence,  Italy,  21  miles  west-southwest 
of  Florence.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  founded 
in  the  10th  century  and  remodeled  in  1488.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  2,189;  commune,  16,850.-2.  A 
church  on  a  hill  southeast  of  Florence,  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Arno.  it  was  buUt  before  or  in  the 
early  part  of  the  12th  century,  and,  with  its  grounds  cov- 
ering the  whole  hill,  is  now  used  as  a  cemetery. 

Sannazaro  (san-nad-za'ro),  Jacopo.  Bom  at 
Naples,  July  28,  1458 :  died  at  Naples,  April 
27,  1530.  An  Italian  poet.  He  wrote  in  Italian  a 
prose  pastoral,"  Arc.idia,"  sonnets,  etc.,  and  in  Latin  "De 
partu  Virginia"  aud  other  poems. 

Sannazaro  — a  Neapolitan  gentleman,  whose  family  had 
been  carried  from  Spain  to  Naples  by  the  political  revo- 
lutions of  the  preceding  century  —  is  the  true  father  of 
the  modern  prose  pastoral,  which,  from  him,  passed  di- 
rectly to  Spain,  and,  during  a  long  period  of  success  in 
that  country,  never  entirely  lost  the  character  its  author 
had  originally  impressed  upon  it.  His  "Arcadia"  — writ- 
ten, probably,  without  any  reference  to  the  Greek  pastoi-al 
of  Longus,  but  hardly  without  a  knowledge  of  the  "Ame- 
to"of  Boccaccio  and  the  Eclogues  of  Bembo  —  was  first 
published  entire,  at  Naples,  in  1504. 

Ticktwr,  Span.  Lit.,  m.  81. 

San  Pablo  Bay  (pa'bld  ba).  A  bay  in  Califor- 
nia, connected  \vith  San  Francisco  Bay  (of 
which  it  really  forms  a  part)  on  the  souUi.  It 
contains  Mare  Island.     Length,  about  13  miles. 

San  Pedro  Bay  (pe'droba).  A  bay  on  the  coast 
of  southern  California,  near  Los  Angeles,  about 
lat.  33°  40'  N. 

San  Pietro  (pe-a'tro).  A  small  island  south- 
west of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  belonging  to 
Italy:  the  ancient  Aecipitrum. 

SanPietroinVincoli(en veng'ko-le).  [It.,  'St. 
Peter  in  chains.']  A  noted  church  in  Rome, 
situated  north  of  the  Colosseum. 

Sanpu  (san-p6').  A  name  given  to  the  Brah- 
maputra in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 

San  Rafael  (ra-fa-el').  The  capital  of  Marin 
County,  California,  and  a  summer  resort,  situ- 
ated near  San  Francisco  Bay  12  miles  north- 
west of  San  Francisco.  Pop.  (1900),  3,879. 

San  Remo  (ra'mo).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Porto  Maurizio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Riviera 
26  miles  east-northeast  of  Nice,  it  is  frequented 
as  a  health-resort  on  account  of  its  climate.  It  was  the 
residence  of  the  Crown  Prince  (Frederick  IIL)  of  Germany 
1887-88.    Population,  12,000. 

San  Koque  (ro'ka),  or  Saint  Boque  (sant  rok). 
Cape.     See  Sao  Eoque. 

San  Salvador  (san  siil-va-THor').  [Sp., 'holy 
Saviour.']  The  name  given  by  Columbus  to 
the  first  island  discovered  by  him  in  the  New 
World.     See  Guanahani. 

San  Salvador,  Republic  of.    See  Salvador. 

San  Salvador.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of 
Salvador,  situated  inland,  near  lat.  13°  43'  N., 
long.  89°12'W.  It  contains  a  university  and  cathedraL 
It  was  founded  in  1528,  and  has  often  been  devastated  by 
earthquakes :  the  latest  and  most  destructive  of  these  dis- 
asters were  in  1854  and  lS7a    Pop.  (1892),  est.,  30,000. 


San  Salvador 

San  Salvador, orQuezaltepec(ka-zal-ta-pak'). 
An  extinct  volcano  iu  the  republic  of  Salvador, 
3  miles  northwest  of  the  city  of  San  Salvador. 
Height,  about  8,000  feet. 

Sansanding  (siin-san-ding'),  or  Sansandig 

(siin-san-dig').  A  town  in  Segu,  western  Af- 
rica, situated  on  the  Niger  about  lat.  13°  40'  N., 
long.  6°  25'  W.  Population,  about  40,000. 
San  Sebastian  (sa-Bas-te-an'),  or  Saint  Se- 
bastian (saut  se-bas'tyan).  A  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  in  lat. 
43°  20'  N.,  long.  1°  .59'  W.  It  ia  an  important  for- 
tress, has  considerable  traile,  and  is  a  fasliionable  bathing- 
resort.  It  was  besieged  by  Wellingt^jii,  and  taken  by  as- 
sault Aug.  31,  1813. 

Sans  Gene  (son  jau'), Madame.  [F.,' without 
constraint,'  hence  in  a  free  and  easy  manner, 
without  troubling  one's  self  as  to  the  opinions  or 
convenience  of  others.]  A  nickname  of  the  wife 
of  Marshal  Lefebvre,  duke  of  Dautzic,  who  was 
raised  from  the  ranks  by  Napoleon  I.  She  was  ori- 
ginally a  washerwoman,  and  followed  her  husband  to  the 
wars  as  avivandiere.  She  was  rude,  kind-hearted.and  with- 
out knowledge  of  social  etiquette,  and  became  the  butt  of 
the  court.  Iler  high  temper  and  natural  shrewdness  gave 
her  the  advantage  in  the  long  run.  The  jday  of  this 
name  by  Sardou  was  produced  in  1893. 

Sansovino  (siin-s6-ve'u6),  Andrea  (Andrea 
Contucci  da  Monte  Sansovino).  Born  at 
Monte  Sansovino,  Tuscany,  1460:  died  at  Rome, 
1529.  A  Tuscan  sculptor  and  architect.  He 
studied  In  Florence  with  Pollajuolo.  About  1490  he  was 
appointed  architect  and  sculptor  to  King  John  of  Portug.il, 
for  whom  he  built  a  royal  palace  and  made  some  sculpture 
RtUl  to  be  seen  at  Coimbra.  He  returned  to  Florence  in 
1500.  To  1502  belongs  the  group  of  the  "  Baptism  of  Christ " 
over  one  of  the  doors  of  the  baptistery.  In  1509  he  went 
to  Rome  and  was  commissioned  by  Pope  Julius  II.  to  make 
the  tombs  of  the  two  cardinals  Rovere  and  Sforza  for  Santa 
Maria  del  Popolo  (his  masterpieces).  His  group  of  the  "Ma- 
donna and  Child  "  in  Sant'  Agostino,  ordered  by  the  German 
prelate  Corycius,  was  made  the  subject  of  a  collection  of 
120  sonnets  called  "Coryciana."  In  1513he  wassent  by  Leo 
X.  to  Loreto  to  execute  the  bas-reliefs  on  the  exterior  of 
the  marble  temple  which  incloses  the  Santa  Casa. 

Sans  Souci  (F.  pron.  son  s6-se').  [F.,'  free  from 
care.']  A  palace  at  Potsdam,  Prussia,  built  by 
Frederick  the  Great  1745-47,  and  enlarged  and 
adorned  by  Frederick  William  IV.  it  is  of  a  single 
story,  with  a  projecting  semicircular  central  pavilion,  and 
large  arched  windows  opening  between  coupled  pilasters 
terminating  above  in  caryatids  and  atlantes, 

San  Stefano  (san  stef'ii-no).  Treaty  of.  A 
treaty  concluded  between  Russia  and  Turkey 
March  3,  1878,  at  San  Stefano  (a  small  port  on 
the  Sea  of  Marmora,  west  of  Constantinople), 
which  put  an  end  to  the  Russo-Turkish  war. 
Russia  was  to  receive  the  Dobrudja,  Kars,  Batum,  ami 
other  possessions,  as  well  as  a  war  indemnity  of  300,000,000 
rubles;  a  principality  of  Bulgaria  was  to  be  created,  ex- 
tending from  the  Danube  to  the  .l-^gean  ;  Rumania,  Servia, 
and  Montenegro  were  recognized  as  independent.  The 
provisions  of  this  treaty  were,  however,  greatly  altered  by 
the  Congress  of  Berlin,  June-July,  1878. 

Santa  (san'tii).  A  river  in  Peru.  It  flowsintothe 
PaciUc  about  lat.  9'  S.   Length,  about  200  miles. 

Santa  Ana  (san'tii  a'nil).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  inhabit  a  pueblo  of  the 
game  name  on  the  Rio  Jemez,  a  western  afflu- 
ent of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  north  central  New 
Mexico.  The  name  originally  was  applied  by  the  Span- 
ish to  the  mission,  the  native  name  of  the  pueblo  being 
Taniaya.     Number,  253.     See  Kerfttaii. 

Santa  Anna,  originally  Santa  Ana  (san'tii 
a'ua),  Ajltonio  Lopez  de.  Born  at  Jalapa, 
Feb.  21,  1795:  died  at  Mexico  City,  Juno  21, 
1876.  A  Mexican  general  and  politician.  Uc 
served  in  the  Spanish  array  from  1810,  and  8Ui)port«d 
Iturbidc  iu  1821,  but  was  the  prime  cause  of  his  overthrow 
by  the  revolt  which  he  led  at  Vera  Cruz,  Dec,  2, 1822.  He 
also  led  the  revolts  which  overthrew  l'edr;iza  (1828)  and 
Bustamante  (18.'i2X  and  was  elected  president  for  tlie  term 
beginning  April  1,  1833,  During  this  and  his  succectting 
occupations  of  the  office  he  frequently  retired  to  his  estate 
or  tiKjk  command  of  tile  army,  leaving  tile  administration 
in  the  hands  of  acting  presidents,  who  were  generally 
more  or  less  snbserviirnt  to  him  and  took  tiie  odium  of  ar- 
bitrary proceedings.  In  lH;iO  be  led  the  army  against  the 
revolted  Texans.  llisflrst  snccesscB  were  followed  by  mas- 
sacres of  the  prisoners.  He  was  defeated  and  captured 
at  tlte  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  April  21,  and  releaseil  only 
on  agreeing  to  favor  (he  independence  of  Texas.  The 
popularity  lost  in  this  campaign  was  regained  !)y  tlie  part 
which  he  took  in  the  unsuccessful  defense,  against  tlie 
Krenrii,of  Vera  Cruz,  where  lie  Ir>Htal(-g  (r>ec.,  18M8).  He 
was  prominent  in  the  defeat  (jf  the  federalist  revolt  of 
1839,  supporting  I*re»l(Ient  liustamante  ;  btit  in  Oct.,  1841, 
he  forced  BuHtamante'a  resignation  and  was  again  pro. 
claimed  prc.'^tdent.  Hy  a  new  constitution,  attopted  .Mine 
12  1843,  (if  became  practically  dictator,  lie  was  deposed 
and  cxllcc'  in  1845;  recalled  and  again  made  president  in 
Dec,  1S40;  and  commanded  the  army  in  the  warwitli  the 
Cnited  Slates.  After  Scotfs  occupalion  ..f  .Mexico  (."ept,, 
1847)  ho  reslgni'fi  ami  left  the  cciunlry.  Hy  a  revolt  of  the 
army  he  was  recalled  and  made  president,  April,  18.M{,  a.H- 
BUining  dictatorial  jMnvcrs.  The  revolution  which  (|Ulckly 
followed  drove  him  into  exile  in  Aug,,]H55;  and,  though  he 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  tu  interfere  in  .Mexican 
affairs  in  I8ft4,  he  never  after  rosi'  to  promineiu^e.  lie  re- 
turned  to  .Mexico  after  the  deatll  of  Juarez,  aiul  died  al- 
most forgotten. 


895 

Santa  Barbara  (biir'ba-ra).  The  capital  of 
Sauta  Barbara  County,  California,  situated  on 
the  coast  in  lat.  34°  26'  N.,  long.  119°  43'  W.  It 
is  a  watering-place,  known  as  the  American 
Mentone.     Population  ( 1900),  6,587. 

Santa  Barbara.  A  small  island  off  the  coast 
of  southern  California,  60  miles  southwest  of 
Los  Angeles. 

Santa  Barbara  Channel.  A  sea  passage  which 

separates  Santa  Rosa,  Santa  Cruz,  and  other 
small  islands  from  tlie  mainland  of  California. 

Santa  Barbara  Indians.    See  CUunKishan. 

Santa  Barbara  Islands.    A  group  of  8  islands 

in  the  Pacilie,  near  the  coast  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia, to  which  tliev  belong.  The  principal  are 
Santa  Barliani.  Santa  Rosa,  SantaCruz,  Santa  Catalina,  and 
San  Clemente. 

Santa  Catalina  (kii-tii-le'na).     An  island  off 

the  coast  of  southern  California,  50  miles  south 
of  Los  Angeles.     Length,  20  miles. 

Santa  Catharina  (kii-tii-re'na).  An  island  sep- 
arated by  a  narrow  channel  from  the  coast  of 
the  state  of  Santa  Catharina,  Brazil,  to  which 
it  belongs.  It  contains  the  capital,  Desterro. 
Length,  about  30  miles. 

Santa  Catharina.  A  maritime  state  of  south- 
er.] Brazil,  lying  northeast  of  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul.  It  has  many  European  colonists,  espe- 
cially Germans.  Area,  2.S,627  square  miles. 
Population  (1888),  2.36,346. 

Santa  Clans  or  Klaus  (san'tii  klaz).  [An 
adapted  form  of  the  D.  Sayit  Xikolaas,  XiMdas, 
or  lilnas.^  The  Dutch  name  of  Saint  Nicholas, 
patron  saint  of  chikb'en,  and  dispenser  of  gifts 
on  Christmas  eve.       See  Xicluilas,  Saint. 

Santa  Croce  suU'  Arno  (san'tii  kro'ehe  sol 
liir'no).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  on  the  Arno  24  miles  west  by  south 
of  Florence. 

Santa  Cruz  (san'tii  kroz),  or  Saint  Croix  (sant 

kroi),  or  Sainte  Croix  (saiit  krwii).  ['Holy 
Cross.']  An  island  iu  the  West  Indies,  belong- 
ing to  Denmark,  in  lat.  (of  Christiansted)  17° 
45'  N.,  long.  64°  41'  W.  Chief  town,  Christian- 
sted. Till-  surface  la  billy.  The  chief  proilucis  are 
suiiar  and  ruin.  It  hxs  bc-en  a  Danish  possession  since 
173;j.     Area,  84  square  miles.      Population  (1890),  111, 783. 

Santa  Cruz.  An  island  off  the  coast  of  CiiVi- 
fornia.  in  lat.  34°  N.     Length,  23  miles. 

Santa  Cruz.  A  territory  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, comprising  the  southern  part  of  Pata- 
gonia, south  of  Chubut.  Area,  about  111,000 
souare  miles.  Population  (1893),  less  than 
3,000. 

Santa  Cruz.  The  capital  of  Santa  Cruz  County, 
California,  situated  on  the  Bav  of  Monterey 
in  lat.  36°  58'  N.,  long.  122°  1'  W.  Population 
(1900),  5,659. 

Santa  Cruz  (siin'tii  kroth).  An  eastern  depart- 
ment of  Bolivia,  bordering  on  Brazil.  The  east- 
ern portion,  which  is  a  plain,  is  very  thinly  inliablte<l. 
Area,  120,317  square  miles.     Pop.  (1893),  est.,  112,200. 

Santa  Cruz,  or  Nitendi(ne-ten'de).  The  chief 
of  the  Santa  Cruz  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific 
in  lat.  10°  40'  S.,  long.  166°  E. 

Santa  Cruz  (siin'tii  kroth'),  Andres.  Bom  at 
La  Paz  about  1794:  died  near  Nantes,  France, 
1865.  A  Bolivian  general  and  politician,  of  In- 
dian race.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  Sp.tnish  army  ;  but, 
being  captured  I'y  the  patriots  in  1820,  joined  them,  rose 
to  be  general,  and  led  an  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Cpjier 
Peru  in  182;i.  From  Sept..  1820,  to  June,  1827,  he  was  presi- 
dent of  Peru.  After  tlie  deposition  of  Sucre,  president  of 
liolivia,  Santa  Cruz  was  elected  president  of  that  country 
for  ten  years  (beginning  Jan.  1,  1829),  «ith  the  military 
grade  of  grand  marshal.  His  rule  was  tiriii  and  progressive. 
In  18:15  he  intcrfcrt^d  in  tlie  alfaira  of  Peru,  ostensibly  to 
reinstate  the  <lri.ci,srd  prcsiiUnt.  orbi-gos,*;  defeated  <!a- 
marraandSalavcuyiii.iidi-iiniing  the  latter  to  deatli);  and 
formed  tlie  rciu\ian-r.olhiaii  Coufidcratlun  (proclaimed 
Oct.  28,  18:)0),  with  liimseir  at  its  head  lu  "  nrotectoi," 
Gamarra  ami  other  fugitive  Penivians  obtaiueo  tlie  aid  of 
Chile;  a  Chilean  army  Invaded  Peru  ;  and  Santa  Cruz  was 

■(Inally  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Vungay  (Jan.,  18:ill).  lie 
immediately  left  tlie  country,  and  the  confederation  was 
broken  up.  Most  of  his  stilisenuent  life  was  piuised  in 
Europe,  where  he  long  held  diplomatic  positions  for  Bo- 
livia. 

Santa  Cruz  de  la  Palma  (da  Hi  iiiil'mii).  A 
scapoi't,  ciipDiil  of  the  islniid  of  I'alma,  Canarj- 
iKJaiids.      I'c.jiiihilimi.  alioiil  (i.OllO, 

Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  (da  lii  se-or'rii).  The 

I'll  pit  a  lot  I  ho  do  part  nil-Ill  of  SiiiilaCruz.  Bolivia, 
situated  near  (ho  I'iray  165  miles  northeast  of 
Sucre.     Population,  10,288. 

Santa  Cruz  de  Teneriffe  (ten-e-rif)  or  de  San- 
tiago (da  siin-te-ii'go).  A  seapm-t  and  tlie 
capital  of  the  Canary  Islands,  silunted  on  Teiie- 
rilTe  in  lat.  28°  28'  N.,  long.  16°  15'  W.  it  i,  the 
chief  commercial  place  in  the  Islands.     Population,  about 

10,000. 

Santa  Cruz  Islands.    A  group  of  small  islands 


Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin 

in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the  New  Hebrides 
and  east-southeast  of  the  Solomon  Islands. 

Santa  F6  (fa).  [Sp., 'holy  faith.']  1.  A  prov- 
ince of  the  Argentine  Republic,  west  of  the  river 
Parand  and  north  of  the  iii-oviuce  of  Buenos 
Avres.  Area,  50,000  square  miles.  Population 
(1895),  .397,285.-2.  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Santa  Fe,  situated  on  the  Salado.  near 
the  Parana,  90  miles  north  of  Rosario.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  3.5,288. 

Santa  T6.  The  capital  of  New  Mexico,  it  was 
founded  by  Juan  de  Ofiate  in  1598,  and  has  remained  the 
seat  of  govemnient  since  that  time.  In  1846  the  luited 
StatesforcesunderGeiieral  Kearnyoccupied  Santa  Fe  with- 
out resistance.  It  was  helil  liy  the  Confederates  in  1802. 
There  are  remains  (very  indistinct)  of  an  ancient  Indian 
village  at  Santa  KC,  but  the  pueblo  had  been  abandoned 
long  previous  to  the  10th  century,  and  the  site  was  deserted 
when  Oilate  founded  Santa  V6  in  l.WS,  The  stories  that  it 
was  imce  a  "  capital  "  of  all  the  Pueldo  tribes  of  New  ilex- 
ico,  and  that  its  Spanish  settlement  was  founded  iu  1540, 
or  l,'i5ii,  or  158.1,  are  mythical.     Population  (19011),  5,603. 

Santa F6,  Audience  of.  The  supreme  court  of 
colonial  New  (jianada,  sitting  at  Santa  F6  de 
Bogota.  The  governors,  and  subsequently  the  viceroys, 
were  presidents  of  the  audience,  which  ruled  in  case  of  a 
vacancy.  J»ew  Cranada  was  sometimes  called  the  kingdom 
(reino)  of  Santa  Fi!'.     See  New  Granada. 

Santa  F^  de  Bogota.    See  'Bogota. 
Santa  Inez  Indians.    See  Chumashan. 
Santal  Insurrection.    An  unsuccessful  revolt 

by  the  Santalsot  the  Rajmahal  Ilills  (Bengal, 
British  India,  northwest  of  Calcutta)  in  1855. 

Santal  Parganas  (siin-tiil'  par-gun'as).  A  dis- 
trict in  Beugjil,  intersected  by  lat.  S4°  40'  N., 
long.  87°  E.  Ai-ea,  5.469  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  1,7,''>4,196. 

Santa  Lucia.    See  fit.  Lucia. 

Santa  Luzia  (san'ta  lo-ze'ii).  A  small  island 
of  the  Cape  Verd  group. 

Santa  Maria  (siin'tii  ma-re'ti),  La.  The  largest 
vessel  of  Columbus,  and  his  flag-ship,  in  the 
voyage  of  1492.  she  was  a  decked  boat  of  the  type 
knoivn  as  a  carack,  over  200  tr.ns  burden,  and  about  63  feet 
long  and  20  feet  beam.  Some  accounts  call  her  the  Marie 
(Jalante.  The  Hag-ship  was  a  dull  sailer.  She  was 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Espanola,  Dec.  25,  1492. 

Santa  Maria,  or  Saint  Mary.  The  south- 
easternmost  island  of  the  Azores,  south  of  St. 
Michael.     Area,  37  square  miles. 

Santa  Maria,  Puerto  de.    See  Puerto  de  Santa 

Maria. 

Santa  Maria  degli  Angeli  (del'ye  iin'je-le). 

[It..  '  Saint  Mary  of  tlie  Angels.']  A  church 
on  the  site  of  the  batlis  of  Diocletiiyi,  at  Rome, 
constructed  by  Michelangelo,  and  later  remod- 
eled by  Van  vitelli.  The  vestibule  Is  the  original  cir- 
cular laconiinm,  56  feet  in  diameter,  of  the  ancient  baths 
The  tepidarium  of  the  baths,  now  the  transept  of  the 
church,  retains  much  of  its  ancient  decoration.  It  Is  a 
splendid  hall,  297)  feet  long,  91  wide,  and  84  high,  with 
three  groined  vaults  whose  apparent  inipostj*  are  received 
by  ei;:ht  antique  granite  columns.  The  church  possesses 
tine  paintings. 

Santa  Maria  del  Popolo  (del  p6'p6-16).    [It., 

'Saint  Maryoftho  People.']  A  church  at  Rome, 
fotinded,  ai'coi.iiiig  to  tradition,  in  109.0(f)  to 
qtiiet  the  phaiitom  of  Nero,  on  whose  burial- 
place  it  was  built,  and  rebuilt  by  the  Roman 
people  in  1227.  it  is  now  modcrnlzcii,  but  is  remark- 
able for  its  splendid  Kenaissance  tomlis  (those  of  Canlinals 
Girolamo  Basso  della  R^iven-  and  Ascanio  Maria  Sforzji,  by 
Sansovino,  are  artistically  the  most  important  in  Rome), 
for  its  tine  jiaiiitiiigs  and  frescos  by  Pinluricchio,  and  for 
its  magnillceiit  Renaissance  glass  and  mosaics. 

Santa  Maria  del  Sole  (del  so'le).    [It..  'Saint 

Mary  of  the  Sun.']  A  circiUar  temple  at  Rome 
(now  a  chui'oh).  near  the  Ponte  Rotto,  now  held 
to  be  that  of  lliivulcs,  but  familiar  under  the 
name  of  teni]i]o  of  Vesta.  The  cella  is  circular,  :is 
feet  In  diameter,  with  a  peristyle  of  20gniceful  Corinthian 
eoliimiis3.'feel  liigli.  The  entablatureand  the  ancient  roof 
are  gone.  The  probable  date  is  the  beginning  of  the  empire. 

Santa  Maria  di  Leuca  (de  lii'o-kii).  Cape.    A 

cape  at  the  soulliensliTii  I'xtreniitv  of  Italv.  in 
Int.  39-  48'  X.,  long.  IS'^22'  E.:  the  ancient  Sa- 
Iriilimiiii  I'i'oiiioiitoi'iuiii. 

Santa  Maria  in  Ara  Coeli  (ii'rfi  se'li).    ['Saint 

Mary  of  the  .Altar  of  Heaven':  from  the  tradi- 
tion that  an  altar  was  here  erected  by  .-Vugustus, 
in  recognition  of  a  heavenly  vision  of  the  Virgin 
and  Cliri-it.]  An  old  mid  interesting  church  at 
Rome,  ricli  in  its  22  varied  ancient  I'oliimiis,  its 
curious  mosaic  pavement,  its  beautiful  frescos 
of  the  life  of  St.  Bernardino  by  I'intiiricehio,  itn 
medii'val  iiiiihones  covered  with  mosaics,  and 
its  fine  paintings  and  tombs.  This  church  jMissesacs 
the  famous  nnraelr-workiug  image  of  the  Siuitlssimo  liain. 
bliio  ('most  bnly  Infant  '). 

Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin  (in  kos'me-din ).  [It., 

'Saint  Mary  in  Cosmedin,'  a  square  in  (  on- 
stantinoplc:  it  originally  belonged  to  a  Greek 
brotherhood.]  A  very  early  church  at  Rome, 
with  antique  columns,  raised  choir,  crypt,  me- 


Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin 

dieval  ambones  aud  taberuacle,  fine  mosaic 
pavement,  and  medieval  campanile.  The  church 
is  important  as  having  replaced  the  ancient  temple  of 
Ceres,  Liber,  and  Libera,  a  large  peripteral  structure,  with 
Composite  columns,  which  served  as  the  treasury  and 
record-otfice  of  the  ediles  of  the  people.  Ten  peristyle 
columns  and  pai'ts  of  the  cella-wall  remain  in  situ.  In 
the  vestibule  is  preserved  a  large  ancient  mask  with  pierced 
mouth  and  eyes,  popularly  called  the  Bucca  delta  VeritCi. 
It  was  originally  set  in  a  pavement  to  permit  water  to 
drain  into  a  sewer. 

Santa  Maria  Maggiore  (mad-j6're).  [It., 
'  Saint  Mary  the  Greater.']  A  ehui'ch  at  Rome, 
built  352  a.  d.,  and  keeping  much  of  its  original 
character.  The  two-tiered  loggia  of  the  facade  is  of  the 
last  century.  The  interior  has  a  wide  nave  bounded  by 
ranges  of  Ionic  columns  with  horizontal  entablature, 
above  which  is  a  row  of  arcaded  windows  and  tine  Old  Tes- 
tament mosaics  of  the  5th  century.  The  mosaics  of  the 
apse,  with  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  are  splendid  works 
of  the  13th  century.  There  are  many  tine  monumentsand 
sculptures. 

Santa  Maria  Novella  (no-vel'lii).  A  church 
iu  Florence,  built  1278-1349  on  the  site  of  an 
older  chiu'ch  on  the  Piazza  di  Santa  Maria  No- 
vella. It  is  an  example  of  the  purest  Tuscan  Gothic.  In 
14.16-70  a  marble  facade  was  added,  with  a  fine  portal.  Its 
cloisters  are  the  largest  in  Florence,  and  it  is  celebrated 
for  its  frescos  by  Ghirlandnjo,  Orcagna,  and  others. 

Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva  (so'pra  me-ner'- 
va).  [It., 'Saint  Mary  above  Minerva.']  A  church 
at  Rome,  so  named  from  being  built  over  a  temple 
of  Minerva :  the  only  medieval  church  in  Rome 
which  retains  its  Pointed  forms  and  decoration. 
The  church  contains  beautiful  tombs,  notable  paintings 
hy  Filippino  Lippi  and  others,  and  important  sculpttu-es, 
among  them  ilichelangelo's  Christ. 

Santa  Marta,  or  Santa  Martha  (mar'ts). 
['Saint  Martha.']  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  state 
of  Magdalena,  Colombia,  situated  on  a  bay  of 
the  Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  11°  1.5'  N.,  long.' 74° 
14'  W.  Except  CumanA  it  is  the  oldest  city  of  European 
origin  in  continental  South  America,  having  been  founded 
by  Bastidaa  in  l.i-25.  From  this  point  Quesada  started  on 
the  expedition  which  resulted  in  the  subjugation  of  the 
plateau  of  Xew  Granada.  The  port  was  long  important 
for  its  trade  with  the  Magdalena  River,  but  is  nosv  in  de- 
cadence. It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 6,0011. 

Santa  Maura  (mou'ra),  or  Leucadia  (mod.  Gr. 
pron.  lef-kii-THe'ii).  1.  One  of  the  Ionian  Isl- 
ands, Greece,  situated  west  of  Acarnauia.  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel:  the 
ancient  Leukas.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 
The  chief  products  are  currants,  wine,  and  oil.  In  its 
southwestern  part  is  a  steep  clitf.  known  as  Sappho's  Leap, 
from  which  Sappho  is  said  to  have  thrown  hereelt  into  the 
sea.  Length, -23  miles.  Area,  llOmiles. 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Santa  Maura, 
situated  on  the  northern  coast.     See  Letkas. 

Santana.    See  Santa  Ana. 

Santana  (san-ta'na),  Pedro.  Born  at  Hineha, 
June  29, 1801:  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  June  14, 
1864.  A  general  and  politician  of  the  Domini- 
can Republic.  He  led  the  revolution  by  which  the  re- 
puldic  separated  from  Haiti  in  1844  ;  was  president  1S44- 
1848 :  repulsed  the  invasion  of  Soulouque  in  1849 ;  was 
again  president  1853-56,  when  be  was  deposed ;  and,  his 
successor  Baez  having  been  deposed,  was  a  third  time 
elected  president  in  Nov.,  1858,  holding  the  post  until 
March  18;1861,wheu  hedelivered  over  the  country  to  Spain. 

Santander  (san-tiin-dar').  1.  A  province  of 
Spain,  bounded  by  the  Bay_  of  Biscay  on  the 
north,  Vizcaya  on  the  east,  Burgos  and  Palencia 
on  the  south,  and  Oviedo  and  Leon  on  the  west : 
a  part  of  Old  Castile.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Canta- 
brian  Mountains.  It  has  flourishing  agriculture  and  man- 
ufactures. Area,  2,113  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
244,274. 

2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  San- 
tander, situated  on  a  harbor  of  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, in  lat  43°  28'  N.,  long.  3°  49'  W.  it  is  the 
terminus  of  steam-lines;  exportsgrain.ironore,  wine,  etc. ; 
and  is  a  favorite  summer  watering-place.  It  was  sacked 
by  Soult  in  1808.    Population  (18S7),  42,125. 

Santander,  A  department  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Colombia,  bordering  on  Venezuela  and  on  the 
Magdalena  River,  and  north-northeast  of  Bo- 
gota. Capital,  Buearamanga.  Area,  18,000 
square  miles.  Population,  about  555,600,  be- 
sides wild  Indians. 

Santander,  or  Jimenez,  or  Rio  de  lasPalmas. 
A  river  in  eastern  Mexico  which  flows  into  the 
(iult  of  Mexico  100  miles  north  of  Tampico. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Santander  (siin-tan-dar'),  Prancisco  de  Paula. 
Bom  at  Rosario  de  Ciicuta,  April  2,  1792:  died 
at  Bogota,  May  5,  1840.  A  New  Granadan  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  served  in  the  revolutionary 
army  ;  was  made  general  of  division  on  the  field  of  BoyacA 
Aug.  7,  1819 :  was  appointed  vice-president  (governor)  of 
Cundinamarca  Sept.,  1819;  and  on  Sep*.  7,  1821,  was 
elected  vice-president  of  Colombia.  During  Bolivar's  ab- 
sence in  the  south  (Dec,  1821,- Nov.,  1826)  and  in  Vene- 
zuela (Jan, -Sept.,  1827).  he  acted  as  president.  In  1827-28 
he  led 'the  federalist  opposition  to  Bolivar.  Bolivar  as- 
sumed dictatorial  powers  and  deposed  him  June,  1828 ;  and 
soon  afterward  he  was  condemned  to  death  for  alleged 


896 

complicity  in  an  attempt  to  assassinate  Bolivar,  but  the 

sentence  was  commuted  to  banishment  and  loss  of  rank 
(1829).  During  his  absence  the  republic  of  Colomltia  fell  to 
pieces,  and  on  March  9,  1832,  he  was  elected  president  of 
thenew  republic  of  New  Granada,  the  vice-president,  Mar- 
(juez.  presiding  until  his  return.  He  held  the  post  until 
the  beginning  of  1837,  and  subsequently  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  congress.  Santander  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of 
New  Granada  (the  modern  Colombia). 

Sant'  Angelo  (siint  iin'je-16;.  Castle  of.    See 

Amichi.  SanV. 

Santareni(san-tii-ran').  A  city  in  theprorinee 
of  E>tremadura,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Tagus 
46  miles  northeast  of_  Lisbon  r  the  ancient  Sca- 
labis  Presidium  Julium.  it  was  taken  from  the 
Moors  iu  1146,  and  the  -^Imohades  were  defeated  near  it 
in  1184.  On  May  16. 1834,  the  Miguelists  were  totally  de- 
feated there  by  Napier  and  Villafior.  Population  (1878), 
7,001. 

Santarem.  A  district  in  the  province  of  Estre- 
madura,  Portugal.     Population  (1890),  258,298. 

Santarem.  A  town  in  the  state  of  Para.  Brazil, 
situated  on  the  Tapajos,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Amazon,  iu  lat.  2°  24'  S.,  long.  54°  40'  W. 
It  has  a  considerable  river  trade.  Population, 
about  7,000. 

Santarem,  Viscount  of  (Manuel  Francisco 

de  Barros  e  Sousa).  Born  at  Lisbon,  Nov. 
18,  1791:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1.S.56.  A 
Portuguese  politician  and  author.  He  was  di- 
rector of  the  archives  of  Portugal  1823-27,  and  minister 
of  state  under  the  regency  and  Dom  Miguel  1827-33; 
subsequently  he  resided  in  Paris.  His  many  important 
works  relate  to  early  Portuguese  discoveries,  diplomatic 
history,  chartography,  etc.  They  include  "Recherches 
sur  I'AmSric  Vespuce"  (1842),  "Essai  sur  I'histoire  de  la 
cosmographie  et  de  la  cartographic  pendant  le  moyen 
age"  (3  vols.  1849-52;  succeeding  volumes  by  Mendes 
Leal),  and  "Quadro  elementar  das  relaguts  politicas  e  di- 
plomaticas  de  Portugal  "  (10  vols,  published  up  to  1S54; 
completed  by  Rebello  da  Silva). 

Santarem  Channel.  A  channel  between  the 
(ireat  Bahama  Bank  and  the  Salt  Key  Bank, 
noi-th  of  Cuba. 

Santa  Kosa  ( ro'za).  An  island  off  the  coast  of 
California,  in  lat.  33°  55'  N.,  long.  120°  8'  W. 
Length,  18  miles. 

Santa  Rosa.  The  capital  of  Sonoma  County, 
California,  50  miles  north  by  west  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  is  the  center  of  a  'svine-produeing 
district.     Population  (1900),  6.673. 

Santa  Rosa  Islanders.    See  Chumashan. 

Santa  Sophia.     See  Snphin.  Snnta. 

Santa  Victoria  do  Ameixial  (siin'ta  ve-to'- 
re-a  do  ii-ma-she-ar).  A  place  near  Estremoz. 
Alemte.io,  Portugal,  noted  for  the  victory  gained 
there  bv  the  Portuguese  over  the  Spaniards  iu 
1663. 

Santee  (san-te').  A  river  in  South  Carolina, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Wateree  and 
Congaree  about  30  miles  southeast  of  Columbia. 
It  flows  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  83°  7'  N.  Length,  about 
150  miles.  Total  length,  including  the 'W.ateree  or  Cataw- 
ba, over  400  miles, 

Sant'  Elmo  Castle.  A  gi-eat  fortress  at  Naples, 
Italy,  built  iu  the  IGth  century  by  Pedro  de  To- 
ledo. It  was  built  on  a  very  much  earlier  structure  of 
great  strength  as  a  fortification,  on  a  high  rock,  called  the 
hill  of  Sant'  Elmo,  overlooking  the  city. 

Santerre  (son-tar').  A  former  small  di\'ision 
of  Picardy,  France,  now  divided  between  the 
departments  of  Oise  and  Somme.  Capital,  Pe- 
roune. 

Santerre,  Antoine  Joseph.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  16,  1752:  died  Feb  6,  1809.  A  French 
revolutionist  and  general.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  storming  of  the  Bastille  in  1789  and  the  overthrow 
of  the  monarchy  in  1792;  was  commander  of  the  national 
guard  of  Paris  in  1792-93;  fought  against  theVendeans  in 
1793 ;  and  was  imprisoned  1793-94. 

Santerre,  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at  Magny, 

France,  Jan.  1,  1658:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  21, 
1717.  A  French  genre-  and  portrait-painter. 
His  "  Susanna  Bathing"  (1704)  isin  the  Louvre. 

Sant'  Eufemia  (sant  a-6-fa'me-a).  Gulf  of.  An 
ai'm  of  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Calabria,  southei'n  Italy. 

San  Thiago.    See  Sao  Tliiofio. 

Santiago  (siin-te-a'go).  [Sp.,  'Saint  James.'] 
A  province  in  the  central  part  of  Chile.  Area, 
5, 223  square  miles.     Population  (1894),  401,561. 

Santiago,  called  Santiago  de  Chile.  The  cap- 
ital of  chile  and  of  tlie  province  of  Santiago,  in 
lat.  33°  27'  S.,  long.  70°  40'  W.,  on  the  Rio 
Mapocho.  It  is  the  most  populous  city  on  the  Pacific 
side  of  South  .America,  and  has  many  public  institutions, 
including  a  university,  cathedral,  military,  art,  and  music 
schools,  national  library,  mint,  etc.  It  was  founded  by 
Pedro  de  Valdivia  in  L541,  *  Earthquakes  are  frequent, 
but  have  seldom  been  very  destructive.  On  Dec.  S,  1863, 
occurred  the  burning  of  the  Jesuit  church,  in  which  2,000 
people  perished.    Population  (1885),  189,332. 

Santiago,  or  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros  (da 

los  kii-Biil-ya'ros).  [Sp..  '  St.  James  of  the 
Knights.']    A  town  of  the  Dominican  Republic, 


SSo  Antao 

situated  on  the  Yaqui  87  miles  west  of  SamanS. 
It  is  the  richest  town  in  the  republic,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade,  especially  in  tobacco.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Santiago  de  Compostella  (da  kom-pos-tel'ya) 
or  Compostela  (kom-pos-ta'la).  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Corunna,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
slope  of  Monte  Pedroso  in  lat.  42°  52'  N.,  long. 
8°  30'  W. :  famous  from  the  9th  century  as  con- 
taining the  relics  of  St.  James  the  Great,  it  is 
the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  one  of  the  chief  Spanish  prel- 
ates, and  has  a  university.  In  the  middle  ages  the  town 
was  one  of  the  principal  pilgrim  resorts  in  the  world.  It 
was  the  capital  of  ancient  Galioia.  Population  (1887V 
24,300.  ■* 

Santiago  de  Cuba  (da  ko'ba;  E.  ku'ba),  often 
locally  called  Cuba  (ko'ba).  A  seaport,"the  cap- 
ital of  the  eastern  department  of  Cuba,  situated 
on  the  southern  coast  in  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  75° 
.50'W.  It  exports  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  copper  ore,  etc. 
It  was  founded  in  1514,  and  for  several  years  was  the 
capital  of  the  island.  In  1873  it  was  the  scene  of  the 
execution  of  various  persons  on  the  Virginius  (which  see). 
It  surrendered  to  the  United  States  troops  July  17,  1898. 
The  campaign  lasted  from  June  20,  and  included  the 
battles  of  Las  Guasiraas,  June  24.  and  of  San  Juan  and 
El    Caney,  July  1-2.      Population    (18911),  43,090. 

Santiago  del  Estero  (del  es-ta'ro),  or  San- 
tiago. 1.  A  pro\nnce  in  the  interior  of  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic,  between  Cordoba  and  the  ter- 
ritorv  of  Cihaco.  Area,  39,500  square mUes.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  160,445.-2.  Tiie  capital  of  the 
province  of  Santiago  del  Estero,  situated  cm 
the  Rio  Dulce  about  lat.  27°  45'  S.  Popula- 
tion, about  15,000. 

Santillana  (sUn-tel-ya'na),  Marquis  of  (Inigo 
Lopez  de  Mendoza).  Born  at  Carrion  de  los 
Condes,  Spain,  Aug.  19,  1398:  died  at  Guadala- 
jara, Spain,  Mareh  25,  14.58.  A  Spanish  poet, 
distinguished  in  the  military  and  political  ser- 
vice of  Castile.  Among  his  works  are  the  didactic  dia- 
logue  poem  *'Bias  contra  fortuna";  "Los  proverbios,"  a 
collection  of  rimed  proverbs  made  at  the  request  of  John 
II.,  printed  in  1496  (he  made  another  collection,  first 
printed  in  1508,  which  were  not  rimed);  the  "Comedieta 
de  Ponza,"  a  dramatic  poem  ;  and  serranillas. 

Santillana  de  la  Mar  (da  lii  mar).  A  small 
town  in  Spain,  west  of  .Santander,  near  the  Bay 
of  Biscay :  birthplace  of  Gil  Bias  in  Le  Sage's 
novel  of  that  name. 

Santley  (sant'li ),  Charles.  Born  at  Liverpool, 
Feb.  28, 1834.  An  English  barytone  singer.  He 
sang  with  success  in  the  L  nited  States  in  1871. 

Santlo'W  (sant'16),  Hester.  See  under  Booth. 
Barton. 

Santo  Antonio  (Cape  Verd).     See  Sao  Antao. 

Santo  Domingo.     See  Dominican  Republic. 

Santo  Domingo  (san'to  do-meng'go).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  Dominican  Republic,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ozama  River,  in  lat.  18°  28'  N., 
long.  69°  53'  W.  it  was  founded  by  Bartholomew  Co. 
liunbus  in  1496,  and  is  the  oldest  European  city,  and  waa 
long  the  most  inqtortant  place,  in  the  JN'ew  "NVojld.  It 
"as  sacked  by  Sir  Francis  Drake  iu  1586.  Population, 
25,000. 

Santo  Domingo.  A  name  often  given  to  the 
island  of  Haiti  (which  see). 

Santo  Domingo,  Audience  of.  A  Spanish  high 
court  and  governing  body  at  Santo  Domingo.  It 
was  established  in  1511,  being  the  first  audience  in  the 
New  World:  until  1528  its  jurisdiction  included  all  of 
Spanish  America.  Cortes  derived  bis  first  legal  authority 
from  it,  as  did  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  and  other  conquerors. 
Later  this  audience  became  subordinate  to  that  of  Mexico. 
It  existed  as  a  legal  tribunal  until  the  union  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo with  Haiti, 

Santo  Espiritu  (san'to 3s-pe're-t6).  [Sp.,'holy 
spirit.']    A  town  on  the  southern  coast  of  Cuba. 

Santorin  (siin-to-ren').  An  island  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  Cvclades,  belonging  to  Greece, 
situated  in  lat.  36°  25'  N.,  long.  25°  27'  E.:  the 
ancientThera.  Capital, Thira.  Itrisessteeplyfrom 
the  sea,  and  is  celebrated  as  a  center  of  great  volcanic 
activity.  Eruptions  caused  the  appearance  of  the  islets 
Paljea  Kaumene  in  199  or  196  B.  c,  Mikra,  Kaumene  in 
1573,  and  Nea  Kaumene  in  1707.  It  sent  forth  the  colony 
of  Cyrene  in  631  B.  c.  It  produces  wine  and  pozzuolana. 
Length,  10  miles.    Population  (1889),  17.382. 

Santos  (siin'tos).  A  seaport  of  the  state  of  Sao 
Paulo,  Brazil,  situated  on  Santos  Bay  in  lat. 
23°  56'  S. ,  long.  46°  19'  W.  As  a  coffee-shipping  port 
it  is  second  only  to  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Epidemics  of  yellow 
fever  are  frequent  and  often  severe.  Population,  about 
1.5,000. 

Santos  (siin'tos),  Juan.  Died  about  1760.  A 
Peru-^-ian  Indian  who  claimed  to  be  a  descen- 
dant of  the  ancient  sovereigns  of  Peru,  and  took 
the  name  Apu  Inca.  He  led  an  insurrection  in  1741- 
1743,  and  subsequently  lived  as  a  bandit  in  the  eastern 
mountains. 

San  Vito  (siiu  ve'to).  Cape.  A  cape  which 
forms  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Sicily. 

Sao  Antao  (siih  iin-tan').  [Pg.,'  St.  Anthony.'] 
The  most  northwesterly  of  the  Cape  Verd  Isl- 
ands, west  of  Africa,  It  is  mountainous  and  fertile. 
Population,  about  20,000.  Also  written  San  AntdOf  Sa» 
Anttniio,  and  Santo  Antonio. 


Sao  Francisco 

Sao  Francisco  (siiii  fran-ses'kp).  [PS;  'St. 
Francis'!  A  river  in  pastern  Brazil.  It  rises  m 
Mliias  Oeraes,  traverses  Baliia  (separatinK  rcrnambuco), 
separates  Alagoas  and  Seifipe,  ami  flows  into  the  Atlanta 
InMat  10°  ■25'  .-<.  The  chief  tlibutanes  are  the  Rio  lias 
Velhai,  Verde  Grande,  and  Piiacatii.  Length,  alK.ut  I.SW 
miles -naviRable  below  the  cataract  of  Paulo  Aflioiiso  IdO 
niilcs,'!ind  for  several  hundred  miles  above  it. 

Sao  Francisco.  A  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  the  state  of  Santa  Cathanna,  Brazil  (to 
which  it  belongs),  in  lat.  26°  14' S. 

Sao  Jorge  (siUi  zhor'zhe),  or  St.  George.  L*^., 
'St.  George.']  One  of  the  Azores  Islands, 
west  of  Tereeira.     Area.  94  square  miles. 

Sao  Jose  do  Rio  Negro.  See  Rio  Negro,  Sao  Jose 

sio  Leopoldo  (sun  le-ij-pol'do).  A  town  in  the 
state  of  Kio  Grande  do  Sul,  southern  Brazil, 
situated  on  the  Sinos  28  miles  north  of  Porto 
AleOTe.  There  is  a  population  of  from  3,000  to  4,000, 
chiefly  German  colonists,  forming  the  center  of  a  German 
district  of  about  30,000.  ^       t.     ^ 

Sao  Mignel  (siin  me-gel').  The  Portuguese 
name  (if  St.  Michael.  ttt    i.T 

Saona  (sii-o'na).  A  small  island  in  the  Wost  In- 
dies, near  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  Do- 
minican Kepuhlie,  to  which  it  belongs. 

Saone  (son).  The  principal  tributary  of  the 
Rhone :  the  Roman  Arar.  it  rises  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  and  joins  the  Rhone  at  Lyons.  Ihe  chief 
Sibutaries  arc  the  Doubs  and  Ognon.  It  is  connected  by 
faSsTth  the  Loire,  Seine,  and  Rhuie.  Length,  280  rades ; 
navigable  from  Gray. 

Saone  Haute-.    See  Bautc-SaAne. 

Saone-et-Loire  (son'a-lwar').  A  department 
of  France,  capital  Macon,  formed  from  part  of 
the  •incient  Burgundy.  It  is  bounded  by  CAte-d'Or 
on  the  north,  Jimv  and  Ain  on  the  east,  Ain,  Khfme,  and 
iSi  e  on  the  south,  and  AUier  and  Nievreon  the  west,  and  is 
tmversed  by  a  low  range  of  mountains  AKnenlture  and 
rinlfa.  tlires  are  in  a  flourishinu  condition.  Wine  and 
"  a"  ar^  ".nonB  the  chief  products.  Area,  3,302  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  619,523. 

Sao  Paulo  (san  pou'lij).  [Pg., '  St.  Paul.  ]  1 . 
A  maritime  state  of  southern  Brazil,  lying 
south  of  Minas  Geraes  and  northeast  of  Parana. 
It  is  the  principal  coffee-producing  state,  and  one  of  the 
richest  and  most  populous  in  the  enipir_e.  Area,  112,330 
square  miles.  Population  (IS-*),  1,300, -2^/ 2. 
2  The  capital  of  the  state  of  hao  Paulo,  Bra- 
zi'l,  situated  in  lat.  23°  33'  S  ,  long.  46°  39'  W . 
It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishint'  cities  of  southern  Brazil 
and  contains  several  professional  schools  '''■;f"'?"LI 
was  an  Indian  village  (Piratininga)  m  which  the  Jesill 
Anchieta  founded  a  mission,  VM  ";«';j;"«  '  "l^^P"-^' 
of  the  captaincy  in  ICSl.     Population  (1892),  100,000. 

Sao  Paulo  de  Loanda.    See  Loanda. 

Sao  Pedro.     See  Hio  Gramh-  do  Sul 

Sao  Roque  (san  ro'ka),  or  Saint  Roque  (saut 
rok)  Cape.  A  low  headland  of  theljrazi  la.i 
coast  (state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte),  m  lat.o° 
09'  15'  S.,  long.  3.i°  14'  1"  W.  (Mouehez).  It  is 
rmoronerly  called  a  cape,  as  there  is  hardly  any  projection. 
uTsX  oUhe  most  easterly  points  of  continenta  Ainer- 
ca.  The  extreme  easten,  fmint  '^/°"'^,;  ,«=  P^f  j'^s'",,,'^  ;; 
nambuco  Oat.  7"  S:/  24"  S.,  long.  34  46  42  W .),  145  mm 
further  to  the  south. 

Sao  Roque.  A  town  in  Brazil,  situated  32  miles 
west-southwest  of  Sao  Paulo. 

S5o  Salvador.     See  liuhia. 

Sao  Salvador,  or  Ambassi  (iim-bii'se),  or  Kon- 
go (kong'gO).  The  capital  of  the  native  kmg- 
Hotn  of  Kongo,  and  one  of  the  chief  towns  of 
the  district  of  Kongo  in  the  province  of  Angola. 
Famous  and  flourishing  in  the  16th  century,  it  declined 
JftTr  the  ."»e  "t  LoandiL  Of  late  years  it  has  reassumed 
some  commercial  importance. 

Sao  Salvador  da  Bahia.    See  Balm 

Sao  ThiagoCsiln  t.-ii'go).  rPg.,'^aiit. James.  J 

-Tho  largest  of  the  Cape  Venl  Islands,  west  of 

Africa.     The  surface  Is  hilly.     P"'^,l'"'»'\'»,'|'^„"i^' 
place.    Area,  3(i(J  square  miles.    Population,  about  40,000. 

SaoThomsTs-ma'),  Cape.  Acapo"..  the  coast 
of  I5ra/.il,  in  lat.  22°  S..long.  40°  .59    W. 

Sao  Vicente  (siin  ve-sen'to).  One  of  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands,  west  of  Africa. 

Sao  Vicente.  A  colonial  captaincy  of  Brazil, 
formed  in  l.')34.  It  corresponded  to  tlio  coast  from  a 
no,  I  1.-.  miles  north  of  (ape  Frio  southward  U,  the  river 
Pa,"  m  gii"  now  in  Para.,;'..  Subsequently  it  was  ex  cn.led 
;™  h  ard  and  westward  to  the  limit.of  Brn/,ll.  trom 
were  successively  cut  nif  the  caplaincie«(,...w  staesW  Itlo 

de  Janeiro  (160.S),  Minas  Geraes  (1720),  Santa  Catlmrina 
the,r e>nblicinB  Ri"  Grande  do  Sul)  (17:is),  and  G.iyaz 
and  Matto  Gros.s..  (1748).  In  1881  the  capital  was  removed 
to  Site  Paulo,  and  tlie  captaincy  «ion  became  known  by  the 
na,,  eof  that  city,  which  it  has  since  retained  a-sa  pn.vlnce 
"ml  state     (Sec*Sr2o  I'aul.,.)   Pai-anA  was  separated  from 

Sapel0%a-pe'16)  Island.  An  island  on  tin- 
coast  of  Georgia,  belongingtoMcIntoshountv, 
42  miles  .south  by  wi'st  of  Savannah.     Length, 

Sap'ho  Csii-fo').     A  name  by  which  the  novel- 

C-  67 


897 

ist  Mademoiselle  de  Scud^ry  was  known  among 
her  intimate  friends.     See  Sappho. 
SaphO      [It.  Saffo.]     An  opera  by  Gounod,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1851,  and  with  alterations 

Sapienza(sa-pe-eii'tsil).  A  small  island  off  the 
southwest  coast  of  Messenia,  Greece,  to  which 
it  belon"»s:  one  of  the  ancient CEnussa?  Islands. 
Sapor  (sii'por)  I.,  or  Shapur  (sha-por').  King 
of  Persia  242  (^40?  239?)-about  2/2,  son  ot 
Ardashir.  He  waged  war  with  the  Romans  and 
took  prisoner  the  emperor  Valerian,  and  was 
defeated  by  Odenathus. 

Sapor  n..  surnaraed  "The  Great."  King  ot 
Persia  from  about  310  to  380  (381  f).  He  waged 
war  against  the  Arabs  :  was  for  many  years  at  war  with 
Rome  ;  and  deteate.l  Constantius  in  -MS.  He  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  Nisibis  and  other  cities.  Pers,a  was  in- 
vaded by  .Tulian  302-303,  who  was  repulsed  and  '11™""""-' 
retreat.  Bv  peace  with  .Tovian.  Pe,-sia  obtained  territor> 
east  of  the"  Tigris,  including  Nisibis,  Singara  etc.  Sapor 
II.  conquered  Armenia  and  persecuted  the  thnstmns. 
Sapor  in.  King  of  Persia  from  about  384  to 
about  3S9,  son  of  Sapor  n. 

Saporogians  (sa-p6-r6'ji-anz).  A  warlike  di- 
vision of  tlie  Cossacks,  who  formerly  dwelt 
along  tho  lower  Dnieper.  They  were  compelled  to 
remove  in  the  18th  centiiiy  to  the  Lrimea,  and  later  to  the 
Kuban,  etc.     M»t>  Xapuruymns.  _ 

Sappa  (sap'il)  Creek.     A  nver  m  northwestern 
Kansas  and  southern  Nebraska.     It  is  fonned  by 
the  union  of  its  .North  and  South  Forks,  and  joins  Beaver 
rioek  (a  trilmtarv  "f  the  Republican  River)  about  long. 
119' :i:V  W      Length,  about  175  miles. 
SappMra  (sa-n'rii;.     in  New  Testament  his- 
tory, a  woman  who,  with  her  husband  Ananias, 
was  struck  dead  for  lying.   ,  „    ^     ,      t.    c  .• 
Sappho  (saf'6).     [Gr.  ^a7:6i>,F.  Sapho,  U-fof- 
;•,).]     A  Greek  IjtIc  poet  who  flourished  about 
fiOO  B.  C.     She  appears  to  have  been  a  native  of  ilj'ti- 
lene  in  Lesbos,  where  she  probably  spent  her  life.    Ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  her  father's  name  was  Scamandronymus, 
her   ."other's  Cleis.     She  had  a  brother,  Larichus  who  in 
Us  jCth  acted  as  cup-bearer  in  the  pryta,.eum  o    My  i- 
ene  an  oftlce  assigned  only  to  beautiful  youths  of  no    e 
birth      Another  brother,  Charaxus,  a  merchant,  became 
eimnourcd  of  the  co,irtefflui  and  slave  Doricha,  surnained 
Sopirat  Naucratis,  in  Egypt,  and  purchased  her 
freedoin  at  an  immense  price.    So  much  is  known  of  the 
brothers  from  Sappho's  poems.      She  also  .nentions  a 
daughter,  named  tlcis.     Her  husband's  name  >«  Bajd  to 
have  been  Ceicolas  or  Cercylas  of  Aiidros.    She  was  a 
contemporary  of  Alcicus,   with  whom    she    maintained 
friSy  ?elaUons,  and  with  whom  she  shared  the  suprem- 
acy"  f  the  -Holia,;  school  of  lyric  poetry.    She  appears  o 
have  given  instruction  in  the  art  of  versification,  and    o 
have  been  the  center  of  a  literaiy  coterie  of  women 
There  is  no  foundation  for  the  story  that  she  threw  lie,^elf 
from  the  Lcucadiau  promontory  into  the  sea,  out  of  love 
fora  beautiful  vuth,  Phaon,  who  disdained  her  advances. 
She  wrote  nine  b,K,ks  of  lyric  poems,  all  of  winch  are  lost 
except  »n  '"ie  to  Aphrodite  and  a  number  of  fragments. 
She  was  called  "the  tenth  Muse." 

Among  the  ancients  Sapph..  enjoyed  a  unique  rc.iown 
She  was  called  "The  Poetess,"  as  Homer  was  ciUled  Ihe 
Poet."  Aristotle  quotcl  without  ,,m-stion  a  J">lK>;'™' 
that  placed  her  in  the  same  rank  as  H.>nier  and  Aichllo- 
chus  Plato,  in  the  Pha^drus,  mentioned  her  as  '"^  '<=,  ' 
Muse.  S!/.-i.-/n/«,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  3(fti. 


Sappho  of  Toulouse,  The.    Clfimenoe  Isaure. 

Sappho's  Leap(saf'Oz  Kp).  A  steep  cl.lT  n 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Leucas  (Santa 
Maura),  Ionian  Islands :  so  called  from  the  t  radi- 

tion  that  Sappho,  for  love  of  Phaon,  threw  her- 
self from  it  into  the  sea. 
Sarabat  (sii-ra-biif).    A  modem  name  of  tho 

river  Ueriiius.  , ,      • 

Saracens (sar'a-senz).    [Ar., 'easterns,  'orien- 
tals.']  Originillf  ihe  nanio  of  n  predatory  Arab 
tribe  (the  Saracenilwhicli  harassed  the  Koman 
frontiers,  afterward  tipplied  in  a  broader  sense 
to  the  Bedouins,  later  tho  designation  of  tiie 
Arab  followers  of  Mohammed,  who  established 
the   great  realm   of  tlio  califs,  and  fmall.v  a 
name  embracing  the  Moslems  in  general  with 
whom  the  medieval  Christian   states  were  at 
war,  including  Ihe  enemies  encountered  in  tlie 
Crusades.    The  .Saracens  conuiiered  .Syria,  Palestine. 
Persia  and  Egypt  between  (»l  ami  (141 ;  completed  the  con- 
qur»   in  orl?uVn  Africa  in  7lW;  invaded  Spain  "J  I.'"" 
soon  conquered  it;  Invaded  Franc.-,  and  were  ,  vertl  l.mn 
rPoitTrs  ii,  732.     Their  Huli»e,,uent  conquests  Include.l 
?liat(  Sicily  ill  827-878.   The  disruption  o   thelrreahn  be- 
g'm  with  the  ctabli.hmelit  of  the  kingdom  (later  calif, 
ale)  of  I'oidova  In  7til). 
SaracUB  (sar'a-kns).    [Gr.  Srf/xwof.]    Tho  name 
of  Ihe  last  Ass>Tiaii  king,  Siii-shar-ishkiin. 
Saragossa  (sar-a-gos'U).   A  province  of  Aragon, 
Siiaiu.    It  Is  boiiniled  by  Navarre  on  the  north,  Iluesca, 
lirlda  and  Tarragona  on  the  east,  Temel  and  Guadalajara 
on  the  south,  and  Soria  and  Navarre  on  the  west :  Is  tmv. 
or»i«l  by  Ihe  Abm:  and  Is  mountainous  In  the  in)rth 
and  west.    Area,  U,007  square  miles.    Population  (188,), 
4ir.,19r..  _  ,.,  ..     ..      .,,,  ,,,     „ 

Saragossa.  Sp.  Zaragoza    iha-ra-go  thii),  i- . 

SaragOSSe  (sil-ril-gos').  'ihe  eapita  of  he 
iiroviiice  of  Saragossa,  Simiii,  situated  on  the 
Kbro,  at  its  junctiou  witu  tho  Huorva,  in  lat. 


Saratoff 

41°39'N  long.  0°5ii' W.  it  has  considerable  trade. 
The  principal  objects  of  note  are  the  two  cathedral 
(founded  in  the  14th  and  17th  centuries  respectively),  nni- 
versity  (founded  1474),  leaning  tower(Torre  Mieva),  bourse 
and  citadel.  The  ancient  name  of  the  tomi  (Salduba)  was 
changed  by  the  Romans  to  Cn;saraugusta  (whence  the 
modem  name).  It  w:is  taken  by  northern  invaders  m  the 
'.th  cenlun- ;  became  important  after  its  conciuest  by  '  >e 
Moors  in  the  8tl,  century  ;  and  was  regained  by  the  Cbris- 
tians  under  Alfonso  I.  in  1118,  becoming  the  capital  of 
dragon  Philip  V.  was  defeated  here  in  1710.  It  wa» 
twic-e  besieged  by  the  French  in  1808.  The  first  siege  b^ 
gan  in  June,  the  French  being  commanded  by  Lefebire 
(later  by  Verdier),  and  the  defenders  by  Palafox;  the  f  rench 
raised  the  siege  in  Aug.  The  second  siege  began  in  Dec., 
the  French  being  commanded  by  Moncey  and  Mortler 
(later  by  Lannes),  and  the  Spanish  by  Palafox ;  the  town 
capituliited,  after  an  obstinate  d^nse  («■"  >  P^'on^^^ 
house-to-house  fighting),  Feb.  21. 1809.  Population  (1887X 
92,407. 

Saraeossa,  Maid  of.    See  Jgustina. 

Sarah(sa'ra).  LHcb.. 'princess.']  In  Old  Tes- 
tament history,  the  wife  of  Abraham  and  mother 
of  Isaac.  Her  name  was  at  first  Sarai  (Heb., 
iiioiiably 'contentious'). 

Sarai  (sii-ri'),  or  Serai  (sa-ri').  A  medieval 
eitv  capital  of  the  khanate  of  Kiptchak.  Itsrnins 
ir."  in  the  government  of  Astrakhan,  Russia,  along  tho 
'Akhluliabraiichof  the  Volga,  near  Zarevka. 

Sarakhs  (sil-riichs').  A  Persian  fort  on  the  Rus- 
sian frontier,  situated  near  the  Tejend,  east- 
northeast  of  Meshhed,  and  62  miles  southwest 
of  Merv.    It  was  occupied  by  the  Russians  in 

1884 

Saraina  (sa-ra'ma).  In  the  Rigveda,  a  dog,  a 
messenger  of  Indra  and  the  Angirases,  who  dis- 
covers the  place  where  the  Panis  have  hidden 
the  stolen  cows  of  Indra,  and  recovers  thein. 
A.hilbert  Kuhn,  the  first  comparative  student  of  the  myth, 
™ncludedthatSaramame,anfstom,.'  Max  MuUer  regards 
her  as  thcdawn,  and  identifies  her  with  the  Homeric  Helen. 

Saramaca,  or  Saramacca  (sii-rii-miik'kii).    A 
river  in  Dutch  Guiana,  flowing  into  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  47  miles  west-northwest  of  Parama- 
ribo.    Length,  over  200  miles. 
Saran.     See  Sanm.  .  ,  ,     . 

Saranac  (sar'a-nak)  Lake,  Lower.  A  lake  in 
the  Adironda,:''ks,  east  of  Upper  Saninae  Lake, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  Round  Lake. 
Length,  6  miles.  . 

Saranac  Lake,  Upper.  A  lake  in  Franklin 
(Viuntv,  New  York,  in  the  Adirondacks  64 
miles southeastofOgdensburg.  Length, Smiles. 
Saranac  River.  A  river  in  northeastern  New 
York  which  issues  from  Lower  Saranac  Lake 
and  flows  into  Lake  Champlain  at  Plattsburg. 
Lenglh,  about  65  miles. 

Sarapis.    See  Scropis.  ^ 

Sarasate  y  Navascues  (sa-ra-sii  ta  e  na-vas  - 
iVii-as),  Pablo  Martin  Meliton.  Born  at  Pam- 
plona, Spain,  Maicli  lU,  1>44.  A  noted  Spanish 
violinist.  He  was  taken  to  Paris  as  a  chUd,  and  entered 
the  conservatoire  in  1866.  Shortly  ,.fter  1859  he  u-gan 
successful  concert  tours.  He  has  visited  =dl  parU  of  Ku- 
r  ue  and  many  parts  of  North  and  South  America.  He 
has  comp^ed  a'^number  of  fantasias,  arrangements  of 
Spanish  airs  and  dances,  etc.  .    ,   ^     r.i_ 

SarasotaBay  (sii-ra-so'tiiba).  An  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
chain  of  kevs,  situated  on  the  western  coast  of 
Florida  south  of  Tampa  Bay.     Length,  about 

Sarasvati  (sa'rns-wa-te).  [Skt.,  'rich  in  wa- 
ters '1  1  In  tho  Rigveda,  the  name  of  a  mighty 
river  emptving  into  tho  sea  (conjectured  by 
Roth  to  be"the  In.lus),  and  of  its  genius,  who 
protects  the  dwellers  upon  its  banks,  aiut  l.e- 
stows  uiiou  them  blessings  of  every  kind.  Roth 
regards  S  irasvatl  as  the  special  and  saer«l,  ^  ";1  >»  "/  '" 
general  and  profane,  name  of  the  sireain,  and  thmks  tl  at 
ftsna    0  anil  sacred  attributes  were  transfe.r.d  in  la  er 

mes  to  thi  little  river  in  Madhyadesha,  to  whi,!,  in  l.li 
o,d„ion  the  description  In  the  Rigveda  eannol  with  prob- 
iiliilitv  bo  nnplied.  ,  ,  -. 

2  Several  times  in  tho  Rigveda,  and  very  often 
iii  the  later  lilerature,  a  little  river,  regarde.  as 
sacred,  that  with  the  Drishadvati  forms  the 
lioundaries  of  Brahmavarta,  and  is  lost  in  the 
sand,  but  at  last,  acconlii.g  to  the  >new  of  tho 
Hindus,  running  on  under  tho  earth,  unites  it- 
self with  the  Gaugesand  llie  .Ininiia.  MulrC'Ori. 
Xal  S,'n»krlt  T.lls,'"v.  :i:l7-J13)  n-l.r.  the  name  onlv  lo 
thi  lat  er  river' ami  cxplah.s  the  devebunnent  of  the  fde. 

f  .!.„  i,.,l.l,«k  The  region  between  Oie  Sarasvati  and 
iL%r\Tn  M,  c  M  iLlnnavarta,  having  long  been  a 
„t™,,gholdof  Bn-hmanle  clture,  the  ^'•'7'"»  ' '',^;^;"'Vo 
the  early  Indians  what  the  Ganges  has  bee,    to  th.lr  ilo- 

cend^ds  hence  the  Sarasvati  I"'-''',''":;  ,,'j;:''„"";;rt'''^ 
patnuiess  of  saerlflee,  and  was  h»">!i  '•'.>'■  '"y;'^,'"'^,^,^ 

be  eomnosillon  of  thehymnsand  so  Identified  «iin  >  ai  i. 
e  god  Cof  speech.     As  Brahn.a  Is  e«.entiallv  in  origin 
tlio  perJonltlcatlon  of  the  Bndonanie  order  an  J  ot  llrali- 
malilsm.  Sarasvati  Is  Brahma  »  wife. 

Saratoff  isii-ra'tof).  1.  A  poveniinont  of  east- 
,.n,  b'lissin.  It  is  on  the  right  bank  of  "'e  \ogn,  and 
\1 1  ,r,„i,nde.l  by  the  governments  of  Pcnni,  Sln,blrd(,.s» 
maT  A»t™>'hli..  tUo  pro'ficeof  the  Don  C«.«.ek^  Voro- 


Saratoff 

nezh,  and  Tambofl.  There  is  plateau  land  in  the  north  and 
steppes  in  the  south.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  32,62-1 
square  miles.  Population  (180O),  2,427,600. 
2.  The  capital  of  tlie  goveriimeut  of  Saratoff, 
situated  on  the  Volga  about  lat.  51°  30'  N., 
long.  45^  45'E.  Itisoneof  the  chief  commercial  cities 
in  Russia,  with  a  trade  in  corn,  tallow,  salt,  wood,  etc.,  and 
has  various  manufactures.  It  wasfounded  on  its  present 
site  about  1605.     Population  (1897),  133,116. 

Saratoga.    See  Saratoga  Springs. 

Saratoga  (sar-a-to'gil).  Battles  of.  Two  bat- 
tles in  the  American  Revolution,  fought  near  the 
Hiul.son  12  miles  east  of  Saratoga  Springs.  The 
first  was  an  indecisive  battle  between  the  British  under 
Burgoyne  and  the  Americans  under  Gates  (with  Morgan 
and  Arnold  under  him),  fouffht  Sept.  19,  1777.  The  sec- 
ond was  a  decisive  victory  of  the  Americans  over  the  Brit- 
ish (l)oth  armies  under  the  above-mentioned  commanders), 
Oct.  7,  1777  ;  it  was  followed  by  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne 
and  hisarmy(about6,000)tothe  Americans, Oct.  17.  These 
are  called  also  the  battles  of  Stillwater  or  of  Semis's 
Heisbls. 

Saratoga  Lake.  A  lake  in  Saratoga  County, 
New  York,  4  miles  east  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
Length,  about  5  miles. 

Saratoga  Springs.  A  village  and  watering- 
jilace  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  29  miles 
north  ot  Albany.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  summer 
resorts  in  the  United  States.  It  has  mineral  springs  (chaly- 
beate, sulphur,  etc.).     Population  (1900),  12,11)9. 

Saravia,  Antonio  Gonzales  de.    See  MoUinedo 

II  Saravia. 
Saravia,  Melchor  Bravo  de.    See  Bravo  de  Sa- 

rana  Sutomayor. 

Sarawak  (sii-ra-wiik').  A  British  protectorate 
in  the  western  part  of  Borneo.  Capital,  Ku- 
ching.  Its  surface  is  largely  hilly.  It  produces  sago, 
etc.,  and  has  mines  of  gold,  coal,  antimony,  quicksilver, 
etc  The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  vested  in 
the  Brooke  family.  It  was  formerly  subject  to  Brunei. 
It  was  first  visited  by  Sir  James  Brooke  in  1839-40  ;  he  was 
appointed  governor  in  1841,  and  rajah  in  1S42.  Sarawak 
was  recognized  by  Great  Britain  as  independent  in  1S63. 
In  1S8S  it  was  placed  under  British  protection.  Area, 
about  41,000  square  miles.    Population,  about  300,000. 

Sarawan  (sa-ra-wan').  A  district  in  northern 
Baluchistan,  situated  north  and  west  of  Khelat. 

Sarcey  (sar-sa'),  Francisque.  Bom  at  Dour- 
dan,  Seine-et-Oise,  Oct.  8,  1828:  died  at  Paris, 
May  16,  1899.  A  French  dramatic  critic  and 
novelist.  He  graduated  .from  the  Lycie  Charlemagne 
in  Paris,  and  entered  the  Ecole  Normale,  where  he  pre- 
pared himself  for  a  professor's  career.  After  teaching 
in  the  provinces,  he  came  to  Paris  in  1859  on  leave  of  ab- 
sence for  one  year,  and  tried  bis  hand  at  journalism.  He 
contributed  to  the  "Figaro  "  and  other  papers,  and  in  1860 
resigned  his  professorship  to  become  dramatic  critic  on 
••  LOpinion  Nationale,"  which  had  just  been  founded.  He 
w;ls  employed  in  the  same  capacity  on  *'  Le  Temps  "  after 
1867.  For  three  or  four  years  he  contributed  frequently  to 
a  new  paper,  *'  Le  Gauiois,"  started  in  1868.  From  that 
time  lie  was  actively  connected  with  "  Le  XIX«  Sifecle,"  be- 
sides writing  incidentally  for  "Le  Gagne- Petit, "  "L'Es- 
taiette,"  "La  France,"  etc.  Sarcey's  most  important  work 
is  in  the  line  of  dramatic  criticism.  In  the  course  of  his 
lun^'  and  successful  career  he  appeared  repeatedly  as  a 
polemical  writer  in  defense  of  his  own  views  and  opin- 
ions. He  is  known  furthermore  as  the  author  of  a  few 
novels  and  other  compositions,  including  "  Le  nouveau 
seigneur  de  village"  (1862),  "Le  mot  et  la  chose"  (1862), 
"  Le  sitge  de  Paris"  (1871),  "Etienne  Moret"  (1876),  "Le 
piano  de  Jeanne"  (1876).  "Comediens  et  comediennes" 
(first  series  1876-77 ;  second  series  1878-S4),  "I.esmis^res 
d'un  fonctionnaire  chinois"  (1882),  "Souvenirs  de  jeu- 
nesse  (1885),"  Souvenirs  d'age  mflr"  (1892),  and  the  second 
volume  of  "  Paris-vivant,"  entitled  •'  Le  theatre  "  (1893). 

Sard  (sar'se).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, an  offshoot  of  the  Tsa  ottine  or  Beaver, 
and  one  of  the  tribes  of  the  Montagnards.  It  is 
now  confederated  with  the  Siksika  or  Blackfeet  of  the  Al- 
goiuiuian  stock.     See  Montagnards. 

Sardanapalus.    See  Asitrbanipal. 

Sardanapalus.  A  tragedy  by  Lord  Byron,  pub- 
lished in  1821.  Maeready  produced  it,  and 
played  the  principal  part. 

Sardes.    See  Sardis. 

Sardinia  (sar-din'i-il).  A  former  kingdom,  con- 
stituted in  1720  oiit  of  the  duchy  of  Savoy,  to 
which  the  island  of  .Sardinia  had  just  been  ceded. 
It  comprised  Savoy  proper,  Nice,  Aosta,  Montferrat,  Pied- 
mont Genoa,  and  the  island  of  Sardinia.  It  made  acqui- 
sitions from  Slilan  in  1736  and  1748;  joined  the  Allies 
against  France  in  the  French  Revolution  ;  lost  dominions 
on  the  mainland  to  France  in  1798,  and  recovered  them  in 
1814.  An  insurrection  in  1821  was  suppressed  with  the 
aid  of  Austria  King  Charles  Albert  was  at  war  with 
.\ustria  in  1848-49 ;  was  defeated  at  Novara,  March  23, 
1849 ;  and  immediately  abdicated  in  favor  of  Victor  Em- 
manuel The  leading  more  recent  events  are  the  follow- 
ing :  accession  of  CavolU"  to  the  premiership,  1S52  ;  union 
with  the  Allies  against  Russia  in  the  Crimean  war,  1855  ; 
successful  war  in  alliance  with  France  against  Austria 
ended  by  the  treaty  of  'Villafranca,  1859 ;  Lombardy  an- 
nexed,  1869 ;  Savoy  and  Nice  ceded  to  France,  1860 ;  Emilia, 
Tuscany,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  Papal  States  annexed, 
18B0 ;  kingdom  of  Naples  invaded  by  Garibaldi  and  an- 
nexed, 1860 ;  title  of  king  of  Italy  assumed  by  'Victor  Em- 
manuel, 1861.     See  Savvy  and  Italy. 

Sardinia,  It.  Sardegna  (sar-dan'ya),  F.  Sar- 
daigne(sar-dany' ),  Sp.  Cerdena(ther-dan'ya). 
An  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to 


898 

Italy:  the  ancient  Greek  Ichnousa  ('Ixvovaa) 
and  Sardo  C^npSu;),  and  the  Roman  Sardinia. 
Capital,  Cagliari.  it  lies  south  of  Corsica  (separated 
by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio),  and  about  150  miles  west  of  the 
mainland  of  Italy.  Its  surface  is  largely  mountainous, 
particularly  in  the  east  (highest  pointjOver  6,000  feet).  It  has 
mineral  wealth  in  the  south  (lead,  zinc,  iron,  silver,  etc.). 
■The  leading  exports  are  ores  and  live  stock.  It  is.divided 
into  the  two  provinces  of  Sassari  and  Cagliari.  It  was 
settled  and  conquered  by  the  Carthaginians  about  500  B.  c. ; 
became  a  Roman  possession  in  238  ;  was  one  of  the  chief 
sources  of  grain-supply  for  Rome  ;  was  ravaged  by  the  Van- 
dals, Goths,  and  Saracens  (the  Pisans  dispossessing  the 
Saracens  about  the  middle  of  the  11th  century) ;  passed  to 
Aragon  about  1325 ;  continued  Spanish  until  granted  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht  to  Austria  in  1713 :  was  ceded  to 
Savoy  in  1720 ;  and  became  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sar- 
dinia, and  in  1S61  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Area,  9,294 
square  miles.  Population  of  compartimento  (1891),  731,467. 

Sardinian  Convention.  A  convention  between 
Sardinia,  France,  and  (^reat  Britain,  Jan. .  1855, 
by  which  Sardinia  agi'eed  to  furnish  a  military 
contingent  against  Russia  in  the  Crimean  war. 
Sardis  (sar'dis),  or  Sardes  (sar'dez).  [Gr. 
^dpdcig,  Xapdtf']  In  ancient  geography,  the  capi- 
tal of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Tmoius,  on  the  Pactolus  near  the  Her- 
mus,  in  lat.  38°  29'  N.,  long.  28°  5'  E.  it  was  a 
flourishing  city  under  Crcesus  ;  was  taken  by  the  Athenians 
and  lonians  from  the  Persians  about  49S  B.  c. ;  was  the 
residence  of  Persian  satraps  in  western  Asia ;  and  was  later 
an  importantKoraan  city.  Its  church  was  one  of  the  seven 
addressed  by  the  apostle  John  in  Revelation.  Sardis  was 
several  times  destroyed,  last  by  Tiniur.  Its  site  is  occu- 
pied by  the  village  Sart.  The  tomb  of  Alyattes  here  is  a 
conical  tumulus  1,180  feet  in  diameter  .and  142  high,  with 
a  sloping  base-revetment  of  massive  masonry.  The  temple 
of  Cybele,  a  famous  sanctuary,  in  its  existing  remains  of 
Hellenistic  date,  was  an  Ionic  dipteros  of  8  by  17  columns, 
witli  3  riinges  of  columns  on  the  front,  and  measured  144 
by  261  feet.  The  columns  are  6^  feet  in  diameter  and  about 
68J  high. 
Sardona  (sar-do'na).  A  group  of  the  Glamer 
Alps,  on  the  confines  of  the  cantons  of  Glarns, 
St.  Gall,  and  Orisons,  S-witzerland.  Height, 
about  10,000  feet. 

Sardou  (sar-do'),  Victorien.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  7, 1831.  A  noted  French  dramatist.  His 
extreme  poverty  as  a  young  man  compelled  him  to  give  up 
his  medical  studies.  In  1854  he  wrote  a  play,  "Lataverne 
des  L^tudiants,"  which  proved  a  complete  fadure.  Discour- 
aged and  broken  down  in  health,  he  fell  dangerously  ill. 
lie  was  cared  for  by  a  charitable  neighbor.  Mademoiselle 
de  Bri^court,  whom  "he  subsequently  married,  and  who  was 
largely  instrumental  in  restoring  his  enthusiasm  for  dra- 
matic writing.  A  fortunate  introduction  into  theatrical 
circles  enabled  him  to  place  his  plays :  his  first  success 
may  be  said  to  date  from  his  productions  of  "M.  Garat" 
and  "Les  pr^s  Saint-Gervais  "  (1860-61).  Among  his  numer- 
ous plays  are  the  comedies  *'  Les  pattes  de  mouche"  (1861), 
"Xos  intimes"(1861),  "La  familleBenoiton"  (1866),  "Les 
bons  villageois"(1866),  "  Maison  neuve"  (1866).  "Ferr^ol" 
(1875),  "Dora"(1877),  "Daniel Rochat"(1880),  "DivorQons" 
(18S0),  "Odette"  (1881),  "Georgette"  (1885),  "Marquise" 
(1S89),  and  "Belle-Maman  "  (1889).  He  is  also  the  author  of 
"Rabagas"(lS71),  apolitical  satire;  "L'Oncle Sam "(18731, 
a  satire  on  American  society;  "Les  bourgeois  de  Pont- 
Arcy"  (1878);  "FMora"  (1882);  "Le  crocodile"  (18S6); 
and  "  Madame  Sans-Gene "  (with  others,  1894).  Sar- 
dou has  acquired  reputation  for  a  more  serious  style  of 
work,  as  "Patrie"  (1869),  "La  haine"  (1874),  and  "Theo- 
dora "  (1884),  "La  Tosca "(1887), " CWopatre " (1890) ,  "Ther- 
midor  (1891).  Theaccusationof  plagiarism  has  repeatedly 
been  brought  against  Sardou ;  for  instance,  "Les  pattes  de 
mouche"  has  been  said  to  be  based  on  "The  Purloined 
Letter  "  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe ;  "  L'Oncle  Sam  "  to  have  been 
borrowed  from  Alfred  Assollant's  "Scenes  de  la  vie  des 
Etats-Unis  "  (1868),  etc.  In  addition  to  winning  cases  of  this 
kind  before  the  courts,  Sardou  wrote  "Mes  plagiats  "  (1883) 
in  refutation  of  such  attacks.  He  wa3  elected  to  the  French 
Academy  June  7,  1877. 
Sarduris.  See  Armenia. 
Saree.     See  Sari. 

Sarepta  (sa-rep'ta),  or  Zarephath  (zar'e-fath). 
[Heb.,  'smelting-house.']  An  ancient  city  sit- 
uated between  Tyre  and  Sidon  in  Phenicia.  It 
is  mentioned  in  1  Ki.  xvii.  as  the  home  of  the  widow  at 
whose  house  the  prophet  Elijah  performed  a  miracle.  In 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Sennacherib  it  is  mentioned 
under  the  name  of  Caripttt.  Its  wine  was  celebrated. 
The  Crusaders  establislied  there  an  episcopal  see.  It  is 
now  represented  by  the  village  Sarafeud. 
Sarepta  (sa-rep'ta).  A  small  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Sarpa  with  the  Volga,  230  miles 
northwest  of  Astrakhan.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Moravian  Brethren. 

Sargasso  (sar-gas'6)  Sea.  A  region  (or,  more 
properly,  regions)  ■within  the  great  gyration  of 
the  Guff  Stream  in  the  North  Atlantic,  it  is  so 
named  from  the  abundance  in  it  ot  the  weed  Saigassum 
bacciferum.  'There  existed  no  such  delimited  fucus-bank 
as  was  supposed  by  Humboldt,  but  merely  areas  where 
the  sargassum  was  most  abundant.  The  maximum  de- 
velopment appears  to  be  south  of  the  36th  parallel  of 
latitude  and  west  of  long.  62'  W. 

Sargent  (sar'jent),  Charles  Sprague.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  April  24,  1841.  An  American 
arboriculturist  and  botanist.  He  was  director  of 
the  botanic  garden  and  Arnold  Arboretum  at  Harvard 
University  1872-78,  and  was  appointed  Arnold  professor  of 
arboriculture  in  1878.  Since  1888  he  has  also  been  editor 
of  ' Garden  and  Forest. "    He  has  published  "Catalogue 


Sarmatia 

of  the  Forest  Trees  of  North  America  "(1880),  "The 'Woods 
of  the  United  States"  (188,S),  etc. 

Sargent,  Epes.  Born  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  Sept. 
27.1812:  diedatBoston,Dec.31,1880.  An  Ameri- 
can miscellaneous authorand  journalist.  He  was 
for  a  number  of  years  editor  of  the  "  Boston  Evening  Tran- 
script," from  which  he  retired  in  order  to  devote  himself 
to  authorship.  Republished  "The  Bride  of  Genoa  "(1836), 
"  Velasco"(1837),  "Change  Makes  Change,"  "The  Priest- 
ess "  ;  poems,  including  "  Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave  "  ;  tales ; 
lives  of  Henry  Clay  and  Benjamin  Franklin;  edited  English 
poets,  and  public-school  readers  and  other  school  text- 
books. He  also  publislled  "The  Modem  Drama "  (1846-), 
"  Pi-oof  Palpable  of  Immortality  ;  an  account  of  the  Mate- 
rialization Phenomena  of  Modern  Spiritualism  "  (1875)  and 
other  works  on  Spiritualism,  "Cyclopjedia  of  English  and 
American  Poetry"  (ISSl),  and  other  compilations. 

Sargent,  John  Singer.  Bom  at  Florence,  Italy, 
1856.  A  noted  Amei-ieau  portrait-  and  genre- 
painter:  a  pupil  of  Carolus  Duran.  in  1878  he  re- 
ceived an  honorable  mention  at  the  Salon,  and  in  1881  a 
medal  of  the  second  class.  At  the  International  Exhiiii- 
tion  of  1889  he  obtained  a  medal  of  honor,  and  was  awarded 
the  Temple  medal  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts  in  1894.  Among  his  picturesare  "  Portrait  of  Carolus 
Duran"  (1879),  "El  Jaleo  '  (1882),  etc.  Many  of  his  por- 
traits  are  in  America.  He  has  lUso  executed  a  series  of 
decorative  panels  for  the  Boston  Public  Library.  Elected 
royal  academician  1897. 

Sargent,  Lucius  Manlius.  Born  at  Boston, 
June  25,  1786:  died  at  West  Roxbui'y,  Mass., 
June  2,  1867.  An  American  poet,  journalist, 
temperance  lecturer,  and  miscellaneous  author, 
brother  of  Henry  Sargent.  He  wrote  "Tem- 
perance Tales,"  "The  Irrepressible  Conflict." 

Sargent,  Nathan.  Born  at  Pultnev,  Vt.,  May 
5,  1794 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  2, 1875. 
An  American  journalist  and  politician.  He  was 
register  of  the  United  States  treasury  1851-53,  and  com- 
missioner of  customs  1861-67.  He  wrote  "  Life  of  Henry 
Clay"  (1844)  and  "Public  Men  and  Events"  (1876). 

Sargent,  Winthrop.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  23, 1825 :  died  at  Paris,  May  18, 1870.  An 
American  antiquary  and  bibliographer,  grand- 
son of  Winthrop  Sargent  (1753-1820).  He  wrote 
a ' '  History  of  an  Expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne,  in  176.5, 
under  Major-General  Braddock  "  (1855),  "Ix>yalist  Poetry 
of  the  Revolution  "(1857),  "Life  and  Career  of  Major  John 
AndrS  "  (1861),  etc. 

Sargon  (sar'gon).  [Assyr.  Sharrii-lenu,  the  le- 
gitimate king.]  1.  The  first  historical  king  in 
the  old  Babylonian  period.  An  inscription  ot  Naboni- 
dus,  the  last  king  of  the  Babylonian  empire  (555-538  B.  c), 
speaks  of  Sargon 's  son  Naram-Sin  as  having  ruled  3,200 
years  before  (about  3750  B.  c).  Sargon's  reign  may  there- 
fore be  placed  at  about  3S00  B.  c.  Sargon  ruled  over  North 
Babylonia,  with  his  residence  in  Agade  ( Akkad).  He  made 
conquests  in  the  west  (Syria),  and  erected  the  temple 
Eulbar  in  honor  of  Annnit. 

2.  King  of  AssjTia  722-705  B.  C.  He  was  prob- 
ably  a  usurper  and  assumed  this  significant  name  after  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  He  is  one  of  the  most  imposing 
characters  among  the  Assyrian  kings,  great  both  as  a  war- 
rior and  ruler.  He  was  the  consolidator  of  the  Assyrian 
empire,  by  sutiduing  with  an  iron  hand  the  rebellions  which 
continually  broke  out  in  all  parts  of  the  vast  empire,  and 
by  employing  the  policy  of  transplanting  the  subjugated 
peoples  to  remote  provinces,  thus  crushing  their  national 
existence.  The  first  act  recorded  of  him  was  the  conquest 
of  Samaria  and  the  destruction  of  the  northern  kingdom  of 
Israel.  The  inhabitants  of  Samaria  (according  to  Sargon's 
account,  27,290  in  number)  were  transported  to  "  Halah,Ha. 
bor  by  the  river  of  Gozan,  and  the  cities  of  the  Medes,"  and 
in  their  place  were  settled  peoples  from  "Babel,  Cuthah, 
Ava,  Hamath,  and  Sepharvaim  "  (2  Ki.  xvii.  6,  24).  (See  Sa- 
maria.) Of  Sargon's  other  expeditions  may  be  mentioned 
those  against  Ilubi'di  (or  Yahubi'di)  of  Hamath  in  720,  Car- 
chemish  in  717,  Ashdod  in  711  (cf.  Isaiah  xx.  1),  and  espe- 
cially his  war  against  Merodach  Baladan  of  Babylon,  which 
ended  with  the  defeat  of  the  latter  and  Sargon's  taking  pos- 
session of  Babylon.  He  received  an  embassy  and  gifts  from 
seven  kings  who  ruled  in  Cyprus,  in  return  for  which  he  pre- 
sented them  with  a  stele  bearing  his  image  and  an  inscrip- 
tion which  is  now  preserved  in  the  Royal  Museum  of  Ber- 
lin. No  less  energetic  was  Sargon  in  works  of  peace.  He 
established  a  city  for  his  residence,  naming  it  Dnr-Sharru- 
kin.  It  was  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Musri, 
north  of  Nineveh,  and  is  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of 
Khorsabad.  Cruel  as  Sargon  was  in  war,  he  had  great  care 
and  concern  for  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  his  subjects. 

Sari  (ssi-re').  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Mazanderan,  northern  Persia,  situated  114 
miles  northeast  of  Teheran. 

Sarine  (sii-ren').  The  French  name  of  the 
Saaue. 

Sari-SU,  or  Sary-SU  (sa-re's6).  A  river  in  Ak- 
molinsk,  Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  north- 
east of  the  Sir-Daria.  Its  waters  are  absorbed  by  the 
desert.    Length,  about  400-600  miles. 

Sarju,  or  Sarjou  (siir-jo').  Aname  given  to  the 
river  Gogra  in  part  of  its  course. 

Sark  (siirk),  or  Sercq,  or  Serk  (sark).  One  of 
the  Channel  Islands,  situated  6  miles  east  of 
Guernsey,  of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  The 
scenery  is  very  picturesque.     Length,  3*  miles. 

Sarlat  (sar-lii').  A  cathedral  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne.  France,  32  miles  south- 
east of  P^rigueux.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 0.615. 

Sarmatia  (siir-ma'shia).  [Gr.  Snp/iorra.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  according  to  Ptolemy,  a  terri- 


Sarmatia 

tory  extending  from  the  Vistula  to  the  Volga.  It 
comprised  a  large  part  of  Russia  and  of  Poland.  The  Sar- 
matiaos  were  probably  of  Median  origin  ;  according  to  He- 
rodotus, they  were  allied  to  the  Scythians.  In  the  time  of 
the  Roman  Empire  they  penetrated  into  Hungary,  the 
lower  Danube  valley,  etc.  The  Jitzyges  and  Roxolani 
were  amoug  the  principal  tribes.  They  became  finally 
absorbed  in  other  peoples,  as  the  Avars. 

Sarmaticum  Mare  (.sjir-mat'i-kuin  ma're),  or 
Sarmaticus  Oceanus  (.siir-mafi-kns  6-se'a- 
nus).  In  ancient  geogi-aphy,  a  name  of  the  Bal- 
tic Sea. 

Sarmiento(sar-me-en't6).  Domingo  Faustino. 
Born  at  San  Juan,  Feb.  l-"),  1811:  died  at  .\siin- 
eion,  Paraguay.  Sept.  11, 1S88.  An  Argentinian  Sarrebourg 
educator,  journalist,  author,  and  statesman.  Ue  Sarrebruck. 
•was  minister  of  public  instruction  186(i,and  of  the  interior 
1861 ;  governor  of  San  .fuan ;  and  while  minister  to  the 
United  States  was  elected  president  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public for  the  term  (let.  12,  IMS,- Oct.  12,1874.  During  this 
period  his  etforts  to  improve  the  educational  system  of  the 
republic  were  contiimed  with  great  success;  the  Para- 
guayan war  was  brought  to  a  close ;  and  an  insurrection 
was  put  down.  Sarmiento  published  many  books,  includ. 
ing  "  Vida  de  Quiroga  "  (1851),  travels,  etc'. 

Sarmiento  (siir-me-en't6),  Mount.  Tlie  high- 
est mountain  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuego  grouji. 
situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  main 
island.     Height.  G.G.'iO  feet. 

Sarmiento  de  Gamboa  <sar-me-en't6da  giim- 
bo'ii),  Pedro.  Born  iu  Lialieia  about  1530:  died 
after  1589.  A  Spanish  navigator,  long  promi- 
nent on  the  Peruvian  coast,  in  1579  he  was  sent 
with  a  fleet  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan  in  a  vain  attempt 
to  intercept  Drake,  who,  it  was  supposed,  would 
through  the  strait  after  his  ravages  on  the  Pacitle  coast. 
Sannicnto  went  on  to  Spain,  and  in  16S1  was  associated  with 
Flores  Valdez  in  command  of  a  powerful  expedition  des- 
tined to  plant  a  colony  on  the  strait.  Many  of  the  ships 
were  lost ;  the  connnaiiders  quarreled;  and  Fli>reB  returned 
to  Spain,  leaving  Sarmiento  with  only  four  vessels.  He 
left  a  colony  on  the  strait  (158:1),  and  while  returning  to 
Eui-ope  was  captured  by  Englisll  ships  belonging  to  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  and  remained  a  prisoner  until  l.nf^,  'I'lie 
colony  perished  of  hunger,  only  two  persons  being  rescued 
(wheiice  the  site  is  still  called  Port  Fjimine).  S.armiento's 
report  was  published  in  1708.  Oft«n  written  Pedro  de 
Sarmiento  Gamboa. 

Sarnen  (zUr'nen).  The  capital  of  the  half-can- 
ton of  Untervvalden  Obwald,  Switzerland,  sit- 
uated at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Sar- 
nen, 12  miles  south-southwest  of  Lucerne.  Pop- 
ulation (1888).  3,928. 

Sarnen,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  the  canton  of  Un- 
terwalden,  Switzerland,  5  miles  southwest  of 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  into  which  it  discharges. 
Length,  3  miles. 

Sarnia  (sar'ni-ji).  The  Eoman  name  of  the 
island  of  Guernsey. 


899 


Satire  Menipp^e 


Order  of  the  Servites  in  1565.    In  1570  he  was  made  pro-  Sarus  (sa'rus).     The  ancient  name  of  the  river 
fessorof  philosophyinthcServitemonasterj'.Venice.    He     s;;i„.«  v  u-^o  »,i  ^uc  x  i .  cr 


was  distinguished,  in  the  controversy  with  Pope  Paul  \'. 
10(J6-U7,  as  the  champion  of  free  thought.  His  chief  work 
is  ''IsUjriadel  concilio  di  Trentf»*'("  History  of  the  Cotui- 
cil  of  Trent"),  published  in  I.omlon  (11119)  liy  Antonio  de 
Dominis,  He  was  noted  also  for  his  letters  and  scientific 
attaiimients,  and  corresponded  with  Galileo,  Haj-vey,  Ba- 
con, and  others. 

Sarpsfos  (siirps'fos).  A  cataract  in  the  river 
(tlommen,  Norway,  northeast  of  Fredrikstad. 
Hciglit.  74  feet.  The  fall  is  crossed  by  a  sus- 
pension liridKO  built  in  IS.vt. 

Sarre.     Tlie  French  name  of  the  Saar. 

The  French  name  of  Saarburg. 
Tlie  French  name  of  Saarbrucken. 

Sarreguemines.  The  French  name  of  Saarge- 
niiind. 

Sarrelouis.     Tlie  French  namo  of  Saarlouis. 

Sars  (siirs),  Michael.  Born  at  Bergen,  Norway, 
Aug.  30, 1805 :  died  Oct.  22, 18G9.  A  noted  Nor- 
wegian zoologist,  professor  at  the  University 
of  Christiania  from  1854.  His  works  include 
"Fauna  littoralis  Norvegiro"  (1846),  etc. 

Sarsfield  (siirs'feld),  Patrick,  Earl  of  Lucau. 
Kill.Ml  at  the  battle  of  N.^erwinden,  July,  1G93. 
All  Irish  Jacobite  general.  He  served  against  Mon- 
mouth at  Sedgmoor  in  1(185;  was  a  member  of  the  Irish 
P.arliament;  and  served  in  the  army  of  .lames  II.  in  Ire- 
land. He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  in  1090; 
forced  William  III.  to  raise  tlie  .siege  of  Limerick  iu  the 
same  year ;  and  negotiated  the  final  capitulation  of  Linicr- 
iieniiit,   J'"'^  '"  '"'■"■     ^'^  tliereupon  entered  the  service  of  Fl-ance 

return  Sartain  (siir-tan'),  John 


Sihun. 

Sarv  (surv).  [Pers.,  'cypress.']  In  the  Shah- 
namah,  the  king  of  Yemen  whose  three  daugh- 
ters were  wedded  to  Salm,  Tiu-,  and  Iraj,  the 
three  sons  of  Faridun. 

Sarzeau  (siir-zo').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  northwestern  France,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Jforbihan  33  miles  southeast  of 
Lorient:  the  birthplace  of  Le  Sage.  Population 
(1891),  commune.  5,686. 

Sasanians.    See  Sasstniids. 

Sasbach  (zas'bili-h).  A  village  in  Baden,  29 
miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe.  Here.  July  27, 
1675,  Marshal  Tureune  was  killed  in  a  skir- 
mi.sh. 

Sasik,  or  Sasyk  (sii-sik'),  or  Kunduk  (kiin- 
dok' ),  Lake.  A  coast  lake  of  Bessarabia.  Rus- 
sia, situated  near  the  Black  Sea,  with  which  it 
communicates  near  the  Kilia  mouth  of  the 
Danube.     Length,  20  miles. 

Saskatchewan  (sas-kach'e-wan).  1.  A  river 
in  British  Anierica.  It  is  formed  by  the  North  Branch 
and  South  Branch  (which  rise  in  the  Rocky  Mountain^', 
and  unite  about  long.  105°  W.),  fluws  tliroiigh  Lake  Win- 
nipeg,  and  issues  thence  as  the  Nelson  River.  The  chief 
tributaries  of  the  system  are  the  Red  Deer  River,  Battle 
River,  and  Red  River  of  the  North.  The  total  length  is 
about  1,500  miles. 

2.  A  district  formed  in  1882  from  part  of  the 

northwest  territories  of  Canada.    It  lies  north  of 

ij  ,  y        ]         . ,   ,       Manitoba  and  Assiniboia  and  east  of  Alberta.    Area,  114  - 

iJornatljOUdou,  l)ct.     Ooo  square  miles.     Population  (1901),  2.i,679. 


24,  1808:  lUeil  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  25,  1897.  Sassanians.     See  Sa.imuuh 

An   Lnghsh-American    engraver,   pioneer    in  Sassanids  (sas'a-nidz),  or  Sassanians  (sa-sa'- 


mezzotint-engraving  in  the  United  States,  to 
which  comitry  he  came  in  1830.  Until  about  1840 
he  painted  portLaits  in  oil  and  miniatures  cju  ivorv.  Ue 
published  "Sartain's  Union  Magazine  "(184S-52),  a'nd  was 
editor  of  several  other  magazines. 

Sartain,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
21,  1843.  An  .Ajnerican  landscape-  and  genre- 
painter,  son  of  John  Sartain. 

Sarthe  (siirt).  A  river  in  northwestern  France 
which  unites  near  Angers  with  the  Mayenne  to 
form  the  Maine.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Huisne  and  Loir.  Length,  about  170  miles; 
navigable  from  Le  Mans. 

Sarthe.     A  department  of  France,  capital  Le 


ni-iiiiz).  The  dynasty  of  Persian  kings  which 
ruled  from  about  226  A.  D.,  when  Ardashir  I. 
overthrew  the  Parthian  realm  of  the  Arsacids, 
until  about  ()41,  when  it  was  overthrown  by  the 
Arabs  at  Nehaveud.  It  was  at  the  height  of  its  power 
under  Khusrau  I.  and  Khusrau  II.  The  Persian  empire 
ui  that  period  is  sometimes  called  the  Sassauian  empire. 
Sassari  (siis'sa-re).  1.  The  northernmost  of 
the  two  provinces  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
Italv.  Area.  4,090  S(]uare  miles.  Population 
(1892).  282,575.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Sassari,  situated  in  lat.  40°  44'  N.,  long.  8° 
34'  E.  Its  port  is  Porto  Torres.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
university,  ami  castle.     Population  (1»02).  41,000. 


and  small  portions  of  Anjou  and  Perche.  It  is 
bounded  by  Orne  on  the  north,  Eure-et-Loir  on  the  north- 
east, Loir-et-Cher  on  the  east,  Indre-et- Loire  and  Maitie- 
et-Loire  on  the  south,  and  Mayenne  on  the  west.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  Area,  2,390  siiuare  miles.  Population 
(1891),  429,737. 


a).  The  capital  of  Lambton  Sarti(sar'te),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Faenza,  Italy, 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  St.  Clair  Dec.  1,  1729:  died  at  Berlin,  July  28, 1802.  An 
Biver,  near  Lake  Huron   ""   - -•'       ^'        *     '■   '• 


55  miles  northeast 
of  Detroit.     Population  (1901),  8,176. 

Samus  (silr'nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  of  Italy,  which  flows  into  tlie  Bay 
of  Naples  near  Pompeii :  the  modern  Sarncl. 
Near  it  the  Goths  under  Teias  were  totally  defeated  by  the 
Romans  under  Narses  in  55.*1  or  552. 

Saronic  Gulf  (sa-ron'ik  gulf).  [L.  Saronicus 
Sinus.']  An  arm  of  the  ^gean  Sea,  lying  soutli- 
west  of  Attica  and  novt  lieast  of  Argolis,  (ireece : 
the  modem  Gulf  of  .,rEgina.  It  contains  the  isl- 
ands of  Salamis  and  ..^giua.  Length,  about  50 
miles. 

Saronno  (sa-ron'no).  A  town  in  tho  i)rovince 
of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  tho  Lura  15  miles 
nortii-northwest  of  Milan.  The  Sanctuaiy  of  the 
Virgin, adomed  church  of  theioth  century,  is  remarkable 
for  its  series  of  frescos  by  (Jaudenzio  Ferrari  and  Beriiai-- 
dino  Luinl.     Population  (1881),  6,869. 

Saros  (sil'ros).  Gulf  of.  A  gulf  in  tho  north- 
eastern extremity  of  (lie  -Egean  Sea.  north  of  tho 
peninsnlaof  Gallipdli :  the  ancient  Melas  Sinus. 

Saros-Patak,  or  S&ros-Nagy-Patak  (sliii'rosh- 
nody-po'tok).  A  town  in  the  countv  of  Zein- 
plin,  northern  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Bodrog 
54milosnorthof  Debreczin.  Population  (1890), 
6,  .350. 

Sarpa  (siir'pii).  A  river  in  tho  government  of 
Astrakhan,  Russia.  It  joins  tho  Volga  near 
Sarepta.     Length,  150  to  200  miles. 

Sarpedon  (sSr-pe'don).  [Or.  i.'<ip7rj;(t(.)i'.]  In 
Greek  legend:  («)  A  son  of  Zeus  and  Europa, 


Mans,  formed  from  the  eastern  part  of  Maine  Sassenach(sas'e-na(?h).   ASaxon:'at'ennsome- 
'  '  "^      '        "         times  applied  by  the  Scottish  Highlanders  to 

Knglishmen. 
Sassoferrato  (siis-s6-fer-rii't6).     A  small  town 
in  the  province  of  Ancona,  Italy,  situated  on 
tho  Sentino  36  miles  west-southwest  of  Ancona. 
Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Seiitinum. 

Sassoferrato,  Giovanni  Battista  Salvi,  called 

II.  Born  at  Sassoferrato,  Julv  11,  1605:  died 
at  Rome,  April  8,  168.5.  An  Italian  painter. 
He  devoted  himself  principally  to  devotional 
subjects  and  Madonnas. 

Sastean  (sas't(»-an).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  wliidi  formerly  dwelt  in  Cali- 
fornia in  the  valleys  of  .Shasta  aild  Scott  rivers, 
and  along  the  Klamath  from  bevoud  Bogus 
Creek  to  the  range  of  hills  above  ifappy  Camp. 
It  once  extended  into  Oregon  as  far  as  Ashland',  and  was 
composed  of  the  3  tribes  or  divisions  Autlre,  Edohwe,  and 
Iruwai.  Only  a  few  survive.  Also  Stiatta,  SAmiiai, 
Cheelet. 

Satan  (sa'taii).  [Ileb.,  "an  enemy,' '  Satan.'] 
The  chief  evil  spirit ;  the  great  adversary  of 
man  ;  t  he  devil. 


It;ilian  composer.  He  wrote  many  operas  (among 
which  are  *'  II  Re  pastore,"  "  Arniida  e  Kinaldo,"  "  Didone 
Abbamlonata,"  etc.)  atui  much  sacred  music.  He  also  in- 
vented a  machine  for  counting  the  vibrations  of  sound. 

SartO  (siir'to),  Andreadel.  BornnearFlorence, 
July  16,  148*; :  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  22,  1531. 
A  noted  Florentine  painter,  famous  for  his 
frescos,  many  of  which  are  in  Florence.  His  real 
name  was  Andrea  d'Angclo  di  Francesco,  but  he  was  called 
del  .Sarto  because  his  father -\ngelo  was  a  tailor  ;  the  name 
Vanucchi  has  been  given  him  without  good  reason.  The 
subjects  of  tho  frescos  are  mostly  religious.  Among  them 
are  the  •'  Madonna  del  Sacco  "  in  the  cloisters  of  San  An- 
nunziata;  the  '*  Madoima  di  San  Francesco  "and  "Birth  of 
St.  John  "  at  tho  Scalzo  ;  the  "  Last  Supper  "at  San  Salvi ; 
five  frescos  illustniting  scenes  in  the  life  of  St.  Pliilip,  in 
thocourtofSant'Annunziatade'.Servi;a"ProccS8ioni.tthe 
Magi "  and  the  "  Nativity  of  tho  Virgin  "  In  the  court  of  the 


Servi  (this  ".Vativity"  is  said  to  be  tho  best  fresco  ever  Satanella  (sat-a-ncriO,  or  the  Power  of  Love. 


painted).  Among  his  easel-pictures  are  two  "Anmmcia- 
tions,"  two  "  Assumptions,"  a  ■' Deposit  ion  from  the  Cross," 
a  "Holy  Family,"  a  "Madonna,"  etc.,  at  the  I'itti  Palace, 
Florence  ;  "Charity  "  and  a  "Holy  Family  "  at  the  Louvre  ; 
a  portrait  of  himself  and  a  "  Holy  Family  "  at  the  National 
(lallei7,  I.,ondon  ;  and  pictures  at  Vienna,  Dresden,  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, and  other  galleries. 

Sartoris  (siir-to'ris),  Mrs.  (Adelaide  Kemble). 

Horn  in  1814:  died  in  1879.  An  lOriglisli  singer 
and  writer,  the  daughter  of  Charles  Kemble. 
She  appeared  first  In  18.'lfi,  and  retired  from  tlie  stage  oti 
hernnu-riagolM  IS  I,'!,  she  published  "  A  Week  in  a  French  J" 
Country  llou»e"(lsi;7),".MedU8n,eto."(lb«8),'  PaatUoura," 
edited  l.y  lier  daughter  (1880), 

Sartoro  (sar  '  tor -6').  An  island  off  tho  west- 
ern coast  of  Norway,  10  miles  west  of  Bergen. 
Length,  20  miles, 


ibvBalfe, 


?m'  ^';"rT V'!  "  •'^^'''''"''  ■  "^'""  '■?"''<"">''''<,'  "■'"'  Sartor  Resartus'(silr'tor  re-siir'tus).    [L..  '  tho 


(b).  (fc)  A  Lyciaii  prince,  son  of  Zeus  and  Lao- 
damia,  or,  according  to  others,  of  Evamler  and 
Deidamoia.    lie  was  an  ally  of  the  Trojans  in  tho  Tro- 

ian  war,  during  which  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  I'atroclus. 
lis  body  was,  at  the  command  of  Zeus,  anointed  with  am- 
brosia by  Apollo  and  carried  by  Sleep  and  Death  to  l.ycia 
for  burial. 

Barpi  (siir'pe),  Pietro  or  Paolo,  called  Fra 

Paolo  ('Brother  Paul  '),arid  surnained  Servita. 
Born  at  Venice,  Aug  14,  I. 552:  died  there,  Jan. 
15,  1623.     A  Venetian  historian.    He  entered  the 


tailor  patched.'!  A  satirical  work  bv  Thomas 
I'arlvle,  |iublislied  in  "  Fniser's  Magazine" 
1H:i:i-:).|,  ,.,,i<l  in  book  furm  in  18.35. 

Sarum,  New.    See  Siiii.tiiiiiii. 

Sarum,  Old.    See  Ohl  .sV/ih/m. 

Sarun,  "v  Saran  (sii-run').  A  district  in  the 
Patna  division.  Bengal,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  20°  15' N.,  long.  84°  30' E.  Area, 
2,653  8(iuaro  miles.  Pojiulation  (1891),  2,407,- 
477. 


An  opera  Dv  1-Salte,  pnidueed  ;it  London  in  18,"i8. 

Satanic  School.  In  19tli-century  literary  his- 
tory, a  name  lirst  given  by  Soulhev  to  a  class  of 
writers  who  were  supposed  to  write  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  received  priiici]iles  of  morality  and 
tho  Christian  religion.  Among  the  most  prom- 
inent wer(>  Byron.  Moore.  Shelley,  Bulwer,  Paul 
de  Kock,  Victor  Hugo,  etc. 

Satanstoe  (sii'tiinz-tO).     A  novel  by  Cooper, 

ipublished  in  184B. 

Satara,  or  Sattara(sii-tiL'riiV    1.  A  district  in 

HoTiibay.  Urilisli  India,  iiilersected  by  lat.  17° 
30'  N.,  long.  74''  K.  Area.  4.987  squan>  miles. 
Pop.  (1891),  1,22.5,989.-2.  The  capital  of  Sa- 
tara  district,  situated  in  lat.  17°  41'  N.,  long. 
74°  10.     I'c.|...  with  cantonment  (1891),  29,601. 

Saterland  (zli'ter-liint).  A  small  district  in  tho 
western  part  of  Oldenburg,  Germany,  west  of 
the  city  of  Oldenburg. 

Satilla  (sa-til'ii).  Ariverin  southeasternOoor- 
giu  which  flows  into  (he  Atlantic  82  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Savannah.  Length,  about  200 
miles. 

Satire  M6nipp4e(8il-ter'nifi-nS-pil').  A  French 
political  Sill  ire  (in  proso  and  verse)  which  ap- 
peared iu   1594,  and  was  directed  against  the 


Satire  Menippee 

Lea^ie.  it  was  written  by  7  men  (Leroy,  Gillot,  Passerat, 
'  .  Rapiu,  Chrestien,  Pithou,  and  Durant)^  most  of  them  law- 
yers. 

The  plan  of  the  [Satire]  Menippee  (the  title  of  which,  it 
is  hardly  necessary  to  say,  is  borrowed  from  the  name  of 
the  cj'nic  philosopher  celebrated  by  Lucian)  is  for  the  time 
singularly  original  and  bold  ;  but  the  spirit  in  which  the 
subject  is  treated  is  more  original  still.  Generally  speak- 
ing, tlie  piece  has  theform  of  a  compte-rendu  of  the  assem- 
bly of  the  states  at  Paris.  The  full  title  is  "  pe  la  Vertu 
du  Catholicon  d'Espagne  et  de  la  Tenue  des  Etats  de  Pa- 
ris." The  preface  contains  a  sarcastic  harangue  in  ortho- 
dox charlatan  style  on  the  merits  of  the  new  Catholicon  or 
Panacea.  Then  comes  a  description  (in  which,  as  through- 
out the  work,  actual  facts  are  blended  inextricably  with 
satirical  comment)  of  the  procession  of  opening.  To  this 
succeeds  a  sketch  of  the  tapestries  with  which  the  hall  of 
meeting  was  hung,  all  of  which  ai-e,  of  coiu'se,  allegorical, 
and  deal  with  murders  of  princes,  betrayal  of  native  coun- 
tries to  foreigners,  etc.  Then  comes  "L'Ordre  tenu  pour 
les  Stances,"  in  which  the  chief  personages  on  the  side  of 
the  League  are  enumerated  in  a  long  catalogue,  ever>'  item 
of  which  contains  some  bitter  allusion  to  the  private  or 
public  conduct  of  the  person  named.  Seven  solemn 
speeches  are  then  delivered  by  the  Duke  de  Mayenne  as 
lieutenant,  by  the  legate,  by  the  Cardinal  de  Pelve,  by  the 
Bishop  of  Lyons,  by  Rose  the  fanatical  rector  of  the  Uni- 
vei"Sity,  by  the  Sieur  de  Rieux  as  representative  of  the 
nobility,  and,  lastly,  by  a  certain  Monsieur  d"Aubray  for 
the  Tiers-fitat.  A  burlesque  coda  concludes  the  volume, 
the  joints  of  which  are.  first,  a  short  verse  satire  on  Pelv6  ; 
secondly,  a  collection  of  epigrams ;  and,  thirdly,  Duranfs 
"RegrejtFunebre^  Mademoiselle  maCommferesurleTrepas 
de  son  Ane,"  a  delightful  satire  on  tiie  Leaguers,  which  did 
not  appear  in  the  first  edition,  but  which  yields  to  few 
things  In  the  book.  SoinUburyt  French  Lit.,  p.  259. 

Satire  of  the  Three  Estates.  A  morality  play 
by  Sir  David  Lindsay,  produced  in  1540. 

Satiromastiz  (sat  i-ro-mas'tiks),  or  the  Un- 
trussing  of  the  Humorous  Poet.    A  play  by 

Dekker.  acted  in  1601  and  printed  in  1602.  It  is 
Dekker's  answer  to  Jonson's  "  Poetaster."  which  is  thought 
to  be  a  direct  attack  on  him.  In  1603,  however,  Jonson  and 
Dekker  were  joint  authors  of  a  pageant  for  the  reception 
of  James  I. 

Satlej.     Sf-e  Siitlej. 

Satoralja-Ujhely  (sa'to-rol-yo-oy'hely).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary,  sit- 
uated 61  miles  north  of  Debreezin.  Population 
(1890),  13,017. 

Satpura  (sat-po'rii)  Mountains.  A  mountain- 
range  in  central  India,  extending  generally  east 
and  westbetweenthe  valley  of  the  Nerbuddaon 
the  north  and  that  of  the  Tapti  on  the  south. 
Height,  2,000-4,000  feet. 

Satsuma  (sat-so'ma).  A  province  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  it  is 
one  of  the  most  flourishing  provinces  of  the  empire,  and 
is  especially  noted  for  its  pottery,  called  Satsuma  ware.  It 
was  the  principal  seat  of  the  unsuccessful  rebellion  in  1877 
against  the  mikado's  government. 

Sattel  (zat'tel).  [G., '  saddle.']  A  village  and 
pass  in  the  canton  of  Sehwyz,  Switzerland, 
north  of  Sehwyz.  The  pass  is  notable  for  defeats  of 
the  French  by  the  men  of  Sehwyz  and  Uri,  May  2  and  3, 
179S. 

Saturday  (sat'er-da).  [From  L.  Satiinii  dies, 
Saturn's  day.]  The  seventh  or  last  day  of  the 
week:  the  day  of  the  Jewish  Sabbath. 

Saturn  (sat'ern).  {h.  Satur>iii.-i.'\  1.  An  ancient 
Italic  deity,  popularly  believed  to  have  appeared 
in  Italy  in  the  reign  of  Janus,  and  to  have  in- 
structed the  people  in  agriculture,  gardening, 
etc.,  thus  elevating  them  from  barbarism  to 
social  order  and  ci-i-ilization.  His  reign  was  sung 
by  the  poets  as  "the  golden  age."  He  became  early  iden- 
tified with  the  Cronus  of  the  Greeks.  Ops,  the  personifi- 
cation of  wealth  and  plenty,  was  his  wife,  and  both  were 
the  especial  protectors  of  agriculture  and  of  all  vegetation. 
2.  The  most  remote  of  the  anciently  known 
planets,  appearing  at  brightest  like  a  first- 
magnitude  star.  It  revolves  in  an  orbit  inclined  2i' 
to  the  ecliptic.  Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is 
9.5  times  that  of  the  earth,  or  883,000,000  miles.  Its 
sidereal  revolution  occupies  29  Julian  years  and  167  days ; 
its  synodical,  378  days.  The  eccentricity  of  the  orbit  is 
considerable,  the  greatest  equation  of  the  center  being 
6'. 4.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  period  of  Saturn  is  very 
nearly  2i  times  that  of  Jupiter,  these  planets  exercise  a 
curious  mutual  influence,  analogous  to  that  of  one  pendu- 
lum upon  another  swinging  from  the  same  support.  Since 
1790,  when  in  consetiuence  of  this  influence  Saturn  had 
lagged  50  behind  and  Jupiter  hadadvanced20'  beyond  the 
positions  they  would  have  had  if  un.Hsturbed,  Saturn  has 
been  moving  continually  faster,  and  the  whole  period  of 
the  inequality  is  629  years.  This  is  the  largest  perturbation 
of  those  affecting  the  motions  of  the  principal  bodies  of 
our  system.  Saturn  is  the  greatest  planet  except  Jupiter, 
its  diameter  (75,800  miles)  being  about  9  times,  its  volume 
€97  times,  and  its  mass  93.0  times  that  of  the  earth.  Its 
mean  density  is  0,7,  water  being  unity.  Gravity  at  the 
surface  has  If  the  intensity  of  terrestrial  gravity.'  Its  .nl- 
bedo  is  0.5  {about  that  of  a  cloud),  but  its  color  is  decidedly 
orange;  it  shows  some  bands  and  spots  upon  the  sui-face 
which  are  not  constant.  The  compression  of  the  spheroid  of 
Saturn  exceeds  that  of  every  other  planet,  amounting  to-,V 
of  its  diameter.  Its  rotation,  according  to  Asaph  Hall,  is 
performed  in  10  h.  14.4  m.  Its  equator  is  nearly  paral]i.l  to 
that  of  the  earth.  After  the  discovery  by  Galileo  of  the  4 
satellites  of  Jupiter,  Kepler  conjectxu-ed  that  Mars  should 
have  2  and  Saturn  6  or  8  moons.  In  fact,  Saturn  h.as  9  sat- 
ellites ;  Mimas,  Enceladus,  Tethys,  Dione,  Rtiea,  Titan, 
Hyperion,  lapetus,  and  one  discovered  in  1898.  This  planet 


900 

has  the  unique  appendage  of  a  surrounding  ring— consist- 
ing really  of  three  apparent  rings  lying  in  one  plane.  The 
ring  is  5.90U  miles  from  the  surface  of  Saturn,  and  its  total 
breadth  is  48,500  miles,  its  total  diameter  being  thus  172.- 
800  miles.  The  thickness  of  the  ring  is  considerably  less  than 
100  miles.  Its  plane  is  inclined  T  to  the  planet's  equator 
and  28°  10'  to  the  earth's  orbit.  It  is  best  seen  when  the 
planet  is  in  Taurus  or  in  .Scorpio.  The  symbol  of  Saturn 
is  f>   probably  representing  a  scythe. 

Saturnalia  (sat-er-na'li-a).  In  Roman  anti- 
quity, the  festival  of  Saturn,  celebrated  in  the 
middle  of  December  as  a  harvest-home  obser- 
vance. It  was  a  period  of  feasting  and  mirthful  license 
and  enjoyment  for  all  classes,  extending  even  to  the  slaves. 

Satyrane  (sat'i-ran).  A  type  of  the  natural 
man  in  Spenser's"  Faerie  Queene."  He  was  bred 
in  the  woods,  and  shows  in  the  outer  world  all  the  might 
and  courage  of  his  race. 

Satyre  Menippee.     See  Satire  Menippee. 

Sau.     See  Sare. 

Sauchieburn  (saeh'i-bem).  A  small  stream 
near  Stirling,  Scotland,  near  which  James  IH. 

.  was  defeated  by  insurgent  nobles  in  1488. 

Saucourt  (s6-k6"r')-  A  village  near  Abbeville, 
department  of  Somme,  France :  noted  for  the 
defeat  of  the  Northmen  by  Louis  HI.  in  880. 

Sauer.     See  Sure. 

Sauerland  (zou'er-lant).  The  southern  part  of 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia. 

Sauerland  Mountains.  A  plateau  region  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  province  of  Westpha- 
lia and  the  ad.joining  part  of  the  Rhine  Province, 
Highest  point,  the  Kahler  Astenberg  (about 
2,700  feet). 

Saugerties  (sa'ger-tiz).  A  town  in  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson 
43  miles  south  of  Albanv.  Population  (1900), 
village,  3,697, 

Saugor  (sa-gor').  .An  island  of  Bengal,  situ- 
ated in  the  Ganges  delta,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hugli,  50  miles  south  of  Calcutta. 

Saugur,  or  Saugor.     See  Sagar. 

Sauk  (s;ik)  Ei'ver.  A  river  in  Minnesota  which 
joins  the  Jlississippi  near  St.  Cloud. 

Saul  (sal).  [LL.  Saul,  Gr.  Zaoi/.,  Heb.  Shaul, 
asked  (of  God).]  The  first  king  of  the  Hebrews 
(1055-1033  B,  c— Duneker),  son  of  Kish  of  the 
tribe  of  Benjamin.  His  reign  was  occupied  by  wars 
against  the  Philistines,  Araalekites,  and  other  Gentile  na- 
tions. He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Philistines  on  Mount 
Gilboa.    See  David  and  Sanuiel. 

Saul.     The  original  name  of  the  apostle  Paul. 

Saul.  1.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced  at 
London  in  1739.  It  contains  a  notable  "Dead 
March," — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Alfieri,  printed  in 
1783.  It  was  B  favorite  with  its  author,  and  has  retained 
a  place  on  the  stage.  It  is  more  Shaksperian  and  less 
classical  than  any  of  his  other  plays. 
3.  A  poem  by  Robert  Browning,  published  in 
his  collected  works. 

Saulcy  (s6-se'),  Louis  Felicien  Joseph  Cai- 
gnart  de.  Born  at  Lille.  France,  March  19, 1807: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3, 1880.  A  French  numisma- 
tist, archseologist,  and  Orientalist.  He  traveled 
extensively  in  Palest  ine.  Among  his  works  are  "  Voyage 
autourde  la  Mer  Morte " (1852-54),  "Recherchessurlanu- 
mismatique  judaique"(lS54),  "Campagnes  de  Jules  Ces.ar 
dans  les  Gaules"  (1862),  "Voyage  en  terre  sainte"  (lS6."i), 
"Dcrniers  jours  de  Jerusalem"  (1S66),  "Histoire  d'He- 
rode  "  (1S67),  "Numismatique  de  la  terre  sainte"  (1S73), 
"Sept  siecies  del'histoire  judaique"  (1S74). 

Saulsbury  (salz'bu-ri),  Eli.  Born  in  Kent 
County.  Del.,  Dee.  29, 1817 :  died  at  Dover,  Del., 
March  22, 1893.  An  American  politician.  Demo- 
cratic United  States  senator  from  Delaware 
1871-89. 

Saulsbury,  "Willard.  Bom  in  Kent  County, 
Del.,  June  2,  1820  :  died  at  Dover,  Del,,  April  6. 
isy2.  An  American  politician,  brother  of  Eli 
Saulsbury.  He  was  attorney-general  of  Delaware  1850- 
18.S5;  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Delaware 
1S5:V71 ;  and  chancellor  of  Delaware  from  1874  until  his 
death, 

Saulteurs.     See  Ojibica. 

Sault  (or  Saut)  Sainte  Marie  Cso  sant  ma'ri; 
F.  pron.  so  sant  m;i-re').  1.  The  capital  of 
Chippewa  County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the 
rapids  of  St.  Marv's  River,  near  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Superior.  Pbp.(1900),  10,538.-2.  Atown 
in  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  opposite  Sault 
Sainte  Marie  in  Michigan.   Pop.  (1901),  7,169. 

Sault  Sainte  Marie,  or  Saint  Mary's  Falls. 

The  rapids  in  St.  Mary's  River  between  Lakes 
Superiorand  Hui'on.  The  impediment  to  navigation, 
producedby  thefallof  ISfeet,  lias  been  obviated  by  a  ship- 
Lanal  built'in  185o  and  enlarged  in  1870  and  in  1894, 

Saumaise.    See  Snimnsius. 

Saumarez,  or  Sausmarez  (s6-ma-ra').  James, 
first  Baron  de  Saumarez,  Born  in  Guernsey, 
March  11, 17.57 :  died  in  Guernsey,  Oct.  9,  1836, 
A  British  admiral.  He  served  at  the  battle  of  Cape 
St.  Vincent  in  1797  and  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile  in  1798, 


Savannah 

and  defeated  the  allied  French  and  Spanish  fleets  in  180] 
He  was  created  Baron  de  Saumarez  in  1831, 

Saumur  (s6-miir').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire 
27  miles  southeast  of  Angers,  it  has  manufactures 
of  rosaries,  enamels,  etc.,  and  has  an  important  trade,  par- 
ticularly in  sparkling  wines.  The  chief  buil<iings  are  the 
castle  and  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  de  Nantilly  and 
St.  PieiTe,  There  are  Roman  and  Celtic  antiquities  in  the 
vicinity,  including  the  dolmen  of  Bagneux.  The  place  is 
the  seat  of  a  cavalry  school.  It  was  a  Huguenot  strong- 
hold and  the  seat  of  a  Protestant  academy  until  th>e  revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Xantes  in  1685.  A  victory  was  gained 
here  by  the  Vendeans,  June  9-lM,  1798,  over  the  republi- 
cans, and  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Vendeans.  Popula. 
tion  (1S91),  commune,  14,867. 

Saunders  (san'derz),  Frederick.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  13,  1807:  died  Dee.  12,  1902.  An 
American  author.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
in  1837,  and  became  assistant  librarian  of  the  Astor  Library 
at  New  York  in  1859.  and  librarian  in  1876.  He  published 
"Memoirs  of  the  Great  Metropolis  "  (1862),  "Salad  for 
the  Solitary"  (1853),  "Salad  for  the  Social"  (18o«), 
"Pearls  of  Thought"  (1858),  'Festival  of  Song"  (1866), 
"  Evenings  with  the  Sacred  Poets  "  (1869),  etc. 

Saunders,  Nicholas.  Born  near  Reigate,  1527 : 
died  in  Ireland  between  1580-83.  An  English 
polemical  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Oxford,  and  became  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  in  1548, 
and  regius  professor  of  common  law  in  1558.  He  went  to 
Rome,  and  was  ordained  priest  in  1561.  and  subsequently 
was  professor  of  theology  for  13  years  at  Louvain.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  De  visibile  nionarchia  ecclesise  "  (1571)  and  "  De 
Origine  ac  Progressu  Schismatis  Anglican!  "  (1585). 

Saunders,  Eichard.  The  pseudonyin  under 
■which  Benjamin  Franklin  published  his  alma- 
nac in  1733.  It  was  known  as  "Poor  Richard's 
Almanac."  and  was  issued  by  him  for  25  years. 

Sausmarez.     See  Saumare::. 

Saussier  (so-sya'),  Felix  Gustave.  Bom  at 
Troyes,  France,  Jan.  16,  1828.  A  French  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  army  in  Algeria  in  1881,  and  became  mili- 
tarj'  governor  of  Paris  in  18S5.    He  retirevl  in  1S9S.  * 

Saussure(s6-siir'),  Horace Benedictede.  Bom 
at  Geneva.  Feb.  17,  1740:  died  there,  Jan.  22, 
1799.  A  S'wiss  geologist,  physicist,  and  natu- 
ralist, professor  of  philosophy  at  (jeneva.  He 
traveled  extensively,  especially  in  the  Alps ;  made  in  1787 
the  second  ascent  of  ilont  Blanc ;  and  made  many  re- 
searches in  meteorology,  the  hygrometer,  etc.  His  chief 
work  is  "Voyages  dans  les  Alpes"  (1779-86). 

Sauternes  (s6-tam').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  France,  23  miles  south-south- 
east of  Bordeaux.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  pro- 
duction of  white  wines. 

Sa'Vage  (sav'aj).  James.  Born  at  Boston,  Julv 
13, 1784:  died  there,  March  8.  1873.  An  Ameri- 
can antiquary.  He  edited  Winthrop's  "History  of 
New  England"  (1825-26X  Paley's  works  (1828),  and  pub- 
lished a  "Genealogical  Dictionary  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
New  England  "(4  vols.  1S64). 

Savage,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Dee.  13,  1828: 
died  at  Spragueville,  Pa.,  Oct.  9,  1888.  An 
Ii'ish-American  journalist,  poet,  and  dramatist. 
He  came  to  America  in  1848.  He  wrote  "  '98  and  "48 :  the 
Modern  Revolutionary  History  and  Literature  of  Ireland" 
(1856),  "Sibyl,"  a  tragedy  (produced  in  1S5S,  printed  in 
1S65).  "Our  Living  Representative  Men"  (I860),  "Life  of 
Andrew  Johnson  "  (1865),  "  Fenian  Heroes,  etc. "  (186S),  and 
a  number  of  popular  songs,  including  "The  Starry  Flag." 

Sa'Vage,  Richard.  Bom  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1698  (?) :  died  at  Bristol.  England,  1743.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  Hemaintainedthathewastheillegitimateson 
of  the  fourth  Rivers  and  the  Countess  of  Macclesfield,  but 
the  child  bom  of  that  connection  is  thought  to  have  died. 
He  owes  his  literary  fame  to  the  life  which  Johnson  wrote. 
His  life  was  disreputable,  and  he  abused  thecharityof  his 
friends.  During  his  last  years  he  lived  on  a  pension  al- 
lowed him  by  Pope,  and  finally  died  miserably  in  a  debt- 
ors' prison.  He  published  a  poem  on  the  Bangorian  Con- 
troversy (1717).  adapted  a  play  ("  Woman  's  a  Riddle")  al- 
ready translated  from  the  Spanish  (1717).  puldished  "  Love 
in  a  Veil"  (1719:  a  comedy),  "Sir  Thomas  Overbury " 
(1724),  in  which  he  played  (very  indifferently)  the  hero, 
"The  Bastard"  (172S  ;  a  poem  addressed  to  his  supposed 
mother),  "  The  Wanderer  "  (1729),  etc.  In  1775  his  works 
were  collected  and  published  with  Johnson's  "  Life  of  Sav- 
age "  prefixed. 

Savage's  Station.  A  place  lO  miles  east  of 
Richmond,  Virginia.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  be- 
tween a  part  of  the  Federal  army  of  SfcClellan  under 
Sumner  and  a  part  of  the  Confederate  army  of  Lee  under 
Magruder,  June  29, 1862,  forming  part  of  the  Seven  Days' 
Battles. 

Savaii  (sa-vi'e^,  or  Sa'waii.  The  largest  of  the 
Samoan  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  lat. 
13°  45'  S.,  long.  172°  17'  W.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Length,  43  miles.  Area,  about  6,50-700  square 
miles.    Population.  12,500.    It  belongs  to  Germany. 

Savanilla  (sii-va-nel'yii),  or  Sabanilla  (sa-ba- 
nel'ya).  A  town  and  port  on  a  bay  of  the  north- 
em  coast  of  Colombia,  situated  in  lat.  11°  3'  N,, 
long,  74°  58'  W,  The  port  proper  is  Puerto  Colombia, 
3  miles  from  the  town,  A  hirge  part  of  the  commerce  of 
Colombia  passes  through  it  to  and  from  BaranquUla  on 
the  river  Magdalena, 

Savanna.     See  Shau-ano. 

Savannah  (sa-van'a).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
Chatham  Couity,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Sa- 


Savannah 

vauiiah  River,  18  miles  from  the  ocean,  in  lat. 
32°r)'N.,  loug.  81°5' W.  Itisonuoftholargestcitiis 
in  theStuteand  tlie  8i-condcottMii-|jort  in  tht:  country,  niiii 
has  also  a  large  trade  in  rice,  resin,  turpentine,  amilnntliei'. 
Its  harbor  is  one  of  tlie  best  in  tlie  .South.  It  was  settled 
by  Oglethorpe  in  17;i:i ;  repelled  a  P.ritish  attaek  in  177ij ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1778.  An  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  recover  it  was  made  by  the  French  and  Ameri- 
cans in  Oct.,  177;*,  when  Pulaski  was  killed  in  the  assault. 
It  became  a  city  in  1789 ;  was  devastated  by  fire  in  IT'.'G 
and  in  1S2C ;  was  an  important  Confederate  post ;  was  in- 
vested by  the  Federals  under  Sherman  Pec.  10,  1S&4 ;  and 
was  occupied  by  them  Dec.  23.  Pop.  (lOOO),  ln,2U. 
Savannah  River.  A  river  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween .South  Carolina  and  Goorfcia.  Itis  formed  hy 
(he  union  of  the  Tufjaloo  anct  Kiowe,  and  falls  into  the  -At- 
lantic about  lat.  32*  N.  Length,  including  the  Tugaloo  and 
subtribut^iry  Chattooga,  about  550  miles;  navigable  for 
large  vessels  to  Savannah,  for  smaller  vessels  to  Angustju 

Savary  (sii-va-re'),  Anne  Jean  Marie  Reni, 

Due  de  Rovigo.  Born  at  Mareq,  Ardennes, 
France,  April  '26,  177-i:  dieil  at  Paris,  June  12, 
1833.  A  Freneh  general  and  politician.  He  en- 
tered the  army  in  1790;  became  the  contldential  agent 
of  Napoleon  about  1800;  presided  at  the  trial  of  the 
Duo  d'Enghien  in  1804;  captured  Hameln  in  1800;  de- 
feated the  Russians  at  Ostrolenka  in  1807 ;  and  was  en- 
gaged in  various  diplomatic  missions,  particularly  in 
Spain  (1808).  He  was  minister  of  police  1810-14,  and  was 
commander-in-chief  of  the  array  in  Algeria  1831-33.  lie 
published  "MtSmoires  '*  (1828). 

Save  (sav),  G.  Sau  (sou).  One  of  the  principal 
tnhutaries  of  the  Danube:  the  Latin  Savus. 
It  rises  near  the  Terglou,  traverses  Carniola,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Carniola  and  Styria,  traverses  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  forms  the  boundary  between  Croatia-Slavonia  on 
the  north  and  Bosnia  and  Servia  on  the  south,  and  joins 
the  Danube  at  Belgrad.  Its  chief  tributaries  .are  the  Kulpa. 
Vnna,  Bosna,  and  Drina.  Length, about  550  miles;  navi- 
gable from  the  mouth  of  the  Laibach. 

Save.  A  river  in  southwestern  France  which 
joins  the  Garonne  17  miles  northwest  of  Tou- 
louse.    Length,  about  8.5  miles. 

Savelan  (sa-ve-lan'),  or  Sevellan  (sa-vel-liin'). 
A  mountain  in  the  ])ro\-inee  of  Azerbaijan, 
northwestern  Persia,  90  miles  east  by  north  of 
Tabriz.     Height,  about  15,790  feet. 

Savenay  (sav-na')-  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Loire-Inf^rieure,  France,  22  miles  northwest 
of  Nantes.  By  a  victory  which  the  republicans  under 
Kl^ber  and  Marceau  gained  here  over  the  Vendeans  (Dec. 
22, 1793),  the  power  of  the  latter  was  almost  annihilated. 
Popidation  (1S91),  commune,  3,272. 

Savemake.  A  celebrated  forest  region  in  Wilt- 
shirej  England,  near  Marlborough. 

Saverne.     The  French  name  of  Zabcm. 

Saverne  (sa-varn').  Col  de,  or  Zabem  Pass 
(tsii'bern  pas).  A  low  pass  over  the  Vosges, 
near  the  town  of  Saverne  (Zabern). 

Savigliano  (sa-vel-yil'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Maira 
29  miles  south  of  Turin.  Population  (1881), 
9,932;  commune,  17,150. 

Savigny  (sa-ven-ye'),  Friedrich  Karl  von. 
Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Maiu,  Feb.  21,  177U : 
died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  25, 1861.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man jurist  and  politician:  one  of  the  greatest 
of  modem  jurists,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  historical  school  of  jurisprudence.  He  lie- 
came  professor  In  Berlin  in  ISIO ;  held  various  Frnssiaa 
offices;  and  waa  minister  for  the  revision  of  the  legisla- 
tion 1842-48.  His  works  include  *'Das  Itecht  des  liesitz- 
es"  (''Right  of  Possession,"  180.*?),  "  \'om  Beruf  unserer 
Zeit  fur  (iesetzgebung  und  Rechtswissenschaft"  (1814), 
"GeschichtedcsromischenRechtsim  M it telalter'*("  His- 
tory of  Roman  Law  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  181.'i-31),  "  System 
des  heutigen  roniischen  Rechts"  ("Syateni  of  .Modern  Ro- 
man Law,"  1840-49),  "  Das  Obligationenrecht"  (18r>l-63). 

Savigny,  Karl  Friedrich  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  19,  1814:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
Feb.  11,  1875.  A  Pnissiau  diplomatist  and  |)oli- 
tician,  son  of  F.  K.  von  Savigny.  He  w.as  am- 
bassador at  Frankfort  1804-66  ;  a  leading  negotiator  in  the 
treaties  an<l  arrangements  of  18(i6  ;  and  after  lSH7a  leading 
member  of  the  ("enln-  in  the  Reichstag  and  Lamitag. 

Savile(sav'il),George,  fir.stMan|uisof  Ilalil'a.x. 
Boni  1030  :  dieil  at  I^ondon,  April  20, 1G95.  An 
English  statesin.iti,  author,  and  orator.  He  was 
made  privy  councilor  1072  ;  and  in  loso  caused  the  rejec- 
tion of  the  Exclusion  Bill  debarring  tin:  Duke  of  York,  as 
a  papist,  from  succeeding  to  the  throne.  lie  waa  lord 
privy  seal  1682-85  and  1689,  and  was  the  chief  of  the  party 
called  the  "Trimmers."  His  "Miscellanies"  were  pub- 
lished in  1700. 

Savile,  Sir  Henry.  Born  near  Ilalifa.x, England, 
Nov.  30,  1.549:  died  at  Eton,  England,  Feb.  19, 
1G22.  An  English  classical  scholar  and  mathe- 
matician. Besides  mathematical  works  he  published 
"Rerum  Angllcanim  scrlptores  post  Bedam  "  (IfilWJ).  an 
eiiition  of  rbrysostom,  etc. 

Savio  (sii'vo-o).  A  small  river  in  eastern  Italy 
which  flows  into  the  Adriatic  8  miles  southeast 
of  Kavenna  :  the  ancient  Sapls. 

Saviolina  (.sav'i-o-li'nil).  A  character  in  Ben 
Jonson's  comedy  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Hu- 
mour": "a court  lady,  whoso  weightiest  praise 
is  a  light  wit,  admired  by  herself  and  one  raoro. 
her  servant  Brisk." 


901 

Savior  of  Borne.  A  title  given  to  Marius  for 
his  victories  over  the  Teutoues  and  Cimbri  102- 
101  1).  c. 

Savior  of  Society.  A  title  given  to  Napoleon 
ill. 

Savior  of  the  Nations.  A  title  given  to  the 
I)uk<'  of  Wellington. 

Savitri  (sii'vi-tre).  1.  The  celebrated  verse 
fit  the  Rigveda  III.  Ixii.  10,  repeated  by  every 
Brahman  at  his  morning  and  evening  devotions, 
and  often  in  religious  ceremonies,  as  especially 
in  investing  the  members  of  the  three  castes  of 
the  twice-born  with  the  sacred  sacrificial  thread 
(whence  the  thread  itself  is  also  known  as  sa\i- 
tra).  The  verse  is  so  called  as  addressed  to  the  Sun  (Savi- 
tri). It  is  also  called  GayatrL  See  that  word,  under  whicli 
it  is  quoted. 

2.  The  heroine  of  an  episode  of  theMahabharata. 
she  was  the  daughter  of  Ashvapati,  king  of  JIadra,  and 
beautiful  as  Lakshmi ;  but,  when  the  time  came  for  her  to 
choose  a  husband  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the 
svayamvara,  chose  Satyavant,  the  son  of  the  blind  and 
e.viled  king  Dyumatsena,  who  dwelt  with  his  wife  and 
son  in  the  forest.  The  divine  seer  Narada  warns  against  the 
clioice,  as  Satyavant,  though  handsome,  niagnanimons.  and 
pious,hasoidyayeartolive.  Savitri  is  llrni,  weds  Satyavant, 
and  lives  in  joy  with  him  until  the  appi'oath  of  the  fatal  day. 
On  that  daySatjTivant  and  Savitri  go  together  into  the  forest. 
Satyavant  sinks  to  the  ground  in  deadly  illness;  and, while 
Savitri  supports  his  head  upon  her  bosom,  Yama  the  death- 
god  appears  and  withdraws  .Satyavant's  soul.  As  Vania 
turns  to  go,  Savitri  follows  him,  asking  her  husband's  life. 
Yama  urges  her  to  return,  offering  her  other  gifts  but  not 
Satyavant.  She  obtains  tlie  restoration  of  Dyumatsena's 
sight  and  kingdom,  for  her  father  a  hundred  sons,  and  a 
hundred  sons  for  herself  and  Satyavant,  but  still  insists 
upon  following  Satyavant  into  the  realm  of  death  if  his 
life  is  not  restored.  At  last  Yama  relents,  and  when  Savitri 
goes  back  to  Satyavant's  boily  and  again  takes  his  head 
upon  her  bosom,  he  awakes  as  from  a  sleep,  and  the  two 
live  happy  many  years  in  the  recovered  kingtlom  of  the 
now-seeing  Dyumatsena.  The  Savitri  ejiisoile  has  been 
translated  into  German  by  Bopp,  Kuckert,  Uofer,  Holtz- 
niann,  Meier,  and  Merkel. 

Savoie  (sii-vwii').  A  department  of  France, 
capital  Chambfiry,  formed  in  1860  from  a  jjart 
of  Savoy  ceded  by  Sardinia.  It  is  bounded  by 
Haute-Savoie  on  the  liorth,  Italy  on  the  east,  Italy  and 
Hautes-Alpea  on  the  south,  Isere  on  the  southwest  and 
west,  and  Aiu  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  2,224 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  203,297. 

Savoie,  Haute-.    See  Haute-Havoic. 

Savona  (sii-vo'nii).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa 
23  miles  west-southwest  of  Genoa:  the  ancient 
Savo.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Riviera ;  has 
an  active  trade  in  silk,  fruits,  etc.;  and  has  manufactures 
of  pottery,  soap,  cloth,  glass,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  a 
very  good  classical  church  of  l.')98,  containing  magnificent 
inlaid  choir-stalls  from  the  older  cathedr^il,  and  scniie  ex- 
cellent sculptures  and  paintings.  The  harbor  was  dest  royed 
by  the  Genoese  In  1525.  The  place  was  conquered  by  Sar- 
dinia in  1746,  but  restored  to  Genoa.  It  was  the  enforced 
residence  of  Pope  Pius  VU.  1809-12.  Population  (1881), 
24,481. 

Savonarola  (sa-vo-nii-ro'la),  Girolamo.  Born 
at  Ferrara,  Italy,  Sept.  21,  1452:  executed  at 
Florence,  May  23,  1498.  An  Italian  moral,  po- 
litical, and  religious  reformer.  He  became  a  Do- 
minican monk  at  Bologna  in  1475 ;  and  In  1482  removed  to 
Florence,  where  he  became  prior  of  St.  Mark's  in  1491.  He 
brought  about  a  religious  revival  by  his  denunciation 
of  the  vice  and  corruption  prevalent  both  in  the  church 
and  in  the  state,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  instniinents  in 
the  overthrow  of  the  Medici  and  the  restoration  of  the 
republic  in  1494.  He  was  for  a  time  virtually  dictator  of 
Florence,  but  inciu-red  the  enmity  of  Pope  Alexander  VI., 
whom  he  had  denounced,  and  was  in  conseiiuence  excom- 
municated in  1497.  Ho  waa  arrested  at  Florence  In  April, 
1498,  and  put  to  death  (strangled  and  then  burned)  at  the 
instance  of  the  Pope. 

Savou,  or  SaVTl  (sii-vii').  A  snniU  island  ami 
island  group  in  the  East  Indies,  belonging  to  the 
Dutch,  situated  east  of  Sandalwood  Island  and 
west  of  Timor.     Also  Savor,  etc. 

Savoy  (sa^voi'),  F.  Savoie  (sii-vwa').  It.  Sa- 
voja  (sil-v6'yii).  A  former  duchy,  now  divided 
into  the  departments  of  Savoie  and  Ilaute-Sa- 
voie  (whieh  see)  in  France.  It  was  occupied  in 
ancient  times  by  the  Allobroges;  ]iassed  to  Rome  about 
122  B.  C. ;  was  conquered  by  tlie  liiirguiiilians  In  the  .''>th 
century,  and  by  the  Franks  in  tlieotli  century;  and  later 
was  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Aries  until  1032,  passing  then 
under  German  suzerainty.  The  risi:  of  the  counts  of  Sa- 
voy dates  from  the  middle  of  the  Iltli  century,  and  Turin 
and  Arista  were  annexed  in  that  century.  Savoy  was  made 
a  county  of  the  empire  in  1111 ;  Valais  was  annexetl  In  the 
13th  century;  and  Nice  was  added  In  the  14th  century. 
Savoy  was  made  a  duchy  In  1410 ;  Vund,  tieneva,  Valais, 
Clmblals,  and  Oex  were  lost  I.'i33-;f0.  Monlferral  was  ac- 
quired In  part  In  Itl31  and  in  part  In  1708.  Hldly  was 
granted  to  Savoy  In  1713,  and  was  exchanged  for  the 
island  of  Sardinia  in  17*2o.  .Savoy  was  made  the  kingdom 
of  Saiillnla  ill  1720.     See  .s'an^inm. 

Savoy,  House  of.  A  royal  family  of  Europe, 
now  the  reigning  house  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 
Its  mcniliers  are  ilescended  from  llumbert  the  White- 
handed  (illed  10-18 '.'),  count  of  Savoy.  They  have  been 
diikcH  of  Savoy  since  1416,  kingsof  Sardinia  since  17*20,  and 
kings  of  Ihily  since  1801. 

Savoy,  The.     A  former  London  palace,  now  a 


Saxe-Altenburg 

chapel  royal.  On  Feb.  12, 1246,  a  grant  of  land  lying 
between  the  "Straunde"  and  the  Thames  was  made  by 
Henry  III.  to  Peter  of  Savoy,  uncle  of  Queen  Eleanor,  anil 
he  built  the  palace  there.  Peter  died  and  left  his  property 
to  the  friars  of  Montjoy,  who  sold  the  palace  to  Queen 
Eleanor  in  1270.  In  1*284  she  gave  it  to  Edmund,  earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  later  it  became  the  town  seat  of  the  diike.^ 
of  Lancaster.  When  the  .Savoy  was  occupied  by  John  of 
Gaunt  in  1370,  it  w:us  twice  attacked  by  a  mob  and  again 
by  Wat  Tyler's  followers  in  1381,  who  completely  destroyed 
the  palace.  It  was  rebuilt  about  1,'>0.'»  as  a  hospital,  and 
endowed  by  the  will  of  Henry  VII. ;  suppresseil  by  Edward 
VI.  ;  refounded  by  Maiy;  and  finally  dissolved  by  Eliza- 
beth. The  present  chapel  royal  was  built  on  the  ruins  of 
a  chapel  of  John  of  Gaunt,  dedicated  in  1511,  The  style  is 
Perpendicuhu*;  the  wooden  celling  is  modern  ;  tliere  is  ex- 
cellent glass.  This  is  the  only  one  of  the  old  liiiildings  rc- 
inalning,  and  was  made  a  chaiiel  royal  by  George  III.  in 
1773 ;  in  1864  it  was  partly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  was  re- 
opened in  1865  :  it  is  entirely  supported  from  the  queen's 
privy  purse.  The  French  Protestants  had  a  chapel  here 
from  the  time  of  Charles  n.  till  about  1737;  this  is  the 
origin  of  the  name  Savoy,  given  in  the  ISth  century  to  the 
psalm-tune  known  as  "Old  Hundredth."  The  Savoy  The- 
atre was  built  near  here  on  the  Straml,  and  opened  \n  1881. 

Savoy  Conference.  A  conference  held  at  tlie  Sa- 
voy in  London,  aftertherestorationofCharlesII. 
(1601),  between  21  Episcopalians  and  an  equal 
number  of  Presbyterians,  for  the  purpose  of  se- 
curing ecclesiastical  unity.  It  utterly  failed, 
leaving  both  parties  more  bitterly  hostile  than 
before. 

Savoy  Declaration.  A  "declaration  of  the 
faith  and  order  o^Tied  and  practised  in  theCon- 
gi*egational  churches  in  England."  agreed  upon 
at  a  meeting  at  t)ie  Savoy,  London,  in  1058.  Doc- 
trinally  it  is  a  iiio.liticatioii  of  the  Westminster  Assembly's 
confession  of  faith.  Itis  no  longer  regarded  as  authorita- 
tive among  Congregational  churches.  Also  called  Savoy 
Confession. 

Savus  (sa'vus).  The  Roman  name  of  the  river 
Save. 

Sa'waii.    See  Savaii. 

Sa'want'Wari  (sii-wunt-wU're).  A  native  state 
in  India,  under  British  control,  situated  near 
the  western  coast,  north  of  Goa,  about  lat.  16°  N. 
Ai'ca,  about  900  square  miles.  Popidation  (1881), 
174,433. 

Sawatch  Bange.     See  Saguache  Jiange. 

Sa'Wney  (sa'ui).  [A  corruption  of  Sandy,  whieh 
is  a  familiar  contraction  of  Alexander.']  A  nick- 
name for  a  Scotsman. 

Sa'Wtelle's  Peak  (sa-telz'  pek).  A  volcanic 
peak  in  the  Koeky  Mountains,  in  Montana. 

Sa'Wyer  (sa'yer),  Bob.  A  medical  student  in 
Dickens's  ''Pickwick  Papers." 

Sa'Wyer,  Frederick  Adolphus.  Bom  at  Bol- 
ton, Mass.,  Dec.  12,  1822:  died  at  Sewanee, 
Tenn.,  .July  31, 1891.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a  Republican  T'nited  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  from  1808  to  1S73,  when  he  became  assistant  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury,  a  post  which  he  occupied  about  a 
year. 

Sa'Wyer,  Mother.  The  "witch  of  Edmonton" 
in  tlie  play  of  that  name  by  Ford,  Dekker.  and 
Kowley. 

Sax(sii"ks),Antoine  Joseph.kno-wnasAdolphe 
Sax.  Born  at  Dinant,  Nov.  6,  1814:  died  Feb. 
!l,  l."^94,  A  noted  Belgian-French  maker  of 
musical  instruments,  the  son  of  Charles  Joseph 
Sax,  also  a  well-known  instrument-maker  ( 1 7!ll- 
1865).  Adolpho  Sax  patented  the  saxhorn,  tho 
s;iX()ti*omba,  and  t.he  saxoidione. 

Saxa  Rubra  (sak'sii  rii'brii).  [L.,' red"  stones.'] 
.\n  ancient  station  on  tile  Flamiuiau  Way,  8 
miles  north  of  Kome. 

Saxe.     The  Freneh  name  for  Saxotiy. 

Saxe  (saks),  John  Godfrey.  Born  at  Ilighgato, 
Vt.,  June  2, 181(i :  .ried  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March 
:il,  1887.  An  American  poet,  journalist,  and 
lecturer.  Ho  Is  best  known  from  his  liiiniorous  poi-ms, 
which  Include  *' Rhyme  of  the  Rail,  "  "  I'lie  I'mnd  Miss 
McBride, "  etc,  lie  iiublished  "Progress  "  (isio),  *'llu. 
morons  and  Satirical  Poems"  (1850),  *'Tlie  Money  King 
and  Other  Poems"  (l.*<>0),  "  Clever  Stories  of  Many  Na- 
tions," "  Mastplerade  and  Other  rocnis"  (1806),  "Fables 
and  Legcnils,  etc."  (18"'2).  " Leisure- Ihiy  Rhymes"  (1S76), 
etc.  He  was  the  unsuecessfiil  Democratic  candjilnle  for 
governor  of  N'cnnont  In  lSf'9  and  1800, 

Saxe,  Comi  o  Maurice  de,  generally  called  Mar- 
shal de  Saxe  or  Marshal  Saxe.    Born  at 

(Icislar.  (i(*riiianv,  Oct.  2S,  Ui'.Ui:  died  at  ("ham- 
liord,  Fiance.  >iov.  :t0,  1750.  A  French  niar- 
sfial,  illegilinialoson  of  -Augustus II.  of  Saxony 
and  Aurora  von  Kiinigsttuirk.  Hcsen-ednnderMarl- 
borough  In  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  and  under 
I'rlnce  Kugeiie  against  llie  Turks  ;  was  made  a  immVlnil  de 
camp  In  the  French  service  in  1720;  became  titular  duke 
.of  Coiirlund  In  17'J6 ;  served  under  Berwick  in  I7:>4 ;  cap- 
tured Prague  In  1741  and  Eger  In  1742;  was  made  mar- 
shal of  Fiiiuce  In  1714  ;  gained  the  vletory  of  Fonlenoy  In 
1745  ;  gained  the  victory  of  Rnucoux  In  1746;  was  niademar- 
shal  general  In  I7J7,  anil  gained  the  vlcl<iry  of  I.alteld  and 
stormed  Bergen-op-Zoom  In  the  same  year ;  and  captured 
Miiestrlcht  in  1748.  He  wrote  "Riverlea"  (1757)  and 
"  Lettres  el  mc^lnolres"  (1701), 

Saxe-Altenburg  isaks-al'ten-biTg),  Q  Sach- 
sen-Altenburg  (ziik 'son-iil' tcu-b6r<i)     A 


Saxe-Altenburg 

dnehy,  one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire, 
situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  Thiiringia.  Capi- 
tal, Altenbur;£j.  It  consists  of  two  detached  parts,  the 
eastern  borderinjion  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  and  the  west- 
ern separated  from  the  other  by  Reuss,  :uHi  bordering  on 
Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach.  The  eastern  part  is  traversed  by 
outliers  of  the  Erzgebirtie,  the  western  by  spurs  of  the 
Thuringerwald.  Agriculture  and  manufactures  are  flour- 
ishing. The  government  is  a  hereditarj-  constitutional 
monarchy.  The  duchy  sends  one  member  each  to  the 
Bundesnit  and  Reichstag.  The  religion  is  Protestant. 
The  Altenburg  branch  of  the  Ernestine  line,  founded  in 
1603,  became  extinct  in  1672,  and  was  followed  by  the  line 
of  (iotha- Altenburg,  which  became  extinct  in  1825.  Alten- 
burg was  assigned  in  1S26  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Hildburg- 
hausen.  who  took  the  title  of  duke  of  Saxe-Altenburu'.  A 
constitution  wasgranted  in  1S31:  it  was  made  more  liberal 
in  1848  and  has  been  since  modified.  Area,  511  square 
miles.  '  Poj.uhitir.nil'^fOO).  194.9U. 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  (saks-ko'berg-go'tij),  G. 
Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha  (zak '  sen  -ko  'boro- 

go'tJi).  A  duchy  in  Thuriugia,  one  of  the  states 
oi  the  German'  Empire.  Capitals.  Gotha  and 
Coburg.  It  consists  principally  of  two  detached  por- 
tions: the  duchy  of  Gotha  in  the  north,  surrounded  by 
Prussia.  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  etc.,  and  the  duchy  of 
Coburg  in  the  south,  surrounded  by  llavaria  and  Saxe- 
Meiningen.  Coburg  is  hilly  and  Gotha  mountainous,  con- 
taining the  highest  summits  of  the  Thiu-ingerwald.  The 
leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  manufactures  are 
varied  and  floiu-ishing.  The  government  is  a  hereditary 
constitutional  monarchy  The  duchy  has  1  member  in 
the  Bnndesrat  and  and  2.in  Eeichstag.  The  religion  is 
Piotestant.  The  line  of  Sase-Coburg  was  founded  in  ItSO, 
but  became  extinct  in  1699.  The  title  of  duke  of  Saxe- 
Coburg-Saalfeld  was  assumed  in  1735.  Its  duke  was  de- 
posed by  Napoleon  in  1S07,  but  was  restored  and  entered 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine.  A  constitution  was 
granted  in  1821.  The  duchy  ceded  Saalfeld  in  1826.  and 
received  Gotha  and  other  possessions  and  took  the  title 
of  Saxe-Coburg-fJotha.  Lichtenberg  (acquired  in  1816) 
was  sold  in  1S34  to  Prussia.  Area,  755  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (19fK)l.  229,550. 

Saxe-G^tha- Altenburg  ( saks  -  go '  ta  -  al '  ten  - 

b^rg).  A  former  duchy  of  Germany.  The  Gotha 
line  was  founded  in  1640,  and  acquired  part  of  Eisenach  in 
1645  and  Altenburg  in  1672.  The  line  of  Gotha-  Altenburg 
became  extinct  in  1S25.  The  line  of  Hildburghausen  suc- 
ceeded in  1826.     See  Sax*'- Altenburg. 

Saxe-Hildburghausen  (saks -hild' bore -hon- 
zen).  A  former  Saxon  duehy,  founded  in  1680. 
the  ruler  of  which  became  in  1826  the  Duke  of 
Saxe-Altenburg. 

Saxe-Lauenburg.    See  Lauenhurg. 

Saxe-Meiningen  (saks-mi'ning-en),  G.  Sach- 
sen-Meiningen  (zak'sen-mi'ning-en).  A 
duehy  in  Thuringia,  one  of  the  states  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire.  Capital,  Meiningen,  it  consists 
of  a  main  division  bounded  by  Bavaria,  Coburg,  Prussia, 
Saxe  Weimar-EisenaclL  etc.,  and  several  small  exclaves. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  has  active  manu- 
factures of  iron,  glass,  porcelain,  toys,  cloth,  etc.  Thegov- 
emnient  is  a  hereditarj*  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has 
1  vote  in  the  Bundesi-at  and  2  in  the  Reichstag.  The  reli- 
gion is  Protestant,  The  duchy  was  founded  in  16S0;  joined 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  ;  and  annexed  in  lS20lIild 
burghausen,  Saalfeld,  etc.  It  sided  with  Austria  in  1866. 
Area,  95a  square  miles.     Population  (1900),  250,731. 

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach  (saks  -  vi '  mar  -  i '  ze- 
niich),  G.  Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach  (zak'- 
sen-vi'mar-i'ze-uach).  A  grand  duchy  of  Thu- 
ringia, one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire. 
Capital,  Weimar,  it  is  composed  of  three  main  de- 
tached portions.  Weimar,  bounded  by  Prussia.  Saxe-Al- 
tenburg, Schwarzhurg-Rudolstadt,  etc.  ;  Eisenach,  lying 
west  of  Saxe-lleiningen  and  Gotha;  and  Neustadt,  sepa- 
rated from  Weimar  by  Saxe-Altenburg.  It  also  contains 
several  exclaves,  as  Ilmenau,  AUstedt,  etc.  It  is  partly  oc- 
cupied by  the  Thuringerwald  and  spurs  of  the  Rhdngebirge. 
The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  chief  manu- 
factures are  cotton  and  woolen.  The  government  is  a 
hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has  1  vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  3  members  in  the  Reichstag.  The  religion 
is  Protestant  The  present  Weimar  line  was  founded  in 
1640;  Jena  was  reunited  to  Weimar  in  1C90,  and  Eisenach  in 
1741.  The  state  was  a  famous  center  of  learning  and  lit 
erature  under  Charles  Augustus  (1775-1828).  It  entered  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  was  changed  from  a  prin- 
cipality to  a  duchy  in  1806.  It  received  additional  terri- 
tory in  1S14-15,  and  was  made  a  grand  duchy.  A  consti- 
tution was  granted  in  1816.  It  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866. 
Area,  1.388  s^iuare  miles.     Popnlation(1900),  362,873. 

Saxe-Wittenberg  (saks-vit'ten-bera).  A  me- 
dieval duchy,  part  of  the  old  Saxon  duehy  which 
■was  broken  up  on  the  deposition  of  Henry  the 
Lion  in  1180.  Its  capital  was  "Wittenberg.  It 
was  merged  in  the  later  electorate  of  Saxony. 

Saxnot  (saks'not).  [AS.  Saxnedt,  OS.  SaxnSf^ 
In  Germanic  mythology,  a  name  of  the  god  of 
war.  He  is  known  only  from  Saxon  sources  : 
in  Anglo-Saxon  he  appears  as  a  son  of  Wodan 
(Odin). 

Saxo  Grammaticus  (sak'so  gra-mat'i-kus). 

A  Danish  historian  of  the  13th  century.  Little  is 
known  with  certainty  of  his  personal  history,  'except  that 
he  was  a  clerk,  and  that  hisfather  and  grandfather  fought 
under  Waldemar  the  Great.  He  had  the  surname  Longns, 
but  is  commoidy  known  as  Grammaticus  from  his  fluent 
style  as  a  wTiter.  His  history,  called  "  Gesta  Danorum  " 
or  "Historia  Banica,"  is  written  in  Latin,  and  was  under- 
taken at  the  instance  of  Archbishop  Absalom, whose  secre- 
tary he  probably  was.    Parts  of  the  work,  from  internal 


902 

evidence,  were  written  before  1202  ;  he  is  supposed  to  have 
difd  shortly  after  the  year  120S.  The  history  consists  of 
16  itooks ;  the  first  9  are  purely  legendan- ;  the  2  following 
partly;  authentic  history  begins  with  the  twelfth  book. 
The  whole  ends  with  the  year  1180.  The  material  for  the  ear- 
liest part  was  oral  traditions,  mj'ths,  legends,  and  poems, 
most  of  v\hich  have  else  been  lost,  although  a  few  have 
been  preserved  in  the  original  Old  Norse  form.  Among 
others  of  the  kind  it  contains  the  Hamlet  ('*  Amleth  ")  le- 
gend, of  which  it  is  the  single  extant  source.  The  oldest 
edition  is  that  of  Kristiern  Pedersen.  Paris,  1514,  according 
to  which  all  subsequent  editions  have  been  printed.  The 
classical  Danish  translation  is  by  Anders  Sorensen  Vedel 
(lc42-1616),  published  first  at  Copenhagen  in  1575. 

Saxon  Duchies.  A  collective  designation  for 
the  dnehies  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  and  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  the  grand 
duehy  of  Saxe-TTeimar-Eisenach. 

Saxon  Dynasty.  A  line  of  German  kings  and 
emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  com- 
menced with  Henry  the  Fo^vler  in  919,  and 
ended  with  Henry  II.  in  1024. 

Saxonland   (sak'sn-land),  G.  Sachsenland 

fzak'seu-lant).  That  part  of  Transylvania 
which  was  settled  principally  by  descendants 
of  the. Saxons,  who  immigrated  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury and  later.  It  lies  mostly  in  the  south 
of  Transylvania,  the  county  of  Hermannstadt 
forming  the  main  part  of  it, 
Saxon  Mark.    See  the  extract. 

In  Saxony  beyond  the  Elbe,  the  modem  Holstein,  the 
Slaves  held  the  western  coast,  and  the  narrow  Saxon  ilark 
fenced  of!  the  German  land.    Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  198. 

Saxons  (sak'snz).  [ITsuaUy  explained  as  lit. 
*  sword-men,'  from  OHG.  sahs.  a  short  sword.] 
1.  The  nation  or  people  that  formerly  dwelt  in 
the  northern  part  of  Germany,  and  invaded  and 
conquered  England  in  the  5th  and  6th  centu- 
ries; also,  their  descendants. —  2.  The  English 
race  or  English-speaking  races.  The  name  is  some- 
times used  for  the  Lowlanders  of  Scotland  as  distinguished 
from  the  Highlanders  or  Gaels,  and  in  Ireland  for  English- 
men as  distinguished  from  Irishmen. 
3.  The  inhabitants  of  Saxony  in  its  later  Ger- 
man sense,  including  Saxony  and  the  Saxon 
duchies  (which  see). 

Saxon  Shore.  That  portion  of  the  eastern  and 
southern  British  coast  which  was  exposed  to 
forays  of  Saxon  pirates  at  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
man occupation.  The  Saxon  Shore  was  guarded  by  a 
force  of  Roman  soldiers,  whose  commander  enjoyed  the 
title  of  Comes  Litoris  Saxonici,  or  Count  of  the  Saxon  Shore, 
and  whose  jurisdiction  extended  from  Susses  to  Xorfolk. 
Compare  the  extract. 

There  is  some  question  whether  Frisian  or  Saxon  tribes 
were  not  settled  on  the  eastern  coasts  of  Britain  before  the 
lauding  of  Csesar.  This  theory  rests  chiefly  on  the  supposed 
Gennanic  names  of  two  tribes,  the  Coritavi  and  the  Cati- 
euchlani ;  on  a^remark  of  Tacitus  that  the  Caledonians 
were  laige-limlJed  and  red-haired  like  the  Germans ;  on 
the  title  '*  Comes  Litoris  Saxonici,"  given  to  the  Roman 
officer  who  governed  the  littoral  from  the  Wash  to  the 
Adur;  and  on  the  fact  that  the  Saxons  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury seem  to  have  found  a  kindred  people  already  estab- 
lished in  East  Anglia,  since  no  conquest  of  that  district 
is  on  record.  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  6. 

Saxon  Siberia  (si-be'H-a).  A  portion  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony  in  the  Erzgebirge,  noted  for 
its  severe  climate  (whence  the  name), 

Saxon  Switzerland  (swit'zer-land).  [G.  Sack- 
sisch e  Sch  iceiZy  Elbso n ds teingeh irge,  Meissyi er 
Hochlandy  or  Sachsisch-Bohmische  tSchireiz.'l  A 
mountainous  region  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe, 
from  Pirna  above  Dresden  to  Tetschen,  Bohemia.  It  is 
noted  for  its  rock-formations  and  its  picturesque  beauty. 
Highest  mountains,  2,000-2,300  feet. 

Saxony (sak'sn-i).  [ML..SrtxoH/rt, It. Sasso7iia, F. 
Saxe,  fromG.  Sachsen  (AS.  Seaxan),  prop,  atribe 
name,  *  Saxons.']  The  land  of  the  Saxons:  a 
geographical  name  theuse  of  which  has  gi'eatly 
varied  in  medieval  and  modem  times.  The  an- 
cient  duchy  of  Saxony  was  one  of  the  four  great  duchies 
of  the  old  German  kingdom.  It  was  in  northern  Germany, 
comprised  (roughly)  between  the  Ems.  North  Sea,  Eider, 
and  Elbe,  and  extending  to  the  south  of  the  Harz,  touching 
Franconia,  but  not  the  Rhine.  Saxons  appear  first  about 
150  A.  D.,  dwelling  north  of  the  Elbe  estuary.  Later  they 
absorbed  the  Chauci,  Cherusci,  and  Angrivarii;  spread 
westward  to  the  Rhine ;  and  became  noted  as  pirates,  plun- 
dering the  coasts  of  (iaul  and  Britain.  They  aided  Carau- 
siusin287;  were  defeated  by  Valentinian  ;  founded  Essex, 
Sussex,  and  Wessex  in  Britain  in  the  5th  and  6th  centu- 
ries; and  settled  at  the  mouth  of  the  Loire  and  on  the  coast 
of  Normandy,  Their  four  divisions  in  northern  Germany 
were  the  Westfalia,  Ostfalia,  Engem,  and  Nordalbingia. 
They  were  reduced  by  Charles  the  Great  in  a  series  of  wars 
772-^04,  and  obliged  to  accept  Christianity.  About  S'.»0, 
bishoprics  were  established  at  Osnabnick,  Verden.  Brem- 
en, Paderborn,  Minden.  Munster,  Hildesheim,  and  Halber- 
stadt.  The  duchy  of  Saxony  arose  under  the  Liudolflngt- r  in 
the  middle  of  the  9th  centur>*.  It  furnished  the  Saxon  line 
of  German  kings  and  emperors  from  Henry*  the  Fowier  (919) 
to  Henrj-  II.  (lo24).  "  The  modem  kingdom  of  Saxony  has 
nothing  but  its  name  in  common  with  the  Saxony  which 
was  brought  under  Frankish  dominion  by  Charles  the 
Great."  (Freeinan,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  196.)  It  was  governed 
later  by  the  house  of  Billing,  and  opposed  Henry  IV.  Its 
duke  Lothaire  became  king  of  Germany  in  1125.  Henry 
the  Lion  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria  (duke  from  1139)  extended 


Saxton 

the  territory,  but  was  overthrown  by  Frederick  Barbarossa 
in  IISO.  "  The  duchy  of  Saxony  consisted  of  three  main 
divisions,  Westfalia,  Engern  or  Angria,  and  Eastfalia.  .  .  . 
Theduchy  was  capable  of  any  amount  of  extension  towa:-da 
the  east,  and  the  lands  gradually  won  from  the  Wends  on 
this  side  were  all  looked  on  as  additions  made  to  the  Saxon 
territory.  But  the  great  Saxon  duchy  was  broken  up  at 
the  fall  of  Henrj'  the  Lion.  .  .  .  The  name  of  Saxony, 
as  a  geographical  expression,  now  clave  to  the  Eastfalian 
remnant  of  the  old  duchy,  and  to  Thuringia  and  the  Sla- 
vonicconquests  to  the  east."  (Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  212.) 
Westphalia  fell,  as  a  duchy,  to  Cologne ;  the  eastern  part 
of  Saxony  fell  to  Bernard  of  Ascania ;  Bavaria  passed  to  the 
Wittjlsbach  family.  "The  duchy  of  Saxonv  .  .  .  was 
granted  to  Bernard  of  Ballensted  [Duke  of  Saxony  1180- 
1212Lthe  founder  of  the  Ascanian  house.  Of  the  older 
Saxon  land  his  house  kept  only  for  a  while  the  small  dis- 
trict  north  of  the  Elbe  which  kept  the  name  of  Sachsen. 
Lauenburg,  and  which  in  the  end  became  part  of  the  Han- 
over electorate.  But  in  Thuringia  and  the  conquered 
Slavonic  lands  to  the  east  of  Thuringia  a  new  Saxony 
arose."  (Fre^wflH,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  213.)  This  was  the  later 
duchy  of  Saxony,  the  capital  of  which  was  Wittenberg. 
The  strife  for  the  electorate  between  the  two  branches  of 
Saxe-Wittenberg  and  Saxe-Lauenburg  was  decided  in  favor 
of  the  former  by  the  Golden  Bull  of  1356.  On  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  Ascanianhouseof  Saxe-Wittenberg,  the  elector- 
ate and  duchy  were  conferred  on  Frederick,  margrave  of 
Meissen.  Thuringia  was  separated  in  1445,  and  reunited 
in  1482.  Frederick's  grandsons,  Ernest  and  All>ert,  ruled 
jointly  from  1482  to  1485,  when  there  was  a  partition  of  the 
tenitories,  Ernest  receivingthe  electorate.  Thuringia,  etc., 
and  Albert  Meissen,  etc.,  while  Osterland  was  divided. 
This  was  the  origin  of  the  Ernestine  and  Albertine  lines. 
The  elector  Frederick  the  Wise  {the  son  of  Ernest)  became 
a  champion  of  the  Reformation.  By  the  capitulation  of 
Wittenberg  (1547)  the  electorate  and  various  territories 
were  transferred  to  Maurice  of  the  Albertine  line.  Saxony 
flourished  under  ilaurice  and  his  brother  Augustus  ;  suf- 
fered greatly  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  vacillated  be- 
tween the  parties ;  and  acquired  in  1635  and  1648  Lusatia, 
the  bishopric  of  Merseburg,  etc.  Its  electors  were  kings  of 
Poland  from  1»;97  to  1763 :  suffered  severely  in  the  Silesian 
and  Seven  Years' wars,  in  which  it  generally  opposed  Prus- 
sia ;  sided  with  Prussia  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succes- 
sion ;  joined  the  Furstenbund  in  1785  :  joined  in  the  first 
coalition  against  France,  and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1806, 
but  went  over  to  Napoleon  ;  and  entered  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine,  and  became  a  kingdom.  (See  Meissen,  Thurin- 
gia, and  Saxony,  Kingdom  o/.)  The  portion  of  Saxony  left 
to  the  Ernestine  line  in  1547  soon  became  divided  into  the 
Thuringian  petty  states  of  Weimar,  Gotha,  Altenburg, 
Meiningen.  etc.     See  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  etc. 

Saxony,  Kingdom  of.  [G,  Ednigreich  Sachsen.l 
A  kingdom  of  Germany,  the  fifth  in  area  and 
third  in  population  of  the  states  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Dresden,  it  is  bounded  by  Prus- 
sia on  the  north,  northeast,  and  east,  Boheraiaon  the  south- 
east and  south.  Bavaria  on  the  southwest,  and  Prussia, 
Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  and  Reuss  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  north,  elsewhere  hilly, 
and  in  the  south  mountainous,  with  outliers  of  the  Erz- 
gebirge, and  the  Saxon  Switzerland.  It  lies  mostly  in 
the  basin  of  the  Elbe,  which  traverses  it  from  south  to 
north.  It  is  noted  for  its  mineral  wealth,  manufacturing 
activitj',  and  agricultural  progress ;  produces  cereals,  fruit, 
etc.;  and  has  mines  of  coal,  silver,  tin,  lead,  iron,  zinc, 
porcelain- earth,  etc.  It  is  especially  famous  for  its  textiles 
(cottons, woolens,  half-woolens,  yarns,  hosiery,  etc.).  Other 
leading  manufactures  are  machinery,  tools,  porcelain, 
paper,  glass,  tobacco,  musical  instruments,  china,  and  con. 
fectionery.  It  has  extensive  trade,  which  is  largely  con- 
centrated in  Leipsic,  and  exports  manufactured  articles. 
It  has  4  administrative  districts:  Zwickau,  Leipsic,  Dres- 
den, and  Bautzen.  The  government  is  a  hereditarj-  con- 
stitutional monarchy,  administered  by  a  king,  an  upper 
chamber,  and  a  lower  chamber  of  80  deputies.  Saxony 
sends  4  representatives  to  the  Bundesrat  and  23  to  the 
Reichstag.  Over  96  per  cent,  of  the  population  is  Prot- 
estant, About  50.000  are  Wends.  The  electorate  of 
Saxony  (see  above)  became  a  kingdom  in  1806  under  Fred- 
erick Augustus  I.  The  duchy  of  Warsaw  was  created  for 
him  by  Napoleon  in  1807.  In  1809  its  extent  was  greatly 
increased.  The  king  sided  with  the  Allies  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Leipsic  in  1S13 ;  and  in  consequence  had  to  cede 
half  of  Saxony  to  Prussia  in  1815  (besides  losing  the  duchy 
of  Warsaw);  Saxony  was  the  scene  of  riots  in  1830,  and 
received  a  new  constitution  in  1831.  A  revolutionary  out- 
break in  1849  was  suppressed  by  Prussian  arms.  Saxony 
formed  an  alliance  with  Prussia  and  Hannover  in  1849; 
sided  with  Austria  in  1866 ;  was  occupied  by  Prussian 
troops,  and  forced  to  pay  an  indemnity  ;  entered  the  North 
(ierman  Confederation  in  1S66 ;  and  entered  the  German 
Empire  in  1871.  (See  Saxx)nu.)  Area,  5,787  square  miles 
Population  (HXK)),  4,-202.'216.' 

Saxony,  Lower.    See  Loicer  Saxon  Circle. 
Saxony,  Province  of,  or  Prussian  Saxony. 

[G,  Proving  Sarhsen.^  A  province  of  Prussia. 
It  isbounded  by  Hannover  and  Brandenburg  on  the  north, 
Brandenburg  and  Silesia  on  the  east,  Saxony  and  Thurin- 
gia on  the  south,  and  Brunswick,  Hannover,  and  Hesse- 
Nassau  on  the  west.  Tt  has  also  several  exclaves,  and 
surrounds  portions  of  other  states.  It  produces  sugar- 
beets,  wheat,  barley.  r>'e,  etc. :  has  large  and  varied  manu- 
factures :  and  has  mines  of  salt,  coal,  copper,  silver,  etc. 
It  is  dirided  into  the  government  districts  of  Magdeburg, 
Merseburg.  and  Erfurt.  It  was  formed  from  various  ter- 
ritories, including  partsof  Saxony  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815, 
the  Altmark,  Magdeburg,  Mansfeld.  Halberstadt,  Quedlin- 
burg,  Erfurt,  etc.    Area,  9,746  square  miles.    Population 

n9WK  2.830.616. 

Saxony,  Upper.     See  Vpper  Saxon  Circle. 

Saxton  (saks'ton).  Joseph,  Bom  at  Hunting- 
don, Pa..  March  22,  1799:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  Oct.  26.  1873.  An  American  inventor. 
He  accepted  a  position  in  the  United  States  mint  at  Phila- 
delphia in  1837,  and  in  1S43  became  connected  with  the 
United  States  Toast  Survey,  having  in  charge  the  construc- 
tion of  standard  weights,  balances,  and  measures.    Among 


Saxton 

his  inventions  were  a  !o<:nmuti\'e  tiifferential  pulley,  a 
deep-sea  tlienmuiieter,  ami  an  iiniuersed  hydroiucter. 
Say(sa).  Jean  Baptists.  Iloni  at  Lyons,  Jan. 
5,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  15,  1832.  A  noted 
French  political  economist,  a  nieinbei'  of  the 
tribnn;ite  1799-1804.  His  cliief  works  are  "Traiti 
d'i;o.>ii.>Miie  politique"  (180.1),  "Catiithisiile  dYcoiioniie 
politique  (ISl.^i),  'Tours eonipletd'ecoMouiie  politique  pni- 
tique"  ll^iS  •ii).  "Del  Aiisletene  el  des  AuKlais  "  (18ir.). 

Say,  Jean  Baptiste  Leon.  Born  at  Paris.  .J  uuo 
G,  lH2f):  died  there,  April  21,  1896.  A  Freiicli 
fiuaiicier  ami  politician,  grandson  of  .J.  B.  Say. 
He  was  minister  of  finance  1S72-7.S,  187^-7(1,  1876-79,  and 
1S8-2  ;  and  was  eleeteii  a  member  of  the  Academy  in  1874. 
He  puhlisbed,  conjointly  witli  Foyot  and  Lanjalley,  "  Dic- 
tii'TiiKiiii-  iies  tlnances  "  (lS89t. 

Say,  Thomas.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  July  27, 
17S7 :  diod  at  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  Oct.  10,  ISSl. 
Au  American  naturalist.  He  accompanied  Long's 
expedition  to  the  Rocky  Jlountains  181i^-'20,  and  that  to 
the  sources  of  St.  Peter's  Uiver  in  1823.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Robert  Owen's  sluirt-lived  communistic  settlement 
at  New  Harmony  (Is'25-27).  His  "American  Kntnmolo:ry  " 
was  first  puldished  1824-'28,  and  tliis  title  is  pivcn  to  a  col- 
lected edition  of  his  entonioIoKical  writings,  witli  notes  l)y 
Leconte  (2  vols.  1869).  Say  also  published  papers  on  the 
Moiiusca,  etc. 

Sayana  (sii'ya-na).  A  great  Hindu  scholar  of 
the  14th  century  A.  D.,  brother  of  Madhavacarya 
and  minister  of  Vira  Bukka,  raja  of  Vijayana- 
gara.  (For  IJurnell's  identification  of  Sayana  and  Ma- 
dhava,  see  Madhava).  Sayana  is  especially  famous  as  the 
reputed  author  of  a  jrreat  commentary  on  the  Ripveda, 
the  value  of  which  in  Vedic  exegesis  has  been  the  subject 
of  a  somethnes  heated  discussion,  in  which  all  the  most 
eminent  Vedic  scholars  have  taken  part,  the  conclusion 
of  which  is  that  the  commentary,  whatever  may  be  its 
value  in  suggestion,  does  not  represent  a  genuine  tradi- 
tion and  is  not  authoritative.  On  this  discussion,  see 
Whitney's  "Oriental  and  Linguistic  Studies,"  I.  100. 

Saybrook(sa'bruk).  A  town  in  Middlesex  Coun- 
ty, Comiectient,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Coiinectieut  Kiver  28  miles  east  of  New  Haven. 
Population  (1900),  1,634. 

Saybrook  Platform.  A  declaration  of  princi- 
ples adopted  by  a  Congregational  synod  at  Say- 
brook  in  1708,  substantially  the  same  as  the 
Carabriilge  platform  (which  see). 

Sayce  (sas),  Archibald  Henry.  Born  at  Shire- 
hampton,  near  Bristol,  Englaud,  Sept.  2."),  1846. 
An  English  philologist,  deputy  professor  of  com- 
parative philology  at  ().\ford  1S70-90,  audprofes- 
sor  of  AssjTiology  from  1891.  He  is  especially  noted 
a-  :oi  Orientalist.  His  works  include  an  Akkadian  and 
an  Assyrian  grammar,  "  Princijiles  of  <-'omparative  Phi- 
lology" (1874),  "The  Monuments  of  the  Hittites"  (1881), 
"Ancient  Empires  of  the  Kast  "  (1884),  "Herodotus  i.-iii." 
(1883),  "Records  of  the  Past"  (2d  series,  1888-91),  etc. 

Save  (sii)  (or  Say)  and  Sele(sel), First  Viscount 

(William  Fiennes).  Born  May  28,  1.582:  died 
April  14.1ljti2.  AnEnglish politician, sonof Rich- 
ard Fiennes. P.aron  Save  and  Sole.  Hetookhisseat 
in  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1613.  and 
became  one  of  tin-  most  prominent  opponeiits  of  the  eonrt. 
He  was  ereated  viseount  in  ICJl  at  the  ilistanri- ..f  j'.urking. 
ham,  who  was  seeki n;; to eoneiliate  tin; popular  budcts  with 
aview  to  bringing  on  war  against  Spain  after  the  lueakiug 
olf  of  the  .Spanish  match.  In  association  with  rx)rd  IJrooke 
and  ten  others  he  obtained,  Marcli  in,  16:12.  a  iiatcnt  for  a 
large  tract  of  land  cm  the  Cfinneefieut  Uiver  from  Li.ird 
Wjirwick  and  the  New  F.ngland  Company.  .lohn  Winthrop 
was  appointeii  governor,  and  a  fort  was  establishefl  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  winch  received  the  name  of  Saybrook. 
Lord  .Saye  and  Sele  w.as  appointed  a  privy  councilor,  mas- 
ter of  the  court  of  wards,  and  a  commissioner  of  the 
treasury  in  1641.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he 
raised  a  regiment  for  the  Parliament,  but  did  not  favor 
the  abolititui  of  the  monarchy,  and  reiired  to  private  life 
after  the  execution  of  the  king.  He  was  appointed  to  the 
council  of  the  coloiues  in  1660,  after  the  Restoration. 

Sayes  Court  (saz  kort).  Tlie  estate  of  John 
Evelvn  at  Dejitfonl,  England.  Itcainetohiin  with 
his  wife,  wlu)  held  it  on  a  lease  from  the  crown,  on  his 
removal  to  Wotton,  Sayes  Court  and  its  gardens  were  let. 
Peter  the  f!reat  occupieil  it  in  1(198 ;  in  17.'>»  it  was  used 
aa  a  workhouse.  In  1881  the  owner,  a  dcscentlard  of 
Evelyn,  converted  it  into  the  Evelyn  Almshouses,  and  iti 
1886  a  public  garden  was  endowed.  The  Sayea  Court  ilu- 
seum  and  cricket-ground  ari-  (piitc  near  it. 

Saypan.     One  of  the  I,adrone  Islands. 

Sayre  (stir).  Le-wis  Albert.     Born  Feb.  29, 

1820:  died  Sept.  21,  1900.  An  Atnerieau  sur- 
geon, pi'ofessoi'(froin  lH(il )  at  Bellcviie  Medical 
College,  New  York  city.  He  ijivented  many  aur- 
gfcal  instruments  ami  appliances,  and  wjw  the  tliht  to  use 
plaster  of  Paris  "jaekets"  in  spinal  diseases  and  curva- 
ture. He  puldlshed  "  Practical  .Manual  of  the  Treatment 
of  Cluh-Foot"  (I»6ii),  "  Lcctuns  on  Orthopedle  Surgery 
and  Diseases  of  the  Joints"  (1876>,  etc. 

Sayri  Tupac  (sii-o'ro  to'piik).  Born  nbont  l.')30: 
died  nearCuzeo,  1;"j(>0.  A  Penivian  eliief,  son  of 
Inca  Mauco  and,  bv  the  Inea  succession,  legiti- 
mate sovereign  of  j'eril.  After  the  death  of  his  father 
(1M4)  he  kept  nj)  an  iinlependent  rule  in  the  mountains 
until  1558,  when  he  was  induced  to  resign  his  riglits,  re- 
ceiving the  Spanish  title  of  adclanta<lo,  with  a  pension  ; 
but  he  quickly  sank  into  mclaneholy  aiut  died. 

S.  C.     An  abbreviation  of  Sonflt  i'lirolnut, 

Scaevola(sev'o-l|i)  ('Eefi-handed').  C.  Mucins. 

A  Roman  hero.    According  t<j  legend,  when  Lars  Por- 


903 

sena  was  besiegnig  Rome  in  .509  B.  r..  Mucins,  conceal- 
ing a  dagger  about  Ids  person,  went  out  to  the  king's  camp 
with  the  intention  of  putting  him  to  death,  but  killed  in 
stead  a  royal  secretary  whom  he  mistook  for  Porsena.  He 
was  threatened  with  death  by  fire  unless  he  revealed  the 
details  of  a  conspiracy  which  he  said  had  been  foi-nicd  at 
Rome  for  the  purjiose  of  assassinating  Porsena,  where- 
upon he  thrust  his  right  hand  into  a  sacrificial  lire  burn- 
ing on  an  altar  hard  by.  Tills  firmness  excited  the  admira- 
tion of  Porsena,  vvho  ordered  him  to  be  released. 

Scseyola,  Q.  Mucins.    I)i<'d  82  b.  c.    a  Roman 

jurist.  He  was  a  tribune  of  the  people  in  106,  curule 
edile  in  104,  and  consul  in  95.  He  was  subse<|Uently  pro- 
consul of  tile  province  of  Asia,  and  ultimately  became 
pontifex  maximus.  He  was  proscribed  by  the  Marian 
party  during  the  Social  War,  and  was  killed  in  sanctuarj-. 
Excerpts  from  his  writings  aiM."  preserved  in  the  Digest. 

Scafell.  or  Scawfell  (ska-f(d').  A  mountain  in 
the  Lake  District  of  England,  adjoining  Scafell 
Pike.     Height,  3,162  feet. 

Sea  Fell  Pikes.  The  highest  mountain  in  Eng- 
land, iu  the  Lake  District,  Cumberland,  10  miles 
west  of  Ambleside.     Height.  3.210  feet. 

Scala  (sUii'lii),  Cane  Grande  della  (usually 
kno^vu  as  Can  Grande).  Boru  at  Verona  in 
1291 :  died  at  Trevis...  July  22,  1329.  A  sover- 
eign prince  of  Verona.  He  was  the  most  illustri- 
ous of  his  line,  and  comiuered  Vieenza,  Padua,  andTreviso. 
Me  is  famous  as  the  patron  of  Dante. 

Scala  (skti'Iii),  La.  A  theater  in  Milan,  one  of 
I  lie  largest  iu  the  world:  inaugiu'ated  1778. 

Scala  Nova,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  ^Egean 
Sea,  west  of  Asia  Minor,  partly  inclosed  by 
Samos. 

Scala  Santa  (skii'lii  san'tii),  or  Pilate's  Stair- 
case. [It.,  •  holy  stairway.']  A  stairway  on  tlic 
north  side  of  St.  John  Laterau,  at  Koine.  It 
consists  of  28  marble  steps,  said  to  have  come  from  the 
house  of  Pilate  in  Jerusalem,  and  leads  to  the  medieval 
papal  chapel  in  the  Later.an  Palace.  The  stairs  can  be 
ascended  only  by  penitents  on  their  knees.  The  treasure 
of  the  chapel  is  the  i)ainting  of  the  Saviour  as  a  boy,  said 
to  have  been  drawn  liy  St.  l.uke  and  finished  by  an  angel. 
Tlu'  painting  appears  to  be  Greek. 

Scaldis   (skal'dis).     The  Roman  name  of  the 

Schelde. 
Scaletta  (ska-let'ta).     An  Alpine  pass  in  the 

canton  of  Orisons,  Switzerland,  leading  from 

Davos  (east  of  Coire)  to  Capella  in  the  Upper 

Engadine. 

Scaliger  (skal'i-jer),  Joseph  Justus.    Boru  at 

Agen,  France,  Aug.  5,  l.')40:  died  at  Levden, 
Jan.  21,  1609.  A  celebrated  Protestant  scholar, 
son  of  J.  (_'.  Scaliger.  He  studied  at  Bordeaux  ami 
Paris;  traveled  in  Italy,  Englaiul,  and  Scotland  ;  lectured 
in  Geneva  1572-74  ;  lived  witli  his  patron  La  Roclie  Pozay  ; 
and  became  professor  at  Leyden  in  159:1.  By  his  "De 
emendatione  temporum"  (158.'J)  and  "Thesaurus  tempo- 
rum  "(lOofi)  he  became  thefounderof  moticrn  chronology. 
He  edited  Catullus,  Propcrtins,  Tibnllus,  etc.  His  "Opu- 
scula  varia  "  were  edited  by  J.  Casaubon  in  1610. 

Scaliger,    Julius    Caesar   (originally    Della 

Scala,  a  nickname  of  his  father,  Benedetto  Bor- 
done).  Born  near  Lago  di  Garda,  Italv,  Aiiril 
23,  1484:  died  at  Agen,  Franco,  Oct.  21,  1558. 
A  noted  Italian  Immanist,  philosopher,  and  sci- 
entist. He  liveil  until  1.526at  Venice  or  Padua,  and  then 
at  Agen,  where  he  pr.ietised  as  a  physician.  His  chief 
philosophieal  work  is  "  Exereitationes"on  the"l)e  subtili- 
tatc"  of  Cardan  (].^>57).  He  wrote  also  Ijitin  verse,  "  Poi-- 
tices  "  (1561),  connuentaries  on  Aristotle,  Hippocrates,  ami 
Theophr:istus,  etc. 

Scalloway  (skal'o-wfi).  A  small  seaport  on 
Mainland.  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland,  6  miles 
from  Lerwick. 

Scalpa{skal'pii).  1.  An  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  east  of  Htirris.  Length,  about  3 
miles. —  2.  An  island  of  the  Hebrides,  Scotland, 
oast  and  north  of  Skyo  and  south  of  Raasay. 
Length,  4A  miles. 

Scalve  (skiil've),  Val  di.  An  Alpine  valley  in 
Bergainasca.  ju'ovince  <\i  Bergamo,  nortiieru 
Italy,  2.')  to  30  miles  northeast  of  Bergamo. 

Scamander  (ska-man'der),  (u-  Xanthus  (zan'- 

thiis).  The  HiH'ieut  luinio  of  a  river  in  Mysia, 
.\sia  Minor:  the  moileni  .Menden^  (which  see). 

Scanderbeg,  <>r  Skanderbeg  (skan'der-beg), 
from  Iskander  (Alexander)  Bey  (originally 

George  Castriota).  I'-orn  1403:  died  nl  .\les- 
sio.  .bill.  17,  Hli^.  .\ii  .Mbaiiiaii  coiiitiiander. 
He  was  the  son  of  Ivan  (.lohn)  fast riota,  lord  of  a  heredl. 
tary  principality  in  Albania,  and  in  his  youth  was  sent  ns 
a  hostage  to  the  ottonian  court,  thi  tllt^  death  of  his  fa- 
ther in  1 143.  (he  Porte  det^ided  Ui  annex  this  principality, 
which  had  Iiithi-rt4i  enjoyed  a  semi-inilependtuit  exislenee. 
He  returned  to  Albania  iu  1444,  proclaimed  his  iiidepen* 
deuce,  and  maintained  liimself  auccessfully  affaliist  Aniii. 
rath  II.  and  Motiainined  II. 

Scandia  (skan'di-ii).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
siijiiinsed  islaiiil,  identical  with  the  southern 
|iiir(  of  Sweden. 

Scandinavia  (skan-di-nii'vi-ii).  Anamedcnot- 
iiig  ei(her  llie  peninsula  which  compri.ses  Nor- 
way u'ld  Sweden,  or  the  lands  occupied  by  the 
Scandinavian  peoples,  including  Norway,  Swe- 
den, and  Denmark. 


Scarpa 

Scandinavians  (skau-di-ua' vi-anz).  Natives  of 
the  region  loosely  called  Scandinavia. 

The  (ancient]  .Scandinavians,  a  tall  Xortheni  doHcho- 
cephalic  race,  represented  by  the  Kow  tirave  and  Staeli- 
geiiaes  skeletons,  anil  the  people  of  the  kitchen-middens. 
Tlie  stature  averaged  5  feet  10  inches.  They  were  dolicho- 
cephalic, with  an  index  of  fmm  70  to  73,  and  somewhat 
prognathous,  with  fair  hair  and  blue  eyes,  and  a  white 
skin,  lliey  are  represented  by  the  Swedes,  the  Frisians, 
and  the  fair  North  Germans.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  213. 

Scapa  Flow  (skii'pa  flo).  An  inclosed  sheet  of 
water  in  the  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  south  of 
Mainland. 

Scapin  (skii-pan';  E.  ska'pin).  [F.,  from  It. 
Si-npiiin.l  A  wily  intriguing  valet  in  Moli^re's 
coined  V'Lesfourberies  de  Scapin."  He  is  fertile 
in  expeiiients,  and  a  consummate  deceiver.  He  conducts 
the  affairs  of  four  lovers,  against  the  wishes  of  their  respec- 
tive fathers,  to  the  desired  end.  In  order  to  escape  the 
conseiiuences  of  his  insolence  in  having  severely  beaten 
GCronte,  the  father  of  Hyacintbe,  he  lias  himself  brought 
in  in  an  apparently  dying  condition, and  obtains  his  pardon. 
The  nickname  of  Jupiter  Seapin  was  given  to  the  first  Na- 
poleon by  the  Abb6  de  Pradt,  in  allusion  to  his  disposition 
to  employ  trickery. 

Scapino(skii-pe'n6).  [It.]  A  typical  character 
in  Italian  masked  comedy,  the  euuuiugand  kna- 
vish servant  of  Gratiano,  originally  speaking  the 
dialect  of  Bergamo.  Molifere  introduced  him  toFreneh 
comedy  (see  Scajrin)  in  such  a  manner  as  to  turn  his  name 
into  a  jaoverb. 

Scaramouche  (skar'a-mouch ;  F.  skii-rii-mosh'). 
[F.]  The  Itiiliau  Scaramuccia  (which  see).  It 
was  introduced  into  France  about  1640  byan  Italian  actor, 
Tiberio  Fiiirelli  (lfiii8-96). 

Scaramuccia  (skii-rii-mo'chii).  [It.;  Y.Scara- 
iiiiiiichc,  G.  Sctirnniic']  A  boaster  and  clown 
who  is  in  mortal  fear  of  Polichiuelle  or  Harle- 
quin: a  typical  character  iultalian  comedy.  He 
grew  out  of  the  old  pantomimic  character  Capitan(which 
see),  which  was  turned  into  Scaramuccia  after  the  Span- 
iards lost  their  infiuence  in  Italy.     See  Scaramouche. 

Scarborough  (skiir'bu-ro).  A  borough  and 
watering-jMaee  in  the  North  Ridingof  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  36  miles 
northeast  of  York.  The  ruins  of  its  ancient  castle  are 
situated  on  a  promontory  northeast  of  the  town.  It  is 
frequented  for  sea-bathing  and  for  its  mineral  springs.  It 
has  a  picturesque  situation  and  environs,  and  is  sometimes 
called  "theQuecnot  Wateringplacis."  Population  (1891), 
33,770. 

Scarborough.     The  capital  of  Tobago,  British 

West  Indies,  situated  on  the  southeastern  coast. 

Scarborough  Islands,  or  Scarborough  Range. 

A  group  of  the  (lilbert  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Scaria  (skii're-ii ).  Emil.  Bom  at  (Jratz.  Slyria, 
1838:  died  .luly  22,  IS.Si.  A  (ierman  bass  opera- 
singer.  He  made  his  dClmt  at  Pest,  and  went  to  London 
in  18(10,  to  Dessau  in  1862,  to  Dresden  in  1S65.  and  to  Vienna 
in  1872.  where  he  sang  for  many  years.  He  was  noted  in 
Wagnerian  opera. 

Scarlatti  (skiir-lat'te).  Alessandro.  Born  at 
Tra])ani,  Sicily,  16.19:  died  at  Naples,  Oct.  24. 
1725.  A  celebrated  Italian  composer.  Helscalled 
the  founder  of  modern  opera.  Little  is  known  of  his  early 
life,  hut  he  was  a  most  prolific  composer,  leaving  over  liiu 
operas  and  '200  masses,  besides  cantatas  and  oratorios. 
He  wast  he  reputed  in  ventorof  accompanied  recitatives  and 
of  the  "da  capo."  but  the  latter  was  first  used  by  Cavalli 
in  his  ojiera  "  iliasone  "  (1655).  He  became  a  professor  in 
three  of  the  Naples  conservatories,  and  many  celebrated 
musicians  were  his  pupils. 

Scarlatti,  Domenico.  Born  at  Naples,  1685 : 
died  there,  17."i7.  An  Italian  musician,  son  of 
Ali'ssaudro  Scarlatti.  He  was  a  noted  performer  on 
the  liarpsiehord  and  organ  :  eomposed  many  works  for  the 
liarpsicln'i-d  ;  and  did  mueh  for  modern  teeliliic.  Sleli- 
delssuhn  and  Liszt  aii<l  olhereom|K)Sers  show  his  influence 
iu  this  particular.  His  soiiatuiaud  fugues,  especially  the 
"Cat's  Fugue,"  are  still  played. 

Scarlet  (skiir'let  l.Wlll.  One  of  the  companions 
of  Robin  Ilooil.  lie  is  also  known  in  old  bal- 
lads as  Scadliick  and  Scathelock. 

Scarlet  Letter,  The.  A  romance  by  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  published  in  1850.  The  scene  Is  laid 
in  New  F.nglanil  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  See 
/Vi/nnf,  IlesItT, 

Scarlett  (skiir'let).  Sir  James.  Bomiu.lamaica, 
1769:  died  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  .\pril  7,  1844. 
An  English  jurist.  In  17'.X1  he  graduated  at  ("ambridge 
(Trinity  Collegel  and  entered  the  Inner  Temple ;  In  1S18 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Peterborough;  111 
1827  was  appointed  attorney-general  by  ('anniiig  :  and  in 
lS.'i4  chief  baron  of  the  Court  of  King's  lleiich  and  Haron 
Abinger. 

Scarlett,  Sir  James  Yorke.  Bom  1799:  died 
1871.  .\u  l'>ii;lisli  iiiajoi-general.  younger  son 
of  Lonl  .Miiiigrr.  lie  seiv.d  with  distinction  In  tho 
Crimean  «ar.  pailleiilailv  at  tho  battle  of  Italaklava. 

Scarlet  Woman,  The.     A  name  sometimes 

given  by  Prntestiiiits  lo  the  Church  of  Rome, 
in  allusion  to  Rev.  xvii. 
Scarpa  (skiir'piit.  or  Scarp  (skiirp).     An  island 
of  the  Outer  I  b'yirides.county  of  Inverness,  Scot- 
land, west  of  Harris.     Length.  3  miles. 

Scarpa  (skiir'piil.  Antonio.    Bom  at  Mottn. 

noi'lTieaslern  Italy,  .Iiiiie  13,  1747:  died  Oct.  31. 
1.S32.     A  noted  Italian  anatomist  and  surgeon. 


Scarpa 

He  became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Modena  in  1772.  and 
at  Pavia  in  1784.  He  was  chief  surgeon  to  Napoleon  I. 
He  published  numerous  anatomical  and  suniical  works, 
of  which  a  collective  edition  was  published  by  Vacconi 
in  lS3u. 
Scarpanto  (skiir 'pan-to).  An  island  of  the 
iEgeauSea,belongingtoTurkey,situated  north- 
east of  Crete  and  about  30  miles  southwest  of 
Rhodes:  the  ancient  Carpathus.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  Its  early  inhabitants  were  Dorians.  Length 
31  miles.    Population,  about  5,000  (Greeks).  ' 


904 

of  history  at  Bonn  from  1863.  He  wrote  "  Ge- 
schichte  des  Siebenjahrigen  Kriegs  "  ( 1867-74) , 
etc. 

Schafer.or Schaefer.Heinrich.  Bornat Sehlitz, 
Germany.  April  25, 1794:  died  at  Giessen,  Ger- 
many, July  2,  1869.  A  German  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Giessen  from  1833.  and  di- 
rector of  the  university  Ubrary  from  1861.  He 
wTote  "  Geschichte  von  Portugal  •'  ('•  Historj'  of  Portugal," 
1836-54),  "  Geschichte  yon  Spanien  "  (1831-C7),  etc. 


Scarpe  (skaip).   A  river  in  northeastern  France  Schafer,  or  Schaefer,  Johann  Wilhelm!  Bom 


which  joins  the  Schelde  11  miles  north  by  west 
of  Valenciennes.  Length,  70  miles. 
Scarron  (ska-r6n'),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1610:  died  there,  Oct.  14,  1660.  A  French 
burlesque  poet  and  dramatist.  As  a  child,  his 
strained  relations  with  his  stepmother  led  him  to  liie 
away  from  home  even  during  his  father's  lifetime.  He 
began  to  study  for  the  church,  and  lived  meanwhile  on  an 
allowance  amply  suilicient  to  meet  all  his  needs.  About 
IKW  he  sustained  some  serious  accident  that  left  him  a 
deformed  p-Tralj-tic deprived  of  theuseof  his  lower  limbs. 
About  the  same  time  his  father  died,  leaving  him  with- 
out any  share  in  the  patrimony.  He  obtained  some  pen- 
sions and  sought  besides  to  help  himself  along  by  means 
of  his  pen.  He  attempted  the  burlesque  style,  and  made 
a  success  of  it  in  his  first  publication,  "Le  Typhon,  ou  la 
Gigantomachie  "  (1W4).  His  style  of  writing  became  at 
once  the  fashion  :  this  made  the  more  acceptable  his 
comedies  "Jodelet,  ou  le  maitre  valet"  and  "  Les  trois 
Doroth^e,  ou  Jodelet  soufflet^"  (1645),  and  his  farce 
"Scenes  du  capitan  JIatamore  et  de  Boniface  pedant " 
(1647).  In  1648  he  besan  the  publication  of  "Virgiie 
travesti."  Then  he  wrote  some  stinging  pamphlets,  among 
others  "La  mazarinade."  and  scored  a  great  success  with 
his  "  Roman  comique  "  (1651).  The  following  year  Scarron 
married  Frangoise  d'AubignS,  who  became  later  Madame 
de  Maintcnon.  During  the  last  period  of  his  life  he  wrote 
several  short  stories. 


at  Seehausen,  near  Bremen,  Sept.  17,  1809 . 
died  at  Bremen,  March  2, 1880.  A  German  his- 
torian of  literature.  His  works  include  "Grundriss 
der  Geschichte  der  deutscEen  Litteratur"  (1S36),  "  Hand- 
buch  der  Geschichte  der  deutscheu  Litteratur  "  (lS!2-44), 
"Geschichte  der  deutscheu  Litteratur  des  IS.  Jahrhun- 
derts  "  (1S55),  lives  of  Goethe  and  Schiller,  etc. 
Schaff  (shaf),  Philip.  Born  at  Coire,  Svritzer- 
laud,  Jan.  1,  1819:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  20, 
1893.  A  German--\meriean  church  historian, 
theologian,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Hegrad- 
uateii  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1S41,  and  in  1844  ac- 
cepted a  professorship  In  the  theological  seminary  of  the 
German  Reformed  Church  of  the  United  States  at  Mer- 
cersburg,  Pennsylvania:  a  post  which  he  occupied  until 
1863.  He  was  appointed  professor  in  Union  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  at  Xew  Vork  in  1870,  being  elected  presi- 
dent in  1887,  and  retired  as  professor  emeritus  in  the 
spring  of  1893.  He  was  president  of  the  American  com- 
mittee for  the  revision  of  the  authorized  version  of  tlie 
Bible.    Among  his  works  are  "Hist-iryof  the  Christian 


Scheffer,  Ary 

Switzerland,  21  miles  southeast  of  Dresden.  It 
is  a  tom-ist  center.     Population.  3. 155. 

Schanfigg  (shan-fig'),  or  Schalfigg  (shal-ag') 
An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons 
Switzerland,  east  of  Coire,  traversed  by  the 
Plessur. 

Schar-Dagh  (shiir-dag'),  or  Tchar-Dagh.  A 
mountain-range  in  the  western  part  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  on  the  eastern  border  of  Albania  • 
the  ancient  Seardus.  It  separates  the  valleys  of 
theDrinandVardar.   Highestpeak.  10,005feet 

Scharf  (sharf),  John  Thomas.  Born  at  Baltil 
more,  May  1,  1843 :  died  at  New  York.  Feb.  28. 
1898.  An  American  historian.  He  served  in  ttie 
Confederate  army  and  navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
afterward  engaged  in  journalism.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1S74,  and  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the 
land  office  of  Maryland  in  1884.  Among  his  works  are 
"  History  of  Maryland  "  (1879),  "Historv  of  the  Confeder. 
ate  States  Xai-y  "  (1»S7),  "  History  of  De'laware  "  (1888). 

Scharnhorst  (sham'horst),  Gerhard  Johann 
David  von.  Bom  at  Bordenau,  Hannover, 
Nov.  12,  1755 :  died  at  Prague.  June  28,  1813. 
A  German  general  and  military  writer.  He  was 
in  the  Hanoverian  service  until  1801,"  and  then  in  that  of 
Prussia.  He  was  director  of  a  Prussian  military  school 
1801-03 ;  served  against  the  French  1S06-07  ;  was  president 
of  the  conmiission  for  reorganizing  the  Prussian  army; 
and  was  director  of  the  department  of  war  1807-10.  He 
was  severely  wounded  at  GrosstrOrschen  in  1813.  He  wrote 
"  Handbuch  fiir  Offiziere  "  (1781-90),  etc 


Song"  (1868), 

"  Library  of  Relisious  Poetry  "  (1881),  "  Schaft-Herzog  Ee^ 
ligious  Encyclop.xdia  "  (3  vols,  and  supp.  1882-87),  etc. 


Nouvelles  trasi-comiques  "  (1654), 
one  of  which  ("L'Hypocrite ')  underlies  Molifere's  "Tar-  Schaffhausen  (shaf'hou-zen).      1.  A  canton  of 

Svritzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Rhine,  and 


tufe,"and  composed  al^o  his  best  comedies,  "Don  Japhet 
d'Armenie  "  (1653\  "  L'Ecolier  de  Salamanque  "  (1654),  and 
"  Le  marquis  ridicule  "  {1656).  and  a  couple  of  posthumous 
plays,  "La  fausse  apparence"  and  "Le  prince  corsaire" 
(1662). 

Scartazzini  (skar-tat-se'ne),  Johann  Andreas. 
Born  Dec.  30,  1837 :  died  Feb.,  1901.  A 
Swiss  author,  noted  as  a  student  of  Dante. 
Among  his  works  are  "Dante  Alighieri,  seine  Zeit,  sein 
Leben  und  seine  Werke  "(1869).  "  Divina  Commedia  "  with 
commentary  (1874-^2).  and.  editions  of  Tasso  and  Petrarch. 

Scawfell.    See  ScafeU. 

Sceaux  (so).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine.  France,  4  miles  south  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Paris.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful 
sortie  of  the  French  Sept.  19,  1870.     Population  (1891), 

Scesaplana(sha-za-pla'na).  The  highest  moun 


lying  partly  in  the  Swabian  Jura  and  partly 
in  the  Klettgau.  Capital.  Schaffhausen.  it  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  Baden,  and  is  bounded  also  on  the 
south  by  the  cantons  of  Zurich  and  Thurgau.  It  has  also 
two  small  exclaves  north  of  the  Rhine.  It  sends  2  mem- 
bers each  to  the  St.ate  and  National  councils.  The  lan- 
guage is  German,  and  the  prevailing  religion  Protestant. 
It  freed  itself  from  Austrian  rule  in  1419 ;  was  allied  to  the 
Swiss  Confederates  in  1454 ;  became  a  canton  in  1501 ;  and 
received  a  democratic  constitution  in  1876.  Area,  114 
square  miles.  Population  (l&SS),  37,783. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Schaflfhausen, 


Scharwenka.    He  wasa  pupil  of  Kullak,  and  has  taught 
in  the  latter's  academy  at  Berlin.    He  is  also  a  caricaturist. 

Scharwenka,  Xaver.  Bom  at  Samter,  East 
Prussia,  Jan.  6,  1850.  A  noted  German  pianist 
and  composer.  He  was  a  pupil  and  teacher  at  Kullak's 
academy ;  and  played  in  public  at  Berlin  in  1869,  and  in 
England  in  1879,  and  also  in  the  United  States,  He  es- 
tablished a  school  of  music  in  New  Tork  in  1891.  He  has 
published  a  numberof  pianoforte  concertos,  songs,  sonatas, 
etc.:  also  a  good  deal  of  chamber-music. 

Schassburg  (shes'bora).  Hung.  Segesvar  (she'- 
gesh-var).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Nagy- 
Kiikiillo,  Transvlvania,  situated  on  the  Nagy- 
KukuUo  in  lat.  46°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  47'  E.  Here, 
July  31,  1849,  the  Russians  under  LUders  defeated  the 
Hungarians  under  Bern.     Population  (1890),  9,618. 


Height,  9.738  feet. 

Schachenthal  (shaeh'en-tal).  An  Alpine  val- 
ley in  the  canton  of  Uri.  Switzerland,  east  of 
Altdorf :  a  side  valley  of  the  Reuss. 

Schack  (shak).  Count  Adolf  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  Briisewitz,  Germany,  Aug.  2, 1815  :  died 
at  Rome.  April  14, 1894.  A  German  poet,  trans- 
lator, and  literary  historian.  Among  his  works  are 
"Geschichte  der  dramatischen  Litteratur  und  Kunst  in 
Spanien  "  ( 1845-46), "  Poesie  und  Kunst  der  Araber  in  Span- 
ien und  Siijilien  "  (2d  ed.  1877).  translations  from  the  Span- 
ish and  from  Firdausi.  and  dramatic,  epic,  and  IjTic  poem: 


which,  according  to  Persian  and  other  tradi 
tions  adopted  by  the  Jews  and  woven  around 


Schadow  (sha'do),  Wilhelm  Friedrich  von.  Schamir    (sha'mer).     A    mysterious    worm 
Born  at  Berlin,  Sept.  6,  1789 :  died  at  Diissel-       ''  "'  -      •  -      -  - 

dorf,  March  19,  1862.  A  German  painter  and 
teacher  .of  painting,  son  of  J.  G.  Schadow.  He 
became  professor  at  the  Berlin  .Academv  in  1819,  and  ex- 
erted great  influence  as  the  director  of  the  DUsseldorf 
Academy  1826-59,  becoming  the  founder  of  a  modem  school 
of  German  painters.     See  Overbeck. 

Schadow,  Johann  Grottfrieii.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
May  20,  1764:  died  there,  Jan.  27,  1850.  A 
noted  German  sculptor,  founder  of  the  modem 
Berlin  school  of  sculptors.  His  works  include  stat- 
ues of  Frederick  the  Great  (Stettin),  Blucher  (Rostock), 
Luther  (Wittenberg),  and  the  quadriga  on  the  Branden- 
burger  Thor  (Berlin).    He  also  wrote  several  works  on  art. 

Schafarik  (sha'fa-rik)  (Bohem.SafafIk),Paul 
Joseph.  Bom  at  Kobelvarowo,  northern  Him- 
gary,  May  13, 1795 :  died  June  26, 1861.  A  Slovak 
philologist,  noted  for  his  researches 'in  Slavic 
speech,  literature,  and  history.  He  was  professor 
at  the  gymnasium  at  NeusatzlSl:t-33,  and  its  director  1819- 
1825  ;  and  was  connected  with  the  library  of  Prague  1841- 
1857.  Among  his  principal  works  are  "  Slavic  Antiquities  " 
(1837),  "History  of  the  Slaric  Language  and  Literature" 
(lS26)i "  Slavic  Ethnography  "  (1842),  a  collection  of  Slovak   Schamyl  fsha'mil) 


Qo^Q/*^  °^  ^^^  ^"^'"^  '"^  lat.  47°  41'  N.,  long.  Schamnburg(shoum'borG).  1.  A f o'rinercount- 

ship  of  German.v,  in  the  valley  of  the  "Weser. 
It  was  divided  in  1648  between  Lipp'e  and  Hesse-Cassel. 
The  former  part  is  now  Schaumburg-Lippe. 
2.  A  countship  in  Prussia,  on  the  Lahn.     The 
title  is  now  in  the  family  of  Oldenburg. 

Schaumburg-Lippe  (shoum'bora-lip'pe).  A 
principality  and  state  of  the  German  Empire, 
situated  west  of  Hannover,  and  surroundeil  Tiv 
Hannover, "Vfestphalia,  and  the  Prussian  part  of 
Schaumbnrg.  Capital,  Buekeburg.  The  surface 
is  level  or  hilly.  It  is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy, 
and  has  1  vote  in  the  Bundesrat  and  1  in  the  Reichstag. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant  The  present  line 
was  founded  in  1013,  and  was  at  first  called  Buckeburg- 
Lippe.  Itwasraised  toaprincipalitvin  1807.  It  sided  at 
first  with  Austria  in  1866,  but  changed  to  the  Prussian  side. 
-Area,  131  square  ndles.     Population  (1900),  43,132. 

Scheat  (she'at).  fAr. :  a  corruption  of  sd'id, 
the  arm  or  cubit.]  A  name  given  to  the  sec- 
ond-magnitude star  ,:*  Pegasi,  sometimes  called 
Menkib.  and  also  to  the  third-magnitude  star  S 
Aquarii.  As  applied  to  the  latter  star  the  name  is  often 
spelled  Skat. 


8  38  E.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  contains 
the  castle  of  llunoth,  a  cathedral,  "Imthurneum."etc.  It 
became  a  free  imperial  city  in  1264,  and  passed  later  to  the 
Hapsburgs.  Population  (ISSS),  including Feuerthalen  (can- 
ton of_Zurich),  13,6,54. 

Falls  of.  A  cataract  of  the 
Laiifen.  near  Schaffhausen.  Height, 
about  60  feet ;  including  rapids,  about  100  feet.  Width 
above  the  falls,  about  375  feet. 

Schaffle  (shef'fle),  Albert  Eberhard  Fried- 
rich. Born  at  Niirtingen.  TTiirtemberg,  Feb. 
24,  1831.  A  German  political  economist.  He 
became  professor  of  political  economy  at  Tiibingen  in 
1861  and  at  Vienna  in  1868,  and  was  Austrian  minister  of 
commerce  in  1871.  He  afterward  removed  to  Stuttsart, 
and  devoted  himself  wholly  to  literature.  He  has  pub- 
lished "Die  Nationalokonomie"  (1S61),  the  third  edition 
of  which  was  renamed  "Das  geseUsch.aftliche  Svstem  der 
menschlichen  Wirtschaft  '  (1873),  "  Kapit:Uismus  und  So- 
ci.alismus "  (1870),  "yuintesssnz  des  Socialismus"  (1874), 


the  legends  of  Solomon,  was  able  to  cut  the  Scheciir,  or  Shedir  (sha'der  or  she'der).  [Ar. 
hardest  stone.  It  was  about  the  size  of  a  barlevcom,  al-^adr,  the  breast.]  The  second-magnitude 
but  nothing  could  resist  its  strength.    It  was  with  the  aid     star  a  Cassiopeia?,  in  the  breast  of  the  figure. 

of  Schamir  that  Solomon  budt  the  temple,  the  stones  of  c'„t,.^«i« /--l.:^'l^^   Tr^^iTTr:!!.-! t>  Toi     i 

which  were  not  hewn  by  human  hands.    In  some  versions  Scheele(sha  le).  KarlWllhelm.  Born  at  Stral 
it  is  called  a  stone.    In  early  rabbinical  fable  it  is  not  a     sund,  Dec.  L,   1(4L: 


songs,  and  works  on  Bohemian  and  South  Slavic  philology 
and  literature. 

Schafberg  (shaf'bero).  A  mountain  on  the  bor- 
der of  Salzburg  and  Upper  Austria,  19  miles 
east  of  Salzburg,  it  is  caUed  "the  Austrian  Rigi "  on 
account  of  its  extensive  view.    Height,  5,840  feet. 

Schafer,  or  Schaefer  (sha'fer).  Arnold.  Bom 


worm,  and  is  something  more  than  a  stone,  being  called 
a  "creature."  It  is  an  impersonation  of  a  mysterious  force. 
The  story  passed  over  to  the  Greeks,  and  the  force  became 
a  plant  In  the  English  "Gesta  Romanorum  "  it  is  again 
a  worm  called  Thumare.  Gervaise  of  Tilburj'  speaks  of  it 
in  connection  with  Solomon  as  a  worm  called  Thamir. 
The  same  legend  in  different  forms  is  met  with  in  Ice- 
land and  many  other  European  countries.  In  some 
forms  Schamir  has  the  power  of  giving  life  or  of  paralyz- 
ing life. 

It  bursts  locks  and  shatters  stones;  it  opens  in  the 
mountains  the  hidden  treasures  hitherto  concealed  from 
men  ;  or  it  paralyses,  lulling  into  a  magic  sleep ;  or,  again, 
it  restores  to  life.  I  believe  the  varied  fables  relate  to 
one  and  the  same  object  —  and  that,  the  lightning. 
S.  Bann^-CrouW, Curious  Myths  of  Mid.  Ages,  2d  ser. ,  p.  144. 

Bom  1797:  died  at  Medina, 
March,  1871.  A  Caucasian  leader.  Hewaselected 
imam  of  the  Lesghians  in  1834,  and  acquired  a  complete 
ascendancy  over  all  the  tribes  of  Daghestan,  which  he  led 
in  a  30  years'  struggle  for  independence  against  Russia.  His 
last  stronghold,  Weden,  was  taken  April  12,  1^50,  and  he 
himself  was  surprised  and  captured  in  the  following  Sept. 
He  was  assigned  a  residence  in  the  interior  of  Russia,  and 


died  at  Koping,  Sweden, 
Ma.v,  1786.  A  celebrated  Swedish  chemist.  He 
lived  as  an  apothecary  at  Koping  from  1777.  He  was  the 
independent  discoverer  of  oxygen,  ammonia,  and  hydro- 
chloric-acid gas,  and  discovered  many  other  important 
substances,  including  manganese,  chlorin,  baryta,  t.artaric 
acid,  Scheele's  green,  arsenic  acid,  glycerin,  lactic  acid, 
etc.     His  collected  works  were  published  in  1793. 


land  .and  many  other  European  countries.       In  some  Scheffel  (shef'fel),  Joseph  VictOr  VOU.'     Bom 

at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Feb.  16, 182b:  died  there, 
April  9, 1886.  A  German  poet  and  novelist.  He 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Heideibei^,  Munich,  and  Berlin. 
In  1S50  he  occupied  a  minor  judicial  position  in  Sackingen, 
and  in  1852  in  Bruchsal.  Subsequently  he  traveled  in  Italy, 
and  lived  afterward  at  various  places  in  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  south  of  I-Yance.  In  1S57  he  was  given  the 
position  of  librarian  at  Donaueschincen.  In  1872  he  re- 
moved to  Rudolfszall,  on  the  Lake  of  Constance,  where  he 
lived  until  his  death.  In  1876  he  was  ennobled.  His  first 
important  work  was  the  idyl  "  Der  Trompeter  von  Siick- 
ingen  "  ('*  The  Trumpeter  of  Sackingen  "),  which  appeared 
in  1853.  The  historical  novel  "Ekkehard"  is  from  1855. 
"  Frau  Aventiure,"  a  collection  of  IjTics,  appeared  in  1863, 
"Juniperus"  in  1S68,  "Berppsalmen  '  (■  Mountain 
Psalnis")in  1870.-*  Waldeinsamkeit"("  Forest  Solitude")in 
1881.  "Gaudeamus,"  a  collection  "f  popular  poems  of  a  hu- 
morous character,  has  been  published  in  some  4"  editions. 


. died  on  a  pil^rrimaee  to  ilecca. 

at  Seehausen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  16,  1819 :  died  Schandau  (shan'dou).    A  town  in  the  kingdom  Scheffer  (shef  fev).  Ary.     Born  at  Dordrecht, 

at  Bonn,  Pnissia,  Nov.  20,  1883.     A  German     of  Saxonv,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kir-  Netherlands.  Feb.  12.  1795 :  died  at  Paris,  Jtme 

historian,  brother  of  J.  W.  Schafer  :  professor    nittx-h  ^vith  the  Elbe,  in  the  midst  of  the  Saxon  5,  1858.     A  French  painter,  of  a  style  between 


Scheffer,  Ary 


905 


the  elassioal  and  Komantic_sehools.    Among  his  Schenkel  f slien<f'kel),  Daniel.    Bom  at  Ba^er- 

Icn.iaiitonof  Zurich, Switzerland,  Dec. 21,1  SI 3: 
died  May  19, 1S85.  A  Gemian  Protestant  tlieu- 
loffian,  professor  at  Heidelberg  fi-om  1X51:  one 
of  Ihe  chief  founders  of  the  Gorman  Protestant 
Union.  Amoufr  his  works  are  •'(MiristlicheDog- 
niatik"  (1858-59),  ••JJas  Charakterbild  Jesu" 

.  •  T,-        ,      ( 1804).  etc. 

1798  :  died  .at  Paris,  March  15, 18G2.     A  French  Schenkendorf  (shenRk'en-dorf),  Max  VOn. 


works  art-  "  Suliote  Women,"  "  F.l)L*rhar(l  the  Weeper.' 
several  *>n  the  subjects  of  "  Faust,"  "  Migiion,"  ami  "  tiret. 
ehen."  "  Francesca  da  llimini,"  "Chai-leniagiie  ami  Witte- 
kinii,"  "St.  Aiiiiustine  and  his  Mother,"  "  Christus  Con- 
solator,"  "  Cliristii.s  Rernunerator,"  "  liante  and  Beatrice," 
"Christ  Bearinfc  the  Cross,"  eto.;  portraits  of  IJeranger, 
Marshal  Ncy,  Liszt,  Rossini,  the  artist's  mother,  etc. 
Scheffer,  Henry.    Born  at  The  Hague,  Sept.  27 


historical  and  geni-e  painter,  brother  of  Ary 

Scheffer. 

Scheffler,  Johannes.    See  Angclus  Silesim. 
Schehallion.     See  l^chicliaUion. 

Scheherazade,  or  Sheherazade  (she-he'ra- 
zad ) ,  or  Shahrazad  ( sh ii-rii-ziid' ) .  A  character 
in  the  ••.\raliiau  Ni;,'hts'  Entertainments," 
daughter  of  the  grand  viziraud  wife  of  Schariar, 
sultan  of  India.  The  tales  which  she  nightly  relates  so 
interest  the  sultan  that  he  si)ares  lier  life  from  day  today 
in  order  to  hear  more,  and  tttuUly  repeals  the  law  con- 
demning to  death  each  morning  his  l>ride  of  the  previous 
night.    See  Arahian.  Ni<jhts. 

Scheideck  (shid'ek),  or  Scheidegg.    Asjiur  of 
the  Rigi.  in  Switzerland. 
Scheideck,  Great.     The  height  of  the  pass 

between  Grindclwald  and  Meiriugen,  Bernese 
Oberlanil,  Switzerland.    Height,  0,4^0  feet. 

Scheideck,   Little,    or  Wengern-Scheideck 

(veng'erii-shi'dek).  A  pass  iu  the  Bernese 
Obeiiand,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Grindel- 
wald  over  the  WengerualiJ  to  Lauterbrunnen. 
Height,  6,798  feet. 

Scheideck,  Keschen-.  A  pass  in  western  Tyrol, 
near  the  Swiss  frontier,  leading  from  Landeck 
in  the  valley  of  the  inn  to  the  Vintsehgau  in  the 
valley  of  the  tipper  Adige. 

Schelde  (schel'do),  or  Scheldt  (skelt).  [D. 
Hchchlc.  formerly  also  Scheldt,  V.  Ji^ciiiif,  from 
L.  Sciildis.]  A  river  in  Europe  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Aisue,  northeastern  France, 
tr.averses  Belgiinn,  and  flows  in  the  Netherlands 


Boru  at  Tilsit,  Prussia,  Dee.  11,  1783:  died  at 
Coblenz,  Dec.  11.  1817.  A  German  lyi'ic  poet, 
lie  studied  jurisprudence  iu  Konigsberg,  where  in  1812  he 
became  a  referendary ;  but  witlt  the  advent  of  the  tYench 
array  in  tliat  year  he  left,  and  was  subse<iueutly  in  Berlin, 
Weimar,  and  liarlsruhc.  In  Isi;).  in  response  to  the  Prus- 
sian call  to  arms,  he  joined  the  army  in  Silesia,  and  fought 
in  the  battle  of  Leipsic.  After  tlie  war,  in  1815,  he  was 
made  counselor  at  Colilenz,  where  he  died.  His  lyrics. 
many  of  tliem  patriotic  songs,  appeared  under  the  title 
"Ccdichte"  ("Poems  "Hn  1810. 

Scherer  (shii-rar' ),  Barth61emy  Louis  Joseph. 

Born  at  Delle,  near  Beltort,  France,  Dec.  18, 
1747:  died  on  his  estate  Chauny,Aisue,  Aug.  19, 
1804.  A  French  general.  He  served  in  the  revolu- 
tionary armies;  as  commander-in-chief  in  Italy  gained 
the  battle  of  Loano  Nov.  21, 170:>;  was  minister  of  war  1797- 
1790;  and  was  defeated  by  tlie  Austria?is  in  Italy  in  1799. 

Sch6rer,  Edmond  Senri  Adolphe.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  8,  1815:  died  at  Versailles,  March 
16,  1889.  A  French  Protestant  theologian  of 
the  radical  school,  politician,  and  critic.  Do 
was  made  professor  of  exegesis  at  the  l^cole  fivang^lique 
at  Geneva  in  1845 ;  resigned  in  1850,  and  liecame  a  leader 
in  the  liberal  movement  in  Protestant  theology  ;  became 
cliief  literary  critic  of  "  Le  Temps"  in  18f^j ;  and  later  was 
its  editor  in  chief.  Ho  was  elected  memfier  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  in  1S71.  and  of  tlie  Senate  in  1S7.">.  He 
wrote  "  M»*lange3  de  critique  religieuse,"  seven  volumes 
of  literary  criticisms,  et<*. 

Scherer  (shii'rer),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Schou- 
born.  Lower  Austria,  April  26,  1841 :  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  6,  18SG.  A  German  philologist 
and  literarv  liistorian.     He  wrote  "Gesehiehto 


dor  deutschen  Litteratm-"  (1883),  etc. 
h^trtheN^jVthSerby  i"ts  chief"aiTis7thV  W  Scheria  (ske'ri-ii)  [Gr.  ^x'p'"-}  Iu  the  Odys- 
Schelde  (or  Hont)  and  the  East  Schelde.  its  chief  >^ey,  a  mji^hical  island,  the  abode  of  the  Phsea- 
branches  are  the  .Selle,  Scarpe,  Lys,  and  Rupcl ;  the  chief  Clans  :  identihed  by  the  ancients  with  Corcyi-a. 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Tonrnai,  Oudenardc,  (ilient.  Den-  Scherr  (slier),  JohannCS.  Born  at  Hohenrech- 
dermonde,  atid  Antwerp.   It  was  dosed  to  navigation  IWS-     ^^^.g^  Wiirtembeig,  Uct.  3,  1817:  diedatZurich, 


1792.    Length,  260  miles ;  navigable  to  near  Catelet. 

Scheler  (sha'lcr),  Johann  August  Huldreich. 

Born  at  Ebnat,  Switzerland,  April  6, 1819 :  died 
at  Brussels,  Nov.  17, 1S90.  A  noted  philologist. 
He  held  a  professorsliip  in  the  TTniversity  of  lirusselsfrom 
1876  until  Ills  death,  and  wrote  a  numlierof  works  on  Ro- 
mance philology,  including  "Dictionnaire  d'l''tymologic 
franc;aise"  (lSeO„and  "ExposiS  dcs  lois  qui  rd'gissent  la 
transformation  fran?aise  des  mots  latins"  (1876). 
Schellenberg  (sliel'lcn-bero).  A  hill  near  Do- 
nauwiirth,  Bavaria,  on  which,  July  2,  1704,  the 
Bavarians  and  French  were  totally  defeated 
by  the  Imperialists  under  Marlborough  and 
Louis  of  Baden. 

Schelling  (shol'ling),  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Jo- 
seph von.  Born  at  Leonberg,  Wiii'temberg, 
Jan.  27,  1775:  died  at  Kagatz, Switzerland,  Aug. 
20,  18.54.  A  celebrated  CTernian  philosopher. 
He  was  educated  at  Tiiliiiigi-ii ;  becam 
in  1798,  and  at  Wurzliiirg  in  isn:};  occ 
positi.ins  at  Munich  1800-41  (as  secretary 
of  Arts,  from  1827  as  i)rofessor  of  philosophy,  and  Liter 
director  of  the  Academy  of  Science.^) ;  lectured  at  various 
times  at  Stuttgart  and  Erlangen ;  became  a  memlitr  of  tlie 
Berlin  Academy;  and  1841-40  was  lecturer  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin.  His  works  include  "  Krster  Entwurf  eims 
Systems  der  Natilrphilnsoi>liii  "  ("Kirst  Plan  of  a  System 
of  the  I'liilosophv  of  Natur.-,"  1799),  "  Der  transcendcnt.ile 
Idealismiis  "  (180'i)),  "Darstellnng  meines  Systems  der  Phi- 
losophie"  ("Presentation  of  my  System  of  Philosophy," 
1801),  "  Bruno"  (1802).  "  Philosophic  nnd  Religiiui"  (1804), 
"Ntensobliche  Freiheit"  (180!l),  etc.  His  collected  works 
were  pulilished  in  14  vols.  IS.'iO-Ol. 

Schemnitz 

(shel 

Hon     ,  ,.     , 

is  the  moat  important  mining  town  in  Hungary,  with  mines 

of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lend,  etc. ;  and  has  an  academy  of 

mining  and  fnrestry.   It  existed  as  early  as  the  8th  century. 

Populaliun  (18(10),  15,2SO. 

Schenck  (skengk),  Robert  Cumming.  Born  at 


Nov.  21,  1886.     A  (terniau  historian  and  demo- 
cratic leader  in  Wiirtemberg  until  his  flight  to 
Switzerland  in  1849.    Ho  was  professor  in  the  Poly- 
technic School  at  Zurich  from  180*1.     His  works  include 
"Deutsche  Kultur-  und  Sittengescllichte"  ("History  of 
German  Civilization  and  ilaiiners,"  1862),  "Schiller  und 
seine  Zeit"  (18691,  "Geschichtc  der  deutschen  Litteratiir" 
(2d  ed.    1854),  "Geschichte    der  englischen  Litteratur" 
(1854),   "AUgemeine  Geschichte  der  Litteratur"  (1861), 
"Geschichte  der  Religion"  (186f;-67),  "BUiclier"(lSC2), 
"Geschichtc  der  deutschen  FrauenweU"  (3d  cd.  1873). 
Scherzer(shert'ser),  Karl  von.  Born  at  Vienna, 
May  1, 1821 :  died  Feb.  20,  1903.     An  Austrian 
traveler.     He  traversed  North  and  Central  America 
1862-55;  was  a  member  of  the  Novara  expetlition  round 
the  world  1857-60;  was  chief  of  an  exjiedition  to  eastern 
Asia  in  18G9;  and  was  Austrian  consnl-general  at  Genoa 
from  1884.    Besides  books  of  travel  h.-  pulp|i.>ilied  "  Welt- 
indnstrien"  (1880)  and  "Das  wiitschaftlicbe  Lehen  der 

VulUer "  (1885),  etc.  

"^■orn  at 
A 
German  landscape-painter,  of  the  Dusseldorf 
school.  He  became  professor  at  the  Diisseldorf  Academy 
in  18.".i>.  His  pictures  are  mostly  in  German  galleries. 
Scheveningen  (scldia'ven-ino-en).  A lishiug vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, situated  on  the  North  Sea  3  miles  north- 
west of  The  Hague.  It  is  a  celebrated  watering-place, 
and  a  favorite  resort  for  artists.  Near  it,  Aug.  10  ((^.  s. 
July  31),  10.13.  the  English  lleet  under  .Monk  defeated  the 
luitrli  uniu-r  'I'romp,  who  fell  in  the  engagement.  Popu- 
lation (l>8li|,  17,27" 

Vir- 

1835. 


lan  p  lUosoplier.      v„,u;V"  (188.-;)7ete 

npiud  vadonso(iiei"u  Scheuren  (shoi'ren),  Johann  Kaspar.  Bon 
tary  of  ihe  Academy     Ai.x-la-Chapelle,  Aug.  22,  1810 :  died  1887. 


pulilished  in  14  vols.  18.60-01.  ,"  ' "  ",,';.'''  ,'.',.':''>  """  '""  '"  "'"  ^"k-k^""  "'•    '"1"" 

...   I         *    ..   \   TT  «    1  -D '  lation  (1S8H1,  l,,2,i. 

mnitz/sheni  nits)  Hung  Selmecz-Banya  schiaparelli  (skyii-pil-rel'ir).  Giovanni  Vir- 
l-inets'ban  yo).     A  towi    i.i  the  eouiity  .,1       .   j  ^^  p_  .^^.^^  .^^  SaWgliano,  Italy,  March  4, 1835. 

'!'""'!«!^;':;  "^i^;:!:";^';,:;  i::"';L;;;t,,   in  itauan  astronoi^.,-.  ,  ew^direcorof  heo... 


scrvatury  iit  Mili-ii  1KC2-1'.H)*>.  lie  Im»  puhliHliu.!  '*  Note  «; 
rofleHBiutii  Hiilhi  rt'nria  ftHlroiioniicH  ili'llu  sti'llc  railriiti" 
(1870)  Hfi'i  •'  I  prt-currtoii  ili  ('upuriilco  iifU'  antU'liitA  " 
(1^70).  IK'  ti:iH  iiIhi.  imbliiilu'ii  fnvchttniitlunB  in  iiifU-o- 
rolojfy  uii'l  the  (oimt'iiUitn  uf  Mars. 


Franklin,  Ohio,  Oct.  4,  isOiJ:  .hr.l  at  Wasl.in^^-  Scllick(shik). Gottlieb.  Born  at  Stutt^'art.Au^'. 
ton,  D.  C,  March  23,  IKOO.  An  Amoiic.an  poll-  ^^^  ^y^j).  ,ii,.,i  t,„.j.^,^  ^^^,,.51  j,^  ^gyy  A  Ciorniau 
tician.  diplomatist,  and  ^'enoral.  iiu  wn«  mlmit-  liistoricai  paintrr.  in  I7l>l>-is()2  he  atinlled  at  I'arU 
ted  to  tho  bar  in  18:il ;  was  a  ^\  big  m.mibcr..f  (  ontrr.  ha  f  nmi  „,|ti,  j,,^,.;,,  ,;,„,  ^^  n„„,^.  ik))2-11.  lie  U  calhU  unc  of  the 
Ohio  lS-i:i-51 ;  waHUiut^-'d states ininlHtcrto  Itra/il  18.M-ri.(;     rctfeiieratorH  uf  (Jcrnian  art, 

L'hr'-djlm').    A  town  in  tho  provinco 
Holland,  Nothorlandn,  sitnatcil  near 
of  niajnr-utMH-ral.     Ho  was  a  Kcpiililicaii  meriitier  of  (!on-     the  jniU'lion  of  the  Schio  and  AU'USo,  3^  niili'S 
f^vM  fn.m  (Hiin  18(i:i-71,  and  United  Htates  ininister  to      wost  c»t'  Hot  I  ordain.      It  Ih  hhUmI  an  a  center  of  Kin 
On-nl  Itrilriiii  I>Tl-76.  Tiianufa.Miii  i-  (H«»llariilH  and  iien.'VH|.     I'op.  (iHlHf, -Ji-sS:!. 


Unio  is-l.i-oi  ;  was  iiiiiu;<i.>iaifBiniiiimrri<>  i>ra/:ii  io;m-:'.>,      rcirt'MiTatorH 
and  served  in  thL'Ihiiun  army  In  tlici'ivll  War,  part  irip;it  inn  CrtlilA/loMi  / 
in  the  tlr.st  battle  of  Hull  ilnn.  tlio  battle  of  (Vohh  KeyK.    OCmeaam 
and  tbe  second  buttle  of  Jlmlt  Kun.  ami  attJilnliiK  the  rank     ol    nout  h   I 


olives,  aKrieultnral  inipli^meiits,  ote.,  and  is  tbe  seat  of 
rned  tiy  liit-  KiiTieh  and  Ini" 
inliattilaiits  were  masHaered.      I'opn- 


Union  r.illegc.    It  was  burned  by  liif  Krtrieh  ar>d  Indians      '^^''^  ^'"-'    l''""»" 


Feb.  «,  1690,  aiul  tb 
lation  (Ifinni.  :st.(W.> 


nnd  Caucasian  trro'tps  ol*  Inn- 
(iinij^os.  lie  wa»a  nu-mluTof  tlie  Aeadeiny  of  St.  I'oterH- 
bum,  nnd  wa«  eonnected  wilb  its  lilnary  from  1N03. 


Schiller 

Schiehallion  (she-hal'.yon).  A  mountain  in 
J\-rthshiiv.  Scotland,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Perth.  It  was  here  that  Maskflyiie  conducted  his  ex- 
periments for  deterniininfr  the  density  of  the  earth, 
lleitcht,  3,547  feet.     Also  SchefuiUioii. 

Scbiermonnikoog  (seher-mon'uik-6G).  An  isl- 
and in  tho  North  Sea.  beloupng  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Fiiesland,  Netherlands,  5  miles  north  of 
tiie  mainland.     Length,  8  miles, 

Schikaneder  (she-kii-na'der).  Emanuel.  Born 

at  Kati.sliou,  17.">1:  died  at  Vienna,  Sept.  'Jl. 
1S12.  AUerman  librettist, manager,  singer,  and 
actor.  In  17«v),  while  manager  of  a  company  of  strolling; 
I>laycrs  he  met  Xlo/^art.  He  wrote  the  text  of  .Mozart's 
"  Zauberllote  "  in  1791,  and  played  Tapageno  himsi-lf. 

Schiller  (sliil'ler),  Johann  Christoph  Fried- 
rich   von.      Boru   at   Marbach.   Wia-temberg, 
Nov.  10,   1759:  died  at  Weimar.  May  9,  1805. 
A  famous  Genuau  poet,  dramatist,  and  histo- 
rian.     His  fatlier,  who  had  previously  been  a  surgeon, 
entered  the  Wurtenibt-rK  serviee  at  tiie  outbreak  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War,  and  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  poet 
was  a  lieutenant.     Subsefjuently  he  rose  to  llie  rank  of 
captain,  and  in  17(i8  was  given  the  position  of  park-keeper 
at  Ludwigsburg  and  tlie  duke's  country-seat,  Solitude. 
lie  married,  in  1740,  Elizabetli  Dorothea  Kodweis,  daugh- 
ter of  the  hindlord  of  the  Golden  Lion  in  Marbaeh.     .Schil- 
ler's earliest  education  was  obtained   in  the  village  of 
Lorch,  and  then  at  the  Latin  school  of  Ludwigsburg.     It 
was  his  original  Intention  to  study  theology,  but  in  ae- 
cordanee  with  the  demand  of  the  duke,  Karl  Kugen,  who 
in  1770  had  set  up  a  military  academy  at  his  castle,  Soli- 
tude, he  entered  there  in  1773  and  begau  the  study  of  ju- 
risprudence.    In  1775  the  academy  was  removed  to  Stutt- 
gart, where  he  exchanged  tbe  study  of  law  fur  that  of  medi- 
cine; and  in  1780,  on  tho  conclusion  of  his  studies,  was 
appointed  regimental  surgeon  at  Stuttgart.     His  literai-y 
eareer  began  in  1781  with  the  publication  of  the  tragedy 
"  I)ie  Rauber"('*The  Robbers"),  the  plan  of  which  he  had 
conceived  as  early  as  1778,  when  a  pupil  at  the  military 
academy.     He  was  not  able  to  llnd  a  publisher,  and  was 
obliged  to  print  the  work  at  his  own  expense,  but  the  fol- 
lowing year  it  was  successfully  produced  at  Mannheim. 
'ihe  publication  of  the  drama  had  drawn  upon  him  the 
displeasure  of  the  duke,  which  was  intensilled  when  he 
went  secretly  ttj  ilannheiui  in  order  to  be  present  at  its 
first  representation.     Subsequently  he  was  fnrbidden  liy 
the  duke  to  print  anything  which  did  not  relate  to  his 
profes.sion.     Once  more  he  went  to  Mannheim  wiibuut 
leave,  in  order  to  see  his  drama,  and  this  time,  when  it 
was  discovered, he  was  contlennied  to  a  fortnight'sarrest. 
He  now  determined  to  escape  from  this  restraint,  and  the 
•sumo  year  (17S2)  lied  in  company  with  a  friend  toMann- 
hemi,  and  thence  went  to  iJarnistadt  and  Frankfort.     I'n- 
der  tile  assumed  name  of  Dr.  Schmidt,  he  lived  f«tr  a  time 
at  tho  village  of  Oggersheim,  near  Mannheim,  and,  not  be- 
lieving himself  here  free  froni  pursuit,  aeeepted  the  in- 
vitation of  l-Vau  von  Wolzogen,  and  tttok  up  bis  abude  i*n 
her  estate  Bauerbach,  near  Meiningeii.     In  the  meantime 
he  had  been  at  work  on  another  drama  which  finally  ap- 
pi;ared  in  1783,  after  having  been  twice  rejected  by  the 
theater  direction  at  Mamiiieim.     This  is  his   "Kieseo" 
(full  title  "Di"  Vursehworung  des  Fieseo  zu  tieiiua:  re- 
pubiikanisehes  Trauerspiel":  "The  Conspiracy  of  Flesco 
at  Genoa:  a  Republican  Tragedy").     At  Bauerbach  he 
lived  until  July,  1783,  under  the  name  of  Dr.  Kitter,  en- 
gaL,'ed  npon  athird  tragedy  which  he  at  first  called  "Luise 
MilleriM,"but  which  was publii-hed  in  17S4  under  the  name 
of  **Kabale  und  Liebe"  ("Love  and  Intrigue").     In  178:* 
he  returned  to  Mannheim  tt>  accept  theptisition  of  theater 
poet  with  a  stipend  of  300  florins,  for  which  he  was  to 
furnisli  tlu"ee  plays  a  year:  to  eke  out  a  support  he  had 
founded  a  journal  (which  was  altandonetl  in  I7'.i3)  called 
"Die  rheiuische  Thalia"  ("The  Rhenish  rbalia"X  after- 
ward "Die  neue  Thalia "(*■  The  New  Thalia  ').     His  con- 
nection with  the  theater  lasted  only  until  Nov.,  17S4,  when 
lie  resigned.     In    ll>^\  with  the  advice  and   assistance 
of  Christian  (Jottfried  Korner,  the  father  of  the  iR)et  Kor- 
ner,  he  b  ft  Mamdulm  f<»r  Leipsic,  where  lie  arrived  in 
April.     Shortly  after  he  moved  out  to  the  little  village  of 
Gohlis,  near  by,  and  then,  that  same  year,  acciunpanted 
Korner  to  Dresden  :  liere.  ami  in  the  village  of  Losehwilz, 
where  his  friend  had  a  villa,  he  lived  until  1787.     In  I'm; 
three  lyrical  |>oem8hatl  appeared  in  the  "Thalia":  "  Krci- 
geislerei  der  Leidenschafft("  Kree-thlnklng  of  Passion"). 
"Ret>lgnalit)U,"and"l.iedandieFreude"("iiymnt..Joy'), 
the  la.st  written  in  Gt)hlis.     In  the  garden-house  at  U'seh 
witz  he  completed  tbedrania"  DonCarlos.'begun  at  Mann- 
heim and  finally  published  in  17!)7.     I  tiliko  the  preeed- 
ing  dramas,  which  are  all  in  pi-ose,  tbiit,  like  its  suecessois. 
is  written  in  iambic  pentimeter.    To  tbe  Dresden  inriod 
iK'Iongs,  further,  a  novel  that  was  nevercoinpbted.  (-albd 
"  Der  Getstersilier"  ("The  Ghost-seer").     In  17.>7.  having 
grown  tired  of  his  life  in  Dresden,  he  removed  to  Weimar. 
where,  with  the  exception  of  the  peri»id  fnun  17i<0  to  17l»0, 
he  Hulme»|uejitly  lived.     In  USHapmared  bis  Hr^l  blsloH- 
cal  work,  the  "(iesehiehte  des  Alifalls  der  Mederlande  " 
("History  of  the  Revolt  of  the  N.therbiiids").     lUlonL'- 
ing  alhi>  tb  this  early  time  in  Weimar  are  the  noems  "  Die 
GotterGrlechenland»"('*TbeGotl«of  Greece  )  and  "l>ie 
Kunstler"(**  The  Artists").     In  17^'.»  be  was  called  as  tm>. 
fessorextraordlnariusof  bistorv.  but  withiail  a  stipend,  to 
the  I'tdvei-sityof.lena.  The  succeeding  year  (i:tK))bonnir- 
rieti  Lottevon  Lengefeld.  having  picviou^ly  been  granted, 
on  his  application,  a  small  fltlpend  by  the  !»uke  of  Wei- 
mar.    During  l70U-lt:t  appeared  his  second  historieni  work, 
the  ■■Gesihichle  des  dreUrlgJahrigen  KrlegK  "  ("  Hi^l*•ry 
of  thoTblrlv  Year-*"  War  '  )      !n  17iU  falls  lln-  begbitdng 
of  tbe   intimate  a»>'oel;»tlon  with  Goethe,  which   bad   a 
marked  Inlluenee  npt»n  both  iMHtw.     Iti  17ftr.,  with  ibe  ec- 
operationof  (Jocthe.  he  founded  tbe  Jonrnal  "Die  Iloien" 
("The  Ilono").  which  was  continued  down  to  171*8.     Iu 
17tM>  the  annual  "lN>r  Muscnalmanaeh'  ("The  Almanac 
of  the  Muses")  was  begun  under  his  editon*bip.  and  was 
published  down  (o  ]M)o,  when  It  was  abandoned.     In  it 
iipprrtrt'd   the  Kutirlc  e]ilgrani8,   the  famous  "Xenicri" 
written  hi  e(dlHboratlou  with  Goethe,  and  anumlH-r  of  bin 
most  celehratiMl  pueuis.  nmong  them  "Der  Uandschuh" 


Schiller 

("The  Glove"),  "Der  Ring  des  Polykrate«"  ('The  Ring 
of  Polycrates  "),  "Ritter  Toggenburg"  (''Knight  Toggen- 
burg").  "Der  Taueher"' ("The  Diver").  "Die  Kniniche 
desH^ycus"  ("The  Cranes  of  Ibycus"),  "Der  Gang  nach 
dt-ni  Eisenhanimer"("The  Walk  to  the  Forge"),  "Der 
Kanipf  luit  dem  Dracheu  "  ("  The  Fight  with  the  Drag- 
on"), "Das  Eleusische  Fest"  ("The  Eleusinian  Festi- 
val "),  and  (IStK))  "  Das  Lied  von  der  Glocke  "  ("  The  Song 

of  the  BeU"),  the  most  popular  of  all  his  poems.    In  1799  Schlagintweit,  Robert   VOn.      Born    Oct.   27, 
another  drama  had  been  completed,  and  the  following  year  .     ° -.    -         (■ 

it  was  revised  for  publication.  This  is  the  trilogy  "  Wal- 
lenstein,"  which  consists  of  the  prelude  "Wallensteins 
Lager  "  ("  Wallensteins  Camp  "),  "  DiePiccolomini "  ("  The 
Pice ilomini "),  a  drama  in  live  acts,  and  "Wallensteins 


906 

and  the  three,  together  or  separately,  explored  India,  the 
Huualaj'a.  Tibet.  .Sikkini.  Bhutan,  Kashmir-.  L;idak,  Nepal, 
and  the  Karakorum  and  Kueidun  m<.>untains  (1555-.S7). 
Their  travels  were  published  in  "Results  of  a  Scientific 
Mission  to  India  and  High  Asia"  (1860-66)  and  'Reisen  in 
Indien  und  Hochasien  "  (lS6>i-80).  He  received  the  sur- 
name ".SakUnluuski '  in  1S(>4  from  his  passage  of  the 
Kwenlun 


1833  :  died  at  Giessen,  Germany,  June  6,  1885. 
A  brother  of  Hermann  von  Schlagintweit,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  India  and  central  Asia.  He 
traveled  in  the  United  States  1868-69  and  1880,  and  pub- 
lished the  results  of  the  journey  in  "Die  Paciflc-Eisen- 
_bah_n  "  (1870X  "  Oalifornien  "  (1871),  etc. 

A  watering- 


Tod"  ("Wallensteins  Death"),  also  in  live  acts.    In  179S, 

further,  he  gave  up  his  prof  essorship  at  Jena  and  went  back 

to  Weimar,  which  was  henceforth  his  home.    The  succeed-  Schlangenbad  (shlanff'en-bad') 

nig  yeai-s  were  characterized  by  e.xtr-iordinaiy  dramatic  „i.,„„  ;,,  fi,„  „„„^„„„  „t  tj      '    xt  t->     = 

productiveness.    The  tragedy  "Maria  .-Stuart"  appeared  P.''^'^1^  HI  tlie  pro-Fince  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prus- 

in  1801.     'Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans"  ("The  Maid  of  Or-  sia,  6  miles  west  of  Wiesbaden :  noted  for  its 

leans  ")jjvhich  he  calls  |'a  romantic  tragedy,"  followed  in  mineral  springs. 


ly.  in  1804,  the  drama  "  Wilhelm  TelL"  He  died  suddenly 
in  1805.  Still  another  tragedy,  "Demetrius,"  was  left  un- 
completed at  his  death.  His  life  may  be  divided  into  3 
periods.  The  first  is  that  of  his  youtli,  from  1759  to  1785, 
when  he  removed  to  Leipsic :  in  this  period  fall  the  "  Storm 
and  Stress"  dramas  "  The  Robbers."  "  Fiesco,"  and  '-Love 
and  Intrigue,"  .and  the  l.vric  poems  published  in  his  '-.■\ji- 
thologie  "  of  1782.  A  second  period  is  the  period  of  scien- 
tific production,  in  re-ality  a  time  of  research,  from  1785 
dowu  to  his  intimate  association  with  Goethe  in  the  publi- 
cation of  the  '-  Horen  ";  in  this  period  fall,  most  especially. 
"  Don  C;irlos,"his  historical  works,  and  sevei-al  philosophi- 
cal and  esthetic  treatises,  the  principal  among  them  being 
that  on  '-Xaive  und  sentimentalische  Dichtung"("  Naive 
and  Sentimental  Poetry  ").  A  third  and  last  period  is  from 
1794  until  his  death  in  1805.  This  is  the  time  of  his  great- 
est productivity  :  in  it  fall  the  best  of  his  poems,  of  which 
there  are  many  besides  the  ballads  mentioned,  and  the 
most  important  of  his  dramas.  A  critical  edition  of  his 
complete  works  w-as  published  at  Stuttgart,  1.S67-76,  in  17 
volumes. 

Schiller- Stiftnng  (shil'ler-stif'tong).  [G., 
'Schiller  Institution.']  A  German  society 
founded  in  18.55  (definitely  organized  at  Dres- 
den, Oct.,  1859)  for  the  purpose  of  rendering 
pecuniary  aid  to  German  authors  needing  as- 
sistance. 

Schilling  (shil'ling),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Jlitt- 
weida,  Saxony,  June  23, 1828.  A  German  sculp- 
tor, professor  at  Dresden.  Among  his  worksare  the 
Schiller  statue  in  Vienna,  statues  in  the  Briihl  Terrace, 
Dresden,  and  the  nation.al  monument  in  the  Xiederwald. 

Schilthorn  (shiU'horn).  -^mountain  in  the  Ber- 
nese, Oberland,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Lau- 
terbrunnen.     Height.  9.748  feet. 

Schimper,  Wilhelm  Philipp.  Bom  at  Dosen- 
heim,  Alsace,  Jan.  12,  1808 :  died  May  20,  1880. 
An  Alsatian  botanist  and  paleontologist.    He 


-  „-  --  Subsequently 
a  tutor  for  three  years  at  Amsterdam.  Returning'  thence 
to  Germany,  he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  literature,  until 
in  1798  was  made  professor  of  literature  and  esthetics 
at  the  University  of  Jena.  He  had  founded,  with  his 
brother  Friedrich  von  Schlegel,  the  critical  journal  '-.\the- 
nseum,"  which  became  the  organ  of  the  Romantic  school 
in  Germany.  In  ISOt  he  left  Jena  for  Berlin,  where  in 
1S03-OJ  he  delivered  lectures  on  literature.  After  1804 
he  traveled  extensively,  and  was  in  France,  Italy,  Austria, 
and  Sweden,  the  greater  part  of  the  time  in  the  company 
of  Madame  de  Stael,   --■"- -'^-"  ■^-    •■  •    ■ 


Schleswig 

a  clergyman  of  the  Reformed  church.  The  greater  part  of 
his  youth  was  spent  in  the  Moravian  schools  at  Niesky  and 
Barby.  Subsequently  he  studied  theology  at  Halle  and 
m  1794  was  ordained.  From  1796  to  lSO-2  he  n-as  pastor  of 
the  Chai-ite  Hospital  in  Berlin.  In  1802  he  went  as  pastor 
to  the  little  town  of  Stolpe.  in  Pomerania,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years.  From  1804  to  1807  he  was  university 
preacher  and  professor  at  HiUle.  Thence  he  went  once 
more  to  Beriin,  where  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the 
Trinity  Church,  and  in  1810  was  made  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  the  new  university  of  Berlin,  in  both  of  which  posi- 
tions he  remained  active  until  his  death.  His  most  im- 
portant works  are  his  "Reden  iiber  die  Religion  "("Ad- 
dresses 'on  Religion,"  1799),  "Monologen"  ("Mono- 
logues," 1800),  "Grundlinien  einer  Kritik  der  bisherigen 
Sittenkhre  "  ("  Basis  of  a  l>itique  of  Ethics  to  the  Present 
Time,"  1803  :  the  fli-st  of  his  philosophical  works),  "Wei- 
nachtsfeier"  ("Christmas  Celebration,"  1806),  and  "Kurze 
Darstellung  des  theologischen  Studiums  "  ("A  Short  State- 
ment of  Theological  Stud.v,"  1810),  with  which  he  began 
his  professorial  career  in  Berlin.  His  principal  theologi- 
cal work,  "Der  christliche  Glaube  nach  den  Grundsiitzen 
der  evangelischen  Kirche"  (' Christian  Dogma  Accord- 
ing to  the  Fundamental  Principles  of  the  Evangelical 
Church  "),  appeared  first  in  1821--22.  and  in  a  second  edi- 
tion, greatly  altered,  in  1830-31.  "Studien  und  Kritiken" 
("Studies  and  Criticisms  ")  appeared  in  1829.  He  made 
the  classical  translation  of  Plato,  the  first  volume  of  which 
was  published  in  1804 ;  the  last,  the  "Republic,"  in  1828. 
As  a  theologian  he  made  a  deep  impression  upon  the  the- 
ology and  the  religious  life  of  his  own  day ;  his  tame 
as  a  philosopher  is,  however,  almost  wholly  posthumous. 
Schleissheim  (shlis'him).  A  royal  Bavarian 
castle,  8  miles  north  of  Munich.  It  has  a  noted 
picture-gallery. 


;1,  with  whom  he  afterward  also  spent  Cn-uiai^^    /■=.t,Kfi.^        \    +„.„-.,    •      ti,  ■      •      i-i 

some  tune  at  her  castle  at  Coppet  in  Switzerland.     In     _,?„  ^^„  (shllts).     A  town  m  the    principality 


Sweden,  as  the  secretary  of  the  crown  prince  Bernadotte, 
he  was  ennobled.  In  1S18  he  was  made  professor  of  es- 
thetics and  literature  at  the  University  of  Bonn,  where  he 
subsequently  lived,  and  where  he  died.  He  was  several 
times  in  France,  and  in  1823  in  England,  engaged  in  Ori- 
ental studies.  He  wrote  distichs,  romances,  sonnets,  odes, 
and  elegies.  His  first  volume  of  poems  appeared  in  1800. 
The  tragedy  "  Ion  "  (1803),  which  was  produced  at  Weimar, 
was  not  successful.  His  work  as  a  critic,  and  particularly  as 
a  translati^r,  is  of  especial  importance.  His  "Spani=ches 
Theater"  ("Spanish  Theater")  appeared  l>03-09:  "Vor- 
lesungen  iiber  dramatische  Kunst  und  Litteratur  "("Lec- 
tures on  Dramatic  Art  and  Literature 'X  delivered  origi- 
nally in  Vienna,  were  published  1809-11 ;  his  translation 
of  Shakspere,  afterward  continued  bv  Ludwig  Tieck, 
peared  1797-1810.  From  1823  to  1S30  he  published  the 
"IndischeBibliothek"(  "Indian library "),aperiodic,al de- 
voted to  Oriental  languages,  and  printed  several  Sanskrit 
texts  in  the  printing-office  which  had  been  equipped  by 
the  Prussian  government  at  his  suggestion.  His  complete 
works  were  published  at  Leipsic,  1846-47,  in  12  vols. 


of  Reuss  (younger  line),  Germany,  situated  on 
the  Wiesenthal  36  miles  southeast  of  Weimar. 
It  is  the  second  town  of  the  principality,  and  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  former  principality  of  Reuss-Schleiz.  It  has  a 
palace.  Here,  Oct.  9,  1806,  the  French  defeated  the  Prus- 
sians.    Population  (1890),  4,928. 

Schlem  (shlern).  One  of  the  Dolomite  Moun- 
tains of  Tyrol,  east  of  Botzen.  Height,  8,402 
feet. 

Schlesien  (shla'ze-en).     The  German  name  of 

Silesia. 

ition  Schleswig  (shlaz'vio),  or  Sleswick  (sles'wik), 
l'  t^  Dan.  Slesvig  (sles'vio).  The  northern  part  of 
the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
separated  from  Holstein  by  the  Eider  and  the 
Baltic  Canal.  The  "DEinish  Mark"  was  organized  by 
the  German  sovereigns  in  the  loth  century.    About  10-26 


■Veronika)Mendelssohn, Madame  Veit).  Born 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  24,  17G3:  died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-JIain,  Aug.  3,  1839.  A  German  author, 
daughter  of  Moses  Mendelssohn  and  -m'fe  of  K. 
W.  F.  von  Schlegel.  By  her  first  husband  she 
was  the  mother  of  the  painter  Philipp  Veit. 
pubHshed  "Traits  de  pal^ontologie  -r^g^tale"  Schlegel,  Karl  Wilhelm  Frie(irichvon.  Bom 
(1867-69).  researches  on  brvology,  etc.  ^  tt  -'      •   --         - 

Schipka  Pass.  See  SliipkaPasx. 
Schirmer  (shir'mer),  Johann  Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Jiilich.  Prussia,  Sept.  5,  1807:  died  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  Sept.  11,  1863.  A  German  land- 
scape-painter. His  subjects  were  taken  largely 
from  Bible  scenes. 
Schirmer,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Berlin,  May  6, 
1802 :  died  at  Xyon,  Switzerland,  June  8,  1866. 
A  German  landscape-painter.  His  subjects 
were  taken  chiefly  from  the  South. 
Schism,  The  Great.  1.  The  division  between 
the  Latin  and  Greek  churches,  which  began  in 
the  9th  century,  the  principal  doctrinal  diifi- 
culty  relating  to  the  '■filioque"in  the  creed. 
The  immediate  occasion  of  suspension  of  communion  was 
the  intrusion  by  the  emperor  Michael  IIL,  in  857,  of  the 
learned  Photius  into  the  see  of  Constantinople  instead  of 


...^x&o   ,,cic   i,ii./ii3llcu  at,  A.CIuoiC,   J.OJO— i(,  ill  Ii;  vols.  iu  _  ,^  i- TT  ,      ,.,  . •-     — — -.. 

C!„->,i. 1    ?r   J  /-ri        i-L         ,     ■    ■      „        the  emperor  Conrad  II.  ceded  the  region  to  Canute  king 

DCalegel,  Madame  VOn  (Dorothea  (ongmally     of  Denmark,  and  for  about -200  years  Schleswlg  was  cloself 


at  Hannover,  March  10, 1772:  died  at  Dresden, 
Jan.  12,  1829.  A  noted  German  poet,  author, 
and  critic.  He  studied  at  Gbttingen  and  Leipsic,  and 
subsequently  lived  in  Dresden,  Berlin,  and  Jena,  where  he 
settled  in  ISOO  as  decent  at  the  university.  In  1802  he 
renounced  this  position  to  study  Oriental  languages  in 
Paris,  where  he  remained  two  years.  In  1803  he  went 
over  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  In  1808  he  w-ent 
to  Vienna,  where  he  became  secretary  to  the  state 
chancery.  From  1815  to  1SI8  he  was  Austi-ian  coun- 
selor of  legation  at  the  Diet  in  Frankfort-on-the-ilain. 
He  died  at  Dresden,  whither  he  had  gone  to  deliver 
a  course  of  lectures.  He  wrote  numerous  lyrics,  the 
drama  "Alarcos,"  and  the  novel  "  Lucinde  "  (1799).  More 
important  are  his  essjiy  "Uber  die  Sprache  und  Weisheit 
der  Indier"  ("On  the  Language  and  Wisdom  of  the  In- 
dians," 1808)  and  the  "  Vorlesungen  iiber  die  Geschichte 
der  alien  und  neuenlateratur"  ("Lectureson  the  History 
of  Old  and  Modem  Literature,"  1S16X  His  complete 
works  (".Sammtliche  Werke")  were  published  at  Vienna, 
18-22-25,  in  10  vols.,  increased  in  the  edition  of  1846  to  15 
vols. 


Ignatius,  at  that  time  patriarch.    The  Roman  see i'serte'd  <a'/.Vi°ioi"  n,.  <Sn■^,^a•^•Co^,^T^  ^t.  C^<,.rrC=1T^      A  .„„™„„ 
jurisdiction  in  the  matter  as  possessing  supreme  power,   OCnlCl,  or  S>cnley(shU),  orbiey  (sll).    A  narrow 


and  mutual  charges  of  false  doctrine  and  excommunica. 
tions  followed  ;  but  Photius  was  finally  acknowledged  at 
Rome  as  patriarch.  The  final  division  w.as  that  between 
Pope  Leo  IX.  and  the  patriarch  Michael  Ceruiarius,  in 
1064,  since  which  time  Roman  Catholics  regard  the  Greeks 
or  Easterns  as  cut  off  from  the  Catholic  Church,  while  the 
Greeks  claim  that  they  have  remained  faithful  to  the 
Catholic  creed  and  ancient  usages. 
2.  The  forty  years'  division  (1378-1417)  be- 
tween different  parties  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  which  adhered  to  different  popes. 

Schlagintweit  (shlii'gin-tvit).  Adolf  von. 
Bom  Jan.  9.  1829:  killed  in  Kashgar,  1857. 
Brother  of  Hermann  Schlagintweit,  and  his  as- 
sociate in  travel  and  collaborator  in  his  works. 

Schlagintweit,  Hermann  von.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, May  13,  1^26:  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  19, 
1-882.  A  German  traveler  and  scientist.  He  ex- 
plored the  Alps  in  company  with  Adolf  von  Schlagintweit 
1846-48,  and  published  their  results  in  "Untersuchuncen 
iiber  die  physikalische  Geographic  der  .\lpen "  ('-Re- 
searches on  the  Physical  Geography  of  the  Alps,"  1S50). 
Hemadefurtherjonnieyswithhisbrother.ascendingMonte 
Rosa  (first  ascent  made)  in  1851.  They  published  '-  Xeue 
I  ntersuuhungen,  etc."  (18.t4).  In  1854  he  st^irted  on  an 
expedition  to  India  with  his  brothers  .4dolf  and  Robert, 


inlet  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  which 
it  penetrates  as  far  as  Schleswig.  Length,  25 
miles. 
Schleicher  (shli'cher),  August.  Born  at  Mei- 
ningen.  Germany,  Feb.  19.  1821:  died  at  Jena, 
Dee.  6,  1868.  A  noted  German  philologist, 
professor  at  Jena  from  1857.  His  works  include 
"Die  Sprachen  Europas"  ("The  Languages  of  Europe," 
1850).  -'Kompendium  der  vergleichenden  Grammatik 
der  indogermanisehen  Sprachen"  ("  Compendium  of  the 
Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Indo-Gemianic  Languages," 
18*>2),  w-orks  on  the  Lithuanian  and  Slavic  languages,  etc. 

Schleiden  (shli'den),  Matthias  Jakob.  Born 
at  Hamburg,  April  5,  1804:  died  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main.  June  23,  1881.  A  noted  Gei-man 
botanist.  He  was  prof essor  at  .Tena  1839-62,  and  at  Dor- 
pat  1863-64.  His  chief  work  is  "  Grundziige  der  w-issen- 
schaftlichen  Botanik"  ("  Principles  of  Scientific  Botany," 
l>42-43).  He  also  wrote  -'  Die  Pflanze  und  ihr  Lebeii  " 
(ivio),  "Fur  Baum  und  Wald  "  (1870),  etc. 

Schleiermacher  (shli'er-maeh-er).  Friedrich 
Ernst  Daniel.  Bom  at  Breslau.  Nov.  21.  1768 : 
died  at  Berlin.  Feb.  12,  1834.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man philosopher  and  theologian.    He  was  the  son  of 


-.,     ^ely 

connected  with  Denmark,  being  generally  ruled  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Danish  royal  house,  after  which  it  was  a 
hereditary  duchy,  a  flef  of  the  Danish  crown  (ruled  from 
1232  to  1375  by  a  branch  of  the  Danish  dynasty).  In  1386 
Schleswig  and  Holstein  were  formally  united.  From  1460 
the  kings  of  Denmark  of  the  Oldenburg  line  ruled  over 
Schleswig-Holstein  (being  princes  of  the  German  Empire 
as  dukes  of  Holstein).  Under  this  house  various  divisions 
and  subdivisions  took  place,  but  in  1777  nearly  all  of 
Schleswig-Holstein  was  reunited  with  Denmark.  The 
King  of  Denmark  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation 
for  Holstein  in  1815.  The  dual  relations  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  toward  Denmark  and  Germany  led  to  the  Schles- 
wig-Holstein wars  of  1848-50  and  1864  (see  below).  A 
provisional  government  of  the  duchies  was  formed  in 
1848 ;  and  Danish  rule  was  restored  in  1851.  The  question 
was  reopened  by  the  death  of  the  King  of  Denmark  in 
1863.  In  consequence  of  the  war  of  1S64,  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  were  handed  over  to  Prussia  and  Austria ;  and 
in  1865,  by  the  Convention  of  Gastein.  Schleswig  fell  under 
Prussian  rule.  After  the  war  of  1866  both  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  were  annexed  to  Prussia.    See  Holstein. 

The  history  of  the  relations  of  Denmark  and  the  Duch- 
ies to  the  Komano-Germanic  Empire  is  a  very  small  part 
of  the  great  Schleswig-Holstein  controversy.  But  having 
been  unnecessarily  mixed  up  with  two  questions  properly 
quite  distinct, — the  first,  as  to  the  relation  of  Schleswig 
to  Holstein,  and  of  both  jointly  to  the  Danish  crown  ;  the 
second,  as  to  the  diplomatic  engagements  which  the  Dan- 
ish kings  have  in  recent  times  contracted  with  the  Gei-man 
powers, —  it  has  borne  its  part  in  making  the  whole  ques- 
tion the  most  intricate  and  interminable  that  has  vexed 
Europe  for  two  centuries  and  a  half.  Setting  aside  iiTele- 
vant  matter,  the  facts  as  to  the  Empire  are  as  follows  :  — 
I.  The  Danish  kings  began  to  own  the  supremacy  of  the 
Frankish  Emperors  early  in  the  ninth  century.  Having 
recovered  their  independence  in  the  confusion  that  fol- 
lowed the  fall  of  the  Carolingian  dynasty,  they  were  again 
subdued  by  Henry-  the  Fowler  and  Otto  the  Great,  and  con- 
tinued toleralily  submissive  till  the  death  of  Fi-ederick  II. 
and  the  period  of  anarchy  which  followed.  Since  that 
time  Denmark  has  always  been  independent,  although  her 
king  was,  until  the  treaty  of  1865.  a  member  of  the  German 
Confederation  as  duke  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg.  TI. 
Schleswig  was  in  Carolingian  times  Danish :  the  Eyder  be- 
ing, as  Eginhard  tells  us,  the  boundai-y  between  Saxonia 
Transalbiana  (Holstein)  and  the  Terra  Xortmannonim 
(wherein  lay  the  town  of  Sliesthorp).  inhabited  by  the 
Scandinavian  heathen.  Otto  the  Great  conquered  all 
Schleswig,  and.  it  is  said,  Jutland  also,  and  added  the 
southern  part  of  Schleswig  to  the  immediate  territory  of 
the  Empire,  erecting  it  into  a  margraviate.  So  it  re- 
mained till  the  days  of  Conrad  II.,  who  made  the  Eyder 
again  the  boundary.  III.  Holsteinalways  was  an  integi-a] 
part  of  the  Empire,  as  it  was  afterwards  of  the  Germanic 
CoofederatioQ  and  is  now  of  the  new  German  Empire. 

Bnjce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  450. 

Schleswig.  The  capital  of  the  province  o^ 
Sclileswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
western  extremity  of  the  Sehlei,  in  lat.  54°  31' 


^  Schleswig 

N.,  long.  0°  34'  E.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  the 
ducal  caatle  of  Gottorp.  A  church  was  lunndcd  here  by 
Ansjiar  about  Son.  The  town  wa^  the  ancient  capital  of 
Schleswit;,  and  formerly  a  commercial  center  ;  was  occu- 
pied in  turn  by  the  Danes  and  tlie  allies  in  April,  1848 ; 
was  regained  by  the  Oancs  .'uly,  I8.'>0  :  and  was  occupied 
by  the  Austrians  in  Feb..  1864.     Population  (1890),  15,123. 

Schleswig-Holstein  (stilaz '  vir,-hol '  stin).    A 

jirorineo  of  l'rii.ssi:i.  Caintal,  Scliloswij;;  chief 
cities,  Kiel  ami  Altiina.  it  is  bounded  t).v  Denmark 
on  tile  north,  the  Little  Belt,  Baltic  Sea,  Lubeck,  and 
Mecklenburg  on  the  east,  Hamburg  and  the  provinc-  of 
Hannover  on  the  south,  and  the  North  .*^ea  on  the  wc^^t, 
and  C'insists  of  the  divisions  of  Schleswig,  Holstein,  nml 
Lauenburg.  It  contains  various  islands,  including  Feli- 
luern,  Alscn,  and  the  Xorth  I'riesian  Islands,  and  includes 
several  enclaves  of  Hamburg,  Lubeck,  and  Mecklenburg. 
It  nearly  surrounds  the  principality  of  Liibeck  in  the 
southeast.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  but  in  parts 
Idlly.  It  is  noted  for  its  cattle.  The  prevailing  religion 
is  Protestantism.  The  prevailing  language  is  Gennan ; 
but  there  are  many  Danes  in  the  noi-th.  It  was  made  a 
Prussian  province  after  the  war  of  ISiiQ,  Area,  7,273 
square  miles.     Population  (1890),  1,217,437. 

Schleswig-Holstein  Wars.    1.  A  war  carried 

on  witli  Denmark  in  1K48-50.  The  Schleswig.  H(d- 
steiners  formed  a  provisional  government  in  .March,  1848, 
and  were  supported  by  (iernian  trooi,s(cbii-lly  Prussians). 
The  Danes  invaded  Schleswig,  bul  were  driven  liack  by  the 
Prussians.  The  war  was  suspended  by  trnr.-  in  Aug.,  1,^48, 
but  was  renewed  in  March. 1849,  the  Sclilt-swig  Mulstfiners 
being  aided  again  by  German  troops,  npcrations  were 
again  suspended  by  a  truce  from  .Inly.  1849.  to  .Inly,  18.^0. 
The  tJennanic  Confederation  then  formally  witlidrew  from 
the  struggle,  which  was,  however,  renewed  by  Schleswig- 
Holstein  against  Denmark.  The  victory  of  the  latter  at 
Idstedt,  .Tilly  24-25,  18.W,  restored  Danish  rule. 
2-  A  war  of  Austria  and  I'russia  against  Den- 
mark iu  18G4,  the  object  of  wliicli  was  to  pre- 
vent the  incorporation  of  Scldeswig  with  Den- 
mark. Schleswig  was  invaded  by  Austiians  and  Prus- 
sians in  Feb..  and  the  Ouppel  was  stornn-d  in  April.  The 
success  of  the  allies  in  July  b'd  to  the  treaty  of  Vienna  in 
Oct.,  and  the  cession  by  Deiimaik  of  .Schleswig,  Holstein. 
and  Lauenburg.     See  Schtestmg. 

Schlettstadt  (shlef  stilt),  sometimes  Schle- 
stadt  (shla'stiit).  A  town  in  Alsace-Lorraine, 
on  tlie  111  27  miles  south-southwest  of  Strasburp;. 
It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city.  A  noted  academy 
was  founded  there  by  Agricola  in  the  loth  century.  It  was 
annexed  to  France  in  16.34 :  and  was  besieged  and  taken 
by  the  Germans  in  Oct.,  1870.    Population  (1890),  9,418. 

Schleusingen  (shloi'zing-en).  A  small  town  in 
Prussian  Saxony,  29  miles  south  of  Gotba.  It 
was  the  residence  of  the  counts  of  Henneberg. 

Schley.     See  Sriilci. 

Schley  (sli),  Winfleld  Scott.  Born  in  Fred- 
erick County,  Md.,  Oct.  9,  18:59.  An  American 
naval  commander.  He  graduated  at  the  United  states 
Naval  Academy  in  1880  ;  served  in  tlie  ITnion  navy  during 
the  Civil  War ;  was  instructor  at  the  Naval  Academy  1^6^>- 
18C9  and  1874-76;  and  commanded  the  relict  expedition 
which  re8cne<l  Greelyand  sixof  hiscompanionsin  1kh4.  He 
was  promotedcaptain  in  1H88,  eoniinodoi  i-  Feb.  tl,  IH'.is,  and 
rear-admiral  Aug.  10,  1898.  In  tin' Spanish-Alnerican  war 
he  commanded  the  "  Hying  Squadron  "  (lirooklyn,  .Massa- 
chusetts, Texas, etc.),  and  directed  tti-.flglitinginthebattie 
off  Santiago  July  3, 1898.  Hehas  published,  conjcdntly  with 
Solcy,  "The  Kescue  of  Greely  "  (IKH.'i).     Retired  1901. 

Schliemann  (shle'man),  Heinrich.  Bom  at 
Neu-Buckow,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Jan.  6, 
1822 :  died  at  Naples,  Dee.  27,  1890.  A  noted 
German  archaeologist  and  traveler.  He  acquired 
a  large  property  as  a  merchant;  traveled  extensively  in 
Greece  and  elsewhere  in  Europe,  the  East,  and  arounri  the 
world  ;  and  became  famous  from  his  explorations  of  (Jreek 
sites  and  antiipiities.  From  1870  to  18SJ  he  explored  the 
site  of  ancient  Troy,  making  many  remarkable  discoveries, 
and  began  similar  work  in  187'1  in  .Mycenie,  In  1881  In  Or- 
chomenus,  and  in  1884  in  Tiryns,  He  wrote  "  La  Chine  et 
le  Japon  "  (1866),  "  Ithaka.  dcr  Peloponnesus  und  'I'roja  " 
(1869),  "Trojanische  Altcitiimer"  ("Trojan  Antiquities." 
1874),  "Mvkena"  (1878),  "Ilios"  (ISSI),  "  Orclamienos" 
(1881),  "  Reise  In  der  Troas  "  (1881),  "  Troja "  (1883),  "Ti- 
ryns '■  (1886). 

Schliengen(shlen(;'gen).  Asmalltownin  Baden, 
situated  near  the  Kliine  20  miles  southwest  of 
Freiburg.  Here,  Oct.  24. 1706.  the  archduke  Charles  de 
feated  the  French  under  Moreau,  compelling  their  retreat 
across  the  Rhiin-. 

Schlik  or  Schlick  (slilik)  zu  Bassano  und 
Weisskirchen,  fount  Franz  von.    ]'"irn  at 

Prague,  May  2.1, 1789:  died  at  Vienna,  Murcli  17, 
1.8()2.  An  Austrian  general.  He  served  in  the  wars 
against  Napoleon  ;  was  illstlngiiished  in  the  iliingarlaii  in- 
surrection of  18l8---f9 ;  and  commanded  the  right  wing  at 
Solferino  In  1869. 

Schlosser  (shlos'ser),  Friedrich  Christoph. 

Born  lit  .lover,  ficrmau.v,  N'nv.  17,  177(i:  dinl  at 
Heidelberg,  Sept.  23. 18()1.  A  <  leriiiaii  historian, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1S17.  Ilisworksln- 
clude  "  Weltgeschlchte  In  zusammenhangcndiT  I'rzali- 
lung  "("  History  of  the  World  in  Connected  Narrative," 
1817-24),  '  (leschichto  de«  18.  Jabrliiindeils  "('•  lllslorvof 
the  18th  Century,"  1823:  continued  Into  the  l»th  century  t<i 
the  overthrow  of  the  French  cmplro ;  6th  ed.,  8  vols..  1866- 
1808),  etc. 

Schlucht  (shlocht).  A  pass  over  the  Voskps 
wliii'li  leads  front  tlie  valley  of  the  Miiiislev  in 
.\lsuce  to  that  of  Gerardiuer  in  Fruuce.  Ueight, 
3,735  feet. 


907 

Schliisselburg  (shliis'sel-boro).  A  town  and 
fortress  in  the  govcmmeut  of  St.  Petersburg. 
Russia,  situated  at  the  exit  of  the  Neva  from 
Lake  Ladoga,  about  30  miles  east  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. Ivan  Vl.  was  imprisoned  here  1756-C4. 
Poimlation,  about  4.000. 

Schmadrifall  (slimii'dri-fUl).  A  waterfall  in 
the  Ammertenthal,  Bernese  Oberlaud,  Switzer- 
land, south  of  Lauterbrunnen.  formed  by  the 
Selimiidribaeh.     HeiKht,  over  200  feet. 

Schmalkalden  (shiniirkill  den),  sometimes  in 
K.  Smalkald  or  Smalcald  (smal'kald).    A 

town  in  the  province  of  llesse-Xassau,  Prussia, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Stille  and  Si'hmal- 
kalde,  18  miles  southwest  of  Got  ha.  It  is  a  center 
of  iron  ami  steel  manufactures.  It  passed  with  Hesse- 
Cassel  to  I'russia  in  1866.  It  is  an  ancient  town,  noted  in 
the  Ueformation  period.  (See  Smatkiildic  Artictr-g  and 
Smalkaldic  Leagxie.)    Population  (1S90),  7,318. 

Schmerling  (shmer'ling),  Anton  von.  Born  at 
Vienna,  Aug.  23,  180.'):  died  at  Vienna,  May  23, 
1893.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was  imperial 
minister  in  the  provisional  national  government  instituted 
by  the  Frankfort  parliament  in  1848 ;  Austrian  premier 
1860-65  ;  a  leading  liberal  member  of  the  Austrian  upper 
house  from  18(;7;  and  president  of  the  supreme  court  of 
.Austria  (Cislelthaiiia)  from  I86.T-91. 

Schmidel  (shme'del).  XJlrich.  Born  at  Strau- 
biiigen,  Bavaria  :  died  there,  after  1-557.  AGer- 
man  adventurer.  He  served  as  a  common  soldier  in 
Paraguay  15;i2-52,  and  shared  in  most  of  the  prominent  ex- 
plorationsand  conquests.  In  1567  he  published  in  German 
an  account  of  his  travels.  Though  obscured  by  barbarous 
ortliography,  it  is  of  great  historical  value.  There  are  old 
and  modern  editions  in  several  languages. 

Schmidt  (shmit),  Heinrich  Julian.    Bom  at 

Miiriiuwerder,  Prussia,  JIarch  7,  1818:  died 
March  27,  1886.  A  German  literary  liistorian 
and  journalist.  His  chief  works  are  "Geschlchte  der 
Romantik  im  Zeltalter  dcr  Reformation  und  Revolution  " 
(1850),  "Geschichte  der  dentsclun  Nationalliteratlir  ira 
19.  Jahrhundert '  ("History  of  tlie  German  National  Litera- 
ture in  the  19th  Centuiy,"  is.r,:!),  "Gesclii.-lile  dif  fianzosi- 
scheii  Literatiir  sett  tier  r.evi'liition  "  (18.^8l,  "  Lilder  aus 
dem  geistigeii  l.eben  iMiserer  Zeit  "  (1870-78). 
Schinoller(sliinul'lir),  GustaV.  HornatHeil- 
broun,  Wiirtemberg,  June  24, 1838.  A  Gertnan 
political  economist.  Hchecameprofcssorof  political 
economy  at  Halle  in  1S(V4,  at  Strasburg  in  1872,  and  at  Ber- 
lin in  1882.  He  has  published  "tn.iereinige  Grundfragen 
des  Rechts  und  der  Volkswirtschaft "  (1875),  etc. 

Schnaase  (shnil'ze),  Karl.  Born  at  Dantzic, 
Prussia,  Sept.  7.1798:  died  at  Wiesbiulen,  Prus- 
sia, May  20,  1875.  A  German  wiiter  on  art. 
His  chief* work  is  "Geschlchte  der  blldenden  Kunste" 
("  History  of  the  Fine  Arts,"  7  vols.  1843-l>i). 

Schneckenburger  (shnek'en-bdrg-er).  Max. 

I'.cirn  at  Tluillieiiu,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  17,  1819: 
dicil  at  Biirgdorf,  near  Bern,  May  3,  1849.  A 
Gertnan  ])oet,  author  of  the  song  "Die  Wacht 
am  K!ieiir'("T)ie  Watch  on  the  Rhine,"  1840). 
Schneeberg  (shmX'berG).  [G.,  'snow-moun- 
tain.'] 1.  Asunimitof  the  Austrian  Alps,  about 

20  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  Heiglit,  6,808 
feet. —  2.  The  highest  motintain  of  the  Fichtel- 
Kebirge,  Bavaria,  15  milesnortheast  of  Bayi'outh. 
Ilci-lit.,3,4."i4feet. 

Schneeberg.  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 

21  miles  southwest  of  Oliemnitz.  It  was  noted  for- 
merly for  mining,  and  Is  now  for  its  manufactures  of  lace, 
chemicals,  etc.  It  has  a  noted  Gothic  church.  Population 
(IS'.lfl).  8.2l:!. 

Schneeberg,  Great.  A  mountain  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Prussian  Silesia.  Jloravia,  and  Bohemia, 
4(>  miles  north-northwest  of  Olmiitz.  Height, 
■1.660  feet. 

Schneekopf(shnii'kopf ).  [G..'8iiowhe;id.'"|  One 
of  the  liif;hest  mountains  of  the  Tliuringerwald, 
situated  in  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Germanv,  19 
miles  south  of  Golha.     Height.  3.210  feet." 

Schneidemiihl(shni'de-raiil),  Pol.  Pila.  A  town 
in  llie  province  of  Poseii,  Prussia,  silualed  on 
the  Kiiddow  53  miles  north  of  Posen.  Popula- 
tion (ISIM)),  14,443. 

Schneider  (shniMer).     The  dog  of  Rip  van 

Wiiikli'  in  the  ]ilay  of  tlitil  iiaiiie. 

Schneider  ( sh  1 1  i  M  .'r  i .  Friedrich  Johann  Chris- 
tian, Born  at  .Ml-W'altersdorf,  near  Zilliiu, 
Saxony.  .Ian.  3,  17S0:  died  at  Dessau,  Nov.  23. 
1853.  A  German  composer,  teacher,  and  con- 
d  uctor.  Among  his  works  are  the  oratorios  "  Die  Siind- 
flut."  "Das  verloreiie  Paradles,"  "  Pliarao."  ••  Clirlsttis  dim 
K  hid, "a  number  of  niassesand  cantatas,  and  about  400 songs 
for  men's  voices,  etc.  He  condllctcil  musical  festivals  In 
all  parts  of  (iermany  from  ls2r>  till  nearly  ls.'»0. 

Schneider  (simri-dar'),  Hortense  Catherine. 

Born  at  Hordenux  about  183S.  A  l'reiiclia<'lress. 
she  went  on  the  stage  at  the  age  of  lift  ecu,  and  after  Iilaying 
minor  rides  made  a  hit  at  the  VaricHi'sin  18<u  In  "La  Kelle 
H<'d6ne,"and  till  I.ssi,  when  she  married  and  retired  from 
the  stage,  was  a  piqiutar  favorite  in  operas  of  this  class. 

Schneider  (slma-ilar').  Joseph  Eugene.    Bom 

at  Nancy,  1805:  died  Nov.  27,  1875.  A  French 
mantifaeturer  and  politician,     iio  was  director  of 


Schomburgk,  Robert  Hermann 

the  manufacturing  establishment  at  Le  Creusot ;  became 
minister  of  commerce  in  1851 ;  and  was  president  of  the 
Corps  Li/gislatif  1867-70. 

Schnitzer   (shuits'er),   Eduard.     See  Emin 

I'dslul. 

Schnitzler  (shnits'ler).  Jean  Henri.    Bom  at 

Stiasliui-L,'.  June  1,  1802:  died  there,  Nov.  19, 
1X71.  An  Alsatian  writer,  liest  known  from  his 
works  on  the  liistory  and  statistics  of  Russia. 

Schnorr  von  Earolsfeld  (shnnr  fon  kar'ols- 
felt)  or  Carolsfeld,  Julius.  Bora  at  Leipsic, 
March  26, 1794 :  died  May  24, 1872.  A  German 
historical  and  landscape  painter.  He  executed 
frescos  (from  Ariosto)  at  the  Villa  Massimi  at  Rome,  and 
held  appointments  at  Munich  and  later  at  Dresden.  He 
painted  frescos  (from  the  "  Nibelungenlied  ")  at  Munich 
(1830-60),  and  other  frescos  from  the  Charlemagne  and 
other  cycles  of  romance,  etc.  He  published  a  pictorial 
I'.ible,  "  llie  Bibel  iu  BUdern"  (1852-60). 

Schoelcher  Cskel-shar'  or  shM'cher).  Vicrtor. 
Born  at  Paris.  July  21 ,  1804 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
26, 1893.  A  French  politician  and  author,noted 
for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  tlie  emancipation  of 
slaves.  He  published  various  works,  including  "De 
Tesclavage  des  noirs"  (183:1),  "Abolition  de  I'esclavage" 
(1840),  "Des  colonics  fran^aises"  (1842),  "Colonies  (Jtran- 
geres  (1843),  etc.  As  under  secretary  for  the  navy  he 
procurca  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  colonies  in  1848. 
During  the  reign  of  Napoleon  III.  (1852-70)  he  lived  in 
exile,  chiefly  In  England.  Returning  to  France,  he  served 
In  the  siege  of  Paris,  and  became  a  deputy  and  senator. 

Schoffer,  or  Schoeffer  (sheffen,  Peter.    Born 

at  Germersheim,  Bavaria :  died  about  1502.  One 
of  the  earliest  German  printers,  an  associate  of 
Gtitenberg  and  Fust. 

His  reputation  as  the  father  of  letter-founders,  and  the 
inventor  of  matrices  and  the  type-mould,  is  entirely  unde- 
served. His  tyiies  show  that  he  had  no  skill  as  a  letter. 
cutter  or  mechanic.  It  is  not  possible  that  a  man  who 
has  shown  such  feeble  evidences  of  mechanical  ability 
could  have  been  the  fli-st  inventor  of  the  matrices  and  the 
type-mould-  While  Gutenberg  and  Fust  were  living, 
-Schoetfer  never  made  the  claim  that  he  was  the  inventor, 
or  even  a  co-inventor,  of  printing.  But  when  they  were 
burled,  he  claimed  that  he  was  superior  to  both,  and  that 
he  was  really  the  tlrst  to  enter  the  sanctuary  of  the  art.  In 
1408  he  falsely  said  that  although  Gutenberg  was  the  first 
inventor,  he  was  the  man  who  perfected  the  art. 

De  Viiine,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  472. 

Schofield  (sko'feld),  John  McAllister.  Bom 
in  Chautauqua  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1831. 
An  .\mericau  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
iu  1853  ;  was  professor  at  West  Point  1855-641 ;  became  chief 
of  stalf  to  General  Nathaniel  Lyon  in  1861 :  commanded 
the  Army  of  the  Frontier  1S0'2-6;1,  and  the  Department  of 
the  Missouri  1863-^14;  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Army  of  the  Ohio  in  ls64  ;  took  piu-t  in  Sherman's  Atlanta 
campaign,  and  gained  the  victory  of  FYanklin  over  Hood 
in  the  same  year;  commanded  tlie  Department  of  North 
Caridina  in  1865;  was  secretary  of  war  18<l8-69 ;  became 
commander  of  the  Department  of  the  Missouri  in  18G9; 
was  commander  of  the  Division  of  the  Pacillc  1S70-7C  and 
l882-8;t,  of  the  Division  of  the  Missouri  188^1-86,  and  of 
the  Division  of  the  Atlantic  188(W<8:  was  superintemlent 
of  the  West  Point  Academy  1876-81 ;  and  became  general- 
in-chlef  of  the  army  in  1888  and  lieutenant-general  Iii  189&. 
Retired  in  18'i5. 

Scholastic  Doctor,  The.    Anselm  of  Laon. 

Schollenen  (slu  rien-en).  A  deep  Alpine  ra- 
vine in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  north 
of  Aiidermatt.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Reiiss. 
Length,  2i  miles. 

Scholten    (sehol'ten),  Johannes    Hendrik. 

Born  near  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Aug.  17.  isll: 
died  at  Levden,  April  10,  1885.  A  Dutcli 
Protestant  tlieologian.  professor  of  theology  at 
Leyden  1843-81.  Among  his  works  are  "  De  leer 
der  revormde  kerk"  ("The  Doctrine  of  the  Roformetl 
Church,"  1848-50),  '•(^leschiedenis  van  Godstlienst  en  wys- 
begecrte"  ("History  of  Religion  and  Philosophy,"  IS.'i:!), 
"  De  vrije  w  11 "  (  "  Free  Will,  "  IS-'.O),  "  llet  I^angelie  naar 
.Tohannea"  ("The  (iospel  Aceor<llng  to  John,"  1864),  etc. 
Schomberg  (shom'berc, ;  F.  jiron.  sliAii-bar'), 
Friedrich  von,  Duke  of  Schomberg.  Bora 
at  lleiilelherg,  Dec.  1615  :  killed  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyiie,  .luly  1  (O.  S.).  1690.  A  noted 
general.  He  entered  the  French  service  In  16r>0  ;  com- 
manded successfully  In  Port  iigid  against  the  Spanianls  Kkll- 
16rsS;\vaanatundlzed  in  France  ill  UKl-s.and  was  niHile  a  gran- 
dee and  marshal  in  1875;  left  France  after  the  revocation 
of  the  Edict  of  Naiites(1685);  became  commander-in-chief 
ot  tile  Brandenburg  army;  accompanied  the  Prince  of 
Orange  to  Englaml  In  li^s :  and  commanded  In  Ireland 
1689  :in.     He  was  created  duke  of  Schomberg  In  lUSfl. 

Schomberg, Conite  Henri  de.   Bom  about  l.iTi): 

died  l(i32.  A  French  niiirslial,  dislinguiBlied  in 
tlie  wars  against  the  Huguenots  and  in  Italy  in 
16.30. 

Schomburgk  (slioni'lnik;  G,  pron.  shom'- 
biirk),  MoritZ  Richard.  Bom  at  Freiburg, 
1811:  died  at  Adelaide,  .\uslralia,  March  24, 
1891.  A  Prussian  botanist,  brot Iter  of  Sir  K.  H. 
Schombiirjik.  whom  he  aeconipnnied  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  Guiana  1841-14.  He  published  "  Rol- 
sen  111  llrllisch-Guiana  "(3volB.  1847-48)  and  many  iKdanl- 
cal  papers-  In  ISit.'i  he  was  made  director  of  the  botanical 
gaideii  at  Adelaide,  Australia. 

Schomburgk  (-^liotn'berk;  G.pron.shom'b.'irk), 
Sir  Robert   Hermann.      Boru  at  Freiburg- 


Schomburgk,  Eobert  Hermann 


908 


an-der-Lnstrut,  Juneo,  lh04:  died  near  Berlin,  SchoodicLake  (sko'diklak).  A  lake  on  the  bor- 
Mareh  11, 1865.  A  Prussian  traveler.  He  went  der  of  JIaiue  and  Xew  Brunswick.  Its  two  chief 
as  a  clerk  to  the  tnitedStatesin  1S26 ;  thence  passed  to  the  divisions  aie  sometimes  called  Grand  Lake  and  First  Lake. 
\V  estlndies  in  1830,  and,  assisted  by  the  Royal  Geographical  its  outlet  is  into  the  St,  Croix  Elver.  Length,  about  25  miles. 
Society,  made  a  geographical  and  botanical  exploration  Sphfinlpraft.  (skorkTaftl  TTpTinT  Pnwp  Rnpi, 
of  British  Guiana,  1833^9.  Among  the  many  new  plants  OCa00iCTa,lTj  (SKOl  Krarr;,  aemy  KOWe.  JBorn 
which  he  made  known  w;is  the  I'iV(ona  rema      In  1B41-     at  W  atervliet  {(juilderland).  A.   \.,  March  2s, 

'"  1793:  died  at  Washington,  D.C.,  Dee.  10, 186i. 

An  American  ethnologist  and  explorer.  He  trav. 
eled  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  1817-lS ;  was  geologist  to 
Cass's  expedition  to  Lake  Superior  in  1S20 ;  was  appointed 
Indian  agent  in  the  lake  region  in  1822 ;  discovered  the 
source  of  the  Mississippi  in  Itasca  Lake  in  18o2  ;  negotiated 
aland  cession  from  the  Indians  in  1836;  and  held  various 
government  positions  relating  to  Indian  matters.  He  pub- 
lished, under  government  auspices,  "Historical  and  Statis- 
tical  Information  respecting  the  History,  etc.,  of  the  In- 
dian Tribes  of  the  United  States  "(B  vols.  1851-57).  Among 
his  other  works  are  "  Travels  in  the  Central  Portions  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  "  (1S26),  "Expedition  to  Itasca  Lake" 
(1834),  "Algic  Researches  "  (1839), '■  Notes  on  the  Iroquois 


-  -J  resfia.  In  1841 
1844  he  suiTeyed  the  boundary  of  British  Guiana  and  Brazil 
for  the  British  government.  Subsequently  he  held  con- 
sular positions  in  the  Dominican  Republic  and  Siam.  His 
works  include  several  books  and  many  scientific  papers  on 
Guiana,  and  a  "  History  of  Barbadoes  "  (1847).-  He  w.as 
knighted  in  England  in  1845. 

Schomburgk  Line.  The  boundary  between 
British  Guiana  and  Venezuela  and  Brazil  sur- 
veyed by  Sir  Robert  Schomburgk  1841-44.  The 
part  bounding  Venezuela  runs  from  a  point  west  of  the 
ii'outh  of  tlie  river  Barima,  in  about  long.  6U'  80'  \V.,  in  a 
generally  southerly  direction  to  Mount  Eoraima.  It  was 
not  accepted  by  the  Venezuelans,  who  claimed  all  the 
territory  held  by  the  British  to  the  river  Essequibo :  nor 
did  the  latter  hold  to  it,  but  enhirged  their  claims  to  in- 
clude a  large  tract  extending  as  far  west  as  long.  63°.   The 


Schroder-Devrient,  Wilhelmine 

German  Orientalist,  professor  at  Berlin.  He  pub- 
hshed  many  works  on  the  languages  and  literatures  of  the 
Tatars,  Chinese,  Japanese,  Siamese,  Annamese,  etc. 

Schouler  (sko'lerj,  James.  Born  at  West  Cam- 
bridge (now  Arlington),  Mass..  March  20, 1839. 
Au  American  historian  and  legal  writer,  son  of 
William  Schouler.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1859 
and  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  ap! 
pointed  lecturer  in  the  Boston  University  Law  School  and 
in  the  National  Law  School,  Washington,  Distiict  of  Co- 
lumbia, and  lectured  on  American  constitutional  historj-  in 
Johns  Hopkins  I  uiversity.  Among  his  works  are  "Treatise 
on  the  Law  of  Bailments  "  (18S0)  and  "History  of  the  I  nitcd 
States  under  the  Constitution  "  (18S0-). 

Schouler,  William.  Born  at  Kilbarchan,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  31,  1814:  died  near  Boston,  Oct.  24, 
1872.  An  American  journalist  and  politician, 
author  of  "History  of  Massachusetts  in  the  Civil 
War"  (1868-71),  etc. 


'■y^ ^tV;L"Sn  TrTbes'^?(?U.''"''^"'=''  "' ''''''''  Schouten  (schou'ten),  Willem  Comelis.  Bom 


settlement  of  the  boundary  dispute  bv  arbitration  was   Schooley'S   (sko'liz)  MoUntaifl 
l'sQl''oi'L"?ff '■'';i'f*/'?'*'.P'"T,"""?"*'  "^°^''-  ^""""^^y  i?     tain  ridge  of  northern  New  Jers. 


1.  A  moun- 
sey,  the  contin- 
uation of  the  Blue  Ridge  of  Virginia,  Maryland, 
and  Pennsylvania.— 2.    A  summer  resort'  in 


lS95-06,anditsattitudefora  time  threat  t-nedseriousconipl: 
cations  with  England.     Arbitration  was  agrred  to  by  Eng- 
land In  the  latteryear,  and  a  decision  was  reached  in  1899. 

Schonbein  (sheu'bin).  Christian  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Metzingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  18,  1799: 
died  at  Baden-Baden,  Aug.  29,  1868.     A  Ger- 
man chemist,  professor  at  Basel.     He  discovered  SchOOl  for  Scandal  The 
ozone  in  1839,  and  guncottcn  and  collodion  in  1845.    He  ,  ,      .  ^  » 


atHoorn, about  1567:  diedonthecoast  of  Mada- 
gascar, 1625.  A  Dutch  navigator,  long  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  Companv.  Aided  by  the 
merchant  Isaac  Lemaire,  he  made  a  voyage  to  the  East  In- 
dies by  the  west,  being  the  first  to  doulde  Cape  Horn  (1616). 


Washington    tomiship,   Morris   County,   New  r^^  ''"P^  ^^'^  '"^^°  ^"^"  ''5'  earlier  explorers. 

Jersey,  44  miles  west  of  New  York.  Schouten  (sho'ten)  Island.    A  small  island  off 

the  eastern  coast  of  Tasmania,  south  of  Frey- 

cinet  Peninsula. 


School  for  Husbands. 


wrote  "  Das  Verhalten  des  Eisens  zura  Sauerstoff  "  (1837), 
"  Uber  die  Erzeugung  des  Ozons"  (1844),  etc. 

Schonberg  in  Mecklenburg  (shen'bero  in 
mek'len-boi'G).  The  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Ratzeburg,  Meeklenbm'g-Strelitz,  situated 
on  the  Maurine  11  miles  east  of  Liibeck.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  2,846. 

Schonbrunn  (shen'bron).  An  imperial  castle 
three  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  It  is  noted  for 
its  gardens  and  w-orksof  art.  It  was  several  times  occupied 
by  Xapoleon  I.,  and  is  historically  important  (see  below)- 

Schonbrunn,  Proclamation  of.  A  proclama- 
tion issued  Dee.  27,  1805,  by  Napoleon  I.  at 
Schonbrunn,  declaring  that  the  Bourbon  dy- 
nasty in  Naples  had  ceased  to  reign. 

Schonbrunn,  Treaty  of.  1 .  A  treaty  concluded 
at  Schonbrunn,  Dec.  15. 1805,  bet  ween  Napoleon 


produced  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  May  8.  In  i. 
It  took  its  position  at  once  as  the  most  brilliant  comedy  of 
modern  society  on  the  English  stage.  "In  1788  the  screen 
and  auction  scenes  were  embodied  in  a  piece  called  *Les 
Deux  Xevenx,'  played  with  success  in  Paris,  and  later  on 
it  was  produced  at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  [in  1803)  under 
the  title 'I#  TartufedesMoeurs,'andat  the  Porte  St.  Mar- 


See  £co}e  des  Maris,  V. 

A  play  by  Sheridan,  Schouten'lslailds.  1.  A  group  of  islands  north- 
west of  New  Guinea,  about  long.  136°  E.,  con- 
taining Misory  and  other  islands. — 2.  A  group 
of  small  islands  north  of  New  Guinea,  about 
long.  144°-145°  E. 
Schouvaloflf.     See  Shiivaloff. 


uic  line- iy);  ±aiLuieues3ioeurs,  ana  at  tne  Porte  St.  Jlar-  o„\,-„j~^r\',-^^      \  xii.      i:       j    -r,  .  t, 

tin  as  'L'Ecole  du  Scandale.'    Aversion  of  the  comedy  OCnra(ier  (snia  der),  tberhard.  Born  at  Bruns- 


was  produced  in  Vienna  by  Schroder,  an  actor  and  author 
of  repute,  who  had  traveled  to  England  for  the  purpose  of 
seeing  it  played  and  it  has  also  been  played  in  The 
Hague. "    Mnlloy,  Famous  Plays. 

School  for  Wives.     See  £cole  des  Femmes,  V. 

Schoolmaster,  The.   A  treatise  on  education  bv 


wick,  Germany,  Jan.  5,  1S36.  A  noted  German 
Orientalist  (especially  Assyriologist)  and  Prot- 
estant theologian :  professor  at  Berlin  from  1875. 
He  has  published  '■  Die  Keilinschritten  und  das  Alte  Testa- 
ment" ("The  Cuneiform  Inscriptions  and  the  Old  Testa- 
ment," 1872)  and  numerous  other  works  on  Oriental  phi- 


--  ._  put 

"thechief  points  of  this  our  talk  .  .  .  for  the  good  bring"^ 
ingupof  children  and  young  men."  The  whole  title  is 
"The  Soholemaster,  a  plaine  and  perflte  way  of  teachyng 
children  to  vnderstand,  write  and  speake  in  Latin  tong." 
It  has  been  many  times  reprinted. 
Schoolmistress,  The.  A  poem  by  Shenstone, 
published  in  1/42.  it  originally  had  a  ludicrous  turn, 
and  Shenstone  expressly  says :  '■  I  have  added  a  ludicrous 
index  purely  to  show  (fools)  that  I  am  in  jest."  Dodsley. 
however,  in  a  later  edition  omitted  the  "ludicrous  index," 
and  part  of  the  Hausruckviertel  to  Balaria";  p~art  of  GaUcYa  o^ii'' ^',  ""^  "a  t*  ^™"''';^'  ^is  object  was  mistak-en. 
to  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  part  to  Russia ;  andpart  of  fa-  "CnoOl  01  AOUSe,  A.  A  book  by  Stephen  Gos- 
rinthia,  Carniola,  parts  of  Croatia  and  Hungary,  the  Mari-     son,  published  in  1579. 

time  Province,  etc.,  to  Napoleon,  who  formed  from  them  Snlinnl  nf  Af  hp-nc  The     1     A  froor.r>1wT?iir,lio<.l 
the  government  of  the  Illyrian  Provinces.    Austriajoined  '^-^^/'^Sto  )    n      G       ^•^'^^SCO  by  Raphael, 

the  Continental  system,  and  paid  an  indemnity.  ^^  t"'^  Stanza  della  Segnatura  of  the  Vatican, 

Rome.  ThesubjectisPhilosophy  — thejoyof purekuow- 
ledge  and  humanism  as  contrasted  with  "the  triumph  of 
■""'•■"• —      The  great  Greek  philosophers  occupy  the  cen- 


1.  and  Haugwitz  (acting  for  Prussia).  Prussia 
ceded  Cleves,  Ansbach,  aud  yeuchatel  to  France,  and  re- 
ceived Hannover. 

2.  A  treaty  (called  also  the  treaty  of  Vienna) 
concluded  Oct.  14,  1809.  at  Schonbrunn,  be- 
tween Napoleon  I.  and  Francis  I.  of  Austria. 
Austria  ceded  Salzburgand  Bferchtesgaden,  the  lunviertel, 


Schonbuch  (shen'boch).  A  plateau  region  in 
Wiirtemberg,  situated  south  of  Stuttgart  and 
north  of  Tiibingen. 

Schonebeck  (she'ne-bek).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Sa.vony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe 
9  miles  south-southeast  of  Magdeburg,  its  salt, 
works  .are  the  most  important  in  Europe.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  chemicals,  etc.     Population  (1890),  14,189. 

Schoneberg  (she'ne-bero).  A  suburb  of  Berlin, 
2  miles  to  the  southwest.     Population  (1890), 


religion. 


— — „.  *- —  at  Berlin,  June  16, 
Grosslichterfelde, near  Berlin. Feb. 
li,  1900.  A  German  historical  painter,  a  master 
01  color.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Berlin  Academy  and 
of  W.  Schadow  at  Diisseldorf,  and  studied  in  Italy  1845-17. 
In  1848  he  was  elected  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy. 
Among  his  principal  paintings  are  "Death  of  Leonardo 
da  \  inci  "  (18^.1).  "  Dedication  of  the  Church  of  St.  Sophia 
In  Constantinople  "  (fresco,  in  Berlin),  "Charles  I.  taking 
Leave  of  his  Family"  (1855),  "Esther  lieiore  Ahasoerus" 
(1856).  portraits  of  A.  von  Humboldt,  Von  Ranke   etc 

Schreckhorn,  or  Great  Schreckhorn  (shrek'- 
horn).  One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  Switzerland,  situated  15  miles  south- 
east of  Interlaken.  it  was  first  ascended  in  1861. 
Height,  13,386  feet.  This  mountain  and  the  peaks  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  are  called  the  Schreckhomer. 

Schreiberhau  (shri'ber-hou).  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia. 
Population  (1890),  3,509. 


ter  ;  around  them  are  .assembled  the  great  teachers  of  nat-  Schreiner  (shri'ner).  Olive  (Mrs.  Cronwriffht) 
ural  history,  logic,  and  ethics,  wnth  votaries  of  learning     T3„„,,  ahnnV  TSfiq       4  qTo.+v.  tf  •  ti  ^  *i 

among  Raphaels  contemporaries.  The  grouping  is  ad-  ;tSoru  about  Ihbd  A  South  African  author,  the 
mirable.  The  architectural  setting  of  porticos  and  dome  daugliterotaLutheranclergymanatCapeTown. 
is  probably  based  on  Bramante's  design  for  St.  Peter's.  She  came  to  England  about  18S3  w  ith  her  book  "The  Story 

2.  A  cartoon  by  Raphael  for  the  picture  in  the  "^  *°,-*''''™'' Farm. 'which  she  published  in  1SS3  under  the 
Vatican,  in  the  Ambrosiau  Librarv  at  Milan,  it  S  Tn7?Dt??™''??fV  ^^hH?'  ">' t 'r-'Mtl'! " °"™'" 
is  of  full  size,  in  black  chalk  on  a  gray  grimid,  and  is  con-  SeSevpr  (s^iri^ev)  A^«lf  R^  ^  *  t  -^  1  f  ^ 
sidered  one  of  the  most  important  and  instructive  of  such  "cnreyer  (sUn  er),  AdOU.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
examples.  ou-tlie-Mam,  July  9,  1828:  died  at  Kronberg, 
Schonefeld   (she'ne-felt).      A  village  2  miles  Schopenhauer  (sho'pen-hou-er),  Arthur.  Born    Prussia,  July  29, 1899.    A  Gei-man  animal- and 


northeast  of  Leipsic.  It  was  an  important  posi- 
tion in  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  Oct.  16-18,  1813. 

Schonemann  (she'ne-man),  Anna  Elisabeth, 
later  Frau  von  Tiirckheim.  Born  at  Frankf ort- 
on-the-Main,  June  23,  1758  :  died  Mav  6,  1817. 
A  German  lady,  celebrated  by  Goethe  under 
the  name  of  Lili. 

Schonen.    See  Sk&ne. 

Schoner  (she'ner),  Johann.  Born  at  Karlstadt, 
1477:  died  at  Nuremberg,  Jan.  16, 1547.  A  Ger- 
man mathematician.  He  took  orders;  subsequently 
joined  the  Protestants ;  was  a  friend  of  Melanchthon;  and 
was  professor  of  mathematics  at  Nuremberg.  Schoner  pub- 
lished several  mathematical  and  geographical  works.  He 
made  at  least  two  globes  (1515and  1520 :  the  former  known 
only  in  copies),  which  are  among  the  earliest  showing  the 
name  .America.  They  also  indicate  a  strait  (probably  con- 
jectural) at  the  southern  end  of  South  America.  Often 
written  Schoner, 

Schongauer  (shon'gou-er),  Martin,  called  Bel 
Martino,  Hipsch  (Hiibsch)  Martin,  and  Mar- 
tin Schon.     Born  at  Kolmar,  Alsace,  about 


at  Dautzic,  Feb.  22, 1788 :  died  at  Frankf ort-on- 
the-Main,  Sept.  21, 1860.  A  celebrated  Gei-man 
philosopher,  the  chief  expounder  of  pessimism. 
His  father  was  a  well-to-do  merchant.  At  the  outset  he, 
too,  was  intended  for  a  mercantile  career,  and  with  this  end 
in  view  was  placed,  in  1SU5,  in  the  oflice  of  a  merchant  in 
Hamburg.  His  father  died  a  few  months  later,  and  as  soon 
as  he  had  become  of  age  he  gave  up  the  idea  of  a  business 
career,  aud  studied  first  in  Gottingen  and  then  in  Berlin 
and  Jena.  His  fii-st  work  was  the  monograph  '*  tJber  die 
vierfache  Wurzel  des  Satzes  vom  zureichenden  Grunde " 
("On  the  Fourfold  Root  of  the  Principle  of  Sufficient 
Reason'),  which  was  published  in  1813.    His  principal 

work,  "Die Welt  alsWille und  Vorstellung"(" The  World  a„i -  i  i,    /  i     .,  n     t  v  -nip   iii.- 

as  Will  and  Idea"),  appeared  in  1S19.    In  1820  he  settled  OChrockn   (shrek),^  Johann  Matthias, 

as  docent  at  the  University  of  IBerlin,  but,  having  failed  to 

obtain  a  professorship,  withdrew,  in  1831,  into  private 

life  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,   where  he   subsequently 

lived.    His  other  important  works  are  "ttber  den  Willen 

in  der  Natur'("On  the  Will  in  Nature,"  1836).  which  w.is  q„i,"  kj„_"/  i"    "Ti^Wr  'j  V'a"  !"■      ir"o"'' 

-■'—'-"  -—•--'  the  professorial  phUosophy  of  the  day,  °Chroder  (shre  der),  Madame  (Antoinette  So- 


genre-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Stadel  Institute 
at  Frankfort,  and  traveled  much  in  Russia,  iu  Syria  and 
Egypt,  etc.,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  the  horse. 
Most  of  his  pictures  depict  horsemen  with  hoi-ses  in 
rapid  action.  He  lived  alternately  at  Paris  and  at  Kron- 
berg near  Frankfort.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Artillery 
attacked  by  Prussian  Hussars  "  (1854  :  at  BerlinX  "Battle 
near  Wagbausel" (1858;  at  Schweriu),  "Coss.ack  Horses" 
(1864),  "Charge  of  ArtiUerj-  '  (18(i5  ;  at  one  time  in  the  Lu.x- 
embourg),"Cuirassiers'Att;ick," "Tunisian Cavalry  "(1883), 
"  .irabs  Resting,"  '■  Arabs  Retreating,"  "  Watering-Place," 
"Wallachian  Teamsters."  "Danger,"  "Arabs  on  the 
March,"  "Arab  Scout,"etc.  The  last  seven  andanumber 
of  others  are  in  the  United  States. 

Born 

at  Vienna,  July  26,  1733:  died  Aug.,  1808.  A 
German  Protestant  church  historian.  His  chief 
work  is  "Cliristliche  Kirchengeschichte "  (35  vols.  1768- 
1803;  continued  for  the  post-Reformation  period  1804-12). 


directed  against 

and  "Die  beiden  Grniidprobleme  der  Ethlk"  ("The  Two 
Fundamental  Problems  of  Ethics,"  1841).  A  collection 
of  his  minor  essays  was  published,  in  1851,  under  the  title 
"Parergajind  Paralipomena. "    His  complete  works  ap- 


greatest  of  the  15th  century,  the  founder  of  a 
school  of  painting  at  Kolmar.    His  chief  painting 
Is  alVirgin  and  Child,  called  "The  Madonna  of  the  Rose- 
hedge  "  (1473),  at  Kolmar. 
Schonhausen  (shen'hou-zen).    A  village  in  the  Schott  (shot) 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  near  the      •      -  ■      - 
Elbe  8  miles  east  of  Stendal :  noted  as  the  fam- 
ily seat  and  birthplace  of  Bismarck. 


phie  Biirger).  Bom  at  Paderborn,  Prussia, 
Feb.  23,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  25,  1868. 
A  noted  German  tragic  actress,  known  as  "the 
German  Siddons."  Shewasamemberof  theHamborg, 
Vienna,  and  Munich  theaters.  Her  chief  partawere  Ph»- 
dra.  Lady  Macbeth.  Medea,  Sappho,  etc. 

~  '  we- 

1816. 

A  noted  German  actor,  theatrical  director,  and 

playwright.    He  was  director  of  the  Hamburg  theater. 

o       I,-    -  T        ■  n-    toAi,     A        1.   3  r,  1  He   wrote  various  plays  and  arrangements  of  English 

Swabia,  June  2o,  1846.  A  noted  German  tenor,    pjays. 

Schott,  Wilhelm.     Bom  at  Mainz,  Germanv.  Schiroder-Devrient  (shre'der-dev-ryon'),  Wil- 
Sept.  3,  1802 :  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 1889.     A    helmine.     Born  at  Hamburg,  Dec,  1804:  died 


1446:  died  there,  Feb.  2, 1488.    Anoted(jrerman     pi^^ed  at  Leipsic,  1873-74,  in  6  vols. 

historical  painter  and  engraver,  said  to  be  the  Schopenhauer,  Madame  (Johanna  Henriette 

"   "    —  ■  Trosina)     "        ' ""    '  '    ^      " -  - 

at  Jena 

ther  of  Arthur  Schopenhauer, 

el.s,  books  of  travel,  etc. 

Anton.     Bom  at  Stanfeneck 


).     Born  at  Dantzic,  Jniv  9,  1766 :  died  o' v'  "--^^  "^^"f":  '' t'r    F"'     t.  t  c  u 

April  16, 1838.     A  Germkn  author,  mo    Schroder,  Frie(inch  Ludwig      Bom  at  Schv 
^thui-  Schopenhauer.     She  wi'ote  nov-    ""'  ««"';m«^.^-.  -^o^- 3-  I'+l:  died  Sept.  3,  18 


Schroder-Devrient,  Wilhelmine 

at  Coburg,  Jan.  2(5,  18G0.  A  noted  German 
opera-singer,  daughter  of  Madame  A.  S.  Scliro- 
dcr.  She  made  a  very  successful  first  appearance  in 
1821  at  Vienna  in  "Die  ZaulierBote  ";  and  in  182.!  shecie- 
ated  the  part  oj  Lconore  in  Jicethoven's  "  Fidelii). "  oo  its 
revival  in  Vienna,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  composer.  In 
1823  she  saiiK  in  Dresden,  and  from  that  time  till  1837 
continued  her  successes  as  a  popular  favorite,  .'she  then 
began  gri'adunlly  to  lose  power,  though  she  still  dclichfed 
her  audifiices  Hiid  did  not  cease  singiui;  till  almiit  Is:,*;. 
Her  unu.snal  dramatic  power  excelled  the  quality  of  her 
voice,  whifh  was  a  strontr  soprano,  ."she  marrieil  Karl  liev. 
rieiit  in  1823  ;  was  divorced  ■>r  separated  in  l.vi^s  ;  married 
a  Hcrr  von  During  who  wasted  her  money  and  from  whom 
she  w.as  divorced;  and  in  IsSO  married' Uerr  von  Bock. 
Uer  rOperl«>ire  was  verj"  extensive. 

Schrodter  (shret'ter),  Adolf.  Born  at  Scliwedt, 
Prussia.  June  28,  ISO.i:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Ba- 
den. Dec.  9, 1875.  A  German  genre-painter  and 
etelier.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Berlin  .\cademy  and  of 
W.  .-ichadow  at  Dusseldorf  ;  lived  at  Frankfort  l*»8-.>4  ;  and 
was  professor  in  the  polytechnic  school  at  Karlsruhe  18ri!>- 
1872.  He  was  noted  for  his  humorous  representations  of 
"DonQui.\ote,"ialstatfslife,  "Auerbnchs Keller,"  'Hans 
Sachs,"  etc. 

Schroon  (skronj  Lake.  An  expansion  of 
Sfhrnon  River,  on  tlie  border  of  Essex  and  War- 
ren eounties,  Xew  York.  Length,  about  8  miles. 

Schroon  River.  A  small  river  in  eastern  New 
Y<ivk  which  joins  tlie  Hudson  7  miles  north- 
west of  Caldwell. 

Schubart  (sho'bart),  Cliristian  Friedrich  Da- 
niel. Bom  at  Obersontheim,  Swabia,  March 
24,  1739:  died  Oct.  10,  1791.  A  (German  poet. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg  1777-87. 
liis  collected  poems  were  publi.sljed  178;'>-80,  iucluditiK 
religious  i»oems,  hymn  to  Frederick  the  Great,  etc. 

Schubert  ( she '  bert ) ,  Franz  Peter.  Born  at  Vi- 
enna, Jan.  31,  1797:  died  there,  Nov.  19,  1828. 
A  celebrated  Austrian  composer.  When  little  over 
10  years  old  he  was  first  soprano  in  the  choir  of  Lichten- 
thai,  the  district  or  parish  in  which  he  was  born,  and  had 
composed  songs  and  violin  solos.  He  was  educated  in 
music  at  the  Imperial  Konvikt,  a  school  iu  Vienna.  In 
1818  he  became  teacher  of  nmsic  in  tlie  Esterhi'izy  family  ; 
l)ut.s*)on  returned  to  Vienna,  and  lived  there  for  a  time  with 
Mayrhofer  the  poet.  In  ISID  ids  song  the  "Schafers  Kla- 
gelied"  was  performed  in  public  at  Vienna.  In  18-.'.  he 
made  a  tour  with  his  friend  Vogl,  who  sang  Schubert 'flScMigs 
from  '*The  I-ady  of  the  l-ake"to  the  hitter's  accompani- 
ments. He  no.x:t  directed  his  attention  to  dramatic  music. 
By  1827  his  prospects  had  tlecideiliy  brightened,  and  he 
contpofled  ceaselessly,  surpassing  his  loi-Mier  achievements, 
anil  having  many  demands  from  foreign  publishers;  but 
poverty  and  hard  work  had  already  weakened  hi*  system. 
and  in  182s  he  succumbed  to  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever. 
The  number  of  his  compositions  is  large,  inclinling  sev- 
eral operas,  cantatas,  10  symphonies,  many  sonataii,  masses, 
marches,  quartets,  fantasias,  etc.,  and  mi>ro  than  live  hun- 
dred songs,  in  which  he  reached  the  highest  level  of  song- 
writing.  Among  the  songs  are  "Erlkonig,"  "The  Wan- 
derer." "The  Trout,"  "Who  is  .Sylvia?'  'Hark.  Hark,  the 
Lark," etc.  The  great  mass  of  his  works  published  after 
his  death  almost  excited  suspicion  as  to  their  genuineness. 

Schubert,  Gotthilf  Heinrich  von.    Born  at 

Hohenstein,  Saxony,  April  21),  1780:  died  July  1, 
1^00.  A  German  naturalist,  natural  philoso- 
pher, and  mystic.  Among  his  works  are  "Ansichten 
von  der  .Nachtseite  dcr  Naturwissenschaf ten  "  (1S08),  "  Sym- 
bol ik  des  Traums  "  (1814),  "  Geschichte  der  Seele  "  (1830), 
etc. 

Schiicking  (shiik'ing),  Christoph  Bernhard 

Levin.  Bom  at  Clemenswi  ilh,  :inei(  nt  bish- 
opric of  Miinster,  .Sept.  6,  1814:  died  Aug.  31, 
18K:j.  a  German  novelist.  His  novels  include  "Die 
Ritlerliurtigen"  (1840),    "F.in   Sohn  dea  Volka  "  (1849), 

"schloss  Dornegge  "  (18(»),  etc. 

Schulpforta.    See  PforUi. 
Schuls.     .See  Trirnxp-Srhiih. 
Schulte(sh6rte),Johann  Friedrich  von.  Bom 

at  Winterberg,  Westphalia,  April  23,  1S27.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  author,  professor  at 
Bonn  from  1873 :  after  1870  one  of  the  leaders 
of  tho  f)ld  Catholics.  He  has  published  "Lehrbuch 
lies  katholisehen  Kirchenrechls'C'Mauual  of  Catholic  F.c- 
clesiiistical  Law,"  ISflS),  and  other  works  on  Koman  Catho- 
lic ecclesiastical  law,  etc. 

Schultze  (shiilt'se).  Max  Johann  Sigismund. 

I.  •!  Fi  at  Frciliurg,  Biiden,  Mnrcli  25,  1825:  died 
it  lliinn,  Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1874.  A  (ierman 
iinitomist  and  biologist,  professor  at  Bonn  from 
l^'dl.  He  is  beat  known  from  his  contributions  to  micro- 
sri.pio  anatomy,  and  his  researches  on  protoplasm,  the 
j.n.tozoa,  etc. 

Schulz  (sholts),  Albert:  psoudonym  San- 
Marte.  Born  at  Schweilt,  Prussia,  Afav  IS, 
1802  :  died  at  Magdebui-g,  June  3,  1S93.  A"Ger- 
nian  scholar  and  critic.  He  published  studies  on 
nvdicval  literature,  including  the  Arthurian  cycle  of 
rom.-uice.  Wolfram  von  l^sclu-nltach,  etc. 

Schulz,  Johann  Abraham  Peter.    Bom  at 

Liinoburg.  Prussia.  March,  1747:  died  at 
.Schwcdt,  Prussia,  June  111.  1.800.  A  German 
composer,  noted  for  his  folk-songs.  Among  his 
compositions  were  10  operas  and  some  sacreil  music.  He 
pulilish.'d  "  Liidir  iui  Volkston,  bii  dem  Klavler  zu  sing. 
en"  (1782),  containing  nearly  .'.o  ^oug«.  and  other  works. 

Schulze  (shiilt'se),  Oottlob  Ernst.  Bom  at 
Heldrungen,  Tliuringia,  17(51:  died  at  Gottin- 


909 

gen.  1833.  A  German  skeptical  philosopher, 
professor  at  Helmstedt  17,88-1810,  and  at  Giit- 
lingen  1810-33.  Chief  work :  "  Kritik  der  theo- 
retischeu  Philosophic." 

Schulze  -  Delitzsch  (sholt'se-da'lich),  Her- 
mann. Bora  at  Delitzsch,  Prussia,  Aug.  29, 
18(IS:  died  at  Potsdam,  April  29,  1883.  A  Ger- 
man politician.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Leipsic 
and  Halle  :  was  for  a  time  employed  in  the  civil  service  of 
Prussia  ;  and  in  1841  became  a  Patriraonialrichter  (a  kin<l 
of  estate  manager  with  judicial  and  administrative  fuuc- 
tions)at  Delitzsch.  He  is chielly  known  as  the  founderof 
the  system  of  working-men's  coi>perative  associations  in 
C.ermany,  including  the  people's  bank.  He  published 
"  N'orschuss-  und  Kredlt-Vereme  als  Volksbanken  "  (5th 
ed.  1S7<)),  etc. 

Schumacher  (sho'miich-or),  Heinrich  Chris- 
tian. Born  at  Bramstedt,  Holsteiu,  Sept.  3, 
1780 :  died  at  Altona,  Holstein,  Dec.  28,  1850. 
A  German  astronomer,  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Altona.  He  founded  the  "Astrono- 
mische  Nachrichten"  iu  1821. 

Schumann  (sho'man),  Madame  (Clara  Jose- 
phine Wieck).  Born  at  Lcipsic.  Sept.  13,  1819 : 
di.-<iutl'rankfort,May20,ls<)G.  AnotedGerman 
pianist  and  composer,  wife  of  Robert  Schumann, 
she  was  especially  successful  in  rendering  the  music  of 
Chopin  (which  she  was  tlic  flrst  iu  Germany  to  pl.ay  for 
the  public)  ami  Scliumami.  She  made  her  d^liut  about 
18.12,  and  visited  England  (Irst  in  18,T«i.  After  the  death 
of  her  busl)and  she  lived  at  Dusseldorf,  and  then  at  Ber- 
lin and  Baden-Baden,  and  iu  1878  was  made  principal 
teacher  of  tlie  pianoforte  at  the  conservatoire  at  Frankfort. 

Schumann,  Robert.  Born  at  Zwickau,  .Saxony, 
June  8,  1810:  died  at  Endenieh,  near  Bonii, 
Prussia,  July  29,  IS.'iG.  A  distinguished  German 
composer  and  musical  critic,  au  exponent  of  the 
Romantic  school.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg  18-28-30, 
and  then  at  Leipsic  under  Wieck ;  founded  the  musical 
journal  "  Die  neue  Zeiischrift  fur  Musik  "  in  ls;i4  ;  and  re- 
mained its  editor  until  1844.  In  l&UhcmetMeniielssohn. 
In  1840  he  married  Clara  Wieck.  In  1844  he  left  Leipsic 
and  settled  in  Dresden.  From  ISiiO  to  18.^)3  he  was  director 
of  music  at  Dusseldorf,  a  post  for  which  he  was  unfitted. 
From  18.^.1  until  his  death  his  eccentricities,  due  to  disease 
of  the  brain,  increased,  and  in  1854  he  was  placed  in  a 
private  asylum.  Among  his  cliief  works  are  symphonies, 
overtures,  quartets,  songs  C'Das  Oluck  von  Edenhall." 
"  i»er  Kose  Pilgcrfahrt "),  "Genoveva"  (an  opera),  music 
to  Byron's  "Manfred"  and  Goethe's  "F'anst,"  "Paradise 
arul  the  Peri."  His  comj.lcte  works  are  published  by 
Breitkopf  and  H.-irtel  (Leipsic). 

Schurz  (shorts),  .Carl.  Born  at  Liblar,  near 
Cologrne,  Prussia,  March  2,  1829.  A  German- 
American  statesman,  journalist,  and  general. 

He  studied  at  Bonn  1847-18,  and  in  1840  t^R.k  part  in  llie 
insurrection  in  tlie  Palatinate  ainl  r.;ult.-n.on  the  repression 
of  which  he  was  arrested,  but  escajied  to  Switzerland.  He 
went  to  tlie  United  States  iu  18.V2,  and  became  a  prominent 
member  of  tho  Rejmblican  party.  He  was  appointed 
United  States  minister  to  Spain  in  1801,  but  resigned  on 
the  outbreak  of  tlie  Civil  War  iu  order  to  enter  the  Union 
army.  He  served  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Hun,  Clian- 
cellorsville.  Gettysburg,  and  Chattanooga, and altaineiltlic 
rank  of  major-general  of  v<.Iuntcer8.  He  was  Kepublican 
United  Strifes  senator  from  Missouri  18<i9-75;  was  a  leading 
member  of  the  "  I.iberal-Ki-pnblican"  revolt  in  1872  :  was 
secretary  of  the  inferior  1S77-81 ;  and  was  e<litor  of  the 
New  York  "Evening  Post "  1881-84.  He  was  one  of  the 
lea<lers  of  the  "  Mugwump"  movement  in  18&1.  He  has 
written  a  "Life  of  Henry  i  lay  "  (1887),  etc. 

Schuyler  (ski'ler),  Eugene.  Bom  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y..  Feb.  2G,  1840:  died  at  Cairo,  Egj-pt,  July 
18, 1890.  An  American  diplomatist  and  author. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1869,  and  at  the  Columbia  Law 
School  In  18«3;  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  I8li«; 
was  secretary  of  legation  at  St,  Petersburg  1870-70.  and  at 
Constantinople  1878-78;  traveled  in  central  Asia  in  1873  ; 
became  charge  d'allaires  at  Bukharest  in  1880;  was  niin. 
ister  to  Rumania,  Servia,  and  Greece  1.S.S2-^I ;  and  was  con. 
su|. general  at  Cairo  from  18811  unlil  his  death.  He  wrote 
"Turkestan"  (1870),  "Peter  theGreat"(2  vols.  1884),  and 
'■-\m<Tiean  Diplomacy"  (188G). 

Schuyler,  Philip.  Born  at  Albanv,  N.  Y.,  Nov., 
17.33:  died  at  Aliiany,  Nov.  18, 1804.  An  Ameri- 
eangeneraland  politician.  He  served  In  the  Frendi 
and  Indian  war;  was  a  delegate  to  the  runtineiital  Con- 
gress in  1775, 1777,  and  1770-^1 ;  wasappidnted  major-gcii- 
cral  In  177.'>;  was  influential  in  the  northern  department 
and  111  the  conimlssary ;  was  commamler  of  the  forces 
against  Burgoyne  in  1777  until  superseded  by  Gates  in 
August ;  and  re.Mgncd  from  the  army  iu  1770.  He  was 
Indian  commissioner  during  the  war,  and  was  Feder- 
alist lulled  States  senator  from  New  York  178W-01  and 
17ll7-i«- 

Schuyler  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Otsego  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  24  miles  .southeast  of  I'tica.  It 
has  its  outirt  into  the  Susquehanna. 

Schuylkill  (skfil'kil).  A  river  in  I  Vnnsylvania 
whieli  joins  the  Delaware  at  Philadeljihia.  It 
contributes  largely  to  the  water-supply  of  Phil- 
adelphia. Its  Indian  name  was  Maiiavunk. 
lionglh.  130  miles. 

Schuylkill  Haven.  A  borough  in  Schuylkill 
County,  I'einisylvania,  situated  on  tho  Schuyl- 
kill 72  miles  inirt Invest  of  Philadidphia.  Popu- 
lation fiooo).  :i.(i54. 

Sch^wab  fshviilil.  Oustav.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirti'iiilierg, .luno  1!),  1792:  died  there,  Nov. 4, 
18.'j0.  a  German  poot  and  author, one  of  tho  chief 


Sch-warzhurg-Rudolstadt 

Swabian  poets.  He  is  best  known  from  his  KoIIads  and 
romances.  Hewr<ite  also  "Die  schonsten  Sagen  des  klas- 
sischen  Altertums"("The  Most  Beautiful  Legendsof  Clas- 
sical Ant  ii|Uity,"18S8-IO),  a  lifeof  Schiller,  "Deutsche  Volks- 
biicher."  etc. 
Schwabach  (shvii'biich).  A  town  in  Middle 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  river  Schwa- 
bach  9  miles  south  by  west  of  Nuremberg,  it  has 
manufactures  of  needles,  etc.  A  meeting  of  pririces  here, 
Oct.  18, 15-29,  adopted  the  17  articles  of  Schwabach  that 
formed,  in  pari,  the  basis  of  the  Augsburg  Confession. 
Population  (IS'JO),  8,101. 

Sch'wabach  (shvii'biich)  Articles.  1.  Articles 
of  religion  established  1528  by  the  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg-Ansbach  as  the  basis  of  tlie  Ref- 
onnation  in  his  teiTitories. — 2.  Seventeen  arti- 
cles drawn  up  by  Luther  and  submitted  to  the 
convention  of  .Schwabach.  They  subsetiuently 
formed  the  basis  of  the  Augsburg  Confession. 

Schwabe  (shvu'be),  Heinrich  Samuel.  Bom 
at  Dessau,  Germany,  Oct.  2.5, 1789:  died  at  Des- 
sau, April  11,  1875.  A  German  astronomer, 
noted  for  his  discovery  of  the  periodicity  of 
siin-sjiots. 

Schwaben  (shvii'ben).  The  German  name  of 
Swabia. 

Schwabenspiegel  (shvii'ben-spe-gel).  [G., 
•  .Swabian  mirror.']  A  compilation  of  law  which 
attained  great  authority  in  southern  Germany, 
compiled  by  an  unknown  author  at  the  end  of 
the  13th  ccntur}'.  It  -was  based  largely  on  the 
Sachsenspiegel. 

Sch-wabisch-Gmiind.    See  Gmiiud. 

Schwabisch-Hall  (shva'bish-hiil),  or  Hall.  A 
town  in  the  Jagst  circle,  Wiirtemberg.  situated 
on  the  Kocher  34  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart. 
It  has  important  salt-works.  Formerly  a  free  imperial 
city,  it  was  annexed  to  Wurtemberg  in  180*2.  FopulatioD 
(1800),  »,0o0. 

Schwalbach.     See  Langcnschicalhach. 

Sch-wann  (shvUn),  Theodor.  Bom  at  Neuss, 
Prussia,  Dec.  7,  1810:  died  at  Cologne.  Jan.  14, 
1.882.  A'distinguished  German  physiologist,  the 
founderofthe  cell-theory,  which  he  published  in 
"  Microscopical  Researches"  (Berlin.  1839).  He 
was  professor  of  aiiatom}  at  I.ouvain  1838-48,  and  at  Lii-ge 
from  1848.  He  discovered  pepsin,  and  made  many  imi>or- 
tant  investigations  in  the  nerves,  muscles,  etc. 

Schwansen  (shviin'zen).  A  peninsula  in  the 
eastern  part  ojf  the  province  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  Prussia,  east  of  Schleswig.  it  is  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  Baltic  Sea,  the  Schlei,  and  Eckernforde  Bay. 

Sch-wanthaler  (shviin'tii-'ler),  Lud'wig  Mi- 
chael. Horn  at  Alunich,  Aug.  2().  1802:  died 
there,  Nov.  15,  1848.  A  German  sculptor.  He 
worked  especially  in  Munich  under  otficial  palrtmage. 
Among  his  works  there  are  statues  for  the  new  p.alace  in 
Munich,  the  Old  Pinakothek,  the  Rtihmeshalle,  and  the 
Walhalla,  and  the  colossal  statue  "  Bavaria."  He  left  his 
collection  of  models  ("Schwanthaler.  Museum")  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Bavaria. 

Schwartz,  Christian  Friedrich.  See  Schirnrz. 

Schwartz,  or  Schwarz  (shviirtsi,  Madame  von 

(Marie  Esperance  Brandt):  Grecized  name 
ElpisMelena(i'rpcsmc-la'uii).  Bom  at  South- 
gate,  England,  Nov.  8,  l.si!l.  A  German  author. 
After  a  separation  from  Von  Scllw  art/.,  who  was  her  second 
husband,  she  went  to  Rome,  became  a  great  admirer  of 
(Garibaldi,  went  with  him  on  his  campaigns,  and  cared  for 
him  in  his  captivity.  .She  wn>te  "Travels"  in  Crete,  the 
south  of  Italy,  etc.*,  ami  works  on  Garibiddi's  career,  and 
als.1  published  a  Volume  of  his  letters.  She  has  often  been 
conf'.undcd  with  the  Swedish  mivelist  (see  next  article). 

Schwartz,  Mine.  (Marie  Sophie  Birath).  Born 

at  Borfis,  Sweden,  July  4.  I.'^IO  :  ilied  at  Stock- 
holm, May  7,  1894.  A  Swedish  novelist.  Hor 
works  were  translate-*!  into  German  in  44  voliimt.8  (1h(>&- 
1874).  and  several  of  them  have  been  tmmlatod  into  French 
and  EngUsli. 

Schwartzenberg.    S<c  Srincni-enhi-rij. 
Schwarz  (^llviirls'l.  Berthold  (originally  Kon- 

Stantin  Ancklitzen).  Born  at  Freiburg:  lived 
iu  tho  first  hall  of  the  14lli  century.  A  German 
Franciscan  mmdc  and  alchemist,  said  to  have 
invented  guiiiM.wder  aboul  i:i30. 

Schwarz,  or  Schwartz,  Christian  Friedrich. 

Bornat  Sonnenburg,Prussia,172(i:  ilied  at  Tan- 


13,  1798.    A  German  mis- 
,*^ent  out  at  flrst  by  the  I>anrs.  he  was 


jore,  Hindustan,  Fel 
sionary  in  India 

afterwaril  engaged  In  English  missions.  Ho  was  remark- 
ably successful  at  Triehiuoltoly  ami  Tanjon*. 

Schwarz,  Marie  Esperance.    See  ^rlnrnrf:. 
Schwarzbach  (shviiris'iiiirinFall.    A  cnscndo 

in  till'  S:il/,liurg.\lps,  near  Kiinigssee.    Ueight, 

:iOO  fret. 

Schwarzburg  (shvilrts'Wira).  A  \'illage  in 
Si'hwar/.liurg-Rudolsfadt,  Germany,  xitiiated 
on  the  .Schwarza  32  miles  south  by  west  of 
Weimar.  It  is  a  tourist  center,  am!  contuins 
the  princely  ensile  of  Schwarzburg. 

Schwarzburg-Budolstadt    ( sh vii rt s ' b;>ro-r6'- 

d<"d-sliit ).  A  iirlncipality  and  one  of  tlie  mera- 
hers  of  the  German  hmpire,  situated  in  Tliurin- 
gia.    Capital,  Kudolstadt.     It  constats  of  two  main 


Schwarzburg-Budolstadt 

divisions  —  the  larger  in  the  south,  between  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenach  and  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  the  smaller  in  the 
north,  surrounded  by  Prussian  Saxony  and  Schwarzburg- 
Sondershatisen.  It  has  also  several  small  exclaves.  The 
surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous.  The  government  is  a 
hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has  1  vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  1  member  in  the  Reichstag.  The  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  The  state  was  raised  from  a  countship 
to  a  principality  in  1711 ;  joined  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  in  18U7,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  lSlf>; 
and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866.  Area,  363  square  miles. 
Population  (laiKi),  ua.osg. 

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen  (-zon'ders-lion- 

zen).  A  priiieipulity  and  one  of  the  members 
of  the  German  Empire,  situated  in  Thuringia. 
Capital,  Sondershausen.  it  consists  of  two  por- 
tions—the southern,  situated  west  of  .Schwarzburg-Ru- 
dolstadt,  and  the  northern,  nearly  surrounded  by  Prussiiui 
Saxony.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly.  The  government 
is  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy.  It  has  1  vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  1  member  in  the  Reichstag.  The  religion 
is  Protestant.  The  state  was  raised  from  a  countship  to 
a  principality  in  1697;  joined  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  in  1807,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815 : 
and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866.  Area,  333  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  80,898. 

Schwarzenberg  (shvSvt'sen-berG),  Prince  Fe- 
lix Ludwig  Johann  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 
Kruman,  Bohemia,  Oct.  2,  1800:  died  April  5, 
1852.  An  Austrian  diplomatist  and  statesman, 
prime  minister  1848-52. 

Schwarzenberg,  Prince  Friedrich  von.  Born 
April  6,  1809 :  died  March  27,  1885.  An  Aus- 
trian cardinal,  archbishop  of  Salzburg,  and 
later  of  Prague. 

Schwarzenberg  (shvart'sen-bere).  Prince  Karl 
Philipp  von.  Born  at  Vienna,  April  15,  1771: 
died  at  Leipsie,  Oct.  1.5,  1820.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Hohenlinden  in 
1800 ;  escaped  from  the  surrender  at  Ulm  in  1805 :  served 
at  Wagram  in  1809  ;  filled  various  diplomatic  missions  in 
Russia  and  France  ;  commanded  the  Austrian  contingent 
in  Russia  in  1812  ;  became  field-marshal  in  1812  ;  was  com- 
mander of  the  Allies  against  Napoleon  1813-14  ;  and  gained 
the  victoi-y  of  Leipsie  in  1813. 

Schwarzhorn(shvarts'horn).  [G.,  'blaekhorn.'] 
The  name  of  several  peaks  in  the  Alps.  Among 
them  is  one  in  Valais,  southeast  of  Sierre. 

Schwarzsee  (shvarts'za).  [F.  Lac  Domene  or 
Lacd'Omeiuiz.~\  A  small  Alpine  lake  inthe  can- 
ton of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  11  miles  southeast 
of  Fribourg. 

Schwarzwald  (shvarts'valt).   See  Blacl- Forest. 

Schwatka  (shwot'kii),  Frederick.  Born  at 
Galena,  111.,  Sept.  29,  1849:  died  at  Portland, 
Oregon,  Nov.  2,  1892.  Au  Amei'icau  exiilorer. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1871,  receiving  a  commis- 
sion as  lieutenant  of  cavalry  in  the  United  States  army, 
which  he  resigned  in  1885.  He  commanded  an  arctic  ex- 
pedition in  search  of  traces  of  Franklin  1S7S-S0  ;  explored 
the  course  of  the  Yukon  River  1883-S4 ;  and  conducted  an 
expedition  to  Alaska  sent  out  by  the  New  York  "  Times  " 
in  1886.  He  wrote  "Along  Alaska's  Great  River"  (1885), 
"  Nimrod  in  the  North  "  (1885),  and  "  Children  of  the  Cold  " 

(i88t;). 

Schwedt  (shvet).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  51 
miles  northeast  of  Berlin.  Population  (1890), 
9,801. 

Schwegler  (shvag'ler),  Albert.  Born  at  Michel- 
bach,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  10,  1819:  died  at  Tu- 
bingen, Jan.  5, 1857.  A  German  historian  and 
philosophical  writer,  professor  of  classical  phi- 
lology and  later  of  history  at  Tubingen.  His  works 
include  "Das  nachapostolische  Zeitalter"  ("The  Post- 
Apostolic  Age,''  1.S46), "  Geschichte  der  Philosophic "(" His- 
tory of  Philosophy,"  1848).  "Geschichte  der  griechischen 
Philosophic  "(1 859), "Romische  Geschichte  "(1853-58),  edi- 
tions of  Eusebius,  Aristotle"  "  Metaphysics,"  etc. 

Schweidnitz  (sh\'id'nits).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  "Weis- 
tritz  31  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  and  manufacturing  center,  and  lias 
long  been  famous  for  its  beer.  It  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  the  ancient  principality  of  Schweidnitz,  which  be- 
longed to  Bohemia  until  1741.  It  was  several  times  be- 
sieged and  taken  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  and  the  Seven 
Years' War.     Population  (1890),  9,016. 

Schweinfurt  (shvin'fort).  A  town  in  Lower 
Fraueonia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  inlat. 
50°  4'  N.,  long.  10°  14'  E.  it  has  important  trade 
and  varied  manufactures  (among  the  latter,  the  noted 
Schweinfurt  green).  It  became  a  free  imperial  city  in  the 
12th  century  ;  was  annexed  to  Bavaria  soon  after  the  peace 
of  Lun^ville  (1801);  and  belonged  to  the  grand  duchy  of 
Wiirzliurg  from  1810  to  1814.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
ROckert.     Population  (ISiKi),  12,472. 

Schweinfurth  (shN-iu'fort),  Georg  August. 
Born  at  Riga,  Livonia,  Dec.  29, 1836.  An  Afri- 
can explorer  and  botanist.  He  made  a  botanical  ex- 
ploration of  the  Nile  valley  in  1864-66 ;  traveled  among  the 
Dinka,  Djur,  and  Bongo  in  1868;  among  the  Nyam-Nyam. 
Mombutto,  and  Akka  in  1870.  discovering  the  Welle  River ; 
and  returned  to  Khartum  in  1871,  and  to  Europe.  In  1873- 
1874  he  explored  the  oasis  El  Chargeh  and  founded  (1874- 
1875)  a  geographical  society  at  Cairo,  where  he  has  since  re- 
sided. He  made  botanic  and  mineralogic  explorations  in 
the  desert  between  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea  1870-88.  His 
works  include  "In  the  Heart  of  Africa "  (1874),  books  on 
botany,  '*  Artes  Africans  "  (1875),  etc. 


910 

Schweinitz  (shvi'nits),  Hans  Lothar  von. 

Born  nearLiiben,  Silesia.  Dee.  30,  1822:  died 
at  Cassel,  Prussia,  June  24,  1901.  A  German 
diplomatist.  He  became  envoy  of  the  North  German 
Confederation  at  Vienna  in  1869,  and  was  ambassador  of 
the  German  Empire  at  Vieima  1871-76,  and  at  St.  Peters- 
burg 1876-93. 

Schweinitz,  Le'wis  Da'vid  von.  Born  at  Beth- 
lehem, Pa.,  Feb.  13,  1780:  died  there,  Feb.  8, 
18.34.  An  American  botanist,  noted  for  his  re- 
searches in  American  flora,  especially  in  fungi. 

Schweinschadel  (sh-vin'slia-del).  A  small  vil- 
lage in  northeastern  Bohemia,  near  Skalitz, 
about  28  miles  east  of  Gitschin.  Hero,  June  29, 
1866,  the  Prussians  under  Steinmetz  defeated 
the  Austriaus. 

Schweiz  (sh-vits),  Die.  The  German  name  of 
Switzerland. 

Schwenkfeld  (shvenk'felt),  Kaspar.  Bom  in 
Silesia,  1490 :  died  at  Ubn,  Germany,  Dec.  10, 
1561.  A  German  Protestant  mystic,  persecuted 
by  the  Lutherans :  founder  of  a  sect  named 
from  liim  Sehwenkfeldians. 

Schwerin  (shva-ren').  1.  A  duchy  in  Meeklen  ■ 
burg-Schwerin,  forming  the  circle  of  Mecklen- 
burg.— 2.  A  former  principality  and  imperial 
bishopric,  now  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin. —  3.  The  capital  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin,  Gei'many,  sit- 
uated on  the  Schwerinersee  in  lat.  53°  38'  N., 
long.  11°  25'  E.  The  principal  buildings  are  the 
grand-ducal  palace,  and  the  Pointed  cathedral  of  tlie  15th 
century.  An  ancient  Wendish  place,  it  was  captured  by 
Henry  the  Lion  in  1161.    Population  (1890),  33,643. 

Schwerin,  Count  Kurt  Christoph.  Born  at 
Wuseeken,  Pomerauia,  Oct.  26.  1684:  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Prague,  May  6,  1757.  A  German 
general.  He  entered  the  Dutch  service  in  1700,  that  of 
Mecklenburg  in  1706,  and  that  of  Prussia  in  1720.  He  was 
made  a  tield-marshal  by  Frederick  the  Great,  and  in  1741 
gained  the  victory  of  Mollwitz.  He  distinguished  himself 
in  the  second  Silesian  war  1744^5,  and  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War  in  the  invasion  of  Bohemia  1756-57. 

Schwerin,  Lake  of.     See  Schwerinersee. 

Schwerin-an-der-Warthe  (shva  -ren '  tin  -  der- 
viir'te).  A  to'wn  in  the  province  of  Posen, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warthe  59  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Posen.     Population  (1890),  6,560. 

Schwerinersee  (shva-rerT'er-za),  or  Lake  of 
Schwerin,  A  lake  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Sehwerin, Germany.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Stor  to  the  Elde,  and  thence  to  the  Elbe. 
Length,  14  miles. 

Schwind(shvint),Moritz  von.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
Jan.  21,  1804 :  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  8,  1871.  A 
German  painter  of  the  Romantic  school.  His 
chief  works  are  the  cyclus  of  the  "Seven  Ravens"  (Wei- 
mar), the  cyclus  of  Melusine  (Vienna),  and  the  cyclus 
of  Cinderella;  "  Singers'  Contest"  (Frankfort);  decorative 
paintings  in  the  Wartburg  ;  etc. 

Schwyz  (shvits).  1.  A  canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Schwyz;  lai'gest  town,  Einsiedeln.  it 
is  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Zug,  Zug,  and  Zurich  on  the 
northwest,  the  Lake  of  Zurich  on  the  north,  St.  Gall  on 
the  northeast,  Glarus  on  the  east,  Uri  and  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne on  the  south,  and  Lucerne  on  the  west,  and  is  one 
of  the  "  Four  Forest  Cantons."  The  Sluiace  is  mountain- 
ous. It  is  noted  for  its  cattle.  It  sends  3  members  to  the 
National  Council.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman 
Catholic  ;  the  prevailing  language,  German.  Schwyz  be- 
longed in  the  middle  ages  to  the  Zurich  gau  ;  was  united 
with  I'ri  and  Unterwalden  in  1291  in  league  against  the 
Hapshurgs  ;  took  a  leading  part  in  the  14th  and  15th  cen- 
turies in  the  affairs  of  the  Confederation  ;  opposed  the 
Reformation  ;  made  resistance  to  the  French  in  1798 ; 
and  had  internal  troubles  in  1832-33.  It  was  a  member 
of  the  .Sonderbund.  Area,  351  square  miles.  Population 
(1888),  50,307. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  sit- 
uated at  the  foot  of  the  Mythen,  in  lat.  47°  1'  N., 
long.  8°  38'  E.  Its  parish  church  is  notable. 
Population  (1888),  6,663. 

Schyn  (shen).  The  lower  valley  of  the  river 
Albula,  canton  of  Grisons,  S'witzerland,  situated 
10-14  miles  south  of  Coire :  noted  for  its  roman- 
tic scenery. 

Sciacca  (shSk'kii).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  southern 
coast  46  miles  south-southwest  of  Palermo.  It 
has  a  cathedral.  In  its  neighborhood  are  va- 
rious warm  spi'ings.     Population,  20, 709. 

Scilla,  or  Scylla  (shel'la),  or  Sciglio  (shel'yo). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Reggiodi  Calabria, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  promontory  of  Scylla, 
Strait  of  Messina,  9  miles  north-northeast  of 
Reggio.  It  has  a  castle.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  in  1783.    Population,  5.802. 

Scilly  (sil'i)  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands 
soutliwest  of  England,  belonging  to  the  county 
of  Cornwall,  situated  in  lat.  49°  .54'  N.,  long.  6° 
21'  W. :  probably  the  ancient  Cassiterides.  The 
principal  islands  are  St.  Mary's  (containing  the  chief  town, 
Hugh  Town),  St.  Martin's,  St.  Agnes.  Tresco,  and  Bryller. 
The  islands  were  taken  by  the  English  in  the  10th  century. 


Scogan 

They  were  a  Royalist  stronghold  in  the  civil  war,  and  were 
reduced  by  Blake  in  1651.  Area,  10  sqtiare  miles.  Popn. 
lation  (1891),  1.911. 

Scinde.    See  Siud. 

Scindia.     See  Sindhia. 

Scio(si'6or8he'6).  An  island  in  the  .^gean  Sea, 
belonging  to  Turkev,  situated  west  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, in  lat.  38°  20'  N.,  long.  26°  E. :  the  ancient 
Chios  and  Turkish  Saki-Adasi.  Capital,  Seio. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  rocky.  The  island  has  been  not«d 
in  ancient  and  modem  times  for  wine  and  fruit.  The  in- 
habitants are  mostly  Greeks.  It  was  settled  by  lonians; 
passed  under  Persian  rule  in  the  6th  century  B.  c;  was  a 
member  of  the  C:onfederacy  of  Delos  until  412  B.  C;  was 
a  center  of  art  and  literature,  and  particularly  noleil  for  its 
school  of  epic  poets  ;  has  been  claimed  as  the  birthplace 
of  Homer;  formed  p.art  of  the  Macedonian,  Roman,  and 
other  dominions  ;  was  taken  by  the  Genoese  in  the  Hth 
century;  was  conquered  by  the 'I'urks  in  1566  ;  was  the 
scene  of  a  terrible  massacre  by  the  Turks  in  1822  :  and  was 
ravaged  by  earthquakes  in  1881-82.  Length,  30  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, about  36,000. 

Scioto  fsi-o'to).  AriverinOhio.  It  flows  east  and 
then  generally  south  to  the  Ohio,  which  it  joins  at  Ports, 
mouth.  Length,  about  250  miles ;  navigable  about  130 
mUes. 

Scipio  (sip'i-6).  The  secretary  of  Gil  Bias  in 
Le  Sage's  novel  of  that  name. 

Scipio  (sip'i-6),  Cneius  Cornelius.  Killed  212 
or  211  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  brother  of  P.  C. 
Scipio.  He  was  consul  in  222  B.  c,  when  with  his  col. 
league  M.  Claudius  Marcellus  he  completed  the  subjuga- 
tion of  Cisalpine  Gaul.  He  was  appointed  legate  in  Spain 
in  218,  and  was  associated  with  his  brother  in  the  Spanish 
campaigns. 

Scipio,  Metellus  Pius.  See  MetelJus  Pins  Scipio. 

Scipio,  Publius  Cornelius.    Killed  212  or  211 

B.  C.  A  Roman  genei'al.  He  was  consul  in  218  B.  c, 
when  he  :itteini)ted  unsuccessfully  to  prevent  Hannibal's 
passage  nf  tlie  Khone;  and  was  defeated  at  the  Ticinus 
and(willi  .-^cinpn.'nius)  at  the  Trebia.  In  217  he  defeated 
the  Carthaginian  fleet  at  the  mouth  of  the  Iberus,  whereby 
he  gained  for  the  Romans  the  supremacy  of  the  sea.  \\'ith 
his  brother,  Cneius  Cornelius  Scipio,  he  gained  several  vic- 
tories over  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain  with  his  brother. 

Scipio  (Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  .ffimilianus 
Africanus  Minor,  surnamed  also  Numanti- 
nus).  Born  about  185  B.  c. :  died  129  B.  c.  A 
celebrated  Roman  general,  son  of  ^milius 
Paulus  and  grandson  by  adoption  of  Sci])io 
Africanus  Ma.ior.  He  served  at  Pydna  in  168,  and  in 
Spain  as  military  tribune  in  151;  went  to  Africa  as  mili- 
tary tribune  on  the  outbreak  of  the  third  Punic  war  in  149  ; 
was  elected  consul  and  commander  of  the  army  against 
Carthage  in  147  ;  captured  Carthage  in  140  ;  was  censor  in 
142 :  was  appointed  consul,  with  Spain  as  his  province,ini:j4; 
and  took  Numantia  in  133.  On  his  return  to  Rome  in  132  he 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  artistocratic  opposition 
to  the  reforms  of  the  popular  party.  He  was  found  dead 
in  his  room  one  morning  after  a  tempestuous  day  in  the 
forum,  and  was  commonly  supposed  to  have  been  assas- 
sinated. 

Scipio  (Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus 

Major).  Born  about  234  B.  C. :  died  probably 
183  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  son  of  P.  G.  Scipio. 
He  served  at  the  Ticinus  and  Cannaj ;  became  edile  in  212  , 
was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  in  Spain  as  proconsul 
in  210;  captnretl  Nl-w  Carthage  in  210;  defeated  Hasdrubal 
in  '209 ;  cniiipk-tt'd  the  conquest  of  Spain  in  206 ;  was  elected 
consul,  with  .-^JLily  as  his  province,  in  205  ;  invaded  Africa 
in  204;  defeated  "svphax  and  Hasdrubal  (son  of  Gisco)  in 
203 ;  defeated  Han'nibal  at  Zama  in  202  ;  negotiated  the 
treaty  with  Carthage  ending  the  second  Punic  war  in  201 ; 
was  censor  in  199  and  consul  in  194  ;  and  accompanied  his 
brother  in  the  campaign  against  Antiochus  in  190. 

Scipios  (sip'i-oz).  Tombs  of  the.  A  group  of 
ancient  Roman  tombs  situated  on  the  Appian 
Way,  near  Rome. 

Sciron(si'ron).  [Gr.  S/if /purer  2m'p(jv.]  InGreek 
legend,  a  robber  who  frequented  the  region 
near  Megara,  and  forced  strangers  over  the 
rocks  (the  Seironian  rocks)  into  the  sea,  where 
they  were  devoui'ed  by  a  turtle.  He  was  slain 
by  Theseus. 

Scituate  (sit'u-at).  A  town  in  Plymouth  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Massachtisetts 
Bay  21  miles  southeast  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  2,470. 

Sclater-Booth  (skla'ter-both),  George,  first 

Baron  Basing.  Born  1826 :  died  Oct.  22.  1894. 
An  English  (Conservative  politician.  He  was 
president  of  the  Local  Government  Board  1874- 
1880,  and  was  created  Baron  Basing  in  1887. 

Scla'Sinia.     See  Slarinia. 

Sclavonia.     See  Stm-ovin. 

Sclopis  de  Salerano  (sklo'pes  de  sa-le-ra'n6). 
Count  FederigO.  Born  at  'Turin,  Jan.  10,  1798: 
died  there,  March  8,  1878.  An  Italian  politi- 
cian and  jurist.  He  was  president  of  the  Geneva  tri- 
bunal of  arbitration  for  settling  the  Alabama  claims  1871- 
187-2.  His  chief  work  is  "Histoirc  de  la  legislation  itali- 
enne  "  (1840-57). 

Scodra(sko'dva).   The  ancient  name  of  Scutari. 

Scogan(sku'gaii), Henry.  Lived  at  the  end  of  the 
14tli  aud  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  An 
English  poet,  a  contemporary  of  Chaucer.  He 
inserted  in  one  of  his  poems,  called  "Scogan  unto  the  Lords 
and  Gentilraen  of  the  King's  house,"  Chaucer's  ballade 


Scogan 


911 


Scott,  Sir  Walter 


"OentiUesse,"  and  refers  to  Chaucer  freqnently  as  my 
Diu«tre  "  He  is  probably  the  man  to  whom  thaucers 
"Unvciy  to  Scogan"  was  written,  and  is  not  to  be  con- 
foumle.l  with  a  jester  named  John  or  Thomas  Sci>gan,  to 
whcini  a  book  called  "Sc,«Kins  Jests"  is  attributed,  and 
who  nourished  at  the  court  of  Kdwald  I V.  It  is  this  Sco- 
L-m  that  Sbakspere  introduces  anachronously  in  the  se- 
cond part  of  ■•  Henry  IV.,"  iii.  2 ;  but  the  Scogan  to  whom 
JoMSon  alludes  in  "The  Fortunate  Isles  "is  Henry  Scogan. 
Scone  (skon).  A  locality  in  Pertbsliire,  Scot- 
laiul,  near  the  Tay.  2  miles  north  of  Perth.  An 
abbey  was  built  hereby  Alexander  I.  in  1115,  and  remained 
till  destroyed  in  the  Ketormation  riots  about  l.i79.  Scone 
was  from  early  times  a  place  of  residence  of  tlie  kings  of 
Scotland  and  notably  the  place  of  their  coronation.  A 
"sUiiieof  destiny"  which  formed  part  of  the  coronation 
chair  was  carried  otf  to  \\  cstniinster  by  Edward  I.  in  1296. 
Tlie  pi  esent  Scone  Palace,  a  modern  building,  is  a  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  ilanstleld.  . 

Scopas  (sko'pas).     [Gr.  Ikutqc]     Born  in  the 
islaii«l  of  Parbs  about  420  B.  c.     A  celebrated 
Greek  sculptor  and  architect.     His  first  important 
work  was  the  temple  of  Athene  Alea  at  Tegea,  built  on  the 
site  of  an  older  temple.    A  few  fragments  of  the  sculp- 
ture of  this  temple  have  been  recovered.      In   its  in- 
terior a  Corinthian  order  was    superimposed  upon  an 
Ionic  the  first  recorded  use  of  this  order.     Scopas  prob- 
ably went  to  Athens  about  XT!  B.  c,  and  remained  there 
"5  veais  when  he  went  to  Halicarnassus  to  superintend 
the  sculpture  of  the  Mausoleum.    The  fragments  from 
this  monument  in  the  British  Museum  probably  give  us 
oui-  unly  reliable  information  as  to  scopas  s  style.  A  doubt- 
ful iiissage  of  I'ansanias  makes  it  probable  that  he  is  rep- 
1 ,      1 1 1  i-d  in  the  sculpture  recovered  from  the  Artcmisium 
ii   I  iilicsus.    The  A]pollo  Citharu.'dus  of  the  Vatican  is 
,lu  iisassoci.atcd  with  Scopas  asacopy of  his  statue.    The 
orighial  of  the  Niobe  group  was  by  either  Scopiis  or  Pra.\i- 
teles  probably  Scopas.     The  Niobide  of  the  \atican  may 
have'  belonged  to  the  original  group.    The  style  of  Scopas 
was  hi-hly  ideal  and  sympathetic.     Pathos  is  the  word  by 
which  his' work  is  chaiactirized  in  the  old  writers. 
Scoresby (skorz'biJ.William.    Bornnear Whit- 
bv,  Yorkshire,  Oct.  5,  1789 :  died  at  Torquay, 
March  21, 1857.    AnEnglish  physicist  and  arctic 
navigator.    In  1800  he  accompanied  his  father,  William 
ScoreTliy  an  arctic  whaler,  on  a  voyage  to  Greenland.    On 
May  -'4  1806,  as  chief  officer  of  the  Resolution,  he  reached 
lat  srar  N.,long.  lU'E.,  the  farthest  point  north  ('.'J  which 
had  been  reached  at  that  date.     In  1811  he  took  command 
of  the  Kesidution,  which  was  engaged  in  the  whale-tlsherj-. 
In  1819  he  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  a 
paper  "i)n  the  Anomaly  in  the  Variation  of  the  Magnetic 
Needle  "  In  18J0  he  published  his  "History  and  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Arctic  Uegions,"     He  surveyed  the  east  coiist 
of  fJreenland  between  hits.  69°  30  N.  and  72°  30'  N.  in  1822, 
and  in  lS2:<pulili«hed  his  "Journal  of  aVoyagetotho  North- 
ern Wliidc-Fisherv.  etc."    He  now  abandoned  the  sea,  re- 
sided t  wo  years  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1825  was  ordained  and 
appointed'  curate  of  Bessingby.     His  especial  study  was 
terrestrial  magnetism.    He  visited  America  in  1844-48,  aiid 
Australia  in  IsM.    Besides  the  works  above  mentioned,  he 
wrote"Mcmorialsof  the  Sea"  (ISMi),"  Journal  of  a  Voyage 
to  \uBtralia  for  il-agnetic  Research  "(1859),  etc. 

Scornful  Lady,  The.  A  comedy  of  domc-stic 
life,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  published  m 
1616.  "It  was  played  about  1609.  Inl783itwas 
altered  by  Cooke  and  produced  as  '•  The  Ca- 
pricious Lady."  . 

Scorpio  (skor'pi-o).  [L.,  'the  Scorpion.']  A 
con-stellation  and  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
represented  by  the  character  TTl.  The  constellation, 
which  is  conspicuous  in  eariy  summer  in  the  skies  of  the 
uouthein  Initcd  states  (where  the  whole  of  the  magnid- 
cent  tail  clears  the  horizon),  contains  the  flrst-magnitudo 
red  Btiu-  Antiires  and  several  of  the  second  magnitude. 
With  the  Chaldeans  and  Greeks  it  extended  over  one  sixth 
of  the  planetary  circle,  the  Scorpion  being  represented 
with  e\aggerateil  claws  embracing  a  circular  space  wliere 
Lilira  is  now  placed.  From  this  irregularity  it  may  be 
inferred  that  the  constellation  is  older  than  the  zodiac, 
which  was  fonned  before  2000  B.C.  Libra,  though  later. 
Is  of  no  small  anii.inity,  since  it  appears  in  the  Kgs'ptian 
zodiacs.  Its  adoi.tion  l.y  Julius  Cffisai  in  his  calendar  niade 
it  familiar.  I'tolemy,  however,  though  living  ni  Egypt 
neariy  two  centuries  later,  follows  Babylonian  and  Greek 
astronomers  in  covering  the  place  of  Libra  with  the  Scor- 
pion's claws.  In  designating  the  statu  of  this  constella- 
flon  by  means  of  the  lireck  letters,  the  genitive  Scorpu 
(from  the  alternative  Latin  form  *corpii«)is  used:  thus, 
Antares  is  n  Srorini. 

Scorpion,  The.  Soo  ^w/ijo. 
Scot,  or  Scott  (skot),  Michael.  [Identified  by 
Boece  with  Sir  Michael  Scot  of  Balweane  in 
Fifeshire,  but  by  Camden  with  a  Cistercian 
monk  of  Cumberland.  The  traditional  date  of 
his  death  is  about  1291.]  A  Scottish  school- 
man, with  posthumous  fame  as  a  wizard  and  ma- 
Ciciaii.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris, 
and  to  have  learned  Arabic  at  Toledo.  On  the  Invitation  of 
the  emperor  Frederick  II,  he  superintended  a  tranBJation 
of  \ri-itotle  and  his  commcntalora  from  Arabic  into  Jjitin, 
His  original  works  deal  with  a.strology.  alchemy,  and  tin) 
occult  sciences.  The  chief  are  "Super  auetorem  "pliene ' 
(Bologna,  1 19.1 ;  Venice,  IC;il),"  l)c  sole  et  lima  (ici  '  1  he- 
atrum  chimicum,"  Strasburg,  1622),  and  "  I)e  idiysiog- 
nomlaet  de  liominis  procrealione."  According  to  a  tra- 
dition followed  bv  Scott  in  "The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel, 
and  to  B.nrlcr  f..lk.lori'.  he  was  buried  In  .Melrose  Abliey. 
Scot,  Reginald.  l>ied  ir.llil.  An  Knglishaullior. 
He  8tudi°l  atll^nt  ILdl,  i),\ford,  and  afterward  lived  at 
Smeeth.  He  wrote  a  Iwicjk  against  the  persecution  of 
witches,  entitled  "  Uiscoverie  of  Witchcroft  (ir*t),  wliich 
was  burned  by  order  of  James  I. 
Scotia  (sko'shi-ii).  [Ml..,'  land  of  Scots,'  from 
Heutiis,  Scot.]    "1.  A  name  given  in  the  early 


middle  ages  to  Ireland.— 2.  A  name  given  to 
Scotland. 
Scotichronicon  (sko  ti-kron'i-kon).  The.     A 
Scottish  chronicle  written  partly  by  John  ot 
Forduii  (see  Fonluii).  who  brought  the  chroni- 
cle do^vu  to  llo'3,  and  partly  by  'Walter  Bower 
(138.>-1-149),  who  brought  it  to  1436.     An  abridg- 
ment of  the  work  written  by  Walter  Bower  is  known  as 
the  "  Book  ot  Cupar  " :  this  Inis  not  been  prinU-d. 
ScotistS  (sko'tists).  •  The  followers  ot   Dims 
Scotus.    His  fuiidamental  doctrine  is  that  distinctions 
which  the  mind  inevitably  draws  are  to  be  considered  as 
real,  although  they  do  not  exist  apart  from  their  relation» 
to  mind.     Such  distinctions  were  called /urmof,  the  ah- 
stractioiis  thence  resulting.^<mHafiti'«,  and  those  wiio  In- 
sisted upon  them  formalMn  or  _f.,rmalixrg  (Middle  I^tln 
formali^aulri:). .  He  taught  the  important  principle  of  ha;c- 
ceity  —  that  individual  existence  is  no  quaht.v,  is  capable  ol 
no  description  or  general  conception,  but  isapeculiar  cle- 
ment of  being.     He  held  that  the  natures  of  genera  and 
species,  as  aniwat  and  hnrse,  are  real,  and  are  not  in  them- 
selves either  genenU  or  particular,  though  they  cannot 
exist  except  as  particular  nor  be  thought  except  as  gen- 
eral.   The  teaching  of  Scotism  in  the  English  universities 
wasprohibitedby  the  royal  injunctions  of  1535, 
Scotland  (skot'land).      [AS.  .Scutlaud,  land  of 
Scots;  F.  £Vo.«c';  G.  Sfli(itlUi)i<l,  L.  Calcdnnia.] 
A  country  of  Europe,  occupying  the  northern 
division  of  the  island  of  Groat  Britain,  and 
forming  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain    and    Ireland.      Capital,   Edinburgh; 
largest  city,  Glasgow.    The  mainland,  which  extends 
from  lat,  .'Vl""38  -,'.s"  41'  N.,  and  from  l..ng   1*  46-<i'  14;  W., 
isbouiuled  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  west  and  north,  the  North 
Sea  on  the  cuit,  and  Englandaiid  the  Irish  Sta  on  the  south. 
The  country  Is  divided  generally  into  the  Highlands  in  the 
north  and  west,  and  the  Lowlands  in  the  south  and  cnjit. 
The  chief  Indentations  of  the  coast  are  the  Moray  Iirth, 
Firths  of  Tay  and  Forth,  Solway  Firth,  and  Firth  of  Clyde 
The  highest  mountains  are  the  Grampians,  about  4,000 
feet  (Ben  Nevis,  4,406  feet).     The  chief  riyer-systenis  are 
those  of  the  Spey.  lay.  Forth,  Tweed,  and  Clyde     Ihere 
are  many  mountain  lakes,  including  Lochs  Tay,  Awe,  Lo- 
mond, Katrine,  etc.    The  principal  islands  are  the  Orkney 
Islands,  Shetland  Islands,  Lewis  and  Harris,  North  List, 
South  list,  Skve,  Mull,  Jura,  Islay,  Arran,  and  Bute.  Scot- 
land has  important  commerce,  valuable  minesof  iron  anu 
coal,  llsherics,  nourishing  iron,  cotton,  woolen,  linen,  anil 
jute  manufactures,  ship-lmilding  industries,  whisky-ili.s- 
tilleries  etc.    It  has  33  counties.     The  kingdom  is  repre- 
sented by  72  members  in  the  House  of  Commons;  and  tlie 
peemge  to  which  no  additions  have  been  made  since  1,07, 
but  which  still  numliers  87  memliers,  appoint-s  K,  peer;- 
at  the  opening  of  each  Parliament  to  sit  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  in  which,  however,  61  of  the  other  Scottish  peei-s 
have  seats  as  holders  of  British  titles.  The  great  ina)orit,v 
of  the  Scots  are  Presbyterians  (mostly  of  the  Established 
Church,  Free  Church,  or  United  Presbyterian  i  hurch) ; 
there  are  also  Roman  Catholics,  Episcopalians,  C.ngrcga- 
tionalists,  etc.     <i:,.li,-  (:i  Celtic  language)  is  spoken   in 
many  parts  of  the  Highlands.     The  original  inhabitants 
were  Celts.     Scotland  w:is  invaded  by  the  R..muns  under 
Agricola  in  the  Ist  century.  A  wall  between  the  Cly.le  and 
Forth  was  built  under  Antoninus  and  Septimnis  Severus, 
Invasions  of  Roman  Britain  by  the  Picts  and  Scots  Ui.ik 
place  in  the  4th  and  .'itli  centuries.     In  the  6th  century  a 
kingdom  was  founded  by  the  Dalriad  Scots;  there  was  a 
settlement  of  Angles  in  the  southeast;  and  the  conversion 
of  the  Picts  was  begun  by  Columba.    A  union  of  Plcts  and 
Scots  into  the  kingdom  of  Albania  or  Scotia  was  elTected 
in  the  9th  century.    From  the  8th  century  tu  the  11th  there 
were  raids  by  the  Norsemen,  and  settlements  were  made 
by  them  especially  in  the  Orkneys  and  Shctlands,     King 
Malcolm  II.  achieved  the  con.iucst  of  Lothian  lii  I(il8.    In 
the  struggles  between  England  and  Scotland,  the  latter  was 
invaded  by  William  the  Conoueror,  but  no  territory  was 
lost.    The  kingdom  prospered  in  the  12th  and  13th  ceiitu- 
ries.  especially  under  the  three  Alexanders     Ihe  ileath  of 
Margaret,  the  Maid  of  Norway,  granddaughter  of  Alexan- 
der III  ,Ied  to  a  notable  dispute  about  the  succession  and 
to  the  interference  of  Edward  I.  of  England  in  Scottish  at 
fairs.     In  the  contest  between  Bruce  and  Baliol.  in  which 
Edward  was  virtually  arbitrator,  Baliol  (see  naM,  JoAn  dc) 
was  chosen  king  In  1-292.  He  paid  homage  to  Edw-ard,  but 
afterward  renounced  his  allegiance,  and  a  war  followed 
which  was  really  a  struggle  on  Edward  8  part  for  siJver- 
eignty  and  on  Scotland's  (or  indepeniiencc.     Scolland  was 
Invaded  by  Edward  in  1296.  The  Seeds  under  \\allace  were 
victorious  at  stiriing  In  I'.W,  but  were  defeated  at  fa  kirk 
In  VOa     On  the  death  <d  Wallace  in  13o6,  Robert  Bnice 
succeeded  as  national  leader,  and  was  crowned  ^'"X J" 
1300     The  Independence  of  Scotland  was  secureil  by  the 
victoi-y  of  Bannockburn  in  1314,  and  was  recognized  by  Ed- 
ward III.  in  13-23.     Robert  II.  (who  succeeded  in  l:t71),  the 
son  of  Bruce-8  daughter,  was  the  llrst  sovereign  of  the 
Stuart  dynasty.     In  1513  the  .Scots  under  James  IV  i"- 
vaded  England  ami  suirercd  a  disiwtrous  defeat  at  Hod- 
den, SepL  9.    The  following  are  lni|iortant  among  mom 
recent  events:  reign  >'t  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  I'-^'-j-O' :  In- 
troduction of  the  Refonnatl.ui,  1560  ;  Invasion  by  the  Kng- 
Ilsh  under  Somerset, and  d.feat  at  Pinkie,  1647  ;  aceessloii 
of  James  VI.,  king  of  Scidland,  to  the  throne  of  England 
as  Jamea  I.,  1603;  suceess  of  the  Covenanters  against 
Charles  I  ,16:ill-40;  persecution  of  Ihe  Covenanters  under 
Clmries  II.  and  James  II.;  legislative  union  of  the  two 
kingiloms  of  England  and  Scotland,  1707  ;  Jacobite  Insur- 
rections 1715  and  1745-40.     Area,  -i9,7(«  square   mlloe. 
Population  (HHd»,  4,472,103. 

When  the  disputed  relatloiiB  between  the  English  and 
Scottish  crowns  b.gaii,  the  names  of  England  ami  scidland 
seem  not  to  have  been  In  use  at  all.     And  If  wc  choose  to 


most  remarkable  facts  in  histoi^.  It  was  fornied  by  the 
fusing  together  of  certain  portions  of  all  the  three  races 
whicli  in  the  tenth  century,  as  now,  inhabited  the  Isle  of 
Britain  Those  three  races  may  be  most  conveniently 
spoken  of  as  English,  Welsh,  and  Irish. 

Freeman,  Hist  Essays,  1. 57. 


use 'them  as  lonvenl.nl  ways  ol  expressing  the  Lng'  «  j 
and  Scottish  t.rrlloibs  as  th.y  then  sf.HKl.we  must  still 
remember  that  the  llnilla  of  those  territories  in  no  way 
answered  to  the  modern  limits  of  England  and  Scotland. 
Part  of  modern  England  was  not  yet  English,  and  a  very 
large  part  of  modern  Scotland  was  not  yet  Scottish.  1  le 
growth  of  the  Scottish  nation  and  kingdom  U  one  of  the 


Scotland  Yard.  A  short  street  in  London,  near 
'I'rnl  ul^'ar  Si|iiare.  Here  formerly  were  the  headqua^ 
ters  of  the  Ixmdon  police,  now  removed  to  New  Scotland 
Yard,  on  the  Thames  embankment,  near  Westminster 
Bridge. 

Scots  (skots).  1.  A  Gaelic  tribe  which  came 
from  the  northern  part  of  Hibemia  and  settled 
in  the  northwesteru  part  of  Britannia  (Scotland) 
about  the  6th  century. 

The  Scots  were  properly  the  people  of  Ireland ;  but  a 
colony  of  them  had  settled  on  the  western  coast  of  north- 
ern Britain,  and,  in  the  end,  they  gave  the  name  of  Scot, 
land  to  the  whole  Xorth  of  the  island. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  98. 

2.  The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  Scotland. 

Scots'  Darien  Colony.   See  Pater.so,i.  jn"/".'"- 

Scots  Greys  (skots  graz).   A  regiment  of  British 

dragoons,  first  organized  under  Claverhouse 

about  1683.  ,    ,       .  . 

Scots  -wha  hae  -wi'  Wallace  bled.    A  song  by 

Kiiliert  Burns, 
Scott  (skill),  Clement.     Born  at  London,  1841. 
An  English  journalist,  playwright,  and  dramatic 
critic.     He  has  also  published  several  volumes  of  poems: 
"  Lays  of  a  Londoner"  (ls82),  "Lays  and  Lyrics  "  (188S),  etc. 
Scott  (skot),  David.     Born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct. 
10  (12?),  1806:  died  there,  March  5,  1849.     A 
Scottish  historical  painter.    He  was  the  pupil  of  his 
father  an  engraver     His  chief  works  are  "The  Descent 
from  the  Cross,"  "The  Dead  Rising  at  the  Cruciflllon, 
"  Vasco  da  Gama,"  "Peter  the  Hermit,'  "Ariel  and  Call; 
ban  "  etc.     His  illustrations  for  the  "  Monograms  of  Man 
(outlines),  Coleridge's  "Ancient  Mariner,'  and  "  Ihe  Pil- 
grim's Progress"  were  published  in  ls:il,  183,.  and  1850 
In  1841  he  published  a  pamphlet  on  "British,  French,  and 
German  Painting."    His  works  are  noted  for  boldness  of 
conception  and  exaggerated  draftsmanship. 
Scott,  Sir  George  Gilbert.     Born  at  Gawcott, 
nearHuckinghani.JulylB.  1811:  diedatLondon, 
March  27,  1878.     An  English  architect,  grand- 
son of  Thomas  Scott  (1747-1S21).    He  became  the 
chief  practical  architect  of  the  Gothic  restoration  in  Eng- 
land.   In  1841  he  erected  the  Martyrs'  Memorial  at  Ox- 
ford and  in  1847  began  at  Ely  the  renovation  of  English 
cath'edrals.     In  lS5(i  he  was  obliged  by  Lord  Palmerston 
to  build  the  new  Foreign,  Home,  and  Domestic  Offices  in 
the  Renaissance  style.     In  1862-63  he  designed  and  con- 
structed the  Alliert  Memorial.    He  was  buried  in  the  nave 
of  Westminster  Abbev.     His  "Personal  and  Professional 
Itecollections"  were  edited  by  his  son  in  1879.     He  nub- 
lished  a  number  of  works  on  architecture,  among  which 
are  "  Rennuks  on  Secular  and   Domestic  Architecture 
I1S50)  "Gleanings  from  Westminster  Abbey  ■'(lsti2).  etc.; 
and  otlura  published  after  his  death,  are  "  I^ectures  on  Ihe 
Rise  and  Development  of  Mediieval  Architecture    (1879), 
"linglish  Church  Architecture  prior  to  the  separation  of 
England  from  Rome"  (1881). 

Scott,  Hugh  S.:    pseudonym  Henry  Seton 

Merriman      -V  contemporarv  Britisli  novelist. 
He  hiis  written  "The  Phantom  Future'  (ls8;').''l'"f^i'V. 
One  Generation  to  Another"  (1811-2),  "  With  Edged  Toids 
(1S1I4)    -Tlie  .Sowers"  (181H5),  "In  Kedars  TeiiU    (189,), 
"  Rodens  Corner  "  (seriaUy,  1898),  etc. 
Scott,  Michael.     See  Scot  r.  ^    qn 

Scott,  Michael.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  30, 
17,S9:  died  there,  Nov.  7,  1835.  A  British  novel- 
ist, writer  of  sea  stories,  among  which  are 
"  Tom  Ci-ingle's  Log,"  etc.  ,,,,,-. 

Scott,  Eobert.  Born  in  Devonshire,  1811 :  died 
lHh7.'  All  English  lexicographer.  In  1833  he  grad- 
uated at  Oxford  (Christ  Church).  He  took  orders,  and  be- 
came master  of  Balliol  in  1SB4,  professor  of  exegesis  In 
18(11  and  dean  of  Rochester  in  1870.  He  assbted  in  form- 
ing the  Oxfoid  library  of  the  "Fathers,"  and  was  a».«oclat«d 
with  Dean  Liddell  In  the  preparation  of  Liddell  and  Scott » 
"Creek-English  Lexicon "(1843).  ..      ,  •  , 

Scott,  Thomas.  Born  at  Braytoft,  I-i'i<;<>l"- 
shii-e.  Fell.  1<!.  1747:  died  at  Aston  Saiidford, 
Buckinghamshire.  April  16.  1821.  An  English 
eleriivman.  lie  was  ordained  in  1773.  and  in  I7Si)  sue- 
ceedeii  John  Newton  as  curate  of  Olliey.  .IJ^'P",'"'"' '" 
"The  Force  of  Truth"  (1779),  the  ■■  !■  amlly' Bible,  wllli 
Nole8"(r.  vols.,  1788-0-2),  etc.  .,         , 

Scott,  Thomas  Alexander.    Bom  at  Eou.ion, 

Fi-anliliii  t'l.uiilv.  I'a-  l>.c.  '28.  lS-24:  died  May 
21,  18,81.      An   Annricnii    liiiaiicier.   long  con- 
nected asvice-presideiit  and  iiresident  with  the 
Pennsvlvnnia  Hailroad.     He  was  assistant  sec- 
retary" of  war  1861-62,  and  nresident  of  the 
Texas  Pniific  Hailroad  and  other  roads. 
Scott,  Sir  Walter.     Bom  at  Edinburgh   Aug. 
l"  1^71 :  dill!  at  .M.bolsford.  Sopl.  21.  IM'2.     A 
famous  Scottish  novelist  and  poel.     He  was  Ihe 
son  of  Walter  Scott,  a  writer  to  tile  signet,  and   Anne 
Riitherfoni  daugh.er  of  Pr.des.or  John   ^"'}^:^"< 
Idinburgh      lie  became  lame  in  Infancy.     In  l.,'.'ne»a« 
CI   to  the  Edinburgh  high  school,  and  later  studied  .tth» 
universltv  and  n-ad  for  Ihe  bar.     He  was  admitted  niem- 
T  ..I  the  Fiieiillv  of  Advocates  ill  17it2,  and  In  W.i  was 
I  ade  .herllt  of  Sclklikshire,  and  In  1S.J1  one  of  the  clerks 
f  session.     In  1797  he  married  Miss  Charpenller  (or  (  ar- 
peiitei-),  daughter  of  a  iVeuch  refugee.     Becoming  inter- 


Scott,  Sir  Walter 

ested  in  the  new  German  romantic  literature  in  17S8,  he 
published  translations  of  Burger's  ballads  in  1796,  and  in 
1799  a  translation  of  Goethe's  "Gutz  von  Berlichingen." 
The  "Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border"  appeared  1802-03, 
and  the  first  of  his  poems,  "  The  Lay  of  the  Last  jVlinstrel," 
in  18115.     These  were  published  by  Ballantyne  with  whom 
he  established  an  unfortunate  partnei-ship  in  business. 
TTiis  was  followed  by  the  poems  "  Slarmion  "  (ISOS),  "  The 
Lady  of  the  Lake  "  (1810),  "  The  Vision  of  Don  Roderick  " 
(ISll),  "Eokeby'(1813),  "The  Bridal  of  Triermain"  (1813). 
"  The  Lord  of  the  Isles  "  (1S14).  "The  Field  of  Waterloo  " 
(1815),  and  "Harold  the  Dauntless"  (1817).     In  1805  he 
wrote  several  cliapters  of  a  Scottish  novel  of  the  time  of 
the  last  Jacobite  rebellion  :  this  was  looked  at  in  1810,  but 
was  again  laid  aside  till  1S14,  when  it  was  completed  and 
published  anonymously  (July  7)  under  the  title  of  "Wa- 
verley,  or  'Tis  Si.xty  Years  Since."    It  w.as  the  fli'st  of  those 
masterpieces,  the  "  \A'averley  Novels,"  which  place  Scott  in 
the  front  rank  of  the  writers  of  fiction.     The  following  is 
the  list  of  them  :  "Waverley"  (1814),  "Guy  .Manneriiig" 
(1815),  "The  AntiquaiT"  (1816),  "Old  Mortality"  (1816), 
"The  Black  Dw.irf" (1816),  "Rob  Roy  "  (IslS),  "TheHeart 
of  Midlothian  "  (1818),  "  TheBrideof  L.amniermoor-(lS19), 
"The  Legend  of  Montrose"    (1819).  "Ivanhoe"  (1820), 
"The  MonasteiT"  (1820),  "The  Aljbot"  (ls20),  "Kenil- 
worth"  (1821),  "The  Pirate"  (1822).  "The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel"  (1822),  "Peveril  of  the  Peak"  (1823). " Quentin 
Durward  "  (1823),  "  St.  Eonan's  Well "  (1824),  "  Eedgaunt- 
let"  (1824),  "The  Betrothed "  (1825),  "The  Talisman" 
(1825).  "Woodstock"  (1826),  "The  Two  Drovers"  (1827), 
"The  Highland  Widow"  (1827),  "The  .Surgeon's  Daugh- 
ter" (1827).  "The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth"  (1828),  "Anne  of 
Geierstein"  (1829),  "Count  Robert  of  Paris  "  (1831),  and 
"Castle  Dangerous"  (1831).     His  earliest  printers  and 
publishers  were  the  Ballantynes  with  whom  he  formed  a 
secret  partnership.    The  publishing  business  was  not  suc- 
cessful—mainly, it  would  appear,  from  the  production  of 
costly  works  for  which  there  was  but  a  limited  demand. 
In  1818  and  later  his  copyrights  were  purchased  by  (Non- 
stable, and  when  that  publisher  failed  in  1S26,  the  novel- 
ist was  involved  to  the  amount  of  .i;i20,000 — in  addition 
to  which  he  had  private  debts  of  £30.000.    The  purchase 
of  the  estate  of  Abbotsford,  and  the  erection,  adornment, 
and  maintenance  of  the  mansion  (which  he  occupied  from 
1S12  to  lS26i  had  been  a  very  serious  drain  on  his  resources. 
He  struggled  manfully  to  meet  his  liabilities;  and  by  his 
publications  (written,  after  the  failure,  in  gradually  failing 
health),  and  the  disposal  of  copyrights  after  his  death,  his 
creditors  were  paid  in  full.    The  writer  of  the  novels  long 
remained  "the  Great  Unknown";  extraordinary  precau- 
tions were  taken  to  conceal  the  authorship,  and  the  vast 
amount  of  literary  work  published  by  Scott  under  his  own 
name  helped  to  preserve  the  secret  of  his  identity.     It  was 
not  till  Feb.  23,  1827,  that  he  publicly  confessed  himself 
"the  total  and  undiVided  author."    He  was  the  first  on 
whom  the  title  of  baronet  was  conferred  (1820)  by  George 
IV.     He  edited  the  works  of  Dryden  (1808  ;  in  18  vols.,  with 
life)  and  of  Swift  (1814  :  in  19  vols.,  with  life),  and  wrote, 
in  addition  to  the  works  mentioned  above,  a  "Life  of  Na- 
poleon (9  vols.  1827).  "Tales  of  a  Grandfather"  (1827-30). 
"  History  of  Scotland  "(1829-30),  "Letters  on  Demonology 
and  Witchcraft"  (1830),  etc.,  besides  numerous  introduc- 
tions, prefaces,  and  articles  in  magazines  and  reviews.   His 
"Familiar  Letters  "  were  published  in  1893.  A  biogr.aphy  of 
.Scott,  by  his  son-in-law,  J.  G.  Lockhart,  appeared  1836-38. 
Scott,  William,  Baron  Stowell.     Born  Oct.  17, 
17-15;  died  Jan.  28,  1836.     An  English  jurist, 
brother  of  Lord  Eldon.  He  became  judgeoftheCon- 
sistory  Court  and  advocate-general  in  1788 :  and  was  judge 
of  the  High  Court  of  Admiralty  17'J»-1827.     He  is  noted 
for  his  decisions  in  international  law. 
Scott,  William  Bell.    Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept. 
■  12, 1811:  died  ,at  Penkill  Castle,  Ayrshire,  Nov. 
22,  1890.     A  Scottish  artist  and  poet,  brother 
of  David  Seott. 

Scott,  Winfield.  Born  near  Petersburg,  Va., 
June  13, 1786 :  died  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  May  29, 
1866.  An  American  general.  He  studied  at  Wil. 
liam  and  Mary  College  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1806; 
entered  the  Ifnited  States  army  as  captain  in  1808;  served 
in  the  War  of  1812,  distinguishing  himself  in  the  attack  on 
Queenstown  Heights  (1812),  and  the  battles  of  Chippewa 
and  Lnndy's  Lane  (1814)  ;  was  made  brigadier-general  and 
brevet  major-general  in  1814  ;  connnanded  in  South  Caro- 
lina during  the  Nullification  troubles  of  1832  ;  served 
against  the  Seminoles  and  Creeks  1835-37;  took  part  in 
settling  with  Great  Britain  the  disputed  boundary  line  of 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  in  1839;  became  major-gen- 
eral and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  1841 ;  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chief  command  in  Mexico  in  1847  ■  took 
Vera  Cruz  in  March  ;  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Cerro  Gordo 
in  April,  Contreras  and  Churubusco  in  Aug.,  Molino  del 
Rey  and  Chapultepec  in  Sept.,  and  occupied  Mexico  Sept 
14,  1847 ;  was  an  Tinsuccessful  Whig  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent in  1852 ;  was  appointed  brevet  lieutenant-general  in 
1847;  was  a  commissioner  to  settle  the  ,San  Juan  question 
with  Great  Britain  in  1859;  and  retired  from  active  service 
in  the  autumn  of  1801.  He  wrote  "General  Regulations 
for  the  Army  "  (ISM),  "Infantry  Tactics  "  (1835),  and  an  au- 
tobiography (1804). 

Scottish  Chiefs,  The.  A  romance  by  Jane  Por- 
ter, published  in  1810.  It  is  founded  on  early 
Scottish  history. 

Scotus,  Duns.     See  Dims  Scottis. 

Scotus  Erigena.     See  ErUjena. 

Scourers.     See  Mohocks. 

Scourge  of  God,  The.    Attila. 

Scourge  of  Homer.    Zoilus. 

Scourge  of  Princes.  ThesatiristPietro  Aretino. 

Scourge  of  Scotland.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Edwavil  I.  of  England. 

Scourge  of  Villanie,  The.  A  work  bvMarston, 
consistmgof  ;i  series  of  satires  published  in  l-'JOS 
under  the  name  of  W.  Kinsayder,  which  has 
been  variously  explained. 


912 

Scranton  (skran'ton).  A  city,  capital  of  Lacka- 
wanna Countv,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Lack- 
awanna River  in  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  75° 43'  W. 
It  is  the  fourth  city  in  the  State ;  is  a  railway  center ;  is 
the  center  of  a  great  coal-mining  region  ■  and  has  extensive 
manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  locomotives,  boilers,  machin- 
ery, iron-ware.  etc.  It  was  made  a  city  in  1866.  Popula- 
tion (l;«l(li.  ini\026. 

Scrap  of  Paper,  A.     A  play  adapted  from  Sar- 


Scyros 

Riverside  M.agazine  for  Youim  People  "  1867-70;  and  the 
"Atlantic  .Monthly  "  1890-9K,  succeeding  Thomas  B.  \id- 
rieb.  He  published ' 'The Bodlev  Bo,.ks"  (i875-84), ' ' Boston 
Town  "(1881),  "Seven  Little  People  and  their  Friends" 
(1881),  "Noah  Webster"  (1882),  "History  of  the  United 
States  (1884),  "George  :\ashington  "  (1886),  and  "Men 
and  Letters  "(1887) ;  and  edited  "American  Poems "(187')) 
"American  Prose"  (1880),  and  "The  American  Common" 
wealth  Series  "(from  1885).  He  was  j..int  author  withMrs 
Taylor  of  the  "Life  and  Letters  of  Bayard  Ta\  lor  "(1884) 


dou's  "Les  pattes  de  mouehe"  (1861)  by  Pal-  Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard.     Born  at  Boston 


srave  Simpson .  Charles  Mathews  produced  an  adapta 
tion,  by  himself,  in  1807  as  "  Adventures  of  a  Love  Letter." 
Scribe  (skrib),  The.  A  celebrated  early  Egyp- 
tian statue  (5th  dynasty),  intheLou^•l'o  Museum, 
Paris.  Tlie  figure  is  colored  red,  and  has  inlaid  eyes  of 
crystal ;  it  sits  cross-legged,  with  a  striking  expression  of 
life  and  energy. 

Scribe  (skreb),  Augustin  Eugene.  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  24,  1791 :  died  there,  Feb.  20,  1861. 
A  French  dramatist.  While  studying  law  to  please 
his  mother,  he  wrote  for  the  stage  to  satisfy  his  own  tastes. 
He  did  not  meet  with  success.  In  time  he  gathered  ex- 
perience in  dramatic  matters  sufficient  to  locate  public 
taste ;  then  he  undertook  to  gratify  it,  and  catered  to  it 
thereafter  almost  altogether.  Either  alone  or  in  collab- 
oration with  others  he  wTote  upward  of  350  plays.  His 
earliest  successes  were  "Flore  etZSphire"  (1810),  "Le  sol-  Scud6ry,  Madeleine    dc, 

liciteur"  (1817),  "L'Ours  et  le  pacha "  (1820),  "  Le  secr^-     .-    .  - 

taire  et  le  cuisinier,"  "Mon  oncle  C^sar,"  "Le  mt^nage  de 
gari;on,"  "La  petite soeur" (1821),  "  Valerie"  (1822),  etc.  A 
number  of  his  comedies  were  produced  for  the  first  time 
at  the  Comedie  Fran(;aise;  among  the  best  are  "Le  ma- 
nage d'.irgent"  (1827),  "Bertrand  et  Raton  "(1833),  "L'Am- 
bitieux"(lS34),  "La  camaraderie  "and  "Lesind(^pendants" 
(1837),  "LacaIomnie"and  "Le  verre  d'eau"(lS40),  "Une 
chalne  "  (1841),  "  Le  flls  de  Cromwell "  (1S42),  "Le  puff,  ou 
Mensoiige  et  v^rit6  "  (184S).  "Les  contes  de  la  reine  de 
Navarre  "  (1850),  "B,ataille  de  dames"  (1851),  and  "Les 
doigts  de  He  "  (1858).  The  two  last-named  were  written 
in  collaboration  with  Legouv(^',  as  was  also  the  well-known 
drama "AdrienneLecouvreur" (1849).  Anotherdrama  of 
Scribe's  composition  was  "La  czarine"  (1855).  Scribe 
wrote  also  the  words  to  an  unusually  large  number  of 
celebrated  musical  compositions,  as,  for  instance,  to  Boiel- 
dieu's  "La  dame  blanche "(1825);  to  Auber's  "  La  muette 
de  Portici"  (1828),  "Fra  Diavolo"  (1830),  "Le  domino 
noir"  (1837)  etc.;  to  Meyerbeer's  "Robert  le  Diable" 
(1831),  "Les  Huguenots"  (1836),  "Le  prophtte"  (1849), 
"L'Etoile  du  Nord  "  (1864),  and  "  L'Africaine  "  (1805) ;  to 
Cherubini's  "AliBaba"  (1833):  to  HaliSvy's  "La  Juive  " 
(1835),  etc.;  to  Donizetti's  "La  favorita"(1840) ;  to  Verdi's 
"  Les  vepres  siciliennes  "  (1855) ;  etc.  As  a  novelist  Scribe 
was  not  particularly  successful.  He  was  received  into 
the  French  Academy  in  1836. 


Mass.,  April  13, 1837.  An  American  naturalist! 
brother  of  Horace  E.  Scudder.  He  graduated  at  Wii. 
liams  College  in  1857,  and  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School 
of  Harvard  in  1862 ;  was  assistant  librarian  of  Harvard 
1879-85;  and  was  appointed  paleontologist  to  the  U.  S  Oe- 
ological  Survey  in  1886.  He  has  published  a  "Catalogue  of 
Scientific  Serials  of  all  Countries,  including  the  Transac- 
tions of  Learned  Societies  1633-1876"  (1879),  "Butterflies- 
their  Structure,  etc.,  with  reference  to  American  Forms" 
(1881),  "  Nomenclator  Zoologicus"  (1882),  "  The  Butterflies 
of  the  Eastern  United  States  and  Canada  "  (1S87-) 

Scud6ry,  or  Scudery,  or  Scud^ri  (sku-da-re'), 
Georges  de.  Born  at  Havre  about  1601 :  died 
at  Paris,  May  14, 1667.  A  French  author,  best 
known  from  his  tragicomedy  "  L' Amour  tyran- 
nique"and  his  epic  "Alaric." 

Born  at  Havre  in 
1607:  died  at  Paris,  June  2,  1701.  A  French 
novelist  ami  poet.  Onherparents'deathshewascarc- 
fully  brought  up  by  an  uncle,  and  when  he  died  she  went  to 
Paris withherbrotherGeorges.  Naturallybright  andclever, 
she  was  not  slow  to  assert  her  ability  in  the  literary  circle 
of  the  Hotel  de  RambouiUet.  When  these  famous  gather- 
ings broke  up  as  a  gradual  result  of  the  internal  troubles 
that  attended  the  minority  of  Louis  XIV.,  Mademoiselle 
de  Scud(5ry  was  ai)le  to  command  her  own  salon,  meeting 
every  Saturday.  Her  first  novel,  "  Ibrahim,  ou  I'illustre 
Bassa,"  appeared  in  1641  under  her  brother's  name.  En- 
couraged by  its  success,  she  affixed  her  own  signature  to 
tile  two  works  for  which  she  is  best  known,  "  Artam&ne, 
ou  le  grand  CjTus  "  (1650)  and  "Civile,  histoire  romaine  " 
(1656).  In  these  novels  she  has  introduced  under  assumed 
names  a  great  many  of  her  contemporaries ;  in  the  former 
she  speaks  of  herself  as  Sapho.  Victor  Cousin  discovered 
the  complete  key  to  all  her  characters.  In  addition  to  these 
works,  Mademoiselle  de  Scudery  published  "Almahide, 
ou  I'esclave  reine  "  (1660),  "Celinde  "  (1661),  "Les  fenimes 
illustres,  ou  harangues  hSroiques "  (166.'^),  "Mathilde 
d'Aguilar,  histoire  espagnole  "  (1665),  "  La  promenade  de 
Versailles,  ou  histoire  de  C^lanire  "(1669),  and  finally  "  Le 
discours  de  la  gloire  "  (1671),  which  won  for  the  first  time 
the  academic  prize  for  French  eloquence  founded  by  Jean- 
Louis  Guez  de  Balzac. 


I 


Scriblerus  Club  (skrib-le'rus  klub).  Achibof  ScugOg(sku'gog),Lake.  A  lake  in  Ontario,  Can- 
writers  in  London,  founded  by  Swift  in  1714  ada,  40  miles  northeast  of  Toronto.  Its  waters 
after  the  breaking  up  of  "The  Brothers"  in    find  their  way  to  Lake  Ontario.     Length,  about 


1713.     Among  the  members  were  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  Bo- 


10  miles. 


lingbroke.GayT  and  others.     The  object  of  the  club  was  to  Scur(30la,  Battle  of.      See  Tar/UacozgO. 
satirize  literary  incompetence :  It  was  not  political.    See  Scutatl  (sko'ta-re).    A  city  in  Albania,  the  capi- 
tal of  a  %'ilayet  of  the  Tiu-kish  empire,  situated 


Martinets  Scriblerus. 
Scribner  (skrib'ner),  Charles.  Born  at  New 
York.  Feb.  21,  1821 :  died  at  Lucerne,  Switzer- 
land, Aug.  26.  1871.  An  American  publisher, 
the  founder  (1846)  of  the  publishing  house  now 
Charles  Seribnei''s  Sons,  and  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  "  Seribner's  Monthly"  (1870). 


at  the  southern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Scutari,  at 
its  outlet  into  the  Bojana,  in  lat.  42°  1'  N.,  long. 
19°  27'  E. :  the  ancient  Scodra,  and  Slavic  Ska- 
dar. It  has  considerable  commerce,  and  manufactures 
of  arms,  etc.  It  was  the  capital  of  Illyria,  and  was  con- 
quered by  the  Romans  in  168  B.  c.     It  passed  from  the 

Scribonia  (skri-bo'ni-a).    The  wife  of  Augtis-  cp™;";r  T\?rk^T=v;;Har- nrTl?!,'^';;^''™' ''■**'''• 
ttis  C»sar,  whom  he  married  40  B.  c.  and%li-  S.^J^*f5l'  IT±.  ^^^li^5J  °.?^..^5i^„'?'^5- 
vorced  39  B.  C. :  mother  of  Juli; 


Scrivener  (skriv'uer),  Frederick  Henry  Am- 
brose. Born  at  Bermondsev,  near  London, 
Sept.  29,  1813 :  died  at  Hendon,  Oct.  26,  1891. 
An  English  biblical  scholar.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  1,846-56  was  head-master  of 
Falmouth  School,  and  was  one  of  the  revisers  of  the  New 
Testament.  He  published  "  Plain  Introduction  to  the  Criti- 
cism of  the  New  Testament"  (1861),  "Cambridge  Para- 
r.aph  Bible  "  (1873),  "Bezie  codex  Cantabrigiensis,"  etc. 


A  city 
in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Bos- 
porus opposite  Constantinople.  It  has  long  been 
noted  as  a  point  of  departure  and  rendezvous,  and  contains 
various  mosques,  etc.,  and  the  most  famous  cemetery  in 
Turkey.  It  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Chrysopolis. 
Population,  estimated,  60,000. 
Scutari,  Lake  of.  A  lake  on  the  border  of 
Montenegro  and  Albania  in  European  Tiu'kej'. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Bojana  into  the  Adriatic. 
Length,  29  miles. 


Scroggs  (skrogz).  Sir  William.   Died  1683.    A  Scutum  Sobiescianum  (sku  turn  so-bi-es-i-a'- 


venal,  unjust,  and  brutal  English  judge,  chief 
justice  of  the  King's  Bench  1678.  He  tried 
the  victims  of  Titus  Oates's  antipopish  con- 
spiracies. 

Scrooge  (skroj),  Ebenezer.  The  leading  char- 
acter in  Dickens's  "  Christmas  Carol."  He  is  "a 
squeezing,  wrenching,  grasping,  scraping,  clutching,  cove- 
tous old  sinner";  but  is  visited  by  spirits  on  Christmas  eve, 
and  changed  by  his  experiences  into  a  worthy,  kindly  man. 

Scrope  (skrop),  George  Poulett.  Bom  at  Lou- 
don, 1797:  died  Jan.  19,  1876.  An  English  ge- 
ologist. He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Cambriilge. 
On  his  marriage  he  changed  his  name(Thomson)  to  that  of 
his  wife  (Scrope).     He  studied  volcanic  phenomena  at  Ve- 


num).  [L., 'shield  of  Sobieski.']  A  constella- 
tion made  by  Hevelius  late  in  the  17th  century, 
and  representing  the  shield  of  the  king  of  Po- 
land, John  Sobieski,  with  a  cross  upon  it  to 
signify  that  he  had  fought  for  the  Christian  re- 
ligion at  the  siege  of  Vienna.  It  lies  in  the  bright-  ' 
est  part  of  the  Milky  W.ay,  over  the  bow  of  Sagittarius. 
Its  brightest  star  is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 
Scylla  (sil'ii).  [Gr.  iKr/.'Aa.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, a  sea-monster,  said  to  have  been  a  sea- 
nymph  (according  to  some  traditions),  and  rep- 
resented as  dwelling  in  the  rock  Scylla,  opposite 
Charybtlis,  in  the  Strait  of  Messina.  See  Clui- 
ryhijis. 


suvius  and  in  France ;  and  published  " Considerations  on  c„_n„       t.,   P^oni-  in™n„/i    „   ,]„„™i,*„„  «<>  r-- 
Volcanoes  "(1824) and  "Geology  of  the  Extinct  Volcanoes  Scylla.     In  Greek  legend,  a  daughter  of  King 
in  Central  France"  (1827).  Nisus  of  Megara,  sometimes  confused  with  the 

Scrope,  or  Scroop  (skrop),  Richard,    Executed     sea-monster  Scylla. 
1405.    An  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  York :  Scylla  (town).     See  SciUa. 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  insurrections  of  1403-05.  Scyllaeum  (si-le'um).     [Gr.  S/oi^Xnion.]     In  an- 

Scrub  (skrub).  In  "  The  Beaux' Stratagem "bv  c'ient  geogi-aphy,  a  promontory  in  Argolis, 
l-'arquhar,  an  amusing  valet :  a  favorite  charac-  Greece,  projecting  into  the  yEgean :  the  eastem- 
tcr  with  Garrick.  most  point  of  the  Peloponnesus:  the  modern 

Scudamour,Sir.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"    Kavo-Sk-yli. 


tlic  lover  of  Ailioretta. 

Scudder  (skud'er),  Horace  Elisha.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1.838:  diedatCambridge. 
Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1902.  An  American  author. 
He  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1858;  edited  "The 


Scyllaeum.  [Gr.  'S,m7.'>aiov.']  A  promontory  in 
southern  Italy,  projecting  into  the  Strait  of 
Messina:  the  modern  Seilla  or  Sciglio. 

Scyros  (si'ros).  [Gr.  ^Kvpo^.'\  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  an  island  of  Greece,  in  the  j35gean 


Scyros 

Sea  25  miles  east  of  Euboea,  to  which  nom- 
archv  it  now  beloiijis:  the  modern  Skyro.  it 
was  donquere.1  by  the  Athenians  under  Cimon  in  4ti9 
B.  C-,  anfl  is  connected  with  the  legends  oi  AchUles. 
Length.  19  miles.  -  i,      .   ,       , 

2  The  chief  city  in  ancient  times  of  the  island 
of  Scyros.  occupying  a  strong  position  on  the 
northeastern  coast. 

Scythe-Bearers  (siTH'bar'^rz),  or  Scythe- 
Men  (siTH'men).  A  name  given  to  boihes  ot 
revolutionists,  mainly  peasants  armed  with 
scvthes.  in  the  Polish  insurrections  of  1794, 
1831,  1846,  and  in  the  movement  of  the  Prussian 
Poles  in  184«.  ,     ,     ^  .      ., 

.Scythia  (sith'i-a).  [Gr.  SKfe.a.^  In  ancient 
eeoL'raphv,  a  uanie  of  varying  meaning.  It  des- 
fcnated  at  first  a  region  in  modem  southern  Russia  and 
Rumania  inhabited  by  the  Scythians  (see  below)  Ihcy 
resisted  the  invasion  of  Darius  I.  of  Persia.  After  the  time 
of  Alexander  the  Great  they  were  subjugated  by  the  Sar- 
matians  and  others.  Later  Scythia  denoted  northern  and 
much  of  central  Asia,  divided  by  the  Iniaus  Mountains 
into  Sc^-thia  Intra  Imauni  and  Scythia  Extra  Imauni.  As 
a  Roman  province  it  comiiriscd  the  lands  immediately 
south  of  the  mouths  of  the  Danube. 

Scythians  (sith'i-anz).  In  ancient  tiriies,  tlio 
inhabitants  of  the  whole  north  and  northeast  of 
Europe  and  Asia  (which  was  called  by  the  Greeks 
Scvthia).  After  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  northeast 
of  Europe  received  the  name  of  Sarniatia,  while  all  central 
Asia  was  still  considered  as  inhabited  \iy  the  Scythians, 
Of  the  nomadic  tribes  of  the  Scythians  are  mentioned  the 
Aorses  north  of  tlie  Caspian  Sea.  extending  to  the  .laxarles ; 
south  and  east  of  them,  the  Jlassagetes  and  the  Saca-  (mod- 
em Kirgises).  In  the  7th  century  B.  c.  Scythian  Jioide'. 
strengthened  by  the  Cinimerians(which  see),  invaded  Me- 
dia next  Armenia  and  Assyria,  reaching  over  Syria  and  I  al- 
estine  to  the  frontiere  of  Egypt,  and  leaving  everywhere 
behind  them  desolation.  Many  exegetes  assume  that  F.ze- 
kicl  in  his  description  of  the  hosts  of  Gog  and  MaKog(ch. 
xxxviii.  and  xxxix.),  alludes  to  this  invasion.  Tliey  scat- 
tered and  were  disintegrated,  some  of  them  having  been 
killed  others  returning  to  the  north,  and  still  others  re- 
maining in  the  countries  they  invaded. 
Scythopolis  (si-thop'o-lis).  [Gr.]  Beth-sbean. 
11  citv  i.f  the  Decapolis:  the  modern  Beisan, 
■iliout  •")  miles  north-northeast  of  Jerusalem. 

Sea-Born  City,  The.    An  epithet  of  Venice. 

Seaham  ( se'am),  or  Dawdon  (da  don).  A  sea- 
port in  the  county  of  Durham,  England,  situ- 
ate.! on  the  North  Sea  5  miles  south  of  Sunder- 
land.    Population  (1891),  8.8.56. 

Spal  Islands      See  Lnhns  Inlands.  . 

ila  (slimver.  A  river  in  British  America.  I 
flows  into  the  west  side  of  Hudson  Bay  northwest 
of  Cliurchill  River.     Length,  about  200  imles 

Sealsfield  (selz'feld),  Charles  (originally  Karl 
Postl)  Born  at  Poppitz,  Mora\na,  March  3. 
179:):  died  near  S'olotliurn,  Switzerland,  May 
26  18fi4  A  German  author.  He  traveled  exten- 
sively in  the  Inited  states,  and  lived  in  Switzerland  Uc 
wrote  the  novel  "Tokeah,  or  the  Wiite  Rose  (1828:  al- 
tered aa  -Der  Legitime  und  die  Repubhkaner.  18ii). 
and  novels  and  works  on  America,  including     Der  V  ircy 

und  die  Aristokraten"  (1835).  "L«".';"f  ■V''^'"..'",'LSf"''S 
Hemispharen"  (1835-37:  2d  ed.  as  "Morton,    1*48),  and 
"Suden  und  Norden"  (I&t2-I3). 
Sea  of  Glory.     One  of  the  principal  gems  of  the 
Persian  crown.     It  is  a  diamond  weighing  bb 

carats.  ,  .  ,.  , 

Sea,  or  Eiver,  of  Light.  The  largest  diamond 
belonging  to  the  Shah  of  Persia.  It  weighs 
186  carats.  .  _ 

Search  (strch),  Edward,  Esq.    A  pseudonym 
of   Abraham   Tucker,  under  which  he  wrote 
"The  Light  of  Nature"  (1708-78). 
Seasons,  The.     A  poem  in  blank  verse,  m  four 
niirts.  l.v-Iiiiiies Thomson,    "Winter "was iiubli»hed 
in  ITK-:  "Summer"  in  1727, "  Spring"  i"  l"2«,tl.e  wl,.de 
(including  "Autumn  "  and  a  "Hymn  to  Nature  )  in  li.tO. 
Seasons,  The.     [G.  Vic  J„hrcs:eitc„.-i    An  ora- 
torio bv  Havdn,  produced  at  Vienna  in  1801. 
Seaton,'  Baron.     See  Cnlhonir,  John. 
Seattle  (se-at'l).     The  capital  of  King  C9unty, 
Wasliiugtbn,  situated  on  Puget  Sound  in  lal. 
47°  '10'  N     long.  1112°  20'  W.      Itisoncofthcchief 
places  of  the'  State  in  population  and  importance,  and  Ima 
a  large  trade  in  lumber  n.id  coal.     It  fa  the  seat  of  th 
State  university.    In  1«1)  it  was  devastated  by  Hre.   lopu- 
lation  il'.Kmi,  wi.B'l-  .  ..   •     ■     -kt 

Sea  View  (»6  vu).  Mount.  A  mountain  m  New 
South  Wales,  about  lut.  31°  2.1'  S.  Height, 
abo'jt  6.000  feet.  .,     ,  ., 

Seb(sebl.  In  Egvptian  mytholog)',  the  father 
of  Osiris,  god  of  the  earth  and  consort  of  Nut, 
goddess  of  heaven.  In  art  he  is  given  tlii' 
human  form.  .   ,   ,      .  ., 

SebagO  Lake  (se-ba'go  lak).     A  lake  ,n  south- 
western Maine.  17  miles  northwest  of  Portlaml. 
Li.ngtii.  12  miles. 
Sebaste(se-lms'te).     [Gr.  £t/3n<TT;/.]    The  name 
of  the  city  of  Samaria  after  the  time  of  Herod 

Sebasteia(seb-ns-te'yS).  [Gr.  2e/3(SoTtia.]  The 
ancient  name  of  Sivas. 

C— 58 


913 


Sebastian  (se-bas'tian),  Saint.  Bom  at  Nar- 
boune,  Gaul:  shot  to  death  by  order  of  Dio- 
cletian, about  288  A.  D.  A  Roman  soldier  and 
Christian  martyr,  revered  as  a  protector  against 
pestilence.  ^,         .  .r     , 

Sebastian.  1.  Brother  to  the  King  of  Naples, 
a  character  in  "The  Tempest"  by  bhakspere. 
—  2  Brother  to  Viola,  a  character  in  bhak- 
spere's  "Twelfth  Night."  ,      ,.  .„       , 

Sebastian.  Bom  1.554 :  killed  m  the  battle  of 
Alca/.ar.iuivir,  Aug.  4.  l.')78.  King  of  Portugal 
l.').'i7-78.  He  led  an  i  inedition  against  Morocco  in  157S, 
in  which  he  was  defeated  and  slain.  Soon  after  the  battle 
rumore  began  to  arise  that  he  was  not  dead,  and  In  l.*l, 
169),  and  1598  iiniKistors  appeared  claiming  the  crown. 
The  last  was  hanged  at  San  Liiear  in  Spain  in  1603.  The 
belief  of  the  people  in  these  imposlorsaiose  from  the  popu- 
larity of  Sebastian  and  their  firm  faith  in  his  reappear- 
ance. So  late  as  1808  in  Portugal  and  1838  in  Br.izil,  his 
name  was  used  as  a  rallying-cr>-.  Drydeil  and  others  have 
written  plays  <in  the  subject. 
Sebastian,  Don.  See  Don  SebasHano. 
Sebastian!  (sa-bas-te-ii'ne),  Comte  Franqois 
Horace  Bastien.  Born  near  Bastia,  Corsica, 
Nov.  10,  1772:  died  at  Paris,  July  21,  18ol.  A 
French  marshal,  diplomatist,  and  politician. 
He  s.rved  in  the  -Napoleonic  wars;  was  ambassador  in 
Constantinople  in  1802  and  1806-07 ;  was  distinguished 
in  the  Spanish  and  Russian  campaigns  and  ">  .'Slf-Jf  • 
was  minister  18;iO-34  (minister  of  i't'^"!"]  ''"■■"'^.^^f-^ 
imi) :  ami  was  ambassador  to  Naples  in  1834,  and  to  Lon- 
don i'syf>-io. 
Sebastiano  del  Piombo.    See  Piombo,  .Sffcn.s/i- 

s'ebastopol  (se-bas'to-pol  or  seb-as-t6'p61),  or 
Sevastopol  (se-vas'to-pol;  Russ.  prou.  sa- 
vas-to'polv).  A  seaport  in  the  government 
of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  the  Crimea,  in  lat.  44  ,J4 
N  long  33°  36'  E.  It  is  situateil  in  a  strong  posi- 
tioi  on  amis  of  the  roads  of  Sebastopol,  and  is  an  im- 
portant  naval  station  for  the  Mack  Seafleet  It  was  found- 
ed in  1784  on  the  site  of  a  Tatar  village  Akhtiar,  and  was 
strongly  foriilled  under  Alexander  I  and  Nicholas.  .Since 
1870  it  has  been  fortilled  anew.  The  siege  of  sel.iistopol 
was  the  chief  event  of  the  Crimean  war.  1  he  allied  army 
(British,  tYench,  Turkish,  and  later  Sardinian)  commenced 
the  siege  in  Oct.,  1S54.  after  the  battle  of  the  Alma  (the 
British  commanded  by  Raglan,  later  by  Mmpson  ;  the 
French  bv  Canrobert,  later  by  Pilissicr  ;  and  the  Russians 
bv  .Mentchikoll,  later  by  ilortchakoff).  The  Russian  forti- 
flcations  were  superintended  by  Todleben.  An  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  storm  was  made  June  18,  18.')r>.  On  Sept.  8 
the  French  took  the  Malakoft  by  storm,  and  the  Bntish 
attacked  the  Redan.  The  city  was  entered  by  <lie allies  Sept. 
11.  (Compare  Crimean  War.)  I'opulation  (l»8.i),  A803. 
Sebek  (seb'ek).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
crocodile-headed  god,  seemingly  a  double  ot 
Set,  the  eod  of  evil.  In  historical  times  he  was  gener- 
ally detested,  and  his  sacred  "nln'"!  !">«,7"'=°t  E^m? 
hunte.1  except  in  the  localities  where  his  cult  was  in  honor. 

Sebenico  (sa-ba'ne-ko).  [Slav.  .2i7.;hA;.]  A  sea- 
port in  Dalmatia.  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kerka,  in  lat. 
43°  4.5' N  Ion".  1.5°  58' E.  Itbasaflourishing  trade. 
The  cathedral,  beltun  in  the  \Mx  century  in  the  richest 
Venetian  llin'ted  style,  and  finished  a  centu.7  ater  up.m 
Renaissance  lines,  has  a  line  dome  100  feet  high.  Popula- 
tion (ISiHl),  7,014  ;  commune,  20,380, 
SebennytUS(se-ben'i-tus).  [Gr.  Sn^^m-vroc]  A 
town  of  ancient  Egvpt,  neariy  in  the  center  of 
the  Delta.  The  town  of  Semennud  is  on  its  site. 
SebU  (sa-bb').  A  river  in  northern  Mo'occo 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  ol  Sjillee: 
the  ancient  Snbur.  Length,  over  200  miles. 
Sebustieh  (sri-bbs'te-e).  A  village  on  the  site 
of  the  ani-ient  Samaria.  .      ,.     ■ 

Secchi  (sek'ke),  AngelO.  Bom  at  Reggio.  Kmi- 
lia.  Italv,  .Iune2'J,  181S:  died  at  Koine,  leb..O 
1878.  A  noted  Italian  astroiimiH'r,  diri'clor  ot 
the  observatory  in  Rome:  a  nii'inlier  ot  the  .les- 
Ilit  order.  He  maderesearches  In  Bpectrnin  analysis  me- 
teorology, ote.   His  chief  work  Is  •■Lusolell    ('UieSun,    , 

Secchia  (sek'ko-il).  A  nver  in  northern  I  aly 
which  ioins  the  Po  12  miles  soutlieust  of  Man- 
tua: th'e  ancient  Secia.  L.'ngth,  about  80  miles. 

Secession,  Ordinances  of.    l"  United  States 

hist.irv,  (U'dinanies  passed  by  conventicms  ot 
eleven  Southern  Slates  in  186tV61,  declaring 
their  withdrawal  trom  the  Tnion. 

Secession,  War  of.  ,«'e  (VnMl-.n-. 
Secession  of  the  Plebs  to  the  Sacred  Mount. 

See  .S'i;</m/  MiiidiI. 
Sechuen      See  Szcchuen. 
Seckendorff  (zek'en-dorf).  Count  Friednch 

Heinrichvon.  Burn  at  Kiinipsberg,  I'ranconia, 
.Iiilv  .5, 107:!:  dieil  at  Meuselwit/.,Gemiany,  Nov. 
23,  i7ti3.  An  Austrian  general  :uid  dipbuuatist, 
ne'iiliew  ot  V.  L.  von  SeekcndnrlT.  II,.bei.Bineani. 
hassador  In  Berlin  In  I72I1 ;  defeated  th.'  Firneh  at  Klauien 
oT'jO,  17:;r,  :  c.mmande,!  agulnst  Ibe  Turks  In  17:i7  ;  and 
was  in  the  Bavarian  service  17-10  4.., 

Seckendorff,  Veit  Ludwig  von.  ,«-"•"»'  Her- 
zogenaurach,  Bavaria,  Dec.  20,  1020:  died  Dec. 


Sedgemoor 

18, 1692.  A  German  historian  and  oiFicial  in  the 
service  of  several  German  states.  His  chief  works 
are  "Der  deutsche  Furstenstaat "  (1655),  "  Commentarius 
historicus  ct  apologeticus  de  Lutheranismo  "  (ie92X 

Seckenheim  (zek'en-him).  A  village  in  north- 
ern Baden, situated  on  the  Neckar  near  Sehwetz- 
ingen.  Here,  June  30, 14«2,  the  elector  Frederick  I.  of 
the  Palatinate  gained  a  decisive  victor)'  o^'^r  the  allied 
forces  of  Baden  and  Wurtembcrg. 

Seclin  (se-klan').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  situated  6  miles  south-southwest 
of  Lille.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6.141. 

Second  Maiden's  Tragedy,  The.  A  play  at 
one  time  attributed  to  Chapman  and  also  to 
Shakspere,  from  their  names  having  been  writ- 
ten on  the  back  of  a  manuscript  where  the  name 
of  Goughe  stood  erased.  It  was  licensed  in  1611  and 
first  printed  In  1S>4.  It  is  thoughl  to  lie  by  Massingerand 
Tourneur  from  internal  evidence,  and  probably  owes  its 
existence  to  the  success  of  P,eaumont  and  Hetchera 
"Maid's  Tragedy,"  though  the  plot  is  entirely  different. 

Second  Nun's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's 
"  Canterbury  Tales.  It  is  a  tale  of  the  life  and  pas- 
sion of  St.  Oecflia,  and  was  taken  from  the  "  Lcgenda  Au- 
rea  "  of  Jacobus  a  Voragine,  There  was  a  French  version 
of  this  by  .lehan  de  Vignay  about  1300,  an  Early  Kngllsh 
one  before  1300.  and  Caxton's  "C.olden  Legend  in  1483; 
also  a  Latin  version  by  Simeon  Metaphrastes.  The  pre- 
amble to  Chaucer's  poem  contains  fourteen  or  fifteen  Inies 
translaVd  from  the  33d  canto  of  Dante's  "  Paradlso,    or 


perhaps  from  their  original  in  s.mie  Latin  prayer  or  hymn. 
See  Xiin's  Priegl's  Tate. 
Secr6tan  (sek-ra-tan' ) ,  Charles.  Born  at  Lau- 
saiine,  Jan.  19,  1815:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  189o. 
A  Swiss  iihilosopher.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  phil..sophy  at  Lausanne  in  1838,  in  1840  at  Neuchatel, 
ami  returned  to  the  same  position  at  Lausanne  in  1800. 
He  wrote  many  philosophical  works,  aiid  was  for  some 
time  editor  of  the  "Revue  Suisse." 

Secunderabad  (se-knn-de-rii-bad').  or  Sakan- 
derabad  (sa-kun-de-ra-biid').  or  Sikandera- 
bad  (se-kun^e-ra-biid' ).  or  Sekunderabad  ( se- 

kun-de-rii-bild').  A  British  cantonment  and 
town  in  the  Nizam's  Dominions.  India,  situated 
6  miles  north  of  Hvderabad.  It  is  the  largest  Brit- 
ish militaiT  station  in  India.  Population  of  cantonment, 
5  IXK)  to  6,(HXI ;  of  tuwn.  about  30,000. 
Secundra  (se-kun'dra).  A  village  situated  5 
miles  northwest  ot  Agra,  British  India.  Itisnota- 
ble  for  the  tomb  of  Akbar,  dating  from  the  beginning  of 
the  17th  century,  an  imposing  momiment  whose  I"dian- 
Saracenic  style  is  much  influenced  by  Buddhist  models.  It 
stands  in  a  large  inclosed  garden  with  a  tine  arched  gate- 
way, and  consists  of  4  8,|uare  terraces  of  red  sandstone, 
superposed  in  the  form  of  a  stepped  pyramid.  On  a  plat- 
form n  the  midiUe  Is  the  splendid  cenotaph  of  the  king, 
covered  with  sculptured  arabesques.  The  real  tomb  U  in 
a  vaulted  eharnber  in  the  basement.  The  lowest  terrace 
is  3'2o  feet  sipiare,  the  highest  157. 
Secundus,  Johannes.  See  Johannes  Sccundus. 
Sedaine  ( s.-dan' ) ,  Michel  Jean.  Bom  at  Pans, 

.Inly  4,  1719:  died  there.  May  17. 179i.  Al-rench 
dramatist  and  poet.  Among  his  works  are  the  comic 
operas  "  Le  diable  i>  quatre"  (17561,  "Blaise  le  savetier 
(1761»  "R..5e  et  Colas"  (17f4);  the  comedies'  Le  phllo- 
sophe  sans  le  savoir  "  (17«.),"  La  gageure  inipuHue  (1  ■  la) ; 
a  iK.em,"  Le  vaudeville  '(H.'^.o) ;  etc.  He  also  »rr.ite  "  t.uil- 
lauinc  Tell "  and  "  Richard  Ca-nr  de  Lion  with  Gritry,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Academy  in  1786. 
Sedalia  (se-da'li-a).  A  city,  the  capital  of  Pet- 
tis County.  Missouri,  situated  60  miles  west  ot 
JefforsonCity.  It  Is  a  leading  railroad  center,  and  has 
«..urishing  manufactures  and  eonnuerce.  Population 
(llloo),   L's'^I.  .       , 

Sedan  (s(-<loft').  1.  A  former  barony  or  pnnci- 
palitv  in  France,  the  chief  place  of  whicli  was 
the  town  of  Sedan,  It  was  annexed  to  1  ranee 
in  11)42.— 2.  A  city  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, France,  situated  on  the  Mouse  in  lat. 
49°  4'!'  N  long.  4°  56'  E.  It  has  important  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  ami  was  foniurly  a  strong  fortress.  In 
early  tim.'S  It  was  under  the  rule  of  lords  and  princes  of 
the  families  La  Marck  and  Turenne,  but  passwl  to  h  ranee 
In  1(H2.     It  was  taken  by  the  Germans  In  181  .^    It  was 

•  the  scene  of  a  lu.table  victory,  gained  Sept,  1,  Is.O,  by  the 
German  army  of  'JSU.lKHl,  under  the  direct  cmmand  of 
William  I,  over  the  French  under  Napoleon  111.  Ma.- 
Mah..n,and  Wlinpllen.  1  he  next  day  the  trench  einp.-nir 
a  1  amy  (alK.ut  84.lK«0  surrendered.  The  Imltle  and 
c  pitulation  led  directly  to  the  fall  ..f  the  ►  "'';;•'' ';»Pl>.« 
and  the  establUlinient  of  the  republic.  Population  (181)1), 
■20,'291. 

Seddon  (sed'-.n),  James  Alexander.    1*"'"  »'. 

I'nlnniulh,  StalTnrd  C.nntv .  \  a..  .'"l-V  •  •  l^'''- 
died  in  Goochlan.l,  Va.,  Aug.  19,  Is.sO.  An 
■American  l>o1  it  ieiaii.  He  was  a  Dt'inocratlc  memher 
;)  c'.ngress  /.on,  \'ilgl»la  lM,-.-17  and  1841.-51.  and  w:is 
„(tei»  11.1  c.nfed.nite  congresMnan  and  secrolao'  "f  war. 

Seddon,  Thomas.    Bom  at  London,  A"S- 28. 

is"'!  :  .iie.l  at  Cairo,  Nov.  2n,  18;.(..  .\n  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter.  In  l.sf.'Jho  began  to  exhibit 
at  11.  ■  Roval  .Unde.ny.  In  1853  he  joined  Ionian  Hunt 
St .  r.  and  devoted  himself  to  lopogniplilcal  lam.cap.- 
in  til"  Fast.  He  exhibited  "The  Pyramids  and  " Jem- 
salem  '  In  1854,  and  returned  to  Cairo  In  1850. 
Sedgemoor  (sej'mSr).  A  locality  in  Somerset. 
KnSlaud.  near  Bridgwater.  Here,  July  11.  1B8.S,  lli» 
tloyalUta  under  Fevcraham  defeated  the  fo»e»  ot  the 


Sedgemoor 

Duke  of  Monmouth.  The  battle  (which  has  been  called 
the  last  battle  in  England)  resulted  in  the  overthrow  and 
capture  of  Monmouth. 
Sedgwick  (sej'wik).  Adam.  Bom  at  Dent, 
Yorkshire,  1785 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Jan.  25. 
1873.  An  English  geologist.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College.  Cambridfie,  in  1803,  and  was  elected  fel- 
low in  1809.  In  ISIS  he  became  Woodwardian  pmfessor 
of  geology  at  Cambridge.  His  principal  discoveries  were 
in  the  Paleozoic  strata  of  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  and 
the  Permian  of  the  northwest  of  England. 

Sedgwick,  Catharine  Maria.  Bom  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  28,  1789:  died  near  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  July  31,  1867.  An  American 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  ^Titer,  daughter  of 
Theodore  Sedgwick.  Her  works  include  "A  Xew  Eng- 
land Tale  "  (1822), '■  Redwood " (ISMX  "Hope  Leslie,  etc." 
(1827%  "CTarence,  etc."  (1830),  "The  Linwoods,  or  Sixty 
^ears  Since  in  America " (1836), "  Live  and  Let  Live "  (1837), 
'•  Means  and  Ends,  etc.  (1838),  -  Letters  from  Abroad, 
etc.  ■  (1841),  "  Married  or  Single  "  (1857),  etc. 

Sedgwick,  John.  Born  at  Cornwall.  Conn., 
Sept.  13,  1813 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Spottsyl- 
vania.  May  9.  1864.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837  ;  served  in  the  Semi- 
nole and  Mexican  wars ;  and  was  a  lieutenant-colonel  of 
cavalry  at  the  be.ginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  as  commander  of  brigade  and 
division  until  Feb.,  18C3,  when  he  obtained  command  of 
the  6th  array  corps.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the  bat- 
tles of  Fair  Oaks,  Savage's  Station,  and  Gleudale  ;  was  se- 
verely  wounded  at  Antietara  ;  and  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  battles  of  Chancellorsville,  (iettj-sburg,  and  the  Wilder- 
ness. 

Sedgwick,  Theodore.  Born  at  West  Hartford, 
Conn.,  1747:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  24,  1813.  An 
American  Federalist  politician  and  jurist.  He 
served  in  the  Revolution  ;  w.as  a  delegate  to  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  from  Massachusetts  1785-86 ;  was  member  of 
(Congress  from  Massachusetts  1789-96 ;  was  United  States 
senator  1796-99  (and  president  pro  tempore)  ■  was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  and  speaker  1799-lSOl ;  and  was  judge  of 
the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court  1802-13, 

Sedley  (sed'li).  Amelia.  The  foolish  daugh- 
ter of  a  broken-down  London  stockbroker,  in 
Thackeray's  '"Vanity  Fair."  She  marries  George 
Osborne,  whom  she  adores,  and  after  his  death  Captain 
Dobbin,  who  has  long  adored  her.  She  is  the  antithesis  of 
Beckv  Sharp. 

Sedley,  Catherine,  Countess  of  Dorchester. 
Died  1717.  The  daughter  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley, 
and  the  mistress  of  James  11. 

Sedley,  Sir  Charles.  Bom  in  Kent,  1639:  died 
Aug.  20. 1701.  A  wit,  poet,  and  di-amatist  of  the 
Restoration.  His  first  comedy,  "The  Mulberry  Gar- 
den," was  published  in  1668.  He  also  wrote  ".\ntony 
and  Cleopatra "  (1677X  "Bellamira,  etc."  (1678),  "Beauty 
the  Conqueror"  (1702),  "  The  Grumbler"  (1702),  and  "  The 
Tjrant  King  of  Crete "  (1702).  He  sat  in  Parliament  for 
Sew  Romney,  and  took  an  active  part  in  politics.  His  life 
was  scandalous,  and  he  is  remembered  as  excusing  him- 
self for  the  part  he  took  in  the  Revolution  bysaj-ing  that. 
"  as  James  IT.  had  made  his  [Sedley's]  daughter  a  countess 
[see  above),  he  could  do  no  less  than  endeavour  to  m.ike  the 
king's  daughter  a  queen." 

Sedley,  Joseph.  A  collector  from  Bogley  Wal- 
lah, in  Thackeray's  "Vanity  Fair":  brother  of 
Amelia  Sedley.  "He  is  a  fat.  sensual,  but  timid 
dandv,  and  falls  a  victim  to  Becky  Sharp. 

Sedlitz  (sed'lits),  or  Seidlitz  (sid'lits).  A  small 
village  in  northern  Bohemia,  near  Briix:  noted 
for  its  springs  of  mineral  ^vater. 

Sedulius  (se-du'li-us),  Coelius.  Lived  in  the 
5th  century.  A  Roman  Christian  poet.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  poetical  version  of  the  history  of  the 
NewTestament,  entitled '  Carmen  Paschale"(subsequently 
enlarged  in  prose  as  "Paschale  opus"),  and  of  an  abece- 
darian hymn,  "A  soils  ortus  cardine." 

Seduni  (se-du'ni).  In  ancient  geography,  a  peo- 
ple in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Rhone,  Switzer- 
land. 

Seeberg  (za'bero).  A  height  near  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, long  noted  as  the  seat  of  an  observatory. 

Seehohm  (se'bom).  Frederick.  Born  at  Brad- 
ford, Yorkshire.  1833.  An  English  historian. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  185ti,' 
and  subsequently  became  a  member  of  a  banking  firm  at 
Hitchin,  Hertfordshire,  Among  his  works  are  **The  Oxford 
Reformers  of  1498  "(1867),  "The  F.niof  the  Protestant  Revo- 
lution "  (in  Epochs  of  Modem  Histor>-  series,  1874),  "The 
Ei.L'Iish  Vilhage  Community,  etc. "  (1883), 

Seeland.  1.  See  Zealand  (in  Denmark). — 2. 
See  Zealand  (in  Netherlands). 

Seeley  se'lil.  Sir  John  Eobert.  Born  1834: 
died  Jan,  13,  1895.  An  English  historian.  He 
graduated  at  Cambridge  (Christ  College)  in  18.'7;  and  be- 
came professor  of  Latin  in  University  College.  L(jndon,  in 
1863,  and  in  1869  professor  of  modern  histor)'  at  Cam- 
bridge "Ecce  Homo,  or  Survey  of  the  Life  and  Work 
of  Jesus  Christ,"  his  most  celebrated  work,  appeared 
anonj-TOOusly  in  1865,  His  other  works  are  an  edition  of 
Liv)-,""  Lectures  and  F.ss.avs  "  (1870),  "Life  and  Times  of 
Stein"  (1879),  'Natural  Religion"  (1882\  "The  Expan- 
sion of  England  "  (1»S3),  'Short  Historj- of  Napoleon  I.' 
(1886),  etc. 

Seelye  (se'H),  Julius  Hawley.  Bom  Sept.  14, 
1824:  died  May  12, 1895.  An  American  educator. 
He  bec;ime  professor  of  philosophy  at  Amherst  College  in 
1853 ;  WM  president  of  Amherst  College  1876-90 ;  and  was 
IndepeiMent  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 


914 

;■  1  .-tts  1875-77.  He  translated  Schwegler's  "  History 
■  Philosophy  "  (1856),  and  wrote  "  Lectures  to  Educated 
Hindus"  (1873),  "Christian  Missions  "  (1875),  and  philo- 
sophical text-books. 

Seelye,  Laurens  Clark.  Bom  at  Bethel,  Conn., 
Sept.  20,  1837.  A  clergyman  and  educator, 
brother  of  J.  H.  Seelye.  He  was  professor  of  Eng- 
lish literature  at  Amherst  College  1865-73 ;  and  since  1874 
has  been  president  of  Smith  College  (for  young  women)  at 
Northampton,  Massachusetts. 

Sees.     See  See:. 

See !  the  Conquering  Hero  Comes !    An  air  in 

Handel's  '"Joshua."  It  is  introduced  three  times, 
and  was  so  popular  that  he  used  it  again  in  his  "Judas 
Maccabjeus."  It  has  frequently  been  used  as  a  motif  by 
others,  with  many  variations.  Tlie  words  were  written 
by  Dr.  Thomas  Morell  for  Handel's  "Joshua  "  (174S) :  they 
were  introduced  in  late  acting  versions  of  Lee's  "Rival 
Queens  "  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  act.  .\s  tliis  first 
appeared  in  1677,  Lee  has  been  erroneously  supposed  to 
have  written  the  verses  long  before  "Joshua"  appeared. 

See'wis  (za'vis).  A  \-illage  and  noted  health- 
resort  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
situated  in  the  Prattigau  12  miles  north-north- 
east of  Coire. 

Seez,  or  Sees  (sa-es').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Orne,  northern  France,  situated  on  the  Ome 
11  miles  north-northeast  of  Alen(;on.  Thecathe- 
dral  is  a  fine  13th-century  building.  The  west  front  has 
handsome  buttressed  spires,  pleasing  arcades,  and  a  south 
portal  of  charming  design  and  ornament.  The  south 
transept,  with  its  great  rose,  closely  approaches  that  of 
the  cathedral  of  P.aris;  and  the  choir  is  admirable,  with 
its  radiating  chapels  and  the  tracery  of  the  clearstory. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,272. 

Sefid  (se-fed'),  or  Safid  (sa-fed').  A  river  in 
north-western  Persia  which  flo-ws  into  the  south- 
■westem  side  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  east  of  Resht. 
Length,  including  its  main  head  stream  (the 
Kizil-t'zen),  about  300  miles. 

Segan  Fu.     See  Slngan  Fu. 

Segesta  (se-jes'ta).  [Gr.  Sfjftrra.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Sicily,  situated  near  the 
coast  27  miles  -west-southwest  of  Palermo.  It 
was  of  non-Hellenic  (reputed  Trojan)  origin  :  was  often 
at  war  with  Selinus;  wasanallyof  Athensin  thePelopon- 
nesian  war;  became  a  dependent  of  Carthage  about  4uO 
B.  C. ;  was  sacked  by  .\gathocles,  and  had  its  name  changed 
to  Dicseopolis ;  and  passed  under  Roman  supremacy  in  the 
time  of  the  first  Punic  war.  There  are  ruins  near  the 
modem  CalataHmi.  The  Greek  temple,  though  never  fin- 
ished, is  one  of  the  most  complete  examples  surviving.  It 
is  Doric  hexastyle,  with  14  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a 
stylobaie  of  4  steps.  The  architectural  details  are  of  the 
best  period.  All  the  36  peristyle  columns  are  still  stand 
ing,  and  the  entablature  and  pediments  are  almost  entire. 
There  is  also  a  Greek  theater,  of  theothcenttiryB,  c,  with 
Roman  modifications.  In  plan  it  is  more  than  a  semicircle : 
the  diameter  is  209  feet,  that  of  the  orchestra  54 ;  the 
length  of  the  stage  is  91.  The  cavea  is  in  great  p.art  rock- 
hewn. 

Segesvar.    See  Schasshiirg. 

Seginus  (se-ji'mis).  [Origin  uncertain.]  One 
of  the  many  names  of  the  constellation  Bootes : 
assigned  on  some  maps  as  the  name  of  the  third- 
magnitude  star  }  Bootis. 

Segnes  (zeg'nes)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass  in  Swit- 
zerland, leading  from  Glams  to  the  valley  of  the 
Vorderrhein  in  Grisons,  15  miles  -west-north- 
•west  of  Coire. 

Segni  (sen'ye).  A  town  in  Latium,  Italy,  sitti- 
ated near  theVolscian Mountains  31  miles  south- 
east of  Rome:  the  ancient  Signia.  It  is  s,aid  to 
have  been  colonized  by  Tarquin,  and  was  a  Roman  frontier 
town  against  the  Volscians.  It  contains  many  antiquities. 
Population  (1881),  5,608. 

Sego.    See  Segii. 

SegO  (sa'go),  orSeg  (seg),  Lake.  A  lake  in  the 
government  of  Olonetz,  northern  Russia,  north- 
-west  of  Lake  Onega.  It  has  its  outlet  into  Lake 
Vyg  and  the  White  Sea.  Length,  about  25 
miles. 

SegO-via  (se-go'vi-a ;  Sp.  pron.  sa-go've-a).  1. 
A  province  of  Old  Castile,  Spain.  It  is  bounded 
by  Valladolid  on  the  northwest,  Burgos  on  the  north. 
Soria  on  the  northeast,  Guadalajara  and  Madrid  on  the 
southeast,  and  .\vila  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is 
generally  a  plateau.  .\rea,  2,714  square  miles.  Population 
C1887).  154,457. 

2.  'The  capital  of  the  province  of  Segovia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eresma  in  lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  4° 
10'  W.  The  cathedral,  begun  in  1525  by  the  architects 
of  the  new  cathedral  at  Salamanca,  is  ver)-large.hunt,  of  a 
rich  yellow  stone  in  the  Pointed  style,  plain  ivithout,  but 
loftv  and  lightwithin,  and  with  good  stained  glass.  There  is 
a  beautiful  Flamboyant  cloister,  of  earlier  date,  surround- 
ing an  Attractive  garden.  The  Roman  aqueduct,  presumed 
to  be  of  the  time  of  Trajan,  forms  a  great  bridge,  937  feet 
long,  and  consisting  of  3-20  arches  in  two  tiers.  The  high- 
est arches  (in  the  middle  of  the  lower  tier)  are  102  feet 
high.  It  is  built  of  large  blocks  of  granite,  somewhat 
rounded  at  the  edges  and  assembled  without  cement.  Se- 
govia was  a  Romaikcitv,  and  was  a  residence  of  the  kings 
of  Leon  and  Castile.    Population  (1886),  11,169. 

Segre  (sa'gra).  A  river  in  northern  Spain.  It 
rises  in  the  "Pyrenees,  and  jouis  the  Ebro  22  miles  s.)uth- 
west  of  Lerida,  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Cinca.  Length, 
about  250  miles. 

Segu(sa'go),  or  SegO  (sa'go).  1.  A  Negro  realm 
in  the  western  part  of  the  Sudan,  Africa,  situ- 


Seine-et-Mame 

ated  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Niger.  The  in- 
habitants are  Bambarras. — 2.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Segu,  situated  on  the  Niger.  It  ia 
in  the  French  sphere  of  influence.  Population, 
36,000. 
Seguin  (sa'gwin).  Arthur  Edward  Shelden, 

known  as  Edward  Seguin.  Bom  at  London, 
April  7,  1809  :  died  at  New  York,  Dee.  9,  1852. 
A  popular  English  bass  singer,  a  pupil  of  the  Eojal 
Academy,  he  appeared  first  in  1S2S.  and  sang  .success- 
fully inEngland  till  1838,  when  he  came  to  Xew  York. 
The  Seguin  Opera  Troupe,  which  he  organized,  was  suc- 
cessful in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Seguin  (se-gaji'),Edouard.  Bom  at  Clameey, 
France,  Jan.  20,  1812  :  died  at  New  York  city, 
Oct.  28, 1880.  A  French- American  physician,  a 
specialist  in  the  training  of  idiots,  and  the  in- 
ventor of  a  physiological  thermometer.  Among^ 
his  works  are  "Traitement  moral,  hygiene  et  education  des 
idiots,"  "Historical  Notice  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of 
the  Treatment  of  Idiots,"  etc. 

Segur  (sa-giir'),  Comte  Louis  Philippe  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  1753:  died  1830,  A  French  poli- 
tician and  author.  He  served  in  the  American  Revo- 
lution; was  ambassador  to  Russia;  was  a  councilor  of 
state  under  the  empire  ;  and  was  made  a  peer  at  the 
Restoration.  His  cldef  work  is  "M^moires,  ou  souvenir* 
et  anecdotes  "  (1824).  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  France, 
a  universal  history,  etc. 

Segur,  Comte  Philippe  Paul  de.  Born  Nov.  4, 
1780:  diedFeb.  25. 1873.  A  French  general  and 
historian,  son  of  L.  P.  de  Segur.  He  served  in  the 
Napoleonic  campaigns.  His  best-known  work  is  a  "His- 
toire  de  Napoleon  et  de  la  gi-ande  armee  en  1S12  "  (1824). 

Segura  (sa-go'ra).  A  river  in  southeastern 
Spain  -which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  i& 
miles  southwest  of  AUcante :  the  ancient  Tader. 
Length,  about  150  mUes. 

Segura,  Juan  Bautista.  Bom  at  Toledo,  Spain, 
about  1542:  died  in  Virginia,  Feb.  (?),  1571.  A 
Jesuit  missionary.  He  went  to  Florida  as  vicepro- 
vincial  of  his  order  in  156S,  In  Aug.,  1570,  he  and  several 
companions  were  sent  to  Chesapeake  Bay  to  establish  a 
mission.  They  ascended  the  Potomac  and  thence,  appa- 
rently, crossed  to  the  Rappahannock,  where  all  were  killed 
by  the  Indians. 

SegusianI  (se  'gu-si-a'ni).  [L.]  In  the  time  of 
Julius  Cfesar.  a  Gallic  people  li\ing  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Rhone,  in  the  -vicinity  of  Lyons. 

Seharunpoor.    See  Saharanpur. 

Seidl  (zi'dlD,  Anton.  Bom  at  Pest,  Hungary, 
May  7,  1850:  died  at  New  York,  March  28,  1898. 
A  Hungarian  conductor,  especially  of 'ft'aguer's 
music.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  conservatory  at  Leipsic, 
and  in  1879  through  Wagner's  influence  obtained  the  posi- 
tion of  conductor  at  the  Leipsic  Opera  House.  In  1882  he 
left  it  for  a  tour  through  various»parts  of  Europe  as  con- 
ductor of  the  NibelunL:en  Opera  Troupe.  In  IScS  he  was 
made  conductor  of  the  Bremen  Opera  House,  and  in  1885 
of  German  i;'pera  in  New  York,  from  whicli  time  he  con- 
ducted the  concerts  of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  New- 
York,  etc. 

Seidlitz.    See  Sedlitz. 

Seiero  (si'e-re).  A  small  island  belonging  to 
Denmark,  situated  northwest  of  Zealand. 

Seiero  Bay.  An  indentation  on  the  north-west- 
ern coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark. 

Seiland  (si'land).  An  island  of  Norway,  off 
the  northern  coast,  southwest  of  Hammerfest. 
Length,  27  miles. 

Seille  (say).  A  river  in  Lorraine  which  joins 
the  Moselle  near  Metz.  Length,  about  70miles. 

Seim  (sa-em').  A  river  of  southern  central  Rus- 
sia -which  joins  the  Desna  52  miles  east  of 
Tchemigofi .    Length,  about  350  miles. 

Seine  (s5n).  One  of  the  principal  rivers  of 
France :  the  Roman  Sequana.  It  rises  in  the  pla- 
teau of  Langres,  in  the  department  of  C6te-d'0r;  flows  gen- 
erally northwest ;  widens  into  an  estuary  near  Quillebeuf ; 
and  flows  into  the  English  Channel  between  HavTe  and 
Honfleur.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  .\ube.  Marne,  and 
Oise  on  the  right,  and  the  Yonne,  Loing,  Essonne,  and 
Eure  on  the  left.  The  most  important  places  on  its  banks 
areChatillon,  Bar.  Troyes,  Nogent,  Melun,  Paris,  St,-Denis, 
Mantes,  Rouen,  Caudebec,  Havre,  and  Honfleur,  The  basin 
is  connected  by  canals  with  those  of  the  Somme,  Meuse^ 
Rhine,  Rhone,  and  Loire.  Length,  482  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable  to  Marcilly.  for  larger  vessels  to  Paris,  and  for  large 
se.a-vessels  to  Rouen. 

Seine,  Thesmallest  in  area  and  largest  in  popula- 
tion of  the  departments  of  France.  It  contains  the 
city  of  Paris ;  is  surrounded  by  the  department  of  Seine-et- 
<  tise ;  is  the  seat  of  ver>-  important  manufactures  and  com- 
merce ;  and  has  a  flourishing  market-gardening  industry. 
It  formed  part  of  the  ancient  province  of  ije  de-France. 
.\rea,  184  square  miles.     Population  (l(i91),  3,141,595. 

Seine-et-Mame  (san'a-marn').  A  depanment 
of  France,  capital  Melun,  formed  from  parts  of 
the  former  Brie  and  Gatinais  (belonging  to  an- 
cient lle-de-France  and  Champagne).  It  is  bound- 
ed by  Oise  on  the  north.  Aisne  on  the  northeast,  JIame  and 
Aube  on  the  east,  Y'onne  and  Loiret  on  the  south,  and  Seine- 
et-Oise  on  the  west.  Its  surface  is  generally  level.  It  con- 
tains many  forests,  including  that  of  Fontaineldeau.  The 
manufactures  and  commerce  are  important,  and  a-'ricul- 
f  ure  is  flourishing.  Area,  '2,215  square  miles.  Populatiou 
(1891X  366,709. 


Seine-et-Oise 

8eine-et-0ise  (san'a-wiiz'}.  a  department  of 
Frauee,  capital  Versailles,  formed  from  part  of 
the  ancient  lle-de-France.  it  is  bound.d  by  Eure  on 
the  northwest,  tKse  on  the  north,  Seine-et-Marne  on  the 
east,  Loireton  the  south,  and  Eure-et-Loir  on  the  west,  und 
sniTOUnds  the  department  of  .Seine.  The  surface  is  level, 
and  in  parts  hilly.  Agriculture  and  manufactures  are 
highly  developed.  Area,  2,164  situate  miles.  Population 
(ISl)l),  C2S,r,9<J. 

Seine-Inferieure  (san'an-fa-ryer').  [F., 'lower 
Seine. 'J  A  department  of  Frauee,  capital  Uonen, 
formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  Normandy,  it 
is  bounded  hy  the  English  rhannel  on  the  west,  north'west, 
and  north,  .Soniine  on  the  northeast,  Oise  on  the  rast.  and 
Eure  and  Calvados  on  the  south.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertileand  ai:riculture  flourishing.  It  has  important  man- 
uf-.ictures.  coninuTce,  and  tlsheiies.  Area,  2,;i30  s<|Uare 
miles.     I'opulation  (1K91),  8.'!9,876. 

Seir  (se'ir).  Mount.  In  ancient  geo<rraphy,  a 
monntain-ridge  in  Edom.  oceupyint;part  of  the 
region  between  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Elanitic 
Gulf  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Seisseralp  (zis'ser-iilp).  A  pastoral  plateau 
in  the  Alps  of  TjtoI,  about  15  miles  east  of 
Botzen.  Length,  12  miles.  Height,  6,000-7,000 
feet. 

Seistan.    See  Sistau. 

Sejanus  (se-ja'nus),  .Slius.  Died  31  a.  d.  A 
Eoman  courtier.  He  was  the  son  of  Seius  Strabo,  a 
Roman  eques,  commander  of  the  pretorian  guard,  and 
was  a  native  of  Vulsinii  in  Etruria.  He  became  the  favor- 
ite of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  who  raised  him  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  pretorians.  With  a  view  to  usiu-ping  the  im- 
perial power,  he  poisoned  in  23  Drusus,  son  of  the  emperor, 
with  the  assistance  of  Livia,  the  wife  of  Drusus.  whom  he 
had  seduced,  and  induced  the  emperor  to  ttanish  Agripjiina, 
the  widow  of  Germanicus.  His  design  was  ultimately  dis- 
covereil,  and  h>-  was  put  to  death  by  the  senate  at  the  in- 
fitatice  of  the  emperor.       • 

Sejanus  His  Fall.  A  tragedy  by  Ben  Jon  son. 
acted  in  1603  and  publishedin  1605.  it  issaid  that 
.shakspere  played  in  it.  "The  Favourite,"  a  satire,  was 
founded  on  it  in  ITVo. 

S6jour  (sa-zhor'),  Victor.  Born  at  Paris,  1816 : 
died  there,  Sept.  21.  1874.  A  French  dramatist. 
Among  his  plays  are  "Richard  III."  (1852),  " Le  flls  de  la 
nuit  "  (1857),  "  Les  tils  de  Charles-Quint "  (1864),  etc.  They 
are  all  chiefly  remarkable  for  their  scenic  effects. 

Sekhet.     In  Egyptian  mythology:  see  Pakht. 

Sekiang.    See  'Sihiniif/. 

Sekuncferabad.     See'  Secuinleriihail 

Selangor  (se-liin-gor'),  or  Salangore  (sa-liin- 
gor' ).  A  Malay  state  under  British  protection, 
sitiiated  on  the  western  side  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, intersected  by  lat.  3°  N.  Population 
(1891),  81,592. 

Selbig  (zel'big),  Elisa.  The  jiseudonym  of  Fran 
von  Ahlefeld  (Charlotte  Elizabeth  Sophie  Wil- 
helmine  von  Seebaeh). 

Selborne  (sel'born).  A  parish  in  Hampshire, 
Ein;land :  noted  on  account  of  Gilbert  White'.s 
"Natural  History  of  Selborne." 

Selborne,  Earl  of.     See  Palmer,  RouudiU. 

Selby  (sel'lji).  A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  20 
miles  east  of  Leeds.  Its  abbey  church  is  a  very  flue 
Benedictine  foundation  of  the  12th  century.  Part  of  the 
original  nave  and  transepts  survives:  tlie  remainder  of 
them  is  Early  English.  The  Lady  chapel  is  Decorated,  and 
some  Perpendicular  windtjws  have  been  inserted.  The 
church  possesses  some  interesting  sculptures  and  abba- 
tial  tombs.  The  length  is  3()«  feet.  Population  (18111),  6,022. 

Selden  (sel'den),  John.  Born  at  Salvington, 
Sussex,  Dec.  16,  1.584:  died  at  London,  Nov.  30, 
10.54.  An  English  jurist,  antiquary,  Oriental- 
ist, and  author.  At  about  16  years  of  age  he  entered 
Halt  Hal!,  Oxford,  and  in  1(303  Clifford's  Inn.  lA)ndon  ;  in 
16<)4  he  migrated  to  t*ie  Inner  Temple.  He  was  inti- 
mately associated  with  lienJonson,  Drayton,  Edward  Lyttle- 
ton,  Henry  RoIIe,  Edwai-d  Herbert,  and  Thomas  Garde- 
ner. He  was  first  employed  by  Sir  Robert  Cotton  to  copy 
and  abridge  parliamentary  records  in  the  Tower.  He  es- 
tablished a  large  and  lucrative  practice,  but  his  chief  repu- 
tation was  macle  jia  a  writer  and  scholar.  In  1010  he  pub- 
lished "England's  Kpinomls"  and  "Janus  Anglorum,  Fa- 
des Altera,"  which  treated  of  I-'nglish  law  down  to  Henry 
II.  These  were  followed  by  "Titles  of  Honour "  (1614), 
"Analecton  Anglo- Britannicon"  (161.^).  "  De  Oils  Syriis" 
(1617).  The  'History  of  Tithes,'^  published  in  ll'il8,  was 
suppressed.  He  was  the  instigator  of  the  "jlrcttestatlon  " 
of  Dec.  18,  16"-1.  and  was  coniruitted  to  the  Tower.  In 
1623  he  cnterefl  Parliament  its  member  for  Lancaster,  and 
in  102.S  helpeil  to  draw  up  and  carry  the  Petition  of  Kight. 
In  n'l.'l.'i  ho  dedicateil  his  "  Mare'ciausum "  to  the  king 
(Charles  I.),  and  seems  to  have  inclineil  to  I  he  court  party. 
He  was  returned  to  the  Long  Parliaini-nt  (llHo)  for  the 
University  of  o.^foril,  ami  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
which  inipi:iiliid  Archbl.shop  Laud.  In  li',4(i  he  became 
master  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge.  Besides  the  works  al- 
ready inenti -li,  be  was  the  author  of  "  De  .luri  Natunill, 

etc. "(11,1")  '  I'rivilegesof  the  Biironage  of  England,  etc  " 
(UM2),  and  '•  Table-Talk,"  \m  hcal-known  work  (liwil. 

Sele  (sa'le).  A  I'iver  in  southern  Italy  which 
flows  into  the  Mediterranean  17  miles  south- 
west of  Salerno:  the  ancient  Silarus.  Length, 
about  60  miles. 

Sele  (sii'le),  (ir  Basele  (bii-sa'le).     See  Siimhc. 

Selene  (so-lti'ne).     [Gr  St/'-iyw?.]     InQreekmy- 


915 

thology.  the  goddess  of  the  moon,  daughter  of 
Hyperiim  and  Thea. 

Seienga  (sa-leng'gii).  A  river  in  northern  Mon- 
golia and  southern  Siberia.  It  is  the  largest 
stream  that  flows  into  Lake  Baikal.  Length, 
6(Ml-,S00  miles. 

Seleucia(sel-u'Ri-ii),orSeleuceia(sel-u-8e'ya). 
[Gr.  if/fiAt/o.]  The  name  of  many  ancient 
towns.  The  following  are  the  principal:  (U  A  city  in 
Syria,  situated  on  the  coast  north  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Orontes:  the  port  of  Antioch.  It  was  bnilt  by  Seleucus 
Nicatfir.andissometimescalledSeleuciaPieria.  There  are 
many  antiquities  <»n  the  site.  (2)  A  city  near  the  Tigris, 
about  17  miles  below  Bagdad.  It  was  built  largely  from 
the  ruins  of  Babylon  by  Seleucus  Xicator,  and  was  one  of 
the  largest  cities  of  the  East  It  was  plundere<l  by  Tra- 
jan, and  was  destroyed  by  Verus  about  102  A.  P.  (3)  A 
city  in  Cilicia,  Asia  ilinor,  situated  near  the  coast  about 
70  miles  southwest  of  Tarsus.  There  are  remains  of  a 
Roman  hippodrome.  (4)  A  city  in  northern  Pisidia,  Asia 
Minor,  near  the  frontier  of  Phl^gia. 

Seleucians  (se-hl'si-anz).  A  sect  of  the  3d  cen- 
ttn-y,  which  followed  Seleueusof  lialatia,  whose 
teaching  included  the  doctrines,  in  addition  to 
those  of  Hermogenes,  that  baptism  by  water  is 
not  to  be  used,  and  that  there  is  no  resurrec- 
tion of  the  body  and  no  visible  paradise. 

Seleucids  (se-lu'sidz),  or  Seleucidse  (se-lii'si- 
de).  A  royal  dynasty  in  Syria  which  reigned 
312  B.  c.  to  about  64  B.  c:  descended  from 
Seleucus  Nicator. 

Seleucus (se-lu'kus)  I.J  surnamcd  Nicator.  [Gr. 
SZ/n'/ior:  ^(KUTup,  Doric  for  N^hv/rt.^/*,  :l  conquer- 
or.] Born  about  358  B.  c. :  assassinated  280 
B.  c.  A  Macedonian  general  in  the  army  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  After  the  death  of  Alexander 
he  became  satrap  of  Babylonia;  engaged  in  war  against 
Antigotms;  contiuered  Babylon  312(era  of  the  Seleucids); 
extended  his  conquests  into  central  Asia  and  India;  and 
assumed  the  title  of  king  about  306.  He  was  one  of  the 
leading  allies  in  the  overthrow  of  Antigonus  at  Ipsus  in 
301;  obtained  part  of  Asia  Minor;  took  Demetrius  pris- 
oner ;  defeated  Lysimachus  at  Corupedion  281 :  and  was 
ruler,  for  a  shorttirae,  of  nearlyallof  Alexander's  empire. 

Seleucus.  1 .  In  Shakspere's  ' '  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra." an  attendant  of  Cleopatra. —  2.  In  Shir- 
ley's "The  Coronation,"  the  supposed  son  of 
Eubulus,  but  in  reality  Leonatus,  the  king  of 
Epirus. 

Self-denying  Ordinance.    In  English  history, 

an  ordinance  passed  by  the  Parliament  April 
3,  1(345,  reqtiiring  members  of  either  house  of 
Parliament  holding  military  or  civil  office  to 
vacate  such  positions  at  the  expiration  of  forty 
days. 

Seliger,  or  Seligher  (sa-le-gar' ),  or  Seller  (sel- 

gar').  Lake.  A  lake  on  the  border  ot  the  gov- 
ernments of  Novgorod  and  Tver,  Russia,  situ- 
ated sout  heast  of  Novgorod.  It  is  the  source  of  an 
affluent  ai  the  upper  \'olga,  atid  is  .sometimes  considered 
as  the  source  of  tlie  Volga.     Length,  about  :10  miles. 

Selim  (se'Hm  or  sc-lein')I.  Born  about  1465: 
died  Sept.  22,  1520.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  son  of 
B.ijazetll.  whom  he  dethroned  and  succeeded  in 
1512.  He  Wits  an  ardent  Sunnite,  and.  in  order  to  main- 
tain uniformity  in  the  ^lobammedan  faith  throughout  his 
dominions,  put  to  dr;ith  Io.inm)  sbiites  shortly  after  his  ac- 
cession. He  extended  bis  enipire  by  conquests  from  Per- 
sia in  1514,  and  8ubse(|uently  annexed  Syria  and  Palestine 
(1516)  and  Egypt  (151;^. 

Selim  II.,  surnamed  "The  Sot."  Died  Dec.  12, 
1574.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  son  of  SoljTiian  the 
Magnificent,  whom  he  succeedeil  in  l;5()fi.  Among 
the  events  in  his  reign  were  the  conquest  of  Cyprus  in 
I.ITO  71.  and  th,-  battle  of  Lepanto  in  1571. 

Selim  III.  Born  Dec.  24,  1761:  put  to  death 
May  8, 1S08.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  nephew  of  Ab- 
dul Hamid  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1789.  Uc 
Inherited  a  war  with  Au.^tria  and  Russia,  with  whom  he 
concluded  the  peace  of  Slstxiwa  (17'.»1)  and  that  of  Jjissy 
(1702)  respectively.  He  concluded  an  alliance  with  Russia 
and  England  against  France  on  the  Invasion  of  Egypt  by 
Napoleon.  In  1805  he  began  the  reorganization  of  the 
Turkish  army  on  the  European  model,  which  occasioned 
a  revolt  of  the  ianisaries  in  1807.  He  was  deposed  in 
favor  of  Mustapha  I\'.,  and  was  strangled  in  prison. 

Selinus  (se-li'nus).  [Gr.  '^t'/ivtiir.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  southwestern  Sicily,  situ- 
ated near  the  coast  4K  miles  soulhwest  of  Paler- 
mo, near  the  niodiTii  Castelvotrano.  It  was  built 
by  coloidsts  from  Me-ara  anil  Megani  Hybhea  about  02s 
H.  r..  and  soon  bce;irne  rich  and  powerful.  A  quarrel  be- 
tween it  and  Segesta  caused  (he  Athenian  expedition  to 
.Sicily  In  the  I'elopnnnesian  war.  It  w.-is  ctinquered  ami 
destroyed  by  the  ( ^artbagirdans  about  400  n.  c. ;  was  rebuilt 
as  a  BUltjecteity  to  Carthage  ;  but  was  Anally  destroyed  in 
Iheflrst  I'unic  war.  Besides  minor  renuiinsof  antiigtiity,  the 
«lt<;  ret 'dns  the  ruins  of  seven  im|>ortant  IKirie  temples,  sev. 
eral  of  them  among  the  most  iirehaie  examples  of  the  style 
kni'wn,  and  mi'topes  from  an  eighth  temple  have  reeenll,\ 
beeti  found.  'I  his  is  the  most  extensive  existing  group  o'f 
tJreek  li-mph's.  Finn-  of  them  were  on  tin'  Acropolis,  ami 
three  on  a  hill  ab,»ut  a  mile  (o  the  east.  The  seulplnreil 
metopes  founil  are  now  In  the  museum  at  Palermo:  they 
lire  of  miportariee  in  the  study  of  t*reek  seulpturu. 

Selish.     See  Sdlishan. 

Selish  Lake.     See  Fluthcml  Lake. 


Selzerbnmnen 

Seljuks  (se!-j6ks')  [Turk.]  The  name  of  sev- 
eral Turkish  dynasties,  descended  from  the 
(jhuy,z  diieftain  Seljuk.  which  reigned  in  cen- 
tral and  western  Asia  from  the  11th  to  the  13th 
century.  After  conquering  Persia,  Toghrul  Beg,  the 
grandson  of  .Seljuk,  who  belonged  to  the  orthodox  Mo- 
hammedan Sect  of  the  .Sunnitei!,  rescued  the  faineant 
Abb;issiil  calif  at  Bagd:id  from  hisShiite  lieutenant  (11I56X 
and  was  nominated  "commanderof  the  faithful."  He  was 
in  ima  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Alp  Arslan,  who  took 
Syria  and  Palestine  from  the  Fatimite  calif  of  Egypt,  and 
in  1071  defe:ited  and  captured  the  Byzantine  emperor  Ro- 
manus  Diogenes.who  purchased  his  release  bv  the  cession 
of  a  large  partof  Anatolia  or  Asia  Minor.  Alp  .\rslan  was 
followed  in  1072  by  his  son  MaHk  Shah,  on  whose  death  in 
1092  the  succession  was  disputed.  Civil  war  ensued,  which 
resultetl  in  the  partition  of  the  empire  among  four  liranches 
of  the  .Seljukian  family,  of  which  the  principal  dvnasty 
ruled  in  Persia,  and  three  younger  dynasties  at  Kerman, 
Damascus,  and  Iconium  respectively.  The  last  named, 
whose  sultanate  w.as  called  Roum  (i.  e.  'of  the  RomansJK 
outlasted  the  others  :  it  was  superseded  by  the  Ottomans 
at  the  end  of  the  13th  century. 

Selkirk  (sel'kerk).  1.  A  county  in  the  south 
of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  Peebles  on  the  west 
and  north,  Edinburgh  on  the  north.  Roxburgh  on  the  east 
and  southeast,  and  Dumfries  on  the  southwest.  Its  sur- 
face is  largely  hilly.  It  contains  the  valleys  of  the  Ettrick 
and  the  Yarrow,  and  is  ceK-tiiated  in  poetry  and  romance. 
Area,  257  stiuare  miles,  1'.  .pulation  (1891X  27,:t5.3. 
2.  The  capital  of  Selkirkshire,  Scotland,  30 
miles  south-southeast  of  Edinburgh.  It  has 
tweed  manufactures.   Population  (1891),  6,397. 

Selkirk,  or  Selcraig  (sel'kragi.  Alexander. 

Born  at  Largo,  Fifeshire,  1676:  died  on  the  ship 
Weymouth.  1723.  A  Scottish  sailor,  the  suj)- 
posed  original  of  Defoe's  "Robinson  Crusoe." 
He  was  engaged  in  bucaneering  exploits  in  the  south  seas, 
and  in  1703  Wiis  sailing-master  of  a  "Cinque  I'orts  "  galley. 
In  1704  he  was  at  his  own  request  put  ashore  on  the  island 
of  Juan  Fernandez,  and  remained  there  alone  four  years. 
His  "Life  and  Adventures"  were  published  by  Howell  in 
lb29,  and  he  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Cowper. 

Selkirks(serk;'rks).The.  Agroup  of  lofty  moun- 
tains in  the  Rocky  Mountain  system  of  Canada. 

Sellasia  (se-la'shi-U).  [Gr.  2f?./a<7ia.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  place  in  Laconia,  Greece,  a 
few  miles  northeast  of  Sparta.  Here,  in  221  b.  c, 
the  Lacedfemonians  under  (Jleomenes  III.  were  totally 
defeate<l  by  the  ^lacedoidans  and  their  allies  under  An- 
tigoims  Doson. 

Sellers  (sel'erz),  Colonel.  A  leading  character 
in  the  novel  "The  Gilded  Age."by  Mark  Twain 
and  ('.  D.  Warner.  It  was  dramatized,  and  the  char- 
acter created  by  J.  T.  Raymond.  Sellers  is  a  visionaiy 
Southern  speculator. 

Sellier  (se-lya' ).  Henri.  Bom  at  Chatel-Cen- 
.soir,  France,  March  26,  1.S49:  died  .June  26, 1899. 
A  noted  French  tenor  singer.  He  sauf  the  part  of 
Arnohl  in  "Ouillaume  Tell  "in  1878  with  such  effect  that 
he  succeeded  to  all  the  great  tenor  roles.  He  created 
Riidamirin  "Aida"  (1880),  Manoel  in  "  Le  trilmt  ,1c  Za- 
mora  "  (18sl),  Paolo  in  "  Francesca  da  Kimini  "  (18^21,  and 
Sigurd  in  "Sigurd"  (1885).  He  also  saug  in  "  Salamliil>6  " 
at  Brussels  (1800). 

Selma(sermii).  A  city,  capital  of  Dallas  County, 
Alabama,  situated  on  the  Alabama  Eiver  43 
miles  west  of  Montgomery,  it  is  a  railway  center 
and  the  head  of  steamer  navigation,  and  has  maimfaeturefl 
and  trade  in  cotton.  It  was  an  important  Confederate 
arsenal  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  taken  by  the  Federals 
under  Wilson  Feb.  2,  186.^     Population  ilOtmi.  s.713. 

Selous,  Frederick  Courteney.   Bom  in  Jersey 

in  1852.  .\  uoIimI  s)iiirtsiii:in.  He  went  to  Africa  In 
1.S71  as  explorer  and  pioneer,  and  on  various  hunting  trips 
1(^2-.^S,  In  1S8!»  he  eomlucted  a  goliI-im>8peeting  party 
through  eastern  Mashonaland,  where  he  made  treaties, 
opened  up  ro;tds,  etc.,  returning  t*»  England  in  185*2, 

Selsea,  or  Selsey  (sel'se).  Bill.  A  headland  at 
the  southwestern  extremitv  of  Sussex, England, 
15  miles  east-soutliejisl  of  Portsmouth. 

Seltera(zerters),Nieder.  A  village  in  theprov- 
iuci'  of  Hesse-Niissau,  Pnissia,  17  miles  north 
of  Wiesbaden  :  famous  for  its  spring  of  Sellers 
water,  discovered  in  the  16th  century  (errone- 
ously called  Selzer  water:  see  Scl^erhnnincn), 

Sel'Vretta.     See  Silmtld. 

Selwyn  (sei'win).  George.  Bom  Aug.  11. 1719: 

died  ;il  Loiiilon.  .Inii.  '_'.).  1791.  An  English  wit. 
In  17I.',  he  was  expelled  from  Hertford  Cidlege.  oxfonl. 
for  a  blasphemous  travesty  of  the  Kueharlst.  In  1747  he 
was  a  member  of  Parliament  and  sided  with  the  court 
p:iity.     He  was  an  iiitini:ite  frienil  of  Horace  Wullxtle. 

Sel'wyn,  George  Augustus.  Bom  April  5,  ison : 

died  ,\pril  II,  1878.  ,\n  English  missioniiry  and 
bishop.  He  was  educateil  at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  In 
IS'29  he  rowed  in  the  first  uidversity  boat-race.  In  l.Ml  he 
was  conseenite<l  bishop  of  New  Zealand  and  Mehinnia. 
In  1867  he  became  bishop  of  Lichfield. 
Selwyn  College.  -\  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, I'ouniTed  in  Issl'  to  meet  the  wants  of 
studeiitsol'  tlie  Church  of  England  who  cannot 
alTord  toulteiiil  llie  more  expensive  colleges. 
It  was  fouiiili'il  in  memory  of  George  Augustus 
Selwyn.  lii^liop  of  Tjichliidd. 

Selzerbrunnen  (seli'ser-briin-nen).  A  mineral 
spring  in  llesse.  near  Grosskarbeu,  north  of 


Selzerbrunnen 

Frankfort:  noted  for  Selzer  water  (sometimes 
confused  with  Selters  water :  see  Setters). 

Semaine  (se-man' ),  La.  [F. , '  The  Week,'  i.e. 
'  of  Creation.']  A  descriptive  poem  by  Du  Bar- 
tas,  published  in  157;i.     See  Bartas. 

Semao  (sa-mii'6),  or  Simao  (se-mii'6).  A  small 
isliuiil  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  southwest  of 
Timor.     It  belongs  to  the  Dutch. 

Semele  (sem'e-le).  [Gr.  2f/iM?/.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Har- 
monia,  and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Dionysus.  Wish- 
ing to  behold  Zeus  as  the  god  of  thumier,  slie  was  con- 
sumed by  lightning. 

Semele.  A  musical  drama,  after  the  manner  of 
an  oratorio,  by  Handel,  it  was  tlrst  played  in  1744 
at  Coveiit  Harden  Theatre,  London.  The  libretto  is  altered 
from  an  opera  by  Cougreve  written  in  1707  but  never  played. 

S£mendria  (se-men'dre-a),  Serv.  Smederevo 
^me-de-re '  v6) .  A  fortified  town  in  Servia.  it  is 
situated  at  the  junction  ol  the  Jesava  and  Danube,  25 
miles  southeast  of  Belgrad.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
1439,  1459,  1690,  and  1738,  and  by  the  Austrians  in  1717 
and  1789.  Population  (1890),  0,726. 
Seminara  (sa-me-na'rii).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Reggio  di  Calabria,  southern  Italy,  20 
miles  northeast  of  Reggio.  Here  the  French  under 
l>'Anbigny  defeated  h'erdinarui  II.  of  Naples  in  149.'> ;  and 
D'Aubigny  was  defeated  here  and  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Spaniards  under  .A.ndrada,  April  21, 1503.  Population  (ISSl), 
coninmne,  4,908. 
Seminole(sem'i-n61).  [Pl.,also5e)»Jno?es.  Their 
name  means  'separatist '  or  'renegade.']  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians  composed  of  the 
members  of  the  Creek  Confederacy  who  during 
the  18th  and  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century 
left  the  main  body  and  settled  in  Florida.  They 
were  engaged  in  two  wars  with  the  United  States  (1817-18 
and  1835-42).  That  of  1817-lS  was  occasioned  by  their  dep- 
redations on  tlie  frontier  settlements  of  Georgia  and  of 
Alabama  Territory.  General  E.  P.  Gaines  destroyed  an 
Indian  village  on  the  refusal  of  the  inhabitants  to  sur- 
render certain  .alleged  murderers,  and  the  Indians  retali- 
ated by  waylaying  a  boat  ascending  the  Appalachicola 
with  supplies  for  Fort  Scott,  and  killing  34  men  and  a  num- 
ber of  women.  General  Jackson  took  the  field  against  the 
Indians  in  .Tan.,  1818,  and  after  a  short  but  sharp  campaign 
destroyed  the  Seminole  villages  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
present  city  of  Tallahassee,  in  April.  He  court-martialed 
and  executed  two  British  subjects,  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrist- 
er,  who  were  among  the  captives,  and  whom  he  accused 
of  stirring  up  the  Indians,  and  on  May  24,  1818,  entered 
the  Spanish  town  of  Pensacola,  which  he  claimed  had  given 
refuge  to  the  savages.  The  war  of  1835-42  was  the  most 
bloody  and  stubborn  of  all  those  against  Indian  tribes.  It 
originated  in  the  refusal  of  a  part  of  the  tribe  to  cede  their 
Florida  lands  and  remove  to  the  Indian  Territory  accord- 
ing to  a  treaty  ratified  in  1834.  Osceola  was  the  Seminole 
leader,  and  the  war  was  conducted  with  varying  success 
under  Scott,  Call,  Jesup,  Taylor,  and  others,  till  the  sub- 
jugation of  the  Indians  iu  1842.  The  number  of  Seminoles 
finally  removed  in  1S43  was  officially  reported  as  3,824. 
Those  who  reached  the  Indian  Territory  constituted  one 
of  the  five  "civilized  nations"  there,  now  numbering  about 
3,000,  including  negroes  and  adopted  whites,  and  more  than 
200  remain  in  southern  Florida.  See  Muskhogean. 
Semipalatinsk(se-me-pii-la-tinsk').  1.  Aprov- 
ince  in  the  Kirghiz  Steppe,  Russian  Central 
Asia.  It  lies  to  the  south  of  Siberia,  and  borders  on  the 
Chinese  empire  on  the  east  and  Lake  Balkash  on  tlie  south. 
Besides  steppes,  it  contains  several  mountain-ranges,  in- 
cluding chains  of  the  Altai.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Irtish. 
Area,  184,631  square  miles.  Population  (1897),  688,639 
(cliiefly  Kirghiz). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Semipalatinsk, 
situated  on  the  Irtish  about  lat.  .50°  25'  N.,  long. 
80°  13'  E.  It  is  an  important  trading  center  for 
central  Asia.  Population  (1888),  19,310. 
Semiramide  (se-me-rii'mi-de).  [It.,  "Semira- 
mis."]  Thu  name  of  various  Italian  operas.  The 
most  important  are  "Semiramide," by  Eossini,  libretto  by 
Rossi  (produced  at  Venice,  1823);  and  "  Semiramide  Eico- 
nosciuta,"  by  Gluck,  libretto  by  Metastasio  (produced  at 
Venice,  1748). 

Semiramis  (se-mir'a-mis).  [Assyr.  Sammu- 
ramat,  loving  doves;  6r.  ^eftlpa/nig.']  In  the 
Greek  historiographers,  wife  of  Ninus  the 
founder  of  Nineveh,  she  was  the  daughter  o(  the 
Syrian  goddess  Derketo,  and  was  endowed  with  surpassing 
beauty  and  wisdom.  She  assumed  the  government  of  As- 
syria afterher  husband's  death  ;  built  the  city  of  Babylon 
with  it.s  hanging  gardens,  the  temple  of  Bel,  and  thebridge 
over  the  Euphrates ;  conquered  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  and  Libya ; 
and  organized  a  campaign  against  India  :  in  short,  every- 
thing marvelous  in  the  Orient  was  ascrilied  by  the  Greeks 
to  the  supernatural  queen.  These  statements  of  Greek 
writers  find  no  confirmation  in  the  cuneifonn  monuments. 
Some  of  the  exploits  of  Semiramis  are  identical  with  those 
recorded  of  the  goddess  Ishtar  in  the  so-called  Nimrod  epic. 
It  is  possible,  however,  that  there  was  some  liistorical  foun- 
,  dation  for  these  legends,  as  the  name  Samnmramat  occurs 
in  the  inscriptions  as  the  queen  of  Eamraan-Nirari  m. 
(811-782  B.  c).  She  is  the  only  Assyrian  queen  whose  name 
is  recorded  on  the  monuments. 

Semiramis.     See  Srmiramide. 

Semiramis  of  the  North,  The.  1.  Margaret, 
quecu  .)f  Norway,  Denmark,  and  Sweden. —  2. 
Catharine  II.  of  Russia. 

Semiryetchensk  (se-me-rye-chensk').  A  prov- 
ince in  the  governor-generalship  of  Turkestan, 
Russian  Cctitral  Asia,  situated  south  of  Lake 
Balkash,  and  bordering  on  the  Chinese  empire 


916 

on  the  east,  it  contains  steppes  and  various  mountain- 
ranges,  including  part  of  the  Tian-Shan.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Ili  and  others  belonging  to  the  basin  of  Lake  Bal- 
kash, Area,  152,280  siniare  miles.  Population  (1897), 
990,243  (largely  Kirghiz). 
Semites(sem'its).  Thedescendants,  or  supposed 
descendants,  of  Shem,  son  of  Noah :  a  name 
given  by  Eichhom  to  the  Hebrews  and  allied 
races  in  southwestern  Asia  and  eastern  Africa. 

The  true  Semite,  whether  we  meet  with  him  in  the  des- 
erts and  towns  of  Arabia,  in  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  Assyrian 
palaces,  or  in  the  lanes  of  some  European  ghetto,  is  dis- 
tinguished by  ethnological  features  as  definite  as  the  philo- 
logical features  which  distinguish  the  Semitic  languages. 
He  belongs  to  the  white  race,  using  the  term  "race"  in 
its  broadest  sense.  But  the  division  of  the  white  race 
of  which  he  is  a  member  has  characteristics  of  its 
own  so  marked  and  peculiar  as  to  constitute  a  special 
race  —  or,  more  strictly  speaking,  a  sub-race.  The  hair 
is  glossy-black,  curly  and  strong,  and  is  largely  developed 
on  the  face  and  head.  The  skull  is  dolichocephalic.  It  is 
curious,  however,  that  in  Central  Europe  an  examination 
of  tlie  Jews  has  shown  tliat  while  about  l.'i  per  cent,  are 
blonds,  orUy  25  per  cent,  are  brunettes,  the  rest  being  of 
intermediate  type,  and  thatbrachycephalism  occurs  almost 
exclusively  among  the  brunettes.  It  is  difficult  to  account 
for  this  except  on  the  theory  of  extensive  mixture  of  blood. 
Whenever  the  race  is  pure,  the  nose  is  prominent  and 
somewhat  aquiline,  the  lips  are  thick,  and  the  face  oval. 
The  skin  is  of  a  dull  white,  which  tans  but  does  not  redden 
under  exposure  to  the  sun.  There  is  usually,  however,  a 
good  deal  of  colour  in  the  lips  and  cheeks.  The  eyes  are 
dark  like  the  hair.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  77. 

Semler  (zem'ler),  Johann  Salomo.  Born  at 
Saalfeld,  Thuringia,  Dec.  IS,  1725:  died  March 
14,1791.  AGermanProtestant theologian,  critic, 
and  church  historian,  professor  at  Halle  :  some- 
times styled  the  "father  of  German  rational- 
ism." Among  his  works  are  "  Abhandlung  von  der  Un- 
tersuchung  des  Kanons"  ("Treatise  on  the  Investigation 
of  the  Canon,"  1771-75),  "Selecta  capita  historise  ecclesias- 
tica; "  (1767-69),  etc. 

Semliki  (sem-le'ke).  A  river  in  central  Africa 
which  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake  Albert  Edward 
Nyanza  into  Lake  Albert  Nyanza. 

Semlin  (sem-len').  Hung.  Zimony  (zim'ony), 
Servian  Zemun  (ze-mon').  A  city  in  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Danube,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Save,  nearly  op- 
posite Belgrad.  It  has  important  transit  trade 
with  the  Balkan  peninsula.  Population  (1890), 
12,823. 

Semmering,  or  Semering  (zem'er-ing),  or  Som- 
mering  (zem'mer-ing).  A  pass  iu  the  Alps,  on 
the  border  of  Styria  and  Lower  Austria,  often 
regarded  as  marking  the  eastern  limit  of  the 
Alps.  It  has  been  traversed  since  1854  by  the  Semmer- 
ing Eailway,  connecting  Gloggnitz  with  51  iu-zzuschlag,  and 
more  remotely  Vienna  with  Laibach,  Triest,  Italy,  etc. 
Height  at  the  tunnel,  2,940  feet. 

Semmering  Alps.  A  branch  of  the  Alps,  on  the 
borders  of  Styria  and  Lower  Austria.  Greatest 
elevation,  about  4^00  feet. 

Semmes  (semz),  Eaphael.  Bom  in  Charles 
Oounty,Md.,  Sept.  27, 1809:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
Aug.  30, 1877.  A  noted  Confederate  naval  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  and  was  com- 
mander of  the  privateer  Sumter  in  1861,  and  of  the  cele- 
brated privateer  Alabama  1862-64.  (See  Alabama  and 
Kearsarge.)  He  published  "  Service  Afioatand  Ashore  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  War  "  (1851),  "  Campaign  of  General  Scott 
in  the  Valley  of  Mexico  "  (isri2),  "Cruise  of  the  Alabama  " 
(1864),  and  "Service  Afloat  during  the  War  between  the 
States  "  (1869). 

Semneh  (sem'ne).  An  ancient  fortress  in  Egypt, 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Nile,  south  of  the  sec- 
ond cataract :  built  to  cheek  the  Cushites. 

Semnones  (sem-n6'nez  or  sem'no-nez).  [L. 
(Tacitus)  Semnones,  Gr.  (Strabo)  le/ivaveg.'j  A 
German  tribe,  a  ^^rincipal  branch  of  the  Suevi, 
first  mentioned  by  Stralio,  who  describes  them 
as  Sub.iecttoMariilxiduus.  They  were  situated  about 
the  middle  Elbe  east"  ard  to  the  Oder.  They  are  named 
for  the  last  time  at  the  end  of  the  2d  century,  in  the  so- 
called  ilarcomannic  war. 

Sempach  (zem'paeh).  A  small  town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Sempach  8  miles  northwest  of  Lucerne. 
A  victory  gained  here  by  the  Swiss  Confederates  over  the 
Austrians  under  Duke  Leopold,  July  9,  1386,  secured  the 
independence  of  the  Swiss.     Compare  Winkelried. 

Sempach,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  Switzerland.  Smiles  northwest  of  Lu- 
cerne. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Suhr  to  the  Aare. 
Length,  5  miles. 

Sempronia  (sem-pro'ni-a).  A  eharaeter'in  Ben 
Jonson's  ' '  Catiline."  "  she  dabbles  in  politics,  reads 
Greek,  and  thinksherself  the  match  of  Ciceroin  eloquence, 
of  Caisar  in  statecraft."    Symonds. 

Sempronia  gens  (sem-pr6'ni-a  jenz).  A  Roman 
house  or  clan  containing  several  noted  families 
in  the  time  of  the  republic,  the  most  famous  of 
which  was  the  family  of  the  Gracchi. 

Sempronius(sem-pr6'ni-us).  1.  A  character  in 
Shakspere's  "  Timon  of  Athens."  —  2.  -A.  char- 
acter in  Addison's  tragedy  "  Cato." 


Seneca 

Sempronius  (Tiberius  Sempronius  Longus). 

Died  about  210  B.  c.  A  Roman  consul  in  218 
B.  c.  He  was  a  colleague  of  Publius  Seipio, 
with  whom  he  was  defeated  by  Hannibal  on 
the  Trebia. 

Semur  (se-miir').    A  town  in  the  department  of 
Cote-d'Or,  France,  situated  on  the  Arman5on 
36  miles  west-northwest  of  Dijon.    Notre  Dame  is         IJ 
an  unusually  beautiful  church  of  the  13th  centui-y,  with         || 
triple  porch,  fine  sculptureil  portals,  and  interior  of  ex-         n 
cellent  proportions  and  details.     There  is  fine  glass,  and 
the  chapels  contain  noteworthy  scriptural  reliefs.    Popu- 
lation (1891),  3,797. 

Senaar.     See  Sennar. 

Senancour  (se-non-kor'),  Etienne  Pivert  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  1770:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  France, 
1846.  A  French  ethical  writer,  moral  essayist, 
and  disciple  of  Rousseau.  Among  his  works  are 
"Mveries  sur  la  nature  primitive  de  rhonime"  (1799), 
"Obermann"  (1804:  which  see),  "Del'amour  selon  leslois 
primordiales,  etc."  (1805),  "Observations  sur  le  ginie  du 
Christianisme "  (1816),  a  number  of  rfenm^s  of  history, 
tradition,  etc.  (1821-27),  "Isabella,"  a  romance  (1833),  etc. 

Senate.  [L.  senatus,  from  scnex,  old.]  1.  In 
ancient  Rome,  a  body  of  citizens  appointed  or 
elected  from  among  the  patricians,  and  later 
from  among  rich  plebeians  also,  or  taking  seats 
by  virtue  of  holding  or  of  having  held  certain 
high  offices  of  state.  Originally  the  senate  had  supreme 
authority  in  religious  matters,  much  legislative  and  judi- 
cial power,  the  management  of  foreign  affairs,  etc.  At 
the  close  of  the  republic,  however,  and  under  the  empue, 
the  authority  of  the  senate  was  little  more  than  nominal. 
The  original  senate  of  the  patricians  numbered  100 ;  after 
the  adjunction  of  the  Sabines  and  Luceres,  the  number 
became  300,  and  so  remained  with  little  change  until  the 
supremacy  of  Sulla.  Julius  Cffisar  made  the  number  900, 
and  after  his  death  it  became  over  1,000,  but  was  reduced 
to  .600  by  .-Vugustus,  and  varied  under  subsequent  em- 
perors. 

2.  The  upper  or  less  numerous- branch  of  the 
legislature  in  vai'ious  countries,  as  in  France, 
Italy,  the  United  States,  most  South  American 
countries,  and  in  the  separate  States  of  the 
American  Union.  The  Senate  of  theUnited  States  con- 
sists of  2  senators  from  each  State,  and  numbers  (1901)  90 
members.  A  senator  must  be  at  least  30  years  of  age,  9 
years  a  citizen  of  the  country,  and  a  resident  of  the  State 
from  which  he  Is  chosen  Senators  are  elected  by  the  State 
legislatures,  and  sit  for  6  years,  but  the  terms  of  office  are 
so  arranged  that  one  third  of  the  members  retire  every  2 
years.  In  addition  to  its  legislative  functions,  the  Senate 
has  power  to  confirm  or  reject  nominations  and  treaties 
made  by  the  President,  and  also  tries  impeachments.  The 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  is  the  president  of  the 
Senate :  in  his  absence  a  senator  is  chosen  president  pro 
tempore.  The  name  Senate  has  been  adopted  by  the  upper 
houses  of  the  Canadian  Parliament  and  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Australia. 

Senchus  Mor  (sen'ehos  mor).  The.  [Ir.,  'The 
Great  Law.']  A  revision  of  the  Brehon  laws  of 
Ireland,  said  to  have  been  made  by  the  chief 
lawyers  of  the  country,  with  the  assistance  of 
St.  Patrick,  in  the  5th  century. 

Sendabad.     See  Sandabar. 

Sendai  (sen-di').  A  town  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  66,310. 

Seneca  (sen'e-ka).  [PI.,  also  Senecas."}  A  tribe 
of  North  Anieriean  Indians.  The  name  is  foreign 
to  their  language  and  is  probably  a  corruption  of  a  word 
meaning  'red  paint.'  They  called  themselves  by  a  name 
meaning  'people  of  the  mountain.'  The  French  called 
them  Tsonnontouan.  They  shared  with  the  Mohawks  the 
glory  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  and  were  conspicuous 
in  the  wars  west  of  Lake  Erie.  When  first  known  they  oc- 
cupied the  land  in  western  New  York  between  Seneca 
Lake  and  the  Genesee  River.  On  the  defeat  of  the  Erie  and 
the  Neuter  tribes,  they  took  possession  of  the  territory  west 
to  Lake  Erie  and  south  along  the  Allegheny  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  received  by  adoption  many  of  the  conquered  peo- 
ples, by  which  they  became  the  largest  tribe  of  the  con- 
federacy. They  sided  with  the  British  in  the  Eevolution, 
but  did  not  generally  abandon  their  homes.  They  num- 
ber about  3,000.     See  IrnquoU. 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus.  Born  at  Corduba 
about  4  b.  c.  :  died  at  his  villa  near  Rome, 
65  A.  D.  A  celebrated  Roman  Stoic  philoso- 
pher. He  was  the  son  of  M.  Annteus  Seneca  and  Helvia, 
and  when  a  child  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Rome, 
where  he  studied  rhetoric  and  philosophy  and  rose  to 
prominence  as  a  pleader  of  causes.  He  was  a  senator  un- 
der Caligula.  In  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Caligula's 
successor,  Claudius  (41).  he  was  banished  to  Corsica  at  the 
instigation  of  the  empress  Slessalina,  who  accused  him  of 
improper  intimacy  with  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Germani- 
cus.  He  was  recalled  in  49  through  theinfluence  of  Agrip- 
pina,  the  new  wife  of  Claudius,  who  intrusted  hira  with 
the  education  of  her  son  Nero.  On  the  accession  of  his 
pupil  in.'i4  he  obtained  virtual  control  of  the  government, 
which  he  exercised  in  concert  with  the  pretoiian  prefect 
Burrus.  The  restraint  which  his  counsel  imposed  on  the 
emperor  made  his  tenure  of  power  precarious,  and  on  the 
assassination  of  Burrus  in  62  he  petitioned  for  permission 
to  retire  from  the  court.  The  permission  was  withheld  : 
nevertheless  he  withdrew  from  the  management  of  affairs.  y 

He  was  ultimately  charged  with  complicity  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Piso,  and  took  his  own  life  in  obedience  to  the 
order  of  Nero.  His  writings  consist  of  the  prose  works 
"De  ira,""De  consolatione  ad  Helviam  matrem  liber," 
"  De  consolatione  ad  Polybium  liber,"  "  Liber  de  consola- 
tione ad  Marciam,""De  providentia  liber,"  "De  animi 


Seneca 

tranqunitate,"  "De  constantia  supientis,"  "  De  dementia 
ad  Nerotiem  Caeaarem  libri  duo,  "  '^De  brevitate  viUe  ad 
Pauliiiuni  liber,"  "De  vita  beata  ad  Gallionem,"  "  De  olio 
aut  seccssusapientis,"  "De  benetlciis  librl  sepU-m,"  "Epis- 
tolte  ad  Lucilium,"  "Apo(ob>cytito^is,"  and  "(^ujestionum 
naturalium  libri  sfptem";  and  the  tragedies  "  llercuk-s," 
"Troades,"  "  Mueniss;e"  or  "Thebais,"  *' Medea,"  "rhtc- 
dra"  or  "  llippolytus,"  "(Kdipus,"  "Aganiciunon,"  "Thy- 
tstes,"  "Hercules  (Etaus,"  and,  according  to  some,  "Oc- 
tavia." 

Seneca  Falls.  A  village  and  township  in  Sene- 
ca County.  New  York,  situated  on  Seneca  River 
45  miles  east-southeast  of  Kotdiester.  It  has  va- 
rious manufactures,   i'op.  ( 1900 j,  village,  G,5HI. 

Seneca  Lake.  A  lake  in  western  central  New 
York,  wpst  of  Cayuga  Lake.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Seneca  Kiver.  Length,  about  36  miles.  Great- 
est breadth,  4  miles. 

Senefelder  fza'ne-fel-der).  Aloys.  Born  at 
Prague,  Nov.  6,  1771:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  26. 
1834.  A  German  inventor,  discoverer  of  the  pro- 
cess of  lithography  (1798). 

SenefFe  (s^-nef).  A  village  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  22  miles  south  by  west  of 
Brussels.  Here,  Aug.  11.  1674,  an  indecisive  battle  was 
fought  by  the  French  under  Conde  and  the  Dutch  under 
William  of  Orange ;  and  here,  July  2,  1794,  the  French 
under  Morceau  defeated  the  Au&trians. 

Senegal  (sen-e-gal').  A  rivorin  western  Africa, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Hating  and  Bakhoy. 
It  Hows  generally  northwest  and  west,  and  empties  into 
th'-  Atlantic  about  hit.  Iti"  N.  Length,  about  l.iiiKt  miles  ; 
}\:i\  iu'able  to  Mafu,  and  in  the  rainy  season  to  M<;dine. 

S§n6gal(sa-na-gar).  A  colony  in  western  .\friea, 
belonging  to  France.  Capital,  St.  Louis,  it  lies 
mainly  south  o!  the  river  SenegiU,  and  extends  eastward  tu 
the  upper  Niger  valley.  Various  native  states  in  tlie  vicinity 
areunderal'renchijrotecturate.  The  inhabitant sare  mostly 
negroes.  It  became  a  French  colony  in  the  I7tb  century  : 
wag  twice  held  temporarily  by  the  llritisli ;  and  was  greatly 
developed  under  Faidherbe  in  1854  and  succeeding  years. 

Senegambia(sen-e-gara'bi-a).  [From  Sene(gaf] 
and  Gambia.]  A  region  in  western  Africa,  ex- 
tending along  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  the 
Sahara  (from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the 
Senegal)  to  Sien-a  Leone,  and  eastward  to  the 
upper  Niger  valley.  The  surface  in  the  interior  is 
taule-land.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Senegal  and 
Qanibia.  It  is  divided  between  the  French  (colony  of 
Senegal),  English  (Gambia,  etc.),  and  I'ortuguesc  (Bissagos 
Archipelago,  etc.).     See  also  Sudan,  French. 

Senior  (se'nyor),  Nassau  William.  Bom  at 
Compton,  Berkshire,  England,  Sept.  26,  1790 : 
died  at  Kensington,  June  4,  1864.  An  English 
political  economist  and  critic.  At  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  he  was  a  private  pnpil  of  Richard  Whately 
(afterward  archbishop  of  Dublin).  Ue  graduated  in  1811 ; 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1819  ;  and  became  master  in  chan- 
cery in  1836.  From  1825  to  IKiO  he  was  professor  of  iwlit- 
Ical  economy  at  Oxford.  He  filled  the  chair  again  18^17-52. 
In  1861  he  was  a  commissioner  of  popular  education.  He 
publisht-d  "An  outline  of  the  Science  of  Political  Econ- 
omy "  (18;iC),  a  lecture  on  the  "  Production  of  Wealth" 
(1847),"  Suggestions  on  Popular  Education  "(1861),"  Amer- 
ican Slavery"  (1862),  "Essay.s  .mi  Fii-tion"  (18<14),  "  His- 
torical and  Philosophical  Essays  "(isor.),  and  many  lectures 
and  essays  on  economic  aubjocts,  ;iini  journals  of  travels, 

Senkereh  (sen'ke-re).  A  place  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Chaldean  city  Larsa.  See  EHasar. 
Tablets  containing  lists  of  si^uares  and  cubes  of  numbers 
have  been  found  in  the  ruins. 

Senlac  (sen'Iak).  A  hill  in  Sussex,  England, 
near  Hastings,  it  is  notable  as  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Senlac  (or  battle  of  Hastings),  Oct.  14,  1060,  in  which 
William  the  Norman  (William  I.  of  England,  William  the 
Coneiueror)  defeated  the  English  under  Harold,  who  was 
slain  in  the  battle.  This  was  the  one  battle  fought  in  the 
Norman  conquest  of  England. 

Senlis  (son-les'  or  son-le')«  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oiso,  France,  situated  on  the  No- 
nette  25  miles  north-northeast  of  Paris,  it  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  The  cathednil  is  an  in- 
tcrcBting  church  of  the  12th  century  and  later.  The  west- 
ern lagade  poMsesw-B  a  very  line  sculptured  jKirtal  and  a 
L'Uh-century  spire  which,  though  not  very  lofty  (211  feet). 
Is  a  model  of  grace,  and  forma  an  architectiiml  typeforlts 
date.  Sixteen  towers  of  the  <Jallo-Koinan  f.irtillcatioiiB 
are  fttill  to  be  seen.  The  town  it*  often  mentioned  in 
iindieval  liLstory.     Population  (1891),  commune,  7,110. 

Sennaar.    See  Sennar. 

Sennacherib  (se-nak'e-rib).  [Arsvt.  Sin-ojie- 
rrhti,  Siu(the  monn-goll)increa8e  the  brothers.] 
King  of  Assyria  7()'»-6H  I  u.  C,  son  and  successor 
of  Sargon.  one  of  the  great  Assyrian  monurclis, 
and  well  known  in  biblical  history.  He  was  rtrst 
eiiKaged.  like  bin  father.  In  many  bloody  warn  aitaiiiHt  the 
Babylonian  and  Etamite  alliance  headi-d  by  \lerodach- 
baliidan,  the  hereditary  (oe  of  Assyrju.  These  emled  with 
the  capture  and  destrucllon  of  Habyloit  In  (t8!»,  and  tln^  tie 
feat  of  Elam  in  the  niemomble  battle  of  llalnle  In  (lltl 
B.  r.  (See  Elam,)  Of  his  further  expeditloiit*,  which  ar- 
cording  to  ilrerk  and  cntitifonu  accuunlH  rear-hed  as  far  as 
Ciltciain  Aula  .Minor,  where  be  Ih  Muppowed  to  have  founded 
ihecityof  TarHUM,  may  benu-ntloiied  that  agaiuHt  Phenicia 
and  Piile^^tine  kiiovvn  fnnu  the  old  Teslamenl.  (('mcern- 
ing  the  relation  of  the  biblical  account  to  that  of  the  cunei- 
form inseriptiona,  see  Ifczckiah  and  JeniJialejiK)  The 
expedition  was  provoked  by  the  coaliti<m  of  Phenicia, 
,  Palestine,  and  the  prlncipalKles  of  Syria  with  Egjp(> 
Mesopotamia's  rival  fr)r  the  supremacy  over  Asia,  and  its 
object  was  to  isolate  Egypt.     The  bulk  of  the  AsHyrlan 


917 

army  met  the  forces  of  the  coalition  at  Eltekeh  (Assyrian 
Altakii).  The  battle  seems  to  have  been  indecisive.  Tlie 
siege  of  Jerusalem  had  to  be  given  up  on  account  of  a  pes- 
tilence which  bn)ke  out  in  the  Assyrian  army.  Like  Sargon, 
Serniacheriti  indulged  in  building,  and  endeavored  to  pro- 
mote the  welfare  of  the  country  by  introducing  improve- 
ments. Hi8  reig 
tory  of  the  city 
neglecleii,  was  agaii 
tal,  and  restored  to  unprecedented  splendor  and  glory. 


Septennial  Act 

supposed  to  represent  Sanlis  and  Lydia:  others  with  8e- 
parda  in  the  southwest  of  Media,  mentioned  in  Sargon's 
hiscriptions  ;  still  others  with  Sepurd,  a  mountain  south* 
west  of  Erzerum.  The  Syriac  translation  of  the  Peshita  am? 
•lewish  interpreters  render  it  by  Spain,  and  in  medieval  and 
'lerii  -lewishwritingB  the  name  always  designates  Spain. 

~  -Por- 

Ashkena- 
zim.  or  Gennan-Polisli  .lews.     See  Ashkeuazim, 


e  oi  me  country  ov  miroaucnig  improve-  ino'itrn  ■lewisnwntmgBtnenamealwaysdeeignatesS 
^':^n^:'.'Sh:X;r^«U,n!i'beJ^  Sephardiin(se-far'dim).  [HeK]  SpanisJ^ 
gainniised  by  him  tothedignity  of  acapi-     tutnicse  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  Ashk 


While  pniyirig  in  a  temple  he  was  murdered  by  two  of  his  Sephardo(se-lar'do).Salomo.  In  Georfje  Eliot's 
sons,  wOio  lied  to  Armenia  (Irartu).  ,      ,  **  Spanish  Gipsv,"  a  Jewisii  astrologer  who  per- 

Sennar,  or  Sennaar,  ot-  Senaar  (se-nar  ).    1.  A    ceives  clearlv  the  scientific  limits  to  astrologi- 
retrion   in  eastern  Africa,    it  extends  between  the     eal  prediction. 

White  Nile  and  the  Kal»ad  (a  tributar>- of  the  Blue  Nile)  «v«_r--  /spf.jir-vn'ini'^  In  thp  \^«vriaTi 
southward  from  Khartum  to  about  lat.  11*  X.  The  sur-  oepnarvaun  ^^^eI  ar  ^  a  im;.  in  Tue  .^.>h>  nan 
face.generallylevel.ismounlainousin  the  southeast.  Be-     lUSC-nptions,  Sippara,  a  city  in  Mesopotamm,  on 


fore  the  Mahdist  revolt  of  1881  {t  was  a  province  of  the 
Eg)'ptian Sudan.  The  inhabitant«are  Arabs,  Funji(Xegro), 
etc 

2.  Tlie  chief  town  of  the  district  of  Sennaar, 
situated  on  the  Blue  Nile. 
Sennheim  (zon'him),  F.  Cemay  (ser-na').    A 


the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates.  It  was  divided  by 
the  "Royal  Canal  "or  the  "Canal  of  Agade."  one  part  be- 
ing originally  called  sippar,  the  other  Agade:  but  the 
name  of  Agade,  it  seems,  was  lost  in  the  lapse  of  time,  aq«d 
both  cities  became  one.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions 
the  two  p«:irtions  of  the  city  are  distinguished  a>  "Sippar 
of  Shamash"  and  "Sipparof  Annuit,"  beinir  centers  of  the 


town   in   Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,    sit-    cult  of  these  divinities.    The  temple  of  .Shamash,  the  sun 

uatt'd  on  the  Thur  9  miles  northwest  of  Miil-    "" '  ~  "^^  "  .--»-t._^_  ,  -_. .   .»        _i-.- 

liausen.      Xear  it  is  the  Ochscnfeld,  where  Cresar  Is  said 

to  have  defeated  Ariovistns  68  B.  c.     Population  (1890), 

4,;;75. 
S6nonais  Csa-no-na').     A  former  division  of  the 

ancient  Champagne,  in  France.  Capital,  Sens. 
Senones  (sen'o-nez").     1.  In  ancient  history,  a 


god.  called  E-babbara,  wasalsoconsecratetl  to  the  worship 
of  Moloch,  who  was  the  sun-god  in  his  destructive  aspect. 
This  agrees  with  2  Ki.  xvii.  31,  accordirigto  uhich  the  colo- 
nists from  Sepharvaim  settled  in  Samaria  'Muinied  their 
sons  with  fire  t-o  Adrammeleeh  and  Ananmielech.  *  Seph- 
arvaim is  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of  Abuhabba. 
where,  in  1n81,  Uomiuzd  Rassara  discovered  the  temple 
of  the  .-iun-gOil. 


pcopk'  of  the  Cisalpine  Gauls,  dwelling  betwVen  Sephestia(se-fes'ti|i).  InGreene'snovel  "  Mena- 
the  Adriatic  and  the  Apennines,  about  lat.  43°    P&ou,"  the  banisliod  daiiphtor  of  King  Damo- 


30'-44°  N.  They  were  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  283  B.  c.  and  expelled  from  their 
lands. —  2.  In  ancient  history,  a  tribe  in  central 
Gaul,  situated  northwest  of  the  .S^dui,  and  hav- 
ing Agedincum  (Sens)  as  their  capital.  They 
revolted  against  Cffisar  54-52  B.  c.  ,g  „^„  ^„„^„ 

Senones  (se-non').     A  town  in  the  department  Sephiroth   (sef'i-roth) 


cles.  beloved  by  the  shepherd  Menaj)hon.  While 
disgiii5v<l  as  the  shepherdess  Sameln,  she  is  also  the  object 
of  the  passion  of  her  fatlier,  her  husbarid  Maxiinus,  and  her 
son  Plciisidippus.    Her  sung  to  her  child  — 


of  Vosgos,  eastern  France,  41  miles  southeast 
of  Nancy.   Population  (1891),  commune,  4.027. 

Senova  (sS-no'va).  A  place  south  of  the  Bal- 
kans, in  the  Valley  of  Hoses,  Kastern  Rumelia, 
where  the  Russians  under  Skobelcff  defeated 
the  Turks,  Jan.  9,  1878.  . 

Sens  (sons).    A  city  in  the  department  of  Yonne,  Sepp  (sep),  Johann  Nepomuk.     Born  at  Tolz, 


"Weep  not,  my  wanton,  smile  upon  my  knee  : 
When  tliou  art  old,  there  's  grief  enough  for  thee  "— 

[Heb.,  from  .saphar, 
wiiie,  fount.]  In  the  Kabbala,  the  ten  attri- 
butes or  intelligences  forming  the  Adam  Kaii- 
raou  (first  man)  and  emanating  from  the  Eu- 
Siijili  or  Infinite:  compared  to  rays  of  light,  and 
iilentitiid  with  Scripture  names  of  God. 
Sepoy  Mutiny.     See  Indian  Miitini/. 


France,  situated  on  the  Yonne  01  miles  south- 
east of  Paris:  the  ancient  Agedincum.  The 
Cathedral  of  .St.  fitieune  is  a  beautiful  early-Pointed 
structure,  rebuilt  in  the  12th  century,  and  tiken  as  a 
model  by  the  ari-hitect  of  Canterlmry  cathedral.  There 
are  remains  of  Rom.in  walls.  The  town  was  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  Senones,  and  became  an  important  Roman  city. 
Its  archbishop  was  '*  primate  of  Gaul  and  Germany."  It 
was  the  meeting-place  of  the  church  council  which  con- 
demned Ab«*lar<I.  It  favored  the  League  and  resisted 
llelirv  IV.  until  1594.  It  was  besieged  in  1814,  and  was 
held  by  the  Germans  in  1870-71.    Population  (1891),  14,00(i. 

Sense   and   Sensibility.    A  novel  by  Jane 

Austen,  written  during  1797-98  and  published 
in  1811. 
Sent  (sent),  or  Senta  (sen'ta).    An  Egyptian 
king.     See  the  extract. 
It  is  even  possible  to  go  back  for  another  600  years. 


Bavaria^  Aug.  7. 181ti.  A  (icnnan  Homan  ('ath. 
olic  theologum  and  l]i>lorian.  professor  of  his- 
tory at  Munich  1846-47  and  ]8.'j0-(i7.  His  works 
Include  '  I-eben  Jesu'C'Lifc  of  Jesus.  I84'J-4i;i.  "Da^ 
lleiilentuin  and  dessen  Bedeutung  fur  dus  Christentuni " 
(IK5;i),  etc. 

Sepphoris  (sef'o-ris).  [In  the  Talmud,  Zippori.} 
The  modern  village  Sefuriyeh,  situated  H  miles 
distant  from  Nazareth.  Herod  Aniipa  made  it  the 
capital  of  Galilee.  Its  Roman  name  was  l>i.»c«sarea- 
Under  Rabbi  Jehuda  the  Prince  (ha  Nasi)  it  becimie  the 
seat  of  the  .Sanhedrim  ;  later  it  was  the  re.'iitlence  of  a 
bishop  of  Palestitia  SecundiL  In  339  (under  Oonstan- 
tine)  it  w.ns  destroyed  in  cwisequenee  of  a  revolt  of  the 
Jews.  During  the't'rusjules,  the  tradition  that  Sepphoris 
was  the  home  of  Joachim  and  Anna,  the  parents  of  the 
Virgin  >IiU-y,  was  generally  accepted,  and  the  Crusiidere 
erected  aehureh  on  the  traditional  site  of  their  dwelling. 
The  modern  Sefuriyeh  numbers  about  tiOO  inhabitantA. 


when  we  come  at  List  to  the  very  earliest  extant  inscrip-  September  (sep-tem'lier).  [L.  .'^iptemhir,  sc. 
tion  in  the  world.  This  venerable  record  is  a  tablet  now-  ,„^„.v,.,,  the  •  seventh  month  '  of  the  Koiunn  vear, 
in  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford,  which  was  erected  „.i,-.i,  i,,,„,,„  ...|,i,  AI,,r,.li  1  The  ninth  ninnth 
by  .Sent,  a  king  of  the  second  dynasty,  to  the  memory  of  ". ""f  "  "''Pin  »  '' ".  -Mar.  Ii. J  I lu  mutll  monta 
Shera,  who  appears  to  have  been  his  grandson.  According  ol  llie  year,  conlaiumg  thirty  oays. 
to  the  chronological  scheme  of  M.  Mariette,  King  Sent  September,  MaSSacreS  of.  A  series  of  murders 


musthavelivedahonttheycar4T00B.C,  But.nswill  pres- 
ently be  show  n,  this  very  inscription,  the  oldest  written 
record  in  existence,  atfords  conclusive  profif  that  even  at 
that  distant  date  of  some  IK)  or  "u  centuries,  the  hiero- 
glyphic writing  was  already  an  extremely  ancient  graphic 
system,  with  long  ages  of  previous  development  stretch- 
ing nut  behind  It  into  a  distant  past  of  almost  Inconceiva- 
ble reinot'.ne.'is,  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  M. 

Sentimental  Journey  through  France  and 

Italy,  A.  A  work  by  Laurence  .Sterne,  twu 
voluim's  of  whifli  were  published  shortly  before 
his  death  in  1708.  Ue  intended  to  make  It  a  ?nuch 
larger  work,  Sevend  continuations  have  been  written  by 
others. 

Sentinum  (sen-li'num).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  cily  iti  Italy,  near  tlie  Apennines,  37  miles 
west -south  west  of  Ancona:  the  modern  Seii- 
tino.  It  is  noted  for  the  decisive  vict(>ry  gained  there 
295  II.  r.  by  the  R^tnnins  under  Kablus  and  I>eclua  Mu8 
over  the  allied  .Samnites  and  (Jauls. 

Sentis,  or  Santis  (sen'lis).  A  mountain  in 
Switzerlaiiil,  •>  niile.s  south  of  .\ppenzell.  It  is 
about  8, 215  feet  high,  and  is  most  easily  as- 
cendi'd  from  the  Weissbad. 

Seoni,  orSeonee  (.se-o'ne).    1.  Adistrict  in  the 


iperi)etrat(il  iiy  tiie  extreme  revolutionists  at 
^aris,  Sept.  2-4).  1792.  the  victims  being  royal- 
ists and  constituliomilists  cotitiued  in  prison. 
The  massacres  were  undertake!)  by  the  Oi>n)minie  of  Paris, 
and  were  occasioned  by  the  constematioAfelt  over  the 
approach  of  the  t'nissians,  whose  avowed  object  was  to 
restore  the  king. 

Danton  believed  that  iH'forc  going  forth  to  conquer 
foreig)!  encjulcs  it  was  necessary  to  exterminate  those  at 
Itoine,  at  least  t.»  "  strike  terror  to  the  royalists?  "  lU-  or- 
dcreil.  or  allowed  the  eomnjlttec  of  survelltanc-  t.»  order, 
the  frightful  ruassaeresof  .September  2-<i.  A  lianil  .if  four 
or  live  hundred  assiis-sins,  ijirc.l  by  the  t^ominnne,  I.Hik 
possessiot)  of  the  prisons.  Some  of  then)  const  it  nli-.!  tl)en»- 
selveBatrib)inal,other8serve.l  asexeciitloner^.  The  pris- 
oners were  called,  and  alter  a  few  t|ues(l-ir)s  they  were  set 
at  liberty  or  h-il  into  the  courtya>-d  of  the  pris*»)i  a))il  de. 
s])alehe(l  with  s))l)res,  pikes,  axes,  anddulis.  After  having 
killed  the  iK>litical  pilsoners.  they  ]i)unlere.l  priitoiicrs  of 
))ll  classes.  Tl)e  number  of  killetl  iunounled  t<i  nine  h))n. 
dred  ioni  sixty-six.     puiint,  Hist,  of  Knuice,  p,  .'>&:!(tr:)ns.). 

September  Convention.    A  treaty  concluded 

.Si'pt.  15,  l.H|'>4,l)<t\vec'n  Franco  and  Italy,  in  ac- 
conlaui'e  witli  wliieh  France  was  to  witlulraw 
tr()0])s  from  Konii'  in  two  years.and  Italy  was  to 
guarantee  thi'  reti'ntioii  of  Kiuni"  by  Ihi'  \'n\tt: 


Central  Piovinc'S.  British  India,  intersect.'d  by  September  Laws.  In  French  histilrv,  Inwsre- 
lat.  22^  N'..  long.  7!F45'  K,  Ai.ni.  3,198  siiuiiie  stri.'ting  tl)e  fne.loni  of  the  press,  promulgated 
miles.     Pop.  (Is91),  370,767.-2.  The  capital     j     ^     ,      |^;.-, 


t  the  .lislrict  of  Seoni.     Poii.  (1891),  ll,!l7(i 

Seoul.     S.-e  Sriil. 

Sepharad  (sef'a-rad).  A  region  where  de- 
porteil  IsDieiiies  lived,  Ilsgeograiihlral  location  Is 
uncertain,  I  lie  Septiiagint  renders  it  liy  I'phratha  the 
Vulgate  liy  Itosphorils,  Some  Identify  it  with  Span!  which 
occurs  in  the  Persian  cuneiform  Inscriptions,  and  which  Is 


Septembrists  (sop-lem'briBlH).  l.  The  insti- 
gators of  tlie  .Sopteinher  massacres  in  Paris  ir. 
1792, — 2.  In  Portuguese  history,  the  pnrtizaiiK 
of  ll).'  lilier.il  constitution  of  Sejit.,  1822, 

Septennial  Act.  In  Knglish  history,  an  ni^l  of 
I'arliaiueni   passed  in   1710,  which  superecdcJ 


Septennial  Act 

the  Triennial  Act,  and  prolonged  to  seven 
years  the  possible  life  of  Parliament:  Parlia- 
ment must  be  dissolved  at  the  end  of  seven 
years. 

Septentriones  (sep-ten-tri-o'nez).  [From  sep- 
te»i.  seven,  and  ?rjo, a  plow-ox.]  The  seven  stars 
belonging  to  the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Bear  (or  Charles's  Wain)  ;  hence,  this  constel- 
lation itself,  which  is  also  called  Sepientrio. 

Sept  iles  (set  el>.  [F.,  'seven  islands.']  A 
group  of  seven  small  islands,  situated  in  the 
English  Channel  26  miles  northeast  of  Morlaix. 
They  form  a  part  of  the  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Nord,  France. 

Septimania  (sep-ti-ma'ni-a),  or  GotMa  (go'- 
thi-ii).  [Named  from  the" sevcntli  Roman  le- 
gion, which  established  a  colony  at  Beterne 
(Beziers).]  An  ancient  territory  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  France,  of  varying  limits.  Chief 
place,  Xarbonne.  it  comprised  part  of  the  Roman 
S'arbonensis,  extending  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone  to 
the  Pyrenees  along  the  Mediterranean  coast,  and  nortli- 
westward  to  the  Cevennes,  and  comprising  also  Ximes  and 
Carcassonne.  It  formed  part  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom, 
and  was  retained  by  the  West  Goths  in  the  Merovingian 
epoch;  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  early  in  the  8th 
century :  and  was  conquered  by  Pepin  the  .Short  ~52-759. 
It  was  made  a  d  :chy.  and  in  the  9th  century  became  a 
mar  lUisate.    Later  it  followed  the  fortunes  of  Toulouse. 

Septimer  fzep'ti-mer).  An  Alpine  pass  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  canton  of  Orisons,  Switzer- 
land. It  leads  from  Bivio  and  the  Oberhalbstein  valley  to 
Casaceia  and  the  valley  of  the  Maira.     Height,  7,582  feet. 

Septimius  Felton.  An  unfinished  story  by  Na- 
tlianiel  Hawthorne,  published  in  1872,  after  his 

d.-ath. 

Septimius  Severus.    See  Sevenis. 

Septimius  Severus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Sep- 
timius Severus. 

Septinsular  (sep-tiu'su-lar)  Republic.  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  republic  of  the 
seven  Ionian   Islands. 

Septuagint  (sep'tu-a-jint).  [From  L.  septua- 
ginta,  seventy.]  A  Greek  version  of  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures  made, aecordingtotradition.by  about 
seventy  translators :  usually  e-xpressed  by  the 
symbol  LXX  ('the  Seventy').  The  legend  is  that 
it  was  made  by  seventy-two  pereons  in  seventy-two  days. 
It  is  said  by  Josephus  to  have  been  made  in  the  reign 
and  by  the  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  king  of  Egypt, 
about  -270  or  280  B.  c.  It  is  supposed,  however,  by  mod- 
ern critics  that  this  version  of  the  several  books  is  the 
work  not  only  of  different  hands  but  of  separate  times. 
It  is  probable  that  at  first  only  the  Pentateuch  was  trans- 
lated, and  the  remaining  books  gradually  :  but  the  trans- 
lation is  believed  to  have  been  completed  by  the  2d  cen- 
tury B.  c.  The  Septuagint  is  written  in  the  Hellenistic 
(Alexandrine)  dialect,  and  is  linguistically  of  great  im- 
portance from  its  effect  upon  the  diction  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, and  as  the  source  of  a  large  part  of  the  religious  and 
theological  vocabulary  of  the  Greek  fathers,  and  (through 
theOld  Latin  version  of  theBible  and  the  influence  of  thison 
the  Vulgate)  of  that  of  the  Latin  fathers  also  and  of  all  west- 
ern nations  to  the  present  day.  In  the  Greek  Church  the 
Septuagint  has  been  in  continuous  use  from  the  earliest 
times,  although  other  Greek  versions  (see  Hex^pla)  were 
anciently  also  in  circulation,  and  it  is  the  Old  Testament 
still  used  in  that  church.  The  Septuagint  contains  the 
books  called  .-Vpocrj'pha  intermingled  among  the  other 
books.  It  is  the  version  which  agrees  with  most  of  the 
citations  in  the  New  I'estament. 

Sepulcher  (sep'ul-ker),  Knights  of  the  Holy. 

A  military  order  established  by  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon  in  1099  to  watch  the  septilcher  of  Christ . 
Sepulcher,  The  Holy.  The  sepulcher  in  which 
the  body  of  Christ  lay  between  his  burial  and 
resurrection.  Its  traditional  site  at  Jerusalem  has  been 
marked  since  very  early  times  by  a  church. 

Sepiilveda  (sa-pol'va-THa),  Juan  Ginez  de. 
BumnearCordova  about  1490:  died  at  Mariano, 
near  Cordova,  1573.  A  Spanish  theologian  and 
historian.  He  was  royal  historiographer  from  1536,  and 
preceptor  of  Prince  Philip,  afterward  Philip  II.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  noted  opponents  of  Las  Casas,  holding  in 
his  treatise  *'  Democrates  Secundus"  that  war  on  the  In- 
dians and  Indian  slavery  were  justifiable.  Sepulveda's 
numerous  works  are  all  in  Latin.  They  include  histories 
of  the  reigns  of  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II.,  and  many  the- 
ological treatises.  Referringtothe  elegance  of  his  Latinity. 
Erasmus  called  him  "the  Spanish  Livj-." 

Sequana  (sek'wa-nij).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
8eine. 

Sequani(sek'wa-na).  Inaneienthistory,  apeople 
of  eastern  Gaul  whodwelt  east  of  the-Sldui  (from 
whom  they  were  separated  by  the  Saone)  and 
west  of  the  Jura.  They  were  allied  with  the  Arvemi 
against  the  jEdui.  They  invited  Ariovistus  and  the  Ger- 
mans across  the  Rhine ;  allowed  the  Helvetii  passage 
through  their  country  in  58  B.C.;  and  joined  the  league 
atrriinst  *;»sar  in  52  B.  c. 

Serafshan.    See  Zemfshan. 

Seraglio  (se-ral'yo).  [It,,  '  an  inclosure,']  The 
chief  or  official  palace  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 
at  Constantinople,  It  is  of  great  size,  and  contains 
government  buildings,  mosques,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  sultan's 
harem. 

Seraglio  Point.  The  point  on  the  southern  side 


918 

of  the  Golden  Horn  where  that  inlet  joins  the 
Bosporus. 

The  old  walls  run  out  to  a  point,  and  then  wind  round 
to  the  north,  bouiiLling  the  harbour.  The  Point  is  crowned 
by  a  group  of  irregular  ruinous  buildings,  and  a  few  bet- 
ter presen'ed  kiosques.  wliich  are  all  that  remain  of  the 
Seraglio  of  the  Grand  signior.  Over  them  rise  the  bulbous 
dome  and  cupolas  of  St,  Sophia,  with  its  Turkish  minarets, 
and  beyond  are  other  domes  and  minarets  innumerable. 
Rounding  Seraglio  Point,  the  vessel  glides  into  the  Golden 
Horn  — the  wide  inlet  which  forms  the  splendid  harbour 
of  Constantinople,  and  divides  the  city  into  its  European 
and  its  Turkish  quarters.    Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  262, 

Serai,     See  Sarai. 

Seraievo.     See  Bosna-Serai. 

Seraing  Cse-ran').  A  village  in  the  province  of 
Liege,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Meuse  3  miles 
southwest  of  Liege,  It  is  the  seat  of  a  large  establish- 
ment formanufacturing  machinery,  engines,  cast-iron  arti- 
cles, etc.,  founded  by  John  Cockerill  in  lsl7.  Population 
(1893),  36,27S. 

Serajewo,  or  Seraievo.     See  Bnsna-Serai. 

Serampur(ser-am-por'),orSerampore(,ser-am- 
por').  A  town  in  Hugli  district,  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  13  miles  north  of 
Calcutta.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  English  Baptist  mission. 
It  belonged  to  Denmark  until  1&45.  Population  (1«9I), 
35,932. 

Serang,     See  Ceram. 

Serapeum,  or  Serapeium  (ser-a-pe'um).  [Gr, 
lipa-iioi;  a  temple  of  Serapis,]  1.  The  great 
Egyptian  sanctuary  near  Memphis,  where  the 
Apis  bulls  were  buried.  It  was  explored  by 
Mariette  in  1851.  See  Seraj)is  and  Sakkarah. — 
2.  A  famous  temple  of  Serapis  in  ancient  Alex- 
andria, destroyed  by  Theodosius.  See  the  ex- 
tract, and  that  under  Serapis,  below. 

The  Serapion,  at  that  time,  appeared  secure  in  the  su- 
perstition which  connected  this  inviolable  sanctuarj-,  and 
the  honor  of  its  god,  with  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Nile, 
with  the  fertility  and  existence  of  Egypt,  and,  as  Egj-pt 
was  the  granary  of  the  East,  the  existence  of  Constanti- 
nople, The  Pagans  had  little  apprehension  that  the  Sera- 
pion itself,  before  many  years,  would  be  levelled  to  the 
ground.  The  temple  of  .Serapis,  next  to  that  of  Jupiter 
in  the  Capitol,  was  the  proudest  monument  of  Pagan  reli- 
gious architectiu-e.  Like  the  more  celebrated  structures 
of  the  East,  and  that  of  Jerusalem  in  its  glory,  it  compre- 
hended within  its  precincts  a  vast  mass  of  buildings,  of 
which  the  temple  itself  formed  the  center.  It  was  built 
on  an  artificial  hill,  in  the  old  quarter  of  the  city,  called 
Rhacotis.  to  which  the  ascent  wasby  a  hundred  steps.  AU 
the  substructure  was  vaulted  over ;  and  in  these  dark  cham- 
bers, which  communicated  with  each  other,  were  supposed 
to  be  carried  on  the  most  fearful  and,  to  the  Christian, 
abominable  mysteries.  AM  around  the  spacious  level  plat- 
form were  thehabitations  of  the  priests,  and  of  the  aSLCt- 
ics  dedicated  to  the  woirship  of  the  god.  Within  these 
outworks  of  this  city  rather  than  temple  was  a  square,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  with  a  magnificent  portico.  In  the 
center  arose  the  temple,  on  pillars  of  enormous  magnitude 
and  '  eautif  ul  proportion.  The  work  either  of  Alexander 
himself  or  of  the  first  Ptolemy  aspired  to  unite  the  colossal 
grandeur  of  Egyptian  with  the  fine  harmony  of  Grecian 
art,  Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  III.  150. 

Seraphic  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  seraphicus.  The 

scholastic  theologian  Bonaventura. 

Seraphic  Saint,  The.    St,  Francis  of  Assisi. 

Seraphitaisa-rii-fe'ta).  A  novel  by  Balzac,  pub- 
lished in  1835.  It  presents  the  destiny  of  woman  as  an 
ascending  series  of  lives  reaching  from  love  of  self  to  love 
of  heaven. 

Serapion,  or  Serapeion.    See  Serapeum. 

Serapionsbriider  (za-ra-pe-6ns'brii'der),  Die, 
A  ooUeotionoftalesbyE.T.  A,  Hoffmann,  pub- 
lished 1819-21. 

Serapis  (se-ra'pis).  The  Greek  and  Roman 
name  of  a  deity  of  Egj'ptian  origin  whose  wor- 
ship was  officially  promotedunderthePtolemies, 
and  was  introduced  into  Greece  and  Rome, 
Serapis  was  the  dead  -Apis,  honored  under  the  attributes 
of  Osiris  ;  he  was  lord  of  the  under  world  and  identified 
with  the  Greek  Hades.  His  worship  was  a  combination 
of  Eg>-ptian  and  Greek  cults,  and  was  favored  by  the 
Ptolemies  for  political  reasons.    See  Serapeum. 

Egyptian  and  Greek  met  as  worshippers  of  Serapis,  The 
Serapis  of  Egj-pt  was  said  to  have  been  worshipped  for 
ages  at  Sinope  ;  he  was  transported  from  that  city  with  great 
pomp  and  splendor,  to  be  reincorporated,  as  it  were,  and 
reidentified  with  his  ancient  prototype.  .  .  .  The  colossal 
statue  of  Serapis  [in  the  Serapeum )  embodied  these  various 
attributes.  It  filled  the  sanctuary  :  its  outstretched  and 
all-embracing  arms  touched  the  walls;  the  right  the  one, 
the  left  the  other.  It  was  said  to  have  been  the  work  of 
Sesostris  :  it  was  made  of  all  the  metals  fused  together  — 
gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  tin  ;  it  was  inlaid  with 
all  kinds  of  precious  stones ;  the  whole  was  polished,  and 
appeared  of  an  azure  color.  The  measure  or  bushel,  the 
emblem  of  productiveness  or  plenty,  crowned  its  head.  By 
its  side  stood  the  symbolic  three-headed  animal,  one  the 
fore-part  of  a  lion,  one  of  a  dog,  one  of  a  wolf.  In  this  the 
Greek*  saw  the  type  of  their  poetic  Cerberus.  The  serpent, 
the  svmbol  of  eternity,  wound  round  the  whole,  and  re 
turned  resting  its  head  on  the  hand  of  the  god. 

ililman.  Hist  of  Christianity,  IIL  161-152. 

Sera-watty  Islands.    See  Serwati. 
Serayevo.     See  Bnsiui-Serai. 
Serbal  (ser-bal'),  Jebel.  A  mountain  in  the  Si- 
naitic  peninsula,  situated  on  the  western  side : 


Seringapatam 

sometimes  identified  with  the  bibUoal  Sinai. 
Height,  over  6,000  feet. 

Serbati.     See  Eosmini-Serbati. 

Serbie,  or  Servie  (sar-ve').  The  French  name 
of  Servia, 

Serbien  (zer'be-en).  The  German  name  of 
Ser\-ia. 

Serbonis  Lacus.    See  Sirbonis  Lacus. 

Serbs  (serbz).  [Serv.  .Sfr6,  Ut.  '  kinsman.']  Na- 
tives of  Servia:  Servians, 

Serbs'  Rout.     See  Aluritca. 

Serchio  (ser'ke-6).  A  river  in  western  Italy 
which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  8  miles 
northwest  of  Pisa :  the  ancient  Auser.  Length, 
about  .55  miles. 

Sere  (sa're),  A  tribe  of  the  eastern  Sudan, 
neighbors  of  the  Nyam-Nyam  and  the  Bongo, 
and  related  to  both.  They  were  once  strong  and  inde- 
pendent, but  are  now  conquered  and  scattered  by  the  Ny- 
am-Nyam, Theyarehuntersandagriculturists,  makingre- 
markable  granaries,  but  keep  no  domestic  animals  except 
fowls.  The  women  wear  tufts  of  grass  in  front  and  behind  ; 
the  men  do  not  tattoo  themselves  like  the  Nyam-Nyam. 
Travelers  say  that  they  are  hardy,  patient,  and  jovial. 

Serena.     See  La  Serena. 

Serendib  (se-ren'dib).     An  ancient  name  of 

Ceylon. 
Serer  (se-rar').  A  negro  tribe  of  French  Sene- 
gambia,  dwelling  between  Cape  Verd  and  the 
basin  of  the  Salum  River.  Some  are  also  found  in 
Cayor,  where  they  have  mixed  with  their  kinsmen  the 
Wolof.  In  other  places  they  have  mixed  with  the  Man- 
dingos,  to  which  nation  their  rulers  belong.  They  are  di- 
vided in  two  main  sections  (the  Serer  None  and  the  Serer 
Sine),  speaking  different  dialects.  They  are  the  tallest 
race  of  Senegambia,  but  their  features  are  coarse.  They 
are  honest,  industrious,  and  opposed  to  slavery,  but  are 
given  to  drinking. 

Seres  (se'rez ).     The  inhabitants  of  the  ancient 

Serica. 

Seressaner(ze-res-sa'ner).  ['Red cloaks.']  For- 
merly, a  corps  of  Austrian  troops  (established 
about  1700),  stationed  on  the  southern  frontier 
to  guard  against  Turkish  inroads;  since  1871, 
a  body  of  gendarmerie  in  Croatia-Slavonia. 

Sereth  (ser-ef  or  sa-ret').  A  river  which  rises 
in  Bukowina,  traverses  Moldavia,  in  its  lower 
course  separates  Moldavia  from  Wallachia,  and 
joins  the  Danube  near  Galatz :  the  ancient  Hie- 
rasus.     Length,  about  290  miles. 

Sergeant  (sar'jant),  John.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Dee.  5,  lf79:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
25,  1852.  An  American  politician  and  lawj'er. 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  isi5- 
1823, 1S27-29,  and  1837^2,  and  was  the  unsuccessful  Whjg 
candidate  for  \ice-President  in  18;J2. 

Sergievsk  Posad  (ser-gyefsk'  po-zad").  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Moscow,  Russia,  47 
miles  northeast  of  Moscow.  It  was  built  around  the 
monastery  Troitsk,  and  is  a  noted  place  of  pilgrimage.  It 
has  manufactures  of  toys  and  sacred  pictures.  Popula- 
tion, 31,413. 

Sergipe  (ser-zhe'pe).  A  maritime  state  of 
Brazil,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  northeast  of 
Bahia,  and  separated  from  Alagoasbythe  river 
Sao  Francisco.  Capital,  Aracajii.  Area,  15,090 
square  miles.     Population  (1894),  264,991, 

Sergius  (ser',ii-us).  Saint.  Died  about  300.  A 
martyr  whose  cult  is  celebrated  particularly  by 
the  Eastern  Church. 

Sergius.  Patriarch  of  Constantinople  610-638,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Mouothelite  controversv. 

Sergius,  Saint.  Born  1315:  died  Sept.  7,  1391. 
A  saint  of  the  Eastern  Church,  founder  of  the 
Troitsk  monastery  in  Sergievsk  Posad. 

Sergius  I.  Pope  687-701.  He  rejected  certain  provis- 
ions of  the  Quinisext  Council  of  692,  whereupon  the  empe- 
ror Justinian  II.  ordered  his  arrest.  The  soldiers,  however, 
prevented  the  imperial  officers  from  carrj'ing  out  the  order. 

Sergius  II.  Pope  844-847.  During  his  pontifi- 
cate Rompwasplvmderedby  the  Ssiracens  (846), 

Sergius  III.     Pope  904-911. 

Sergius  IV.    Pope  1009-12. 

Seri  sa-ip').  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans, li\ing  on  Tiburon  Island  and  the  adjacent 
coast  of  Mexico,  extending  into  the  interior. 
See  Tumaii. 

Seriana  (sa-re-a'na),  Val  or  Valle.  A  valley 
in  the  district  of  Bergamasca,  province  of  Ber- 
gamo, northern  Italy, 

Serica  (ser'i-kii).  IG't.  Z7ipiKf/.'\  In  ancient  geog- 
raphv,  a  country  in  eastern  Asia,  probably 
identical  with  northern  China.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  noted  for  their  production  of  silk. 

Serinagur.     See  Srinagnr. 

Seringapatam  (ser-ing-,£ra-pa-tam').  or  Sn- 
rangapatam  (sri-rang-ga-pa-tam').  [Named 
from  its  famous  temple  ot'Vishnu.  Shri  Ranga.] 
A  town  in  Mysore.  India,  situated  on  an  island 
in  the  Kaven,  7  miles  north  of  Mysore.  It  was 
formerly  famous  for  its  fortress,  and  contains  the  former 
royal  palace  and  a  mausoleum  of  Hyder  Ali,    It  was  be- 


I 


Seringapatam 

glegedby  th^  British  in  1792.  when  the  successes  of  thebe- 
eiegers  uinier  Comwullis  furced  Tippu  Saih  to  siprn  a  treaty ; 
aod  again  in  April  and  May,  179'Jt,  by  Harris,  when  the  town 
was  glormea  "by  a  detachment  nnder  Baird  (May  4),  ami 
Tippu  Saih  was  killed.  Popuhition  (1891X  12,551. 
Seringham.     See  Srirangam. 

Seripnos  (se-ri'fos),  or  Seriphus  (se-ri'fus). 

[Gr.  ZEp«po<:.'\  An  island  of  tlie  ('yclades,  be- 
longing to  Greece^  situated  in  the  ^geau  Sea  in 
lat.  37°  10'  N.,  long.  L*4°  30'  E.  *  the  modern  Ser- 
pho.  Here,  according  to  tlie  legend,  the  chest  containing 
l)anae  and  the  infant  I'erseus  was  ca*l  ashore.  The  island 
was  a  place  of  banishment  during  the  Roman  Empire. 
Length,  9  miles.     Population,  about  3,00u. 

Serlio(sar'le-6),  Sebastian.  Born  at  Bologna, 
Sept.  6,  1473:  died  at  Fontainebleau,  1554.  An 
Italian  painter,  engraver,  and  architevt.  From 
1500-14  he  was  at  Pesaro,  where  he  worked  as  painter  and 
architect.  From  Pesaro  he  went  to  Rome  and  Venice, 
where  he  was  associated  with  Titian.  In  1532  he  was  again 
in  Rome  ;  in  1537  he  returned  to  Venice,  where  he  pui>- 
lished  his  great  work  **  Kcgole  gtntiali  d'architectura." 
He  visiteil  France  in  1540,  where  he  is  supposed  to  have 
assists  Pien-e  Lescot  on  the  Louvre.  In  1541  Prunaticcio 
was  apiKiinted  architect  of  Fontaineblcau,  with  Serlio  as 
his  assistant.  It  is,  however,  difhcuU  to  determine  on 
what  parts  of  Fontainebleau  Serlio  worked,  though  the 
east  front  of  the  Court  of  the  Fountain  has  been  attributed 
to  him.  With  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  the  supremacy  of 
t  he  Italians  passed  away,  and  Serlio  left  for  Lyons.  In  1553 
he  returned  to  Fontainebleau. 

Sermione  (ser-me-o'ne).  A  peninsula  projeet- 
iu«?  into  the  southern  part  of  the  Lago  di  Garda, 
Iti.ly. 

Serna  y  Hinojosa,  Jos§  de  la.    See  La  Serna. 

Semeus  (zer-uuis').  A  watering-place  in  the 
canton  of  Grisous,  Switzerland,  situated  in  the 
Priittii^'an  15  miles  east  of  Coire. 

Seroux  d'Agincourt  (se-ro'  dii-zhan-kor'), 
Jean  Baptiste  Louis  Georges.  Born  1730: 
died  1814.  A  French  archa?ologist,  author  of 
**  Histoire  de  I'art  par  les  moniunents"  (1808- 
1S23),  etc. 

Serpa  (sar'pa).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Alemte.jo,  Portugal,  situated  near  the  Guadi- 
aua,  106  miles  southeast  of  Lisbon.  Population 
(1878).  6,089. 

Serpa  Pinto  (sar'pa  pen'to),  Alexandre  Al- 
berto da  Rocha.  Born  at  Sinfaes,  Portugal, 
April  L'O.  iS4ti:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  28.  1900. 
An  African  explorer  and  Portuguese  politician. 
Asraajorin  the  army  he  was  sent,  with  Capt-Uo  and  Iveris, 
to  Angola  nn  a  soii-ntiflc  exiteditiun,  and  crossed  tht-  c<iii- 
tinent  tol*i-et..ria,  Tranaviial  (1h:7-7'.I|.  In  1884-86he,with 
CarddZn.extt-ndcd  I'i'rtiii;uese  intlnence  from  Mozaniljiijue 
t<)  Lake  Nyassa,  where  he  tame  in  contlict  with  British  in- 
tt-rtsts.     He  wrote  '*  Huw  I  ('mssed  Africa"  (1881). 

Serpentarius.    Bee  OphiitchHs. 

Serpent-bearer,  The.    See  OphiucUns. 

Serpent  Column,  The.  A  bronze  column  in 
Constantinople:  the  base  of  the  golden  tripo<l 
Bet  up  in  the  sanctuary  at  Delphi  from  tiie 
spoils  of  the  Persians  at  Plata^a  in  479  u.  C.  it 
was  placed  in  the  spina  of  the  hippodrome  by  Constan- 
tlne.  It  coneists  <tf  three  intertwined  serpents,  whose  di- 
verging heads  are  now  broken,  imd  is  !>.  feet  hi^h. 

Serpentine  (srv'pen-tin),  The.  A  sheet  of  arti- 
ficial water  in  HyAv  Park,  London,  it  was  formed 
by  order  of  Queen  Caroline,  and  is  now  supplied  from  the 
Thames. 

Serpent's  Mouth.    See  Boca  del  Sfr^rpe. 

Serpha  (s<r'ni).  [Ar.  al-t^arfa^  the  changer 
(of  the  weather),  being  the  twelfth  lunar  man- 
sion.] A  rarely  used  name  for  the  second- 
magnitude  star  /i  Leonis,  tisually  known  as  De- 
nvhohi. 

Serpho.    See  Scripho.s. 

Serpukhoff  (ser-po-chof ).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Nara  50  miles  south  of  Moscow,  it  has  imiwr- 
tant  commerce,  and  lias  mainifactures  of  cotton,  leather, 
etc.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Tatars  in  1382.  Populaticm 
(1885),  23,018. 

Serra  (sar'rii),  JuniperO,  Bom  in  the  island 
of  Majorca.  1711*:  <licd  at  the  San  Carlos  mis- 
sion, California,  1TH4.  A  Franciscan  niission- 
arj'.  He  went  to  Mexico  in  1740,  and  in  17(i8  was  jihiced 
in 'charge  of  the  California  niissinnH,  Ihi-n  contlned  to 
Lower  Califumia.  In  ITt'O  he  founded  San  Dk-no  anil 
Monterey,  the  first  missions  and  settlements  in  what  is 
now  tlu"  state  of  Califonifa,  where  most  of  the  remainder 
of  liJH  lift-  was  paflsed. 

Sena  do  Mar  (d<J  miir').  [Pg,,'  sea-chain.']  A 
divisioii  olthe  Brazilian  mountains  of  the  Coast 
System,  forming'  a  chain  parallel  to  and  neai- 
the  coast,  from  the  northern  part  (►f  the  stale 
of  Kio  Grande  do  Sul  to  tlie  river  Parahybn  do 
Sid  (confines  of  Kspirito  Said(t).  It  culminates  in 
the  group  called  the  Orcati  MnnntainH,  at  the  head  of  the 
Hay  of  RiM  d.  .lanelro<7.:i*J.^feet).  Theviilhy  of  the  Tara- 
hyba  seninateK  it  from  theSL-rra  da  Mantiquelra. 

Serra  dos  Aimor^S  (d<>/.  i-mo-ras'  >.  [Krom  the 
Botocudos  nr  Ainiores.  an  Indian  tribe]  ]\Ioiin- 
tains  near  the  Brazilian  coast,  from  the  river 
ParahybadolSul  nortliward  nearly  to  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Sao  Fraucisoo.     They  are  properly  a 


919 

aorthern  prolongation  of  the  Serra  da  Mantiqueira.  which 
here  becomes  the  Coast  Range,  the  Serra  do  Mar  dying  out, 
Northward  the  chain  is  lower  and  much  broken.  It  sep- 
aratesMinas  iJeraes  from  Espirit<j  Santo. 

Serrano  y  Dominguez  (ser-rii'u6  e  do-men'- 

^ath),  Francisco,  E)uke  de  la  Torre.  Born  at 
Arfjoiiilla.  Andalusia.  Sept.  17,  1810:  died  at 
Madrid,  Nov.  26,  ISSii.  A  Spanish  statesman 
and  general.  He  served  in  the  war  against  the  Tarlista 
after  l8;i3;  wasameniberof  vari<mB  niinistries;  was  min in- 
ter at  Paris  in  1S57;  waseaptain-jit-nend  of  Cuba  ls59-^2; 
attempted  to  annex  Santo  Iltuningo  to  Spain  ;  headed  the 
rfVolntiuM  of  1S08  ;  defeated  the  royalists  at  AlcoluaSept. 
28,  IHiiS  ;  became  prt-sident  of  the  provisjomil  ministry  in 
iwvs;  was  apiHiinted  regent  in  ISdli,  and  resigned  Jan.  2. 
1871 ;  conmianded  successfully  against  the  Carlists  In  1^72  ; 
was  again  head  of  tlie  govi-rrmient  in  1874 ;  defeated  the 
Carlists  in  the  same  year;  and  wils  minister  at  Paris  in  18iia. 

Sertorius  (ser-to'ri-us),QuintUS.  Assassinated 
7li  B.  c.  A  Homan  general.  lie  served  under  Ma- 
riu8  against  theCimbrl  and  Teutones  ;  serveil  in  Spain  in 
97;  was  (piestor  in  1)1;  was  a  ^larian  leader  in  the  civil 
wars ;  waa  prelor  in  83 ;  went  to  Spain  aa  Marian  com- 
mander in  82;  captured  Tangier;  wagwi  war,  generally 
with  success,  atrainst  the  Sullan  commanders;  was  op- 
posed by  Metellus  after  79,  and  also  by  Pompey  after  7t( ; 
and  waa  joined  by  Perpeuna  in  77,  who  intrigued  against 
tiim  and  overthrew  him. 

Serva  Padrona  (ser'vji  pa-dro'nii).  La.    [It.. 

•The  Maid  as  Mistress.']  An  Italian  musical 
drama  by  Perjjolesi.  words  by  Xelli,  produced 
at  Naples  in  1733.  In  1754  it  was  produced  at 
Paris  in  French  as  "La  servaute  maitresse," 
and  in  187U  at  London. 

Servetus  (st^r-ve'tus).  Michael  (ori^ally 
Miguel  Serveto).  Born  at  Tudela  (he  has 
given  both  Tudela  and  Villanova  as  his  birth- 
place), Spain,  1511:  burned  at  Geneva,  Oct.  27, 
1553.  A  Spanish  controversialist  and  i)hysician. 
He  studied  law  at  Sarapossa  ami  Toulouse,  and  afterward 
visited  Italy  in  the  traiimf  Juan  deQuintju'ia,  confessorto 
Charles  V,  Hepublislied  at  Hagenau  in  1531  an  essay  di- 
rected against  tlie  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  entitled  "I)e 
trinitatis  eiToribus,"  which  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion. It  waa  revised  and  reprinted  underthe  title  of  *"  Dia- 
logorum  de  trinitate  libri  duo"  in  15,'i2.  Jn  1535  he  was 
at  Lyons  editing  scientillc  works  for  the  printini:  tlrni  of 
Trechsel.  under  the  name  of  Michel  de  \  illeiieiifve.  or 
Mictiael  de  Villanova  :  tins  name  he  henceforth  tist-d  with- 
out intenuption.  lie  removed  in  ir>36  to  I'aris,  where, 
accordingto  his  own  statement,  he  graduated  in  medicine 
and  lectured  on  geometry  and  astrology.  He  afterward 
studied  theology  at  Lnnvain.  After  practising  medicine 
for  sluut  periods  at  AvJKium  ami  Ctiiirlieu,  and  after  fur- 
ther study  in  medicine  at  5I'intj)ellier,  he  settled  in  1541  as 
a  medical  practitioner  at  Vieiine.  In  1.^53  he  published 
"Chrislianismi  restitutio,"  which  caused  him  to  be  ar- 
rested by  order  of  the  inquisitor  general  at  Ly<)n8.  He 
made  his  escape,  but  was  apprehended  at  the  instance  of 
Calvin  at  Geneva  on  his  way  to  iS'aj>les,  and  was  l»urned 
after  a  trial  for  heresy  lasting  from  Aug.  14  until  Oct.  20, 
ir.53. 

Servia  (s^r'vi-a).  [F.  Sei-bie  or  Sennej  G.  Scr- 
hicti.]  A  kinfidom  in  the  Balkan  peninsula, 
southeastern  Kurope.  Cnjutal,  }iel<rra<l.  it  is 
iMJunded  by  Austria-Hungary  (separated  by  flie  Save  atid 
Danube)  on  the  north.  Rumania  (sipiirated  by  the  Dan- 
ube) and  Ilulgaria  on  the  east,  Turkey  and  I'.ostna  on  the 
south,  and  Hosnia  (mainly  separated  by  the  Drina)  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous  and  hiU,\. 
The  principal  river  (b^^siiles  tlie  frontier  rivers)  isthe  Mo- 
rava.  The  leaiiing  occupations  are  agriculture  and  the 
raising  of  live  stocic :  tlie  chief  i>roduct8  are  hogs,  sheep, 
wheat,  and  maize.  The  government  is  a  constitutional 
hereditary  monarchy.  Thelegislativebody  istheSkupsh- 
tina.  The  prevailing  reliiiion  is  the  Greek  ratholic.  Tlie 
Inhabitants  are  mo.stly  Serbs  (with  over  100,000  Ruma- 
nians, besides  Cipsies.  etc.).  The  Serbs(or<'roats)  expelled 
the  Avars  and  settled  the  country  in  the  Ttli  century,  and 
expelled  the  Byzantine  governorB  in  the  Illli  century. 
The  title  of  king  was  assumed  in  the  11th  ct-ntury.  Tlie 
country  was  most  nourishing  underStcphen  Dushan(about 
l:{34-r)ti),  wlio  as.sunied  the  title  of  emperor  and  annexed 
Macedonia,  Albania,  etc.  The  Servian  power  was  ^'Ver- 
thrown  by  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Kossova  in  ViSQ,  and 
Servia  was  incorijorated  with  Turkey  about  14r»8.  The 
greater  part  of  the  country  was  occupied  by  Austria  171H- 
1739.  .\  rising  under  CzernyOeorge  in  1804  resulted  In  the 
expulsion  of  the  Turks,  but  they  rccon<iuere<l  the  country 
in  1813.  A  rising  in  ISITi  under  Mihi.sh  Ubrenoviteh  (who 
was  elected  prince  in  1817)  was  more  successful,  and 
Servia  became  practically  independent.  The  Turkish  gar- 
risons were  withdrawn  in  lWi7.  The  war  against  Turkey 
in  187(1  was  unsuccensful.  Servia  took  jiart  with  Russia 
ag:iinst  Turkey  tn  1877-78,  and  became  absolutely  inde- 
pendent, receiving  a  con»iderable  addition  of  territor)'  In 
1878.  lYince  Milan  assumed  the  title  of  king  In  1882.  A 
war  with  Bulgaria  in  Nov.  and  i»ec.,  ls8r»,  proved  unsuc- 
cesBful.  King  Abxander  in  181t3  and  1891  eondueted  the 
government  In  a  r«-aotionary  sense.  Area,  ID.UM  squni*e 
n)ibs      I'opubition  (IKtU),  2.102.7&0. 

Servian  Wall,  The.  ^^':>»•"''^  f'*<>»»  Servitis  Tul- 

lius,  itsftratlitional)  biiildcr.]  The  earliest  wall 
whiidi  included  the  entire  seven-hilleii  city  of 
Bonn*,  of  wliich  the  (_'apitoIine  was  (he  cita- 
del. It  connected  the  fortltlrations  which  existed  pre- 
viously on  almost  all  the  hills,  rnutically  the  etdtre  cir- 
cuit of  the  wall  and  the  positions  of  Its  gates  are  km>\Mi, 
but  most  of  its  remains  have  liecn  destroyed,  especially 
during  the  recent  modernlzalion  of  Itotne.  On  the  Aveii- 
tine  there  Ina  line  fragment  of  II  eituisi-H,  and  in  the  Vigna 
Torloiila  there  h  a  Htn-teh  whirli  attains  2.'i  i-ours4-s.  aiul  Is 
ftO  feel  high  anri  10\  thick.  I  h«-  miisonrv  Ih  niasHlve  ash* 
ler  of  tufa,  in  the  lower  part  «|Uarry-f!ierd  wilh  margin- 
draft.     The  upper  part  cousUtvd  of  a  nmge  of  line  urclies. 


Sete  Quedas 
Servian  Voivodesblp  and  TemesvAr  Banal 

(tem'esh-var  ba-nJit').  A  orownland  of  Austria, 
formed  in  1S49  from  parts  of  southern  Htiu- 
pirv  and  Slavouia.  Capital,  Teniesv4r.  It  was 
abolished  in  1S60. 

Serviles  (ser-ve'les).  [Sp.,  *serviles.']  Origi- 
nally, in  1823,  a  nickname  ^veu  to  the  moder- 
ate or  conservative  party  of  (iuatemala.  It  passed 
into  common  use  iu  this  anu  to  some  ext^'nt  in  the  other 
Central  American  states.  Tlie  party  was  at  first  composed 
of  the  richer  Spanish  families  and  their  descendanta 
(whence  they  were  also  called  Aristocrats),  with  their  fol- 
lowers, the  ignorant  portion  of  the  population,  who  were 
generally  laborers  or  servants.     See  Fifbre-g, 

Servile  Wars  (ser'vil  warz).  Three  wars  con- 
ducted by  the  Honians  against  insurgent  slaves. 
(1)  The  first  war  (134-132  b.  c.)  was  occasioned  by  an  f  n3ur< 
recti()n  in  Sicily.  The  slaves  were  led  by  the  Syrian  Eu- 
nus,  who  styled  himself  King  Antii>chu8,  defeated  several 
Rimian  armies,  and  maintained  himself  at  Henna  ami  Taro* 
menium.  but  was  ultimately  captured  and  executed.  (2) 
The  second  war  ^0-2 -yj  b.  c.)  was  occasioned  by  an  insur- 
rection, also  in  Sicily,  under  Trj  phon  and  Athenion,  which 
was  put  down  by  the  consul  Manius  Aquillius.  (;j)  The  third 
war  (73-71  B.  c),  also  called  the  war  of  the  gladiators,  waa 
occjisioned  by  bands  of  gladiators  who  had  escaped  from 
a  gladiatorial  school  at  C'apua  and  occHpled  Vesuvius, 
whence  under  the  command  of  two  Gauls  and  the  Tlira- 
cian  Spartacus  they  plundered  the  m-igliborhood.  They 
were  joined  by  runaway  slaves,  defeated  four  Koman  armies 
in  succession,  and  wandered  about  Itidy,  even  threatening 
the  capital,  but  were  Hnally  put  down  by  M.  Llciuius  Craa- 
sus  and  t'n.  Pompeius.     Spartacus  fell  fighting. 

Servilius  Caepio.    See  <.>pio. 

Servius  TulllUS  (ser'vi-us  turi-us).  Accord- 
in;;  to  Honian  lefjend,  the  sixth  king  of  Rome 
(578-534  B.  c. ),  son-in-law  of  Tarquinius  Priscus : 
noted  for  his  reformation  of  the  constitution 
throujjh  the  institution  of  the  tribes,  elasses, 
centuries,  and  Comitia  Centuriata.  He  ex- 
tended the  limits  of  Konie.  and  surrounded  it 
with  a  wall.     See  Strritm  iVnll. 

Serwati(ser-wa'te),  or  SerawattyCser-a-wat'- 
te).  Islands.  A  grouji  of  small  islands  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  east-northeast  of  Timor. 

Sesha  (sa'shil).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  king 
of  the  serpents,  upholder  of  the  world, 

Sesia  (sa'ze-U).  A  river  in  northwestern  Italy 
which  rises  in  the  Alps  and  joins  the  Po  6  miles 
east  of  Casale:  the  ancient  Sessites.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Sesostris  (se-sos'tris).  [Gr,  S^ooxn-p/f,]  In  an- 
cient Greek  lef^end,  a  king  of  Egypt,  said  to 
have  conquered  the  world.  His  legendary  ex- 
ploits were  founded  on  the  deeds  of  KamesesII. 
and  others. 

In  all  probability  the  exploit^}  of  Rameses  himself  had 
already  become  blended  with  those  of  Thothmes  and  8e- 
thos  into  the  legend  of  theimaginarv  hero  Sesostris. 

Tat/lor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  10. 

Sessa  (ses'sii).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
serta,  Italy,  32  miles  northwest  of  Naples  :  the 
ancient  Sue.ssa  Aurunca.  It  is  famous  for 
its  wine.  Population  (I8S1),  5,864;  commune, 
19.547. 

Sestos  (ses'tos),  or  Sesttis  (ses'tus).  [Gr.  2^- 
rixj.]  in  ancient  geo;:raiihy.  a  town  in  tuoThra- 
cian  Chcrsoncsus.  situated  on  the  shore  of  the 
Hellespont,  ojtpitsite  Altvdos.  it  is  note<l  as  the 
residence  of  Hero  In  the  legend  of  Hero  and  I.eamler.  and 
as  the  place  of  debarkation  of  the  army  of  Xerxes  in  liis 
invasion  of  ICurope. 

Set  (set ),  called  by  tiie  Greeks  Typhon  (ti'fon  \. 
In  Kgyptian  mytljology.  the  brother  or  son  and 
deadly  opponent  of  <  >siris.  He  waa  the  goti  of  evil, 
of  the  powers  that  ttppressi-d  souls  after  death,  of  Ihe  en- 
emies of  Kgypt,  and  of  the  desert.  In  later  timt"*  he  was 
exelmled  from  tin-  circle  of  tlivinities,  and  while  remain- 
ing the  virulent  go<l  of  all  evil,  was  dreaded  but  no  longer 
worshiped.  In  art  he  was  stiown  with  a  strange  luiimal's 
head,  having  a  iHdnletl  muule  and  high  Bi|Uare  ears. 

SetebOS  (sct'e-hos).  A  Patagoiiian  god,  alluded 
to  by  Shaks|)ere  in  ''Tlie  Tempest." 

Setebos  was  the  name  of  an  American  g<Ml,  or  rather 
devil,  wor8hii)pe<l  b^v  the  Palagonlans,  In  Kden's"  His- 
tory of  Tnivaile,"  i>rmtvd  In  1.^77.  Is  an  account  of  Magcl* 
lull's  voyage  to  the  South  I'ole,  containing  a  de.<icrlptlon 
of  tliiH  gotl  and  his  worshippers  :  wherein  the  author  says  : 
"When  they  felt  tlii'  shacKles  fast  alntut  their  Ick*,  they 
began  to  doubt;  but  the  captain  did  put  them  In  comfort 
and  bade  them  stjuid  still.  In  line,  when  Ihcy  saw  hov 
they  were  deceived,  tliey  n>arfii  like  bulls,  and  cr>'ed  U|Hjn 
their  great  devil  Sutehos  to  help  them." 

Jlud»m,  Iiit>  Ui  The  Tompost. 

Sete  Lagoas  (sa'te  lli-go'iis).  (Tg,,  *8even 
lakes. '1  The  source  of  the  river  Paraguay,  in 
tlio  Hra/.iliati  state  of  Matto  (trosso,  near  lat. 
14°  'MV  S.,  long,  "lii*^  7'  \V.  The  name,  an  old  one, 
pndiiddy  niiirinaled  in  reiM>rts  of  the  Indians,  and  is  hi- 
coneet.  Tlir  river  i  l.-^es  in  a  swamp,  and  immedlnlely  re- 
celvcH  the  wilt rr  of  (wo  very  small  ponds  or  springs,  called 
Itj'i'inji  MakcK),  a  term  which,  in  thU  region,  is  applied  to 
any  body  of  ^till  water. 

Sete  Quedas  (sa'te  k;i'd;ls\  also  enlled  the 
GuayrA  (f^^'wi-ril')  or  Conendili  (ko-nan-de-i*') 
Cataract.    [Pg.,  'aoven  falls. 'J    A  full  on  the 


Sete  Quedas 

nTer_Paran&  (lat.  24°  2'  59'  S.,  long.  53°  57' 


920 


rastus,  Polynices,  Tydeus,  Amphiarans,  Hippo- 
medon,  Capaneus,  and  Parthenopteus  against 
Thebes:  all  perished  except  Adrastns. 
slightly  inclined  pl.ines;  the  waters  gather  themselvel  '^^Veil  against  ThebCS,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
in  circular  eddies,  whence  they  flow  in  falls  varying  from  .ai,sehyluf.  exhibited  40*  B.  C. 
50  Jeet  to  60  feet  in  depth.  These  circular  eddies,  which  SeVCn  BishopS,  Case  Of  the.  A  famous  Enc- 
arequite  independent  of  each  other,  range  along  an  arc    lish  trial  in  1G88.     Archbishop  Bancroft  and  six  bishops 


53'  W.,  according  to  Bourgade  la  Dardye).    The 

river  above  is  broad  and  lake-like,  but  at  the  falls  is  sud^ _ 

denly.divided  into  many  smaU  -"annels.^^^" Traversing  SeVen  Wamst"  Thebes;  Th^: 


of  about  two  railes  in  its  stretch  ;  they  are  detached,  like 

giant  cauldrons  yawning  unexpectedly  at  one's  feet,  in 

which  the  flood  seethes  with  incredible  fury ;  every  one 

of  tlie^^e  has  opened  for  itself  a  narrow  oritice  in  the  rock, 

through  which,  like  a  stone  from  a  sling,  the  water  is 

hurled  into  the  central  whirlpool.    The  width  of  these  n  ni.    _    .  z.   «t    .   x       ■• 

outlets  rarely  exceeds  15  yards,  but  their  depth  cannot  be  OCVen    UHampiOnS   01    Christendom. 

estimated.     They  all  empty  themselves  into  one  central  ''         '  ''-'--    •^'- -    '  " 

channel,  about  20)  feet  wide, 


were  arraigned  on  a  charge  of  libel  in  protesting,  in  a  peti- 
tion to  .lames  11.,  against  his  order  that  his  "  declarations 
for  liberty  of  conscience"  be  read  in  the  churches.  They 
were  acquitted  on  the  day  (June  .SO)  that  the  invitation  was 
sent  to  William  of  Orange  to  land  in  England. 


-  ,  rushing  into  it  with  as- 
tounding velocity."— Boi(rpa<fe  la  Dardye,  Paraguay. 

Seth  (seth).  [Heb.,  'appointed.']  The  third 
son  of  Adam,  and  the  ancestor  of  Noah,  ac- 
cording to  the  account  in  Genesis.  He  was  the 
father  of  Enos. 

Sethos.     See  */(. 

Seti  (se'ti)  I.,  or  Sethos  (se'thos).  About  1366 
B.  c.  A  king  of  Effj-pt,  of  the  19th  dj-nasty, 
father  of  Eameses  II. :  noted  as  a  builder. 

Seti  II.  A  king  of  Egypt,  of  the  19th  dynasty, 
son  of  Menepthah. 

Setibos  (sa-te'bos).  Indians  of  northern  Peru, 
on  the  river  Ucayale  about  lat.  5°  30'  S.  They 
belong  to  the  Pano  linguistic  stock,  and  are  closely  allied 
to  the  Conibos,  Cachibos,  Sipibos.  and  other  tribes  of  the 
same  region.  They  are  agriculturists,  and  use  cotton 
garments  of  their  own  manufacture.  A  few  thousand  re- 
main, essentiallv  in  a  wild  state. 


1.  In 

medieval  tales,  the  following  seven  national 
saints:  St.  Denis  of  France,  St.  Anthony  of 
Italy,  St.  James  of  Spain,  St.  George  of  Eng- 
land, St.  Andrew  of  Scotland.  St.  Patrick  of 
Ireland,  and  St.  David  of  Wales.  Their  exploits 
are  celebrated  in  many  ballads,  plays,  etc.,  notably  in  the 
"Famous  History  of  the  Seven  Champions  of  Christen- 
dom," by  Richard  Johnston,  a  romance  entered  on  the 
"Stationers' Register  "in  1596:  a  second  part  was  brought 
out  in  16IJ8.  and  a  third  in  1616.  Sir  George  Buc  made  a 
poetical  version  in  1622. 

2.  A  play  by  John  Kirke,  licensed  in  1638  and 
probably  acted  in  1636:  it  is  in  prose  and 
verse. 

Seven  Cities.  [Sp.  Siete  Cludades.'i  A  name 
given  (1536-40)  to  supposed  large  and  powerful 
cities  in  the  present  New  Mexico.  Frav  Marcos 
de  Niza  (1539)  reported  that  one  of  them  was  Kai-ger  than 
Mexico,  and  rich  in  precious  metals.  Coronado's  expedi- 
tion (1540)  proved  that  they  were  villages  of  the  Zuni  In- 
dians,   See  Cibola  and  Siza. 


Seton  (se  ton)  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Anil  Bayley).  Seven  Cities,  Island  of  the.  A  fabled  island 
Born  at  Jsew  lork  city,  Aug  28,  1  <  ,4 :  died  at  which,  in  the  14th  and  loth  centuries,  was  sup- 
Emmittsburg  Md.,  Jan.  4  1821     An  American     posed  to  exist  in  the  Atlantic  west  of  Europe. 

philanthropist:  founderof  the  Roman  Catholic     ^ '^  '-  > —  >- •-'  ^ •  ■  •  ■ 

order  of  Sisters  of  Charity  1809,  of  which  she 
was  the  first  mother  superior. 

Sette  Comuni  (set'te  ko-mo'ne).    ['Seven com- 
munes.']    A  district  in  the  northern  part  of 

the  province  of  Vieenza,  northern  Italy,  long  Seven  Communes.     See  .Sette  Comuni 
noted  as  the  seat  of  communities  speaking  a  Seven  DaysVBattles.     In  the  Peninsular  cam 
Germanic  dialect.     This  language  is  now  nearlv         '         -   -      ■ 


It  was  said  to  have  been  peopled  by  seven  bishops  who, 
with  many  followers,  had  been  driven  out  of  Spain  by  the 
invasion  of  the  Jloors.  In  1475,  and  later,  the  kings  of 
Portugal  granted  privileges  to  discover  and  govern  it. 
The  geographers  of  the  time  frequently  called  it  Antilla 
or  Antillia. 


Severe,  Cape 

Christianity  had  become  the  reUgioa  of  the- 
empire. 

Seven  Streams,  Land  of  the.  The  delta  of 
the  river  Ili  at  its  entrance  into  Lake  Balkash, 
Russian  Central  Asia. 
Seventy,  The.  1.  The  Jewish  Sanhediim.— 2. 
The  body  of  disciples  mentioned  in  Luke  x.  as 
appointed  by  Christ  to  preach  the  gospel  and 
heal  the  sick.— 3.  The  body  of  scholars  who, 
according  to  tradition,  were  the  authors  of  the 
Septuagint  (which  see) :  so  called  from  their 
number,  which,  however,  is  given  as  seventy- 
two.— 4.  Certain  officials  in  the  Mormon 
Church  whose  duty  it  is,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  "to  travel  into  all  the 
world  and  teach  the  Gospel  and  administer  its 
ordinances"  (Mormon  Catechism). 
Seven  Weeks'  War.  The  war  of  1866  (some- 
times called  the  Austro-Prussian  war),  caused- 
immediately  by  the  Schleswig-Holstein  ques- 
tion and  indirectly  by  the  long  rivalry  between 
Austria  and  Prussia.  Austria  was  snppl)rte<l  by  the 
South  German  states  and  by  Hannover,  Nassau,  Frank- 
fort, etc.,  while  Prussia  was  supported  by  most  of  the 
North  German  states  and  by  Italy.  The  main  interest  of 
the  war  is  in  the  rapid  successes  of  the  Prussian  army 
under  the  direction  of  Von  Moltke.  Bohemia  was  invaded 
and  the  Austrian  army  was  overthrown  at  the  battle  of 
Sadowa  or  Koniggratz  July  3.  Elsewhere  the  Prussians 
Were  almost  uniformly  successful ;  but  their  Italian  allies 
were  defeated  on  land  at  Custozza  June  24,  and  on  sea  at 
Lissa  July  20.  The  war  was  ended,  after  about  seven 
weeks  of  fighting,  by  the  preliminaries  of  Nikolsburg,  July 
26,  confirmed  by  the  peace  of  Prague,  etc  Prussia  became 
the  leading  political  and  military  power  in  Germany,  and 
Italy  acquired  Venetia, 

Seven  Wise  Masters,  The.  An  old  collection 
of  tales,  of  Eastern  origin,  which  has  undergone 
many  transformations.  It  consists,  in  the  main,  of 
the  stor>*  of  a  kiug  who  is  dissuaded  from  executing  his 
son  (on  the  false  accusation  of  one  of  his  queens)  by  his 
son's  instruct  oi-s,  each  of  whom  narrates  one  or  more  stories 
(which  are  answered  by  the  king),  showing  the  dangers  of 
hasty  punishment.  The  collection  is  an  important  one 
in  the  history  of  popular  Actions.    See  Sandabar. 


supplanted  by  Italian.  The  district  formerly 
possessed  extensive  privileges. 
Settle  (set'l),  Elkanah.  Born  at  Dunstable, 
1648:  died  in  the  Charterhouse,  London,  1723. 
An  English  poet  and  playwright  of  the  Restora- 
tion. He  was  a  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and 
wrote  and  edited  many  political  pamphlets  in  the  time  of 
Charles  II.  He  offended  Dryden,  who  attacked  him  in  a 
coarse  pamphlet  (assisted  by  Crowne  and  Shadwell);  he 
criticized  and  "answered  "all  Dryden's  political  poems  in 
retaliation,  and  the  town  tooksides,Settlebeing  the  favorite 
among  the  younger  Cambridge  and  London  men.  He  has 
been  immortalized  by  the  ridicule  of  Drjden  and  Pope,  be- 
ing the  Doeg  of  "Absalom  and  Achitophel "  and  appearing 
in  the  "  Dunciad. "  Later  he  was  made  city  poet,  and  com- 
posed verses  to  be  recited  at  the  pageants :  he  was  the  last 
to  hold  that  office.  Among  his  plays  are  "  The  Empress  of 
Morocco"  (1673),  "Love  and  Revenge "(1675),  "Cambyses, 
King  of  Persia"  (1675X  "Pastor  Fido,  or  the  Faithful 
Shepherd  "  (1677 :  a  pastoral  drama,  being  an  alteration  of 
Sir  K.  Fanshawe's  translation  from  GuariniX  "Fatal  Love, 
or  the  Forced  Inconstancy"  (16S0X  "The  Female  Prelate, 
or  the  History  of  the  Life  and  Death  of  Pope  Joan  "  (16S0), 
"  The  Heir  of  Morocco,  with  the  Death  of  Gavland  "(168i), 
"  Distressed  Innocence,  or  the  Princess  of  Persia  "  (1682  : 
Mr.  Montfort  \vi-ote  the  last  scene  of  this  play,  and  Bet- 
terton  afforded  valuable  assistance),  "The  World  in  the 
Moon  '  (1698  :  a  dramatic  comic  opera),  "The  City  Ramble, 
or  the  Play-house  WeildinK"  (1712),  and  "The  Ladies  Tri- 
umph "  (171S :  a  comic  opera). 


paign  of  the  American  Civil  War,  the  series  of  Seven  Wise  Men  of  Greece,  The.     Same  as 

natflPS     riPTAVPPTl    f np  T^pnpml    aT^-nv  iin^^iT'    '\T/>.        The  ScVOi   Sooe'i     1 

Seven  Wonders'of  the  World,  The.  The  seven 

most  remarkable  structures  of  ancient  times. 


battles  between  the  Federal  army  under  Me 
Clellan  and  the  Confederate  army  under  Lee, 
in  the  Chickahominy  swamp  region  east  of 
Richmond.  The  fighting  began  at  O.ik  Grove  June  25. 
1S62,  and  the  Federals  won  a  victory  at  Mechauicsville 
June  26.  McClellan  then  determined  to  remove  his  base 
to  the  James  River,  and  whUe  this  operation  was  being 
effected  the  battles  of  Gaines's  Mill  (June  27).  Sav.ige's 
Station  (June  29).  and  Frayser's  Farm  (June  3")  occurred. 

The  Federals  now  rested  in  a  strong  position  on  the  SoVCn  Years'  War 
James  at  Malveni  Hill,  and  were  nnsuccessfullv  assailed     „f  thp  ic,),  ,.B„tnrv-' 
there  by  Lee,  July  1.     A  few  weeks  later  the  Ariny  of  the     Ot  tne  IMU  century. 
Potomac  was  withdrawn  from  the  James,  and  the  Penin- 
sular campaign  was  ended. 

Seven  Days'  Campaign.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  series  of  battles  in  Bohemia  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  in  1866,  ending  with 
the  decisive  Prussian  victorv  of  Sadowa,  July 
3,  1866. 

Seven  Deadly  Sins  of  London,  The.  A  pam- 
phlet by  Thomas  Dekker,  published  in  1606. 
It  is  described  on  the  title-page  as  "Opus  Sep- 
tem  Dierum." 

Seven  Dials.  A  locality  in  London,  about  mid- 
way between  the  British  Museum  and  Trafal- 
gar Square.  It  was  long  notorious  as  a  center 
of  poverty  and  crime 


These  were  the  Egjptian  pyram  ids,  the  mausoleum  erected 
by  Artemisia  at  Halicamassus,  the  temple  of  Artemis  at 
Ephesus,  the  WiUIs  and  hanging  g.irdeiis  at  Babvlon,  the 
colossus  at  Rhodes,  the  statue  of  Zens  by  Phidi:is  in  the 
great  temple  at  Olympia,  and  the  Pharos  or  Ughthoase  at 
Alexandria. 


Settlement,  Act  of,  or  Succession  Act.    In  Seven-hilled  City,  The.    Rome, 
English  history,  an  act  of  Parliament  regulating  Seven  Hills  of  Rome,  The.     The  seven  hills  on 


the  succession  to  the  throne,  passed  In  170L 
See  the  extract. 

The  Oown  to  pass  after  Anne  to  the  Electress  Sophia  and 
her  Protestant  descendants.  The  sovereign  not  to  leave 
England  without  consent  of  Parliament.  No  forei.-ner  tc 
hold  office  or  receive  grants  from  the  Crown.  Public  busi- 
ness to  be  done  by  the  Privy  Council,  and  resolutions  to 
be  signed  by  those  members  who  advise  him.  So  war 
to  be  made  for  the  foreign  dominions  of  the  sovereign. 
Judges  are  to  receive  fixed  salaries,  and  cannot  be  removed 
except  for  conviction  of  some  offence,  or  on  the  address 
of  both  Houses  of  Parliament. 
./Irfandand  iioTwom*,  Handbook  otPolltical  History,  p.  124. 

Setubal  (sa-to'bal),  or  Setuval  (sa-to'val),  also 
called  St.  Ubes  (sant  ubz)  or  St.  Yves  (ivz). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Estremadura, 
Portugal,  situated  on  Setubal  Bav  in  lat.  38° 


which  Rome  was  originally  built,  included  with- 
in the  circuit  of  the  Servian  Wall.  They  are  the 
Palatine,  the  Capitoline,  the  Quirinal.  the  .\ventine,  the 
Ca;lian,  the  Esquiline.  and  the  Viminal.  The  elevations 
are  inconsiderable,  the  highest,  the  Quirinal,  rising  226 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  lowest,  the  -\ventine,  151.  The 
Capitoline  and  the  Aventine  rise  above  the  left  bank  of 
the  Tiber,  the  former  to  the  north.  The  Palatine  lies  be- 
tween them,  a  little  back  from  the  river.  North  of  the 
Palatine,  the  furthest  north  of  the  seven,  is  the  (Juirinal, 
and  on  the  east  are  the  Viminal,  the  Esquiline,  and  the 
Ca^lian,  respectively  northeast,  east,  and  southeast  of  the 
Palatine. 

Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture,  The.  Atreatise 
on  architecture  by  Ruskin,  published  in  1849. 

Sevenoaks  (sev-n-6ks').  A  town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, 20  miles  southeast  of  London.  Near  it 
is  Knole  Park.     Population  (1891),  7,514. 


31'  N.,  long.  8°  53'  W.    it  has  important  commerce  Seven  PinOS.     See  Fair  Ocils 


and  fisheries,  and  is  one  of  the  chief  seaports  of  Portugal, 
and  the  leading  port  for  the  exportation  of  salt.  It  occu- 
pies the  site  of  tlie  Roman  Cetobriga.  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  earthquake  in  1755.     Population  (ISiiO),  ib,9S6. 

Seul,  or  Seoul  (se-61').  The  capital  of  Corea, 
situated  on  the  river  Han.  Its  seaport  is  Che- 
mulpo.    Population  (1S90),  about  192,000. 

Sevanga,  or  Sevan,  or  Sevang  Lake.     See 

Goktclia. 
Sevastopol.    See  Sebastopol. 
Seven  against  Thebes,  Expedition  of  the.   In 

Greek  legend,  an  expedition  by  the  heroes  Ad- 


Seven  Sages,  The.  1.  Seven  men  of  ancient 
Greece,  famous  for  their  practical  wisdom.  A 
list  commonly  given  is  made  up  of  Thales,  So- 


One  of  the  greatest  wars 
It  was  waged  against  Frederick 
the  Great  of  Prussia  by  an  alliance  whose  chief  members 
were  Austria,  France,  and  Russia.  Frederick  had  the  as- 
sistance of  British  subsidies  and  of  the  Hanoverian 
troops.  Saxony  and  Sweden  were  against  him.  The  chief 
events  were  the  following :  battle  of  Lobositz,  Oct.  1,  17.t6  ; 
Frederick's  invasion  of  Bohemia  in  1757  ;  his  victorj-  over 
the  Austriansat  Prague,  May  6;  his  defeat  at  Kolin,  June 
18 ;  the  French  victory  at  Hastenbeck.  July  26,  leading  to 
the  Convention  of  Closter-Zeven ;  the  Russian  victorv  at 
Grossjagemdorf,  Aug.  30 ;  Frederick's  great  rictories  at 
Rossbach  (Nov.  5)  and  Leuthen  (Dec.  5) ;  his  victory  over 
the  BussiAns  at  Zomdort,  Aug.  25,  175S ;  his  defeat  by  the 
Austrians  at  Hochkirch,  Oct  14;  the  rictory  of  ^linden 
over  the  French,  Aug.  1, 1759 ;  Frederick's  crushing  defeat 
at  Kunersdorf ,  Aug.  12 ;  his  victories  at  Liegnitz  (Aug.  15> 
and  at  Torgau  (Xov.  3),  1760 ;  death  of  the  czarina.  Jan., 
1762  (her  successor,  Peter  III.,  sided  with  Frederick) ;  vic- 
tory of  Frederick  at  Burkersdorf,  July  21 ;  victorv  of  his 
brother  Henry  at  Freiberg,  Oct. :  peace  of  Hubertusbnrg, 
Feb.,  1763  (by  this  Silesia  was  confirmed  to  Frederick). 
The  war  is  sometimes  known  as  the  third  Silesian  war. 
CJlosely  connected  with  the  Seven  Years'  War  was  the 
struggle  between  the  French  and  English  1754-*i3,  ending 
with  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1763,  and  the  triumph  of  England 
in  America  and  India.  (For  the  American  part,  see  Frmch 
and  Indian  War.)  Other  important  events  were  Clive's 
victory  at  Plassey  June  23.  1757 ;  English  naval  victories 
at  Lagos  in  Aug.,  and  at  Quiberon  Nov.  20, 1759 :  and  the 
conquest  of  v.arious  French  possessions.  The  war  raised 
Prussia  to  the  front  rank  of  European  powers,  and  devel- 
oped England's  colonial  empire. 

Severians  (sf-ve'ri-anz).  1.  An  Encratite  sect 
of  the  second  century. — 2.  A  Gnostic  sect  of 
the  second  century,  often  identified  with  —  3. 
A  Monophysite  sect,  followers  of  Severus,  pa- 
triarch of  .\ntioeh  512-519  A.  D.    See  Siobitcs. 

Severn (sev'ern ).  Next  to  the  Thames,  the  long- 
est river  in  England:  the  Roman  Sabrina.    It 

rises  in  Montgomer>'shire,  Wales ;  traverses  .Shropshire, 
Worcestershire,  and  Gloucestershire ;  and  empties  into  the 
Bristol  Channel  at  the  junction  of  the  Lower  -Avon,  west 
of  Bristol.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Tern.  Teme.  Avon, 
Wye,  and  Lower  Avon.  It  passes  Worcesterand  Gloucester. 
Length,  about  200  miles ;  navigable  to  Stourport,  for  large 
vessels  to  Gloucester. 


Ion,  Bias.  Chile,  Cleobulus,  Periander,  and  Pit-  Severn.     A  river  in  Canada  which  flows  north- 
tacus.—  2.  See  Seven  Wise  Masters.  east  into  the  southwestern  side  of  Hudson  Bay, 

Seven  Sleepers  of  Ephesus,  The.  Seven  Chris-    near  Fort  Severn. 

tian  youths  who  are  said  to  have  concealed  Severn,  Joseph.     Born   1793:  died   at   Rome, 
themselves  in  a  cavern  near  Ephesus  during    Aug.  3.  1879.     An  English  portrait- and  figure- 
the  persecution  under  Decius  (A.  D.  249-2.51),     painter,  noted  for  his  devotion  to  Keats, 
and  to  have  fallen  asleep  there,  not  awaking  Severe  (sa-va'ro).  Cape,  or  Northeast  Cape. 
till  two  or  three  hundred  years  later,  when    The  northernmost  cape  of  Asia,  situated  at  the 


Severo,  Cape 

eytremitv  of  the  Taimvr  peninsula  in  Siberia,  in 
lat.  77°  41'  N.,  long.  104°  1'  E.  It  was  visitpil 
by  Nonlenskjolii  in  1878.  Also  called  Cape 
Scfcro-Von/iilJiiiiti,  (ape  Vlieh/tinkiv,  etc. 

Severus,  Alexander.    See  Akxandfr  Severug. 

Severus  (se-ve'rus),  Lucius  Septimius.  Born 
at  Ijeptis  Magna,  Africa,  14()  a.  h.  :  died  at 
Eboracum  (York),  Britain,  211  Koman  em- 
peror 19.3-211.  He  was  questor  and  later  pretm-  mi- 
aer  Marcus  Aurelius;  ami  was  conmiandL-r  in  l']ii)LTran- 
nuiiia  at  the  time  of  the  death  of  Comniodus  in  l!t2.  He 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  soldiers  and  overthrew 
Didins  Julianus  at  R<nnc  in  193  ;  crushed  his  rival  Tesce!!- 
nius  Niger  in  194  ;  overthrew  his  rival  Alhinusnear  Lyons 
in  li>r  ;  waged  war  successfully  aaainst  the  Parthians  197- 
202  ;  aud  passed  the  years  20S-211  in  Uritain.  During  his 
reign  improvements  in  the  administration  of  justice  were 
made  by  tlie  jurist  Papinianus. 

Severus, Wall  of.  A  wall  built  about  208  A.  l>. , 
by  the  emperor  Septimius  Severus,  between  thi- 
Tyne  and  the  Solway  in  Britain,  as  a  defense 
against  northern  inroads.  It  followed  the  line 
of  the  fortifications  of  Hadrian. 

Sevier  (se-ver'),  Jolm.  Bom  in  Rockingham 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  23, 1745  :  died  near  Fort  I>e- 
catur,  (Ja.,  Sept.  24,  1815.  An  American  pio- 
neer, general,  ami  politician,  famous  as  an  In- 
dian-tighter. He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Point  Pleas- 
antOct.  10, 1774,  and  King's  Mountain  in  1779;  was  gover- 
nor of  Franklin  (which  see)  178.^-88 ;  member  of  Congress 
from  Xorth  Carolina  17iK)-91 ;  governor  of  Tennessee  1796- 
1801  and  1803-09;  member  of  Congress  from  Teimessee 
1811-15 ;  and  United  States  commissioner  to  negotiate  with 
the  Creeks  in  1815. 

Sevier  Desert.  A  desert  in  western  Utah,  in- 
chiding  the  valley  of  Sevier  Lake  and  the  ad- 
jacent region  to  the  north. 

Sevier  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  Millard  County, 
western  Utah,  120  miles  south-.snuthwest  of 
Groat  Salt  Lake.  Length.  20-25  miles.  It  has 
no  outlet. 

Sevier  River.  A  river  in  western  Utah  which 
fliiws  northerly  and  then  southwesterly  into 
Sevier  Lake.     Lengtli,  200  miles. 

S6  vignl  ( save  n  -yii ').  Marie  de  Rabutin-Chan- 
tal,  Marquise  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  G,  1()26: 
died  at  Grignan  (Drome),  April  18,  16%.  A 
French  epistolary  writer.  Her  parents  died  when 
she  was  a  child,  and  she  was  brought  up  by  a  matcnial  un- 
cle She  had  the  best  of  teachers,  and  as  she  grew  uj)  she 
had  also  access  to  court.  In  1G44  she  was  married  to  Hein-i, 
marquis  do  S^vign6,  who  was  killed  in  a  duel  in  1051. 
Their  union  had  not  been  happy,  though  it  was  blesse<l 
with  two  children,  a  daughter  and  a  son.  The  formermar- 
ried  in  1009  M.  de  tJrignan,  who  occupied  an  adniinistra. 
tive  position  in  southern  France.  Madame deOrignan  ac- 
companied her  husband  to  his  hnine,  while  her  mother, 
SladamedeS^vigne,  spent  her  time  either  at  Paris  or  at  her 
country -seat,  Les  Kocheis,  in  P.rittaiiy.  It  was  this  sepa- 
ration that  occasioned  the  famous  correspondence  from 
mother  to  daughter  which  still  ranks  as  one  of  the  finest 
monuments  in  the  yreneh  language.  As  everything  of 
daily  Interest  is  recorded  by  Madame  de  S(^vign(5  for  her 
daughter's  benefit,  these  letters  are  valuable  from  a  his- 
torical point  of  view  as  well  as  for  the  charm  of  their  ex- 
pressutn.  The  best  edition  of  Madame  de  .Sevign^'s  letters 
was  made  by  Paul  Mesnard  for  the  series  of  "  Les  grands 
^crlvalns  de  la  France. "  * 

Seville  (sev'ilorse-vir),  Sp.  Sevilla  (sa-vel'- 
yil).  A  province  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  boimded 
byBadajoz  on  the  north,  (lordova  on  the  north- 
east, Malaga  on  the  soutlicast,  Cadiz  on  the 
south,  and  Iluelva  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  level  in  the  south  and  mountainous  in  the  north. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  productive.  Area,  B,29.''>  square  miles. 
Population  (1887),  54:i,944. 

Seville,  Sp.  Sevilla  (sa-vel'yii),  F.  Seville  (sa- 
vel').  Tlie  capital  of  the  province  of  Seville, 
Spain.situatedontheleftbankof  thetiiiadnlciui- 
vir,  in  lat.  37°  22'  N.,  long.  5°  59'  W. :  the  Roman 
Ilispalis  or  Sevilla.  It  isoneof  thelai-gestandmost 
important  cr)rnniercial  cities  of  Spain.  Besides  extensive 
connncree  it  has  manufactures  of  t<d)acco,  etc.,  and  fonner- 
ly  had  silk  maimfactures.  t)ppi>8ile  it  is  theiiipsy  suburb 
of  Trlana.  Itcontains  niaiiy  specimens  of  Atoorish  archi- 
tecture. The  cathedral,  of  the  l.^.th  centuiy,  but  preserv- 
ing the  broad  rectangular  plan  of  the  original  mosciue.  Is 
very  large,  with  great  rieliness  In  Its  florid  oi-nament  and 

Eicturesque  vistas  Ihiougb  its  shadowy  arches.  The  nave 
I  l.'tOfeet  high.  There  Is  beautiful  Flemish  colr>red  glass. 
Here  Is  burled  Fernando,  son  of  Columbus,  and  tlicColum. 
bus  books  and  matniscrlpts  are  in  the  chapt<'r  library. 
The  .Moorish  Court  of  Oranges,  with  Its  venerable  gate, 
adjoins  the  cathedral.  The  Torre  del  Oni,  or  t^^wer  of 
gold,  is  Mi>orlshwith  later  alterations.  In  plan  aii  octagon, 
and  rises  in  three  stages.  It  has  Its  name  from  having 
been  used  for  the  storage  of  the  precious  nietnls  brought 
from  America  from  the  time  of  the  discovery.  Other 
buildings  are  the  Moorish  palace  Alcazar,  the  exchange 
(Lonja),  university,  ani]ibi(neater,  museum  (containing 
niasteTpiec(!8  of  Muritio,  etc.),  Itonian  aqueduct,  and  Ca- 
sa  \U:  Pil:',tos.  The  place  was  a  Phenlclan  colony;  an  im- 
portant I  toman  city,  and  the  capital  of  lla'tlea  ;  and  a  \\w- 
dal  capital  an<I  important  city  under  the  i;r,ths.  II  was 
taken  by  the  Arabs  in  712  ;  became  one  of  the  chief  Moor- 
ish cities;  was  the  capital  of  the  Abbadid  dynasty  In  the 
llthcentui-y  ;  was  taken  by  the  Alnioravldes  in  1091,  and  by 
the  Almohiules  in  11(7;  was  recovered  by  the  christians 
under  l''cr<llnand  111,  of  Castile  in  1248  (numy  of  its  In- 
habitants emigrating) ;  and  was  made  llie  oipital ;  ear- 


921 

ried  on  extensive  commerce  with  America ;  was  plundered 
by  the  French  under  .Soult  in  1810 ;  and  was  bombarded 
by  Ksnurtero  In  184.1.     Population  (1S97).  14r.,2n.':. 

Seville,  Archives  of.  A  great  collection  of 
documents  relating  to  colonial  (particularly 
American)  affairs,  at  Seville,  Spain.  In  1778 
Charles  III.  ordered  that  all  such  documents  in  the  gov- 
ernment offices  should  be  collected  in  one  place.  A  build- 
ing was  provided  for  them  at  Seville,  aiul  In  1788  the  most 
important  papers  of  the  Sunaneas  anil  other  deposits  were 
transi)orted  to  It.  There  are  said  to  be  47,000  large  pack- 
ages of  nianuseripts, 

Seville,  Council  of.    See  Casa  de  Contrataciott 

fit'  las  Iiuiins. 
Seville,  Treaty  of.  -V  treaty  between  Great 
Britain,  Spain,  and  France,  concluded  at  Se- 
ville in  1729.  It  put  an  end  to  the  war  between  Eng- 
land and  .Spain,  left  England  In  possession  of  Gibraltar- 
and  established  a  close  alliance  between  the  three  powers. 

Sfevres  (sa\T).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France.  11  miles  southwest  of 
Pari.s.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  porcelain  manufactures, 
established  at  Vlncenneain  174.^.  removed  to  S&vres  in  1750. 
and  acquired  by  the  state  in  1759.  A  mosaic  establish, 
ment  was  founded  here  in  1875.  There  is  an  important 
art  museum.     Population  (1891),  conmiune,  0,902. 

Sevres,  Deux-.     See  Heux-SI-rrcs. 

Sewall  (sii'jtU,  Arthur.  Born  at  Bath,  Maine, 
Nov.  25,  1835  :  iLied  at  Small  Point,  near  Bath, 
Me.,  Sept.  .5,  1900.  An  .\merican  sliiji-biiilder 
and  banker.  He  was  an  advocate  of  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver,  ami  as  such  he  received  the  nomination  of 
the  Democratic  party  for  Vice-President  at  the  Chicago 
Conventionof  .Inly.  1890. 

Sewall  (su'al),  Jonathan  Mitchell.    Born  at 

Salem,  Mass.,  in  174S;  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Marcli  29,  180S.  An  American  poet.  He 
wrote  a  nnniber  of  patriotic  songs,  and  in  his  epilogue  to 
Cato  (1778)  oeirnr  the  lines 

Xo  pent-up  !■  tica  contracts  yt»ur  powers, 
But  the  whole  boundless  Continent  is  yours." 

His  poenis  were  published  in  1801. 

Sewall,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Bishoustoke,  Eng- 
land. Marcli  28,  1052:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  1. 
1730.  .An  American  .pidge  and  official  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. He  was  one  of  the  judges  at  the  trials  for 
witchcraft  in  1092,  and  became  chief  justice  in  1718. 

Sewall,  Samuel.  Born  at  Boston,  Dec.  11, 
1757:  died  at  Wiscasset,  Maine,  .Tune  8.  1814. 
An  Araciean  iurist,  chief  justice  of  Massa- 
chusetts 1813-14. 

Sewall,  Stephen.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Dec. 
18.  1704:  died  Sept.  10,  1700.  An  American 
.iurist,  chief  .iustice  of  Massacluisetts  1752-00. 

Seward  (su'iird),  Anna.  Born  at  Eyam,  Derby- 
shire, England,  1747:  died  at  Lichfield,  March 
23,  1809.  An  English  poet,  called  "the  Swan 
of  Lichfield."  In  17s_' she  published  her  poetical  novel 
"Louisa";  this  was  followed  by  "Sonnets"  (1799)  and 
the  "Life  of  Dr.  Darwin  "(1804).  She  was  associated  with 
Dr  .Johnson,  Dr.  Darwin,  and  others,  and  her  letters.  In 
wliich  she  Imitated  .Johnson,  were  jniblished  in  six  vol. 
unu'R  1811-13.  She  be<iueathed  the  inibllcation  of  her 
poems  to  Sir  Walter  Scott,  They  were  issued  in  three 
volumes  in  1810. 

Seward,  Frederick  William.  Bom  i, 830.  An 
American  lawyer,  assistant  secretary  of  state 
1801-09  :iiid  1877-81.  He  i)ablislicd  "  Life  aud 
Lettei-s  "  of  liis  fiitlier,  \V.  II.  Seward. 

Seward,  George  Frederick.  Boru  at  Florida, 
N.  v.,  Nov.  8,  isio.  ,\ii  Amerii'an diplomatist, 
nephew  of  W.  ll.Sewaivl.  He  became  consul  in 
»;hnia  in  IHOl  and  consul-general  In  1S0.S,  and  was  rnitotl 
Stat  IS  minister  to  Cliina  187(1-80. 

Seward,  Mount.  [Namedfrom  W.  H.  Seward.] 
A  summit  of  the  Adirondacks,  situated  in 
Franklin  Countv,  New  York.  14  miles  west  of 
Mount  Mnrey.    'Height,  4.384  feet. 

Seward,  William  Henry.    Born  at  Florida, 

Orange  Countv,  X.  V.,  Mav  10,  1801:  died  at 
Auburn,  N.  Y.."  Oct.  10,  1872.  A  noted  Ameri- 
can statesnnin.  He  graduated  at  Union  College  In 
1820;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  In  1822;  settled  In  Auburn 
In  1823  ;  was  elected  In  1830  as  anti-Masonic  candidate  to 
the  New  York  State  Senate.  In  which  he  served  until 
1.<M  ;  was  the  unsuccessful  Whig  camlidato  for  governor 
In  1834;  was  elected  (Whig)  governor  of  New  York  In 
18.18;  was  rei'lcclcd  In  184",  and  served  till  .Ian,  1,  1843; 
was  Whig  and  afterward  Kei)Ubllcau  Vnited  Stjilcs  sen- 
ator from  New  York  18I1M51;  made  In  18.W  a  celebrated 
speech  at  Rochester,  In  which  ho  declared  that  the  an- 
tiigoidsm  between  freedom  ami  slavery  was  an  "Irrepres- 
slble  conflict  "  between  opposing  forces  ;  was  a  candlilate 
for  the  Kcpublican  nomination  for  rresldent  in  1800  ;  was 
secretary  of  slate  1801-09 ;  was  severely  wounded  by  an 
accomplice  of  .lohn  Wilkes  llootli  April  14,  Isili;  made  a 
Journey  to  Eunijie  1859  (having  made  a  similar  Joumcy  In 
IS-I.*!) :  travi'led  In  western  I'ldted  States  and  Mexico  In 
1809  ;  and  made  a  journey  around  the  world  1.870-71.  Pur 
Inghlstni-umbem'yof  the  secret ary'uhlp  of  stale  he  averted 
serious  complications  with  tJreat  Urllaln  by  bis  prudence 
ami  skill  in  the  negotlatlonsover  the  **  Trent  ailalr  "(which 
see) ;  prevailed  on  the  French  government  to  withdraw  its 
troops  from  .Mexico;  and  In  lH07couclinleil  the  negotiations 
with  Kussia  for  the  cession  of  Alaska,  lie  snptiorleil  the 
reconstruction  policy  of  President  .lohnson.  Ills  works 
were  published  by  (i.  E.  Baker  in  6  vols.  18.'iS-»4. 


Seymour,  Robert 

Sewestan  (se-wes-tiin'),  or  Sewistan  (se-wis- 
tiiii').  A  district  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Afghanistan,  bordering  on  British  India  on  the 
east  and  Baluchistan  on  the  south. 

Sextans  (seks'tanz).  [NL.,' the  sextant.']  A 
constelhition  introduced  by  Hevelius  in  1690. 
It  represents  the  Instrument  used  by  Tycho  Brahe ;  but  It 
is  placed  between  Leo  and  Hydra,  two  animals  of  a  flery 
natiiie  according  to  the  astrologers,  to  commemorate  the 
burning  of  his  own  Instruments  and  papers  In  1079.  The 
brightest  star  of  the  constellation  is  of  magnitude  4.5. 

Sextus  (seks'tus).  In  Koman  legend,  the  son 
of  Tarquinius  Superbus,  noted  iu  the  story  of 
Luereti;L. 

Sextus  EmpiriCUS  (em-pir'i-kus).  Lived  about 
200  A.  11.  A  Greek  skeptical  philosopher.  He 
wrote  "  Pyrrhoniie  hj'potyposes"and  "Adversus 
matheinaticos." 

Seybert(si'bert).  Adam.  Bom  at  Philadelphia. 
1773:  died  at  Paris.  May  2,  1825.  An  American 
chemist  and  politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Pennsylvania  18i>.t-15aud  1817-19.  He  wrote  "Sta- 
tistical Annals  of  the  I'nlted  .States"  (1818),  etc. 

Seychelles  (.sa-shel').  A  group  of  small  islands 
ill  the  Indian  Ocean,  belonging  to  Great  Britain, 
situated  east  of  Zanzibar,  about  lat.  5°  S..  long. 
55°  30'  Vt.  The  surface  is  granitic.  The  largest  Island 
Is  Mah6 ;  the  principal  jiort  is  Port  Victoria.  t;ocoannl- 
oil  and  vanilla  are  among  the  exports.  Population  (1891), 
10.440. 

Seydlitz  (zid'lits),  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von. 

Born  at  Kalkar.  near  Cleves.  Feb.  3.  1721 :  died 
Nov.  8.  1773.  .\  Prussian  cavalry  general.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Seven  Years'  \Var,  particu- 
larly at  Kolin,  Rossbach,  Zorndorf.  Hochkirch,  Freiberg, 
etc.  He  was  wounded  at  Kunersdorf. 
Seymour  (se'mor).  A  city  in  Jackson  County. 
Indiana.  58  miles  south  bv  east  of  Indianapolis. 
Population  (1900),  0.445." 

Seymour,  Edward,  Duke  of  Somerset.  Born 
about  1500:  beheaded  at  London.  Jan.  22,  1.5.52. 
An  English  politician,  brother  of  Jane  Seymour 
and  uncle  of  Edward  VI. :  made  earl  of  Hert- 
ford ill  1537.  He  invaded  Scotland  in  1.544  (sacked  Ed- 
inburgh) and  1.^5  ;  became  protector  In  l.',47  and  duke  of 
Somerset ;  and  gained  the  battle  of  Pinkie  in  1547.  He 
supported  the  Reformation.  In  1549  he  was  removed  from 
the  protectorate;  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  1549-50 ; 
and  was  executed  for  treason. 

Seymour,  sir  Edward.  Born  1633;  died  1708. 
.\n  English  Tory  politician,  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  took  part  in  the  revo- 
lution of  10.88. 

Seymour,  Frederick  Beauchamp  Paget,  first 

Baron  Alcester.  Boru  April  12.  1821  :  died 
Jl.ircli  311,  1895.  .\n  Euglisli  admiral.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  18:14  ;  became  captain  1854  ;  ivar-admlral  1S70; 
vice-admiral  1870^  anil  admiral  In  1882.  In  l^-^o  he  eom- 
inanded  the  allied  Meet  off  the  Albanian  coast  which 
compelled  the  Turks  to  agree  to  the  cession  of  Dulcigno  to 
Montenegro.  He  commanded  the  Engll.sb  fleet  In  the 
Immbardment  of  -\lexandria,  .July,  1882,  and  was  raised 
tti  the  peera'.;e  Nov.  24. 

Seymour,  sir  George  Hamilton.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, 1797:  died  at  Loii.lon.  Feb.  3.  18,80.  A 
British  dijiloinatist.  He  was  educated  at  il.vford 
(Merton  College).  In  1817  he  entered  the  diplonuitic  ser- 
vice. In  18'lo  he  became  minister  at  Florence,  in  18:15  at 
Brussels,  and  in  l.sSl  at  .St.  Petersburg.  Through  him  the 
czar  Nicliola.s  before  entering  on  the  Crimean  war,  made 
his  famniis  projiosals  for  a  joint  dismembennent  of  Iho 
Turkish  enioiie  b>'  Kussia  and  Kngtand. 

Seymour, Horatio.  Born  at  Poinpcyllill.Onou- 
diiga  County,  N.  V.,  May  31,  ISIO;  died  at  I'tiea. 
N.  v.,  Feb. 12,  l.'<86.  An  .Vmerican  Democratic 
politicinii.  lie  was  admitted  to  the  bar  In  18.32;  entered 
the  New  York  State  assembly  In  1841,  and  became  its 
speaker  In  184,', ;  was  elected  mayor  of  I'tlca  In  1812  ;  was 
the  unBucccssful  Democratic  candidate  for  goveriuir  of 
New  Y'ork  In  18.'iO ;  was  governor  ISSS-.Vi  ;  vetoetl  a  pro- 
hibition bill  In  IS54 ;  was  defeated  as  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor In  1854 ;  and  was  governor  1803-115.  Among  the 
events  In  Ills  second  term  were  the  draft  riots  in  IStW. 
He  presided  over  the  Demoenitlc  national  conventions  of 
1S(H  and  I8tvs  ;  was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  Iu  1804  ;  and  was  the  unsuccessful  IK'luiHTntle 
eaudldato  for  President  In  1808. 

Seymour,  Jane.  Boru  in  England  about  1510: 
died  Oil.  24.  1537.  The  third  (iiieen  of  Henry 
VIII.,  daughler  of  Sir  .loliii  Seymour  and  sister 
of  th(>  ]irolector  Somerset,  she  waslnilyln  ualling 
to  Catharine  of  Aragon.auil  later  to  Anne  lioleyn.  she 
marrleil  the  king  May  20, 15.3(1,  the  day  after  tile  eicciitlon 
of  Anne  itolcyn.  till  Oct.  12, 1537,  her  son  (afterwnnl  Ed- 
ward VI.)  was  boriL 

Seymour,  Sir  Michael.  Born  1,802:  died  at  Lon- 
don. l''eli.  23,  I.S87.  .\  British  adminil.  lie  en- 
tend  the  navy  in  1813;  was  promoted  captain  In  I.»2«  and 
vice-admiral  in  18(.4;  and  cominanded  the  naval  force 
which  openiled  agalnstCiinlon  In  is.'i7,     lie  was  promoted 


,vas  plaei 
;.     Bor 


Seymour,  Robert.    Born  1798:  died  A].ril  20, 

1830.  All  Kntrlisli  caricaturist.  He  was  llrsl  an. 
Iirentlccd  to  a  pattern-weaver  of  Duke  street.  Shortly 
after  the  termination  of  his  ap|irentlce»hlp  be  set  up  a 
studio  as  a  painter  In  idls,  and  executed  several  pictures. 
The'  Iluinourous  Sketches  "appeariil  18:11  XO.  The  "Book 
of  Christ nnis."  with  some  of  his  best  work,  Is  now  very  rare. 
On  Dec.  10, 18:11,  he  began  "  Figaro  In  Loudon,"  continued 


Seymour,  Robert 

until  IS^.  Seymour  was  associated  with  Dickens  as  the 
first  illustrator  of  "Pickwick  Papers."  In  a  lit  of  depres- 
sion after  a  difference  with  that  author,  he  committed  sui- 
cide, -\pril  20,  1S36. 

Seyne  (san).  La.  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Var.  France,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Toulon 
4  miles  southivest  of  Toulon.  It  has  important 
ship-building.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
14,332. 

Sfax  (sfaks).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Tunis,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gabes  142 
miles  south  of  Tunis,  it  has  important  exports.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French,  July  16,  1S81.  alter  a  twenty 
days'  bombardment.  Population,  about  30,000.  Also  writ- 
ten S/aks,  Sfahus,  or  S/a/ds. 

Sforza(sfort'sa),  Francesco.  Born  1401:  died 
1466.  AnItalianeondottiere.sonofMuzioSforza. 
He  married  Bianca  Maria  Visconti,  the  natural  daughter  of 
Filippo  Maria  Vi5conti,dukeof  Milan,  on  whose  death  with- 
out "male  heirs  he  procured  his  own  elevation  as  duke(14;i0). 

Sforza,  Francesco  n.  Died  1535.  DukeofMUan, 

son  of  Lodovieo  Sforza.  His  elder  brother,  Massimi- 
liano  had  been  deprived  of  his  duchy  by  Francis  I.  of 
France  in  l.ilS.  Alter  the  defeat  of  the  French  at  La 
Bicocca  in  1522,  Francesco  was  restored  to  the  duchy. 
He  was  the  last  of  the  Sforzas. 
Sforza,  Lodovieo,  surnamed  II  Moro  ('the 
Moor' I.  Died  a  prisoner  at  Loches,  France, 
about  1510.  Duke  of  Milan,  son  of  Francesco 
Sforza.  He  was  agent  lor  Giovanni  Galeazzo  Sforza, 
whose  throne  he  usurped,  and  whom  he  is  said  to  have 
poisoned.  He  was  expelled  from  Milan  by  Louis  XII.  ol 
France  in  1499.  He  was  afterward  restored,  but  was  taken 
prisoner  in  I.tOO,  and  carried  to  France. 

Sforza,  Muzio  Attendolo.    Bom  about  1369: 

died  1424.  Anitalianleaderof mereenarytroops, 
founder  of  the  Sforza  family.  Originally  a  peasant, 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  famous  condottiere  .-Uberico 
da  Barbiano.  from  whom,  on  account  ol  his  great  strength, 
he  received  the  surname  ol  Slorza.    He  ultimately  became 


922 

lat.  25°  X.,  long.  84°  E.     Area,  4.365  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  2,063.337. 

Shahaptian  (sha-hap'tf-au).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  which  inhabited 
a  large  territory  along  the  Columbia  Eiver 
and  it's  tributaries  in  Oregon,  ■Washington,  and 
northern  Idaho. 

Shah  Jehan  (shiih  ve-han'),  or  Shah  Jahan 
(ya-hiin').  Bom  about  1592:  died  1666.  Mo- 
cnii  emperor  1628-58.  son  of  Jahangir.  During 
his  rei"n  the  Mogul  empire  reached  its  highest  point. 
He  founded  the  modern  Delhi,  and  built  the  Taj  Mahal 
and  other  magnificent  buBdings  at  .-Vgra.  (See^^ra.)  He 
was  deposed  by  his  son  .\urung-Zeb. 

Shahnamah  (shah-ua-me').  ['Book  of  Kings.'] 
The  title  of  several  works,  the  most  celebrated 
of  which  is  the  great  Persian  epic  of  Firdausi. 
See  Abu!  Kasim  Mansitr.  There  is  also  a  Shalinamah 
in  Turkish,  written  by  Firdausi  al  ThauU,  and  recounting 
the  history  of  all  the  kings  of  the  East.  WTien  Bajazet  II., 
to  whom  it  was  dedicated,  ordered  its  abridgment  from 
300  to  80  volumes,  the  author  emigrated  in  mortihcation 
to  Khorasan. 

Shahpur  (shah-por').  A  district  m  Eawal 
Pindi  di^-ision,  Panjab,  British  India,  inter- 
sected bv  lat.  32=  30'  X.,  long.  72°  30'  E.  Area, 
4,.S40  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  493,588. 

Shahrazad.     Same  as  ScTielierazade. 

Shairp  (sharp).  John  Campbell.  Bom  at 
Houston,  Linlithgowshire.  Scotland,  July  30, 
1819:  died  Sept.lS,  1885.  A  British  literary 
critic  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  at 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  Newdigate  prize  in  1S42.  From 
l&t6  to  1857  he  was  a  master  at  Rugby,  and  became  in 
1861  professor  ol  Latin  at  St.  Andrews,  in  18<>S  principal 
ol  the  United  College,  St.  Andrews,  and  in  1877  prolessor 
ol  poetry  at  OxIord.  He  published  "  KUmahoe  "  (1S61), 
"Studies  in  Poetry  and  Philosophy  "  (ISfS),  "Culture  and 
Religion"  (lS~f'X  "Poetic  Interpretation  of  Nature" 
(1877X  "Aspects  ol  Poetry  "  (ISSl),  etc. 


commander-in-chief  of  the  Neapolitan  forces,  and  was  g-u-tas  ( ^ha'kaz ).  'in  the'  historv  of  India,  a 
dro»-ned  in  the  Pescara  during  the  siege  olAqurlam  1424.  "^e'^fg"  identified  with  the  Sakai  and  Saca?  of 


Sganarelle   (sga-na-rel').     A  comic  character 
out  of  ancient  comedy,  frequently  introduced 
by  MoUere  in  his  plays,  and  invested  by  him 
with  different  traits  and  peculiarities  according 
to  the  necessities  of  the  subject.    He  first  appears 
in  '■  Sganarelle,  ou  le  cocu  iraaginaire  "  (1660),  and  after 
that  in  many  other  plays  (in  "Don  Juan,  ou  le  festin  de 
Pierre"  (where  he  is  the  LeporeUo  of  the  opera  "Don  Gio- 
vanni "X  in  "  L'-Amour  medecin,"  "  Le  m^decin  malgre  lui." 
"Lemedecin  volant, ""L'Ecole  des  maris,""Le  mariage 
lorce."  etc.).     The  Sganarelle  to  which  most  frequent  al- 
lusion is  made  is  that  in  "Le  medecin  malgre  lui."  where 
he  uses  many  expressions  which  have  become  proverbial, 
as  "  Nous  avons  change  tout  cela,"  etc. 
'S  Gravesande.     See  Gravesande. 
Shadrach  (sha'drak).     [Heb.  Eananiali.']     In 
Old  Testament  history,  a  companion  of  Daniel : 
one  of  the  three  (Shadrach.  Sleshach.  and  Abed- 
nego)  thrown  into  the  fiery  furnace. 
Shadwell  (shad'wel),  Thomas.     Bom  in  Nor- 
folk. 1640  :  died  at  London,  Nov.  20.  1692.     An 
English  plavwright  and  poet  laureate.     He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge  and  the  Inner  Temple,  but  de- 
serted the  law  for  literature.     He  Is  chiefly  remembered 
lor  his  quarrel  with  Dryden,  who  revenged  Shadwell's  at- 
tack upon  him  in  "  The  Medal  ol  John  Bayes  "  by  merci- 
lessly satirizing  him  in  "  MacFlecknoe,"  and  as  "  Og  "  in  the 
second  part  of  "Absalom  and  Achitophel."    He  succeeded 
Dryden,  however,  as  poet  latu-eate  and  historiographer 
roval  in  1688  (when  Dryden  would  not  take  the  oath),  not- 
Tvithstanding  his  predecessor's  satire  in  "  MacFlecknoe," 
"  The  rest  to  some  faint  meaning  make  pretence, 
But  Shadwell  never  deviates  into  sense." 
Shadwell  was  heavy,  but  not  so  dull  as  Dryden  saw  fit  to 
depict  him.     His  plays  are  coarse  and  witty.     .Among 
them  are  "The .Sullen  Lovers,  or  the  Impertinents  "(1668). 
"  The  Humourists,"  "  Psvche  "(an  opera),  "  Epsom  Wells," 
"The  Virtuoso."  "The  libertine,"  "The  True  Widow  '(a 
comedy  to  which  Dryden  wrote  an  epilogue  in  1678,  belore 
their  quarrel).  "The  Lancashire  "Witches,  etc.,"  "The 
Squire  ol  Alsatia,"  "  Bury  Fair,"  "The  Volunteers,"    His 
son,  Charles  Shadwell,  was  the  author  of  several  plays 
sometimes  confounded  with  Thomas  Shadwell's.   They  are 
"  The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,  or  the  Humours  of  the  Navy  " 
(1710  :  Hester  Santlow  played  Dorcas  in  this  play  and  con- 
tributed largely  to  its  success).  "The  Humoursof  the  Army  " 
(1716),  "Rotheric  O'Connor,"  "The  Sham  Prince."  etc. 
Shafii'tes  (shaf 'i-its).      [From  Ar.  Shafi'i.  name 
of  the  founder.]     The  members  of  one  of  the 
four  divisions  or  sects  into  which  the  Orthodox 
Mohammedans,  or  Sunnites.  are  divided. 
Shafter  (shaf'ter),  William  Enfus.    Bom  at 
Galesburg,  Mich..  Oct.  16.  1835.    An  American 
general.       He   served   in  the  ITnion    army,   and   was 
breveted  brisadier-general  of  volunteers  March  13,  1865. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regular  army 
in  1866;  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  May,  1897  ; 
and  was  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers  May  4, 
1898.    He  led  the  cxpirdition  to  Cuba  which  effected  the 
surrender  of  Santiago  July  17,  1898.    Retired  1899. 

Shaftesbury  (shafts'bu-ri),  or  Shaston  (shas'- 
toii  '.  A  toivn  in  Dorset.  England,  19  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Salisburv.  Population(1891).  2.122. 

Shaftesbury,  Earls  of.  See  Cooper.  Eight  of  the 

nine  earls  of  Sh.aftesbury  have  borne  the  name  Anthony 
.Ashlev  Cooper,  being  all  eldest  sons, 
Shahabadisha-ha-biid').  AdistrietinthePatna 
division,  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by 


classical  writers  (the  Indo-Scythians  of  Ptole 
my),  who  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
era  extended  along  the  west  of  India  to  the 
mouths  of  the  Indus.  They  were  probably  Turks  or 
Tatar  tribes.  As  they  pushed  toward  Central  India  they 
were  met  by  a  general  league  of  Hindu  princes.  The  Gup- 
tas shared  in  the  league,  and  possibly  led  it.  A  great  bat- 
tle was  fought  at  Kahror,  near  the  eastern  limits  of  the 
great  desert  of  Manvar.  The  Indo-Scythians  were  utterly 
defeated  and  lost  their  place  in  history.  The  battle  ol  Kah- 
ror was  probably  fought  about  a.  d.  78.  It  is  said  that  the 
year  78  A.  D.  has  become  known  as  the  Shaka  or  Shali- 
vahana  era  in  consequence  of  this  battle. 
Shakspere  (shak'sper,  originally  shak'sper), 
William.  [Also  SIial:cxj>eare.  Shal-espear, 
Sluijrpi  r.  and  many  other  forms,  the  proper 
modem  form  etymologicaUy  being  Shalespear, 
as  in  the  1664  *  impression  of  the  third  folio 
and  the  fourth  folio  of  the  dramatist's  works ; 
lit.  '  one  who  shakes  a  spear,'  orig.,  like  Break- 
spear,  a  complimentary  or  sarcastic  name  for 
a  knight  or  soldier;  from  Shale  and  spear.'] 
Born  at  Stratford-on- Avon,  April.  1564  ( baptized 
April  26) :  died  there,  April  23,  1616  (buried 
April  25).  A  famous  English  poet,  the  great- 
est of  dramatists.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  He 
was  the  first  son  and  the  third  child  of  John  Shak- 
spere, a  glover,  and  Mary  Arden,  both  children  ol  hus- 
bandmen. His  parents  were  possessed  ol  a  little  prop- 
ert}-,  and  the  father  held  various  public  offices  (consta- 
ble, alderman,  and  high  bailiff)  in  Stratford :  but  their 
prosperity  did  not  survive  the  poet's  boyhood.  Where  or 
when  Shakspere  w.as  educated  is  not  known.  On  Nov,  28, 
1582,  he  took  out  a  bond  (in  which  the  name  is  written 
Shagspere)  lor  license  ol  marriage  with  Anne  (or  .Agnes) 
Hathaway  ol  Shottery,  who  survived  him  seven  years. 
(Her  birthplace  was  bought  lor  the  nation  in  1892.)  "rhe 
date  ol  the  religious  ceremony  is  not  known.  A  child, 
Susanna,  was  born  to  them  May  26.  1583,  and  on  Feb.  2, 
1585.  twins,  Hamnet  and  Judith.  About  1587  Shakspere 
went  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune  in  connection  with  the 
stage,  and  became  an  actor,  probably  in  Lord  Leicester  s 
company  of  players,  who  had  visited  Stratford  about  that 
time,  .\lter  the  death  of  Leicester  it  became  Lord 
Strange's  company.  (The  story  that  he  wasforced  to  leave 
Stratford  lor  deer-stealing  in  the  park  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy 
at  Charlecote  is  a  fable;  but  there  may  be  truth  in 
Davenant's  storv  that  he  held  horses  at  the  theater  doors.) 


Shaktas 

one  of  the  chief  actors  in  the  best  company  in  London,  and 
its  acknowledged  play-writer,  and  attained  fame  as  a  poet 
as  well.     His  son  Hamnet  having  died  in  1596,  Shakspere 
went  for  a  short  time  to  Stratford.     He  obtained  a  grant 
of  arms,  and  in  1597  bought  New  Place.      In  this  year 
the  Chamberlain's  Company  removed  to  "The  Curtain," 
and  about  this  time  Ben  Jonson  began  to  write  for  them. 
Shakspere  lived  at  this  time  in  -St,  Helen's.  Bishopsgate, 
with  occasional  absences  in  Stratford.    In  1598  he  played 
in  Ben  Jonson's  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"    The  Globe 
Theatre  was  opened  in  1599,  and  after  this  Shakspere's 
plays  were  first  produced  here.    In  1601  the  Chamberlain's 
Company  traveled,  having  become  obnoxious  to  the  court 
for  playing  "Richard  II,"  Theyplayed  at  O-xford  and  Cam- 
bridge, and  also  went  to  Scotland,      In  this  year  Shak- 
spere's father  died.    The  turbulent  quarrel  known  as  "the 
war  of  the  theatera,"  which  had  raged  since  1599  between 
Jonson.  Dekker,  Chapman,  Marston.  Shakspere,  andothers, 
seems  to  have  been  composed  about  ltj02.     The  plays  prtv 
duced  between  these  years  are  tilled  with  bitter  personal 
allusions.    In  this  latter  year  the  Chamberlain's  Company 
went  back  to  the  court.    In  1603  the  theaters  were  closed 
on  account  of  the  plague ;  the  queen  died ;  and  the  cham- 
berlain's men  took  the  name  of  "The  King's  Company." 
In  161)5  Shakspere  invested  money  in  a  lease  of  the  tithes 
of  Bishopton,  Welcombe,  Stratford,  and,01d  Stratford.    In 
1607  his  daughter  Susanna  married  John  Hall,  a  physician 
at  Stratford,  and  his  brother  Edmund  died.    His  mother 
died  in  1608.    In  1610  he  retired  from  the  theater,  and 
was  living  in  Stratlord  in  1611.    In  1613  he  bought  a  house 
near  Blackfriars  Theatre,  his  brother  Richard  died,  and 
it  is  thought  that  at  this  time  Shakspere  sold  his  shai«a 
in  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars  theaters.    Little  is  known  ol 
his  life  in  Stratford  after  liis  retirement  from  the  stage, 
but  his  name  appears  in  docimients  until  1615.    On  Feb. 
10,  1616,  his  daughter  Judith  married  Thomas  Quiney,  a 
vintner.     Shakspere  died  the  following  April  (it  is  sup- 
posed on  the  23d,  which  is  also  celebrated  as  his  birthdayX 
Shakspere's  poems  are  "  Venus  and  .Adonis  "(entered  on  the 
"Stationers'  Register  "  1593). ' ' The  Rape  of  Lucrece"  (1594X 
"Sonnets  "  (not  published  till  1609.  but  conjectured  to  have 
been  written  1594-98),  "A  Lover's  Complaint"  (published 
with  the  "Sonnets,"  probably  ^vritten  about  1594).    The 
sonnets  are  154  in  number,  and  were  published  with  a 
dedication  by  the  publisher,  Thomas  Thorpe,  to  "Mr.  W. 
H.,"  "their  only  begetter,"  about  whom  controversy  has 
raged.    Ttie  "Passionate  Pilgrim"  was  first  published  in 
159i,     A  volume  called  "Poems  :  written  by  WIL  Shake- 
speare, Gent.,"  was  published  in  1&40.     It  contains  many 
poems  now  known  to  be  by  others.     In  1796  the  famous 
Ireland  forgeries  were  published  (see  Ireland,  W.  H.). 
The  authenticity  of  Shakspere's  plays  was  first  discussed 
in  ISiS  by  J.  C.  Hart  in  "The  Romance  of  Yachting." 
He  was  followed  by  others,  notably  by  Miss  Delia  Ba- 
con in  1857  and  by  Nathaniel  Holmes  in  1866  and  1SS8, 
and  by  Ignatius  Donnelly,  all  striving  to  prove  that  Bacon 
wrote  the  plays.    About  500  works  have  appeared  on  the 
subject.    In  the  following  list  the  dates  of  producti-'n  are 
given  as  nearly  as  possible :  but  reference  should  be  made 
to  the  separate  entries      "  Love  s  Labour  s  Lost  '  (1589  : 
revised  in  1597),  "  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  "  (1591  and 
1695),  "  Borneo  and  Juliet "  (1591  and  1596),  "  Henry  ^^. " 
(in  three  parts,  159-2-94),  "A  Comedy  of  Errors  '  (1594). 
"King  Richard  III." (1594),"  Titus  Andronicus  "(?)(1594), 
**.A  Midsummer  Nishts  Dream"  (1595),  "King  Rich.ard 
n. '  (1595).  "The  Merchant  ol  Venice  "(1598),  "King  John" 
(15%), "Henry  IV."  (in  two  parts.  1597  and  1598),  'Much 
Ado  about  Nothing  "  (1598),"  As  you  Like  it  "(1599),  "Henry 
V."  (1599).  "Merrv  Wives  ol  Windsor  ■(1600).'Troilus  and 
Cressida  "  (1600),  "  Julius  Ca?sar  "  (1600),  '  Hamlet "  (1601X 
"Macbeth'  (1601),  "AH  s  Well  that  Ends  Well"  (1601), 
"Twelfth  Niffht"  (1602),  "The  Taming  of  the  Shrew" 
(1603),  "Othello  "  (1604),  "Measure  for  Measure  "  (1604i, 
"King  Lear"  (1605),  ".Antony  and  Cleopatra"  (1607).  "Ti- 
mon  of  Athens"  (1607-08),  "Coriolanus"(1608X  "Pericles" 
(1608X  "CvmbeUne"(ie09).  "The  Tempest  "  (1611),  "The 
Winters  T.-ae"  (1611),  "King  Henn,'  Vni."  (1613).     The 
doubtful  plavs   were  first  attributed    to   Shakspere  in 
the  1664  Issue"  of  the  third  lolio :  they  are  "  The  Two  No- 
ble Kmsmen,"  "Edward  HL,"  "The  London  Prodigal," 
"Thomas  Lord  Cromwell,"  "Sir  John  Oldcastle, "  "The 
Puritan  Widow,"  "Locrine,"and  "A  Yorkshire  Tragedy  " 
"Arden  of  Feversham,"  'The  Birth  of  Merlin,"  and  other 
plays  have  also  been  attributed  to  him.     .Some  of  the  plays 
were  printed  in  quarto  during  Sh.akspere's  lifetime.    The 
first  collected  edition  was  the  folio  of  1623:  the  second 
lolio  appeared  in  1632,  a  third  in  1663  and  1664,  a  fourth 
in  168,1.    Rowe  issued  the  first  critical  edition  of  the  plays 
with  the  poems  in  1709.    Among  the  many  later  editions 
may  be  mentioned  that  of  Pope  (17'25).  Johnson  (176,iX 
Johnson  and  Steevens  (1773).   Malone  (1790X  Boydell's 
edition,  revised  bv  Steevens  (1802X  Bowdler's  expurgated 
edition  (1818X  Kiiight  (1838-43  and  laterX  Collier  (1841-44 
and  later),  Halliwell  (1S53X  Dyce  (1«7),  Richard  Grant 
White  (1857-65  and  1883).  Hudson  (1860),  Cambridge  edi- 
tion (186:>-66),  Globe  edition  (ISfrtX     Variorum  editions 
have  been  edited  by  Reed  (1803)  and  BosweU  (1S21X  and 
notably  by  Furness  (begun  in  1877). 

Shakspere  of  Divines,  The.  Jeremy  Taylor. 
Shakspere  of  Germany,  The.  A  name  some- 
times triven  to  Kotzebue. 


.ihakspere  had 'the  advantage  of  being  associated  with      

Allevne,  the  best  tragic  actor  in  England,  and  with  Kempe  ghakspore's  Cliff.   A  cliff  near  Dover,  England, 
and  Pope,  the  b"*  ™n,edians     (ireene  ?,>.'i',?L^'l;r»ii     bordering  the  Strait  of  Dover.  It  is  graphically  pic- 


WUson,'  Peele,  Lodge,  Lvlv.  Munday.  and  others  were  all 
at  this  time  writing  plays  for  the  diflerent  companies 

pla.ring  in  the  London  theaters:  and  as  early  as  15S9  or  ShafctaS  (shak  taz). 
1590  Shakspere  was  part  author  or  reviser  of  some  of  the  Shakti  (which  see).] 
plaj-s  acted  bv  his  own  company.  Lord  Stranges men.    It  - 

was  this  collaboration  that  induced  Greene,  his  rival  play- 
wright, to  allude  to  him  in  his  'Groatsworth  of  ^^  it ""  as 
"an  upstirt  crow  beautified  with  our  leathers,  that,  with 
his  Tiger's  heart  wrapped  in  a  player's  hide,  supposes  he 
is  as  well  able  to  bombast  out  a  blank  verse  as  the  best ; 
and,  being  an  absolute  Johannes-lac-totum,  is  in  his  own 
conceit  the  onlv  Shake-scene  in  a  country."  -About  1.593 
he  ceased  to  work  as  a  collaborator,  and  in  reviving  the 
plavs  produced  at  this  period  seems  to  have  taken  ont  the 
work  of  the  other  hands,  substituting  lines  of  his  oivn. 
In  l,').i3  Lord  Strange's  men  played  at  the  Rose  Theatre,  At 
Lord  Strange's  death  hi  this  year  the  company  became 
"The  Chamberlains,"  and  with  Shakspere  and  Burbage 
played  at  "The  Theatre.""    .After  this  time  Shakspere  was 


i 


tured  in  Shakspere's  "King  Lear,  "    Height,  350  feet. 

[Skt.  shdkta.  relating  to 
In  India,  the  worshipers 
of  the  divine  power  under  its  female  representa- 
tion. As  Hinduism  has  resolved  itself  into  two  great  sys- 
tems (Shairism  and  Vaishnavism ) .  so  the  adherents  of  each 
of  these  are  divided  into  two  great  classes  (the  Dokshina- 
margis  and  the  VamamargisX  Both  are  Shaktas,  but  the 
first,  the  '  followers  ol  the  right-hand  path.'  worship  Shiva 
and  Vishnu  in  their  double  nature  as  male  and  lemale,  do 
not  show  undue  preference  for  the  female  or  left-hand  side 
of  the  deity,  and  are  not  addicted  to  mystic  or  secret  rites ; 
while  the  second,  the  Vamamargis,  or '  followers  ol  the  left- 
hand  path,'  worship  exclusivelv  the  female  side  of  Shiva 
andVishnu.  TheformerfindthelrBiblein thePuranas  the 
latter  in  the  Tantras.  The  rites  of  the  latter  are  orgiastic 
and  represent  the  most  corrupt  development  of  Hinduism 


Shakti  "23  Shasn 

See  Gobi.  Chad,  Sudan,  which  it  joins  from  the  sonthi 

A  borough  in  North-    source  unknown.     Length,  700  miles  (f) 
umbcrland    County,   Pennsylvania,    iiO    miles  Shark  Bay  (shark  ba).     An  inlet  of  the  Indian 
northwest  of  ReadiuR.     It  is  important  as  the    Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  West  Australia, 
center  of  a  coal-mining  region.     Population  Sharkieh  (shiir-ke'ye).    The  easternmost  prov- 
(lyilOi,   1H,L'02.  ince  of  Lower  Egj-pt.    Area  of  the  cultivated  region. 

Shamrock  (sham' rok).  A  sloop  yacht,  the  un-  906  scjuare  miles.  Po|julatioii  (1882X  4f54,«.')5. 
successful  challenger  for  the  America's  cup  in  Sharon  (shar'on).  A  borough  in  MercerCounty, 
1899.  She  was  owned  by  Sir  Thomas  Lipton  and  (lesiKiKcl  western  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  .ShenangO 
by  William  lite,  Jr.  Her  dimensions  were :  leuRth  over  Kivcr  (M  miles  northwest  of  Pittsburg.  It 
»U,  128  feet ;  wat<-r.line  lensth  87  feet  8)  inches  (for  the  jjas  important  iron  manufactures.  Population 
laat  race,  8R  feet  11?  mches)  ;  beam,  2.5  feet  5  inches.  ( 1900)    8  916 

Shamrock   II.     .\  sloop  yacht,  the  unsuccess-cn,l_    '    •iji„j„  _»      t    dui  \  i   ■ 

lul  chall.n^'or  for  the  America's  cup  in  1901,  ^^5°°;,,^!*^  °f:     In  Bible  geography  a  plain 
,1.^;,.     I   iV.  1'   „.       T     ^v  .  J  11       m  western  Palestine,  e.vtenumg  along  the  coast 

a  .s  unr.l  by  <u.oi-e  L   \\  atson  and  owned  by   ^^^^^^  ^i^^  vicuiitv  of  Joppa  to  C^sarea  or  Car- 

......„™  .,  .....  ^'J,t\'''%Yt^^^^^^^^  ^^'^'"^  t«  ^'"^  ^  ^'''^-    mel.     It  was  celebrated  for  its  fertility. 

until  found  by  the  saKeKanva,  who  brought  her  up  in  Iu8  onamvi.     >t'0  .>t  tiamijL  .      .  ,  .  ShaTTl  f  shjirr)^     Tampq      Born   nt  Tftstlp  'RftTift 

hermitage  as  his  (laughter.    Iti  the.lnimashe  isseen  in  the  Shandon  fshanMon),  Captain.    A  Wlttv,  SWOet  P*}^^/7 ''J^^^  jameS.      ±5orn  at  Lastle   Uanlt. 

forest  by  King  Dusliyanta,  who  h:u*  gone  there  to  hunt.   He     tempered,  but  intemperate  literary  hack  who    ^:%\^^'^^\l''''''!}''^^^^^^^ 

induces  her  to  cuiitract  with  hun  a iJandharvamarrmge—     ,-       *  •      fi,,.  T^i,,„t  Prwnn  -  n  phirnrtprni  Thaok-    ^t- Alldl'ews,  May  J,  10*9,      A  Scottish  prelate, 

that  is,  one  formed  by  a  simple  dcclanition  of  mutual  ac-     '^^  ^^.  ^^  "i*^  ^  l^^^V  f/'**'";  ^  S^^araeter  min&Ck-        ^^- ^  f  ^^-^  Andrews.     In  1637  h^  eniduated 

cepUnce.     On  leaving  her  to  return  to  his  capital,  he  gives     ^^niy's  '*  PeudouiUS."     His  original  was  W  lUiam    T,  ^";:^..!;^^,\Z.:?,  ^^.,1...7:    -  ^"  ^*^^^     ■  graduated 

her  a  ring.     When  Shakuntala  goes  back  to  the  hermitage,      Mat?inii. 

shedoes  notheedtheapproach  of  the  testy  sjigeDurvasas,   Shandv  (shaii'di).  Captain.      See  Tob»,  Uncle, 

who  pronounces  upon  her  the  curse  of  bcmg  forg(»tt*:n  by  Q-L-_,ji.   Ti_;«-f*.n«i       -^.^      r, ;  ./^/»,»  Vh^V^lu 

herbeloved.     Relenting,  however.  Durvasas  promises  that  bnandV,  TriStiam.      I^et-   i  n.^tvam  bhayidy.      _ 

Dushyanta  shall  remember  heron  seeing  the  ring.  Shakun-  Shanghai  (shang-hi').      A  city  and  seaport  in 

tala  sets  out  to  join  lier  husband,  but  on  the  way  bathes  in     the  province  of  Kiangsu,  China,  situated  on  the 

river  Wusung,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hwan^pu, 

and  near  the  Yangtse,  in  lat.  31°  15'  N.,  long. 

121°  29'  E.     Itisoneof  the  chief  ports  of  the  empire,  ex- 
porting tea,  silk,  etc.     It  contains  an  importaiit  foreign 

quarter  inhabit«d  by  British,  Americans,  trench,  etc.     It 

became  a  treaty  port  in  1S43.    It  was  taken  by  the  rebels 

and  held  temporarily  in  1853.    Population,  estimated,  about 

400,000. 


ShaktL(shak'ti).  In  Sanskrit. 'strength,  energy,'  Shamo.  Desert  of.^  See 

and  then  in  Hindu  religion  the  energy  or  active  Shamokln  (sha-mo'kin). 

power  of  a  deity  personified  as  his  wife  and  wor-  .      -      ^    - .       -       ^^ 

shiped  undervarious  names.    Fifty  different  forms 

of  theShakti  of  Vishnu  besides  Lakshmi  are  reckoned,  and 

fifty  of  the  sliakti  of  Shiva  besides  Dui-ga  or  Oauri.     Brah- 

manisni  liuMs  that  the  One  Universal  Self-existent  Spirit 

is  pure  existence.     Themoment  he  becomes  conscious,  his 

nature  becomes  duplex;  and  this  double  nature  is  held  to 

be  partly  male  and  partly  female,  the  female  constituting 

his  leK  side.     The  male  side  of  the  god  is  believed  to  rel- 
egate his  more  onerous  functions  to  the  female  ;  hence 

the  female  side  of  the  personal  god  is  more  oft«u  propiti- 
ated than  the  m;Ue.     See  Shaktan. 
Shaknntala   (sha-kon'ta-lii).     The  heroine  of 

the  great  drama  of  Kalidasa.    .She  was  the  daughter 

of  the  s:ige  Vishvamitra  by  tlie  nymph  Menaka  and  was 

left  at  birth  in  a  forest  where  she  was  nourished  by  birds 


J  sacred  pool  and  loses  the  ring.  Tlie  king  does  not  recog. 
nize  her,  and  she  isobliged  to  return  to  the  forest,  wliere  she 
gives  birth  toBharata.  A  tlshemian  catches  a  fish  in  which 
he  finds  a  royal  ring,  which  is  taken  to  the  king  with  the 
fisherman,  who  is  thought  to  have  stolen  it.  On  seeing  the 
ring  the  king  recognizes  it,  remembers  Shakuntala,  and 
goes  in  quest  of  her.  The  play  exists  in  two  recensions, 
one  known  as  the  Devanagari,  the  other  as  the  Bengali,  of 
which  the  former  is  thought  to  be  the  older  and  piirer.  It 
was  from  the  latter  that  Sir  William  Jones  made  his  cele.  STiaTiTcara    Cshang'ka-ra),   or  Shankaracarya 


(-ii-char'ya).  ['The  teacher  or  doctor  Sliaii- 
kara.']  Oiie  of  the  most  renowned  tlieologians 
of  India.  His  exaetdate  is  uncertain  :  Wilson  puts  it  in 
the  8tli  or  9th  century  A.  D.  Tradition  generally  makes  him  a 


brated  translation  of  1789,  which,  translated  into  German 
by  Forster  in  1791,  so  excited  the  admiration  of  Hi-rder  and 
Goethe.  Monier-Williams  has  published  an  exquisite  and 
masterly  translation  of  the  Devanagari  recension. 

Shaler  (sha'K-r), Nathaniel  Southgate.   Born 

at  Newport,  Ky.,  Feb.  22,  1841.     Au  American 

geologist  and  paleontologist.     He  graduated  at  the 

Lawrence  Scientific  School  (Harvard)  in  1862 ;  served  in 

the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  War;  and  was  professor 

of  paleontology  at  Harvard  from  1868  to  1887,  when  be  be- 

came  professor  of  geology.   Among  his  works  are  "  A  First 

Book  in  Geology"  (1884),  "Kentucky"  (1S84  :  in  American 

Commonwealths  series),  "The  Interpretation  of  Nature" 

(189:i),  etc. 
Snallow  (shal'6).  Asolemn,  insignificant  eoiin- 

try  justice  in  the  '*  Men*y  Wives  of  Windsor," 

and  in  tlie  2d  part  of  "King  Henry  IV.,"  by 

Sliakspere.     He  has  lofty  pretensions  to  having  been 

a  roaring  lila<le  in  his  youth,  and  is  a  satire  on  Sir  Thomas 

Lucy,  the  author's  old  Stratford  enemy.     I'helps  made  a 

great  hit  in  London  in  this  part. 
Shalmaneser  (shal-ma-ne'zer).     [Assyr.  hil- 

uunt-ttsarid,  the  god  Shulinan  is  the  leader.]  The 

name  of  four  AsH3Tian  kings.    Tlie  first  reigned 

about  13.S0  B.  c.     From  an  inscription  of  Aaurnazirpal 

(881-800  B.C.)  it  isknownthat  he  founded  the  city  of  (;alah 

(modern  Ximrnd),  which  he  made  his  residence,  and  that 

he  extended  the  boundaries  of  the  .Vssyi-ian  empire  in  the 

northwest.  The  second  reigned  .S(;i^-8J4  u.  c.  He  was  war- 
like and  entel^^rising  like  his  father  Aaurnazirpal,  »'"!  gJiankaraviiava  (whang-ka-ra-vi'ia-v 

under  him  the  first  direct  collision  between  Assyria  and     (,,        tviumT^b    nf     miinUnm  "'1      TJia 

Israel  took  place.     The  extant  monuments  of  him  are  the      *'"'    ',"'^^"17  .'^     Mian  Kara.  J       iiie 

"black  obelisk. "about  7feet  high,  with  190  lines  of  cunei-    several  Sanskrit  works,  but  especially  of  a  br 

form  writing  and  representations  <.f  war-scenes  in  bas-re-     Ography  of  Shankara  (wliich  see),  hy  Aiiunda- 

lief,  discovered  by  Layard  in  theNimrud  mound  ;two hull-     girl. 

colossi  covered  with  inscriptions,  found  in  the  same  place;  Q>,o«lrliTi  C^hnno-V'liTi^       A  watfirinrr-Tilape  situ- 

a  monolith,  found  in  Knrkh;  the  luonze  coverings  of  his  ^'^^^^.^^.r"'^"^'^,/?":';      -^  watering  piace  siiu- 

palaee  doors  decorated  with  scenes  of  war,  games,  sjicri' 

flees,  etc.,  and  an  account  of  the  llrst  nine  years  of  his 

princii^al  river  of 
Ireland.  It  rises  in  the  north  ;  flows  south  and  south- 
west ;  traverses  Loughs  Allen,  Ree,  and  Derg  ;  and,  form 


at  King's  College,  Aberdeen;  in  1043  was  chosen  a  re- 
gent of  philosophy  in  St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews ; 
and  in  IM^he  wa.s  appointed  minister  of  Crail  in  Fifeshire. 
He  was  ;i  leader  of  the  Res*)lutioners  against  the  Protesters. 
In  iiiitii  he  went  to  I>i)ndon  to  counteract  the  influence  of 
the  Protesters  with  the  l*roteetor.  In  Feb.,  HMM\  he  vis- 
ited London  again  to  watch  the  movements  of  Monk.  Ho 
was  well  received  by  Monkan<l  sent  to  CharlesII.  at  Breda, 
ostensibly  to  adv(»eat<;  the  Presbyterian  cause.  He  waa 
in  confidential  communication  with  Charles  and  Claren- 
don, assisted  in  the  restoration  of  Episcopacy  in  Scot- 
land, and  for  his  treachery  was  api>ointL-d  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews  in  Aug.,  1661.  When  Lauderdale  became 
supreme.  Sharp  cooperated  in  passing  the  National  Synod 
Act  of  1663,  the  first  step  in  subjecting  the  church  to  the 
crown.  In  1G67,  with  R^jthes,  hewas  the  governing  power 
in  Scotland.  Their  tyranny  and  cruelty  prov<iked  a  rising 
of  the  Covenanters.  On  July  10,  ItKts,  an  attempt  to  assas- 
sinate him  was  made  by  Robert  Mitchell,  a  preacher.  He 
was  murdered  by  a  number  of  Covenant<:ra  while  on  hiB 
way  U>  St.  Andrews. 

native  of  Malabar.    Heisdescribedashaving'led  a  wander-  Sharp,  John.      Bom  at  Bradford,  England.  Feb. 

ing,  controversial  life,  and  as  having  gone  toward  the  close    10,  1644:  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  2,  1714.      An  Eng- 

of  it  to  Kashmir  and  then  to  Kedarnath  in  the  Himalaya,    Ush  prelate,  archbishop  of  York. 

where  he  is  said  to  have  died  at  the  age  of  32.     He  is  held  gharp,  RebcCCa  (Becky  Sharp).      One  of  thft 

•ipal   cbarai'tcrs   in  Tliai'keray\s  **  Vanity 


to  have  worked  various  miracles,  among  others  reanimat- 
ing and  entering  the  dead  body  of  King  Amaru  in  older 
to  become  temporarily  the  husbandof  Amaru's  widow  that 
he  might  be  able  to  argue  with  a  Brahman  on  the  wediled, 
state,  and  w.as  even  regarded  as  an  incarnation  of  Shiva. 
He  is  made  the  founder  of  the  Dashnamidandins,  or  'Ten- 
named  Mendicants' (so  called  as  divided  into  10  classes, 
each  distinguished  by  the  name  of  one  of  the  10  pupils  of 
each  of  Shankara's  4  chief  jiupils).  one  of  the  principal 
Shaiva  sects.  South  Indian  pandits  represent  him  also  as 
founder  of  all  the  6  principal  sects  of  Hinduism —  viz.,  the 
Shaivas,  the  Vaishnavas,  the  Shaktas,  the  (tanapaty:i8,  the 
Sauras,  and  the  I'ashupatas — though  falsely,  as  Shankara 
was  opposed  to  all  sectarian  ideas.  He  is  said  to  have  es- 
tablished several  maths,  or  monasteries,  particularly  one 
stillfiourishing  at  Sringiri  on  the  Western  (Jhats,  nearthe 
sources  of  the  Tungabudra.  The  essential  fact  of  his  life 
is  that  he  molded  thelTttaramimansa  or  Vedanta  philoso- 
phy into  its  final  form,  and  iiopularized  it  into  a  national 
religion.  A  large  number  of  works  are  ascribed  to  him, 
of  wliieh  the  most  important  are  commentaries  on  the  Ve- 
dantasutras,  the  Bhagavadgita,  and  the  principal  Upani- 
shads. 

a).  [Skt., 
name  of 


'^air":  a  frieiiilless  f;irl,  "willi  the  dismal  pre- 
cocity of  poverty,"  whose  object  it  is  to  rise  in 
the  worhl.  she  is  nRreeable,  c<kiI,  selfish,  and  entirely 
unmoral ;  "  small  ami  slight  of  person,  pale,  sandy-haired, 
and  with  (freen  eyes,  habitually  cast  down,  but  very  large, 
odd,  and  attractive  when  they  looked  up." 

But  the  finest  character  in  the  whole  novel  Is  Miss  Re- 
becca Sharp,  an  oi-igiiial  personage,  worthy  to  be  called 
the  anthor's  own,  and  as  tnie  to  life  as  hyiwcrisy,  ability, 
and  cunning  can  make  her.  She  is  altogether  the  most 
important  jtcrson  in  the  work,  being  the  very  impersona- 
tion of  talent,  tact,  and  worldlines,s,  iind  working  her  way 
with  a  graceful  and  executive  impudence  unpanilK-led 
among  managing  women.  She  inilicatestheextrcmepoint 
of  worldly  succcs.**  to  which  these  qualities  will  carry-  a 
person,  and  also  the  impossibility  of  their  providing  against 
all  contingencies  in  life. 

Wfiij/pie,  Essays  and  Reviews,  II.  407. 

Sharp,  Timothy.  Tlie  "lying  valet"  in  Gar- 
rick's  jibiy  of  that  name. 

Sharp,  William.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  29, 
174S):  did  at  Cliiswick,  England, .Tnly  2."),  1824. 
An  English  linc-engravcr  Ho  executed  excel- 
lent plates  from  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  the 
old  masters. 


reign,  in  repoussi  work,  discovcnd  by  llormuzd  liaasani  Shannon   (shan'oit).      The 

ill  Balawat.     From  these  monuments  we  learn  that  Shal-     j,.,  , j       ,!_..,,_'■ 

nianeser  11.  invaded  Babylotiiii,  c<»n(iuiTing  the  city  of 

Babylon  and  many  other  cities.  He  then  d;rect<-dhis  forces     ,         -     ,,        .  .-      t..,      »,,,■■,  *   ,.»■ 

against  the  confederation  of  the  Syrian   kings  t..  which      'W,^?  «'"=  •^»  "?.'^'.'''"."":' A'    «     ■."     il    .  M,  „J,  ,.o^ 

afso  Ahab  of  Israel  belonged,  and  .Ideated  it  in  the  battle     30,  S.    Thecbief  tributary  is  theSuck      Lerigth,  about  260 

of  Karkar.    In  812,  afU.r  the  .iefe;,t  of  Uayjiel  of  Damascus,      mill's  ;  navigable  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course  (for 

he  received  tribute  from  rvrc,  Si.lon,  and  .lehu  of  Israel,      large  vessels  to  Limerick). 

The  last  four  years  of  his  reign  were  occupied  with  the  re-  Shannon,  The.     -V    British  man-nf-war    which 

bellion  which  one  of  bis  sons  had  aroused,  anil  which  his     ca])liircd   tlic   ■Viiiericaii    vessel   of  w;ir  ("liosa- 

otheraon  put  down  twoyearsafterhisfather'adeath.    The     ,„.,^]^^,   „ff  JIarhlehcad,  Massachusetts,  Juno  1, 

third  reigned  782-772  B.  c.     During  the  ten  years  of  hlfl     ',„,.,       q   „/';.„.„,.„„/.,. 

reign  he  made  six  expeditions  against  Armenia  (I'rartu),   _'"'•'•  .  »eo  t^«tj,«/K«M  ^ 

one  against  Damascus,  and  one  against  Chatarika  (the  bll>. 

Heal  Uadrach).    The  fourth  reigned  727-722.    Ue  is  known 

from  the  (lid  Testament.    He  nitdert<jok  an  expedition  into 

the  west,  on  which  occasion  Ilosea,  king  of  isniel,  who  be- 
came tributary  to  his  jiredecesBor,  Tiglatli-Pileser  111.,  re- 

peated  the  assurance  of  his  stllimission  and  brougbt  htm 

presents.     But.  smjn  after  the  departure  of  the  Assyrian 

king,  Ilosea  sent  au  embassy  t^)  the  fOgyptian  king  ^habo 

(biblical  So)  offering  him  his  alliance,  whereiipi  »   Shal- 
maneser IV.  appeared  before  Samaria,  look  the  faithless 

Hosea captive,  and  laid  siege  to  the  city  (2  Ki,  xvil.),    Kioni 

the  cuneiform  inscriptions  it  is  known  that  .Shalmamser 

IV'.  himself  met  with  his  <leatli  during  the  siege,  and  that 

it  was  bis  successor,  Sargon,  who  succeeded  in  taking  .Sa- 
maria after  a  throe  years'  siege. 
Shamaka.     See  SJunifdhn. 
Shamash  ("sha'mnsh).     Ill  the  A.S8yT0-Bahylo- 

niaii  jiaiithcoii,  the  god  of  the  sun.    lie  is  calleil 

the  "light  of  the  gods,"  the  '*illllminat<ir  of  heaven  and 

earth,"  and   especially  the  "great   judge  of  heaven   and 

earth."    Ills  wife  is  Aa,  the  "lady  of  mankind, "t In*  "lady 

of  the  countries."    The  principal  scats  of  his  worsliip  were 

SIppara  (the  biblical  Sepharvaim)  and  Lania  (modern  Sen- 

kereb). 
fihamha  (shtim'b&).     See  Kabail. 


ateil  on  the  southeastern  coast  of  the  Isle  o£  Sharper  (shiir'per).     A  character  in  Congreve's 
Wight,  England.     Population  (1891).  .t.'J77.  "Old  Bachelor."     It  is  he  who  says : 


"Thus  grief  still  treads  upon  the  hetds  of  pleasure  — 
Mariy'd  in  haste,  we  may  repent  at  leisure." 

Sharpsburg(sliiirps'berg).  1.  A  small  town  in 
Washington  County,  western  Maryland,  situ- 
ated near  the  Potomac  12  miles  south  of  Ha- 
gerstown.  For  the  battle  of  Sliarpsburg,  see 
AntkUtm. —  2.  A  borough  of  Allegheny  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Allegheny  Kiver 
fi  miles  northeast  of   Pittsburg.      Population 

.^.„ , „ „ ^ „  .  .  ,-,       »       (lilOOi.  (i.St'J. 

oneagainstDainascus,andoncagain8t(hatarika(thebil)-  Shansi  (shiin-so').      ['Mountainous  west.'J     -A- gjja^j.g^Qo,J  („l,iiri,/,vi,d),  Qeorge    BornatPhil- 

province  of  northern  China.    Gipital,Taiyuen-    .„i,.i,,iii,i.  .i„iy  7,  isiO:   died  at"  I'hiladelnhia. 

May  2S,  IS,'^:!."  An  American  jurist  and  legal 
writer.  He  lncame  chief  justiceot  the  Supreme!  .lurtof 
Pennsvlvanla  in  1SU7.  and  later  cliicf  Justice.  Ue  edited 
various  legal  works,  including  "HIackslcuic'  (186I'X  and 
wrote  " rrofesslonal  F.thies,"  etc. 

Shasta.     See  Snslxiii. 

Shasta  (shiis'tiii.  Mount.  A  mountain  peak  m 
[Siskiyon  Coiiniv.  Calil'oriiia.  situated  about  hit. 
41°  2.V  N.  It  is  (Hie  of  the  highest  peaks  in  the 
United  Stales.     Height.  14,:t80  feet. 


lu.     It  borders  on  Mongolia  on  the  north  and  on  the 

Hwangho  on  the  south  and  west ;  the  surface  is  largely 

mountainous.     Area,  about  1)0,000  sttuare  miles.     Tujiula- 

tlon,  estimated.  ll,(llKl,(KiO. 
Shan  (slian)  states.     A  grou))  of  Lao  states, 

partly  iindir  British  rule  in  Burnia,  partly  iiide- 

pi'iiileiil.  anil  [larlly  under  the  rule  of  Siaiii. 
Shan-tung  (shiln-teng').    A  maritime  province 

of  China.      Cajiital,  Tsinan.    It  lainlers  on  the  Yel- 
low.Sea  and  tiiedulf  of  I'e  clii-li.    The  snrlai  els  generally 

level,  .vcept  ill  tin- peninsular  portion.    Area,  uboiit  Ml.llOO 

xpiare  miles.     Population  (I»:kI>.  est.,  ;n,  lao.OOO.  Shastica.     See  iSaxUiin 

Sharezer  (sha-re'zer).    According  to  2  Ki.xix.  Shasu  (shii'.si)).     Sec  the  extract, 

:(".  Isa.  xxxvii.  '.W,  the  son  of  Sennacherib  who, 

with    his  brother  Adrammelech,   assassinated 

his  father.     In  Abydenns  he  bears  the  name  of  Nergilos, 

and  it  is  not  improbable  Ibal  his  complete  name  was  Nor- 

galsbarizer  (Assvrian  .Vrc.Ki;-ilnr-H.,-iir,  'Nergal(llle  god 

of  wan  pniteel  the  king"),    I'lie  miine  Sharer.er  occurs  also 

as  that  of  a  .Iiidean  In  the  time  of  Durius  (/.ecli.  vll.  2). 
Shari  (shB're).    The  chief  Irilmtary   of   Lake 


Vervdlsllnct  from  the  I'licrnieians  of  KafI  arc  the  Shasu 
or  lledawin,  'riundereni,' of  the  Kgyptian  mmiuments. 
Thev  were  the  scourge  of  the  scHle.i  populations  of 
Caniian  as  their  d<  scendaiits  ire  at  the  present  day,  «  e 
hear  of  them  as  existing  frcmi  the  Kgyntian  fnuitierup  to 
Ibe  north  of  ralestine.  'the  land  of  Ine  Amorllo,'  when 
their  idaee  was  taken  in  the  ntleenth  century  before'  our 
era  by  the  invading  Uittltc.    They  were  properly  InhabI 


Shasu 


924 


Sheliak 


tants  of  the  desert,  who  perpetuaUy  hovered  on  the  bor-  Shea  (sha),  John  DaWSOn  Gilmarv. 
ders  of  the  cultivated  land,  taking  advantage  of  every  op-  Xfew York  Julv  '"^  LSM ■  dipd  at  ElizT^Ii 
portnnity  to  harry  and  plunder  it.  t!  ,    \„   ,'„„r^-  T'  ^'-^-  ^'J^l  at  £inzac 


I  plunder  i 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  105. 

Shat-el-Arab  (shat-el-a'rab).  The  lower  course 
of  the  Euphrates  after  its  junction  with  the 
Tigris. 

Shattuck  (shat'tik),  Aaron  Draper.  Born  at 
Francestown,  N.  H..  March  9, 1832.  An  Ameri- 
can landscape-painter.  He  first  exhibited  in 
1856,  and  was  made  a  national  academician  in 
1861. 


Bom  at  Sheemess  (sher-nes').     A  seaport  and  water- 

T^  K   oo  icno-    ,       ,         •         1-  .     b«'t^^':J"  ing-place  in  Kent,  England,  situated   at  the 

teb.  J-'.  1892.     An  American  historical  writer  junction  of  the  iledwav  with  the  Thames,  oi> 

and  philoloo^ist.    He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  the  Isle  of  Sheppev,  36"miles  east  of  Limdon 

but  soon  abandoned  law  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly  It  has  been  a  naval  establisluneut  with  dockyards  and 

to  literature.     He  wrote  "Discovery  and  Exploration  of  strong'  tdrtiflcations.     In  16ti7  it  was  taken  by  the  Dutch 

the  Mississippi  Valley  "  (1S53),  "  Hlstoiy  of  the  Catholic  uiultrlit- Kuvter.     Population  (1?81)  13,841 

Missions  among  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United  States"  Sheffield  ^shet'eld).   Aparliaiuentaryand  muni- 


(1854),  "Early  Voyages  up  and  down  the  iIississippi"(lS62), 
and  "Lincoln  Memorial  "(1S65).  He  also  published  gram- 
mars and  dictionaries  of  vai-ions  Indian  languages,  and 
various  translations,  including  Charlevoix's  "History  and 
General  Description  of  New  France  "  (1806-72) ;  and  edited 
"  Washington's  Private  Diary  "  (1861). 


Shattnck,  Lemuel.  Bom  at  Ashby,  Mass. ,  Oct.  Sheaffe,  Sir  Roger  Hale.  Born  at  Boston,  Julv 
lo.  1,93:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  1,,  18o9.  An  in.  1763:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  17,  1851.  A 
American  histoncal  and  statistical  writer.  -r.  ■-•  ,  ,  =•  •       ' 

Shanla  (sha'la).     [Ar.  al-saula.  the  sting.]    The 


second-magnitude  star  ?.  Seorpii,  at  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  creattu'e's  tail. 

Shavano  (sha-vS'no),  Mount.  A  mountain  of 
the  Saguache  Mountains,  central  Colorado. 
Height,  14,239  feet. 

Sha'w  (sha),  Henry  Wheeler:  pseudonyms 
Josh  Billings  and  IJncle  Esek.  Bom  at  Lanes- 
borough,  Mass.,  April  21.1818 :  died  at  Monterey, 
Cal.,  Oct.  14, 1885.  An  American  humorist.  He 
published  annually  "  Josh  Billings'  Fanners'  AUminax." 
and  began  his  career  as  a  lecturer  in  1863.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1877. 

Shaw,  Lemuel.  Bom  at  Barnstable, Mass.,  Jan. 
9, 1781:  ilied  at  Boston.  March  30, 1861.  Anoted 
American  jurist.  He  was  chief  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  1830-60. 

Shaw,  Robert  Gould.  Bom  at  Boston,  Oct.  10, 
183 ,  :  killed  at  Fort  Wagner,  S.  C,  July  18, 1863. 
A  Union  ofBcer  in  the  Ci\il  War.  He  enlisted  as 
a  private  in  1861 ;  was  promoted  captain  .Aug.  10, 1862  :  and 
April  17,  1863,  became  colonel  of  the  64th  Massachusetts, 
the  first  regiment  of  colored  troops  from  a  free  State  mus- 
tered into  the  I  nited  States  service. 

Shawangunk  (shong'gum)  Mountains.     A 


British  general.  He  defeated  the  Americans  at  Qneens- 
ton,  Canada,  1812.  and  commanded  at  the  defense  of  Vork 

Soronto)  in  the  following  year. 
eba(she'ba).  A  grandson  of  Cush  (Gen.x.  7); 
a  descendant  of  Jokshan  (x.  28) ;  grandson  of 
Abraham  and  Keturah  (xxv.  2).  The  Saba;ans  were, 
according  to  biblical  and  classical  notices,  the  most  im- 
portant people  of  South  Arabia.  They  were  settled  in 
southwestern  Aiabia,  Yemen,  with  the  capital  Mariba. 
The  numerous  inscriptions  bear  evidence  of  their  culture. 


eipal  borough  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire. 
England,  situated  on  the  Don,  Sheaf,  and  other 
streams,  in  lat.  53°  24'  X..  long.  1°  28'  W.  it  is 
the  chief  seat  of  English  cutlery  manufacture.  Among 
the  articles  manufactured  are  knives,  scissors,  razors,  tools 
of  all  kinds,  rails,  armor-plates,  castings,  surgical  instru- 
ments, machinery,  silver-plate,  axles,  etc.  The  grammar- 
school.  Firth  College,  St.  Peter's  Church,  St,  George's 
Museum,  com  exchange,  and  music-hall  are  noteworthy. 
Its  cutlery  has  been  celebrated  from  early  times.  Mary 
Qneen  of  Scots  was  confined  in  the  castle.  Sheffleld  has 
been  a  headquarters  of  trades-unions.  It  returns  5  mem- 
bers  to  Parliament.  Population  (1901),  409,070. 
Sheffield.  A  city  in  northern  Alabama,  on  the- 
Tennessee.  It  is  an  iron-manufaeturing  and 
mining  center,  of  recent  foundation.  Popula- 
tion (1900J,  i  333. 


range  of  the  Appalachian  system  in  Orange.  Sheboygan  (she-boi'gan). 


Sidlivan,  and  Ulster  counties,  southeastern 
Xew  York,  extending  fi-om  New  Jersey  north- 
eastward.    Height,  about  2,000  feet. 

Shawano  (sha'wa-no),  or  Shawnee  (sha'ne),  or 
Savannas  (sa-van'az).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can ludians.  From  their  wanderings  and  the  difficul- 
ties of  identification,  their  habitat  has  been  much  dis- 
cussed. They  were  early  known  in  the  Cumberland  valley 
in  Tennessee  and  on  the  upper  Savannah  in  South  Carolina. 
About  the  middle  of  the  18th  century  these  two  bodies, 
after  several  changes  of  homes,  were  united  in  the  Ohio 
valley,  and  were  .almost  constantly  at  wai-  with  the  English 
and  afterward  with  the  United  States,  beingunderXecnm- 
seh's  leadership  in  the  War  of  1812.  About  1,500  remain, 
chiefly  in  the  Indian  Territory.  The  name  is  translated 
'southerners,'  referring  to  the'  fact  that  for  a  long  period 
they  lived  farther  south  than  any  of  the  other  Algon- 
quian  divisions.    See  Algonquiaiu 

Shawano  (sha-wa'no)  Lake.  A  lake  in  Sha- 
wano County,  eastern  Wisconsin.  30  miles  north- 
west of  Green  Bay.  Its  outlet  is  by  Wolf  Eiver  into 
Lake  Winnebago.     Length,  about  6  miles. 

Sha'Wnee.     See  skawano. 

Shays  (shaz).  Daniel.  Bom  at  Hopkinton, 
Mass.,  1747:  died  at  Sparta,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29, 
1825.  An  American  insurgent,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  insurrection  of  1786-87  in  western 


From  this  country  there  came  a  queen  to  test  Solomon's  Sheffield,    jolin,    Duke    of    Buckinghamshire. 
.„-...„„.„,..  „  ,^.  ._.,,= ..  _= .    ^^^  ^g^g.  ^jp^  p^^    24,   ^.gj       ^   English 

statesman  and  poet,  in  1658  he  succeeded  to  the- 
titles  of  his  father,  the  second  Earl  of  Mulgrave.  He  fought, 
against  the  Dutch  in  1666 ;  was  chamberlain  to  .Tames  11., 
cabinet  councilor  to  William  III.,  and  lord  privy  seal 
(1702-05).  In  1694  he  was  made  marquis  of  >'ormanby. 
and  in  1703  was  created  duke  of  Jsonnanby  and  duke  of 
Buckinghamshire.  He  was  deprived  of  .all  his  oflices  by 
Godolpliin  and  Marlborough.  He  «Tote  an  "Essay  oh 
Satire "  which  was  attributed  to  Dryden,  an  "  Essay  on 
Poetry,"  two  tragedies,  and  minor  "poems.  His  works 
were  published  in  1723. 

Sheffield  Scientific  School.  A  department  of 
Yale  University,  devoted  to  special  training  in 
science.  It  confers  various  degrees,  including  bachelor 
of  philosophy,  civil  engineer,  and  doctor  of  philosophy. 
It  was  established  in  1847,  and  was  named  from  its  chief 

aiiital   of     benefactor,  J.  E.  Sheffleld  (1793-1882). 

Jr,   T.oto  Sheherazade.     See  Sdiehera:a<le. 


wisdom  (1  Ki.  x.  i) :  .\rabic  legends  give  her  the  name  of 
Balkis.  and  assert  that  she  bore  a  son  to  Solomon.  It  is  from 
this  son  that  the  Ethiopians  claim  descent.  In  24  B.  c.  the 
Egyptian  governor  .Elius  Gallus  undertook  an  expedition 
against  Mariba  with  the  aid  of  the  >abataeans,  but  with- 
out  success.  According  to  .-Vrabic  accounts  the  capital 
was  destroyed  )  ly  a  flood  200  A.  I>.  The  Himyarite  dyniasty 
of  Yemen  was  extinguished  shortly  before  Mohammed. 
Shebat  (she-bat').  [Assyr.  ^oftrtfH.]  In  Zech. 
i.  7,  the  name  of  the  eleventh  month  of  the  He- 
brew year,  corresponding  to  Jan. -Feb. :  bor- 
rowed by  the  Jews  from  the  Babylonians  after 
the  e.vile.  Among  the  Assyro-Babylonians  this  month 
was  sacred  to  Raniman,  the  storm-god.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  verb  shabat,  to  strike,  and  means  'the 
month  of  devastation,'  on' account  of  the  destructive 
storms  and  inundations  which  it  brought  in  its  train. 


I 


Sheboygan   County,    Wis. 


A  city,  c 
situated  on 


Lake 


Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Sheboygan  Kiver,  ^heil  (sliel).  Richard  Lalor.     Bom  at  Drum- 


48  miles  north  by  east  of  Milwaukee.  Ithas  a  large 
export  trade  in  gmin,  has  varied  manufactures,  and  is  a 
dairy  center.  Population  (1900).  22,962. 
Shechem  (she'kem).  [Heb..  •  shoulder.']  An 
ancient  city  of  Palestine,  situated  in  the  val- 
ley between  Mount  Ebal  and  Mount  Gerizim. 
It  was  afterward  called  Neapolis  (whence  the  modern 
name  Xablus),  or  more  fully  Ravia  Neapolis,  from  its  hav- 
ing been  restored  by  Titus  Flavins  Vespasianus  after  its 
destruction  in  the  Jewish-Koman  war.  Shechem  (or  Si- 
chem)  played  an  important  part  throughout  the  histoi-yof 
Israel.  The  patriarch  Jacob  and  his  sons  sojourned  there 
for  some  time.  It  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  tribe  of  Ephraim, 
and  .Toshna  held  there  his  farewell  meeting.  It  was  one 
of  the  free  Levitical  cities.  During  the  period  of  the 
judges  it  was  the  center  of  the  rule  of  .-Vbimelech,  and  after 
the  division  of  the  kingdom  Jeroboam  made  it  his  tempo- 
rary residence.    After  the  exile  it  became  the  center  of ..,  „    .,^.,^„„, 

the  .Samaritans,  who  erected  near  it  their  temple  on  Mount  o-uIC-^  _  T-lili^r'^  s  ^' 
Gerizim.  It  suffered  a  great  deal  during  the  Crusades,  oneKSna  I snehs  na; 
but  is  still  an  important  city-.     See  Xabhis. 


downey,  Tipperary,  Aug.  17, 1791 :  died  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  May  25. 1851.  An  Irish  politician, 
orator,  and  dramatist.  He  graduated  from  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  ISll ;  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn ; 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1814,  but  devoted 
himself  for  some  ye.ai-s  to  literature.  In  1816  his  ilrama 
"Adelaide,  or  the  Emigrants"  was  brought  out  at  Covent 
Garden.  "The  Apostate  "(1817)  confirmed  his  reputation, 
and  was  followed  by  "  Bellamil-a  "  (ISlS).  "  Evadue  "  (1S19), 
"The  Huguenot"  (1819),  and '•  Montini"  (1820).  In  18'23  he 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Catholic  Association.  He 
supported  O'Connell's  agitation  until  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion was  granted  in  1S29.  In  18-29  he  was  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Milbome  Port.  Somerset:  .and  in  1831  was  returned 
for  Louth,  and  later  for  Tipperary  and  Dungan-an.  In 
1839  he  was  vice-president  of  the  "board  of  ti-ade  in  Lord 
Melbourne's  ministry;  in  1S4H  master  of  the  mint  under 
Lord  John  Kussell ;  and  in  IS^iO  British  minister  at  Florence. 
His  memoirs,  by  McCullagh.  were  published  in  1855. 

•■^   river  in  the  govern- 
ments of  Novgorod  and  Yaroslaff ,  Russia,  which 


Shechinah,  ov  Shekinah  (she-ki'na).     [From    joins  the  Volga  at  Rybinsk.     It  is  the  outlet  of 
Heb.  s/mA/frtH,  dwell.]  The  Jewish  name  for  the     Lake  Bieloe.     Length,  about  275  miles, 
symbol  of  the  divine  presence,  which  rested  in  Shelburne  (shel'bern).     A  seaport,  capital  of 


the  shape  of  a  cloud  or  visible  light  over  the 
mcrcv-seat. 


Massachusetts  commonly  known  as  Shays's  Re-  Shedd  (shed), 'Williain  Greenough  Thayer. 


beliion.  He  was  an  ensign  in  Woodbridge's  regiment  at 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  attained  the  rank  of  captain 
in  the  Continental  army.  After  resigning  his  commission 
he  settled  at  Pelham  (now  Prescott),  Massachusetts.  He 
fled_on  the  suppression  of  the  insurrection  in  question 
to  New  Hampshire  and  thence  to  Vermont,  where  he  re- 
mained about  a  year,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  received 
a  pardon.  He  thereupon  removed  to  Sparta,  New  York. 
He  enjoyed  a  pension  during  his  later  years  for  his  ser- 
vices in  the  Revolution. 

Shays's  Rebellion.  An  insurrection  in  western 

Ma.-isachusctts  against  the  State  government, 


Bom  June  21,  1820:  died  Nov.  17,  ls;i4.  "An 
American  theologian.  He  became  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  in  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1854.  professor  of  biblical  literature  at  Union  Theological 
Seminary  (New  York)  in  18G3.  and  professor  of  systematic 
theology  in  the  latter  institution  1874-90,  Among  his 
works  are  "  History  of  Christian  Doctrine  "  (1863), "  Homi- 
letics  and  Pastoral  Theology"  (1867),  "  Sermens  to  the 
Natnral  Man  "  (1871),"  Theological  Essays"  (1877),"  Liter- 


Shelburne  Coimty.  Nova  Scotia,  situated  104 
miles  southwest  of  Halifax.  It  has  a  fine  har- 
bor.    Population,  about  1,000. 

Shelburne,  Earl  of.    See  Petty,  William. 

Shelby  (sherbi).  Isaac.  Born  in  Maryland,  Dec. 
11,  1750 :  died  in  Kentucky,  July  18, 1826.  An 
American  pioneer  and  officer,  distinguished  in 
contests  with  the  Indians  1774  and  1776.  He 
served  in  the  Revolution :  was  governor  of  Kentucky 
1792-96  and  1812-16:  and  commanded  a  Kentucky  contin- 
gent at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  in  1813. 


mons  to  the  Spiritual  Man  "  (1884),  "Doctrine  of  Endless 
Punishment  "  (1886),  "Dogmatic  Theology  "  (1888-94),  etc. 


17s(i-87,  under  the  leadership  of  Daniel  Shays  Sheelin  (sbe'lin),  Lough.  A  lake  on  the  south- 
and  others,  occasioned  bv  the  unsettled  condi-  ^™  border  of  County  Cavan,  Ireland,  12  miles 
tion  of  affairs  at  the  close" of  the  Revolution  and  south  of  Cavan.  Length,  about  5  miles, 
theconsequentpopulardiscontent.  Thechiefgrie-  Sheepshanks  (shep'shaugk.s),  John.  Bom  at 
vances  complained  of  were  that  the  governor's  salary  was  Leeds,  1787 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  6,  1863.  An 
toohigh.thattheSenatewiisaristocratic.  that  the  lawyers  English  art-collector.  He  collected  the  works  of 
were  extortionate,  and  that  taxes  were  too  burdensome  :  modern  British  artists,  especially  Landseer,  Mulreadv,  and 
and  the  principal  remedy  demanded  was  a  large  issue  of  LeaUc.  In  1S56  he  gave  his  collection  to  the  British  Mu- 
paper  money.   Shays,  in  Dec,  1786,  attempted  at  the  head     seum 

of  1,000  followers  to  prevent  the  session  of  the  Supreme   ShoAncba-ntn    Pir-'haTd 
Court  at  Springfield,  but  was  forestalled  by  the  miUtia.   "fteepsnaiLKS,  liicnara, 


In  Jan.,  1787,  three  bodies  of  insurgents,  under  Shays,  Luke 
Day,  and  Eli  Parsons  respectively,  marched  on  Springfield 
with  a  view  to  capturing  the  Continental  arsenal.  The 
largest  body,  that  under  Shays,  numbering  l.OOO,  w.as  at- 
tacked by  the  militia  (about  4.000)  under  General  Benjamin 
Lincoln  on  the  2.'ith,  and  was  put  to  flight  with  a  loss  of 
3  men  killed  and  1  wounded.  The  fugitives,  including 
Shays,  joined  the  force  under  Eli  Parsons.  The  insurgents 
were  finally  dispersed  Feb.,  1787,  at  Petersham, where  150 

of  them  were  captured.  Shays  escaped.  Some  of  the  other  ov  -u        •         im_ 

leaders  were  sentenced  to  death,  but  were  ultimately  par-  oaeep-sneanng,  The 
doned.  —       "         '  ^  ^ 

She  (she).  Anovelby  Rider  Haggard,  published 
in  1887.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  interior  of 
eonthem  Africa. 


aryEss.ays"a878),"Commentai-)- on  Romans  "(1879),  "Ser-   Sholbyville  (shel'bi-vil).  1.  The  capital  of  Shel- 
... .,  .„..-..._..  ^,o.^.>  ,.x,--^j_      ,„   ,.         bvCountv,Illinois.56milessoutheast  of  Spring- 

field. Population  (1900),  3,.546.— 2.  The  cap- 
ital of  Shelby  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  Big 
Blue  River  27  miles  southeast  of  Indianapolis. 
Population  (1900),  7,169.-3.  The  capital  of 
Shelby  Countv,  Kentuckv,  17  miles  west  of 
Frankfort.  Population  (1900),  3,016.-4.  The 
capital  of  Bedford  County,  Tennessee,  situated 
on  Duck  River  50  miles  south-southeast  of 
Nashville.  Population  (1900),  2,236. 
Bom  at  Leeds,  1794 :  Sheldon  (shel'don),  Gilbert.     Bom  1598:  died 

died  at  Reading,  1855.     An  English  clergyman     1677.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Canter- 

and  astronomer,  brother  of  John  Sheepshanks,     bury  1663-77. 

His  representatives  founded  the  "  Sheepshanks  Sheldonian  (shel-do'ni-an)  Theatre.  A  theater 

Astronomical  Exhibition"  in  1858.  at  Oxford    University,   built   by   Archbishop 

Sheepshead  Bay  (sheps'hed  ba).     A  small  in-     Sheldon  (Sir  (Christopher  Wren  architect)  in 


let  of  the  Atlantic,  near  Coney  Island,  Long 
Island.  New  York.  .  Near  it  is  a  noted  race- 
oouree. 

A  play  by  George  Col- 


1664-69.  in  which  the  "'Encsenia.  '  or  annual 
commemoration  of  founders  (with  the  reading 
of  prize  poems  and  essays  and  conferring  of 
honorary  degrees),  is  held. 


man  the  elder,  produced  in  1777.  It  is  taken  Sheliak,  or  ShelyakCshel'yak).  [FromanAra- 
from  Garriek's  alteration  of  "The  'Winter's  bianized  form  of  Gt.x^^^X,  a  tortoise:  in  allu- 
Tale."  sion  to  the  fabled  origin  of  the  lyre.]   The  name 

Sheeraz.     See  Shiraz.  of  the  third-magnitude  variable  star  /?  Lyrse. 


Sheliff 

ShelifF(shel'if).  iF.aieliff.]  The  largest  river  of 
Al^tria :  the  ancient  Chiualaph.  it  rises  in  the  Jo- 
bel-Aniur,  and  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  near  M«»staga- 
iiem.     Length,  from  350  to  40')  miles. 

Shelley  (shel'l),  Mrs.  (Mary  WoUstonecraft 

Godwin).  Bom  at  London,  Au*;.  30, 1797:  died 
Feb  21,  1851.  An  Eni^lish  author,  dausriiter 
of  William  Godwin,  and  second  wife  of  Percy 
Byss;lif'  Shelley,  she  returned  to  Kngland  in  lU'l-i  with 
her  soil  (s-  c  Sheiley.  Percy  ihjxshe).  Her  chief  work  is  a 
romance,  "  l-'rankenstein  (1818),  oriKtnatiiig  iu  Byron's 
prtiposition  that  he  himself,  Folidori,  and  Shelley  and  his 
wife  should  each  write  ii  Ehost-st^iry.  She  also  wrote 
"  Vulperpa.  etc."(182:i).  "The  Last  M:iii  "  (1S'J6).  "  I/>dorc  " 
(18:jr.),"KnIkner"(1837),  and  "thor  h..vi-ls:  "Journal  of  a 
Six  Wt-f  ks'  Tour  *■  with  Shelley  (IS14).  and  'Itinibles  in  Ger- 
many and  Italy  "  (1844)  ;  and  edited  Shelley's  poems,  etc. 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe.  Born  at  Field  Place, 
near  Horsham,  Sussex,  England,  Aug.  4.  1792: 
drowned  in  the  Bay  of  Spezia,  Italy.  July  8. 
1822.  A  famous  English  poet,  son  of  Timothy 
(afterward  (1815)  Sir  Timothy)  Shelley.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  18i)4-10  ;  entered  University  ColleRe,  Ox- 
ford, in  IHIO;  and  was  expelled  on  account  of  tlic  publication 
of  the  pamphlet  "The  Necessity  of  Atheism  "  (ISti).  He 
married  Harriet  Westbrook  (tin-  youni;  diiughter  uf  a  rnf- 
fee-house  keeper)  in  1811.  He  was  19,  she  10,  years  of  aj;e, 
and  the  marriage  proved  unfortunate.  In  May,  1814,  he 
met  Mary  WoUstonecraft,  daugliter  of  William  (lodwin 
and  Mary  WoUstonecraft,  the  author  of  "The  Rights  of 
Women."  He  abandoned  Harriet  and  went  toSwitzerland 
with  Mary  in  1S14,  and  returned  to  England  in  l>ir>  and 
settled  at  Bishopsgate,  near  Windsor  Forest,  where  he 
wrote  "  Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude."  XJiey  joined 
B>T*in  in  Switzerland  in  1816.  Harriet  Shelley  drowned 
herself  Nov.  9,  1810,  and  Dec.  30,  1810,  Shelley  formally 
married  Mary.  In  March,  1818,  they  went  again  to  Itnly, 
where  they  remained,  in  tlie  society  of  Uyron,  Trelawiiey, 
Kdward  Williams,  and  others,  for  the  rest  of  Shelley's  life. 
By  the  capsizing  of  the  boat  in  which  lie  and  Edward  \VjI- 
liams  were  returning  to  Spezia,  their  summer  hnnn-,  both 
were  drowned.  Their  bodies  were  consume<l  on  a  fuiiviral 
pyre  in  the  presence  of  Hunt,  Byron,  and  Trelawney  on  the 
lOthof  .luly,  18'22.  His  chief  long  poems  are  "Queen  Malt" 
(lSi:t.  printed  I'^'il).  "Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude, 
etc,"  (l?l'i),  "  Lai.Mi  and  Cythna,  or  the  Itevolution  of  the 
Oolden  City  "  (ISIS :  it  was  at  once  recalled  and  issued 
with  some  alterations  as  "The  Revolt  of  Islam  "),"  Ro- 
salind and  Helen"(lS10),  "The  renci"(a  tragedy,  1819), 
"Prometheus  Unbound,  etc, "(1820),  "Adonais, etc."(lS21), 
and  "  EpipsychidioTi  "  (1S21).  His  "F'oetical  Works,  "con- 
taining "JuIianandMaddalo,"  "Ode to th<' Skylark. ""The 
rioud."  "Ode  to  the  West  Wind."  "  Hellas,"  "Witch  of 
Atlas,"  etc.,  were  edited  by  Mrs.  Shelley  in  1839,  and  In 
18-10  she  edited  his  letters,  essays,  etc. 

Shellif.    Soo  shrUff. 

Shelomohibn  Gebirol.  ^cc  Salomon  ibn  Oehirol. 

Shelter  (shel'ter)  Island.  An  island  in  Gar- 
diner's Bay,  east  of  Long  Island,  XcwYnik.  It 
forms  a  township  in  Suffolk  County.  Ijengtli, 
:il>out  6  miles. 

Shelton  (shel'ton).  Thomas.  Lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  17l)i  cent\iry.  An  English  author. 
lie  published  the  ftrst  Knglish  translation  of  "  Don  <}u\- 
xote  "  (161 '2-2(1).  Oayton'8  "  Pleasant  Notes  upon  Don  ()ui- 
X'lte  "  was  based  on  Shelton's  translation. 

Shem  (sheni).  In  Old  Testament  liistory,  one 
of  the  three  sonsof  Noah,  represented  asthoau- 
eestiir  of  the  Semitic  races.     See  Sfinilts. 

Shemakha  (she-mii'oha),  or  Shamaka  (sha- 

mii'kii).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Baku, 
Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  an  aflluent 
of  the  Pirsagat,  68  miles  west  1)V  north  of  Baku. 
It  is  built  near  the  site  of  OM  Shi-niakha,  onee  a  llour- 
isliinK'  cnniTnercial  place,  dL-stroyed  l>y  Nadir  Shah.  Tlie 
new  town  was  overthrown  l)y  earthquakes  in  18.'t9,  1S72, 
and   l'.H)2.      I'opulation  llsfl'.'), 'J'-MSS. 

Shenandoah  (shcn-an-do'a).  A  river  in  Vir- 
ginia which  joins  the  Potomac  at  Harper's 
Ferry.     Length,  about  l".")  miles. 

Shenandoah.  A  borough  in  Schuylkill  County, 
I'liinsylvnnia.  H4  toiles  northwest  of  Philadel- 
pliia.  It  is  the  center  of  an  important  eoal- 
Miining  region.      Poimlation  (  l!lllll ).  lill.ll'Jl. 

Shenandoah.  A  vessel  built  nt  Glasgow  in 
18(iH  for  the  China  trade,  and  sold  to  the  Con- 
federates in  1S()4.  It  wa»  used  as  a  privateer  under 
conitniuidnf  .1.  I.  Waddfdl  lsr.l-ti5,  and  captured  aS  I'nited 
St.'ttl■,^  vessels. 

Shenandoah  Mountains.  A  nart  of  the  range 
which  forms  t  he  western  boundary  of  the  Slien- 
andoah  Valley. 

Shenandoah  Valley,    The  valley  of  the  Shen- 

iindr)nll  in  N'irgillia  It  lies  hutween  the  lllu.-  Iticli;.' 
(HI  the  east  and  a  narallet  ranne  of  the  AlleKllaules  on  the 
west,  and  is  not<-u  for  lia  fertility.  It  was  tlie  scene  of 
various  inipoitatit  events  iu  tlie  Civil  War,  IneludiiiK 
"Stonevvali"  , Jackson's  cainpaitcn  iu  i'Mfi  and  .Sheridan's 
i-arnpidi^n  Iu  "l.^-C*. 

Shenango  (.she-nang'go)  River,     A  river  in 

northwestern  Pi'iinsylvaiiiii  which  unites,  near 
New  Castli',  with  Ihe  Mahoning  lo  fo'm  Beaver 
ItiviT,  Length,  nlioul  .S(l-!l(l  miles. 
Shendy,  orShendifshenMe).  A  town  in  Xiibiu. 
s'.tu.if.ed  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  l(i°  40'  N.  It  was  an 
iniiKirtAtit  place  before  Its  destrtu'tiiui  by  the  F.syptlans  iu 
1^22.  It  was  captured  by  flte  Mahdists  Iti  IK^i  and  recap- 
tured ity  (Jorilou.  luit  later  retaken.  Populatiou  variously 
eaUmated  at  from  3,(XH)  to,e,00a 


925 

Shen-si  (shen-se').  A  province  of  northern 
China,  bordering  ou  Mongolia  and  west  of 
Shan-si.  Chief  citv.Singan.  Area,  76,400  scpiare 
miles.     Population  (189(i).  est.,  S,473,000. 

Shenstone  (shen  '  stonj,  'V7illiam.  Bom  at 
Hales  Owen,  England,  Oct.  18,  1714:  died  there, 
Feb.  11.1763.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated 
at  I'enibroke  CoIleBe,  Oxford.  His  best-known  poem  is 
"The  Schoolmistress"  (which  see).  Besides  this,  which 
Kai[ied  for  him  the  title  of  "the  water-gruel  bard"fnim 
llora.  c  Ualp.de,  he  published  "Poems,  ete."  (1737),  "The 
Jn.ii:iu<-;it  of  Hercules"  (1741),  etc. 

Sheol  (slie'61).  [liv\>.  nlu'ol ;  etym.  doubtful.] 
The  jilace  of  departed  spirits.  The  original  Is  in 
the  authorized  version  geuerally  rendered  (jrave,  heit,  or 
pit;  iu  the  revised  version  of  the  Old  Testament  the  word 
Sheui  is  substituted.  It  corresponds  to  the  word  Iladt'it  in 
(?rci'k  ela-ssic  literature  and  in  the  revised  version  of  the 
New  'IVstanient. 

Shepherd  Kings.    See  Uykms. 

Shepherd  of  Banbury.  A  title  assumed  by 
John(,'laridge  in  pul)lisliingin  1744  a  collection 
of  rules  for  predicting  weather  changes.  The 
Shcjdierd  of  r.anbnry"s  rubs  attained  great  popularity,  and 
p.issed  thniu^'li  ni^niy  cditii'us. 

Shepherd  of  Hermas  (hir'mas),  The.  [L.  Pas- 
tor Ili-rma'.]  An  early  Christian  allegorical 
and  didactic  book,  classed  among  the  works  of 
the  apostolic  fathers.  The  nrst  part  of  the  book  con- 
sists of  "Visions,"  in  the  last  of  whieli  a  man  appears 
dresseii  as  a  shepherd  (whence  the  name  Sfu'pherd  or 
/'axf'T  given  to  the  lio<ik).  This  sliepheril  givt-s  Hermas  in- 
structions in  the  form  of  "Mandates  "and  ■'siniilitudes." 
which  form  the  second  and  thiril  parts  of  the  book.  The 
scene  of  the  visitms  is  laid  iu  Rome  or  its  neiRhboihood, 
and  the  writer  speaks  of  St.  Clement  as  a  coritempoiary. 
Accordingly  some  assign  the  date  of  composition  to  about 
A.  I).  100;  otliers,  however,  date  it  about  A.  I>.  l.'iO.  The 
"Shepherd"  was  in  early  times  much  esteemed,  and  w-as 
publicly  read  in  the  churches  and  aeci)unted  as  in  some 
sense  Scripture,  though  not  afterward  included  in  the 
canon.  Hermas  has  often  been  identified  with  the  Hennas 
of  Ilom.  .vvi.  H.     .\lso  called  The  Paslrir  of  llermm. 

Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain,  The.  A  popular 

iliiiral  tale  by  Hannah  More. 
Shepherd  of  the  Ocean,    A  name  given  by 

Spenser  to  Sir  Walter  K'aleigh. 

Shepherd's  Calendar,  The.    A  pastoral  poem 

in  ll!  eclogues  In- Kdmunil  Spenser,  published 
in  ir)7!.I.  In  this  form  he  gave  utterance  to  his  opinions 
on  the  uu>st  important  questions  of  the  day.  .Some  of  the 
eclogues  are  paniphrases  of  Clement  Marot,  and  sugges- 
tions are  taken  frcjui  the  p,astoral8  of  Slantuan.  With  the 
I>nblieation  of  this  poem  the  Elizabethan  age  of  literature 
nnty  be  said  to  begin.     See  Colin  Clout, 

Shepherd's  Week,  The.    A  series  of  burlesime 

pastoral  poems  by  .Tohn  Gay.  ])ublished  in  1714 
Tliey  were  intended'  to  ridicule'  the  fashion  of  p.istonil 
poems  and  to  tlepict  pastoral  life  without  any  illusions,  but 
they  are  so  good  tliat  tliey  have  survived  as  a  collection  of 
excellent  bucolics.     See  'liloirzrlinda  and  Colin  Clout. 

Sheppard  (shep'iird),  Elizabeth  Sara.    Born 

at  Blackheath,  Kngland,  .-ibont  isilil:  died  at 
Brixton,  March  13,  1862.  An  English  novelist. 
Slie  wrote  under  the  pseudonym  E.  lierger.  Among  her 
l)ooks  are  "Charles  Auchestcr"  (lS.la),  "  Counterparts,  or 
the  Cr,is8  of  T,ove"(lS.M),  "  My  First  .Scjison,  by  Beatrice 
Itiynolds"  (18.'..'.),  "Humour"  (18.0S). 
Sheppard,  Jack.  Born  at  Stei)ney,  1702:  hanged 
at  'Tyburn,  Nov,  18,  1724.  A  famous  English 
robber.  He  was  a  carpenter  by  trade,  and  began  his  ca- 
reer of  robliery  aliont  172U.  He  was  of  agenerous  ilisposi- 
tion,  a!i«l  was  very  piipular.  His  portrait  was  painted  by 
Slr.bdniThoridiill  ;  apantomime,  "Ilarlefim.i.Sheppard," 
was  produced  at  Drury  banc  ;  Defoe  wrote  a  namitive  at  tout 
him  in  1724;  and  a  novel  by  Aln8worth,".lack  SIi,-ppard," 
was  iMibllshed  iu  18."lt».  He  made  two  remark.-ibic  cs.-apes 
from  Newgate,  but  after  many  vicissitudes  was  finally  cap- 
tuicd  in  an  ale-house  wliib;  drUTik. 

Sheppey  (shei/i).  or  Isle  of  Sheppey,  -Vn  isl- 
and in  the  county  of  Kent,  EnglaiKi,  lying  be- 
tween the  estuaries  of  the  Thames  and  Modway 
and  the  S,vale.     Length,  Oi  miles. 

Shepton  Mallet  (slnp'ton  marel).  .\  town  ill 
ScinnTsct.  Kiiglanil,  ]s  miles  south  of  IJristol. 
Population  ( 1891),  .'i,.')01. 

Sheratan  (sher-a-tiin').  [.Vr.  Haratain,  the  two 
signs  (referring  to  thi'  two  stars  in  the  rani's 
head).]  Tlie  ordinary  name  for  the  third-mag- 
iiitud<'  star  jl  Arietis. 

Sheraton  (sher'a-ton). Thomas.  Born  at  Stod;- 

I'liioii-'I'ees,  17i')l  :  died  at  London,  1806.  .\ 
iMilod  lOnglish  furiiilure-inaker  and -designer. 

Sherborne  (Hher'bom).  A  town  in  Dorset, 
I'.iigland,  31  miles  soutli-sonthwest  of  Bath.  Its 
abbey  Chun  h  and  Sberlxirne  Castle  are  u.dable.  It  was 
tlie  sent  of  a  liisliopric  from  the  Stii  to  the  11th  century. 
l'opulati>m(lMll),  »,74I. 

Sherbro  Csli(>r'br6),  or  SherborO  (sher'bu-ro). 
Island.  An  island  off  the  <'oast  of  Sierra  Leone, 
Wi'sl  .Vfrica.  It  belougs  to  the  colony  of  .sierra  la-oue, 
anil  lbs  oil  the  uumth  of  .Sherbro  Klver.  IU  length  Is 
about  .10  mill's. 

Sherbrooke  (sher'bn'ik).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Sherbrooke,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Miigog  with  the  St,  Fran- 
cis, 7!)  miles  east  of  Montreal.  Population 
(l'.M)l),  11. "Ii."). 


Sheridan's  Bide 
Sherbrooke,  'Viscount.  See  Loire,  Robert. 
Shere  Ali  isher  ii'le).  Bom  182.'5:  died  in  Rus- 
sian Turkestan,  Feb.,  1879.  Ameer  of  Afghanis- 
tan, son  of  Dost  Mohammed  whom  he  succeeded 
in  181)3,  He  lost  the  throne  in  1866;  regained  It  in  18B8: 
suppressed  the  insun-ection  of  Yakub  in  1870  ;  and  fled 
from  Kabul  iu  Dec,  1878,  ou  the  approach  of  the  British 
troops. 

Sheriat-el-Kebir(she-re'iit-el-ke-ber').  A  mod- 
ern name  of  the  Jordan. 

Sheridan(sher'i-dan).Mrs.fFrancesChamber- 

laine>.  Born  in  treland,  1724:  ilied  at  Blois. 
France,  17f)6.  A  British  novelist  and  dramatist, 
wife  of  Thomasand  motherof  R.  Brinsley  Sheri- 
dan. Among  her  novels  are  "Memoirs  of  Mise  Sidney 
lliddulph"(17(il)aud  "Noiirjahad  "(17ss:  afterward  dram- 
atized). She  wrote  two  comedies,  "The  Discovery" 
(17(i:! :  the  principal  r«>Ie  was  played  by  Garrick)  and  "  'The 
l)upe"(17W). 

Sheridan,  Mount.  [Named  from  General  p. 
n.  Sheridan.]  A  peak  of  the  Red  Mountains 
in  Yellowstone  National  Park,  south  of  Yellow- 
sloiie  Lake.      Height,  10,385  feet. 

Sheridan,Fhilip  Henry.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 

March  6. 1831:  died  at  Nonquitt.  Mass..  Aug.  3. 
1888.  A  famous  American  general.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  18.^i3  ;  was  promoted  captain  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  iu  1861  ;  was  appointed  quarter- 
miuter  of  the  army  in  southwestern  Missouri  in  Dec. ,1*61 : 
was  quartermaster  under  Halleck  during  the  advance  on 
Oirinth  in  1862  ;  was  appointed  colonel  of  cavalry  In  May, 
1862.  and  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  July  1,  J862 ; 
served  with  distinction  as  division  commander  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Pcrryville  Oct.  8,  and  at  Murfrcesboro  Dec.  31, 1862,- 
.lan.  2,18t»3:  was  appointed  major. general  of  volunteers  Dec. 
31,  1862  ;  served  at  Chickaniauga  in  l.s63  :  commanded  an 
im|>ortant  assault  at  the  battle  of  ilissiouary  Ridge  in  1863; 
I>ecame  conimander  of  the  cavalry  corps  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  in  -April,  1864  ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  the 
AVilderuess  May  &-6 ;  led  an  Important  raid  May  l*-2.*» ; 
fought  the  battles  of  Hawe's  Shop  May  28,  and  TrevcIIian 
Station  ,Tune  11 ;  was  app<tinteil  commander  of  the  Miildle 
Military  Division  Aug.  7;  conducted  the  successful  cam- 
paign in  the  .Shenandoah  ^'allcy  against  T.arly,  gaining  the 
viet<u-iesof  Winchester  Sept.  11).  and  Fi8her'.s'Hill  Sept.  22; 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  iu 
Sept.;  devastated  the  Shenandoah  \'al!ey;  gained  the 
victory  of  Cedar  Creek  Oct.  ID  ("Sheridan's  Ride":  see 
below);  was  appointed  major-general  in  the  regular  army 
Nov.  8 ;  conducted  a  successful  raid  from  Winchester  to 
Petersburg,  Feb. -March,  1865,  gaining  the  victory  of 
Waynesboro;  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Five  Forks. 
March  31-.\pril  1 ;  and  took  a  leading  part  In  the  pursuit 
to  .\ppoinattox  Court  House  in  .\pril.  He  commanded  the 
Military  Division  (later  Department)  of  the  Gulf  lsa'')-67: 
was  appoipted  commamlerof  the  Department  of  the  Mis- 
Bouri  in  1867  :  was  made  lieutenant-general  iu  186!) ;  visited 
Europe  in  1870  to  witness  the  conduct  of  the  Franco- Prus- 
sian war  ;  succeeded  Sliennan  as  general  in-chief  iu  18-^  ; 
ami  received  tli,-  rank  of  general  from  Congress  in  188.^ 
He  wrote  "  Personal  .Menioirs  "  (2  vols.  1888). 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley  Butler,    Bom 

at  Dublin,  Se|it.  30,  17,Tl  :  died  at  London,  .Tuly 
7,  1816.  A  noted  British  dramatist,  orator, 
and  politician:  son  of  Thomas  Sheridan  (1721- 
17.8,8),  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  ;  settled  in  Loudon  in 
177,1;  and  married  Miss  Linlcy,  a  singer  ("the  Maid  of 
Bath"),  and  daughter  of  the  composer.  He  bought  Car- 
rick's  shiu-e  of  Drury  Lane  Tlleatre  in  1776;  and  in  1778,  with 
liis  associates,  bought  ttie  remaining  half.  He  entered 
Parliament  iu  1780  as  Whig  member  for  Stafford  :  and  was 
uniler-secretary  forforeign  alfaii-s  in  178-',  and  secretary  of 
the  treasury  in  1783.  He  waaone  of  the  Whig  leaders  ;  was 
distiuguislied  by  his  speeches  (1787-lH)  on  the  iuipeach- 
meiit  of  Warren  Hastings;  was  treasurer  of  the  navy  in 
180(1;  and  left  Parliament  In  1812.  He  was  in  favor  of  the 
I'Yeuch  Revolution,  and  denouuciil  Napoleon.  Ho  was  a 
favorite  companion  of  the  prince  regent  (tieorgo  IV  )  and 
the  wits  of  tile  time,  but  his  last  years  were  obscurtnl  by 
delit  and  disappidntment.  His  dramatic  works  are  "The 
Rivals  "(177.'i),  "St.  Patrick's  Day  '(177f').  "The  Duenna" 


(177r>),  ".\  Trip  to  Scarborough  "  (1777  :  altered  from  Van- 
liriigh's  "Relapse"),  "The  Schod  for, Scandal"  (1777), 
"The  Critli  "(17711),  and  •Piiarro'  (171)9;  a  translation 
from  Kotzebue). 


Sheridan,  Thomas.  Born  about  1684:  died  in 
17:iS.  An  Irish  ileigyinan.  grandfather  of  Rich- 
ard Brinsley  Sheridan  the  dramatist.  Ho  was  a 
favorite  companion  of  Swift  in  Ireland.  He  wrote  the 
"  Art  of  Punning."  and  In  172S  pnbllsbe.l  an  edillon  of  the 
.satires  of  Persius.     Swift  wnde  "Cillliver "  at  Ills  house. 

Sheridan,  Thomas.  Born  at  t^lnllcn,  near  Dub- 
lin, 1721:  died  at  Margate,  England,  1788.  An 
Irish  actor,  elocutionist,  and  author:  son  of 
Thomas  .Sheridan.  He  llrsi  w  cut  on  the  stage  at  Dub- 
lin In  I74:i  and  at  I,<iudou  in  1744.  and  played  with  (larrick 
in  174.^.  He  wiutlnanagrrof  n  Dublin  theater  for  III  years, 
and  of  Drury  Lane  after  his  son  Klehard  llriusley  .Sherlihin 
bought  out  linrriek  there.  He  wnite  "nictionary  of  Ihe 
English  Language."  "  Life  of  Swift  "(I7.'»4  :  whose  works  he 
edited  III  17  volniiies),  and  wiirksoii  eilucatlon. 

Sheridan's  Ride.  -V  famous  incident  of  tlie  bat- 
tle of  cedar  Creek.  Virginia,  Oid.  19,  1864.  Sheri- 
dan's army,  which  was  encamped  on  Cedar  Creek  In  the 
siieiiandoi'ih  \'alley,  was  surprised  before  daybreak  and  d»- 
feated  by  the  Confederates  under  Ceiieml  Karl)'.  ,Hhcrl 
dan,  who  was  at  Wiiiellesler,  twenty  miles  fntlii  the  llcld. 
on  bis  return  fniiiui  visit  !»►  Washington,  heanl  the  sound 
of  ballte  and  I'ihIc  ritpiilly  lo  the  scene  of  action.  As 
he  gallopeil  past  the  retreating  soldier.s,  he  shnuleil, 
"  Face  the  other  way,  Imys  I  We  are  going  back  I"  Uc  re- 
formed his  corps,  ami  before  the  close  of  the  day  had 


Sheridan's  Ride 

gained  a  decisive  victory.  This  incident  has  been  made 
the  subject  of  a  poem  by  T.  B.  Read,  entitled  "  Sheridan's 
Hide  "  (IsxJ.'X 

SherifEmuir  (sher-if-mur').  A  plateau  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  situated  near  Dunblane 
5  miles  north  of  Stirling.  Here,  Nov.  13,  1715,  an 
indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the  Royalists  (:i,000- 
4,tK>')j,  under  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  and  the  Jacobite  High- 
landers (9,O0O-12,0<Xl),  under  the  Earl  of  5Iar. 

Sherlock  (sher'lok).  Thomas.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1678:  died  July  IS,  1761.  An  English  prel- 
ate, son  of  William  Sherlock.  He  became  bishop 
of  Bangor  in  172S,  and  later  of  Salisbury  and  London.  He 
pulilished  "Trial  of  the  Witnesses  of  the  Resun-ectiun  of 
Jesus  "  (1729),  "Pastoral  Letters"  (17.V)X  and  sermons. 

Sherlock,  William.  Bom  at  London.  1641: 
died  at  Hampstead.  June  19,  1707.  An  English 
clergyman.  He  was  suspended  in  16S9  for  refusing  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary,  but  sub- 
mitted later,  and  was  made  dean  of  St,  Paul  s  in  1691.  He 
published  "  The  Case  of  Resistance  of  the  Supreme  Pow. 
ers  "(lt»»),  "Doctrine  of  the  Trinity"  0690),  "DUconrse 
Concerning  Death,"  etc. 

Sherman  (sher'man).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Grayson  County,  northern  Texas,  60  miles 
north  of  Dallas.  It  is  a  trading  center.  Popu- 
lation (1900).  10,243. 

Sherman,  John.  Bom  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  May 

10,  1.S23 :  died  at  Washington,  Oct.  22, 1900.  An 
American  Republican  statesman  and  financier, 
brotherof  W.  T.  Sherman.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1844;  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio  1855-61 ;  Fnited  States  senator  from  Ohio  18«l-77 
and  1881-97 ;  secretai-y  of  the  treasury  under  President 
Hayes  1877-81 :  and  secretary  of  state  under  President 
McKinley  1897-98.  He  was  intimately  associated  "with 
financial  legislation  during  and  after  the  Civil  War. 

Sherman,  Koger.  Born  at  Xewton,  Mass. ,  April 
19,  1721 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  July  23, 
1793.  An  American  patriot.  He  became  a  judge  in 
Connecticut  and  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  legislature. 
He  was  a  delegate  from  Connecticut  to  Congress  1774-89 ; 
and  was  one  of  the  committee  of  five  to  draft  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  one  of  its  signers.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787,  and  of 
the  Connecticut  ratifying  convention.  He  was  Cnited  States 
senator  from  Connecticut  1791-93. 

Sherman,  Thomas  West.  Bom  at  Newport, 
R.  I..  March  26.  1813:  died  at  Newport,  March 
16, 1879.  An  American  general.  He  served  against 
the  Indians  and  in  the  Mexican  war  ;  commanded  the  land 
forces  in  the  Port  Royal  expedition  1S61 ;  and  was  division 
commander  at  the  sieges  of  Corinth  and  Port  Hudson. 

Sherman,  William  Tecumseh.  Born  at  Lan- 
caster, Ohio,  Feb.  8,  1820;  died  at  New  York 
city,  Feb.  14. 1891.  A  celebrated  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1840 :  served  in  Cali- 
fornia during  the  Mexican  wai- ;  resigned  from  the  army  in 
1853,  in  order  to  accept  a  position  as  manager  of  a  bank  at 
San  Francisco,  California :  and  was  superintendent  of  the 
State  military  academy  at  .Alexandria.  Louisiana,  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  He  accepted  a  colonelcy  in  the 
Union  army  in  1861 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  Bull  Run  in 
July ;  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
Aug. ;  commanded  a  division  at  Shiloh  in  April.  IStJ^,  and 
in  the  advance  on  Corinth :  was  made  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers May  1 ;  commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition 
against  Vicksburg  Dec.  26-29  :  stormed  Fort  Hindman  Jan. 

11.  1S63 ;  took  an  important  part  in  the  campaign  before 
Vicksburg  in  1S63  ;  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army  July  4, 1S63  ;  served  with  distinction  at  Chat- 
tanooga in  Nov.;  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  the  Mississippi  in  March,  1S64  :  started  from 
Chattanooga  on  his  mjirch  through  Georgia  May  6 ;  won 
the  battles  of  Dalton,  Resaca.  and  New  Hope  Church  in 
May.  Kenesaw  Mountain  in  June,  and  Peachtree  Creek  and 
Atlanta  in  .Tuly :  was  made  major-general  in  the  regular 
army  Aug.  12;  occupied  Atlanta  Sept.  2;  started  from  .At- 
lanta on  his  "  march  to  the  sea  "  Nov.  15  ;  entered  .Savan- 
nah Dec.  21 ;  marched  northward  through  the  Carolinas  in 
1865  ;  gained  the  battles  of  Averysboro  and  Bentonville  ; 
and  received  the  surrender  of  Johnston's  army  April  26. 
He  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Military  Division  of 
the  Mississippi  in  1865,  and  of  the  Division  of  the  Missouri 
in  1866 ;  was  made  lieutenant-general  in  1866 ;  succeeded 
Grant  as  general  and  as  commander  of  the  army  in  1869 ; 
visited  Europe  1871-72 ;  and  retired  from  the  service  in 
18*4.  He  published  "Memoirs  of  General  William  T. 
Sherman,  Iiy  Himself  "  (2  vols.  1&75). 

Sherman  Bill.  An  act  of  Congi-ess  approved 
July  14,  1890.  It  was  supported  by  Senator  Sherman 
and  others  as  a  compromise  measure,  since  the  two  houses 
were  unable  to  agree  on  a  financial  policy.  It  directed  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury  to  purchase  silver  bullion  to  the 
amount  of  4,j00,(X)0  ounces  per  month,  issuing  treasury 
notes  in  payment.  The  repeal  of  the  act  H*as  often  urged. 
In  the  summer  of  1893  the  act  was  believed  to  be  a  main 
cause  of  the  business  depression,  and  President  Cleveland 
summoned  Congress  to  meet  in  special  session  .Aug.  7. 
A  bill  to  repeal  the  silver-purchasing  clause  passed  the 
House  -Aug.  28 ;  in  the  Senate  a  substitute,  the  Voorhees 
bill,  which  repealed  the  silver-purchasing  clause  but  af- 
firmed' bimetallism  as  a  national  policy,  passed  after  a 
prolonged  struggle  Oct.  30.  The  Voorhees  bill  was  con- 
curred  in  by  the  House  Nov.  1,  and  approved  the  same  day 
by  the  President. 

Sherrington  (sher'ing-ton),  Madame  Lem- 
mens.  Bom  at  Preston,  England,  Oct.  4, 1834. 
An  English  soprano  singer,  she  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance in  London  in  1856,  and  soon  took  a  leading  posi- 
tion on  the  operatic  stage. 

Sherwood  (sher'wud),  Mrs.  (Mary  Martha 
Butt).   Bom  at  Stanford,  Worcestershire,  May 


926 

6,  1775:  died  at  Twickenham.  England,  Sept. 
22,1851.  An  English  author.  She  went  to  India  in 
18u3  with  her  husband,  and  was  interested  in  the  mission- 
ary work  of  Henrv  Martyn  and  BishopCorrie.  She  is  known 
forher  works  forjuveniles,  among  which  are  "  Little  Henry 
and  his  Bearer,'  "History  of  Susan  Gray,"  etc. 

Sherwood  Forest.  A  forest  in  Nottinghamshire. 
England.  14  miles  north  of  Nottingham.  It  was 
formerly  of  large  extent.  It  is  the  principal  scene  of  the 
legendary  exploits  of  Robin  Hood. 

Shesha  (sha'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  thou- 
sand-headed serpent,  regarded  as  the  emblem 
of  eternity  (whence  he  is  also  called  Ananta, '  the 
infinite").  He  is  king  of  the  nagas  or  serpents  inhabiting 
Patala  (which  see).  He  forms  the  couch  and  canopy  of 
Vishnu  while  sleeping  during  the  intervals  of  creation, 
bears  the  entire  world  on  one  of  his  heads,  or  supports  the 
seven  Patalas. 

Sheshonk,  or  Sheshenk.    See  ShishnI:. 

She  Stoops  to  Conciuer,  or  the  Mistakes  of 

a  Night.  A  comedy  by  Oliver  Goldsmith,  first 
played  March  1.5,  1773,  printed  1774. 

At  the  present  day  it  is  probably  the  best  known  of  the 
author's  works,  and',  outside  Shakespeare  and  Sheridan, 
the  English  play  with  which  the  greatest  number  of  per- 
sons are  familiar.  Of  post-Elizabethan  comedies  which  pre- 
ceded it  in  this  country,  those  of  Congreve  alone  can  be 
named  by  its  side ;  and,  if  it  is  less  artistically  constructed, 
somewhat  less  carefully  written,  and  much  less  witty,  its 
moral  purity  and  wholesomeness,  its  fund  of  good  spirits, 
and  its  wonderful  flow  of  natural  dialogue,  are  qualities 
that  raise  it  almost  to  a  level  with  "Love  for  Love  "or 
"The  Way  of  the  World."  Of  succeeding  comedies,  but 
one  has  approached  it  in  lasting  popularity  —  the  "School 
for  Scandal,"  produced  four  years  later,  by  Sheridan. 

Gosse,  Hist.  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  319. 

Shetimasha.     See  ChUimachan. 

Shetland  (shet'land)  Islands,  orZetland(zet'- 

land) Islands,  [■iflietland. Zetland, earlier "Shelt- 
laiid,  orig.  JJialtland,  Icel.  EjalHand,  later  Het- 
la»d.  land  of  Hjalt  or  Hjalti,  a  man's  name, 
from  lijalt  =  E.  hilt.'i  A  group  of  islands  north  of 
Scotland,  forming  the  county  of  Shetland,  situ- 
ated about  50  miles  northeast  of  the  Orkneys. 
Chief  town,  Lerwick.  The  group  contains  about  100 
islands,  of  which  30  or  more  are  inhabited.  The  surface 
is  hilly  and  rocky .  The  principal  island  is  Mainland ; 
others  are  Unst,  Yell,  Fetlar  Bressay,  Whalsay,  Papa- 
Stour,  and  Fonla-  The  inhabitants  are  of  Norse  descent. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Picts.  The  islands  were 
settled  by  the  Northmen  in  the  9th  century,  and  were  ac- 
quired by  Scotland  in  1469.  (Compare  Orhney  Islands.) 
.Area,  5.-'l  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  28,711. 
Shetucket  (she-tuk'et).  Ariver  in  eastern  Con- 
necticut. It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  W'illimantic 
and  Natchaug,  and  unites  at  Nonvich  with  the  Yantic  to 
form  the  Thames.  Length,  includingtbe  Natchaug,  nearly 
60  miles  ;  including  the  Quinebaug,  about  90  miles. 

She  Would  if  She  Could.  A  very  successful 
comedy  by  George  Etberege,  produced  in  1668. 

Sheyenne.     See  Cheyenne. 

Shiahs  i  sbe'az).  A  division  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans which  maintains  that  .\li,  first  cousin  of 
Mohammed  and  husband  of  his  daughter  Fati- 
ma,  was  the  first  legitimate  imam  or  successor 
of  the  prophet,  and  rejects  the  first  three  califs 
of  the  Sunnis  (the  other  great  division)  as  usurp- 
ers. The  Shiahs  "are  also  called  the  Imamiyahs,  because 
they  believe  the  Muslim  religion  consists  in  the  true 
knowledge  of  the  Imam  or  rightful  lea<lers  of  the  faithful  " 
{Burihes,  Diet,  of  Islam).  'They  claim  to  be  the  orthodox 
Mohammedans,  but  are  treated  by  the  Sunnis  as  heretics. 
The  Shiahs  comprise  nearly  the  whole  Persian  nation,  and 
are  also  found  in  Oudh.  a  province  of  British  India  ;  but 
the  Mohamn.edaus  of  the  other  parts  of  India  are  for  the 
most  part  Sunnis.     Also  Shiit^i. 

Shiawassee  (shi-a-wos'e).  Ariver  in  Michigan 
which  unites  with  Flint  River  8  miles  southwest 
of  Saginaw  City  to  form  Saginaw  Eiver.  Length, 
about  90  miles. 

Shidzuoka  (shed-zo-o'kii).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Suruga,  Japan,  95  miles  southwest  of 
Tokio.     Population  (1891').  38,246. 

Shiel  (shel) .  Loch.  A  lake  in  western  Scotland, 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Argjil 
and  Inverness.  It  communicates  with  the  ocean 
bv  Loch  Moidart.     Length,  174  miles. 

Shield  (sheld).  William.  Bom  at  Swalwell, 
near  Newcastle,  1748 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  25, 
1829.  An  English  operatic  composer.  Ini772he 
was  second  riolin  in  an  opera  orchestra.  In  1778  he  pro- 
duced 'The  Flitch  of  Bacon,"  his  first  comic  opera.  He 
was  engaged  at  Covent  Garden  as  composer,  and  remained 
there  1791-97.  He  composed  "Rosina."  "The  Mysteries 
of  the  Castle,"  "Robin  Hood,"  "The  Lock  and  Key," 
"Aladdin,"  "The  Castle  of  .Andalusia."  etc.  Among  his 
songs  are  "The  Arethusa."  "The  Heaving  of  the  Lead," 
"  The  Thorn,"  "The  Wolf, '  the  trio  "O  Happy  Fair,"  etc. 

Shields  (sheldz),  Charles  WoodruJf.  Born  at 
New  Albany,  Ind.,  April  4, 1825.  An  American 
theologian  and  philosopher,  professor  at  Prince- 
ton. He  has  published  "Philosophia  ritima"  (1861), 
"Book  of  Common  Prayer !( (1864),  "  Religion  and  Science 
in  their  Relation  to  Philosophy  "  (1876X  etc. 

Shields,  James.  Born  inCountyTi,Tone, Ireland, 
1810  :  died  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  June  1, 1879.  An 
American  general  and  politician.  He  was  a  general 


Shimonoseki 

in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Cerr© 
Gordo  and  i.'hapnltepec  in  1847;  was  Democratic  I'nited 
States  senator  from  Illinois  1S49-55,  and  from  Minnesota 
1858-59  ;  gained  tlie  victory  of  Winchestei  Slarch  23, 1862  ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Port  Republic  June  9,  1S62. 

Shields,  North.  A  town  which  forms  part  of 
the  borough  of  Tynemouth,  England.  See  Tyne- 
nioitth. 

Shields,  South.     See  South  Sliields. 

Shift  (shift).  1.  An  impudent  beggar  who  pre- 
tends to  be  a  disbanded  soldier,  "one  that 
never  was  a  soldier,  yet  lives  upon  lendings": 
a  character  in  .lonson's  "  Every  Man  out  of 
his  Humour,"  since  frequently  imitated. — 2. 
An  attorney's  clerk,  a  mimic,  appearing  as- 
Smirk,  an  auctioneer,  in  Foote's  play  "The- 
Minor.''  This  part  was  played  by  Foote  himself, 
and  was  designed  to  satirize  Tate  Wilkinson, 
his  associate. 

suites.     See  Shiahs. 

Shikarpur(shik-ar-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  Sind, 
British  India,  intersected  bv  lat.  28°  N.,  long. 
68°  30'  E.  Area,  9.296  square  mUes.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  915,497.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Shikarpur,  situated  about  lat.  27* 
55'  N.,  long.  68°  40'  E.  Population  (1891), 
42,004. 

Shikoka  (she-ko'ko),  or  Sikoku  (se-ko'ke). 
One  of  the  four  principal  islands  of  -Japan,  sit- 
uated southwest  of  the  main  island  and  north- 
east of  Kiusiu.  It  is  mostly  occupied  by  low  moun- 
tains. Length,  about  160  miles.  Area,  7,031  square  miles. 
Population  (1891).  2,879,260. 

Shilange  (she-lang'ge).     See  Luia. 

Shilha  (shU'ha).  or  Shlu  (shlo).  The  Berber 
tribes  of  southei-n  Morocco  and  of  the  Adi-ar 
Mountains  in  the  western  Sahara. 

Shilka  (shil'ka).  A  large  river  of  southern  Si- 
beria. It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Onon  and  In- 
goda,  and  unites  with  the  Argun  to  form  the  .Amur. 

Shillaber  (shil'a-ber).  Benjamin  Fenhallow. 
Born  at  Portsmouth.  N.  H.,  July  12,  1814 :  died 
at  Chelsea.  Mass..  Nov.  25, 1890.  An  American 
humorist,  from  1840-50  editor  of  the  "Boston 
Post,"  and  fi'om  1856-66  editor  of  the  "  Saturday 
Evening  Gazette":  noted  as  the  author  of  the 
"Sayings  of  Mrs.  Partington."  Among  his  works 
are  "  Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs.  Partington  "  (1S54), "  Rhymes 
with  Reason  and  Without "  (1853),  •  Knitting  Work  "  (1857), 
"  Partingtonian  Patchwork  "  (lo'SX  "  Wide-Swath  "  (1882: 
poems),  etc.  The  "  Ike  Partington  Juvenile  Series  "  was 
published  1879-82. 

Shilluk  (shel'lok).  A  negro  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  occupying  the  left  bank  of  the  White  Nile 
from  Bahr-el-Ghazal  to  Dar  Nuba,  and  stretch- 
ing westward  to  the  Baggara  tribe.  They  are  black 
and  ill-featured,  but  their  hair  is  not  always  woolly. 
Thev  are  both  agricultural  and  pastoral.  The  Dyur  (in 
the  south),  the  Belanda,  and  the  Dembo  tribes  are  branches 
of  the  Shilluk.  speaking  practically  the  same  language. 
They  are  said  to  number  l,0O<i."0(i,  living  in  3,000  villages. 
They  call  themselves  Zwo/i.  Shilluk  is  their  name  in  tiinka. 

Shiloah.     See  Siloam. 

Shiloh  (shi'16).  In  Old  Testament  geography, 
a  town  in  Ephraim,  Palestine,  identified  with 
Seilun,  19  miles  north  by  east  of  Jerusalem.  It 
contained  the  sanctuary  of  the  ark  of  the  cov- 
enant. 

Shiloh  may  be  regarded  as  having  been  the  first  central 
point  of  the  whole  family  of  Israel.  As  soon  as  the  great 
temporary  camp  of  Gilgal  w-as  raised,  the  ark  was  estab- 
lished there,  and  it  remained  there  for  centuries.  Shiloh 
was,  in  this  way,  a  common  city.  The  fine  stretch  of  plain 
was  a  favourable  place  of  meeting  of  all  Israel. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  L  210. 

Shiloh.  A  locality  in  Hardin  County,  Tennes- 
see, near  Pittsburg  Landing,  on  the  Tennessee 
River,  88  miles  east  of  Memphis,  it  was  the  scene 
of  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  or  Pittsburg  Landing,  April  6  and  7, 
186"2,  The  Federals  under  Grant  were  surprised  by  the 
Confederates  under -A.  s.  Johnston  and  forcea  back  to  the 
river.  Johnston  was  killed,  and  Beauregard  succeeded 
him.  On  the  7th  Grant,  reinforced  by  Buell's  army, 
drove  the  Confederates  from  the  battle-field.  Loss  of 
Federals,  13,573,  including  1,735  killed  ;  loss  of  Confeder- 
ates, 10,699. 

Shimba  (shem'ba),  orBashimba  i  bii-shem'ba), 
Pg.  Baximba.  -^  Bantu  tribe  of  southern 
Angola.  West'Africa.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
lower  Kunene"  River.  They  are  closely  allied, 
linguistically  with  the  Ndonga  tribe. 

Shimoga(she-m6'ga),orSheemoggai>he-mog'- 
gii).  Adistrict  in  Mvsore.  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  14°  N.,  long.  75°'30'  E.  Area.  3,986  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  527.981.  _ 

Shimonoseki  (shim-o-no-sek'e).  or  SimonoseU 

(sim-6-n6-sek'e).  A  seaport  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  situated 
in  lat.  33°  58'  N.,  long.  130°  58'  E.  It  was  bom- 
barded by  the  Americans,  British,  French,  and  Dutch  in 
1864,  in  retaliation  for  injuries  received.  An  indemnity 
was  paid  by  the  Japanese  government  in  1875.  Popula- 
tion (18941,  est.,  36.3»4. 


Shimonoseki,  Strait  of 
Shimonoseki,  Strait  of.    A  sea  passage  which 

separates  the  maiu  island  of  Japan  from  Kiusiu, 
andconneetstlii-hiuwouadawit  fit  he  Seaof  Japan. 

Shimonoseki, Treaty  of.  A  treaty  of  peace  eon- 
eluded  between  China  and  Japan  at  Shimono- 
seki, April  17,  1895.  The  Chinese  plenipotentiaries 
were  Li-huiig-chanp  and  Li-ching-fong  ;  the  .lapaiiese. 
Tount  It<.>  Hii'nhimii  and  Viscuunt  Mutsu  Munemitsu. 
China  recncniZLMl  tlie  independence  of  Korea;  ceded  t.. 
.Japan  tlie  soutlirrn  portion  of  the  province  of  Shingking 
(i.  e.,  the  Liniituiiir  peTiinsula  from  I'ort  Arthur  to  tlie 
lortieth  par:dU-I)  liie  iihind  of  Koiinosa,  and  the  Pesca- 
dores Islantis  ;  au'rrrd  ti»  pay  a  war  indemnity  of  iOO.tHm,- 
MI.1  Kuping  lails  (atiout  .-ITS.OIJO.UyU) ;  opened  .'^liasliili. 
Clmngkin^',  Suctiow,  and  Hangchow ;  and  {naiited  othtr 

•  important  eoniiiiercial  privileges.  Japan  later  a;:ret'ii  to 
give  up  the  Liautnng  peninsula  in  deference  to  the  objec- 
tions of  Kussia. 

Shin  (shin).  Loch.  A  lake  in  the  county  of  Suth- 
erland, Scotland,  situated  about  lat.  '18°  5'  N., 
long.  4°  30'  W.  Its  waters  are  discharged  by  the  Oy- 
kill  into  the  North  Sea.     Length,  17  miles. 

Shinar  (shi'niir).  In  Bible  geography,  the  tract 
ofland  between  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  down 
to  the  Persian  Gulf — i.  e..  Babylonia  in  distinc- 
tion from  Mesopotamia  (Irak),  it  is  nowcommoidy 
identified  with  Shumer,  which  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions denotes  Southern  or  Lower  Babylonia,  in  contrast  to 
Akkad  (the  biblical  Accad),  I'pper  Babylonia. 

Shingking  (shing-king'),  or  Liautnng  (lyou- 

t(ing').  A  province  of  Manchuria,  l)ordering 
on  Mongolia,  Korea,  Korea  Bay,  the  Gulf  of 
Liautung,  China  proper,  and  Kirin,  Capital, 
Mukden. 

Shingle (shing'gl),  Solon.  Acharacterin  ''The 
People's  Lawyer,"  a  play  by  J.  S.  Jones.  Tlie 
part  was  made  popular  "by  John  E.  Owens. 

Shinji  (shen'.ie),  or  Mashinji  (mii-shen'.ie),  Pg. 
Xinge  or  Chinge.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kuangu 
River,  north  and  south  of  lat.  9°  S.  They  are 
linguistically,  but  not  politically,  allied  with  the  Makioko. 
Their  principal  chief  is  (1894)  Kapenda  ka  Mulemba. 

Shinnecock  Bay  (shin'e-kok  ba).  An  inlet  of 
the  Atlantic,  on  the  southern  side  of  Long  Isl- 
and, 7.1  miles  east  of  New  York  city. 

Shinumo.     See  Tusayan. 

Shipka  Pass  (ship'ka  pas).  A  pass  in  the  Bal- 
kans, 47  miles  northeast  of  Philippopolis.  It  be- 
came famous  in  the  war  between  Turkey  and  Russia  in 
1877-7f^,  especially  for  the  unsuccessful  attacks  of  Sulei- 
man Pasha  on  the  Russian  positions  in  Aug.  and  Sept., 
IS77. 

Shipley  (ship'li).  A  town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yoi-lcshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Aire  HI 
miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds.  Population 
(1891),  16,04.3. 

Shipman's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  The  story  is  from  the  first 
novel  of  the  eighth  day  of  Boccaccio's  "De- 
cameron." 

Ship-money  (ship'mun'i).  In  old  English  law, 
a  charge  or  ta\  imjiosed  by  the  king  upon  sea- 
ports and  trading  towns,  requiring  them  to  pro- 
vide and  furnish  war-ships,  or  to  pay  money 
for  that  purpose,  it  fell  into  disuse,  and  was  iiirlucled 
In  the  Petition  of  Right  (li;28)  as  a  wrong  to  l>e  iliscontin- 
ued.  The  attempt  to  revive  it  met  with  strung  ciiipi.sitiim, 
and  was  one  of  the  proximate  causes  of  fht;  <!ieat  iiehcl. 
lion,  [^^.e  Hampden,  Jnhn.)  Itwas  aholishrd  hy  statute 
16  Charles  I  c.  14  (1640),  which  enacted  the  strict  obser- 
vance of  the  Petition  of  Right.  ^ 

Ship  of  Fools,  The.  A  translation  by  Alexan- 
der Barclay,  in  1.508,  of  Brant's  "  Narrenschiff" 
(wliich  see).  The  first  English  book  in  which 
mcnfioM  is  made  of  the  New  World. 

Shippegan  (ship-e-giin'),  or  Shippagan  (ship- 

a-giiii'),  Island.  An  island  iu  tnt!  (uilf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  situated  near  the  iiorthenstcru  ex- 
tremity of  New  Brunswick  (to  which  it  belongs). 
at  the  southern  entrance  to  tlie  Bay  of  ( 'halcur. 
Length,  about  14  miles. 

Shippen  (shi])'en),  Edward.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  10;  17L«J:  die<l  there,  .\pril  K!.  ISIIO. 
An  American  .jurist.  He  became  chief  justice 
of  tlie  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylviinia  in  1799. 

Shipton (ship' ton  (.Mother.  Horn  iiearKiiares- 
borough.  Yorkshire  .luly,  148S:  died  about 
15.59.  A  half-mythical  English  jn'ophet ess, bap- 
tized Ursula  Soutlliel.  she  married  Tony  Shlpton, 
a  buildei-.  According  to  tradition,  liowever,  she  was  tin- 
child  of  Agatha  shipton  and  the  devil.  See  Motbrr  Sliij>- 
ton'n  Prnphfriyn. 

Shipwreck,  The.  A  descriptive  poera  by  Wil- 
liam l''alconer,  published  in  1762. 

Shir  All.     See  Slmr  Mi. 

Shiraz  (sho'riiz)  The  capital  of  Farsistan,  Per- 
sia, situated  about  lat.  2!)° :!«'  N.,  long.  .52°  :!5' 
E.  It  has  considerable  commerce,  and  manufactures  of 
wine,  etc.;  w:is  formerly  fanuais  for  its  surroundings,  as 
the  resiflence  of  Hatlz  and  Sadi.  and  as  a  seat  of  eulture  in 
the  middle  ages  ;  and  was  at  (Uie  time  of  great  importance 
and  the  capital.  It  wasdcvastateti  by  earthituakes  in  1824 
and  In  1853.     Population,  estimated,  80,000. 


927 

Shire  (she'ra).    A  river  in  eastern  Africa  which 

issues  from  Lake  Nyassa  and  joins  the  Zambesi 
near  its  mouth.  Length  below  Lake  Xyassa, 
about  :i70  miles  ;  navigable  to  Murcliison  Falls. 

Shirley  (sher'li).  A  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, 2  miles  northwest  of  Southampton.  Popu- 
lation of  Shirley  and  Freemantle(1891),  15,899. 

Shirley.  A  novel  by  Cluirlotte  Bronte,  pub- 
lished in  1849  under  the  pseudonjTn  of  Currer 
Bell.  The  heroine,  Shirley  Ki-<ldar  (an  idealized  por- 
trait of  Emily  Bronte),  is  an  imi'Ulsive  girl  of  twenty  who 
inherits  her  father's  estate  anti  administers  it  as  squire. 

Shirley,  James.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  18, 
l.')9t;:  ilied  at  London,  Oct.  29,  1666.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  He  was  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  lx>ndon,  and  at  both  (».Kford  and  Cambridge.  Ow- 
ing to  scruples  of  eonscience  he  gave  up  a  living  towhich 
he  had  been  presented  after  oi'dination,  taught  school  for  a 
time,  and  from  about  1625  wmte  from  thirty  to  forty  plays. 
Among  them  are  "  Love  Tricks"  (puhlislied  in  l(Kil),"The 
Maid's  Revenge"  (KB'J),"  The  Brothers '(10:V2),'- I  he  Witty 
Fair  One"  (IftW).  "The  Grateful  Servant"  (licensed  in 
1629,  under  the  title  of  "The  Faithful  Servant, "and  printed 
In  103(1),  "The  Traitor"  (ICAS :  the  most  powerful  and 
pathetic  of  Shirley's  tragedies),  "Love's  Cruelty  "  (1640), 
"The  Changes"  (Iftli),  "Bird  in  a  Cage"  (l«:i.S),  "Hyde 
Park ■■(1637)."The  Ball  "(licensed  Nov.  10,  ll).«,  and  printed 
US9aa  the  joint  work  of  Chai)man  and  Shirley),  "The  Game- 
ster "(1&*J7),"  The  Contention  of  lionouranil  Ricbes"(pub- 
lished  in  1033,  and  evidently  not  intended  for  representa- 
tion). "The  Coronation  "(licensed  Feb.  ts  H'»;M-35,  as"aplay 
by  Shirley,"  but  the  title-page  of  the  lirst  edition  in  1640 
gives  it  to  Fletcher,  who  had  died  ten  years  before:  Shirley 
claimed  it  as  liis.lnit  it  has  contimied  to  appear  in  all  collec- 
tions of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  works),  "chabot.AdminU 
of  France  "(the  joint  performance  of  Chapman  and  Shirley, 
licensed  April  29,  VXt^,  and  printed  16:i9:  Shirley  had  lit- 
tle to  do  with  this),  ■  The  Lady  of  Pleasure  "  (1037  :  gener- 
ally cotisidered  his  best  play),  "St.  Patrick  for  Ireland" 
(1640),  "The  Humorous  Courtier  "  (1040),  "The  Arcadia" 
(1640),"  The  Imposture  "(1052),  "The  Cardinal"  (1052),  and 
"The  Sisters"  (liLW).  In  1069  Shirley  published,  together, 
"  Honoria and  Mammon  "and  "The Content  ion sof  A )a\  and 
Ulysses  for  the  Armour  of  Achilles."  The  ilrst  pieee  was  a 
revision  of  his  own  interlude  called  "Tin-  Contenlion  of 
Honour  and  Riches."  He  also  wrote  "  M;inil(iit!o,  or  a 
Leading  of  Children  by  the  Hand  through  the  Principles 
of  Grammar  "  (KiOO).  He  also  finished  and  lltt.-d  lor  the 
stage  a  number  of  Fletcher's  jdays.  Heiu-y  Shirley,  a  con- 
temporary of  .Tames  Shirley,  wrote  a  play  called  '"The  Mar- 
tyred .Soldier,"  which  was  acted  and  printed  in  1038. 

Shirley,  John.  Born  about  1368 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  21,  1456.  An  English  traveler  and 
collector  of  manuscripts,  especially  those  of 
Chaucer  and  Lydgate.  He  copied  them  himself  "  in 
sundry  volumes  to  remain  for  posterity."  Some  of  them 
are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum  ;  one  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, ('aml>ridge;and  one  at  Sion  College. 

Shirley,  La'wrence,  fourth  Earl  Ferrers.  Born 
in  Aug.,  172U  :  died  May  5,  1760.  An  English 
nobleman,  notable  as  the  last  nobleman  who 
died  a  felon's  death  in  England.  He  murdered  his 
land-steward,  .Johnson,  in  a  fit  of  ungovernable  passion  (to 
wliich  he  was  subject),  in  J;in.,  1700,  and  was  juinged  at 
Tybuni. 

Shirley,  Selina,  Countess  of  Huntingdon.  Born 
near  .\sliby-de-la-Zoiich,  Aug.  24,  1707:  died  at 
Lomlon,  June  17,  1791.  An  English  religious 
leader,  daughter  of  the  second  Earl  Ferrers. 
she  was  noted  as  the  founder  of  chapels  and  as  theleadcr 
<if  the  se(-t  of  the  "Countess  of  Huntingdon's  Connexion." 

Shirley,  William.  Born  at  Preston,  Sussex, 
England,  KKi:  died  at  Koxbury,  Mass.,  March 
24,  1771.  A  colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1741-4.5.  He  i)lanned  the  expeditiim  against  Louis- 
burg  iu  1745;  became  governor  of  .Massachusetts  in  175;i; 
was  commander  of  the  British  forces  in  America  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Old  French  and  Indian  war  in  1755 ; 
plarnii-d  til'-  e\jM-dition  against  Niagara  in  1755  ;  was  made 
iieutrn:in(-g-ni-r;d  in  I7.'i;>;  and  aft(-rw-ard  w.-ia  governor  of 
one..f  the  Bahama  Islands.  He  published  "Letter  totho 
Duke  of  Newcastle  "  (174r»),  "Conduct  of  General  William 
Shirley"  (1768).  etc. 

Shirvan  (shir-viln').  A  medieval  khanate  south 
of  the  Caucasus,  now  forming  part  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Baku,  Transcaucasia,  Russia.  Chief 
place,  Shemakha.  It  was  incorporated  with 
Russia  in  ls2(l. 

Shirwa  (shr-r'wii).  A  lake  in  eastern  Africa, 
south-soul  h(-nst  of  Lake  Xyassa  and  east  of  the 
Shire.     Length,  about  40  miles. 

Shishak  (shi'shak)  I.,  or  Sheshonk  (she'- 

slionk),  or  Shashano.  Lived  in  the  lOlh  e(-ii- 
tury  B.  c.  A  king  of  Egypt,  of  the  22d  dynasty. 
He  plundered  .lerusalem  in  the  reign  of  Reho- 
boaih. 
Shi'va  (shi'va).  The  third  god  of  the  Hindu 
Irlad,  in  the  later  mythology  regarded  as  the 
destroyer,  whileBr.'iliiiMi  is  the  creator  and  Vish- 
nu the  preserver.  The  Shaivas,  or  Shiva-worshipers, 
assign  to  him  the  first  ]>laee  In  the  triml.  identifying  him 
with  ereidion  and  reproduction  as  well  astlestructitui,  anil 
so  constituting  him  the  Supreme  Being.  This  elmnieter 
In  present  Hinduism  is  supposed  to  be  a  development  of 
that  of  the  Vedic  Ituilra  (which  see)  by  the  addithm  of 
nuiny  characteristics  drawn  from  the  nopuhir  as  ilistin- 
gulsned  from  tlie  priestly  religitm,  ami  taken  especially 
from  the  religion  of  the  anorlglnes,  w-ho»e  chief  god  some 
supi)08e  Shiva  to  have  been.  The  mmu'  Shlvu, '  the  pro- 
piiloUB,'  Beems  to  have  been  at  first  only  a  euphonilBtic 


Shore 

epithet  used  to  propitiate  Rudra,  the  god  of  storms,  and 
then  to  have  supplanted  the  name  Rudra  itself,  .\ccord- 
ing  to  the  Visluntpurann  there  are  8  principal  manifesta- 
tions of  Shiva,  viz. :  Rudra,  Bhava,  Sharva,  Ishana.  Pashu- 
pati,  Bhima.  Cgra,  and  Mahadeva,  which  are  visibly  repre- 
sented under  Stands,  or  material  forms,  viz, :  the  Sun,  Wa- 
ter, Earth,  .Air,  Fire,  F.ther,  the  ottieiating  Bralmian,  and 
the  Moon,  Shiva  uphohliug  the  universe  by  mean-  of  these 
forms.  .As  presiding  over  repnxluction  which  follows  de- 
struction, he  is  genendly  worshiped  under  phallic  sym- 
bols. As  sharing  with  Vamaanil  Varuna  theattributesof 
justice  and  piunshment^  he  rides  on  a  white  bull,  Dhanua 
having  taken  this  ftu-m  to  become  Shiva's  vehicle  ;  as 
Kahi.  or  destroying  'time, 'he  is  black;  as  .Ardhanari,' half- 
female,'  he  symbolizes  the  unity  of  the  generative  princi- 
ple ;  as  Panchanana  he  has  5  faces  ;  he  has  3  eyes,  one  in 
his  forehead,  which  are  held  to  denote  his  view  of  pres- 
ent, past,  and  fut(u-e;  w-hile  a  crescent  about  the  central 
eye  marks  the  measure  of  time  by  months  a  serpent  arountl 
his  neck  that  by  years,  and  a  necklace  of  skulls  and  scr- 
pent-s  about  his  pcTstm  the  revolution  of  ages.  His  hair  is 
thickly  matted,  and  i>rojerts  likca  horn  from  his  forehead. 
On  his  head  he  bears  the  Ganges.  His  throat  is  dark  blue 
from  the  poison  which  would  have  destroyed  the  world 
had  he  not  swallowed  it  at  the  churning  of  the  ocean. 
He  wears  sometimes  a  deerskin,  sometimes  a  tigerskin, 
sometimes  an  elephant's  skin,  and  at  times  sits  on  a  tiger- 
skin  or  holds  a  deer  in  one  of  his  hands.  His  weapons 
are  a  trident  (now  held  to  symliolize  him  as  Creator,  De- 
stroyer, and  Regenerator),  a  bow,  a  thundert)olt.  an  ax,  a 
skull-surmoiuited  staff,  and  a  ntuulescript  weaisui.  the 
khiukini.  He  carries  a  drum  shaped  like  an  hour-glass, 
and  a  noose.  His  servants  are  the  denrons  called  Prania- 
thas,  his  chief  wife  bnrga  with  her  various  names,  and  his 
sons  Ganesha  and  Kartlikeya.  His  residence  is  Kallasa, 
one  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Himalaya.  He  is  espe- 
cially worshiped  at  Benares.  He  has  even  more  names  than 
Vishnu,  1,008  being  specified  in  the  Shiva  Parana  and  the 
^lahabharata.  See  Earth's  "  Religions  of  India,'  159  fl. ; 
Williams's  "  Brahmanism  and  Hinduism,"  III.  tV.;  and 
Sluir's  "Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  Vol.  IV. 

Shlu.     See  .Shillia. 

Shoa  (sho'ii).  A  kingdom  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  .Vbyssinia,  southeast  of  Ainhara.  The 
chief  towns  are  Licheh  (the  capital),  Ankoher,  and  An- 
golalla.  I'he  inhabitants  (Amharas  and  Gallas)  are  esti- 
mated at  1,500,000. 

Shoalhaven  (sh61'ha-\Ti).  A  river  in  New 
South  Wales,  Austr»lia,  which  flows  into  the 
Pacific  about  80  inues  south-southwest  of  Syd- 
ney.    Length,  over  1.50  miles. 

Shoalwater  Bay  (shol'wa't&r  ba).  An  inlet 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  Pacific  County, 
ill  the  sodtliwesternpart  of  the  State  of  Wash- 
iiigtoii.     Length,  28  miles. 

Shoebnryness  (shii'ber-i-nes).  A  headland  in 
Essex,  England,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Thames  estuary,  33  miles  east  of  London. 
Netir  it  is  the  village  of  Shoeburyuess,  with  a 
noted  artillery  sliooting-range. 

Shoemaker's  Holiday,  The,  or  the  Gentle 

Craft.  A  comedy  liy  Dekker.  it  w.as  published 
anonymously  in  KHln,  and  had  been  playetl  the  year  before. 
It  (-ont.-iins  one  of  his  best  eharaeters,  Simon  Eyre,  ''shoo. 
maker  and  Lord  .Mainj-  of  L<*ndon." 

Shoe-string  District,  The.     See  the  extract. 

The  most  flagrant  Instance  of  gerrymandering  is  prob- 
ably the  sixth  ICongressfonal]  district  of  Mississippi.  This 
remarkable  tlistrict  consists  of  all  the  counties  of  the  State 
which  touch  the  Alississi])pi  Kiver.  Its  length  is  about 
300  miles  ami  its  average  breadth  idiout  "20.  and  it.s  peculiar 
shape  has  given  it  its  popular  name  of  the  "shoe-string" 
district.  Lator,  Cyc.  Polit.  Science,  11.  SGd. 

[In  the  \&U-  redlstrihiition'the  Shoe-string  District  has  dts 
appeiu-ed.] 

Snolapur  (sh6-lii-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  18°  N., 
long.  75^^  'Jtl'  1-;.  Area,  4,542  square  miles. 
I'opulation  (1891),  75(1,689.— 2.  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Sholapur,  situated  about  lat.  17° 
40'  N.,  long.  7.5°  .53'  E.  It  is  a  trading  center. 
I'opulation  (1891).  61.91.5. 

Shona  (sho'nil),  or  Mashona  (ma-sho'nal.  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Brit  isli  Soul  h  .-\frica,  li\'iugon  the 
highland  which  forms  the  watershed  between 
the  Liiii)iopo  and  Zambesi  basins  (inter.sected 
by  lat.  18°  S.  and  long.  30°  E.).  They  are  imlus. 
tr'lous,  work  Iron,  and  spin  and  weave  natlvccott4H).  They 
were  subjects  of  the  Matabele  before  the  subjugation  of 
these  liy  the  British  .South  Africa  Company  In  ISIM.  Sea 
Maxhnnalttnd. 

Shoofoo.     See   Kliiifu. 

ShOOmla.      See  Sliiimld. 

Shoosha.     See  SIiiikIki. 

Shooter's  Hill  (shd'terz  hil).  A  prominent  hill 
ill  Keiil.  l'',iiglaiid,  8  miles  southeast  of  Loudon. 
Hi-ighl,  446  feel. 

Shore  (shor),  Jane.  Bom  at  Lonilon  :  died  in 
1.527.  The  mistress  of  King  Edward  IV.  While 
still  a  girl  she  married  William  Shore,  a  citizen  of  Loiulon. 
After  her  intrigue  with  the  king  began  she  lived  iu  the 
greatest  luxury,  and  after  his  death  she  became  the  mis- 
tress of  I,,ord  Hastings  w-how-as  beheaileil  by  Kieharil  III. 
•lune  13.  14H:i.  Richard  impris<niiNl  .Tane  shore  out  of 
malice  and  pretended  virtue,  robbed  her  house,  accused 
her  of  witchcraft,  and  obliged  her  to  do  penance  for  lin- 
i-hastitv  at  Paul's  Cross.  She  aftenvartl  lieeame  the  mis. 
tress  o(  the  .Mari|Uis  of  Dmset  The  agonizing  details  ol 
her  death  in  a  ditch  fnun  starv-ation  are  without  author, 
liy,  though  I  he  old  ballad  gives  tliciu  with  great  precision. 
See  Jane  Shore, 


Shoreditch 

Shoreditch  (shor'dieh).  Aborough(niiinicipal) 
of  LiinJon,  situated  north  of  the  Thames. 

Sboreham  (shor'am),  or  New  Shoreham.  A 
seaport  in  Sussex.  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  6  miles  west  of  Brighton. 
Population  (1S91),  3,393. 

Shomcliffe  (shom'klif).  A  height  in  the  county 
of  Kent,  situated  near  the  English  Channel 
west  of  Folkestone. 

Short  (short),  Bob.  The  pseudonjTU  of  Pope  in 
his  contributions  to  the  "Guardian,"  Nos.  91 
and  92. 

Shorthouse  (short'hous).  Joseph  Henry.  Bora 
at  Birmingham,  Sept.  9. 1S34:  died  at  Loudon, 
March  4,  1903.  An  English  author.  His  «urks 
ioclade  "John  Inglesanf  (1881),  "The  Platonism  of 
Wordsworth"  (1882),  "The  Little  School- Master  Mark 
(1883-84),  "Sir  Percival"  (1886),  "A  Te.icher  of  the 
Violin"  (1888),  "The  Countess  Eve"  (1888),  "Blanche, 
Lady  Falaise"  (1891).  etc. 

Short-Lived  Administration,  The.  In  British 

histon.-.  a  name  given  to  the  administrationjin- 

der  the  premiership  of  William  Pulteney  in  1746, 

which  lasted  onlv  two  days. 
Short  Parliament.  In  English  history,  the  Par- 
liament which  sat  from  April  13  to  May  5, 1640. 

It  was  loUowed  in  November  by  the  LongPar- 

liauK-nt. 

Shoshoko  (sho-sho'ko).  [PI.,  also  Shosholos.'i 
A  name,  meaning  'walker,'  applied  collectively 
to  the  poorer  bands  and  individuals  of  Shosho- 
nean  tribes  of  North  American  Indians  v>  ho  do 
not  own  horses,  and  are  therefore  "walkers." 
The  name  Digger  (which  see)  has  been  applied  more  gen- 
erally to  this  class  than  to  any  other. 

Shoshonean  (sh6-sh6'ne-an).  An  important 
liuffuistic  stock  of  NortK  American  Indians. 
Their  earlv  habitat  included  southwestern  Montana  ;  all  of 
Idaho  south  of  lat.  45°  30' ;  southe-istern  Oregon  south  of 
the  Blue  Mountains  ;  western  and  central  Colorado ;  a  strip 
in  northern  New  Mexico ;  eastern  New  Mexico ;  all  of 
northwestern  Texas  ;  the  entire  territorj-  of  Itah ;  a  sec- 
tion in  northern  Arizona ;  all  of  Nevada  ;  and  a  small  strip 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  California,  east  of  the  Sierras, 
and  a  wide  section  aJong  the  eiistem  boi-der  south  of  lat, 
3S",  extending  also  across  the  mountains  to  the  sources  of 
the  San  Joaquin  and  Kings  rivers,  as  well  as  in  a  wide  band 
over  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  reaching  northward 
to  Tulare  Lake.  Along  the  Pacific  the  tribes  of  this  stock 
forced  their  way  between  the  Chumashan  and  Yuman 
stocks,  and  occupied  the  coast  between  lats.  33'  and  34°  X. 
The  principal  Shoshonean  tribes  are  the  Bannock.  Cheme- 
huevi,  Comanche,  Gosinte,  Paiute,  Paviotso,  Saidynka, 
Shoshoni,  Tobikhar,  Tttkuarika,  Tusayan,  and  I  ta.  Esti- 
mated number,  16.460.  The  nameof  the  stock  is  adopted 
from  that  of  the  Shoshoni  tribe. 

Shoshone  Falls  (sho-sho'ne  falz).  A  cataract 
in  the  Snake  River,  in  Idaho,  about  lat."  42°  3.5' 
X..  Ions.  114°  20'  W.  it  is  one  of  the  grandest  falls 
in  the  Tnited  States,  Height,  ilO  feet.  Width,  about  900 
feet. 

Shoshone  Lake.  A  lake  in  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park,  west-southwest  of  Yellowstone 
Lake.    It  is  one  of  the  sources  of  Snake  River. 

Shoshone  River.     See  Snake  Bii-er. 

Shoshoni  (sho-sho'ni).  [Origin  of  name  uncer- 
taiu,]  The  most  northerly  division  of  the  Sho- 
shonean stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it 
comprises  a  number  of  tribes  which  formerly  occupied 
western  Wyoming,  part  of  central  and  southern  Idaho,  a 
small  area  in  eastern  Oregon,  western  and  central  Nevada, 
and  a  small  strip  of  Utah  west  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  The 
Snake  River  region  of  Idaho  was  their  chief  seat.  In  1S03 
they  were  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri  in  western 
Montana,  but  they  had  earlier  ranged  farther  east  on  the 
plains,  whence  they  had  been  driven  into  the  Rock)'  Moun- 
tains by  the  Atsiua  and  Blackf  eet.  The  most  important  of 
the  twenty  known  tribes  comprising  the  Shoshoni  division 
are  the  Panamint,  Tttkuarika  or  Sheep-eaters,  and  Wa- 
shakL  They  number  about  5,000.  Of  these  about  1,000 
are  under  Fort  Hall  agency  and  300  und3r  Lemhi  agency, 
Idaho,     Als< •  called  SnajSre*-,     Sei^  Shoshonean, 

ShotO'Ver  Hill  (shot'6-ver  hil).  A  hill  4  miles 
east  of  0.^ord.  England.     Height.  600  feet. 

Shottery  ( shot '  er-i ).  A  village  in  Warwickshire, 
noted  as  the  residence  of  Anne  Hathaway, 
Shakspere's  wife.  The  farm  house  in  which  she  ia 
thought  to  have  lived  was  bought  for  the  nation  in  1S92. 
It  is  known  as  "Anne  Hathaway's  Cottage." 

Shovel  (shuv'l).  Sir  Clondesley.  Bom  about 
16-50 :  drowned  Oct.  22.  1707.  An  English  ad- 
miral. He  served  at  Bantry  Bay  in  1689.  Beachy  Head  in 
1690,  La  Hogne  in  1692.  and  later  in  the  Mediterranean.  He 
became  c^iramander  of  the  British  fleets  in  1705,  and  was 
shipwrecked  otf  the  Scilly  Isles  on  his  way  home  from  an 
unsuccessful  expedition  against  Toulon. 

Shreveport  (shrev'port).  .\  city,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Caddo  parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the 
Red  River  in  lat.  32°  30'  N..  long.  93°  46'  W. 
It  is  the  second  commercial  city  in  the  State,  and  has  an 
imp^^rtant  evport  trade  in  cotton  and  other  products. 
Population  (1900),  16,013. 

Shre'Wsbtiry  (shroz'bu-ri).  [See  extract  under 
Slrriijisliire.^  A  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  and  the  capital  of  Shropshire.  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Severn  in  lat.  52°  43'  N., 
long.  2°  4(5'  W.    It  has  manufactures  of  linen  thread. 


92S 


Siamese  T-wins,  The 


cakes,  iron  wares,  etc.,  and  considerable  trade.  Itcontains  Shutcr  (shu'ter),  Ed'Ward.      Born  about  1730: 


several  ancient  churches  and  a  celebrated  grammar.  schooL 
It  was  the  ancient  Pengweme  and  the  capital  of  Powis : 
wasone  of  the  chief  cities  of  early  England  ;  and  was  often 
taken  and  retaken  in  the  Welsh  wars.  A  victor)-  was  gained 
near  it,  Julv,  1403,  by  Henry  IV.  over  the  insurgents  un- 
der the  Percys,  when  Henr)Percy(Hotspur)wasslain.  The 
place  was  made  the  headquarters  of  Charles  I.  in  ltU'2.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1645.  Population 
(lS91),i6.967. 

Shrewsbury,  Earls  of.    See  Talbot. 


died  Nov.  1,  1776,  An  English  actor,  said  bv 
Garrick  to  be  the  greatest  comic  genius  be  had 
ever  known.  He  went  on  the  stage  in  1744,  and  ended 
his  career  as  Falstalf,  at  his  own  benefit  at  Covent  Garden, 
in  1776.  He  had  a  wide  comic  repertory.  Among  his 
original  creations  are  Papillon  in  "The  Li;ir,"  Old  Hard, 
castle,  and  Sir  Anthony  Absolate.  He  was  a  lively  com- 
panion, ■'  addicted  to  hard  drinking,  and  religion  as' it  was 
expounded  by  "Whitefleld." 


Shri  (.shre).  [Skt.,  -beauty.']  The  Hindu  god-  Shuvaloflf  (sho-va'lof).  Count  Paul.  Born  1830. 
dess  of  beauty  and  forttine,  Lakshmi.  See  A  JRtissian  general  and  diplomatist,  brother  of 
Lalshmi.  '  Peter  Shuvaloff.     He  served  in  the  (Mmean  war,  was 

Shrimp-Girl,  The.  A  painting  bv  Hogarth,  in  ambassador  to  Berlin  1&55-94,  and  in  1894  was  appointed 
the  National  Gallery,  London.     It  is  a  half-length     ?o^*™°f  »£  ^ol^i 

figure,  almost  in  fuU  face,  wearing  a  white  cap  covered  Shuvaloff(sh6-va'lof), Count  Peter.  Born  July 
with  a  piece  of  dark  sttitl,  on  which  rests  the  tray  of  15,1827:  died  March,  1S89.  A  Russian  diploma- 
shnmpi  ,  I.-  ■,         o»i..— /„„i'„„\       \      t'*^-   He  was  a  special  envoy  to  London  in  1873 ;  ambassa- 

Shropshire  (shrop  shur),  or  Salop  (sal  op).  A  dor  to  London  1874-79;  and  plenipotentiary  to  the  Congress 
western  county  of  England.     Capital,  Shrews-    of  Berlin  in  1878. 

^'-i'-=»^»  is  bounded  by  Wales  and  Cheshire  on  the  ghuz^b  (sho'zob).  A  name  of  two  Babylonian 
north,  Stafford  on  the  east,  Worcester  on  the  southeast,   •-'"-^>»''  )'  .„,,     .  .-^^■.. 

Hereford  on  the  south,  and  Wales  on  the  southwest  and     Kings,    (a)  The  first  was  of  Babylonian  origin.    On  his 
—  -  -■  ....  ,.   .     .  accession  to  the  Babylonian  throne,  he  assumed  the  name 

of  Nergal-l'shezib  C  Nergal  delivered ").  After  reigning 
a  year  and  six  months,  he  was  taken  captive  by  sennach- 
erib  in  the  battle  of  Nippur  (NifferX  6»4  a  c,  (6)  The 
second  was  a  CTialdean,  successor  of  the  preceding  under 
thename  of  Mushezib-Marduk.  He  bought  with  the  trea. 
sures  of  the  temple  of  Marduk  (Merodach)  the  help  of 
the  Elamite  king  Umman-menann,  but  both  were  routed 
by  Sennacherib  in  the  battle  of  Halule,  691  B.  c.  When 
in  690  (or  6S9)  Sennacherib  invaded  and  destroyed  Baby- 
lon, Shuzub  sought  refuge  with  his  former  ally  Umman- 
menann,  but  was  delivered  by  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
Assj'rians. 


west.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating.  It  is  trav- 
ersed in  the  west  by  high  hills,  and  belongs  chiefly  to  the 
valley  of  the  Severn.  It  is  largely  an  agricultural  county, 
but  has  coal-mines  and  iron  manufactures.  Area,  1,320 
square  mUes.    Population  (1891),  236,324. 

But  the  Scrobsaetan  have  done  more  than  this:  they 
have  given  their  name  to  Shropshire,  the  only  Mercian 
shire  which  keeps  a  tribe-name  ;  and,  like  our  own  Snm- 
ersaetan,  Dorsaetan,  and  ■S\"ilsaetan,  the  shire  contains  a 
town  with  a  cognate  name,  the  borough  of  the  Scrobsae- 
tan, Scrobbesburh  or  Shrewsbury.  Shropshire  and  T.ut- 
land  are  the  only  two  Mercian  shires  which  have  strictly 
names  of  their  own,  not  taken  from  any  town. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p,  123, 

Shubrick  (shu'brik), William  Branford.  Bom 
onBull'sIsland,S.C.,Oct.31,1790:diedat  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  May  27, 1874.  An  American  admi- 
ral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  "War  of  1812,  and 
commanded  the  Pacific  squadron  in  the  Mexican  war.  In 
1S59  he  was  sent  in  command  of  a  squadron  to  Paraguay, 
inasmuch  as  a  ITnited  States  steamer  had  been  fired  upon. 
He  obtained  an  apology  and  a  promise  of  pecuniary  in- 
demnity.    He  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1&61. 

Shucker.    See  Sliosholo. 

Shufeldt  (sho'felt),  Robert  Wilson.  Born 
Feb.  21,  1822:  died  Xov.  7,  1895.  An  Amer- 
ican admiral.  He  commanded  the  United  States 
steamer  Conemangh  in  the  blockade  of  Charleston,  and 
afterward  the  steamer  Proteus  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  Block- 
ading Squadron,  during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  promoted 
rear-admiral  in  15S3,  and  was  retired  in  18S4. 

Shufflebottom  (shiif'l-bot^om>,  Abel.  A  pseu- 
don^Tu  sometimes  used  by  Southey. 

Shtikulumb'we(sho-k6-lom'bwe),orMashukn- 
lumb'We  (ma-sho-ko-lom'bwe).  A  Bantu  tribe 
in  British  Zambesia.  Africa,  between  the  Ba- 
rotse,  Lunda,  the  Zambesi,  and  the  Kafue.  They 
are  periodically  raided  by  the  Barotse,  who  claim  authority 
over  them,  and  are  fiercely  hostile  to  white  men. 

Shuli  (sho'le).     See  Liir. 

Shumagin  (sho'ma-gen)  Islands.  -■\.  group  of 
small  islands  south  of  the  Alaska  Peninsula, 
Alaska. 

Shumanas.     See  Jumanas. 

Shumer.     See  Shinar. 

Shumla  (shom'la).  or  Shumna  (shom'na).  A 
town  and  fortress  in  Bulgaria,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  15'  N.,  long.  26°  56'  E.  It  has  manufactures  of 
clothes,  slippers,  etc.  It  is  a  place  of  great  strength ;  w  as 
burned  by  the  Byzantine  emperor  in  811 ;  was  besieged  by 
.\leiius  in  iriS7  ;'was  surrendered  to  the  Turks  about  13S7 ; 
was  strengthened  in  the  17th  century ;  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  bv  the  P.ussians  in  1774.  ISIO,  and  1S2S :  and  was 
occupied  by  the  Russians  in  1S7S.  Population  (1SS7),  23,16L 

Shunem(sho'nem>.  In  Bible  geography,  a  place 
in  Palestine,  about  7  miles  south  of  Nazareth  : 
the  modem  Sulem. 

Shurtleff  (shert'lefi,  Nathaniel  Bradstreet. 
Bom  at  Boston,  June  29,  1810:  died  there,  Oct. 
17,  1874.  An  American  antiquary  and  poli- 
tician, mavor  of  Boston  1868-70.  He  published 
"The  Passengers  of  the  Mayflower"  (1849),  and  various 
genealogical  and  other  works :  and  edited  "  Records  of  the 
Governor  and  Company  of  Massachusetts  Bay"  (lS.'i3-54) 
and  "  Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  "  (with  Pul- 
sif  er,  1855-61). 

Shusha  (sho'sha).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia, Russia, situated 
about  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  46°  40'  E.  It  is  an 
important  fortress.     Population  (1890%  32^040. 

Shushan  (sho'shan).  [In  the  Persian  Inscrip- 
tions Shushuna.'i  The  capital  of  Elam,  situated 
on  the  Eulseus  (Hebrew  and  .\ssyrian  Cloi).  It 
was  destroyed  in  645  B.  C.  by  .Asurbanipal.  The  .\chemenid 
kings  of  Persia  made  it^  their  winter  residence,  and  pro- 
vided   " 

century 

into  decay.    It  is  frequ- 

Daniel  and  Esther.     See  Elam  and  Stim. 

Shute  (shut),  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  1653: 
died  in  England.  April  15, 1742.  An  English  of- 
ficer, colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts  1716- 
1727.  He  carried  on  a  controversy  with  the 
legislature  regarding  his  prerogative. 


Shyenne.     See  Cheyenne. 

Shylock  (shi'lok).  A  Jew,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal characters  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of 
Venice."  He  lends  B.assanio  3,000  ducats  on  condition 
that  if  they  are  not  repaid  at  the  promised  time  he  shall 
be  allowed  to  cut  a  pound  of  flesh  from  the  body  of  .\n. 
tonio,  Bassanio's  friend  and  surety.  He  claims  the  forfeit- 
ure, but  is  defeated  by  Portia,  who,  in  a  celebrated  speech, 
reminds  him  that  he  loses  his  life  if  he  sheds  one  drop  of 
Christian  blood  or  takes  more  or  less  than  hislawf  nl  pound 
of  flesh.  Down  to  the  time  of  Macklin  the  part  was  played 
by  the  low  comedian,  and  was  grotesque  to  buffoonery.  He 
transformed  it  from  "  the  grimacings  of  low  comedy  to  the 
solemn  sweep  of  tragedy,"and  made  Shylock  a  revengefuL 
inexorable  money-maker.  Edmund  Kean,  in  1814.  played 
the  part  as  that  of  "a  Jew  more  sinned  against  than  sin- 
ning. .  .  .  From  that  hour  a  reaction  in  favor  of  Shylock 
set  in.  until  now  it  is  generally  agreed  that  up  to  a  certain 
point  he  was  the  victim  of  a  downright  quibble,  and  that 
even  on  the  third  point,  that  of  conspiracy,  his  conviction 
was  perhaps  of  doubtful  propriety  "  {Furnesg). 

Sia(se'a).  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
inhabiting  a  pueblo  of  the  same  name  on  the 
Rio  Jemez,  a  western  affluent  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
in  New  Mexico.  In  15S2  Sia  was  said  to  be  the  largest 
of  five  villages  forming  a  province  called  Punames.  The 
present  pueblo  dates  from  about  1692,  when  the  village 
formerly  occupied  was  abandoned.  The  tribe,  which  was 
once  compiiratively  populous,  now  numbers  but  106.  The 
decrease  is  attributed  largely  to  infectious  disease  and  to 
the  killing  of  pers-^ns  accused  of  >vitchcraft.  Also  Chea. 
Chia,  Cia,  Cilia.  SiJla.  Tsea,  Tsia,  Tzia.  Zia.     See  Keresan. 

Sialkot,  or  SealkO'te  (se-al-kof ).  l .  .\  district 
in  Amritsar  division.  Panjab,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  32°  20'  N.,  long.  74°  30'  E. 
Area,  1.991  square  miles.  Population  (1891). 
1,119,847.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Sialkot,  situated  aboutlat.  32°  30'  N..  long.  74° 
35'  E.     Population  (1891),  55.087. 

Siam  (si-^m'  or  se-am').  A  kingdom  in  the 
peninsula  of  Indo-China.  in  southeastern  .-Vsia. 
Capital,  Bangkok,  it  is  bounded  by  Burma  on  the 
west,  the  vagne'Shan  states  on  the  north,  the  French  de- 
pendencies Tongking,  .Annam  (the  river  Mekong  being 
the  recognized  lK)undary),  and  Cambodia  on  the  east,  aud 
the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  the  south.  In  addition  Siam  has  a 
considerable  part  of  the  Malay  Peninsula.  The  principal 
river  is  the  Meuam.  I'he  chief  product  is  rice.  The  gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  the  king  and  a  council  of  ministers. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Buddhism,  The  capital,  .\yuthia, 
was  founded  about  1350,  In  the  16th  century  the  country 
was  enlarged,  and  trade  commenced  with  Europe,  Ayu- 
thia  was  sacked  by  the  Burmese  in  1767.  and  the  capital 
transferred  to  Bangkok  17S2,  Western  civilization  has 
been  partially  introduced  in  recent  years.  French  ad- 
vances and  claims  along  the  eastern  frontier  led  in  1393 
to  serious  complications,  nearly  involving  England.  The 
French  in  July  entered  the  Menam  River  and  blockaded 
Bangkok :  and  in  Oct.  Siam  ceded  to  France  about  100,000 
square  miles  east  of  the  river  Mekong,  Area,  about  200^000 
square  miles.  Population,  about  5,000,00(X 
Siam,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
partly  inclosed  by  the  Malay  Peninsula  on  the 
west.'  Siam  on  the  north,  and  Cambodia  and 
Cochin-China  on  the  northeast.  Length,  about 
470  miles. 


It  with  a  citadeL  It  was  still  flourishing  in  the  12th  Siamese  TwUlS  (si-a-mes'or  -mez'  twinz),The. 
TV  A.  B.  Since  the  13th  centurj- it  has  gradnally  fallen  i~~  •  ojom  At,;:;!  It  mil-  .Up,!  in  North 
l^ay.    It  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  books  of     5°'^n."»   ?'^™' i^PE^.^^V  ^%i.         ^T1 


Carolina.  Jan.  17, 1874.  Eng  ^nd  Chang,  twins 
bom  of  a  Chinese  father  and  a  Siamese  mother. 
They  were  joined  to  one  another  by  a  short  tubular  cartUa- 
ginous  band,  through  which  their  livers  and  hepatic  ves- 
sels communicated,  and  in  the  center  of  which  was  their 
common  umbilicus.  They  were  brought  to  -America  for  ex- 
hibition in  1S28,  and  after  making  a  competency  in  various 


Siamese  Twins,  Tlie 


countries  settled  in  North  Carolina.  They  marriert  sisters 
?^"m"  In isiis they agnin exhibited tlieinselvesm Europe. 
The  one  survived  the  other  two  hours  and  a  hall. 

Bianti.    ««»?  Ashaitii.  ,    s      k         n 

iiao  (se-il'r»,   or  Siamo  (so-a'mo).     A  small 

island  in  the  Malay  ^Vrchipelago,  northeast  ot 

Sibbald'  {sib'ald),  Sir  Robert.  Born  about 
1641:  (lied  1712.  A  Scottish  physician  and 
scientist.  Ue  was  educated  at  Edinburgh, Leyden,  and 
Paris.  He  was  the  llrst  professor  of  medicine  in  the  I  nl- 
ieJsUy  of  Edi..l>nri;h,  the  first  president  ot  the  CoUece  o 
Ph^lidans  a>,d  geographer  royal.  In  1710  he  pub  fthed 
"A  History  of  Fife  aud  Fifeshire,"  followed  by  similar 
works  of  local  interest.  „  i  ,  .     ,., 

Siberia  (si-be'ri-ii).     [Huss.  Sibir,  F.  Siberw  G. 
Sibiricii  ]  A  vast  region  in  northern  and  central 
Asia,  which  forms  part  of  the  Russian  empire. 
Chief  towns,  Tomslc  and  Irkutsk.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Bering  Strait  on  the  uorth- 
ealt  the  I'aciftc  and  its  arms  on  the  east,  the  .hincse  em- 
Dire  and  Russian  Central  Asia  on  the  south  and  Knssia  on 
?he  west     It  comprises  officially  West  Siberia  (mclud- 
1  B  The  governments  of  Tobolsk  and   Tomsk)    Irkutsk 
(with  the  governments  of  Irkutsk.Yeuiseisk,  and  \  aktltsk), 
knd  the  Aniur  Region  (Amui  Tran.l.aikalia,  the  .Mar.  iuio 
Province)  and   the  island  of  Saghalin.     The  surface  is 
laVeelv  a  low-lying  phiin  in  the  north  :  in  the  interior  a.id 
the  south  it  is  a  pluleun  ti  uvei  sed  by  chains  of  mountains, 
Inclmnng  lie  Altai,  Sayan,  Baikal,  Yablonoi.  Stanovoi,  etc. 
^principal  r  ve^  are  the  Obi  (with  the  Irtishl,  Yenisei 
(with  the  Angara),  Lena,  and  Amur.     The  largest  lake  is 
Baikal.     The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.     Siberia 
contains  consi.lerable   mineral  wealth,   including  gold, 
platinum,  silver,  iron,  lead  etc      Goverinncnt  is  adimms. 
tereil  by  governors-general  and  governors.     1  lie  iiilialn- 
tants  are  largely  Russians ;  there  aie  a  so  Bui  lats,  Kir- 
ghiz   Tunguses,  Yakuts,  Kalmucks,  Ostiaks    Samoyeds, 
Kamchadlles,  etc.,  besides  many  thousands  of  exiles  froni 
European  Russia.     The  Russian  conquest  commenced  in 
the  16th  century,  in  the  reign  of  Ivan  the  Icrr.ble  and 
advanced  to  Lake  Baikal,  the  Amur,  and  the  I'aelflc  in  the 
17th  century.    Saghalin  was  formally  acquired  m  18(6. 
Area  4  83^,490  siiuare  miles.    Top.  (1897),  6,72;,0;iu. 
Siberian  Railway.     A  railway  under  eonstnie- 
ticii  bv  the  Wussian  government,  to  traverse  Si- 
beria from  west  to  east.    Ground  was  broken  in  ISiil, 
and  the  work  will  be  completed  about  19U4.     ">«''"«'» 
to  run  frcmi  Cheliabinsk,  via  Omsk  and  Irkutsk,  to  Vladi- 
vostok on  the  Pacific  -  over  4,000  mUes. 
Siberut  (se-be-riif),  or  Sibiru  (se-be-r6'),  or  Se 
Beero  (so  be'ro),  or  North  Pora  (po  ra)  Isl- 
and.    An  island  west  of  Sumatra,  about  lat. 
1°  30'  S.     Length,  aliout  8.5  miles. 
8ibi  (se'be).     A  district  on  the  border  of  Af- 
ghanistan and  Baluchistan,  now  under  British 

sTbiey  (sib'li),  Henry  Hastings.  Born  at  De- 
troit, Mich.,  Feb.  20, 1811:  died  at  St.  Paul.Minn., 
Feb.'l«,  1891.  An  American  pioneer,  pohticiuu, 
and  "ciieral.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  Wis- 
consin Territory  in  1849,  and  from  Minnesota  Territory 
1849-53-  and  was  elected  first  governor  of  Minnesota  as  a 
Democrat  in  I8:.8.  He  organiEed  a  force  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  frontier  settlements  against  the  Sioux  in  ISO.., 
when  he  received  a  commission  as  brigadier-general.  He 
put  down  the  Sioux  outbreak  of  that  year. 

Sibley,  Henry  Hopkins.  Born  at  Natchitoches, 
La.,  May  ■-''.  18UJ:  died  at  Fredericksburg,  \  a., 


929 

the  gods  in  behalf  ot  those  whoresortedto  them. 
Dilferent  writers  mention  from  one  to  twelve  sibyls,  but 
the  number  commonly  reckoned  is  ten,  enumerated  asthe 
Persian  or  Babylonian,  Libyan,  Delphian,  I  linmerian.Kry- 
thnean.  Samian,  Cumiean,  llcllesiwiitine  or  Irojan,  1  hry- 
gian,  and  Tiburline.     Of  these  the  most  celebrated  was  he 
tun  a;an  sibyl  (of  Cumie  in  Italy),  who,  according  to  the 
story  appeared  before  Tarquin  the  Proud  and  olTered  him 
nhe  books  (or  sale.     He  refused  to  buy  them,  whereupon 
she  burned  three,  ami  olfered  the  '"'""'""«  ^'l?ll^ll 
original  price.  On  being  again  refused,  she  destroy  ei  three 
Se  and  ottered  the  remaining  three  at  the  price  she  had 
asked  for  the  nine.    Tarquin,  astonished  at  this  cond  itt, 
bough   the  .ooks,  which  were  found  t-  contain  .l.rectlons 
as  to  the  w.  .rship  of  the  gods  an.l  the  policy  of  he  R-mians. 
These  Sibylline  Books,  or  books  professing  to  have  this 
origin,  written  in  Greek  hexamet-rs,  were  kept  with  great 
care  at  Rome,  and  consulted  from  time  to  t""" '.'y  ""-^J"- 
keepers  under  the  direction  o(  the  senate.    They  were  dc- 
stroved  at  the  burning  of  the  temple  of  ■"'P''^ '"  ^„";,f; 
Fresh  collections  were  made,  which  were  llmdiy  •le8tro>«J 
Lm  after  A.  V.  400.     The  Sibylline  Oracles  referred  to  by 
the  Christian  fathers  belong  to  early  ecclpiastical  1  ttni- 
ture,  and  are  a  curious  mixture  of  Jewish  "■>'/''"';"" 
material,  with  probably  here  and  there  a  snatch  fronl  the 
o  dcr  pagan  source.    In  composition  they  seem  to  be  of 
?arFousVh.tes.  from  the  2d  century  before  to  the  3d  century 
after  Christ. 


Siddons,  Mrs. 


Aug  ":i  1880.  All  Anierican  general.  He  served 
in  I  lie  M  cxlcan  war :  entered  the  Confederate  service  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  18«1 ;  and  commanded  in  New 
Mexico  in  ISfli  He  entered  the  Egyptian  service  in  18b9, 
with  the  rank  of  bi  igadier-general,  returning  to  the  I  nltcd 
States  live  years  later. 

Sibley.  Hiram.  Born  at  North  Adams,  Jlass, 
Fob.  G,  1SI)7  :  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  July  12. 
1888  An  American  financier.  He  was  one  of  the 
organ'izers  and  the  first  president  of  the  Western  t  nlon 
Tekwaph  Company,  and'constructe.i  in  ISfil  'I'cte  egrap h 
line  across  the  continent  to  California  (afterward  trans- 
ferred to  the  Western  Union).  During  his  presldeiicy  the 
Western  tnlon  expended  8,S,000,noO  on  a  line  to  biirope 
via  Bering  Strait,  which  was  abandoned  on  the  completion 
o  the  Atlantic  cddc.  He  gave  .*int)OuO  for  the  es  ablisl- 
mentr.f  the  Sibley  College  of  Mechanical  F.ngm.cring  and 
tlie  Mechanic  Arts,  connected  with  Cornell  I  nivcrslty. 
Sibley,  John  Langdon.  Born  at  Union,  Maine, 
Dec.  2'J,  1H(I4:  died  at  Cumbridge,  Mass.,  Dec. 
9  188'i  An  American  librarian.  HcwasasslsUmt 
librarian  of  Harvard  College  1841-60,  and  ^i\"^'l<"'^^''^JJ,^ 
He  was  editor  for  manyyears  of  the  annual  triennial  a  id 
quinqnennial  catdogncs  of  Harvard  ;  an.l  wrotcj  Bio- 
graphical Sketches  of  the  Graduates  of  Harvard  I  iilvcr- 
sity'  i3V0ls.  l87:V-8.^).  ,     ,    „. 

Sibola.     See  f/?."frt  and /"ft'.  ,  n,f„,.1 

Sibthorp  (sib'thorp).  John.  Born  at  Oxfoid, 
England,  Oct.  28,  17.'>8 :  died  at  Bath,  leb.  8, 
17i)6.  An  F.nglish  botanist,  son  of  Dr.  Hum- 
phrcv  Silithorp.  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford. 
He  grmlnated  at  Oxford  in  1778  :  studied  medicine ;  became 
nrofissor  of  botany  at  the  College  of  I'liyslclans  in  1781 ; 
and  succeeded  his  father  at  oxfonl.  He  wrote  "  Flora 
Oxonlensis"  (1794)  and  "Flora  Gra'ca"  (edited  by  J.  E. 
Smith  and  .lohn  l.iiidley.  H07  .•'»"/.). 

Sibylline  Books,   SibylUne   Oracles,     see 

Sihiils. 

Sibyls  (sib'il/.).  In  ancient  mythology,  cerium 
women  reput<'d  to  possess  siMM-in!  powers  of 
DiopI.eey  or  divination  aud  intercession  with 


But  the  Sibylline  verses,  which  clearly  belong  to  this 
period  [of  Antoninus),  express,  in  the  most  remarkable  man- 
ner this  spirit  of  exulting  menace  at  the  expected  simul- 
taneous fall  of  Konian  idolatry  andot  Roman  enipu-e  rhe 
or"gTo(  tl  e  whole  ,.f  the  Siiiylliiie  oracles  now  extant  is 
not  distinctly  apparent,  either  from  the  style,  tbe  nianner 
of  composition,  or  the  subject  of  "'eir  predictions.  It  is 
manifest  that  they  were  largely  i»'*"P;''-''L"'',''5' ' ',?  \,„  ,  *' 
tians  to  a  late  period  ;  and  some  of  the  books  can  be  as- 
signed to  no  other  time  but  the  present.  Much,  ■'"doubt, 
was  of  an  older  date.  It  is  scarcely  credible  that  the 
Fathers  of  this  time  would  quote  contemporary  forgeries 
as  ancient  prophecies.  The  Jews  of  Alexandria,  who  had 
acquired  si.mi  taste  for  Grecian  poetry,  and  displayed 
some  talent  for  the  translation  of  their  sacred  boolis  '"''; 
the  Homeric  language  and  metre,  had,  no  doubt  set  the 
example  of  versifying  their  own  prophecies  and  of  ascr  b- 
Ing  them  to  the  Sibyls,  whose  names  were  universally 
venerated,  as  revealing  to  mankind  the  secrets  of  futurity 
They  may  have  begun  by  comparing  their  own  prophets 
with  these  ancient  seers,  and  spoken  of  the  predictions  of 
Isaiah  or  Ezekiel  as  their  Sibylline  verses,  which  may  have 
been  another  word  for  prophetic  or  oi;aciilar. 

MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  121. 

Almost  every  region  of  heathenism  boasU  its  Sibyl. 
Poetic  predictions,  ascribed  to  these  inspired  women,  were 
either  published  or  religiously  preserved  in  the  sacred 
archives  of  cities.  Nowhere  were  they  held  in  sllch  awful 
reverence  as  in  Rome.  The  opening  of  the  Sibylline  books 
was  an  event  of  rare  occurrence,  and  only  at  seasons  of 
(earful  disaster  or  peril.  . 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  122. 

Sibyls  The  Paintings  bv  Michelangelo,  alter- 
nating with  his  figures  of  the  prophets  on  the 
coved  tritingles  of  the  vaulting  of  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  Kome. 

Sicambri  (si-kam'bri).  A  powerful  German 
tiibo  in  ancient  times.     Also  called  Huijumbn 

(which  see).  .         ^      r,^      v         -    t      c- 

Sicanians  (si-ka'm-anz).  [Gr.  XiKavoi,  L.  .Si- 
caiii'\  The  primitive  inhabitants  of  Sicily, 
found  there  on  the  arrival  of  the  Sieulians,  or 
Sicilians  proper.  „     ,    .     .      .      n 

Sicard  (se-kiir'),  Abb.:'  Roch  Ambroise  Cucur- 

ron.  Bornat  Foiisscret,  near  Toulouse,  1  ranee, 
Sept  20,  17-42:  died  May  10. 1822.  A  French  phi- 
lanthropist, known  as  an  instructor  of  deaf- 
mutes.  He  published  "  Th^orie  des  signes  pour 
i'instruction  des  sourds-muets"  (1808),  etc. 

Sicarii  (si-ka'ri-i).  A  class  ot  assassins  and 
zealots  in  I'alestine  in  the  later  years  of  Nero  s 
reign.     They  are  referred  to  iu  Acts  x-xi.  38. 

Sichaeus.     See  Eliysa. 

Sichem.     See  Sli'rhem. 

Sicilian  Bull,  The.  A  bronze  bull  made  as  an 
instnimeiit  '•(  tori  lire  by  Perillus  tor  the  bicil- 
iiiu  tvr:\iit   I'hnlnris.  ^ 

Sicilian  Vespers.  A  name  given  to  the  mas- 
sacre of  tlic  French  in  Sicily  by  tho  hicihans 
!'>»'■  so  called  from  its  commencement  at  ves- 
pers'on  Raster  Monday.    S.>e  IV/irc*  Sicilicnmn. 

Sicilien,  Le,  ou  1' Amour  Peintre.    A  comedy 

hv  Moliorc,  |.roiliii-e<l  in  Hito. 

Sicilies,  Kingdom  of  the  Two.  See  Tico  Sici- 
lies.   Killlllll'lll   "J    III!-.  „        ,    ,    /T 

Sicily  (sis'i  li).  U'<T.  y:iiitha,  from  2iKf?.ol  (L. 
.Si.H?/),  the  ancient  inhabitants ;  L.  Sinlin,  Tt .  Si- 
cilio  V  SiciU,ii.Sicili)ii.']  AiiislaiidiiitheMe.il- 
tcrraneaii,  b.longing  t.)  th.'  kiiig.lom  ..f  llnly. 
and  forming  (with  small  n.Mghln.nng  islaii.ls)  a 
compartiiii.Mt...  Its  chief  cities  are  1  ahTin... 
Catuiiia  an.l  Messina.  It  1»  situated  southwest  of 
the  malnlan.l  of  Italy  (separated  by  tin;  Strait  of  Mess  ..... 
ami  Is  trianguh.r  in  shape.  The  K''""^'"'' ""■■""• ''^''V' 
and  m.Mintal.u.ns:  the  culminating  poh.  ,  M..U..I  I.tn  , 
n,id  the  iirlii.llial  ranges  ari'  n  the  north  (I'clorltan,  >e. 
hr,uli„n.''m'l  m','i..,.1.).  The  principal  ph.l.l  Is  Cat.u.i... 
Til.,  leailh.g  i>r...lu.t»  are  wh.'.il,  ..ninges,  .■  tr..n8,  ollvti^ 
lenmns,  an.l  other  (nills.  sulphur  »  Ik,  and  sal  .  .Sicily 
w,.»  forn.erly  f...n"..»  as  tbe  granary  .d  it.dy  a.i.l  H""  V  1' 
cntalns  7  nrovincs-Messln,. Cat,...  a,  .^J™''' »' l  "  '^ 
nissetta,  Palermo,  lilrguuti,  and  TrupauL     llie  luliablUinUi 


are  of  mixed  descent.    The  early  inhabitants  were  the  SI- 
can!  Sicull,  and  Elymi;  aud  Phcnician  colonies  were  set- 
tled in  early  times.    Greek  colonization  commenee.l  in 
the  Sth  century  u.  0. :  among  the  chief  Greek  cities  were 
Syracuse,  Catana.  Agrigentum,  Selinus,  aud  Hiniera.    An 
unsiiccessfiil  Carthaginian  Invasion  occurred  in  480  B.  C, 
and  an  Athenian  invasion  in  4ir.-41S.    The  western  part  of 
Sicily  was  conquered  by  Carthage  in  the  end  of  the  .".tli 
ccntun-  B  c     .Syracuse  was  the  leading  Greek  iwwer  un- 
der Dionysius  the  Elder,  Tim.deon,  Agathocles,  etc.,  in  the 
4th  century    The  island  was  tbe  scene  ot  important  events 
in  the  campaigns  of  Pyrrhus  and  in  the  first  Punic  war. 
The  greater  part  of  it  was  annexed  by  Rome  in  241.   Syra- 
cuse and  Agrigentum  were  annexed  in  the  second  1  unlc 
war     Sicily  sutf  ercd  in  the  Servile  Wars  of  the  2d_centun. 
B.  C.  and  under  the  a.lministration  of  Verres  (73. 1  B.  C). 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Vandals,  aud  passed  to  the  East 
O.iths  in  the  5th  century  ;  was  taken  from  the  Goths  by 
the  Eastern  Empire  in  the  Cth  century  (the  conquest  Ue- 
einning  with  the  successes  of  Belisarius  in  535);  was  con- 
mured  by  the  .Saracens  827-905 ;  was  temporarily  con- 
quered by  the  Christians  about  1O40;  and  was  conquered 
by  the  .Normans  under  Robert  and  Roger  Gniscanl  1061- 
10911     Roger  II.  united  Sicily  with  southern  Italy  (Sicily 
this  side  of  the  Faro)  in  1127,  and  in  1130  assiiined  the  title 
of  king.    The  Two  Sicilies  were  taken  possession  of  by  the 
Hoheiistaufen  emperor  Henry  VI.  in  J194     The  Hohen- 
Btaufens  were  overthrown  by  Charles  of  Anjou  in  litW- 
The  SiciUans  revolted  against  the  Angevius  in  1282,  and 
!.'..  ,.._  .1...  .......  ..f  Ar.,<rn,i      It  w^B  Hcnarateu 


The  Sicinans  rcvoiieu  uganiDv  lut  .-,,,,,^. ...-  ... ,  ---- 

Sicily  came  under  the  rule  of  Aragon  It  was  separated 
froin  dragon  in  129ti;  was  reunited  with  it  in  1412;  was 
several  times  united  and  separated  from  Kaples,  and  final- 
Iv  united  with  it  under  Spanish  rule  in  1603  ;  was  cede.} 
to  Savoy  in  1713,  and  to  Austria  in  1720 ;  was  eo..quercd 
;  Splbi  in  1734';  was  united  with  Naples  «nd  /"'f^/ 
a  Bourb.jii  dynasty  in  1734;  and  was  separated  from  Na- 
ple  nd  malea  separate  kingdom  under  British  protec- 
tion 1800-15.  Ihere  were  unsuccessful  risings  In  1820. 
ISitl  an.l  1848-49.  The  Bourbons  were  overthrown  by  the 
exneilition  of  Garibaldi  in  IStiO.aud  Sicdy  was  annexed  to 
The  doudnions  of  Victor  Emmanuel.  Area,  9,936  square 
miles.     Population  (18U2),  3,304,940. 

Sickingen  (zik' king-en),  Franz  yon.  Bom 
near  Rreuznach.  March  2,  l-i.81:  died  May  8. 
].".23.  A  German  knight,  influential  in  the  reigns 
of  "Maximilian  I.  and  Charles  V.  He  was  often  at 
war  with  the  various  states,  as  Worms,  Metz,  Y, >"■'"": 
berg  etc  •  favored  the  Refomiatuin ;  and  became  the  head 
of  aleague  (1622-2;0  for  tbe  forcible  introduction  o  he 
Refonnation  and  the  overthrow  ..f  the  P">"^»  ""^ '^ 
ecclesiastical  rulers.  He  besieged  Treves  in  1622  ,  «  as  op- 
posed by  Hesse  and  tbe  Palatinate,  and  was  be- ieged  In 
his  fortress  near  Kaiserslantern  and  mortally  wounded. 

Sickles  (sik'lz).  Daniel  Edgar.  Born  at  New 
York  Oct.  20,  182.).  An  American  general  and 
politician.  Hewasadmittedtothebarinl844  ;  andwaa 
a  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  -N  ew  }  ork  185 ,  -61. 
At  tl.<^  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  raised  the  Excelswr 
B  igide  Tftlnited  states  Volu,.teers  at  New  \ork,  and 
was  commissioned  colonel  of  one  of  the  regiments.  He 
Mi^ed  1  the  Army.f  the  Potomac  in  the  Pcninsu  ar  cam- 
Sn  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Antietam;  and  distln- 
^uishe.!  himself  as  a  corps  commander  at  Chaneellorsv.ne 
ami  Gettysburg  (where  he  was  severely  wounded).  He 
?  ..named  he  military  district  of  the  Carolinas  after  the 
war  wasl>nitedStatesmi..istertoSpain  1869-7^^ 
was  presidentof  the  New  York  St.ate  Board  of  (  Ivil  .service 
Commi8si..ner8.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  of  ton- 
(jrt"^s  from  Nfw  Vork  18'.t;i-9f>.  t      -n      a.        t 

Sick  Man,  The,  or  Sick  Man  of  the  East.    A 

name  given  to  the  Turkish  empire,  in  allusion 
to  its  deca>nng  condition :  first  used  by  the  czar 
Nicholas  (if  Russia  in  a  conversation  with  the 
British  ambassador  Seymour. 
SicuU  (sik'u-li).  [Or.  2<«?.o.'.]  One  of  the  ear  y 
peoples  of  Sicily  and  southern  Italy:  probably 
allied  to  tho  Latins.     They  gave  its  name  to  the 

island.  ,    -,   r  ■     ^ 

Sicyon  (sish'i-on).  [Gr.  i:,Mu..]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Pel- 
oponnesus, Greece,  situated  near  th.>  Gulf  of 
Corinth  10  miles  northwest  of  Corinth.  Sicy.ui 
was  a  nourishing  comn.erclal  center,  an.l  "f,?*'";";;;''' 
for  its  art.  It  was  ruled  by  the  dynasty  .,f  the  Orllia- 
g,ui.la.  1,1  the  7th  and  Uth  centuries  B.  .•.,  ami  251  became 
a  member  of  the  Achrcan  League.  Its  site  is  occupi.d  by 
the  village  of  Vasilika.  The  a..clent  theater,  a  large  and 
lmporla.,1  ...nm.n.ent,  has  recently  been  excavale.l  by  the 
American  Scho.d  at  Athens.  At  the  bottom  of  the  cave, 
fl  "re  is. .row  of  seat,  ot  honor,  l.i  the  fonn  of  .e...he. 
with  backs  a.id  anna.  Access  to  the  cavea  ir.....  » itl.out 
Is  facilitated  by  two  Greek  vaulteil  passages,  there  Is  a 
covered  un.lerinnmd  passage,  as  at  feretrla,  from  the  ..Id- 
die  of  the  orchestra  t.rti.e  Interior  of  the  stage-slrucliire. 
Sicyonia(sisli-i-6'ni-ii).  In  ancient  geography. 
th.'  tcrrit.>rv  surroiin.ling  Sicyon,  and  boiinilea 
bv  the  Gulf  ot  Corinth  on  the  northeast,  Co- 


ri'nthia  on  the  east,  Argolis  an.l  Phliasia  on  the 
south,  Arcadia  on  the  west,  aud  Achaia  on  the 

s'iddhartha  (si-<lhiir'thii).  The  personal  name 
i,(  tlio  f..iin.ler  of  Hii.l.lhism.     See  lUnliUxi. 

Siddim  (si.l'im).  A  valley,  mentione.i  in  the 
( il.l  T.stain.M.t  (G.'ii.  xiv.  ;i.  8.  10).  which  con- 
taiiie.l  the  cities  .if  S.idoin  and  Gomorrah.  It 
has  not  been  i.lentill.'.l  with  rt'rtaintv. 

Siddons  (sid'miz).    Mrs    (Sarah. Kemblel 

I'.orn  lit  Brecon,  Wales.  July  •'.  I.'':  ;b."t  at 
Lon.lo".  -I"'"'  '^^  !**■"■  ■'^  c.lebrale.l  hnglisU 
tragic  a.tr.'ss.  daughter  ot  Roger  K.uul.le,  a 
theatrici.l  malinger.  Shewaseducat.d  ntthe»clmal» 
of  the  b.wns  in  which  Ken.bl.-s  company  I''"y'''>.  ?'"' ^"r; 
26,  1773,  n.arrled  William  Siddons,  an  actor.    She  m»ac 


Siddons,  5Irs. 

lier  first  appearance  in  London  in  1775  as  Portia.  In  1777 
she  returned  to  the  provinces,  and  in  17S2  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane  with  extraordinary  success  as  Isabella  in 
Southernes  "  Fatal  Marri;>ge. "  In  1785  she  first  appeared 
as  Lady  Macbeth,  her  greatest  role,  and  in  17S8  appeared 
as  Queen  Katharine  in  her  brothers  revival  of  Henry 
Vin.  In  1803  her  brother  John  bought  a  share  of  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  and  she  joined  his  company,  playing 
there  until  she  left  the  stage,  June  29, 1812,  after  a  remark- 
able career  in  her  profession.  She  made  a  great  impres- 
sion as  Jane  Shore,  as  Belvidera  in  "  Venice  Preserved," 
and  as  Queen  Elinor  in  "King  John. "  Many  stories  arc  told 
of  her  tragic  mien  in  private  life.  In  1783  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds painted  her  as  "the  Tragic  Muse." 
Siddons,  Mrs.  A  portrait  by  Gainsboroush 
(17>*4),  in  tlip  Xational  Gallery,  London.  The 
tii.'ure  is  half-length  and  seated. 

Siddons,  Mrs.,  as  the  Tragic  Muse.  A  painting 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1784),  in  Grosvenor 
House,  London.  The  great  actress  is  seated,  in  deep 
thought,  on  a  throne  surrounded  by  clouds ;  behind  her 
3t;ind  two  figures  impersonating  open  and  secret  violence. 

Siddons,  Mrs.  Scott.  Bom  in  India,  ISU :  died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1896.  An  English  actress. 
She  was  the  great-granddaughter  of  the  celebrated  Mrs, 
Siddons,  and  was  educated  in  Gennany.  She  made  her 
first  professional  appearance  at  Nottingham,  England,  as 
Ladv  Macbeth,  and  her  debut  in  .America  as  an  actress  at 
the  "Boston  Museum  about  18BS,  although  she  had  pre- 
viously appeared  in  New  York  as  a  dramatic  reader. 

Side  (si'de).  [Gr.  ^i6r/.']  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  of  Pamph  vlia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Pamphylia,  about  lat.  36°  45'  N.,  long. 
31°  25'  E. ,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Eslii  Adalia. 
It  contains  a  Koman  theater,  in  part  excavated  from  a  hill 


930 


Siena 


established  most  of  the  Phenician  colonies.    Later  it  was  Siege  of  Corinth,  The.     A  narrative  poem  by 
outrivaled  by  TjTe,  but  continued  to  maintam  an  impor-     j,ord  E\Ton    milili^hed  in  1816 


tant  position.  In  351  B.  c.  it  was  destroyed  in  eonsetiueTice 
of  arevolt  against  the  Persian  king  ArtaxersesIII.  Uchiis. 
It  was  Still  a  wealthy  city  about  the  beginning  of  the  Chris- 
tian era.  During  the  Crusades  it  was  several  times  de- 
stroyed. At  present  Sidon  is  represented  by  the  town  of 
Saida,  with  about  lo.OOOinhabitants.  Theancient  Necropo- 
lis, Ion?  known  and  exploited,  has  yielded  numerous  monu- 
ments of  the  most  diverse  ages  and  civilizations,  from  the 
oldest  Phenician.  still  under  Eg>'ptian  influence,  through 
the  various  stages  of  Greek  art.  In  1S87  an  important  dis- 
covery was  made,  consisting  of  an  int;ict  subtentinean 
mausoleum  of  several  chambei-s.  containing  22  sarcophagi, 
several  of  them  bearing  polychrome  sculptures  in  relief 
of  the  best  Greek  art,  and  almost  uninjured.  The  sarcoph- 
agi were  transported  to  the  museum  at  Constantinople, 
where  they  form  one  of  the  most  important  existing  col- 
lections of  ancient  art.  The  Greek  sarcophagi  were  not  Siege  of  TfOV. 
executed  at  Sidon,  but  were  imported  from  different  GioSati  ^yp'o-pii 
places  and  at  different  times.  Their  usual  form  is  that  of  "J-C6*^"  v^c  „fu 
a  temple.  Four  only  are  completely  covered  with  sculp- 
ture; but  these  four  rank  with  the  finest  existing  pro- 
ductions of  Greek  art,  and  are  the  only  sarcophagi  known 
which  belong  to  the  best  period  of  sculpture.  The  old- 
est is  of  Lycian  form,  ^v^th  Centaurs  and  Lapiths  and  hunt- 
ing-scenes. The  second,  dating  from  the  beginning  of  the 
4th  centurj-  B.  c. ,  is  called  "  the  Sarcophagus  of  the  W  eep- 
Ing  Women, "  from  the  graceful  figures  in  the  intercolum- 
niations  of  its  Ionic  colonnade.  Tlie  third  bears  varied 
scenes  from  the  life  of  an  Oriental  ruler.  The  fourth  is  so 
splendid  that  its  discoverers  may  be  pardoned  for  pro- 
claiming it  the  sarcophagus  of  Alexander.  Four  of  its  six 
sculptured  panels  represent  hunting -or  battle-scenes  in 
which  the  portrait  of  Alexander,  almost  contemporaneous, 
actually  figures.  It  is  no  doubt  the  tomb  of  an  Oriental  chief 
who  had  enjoyed  the  companionship  of  the  Macedonian 
conqueror.     See  Phenicia. 


.  inpart  excavaieu  irom  aniii-   — .  ,       .  »        •,■,.  •      ,  •    ■*-•/    •  i  •      -/ 

ride  and  in  part  built  up  of  maionry,     The  cavea,  greater   SldomUS  ApomnariS^(_slHl_0_m-US^  a-po^^^^ 


than  a  semicircle,  has  26  tiers  of  marble  seats  below  the 
precinction  and  23  above  it.  A  number  of  vaulted  pas. 
sages  lead  from  the  precinction  to  the  exterior.  The  di- 
ameter is  409  feet ;  that  of  the  orchestra,  123. 

Sidelhom.     See  Siedelhani. 

Sidg-wick  (sij'wik),  Henry.  Bom  May  31, 
1838  :  died  Aug.  28,  1900.  An  English  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge (being  elected  fellow  in  1859),  and  was  Knight- 
bridge  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge  188S- 
1900r  He  published  "Methods  of  Ethics"  (1874), 
••  Pi-inciples  of  Political  Economy"  (1883),  "Outlines  of 
the  History  of  Ethics  '  (1886).  etc. 

Sidlaw  Hills  (sid'la  hilz).  A  range  of  low 
mountains  in  eastern  Perthshire  and  southern 
Forfarshire,  Scotland. 

Sidmouth  (sid'muth).  A  seaport  in  Devon- 
shire. England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 13  miles  east  by  south  of  Exeter.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3.7.58. 

Sidmouth,  Viscount.    See  Adflington.  Henri/. 

Sidney  (sid'ni).  The  capital  of  Shelby  County, 
western  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Miami  69  miles 
•n-fst-uorth  west  of  Columbus,  Population  (1900), 
.'5,(388 


ris)  (properly  Caius  Sollius  ApolUnaris  Si- 
donius).  Born  at  Lyons  about  430:  died  in  482 
or  484.  xV  Christian  author.  He  was  descended  from 
a  noble  family,  received  a  careful  education,  and  married 
Papianilla,  the  daughter  of  Avitus  (afterward  emperor). 
He  was  appointed  governor  of  Rome  by  the  emperor 
.\nthemius  in  467,  and  afterward  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
patrician  and  senator.  He  ultimately  entered  the  church, 
however,  and  in  472  succeeded  Eparchius  as  bishop  of 
Clermont,  His  extant  works  are  "Cannina"and  "Episto- 
larum  libri  IX," 

One  man  alone  ,  ,  .  gives  us  that  more  detailed  infor, 
mation  concerning  the  thoughts,  characters,  persons  of 
the  actors  in  the  great  drama  which  can  make  the  dry 
bones  of  the  chronologers  live  This  is  Caius  .\pollinaris 
Sidonius,  man  of  letters.  Imperial  functionary,  country 
gentleman  and  bishop,  who,  notwithstanding  much  mani- 
fest weakness  of  character  and  a  sort  of  epigrammatic 
dulness  of  style,  is  still  the  most  interesting  literary  figure 
of  the  fifth  century, 

nodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  298. 

Sidra  (sid'rii).  Gulf  of.  The  largest  arm  of  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa, 
situated  north  of  Tripoli  and  ivest  of  Barca : 
the  ancient  Syrtis  Major.  Length,  about  260 
miles 

character  in  Samuel 


Sidney,  or  Sydney  (sid'ni),  Algernon.  Born  at  Sidrophel(sid'r6-fel).    A( 
Peushurst,  Kent,  England,  about  1622:  behead-     Butler's  '-Hudibras,"  pro 

r^A    -,4-    T   rt«,^^»-i      Tii^rt      T     1  fi.Q^  A  Ti     Tvti  cr\  icli     "poll-        TT':ii: T  ;il,» 


Siege  of  Rhodes,  The.    A  play  by  Davenant, 

first  brought  out  as  a  musical  and  spectacular 
entertainment  in  1656.  in  IG02  it  was  produced  in 
a  much  elaborated  fonn  with  a  great  deal  of  music,  and  - 
a  second  part  was  added  :  both  were  printed  in  16(33,  It 
is  important  as  being  practically  the  lirst  opera  produced 
in  England,  Lock,  Lawes.  and  Cook  proviiled  the  music, 
and  Lock,  Cook,  Purcell,  Harding,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs,  Ckile- 
man  were  among  the  actors. 

Siege  of  the  Legations.  The  siege  of  the  for- 
eign legations  in  Peliing  by  Boxers  and  Chinese 
troops  during  the  summer  of  1900.  It  lasted  from 
.lune  21  until  Aug.  14,  wheu  it  was  raised  by  the  capture 
of  Peking  b>'  the  allied  forces. 

See  ittcuydl  de  Troie. 
A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sieg  47 
miles  east  by  south  of  Cologne,  it  is  the  center  of 
an  iron-mining  and  leather-manufacturing  district,  and 
contains  the  castle  of  the  princes  of  Nassau-Siegen.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Rubens.  Population  (1890),  12,312 ; 
commune,  18,242. 

Siege  (sej)  Perilous,  The.  A  vacant  seat  at 
the  Round  Table,  in  Arthurian  romance,  which 
could  be  filled  only  by  the  predestined  finder  of 
the  Holy  Grail.  Any  other  who  sat  in  it  paid 
for  the  act  with  his  life. 

Siegfried,  or  Sigfrid  (seg'fred;  G.  pron.  zeg'- 
fret).  [MHG.  .S'/7V(Y.]  A  mythical  prince  (later 
king)  of  Xiderland  on  the  lower  Rhine :  the 
hero  of  the  "Xibelungenlied."  He  is  the  husband 
of  Kriemhild,  and  is  slain'by  Brunhild.  Siegfried  is  the 
Sigurd  of  the  Old  Xorse  version  of  the  legend  in  the  Vol- 
sunga  .Saga  and  the  Edda. 

Siegfried.  One  of  the  four  parts  of  Wagner's 
musical  tetralogy  "  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen," 
first  represented  in  1876. 

Siemens  (ze'mens),  Werner.  Born  at  Lenthe, 
near  Hannover,  Dec.  13,  1816:  died  at  Berlin, 
Dec.  6,  1892.  A  German  inventor  and  manu- 
facturer. He  entered  the  Prussian  army  in  1834.  but 
left  the  service  in  1S49.  In  1847  he  established  the  llrm 
of  Siemens  and  Halske  at  Berlin,  branches  of  which  were 
subsequently  established  at  St.  Petersburg  (1857).  London 
(1858),  Vienna  (18.tS),  and  Tiflis  (1863).  He  was  ennobled 
in  1S8S.  He  is  noted  for  his  researches  in  electricity,  and 
was  the  author  of  numerous  scientific  papers. 

Siemens  (se '  menz  :  G.  pron,  ze  '  niens).  Sir 
William  (G.Wiihelm).  Born  at  Lenthe,  near 
Hannover,  April  4,  1823:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
19, 1883.  A  German-English  physicist, engineer, 
and  inventor:  brother  of  Werner  Siemens.  He 
settled  in  England  in  1844;  became  a  naturalized  British 
subject  in  1S59  ;  was  elected  to  the  Royal  Society  in  1862 ; 
was  president  of  the  British  Association ;  and  in  1883  was 
knighted.  His  researches  relate  chiefly  to  electricity  and 
heat.  Hepublished  ■■  On  the  Utilization  of  Heat  and  lither 
Natural  Forces  "(1S78),"  The  I>yn,imo-EIectric  Current  and 
its  Steadiness"  (18S1),  and  "On  the  Conservation  of  SoUar 
Energy  "  (18S3),  His  "Scientific  Works  "  have  been  edited 
by  E.  F,  Bamber  (1S88). 


bably  intended  for 
ed  at  London,  Dee.  7,  1683.     An  Euglish  poll-     ■\Villiarii  Lillv.  ■      ■  -  ^ 

tician  and  patriot,  younger  sou  of  the  second  giebenbiirgeil  (ze'ben-biirg-en).      [G..  'seven  Siena  (se-a'na).     A  province  of  Tuscany,  Italy. 
Earl  of  Leicester.  HeservedintheParliamentaryarrny,     eastles.']     The  German  name  of  Transylvania.     S^'^^-  1,171  square  miles.     Population  (1891), 


being  wounded  at  Marston  in  1644 ;  was  in  1643  elected 
to  Parliament,  where  he  took  rank  as  one 
of  the  Independents ;  became  governor  of  Dublin  and 
lieutenant-general  of  horse  in  Ireland  1646  :  became  coun- 
cilor of  state  in  1659 :  was  peace  commissioner  between 
Denmark  and  Sweden  i6o9H30  ;  lived  on  the  Continent  after 
the  Restoration  until  1677  ;  and,  being  known  to  be  a  sup- 
porter of  ilonmouth,  was  arrested  on  the  discovery  of  the 
Rye  House  Plot  (with  which  he  had  no  connection)  in  June, 


of  the  leaders  Sicbengebirge  (ze'ben-ge-ber'ge).    [G.,  ■seven 


207.221. 


mountains.' J 


Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  near  Konigswinter,  22  miles  south- 
east of  Cologne.  Its  chief  mountains  are  the  Drachen- 
fels,  Olberg.  and  Lowenburg.  It  is  famous  for  its  pictur- 
esque scenery  and  legendary  and  historical  associations. 

lf»3,  and  condeiiined  to  death  for  high  treason.  lie  wrote   Siebold   (ze'bolt).   Karl  Theodor  Emst  VOU. 


A  moimtainous  region  in  the  Siena  (se-a'na),  or  Sienna  (se-en'na).  Thecapi- 


'  Discourses  Concerning  Government "  (1698),  etc. 

Sidney,  Mary,  Countess  of  Pembroke.  Born 
in  1557:  died  in  1621.  An  English  poet,  sister 
of  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  She  married  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke in  1577,  and  in  1580  Sidney,  being  in  disgrace  at  coiu"t, 
went  to  stay  at  Wilton  with  her.  They  made  a  poetical 
version  of  the  psalms  together,  and  Sidney  wrote  tor  her 
there  his  "  .\rcadia,"  which  she  prepared  for  the  press  and 
pulilished  in  1590,  after  his  death.  She  also  WTote  poems, 
and  a  tragedy  "  Antonius,"  She  is  the  subject  of  Ben  Jou- 
son's  well-known  epitaph  for  "Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's 
mother." 

Sidney,  or  Sydney,  Sir  Philip.  Born  at  Pens- 
hurst,  Kent.  England,  Nov.  29, 1554:  died  at  Arn- 
heim,  Netherlands,  Oct.  7,  1586.  An  English 
author  and  general.  He  studied  at  Shrewsbury  school 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  supplementing  his  scholastic 
education  by  several  years  of  travel  on  the  Continent.  He 
was  envoy  to  the  emperor  Rudolf  n.  1576-77 ;  was  an  offi- 
cer in  the  English  expedition  to  the  Netherlands  under 
Leicester  1585-86 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Flushing  in 
1585 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Zutphen 
Sept.  22, 1586.  He  wrote  the  pastoral  romance  "  .\rcadia  " 
(1590),  the  series  of  sonnets  "  Astrophel  and  Stella  "  (1591), 
*'  Defence  of  Poesie  "  (1595),  etc.  A  complete  edition  of  his 
works  was  published  in  1725;  his  "  Complete  Poems  "  were 
edited  by  Gros.art,in  1873. 

Sidney  SussexCoUege.  .\  college  of  Cambridge 
Universitj,  founded  in  1.595  by  the  Countess  of 
Sussex,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Sidney,  on  the 
site  of  a  Franciscan  monastery, 


Sidon(si'don).  ['Fishingtown.' 6r.  2((!<Ji'.]  The  ,    „     ■     x.      x 

oldest  city  of  ancient  Phenicia.   From  the  17th  cen-   Siege  de  Connthe,  Le 
tury  to  about  1100  B.  c.  it  held  supremacy  in  Phenicia  and     produced  in  1826. 


Born  at  Wiirzburg.  Bavaria,  Feb.  10, 1804 :  died 
at  Munich,  April  7,  1885.  A  German  zoologist 
and  physiologist,  brother  of  P.  F.  von  Siebold : 
professor  of  physiology,  comparative  anatomy, 
and  zoology  at  Munich  from  1853.  Hepublished 
"  Lehrbuch  der  vergleichenden  Anatomic  der  wirbellosen 
Tiere  "  ("'  ilanual  of  Comp:irative  Anatomy  of  the  Inverte- 
brates," 1S4S),  etc. 

Siebold.Philipp  Franz  von.  BomatWUrzhurg, 
Bavaria,  Feb.  17,  1796:  cUed  there,  Oct.  18, 1866. 
A  German  explorer  in  Japan.  Heentered  the  Dutch 
medical  service  in  1822,  and  was  stationed  in  Java ;  and 
was  employed  on  a  Dutch  mission  to  Japan  182:i-30.  He 
published  "Nippon,  .\rchiv  zur  Beschreibung  von  Japan " 
(l&j2),  "Fauna  Japonica"  (with  collaborators.  1833-  >, 
"  Flora  Japonica  "  (1835-  ),  "  Bibliotheca  Japonica  "(1833- 
1841),  "Cataloguslibrorum  Japonicorum  "  (1845),  etc. 

Siedelhorn,  or  Sidelhom  (ze'del-horn).  A 
mountain  in  the  Alps,  with  two  summits  (Gross 
Siedelliom  and  Klein  Siedelhorn),  situated  on 
the  border  of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais, 
Switzerland,  24  miles  southeast  of  Interlaken. 
Height,  9,395  feet. 

Siedlce  (sya'dl-tse),Russ.  Syedlets  (syad'lets). 
1.  A  government  of  Russian  Poland,  situated 
east  of  the  government  of  Warsaw.  Area,  5,535 
square  miles.  Population,  671.598. —  2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Siedlce,  situated 
50  miles  east  by  south  of  Warsaw. 

An  opera  by  Rossini. 


talof  the  province  of  Siena,  Italv,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  19'  N.,  long.  11°  19'  E. :  the  ancient  Sena 
Julia  or  Colonia  Julia  Senensis.  It  has  consider- 
able trade  and  manufactures,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  works 
of  art.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  notable  of  Italian 
Pointed  buildings,  essentially  of  the  13th  century.  289  feet 
long,  8O3  across  nave  and  aisles,  and  170  across  the  tran- 
septs, in  the  14th  century  the  plan  was  formed  to  make 
the  existing  church  merely  the  transept  of  a  grand  new 
cathedral,  facing  the  south,  and  much  was  done  toward 
carrying  this  out,  but  the  work  was  stopped  by  the  plague 
of  1356.  The  rich  triple-pedimented  front  is  inlaid  in  black, 
red,  and  white,  with  painting  and  gilding ;  the  interior, 
built  throughout  of  alternate  courses  of  black  and  white 
marble,  even  to  the  high  clustered  columns,  is  very  im- 
pressive :  it  is  famous  for  its  mosaic  and  graffito  pavement 
in  pictorial  designs  (the  finest  work  of  the  kind  in  exis- 
tence), and  for  its  hexagonal  sculptured  pulpit  by  Kiccolo 
Pisano.  In  addition,  it  is  full  of  fine  church  furniture, 
and  possesses  statues  by  Michelangelo,  a  noted  painting 
of  the  Madonna  by  Duccio,  and  many  beautiful  frescos  by 
Pinturicchio  and  others.  There  is  a  lofty  square campan'le 
on  the  south  transept.  The  Palazzo  del  Governo,  or  I'ic- 
colomini  (now  containing  the  Sienese  archives),  by  Rosel- 
lino,  finished  in  1,500,  is  one  of  the  best-proportioned  and 
most  effective  Renaissance  palaces  in  Tuscany.  The  Pa- 
lazzo Pubblico.  an  imposing  14th-century  structure,  with 
traceried  windows,  arcades,  and  battlemented  roof,  is  fa- 
mous for  the  frescos  which  adorn  its  halls.  The  Piazza 
del  Campo,  churches  of  San  Giovanni  and  San  Domenico, 
university,  Opera  del  Duomo,  Oratorio  di  San  Bernardino, 
picture-gallerj',  libraries,  house  of  St.  Catherine,  fountains, 
and  p.alaces  of  Tolomei,  Buonsignori,  etc.,  are  :ilso notable. 
Siena  was  probably  a  settlement  of  the  Senonian  Gauls. 
It  tt  as  made  a  Roman  colony  by  .Augustus  ;  was  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  the  capital  of  a  powerful  republic,  and  an  im- 
portant art  center ;  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Ghibellines, 
and  a  rival  of  Florence,  which  it  defeated  at  Jlonte  .\perto 
in  1260;  was  under  the  rule  of  the*  despot  Pandolfo  Pe- 
trucci  about  1.50<1 ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Floren- 
tines and  Imperialists  in  15.55;  and  was  formally  incor- 
porated with  Tuscany  in  1557.  It  was  famous  in  the 
development  of  architecture,  painting,  and  wopd-carvinjt 
Population  (1892),  28,600. 


Siena,  Council  of 

Siena.Council  of.    A  council  of  the  church  held 

iu  Siena  1423-24.  It  was  unproductive  of  results. 

Sienkiewicz  (syen-kye'vicbi.  Henryk.    Bom 

in  Lithuania  iu  1845.  A  Polish  novelist.  He 
Btudifil  at  Warsaw,  and  passed  some  itf  liis  early  years  in 
California.  Aratin^  iiis  worlds  are  ''U(rnieni  i  niieezein  " 
("By  Fire  and  Sword  "),  "'Baitek  Zwycierea  "('"  Harlek  \  ic- 
torious"),  "Rodzina  Polanieekich"  (translated  as  "Chil- 
dren of  the  Soil  "),  and  "  Quo  Vadis?" 

Sienna.     See  Siena. 

Sierra  (se-er'rii).  [Sp.,  'mountain-range':  in 
South  America  often  used  for  mountainous 
and  open  lands,  in  contradistinction  to  plains 
and  forest.]  A  common  name  in  Peru  for  the 
region  between  the  central  and  eastern  Cordil- 
leras of  the  Andes,  drained  by  affluents  of  the 
upper  Amazon.  It  was  the  principal  seat  of  the 
Inca  civilization. 

Sierra  (se-er'rii)  Blanca.  [Sp., 'white  moun- 
tains.'] The  name  of  three  distinct  mountain- 
chains  in  the  Southwest.  One  is  in  southern  Colo, 
rado,  and  contains  the  highest  peak  in  that  State ;  an- 
ottier  is  in  southeastern  New  Mexico,  and  rises  to  about 
12,000  feet ;  and  the  third  is  in  eastern  Arizona  (its  highest 
pealia  are  not  over  ll,noo  feet). 

Sierra  Capitana  (kil-pe-tii'nii').  [Sp.,  'captain 
(i.  o. '  chief)  mountains.']  A  mountain-range  in 
middle  New  Mexico,  having  an  elevation  of  over 
10,000  feet.  It  lies  between  the  Pecos  River 
and  the  Rio  Grande. 

Sierra  de  Dolores  (da  do-lo'res).  [Sp., 'moun- 
tains of  our  Lady  of  Sorrow.']  A  mountain- 
chain  south  of  Santa  F^,  New  Mexico,  also 
called  Placer  Viejo  ( '  Old  Placer  "i.  its  altitude  is 
about  9,00<)  feet.  It  contains  placers  of  gold  of  some  value, 
but  not  productive  on  account  of  lack  of  water. 

Sierra  de  Gredos  (da  gra'THos).  A  mountain- 
range  in  central  Spain,  in  the  provinces  of  Avila 
and  Cdceres.   Highest  point,  8,693  feet. 

Sierra  de  Guadalupe  (da  gwa-THii-lo'pa).  A 
mountain-range  in  the  province  of  Caceres, 
western  Spain. 

Sierra  de  Guadarrama(gwii-THiir-r;i'mii).  A 

mountain-range  in  central  Spain,  north  and 
northwest  of  Madrid.  It  divides  northern  from 
southern  Spain.     fli_'llept  point,  7,888  feet. 

Sierra  de  los  Ladrones  (da  16s  lii-THro'ues). 
[Sp.,' mountains  of  the  thieves.']  Apieturesque 
cluster  of  mountains  in  New  Mexico,  south- 
west of  Albuquerque,  about  9,000  feet  high.  In 
the  begitiniuK  of  the  I8th  century  it  was  a  favMflte  le- 
sort  of  the  Apaclies;  lience,  probably,  the  name,  n.s  tliese 
marauders  were  accustomed  to  retire  thither  with  tlieir 
booty. 

Sierra  de  San  Francisco  (siiu  frau-thes'ko). 

See  San  Fruiuia  Mountain. 

Sierra  de  Santa  Rita  (da  san'ta  re'ta).  A 
high  range  in  southern  Arizona,  southeast  of 
the  town  of  Tucson. 

Sierra  Florida  (fl6-re'THii).    [Sp., 'blooming 

mountains.']  A  niotmtain  cluster,  a  little  over 
7,000  feet  high,  ri.sing  a  short  distance  from 
Deming  in  southeastern  New  Mexico,  its  slopes 
are  very  barren,  but  tlie  gorges  in  its  interior  are  quite 
rich  in  fl<»wers  :  hence  the  name. 

Sierra  Leone  de-o'ne,  locally  lo-on' ;  Sp.  pron. 
Ia-6'ua).  A  British  colony  on  tlie  coastof  west- 
ern Africa.  Capital.  Freetown.  It  includes  .sierra 
Leone  proper  and  various  teiTitories  under  Britisli  protec- 
tion, and  is  situated  northwest  of  Liberia,  about  lat.  6'  .'i.'i  - 
1(}'  N.  The  putiinsula  ^tf  Sierra  i.eone  is  traversed  by 
hiUs.  Tile  chief  exports  are  palm  i»r4iduct.H,  rubber,  imts, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  negroes  of  various  races. 
The  establishment  of  a  colony  of  liberated  slaves  here  in 
1787  was  unsuccessful ;  but  a  8ucccs»ful  attempt  wm  made 
in  171)1,  under  the  patronage  of  Wilberfon  e  and  others. 
Sierra  Leone  became  a  crown  (Colony  in  1807.  Area,  about 
3(^000  sipiare  miles.     Population  (]«n7),  about  180,0(10. 

Sierra  Madre  (mil'Tiira).  [Sp.,  'mother  jnoun- 
tains,' i.  e.  '  main  range.']  A  mountain-range 
in  Mexico.  In  an  extended  sense  the  name  is  applied 
to  the  Kocky  Mountain  >ysl,-tn  in  New  .Mexico. 

Sierra  Magdalena  ( iuag-dii-la'nii  l.  The  high- 
est mountain-range  in  southern  New  Mexico, 
west  of  the  RioGrande.  Itsgreatest  elevation 
is  about  II.IIOO  feet.  It  is  very  rich  in  silver 
ores. 

Sierra Morena(m6-r!i'ua).  [Sp.,  'brown moun- 
tains.'] A  mountain-range  in  southern  Spain, 
stretching  nearly  east  and  west  on  the  border 
of  Ciudad  Real  on  the  norlli  and  .laen  on  the 
south.  The  name  Is  sometlnu'S  extended  to  incluilc  the 
chains  westward  to  the  frontier  of  Portugal. 

Sierra  Nevada  (na-vii'Tiiii).     [sp.,  'snowy 

mountains.']  The  Inghest  mountain-range  in 
Spain.  It  is  situated  in  the  sinlthern  part  of  Andalnsl.i, 
Bouth  and  soutlieast  of  Cranada.  nearly  paniUel  with  tlie 
coast,     ilicbcst  pea)<,  Mulahacen  (1I,(W;0  feet). 

Sierra  Nevada  (ne-vii'dji).  A  collection  of 
mountain-ranges  in  California,  nearly  parallel 
to  the  P.acitii'  coast.  It  is  continued  by  the  cascade 
Mountains  on  the  north,  and  on  the  south  merges  with  the 
Coast  Range  near  the  Xejon  Pass.    It  forms  the  caatern 


931 

border  of  the  great  valley  of  California,  and  is  famous  for 
its  gnmd  scenery  (big  trees,  Yoseniite  Valley,  etc.).  High- 
est summit.  Mount  Whitney  (N,S97  feet). 

Siete  Partidas  (se-a'ta  pUr-te'THiis'),  Las. 

[Sp.,'The  Seven  Laws.']  A  code  of  Spanish 
law,  compiled  under  the  direction  of  Alfonso 
X.  of  Castile. 

Sievers  (ze'vers),  Georg  Eduard.  Bom  Nov. 
25,  1850.  A  noted  German  idiilologist,  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Jena  (1871-83),  Tiibing- 
eu  (1883-87).  Hallo  (1887-92),  and  Leipsic 
( 1 892).  Among  his  works  on  Teutonic  philology  are  "  Der 
Heliand  und  die  angelsachsische  (.Jene6is"(1876),  "Angel- 
8achsiBche(irammatik"("Anglo-Saxou  Grammar";  2dea. 
1880),  etc. 

Sievershausen  (ze'vers-hou-zen).  A  village  in 
Prussia,  17  miles  east  of  Hannover.  Here,  .Inly 
9,  \i'a,  Jlaurice,  elector  of  .Saxony  (who  was  mortally 
woundeti  in  the  battle),  defeated  the  margrave  Albert  of 
Brandenburg. 

Sieyfes  (se-ii-yas'),  Conitc  Emmanuel  Joseph, 

generally  caileilAbb6  Sieves.  Born  at  Frfjus, 
France,  May  3,  1748 :  died  at  Paris,  June  20, 
1830.  A  French  statesman  and  publicist.  He 
was  the  s<jn  of  a  bourgeois  family  at  Fr,^jus:  received  his 
preliminary  education  from  the  Jesuits  of  his  native  town 
and  the  IXtctrinaire  Fathers  at  Draguigiiau  ;  studied  theol- 
ogy at  St.-Snlpice  ;  and  became  vicar-general  of  the  Bishop 
of'chartres.  He  was  in  thorough  sympathy  with  the  as- 
pirations of  the  reform  party  in  the  political  agitation 
which  preceded  the  French  Revolution  ;  and  his  brochure 
"  Qu'est-ce  que  le  tiers  *^tat?"  created  a  tremendous  sen- 
saticm,  furnishing  a  program  for  the  popular  leaders  in  the 
initial  steps  of  the  KevoUuion.  He  was  elected  deputy  of 
the  third  estate  in  17s9 ;  took  an  important  part  in  theorgan- 
iz:it{on  and  early  nieiisures  of  the  National  Assembly;  was 
a  deputy  to  the  Convention  1702-95 ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Cou  ncil  of  Five  Hundred ;  was  ambassador  to  Berlin  1798-99 ; 
became  a  member  of  the  Direct^iry  in  1790 ;  and  was  one  of 
the  chief  organizers  of  the  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire 
of  that  year,  which  placed  Napoleon  at  the  head  of  the 
government  as  first  consul.  He  was  later  president  of  the 
Senate ;  was  created  a  count  of  the  empire  ;  and  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy.  He  went  into  exile  on 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  and  returned  to  France 
in  1830. 
Sif(sef).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology.tho  wife 
of  Til  or.  She  was  robbed  of  her  goblen  hair  by  Loki,  who 
was  compelled  to  procure  new  hair  made  by  the  black 
elves  out  of  gold, 

Sigebert  (sij'e-bfert;  F.  pron.  sezh-bar')  of 
Gtemblours.  Born  in  Brabant  about  1030: 
died  1112.  A  Belgian  clironicler.  He  left  a  chron- 
icle of  events  from  \.  h.  ;181  to  bis  own  times  (111*-),  and  a 
work  containing  the  lives  of  illustrious  men. 

Sigel  (se'gel).  Franz.  Bom  at  Sinsheim, 
Baden,  Nov.  IS.  1S24;  died  at  New  York,  Aug. 
21.  1902.  \  German-American  general.  Ue. 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  liadeu  insurrections  of  1S4S 
and  1849,  but  escaped  capture,  ami,  after  having  lived  iu 
Switzerland  and  England,  came  to  the  I'll  ited  .States  in  1852, 
settling  at  St.  I^)uis  as  a  teacher  in  a  (Jcrmau  institute  in 
18.'>8.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized  a 
regiment  of  I'nitcd  States  volunteers  of  which  he  became 
colonel.  He  won  the  battle  of  Carthage  in  l.SOl ;  comv 
maiided  a  wing  of  the  army  at  Pea  Ridge  and  at  the  sec- 
ond battle  of  liuU  Run  iu  1S02  ;  and  was  commander  of  the 
Department  of  West  Virginia  in  1S()4,  being  defeated  by 
Breckinridge  at  Newmarket.  He  was  t'nited  States  pen- 
sion agent  at  New  York  under  Cleveland  1885-89, 

Sigeum  (si-je'um).  [Gr.  S/jrwi'.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  jiromontory  and  town  in  I  ho  Troad, 
Asia  Minor,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Hellespont. 
It  was  the  legendary  station  of  the  Greek  Qeet  in  the 
Trojan  war. 

Sigismund  (sij'is-mund;  G.  pron.  ze'gis-mfint). 
Horn  I3UI  :  ilied  Dec.  'J,  1437.  Kmiieror  .it  tlie 
Holy  Roman  Fmiiire,  son  of  Cliarles  IV.  and 
brother  of  Wen/id.  Ho  received  the  margiavatc  of 
Brandenburg  in  i;i78  ;  married  the  heiress  of  Hungary  and 
became  king  of  that  country  iu  1887  ;  was  defeated  by  the 
Turksat  Nicopolisiii  139ti;  was  deposed  by  the  Hung.'uians 
ill  140],  but  rectfverol  the  throne  by  force;  succeeded 
Weiizel  asemperorin  1411  ;  and  tui  Wenzel's  ilealh  in  1419 
succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  where,  however,  his 
authority  was  set  at  naught  by  the  HiiHsltes  until  shortly 
before  bis  death.  Among  the  events  of  bis  reign  were  the 
Council  of  Constance,  where  he  had  Huss  burned  Iu  spite 
of  a  safe-conduct:  the  Hussite  war;  and  the  granting  of 
Brandenburg  to  Frederick  of  Nuremberg  (141.'t).  He  was 
crowned  by  the  I'ope  in  14:13.  lie  wiu*  the  last  emperor 
of  the  house  of  Luxemburg. 

Sigismund  L  Bom  Jan.  1,  1407 :  died  at  Cra- 
cow, Ajiril  1,  I.'ils.  Kingof  I'ulaiid  1.'.1K;-48.  Ho 
waged  war  successfully  \n  itb  Russia,  Wallacllia,  and  Mol- 
davia, and  was  a  ca[)able  and  energetic  ruler, 

Sigismund  II.  Augustus.    Bom  Aug.  1,  1.520: 

died  l."i72.  Kiiigoi  Poland,  son  of  Sigismund  I. 
wlloin  h<'  succeeded  ill  ].">|S.  Lithuania  and  the 
rkniine  were  utdted  to  Poland  in  his  reign.  He  was  tlio 
last  of  tbclat'i'lloiin. 

Sigismund  III.,  or  Sigismund  Vasa.  Bomfififi: 

died  at  Warsaw,  1032.  King  of  Poland  1.">S7- 
1032.  He  inherited  Sweden  In  1.M12,  and  was  crowned  king 
of  Sweden  in  K'lM,  but  wiui  deposed  and  succeeded  by 
Charles  l.\.  in  KWI. 

Sigmaringen  (zig'mil-ring-en).     The  capital  of 

the  lu-oviiice  iif  Holieiizolhrn,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  4S<'  :'/  N„  hiiig.  9°  13'  E, 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  former  principality  of  Sigina- 


Sikhs 

ringen,  and  has  an  imp<jrtant  art  and  archaeological  col- 
lection.    I'opulation  (Is9o),  4,307. 

Sigmund.     See  Siijisniuiicl. 

Signol(sen-y61'),^mile.  Born  at  Paris  in  1804: 
died  there,  Oct.  17,  ls'J2.  A  French  historical 
and  genre  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Blondel  and 
Gros.  and  won  the  trrand  prix  de  Rome  in  1830.  His  "  Wo- 
man taken  in  Adultery  "  was  bought  for  the  Luxembourg 
In  1S40.  He  executed  a  go<Kl  deal  of  work  for  the  31ade- 
leine  in  Paris  an<l  other  churches. 

Signorelli  (sen-yo-rel'le),  Luca  di  Egidio  di 
Ventura  de".  Born  at  Cortona  in  1441 :  died 
there  in  l.">23.  An  Italian  painter.  He  was  tho 
pupil  of  Ills  uncle,  I.azzaro  Vasari.  and  later  of  Piero  della 
Francesca,  who  is  supposed  to  have  taken  him  to  Rome 
with  him.  In  1472  he  executed  his  first  independent  work, 
the  decoration  of  the  chapel  of  Santa  I'.arbani  in  San  Lo- 
renzo at  Arezzo,  which  was  followed  by  other  works  in  that 
city.  As  a  fresco-painter  bis  career  is  marked  by  great 
works  —  the  decoration  of  the  Sacristy  of  Loretto.  that  of 
the  sistine  Chapel  at  Rome  (before  1484),  and  that  of  the 
Chapel  of  the  Virgin  at  Orvieto.  In  149;)  he  was  invited 
to  complete  the  work  begun  by  Fra  Angelico  50  years  l)e- 
fore  at  Orvieto,  which  resulted  in  the  great  frescos  espe- 
cially associated  with  his  name. 

Sigourney  (sig'er-ni),  Mrs.  (Lydia  Huntly). 

Born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Sept.  1.  1791  ;  died  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  June  10,  1865.  An  American 
])oet  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Her  works  include 
"  Letters  to  Young  Ladies  "  (18.13), "Pocahontas,  and  Other 
Poems'  (1841),  "Pleasant  Memories  of  Pleasant  Lands" 
(1842), 

Sigsbee  (sigs'be).  Charles  Dwight.  Born  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1845.  .Vn  American 
naval  officer.  He  was  grailuated  from  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1883  ;  served  under  Farragut  at 
the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  16f,4  ;  and  was  promoted 
commander  in  1882,  and  captain  in  1897.  He  commanded 
the  I'nited  States  battleship  Maine  at  the  time  of  her  de- 
striKtion  In  Havana  harbor,  Feb.  16,  1898.  During  the 
Spanish-.\mericnu  war  he  commanded  the  auxiliary 
cruiser  St.  Paul,  and  was  later  translt-rred  to  the  Texas. 

Sigtuna  (sig-td'niO,  or  Sigtun  (sig'ton).  A 
small  town  on  Lake  Miliar,  Sweden,  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Stockholm :  said  to  be  the 
oldest  city  of  Sweden. 

Sigurd  (ze'gcird).  In  the  northern  Viilsunga 
Saga,  the  Siegfried  of  the  '"Nibelungenlied." 

Sigyn  (se'gUn).  In  Norse  mythology,  the  wife 
of  Loki. 

Sihasapa  (se-hii'sii-pii).  ['Blackfeet.']  A  tribe 
of  Xarth  -Vmerican  Indians,  commonly  called 
Blackfoot  or  Blackfeet.  They  are  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  Blackfeet,  or  Siksika,  wiio  belong  to  tlie  Alg<ui- 
qnian  stock.  The  Sihasapa  are  the  people  of  the  chief 
.lobn  Grass. 

Sihon  (si'hon).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
king  of  the  Amorites,  defeated  by  the  Israelites. 

Sihon.  A  namesometimes given  totheSir-Daria. 

Sihun  (se-lion').  -^  river  in  Asiatic  Turkey 
which  flows  into  the  Me(}iterranean  28  miles 
southwest  of  Adana  :  the  ancient  Sams. 

Sikes  (siks).  Bill.  A  hard  unfeeling  thief  in 
Dickens's  "Oliver  Twist."  the  murderer  of 
Nancy,  and  the  persecutor  of  Oliver  whom 
Nancy  tries  to  befriend. 

Sikhiin,  or  Sikkim  (sik'im).  A  native  state  in 
northern  India.  Capital.  Tumlung.  It  is  hounded 
by  Tibet  on  the  north,  Bhutan  on  the  east,  British  India 
oil  the  south,  and  Nejial  on  the  west,  and  Is  eoinprisc>d 
within  the  Himalaya  region.  The  inhabitants  are  Li-pchas 
or  Ktmg.  It  is  governed  by  a  raja,  subsidized  by  the  Brit- 
Isb.  It  became  a  British  protectjiralc  in  1889-lKi.  Area, 
estimated,  2,0uO  square  miles.      Population  (1891),  30,4.SS, 

Sikhs  (seks).  [From  Hind.  SHIi,  lit.  a  'disci- 
ple': a  distinctive  name  of  the  disciples  of 
Nanak  Shah,  who  founded  the  sect.]  The  mem- 
bers of  a  piditieo-religious  c<imniunity  in  In- 
dia, founded  near  Lahore  about  l.">00  its  a  sect 
based  on  the  principles  of  monotheism  and  hu- 
man brol  herliood.  inder  their  hereilltary  theocratic 
chiefs  the  Sikhs  were  organized  into  a  political  and  mil- 
itary foi-ce,  collectively  called  Kbalsa,  '1110  portion'  (of 
God"),  while  every  tnember  received  the  surname  of  Siiigh 
(In  Sanskrit  jri'»/t(f, 'Hon').  This  military  organiuitiou  was 
especiallv  due  t4>  Gi>vind  Singh.  Social  lriei|imlily  was 
abolished,  of  the  Hindu  usages  only  the  respect  paid  to 
cows  was  retained.  ICvery  one  was  an  unbeliever  w-Iio  had 
not  been  admitted  to  the  Khalsa  by  bavini;  tlvc  o1  the  In- 
itiated drink  with  him  the  sherbet  of  the  I'ablnl.  A  Sikh 
was  forbldileii  to  n-tnrn  the  Sidntatiiui  of  a  Hindu,  and 
was  bound  to  kill  a  Mussulman  on  meeting  him.  The  holy 
war  was  his  vocation.  Ibe  Sikh  soMier  prayeil  to  his 
sword.  Govind  .•ilngli  stmcglcd  with  the  Mognts  :ttl  year*, 
anti  then  accepted  a  commanil  in  the  impel  lal  army.  Ho 
fell  by  an  Afghan  asjeissln  In  1708,  appointiin;  no  succea- 
sor  and  declaring  the  i;miith  (sie  AtliUronlh)  to  be  the 
future  guru.  After  him  an  le^cclic  named  Itanda  was  tho 
chief  t>f  the  Khals:!.  Cnder  him  the  Sikhs  were  almost 
annihilated  by  the  armies  of  Farrnkbshir.  Itanda  himself 
was  captuie<l,*4-oinpcllcd  fitr  a  week  l,i  witness  the  torture 
of  740compiHiioiis(of  whtun  no  luie  wincediand  the  death 
of  his  own  son,  ami  then  tortured  t«t  deatli  with  red-hot 
pincers,  while  he  praised  God  fiu"  choosing  him  to  bo 
the  iiistruntcnt  of  his  vengeance.  After  Banda's  ileath 
In  1710.  the  Akalis.  'the  faithful  of  the  Eternal,'  became 
the  jruardlrnisol  the  sanctuary  at  Atnrltsar,  when'  the  Adi- 
Gnintb  was  kept,  the  Gnmiala,  'conncil  of  the  guru,' 
held  supreme  authority.  The  political  history  of  tlic  Sikhs 


Sikhs 

ended  in  1849,  when  the  English,  after  a  violent  struggle, 
annexetl  the  P;inj:ib.  The  Sikhs  have  now  ceased  tiieir 
religions  fan.iticism,  and  are  a  valuable  contingent  of  the 
British  annies.     See  Adi  Granth  and  Sanak. 

Sikh  Wars.  Two  wars  between  the  British  un- 
der Sir  Hugh  Gough  and  the  Sikhs.  The  Sikhs 
invaded  British  territory  in  Dec,  1845.  and  were  defeated 
in  the  battles  of  Mudki,  Ferozshah,  Aliwal,  and  Sobraon. 
Lahore  was  taken  by  the  British,  and  peace  was  concluded 
March  9.  1846.  The  second  war  began  with  the  massacre 
of  British  officers  at  JIultan  in  .\pril,  184S.  A  drawn  bat- 
tle at  Chillianwalla  was  followed  by  a  British  victory  at 
Gujrat  (Feb.  22,  1849),  which  completely  broke  the  power 
of  the  Sikhs,  and  led  to  the  annexation  of  the  Panjab  to 
British  India. 

Sikiang  (se-ke-ang').  A  riverin  southern  China 
which  rises  in  Yunnan  and  flows  into  the  China 
Sea.     Canton  and  Hong-Kong  are  in  its  delta. 

Sikino  (se'ke-u6  or  se-ke'no).  An  island  of  the 
Cyelades,  Greece,  19  miles  south  of  Paros :  the 
ancient  Sicinos  (Gr.  2(K«of).     Length,  9  miles. 

Sikkim.    See  Sikhini. 

Sikoku.     See  Shikol.ii. 

SIksika  (sik'sik-a).  A  confederacy  of  North 
American  Indians,  one  of  the  most"  important 
still  existing  in  the  Northwest,  consisting  of  3 
tribes,  the  Siksika  proper  or  Blackfeet,  the  Kino 
or  Blood,  and  the  Piegan.  Their  country  is  in  north- 
ern Montana  and  the  adjacent  p.irt  of  Canada,  extending 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  junction  of  Milk  River 
with  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  Muscle  Shell  River  in  Mon- 
tana to  the  Belly  and  South  Saskatchewan  rivers  in  Can- 
ada. Their  present  number  is  about  7,000.  The  Siksika 
proper  and  the  Kino  are  chiefly  in  Canada,  and  the  Piegans 
at  Blackfoot  agency,  Montitna.  The  name  is  translated 
*  Black  feet,*  with  several  traditional  explanations.  See 
Atffoiiquian, 

Sil  (sel).  A  river  in  northwestern  Spain  which 
,ioins  the  Minho  9  miles  northeast  of  Orense. 
Length,  about  12.t  miles. 

Sila  (se'la),  or  Monte  Nero  (mon'te  na'ro). 
An  extensive  wooded  region  in  the  Apennines 
of  Calabria,  southern  Italy,  situated  east  of 
Cosenza.  It  rises  to  the  height  of  6,i00  feet. 
Length,  about  37  miles. 

Silarus  (sil'a-ms).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
river  Selein  southern  Italy.  Near  it,  in  71  B.C., 
Spartacus  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Ro- 
mans under  Crassus. 

Silas  (si'las),  or  Silvanus  (sil-va'nus).  Lived 
in  the  1st  century.  A  Christian  missionary,  a 
companion  of  the  apostle  Paul. 

Silas  Marner  (mar'ner),  the  Weaver  of  Rave- 
loe.  A  novel  by  George  Eliot,  published  in 
IsHl. 

Silberberg  (zil'ber-bero).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  42  miles 
south-southwest  of  Breslau.  It  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  silver-mines  and  for  its  fortress. 

Silbury  Hill  (sU'bu-ri  hil).  A  large  barrow 
near  Aveburv,  in  Wiltshire,  England.  Height, 
130  feet. 

Silcher (zil'cherj.Friedrich.  Born  atSchnaith, 
Wiirtemberg,  Juue  27,  1789:  died  at  Ttibin- 
gen,  Aug.  26,  1860.  A  German  composer  of 
popular  songs,  director  of  music  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen  from  1817. 

SilchesterCsil'ches-ter).  A  village  near  Basing- 
stoke in  Hampshire,  England,  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Roman  town  of  Calleva.  Many  remains 
of  antiquity  have  been  discovered  here. 

It  is  a  speakingfact  that  of  what  must  have  been  one  of 
the  greatest  Roman  cities  of  Britain  we  have  absolutely  no 
history  whatever,  .\ntiquaries  are.  we  believe,  now  pretty 
well  agreed  that  Silchester  is  the  Roman  Calleva  Atreba- 
tum  —  in  Gaul  the  place  might  have  been  called  .\rras  and 
its  district  .\rtois — and  it  is  so  marked  in  Dr.  Guest's  map. 
But  this  is  merely  a  geographical  and  not  an  historical 
fact  Calleyaissimplya  namein  theltineraries;  nothing 
that  we  ever  heard  of  is  recorded  to  have  happened  there. 
Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  159. 

Silence  (si'lens).  A  dull  country  justice  in  the 
second  part  of  Shakspere's  ''King  Henry  IV." 
He  is  the  cousin  of  Shallow,  and  prides  himself  on*  having 
'•  been  merry  twice  and  once  ere  now. " 

Silent  Woman,  The.    See  Epicwne. 

Silenus  (si-le'nus).  [Gr.  2c(/.^iof.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  divinity  of  Asiatic  origin,  the  fos- 
ter-father of  Bacchus,  and  leader  of  the  satjTs, 
but  very  frequently  merely  one  of  a  number  of 
kindred"  attendants  in  the  Dionysiac  thiasus. 
He  was  represented  as  a  robust  f nil-bearded  old  man,  hairy 
and  with  pointed  ears,  frequently  in  a  stale  of  inloxica- 
tion,  often  riding  on  an  ass  and  carrying  a  cantharus  or 
other  wine-vessel. 

Silenus  and  Bacchus.  A  Greco-Roman  group 
in  marble, in  tlie  Glyptothek, Munich.  Silenns.  as 
a  strong,  bearded  man,  nude,  his  head  wreathed  with  ivy, 
holds  the  smiling  infant  in  his  arms. 

Silenus  and  Satyrs.  A  painting  by  Rubens. 
in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  Silenus  reels 
along,  supported  by  a  satyr  and  a  negro  and  attended  by 
a  train  of  satyrs  and  bacchantes,  who  are  accompanied 
by  a  tiger  and  two  goats. 

Silesia  (si-le'shiaj.     [NL.  Silesia,  F.  Silesie,  G. 


932 

Schlesien,  a  name  of  Slavic  origin,  earlier  Sleen- 
:ane,  Zlesane,  Pol.  Zhsal.i.'i  A  large  region  of 
central  Europe,  mainly  iu  the  upper  basin  of  the 
Oder,  northeast  of  the  Sudetie  Mountains,  its 
e§rly  inhabitants  were  Slavs.  The  possession  of  it  was  dis- 
puted between  Poland  and  Bohenna.  It  became  Polish  in 
the  10th  centurj*;  was  separated  from  Poland  In  1163; 
was  divided  into  various  duchies  ruled  by  branches  of  the 
Polish  dynasty  of  Piast;  gradually  became  largely  Ger- 
manized :  and  was  incorporated  with  Bohemia  in  1355. 
With  Bohemia  it  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg.  It 
sutfered  in  the  Hussite,  Thirty  Years',  Silesian,  and  Napo- 
leonic wars.  It  was  conquered  by  iYederick  the  Great 
1741-12,  and  the  larger  part  of  it  was  ceded  by  -Austria  to 
Prussia  in  1742:  the  cession  was  conlirmed  in  1763. 

Silesia,  or  Austrian  Silesia.  A  crownland 
and  titular  duchy  belonging  to  the  Cisleithan 
division  of  Austria-Hungary.  Chief  town, 
Troppau.  it  is  bounded  by  Prussian  Silesia  on  the 
north,  Galicia  on  the  east,  Hungary  and  Moravia  on  the 
south,  ami  mainly  by  Moravia  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  largely  mountainous,  being  traversed  by  branches  of 
the  Sudetie  and  Carpathian  mountains.  Silesia  has  min- 
eral wealth  in  coal,  iron,  etc.,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures. It  sends  12  members  to  the  Reichsrat.  The  in- 
habitants are  Germans.  Poles,  Czechs,  Slovaks,  and  Mo- 
ranans.  The  crownland  comprises  the  part  of  ancient 
Silesia  not  conquered  by  Prussia.  It  was  united  to  ilo- 
ravia  until  1849.  Area,  1,9S7  square  miles.  Population 
(1890).  605,649. 

Silesia,  or  Prussian  Silesia.  A  southeastern 
province  of  Prussia.  Capital,  Breslau.  it  is 
bounded  by  Biundenburg  on  the  northwest,  Posen  and  Rus- 
sian Poland  on  the  northeast,  .\ustrian  Silesia,  Moravia, 
and  Bohemia  on  the  south,  and  Bohemia,  .Saxony,  and 
Prussian  Saxony  on  the  west.  It  comprises  most  of  the 
ancient  duchy  of  Silesia,  Glatz,  part  of  I  pper  Lusatia,  etc. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  and  hilly  in  the  southwest  and 
south,  and  level  generally  in  the  north  and  n^irtheast.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Oder.  Prussian  Silesia  is  noted  for  its 
niiner.\l  wealth,  especially  for  coal.'iron,  and  zinc,  and  is 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  provinces  of  the  kingdom, 
.\raong  its  leading  industries  are  metal-working  and  man- 
ufactures of  machinery,  linen,  cotton,  woolen,  etc.  It 
contains  three  government  districts:  Liegnitz,  Breslau, 
and  Oppeln.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans, 
but  there  are  many  Poles  and  some  Czechs.  Moravians, 
and  Wends.  Area,  15,557  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
4,224,458. 

Silesian  (si-le'shian)  Poetical  Schools.  In 
German  literature,  two  groups  of  minor  poets 
in  the  17th  century  —  one  composed  of  followers 
of  Opitz,  the  other  of  followers  of  Hofmann 
von  Hofmannswaldau. 

Silesian  Wars.  Three  wars  waged  by  Freder- 
ick the  Great  of  Prussia  against  Austria  for 
the  possession  of  Silesia.  In  the  first  war  (1740-42) 
Prussia  was  allied  with  Saxony,  Bavaria,  and  France,  and 
Austria  with  Great  Britain.  Frederick  in\aded  Silesia 
in  1740,  and  the  Prussians  were  victorious  at  MoUwitz  in 
1741.  and  at  Chotusitz  in  1742,  By  the  peace  of  Breslau 
(June,  1742)  the  greater  part  of  Silesia  was  ceded  to  Prus- 
sia In  the  war  of  1744-45  Austria  was  aided  by  Saxony. 
Frederick  invaded  Bohemia  and  took  Prague,  but  had  to 
fall  back  into  Saxony  in  1744.  Prussian  victories  were  won 
at  Hohenfriedberg,  Sorr.  and  Kesselsdorf  in  1745.  The  pos- 
session of  Silesia  by  Prussia  was  confirmed  by  the  peace  of 
Dresden,  Dec.  25, 1745.  The  third  of  the  Silesian  wars  is 
the  Seven  Years*  War  (which  see). 

Silesius,  Angelus.     See  Anyehis  Silexiiis. 

Silistria  isi-lis'tri-ii).  A  to-mi  in  Bulgaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  44°  7'  N.,  long.  27° 
16'  E. :  the  ancient  Durostorus  or  Durostorum. 
Silistria  and  its  vicinity  have  been  the  field  of  many  mili- 
tary operations,  especially  between  the  Russians  and  Turks. 
It  was  attacked  by  the  Russians  in  1773 :  taken  by  them 
in  1810;  besieged  by  them  in  ls28:  besieged  and  t.-iken  in 
1829:  unsuccessfully  besieged  in  1S54 ;  and  occupied  by  them 
in  1878.  The  fortifications  were  razed  in  1878.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  11,414. 

Silkworm  (silk'werm).  Sir  Diaphanous.     A 

courtier  "of  a  most  elegant  thread,''  in  Jon- 
son's  comedy  ''The  Magnetick  Lady." 

Sill  (sil).  Ed'Ward  Bo-wland.  Bom  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  1841:  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Feb.  27, 
1887.  An  American  poet.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1861,  and  was  professor  of  the  English  language  and 
literature  in  the  University  of  California  1874-82.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  Venus  of  Milo,  etc."  (1883),  and 
"Poems"  (1887). 

Sillery  (sel-re').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Mame.  France,  on  the  Vesle  6  miles  south- 
east of  Rheims:  celebrated  for  its  champagne. 

Silliman  (sil'i-man),  Benjamin.  Born  at  North 
Stratford  (Trumbull),  Conn.,  Aug.  8, 1779:  died 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Nov.  24,  1864.  A  noted 
American  chemist,  geologist,  and  physicist. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1796  ;  was  appointed  tutor 
there  in  1799,  and  professor  in  1802 ;  and  became  professor 
emeritus  in  1853.  He  founded  the  "American  .Tournal 
of  Science  "  in  ISIS.  and  was  long  its  editor.  He  published 
"Elements  of  Chemistry  "  (2  vols.  1830).  "Travels  in  Eng- 
Land,  etc."  (1810).  "  .Narrative  of  a  Visit  to  Europe  "  (1863), 
etc. ;  and  edite<l  Henry's  "Chemistry  "(1808-14)  and  Bake- 
well's  "Introduction  "to  Geology"  (18-29-). 

Silliman,  Benjamin.  Bom  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Dec.  4,  1816:  died  there,  June  14,  188.i. 
An  American  chemist,  son  of  Benjamin  Silli- 
man. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1837 ;  beca.ne  professor 
in  the  scientific  school  (afterward  the  Shettield  Scientitic 
School)  in  1840  :  was  professor  at  Louisville  1849-54  :  and 
was  again  professor  at  Yale  1854-S5.     He  became  associate 


Silves 

editor  of  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science  "  in  1838,  and 
associate  proprietor  in  1846.  His  scientific  articles  in- 
clude about  1(10  titles,  published  1841-74.  In  1869  he  was 
made  one  of  the  State  chemists  of  Connecticut.  He  pub 
lished  "  First  Principles  of  Chemistry  "  (1847),  "  Principles 
of  Physics,  etc."  (1859),  and  "American  ContribiUions  to 
Chemistry. "  He  edited,  with  C.  G.  Goodrich,  "  The  World 
of  Science,  Art,  and  Industry"  (lS.'i3),  and  "Progress  of 
Science  and  Mechanism  "  (1854).  which  recorded  the  chiej 
results  of  the  World's  Fair  (New  Y'ork,  1863). 

Silliman,  Mount.  A  peak  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, in  the  northern  part  of  Tulare  County, 
California. 

Silly  Billy  (sil'i  bil'i).  A  nickname  of  Wil- 
liaiu  IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain. 

Siloam  (si-16'am),  or  Siloah  {si-16'a).  [Heb. 
tSliiluuch,  sending.]  A  pool  at  the  southeast 
end  of  Jerusalem  (Xeh.  iii.  1.5,  ''by  the  king's 
garden"),  fed  by  the  waters  of  a  spring  of  the 
Gihon  (the  modern  Virgin's  Fount),  which  were 
conducted  to  it  through  a  tunnel,  it  consisted  of 
several  artifici;d  chajmels  and  basins  which  supplied  Jeru- 
salem with  water.  The  pool  of  Siloam  which  is  still  in 
existence  formerly  had  an  outlet  in  the  southeast  caUed 
the  "  lower  pond,"  and  is  now  called  Birket-el-Ha7nbra  ( '  red 
pond ').  Another  p.art  of  the  farmer  water-  reservoir  is  now 
occupied  by  gardens.  The  Virgin's  Fount  is  intermittent. 
In  IftSO  the  oldest  Hebrew  inscription  known  was  dis- 
covered  in  the  rocky  aqueduct.  It  gives  the  length  of  the 
channel,  and,  among  other  details,  mentions  that  the  work, 
men  began  the  boring  from  both  ends.  The  Arabs  called 
Siloam  Ain  SUwan. 

Hardly  less  interesting  has  been  the  discovery  of  the 
inscription  of  Siloam.  which  reveals  to  us  the  very  char> 
acters  used  by  the  Jews  in  the  time  of  Isaiah,  perhaps 
even  in  the  time  of  Solomon  himself.  The  discovery  has 
cast  a  flood  of  light  on  the  early  topography  of  Jerusalem, 
and  has  made  it  clear  as  the  daylight  that  the  Jews  of  the 
royal  period  were  not  the  rude  and  barbarous  people  it 
has  been  the  fashion  of  an  unbelieving  criticism  to  as- 
sume, but  a  cultured  and  literary  population. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  5. 

Sils  (zils).     The  name  of  several  villages  in  the   . 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland.    Sils  in  the  Upper 
Engadine  is  situated  8  miles  southwest  of  Pontresina. 
Near  it  is  Silser  See,  formed  by  the  Inn,  4i  miles  long. 

Silsilis  (sil 'si -lis).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  on  the  Nile,  near  Edfu :  the  modern  Sil- 
sili.   It  is  remarkable  forits  sandstone-quarries. 

Silures  (sil'u-rez).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
dwelling  in  the  western  part  of  Great  Britain, 
mainly  in  what  is  now  South  "Wales,  at  the  pe- 
riods of  the  Roman  and  Anglo-Saxon  conquests. 

Silurist  (si-lu'rist).  The.  A  name  given  to 
Henry  "\^aughaii,  from  his  birth  in  "Wales. 

Silva  (sel'va),  Antonio  Jos6  da.  Bom  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  May  8,  170.T :  died  at  Lisbon.  Oct. 
13,1739.  A  Portuguese  dramatist.  His  comedies 
are  among  the  finest  in  the  Portuguese  language.  Silva  was 
twice  imprisoned  by  the  Inquisition  on  the  charge  of 
"Judaism. "  The  last  incarceration  was  in  1738,  and  ended 
in  his  being  burned  with  his  wife  and  aged  mother. 

Silva,  Innocencio  Francisco  da.  Born  at  Lis- 
bon, Sept.  28, 1810:  died  there,  June  28,  1876.  A 
Portuguese  bibliographer.  He  labored  under  great 
disadvantages,  being  poor  and  forced  to  spend  much  of  his 
time  in  the  subordinate  government  positions  which  he 
was  able  to  obtain.  His  principal  work  is  the  "Dicciona- 
no  bibliographico  portuguez"  (7  vols.  1858-62,  and  unfin- 
ished supplement,  2  vols.  l>67-7o).  It  is  the  most  com- 
plete bibliography  of  Portuguese  (including  Brazilian) 
literature,  containing  19,328  titles,  with  biographical  notes 
on  the  authors. 

Silva  Alvarenga.     See  Alvarenga. 

Silva  Marciana.    See  Ahnoha. 

Silvana  (sil-vii'nii),  or  Silvana  das  Wald- 
madchen.  -\n  ojiera  bv  Weber,  produced  at 
Frankfort  in  1810. 

Silvanus,  or  Sylvanus  (sil-va'nus).  In  Italian 
mythology,  a  god,  protector  of  woods,  fields, 
herds,  etc. 

Silva  Paranhos  (sel'va  pa-ran'yos),  Jos6  Ma- 
ria da.  Born  in  Bahia.  March  16, 1819:  died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  Nov.  1, 1880.  A  Brazilian  diplo- 
matist and  statesman,  viscount  of  Rio  Branco 
from  1870.  He  was  senator  from  186-2,  several  times 
cabinet  minister,  and  premier  1871-73.  During  the  latter 
period  he  proposed  and  carried  through  parliament  the 
law  of  Sept.  28,  1871,  by  which  children  bom  of  slave  pa- 
rents were  declared  free  under  certain  conditions,  and  a 
fund  was  provided  for  manumissions.  This  is  often  called 
"the  Rio  Branco  law":  it  prepared  the  way  for  the  final 
extinction  of  slavery. 

Silver-Fork  School.  In  English  fiction,  a  nick- 
name given  to  a  group  of  novelists  (Theodore 
Hook,  Mrs.  TroUope,  Lady  Blessington,  etc.) 
who  laid  great  stress  on  matters  of  etiquette. 

Silver  Grays.  The  bolting  Whigs,  led  by  Fran- 
cis tiranger,  who  left  the  New  York  conven- 
tion of  1848 :  so  called  from  the  fact  that  several 
of  them  were  gray-haired  men. 

Silver  (sil'ver)  Mountain.  Apeak  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  Alpine  County.  CaUfomia. 

Silves  (sel'ves).  A  town  in  the  province  of  -41- 
garve,  southernPortugal,112miles  south-south- 
east of  Lisbon.  The  cathedral  is  a  fine  Romanesque 
building  with  some  Pointed  arches  and  windows,  and 


Silves 


933 


other  later  features.  The  castle  is  of  Moorish  foundation, 
with  a  line  cistern  and  six  main  towers :  in  front  of  tlie 
walls  tliere  are  det^iched  towers  ;  coiumunicatinK  witli  the 
fortress  by  9t<-»ne  bridges,  as  is  the  (ireat  tower  of  Bellver, 
near  I'alma.  The  city  walls  are  Moorisli,  well  preserved, 
and  picturescjne.  Several  of  the  pates  are  noteworthy  : 
one,  of  ;;reat  size,  has  tlu-ee  larce  arclles  opening  on  di- 
verting streets.     ropillati<.n  (1S78).  G.913. 

Silvester,  or  Sylvester  (sil-ves'tir),  I.    [L., 
'  of  tlie  woods,'  F.  ISilnestre,  Pg.  Si/liestre,  G.  Sil- 
vester.]   Bishop  of  Rome  314-33;').    Little  is  known  Simeon  Stylites  (sim'f'-oii  sti-li'tez)< 
concerning  his  pontificate.     The  st^ry  which  connects     '  '  '   "        ""       -—■■•-■  « 

his  name  with  the  baptism  of  Constantine  the  Great  is  pure 
fiction  (see  Donation  of  ConxtaiUine). 

Silvester  II.,  orisinalh-  Gerbert.  Died  Mav  12, 
1003.  Pope  999-1003.  He  was  a  native  of  Aquitania, 
end  before  his  accession  became  famous  under  his  l^liris- 


Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam,  The 

The  c<m]ii-  Hpure  is  tlie  tanner  Simon,  the  mayor  of 
Queenlwrouirli.  who  is  cozened  by  a  company  of  pretended 
comedians  while  looking  on  at  what  he  t^ikes  to  be  a  play. 

Ifarrf. 

Simon  the  Canaanite,  or  Simon  Zelotes  (ze- 

16'tc'zj.    [Gr.  Cf,/(j7;;i ,  ill!  eiuulator.]    One  of  the 

a  po.stles,  often  ident  ified  with  Simon  the  relative 

of  Jesus. 
Simon (se-mon').   AnovelbylJeorge  Sand,pub- 

lislicd  in  183fi. 
7)jr,  of  the  pillari]  Born  at  Sisan,  Syria  :  died  Simon  bar  Giora.  One  of  the  heroes  and  leaders 
459.  A  SjTian  ascetic  who  jiasscd  tlic  last  30  of  the  Zialut  jiarty  diirinp  the  Jiuleo-Romau 
years  of  his  life  on  a  pillar  near  Antioch.  He  war.  Ue  was  a  man  of  iron  win,  stern  character,  and 
was  the  first  and  most  notable  of  the  stylites  reckless  boldness.  After  tlie  fall  of  Jerusalem  he  surren- 
/,  -11.  ,,  e«;„*a\  dered  Ut  the  Romans,  and,  alter  appearing  in  ilie  triumph 

(pin.ii-saiuis;.  _..._.  ....         of  Titn.s,  was  hnrlwl  from  the  Tarpeian  Hock  in  Rome. 


kings  of  Northumbria.  His  works  were  edited 
tiy  Hiiide  (1868)  and  by  T.  Arnold  (1882-8;')). 
Siineoni  (se-ma-o'ne),  Oiovanni.  Born  at  Pa- 
liaiio.  July  23, 181G :  died  at  Home,  Jan.  14, 1892. 
A  noted  Italian  ecclesiastic  ami  .statesman.  He 
became  secretary  to  the  Congregation  of  the  Propaganda 
in  186^  :  was  made  a  ciu-dinal  in  ISTfi ;  »  as  secretary  of  state 
under  Pius  l.X.  ltj76-78 ;  and  became  prefect  of  the  Propa- 
ganda on  the  accession  of  Leo  XIII. 

[Gr.  OTV- 


....«  w^...^.  ^  ....J  ..^.-....w.^..  .w .  ._  _  ^  ,  a  it  1,1    1  iiii.-',    "  .<=  null,  ,1  inMii  iiic   A  III  p,:  lull  nui.1%  iii  fwiii,:. 

tiaii  name  of  Gerbert,  first  as  an  educator  and  afterward   oimieropol  (sira-ter-o  poly),    ilic  capital  ot  tne  SimOU  ben  Shetach.     Brother-in-law  of  Alex- 


as  archliishop  successively  of  Rheims  and  Ravenna. 

Silvester  III.  Pope  or  antipope  1044.  He  was 
elevated  on  the  expulsion  from  Rome  of  Boniface  I.K.  in 
11144.  but  was  in  tuni  expelled  somemontiialater.  He  was 
depriveilof  hispriestliood  tty  tlie  Council  of  Sestri  in  1046, 
aiiti  was  confined  in  a  monastery. 

Silvestre,  or  Sylvestre  (sil-vastr'),  Israel. 
Bom  at  Nancy,  1621:;Llied  in  1691.  An  eminent 
French  engraver.  The  Silvestres  were  a  large  family 
of  painters  and  engravers  of  wliicli  Israel  was  the  most 
important  member.  He  formed  liis  style  on  Delle  Bella 
and  ('allot  He  was  discovered  t)y  Louis  XIV.,  for  whom 
he  engraved  his  plates  of  the  royal  monuments  and  fes- 
tivals. He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy,  and  visited 
Italy  twice.    Ills  plates  number  more  than  1,000. 

Silvestre  de  Sacy.    See  Saci/. 

Silvia,  or  Sylvia  (sil'vi-ii).  1.  In  Shaksperc's 
"  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,"  the  daughter  of 
the  Duke  of  Milan,  lovccl  by  Valentine :  "  the  au- 


gdvcruiuent  of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  in  the 
Crimea,  on  the  Salgliir,  in  lat.  44°  .58'  N.,  long. 
34°  0'  K.  It  was  formerly  a  Tatar  seat  of  government, 
and  has  been  the  capital  of  Taurida  since  1784.  Popula- 
tion, 4i,;«!). 

Simkin.    A  nickname  for  Simemi. 

Simla  (sim'la).  1.  A  district  in  the  northern 
jiart  of  British  India,  about  lat.  31°  7'  N..  long. 
77°  ;)'  E.  Area,  102  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  44,(>42.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Simla,  situated  about  7,000  feet  above  sea- 
level.  It  is  noted  as  a  sanatorium,  and  as  tlie  residence 
of  many  othrials  ^inclndiiig  tlie  viceroy)  during  tlie  hot 
season.     Population,  witll  cantonment  (18D1X  13,836. 

Simme  (zim'mc).  Greater  >>r-  Great.    A  small 

river  in  tlie  canton  of  Bern.  .Switzerland,  which 
jdiiis  I  lie  Kander  (tributary  of  the  Aare) :)  miles 
south  of  Tliun. 


•allev 


the 


burn-haired  Silvia,  rash  and  reckless." — 2.  The  Simmenthal  (zitn'men-tiil),  popularly  Sieben- 
principal  female  character  in  Farquhar's  com- 
edy "The  Recruiting  Officer."  She  is  the  daughter 
of  Ballance,  and  in  love  witli  Captain  Plume.  She  disguises 
herself  as  a  rakish  soldier  and  serves  in  liis  company,  anil 
is  one  of  the  most  sparkling  and  witty  characters  of  com- 
edy. This  was  a  favorite  character  witll  the  actresses  of 
the  18th  century. 

3.  The  forsaken  mistress  of  Vainlove  in  Con- 
greve's  "  Old  Bachelor." 

Silvius  (sil'vi-us).  A  shepherd  in  Shakspere's 
"  As  you  Like  it." 

Silvretta  (sil-vret'ta),  or  Selvretta  (sel-^Tet'- 
tii).  A  group  of  the  Rha>tian  Alps,  situated  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  the  Inn,  and  on  the  borders  of 
Tyrol  and  Vorarlbcrg,  about  25-30  miles  east  of 
Coire.  Highest  summit, PizLinard  (11,207  feet). 

Simabara  (se-inii-bil'rii).  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  the 
island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan. 

Simancas  (se-miin'kiis).  A  small  town  iu  the 
province  of  Valladolid,  Spain,  situated  on  tlie 
Pisuerga  7  miles  southwest  of  VaUadolid.  The 
castle  is  a  moated  and  battlcmented  fortress,  formerly  a 
seat  ot  the  admirals  of  Castile.  From  the  time  of  Charles 
V.  it  lias  been  tlie  place  of  deposit  of  the  national  archives 
ol  Spain. 

SimancaS;  Archives  of.  A  collection  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  S]iain  and  its  colonies,  formed 
at  Simancas  by  order  of  Charles  V.  (l.')43).  It 
was  reorganized  by  Philip  II.  iu  15(57.  In  1788  many  im- 
portant papers  relating  to  the  colonies  were  sent  to 
Seville  ;  many  others  disappeared  during  tlie  Napoleonic 
wars;  and  the  collection,  once  very  lai-ge,  is  now  com- 
paratively unimportant  It  is  kept  in  the  old  c;i8tle  (see 
above), 

Simbirsk  (sitn-bersk').     1.  A  government  of 


thai  (ze'ben-tjil).      An  Alpiiu 

southwestern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit-  Simon  (se'-'ili6n')rPedro 

zerh.nd.  traversed  by  the  Great  Simme.                  Parrilla,  Spain,  in  l.'>74 
Simmering  (simmer-ing).  A  sotitheastern  sub-       -       •   •- 

iirb  of  Vienna. 
Simms  (simz),  William  Gilmore.     Bom  at 

Ch;irleston,  S.  C,  April  17,  I-SOO:  died  there, 

June  11, 1870.  An  American  novelist,  historian, 

and  l>oet .    He  wrote  many  novels,  largely  on  Southern 

life,  and  many  of  tliem  liistoricaKRcvolutionaiT and  colo-  c:_,-„   /„;;  i.i.'.r'iM 

nial  epoch)  and  frontier  romances.    Tliese  include  "  The  "i,"^""  ^  ,,",..-', 

Yemassee  ■'^(183,'i),  "  Carl  Werner  "  (183S),  "  I'elavo"  (1839), 

"The  Kinsman"  (later  called  "The  .Scout,"  1811),  "Tlio 

P.artisan"  (18:15),  and  "Count  .Tulian  "(1845).    His  best- 
known  poem  is  "AtiUantis:  a  Drama  of  the  Sea"  (!83'i).  His 

historical  works  include  "A  History  of  South  Carolina" 

(1810),  ".South  Carolina  in  the  Revolution"  (1854),  lives  of 

Marion,  Greene,  etc. 
Simnel  (sim'nel),  Lambert.     Born  about  1472. 

A  pretender  to  the  tlirone  of  Engbind,  person- 


aniler  Jaiinieus,  and  president  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim. In  conjunction  with  Judah  ben  Tabbai,  he  intro- 
duced many  reforms,  promoted  instruction,  and  restored 
law  and  order,  whicli  had  been  disturbed  through  the  ar- 
bitniiiness  and  tyranny  of  his  brother-in-law.  They  were 
tlierefore  honored  w-itli  tlie  title  "restorers  of  the  law." 

Simon  de  Montfort.    See  Montfori. 

Simon  (se-mon'),  Jules  (in  full  Jules  Fran- 

(jois  Simon  Suisse).  Born  at  Loiient.  Miirl>i- 
han,  France,  Dec.  31.  1814 :  died  at  Paris,  June 
8.  1896.  A  distinguished  French  statesman, 
pliilosopher,  and  publicist :  professor  at  the  Sor- 
lionne.  He  w;r8  a  republican  member  of  the  .Assembly 
1848-'to  ;  Wiis  removed  from  bis  professorship  in  1»;'>1 ;  was 
a  leading  opposition  ineml)er  of  the  Corps  Legislatif  \hGA~ 
1870  ;  w;vs  riiemhcr  of  the  govei-nment  of  national  defense 
and  minister  of  imbli,;  instruction  187o-71and  1871-73  ;  was 
clioaen  senator  and  mentbcr  of  the  French  Academy  in  1875 ; 
and  was  premier  1870-77.  Among  his  works  are  "  Histoire 
de  l^cole  dAlexandrie"  (1844-45),  "  I.e  devoir"  (1854), 
"La  libertiS  de  conscience  '  (18.')ii).  "  L'Ouvriere"  (18(>3;, 
L'Kcole  "  (I81H),  •■  Le^travail  "  (1806),  etc. 

Antonio.    Bom  at  La 

:  diet!  in  New  Granada 
after  1627.  A  Franciscan  missionary  and  his- 
torian. He  went  to  New  Granada  in  1004,  and  began  to 
write  a  history  of  the  confjuest  in  102.'t,  when  he  was  pro- 
vincial of  his  order.  Only  tlie  first  part,  relating  mainly 
to  Venezuela,  was  published  (1027),  and  it  is  now  very  rare. 
Two  other  parts  are  known  in  manuscript.  The  work  is 
of  great  value. 

Richard.  Bom  at  Dieppe, 
France,  May  13, 1038:  died  tliere,  April  11,  1712. 
A  Frendi  biblical  critic,  a  member  of  the  Con- 
gregation of  the  Oratory.  His  chief  works  are  -'His- 
toire  critique  du  Vieux  Testament  "("Critical  History  of 
tlie  old  Testajufiit."  printed  in  France,  but  suppressed: 
puljlished  in  Holland  in  1(85.=.),  "  Uistoirc  critiiiue  du  texte 
du  Nouveau  Testament"  (ICSO),  "Histoire  criti()Ue  defl 
versions  du  Nouveau  Testament"  (l(^!tOX  and  "Histoire 


criti(|ue  des  principaux  commentateurs  du  Nouveau  Tes- 

ating  the  Karl  of  Warwick.    His  adlien'ii'ts  were  c":^"'™'"*io"''^  ;  ,        ';  i-.,>   „,.  <^»,«,^„^,1<.<,   i.c 
defeated  by  Henry  VII.  at  Stoke  in  1487.  ^ii^°^aOz).  '^'        ^^"^^^^^^^   ^"*' 


Lambert  Siranel.  with  his  tutor,  Simon  the  priest,  fell 
into  the  king's  hands,  wlio  spared  their  lives,  and  appointed 
the  former  to  the  olficc  of  turnspit,  being  eventually  pro- 
moted to  tliat  of  falconer,  and  as  guardian  of  the  king's 
liawks  he  lived  and  died. 

Lawless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  135. 

Simois  (sim'ois).  [Gr.  2(/;(5f7f.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  small  river  in  the  Troad,  Asia 
Minor,  often  mentioned  in  the  Iliad. 

Simon.  [F.  Simo»,  Sp.  Simon,  Pg.  Simao,  It. 
Simnne,  LL.  Siiiimi,  (ir.  i)///(ji',  prop,  a  (ir.  name, 
lit.  'flat-nosed,'  but  in  pai-t  also  an  accommoda- 
tion of  the  different  Ileb.  name  ShiniOn,  Simeon. 
See  Simeoii.']     See  I'clcr. 


iambic  poet.  Fragments  of  his  poems  have  been 
preserved  (Bergk  s  "Poeta>  lyrici  Gripci"). 


eastern  Russia.    It  lies  west  of  the  Volga,  and  is  siir.  Simon  (si'mqn).   A  brother  or  relative  of  Jesus: 

.---..- o _.  „.._......,      , ii'i,,, I  j^lp,^(j(■i^,,l  ,yil],  Simon  the  Canaanite. 

Simon.     A  tanner  of  Joppa  at  whose  house  St. 

Peter  resided. 
Simon,  sumamed  MagUS  ('the  Magician').  A 
sorcercrof  S!iniari:i.  re]presented  in  Acts  viii.  as 
having  b(M'n  converted  by  I'liilip,  a  ml  as  seeking 
to  purcha.se  miraculous  jioweis  wit li  money,  in 
later  accounts  he  is  repiTsent^'d  as  the  foundt 


rounded  by  the  governments  of  Kazan.  Suniara,  Saratolf 
Penza,  ami  Nijnl-Novgorod.  Area,  ll),10i)  scjuare  miles. 
Population  (1890),  1,055.50(1. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Simbii'sk, 
situated  on  the  Volga  and  the  Sviyaga,  about 
lat.  54°  25'  N.  It  has  an  important  fair.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  39,395. 

Simcoe  (sim'ko).  [Named  from  J.  G.  Simcoe.] 
The  capital  of  Norfolk  County,  Ontario,  ('aiiada, 
situated  on  the  river  Lvnn  37  miles  southwest 
of  Ilamilfnn.     Poimhifion  ,  I'.HIl),  2.()27. 

Simcoe,  John  Graves.  Born  near  Exeter,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  2.'),  1752:  dit^l  at  Toibay,  England, 
Oct.  26,  1806.  A  Bi-itish  conimainler  in  the 
American  Revolution,  and  later  colonial  gov- 
eriiiir  in  Voper  Canada  and  elsewhere. 

Simcoe,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Ontario,  Canada,  37 
miles  nortli  of  Toronto.  Its  outlet  is  into  Geor- 
giauBay,  Lakelluion.    Length,  about  30  miles. 

Simeon  (sim'e-on).  [Heb.  Sim'ihi ;  F.  Simeon, 
Simon,  It.  Sinione,  Sp.  Simon,  Pg.  Similo,  Si- 
nicao,  G.  Simeon,  Simon.']  1.  One  of  the  jiatri- 
arclis.  a  son  of  .lacub  and  Leah. —  2.  One  of 
the  tribes  of  the  Israelites,  descended  from  the 
p.Ttriarch  Simeon.  It  occupied  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  of  Palestine. 

Simeon,  or  Symeon,  of  Durham.    Died  about 

lliill.  .\ii  Ellgli^ll  lii>tc>riiin,  authorof  a  histery 
of  the  church  of  Durham,  andof  ahiston"  of  the 


rof  ahereti- 


).ofAmorgOS.  [Gr.  IV/Jor/iSj,.;.]  Born 
in  Saitios:  lived  about  660  b.  c.  A  famous  Greek 
iambic 
prt 

Tlie  next  poet  of  this  period  is  Siinonides,  or,  as  some 
call  him,  Semonidea,  son  of  Krines,  of  Samos,  who  led  a 
colony  to  the  island  of  Amorgos,  after  wliicll  the  poet  Is 
called,  to  distinguish  him  from  the  later  Simonides  of 
Keos.  Here  he  dwelt  in  the  town  of  lliuoa.  The  chro- 
nologists  place  him  about  01.  29  or»i(OCion.  c).  and  make 
hill)  contemporary  witli,  if  not  later  than,  Archilochns. 
Though  cllicHy  celebnited  as  one  of  the  earliest  iambic 
poets,  he  wrote  the  "  Archieology  of  Samos,  '  in  two  bixiks 
of  elegiacs,  i>f  which  no  trace  now  remains.  About  forty 
fragments  of  his  iambic  verse  arc  to  lie  found  in  Bergk's  col- 
lection, butonly  twoof  them  arc  of  any  importance.  One 
(■_'5  lines)  reflects  on  the  restlessness  and  tniuhle  of  life, 
and  recommends  equanimity  In  a  spirit  of  sad  » isdom. 
The  other  (120  lines)  is  the  famous  satire  on  women,  com- 
paring them  to  sundry  animals,  o»  lug  to  their  having  been 
created  of  tliese  respective  natures. 

Mohiiihi,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,  I.  101. 
Simonides  of  Ceos.  Bom  at  lulls,  island  of 
Ceos,  Greece,  556  li.  c:  died  at  Syracuse  about 
469-467  B.  c.  A  noted  Greek  poet.  He  lived  in 
Alliens,  Thcssaly.  Syracuse',  and  elsewhere,  and  w  rot<;  epi- 
prams,  lyi-b->.  tbreliodies,  etc. 


cal  sect.    The  legend  of  Doctor  Faustus  contains  traces  of  Simon  MaCCabaeUS.     See  Maecahees. 


the  legends  of  Simon  and  Helena,  his  coni|ianioll. 


Simonoseki.     See  Shimonimeki. 


Simon  probably  was  one  of  that  class  of  ndventimrs  SilUOn's  Town  (si'liKUiz  toiiiO.      A  small   sea- 
. ...       ji,, 1-1  ii,  (':i]ie  Colony,  South  Africa,  situated  on 

False  Hay  18  miles  soufli  of  Cape  Town. 
Simony  (si'm(}-ni).  Dr.     A  character  in  Foote's 

play  "The  Cozeners,"  supposed  to  be  intended 

for   Dr.   Dodd   who   was    afterward    e.xecuted 

(f  hough  for  foi-gery.  not  for  simony). 
Simon  Zelotes.     See  Simon  the  Viiniuinile. 
SimpcOX  (sim'koks^.     An  impostor  in  the  sec- 

on(l  pari  of  Shakspere's  "  King  Henry  VI." 
Simplef'^iiu'pl).     AservanI  of  Slender:  n  char- 

aeterin  Shakspere's  "Merry  Wivesof  Windsor." 
Simple,  Peter.     The  hero  of  a  novel  of  the  same 

name  liv  M:irryiit.  published  in  18:!7. 

Simple  Cobbler  ol  Agawam,  The.    .\  satire 

bv  Xatlianiel  W'ai-d.  )mMislied  in  \M' .  Though 
written  In  Anieilca.  11  wim  senior  taken  to  F.lipland  by 
theaullior,  and  published  there  uuder  the  iiseudonym  of 
Tliiiuduru  lie  la  (iuard. 


which  abounded  at  this  period,  or  like  ApoIIonlus  of 
ana  and  others  at  a  hiter  time,  with  \\\vm\  the  onponenta 
of  Christianity  attempted  to  confound  .Icsns  and  his  njios. 
tics.  Ills  docti'Ine  wiis  Oriental  in  Its  language  and  in  its 
pretiuislons.  He  was  the  first  .-Kon  or  F.lnanatlon.orratlier 
perhaps  the  flrst  manifestation,  of  the  primal  Deity.  He 
assumed  not  merely  the  title  of  the  (ireat  Power  or  Virtue 
of  Ood,  but  all  I  lie  other  appellations  the  Word,  the  Per- 
fection, theParaclete,  the  Almighty  -thc^  »  hide  combined 
attrlbut<-aof  the  Deity.  He  had  a  companion.  Helena,  ac 
cording  to  llie  statement  of  Ills  enemies  a  bcanllliil  pros- 
tilule,  wlimn  he  found  at  Tyre,  who  became  In  like  man- 
nerthellrsl  conception  (the  l'.nna'a)oltlie  Deity;  but  who, 
l»y  her  conjuncdon  witli  matter,  Ini'l  been  enslaved  to  its 
malignant  Infiuence.  and,  having  fallen  under  the  power 
of  evil  angels,  had  been  In  a  constant  state  ot  transmigia 
tlon,  and.  annuig  other  mortal  bodies,  had  occupied  that 
of  tlie  famous  Helen  of  Troy. 

MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  51. 

Simon.   The  mayor  of  Quecuborough  in  Middle- 
ton's  play  of  that  name. 


Simple  Story,  A 

Simple  Story,  A.    A  novel  by  Mrs.  Inehbald, 

pu})iishei-l  in  1791. 

Simpllcius  (sim-plish'i-us).  Bishop  of  Rome 
4(.W-4S3. 

Simplicius,  Bora  in  Cilieia:  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  6th  century  a.  d.  A  Greek  Neopla- 
tonist.  He  lived  in  Persia  about  532-533.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle  and  Epictetus- 

Simplon  (san-pl6n').  It.  Sempione  (sem-pe- 
6'ne).  One  of  the  chief  passes  over  the  Alps, 
situated  on  the  border  of  northern  Italy  and  the 
canton  of  Valais.  Switzerland.  Through  it  runs 
one  of  the  chief  roads  over  the  Alps,  built  by  Napoleon 
lSOO-06.  It  leads  from  Brieg.  in  the  valley  of  the  Rhone,  to 
Domod'Ossola,  in  the  valley  of  the  Toce  (a  subtributary 
of  the  Po).     Height  of  summit  of  pass,  about  6,590  feet. 

Simplon  Railway.  A  railway  projected  in  1SS9 
to  connect  the  valley  of  the  Rhone,  from  near 
Visp,  with  the  valley  of  the  Po  at  Domo  d'Ossola. 
by  tnnuelinfr  the  Simplou  Mountain.  The  money 
was  to  be  furnished  by  Italy  and  Switzerland.  Work  on 
the  tunnel  began  in  1898. 

Simpson  (simp'son),  Edward.  Born  at  New 
York.  March  3,  1824 :  died  at  Washington.  D.  C, 
Deo.  2,  1888.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  and  was  appointed 
rear-admiral  in  18S4.  He  wrote  "Ordnance  and  ^'aval 
Gunnery  "  (ISO-),  etc. 

Simpson,  >^ir  James  Young.  Born  at  Bathgate, 

Scotland,  June  7,  1811:  died  May  6.  1870.  A 
Scottish  physician,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  University  from  1840 :  noted  for  his 
introduction  of  chloroform  and  of  other  anes- 
thetics, especially  in  midwifei-y.  He  was  created 
a  baronet  in  1S66.  Amonpr  his  works  are  "Obstetric  Mem- 
oirs and  Contributions"  (18o5-d6X  ** Acupressure "  (1S64), 
"  lioma-opnthy,"  etc. 

Simpson,  Matthew,  Bom  at  Cadiz.  Ohio.  June 
20. 1810 :  died  at  Philadelphia.  Jime  IS,  1884.  An 
American  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  president  of  Indiana  Asbury  University 
(Ureencastle.  Indiana)  1S39-18,  and  was  elected  bishop  in 
185-2.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  pulpit  orator.  He  pub- 
lished "One  Hundred  Years  of  Methodism  "(1S76),'"  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Methodism  "  (1878),  etc. 

Simpson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Market  Bosworth, 
England.  Aug.  20. 1710:  died  there,  May  14, 1761. 
An  English  mathematician.  He  wrote  "  Ele- 
ments of  Plane  Geometry"  (1747)/ 'Miscellane- 
ous Tracts"  (1757),  etc. 

Simpson,  Thomas.    Bom  1S08:  died  IS-iO.    A 

British  explorer.  He  conducted  an  expedition  to  the 
Mackenzie  Valley  and  the  arctic  coast  of  British  America 
lS3t>-:i9.  ''Life  and  Travels"  by  his  brother  Alexander 
Simpson  (ISJo). 

Simrock  (zim'rok).  Karl,  Born  at  Bonn,  Prus- 
sia, Aug.  28.  1802 :  died  there.  July  IS,  1876.  A 
German  poet,  translator,  and  miscellaneous 
■writer,  professor  of  Old  German  literature  at 
Bonn  from  1850.  His  chief  original  poem  is  "  Wieland 
der  Schmied  "  (1535).  His  other  works  include  transla- 
tions of  the  "Nibelungenlied"  (1>27).  "Der  anue  Hein- 
rich.'*  "Parzival."  "Titurel.'"  "Tristan. "and  other  Middle 
High  German  works,  and  of  the  "Edda"(lS^l)," Beowulf," 
"HeHand,"and  Shakspere's  poems  and  dramas,  in  part. 
He  also  published '•Heldenbuch"(lS43— ty),  "Handbuch 
der  deutschen  Mythologie"(lSo3-o5),  "Deutsche  ^'olks- 
bucher" (1^39-67),  "Lauda  Sion"(lS50X  "Deutsche  Sion- 
Bharfe  "  (1857),  "  Qtiellen  des  Shakspere  "  (with  collabora- 
tors, 1831),  "Rheinland,"  etc. 

Sims  (simz).  James  Marion.  Born  in  Lancas- 
ter County,  S.  C.  Jan.  25,  1813:  died  in  New 
York  city,  Nov.  13, 1883.  An  American  snrgeon, 
noted  for  his  development  of  the  science  of 
gynecology.  He  invented  the  silver  suture  and  various 
medical  instruments.  He  wastheorganizerof  the^Voman's 
Hospital  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  1870  of  the 
Anglo-American  Ambulance  Corps  in  the  Franco-German 
v,-.\r 

Simiirgh  (se-morgh').  [From  si,  thirty,  and 
murgh,  bird  (as  having  the  size  of  thirty  birds).] 
In  the  Shahnamah.  the  huge  bird  that'cared  for 
and  reared  the  infant  Zal  when,  in  consequence 
of  his  white  hair,  he  had  been  exposed  by  his 
father  Sara  near  Mount  Alburz. 

The  child  remained  thus  in  this  place  one  day  and  one 
night  without  shelter.  Sometimes  he  sucked  his  thumb, 
sometimes  he  uttered  cries.  The  little  ones  of  the  Simurgh 
being  hungrj'.  the  mighty  bird  rose  from  his  nest  into  the  air. 
Hf  saw  a  child  who  needed  milk  and  was  crying,  he  saw 
theearth  that  seemed  like  asurging  sea.  Thorns  formed  the 
cradle  of  the  child,  his  nurse  was  the  earth,  his  body  was 
naked,  his  mouth  devoid  of  milk.  Around  him  wasthesoil 
black  and  burned,  above  the  sun  that  had  become  fien.-  hot. 
Oh.  why  were  his  father  and  his  mother  not  tigers?  He  would 
then  perhaps  have  found  a  shelter  against  the  sun.  God 
gave  ti?  Simurgh  an  impulse  of  pity,  so  that  the  hird  did 
not  think  of  dLVouring  that  child. '  He  came  down  from 
the  clouds,  took  him  in  his  talons,  and  canied  him  from 

t  burning  rock.  He  bore  him  swiftly  to  Mount  Alburz, 
ere  was  the  nest  of  his  family.  He  bore  him  to  his  little 
ones  that  they  might  see  him,  and  that  his  mournful  voice 
might  prevent  them  from  devourintr  him.  for  God  granted 
him  his  favors,  since  he  was  predestined  to  enjoy  life.  The 
Simurgh  and  his  little  ones  looked  at  this  child,  whose 
blood  was  streamiug  from  his  two  eves.  They  surronnded 
him  with  marvellous  tenderness,  they  were  astonished  at 
the  beauty  of  his  countenance.  The  Simurgh  chose  the 
tenderest  venison,  that  his  little  guest,  who  had  no  milk, 


934 

in'ight  suck  blood.  So  a  long  time  passed  during  which 
the  child  remained  hidden  in  this  place.  When  the  cliild 
had  pritwn,  a  long  time  still  passed  upon  this  mountain. 
He  became  a  man  like  a  lofty  cypress,  his  breast  was  like 
a  hill  of  silver,  his  stature  like  a  reed. 

Shahnamah,  Reign  of  Minuchihr. 

Siiniisir(se-mo-ser').  One  of  the  Knrile  Islands, 
situated  in  lat.  47°  3'  N.,  long.  151°  53'  E. 

Sin  (sin).  The  Ass>TO-Babylonian  moon-god.  He 
ranks  before  Shamash,  the  sun-god.  His  wife  is  N'in-gal, 
'the  great  lady.'  The  oldest  and  chief  seat  of  his  worship 
was  in  Vt,  and  next  to  this  in  Harran. 

Sin,  Wilderness  of.  A  desert  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Sinaitic  peninsula,  noted  in  the 
wanderings  of  the  Israelites. 

Sinse  (si'ne).  An  ancient  name  of  a  people  in 
eastern  Asia  (the  Chinese  or  Cochin-Chinese). 

Sinai  (si'na  or  si'ni;.  [From  Siti,  the  Babylo- 
nian moon-god  (?).]  The  main  mountain  group 
of  the  Sinaitic  peninsula  ;  the  mountain  (called 
^also  Horeb)  near  which  the  Israelites  encamped 
and  whence  the  law  was  given  to  Moses.  The 
identity  of  the  latter  is  not  certain.  See  .S/h«- 
itic  Peninsula. 

Sinai,  Convent  of,  or  of  St.  Catherine.  A 
convent  on  Mount  Sinai,  consisting  of  a  laby- 
rinth of  buildings  and  courts  inclosed  by  a 
fortified  wall  measuring  about  209  by  235  feet. 
The  chief  interest  is  in  the  great  Byzantine  church,  built 
in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  but  often  altered  since.  It  has 
narthei,  nave,  and  aisles  divided  by  granite  columns,  and 
semi-domed  apse  withsuperb  mosaics,  on  gold  ground,  of 
the  Transfiguration  and  other  subjects.  The  iconostasis 
is  richly  sculptured,  and  adorned  with  carious  Russian 
icons.     See  Sinaitic  Penin.nda. 

Sinaitic  (si-na-it'ik)  Peninsula.  A  peninsula 
situated  between  the  Gulf  of  Suez  and  the 
Gulf  of  Akaba.  In  the  north  of  the  peninsula  is 
the  desert  Paran  i^modem  et-Tih),  a  desolate  limestone 
plateau,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Jebel-et-Tih  (4,000 
feet  high).  This  is  joined  in  the  south  by  a  tract  of  low 
sandstone  mountains,  ravines,  and  valleys  rich  in  minerals 
which  had  been  worked  as  early  as  3000  B.  c.  Then  rises 
the  barren,  rugged,  and  majestic  triangle  of  the  Sinai 
Mountain,  the  Jebel-et-TurorTur-Sinai,  formed  of  masses 
of  granite  rock  and  gneiss,  intermingled  with  diorites  and 
porph>Ties.  In  this  mountain-chain  are  to  be  distin- 
guished the  following  groups :  in  the  northwest  is  the 
Jebel-Serbal  (6,731  feet  high),  overhanging  the  coast  plain 
el-Koah  and  the  Wady  Feiran,  the  most  fertile  spot  of 
the  peninsula.  From  here  through  the  Wady  esh-Sheikh 
in  the  southeast  appears  the  Jebel-Musa  ('mountain  of 
Moses  ■),  or  Sinai  proper,  which  embraces  the  Jebel-Musa 
itself  (7,362  feet  high,  and  in  the  south  the  highest  point 
of  the  peninsula)  and  the  Jebel  Katherin(*  mountain  of  St. 
Catherine")  (8,538 feet  high).  In  the  southwest  rises  the 
third  and  last  group,  the  Jebel  I'm-Shomar  ('  the  watch  or 
guard')  (over  8,000  feet  high),  in  the  neighborhood  of  el- 
Koah.  llieJebel-Musa  is  generally  thought  to  be  the  moun- 
tain of  the  law  (Lepsius  and  Ebers  claim  the  distinction  for 
the  Serbal),  and  the  plain  er-Rahah,  north  of  the  Musa 
group,  to  be  the  valley  in  which  the  Israelites  camped  dur- 
ing their  sojourn  at  Sinai.  The  Wady  er-Rahah  is  joined  in 
a  right  angle  from  the  northeast  by  the  Wady  ed-Deir,  while 
to  the  southeast  of  the  Musa  stretches  the  high  plateau 
Wady  es-Sebaiyeh.  The  western  ridge  of  the  Mnsa  is  the 
Jebei  el-Humr('the  red  mountain'),  from  which  the  St. 
Catherine  Mountain  in  the  south  rises ;  the  eastern  ridge 
is  the  Jebel  ed-Deir  ('mountain  of  the  monasienr" ').  In  the 
Wady  Shurib,  or  Jethro  valley,  between  the  Musa  and  ed- 
Deir,  the  monaster}'  of  St.  Catherine  is  situated,  with  its 
beautiful  gardens.  Tradition  attributes  its  foundation  to 
the  emperor  Justinian  (o27-56o),  and  it  was  originally  ded- 
icated to  the  remembrance  of  the  IVanstigui-ation.  Its 
present  name  was  obtained  when  the  relics  of  St,  Cath- 
erine were  transferred  thither.  The  monaster}'  contains 
at  present  only  20-30  monks  instead  of  the  300-400  of  for- 
mer times.  It  became  celebrated  in  recent  years  by  the 
discovery  of  the  Codex  Sinaiticus  (theGreek  version  of  the 
Old  Testament  and  the  Greek  New  Testament),  made  in  it 
by  Tischendorf  in  1S44.  The  Sinaitic  peninsula  is,  as  a 
whole,  barren.  The  mountains  are  naked,  and  the  valleys 
are  dry  river-beds.  There  are.  however,  exceptions,  as  the 
lovely  Wady  Feiran  and  other  c.i.-es.  The  present  popu- 
lation of  the  peninsula  consists  of  about  6,000  Bedouins. 

Sinaloa,  or  Cinaloa  (se-na-lo'a).  1.  A  state 
of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Sonora  on  the  north- 
west, Chihuahita  and  Burango  on  the  northeast, 
Jalisco  on  the  southeast,  and  the  Pacific  and 
theGulf  ofCalifomia  on  the  southwest.  Thechief 
occupations  are  agriculture  and  mining.  Capital,  Culi- 
acan  ;  chief  port,  Mazatlan.  Area,  28,CW0  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  2.56,414. 

2.  A  small  town,  fortuerly  the  capital  of  Sina- 
loa. on  the  river  Sinaloa  about  230  miles  north- 
west of  Mazatlan. 

Sinbad.     See  Sindhad. 

SincM  Roca.    See  Inca  Focca. 

Sinclair  (sing'kler  or  sin-klar'),  Catherine. 
Born  at  Thurso  Castle.  Caithness,  April  17. 1800 : 
died  Aug.  6, 1864.  A  Scottish  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.daughterof  Sir  John  Sinclair. 
She  was  supenisor  of  a  charitable  institution  for  widows  of 
officers  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  was  active  in  good  works. 
She  \vrote  "Modem  Accomplishments"  (1S35),  ''  Modern 
Society"  (1836),  "Holiday  House  "(1839),  "Modem  Flir- 
tations" (1S41X  "Beatrice"  (a  "Protestant"  novel,  over 
40,000  copies  of  which  were  sold  within  16  months  of  its 
publication  in  1852),  etc. 

Sinclair,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Thurso  Castle. 
Caithness,  Scotland.  May  10, 1754:  died  Dec.  21. 
1835.    A  Scottish  agrieuitmist,  financial  writei; 


Sing  Sing 

and  politician.    He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  fni- 

versity:  became  a  member  of  the  Facultj-  of  Advocates; 
and  was  later  called  t'>  the  English  bar.  He  was  a  member 
of  Parliament  17S4-1S11.  He  developed  greatly  the  re- 
sources of  Caithness.  He  wrote  a  "  Histor>'  of  the  Public 
Revenue  of  the  British  Empire"  (17S5-i^),  "Statistical 
Account  of  Scotland  "  (1791-99),  etc. 

Sind  (sind).  One  of  the  names  of  the  river 
Indus. 

Sind  (river  in  Gwalior).     See  Sindh. 

Sind,  or  Sinde,  or  Scinde.  or  Sindh  (sind).  A 
province  of  British  India,  comprised  in  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Bombay,  it  is  bounded  by  Panjab, 
Bhawalpur,  and  Rajputana  on  the  east ;  the  Ran  and 
Cutch  on  the  south  ;  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  southwest; 
and  Baluchistan  on  the  west.  It  contains  the  districts 
Frontier,  Shikarpur,  Hyderabad,  Karachi,  Thar,  and  Par* 
kar.  The  chief  towns  are  Karachi,  Hyderabad,  and  Shi- 
kiirpur.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Sindis  and  Hindus. 
Tt  was  invaded  by  Alexander  the  Great ;  was  conquered 
by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni;  formed  part  of  the  Mogul  em- 
pire and  of  Nadir  Shah's  dominions:  was  governed  later 
by  ameers ;  and  was  conquered  by  Sir  Charles  Napier  in 
1843,  and  annexed  to  British  India.  Area,  47,7S9  square 
miles.     Population  (1S91),  2,871.774. 

Sindbad  (sind'bad)  the;*  Sailor.  A  character 
in  the  story  of  that  name  in  the  *' Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments."  Heisawealthycitizenof 
Bagdad,  called  "  the  sailor  "  because  of  his  seven  wonderful 
voyages,  in  which  he  discovers  a  roc's  egg  and  the  valley 
of  diamonds,  escapes  twice  from  the  Anthropophagi,  is 
buried  alive,  kills  the  Old  Man  of  the  Sea  (a  monster 
which  got  on  his  back  and  would  not  dismount),  is  the 
bearer  of  a  letter  and  gifts  from  the  King  of  the  Indies  to 
Harun-al-Rashid.  and  is  sent  back  by  that  monarch  with 
his  acknowledgment  of  the  letter.  During  this  last  voy- 
age he  finds  a  valley  filled  with  the  dead  bodies  of  ele- 
phants, from  which  he  obtains  much  ivory.  Sometimes 
spelled  Sinbad. 

Well  known  in  Europe  as  haWng  the  history  of  his  voy- 
ages incorporated  in  the  Thousand  and  One  Nights,  but 
they  form  in  Arabic  a  distinct  work,  which  Baron  W'alke- 
naer  (in  "XouvellesAnnales  des  Voyages,"  tome  LIU,  p.  6) 
regards  as  of  equal  value  with  those  of  Soliman  and  Abu 
Said.  The  voyages  belong  to  the  9th  centurj',  when  the 
commerce  of  the  Arabs  under  the  khalifs  of  Baghdad  was 
at  its  highest  activity.  In  his  first  voyage  Sindbad  reaches 
the  country  of  the'maharaja.  ...  In  Sindbad's  second 
voyage  mention  is  made  of  the  kingdom  of  Biha  (the 
MJday  Peninsula  according  to  some\and  the  manner  of 
the  preparation  of  camphor,  pK>duced  in  the  mountain 
foreststhere,  is  accurately  described.  In  the  third  voyage 
the  island  of  Silaheth  is  mentioned.  In  the  fourth  he 
was  carried  to  a  country  (Malabar)  where  he  found  men 
gathering  pepper,  and  from  it  he  went  to  the  isle  of  Xa- 
cous(the  >icobars?)and  on  to  Kela(Quedahor  Keydah?>. 
In  the  fifth  voyage  he  is  shipwrecked  on  the  island  (i.  e. 
country)  of  the  Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  probably  somewhere 
on  the  Konkan  coast.  ITience  he  crossed  the  sea  to  the 
Maldives  and  back  again  to  the  pepper  country  of  Mala- 
bar,  passing  on  to  the  peninsula  of  Comorin,  where  he 
found  the  aloes-wood  called  santy,  and  afterwards  to  the 
pearl-fisheries  of  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  whence  he  traveled 
back  to  Baghdad.  In  the  sixth  voyage  he  visited  an  isl- 
and (i.  e.  countrj)  where  were  superb  trees  of  the  kinds 
named  santy  and  coman-,  and  the  island  of  Serendib  (Cey- 
lon), which  was  also  the  limit  of  his  seventh  and  last 
voyage.  Balfour,  Cjclopsedia  of  India. 

The  story  of  Polj-phemus  is  in  the  third  voyage  of  Sin- 
bad. Other  parts  of  the  adventures  of  that  bold  maimer 
seem  to  be  borrowed  from  the  pistory  of  Aristomenes  in 
Pausanias.  Diiidop,  Hist,  Prose  Fiction,  n.  506. 

Sindh,  or  Sind  (sind).  A  rirer  in  Gwalior, 
India,  which  joins  the  Jnmna  abont  70  miles 
west  of  Cawnpore.     Length,  about  225  miles. 

Sindhia,  or  Sindia,  or  Scindia  (sin'di-a) .  The 
name  of  a  Mahratta  dynasty  reigning  in  Gwa- 
lior. India,  from  the  18th  century. 

Sinestra  (se-nes'tra),  Val.  A  small  valley  in 
the  Lower  Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerUiud.  40  miles  east  of  Coire. 

Singan-fu  (se-ngan'fo>,  or  Sian-fu  (se-an'fo), 
or  Segan-fu  (se-gan'fo).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Shen-si,  China,  situated  about  lat. 
34°  17'  X..  long.  108°  :sy  E.  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  the  empire,  an  important  commercial  center,  :ind 
a  point  of  great  strategic  importance,  ilany  antiquities 
are  in  the  neighborhood.     Population  (1S96).  est,,  500,000 

Singapore  (sing-ga-p6r').  1.  An  island  south 
of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  separated  from  the 
mainland  of  Johore  by  a  narrow  strait.  Length, 
27  miles. —  2.  A  British  settlement,  belonging 
to  the  colony  of  the  Straits  Settlements,  a^d 
comprising  the  island  of  Singapore  and  some 
neighboring  islets.  It  was  purchased  from  the 
Sultan  of  Johore  in  1824.  Area,  206  square 
miles.  Population(1891),  184,554.— 3.  Thecap- 
ital  of  the  Straits  Settlements,  situated  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  island  of  Singapore,  on 
the  Strait  of  Singapore,  in  lat.  1°  17'  X.,  long. 
103°  .51'  E.  It  has  extensive  trade,  and  is  an  important 
port  of  call  for  steamers.  .\n  English  factorj-  was  estab- 
lished there  in  1S19.     Population  (1S91).  1*4,554. 

SingbhumCsinGT-bhom').  A  district  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  229  30'  X., 
long.  85°  45'  E.  Area.  3.753  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  545,488. 

Single-Speecli Hamilton.  See Hattiilton,  W.G. 

Sing  Sing  ij^ing sing).  A  village  (nowOssining) 
HI  Westchester  Countv.  New  York,  situated  on 


Sing  Sing 

the  Tappaii  Bay  of  Hudson  River,  32  miles 
uorth  of  New  York.  It  has  a  State  i)rison. 
PoinihUiou  (1900),  7,939. 

Singular  Doctor.    Occam. 

Sinigaglia  ue-iie-gal'ya),  or  Senigallia  (sa-ne- 
giil'le-ii).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Anoona, 
Italy,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Misa  into 
the  Adriatic,  17  miles  northwest  of  Ancona:  the 
ancient  Sena(iallica  (whence  the  name),  it  was 
fonnerly  of  great  importance.  It  was  an  ancient  town  of 
the  Setiones,  and  liecaine  a  Roman  colony  abont  285  B.  c. 
Wear  it  occurred  tlie  l)attle  of  the  Metaurus  in  207  u.  c.  It 
was  sacked  by  Pompey  in  tlie  civil  war  between  Marius 
and  Sulla.    I'opulation  (18S1),  0,tin-l ;  commune,  l],3til. 

Sinkat  (sen-kiif),  or  Singat.  A  fortress  in  the 
Eg.vptiau  possessions,  40  miles  west-northwest 
of  Suakiin.  It  waa  defended  by  the  Egyptians  under 
Tewflk  Paaha  against  the  ilahdists  under  Osnian  Digma 
188S-84.  TewUk's  force  abandomil  sinkat  with  the  inten- 
tion of  cutting  its  way  thrnnj.'h  to  Snakim,  but  was  anni- 
hilated by  the  Mahdists,  Feb.  11,  1Sn4. 

Sinnamary  (sen-na-mii-re').  orSinnimari(sen- 

ne-mii-re').  A  river  in  French  Guiana  which 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  northwest  of  Cayenne. 
Length,  aljout  150  miles. 

Sinno  (sin'no).    The  modern  name  of  the  Siiis. 

Sinope  (si-n6'pe),  Turk.  Sinub  (se-u61j').  [Gr. 
Xivurrr/.]  A  seaport  in  Asia  Minor,  in  the  ancient 
Pontus.  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  42°  N. 
It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  tlie  Black  Sea.  It  was 
an  ancient  colony  from  Miletus  ;  was  an  imjwrtant  Greek 
city  and  colonizing  center ;  was  conquered  by  I'harnacea 
in  133  B.  c.  and  became  the  capital  of  Pontus ;  was  con- 
quered by  Lucullns  and  becann;  a  Roman  city ;  and  was 
captured  by  the  Turks  under  Moliannned  II.  in  the  I'lth 
century.  A  part  of  the  Turki-sh  Heet  was  destroyed  here 
by  theRussian  admiral  NakhiinoR  Nov.  30, 1853.  Popula- 
tion, about  9,000. 

Sinsheim  (zins'him).  A  small  town  in  the  circle 
of  Heidelberg.  Baden,  situated  on  the  Elsenz 
28  miles  northeast  of  Karlsruhe.  It  has  been  the 
scene  of  several  battles,  including  one  (.Tune  16,  1G74)  be- 
tween the  French  under  Turenne  and  the  Imperialists  un- 
der Bounionville, 

Sintram  and  his  Companions.  A  tale  by  Fou- 

fpie. 

Sinii  (se-no'),  or  Zenu  (tha-no'),  or  Zlnii  (the- 
no').  A  river  in  Colombia  which  tlows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Morosquillo  south-southwest  of  Carta- 
gena.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

Sinuessa  (sin-ti-es'a).  [Gr.  ^wohaan.}  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  town  on  the  borders  of  La- 
tium  and  Campania,  Italy,  situated  on  the  coast 
89  miles  southeast  of  Kome.  On  its  site  is  the 
modern  Mondragone. 

Sion.     See  Zio)i. 

Sion  (se-oii'),  G.  Sitten  (zit'ten).  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Sionne,  near  the  Khone,  in  lat.  4()°  14' 
N.,  long.  7°  22'  E.:  the  Roman  Sedunum.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,513. 

Sion  College.  A  London  college,  founded  in 
1623  by  the  Kev.  Dr.  White  as  a  college  and 
almshouse,  in  1884  the  almshouse  was  abolished.  In 
1886  a  new  building  was  formally  opened.  It  is  situated 
toward  thee:ist  end  of  the  Victoria  i'.mbankraent.  Itccni- 
tains  the  most  valuable  theolngical  liliraiy  in  London, 
numliering  00,000  volumes.  The  original  buildings  were 
on  the  foundation  of  an  old  priory  near  the  London  Wall. 

Sioot.     See  ■Siut. 

Siouan  (so'an).  [See  Sioux. "j  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians:  so  called  from  the 
Siou.x  or  Dakota,  its  principal  division.  The 
former  habitat  of  this  family  included  parts  of  Brit- 
ish North  America  and  of  each  of  the  following  -Stattrs  and 
Territories:  Montana,  Wyoming,  North  and  South  (f.-ikota, 
Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Kansas.  .MiH-outi, 
Oklahoma,  Indian  Terr-itory,  .Mississippi,  the  <'aroIiiiiLs. 
the  Virginias,  and  Ketitucrky.  The  Dakota  tribes  have 
been  the  nicjst  warlike  of  this  6t<jck.  Tln-y  iiave  been  hos- 
tile not  only  to  white  settlers  and  to  Inciians  of  other 
Blocks  (especially  the  Ojibwa  and  I'awnee).  liut  even  to 
tribes  of  their  own  stock,  such  as  the  Crow,  Ilidatsa,  Man- 
<Ian,  and  <tmaha.     Tiie  priTicipal  Siouan  divisions  arc: 

(I)  The  Dakota  <livision,  iueliuling  the  Dakota  tribes  and 
the  Assinitioin.  (2)  Ttie  Itbegitia  division,  including  the 
I'onka,  Onialni,  Kwapa,  Osage,  and  Kansa  tribes.  (3) 
The  Tciwei-e  divisir>n.  towhich  iieloiig  the  Iowa,  Mis.souri, 
and  I )to  tribes.      (I)  The  Winnebago.      (:.)  The  llandan, 

(II)  The  Hidatsa  division,  Induiiing  the  Ilidatsa  and  Ab- 
fiaroka  tribes.  (7)  The  Tutelo  and  cogmite  tribes.  (8) 
The  Biloxl.  (ft)  The  Kataba  gioup.  Including  several 
Carollua  tribes.  In  a<ldltion  to  these,  there  was  a  Vir- 
ginia division  to  which  belongeil  many  tribes  whose  names 
were  recorded  by  Captain  .lohn  Smith.  The  present  innn. 
ber  of  the  Siouan  stork  la  about  4;i,-l00,  of  whom  abijut 
2.2ai  are  in  British  North  Anterlca,  tho  rest  being  in  the 
t'nited  States. 

Sioux  (sii).  [A  French  corruption  of  the  Algon- 
kiu  word  iiiKlniri-sniiniii,  the  snake-likn  ones 
or  enemies.]     See  lUikntii. 

Sioux  (sii)  City.  .\  city,  cajiital  of  Woodbury 
County,  Idwn,  situated  on  the  Missouri  River 
88  miles  north  by  west  of  Omaha.  It  is  an  im- 
portant railway,  manufacturing,  and  trading 
center.     I'opulaliou  (lOdOi.  33.111. 


935 

Sioux  Falls.  The  capital  of  Minnehaha  County, 
South  Dakota,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Big 
Siou.\  River,  59  miles  northeast  of  Yankton. 
It  has  important  granite-cjuarries.  Population 
(1900).  10,266. 

Sipand  (si-peud').  In  the  Shahnamah,  the  for- 
tress in  the  siege  of  which  Nariinan,  father  of 
Sain,  lost  his  life,  and  which  was  taken  and 
burned  by  Rustam,  his  great-grandson,  to 
avenge  him.  The  mountain  is  described  as  steep  on 
all  sides,  with  only  one  road  and  gate  leading  to  Its  sum- 
mit, it  has  been  identified  with  Qala-i-safaid,  near  Shiraz. 
See  Ituslaiii. 

Sipan  Dagh  (se-i)iin'  diig').  A  mountain  in  Ar- 
menia, Turkey,  uorth  of  Lake  Van.  Height, 
about  12,000  feet. 

Siphnos  (sif'nos).  [Gr.  ^i(j>mr.']  An  island  of 
the  Cvclades,  Greece,  situated  in  tho  j'Egean 
Sea  about  lat.  37°  N.,  long.  24°  44'  E. :  the 
modern  Sifanto,  Siphanto,  or  Sipheno.  It  wai! 
formerly  noted  for  its  mines  of  gold  ana  silver.  Lengtii, 
li>  miles.    Population,  about  4,OuO. 

Sipibos  (se-pe'bos).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Peru, 
on  the  Ucayale  River  between  hits.  6°  and  8°  S. 
Tliey  belong  t<>  the  Paiui  stock,  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sions during  the  IMth  century,  but  relapsed  into  barbarism, 
and  are  now  nearly  extinct.    See  ConiOos  and  Setibos. 

Sippar,  Sippara.     See  Scjilinrraini. 

Sipylus  (sip'i-lus).     [Gr.  SiTc/of.]     lu  ancient 

geography,  a  mountain  of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor, 

near  Smyrna. 

Not  far  from  Karabel  another  monument  of  Hitti  te  art  has 
been  discovered.  H:ird  by  the  town  of  Magnesia,  on  the 
lofty  clitfs  of  Sipylos,  a  strange  figure  lias  been  earveil  out 
of  the  rock.  It  represents  a  woman,  with  long  locks  of  hair 
streaming  down  her  shonlder.s,  and  a  jewel  like  a  lotus- 
flower  upon  the  Iiead,  who  sitson  a  throne  in  a  deep  artificial 
niche.  Lydian  historians  narrate  that  it  w.asthe  image  of 
the  daughter  of  Assaou,  who^iad  sought  death  by  casting 
herself  down  from  a  precipice:  but  (ir-ck  legend  preferred 
to  see  in  it  the  figure  of  "weeping  Niolie"tniiied  to  stone. 
Already  H()mer  told  how  Niob<},  when  her  twelve  children 
had  been  slain  by  the  gods,  "  now  changed  to  stone,  broods 
over  the  woes  the  gods  had  brought  there,  among  the  rocks, 
in  lonely  mountains,  even  in  Sipylos,  where  they  say  are 
the  conches  of  the  nymphs  who  dance  on  the  banks  tif  the 
Akheloios."  But  it  was  otdy  after  the  settlement  of  the 
Greeks  in  Lydia  that  the  old' nioTiumeut  on  .Mount  Sipylos 
was  held  to  be  the  iinag<-  of  .\i,,lie.  The  limestone  rock 
out  of  which  it  was  carved  (iripjted  with  moisture  after 
rain  ;  and  as  the  water  Ilowed  over  the  face  of  the  figure, 
disintegrating  and  disfiguring  I  lie  stone  as  it  ran,  the  pious 
Greek  beheld  in  it  the  Niulie  of  his  own  mythology.  The 
figure  was  originally  that  of  the  great  goddess  of  Asia 
Minor,  known  sometimes  as  Atergatis  or  Derketo,  some- 
times as  Kybeli^,  sometimes  by  other  names. 

Suiire,  Hittites,  p.  69. 

Sirajganj(8e-raj-gunj'),orSurajgunje.  A  trad- 
ing center  in  the  district  of  Pabna,  Bengal, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Jamun.a  arm  of 
the  Brahmaputra,  152  miles  northeast  of  Cal- 
cutta.    Population  (1.881),  21,037. 

Siraj-ud-Daula  (se-riij'iid-dou'lii),  or  Surajah 

Dowlah  (so-rii'jii  dou'lji).  Put  to  dealh  in 
I7.')7.  A  nawalj  of  Bengal,  notorious  for  his 
imprisonment  of  146  British  prisoners  in  tho 
Black  Hole  of  Calcutta  in  1756.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Clive  at  Plassoy  in  1757.  See  Bhick 
lloU: 
Sirang.     See  Crrnm. 

Sirbonis,orSerbonis,Lacus(s6r-b6'nisla'kns). 

In  nni'ient  geiigraphy,  a  bog  or  morass  situated 
between  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  the  Meiiiterra- 
nean,  and  the  Delta:  "the  Sirbonian  bog." 
Sir  Charles  Grandison.  A  novel  by  Richard- 
son, [iilbjislicl  in  1753.  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  the 
hero.  IS  respecttuliy  in  love  with  Harriet  Byron  whom  he 
niai'ries. 

lie  IGrandlBonl  is.  In  fact,  "the  fauItlcBS  monster  whom 
the  world  ne'er  saw  !'*  Voung,  rich,  graceful,  and  accom- 
plished, he  is  not  only  absolnt4-ly  free  from  vice,  but  all 
liis  actions  are  governed  by  high  religioua  principle.  He 
is  romantically  generous  and  yet  perfectly  prudent,  and 
his  behavior  toward  the  fair  sex  is  marked  with  all  that 
chivalrous  delicacy  ami  resjieet  wlileli,  since  the  novel 
was  written,  has  ]iassed  into  a  proverb,  and  to  be  n  Sir 
Charles  Granilisoii  to  the  ladies  Is  supposed  to  be  a  mod- 
ern lady's  perfect  knight. 
I'limiilh,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  Ihe  Istli  Centur)',  p.  220. 

Sir  Courtly  Nice,  or  It  Cannot  Be.  A  com- 
edy by  Crowne,  iiroduced  in  16x5.    The  title  is  the 

name  of  the  principal  character,  an  iiisignillcant  but  self. 
Important  lop.  The  play  held  the  stage  for  nearly  a  cen- 
tury, 

Sir-^Daria,  or  Syr-Daria,  or  Syr-Darya  iser- 

diir'yii).  A  river  lu  Russian  Ceiilriil  .\sia  which 
rises  in  Ihe  Thian-Shan  Monntaius  and  tlows 
by  a  d(dta  into  tho  eastern  side  of  lhi>  Sea  of 
Aral  abont  lat.  46°  N.:  the  ancient  .Inxartes  or 
Silion.  It  la  called  in  Its  upper  course  the  Naryn. 
Length,  about  l,5iiO  miles;  navigable  in  the  hiwcr  half  of 
its  course. 

Sir-Daria.  A  (U'ovince  m  the  governor-gene- 
ralsliip  of  Turkestan,  Russian  Central  Asia,  east 
of  the  .Sea  of  Aral,  north  of  Bokhara,  ami  south 
of  Turgai  and  Akmolinsk.    The  largest  city  is  Tash- 


Sirsa 

kend.  The  inhabitants  are  Kirghiz,  etc.  .Area,  194,853 
square  miles.    Population.  1,214,300. 

Sir^ne  (se-ran').  La.  An  opera  by  Auber,  words 
by  Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1844. 

Sirens  (si'renz).  In  Greek  mythology,  two,  three, 
or  an  indeterminate  number  of  sea-nymphs  who 
by  their  singing  fascinated  those  who  sailed 
past  their  island,  and  then  destroyed  them.  lo 
works  of  art  they  arc  represented  as  baviiig  the  head,  arms, 
and  generally  the  bust  of  a  young  woman,  and  the  wingfl 
and  lower  part  of  the  body,  or  sometimes  only  the  feet,  of 
a  bird.  In  Attic  usage  they  are  familiar  as  goddesses  of 
the  grave,  personifying  the  expression  of  regret  and  lam- 
entation for  the  dead. 

In  the  classic  Sirens  we  cannot  fail  to  detect  the  wailing 
of  the  rising  stonn  in  the  cordage,  which  is  likely  to  end 
in  sliipwrecks.  The  very  name  of  Siren  is  from  the  Creek 
to  pijie  or  whistle,  just  as  their  representatives  in  Vedic 
inytliology,  the  Kibhits,  draw  their  name  from  the  word 
to  sound.  .  .  .  The  Sirens  are  themselves  winged  beings 
rushing  over  the  earth,  seeking  everywhere  the  lost  Perse- 
phone.   liarinihGould,  Curioua  .Myths,  etc..  'id  ser.,  p.  104. 

Sir  Fopling  Flutter.    See  Ma„  „f  Mo,h. 

Sir  Ga'wayne  and  the  Green  lEoiight.  An 
Early  English  romance  taken  from  the  French 
"Roman  de  Perceval."  It  was  written  about 
1360. 

Sir  Harry  Wildair.  A  comedy  by  George  Far- 
(juhar,  jiriuted  in  1701:  a  sequel  to  "The  Con- 
stant Coujilc."     SiM"  ll'ililiiir. 

Sir  Hercules  Buflfoon,  or  the  Poetical  SQtiire. 
A  play  by  John  Lacy,  published  in  1684,  after 
Lacv's  death. 

Sirhind  (ser-hind').  1.  A  region  in  northern 
India,  southeast  of  Lahore  and  northwest  of 
Delhi,  comprising  part  of  the  Panjab  and  sev- 
eral protected  native  states  (Patiala,  etc.).  It 
lies  between  the  Sutlej  and  the  Jumna. — 2.  A 
small  town  in  the  state  of  Patiala,  India,  147 
miles  north-northwest  of  Delhi. 

Siricius  (si-rish'ins).  Bishop  of  Rome  from  384 
or  3S5  to  31)8. 

Sirikol,  Lake.     See  Victoria,  Lake. 

Siris(.si'ris).  [Qv.'^ipi^.'\  In  ancient  geography, 
a  small  river  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Ta- 
lentum  in  the  modern  province  of  Potenza :  the 
modern  Sinno.  Near  it  Pyrrhus  defeated  the 
Romans  in  the  battle  of  Heraclea  2.S0  B.  c. 

Siris.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Magna 
Gra?cia,  Italy,  situated  at  or  near  tlie  mouth  of 
tho  river  Siris,  about  lat.  40°  5'  N. 

Siris,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  midway  be- 
tween  Sybaris  and  Tarentuni,  was,  according  to  ditferent 
authors,  a  Trojan,  a  Rhodian,  or  an  Ionian  settlement. 

liaiclimoii,  Herod.,  III.  502,  not*. 

Siris.  A  work  by  Bishop  Borkelej-,  published 
in  17-44.  It  is  an  extraordinary  series  of  inquiries  and 
philosophical  reflections  concerning  his  favorite  panacea, 
tar-water,  which  he  distilled  at  Cloyne. 

Sirius  (sir'i-us).  A  very  white  star,  the  bright- 
est in  the  heavens;  the  dog-star.  His  more  than 
half  a  magnitude  brighter  than  Canopus,  the  next  bright- 
est :  its  magnitude  is  —1.4.  It  is  situated  in  the  mouth 
of  the  Dog. 

Sir  John  Oldcastle.  -V  play  by  Drayton.  Mon- 
day, Hathaway,  and  Wilson,  it  was  published  in 
1600  as  "by  Win. "Shakespeare,"  but  this  was  withdniwn 
in  the  second  issue  of  the  same  year.  It  was  evidently 
written  against  Shakspere's  "Henry  IV.,"  in  which  sir 
John  Oldcastle  was  the  original  niuiie  of  >'alstalt.  and  was 
thought  to  be  a  caricature  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle.  "  the 
good  Lord  Cobhain."  Hut  it  was  not  written  till  Sliaks]ierc 
had  been  comiielled  to  change  the  name,  wllich  he  did 
early  in  l.'iHS.     See  OUteiiMr.  Sir  ./..An. 

Sir  John  van  Olden  Barneveld.    A  play  by 

Massiiiger  and  Fletcher,  acted  Aug.  14,  1619. 
Barneveld  liad  been  e.\ecuted  on  the  13th  of 
May.     See  liiinicrcld. 
Sir  liauncelot  Greaves,  The  History  of.    A 

satii'ical  romance  by  .Smollett,  pulili>hed  se- 
rially in  the  "  Brilisli  Magazine"  I7ti<l-(il.  sir 
Launcelot  Is  a  Don  Quixote  wTio  undertakes  lo  reiiresa 
wrongs  and  reform  society  in  I'.nglantl  in  the  reign  of 
Ge..ri.'.-  II. 

Sir  Martin  Mar-all,  or  the  Feigned  Inno- 
cence. .\  comedy  by  Dryden,  pro.luced  in  1667 
and  printed  in  1()68.  Urydenadapledll  fromthe  Duke 
of  Newcastle's  translation  of  Klollere's  "L'Ktounll,"  with 
iid.lil ions  from  t^ilnault's"L' Amour  liidlscreL"  Tbeprin* 
cipiil  character.  .Sir  Martin  .Mar-all.  Is  a  fiHtlish  knight 
always  coinmilting  blunders  against  his  own  interest  un- 
less acting  under  Ihe  advice  of  bis  sen-ant  Warner. 

Sirmiiun  (ser'mi-um).  [(ir.  ili/w/oi'.]  In  nn- 
cieul  geogniphy,  an  iminu'tanl  city  of  Lower 
Pannonia,  situated  on  Ihe  Save.  Its  ruins  are 
near  the  modern  Milrovitz  in  Slavonia,  in  lat. 
44'  59'  N.,  long.  19°  37'  E. 

Sirrah  (sir'rii).  [.\r.  .s/rr(ir-(if-/(i»'(is,  the  navel 
of  till'  horse.]  A  not  unusual  iiaiue  for  the  sec- 
onil-magniludestarii  Andromedic,  which  is  also 
il  Peg.'isi.     See  Alplirral;. 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley.    S(>e  Corrrkij. 

Sirsa  i»r'sii).  1.  .\  district  in  the  Panjab,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  30'  N.,  long,  74° 


Sirsa 

30'  E.  Area.  3,008  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  253,27.i.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  distriet 
of  Sirsa.  144  miles  northwest  of  Delhi.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  16,415. 

Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  The  Famous  History  of. 

A  play  by  Webster  and  Dekker.  printed  in  1G07. 
It  .ippe.irs'to  be  an  abridgment  of  the  first  part  of  a  play 
called  "Lady  Jane." 

Sir  Thopas.     Se^Simr  of  Sir  Tliopas. 

Sisenna  (si-sen'a\  Lucius  Cornelius.  Bom 
about  119  B.  C. :  died  67  B.  c.  A  Koman  annal- 
ist, author  of  a  lost  work  on  Roman  history. 

Sisera  (sis'e-rji).  In  Old  Testament  history,  the 
eommander-in-ehief  of  the  army  of  Jabin,  king 
of  Canaan  (Judges  iv.).  He  was  routed  by  Barak,  and 
was  treacherously  slain  by  .Tael,  wife  of  Heber  the  Kenite, 
in  whose  t.nt  he  had  sought  refuge. 

Sismondi  (sis-mon'di;  F.  pron.  ses-mou-de'), 
JeanCharlesLeonard(de  Simonde)de.  Bom 

at  (ieueva.  May  9.  1773:  died  there.  June  2.5, 
1S42.  A  noted  Swiss  historian  and  economist. 
He  lived  in  early  life  in  Geneva.  England,  and  Italy,  and 
after  ISOOchiefly  at  Geneva.  His  woriis  include  "  Histoire 
des  republiques  italiennes  "<"  History' of  the  Italian  Re- 
publics," 1807-lfe).  "Delalitterature  dumidi  de  I'Europe'' 
{"(In  the  Literature  of  the  South  of  Europe,"  lSl;s-:?9). 
"Histoire  des  lYan^ais"  ("History  of  the  French,"  1821- 
1842X  the  historical  novel  ".Tulia  Severa  "  (1829),  "Histoire 
de  la  renaissance  de  la  liberte  en  Italic "(1S32),  "Histoire 
de  la  chute del'euipirei:oniain,  etc."  (1S35), "  Ue  larichesse 
conimerciale"(lSCi;-;).  "Etudes  des  sciences sociales" (1836- 
18S.S),  etc.  His  correspondence  was  edited  by  Saint-Rene 
TaiUandier,  Montgolfier,  Villari,  and  Monod.  About  1801 
he  observed  that  his  family  arms  were  identical  with  those 
of  the  Italian  house  of  the  .Sismoudi,  and  assumed  the  con- 
nection. 

Sistan  (ses-tan'),  or  Selstan  (sa-es-tan').  A  re- 
gion in  eastern  Persia  and  southwestern  Af- 
ghanistan, lying  near  the  lower  Helmaud  aud 
the  Hamun.  By  British  arbitration  in  18-2  it  was  di- 
vided into  Sistan  proper  (chiefly  west  of  the  Helmand), 
ivhich  was  adjudged  to  Persia,  and  outer  Sistau  (lying  east 
and  southeast  of  Sistan  proper),  which  was  awarded  to  Af- 
ghanistan.  Population  of  Sistan  proper,  estimated,  45,000. 

Sisteron  (sest-ron').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Alpes.  France,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Buech  and  the  Durance,  25  miles  south 
by  west  of  Gap.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  a  noted 
church.     Population  (1891).  commune,  3.996. 

Sisters  I'sis'terz),  The.  -A^  comedy  by  Shirley, 
licensed  in  April,  1(552.  It  was  one  of  the  last 
productions  of  the  pre-Restoration  drama. 

Sisters,  The,  G.  Die  Schwestern.  A  histori- 
cal novel  by  Ebers,  published  in  1880.  The 
scene  was  laid  in  Egypt  164  B.  C. 

Sistine  (sis'tin),  or  Sixtine  (siks'tin).  Chapel. 
The  papal  private  chapel  in  the  Vatican,  con- 
structed by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  (whence  the  name). 
It  w;is  buUt  1473,  and  is  in  plan  arectangle  lolk  by52i  feet, 
and  59  feet  high.  .Architecturally it  is  insignificant;  but 
it  is  world-famous  for  the  paintings  which  cover  its  walls 
and  vault,  including  works  by  Perugino,  Botticelli,  Luca 
Signorelli,  Ghirlandajo,  and  above  all  the  pictures  by 
Michelangelo  of  the  Creation,  the  Deluge,  and  the  Last 
Judgment*  The  singing  of  the  papal  choir  of  the  chapel 
has  long  been  celebrated,  and  its  archives  contain  a  remark- 
able collection  of  illuminated  manuscript  works  of  the 
composers  of  the  loth  and  16th  centuries.  The  first  cata- 
logue of  these  was  published  in  ISSS  by  Dr.  Haberl  at 
Leipsic. 

Sistine  Madonna,    See  Madonna. 

Sistova  (sis'to-va).  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  43°  36'  X..  long.  25° 
20'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade.  The  Russians  crossed 
the  Danube  near. herein  1877.     Population  (ISSS),  12,482. 

Sistova,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Turkey  and  Austria,  Aug.  4,  1791.  It 
fixed  as  the  boundaries  practically  those  estab- 
lished by  the  peace  of  Belgrad  in  1739. 

Sisyphus  (sis'i-fus).  [Gr.'D/crwiof,  the  crafty.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a  son  of  ^olus  and  Ena- 
rete,  brother  of  Athamas,  and  husband  of  the 
Pleiad  ilerope.  He  was  the  founder  of  Ephyra  (later 
Corinth).  According  to  Homer,  he  was  the  craftiest  of  all 
men.  For  some  (unstated)  reason  he  w.as  condemned  in 
the  lower  world  to  roll  up  a  hill,  without  ceasing,  a  huge 
stone  which  when  he  reached  the  top  always  rolled  back 
to  the  valley. 

Sita(se'ta).  [Skt.. 'furrow':  as  pointed  out  Ijy 
Weber  ( "  Indian  Literature,"  p.  192),  originallv 
the  field-furrow,  to  which  divine  honors  are  paid 
in  the  Rigvedaand  still  more  in  the  ritual  of  the 
Grihyasutras.]  The  heroine  of  the  Ramayana, 
where  she  is  the  daughter  of  Janaka,  king  of 
Videha,  and  wife  of  Ramaehandra  who  rescues 
her  when  she  is  carried  off  by  Ravana,  the 
demon-king  of  Lanka.    See  Ramaehandra. 

Sitapur  (se-ta-p6r').  A  district  In  Oudh,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  30'  X.,  long. 
80°  40'  E.  Area,  2.255  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion ,  1891),  1,075,413. 

Sitcanxu  (se-chan'gho),  or  Bois  BrtlSs,  or 
Brules.  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians. 
a  part  of  the  Titonwan,  divided  into  Upper 
Brules,  or  highlandSiteauxu,  and  Lower  Briil^s, 


936 

or  lowland  Sitcanxu.   They  were  Spotted  Tail's 

people. 
Sitka   (sit'kji).     A  tribe  of  North  American 

Indians,  living  on  Baranoff   Island,   Alaska. 

Number.  721.     See  Koluschan. 
Sitka  (sit'kii),  formerly  New  Archangel.    The 

capital  of  Alaska,  situated  on  Sitka  Island  in 
lat..57°3'X..long.l.3.5°20'  W.  Pop. (1900).  1.396. 

Sitka  Island,  or  Baranoff  (ba-ran'of)  Isl- 
and. An  island  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  con- 
taining the  town  of  Sitka.  Length,  about  85 
miles. 

Sitten.     See  Sion. 

Sittingbourne  (sit'ing-'born).  A  town  in  Kent. 
England.  36  miles  east-southeast  of  London. 
Population  (1891).  8.302. 

Sitting  Bull  (sit'ingbul).  Bom  about  1837: 
died  Dee.  15.  1890.  A  Dakota  chief.  He  com- 
manded the  Indians  who  defeated  Custer's  command  at 
the  battle  of  the  Little  Big  Horn,  18715:  and  waskillednear 
Fort  Yates,  North  Dakota,  while  resisting  arrest  by  the 
Indian  police  during  the  Sioux  outbreak  in  1890. 

Situla  (sit'fi-la).  The  fourth-magnitude  star  k 
Aquarii,  on  the  edge  of  the  stream  which  issues 
from  the  urn. 

Siuchu  (syo'cho').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Szechuen,  China,  at  the  junction  of  the  Wen 
and  Yangtse. 

Siut  (se-of),  or  Assiut,  or  Assiout,  or  Asyoot 
(a-syot').  The  capital  of  Upper  Eg\-pt.  situated 
near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  in  lat.' 27°  12'  N. : 
one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Egypt.  It  is  a  rail- 
road tei-minus.     Population  (i897),  42,078. 

Siva  (se'va).     See  Sliiva. 

Sivaji,  or  Sivajee  (se-vii'je).  Originally,  a  law- 
less chief  of  the  Konkan,  the  northern  section 
of  the  Western  Ghats,  son  of  a  vassal  of  the 
Sultan  of  Bijapur,  who  as  such  held  the  for- 
tresses of  Joonere  and  Poona.  He  was  born  at  Joo- 
nere  in  1627.  Forming  the  mountaineers  of  the  Konkan  into 
loose  but  organized  bands  of  horsemen,  he  waged  for  many 
years  a  war  of  craft  and  arms  with  the  Mogul  emperor  Au- 
rung-Zeb,  at  last  compellingthe  Sultan  of  Bijapur  to  recog- 
nize him  as  the  independent  sovereign  of  the  Konkan, 
being  installed  as  Maharaja  with  great  pomp  in  1674.  In 
1677  he  led  a  Mahratta  army  through  Golconda,  and  con- 
quered a  kingdom  represented  down  to  recent  times  by 
the  Raja  of  Tanjore.  He  died  about  1680,  having  main- 
tained his  independence  until  his  death. 

Sivalik  Hills.     See  SitcaUk  Hills. 

Sivan  (siv'an).  [Heb. s?i(i«,  Assvro-Babvlonian 
siinanii.l  The  third ecclesiastica'l  and  ninth  civil 
month  of  the  Jewish  year,  corresponding  to 
the  latter  part  of  May  and  part  of  June  :  conse- 
crated to  the  moon-god  (Sin)  of  the  Assyrians. 

Sivas(se-vas').  1.  A  vilavet  of  Asiatic  Turkev. 
Area.  32.308  square  miles"  Population,  996,120. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  vilavet  of  Sivas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Kizil  Irmak  about  lat.  39°  37'  N.. 
long.  37°  2'"  E.  it  was  the  ancient  Sebasteia ;  was  the 
capital  of  part  of  Armenia :  and  later  belonged  to  the  Sel- 
juks  and  to  Irak.    Population,  about  2o,o00. 

Sivash  (se-vash' ),or Putrid  Sea  (pii'tridse).  An 
arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azoff.  northeast  of  the  Crimea, 
separated  from  the  main  sea  by  the  tongue  of 
Arabat.  and  connected  with  it  by  the  Strait  of 
Genitchi.  it  is  shallow,  very  salt,  and  largely  occupied 
by  lagoons  and  swamps.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Siwa  (se'wa).  An  oasis  in  the  desert  of  north- 
eastern Africa,  below  the  sea-level,  west-south- 
west of  Alexandria,  about  lat.  29°  N.,  long.  26°  E. 
It  contains  several  lakes  and  the  town  of  Siwa.  It  was 
anciently  the  seat  of  the  oracle  of  Jupiter  Aimnon.  Length, 
about  20  miles.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Siwalik  (se-wa'lik),  or  Sivalik  (se-va'lik). 
Hills.  A  range  of  low  mountains  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  between  the  head 
waters  of  the  Jumna  and  the  Ganges,  nearly 
parallel  with  the  Himalaya. 

Siward  (se'witrd).  Died"l055.  Earl  of  North- 
umberland 1041-55.  He  is  introduced  as  a 
character  in  Shakspere's  "  Macbeth." 

Siwash.    See  Sivash. 

Six  Articles,  Act  of.  In  English  history,  an 
act  passed  in  1539.  it  asserted  (1)  Transubstantia- 
tion  ;  (2)  the  sufficiency  of  communion  in  one  kind  :  (3)  celi- 
bacy of  the  clergv- ;  (4)  the  maintenance  of  vows  of  chastity ; 
(5)  the  continuation  of  private  masses ;  and  (6>  auricular 
confession.  The  penalty  for  denying  the  first  w.as  death  ; 
for  the  rest,  forfeiture  of  propertyfor  the  first  offense,  death 
for  the  second. 

Six  Cities,  The.  In  German  history,  the  cities 
Bautzen,  Zittau,  Lobau,  Kamenz,  Gorlitz.  and 
Lauban,  which  in  1346  formed  a  league  against 
plundering  knights,  and  received  pri\ileges. 
Tile  last  two  were  ceded  to  Prussia  in  181.^  :  the  fir^t  four 
(under  the  name  Four  Cities)  retain  certain  rights. 

Six  Months'  War.  The  Franco-German  war, 
July.  1870.-Jan..  1871. 

Six  Nations,  The.  A  confederation  of  Indian 
tribes  of  the  Huron-Iroquois  family,  it  was 
composed  at  first  of  the  Mohawks,   Senecas,  Cayugas, 


Skardo 

Oneidas.  and  Onondagas(the  Five  Xations),  to  which  later 
the  Tuscaroras  were  added.     See  Inxjuifis. 

Sixtine  Chapel,  Sixtine  Madonna.    See  Sis. 

tine  and  Madonna. 
Sixtus    (siks'tus)  I.     Bishop  of  Rome  about 

119-126  A.  D. 
Sixtus  II.     Bishop  of  Rome  257-258.     He  was 

martyred  under  \  alerian. 
Sixtus  m.     Bishop  of  Rome  432-440. 

Sixtus  IV.  (Francesco  della  Rovere).    Bom 

near  Savona.  Italy.  July,  1414:  died  Aug., 
1484.  Pope  1471-84.  He"  was  a  patron  of  art  and 
learning,  but  was  notorious  for  his  nepotism.    He  built 

the  Sistine  Chapel  in  the  Vatican. 

Sixtus  V.  (Felice  Peretti).  Bom  Dee.,  1521: 
died  Aug.,  1590.  Pope  1585-90.  He  fixed  the 
number  of  cardinals  at  70. 

Skadi  (ska'df ).  [ON.  «A-a(?;ii.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a  giantess,  the  daughter  of  the  giant 
Thjazi  and  the  wife  of  the  god  Njord.  Three 
nights  she  dwelt  with  Njord  at  his  abode  Noatun  (ON. 
yoatun):  nine  she  and  Njord  were  in  Thor's  abode  Thrnd- 
heim  (ON.  Thrudhhcimr),  where  she  hunted  with  bow  and 
snow-shoes.  She  was  also  called  Ondurdis  (ON.  OndurditX 
the  snow-shoe  goddess. 

Skagastolstind  (ska'gas-tels-tind).  One  of  the 
highest  summits  of  Norwav.  situated  in  the 
Jotun  Field  about  lat.  61°  34"'  N.  Height,  7,875 
feet. 

Skagen,  Cape.    See  SK-aic,  Tlie. 

Skager-Rack(skag'er-rak').  Achannel. north  of 
Jutland  aud  south  of  Norway,  which  connects 
the  North  Sea  with  the  Cattegat.  and  hence  with 
the  Baltic.     Breadth,  about  70-90  miles. 

Skagit  (skag'it).  A  river,  in  the  southern  part 
of  British  Columbia  and  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  Washington,  which  flows  into  Puget 
Sotmd  52  miles  north  of  Seattle.  Length, 
about  150  miles. 

SkaUtz,  or  Bohmisch-Skalitz  (be'mish-ska'- 
lits).  A  small  town  in  northeastern  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Aupa  73  miles  east-northeast  of 
Prague.  Here,  June  28.  1S66,  the  Prussians  under  Von 
Steinmetz  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Archduke  I,eopold. 

Skanda  (skan'da).  [Skt., -theleaper.']  In  Hin- 
du mrthology,  the  younger  of  the  two  sons 
of  Shiva.  Ganesha  and  Skanda.  He  is  called  the 
god  of  war  because  he  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies 
of  good  demons,  whom  he  leads  against  the  evil,  especially 
against  those  who  seek  to  overcome  and  enslave  the  gculs. 
He  is  often  called  Karttikeya,  from  his  foster-mothers,  the 
six  Krittikas,  or  Pleiades,  and  then  has  six  heads  and 
twelve  arms :  the  six  heads  that  he  might  be  nursed  by  the 
six  nurses,  and  the  twelve  arms  to  hold  at  the  same'time 
various  weapons.  In  the  south  of  India  he  is  not  worshiped 
as  presiding  over  war,  but  as  Subi-ahmanya.  'the  ver>-  pi. 
ous  or  sacred  one.'  .Subr.ahmanya  and  his  two  wives,  De- 
vayani  and  Valliamman,  are  there  believed  to  giant  chil- 
dren, and  to  thwart  and  cast  out  deiils. 

Skandapurana(skan-da-p6-ra'na).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  a  Purana  in  which  Skanda  is  the 
narrator,  it  is  said  to  contain  81.800  stanzas,  and  is  an 
aggregation  of  many  originally  unrelated  works  and  frag- 
ments. The  most  celebrated  is  the  Kashi  Khanda,  'Benares 
Section,'  describing  miimtely  the  temples  of  Shiva  at  or 
near  Benares,  and  giving  dire'ctions  for  Shiva-worship  and 
legends  attesting  the  holiness  of  Kashi  or  Benares.  The 
greater  p.art  of  the  Kashi  Khanda  antedates  the  first  attack 
upon  Benares  by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni.  the  first  renowned 
conqueror  of  India,  who  reigned  997-1030  A.  p.,  and  is  said 
to  have  made  twelve  expeditions  into  India.  The  I'tkala 
Khanda  is  the  section  explaining  the  holiness  of  Orissfl, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  were  known  as  rttalas.  A  part 
of  the  Skandapurana  has  been  printed  at  Bombay. 

Skanderbeg.     See  .^canderheij. 

Skandenm,  or  Scandemn,  or  Scanderoon. 

See  Alejtnidntta. 

Skandenm,  or  Scandemn,  Bay  of.  See  Isl:an- 

derun.  Bay  of. 

Skine  (ska'ne),  G.  Schonen  (sho'nen).  The 
southernmost  of  the  old  divisions  of  Sweden, 
comprising  the  modem  laens  (provinces)  of 
Malmohus  and  Christianstad. 

Skaneateles  (skan-e-at'les).  A  town  in  Onon- 
daga County.  New  York,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  .Skaneateles.  15  miles  west-southwest  of 
Syracuse.     Population  (1890).  1.559. 

Skaneateles,  Lake.  A  lake  in  central  New- 
York,  southwest  of  Syracuse  and  east  of  Au- 
biu'n.  Its  outlet  is  into  Seneca  River.  Length, 
14  miles. 

Skaptar  Joknll  (skap'tarye-kol').  Avolcanie 
group  in  southern  Iceland,  on  the  western  side 
of  the  Vatna  Jokull.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  great 
eruption  in  1783. 

Skaraborg  (ska'ra-borg).  A  laen  in  Gothland, 
Sweden,  between  Lakes  Wener  and  Wetter. 
Area,  3.307  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
estimated,  243.223. 

Skardo  (skar'do).  orlskardo  (is-kar'do).  The 
capital  of  Baltistan.  Kashmir,  situated  on  the 
Indus  in  lat.  35°  17'  N. 


J' 


Skaw,  The 


037 


Slavs 


Skaw  (ska),The,  or  Skagen  (ska'cen).  Cape.  Skillet  Fork  (skil'et  fork).  A  river  in  southern 


A  cape  at  the  northeast  I'm  e.xt  remit  V  of  .Tut  la  ml. 
Denmark,  in  lat.  r)7°  44'  N.,  loiig.  10°:i7'  E. 
iBkeat  (sket),  Walter  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  21, 18:iri.  Anoted  English pliilologist. 
He  gra'luated  at  Christ's  ColLce,  CanibriclKe,  in  1868. 
ami  was  mathematical  lecturer  tlicre  1864-71,  ami  EiiK- 
lish  lecturer  1807-83.  lie  was  appointed  llrBt  ElriiiCt^in  and 
BoBWnrth  professor  of  An^lo-Saxon  at  C;imt)ridpe  in  1878. 
He  h;is  edited  "PariUlel  Extractsfroni  Twenty-Nine  Manu- 
scripts of  Piers  riowinan  "  (18(;<1),  "The  Romans  of  I'arte- 
nay.  or  of  LusiKnan,  otlierwise  known  as  tlie  Tale  of  Melu- 
sine"  (ISfW;),  *' The  Vision  of  William  concerniiiR  Piers 
Plowman  "  (1867-85 :  the  three  versions  of  the  text  with 
"Richard the  Hedeles"and  "The  Crowned  Kinp"),  "Speci- 
niensofEnglishLiterature,  A.I).  i:!04-l.'.7» •■(1871),  "Speci- 
mens of  Eniilish  Literature.  A.D.  12118-1393  ''  (1872),  Wiau- 
cer's  "Tre:itise  on  the  Astrolabe"  (1872).  "Seven  Itcprlnt- 
ed  Glossaries  "  (1873), "  R:iy'8  Glossary  Reprinted"  (1874), 
"  Tales  from  the  Canterbury  Tales  "  (1K74),  "  Plutarch :  be- 
ing a  Select  ion  from  the  Lives  in  North's  •  Plut:irch 'which 
illustrate  Shakespeare's  Plays"  (ls7;»),  "The Gospel  of  St, 
Mark  in  Gothic,  accordinn  to  the  Translation  made  by 
Wulfllain  the  Fourth  (Century  :  wit  ha  Grammatical  Intro- 
duction and  {;loss;u-ial  Index  "  (ISs2).  "Chaucer's  Minor 
Poem8"n88^).  acomplete  edition  of  Chaucer,  the  publica- 
tion of  wliicli  was  benun  in  1M»4,  etc.  He  has  also  written 
"An  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lancnagc,  ar- 
ranged on  a  Historical  Baals" (187i)-vSl,  1884,  and  18!t2),  "A 
Concise  Etyntological  Dictionary  of  the  English  LanL'u;ige" 
(18.s:i,  1880),  "  The  Principles  of  English  Etymology  "(first 
series  1887:  with  A.  L.  Mayhew),"  A  Concise  Dictionary  of 
Middle  English  1150-1580 "(1888),  "  Primer  of  English  Kty- 
mology  "  (18:t2),  etc.  For  many  of  his  Early  English  Text 
Society  publications  he  wi-ote  criticid  introducti<»ns  and 
supplied  notes  and  glo.'isariid  imlt-xcs. 

Skeggs(skegz), Carolina  Wilhelmina  Amelia. 

One  of  the  town  ladies  who  imposeil  upon  tlie 
innocent  family  of  tlie  Viear  of  Wakefield,  in 
Goldsmith's  novel  of  that  name. 

SkellefteS,  Elv  (skel-lof'te-a  elv).  A  river  in 
northern  Sweden  which  ri-ses  in  the  Stor-Afvan 
and  How.^  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  about  lat. 
64°  4;")'  N.     Length,  about  140  miles. 

Skelligs(skel'igz),The.  A  group  of  rocks  south- 
west of  Ireland,  in  lat.  51° 4(5'  N.,  long.  10°32'  \V. 

Skelton  (skel'ton).  John.  Born  about  1400: 
died  probably  iii  lri'2'.K   An  English  scholar  and 


May  26 ;  and  was  superseded  in  Aug.     He  was  temporary 
joins    the  Little   Waoasli    near     eo"'niander  of  the  B^gian  army  in  1839. 
Carmi,  in  White  County.     Length,  about  100  Skunk  (skungk)  Riyer.  A  river  in  Iowa  which 
j,   ^  '  •'  "  joms  the  Mississippi  11 


iUini. 


which 


Skilloot.     See  Echfloot. 

Skimpole  (skim'pol).  Harold.  A  character  in 
"Bleak  House.'' by  Dickens.  He  was  drawn 
from  Leigh  Hunt. 

Skinner  (skin'6r),  Cortlandt.  Bom  in  New 
.Jersey,  1728  :  died  at  Bristol,  England,  1799.  A 
Tory  commander  in  the  American  Hevolution. 
He  was  attorney-general  of  New  Jersey  in  1775,  anil  ;it  the 
lieginning  of  the  Revolution  raised  a  corps  of  loyalist-s—  Skve  (ski) 
the  Ne«-  .lersey  Volunteers  — which  he  eomiuandcd  with  sii'jrp.  Sen 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  removed  to  England  on 
the  conclusion  of  peace. 

Skinner,  John.  Born  in  Birse.  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  in  1721:  ilied  .June,  1807.  A  Scottish 
clergyman  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Jlarischal 
Cidlege,  Aberdeen  ;  and  took  orders  in  the  Scottish  Epis- 
copal Church;  and  hail  a  charge  at  I^uigside.  Aberdeen- 
shire. He  was  persecuted  for  Jacobitism.  He  is  kmovn 
by  his  songs,  collected  in  1809:  of  these  "rullochgorinn  " 
was  called  by  Burns  "the  best  Scotch  song  Scotland  ever 
saw."  In  17SS  he  published  an  "  Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Scotland." 

Skinner,  Stephen.  Bom  at  London,  1623 :  died 
at  Lincoln,  Sept.  o,  1667.  An  English  lexicog- 
rapher. He  graduated  at  (TiiHst  Church,  Oxford,  in 
1616,  and  studied  medicine  at  Heidelberg.  His  etymologi- 
cal diction:iry  of  the   English  huiguage  ("  Elymol 


.loius  the  Mississippi  11  miles  sotith  of  Burling- 
ton. It  receives  from  the  north  a  tributar>',  the  North 
Skunk.    I.,ength,  over  250  miles. 

Skupshtina  (skupsh'ti-nji).  The  national  as- 
seirilily  of  Servia, consisting  of  onechamberand 
comiirising  178  members,  three  fourths  elected 
and  one  fourth  nominated  by  the  crown.  There 
is  also  a  larger  elected  body,  called'  the  Great  Skupshtina, 
which  deliberates  on  questions  of  extraordinary  impor- 
tance. 

An  island  belonging  to  Inverness- 
shire,  Scotland,  the  largest  of  the  Inner  Heb- 
rides. It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  on  the  cast  by 
the  Sound  of  Sleat,  l.och  Alsli,  etc.;  from  North  I'lst  and 
Harris  on  the  northwest  hy  the  Little  Minch  ;  and  from 
Lewis  by  the  Clinch.  It  contains  many  mountains  (the 
highest  over  3,000  feet).  The  chief  town  is  Portree.  The 
language  is  mostly  (iaelic.  Area,  (W3  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  15,800. 

Skyros.     S^ee  Hci/ros. 

Slankamen  (sliin'kii-men).  A  small  town  in 
Shivoiiia..\ustria-Hun"ary.situatedat  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Theiss  witli  the  Danube.  26  miles 
north  bv  west  of  Belgrad.  Here,  Aug.  19.  Itifll,  the 
Imperialists  under  Ixmis  of  Haden  defeated  the  Turks  un- 
der Koprili.  who  w:is  killed  in  the  battle. 

Slate  (slat)  Motmtain.    A  summit  of  the  Elk 

Mountains  in  Colorado 


Skinners  (skin'erz).  ihe.  1.  See  £c(irrUriirs. 
—  2.  A  body  of  mar.iuders  who  pillaged  West- 
chester County.  New  York,  during  Revolution- 
ary times. 

Skiold,  or  Skjold  (shold)  In  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  son  of  Odin,  and  a  mythical  king  of 
Denmark. 

Skioldungs,  or 

desceuilaiits  an<l  tollowors  of  Skiold. 
Skipetar  (skip'e-tiir).  [Albanian  .S'/,-(;v?n/-,  lit. 
'  niouutaineer.' from  .fA'ijir,  a  mountain.]  1.  An 
-Mbiiiiian  or  Ariiaut.  See  Albniiiaii. —  2.  The 
langiuige  of  the  Albanians:  same  as  Alhdiiiiin. 
poet.    He  was  a  protW' of  Henry  VII.,  a  noted  scholar,  SkiDtOH  (skiT)'toii).    A  town  in  the  West  Ridiii; 


■inguie  Angl'icann;")  was  pnblisbed  by  Henshaw  in  1671.    Slater(sla'tir).  John  FoX.    BoTn  at  Slatersville, 


and  the  tutor  of  Henry  VIII.  He  took  holy  orders  in  149.S, 
and  for  25  years  was  rector  of  Diss  in  Norfolk  ;  he  was  sus- 
penilcd  from  this  otiiee  for  niiirrying,  but  «  as  not  deprive. 1. 
He  wrote  "  The  Bowge  of  C'ourt,"  "  The  lioke  of  Phyllyp 
Sparrow,"  "Magnitlcence,'^  "  The  Tunning  of  Elinor  Hum 
my 


cng,"  "The  tiarland  of  Laurel,"  "Colin  Clollt"  a  s,atire  S^rnij.  (gkir'nir).    [ON.]    InOldNorsemythol- 
the  clergy,  and  "  Whv  come  ve  not  to  lOnrt .'    a  satire  *^*"*""  v  '■^^i  a     i     ^  •    ii       *• 

Wolsey  etc.    His  rough  wit  an.l  eccentric  character    ogy,  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  but  especially  ot 


made  him'the  hero  of  a  book  of  "  merye"  tales. 

Skene  (sktin),  William  Forbes.    Horn  nt  In- 

verie,  in  Kincardineshire,  .June  7, 1.S09:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Sept.  3, 1892.  A  Scottish  historian. 
He  was  educaterl  at  the  Ediidiurgh  High  School,  in  (.:cr- 
many,  and  at  the  imiversities  of  St,  Andrews  and  Edin- 
burgh. In  1881  he  succeeded  Hill  Burtoiuis  historiographer 
for  Scotland.  He  wrote  "The  Highlanders  of  Scotland" 
(1837),  "(*ronicles  of  the  I'iets  iirul  .Scots"  (1807),  "The 
Four  Ancient  Books  of  Wides  "(18c*),  etc. 
Skerries    (sker'iz).    Out.      A    group    of   islets 


fr 


K.  I.,  March  4.  181.5:  died  at  Norwich.  Conn. 
5fay  7.  1884.     An  American  manufacturer  and 
plii'lanthrol)ist.    He  established  in  1882  the  Slater  Fund 
of  Sl,ooi:i,no0  for  the  education  of  freedmen  in  the  ,SoulIi. 

Slatina  (sla-to'nii).     A  town  in  Wallachia.  Hu- 
inania,  situated   near  Aluta  85  miles  west  of 
Bukharest.     I'opnlation,  about  7.000. 
SkjoldungS  fshol'dongz).   The  Slave  Coast  (slavkost).    A  region  on  the  west- 
"  " ern  coast  of  Africa,  bordering  the  Bight  of  Be- 

nin. It  extends  from  the  Volta  to  the  ncighliorhood  of 
Benin  oti  the  east.  It  is  now  divided  between  Great  Brit- 
ain, France,  and  Germany. 

Slave  Lake.     See  (Irrat  Sldie  Lake 

Slave  River.     See  Great  SInrr  Hirer. 

Slave-Ship,  The.  A  painting  by  J.  M.  W.  Tur- 
ner, in  the  Lothrop  collectio"n.  Boston.  The 
slaver  has  been  wrecked  by  a  storm,  which  is  subsiding  ; 
the  slaves  have  been  thrown  overboard,  ami  many  are 
seen  struggling  in  the  siuf,  hampered  by  their  chains. 
The  scene  is  illumined  by  a  criiuson  light. 

Slave  States,  The.  Those  of  the  United  States 
in  which,  in  the  period  before  the  Civil  War. 
slavei'V  tloucished.  They  were  Virginia.  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Floridii.  Alabama,  Missis- 
sippi, Ix)uisiana,  Texas,  Arkansiis,  and  Tennessee  (all  of 
which  seceded),  and  Missouri,  Kentucky,  ilaryland,  and 
Delaware. 


of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Aire  23 
miles  northwest  of  Leeds.  It  contains  a  castle, 
pa rtlv  destroyed  in  1649.     Population  (1891), 

10,3711. 


rey.    He  is  sent  to  the  giants  to  woo  for  Frcy  the  giant 

maiden  Gerd  (ON.  Gerdhr),  atul  to  the  dwarfs  to  procure 

the  tiorids  with  which  the  wcdf  Fenris  is  secured. 

Skirophoria  (skii--o-f6'ri-!i,).    [From  Gr.  ^ki/m- 

ifiopin,  pi.,  from  VKii>o^6pii(:,  from  axipov,  a  while 


parasol  borne  in  honor  of  Athene  (hence  called  Slavinia  (sla-vin'i-S).     The  Slavic  region  in 


S«//)dr),  and  -i^oj)nr,  from  tptpftv  ^  E.  hear.]  An 
ancient  .\ttic  festival  in  honorof  .Vthene,  cole- 
brateil  on  llie  12th  of  the  mouth  Skirophorion 
(alpi>ut  .luly  1) 


of  the  Shetlands.  Scotland,  10-12  miles  east  of  Skirophorion(skir-6-f6'ri-on).  [From Gr. Sw/xi- 
Mainland.  (popiuv, iho  121  h.-\tticmoii11i, from  iKipoi^upia:  see 


Skerries  Bocks.  A  group  of  rocks  in  the  Irish 
Se;i,  northwest  of  Anglesea,  Wales,  in  lat.  .'53° 
2.-|'  N..  long.  4°  36'  W. 

Skerryvore  (sker-i-vOr'),     A  reef  in  the  .-Xtlan 


Sliirojihorid.  ]  In  the  ancient  Attic  calend;ir,  the 
last  month  of  the  year,  containing  29  days,  and 
corresponding  to  the  last  part  ot  June  and  the 
first  part  of  .)  uly. 


tic,  southwest  of  Tiree,  Scotland,  in  lat.  .')6°  19'  Skittagetan     (skit 'ta-ge 'tan).     A  linguistic 


N.,  long.  7°  7'  W.  It  has  a  lighthouse. 
Sketch-Book,  The.  A  collection  of  tales  and 
skitehes  liv  Wasliington  Irving,  published  in 
1820.  It  coMlaius  '-Kip  Van  Winkle,"  "The 
Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow,"  etc. 


uuBieeuiM^i'-!:-''^"  /•""■■•■•     ■.■.■      Tekke- Turkomans  in  IS 

Cork.  Inland,  situated  on  the  Hen,  near  its  gtopelo  (sko-pa'l<) 
nth,  42  miles  southwest  of  Cork.     Popula-     j^^  '^  belomriuL'  to 

„       '1    0/!0  ,.  *  .  ..  ^       .r 


Sketches  by  Boz.     A  collection  of  stories  by  Skjold.     See  .SA/oW. 
Dickens,  published  183.'i-:i().  _.     .     .    _ 

Sketchley  (skech'li ),  Arthur.  The  pseudonym 
of  Geoi-ge  Rose  (18:»)-82),  an  English  hiimor- 
ouH  writer.  In  ls«:i  heai)pearc^(l  before  the  English  puli- 
lic  as  the  originator  of  "  Mrs.  Brown." 

Skibbereen  (skib-e-reu').  A  town  in  the  county 
ot  ( 
moutli 
tion.  3,269 

Skidbladner  (skid-bliid'ner).  In  Norse  my- 
thology, the  ship  of  Frey. 

8kiddaw(skid'a).  A  inouiitain  in  (Cumberland, 
oncMif  the  highest  in  England,  situated  near  Kes- 
wick, 19  miles  southwest  of  Carlisle.  Height, 
3,0,-i8  feet. 

Skidi  (sko'de),  or  Pawnee  Loup  (pA'ne  1«)  (i.  c. 

'Wolf  Pawnee').  A  tribe  of  llie  Pawnee  Con- 
foileracy  of  North  American  Indians.  In  prehis- 
toric times  they  were  east  i<l  the  Mississippi,  being  allies 


toi  k  of  North  American  Indians,  in  two  chief 
divisions,  lli<'  Haida  lu'oper  and  the  Kaigani. 
Habitat,  the  islands  of  the  ()ni'i-ii  Charlotte  group,  and 
Forester  and  Prince  <)f  Wales  Islands,  oil  the  west  coast 
of  British  .America.  Ntnnber.  from  2,600  to  '.',700.  Also 
calletl  Ilaida  ami  Ktfijani  or  Kaifjani, 


Skobeleff  (sko'bo-lef).  Mikhail.  Bom  1844: 
ilieil  at  Moscow,  .July  7,  Issj.  ,V  Russian  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  ilistinction  In  the  expedition  against 
Khiva  In  Is7;t,  and  against  Kbokand  in  1875 ;  t4K>k  an  ae. 
live  part  in  the  i;uK.so-TiM-kish  win-  of  1877-78;  ami  as 
commamlei--in-ehief  took  Geok-Tepo  nrul  conquered  the 
ekke-Turkonnins  in  1881. 

).  An  islantl  in  tho  /"Egeau 
the  nomarchy  of  Eutxia. 
(ireece,  16  miles  from  Euba-a,  and  southeast 
of  Thessaly.  It  Is  identical  cither  with  the  ami.  nt 
Haloniicsus  or  with  the  ancient  Poparethus, 
ndl 


medieval  times,  neai'  the  Baltic.  The  name  was 
also  used  to  comprise  the  Slavic  regions  further 
south. 

The  name  of  Slavinia  reached  fnuu  the  Danube  to  Pelo- 
ponnesos,  leavitigt^ithe  Empire  only  islaiuls  and  detached 
points  of  coast  from  Venice  rouiul  to  Thessalonica.  Their 
settlements  in  these  regions  gave  a  new  meaning  to  an  an- 
cient name,  and  the  woni  Maceili>nlan  now  began  lo  mean 
Slavonic.  Frecmnu.  Hist,  lieog.,  p.  Il.'i. 

Slavonia  (sla-vo'ni-a),  G.  Sla'wonien  or  Sla- 
vonien  (slii-vo'ne-eni.  F.  Esclavonie  (es-klii- 

v6-ne').  [L.,  from  Sliintf,  Sriiinis.  Slav.]  A 
region  in  Austria-Hungary,  forming  part  ot 
the  land  ot  Croatia  and  Slavonia  in  the  Traus- 
leithau  (Hungarian)  division  of  the  dual  mon- 
ai'chv.  Capital.  Essek,  It  Is  Iwnnded  by  Hie  Drove 
(separating  it  from  Hungary)on  the  north  and  northeast, 
by  the  Danube  (si'imrnting  it  from  Hungary)  on  the  east, 
by  the  Save  (separ.iting  it  fliun  Servia  and  Bosnia)  on  the 
south,  and  by  Croatia  on  the  west.  It  Is  traversed  by 
low  mountulns  and  by  hills.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  In- 
habitants are  mcpslly  Slavs,  The  prevailing  languages  arc 
Cniatlan  anil  Servian,  slavonia  formed  part  of  the  Ho- 
uuin  province  i»f  Patmonla.  Its  possessbui  was  disputed 
between  Ilungarv  ami  the  Byrantlne  empire.  II  passeil 
to  Hungary  In  the  l'2th  century,  and  was  mider  TnikMi 
rub'  fi>rtlie  greatir  part  of  the  lilth  and  17ih  centuries. 
See  (yi>atui  ttiitl  Stav'iiin,  ami  Miiilary  ynmtirr, 
Slavonians (sla-vo'ni-anz).    1.  The  Slavs. —  Z. 

im-ient.     ''"'"'  inhabitants  of  Shi'vonia. 

gib,  14  Slavonisch-Brod  (slii-v6'nish-br(>d').     A  trad- 
iuLT  town  in  Slavonia.  on  the  D,inubi>  in  lat.  4;"i° 


Skowhegan   (skou-he'giin).      The  capital   of     s'  N..  long.  18°  E 
Sonieisi  I  County,  .Maine,  situatetl  on  the  Ken-  Slavophiles    (slav'ii-filz). 
neliec   30  miles  norlheiist  ot  Augusta.     Popii-  ....•- 

lation  ( 19001.  lowii.  .'"1.I8I1. 

Skropha,  or  Scropha  (skro'fii),  Cape.  A  capo 

(ireece.  111  llio  northweslerii  entrance  to  the 
f  I'atias,  l!il,38''l(i'  N,.  long.  21"  10' E. 


in 

(ill 


of  the  Slouan   tribes;  but  after  they  l-eaclied    Nebraska   SkrZVnecki     (skzllii- uel  '  ske),    JaU     BOHCZa 
they  were  com|iiered  by  the  other  Pawnee  tribes,  with     i5,„,,f  „,  r,u\\r\a.  Feb.  18,  1786:  died  at  Cracow. 

Jan.  12.  18611.  A  Polish  geni'ial.  Heserved  In  the 
Polish  contingent  in  aid  of  Napoleon;  Joined  the  Polish 
iiisurrectloM  in  18;io;  served  with  disllnctlon  at  Gniehow 
Feb,  '2.^,  18;il.  ami  was  appointed  coinninnder-in-i-hler  Feb. 
20 ;  defeated  the  ItiisHliins  at  Wawre  and  lleinbe  in  March, 
and  at  Iganie  on  April  8;  w-as  defeated  at  Ustrolenka 


whom  tliey  remained.     See  I'airnre. 
Bkierniewice  i»kyer-uyo-vit'se;.  Atowninthe 
governnicnt   of   Warsaw,  Russian    Poland,  42 
miles  southwest  of  Warsaw.     It  was  the  meetlng- 

filaee  of  the  emperors  of  Itussla,  Oermany,  and  Austria 
n  Sept,  1884. 


The.  A  Russian 
literary  school,  the  ]iriiici|uil  representatives  of 
which  in  the  first  half  of  the  19lh  century  were 
Pogodin,  ShevirelT,  and  narlicularly  .VksnkolT, 
Kliomi.ikolT.  and  Kirievsky.  ThivsiK>ke»itli  worn 
of  weslern  I'.urope,  and  particularly  of  Fnime,  and  pn>- 
elaliiiedllieBiiperiorltvoli'ldHilssiaandlbeold  llytniillue 
civllltalion.  and  pMphesied  n  tirllliant  future  for  the  Slav 
race.  It  was  a  lllerarv  movement  of  which  the  doctrines 
are  now  fallen  into  disuse.  It  should  not  be  eonlounded 
with  thodoetillieol  Panslavlsm,  which  Is  iHdIlieal. 
Slavs  (sliivz).  1.  A  race  of  jieoples  widely 
s|iread  in  eastern,  southeastern,  ami  centnil 
Kurojie.     The  Slavs  arc  divided  Into  two  lectloin  — th« 


Slavs 

southeastern  and  the  western.  The  former  section  com- 
prises the  Russians,  Ruthenians.  Bulgarians,  Serbo-Croa- 
tiaus,  l^osnialvS,  Montenegrins,  and  Slovenes ;  the  latter, 
the  Poles,  Bohemians,  Moravians,  Slovaks,  Wends,  etc. 

We  start  with  the  north  of  Europe,  with  that  race  which 
at  the  present  day  occupies  the  east  of  our  portion  of  the 
globe,  the  Slavs.  It  is  generally  known  that  these  peoples 
appear  for  the  first  time  in  history  in  the  first  century  of 
our  era  under  the  Jianie  of  Veneti  (Tacitus,  Germ.,  40)  or 
Venedi  (Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.,  IX.  9t>),  and  their  abode  at  this 
period  can  be  made  6ut  with  tolerable  certainty.  On  the 
one  hand,  they  cannot  yet  have  touched  the  north  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea,  for  this  district  was  occupied  by  the 
Persian  Samiatie  or  Sauromatse  ;  on  the  other  hand,  they 
cannot  on  Ihewest  have  crossed  either  the  Carpathians  or 
the  Vistula :  for,  as  far  as  the  river  mentioned,  Tacitus  is 
acquainted  with  Teutonic  tribes,  which  partiall.v,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  Bastarnre,  extended  over  it  as  far  as  the 
modern  Galicia  and  farther;  and  in  the  ancient  Getic  or 
Dacian  and  Pannonian  proper  names,  large  numbers  of 
which  have  come  down  to  us,  no  one  as  yet  has  succeeded 
in  discovering  any  trace  of  Slavonic.  If,  then,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  our  era,  the  abode  of  the  Slavs  must  be  sought 
north  of  the  Black  Sea  steppes,  and  east  of  the  Vistula  and 
the  Carpathians,  it  is  also  probable  that  the  same  people 
was  settled  in  the  district  mentioned  as  much  as  iive  cen- 
turies earliei". 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  427. 

2.  See  the  extract. 

The  force  he  (.\bd-er-Kahman  III.)  employed  to  sustain 
the  central  power  was  a  large  standing  army,  at  the  head 
of  which  stood  his  select  body-guard  of  Slavs,  or  pur- 
chased foreigners.  They  were  originally  composed  chiefly 
of  men  of  Slavonian  nationality,  but  came  by  degrees  to  in- 
clude Franks,  Galicians,  Lombards,  and  all  sorts  of  peo- 
ple, who  were  brought  to  Spain  by  Greek  and  Venetian 
traders,  and  sold  while  still  children  to  the  Sultan,  to 
be  educated  as  Moslems,  Many  of  them  were  highly  cul- 
tiv.ated  men,  and  naturally  attached  to  their  master. 
They  resemble  in  many  respects  the  corps  of  Mamluks 
which  Saladin's  successors  introduced  into  Egypt  as  a 
body-guard,  and  which  subsequently  attained  such  renown 
a."!  sultans  of  Egypt  and  Syria. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  114. 

Slawkenbergius  (sla-ken-ber'ji-us),  Hafen. 
An  imaginary  author,  noted  for  the  length  of 
his  nose :  referred  to  in  Sterne's  "  Tristram 
Shandy."  A  story  professedly  by  Mm  is  intro- 
duced in  the  latter  'svork. 

Slay-Good  (sla'giid).  Giant.  A  giant  in  the 
second  part  ofBunyan's  ''Pilgrim's  Progress": 
killed  by  Mr.  Greatheart. 

Sleaford  (sle'ford).  A  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Liucoln. 
Population  (1891),  4,6.5.5. 

Sleek  (slek),  Aminadab.  A  hypocritical  char- 
acter in  Morris  Barnett's  comedy  "The  Serious 
Family." 

Sleep  and  Death.  A  gi-onp  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture in  the  royal  museum  at  Madrid.  The  two 
youths,  ivy-crowned,  stand  in  easy  attitudes,  the  arm  of 
Sleep  thrown  around  his  brother's  neck,  while  Death  holds 
a  reversed  torch  upon  a  small  altar  at  their  feet.  Behind 
Death  there  is  a  small  figure  of  Aphrodite  with  the  pome- 
granate—  a  death-goddess.  The  work  dates  from  about 
the  beginning  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Sleeping  Ariadne.  A  celebrated  statue  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome.  The  figure,  richly  draped  in  thin  tu- 
nic and  himation.  reclines  with  one  arm  thrown  over  the 
head,  which  is  supported  on  the  other  bent  at  the  elbow. 
It  is  a  fine  antique  copy  of  a  Greek  original,  probatjly  of 
the  time  of  tlie  Pergamene  school.  The  present  pedestal 
is  a  handsome  antique  sarcophagus witha  vigorous gigan- 
tomachy  in  high  relief. 

Sleeping  Beauty,  The.  [F.  La  helle  a«x  hois 
dormant,  (i.  Dornroschen.']  In  Perrault's  fairy 
tales,  a  princess  who  in  herfifteenthyear  pricks 
her  finger  with  a  spindle,  and  falls  into  a  sleep 
which  lasts  a  hundred  years,  thus  fulfilling  the 
prediction  of  the  fairies  at  her  christening.  AH 
the  inmates  of  the  palace  share  the  magic  slumber,  til!  the 
fairy  prince  arrives  who  wakens  the  princess  with  a  kiss. 
This  story  has  been  often  told  in  French  and  English  ;  and 
Grimm  has  tuld  it  in  German.  Tennyson  takes  it  for  the 
snbjeL-t  of  his  poem  "^The  Day-Dream." 

Sleepy  Hollow  (sle'pi  hol'6).  Alocality  in  Tar- 
rytown.  New  York,  rendered  famous  by  Wash- 
ington Irving  in  "  The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hol- 
low "  in  "The  Sketeh-Book." 

Sleipnir(slip'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  eight-footed  steed  of  Odin. 

Slammer  (slem'er),  Adam  J.  Born  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Pa.,  1828:  died  at  Fort  Lara- 
mie, Kan.,  Oct.  7,  1868.  An  American  officer. 
He  successfully  defended  Fort  Pickens  against  the  Confed- 
erates at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  AVar(.Tan. -.April,  ISGl), 
thereby  preserving  the  key  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  the 
T'nion.  He  took  part  as  a  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  the  battle  of  Stone  River.  Dec.  ^1,  1S62.  where  he 
was  disabled  for  further  active  service  in  the  field. 

Slender  (slen'der),  Master  Abraham.  In 
Shakspere's  "  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  a  pro- 
vincial gentleman,  cousin  to  Robert  Shallow, 
Esq.  He  is  an  inimitable  official  booby,  in  love 
with  "sweet  Anne  Page." 

Slesvig.     The  Danish  name  of  Sehleswig. 

Sleswick.    See  Sehleswig. 

Sley.     See  Schlei. 

Slick  (slik),  Samuel  or  Sam.    A  Yankee  clock- 


938 

maker,  introduced  from  about  1835  as  a  char- 
acter into  various  works  by  T.  C.  Haliburton, 
who  afterward  used  the  name  as  a  pseudonym. 

Slidell  (sli-del'),  John.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1793  :  died  at  London,  July  29,  1871.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1843-46 ;  was  sent  as  United 
States  minister  to  Mexico  in  1846,  but  was  not  received  ; 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Louisiana  1853-61,  re- 
signing as  a  Secessionist  Feb.,  1861.  He  was  sent  as  a 
Confedei-ate  commissioner  to  France  18G1,  and  with  Ma- 
son was  arrested  on  the  British  vessel  Trent  by  the  Fed- 
eral captain  Wilkes  Nov.,  1801.  On  his  release  he  sailed 
for  Europe  (Jan.,  1862).  He  failed,  however,  to  secure 
the  recognition  of  the  French  government  for  the  Con- 
federate States.    See  Trent,  The. 

SligO  (sli'go).  1.  A  county  in  Connaught,  Ire- 
land, bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north, 
Leitrim  on  the  east,  Roscommon  on  the  south- 
east, and  Mayo  on  the  south  and  west.  The 
surface  is  diversified.  Area,  721  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  98,013.-2.  A  seaport,  cap- 
ital of  County  Sligo,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Garvogue,  in  Sligo  Bay,  in  lat.  54°  17'  N., 
long.  8°  28'  W.  It  has  considerable  coasting  trade, 
and  contains  a  ruined  abbey  of  some  architectural  interest. 
Population  (1891),  10,110. 

Sliven  (sle'ven),  or  Selimnia  (sa-lim'ne-a).  A 
town  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  at 
the  base  of  the  Balkans,  in  lat.  42°  40'  N.,  long. 
26°  21'  E.  Ithastradeandmanufactures,  and  is  apoint 
of  strategic  importance.  Population  (1887),  20,893.  Also 
called  Sliviw,  Isliime,  Islimye,  etc. 

Slivnitza  (sliv-nit'sa).  A  village  in  Bulgaria, 
13  miles  norUiwest  of  Sofia.  Here,  Nov.  17-19, 
1885,  the  Bulgarians  under  Prince  Alexander 
defeated  the  Servians  under  Milan. 

Sloane  (slon).  Sir  Hans.  Born  at  KiUyleagh, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  April  16,  1660:  died  at 
London.  Jan.  11,  1753.  A  British  physician  and 
naturalist.  He  resided  in  Jamaica  16S.5-86  ;  was  physi- 
cian to  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1094-1724 ;  and  physician- 
general  to  the  army  from  1716 ;  was  presidentoftheCollege 
of  Physicians  1719-35  ;  and  was  physician  to  the  king  from 
1727.  In  the  latter  year  he  succeeded  Sir  Isaac  Kewton  as 
president  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  works  include  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyage  to  Jamaica  and  of  the  natui-al  products 
of  that  island,  generally  called  "Natural  History  of  Jamai- 
ca "  (1707-25 :  whole  title,  "Voyage  to  the  Islands  Madeira, 
Barbados.  Ni^ves,  St.  Christopher's,  and  .Tamaica.  with  the 
Natural  History,  etc.,  of  the  last ") ;  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  Jamaica  ;  and  many  papers  in  the  "Philosophical 
Transactions."  His  library  (50.000  vols,  and  over  S.OM 
MSS.)  and  collections  were  bequeathed  to  the  nation  on 
condition  that  £20,000— much  less  than  their  value  — 
should  be  paid  to  his  heirs :  they  formed  the  nucleus  of 
the  British  Museum. 

Sloane,  William  Milligan.  Born  at  Rich- 
mond, Ohio,  Nov.  12,  1850.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  writer.  He  graduated  from  Columbia  Col- 
lege 1868;  studied  at  Berlin  and  Leipsic  1872-76;  was 
George  Bancroft's  secretary  at  Berlin  1873-76 ;  was  as- 
sistant and  professor  of  Latin  at  Princeton  1876-83 ;  was 
professor  of  history  there  1883-96  ;  and  became  professor 
of  history  in  Columbia  University  in  1896.  From  1885-88 
he  edited  the  "  New  Princeton  Review,'  and  is  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "American  Historical  Review.  ■  Among 
his  works  are  "The  French  War  and  the  Revolution," 
and  the  "  Life  of  Napoleon." 

Sloane  Museum.    See  Sloane,  Sir  Hans. 

Sloat  (slot),  John  Drake.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1780 :  died  at  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  28, 1867.  An  American  admiral.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  engaged  in 
suppressing  piracy  in  the  West  Indies  18'24-25. 

Slocum  (slo'kum),  Henry  Warner.  Born  at 
Delphi,  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24,  1827 : 
died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  14,  1894.  An 
American  general  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
'West  Point  in  1852;  resigned  his  commission  in  the  anny 
in  1836 ;  and  took  up  the  practice  of  law  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  legislature  in  1S59.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  accepted  a  commission  as 
colonel  of  volunteers  in  the  Union  army,  and  commanded 
a  regiment  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 1861. 
He  was  made  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  same 
year,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign. He  was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
1862,  and  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Bull  Run  (Aug.  29-30, 
1862),  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  and  Gettysburg  (where  he  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  army).  He  conmianded  the  left  wing  of 
the  army  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  and  his  invasion 
of  the  Carolinas  1864-65.  He  resigned  from  the  aniiy  in 
Sept.,  186.5,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Brooklyn, 
New  York.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1869-73. 

Slop  (slop).  Doctor.  In  Sterne's  novel  "Tris- 
tram Shandy,"  Mrs.  Shandy's  attendant  physi- 
cian, who  breaks  Tristram's  nose  at  his  birth. 
He  is  described  as  having  "a  breadth  of  back  and  a  ses- 
quipedality  of  belly  which  might  have  done  honour  to  a 
Serjeant  in  the  Horse-Guards." 

Sloper  (slo'per).  Mace.  A  pseudonym  of  Charles 
Godfrev  Leland. 

Slote  (slot).  Hon.  Bard-well.  In  B.  E.  Woolf's 
play  "  The  Mighty  Dollar,"  a  character  created 
by  W.  J.  Florence :  a  caricature  of  the  American 
politician.    He  is  an  unprincipled  greedy  member  from 


Smart,  Henry 

the  Cohosh  district,  and  la  in  the  habit  of  Indicating  ex- 
pressions by  their  initials;  as,  k.  k.  (cruel  cuss),  p.  d.  q. 
(pretty  d d  (luick),  etc. 

Slough  of  Despond,  The.  A  bog  described  in 
the  first  part  of  ''The  Pilgrim's  Progress"  by 
Bunyan . 

Slo-^aks  (slo-vaks').  A  Sla%'ic  race  dwelling 
ehietly  in  northern  Hungary  and  the  adjoining 
part  of  Moravia. 

Slcvenes  (slo-venz').  A  Slavic  race  chiefly  in 
Styria,  Carinthia,  (!!amiola,  and  parts  of  the 
Kiistenland  and  Hungary. 

Slowboy  (slo'boi),  Tilly.  In  Dickens's  "Crick- 
et on  the  Hearth,"  an  awkward  nurse  employed 
by  Mr.  Peerybingle.  She  is  constantly  sur- 
prised at  being  so  well  treated,  and  has  a  ge- 
nius for  bumping  the  baby's  head. 

Sluis,  or  Sluys  (slois).  [F.  rtlduse.']  A  sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands, 
situated  near  the  Belgian  frontier  10  miles 
northeast  of  Bruges.  A  naval  victory  was  gained 
here  by  Edward  III.  of  England  and  his  Flemish  allies  over 
the  i'rench  in  1340.    Population  (1889),  2,421. 

Sly  (sli),  Christopher.  A  tinker  in  the  induc- 
tion to  Shakspere's  "  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 
He  is  found  in  a  drunken  sleep  by  a  nobleman,  who  has 
him  taken  to  his  own  home  as  a  jest ;  and  when  he  wakes 
he  is  made  to  believe  that  he  is  the  lord  of  the  manor. 
The  "Taming  of  the  Shrew"  is  then  played  for  his  enter- 
tainment before  his  illusion  is  broken.  Harun-al-Rashid 
played  the  same  trick  on  Abu  Hassan. 

Sm3,land  (sma'liint).  A  region  in  southern 
Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Baltic.  It  comprises 
Jonkoping.  Kronoberg,  and  Kalmar. 

Smalcald,  or  Smalkald.     See  Schmalk-alden. 

Smalkaldic  (smal-kal'dik)  Articles.  The  arti- 
cles of  Protestant  faith  drawn  up  by  Luther  and 
submitted  to  a  meeting  of  electors,  princes,  and 
states  at  Smalkald  (or  Schmalkalden)  in  1537, 
designed  to  sbow  bow  far  the  Protestants  were 
willing  to  go  in  order  to  avoid  a  rupture  with 
Rome. 

Smalkaldic  League.  A  league  entered  into  at 
Smalkald  in  1531  by  several  Protestant  princes 
and  free  cities  for  the  comrnon  defense  of  their 
faith  and  political  independence  against  the 
emperor  Charles  V. 

Smalkaldic  War.  The  unsuccessful  war  waged 
by  the  Smalkaldic  League  against  Charles  V. 
(1546-47). 

Small-Endians.    See  Little-endians. 

Small  Isles.  A  collective  name  for  the  islands 
of  (ianna.  Rum,  Eigg,  and  Muck,  off  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Scotland. 

Smallweed(smal' wed),  Grandfather.  In  Dick- 
ens's ''Bleak  House,"  an  old  man,  the  gi'andfa- 
ther  of  j'oung  Smallweed  (called  Chickweed), 
"in  a  helpless  condition  as  to  his  lower  and 
nearly  so  as  to  his  upper  limbs."  He  enjoys  throw- 
ing  his  pillows  at  his  more  feeble  wife:  both  are  then 
shaken  up  and  settled  by  their  granddaughter  Judy. 

Smaragdus  Mons  (sma-rag'dus  monz).  [6r. 
Sfidpaydoc,  emerald.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain  in  Africa,  near  the  western  coast  of 
the  Rod  Sea,  about  lat.  24°  45'  N.,  noted  for  its 
emeralds :  the  modern  Jebel  Zabareh. 

Smart  («miirt),  Benjamin  Humphrey.  Born 
in  England  about  1785:  died  in  1872.  An  Eng- 
lish grammarian,  lexicographer,  and  philosoph- 
ical writer,  for  50  years  a  teacher  of  elocution 
in  London.  He  published  "A  Grammarot  English  Pro- 
nunciation" (1810),  "The  Rudiments  of  English  Grammar 
EIucidated"(lSll),  "A  Grammar  of  English  Sounds"  (1813), 
'■  Practical  Logic  "  (1829),  "  Outlines  of  Sematology  "  (1831), 
"Thoughts  and  Language  "(1835),  "Pronouncing  Diction, 
ary  based  on  that  of  John  Walker  "  (1836),  "  Letter  to  Dr. 
^Yhately  on  the  Effect  of  his  Elements  of  Logic,  etc. "  (lS52)k 
"  Introduction  to  Gi-ammaron  its  True  Basis  "(1858),  "Ac- 
cidence of  Grammar,  etc." 

Smart,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Shipboume,Kent, 
April  11, 1722;  died  at  London,  May  18,  1770  or 
1771.  An  English  poet.  He  entered  Cambridge  (Pem- 
broke Hall)  in  1739,  and  was  elected  fellow  in  1746.  He 
became  a  hack  writer,  and,  his  mind  giving  way.  he  died 
in  the  rules  of  the  King's  Bench.  In  the  intervals  of  a 
fit  of  insanity  he  wrote  the  poem  "A  Song  to  D.avid," 
published  in  1763,  which  was  omitted  from  his  collected 
w^orks  and  has  been  discovered  quite  recently.  He  also 
wrote  "  The  Hilliad,"  a  poetical  translation  of  Phfedrus 
(1765),  a  prose  translation  of  Horace,  and  metrical  ver- 
sions of  the  psalms  and  parables. 

Smart,  Sir  George  Thomas.  Born  at  London, 
May  10,  1776:  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1867.  An 
English  musical  conductor,  instructor,  and  com- 
poser. He  was  appointed  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
in  1822,  and  composer  in  1S38.  He  was  the  first  to  produce 
Mendelssohn's  "St.  Paid"  in  England,  and  was  in  great 
repute  as  a  conductor  of  musical  festivals  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  (18-23-40).  He  edited  Orlando  Gibbon's  "  Mad- 
rigals "and  the  "Dettingen  Te  Deum,"  and  published  sev- 
eral volumes  of  glees,  antliems,  etc. 

Smart,  Henry.  Born  at  London ,  Oct.  26, 1813 : 
died  July  6.  1879.  An  English  musician  and 
composer:  nephew  of  Sir  G.  T.  Smart,  and  son 


Smart,  Henry 

of  Henry  Smart  (1778-1823),  a  conductor  and  Smillie,  James  D. 

manufacturer  of  piauofortes.    He  waa  organist  in 

various  London  cliurchi-s  (at  St.  Luke's  (18H-61),  and  at 

St.  Pancras  in  lSti4,  when  he  became  i>lind  and  waa  oblijjed 

to  dictate  liie  compositions).    His  clmrch  music  and  purt- 

Bonus  are  best  linuwn.     He  alsu  wrote  an  opera  "liertlia, 

or  the  Gnome  of  Hartzburg  "  (1865).  and  several  cantatas, 

'•  The  Bride  of  Dunlterron  "  (IStM).  "  King  Kene  8  liau-h- 

ter,"  "The  Fisher  Maidens"  (1871),  and  '■  Jacob "(1873). 

Smartas  (smiir'taz),  or  Smarta  Brabmans. 

Out'  of  the  three  principal  clussfs  into  which 

the  Hindus  proper  of  the  jiresent  day  may  be 

divided  as  to  religion,  the  otliertwo  being  tlie 

Shaivas  and  the  Vaishnavas.    The  Smartas  l)elieve 

that  man's  spirit  is  identical  with  the  one  Spirit,  wliich 

Is  the  essence  of  the  universe  and  only  cognizjible  tlirougti 

meditation  and  selfioinmunion.    They  believe  also  In 

the  tliree  personal  gods  Braliina,  Shiva,  and  \'ishnu,  with 

their  subordinate  deities,  but  only  as  coequal  manifesta- 
tions of  the  one  impersonal  Spirit  and  as  destined  to  be 

real)sorbed  into  that  Spirit.    They  are  followers  of  Shan- 

kara  (which  see). 
Smea'ton(snie'ton),  John.    Bom  at  Austliorpe, 

near  Leeds.  England,  June  8. 1724 :  died  at  Aus- 

thorpe,  Oct.  28,  1792.     An  English  civil  engi- 
neer.   He  rebuilt  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse,  and  built 

various  canals,  bridges,  etc. 


939 

_  Bom  at  New  York,  June 

1(5,  lH3:i  .-^n  American  landscape-painter,  son 
of  James  Smillie  the  engraver,  who  educated 
him  in  that  profession.  He  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  in  1876. 
SmintheUB  (smin'thus).  [Gr.  S/id'^fif.]  In 
(jrick  mythology,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

The  very  iiamc,  Smintheus,  by  which  his  favourite  priest 
calls  on  him  in  the  "Iliad"  (i.  .•»).  might  be  rendere<l 
••  Mouse  Apollo."  or  'Apollo,  Lord  of  .Mice."  As  we  shall 
see  later,  mice  lived  beneath  tlic  altnr,  and  »  ere  fed  in  the 
holy  of  holies  of  tlie  god,  anil  an  image  of  a  mouse  was 
placed  beside  or  upon  his  sacred  tripod. 

Lang,  Custom  and  Myth,  p.  103. 

Smirke  (sm6rk),  Robert.  Born  near  Carlisle, 
Kngland,  1752:  died  at  London,  Jan.  5,  1845. 
An  English  historical  painter  and  illustrator. 

Smirke,  sir  Bobert.  Bom  at  London,  1780 : 
died  at  Cheltenham,  April  18,  18G7.  An  English 
architect,  son  of  Robert  Smirke.  He  designed 
the  British  Museum. 

Smirke,  Sydney.  Born  1 799 :  died  Dec .  1 1 ,  1877. 
An  English  architect,  brother  of  Sir  Uobert 
Smirke.  Ho  succeeded  his  brother  as  architect  to  the 
British  Museum  in  184 


SmectymnuU3(smek-tim'nu-us).  Theprofessed  Smith  (smith),  Adam.  Born  at  Kirkcaldy,  Fife- 
author  of  a  controversial  tract  against  episco-    shire,  Scotland,  June  5.1723:  died  at Edinlmrgh, 


pacy,  written  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century 
in  answer  to  Bishop  Hall.  Tlie  name  is  a  sort  of 
acrostic  made  up  from  tlie  initial  of  tlie  names  of  the 
authors :  .Stephen  .Warsliall.  ^.'diiiuiid  ralamy,  jThomas 
Koung,  3/atthew  jVewconien,  U'illiiiin  .s'piirstow. 

Smedley  (smcd'ii),  Francis  Ed'ward.  Born  at 
Marlow  in  1818:  died  at  London,  May  1,  18G4. 
An  English  novelist,  editor  for  a  time  of 
'■  Sharpe's  London  Magazine."    lie  wrote  "  I'rank 

Failleigh"  (1850),  "  Lewis  Arundel"  (IS;"..!),  and  "Harry 
Coverdale's  Courtship  "(1S54).  Uisbooks  were  illustrated 
by  Criiikshank  and  "Phiz." 

SmelfungUS  (smel-fung'gus).  A  name  given 
by  Sterne  to  Smollett,  on  accotint  of  the  pes- 
simistic character  of  Smollett's  "Travels." 

Smellie  (smel'i),  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh 
in  1740:  died  there,  June  24,  1795.  A  Scottish 
printer  and  author.  He  edited  the  first  edition  of  the 
"Encyclopa;dia  Britannica"  (1708-71),  and  is  understood 
to  have  been  lirgely  responsible  for  the  plan  of  that  work 
and  to  have  been  the  principal  conipiler.  He  also  wrote 
"Philosophy  of  .Vatural  History  "  (1790-99). 

SmerdiS  (smer'dis),  or  Barcuja.  Killed  about 
523  B.  C.  The  brother  of  Cambyses  of  Persia, 
by  whose  orders  he  was  put  to  death. 

Smerdis,  Pseudo-,  or  the   False   Smerdis.    , 

Killed52lB.c.  A  Magian  and  Mcde  who  claimed  Smith,  Benjamin  Leigh.  Born  1828.  An  Eng 
to  be  Smerdis  and  usurped  the  throne  of  Persia  Jish  aretic  ex]ilorer.  He  conducted  expeditions  to 
522-521  B.  0.  Spilzbergen  in  ls71,  lH7i,  and  1873,  and  to  Franz  Josef 

Smeru(sma'ro).  The  highest  mountain  in  Java,     I':"yl"ii^so  and  i8Si-8-i  ,     ,      jt, 

situated   in   the   eastern   part   of  the  island:  Smith,  Buckingham.   Born  at^Cumberland  Isl- 
an  active  volcano.     Height,  12,148  feet.  and,  ihi.,  Oct.  .1, 1810:  died  at  New  \  ork  city, 

Smetana  (sme-tii'nii),  Friedrich.  Born  in  Bo-  Jan.  5.  IK,]  An  American  anti.iuary.  He  cd- 
lt^X,i„  Mo,.,.l,  o  1S')i  .  ,li„^  M.JV  T>  1««4  A  ted,  translated,  and  wrote  various  works  iu  Spanish  and 
hemia,  March  J,  1824.  died  May  1-,  1884.  A  English  relating  to  early  Spanish  explorations  in  America. 
Bohemian  musician  and  composer,  a  pupil  of  gmith  Charles  Emory.  Born  in  1842.  An 
Proksch  and  Liszt.  He  produced  a  nnmberof  operas,  American  journalist,  editor  of  the  Philadelphia 
symphonic  poems,  etc.,  and  was  conductor  in  the -Vational      .,  r>„„„„  ■>     „  •   i.      .    t).,..u  „i.,l..r  PrnaiHoni 

Aeater  at  Prague  WA-U.  when  he  resigned  on  account  ^'^^''■''*'-,„„5;  "■",  ""nlster  to  «'»«"";'  f,y;,^''7^"' 

of  deafness.  Among  his  operas  are  "  Married  tor  Money, '  Han.son  ls.«M»2,  and  postmaster-geneial  Iki.h.1  ,  <  .  hiOL 
"The  Brandenburger  in  PK)hemii^"  and  "Ihe  Harlered  Smith,  Charles  FergUSOn.  Born  at  Philadel- 
Bride."  The  last  sinldcnly  became  famous  in  Vienna  in  pdja  Aiiril  24,  1S(17:  died  at  Savannah,  Tenn., 
iind  since  th.it  time  Hmetana's  name  has  been  widely     ^      •,  o-,  jhoo.    An  American  general.    He  gradu- 


Jiily  17,  1790.  A  celebrated  Scottish  political 
economist.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Oxford, 
and  in  1718  became  lecturer  on  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres 
at  Edinburgh.  He  accepted  in  1761  the  chair  of  logic  at 
Glasgow,  which  ho  exchanged  for  that  of  moral  jiliilosophy 
in  Ihe  same  university  In  17.12.  In  17(^1  he  resigned  his 
professorship  in  order  to  travel  on  the  Continent  as  tutor 
of  tlie  young  duke  of  Buccleuch  (1784-6H),  and  afterward 
lived  for  a  time  in  studious  retirement  at  Kirkcaldy.  lie 
became  commissioner  of  customs  at  Edinburgh  in  1778 : 
and  w.as  elected  lord  rector  of  the  t'niversity  of  Glasgow 
in  1787.  His  chief  works  are  "Inquin,'  into  tlie  Nature 
and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations  "  (177(>)  and  "  Theory 
of  .Moral  Sentiments  "  (17.'i9). 

Smith,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Kilmarnock,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  31, 1830 :  died  at  'Wardie,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Jan.  5,  18G7.  A  Scottish  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous author.  He  wrote  "A  Life  Drama  and 
other  Poems  "  (IS.I.S),  "War  Sonnets"  (with  Dobell,  185.'0. 
etc.  His  cliief  pruse  works  are  "A  Summer  In  Skye  "  (I8U6) 
ami  "  Altre.l  H.agart's  Household  "  (1800). 

Smith,  Andrew  Jackson.  Born  April  28, 
1815:  died  Jan.  30,  1S!»7.  A  Union  general 
in  the  Civil  War.    He  ser^'ed  with  distinction  In  the 

Vieksbnre  and  Red  Kiver  campaigns  (18l.'2-«.!  and  18M),   „>..<;      r««,-..;*       n«,.t.  ot 
parHciraliiig  in  the  battlesof  Pleasant  Hill  and  Nashville  bmitn,_lTerrit.^     Koni  at 
(IHU).     He  ;il-<»  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  reduction 
f  .Mnhile,  March-April,  181 " 


lsl(2,        . 

kni)wn  outside  of  Bohemia.     He  died  insani 

Smeth'Wick(smeTll'ik).  AtowninStafTordshire, 
Eng.,  3  miles  west  of  Birmingham.  It  hasva- 
rious  manufactures.    Population  (1901),  .54. .539. 

Smike(smik).  in  Dickens's  "Nicholas  Nick- 
leby,"  a  poor  homeless  persecuted  lioy,  abused 
by  Stpieers,  afterward  befriended  by  Nicholas 
Nickleby,  and  finally  discovered  to  be  Kalph 
Niekleliy's  son. 

Smiles  (smilz).  Samuel.  Born  at  Haddington, 
Scotland,  1.S12.  A  Scottish  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter. He  graduated  in  medicine  at  Edinburgh  at  the  ago 
of  20;  but,  after  having  Jiraclised  at  Haddington  and  Leeds, 
abandoned  the  medical  profession  in  order  to  become 
editor  of  the  "  I,ced8  Times  "  He  was  secreUiry  of  the 
Leeds  anil  Thirsk  Itailway  Company  181S-M,  and  of  the 
.SonthEasteni  Railway  IS-VMUi.  His  works  include  "  His- 
tory of  Ireland  "(1.SJ41,"  Life  of  (ieorge  Stephenson  "  (1807), 
".Self-Help,  with  Illustrations  of  Chaiaeler  and  Conduct" 
(lSMl)."Hiiet  lllogi  aphles"(lMlii),"  Lives  of  the  Engineers  " 
(18«l-65)."Inililstrlal  Hlography"(18(i:i),"Tlie Huguenots" 
(18117).  "Character"  (1.871),  "The  Huguenots  in  I'rance  ' 
(1871),  "Tlirlft"  (187:.). 

Smillie  (smi'li),  George  Henry.  Bom  at  New 

York,  Dec.  29,  1840.  .An  .Xnnrieaii  landscape- 
painter,  brother  of  .T.  1).  Sniillie.  In  1871  he  made 
a  sketching  tour  in  the  Kocky  .MoiiiitailiH  anil  the  Vosem- 
Ite  Valley,  and  in  Florida  in  l,i71.  He  tlisl  cxhililted  at 
the  National  Academy  In  180.'1.  and  wa8  made  a  national 
academician  in  1S82. 
Smillie,  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
1807  :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  5,  18a5.  A  Scot- 
tish-Anierii'iin  engraver.  Ho  came  to  America  In 
1821.  and  settled  in  New  York  in  18'2!).  He  engraved  bank- 
notes and  was  eminent  as  an  engraver  of  landscapeH, 
among  which  are  (\tle's  series  "  'fho  Voyage  of  Life," 
Blerstadt's  "  Kucky  Mountains,"  etc 


April  25, 1802.  An  American  get 
atcd  at  West  Point  in  182.1;  served  as  instructor,  adjutant, 
and  commandant  at  West  Point  1829-12 ;  commanded  a 
light  battalion  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  distinguished 
at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Monterey,  Chiirubusco, 
etc.;  commanded  the  Red  River  expedition  in  1860;  and 
served  In  the  I  Uih  expedition  1857-iKl.  He  was  appointed 
brigadier  general  of  volunteers  in  1801  ;  raptured  at  the 
head  of  his  division  the  heights  commanding  the  fort  at 
the  battle  of  Fort  Doii'lson  in  18IVJ;  and  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers  ill  March,  186'i 

Smith,  Edmund  Kirby.  Born  at  St.  Augus- 
tine. Fla... May  10,1824:  iliedatSewanee.Tenn., 
March  28.  1K93.  A  Confederalo  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  181.1:  served  in  the  Mexican 
and  Indian  wars;  was  wounded  at  Bull  Run  in  18<il ;  led 
the  advance  In  Bingg'a  inva.sioii  of  Kentucky  In  18(12; 
gained  the  liatlle  of  Richmond,  Kentucky.  Aug.  .10.  1802. 
and  waa  made  lieutenant-general;  served  at  Perry  vllle  and 
Murfreeslioro;  was  commander  of  the  Tnins-MlssissippI 
ilepal  tment  In  l.HKI ;  was  opposed  to  Banks  in  the  Red 
River  camlialgn  of  18(H  ;  waa  made  general ;  and  was  the 
last  Coiifiilenite  commander  to  surrender  (.May  '.'0,  18(lfi). 

Smith,  Eli.  Born  at  Northford,  ( 'onn.,  Sejit.  13. 
IKOl.  died  at  Beirut,  Syria,  Jan.  11,  185,.  An 
Americanmissionary  in  Syria,  a iid . Arabic  seliol- 
nr.  He  graduated  at  Yale  In  1821.  and  at  Andover  In  IK'.'tl, 
and  111  that  year  ticcame  snperiiitenilent  of  tlic  missioniirv 
prlnling-house  at  Malta:  later  he  lieeame  coniieeled  with 


the  mission  In  .Syria.  In  )8'21)  he  traveled  ill  lireeco.  In 
ls;)ii-31,  with  l>r.  H.  (i.  (1.  Dwlght,  he  made  a  journey 
lhl-ougbArmenl!i,<fi'orgia,  and  Persia,  and  setlled  In  Beirut 
in  1k:)3.  In  I8:i8,  with  Professor  Kdnard  Holilnson,  he 
made  a  remarkalile  exjiloratlon  of  Palest liie,  which  it  said 
to  have  "opened  Ihi'  sccinid  grcMit  era  of  our  knowledge 
of  the  Prcnnlsed  Land."  In  18.12  they  visited  .leriisalem 
again.  He  began  In  1814  to  Iranslale  llie  llllde  Into  Arabic, 
and  a  large  portion  of  it  was  In  )irliil  at  Ihe  time  of  his 
death.  It  was  eonipleled  by  I>r.  Cornelius  Van  Dyke  In 
1800-417.     He  had  devised  an  improved  font  of  Amble  type. 


Smith,  Henry  Boynton 

which  was  cast  at  Leipsic  in  1839  under  his  direction.  He 
published,  with  Professor  Robinson.  "Biblical  Researches 
in  Palestine,  Mount  Sinai,  and  Arabia  Petrtea"  in  1841: 
with  the  second  edition  (1850)  appeared  "Later  Biblical 
Researches  In  Palestine,  etc."  He  wrote  "Missionary  Re- 
searches in  Armenia  "(with  Dr  Dwight.  18;i3)  and  ".Ser- 
mons and  Addresses  "(18S4X  and  contributed  to  the  "Bib- 
liotheca  Sacra,"  etc. 

Smith,  Erasmus  Peshine.  Born  at  New  York, 
March  2,  1814:  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Oct. 
21, 1882.  An  American  Jurist  and  political  econ- 
omist. He  graduated  at  Columbia  In  183-2,  and  at  the 
Harvard  Ijiw  School  in  1833;  was  for  some  time  an  otBclal 
In  the  state  department ;  and  about  1871  became  adviser 
on  international  law  to  the  Mikado  of  Japan,  a  post  which 
he  occupied  five  years.  He  wrote  "Manual  of  Political 
Economy  "  (185:0. 

Smith,  Mrs.  ( Erminnie  Adelle  Piatt).  Bom  at 
Marcellus,  N.  Y.,  April  20,  1S3G;  died  at  Jersey 
City,  N.  J.,  June  9, 1886.  An  American  ethnolo- 
gist.     She  published   an   IroquoisBnglhih   dlctionai7, 

Smith,  Francis  Hopkinson.    Bom  at  Balti. 

more,  Md.,<  let.  '.'3, 1S3S.  An  American  painter, 
writer,  and  civil  engineer.  He  paints  chieHy  In  wa- 
ter-color, and  has  published  and  illustrated  "old  tinea  in 
new  Black  and  White"  (1885),  "Well-worn  Roads,  etc." 
(188«),  "A  Book  of  Ihe  Tile  Club"  (18'>7X  "A  White  Ini- 
brella  In  Mexico"  (1889),  "Colonel  Carter  of  CartersvillcT 
(1891),  "A  Day  at  Laguerre's,  etc"(189-2X  "American  lllus- 
trator8"(1892),  etc. 

Smith,  George.  Born  March  26,  1840:  died  at 
Aleppo,  Aug.  19,  1876.  An  English  Assyriolo- 
gist,  a  bank-note  engraver  bv  trade.  He  studied 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  In  the  'British  Museum,  and, 
through  the  inllucnce  of  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson  and  Dr. 
Hirch,  was  appointed  assistant  in  the  ilepartment  of  an- 
tiquities in  the  museum.  In  1872  hediscovered  the  Chal- 
dean account  of  the  deluge,  and  in  1871  the  key  to  the 
Cypriote  character  and  script  In  1872  he  was  sent  liy 
the  "Daily  Telegraph  '  to  Nineveh,  and  in  1873  returned 
to  Nineveh  by  commission  of  the  British  Museum  and 
completed  his  excavations.  He  published  "Assyrian  Dis- 
coveries" in  1875.  On  a  third  visit,  in  1870,  he  died.  He 
also  wrote  "Annab  of  Assnrtianipal  "  (1871),  "History  of 
As.syria"  (1S7;1),  "  rjxMiy  in  Canon  "(1875),  etc 

Smith,  George  Barnett.  Bom  near  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  1841.  An  Englisli  journalist  and 
writer.  He  went  to  Lomlon  in  1804  and  was  connected 
with  the  "  Glolie  "  and  the  "  Echo."  He  has  contributed 
to  the  "  Encyelopadia  Britannica  "  and  to  a  number  of  peri- 
odicals. Among  his  works  are  "Poets  and  Novelists  "(1875), 
lives  of  Sliellev  (1877),  Gladstone  (1870),  Sir  Robert  Peel 
(l8sl),.lohnBright(1881).VictorHngo(1886).QueenVictori« 
(1888),  and  "  William  I.  and  the  German  Empire  "(1889). 

"     ~  "^  Utica,  N.Y.,  Maich6, 

1797:  (lied  at  New  York  city,  Dec.  28, 1874.  An 
American  jihilanthropist.  He  was  connected  with  the 
Colonization  Society,  and  later  with  the  Antlslavery  Soci- 
ety, and  gave  pecuniar}' assistance  to.Iohn  Brown.  In  whose 
affair  at  Harper's  Ferry  he  waa  not,  however,  implicated. 
He  was  an  abolitionist  member  of  Congress  from  New 
Y'ork  18.13-54.  Among  his  puldieatlons  are  ".Sermons  and 
Speeches  "  (1801)  and  "  Nature  the  Base  of  a  Free  Theol- 
ogy" (1-07). 

Smith,  Goldtvin.  Bom  at  Reading,  England, 
Aug.  13,  IS'23.  An  English  historian  and  pub- 
licist. He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1815  ;  was  regiiis  pro- 
fessor of  modern  history  at  that  university  18-18  (iO;  and 
was  pn)fes9or  of  English  and  constitutional  history  at 
Cornell  University  (Ithaca,  New  York)  from  1868  to  1^71, 
wlien  he  exclianged  bis  cliatr  for  that  of  a  non-reslilent 
professor  and  removed  to  Toronto.  He  became  ft  memtier 
of  the  senate  of  the  Toronto  rnlverslty  ;  was  editor  of  the 
"  Canadian  Monthly  "  1872-74  ;  and  founded  the  "  Toronto 
Week"  in  1884.  He  has  published  "Lectures  on  Mo<leni 
History "(1801).  "Irish  lllstoryand  IrishCharBeter"(1801\ 
"Rational  Religion  "  (1801X  "On  Cburcli  Endowments" 
(1811-2),  "The  Empire'^  (18iO).  "Civil  War  In  America" 
(DUK),  "Three  English  Statesmen"  (1807),  "Reorganlia- 
tion  of  the  fnlverslty  of  Oxford"  (1808),  "Relations  be- 
tween America  and  England"  (18011),  "Short  History  of 
England  "(ISOn),  "Conduct  of  England  to  Ireland  "(1882). 
a  "  Hislon-  of  the  fnlted  States  "  (\».>s),  etc. 

Smith,  ureen  Clay.  Born  1832  :  died  June  29, 
1S95.  .All  .\tiierieaii  politician,  general,  and 
clergyman.  He  was  a  FedenU  general  intheClvil  War; 
rnlon'nieinber  of  Congress  fnnn  Kentucky  ISiVl-f'*! ;  gov- 
ernor of  Montana  Territory  18ii<i-<li) ;  and  later  a  Baptist 
niililst.'r.      Prohildlioii  eaiididat.-  for  the  presidency  1879. 

Smith,  Gustavus  Woodson.    Born  in  s.ott 

Couiily,  Ky.,  Jan.  1,  1822:  died  June  23,  18iK3. 
An  American  soldier.  Ilu  giMduatcd  at  West  Point 
ill  1842;  served  In  the  Mexican  "ar  ;  and  resigned  fioiii  the 
army  in  18.14.  He  was  street  eoinnilssloner  of  New  York 
city  fnnn  1818  to  1801.  when,  al  tlie  outlireak  of  the  Civil 
War,  he  entered  the  l^aifederate  ariiiv,  and  wa»appoint>Hl 
major  general  in  Sept.,  Isiil.  Me  was  insurance  eoinmis- 
sionerof  Kentneky  187o-7ll.  He  pnl.llslied  "  Notes  on  Life 
liisiinince  "  (::d  ed   I>77)aiid    "  Coiiledel  ol«'  War  Papers" 

(1.8811. 

Smith,  Henry  Boynton.    Born  nt  Portland, 

Mnine,  Nov.  21,  IS15:  died  at  New  York  city, 
Feb.  7,  1877.  An  American  clergynuin  and 
scholar.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Amherst 
(^dlege  In  1817.  anil  professor  of  ehimli  history  at  I  nion 
Theological  Semliuirv  In  l>.'Hiiaiid  later  of  syslematio 
theologv)  He  resigned  In  1874.  He  was  editor  of  lh« 
"  American  'l'lieol..gleal  Review."  '  Preabvterlan  Review," 
and  "Priiieeton  Review  "  Ills  w.irks  Include  "  Relations 
of  Faith  and  Philosophy  (ISIH)."  History  of  the  Church  of 
ChrlBl  |iiCbroiiologlearialiles"(18.-,ii),"  church  History 
(18.11),"  The  Idea  ill  Christian  Tliiiilogy  as  a  System  '  1 1877), 
wIthR.  D.  Hitchcock  a  life  of  Edward  Robinson  (1804).  etc. 


Smitli,  Horace 

Smith,  Horace.  Born  at  London,  Dee.  31, 1779  : 
died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  July  1-,  1849.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  wi-iter: 
brother  of  James  Smith,  and  associated  with 
him  in  the  "  Rejected  Addresses."  He  wrote 
'•Brambletye  House"  (1826)  and  many  other 
novels. 

Smith,  James.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1775 : 
died  there,  Dee.  26, 1839.  An  English  poet,  noted 
for  a  collection  of  parodies  entitled  "Reject- 
ed Addresses"  (in  collaboration  with  Horace 
Smith  in  1812).  He  aided  Charles  Mathews  in 
"Country  Cousins,"  etc. 


940 

strange  hieroglyphics  on  golden  plates,  which  he  subse- 
quently translated  with  the  aid  of  Uriin  and  Tlunnraim, 
a  pair  of  magic  spectacles.  The  translation,  which  was 
dictated  by  Smith  from  behind  a  curtain,  was  published 
in  1830  under  the  title  of  the  "Book  of  Slormon " 
(which  see),  on  the  basis  of  which  the  Mormon  Church 
was  organized  in  the  same  year.  In  Fel).,  1831,  he  re- 
moved witli  his  followers  from  New  York  State  to  Kirt- 
land,  Ohio,  sittling  afterward  in  Missouri.  In  1840  he 
founded  the  citv  of  Nauvoo,  Illinois.  Therevelation  which 
he  professed  to  have  received  July  12,  1843,  authorizing 
polygamy,  stirred  up  violent  opposition  among  his  follow- 
ers, which  found  expression  in  the  "Nauvoo  Expositor  " 


Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney 

1829  to  the  living  of  Combe- Florey  in  Somerset ;  and  in  1831 
he  was  canon  residentiary  of  St.  Paul's.  He  was  noted  as 
a  lu'illiant  critic,  and  as  a  talker  ant!  a  wit.  Macaulay  calls 
him  "  the  greatest  master  of  ridicule  that  has  appeared 
among  us  since  Swift."  His  chief  works  are  "Letters  on 
the  Subject  of  the  Catholics,  by  Peter  Plymley"  (1807-08: 
a<ivocating  Catholic  emancipation  and  Parliamentary  re- 
form); sixty-five  articles  from  the  "Edinburgh  Review," 
repuldislied  in  1839;  "Wit  and  Wisdom"  (edited  by 
Duyckinck,  18.^*6);  and  a  number  of  volumes  of  speeches, 
sermons,  and  letters  on  (luestions  of  the  day.  His  life  was 
publislied  by  his  daughter.  Lady  Holland  (1855 ;  including 
'  '  5  lettfcl-s). 


a  newspaper  founded  especially  for  this  purpose.    Smith's  Smith,  Walter  Chalmers.     Born  at  Aberdeen 


adherents  destroyed  the  press,  and  a  warrant  was  procured 
for  his  an'est.  He  resisted ;  the  militia  was  called  out  to 
assist  the  constable  in  serving  the  instrument;  and  he  was 
ultimately  lodged  in  the  jail  at  Carthage  with  his  brother 
Hyrum,  where  they  were  shot  to  death  by  a  mob. 


Smith,  John.  Bom  at  Willoughby,  Lincoln- 
shire, in  Jan.,  1579:  died  at  London,  June  21,  .  ™  ,  .  x>  ^tt  ■  i. 
163 1 .  An  English  adventurer,  president  of  the  Smith,  Joshua  Toulmin.  Bora  at  Birmingham, 
colony  of  Virginia  1608-09.  He  was  the  eldest  son  England,  May  29,  1816:  died  April -8, 1869.  An 
of  George  Smith,"a  tenant  farmer.  Little  is  known  of  his  English  antiquary.  His  works  include  '  JNortli- 
life,  except  through  his  own  writings,  which  are  largely  ^len  in  New  England  "  (1839),"  History  of  Eng- 
eulogistic  of  himself  and  of  questionable  authority.     He     i;^l,  n,,ilila  "  (•1S7fl)   etc 

studied  at  the  free  schools  of  Alford  and  Louth,  and  at  the   q VJI  fi    TrVvK^      ^V^  \',„,77,    V,lm,n„l  Kirhii 
age  of  fifteen  was  apprenticed  to  a  trade,  but  ran  away  and   Smith,  Kirby.      bee  Smith,  hdnuud  Kit  bl/. 
served  under  LordWUlougiibyintheNetberlandsand  else.  Smith,  MarCUS.    Born  at  New  Orleans,  Jan.  Zl , 
"  -" -" •■"tjr-.--.. iT.-„.=vivo„ia     -^^09.  £]igci  at  Paris,  Aug.  11, 1884,      "-  " = 


where.  He  afterward  serveil  in  Hungary  and  Transylvania 
agiiiust  the  Turks,  and  was  captured  and  sent  into  slavery, 
but  escaped  to  Russia  and  ultimately  returned  to  England, 
probably  about  1605.  He  accompanied  the  expedition,  con- 
sisting of  three  vessels  and  IW)  men,  which  left  London  Dec. 
19  1606,  under  the  command  of  Christopher  Newport,  for 
the  purpose  of  establisliing  a  colony  in  Virginia.  He  pro- 
fessed to  have  been  kept  under  arrest  during  part  of  the 
voyage  on  suspicion  of  aiming  to  usurp  the  government 
and  make  himself  king.  The  colonists  sighted  the  Virginia 
coast  (Cape  Henry)  April  26,  1607.  The  same  day  they 
opened  the  sealeii  orders  which  they  canied  with  them  pro- 
viding for  the  local  government  of  the  colony.  The  orders 
named  a  council  of  seven  members,  including  John  Smith 
(altlitmgh  for  tlie  present  he  was  not  allowed  to  take  his 
seat),  wliich  was  to  elect  an  animal  president,  and  which 
ultiniately  cliose  Edward  Maria  VVingfleld.  The  settle- 
ment of  Jamestown  began  May  13,  1607.     Smith's  energy 


An  Ameri- 
can actor,  known  as  Mark  Smith:  son  of  Solo- 
mon F.  Smith.  He  played  many  Shaksperian  parts,  and 
had  great  vei-satility,  ranging  easily  from  Sir  Peter  Teazle 
and  Mir  William  Foudlove  to  Diggory  and  Powhatan  (in 
Brougliam's  burlesiiue  "  I'ocahontas  "). 

Smith,  Melancton  or  Melancthon.    Bora  at 

New  York,  May  24,  1810 :  died  at  Green  Bay, 
Wis.,  July  19, 1893.  An  American  admiral.  He 
was  appointed  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy  in 
1826 ;  was  promoted  commander  in  1865,  captain  in  1862, 
commodore  in  1866,  and  rear-admiral  in  1870.  He  served 
in  the  Civil  War  before  New  Orleans,  at  Port  Hudson,  Fort 
Fisher,  etc.  He  was  commandant  of  the  Brooklyn  navy- 
yard  1870-7'2,  and  was  afterward  goverr.or  of  the  Naval 

„.i.,„u. .. --„_.. .,  .., - ^,      Asylum  at  Philadelphia.  _ 

in  exploring  the  neighboring  rivers,  and  his  success  in  ob-  Smith,  Morgan  Lewis.  Born  in  OswegoCounty, 


taining  supplies  from  the  Indians,  soon  secured  for  him 
admission  to  his  place  on  the  council.  While  on  a  voyage 
of  exploration  up  the  James  in  1607  he  was  captured  by 
tlie  Indians  and  brought  before  Powhatan,  who  after  a  six 
weeks'  captivity  sent  him  back  to  Jamestown  (see  Poca- 
hontas). When  he  returned  to  Jamestown,  he  found  the 
colonists  reduced  to  40  men ;  but  they  were  presently  re- 
inforced by  the  arrival  of  Captain  Nelson  with  140  immi- 
grants. Smith  explored  the  coasts  of  the  Chesapeake  as 
far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Patapsco  June-July,  and  the  head 
of  the  Chesapeake  July-Sept.,  1608.  On  Sept.  10, 1608,  he 
was  elected  president.    Captain  Newport  returned  from 


a  visit  to  England  with  70  colonists.     Insubordination 

and  Indian  uprisings  were  overcome  by  Smith's  tact  and  Smith   Robert.    Born  1689:  died  at  Cambridge, 
"       "■  ■      -his  administration  were  sent     j7g^_     An  English  mathematician.    He  was  ap- 


1716,  and  master  of  Trinity  I 


energy,  but  false  accounts  of 

home  by  his  enemies,  A  new  charter  was  obtained  by  the 
proprietors  m  England  (the  London  Company) ;  Lord  Dela- 
warr  was  made  governor  ;  and  three  commissioners  were 
empowered  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  colony  until  the 
aiTival  of  the  governor.  The  commissioners  sailed  in  1609 
with  over  500  emigrants  in  nine  ships,  one  of  which,  the 
Sea  Venture,  was  shipwrecked  off  the  Bermudas.  The 
warrant  of  the  new  commission  was  lost  in  the  ship- 
wreck, with  the  result  that  Smith  retained  his  presidency 
and  enforced  his  authority  over  the  new-comers,  who 
were  composed  largely  of  the  riltrafl  of  London.  While 
on  an  exploring  expedition  he  was  severely  wounded  by 
the  explosion  of  his  powder-ba^,  and  returned  to  Lon- 
don in  the  autumn  of  1609.  He  subsequently  (in  1614) 
conducted  an  expedition  fitted  out  by  some  London 
merchants  to  the  coast  of  New  England,  which  he  ex- 
plored from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod.  In  1615  he  started  on 
a  similar  voyage,  but  was  captured  by  the  French.  He 
escaped  the  same  year,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  vain  endeavors  to  procure  financial  support  for 
the  estalilishmeut  of  a  colony  in  New  England.     He  ob- 

taineil  tlie  promise  of  20  ships  in  1617,  anil  received  the  CTni-h'h      'Rn<!\lffpll 
title  of  Admiral  of  New  England,  which  he  bore  until  his  *'.^"",'  on  iSon.  .1; 


in  1824.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh,  and  has  held 
pastoral  charges  in  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  at  Orwell, 
Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh.  He  is  distinguished  as  a  preacher 
and  for  his  practical  interest  in  public  affairs.  His  poems 
include  "'The  Bishop's  Walk"  (1861),  "Olrig  Grange" 
(1872),  "  Hilda  among  the  Broken  Gods  "(1878),  "Kildros- 
tan  "  (18S4).  etc. 

Smith,  Wayland.    See  Wai/land. 

Smith,  William.  Born  at  New  York,  June  25, 
1728:  died  at  Quebec,  Canada,  Nov.  3,  1793. 
An  American  jurist  and  historian.  He  graduated 
from  Yale  in  1745,  studied  law,  and  became  chief  justice  of 
the  province  of  New  York  in  1763,  and  a  member  of  the 
council  in  1767.  He  finally  attached  himself,  after  much 
wavering,  to  the  cause  of  the  British,  and  became  chief 
justice  of  Canada  in  1786.  He  wrote  "  History  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  New  York,  etc."  (1757). 

Smith,  William.  Bom  at  Churchill,  Oxford- 
shire, England,  March  23,  1769 :  died  at  North- 
ampton, England,  Aug.  28,  1839.  An  English 
geologist,  called  "the  Father  of  English  Geo',- 
ogy."  He  began  as  a  mineral  surveyor  and  civil  engineer, 
and  in  1794  was  appointed  engineer  of  the  Somerset  Coal 
Canal.  He  published  "  (icolugical  Map  of  England  and 
Wales  with  Part  of  Scotland  "  (1815),  geological  county 
maps,  and  works  on  the  connection  of  strata  with  organic 
remains. 

Smith,  Sir  William.  Born  at  London  in  1812 
or  1813 :  died  Oct.  7,  1893.  An  English  classical 
and  biblical  scholar.  He  studied  at  University  Col- 
lege (London),  and  kept  terms  at  Gray's  Inn,  but  aban- 
doned law  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  clas- 
sical literature.  He  was  editorof  the  'H)uarterly  Review  " 
from  1867  until  his  death,  and  was  knighted  in  1892,  He 
edited  a  "  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities" 
(1842),  "  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and 
Mythology"  (3  vols.,  late  ed.  1880),  "Dictionary. of  Greek 
and  Roman  Geography  "  (2  vols.  1854-67),  "Dictionary  of 
the  Bible  "  (1860-63),  Latin-English  dictionary  (185.5) ;  was 
joint  editor  of  "Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities" 
(1875-80),  and  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography  "(4  vols, 
1877-87) ;  and  wrote  or  editeil  various  classical  text-books, 

_  _         historical  manuals,  etc. 

pointed  Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Cambridge  m   Smith,  William  Farrar.     Born  Feb.  17,  1824: 
■■"■    ■    College  in  1742.    Ho  is  chiefly     died  Feb.  28,  1903.    An  A 


N.  Y.,'  March  8,  1822 :  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Dec.  29,  1874.  An  American  general,  brigade 
and  division  commander  underGrant  and  Sher- 
man in  the  West  during  the  CiN'il  War. 
Smith,  Philip.  Died  1885.  An  English  histo- 
rian, brother  of  Sir  William  Smith  (1813-93). 
He  was  head-master  of  the  Mill  Hill  Protestant  Dissenters' 
School,  Hendon,  and  was  a  coadjutorof  his  brother  in  the 
compilation  of  the  dictionaries  of  Greek  and  Roman  an- 
tiquities, biography,  and  geography.  He  published  "A 
History  of  the  Worid  "  (1864  et  seq.). 


American  (Union)  gen- 


known  as  the  founder  of  Smith's  prizes  (which  see)  at 
Cambridge.  Hewrote  "Complete System  of  Optics "(1738), 

Smith,  Robert.  Born  Nov.,  1757 :  died  at  Bal- 
timore, Nov.  26,  1842.  An  American  politician, 
brother  of  Samuel  Smith  (1752-1839).  He  was 
secretary  of  the  navy  1801-05 ;  attorney-general  1806 ;  and 
secretary  of  state  1809-11. 

Smith,    Robert   Payne.     Born   Nov.,  1818:  ttt-i-i.       tt  r>        tr      1       t 

died   April   1,  1895.  "^  An   English  Orientalist  Smith  William  Henry.    Born  at  London,  June 
and  theologian.    He  was  regius  professor  of  divinity     "^   l*^*^^  '^'"'^  "*■  Walmer  (  astle.  Oct.  6.  1891. 


eral  and  engineer.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1845 ;  was  a  division  commander  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign and  at  Antietam  ;  and  was  a  corps  commander  at 
Fredericksburg.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  and  of  the  Division  of  the  Jlis- 
sissippi.  He  took  an  important  part  in  the  operations 
near  Chattanooga,  1863.  In  1864  he  was  confirmed  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  was  corps  commander  at  Cold 
Harbor  and  before  Petersburg  in  the  same  year. 


death.  The  expedition,  however,  never  sailed.  He  wrote 
"ATrue  Relation"  (1608),  "A  Map  of  Virginia"  (1612),  "A 
Description  of  New  England"  (1616),  "New  England's 
Trials  "  (1620),  "The  Generall  Historic  of  Virginia,  New 
England,  and  the  Summer  Isles  "  (1624),"An  Accidence  for 
Young  Seamen"  (IG'26),  "The  True  Travels  "  (1630),  and 
"Advertisements  for  the  Inexperienced  Planters  of  New 
England  "  (1631), 

Smith,  John  Cotton.  Born  at  Sharon,  Conn., 
Feb.  12,  1765:  died  there,  Dec.  7,  1845.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Federalist  member  of 
Congress  from  Connecticut  1801-07,  and  governor  of  Con- 
necticut 1813-18.  He  was  president  of  the  American  Bible 
So(-iety  and  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  of 
Foreign  Missions. 

Smith,  John  Cotton.  Bom  at  Andover.Mass., 
Aug.  4,  1826:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  10,  1882. 
An  American  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman. 
He  became  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Asctiision.  New 
York  city,  in  1860,  and  was  a  leader  in  tenement-house 
reform.  He  wrote  ".Miscellanies,  Old  and  New  "  (1876), 
"  The  Liturgy  as  a  Basis  of  Union,"  etc. 

Smith,  John  Pye.  Born  at  Sheffield,  England, 
May  25, 1774:  died  at  Guildford,  England.  Feb. 
5,  1851.  An  English  Independent  clergyman. 
Hewrote  "Scripture  Testimony  to  the  Messiah"  (1818-21), 
"  Scripture  and  Geology  "  (1839),  etc. 

Smith,  Joseph.  Born  at  Sharon,  Vt.,  Dee.  23, 
1805 :  killed  at  Carthage,  111..  June  27, 1844.  A 
Mormon  prophet.  He  removed  with  his  parents,  poor 
farmers,  to  the  State  of  New  York  about  1815,  and  resided 
successively  at  Palmyra  and  Manchester,  About  1820  he 
began,  as  he  claimed,  to  have  supernatural  visions,  and 
Sept.  22,  JS27,  received  from  an  angel  a  book  written  iu 


at  Oxford  from  1806  to  1871,  when  he  became  dean  of  Can 
terbury.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Old  Testament  Revision 
Company.  He  published  "The  Authenticity  and  Mes- 
sianic Interpretation  of  the  Prophecies  of  Isaiah  Vindi- 
cated "  (1862),  " Prophecy :  a  Pieparation forChrist "  (1869), 
'■Thesaurus  .S.vriacus  "  (1«('.8  et  set].),  etc. 

Born   at  Lebanon,  Conn., 

Uiireh  30, 1829 :  died  at  New  York,  April  19, 1892. 
An  American  publisher,  a  founder,  with  Dr.  J. 
G.  Holland  and   Charles   Scribner  &   Co.,  of 
"  Seribner's  Monthly,"  later  (1881)  the  "  Cen- 
tury "magazine.    He  was  the  founder  and  presi- 
dent of  The  Century  Co.  (New  York  city). 
Smith,  Samuel  Francis.  Born  at  Boston,  Oct. 
21,  1808:  died  Nov.  16,  1895.   An  American  Bap- 
tist clergyman  and  poet.   He  is  well  known  from  his 
hymns  and  songs,  including  "My  Country,  'Tis  of  Thee" 
(1832),  "The  Morning  Light  is  Breaking  "(1832),  etc. 
Smith,  Seba.    Born  at  Buckfield,  Maine,  Sept. 
14,  1792 :  died  at  Patehogue,  L.  I.,  July  29,  1868. 
An  American  journalist  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter. He  published  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Major  Jack  Down- 
ing" (1833),  "  'Way  Down  East,  etc."  (1856),  "My  Thirty 
Years  Out  of  the  Senate,  by  Major  Jack  Downing  "  (1869- 
1860),  etc. 
Smith  Sydney.  BomatWoodford,Essex,  Eng- 
land, June  3, 1771:  died  at  London,  Feb.  22, 1845. 
An  F.iinlisli  clergyman,  wit,  and  essayist.  He  was 
educated  at  Winclies"ter  and  at  New  College,  Oxforil ;  took 
orders  •  and  was  curatt^  of  Netheravon  on  Salisl)ury  I'lain, 
He  lived  in  Edinburgh  from  1798  to  1803,  and  lii.  ii  went 
to  London.  While  in  F.diiiburKh  he  wasoneof  tlie  founders 
of  the  "Edinbmgli  hcview,"  its  first  editor (lS(r2), and  one 
of  its  chief  ontiibntors  for  twenty  years.     From  1804  to 
1808  he  was  one  of  the  lecturers  on  moral  philosophy  at 
the  Royal  Institution,  London,  teaching  the  principles  of 
Dugald  Stewart.     These  lectures  were  published  in  1850. 
In  1SIJ9  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Foston-le-Clay, 
Yorkshire,  where  there  had  been  no  clergyman  for  over  100 
years  :  he  lived  there  for  twenty  years  as  a  village  priest. 
In  1828  he  was  presented  to  a  prebend  of  Bristol,  and  in 


24,  1825 :  died  at  Walmer  Castle,  Oct.  6,  1891. 
An  English  Conservative  politician  and  pub- 
lisher. He  was  financial  secretary  to  the  treasury  1874- 
1877;  firstlord  of  the  admiralty  1877-80;  secretary  for  war 
1885-86  and  1886-87 ;  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury  and 
leader  of  the  House  of  Connnons  from  1887  until  his  death. 

Smith,  William  Robertson.  Born  at  Keig, 
Aberdeenshire,  Nov.  8,  1846:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, England,  March  31,  1894.  A  distin- 
guished Scottish  biblical  scholarand  Orientalist. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  a  scholarly  clergyman,  who  was 
his  sole  teachertill  he  entered  Aberdeen  University.  After 
gaining  exceptional  distinction  there,  he  went  to  the  Free 
Church  College  at  Edinburgh,  and  afterward  studied  at 
the  universities  of  Bonn  and  (jbttingen.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Hebrew  professor  in  the  Free  Church  College 
at  Aberdeen.  A  keen  ecclesiastical  controversy  arose  out 
of  certain  of  his  writings  —  the  question  at  issue  being  the 
extent  of  liberty  in  matters  of  biblical  criticism  and  inter- 
pretation permissible  in  an  evangelical  church.  His  con- 
tributions to  the  "  Encyclopiedia  Britannica,"  especially 
the  article  "  Bible,"  published  in  1876,  led  to  a  series  of  at- 
tempts to  convict  him  of  heresy.  These  were  unsuccess- 
ful, largely  owing  to  the  attraction  of  a  powerful  personal 
infiuence,  as  well  as  to  his  skilful  conduct  of  his  defense  ; 
but  in  1881  he  was  removed  fx-om  his  chair  without  being 
deprived  of  its  emoluments,  of  which,  however,  hedeclined 
to  continue  acceptance.  The  ground  assigned  by  the  Assem- 
bly for  this  action  was  that  "they  no  longer  considered  it 
safe  or  advantageous  for  the  church  that  Professor  Smith 
should  continue  to  teach  in  one  of  her  colleges."  FYom 
1881  he  was  associated  as  joint  editor  of  the  "Encyclo- 
pa;dia  Britannica"  with  T.  Spencer  Baynes,  after  whose 
death  in  1887  he  was  sole  editor.  He  was  lord  almoner's 
reader  in  Arabic  at  Cambridge  University  1883-86,  libia- 
rian  of  the  ITniversity  1886-89,  and  professor  of  Arabic 
1889-94.  Hepublished  "The  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish 
Church  "(1881),  "The  Pi'ophets  of  Israel,  and  their  Place 
in  History"  (1882),  "Kinship  and  Marriage  in  Early  Ara- 
bia"(18S5),  "TheReligion  of  the  Semites"  (1889),  etc. 

Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney:  often  called  Sir 
Sidney  Smith.  Born  at  Westminster,  July  21, 
1704  :  died  at  Paris,  May  26,  1840.  An  English 
admiral.  Entering  the  navy  at  11,  he  won  a  lieutenancy  in 


I 


Smith,  Sii  William  Sidney 

the  h.-ittle  otf  <':ipc  St.  Vincent,  .Ian.,  178).  In  17-8-90  he 
advised  the  Kinu'  of  .Sweden  in  his  war  with  Russia ;  in 
1793  he  joined  Loi<i  Hood  at  Toulon  ;  and  on  April  I'J.  17'.Ki, 
he  was  captured  in  the  harhorof  Havre-de-finice.  and  sent 
to  Paris,  He  escaped  in  17l>8,  and  crossei!  the  Charniel  in 
askilf.  In  Oct.,  179s,  he  was  sent  to  C'onslantinople  as 
plenipotentiary;  but,  leaniinK  of  Boiiai)arte's  operations  at 
St. -Jean  d'Acre,  went  to  its  relief.  On  ilarch  \i>,  17!«>,  lie 
captured  the  French  tlotilla.and  on  May  20 compelled  H m- 
aparte  to  raise  the  sieac.  lie  sened  as  liriKadier-genend 
under  Abercromby  at  the  battle  of  Abukir.  In  18ir2hewa8 
member  of  Parliament  for  Rochester  ;  in  ISO."!  was  sent  on 
secret  service  to  Sicily  and  Naples  ;  in  1807  joined  ^■ir  John 
Duckworth  against  the  Turks ;  and  on  Feb.  7  destroyed  the 
Turkish  fleet  at  Abydos. 

Smith  College.  Au  iustitution  for  the  hifrher 
educatiou  of  women,  situated  at  Nortliamiiton, 
Massachusetts,  It  was  founded  by  Sopliia  Smitli 
(1796-1870),  and  opened  in  1875.  It  has  about 
1,100  students. 

Smithfield  (smitli'feld),  A  loeality  iu  London, 
north  of  St.  Paul's,  it  was  formerly  a  recreation- 
ground,  ami  was  Ions  famous  for  its  cattle-market.  It  was 
noted  in  the  tiuie  of  CJueen  Mary  as  the  place  for  burning 
heretics  at  the  stake. 

Smith's  Island  (smiths  i'land).  A  small  islanil 
off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  to  which  it  be- 
longs, 24  miles  ,south  of  Wilmington,  It  con- 
tains Cape  Fear, 

Bmithson  (smitli'son),  James  (James  Lewis 

Macie),  Born  ill  France,  about  1765  :  died  at 
Genoa,  June  27,  1S29,  An  English  scientist,  il- 
legitimate son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Xortluimber- 
laud,  lie  made  a  bequest  to  the  United  States  for  the 
establishnient  of  a  scientitic  institution.  Sni:  Sinitfi^onian 
IiiMitution 

Smithsonian  Institution.    An  institution  of 

learning  at  Washington,  established  in  184t). 
for  the  "  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge 
among  men,"  it  was  founded  by  James  Sniithson.  an 
English  chemist  and  mineralogist,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  At  his  death,  in  ISJl),  he  bequeathed  ilor.,nOO  to 
the  ffovertiment  of  the  Tnited  .States  in  trust '"to  found 
at  Washington  an  establishment,  under  the  name  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  for  the  increase  and  dilTusion  of 
knowledge  among  men,"  which  bequest  became  operative 
in  l&;i5.  In  18;iS  the  I'nited  .States  government  received 
from  the  t'ourt  of  Chancery  of  fJreat  Britain  $"»15,lt:!), 
which  sum  was  increased  by  careful  financial  management 
to  $703,000.  This  amount  was  further  incre:ised  in  ISOI 
by  a  gift  from  Mr.  Thomas  George  Uodgkins  of  Seiauket, 
New  York,  of  S2U0,0O0  a  porticm  of  the  in.  ntne  of  which 
was  to  be  devoted  to  "the  increase  ami  iliItu>i('M  of  more 
exact  knowledge  in  regard  to  the  nature  and  properties 
of  the  atmospheric  air,  in  connection  with  tlie  welfare  of 
man  "  .Mr.  Hodgkins  also  named  t^  Institution  a.^  his 
residuary  legatee.  The  funds  ot  the  Institntion  are  de- 
posited in  the  United  States  Treasury,  the  govermnent 
paying  0  per  cent,  interest  on  the  fund.  After  the  discus- 
aion  ot  numerous  plans.  Congress  passed  an  act  in  1840 
creating  an  "establishment "  consisting  of  the  Presiilent 
and  members  of  the  cabinet  and  a  board  of  regents  (the 
Vice-President,  3  senators,  3  members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  six  other  citizens),  the  executive 
officer  to  be  a  secretary  elected  by  the  board  of  regents. 
The  Institution  has  devoted  itself  to  the  two  lines  of 
work  marked  out  in  the  terms  of  the  berjuest  —  the 
prosecution  of  original  research,  and  the  publication  and 
distribution  of  memoirs  on  subjects  relating  to  science. 
During  the  course  of  its  existence,  it  has  originated  many 
scientific  undertakings  of  great  importance,  which  have 
since  been  taken  up  by  the  government,  and  for  which 
separate  bureanshave  been  established,  some  independent 
of  the  Institution,  others  under  itH  difeetion,  (nit  of  its 
meteorological  service  the  Unite<i  states  Weatlier  Bureau 
has  grown  ;  in  connection  with  its  work  iu  tclillijology  the 
United  States  Fish  CommissioM  was  csl!ibli>ln-d.  Indcr 
thedirectitm  of  theSmithsrmian  Institution  are  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  the  legal  custi.flianof  all  govern- 
ment collections;  the  Bureau  of  International  Exchanges; 
the  Bureau  of  American  Kthnologv  ;  the  Astrtt-Physical  Ob- 
servatory; and  the  National  Zonlogical  Park,  The  Institu- 
tion has  a  library  of  ir»0,(X)o  volumes  (e-pedally  rich  in 
transactions  of  learned  societies)  and  scientitic  Journals. 
This  library  was  deposited  in  18*JtJ,  by  act<»f  CongrcKs,  with 
the  library  of  ('ongress,  only  a  working  liliraiy  being  re- 
tained by  the  Institutitui.  Thelnstilulion,  however,  enjoys 
the  customary  use  of  its  library  as  well  lui  a  free  use  of  the 
library  of  Congress.  The  Institution  has  harl  three  sec- 
retaries—  Joseph  Henry,  a  physicist  (1S46-78);  spencer 
Fullerton  Baird,  a  zoologist  (I87s--S7)  ;  ami  Samuel  Pier- 
pont  Langloy,  an  astronomer  and  physicist  (1887-),  Its 
publications  consist  of  *' Cmtributions  to  Knowledge" 
(quarto,  vols.  1--1H).  "  MiHcellaneons  C'dlections"  (vols, 
l-se),  and  Reports  (18411-92).  Reports  of  the  .National  Mu- 
seum 18S4-;t2,  Bulletins  of  the  .Natiomd  Musetnu  (1-.^)), 
Proceedings  of  the  National  .Mtiseiun  (1-ltl),  Annual  Re- 
ports of  the  Bureau  of  I^tbnology  (vols,  1-13).  It  has  a 
building,  used  for  ofllces  and  exhibit  ion  halls.  It  has  taken 
part  in  all  the  scientitic  expeditions  and  explorations  con- 
ducted  by  the  government,  and  in  all  international  expo- 
sitliuis.  In  1M93  it  offered  prizes  of  slo.iHio,  .•?2,(J00,  and 
.-"■l.Ofto  in  connection  with  the  Hodgkins  be<|UeBt. 

Smith  Sound.  A  sea  pussuge  in  the  arctic  re- 
gions, leading  northward  from  liaflin  Bay,  and 
separating  I'mdhoi-  Land  (in  (ireonlaiid)  on 
the  east  from  Kllesmeic  ]mui\  on  the  west. 

Smith's  Prizes.  Two  prizes  at  the  riiiversilv 
of  Cambridge,  founded  by  Koberl  Smith  (KWB- 
1708),  From  1769  to  lsS2  they  were  awarded  to  the  stu- 
dents proceeding  B.  A.  who  were  most  succesHful  In  a  spe- 
cial examination  in  mathematics.  From  1K83  they  have 
been  awardcti  to  writei-s  of  the  best  essays  on  any  subject 
in  mathematics  or  natural  philosophy. 


941 

Smoky  fsmo'ki)  City,  The.  A  name  frequently 
L'ivi-n  to  I'itisburg. 

Smoky  Hill  Eiver,  or  Smoky  Hill  Fork.    A 

river  which  rises  in  eastern  Colorado,  Hows 
east  through  Kansas,  and  unites  xvith  the  Sol- 
otnon  Kiver  about  long.  97°  22'  W,  to  form  the 
Kansas  Kiver,     Lcnglh,  abodt  ion  niilis. 

Smoky  Mountains,  or  Great  Smoky  Moun- 
tains. A  range  of  the  .\].p.ilacliian  system,  on 
the  border  between  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee.   It  contains  ])eaks  ovi-r  0.000  feet  high. 

Smolen  (smc-'len).  .\n  island  off  the  western 
cnast  of  Norway,  about  lat.  03°  25'  N.  Length, 
about  l.'i  miles. 

Smolensk  (smo-lensk').  1.  .\  government  of 
western  central  Russia,  surrounded  by  the 
governments  of  Pskoff,  Tver,  Moscow.  Kaluga, 
Tchernigotr,  Mogliileff,  and  Vitebsk.  The  chief 
occupation  is  agiieulture.  Area,  21,0,38 square 
miles.  Population  (1891).  1.412,102,-2.  A  ca- 
thedral city,  the  capital  of  the  government  of 
Smolensk,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  about  lat, 
54°  48'  X.  It  is  an  imiHirtant  strategic  point,  and 
is  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Russia,  It  was  annexed  to 
Lithuania  in  14i>4;  conquered  ami  annexed  by  Kussia  in 
l.'ill ;  taken  by  Sigismund  III,  of  Poland  in  Kill ;  retaken 
liy  the  Russians  ii]  1054  ;  and  in  l(i«7  d-flnitely  reannexed 
by  Russia.  A  victory  was  gained  there  by  the  Kremh 
army  under  Napoleon  over  the  Russians  under  Barclay 
de  Tolly  and  Bagration,  Aug.  17,  1812  (N.  S.),  when  the 
town  was  partly  burned.     Population  (1890),  37,741. 

Smolensk,  Principality  of.  A  meilieval  prin- 
c-ipalitv  of  central  Ktissia,  acquired  by  Lithua- 
nia about  1400. 

Smolkin  (smol'kin),      A  fiend  mentioned  in 

Sliaksjiere's  "King  Liar.'" 

Smollett  (smol'et),  Tobias  George.     Born  at 

Dahiuhurn,  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  March, 
1721 :  died  at  ilonte  Novo,  near  Leghorn.  Italy, 
Oct.  21,  1771.  A  British  novelist,  historical 
writer,  and  miscellaneous  author.  He  was  e<lu- 
cat«d  at  the  grannnar-school  of  Dumbarton  and  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon. 
About  1740  he  went  to  London  and  entered  the  navy  as  a 
surgeon,  and  in  1741  xvas  present  at  the  siege  of  Carta- 
gena. In  1744  he  returned  to  Kngland,  and  until  17«i7 
lived  there  and  on  the  C«»ntinent,  dev*»ting  himself  Ut 
literary  work,  and  editing  "The Critical  Review  "and  "  The 
Briton."  In  17ti7  he  retired  with  broken  health  to  Monte 
Novo,  where  he  died,  .\mong  his  works  are  the  novels 
"The  Adventures  of  Roderick  Random"  (1748),  "The  Ad- 
ventures of  Peregrine  I'ickle"(17.'>l).  "The  Adventures  of 
Ferdinand,  <?ount  Fathom  "(1753),  "The  .\d ventures  of  Sir 
Lancelot  Greaves"  (1700-01),  and  "The  Expedition  of 
Humphrey  Clinker ''(1771);  and  among  his  other  works  are 
"A  Complete  History- of  Englanil"  (1757-65),  "Tlte  Repri- 
sals, or  the  Tars  of  Old  England"  (1757  :  a  farce),  "The 
History  and  Adventures  of  an  Atom"  (17C9:  a  satire\ 
"Travels"  (nCiti),  and  translations  of  "  Don  ()nixote  "(17,'i.'') 
.ind  "t!il  Bias  "  (1761  :  a  later  translation  by  Mr.  I^njamin 
Heath  ^lalkin  has  been  printed  with  Smollett's  name). 

Smyrna  (smer'nii),  Turk,  Ismir  (iz-mer'),  A 
seaport  in  the  vihi.vet  of  .Vidiii,  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Uiilf  of  Smyrna  in  lat. 
38°  20'  N..  long,  27°  9'  E.  it  is  the  most  important 
city  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  chief  commercial  center  in  the 
Levant.  Its  exports  include  cotton,  tigs,  raisins,  carpets, 
opium,  etc.  It  consists  of  a  Turkish  and  a  Frank  quarter, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  two  railway  lines.  It  was  an  an- 
cient .-Eolian  settlement,  and  later  was  colonized  from  the 
loiuan  city  Colophon,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Ionian 
League((i88l«.  c).  1 1  claimed  to  be  thebirthplaceof  Homer. 
It  was  com]Uercd  by  the  i.ydiun  king  Alyattes.  and  was 
rebuilt  and  enlaige<l  by  Antigoinis  and  Lyslmachns.  and 
became  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Asia.  It  xvjis  one  of  the 
seven  cities  addres.se<l  by  ,l(din  in  the  Rjevelation.  It  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  17s  .i  p.,  ami  was  restored  b>' 
Marcus  Aurelins  ;  was  occupie<l  by  the  Knights  of  St.  J<ihn 
in  the  14th  century;  and  was  sacked  by  Timnr  in  14tr2. 
From  1424  it  has  been  uiuler  Turkish  rule,  population, 
200,0110  (Creeks,  Tucks,  Armerdans,  and  F'ranks). 

Smyrna,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  ..Egean  Sen, 
situali-il  Nvi'st  and  northwest  of  .Smyrna, 

Smyth  (smith  or  smith),  Charles  Piazzi.  Bom 

at  .Najplc's,  .(an,  :t,  1.S19;  died  ;it  Cl.iva,  near 
Kipon,Feb.  21, 1900,  .\slrononicr  royal  for  Scot- 
land (184,'>-88),  s<m  of  Admiral  W,"ll.  Smyth. 
He  WTOt«  ••Teneritfe:  An  Astronomer's  l',.xperiincnt, 
etc'  (1858),  "Three  I'ltles  In  Russia  "  (1802),  "(Pur  In- 
heritance In  the  Great  Pyramid  "  (18(H),  "  Life  and  Work 
at  the  Great  I'yrainid  "  (1807),  '  Antiiiuity  of  Inlelleetnal 
Man"  (isiks),  •'Ihe  Great  Pynmiiil  and  the  Royal  .Society  ' 
(1874),  "New  Mfiisures  of  the  Great  Pyramlil  (ISStXetc. 
Smyth,  Egbert  Cof&n.  Boi-n  at  I'.runswick, 
Maine,  .Aug.  24,  ISJII,  An  .\mcriean  ( 'ongretra- 
tioinil  (dergyman  and  theologian,  siui  of  Wil- 
liam Smith  (1797-l.Sf)8).  He  became  professorofeccle. 
slnstlral  history  at  Antlover  Theidoglcal  Sendmiry  in  180;t, 
anil  presiilent  of  Its  faiuHv  In  187.S.  lie  has  been  «lltor 
of  II Aiiilovrr  Review"  since  Issl. 

Smyth,  Samuel  Phillips  Newman.    Born  at 

Brunswick.  Maine,  .liine  '25,  184:t.  An  American 
Congregatioinil  clei'gymau,  brother  of  K.  C 
.Smyth.  Hegnnluatedalllowdii|nin18ll.'<.nndat  Andover 
in  1867,  having  In  the  nu-antilne  served  iu  the  Uidon  army 
in  Ihe  Civil  War.  He  him  had  charge  of  Ihe  First  Congre- 
gational church  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  since  188'i. 
He  has  published  •'Religious  Feeling  "  (1877),  "Old  Faiths 
In  New  i.ltthla"  (1879),  "The  UrtlloUox  Tbtx>logy  o(  Tu- 


Snoilsky 

day  "  (1881),  "The  Reality  of  Faith  "  (1884),  "The  Moralitv 
of  (he  Old  lestamelit  "  (ias6;  in  "  Helps  to  Belief  "X  and 
■■  Christian  Facts  and  Forces"  (1887). 

Smyth,  William.  Born  at  Pittston,  Maine, 
1797:  died  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  April  3,  1808. 
An  American  educator,  profes.sor  of  mathe- 
nuitics  at  Bowdoin  College.  He  wrote  mathe- 
matical te.\t-books.  etc. 

Sm3rth,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster. .Ian,  21,  ITss;  died  near  Aylesbury,  Eng- 
land, Sejit,  9,  ISO.').  An  Knglish  naval  officer 
and  hydrograjiber.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1605; 
made  surveys  of  Sicily,  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic,  and  Sar- 
diida  by  onlerof  the  admiralty  ;  attained  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral  iu  1s,t3;  and  was  apitointed  hydrognipher  to  the 
admiralty  in  1857.  His  chief  work  is  "The  Mediterranean" 
(1S.-4). 

Snaehsetten  (sna'hat-ten).  A  mountain  in  the 
Dovre  l'"jeld,  Noi-way,  long  regarded  as  the 
liighest  mountain  of  northern  Europe.  Height, 
7. 570  feet. 

Snagsby  (snagz'bi).  Mr.  A  mild,  bald,  timid 
man,  very  retiring  and  unassuming,  in  the 
law  stationery  business,  in  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House.'  He  is  in  great  fear  of  his  domineering  wife, 
and  usually  prefaces  liis  remarks  with  "Not  to  put  too 
line  a  point  up<ui  it" 

Snake  (suilk),  Mr.    A  malicious  character  iu 

Sheridan's  "School  for  Scandal." 

Snake  Island.    See  AnfiuUUi. 

Snake  (^nak)  River,  or  Lewis  (lu'is)  River,  or 
Shoshone  (sho-sho'ne)  River.  A  river  in  the 
northwestern  i)art  of  the  I'liiteil  States,  It  ris»s 
in  Sho^h^lne  Lake  in  llie  ^'elll>^vstone  National  Park  ;  flows 
soutli  in  Wyoming,  west  tlirnu;^]!  Idalioto  tbeliregon  Iwr- 
der,  niirth(formingtbeliounilar>  between  Idaho  on  the  east 
and  (Iregonand  Washington  on  the  west),  and  west  through 
Washington  ;  and  joins  the  Columbia  about  long.  119' W.  It 
is  noted  for  its  scenery  (cataracts  and  cai'ions).  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  ilalade.  Bois^,  Salmon,  Clearwater, 
and  Palouse  on  the  right,  and  the  Owyhee,  Malheur,  and 
Grande  R^mde  on  the  left.  Length,  about  1,100  miles; 
navigable  to  Lewiston. 

Snakes.     See  Shonhoni. 

Snare  (snivr).  A  sheriff's  officer:  aeharacterin 
t  he  second  part  of  Shakspere's ' '  King  Heiu-y  I V, " 

Sneak  (snek),  Jerry.  A  foolish  good-natured 
henjiecked  husband  in  Foote's  play  "The 
Mayor  of  GaiTatt."  He  is  unable  to  "pluck  up  a 
spirit,"  and,  when  elected  mayor,  is  une({ual  to  the  ofBce. 
He  has  become  the  type  of  henpecked  husbands. 

Sneehaetten.    See  Suielia-tioi. 
Sneer  (sikm).     A  disagreeable  critic  in   Sheri- 
dan's play  "  The  Critic." 

Sir  Fret.  Plague  on  "t  now,  Sneer,  I  shall  take  it  ill.  I 
believe  you  want  to  lake  away  my  character  as  an  author, 

.Smvr.  Then  I  aiu  sure  you  ought  to  be  very  much 
oljliged  t*)  me.  Thr  Critic. 

Sneerwell  (sner'wel).  Lady.  A  beautiful  wi- 
dow, a  scandalmonger,  iu  Sheridan's  ".School 
for  Siandal.''  "Everybody  allows  that  Lady  Sneemell 
can  do  more  with  a  word  and  a  look  than  many  can  with 
the  most  laboui-ed  detail,  even  when  they  happen  to  have 
a  little  truth  on  their  side  to  support  it." 

Sneeuwbergen  (sniiw'ber-Gen).  [D.,  'snow 
moiinlaiiis.'J  A  range  ot  mountains  in  Cape 
Colony,  about  lat.  32°  S.,  long.  25°  E.  Highest 
point,  about  8,000  feet. 

Sneffels,  Mount.   See  Sniffeh. 

Snehaetten.    See  Siialufticii. 

Snell,  Willebrord.    See  Snclliiis. 

Snellius  (siu  I'i-us),  or  Snell  (sneU.  Wille- 
brord. Born  at  Leydeii,  l.l^l:  died  Oct.  :tO, 
1020,  A  Dutch  mathematician,  profes.sor  of 
mathematics  at  Leyileu  from  1013,  He  discov- 
ered the  law  of  refraction. 

Snevellicci(snii-vel-le'clie).  Miss.  An  actress, 
engaged  in  Mr.  Vincent  Crnnmiles's  theatrical 
troupe,  "who  couhl  do  anylliing.  from  n  nn'd- 
ley  (lance  to  Lady  Macbeth":  a  character  in 
Charles  Pickens's  "Nicholas  Nickleby." 

Sneyders.    See  Siii/ilrrn. 

Sniffels(snif'el7,),o'rSneffel8lsnef'el7.1,Mount. 
A  |ii!ik  of  Ihe  Sat.  .Iii.in  range,  southern  Colo- 
rado,     Height,  14.1.'>.'<  feci. 

Snodgrass  (snod'gras).  Mr.  Augustus.  .\ num- 
ber of  the  famous  Tiikwiik  (Inb,  with  a  ttirn 
for  ]ioesy,  in  Dickens's  "I'iikwick  Tapers," 

8noilsky(snoirske),CarlJohanGu8tav.  Born 

at  Stockholm,  Sept,  8,  1841.  A  .Swedish  lyrio 
poet.  He  studied  at  I  psida  after  18110.  where  as  a  stu- 
dent, in  184d,  he  tuibllshed  his  llrst  colleclion  of  iK>emB, 
"Smlidlkler"(  'l.iltle  Poems"),  under  the  pseudonym  Sven 
Trost.  In  l.S4i-i  appeared  n  seconil  volume  of  iHiems  with 
the  lillc  "Orchlileer.""  In  ISfifi  he  wasgiven  a  position  in 
tile  SwinUsh  emlmssv  at  Parts;  in  I8»KI  he  was  appolnteil 
second  secretary  In  the  mlidstry  for  foreign  allairs,  and  in 
1874  llrst  secretary.  In  187f»  he  was  inaile  Swedish  ehargii 
d'allaires  at  Copenhagen.  He  has  the  hereditary  title  of 
could.  Inaddilion  to  Ihe  works  named,  n  volume  of  "  l>ik. 
ter"  ("  Poems") was  publisbeil  In  Iwn» :  "  S,»netler"(*'.Son. 
nets")  in  1871  A  translallon  of  Ooethc'sballadsappeared, 
further,  in  1870;  "  Kyu  Ltikter'C' New  Poems")  In  1881. 


Snorre  Sturleson 

Snorre  (snoi-'ra)  (or  Snorri  (snor're)  or  Snorro 
(snor'io))  sturleson  (stor'la-sou)  ov  Sturlu- 
son  (stor'lo-son).  Born  at  Hvamm,  1179:  as- 
sassinated on  his  estate  Reykjaholt,  Sept.  23, 
1241.  An  Icelandic  historian  and  high  legal 
officer  in  Iceland.  He  twice  visited  Norway.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  "Heimskvingla"  ("  Sagas  of  the  Norwe- 
gian Kings":  English  translation  by  Laing),  and  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  "Younger  Edda."  See  Edda  and 
Hfiiiishringla. 

Snout  (snout).  In  Shakspere's  "Midsummer 
Xight's  Dream,"  a  tinker  who  plays  the  part  of 
the  father  of  Py ramus  in  the  interpolated  play. 

Snow-Bound  (sno'bound).  A  poem  by  Whit- 
tier,  published  in  1866:  a  winter  idyl  of  New 
England  life. 

Snowdon  (suo'don),  Mount,  W.  Eryri.    [L. 

Mons  Heriri.']  A  mountain  in  Carnarvonshire, 
Wales,  10  miles  southeast  of  Carnarvon.  It  is 
the  highest  mountain  in  England  or  Wales,  and  is  noted 
for  its  grand  form  and  extensive  view.  It  has  five  peaks. 
Height,  3,590  feet. 

Snowdon.    See  the  extract. 

Snowdon,  which  is  also  the  oiBcial  title  of  one  of  the 
Scottish  heralds,  has  no  connection  with  the  Welsh  moun- 
tain of  that  name,  but  is  simply  the  descriptive  name  of 
Stirling  —  Snua-dun,  the  fort,  or  fortified  hill,  on  the  river. 
"Stirling's  tower 
Of  yore  the  name  of  Snowdoun  claims," 

says  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Stuart  Glcmiie,  Arthurian  Localities,  iii.  1. 

Snowdoun,  Knight  of.  [See  above.]  The  title 
assumed  by  James  V.  of  Scotland  in  Scott's 
poem  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake."  Under  this  dis- 
guise he  meets  Ellen  Douglas,  the  "I.ady  of  the  Lake," 
and  vanquishes  Roderick  Dhu  in  single  combat. 

Snowe  (sno),  Lucy.     The  principal  charaeterin 

Cliarlotte  Bronte's  novel  "  Villette."    She  is  a 

liomeless  governess. 
Snow  King,  The.    An  epithet  given  by  the 

Austria ns  to  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden. 
Snow  Mass  Mountain.    A  peak  in  the  Elk 

Mountains,  western  Colorado.     Height,  13,970 

feet. 
Snow  Mountains.     See  Sneemcherrjen. 
Snowy  Range.     A  name  given  to  the  range  of 

mountains  in  Colorado  known  also  as  the  Front 

Range  or  Colorado  Range. 
Snug   (snug).      In   Shakspere's    "Midsummer 

Night's  Dream,"  a  joiner  who  plays  the  part  of 

the  lion  in  the  interpolated  play. 
Snyders  (sni'ders ),  Frans  or  Franz.    Born  at 

Antwerp,  Nov.  11,  1579:  died  there,  Aug.  19, 

1657.     A  Flemish  painter,  noted  especially  for 

representations  of  animals.     He  assisted  Rubens, 

Jordaens,  and  others  in  painting  the  animals,  fruit,  flowers, 

etc.,  on  their  canviises. 

So  (so).    See  Sabaco. 

Hoshea,  as  we  know,  was  encouraged  by  the  hope  of 
support  from  So(Sewe),  king  of  Egypt  (2King3.\vii.  4),  and 
this  monarch,  the  Sebech  [Sabe]  of  the  .\ssyrian  monu- 
ments, was  in  fact  concerned  with  the  whole  movement  that 
threatened  the  Assyrian  supremacy  in  the  districts  west  of 
the  Euphrates.      W,  R.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  279. 

Soa  (so'a).  A  small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  south  of  Skye. 

Soane  (son).  Sir  John.  Born  at  Reading,  Sept. 
10,  1753:  died  at  London.  Jan.  20,  1837.  An 
English  architect.  The  Bank  of  England  was  built 
from  his  designs.  He  founded,  by  will,  the  Soane  Museum 
at  No.  13  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  his  residence. 

Soar  (sor).  A  small  river  in  England,  princi- 
pally in  Leicestershire.  It  joins  the  Trent  8 
miles  southeast  of  Derby. 

Sobat  (so-baf).  A  large  right-hand  tributary 
of  the  White  Nile,  which  it  joins  about  lat.  9° 
20'  N.  Its  sources  are  unknown.  Lengtli,  es- 
timated, 600-700  miles. 

Sobieski.     See  .Tohn  III.,  King  of  Poland. 

Sobraon  (so-bril-on').  A  small  place  in  the  Pan- 
jab,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Sutlej  45 
miles  southeast  of  Lahore.  Here,  Feb.  10, 1846, 
the  British  army  imder  Sir  Hugh  Gough  de- 
feated the  Sikhs. 

Sobrarbe  (s6-brar'ba).  A  former  independent 
state  and  later  countship  in  Spain,  now  com- 
prised in  the  northern  part  of  the  province  of 
Huesea,  Aragon. 

Social  War,  orMarsicWar.  A  war  (90-88B.  c.) 
between  Rome  and  the  greater  part  of  her  Ital- 
ian allies  in  central  and  southern  Italy,  includ- 
ing the  Marsi,  Peligni,  Samnites,  and  Liir-a- 
nians.  It  was  caused  by  the  refusal  on  the  part  of  the 
Romans  to  extend  the  privileges  of  Roman  citizenship. 
The  Italians  formed  a  new  republic  with  its  capital  at 
Corfinium.  The  chief  Roman  commanders  were  Marius 
and  Sulla.  Rome  made  many  concessions  and  suppressed 
the  rebellion. 

Social  Wars.  In  Greek  history:  («)  A  war  (357 
(358  ?)-355  B.  c.)  in  which  Athens  was  defeated 
by  her  former  allies  Byzantium,  Chios,  Cos, 


942 

and  Rhodes.    (6)  A  war  between  the  Aehtean 
and  ^Etolian  leagues  (220-217  B.  C). 

Society  and  Solitude.    A  collection  of  essays 

bv  IJali^h  Waklo  Emerson,  published  in  1870. 

Society  ^  so-si'e-ti)  Islands,  or  Tahiti  (ta-he'te) 
Archipelago.  [F.  Archipd  de  Taiti,  or  Arclii- 
pcl  de  la  Societe.']  A  large  group  of  islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  lat.  16°-18° 
S.,  long.  14S°-155°  W.  it  comprises  two  subgroups, 
the  Leeward  and  the  Windward.  The  chief  islands  are 
Tahiti.  Raiatea.  Korabora.  ileetia,  and  Eimeo.  They  ex- 
port cocoanuts,  oranges,  cotton,  mother-of-pearl,  etc.  The 
capital  is  Papeete.  The  inhabitants  are  natives  (nomi- 
nally Christianized),  French,  and  others.  The  islands  were 
visited  (probably)  by  the  Spanish  navigator  Pedro  Fer- 
nandez de  yuiros  in  1607,  and  in  the  ISth  century  by  Bou- 
gainville, Cook,  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty,  and  others. 
They  were  taken  under  French  protection  in  1S4'2  by  Du 
Petit-Thouars,  and  Tahiti,  Eimeo,  and  other  islands  were 
made  a  French  colony  in  1880.  Area,  660  square  miles. 
I'opulation  of  Tahiti,  9,600. 

Society  of  Friends.  The  proper  designation 
of  a  Christian  sect  commonly  called  Quakers, 
which  took  its  rise  in  England  about  the  middle 
of  the  17th  century  through  the  preaching  of 
George  Fox.  A  division  occun-ed  in  portions  of  the 
Society  in  America  in  1827,  through  the  preaching  of  Elias 
Hicks,  whose  followers,  commonly  called  Hick^ites,  hold 
doctrinal  views  closely  approximating  those  of  the  Uni- 
tarians, wliile  in  church  goveniment  and  other  respects 
they  retain  the  usages  of  the  orthodox  Friends.  The  lat- 
ter agree  doctriiially  with  other  evangelical  Christians, 
but  lay  greater  stress  on  the  doctrine  of  the  personal  pres- 
ence and  guidance  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  They  have  no  paid 
minister,  and  accept  the  ordinances  of  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  Supper  in  a  spiritual  sense  only,  rejecting  their 
outward  observance  as  church  rites.  They  condemn  all 
oath-taking  and  all  w.ar.  The  organization  of  the  society 
involves  four  periodical  gatherings  called  "meetings"  : 
namely,  preparative  meeting,  monthly  meeting,  quarterly 
meeting,  and  yearly  meeting.  The  body  called  the  Year- 
ly Meeting  has  legislative  power.  There  are  two  Yearly 
Meetings  in  Great  Britain,  one  in  Canada,  and  ten  in  the 
United  States. 

Socinians  (so-sin'i-anz).  Those  who  hold  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  Italian  theologians  Lfelius 
Socinus  (1525-62)  and  Faustus  Socinus  (1539- 
1604)  and  their  followers.  The  term  Socinianism  is 
in  theological  usage  a  general  one,  and  includes  a  con- 
siderable variety  of  opinion.  The  Socinians  believe  that 
Christ  was  a  man  miraculously  conceived  and  divinely 
endowed,  and  therefore  entitled  to  honor  and  reverence, 
but  not  to  divine  worship;  that  the  object  of  his  death 
was  to  perfect  and  complete  his  example  and  to  prepare 
the  way  for  his  resurrection,  the  necessary  historical  basis 
of  Christianity ;  th,at  baptism  is  a  declarative  rite  merely, 
and  the  Lord  s  Supper  merely  commemorative ;  that  di- 
vine grace  is  general  and  exerted  through  the  means  of 
grace,  not  special  and  personally  efficacious ;  that  the 
Holy  Spirit  is  not  a  distinct  person,  but  the  divine  energy ; 
that  the  authority  of  Scripture  is  subordinate  to  that  of 
the  reason  ;  that  the  soul  is  pure  by  nature,  though  con- 
taminated by  evil  example  and  teaching  from  a  very  early 
age ;  and  that  s,alvation  consists  in  accepting  t'hrist's 
teaching  and  following  his  example.  The  Socinians  thus 
occupy  theologically  a  position  midway  between  the  Ari- 
ans,  who  maintain  the  divinity  of  Jesus  Christ,  but  deny 
that  he  is  coequal  with  the  Father,  and  the  Humanita- 
rians, who  deny  his  supernatural  character  altogether. 

Socinus  (so-si'nus),  Faustus,  Latinized  from 
Fausto  Sozzini.  Bom  at  Siena,  Italy,  1539: 
died  near  Cracow,  March,  1604.  An  Italian 
Unitarian  theologian,  nephew  of  Lfelius  Soci- 
nus. He  lived  in  It.aly  and  Basel;  visited  Transylvania 
1578-79;  and  resided  in  Poland  after  l.">79.  Among  iiis 
works  are  "Ite  Jesu  Christo  Servatore,"  "De  auctoritate 
S.  Scriptura?." 

Socinus,  Laelius,  Latinized  from  LeUo  Sozzini 
(or  Sozini  or  Soccini).  Born  at  Siena,  Italy, 
1525 :  died  at  Zurich,  1562.  An  Italian  Protes- 
tant thinker,  an  antitrinitarian.    See  Socinians. 

Soconusco  (s6-k6-n6s'k6).  A  department  which 
forms  the  southern  part  of  the  state  of  Chia- 
pas, Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Pacific,  it  was 
conquered  by  Alvarado  in  1524,  and  formed  apart  of  Guate- 
mala until  1825.  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  (Soconuscans) 
were  perhaps  of  Chiapanec  stock,  but  had  submitted  to  the 
Aztecs  before  the  Spanish  conquest.  The  region  is  said  to 
have  been  very  populous. 

Socotra  (s6-k6'tra  or  sok'o-trU),  or  Socotora 
(sok'6-t6-rii),  or  Sokotra  (s6-k6'trii  or  sok'o- 
tra).  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  ea.st  of 
Cape  Guardafui  and  south  of  Arabia,  in  lat,  (of 
Tamarida)  12°  39'  N.,  long.  53°  59'  E. :  the  an- 
cient Dioseorides.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous ;  the  chief  products  are  aloes  and  dragon's-blood. 
Its  principal  place  is  Tamarid.a.  The  inhabitants  were 
formerly  Nesforian  Christians.  Socotra  was  occupied  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  ICth  century,  and  was  annexed  by 
Great  Britain  in  1886.  Length,  71  miles.  Area,  1,382  square 
miles.     Population,  10,000. 

Socrates  (sok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  SuKpdr^yr.]  Born  at 
Athens  about  '470  B.  c:  died  there,  399.  A 
famous  Greek  philosopher.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sophroniscus,  a  sculptor,  and  of  Phienarete,  a  midwife. 
He  at  first  adopted  his  father's  art :  in  the  time  of  Pausa- 
nias  a  group  of  draped  Graces,  by  him,  still  stood  on  the 
approach  to  the  Acropolis.  He  soon,  however,  devoted 
himself  entirely  totlie  pursuit  of  philosophy,  and  became 
famous  through  the  persistency  and  skill  with  which,  in 
conversation  with  the  sophists  and  with  every  one  who 
would  yield  himself  to  the  dialogue,  he  conducted  the 


Sofonisba 

analysis  of  philosophical  and  ethical  ideas  ("the  Socratio 
method").  He  was  above  all  a  searcherafter  a  knowledge 
of  virtue  (which  indeed  he  identified  with  knowledge), 
and  was  in  himself  the  noblest  exponent  of  the  ethical  life 
of  the  Greeks.  He  served  at  Potidtea  (431).  Delium  (424) 
and  Amphipolis  (422);  was  president  of  the  prytanesin 
406 ;  and  opposed  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  He  is  the  chief 
character  in  the  dialogues  of  Plato,  in  which  his  teachings 
are  set  forth  (greatly  modified  by  Plato's  own  views),  and 
is  the  subject  of  the  "  Memorabilia  "  of  Xenophon.  His 
most  famous  pupils  were  Plato,  Xenophon,  and  Alcibia- 
des.  He  was  bitterly  attacked  by  Aristophanes  as  a  so- 
phist and  innovator,  and  drew  upon  himself  by  his  mode 
of  life  and  the  character  of  his  opinions  the  enmity  of 
many  others.  In  399  he  was  accused  of  impiety  (the  in- 
troduction of  new  gods)  and  of  corrupting  the  youth  ;  de- 
fended himself  in  a  famous  speech  which  enraged  rather 
than  conciliated  his  judges  ;  was  condemned  ;  and  drank 
hemlock  in  his  prison,  surrounded  by  his  disciples. 
Socrates.  Born  at  Constantinople :  died  after 
440  A.  D.  A  Greek  church  historian.  Hisecclesi. 
astical  history  was  edited  by  Migne  and  by  Hussey  (1853 : 
English  translation  by  Hanmer  1019). 

Soden  (zo'den).  The  name  of  several  water- 
ing-places in  (rermany.  The  most  notable  one  is 
in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  9  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It  has  mineral 
springs. 

S6derk6ping(se'der-che-ping).  A  small  town  in 
the  laeu  of  Linkoping,  Sweden,  86  miles  south- 
west of  Stockholm.  It  was  of  great  impor- 
tance in  the  middle  ages. 

Sodermanland  (se'der-man-lant).  A  laen  in 
eastern  Sweden,  southwest  of  Stockholm.  Also 
called  Xi/l-ojiiiit/.  Ai'ea,  2,631  square  miles. 
Population  (1893),  estimated,  158,051. 

Sodermann  (se'der-man),  August  Johann. 

Born  at  Stockholm,  Jtdy  17,  1832:  died  there, 
Feb.  10,  1876.  A  Swedish  composer,  author  of 
the  •' BroUops-Mareh." 

Sodo  Lake  (so'do  liik).  A  lake  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Louisiana,  near  Shreveport: 
connected  with  Caddo  Lake. 

Sodom  (sod'om).  In  scriptural  geography,  one 
of  the  cities  of  the  Vale  of  Siddim  (which  see), 
destroyed  on  account  of  its  wickedness  in  the 
time  of  Abraham  and  Lot.  According  to  tradition 
its  site  is  covered  by  the  Dead  Sea;  but  this  is  not  geo- 
logically possible. 

Sodoma  (s6-do'mii),  or  Sodona  (s6-d6'na),  H 
(properly  Giannantonio  or  Giovanni  An- 
tonio Bazzi,  corrupted  to  Eazzi).  Born  at 
Vercelli,  Italy,  1477:  died  at  Siena,  Italy,  1549. 
An  Italian  paij|fer.  Among  his  best  worksare  "St. 
Catherine,"  "Christ  Scourged,"  "Deposition  from  the 
Cross"  (all  in  Siena),  etc. 

Sodor  and  Man  (so'dorandman).  A  medieval 
diocese,  comprising  the  Hebrides  (Sodor,  from 
a  Scandinavian  name)  and  the  Isle  of  Man. 
The  diocese  now  consists  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  bishop 
has  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  but  no  vote. 

Sodus  (so'dus)  Bay,  Great  and  Little.    Two 

indentations  of  the  coast  of  Lake  Ontario, 
southwest  of  Oswego,  New  York. 
Soest  (zost),  A  town  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  34  miles  southeast  of  MUnster. 
It  has  manufactures  of  iron,  soap,  beer,  etc. ;  and  con- 
tains several  notable  churches,  including  St.  Mary-in-the- 
Fields,  the  cathedral,  and  St.  Peter's.  It  was  an  ancient 
Uanseatic  city,  and  in  the  middle  ages  was  one  of  the 
chief  places  of  northern  Germany.  Its  municipal  code 
was  celebrated.  Soest  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
the  army  of  Cologne  in  1444,  and  passed  from  Cologne  to 
Cleves  in  1449.     Population  (1890),  commune,  15,071. 

SoesterFehde(z6s'terfa'de).  ['Feud  of  Soest.'] 
A  war  lietween  Cologne  and  Cleves  1444-49, 
caused  by  a  dispute  over  the  possession  of 
Soest  (which  see). 

Sofala  (s6-fa'lsi).  1.  A  district  in  Mozambique, 
eastern  Africa,  extending  along  the  coast  from 
the  Zambesi  to  Delagoa  Bay.  It  has  by  some 
been  identified  with  the  biblical  Ophir. —  2.  A 
seaport,  the  chief  place  in  the  district  of  Sofala, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Sofala  River,  in  lat. 
20°  11'  S.,  long.  34°  36'  E.:  formerly  a  flourish- 
ing commercial  place.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1505,     Population,  1,000-2,000. 

Sofala  Bay.  An  indentation  in  the  coast-line 
of  eastern  Africa,  near  Sofala. 

Sofi  (*6'fi).     See  Miitii. 

Sofia,  or  Sophia  (s6-fe'a).  The  capital  of  Bul- 
garia, situated  in  lat.  42°  38'  X..  long.  23°  15' 
E. :  the  ancient  Serdica or  Sardiea.  Itwascalled 
Triaditza  by  the  Byzantine  Greeks.  It  was  plundered  by  the 
Huns ;  was  captured  by  the  Bulgarians  in  809 :  was  taken 
by  the  Turks  about  l:^^2  :  was  occupied  temporarily  by  the 
Hungarians  in  1443  ;  and  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  .Tan., 
1878.  It  has  been  greatly  developed  and  modernized 
within  the  last  few  years.     Population   (.18^7),  30,428. 

Sofonisba  (s6-fon-es'ba).  1 .  A  tragedy  by  Ga- 
leotto  del  (jarretto,  acted  in  1502:  the  first  Ital- 
ian tragedy. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Trissino,  writ- 
ten about  1515,  printed  1529:  the  first  Italian 
tragedy  of  note. —  3.  A  tragedy  by  Alfieri,  pro- 
duced in  1783.     See  Soplionisba. 


Soga 


943 


Solomon 


A  town  in  the  province  of     compose  this  epitome,  but  merdy  farther  .bridged  an 

„  •-  >  .  •  ,  '"""»"■;""  f'  eiirlier  and  more  exien 

tnbe' of  British  East  Africa,  on  the  northern     East  Prussia,  situated  nearthe  Russian  frontier 


Soea  (so'gii),  or  Wasoga  (wa-s6'ga).     A  Bantu  Soldau  (zol'dou). 


shore  of  Lake  Victoria,  where  the  Nile  separates  102  miles  southeast  of  Dantzic.     Here,  Dec.  '26, 

them  from  the  Baganda.    ThouBh  nominally  subject  180(1,  the  French  defeated  the  Prussians.  Popu- 

to  Unyoro,  tliey  are  practically  under  Ganda  ruli'.    The  latiou,  3,G80. 

country  is  called  CTsoj/a.    Population  estimated  at  600,0ixi  g^jljjgj..g  p^^j^^^^g   ipjjg      A  comedy  by  Otway, 

(by  Stanley  in  1876).  prodMC.Mlii,  ItiM  .  ' 

Sogdiana  (sog-di-a'na),  or  Sogdiane  (sog-di-a  -  s'  i^j     g  Hy-ee.   A  collection  of  stories  by  Rud- 

ne).     [Gr.  //  2«yAa..^.]     In  ancient  geography  °°|,"^fi^tpliug.  published  in  1889. 

a  large  region  in  central  Asia,  lying  north  ot  g  j^^^  (,.61-(leii').     A  town  in  the  province  of 

Bactriana,  between  the  Oxus  and  Jaxartes,  in  Bj.^„,,p\,,,u       Prussia,  situated  on  the  Soldiu- 

the  vicinity  of  Bokhara  and  Samarkand.     It  ^j.^.^^  G7  miles  east-northeast  of  Berlin.    Popu- 

■was  invaded  by  Alexander  the  threat.  lation  (IS'.IO).  6.'J()I. 

Sogne  Fjord  (sog'ne  fyord).     The  longest  fiord  goig^jay  Battle  of.     See  SoiitliunUI,  Bottle  of. 

in  Norway,  situated  on  the  western  coast  about  goieillet  (s6-la-va').  Paul.     Born   at  Nimes 


lat.61°N.:  noted foritswild scenery.  Initsupper 

part  it  is  bounded  by  high  mountains  (6,000  tcet)  and  gla- 
ciers.   LenRtli,  11'-  miles. 
Soham  (so'ham).     A  town  In  Cambridgeshire, 

England,    14    miles  northeast  of  Cambridge. 
Sohar  (s6-har').     A  seaport  in  Oman,  Arabia, 

situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Oman  in  lat.  24°  22'  N., 

long.  56°  45'  E.     It  was  a  flourishing  oommer-     ^  „„„ 

cial  city  in  the  mnldle  ages.  Population,5.000(f ).  g^jg^j      ^ee  Shiiiic 
Sohar.     See  Znliar. 
Soheil  (s6'he-il).     The  Arabian  name  for  the 

first-magnitude  star  a  Argus,  usually  known  as 

Canopus.  -r,    ,. 

Sohn  (zon),  Karl  Ferdinand.    Born  at  Berlin, 

Dec.  10,  1805:  died  at  Cologne,  Nov.  26,  186/. 


France,  1S42:  died  at  Aden,  1S86.  An  African 
explorer.  He  canieil  on  explorations  in  Algeria  1805-6U ; 
enilcavored  to  open  the  way  between  Algeria  and  Senc(?al, 
but  failed  to  penetnite  beyond  the  oasis  Ain-Salah  ;  agi- 
tated for  a  trans-Sahura  nu'lroad ;  visited  Senegal  in  1878  ; 
and  pioneered  for  i'rench  inllucnco  in  Shoa.  bringing  about 
the  occupation  of  Obok.  His  works  include  "Explora- 
tion du  .Sahara  Central "  (1874).  "  L'Avcnir  de  la  France  en 
Afririne"  (1870),  and  "Voyages  en  Ethlopie"  (1885). 
7«. 


tensive  one  ;  for  the  historical  mat- 
ter therein  a  chronicle  of  the  best  period  has  beeu  em- 
ployed. The  individual  additions  ot  the  author  are  quite 
worthless.  Ilia  diction  is  pretentious  and  v^iid  of  taste,  the 
style  long-winded.  But  this  work  was  well  suited  to  the 
taste  01  the  succeeding  age.  It  was  revised  in  the  sixth 
century,  and  then  received  the  new  title  of  I'olyhistor. 
Teuffel  and  Schitabe,  Hist  of  Kom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[11.  291. 

Solis  fso-les'),  Juan  Diaz  de.  Bom  at  Lebrija, 
Andalusia  (according  to  some  at  Oviedo,  As- 
turias,  or  in  Portugal),  about  1470:  died  on  the 
bank  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  1516.  A  Spanish 
navigator.  He  was  associated  with  Vicente  Yailez  Pin- 
zon  in  exploring  the  cfi:ists  of  Honduras  and  a  small  part 
of  Yucatan  in  \Ma,  and  the  south  American  coast  from 

■  Cape  St.  Augustine  to  lat.  W  S.  in  1508.  In  this  voyage 
they  entered  (th.iugh  they  did  not  discover)  the  Bay  of 
Kio  de  Janeiro,  and  passed  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  without  exploring  it.  Varnhagen  believed  that 
Solis  was  with  Gonpalo  Coelho  on  the  Brazilian  coast  as 
early  as  1.'.03.  In  1512  he  succeeded  \'espucci  as  chief 
pilot  of  Spain.  In  Oct.,  IfiKS.  he  sailed  from  Lepe.  with  3 
vessela,  to  seek  a  southwestern  route  to  the  Pacittc.  En- 
tering the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  he  explored  it  for  some  dis- 
tance,  but,  having  landed,  was  killed  by  the  Indians.  It 
is  probable  that  the  river  had  been  partly  explored  by 


Portuguese  navigators  some  years  before. 

Solenhofen.    i^cps,>i,ihofen.  Solis  River  of.    [Sp.  l!i<>  ,le  SoUs.-i    A  name 

Solent  (s.Vl,.nt),  The.     A  strait,  between  the  *?it'^;,*^};^^,.h  maps  an.l  books,  to  the  Rio  de 

Isle  uf  Wight  and  llie  mainland  of  Hanipshire.     -^  j.j.^^.^      ^^,^;  ^.,,,.^,_  _^„^,,,  ^.^^  ^^ 

TBii-na'rii), 
Antonio  de.     Born  at  Alcald  de  Henares.  July 


England,  which  eonnects  the  English  Chaiiml   Soli,svRibadeneyra(s6-les'ere-bii-' 
oil  the  «-^st  with  Hpithead  on  t he  east.   Length,  ^t  JlSo  de.     B^.'  at  Alcald  de  He 

„_.-., ^  ;,  c      t        1       about  16  miles.     Greatest  width.  4  miles.  *jaii.uii±u  v»v-. 

A  German  painter,  especially  noted  for  temale  g^jggjjjgg  (go-lam').     1.  A  town  in  the  depart- 

'         -  ~  ■  1  on  the  Selle  8 


Sohn.  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Berlin.  Aug.  29.  1S30  : 
died  near  Bonn,  March  16,  1899.  A  German 
nainter,  nephew  of  K.  F.  Sohn. 

&)ho  (so'ho).  A  manufacturing  suburb  of  Bir- 
mingham, England,  situated  in  Staflfordshire. 

Soho  Square.  A  squan'  in  London,  south  of  Ox- 
ford street,  about  f  mile  north  of  Charing  Cross. 
It  WHS  maile  in  tlie  reign  ot  Charles  II.,  and  was  at  otii-  time 
called  King's  S(|nare,  from  Gregory  King,  its  architect. 


ment  of  Noid.  France,  situatei: 
miles  south  of  Valenciennes.  Population  (1891). 
commune,  6,241.-2.  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Sarthe 
26  miles  west-southwest  of  Le  Mans.  Its  Bene- 
dictine abbey  contains  remarkable  sculptures  of  the  flrst 
part  ot  the  liith  century. 
Soleure.     The  French  name  ot  Solothurn. 

Soley  (sfi'li),  James  Russell.  Bom  at  Roxhury 

Mass..  Oct.  1,  IS.'iO.  An  Ainericiin  writer 


.  chiefiv 


Sohrab.     See.SHAinA.  ,,   ...  ,         on  naval  affairs.  Hegraduatedat  Harvard  in  1870;  be. 

Sohrab  and  Rustum.     A  poem  by  Matthew  Ar-     ^..^^^^  assistant  professor  of  English  at  the  fnited  States 

Iiold.     See  llnstum.  _     Naval  Academy  in  1871;  was  in  the  head  of  thedepartment 

Sohrau  (zo 

Silesia,  Prus; 

Population  ( 
Soigne  (swiiuy).  Forest  of.  AforestinBelgium 

south-southeast  of  Brussels. 
Soignies  (swiin-ye').     A  town  in  the  province 

of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  24  mdes  southwest  of 


Hustam.  Naval  Academy  in  1871;  was  in  the  head  of  thedepartment 

'rou).     A  town  in  the  province  of  of  Englishstudies.history.andlawatthal^institution  IS73- 

.ooin    "^fi  milps  snuthenst  of  Onneln  1882:  was  commissioned  a  professor  m  the  t  nited  .states 

?^oo'ns     .  ..In     *°"'°®'^^^  "^  Uppein.  .^^  ^^.g  .  ^^^^,  ^.^^.^  j^^3  ,^._^  superintended  the  publi- 

(1890),  4,4J9.                       _              _  cation  of  the  naval  records  of  the  Civil  War.    He  has  pub- 


lished "  History  of  the  Naval  Academy  "  (187fi),  "  -Memoir 
of  .lohn  Rodgers  " (1882),  "The  Blockade  and  the  Cruisers 
(1883:  "The  .Navy  in  the  Civil  War"),  "The  Boys  of  1812 
and  other  N'aval  Heroes  "  (1887),  "The  Sailor  Boys  of  '61 

(1888),  etc. 


Brussels.     It  has  a  very  old  abbey  church,  gglfatara  (sol-fii-til'rii).     A  volcano  near  Poz- 
Population  (1890).  9,007.  j,,,,,!,   i,,  italv,  in  the  "solfatara"  stage. 

Soissonnais  (swa-so-na').     The  region  around  goifatara.     A  small  sulphur  lake,  4  miles  west 
Soissons.  .    ,if  Tivoli,  Italv,  noted  for  its  lloating  islands. 

Soissons(swii-s6n').  A  cityin  thedepartment  of  golferino  (sol-'fe-re'no).  A  village  in  the  prov- 
Aisne,  Fniuce,  situated  on  the  Aisne  19  miles  ^^^^,^_  ^^^  .Mantua,  northern  It;ily.  It  is  famous  for 
southwest  of  Laon  :  an  important  iind  strongly  the  battle  of  June  24, 1S69,  in  which  the  allied  JYenchand 
fm-tified  strategic  point.  It  has  manufactures  and  Sardinian  armies  UEider  Napoleon  III.  ;ind  Victor  Ivm- 
trfde  In  agricultural  proilucts.  The  Cathedral  of  Notre  manuel  defeated  the  Austriansnnder  Irancis  .Toseph  Uiss 
Dame,  chierty  of  the  13th  century,  is  masked  by  build-  of  the  allies,  about  18,000;  of  the  Austrians.  aliout  20,  »». 
Ings  and  \*  not  very  elfective  externally,  but  presents  an  goU  (so'li).  [Gr.  io/of.]  In  ancient  geography, 
admirable  Interior  of  excellent  proportions  and  beautiful  ..ifv  on  the  coast  of  Cilicia.  Asia  Minor.  26 
arcadlng  and  details.  The  south  transept  has  a  semicir-  .,■'''(.,,„,„„(  .f  Tnrsii«  Ti  >v.,^  ,l,.slrov,-.l  bv 
cular  end  and  a  .loublc  triforhim,  offering  n,.table  perspec  miles  southwest  of  1  arsus  I  « ;^  ;",  >  > 
tive  effects.  The  cathedral  has  rich  glass  and  a  handsome  Tigranes,  and  was  rebuilt  by  Pon  pe.\  and  .ill.  d  1  "■  " 
ch.inter-house.  The  Abbey  of  St.-.Tean  iles  Vignes  was  pidis  The  .onuptness  ..f  the  (.reek  spoku.  then 
almost  whollv  destroyed  in  the  Revolution,  except  the  line     proverbial  (whence  the  word  golecunn) 


west  front  of  the  church,  which  has  3  rccessed'und  cano-  goligny-la-Trappe  (so-len-ye  '  lil-trSp').  A 
pied  portals,  a  large  rose,  and  2  massive  flanking  towers,  ^n  ,,i„„o  ;„  (lie  department  of  Orne.  France, 
allot  the  13th  century,  crowned  by  later  spires  ot  unequal     „,      .,  °f  „„,.»l,o,.Lt  ^f  .Monr-nii-  f'linonsfor 

height.    Soissons  was  probably  the  ancient  Belgic  town     24  miles  east-northeast  ot  Alenvm  ■  t.imous  lot 
Noviodunum,  and  was  the  chief  town  of  the  Suessiones     its  Trappist  monastery.     Nee  / /Yi/i;ii.vf.v. 
(whence  its  n.anie).    In^the  Roman  period^  it  was  called  goJilmll  (so-li-lnil').    A  town  in  Warwicksliin 


IS,  Uilil:  died  at  Madrid,  April  19,  168(i.  A 
Spanish  author.  Ho  was  secretary  of  Philip  IV.,  and 
in  WX  was  app<jintcd  historioginipher  of  the  Indies.  In 
1(5«7  he  took  orders.  His  earlier  works  include  poems, 
collected  and  published  at  Mailrid  in  1092  ;  ilramas.  among 
which  are  "CitaniUa,"  "One  Fool  Makes  a  Hundred."  and 
"  Love  il  la  Mode" :  an  opera  called  "  Triumphs  of  Love  and 
Fortune";  etc.  Bis  "HisloriadelaConqnistade  Mexico" 
(1st  eil.  1(>S4)  is  one  of  the  Spanish  prose  clas-sics.  but  shows 
little  profundity  of  research.  There  is  a  continuation  by 
Ignaeio  .Halazar  y  Olarte  (1743). 
SoUas  (sol'as).  W.  J.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
England.  May  30.  1849.  An  English  geologist 
and  biologist",  professor  of  geolopy  and  miner- 
alogy iu  the  University  of  Dublin  1883-97,  and 
pnifi'ssor  of  geoloffv  and  paleontology  at  the 
Uuiversitv  of  Oxford  1897-. 
Sollinger'Wald  (zol'ling-er  valt),  or  Soiling 
(zol'ling).  A  low  mountain-range  in  Bruns- 
wick ami  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  north  and  northwest  of  Gottingen  and 
east  of  the  Weser.  Highest  point,  about  1,600 
feet. 

Soil  und  Haben  (z61  out  hii'ben).  [G..  'Debit 
and  Credit.']  A  novel  by  Gustav  Freytag,  pub- 
lished ill  1855.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Germany 
in  the  19th  century. 
Solmona  (sol-mo'nii).  orSulmona  (sol-md'nii). 
.\  town  ill  the  iirovinci'  of  Ai|iiihi,  central 
Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Vella  and 
Gizzio.  33  miles  southeast  of  Aipiila:  the  an- 
cient Sulmo.  It  wasacltyof  thcPeligni;  and  Is  famous 
as  the  birthplace  otOvid.  Population,  aliout  ir,.l100. 
Solness  (sol'nes).  The  "innstir  builder"  in 
Thsen's  iilny  of  that  mime.  He  is  superstitious, 
(■t;iitislii-iil.  and  cowardly. 

wa-s  Solnhofen  (zolu'lni-fen).  or  Solenhofen  (z6'- 
len-ho-fen).     A  village  in  Middle  Franconia, 


Augusta  SucssioMUm.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  Frankish 
kingdom  of  Clotaire  In  thedlh  century.  It  has  often  been 
besieged  and  taken  (as  In  1814  and  1815),  the  last  time  by 
the  Germans  in  Oct.,  1870.  It  was  the  scene  of  several 
church  couikmIs.  Population  (1801),  commune,  rj,n74. 
Soissons,  Battles  of.  Among  the  most  iiii- 
portaiit  are  :  (l)  A  battle  In  480  a.  h.,  in  which  clovts 
king  of  the  Merovingian  Franks,  defeated  the  Uoman 
governor  of  Caul,  Syagrius,  and  established  the  I'ranklsh 
piwe;-  in  northern  (i.iul.  (■•)  A  victory  of  Charles  Martel 
over  the  Duke-  ot  ,Ai|Uitanla  In  719. 

Sojourner  Truth.    See  Tr»tU.  Snjimrncr. 

SokotO  (so-ko'to).  1.  A  native  kingdom  of  the 
central  Sudan,  extending  from  the  Biiiue  Hivei 
nortlnvnnl,  bclwecn  fliiiido  and  Boriiu.  The 
population,  estimated  at  1(i,(«hi.ihio,  conslsla  of  heathen 
negroes,  seml-civilizid  and  Mohammedan  Ilausas,  anil 
the  ruling  Fulahs.  Wurnu  and  Sokoto  are  the  capitals. 
In  1885  the  sultan  accepted  the  Britl.sh  protectorate.  It 
is  now  includeil  In  Northern  Nigeria. 

2.  A  capital  of  the  realm  of  Sokoto,  situated  Sollnus  (si 
about  lat.  13°  N.  "      "'       ' 

Sokotra.     See  Socntm. 

Sol  (sol).  [L., 'the  sun.']  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  sun-god. 

Solario  (so-lii're-o).  AntoKio,  I'alled  Zingaro 

('tlie  (iipsy').     Bom  about  1382:  died  145;>.    A 
Ne;ipoliliiii  painter. 
Soldan,  Paz.    See  Paz  Soldaii. 


Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Altniiihl  3l>  miles 
north  of  .\uKsburg:  noted  for  its  quarries  of 
litliotrr:i)>liic  stone.  In  this  formation  w.'is  made 
in  1861  the  famous  discovery  of  the  Archa-op- 
tervx. 

Solo  (so'lo).     A  rivcrin  Java,  flowing  into  Java 
Si'a  o]iposite  Madura.    Length,  over  300  miles. 

Sologne  (so-lony').     A  level  region  in  the  de- 
parlmenls  of  Loir-et-cher.  l><iirel,  and   Cher, 
Frani'e:  naturally  sandy  and  slerile. 
ziliiiii  inline  for  the  middle  portion  of  the  Aina-  gololA  (so-lo-lii').     -\  town  in  Giinlemala.  Cen- 
froin  t  he  frontier  of  Peru  to  the  .June-    tral  America,  near  Lake  Atitlan,  47  miles  north- 
west of  (.iuatemala.     It  is  the  ancieiil  Tecpiiii- 


Enghind,   7    miles   southeast   of   Binuingham. 

Pomilation  ( 1891).  23.521. 
Soliman.     See  Soh/man. 
Soliman.     See  Sidilmnn. 
Solimoes  (so  -  ir  -  moii  '  es).     Tlie  common  Bra- 


zen Kiver 

tion  of  the  Itio  NeuTO.    The  Sollmdcs  or  Sorlmoes, 
an  Inillan  tribe  from  which  the  mime  Is  ilcriveil,  formerly 
occupied  a  iiorlionot  the  banks  near  the  junction  of  the 
Punis  :  thiy  were  probably  of  Tnpl  stock, 
Solingen  (zo'ling-en).      A  town   in  the  Rhine 


Jolinpen  (zo'lmg-en).     A  town  11.  tue  uniiie  "";'^^^^"    s,,/„;„„„"lv.  ,sv,/..m,7...  (i.  .s-./.-mo,  L 

Provrnce.  Prussia.  18  miles  north-northeast  «  ^^o'  G^  i"^.""^.'     Heb.   S,,rlo„.ol,.   p.'.ac 

Co  oglie.     It  is  noted  for  Its  manufactures  of  Irmi  and  '"     '"    •        f„  ,.,,,„„  i.;,,,,  ,,f  Israel    '»0;1-<I53  B 

steel  (sword-blades.  k.dves.  sclss<.r^  Hies,  bayonets,  rev.d-  able.]      A  famous  king  ^<  I   "■""'••;';    ''■'^  "• 


10 
vera,  etc.).     Population  (18110),  :«l..'.4n. 

Solinus  (si'i-li'iius).  The  Duke  of  Ephesiis.  a 
character  in  Shakspere's  "Comedy  of  Errors." 
li'nus).  CaiuS  Julius.  Lived  in 
the  3d  century  A.  n.  .\  L'nninii  i.'r:iimniirian. 
author  of  a  geographical  work  dniwii  largely 
from  Pliny. 

The  grammarian  C.  .tullus  Sidiinis  composed  hlsCidlec- 
tanea  rerum  niemorabillum  In  the  llrsl  ten  or  twenty  yeain 
of  this  period,  it  not  earlier.  The  work  is  malidy  a  selec- 
tion from  the  curiosities  menthnied  in  I'liny's  Natural 
History,  arranged  from  the  geographical  iM>int  of  view 
and  greatly  enlarged.     Sollnus  did  not,  however,  himself 


Atithin,  chief  town  of  the  Cakchiqiiel  Indians. 
Poiuihilion  (1893),  7,627. 
Solomon   (sol'o-mon).     fF.   N<(/->Hi«>i.   It.   Siili). 

LL. 
e- 
o. 
(Duncker).  son  of  David  and  Bathsliidia.  He 
was  the  youngest  scui  of  llavld.  but.  through  the  inlliU'nco 
of  his  mother  and  ot  Nathan,  was  maile  his  hi  Ir.  I'mler 
him  Israel  became  a  great  i»iwer.  ami  h.>  himself  lucamc 
famous  for  bis  wealth,  bis  luxur.v.  ami  his  wisdom  the 
last  Bceordlng  to  tb"  IHble  ac,  lUint,  a  B|iccial  gilt  of  i:od. 
Hisgreat  work  was  the  building  of  I  he  temple  (which  see). 
He  was  in  alliance,  political  and  commercial,  with  lllrnm 
of  Tyre  and  "ilb  oilier  powera,  ami  extended  Israelitish 
cmnmerce  to  all  parts  of  the  known  world.  1  he  name  of 
.Solomon,  who  was  supposed  to  have  posscsKed  extraonli- 
nary  magical  powers,  plays  an  ImportAnl  part  In  Knstern 
and  thence  InKuropean  legends.  According  to  one  tradi- 
tion, the  I'.tbloplans  are  ileseendeU  tnim  him  through  • 
son  which  the  tjueeli  of  Sheba  bore  him. 


Solomon 

The  Arabians  attribute  to  Solomon  a  perpetual  enmity 
and  warfare  against  wiclced  genii  and  giants,  and  they 
have  numberless  tales  of  his  wonder-worlcingring. 

D'Herbelot,  Southey's  Poems. 

Solomon.  1.  An  epic  poem  by  Prior,  published 
iu  17IS. — 2.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced 
at  Louilon  in  1749. 

Solomon  ben  or  ibn  Gabirol.    See  GabiroL 

Solomon  Islands  or  Archipelago,  or  Salo- 
mon iF.  pron.  sa-16-m6u')  Islands.  A  group 
of  islands  iu  the  Paeitie  Ocean,  oast  of  New 
Guinea,  about  lat.  5°-ll°  S.  The  chief  islands  of 
the  group  are  Bougainville.  Choiseul,  Ysai>el,  ?klalanta, 
(_iuadalcanar,  New  Georgia,  and  San  Christoval.  Theyare 
mountainous  and  voluanic.  Their  inllabitiints  are  princi- 
p:)l]yMelanesians.and  are  warlike  cannibals.  The  islands 
were  discovered  by  Mendaiia  in  the  16th  century.  The 
nortliern  part  of  the  giuup,  with  an  area  of  4,200  square 
miles  and  a  populatiull  of  45,000,  belongs  to  Gertnany. 

Solomon  River.  A  river  in  northern  Kansas 
which  unites  with  the  Smoky  Hill  Eivertoform 
the  Kansas  River.     Length,  about  300  miles. 

Solon  (so'lon).  [Gr.  2(}>.ui'.]  Born  about  G38 
B.  c. :  died  about  559.  A  famous  Athenian 
lawgiver.  He  encouraged  the  Athenians  to  regain 
possession  of  Salamis.  In  5!>4  he  became  archon  and  was 
charged  with  various  reforms.  He  improved  the  condi- 
tion of  the  debtors,  divided  the  population  into  four 
"classes,"  and  reorganized  the  Boule,  the  popular  assem- 
bly, and  the  council  of  the  Areopagus.  He  traveled  in 
Cyprus  and  the  East. 

Solon  (594  B.  c),  the  great  lawgiver,  used  elegy  more  in 
the  manner  of  t'allinus  or  Tyrtseus.  In  his  early  man- 
hood, his  stin-ing  verses  moved  the  Athenians  to  win  back 
Salamis  from  the  Megarians.  And  when  he  had  carried  his 
great  reforms,  elegy  became  the  voice  of  his  calm  joy. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  54. 

Solor  (s6-16r').  A  small  island  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  east  of  Flores,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Strait  of  Flores. 

Solorzano  y  Pereira  (s6-16r'tha-n6  e  pa-ra'- 
e-ra),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  Nov.  30, 1575 : 
died  there,  lti54.  A  Spanish  jurist  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  law  at  Salamanca,  a  judge  of  the  au- 
dience of  Lima,  Peru,  1610-27,  and  subsequently  a  coun- 
cilor of  the  Indies.  His  works  include  "  Politica  Indiana," 
and  "De  Indiarum  .iuie,"  relating  largely  to  colonial 
affairs,  and  containing  much  information  regarding  the 
Indians. 

Solothurn  zo'lo-torn).  [F.Soleiire.']  1.  A  can- 
ton of  Switzerland,  of  very  irregidar  shape, 
bounded  by  Basel,  Aargau,  and  Bern.  Capital, 
Solothurn .  It  has  4  members  in  the  National  Council. 
The  prevailing  language  is  German  ;  the  religion  largely 
Roman  Catholic  (over  20  per  cent.  Protestant).  A  large 
part  of  the  territories  of  the  canton  was  acquired  by  the 
city  of  Solothurn  in  the  l.ith  century.  It  w.is  admitted  as 
a  canton  into  the  confederation  in  1481.  .\rea,  802  square 
miles.  Population  (ISSS),  83,621. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Solothurn,  situ- 
ated on  the  Aare  in  lat.  47°  13'  N.,  long.  7°  32' 
E.;  theRoman  Solodunim.  It  became  afree  imperial 
city  in  1218.  and  was  allied  with  Bern  in  1295.  It  has  a 
cathedrid.    Population  (1890),  8,460. 

Solta  (sol'tii).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Dalmatia,  situated  10  miles  south- 
west of  Spalato.  Length,  11  miles.  Popula- 
tion. 3,171. 

Soltikofif  (sol'te-kof),  or  SaltikofF  (sal'te-kof), 
Nikolai.  Born  Nov.  11, 1730 :  died  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, May  28,  1816.  A  Russian  field-mar- 
shal, regent  of  the  empire  during  the  absence 
of  Alexander  I.  1813-15. 

Soltikoff,  Count  Peter.  Born  about  1700 :  died 
Dec.  15,  1772.  A  Russian  field-marfhal.  He 
commanded  the  Russian  contingent  in  the  vie  ory  of  Ku- 
nersilurf  in  1759. 

Solus  (so'lus),  or  Soluntum  (so-lim'tum).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Sicily,  12  miles  southeast  of  Palermo.  It  was 
an  ancient  Phenieian  colony. 

Solway  Firth  (sol'wa  ferth).  An  arm  of  the 
Irish  Sea,  lying  between  the  counties  of  Kirk- 
cudbright and  Dumfries  in  Scotland  on  the 
north,  and  Cumberland  in  England  on  the  south- 
east: noted  for  the  rapidity  of  its  tides.  The  es- 
tuary of  the  Esk  forms  its  upper  part.  length,  36  miles. 
Greatest  width,  22  miles. 

Solway  Moss.  A  district  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, 8  miles  north  by  west  of  Carlisle,  on  the 
Scottish  border.  It  was  formerly  a  bog,  but  is  now 
drained  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  English  over 
the  Scots  in  1542. 

Solyman(sori-man)I.  (sometimes  called  Soly- 
manll.),surnamed"  The  Magnificent."  [Turk. 
At. Suleiman, {TomGT.  2o/to/i(ji',  Solomon.]  Born 
about  1490:  died  before  Sziget,  Hungary.  1566. 
Sultan  of  Turkey  1520-66,  son  of  Selim  1.  He 
raised  the  Turkish  empire  to  its  highest  point ;  captured 
Belgrad  from  the  Hungarians  in  1521 ;  besieged  and  cap- 
tured Rhodes  from  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in  1522 ;  in- 
vaded Hungary  in  1526,  and  totally  defeated  King  Louis 
II.  at  Moh^cs;and  uusuccessfuUybesieged  Viennain  1529. 
By  the  treaty  of  1533  a  part  of  Hungary  was  ceded  to  the 
Prince  of  Transylvania,  an  ally  of  Turkey.  Solynian  con- 
<juercdfrom  Persia  Mosul,  Bagdad,  part  of  Armenia,  etc.; 
received  the  submission  of  the  Barbary  States ;  and  again 


944 

waged  war  with  Hungary,  and  annexed  by  the  treaty 
of  1.547  a  great  part  of  Hungary  and  Tj-ansylvania.  His 
troops  were  repulsed  in  the  siege  of  Malta  in  1565.  In 
1566  he  invaded  Hungary  with  a  vast  army,  and  died 
while  besieging  Sziget.  He  was  the  greatest  of  the  Otto- 
man sultans,  and  equally  noted  as  a  rider  and  as  a  patron 
and  encourager  of  the  fine  arts  and  of  learning. 

Solyman II.  (sometimes  called  Solyman III.). 

Turkish  Sultan  1687-91,  brother  of  Mohammed 
IV. 

Solyman,  or  Soliman,  or  Suleiman  (so-la- 
mfin',).  Killed  a t>out  1410.  Eldest  son  of  Baja- 
zet  I.,  and  an  independent  ruler  in  Adi'ianople. 

Soma  (so'ma).  [Skt., '  extract,'  from  y  sii,  ex- 
tract.] In  i^anski-it,  a  plant  and  its  sap,  often 
personified  as  a  god ;  also,  the  moon.  This  plant, 
now  represented  by  the  Sarcostemma  viminalis  or  Ancle- 
pias  acida,  was  in  Vedic  times  collected  by  moonlight  on 
certain  mountains,  stripped  of  its  numerous  leaves,  and 
then  carried  to  the  place  of  sacrifice,  where  the  priests 
crushed  the  stalks  between  stones,  sprinkled  them  with  wa- 
ter, and  placed  them  on  a  sieve  orstrainer  for  purification, 
whence  the  acid  juice  trickled  into  a  vessel,  after  which  it 
was  mi.\ed  with  clarified  butter,  barley,  etc.,  allowed  to  fer- 
ment, and  offered  in  libations  to  the  gods,  or  drunk  by 
the  Brabnians.  It  is  sometimes  described  as  brought  from 
the  sky  Ijy  a  falcon  and  guarded  by  the  Gandharvas,  or  as 
brought  by  the  daughters  of  the  Sun  from  a  spot  where  it 
had  been  nourished  by  Piirjanya,  the  rain-god,  whom  the 
Rigveda  represents  as  its  father.  All  the  114  hymns  of 
the  9tli  Mandala  of  the  Rigveda,  besides  many  others  in 
this  Ved.a,  and  the  whole  Samaveda,  are  devoted  to  its 
praise.  In  some  parts  of  India  soma-sacriflces  are  still 
offered,  but  the  use  of  the  plant  is  little  known,  and  it  is 
questionable  whether  the  plant  now  regarded  as  the  soma 
is  really  that  of  the  Vedas.  The  modern  medical  work  of 
Sushruta  distinguishes  24  varieties.  The  juice  was  re- 
garded in  V'edic  times  as  a  nectar  conferring  eternal  life 
and  vigor  on  its  drinkers,  whether  gods  or  men,  and  was 
a  favorite  propitiatory  offering.  In  its  character  as  a  god 
it  was  represented  as  primeval,  all-powerfui,  all-pervad- 
ing, healing  all  diseases,  lord  of  all  other  gods.  This  wor- 
ship of  Soma  has  great  similarity  to  the  Dionysiac  and 
Bacchic  worship  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  The  name 
becomes  in  Avestan  Haoma,  where  it  designates  a  plant 
with  yellow  flowers  and  knotty  stalk,  growing  in  Ghilan, 
Mazandaran,  Shirvan,  and  Yazd,  also  its  juice  and  the 
Genius  of  the  plant.  Haoma  is  often  invoked  in  the  Avesta, 
where  the  9th  Ha  of  the  Yasna  is  devoted  to  his  praises. 
The  haoma  plays  a  great  part  in  the  rites  of  the  Parsis. 
The  prominence  of  Soma  and  Haoma  in  the  Veda  and 
the  Avesta,  respectively,  constitutes  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant indications  of  an  original  Indo-Iranian  unity. 
The  name  soma  came  to  designate  the  moon  in  post- 
Vedic  mythology  probably  from  the  fact  that  the  moon 
was  regarded  as  the  yellow  drop  in  the  sky. 

Somadeva  (s6-ma-da'va).  The  author  of  the 
Kathasaritsagara  (which  see). 

Somain(s6-man').  A  mining  and  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  France, 
12  miles  west  of  Valenciennes.  Population, 
(1891),  commune,  6,043. 

Somali  (s6-ma'le),  or  Somal  (so-mal').  A  Ha- 
mitie  nation  inhabiting  the  Eastern  Horn  of  Af- 
rica—  that  is,  the  arid  region  between  the  Strait 
of  Bab-el-Mandeb  and  a  point  south  of  the 
Juba  River.  They  are  mi.\ed  with  Arab  blood  in  the 
north  and  with  Negro  blood  in  the  south,  and  vary,  there- 
fore, much  in  color  and  form.  Their  language,  which  is 
practically  one  in  the  whole  region,  is  decidedly  Hamitic, 
and  has  no  written  character  or  literature.  The  Somali 
are  pastoral,  owning  herds  of  camels,  horses,  oxen,  sheep, 
and  goats  :  their  limited  agriculture  is  caixied  on  by  do- 
mestic slaves.  Nominally  Mohammedan  and  split  into 
many  petty  tribes,  they  are  fiercely  opposed  to  foreign 
intrusion,  though  naturally  sociable  and  jovial.  The 
Hasliia  and  Hawiya  are  the  principal  subtribes.  England 
and  Italy  claim  most  of  the  Somali  coast. 

Somali  Coast  Protectorate,  or  Somaliland  (so- 
ma'le-land).  A  British  protectorate  in  eastern 
Africa,  along  the  Gulf  of  Aden.  Chief  seaport, 
Berbera.  Area,  68,000  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  estimated,  240.000. 

Somaliland.  An  Italian  protectorate  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa.  It  extends  from  the  Juba 
River  northward,  and  is  bounded  westward  by  British  East 
Africa.  The  British  boundary  was  settled  in  1891.  Area 
of  .Somaliland  and  Gallaland,  70,000  square  milesCO-  I'op- 
ulation,  210,000  (?). 

Somanatha  (so-ma-na'tha).  The  name  of  a 
celebrated  Linga,  or  emblem  of  Shiva,  or  of  the 
temple  where  it  was  set  up  at  Somanathapat- 
tana,  or  Somnath  Pattan,  in  the  peninsula  of 
Kathiawar  in  Guzerat.  The  temple  wasone  of  12  Linga 
temples  held  in  special  veneration.  A  legend  devised  to 
explain  the  name,  the  precise  meaning  of  which  is  uncer- 
tain, relates  that  Soma  propitiated  Shiva  by  great  auster- 
ities performed  there,  whereupon  Shiva  granted  him  a 
boon,  and  Soma  set  up  a  Linga  on  the  spot  where  he  had 
done  penance.  This  makes  the  name  mean  'the  lord  of 
Soma,'  in  the  sense  of  the  divinity  set  up  by  Soma. 

Sombrerete  (som-bra-ra'tii).  A  decayed  mining 
town  in  the  state  of  Zaeatecas,  Mexico,  about  100 
miles  northwest  of  Zaeatecas.  Its  silver-mines 
were  formerly  among  the  richest  in  the  world. 

Somers  (sum'erz),  John,  Baron  Somers.  Bom 
at  Worcester,  England,  March  4, 1652:  died  April 
26,  1716.  An  English  statesman  and  jurist. 
He  was  counsel  for  the  seven  bishops  in  their  trial  in 
1688 ;  and  a  member  of  the  Convention  Parliament  in 
168!1.  He  became  solicitor-general  in  1689,  attorney-'-ren- 
eral  in  1692,  and  lord  keeper  in  1693.  He  was  a  leading  mem- 


Sonunen,  Lake 

berof  the  Whig  junto;  was  one  of  the  lords  justices  In 
the  absence  of  William  III.  in  1695 :  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1697 ;  was  lord  chancellor  1697-1700  ;  and  was 
impeached  and  acquitted  in  1701.  In  1700  lie  was  influ- 
ential in  arranging  the  union  with  Scotland.  From  1708- 
1710  he  was  president  of  the  council. 
Somerset  (sum'er-set).  [ME.  Somerset,  Somer- 
si'te,  AS.  Sumorsiete,  orig,  the  name  of  the  in- 
habitants, appai\ 'summer-settlers,' fi'om.S!(mo)-, 
summer,  and  -siete,  settler:  an  explanation  re- 
flected in  the  ML.  translation  Estiva  regio, 
summer  country,  and  the  W.  Giclad  i/r  haf, 
country  of  summer.]  A  county  in  the  south- 
western part  of  England,  bound'ed  by  the  Bris- 
tol Channel  and  Gloucester  on  the  north,  Wilt- 
shire on  the  east,  Dorset  on  the  southeast, 
and  Devon  on  the  south,  southwest,  and  west. 
Its  surface  is  hiUy  and  undidating,  the  chief  hills  being 
the  Mendip  Hills,  Exmoor,  and  Brendon  Hills,  and  it  con- 
tains the  plain  of  Sedgenioor.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Parret  and  Lower  Avon  ;  the  chief  cities,  Bath  and  (part  oO 
Bristol.  Somerset  was  thoroughly  occupied  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  was  conquered  gradually  from  the  Welsh  from  the 
6th  to  the  8th  century;  and  sided  generally  with  the 
Parliament  and  later  with  Monmouth  in  the  17th  century. 
Area,  1,630  sciuare  ndles.     Population  (1S91),  484,337. 

Somerset,  Duke  of  (Edmund  Beaufort).  Died 

1455.  An  English  politician,  son  of  Thomas, 
earl  of  Dorset,  and  grandson  of  John  of  Gaunt. 
He  was  created  duke  of  Somerset  in  1447,  and  was  lieu- 
tenant of  France  1447-50,  during  which  time  Normandy  was 
lost  by  the  English.  He  was  appointed  lord  high  consta- 
ble of  England  on  his  return  in  1450,  and  succeeded  Suf- 
folk as  the  chief  minister  of  Heiu-y  VI.  In  1453,  when 
the  king  was  stricken  with  insanity,  Somerset  supported 
Queen  Margaret  in  her  contest  for  the  regency  with  the 
Duke  of  York,  the  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne.  Y^ork 
triumphed,  and  Somerset  was  imprisoned.  Somerset  was, 
however,  released  and  restored  to  office  on  the  recovery 
of  the  king  in  1465,  but  fell  at  the  battle  of  St  Albans  in 
the  same  year.    See  Margaret  of  Anjou. 

Somerset,  Duke  of.  See  Seymour,  Edu-ard. 
Somerset,  Earl  of.  See  Carr,  Robert 
Somerset,  Fitzroy  James  Henry,  first  Baron 
Raglan.  Born  Sept.  30, 1788 :  died  near  Sebas- 
topol,  Russia,  June  28, 18o5.  A  British  general, 
youngest  son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Beaufort  by 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Admiral  Edward  Bosca- 
wen.  He  entered  the  army  in  1804  ;  served  in  the  Penin- 
sular war  ;  was  military  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Welling, 
ton  ;  and  commanded  the  British  in  the  Crimea  1854-65. 

Somerset  House.  A  palace  in  the  Strand,  Lon- 
don, built  by  the  Protector  Somerset  in  1549. 
Later  it  was  crown  property.  It  was  demolished  in  1775, 
but  has  been  rebt^t  and  is  used  for  government  offices 
(Registrar-GeneraPInland  Revenue,  Exchequer,  etc.). 

Somers  Islands.    See  Bermudas. 

Somersworth  (sum'erz-werth).  A  city  in 
Strafford  County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on 
Salmon  Falls  River  33  miles  east  of  Concord. 
It  contains  the  manufacturing  \illage  of  Great 
Falls.     Population  (1900),  7,023. 

Somerville  (sum'er-\Tl).  A  city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  2  miles  northwest  ft" 
Boston.  It  was  made  a  city  in  1872.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  61,643. 

Somerville,  Mrs.  (Mary  Fairfax).    Bom  at 

Jedburgh,  Scotland,  Dec.  26,  1780:  died  at  Na- 
ples, Nov.,  1872.  A  British  mathematician 
and  scientific  writer,  daughter  of  Admiral  Sir 
William  George  Fairfax.  She  married  in  1804  Cap- 
tain Samuel  Greig,  a  cousin,  who  died  in  1806;  and  in 
1812  she  married  another  cousin,  Dr.  \Villiam  Somerville. 
With  his  assistance  she  studied  the  physical  sciences.  In 
1S31  she  published  a  translation  of  the  "M6canique  ce- 
leste "  of  Laplace.  .She  also  published  •'  Connection  of  the 
Physical  Sciences  "  (lS:f5),  "Physical  Geography"  (1848), 
*'  Molecular  and  ilicroscopic  Science  '*  (1866).  Her  "Per- 
sonal Recollections  "  appeared  after  her  death. 

Somerville,  or  Somervile,  William.    Bom  at 

Edston,  Warwickshire,  1677:  died  there,  July  19, 
1742.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  New  College,  Oxford.  He  wrote  "  The  Chase  " 
(1735),  "Hobbinol,  etc"  (1740),  "Field  Sports"  (1742),  etc. 

Somes  Sound  (somz  sound).  An  inlet  on  the 
coast  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine. 

Somma  Vesuviana  (som'ma  va-so-ve-a'na). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy,  situ- 
ated at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesurius,  9  miles 
cast  of  Naples.     Popidation  (1881),  8,511. 

Somme  (som).  A  river  in  northern  France  which 
flows  into  the  English  Channel  30  miles  north- 
east of  Dieppe  :  the  ancient  Samara.  Length, 
152  miles;  navigable  by  aid  of  a  canal. 

Somme.  A  maritime  department  of  northern 
France,  bounded  by  Pas-de-Calais  and  Nord  on 
the  north  and  northeast,  Aisne  on  the  east, 
Oise  on  the  south,  Seine-Inf erieure  on  the  south- 
west, and  the  English  Channel  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Amiens.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it 
is  one  of  the  leading  agricultural  departments.  It  has  also 
rtourishing  manufactures.  It  was  formed  from  the  greater 
part  of  Picardy  and  a  small  part  of  Artois.  Area,  2,379 
square  miles.     Population  (1801),  546,495. 

Sommen  (som'men).  Lake.  A  lake  in  southern 
Sweden,  east  of  Lake  Wetter.  Length,  24  miles. 


SSnunerda 

Sommerda  (ztm'mer-diO.  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Un- 
strut  13  miles  noi-th-northeast  of  Erfurt :  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  firearms.  Population 
(1S90),  4.083. 

Sommerfeld  (zom'mer-felt).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lubis  44  miles  southeast  of  Frankfort-ou- 
fhe-Oder.  It  has  important  manufactures  of 
cloth.     Population  (1890),  11,401. 

Sommering  (zem'mer-ing),  Samuel  Thomas 

von.  Born  atThorn,  Prussia,  .Jan.  IS,  17.V):  died 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  March  L',  1830.  A 
noted  German  anatomist  and  physiologist.  Ue 
became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Cassel  in  1778  anil  at  Mainz 
in  17M,  iinil  later  practised  nicdicim'  at  l*Y:iiikfoit.  In 
1804  i»e  went  to  .Munich,  returning  to  l-'iankfoit  in  Ivju. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Voin  Banc  ties  mensetilicllen  Kur- 
pers"(1791-;i6),  *'De  corporis  humani  fabrica"(l7U4-18ul), 
"l'l)fr  tias  Organ  der  Seele"  (171HJ\  etc. 

Sommi^res  (som-mySr').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Vidoui-lo 
l.")  miles  west-southwest  of  Nimes.  Population 
rlSOl),  3,821. 

Somnath.  A  town  in  Guzerat,  India,  situated 
on  the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  20°  i)3'  N.  it  was 
formerly  of  importance,  and  is  noted  for  its  temple.  It  is 
doubtful  wliether  the  so-called  "gates  of  Somnath."  car- 
ried off  by  the  liritish  from  Gliazni  in  1842,  and  now  at 
Agra,  were  ever  at  this  town.  Population  (1881),  6,044. 
See  Somanatha. 

Somnium  Scipionis  (som'ni-um  sip-i-6'nis). 
[L..  'Scipio's  Dream.']  An  episode  in  the  sixth 
book  of  Cicero's  "De  Republiea,"  in  which 
Scipio  Africanus  the  Younger  relates  a  dream 
which  he  had  in  youth,  in  which  Africanus  the 
Elder  appeared  to  him,  intimated  his  destiny, 
and  urged  him  to  continue  in  the  path  of  vir- 
tue and  renown. 

Somnus  (som'uus).  [L.  soniHus,  sleep.]  In 
Koman  mythology,  the  personification  and  god 
of  sleep,  the  Greek  Hj-pnos,  a  brother  of  iJcath 
(Mors  or  Thanatos)  and  a  son  of  Night  (Nd.x). 
In  works  of  art  .Sleep  and  Death  are  represented  alike  as 
youths,  often  sleeping  or  holding  inverted  torches. 

Somo8ierra(s6-ra6-se-er'ra).  A  village  in  Spain, 
at  a  pass  of  the  SieiTa  de  Guadarrama,  .52  miles 
north  of  Madrid.  Here,  Nov.  30, 1808,  the  French  un- 
der Napoleon  routed  the  Spaniards  and  carried  the  pass. 

Sompnour,  The.     See  Summoiter's  Tale. 

Soncino  (s6n-che'n61.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cremona,  northern  Italy,  si^iated  near  the 
Oglio,  33  miles  east  of  Milan.  Population  (1881), 
commune,  7,534. 

Sonderbund  (zon'der-bont).  [6.,  'separate 
league.']  A  league  of  most  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic cantons  of  Switzerland,  formed  in  1843  and 
including  eventually  Lucerne,  Uri,  Untenval- 
den,  Sch  wyz,  Zug,  Fribourg,  and  Valais.  it  was 
reactionary  in  itsaims,  and  in  favor  of  the  Jesuits.  Itaabo- 
litiiin  w.aB  resolved  on  by  the  Swiss  Confederation  July  'JO, 
1847.  War  upon  it  was  liesiun  in  Nov.,  1847,  the  Federal 
Swiss  troops  being  commanded  by  Dufour.  The  result  was 
the  overthrow  of  the  Sonderbund,  and  the  adoption  of  a 
new  constitution  in  1848. 

Sonderburg  (zon'der-bora).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Schlcswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  the 
chief  town  in  the  island  of  Alsen,  situate<i  on  Al- 
sen  Sound  29  miles  north-northeast  of  Schles- 
wig.  It  was  a  strategic  point  in  the  Schleswig 
war.s.     Population  (1890),  5,120. 

Sonder8hausen(zon'dors-hou-zcn).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  principality  of  Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
hausen,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Wippir  .'ill 
miles  northwest  of  Weimar.  Population  (1890), 
6,034. 

Sondre  Bergenhus  (sfeu '  dro  ber '  gen  -  hos). 
['  South  Bergenhus.']  A  maritime  province  in 
southwestern  Norway,  intersected  by  lat.  G0° 
30'  N.  Area,  0,024  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  128,213. 

Sondre  Trondhjem  (stn  '  dro  trend  '  ycm). 
['  South  Trondiijeni.']  A  province  in  Norway, 
bordering  the  ocean  on  the  west  and  Swedi'non 
the  east,  and  intersected  bv  lat.  03° 20'  N.  Area, 
7,188  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  123,817. 

Sondrio  (son'dro-o).  1.  A  province  in  tliecom- 
parliiiK'uto  of  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering  on 
Switzerland  and  Tyrol.  Area,  1,232  sciuare 
miles.  Pc)piilation(1891),  130,599.-2.  The  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Sondrio,  Italy,  situateil 
on  the  Malero,  near  the  Adda,  in  lat.  46°  10'  N., 
long.  9°  52'  E.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  the  Val 
TelTina,  which  i.s  now  traversed  by  a  railway. 
Population  (1881),  3,989. 

Songamino  (song-gii-m6'no),  or  Basongamlno 

(bii-soiig'gii-mc'nu).       A    Bantu    Irilic    o!    the 
Kongo  State,  .stttlrMl  between  the  Lukenje  and 
Siinkurii  rivers  and  southward. 
Songari.     See  Sungari. 

p.—  CI) 


945 

Songaria.     See  Sunfliiria. 

Songe  (soug'ge),  orBasonge  (bS-song'ge).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  .State,  between  the 
Lubilashi  and  Loniami  rivers,  about  lat.  o°-6° 
S.,  related  to  the  Luba  nation. 

Songhai  (soug-gi').    See  Surhai. 

Song-koi.     See  Ilcd  Hill  r. 

Songo  (>ong'g6),  or  Masongo  (ma-song'go).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  western  Africa,  occupy- 
ing Great  and  Little  Sougo,  between  Malange 
and  the  head  waters  of  the  Luandu  River,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Kuanza  (lat.  9°-ll°  S.).  They 
are  a  tall  and  strong  race,  closely  resenibling  the  5lba- 
lundu  (Bailundo)i>ct>ple;  but  they  speak  a  dialect  of  Klni- 
bundu.  They  are  agricultural  and  pastoral,  and  engage 
in  the  carrying  business  for  white  traders.  Most  of  the 
jiclty  Son;;o  chiefs  are  independent. 

Song  of  Solomon.  The  Songs,  otherwise  called 
the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Canticles  (LL.  Cantirum 
Cnnticorum  dalonioiii.i),  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  Until  the  19th  century  it  was  univer- 
sally ascribed  to  Solomon,  but  critics  nov  regard  it  as 
of  later  date. 

Song  of  the  Shirt.    A  jioem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

Song  of  the  Three  Holy  Children.  An  addi- 
tion to  the  Book  of  Daniel,  found  in  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  in  the  Apocrypha,  purporting  to  be 
the  prayer  and  song  of  the  three  Hebrews  in 
the  fiery  furnace. 

Songs  •without  Words.     See  Lietlcr  oh  ne  Wortc. 

Sonbo  (sou'yo).  A  native  countship  and  tribe 
of  the  Kongo  Nation,  on  the  Kongo  Kivcr  south 
of  its  mouth.  The  counts  of  Sonho  always  gave  much 
trouble  to  the  kings  of  Kongo.  They  nominally  adopt. d 
I'hristianity  about  1600,  but  have  always  been  practically 
heathen. 

Sonnambula  (son-nam'bo-lii),  La.  An  opera 
by  Bellini,  produced  first  at  Milan  in  1831. 

Sonnblick  (zon'blik).  [G.,  'sun-glance.']  A 
summit  of  the  Salzburg  Alps.  Height,  10,180 
feet. 

Sonneberg  (zon'ne-bero).  A  town  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  Kothen  13  miles  northeast  of  Coburg. 
It  is  the  center  of  a  district  manufacturing  papier-machtS 
articles,  etc.     Population  (1890),  11,480. 

Sonnenburg  (zon'nen-boro).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Bramleiiburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lonzo  .59  miles  east  of  Berlin.  Population 
(1890),  5,906. 

Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese.    A  series  of 

sonnets  by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1850. 

Sonora  (so-no'rii).  The  northwesternmost 
state  of  Me.\ico,  between  Arizona  (United 
States),  Chihuahua.  Sinaloa,  and  the  Gulf  of 
California.  Capital,  Hermosillo;  principal  port, 
Guaymas.  The  eastern  i)art  is  mountainous  ;  the  west- 
ern part  is  lower,  and  has  cvtensive  arid  plains.  F.xcept 
in  the  higher  valleys,  little  of  the  land  can  be  used  for 
agriculture  without  irrigation.  The  most  important  in- 
dustry is  mining  (silver,  gold,  etc.).  Large  districts  are 
occupied  exclusively  by  Indiana.  Area,  77,634  square  miles. 
Population  (I89.5|,  I'.il.USI. 

Sonora.  The  capital  of  Tuolumne  County,  Cali- 
fornia, 1 10  miles  east  by  uorl  h  of  San  Francisco. 

Sonora  Pass.  A  high  pass  in  the  Sierra  Nova- 
da  Mountains,  California,  about  110  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Sacramento. 

Sonsonate  (son-so-nii'ta).  Atowii  in  Salvador, 
Central  America,  40  miles  west  by  north  of  San 
Salvador.  It  was  founded  by  Pedro  de  Alva- 
rado.     Population  (1892),  est.,  11,000. 

Sontag  (zon'tiig),  Henrietta,  Countess  Rossi. 
Born  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  Jlav  13,  1805  (Jan. 
3,  18060:  died  in  Mexico,  June  17,  1854.  A 
German  soprano  singer,  .she  made  lur lirst  appear- 
ance when  only  six  yeitra  old.  and  acted  in  children's  jtarts 
till  she  was  Ilfteen.  .She  retired  from  the  operatic  atage 
18:10-11),  c)ti  her  niarrijige,  but  resumed  her  career,  which 
was  one  of  unbroken  success.  She  traveled  extensively  in 
i'.urope  and  America. 

Soochow,  or  Su-chau  (sS'chou').  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-su,  China,  situated  on 
the  Imperial  Canal  aliout  55  miles  west-north- 
west of  Shanghai.  It  has  lluurlshlug  trade  and  man- 
ufnctureK,  ami  was  long  tho  center  of  Chinese  faBhlun. 
Poi>iUation,  about  600,0(10. 

Soodan.    Sie  sikIuh. 

Sooloo  Islands.     See  Siilii  Inlands. 

Soongaria.     See  .Sioigaria. 

Soon'wald  (zon'viilt).  A  i)ortion  of  the  plateau 
of  llundsriick,  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated south  of  Sunkt  Goar,  west  of  Bingon,  and 
north  of  tlu'  river  Nalie. 

Soor,  or  Sorr,  or  Sohr  (zor).  A  village  in 
northeastern  Bohemia,  21  miles  north  of  KUnig- 
griltz.  Here.  Sept.  ao,  I74r>,  the  Pmsslans  under  Fred- 
erick  the  Oreat  defeated  the  Anstrlans  under  the  Hnkeof 
Lorraine  (Prussian  loss,  ',i,iHW  ;  Austrian  loss,  8,000,  and  22 
guns);  and  here,  June  'M,  18(30,  the  PruBftlans  defeat^'d  tho 
AUHtrians. 

Soosa.    Sec  Susa  (in  Tunis). 


Sophonisba 

Sopherim(s6'fe-rim).  [Hi-b.]  Writers;  scribes. 
In  the  (Jill  Testjiiiient  the  title  Sopher  is  applied  to  Ezra, 
wlio  is  called  "  a  ready  scribe  in  the  law  of  Moses  "  (Lzra 
vii.  (i).  It  was  in  the  time  of  Kzra  and  Mehemiall,  when 
the  law  became  the  center  of  Jewish  life,  that  the  institu- 
tion of  the  8(»pherim  took  its  origin.  The  task  of  these 
men  was  to  explain  the  law,  and  to  adapt  it  to  the  ever- 
changing  conditions  and  rctiuirements  of  daily  life.  'I  hey 
were  thus,  in  a  measure,  the  successors  and  followers  of 
the  prophets.  As  the  name  would  indicate,  they  were 
also  engaged  iu  multiplying  cojties  of  the  Torah  (Penta- 
teuch) by  writing,  or  by  transcribing  it  from  the  old  He- 
brew script,  no  longer  intelligible  totbeir  generation,  into 
the  s<)uare  cbaracters  still  in  use.  The  Sopherim  deliv- 
ered their  interpretations  of  and  decisions  on  the  law  be- 
fore audiences  in  schools.  They  were  called  collectively 
•'the  men  of  the  great  synagogue,"  and  were  succeeiled  by 
the  Tanaim  and  .\moraim.  The  results  of  the  metitjd  ac- 
tivity of  these  teachers  of  the  law  tlirough  several  centu- 
ries are  laid  down  iu  the  Talmud. 

Sophia.    See  Sofia. 

Sophia,  Santa  (san'til  s6-fe'ii).  [It.  Santa 
Sojid,  ML.  Sfinrta  Sophia,  MGr.  So^i'a.  wisdom, 
tho  church  being  dedicated  to  Christ  as  tho 
hypostatized  wisdom  of  God.]  The  famous 
metropolitan  church  of  the  Greeks  at  Constanti- 
nople,built  by  Justinian  :  since  1453  a  mosque. 
In  plan  it  consists  of  outer  and  inner  narthex  precetling 
a  sijuare  the  central  portion  of  which  is  covered  by  the 
great  dome,  105  feet  in  diameter  and  184  high  (interior), 
in  whose  base  open  40  arched  wiiulows.  Most  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  nave  is  covered  by  two  lower  semi-domes, 
which  buttress  the  central  dome.  The  aisles  have  gal- 
leries resting  on  arcades  with  beautiful  columns.  All  the 
vaults  ami  arches  are  covered  with  superl)  mosaics  on 
gold  ground  ;  all  the  human  figures  appearing  in  these  are 
now  maskeil  with  whitewash.  The  walls  are  incrusted 
with  niarblrs.  The  exterior  of  the  venerable  church  is 
now  plain  and  nnimpres.sive. 

Sophia,  Santa,  The  Little.  The  church  of  Sts. 
Sergius  and  Bacchus  at  Constantinople,  fin- 
ished by  Justinian  in  .565  A.  D.,  ami  now  a 
mosque.  It  is  quadrangular,  with  a  dome  and  two 
tiers  of  vaulted  arcades  :  there  is  a  narthex  and  an  apse, 
and  fine  mosaics  under  the  whitewash. 

Sophia  Dorothea(si")-li'ador-(}-the'a),Electres9 
ot  llamiovi T.  Born  Sept.  15, 1066:  died  Nov.  13, 
1 720.  Daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick-Liine- 
burg-Celle,  wife  of  the  elector  George  of  Han- 
nover (later  George  I.  of  England),  and  mother 
of  George  H.  she  was  divorced  Dec.  28,  1694,  on  ac- 
count of  her  relations  with  Count  Konigsmork,  and  re- 
mained for  the  rest  other  life  a  prisoner  in  Ahlden  Castle. 

Sophie  Charlotte,  Queen  of  I'mssia.  Born  Oct. 
20,  1608  :  died  Feb.  1, 1705.  Wife  of  Frederick 
I.,  king  of  Prussia:  noted  for  her  literary  and 
philosophicaltastes.  Charlottenburg  was  named 
from  her. 

Sophocles  (sof'o-klez).  [Gr.  2o^<c?.r/f.]  Bom  at 
Colonus,  near  Athens,  495  or  4S)0  B.  c. :  died  400 
li.  c.  One  of  the  three  great  tragic  poets  of 
Greece.  lie  defeated  .^schylns  for  the  tragic  prize  in 
408,  and  was  defeated  by  Euripides  in  411.  He  was  one 
of  the  Athenian  generals  in  tlie  Samian  war  (440).  Ho 
added  the  third  actor  to  the  drama,  and  made  various 
changes  in  the  chorus.  His  tragedies  include  "(Kdipus 
Tyrannu8"(or"(EdipusKex  ").  "iKdlpus  at  Colonus,'  'An- 
tigone," ■■  );iectra,"  "  I'hiloctetes,"  "Ajax,"  and  "Maidens 
of  Trachis." 

From  this  date  till  his  death,  at  the  age  of  90,  the  poet 
devoted  all  his  energy  to  the  production  of  those  famous 
works  of  art,  which  gave  him  such  a  Indd  over  the  Athe- 
nian (Hiblic  that  he  came  to  be  considered  the  very  ideal 
of  a  tragic  i>oet,  and  was  worsllii)ped  after  bis  death  as  a 
hero,  under  the  title  Hexion.  He  is  said  to  have  won  eigh- 
teen or  twenty  tragic  victories,  and.  though  sometimes 
IKjstponed  to  Pbilocles  and  others,  was  never  placed  thii-d 
in  all  his  life.  The  author  i»f  the  **  Poetic"  and  the  Alex- 
andrian critics  follow  the  judgment  of  the  Attic  public, 
and  most  niiHlern  critics  have  agreed  with  them  that  the 
tragedies  of  Sophocles  are  the  most  perfect  that  the  world 
has  ever  seen. 

Mahafn.  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,,  I.  28a 

Sophocles.  A  Greek  portrait-statue,  in  tho 
Ijaleiaii  Museum,  Rome.  The  face  is  full  liconlcd  : 
the  attitude  upright  and  simple;  the  draper}' a  cloi'cly 
wrapped  bimation.  The  style  Is  of  ab<mt  300  II.  C.  The 
statue  is  perhaps  ti'<<m  a  bionze  oiigiiiat 

Sophocles,  Evangelinus  Apostolides.  Born 
near  Mount  Pelion,  Greece,  Slarch  8,  l.sO":  died 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  17,  1883.  A  Grefk- 
.\merican  scholar,  professor  of  Greek  in  Har- 
vard College.  He  published  a  "liroektirammar'flKW), 
an<l  other  works  on  (Iiitk  grinnnntr,  ami  a  "Creek  Lexi- 
con i»f  the  Uolnau  and  lty/.:Lntine  PerhHls"  (1870). 

Sophon  (so'foii).  Bridge  of.  -V  bridge  over  tho 
.Sangariiis,  built  a.  n.  561  bv  Justinian.  It  sur- 
vives almost  perfect,  except  the  Hiruetures  for  defense  or 
Bheller  at  the  eiula.  II  Is  1,400  feet  long,  «  ith  8  arelieji, 
eacli  having  a  span  of  76  feet  and  small  .arches  on  o«cU 
side. 

Sophonisba  (s<)-f(}-niz'bji).  Died  about  204  B.C. 
A  Carthaginian  woman,  daughter  ot  llasdru- 
bal.  son  ol^  Gisco.  she  was  betrothed  to  the  Numi- 
dlan  prlnci'  .Miudnissa,  but  was  afterwanl  nnirrlcd  in  200 
H.  c.,  for  political  reasons,  to  Syphax,  the  rival  Nmnldlnn 
ruler.  Her  husbiiml  wtwdefeatml  by  Maslidssa,  who  acted 
as  an  tdly  of  the  Itomans  while  Sypnax  wan  an  ally  of  tins 
Carthaginians,  In  the  second  funic  war.  Sophonhlia  f,-ll 
into  tho  bauds  of  thu  cou(iuert>r,  who  marrlud  her,  bat 


Sophonisba 

was  compelled  by  Scipio  to  reject  her.    She  died  by  poi- 
snn  sent  by  Masinissa  to  prevent  her  from  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  Romans. 
Sopbonisba.    A  tragedy  by  Thomson,  produced 
in  1730. 

Sopbonisba,  or  Hannibal's  Overthrow.     A 

traseily  by  Nathauiel  Lee,  produced  iu  1676. 

Sopbonisba,  or  the  Wonder  of  Women.    A 

tragedy  by   Marston,   produced  in  1G02.     The 
plot  is  serai-historical.     See  Sofoiiiaba. 

Sophonisbe.  1.  A  tragedy  by  Mairet,  produced 
in  1631.  It  is  said  to  be  the  first  French  tragedy, 
and  is  imitated  from  Trissino's  "  Sofonisba." — ■ 
2.  A  tragedy  by  Corneille  (1663). 

Sophron  (so'frou).  [Gr.  luij/puv.]  Jjived  about 
440  B.  c.  A  Syraeusan  writer  of  comedy,  noted 
for  his  mimes.  Fragments  of  bis  works  have 
sui'vived. 

As  to  the  controversy  whether  the  mimes  were  in  prose 
or  in  verse.  I  fancy  them  like  Walt  Whitman's  so-called 
poems,  which,  if  they  survive,  may  yet  give  rise  to  a  simi- 
lar discussion.  The  mimes  of  Sophron  were  evidently 
very  coarse  also  —  another  parallel  —  and  were  full  of  pro- 
verbs, and  full  of  humour,  often  using  patoi^y  which  is 
very  rare  in  Greek  literature.  But  Sophron's  neglect  of 
foi  m  did  not  imply  a  revolutionary  creed :  it  was  rather  a 
carefully  concealed  submission  to  the  laws  of  art. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  407. 

Sophronia  (so£-r6'ni-a).  [Gr.,  'of  a  sound 
mind.']  A  character  in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem 
Delivered." 

Sophy  (so'fi).  The.  AplaybySir  JohnDenham, 
acted  in  1641  at  Blackfriars,  and  printed  in  1642. 
It  is  founded  on  a  story  in  Herbert's  "Travels." 

Sora  (so'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
serta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Garigliano  62  miles 
e.ist-soutlieastof  Rome.  It  hasa  cathedral  and  some 
manufactures.  It  was  an  ancient  Volscian  town,  was 
captured  by  the  Komans,  and  was  colonized  by  them  in 
303  B.  0.     Population  (1881),  6,411  ;  comiiiune,  13,208. 

Soracte  (s6-rak'te).  A  detached  mountain  in 
Italy,  situated  near  the  Tiber  25  miles  north  by 
east  of  Kome :  the  modern  Monte  Sant'  Oreste. 
There  is  an  extensive  view  from  its  summit,  and  it  is  nota- 
ble for  an  ancient  temple  of  Apollo.     Height,  2,260  feet. 

Sorata  (so-ra'ta),  Nevado  de,  or  Illampu  (el- 
yiim'po).  A  volcanic  mountain  of  the  Bolivian 
Andes,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Lake  Titicaca, 
nearly  north  of  La  Paz.  Height,  21,500  (ac- 
cording to  some,  23,000-24,000)  feet. 

Sorau  (so'rou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  36  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Frankf  ort-on-the-Oder.  it  has  man- 
ufactures of  cloth,  linen,  etc.,  and  is  the  oldest  town  in 
Lower  Lusatia.     Population  (1890),  14,456. 

Sorbonne  (sor-bon').  La.  A  celebrated  house 
founded  in  the  University  of  Paris  about  1250 
by  Robert  de  Sorbon  or  Sorbonne,  ehaplaiu 
and  confessor  of  Louis  IX.  The  college  of  the  Sor- 
bonne became  one  of  the  Jour  constituent  parts,  and  tlie 
predominant  one,  of  the  faculty  of  theology  in  the  univer- 
sity. It  exercised  a  high  influence  in  ecclesiastical  affairs 
and  on  the  public  mind,  especially  in  the  16th  and  ITtli 
centuries.  It  was  suppressed  during  the  Revolution,  and 
deprived  of  its  endowments.  At  the  reconstruction  of  tlie 
university  under  Napoleon  I.,  the  building  erected  for  it 
by  Richelieu,  and  still  called  the  Sorbonne,  was  ceded  to 
the  city  of  Paris  on  condition  that  the  theological  faculty, 
in  connection  with  the  faculties  of  science  and  belles- 
lettres.  shoiUd  remove  there.  New  buildings  were  erected 
Is84-S9. 

Sordello  (sor-del'16),  or  Sordel.  Born  at  Goito, 
near  Mantua,  about  1180:  died  about  1255.  A 
Provencal  poet  or  troubadour.  He  was  attached  for 
a  time  to  the  household  of  the  Count  of  St.  Bonifazio,  the 
chief  of  the  Guelph  party,  in  the  march  of  Treviso,  and 
afterward  entered  the  service  of  Raymond  Berenger,  the 
last  Count  of  Provence  of  the  house  of  Barcelona.  It  was 
thought  at  that  time  that  the  Italian  language  was  not 
susceptible  of  polish,  and  Sordello  wrote  in  the  Provengal 
language.  He  gradually  became  in  popular  tradition  a 
hero  of  romance,  a  preux  chevalier,  and  an  Italian  knight 
errant,  ilany  fables  were  woven  about  his  name.  It  was 
even  said  that  the  sovereignty  of  Mantua  had  been  be- 
stowed upon  him.  He  owes  his  reputation  principally  to 
Dante's  mention  of  him :  he  speaks  of  him  with  admira- 
tion eight  times  in  the  "Purgatorio."  Nothing  survives 
of  his  prose  or  his  Itiilian  poems,  but  about  34  Provencal 
poems  still  exist,  and  are  included  in  Raynouard's  "Chois 
des  po6sies  des  troubadours  "  and  his  "Lexique  roman." 
Sordello  of  Mantua,  whose  real  merit  consists  in  the 
harmony  and  sensibility  of  his  verses.  He  was  amongst 
the  first  to  adopt  the  ballad  form  of  writing,  and  in  one  of 
those,  which  has  been  translated  by  Millot,  he  beautifully 
contrasts,  in  the  burthen  of  his  ballad,  the  gaieties  of  na- 
ture and  the  ever-reviving  grief  of  a  heart  devoted  to 
love.  Sumondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  103. 

Sordello.  A  poem  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1840.  It  is  a  picture  of  the  restless  and 
troubled  condition  of  northern  Italy  in  the  early  part  of 
the  13th  century,  and  a  history  of  the  development  of 
the  soul  of  Sordello  the  troubadour.  It  is  the  most  ob- 
scure of  Browning's  poems. 

Sorel  (so-rel').  The  capital  of  RichelieuCounty, 
Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Richelieu  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  44  miles  north- 
east of  Montreal.     Population  (1901 ),  7,057. 

Sorel   (so  rer),  Agnes.     Bom  at  Fromenteau, 


946 

Touraine,  about  1409 :  tiled  near  Jumigny,  Feb. 
9, 1450.  The  favorite  mistress  of  Charles  VII. 
of  France.  She  was  brought  up  with  Isabelle,  the  wife 
of  Ren6  d'Anjou,  and  remained  her  friend  through  life. 
Charles,  who  first  saw  her  when  she  was  about  twenty 
years  old,  remained  faithful  to  her  till  her  death,  and  her 
influence  over  him  was  generally  beneficial. 

Sor^ze  (s6-raz').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  southern  France,  situated  about 
35miles  east-southeast  of  Toulouse :  the  medie- 
val Sorecinum.  It  is  noted  for  its  Roman  Cath- 
olic college. 

Soria  (s6're-a).  1.  A  province  of  Old  Castile, 
Spain,  bounded  by  Burgos  on  the  northwest, 
Logi'oiio  on  the  north,  Saragossa  on  the  east, 
Guadalajara  on  the  south,  and  Segovia  on  the 
west.  Area,  3,836  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  151,471.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Soria,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Duero  in  lat. 
41°  45'  N.,  long.  2°  34'  W.  Near  it  is  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Numantia.  It  was  sacked  by  Ney  iu  1808.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  7,784. 

Sorlingues  (sor-lang').  The  French  name  of 
the  Seilly  Islands. 

Soroe  (s6're-e),  or  Soro  (so're).  A  small  town 
in  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  44  miles 
west-southwest  of  Copenhagen:  noted  for  its 
academy. 

Sorosis  (so-ro'sis).  [In  botany,  amultiple  fruit, 
like  the  pineapple;  from  Gr.  acjp6(,  a  heap.] 
The  fii'st  women's  club  in  the  United  States, 
founded  at  New  York  iu  1868. 

Sorr.     See  Soor. 

Sorrel  (sor'el),  Hetty.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters'  in  George  Eliot's  novel 
"Adam  Bede":  a  pretty,  vain,  and  pleasure- 
loWug  dairymaid. 

Sorrento  (sor-ren'to).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples, 
16  miles  south-southeast  of  Naples :  the  ancient 
Surrentum.  It  is  a  favorite  watering-place ;  was  noted 
in  antiquity  for  its  wines ;  and  was  the  birthplaceof  Tasso. 
Population  (1S81),  6,08D  ;  commune,  7,809. 

Sorro'ws  of  Werther,  The.    [G.  DasLeklen  des 

jiuigcn  Werther.]  A  sentimental  novel  by 
Goethe  (published  in  1774),  written  in  the  form 
of  letters. 

Sosigenes  (so-sij'e-nez).  [Gr.  'Zuaiyivrir.']  Lived 
in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  An  Alexandrian  astron- 
omer who  reformed  the  calendar,  under  the 
direction  of  Julius  Cajsar,  46  B.  c.  He  is  some- 
times identified  with  an  Egyptian  Peripatetic 
philosopher. 

Sospel  (sos-pel').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  .Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situated  on  the  B6- 
v&re  16  miles  northeast  of  Nice.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,887. 

Soter  (so'ter).  [Gr.  auTT/p,  savior  or  preserver.] 
A  Greek  surname  of  vai-ious  gods  and  men  (as 
Zeus,  Ptolemy  I.  of  Egypt,  etc.). 

Sothern  (susn'ern),  Ed'ward  Aske'w.  Bora 
at  Livei-pool,  April  1,  1826:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  20, 1881.  An  English-American  comedian. 
He  first  played  in  Jersey  in  1849;  appeared  in  the  United 
States  in  1852  ;  and  in  1858  made  his  mark  in  the  character 
of  Lord  Dundreary  (see  Dundreary).  His  two  sons,  Lytton 
and  Edward,  went  on  the  stage :  Lytton  died  in  1887. 

Sothis  (so'tliis),  or  Sept  (sept).  The  Egyptian 
name  of  the  dog-star  (Sirius). 

Soto  (so'to),  Hernando  or  Fernando  de.  Born 
at  Badajos,  Estremadura,  in  1500  or  1501 :  died 
near  the  Mississippi  River,  May  21,  1542  (ac- 
cortling  to  others,  Jime  5  or  June  30,  1542).  A 
Spanish  soldier,  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi. 
He  went  to  Darien  with  Pedrarias,  1514 ;  was  with  C6rdoba 
in  Nicaragua,  1524  ;  had  an  encounter  with  Gil  Gonzalez 
Davila,  who  had  entered  that  country  from  the  north ; 
and  opposed  C6rdoba's  defection  in  1525.  In  April,  1532, 
he  joined  Pizarro  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  with  reinforce- 
ments ;  and  thereafter  was  prominent  in  the  conquest  of 
Pern,  returning  to  Spain  very  rich  in  1536.  In  1537  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Cuba  and  Florida,  with  orders  to 
explore  and  settle  the  latter  counti-y.  Leaving  San  Lucar 
in  April,  1538,  he  finally  sailed  from  Havana,  Cuba,  on 
May  12,  1539,  with  9  vessels  and  570  (or  950)  men,  includ- 
ing many  cavaliers  of  rank;  landed  at  Tampa  B.ay,  May  25; 
and,  having  sent  part  of  his  sliips  back  to  Cuba,  set  out  on 
July  15  to  explore  the  interior.  His  route  during  the  next 
three  years  can  be  determined  only  approximately.  He 
was  constantly  urged  forward  by  the  hope  of  finding  new 
and  rich  countries ;  during  the  winter  months  he  halted 
at  some  Indian  village  ;  and  he  twice  had  communication 
with  his  vessels  on  the  coast.  Reckoning  by  the  present 
State  boundaries,  he  first  made  a  great  circuit  nortliw.ard 
through  northern  Florida,  Georgia,  perhaps  the  Carolinas 
and  Tennessee,  and  Alabama,  descending  the  Alabama 
River  to  Mobile  Bay,  where  he  had  a  fierce  battle  with  the 
Indians  (Oct.,  1640).  Thence  he  turned  northward  and 
northwestward  through  Mississippi ;  wintered  at  an  Indian 
village  on  the  Yazoo,  where  he  had  another  battle;  and 
reached  the  Mississippi  River,  crossing  it  at  the  Lower 
Chickasaw  Bluffs  about  May,  1541.  Subsequently  he  ex- 
plored northward  nearly  to  the  Missouri,  then  turned 
southward,  reached  the  junction  of  the  Red  River  and  the 
Mississippi,  and  died  there  of  malarial  fever ;  2.50  of  his 
men  had  perished.    The  survivors,  under  Moscoso,  de- 


Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu 

scended  tlie  river  and  reached  Mexico.  It  should  be  noted 
that  Alonso  de  Pineda  discovered  tlie  moulh  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi (wliich  he  called  the  Espiritu  Santu)  in  1519,  ami 
that  Cabeza  de  Vaca  crossed  it,  neai  its  mouth,  in  1528. 

Sotomayor,  Melchor  Bravo  de  Sara'via.  See 

Braro  ile  Suraria  !<otomaiior. 

Sotomayor yValdes (e  viil-das'), Ramon.  Born 
at  Santiago,  Aiiril.  1830.  A  Chilean  journalist, 
diplomatist,  and  historian.  His  most  important 
work  is  "  Historia  de  Chile  "  (2  vols.  1875),  embracing  the 
period  from  1831  to  1871. 

Sotteville  lez  Eouen  (sot-vel' laro-oh').  a 
town  iu  the  department  of  Seine-Inferieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  Seine  above  Rouen. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  16,384. 

Souabe  (so-iib').     The  French  name  of  Swabia. 

Soubise  (so-bez').  Seigneur  de  (Benjamin  de 
Rohan).  Born  at  La  Rochclle,  1583  :  died  at 
London,  Oct.  9,  1642.  A  French  commander, 
brother  of  Henri  de  Rohan.  He  was  one  of  the 
Huguenot  leaders  in  the  wars  of  1621-29.  He  conducted 
the  heroic  though  unsuccessful  defense  of  La  Roehelle 
1627-28. 

Soubise,  Prince  de  (Charles  de  Rohan).  Born 

at  Paris,  July  16,  1715:  died  there,  July  4, 1787. 
A  French  general.  He  was,  through  the  influence  of 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  mistress  of  Louis  XV.,  appointed 
to  the  command  of  an  army  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War.  He  was  totally  defeated  by  Frederick 
II.  at  Rossbach  Nov.  5,  1757,  but  in  the  following  year 
gained  the  victories  of  Sondershausen  and  Llitzelburg,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  marshal  of  France. 

Soublette  (so-blat'ta  or  sob-let'),  Carlos.  Born 
at  Caracas,  1790;  died  there,  Feb.  12,  1870.  A 
Venezuelan  general  and  statesman.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  war  for  independence,  commanding  in 
Venezuela  1821-23 ;  was  minister  of  war  for  Colombia  1825- 
1827  ;  president  of  the  Venezuelan  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion 1830 ;  minister  of  war  for  Venezuela  1830-34 ;  envoy  to 
Spain  183.T  ;  and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dentof Venezuela.  Onthe resignationof Vargashe assumed 
the  executive  May  11,  1836,  but  soon  after  placed  it  in 
charge  of  Narvarte  and  went  to  Spain  to  conclude  an  im- 
portant treaty,  returning  and  resuming  his  post  March  11, 
1837.  He  was  succeeded  Feb.  1, 1839,  by  Paez,  who  made 
him  secretary  of  war;  and  was  again  president  Jan.  2S, 
1843,  to  M.arch  1, 1847.  From  1848  to  1858  he  was  banished : 
subsequently  he  held  cabinet  positions  and  commanded 
the  army. 

Soudan.     See  Sudan. 

Soulary  (so-la-re'),  Joseph  Marie,  called  Jo- 
sephin.  Born  at  Lyons,  Feb.  23,  1815:  died 
there,  March  28, 1891."  A  Freuch  poet,  notable 
for  the  beauty  of  his  sonnets.  His  works  were 
published  in  3%ols.  (1872-83). 

Soule(so-la'), Pierre.  Born  at  Castillon, France, 
iu  Sept.,  1S02 :  died  at  New  Orleans,  March  26, 
1870.  A  French-American  politician.  He  left 
France  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  government  in 
1825,  and  settled  at  New  Orleans,  where  he  rose  to  dis- 
tinction as  a  lawyer.  He  was  aDemocr.atic  United  States 
senator  from  Louisiana  1847-53,  and  United  States  minister 
to  Spain  1853-55.  He  was  one  of  the  framers  of  the  Ostend 
Manifesto  in  1854.  and  sided  with  the  Confederacy  during 
the  Civil  War.  He  was  arrested  at  New  Orle.aiis  in  1862 
and  imprisoned  at  Fort  Laf.ayette,  but  obtained  his  re- 
lease on  condition  that  he  would  not  return  to  the  South 
until  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion.  , 

Soulouque  (so-l6k'),  Faustin  Elie.  Born  at 
Petit  Goiave,  1785 :  died  there,  Aug.  6, 1867.  A 
Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was  a  negro 
slave;  took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  1803 ;  rose  to  be 
general  under  Guerrier  and  Riche ;  and  on  tlie  death  of 
the  latter  was  elected  to  the  presidency,  March  1,  1847, 
principally  because  he  was  old  and  ignorant  and  it  was 
supposed  that  he  would  be  a  ready  tool  of  the  senators. 
He  displayed  an  unexpected  independence;  secured  tlie 
support  of  the  blacks ;  and,  though  unsuccessful  in  an  in- 
vasion of  thcDominican  Republic  (March-April,  1849),  had 
himself  proclaimed  emperor  as  Faustin  I.,  Aug.  26,  1849. 
In  1855  he  again  invaded  the  Dominican  Republic,  but  was 
defeated.  He  was  deposed  Dec.  22.  1858,  left  the  country 
Jan.  15,1859,and  lived  in  exile  until  shortly  before hisdeath. 

Soult  (solt).  Napoleon  Hector.  Born  isoi: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  31,  1857.  A  French  diplo- 
matist and  politician,  son  of  Marshal  Soult.  He 
was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Berlin  in  1844. 

Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu,  Duo  de  Dalma- 
tic. Bom  at  St.-Amans-la-Bastide  (now  in 
the  department  of  Tarn),  France,  March  29, 
1769:  died  at  St.-Amans,  Nov.  26,  1851.  A 
French  marshal.  He  entered  the  army  in  1785  ;  served 
at  Fleurus  in  1794,  and  at  Altenkirelien  in  1796 ;  became 
general  of  division  in  1799,  and  distinguished  himself  un- 
der Mass(5na  at  the  battle  of  Zuricli  (1799)  and  the  defense 
of  Genoa  (IsOO) ;  was  made  a  marshal  of  France  in  1804 ; 
distinguished  himself  as  commander  of  the  right  wing  at 
Austerlitz  in  1805 ;  served  at  Jena,  Pultusk,  and  Eylau ; 
was  created  duke  of  Dalmatia  in  1807 ;  was  sent  to  Spain  in 
1808,  and  gained  the  battleof  Gamonal  and  pursued  lloore 
to  Corunna;  took  (Iporto  in  1809;  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief in  Spain  and  gained  the  victory  of  Ocaila 
in  1809 ;  conquered  Andalusia  in  1810  ;  was  defeated  at 
Albuera  in  1811 ;  served  .at  Liitzen  and  Bautzen  in  1813  ; 
conducted  the  French  retreat  before  Wellington  in  the 
south  of  France  1813-14 ;  was  minister  of  war  under  Louis 
XVIIL  Dee.,  1814,-March,  1816;  wasgeneral-in-chief  under 
Napoleon  in  the  Hundred  Days ;  was  in  consequence  ban- 
isliid,  but  was  recalled  to  France  in  1819 ;  was  again  made 
a  marshal  of  France  iu  1820 ;  was  created  a  peer  iu  1827  : 


Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu 

and  was  minister  of  war  lS30-;«,  :inibassador  eitraordinary 
at  the  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria  in  1S38.  and  minister 
of  war  1&J0-44. 

Soumet  (sii-ma').  Alexandre.  Boru  at  Castel- 
nau.lary.  1788:  ilieil  ut  Paris.  184.').  A  French 
poet.  His  chief  worli  is  "La  divine  epop6e"  (lS4n). 
Among  his  other  productions  are  "  Clytemnestre  '  and 
"Saul  "  (tragedies  produced  in  1822),  "Cleopatre"  (1824), 
"LesMacchaliOfs"(1^27),  "Jeanne  Dare  "(1827),  "Jeanne 
de  France  "  (1S28),  "  Emilia  "  (182!)),  etc. 

Sound  (soiinii),  The,  Dau.  Orasund  (6'ra- 
sond).  A  sea  passage  between  Sweden  and 
the  island  of  Zealand  in  Denmark,  connecting 
the  Catteg.at  on  the  north  with  the  Baltic  on  the 
south.  Its  width  in  the  narrowest  part  is  3  miles.  "Sound 
duties "  on  foreign  vessels  were  levied  here  by  Denmark 
until  18.i7. 

Sour.     See  Sure. 

Source  (siirs),  La.  [F.,  '  the  spring.']  A  paint- 
ing by  Ingres  (IS.'jfi).  in  the  Lou\Te,  Pans.  A 
gracefiil,  golden-haired  girl  stands  nude  in  a  rockj-  recess. 
ner  right  arm  passed  over  her  head,  and  suiiporling  the 
bottom  of  a  vase  held  on  lier  shoulder  \\  itli  the  loft  liand. 
Streams  of  water  fall  from  the  vase  into  a  pool  at  the  gu  I's 
feet. 

Souriquois.     See  .Virmac. 

Sousa  (sO'zii),  Martim  Affonso  de.  Born  at 
Braganca  about  1500 :  died  at  Lisbon,  July  21, 
1564.  A  Portuguese  captain.  He  commanded  the 
first  expedition  sent  to  Brazil  for  colonization  (15.S0-33), 
and  founded  the  first  I'ortUKuese  settlement  at  Silo  Vi- 
cente, Jan.,  1532.  In  15.i4  he  was  granted  the  captaincy  of 
Sao  Vicente  (which  see)  in  hereditarj'  riglit,  and  he  con- 
tinued to  attenil  to  its  affairs  though  he  did  not  again 
visit  it  personally.  He  was  admiral  of  the  seas  of  India 
1534-iO,  commanding  in  several  combats ;  and  from  1542 
to  1545  he  was  governor  of  the  Portuguese  East  Ii]dies. 

Sousa,  Pero Lopes  de.  Born  about  l.')03:  died  on 
the  coast  of  Madagascar,  Dec.  (?),  1539.  APortu- 
guese  captain,  brother  of  M.  A.  de  Sousa.  Hecom- 
manded  two  caravels  in  his  l)rother'8fieet(U.S0-33).  and  b.v 
hisordersexplored  the  lower  Parana(1631-:i2).  Hereceiveil, 
in  hereditary  right,  three  portions  of  Briuil,  correspc.nding 
to  northern  Peniamlmi-o  and  Parahyba,  a  portion  of  Sao 
Paulo,  and  Santa  t'atharina :  some  attempt  was  made  to 
settle  the  two  former  through  lieutenants  whom  he  ai>- 
pointed.  In  1539  he  comnianded  a  Heet  sent  to  the  East 
Indies,  and  was  shipwrecked  and  killed  while  returning. 
Rewrote  an  accoiuit  of  the  llrazilian  expedition  wliieh  has 
been  published  in  recent  times. 

Sousa,  Thorns  de.  Born  about  1510 :  died  after 
1563.  A  Portuguese  administrator,  first  gover- 
nor-general of  Brazil  (l-')49-.")3).  He  founded 
Sao  Salvador,  or  Bahia,  April,  l.")49. 

South  (south),  Robert.  Bom  at  Hackney,  near 
London,  1633  :  died  at  London,- July  8, 1716.  A 
noted  English  divine.  He  was  made  prebendary  of 
Westminster  in  lfi«3,  canon  in  Oxford  in  IBVn,  and  rector 
of  Islip  in  107H.     His  "  Works"  ajjpeared  in  1823. 

South  Africa  (afri-kU).  A  name  given  col- 
lectively (and  somewhat  vaguely)  to  that  por- 
tion of  Africa  south  of  the  Zambesi  and  Angola, 
most  of  which  is  under  British  influence.  The 
chief  political  divisions  arc  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  Basuto- 
land.  Bechuanaland,  Pon<loland,  Iho  territories  of  the  Brit- 
ish South  Africa  Compaiiy,  tin-  Orange  River  Colony, 
Transvaal  Colony,  and  rierojan  S..ntliw.-s(  Africa. 

South  Africa  Company,  British.  See  Brit- 
ish Smith  Africa  ('oinj)ii)iil. 

South  African   Republic,  H'iw  Transvaal 

(trans-viil')  Colony.  A  British  colony  (for- 
merly a  republic)  in  South  Africa.  Cai)ital, 
Pretoria.  It  is  bounded  Ijy  the  British  South  Africa  Com- 
pany's territory  nn  the  )iortli ;  Poi  tngut-se  Ejist  Africa  on 
the  east ;  Zululand,  Natal,  and  the  Orange  River  l.ilony  on 
tllesoulli;  and  tlieiieiliuanalandProtcclorati- and  colony 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  a  plateau.  » ith  tile  Ilraken- 
berge  Mountains  in  the  east.  The  chief  river-syst.ins  are 
those  of  tlie  Vaal  and  Limpopo.  The  colony  exiiorta 
wool,  minerals,  hides,  ostrich-feathei's,  etc.;  and  is  rich  in 
gohl,  diamonds,  inm,  etc.  It  contains  U  districta.  The 
government  wiia  a  republic  nniier  ft  nominal  Itritish  suze- 
rainty, adniinisrered  by  a  president  (jwsisteii  by  a  council) 
anil  two  Volksiadenof  27  memlters  each.  The  iiihal)itJintH 
are  Boers,  English,  and  natives  (Bechnanas,  Basutos.  etc,  i. 
Tile  prevailing  religion  is  Iho  Dutch  Itefomied.  Immi- 
gration by  Boers  fiom  Cape  Colr.ny  commelieed  about  IH3t;- 
The  state  was  recognized  as  indepemlent  in  I8."2,  anil  »  as 
anne.\id  by  (ireat  Britain  in  1877.  A  snccesaful  revolt  of 
the  Boers  (18«o-bI)  galniil  them  self-government  under 
British. suzerainty.  Britisli  ccmtrol  »a.sri  slricteii  In  1884. 
In  1890  small  portions  of  Swaziland  and  Aunitongahiinl 
were  ceded  to  the  republie,  and  In  Ifil*.'.  a  protectorate  over 
Swaziland  was  established.  In  l'.««l-ul  it  was  eonc|Uire.l 
and  annexed  by  (ireat  llrltain.  Area,  119,139 square  mili  s. 
Pop.,  while  (189(1),  I10,12s;  native  (1894),  est.,  370,148: 
total  (ISilC),  est.,  000,879. 
South  America  (a-mer'i-kH).  TIio  southern 
conliiu'iital  division  of  the  New  World,  be- 
tween the  South  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans, 
connected  with  N'orlh  .\rnerica  bvtlio  Istliiniis 
of  Panama.  It  forms  a  triangular  mass  with  the  south- 
em  angle  lengtheiuMl  out  and  termlnftting  in  the  archi- 
pelago <^f  Tlcrrn  del  Fuego.  The  extreme  points  on  tlie 
continent  are  Point  Onlllnas  or  Chlmare,  In  Colombia,  hit, 
12*  26'  N. ;  Capo  iYoward,  on  the  Strnlt  of  Magellan,  hit 
68'  W  S.;  Ponta  de  Pedras,  In  Brazil,  long.  M'  45'  .'.2"  W.; 
and  Capo  Pariila.  In  northern  Peru,  long.  hV  W  37"  W. 
Tlie  coaat-liiie  presents  no  large  liulcniations,  but  near  the 
southern  end  it  is  broken  by  numerous  small  bays  and 
channels  cutting  oil  Islands.    .More  than  two  thirds  of  the 


947 

surface  lies  witliin  the  tropics.  The  principal  mountain 
system  is  the  Andean,  near  the  western  coast,  dividing 
northward  into  three  dixerging  chains,  with  an  extension 
along  the  northern  coast  to  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  A 
notalde  feature  of  this  system  is  the  giant  volcanoes  of  the 
Pacillc  border.  (See  Arnltf,  CordiUrras,  Aconcwjua,  So- 
rata,  Chimborazo,  Cotopaxi,  lUimam,  etc)  There  isa 
smaller  mountain  system  near  the  southeastern  coast  in 
Brazil,  and  some  of  the  highlands  of  iluiana  and  Vene- 
zuela are  mountainous  in  character.  Three  great  river- 
systems,  the  Orinoco,  .Amazon,  and  Paraguay-ParanA,  oc- 
cupy coiTesponding  broad  depressions,  which  are  but 
slightly  raised  above  the  sea-level-  Separated  by  them 
are  the  great  table-land  of  Brazil,  with  its  mountains 
near  the  coast;  the  tableland  of  Guiana;  and  similar 
table-lands  bordering  the  Andean  system.  These  table- 
lands are  diversiiled  in  their  vegetation,  but  with  little 
forest  except  near  rivers.  The  most  extensive  forests 
are  in  tlie  .Vniazon  valley,  and  on  the  mountains  of  the 
northern  and  southeasteni  coasts.  The  llanos,  north 
of  the  Orinoco,  and  the  pampas  of  the  Argentine  Ke- 
public,  are  great  grassy  plains.  The  fauna  and  flora 
ai-e  extremely  rich  in  species  :  there  are,  however,  but 
few  large  mammals.  .South  America  was  discovered 
by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  its  continental  character  was 
ascertained  liefore  1515.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Span- 
iards and  Portuguese;  and  their  descendants,  with  In- 
dians, negroes  and  mixed  races,  form  the  bulk  of  the 
modern  population.  The  Dutch  and  French  had  short- 
lived colonies  in  Brazil ;  and  the  English,  Dutch,  and 
Flench  established  colonics  in  Guiana  which  still  exist. 
Brazil  represents  the  Portuguese  conquests:  the  oilier 
South  American  republics  correspond  to  Spanish  colo- 
nies, but  have  undergone  some  changes  since  the  inde- 
pendence.    The  independent  states  are  Brazil,  Cruguay, 


South  Carolina 

vaded  Peru  (Aug.,  1820).  and  took  Lima  (July  9  18215 
but,  after  an  interview  with  Bolivar  at  Guayaquil  (.'uly, 
1S22),  he  resigned  and  left  the  country.  (See.'>aM.Warti)j.) 
The  viceroy  of  Peru.  Iji  Sema,  driven  into  the  interior, 
led  the  final  struggle  against  Bolivar.  The  crowning 
events  of  the  war  were  the  victorj' at  Juiiin  (Aug.  0. 1824 1. 
and  the  final  defeat  and  capture  of  La  Serna  by  Sucre  at 
the  battle  of  .\yacucho  (Dec.  9, 1824).  The  remnants  of  the 
Spanish  forces  were  soon  driven  fn)ni  Cpper  Peru,  which 
became  the  republic  of  Bolivia.  Callao  Castle,  the  last 
.Spanish  strongliold,  surrendered  Jan,  19,  182ti,  thus  eud- 
ing  the  war. 
Southampton  (south-amp'ton  or  suTH-hamp'- 
ton).  A  seaport  in  Hampshire,  Kngland,  situ- 
ated on  a  peninsula  at  the  head  of  Southampton 
Water,  at  the  mouths  of  the  Test  and  the  Itchen, 
in  lat.  50°  54'  N.,  long.  1°  24'  W.  it  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal seaports  of  Great  Britain  ;  the  tcniiinus  of  steamer 
lines  to  France,  Ireland,  North  and  South  America,  the 
West  1  lldies,  the  Pacific,  and  Cape  Colony ;  anda  |>ort  of  call 
for  various  transatlantic  lines.  It  has  extensive  docks 
and  ship-building  industries,  and  li:is  relics  of  old  fortifi- 
cations. It  is  noted  for  its  double  tides.  It  is  a  ver>' 
ancient  town.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Danes  ;  was  the 
place  of  embarkation  of  liich,aiii  the  Lioii-He.irted  for 
the  tliird  Crusade  in  1189,  of  Edward  III.  in  1.345,  and  of 
Henry  V.  in  1415  ;  was  attacked  by  the  French  and  Geno- 
ese in  13;f8;  and  was  the  place  where  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
embarked  on  the  Mayflower  in  1C20.  Population  119011. 
lo4,'ill, 

Southampton.    A  rarely  used  name  for  Hamp- 

shirc, 

Southampton,  Earls  of.    See  Kriothesley. 


Paraguay,  the  Argentine  Itepublic,  Chile.  Bolivia,  Peru,   Southampton   Island.     An    island   of    British 
■L^5fJ,rn?J;!ll'"iil!L\!'''„.lV'l?.;'.'.?,,°LV;:."„'i"'."i     America,   at   the    entrance  of    Hudson    Bay. 

An  inlet  of  the  English 
Channel  "which  extends  from  the  Solent  and 
Spithead  northwestward  about  10  miles. 
South  Anna  (an'ii).  A  river  in  Virginia  which 
unites  with  the  iJforth  Anna  21  miles  north  of 
Kichmoud  to  form  the  Pamunkev. 


Ecuador,  .  , 

and  Venezuela.     British,  French,  and  Dutch  Guiana  are  _.,  . 

colonics  of  European  powers.     Ijirge  portions  of  the  in-     EiCngth,  _.*(»  miles 

t«rior  are  inhabited  only  by  scattered  Inilian  tribes,  and  Southampton  Water, 

the  iKiiinilaries  of  the  republics  in  these  regions  are      '■•  .       .  •   , 

stilt  un-settleii.     Extreme  length,  4,,W2  miles.     Greatest 

breadtli,  3,2:10  miles.      ICstimated  area,  with  the  depi  n 

dent  islands,  7,081,420  square  miles.    Population  (1897), 

est.,  40,000,000. 

South  American  Revolution.    The  politica 


movement  and  war  by  which  the  Spanish  South  Southard    (suTH'iird).   SamuerL.       Bom   at 

Basking  Kidge,  N.  J.,  June  9. 1787:  died  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  June  26,  1842.  An  American 
politician,  lie  was  Whig  I'nited  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  1821-23 ;  secretary  of  (he  na\7-18'23-29;  acting 
secretarv  of  the  treasury  1825;  governor  of  New  Jersey 
18.32  ;  aiid  I'nited  States  senator  1833-42. 


American  colonies  became  independent.  The 
principal  causes  were  the  restrictions  on  commerce  in 
favor  of  Spanish  monopolies,  burdensomo  taxes,  and  un- 
just laws ;  exclusion  of  the  colonists  from  high  oftices ; 
the  Imiuisition;  and  the  examples  of  Franco  and  the 
United  states  The  immediate  cause  was  the  chaotic 
condition  of  Spanish  affairs  produced  by  Napoleon's  in 


vasion  of  Spain.    Most  of  the  colonists  refused  to  recog-    South  Australia  (as-tra'liii).      A  state  of  the 


nizc  Joseph  Bonaparte;  and  the  junta  of  Seville,  which 
htid  represented  the  legitimate  monarch,  having  fallen, 
the  authority  of  the  viceroys  and  captains-general  disap- 
peared ipito  facto.  Under  these  circumstances,  revolts 
broke  out  aliiiost  simultaneously  in  Venezuela  (.4pril  9, 
1810),  New  Granada  (,Iuly  20-21,  1810),  Buenos  Ayres 
(Jlav  22, 1810),  and  Chile  (,Iuly  18,  1810),  the  royal  officers 
in  each  case  being  depos.d  and  juntas  established  w ith 
the  avowed  purpose  of  holding  the  countries  for  Ferdi- 
nand VII,:  later  all  of  them  declared  their  independence 
of  Spain.  In  Peru,  which  was  the  center  of  Spanish 
power,  there  was  no  outbreak  until  much  later.    The 


Conimoiiwialthof  .-Vnstralia.  Capital,. \delaide. 
It  is  bounded  Ijy  the  ocean  on  the  north,  t^ueeiisland.  New 
Si->uth  Wales,  and  Victoria  on  the  east,  the  ocean  on  the 
south,  and  West  Austnilia  on  the  west.  The  surface  of 
the  colony  is  generally  level  and  undulating.  It  has  gold, 
lead,  copper,  etc..  and  exports  wool,  wheat  and  flour,  cop- 
per, etc.  Government  is  vested  in  a  crown  governor,  aiid 
a  parliament  eoinprisiiig  a  legislative  council  and  a  house 
of  assembly  (both  elected).  The  colony  w;is  founded  in 
183(1,  and  the  constitution  was  est;iblished  in  IS'itl.  The 
-N  ort  hern  Territory  (north  of  lat.  26'  S. )  was  annexed  in  1863. 
Area,  903,090  square  miles.     Pop.  ;1899),  " 


Spanish  ofllcera.  adhering  to  Jo.seph  Bonapai-te  or  to  one  "■^■••./"^"'"' V'""'"  ""'''°'  ."T!  ■'»""'•  ^"'i  -  • 
of  the  Sp.aniBh  juntas,  regarded  the  colonists  as  rebels.  SOUth  BOUd  (bend).  A  City,  the  capital  of  St. 
War  broke  out  at  once,  and  at  first  the  patriots  were  gin  .loseph  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  St.  .Tosepb 
erally  successful.  In  Venezuela  the  great  earthquake  of  R,ver  73  miles  east  bv  south  of  Chicago.  It 
May  20,  1812,  paralyzed  the  country.  The  .Spaniards,  tak-  ,  .nnnnfootiiros  of  r"iiirii.<ros  wntrnnu  imn 
ing  advantage  of  the  confusion,  marched  on  Caracas;  Mi-  "  '»  manutattuiei,  ot  cairiageb,  wagons,  iron. 
randa  capitulated  (.Inly  25),  and  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  JJlows,  etc.  Population  (1900),  3d,999. 
Spain;  and  the  Spanish  general  Montevcrde  obtained  en-  SoUth  Ber'Wlck  (ber'wik).  A  town  in  York 
tiro  control.  His  cm;  Itlrs  provoked  fresh  outlireaks.  led  Comit\ ,  Maim-,  situated  on  Salmon  Palls  River 
bv  Bolivar  and   .Marino;    but  the  defeats  of  La  Puerta     ,,,        .:  ,.  .      i.    r»     ii        i 

(J...!e  14  1814)  riml  l-rk^  ■*)  i"il'-s  >^'>uthwest  of  Portlaud 

ers  to  nljandon  the  country.     Shortly  after  Xlorillo  ar-   _( l'^"**'^-'- 1^:"*- _ 


ropulntiou 


Peru ;  they  were  defeated  nt  Rancapun  (Oct 
the  leaders  lied  over  the  Andes.     Ujip^ 
a  con 
betwt*en  the  royalists,  strongly  aided  from  Peru,  and  the 

?atriol8,  Rupport4>d  hy  annles  sent  from  Bucnoa  Ayrcs. 
he  royalist  general  GoyciRche  swept  the  country  hi  1S14. 
and  thereafter  the  war  took  on  a  puerrilla  character,  for 
which  the  moiintaln-land  was  especially  fitted.  A  for- 
midable revolt  in  I'eni,  led  hy  tholiMlian  Pumacaffiia.  was 
ended  hy  hin  defeat  at  Vniachlri,  March  11,  1815.  Thus,  Iti 
the  middle  of  18HI,  Iho  Platlne  i>rovitiee8  wore  the  oidy 
ones  which  retained  their  irulepenilence.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  revolt  the  royalist  forces  under  Elio  had  heen 
besieged  in  Montevideo,  whicli  was  taken  hv  the  imtriols 
in  .luiie.  1811.  Pwrapuay  proclaimed  its  imiepenaonce  In 
May,  iHll,  but  soon  suhmitte<l  to  the  dictatorship  ot 
Francla,  and  took  no  further  part  In  Iho  Blrn^'nK*.  The 
(Crtvcriunent  ()f  Ihienos  Ayres  was  at  lh-»t  ver>-  wenk,  and 
was  fret|uently  eliauKcd  :'ln  181:;  H  wiw  centralized  under 
a  supreme  directnr,  and  thereafter  It  showed  more 
8t^on(f^h.  San  Martin,  who  had  come  Into  prnmifieiice  as 
n  military  leader,  conceived  the  plan  of  iuvadiiiK  I'eru  by 
way  of  Chllo.  and  to  this  end  massed  an  army  In  Miii* 
«U»r,a.  Meanwhile  KoIIvar  relumed  tu  1810  to  Voneruela, 
and  in  July,  1817,  ostaMlslied  a  patriot  centml  govern- 
ment at  An^osluni,  4tn  Iho  Orinoco.  Tho  suhsc<|uent 
events  may  hv  reduced  to  two  proat  movements  under 
Itollvar  and  San  Martin,  centerlnn  on  the  Spanish  jKiwer 
in  Peru.  lioMvar's  victories  of  UoyaciWAujr.  7,  1811*)  and 
Caraboho  (June  24,  18*21),  and  that  of  his  (reueml  Sucre  at 
I'icldncha  (May  24, 18„'-2).  were  the  principal  events  which 
secured  the  in<lepon<Ienco  of  New  Cranaila,  \'enozneIa, 
and  <^iito  or  Kcuador:  these  countrieN  united  in  the  ro- 
public  of  Tolomhta.  (See  liUirar.)  San  Martin  crossed  the 
Andes  Jan.,  I8I7,  and  Ralneil  the  bat  lie  of  rhacabucn  Feb. 
12.  Tho  Itidependcnco  of  Chile  was  procliiltned  Ifb.  12, 
1818,  and  practlcnllv  socnrod  by  (ho  victory  of  Malpo 
April  6,  1818.    Aided  by  Cuchranu'a  lleot  Hun  Martin  iu- 


T         r,     ^^^I'^!,Tl    sitv  (>4.isr<)j.al).     Populjition  (lIMUii,  13,:i41. 
w^from  1810  to,81«,  the  „,ld,fa&5^;i^?^^  l^^lS  1?=-  i^^^!:!:!!''  '"""'• 

South  Carolina  (kar-o-li'nj|).  One  of  the 
South  Atlantic  States  of  the  Uiiitpd  States 
of  America.  Capital,  Columbia;  ehief  oity, 
CliarlestOTl,  it  la  bounded  by  North  Camllna  on  Ihe 
north  and  northeast,  the  Atlantic  Oceaii  on  Ihe  nonlheasl, 
and  Georfiia  (Kciiarittcd  for  most  of  the  distance  hy  tho 
Savannah  Kiver)  on  the  s<nilliwt*-'it  ami  \\v»l.  The  sur- 
face Is  level  near  (be  coaKt,  hilly  an<l  umluhiltnt;  In  the 
Interior,  and  mountainous  in  (he  northwest.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  tho  (<roat  Police,  Santte,  Kdisto.  and  Savnn- 
nati.  The  State  hasgoht,  iHireohiln  clay,  nndoOiertnlnorals, 
and  is  CHpeelally  not<-d  kt  the  jiriMluelion  of  rice  and  pea- 
Island  coiton.  It  has  41  iHinnties,  sends  2  senatoni  niid 
7  lepresentalivis  to  CouRress,  and  has  0  oloc(4inil  votes. 
A  niajoiity  of  the  irdiahitanis  are  mvroes.  An  unsucci'«s* 
fill  attempt  to  C4)lonlro  was  made  b>  the  Kroneh  under 
Kihault  in  1M12.  Tho  Ilrsl  permanent  sellbinent  was  nnido 
by  tho  English  In  ]r.7ii.  CharlcHloi)  wasfouiuledin  li;8i>.  The 
territory  remained  under  a  proprietary  ifovrrnmeni  with 
North  t'andlna  until  172JI,  when  it  beeauie  a  separate  en  »wn 
ctdoTiy,  Manv  nf  (lie  early  cohudsts  were  French  lluiriie- 
nots,  Seotrh-frhh,  SwInm.  ami  tionnans.  South  fiirollnn 
was  oneof  the  i:{  original  States(l77ilV  It  wnn  thosconeof 
many  battles  In  the  Kevolut  ion  (Fort  Moultrie,  fharleslon. 
Ciimilen.  Kiiiif's  Mountain,  (.^•wpen^  Tutaw  >piinirs>.  and 
of  manv  i)arl  Izjin  ci>n tests,  and  was  held  by  the  I'l  it  Ish  17M>- 
17S1.  "its  advooary  of  millification  noarVv  led  toelvil  war 
In  1S.T2  a:f.  It  took  (III-  lead  In  ndvorntinu  Stalosrlnhtij 
doctrines,  and  was  the  first  Slale  lo  secede  (hoc,  20,  iwm>. 
It  (ipeiM'd  the  Civil  War  by  the  b<imb»nlment  of  Fori  Sum- 
ter, .\prll  12,  lS(il  :  anil  sufiereit  severely  by  the  blockadi, 
allacks  on  Charleston  Harbor,  and  Ihe  Tnarch  of  Sher- 
iimn's  iinuy  In  ls06.    It  wits  rcikdmliUHi  In  18G8.    Thf 


South  Oarolina 


948 


State  was  visited  by  a  severe  earthquake  in  1S86.  In  1892  the 
sale  o(  liquors  was  restricted  to  State  dispensaries,  and  the 
constitutionality  of  tlie  law  (of  1893)  waa  athrmed  in  1894. 
Area,  30.570  .squai'e  miles.  Population  (IWWi,  1,340,316. 
Southcott  (south'kot).  Joanna.  Boru  in  Dev- 
onshire, 1750:  died  Oct.  29,  1814.  An  English 
religious  fan.atie,  originally  a  domestie  servant. 

She  became  a  Methodist,  and," pretending  supernatural  .,    „ :„,^„_  Tir,,^^.,,-^    n,,anft\,c"cn-h 

sifts,  dictated  prophecies  in  rinie,  proclaimed  herself  to  South  Kensmgton  Museum.  One  o£  the     SUto- 
be  the  woman  mentioned  in  the  Apocalypse  (ch.  xii.),     di\dsious  of  the  Department  ot  beience  and  Art 


Sozomen 

piers,  a  larpe  and  high  triforium-gallery  with  great  open 
round  arches,  and  a  very  small  clearstory.  The  roof  is  a 
barrel-vault  of  wood.  The  choir  is  of  the  most  beautiful 
Early  English,  with  two  tiers  of  lancets  in  the  square 
chevet.  'i'lu' length  of  the  cathedral  is  306  feet.  Popula- 
tion iiMii),  L'.r" 


eliief  ishinds  of  Xew  Zealand. 


and  although  64  years  old,  aflil-med  that  she  was  to  be 
delivered  of  "ShUoh  "  Oct.  19,  1814.  She  died  of  dropsy 
ten  days  later.  Her  sect  numbered  over  100,000,  and  was 
still  in  e.xistence  in  1889.  She  wrote  the  -  Book  of  Won- 
ders "  (1813-14),  etc. 

Southcottians  (south'kot-i-anz).  A  religious 
body  of  the  19th  century,  founded  by  Joanna 
Southcott  in  England.  This  body  expected  that  its 
founder  would  give  birth  to  another  Messiah.  Also  called 
Aew  Israditiia  and  :^abbatariaiis. 

South  Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  A  North  Central 
State  of  the  United  States.  Capital,  Pierre,  it 
is  hounded  by  North  Dakota  on  the  north,  llinnesotaand 
Iowa  on  the  east,  Nebraska  on  the  south,  and  Wyoming 
and  Montana  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  rolhng  and 
mountainous  in  the  west,  \\heat  is  one  of  the  most 
important  products.  The  State  has  78  counties,  sends 
2  senators  and  2  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  4 
electoral  votes.  In  1889  it  was  separated  from  North  Da- 
kota and  admitted  as  a  State.  Area,  77,050  square  miles. 
Population  I19W)|,  401,570. 

South  Downs  (dounz).  A  district  m  the  west 
of  Sussex  and  in  Hampshire,  of  considerable 
elevation,  forming  natural  pastures,  andlargely 
devoted  to  sheep-raising. 

Southend  (south-end').  A  watering-place  in  Es- 
sex, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  34  miles 
east  of  London.     Population  (1891),  12,333. 

Southern  Continent.    See  Antarctic  Continent. 

Southerne,  or  Southern  (suTH'em),  Thomas. 
Born  in  County  Dublin  about  1660 :  died  May 
26,  1746.  A  British  dramatist.  He  studied  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  entered  the  Middle  Temple, 
London,  but  abandoned  law  for  play-writing.  Among  his 
plays  are  "The  Persian  Prince,  or  the  Loyal  Brother" 
(1682).  "Isabella,  or  the  Fatal  Marriage  "(1694),  "Oroo- 
noko  "  (1696),  "  Sir  Anthony  Love,  or  the  Rambling  Lady, " 

Southern  Fish.     See  Piscis  Austrimis. 

Southern  Killamuk.    See  Taquino. 

Southern  Ocean.  A  name  given  by  some  ge- 
ographers to  that  part  of  the  ocean  vrhieh  Ues 
between  lat.  40°  S.  and  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Southern  Triangle.     See  Triangulum  AnstmJc. 

Southey  (.south'I  or  suth'I),  Mrs.  (Caroline 
Ann  Bowles).  Bom  at  Lymington,  Hants, 
England,  Dec.  6,  1786:  died  there,  July  20, 1854. 
An  English  poet  and  author,  the  second  wife  of 
Robert  Southev  whom  she  married  in  1S39. 
Among  her  works  are  the  poems  " Ellen  Fitzarthur  "  (1820) 


Netherlands  which  borders  on  the  North  Sea, 
south  of  North  Holland  and  north  of  Zea- 
land. It  contains  The  Hague  and  Rotterdam. 
Area,  1,166  square  miles.     Population  (1894), 

South  Island.    The  southernmost  of  the  two  Southwell,  Robert.  Born  about  1562 :  executed 
-       -     -      -  at  Tyburn,  Feb.  22,  lo95.     An  English  poet  and 

Jesuit  martyr.  He  was  educated  at  Paris,  and  in 
1578  was  received  into  the  Society  of  Jesus.  In  1587  lie 
returned  to  England,  became  domestic  chaplaiii  to  the 
Countess  of  .Arundel,  and  wrote  "Consolations  for  Catho- 
lics "  and  most  of  his  poems.  In  1592  he  was  betrayed  to 
the  authorities  ;  was  tortured  and  closely  imprisoned  for 
three  years  ;  and  was  tried  at  Westminster  and  executed. 
He  wrote  "  St.  Peter's  Complaint  "  (his  longest  poem),  and 
"The  Burning  Babe,"  much  admired  liy  Ben  Jonson. 
Southwold  (south'wold).  A  seaport  in  Suffolk, 
England,  situated  on  the  North  Sea,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Blythe,  31  miles  northeast  ot  Ips- 
wich. A  nav.al  battle,  also  called  the  battle  of  Sole- 
bay,  was  fought  off  Soutliwold  in  1672  between  the  Eng- 
lish and  French  fleets  under  the  Duke  of  York  (later  James 
II.)  and  the  liutcli  fleet  under  De  Ruyter.  The  Dutch  re- 
tired.    l'oi)Ul:itic.n  (1S91),  2,311. 

Born  a(t 
Leyden,  Netherlands,  1614:  died  at  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  about  1685.  Aeolonistof  NewEngland, 
stepson  of  William  Bradford :  the  reputed  author 
of  the  "  Supplement "  to  Morton's  '•  Memorial." 
Southwortn,  Mrs.  (Emma  D.  E.  Nevitt). 
Born  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  26,  1818:  died 
there,  June  30,  1899.  An  American  novelist. 
Among  her  novels  are  "  Retribution,"  "  The  Deserted 
Wife,"  "The  Mother-in-Law,"  "Children  of  tile  Isle," 
"  The  Foster  Sisters,  ■  "The  Bridal  Eve,"  "  The  Fatal  Mar- 
riage," "  Vj^via,  or  Secret  of  Power,"  etc. 
~     See  Siiraroff. 

Souvestre  (s6-vestr'),  Emile.  Bom  at  Mor- 
laix,  France,  April  15,  1806:  died  at  Paris,  July 
5,  1854.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Derniers  Bretons  "  (1835-37),  "  Le 
foyer  breton  "(1844), "  Un  philosophe  sous  les  toils  "  (1850), 
"  Causeries  historiques  et  litt^raires  "  (18.^4),  etc. 
Souvigny  (sij-ven-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  France,  on  the  Queue  7  miles 
west-southwest  of  Moulins.  The  abbey  church  of  the 
Cluniac  priory  is  a  notable  monument  of  great  size.  The 
greater  part  is  Romanesque  ;  the  remainder,  with  much  ot 
the  vaulting,  was  rebuilt  in  the  15th  century.  There  are 
double  aisles  and  curious  sculpture.  This  church  was  the 
ancestralburial-placeof  the  Bourbon  family,  many  of  whose 
tombs  remain  in  two  rich  Flamboyant  chapels,  inclosed  by 

T>«,..„l„+;««     seniptnre.l  screens.     Ponulation  (1891),  commune,  3,291. 

J-opulation  souza.     See  Soiisa. ' 


of  the  Committee  of  the  Council  on  Education." 

The  museum,  which  is  in  Brompton,  in  the  western  part 

of  London,  south  of  Hyde  Park,  was  opened  in  1857  for  tire 

purpose  of  promoting  science  and  art.  It  contains  a  mu- 
seum of  ornamental  or  applied  art,  the  National  tialleiy  of 

British  Art,  an  art  librar.v,  the  Iti  lyal  C.  ilki,'c  <  ■(  Science,  a 

science  and  education  library,  the  Nati<tnal  .Vrt  Training- 

Schools,  etc.     The  museum  is  greatly  indebted  to  private 

liberality  in  the  loan  of  treasures  of  art,  but  the  govern- 

menthasalsopurchasedand  presented  to  it  much  valuable 

material.  The  India  Museum  is  now  ofilcially  a  part  of  it. 

The  south  and  west  galleries  of  the  buildings  used  for 

the  International  Exhibition  of  1871-74  now  contain  some 

of  the  collections  of  the  .South  Kensington  Museum,  and 

the  east  gallery  contains  tlie  India  Museum.     The  iluse-      _^   ^       -,, -, 

um  of  Natural  History,  removed  from  the  British  Museum,  gouthWOrth  (south' we'rth).  Constant, 

is  in  a  new  building  south  of  the  International  Lxhibition     -  ---      -       -       —         -.. 

tJalleries,  built  in  1873-80.  In  1S99  extensive  new  build- 
ings were  begun,  and  the  name  was  changed,  by  order  of 

tile  Queen,  to  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Must-um. 
South  Mountain.  A  ridge  of  the  Alleghaniesin 

western  Maryland  and  southern  Pennsylvania. 

A  victory  was  gained  liere  by  the  Federals  under  McClel- 

lan  over  the  Confederates  under  Lee,  Sept.  14,  1862.    The 

loss  of  the  Federals  was  1,813  ;  of  the  Confederates,  934. 

Called  also  the  battle  of  Boonsboro. 
South  Norwalk  (nor'wak).  A  seaport  and  city 

in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on 

Long  Island  Sound  31  miles  southwest  of  New  Souvaroff. 

Haven.    It  has  various  manufactures.     Cova- 

pnve  Xoru-an:  Population  (1900).  6,591. 

South  Orkney  Islands,  or  Powell's  (pou'elz) 
Islands,  or  New  Orkney  (ork'ni).  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  southeast  of 
Cape  Horn  and  east  of  South  Shetland. 

South  Park  (piirk).  A  plateau  or  elevated  val- 
ley in  central  Colorado,  southwest  of  Denver 
and  south  of  Middle  Park.  .Area,  about  1,200 
square  miles.     Length,  about  40  miles. 

South  Platte.     SeePlatte. 

Southport  (south'pprt).  A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Irish  Sea  17  miles  north  of  Liverpool.  It  is 
a  favorite  resort  for  sea-bathin: 

(1891),  43,026.  A      11    f  t     Sousa-Botelho  (s6'za-b6-tel'v6),  Marquise  de 

South  Russia  (rush'a).     A  collective  name  for     /  a  jxit\^„  i\/r„l-»  ■f.~;i,-„  T<jii„„i   i„fi„  n — 


the  governments  in  the  southern  part  of  Euro- 
pean Russia,  including,  according  to  one  classi- 
fication, Bessarabia,  Kherson,  Taurida,  Yeka- 
terinoslali',and  theprovince  of  theDou  Cossacks. 


and"TheWidow'sTale,etc."(l822).    Her  collected  poems  South  Sea.     The  name  given  to  the  Pacific  by 


were  published  in  1807.  Among  her  prose  works  are 
"Chaiiters  on  Churchyards  "(1829)," Sclwyn  in  Search  of  a 
Daughter  "  (1S35),  etc.  Her  correspondence  with  Southey 
is  her  liest-known  work. 

Southey,  Robert.  Born  at  Bristol,  England, 
Aug.  12,  1774 :  died  at  Greta  Hall,  near  Kes- 
wick, England,  March  21,  1843.  An  English 
poet  and  prose-writer:  one  of  the  Lake  School 
of  poets.  He  went  to  Westminster  School,  but  was  ex- 
pelled in  1792  for  an  essay  on  "  Flogging  "  in  the  "  Flagel- 
lant," a  school  magazine.  He  was  refused  admittance  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  on  account  of  this  essay,  but  was 
admitted  to  BaUioI.  He  made  the'  acquaintance  of  Cole- 
ridge in  1794,  and  formed  with  him  the  scheme  of  an  ideal 
colony,  "Pantisocraoy."  He  traveled  in  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal 1795-96 ;  held  for  a  short  time  a  government  sinecure ; 
and  settled  down  to  literary  work  iii  1804  at  Greta  Hall, 
near  Keswick,  where  he  collected  a  large  library  and  wrote 
with  great  regularity.  He  was  made  poet  laureate  in  1813 
and  pensioned  by  the  government.  In  1839  he  married  his 
second  mfe,  Caroline  Bowles,  and  in  the  same  year  be- 
came demented,  dying  afterward  of  softening  of  thf!  brain. 
His  chief  poemsare"  Joan  of  Arc"(1796),  "Thalaba,  the  De- 
stroyer "  (1801).  "  Madoc  "  (180.5),  "  The  Curse  of  Kehania  " 
(1810), "  Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths  "(1814),  "A  Vision 
of  Judgment "  (1821),  etc.  His  prose  works  include  "His- 
tory of  Brazil"  (1810 :  still  a  standard  work),  "Life  of  Nel- 
son "  (1813),  "Life  of  John  Wesley  "  (1820),  "  History  of  the 
Expedition  of  Orsua  and  Crimes  of  Aguirre "  (1821),  "His- 
tory of  the  Peninsular  War  "  (1823),  "Book  of  the  Church  " 
(1824),  and  "Sir  Thomas  More  "(1820)  He  edited  "The  Pil- 
grim's Progress,"  with  a  life  of  John  Buiiyan  (1830) ;  wrote 
"The  Doctor  "(1834-37);  and  edited  (owpir's  works,  with 
his  life  (1333-37).  He  also  translated  "AuKulis  de  Gaul " 
(1806),  "Palnierin  of  England "(1807),  ICspriella's  "Letters 
from  England"  (1807),  and  "Chronicle  of  the  Cid"  (1808). 
His  "  Common-Place  Book  "  was  edited  in  1849-61,  and  his 
ietters  in  1856. 

South  Foreland.    See  Foreland,  South. 

South  Georgia  (.ior'jiii).  An  uninhabited  island 
in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  lat.  54°-.5.5° 
S.,  and  east-southeast  of  the  Falkland  Islands, 
it  is  claimed  by  the  British. 

South  Hadley  (had'li).  A  town  in  Hampshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut 11  miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Mount  Holyoke  Female  Seminary  (which 
see).    Population  (1900),  4,526. 

South  Holland  (hol'and).  A  province  of  the 


its  discoverer,  Balboa  (1513).  As  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama,  where  he  crossed  it,  runs  nearly  east  and  west, 
the  Pacific  forms  its  southern  shore:  hence,  to  the  Span- 
iards on  the  Isthmus  it  was  the  South  Seji.  Until  the 
19th  century  this  was  the  common  name,  sometimes  em- 
ployed in  a  special  manner  for  the  South  Pacific.  It  is 
still  frequently  used.     See  Pacific  Ocean. 

Southsea  ( south 'se).  An  eastern  suburb  of 
Portsmouth,  England. 

South  Sea  Bubble.  A  financial  scheme  which 
originated  in  England  about  1711  and  collapsed 
in  1720.  It  was  proposed  by  the  Earl  of  Oxford  to  fund 
a  floating  debt  of  £10,000,000,  the  purchasers  of  which 
could  become  stockholders  in  a  corporation,  the  South 
Sea  Company,  which  was  to  have  a  monopoly  of  the  trade 


(Adelaide  Marie  llmilie  Filleul,  later  Com- 
tesse  de  Flahaut).  Born  at  Chateau  Longpr^, 
Normandy,  May  14,  1761 :  died  at  Paris,  April 
16,  1836.  "  A  French  novelist.  Her  works  in- 
clude "  Adele  de  Senanges"  (1794),  "Eugene  de 
Rothelin"  (1808),  etc. 

Souza  Brazil.    See  Ponqyeu  dc  Souza  Brazil. 

Souzdal.     See  Suzdal. 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas.  The  largest  of  the 
earl}'  English  war-ships,  100  guns,  launched  at 
Woolwich  in  1637  (reign  of  Charles  I.).  Her  di- 
mensions were  :  length  over  all,  232  feet ;  length  of  keel, 
128  feet ;  beam.  48  feet.  She  had  Hush  decks,  a  forecastle, 
half-deck,  quarter-deck,  and  roundhonse.  She  is  supposed 
to  have  been  burned  in  1696. 

Sowerby  (sou'er-bi),  Greorge  Brettingham. 

Born  March  25,  1812:  died  1884.  An  English 
conehologist,  son  of  G.  B.  Sowerby.  He  wrote 
"Manual of  Conehology"  (1839),  andcontinued 
his  father's  "Thesaurus  Conchyliorum." 


with  Sp>hh>outh  America,  and^a  part  of  tteca^^^^^^^  Sowerby,  JameS.     Born  1757:  died  1822.     An 


stock  of  which  was  to  ccnstitut 
of  Spain  to  enter  into  commercial  relations  with  England 
made  the  privileges  of  the  company  worthless:  but,  by 
means  of  a  series  of  speculative  operations  and  the  infat- 
uation of  the  people,  its  shares  were  inflated  from  i;  100  to 
£1,0.50.  Its  failure  caused  great  distress  throughout  Eng- 
land. 

South  Shetland,  or  New  South  Shetland 


English  naturalist  and  artist.  He  published  "Brit- 
ish  Mineralogy"  (1804-17),  "British  MisceUany"  (1804), 
"English  Botany,"  "Mineral  Conehology  of  Great  Brit- 
ain "  (1812-30),  etc. 

Sowerby,  James  de  Carle.  Bom  1787 :  died 
1871.  An  English  artist  and  conehologist,  son 
of  James  Sowcrbj-. 


(shet'land).  Agroupof  islands  in  the  Southern  Sowerby  Bridge.'    A  manufacturing  town  in 
Cape  Honi,  about  lat.  60°-fi5°  S.     +,,„w<.rf  T?;.ii,,„,, --    ■    ■■      -     -     °-     ■  - 


Ocean,  south  of  Cape 

South  Shields  (sheldz).  A  seaport  in  Dtu-ham, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tyne,  at  its  mouth, 
opposite  TjTiemouth.  It  has  coal-trade,  ship-build- 
ing, manufactures  of  glass,  etc.  Roman  antiquities  have 
been  discovered  there.     Population  (1901),  97,263. 

South  Uist  (wist).  An  island  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  about  20  miles  west  of  the 
Isle  of  Skye.     Length,  21  miles. 

Southwark  (suTH'||rk).  A  parliament.aryand 
inuuieipal  borough  in  London,  situated  on  the 
southern  bank  of  the  Thames.  It  returns  3 
members  to  Parliament.  Population  of  the 
registration  districts  (1891),  339,093. 

Southwell '(south'wel).  A  town  in  Notting- 
hamshire, Engliind,  12  miles  northeast  of  Not- 
tingham. The  bishopric  of  Southwell  comprises  the 
counties  of  Nottingham  and  Derby  and  parts  of  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  The  minster  is  a  Norman  church 
with  siiuare  central  tower  and  two  lofty  western  towers 
with  pyramidal  roofs.  The  nave  is  of  the  most  massive 
Norman  work,  with  round  arches  and  huge  cylindrical 


the  AVest  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Caldcr  10  miles  southwest  of  Bradford. 
Population  (1891),  10,408. 
Sozomen  (soz'6-men)  (Hermias  Sozomenus). 
Born  probably  near  Gaza,  Palestine,  about  400 
A.  D. :  died  about  the  middle  of  the  5th  century. 
An  ecclesiastical  historian,  author  of  a  church 
history  (edited  by  Valesius  1668). 

Tlie  "  ecclesiastical  history  "of  Hermeias  Salamanes  Soz- 
omenus, commonly  known  as  Sozomen.  was  nearly  con- 
temporary and  coextensive  witli  tliatof  Socrates  [Schohis- 
ticus],  whom  Sozomen  is  supposed  to  have  copied,  as  far 
at  least  as  the  plan  of  his  work  is  concerned.  It  extends, 
as  we  now  have  it,  from  324  to  415,  but  was  designed  to 
reach  the  year  439.  It  is  divided  into  nine  books,  and  is 
generally  superior  to  the  work  of  Socrates  in  elegance  of 
style,  though  it  often  exhibits  puerilities  which  the  other 
historian  had  avoided.  Sozomen  was  born  at  Bethel,  near 
Gaza,  in  Palestine,  and  spent  most  of  his  early  years  in  the 
Holy  Land,  to  which  he  makes  familiar  reference  in  sev- 
eral parts  of  his  Itook, 
K.  0.  Miillcr,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  ot  Anc.  Greece,  III.  403. 

[{Dmialdi.on.') 


Spa 

Spa  (spa:  F.  and  Flem.  prou.  spii).  or  Spaa 
(spa).  A  town  and  waterin^'-phice  in  the  ]>rov- 
ince  of  Li^ge,  Bel^^ium,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Spa.  Wayai,  and  Pieherotte,  17  miles 
southeast  of  Li^K^.  It  is  the  oldest  of  the  lame  Kuro* 
pean  waterinc  places  (spasX  The  chief  spring  is  the  rou- 
hon.     Population  (ISDO).  7,109. 

Spagnoletto.     See  libera. 

Spahawn.    See  Ispahan. 

Spain  (span).  [Sp.  EspaUa,  Pg.  Htspanha,  It. 
Spofjua,  D.  SpanjCy  F.  Espagnc,  L.  Hispania 
and  Iberia ,  Gr .  ' la~a via^  '  Etrrrf p/a  ( western 
land),  and  *ipj}pi(t.']  A  kingdom  of  southwest- 
em  Europe,  which  occupies  the  fcreater  part 
of  the  Ibcri.an  or  Spanish  peninsula.  Capital, 
Madrid,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  France 
on  the  north,  the  Miditummean  on  the  east  and  south, 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  southwest, 
and  ruitueal  ami  Iht-  Atlantic  on  the  west.  TJie  interior 
is  occupied  by  tabtf-lands  ;  and  there  are  numerous  nioun- 
taln-ranpes,  including  tlie  Cantabrian  Mountains,  Sierra 
dc  Guadarrama,  Siena  de  Grcdos.  Mountains  of  Toledo, 
.Sierra  de  Guadalupe,  Sierra  M'nvna,  and  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ebro,  Guadalquivir,  Guadl- 
ana.  Tauus.  Duero,  and  Mino.  Spain  has  very  valuable 
mineral  resources  (especially  quicksilver,  lead,  copper, 
silver,  salt,  zinc).  Other  leading  products  are  wine  (sherry, 
Malaga,  etc.),  grapes,  niisins,  olive-oil,  oranges,  figs,  and 
other  fruits,  and  cork.  It  comprises  47  provinces  on  the 
mainland  (fonned  from  the  13  old  provinces)  and  2  insular 
proviticos  (Canaries  and  Balearic  Islands).  The  govern- 
ment is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  Thelegiala- 
tive  body  is  thu  (_"ortes,  composed  of  a  senate  and  a  cham- 
ber of  deputies.  The  prc-vailing  religion  is  Koman  Catho- 
lic. The  language  is  Spanish.  The  early  inhabitants 
were  Celts  and  Iberians.  Various  coast  towns  were  colo- 
nized by  the  Phenicians.  The  countrj'  was  contpiered  in 
part  by  Carthage  (llamilcar,  Hasdrubal,  and  Hannibal), 
237-219  B,  c.  The  jK-riod  of  Roman  comiuest  (under  the 
Scipios,  Gate,  Grai-dms,  Pompey,  etc.,  against  Carthage, 
Viriathus,  Jsumantia,  the  Celtiberians,  Sertorius,  the  Can- 
tabri,  etc.)  extended  from  about  20.t  to  19  B.  c.  Spain  was 
ravaged  by  Vandals,  suevi.  and  Alaniin  409  A.  I>.  A  AVest- 
Gothic  kingdom  was  established  in  41S.  and  overthrown 
by  the  Saracens  in  711.  and  the  Ommiad  kingdom  was  es- 
tablished at  Cordova  hi  7r»6.  .An  invasion  by  Charles  the 
Great  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  "Spanish  Mark."  The 
Ommiad  dynasty  ended  in  1031.  Christian  kingdoms  were 
founded  —  that  of  Asturias  (later  Leon)  in  the  8th  century, 
Navarre  in  the  9th  centur>',  Castile  in  1033,  and  Aragon  in 
1035.  Toledo  was  taken  from  the  Moors  by  Castile  at  the 
close  of  the  11th  century.  The  Almoravides  had  a  realm 
In  Spain  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries;  the  Alniohadcs 
In  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  Castile  and  Aragon  were 
united  in  1(79.  Granada  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1492. 
Spain  reached  its  greatest  power  in  the  Ulth  century.  The 
Ilapsburp  dynasty  ruled  from  1510  to  1700,  when  tile  Bour- 
bons succeeded  them.  The  throne  was  given  to  Joseph 
Bonaparte  in  1808.  The  Peninsular  war  lasted  from  1808 
to  1814.  The  revolution  of  l.s20  was  suppressed  with  Frcnclt 
help  in  1823.  The  ttrst  Carlist  war  was  carried  on  from 
183;!  to  1840.  Isabella  II.  was  dethroned  in  1868:  and  Ama- 
deusreignedl!?7'V73.  Therepublic  formed  in  l-'373wasover- 
thrown  and  the  Bonrbons  were  restored  in  1875.  There  was 
a  second  Carlist  war  1872-76.  Tiie  foieiicn  dependencies 
of  Spain  were  reduced,  by  the  Spanisli-American  war  and 
the  sale  of  the  Carolines  andLadrones  to  Germany,  to  her 
possessions  in  western  Africa.  Area,  197,670  S(|nare  miles. 
Population   (WM),  18,089,500. 

Spain,  Era  of.  An  era,  long  used  in  Spain, 
which  began  with  the  first  day  of  the  year 
38  B.  c. 

Spalatin  Cspii-la-ten')*  Georg  (originally 
Burckhard).  Born  at  Spalt,  Bavaria,  Jan.  17, 
14S4:  diod  Jan.  16, 1545.  A  noted  German  Ke- 
foriner,  a  friend  of  Luther,  He  was  in  the  diplo- 
matic and  other  service  of  Frederick  the  Wise,  elector  of 
Saxony,  and  his  successors.  He  wrote  various  historical 
works. 

Spalato  (spii-lii'to),  or  Spalatro  (spa-lii'tro). 
[From  L.  pahiUum,  palace  (the  palace  of  Dio- 
cletian): Slav.  SpUt.'\  A  seaport  in  Dalniatia, 
Austria-nungai'V,  situatedonthc  Adriatic  in  lat. 
43«  30'  N..  long.'lG'^  27'  E.,noar  the  site  of  tlic 
ancient  Salona.  it  has  the  largest  trade  in  Dalniatia. 
It  Is  noted  for  its  Itoman  antitiuitlea,  t-Hpecially  for  the 
ruins  of  the  palace  of  Diock-tian.  built  about  'M*\,  an  ag- 
glomeration of  highly  ornamented  structures  inclosed  by 
a  fortified  wall  forming  ajiproximately  a  rectjingle  of  fiOO 
by  700  feet.  Streets  roTuieetitig  the  great  gattrs  in  the 
middle  of  each  side  divide  the  whole  into  4  blocks.  The 
present  spacious  arcaded  I'iazza  del  Duonio  is  the  great 
court  of  the  palace,  on  the  south  side  of  which  are  vesti- 
bule, atrium,  and  remains  of  a  beautiful  siTk-s  of  roonis. 
Flanking  the  great  courts  are  areas  contnining  the  impe- 
rial mauHolLMim  fnow  the  cathedral)  and  a  temple  of  .l-^cu- 
lapiufl,  Tlu!  arches  of  the  great  court  are  of  import^mco 
in  architecture,  as  the  earliest  which  can  be  precisely  datecl 
that  spring  directly  from  columns  without  the  interven- 
tion of  an  entablature.  This  marks  the  development  fnun 
Koman  architecture  of  the  germ  of  the  medieval.  Wln-n 
Salona  was  dcstroye<l  by  the  Avars,  alKuit  tVlo,  fugitives 
from  that  place  took  refuge  In  the  niins  of  the  palace. 
population  (1800),  commune,  22,752. 

Fa-st  by  the  bay,  with  the  high  mountain  at  hin  back, 
with  the  lower  hills  on  each  tilde  of  liim.  IHoeletlan  built 
his  villa,  bis  palace,  of  .Salona.  The  prouder  njiine,  the 
name  which  snvoured  of  the  Home  which  hlorletiiin  had 
forsaken,  clave  to  the  spnt.  anri  the  rlty  which  In  after 
ages  grew  up  within  the  palaliiim  tif  IMoeledan  Rlill  bi-ars 
the  name  of  Spalato.  FT'cman,  Hist.  Kssays,  III.  44. 

Spalding  (siml'diiii;).  A  town  in  liincolnshirc, 
England;  situated  on  the  river  Wellaud  34  miles 


949 

south-southeast  of  Lincoln.  Population  (1891), 
0,014. 

Spalding.  Martin  John.  Born  in  Marion  Coun- 
try. Ky.,  May  23,  1810:  died  at  Baltimore,  Feb. 
7,  ls7ii.  An  American  Roman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  was  bishop  of  Ix)uisville.  and  became  archldshop  of 
Baltiniore  in  l'sC4:  was  president  of  the  second  jdenary 
council  in  Ualtimore  in  ISC-d;  and  waspromincid  as  a  del- 
egate to  the  Vatican  Council  1809-70.  He  wrote  "Evi- 
deuces  of  Catholicity  "(1847),  "  Historj- of  the  I*rotestant 
Refonnation  in  Germany  and  Switzerland  "'(1S60X  a  trans- 
lation of  D;irraa"8  *'  (.ieneral  Iliatorjof  the  Catholic  Church  " 
(is*it;). 

Spalding,  William.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, 1W09:  died  Nov.  10,  1S59.  A  Scottish 
critic,  philosoidier,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  F.diiilmrgh  in  1833,  and  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Kdinburgh  I'niversity  1S34-45, 
and  professor  of  logic  at  the  I'niversity  of  St.  Andrews 
from  1S45  until  his  death.  He  wrote-' Italy  and  the  Italian 
Islands"(l^l), '*  History  of  F.nglishLiterature"(lS-'i2X  etc. 

Spandail  (spiin'dou).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Spree  and  Havel,  8  miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin,  it  is  an  important  fortress,  and  the 
Julius  Tower  in  the  citadel  contains  the  imperial  war 
treasure.  It  has  acannon-foundiT,  a  small-arms  factory,  a 
school  of  musketry,  artillery  workshops,  etc.  Population 
(1S90),  45,:i65. 

Spangenberg  (spang'en-bero),  Gustav  Adolf. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  1,  1828:  died  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  19.  1891.  A  German  historical  painter. 
Among  his  works  is  "Luther  Translating  the  Bible "(IS70). 

Spanish  America.  A  collective  name  for  those 
portions  of  Anu;rica  which  were  settled  by  the 
Spaniard.'^,  and  are  now  iidiabitrd  by  their  de- 
scendants—that is,  the  whole  of  South  America 
except  Brazil  and  the  Guianas.  Central  Amer- 
ica, Mexico,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  Domini- 
can Republic,  with  some  small  islands  of  the 
West  Indies. 


Spartel,  Cape 

ing  out  of  disptites  about  the  succession  in 
Spain  on  the  death  :>f  Charles  11..  fought  1701-14 
between  the  emperor  and  the  nara [powers  on 
the  one  hand,  and  France  and  its  allies  on  the 
other.  The  question  of  the  succession  agitated  the  va- 
rious cabinets  for  many  years  before  the  extinction  of 
the  llapsbnrg  dynasty  in  Spain  by  the  death  of  Charles 
II.,  as  it  involved  the  balance  of  power  in  Eun>pe.  lliere 
were  three  claimants:  I-ouis  XIV.  of  Franre.  the  em- 
peror Leopold  I,,  and  the  elector:il  prince  of  Bavaria  (see 
the  extnut).  .As  Kmrlaml  and  Ilulland  would  not  allow 
the  Spanish  possessions  to  be  united  intact  to  the  French 
or  Austria-i  monarchy,  l.isipold  asserted  his  claim  in  be- 
half of  his  second  stm  Charles,  while  Louis  urged  his  in 
behalf  of  his  grandson  Philip  of  Anji>u.  Treaties  of  par^ 
tition  were  made  in  10'.t8and  l7tni  dividing  the  inheritance 
betwe'-n  the  claiinants  (see  Partition  Treatirs),  but  when 
the  vacancy  occurred  in  1700  Louis  decided  t..  i^rnore  his 
treaty  oldigations,  and  recognized  charli's  II.  s  will,  which 
made  Philip  of  Anjou  heir.  He  f-amd  himseli'  opposed  in 
Sept.,  1701,  by  the  Grand  .\llianee  of  The  Hague  between 
En;:land.  Holland.  Austria,  and  the  F.nipire,  joined  later 
by  Portugal,  while  his  only  allies  were  the  Elect<ir  of  Ba- 
varia ami  the  clnke.*;  of  5Io<leiia  and  Savoy.  Spain,  indeed, 
sided  with  him,  but  had  neither  money  nor  men.  The 
most  conspicuous  leaders  of  the  Grand  .Xlliance  were  the 
English  general  Marlborough,  the  imperial  general  lYInce 
Eugene,  and  Heinsius,  pensionary  of  Ilulliiiui.  Tlie  scat  of 
the  war  was  principally  Ititly.  the  Netherlands,  and  Ger- 
many. The  chief  events  were  the  victoiy  of  Lngene  and 
Marlborough  over  the  Bavarians  and  French  under  'lallard 
atblenheim.Aug.  1.%  1704  ;thevictor>'  of  MarllHirough  over 
Villeroi  at  Ramillies,  May  23,  1706;  the  victory  of  Eugene 
and  Leopold  of  Dessau  over  Marsin  and  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans at  Turin.  Sept.  7.  1700;  the  victor>'  of  the  French 
under  Berwick  at  Almansa.  April  i't,  1707;  the  vi.tory  of 
SLuIborouirh  and  Eugene  over  Vendome  and  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy  ut  Oudenanle,  July  11.  17i^;  and  the  victory 
of  Marlborough  and  Eugene  over  Villars  at  Malplaijuet, 
Sept.  11,  I70i».  The  <lcath  eft  he  emperor  Joseph,  the  eldest 
son  and  successor  of  Leopold  L,  in  1711.  place*!  Charles  on 
the  imperial  tlirone.  thus  removing  the  chief  obstacle  to 
the  recognition  of  I'liilip  of  Anjou  (the eleetoral  prince  of 
Bavaria  having  died  in  IClfO).  The  war  was  ended  by  the 
peace  of  Utrecht  (which  see)  in  1713.  and  that  of  Rastatt 
and  Baden  in  1714,  Philip  of  Anjou  being  recognized  as 
king  of  Spain  under  the  title  of  Philip  V. 


Spanish-American   War.     A  war  between  «    -  .  , ■  „  «  "v*" — a   \    tt       /  ■• 

Spain  and  the  United  States  in  1898,  waged  bv  Spanish  Town,  or  Santiago  de  la  Vega  (san 
-      •       or  for  the  liberation  of  Cuba.     Its  chief     te-a  ;:o  .hi  la  va  p. )      A  to^^-n  m  Jainaioa.  sitn 


the  latter  1 


events  were  the  breaking  t»ff  of  dijdomatic  relations  l»y 


ated  on  the  river  Cobre  about  HI  miles  west  of 
Spain  April  21;  beu'inning  of  tlie  blocka«ie  of  Cuba  Apri'l     Kingston.     Poptilation  (ISOl),  5.019. 

22;  declaration  of  war  bySpainAprii24,  and  by  tb  rmted  Spanish  Tragedy.  The,  orHieronimo  (Jeroni 

states  April  25;  destruction  of  Simnish  Heet  m  the  Bay  of      *'    .  .     TyTafl    Affain  *       ' 


Manila  ilay  1 ;  arrival  of  Cervera's  squadron  at  Santiago 
May  10;  sinking  of  the  Merrimac  in  the  entrance  to  San- 
tiago harbor  June  3;  landing  of  United  States  troops  at 
Baiquiri  Jime  20-22;  battles  of  San  Juan  and  El  Caney 
July  1-2;  attempted  escape  and  destniction  of  Cervera's 
squadron  July  3;  surrender  of  Santiago  July  17;  campaign 
in  Porto  Rico  July  '3-Ang.  12 ;  signing  of  peace  protocol 
Aug.  1"3  ;  rapture  of  Manila  Aug.  13 ;  signing  of  treaty  of 
peace  at  Paris  Dec.  10.  By  the  treaty  Spain  relinquished 
her  sovereignty  over  Cuba,  and  ceded  Porto  Rico,  Qnalian 
in  the  Ladroucs,  and  the  Philippines  to  the  United  States. 

Spanish  Armada,  The,    1.  See  Arma<la.-~2. 

Mr.    Puff's    traLTody    rehearsed    in    Sheridan^s 
'dramatie  piiM*e"  "Tho  Criti 


mo)  is  Mad  Again!     A  play  by  Thomas  Kyd. 

the  continuation  of  another  playusually  called 
*'  Tiie  First  Part  of  Jeronimo."  It  was  licensed  in 
1592,  and  in  lti02  was  altered  by  Jonson.     See  Jtmntmo, 

Spanker  (spansr'kt-r),  Lady  Gay.    A  brilliant 

cliaraeter  in  Dion  BoucicauU's  comedy  "Lon- 
don Assurance."  she  is  devotetl  to  horses  and  hunt- 
ing, and  keeps  the  whip-hand  of  her  meek  little  husband, 
Dolly  Spanker. 

Sparagus  Garden,  The,  or  Tom  Hoyden  of 

Taunton  Dean.  A  coin.dy  by  Prome.  actfd 
iu  l()o5  and  printed  iu  1040. 


•dramatu'  pi.-ee'  "  Iho  (  ntic  Sparkish  (spar'kish).     A  character  in  Wycher- 

Spamsh  Barber.  The,  or  the  Fruitless  Pre-  ""j^^^  -country  "Wife."    He  is  the  original  of 
caution.     A  come<ly  by  Creorge   tolnian  the     CnnoTPVp^  TnUlo 


elder,  taken  from 
Beaumarchais,  an* 

Spanish  Curate,  The 


T     -n     1-  "^    i/   -      »    *  Congrreve's  Tattle. 

Le   Barb.er  de  Seville  »_of  The  character  of  Sparkish  U  ouIt«  new.  and  admirably 

Beaumarchais.  an.I]>roducedatLond(>nin  1/m.  j^j^^  ^.^     jiy  j^  ;,„  ex.|Uisite  and  sutTocaling  coxcomb:  a 

Spanish  Curate,  The.      A  play  by  Fletcher  and  pretender  to  wit  and  letters,  without  common  undersUnd- 

Massiniror,   licensed  in   10212. 'printed   in  1047.  ing,  or  the  use  of  his  senses,     //rtj/it/,  Eng.  P.>.  is.  p.  Kd. 

Several  alterations  of  it  have  been  acted.    The  phd  is  from  finorks  (sp-irk-^)    Jared      Born  at  Williiiprton, 

nal.'C''i.,rd'^,T"e«pe!ie^8''^"'''  "'^"'^'^''  "'°  '''""'"''"  <^<'>"<-  Mav  IC  17«'.):  di.-l  at  Ca..il..i.lKe.  Mass. 

iDanish  Fu'rv.  The.     A  namo  given  to  tho  sack  Marrli  11,  IStit!.     .\u  Amoru-an  hislonaii      II 


Spanish  Fury,  The.    a  name  pven 

of  Antwerp  by  Siianish  troojis  in  I'lTt!. 

Spanish  Gypsy,  The.    1.  A])lavl)v  Jliddleton 

(with  Howli-v'),  acted  1C,2X  i.rintod  ]0r,3.  It  is 
foiinilod  on  (Vrvantcs's  "Fuer/.a  de  la  Sangre' 
and  "]/a  Gitaiiilla."— 2.  A  poem  by  George 
Kliot,  ))nblisli<;d  in  1808. 

Spanish  Main,  The.  A  name  applied,  somo- 
wliat  va^'iicly,  to  tlic  northern  coast  ot"  South 
America,  from  the  month  of  tl\e  Orinoco  west- 
ward. !<iinn'timcH  it  IiicIuiUmI  tlie  Istliiimn  of  ruinimii 
and  Centnil  Aiiieric:i,  or  all  the  citntiiK'iital  lamls  iNiril.T- 
IllR  on  the  ('arilil)canSia,  as  ill8tlnsili»lKiHi'iim  till' Inlands. 
The  term  was  prnhatily  derived  from  the  Spanish  Ticrra 
Finnr,  or  Cmta  Firiiu;  nsed  in  the  10th  century  for  llu- 
continent.'il  coast  from  I'aria  to  I'osta  Itleji.aml  In  a  more 
restricted  sense  for  the  Isthmus.  Many  modern  writers 
appear  to  suppose  that  tlie  Spanish  Main  »u8  the  Carib- 
bean Sua  Qi  popular  use  of  tile  name). 


(tnldiiateii  at  Harvard  in  1S1.1.  and  became  a  fnitarian 
eleri:yniaii.  He  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Haltlnior« 
181'.)-2:t ;  was  editor  of  the  "  North  American  Review  " 
18"4-3t  ■  was  prof essor  of  history  at  Harvard  IS-tii-Hl;  and 
wa»  president  of  Harvanl  lS4!>-.'.:i.  He  was  also  the  founder 
anil  llrsi  eilitorof  the  "American  Almanac  and  KciH>8itory 
of  I'seful  Knowledge"  (ll..st..n.  1S30-«1).  He  wrote,  ainoiiK 
other  works,  the  "Ute  of  .lohn  Lwlyanl"  (lsi>)  and  the 
"Lifcofliouverneur. Morris '■(18:«),andediled'l>iploin:itlc 
Correapfuulcnee  of  the  American  Revolution  "  (IJ  vols 
18'>9-;«l)  "  WritiiiBS  of  OeoiTfC  Washington,  with  a  I  ifi'  i^f 
the  Author  "(12  vols.  ISSl-.tSl.  '■  Library  .if  American  Wok- 
rapliv  ■' (Is;i4-:i8 :  writlin!  the  lives  of  Arnold,  Klhan  Allen. 
Jlanluetlc,  Iji  Salle,  etc.).  "  Works  ot  «en)amln  Kranklln, 
with  a  I.lfe  of  the  Author"  (to  vols  1S.S<1-I0).  ami  'Corre- 
8|>ondence  of  the  American  Kovolutlon  "  (18.'.().  etc. 

Bparta(spiir'tin,<irLacedaemon(his-e-dc'inoni. 

(lir.  l-iiprr/.  AoMi'ni'/wr.  1  .\n  ancient  I'ity  of 
Ijacoiiia,  (ireece,  silnaled  on  the  Kiirotns  iu 
lat.  :!7°  ."i'  N.,  long.  2-2°  24'  K.     It  became  i^.werful 


Spanish  Mark,  The.     A  I  mnkish  possession,  ^„^:^  ^|,„  uslslatlon  of  I.ycnrRus  in  the  '.nh  cenlnry  ii.  .-.: 

coufiuered  liv  I'liarles  the  (Ireal,  situated  in  the  connuercd  Mesaenia  in  thc^tli  and  7lh  centuries  ;  was  the 

norlheastern"  extremity  of  Spain.    It  was  rulc.l  by  leading'  'ireek  slate  by  the  .lib  cenlnry.  and  the  chaniidon 

counts  of  llarcelona,  and  became  niei-Red  in  I'atalonia,  and  of  arlstocnitio  g< 
llnallv  ill  -\rii|.''>ii. 

Spanish  Moli^re,  The.    Mumiin. 


Spanish  Moor's  Tragedy,  The.     A  play  by 

Thoiiins  l)ekl;er.  liny,  and  Haughton,  licensed 
in  llilK)  anil  prinled  in  lli."i7. 
Spanish  Peaks.      'I'wo  isolated  mountains  of 
conical  shujie.  iu  southern  Colorado,  near  the 
liouud.-irv  of  Niw  Mexico,  which  rise  to  an  ele- 


tllh  ceiilurv.  and  the 

,  , rnnieni  ;  t.«>k  a  leadlnu'  part  In  Iho 

I'cnilan  war;  and  wllli  allies  foiiRlit  atniliist  Athens  in  the 
reloponnesiaii  war.  'rlic  years  4(ll-;t71  were  the  imtIihI  of 
Spartan  lieBcnionv.     ."'parta  passed  under  Roman  rule  In 


Mil  II.  o. 

SpartaCUB  (spiir'ta-kusl.  Killed  71  B.  C.  A 
Thracian  who  liecaine  a  Koman  slave  and  glnd- 
iator  in  (^ipua.  lie  headed  an  insurrection  of  .laves  in 
Italy  in  7:1  H.  c.,  and  rouleil  sevenil  Koman  annies,  but  wa» 
ulliniately  defeated  by  Crasslls  onthe  Silarus    -■'■'  ■'"'■■ 


.  and  slain. 


valioM  of  nearlv  It.OIH)  feet.      They  are  very   SparteKspiir-tcl' ),  Cape.     The  uorthwestern- 
mincnt  laiidinarks.     Their  aboriginal  name      most  point  of  .\frica,  situated  in  Morocco,  at  the 


pro 

IS  Ihmjtil'Hids. 

Spanish  Succession,  War  of  the.  A  war  aris 


entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  in  lat.  35° 
47'  N.,  long.  5°  iJG'  W. 


Spartianus 

SpartianUS  (spSr-ti-a'uus).  ^lius.  Lived  at 
tlie  eud  of  the  3d  century  A.  D.  A  Roman  his- 
torian, one  of  the  authors  of  the  "  Augustan 
History."  He  composed  the  lives  of  Venis, 
Severus,  Niger,  etc. 

Spartivento  (spar-te-ven't61.  Cape.  1.  A  cape 
at  the  southern  extremityotltalv,  inlat.  37° 55' 
29'  N.,  long.  16°  3'  31  E. :  the  ancient  Her- 
eulis  promontoritmi. —  2.  A  cape  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  in  lat.  38° 
52' 34   X.,  long.  8°  51'  8'E. 

Spasmodic  School,  The.  A  name  given  col- 
lectively to  various  19th-century  writers,  on  ac- 
count of  their  alleged  unnatural  style :  among 
them  were  Gerald  JIassey,  Sydney  Dobcll, 
Bailey,  Gillillan,  Alexander' Smith,  and  others. 

Its  adherents,  lacking  perception  and  synthesis,  and  mis- 
taking the  materials  of  poetry  tor  poetry  itself,  aimed  at 
the  production  of  quotable  passages,  and  crammed  their 
verse  with  mixed  and  conceited  imagerj-.  gushing  diction, 
interjections,  and  that  mockerj-  of  passion  which  is  but 
surface-deep.  Stedman,  Victorian  Poets,  p.  262. 

Specie  Circular,  The.  In  United  States  history, 
au  order  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  July 
11,  1836,  which  directed  that  payment  for  pub- 
lie  lands  should  be  made  to  government  agents 
in  gold  and  silver  only  (except  in  certain  cases 
in  Virginia).  It  was  designed  to  check  specu- 
lative purchases  of  public  lands. 

Spectator  (spek-ta'tor),  The.  An  English  pe- 
riodical, published  daily  from  March  1,  1711,  to 
Dec.  6,  1712.  it  comprised  555  numbers,  of  which  27-t 
were  by  Addison  ("  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  "  papers,  crit  iques 
on  "Paradise  Lost,"  etc.),  236  by  Steele,  1  by  Pope  ("The 
Jlessiall,"  No.  S7S),  and  19  by  Hughes.  Eustace  Budgell 
also  contributed  to  it.  Addison  killed  Sir RogerdeCoverley 
in  No.  517,  "that  nobody  else  mightmurder  him."  It  was 
revived  in  1714. 

Specter  of  the  Brocken.    See  Bracken. 

Speculum  Salutis  (spek'u-lum  sa-lii'tis),  or 
Speculum  Humanae  Salvationis  (spek'u-lum 
hii-ma'ue  sal-va-ti-o'nis).  [L.,' mirror  of  safe- 
ty,' or  'of  man's  salvation.']  An  early  book  in 
Latin  rime,  in  45  chapters.  It  tells  the  incidents 
of  the  Bible  story  from  the  fall  of  Lucifer  to  the  redemp- 
tion. There  are  manuscript  copies  as  old  as  the  12th  cen- 
tury. It  is  of  great  interest  in  relation  to  the  invention 
of  printing.  The  earliest  date  which  can  be  assigned  to 
the  printed  book  is  1467. 

The  "  Speculum "  was  printed  at  different  times  and 
places  duringthe  fifteenth  century,  but  the  copies  of  great- 
est value  are  those  which  belong  to  four  con-elated  edi- 
tions—two in  Ijatin  and  two  in  Dutch  —  all  without  date, 
name,  or  place  of  printer.  In  these  four  editions  the  illus- 
trations are  obviously  impressions  from  the  SiOme  blocks ; 
but  each  edition  exhibits  some  new  peculiarity  in  the  shape 
or  disposition  of  the  letters.  Those  who  favor  the  theorj' 
of  an  invention  of  typography  in  Holland  maintain  that 
these  letters  are  the  impressions  of  the  first  movable  types, 
and  that  the  ciu-ious  workmanship  of  the  book  marks  the 
development  of  printing  at  the  great  turning-point  in  its 
progress  when  it  was  passing  from  xyiograpliy  to  typog- 
raphy. De  Viniie,  Invention  of  Prmting,  p.  2i^9. 

Spedding  (sped'ing),  James.  Bom  at  Mire- 
house,  near  Bassenthwaite,  June,  1808:  died, 
from  an  injury,  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1881.  An  English  editor  of  Ba- 
con. He  entered  Cambridge  (Trinity  CoUege)  in  1827; 
from  1S37  to  1S41  was  a  clerk  in  the  Colonial  Office ;  and  in 
1843  was  private  secretary  of  Lord  Ashburton  in  America. 
From  1857  to  1874  he  published  "  Works,  Life,  and  Letters 
of  Bacon."  In  1878  he  published  an  "Account  of  the  Life 
and  Times  of  Bacon,"  and  in  ISSl  "  Studies  in  English 
Historj',"  etc. 

Speed  i  sped).  Servant  of  Valentine,  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona." 

Speed  (sped).  John.  Bom  at  Farrington,  Che- 
shire, 1^2:  died  at  London,  July  28, 1629.  An 
English  antiquary.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Great 
Britain  under  the  Conquests  of  the  Romans,  Saxons, 
Danes,  and  Sormans"  (1611)  and  "Theater of  the  Empire 
of  Great  Britain  "  (1611). 

Speed  the  Plough.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Mor- 
ton, produced  in  1798. 

Speedwell  (sped'wel).  A  ship  of  about  60  tons 
burden,  bought  and  fitted  out  in  Holland, 
wliich  sailed  from  Southampton  with  the  May- 
flower in  1515  for  New  England.  She  was  sent 
back  from  Plymouth,  England,  owing  to  a  series  of  mis- 
haps, and  those  of  the  "  pilgrims  "  who  were  disheartened 
turned  back  with  her. 

Speicher  (spi'eher).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  canton  of  Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  Switzer- 
land, 21  miles  southeast  of  Constance.  Here, 
in  1403,  the  inhabitants  of  Appenzell  defeated 
the  troops  of  the  Abbot  of  St.  GaU. 

Speichem.     See  Sjncheren. 

Speier.     See  Speyer. 

Speke  (spek),  John  Banning.  Born  at  Jor- 
dans,  Somersetshire,  May  4, 1827 :  died  at  Bath, 
England.  Sept.  15, 1864,  An  African  explorer. 
After  military  and  scientific  service  in  India,  he  accom- 
panied Sir  R.  F.  Burton  to  the  great  central  African  lakes 
(1858),  and  crossed  the  continent  with  Grant  from  Zanzibar 
over  Victoria  Nyanza  and  down  the  Nile  to  Egypt  (1860- 


950 

1863).  He  discovered  the  Victoria  Nyanza  and  its  affluent, 
the  Kageni,  or  Alexandra  Nile,  the  main  source  of  the 
Nile.  He  published  a  "  Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the 
Source  of  the  NUe  "  (1863). 

Spelman  (spel'manU  Sir  Henry.  Bom  at 
Congham,  England,  1562:  died  at  London,  1641. 
Au  English  antiquary. 

Spence  (spens).  Joseph.  Bom  at  Kingsclere, 
Hampshire,  April  25.  1699:  drowned  at  Byfleet, 
Surrey,  Aug.  20.  1768.  An  English  critic.  His 
chief  works  are  an  "Essay  on  Pope's  Translation  of  Homer  " 
(1727),  "  Polymetis,  etc. "(a  work  on  Roman  art  and  poetiy, 
1747),  and  avolumeof  anecdotes,  observations,  and  charac- 
ters of  books  and  men  (an  edition  by  Malone  and  one  by 
Samuel  Weller  Singer  were  published  in  1S20,  on  the  same 
day). 

Spence,  William.  Born  li  83 :  died  at  London. 
Jan.  6. 1860.  Aji  English  entomologist.  He  col- 
laborated with  Kirby  in  his  ''Introduction  to 
Entomology." 

Spencer,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  Yorke  Peninsula,  South  Australia. 

Spencer,  Charles,  third  Earl  of  Sunderland. 
Born  about  1674:  died  April  19, 1722.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Sun- 
derland. He  was  envoy  to  Vienna  in  1705  ;  secretary  of 
state  1707-10;  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1714-15;  lord  privy 
seal  1715-17  ;  secretary'  of  state  1717-18  ;  and  first  lord  of 
the  treasur>'  and  prime  minister  1718-21.  He  was  involved 
in  the  South  Sea  scheme. 

Spencer,  George  John,  second  Earl  Spencer. 
Born  Sept.  1,  1758:  died  Nov.  10, 1834.  An  Eng- 
lish bibliophile  and  politician.  He  collected  a  very 
valuable  library,  described  in  "Bibliotheca  .Spenceriana  " 
(1814)  by  Dibdin. 

Spencer,  Herbert.  Born  at  Derby,  April  27, 
1820.  A  celebrated  English  philosopher,  found- 
er of  the  system  named  by  himself  the  synthetic 
philosophy.  He  was  educated  by  his  father,  a  sch<x>l- 
master  at  Derby,  and  by  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Spen- 
cer, rector  of  Hinton.  He  was  articled  to  a  civil  engineer 
in  1837,  but  in  1845  abandoned  engineering  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the 
"Economist"  1848-53,  and  in  1882  visited  the  United 
States,  where  he  gave  a  number  of  lectm-es.  His  first 
effort  in  the  field  of  general  literature  (he  had  previ- 
ously published  a  ntunber  of  professional  papers  in  the 
"Civil  Engineers' and  Architects' Journal")  was  a  series 
of  letters  to  the  "N'onconformist"  on  "The  Proper  Sphere 
of  Government,"  which  appeared  in  1842  and  was  reprinted 
in  pamphlet  form  in  the  following  year.  In  1S55  (four  years 
before  the  appearance  of  Darwin's  "Origin  of  Species") 
he  published  his  "'  Principles  of  Psychology,"  which  is 
based  on  the  principle  of  evolution.  In  1S60  he  issued  a 
prospectus  of  his  "  System  of  Synthetic  Philosophy,"  in 
which,  beginning  with  the  first  principles  of  knowledge,  he 
proposed  to  trace  the  progress  of  evolution  in  life,  mind,  so- 
ciety, and  morality.  His  works  include  "Social  Statics,  or 
the  Conditions  Essential  to  Human  Happiness  Specified, 
etc."  (1850),  ''Over-Legislation"(lS54),  "The  Principles  of 
Psj-chology"  (1856),  "Part  I.:  The  Data  of  Psychology" 
(1869 :  an  enlarged  edition  of  these  two  was  published 
later  (1870-72) :  see  below), "  Essays  "  (lS57-63-64-74\  "Edu- 
cation :  Intellectual,  iloral,  and  Physical "  (1861),  "  Classi- 
fication of  the  Sciences  "  (1^64),  "  Illustrations  of  Universal 
Progress "  (18&l),  '"The  Study  of  Sociology "  (1873),  "De- 
scriptive Sociology"  (1S74-S2  :  compUed  under  his  direc- 
tion by  James  Collier,  D.  Duncan,  and  Rich.ard  Sheppig), 
"  Progress :  its  Law  and  Course  "  (1881).  "  The  Philosophy 
of  Style  "  (1S32),  "The  Man  versus  the  State  "  (1884X  "The 
Factors  of  Organic  Evolution  "  (reprinted  in  1887  from  the 
"  Nineteenth  Century  "),  etc.  The  series  announced  in  1860 
under  the  general  title  "A  System  of  Synthetic  Philoso- 
phy "  was  published  as  follows :  Vol.  I,  "  First  Principles  " 
(isfe) ;  Vols,  II,  in,  "  The  Principles  of  Biologs-  "  (1863- 
and  1S67)  ;  Vols.  IV,  V,  "  The  Principles  of  Psychology  " 
(lsro-72);  Vols.  ^^,  VII,  VIII,  "The  Principles  of  Sociol- 
ogy" (1877:  vol.  i  of  these  includes  "The  Data  of  Soci- 
ology," " Thelnductionsof  Sociology," and  "The Domestic 
Relations";  vol.  ii  includes  "Ceremonial  Institutions" 
(1879),  "Political  Institutions"  (1882),  and  "Ecclesiastical 
Institutions"  (1885);  vol.  iii  was  published  in  1897); 
Vols.  IX.  X.  "The  Principles  of  Morality  or  of  Ethics" 
(vol.  1  of  these  includes  "The  Data  of  Ethics  " (1879),  "In- 
duction of  Ethics " (1892\  and  "Ethics of  Individual  Life" 
(1892),  and  voL  ii  contains  ".Justice"  (1891)  and  "Nega- 
tive Beneficence  and  Positive  Beneficence  '  (1893)). 

Spencer,  Robert,  second  Earl  of  Sunderland. 
Born  1640:  died  at  Al thorp.  Northamptonshire, 
Sept.  28,  1702.  An  English  politician.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  earldom  in  1643 :  served  as  ambassador  at 
several  courts  under  Charles  II.;  was  secretary  of  state 
1679-Sl :  became  secretarj-  again  about  1682 ;  and  continued 
in  office  under  James  II.  He  was  made  lord  chamber- 
lain and  lord  justice  by  William  ni..  whom  he  was  said 
to  have  rendered  important  services  before  his  accession. 
He  retired  to  private  life  in  1697. 

Spencer,  John  Charles,  third  Earl  Spencer: 
known  as  Viscount  Althorp  previous  to  his  ac- 
cession to  the  earldom.  Born  at  London,  Mav 
20,  1782 :  died  at  Wiseton  Hall,  Nottingham- 
shire, Oct.  1, 1845.  An  English  statesman,  son 
of  the  second  Earl  Spencer :  leader  of  the  Whig 
opposition  in  the  House  of  Commons  under 
George  IV.  He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and 
leaderof  the  House  of  Commons  1830-34,  and  was  largely 
instrumental  in  procuring  the  passage  of  theReform  Bill. 
He  became  Earl  .Spencer  in  1834. 

Spencer,  John  Poyntz,  fifth  Earl  Spencer.  Bom 
Oct.  27,  1835.  An  English  statesman,  nephew 
of  the  third  Earl  Spencer.  He  was  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland  1868-74,  1882-85 ;  president  of  the  council  lsSO-82, 
18S6  ;  and  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1892-96. 


Speyer 
Spencer,  William  Robert.    Born  about  1769 ; 

died  at  Paris,  1834.  An  English  poet.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford.  He  spent  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  life  in  Paris.  His  principal  poems  are  vera 
de  soci^t^  and  ballads,  among  the  latter  that  of  '*Beth 
Gelert,  or  the  Grave  of  the  Grey-Hound." 

Spencer  Gulf.  [Named  from  the  second  Earl 
Spencer.]  A  gulf  on  the  coast  of  South  Aus- 
tralia, about  lat.  32°  30'-35°  S.  Length,  inland, 
about  200  miles. 

Spener  (spa'ner^,  Philipp  Jakoh.  Born  at  Rap- 
poltsweiler,  Alsace,  Jan.  13,  1635:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  5, 1705.  A  German  theologian :  called 
"  the  Father  of  Pietism."  He  was  pastor  at  Frankfort 
1666-68,  and  court  chaplain  in  Dresden  1668-91,  and  later 
(1691)  in  Berlin.    He  wrote  "Theologische  Bedeiiken,"  etc 

Spenlow(spen'16),Dora.  The  "child-wife "of 
David Copperfield,  in  Dickens's  '"David  Copper- 
field." 

Spennjrmoor  (spen'i-mor).  A  town  in  Durham, 
England,  5  miles  south  of  Durham.  Population 
1 1891),  6,041. 

Spens  (spens).  Sir  Patrick.  The  subject  of  a 
Scottish  ballad:  said  to  have  been  wrecked  in 
the  Orkneys. 

Spenser  (spen'ser),  Edmund.  Boi-n  at  London 
about  1.552:  died  at  London,  Jan.  13,  1599.  A 
celebrated  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  at  Pembroke  (Al- 
lege, Cambridge,  1569-76,  where  he  associated  with  Gabriel 
Harvey,  Edward  Kirke,  and  other  men  of  note.  After- 
ward he  became  intimate  with  Sir  Philip  Sidney  and  Lei- 
cester, who  did  much  for  him.  He  was  sent  abroad  by  Lei- 
cester in  1579,  and  went  in  1580  as  secretarj'  with  Lord  Grey 
de  Wilton  to  Ireland,  to  assist  in  suppressing  Desmond's  re- 
bellion, and  became  extremely  unpopular.  In  the  redistri- 
bution of  Munster  he  became  an  undertaker  for  the  settle- 
ment of  about  3,000  acres  of  land,  with  KiJcolman  Castle, 
County  Cork,  attached(forfeited  by  theDesmonds),  thegov- 
ernment  undertaking  his  security.  In  1.^81  he  was  made 
a  clerk  of  the  Irish  court  of  chancerj',  and  in  1558  clerk  to 
the  council  of  Munster.  In  his  "View  of  the  State  of 
Ireland"  (written  about  1596,  but  not  published  till  1633) 
Spenser  advocates  the  most  oppressive  measures,  little 
short  of  wholesale  depopulation.  .At  the  suggestion  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  whom  he  met  at  the  Fort  del  Ore  in  1580, 
he  returned  to  London  in  1589  with  the  first  three  b-'oksof 
the  "Faerie  Queene,"  which  were  entered  at  Stationei-s' 
Hall,  Dec,  1589,  and  published  in  1590.  In  1691  he  re- 
turned, already  famous,  to  Kilcolman  Castle,  and  wrote 
'•Colin  Clout  's  Come  Home  Au'ain"  (published  in  1595). 
His  house  was  burned  by  the  Irish  rebels  in  1598,  and  he 
fled  with  his  family  to  Cork,  and  then  went  to  London, 
where  about  four  weeks  later  he  died.  His  first  poems 
were  published  in  a  small  volume  entitled  "  The  Theatre 
for  AVorldlings"  (1569),  said  to  have  been  translations  from 
Bellay  and  Petrarch,  but  this  has  been  disputed.  He  also 
wrote  "The  Shepherd's  Calendar"  (1579).  "Ihe  Faerie 
Queene  "  (1590-96)  (see  these  entries), "  Daphnaida  "  (1591). 
"Complaints"  (1591;  including  "Tears  of  the  Muses," 

'  "Mother  Hubberd's  Tale,"  etc.),  "  Epithalamion "  and 
"-\moretti"  (1595),  "Astrophel,"  " Prothalamitm,'  "Four 
Hymns  "  (1.596),  etc. 

Speransky,  or  Speranski  (spa-ran'ske).  Count 
Mikhail.  Bom  in  the  government  of  Vladimir, 
Jan.  1,  1772 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  11, 
18.39.  A  Russian  statesman.  He  became  state 
secretary-  in  1801,  colleague  of  the  minister  of  justice  in 
1808.  and  secretary  of  the  empire  in  1809.  He  was  in  ban- 
ishment 1812-16.  From  1819  to  1821  he  was  govemorgen- 
eral  of  Siberia.  He  directed  the  compilation  of  the  Ens- 
sian  laws. 

SperchiUS  (sper-ki'us).  [QtV.'S.TTepxn6(.'\  A  river 
in  Greece  which  flows  (now)  into  the  Gulf  of 
Lamia  (Maliacus  Sinus)  near  Thermopylee :  the 
modem  Hellada.     Length,  about  50  miles. 

Spessart(spes'sart),or  Spesshart  (spes'hart). 
A  moimtain  group  or  range  in  Lower  Franconia, 
and  in  the  neighboring  part  of  Hesse-Nassau, 
situated  north  of  the  Main,  between  the  Kin- 
zig  and  Sinn :  noted  for  its  forests.  Highest 
point,  the  Geiersberg.  1,920  feet. 

SpeusippUS  (spii-sip' us).  [Gr.  2;rfi'ff(jr!rof.] 
Bora  about  407  B.  c. :  died  339  B.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian philosopher, nephew  and  disciple  of  Plato : 
head  of  the  Academy  after  Plato's  death.  He 
left  a  fragment  of  a  work  on  "  Pj-thagorean 
Numbers." 

Spey  (spa).  A  river  in  Scotland  which  rises  in 
Inverness,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Elgin  and  Banff,  and  flows  into  the  North  Sea 
8  miles  east-northeast  of  Elgin.  It  has  valu- 
able salmon-fisheries.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Speyer,  or  Speier  (spi'er  or  spir),  E.  Spires 
(.spirz),  F.  Spire  (sper).  [L.  .Spira.]  The  capi- 
tal of  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Speyerbach  and  Rhine,  in 
lat.  49°  19'  N.,  long.  8°  26'  E.  Its  cathedral  is  a  Ro- 
manesque structure,  founded  in  1030  and  completed  in 
1061,  and  still,  despite  fires  and  restorations,  retaining  in 
great  part  its  original  form.  The  three  portals  of  the 
west  end  open  into  a  narthex  called  the  Kaiser-H,alle, 
from  which  one  great  recessed  and  sculptured  door  leads 
into  the  nave.  Over  the  west  end  rise  two  bold  square 
towers.  The  transepts  are  at  the  east  end,  immediately 
in  front  of  the  semicircular  apse,  and  the  crossing  is  cov- 
ered with  a  fine  dome.  The  church  is  surrounded  with 
open  arcading  beneath  the  roof.  The  interior  produces 
a  striking  ellect  of  great  size ;  it  is  adorned  with  excellent 


Speyer 


951 


modern  frescos  of  Old  and  Now  Testament  subjects,  and  Spice  Islands.     See  Moluccas. 

other  :iit  w.. Iks  medieval  and  modern.     The  interesting  Snichereil    (spe'chcr-eu).   or   SpCichem   (spi'- 

crypt  is  wholly  of  theearly  nth  century.     Ihe  dimensions  V,                 .  \.  ,,         :     (}p,T,,.„,  C.rviin,.   3  inilc-i 

are  440  by  lii  feet;  length  of  transepts,  ISO ;  height  o(  "-"'  ',"^,  "^  ^  V    -^^^  lu  uerm.iu  Ijon.iini  .  ■>  iniii  s 

vaulting,  105  :  width  of  nave.  45.    .'ipeyer  is  theRoiuan  No.  south  ot  baarorufkeii.    There,  Aug.  6, 1870,  the  Oer- 

viomagusNemetum.  Itbecametheseatof  abishopricabout  mans  defeated  the  ftench  under  Fross;u-d.     Loss  of  each 

(ilo  .V.  D.  ;  became  a  free  imperial  city  1-21>4;  and  was  long  army,  about  4,000.     Also  called  the  battle  of  Forbach. 

the  seat  of  the  imperial  chamber.     It  was  burned  by  the  Snieeel  (sno'L'ol).  Friedrich      Bofii  at  Kitzin- 

l.renchinias9._  The  chief  diets  of  Spej^er  were  those  of  '',t;.,,^,,.„\;\vii,.,l,„t,   u".-,,,-!^    .Tnl  v  1 1 .  IS-JO.     A 


1526  and  152:1 :  the  latter  condemn 

the  "  Protestation  "  then  made  t»y  the  Reformers  gave  rise 

to  the  name  "Protestant."     I'ojmlation  (1890),  17,585. 

Speyerbach  (spi'er-baeh).  A  small  river  which 
joins  the  Rhine  at  Speyer.  On  its  biinks,  Nov.  15, 
171)3,  the  French  (18,000)  under  Tallard  defeated  a  Ger- 
man army  (12.0<xi)  under  the  Count  of  Nassau- Weilburg. 

Spezia,  or  Spezzia  (spet'se-ii).  A  seaport  in 
tlie  province  of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
'Oulf  of  Spezia,  in  lat.  (of  lighthouse)  44°  4' 
N.,  long.  9°  51'  E. :  the  ancient  Pityussa  or 
Haliussa  (?).  It  is  one  of  the  chief  Italian  naval  sta- 
tions, has  the  largest  and  best  harbor  in  Italy,  and  has  a 
marine  arsenal,  docks,  and  extensive  ship-building  works. 
It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Roman  Luna.  Popiila- 
tion,  19,8«4. 

Spezia,  Gulf  of.  A  small  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  Spezia. 

Spezzia,  or  Spetzla  (spet'se-ii).  1.  An  island 
belonging  to  Argolis,  Greece,  situated  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  28  miles  south- 
east of  Nauplia.  Length,  5  miles. — 2.  A  seaport 
on  the  island  of  Spezzia. 

Sphacteria  (sfak-te'ri-a).  [Gr.  S^oKriypia.]  A 
small  island  near  Navarino,  off  the  coast  of 
Messenia,  Greece :  the  modern  Spluigia.  Here, 
425  B.  c,  the  Spartans  were  blockaded  by  the  Athenians, 
and  were  compelled  by  Cleon  to  surrender. 

Spheres  of  Influence.  Large  areas  of  land  in 
Africa  recognized  as  under  the  control  of  Euro- 

fiean  powers.     The  phrase  came  into  use  about  1885. 
t  designates  the  region  which  may  be  occupied  and  de- 


Spofford,  Mr.s. 

nigsberg.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Pissek  into  the 
Vistula.  Length  (not  including  arms),  about 
12  miles. 

Spires.     See  .S/iei/er. 

Spiridion  (spi-rid'i-on).    A  novel  by  George 
Sand,  pviblished  in  1839. 

Spirillen  (spe-ril'len).  Lake.     A  lake  in  south- 
ern Norway,  about  40  miles  northwest  of  Chris- 
tiaui.a.     Length,  15  miles. 
Iranian   and  Indian  languages:   professor  at  Spirit  Lake  (spir'it  lak).     A  lake  in  Dickinson 


.    It  was  burned  by  the  gpiegel  (spo'gel),  Friedrich. 
::^^ZZ.^I^l    ,?e„^.eay^Vi^vzbtu•g,  Bavaria,  July  11, 1820. 

(ierman  Oneutahst,  noted  for  researches  in  the 


Erlang'ii  from  1849.  Among  his  works  are  an  edition 
and  translation  of  the  "  Avesta"  (18.53-llS),  "Die  altpers- 
is.hen  Keilinsehriften  "  (18('.2),  "  F.ran  "  (18(B), "  F.ranischo 
Altirtumskundc  "  (1871-78),  Iranian  grammars, etc. 
Spiekeroog  (spe'ker-oo).  A  small  island  of 
the  East  Friesian  Islands,  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 
Population,  243 


County,  northwestern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
frontier  of  Minnesota.     Length,  11  miles. 
Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetry.   [G.  Geist  der  ebra- 
isclitii  rocsic.~\     A  critical  work  by  J.  G.  von 
Herder,  piililislii-d  in  1782-83. 

Spirit  of  the  Cape,  The.    Sec  Adamastor. 
Spirit  of  the  Laws.     See  Esprit  des  Lois. 


Spielberg  (spel'bero).    A  former  fortress  and  Spiritual  Quixote,  The.    A  novel  by  the  Rev. 
s^ate  prLn  near  BrUnn,  Moravia.  '^"''^I'-'l  '■■•«^-^'^'  published  m  I,  ,2.     It  was  in- 

Spielhagen (spel'hii  gen).  Friedrich.    Bomat 

Magdclmrg,  Feb.  27,  1829.  A  (ieniian  novelist. 
He  studied  at  Berlin.  Bonn,  and  tiieifswald,  Hrst  jurispru- 
dence and  subsequently  philology  and  literature.  In  1854 
he  went  to  Leipsie  and  became  a  teacher  in  the  gymna- 


sium, but  at  the  death  of  his  father  decided  upon  a  liter- 
ary career.  From  1800  to  1862  he  was  literary  editor  of 
the  "Zeitung  fiir  Nordduutschland "  in  Ilannover.  In 
the  latter  year  he  removed  to  Berlin,  where  he  has  since 
lived.  Among  his  novels  are  particularly  to  be  mention- 
ed "  Prol>Ieniatische  Naturcn  "  ("  I'roblcinatic  Natures," 
1861)  and  its  continuation  "Durch  .Vacht  zuni  Licht" 
("Through  Xiulit  to  Light."  1802).  "Die  von  Ilohen- 
stein " (1804),  "In  Reih'  und  Glied  "("In  Kank  and  File." 
1866),  "  Hammer  und  Amboss  '  ("Hammer  and  Anvil," 
1809),  "Allzeit  voran!"  ("Always  Ahead!"  1872),  "Was 
die  Schwalbe  sanK"("\Vliat  the  Swallow  Sang,"  187.'1). 
"Sturmnut"("Flood  Tide,"  1S7S),  "Piatt  Land"  ("Flat 
Land,"  1879),  and"  Quisi8ana"(lR8o).  He  has  also  written, 
besides  a  number  of  minor  novels  and  stone-*,  the  two 
dramas  "Liche  fiir  Liebe"("Love  for  Love,"  1875)  and 
"Hans  und  Orethe"  (1870). 

sloped  by  the  powe"r  for  which  uYs  namei^'ThrEuro;  SpierS  (sperz),  Alexander.     Born  at  Gosport, 
pean  sphrres  of  intluence  in  Africa  comprise  a  large  part     Lugland,  180  (  :  died  at  Fassy,  near  Fans,  Aug 

of  the  continent.    See  Emt  A/rica  (British,  Gennan.  Partu       —    """"        '         •       '     ■"   -      '      '--    -- 

gnexe),  Gi^nnan  Southwest  Africa,  and  Kongo,  French. 


tended  to  ridicule  the  illiterate  and  fanatical 
among  the  Methodists. 

The  hero  ...  is  Geoffrey  Wildgoose,  a  young  man  of 
a  respectable  f.araily  and  small  estate,  who,  having  picked 
up  .some  old  volumes  of  Puiitan  divinity,  such  as  "i'rumbs 
of  Comfort,"  "Honeycombs  for  the  F.lect."  the  "  ilarrow 
of  Divinity,"  the  "Spiritual  Eye  Salve  and  Cordials  for  the 
Saints,"  and  a  book  of  Ba.\ter  with  an  unmentionable 
name,  resolves  to  sally  forth  and  convert  bis  benighted 
fellow-countrymen  in  the  highways  and  by-ways  of  Eng- 
land. Ue  is  accompanied  by  Jeremiah  Tugwell,  a  cob- 
bler, who  acts  as  a  sort  of  Sancho  Panza ;  and  they  visit 
Gloucester,  Bath,  and  Bristol,  where  they  are  involved 
in  various  adventures  more  creditable  to  the  zeal  of  Wild- 
goose  than  Ui  his  discretion. 

FitrKjith,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  297. 

Spitalflelds  (spit'al-feldz).  A  quarter  of  Lon- 
don, north  of  the  Tower,  noted  as  a  seat  of 
silk-manufacture,  which  was  introduced  by 
FriMich  refugees  expelled  in  1685,  on  the  rev- 
ocation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  It  once  be- 
long(>d  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Mary  Spital,  founded 
in  11117 


Sphinx,  Temple  of  the.  A  structure  (incor- 
rectly called  a  temple)  lying  a  short  distance 
southeast  of  the  Sphinx  at  Gizeh.  It  is  in  fact  a 
family  mausoleum  of  Khafia  or  Chephren.the  builder  of  the 
Second  Pyramid,  and  is  connected  with  the  Temple  of  the 
Second  Pyramid  by  a  rock-cut  passage.  Here  was  found 
the  colossal  statue  of  Khafra  now  in  the  Gizeh  Museum. 
The  temple  is  built  of  splendid  blocks  of  red  granite  and 
alabaster.  It  consists  of  a  passage  descending  to  an  open 
three-aisled  area  with  square  piers  and  lintels,  and  two 
cross-passages  or  transepts  toward  the  east.  At  the  end 
of  the  flrst  transept  there  i.-i  a  burial-chamber  with  6  niches 
for  mummies,  in  two  tiers,  and  similar  chambers  open  from 
the  entrance  passage. 

Sphinx  (sfingks).  The.  A  celebrated  figure  at 
(jizeh,  Egypt,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south- 
east of  the  Great  Pyramid.  According  to  present 
archa;ological  opinion,  it  is  older  than  the  Gizeh  pyra- 
mids. It  consists  of  an  enormous  figure  ot  a  crouching  .  .  ,,  ,  ■£>_„„.,•„  tiu-„ 
sphinx  of  the  usual  Egyptian  type,  hewn  from  the  natural  bpinnel  (spin  er),^  iranClS  ^-uHaS. 
rock,  with  the  flaws  and  cavities  filled  in  with  masonry.  '  ^.  .  ...  > 
The  body  is  140  feet  hmg  ;  the  head  measures  about  DO  feet 
from  the  top  of  the  forehead  to  tlie  cliin.  and  is  14  wide. 
Except  the  head  and  sliouhleiB.  the  ligurc  has  for  ages  gen- 
erally been  buried  in  the  desert  sand.  The  face,  despite 
the  mutilation  of  eyes  and  nose  duo  to  Mohammedan  fa- 
naticism, impresses  liy  its  calm  dignity.  The  low  head- 
dress extend.s  broadly  outward  on  each  side.  A  long  rock- 
cut  passage  composed  of  im-lined  plane  and  stejis  leads 
down  in  front  to  thr  exten.b-d  fore  paws  of  the  Spliiiix, 
which  are  50  feet  long  and  cased  with  masonry.  Between 
the  paws  ivere  found  an  altar,  a  crouching  lion  with  frag- 
ments of  others,  and  .'!  large  inseribe<l  tablets,  one,  14  feet 
high,  against  the  Spliiiix's  breast,  and  the  two  otiiers  ex- 
tending from  it  on  caibsi.li-,  ihusfonuingasort  of  slirine. 
The  Sphinx  was  a  lncal  pciwpiiillcation  of  thcsun-god.  No 
interior  chamber  has  l)een  discovered. 


26,1869.  An  Anglo-French  grammarian  a";'  Spithead(spit'hed).  A  roadstead  off  the  south- 
lexicographer.  Ho  published  a  !•  ronch-English  ^j.^  ^.^^^gj,  ^f  England,  between  Portsmouth  and 
and  Enghsh-l  rench  dictionary  (1849).  y^.j^  j^  j,jg  j^,,,  ^f  Wight.     It  communicates 


To  this  day,  the  most  ancient  statue  known  is  a  colossus 
—  namely,  the  Great  Sphinx  of  Gizeh.  It  was  already  in 
existence  in  the  tinieof  Khoofoo  (Cheops),  and  perhapswe 
should  not  be  far  wrong  it  we  ventured  to  lucribe  it  to 
tile  generations  before  Mena,  called  in  the  priestly  chron- 
icles 'the  Servants  of  lloni.s."  Hewn  in  the  living  rock 
at  the  extreme  verge  of  the  Libyan  plateau,  it  seems,  as 
the  representative  of  Horus,  to  iiprear  Its  llead  in  orilerto 
bo  the  flrst  to  catch  sight  of  his  father,  Ka,the  rising  sun, 
across  the  valley.  For  ocntilricB  thi;  sands  have  buried  it 
to  the  chin,  vet  without  protecting  It  from  ruin.  Its  bat- 
tered  boily  preserves  but  tlugeneral  form  of  alion'sbody. 
The  paws  and  brea.'.t,  restored  by  the  Ptideinles  and  the 
Oicsars,  retain  but  a  part  of  the  stone  facing  with  which 
they  were  then  elolhed  in  order  to  in.ask  Ihe  ravages  of 
time.  The  lower  part  of  the  head-dress  has  fallen,  and  the 
diminished  neck  looks  too  .slender  to  sustain  the  enormous 
weight  of  the  head.  The  nose  and  beard  have  been  broken 
ofl  by  fanati<:s,  and  the  red  hue  which  formerly  enlivened 
the  features  Is  almost  whidly  effaced.  And  yet,  notwith- 
standing its  fallen  fortunes,  Ihe  monster  preserves  an  ex- 
pression of  sovereign  strength  and  greiitness.  The  eyes 
gaze  out  afar  with  a  lookot  intense  and  piofound  thought- 
ful    '■       •'        '    ' '" 

nan 


Spies  (spes),  August.    Born  in  Germany,  1855 :     .^^j jj^  ^■^^  Solent  and  Southampton  Water  on  the 
haiiscd  at  Cliicago,  Nov.  11,  188/.     A  German-     .^^^^.^ 

American  anarchist,  condemned  for  hi^part  iii  gpithead  Mutiny.  A  mutiny  of  the  British 
provoking  the  Haymarket  Square  (Chicago)  gaji^i-s  in  the  ships  stationed  at  Spithead  in 
massacre.     See  Haijmarkct  t,quare  Kwt.  j7,,7      ^  „,,is  settled  amicably,  and  the  sailors' 

Spindler  (spind'ler),  Karl.     Born  at  Breslau,     grievances  were  remedied  by" Parliament. 
Prussia,  Oct.   16,    1796:   died  at  Freiersbach,  Spitzbergen  (spits-ber'gen).     [Named  from  its 
July  12,  1855.     A  German  novelist.    Among  his     sharp-pointed  nioiiutaiiis.]     A  group  of  islands 

in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Norway  and  north- 
east of  Greeulaiui,  in  lat.  76°  30'-,s0°  48'  N., 
long.  10°-30°  (32°  f )  E. :  called  also  Ka.'it  (Ireeii- 
ioi}d.  It  comprises  West  Spitzbergen,  North  East  Land, 
Barents  Lam),  Stans  Foreland.  Prince  Charles  Foreland, 
and  King  Charles  l.and,  and  many  smaller  islands.  The 
islands  are  partly  mountaiiK>us,  abound  in  glaciers,  and 
are  cut  by  many  fiords  and  bays.  They  are  not  perma- 
nontly  inhabited.  They  were  discovered  in  1596  l>y  the 
Dutch  sailors  Jakob  van  Heemskerck,  Jan  Comeliszoon 
Ripp,  and  Willem  Barents,  who  took  them  to  be  part  of 
Greenland  and  named  them  "New  Land."  They  have 
been  much  visited  by  whalers  and  walrilR-llunten».  Re- 
cently Ihey  liave  been  made  the  base  of  arctic  expeditions, 
espcr'i.illy  by  the  Swedes  (Nonlenskjold  and  others).  Area, 
abdut  2s,tHio  square  miles. 
Spitzkop(spits'kop).  A  mountain  in  theCom- 
](ass  Berg,  in  Cape  Colony. 

Spix  (si)iks),  Johann  Baptist  von.    Bom  at 

nochstaclt-an-der-.\iseli,  Feb.  9.  1781:  died  nl 
Munich,  March  111.  l.'^2li.  A  Bavarian  natural- 
ist, the  companion  of  Martins  in  Brazil  1817- 
1820.      He  wrote  part  of  the  "Reise  ill  Brasilien,"  ami 

Sublislied  important   papers  on  South  Anicrican  verte- 
rates,  etc.     See  Martins. 

Spleen   (splen).  The.    A   poem  by  Matthew 

(Jii'cn,  piililishcd  in  1796. 
Splitter  (s])lit'er).     A  village  in  East  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Memcl  near  Tilsit.     Here,  Jan. 
30.  ll>79,  the  forces  ot  Brandenburg  defeated 
the  Swedes. 


works  are  "Der  Judc  "  ("The  Jew,"  1827),  "Der  Jesuit 
(1829),  "Der  Invalide  "  (18:51),  etc. 

Spinello,  or  Spinello  Aretino  (spe-nel'Io  ii-ra- 

te'uo).  Born  at  Arezzn,  Ilaly,  about  1330:  died 
about  1410.  An  Italian  painter.  His  works  in- 
clude fi-escos  in  Siena  and  in  the  Campo  Santo 
of  Pisa.  _ 

Born  at 
German  Flats  (Mohawk),  N.  Y.,  Jan.  21,  1802: 
died  at  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  Dec.  31,  1890.  An 
American  financier,  politician,  and  general  of 
militia.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  18.'i5-57;  Republican  member  of  Congress 
1857-81 ;  and  I'nited  States  treasurer  1861-76. 

Spinola  (spe'no-lil),  Marqui.s  Ambrogio  di. 

Born  at  Genoa  about  1.570:  died  at  CmsIiI-.Vu- 
ovo  di  Scrivia,  Italy,  Sept.  2.5,  1630.  An  Ital- 
ian general  in  the  Spanish  service.  He  captured 
Ostend  in  1804  ;  coniinandcd  in  the  Netherlands  against 
Maurice  of  N:issau  until  the  peace  of  1609;  conquered 
the  Palatinate  in  lf.20;  besieged  and  took  Breda  in  1625; 
and  later  commanded  in  Italy. 

Spinoza  (spi-no'zii),  Baruch  (or  Benedict). 

Born  at  Amsterdam,  Nov.  24,  1632:  died  at  The 
Hague,  Feb.  21,  1677.  A  famous  philosoplor. 
the  greatest  moilcrn  expounder  of  ]>aiitlieism. 
His  parents  were  members  of  a  comnuinity  of  .lews  who 
had  enilgrali-d  from  Portugal  ami  Spain.  In  1656  he  was 
condemned  Iry  the  Jewish  congregation  of  Amsterdam  us 
a  heretic,  and  exconimunleat<.cl.  From  this  timeon  hesup 


port*d  hiinselt  by  grindinglenses,  au  art  In  which  he  was   _,.,  ,,.,,,    ^      Qrvl-iirro   C=,^l;\'rrii1        A., 

very  proficient,     lie  lived  with  a  friend  (a  RemonstranI)  bplUgCn  (splu  geil),  II.  bplUga  (spU)  gaj.     An 
just  oulslde  of  Amsterdam  until  about  tlio  beginning  ot       ' ' "  ""■ 


18*U,  when  thev  reinov<-d  to  the  village  of  Rhynsburg,  near 
Leydeii.  In  1661  ho  went  to  Voorburg,  a  suburb  of  Tho 
Hague,  and  in  lli70  took  up  his  residence  in  The  Hague  it. 
self.  An  atUiiniil  up<m  his  life  was  madeat  Amslerdani  In 
KlfiO.    lie  wasasludeiitof  thepbilosonhyid  Descartes,  and 


.\lpiTie  pass  leading  from  tlie  village  of  Splii- 
gen,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerlanil.  to  Chia- 
venna  in  Italy.  It  connecis  the  vallcysof  the  Ulnt«r- 
rliein  and  the  Maira,  a  sublrilmlary  o(  Ihe  I'o.  Height 
of  highest  point,  K\\Hb  feet.  The  road  was  constructol  1»11>- 
1821. 


his  molaphyslcalspeculalions  have  llloCiirlislanphlloso-   „----i.      ,    /•o,,„f',-„..Il     AJnanrnrf  Ti    P       Rnrn  at 
phy  as  their  point  of  departure.     He  wrote  "Tractatus  SpOffOra  (spot  <)J-il),   AlnSWOrtU   K._    Horn  at 


tbeidoglco-polllicus"(l«7o),  a  practical  jMdltlcal  treatise 
deslgneil  to  demonstrate  thu  necessity  In  a  flee  common- 
wealth  of  freedom  of  thought  and  speech  ;  "  Whlca  ordlno 
Keometrlcodemimstrala"(compleledinl874.but  published 
,  l>el  


Ethl. 


inonstraled  in  the  Geometri- 


("iilnianlou,  N.  II.,  S<'i>l.  12,  lS2.'i.  Librarian  of 
the  Ciingressional  Liiu'.iry  I.'<65-1897.  He  ed- 
ited the  "  .Viiurii^an  Almanac''  (from  1878), 
catalogues  of  the  lilir.iiy.  etc. 


Spica 

1  V 

heavens,  n  Viri 
of  the  Virgin. 


Ijiki'S   of  Prussia,  siluntecl    in   the  iirovince    of 
East  Prussia  80  miles  south-soutlieast  of  Ko- 


|Ul6of  Carabaa 
etc. 


(1882),  "Bidlads  about  Authors  "(IKSTV, 


Spohr 

Spohr  (spor),  Louis.  Bom  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, April  5,  17S4 :  died  at  Cassel,  Oct.  22, 
1859.  A  German  violinist  and  composer.  He 
became  court  concert-master  at  Gotha  in  1805;  went  to 
Vienna  in  1812  as  second  kapellmeister  at  the  Theater  an 
der  Wien  ;  employed  the  yeai-s  Islo-IT  in  concert  tours  ; 
was  kapellmeister  at  Frankfort  1817-19 ;  went  to  London 
in  18*20 ;  and  became  established  as  court  kapellmeister 
at  Cassel  in  1822.  Among  his  works  are  the  operas 
"Faust"  (ISIS),  '"Zemire  und  Azor"  (1819),  "Jessonda" 
(1823),  '■  Der  Bergcieist "  (182,i),  "  Pietro  von  Albano  "  (1827), 
"Der  Alchemist"  (1830),  and  "Die  Kreuzfahrer"  (1845); 
the  oratorios  "Die  letzten  Dinpe"  ("  The  last  Judgment." 
1826),  '■  Des  HeilanJs  letzte  Stunden  '  (1835  :  known  in 
Eni-lish  as  "Calvary  ").  and  "The  Fall  of  Babylon"  ;  and 
i;nnipusitions  for  the  violin,  songs,  etc. 

Spokane  (sp6-kan'),  or  Spokan  (sp6-kan').    A 


952 

can  politician  and  jurist.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Maine  18-2r>-29,  and  United  .States  senator  from 
Maine  1829-35.  He  published  "Speeches  and  Addresses" 
(1858). 

SpragTie,  William.  Born  at  Cranston,  R.  I., 
Xov.  o.  1799  :  died  at  ProTidenee,  R.  I.,  Oct.  19, 
1856.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Rhode  Island  1835-37; 
governor  of  Rhode  Island  1838-39 ;  and  United  States  sen. 
ator  1842-44. 

Sprague,  William.   Bom  at  Chranston,  R.  I.. 

Sept.  12, 1830.  An  American  politician  and  man- 
ufacturer, nephew  of  William  Spra<rue.  He  was 
Republican  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1^00-03  ;  served  as 
a  colonel  in  the  Civil  War ;  and  was  United  States  senator 
from  Rhode  Island  lS63-7r 


I'iver  in  Idaho  and  Washington  which  joins  the  Sprat  (sprat),  Thomas.    Bom  in  Devonshire. 


Columbia  about  lat.  47°  51'  N.  Length  from 
Coeur  d'Alene  Lake,  over  100  miles. 

Spokane  Falls  (sp6-kan'  falz).  A  cityiu  Spo- 
kane County.  Washington,  situated  on  Spo- 
kane River  in  lat.  47°  20'  N.,  long.  117°  25'  W. 
It  is  the  chief  commercial  and  railroad  center  in 
eastern  Washington.  It  was  devastated  by  tire 
188!).  Population  (1900;,  36,848. 

Spoleto  (spo-la'to).  [L.  Spoletium.']  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  60  miles  north 
by  east  of  Rome,  it  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric. 
It  contains  a  castle  and  a  cathedral,  and  has  various  an- 
tiquities, including  a  triumphal  arch.  Its  aqueduct  was 
built  by  the  Lombards  &>i  A.  P.  Spoleto  was  an  ancient 
Etruscan  city  ;  was  colonized  by  Rome  about  240 
was  defended  successfully  against  Hannibal 
The  Marians  were  defeated  there  by  Crassns  : 
in  82  B.  c.  It  was  an  important  fortress  in  Gothic  times 
became  about  570  the  capital  of  an  important  Lombard 
duchy  :  and  afterward  belonged  to  the  Papal  States.  Pop- 
nIatiun(18S7).  7,696. 

Spontini  ( spon-te'ne),  Gasparo  Luigi  Paciflco. 

Burn  at  Majolati.  near  Ancona,  Italy,  Xov.  14. 
1774:  died  there,  Jan.  14,  1851.  An  Italian  ope- 
ratic composer,  director  of  Italian  opera  in  Paris 
1810-12,  and  musical  director  in  Berlin  1820-42. 
His  chief  operas  are  "La  Vestale"(1807),  "FerdinandOor 


Sraosha 

tone,  France,  Jan.  31.  1.S92.  An  English  Baptist 
preacher.  He  was  educated  at  Colchester  ami  Maid- 
stone, and  became  usher  in  a  private  school  at  ("'aml.ridge. 
In  1851  he  became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  at  Witer 
beach,  five  miles  from  Cambridge,  while  retaining  his 
place  as  usher.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
I«ew  Park  Street  Baptist  Church  in  Soutbwark,  London 
in  1853,  removing  with  his  congregation  in  ISCl  to  a  new 
edifice,  the  Tabernacle,  in  Newington,  London  He  was 
also  the  founder  of  a  pastors'  college,  schools,  alms-houses, 
and  an  orphanage;  and  edited  a  monthly  nnagazine 
"The  Sword  and  the  Trowel."  Among  his  works  are 
"The  Treasury  of  David  :  Exposition  of  the  Book  of 
Psalms  "  (1870-85),  "Feathers  for  Arrows,  or  Illustrations 
for  Preachers  and  Teachers  "  (1870),  "  Lectures  to  my  .stu- 
dents "(1875-77),  "Commenting  and  Commentaries:  to- 
gether with  a  Catalogue  of  Biblical  Comment.aiies  and  Ex. 
positions"  (1876),  "John  Ploughman's  Piitures :  More  of 
his  Plain  Talk  "  (ISSO),  and  many  volumes  of  sermons. 


1636 :  died  at  Bromley,  Mav  30.  1713.     An  En--  o""  ™'V''"V/'".      ,    ,,      .       . 

lish  prelate,  bishop  of  Rochester.  He  was  a  meS-  ''-S?™.-^,®*?i,^P"'"  "f,  ^^  4  PSi"^*  ^?  ^  orkshire, 

ber  of  James  n.'s  ecclesiastical  commission.     He  wiote  a 


history  of  the  Royal  Society,  an  account  of  the  Rye  House 

Plot,  poems,  etc. 
Spree  (spra).     A  river  in  Germany  -which  rises 

in  eastern  Saxony,  flows  through  Berlin,  and 

joins  the  Havel  at  Spandau,  8  miles  west  by 

north  of  Berlin.     Length.  225  miles. 
Spree'Wald  (spra'valt).    [G.,' Spree  forest.']   A     ._„  ^ ,.. 

swampy  region  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Spurzheim    (sports'him), 

Prussia,  traversed  by  the  Spree :  situated  in  the     "  '  " 

vicinity  of  Kottbusand  Liibben.  Its  inhabitants 

are  Wends.     Length.  28  miles. 

A  town  in  the  prov- 
Prussia,  situated  on  the 
of  Berlin.   It  has  man- 
ufactures of  cloth.     Population  (1890),  10.951. 
Sprengel  (spreng'el),  Kurt.  Bom  at  Boldekow, 

near  Anklam,  Pi'ussia,  Aug.  3,  1766 :   died  at 

Halle,  March  15. 1833.     A  German  botanist  and 


England,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  project 
ing  into  the  North  Sea. 
Spurs,  Battle  of  the.  1.  The  victory  of  the 
Flemings  over  the  French  at  Courtrai,  1302:  so 
called  on  account  of  the  number  of  gilt  spurs 
captured. —  2.  The  victory  of  the  English  over 
the  French  at  Guinegate,"l513:  so  called  from 
the  precipitate  flight  of  the  French. 

,  Kaspar.  Born  at 
Longwieh,  near  Treves,  Dec.  31,  1776:  died  at 
Boston,  Nov.  10, 1832.  A  German  phrenologist, 
a  disciple  of  Gall.  He  wrote  "The  Physiognomical 
System  of  Drs.  Gall  and  Spurzheim  "  (1815),  "  Outlines  of 
the  Physiognomical  System  "  (1815),  and  philosophical  and 
anatomical  works. 

Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek  (spi'tu  di'vil  krek).  A 
creek  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Manhattan. 
Island,  New  York,  connecting  the  Harlem  River 
with  the  Hudson. 

A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
scene  is  laid  in  southeastern  New 


1859.  An  American  author.  He  published  a  "  Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Dictionary  of  Painters,  Engravers, 
Sculptors,  and  Architects  "(1853). 

Spoon  (spon)  River.  A  river  in  western  Tlli- 
iiois  which  joins  the  Illinois  River  opposite 
Havana.     Length,  about  150  miles. 

Sporades  (spor'a-dez).  [Gr.  ^-opadtx  (se.  vt/aoi), 
scattered  isles.]  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
.^gean  and  neighboring  seas.  The  list  is  differ- 
ently given  by  ancient  writers.  It  includes  ilelos,  Thera, 
Cos,  etc.,  and  sometimes  Samos,  Chios,  Lesbos,  and  others. 
The  modem  Sporades  are  divided  between  Turkey  and 
Greece. 

Sporus  (spo'rus).  A  favorite  of  the  emperor 
Nero.  Hewasabeautiful  youth  of  servile  origin,  and  pos- 
sessed a  striking  resemblance  to  Nero's  wife  Poppjea  Sa- 
bjna.  After  the  death  of  Sabina,  which  occurred  in  65  A.D., 
Xero  had  him  castrated  and  dressed  as  a  woman,  and  gave 
him  the  name  of  Sabina,  publicly  going  through  the  cere- 
mony of  marriage  with  him  in  Greece  in  67.    Sporus  tied 


athologle"      i"'"-,  auuLii.  i'SO. 

(1796-97),  "Institutionesmedica;"  (18(19-16)1  "Geschichte   Squab  (skwob)Poet,  The.   A  nickname  given  to 
der  Botanik"  (1817-18),  "Neue  Entdeckungen"  (1819-22).     Dryden  by  his  antagonist  Rochester,  and  after- 

ampooners  of  every  degree, 
om  lak).     A  lake  in  the  cen- 
Hampshire,  northwest  of  Lake 
Winuipiseogee.     Its  outlet  is  into  the  Merri- 
mac.     Length,  about  8  miles. 

1 .  A  charac- 
ter  in   Wycherley"s    "Country  Wife.'' — 2.  A 
o     •    _eij^      •      ,/.-,3v    r„,  character  in  Otwav"s  "Friendship  in  Fashion." 

Springfield  (spring  feld).  The  capital  of  Illinois  Squeers  (skwerz),  Mr.  Wackford.     The  cruel 
""  •.  ot^^^angamon  County,    it  contains  the  State     and  ignorant  schoolmaster  of  Dothebovs  Hall 


versity,  Bloomington,  in  1858 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar 

in  1859;  W.1S  a  member  of  the  State  legislature  of  Illinois  t,  •  i."/  ,      -,     ■  ,  ^    t      , 

1871-72;    and  a  member  of  Congress  from  that  State  oqueamisn  (SKwe  mishi.  Iiady. 
187&-95.     He  was  chairman  of  the  Ways  and  Means  Com- 
mittee 1891-93. 


capitol,  the  former  home  of  Lincoln,  and  the  National 
Lincoln  Monument.  It  was  laid  out  in  1S22,  and  became 
the  capital  of  Illinois  in  1837.     Pop.  a900),  34.15'.). 

Springfield.  The  capital  of  Hampden  CounH. 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  in 
lat.  42°  6'  N.,  long.  72°  35'  W.  It  is  an  important 
railway  junction ;  has  various  manufactures ;  and  contains 
a  national  armory  founded  ii.  1794.  Springfield  was  settled 
in  1636  (or  1635),  and  was  at  first  called  Agawam.  It  was 
burned  by  the  Indians  in  1675.  The  arsenal  was  unsuc- 
cessfully attacked  by  insurgents  in  Sh,iys'3  Rebellion  in 
1787.    It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1852.    Population 

(1900).  62,059.  ^ 


with  Nero  from  Rome  on  the  insurrection  of  G.alba  in  the  Springfield.  The  capital  of  Greene  County.  Mis- 


following  year,  and  was  present  at  his  suicide.  He  was 
afterward  intimate  with  the  emperor  Otho,  a  former  com- 
panion in  debauchery  of  Nero,  and  ultimately  committed 
suicide  under  Vitellius  to  avoid  the  indignity  of  appearing 
under  degrading  circumstances  as  a  girl  on  the  stage. 

Sporus.     A  name  given  by  Pope  to  Lord  Hervey. 

Spots'wood   fspots'wiid).  or  Spotis'wood,   or 

Spottis'WOOd  (spot'is-wiid),  John.  Born  1565 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  26.  1639.  A  Scottish  prel- 
ate, made  archbishop  of  Glasgow  in  1603  (not 
consecrated  till  1610),  and  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews  and  primate  of  Scotland  in  1615.  He 
waschancellor  of  Scotland  1635-38  :  in  the  latteryear  hewas 
deposed  and  excommunicated.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Church  and  State  of  Scotland  "  (1655),  etc. 
Spottiswoode,  William.  Bom  at  London.  Jan. 
11.  1825 :  died  June  27, 1883.  An  English  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  son  of  Andrew  Spottis- 
woode, a  printer  and  member  of  Parliament. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  Harrow,  and  Oxford  (Balliol 
College).  In  1846  he  entered  his  father's  business.  In  1847 
he  published  ■■  Jleditationes.Anal.vticse."  In  1856  he  trav- 
eled in  Russia,  and  in  1857  published  "  X  Tarantasse  Jour- 
ney through  Eastern  Russia,"  etc.  In  1878  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  society.  His  mathematical  work  was 
especially  in  the  field  of  higher  algebra. 

Spottsylvania  (spot-sil-va'ni-ii)  Court  House. 

The  capital  of  Spottsylvania  County,  Virginia, 
situated  on  the  Po  49  miles  north  "bv  west  of 


soun,  situated  on  'the  Ozark  Mountains  115 
miles  south-west  of  Jeflierson  City,  it  is  a  railroad 
center,  and  is  the  seat  of  Drury  College."  Population  (1900), 
23,267. 

Springfield.  A  town  in  New  Jersey,  west  of 
Newark,  it  was  the  scene  (June  23,  1780)  of  a  defeat 
of  the  British  and  Hessians  by  the  Americans. 

Springfield.  The  capital  of  Clark  County,  Ohio, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  Lagonda  Creek  an<i 


Dotheboys  Hall 
(Yorkshire):  a  character  in  Dickens's  "Nicho- 
las Nickleby." 

Squier  (skwir).  Ephraim  George.  Born  at 
Bethlehem.  N.  Y..  June  li .  1821 :  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y..  April  17,  1888.  An  American  arehfe- 
ologist  and  traveler,  in  1843-48,  whUe  conducting  a 
newspaper  in  Ohio,  he  investigated  the  mounds  and  other 
ancient  monuments  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  in  1;>48 
examined  similar  works  in  "Sew  York.  In  1849-50  lie 
was  special  charge  d'affaires  for  the  United  States  in 
Central  Americii,  and  in  1S53  again  visited  that  region  to 
examine  the  line  of  a  proposed  interoceanic  railroad  ; 
on  both  occasions  he  made  extensive  archa?ological  ex- 
plorations. In  1863-64  he  visited  Peru  as  special  conmiis- 
sioner  of  the  United  States.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
consul-general  of  Honduras  at  Xew  York,  and  in  1871 
was  elected  first  president  of  the  American  Anthropologi- 
cal Institute.  .\f  ter  1874  his  health  was  seriously  impaired. 
His  numerous  and  valuable  works  include  "An'cient  Mon- 
uments of  the  Mississippi  Valley  "  (with  Dr  E.  H.  Davis, 
184S),  "Antiquities  of  the  State  of  New  York"  (1851), 
"  Travels  in  Central  America  "  (1862).  "  Waikna,  or  Adven- 
tures on  the  Mosquito  Shore  "  (1856 :  under  the  psendonvm 
Samuel  A.  Bard).  "The  States  of  Central  America  "  (1858X 


Richmond.  Aserlesofbattlesoccurredherebetwcenthe  SpuUer  (spii-lar'),  Eug^Ue.     Bom  at   Seurre. 

--  Cote-d'Or,  Dee.  8,  1835:  died  July  23,  1896.     A 

French  politician  and  journalist.  He  was  secretary 
to  Ganibctta  1870-71 ;  minister  of  education  1S87-S9  ;  and 
vice-president  of  the  chamber  in  1890. 
Spumador  (spo-ma-dor').  [Sp.,  'the  foamer.'] 
Prince  Arthur's  steed  in  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene." 

prague,  Peleg.  Born  at  Duxbury,  Mass.,  April,  Spurgeon(sper'jon).  Charles  Haddon.  Born  at 

1/93:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  13,  1880.    AnAmeri-     Kelvedon,  EssexJ  June  19,  18*1:  died  at  Men- 


Federals  underGrantand  the  Confederates  under  Lee,  May 
8-21, 1864.  The  Confederates  withdrew  to  the  North  Anna. 
Spragne  (sprag),  Charles.  Bom  at  Boston.  Oct. 
26. 1791 :  died  there,  Jan.,  1875.  An  American 
poet.  Among  his  poems  are  "  Curiosity  "  (1829),  "Ode  to 
Shakspere,"  prologues,  etc.  His  collected  works  were 
published  in  1841  and  1876. 


Mad  River,  45  iniles  west  of  Columbus.   It  isa  Q^"i-iT','^'i"/\^''^-i  v  i,  ^      a  *         ■     .. 

■      •  ■  -  F  ^^°j7  bquiUace  (skwel-la  che).     A  to-wn  m  the  prov- 

ince of  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy,  7  miles  south- 
west of  Catanzaro:  the  Roman  Seylacium. 
The  emperor  Otto  II.  was  defeated  there  by  the 
Saracens  in  982.     Population,  2,673. 

Squillace,  Prince  of.     See  Borja  i/  Arragon. 

Squillace,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Calabria,  Italy. 

Squint  (skwint).  Lawyer.  A  character  in  the 
play  "A  Citizen  of  the  Worid,"  bv  Goldsmith. 

Squire  of  Alsatia.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1688. 

Squire's  Tale,  The.  One  of  CTiaucer's  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  told  by  the  squire  "who  left 
half  told  the  story  of  Canibuscan  bold,"  which  Milton 
wished  Musseus  or  (Irpheus  could  finish.  Spenser  tried  to 
finish  it  in  the  fourth  book  of  "The  Faerie  Queene." 

Sraosha  (sra-6'sh,a).  [From  -/ ir «.«/(,  hear, 
obey,  obedience.]     In  the  Avesta,  a  Yazata, 


railroad  center,  and  has  extensive  manufactures  of  agri- 
cultural machinery,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Wittenberg  Col- 
lego  (Lutheran).    Population  (1900),  38,233. 

Spring  Garden.  A  place  of  refreshment  in  St. 
James's  Park,  London,  much  frequented  in  the 
17th  century  by  persons  of  quality. 

Sprottau  (sprot'tou).  A  manufacturing  to-wn 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Bober  74  miles  northwest  of  Breslau.  Popu- 
lation (1S90).  7,644. 

SprunervonMertz  (spro'nerfonmerts),  Karl. 
Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg.  Nov.  15, 1803 : 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  24.  1892.  A  chartogra- 
pher,  geographer,  historian,  and  Bavarian  gen- 
eral. He  produced  many  atlases,  especially  "Historisch- 
geographischer  Handatlas  "(1837-52),  medieval  and  school 
athases,  "Atlas  antiquus."  etc. 


or  sacred  being,  who  first  taught  the  law  and 
is  the  especial  foe  of  Aeshma,  the  demon  of 
wrath.  As  heavenly  guardian  of  the  world  he  is  awakened 
by  fire  in  the  third  night-watch,  and  then  awakes  the  cock, 
who  by  his  crowing  drives  away  Bushyansta,  the  demon  of 
sleep.  To  him  is  addressed  in  the  Yasna  the  Srosh  Yasht. 
In  Firdausi.  as  Sarush  or  Surush,  he  becomes  the  messenger 
of  heaven,  and  in  the  later  literature  is  often  identified 
with  Gabriel. 


Srinagar 

Srinagar  fsri-na-gSr'),  or  Serinagur  (spr'i-na- 
gor').  or  Kaslimir,  or  Cashmere  (kash-mer  ). 
Theeaiiital  ot  Kashmir,  situatudun  the  Jhelum 
in  lat.  31°  4'  X..  long.  74°  48'  E.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  shawls,  papier-mache  articles, 
silver  and  copper  ware,  etc.  Population  (1891), 
118,400. 

Srirangam  (sri-rang'gam),  orSeringham  (ser- 
ing'am).  A  town  in  the  district  of  Trichi- 
nopoli,  Madras.  India,  situate<l  on  an  island  of 
the  Kaveri  near  Trichinopoli.  It  li:ia  a  noted  temple 
ot  Vishnu.  The  Dravidian  temple  is  riniurkable  especially 
lor  its  great  Bize(the  itiflosiire  measures  2,475  by  2,880  feet), 
and  for  thelavish  sculptured  oiiianunt  of  its  many  mngnill- 
cent  goi)uras,  or  lofty  pynimidal  pylon  R.ateways.     The 


0.53 


Stampalia 

F,xperi[n<-nta  et  ohscrvationes  chemi. 


to  the  Baron  of  Stall-IIoUtein,  anibaissador  from  Sweden     dica  vera  "  (170D, 

to  Frame  :  he  died  in  1802.     Madame  de  .Stael  spent  a     ne"  (1731).  etc.        ,,._,„,       _..         , 

conpleof  years  in  i;ermany(18i«-(M),  and  met  both  Goethe  Stalir  (stiir).  Adolf  Wuhelm  TneOOOr. 


and  Schiller  at  Weinuir.  lii  1S05  she  took  a  short  trip  tn 
Itjdy.  In  1800  she  published  one  of  her  best  works,  •■  Dc 
la  littiSrature  coiisiiitir^e  dans  ses  rapports  avcc  les  insti- 
tutions.sociides."  In  1802  appeared  her  novel  "Delphine," 
and  in  1807  "  Corinne."  She  returned  to  (iermany  in  1808 
to  finish  "De  I'AllemaKne,"  her  best-known  work.  The 
first  edition  (Paris.  1810)  was  destroyed,  presumably  at  the 
instiffiition  of  Napoleon,  who  at  all  times  evinced  a  spirit 
of  petty  enmity  toward  the  Kreat  writer.    He  was  furthi 


Bom 


at  Prenzlau,  Prussia,  ltd.  21.',  1.--U5:  died  at 
Wiesbaden,  Prussia,  Oct.  3,  187G.  A  German 
scholar  and  author.  Amons  his  works  are  "Aristo- 
telia  "  (18.'I0-32)  and  various  other  works  on  .Aristotle, 
"  Ein  Jahr  in  Italien  "  ("A  Year  in  Italy,"  1847-50),  "  Die 
preussische  Kevolution"  (IS.'Vo).  "Torso,  oder  Eiinst, 
Kunsller,  und  Kunstwerke  der  Alten"  (1854-55),  •' Le«- 
sinj!  ■  (1R.".S„  ■•  Bilder  aus  dem  Altertum  "  (1863-06),  ete. 


more  the  cause  of  Iter  exile  from  Fraure  (lsl2-14).  when   Stahremberg.     See  SUirUcmberij 


she  visited  Au.stria,  Russia,  Sweden,  aiul  England.  .Shealso 
wrote  "  Considerations  sur  la  revolution  fran9aise"(lSls)^ 
Other  posthumous  works  by  her  are  "  I)i.x  ann^es  d'exil  * 
and  "  Essais  dramatiques  "(1821),  and  Anally  her  "(Euvres 

„., ,  ,,  incites "(18;i(i). 

general  plan  presents  a  series  of  courts,  in  tlie  central  one  Staempfll.     See  Slailipfti. 

of  which  is  the  sanctuary,  and  in  the  second  one  the  choul-  ox-if.    /^tsif'ii)       A    siiinll    island   of  tho   Inner 

try.  or  hall  of  l,0<JOc..lumn8,  which  is  traversed  by  a  beau-  JStaUa   (.-tatji).     A  small   isiana  or  me   inner 

tifol  central  aisle  of  double  the  height  and  width  of  the 

others. 

centurie 


The  construction  belongs  to  the  17th  and  18th 
Population  (1891),  21,632. 

Srirangapatam.     See  Serhif/apnlnm. 
St.    Por  words  beginning  with  St.,  see  Saint, 
Sdiikt,  San,  Sfin,  Santo,  or  Santa. 

Staal  (stal),  Baronne  de  (Marguerite  Jeanne 
Cordier):  often  called  JIme.  de  Staal-Delau- 
nay.  Bom  at  Paris,  May  30,  1684:  died  June 
16,1750.  AFrenchwriterof memoirs.  Shewasthe 
daughter  of  the  painter  Cordier,  whose  name  she  dropped 
for  that  of  her  mother,  Delaunay.  She  received  her  edu- 
cation at  the  convent  ot  St.  Louis  at  Rouen,  and  at  27  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  Ditchesse  de  JIaine.  In  17:i5  she 
married  the  Baron  de  Staal,  but  remained  in  the  duchess's 
household.  Her  "  MiJmoires  "  were  published  in  1755.  She 
also  left  two  comedies  and  some  letters. 

Stabat  Mater  (sta'bat  ma'ter).  [So  called 
from  the  first  words  of  the  Latin  text,  Stal)at 
mater,  'The  mother  (se.  of  Jesus)  was  stand 


Hebrides,  Scotland,  off  the  western  coast  of 
JIull,  north  of  lona  and  southwest  of  TJlva.  It 
contains  Fingal's  Cave. 
Stafford  (staffud),  or  Staffordshire  (staf'ord- 
shirX  [ME.  Stafor'J.  AS.  sta'jTanl.  appar.  from 
stref,  staff,  and/o;y/,  ford.]  A  midland  county 
of  iEngland,  bounded  by  Cheshire  on  the  north- 
west, Derby  and  Leicester  on  the  east,  Warwick 


Stainer  ista'ner).  Sir  John.  Born  June  6, 1840: 
died  -Maivli  31,  1901.  An  English  composer  of 
sacred  music,  and  organist.  He  was  organist  and 
choir-master  at  St.  Benedict  and  St.  Peters  in  1854.  and 
organist  of  the  cidlege  at  Tenbnry  in  WX.  He  matricu- 
lated at  (.lirist  CImrcb,  Oxford,  in  18;.9 ;  and  was  organist 
of  the  fnivcrsity  of  Oxford  lKi;;i-72,  and  of  St.  Pauls,  Lon- 
don, 1872-88,  when  he  resimied  on  account  of  failing  sight. 
He  was  professor  of  music  at  Oxford  University  1889-99. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  manual  on  harmony  and  of  «>ne  on 
the  organ,  and  was  editor  with  W.  A.  Barrett  of  a  "  Dic- 
tionaryof  .Musical  Term8'(1870).  He  waskniglited  in  Is8S. 

Staines  (stanz).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames 
19  miles  west-southwest  of  London.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  5.000. 


on  the  southeast,  Worcester  on  the  south,  and  gtair,  Earls  of.     See  Dahumpk. 
Shropshire  on  the  west.    The  surface  is  level  or  un-  Stair' VisCOUnt      Sec  Dain/niplc,  James. 
dulating.    Stafford  produces  iron,  coal,  clay,  aijd  marble,   gt^j^'^jf  gighs.     See  the  extract. 


and  has  maimfactures  of  iron  wares,  pottery,  ale,  etc, 
was  an  ancient  Druid  stronghold.  It  formed  part  of  tho 
medieval  Mercia.  Area,  1,16!)  S(iuaic  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,083,273. 

Stafford.  The  capital  of  Staffordshire,  situated 
on  the  Sow  in  lat.  .52°  48'  X.,  long.  2°  6'  W.  it 
has  various  manufactures,  including  boots  and  shoes. 
It  was  tho  birthplace  of  Izaak  Walton.    Population (1891), 

20,270. 


ine  '^      In  the  Roman  Catholic  liturgy,  a  se-  Stafford,  Henry,  second  Duke  of  Buekingtam. 


Born  in  England  about  1440:  beheaded  at  Salis 
bury,  Nov.  1,  1483.  An  English  soldier,  son  ot 
Hum]ihrev,  the  first  duke.  He  was  the  most  prom- 
inent snpi)orter  of  Richard  III.  in  usurping  the  throne, 
and  in  14S3  was  made  hereditary  lord  high  constable  of 
England.  Having  joined  a  conspiracy  to  restore  the  Lan- 
castrians, he  was  betrayed  and  executed.  He  is  a  promi- 
nent character  in  Shak'spere's  "King  Richard  in." 

Stafford,  Humphrey,  fourth  Eail  of  Stafford, 
afterward  Duke  of  Buckingham 


The  flight  of  steps  which  led  from  the  door  of  the  upper 
prison  down  to  tlic  Forum  was  called  the  Scaia-  Geino- 
nix :  or,  according  to  Pliny  (Hist,  Nat.,  viii.  H5\  (Jradiia 
GcmiYr.rii, 'the  stairs  of  sighs';  see  also  Tac,  Hist.  in. 
74  and  85  On  it  the  body  of  Sabinus.  and  a  few  days 
afterwards  that  of  the  murdered  \itellius,  were  thn)wn 
(Suet.,\it,  17);  and  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius  the  bodies  of 
-Elius  Sejanus,  his  family  and  friends,  after  they  were 
cruelly  murdered  by  the  Emperor's  onlers,  were  exposed 
on  these  Scalar  to  the  nunil)er  of  twenty  in  one  dtiy ;  see 


quence  on  the  Virgin  Mary  at  the  cnicifixiou, 
written  about  1300  by  Jacobus  de  Bene- 
dictis  (Jaeopone  da  Todi).  It  has  also  been  as- 
cribed to  Innocent  III.  and  others,  and  was  probably 
modeled  on  ohler  hymns  such  as  the  staurotheotokia  of 
the  Greek  Church.  It  is  sung  after  the  Epistle  on  the 
feast  of  the  Seven  Dolours  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  M.ary  on 
the  Friday  befiue  Good  Friday  and  on  the  third  Sunday 
in  Sept.  Slusic  for  it  has  been  written  by  PiUestrina, 
Pergolcsi,  Rossini,  Dvoriik,  and  others. 

Stabiae  (sta'bi-e).  An  ancient  Koman  watering- 
place,  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  4  miles  south  of 
Pompeii,  overwhelmed  by  the  eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius in  79  A.  I>.  It  has  been  excavated  in  part. 
Castellamare  occupies  its  site.  . 

Stabroek  (stiib'rok).    The  old  name  of  George-  Stafford,  First  Viscount  (William  Howard).  Stamboul  (stam-bol').    [1 

- ■         ,      ..     -.^    .   '^.(^.jjo     Born  in  England,  Nov.  20,  1612:  executed  on    M(^r.  fir  t;)i>  ttiS?./)',  into  the 


Suet ,  Tib. ,  61.    Muldleton,  Remains  of  Anc.  Rome,  1,  154. 

Staked  Plain,  Sj).  Llano  Estacado  (lyii'no  es- 

tii-kii'do).  Anexlensivcsterileplaleauin  north- 
western Texas  and  southeastern  New  Mexico. 
Tlie  name  is  derived  from  lines  of  stakes  which  were  set 
up  to  guide  travelers,  or,  according  to  another  account, 
f["m  till-  stalks  of  a  yucca  plant  resembling  stakes. 

BOTnin  1404':  Staleybridge,    Soo  siaijih-hhie. 


killed  at  the  battle  of  Northam,^;; 'inly  lo!  ^^^-^^^^^^^^^^^J^^i;^^ 


ated  on  the  Tame  7  miles  east  of  Mancliester. 


town,  British  Guiana:  given  by  the  Dutcln 
were  its  original  settlers  in  1774. 

Stachelberg  (stilch'el-berc).  A  watering-place 
in  tho  canton  of  Glarus,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Linth  9  miles  south -southvrest  of  Gla- 
rus.    It  lias  sulphur  springs, 

Stachys  (sta'kis).  [Gr.  <Tra,Yi'f,  a  spike  of -wheat.] 
A  rarely  used  name  for  a  Virginis,  ordinarily 
called  Spira. 


1460.     An  English  soldier.    He  was  present  at  the 

coronationofHenryVr.  as  king  of  France  in  Paris  in  Dec,     -----r-"-  7      .;       .. „„„f„„f.,,oc      Pot^i. 

1431.    He  was  made  lord  high  constable  of  England,  and    It  has  important  cotton  manufactures,     i'opu- 
in  1444  was  created  duke  of  Buckingham.  lation  (1891),  26,783, 

■  [Turk.  Istonihiil.  from 

citv.]    The  Turkish 


heir  of  Hciirj'.  Haron  Stalford,  through  whom  he  acquired 
the  title  of  Baron  StalToid.  He  was  created  Viscount  Staf- 
ford in  16J0.    He  was  a  Royalist  during  the  civil  war.   He 
was  accused  of  complicity  in  the  "  Popish  Plot  "  of  Titus 
Oates,  and  of  treason,  and  was  convicted  Dec.  7, 16S0. 
Stade  (sta'de).     A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Stagira    (sta-ii'ra),   or  StagiruS    (sta-ii'rus). 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Scliwinge     [Gr.  ^raycipa.']    In  ancient  geography,  a  city  on 
22  miles  west  bv  north  of  Hamburg.     Itw.asfor-     the  coast  of  Chalcidice,  Macedonia,  about  43 
merly  an  Important  commercial  pl.ice,  and  until  recently     miles  east  of  Thessalonica:  the  Vm'thplace  ot 
a  fortress.    It  passed  from  the  nr<;hljisliopric  of  Bremen     Aristotle,     It  was  colonized  from  Andros. 
to  Sweden  in  IMS;  was  ceded  to  Hannover  in  1719;  and 
passed  to  Prussia  in  Isia;.    pi.pulation  (I«)u).  in,191. 

Stade, 


Tower  Hill,  Dec,  29, 1680.  Tlie  chief  victim  of  namoof  Constantinople,  and  also,  in  a  narrower 
the  Oates  conspiracy,  second  son  of  Thomas  use,  of  the  oldest  part  of  it,  southwest  of  the 
Howard,  earl  of  Arundel.    He  w.as  brought  up  as  a    Golden  Horn. 

Roman  Patholi-.     AboutlKM  he  married  .Mary,  sister  anil  Stambuloff  (stiim-bo'lof).  Stephen.  Born  1853: 

'"'■" ■■■■■'     died  at  Solia,  July  18, 1895.   A  Bulgarian  liberal 


Stagirite  (sta.i'i-rit).  The,   Aristotle:  so  named 

from  liis  birthplace  Stagira, 


physical  intlrniily, 

themselves  in  his  i)oetry.  His  first  Important  work  was 
the  epic  "Wladimir  den  Store  "  ("Wadimir  the  Great  "). 
which  appeareil  in  1S17.  The  year  after  he  was  awarded 
tho  prize  of  the  Academy  for  the  iioem  "(Jnlinionui  i 
Norden"  ("The  Women  of  the  North"), 
work  is  the  cycle  of  ixiems.  phllosopbieal. religions  In 
characti-r,  under  the  title  "  Llljor  1  Saron  "  ("'I'be  Lilies  of 
Sharon  '').  i>iiblisli.il  in  1821.  Among  his  other  works  are 
theunconiiiblril  ipica  "lilcnda"and  "<lunlog";  the  dra- 
matic pmni  '  .Martvrerne"C'The  Martyrs");  the  drama 
"Itiddartiprnef'C'The  K  night's  Tower  ');  and  the  trage- 
dies "  liacibantorna  "  ("The  Bacchanals  "),  "  Visbur."  and 
".Sigurd  Hirig."  Ills  collected  works  were  published  at 
Stockholm,  l.H07-flS,  in  2  vols. 
Christian  of  llalbersta.lt.  Of  the  army  of  the  latter  «.ikio  StagnOne  (stiin-vo'ne)  Islands.  A  group  ot 
I  4,0110  were  captured,  including  William,  duke  of     ^,„°,i  i^i,j,„i„„(T  thpwostiriicoast  of  Sicily,north 


his  adventures  was  published  in  1.1.57  as  "Geschicbte  eims 
LandcB  AmrTii;a  genannt."  There  are  later  editions  in 
several  languages. 

Stadion  (stii'de-6n),  Count  Johann  Philipp 
Karl  Joseph  von.  Bom  June  18,  176:! :  die<l 
at  Baden,  near  Vienna,  May  14-15,  ]8'24.  An 
Austrian  statesman.  He  was  minlsterof  foreign  af- 
fairs from  the  peace  of  Presbnrg  (Kec,  180,5)  to  1809,  and 
lat^T  was  minister  of  finance. 

Stadtlohn  (stiit-lon').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  tlie  Berkel 
25  miles  iiorlheast  of  Wesel.  Here,  Aug.  6,  162;!, 
the  ImDerlaliats  under  Tilly  defeated  the  ailmlnistrator 

.'  .....  .        ,.  A«    .1 _ (    ,1...    I..,,..,.  I!  lUU^ 


politician.     H.'  was  president  cf  the  Sobninye  1884-86  : 
one  of  the  regents.  1886-87,  between  the  abdication  of 
Alexander  and  the  accession  of  Fei-dinand :  and  premier 
1887  '14.     He  was  shot  hy  an  assassin  July  16,  18!>5. 
Stamfordistam'fprd).  [^\E.  Stamford, XA. Stdn- 
ftird,  stone  ford.]   A  town  in  Lincolnshire  and 
Norlliamptonshire,  England,  situated   on  the 
Welland.      It    was   one   of   tlie    "  live    Danish 
bdioUL'lis."     Population  (1891),  8.3;-)8, 
Stamford.  A  t  own  in  Fairfield  County, Connecti- 
cut, siliialedoii  Long  Island  Sound.     Popula- 
tion (1900),  1,8,839. 
Stamford  (stam'ford).  Battle  of.     A  victory 
gained  by  Edward  IV.  over  the  Lancastrian  in- 
surgeiitsin  1470.  Also  called  tho  battle  of  Lose- 

CiUlt    I'iold. 

Stamford  Bridge.     A  place  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 

liiud.  8  iiiilcMust-northeast  of  York.    Here,  Sept, 

1066.  the  English  under  Harolil  II.  defeated  the  army  of 

Harold  llaidrada  of  Norway  and  Tostlg. 

His  greatest  Stammerer  (slam'er-er).The,     A  surname  of 

and  also  of  Michael  II,, 


fell  and 

Weimar.  .. 

Stael-Holstein(stii'el-hol'stiii;  l .  l.ron.  sta  td- 

ol-stan'),  Anne  Louise  Germaine  Necker, 

Baronne  de  :  commonly  I'allcd  Madame  dS 
Stael.  Born  :it  I'aris,  Ai>ril  22, 1766:  died  tliero, 
July  14, 1817.  A  celebrated  Prench  writer.  She 
was'thc  rtanghtcr  oi  Necker,  the  minister  of  finance  un- 
der Louis  XVI.  Already  as  a  child  she  enjoyed  in  her 
own  hemic  the  society  of  men  like  Hnlfon,  Marinontel. 
Grimm,  and  Gibbon,  who  were  all  personal  friends  of  her 
father,  and  who  stimulated  her  to  mental  activity.  She 
especially  admired  J.  ,1.  HoURsean.  ami  devoted  to  hlni 
her  first  serious  essay,  "  Lettres  sur  le  earactere  et  les 
Merits  do  J.  J.  Rousseau  "  (178s).     In  1786  she  was  married 


of  Miirsal;!  :nol  sontli-soufliwosi  of  Trapani. 

Stahl  (siiil),  Friedrich  Julius,  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  16.  bH02:  died  at  Briickeiiau,  Bava- 
ria, Aug,  10,  186L  A  noted  (^I'rmaii  political 
philosophir  and  Cdiiservafive  ]nililii'ian  :  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  !8.|0.  He  was  an  advocate  fnr 
close  union  lielweeu  church  and  state.  He  wrote  "Phlli>- 
solplii.-  .I.s  l!.,blB"(18;to-:i7).  etc. 

Stahl,  Georg  Ernst.  Born  at  Ansbach.  Bava- 
ria, Oi't.  21,  1660:  died  a(  Berlin,  May  14,  17:!l. 
AnotecKierniiiii  clMinisI,  physician  of  the  King 
of  Prussia  from  1710,    His  works  Include  "Thcoriamc- 


Li'uis  II.  of  Kranc 
Byziintine  emperor. 
Stamp  Act.  An  act  imposing  or  regulating  tho 
iinposition  of  stamp  duties;  in  American  colo- 
nial history,  an  act,  also  known  as  (Jrenville's 
Stamp  .\ct,  passed  by  the  British  Parliament  in 
1765,  |irovidiiig  for  the  raising  of  revenue  in  the 
American  colonies  by  the  sale  of  stam|is  ami 
st  a  iiipedi>a])er  for  commercial  transact  ions, real- 
estate  transfers,  lawsuits,  miirriagc  licenses,  in- 
heritances, etc.:  it  also  iirovided  that  the  royal 
forces  in  America  shouhl  be  billeted  on  the  jieo- 
ple.  The  act  was  to  go  Into  etfecl  Nov.  1,  I7tV.'>;  but  It 
aronsed  Intense  opposition,  led  by  the  assemblies  of  Vir- 
ginia, Massachusetts,  ami  other  ecdonles.  A  "Stamp  Act 
CongrcHs,"  with  ilelegates  fnan  many  of  thec<d<u)les,  met 
nt  New  York  III  Oct  ,  17ll.'i,  and  a  petition  against  this  and 
other  repressive  nieiisures  was  sent  t«>  England.  The  Stamp 
Act  was  reinaled  In  March.  I7W.  but  theagltalion  was  one 
of  111.'  Iiadliig  causes  In  etrerling  the  Kevoluti.in 

Stampalia  (stiini-]iii-le'i<),  or  Astropalia  (iis- 
tro-pii-lO'U),     .(Vn  island  in  the  ..Egeun  Sea,  be- 


Stampalia 

longing  to  Turkey,  77  miles  west-northwest  of 
RhoJes:  the  ancient  Astypalrea.  Length,  13 
miles. 

Stampfli  (stempf  li),  Jakob.  Born  at  Sohiip- 
fen,  Bern,  Switzerland.  1820:  died  at  Bern,  May 
15,1879.  A  Swiss  liberal  politician.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  government  of  the  canton  of  Bern  1S49-60,  and 
was  vice-president  of  the  Bundesrat  in  1855,  and  president 
in  1S56  and  1862.  He  was  president  of  the  federal  bajik  in 
Bern  from  18t}5. 

Stanchio  (stan'ke-6).     A  modem  name  of  Cos. 

Standard,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained  by 
the  English,  led  by  Archbishop  Thurston,  over 
the  Scots  under  King  David,  near  Northallerton, 
Yorkshire,  in  1138:  so  called  from  the  English 
banner. 

Standish  (stan'dish),  Miles  or  Myles.    Bom 

in  Lancashire,  England,  about  158-1:  died  at 
Duxbury,  Mass.,  Oct.  3, 1656.  One  of  the  early 
colonists  of  New  England.  He  served  in  the  Nether- 
lands as  a  soldier ;  came  over  in  the  Mayflower  to  Ply- 
mouth in  16-20,  and  was  appointed  captain  by  the  Pilt^rims ; 
commanded  various  expeditions  against  the  Indians,  de- 
featin!;l:hem.at  Wejnuouth  in  1623;  w.as  agent  of  the  colony 
in  England  1625-26;  and  was  one  of  the  settlers  and  a 
magistrate  of  Duxbury.  He  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by 
Longfellow,  "The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish." 

Stanfield(stan'feld),William  Clarkson.  Born 
at  Stmderland,  England,  about  1794:  died  May 
18,  1867.  A  noted  English  painter,  chiefly  of 
marine  subjects.  He  was  a  sailor  in  his  youth.  In 
1818  he  painted  scenery  for  the  Old  Royalty,  a  sailors' 
theiiter,  in  london.  In  1S26  he  painted  at  Drury  Lane.  In 
18-27  he  exhibited  his  first  important  picture,  "Wreckers 
oti  Fort  Rouge,"  at  the  British  Institution.  In  1830  he 
traveled  on  the  Continent.  He  was  made  associate  royal 
academician  in  1832,  and  royal  academician  in  1835.  Among 
his  paintings  are  "The  Batlle  of  Trafalg.'ir"(1836),  "The 
Castle  of  Ischia"  (1841),  "Isola  Bella "  (1842),  "Battle  of 
Uoveredo  "  (1861),  etc. 

Stanford  (stan'fgrd).  Sir  Charles  Villiers. 
Born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  30, 18oL'.  A  British  com- 
poser and  conductor,  in  1872  he  was  appointed  con- 
ductor of  the  Cambridge  LTniversity  Musical  Society,  and 
graduated  there  in  187*1.  He  is  professor  of  composition 
and  orchestral  playing  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  Lon- 
don, and  in  1887  was  elected  professor  of  music  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  Among  his  compositions  are  the 
operas  "The  Veiled  Proiihet  of  Khorassan  "  (1881),  "Sa- 
vonarola" (1884),  and  "The  Canterbury  Pilgrims  "  (1884). 
He  has  also  written  many  overtures,  songs,  suites,  etc.,  and 
some  church  music.     He  was  knighted  in  1902. 

Stanford  (stan'ford),  Leland.  Born  at  Water- 
vliet,  N,  Y.,  March  9,  1824:  died  at  Palo  Alto, 
Cal.,  June  20,  1893.  An  American  capitalist 
and  politician.  He  was  Republican  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia 1S61-C3  ;  first  presiilent  of  the  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road (elected  1861) ;  and  Ignited  States  senator  from  Cali- 
fornia 1885-03.  He  gave  to  California  the  Leland  .Stanford 
Junior  Lfniversity  at  Palo  Alto,  with  an  endowment  of 
about  820,000,000. 

Stanhope  (stan'op),  Charles,  third  Earl  Stan- 
hope. Born  Aug.  3,  1753:  died  at  Chevening, 
Kent,  Dec.  15, 1816.  An  English  statesman  and 
scientist.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Geneva.  From 
1780 to  1786, when  he  succeeded  to  theearldom,  he  wasmem- 
ber  of  Parliament  for  Wycombe,  Buckinghamshire,  and  W!ls 
asupporterof  Pitt,  whose  sister  he  married  Dec.  19, 1774.  In 
the  arbitrary  measures  of  his  later  career  Lord  Stanhope 
opposed  his  brother-in-law.  He  was  chairnian  of  the 
"Revolutionary  Society,"  formed  in  commemoration  of 
the  revolution  of  1688,  which  sympathized  with  the  French 
Revolution ;  and  in  1795  introduced  a  motion  in  the 
House  of  Lords  deprecating  interference  with  French  af- 
fairs. He  was  left  in  a  "minority  of  one."  a  sobriquet 
which  clung  to  him,  and  left  Parliament  for  five  years. 
He  was  caricatured  by  Sayers  and  Gillray.  On  March  17, 
1781,  he  married  as  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  the  first  Earl 
Temple  and  George  Grenville.  Lady  Hester  Stanhope 
was  a  daughter  of  his  first  wife.  He  invented  the  Stan- 
hope printing-press  and  lens,  improved  canal-locks,  and 
(1795-1)7)  made  experiments  in  steam  navigation.  He  pub- 
lished "Principles  of  Electricity"  (1779)  and  a  reply  to 
Burke's  "  Reflections  on  the  Revolution  inFrance"(1790). 

Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  Lucy.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, March  12,  1776 :  died  at  Djoim  in  Motint 
Lebanon,  June  23, 1839.  Daughter  of  the  third 
Earl  Stanhope,  and  niece  of  William  Pitt,  and 
from  1803  the  head  of  Pitt's  household  and  his 
private  secretary,  she  attended  his  death-bed.  In 
Feb.,  1810,  she  left  England  and  established  a  small  satrapy 
at  Djoun  in  Mount  Lebanon.  In  1832  Ibrahim  Pasha,  when 
about  to  invade  Syria,  was  obliged  to  secure  her  neutrality. 
Her  "Memoirs,  as  Related  by  Herself  in  Conversations 
with  her  Physician"  (Dr.  Merj-on),  were  published  in  1845, 
and  later  (1846)  the  "Memoirs"  were  supplemented  by'her 
"  Travels.^' 

Stanhope,  James,  first  Earl  Stanhope.  Born 
at  Paris,  1673:  died  at  London,  Feb.  5,  1721. 
An  English  general  and  politician,  nephew  of 
the  second  Earl  of  Chesterfield.  He  resided  in 
Spain,  where  his  father  was  minister ;  entered  the  army  in 
1694  ;  was  member  of  Parliament  in  1702;  served  as  briga- 
dier-general at  the  siege  of  Barcelona  in  1705  ;  was  com- 
mander-in-chief in  Spain  in  1708,  when  he  captured  Port 
Mahon  ;  with  Starhemberg  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Al- 
menara  July  17, 1710,  and  at  Saragossa  Aug.  20;  and  sur- 
lendered  at  Brihuega  (1710).  On  the  accession  of  George 
1.  (1714)  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state ;  in  1717  was 
first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ; 
and  iu  April,  1718,  waa  created  Earl  Stanhope. 


954 

Stanhope,  Philip  Dormer,  fourth  Earl  of  (Ches- 
terfield. Bom  at  London,  Sept.  22,  1694:  died 
March  24,  1773.  An  English  politician,  orator, 
and  writer :  famous  as  a  man  of  fashion.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  :  occupied  a  num- 
ber of  diplomatic  positions ;  and  was  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland  1744-46.  His  chief  work  is  "Letters  to  his  Son," 
which  were  not  written  for  publication,  but  were  published 
in  1774.  These  letters  give  instruction  iu  manners 
and  morals,  and  the  method  of  "  uniting  wickedness  and 
the  graces,"  written  by  the  man  who  of  all  others  in  Eng- 
land desired  to  be  considered  the  mirror  of  politeness.  It 
was  to  Chesterfield  that  Johnson  wrote  his  celebrated  in- 
vective about  the  dictionary  in  175,5,  which  is  now  thought 
to  be  unjust. 

Stanhope,  Philip  Henry,  fifth  Earl  Stanhope, 
designated  by  the  courtesy  title  Lord  Mahon 
before  his  accession  to  the  earldom.  Born  Jan. 
31,  1805:  died  at  Bournemouth,  Deo.  24,  1875. 
An  English  historian  and  politician,  grandson  of 
the  third  Earl  Stanhope.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Versailles  " 
(1836-64)  ;  "The  War  of  Succession  in  Spain"  (1832) ;  lives 
of  Belisarius,  Cond6,  Joan  of  Arc,  and  William  Pitt ;  and 
a  "History  of  England,  comprising  the  Reign  of  Anne  un- 
til the  Peace  of  Utrecht"  (1870). 

Stanihurst.     See  Stanyliurst. 

S'tanislaus  (stan'is-las),  or  Stanislas  (stan'is- 
las).  Saint.  Bom  1030  :  killed  1079.  Bishop  of 
Cracow,  and  patron  saint  of  Poland. 

Stanislaus  I.  Leszcynski  (lesh-chun'ske). 
Born  at  Lemberg.  Galicia,  Oct.  20,  1677:  died 
Feb.  23,  1766.  King  of  Poland,  elected  as  the 
candidate  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  in  1704, 
and  crowned  in  1705,  He  was  obliged  to  leave  Poland 
in  1709;  was  again  a  candidate  in  1733;  and  fonnally  ab- 
dicated in  1735,  hut  reLained  the  title  and  received  the 
duchies  of  Lorraine  and  Bar  in  1737. 

Stanislaus  II.  Augustus  (a-gus'tus)  (Ponia- 
towski).  Born  at  Wolczvn,  Lithuania,  Jan. 
17.  1732 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  12,  1798. 
King  of  Poland  1764-95.  He  was  elected  through 
the  intervention  of  Russia.  He  was  in  1795  forced  to  sign 
the  third  partition  of  Poland,  which  put  an  end  to  his 
kingdom. 

Stanislaus  River.  A  river  in  California  which 
joins  the  San  Joaquin  22  miles  south  of  Stock- 
ton.    Length,  over  150  miles. 

StanislawOW.     See  Stanislaus. 

Stanko  (stan'ko).     A  modern  name  of  Cos. 

Stanley.     See  Fall-land  Islands. 

Stanley  (stan'li),  Arthur  Penrhyn.  Born  at 
Alderley,  Cheshire,  England,  Dec.  13, 1815:  died 
at  London,  July  IS,  1881.  An  English  divine, 
historian,  and  theological  writer.  He  was  a  tu- 
tor in  Oxford  1841-51 ;  canon  of  Canterbury  1851-66 ;  and 
professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  in  Oxford  1856-63.  He 
was  appointed  dean  of  Westminster  1863-and  entered  on  the 
ofiice  in  1864.  He  traveled  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  1852-53, 
in  Russia  in  1857,  in  Eg>-pt  and  Palestine  with  the  Prince 
of  Wales  in  186-2,  and  in  America  in  1878.  He  was  a 
leader  of  the  "Broad  Church."  His  works  include  "  Life 
and  Correspondence  of  Thomas  Arnold  "  (1844),  "Sermons 
and  Essays  on  the  Apostolic  Age  "(1847),  "Commentary 
on  the  Epistles  to  the  Corinthians  "(1855),  "Sinai  and  Pal- 
estine "  (1856),  "Memorials  of  Canterbury "  (1855),  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Greek  Church  "  (1861),  "  History  of  the  Jewish 
Church  "  (1862-65),"  Historical  Memorials  of  Westminster 
Abhey"(1867),"EssaysonChHrchandState"(1870),"Church 
of  Scotland "(1872),  and  "Christian  Institutions "(1881). 

Stanley,  Edward  Geoffrey  Smith,  fourteenth 
Earl  of  Derby.  Born  at  Knowsley,  Lancashire, 
England,  March  29,  1799 :  died  at  Knowsley, 
Oct.  23, 1869.  A  British  statesman.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1821 ;  was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1830- 
lS33,and  colonial  secretary  1833-34  and  1841-45 ;  was  created 
Baron  Stanley  in  1844 ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom  in  1851 ; 
and  was  premier  in  1852,  1858-59,  and  1866-68.  He  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  the  Iliad  (1S64). 

Stanley,  Edward  Henry  Smith,  fifteenth  Earl 
of  Derbv.  Born  at  Knowsley,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, July  21,  1826:  died  there,  April  21, 1893. 
A  British  politician,  son  of  the  fom-teenth  Earl 
of  Derby.  He  was  secretary  of  state  for  India  1858-59  ; 
foreign  secretary  1866-68  and  1874-78 ;  and  colonial  sec- 
retary 1882-S5.  Originally  a  Conservative,  he  acted  with 
the  Liberals  from  1880  to  1880,  when  he  joined  the  Liberal- 
I'nionists. 

Stanley,  Frederick  Arthur,  sixteenth  Earl  of 
Derby.  Bom  Jan.  15, 1841.  An  English  noble- 
man, second  son  of  the  fourteenth  earl.  He  was 
financial  secretary  of  the  treasury  1877-78 ;  secretary  for 
war  1878-80  ;  colonial  secretary  1885-86 ;  president  of  the 
board  of  trade  1886-88 ;  and  governor-general  of  Canada 
1888-93.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Staidey 
of  Preston  in  1886,  and  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  April 
21,  1893,  succeeded  to  the  eai-ldom. 

Stanley,  Sir  Henry  Morton  (originally  John 
Rowlands).  Born  near  Denbigh,  Wales,  1841. 
A  noted  African  explorer.  He  was  of  obscure  paren- 
tage ;  was  thrown  upon  his  own  resources  at  an  early  age  ; 
and,  it  is  said,  worked  his  way  as  a  cabin-boy  to  New  fir- 
leans,  where  he  was  employed  by  a  merchant  named  Stan- 
ley, whose  name  he  adopted.  He  served  in  the  Confeder- 
ate army,  and  later  in  the  United  States  navy ;  went  to 
Turkey  as  a  newspaper  correspondent;  went  with  the 
British  expedition  to  Abyssinia  1868  as  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  "  Herald  "  ;  was  sent  by  the  "  Her.ald  "  in  search 
of  Livingstone  in  1869 ;  started  from  Zanzibar  March,  1871; 


Stapleton 

found  Livingstone  at  Ujiji  Nov.,  1871,  and  returned  1872; 
was  sent  by  the  "Herald  "and  London  "  Telegraph  "tocen. 
tral  Africa"l874 ;  left  the  coast  Nov.,  1874  ;  circumnavigated 
Victoria  Nyanza  1875  ;  explored  Albert  Nyanza  and  Tan- 
ganyika; discovered  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza,  and  de- 
scended the  Lualaba  (Kongo)  1870-77.  To  him  is  due  the 
resolution  of  the  greatest  of  the  African  geographical 
problems  —  the  demonstration  that  the  great  system  of 
waters  immediately  west  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  including 
the  lake  itself,  lies  in  the  upper  basin  of  the  Kongo,  and 
is  "tributary  to  that  river.  He  was  sent  under  the  auspices 
of  the  International  African  Association  to  develop  the 
Kongo  region  1879 ;  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Free  State  of  the  Kongo  ;  took  part  in  the  Kongo  confer- 
ence in  Berlin  1884-85 ;  was  sent  to  the  relief  of  Emin 
Pasha  1887 ;  returned  with  Emin  from  the  Nile  to  the 
coast  1889 ;  and  arrived  in  England  in  1890.  He  has  writ- 
ten "How  I  Found  Livingstone"  (1872),  "Through  the 
Dark  Continent "  (1878),  "  The  Congo  and  the  Founding  of 
its  Free  State"  (1886),  "In  Darkest  Africa"  (1890),  "My 
Dark  Companions,  etc."  (1893),  "Slavery  and  the  Slave 
Trade  in  -\frKa"(lS93),etc.  HewasmadeK.G.C.B.iul899. 

Stanley,  Sir  Hubert.  An  impoverished  squire 
in  Thomas  Morton's  comedy  "A  Cure  for  the 
Heart  Ache  "  ( 1797).  The  phrase  "  Approbation  from 
Sir  Hubert  Stanley  is  praise  indeed"  occurs  iu  Act  v., 
scene  2. 

Stanley,  Thomas.  Born  iu  Hertfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 1625  :  died  at  London,  April  12,  1678.  An 
English  translator,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  au- 
thor. He  wrote  a  "History  of  Philosophy" 
(1655-62). 

Stanley  Falls.  [Named  from  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley.] A  series  of  falls  in  the  upper  Kongo, 
situated  near  the  equator. 

Stanley  Pool.  [From  H.  M.  Stanley.]  A  lake 
formed  by  the  expansion  of  the  Kongo,  about 
lat.  4°  5'  S. 

Stanovoi(sta-n6-voi') Mountains.  Amountain- 
chain  in  eastern  Siberia,  which  extends  from  the 
borders  of  Mongolia  and  Manchuria  to  Bering 
Strait.  It  connects  in  the  southwest  with  the 
Yablonoi  Mountains.   Height,  5,000-7,000  feet. 

Stanton  (stan'ton),  Ed'win  McMasters.  Bom 
at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  Dee.  19.  1814:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  24,  1869.  A  noted 
American  statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar;  practised  in  Ohio,  at  Pittsburg,  and  at  Wash- 
ington before  the  United  States  Supreme  Court :  was  at- 
torney-general Dec,  1860, -March.  1801;  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  by  President  Lincoln  in  Jan.,  1S62  ;  was 
suspended  by  President  Johnson  in  Aug.,  1867 ;  and  was 
restored  by  the  Senate  in  Jan.,  1868.  Johnson's  attempt 
to  remove  him  in  Feb.,  1868,  caused  the  impeachment  of 
the  President;  on  the  latter's  acquittal  in  May,  1868,  Stan- 
ton resigned.  He  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the 
I'nited  .States  Supreme  Court,  Dec.  20,  1869. 

Stanton,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Cady).     Born  at 

Johustown,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  12.  1815:  died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  26,  1902.  An  American  reformer,  a 
prominentadvocate  of  woman  suffrage.  Theflrst 
woman's  rights  convention  was  held  at  her  house  in  1848. 

Stanwix  (stan'wiks),  John.  Born  in  England 
about  1690 :  lost  at  sea,  Dec,  1765.  An  English 
general  in  the  French  and  Indian  war.  He 
erected  Fort  Stanwix  on  the  Mohawk  in  1758. 

Stanyhurst  (stan'i-herst),  Richard.  Born  at 
Dublin  about  1545 :  died  at  Brussels,  1618.  An 
Irish  miscellaneous  author  and  translator,  an 
uncle  of  Archbishop  Usher.  He  was  educated  at 
University  College,  Oxford,  and  studied  law  at  Furnival's 
Inn.  He  took  orders  later,  and  became  the  chaplain  of  Al- 
bert, archduke  of  Austria,  the  governor  of  the  Spanish 
Netherlands.  Hetranslated  the  first  four booksof  Vergil's 
".Eneid. "printed  inLeyden  in  1582,  andthenextyear  in  Lon- 
don, with  translations  of  the  Psalms,  etc.  "This  wonder- 
ful book  (in  which  the  spelling  is  only  less  marvellous  than 
the  phraseology  and  verse)  shows  more  than  anything  else 
the  activetbroes  which  English  literature  was  undergoing; 
and  though  the  result  was  but  a  false  birth,  it  is  none  the 
less  interesting  "  (Saintsbnni).  He  also  wrote  the  descrip- 
tion of  Ireland  in  Holinshed's  "Chronicles,"  a  life  of  St 
Patrick  (1587),  etc. 

Stanz  (stiints),  or  Stans  (stiins).  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Unterwalden  nid-dem-Wald, 
Switzerland,  7  miles  south-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the 
French  and  the  men  of  Unterwalden  Sept.  9, 
1798.     Population,  2,458. 

Stanzerthal  (stant'scr-tal).  An  Alpine  valley 
in  western  Tyrol,  50  miles  west  of  Innsbruck. 

Staple  of  News  (sta'pl  ov  nuz).  The.  A  com- 
edy by  Ben  Jonson,  acted  in  1625. 

Staples  (sta'plz),  William  Read.  Bom  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  10,  1798:  died  at  Provi- 
dence, Oct.  19,  1868.  An  American  historian 
and  jurist,  author  of  several  historical  and  leg.al 
works  relating  to  Rhode  Island. 

Stapleton  (sta'pl-ton),  or  Stapylton,  Sir  Rob- 
ert. Died  in  1669."  An  English  soldier,  trans- 
lator, dramatist,  and  poet.  He  was  a  student  at  Douai, 
but  was  converted  to  Protestantism,  and  became  gentle- 
man usher  to  King  Charles  II.  He  translated  Juvenal  and 
Musajus,  and  wrote  two  plays,  "The  Slighted  Maid  "  (acted 
in  166:!)  and  "  Hero  and  Leander,"  liased  on  Mus.TUs(rrinted 
in  1669).  He  translated  Valcroisant's  "  Entertainments  of 
the  Course,  or  Academical  Conversations  "  (1658)  and  De 


Stapleton 


956 


Italian.'  .  . c ,i„     about  50  mil<;^s. 


Steelyard 

Sea  south  of  Astrakhan  and  the  province  of 
the  Don  Cossacks.  Area,  23,397  square  mile;-. 
Population  (1897),  873,863.- -2.  The  capital  of 
'  "•' pol,  about  lat.  45°  N. 


staniliug  in  Pall  Mall,  London.  which  separans  K^tai^,.  »o.„.. 

Starbuck(star'l,uk)  Island,    A  small  island  m  and  connects  Newark  Bay  on  the  north 

tlfe  Pacific,  in  lat.  5°  38'  S.,  long.  loo»  oo   W.     J'^^  ^^^^^^  Bay  on  the  south. 


Star'and  Garter.     A  famous  tavern  formerly  s^.^te'^Vsralid  Sound      An  "m«^  the  Atlantic    t^'^^--^"  si  mtma[7p-rabouri7f6: 
standing  in  Pall  Mall,  London.  which  separates  Staten  Island  from  New  JeT-    i^  "r^^^j.^  , ,889^   34  s38 

o:frv'.,X,.H>.'),nk>TRland.    Asmall.slandm     _„    <..„/,,„„,..♦«  Newark  Bay  on  the  north  gP^I^™^,^^^^{iifni^^  BomatEm- 

bleton.  Northumberland.  July  5.  1849.  An 
Engli-sh  journalist,  sou  of  a  Conpepitional 
minister.  He  was  edncttt«(l  at  home  and  iit  WakilliM, 
leaving  school  at  thi-  .Mie  ot  fourU-cn  i!i  orJtr  U>  1" c.me 
offlce-hoy  in  a  inercantih-  office.  He  was  appoiiiUil  editor 
of  the  'N-orthem  Echo  ■  (I)ailinitlon)  in  lb71,  and  in  18*0 
assistant  editor  of  tlie  "  I'ull  Mall  (iazelte,  of  which  he 
was  editor  1S83-S9.  In  IbiM)  he  founded  the  "Review  of 
Kcvlews,"  of  which  he  is  the  editor  aii.l  imblisher. 


It  has  deposits  of  guano. 


States,  The,     1.  The  Netherlands.— 2.    The 


StarChamber  (st&  cham'ber).    [So  called^  it  "{'t"";'",',  j^t^tes  of  America 


m'ber).    [Socallea.u     Tj„jtt.,l  states  of  America. 
'irsaiTbccause  the  roof  was  orig.  ornamented  gta,tes,The,  The  legislative  body  in  the  island  of 
withstars:  perhapsfromHeb.  s/itar,  a  contract,     jg^.^p^    j^  consistsof  the  baililT,  Jurats  of  the  royal  court. 


witnstars:  pernaitsiiuiuij^^-",  " i ; 

e  name  of  the  financial  documents  execute 
tweenthe  exchequerof  the  Jews(who  tarmed 
the  British  revenues)  and  the  early  kings  o 
Ku.'Uuid.l  In  English  history,  a  coui-t  of  ci\  U 
•ni.T.iiminaliurisdietionat Westminster.  Iiw^^ 
;  ,  stit.  ed  in  view  of  offenses  and  controversies  niostfre 
mentat  the  royal  eoui't,  or  alfeaing  the  interests  of  the 
J™w,Vsuchalnuintenance,fraud,libe.  consp^ 

resui.in.  from  facUon  oi-owressu,,.  huUi^d^ 


Jersey.  It  consistsof  the  bailiff,  Jurats  of  the  royal  court, 
constables,  rectors  of  the  parishes,  and  t""';^™,  .'|,'-1P.": 
ties.  The  lientenant-governor  has  the  veto  power.  Ouein 
sly  hasa  similar  body,  the  lieliberative  Stat«8,  and  a  more 
civil     popular  assembly,  the  Elective  States. 

It  was  States-Greneral      -      ■ 

(icncraui.]     The  u— >.  c ^ 

assemblies  of  Franee  before  the  revolution  ot 
17S9,  and  to  those  of  the  Netherlands. 


he  Elective  States.  Kcvlews,"  of  which  he  is  the  editor  aii.l  publUher. 

(Stats' jen'e-ral).     [F.  ««te-  gtedinger   (sted'ing-er).      [From    Oh.   slath 
e  name  given  to  the  legislative     ),e:uh,  shore.]     In  tiie  middle  ages,  the  dwcU- 
1 ....  i^rtfr.i.rt  iUo  rAvointinii  of     —  »i.%T>.T  tVio  Inwpr  Wpser.    Thev  resisted  the  ati- 


resultinBtrom.ac..o,.o,oi,p..~. "" --]*„d'^S.ii'i'S  States"of  the 'ChuTCll,     Sep  Papal  Slates. 

aictionof  other  erhiK.  and  inisd^  State  Street.    A  street  in  Boston,  Massachu 

teied  justice  byaibitraiyauior^^^^^^^  ^  ..„    ,,otpd  as  a  financial  center. 


ro'the'c-o'nnnon'law.  Such  a  jurisdietion  was  exerciseda^^ 
l.,ast  as  early  as  the  rdKn  of  Henry  \  I7 '',',':f '7^'*^,,™ 
.■.,n«i«tinc  ot  the  privy  council.  A  statute  01  J  utiiij 
Vli  au  ho,°zed  a  'committee  of  the  counci  to  exercise 
s,  c^  a  Siiction,  and  this  trmunalgrewyn  power  al- 
tloUh  successive  statutes  from  the  time  of  Eclnaril  1\  . 
w^retact^Tto  restrain  it)  until  it  fell  m.odis^^^^^ 

':':^s?r.f:L\!;r^'i^ftf?^s^i'^ri!!4  s-uPsii^d 


.^otts,  noted  as  a  financial  center. 

Statira  (sta-ti'rii).  [Or.  Sru-fipa.]  1.  The  wife 
of  jVrtaxerxPS  Mnemon,  king  of  Persia:  put 
1  o  death  bv  Parvsatis.  —  2.  The  wife  of  Danus 
Codomannus,  lung  of  Persia:  taken  prisoner 
by  Alexander  the  Great  after  the  battle  of 
Issus  —3  Tlie  daughter  of  Darius  Codoman- 
nus, and  wife  of  Alexander  the  Great.  She  was 
put  to  death  by  Roxana.     -Mso  called  liarsme. 

Statius,  Caecilius.    See  c.rciliiisstatii,s. 


^rd-ewhTe"^     n"l'Ko  the'c"oVrrof  St.r  .■hami,er_;™s  |^^"i"^^t|^,'irus).  PubUuS  PapiniuS.     Bom 
;:L^lshed  by  an  act  of  16  Charles    •■  jeci  niMbat^^.the  StatmS  (s^a^s^  J.  ^^^^^  ^         V^^^^^ 

'w™  that  cTun7ofStarchUerl  do  now  cease."  .o^.t  poet  to  Bomitian     .  He  wrote  the  epics  ■•The- 

Stariiemberg    (sta'rem-bero).    Count   Ernst     bais "  aU  "AchiUeis"  (unfinished),  and  the  collection 

Riidiger.    Born  at  Gratz,  Styt'ia,  lC3o :  died  m  o.^'i™- .^ta'tor).  [L., 'the  stayer.']  A  surname 

f701.  \n  Austrian  field-marshal  ^e  ^hraU-d  as  Stator  ^(sta  ^.. ^)^^L^^^,        ^^  

ommanderot  Vienna  durmg  the  attacK  oytuo  _i      ...     ,„_..„_.       ^    „„ 


ers' along  the  lower  Wesor.  They  resisted  the  au 
thority  of  the  archbishopof  Bremen  in  the  first  part  of  the 
13th  century,  and  were  overthrown  at  Altenesch,  llay, 
1234  T^ 

Stednian(sted'raan),Edinnnd  Clarence.  Bom 

at  Uartford,  Conii'.,  Oct.  8,  ls;i3.  A  noted  Amer- 
ican poet  and  critic.  He  entered  Vale  in  1S19,  leaving 
In  his  Junior  year ;  was  afterward  employed  in  joui  nalisiic 
work- was  war  correspondent  of  the  New  ^  ork  "  W  orld 
1861-«:i;  and  later  becameastock.brokerin  >;«»g^o'-.';^'  y- 
He  has  published  "Poems  Lyric  and  Idyllic  (18601,  Alice 
of  Monmouth,  and  other  Poems  "  (1861),  "The  Blameless 
Wnce,  and  other  Poems"  (1860),  "Hawthonje,  and  other 
Poems"(187-).-L>Tics and  Idylls.  etc."(l»7ii), and  various 
pSs  forpubiic oJeasions,  as  "(iettysburK."  "  I'artmouU. 
bde,-  etc.  His  collected  poems  were  published  in  ISM. 
Hirchief  critical  works  are  "Victorian  Poets  (18.5:  re- 
vised ed.  with  supplement,  ISSV),  "Edirar  Allan  Poe 
dim  and  "  Poets  of  America  "(188,'i).  With  Ellen  Mackay 
Hutchinson  he  edited  "  A  Library  of  American  Literature, 
etc."  (11  vols.  18*H-90). 

Stedman,  John  Gabriel.    Bom  in  Scotland 

174:,:  died  in   17:t7.     .\ii  officer  in  the   Dutch 


Turks  in  16S3.  ,, 

Starhemberg  Count  Guido.^  Born  l^v.  U, 
1G54:  died  at  Vienna,  March  (,  l/3(.  Anotecl 
Austrian  field-marshal,  cousin  of  Count  J;..  K. 
Starhemberg:  distinguishedintheTurkish wars. 
A  I  stSin  cfmmander'in  Spain,  he  gained  with  stan- 
hope the  victories  ot  .Uroenara  and  Saragossa  in  1, 10 

Stark  (stark),  John.^.  Born  at  Londonderry, 
N  H  Aug.  28, 17-28:  died  at  Manchester,  N.  H., 
May  8  1822.  A  noted  American  general.  He 
was  taken  captive  by  the  Indians  in  1762;  was  an  officer 
^f  ELcer's  l^r.rers  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  and 
d  stSsl  u'i  i  imseU  in  the  campaigns  near  Lakes  ham. 
p la  "and  Geo.  t-e.    Ho  was  colone  o  a  regimen  at  tl  e    at- 


Staubbach  (stoub'bacb).  A  waterfall  in  the 
Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  situated  near 
Lauterbrunnen,  9  miles  south  of  Interlaken. 
Height,  980  feet.  ^  ^  , 

Stav&Eacher  (stouf 'fach  'er),  Werner.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  a  patriot  of  Schwyz  who,  with 
Arnoldvon  Melchthal  andWalter  Fiirst,  planned 
the  liberation  of  Switzerland  on  the  Butli,  l^tji. 

Staunton  (stan'ton).  A  liver  in  southern  \ir- 
-rinia  which  breaks  through  the  Blue  K.dge 
and  unites  with  the  Dan  at  Clarksville  Meck- 
lenburg County,  to  form  the  Roanoke.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 


BS&^^^^--^^^^=^^  S^^(^:^-"). Sir^^orge    The sedu^r 

S^™.f""„^,'i"h„hV.le;nf  Trenton  and  Princeton  ;  won        .  r^M„  Deans  in  Scott's  "Heart  ot  Midlothian. 


Ss.;;;^;:;(^^t!?:No?s;^^e^a,^-^,~""-^ 

ber  of  the  court  martial  which  condemned  Andr6. 
Stamberg  (stiirn'bero).    A  village  and  summ-r 
resort  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Starnber- 

Starnbergersee  (stam'berg-er-za),  or  Staren- 
bergersee,  "r  Stahrenbergersee  (sta  ren- 
bc,  cT  .T.zS  ,  ur  Wlirmsee  (\'iirm'za).  A  lake  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  14  miles  southwest  of  Munich. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Wiirm  to  the  Isar.  Length, 
13  miles.  .       .         • 

Star-spangled  Banner  The.  An  American 
national  song,  composed  by  Francis  Scott  Key, 
Sept  1814,  at  the  time  of  the  bombardment 
of  Fort  McHenrv  (near  Baltimore)  by  the  Brit- 
ish.   It  was  set  to  the  music  of  "Anacreon  in 

start  (stiirt)  Point.  Aheadlaiid  in  Devonshire, 
England,  25  miles  southeast  of  Plj-mouth,  pro- 
jecting into  the  English  Channel 


oTEffle'Deans  in  Scott's  "Heart  of  Midlothian. 
Also  known  as  ',■'■«»<;  Geo/-rfK-. 

Staunton,  Sir  George  Leonard.  Born  in  lie- 
laud  1737:  died  1801.  A  British  diplomatist  in 
India  and  China.  He  published  "An  Authentic  Ac- 
count of  an  Embassy  fron,  the  King  of  Great  Britain  to 
the  Emperor  of  China"  (17!).).  t  lOin  .  /liofl  nf 

Staunton,  Howard.  Bom  about  1810 :  died  at 
London,  June  22,  1874.  An  English  chess- 
player. Writer  on  chess,  and  Shaksper.an  .'om- 
mentator.  He  defeated  the  French  chess-player  Saint- 
rmant  in  1843,  and  was  regarded  as  the  'trongest  player 
of  hat  time  Ilo  was  for  many  years  the  chess  editor  ot 
the  ■■Illustrated  London  News,"  »"^'->; 'i'^f,"  IH/eV"' 
and  his  books  did  nni.h  ''''■■'i^''"'V'j  ''' J^  .  ^/J'?^^^^^^ 
game.     He  publish..!  an  e.lili..n  "I /^l"'~^f'''V,\*; ',,,,; 

7'iisriiSrf^Tt'G- 1  ^h  ois'ori^iand"' 1^;: 

V^iSs-I^JayeJ's  Ua,^,lb."k  "(,S47X" Chess-Player's  Com- 
panion"(18.1'J),  "Chess  Praxis    (1S60). 
Stavanger  (stii-viing'ger).      -^  mar^ime   a„t 
of  southwestern  Norway.   ,Ar<;a' •'••'•*^  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  11 '."Of- 


Stanicca  (sta-ruk'a)  Viaduct. 


of  the  Erie  Railway  over  btarucca  Creek,  near 
Lanosliorough,  Siisqiiehanua  County,  I  eimsyl- 
vania.    Il.'idit,  HO  feet.     Length,  1,200  teet. 

Starvation  Dundas.  Anicknamc  given  to  Lord 
Melville  (Henry  Dundas)  b«,caiiso  in  1' '•>.!"  a 
speech  on  American  affairs,  he  invented  (or 
brou-ht  into  notice)  the  word  "starvation. 

StarveUng  (starv'ling).  In  Shakspero  s  Mid- 
summer .Wight's  Dream,"  a  tailor  who  plays  the 


,  '  '  -  mi  es.     ropuiaiiuii  j^j.wi^,  »...--■ 

"  •  •  .,     .  Stavaneer     A  seaport,  capital  of  the  amt  of 

Astone  viaduct  S>tava,nger.  '      _;., ,„,„(!    on    Stavanger 


2\.    Hl*llM*J»i.     v.ivi-'.v^^     .--    ---- 

"Stavau5-r,  Norway,  situated  on  Stavanger 
Fiord  i^i  lat.  (lighthouse)  58°  58'  N.,  long.  5° 
44'  E  It  has  imp.)rtant  trade,  and  exports  ffsli,  csne- 
elallv  herrings  Tlie  cathedral  of  Stavanger  was  founded 
hUhe  ml  " entury  and  rebuilt  in  the  13tli  The ma.saivo 
Lve  picrB  of  Byziintinc  character,  belong  to   be  original 

EkzSe^'^l%&:f3'S-- 

oldest  towns  in  Norway.     P..pulatlon  (lb!)l).  .Xm<. 


service.  Hewas  brevet  captiUn  in  an  expedition  against 
the  "bush  negroes'  of  Dutch  (5uiana,  IJTZ-iT.  He  pub- 
lished '■Narrative  of  an  Expedition  against  the  Revolted 
"  egroes  of  Surinam  "  (2  vols.  1796).  It  is  one  of  the  stan- 
dard works  on  Guiana. 

Steednian(sted'man),  James  Barrett     Born 

in  Northumberland  County,  Pa.,  July  30,  1818. 
died  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  Uct.  is,  1883.  A  Lnion 
general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in  «  est  Vli^ 
Sinia  and  Kentucky:  and  was  distinguished  at  chicka- 
mauga  in  18C3,  and  in  the  Atlantic  and  .NashvUle  cam- 

Steele,"'s\r'Eichard,  Born  at  Dublin,  March 
1672:  died  near  Carmarthen,  Sept.  1,  l*^!.  A 
British  essayist,  dramatist,  and  WTiig  politician: 
companion  of  Addison  at  the  Charterhouse 
School,  and  later  at  Oxford.  He  did  not  gradii- 
ate,  but  entered  the  army  (1694),  serving  f  ■>  '  "'"JJ*'' 
under  the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  and  becoming  »>■''"'• 
He  was  gazetteer  1707-10.  and  ater  n'emht.r  of  aiUa- 
ment,  but  was  expelled  for  seditious  language  in  1  he 
Crisii."  He  was  knighte.l  and  held  various  oftces  under 
Gewe  I.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Kit-hat  C  ub,  and  in 
ryms  said  to  have  first  met  Swift :  by  1710  their  r.-  a  ..us 
became  strained,  and  in  171fl  he  qu.arrekd  with  Addis  .n. 
He  w£^  extremely  careless  in  money  mal  ers  and  neon- 
»  stent  in  morals,  but  warm-hearted  an.i  inmulsive.  He 
founded  and  edited  the  "  Taller"  17<i9-ll,  under  lie  name 
of  Is  ac  Bid<ersta)fc,  and  next  to  Addison  was  chief  con- 
tiibXrfo  the  ■■Spectator  •■1711-12.  J  e.mndedan^^ 
chief  contributor  to  the  "Onardian    in  1.13.     1  oat  lack 

tSeTooniinistry  he  starte.l  •••'!;«  I;''.?-!;";"^',;'.;!,,!??" 
1714  •  his  later  ventures,  ■'T.jwn  talk,  T'"^  T'»  }'"""■, 
ami  "Chit  Chat  "  were  unsuccessful.  In  his  ino.t  famous 
TOiiticVl  periodical,  "The  Plebeian"  (171s)  he  opp..se.l 
Addism  o"^  Sunderlatid's  Peerage  Bill.  His  last  venture 
wis  "The  Theatre"  (1719-'->0)  about  "'.,''""■-.»"?. 
patentee  of  Drury  Lane.  In  1714  he  wrote  •  An  A  ...logy 
for  himself  and  his  writings.  He  was  an  ardent  Whig, 
and  ill  1710  lost  his  gazotteen.hip  on  the  accession  of  the 
Tories  to  power  lie  wi,>te  the  treatise  "The  Christian 
m'o"  (1701  a  mmual  ..f  religious  ethics  at  variance 
w-.h  hi  loose  c.reer),  and  "'e  eom.Hlies  which  were  wr 
ten  with  the  avowed  purpose  of  reforming  <"-•■  ■•  »"1«, '' 
the  age)  "The  Funeral  "  (1701),  "The  Lying  p<^.  r  (l.iio) 
••Tbe 'l-ender  Husband  "(1705),  "The  Conscious  U.ver» 
(1722),  besides  pamphlets,  etc.    .       .     .  ,      ,  „„  1.,. 

Stppfp  Glas  The,  A  satire  in  blank  verse  b> 
OcorteSoigne.wri.ten  in  1.^70  and  published 
with'^'  The  Complaint  of  Pliilomene.  11  is  Iho 
I  lit  Engl  si.  satire  In  blank  verse,  ami  In.lds  «p  a  mlrr..r 
"Tr  ue  i^  steel  "  to  the  vices  of  his  """•'^■;,'";;'.!;i'  ,.,?.'"■ 
sl.-i.  being  to  the  early  mirrors  made  "', r"""'"  '  ■. 

Steelton  (stel'lon).  A  liorough  m  Dan|dMii 
CounUs  Pennsvlvnnin,  on  the  Susquehanna 
m.ar  liirrisburg.  It  has  manufactures  of  steel. 
Population  (lilOO),  12,081., 


8taten(stat'n)l8land.  An  ishmd  formingKicn-    ;„,.i,Ye„  Norse  ».uig»  an.l  pla.">  i"'>-.  ■,-,"■.   ^„  .     ^.  _ 

E:;vSiS;rs'.':S!.'''=i...;'.vsrK;  ;.'p«,.,.,>d.,.™i«™..~n.«...ti......*n» 


marKeii"!!"  .1  .v..... t„„, 

dyed;  from  MD.  .vf«W,  0  sample  test . 
A  place  in  London,  comprising  great  ware- 
bouses  called  before  the  n'ign  of  K.hvard  IV. 
S'(M  r<-W.,mrm»m.  •Gihlhall  of  he  Oer- 
mans/ where,  uutU  expelled  in  1.VJ7,  the  mo.^ 


steelyard 

chants  of  theHanseatic  League  had  their  Eng- 
lish headquarters  :  also,  the  company  of  mer- 
chants themselves.  The  merchants  of  the  Steelyard 
were  bound  by  almost  monastic  gild  rules  under  a  sepa- 
rate jurisdiction  from  the  rest  of  London,  were  exempt 
from  many  exactions  and  restrictions,  and  for  centuries 
controlled  most  of  the  foreign  trade  of  England. 

Steen  (stan),  Jan.  Bom  at  Leyden  about  1626 : 
died  at  Leyden,  1679.  A  Dutch  genre-painter. 
Among  his  works  are  "Feast  of  .St.  Nicholas," 
"Human  Life,"  ''Marriage  Feast,"  etc. 

Steenbergen  (stan'bereen).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Korth  Brabant.  Netherlands,  2-5 
miles  south-southwest  of  Rotterdam.  Popula- 
tion, 6,889. 

Steenie  (ste'ni).  A  name  given  by  James  L, 
king  of  England,  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
on  account  of  a  fancied  resemblance  to  St. 
Stephen. 

Steenkerke  (stan'kerk'e).  or  Steenkerken 
(stan'kerk"en).  A  village  in  the  province  of 
]3ainaut,  Belgium,  20  miles  southwest  of  Brus- 
sels. Here,  Aug.  3, 1692.  the  French  under  the  Duke  of 
Luxembourg  defeated  the  Allies  under  William  III.  of  Eng- 
land.    Also  called  the  battle  of  Steinkirk. 

Steenwijk  (stan'vik).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  52°  47'  N., 
long.  6°  T  E.  It  was  defended  against  the 
Spaniards  in  1581,  and  was  taken  by  them  in 
1.582.     Population,  5,087. 

Steerforth (ster'forth),  James.  Themostprom- 
inent  youth  at  Salem  House,  in  Dickens's 
"David  Copperfield":  a  friend  and  protector  of 
David  Copperfield,  and  afterward  the  lover  and 
betrayer  of  Little  Em'ly. 

Steevens  (ste'venz),  George.  Bom  at  Stepney, 
London,  May  10, 1736:  died  at  Hampstead.near 
London,  Jan.  22. 1800.  An  English  Shaksperian 
scholar.  He  was  educated  as  a  foundationer  at  Eton, 
and  was  a  scholar  at  King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  pub- 
lished "Twenty  of  the  Plays  of  Shakspere"  (176CX  and 
with  Dr.  Johnson  edited  Shakspere  in  1773.  His  own 
edition  (with  Reed)  of  Shakspere,  in  which  he  adopted 
•'the  expulsion  of  useless  and  supernumerarj- syllables, 
etc  ,'  suppl>ing  what  he  thought  necessary,  appeared  in 
1793  and  1803.  and  was  an  authority  till  Malone's  "Va- 
riorum .Shakspere."  edited,  after  Malone's  death,  by  Bos- 
well  in  1S21,  took  its  place.  His  life  was  one  of  constant 
q'aarrels  from  his  habit  of  making  anonymous  attacks  upon 
his  friends  in  the  newspapers,  and  his  bad  temper. 

Stefanie  (ste-fa-ne').  Lake.  A  lake  in  British 
East  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake  Rudolf. 

SteSani  (stef'fa-ne).  AgOStino.  Bom  at  Castel- 
fraueo,  Italy,  in  1655:  died  at  Frankfort -on-the- 
Main  in  1730.  An  Italian  composer,  diploma- 
tist, and  ecclesiastic.  He  was  court  musician  at  Mu- 
nich and  after  1668  kapellmeister  at  Hannover  and  diplo- 
matist in  the  Hannoverian  service,  and  later  in  the  service 
of  the  Palatinate.     He  wrote  operas  and  chamber-music. 

Steier.     See  Sfeyr. 

Steiermark  (sti'er-mark).  The  German  name 
of  Stvria. 

Steigerwald  (sti'ger-viSlt).  A  mountain-range 
in  Franeonia,  Bavaria,  south  of  the  Main,  east 
of  '^iirzburg,  and  west  of  Bamberg.  Its  lofti- 
est summit  is  about  1,600  feet  high. 

Stein  (stio),  Baroness  von  (Charlotte  Alber- 
tine  Ernestine  von  Schardt).  Bom  at  Wei- 
mar, Germany,  Dee.  25,  1742:  died  there.  Jan. 
6,  1827.  A  German  lady,  noted  for  her  friend- 
ship with  Goethe.  The  latter's  letters  to  her 
were  edited  by  SehoU  and  by  Fielitz. 

Stein,  Baron  vom  und  zum"  (Heinrich  Fried- 
rich  Karl).  Bom  at  Nassau,  Germany,  Oct.  26, 
1757:  died  at  Kappenberg,  Westphalia.  June  29. 
1831.  AnotedPrussianstatesman.  Hewaseducated 
at  Gottingen ;  entered  the  Prussian  service  in  the  depart- 
ment of  mines  in  17S0 ;  became  head  of  the  department  of 
commerce,  customs,  etc.,  in  the  Prussian  ministry  in  1804; 
was  dismissed  in  Jan.,  1807  ;  was  chief  minister  lS07-Xov., 
1808 ;  carried  out  a  vast  system  of  reforms ;  was  proscribed 
by  Napoleon  Dec,  1808,  and  exiled;  was  the  intimate 
counselor  of  Czar  Alexander  I.  in  18r2-13;  and  brought 
about  the  anti-Kapoleonic  alliance  between  Prussia  and 
Kussia.  He  founded  the  society  for  editing  the  "Monu- 
menta  Germaniee." 

Stein.  Lorenz  von.  Born  Nov.  18,  1815 :  died 
Sept.  23, 1890.  A  noted  German  economist  and 
writer  on  polities,  professor  at  Vienna  1855-85. 
He  published  several  works  on  French  social  and  politi- 
cal history.  "System  der  Staatswissenschaften  "  (186'2-56), 
"  Lehrbuch  der  Volkswirthschaft "  (IS.'*).  "Lehrhucli  dtr 
Finanzwissenschaft "  (".Manual  of  the  Science  of  Finance." 
1860),  "Handbuch  derVerwaltuneslehre"  ("Handbook  of 
theTheory  of  Administration,"  1865-B8),  etc 

Steinamanger  (stin-am-ang'er),  Hung.  Szom- 
bathely  (som'bot-hely).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Vas  (Eisenbnrg),  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Giins  70  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  built  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Sabaria  or  Savaria.  Population  (1890), 
16,133. 

Steinan  (sti'nou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Oder  34  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau.  Here,  in  1474,  King  Matthias  of 


956 

Hungary  defeated  the  Poles,  and  on  Oct.  1],  1633,  Wallen- 
stein  defeated  the  Swedes.    Population,  3,552. 

Steinen  isti'uen),  Karl  von  den.  Born  at 
Miilheim-an-der-Ruhr,  March  7,  1855.  A  Ger- 
man traveler  and  ethnologist.  He  made  a  voyage 
round  the  world  1S79-S1 ;  was  naturalist  of  the  German 
e.\peditionto.South  Georgia,  1SS2;  audinl8S4-S5madeavoy- 
age  through  the  central  parts  of  South  America,  ascending 
the  Parand  and  Paraguay  and  making  the  firet  (modern) 
descent  of  the  river  Xingli.  In  its  geographical  and  eth- 
nographical results  this  was  one  of  the  most  important 
South  .American  explorations  of  the  century.  Von  den 
Steinen  made  a  second  trip  to  the  upper  Xingu  1SS7-SS. 
He  has  published  "DurchCentralbrasilien"(l&St:),"l'nter 
den  Naturvolkern  Zentral-Brasiliens "  (1894X  and  other 
works  on  South  America,  with  special  reference  to  eth- 
nology. 

Steiner  (sti'ner),  Jakob.  Born  at  Utzendorf, 
Switzerland,  March  18, 1796 :  died  at  Bei-n,  April 
1,  1S63.  A  Swiss-German  geometer,  noted  for 
his  researches  in  synthetic  geometry.  Uis  chief 
work  is  "  Systematisch'e  Entwickelung  der  Abhangigkeit 
geometrischer  Gestalten  von  einander  "  (1832). 

Steiner  Alpen  (sti'ner  al'pen).  A  division  of 
the  Karawanken,  situated  near  the  frontiers  of 
Carniola.  Carinthia,  and  Stvria.  Height,  6.000- 
8,000  feet. 

Steinemes  Meer  (sti'ner-nes  mar).  [G.,  'sea 
of  rocks.']  A  •wild  mountainous  region  in  the 
Salzburger  Alps,  south  of  the  Konigssee. 

Steinfurt  (stin'fort).  A  former  countship  in 
Westphalia. 

Steinfurt,  or  Burg-Steinfurt  (borg-stin'fort). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
17  miles  northwest  of  Miinster.  Poptilation 
(1890),  4,484. 

Steinheil  (stin'Ml),  Karl  August.  Born  at  Rap- 
poltsweUer,  Alsace,  Oct.  12.  ].''<01:  died  at  Mu- 
nich. Sept.  12,  1870.  A  German  physicist  and 
astronomer,  especially  noted  in  the  develop- 
ment of  telegraphy. 

SteinitZ  (stin'its),  William.  Born  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  May  17,  1836:  died  at  New  York, 
Aug.  12,  1900.  A  noted  German  chess-player 
and  chess  analyst.  He  resided  in  London  from  1862 
to  1883,  when  lie  came  to  New  York.  He  was  never  beaten 
in  a  match  imtil  he  succumbed  to  Lasker  in  1894  (Bee 
Lasker,  Emanuel),  losing  then  the  position  of  chess  cham- 
pion of  the  world,  which  he  had  been  regarded  as  holding 
from  the  time  he  defeated  Anderssen by  8 games  to  6  (1866). 

Steinkirk.    See  Steetikerke. 

Steinmetz  (stin'mets),  Karl  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  Eisenach, Germany,  Dec.  2i ,  1796:  died 
at  Landeck,  Silesia,  Aug.  4, 1877.  A  noted  Prus- 
sian general.  He  served  against  the  French  1813-16; 
fought  in  Schleswig-Holstein  1848-49 ;  as  corps  com- 
mander defeated  the  Austrians  at  Nachod.  Skalitz,  and 
Schweinschadel,  June,  1866 ;  was  appointed  commander 
of  the  first  army  July,  1S70,  which  fought  at  Spicheren, 
Colombey-Nouilly,  and  Gravelotte:  was  removed  Sept., 
1870,  and  appointed  governor-general  of  Posen  and  Silesia ; 
and  was  made  fleld-m.'U'shal  general  in  1871. 

Steinschonau  (stin'she  nou).  Atown  in  north- 
ern Bohemia,  50  miles  north  of  Prague :  the 
center  of  a  glass-manufacturing  region.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  5.038. 

Steinthal  (stin'tal).  [G.,  'stone-vaUey.']  A 
mountainous  region  in  Lower  Alsace,  about  25 
miles  west-southwest  of  Strasburg. 

Steinthal,  Heymanu.  Born  at  Grobzig,  An- 
halt,  May  16,  1823:  died  March  14,  1899.  A 
noted  German  philologist,  professor  at  Berlin 
from  1863.  His  works  include  "Der  TJrsprung  der 
Sprache"  ("The  Origin  of  Language,"  1861),  "Klassiflka- 
tion  der  Sprachen  "  (ISoO :  later  edition  as  ' '  Charaktei  istik 
der  hauptsachlichsten  Typen  des  Sprachbaues."  1860), 
•'Die  Entwickelung  der  Schriff  (1862),  etc. 

Steinway  (stin'wa).  0.  F.  Theodore.    Bom  at 

Seesen,  Germany,  Nov.  6,  1825:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, March  26,  1889.  A  German  inventor  and 
l.)iano-manufacturer.  The  art  of  piano-making  in 
America,  Germany,  and  Russia  has  been  developed  upon 
his  practice  and  theory,  especially  in  the  construction  of 
the  metal  frame. 

Steinwehr  (stin'var),  Baron  Adolph  Wilhelm 
Friedrich.  BomatBlankenburg,  Brunswick. 
Sept.  25,  1822:  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  25, 
1877.  A  German-American  general.  He  com- 
manded a  division  of  the  Union  army  at  Chancellorsville 
and  at  Gettj'sburg.  He  published  a  series  of  geographies, 
and  a  map  and  gazetteer  of  the  United  States. 

Stella  (stel'a).  [L.,  'star.']  A  name  given  to 
Penelope  Devereux  (afterward  Lady  Rich  and 
later  Countess  of  Devonshire),  beloved  by  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  and  celebrated  in  his  sonnets.  It 
has  been  sought  to  identify  her  with  the  "dark 
lady  "  of  Shakspere's  sonnets. 

Stella.  The  name  given  by  Swift  to  Esther 
Johnson  (died  1728),  to  whom  in  1716  he  was 
secretly  married. 

Stella.  A  play  by  Goethe,  published  in  1776. 
In  ISCMj  he  altered  its  close,  making  Stella  take  poison.  In 
the  first  version  she  surrenders  her  rights  to  herhusband's 
second  wife.  In  this  form  the  play  suggested  to  Canning 
his  parody  "The  Rovers,  or  the  Double  Arrangement." 


Stephen 

Stella  del  Nord,  La.    See  6toilf  Hu  Xord. 

Stellaland  (stel'a-land).  An  ephemeral  Boer 
republic,  west  of  the  Transvaal,  founded  in  1882. 
It  was  in  1S84-S5  absorbed  by  the  Transvaal  and  by  Great 
Britain  (in  Bechuanaland). 

Stelvio  Pass  (stel' ve-6  pas).  [G.  Stilfser  Joeli.^ 
An  Alpine  pass  which  leads  from  the  Vintseh- 
gau  in  the  valley  of  the  Adige,  TjtoI,  to  Bor- 
mio  in  the  valley  of  the  Adda,  Italy':  the  highest 
pass  in  Europe.  A  road  was  constructed  through  it 
18'20-25.  It  was  contested  in  the  wars  of  1848,  1869  and 
1866.    Highest  point,  9,055  feet 

Stenbock  (sten'bok),  Cotmt  Magnus  von.  Bora 
at  Stockholm,  1664:  died  1717.  A  Swedish  gen- 
eral. He  was  distmguished  at  Narva  in  1700;  defeated 
the  Danes  at  Helsingborg  Feb.  28. 1710 ;  and  invaded  Hoi. 
stein,  but  was  forced  to  surrender  at  Tonning  May  16. 

ins. 

Stendal  (sten'dal).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  on  the  Uchte  32  miles  north 
by  east  of  Magdeburg,  it  is  a  raUwayjunction,  and 
has  important  railway  works.  It  contains  a  cathedral. 
Stendal  was  founded  by  Albert  the  Bear  ;  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Altmark  ,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Stendal 
line  of  the  Ascanian  house.    Population  (1890).  18,472. 

Stendhal  (ston-dal'),  De.  The  nom  de  plume 
of  Marie  Henri  Beyle. 

Steno  (sta'no),  Nicolaus.  Bom  at  Copenha- 
gen, 1638 :  died  about  1687.  A  Danish  anato- 
mist, discoverer  of  "Steno's  duct." 

Stenterello  (sten-te-rel'16).  A  farcical  person- 
age who  assumes  various  parts  in  Florentine 
comedy.     See  the  extract. 

Stenterello  is  the  Florentine  mask  or  type  which  sur- 
vives the  older  Italian  comedy  which  Goldoni  destroyed ; 
and  during  carnival  he  appeared  in  a  great  v.-u-iety  of  char- 
acters at  three  dilferent  theaters.  .  .  .  With  this  face  [ab- 
surdly painted]  and  this  wig  he  assumes  any  character 
the  farce  requires- 

IT.  D.  Bowells,  The  Century,  XXX.  210. 

Stentor  (sten'tor).  [Gr.  Srfirup.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Greek  herald  before  Troy,  who,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  had  a  voice  as  loud  as  those 
of  fifty  other  men  together.  The  adjective  sten- 
torian is  derived  from  his  name. 

Stenzel  (stent'sel),  Gustav  Adolf  Harald. 
Bom  at  Zerbst,  Germany,  March  21,  1792:  tlied 
at  Breslau,  Jan.  2,  1854.'  A  (Jerman  historian, 
professor  at  Breslau  from  1820.  He  wrote  ' '  Die 
Gesehichte  Deutschlandsunterden  frankisehen 
Kaisem"  (1827-28),  etc. 

Stephano.  1  (stef'a-no).  A  drunken  butler  in 
Shakspere's  "  Tempest."  Heisthemasterof  the 
ship  in  Dryden  and  Davenant's  version.  Mack- 
liii  played  the  part.  —  2  (ste-fa'no).  A  messen- 
ger in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of  Veniee." 

Stephanus  (printers).     See  Estienne. 

Stephanus  Byzantius  (stef'a-nus  bi-zan'shi- 
us).  [L.  .sYe/)7(f/«»,s,  Stephen.]  Lived  probably 
in  the  first  half  of  the  6th  century.  A  Byzantine 
geographer,  author  of  a  work  ''Ethnika." 

Stephen (ste'ven).  Saint.  [Gr.  arcQaioc,  a  cro'ivn; 
L.  Stejihamis.  It.  Stefano.  Sp.  Estcfan,  Pg.  Es- 
tevao,  F.  £tienne  [Estienm) .']  In  New  Testa- 
ment history,  a  deacon  of  the  church  at  Jeru- 
salem, stoned  to  death  by  the  people.  He  was 
the  first  martyr,  and  his  day  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman 
and  Anglican  churches  on  Dec.  26.  In  England  St.  Ste- 
phen's day  is  known  as  Boxing  Day,  as  Christmas-boxes, 
or  presents  of  money,  are  then  begged  or  given. 

Stephen  I.     Bishop  of  Rome  254-257  A.  D. 

Stephen  (II.).  Chosen  pope  in  752:  died  four 
days  after  his  election.  He  is  sometimes  omitted 
from  the  list  of  popes. 

Stephen  II.  Pope  752-757.  He  demanded  aid  from 
Pepin  the  Short  against  Aistulf,  king  of  the  Lombards, 
and  received  from  the  former  the  exarchate  of  Kavenna 
and  the  Pentapolis  (foundation  of  the  Papal  States). 

Stephen  III.    Pope  768-772. 

Stephen  IV.     Pope  816-817. 

Stephen  "V.     Pope  885-891. 

Stephen  'Vl.     Pope  896-897. 

Stephen  VTi..     Pope  929-931. 

Stephen  Vni.     Pope  939-942. 

Stephen  IX.  Died  at  Florence,  1058.  Pope 
1057-58,  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
whom  he  wished  to  make  emperor.  He  ex- 
erted himself  to  eradicate  the  abuses  in  the 
church. 

Stephen.  Bom  at  Blois.  1105 :  died  Oct.  2-5, 1154. 
King  of  England.  He  was  the  son  of  Stephen,  earl  of 
Blois,  and  Adela,  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror.  He 
obtained  the  countv  of  Boulogne  by  marriage  with  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Count  Eustace.  Although  he  had  sworn 
to  secure  the  succession  of  the  empre.-s  Matilda  and  her 
son,  he  went  to  England  on  the  death  of  Henry  I.  in  1135, 
and,  with  the  help  of  his  brother  Henrj-,  bishop  of  \\  in- 
chester,  was  elected  and  crowned  (Dec.  26).  In  two  char; 
ters  he  undertook  to  obsen'e  the  laws  and  his  subjects 
liberties.  His  defective  title  was  the  cause  of  outbreaks 
in  1130  and  1137.  David,  king  of  Scotland,  Matilda's  uncle, 
invaded  Yorkshire,  but  his  advance  was  checked  by  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard  In  1138.  Matilda  landed  in  Engliuid 
in  1139,  and  the  country  was  plunged  in  civil  war.    This 


Stephen 

continued  till  1153,  when  the  treaty  of  Wallingford  gave 
Stephen  permission  to  reign  until  liis  deatli  ami  seemed 
the  succession  to  Henry  (Henry  II.),  the  son  uf  llatilda. 

Stephen  I.,  Saint.  Died  1038.  Kiug  of  Hmigary. 
He  succeeded  as  duke  in  997;  and  was  crowned  Hret  kiug 
of  Hungary  in  IWiO.  He  promoted  the  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity, and  became  the  patron  saint  of  Hungary. 

Stephen  II.     King  of  Hungary  1114-31. 

Stephen  III.  Died  March  4,  1173.  King  of 
Huni;arv  n01-7:j. 

Stephen  IV.  Died  1164.  King  of  Hungary, 
uncle  of  Steplieu  III.  and  rival  claimant  to  the 
throne  in  1161. 

Stephen  V.  Died  Aug.  1,  1272,  KingofHun- 
gar.v  1-70-72.  son  of  Bela  IV. 

Stephen,  Henry  John.  Born  1787:  died  1864. 
An  English  barrister,  brother  of  Sir  James  Ste- 
phen. He  wrote  "Summary  of  the  CriminalLaw"  (1834), 
and  "New  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England"  (1841). 

Stephen,  Sir  James.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  3, 
1789:  died  at  Coblenz,  Sept,  1.3,  18o9.  An 
English  historical  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge (Trinity  Hall)  and  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  under- 
secretary for  the  colonies  1834-47.  In  1S49  he  was  ap- 
pointed regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Cambridge. 
He  puhlished  "Kssays  in  Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  in 
1351  "Lectures  on  the  History  of  France." 

Stephen,  Sir  James  Fitzjames.    Born  March  3, 

1829:  died  March  11, 1894.  An  English  jiirist.son 
of  Sir  James  Stephen  (1789-1859).  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  at  King's  College,  London,  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  1862.  In  1S64  lie 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple.  From  1379  to 
1891  he  was  judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice.  He  pub- 
lished  "General  View  of  the  Criminal  Law  of  England" 
(1863),  "Di-'.-st  of  the  Law  of  Evidence "  (1876),  "History 
of  the  Criminal  Lawof  England"  (1883). 
Stephen,  Sir  Leslie.  Born  at  Kensington,  Nov. 
28, 1832.  An  English  man  of  letters,  son  of  Sir 
James  Stephen.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  at  King's 
College,  London,  and  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  the  degree  B.  A.  in  1854.  He  was  editor  of  the 
"Cornhill  .Magazine"  1871-82,  and  editor  of  the  "Diction- 
ary of  National  Biography"  1886-91,  latterly  in  association 
with  Sidney  Lee,  who  succeeded  him.  He  has  published 
*'The  Playground  of  Europe  "(1871),  "Hours  in  a  Library" 
(1874-79),  "  History  of  English  Thought  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century  "  (1876),  and  "  Life  of  Henry  Fawcett "  (18S5),  etc. 
He  was  knighted  in  1902. 

Stephen  Bathori.    See  Bdtluni. 

Stephens  (ste'venz),  Alexander  Hamilton. 
Born  near  CraWfordville,  Ga.,  Feb.  11,  1812: 
died  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  March  4,  1883.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  graduated  at  the  Tniversity  of 
Georgia  in  1832 ;  studied  law ;  was  chosen  member  of  the 
State  legislature  in  1830 ;  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Georgia  1843-59,  acting  at  first  with  the  Whigs  and  later 
with  the  Democrats  ;  opposed  secession  in  18t;0  ;  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Confederacy  1861-66  ;  was  chief  Confed- 
erate commissioner  in  the  Hampton  TIriads  citfercnce  in 
Feb.,  1865  ;  wasimprisoned  in  Fort  \\"aiM-n,  l;"^t(ni  lutrbor, 
May-Oct.,  1865  ;  was  elected  Cnited  states st-natnr  in  l.stj6, 
but  was  not  seated  ;  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Georgia  1873-32 :  and  was  governor  of  Georgia  in 
18S3.  He  wrote  "The  War  between  the  States "(2  vols. 
lSfiS-70).  a  '■  lli-stoiy  of  the  United  States"  (1S83),  etc. 

Stephens,  George,  Bom  at  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  13,  1813:  died  Aug.  9,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish areha?ologist  and  philologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  t'niversity  College,  London.  In  1851  he  was 
lector  and  later  professor  of  English  in  the  Univeisity  of 
Copenhagen.  He  published  "(Jld  Northern  Runic  Monu- 
ments of  .Scandinavia  and  England  "  (1866,  1868,  1884). 

Stephens,  James.  Born  1824  :  died  March  29, 
1901.  A  Fenian  agitator.  He  was  employed  in  the 
construction  of  the  Waterford  and  Limerick  Railway: 
joined  the  Young  Ireland  party,  and  was  wounded  at  B.al- 
lingarry  .Tune  2i)i  1848;  fled  to  Paris:  and  in  1853  became 
"Head  Centre"  of  the  Fenian  conspiracy.  He  visited 
America  in  1864,  and  on  Nov.  10,  1864,  w.as  arrested  in 
Dublin.  He  escaped  to  New  York,  where  he  was  deposed 
by  the  Fenians.     He  returned  to  Ireland  in  1891. 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd.  Bom  at  Shrewsbury, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  28,  180.5:  died  in  New  York  city, 
Oct.  10,  1852.  An  American  lawyer,  traveler, 
and  archaeologist.  In  1834-36  he  traveled  in  Europe 
and  the  East,  and  after  his  return  published  '■  Egypt, 
Arabia  I'etraj.-i,  and  the  Holy  Land"  (2  vols.  1S37)  and 
"Greece.  Turkey,  Russia,  and  Poland  "  (18:i8).  In  1839  he 
was  envoy  to  ('entral  America.  Accompanicil  liythe  Eng- 
lish artist  Catlierwood,  he  visited  ni.any  of  the  ruined 
Indian  cities  of  that  region,  and  these  explorations  \vere 
supplemented  in  a  second  trip.  Tile  results  were  pub- 
lished as  "  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Central  America,  etc." 
(2  v(ds.  1S41)  and  "Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucatan"  (2 
vols.  1843).  Mr.  Stephens  was  president  of  the  Panama 
Railway  Company,  and  died  from  the  results  of  exposure 
while  personally  superintending  the  work. 

Stephenson  (ste'ven-son),  George.    Born  at 

Wylnm.  near  Newcastle,  Juni!  9,  1781:  died 
near  (^hesterfield,  Aug.  12,  1848.  The  peri'ecter 
of  the  locomotive.  He  was  the  sonofRoliert  Stephen- 
son, fireman  of  a  colliery  engine  at  Wylam.  and  while  as- 
sisting his  father,  educated  Ilimself  at  night-schools.  In 
1812  he  was  made  enginewright  at  a  coal-pit  at  Killing- 
worth.  He  constructed  a  "traveling  engine"  workeil  by 
steam,  for  a  tmmroad  between  the  colliery  and  the  port, 
nine  miles  distant;  anil  on  .Tuly  25,  1814,  made  a  success. 
ful  trial  of  it.  (^ontimling  his  ''Xpcrinu-nts,  he  was  made 
engineer  of  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  liailway,  which 


957 

was  opened  Sept.  27,  1825,  being  the  first  to  carry  passen- 
gers and  gooils  by  steam  locomotion.  This  was  followed 
by  the  construction,  under  his  direction,  of  the  Liverpool 
and  Manchester  Railway,  opened  Sept.  15, 1830.  Ileissaid 
by  some  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  the  safety -Lamp,  usu- 
ally attributed  to  Sir  Humplu-y  Davy. 

Stephenson,  Rohert.  Born  at  Willington,  near 
Newcastle,  England,  Oct.  16.  1803:  died  Oct. 
12,  1859.  An  English  railway  engineer,  son  of 
George  Stephenson.  He  assisted  his  father  in  the 
construction  of  the  engine  "Rocket"  in  1829.  He  built 
manv  railway  bridges  and  viaducts,  including  the  Britan- 
nia tubular  bridge  over  the  Menai  Strait,  the  Victoria 
tubular  bridge  near  Montreal,  the  viaduct  of  Berwick, 
a  bridge  at  Newcastle,  etc. 

Stepney  (step'ni).  [The  StiJiienhidde  or  Stehen- 
lietk  of  early  deeds:  the  affix  indicating  the 
''hid"  or  hasredium  of  a  Saxon  freeman.]  A 
borough  (municipal)  of  London,  2  miles  east  of 
St.  Paul's. 

Stepniak  (step'nyiik),  Sergius.  Born  about 
1851:  (lied  Dec.  23,  1895.  A  pseudonym  of  a 
Russian  author.  He  was  compelled  to  leave  Russia  in 
1876,  and  settled  in  London.  He  wrote  nuich  in  the  Little 
Russian  dialect,  and  worked  for  the  establishment  of  eijual 
political  rights  in  his  country,  declaring  against  social- 
ism and  absolutism.  Among  his  works  are  "Russia  under 
the  Czars,"  "The  Russian  .Storm  Cloud,"  "The  Career  of 
a  Nihilist,"  "The  Turks  Within  and  Without,"  "Tyran- 
nieide  in  Russia,"  "Little  Russian  Internatlonallsui," 
"Underground  Russia,"  etc. 

Step  Pyramid.     See  Sal-karah. 

Sterkrade  (sterk'rii-de).  A  to-ivn  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  20  milesnorth  by  east  of  Diis- 
seldorf.    It  has  important  iron-works.   Pop.  (1890),  8,831. 

Sterling  (ster'ling).  A  city  in  Whiteside 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  Bock  River  108 
miles  west  of  Chicago.  It  has  varied  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1900),  6,309. 

Sterling,  Antoinette.  Born  at  Sterlingville, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1850.  A  noted  American  con- 
tralto singer.  She  studied  with  Abella,  Marches!, 
Manuel  Garcia,  and  Pauline  Viardot.  In  1871  she  re- 
turned to  the  United  States,  and  made  a  success  as  a  con- 
cert-singer. In  1873  she  made  her  first  appearance  in  Lon- 
don in  concert,  and  since  that  time  has  mostly  lived  there. 
She  married  John  MacKinlay  in  1875. 

Sterling,  John.  Born  at  Kames  Castle,  Bute, 
Scotland,  July  20,  1806:  died  at  Ventnor,  Isle 
of  "Wight,  Sept.  18,  1844.  An  English  poet  and 
author,  best  known  as  a  friend  of  Carlyle.  His 
father,  Edward  Sterling  (1773-1347)  was  an  editor  of  the 
"Times."  Sterling  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Cambridge 
(but  left  without  ad.-gr<M);  went  to  London  and  purchased 
the  "  .\tlienteinn  "  in  18'->8,  hut  soon  gave  it  up  ;  and  in  1834 
became  curate  at  Hurstmonceaux,  where  .Julius  Hare  was 
vicar.  He  wrote  "Arthur  Coningsby"  (1833),  "Poems" 
(1839),  "Strafford  "  (1843),  "Essays  and  Tales  "  (edited  by 
Hare,  1848),  and  "The  Onyx  Ring  "(reprinted  from  "Black- 
wood" in  1856).     His  life  was  ^vritten  by  Carlyle  (1851). 

Stern   (stern),    Daniel.     Pseudonym    of    the 

Comtesse  d'Agoult. 
Sternberg  (stern'bero).  A  town  in  Moravia, 
Austria-Hungary,  9  miles  north-northeast  of 
Olmlitz.  It  is  a  center  of  cotton  manufactures.  Here, 
in  1241,  Yaroslaff  of  Sternberg  defeated  the  Mongols.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  15,395. 

Sternberg,  Ungern-.    See  Ungcrn-Stemherg. 

Sterne  (stem).  Laurence.  Born  at  Clonmel, 
Ireland,  Nov.  24,  1713:  died  at  London,  March 
18,  1768.  A  celebrated  English  novelist  and 
humorist.  His  father  was  an  officer  in  one  of  Marl- 
borough's regiments  stationed  in  Ireland.  Sterne  fol- 
low^ed  the  army  until  he  was  10  years  of  age,  and  was  at 
school  in  Halifax^  Yorkshire,  for  nine  years.  He  gradu- 
ated .at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  in  1736.  He  took  orders ; 
in  1738  obtained  the  living  of  Suit,  .n,  near  York;  and  later 
was  made  a  iirebendary  of  the  catliedral.  He  was  associated 
with  John  Hall  Stephenson,  of  Skelton  Castle,  Yorkshire, 
a  supporter  of  Wilkes  and  author  of  "  Fables  for  Grown 
Gentlemen "  and  "Crazy  Tales."  On  Jan.  1, 1760,  he  pub- 
lished the  first  two  volumes  of  "  Tristram  Shandy,"  which 
immediately  made  him  famous.  In  1762  he  visited  France, 
and  in  1766  Italy.  In  1768  he  published  the  first  two  volumes 
of  the  "  Sentii'nental  Journey  tlirough  France  and  It.aly," 
and  died  the  same  year.  His  chief  works  are  "'i'he  Life 
and  Opinions  of  'I'ristram  Shandy,  Gent."  (9  vols.  1760-67; 
a  fictitious  third  volume  was  published  in  17i;().  and  latera 
ninth -Lowndes),  "A  Sentimeidal.lonriiey  througli  France 
and  Italy  by  Mr.  Voi  ick  "(1768  ;  several  tiiditioiis  conlinu- 
ations  were  )iul>lished),  "Sermons  " (1760-69)  ;  several  vol- 
umes of  his  k*fci-s  were  also  published  in  1775. 

Sternhold  (stern'hold),  Thomas.  Born  near 
Blakeney,  in  Gloiu'estershii'e,  about  1.500  :died 
Aug.,  1.549.  An  English  wTiter,  joint  authiu- 
with  John  Hopkins  of  a  metrical  version  of  the 
Psalms  (lirst  edition  about  1549:  enlarged  as 
"  The  Whole  Book  of  Psalms,"  1.502). 

Sterzing(stert'siiig).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  situated 
on  the  Eisack,  near  the  Brenner  T':iss,  26  miles 
south  of  Iiiushrdck:  the  Roman  Vipitoniitii.  it 
flourished  in  the  12th  ami  i:!th  centurii'.s.  Ihnuigh  the 
neighboring  silver-mines  ;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  sev- 
eral Tyrnbse  victories  over  the  French  and  Bavarians. 
Popula'lion  (tS9(l),  1.612. 

Stesichorus  (ste-sik'o-rus).  [Or.  Sr/za/i'VO',-] 
Lived  about  630-550  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek 
IjTic  poet  of  Himei-a  in  Sicily.  Fragments  of  his 
works  have  survived. 


Stevens,  Thaddeus 

Stettin  (stet-ten').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Pomerania.  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Oder  in  lat.  .53°  26'  N.,  long.  14°  34'  E. :  one  of 
the  chief  seaports  of  Germany,  it  has  a  lai-ge  trade 
in  wood,  cement,  potatoes,  herrings,  petroleum,  coal, 
grain,  spirits,  wine,  etc.,  and  important  ship-building 
works  (notably  the  "  Vulcan  "  works),  and  manufactures  of 
cement,  sugar,  chemicals,  machinery,  etc.  It  comprises 
the  city  proper ;  the  quartere  of  Lastadie  and  Silberwiese, 
sep.arated  from  it  by  tlie  Oder ;  and  the  suburlis  of  Grabow, 
Bredow.  etc.  It  contains  a  castle  and  several  notable  old 
churches.  Stettin  was  a  settlement  of  the  Wends  (date 
unknown) ;  was  a  llanseatic  town  in  the  middle  ages  ;  and 
became  the  capital  of  Pomerania-  It  belonged  to  Sweden 
1648-1720,  and  then  passe<l  to  Prussia.  It  surrendered  to 
the  French  in  1806,  and  was  recovered  in  1813.  Population 
(1900),  210,680. 

StettinerHaff(stet-te'nerhaf),orPomeranian 
Haff.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  north  of  Stet- 
tin. It  receives  the  Oder.  The  eastern  part  is  called  the 
Greater  Half,  the  western  the  Lesser  Haff.  Length,  about 
30  miles. 

Steuben    (stu'ben  ;  G.  pron.   stoi'ben),  Baron 

FriedrichWilhelm  August  Heinrich  Ferdi- 
nand iron.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia.  Nov. 
17, 1730 :  died  at  Steubenville,  Nov.  28,  1794.  A 
Prussian-Auicrican  general.  He  entered  the  Prus- 
sian mUitary  service  in  1747,  rising  to  the  rank  of  adjutant- 
general  and  staft'-officer :  was  distinguished  at  Prague, 
Rossbach,  Kunersdorf,  and  the  siege  of  Schweidnitz;  and 
later  was  grand  marshal  to  the  Prince  of  HohenzoUern.  In 
1777  he  came  to  the  United  States ;  was  appointed  by 
Washington  inspector-general,  with  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  in  1778 ;  and  reorganized  the  ami.N'.  He  served  at 
Monmouth  and  Y'orktown,  and  was  a  member  of  the  court 
martial  on  Andri;  in  1780.  He  wrote  a  manual  of  array 
regulations.     After  the  war  he  settled  in  New  Y'ork. 

Steuben'ville  (stu'ben-vil).  A  city,  capital  of 
Jefferson  Countv.  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
20  miles  north  of" Wheeling.  Pop.  (1900),  14,349. 

Ste'vens  (ste'venz),  Ahel.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  19, 1815:  died  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  Sept. 
12,  1897.  AJu  American  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  historical  writer.  He  was  editor 
of  *'  Zion's  Herald,"  of  the  "Christian  Advocate  and  Jour- 
nal," and  of  the  "Methodist"  He  published  works  on  the 
introduction  and  progress  of  Methodism  in  the  Eastern 
states,  "Church  Polity"  (18471,  "  Preaching  Required  by 
the  Times"  (1866),  "History  of  Methodism"  (1858-61), 
"History  of  the  .Methodist  Episcopal  Church"  (1S64-67), 
"Madame  de  Stael"  (1881),  etc. 

Stevens,  Alfred.  Born  at  Blandford,  Dorset 
(baptized  Jan.  28,  1818) :  died  at  London,  May 
1,  1875.  An  English  sculptor.  In  1833  he  was  sent 
to  Italy,  where  he  remained  nine  years,  part  of  the  time  as 
assistant  in  Thorwaldsen's  studio.  In  1845  he  became 
teacher  of  architectural  dr<awing  in  the  School  of  Design, 
Somerset  House.  He  also  did  much  commercial  designing. 
From  1856  to  the  end  of  his  life  he  was  occupied  with  his 
chief  work,  the  monument  to  Wellington  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral. 

Stevens,  Alfred.  Born  at  Brussels,  May  11, 
1828.  A  distinguished  Belgian  genre-painter. 
His  father  was  a  cavalry  ottlcer.  He  went  to  Paris  at  seven- 
teen, and  was  educated  under  Camille  Rocqueplan  and  at 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  His  first  pictures  shi'W  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Belgian  school ;  the  later  exhibit  the  most 
modern  French  feeling  both  in  technicandin  conception. 
He  is  preeminently  a  paiid^r  for  painters,  an  impressionist 
in  the  highest  artistic  sense  of  the  term. 

Stevens,  Benjamin  Franklin.    Born  at  Bar- 

net,Vt.,  Feb.  19, 1833 :  died  at  Surbiton,  Surrey, 
March  5,  1902.  Au  American  bibliograjjlior, 
brother  of  Henry  Stevens.  He  edited  "  Camjiaign 
in  Virginia  in  1781 "'  (188.S),**  Facsimiles  of  MSS.  in  Euro- 
pean Archi\'es  relating  tt)  America  1773-83"  (1889). 
Stevens,  Henry.  Born  at  Barnet,  Vt.,  Aug. 
24,  1819:  died  at  South  Hampstead,  England, 
Feb.  28, 1886.  An  American  bibliographer.  He 
collected  "Americana"  for  the  British  Museum,  and  was 
the  London  agent  of  many  American  libraries.  He  pul)- 
lishcd  "Catalogue  Raisonn6  of  English  Bibles  "(1854).  cata- 
logues of  American,  (Canadian,  .Mexican,  etc.,  works  in  the 
British  Museum,  "  P.ililicitlieca  Americana  "(1861),  "Bibles 
in  theCaxton  Exliildiic.n  " (1878),  and  edited  "The  IMawn 
of  British  Trade,  etc."  (Is86),  etc. 

Stevens,  Isaac  Ingalls.  Born  at  Amlover, 
Mass.,  March  28,  18IS:  killed  at  the  liattle  of 
Chantilly,  Sept.  1, 1862.  A  Union  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1889;  served  in  the  Afcxican 
war ;  was  governor  of  Washington  Territory  1853-57 ;  was 
a  delegate  to  Congress  1857-61 ;  served  in  the  Port  Rojral 
e.xpe(lition  ;  an<l  was  distinguished  at  the  secomi  battleof 
Bull  Run. 

Stevens,  John  Austin.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  Jan.  21,  isu'7.  .\u  .\m<'rican  antiquarian 
and  author.  He  founded  the  "Magazine  of  American 
History,"  and  has  wrilt<ii  "V:dley  of  the  Rio  Grande" 
(1864),  "Colonial  Reciuils  of  the  Now  York  Chamber  of 
Commerco"  (1867),  "Resumption  of  Specie  Payment" 
(187.3),  "Y'orktown  (\Mdennial  Handbook  "  (1881),  a  life  of 
Gallatin  in  the  "Anu'rican  Statesmen"  series  (1884),  etc. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus.  I'm .rn i n  ( "alr<lon ia ("oun ty, 
vt.,  April  4,  1793:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Aug.  11,1868.  An  American  statesman.  Ilcgmdu- 
ated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1814  ;  studied  law  ;  and  re- 
moved titGcttA-sbnrg.  Pennsylvania,  in  1816:  became  lead- 
ing member  of  the  legislature  of  IVimsylvnnia;  and  was 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1849-63;  and 
Republican  member  of  Congrcs-i  1869-<i8.  He  was  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  radical  section  of  the  Republicans; 


Stevens,  Thaddeus 

was  a  strong  opponent  of  slavery,  and  a  leading  advocate 
of  reconstruction  measures  ;  and  was  chief  manager  of  the 
impeachment  of  President  Johnson  in  1868,  which  he  pro- 
posed. 
Stevens,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England,  1855.  An 
Anglo-Amei'it-au  bicyclist  and  writer.  He  made 
a  tour  of  the  woiid  (partly  by  bicycle)  1884-86,  which  he 
described  in  *■  Around  the  World  on  a  Bicycle,"  and  made 
a  trip  to  Masailand,  East  Africa. 

Stevenson  (ste'ven-son),  Adlai  Ewing.  Bom 
in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  23.  1835.  An 
American  lawyer  and  politician,  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States  1893-97.  He  was  educated  at 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University  and  Centre  College,  K.en- 
tncky;  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1875-77, 
1879-81 ;  and  was  first  assistant  postmaster-general  1885-89. 

Stevenson,  Andrew.  Born  in  Cidpeper  County, 
Va.,1784:  diedin  Albemarle  County,  Va.,  Jan.  2-j, 
1857.  An  American  Democratic  politician.  H.- 
was  memberofCongressfiom  Virginia  1823-34;  speakerlb27- 
1834 ;  and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  183&-41. 

Stevenson,  James.  Born  at  MaysviUe,  Kv.. 
1840:  died  at  New  York  city,  July  25,  1888. 
An  American  ethnologist.  He  served  in  the  geo- 
logical survey  under  H.ayden,  and  investigated  the  Zunis, 
Moquis,  Navajos,  and  other  Indian  tribes. 

Stevenson,  Robert.  Born  at  Glasgow,  June 
8,  1772 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  12,  1850.  A 
Scottish  civil  engineer.  At  19  he  assisted  his  step- 
father, Thomas  Smith,  in  the  erection  of  a  lighthouse  on 
Little  Cumbrae,  attending  Edinburgh  University  in  the 
winter.  In  17;t9  he  succeeded  liis  stepfather  as  engineer 
to  the  Board  of  Northern  Lighthouses.  Between  1797  and 
1843  he  built  not  less  than  IS  lighthouses,  including  that 
on  the  Bell  Rock  (1807-10).  He  invented  intermittent  and 
flashing  lights  and  other  contrivances.  He  constructed  har- 
bors, docks,  breakwaters,  and  several  important  bridges. 
The  admiralty  survey  was  established  at  his  suggestion. 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  Balfour.    Bom  at 

Edinburgh,  Nov.  13, 1850 :  died  at  Apia,  Samoa, 
Dee.  3,  1894.  A  Scottish  poet,  essayist,  and 
novelist.  His  father  was  a  lighthouse  engineer,  a  son 
of  Robert  Stevenson.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  but  never 
practised.  From  1889  he  resided  in  Samoa.  He  published 
"An  Inland  Voyage"  (1878),  "Edinburgh:  Picturesque 
Notes  '  (1878),  "  Travels  with  a  Donkey  in  the  C^vennes" 
(1879),  "  Virginibus  Puerisque,  and  other  Papers  "  (18M), 
"  Familiar  Studies  of  lien  and  Books  "  (1882),  "  New  Ar.a- 
bian  Nights  "  (1882),  "  The  Dynamiter :  More  New  Arabian 
Nights "(1885;  with  his  wife),  "Treasure  Island"  (1883), 
"The  Silverado  Squatters"  (18S3),  "A  Child's  Garden  of 
Verse"  (1885),  "Prince  Otto '■(1885),  "  The  .Str.ange  Case  of 
Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde"  (1886),  "  Kidnapped  ;  Memoirs 
of  the  A.iventures  of  David  Balfour,  etc."  (1SS6),  •'  t'nder- 
woods"  (18s7),  ••  The  Merry  Men,  and  other  Tales"  (lt87) 
"Memories  and  Portraits"  (1887),  "Tlie  Black  Arrow" 
0888),  "The  Master  of  BaUantrae"  (1S89),  "Ballads" 
(18911,  "  The  Wrecker"(with  Lb.yd  Osbourne,  1891-S2),  "A 
Foot-note  to  History  :  Eiglit  Years  of  Trouble  in  Samoa  " 
(1892),  "David  Balfour  "(1893),  "Island  Nights' Entertain- 
ments" (1893),  "The  Ebb  Tide"  (1894),  "Vailinia  Let- 
ters •  (1895),  "  Fables  "  (1896),  "In  the  Soutli  Seas  "  (1896), 
"A  Mountain  Town  in  France  "  (1897),  "St.  Ives"  (1897). 

Stevenson  Road.  A  road  consti-ucted  by  the 
British  between  Lakes  Nyassa  and  TanganjTka. 
It  is  near  the  Anglo-German  frontier  (on  the 
British  side). 

Stevens  Point  (ste'venz  point).  The  capital 
of  Portage  County,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wisconsin 
River.     Population  (1900),  9.524. 

Ste'Wart  (royal  family).     See  Stuart. 

Stewart  (stu'ait),  Alexander  Peter.  Born  at 
Eogers\-ille,  Tenn.,  Oct.  2,  1821.  A  Confederate 
lieutenant-general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1842 ;  was  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  there  1843- 
1845 ;  and  was  professor  of  matliematics  at  Cumberland  Uni- 
versity 1845-49,  and  at  Nashville  University  1854-6.5.  He 
served  in  tlie  West  under  Brasg,  Johnston,  Hood,  etc.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and  nat- 
ur.al  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

Stewart,  Alexander  Turney.  Born  near  Bel- 
fast ,Ireland,Uct.  12, 1803 :  died  in  New  York  eity, 
April  10,  1876.  An  American  merchant  and 
capitalist.  He  became  established  in  the  dry-goods 
business  in  New  York  city  in  1825,  and  acquired  great 
wealtli  (about  $40,000,000).  He  was  nominated  by  Grant 
as  secretary  (if  the  treasury  in  1869.  but  was  not  confirmed. 

Stewart,  Balfour.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  1, 
1828:  died  near  Drogheda,  Ireland,  Dee.  19. 1887. 
A  Scottish  physicist.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews 
and  Edinburgh  universities.  In  1846  he  entered  upon  a 
business  career  in  Australia.  In  1853  he  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  became  in  1859  director  of  the  Kew  Observatory, 
and  in  1870  professor  of  physics  at  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester. He  is  especially  noted  for  his  work  on  the  radi- 
ation of  heat,  and  as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  method  of 
.  spectrum  analysis.  He  published  "Radiant Heat "(1858). 
"A  Treatise  on  Heat  "(I860),"  Elementary  Lessons  in  Phys- 
ics "  (1870),  "  Elementary  Treatise  on  Heat "  (1871),  "  Phys- 
ics Primer"  (1872^  and  "Conservation  of  Energy"  (l>^7"3). 
With  Professor  Tait  he  published  "The  I'nseen  ITniverse, 
or  Physical  Speculations  on  a  Future  State  "  (1S75),  and 
with  others  "  Researches  in  Solar  Physics." 

Stewart,  Charles.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  July 
28,  1778:  died  at  Borden  town,  N.  J.,  Nov.  6, 
1869.  An  American  admiral.  He  was  distinguished 
In  the  cruises  against  French  privateers  1798-1800,  in  the 
Tripolitan  War,  and  in  the  War  of  1812.  As  commander  of 
the  Constitution  he  made  various  captures  1813-15.  He 
became  rear-admiral  in  1862. 


958 

Stewart,  Da'Vid.  Died  1401.  Eldest  son  of 
Robert  III.  of  .Scotland. 

Stewart,  Dugald.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  22, 
1753 :  died  there,  June  11,  1828.  A  Scottish 
philosopher.  He  was  the  son  of  Matthew  Stewart  (1717- 
1785),  a  .Scottish  mathematician;  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh; wasa  pupil  of  R«-id  at  Glasgow  University  in  1771;  be- 
came instructor  in  mathematics  at  Edinburgh  in  1772,  con- 
joint professor  of  mathematics  in  1775, and  prof  essorof  moral 
philosophy  in  17S5 ;  and  retired  from  active  service  in  1810. 
His  cliief  works  are  "Elements  of  the  Philosophy  of  the 
Human  Mind  "  (3  vols.  1792, 1814, 1827),  "  Outlines  of  Moral 
Philosophy  "  (1793),  "Philosophical  Essays  "  (1810),  disser- 
tation for  the  supplement  of  the  "  Encycloptedia  Britan- 
nica,"  entitled"  General  View  of  the  Progress  of  Meta- 
physical, Ethical,  and  Political  Philosophy  since  the  Re- 
vival of  Letters  "  (1815-21),  and  "Philosophy  of  the  Active 
and  Moral  Powers "  (182S).  His  collected  works  were 
edited  )iy  Sir  WUliam  Hamilton  (1854-5S),  with  a  memoir 
by  Veitch. 

Stewart,  Esme,  Lord  of  Aul>igny  and  Earl  and 
Duke  of  Lennox.  Born  in  France  about  1555: 
died  at  Paris,  May  26,  1583.  A  Scottish  noble, 
grandson  of  John,  third  earl  of  Lennox.  His 
French  title  came  from  Sir  John  StewartofDamley,  consta- 
ble of  the  Scots  army  in  the  wars  of  Charles  ^11.  of  France. 
He  was  a  favorite  of  James  VI.,  who  made  him  duke  of 
Lennox  and  earl  of  Darnley  in  1581.  He  secured  the  con- 
demnation of  Morton  for  the  murder  of  Darnley.  In  Dec, 
1582,  he  was  expelled  from  Scotland  for  treason. 

Stewart,  Sir  Herbert.  Born  at  Winchester, 
June  30.  1843 :  died  at  Gakdul,  Feb.  16,  1885. 
An  English  general.  He  served  in  South  Africa 
against  the  Zulus  in  1879 ;  was  chief  of  Sir  G,arnet  Wol- 
seley's  staff,  and  was  quartermaster-general  in  the  Boer 
war  in  ISSl.  He  went  to  Egypt  in  1882  ;  served  (then  quar- 
termaster-general of  the  cavalrj')  at  'Tel-el-Kebir :  com- 
manded the  cav.alry  division  under  Sir  Gerald  Graham  in 
1884 ;  and  as  commander  of  Wolseley's  advance-guard  in 
1885  gained  the  victory  of  Alju-Klea,  Jan.  17.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Gubat  Jan.  19. 

Stewart,  Robert,  Earl  of  Fife  and  Duke  of  Al- 
bany. Born  about  1340:  died  1419.  Younger 
son  of  Robert  II.  of  Scotland,  and  brother  of 
Robert  HI.:  regent  of  Scotland  from  1388,  in 
the  reign  of  Robert  II.,  the  greater  part  of  the 
reign  of  Robert  III.,  and  the  first  part  of  the 
reign  of  James  I.  He  was  accused  of  the  mur- 
der of  the  Duke  of  Eothsay. 

Stewart,  Robert,  second  Marquis  of  London- 
den-y:  known  tUl  his  fathei-'s  death  (April  8, 
1821)  by  the  eotirtesy  title  Viscount  (5astle- 
reagh.  Born  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  June  18,  1769: 
committed  suicide  in  a  fit  of  insanity  at  Foots 
Cray,  Kent,  Aug.  12, 1822.  A  British  s'tatesman, 
son  of  an  Ulster  proprietor  (who  was  created 
Viscount  Castlereagh  in  1795,  earl  of  London- 
derry in  1796,  and  marquis  of  Londonderry  in 
1816),  He  became  acting  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1797, 
and  secretary  in  1708 ;  was  instrument.al  in  carrying  the 
union  in  1800 ;  became  president  of  the  board  of  control  in 
1S02;  wassecretaryforwarJulv,  1805, -Jan., 1806,  and  April, 
1807,  to  Sept,  1809;  planned  the  Portuguese  (]SOS)andWal- 
cheren  (1809)  expeditions ;  and  was  foreign  secretary  1S12- 
1822.  He  represented  England  at  the  congresses  of  Cha- 
tillon,  Vienna,  and  Aix-la-Chapelle, 

Stewart  Diamond,  The.  A  large  diamond 
found  in  1372,  on  the  claim  of  a  Mr.  Spalding, 
in  South  Africa.  It  weighed  288|  carats  in  the 
rough,  and  is  of  a  light-yellow  tinge. 

S'tewart  Island,  or  New  Leinster  (len'ster  or 
liu'ster).  The  southernmost  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal islands  of  New  Zealand,  situated  south 
of  South  Island.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Pop- 
ulation, about  150. 

Stewart  Islands.  A  small  group  of  islands  in 
the  Solomon  Archipelago,  Pacific  Ocean. 

Steyne  (stin),  Marijuis  of.  A  brutal  and  cyn- 
ical man  of  the  world,  in  Thackeray's  "Vanity 
Fair." 

Steyr  (stir),  or  Steier,  or  Steyer  (sti'er).  A 
town  in  Upper  Austria,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Steier  with  the  Enns,  90  miles  west  by 
south  of  Vienna.  It  has  manufactures  of  cutlery,  fire- 
arms, etc.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a  countship  of 
steyr,  and  belonged  to  Styria.     Population  (1890),  21,499. 

Stickeen,  or  Stikine  (stik-en' ),  River,  or  Fran- 
ces (fran'ses)  River.  A  river  in  British  Amer- 
ica and  Alaska  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  east 
of  Sitka.     There  are  gold-mines  in  its  ■vicinity. 

Stieler  (ste'ler),  Karl  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mainz, 
Gei-many,  Nov.  1,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  April 
9,  1858.     A  German  portrait -painter. 

Stiemo  (ster'ne).  Aji  island  of  Norway,  off  the 
northern  coast,  about  lat.  70°  30'  N. 

Stigand  (stig'and).  IMed  at  Winchester  after 
1072.  An  English  prelate.  He  was  a  favorite  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  who  made  him  (1044),  bishop  of 
Elmham  or  of  the  East  Angles,  and  in  1052  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  On  the  death  of  Harold,  Stigand  voted  for 
Edgar  .Etheling  to  be  king.  For  this  reason  he  was  dis- 
trusted by  William  the  Conqueror,  who  induced  the  Pope 
to  deprive  him  of  his  see  and  to  condemn  him  to  perpetual 
imprisonment 

Stikine,  or  Stikeen.     See  SHcl-een. 

Stiklestad  (stik'le-stiid).  A  place  near  Trondh- 


Stirling,  James 

jem,  Norway,  where,  in  1030,  St.  Olaf,  king  ol 
Norway,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Danes. 
Stiles  (stilz),  Ezra.  Born  at  North  Haven 
Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1727:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.! 
May  12,  1795.  An  American  Congregational" 
clergj-man,  scholar,  and  educator.  He  was  pastor 
for  many  years  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  president 
of  Yale  College  from  1778.  He  wrote  "An  Account  of  tlie 
Settlement  of  Bristol  "  (1786),  "History  of  Three  of  the 
Judges  of  Charles  I."  (1794),  etc. 

Stilfser  Joch.     See  Stehio  Pass. 

Stilicho  (stil'i-ko),  Flavins.  Born  about  359 
A.  D.:  beheaded  at  Ravenna,  Italy,  Aug.  23,  408. 
A  famous  Roman  general  and  statesman.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  Vandal  chief  who  had  entered  the  service 
of  the  emperor  Valens.  He  was  ambassador  to  Pei-siauuder 
Theodosiiis,  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  ;  and  was 
the  guardian  and  chief  adviser  of  Honorius  and  his  father- 
in-law.  He  carried  on  war  against  Alaric  ;  repelled  an  in- 
vasion of  Alaric  in  403  after  the  battles  of  Pollentia  and 
Verona  ;  and  defeated  the  barbarians  under  Eadagaisus  at 
Fiesuh-e  in  406  or  405.  His  troops  revolted  at  Pavia,  and 
he  fled  to  Ravenna  and  was  put  to  death  by  Honorius. 

Still  (stil),  John.  Born  at  Grantham  about 
1.543:  died  Feb.  26,  1607.  An  English  prelate. 
He  was  a  student  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  after- 
ward dean  of  Bocking,  canon  of  Westminster,  master  of 
St.  Johns  and  of  Trinity,  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  (1593-1607).  In  1570  he  was  Lady 
Jfargaret's  professor  of  divinity.  He  was  probably  the 
author  of  the  comedy  "  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  "  (which 
see).  He  made  a  large  fortune  in  lead-mines  discovered 
in  the  Mendip  Hills. 

Still6  (stil'e).  Alfred.  Born  Oct.  30,  1813; 
died  Sept.  24,  1900.  An  American  physician, 
professor  in  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College, 
and  later  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  published  various  medical  works. 

Stille,  Charles  Janeway.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Sept.  23,  1819 ;  died  at  Atlantic  Citv,  N.  J., 
Aug.  11,  1899.  An  American  historian,  brother 
of  Alfred  Stille  :  provost  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1868-80.  His  works  include  "Hon  a 
Free  People  Conduct  a  Long  War  "(1862),"  Northern  Inter- 
est and  Soutliern  Independence :  a  Plea  for  United  Action  " 
(1863),  "  History  of  the  I'uited  States  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion" (1866),  "Studies  in  Medieval  History"  (1SS2),  and 
"Beaumarchais  and  'the  Lost  Million':  a  Chapter  of  the 
Secret  History  of  the  American  Revolution  "  (18S6). 

Stilling.     See  Jung. 

Stillingfleet  (stil'ing-flet),  Edward.  Bom  at 
Cranborue,  Dorset,  England.  April  17,  1635 : 
died  at  Westminster,  March  28, 1699.  A  noted 
English  prelate  and  theologian.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  (St.  John's  College),  in  1652;  was  chaplain 
to  Charles  II.,  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's ;  and  was  made  bishop 
of  Worcester  in  1689.  Among  his  works  are  "  Irenicum  " 
(1659),  "Origines  Sacra?  "  (1662),  "Unreasonableneis  of 
Sep.aration,"  "Origines  Britannicae  "  (1685).  works  against 
the  nonconformists  and  Roman  Catholics,  etc, 

Stillwater  (stil'wa'ter).  The  capital  of  Wash- 
ington County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  St.  Croix 
River  19  miles  northeast  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  an 
important  seat  of  the  lumber  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  12.31,8. 

Stillwater,  Battles  of.  See  Sarat^jga.BaWesof. 

Stimson  (stim'son),  Frederic  Jesup:  pseu- 
donym J.  S.  of  Dale.  Born  at  Dedham,  Mass., 
July  20,  1855.  An  American  lavryer  and  novel- 
ist. He  has  published  a  law  glossary  (1881),  and 
a  number  of  novels  under  his  pseudonym. 

Stinkomalee  (stingk-o-ma-le').  A  name  given 
to  London  University,  first  by  Theodore  Hook. 

Stirling  (ster'ling),  or  Stirlingshire  (ster'ling- 
shir).  A  county  of  Scotland,  bounded  by  Perth 
and  Clackmannan  on  the  north,  the  Forth  on  the 
east,  Linlithgow  on  the  southeast,  Lanark  and 
Dumbarton  on  the  south,and  Dumbarton  (partly 
separated  by  Loch  Lomond)  on  the  west.  It  has 
two  detached  portions  to  tlie  northeast.  The  surface  is 
largely  hilly  or  mountainous  (Lennox  Hills,  Ben  Lomond) 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  battles  in  the  wars  of  Wallace, 
Bruce,  Montrose,  and  the  Young  Pretender.  Area,  447 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  126,608. 

Stirling.  A  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh,  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Stirling,  situated  near  the 
Forth  in  lat.  56°  7'  N.,  long.  3°  57'  W.  it  has  im- 
portant woolen  manufactures.  Its  castle  is  a  picturesque 
agglomeration  of  battlemented  buildings  of  various  dates, 
occupying  a  height  commanding  the  town.  It  was  a  favor- 
ite abode  of  the  kings  of  Scotland,  whose  palace  of  the  16th 
century  still  stands  on  the  lower  court ;  on  the  ujiper 
court  front  the  Parliament  House  and  the  Chapel  Royal. 
It  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  by  the  Scotch  and 
English  in  the  wars  of  Edward  I.,  Edward  II.,  and  Edward 
III.  ;  was  taken  by  Monk  in  1651 ;  and  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Highlanders  in  1745.  The  town  contains 
also  the  Greyfriars  Church.  In  a  picturesque  location  in 
the  vicinity  are  Bannockburn,  Sauchieburn,  and  Cambus- 
kenneth  Abbey.  Stirling  is  oneof  the  oldest  Scotch  towns, 
and  was  long  "a  royal  residence.  Population  (1891),  16,781. 

Stirling,  Earl  of.     See  Alexander,  Sir  William. 

Stirling,  James.  Born  at  Garden,  Stirlingshire, 
1692 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  5,  1770.  A  Scot- 
tish mathematician.  At  eighteen  he  entered  Oxford, 
but  was  expelled  in  1715  for  corresponding  with  his  Jaco- 
bite relatives,  and  as  accessor)'  to  the  acts  of  rebellion. 
He  went  to  Venice  and  taught  mathematics  there,  return* 


Stirling,  James 

ing  to  London  about  1727.  He  wrote  "LinereTertii  Onli- 
nis  Newtonianse"  (1717)  and  "Methodus  Ditfereiitialis " 
(1730 :  hi3  most  important  work).  In  1735  he  wus  made 
nianager  of  the  Scots  Mining  Company  at  Leadhills,  In 
17o-2  he  made  the  tirst  survey  for  deepening  the  Clyde. 

Stirling,  James  Hutchison.  Born  at  Glasgow, 

June  2'2,  1820.  A  Scottish  philcsopher.  Hegradu- 
ated  both  in  arts  and  in  medicine  at  Glasgow  University : 
practised  nu-diriiie  in  South  Wales  for  a  short  tinu-: 
and  then  studied  philosophy  in  Germany.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  The  Secret  of  Hegel  "  (1865).  "Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton :  being  the  I'hilosophy  of  Perception  "  (1805),  a  trans- 
lation of  Schwfgler's  '*llistor>'of  Philosophy  "(1867),  "As 
Kegards  Protoplasm  "  (1809-72),  "Text-Book  to  Kant" 
(l-M),  etc. 

Stirling  Bridge,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained 
at  Stirlinf:  bv  the  Scots  under  Wallace  over  the 
English  in  1297. 

Stirling-Maxwell  (ster'ling-maks'wel).  Sir 
William.  Born  near  Glasgow,  1818 :  died  at 
Vuuice,  .Jan.  15,  1878.  A  Scottish  author.  He 
graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1830.  His 
wtjiks  include  "Annals  of  the  .\rtists  of  Spain"  (1848), 
"rloister  Life  of  Charles  V."  (1852),  "Velasquez  and  his 
Works"  (18.">5),  "Don  John  of  Austria"  (1883:  privately 
printed  earlier). 

Stobaeus  (sto-he'us),  Joannes.  Bom  at  Stol>i, 
Macedonia:  lived  probably  about  the  5th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A  Greek  •nTiter,  author  of  an  an- 
thology. 

Among  the  Byzantine  writers  to  whom  we  are  indebted 
for  precious  relics  of  the  older  Greek  authors,  perhaps 
the  earliest,  and  certainly  not  tlie  least  important,  is  John 
of  Stobi  in  Macedonia,  generally  known  as  Stobwus.  His 
personal  existence  has  vanished  fr-  >m  all  records,  and  even 
his  date  is  detennined  rather  by  inference  than  by  testi- 
mony. He  mentions  Hierocles,  who  flourished  about  the 
middle  of  the  5th  century,  and  does  not  name  any  subse- 
quent ^vriter.  It  is  therefore  concluded  that  he  lived  soon 
after  that  author. 

K.  0.  Mutter,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  .S79. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Stockach  (stok'kiieh).  A  town  in  the  circle  of 
Constance,  Baden,  16  miles  north-northwest  of 
Constance.  There,  on  March  25,  1799,  the  archduke 
Charles  defeated  tlie  French  under  Jourdan  ;  and  on  May 
4,  1800.  the  French  under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians 
under  Kray. 

Stockbridge  (stok'brlj).  A  town  in  Berkshire 
County,  Jlassachusetts,  situated  on  the  Housa- 
toric  River  43  miles  west-northwest  of  Spring- 
field :  noted  for  yjieturesque  scenery,  and  as  a 
summer  resort.  It «  as  the  scene.in  the  18th  century, 
of  the  missii'uary  labors  of  .Tonathan  Edw.ards  and  others 
among  the  stockbridge  Indians.     Population  (1900),  2,081. 

Stockbridge  Indians.    See  Malucan. 

Stockholm  (stok' holm ) .  A  laen  of  Sweden,  con- 
taining the  city  of  Stockliolm.  Area,  2,995 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  153,350. 

Stockholm.  The  capital  of  Sweden,  situated 
at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Malar  into  a  bay  of  the 
Baltic  Sea.  in  lat.  m°  20'  35"  N.,  long.  18°  3' 
30"  E.  (of  observatory).  It  comprises  the  city  proper, 
or  "Staden";  the  northern  quarters  Norrmalni,  Blasie- 
holnien,  Skeppsholnien,  Ladug&rdslandet,  and  Kungshol- 
nien  ;  and  the  southern  suburb  Sodermahn.  Stockholm  is 
a  principal  emporium  for  the  commerce  of  central  and 
northern  Sweden,  and  has  extensive  and  varied  manufac- 
tures. The  royal  palace  is  a  massive  building,  in  plan 
forming  a  rectangle  400  by  :i80  feet,  begun  in  1697  in  the 
style  of  the  Italian  Renaissance.  The  north  and  south 
favades  are  extended  by  large  wings.  The  state  apartments 
are  flue,  and  are  richly  adorned  with  ceiling  paintings, 
tapestry,  and  sculpture.  The  Riddarholms-K>Tka,  the  old 
cliurch  of  the  Franciscans,  is  a  large  medieval  building 
with  Kenaissance  and  later  modifications.  It  has  been 
for  centuries  the  buiial-place  of  the  kings  and  distin- 
guished men  of  Sweden,  and  is  full  of  their  t<)mbs,  with 
nu>numents  of  which  many  possess  historic  and  some  ar- 
tistic interest.  The  openwork  spire  of  iron  is  290  feet 
high.  The  city  also  contains  the  National  Museum,  the 
Northern  .M  useum,  and  the  Koyal  Libnuy ;  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  .Swedish  Acailemy,  and  of  academies  of  science,  belles- 
lettres,  histfjry  anil  antiquities,  music,  etc.  It  is  noted  for 
its  picturesque  location  and  environs.  It  was  founded  in 
tlie  13th  century  ;  has  several  times  been  besieged ;  nncl 
was  taken  by  Christian  II.  in  1520,  whoordered  the  "  Blor)d 
Hath  "  of  Stockholm  (see  Christian  IJ.).  Population  (1U0«X 
:aiO,«24. 

Stockholm,  Treaties  of.    1.  A  treaty  (1719) 

between  Sweden  and  Hannover.  To  the  latter 
were  ceded  Bremen  and  Verden  in  return  for 
a  payment  of  money. —  2.  A  treaty  (1720)  be- 
tween Sweden  and  I'russia.  Sweden  ceded  Stettin, 
Hither  Pomerania  to  the  Feene,  and  Wollin  and  I'sedom, 
and  received  a  payment  of  money. 

Stockmar  (stok'mjir).  Baron  Christian  Fried- 
rich  von.  Born  at  Coburg.  Gerinaiiv,  Aug.  22. 
1787:  died  there.  July  9,  1803.  A  (ierrnan physi- 
cian, anoflieial  in  the  service  of  Coburg.  He  was 
a  friend  of  Prince  Leopold  (king  of  Belgium)  and  of  I'rinee 
Albert,  consort  of  ()ueen  Victoria.  His  son  published  selec- 
tions from  his  papers  ("  lienkwiirdigkeiten  aus  den  Pa- 
pleren,  etc.,"  1872). 

Stockport  (stok'port).  A  town  in  Cheshire  and 
L.'iiicashire,  England,  situated  at  the  .iunction 
of  the  Tame  with  the  Mersey.  5  miles  southeast 
of  Manchester.  Its  chief  industries  are  cntton- 
Hpiiiniug  and  weaving.  I'opulutinn  (19(11), 
92,832. 


959 

Stockton  (stok 'ton).  The  capital  of  San  Joa- 
([uin  County,  California,  situated  on  the  Stock- 
ton navigable  channel,  near  the  San  Joaquin 
Kiver,  64  miles  east  by  north  of  San  Francisco. 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  San  Joaquin 
valley.     Population  (1900),  17,500. 

Stockton,  Frank  Richard.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, April  5,  1834  :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  20,  190  J.  An  American  humorist.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Kudder  Grange  '  (1879),  "The  Rudder  Gran- 
gers Abroad,"  "The  Lady  or  the  Tiger?  and  other  Stories'' 
(1884),  "  The  Late  Sirs.  Null "  (1886),  "The  Casting  Away 
of  Mrs.  Leeks  and  Mrs.  Aleshine"  (18S6 :  with  its  sequel 
"The  Dusaiites,"  1888),  "The  Hundredth  Man"  (1887), 
"Personally  Conducted"  (18S9),  "The  Merry  Chanter" 
(1890),  "The  Squirrel  Inn"  (1891),  "The  Clocks  of  Ron- 
dahie,  etc."  (18921,  "The  Watchmaker's  Wife,  etc.  "(1893), 
"  Pomona's  Travels"  (1894),  "The  Adventures  of  Captain 
Horn  "  (1893),  etc. 

Stockton,  Robert  Field.  Born  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  1795  :  died  at  Princeton,  Oct.  7, 1866.  An 
American  naval  officer  and  politician,  son  of 
Richard  Stockton  (1764-1828).  He  served  in  the 
War  of  1812.  and  in  the  Algerinewar  ;  negotiated  the  pur- 
chase of  Lil)eria  in  1821 ;  served  against  the  pirates  ;  was 
sent  to  California  in  command  of  a  squadron  in  1845 ;  with 
Fr(5mont  conquered  California  1846-47,  and  organized  a 
government;  resigned  from  the  navy  in  1850;  and  was 
Democratic  United  States  senator  from  New  Jersey  1851-53. 

Stockton-on-Tees  (stok'tgn-on-tez').  A  sea- 
port inthocountyof  Durham, England, situated 
on  the  Tees  in  lat,  54°  34'  N.,  long.  1°  19'  W.  It 
has  considerable  commerce,  and  important  iron 
and  steel  manufactures.     Pop.  (1901),  51,478. 

Stockwell  (stok'wel) .  A  district  of  London,  in 
South  wark. 

Stoddard  (stod'ilrd),  Amos.  Born  at  Wood- 
bury, Conn.,  Oct:'26,  1762:  died  at  Fort  Meigs, 
(Dhio,  May  11,  1813.  An  American  soldier,  an 
officer  in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
He  was  governor  of  Missouri  Territory  1804-05. 
He  published  "  Sketches  of  Louisiana"  (1812). 

Stoddard,  Charles  Warren.  Born  at  Roehes- 
tii',  X.  Y.,  1843.  An  American  writer,  professor 
of  English  literature  at  Notre  Dame  College, 
Indiana,  1885-86.  and  later  lecturer  on  English 
literature  at  the  Catholic  University,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  He  has  written  "South  Sea  Idylls"  (1873), 
"Sinumer  Cruising  in  the  South  Seas"  (1874),  "Mashal- 
lah  :••  (18H0),  "The  Lepers  of  Molokai  "  (1885),  etc. 

Stoddard,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Barstow).    Bom 

at  Mattapoisett,  Mass.,  May  6,  1823;  died  at 
New  York,  Aug.  1,1902.  An  American  poet  and 
novelist,  wife  of  R.  H.  Stoddard.  Among  her 
novels  are  "The  Morgesons"  (1862),  "Two 
Men"  (1865),  "  Temrjle  House"  (1867). 

Stoddard,  Richard  Henry.  Bom  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  July  2,  1825:  died  at  New  York,  May 
12,  1903.  An  American  poet  and  literary  critic. 
He  published"  Poems  "(1S.V2),  "  Songs  of  .Sujnmer"(1857). 
"The  King's  Bell"  (1802).  "The  Story  of  Little  Red 
Riding  Hood"  (1804),  "Children  in  the  Wood"  (1865). 
"  Abraham  Lincoln:  a  Horatian  Ode"  (18G5).  "Putnam 
the  Brave"  (1809).  "  The  Book  of  the  East"  (1867  :  "  The 
Book  of  the  F.ast.  and  other  Poems,"  1871);  and  edited 
various  Works.  inclU'iing  the  "  firic-il-Brac"  series  (1874- 
1876)  and  the  ".Sans  S(iu<i"  series. 

Stoddert  (stod'6rt),  Benjamin.  Bom  in  Mary- 
land, 1751:  died  at  Bladensburg,  Md.,  Dec, 
1813.  An  American  politician :  the  first  secre- 
tary of  the  navy  (1798-1801). 

Stoics  (sto'iks).  [Formerly  also  iSto(cA";  F.sto- 
iqitc,  Sp.  csloico,  Pg.  esioicn,  It.  stolen,  from 
L.  ntdirus,  from  Gr.  arunKi^,  pertaining  to  a 
porch  or  portico,  specifically  pertaining  to  that 
called  2ron  Woik'Jji,  'the  Painted  Porch 'in  the 
AgoraatAthens,  and  tothe  school  of  pliilosophy 
founded  b.v  Zeno,  who  frequented  this  ]ioi-ch.] 
Disciples  of  the  pliilosopherZeno,  who  founded 
a  sect  about  308  b.  C.  He  taught  thnt  men  should  be 
free  from  iiassifpn.  nnrnove(l  by  joy  or  grief,  ami  Hubmit 
without  (onipbtint  t<j  the  unavt)idable  necessity  by  wliii-h 
all  thitigs  are  governed.  The  Stoics  are  proverbially 
known  for  the  sternness  and  austerity  of  their  doctrines, 
and  for  the  lulluenee  which  their  tenets  exercised  over 
Some  of  the  noblest  spirits  of  aiitiijuity,  especially  among 
the  Romans.  Their  system  appears  to  have  been  an  at- 
tempt to  reconcile  a  theological  pantheism  and  a  material- 
ist psychology  with  a  logic  which  seeks  the  fotniilations 
of  knowledge  in  the  representations  or  perceptions  of  the 
senses,  and  a  tnorallty  which  claims  as  its  Ilrst  principle 
the  absolute  freedom  of  the  human  will.  The  Stoles  tea4-li 
tltat  whatever  Is  real  Is  material;  that  nnitter  aiMl  force 
are  the  two  ultimate  principles;  and  that  matter  is  of 
itself  motionless  and  unformetl,  though  callable  i>f  reeeiv. 
Ing  all  motions  and  all  ftirtiis.  Force  is  the  active,  nmv- 
ing,  and  molding  principle,  and  Is  inseparably  Joined  with 
matter;  the  working  foice  In  the  universe  Is  (Jod,  whose 
existence  as  awise,  tlilnking  being  Is  proved  by  the  beauty 
and  adaptation  of  the  world.  The  supreme  end  of  life,  or 
the  highest  good,  is  virtue  -  that  is,  a  life  conformed  tti 
nature,  the  agreenn-nt  of  Innnan  conduct  with  the  all- 
controlling  law  of  mitnre,  orof  the  hnimui  with  the  divine 
will;  not  contemplation, but  action,  is  the  supreme  pn>blem 
for  man  ;  virtue  is  sutlleient  for  happiness,  but  happiness 
or  pleastlre  should  never  be  nnide  the  eml  of  human  en- 
deavor. The  wise  man  alone  attains  to  the  complete  per- 
formance of  Ids  iluty ;  he  is  without  ])a8sion,  although  not 


Stolzenfels 

without  feeling ;  he  is  not  indulgent  but  just  toward  him- 
self and  others;  he  alone  is  free ;  he  is  king  and  lord,  and 
is  inferior  in  inner  worth  to  no  other  rational  being,  not 
even  t*i  Zeus  himself. 

Stoke  (stok).  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  by 
Henry  VII.  over  the  adherents  of  the  pretender 
Lambert  Simnel  at  Stoke-upon-Trent,  1487. 

Stoke  Newington  (stok  nu'ing-ton).  A  bor- 
ougli  (municijial)  of  Loudon,  3-4  miles  north- 
noi'theast  of  St.  Paul's. 

Stoke  Poges  (stok  po'jis).  A  -village  in  Buck- 
ingli;imsliire,  England,  23 miles  westof  London: 
the  burial-place  of  Thomas  Gray. 

Stokes  (stoks).  Sir  George  Gabriel.  Bom  at 
Skreen,  Ireland,  Aug.  13,  1819:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Feb.  1,  1903.  A  British  mathema- 
tician and  physicist.  He  graduated  in  1841  at  Cam- 
bridge (Pembroke  College)  as  senior  wrangler  and  fir^t 
Smith's  prizeman  ;  was  appointed  Lucasian  professor  of 
mathematics  in  1849 ;  wsis  made  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1885  ;  and  represented  Cambridge  University 
in  Parliament  1887-92.  In  1846  lie  wrote  a  report  for  the 
British  Association  on  hydrodjiiamics.  He  discovered 
the  refrangibility  of  light,  for  which  discovery  the  Rum- 
ford  medal  was  awarded  to  hiiit  iu  1852.  He  was  made  a 
baronet  in  1k8;i. 

Stokes,  Whitley.  Born  at  Dublin,  Feb.  28, 
1830.  A  British  philologist  and  Anglo-Indian 
jurist,  especially  noted  for  his  researches  in 
Celtic.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
went  to  India  (Madras)  as  a  barrister ;  was  law  member  of 
the  council  of  the  governor-general  of  India  1877-82,  and 
president  of  the  Indian  law  commission  on  the  civil  and 
criminal  codes  in  1887-  He  has  published  "Irish  CJlosscs" 
(ISOO),  "Three  Irish  Glosses"  (1862),  and  has  edited  "Cor- 
inac's  Glossary,  translated  by  O'lionavan  "  (1S68),  "(5oi- 
delica  "(1872), "Sal tairna  Rann  "(1SS3),  etc.,  besides  editing 
the  Anglo-Indian  codes. 

Stoke-upon-Trent  (stok'n-pou-trenf).  A  town 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Trent 
33  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  earthenware  and  porcelain.  It  is  the  center  of 
the  "Potteries."    Population  (1891),  24,027. 

Stolberg  (stol'berG).  1.  A  countship  in  Thu- 
ringia.  at  the  southern  foot  of  the  Harz.  It  is 
divided  into  Stolberg-Stolberg  and  Stolberg- 
Rossla. —  2.  The  chief  town  of  the  countship  of 
Stolberg-Stolberg,  50  miles  southwest  of  Jlag- 
deburg.  It  contains  a  castle.   Population,  2,088. 

Stolberg.  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Vichtbach  7  miles  east  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  In  Stolberg  and  its  vicinity  are  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  brass,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  glass,  etc. 
Its  muimfactures  were  established  by  French  Hugueuots 
in  the  17th  century.     Population  (1890),  12,792. 

Stolberg,  Count  Christian.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Oct.  15,  1748:  died  on  his  estate  Windebye, 
near  Eckernforde,  Schleswig,  Jan.  18,  1821.  A 
German  poet,  a  member  of  the  "Gottingen 
Dichterbuud."  His  works,  with  those  of  his 
brothel',  were  published  1820-25. 

Stolberg,  Count  Friedrich  Leopold.    Bom  at 

P.ramstcdt,  Holstein,  Nov.  7,  17.'>0:  died  near 
Osnabriick.  Dec.  o,  1819.  A  German  poet  and 
author,  brother  of  C."hristian  Stolberg,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  "(Tiittingen  Dichterbund."  He  wrote 
the  "lamben  "  (1784),  with  his  brother  "Sehauspiele  niit 
Choren','*  and  "  Vaterlandisehe  Gediehte";  he  also  wrote 
a  translation  of  the  Hiad,  Plato,  etc.,  the  novel  "Die  Insel" 
(1788),  travels,  etc. 

Stolen  Heiress,The,orthe  Salamanca  Doctor 

Outplotted.  A  comedy  by  Jlrs.  Centli\Te, 
priiduccd  iu  1702:  from  Thomas  May's  comedy 
'•Tlie  Heir." 

Stollberg  (stol'bero).  A  town,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxonv,  10  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz. 
Population  (1890),  6.939. 

Stollhofen  (stol'lio't'en).  A  small  village  in  Ba- 
den, near  tlie  Kliine  23  miles  southwest  of 
K;irlsrulie.  The  Stollhofen  lines  were  adefenso 
against  the  Frencli  1703-07. 

Stolp  (stolp),  or  Stolpe  (stol'pe).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  river  Stolpe  65  miles  west  of  Danlzic. 
It  was  a  Ilanseatic  town.     Pop.  (1.890),  23,S(i2. 

Stolpe.  A  river  in  northern  Prussia  which  flows 
into  the  Baltic  Sea  at  Stolpmiinde.  Length, 
11  bout  90  miles. 

Stolpmiinde  (stoip'mUn'de),  or  Stolpemiinde 

(stoT'])e-miiii-de).  [G.,  'moulli  of  the  Stolpe.'] 
A  small  seaport  and  watering-place  in  llie  prov- 
ince of  Pomeraniii,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Stolpe,  in  the  Baltic,  74  miles  west 
bv  north  of  Dant/.ic. 
Stolzenfels  (slolt'sen-fels).  [G.. 'proud  rock.'] 
.\  piiliiresi|ue  castle,  situated  oiialieight  above 
the  KliiiU'.4  miles  south  of  (^oblenz.  It  was  founded 
ill  the  I'll  h  ceutuiy,  on  the  site  of  an  older  structure,  by  an 
nreliblshop  of  Treves,  and  was  ruineii  by  Ix>nisXI  V.  In  lflS9. 
In  till'  present  century  It  was  restored  as  a  royal  residence 
by  Frederick  \\  illiaiii  IV.  It  is  a  picturesque  modified 
iiiedievid  castlewith  chlstering  towers,  theeentral  one  1  U> 
fe.l  hleh.  The  Interior  is  adorned  with  historical  and  alle. 
gorical  frescos,  sculptures,  and  many  interesting  art  woriia. 


stone 

Stone  (stou).  A  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Trent  7  miles  north  of 
Stafford.     Population  (1891),  5,754. 

Stone,  Amasa.  Born  at  Charlton,  Mass.,  April 
27.  ISIS :  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  May  11, 1883. 
An  American  financier  and  philanthropist.  He 


960 


Stowe,  Mrs. 


Stonemason  of  Cromarty.    A  pseudonym  of  Story  (stc'ril ,  Joseph.    Born  at  Marblehead, 


Hugh  Miller. 
Stone  Mountain.     A  .small  village  in  De  Kalb 
County,  Georgia,  about  12  miles  east-northeast 
of  Atlanta  :  noted  for  its  isolated  granite  dome 

(about  2.200  feet  high). 

largely  endowed  Adelbert  College  of  Western  Stone  of  the  Sun.     An  Aztec  monument,  eon- 


Reserve  University, 
Stone,  Charles  Poineroy.    Born  at  Greenfield, 

Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1824:  died  in  New  York  city, 

Jan.  24,  1887.     An  American  general  and  en- 

arineer.     He  graJ>iated  at  West  Poiut  in  IMS  ;  served  in 

the  Mexican  war ;  was  head  of  the  siu-vey  and  scientific 

exploration  of  .Sonora,  Mexico,  1857-60:  was  engaged  in 

the  winter  of  1861  at  Washington  (as  colont-1  and  inspec- 
tor-general of  the  local  militia)  in  drilling  volnnteers  ; 

was  placed  in  command  of  the  defenses  of  Washinfrton 

May  14, 1861 :  served  as  brigade  commander  under  Patter- 
son in  the  Shenandoah ;  was  in  command  of  the  corps  of 

observation  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Aug.  10, 1861,-Feb. 

9.1802;  directed  the  unfortunate  attack  at  Ball's  Bluff  Oct.       

21,  1861;  was  imprisoned  in  Fort  Lafayette  (New  York   ctnTiiTiiT+nn   Csto'TiiiKT-tonl 

harbor)Feb.-Aug.,1862;servedatthesiepeofPortHudso„   ^*0?3i^?*0?.il°  °i°=  l?"!'. 

in  1863 ;  and  was  chief  of  staff  in  the  Red  River  canipaiL-n 

of  1864.     He  was  in  the  service  of  the  khedive  1870-83, 

and  became  chief  of  staff.    He  was  chief  engineer  for  the 

erection  of  the  pedestal  of  the  Bartholdi  Statue  of  Liberty 

in  New  York  harbor. 
Stone,  Edwin  Martin.    Born  at  Framingham, 

Mass.,  April  29,  1805:  died  1883.   An  American 

Congregational   clergyman  and  author.  _    He 

edited  hvmn-books,  and  wrote  the  "Invasion  of 

Canada  in  177."i "  ( 1867 ),  memoirs,  etc. 
Stone,  Lucy  (Blackwell).     Bom   in  West 

Brookfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1818:  died  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Oct.  18,  1893.     An  American 

reformer,   a  prominent  advocate  of  woman's 


sistiug  of  a  piece  of  basalt  twelve  feet  m 
diameter,  carved  with  characters  representing 
divisions  of  time,  and  supposed  to  serve  as  a 
calendar.  It  was  carved  about  1512,  and  is  now  in  the 
National  Museum  of  Mexico.  Cliavero  is  of  opinion  that 
it  is  a  votive  monument  to  the  sun.  It  is  also  called  the 
A^lec  Calendar  Stune. 

Stone  Biver,  Battle  of. 

Battle  of. 
Stones  of  Venice,  The. 

Ruskiu,  published  in  1851. 
Stonewall  Jackson.     A  nickname  of  General 
Thomas  J.  Jackson.     See  Jaclson,  Thomas  J. 
A  seaport  in  New 


Mass.,  Sept.  18, 1779:  died  at  Cambridge.  Mass., 
Sept.  10,  1845.  An  eminent  American  juri.st.  Ha 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1798  ;  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
1501  in  Salem  ;  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1808-09  ;  was  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1811-45  ;  and  was  professor  of  law  at 
Harvard  1829-45.  He  published  "  Commentaries  on  the  Law 
of  Bailments  "(1S32),  "Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  "  (1833),  "On  the  Conflict  of  Laws  "  (18S4), 
"On  Equity  Jurisprudence"  (1S35-36),  "Equity  Plead- 
ings" (1838),  "  Law  of  Agency"  (1839).  "Law  of  Partner- 
ship "  (1841),  "Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange "  (1S43),  "  Law  of 
Promissory  Notes,"  Circuit  Court  decisions,  and  Supreme 
Court  reports.  His  "Miscellaneous  Writings  "  were  edited 
by  his  son.  

See  Murfreesboro,  Story,  William  Wetmore.     Bom  at  Salem, 

Mass^,  Feb^  19, 1819 :  died  at  Vallombrosa.  Italy, 
Oct.  7,  1895.  An  American  sculptor  and  poet, 
son  of  Joseph  Story.  Among  his  works  are  statues 
of  Edward  Everett  (Boston),  George  Peabody  (LondonX 
"Cleopatra,"  "Semiramis"  (New  York),  etc.  He  wrote 
legal  treatises,  several  volumes  of  poetrj',  "  Roba  di  Roma, 
or  Walks  and  Talks  about  Rome  "  (1862),  etc 


An  art  treatise  by 


London  Countv,  Connecticut,  sittiated  on  Longgtosch  (stosh),  Albrecht  VOn.    Bom  April  20, 
Island  Sound  iii  lat.  41°  20'  N.,  long.  71°  54'  W.    1818:  died  Feb.  29,  1896.     A  Prussian  general 
It  is  the  terminus  of  a  daily  steamer  line  to  New  York    and  state  minister,  chief  of  the   imperial  ad- 
city.    It  was  defended  against  the  British  in  1814.    Pop-    mji-^lty  Igy'^-SS 
ulation  (190,.,,  town,  8.640  .    n.     ■     P        StOSch,  Baro"nVhiUpp  VOU.     Born  at  Kiistrin, 

Stony(sto  ni)  Creek.  A. village m Ontario,  Can-  "p^^^f;'^,  n.^ch  22, 1691:  died  atFlorence,  Nov! 
ada  situated  near  Hamilton  at  the  western  end    ^   ^.^^      ^  German  art  connoisseur,  noted  for 
of  Lake  Ontario.     Here,  1813,  the  British  de-    ^^  eollection  of  antique  gems. 
feated  the  Americans.  ,  StOSS  (stos),  Der.    An  Alpine  pass  on  the  bor- 

Stony  Pomt.    A  rjromontory  on   he  west  bank    ^^^^  ^^  Appenzell  and  St.  Gall   Switzerland,  5 
of  the  Hudson  at  the  entrance  to  the  Highlands,    ^^^^  northeast  of  Appenzell. 

tldcan  foTt  t^Zl±Jy'^T':^ll^lTa  Stothard  (stoth'ard)  Thomas.  Born  at  Lon- 
by  the  British  in  1779,  and  was  retaken  by  assault  by  the  don,  Aug.  17,  1755  :  died  there,  April  II,  lSii4. 
Americans  under  Anthony  Wayne,  July  16, 1779.  An  Englisli  painter  and  illustrator.    Among  his 


Algeria. 


lustrations  for  Shakspere,  "Robinson  Crusoe,"  "The  Pil. 


Stonl!' Samuel.     Bom  at  Hertford,  England,  Stora  (sto'ra).     The  seaport   of  Philipperille,    paintings  is  the '; Canterbury_Pilgrims.::    He  design-edji 
about  1602  :  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  20,  " 

1663.  A  clergyman  and  colonist  in  New  Eng- 
land. He  emigrated  to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in 
1633,  and  became  pastor  there,  and  was  one  of  the  early 
colonists  of  Hartford  in  1636. 

Stone,  William  Leete.    Born  at  New 


„.    -  /  i-    "/  t  i-/  -   N    A  /       «        \    grim's  Progress."  Rogers's "  Italy,"  etc. 

Storace  (sto-ra  che  or  sto  ras),  Anna  (or  Ann)  Stotteritz  (stet'te-rits).  A  village  in  Saxony,  2i 
Selina.    Bora  at  London,  1766 :  died  Aug.  24,    ^^^f.^  southeast  of  Leipsic :   the  headquarters 
_     1817.  An  EngUsh  opera-smger,  sister  of  Stephen    of  Xj^poleon  in  the  battle  of  Leipsic  ( 1813). 
Storace.     She  created  the  role  of  Susanna  m  g^o^j^tQ^  (sto'ton),  Israel.     Died  at  Lincoln, 

,   .        .  Paltz,     Mozart's  "  Nozze  di  Figaro."  ^  _        England,  1645.     'An  earlv  colonist  in  Massa- 

N.Y.,  April  20, 1792:  died  at  Saratoga  Springs,  Storace,  Stephen.    Born  at  London,  1763:  died   ehiisetts.     He  commanded  the  Massachusetts 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  15,  1844.     An  American  jom-naUst    there,  March  19, 1796.    An  English  composer  of   troops  in  the  Peqnot  war.  1637. 
and  author,  editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors     operas,  son  of  Stefano  Storace,  an  Italian  con-  gtoughton  William.    Bom  in  England  about 
of  the  New  York  "Commercial   Advertiser"     trabassist.    Among  his  works  are  "  The  Haunted  Tow.    jg^i-  died' at  Dorchester   Mass.,  July  7,  1701. 

from  1821.    He  wrote  "Lette.s  on  JIasonryand  Anti-     !L;'i^l**)i';?"°|"."S".°*"PP?,Q,\^'*V'.Th^^  An  American  jurist,  son  of  Israel  Stoughton. 

Masonry"  (1832),  "Tales  and  Sketches  "  (1834),  '  Upsand     P?de    (  791)  "The  P'^ates    (1,92),  and  "The  Iron  Chest  ^b^.J^  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1692. 

Downs  in  the  Life  of  a  Distressed  Gentleman     (1S36),     (>'■»'•"""  "^^'™'"'.-,  ...        .  ...         _.,  and  later  acting  governor.    As  chief  justice  of  the  .Supe- 

"  Border  Wars  of  the  American  Revolution,"  lives  of  Brant  Stora  Lulea  (sto  ra  lo  la-a).     A  river  m  north-  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  pFesided  over  the  Salem  witchcraft  trials- 

(1838)  and  Red  .racket  (1840),  etc.  era  Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- g^         (^4^^,^^     [L.  .Sf„n„5.]     1.  A  small  river 

Stone,  William  Leete.  Born  at  New  York  city,    ma  about  lat.  6o°  40'  N.    Length,  about  240  ^  southern  England,  chiefly  in   Dorsetshire, 

April4,  IbSa,     An  American  lawyer  and  histor-    miles.  -  -  -  .t;     .      .  •    _ 

ical  writer,  son  of  W.  L.  Stone  (1792-1844).    He  Stora  LuleS.  Lake.     An  expansion  of  .Stora  Lu- 
has  puldished  the  "Life  and  Times  of  Sir  William  John-     ie^  River  in  its  upper  course. 

"     '  Storer  (sto'rer),  David  Humphreys.    Bom  at 

Portland,  Maine,  March  26,  1804:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Sept.  10,  1891.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  naturalist.  He  was  a  practising  physician 
at  Boston  from  1826,  and  was  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
medical  jurisprudence  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
and  its  dean  from  1854-68.    He  was  a  coU.aborator  with 


son"  (1865),  and  written  a  "History  of  New  York  City 
(1872),  "Campaign  of  Lieutenant-General  John  Burgoyne, 
etc."  (1877).  etc. 

Stoneham  (ston'am).  A  town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts.  9  miles  north  by  west 
ofBos'ton.     Population  (1900),  6,197, 

Stonehaven  (ston-ha'vn).  A  seaport,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Kincardine,  Scotland,  situated 


which  unites  with  the  Avon  at  Christchurch, — 
2.  A  small  river  in  Kent,  England,  which  flows 
past  Canterbury  and  empties  into  the  North 
Sea  at  the  Isle  of  Thanet. —  3.  A  river  on  the 
boundary  between  Essex  and  Suffolk,  England, 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  10  miles  south- 
east of  Ipswich. — 4.  A  river  in  Stafi'ordshire 
and  Worcestershire,  England,  which  joins  the 
Severn  at  Stourport. 


on  the  North  Sea  14  miles  south-southwest  of  Storer,  Francis  Humphreys.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Aberdeen.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Dunnottar  Mass.,  March  27, 1832.  An  American  chemist. 
Castle.     Population  (1891),  4,497.  professor  in  Harvard  I'niversity  (.1870),  and 

Stonehenge  (ston'henjl.     A  celebrated  prehis-    ^'ean  of  the  Bussey  Institution, 
toric  monument  in  Salisbury  Plain,  Wiltshii-e,  Stork,  King.     See  Log.  King. 
England,  8  miles  north  of  Salisbury.    The  original  Storm  and  Stress.     See  Sturm  iind  Drang. 
plan  seems  to  have  included  two  concentric  circles  of  up-   StOITU  King  (storm  king).     A  mountain  on  the 


Agassiz.   Hewrote"Fishcsof  North  America "(1846),  etc.  StOUrbridgO  (ster'brij).     A  town  in  Worcester- 
1.1. Ti :_  TT 1 T> ^  r>.,i. —      shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Stou-  10  miles 


west  of  Birmingham.  It  has  manufactures  of 
glass,  fire-brick,  etc.  Population  (1891),  9,386. 
Stourport  (ster'port).  A  town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Stour  -n-ith  the  Severn,  10  miles  north  by  west 
of  Worcester.     Population  (1891),  3.504. 


right  stones  inclosing  two  ellipses.    In  the  middle  there     yresterii  bank  of  the  Hudson,  above  West  Point.  Stow(st6),  John.   Bom  at  London  in  1525 :  died 


is  a  slab  called  the  altar.    Seventeen  stones  of  the  outer     TTpjo-lit    1  5^0  f Apt 

circle(16-18feet  high)  are  standing,  in  part  connected  by  -f^'^'f'"'''^''^''" -^"^J^^'  .         ,      t.     .it   , 

lintel-slabs  resting  on  their  tops.  In  the  vicinity  are  StormS,  Cape  01.  A  name  given  by  Bartholo- 
many  barrows  and  a  race-course  ("  cursus  ").  men  Dias  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

We  cannot  leave  this  point  without  alluding  to  the  ques-  StomOWay  (stor'no-wa).  Aseaport  outheeast- 
tion,  whose  temple  Stonehenge  was,  or  whose  it  chiefly  ern  coast  of  the  island  of  Lewis,  Hebrides,  in 
was  After  giving  it  all  the  attention  I  can,  I  have  come  j^t.  58°  11'  N.,  long.  6°  22'  W.  It  is  the  largest 
to  the  conclusion  that  we  cannot  do  better  than  follow     ,  •     i.u    -n  i    -  i         r,         it-        /iooi\   o  ooe 

the  storj-  of  Geoffrey,  which  makes  stonehenge  the  work  to^^  l^  tne  Hebrides.  Population  (1891),  3,38b. 
of  Merlin  Emrys,  commanded  by  another  Emi^s.  which  I  Storo  (sto're).  An  island  on  the  western  coast 
iiiterpret  to  mean  that  the  temple  belonged  to  the  Celtic     of  Norway,  about  35  miles  south  of  Bergen. 

Storrs  (st6rz),Kichard  Salter.  Bom  at  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1821:  died  at  Brooklyn, 


Zeus,  whose  later  legendary  self  we  have  in  Merlin.  It 
would  be  in  vain  to  look  for  any  direct  argument  for  or 
against  such  an  hypothesis  :  one  can  only  say  that  it  suits 
the  facts  of  the  case,  and  helps  to  understand  others  of  a 
somewhat  similar  nature.  What  sort  of  a  temple  could 
have  been  more  appropriate  for  the  primarj'  god  of  light 
and  of  the  luminous  heavens  than  a  spacious,  open-air  en- 
closure of  a  circular  form  like  Stonehenge?  Nor  do  I  see 
any  objection  to  the  old  idea  that  Stonehenge  was  the 
original  of  the  famous  temple  of  .\pollo  in  the  island  of  the 


N.  Y.,  June  5,  1900.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman,  noted  as  a  pulpit  orator.  He 
Wits  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  Brooklyn,  1846- 
1900.  He  was  an  editor  of  the  '■  In<lependent "  184&-61. 
His  works  include  "Conditions 
without  Notes"  (1875) 
English  BiWe"  (1880),  etc. 


there,  April  0,  1604.  A  noted  English  histo- 
rian and  antiquary,  son  of  Thomas  Stow,  a 
tailor.  In  l,=i61  he  published  "  A  Summary  of  Englische 
Chronicles," and  in  1580  his  "Annales,  or  a  Generale  Chron- 
icle of  England  from  Brute  until  the  present  yeare  of 
Christ  1,S80."  Stow  is  best  known  from  his  "Survey  of 
London  "  (1598),  the  standard  authority  on  old  London. 
Through  the  patronage  of  Archbishop  Parker  he  was  able 
to  print  the  *  •  Flores  Historiarum  "  of  Matthew  of  West- 
minster (l,=i67),  the  "Chronicle"  of  Matthew  Paris  (1571), 
and  the  "Historia  Brevis"  of  Thomas  Walsinghani  (l.i74). 
In  1604  he  was  authorized  by  James  I.  to  collect  "amongst 
our  loving  subjects  their  voluntary  contributions  and  kind 
gratuities." 
Stowe  (sto).  A  village  in  Buckinghamshire, 
England,  3  miles  northwest  of  Buckingham: 
noted  for  its  castle  and  park. 


Hyperboreans,  the  stories  about  which  were  based  in  the  gtortMug  (stor'tin'g).  '  [Prom  Dan.  Norw.  Stor- 

flrst  instancemostlikelyontheiournal  of  Pvtheas  travels.      ,,.         /t°  i       .-  .,7  .      \     ,.    .,      u-~i,    *. -t 

iJ/iys,  (Celtic  Heathendom,  D.  194.  *'"».'/  (Ipel.  storthing),  great  or  high  court.] 
The  national  parliament  of  Norway.  It  is  com- 
posed of  114  members,  who  are  chosen  by  in- 
direct election.  The  Storthing  is  convened  every  year, 
and  divides  itself  into  an  upper  house  (Lagthing)  and  a 
lower  house  (Odelsthing).  The  former  is  composed  of  one 
fourth  and  the  latter  of  three  fourths  of  the  members. 
See  Lafrlhin<f  and  Odehttniiff. 


itions  of  Success  in  Preaching  gtome  Calvin  EUis.    Born  at  Natick,  Mass., 
^John  Wyclille  and  the  iirst    Apj.;! 'g,  1802 :  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Aug.  22. 


Stoneman  (ston'man),  George.  Bom  at  Busti. 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  8,  1822 :  died  at  Buffalo,  Sept.  5, 
1894.  An  American  general  of  cavalry.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1S46 :  was  chief  of  cavalry  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861-62  ;  was  later  division  and 
corps  commander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ;  conducted 
a  raid  toward  Richmond  in  1863  :  took  part  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign  of  18t»4  ;  was  captured  in  a  raid  in  Georgia  in 
1864  ;  and  engaged  in  other  raids  and  military  operations. 
He  was  Democratic  governor  of  California  1883-87. 


18'86.  An  American  educator  and  theological 
writer,  professor  successively  in  Dartmouth 
College,  Lane  Theological  S"eminary  (Ohio), 
Bowdoin  College,  and  1852-64  (of  sacred  litera- 
ture) in  Ajidover  Theological  Seminary.  He  pub- 
lished "  Introduction  to  the  Criticism  and  Interpretation 
of  the  Bible"  (1836),  "Origin  and  Historj-  of  the  Books  of 
the  Bible " (1867  and  1.S87),  translation  of  Jahn's  "Hebrew 
Commonwealth"  (1828). 


Stor-Uman  (st6r-o'man).  A  large  lake  in  Swe-  Stowe,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Elizabeth  Beecher). 
den,  about  lat.  65°  N.  Its  outlet  is  the  UmeS  Bom.  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  .Tune  1,,  JMl:  lUea 
Elf.  at  Hartford, Conn.,  July  1,189().   AnotedAmer- 


Stowe,  Mrs. 

ican  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer :  daugh 
ter  of  Lyman  Beeeher,  sister  of  H.  W.  Beeeber, 
and  wife  of  C.  E.  Stowe.  She  was  educated  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.;  taught  school  there  and  at  Cincinnati ;  and 
after  her  marriage  lived  in  Cinciiniati.  Brunswick  (Slaine), 
AJidover,  Uartford,  Florida,  and  elsewhere.  Her  famous 
work,  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  was  published  in  the  Wash- 
iiij^ton  "National  Era"  1851-52,  and  in  book  fonii  in  18."»2. 
Anl'in^her  other  works  are  "  Dred  "  (1856  :  also  published 
as  "Nina Gordon"),  "The Minister's \Vooinc"(186Si),  "The 
Pearl  of  Orr's  Island  '  (ISa'i),  "  .\Knes  of  Sorrento'  (18ti3), 
"Old  Town  Folks "(18(19),  "  lly  Wife  and  I  " (1872),  "Pink 
ami  Wliite  Tyranny  "  (1871),  "We  and  Our  Neighbors" 
(1875),  ".Sam  Lawsou's  Fireside  Stories  "(1871),  "  Poganiic 
People  "  (1878),  "  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  (1863), "  Sunny 
Memories  of  Foreign  Lands "  (1854),  "Lady  Byron  Vindi* 
catcd  "  (IMV.l),  etc. 

Stowell,  Baron.     See  Scott,  JTilliam. 

StO'WTUarket  (sto'mar-ket).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the  Clip- 
ping 11  miles  northwest  of  Ipswich.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,339. 

StO'W-011-the-'Wold(sto'on-?'He-wold').  Atown 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  24  miles  northwest 
of  Oxford.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  last  battle  of  the 
English  civil  war,  March,  1646,  in  which  the  Koyalists  un- 
der Astley  were  defeated. 

Strabane  (stra-ban').  Atown  in  theeounty  of 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  on  the  Mounie,  opposite  Lif- 
ford  and  the  mouth  of  the  Finn,  13  miles  soutli- 
west  of  Londonderry.   Population  (1891),  5,013. 

Strabofstrii'bo).  ['  Squint-eyed': from Gr.]  Born 
at  Amasia,  Pontus,  about  63  B.  c. :  died  about  L'4 
A.D.  A  celebrated  Greek  geographer.  He  traveled 
extensively,  and  wrote  a  geographical  work,  in  17  books, 
describing  F.urope  (Books  III.-X.),  Asia  (XI. -XVI. ),  and 
Egypt  and  Libya  (XVII.).  "The  first  two  books  contain 
a  general  introduction,  in  which  the  author  reviews  his 
principal  predecessors,  beginning  with  Homer  and  pass- 
ing on  t^)  Anaximander,  Hecat«us,  Democritus.  Eudo.\us, 
Dicsearchus.  Ephorus,  Eratosthenes,  Polybius,  and  Posei- 
donlus.  He  also  gives  us  his  general  notions  of  the  figure 
and  dimensions  of  the  earth,  and  the  climatology  of  the 
ditferent  zones.  According  to  him  the  earth  is  a  globe, 
fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  its  habitable  por- 
tion resembles  a  military  cloak,  and  extends  from  Ireland 
to  Ceylon."  

Strachey,  William.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of 
the  17th  century.  An  English  colonist,  secre- 
tary of  Virginia  aliout  1610-12.  He  wrote  "A  True 
Rep'ertory  of  the  Wracke  and  Redemption  of  Sir  Thomas 
Gates,  upon  and  from  the  Islands  of  the  Bermudas  "(edited 
by  Purcha.s),"  For  tlie  Colony  in  Virginea  Britanina:  Lawes 
Divine,  Morall,  and  Martiall "  (1612),  "Historic  of  Travaile 
into  Virginia  Britannia"  (published  by  the  Hakluyt  Society 
1849) 

Sirada,  Alonzo  de.    See  Estradn. 

Stradella(stra-del'la).  Atown  in  theprovince 
of  Pavia,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Aversa 
10  miles  southeast  of  Pavia.  Population  (1881 ), 
commune,  8,630. 

Stradella.  1.  An  opera  by  Flotow.  it  was  first 
produ(-ed  as  a  short  lyrical  piece  in  Paris  in  1837,  and  after- 
ward rewritten  and  produced  in  its  present  form  in  Ham- 
burg, Dec.  30,  1844,  as  "Alessandro  Stradella." 
2.  An  opera  by  Niedermeyer,  produced  at  Pa- 
ris in  1K37. 

Stradella,  Alessandro.  Born  at  Naples  about 
1640:  dieilatGenoaaboutl681.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, alleged  to  have  been  also  a  noted  singer 
and  performer. 

Stradella,  Alessandro.    See  Stradella,  1. 

Stradella  .Defile  of.  A  famous  pass  and  strate- 
gic point  between  the  Po  and  spurs  of  the  Apen- 
nines, near  Pavia. 

Stradivari  (stril-de-vii're),  Antonio,  Latinized 
Antonius  Stradivarius.  Born  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1644  (f):  died  there,  Dee.  17  or  18, 
1737.  A  famous  Italian  maker  of  violins,  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  masters  of  the  art :  a  pupil 
of  Nieolo  Amati.  His  best  violins  were  made  about 
170o-'ir,.     His  s(jns  Francesco  and  Onujbono  ai'c  also  noted. 

Strafford  (Straf'Ord).  A  tragedy  by  Robert 
Browning,  relating  to  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  it 
was  written  for  Macready,  at  his  own  request,  and  he 
played  the  title  r^'de  on  its  production  in  18:17. 

Strafford,  Earl  of.     See  H'oitirorth,  Thomas. 

Strafford  Going  to  Execution.    A  painting  by 

Paul  Doiarochc  (183")),  in  Stafford  House.  Lon- 
tloii  The  earl  is  kneeling  beneath  tlie  prison  window 
of  Arclibishop  [.and,  who  extends  bis  hands  tlu-ougli  the 
bar.H  in  blessing,  while  the  guards  wait. 
Strahlegg  (stril'lek).  A  glacier  pass  in  the  Ber- 
nese Aljis,  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  lead- 
ing from  tlie  Grimsel  hospice  to  Grindelwald. 

Straits  Settlements  (strats  si^t'l-nients).    A 

Hiilisli  criiwu  I'cilouy  in  the  Malay  Peninsula. 
It  comprises  Singapore,  .Malacca,  Penang  (Dindings,  Wel- 
lesley);  ami  a  protectorate  is  exercised  over  the  native 
states  of  Perak,  Selangor,  Sungei  fjong.  I'ahang,  .lullore, 
and  Negri  Sembilan.  Population  of  straits  Settlcment.s 
proper  (IWIl),  512,3-12. 

Strakonitz  (strii'ko-nifs),  Czech  Strakonice 

(strii-ko-not'se).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  tlio  Wiiltawa  61  miles 
southwest  of  Prague.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 5,419. 


961 

Strakosch  (stra'kosh),  Manrice.  Born  at  Lem- 
bei'g,  Galicia,  1823:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  9,  1887. 
An  opera  and  concert  manager.  He  Introduced 
Patti,  Nilsson,  and  other  famous  singers  to 
American  audiences. 

Strakosch,  Max.  Born  1835.  An  opera  mana- 
ger, brotlier  of  Maurice  Strakosch,  and  partner 
in  many  of  liis  ventures. 

Stralsund  (striirsond).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Strelasuml  in  lat.  54°  19'  N.,  long.  13°  5'  E. 
It  exports  grain,  and  has  varied  matmfactures.  It  con- 
tains a  Rathaus  and  3  large  Gothic  churches.  The  city 
was  foundiul  by  the  Prince  of  Rugen  in  1209:  was  a  Hanse- 
atic  town  ;  was  unsuccessfully  besiege<l  by  Wallenstein  in 
1628;  passed  to  Sweden  in  lt>48 ;  was  several  times  cap- 
tured ;  was  defendetl  unsuccessfully  by  SchiU  against  the 
French  allies  in  1809  ;  and  passed  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Pop- 
ulation (ISDo),  27,814. 

Strand  (strand).  One  of  the  chief  thorough- 
fares of  London,  extending  southeast  from 
Fleet  street  to  Cliaring  Cross.  Originally  the  only 
route  between  the  City  and  Westminster  was  by  Wat- 
ling  street  over  llolbttrn  Bridge.  Later,  when  Ludgate 
was  openecl  and  Fleet  Bridge  built,  a  more  direct  way  was 
matle  by  the  "St  raunde  "through  the  fens  or  marsh  by  the 
river  side.  The  street  became  tbefa..,liionalile  ((n;u-tcr',  anti 
was,  espeeiallyon  theriversidc.  Imilt  up  with  line  piiiiues 
and  monasteries  (Bridewell,  Whitefriar.-;,  The  Temple, 
Savoy,  etc.). 

Strange  (strauj),  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  Main- 
land, Orkney,  July  14,  1721:  died  at  London, 
July  5, 1792.  A  British  line-engraver.  Inl7;)5he 
was  apprenticed  to  an  Edinburgh  engraver,  and  in  1745- 
1746  lie  was  in  the  Jacobite  army.  In  1748  he  studied 
drawing  under  .1.  B.  Descamps  at  Rouen  ;  in  1749  was 
a  pupilof  I.e  Bas  at  Paris  ;  and  in  1750  returned  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  superintended  the  illustrations  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Hunter's  work  on  the  "Gravid  Uterus"  from  red 
chalk  drawings  by  "Van  Rymsdyck,  published  in  1774.  In 
1753  he  engraved  the  "Magdalen"  and  "  Cleopatra  "  of 
Guido,  and  in  17('^  went  to  Italy.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  academies  of  Rome,  Florence,  Parma,  and 
Paris,  and  was  kni^'hte'l  in  17S7. 

Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde, 
The.    A  tale  by  R.  L.  Stevenson,  published  in 

1SS6. 

stranger  (stran'jer).  The.  A  translation  from 
Kotzel.iue's  "  Misanthropy  and  Repentance," by 
Tliompsdu,  altered  and  improved  by  Sheridan. 

Strange  Story,  A.  A  novel  by  B"ulwer  Lyf- 
tou,  published  during  1862  in  '"All  the  Year 
RouikI." 

Strangford  (strang' ford),  Lough.  A  lake  or 
branch  of  the  Irish  Sea,  situated  in  northeast- 
ern Ireland  10  miles  southeast  of  Belfast. 
Length,  about  16  miles. 

Straniera  (strii-ne-a'ra).  La.  [It.,  'The 
Stranger.']  An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1H29. 

Stranraer  (stran-riir' ).  A  seaport  in  Wig- 
townshire, Scotland,  situated  at  the  head  of 
Loch  Kyan,  in  lat.  .54°  54'  N.,  long.  ,5°  2'  W. 
It  has  some  coasting  trade.  Population  (1891), 
6,193. 

Strap  (strap),  Hugh.  A  follower  of  Roderick 
Kandoin  in  Smollett's  novel  of  that  name.  He 
is  a  simple,  disinterested  fellow,  ill  treated  by  his  mother. 

Straparola  da  Caravaggio  (strii-p.a-ro'lii  dii 
kii-rii-viid'jo),  Giovanni  Francesco,  known  as 

Straparola.  Bi>rn  near  tlie  end  of  the  15th 
century:  died  about  1557.  An  Italian  novelist. 
He  published  "Sonetti,  strambotti,  epistole  6  capitole" 
(1.568),  but  is  best  remembered  by  his  collection  of  stories 
called  "'J'redeci  piacevoli  notti,"  drawn  from  many  sources 
and  pul)lished  at  Venice  in  two  series  in  1550  and  15.54. 
Many  editions  were  issueii.  and  the  book  has  been  a  store- 
house  f  I'om  wliich  stieceeding  writers  have  obtained  plots, 
etc.  Shaksj)ore  and  Nb^lit're  are  indebted  to  it,  one  of  the 
stories  is  in  Painter's  "  Palace  of  Pleasure,"  and  there  have 
been  several  French  ti'anslations.  The  stories  are  told  (Ui 
separate  nights  by  a  pai'ty  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  enjoy- 
ing the  cool  air  at  .Murano  (Venice),  and  are  freciuently 
called  "Slraparida's  .Nights. 

Strasburg  (stras'beig),(i.  Strassburg  (striis'- 
bijro),  F.  Strasbourg  (sti'iis-l)iir').  'fhe  cajii- 
tal  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  silualed  at  the  junction 
of  the  Breusch  and  111,  about  2  miles  from  the 
Rhino,  in  lat.  48°  35'  N.,  long.  7°  46'  E.:  the  Ro- 
man Argentoratiim.  It  Is  a  railway  center,  a  fortieas 
of  the  first  rank,  and  an  Important  strategic  point.  11  has 
nuimifacturestif  beer,  leather,  tobacco,  liyes,  etc.;  and  ex- 
ports beer,  sausages,  "fat  liver  plcR,"S}nu'r-kraut,  Imps, 
etc.  The  cathedral  is  an  Interesting  monument,  founded 
In  the  11th  century,  and  not  llidshed  until  the  15th.  The 
west  front  and  openwork  tower  and  spireare  famous  ;  the 
front  Is  very  richly  tlocorated  with  tracerii-d  windows  ami 
slender  arcadlng,  and  has  fine  sculptured  portals  and  a 
splendid  rose,  but  it  bears  little  relation  to  I  he  remainder  of 
the  edillce,  far  above  which  it  rises  in  a  heavy  square  nniss. 
The  "plre  Is  468  feet  high.  The  13tli.centui-y  nave  Is  100 
feet  high,  and  excellent  In  design  :  the  east  end  Is  of  mas- 
sive Uoinanesi|ue,  with  an  early  crypt.  The  nu-dieviU  glass 
Is  gtugcous  In  color,  nnti  the  great  astronomical  clock 
(1842)  is  an  artistic  and  scientific  curiosity,  'rhi- Church  of 
St.  Thomas  Is  chlelly  of  thetinieof  transiilou  from  lt(»ru:tn- 
esiiue  to  Ptdnti'd,  of  massive  nml  imposing  architecture, 
and  possesses  good  glass.  It  Is  chlelly  remarkable,  lu)W- 
ever,  for  the  tomb  of  the  Mardchal  de  Saxe,  erected  by 


Stratonice 

Louie  XV.,  and  designed  by  Pigalle.     The  marshal  np- 

{)ear8  descending  to  the  grave,  to  which  he  Is  conducted 
)y  Death,  while  FYance  iu  the  form  of  a  beautifol  woman 
seeks  to  hold  him  back.  The  University  of  Strasburg  was 
founded  in  the  first  part  of  the  17th  century:  was  sup- 
pressed in  the  French  Revolution  ;  was  refoanded  lat«r  as 
a  French  acadeiuy  ;  and  was  refounded  as  a  university  in 
1872.  Connected  with  It  are  an  obser^'atory  and  a  library  of 
over  70o,(X»0  volumes.  Near  Argentoratum  the  emperor  Ja- 
lian  defeated  the  Alamauni  in  367  ;  but  the  town  was  later 
conquered  by  the  Alamanni  and  by  the  Franks.  Strasburg 
was  confirmed  as  a  free  imperial  city  in  consequence  of 
the  victory  of  the  citizens  over  the  bishop  In  1'.'62.  The 
gilds  obtained  a  share  in  the  government  in  1332.  A 
wholesale  execution  of  Jews  took  place  in  1349.  The  town 
became  one  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  Empire  ;  accepted 
the  Reformation  ;  »  a.s  taken  by  the  French  in  liiSl  and  con- 
firmed to  them  in  1697  ;  and  was  annexed  with  Alsace  to 
Germai]y  in  1871.  The  city  was  invested  by  the  Germans 
in  the  middle  of  Aug.,  1870:  was  bombarded  Aug.  24  and 
succeeding  days  ;  and  capitulated  (after  great  damage  to 
the  city  and  cathedral)  Sept.  -28.  w  ith  a  garrison  of  nearly 
18,000  men  commanded  by  General  ITirich.  The  attack- 
ing force  was  under  General  von  Werder.  Population 
(I'.lOlll,  l.-,0.2(i8. 

Strasburg.  A  \-illage  in  Shenandoah  County, 
Virginia,  situatedon  the  North  Fork  of  the  Shen- 
niidoah.  72  miles  west  of  Washiugtem.  Itwasan 
important  point  in  the  Civil  War.  Near  it  occurred  the 
battle  of  Fisher's  Hill,  or  Woodstock,  Sept,  22,  1864. 

Strasburg,  Oath  of.    See  the  extract. 

This  fact  conies  proniinently  forth  in  the  famous  oath 
of  strassburg,  presei'ved  by  Nithard.  That  precious  docu- 
ment has  been  commented  upon  over  ancl  over  again  as 
a  matter  of  philology ;  it  is  no  less  valuable  as  a  matter 
of  history.  It  shows  that  in  841  the  distinctions  of  race 
and  language  were  beginning  to  make  themselves  felt 
The  Austrasian  soldiers  of  King  Lewis  swear  in  the  Old- 
German  tongue,  of  which  the  oath  is  an  early  monument ; 
but  of  the  language  in  which  the  oath  is  taken  by  the 
Neustrian  soldiers  of  King  Charles,  the  oath  itself  is,  as  far 
as  our  knowledge  goes,  absolutely  the  oldest  monument. 
Freeman,  Hist-  Essays,  L  181. 

Strasburg-an-der-Drewenz  (stras '  boro  -  iin  - 
iler-dra' vents).  A  town  in  the  province  of  West 
Prussia,  situatedon  theDrewenz84miles  south- 
southeast  of  Dantzic.    Population  (1890),  6,122. 

Strasburg-in-der-Uckermark   (strSs'boro-in- 

der-ok'er-miirk).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  72  miles  north-northeast 
of  Berlin.     Population  (1890),  6,246. 

Strassburg  (in  Alsace).     See  Strashiirtj. 

Strassnitz     (striis'nits),     Slav.     Striznice 

(strilzh'net'se).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  March  37  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Briinn.     Population  (1890),  4,719. 

Stratford  (straffprd).  A  suburb  of  London, 
situated  in  Essex,  on  the  Lea,  4Amiles  east-north- 
east of  St.  Paul's. 

Stratford.  The  capital  of  Perth  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  on  the  Avon  58  miles 
west  of  Hamilton.     Population  (1901),  9,959. 

Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  Viscount.    See  Can- 

iiiiKj,  Stratford. 
Stratford-upon-Avon(strat'tV;rd-u-pon-a'vqn), 
or  Stratford.  A  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Avon  8  miles  southwest  of 
Warwick:  famousastho  birthplace  of  Shakspere. 
It  contains  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  (F.arly  English 
and  Perpendicular  styles),  with  the  tomb  of  Shakspere;  the 
house  whcreSbitkspcre  was  born;  and  the  New  I'liicc,  the  site 
of  the  house  bnill  by  Sir  lluglK  loiiton  in  the  time  of  Henry 
VII., and  bought  by  Sbaksjiere  in  1597;  Shakspere 's  house 
is  now  national  property  and  has  been  suitably  restored. 
The  low  gabled  exterior,  with  its  timber  framing  filled  In 
with  plaster,  and  the  interior  rooms,  preserve  tlieir  Utth- 
century  character.  An  Interesting  Shakspere  Museum  has 
been  formed  In  the  house.  The  Shaksjiere  fountain  was 
erected  in  lsS7  by  George  W.  Childs.  Near  by  is  Shottery, 
with  .\ini  llathaway's  cottage.    Population  (1891),  8,318. 

Strathbogie  (strath-bo'gi).  A  district  in  the 
nort  liwi'stern  jiart  of  the  county  of  Aberdeen, 
Scotland. 

Strathclyde  (strath-klid').  A  medieval  Celtic 
kingdom,  embracing  in  its  greatest  extent 
soiiljiweslern  Scotland  to  the  Clyde  and  north- 
west<'rii  Eiiglanil  to  the  Mersey.  The  northern 
part  was  fliuilly  aimexed  to  Scotland  in  il-24.  Called  Cum- 
lula  in  its  later  history. 

Strathearn  (strath-('>rn').  The  valley  of  the 
E;ini.  in  I'erlhshire,  Scotland. 

Strathmore  (stralh-mor').  An  extensive  plain 
in  lasUrn  Perthshire  and  Forfarshire,  Scot- 
lan.l. 

Strath  Spey  (stratli  spa).  The  valley  drained 
by  the  Spey  in  the  counties  of  Inverness,  El(^n, 
and  Banff,  Scotland. 

StratO  (stra'lo),  or  Straton  (stra'ton).  [Or. 
l.Tpnruv.]  A  Gi'eek  peripatetic  philosopher,  the 
successor  of  Theophrnstus  in  the  presidency  of 
the  Lyceum  in  288  B.  C.  Uc  was  called  "the  natu- 
ralist "'beca.iso  he  ilvclared  the  intcrvcntltui  of  a  deity  iu 
nattirc  utinecessary. 

Stratonice  (strat-o-ui'se).  [Gr.  Srparoi'iV-i;.] 
Lived  about  300  B.  C.  Daughter  of  Demetrius 
Poliorcetes,  and  wife  of  Seleueus  Nicator,  and 


Stratonice 

later  of  his  son  Aiitiochus  I.  Seleucus,  discovering 
his  son's  passion  for  her,  gave  her  to  hiro,  and  at  the  same 
time  made  liim  king  of  the  provinces  of  upper  Asia. 

Stratton  (strat'n).  A  place  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, 26  miles  southwest  of  Barnstaple,  where, 
in  1643,  the  Roj'alists  defeated  the  Parliamenta- 
rians. 

Stratton,  Charles  Sherwood  (sobriquet  Tom 
Thumb).  BornatBridgeport,Conn.,1838:  died 
at  Middleborough,  Mass.,  1883.  An  American 
dwarf,  exhibited  by  P.  T.  Barnum  in  various 
parts  of  the  world.  He  married  in  1863  Mercy  Lavinia 
Bnmp  (Lavinia  Warren),  also  a  dwarf.  When  first  exhib- 
ited he  was  about  two  feet  high,  but  grew  to  a  height  of 
forty  inches. 

Strauss  (stvous),  David  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Ludwigsburg,  \Vtirtemberg,  Jan.  27,  1808:  died 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Feb.  8,  187-t.  A  celebrated 
German  theological  and  philosophical  writer 
and  biographer.  He  was  educated  at  Tubingen  and 
Berlin,  and  was  "  repetent  "  at  the  Tbeological  Seminary 
and  lecturer  at  the  University  of  Tubingen  1832-36.  He 
was  deprived  of  his  office  on  account  of  his"Leben  Jesu," 
and  received  the  position  of  teacher  at  the  Lyceum  of 
Ludwigsburg :  this,  however,  he  abandoned  in  1836,  and 
went  to  Stuttgart.  In  1839  he  was  called  as  professor  of 
dogmatics  and  church  history  to  Zui'ich ;  but  his  appoint- 
ment caused  so  much  opposition  that  he  was  at  once 
pensioned,  and  soon  driven  from  the  place.  He  lived 
thereafter  at  Stuttgart,  Darmstadt,  and  elsewhere.  He 
Bought  to  prove  that  the  gospel  history  is  mythical  in 
character.  Among  his  works  are  "  Das  Leben  Jesu  "("Life 
of  Jesus,"  1835),  "Die  christliche  Glaubenslehre,  etc." 
("Chiistian  Doctrine  of  Belief,"  1840-41),  biographies  of 
Schubart  (1841)),  Marklin  (18,"il),  Frischlin  (IS.-J.S),  Ulrich 
von  Hutten  (186&-60),  Reimarus  (]86'2),  Voltaire  (18711), 
*'Da8  Leben  Jesu  fur  das  deutsche  Volk  "  (1864)  "Der 
alte  und  der  neue  Glaube"  ("The  Old  and  the  >'ew  Be- 
lief," 1872),  and  controversial  works. 

Strauss,  Eduard.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb.  14, 
1835.  An  Austrian  composer  of  dance-music, 
son  of  Johann  Strauss  (1804-49).  in  1870  he  be- 
came conductor  of  the  court  balls.  He  has  composed  more 
than  200  pieces  of  dance-music. 

Strauss,  Johann.  Born  at  Vienna,  March  14, 
1804:  died  there,  Sept.  25,  1849.  An  Austrian 
composer  and  conductor,  famous  for  his  dance 
music.  In  1826  he  became  the  conductor  of  a  small 
orchestra  at  Vienna,  which  gave  successful  concerts,  and 
he  was  engaged  for  six  years  at  the  ".Sperl."  The  band 
was  finally  enlarged  to  200  members,  out  of  which  a  se- 
lection  was  made  of  a  certain  number  who  played  music 
of  the  highest  class.  He  now  began  a  series  of  tours,  ap- 
pearing for  the  first  time  in  England  in  1838.  He  raised 
dance-music  (of  whichhe  composed  about  260  piece3)to  a 
high  level. 

Strauss,  Johann.  Born  at  Vienna,  Oct.  25, 1825: 
died  there,  June  3, 1899.  An  Austrian  composer, 
son  of  Johann  Strauss  (1804-49).  He  composed 
nearly  400  pieces  of  dance-music,  among  them  the  waltz 
"An  derschonen  blauen  Douau  "  ("  By  the  Beautiful  Blue 
Danube  ").  Among  his  operettas  are  "  Indigo,  oder  die 
vierzig  Rauber"  (1871),  "Der  Karneval  in  Rom,"  "Die 
Fledeimaus,"  "Cazliostro,"  "Prinz  Methusalem,"  etc. 

Strauss,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Aug.  22, 
1827 :  died  there,  July  22,  1870.  An  Austrian 
composer  of  dance-music,  son  of  Johann  Strauss 
(1804-49).  He  composed  about  280  pieces  of 
dance-music. 

Strawberry  Hill  (stra'ber"i  hil).  Horace  Wal- 
pole's  country  house,  near  Twickenham,  Surrey. 
He  gave  Kitty  ('live  a  small  house  near  it,  which  he  called 
Cliveden,  sometimes  "  Little  Strawberry  Hill." 

Streaky  Bay  (stre'ki  ba).  An  Inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  coast  of  South  Australia,  in  long. 
134°  E. 

Street  (stret),  Alfred  Billings.  BomatPough- 
keepsie, N.Y., Dec.  18,1811  :diedatAlbany,N.Y., 
June  2,  1881.  An  American  poet  and  author, 
State  librarian  of  New  York.  Among  his  poems 
are  "The  Burning  of  Schenectady  "  (1842),  "  Drawings  and 
Tintings  "  (1844),  "Fugitive  Poems"  (1846),  "Frontenac" 
(1849).  His  other  works  include  "  Woods  and  Waters," 
on  Adirondack  travel  (1860),  etc. 

Street,  The.  A  jiopular  name  for  the  part  of 
New  York  in  and  near  Wall  street,  famous  as 
a  financial  center. 

Strelasund  (stra'la-zont).  The  narrow  strait 
which  separates  RUgen  in  the  Baltic  from  the 
mainland  of  Germany. 

StrelitZ.     See  Neustrelitz. 

Strelna  (stral'na).  A  Russian  royal  palace, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland  12  miles  west- 
southwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 

Strephon  (strcf'on).  A  shepherd,  a  character 
in  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  "Arcadia."  In  English 
poetry  it  is  often  a  conventional  name  of  a  lover. 

Stretford  (stret'ford).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey  3  miles  south- 
west of  Manchester.    Population  (1891),  21.751. 

Stretton  (stret'on),  Hesba.  The  pseudonjan 
of  Sarah  or  Hannah  Smith,  an  English  novelist 
and  juvenile  writer.  She  has  published  nearly 
forty  books  under  this  name. 

Strieker  (strik'er),  Der.  Lived  in  Austria 
about  1240.    A  Middle  High  German  poet,    of 


962 

his  life  nothing  is  known.  He  wrote  epics  and  "Bei- 
spielf  "  (fables,  stories,  etc.). 
Strickland  (strik'land),  Agnes.  Born  about 
1808:  died  July,  1874.  An  English  historical 
writer.  Her  chief  works  are  "Lives  of  the  Queens  of 
England  "  (12  vols.  1840-49),  "Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Scot- 
land "  (8  vols.  18.W-69),  "Bachelor  Kings  of  England" 
(1861),  and  "Lives  of  the  Seven  Bishops  "  (1866).  She  also 
edited  "Letters  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,"  and  wrote  sev- 
ei;tl  novels. 

Stringham  (string'am),  Silas  Horton.    Born 

at  Middletown,  Ora'iige  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  7, 
1798:  died  at  Brookljii,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  7,  1876. 
An  American  admiral.  He  served  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  in  the  Algerine  and  Mexican  wars,  and  com- 
manded the  expedition  to  the  Hatteras  forts  in  Aug.,  ISGl. 

Strobeck  (stre'bek).  A  small  village  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  near  Halberstadt. 
Its  inhabitants  are  renowned  for  their  skill  as 
chess-players. 

Stroma  (stro'ma).  A  small  island  of  Scotland, 
situated  in  Pentland  Firth  between  Caithness 
and  the  Orkneys. 

Stromboli  (strom'bo-le).  One  of  the  Lipari  Isl- 
ands, north  of  Sicily :  famous  for  its  constantly 
active  volcano  (height,  3,038  feet). 

Stromness  (strom-nes').  A  seaport  on  the 
western  coast  of  Mainland,  Orkney  Islands,  13 
miles  west  of  Kirkwall. 

Stromo  (stre'me).  The  chief  one  of  the  Faroe 
Islands. 

Stromstad  (strfem  '  stad).  A  small  watering- 
place  on  the  southwestern  coast  of  Sweden, 
near  the  Norwegian  frontier. 

Strong  (strong),  Caleb.  Born  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Jan.  9,  1745:  died  there,  Nov.  7,  1819! 
An  American  politician,  a  leading  patriot  in  the 
Revolution.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1787  :  Federalist  I'nited  States  senator  from 
Massachusetts  17S9-96;  and  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1800-117  and  1812-16. 

Strong,  George  Crockett.  Born  at  Stockbridge, 
Vt.,  Oct.  16,  1832:  died  in  New  York  city,  July 
30,  1863.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  was  a  staR-offlcer  under  McDowell,  McClel- 
lan,  and  Butler:  and  as  brigadier-general  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  assault  on  Fort  Wagner,  July  18,  1863. 

Strong,  James.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  14, 
1822:  died  at  Round  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  7, 1894. 
An  American  scholar,  acting  president  of  Troy 
University  1858-61,  and  professor  of  exegeti- 
eal  theology  in  Drew  Theological  Seminary, 
Madison,  N.  J.,  from  18G8.  He  was  one  of  the  Old 
Testament  revisers,  and  was  associated  witli  Dr.  J.  Mc- 
Clintock  in  editing  the  "Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical,  Theolo- 
gical, and  Ecclesiastical  Literature,"  becoming  sole  editor 
after  McClintock's  death.  He  also  published  "A  New 
Harmony  anti  Ex)iosition  of  the  Gospels"  (1852),  a  "  Har- 
mony "in  Greek  (1854),  and  various  other  works,  chiefly 
religious. 

Strong,  James  Hooker.  BornatCanandaigua, 
N.  Y.,  April  26,  1814:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
Nov.  23,  1882.  An  American  admiral,  dis- 
tinguished as  commander  of  the  Monongahela 
in  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay  in  the  Civil  War. 
He  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1S73 ;  commanded  the 
South  Atlantic  squadron  1873-75 ;  and  retired  in  1876. 

Strong,  William.  Born  May  6, 1808 :  died  Aug. 
19,  1895.  An  American  jurist.  He  was  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1847-51 ; 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  1867-68; 
and  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
1870-80.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission 
in  1877. 

Strongbow,  Richard.     See  Clare,  nichard  dc. 

Strong  Island,  or  Ualan  (wa-liin'),  or  Kusai 
(ko-si').  An  island  of  the  Caroline  Archipel- 
ago, Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  5°  21'  N.,  long.  163° 
1'  E.  It  has  an  American  mission.  Length, 
about  10  miles. 

Strongoli  (strong'go-le).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy,  36  miles 
northeast  of  Catanzaro:  the  ancient  Poetelia. 

Stronsa  (stron'sjl),  orStronsay  (stron'sa).  An 
island  of  the  Orkneys,  Scotland,  northeast  of 
Pomona.     Length,  li  miles. 

Stronsa  Firth.  An  arm  of  the  sea  between 
Stronsa  and  Pomona. 

Strontian  (stron'shi-an,  locally  stron-te'an). 
A  village  in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
Loch  Sunart  20  miles  north  by  west  of  Oban. 
The  metal  strontian  (found  there)  was  named 
from  it. 

Strophades  (.strof 'a-dez).  [Gr.  2rpo0(5(!ec,  turn- 
ing islands:  see  tlie  def.]  A  group  of  small 
islands  west  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  in  lat. 
37°  14'  N..  long.  21°  E. :  the  modern  Strivali 
or  Stamphane.  Hither  the  sons  of  Boreas  were  said, 
in  Greek  legend,  to  have  pursued  the  Harpies,  and  here 
they  turned  back  from  their  pursuit  (whence  the  name). 

Strother  (stroTH'^r),  David  Hunter.   Bom  at 

Martiusburg,  Va.,  Sept.  16,  1816:  died  at 
Charleston,  W.  Va.,  March  8,  1888.  An  Ameri- 


Stuart 

can  author  and  artist.  Under  the  pseudonym  "Port* 
Crayon"  he  contributed  to  "Harper's  Magazine"  illus. 
trated  articles,  chiefly  on  the  South.  He  was  a  Federal 
olBcer  (colonel  of  cavalry)  in  the  CivU  War. 

Stroud  (stroud),  A  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
England,  26  miles  northeast  of  Bristol :  famous 
for  its  cloth  manufactures.    Pop.  (1891),  9,818. 

Strozzi  (strot'se),  Bemardo.  Bom  at  Genoa, 
1581 :  died  at  Venice,  1644.  An  Italian  painter, 
surnamed  "11  CapuccLno "  (' The  Capuchin') 
and  "II  Prete  Genovese"  ('The  Genoese 
Priest'). 

Strudel  (stro'del).  Der.  [6.,  'the  whirlpool.'] 
A  whirlpool  in  the  Danube,  near  Grein  in  Upper 
Austria :  formerly  very  dangerous.  Length,  900 
feet. 

Struensee  (stro'en-za).  Count  Johann  Fried- 
rich  von.  Born  at  Halle,  Germany.  Aug.  5, 
1737:  executed  at  Copenhagen,  April  28,  1772. 
A  German-Danish  politician.  He  was  educated  aa 
a  physician  ;  was  appointed  physician  to  Christian  VII.  of 
Denmark  in  1768  ;  became  the  favorite  of  Queen  Caroline 
Matilda  (sister  of  George  III.  of  England),  and  in  1771 
themost  influential  minister ;  introduced  various  reforms  ; 
and  was  overthrown  by  a  conspiracy  in  1772. 

Struldbrugs  (struld'brugz).  An  immortal  race, 
inhabitants  of  Luggnagg,  an  imaginary  land 
described  in  "Gulliver's  'Travels"  by  Swift. 

Struma  (strb'mii), or Karasu(kii-ra's"6).  A  river 
in  Bulgaria  and  Turkey  which  flows  through 
Lake  Tachj-no  (the  ancient  Cercinites),  and 
empties  into  the  ^gean  Sea  50  miles  east  of 
Saloniki:  the  ancient  Strymon. 

Strutt  (strut),  John  William,  third  Baron  Ray- 
leigh.  Born  Nov.  12,  1S42.  A  noted  English 
physicist.  He  studied  at  Trinity  CoUege,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  a  fellow  in  1866;  was  professor  of  ex- 
perimental physics  at  Cambridge  1879-84  ;  and  became 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Royal  Institution 
in  1888.  In  1895  he,  with  Professor  William  Ramsay,  dis- 
covered argon — at  first  supposed  to  be  a  new  element  —  io 
the  atmosphere. 

Strutt  (strut),  Joseph.  Bom  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, Oct,  27.  1742 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  16, 
1802.  An  English  engraver  and  antiquary. 
He  published  "  The  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities 
of  England"  (1773),  "  Horda-AngelCynnan  "  (1774),  "The 
Chronicleof  England  "(1777-79),"  Biographical  Dictinnaiv 
of  Engravers"(1785-86),  "Complete  View  of  the  Dress  and 
Habits  of  the  People  of  England  "  (1796-99),  "  Sports  and 
Pastimes  of  the  People  of  England  "  (1801). 

Struve  (stro've),  Friedrich  Georg  Wilhelm 
von.  Bom  at  Altona,  tiermany,  April  15, 1793  : 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  23, 1864.  A  noted 
German-Russian  astronomer,  director  of  the 
Dorpat  observatory  1817,  and  afterward  (1839- 
1862)  of  the  Pulkowa  observatorj-.  He  is  especially 
noted  for  his  researches  on  double  stars,  and  for  his  work 
in  geodesy.  He  published  "Stellarum  duplicium  men- 
surie  micrometricse "  (1.S37),  "Stellarum  flxarum,  impri- 
mis compositarum  positiones  media;  "  (1862), "Arc  du  m6- 
ridien  entre  le  Danube  et  la  Mer  Glaciale  "  (1861),  etc. 

Struve,  G-UStav  von.  Born  at  Munich,  Oct.  11, 
1805:  diedat  Vienna,  Aug.  21,  1870.  A  German 
republican  agitator.  He  took  an  active  part  in  llic 
revolutionary  movements  in  Baden  1848-49,  and  published 
works  on  politics,  history,  etc. 

Struve,  Otto  Wilhelm  von.  •  Born  at  Dorpat, 
Russia,  May  7,  1819.  A  Russian  astronomer, 
son  of  F.  G.  W.  von  Struve,  and  his  successor 
as  director  of  the  Pulkowa  observatory.  He  has 
discovered  about  500  double  stars  and  a  satellite  of  T^ranus, 
and  has  published  important  researches  on  comets,  neh- 
ulje,  Saturn,  etc. 

Stryj  (stre).  A  river  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  which  joins  the  Dniester  31  miles 
southeast  of  Lemberg.  Length,  over  100  miles. 

Stryj,  or  Stry  (stre).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  river  Stryj  39 
miles  south  of  Lemberg.  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1886.  It  has  cattle-markets. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  16,515. 

Strymon  (stri'mon).  [Gr.  XTpvititv.']  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Struma. 

Strymonicus  Sinus  (stri-mon'i-kus  si'nus).  In 
ancient  geography,  an  arm  of  the  JE,g63,n  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  Macedonia,  east  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Chalcidice:  the  modern  Gulf  of  Con- 
tessa. 

Strype  (strip),  John.  Born  at  Stepney,  near 
London,  Nov.  1,  1643 :  died  at  Hackney,  Dec. 
11,  1737.  An  English  biographer  and  hi.>itori- 
eal  writer.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and 
at  Cambridge,  and  in  1669  was  made  perpetual  curate  of 
Theydon-Bois  in  Essex.  His  works  fill  13  folio  volnniee. 
"They  include  "  Memorials  of  Archbishop  Cranmer"  (IC94), 
"Annals  of  the  Reformation  in  England"  (1709-31),  an 
edition  of  Stow's  "Survey  of  London  "  (1720).  "Ecclesias- 
tical Memorials"  (1721),  .and  lives  of  Sir  Thomas  Smith, 
Aylmer,  Cheke,  Grindal,  Matthew  Parker,  and  Whitgift, 

Stuart,  or  Stewart,  or  Steuart  (stii'art).  A 
royal  family  of  Scotland  and  England.  It  was 
descCTided  from  a  family  which  for  several  generationfl 
held  the  office  of  high  steward  of  Scotland  (whence  the 
name).  Walter,  the  sixth  high  steward,  married  Margaret, 


Stuart 

daughter  of  Robert  Bruce,  and  on  the  death  of  Marparet's 
brother  David  II.  in  1371,  the  only  child  of  this  murriagc 
encceeded  as  Robert  11.  The  Stuart  sovereigns  of  Scot- 
land were  Robert  II-,  Robert  III.,  James  I.,  James  II., 
James  III.,  -Tames  IV.,  James  V.,  >Iary  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  James  VI.  James  IV.  married  Mai-saret,  dautrhter  of 
Henry  VII.  of  England,  and  on  the  failure  of  direct  heirs 
at  the  death  of  Elizabeth,  the  last  uf  Henrj'  VIII.'s  dc- 
scendanta,  in  1603,  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  Margaret's  great- 
grandson,  succeeded  to  the  throne  <»f  Englanrl  as  James 
I.  The  Stuart  sovereigns  of  England  and  Scotland  jointly 
were  James  I.,  Charles  I..  Charles  II.,  James  IL,  Mary 
(consort  of  William  Ill.t,  and  Anne. 

Stuart  (stu'art),  Arabella.  Bom  about  1575: 
died  in  the  "Tower  of  Loudon,  Sept.  27,  1G15. 
A  daughter  of  Charles  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox 
(younger  brother  of  Darnley),  and  cousin  of 
James  I.  she  was  the  next  heir  after  James  to  both  the 
English  and  Scottish  crowns.  "Lady  Margaret  Douglas, 
the  mother  of  Darnley  and  his  brother,  having  been  the 
daughter  of  Archibald,  sixth  earl  of  Angus,  by  Margaret, 
queen  dowager  of  James  IV.,  James  VI.  (T.  of  England) 
was  thus  nearest  heir  of  the  junior  English  branch  by 
a  double  descent,  Arabella  Stuart  being  next  heir  by  a 
single  descent."  (Encyc.  Brit.)  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was 
accused  of  a  plot  to  place  her  on  the  throne  in  16i>3.  She 
married  William  Se>Tuour  in  ICdO,  and  was  imprisoned 
by  James  in  consequunct'. 

Stuart,  Charles  Edward.  See  Charles  Ed- 
ward Louis  r/iiiip  Casimir, 

Stuart,  Gilbert.  Born  at  Narragansett,  R.  I., 
1755:  died  at  Boston,  July  27,  1828.  A  noted 
American  portrait-painter.  He  wasapupilofWest 
in  London,  and  settled  in  the  United  States  in  179;i.  He 
painted  five  whole  lengths  and  a  number  of  other  portraits 
of  Washington,  and  ais*?  portraits  of  John  Adams,  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Jefferson,  iladisun,  Storj',  Ames,  Astor,  etc.  Of 
his  portraits  of  Washington  the  so-called  "Athenseum 
head,"  and  its  pendant  the  portrait  of  Mrs.  Washington, 
were  painted  at  Germantown,  and  were  bought  from  Stu- 
art's widow  by  the  Washington  Association  and  other 
gentlemen,  who  presented  them  to  the  hoston  Athenreum 
in  1831.  Stuart  copied  them  for  General  Washington,  ac- 
cording to  the  statement  of  his  daughter,  keeping  the 
originals  by  agreement.  The  "Gibbs  Washington"  is 
also  in  the  same  institution.  Excellent  specimens  of  his 
work  are  to  be  found  in  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts 
and  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  the  latter  including 
the  portrait  of  Egbert  Benson,  painted  in  1807.  Hie  great- 
est works  are  the  portraits  of  Judge  Stephen  Jones  and  of 
F.  S.  Richards  of  Boston.  His  best  work  in  England  is  a 
portrait  nf  Mr,  Grant  of  Congalton  skating,  exhibited  as  a 
Gainsborough  in  1878. 

Stuart.Henry Benedict MariaClement.  Bom 
at  Rome,  1725:  died  at  Frascati,  Italy,  July  13, 
1807,  A  son  of  the  Old  Pretender.  He  was  created 
cardinal  in  1747,  and  assumed  the  title  of  Henry  IX.  of 
England  on  the  death  of  his  brother  (the  Young  Preten- 
der) in  1788. 

Stuart,  James,  second  Earl  of  Murray  or  Mo- 
ray. Bom  1533:  killed  Jan.  21,  1570.  Regent  of 
Scotland:  illegitimate  son  of  James  V.  of  Scot- 
land and  Margaret,  daughter  of  Lord  Erskine. 
At  the  age  of  5  he  was  made  prior  of  St.  Andrews ;  and  at 
15  he  routed  an  English  force  on  the  Fife  coast.  He 
joined  Knox  on  hia  return,  and  became  the  chief  adviser 
of  Mary  Stuart  on  her  accession.  In  ]5G2  he  was  created 
earl  of  Mar.  Resigning  this  earldom,  he  was  created  earl 
of  Murray  or  Moray.  He  opposed  the  Darnley  marriage. 
and  was  outlawed.  On  the  abdication  of  Queen  Mary  at 
Lochleven  he  was  made  regent.  He  defeated  the  queen 
at  Langside.  and  was  murdered  by  one  of  her  followers, 
Hamilton  of  Bothwellhaugh. 

Stuart,  James.  Bom  at  London,  1713:  died 
Feb  2,  1788.  An  English  antiquarian,  called 
"Athenian  Stuart."  Ho  began,  with  Revett, 
*'Antiqnities  of  Athens  "(1762:  completed  181(i). 

Stuart,  James  Ewell  Brown.  Born  in  Patrick 
County,  Va.,  Feb.  0,  1833:  died  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  May  12,  18G4.  A  Confederate  cavalry 
general.    He  graduated  at  West  Point  1854  ;  was  distin- 

?;ui8hed  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  became  the  lead- 
ng  cavalry  officer  in  the  .Army  of  Northern  Virginia  ;  con- 
ducted a  raid  around  McClellan'a  army  June,  18ii2  ;  served 
In  the  Seven  Days'  Battles ;  captured  Pt)|ie's  camp  and  Ma- 
nassas Junction  Aug.,  1862  ;  was  distinguished  at  Antictam 
and  elsewhere  in  the  invasion  of  Marj-land  ;  later  in  1862 
made  a  raid  Into  Pennsylvania;  commanded  the  extreme 
right  at  Fredericksburg;  succeeded  Jackson  as  corps  cr)m- 
tnander  at  Chancellorsville;  commanded  a  large  cavalry 
force  In  the  Gettysburg  campaign  ;  was  distingnished  in  the 
further  operations  of  1863-<i4  ;  and  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Yellow  Tavern,  near  Richmond. 

Stuart,  James  Francis  Edward,  Prince  of 
Wales  :  also  called  the  Chevalier  de  St. 
George  and  the  Old  Pretender.    Born  at  St. 

.Tames's  Palace,  .Tiiiio  10,  Hiss  ;  <li('d  at  Rome, 
Jan.  1,  1760.  Son  of  James  II.  of  England  and 
Mary  Ot  Modena.  Suspicion  was  aroused  by  tho  cir- 
cumstances of  his  birth,  and  it  was  believed  by  many  that 
a  fraud  had  been  perpetrated  :  hut  that  he  was  the  ibild 
of  the  king  and  queen  there  is  no  d(>ul)t,  ^\lien  his  father 
fled  from  the  klngdoui,  the  child  waa  sent  to  France.  Ue 
was  proclaimed  king  of  Kngl and  (James  1 11.)  and  Scotland 
(James  VIII.)  by  Louis  XIV.  in  Hept.,  1701;  made  an  un- 
Buccessful  attempt  t<)  Invade  Seotland  with  a  French  force 
inlTOS;  served  in  the  French  anny,  dif^tinguisliing  liimseU 
at  Oudenarde  and  Malplnquet  ;  ctnintenaiiced  the  unsuc- 
cessful Jacoblterisiug  In  Scotland  in  ITlfi,  appearing  there 
in  person  In  the  latter  part  of  that  year  ;  and  was  driven 
out  early  in  1716.  He  soon  retired  to  Home. 
Stuart,  John,  third  Karl  of  Bute.  Born  1713: 
died  March  10,  1792.     ^Vn  English  statesman. 


963 

He  became  a  secretar>'  of  state  in  1761,  and  was  prime 
minister  from  May,  17'>2,  to  April.  1703.  He  was  extremely 

unpopular.  Imring  liis  administration  occuired  the  cap- 
ture of  Havana  and  of  Manila,  and  the  peace  of  Paris. 

Stuart,  John  Patrick  Crichton-,  third  Mar- 
quis of  Hut.'.     I»M  .1  (K-f.  0.  1900. 
Stuart,  John  MacDonall.    Bom  1818:  died 

1866.  An  Australian  explorer.  He  conducted 
expeditions  1858-62,  traversing  Australia  from 
south  to  north  1SG2. 

Stuart,  Matthew,  Earl  of  Lennox.  Born  in 
Scotland.  l.'iH):  died  at  Stirling;,  Sept.  4,  1571. 
A  Scottish  statesman  and  soldier,  son  of  John 
Stewart,  third  earl  of  Lennox.  »  was  the  heir 
male  of  the  Stuarts  of  Scotland  at  the  death  of  James  V. 
He  married  Lady  Margaret  Douglas,  daughter  of  Archi- 
bald, earl  of  Angus,  and  the  queen  dowager  Margaret. 
daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  Kngland.  Matthew  succeeded 
to  the  earltlom  in  i;'»26.  In  the  civil  war  he  sided  with  the 
parly  of  the  English  king.  He  was  declared  guilty  of  trea- 
son, and  joined  the  invasion  of  Scotland  in  1545  and  1547. 
In  1562  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  planning  the 
marriage  of  Lord  Darnley,  liis  elder  son,  and  Mary  Stuart, 
He  assist eil  in  the  iinprisDnnietitof  the  queen  at  Ix»chleven 
Castle  in  l."'*;?,  and  was  elected  regent  July  12,  1570. 

Stuart,  Moses.  Bom  at  Wilton,  Conn.,  March 
26,  1780:  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Jan.  4,  1852. 
An  American  piiilolojijist  and  theologian.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  17!*9:  was  a  Congregational  clergyman 
at  New  Haven  lh06-10 ;  and  was  professorof  sacred  litera- 
ture in  Andover  Theologieal  Scniinary  181i>-4S.  His  chief 
works  are  "Clrammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  without 
Points"  (1813),  '* Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  with 
Points"  (1821),  "Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  He- 
brews" (18i7-2S>.  "Hebrew  Chrestomathy  "  (1829),  "Com- 
mentary on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans  "(ift32),  "  (irammar 
of  the  New  Testament  Dialect"  (revised  edition  18.34), 
"  Hints  on  the  l*rophecies."  "  Philological  View  of  Modern 
Doctrines  of  Geology,"  "Critical  History  and  Defense  of 
the  Old  Testament  Canon"  (1845).  commentaries  on  the 
Apocalypse  (1845),  Daniel  (1850),  Ecclesiastes  (1851),  Prov- 
erbs  (1852).  He  wrote  also  translations  of  German  works, 
including  Greek  and  Hebrew  grammars. 

Stuart  Island.    A  small  island  in  Bering  Sea, 

near  the  western  coast  of  Alaska. 

Stubai  Alps  (sto'bi  alps).  A  group  of  moun- 
tains in  T\Tolj  sometimes  included  in  the  Otz- 
thaler  Alps, 

Stubaithal  (sto'bi-tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in 
Tyrol,  southwest  of  Innsbruck,  famous  for  its 
suhlime  scenerv. 

Stubbs  (stubz),*  George.  Born  1722:  died  1806. 
An  English  anatomist  and  painter  of  horses. 
He  went  to  Italy  to  study  in  1751.  In  1776  he  published  his 
celebrated  work  on  equine  anatomy.  In  1778  he  was  made 
an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  a  full  member  in 
1781. 

Stubbs.William.  Born  at  Knaresborough,  Eng- 
land, June  21,  1825:  died  at  Cuddesdon,  Oxfora- 
shire.  April  22,  1901.  A  distinguished  English 
historian.  He  studied  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  grad- 
uating in  1848.  He  was  appointed  regius  professitr  of 
modern  history  at  Oxford  in  1866,  curator  of  the  Btidleian 
Library  in  lHfi8,  canon  of  St.  Paul's  in  1879,  and  bishop  of 
Chester  in  1884,  and  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Oxford  in 
1883.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Constitutional  History  of 
England  in  its  Origin  and  Development "'  (1874-781,  "  The 
Early  Fiantagenets"  (1876  :  "  Epochs  uf  Modern  History  ' 
series),  and  "Seventeen  Lectures  on  the  Study  of  Media'vul 
and  Modern  History  and  Kindred  Subjects"  (1886);  and 
edited  Benedict  of  Peterborough's  "Oesta  Regis  Henrici 
Secundi  Benedicti  Abbatis :  Chronicles  of  the  Reigns  of 
Henry  II.  and  Richard  I.,  1169-0-.i  "  (1^*17),  "Select  Charters 
and  other lilustrationsof  English  Cmstitutional  History, 
from  theEarliestTimes  to  theReignof  Edward  the  First" 
(1870),"MemorialeFratri3\Valteri  deCoventria:  The  His- 
torical Collections  of  Walter  of  Coventry:  Edited  from 
the  MS.  in  tlie  Library  of  Corpus  Chrisli  Cnllege,  Cam- 
bridge" (1872-73X"  Memorials  of  St.  Dunstan,  Ardibisliop 
of  Canterbury"  (1874),  "Radultl  dc  Diceto  Decani  Luil«»- 
niensis  Opera  Historica  :  The  Historical  Worka  of  Master 
Ralph  de  Diceto,  Dean  of  London  "  (1876),  "  The  Historical 
Wurksof  Gervnse  I >f  Canterbury :  Vols.  I  and  II,  TheChron- 
iele  of  (lie  Reigns  (if  Stephen,  Henry  II.,  and  RiehanI  1.  By 
Gervasf,  the  Monk  of  Canterburv  "  (1870-H((),  "  ChronieK-s 
of  the  Reigns  of  Edward  Land  Edward  II."U88i!-»3).  etc. 

Students,  The.  A  play  printed  in  1762,  said  by 
Genest  to  bo  ** professedly  'Love's  Labour  'a 
Lost*  adapted  to  the  stage,"  but  it  does  not 
seem  ever  to  have  been  acted. 

Stuhlweissenburg  (stul-vis'son-boro).  Hung. 
Sz^kes-Feh^rvdr  (sa'kesh-fc'iiur-viir).  The 
capitni  ()f  the  county  of  Stuhlweissenburp, 
IlunjiCary,  37  miles  soutlnvestof  Budapest:  the 
Roman  Alba  rof,na  or  Alba  roj^'alis.  it  was  the 
place  of  coronation  of  the  kings  of  Hungary  from  the  lit  h 
to  the  10th  century,  and  was  held  by  the  Turks  (with  one 
Interruption.  1(501-02)  from  about  1.^:*  to  1688.  It  has  a 
cathedral.     Population  (lSiiO\  U7.M8, 

Stukeley  (stuk'li),  sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Tjon- 
don  ab()nt  1520:  died  at  Alcazar-C^uivir  (Alca- 
zar), Aug.  4,  1578.  A  younger  son  in  an  ohl 
Devonsiiiro  family,  wlio",  after  a  life  of  adven- 
ture, died  in  t!ie  company  of  tlirce  kinps  on 
tho  battle-field  of  Alcazar,  rode  made  him 
the  licro  of  his  plav  **The  Battle  of  Alcazar" 
(aetvd  in  1.58«). 

Stukeley  (stuk'li),  William.  Bom  at  Hob 
beach,  Lincolnshire,  Nov.  7,  1687:  died  March 


Styria 

3,  1765.  An  English  antiquarian.  He  published 
some  20  works  on  the  antiquities  of  England. 
Stimdists  (.ston'dists).  [<  G.  siunde,  hour, 
h  >s4ui ;  from  their  meetings  for  Bible-reading.] 
A  Russian  sect  which  originated  about  1860. 
Its  ten.  ts  and  practices  are  in  the  main  evangelical  and 
Protestant  m  character.  .Since  1^70  ihe  Stundists  have 
liccn  objects  of  jiersecution  by  iht-  fiovernment.  The  sect 
has  rajiidly  increaaed  in  nnniben<. 

Sturgeon  (stOr'jon),  Major.  A  character  in 
Foote's  play  **  The  Mayor  of  Garratt,'*  played 
by  himself. 

Sturgeon  Bay  (st^r'jon  ba).  An  arm  of  Green 
Hay.  iu  Wisconsin. 

Sturluson.     See  J^norrc  Sfurhsou. 

Sturm  (stonn),  Julius  Karl  Reinhold.  Born 
at  Kostritz.  Germany,  July  21,  1810:  died  at 
Leipsic  in  May,  1890.  A  German  i)astor  and 
lyric  poet.     He  published  "Frommo  Lieder,"  etc. 

Sturm  und  Drang  (storm  6nt  driing).  [G., 
*  storm  and  stress.']  A  period  in  German  liter- 
ature (about  1770-80)  noted  for  the  impetuosity 
of  thought  and  style  of  the  younger  Tvriters: 
so  named  from  Klinger's  drama  "Slurm  und  Dranr.  * 
Among  the  representatives  of  this  movement  were  Her- 
der, tJoethe  (in ''Werther"),  Basedow,  Klinjier,  Lenz.  etc. 

Sturt  Cstert),  Sir  Charles.  Died  at  Chelten- 
ham,  England.  Jime  IG,  1S69.  An  English  ex- 
plorer in  Australia.  He  discovered  the  Darlinj: River 
in  ]8"28,and  the  Murray  River  and  Lake  Alexandrina  1830- 
IS-'Jl,  and  conducted  an  expedition  into  the  interior  lfc44-4.'>. 

Sturt,  Mount.  [Named  from  Sir  Charles  Sturt.] 
A  mi>untain  of  the  Gawler  Range.  South  Aus- 
tralia, soutli-soiithwest  of  Lake  (iairdner. 

Stutly  (stut'li),  Will.  A  character  in  the  Robin 
Hoofl  cycle  of  English  legend. 

Stuttgart  (stot'gjirt).  The  capital  of  "Wiirtera- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Nesenbach,  neartheXeck- 
ar,  lulat.  48O40'N.,long.  9°  WE.  it  is  the  lead- 
ing? city  in  south  Germany  in  the  business  of  book-pub. 
lishing,  and  has  manufactures  of  chemicals,  dyes,  musical 
instruments,  drugs,  sugar,  etc.  The  new  roysd  palace,  be- 
irun  in  1746.  surrounds  three  sides  of  a  8(|Uare,  and  contains 
finely  proportioned  and  decorated  apartments  with  some 
Cood  modern  paintings  and  sculptures.  The  old  palace, 
adjuining,  is  of  the  16th  century :  it  has  cylindrical  anple- 
towers,  and  a  picturesque  arcaded  court.  Stuttgart  also 
contains  a  noted  academy  of  music,  a  royal  Iibrar>'  (of  over 
500,000  volumes),  and  an  art  nniseum.  It  was  made  the 
capital  of  all  Wiirtemberg  lands  in  14h2,  and  has  developed 
rapidly  in  the  nineteenth  century.  I»  was  the  seat  of  the 
'•  Hump  Parliament"  in  1849.     I'opulation  (19(>i»),  17«,31H. 

Stuyvesant  (sfi've-sant),  Peter.  Born  in  Hol- 
land, 1592:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.,  1672. 
The  last  Dutch  governor  of  New  York.  He 
8er\'cd  in  the  West  Indies ;  was  for  a  time  governor  of  Tu- 
ra^ao;  and  returned  to  the  Netherlands  in  1044.  He  was 
appointed  director-general  of  New  Netherlands  in  l&iG, 
arriving  at  New  Amsterdam  in  lti47.  He  conciliated  Ihe 
Indians  ;  arranged  a  boundary  line  with  the  Knglish  colo- 
nists at  Hartford  in  IG^'O:  dismissed  a  convention  demand- 
ing popular  reforms  in  ICM ;  took  posst-ssion  of  tlie  col- 
ony of  New  Sweden  in  1055;  was  compelled  to  surrender 
the  colony  to  the  English  in  Sept.,  1664;  and  sailed  for 
the  Netherlands  in  166."',  but  returned  and  lived  on  his 
farm,  the  "Bouwerij"  (Bower>),  New  York. 

Styles  (stilz),  Tom  or  John,  A  fictitious  name 
formerly  used  by  lawyers  In  actions  of  eject- 
ment. 

Stylites.     See  Simeo)!  Stiflites. 

Stymphalides  (stim-faf'i-dez).  [Gr.  Irvju^- 
/(()(C.J  lu  (Jreek  legend,  a  flock  of  fierce  Innls 
near  Lake  Slymplialus.  Tht-y  had  brazen  claws. 
beaks,  and  wings,  and  coidd  discliarge  tlieir  own  feathers 
like  arrows.    Tokill  themwasoneof  tJielaborsofHerculea. 

Styniphalus  (stim-fa'lus).  [Gr.  IrifiifKiyMc.']  In 
aneient  geography,  a  district  and  lake  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  near 
Mount  Cyllene. 

Styr  (ster).  A  river  in  Galicia  and  western 
Russia  which  joins  the  Pripet  about  lat.  52°N. 
Length,  about  'J50  miles. 

Styria  (stir'i-ji).  [(i.  Steinmarl'  or  Steycnnarl\ 
F.  .N7//r/V.]  A  crownland  and  titular  dtichy 
of  tlie  (^isloithan  divisictn  of  Austria-llungarv, 
bounded  by  Upper  Austria  and  Lowrr  Austria 
on  the  north,  tltingary  on  the  east,  Croatia 
and  C'arniola  on  the  south,  Oarinthia  on  the 
south  and  west,  and  Sal/burg  on  tlie  west. 
(^apitj)l,  (iratz.  it  is  tlividid  Inlo  rpper  styria  In  the 
nortli  and  l^owcr  Styria  in  the  south.  Tlu-  surface  Is  cen- 
crally  n)ounlainoUB(the  Alps,  Including  the  S(yrian  AlpH 
and  the  Karawanken).  n»»l  '"  traversed  by  the  Mur  and 
Drave  :  tlio  Save  is  on  its  southern  fnnitiiT.  It  is  rich  in 
agrlculturnl  products,  has  great  minend  wealth  (iron 
and  c«)al,  lead,  tAuc.  also  salt,  etc.\  O'l^i  has  Important 
manufactures  of  Iron  and  iron  and  steel  nrtich-s.  Tho 
prevailing  religion  is  Komanrath<dlc.  About  two  thirdsof 
the  inhabitants  are  iJennunn,  about  one  third  Slovenes. 
Styria  tuts 27  members  tn  Ihe  KetcbsrHl,  and  a  Landtag  of 
6;i  members.  The  ancient  inhabitants  wero  Ihe  Celtic 
TauriKci.  The  country  was  a  nart  of  ancient  Noricum  and 
Pannonia.  The  Wenda  settled  in  It  In  the  0th  centur>*.  It 
was  C'Huiucred  by  rbnrles  the  <!reat;  was  erected  from  a 
marKravalo  into  a  duchy  about  11S«>'.  was  united  with  Auf^- 
trta  in  11U2  ;  and  has  beun  in  the  posacuion  of  the  Uapft- 
burgs  since  I'Mi,    It  was  sereral  (tmes  invaded  by  tbe 


Suevi 

Sudbury.  A  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 19  miles  west  of  Boston.  It  was  the 
seene  of  a  battle  with  the  Indians  in  1676.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  i,141. 

Sudermania.     See  Sddermanlancl. 

Sudermann  (zo'der-man),  Hermann.  Born  at 
Matziekeii,  East  Prussia,  Deo.  9,  1857,  A  Ger- 
man dramatic  poet.  He  is  a  disciple  of  Ibsen. 
Among  his  plays  are  "Die  Elu-e."  •■Sodoms  Ende,"  and 
"  Heimat."  which  was  played  with  great  success  in  Paris 
hy  Sarah  Ik-rnhardt 

sworn.    She  w-as  the  goddess  of  the  river.Styx. .       ^^  Suchk ^su-sha^^ LomS^G^^^^^  d^Albu-  |;j^|^^Q(;'o^^;^^en).*[G?,;1mJ|.ii^^^^^^^ 


Styria 

Turks.    The  Reformation  wa-s  suppressed  by  force  In 
the  16th  century.    Area,  8,670  square  miles.    Population 

(1890X  1,282,708. 

Btyrian  Alps  (stir'i-an  alps).  A  name  given 
by  some  geographers  to  a  division  of  the  Alps 
which  lies  east  of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 

Styx  (stiks).  [Gr.  Sn-j,  the  hateful.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  daughter  of  Oceanus,  and  mother 
of  Zeal,  Victorv,  Power,  and  Strength.  She  first 
came  to  the  aid  of  "Zeus  against  the  Titans,  and  as  a  reward 
he  kept  her  children  with  him  in  Olympus,  and  made  her 
the  goddess  by  whom  the  most  inviolaljle  oaths  were 
sworn.     She  was  the  goddess  of  tl 

Styx.  In  Greek  mythology,  a  mighty  river, 
tenth  part  of  the  water  of  Oceanus,  which  flows 
iu  the  lower  world.  An  oath  sworn  by  any  of  the  gods 
in  the  name  of  the  river  was  confirmed  by  drinking  a  cup 
of  its  water  brought  by  Iris.  If  such  an  oath  was  violated, 
the  guilty  party  was  punished  by  being  deprived  of  speech 
and  breath  for  a  year  and  banished  from  the  council  of 
gods  for  nine  years.  The  name  was  also  given  to  a  water- 
fall in  Arcadia.    See  the  extract. 

Pausanias  describes  the  terrible  water  as  "a  stream 
falUng  from  a  precipice,  the  highest  that  he  had  ever  be- 
held, and  dashing  itself  upon  a  lofty  rock,  through  which 
it  passed  and  then  fell  into  the  Crathis"  (VIII.  xviii 
S  2).    Homer  and  Hcaiod  give  similar  descriptions. 


964 

1884,  General  Monroe;  1885,  Pontiac ;  188B,  Truubadour ; 
1887,  r.olus;  1888,  Elkwood  ;  1889,  Rat  eland;  1890,  Salva- 
tor-  18ai,  Loantaka;  18'.i2,  Montana;  1893,  Lowlander; 
1894  Ramapo;  18115,  Lazzaroue ;  1896,  Henry  of  Navarre  ; 
1697.'  Ben  Brush;  1898,  Tillo ;  1899,  Imp;  1900,  Kinley 
Mack ;  1901,  Alcedo. 

Succoth  (suk'o  ;h).  1 .  In  scriptural  geography, 
a  place  in  Palestine,  probably  east  of  the  Jor- 
dan and  south  or  the  Jabbok:  destroyed  by 
(jideon.— 2.  The  place  of  the  first  encampment 
of  the  Israelites  in  the  Exodus.  It  is  called  in 
Egyptian  records  Thukot.  and  lay  east  of  San. 


Marseilles," Jan.  3'.  1S26.  A  marshal  of  France. 
He  served  with  distinction  in  Italy,  especially  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  ISiXMll,  becoming  a  brigadier-general  in  1797, 
chief  of  staff  to  Mass^na  in  1798,  and  general  of  division 
in  1800 ;  and  later  at  Austerlitz,  Saalfeld,  Pnltusk,  and 
elsewhere.  He  received  the  command  in  Aragon  in  April, 
1809 ;  defeated  Blake  at  Santa  Fi^  and  Belchite,  June,  lSil9, 
and  O'Donnell  near  Lerida  April  23.  ISIO ;  captured  Tortosa 
Jan.  2,  1811 :  stormed  Tarragona  June  SS,  1811 ;  captured 
Valencia  Jan.  9,  1S12 ;  and  gained  other  victories.     He 


A  mountain  system  in  Moravia,  Austrian  Sile- 
sia, Prussian  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Saxony,  it 
extends  from  the  basin  of  the  Beczwa  in  Moravia  to  the 
gap  of  the  Elbe  near  the  Bohemian  and  Saxon  frontier. 
Its  chief  divisions  are  the  Isergebirge,  Eiesengebii'ge, 
Glatzer  Mountains  (Schneeberg),  Reichensteiner  Moun- 
tains, Eulengebirge,  Adlergebirge,  Hahelschwerter  Moun- 
tains, Heuscheuergebirge,  Schweidnitzer  Mountains.  Lan- 
sitzer  Mountains,  and  the  Moravian  Ciesenke  and  Altvater 
Schneegebirge. 


served  under  Napoleon  in  the  Hundred  Days.    He  became  Sudini.     hee  ^stn. 

a  marshal  in  1811,  and  later  a  peer  of  France.    He  wrote  gue  (sii), Marie  Joseph(bestknownasEugene). 

memoirs  of  his  Spanish  campaigns.  ~  ^,      .      ^         .-  ,,.,.. 


nel  Leake  CMorea,"  iii.  p.  160)  seems  to  have  discovered  SuchoW,  or  Su-chaU.     See  Soochoir.                  _ 

the  waterfall  intended,  near  Solos,  where  "two  slender  Suchtsln    (ziieh'teln).     A   town  in   the   Rhine 

cascades  of  water  tall  perpendicularly  over  an  immense  Ppoyinee,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Niers  36 

K-'irVoTkt  ^^t^^e:;:^!rr^^  afl'r  miles  northwest  of  Cologne.  Population  (1890), 

passing  the  Klukines,  joins  the  river  Akrata"  (Crathis).  8,808.                                                               ^-rrr, -^^ 

Superstitious  feelings  of  dread  still  attach  to  the  water,  Suckling(suk'ling), Sir  John.  Born  at  \V  hitton, 

which  is  considered  to  be  of  a  peaiUarly^noxiOTs  char-  jijfijiegex  (baptized  Feb.  10,  1609):  supposed 

to  have  committed  suicide  at  Paris  about  1642. 


acter.  Rawtinsoiiy  Herod.,  III.  457,  note. 

Suabia.     See  Swahin. 

Suakim  (swa'kim),  or  Suakin  (swa'kin).  A 
seaport  belonging  to  Egvpt,  situated  on  the  Red 
Sea  in  lat.  19°  T  N.,  long.  37°  19'  E.,  on  a 
small  island :  the  chief  seaport  on  the  west  coast 
of  the  Red  Sea.  It  exports  cotton,  gum.  ivory,  senna, 
etc.,  and  is  the  starting-point  for  caravans  to  the  Sudan. 
It  was  occupied  by  British  troops  in  the  ilahdist  revolt ; 
and  near  it  occurred  several  conflicts  between  the  .\nglo- 
Egyptian  troops  and  the  Mahdists  under  Osman  Digna  in 
1884  and  later.  Population,  estimated,  about  12,000.  Also 
Suwakiin,  Sawnkin,  and  Sauakin. 

Suarez(swa'reth), Francisco.  BomatGranada, 
Spain,  Jan.  5,  1.'548:  died  at  Lisbon,  Sept.  25, 


An  English  Royalist  poet  and  man  of  fashion  of 
the  court  of  Charles  I.  His  father  was  a  comptroller 
of  the  household  of  Charles  I.  In  1623  he  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  1631-32  fought  in  the  Marquis  of 
Hamilt<3n's  troop  in  Gustavus  Adolphus's  army.  Return- 
ing to  court  just  as  the  masks  had  passed  their  splendor, 
he  wrote  plays  adapted  to  the  scenery  which  the  taste  for 
them  had  developed.  "  Aglaura  "  was  produced  in  1637, 
and  "  Brennoralf  ■  in  1639.  When  the  war  with  the  .Scottish 
Covenanters  began  (1639),  he  raised  a  troop  of  100  horse 
for  the  king.  In  Nov.,  1640,  he  was  elected  member  for 
Brainber  in  the  Long  Parliament.  In  May,  1641,  he  was 
•implicated  in  a  plot  for  the  liberation  of  Strafford,  was 
charged  with  high  treason,  and  fled  from  England.   He  is 

„.„!..  „,  i.,*„.    ....^^ ,  --,,-.  --,      best  known  from  his  lyric  poems  and  ballads. 

1617.     A  noted  Spanish  Jesuit  theologian  and  Sucre  (so'kra),  Antonio  Jose^de.    Born  at  Cu- 
itie  philosopher.    He  is  best  known  from  his    mand,  Venezuela,  June  13,  1793:  died  in  th" 


scholastic  philosoph 

"  Defensio  Fidel "  (1613 :  burned  in  England  and  France). 

His  works  were  edited  by  Migne. 

Subanrika  (s6-bun-re'kii).  A  river  in  India 
which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  96  miles 
southwest  of  Calcutta.  Length,  nearly  300 
miles. 

Suben  (so'ben).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  childbirth,  akin  to  the  Greek  Eilei- 
thyia  and  the  Roman  Lucina.  she  was  honored  in 
southern  Egypt,  and  especially  at  the  city  Eileithyia,  con- 
secrated to  her.  In  northern  Egj-pt  her  place  was  filled 
by  Xati,  also  called  Buto.    Her  emblem  was  the  vulture. 

Subiaco  (so-be-a'ko).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Teverone  33 
miles  east  of  Rome :  the  ancient  Sublaqueum. 
There  are  Benedictine  monasteries  in  the  neighborhood  ; 


Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1804:  died  at  Annecy, 
Savoy,  July  3,  1857.  A  celebrated  French  nov- 
elist. His  sponsors  were  Prince  Eugfene  Beauharnais 
and  the  empress  Josephine ;  from  the  former  he  took  the 
name  Eugene,  which  he  prefixed  to  Sue  to  form  his  nom 
de  plume.  After  a  short  stay  at  the  hycie  Bonaparte  in 
Paris,  he  took  up  painting  ami  then  medicine,  and  wrote 
also  a  couple  of  poorplays.  He  spent  six  years  in  the  navy 
as  a  surgeon,  falling  heir  to  his  father's  large  estate  on  his 
return  to  France  in  1830.  Chance  led  him  to  write  his 
first  novel,  "  Plick  et  Plock  "  (1831),  and  he  was  encouraged 
by  its  success  to  publish  "Atar-Gull"  (1831),  "La  sala- 
mandre"  (1832),  "La  Coucaratcha"  (1832-34),  and  "La  vi- 
gie  de  Koat-Ven  "  (1833).  For  the  subject-matter  of  aU 
these  works  he  drew  largely  upon  his  store  of  personal 
reminiscences  and  experiences.  A  great  deal  of  sound  in- 
formation on  naval  matters  is  found  embodied  in  Siie'a 
"Histoire  de  la  marine  fran(;aise"  (1835-37).  Dropping 
gradually  into  the  general  style  of  novel,  he  published 
■•  Arthur"  (1838),  "Le  marquis  de  Ldtoriere"  (1839),  "Ma- 
thilde  "  (1841),  "Le  mome  au  diaiile"  (1842).  In  a  more 
erudite  strain  he  composed  two  historical  novels,  "La- 
tr^aumont"  (1837)  and  "Jean  Cavalier"  (1840).  He  ex. 
erted  a  profound  influence  bv  the  views  to  which  he  gave 
expression  in  "Lesniysttresde  Paris "(1842-43),  and  in  "Le 
Juif  errant  "(1844-15).  A  change  of  government  drove  him 
into  exile  in  1852,  and  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  lite  in 
Annecy.     In  addition  to  the  works  mentioned  above,  he 

pro;inceofPasto,NewGranadaJnne4  1830   A    -oteaf^^^^^^^ 

C!^o.n;cV,_AT«oT^ooTi  o-oTipral  m  tlie  war  for  mde-  ouesa  v-"';,  iiuuan*. 


and  it  contains  a  castle  built  in  the  11th  century,  long  a  g^cje   or  ChUQUisaca  (cho-ke-sa'kii 
papal  residence.     It  alsocnntained  avillaof  Nero.     Popu-   "t„,  „' „:t„i  „fl3„i;,.;„   =;f„P.to,l  Tienrl 


papal 

lation(18SU  7,017. 
Sublime  Porte  (sub-lim'  port).  The  building  in 
which  are  the  offices  of  the  grand  vizir  and 
other  high  functionaries  of  the  Ottoman  em- 
pire ;  hence,  the  Turkish  government  itself. 

A  quay,  on  which  were  mounted  several  large  pieces  of 
artiUeryj  ran  along  outside  the  whole  length  of  the  sea-wall, 
which,  as  well  as  the  city-wall,  was  pierced  with  a  number 
of  gates,  but  one  only  was  in  general  use.  This  was  the 
great  gate  of  the  Seraglio,  the  Bab-i-Humayiin  or  Imperial 
Gate,  that  "Sublime  Porte  "  from  which  the  OttomanGov- 
ernment  derives  the  name  by  which  it  is  best  known.  Piled 
up  on  one  side,  just  without  this  gate,  were  pyramids  of 
heads,  trophies  of  victory  over  Greek  or  Serbian  rebels,  as 
ghastly  as  the  skulls  that  once  bleached  upon  London 
Bridge  or  over  Temple  Bar.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  268. 

Subtle  (sut'l).  1.  The  Alchemist  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's  play  of  that  name.  He  is  a  knavish  cheat  and 
pretender,  who  offers  to  make  gold  for  his  dupes,  and 
cheats  them  in  various  ways,  inflaming  their  cupidity  and 
lust  of  power.  He  is  thought  to  be  meant  for  the  charla- 
tan Dr.  Dee. 

2.  A  sharper  in  Foote's  comedy  "  The  English- 
man in  Paris." 

Subtle  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Subtilis  (sub'ti-Iis). 
A  name  given  to  Duns  Scotus,  from  his  meta- 
physical acuteness. 

Subunreeka.     See  Suhanrika. 

Subura  (sii-bii'rii).  A  valley  in  ancient  Rome, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Fora,  and  extending 
between  the  Viminal  and  the  Esquiline.  It 
was  drained  by  the  Cloaca  Maxima. 

Suburban  (sub-er'ban).  The.  One  of  the  prin- 
cijial  American  horse-races:  a  handicap  sweep- 
stakes ruu  aunuallv  at  the  Juue  meeting  of  the 
Coney  Island  Jockey  Club  at  Sheepshead  Bay, 
Long  Island.  It  is  for  horses  three  years  old  and  up- 
ward.   The  distance  is  i;  miles.   The  winners  have  been : 


Spanish-American  general  in  the  war  for  inde 
pcndence.  He  was  a  trusted  lieutenant  of  Bolivar,  and 
during  his  absence  gained  two  of  the  most  decisive  victories 
of  the  war— the  battle  of  Pichincha  (May  24, 1822).  which 
freed  Quito  or  Ecuador ;  and  that  of  Ayacucho  (Dec.  9, 1824), 
which  put  an  end  to  Spanish  rule  in  South  America.  Sucre 
was  awaided  the  title  of  grand  marshal  of  Ayacucho,  and 
was  elected  first  president  of  Bolivia  Oct.  3,  1826.  He  re- 
signed in  Sept.,  1828.  to  prevent  a  war  with  Peru,  the  gov- 
ernment of  that  country  having  demanded  his  removal  as 
an  adherent  of  Bolivar.  Sucre  went  to  Colombia,  where 
he  took  command  of  the  army  then  acting  against  Peru, 
gained  the  battle  of  Giron,  near  Cuenca,  Feb,  26, 1829,  and 
thus  practically  ended  the  war.  He  was  president  of  the 
Colombian  congress  of  1829,  and  while  returning  to  his 
home  in  <)uito  was  assassinated,  at  the  instigation,  as  was 
supposed,  of  his  political  enemies. 

-  -    The  offi- 


land,  Aug.  20, 1831.  A  noted  Austrian  geologist. 
In  1857  he  became  professor  of  geology  at  the  University 
of  Vienna.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Landtag  of 
Lower  Austria  since  1869.  and  in  1873  he  entered  the 
Keichsrat  as  deputy  from  Vienna,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  liberal  party.  He  has  held  several  public  oflices.  He 
is  noted  for  his  special  researches  on  the  stratigraphy  of 
the  Alps,  the  geology  of  Italy,  and  the  organization  ot  the 
brachiopod  moUusks.  Among  his  works  are  "  Der  Boden 
der  Stadt  Wien  "  (1862),  "  Die  Entstehung  der  Alpeii 
(1875).  "Die  Zukunst  des  Goldes"  (1877),  "Das  Autliti 
der  Erde  "  (1885). 

Suessiones  (swes-i-6'nez).  An  ancient  people 
of  Gallia  Belgica,  allied  to  and  situated  near 
the  Remi,  in  the  ^^cinity  of  Soissons  (named 
from  them).  They  were"  subjugated  by  Julius 
CsBs&r  5T  B.  C. 

Suessula  (swes'u-la).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  in  Campania',  Italy,  13  miles  northeast  of 
N.aples :  the  traditional  scene  of  a  Roman  vic- 
tory over  the  Samnites  in  the  first  Samuite 
war. 

Suetonius  (swe-to'ni-us)  (Caius  Suetonius 
Tranquillus).'  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  2d 
century  A.  D.  A  Roman  biographer  and  histo- 
rian. He  was  private  secretary  of  Hadrian  about  11»- 
1-^1  and  was  a  friend  of  the  younger  Pliny,  whom  he  ao- 
companieil  to  Bithvnia  in  112.  His  chief  work  is  "Lives 
of  the  Cajsars, "  which  contains  biographies  (of  an  auecdotl- 
cal  character)  of  the  first  twelve  Ca!sars.  including  Julius. 
It  is  important  on  account  of  its  revelations  concerning 
the  private  life  of  the  emperors.  Fragments  of  his  "De 
grammaticis,"  and  of  other  works,  are  extant. 

Suett  (su'et),  Richard.  Died  in  1805.  An 
English  comedian,  known  as  Dickey  Suett 


cialcapitalof  Boli-s-ia,  situated nearlat.  19° 5  S 
It  contains  a  cathedral  and  several  educational  institutions. 
Originally  it  was  the  Indian  village  of  Chuquisaca.  The 
Spaniard's  called  it  La  Plata  de  Chuquisaca,  or  simply  La 
Plata,  from  the  importjint  silver-mines  of  the  vicinity. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  Spanish  province  of  Charcas, 
whence  it  was  also  known  as  Charcas.  The  official  name 
Sucre  was  given  when  it  became  the  capital  of  Bolivia  in 
1826.  For  many  years  La  Paz  has  been  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment.    Population,  about  19,000. 

Suczawa  (sii-chii'vii).  A  town  in  Bukowina, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Sucza- 
wa 45  miles  south  by  east  of  Czernowitz.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  10,221. 

Sudan,  or  Soudan  (so-tliin'),  sometimes  called 
Nigritia  (ni-grish'iii).  [Ar.  ^TirfrtH,  the  Blacks.] 
A  vast  region  in  Africa,  with  indefinite  boun- 
daries, including  the  territories  from  the  Atlan- 
tie(orSenegambia)eastwardtoAbyssiniaorthe    — ^ 

Red  Sea,  and  from  the  Sahara  southward  to  the  g^g.yj  (s„-e'\-i).       [L.   (Cresar)   Suehi.    (Pliuy) 
Guineacoast,  and  the  Kongo  Basin.   Tlie Eastern    Suevi,  Gr.  (Strabo)  2d//.te(.  ( Jordanes)  Sora.to.J 


or  Egyptian  Sudan  extends  southward  from  the  frontier 
of  Egypt  to  Lake  Albert  Nyanza,  eastward  to  the  Red  Sea 
and  Abyssinia,  and  westward  to  Wadai.  It  includes  Scn- 
naar,  Khartum,  Kordofan,  Darfur,  the  Equatorial  Pi-ov- 
iuce,  and  the  Bahr-el-Gliazal  province.  Its  area  is  abcnit 
950,000  square  miles,  and  its  population  about  10,000,000, 
Of  the  central  Sudan  states  Wadai,  Baghinni,  and  Kaneni 
are  within  the  French  sphere  of  influence,  and  a  part  of 
Bornu,  with  Sokoto  and  Gaiido,  within  the  British,  -\.bi- 
niawa falls  witliiu  the  (icrman  Kamerun  Hinterland.  'Die 
boundaries  between  the  English  and  the  Frencli  posses- 
sions and  spheres  of  influence  both  west  and  east  of  tlie 
N'iger  were  determined  by  a  convention  between  tlie 
I'liited  Kinsdom  and  France  ratified  June  13,  1899. 

Sudani  (so-da'ne).  A  dialect  of  Arabic  spoken 
in  the  Sudan. 

Sudbury  (sud'bu-ri).  A  town  in  Suffolk  and 
Essex.  England,  situated  on  the  Stour  50  miles 
northeast  of  Loudon.   Population  (1891),  7,059. 


The  collective  name  of  a  German  people  men- 
tioned bv  Caesar,  who  describes  them  as  the 
largest  and  most  warlike  of  the  German  tribes. 
At  the  time  of  Tacitus  the  Suevi  occupied  all  centrsl 
Germany  west  of  the  Oder,  from  the  boundaries  of 
the  Harudes,  who  alone  intervened  between  then,  and  the 
Baltic,  to  the  Danube.  The  common  name  ',ncli>ded  the 
Semnnues,  Chatti,  Hermunduri,  Marcomanm.  Qn»'"'.  »"" 
Juthungi,  with  many  of  which  tribal  •H>pel^t'™s  the^com- 
mon  name  interchanged.  In  the  first  ha  f  of  the  Mh  cen- 
?ui?  he  Suevi,  so  called  (possibly  the  ■'•^""".f  ^'SXv 
as  neighbors  and  allies  of  the  Alanmnnl,  "''h  ^^Ij"" .h''o\e 
acted  as  one  folk:  either  name  n'V.'«  "'^  f  LpH  bv  the 
people.  Together  they  were  crushingly  defeated  by  he 
Franks  under  Clovis.  Subsequently  the  Suevi  were  settled 
abo'iit  Uu"head  watei^  of  the\lannbe,  ".^'■^ '^eir^^^, Vl 
still  preserved  in  Swabia  (Schwahen).  The  Suevi  who  set 
Hcd  in  Spanish  Galicia  in  the  6th  century  were  possibly 
the  Semnones. 


Suevlcuin,  Mare 

Suevicain  fswe'vi-kum),  Mare.  [L..  'Suevic 
Sea.']   A  Roman  name  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Suez  (so'ez  or  so-ez').  A  seaportof  Egypt,  situ- 
ateil  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  ami  at  the 
southern  terminus  of  the  Suez  Canal,  in  hit. 
29°  58'  N.,  lontr.  32°  33'  E. :  the  ancient  Arsinoe, 
later  Clysma  anil  Kolzum.  It  was  the  t.-rnihius  of 
ai)  ancient  canal.  It  waa  developed  in  recent  times  by  the 
opening  of  the  frc-sh-water  canal  (18<J3),  which  extended 
from  Suez  to  Ismailia,  ant!  of  tlie  Suez  Canal  in  1809.  It 
has  harbors  and  (luays.    Population  (1897),  17,173. 

Suez,  Gulf  of.  The  northwestern  arm  of  the 
Red  Sea,  bounding  the  Sinaitie  peninsula  on 
the  west :  the  ancient  Heroopolites  Sinus. 

Suez,  Isthmus  of.  The  isthmus  which  unites 
Asia  ami  .\frica,  and  separates  the  MediteiTa- 
nean  from  the  Red  Sea:  now  intersected  by 
the  Suez  Canal  (which  see). 

Suez  Canal.  A  ship-canal  which  connects  the 
Xlediterranean  with  the  Red  Sea.  Napoleon  I. 
entertained  the  idea  of  building  a  maritime  canal  between 
these  two  bodies  of  water,  but  abandoned  it  in  conse- 
quence of  a  report  by  the  engineer  Lep&re  (179s),  which 
placed  the  surface  of  the  Red  Sea  nearly  30  feet  hij:rher  than 
that  of  the  Mediterranean.  Tllis  mistake  was  corrected  by 
British  officers  in  1841,  and  in  1849  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps 
began  a  thorouph  investigation  of  the  isthmus.  With  the 
coTisent  of  the  Klu-dive  of  Egj-pt  and  the  Porte  he  organ- 
ized the  Univii-sal  Company  of  the  Maritime  Suez  Canal 
in  18.'>tl,  half  the  capital  of  which  was  raised  by  public  sub- 
scription in  Europe (cliietly  in  France),theotherh.ilf  Itythe 
khe<live.  Work  began  .\pril  So,  1859,  and  Nov.  16,  1809,  the 
canal  was  opened  for  navigation,  having  cost  al>out  .t'-O.- 
fHio,00O.  It  is  100  miles  long,  traversing  Lake  Menzaleh. 
Lake  TimsiUl,  and  tlle  Bitter  Lakes,  and  was  originally 
fritm  150  to  300  feet  wide  at  the  water-surface,  and  7-  at 
the  bottom,  with  a  minimum  depth  of  2t>  feet:  but  has 
sitice  (188(>-9o)  been  deepened  to  -JS  feet  and  considerably 
widened.  The  original  capital  of  the  company  consisted 
of  400,000  sh.ares  of  taO  each  (besides  100,000  founders' 
shares),  of  which  170,602  belonged  to  the  khedive  and 
were  purchased  by  the  British  government  in  1875.  The 
following  t.able  shows  the  incre.ase  in  the  number  of  ves- 
sels passing  through  the  canal  and  the  receipts  of  the 
company: 

1870 486  ..  654,915   ..  £    206.373 

1880 2,026,.  4,344,519,.  1,629,577 

1890 3,3«9   ..  9,749.129   ,.  2,680,430 

1894 3,:-'52   ..  11,288,855   ..  2.961,073 

1895 3,434   ,.  11,833.637   ..  :i,I24,14S) 

1896 3,409   ..  12,039,869  ..  3,182, i-00 

1897 2,986   ..  11,123,403   ..  2,913,222 

1898 3,503   ,,  12,962,6.32   ,.  3,411.791 

1899 3,607   ..  13,816,992   ..  3.0.52,751 

Suffolk  (suf'ok).  [ME.  Siifoll;  AS.  SRthfnlc, 
south  folk:  opposed  to  yorthfolc,  north  folk, 
Norfolk.]  The  easternmost  county  of  England, 
bounded  by  Norfolk,  the  North  Sea,  Esse-x,and 
Cambridge,  its  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it  is  one 
of  the  chief  agricultural  counties  of  England.  It  formed 
part  of  the  old  kingdom  of  East  Anglia.  Area,  1,475  square 
mllea.    Population  (lS91),371,23!i. 

Suffolk,  Dukes  of.  See  Brandon,  Chnrfrfs,  and 
(hi  11^  H'')in/. 

Suffolk,  Bail  and  later  Duke  of  (William  de 
la  Pole).  Executed  14.50.  An  English  politi- 
cian, grandson  of  Michael  do  la  Pole,  earl  of 
SulTolk :  leading  minister  under  Henry  VI. 

Suffren  de  Saint-Tropez  fsu-frah'  de  san-tro- 
l>a' j,  Pierre  Andre  de.  Bom  at  Saint-Cannat, 
France,  July  13,1726:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8, 
1788.  A  French  vice-admiral.  He  entered  the 
Flench  navy  in  1743;  waa  twice  captured  by  the  English  ; 
and  was  made  captjiin  in  1772.  For  ten  years  he  was  in 
the  service  of  Malta.  In  1781  he  was  sent  to  priitect 
French  interests  in  the  East  Indies.  After  an  action  at 
the  Cape  Vcrd  Islands  (April  10,  1781)  he  outsailed  C<.m- 
modore  Johnstone  to  the  Cape  of  Good-H'ppe,  and  so  pre- 
vented an  attack  of  the  English  ujK.tn  Cai>e  Town,  He 
fought  five  hard  but  indecisive  battles  against  the  English 
imder  Admiral  Hughes:  olf  Sadras  (Feb,  17,  1782),  <.|f 
Trincomalee  (April  12  and  Sept.  3,  1782),  off  Negapatani 
(July  6,  1782),  off  Cud.lalore  (,Tune  20,  1783).  He  was  re- 
called to  Fiance  by  the  treaty  of  Veisailles,  and  was  re. 
ceived  with  the  highest  Imnors  and  created  a  vice-admiral. 

Sufis  (sii'liz),  or  Saffis,  or  Safawis.  A  dyimsty 
of  Persian  monarchs  who  reigned  from  about 
l."ifll  to  the  accession  of  Nailir  .Shah  in  173G. 

Sugambrl  Csij-giim'bri),  also  Sigambri  (si- 
giiin'bri)  or  Sicambri(si-kain'bii).  [lj.(Ca?8ar) 
Sii/iiiiihri,  (Tacitus)  Sui/iimhri.  Or.  (Strabo)  li,i-- 
ynufipoi.']  A  German  trilic,  first  mentioned  l>y 
Cip.sar,  in  who.se  time  they  were  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  lower  Rhine,  north  of  the 
Ubii,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ruhr. 

Sugden  (sug'den),  Edward  Burtenshaw,  first 

l-i'ircin  Saint  Leonards.  Horn  at  London. 
Fiji.,  1781:  died  at  Thatnes  Dcllon,  Jan.  20, 
1875.  An  English  st;itcsirian  and  jtiiHst.  He  was 
•olicitor.general  1820-30;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  18:n- 
18:)5  and  1811  4cl;  and  waa  rreated  Ixjrd  .SI.  Leonards,  anil 
appointed  lord  high  chancellor  of  England  In  I«rd  Derby's 
first  .admltdslration  in  18,i2.  He  wrote  "Law  of  Verniers 
and  I'urchasers"  (1806),"  Powers "(180S),"Law  of  Properly 
a«  Administered  by  the  House  of  Ix)rd8"(1849),  and  other 
legal  treatises. 

Subl  (zOl).     A  town  in  the  province  of  Sozouy, 


965 

Prussia,  situated  in  the  Thiiringerwald,  on  the 
Lauter,  23  miles  south  of  Gotha.  It  is  famous  for 
manufactures  of  iron,  especially  of  flreanns,  and  was  long 
called  "the  armory  of  Germany."  Population  (1890),  11, 5;{;(. 

Suhrab  (modern  Pers.  pron.  s6-hrab';  earliir. 
following  the  Arabic,  so-hi-ab').  In  the  SIkiIi- 
namali,  the  son  of  Rustam  by  Tahminah.  Rus- 
tam  kills  Suhrab  without  knowing  that  he  is 
his  son.     (Sec  Illinium.)     Also  ,s'<i/ic»fc. 

Suidas(sii'i-das).  [Gr.  i'otiMaf.]  Lived  probably 
in  the  second  half  of  the  10th  century  A.  D.  A 
Byzantine  le.xicographer,  autlior  of  a  famous 
encyclopedic  Greek  lexicon.  "The  works  of  suhlas, 
like  those  of  Photiug,  contain  a  vast  store  of  various  learn- 
ing, singulaily  useful  on  points  of  criticism  and  literary 
history.  The  lexicon  of  this  writer,  besides  the  definition 
of  words,  con  tains  accounts  of  ancient  authors  of  all  classes, 
and  many  (piotations  from  works  tliat  have  since  per- 
ished."   Taylor. 

The  author  of  the  great  lexicon  which  bears  the  name 
of  Suidas  is  known  to  us  only  from  tlie  tille-j)age  of  tills 
compilation,  and  from  some  citations  in  the  commentary 
of  Eiistathius.  That  he  was  a  Byzantine  monk  is  merely 
a  conjecture  started  by  Joannes  Rosinus  and  adopted  by 
subseiiuent  scholars.  Even  thcage  in  which  he  flourished 
is  ([Uite  uncertnin  ;  for  it  cannot  be  ascertained  whether 
the  references  to  certain  personages  of  a  comparatively 
modern  date  belong  to  the  original  fabric  of  the  lexicon, 
or  were  subsequent  additions, 

K.  0.  Holler,  Uist.  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  385. 

[(Z)onaW«ort.) 

Suiones(su-i'9-nez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  SH/oHr.9,(Jor- 
danes)  Suehans,  ON.  Sriar.  AS.  Sicceon.']  Ac- 
cording to  Tacitus,  the  collective  name  of  the 
Germanic  inhabitants  of  Scandinavia,  in  .lor- 
danes,  in  the  6th  century'.  as5ueAa»s  (i.e.  Swaiif),  the  name 
is  limited  to  the  inhabitants  of  central  Sweden,  whence  it 
has  been  extended  to  include  the  whole  country. 

Suir  (shor).  A  river  in  Ii'eland  wliich  unites 
east  of  Waterford  with  the  Ban'ow  to  form 
Waterford  Harbor.     Length,  over  100  miles. 

Suisse  (siies),  La.  The  French  name  of  Swit- 
zerland. 

Suisun  Bay  (.s6-e-s6n'  ba).  A  bay  in  California 
which  communicates  on  the  west  by  Carquinez 
Strait  with  San  Pablo  Bay,  and  through  it 
with  San  Francisco  Bay.  It  receives  the  Sac- 
ramento and  San  Joaquin  rivers.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Sui'vante  (siie-vonf),  La.  A  comedy  by  Cor- 
neille,  issued  in  1634.  in  which  the  character  of 
the  soubrette  makes  its  first  appearance. 

Sukuma(so-ko'mii),orWasukuma(w)i-so-k6'- 
raa).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa,  in- 
habiting a  vast  undulating  plateau  south  of  Lake 
\ictoria.  This  region,  called  Usukuma.  is  sometimee 
spoken  of  as  the  northern  part  of  Unyamwezi.  The  lan- 
guage. Kisukuma,  is  closely  allied  to  Nyaniwezi,  being 
possiltly  only  a  dialect  of  the  latter.  The  Wasukuma  are 
agricultural  and  pastoral.  Their  petty  chiefs  used  to  exact 
toll  from  travelers, 

Sul,  Rio  Grande  do.    See  Sio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Sula  (sii'lii).  A  river  in  southern  Russia  which 
.ioiiis  the  Dnieper  75  miles  west -south  west  of 
Poltava.     Length,  about  200  miles. 

Sulaphat  (so'lji-fat).  [Ar.  (il-.sullinfdt,  the  tor- 
toise, Hee  Shdiiin.']  The  third-magnitude  star 
;.  Lvra'. 

Suleiman  (Turkish  sultans).     See  Solyman. 

Suleiman  (so-la-miin'), Mosque  of.  A  mosque 

in  ('onstiintiiioplo,  bi-gun  in  1.5511.  It  is  thctlncBt 
edifice  in  the  city,  after  Santa  Sophia,  u  hose  plan  it  some, 
whatresembles.havinganavewitli  central  dome  buttressed 
by  two  large  semi-domes,  and  arcaded  aisles  with  domes 
over  every  bay.  The  dome  is  17  feet  higher  than  that  of 
Santa  Sophia,  The  walls  and  iiiera  arc  iiicruslcd  with 
colored  marbles,  and  in  part  with  beanttful  Persian  tiles, 
"The  f»trecourt,  arcaded  and  domed,  is  beautiful  in  mate- 
rials and  ]ini|n.rtions.    There  are  four  minarets, 

Suleiman  Mountains.  See  SnUman  Mountain.i. 

Suleiman  Pasha.  Born  1840 :  died  at  Constan- 
tinople, Aug.  11,  18U2.  A  Turkish  general.  He 
was  one  of  the  chief  movers  in  the  defMsition  of  Abdul 
Aziz  in  1870;  served  with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Ser- 
vla  ill  1876,  and  in  Herzegovina  and  Montenegro  in  1877  ; 
commanded  the  attacks  against  the  Slilpka  Pass,  Aug.- 
Sept.,  1H77  ;  and  later  was  commander  in  Bulgaria,  and  was 
forced  to  retreat  to  Constantinople  in  In78,  lie  was  con- 
demned to  iinprlsonment  on  a  charge  of  liigh  treason  in 
1878,  but  WHS  soon  pardtilied. 

Sulen  (sii'len)  Islands.  A  grounof  islands  off 
the  western  coast  of  Norway,  ."iO  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Bergen. 

Suli  (.sii'le).  A  mountainous  district  in  Alba- 
niii,  European  Turkey,  about  15-20  miles  west 
of  Janina. 

Suliman  (sii-lo-miin').  or  Suleiman,  or  Sulai- 
man  (sii-iri-miin'),  Mountains.    -\  range  of 

mountains  near  the  border  of  Afghanistan  and 
British  India,  extending  from  tlie  river  Kurain 
south  and  west  toward  the  Holan  Pass.  The 
liiglicst  point  i.s  abotit  13,0110  feet. 
Sulimana(si"i-le-inii'nil).  A  region  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Senegambia,  western  jVfricu. 


Sully,  Due  de 

Sulina  ',so-le'na).  The  middle  one  of  the  three 
chief  mouths  of  the  Danube,  and  the  one  most 
friqnentcd  by  ships. 

Sulina.  A  town  in  Rumania,  at  the  mouth  of 
tho  Sulina  branch  of  the  Danube. 

Suliotes  (so'li-otz).  A  Greco-Albanian  peo- 
))le  who  settled  in  SiUi  and  carried  on  war  in 
tlie  18th  century  against  the  Turks  and  Alba- 
nians. They  were  finally  snbdued  in  1822,  and  forced  to 
1<  ave  Suli  for  Greece,  where  they  plaved  an  important  part 
in  the  war  of  liberation. 

Sulla  (sul'ii),  Lucius  Cornelius,  suruamed  Fe- 
lix. Born  about  138  B.  c. :  died  78  B.  C.  A  cele- 
brated Roman  general  and  dictator.  As  questor 
in  the  army  of  Marius  he  served  in  the  war  against  Ju- 
gnrtha  107-106,  and  captured  Jugurtha;  fought  against 
the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  1O4-101  ;  was  pretor  in  93;  as 
propretor  in  Cilicia  in  ;»2  defeated  the  genenU  of  Mithri- 
dates  and  restored  Ariobarzanes  to  the  throne  of  Cappa- 
docift ;  took  part  in  the  .Social  War  90-89,  and  captured 
Bovianum  89  ;  and  was  consul  in  88.  'the  civil  war  be- 
tween him  and  Miu'ius  broke  out  in  88.  He  led  an  aniiy 
against  Rome  and  expelled  the  3[arians  (this  was  the 
first  time  that  a  Roman  had  led  a  l;omaii  ainiy  against 
Rome).  A  s  commander  in  the  Mithridatic  war,  87-84,  he  de- 
feated Archelaus  at  Cliaronea  in  86  and  orchonienus  in 
85,  and  defeated  the  Marian  leader  Fimbria  in  ,S4.  He 
landed  in  Italy  in  8:i,  and  defeated  the  Marians  in  83  and 
82,  and  the  Samnites  at  the  Colline  Gate  in  8*2.  He  Issued 
a  sweeping  proscriptiftn  against  his  enemies  (see  extract 
below):  was  appointeil  dictator  in  82;  and  waa  consul  in 
80.  He  attempted  various  constitutional  reforms ;  reor- 
ganized the  senate  and  the  judiciary;  establislied  military 
colonies  in  It:dy  ;  and  resigned  the  dictjitorship  in  79. 

One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  draw  up  a  list  of  his  enemies 
who  were  to  be  put  to  death,  which  list  was  exhibited  in 
the  forum  to  public  inspection,  and  called  a  Pntgcriptio.- 
It  was  the  fli-st  instance  of  the  kind  in  Roman  history. 
All  persons  in  this  list  were  outlaws,  who  might  be  killed 
by  any  one  with  impunity,  even  by  slaves :  their  prop- 
erty waa  confiscated  to  the  state,  and  was  to  be  sold  by 
public  auction. 

Smil/i,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biog  ,  etc.  III.  939. 

Sullen  (sul'en),  Mrs.  The  gay.  youthfid  wife 
of  the  drunken  blockhead  Sullen,  in  Farquhar's 
"Beaux'  Stratagem."  Incompatibility  leads  to  a  di- 
vorce, and  she  marries  ,\rcher  whom  she  b.'Ves, 

Sullivan  (sul'i-van ).  Sir  Arthur  Seymour. 

Horn  at  Loudon,  May  13,  1842:  died  there, 
Nov.  22,  lyOO.  A  noted  English  composer  and 
condtictoi-.  He  was  choir-boy  in  the  Chapel  Royal; 
gained  the  .Mendelsstihn  scholarship  in  1856;  studied  in 
Leipsic  1,M,'iK-i;i  ;  was  principal  of  the  National  Training 
Sch.iid  for  Music  187B-sl  ;  and  president  of  the  Biriuing- 
hani  and  Midlaml  Institution  in  1888,  He  is  famous  for 
his  operettas  (lor  the  titles  of  those  composed  witli  W,  s, 
Gilbert  as  librettist,  see  Gilliert).  Those  composed  with 
others  are  "Cox  and  Box"  (1867  :  with  Burnand).  "The 
Zoo  "(1871:  withB.  R.iwe),  "  Ivanhoe  "  (ls91)and  "  Had- 
doii  Hall"  (1892:  with  S.  (iruiidy).  He  composed  many 
songs  ("The  l.ost  Chord,"  "  .\ral.ian  Love  Song,"  "O  Fair 
Dove,  0  Fond  Dove."  "  If  Doughty  Deeds,"  etc.) :  the  ora- 
torios "The  Prodigal  Son"  (18C91,  "The  Light  of  the 
World  "  (1873),  "  rhe  Martyr  of  Antioch  "  (18801.  etc. ;  in- 
cidental music  for  "The  Tempest,"  "The  .Merchant  of 
Venice."  ".Merry  Wives  of  Windsor."  "Macbeth."  and 
"Henry  VIII,, "  and  for  Wills's  "Olivia";  besides  part- 
songs,  anthems,  services,  hyran-tunes,  cantatas,  n  sym- 
phony in  K.  music  for  Longfellow's  "  Golden  Legend,  "etc. 
He  waa  knighted  in  1883. 
Sullivan,  Barry.  Bom  at  Birmingham.  1824: 
dio.i  :it  Urightoii.  May  3,  1891.  An  English  ac- 
tor. He  first  appeared  at  Cork  in  1840,  and  in  London  at 
the  Uaymarket  in  18,VJ.  He  visited  the  United  States 
I8.''i7-C0,  and  Australia  18<il-0fi. 

Sullivan,  James.  Born  at  Benvick,  Maine, 
Aiuil  "22,1744:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  10,  1808. 
An  -Vnurican  jiolitician,  brother  of  John  Sulli- 
van. He  was  ailelegate  tothe  Continental  (^onpres.s and 
governor  of  Massachusetts  1807-08.  He  wrote  a  "  History 
of  Maine  "(1796),  a  "History  of  Land-'Htles  in  Massachu- 
setts "  (1801),  etc. 

Sullivan,  John.  Born  at  Berwick,  Maine.  Feb. 
17,  17-tO:  died  at  Durham,  N.  IL.  .Tail.  23,  1795. 
An  .\iniricaii  giiieral.  He  was  a  memberof  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  in  1774  ;  seized  a  fort  near  Portsmouth 
in  Dec,  1774  ;  became  brigadier  general  in  177r> ;  served 
at  the  siege  of  Boston;  commanded  in  Canada  in  177(1 ; 
wiut  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island  in  1776; 
served  at  Trenton  and  Princeton  :  attacked  Stateii  Island 
in  1777;  served  at  Brandywine  ami  Gerniaiitown  ;  coni- 
liiaiided  In  HIkhIc  Island  in  1778,  and  gained  the  victory 
of  Blltfs  Hill  Aug,  "29  ;  coniinaiuUHl  an  expedition  against 
the  six  Nations  in  1779;  and  defeated  tlie  Indians  and 
Tories  at  Newtown  (Aug.  "29)  and  elsewhere,  and  ravaged 
tln-ir  conntiy.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  1780; 
and  waa  president  of  New  Hampshire  178tV89. 

Sullivan's  Island.     fNamed  from  Gen.  John 

Sullivan.]  An  island  at  tlieeiitniiice  of  Cliarles- 
ton  liarbor.  South  Carolina,  cast  of  Charleston: 
tlie  site  of  Fort  Moultrie. 

Sullivant(siil'i  viiiit ). William  Starling.  Bom 

ni;ir  Colunibiis,  Dliio,  Jan.  l.'i,  1S03  :  i lied  there, 
.\priliil).  1S73.  .\ii  .•\iuerican  botanist,  noted  as  a 
hi"yologist.  He  wrote  "  M«»cl  Allcghanlenscs  "  (I8III\ 
"  Vlilscl  and  HepatlcH'  of  the  United  Stales  I'.nst  of  the 
Misslhsipiil  l!lvir"(ls:>l)),'"IconesMuscornm"(lS<H),  etc 

Sully(>ni'i :  !■',  i.ron.  sil-le'),Ducde  (Maximil- 

ien  de  B^thune,  Bnron  de  Rosny).  Born  ut 
Kosny.  France,  Dee.  13, 1560 :  died  at  the  castle 


Sully,  Due  de 

of  Villebon.  France,  Dec.  22,  1641.     A  French 

Protestant  statesman.    He  became  the  companion 

and  friend  of  Henry  of  Navarre;  served  with  distioctioD  in 

the  civil  wars,  especially  at  Ivry ;  and  became  celebrated 

as  minister  of  finance  under  Henrj-  IV.  (1597-1610).   He 

was  made  due  de  Sully  in  1606;  was  appointed  governor 

of  the  Bastille  in  16<i2 ;  and  was  made  a  marshal  by  Louis 

XIII.  in  1634.     He  was  inSuentLal  in  nearly  all  "depart- 
ments of  the  government  during  the  reign  of  Henrj'  IV. 

He  published  "  JlSmoires  des  sages  et  royales  economies 

d'etat,  domestiques,  politiques,  et  militaires,  de  Hemi  le 

Grand  "  (2  vols.  1634).    Two  other  volumes  were  published 

by  Jean  le  Laboureur  in  1662.  _    ,  

_-„  „,^     ..  ,  ,„,.,,,.  „     -^'■ea,  ii;i,612  square  miles.    Population,  aboiit  3,(JOO,000 

The  extraordmary  form  of  Sully's  Memoirs   is  weU  Sumba      Se9  SniifInlirnn/1  l^hnd 

known.    They  are  neither  written  as  if  by  himself,  nor.. f  i™K,ww-      V    '•>/^^^  .       ,    t, 

him  as  by  a  historian  of  the  usual  kind.   They  are  directly  OUmDawa  (som-ba  wa).    One  ot  the  bimda  Isl- 

addressed  to  the  hero  in  the  form  of  an  elaiiopate  reminder     auds.  Malay  Archipelago,  situated  east  of  Lom- 
of  his  own  actions :  "You  then  said  this '■;  "hisllajesty     l)ok  and  west  of  Flores.    The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous and  volcanic  The  island  contains  several  native  states, 
under  Dutch  control.    It  was  devastated  by  an  eruption 


966 

Strait  of  Sunda.  It  is  traversed  by  a  range  of  moun- 
tains (highest  point,  Indrapura,  about  12,c00feet),  and  has 
many  volcanoes;  contains  mineral  wealth;  produces  cof- 
fee, pepper,  sug;ir,  rice,  etc. :  and  is  chiefly  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Netherlands,  Administrative  divisions :  W  est 
Coast,  East  Coast,  Palembang.  Benkulen,  Lampongs,  and 
Atjeh.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Malays  :'  among  other 
peoples  are  the  Battaks.  The  religion  is  largely  Moham- 
medan, Dutch  influence  began  in  the  17th  century ;  Dutch 
territories  in  Sumatra  were  taken  bv  the  British  ISll,  but 
restored  (last  English  possession,  Benkulen,  ceiled  1825), 
War  against  Atchin  commenced  1873,  and  ended  with  the  Sumter,  Fort, 
subjugationandannexationof  Atchiu.  Length, l.KX) miles,    "        • 


Sund 

Sumner,  William  Graham.  Bom  at  Paterson. 
X.  J.,  <_1et.  30.  1S40.  An  American  political 
economist,  professor  of  political  and  social  sci- 
ence at  Yale  from  1872.  He  is  a  prominent  advo- 
cate of  free  trade.  His  works  include  "A  History  of 
American  Currency  "  (1874),  a  life  of  Andrew  Jackson  (in 
■•  American  Statesmen  "  series,  1882),  "What  Social  Classes 
Owe  to  Each  Other  "  (1883).  '■  Problems  in  Political  Econ. 
"JSI^  (^^^  "Protectionism "(1885),  "CoUected  Essays" 
(ISao). 

See  Fort  Sionter. 


thereupon  sent  you  there  ";  "when  you  were  two  leagues 
from  your  halting-place,  you  saw  a  courier  coming,"  etc. 


It  is  needtes  to  say  that  this  manner  of  teUing  history  is     inl815.^  Area,  estimated,about  o,186squaremiies""'pjDu" 

d,  after  the     lation,  iso.OOO.  '        *^ 


in  the  highest  degree  unnatural  and  heavj';  an „„  »..„  v/w 

fiist  quaintnessofitwearsotl.it  makesthebookveryhard   Snm'h'o  (ckm'Viol    r^r-fia^-.-.^l,^  i\.-^  „■■     m    \ 
toread.  It  contains,  however,  a  very  large  number  of  short  ^^De  (Som  be^),  orBaSUmbe  (ba-som  be). 

memoirs  and  documents  of  all  kinds,  in  which  the  elabo-      «»"*-"    t-'>^°   "f     » 1-     t^—^    «' --^ 

rate  farceof  "  Vous  "  is  perforce  abandoned.  It  shows  Sully 
as  he  was  — a  great  and  skilful  statesman ;  but  it  does  not 
give  a  pleasant  idea  of  his  character. 

Saintshurp,  French  Lit,  p.  254. 

Sully,  James.  Bom  at  Bridgwater,  Somerset- 
shire, 1842.  An  English  psychologist.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Regent's  Park  College,  London,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen,  and  the  I'niversity  of  London.    His 


Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa,  settled 
around  Xoyo  EedoiTdo.  about  lat.  11°  S.  Thev 
form  one  nation,  linguisticallv  and  ethnicallv,  with  their 
southern  neighbors,  the  Basele.  Inhabiting'  a  hUlv  and 
fertile  district,  they  are  an  athletic,  hardy,  and  industrious 
people,  furnishing  the  best  slaves  and  contract  laborei-s 
for  the  plantations  of  Angola  and  S.  Thome,  and  produ- 
QincF  corn  '^"'^  KQii^f^  f^wt  #-t*.-.  ^it.1  ^-.  „i  —  __ii.  .  A      ™rt 


Sumter  (sum'ter),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Virginia, 
1(34:  died  near  Camden,  S.  C,  June  1,  1832. 
An  American  Reyolutionary  general.  He  was 
present  at  Braddock's  defeat  in  1753  ;  was  appointed  lieu, 
tenant-colonel  of  a  regiment  of  South  Carolina  riflemen  in 
17i6;  became  a  leading  partizan  comm.ander  in  17S0  de- 
feating the  Toriesat  Hanging  Rock  Aug.  6,  but  was  repulsed 
by  the  British  regulars  under  Tarleton  ;  was  defeated  by 
Tarleton  at  Fishing  Creek  Aug.  18 ;  and  defeated  Tarleton 
at  Blackstock  HUl  Nov.  20.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  South  Carolina  1789-93 ;  United  States  senator  1801- 
1S09  ;  and  United  States  minister  to  BrazQ  1809-lL 

Sumy  (so'me).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Kharkoff,  southern  Russia,  situated  on  the  Psiol 
106  miles  northwest  of  Kharkoff.  It  is  an  im- 
portant trading  center  for  the  Ukraine.  Ponu- 
lation,  19,818. 


works  include  ".Sensation  and  Intuition  "  (1874X  " Pessi-  SumbulniiT       ^pp  SilmhnJnur 
mism"(lS77),  "Illusions"(18Sl),  'OutlinesotPsycholog,,   CiVSbW  n^;,^?^      ^'"ilbaljmr. 
-  -  >-    —  —        ion"(issiV  'turner  (su  mer).     See  Sii?>iena. 


with  Special  Reference  to  the  Theory  of  Education  "(1884)    gumer  (s 

"The  Teachers'  Handbook  of  Psychology"  (18S6X  "-I^-  Sumena  (su-me'ri-a).     In  the  Assyi'ianinscrip- 

'fc!',?^"  ^'^^  ^-  ^-  Robertson  (188S).  "  The  Human  Mind  "     tions,  southern  or  lower  Babylonia,  the  coimtry 

T3  ,„  A,     r.       ,        toward  and  around  the  Persikn  Gulf,  as  opposed 

Born  at  Horncastle,  Lincoln-    to  Akkad  (in  Gen.  x.  10  Accad  as  name  of  a 


(1892). 

Sully,  Thomas, 


Madison,  and  Jackson,  etc. 


Sully-Prudhomme  (sii-le'prii-dom'),  Eene  set  to  a  round  or  canon.  The  original  manusci 
FraiKJOis  Armand.  Born  at  Paris  March  16  "{  'he  music  is  m  the  British  Museum.  SirFreder 
1839.  ^  A  French  noet  «nd  criti.    Plo^A/^i?:   J^"'  "-'^,■'"^"  '°  '"e  fli^t  half  of  the  13th  century. 


1839.    A  French  poet  and  critic,  elected  mem-  SuTnii- 


beroftheAeademyinl881.    He  has  published  "Poe-  Summa  Thpolnffi»  Csi.Tn'a  tliP  .i  ln'^i-5^      n 
sies-'(1865),"Les(5preuve3"(1866),  ■■LessoUtudes"(1869)    ''.™™a' ineOlOglSB  (.sum  a  the-o-lp  ji-e).    _[L., 
"  Les  destins  "  (1872),  "  Les  values  tendresses  "  1 1875).  ■'  r.a       suosta 


"(1872),  "Les  values  tendresses "(1875), "La 
justice"  (1878).  "  Le  prisme  "  (1886X  etc.  He  has  also  pub- 
lished " L'Expression  dans  les  beaux  arts"(lsS4).  "Reflec- 
tions sur  I'art  des  vers  "  (1892).  A  general  edition  of  his 
works  was  published  liS3-84. 

SulmoCsul'mo).   The  ancient  name  of  Solmona. 

Sulphur  Fork  (of  the  Red  River).  A  river  in 
northeastern  Te.xas  and  southwestern  Arkan- 
sas, which  joins  the  Red  River  near  the  south- 
west corner  of  Arkansas.  Length,  about  180 
miles. 

Sulphur  Island.  A  small  island  in  the  North 
Pacific,  north  of  the  Loochoo  gi'oup. 


and  beans  for  the  cities  along  the  coast.  The  ^Un  (sun).  Ihe  centl'al  body  of  the  solar  SVS- 
Mlmiyi  tnbe,  north  of  the  Basumbe,  is  also  closely  allied,  tem,  around  which  the  earth"  and  other  nlaiipts 
but  differs  in  several  respects.  revolve,  retained  in  their  orbits  by  its  attrac- 

tion, and  supplied  with  energy  by  its  radiance. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  earth  is"  a  little  less  than  93 
millions  of  miles,  its  horizontal  parallax  bein"  g  "80  Its 
mean  apparent  diameter  is  32'  4" ;  its  real  diameter  866,500 
miles  (109J  times  that  of  the  earth),  Itsvolume  is  therefore 
a  little  more  than  1,300,000  times  that  of  the  earth  Its 
mass— that  is,  the  quantity  of  matter  in  it  —  is  330,000  times 
as  great  as  that  of  the  earth,  and  is  about  900  times  as 
great  as  the  united  masses  of  all  of  the  planets.  The  force 
of  gravity  at  the  sun's  surface  is  nearly  28  times  as  great 
as  at  the  earth's  surface.  The  suns  mean  density  is  only 
one  fourth  that  of  the  earth,  or  less  than  IJ  times  that  of 
water.  By  means  of  the  spots  its  rotation  can  be  determined. 
It  IS  found  that  the  suns  equator  is  inclined  7"'  to  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic.  The  sun's  visible  surface  is  called 
the  photosphere,  and  is  made  up  of  minute  irregularly 
rounded  "granules,"  intensely  brilliant,  and  apparently- 
floating  in  a  darker  medium.  These  are  usually  400  or  SdO 
miles  in  diameter,  and  so  distributed  in  streaks  and  groups 
as  to  make  the  surface,  seen  with  a  low-power  tele■^;ope 
look  much  like  rough  drawing-paper.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  sunspots,  and  to  some  extent  upon  alf  parts 
of  the  sun,  facnlie  (bright  streaks  due  to  an  unusual  crowd- 
ing together  and  upheaval  of  the  granules  of  the  photo- 
sphere) are  found.  At  the  time  of  a  total  eclipse  certain 
scarlet  cloud-like  objects  are  usually  observed  projecting 
beyond  the  edge  of  the  moon.   These  are  the  prominences 


A  very  ancient  folk-song 


uscript 
Frederick 


^ee  ,S««(fW«. 


Summerside  (sum'er-.sid).    A  seaport  in  Prince 
Edward  Island,  capital  of  Princes  County,  situ- 
o   ,    .  .  o   1    .^-  =• — •--  ated  on  Bedeque  Bay  3.5  mUes  west-northwest 

Sulpicians,  or  Sulpitians  (sul-pish'ianz).  of  Charlotte  Town.  ■  Population  (1901)  -^  87.5 
[iromF..S«//jicif»,  theparishof  St.  Sulpicein  Summerson  fsum'er-son),  Esther  The"'ille.' 
Pans,  where  they  were  first  organized.]  '  ■"  *  '  '  ■  ■*  '•-  -  --  - 
Roman  Catholic  order  of  priests,  "  ""  " 
Paris  by  the  Abb^  Olier,  about 
purpose  of  training  young  men  for  the  clerical     acters  in  Dickens's 


tanee'  or  'summary  of  theology.']  1.  A 
theological  work  by  Thomas  Aquinas. — 2.  A 
theological  work  by  Alexander  of  Hales. 
Summer  (sum'er).  or  Somers  (sum'erz).  Will. 
The  jester  of  Henry  Yin.  His  effigy-  is  at  Hampton 
Court,  and  his  portrait,  by  Holbein,  at  Kensington.  .Several 
fools  in  old  plays  are  called  by  his  name. 

Summer  Islands.    1.  A  group  of  small  islands       „^  ,^-  r. — ....„.„, 

off  the  western  coast  of  Cromarty,  Scotland  .    protuberances,  which  in  1868  were  proved  bvthe 

about  lat.  58^  X.—  2     See  Berm  ud'as  '?.''1'.™!"JP/ 1°  '=°°^'^'  '"^}»h-pt  hydrogen,  and  have  been 


office, 

Sulpicius  Rufus  (sul-pish'ius  ro'fus).  Publius 
Born  124  B.  c. :  killed  88  B.  c.     A  Roman  ora- 
tor.    As  tribune  of  the  plebs  he  was  put  to 
death  by  the  party  of  Sulla.     None  of  his  ora- 
tions are  extant. 

Sultanpur(sul-tan-por').  1.  A  district  in  Oudh, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  K.  long. 
?rL^.-  ^^^'  ^'''^^  square  iniles.  Population 
(1891),  1,0/5,851.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Sultanpur.  situated  on  the  Gumti  80  miles 
southeast  of  Lucknow.  Population  (1881),  9,374. 

Sulu  (so-li)').  A  sultanate  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  Borneo.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  the 
British  North  Borneo  Company  about  1880. 

Sulu.  1.  The  chief  island  of  "the  Sulu  Archi- 
pelago.— 2.  The  chief  town  of  the  Sulu  Archi- 
pelago, 

Sulu,  or  Sooloo  (so-lo'),  Islands.  An  archi- 
pelago lying  northeast  of  Borneo  and  south- 
west of  Mindanao  (in  the  PhiUppine  Islands). 
The  mhabitants  are  Malays  and  Mohammedans  It  was 
Statef^  I89I'"''"  '"-'^'^A""^.  ^'=')'^i'-.''<l  '^.^  the  X^'nited 


principal 
Bleak  House." 
Summoner's  or  Sompnour's  Tale,  The.    One 

of  Chaucei-'s  "Canterbiu-y  Tales."  The  somp- 
nour's business  was  to  summon  delinquents  to  the  eccle- 
siastical courts.  The  story  is  in  large  part  from  Seneca's 
treatise  "De  Ira,"and  is  a  contemptuous  sketch  of  a  hjTKi- 
critical  friar. 

Sumner  (sum'ner),  Charles.  Born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  6, 1811:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March 
11,  1874.  Anoted  American  statesman.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Boston  Latin  School  and  at  Harvard  gradu. 
ating.in  1830:  studied  law  at  Harvard  ;  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  18*4.  He  traveled  in  Europe  1837-H) ;  became 
noted  as  an  advocate  of  antislaverv  ideas ;  took  an  active 
part  in  politics  as  a  Whig,  and  from  1S48  as  a  Free-soiler  ■ 
was  an  unsuccessful  Free-soil  candidate  for  Congress  in 
1848;  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Massachu- 
setts by  Free  soil  and  Democratic  votes  1831 ;  became  a 
leading  opponent  ot  slavery  in  Congress ;  was  assaulted  in 
the  senate-chamber  by  Preston  Brooks  May  22,  1856 ;  was 
reelected  senator  as  a  Republican  in  1857,  1863,  and  1869" 


discovered  to  be  merely  extensions  from  an  envelop  of  in- 
candescent gases  which  overlies  the  photosphere  like  a 
sheet  of  scarlet  flame,  and  is  known  as  the  chroimmiheTe 
The  thickness  of  this  is  verj-  irregular,  but  averages  about 
5,000  miles.  The  prominences  are  often  from  50,000  to 
100,000  miles  in  height,  and  occasionally  exceed  200  000  • 
they  are  less  permanent  than  the  spots,  and  their  changes 
^^  .,  .       ,.  .    .-,  rarenotcon- 

those  of  the 

.  — , ,  usually  con- 

with  spots,  or  with  the  taeniae  which  attend  the 
spots.  The  corona  —  the  most  impressive  feature  of  a  total 
eclipse  —  is  a  great  "glory,"of  irregular  outline,  surround- 
ing the  sun,  and  composed  of  nebulous  rays  and  streams 
which  protrude  from  the  solar  surface,  and  extend  some- 
tunes  to  a  distance  of  several  millions  of  mUes,  especially 
in  the  plane  of  the  sun's  equator  The  lower  parts  are  in- 
tensely bright,  but  the  other  parts  are  faint  and  indeflnite. 
Its  real  nature,  as  a  true  solar  appendage  and  no  mere 
optical  or  atmospheric  phenomenon,  has  been  abundantly 
demonstrated  by  both  the  spectroscope  and  the  camera. 
The  sun  is  believed  to  be,  in  the  main,  a  mass  of  intensely 
heated  gas  and  vapor,  powerfully  compressed  bv  its  own 
gravity.  The  eehtral  part  is  entirelv  gaseous,  because  its 
temperature,  being  from  physical  riecessitv  higher  than 
that  of  the  inclosing  photosphere,  is  far  above  the  so-called 
"critical  point"  for  every  known  element:  no  solidifica- 
tion, no  liquefaction  even,  can  therefore  occur  in  the 
solar  depths.  But  near  the  outer  surface  radiation  to 
space  is  nearly  free,  the  temperature  is  lowered  to  a  point 
below  the  "critical  point "  of  certain  substances,  and  under 
the  powerful  pressure  due  to  solar  gravity  condensation 
of  the  vapors  begins,  and  thus  a  sheet  of  incandescent 
cloud  is  formed,  which  constitutes  the  photosphere.    The 


was  absent  from  his  seat  1S56-.W;  became  chairman  of  the  „i., „>,  ■.     ^.^      ' •- -  — 

committee  on  foreign  affairs  in  1S61 ;  and  w^remov^  chromosphere  consists  of  the  permanent  gases  and  the  un. 

STlfor  his  opposition  to  Gran?'s  ^HcyrSSS^  ,T  .„"..'„''  "'^^"^  "'"'''  "'^■''ie  the  cloud.sheet,  while 

•^     '   ^  the  corona  still  remains  in  great  degree  a  mystery,  as  re- 


from  it  in  1871  for  his  opposition  to  Grant's  policyregard- 
ing  the  annexation  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  was  a  champion 
of  the  Civil  Rights  BUI  for  the  negroes,  and  opposed  the 
reelection  of  Grant  in  1S72. 
publi-shed  1870-^*3, 


",Ues.'7fpularn;''75:"«:x[''""^-^-    ^''=^-  Sumner  Edwin  Vose.    Bo™  at  Boston.  Jan. 30, 
dps  (zolts'bach-er  alps).     Same     \'^' ^  '^'*'-'^  ^^  Syracuse,  ^.  Y.,  .March  21.  1863, 


about  950  square 

Sulzbacher  Alps 

as  .Stehttr  Alps. 

Sulzer  (zolts'er),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Win- 
terthur,  Switzerland.  Oct  5, 1720  :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  27,  1779.  A  Swiss-Prussian  philoso- 
pher and  writer  on  esthetics.  His  chief  work 
is  "  AUgemeine  Theorie  der  schonen  Kunste  " 


nlTls^       Q„™„  •  "'«^^ '1'' "Syracuse,  .>.  i.,  . 

alps).     Same     An  American  general.   He  served 


gards  both  the  substances  which  compose  it  and  the  forces 
His  works,  in  15  Vols.,  were  ^^'"^  P'^l'"'';  """,  "'^r^''  its  streamers. 

Sunapee  Lake  (sun'a-pe  lak).  A  lake  in  New 
Hampshire,  27  miles  west-northwest  of  Concord. 
Its  outlet  is  through  Sugar  River  into  the  Con- 
necticut.    Length,  8  miles. 


in  the  Black  Hawk 


war :  was  distinguished  as  a  cavalry  commander  at  Cerro  Sunart  (sun'art).  Loch.     An  arm  of  the  ocean 


Gordo  and  Molino  del  Rey  in  184" :  was  governor  of  Xew 
Mexico  1851-53 ;  commanded  the  Department  of  the  Pa- 
cific in  1861 ;  was  a  corps  commander  at  Fair  Oaks  in  the 
Seven  Days'  Battles,  and  at  .\ntietam  :  and  commanded  a 
grand  division  at  Fredericksburg,  He  was  appointed  to 
the  command  ot  the  Department  of  the  Missouri  in  1863 


Sumatra  (so-ma'tra).  The  second  largest  isl-  Sumner,  John  Bird.  Born  at  Kenilworth,  En 
and  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  situated  west  '^'^'''  '^'^^  ■  died  at  London,  Sept.  6.  1862.  An 
and  south  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  from  which  English  prelate.  He  became  bishop  of  Chester  in  1828 
It  IS  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Malacca  and  ?.„  ^^ehbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1848.  He  published 
separated  from  Jkva  on  the  southeast  by  the     (iKiT'^tc     '^'^"'"'"  ^^^^^>'  "Evidence  of  Christianity 


on  the  coast  of  Argyllshire,  western  Scotland, 
situated  north  of  Miill.     Length.  194  miles. 

Simbury  (sun'bu-ri).  A  village  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  16  miles  west- 
southwest  of  London.   Population  (1891),  5,677. 

Sunbury.  The  capital  of  Northumberland 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 42  miles  north  of  Harrisburg.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  9,810. 

Sund.    See  Sound,  The. 


Sunda,  Strait  of 

Sunda  (sun'da),  strait  of.  A  sea  passage 
which  separates  Sumatra  and  Java.  It  eon- 
taius  the  volcanic  island  of  Krakatoa  (which 
see).     Width,  about  13  miles. 

Sunda  Islands.  A  collective  name  for  a  group 
of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipelago.  As  often 
used,  it  includes  the  Great  '.Siuida  (Sumatra,  Java,  Bor- 
neo, Celebes,  and  smaller  islamls  near  them),  and  tlie 
Little  Sunda  (Bali.  Lombok,  Suinbawa,  Sandalwood  Isl- 
and, Flores.  etc.,  to  Timor) :  sometimes  restricted  by  ex- 
cluding Celebes  and  the  island.^  east  of  Sumbawa  ;  also 
further  restiicted  by  excluding  Borneo.  Another  classifi- 
cation includes  the  chain  from  Sumatra  to  Timor,  exclud- 
ing Borneo  and  Celebes.  Still  another  classification  com- 
prises the  smaller  islands  between  Java  and  Timor. 

Sundarbans  (son'diir-banz),  or  Sunderbunds 

(siju'dc-r-buudz).  A  wilderness  region  of  swamps 
and  islands  in  the  southern  part  of  the  deltas 
of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmaputra,  southeast  of 
Calcutta. 

Sunda  Sea  (sun'da  se).  A  part  of  the  ocean 
lying  nortli  of  Java  and  south  of  Borneo:  often 
considered  as  identical  with  the  Java  Sea. 

Sunday  (sun'da).  The  tirst  day  of  the  week; 
the  Oiristian  Sabbath ;  the  Lord's  Day.  The 
name  Sundai/,  or  'djiy  of  the  Sun,'  belongs  to  the  first  day 
of  the  week  on  astrological  grounds,  and  has  long  been 
so  used  from  far  beyond  the  Christian  era,  and  far  outside 
of  Christian  countries.  The  ordinary  name  of  the  day  in 
Christian  Greek  and  Latin  and  in  the  Romanic  languages 
is  the  Lord's  Day  (Greek  Kuptapctj,  Latin  dominica,  French 
dimanche,  etc.),  while  the  Germanic  languages,  including 
English,  call  it  Sunday. 

Sunday  Island,  or  Raoul  (ra-ol')  Island.    A 

small  island  of  the  South  Pacific,  near  lat.  29° 
2.">'  S.,  long.  178°  W. 

Sunday  River.  A  river  in  Cape  Colony  which 
flows  into  Algoa  Bay  2-5  miles  northeast  of  Port 
Elizabeth.     Length,  about  200  miles. 

Sundeep.     See  Sumlip. 

Sunderbunds.     See  SmidarJians. 

Sunderland  (sun'der-land).  A  seaport  in  Dur- 
ham, Ei)gland.  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Wear  in  lat.  54°  5.5'  N.,  long.  1°  20'  W.  it  is  an 
important  seaport  and  a  coal-raining  center  ,  and  has  aho 
yards  for  building  iron  and  steel  vessels,  and  manufactures 
of  chemicals,  glass,  etc.  The  bridge  over  the  Wear  (built 
1703-96)  is  notable.  .Sunderland  includes,  besides  Sun- 
derland proper,  Bishopwearmouth  and  Monkwearmouth 
(tiorth  of  the  Wear).  The  town  grew  up  about  a  convent 
founded  in  Monkwearmouth  in  the  7th  century.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  14t>,u77. 

Sundewitt  (zon'de-^^t).  A  peninsula  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  opposite  the  island  of  .Alsen,  north  of 
Flensborg  Fjord. 

Sundgau  (zont'gou).  A  name  given  to  the  south- 
ern part  of  Alsace. 

Sunai(s6n'de),orBasundi(ba-s6n'de).  Atribe 
of  the  Kongo  nation, included  in  the  Kongo  State, 
and  settled  on  the  lower  Kongo  River  between 
Vivi  and  Manyanga. 

fiimdip,  or  Sundeep  (sun-dep'),  or  Sandwip 
(sund-wep').  An  island  belonging  to  British  In- 
dia, situated  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Meghna.     Length,  17  miles. 

Sundsvall  (sonds'viil).  A  seaport  in  the  laen 
of  Hernosand,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia  in  lat.  62°  23'  N.,  long.  17°  19'  E.  It 
has  considerable  trade  and  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation,  13,215. 

Sune.     See  ZtiHi. 

Sunflower  (sun'flou"6r)  River.  A  river  in  west- 
ern Mississippi  which  flows  into  the  Yazoo  27 
miles  northeast  of  Vicksburg.  Length,  about 
150  miles. 

Sung  (song).  A  medieval  kingdom  in  southern 
China,  reduced  by  Kublai  Khan  in  the  13th 
century. 

Sungari  (son-ga-re'  or  son-gii're),  or  Songari 
(son-gii-re'  or  son-gii're).  A  river  in  Manchuria 
which  flows  into  the  Amur  about  lat.  47°  30'  N. 
Lefigth,  including  the  Nonni,  over  1,000  miles. 

Sungaria,  or  Soongaria  ( son  -gii '  ro-ii ) ,  or  Dzun- 

garia  (dziju-ga'ro-a),  or  Songaria  (son-gil'- 
ro-ii).  A  name  given  to  a  province  of  Hi,  in  the 
Chinese  empire :  called  also  the  "  Northoru  Cir- 
cuit." It  lies  south  of  the  Altai,  west  of  Mongolia,  and 
east  and  south  of  Asiatic  Russia.  But  the  name  is  sonje- 
times  restiicted  to  a  part  of  this  province.  It  was  the 
nucliMisof  a  Muiiiiol  kiiigdom,  that  of  the  Songares,  in  the 
17tli  and  l.slli  centuries. 

Sungei  Ujong  fson'ge  ii-iong').  A  small  native 
stiife  in  the  Malay  Pefiinstila,  British  protecto- 
rate, attached  to  the  Straits  Settlements.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  20,002. 

Sunium(sii'ni-um).  [Gr.  Soi'iTOV.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  the  promontory  at  the  south-east- 
ern extremity  of  Attica,  Greece,  now  known 
as  (!npc  Ciiliinna.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of 
Athene,  a  famous  landmark  from  the  sea.  It  was  a  Doric 
peripteros  of  white  marble,  of  0  by  I'i  or  IM  columns,  on  a 
atylobatc  of  ;i  st<ps,  measuring  -l-l  hyfls  feet.  Twelve  cid- 
umnsare  still  stjinding.  with  pait  of  the  cella.    The  col- 


967 

umns  have  only  16  channels,  and  are  20  feet  high.  The 
temple  possessed  a  frieze  sculptured  with  the  exploits  of 
Theseus. 

2.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  on  the  promon- 
tory of  Sunium. 

Sunk  Islet  (sungk  i'let).  A  small  tlistrict  in 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  estuary  of 
the  lluiuber,  southeast  of  Hull:  formerlyan  islet. 

Sunnis.     Sec  Siiniiile.i. 

Sunnites  (sun'its).  A'Mohammedan  sect  com- 
jirising  the  greater  pari  of  the  Moslem  world, 
usually  claiming  to  be  the  traditional  or  ortho- 
dox sect.  They  recognize  the  first  three  califs  as  legiti- 
mate successors  of  Moliammed,  anil  accept  siv  liooksof  tlie 
Suiuia,  or  'rule,'  wlucli  purport  to  contain  the  verbal  ut- 
terances r)f  Mohammed,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Koran, 
the  \vritten  revelation.  The  Sunnites  are  opposed  by  the 
Shiites,  whohold  that  Ali  was  the  first  legitimate  successor 
of  Mohammed.  They  also  have  five  books  of  traditions 
differing  from  those  of  the  Sunnites.  In  thecouraeof  time 
many  differences  of  practice  have  grown  up.  The  Moham- 
medans of  Turkey,  Arabia,  Norfli  Africa,  and  India  are 
mostly  Sunnites,  those  of  Persia  and  many  in  India  being 
Shiites.     Also  Sttnnis, 

The  Turks  were  orthodox  Sunnis,  or  believers  in  the 
conventional  doctrine  of  the  Koran  and  in  the  traditiotfs 
handed  down  Ijy  the  respectable  divines  of  the  orthodox 
school.  The  Persians,  on  the  other  hand,  were  Shias.  or 
believers  in  a  somewhat  mystical  variety  of  Islam,  which 
presented  many  and  important  differences  from  the  ortho- 
dox teaching,  and  offered  not  a  few  temptations  to  politi- 
cal as  well  as  religious  revolution. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  154. 

Sunnyside  (sun'i  sid).  The  house  in  which 
Washington  Irving  resi<led  at  Irvington,  New 
York.  It  was  built  in  the  17th  century,  and  was  originally 
known  as  "  Wolfert's  Roost." 

Sunol(so'nol).  An  American  bay  trotting  mare 
by  Electioneer,  dam  Waxana:  Waxana  by  Gen- 
eral Benton  out  of  Waxy.  Waxy  was  supposed  to 
have  been  a  thoroughbred  daughter  of  Lexington.  Sunol 
was  foaled  in  188ti,  and  held  all  age  records  except  that  for 
one  year  until  181U,  when  she  broke  Maud  S.'s  record  of 
2;0SJ  by  a  mile  on  a  kite-shaped  track  in  *2  lOSJ. 

Sun's  Darling,  The.  A  "moral  masque  "by 
Ford  and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1624  and  published 
in  1656.  It  is  probably  an  old  play  of  Dekker's("  Phaeton  ") 
worked  into  its  present  shape  by  Ford.  The  songs  are 
evidently  by  Dekker. 

Siintel  (ziin'tel).  A  group  of  mountains  in 
Germany,  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Han- 
nover.   Height,  about  1,400  feet. 

Suomi  (so-6'me).     The  native  name  of  Finland. 

Suonada.     See  Suwonndn. 

Superba  (so-per'ba).  La.  [It.,  'the  superb.'] 
An  epithet  given  to  Genoa,  on  account  of  its 
situation 

Superior  (sii-pe'ri-or).  A  city  in  Douglas 
County,  Wisconsin,  at  the  western  end  of  Lake 
Superior,  near  Duluth.  Population  (1900), 
31,091. 

Superior,  Lake.  [F.  U  lac  Superieur,  the  upper 
lake.]  The  largest  sheet  of  fresh  water  in  the 
world:  one  of  the  chain  of  the  Great  Lakes  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  system,  lying  between  British 
America  and  the  United  States.  Among  its  tribu- 
taries are  the  rivers  St.  Louis,  Pigeon,  and  Nipigon.  Its 
outlet  is  by  St.  Mary's  River  into  I^ke  Huron.  Elevation 
above  sea-level,  about  600  feet.  Length,  about  370  miles. 
Area,  about  32,00o  stjuare  miles. 

Superunda,  Count  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
ifanso  (Ic  Vclasco. 

Supp6  (sop-pii'),  Franz  von.  Bom  April  18, 
1820:  died  May  21,  1895.  An  Austrian  com- 
poser, kapellmeister  at  Vienna.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  operettas,  which  include  "  Fa- 
tinitza"  (1876),  "  Boccaccio"  (1H79),  etc.    * 

Supper  at  Emmaus,  The.    1.  A  masterpiece 

by  Kembrandt,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  Christ  is 
seated  at  a  table  between  two  disciples,  before  a  niche 
flanked  by  pilasters.  The  color  is  glowitig  and  admirably 
treated,  red  predominating. 

2.  A  noted  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  Christ  is  siKiteil  at  a  table  with  St.  Luke  and  Cleo- 
pas,  in  a  rich  architectural  setting,  attended  by  a  varied 
company  with  jiages  and  servants.  It  is  a  genre  picture, 
ajiproaching  in  tyjie  flu- later  com])ositions  of  Paolo  Vero- 
nese. 

Supper  of  Trimalchio.    See  TrimaMiio. 

Supple  (sn)>'l).  1.  A  character  in  Cibber's 
eoiuody  "The  Double  Gallant." — 2.  The  spir- 
itual adviser  and  boon  companion  of  Squire 
Western  in  Fielding's  "  Tom  .Tones." 

Suppliants  (su|i'li-ants),  The.  A  tragedy  by 
yl'jschylns,  brnnght  out  in  4(>2  I'.,  c.  In  it  the  50 
daughters  of  banaUH,  wht>,  t<i  av.iiti  marr.>ing  their  cousins, 
the  f>0  sons  of  /Egyptus,  have  llrd  with  llieir  father  from 
Egyptto  Argos,  llniliwylumwitli  rcljisgus,tlie  Argiveking. 

Supplicants  (sup'li-kants),  The.  In  Scottish 
history,  those  persons  who,  aboni  l(')37-38,  pro- 
tested against  Laud's  policy  in. Scot  land:  known 
later  as  (lovenanters. 

Supposes  (su-i>6'zez).The.  A  comedy  from  Ari- 
osto's  "  1  Suppositi"  (1512),by  Gaseoigne,  acted 
in  156G.   It  Is  said  to  be  the  earliest  extant  English  prose 


Surratt 

comedy.  Shakspere  was  indebted  to  it  in  "The  Taming 
of  the  shrew." 

Supremacy  (su-prem'a-si),  Act  of.  1.  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1534  (iiS  Hen.  VIII.,  e.  1)  which 
proclaimed  that  Henry  VIU.  was  tho  supreme 
liead  of  the  English  Chiu-ch.—  2.  An  English 
statute  of  1558-59  (1  Eliz.,  c.  1)  vesting  spiri- 
tual authority  in  the  crown,  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  foreign  jurisdiction. 

Sliptitz  (zUp'tits).  A  %illage  near  Torgau,  Prus- 
sia, the  chief  scene  of  the  battle  of  Torgau. 
See  Toyr/riii,  Bottle  of. 

Sura  (so'rii).  A  river  in  eastern  Bussia  which 
.ioins  t  he  Volga  at  Vasil,  below  Niini-Novgorod. 
Length,  400-500  miles. 

Surabaya,orSoerabaya(so-ra-bi'a).  1.  Aresi- 
dency  in  eastern  Java. —  2.  A  seaport  and  one 
of  the  largest  cities  of  Java,  situated  on  the 
northern  coast  in  lat.  7°  12'  S.,  long.  112°  34'  E. 
It  lias  government  arsenals,  dockyards,  etc. 
Popidation  (1892),  145,690. 

Surajah  Dowlah.   See  SiraJ-iicl-Daula. 

Surakarta, or  Soerakarta (s6-rii-kar'tii).  1 .  A 
residency  of  central  Java. — 2.  A  city  of  Java, 
about  75  miles  southeast  of  Samarang.  Also 
called  Solo.   Population  (1892).  101,926. 

Surat  (so-raf).  A  district  in  Bombav,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  loiig.  73°  E. 
Area,  1,662  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
649,989. 

Surat.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of  Su- 
rat, situated  on  the  river  Tapti,  near  the  sea,  in 
lat.  21°  12' N.,  long.  72°  49' E.  It  became  a  chief  em- 
poriura  of  India  under  the  Mogul  empire.  An  English 
factory  was  established  here  about  1613.  It  was  very  pop- 
ulous in  the  18tb  centurv.  Population,  including  canton- 
ment (1891),  10.1.-229. 

Surbiton  ( sir' bi-tou ) .  A  suburb  of  Kin gston ,  in 
Surrey,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames  11 
miles  southwest  of  London.  Population  (1891), 
10,052. 

Sure  (siir  or  sii're),  6.  Sauer  (zou'er).  A  river 
in  southeastern  Belgium,  grand  duchy  of  Lux- 
emburg, and  on  the  boundary  between  Luxem- 
burg and  the  Rhine  Province  of  Pi-ussia.  It  joins 
the  Moselle  at  Wasserbillig,  near  Treves.  Length,  about 
110  miles. 

Surenen  (so're-nen).  A  pass  of  the  Timer  .Alps, 
Switzerland,  which  leads  from  Engelberg,  in  Un- 
terwalden,  to  the  valley  of  the  Eeuss,  in  Uri. 
Height,  7,562  feet. 

Suresnes  (sU-ran').  A  western  suburb  of  Paris, 
situated  near  the  Seine,  beyond  the  Bois  de 
Boulogne.  Population,  about  8,.500. 

Surettahom  (s6-ret'til-horn).  A  mountain  on 
the  border  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  province  of  Soudrio,  Italy,  east 
of  the  Spliigen  Pass. 

Surface  (ser'fas),  Charles.  A  light-hearted 
prodigal  in  Sheridan's  "  School  for  Scandal." 

Surface,  Joseph.  A  malicious  hyjiocrite  in 
Sheridan's  "School  for  Scandal.""  He  is  the 
elder  brother  of  the  reckless  Charles,  and  is 
called  by  Moore  "the  Tartufe  of  sentiment." 

Surface,  Sir  Oliver.    The  rich  uncle  of  Charles 

and  Joseph  .Surface,  in  Sheridan's  "School  for 
Scandal." 

Surgeon's  Daughter,  The.  A  short  novel  by- 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1827. 

Surgferes  (siir-zhar').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-lnferieure,  France,  20  miles 
east-southeast  of  La  Rochelle.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,375. 

Surhai  (sil-ii'),  or  Sonrhai  (s6n-ri').  A  great 
negro  natioti  of  the  west  central  Sudan,  settled 
around  Timbucta  between  the  Niger  Kiver  and 
the  Sahara.  They  are  strongly  mixed  with  llamitlo 
and  Eulah  elements,  and  are  known  to  have  been  in  their 
j)resent  habitat  since  the  middle  ages.  In  books  of  travel 
theyappearas  Kissour,  Cuber,  Kalbigbi.  Garsiugi,  etc.  Be- 
cause of  its  extensive  use,  tile  Surhai  language  is,  with 
Hausa,  called  ''Kulam  al  Sudan  "  (language  of  tho  Sudan) 
by  the  Arabs. 

Surinam  (sii-ri-niim').  A  river  in  Dutch  Guiana 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  Paramaribo. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Surinam.     See  (liiitma.  Dutch. 

Surly  (ser'li).  A  kind  of  "plain  dealer"  in 
Crowne's  "Sir  Courtly  Nice."  Ho  is  the  anliihesls 
of  sir  Courlly,  and  one  of  the  most  repulsive  flgures  In  the 
whole  niiige  of  I'.nglish  comedy. 

Surprise  Plot.    See  JU/r  I'lut. 

Surratt  (sur-rai '),  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Died  July  7, 
]S(i5.  A  member  of  the  conspiracy  to  assassi- 
jinle  .\braliain  Lincoln.  The  conspirators,  Including 
her  son  .lohn  II.  Surratt,  hail  their  ordinary  rendezvous  at 
lUM-  house,  a  Humll  bu:u-dtng-hou8e  in  Washington.  Lin- 
coln was  shot  by  .lohn  Wilkes  Booth  on  the  M(h  of  April. 
The  other  conspirators,  with  the  exception  of  .lolni  U. 
Surratt,  were  tried  by  a  military  commission  In  May  and 


Surratt 

June.  Mrs.  Surratt  was  hanged  on  the  7th  of  July,  and 
John  H.  Surratt  escaped  to  Canada,  thence  to  Europe.  Ue 
was  detected  in  Egypt,  and  brought  back  in  18(i7.  His  trial 
histed  two  months,  and  ended  in  a  disagreement  of  the  jury. 

Surrentum  (su-ren'tum).  The  Roman  name 
of  Sorrento. 

Surrey  (sur'i).  [SIE.  Surry,  Stirri/e.  Suthrei/,  AS. 
Siitlircge,  SfithrU/e.  prob.  for  Suthrice,  South 
Kingdom.]  A  county  in  England,  bounded 
by  Berkshire  and  Middlesex  (from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Thames),  Kent,  Sussex,  and 
Hampsllire.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Downs.  It  contains 
a  part  of  London,  and  many  of  its  suburbs.  Area,  758 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  1,731,343. 

Surrey,  Earl  of.     See  Howard,  Henry. 

Surrey,  Second  Earl  of.    See  Hoimr'd,  Tliomnn. 

Sursee  (zih-'za).  A  small  town  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Suhr  13 
miles  northwest  of  Lucerne. 

Surtr  (sortr).  In  Scandinavian  mythology,  a 
fire-giant  of  Ragnarijk. 

SurvilIe(sUr-vel'),Clotilde  de.  AFrenchpoet, 
said  to  have  lived  in  the  15th  century  :  the  al- 
leged author  of  "  Poesies  de  Clotilde"  (pub- 
lished bv  Vanderbourg  1803:  second  collection 
published  1S23). 

Survilliers,  Comte  de.   See  Bonaparte,  Joseph. 

Surya(s6r'ya).  [In  Skt..  an  adjective  of  relation 
(from  siYir.'tte  sun,  sunlight,  light :  pronounced 
in  the  Veda  suar)  which  came  to  be  used  sub- 
stantively.] The  Sun:  in  the  Rigveda  one  of 
the  two  most  common  designations  of  the  Sun, 
the  other  being  Saritri.  Surya  is  called  the  son  of 
Dyaus  and  also  the  son  of  Aditi,  while  in  some  passages 
he  is  distinguished  from  the  Adityas.  In  oneplace  Ushas, 
the  Dawn,  is  said  to  be  his  wife,  while  in  another  the  Dawns 
are  said  to  produce  him  together  with  Sacritice  and  Agni. 
He  moves  on  a  car  drawn  sometimes  by  one,  sometimes 
by  several  or  by  seven,  fleet  and  ruddy  horses  or  mares. 
Pushan  goes  as  his  messenger  with  his  golden  ships,  which 
sail  in  the  aerial  ocean.  Surya  is  the  preserver  of  all 
things  stationary  and  moving,  the  vivitler  of  men.  and 
common  to  them  all,  and  beholds  the  good  and  bad  deeds 
of  mortals.  He  is  the  eye  of  Mitra  and  Vanina,  and  some- 
times also  of  Agni.  He  is  at  times  identified  with  Indra, 
but  in  many  passages  his  position  is  dependent,  his  path 
being  prepared  by  Indra,  the  Ushases,  Soma,  Dhatri,  Va- 
rnna,  Mitra  and  Varuna,  Indra  and  Varuna.  Indra  and 
Vishnu,  or  the  -Angirases,  when  the  dinne  personality  of 
the  sun  is  .thrown  into  the  background,  and  it  becomes 
little  more  than  a  part  of  nature.  (On  Surya  in  the  Veda, 
see  Muir's  "Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  V.  15&-161.)  There 
is  also  a  feminine  personality  Surya  (sor-ya'),  who  is  some- 
times merely  the  sun  personified  as  feminine,  sometimes 
the  wife  of  Surya,  sometimes  the  daughter  of  Surya  or 
Savitri  and  given  in  marriage  to  Soma,  the  Moon.  The 
Surya  or  Suryasukta,  'Surya  hymn  '  (Rigveda  X.  85),  de- 
scribing this  wedding  plays  an  important  part  in  the 
wedding  ceremony. 

Suryasiddhanta  (sor-ya-sid-dhan'ta).  [San- 
skrit title  :  '  Siddhanta  of  the  Sun.']  A  cele- 
brated astronomical  work  in  Sanskrit,  said  to 
be  a  direct  revelation  from  the  Sun,  and  thought 
by  some  to  be  the  same  as  the  Saura.siddhanta, 
or. one  of  the  five  earlier  works  on  which  was 
founded  the  Panehasiddhantika  of  Varahami- 
hira,  who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the  6th 
century  A.  D.  The  Suryasiddhanta  has  been  edited  liy 
Fitzedward  Hall  and  Bapu  Deva  Shastrin  in  the  "Bibliothe- 
calndica."and  translated  by  the  latter  for  the  same  series. 
The  "  Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Society  "  (Vol.  \"I) 
also  contains  a  translation  nominally  by  Ebenezer  Burgess, 
but  practically  by  \V.  D.  Whitney,  accompanied  by  a  very 
thorough  commentary  by  Whitney,  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able contributions  of  that  scholar  to  Oriental  research. 

Sus  (siis).  A  mountainous  district  in  Morocco, 
lying  south  and  southwest  of  the  city  of  Mo- 
rocco. 

Susa  (so'sa).  Tn  ancient  geography,  the  capital 
of  Susiana  or  Elam,  situated  between  the  rivers 
Kerkha  and  Dizful,  about  lat.  32°  N.,  long.  48° 
25'  E. :  the  modern  Sits  or  Shush,  and  the  scrip- 
tural Shushan.  it  was  a  royal  residence  and  tiourish- 
ing  city  throughout  the  period  of  the  Achajmenid  kings. 
The  site  at  present  exhibits  a  group  of  large  and  high 
mounds,  forming  together  a  diamond-shaped  figure  about 
3^  miles  in  circuit.  Excavations  were  made  in  IS.'il  by 
Loftus  in  one  of  the  mounds,  with  the  result  of  disclosing 
the  palace  of  ArtaxerxesMnemon,  the  chief  feature  being  a 
fine  colonnade  of  340  feet  front.  The  excavations  of  Dieula- 
foy,  between  1884  and  1886,  laid  bare  beneath  these  ruins 
those  of  the  palace  of  Darius,  son  of  Hystaspes,  and  showed 
that  the  upper  strata  of  the  mound  are  formed  by  super- 
posed layers  of  ruins,  still  but  imperfectly  explored, 

Susa  (sci'sii).  A  seaport  in  Tunis,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Hamama  72  miles  south  by  east  of 
Tunis:  jirobably  the  ancient  Hadrumetum. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Susa.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Turin,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Dora  Riparia,  near  the  French 
frontier,  32  miles  west  of  Turin:  the  Roman  Se- 
gusio.  It  was  an  important  eity  and  the  chief  town  of 
the  Cottian  Alps.  It  has  a  cathedral,  of  which  the  cam-, 
panile  and  the  massive  round  arches  of  the  nave  are  of 
the  11th  century:  the  remainder  of  the  church  is  later 
and  Pointed.  Among  its  Roman  antiquities  is  a  trium. 
phal  arch  in  honor  of  Augustus,  now  serving  a^  a  city 
gate.    Population,  about  4,000. 


968 

Susanna (sb-zan'a).  [Heb.,'  alily';  F.Susanne, 
It.  Sityiiinui,  Sp.  and  Pg.  Siisana,  Gr.  Susanne.'] 
The  wife  of  Joachim,  the  subject  of  "The  His- 
tory of  Susanna,"  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Apocrypha — an  addition  to  the  Book  of  Daniel. 
The  suljject  of  her  surprisal  by  two  of  the  elders  while  in 
her  bath  has  been  frequently  used  by  painters. 

Susanna.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced  in 
1749. 

Susanna  and  the  Elders.  A  painting  by  Rem- 
brandt  (1637).  in  the  Royal  Gallery  at  The 
Hague,  Holland.  Susanna  is  about  to  enter  her  bath, 
when  she  is  startled  at  perceiving  one  of  the  elders  in  the 
thicket. 

Susanna  at  the  Bath.  1.  One  of  the  most  fin- 
ished and  carefully  composed  paintings  of  Rem- 
brandt (1647),  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin. — 
2.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Old  Pinako- 
thek  at  Munich.  Susanna  turns  her  back  to  the  elders, 
and  seeks  to  veil  herself.  One  of  the  intruders  seizes  her 
drapery,  and  the  other  touches  her  back. 

Susdal.     See  Suzdal. 

Susiana  (si\-si-a'nii).  A  province  of  the  Per- 
sian empire:  the  same  as  Elam.  It  was  an  in- 
dependent state  after  the  first  destruction  of 
Nineveh,  and  was  subdued  by  Sargon. 

Suspension  Bridge.  A  former  village  in  Ni- 
agara County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Ni- 
agara River  below  the  falls.  Near  it  was  the 
suspension  railroad  bridge  over  the  Niagara. 
Now  a  part  of  Niagara  Falls. 

Suspicious  Husband,  The.  A  comedy  by  Dr. 
Hciadley,  ju-odueed  in  1747.  David  Garriek  was 
the  original  Ranger  in  this  play. 

Susquehanna  {sus-kwe-han'ii).  A  river  in  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland,  it  rises  in 
Otsego  Lake,  New  York;  flows  generally  south-southwest 
past  the  Great  Bend  in  Pennsylvania;  reenters  New  York  ; 
flows  southeast  and  then  southwest  through  Pennsylvania 
(and  is  also  called  the  North  or  East  Branch) ;  unites  at 
Northumberland  with  the  West  Branch;  and  flows  into 
Chesapeake  Bay  at  Havre  de  Grace,  .\mong  its  tributaries 
are  the  Chenango  and  Juniata.  Lengtiiof  united  stream, 
about  150  miles;  total  length,  including  the  North  Branch, 
over  400  miles ;  length  of  West  Branch  to  the  junction, 
over  200  miles. 

Sussex  (sus'eks).  [ME.  Sussex,  Sussexe,  AS. 
SutJi  scxe,  Sitth  seaxe.  South  Saxons.  Cf .  Essex, 
Wessex.']  A  maritime  county  of  southern  Eng- 
land .  It  is  bounded  by  Surrey,  Kent,  the  English  Channel, 
and  Hampshire,  and  traversed  by  the  range  of  the  South 
Downs.  The  northern  part  of  the  county  is  called  the 
Weald  (part  of  the  ancient  Andredsweald).  It  is  mainly  an 
agricultural  county.  Formerly  it  was  the  chief  seat  of  the 
English  iron  manufactures.  It  contains  many  seaside  re- 
sorts. It  nearly  corresponds  to  the  ancient  kingdom  of 
Sussex,  which  was  founded  by  .Elle  (who  landed  here  477), 
and  came  under  the  supremacy  of  Wessex  about  685.  It 
was  the  scene  of  the  landing  of  William  the  Conqueror 
and  of  the  battles  of  Senlac  and  Lewes.  Area,  1,458  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  650,446. 

Sussex,  Duke  of.'    See  AwjHstns  Fredericl: 

Sustenpass  (ztis'ten-pas).  A  pass  of  the  Urner 
Alps,  Switzerland,  which  connects  the  Hasli 
Valley,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern, 
with  the  valley  of  the  Reuss,  canton  of  Uri. 

Sustermans  (sus'ter-mans),  or  Suttermans 

(sut'ter-mans).  Justus.  Bornat  Antwerp,  1597: 
died  at  Florence,  April  23, 1081.  A  Flemish  por- 
trait-painter, pupil  of  Willem  de  Vos  and  of 
Franz  Pourbes  the  younger  in  Paris.  At  Flor- 
ence he  was  patronizeti  by  Grand  Dukes  Cosmo  11.  and 
III.  and  Ferdinand  II.  At  Vienna  (1628-24)  he  painted  the 
emperor's  portrait.  In  1627  he  painted  Pope  Urban  \III. 
He  returned  to  Florence  in  1653.  He  was  a  friend  of  Ru- 
bens iind  of  Vandyke. 

Sutherland  (suTH'er-land).  The  northwestern- 
most  county  of  Scotland,  it  is  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic on  the  west  and  north,  Caithness  on  the  east,  the 
North  Sea  on  the  southeast,  and  Ross  and  Cromarty  on  the 
south  and  southwest.  The  surface  is  generally  mountain- 
ous and  elevated.  Area,  2,028  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  21,896. 

Sutherland,  First  Duke  of.  See  Leveson- 
Goircr,  Georr/e  Oranrille. 

Sutherland  Falls.  A  noted  cascade  near  Mil- 
ford  Sound,  in  New  Zealand.  Height,  1,900 
feet. 

Sutlej,  or  Satlej  (sut'lej).  One  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  the  Panjab.  It  rises  in  Tibet  near  the  source 
of  the  Brahmaputra ;  flows  generally  west ;  breaks  through 
the  Himalaya;  receives  the  Bias,  anrl  is  known  also  as 
the  Ghara ;  unites  with  the  Chenab,  and  is  known  as  the 
Panjnad  ;  and  flows  into  the  Indus  about  lat.  29°  N.  Length, 
about  1,000  miles ;  navigable  to  near  Ludhiana. 

Sutra  (so'tra).  In  Sanskrit,  originally  a  'thread, 
cord,'  and  then  a  brief  rule,  or  book  of  such 
rules,  so  named  because  each  rule  was  a  short 
'line,' or  because  the  collection  was  a  'string' 
of  rules.  These  rules  appear  to  have  been  at  first  mere 
aids  to  the  memory  of  teachers,  whence  they  came  to  be 
the  basis  of  teaching  not  only  in  religious  ritual  but  also 
in  philosophy  and  grammar.  Thus  there  are  the  Shrau- 
tasutras,  and  among  them  especialh'  the  Kalpasutras, 
founded  on  Shruti  (see  Smriti  and  Skruti)  and  treating 


Svendborg 

especially  of  ritual,  and  the  Grihyasutras  and  Samayachari- 
kasutras  or  Dharmasutras.  which  aie  'rules  for  domestic 
ceremonies'  and  'rules  for  conventional  customs,'  the 
last  two  being  called  collectively  Sm.irtasutras,  as  based 
on  Smriti.  Out  of  the  last  grew  the  Dharmashastras  or 
'  law-books.'  Each  system  of  philosophy  has  its  text-book 
written  in  Sutras.  Examples  in  grammar  and  related 
subjects  are  the  celebrated  Sutras  of  Panini.  the  I'nadisu- 
tras  on  certain  aSixes,  and  the  Pi-atishakyas  on  Vedic  accent 
and  phonetics. 
Sutri  (so'tre).  A  town  in  Italy,  29  miles  north- 
west of  Rome  :  the  ancient  Sutrium.  it  was  an 
ancient  Etruscan  town,  and  later  a  Roman  colony.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  2,266. 

Sutro(so'tr6),AdolphHeinrichJoseph.  Bom  , 

at  Ai.x-la-Chapelle,  Rhenish  Prussia,  April  29, 
1830:  died  Aug.  8,  1898.  A  German-American 
mining  engineer.  He  received  his  education  in  the 
polytechnic  schoids  in  Germany;  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1850;  and  in  1860  went  to  Nevada,  where  he 
planned  the  famous  Sutro  tunnel  at  Virginia  City,  con- 
necting with  and  draiidng  the  mines  of  the  Comstock 
Lode.  The  main  tuiuiel  is  over  20,000  feet  in  length.  It 
was  begun  in  ISlin,  and  connection  was  made  with  the  first 
of  the  mines  Iti  1878.  Elected  mayor  of  San  Francisco  1894. 

Sutter  (sut'er),  John  Augustus.  Born  at  Kan- 
deru,  Baden,  Feb.  15.  1803:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  June  17,  1880.  A  Swiss-American 
pioneer  and  trader.  He  founded  asettlementon  the 
site  of  Sacramento.  Gold  was  first  discovered  in  Califor- 
nia on  his  property  in  1848. 

Sutton  (sut'on),  Charles  Manners,  first  Vis- 
count Canterbury.  Born  1(80:  died  1845.  An 
English  politician,  for  many  years  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons. 

Su'va  (so'vii).  A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Viti  Levu,  capital  of  the  Fiji  Islands. 

Suvaroff  (s6-va'rof),  or  Suvoroff  (s6-v6'rof),  or 
Suwarro'w  (so-va'rov),  or  Su'waroff  (so-vii'- 
rof ),  Count  Alexander.  Born  in  Finland,  Nov. 
2.5,  1729:  died  at  St-  Petersburg,  May  18,  1800. 
A  celebrated  Russian  field-marshal,  of  Swedish 
descent.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War  against  the 
Poles,  and  1773-74  against  the  Turks ;  suppressed  the  revolt 
of  Pugatchetf  1774-75  ;  defeated  the  Turks  at  Kinburn  in 
1787,  and  at  Fokshani  andRymnikin  1789  (being  sumamed 
Rymnimski  for  this  last  victory) ;  stormed  Ismail  in  1790  : 
stormed  Praga,  near  Warsaw,  and  was  made  field-marshal 
in  1794  ;  defeated  the  French  at  the  battlesof  Cassano,  the 
Trebhia,  and  Novi  in  1799  (for  which  he  was  sumamed 
Italuski) ;  and  crossed  the  Alps  and  traversed  Switzerland 
1799.  Having  been  recalled  in  disgrace  by  the  emperor 
Paul,  he  retired  to  his  country-seat,  where  he  died. 

Su'walki  (so-val'ke).  The  northernmost  gov- 
ernment in  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on  East 
Prussia  and  the  governments  of  Kovno,  Vilna, 
Grodno,  and  Lomza.  Ai-ea,  4,846  square  miles. 
Population  (1897),  604,973. 

Su'walki.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Suwalki,  in  lat.  .54°  12'  N.,  long.  22°  55'  E. 
Popidation,  16,803. 

Su'wanee,  or  Su'wannee  (su-wa'ne).  A  river 
in  southern  Georgia  and  Florida  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  about  lat.  29°  18'  N. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Su'waroff,  or  Suwarro'w.    See  SKvarojf. 

Su'wonada  (so-w6-na'dii),  or  Inland  Sea.  A 
part  of  the  Pacific  C)ceau  which  lies  southwest 
of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  and  is  nearly  in- 
closed by  it  and  the  islands  of  Kiusiu  and  Shi- 
koku.     Its  length  is  about  240  miles. 

Suzdal  (soz-diil'),  or  Susdal  (sos-dal'),  or  SoUZ- 
dal  (soz-diil').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Vladimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kamenka 
115  miles  east-northeast  of  Moscow.  It  was 
the  seat  of  a  medieval  Russian  principality. 
Population  (1SS.5-S9),  6,991. 

Suzdal,  Principality  of  (or  Vladimir).    A 

principality,  and  at  times  grand  principality,  of 
Russia,  about  the  upper  basin  of  the  Volga : 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  12th  century.  It 
supplanted  Kietf  as  the  chief  Russian  state,  and  was  united 
with  the  principality  of  Moscow  in  the  14th  century. 

S'Valocin  (sval'o-sin).  [Xicolaus  revbrsed:  see 
Hotaiier.']  The  name  given  in  the  Palermo  Cata- 
logue to  the  fourth-magnitude  star  a  Delphiui. 

Svartisen  (sviirt'e-sen).  ['Black  ice.']  An  ice- 
covered  tract  near  the  northwestern  coast  of 
Norway,  just  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle.  Length, 
about  35  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  about 
4,000  feet. 

Sveaborg  (sva'a-borg).  A  fortress  in  the  har- 
bor of  Helsingfors,  Finland,  it  was  constructed  in 
1749 ;  was  betrayed  to  the  Russians  May  :%  1808 ;  and  was 
bombarded  by  the  Anglo-French  fleet  Aug.  9-10,  1855. 

S'7ealand  (sva'ii-land).  The  historical  name 
of  central  Sweden.  It  comprised  Soderman- 
land,  Upland,  Westermanland,  Nerike,  Werm- 
land,  and  Dalecarlia. 

S'vend.    See  Sweipi. 

S'Vendborg(svend'borg).  An  amt  of  Denmark, 
comprising  part  of  Fiinen  with  Langeland, 
Taasinge,  etc.    Population,  120,707. 


Svendborg 

Svendborg.  A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  the  islaud  of  Fiinen,  Denmark,  in  lat.  55°  4' 
N.,  long.  10°  37'  E.     Population  (1890),  8,755. 

Svengali.     See  Trilby. 

Svenigorodka  (sve-ne-g6-rod'ka).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Kieff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Gniloi  Tikiteh  98  miles  south  of  Kieff. 
Population,  about  11,000. 

Sverige  (sva're-ge).  The  Swedish  najne  of 
Sweden. 

STetcMne.     See  Swetchine. 

Svlatoi  (sve-a'toi),  Cape.  A  headland  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Russia,  projecting  into  the 
Arc  tic  Ocean  near  the  entrance  to  the  \\'hite  Sea. 

Svir  (sver).  A  river  in  the  government  of  Olo- 
netz,  northern  Russia,  which  flows  from  Lake 
Onega  into  Lake  Ladoga.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Swabia,  or  Suabia  (Swa'bi-ii).  [F.  Sounhc, 
ML.  Suabia,  from  MHG.  Swdben,  G.  Scliivaljin, 
Swabia,  orig.  dat.  pi.  of  Swab,  G.  Schwabf,  a 
Swabian.]  An  ancient  duchy  of  Germany,  cor- 
responding in  general  to  Wiirtemberg,  Baden, 
and  southwestern  Bavaria,  and  also,  at  various 
times,  to  eastern  Switzerland,  Alsace,  part  of 
Tyrol,  etc.  :  sometimes  called  Alamaiiiiia.  it 
was  one  of  the  four  preat  duchies  of  the  early  German 
kingdom,  and  endured  from  917  to  12G8.  The  Swabian 
house  of  HohenBtaufen  furnished  a  famous  dynasty  of 
German  kings  and  emperors.  The  name  Swabia  was  re- 
vived as  that  of  one  of  the  circles  of  the  Empire,  and  now 
includes  the  southern  central  part  of  Wiirtemberj;,  the 
adjoining  part  of  Baden,  and  the  southwesteni  part  of 
Bavaria. 

Swabia  and  Neuburg  (G.  pron.  noi'boro).  A 
governmental  district  of  Bavaria,  bounded  by 
Middle  Franeonia  on  the  north.  Upper  Bava^ 
ria  on  the  east,  T\to1  and  Vorarlberg  and  Lake 
Constance  on  the  south,  and  Wiirtemberg  on 
the  west.  Capital,  Augsburg.  Area,  3,788 
square  miles.     Population  (1890),  668,316. 

Swabian  Alp.     See  Swabian  Jura. 

Swabian  (swa'bi-an)  Circle.  [G.  ScliWfibificher 
Kn-is.]  One  of  the  ten  circles  of  the  old  Ger- 
man Empire,  as  established  by  the  emperor 
Maximilian  I.,  1512.  It  comprised  substantially  the 
modem  Wiirtemberg,  a  part  of  Bavaria,  and  a  great  part 
of  Baden. 

Swabian  Emperors.  The  German-Roman  em- 
perors who  reigned  from  1138  to  1254  (the  Ho- 
henstaufon  line) :  so  called  because  the  founder 
was  duke  of  Swabia. 

Swabian  Jura,  or  Swabian  Alp,  or  Rauhe 

Alp  (rou'e  alp)  or  Alb.  A  mountain-range 
in  wiirtemberg  and  Holienzollern,  which  ex- 
tends from  near  Sulz  northeasterly  to  near  tlie 
Bavarian  frontier,  between  the  valleys  of  the 
Neckar  and  Danube.  Among  its  divisions  are  the 
Hardt  and  the  Rauhe  Alp  proper. 

Swabian  League,  or  Swabian  Cities'  League. 
A  league  of  various  Swabian  cities  formed  in 
1376,  and  extended  into  Franeonia,  Bavaria, 
and  the  Rhine  lands,  as  a  defense  against  the 
extortions  and  depredations  of  the  counts  of 
Wiirtemberg.     It  fell  into  decay  after  1388. 

Swabian  League,  Great.  A  league  of  Swabian 

cities  and  goveriinieiits  formed  in  1488  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  public  peace.  It  was  dis- 
solved in  1.533  on  account  of  religious  dissen- 
sions. 

Swabian  Poets,  The.  InGermnnliterature:  (a) 
A  former  collective  name  of  the  Minnesingers. 
(6)  A  group  of  modern  poets  of  Wiirtemberg, 
the  chief  of  whom  were  Uhland,  Keruer,  and 
Schwiili. 

Swabian  Sea.  An  occasional  name  of  the  Lake 
of  Constnnc-e.  The  baths  of  Friedi'ichshafen 
attract  ninny  visitors,  csiiecially  fmni  Swabia. 

Swain  (swiiu),  Charles.  Born  at  Manchester, 
England,  180:5:  died  Sept.  22,  1874.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  called  "the  Manchester  Poet."  lie 
wrote  "Dryburgh  Abbey"  (1832),  etc. 

Swainson  (swan'sonj.'Vvilliam.  Born  at  I.,iver- 
pool,  (Jet.  8,  17S9:  died  in  New  Zealand.  .V 
British  naturalist.  His  works  include  "Zoological 
Illiiatratioris"  0820),  "Exotic  Conchology "  (1S21\  ". Nat- 
uralist's Guide,  "Ornithnlnpical  Drawings  "(18^-41).  and 
volumes  In  Lardncr's  "  t'abinet  f'yclopa'dia"and  in  ,lar- 
dine's  "  Naturalist's  Librarj'."  He  was  associated  with 
Richardson  in  writing  the  "Fauna  Boreall-Americana," 
and  with  Shuckard  in  the  "History  and  Natural  Arrange- 
ment of  Insects." 

Swale  (swiil).     An  inlet  of  the  North  Sea  (or 

mouth  of  the  Mcdway),  south  of  the  Isle  of 

Slieppey,  in  Kent,  England. 
Swale.     A  river  in  Yorkshire,  England,  which 

joins   the   Ure  14  miles    northwest  of  York. 

Length,  liO-70  miles. 
Swalli,  or  Swally  (swol'e).    The  outer  harbor 

of  Surat,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tapti. 


969 

Swammerdam  (swam'mer-dam),  Jan.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  Feb.  12,  1637:  died  there,  Feb.  15, 
1G80.  A  noted  Dutch  naturalist,  distinguished 
as  an  anatomist  and  entomologist. 

Swamp  (swomp),  The.  A  low-lying  region  in 
the  lower  part  of  New  Y'ork  city,  east  of  the 
Iiost-ofticc,  known  as  a  center  of  the  hide  and 
leather  trade. 

Swamp  Angel,  The.  A  name  given  by  the  Fed- 
eral soldiers  to  an  8-inch  Parrott  gun  which  was 
mounteil  on  a  battery  built  on  piles  driven  into 
a  swamp  outside  of  Charleston,  and  used  during 
thesiegeof  that  city.  It  burst  Aug.  22, 1863.  Afterthe 
war  it  was  bought  with  some  condemned  metal  and  sent  to 
Trenton,  New  .Jersey,  to  be  melted ;  but,  having  t)een  iden- 
tilted,  was  set  up  on  a  granite  base  on  the  corner  of  Perry 
and  Clinton  streets  in  that  city. 

Swampscott  (swomp'skot).  A  watering-place 
in  Essex  County.  Massaclmsetts,  on  Massachu- 
setts Bay.     Population  (1900),  4,548. 

Swan  fswon;,  The.     See  Ci/f/niin. 

Swan,  The.  A  playhouse  opened  on  the  Bauk- 
si<ie,  Soiitliwark,  London,  aljout  1581. 

Swan,  The  Mantuan.    See  Mantuan  Swan. 

Swan,  Knight  of  the.  A  local  religious  myth 
of  lirubautino  origin.  Theprincipalpartof  the.storj- 
is  that  of  a  myst<Tii>us  knight  who  appe;u^  in  a  small 
boat  drawn  l»y  a  swan,  ami  pt-rforms  helpful  deeds,  saves 
the  lailyof  the  story,  and  iniu-ries  her,  Imtwho  can  remain 
with  luT  otdy  on  condition  that  she  does  not  ask  his  name  : 
this  connects  him  with  the  Knights  of  the  Grail,  who 
were  obliged  to  disappear  if  questioned.  The  condition 
having  been  l)roken,  the  swan  and  boat  reappear  and  he 
is  carried  swiftly  away.  This  story  is  very  ancient,  and  is 
told  of  Helias,  Lohengrin  (in  the  Round  Table  cycle),  Sal- 
vius.  Gerhard  the  Swan,  and  others,  and  the  lady  is  Else  of 
Brat>ant  or  Beatrice  of  Cleves.  There  are  numerous  ro- 
mances in  French,  German,  and  English  on  this  subject. 
The  story  of  the  seven  swan-maidens  is  another  myth 
pieced  on  to  the  genuine  story  of  the  Knight  of  the  .Swan. 

It  was  in  commemoration  of  the  beautiful  myth  of  the 
Swan-Knight  that  Frederick  II.  of  Brandenburg  instituted 
the  Order  of  the  .Swan,  in  1440.  .  .  .  The  liadgc  of  the 
Cleves  order  of  knighthood  was  also  a  silver  swan  sus- 
pended from  a  gold  chain.  Charles,  Duke  of  neves,  at- 
tempted t<)  revive  the  Order  of  the  Swan.  "When  Cleves 
fell  to  Prussia,  the  Count  de  Bar  endeavored  to  persuade 
Frederick  tlie  Great  to  resuscitate  the  order,  but  in  vain. 
With  Anne  of  Cleves,  the  white  swan  passed  to  our  tavern 
sign-boards. 
5.  Barinff-Goutd,  Curious  Myths  of  the  Mid.  Ages,  2d  ser. , 

I  p.  :i3.i. 

Swan  (swon)  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Nicollet 
County ,  southern  Minnesota,  north  west  of  Jlan- 
kitto.  ■ 

Swan-maidens.     See  Sumn,  Knir/ht  of  the. 

Swan  of  Avon,  Sweet.  A  name  given  by  Ben 
Jonson  to  Sliaksiiere. 

Swan  of  Cambrai,  The.    F(enelon. 

Swan  of  Lichfield,  The.  A  name  given  to  Miss 

Anna  Seward,  tin-  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson. 
Swan  of  Padua,  The.     Francesco  Algarotti. 

Swan  of  the  Thames,  The.    John  Taylor. 

Swan  (swon)  River.  [Named  from  the  black 
swans  seen  in  it  by  its  discoverer,  Willem  de 
\naming,  1097.]  A  river  in  West  Australia 
which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  near  Perth. 
It  gave  name  to  the  colony  which  formed  the 
nucleus  of  West  Australia. 

Swansea  (swon'se).  A  seaport  of  Glamorgan- 
shire, Wales,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
river  Tawe  into  Swansea  Bay,  in  lat.  51°  37'  N., 
long.  3°  56'  W.  It  is  the  principal  scat  of  copper- 
smelting  in  Great  Britain,  and  perhai)s  in  the  world,  a]id 
has  also  manufactiu'es  of  lead,  iron,  tin-plate,  zinc,  and 
other  metals,  cheiiMoals,  etc.  There  are  extensive  coal- 
mines in  its  vicinity.  It  has  docks,  and  exports  of  tin- 
plate  and  otiH'r  niainifactnred  goods,  coal.  etc.  The  castle 
was  built  in  l(i'.)!i.     I'opulalion  (I'.iol),  n4,.';n. 

Swansea,  or  Swanzey  (swim'zi).   A  village  in 

Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  4  miles  north- 
west of  Fall  River.  Here,  June  24,  KITfi,  the  Indians 
murderetl  several  settlers:  this  event  was  tile  immediate 
cause  of  King  Philip's  war. 

Swan's  Island.  -\n  island  of  Hancock  County, 
.Maine,  5  miles  southwest  of  Mount  Desert. 
Length,  5|  miles. 

Swanzey.     See  Swanara. 

Swarga  (swiir'gii),  or  Swerga  (swi'T'gii).    In 

Hindu  mythology,  the  licavcii  of  Iiulra  and 
other  gods,  situated  on  Mount  Moru. 

Swarthmore  (swiirth'mor)  College.  .An  in- 
stitution of  learning  situnted  at  Swarth- 
more, Pennsylvania,  12  miles  west-soutliwest 
of  Philadelphia.  It  is  under  control  of  the 
Friends.  It  has  about  30  instructors  and  200 
students. 

Swat  (swiif),  or  Suwat  (su-wlif),  A  little- 
known  region  ii ntrnl  .\sia,  west  of  the  up- 
per Iiiilus  and  northeast  of  Peshawar.  It  has 
l)een  tinder  the  rule  of  a  chief  entitled  the 
Akhoond. 

SwatOW  iswii-tou').  orShantow  (shiin-tou'),  or 


Swedenborgians 

Swartow  (swiir-tou').  A  treaty  port  in  the 
province  of  Kwangtung,  China,  situated  at  one 
mouth  of  the  river  Han,  in  lat.  (of  Double  Isl- 
and) 23°  20'  N.,  long.  116°  43'  E.  It  has  con- 
siderable trade  in  tea.  beau-cake,  oranges,  cloth, 
etc.  Population  (1S96).  est.,  30,000. 
Swayne  (swan).  Noah  Haynes.    Bom  in  Cul- 

•peper  County,  Va.,  Dec.  7,  1804 :  died  at  New 
York,  June  8,  1884.  An  American  jurist,  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
1861-81. 

Swaziland (swa'ze-land).  A  small  independent 
state  in  South  Africa,  situated  near  the  Trans- 
vaal Colony,  Amatongaland,  and  Zulidand.  its 
indepeU'iencc  was  recot-iiized  in  lb84.  A  comnnssion  was 
in  181K)  formed,  with  representatives  of  Great  Britain,  the 
Transvaal,  ami  the  Swazis,  to  rule  over  the  whites.  It  be- 
came subject  to  the  Transvaal  in  1895  and  to  Great  Britain 
iu  191X).    jVrea,  6,150  square  miles.    I'op.,  about  C1.50U. 

Sweden  (swe'den).  [Formerly  also  Sweeden ; 
F.  Sii((l<',  D.  ZwciUn,  G.  Schweden  ;  orig.  dat.  pi. 
of  Swiih;  D.  /.weed,  G.  Sclncede,  Goth.  *Swellia 
(pi.  Swctlians  in  Jordanes) ;  a  form  appar. 
cliff,  from  the  other  designation,  AS.  Sweon, 
Swidii,  Icel.  Siiar,  .Sw.  Svear,  L.  Suioneti,  also 
Siicci,  whence  the  ML.  name  Snccia  (It.  Svecia, 
Sp.  Siiccia).  The  Sw.  name  for  Sweden  is 
Sreripe,  Dan.  Sveirig,  Icel.  >Sviariki,  kingdom  of 
the  Svear  or  Swedes.]  A  kingdom  of  Europe, 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Scandina%ian  penin- 
sula. Capital,  Stockholm,  it  is  bounded  by  Nor- 
way on  the  west  and  north.  Finland,  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
and  the  Baltic  Sea  on  the  east,  ttie  Baltic  on  the  south, 
and  the  Sound,  Cattegat,  and  Skager  Rack  on  theS.W.;  and 
extends  from  lat.  i.5  2o  to  69^  3'  N.,  and  from  long.  11"  6  to 
24"  b'  E.  There  are  three  main  divisions  :  Gotaland  in  the 
south.  Svealand  in  the  center,  and  Norrland  in  the  north. 
The  surface  is  generally  hilly:  amountain-range(theKolen) 
runs  along  the  northwestern  boundary  between  Sweden 
and  Norway.  The  kingdom  contains  many  lakes  (Wenern, 
Wettern,  Malar,  etc.)  and  rivers,  and  comprises  many 
neighboring  islands,  including  Gotland  and  Oland.  The 
leading  occupation  is  apiculture.  Tliere  is  considera- 
ble mineral  wealth,  particularly  iron.  Timber,  iron,  hard- 
ware and  wooden  wares,  etc.j  are  exported.  The  country 
is  subdivided  into  '25  laens  or  provinces.  Tlie  government 
is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  legislative  author- 
ity being  vested  in  the  king  and  the  Riksdag  of  two  houses 
(l)tith  elected),  Sweden  and  Norway  have  been  united 
under  the  same  king  since  1S14,  and  are  bound  to  stand  tiy 
each  other  in  war,  but  are  otherwise  free  anu  independent. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Swedes  :  there  are  a  few  Finns 
and  Lapps  in  the  north.  Tlie  prevailing  religion  is  Protes- 
tant (Lutheran).  Sweden  was  inhabited  in  early  times 
by  various  tribes,  the  chief  of  them  t)eing  the  Goths  in  the 
south  and  the  Swedes  in  the  north.  Christianity  was  rtnally 
established  about  the  end  of  the  11th  century.  A  fusion 
of  the  Goths  and  Swedes  took  place  in  the  13th  century. 
'I'he  union  of  the  three  kingdoms  Denmark,  Swetlcn,  and 
Norway  was  effected  at  Kalmar  in  1397.  A  rebellion 
against  the  Danes  was  led  by  Gustavus  Vasa.  who  was 
elected  king  in  1523.  The  Reformation  was  intrtnlnced 
by  him.  Sweden  became  one  of  the  leading  European 
powers  in  the  17th  century.  It  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  I'hirty  Years'  War  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  his 
successor;  obtained  a  large  part  of  Pomerania,  Bremen, 
Verden,  etc.,  in  KJ48 ;  c.-uried  on  successful  wars  with  Den- 
mark and  Poland;  received  I.ivi>nia.  Esthoina,  Scania,  etc., 
in  16(W ;  carried  on  the  Northern  War,  under  Charles  XII., 
against  Denmark,  Russia,  Poland,  and  Saxony  ;  ceded  a 
large  part  of  its  possessions  in  northern  Gernnmy  in  1719- 
1720;  ceded  Livonia,  F.sthonia,  etc..  to  Russia  in  1721:  and 
ceded  Fitdand  to  Russia  in  1S09.  Norway  was  united  with 
it  in  1S14.  lis  remaining  possessions  in  Gennany  were 
ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Area,  172,876  square  miles. 
P.  pulati.in  U90OI,  5,13li,441. 

Swedenborg  (swe'dn-borg;  Sw.  pron.  sva'den- 
iiorg)  (originally  Svedberg   or  Swedberg), 

Emanuel.  Born  at  Stocklndm.  Jan.  29,  Kis.S; 
died  at  London,  March  29,  1772.  A  celebrated 
Swedish  philosopher  and  theosophist,  founder 
of  the  New  Church.  He  was  educated  at  1  psala; 
tniveleil  in  Eumpe  1710-14  ;  was  appointed  assessor  of  Ilie 
Swedish  college  of  mines  in  171li :  distiiigiiishrd  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Freilerikshall  in  171s  tiy  the  invention  of  nui- 
chines  for  the  transport  of  boats  overland  from  Stronistadl 
to  Idilcfjord  ;  and  wiu*  subsequently  elevatetl  to  the  notdt- 
ity.  .Aliout  174.S  he  commenccil  to  have  "visions,"  and  in 
1747  resigned  his  otllce  in  onler  to  devote  himself  wholly 
to  the  expoumling  of  Scripture  as  the  lunnetliate  mouth- 
piece of  God.  His  chief  theological  and  mystical  work  is 
"An'ana  ca'le8tla"(1749-:Kt).  .\inong  his  other  works  are 
"G|>era  philosophica  et  mincralogica "(I7:t4), "<Econ(»mift 
ri-gni  animnlis"  (1744V41),  aild"Regmim  animale  "  (1744). 
Si-c  SiiYilrnimrijiantt. 

Swedenborgian8(swe-dn-bflr'ji-an7.),  The  be- 
lievers in  the  theologv  and  religious  doctrines 
of  Swedenborg;  the  New-Cliurchinen.  Sweden- 
borg held  Rev.  x\l.  2.  "  And  I  .lohn  saw  the  holy  city,  new 
,Terusalem.  condirg  tlowti  from  tiod  out  of  heaven."  lo  be 
a  pretliclion  of  the  estaldishnient  of  a  new  dispensation, 
the  initiation  of  which  look  place  bylhe  execulion  of  the 
last  Judgment  In  Ihesplriluid  world  In  theyearl7,'•T,»he^e- 
l)y  liutn  was  rfSli>red  to  moral  freedom  by  the  rewlriclloii 
of  evil  Infestations,  the  |>ower  of  w  Inch  had  Ihrealenet!  ila 
utter  extlnci ion.  In  proof  of  Ihis  belief,  his  followers  |Kdnt 
to  the  unpanUleled  spiritual  and  material  pntgressof  innn. 
kiml.  "They  were  llnti  orgatdzed  in  I.,ondon(where  Sweden- 
borg long  i-esided)in  l77Suiuler  the  name  of  the  "  Society 
of  the  New  Church  signitted  t>ylhe  New  Jerusalem,"  usu- 
ally abbievlated  to  New  Church.  Professod  Swedenbor- 
glan^  though  widely  icattered, have  aercr  been  numerous 


Swedenborgians 

bat  Swedentorg  himself  appears  not  to  have  contemplated 
the  formation  of  a  separate  chu  rch,  trusting  to  the  permea- 
tion of  liis  doctrines  throuph  the  existing  churches.  Swe- 
denborgians believe  that  this  process  is  going  on.  and  that 
thus  the  new  dispensation  is  making  its  way  indepen- 
dently of  their  own  organization  or  efforts,  and  even  with- 
out the  conscious  knowledge  of  most  of  those  affected  by 
it.  Swedenborg  considered  himself  the  divinely  appointed 
henild  and  expounder  of  this  dispensation,  being  prepared 
for  the  office  by  open  intercourse  during  many  years  with 
spirits  and  angels  (all  originally  human  beings),  and  with 
God  himself,  who  revealed  to  him  the  spiritual  or  symbolic 
sense  of  the  Divine  Word  (which  the  world  had  not  previ- 
ously been  in  a  state  to  receive  or  apprehend ),  setting  forth 
spiritual  and  celestiid  truths  in  every  part  through  the 
correspondence  of  all  material  things  with  the  spiritual 
principles,  good  or  evil,  of  which  they  are  the  outgrowth 
and  manifestation.  This  doctrine  of  correspondencies  is 
the  foundation  of  his  system,  which  he  elaborated  with 
uniform  consistency  in  many  volumes,  all  first  published 
in  Latin.  In  this  correspondence  consists  the  plen:U7  in- 
spiration of  the  Word,  which  inclndesonly  the  Pentateuch, 
Joshua,  Judges,  Samuel,  Kings,  the  Prophets  and  Psalms, 
the  four  Gospels,  and  the  Apocalj-pse :  the  other  books  of 
the  Bible  are  valuable  for  instruction,  but  lack  this  divine 
character. 
Swedish  (swe'dish).  The  langniage  of  the 
Swedes:  a  Scandinavian  dialect  akiu  to  Danish 
and  Norwegian-Icelandic.  Old  Swedish  is  preserved 
in  runic  inscriptions  from  the  end  of  the  viking  age  in  the 
11th  century,  and  in  literature  from  late  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury,   ilodern  Swedish  dates  from  the  Reformation. 

Swedish  Nightingale,  The.    Jenny  Lind. 

Swedish  Pomerania.  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  westera  part  of  Pomerania,  which  was 
granted  to  Sweden  at  the  peace  of  Westphalia 
in  1648.  It  comprised  Vorpommem  and  Riigen,  and 
part  of  Hinterpommern.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  Prussia 
in  1720  ;  the  remainder  was  ceded  to  Denmark  in  1S14,  and 
by  Denmark  to  Prussia  in  1815. 

Sweedlepipe  (swe'dl-pip),  Paul  or  Poll.  In 
Dickens's  -'Martin  Chuzzlewit,"  a  bird-fancier 
and  "easy  shaver,"  Mrs.  Gamp's  landlord:  "  a 
disapp'intin'  Sweedlepipes." 

Sweeny  (swe'ni),  Thomas  William.  Born  at 
Cork,  Ireland,  Dec.  ij,  1S20:  died  at  Astoria, 
Long  Island,  X.  Y.,  April  10,  lS9i.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the 
Civil  War  (at  Wilson's  Creek,  Fort  DonelsoHj  and  Shiloh, 
and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign) ;  and  took  part  in  the  lenian 
invasion  of  Canada. 

Sweet  Singer  of  the  Temple.  George  Herbert. 

Sweetwater  (swef  waiter)  Mountains.  A 
range  of  the  EockA-  Mountains  in  Wyoming, 
southeast  of  the  Wind  Hiver  Mountains,  and 
northwest  of  the  iledicine  Bow  Mountains. 

Sweetwater  River.  A  tributary  of  the  Xorth 
Fork  of  thePlatte,  in  central  Wyoming.  Length, 
about  l-iO  miles. 

Sweet  William's  Parewell  to  Black-eyed 
Susan.     See  Black-ei/ed  Susan. 

Swegen.     See  Sweyn. 

Swerga.    See  Sicarga. 

Swetchine  '?vech-en').  Madame  (Anne  Sophie 
Soymonoff*.  Bom  at  Moscow,  1782:  died  at 
Paris,  1857.  A  Russian  \iuthor.  Her  works 
and  letters  were  edited  by  Falloux. 

Swett  (swet),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  June  9,  1782 :  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  28, 
1866.  An  American  historical  writer.  He  pub- 
lished "Bunker  HiU,"  controversial  and  other 
works  on  that  battle,  etc. 

Sweyn,  or  Swein  (swan),  or  Swegen  (sva'gen), 
or  Svend  (svend).  Died  1014.  King  of  Den- 
mark, son  of  Harold  Blaatand  and  father  of 
Canute.  He  invaded  England  in  994  and  1003, 
and  conquered  England  in  1013. 

Sweyn,  or  Swein.  Died  about  1051.  An  Eng- 
lish earl,  eldest  son  of  Godwine.  He  was  out- 
lawed and  exiled  in  1CH6;  was  restored;  and  was  finally 
exiled  with  Godwine  in  1051. 

Sweyn.  Died  1076.  King  of  Denmark  1047- 
1076,  son  of  Canute.  He  invaded  England  in  1068. 

Swift  (swift),  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Xo v. 
30, 1667 :  died  there,  Oct.  19, 1745.  A  celebrated 
English  satirist  and  man  of  letters:  usually 
spoken  of  as  Dean  Swift.  His  grandfather,  Thomas 
Swift,  vicar  of  Goodrich  in  Herefordshire,  was  a  follower 
of  Charles  I.  Swift  matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Dul)- 
lin.  in  16S2,  leaving  with  only  a  degree  speciali  gratia  in 
1686.  In  168S,  owing  to  the  Revolution,  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  la-'iS  became  amanuensis  or  secri-'tary  to  Sir 
William  Temple  (who  was  in  some  way  related  to  Swift's 
mother)  at  Moor  Park,  near  Famham.  He  disliked  his  sub- 
ordinate position,  and  returned  to  Dublin  in  about  a  year. 
In  1692  he  received  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Oxford,  took 
orders  in  1695,  and  in  1695  obtained  the  living  of  Kilroot, 
Antrim,  Ireland.  In  1696,  tired  of  obscurity,  he  returned 
to  Sir  WiUiam  Temple,  and  remained  with  him  till  his 
death  in  Jan.,  1699.  Durln'.- these  years  of  quiet  he  not  only 
read  much,  but  was  in  such  relations  with  the  court  as  to 
obtain  an  insight  into  politics  which  later  was  of  use  to 
him.  In  1696  he  wrote  "A  Tale  of  a  Tub."  and  in  1697 
the  '■  Battle  of  the  Books  '  (both  published  in  1704) : 
he  also  pr.blished  an  edition  of  Temple's  works  (170O- 
1703).  He  was  made  rector  of  Agher.  in  Sleath,  and  vicar 
of  Laracor  in  17riO.  and  held  other  small  livings.  In  1696 
he  had  offered  marriage  to  Miss  Waring  (*'Varina"),  who 
i-efused  him  on  account  of  her  ill  health  and  his  poverty. 


970 

When  he  received  the  living  of  Laracor,  however,  in  1700, 
she  wished  the  marriage  to  take  place.  He  broke  oif  the 
match  bv  saving  that  if  she  would  submit  to  be  edu- 
cated so  that' she  could  entertain  him.  soothe  his  ill  hu- 
mor, accept  hislikes  and  dislikes,  etc.  he  would  overlook 
deficiencies  in  looks  and  income.  He  published  the  Whig 
tract  "A  Discourse  on  the  Dissensions  in  Athens  and 
Rome  "  in  170;,'.  At  Laracor  he  was  joined  by  Mrs.  Rebecca 
Dingley  and  by  Esther  Johnson  (born  in  16S1),  a  dependent 
of  Sir  William"  Temple,  who  presided  over  his  house  — the 
5tel]a  "  of  later  years.     In  170S  he  published  the  pam- 


Switzerland 

of  Victor  Hugo  •'(1S86),"A  Study  of  Ben  Jonson  "  "  Locrine  ■ 
a  Tragedy"  (lSS7),"'rhe  Armada " (1S88X  and  "Poems  and 
Ballads  "  (ISisS). 

S'Winemiinde  (sve'ne-mtin-de).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  island  Usedom,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swine, 
in  lat.  53°  55'  X.,  long.  14°  17'  E.  it  forms  the 
outer  port  of  Stettin.  It  is  a  watering-place,  and  has  an 
excellent  harbor  and  important  commerce.  Population 
(1890),  8,508. 


phlets"  The  Sentiments  of  a  Church  of  England  Man  "and  cs.,^-„„    /-cw^T,<y^     Pon'faiTi       A    fi^titin.io  -n^-rr,^ 

"On  the  Reasonableness  of  a  Test":  these  were  followed  oWing    (swing),    Oaptain.     A  netltious  name 

by  the  ironical  "Argument  Against  AboUshing  Christian-  signed  to  various  threatening  letters  in  Eng- 

ity  "  and  by  his  best  poem,  "Baucis  and  Philemon."    He  land,  about  1830,  especially  to  letters  addressed 

was  in  London  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  nearly  every  ^„  ^j^g  ugp^s  of  threshing-machines,  which  were 
vear  from  1701  to  1710.    At  this  time  he  abandoned  the       ,  .         ^     xu       i  j  £     i  •         i  ^.-u       -u 

miigs  and  went  over  to  the  Tories :  a  full  .account  of  this  obnoxious  to  the  old-fashioned  threshers, 

is  given  in  the  "Journal  to  SteUa,"  written  ino-13,  and  S'Wing   (swing),   Da'Vld.     Bom   at   Cmemnati, 

notintendedforthepublic.  In>;ov.,l710,hebegantowrite  Ohio.   Aug.  23,'  1830:    died  Oct.  3,  1894.      An 

tor  the  "Emminer,  "a  Tory  journal,  and  formed  the  "So-  American   Presbvterian    elergvman.  tried   for 

cietv of  Brothers.     In  Julv,  1.11,  he  left  the  "Examiner,  ,  •      ci  •        X  •      tc-i         j  -i*    i       tt 

but'continued  to  write  To'iy  pamphlets("The  Conduct  of  heresy  lu  Chicago  in  18/4,  and  acquitted.     He 

the  Allies  "  and  "Remarks  on  the  Barrier  Treaty").    He  was  afterward  pastor  of  au  independent  church. 

wasappointedbyQueen  AnnedeanofSt.Patrick'SjDublin,  SwiutOU  (swin'tou).  A  village  in  Lancashire, 
in  1713  He  was  intimately  as«>ciated  with  Cxford  and  England,  6  miles  west-northwest  of  Manehes- 
Bolingbroke,  and  was  a  friend  of  Steele,  Addison,  Pope,  Ar-      ,      »  y.,      '  ,    ,.        /-,of\-i\      •*-\  -n       ii   -u  .iota- 

buthnot,  Congreve,  Atterbun,-,  ParneU.and  Gay.    Someof     ter.  Population  (1891),with  Pendlebury,  20,19.. 

hisbestwork  belongs  to  this  period  — the  last  four  years  S'wintOU.  Amanufacturing  town  in  Yorkshire, 
of  Queen  Anne.  After  the  fall  of  the  Tories  he  retired  to  England,  10  miles  northeast  of  Sheffield.  Pop- 
Dublin.      'While  living  in  London,  Esther  V  anhomrigh,     ,,i,h„,,     icini    o  RQ" 

the"Vanessa"  of  hispoem  "Cadennsand  Vanessa,"had  ."''l"^"  l.^±,'^,''. '''"-"•  .     tt    ,-,.    _,        ,. 

formed  an  attachment  for  him.  In  17U  her  mother  died,  S'Winton.  William.  Bora  in  Haddingtonshire, 
and  she  followed  Swift  to  Dublin.     It  is  generally  said     Scotland,  April  23, 1833 :  died  at  Xew  York,  Oct. 

1 1«  "s.Pii^  ■•  ,nH  in     24^  1892.    An  American  journalist  and  author. 


that  in  1716  he  was  privately  married  to  "SteUa,"  and  in 
1717  "  \'anessa "  retired  to  Marley  Abbey  at  Celbridge, 
where  Swift  visited  her.  In  1723  "Vanessa"  wrote  to 
"Stella"  demanding  an  explanation  of  her  relation  to 
Swift  "Stella"  replied  that  she  was  his  wife,  and  sent 
"  Vanessa's  "  letter  to  Swift,  who  at  once,  in  one  of  his  char- 
acteristic fits  of  passion,  went  to  "  \'anessa,"  threw  her 
letter  on  a  table  without  a  word,  and  rode  away.  This 
was  her  death-blow :  she  lived  only  a  few  weeks  longer. 
Swift  devoted  himself  earnestly  to  the  condition  of  Ireland 
and  Irish  politics,  and  in  1720  published  his  "Proposal 
for  the  Universal  Tse  of  Irish  Manufactures."  urging  the 


disuse  of  English  gixids  by  thelrish.  A  patent  for  supplying  .  -i      t>    v 

IrelandwithcnppercoinshadbeenJiccordedtooneWilliam   wWlSS  ±  amlly  XlODinSOn. 


He  became  connected  with  the  "  New- York  Times " 
1858,  and  was  its  war  correspondent  1862-64  :  his  letters 
several  times  involved  him  in  diflicnlties  with  the  mili- 
tary authorities.  From  1869  to  1874  he  was  professor 
of  English  at  the  University  of  California.  He  wrote  a 
series  of  historical  and  other  text-books,  and  "Rambles 
Among  Words"(18591,  " The Times's  Review  of  McClellan  : 
his  Military  Career  Reviewed  and  Exposed  "  (1864),  "  Cam- 
paigns of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  "  (1866),  "Twelve  De- 
cisive Battles  of  the  W.ar"  (1867>,  "History  of  the  Xew 
York  Seventh  Regiment  during  the  Rebellion  "  (187(^  etc. 
A  romance  bv  Eo- 


Wnod,  who  shar'ed  a  40  per  cent,  profit  with  the  Duchess  dolphe  Wvss.      The  scene  is  laid  in  a  desert  isl- 

of  Kendal,  the  king's  mistress.     In  1724  Swift  attacked  gmj  about  1800 

this  abuse  in  letters  signed  "M.B.  Drapier,"  which  raised   r..^ n j„    nn.^        \  «« ^  ^e  a^;^c  ^^^^^ 

his  popularity  to  a  height  that  it  always  retained.  Return-  SwiSS  GuardS,  The.     -i  corps  of  bwiss  merce- 

ing  to  England,  he  was  recalled  on  account  of  "Stella's"  nary  troojis  in  the  French  service,  formed  m 

illness,  but  she  did  not  dietill  1728.    In  1726  he  published  1616  and  tinallv  disbanded  in  1830.  They  are  cele- 

"  Gulliver's  Travels"  and  in  1729  his"  Modest  Propos.al  for  fcrated  for  their  'valor  in  the  defense  of  the  Tuileries, 

Preventing  the  Children  of  Poor  People  in  Ireland  from  .^u„  jo.  1792,  commemorated  in  the  "  Lion  of  Lucerne  "  at 

being  a  Burden  to  their  Parents  "  — his  ironical  suggestion  Lucerne, 

being  that  they  should  be  fattened  and  eaten.  Inhislatcr  q-_J4.'Uj.^ 

years  his  b^raiii  became  diseased,  and  he  was  alternately  in  DWlHIlin 
a  state  of  torture  and  apathetic  torpor :  for  a  year  or  two 
his  intellect,  was  almost  wholly  eclipsed,  a  fact  of  which 


he  w.as  conscious  at  intervals.  He  was  put  under  restraint 
in  1741,  and  lingered  till  1745.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Pat- 
ricks  Cathedral,  Dublin.  With  Arbuthnot  and  Pope  he 
carried  out  the  scheme  of  the  "Scriblcrus  Club  "  (which 
see).  Among  his  works  not  mentioned  above  are  "Pin- 
darics." "  Predictions  for  1 703  "  (1708 :  an  attack  upon  astrol- 
ogy in  the  person  of  Partridge,  the  almanac-maker,  in  which 
Swift  assumed  the  character  oi  an  almanac-maker  and  the 


(swith'in),  or  S'withun  (swith'un). 
Saint.  Born  near  Winchester,  probably  about 
800 :  died  about  862.  A  bishop  of  Winchester. 
It  was  fabled  that  he  performed  many  miraculous  cures 
after  his  death,  and  he  was  translated  with  great  cere- 
monial July  15,  971.  He  was  not  regularly  canonized,  but 
received  his  title  of  saint  on  his  translation.  He  has,  for 
no  known  reason,  become  associated  in  the  popular  mind 
with  drunkemiess.  He  is  noted  in  folk-lore,  a  common 
adage  being  that  if  it  rains  on  St.  Swithln's  day  (July  15), 
it  will  rain  for  forty  days  after. 


nameof  IsaacBickersta(fe),"AProjectfortheAdvancement  q__-4._._t„_  j /.^.ji^'  ■_  i„„,j\    riT  on.l/^Ff1.o  Qw^f 
of  Religion  "(1709:  "the  only  work  to  which  he  ever  put  his  S'Wltzerland  (sw  it  zer-land).  [  Landof  theSw^t- 
name"),"Vindieationof  Bickerstaffe"(1709),"Propos.alfor     zers  ;  G.  Die  Sclncei-.  F.  Suisse,  It.  Sii;;-era,  Sp. 


Correcting,  Improving,  and  Ascertaining  the  English 
Tomrue"  (171'2),  "Free  Thoughts  on  the  State  of  Public 
Affairs  "  (1714).  "  History  of  the  Last  Forir  Y'ears  of  Queen 
Anne"(not  published  till  17,"i7-68:  a  numberof  volumes  of 
miscellanies  with  Arbuthnot,  Pope,  Gay,  Sheridan,  and 
others),  "The  Legion  Club  "  (1735  :  a  satire  against'the Irish 
House  of  Commons)."  Directions  to  Servants,"  and  "Polit« 
Conversation  "  (1738i. 

Swift,  Lewis.  Born  at  Clarkson,  X.  Y.,  Feb. 
29,  1820.  A  distinguished  Americau  astrono- 
mer, director  of  the  Warner  Observatory  at 
Rochester,  Xew  York,  and  subsequently  of 
Lowe  Observatory.  He  is  especially  noted  as 
a  discoverer  of  comets  and  nebulie. 

S'willy  (swil'i).  Lough.  Aninletof  the  Atlantic 
in  Ulster,  Ireland,  northwest  of  Londonderry. 
Length,  25  miles. 

S'winburne  (s-win'bfern),  Algernon  Charles. 
Born  at  London,  April  5.  1837.  An  English 
poet,  son  of  Admiral  Swinburne  and  Lady  Hen- 
rietta Ashburnham,  daughter  of  the  third  Earl 
of  Ashburnham.  He  was  educated  in  France,  and  at 
Eton  and  Oxford  (Balliol  College),  entering  the  university 
in  1857  and  leaving  xvithout  a  degree.  He  is  especially  re- 
markable for  his  facile  metrical  invention.  He  has  pub- 
lished "The  Queen  Mother"  and  "Rosamund"  (1861), 
'■  Atalanta  in  Calydon  "  (1864),  "Chastelard  :  a  Tragedy  " 
(1865), ''  Poems  arid  B.allads  "  (1866 :  these  were  so  severely 
censured  that  the  edition  was  withdrawn,  but  it  was  re- 
printed  the  same  year  as  "Laus  Veneris,  and  other  Poems 
and  Ballads,"  and  Swinburne  repUed  to  the  criticism  (also 
in  1866)  with  "  Notes  on  Poems  and  Reviews"),  "William 
Blake:  a  Critical  Essay  "(1867),  "An  Ode  on  the  Proclama- 
tion of  the  French  Republic  "  (1870),  "  Songs  Before  Sun- 
rise "  (1S71),  "  Under  the  Microscope  "  (1872  :  an  answer 
to  Robert  Buchanan's  pamphlet  "The  Fleshly  School  "), 
"Bothwell's  Tragedy"  (1874),  "Songs  of  Two  >'ations" 
(1876),  "Essays and  Studies "(1875),  "George Chapman:  a 
Critical  Essav"  (1875),  "Erechtheus:  a  Tragedy "  (1876). 
"A  Note  on  'charlotte  Bronte  "  (1877X  a  second  series  of 
"  Poemsand  Ballads  "  (1878). '  'A  Study  of  Shakspere  "  (1879), 
"The  Modem  Heptalogia.  or  the  Seven  .^gainst  Sense  " 
(1880).  "Songs  of  the  Springtides"  (1880).  "Studies  in 
Song"(lSSO),  "  MaryStuart :  a  Tragedy  "(1881),  "Tristram 
of  Lyonesse,  etc.  '  (1882),  "  A  Century  of  Roundels  "  (1883), 
"A  Midsummer  Holiday,  etc."  (1884),  "  Marino  Faliero : 
a  Tragedy  "  (1885),  "  Prose  Miscellanies  "  (1886),  "A  Study 


Sui::a.']  A  country  of  Europe,  bounded  by  France 
on  the  west  and  northwest,  Alsace  and  Baden  on 
the  north,  the  Lake  of  Constance  on  the  north- 
east, Vorarlberg  and  Tyi-ol  on  the  east,  and  Italy 
andFranceonthesouthrLatin  Helvetia.  Capital, 
Bern.  The  main  range  of  the  Alps  in  the  south  (partly 
on  the  Italian  border)  is  separated  from  a  secondary  range 
of  the  -Alps  (Bernese  Oberland,  Todi,  Santis,  etc.)  by  the 
valleys  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  :  the  Jura  is  in  the  west 
and  north.  (See  Alps.)  The  highest  mountain  is  Monte 
Rosa  (over  15,000  feet).  The  chief  lakes  are  the  Lakes  of 
Geneva,  Constance,  Lucerne,  Zurich,  and  NeuchateL  The 
leading  industries  are  cotton,  woolen,  and  silk  manufac- 
tures, straw-plaiting,  manufactures  of  embroidery,  clocks 
and  watches,  wooden  wares,  chemicals,  machinery,  music- 
boxes,  etc.,  and  dairy-fanning.  The  country  contains  many 
pleasure-  and  health-resorts,  and  is  famous  as  a  summer 
resort  of  tourists.  It  contains  22  cantons  united  in  a  con- 
federation, the  several  cantons  being  very  largely  indepen- 
dent in  internal  matters.  The  government  of  the  confed- 
eration is  vested  in  a  federal  assembly  of  two  chambers: 
the  State  Council  ("Standerath"or  "ConseU  des  Etats") 
of  44  members  (2  for  each  canton),  and  the  National  Coun- 
cil ("  Nationalrath  "  or  "  Conseil  National ").  with  147  rep- 
resentatives. The  Federal  Assembly  in  joint  session  electa 
the  executive  body,  the  Federal  Council  (''Bundesrath  "or 
"Conseil  Federal"),  of  7  members,  and  also  the  president 
of  the  Federal  Council,  \vho  is  elected  for  one  year  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  "  Whenever  a  petition 
demanding  the  rerision  "r  annulment  of  a  measure  passed 
by  the  Legislature  is  presented  by  30,000  citizens,  or  the 
alteration  is  demanded  by  eight  cantons,  the  law  in  ques- 
tion must  be  submitted  to  the  direct  vote  of  the  nation. 
This  principle,  called  the  re/crcndiim.  is  frequently  acted 
on.'  (The  Statesman's  Year-BMk,li'->i,V'iin.)  Cantonal 
government  is  exercised  bya  great  council  or  directly  by  the 
citizens  in  popular  assembly  ("  Landesgemeinde  ").  About 
three  flfthsof  the  inhabitants  are  Protestantsand  about  two 
fifths  Roman  Catholics.  About  2,000,000  speak  German. 
600,000  French,  160,000  Italian,  and  38,000  Romansh.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  Helvetii  and  other  tribes.  The 
land  became  part  of  the  Roman  Empire  and  largely  of  the 
province  of  Gaul,  and  was  settled  by  Burgundians.  .A.laman- 
ni.  etc.  Theleaguebetween  Vri.Schwyz,  and  Nidwald(in 
Unterwalden)  against  Hapsburg  oppression  was  formed 
1291.  Thelegend  of  Tell  and  the  founding  of  the  confedera- 
tion at  Riitli  are  assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury. The  Swiss  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Morgarten  in 
1315,  and  renewed  the  league  the  same  year.    Lucerne 


Switzerland 

joined  the  confederation  in  1332.  Zurich  in  1351,  Glarus  in 
1362,  Zug  in  1352,  and  Bern  in  1353.  Tlie  Austrians  were  de- 
feated at  Senipach  in  1386.  and  various  conquests  were  made 
in  the  14th  century.  Besides  its  own  meniljers,  the  con- 
federation recognized  "associates"  and  "protected  dis- 
tricts." The  Swiss  were  freed  from  Austrian  claims  in 
1394  and  1474.  Tliey  defeated  Charles  the  Hold  of  Bur- 
pundy  at  Cranson  and  Murten  in  1470.  The  "Coniiiact  of 
*Stanz"  waa  formed  in  1481.  Fribouj-g  and  Solitthurn  were 
admitted  in  14S1.  Switzerland  became  practie;illy  inde- 
pendent of  the  IZmpire  in  149!l.  Basel  and  ."^challiiansen 
were  admitted  in  l.'>01,  and  ,\ppenzeU  in  1513.  The  .Swiss 
were  defeated  at  Marignano  by  Francis  I.  of  FYance  in 
l-'ilo,  and  eoneluded  peace  with  France  in  1516.  The  Ref- 
ormation was  introduced  into  various  parts  by  Zwingli, 
Farel,  Calvin,  etc.  The  Golden  League  between  Catholic 
members  was  formed  in  l.i86.  Switzerland  became  for- 
mally independent  of  the  Empire  in  1648.  The  Helvetic 
Kepublic  waa  estal)lished  in  1798,  under  the  influence  of 
France.  A  revolt  of  the  Forest  Cantons  was  suppressed  by 
the  French  iti  1798,  and  the  country  was  the  scene  of  much 
lighting  in  the  wars  of  the  Directory  and  Consulate.  The 
confederation  was  restored  in  1803,  and  the  cantons  of  St. 
Gall, (»ri  sons,  .\arg;ul,Thurgau,Ticino,andVaud  were  added. 
A  new  constitution  was  adopted,  neutrality  was  guaran- 
teed, and  the  cantons  of  Geneva,  Valais.  and  Neuchatel 
were  added  in  1815.  Tile  war  of  the  '■  Sonderbund  "  oc- 
curred in  1847.  Government  was  made  njore  centralized 
by  the  constitution  of  1848.  Jseuchatel  was  freed  from 
Prussian  claims  in  1H57.  The  constitution  was  revised 
in  1874.  Area,  lo,U7a  square  n;ile.s.  Population  (1900), 
3,325.023. 

Such  is  the  Switzerland  of  our  own  time,  but  such  was 
not  the  Switzerland  with  which  Cliarles  tlie  Bold  had  to 
deal.  In  Ihosedays  the  name  of  Switzerland,  as  a  distinct 
nation  or  people,  was  hardly  linown.  The  names  Swit- 
enses,  Switzois,  Suisses,  were  indeed  beginning  to  spread 
themselves  from  a  single  canton  to  the  whole  Confeder- 
ation ;  but  the  formal  style  of  that  Confederation  was 
still  the  ''Great  (or  Old)  League  of  Upper  (iermany  " — 
perhaps  rather  of  "Upper  Swabia."  That  League  was 
much  smaller  than  it  is  now,  and  it  was  purely  German. 
It  consisted  of  eight  German  districts  and  cities,  united, 
like  many  other  groups  of  German  cities,  by  a  lax  Federal 
tie,  which  tie,  while  other  similar  unions  have  died  away, 
has  gradually  developed  into  a  perfect  Federal  Govern- 
ment, and  has  extended  itself  over  it  large  non-German 
territory.  The  League  then  consisted  of  eight  cantons 
only  —  Ziiricll,  Bern,  Luzem,  I'ri,  Schwyz,  Unterwalden, 
Zug,  and  Olarus.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  353. 

Switzerland,  Saxon.     See  Saxon  Stritzcrland. 

Swiveller  (swiv'l-er),  Dick.  A  happy-go-lucky, 
devnl-niay-care  fellow  in  Dickens's  ''Old  Curi- 
osity Shop." 

Altogether,  and  because  of  rather  than  in  spite  of  his 
weaifnesses,  Dicli  is  a  captivating  person.  His  gaiety  and 
good  humour  survive  such  accunmlations  of  '■  staggerers." 
he  makes  such  discoveries  of  "the  rosy"  in  the  very  small- 
est of  drinks,  and  becomes  Ilimself  by  his  solacements  of 
verse  such  a  "  peipetnal  grand  Apollo,"  tliat  his  failings 
are  all  forgiven,  and  hearts  resolutely  sliut  ag.ninst  victims 
of  liestiny  in  general  open  themselves  freely  to  Dick  Swiv- 
eller. Farster,  Life  of  Dickens,  ii.  7. 

Swordfish,  The.    See  Xipliias. 

Sword  of  God,  The.  A  name  given  to  the  Sara- 
cen conqufmr  KhnleJ. 

Sword  of  Rome,  The.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Marcellus. 

Swords  (sordz).  Thomas.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Nov.  1,  1806 :  died  there,  March  20,  1886.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  conquest  of  New 
Slexico  and  California  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the 
Civil  War. 

Swynford  fswin'ford),  Katharine.  Died  1403. 
The  third  wife  of  John  of  Gaunt,  mother  of  the 
Beanforts  and  ancestress  of  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land. 

Syagrian  (si-a'gri-an)  Promontory.  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  Headland  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Arabia. 

Syagrius  (si-a'gri-us).  The  last  Eoman  gov- 
ernor of  Gaul.  He  was  defeated  by  Clovis  near 
Soissons  in  486. 

Syamantaka  (sya-man'ta-ka).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a  celebrated  jewel  of  which  the  story 
is  told  in  the  Vishnupurana.  It  yielded  daily  ciglit 
loads  of  gold,  and  expelled  all  fear  of  portents,  wild  i)east3, 
fire,  robljers,  and  famine :  but,  though  an  inexljaustible  re- 
source to  a  virtuous,  it  was  deadly  to  a  wicked,  wearer.  It 
was  Riven  by  Surya,  theSun,toSatraJit,Surya  recompens- 
ing Satrajit  for  praises  rendered  hiru  by  allowing  Ilimself 
to  be  seen  in  his  proper  form  and  Ity  the  liestowal  of  the 
gem.  Afraid  that  Krishna  would  take  it  from  him,  Satra- 
jitgave  the  jewel  to  his<»wn  brother,  I'rasena,  but  Prm^ena 
was  killed  l>y  a  limi.  .lambuvat,  king  of  tlie  bears,  killeil 
the  lion  and  carried  otf  the  gem  ;  but  Krishna  took  it  from 
him  and  restfired  it  to  Satrajit,  who  in  thankfulnesB  gave 
him  his  daughter  Satyabhania  in  marriage.  One  of  the 
many  suitors  (tf  Hatyaldiama  bad  been  Shatadhanvan,  wlio 
now  killed  Satrajit  in  his  sleep  and  curried  olf  the  genu 
Pursued  by  Krishna  and  Balarama.  Shatadhanvan  gave  It 
to  Akrura  and  contimied  his  flight,  but  was  overtaken  ami 
killed  by  Krishna.  As  Krishna  did  not  bring  back  the  jewel, 
Balarama  upbraided  him  with  secreting  it,  and  parted  from 
him.  Akrura.  after  lift  y-t  wo  years,  produced  it,  when  it  was 
claimed  by  K I  islina,  I'.ataranni.and  Satyabhania, andiiccided 
that  Akrura  sliould  kf-ep  it, whence  he  moved  about  like  the 
sun  wearing  a  garland  of  light. 

Sybaris  (sib'a-ris).  [Gr.  Ivjinpir.']  In  ancient 
geograjihy,  a  city  of  Mai;na  Gripcia,  southern 
Italy,  situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Tarcntuni  in 
lat."39°  41'  N.,  long.  10°  28'  E.  It  was  founded  by 
Achaean  colonists  in  720  B.  c.     It  was  celebrated  for  its 


971 

wealth,  and  its  inhabitants  were  proverbial  for  their  lux- 
ury (whence  the  epithet  Sybarite).  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Crotona  in  510  B.  c. 

Sybaris  was  one  of  the  most  important  towns  of  Magna 
Gnecia.  According  to  Strabo,  it  was  founded  by  the 
Aclia;ans  (vi.  p.  378),  probably  about  B.  c.  720.  (Clinton's 
F.  H.,  vol.  i..  pp.  168,  174.)  The  colonisation  was  most 
likely  connected  with  the  gradual  conquest  of  the  Pelo- 
poiMiese  by  the  Dorian  invaders.  Its  site  is  marked  by  the 
junction  of  the  Crathis  (Crn(i)  with  the  Syliaris  (CossiVc). 
Sybaris  flourished  210  years  (Seym.  Ch.  1.  360).  Its  walls 
wei'e  50  stadia  in  circumference  :  it  had  twenty-five  sub- 
ject cities,  and  ruled  over  fourneighbouring  tribes.  In  the 
great  war  with  Crotona,  it  is  said  to  have  brought  into  the 
field  300,000  men  (Strab.  1,  s.  c).  Its  excessive  luxury  is 
proverbial.  It  was  taken  (B.  c.  51o)  after  a  siege  of  70 
days  by  the  Crotoniats,  who  turned  the  river  upon  the 
town,  and  in  this  way  destroyed  it.  A  second  -Sybaris  arose 
upon  the  ruins  of  the  first,  but  it  never  llourislied,  and  was 
finally  merged  in  the  Atlienian  colony  of  Thurii(B.  c.  443), 
which  was  built  on  a  spot  in  the  neighbourhood.  Herodo- 
tus waa  one  of  the  colonists  (Suidas). 

JtauiiiU'oH.  Herod.,  III.  242,  note. 

Sybel  (ze'bel),  Heinrich  von.  Born  at  DUssel- 
dorf,  Prussia,  Dec.  2,  1817:  died  at  Marburg, 
Prussia,  Aug.  1,  189.5.  A  noted  German  his- 
torian. He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Hessian  an<l 
Prussian  chamljers,  of  the  Erfurt  Parliament  of  1850,  and 
later  of  the  Reichstag,  and  professor  at  .Marburg,  .Munich 
(where  he  founded  the  first  historical  seminary  in  Ger- 
many), and  (1861)  Bonn.  His  chief  work  is  "  Geschichte 
der  Hevolutionszeit  1789-180O  "  ("Historj-of  the  Kevolu- 
tionaiT  Period  of  1789-181)0,"  1863-).  His  other  works  in- 
clude "  Geschichte  des  ersten  Kreuzzngs  "  ("  History  of 
the  first  Crusade,"  1841),  "  Die  Entstehung  des  deutschen 
Konigtums  "  (1844),  and  "  Die  Begriindung  des  deutschen 
Reicbes  durch  Wilhelm  I."  ("The  Foundation  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  by  William  I.,    1889-90). 

Sybil  (sib'il).  A  political  novel  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  published  in  1845. 

Sybota  (sib'o-til).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  island  and  town  on  the  coast  of  Epirus, 
opposite  the  southern  end  of  Coreyra.  Near  it, 
in  432  B.  c,  wais  fought  a  naval  battle  be'tween  Coreyra 
(aided  by  Athens)  and  Corinth. 

Sycorax  (sik'o-raks).     A  witch,  the  mother  of 

Caliban,  referred  to  in  Shakspere's  "  Tempest." 
In  Dryden  and  Davenant's  version  she  is  his  sister,  and  a 
monster  like  liim. 

Sydenham  (sid'n-am).  A  suburb  of  London, 
in  Kent,  7  miles  south  of  Loudon.  Near  it  is 
the  Crystal  Palace.     Population  (1891),  34,162. 

Sydenham,  Thomas.  Born  at  Winford  Eagle, 
Dorsetshire,  England,  1G24:  died  at  i.ondou, 
Dee.,  16.89.  A  noted  Ijnglish  physician,  sur- 
named  "the  English  Hippocrates."  In  1642  he 
entered  Magdalen  College,  i>xford.  His  course  there  was 
intemi[ited  liy  service  in  the  Parliamentary  army  ;  but 
he  graduated  (l)achelor  of  medicine)  in  1048,  and  became 
a  fellt.nv  of  All  Souls.  In  1003  he  was  licensed  by  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  to  practise  in  Westminster.  He  was  a 
warm  friend  of  John  Locke  and  Robert  Boyle.  His  works 
include  "MethodusCui'andi  Fel)res"(1660),"  Epistolte  Re- 
sponsorise  "  (1680),  "Tractatus  de  Podagra  et  Hydrope  " 
(1683),  etc.  Sydenham  anticipated  modern  practice  in  many 
ways,  especially  in  a  minute  study  of  predisposing  causes 
external  and  internal,  and  in  assisting  natural  crises,  as  well 
as  by  the  general  liberality  of  his  practice. 

Sydney  (sid'ni).  A  seaport,  capital  of  New 
South  Wales,  Australia,  situated  on  the  harbor 
of  Port  Jackson,  in  lat.  33°  52'  S.,  long.  151° 
13'  E. :  one  of  the  two  chief  cities  of  Austra- 
lia. Its  suburbs  include  Glebe,  Paddington,  etc.  Its 
commerce  and  manufactures  are  important,  and  it  is  the 
terminus  of  various  steamship  lines.  Near  it  are  extensive 
coal-mines.  It  is  the  scat  of  a  mint  and  of  Sydney  Univer- 
sity. It  was  settled  in  1788  as  a  convict  colony.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  with  suburbs,  ;iS3,386. 

Sydney.  A  seaport  in  Capo  Breton,  Nova  Scotia, 
situated  on  the  eastern  coast  in  lat.  40°  10'  N., 
long.  00°  7'  W.  It  is  in  the  vicinity  of  a  coalmining 
region.    Pcipnlation  ir.ioi),  li,!l09. 

Sydney,  Algernon  Philip.    See  SUlnei/. 

Syene.    See  A.fsuan. 

Syennesis  (si-en'e-sis).  [Gr.  ^vhveaif.'}  A  king 
of  Cilicia,  vassal  of  Persia,  at  the  time  of  the 
expedition  of  Cyrus  the  Younger  401  h.  c.  The 
name  is  common  to  all  the  kings  of  Cilicia  men- 
tioned in  history. 

Sykes  (siks),  George.  Bom  at  Dover,  Del., Oct. 
9, 1822:  died  in  Texas,  Feb.  9, 1880.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842;  served 
In  the  Mexican  ami  in  Indian  wars  ;  anil  was  a  division  and 
corps  commander  in  the  Army  of  the  I'otomai:.  He  served 
with  distinction  at  Gaines's  .Mill,  (Jettysburg,  etc. 

Sykes,  Mrs.  :  best  known  by  her  maiden 
nnine,  Olive  Logan.  Born  at  Elinira,  N.  Y., 
April  l(i,  1841.  An  American  actress  ami  writer, 
daughter  of  ('ornelius  A.  Logan  ( lS0(i-53).  she 
made  her  debut  in  1M54  at  Philadelphia,  and  in  1857  went 
to  F.nglaud,  where  she  finished  her  edtlratiim.  She  mar- 
ried Henry  A.  Dclillc,  but  was  divorccil  in  186.1.  In  ls«4 
she  appeared  in  New  Vork  in  a  jilay  of  herown,"  liVclecn." 
Mho  retired  from  the  stage  in  1868.  has  devoted  herself  to 
lecturing,  and  li.'is  lieen  a  frequent  contributor  to  news- 
papers. She  married  William  Wirt  .Sykes  in  1871 :  he  died 
In  1884.  She  has  written  a  number  of  books,  principally 
about  theatrical  matters,  and  several  plays. 


Symonds 

Sylhet,  or  Silhet  (sil-hef).  1.  A  district  iu 
Assam,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  45' 
N.,  long.  91°  45'  E.  Area.  5,414  square  miles. 
Population  (1891).  2,ir>4..593.— 2.  Thecapitalof 
the  district  of  Svlhet,  situated  on  the  Surma. 
Population  (1891),  14,027. 

Sylla.    See  iSulUi. 

Sylphide  (sel-fed'),Xa.  A  ballet  in  two  acts, 
music  by  Schneitzhoffer,  libretto  by  Nourrit. 
It  was  produced  at  Paris  in  1832.  La  Sylphide  was  one  of 
Taglioni's  greatest  parts. 

Sylt,  or  Silt  (silt).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea, 
belonging  to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  Prussia,  intersected  by  lat.  55°  N.  Mcon- 
tains  the  watering-place  Westerlancl.  The  inhabitaiRs  are 
chiefiy  F'riesians.  Length,  22',  miles.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Sylva  (sel-va').  A  river  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  eastern  Russia,  which  joins  the  Tchuso- 
vaya  near  Perm.     Length,  250-300  miles. 

Sylva,  Carmen.     See  Carmen  Sjilra. 

Sylva,  or  a  Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,  etc. 

A  report  on  the  condition  of  timber  in  the  Eng- 
lish dominions,  bv  John  Evelyn,  published  in 
l(!(i4. 

Sylvander  (sil-van'der).  The  name  under 
which  Burns  corresponded  with  Mrs.  Maclehose 
("Clarinda").  The  letters  were  published  in 
1802,  afterward  suppressed,  and  republished 
in  1845. 

Sylvester  (Popes).    See  Silrrster. 

Sylvester  (sil-ves'ter),  James  Joseph.  Born 
at  Loudon,  Sept.  3, 1814:  died  there,  March  15, 
1897.  A  distinguished  English  mathematician, 
professor  successively  at  University  College, 
London,  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  at  Wool- 
wich, at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  at 
Oxford  (Savilian  professor  1883). 

Sylvester  Daggerwood  (sil-ves'ter  dag'er- 
wud).  A  '■  whimsical  interlude "  by  George  Col- 
man  the  younger,  produced  in  1795.  There  are 
but  two  characters  —  Sylvester  Daggenvood,  a  strolling 
player,  and  Fustian,  a  Grub-street  playwright. 

Syl-via.     See  Siliio. 

Sylvius,  .Sneas.    See  Pius  IT. 

Syl'vrius  rsil'vi-us),  Franz  (originally  De  le 
Boe).  Boru  at  Hanan.  Prussia.  1014:  died  at 
Leyden,  1072.  A  German  physician,  professor 
of  medicine  at  Leyden. 

Sylvius  (sil'vi-us)  (Jacques  Dubois).  Bom  at 
Amiens,  Frauce,  1478:  died  at  Paris,  1555.  A 
French  anatomist ,  lecturer  on  anatomy  at  Paris. 
He  made  various  anatnmical  discoveries,  and  invented  in- 
jection. From  him  the  Sylvian  aqueduct,  the  Sylvian 
artery,  and  the  Sylvian  tlssure  (of  the  brain)  were  named. 

Syme.     See  Sijmi. 

Syme  (sim).  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  7, 
1799 :  died  Jime  2t),  1870.  A  noted  Scottish  sur- 
geon. Among  his  works  are  "Excision  of  Dis- 
eased Joints"  (1831),  ''Principles  of  Surgery" 
(1832),  etc. 

Sjrmeon,  Henry.    Sec  the  extract. 

The  inceptor  (at  Oxford]  was  required  to  swear  that  he 
would  never  consent  "to  the  reconciliation  of  Henry  Sy- 
meon,"  or  reassume  the  degree  of  Bacliclor  of  that  Facul- 
ty. The  exact  nature  of  Ilenry  Symeon's  otfence  is  not 
stated,  but  for  century  after  century  the  implacable  uni- 
versity held  him  up  tt>  the  obloquy  of  every  liachelor  who 
was  about  to  become  a  Master  of  Arts.  This  singular  oath 
has  been  taken  by  some  men  who  are  still  living,  for  It  was 
not  abolished  until  the  year  of  grace  1827.'  ('Ward's 
"Oxford  University  Statutes," vol.  ii.  p.  139.  Bryan Twyne 
states  that  Synieon  was  a  Regent  in  Arts  at  Oxford  wlio 
feigned  himself  a  Bachelor  in  order  to  obtain  admission  to 
a  foreign  monaster)'  in  which  regency  In  secular  arts  was 
not  allowed.  (" Antiquitatis  Oxon.  Apologia,"p.  376.)  He 
docs  not,  however,  cite  any  authority  for  this  plausible 
explanation.)  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  214. 

Symeon  of  Durham.    See  Simeon  of  Durham. 

Symi  (se'me).  A  small  island  off  the  southwest 
coast  of  Asia  Jlinor,  l.'i  miles  norlh  of  Rhodes: 
the  ancient  Syme.     It  belongs  to  Turkey. 

Symi,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  coast 
of  .\sia  Minor,  near  the  islaiui  of  Symi. 

Symmachus  (sim'a-kus).  Lived  at  the  end  of 
till'  '_'cl  iM'uIury  A.D.  The  author  of  a  Greek  ver- 
sion of  the  f)ld  Testament,  included  in  Origen's 
"Hcxiiiila." 

Symmachus.  Pope  498-514.  The  "Palmary 
Synod"  was  hcM  in  his  reign  (.501). 

Symmachus,  Quintus  Aurelius.  Lived  about 
4011  A.  II.  A  Komau  jiagan  orator,  wTitcr,  and 
politician.  lie  was  prefect  of  Rome,  and  consul  liOl. 
lie  wrote  epistles  and  orations,  fnignients  of  whicli  arc 
c.\tant. 

Symonds  (sim'ondz  or  si'mondz),  John  Ad- 
dington.  Born  at  Bristol,  Oct.  5, 1840:  died  at 
K'liuif.  ,\;iril  19,1893.  An  English  nuiiiof  letler^i. 
He  gradilatcil  at  Oxford  (Balliol  t^oljege).  winning  the  New. 
digafe  prize  In  I860,     lie  published  "An  Introduction  to 


Symonds 

the  Study  of  Dante  "  (1872),  "Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets  " 
(1873-76).  and  "Sketches  in  Italy  and  Greece"  (1874).  His 
best-kno\ra  work,  "The  Renaissance  in  Italy,"  consists  of 
five  parts:  "The  Age  of  the  Despots " (1876),  "The  Re- 
vival of  Learning ''  (1877) .  "  The  Fine  Arts  "  (1877),  "  Ital- 
ian Literature  "(ISSl).  and  "The  Catholic  Reaction  "(188(!). 
He  also  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Shelley  "  (1878),  "  Sketches  and 
Study  in  Italy  "  (1879),  "Italian  Byways"  (1883),  "Shak- 
spere's  Predecessors  in  the  English  Drama  "(1884)."  Wine, 
Woman,  and  Sung,  etc."(1884  :  an  essay  on  the  Latin  songs 
of  the  12th-century  students),  "Life  of  Sir  Philip  -Sidney  " 
(1886X  ''Life  of  Ben  Jonson "  (18S.6),  "Life  of  Michelan- 
gelo" (18!>2),  and  several  volumes  of  verse.  He  translated 
the  sonnets  of  Michelangelo  and  Canipanella(lS78),  and 
the  autobiography  of  Benvenuto  Cellini  (1&87). 

Syinplegades  (sim-pleg'a-dez).  In  the  legend 
of  ^0  Argonauts,  two  movable  rocky  islets  at 
tbe^tranceof  the  Bosporus  intotheBlaek  Sea. 

Symposium  (sim-po'si-um),  The.  [Also  some- 
times Syiiiposioii ;  from  L.  i-iiiiiji<if:ium,  from  Gr. 
Gvfi-Koatov,  a  drinking-part.v,  drinking  after  a 
dinner,  from  av/nriveiv,  drink  with  or  together, 
from  (Till,  together,  and  Trivcii',  drink.]  1 .  A  cele- 
brated work  by  Plato,  an  account  given  by  Ai-is- 
todemus  of  a  banquet  at  the  house  of  the  tragic 
poet  Agathon  after  one  of  his  victories,  at  which, 
together  with  other  less  famous  persons,  Soc- 
rates, the  physician  Eryximaehus,  Aristopha- 
nes, and  by  and  by  Alcibiades,  discuss  the  na- 
ture and  praise  of  Eros  (love). — 2.  A  work  by 
Xenophon,  describing  the  character  of  Socrates. 

Syn.     See  Sill. 

Syndesmos  (sin-dez'mos).  [Gr.  aivSea/ioQ,  a 
knot.]  The  fourth-magnitude  double  staraPis- 
cium.  situated  at  the  bend  or  knot  in  the  rib- 
bon by  which  the  two  fishes  are  represented  as 

Joined. 

Syndics  of  the  Ar(iuebusiers.  A  painting  by 
Van  der  Heist  (1(557),  in  the  Kijks  Museum,  Am- 
sterdam, Holland.  The  four  syndics,  richly  dressed, 
are  seated  about  a  table  e.'camining  the  plate  of  the  gild. 
Behind  is  a  maid  bringing  in  a  lai'ge  (lriiikiii;:-honi,  and  to 
the  right  in  the  distance  are  seen  soldit is  witli  longbows. 

Syndics  of  the  Gild  of  the  Clothmakers,  or 
De  Staalmeesters.  A  masterpiece  by  Rem- 
brandt (IGlil),  in  the  Rijks  Mu.seum  at  Amster- 
dam, Holland.  The  five  syndics,  robed  in  black,  are 
assembled  about  a  table,  attended  by  a  servant.  It  is  a 
striking  example  of  the  powerful  ettects  attained  by  the 
master  with  the  simplest  means. 

Synesius  (si-ue'shi-us).  Born  at  Cyi-ene,  378: 
died  about  430  A.  D.  A  Neoplatonist  philoso- 
pher and  Wl'iter.  He  was  at  Constantinople  397-JOO, 
and  was  bishop  of  Ptolemais,  in  the  Pentapolis  of  Libya, 
about  410^14.  His  works  include  letters,  hymns,  "En- 
comium Calvitii,"  "De  Providentia,"  the  oration  "De 
Regno,"  etc. 

Synesius,  who  was  born  at  Cyrene  in  a.  d.  378,  must  be 
classed  rather  with  the  school  of  Justin,  Clement,  and 
Origen  than  with  the  Christian  sophists  whom  we  have 
been  considering  in  the  last  few  sections.  I'erhaps  he 
was  the  only  eminent  Christian  in  the  fourth  or  fifth  cen- 
tury who  ventured  to  maintain  the  parallel  importance  of 
heathen  and  Christian  literature.  He  was  born  a  pagan, 
and  was  not  converted  to  Christianity  till  he  was  about 
thirty  years  old.  He  had  been  a  hearer  and  sincere  ad- 
mirer of  Hypatia,  and  even  after  he  became  a  Christian 
and  bishop  of  Ptolemais.  towards  the  end  of  A.  D.  409,  he 
was  far  from  embracing  all  the  tenets  of  orthodoxy.  He 
did  not  hesitate  to  confess  in  the  most  candid  manner 
that  his  doctrines  were  rather  those  of  Origen  than  those 
of  Theophilus;  and  though  he  declared  that  his  thoughts 
should  never  rise  in  open  revolt  ai;ainst  his  tongue,  he 
conceived  himself  at  liberty  to  maintain  an  esoteric  faith 
in  accordance  with  his  philosophical  convictions,  as  well 
as  the  popular  views  of  Christianity  which  he  preached  to 
his  less  instructed  heiu-ers.  He  lived  to  about  A.  D.  430. 
E.  0.  Mailer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  344. 

[{Donaldson.) 

Synnada  (sin'a-da).  [Gr.  Ivvvada.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  town  of  Phrygia.  Asia  Minor, 
identified  with  the  modern  Eski-Karahissar.  It 
is  noted  for  its  marble-quarries. 

Synod  (sin'od).  Holy  Governing,  of  aU  the 
Kussias.  A  synod  which  is  the  highest  ecclesi- 
astical authority  in  the  Russian  Church,  it  con- 
sists of  several  metropolitans  and  other  prelates  and  offi- 
cials—  the  chief  procurator  of  the  synod  representing  the 
czar.  It  was  instituted  by  Peter  the  Great,  in  1721,  to  sup- 
ply the  place  of  the  Patriarch  of  Moscow.    The  last  patri- 


972 

arch  had  died  about  1700,  and  Peter  would  not  allow  the 
appointment  of  a  successor,  thinking  the  power  of  the  pa- 
triarchal office  too  great.  The  orthodox  national  church 
of  the  kingdom  of  Greece  is  also  governed  by  a  synod  of 
archbishops  and  bishops,  independent  of  any  patriarch. 

Synod,  The  Robber.    See  Ephesus,  Council  of,  2. 

Synod  of  Dort.     See  Dort,  Synod  of. 

S3mtax,  Doctor.     See  Combe,  William. 

Syphax  (si'taks).  [Gr.  2i>of.]  Died  about 
201  B.  c.  A  king  of  the  Massfesylians  in  west- 
ern Numidia.  He  vacillated  between  the  Roman  and 
Carthaginian  alliances;  was  often  at  war  with  Masinissa; 
and  was  finally  allied  with  Carthage,  and  married  Sopho- 
nislia,  daughter  of  Hasdrubal.  He  overran  all  of  Numidia, 
but  was  defeated  by  Scipio  in  203  and  taken  prisoner  to 
Rome. 

Syra  (se'ra).  An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  in  the 
.aDgean  Sea,  belonging  to  Greece,  intersected 
by  lat.  37°  25'  N.,  long.  24°  54'  E. :  the  ancient 
Syros.  Its  surface  is  rocky.  It  was  of  minor  impor- 
tance until  its  settlement  by  Greek  refugees  at  the  time  of 
the  war  of  independence  in  the  19th  century.  The  chief 
town  is  Hermupolis.  Length,  11  miles.  Population,  about 
83,000.  , 

Syra  (city).     See  Hcniiiipolis. 

Syracuse  (sir'a-kiis).  [Gr.  IvpaKoiiaai.']  A  prov- 
ince in  the  southeastern  part  of  Sicily.  Area, 
1,442  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  395,797. 

Syracuse.  [Gr.  ^vpoKovaai,  L.  Sijracii.tas,  It.  Sira- 
(■««((.]  A  city,  capital  of  the  province  of  Syra- 
cuse, situated  on  the  island  of  Ortygia  onthe 
eastern  coast  of  Sicily,  in  lat.  37°  3'  N.,  long.  15° 
18'  E.  It  contains  a  cathedral  (see  below)  and  museum, 
and  some  relics  of  the  ancient  city  are  near  it.  There  is  a 
Roman  amphitheater,  presumably  of  the  time  of  Augustus, 
formed  of  masonry  on  the  south  side,  and  in  other  parts 
hewn  from  the  rock.  Poi-tions  of  the  ancient  barrier  in 
marble  remain  standing  about  the  arena.  The  temple  of 
Athene  (Pallas),  of  the  0th  century  B.  e.,  was  famous  for 
its  wealth,  and  was  plundered  by  Verres.  In  the  7th  cen- 
tury it  was  converted  into  a  chuixh,  and  is  now  the  cathe- 
dral. The  temple  was  Doric,  hexastyle,  peripteral,  with 
14  or  15  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps, 
measujing  74i  by  188  feet.  The  columns  of  the  flanks  are 
embedded  in  the  w;Uls  of  the  cathedral :  those  of  the  front 
were  overthrown  by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  The  two  col- 
umns in  antis  of  the  pronaos  survive.  Proportions  and 
details  are  of  archaic  character.  The  temple  of  Diana,  so 
called,  probably  in  fact  the  temple  of  Apollo,  is  a  Greek 
Doric  struct  ure  of  the  6th  century  B.C. ,  with  notably  archaic 
features.  It  was  a  peripteros  of  6  by  19  monolithic  columns, 
on  a  stylobate  of  4  steps.  Sixteen  columns  and  a  part  of 
the  cella  wall  are  standing.  Syracuse  was  founded  by 
Corinthian  colonists  about  735  B.  c.  on  the  island,  and 
spread  over  the  adjoining  part  of  the  mainland,  form- 
ing Achradina,  Epipola?,  Neapolis,  etc.  Gelon,  ruler  of 
Gela,  became  tyrant  of  Syracuse  in  485  B.  c. ;  and  it  became 
the  chief  power  in  Sicily.  The  tyrant  Thrasybulus  was 
expelled  about  466,  and  Syracuse  became  a  democratic  com- 
monwealth. It  was  besieged  by  the  Athenians  under  Nicias 
and  Demosthenes  in  414-413,  the  Athenians  being  finally 
defeated  with  the  aid  of  Spartan  allies  in  413.  It  was  under 
the  rule  of  Dionysius  the  elder  about  405-367 ;  was  fre- 
quently at  war  with  Carthage  ;  was  ruled  by  Dionysius  the 
younger  and  Dion,  and  about  343-337  by  Timolecm ;  had 
Agathocles  as  tjTant  317-289  ;  and  was  defended  by  Pyrrhus 
against  Carthage  about  278.  Hiero  II.,  its  king,  was  allied 
with  Rome  in  the  first  and  second  Punic  wars.  It  was 
allied  with  Carthage  later:  was  besieged  by  the  Romans 
under  Marcellus  212,  captured,  and  annexed  by  Rome  ;  and 
was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century.  Popula- 
tion (1892),  28,0110. 

Syracuse.  The  capital  of  Onondaga  County, 
New  York,  situated  near  Onondaga  Lake  in  lat. 
43°  3'  N.,  long.  76°  13'  W.  it  stands  on  the  Erie  and 
Oswego  canals  ;  was  noted  for  extensive  s.alt-works(aniong 
the  largest  in  the  country);  has  varied  manufactures  and 
large  trade  ;  is  an  important  railroad  center;  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  Syracuse  University  (Methodist).  It  was  set- 
tled about  the  end  of  the  18th  century;  had  its  present 
namei^iven  it  in  1824  ;  and  became  a  city  in  1847.  Popula- 
tion (blOO),  108.374. 

Syr-Daria,  or  Syr-Darya.    See  Sir-Daria. 

Syria (sir'i-a).  [F.  Syrie,  Gr.  Syrieii,  h.  Syria,  Gr. 
Si'p/n,  from  2i'po(,L.>S}/n,  the  Syrians.]  Acoiintry 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  extending  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean eastward  to  the  Euphrates  and  the  desert 
of  Arabia,  and  from  Egj'pt  northward  to  about 
lat.  36°  N.  Chief  city,  Damascus.  It  includes 
Palestine  (in  the  sontliwest),  Phenicia,  etc. ;  but  by 
Some  I'.alestine  is  regiu'ded  as  distinct.  It  is  traversed 
by  mountains  north  and  south  (Lebanon,  Anti-Libanus, 
etc.).  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Orontes,  Litany,  and 
.lordan.  The  inhabitants  are  Bedouins,  town  Arabs,  Druses, 


SzigethvAr 

Maronites,  Jacobites,  Jews,  etc.  The  ancient  inhabitants 
were  Hittites,  Arameans,  Canaanites.  Hebrews,  and  Pheni- 
cians.  .Syria  became  subject  to  Assyria  about  733  B.  c.and 
was  later  under  Babylon,  Persia,  and  Macedon.  Part  of  .Syria 
was  conquered  by  Seleucua  Nicator  about  300  b.  c,  and 
Syria  gave  its  name  to  the  whole  realm  of  the  Seleucjdie, 
which  had  Aiitioch  as  its  capital,  and  embraced  a  great 
piu-t  of  the  Macedonian  conquests  in  Asia.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Pompey  about  (i4  B.  c,  and  annexed  to  the  Ro- 
man Empire  ;  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  634-636  A.  I). ; 
and  belonged  to  the  califate,  Seljuk  Turks,  etc.  A  Chris- 
tian kingdom  was  established  in  part  of  it  during  the 
Crusades.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  1.516 ;  and 
was  held  temporarily  by  Jlehemet  Ali  of  Egypt  1832-41. 
Massacres  of  Christians  in  1860  led  to  temporary  French 
occupation.  Population,  probably  from  1,500,000  to  2,000.- 
000. 

Syrian  Gates,  The.  A  pass  between  the  moun- 
tains (ancient  Amanus)  and  the  northeastern 
angleof  the  Mediterranean,  leading  from  CiUcia 
to  Syria :  the  modern  Pass  of  Beilan. 

Syrinx  (si'ringks).  In  Greek  mrthology,  a 
nymph  who  was  changed  by  Pan  into  a  reed. 

Syrmia  (ser'mi-a),  G.  Syrmien  (zir'me-en). 
A  former  duchy,  situated  in  Slavonia,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  peninsula  comprised  he- 
tween  the  Drave,  Danube,  and  Save. 

Syro-Phenicia  (si"ro-fe-nish'a).  A  Roman 
province  which  included' Phenicia  and  the  ter- 
ritories of  Damascus  and  Palmyra. 

S^ophenicians  (si  "ro-fe-nish'anz).  In  ancient 
history,  either  thePheni'cians  dwelling  in  Syria, 
or  persons  of  mixed  Syrian  and  Pbenician  de- 
scent, or  the  inhabitants  of  SjTo-Phenieia. 

Syros  (si'ros).     The  ancient  name  of  Syra. 

Syrtis  Major  (ser'tis  ma'jor).  [L.,  'Greater 
Syrtis.']  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Sid,a. 

Syrtis  Minor  (ser'tis  mi'nor).  [L.,  'Lesser 
Syrtis.']  The,  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Cabes. 

Syzran  (siz-rany').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Simbirsk,  eastern  Russia,  situated  near  the 
Volga  80  miles  south  of  Simbirsk.  It  has 
manufactui'es  of  leather,  etc.  Population, 
30,580. 

Szabad  (Hung,  so'bod),  Emeric.  Bom  in 
Hungary  about  1822.  A  Hungarian-American 
author  and  soldier.  He  was  secretary  to  the  Hun- 
garian revolutionary  government  in  1849,  and  served  in 
the  American  Civil  War.  He  wrote  "Hungary,"  "State 
Policy  of  Modern  Europe,"  "Modem  War,"  etc. 

Szabadka.     See  Tlieresienstadt. 

Szechuen,  or  Sechuen  (sii-cho-en').  A  prov- 
ince of  western  China,  bounded  by  Kansu  and 
Shensi  on  the  north,  Hupeh  and  Hunan  on  the 
east.  Kweichow  and  Yunnan  on  the  south,  and 
Tibet  on  the  west  an<l  northwest.  Capital, 
Chingtu.  .Ai-ea,  about  160,000  square  miles. 
Population  (1896),  estimated,  79,493,000. 

Szegedin  (seg'ed-en).  A  royal  free  city,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Csongrad,  Hungary,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Maros  with  the 
Theiss,  in  lat.  46°  16'  N.,  long.  20°  10'  E.  it  is 
the  second  city  of  Hungarj-.  It  has  important  trade  and 
various  manufactures.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  was 
held  by  the  Turks  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries.  It  wa» 
a  seat  of  the  Hungarian  revolutionary  government  in 
July,  1849.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  inundation  of 
the  Theiss  in  March,  1879.     Population  (1890),  85,669. 

Szegszard  (sek'sard).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Sir- 
viz,  near  the  Danube,  in  lat.  46°  23'  N,  It  has 
a  trade  in  wine.     Population  (1890),  14,325, 

Sziget  (sig'et),  or  Marmaros-Sziget  (mar'- 

mo-rosh-sig'et).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
Marmaros,  Hungary,  situated  at  the  .iunction 
of  the  Iza  and  the  Theiss,  in  lat.  47°  56'  N. 
Near  it  Is  a  salt-mining  region.  Population 
(1890),  14,7.58. 
Szigetvar  (sig'et-var),  or  Sziget.  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Somogy,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  -Almas  25  miles  south  of  Kaposvir :  noted 
for  its  defense  under  Zrinyi  against  the  Turks 
in  1566.     Population  (1890),  5,078. 


aaffe  (ta'fe).  Count  Eduard 
von.  Bom  at  Piatriu',  Feb. 
24,  1833:  died  Nov.  29, 189.">. 
An  Austrian  statesman,  cif 
Irish  descent.  He  wasgovernor 
of  Salzburg  1S63-67,  and  of  I'pper 
Austria  in  1.S67 :  entered  the  Aus- 
trian (risleithan)  ministr>'  as  min- 
ister of  the  interior  in  18«7 ;  was 
firenlier  from  Oct.,  1869,  to  Jan., 
ISTii ;  \v;is  minister  of  the  interior  1870-71 ;  became  gov- 
ernor of  I'yrol  in  1871 ;  and  was  again  premier  l»7l»-93. 

Taasinge  (ta'sing-e).  An  island  belonf;inK  to 
the  arat  of  Svendbort:,  Denmark,  situated  south 
ofFiinen.    Length,  9  miles.    Pop.  (1880),  4,529. 

Tab  (tab).  A  river  in  western  Per.siawhieli  flows 
info  the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf  near  lat.  30°  N. 

TabagO.     See  Tnhino. 

Tabard  (tab'ard).  The.  An  ancient  London 
hostelry,  made  famous  by  Chaucer  as  the  house 
at  which  his  liilgi'ims  assembled  before  starting 
for  Canterbury.  It  was  situated  on  the  Higli  Street 
of  Southwark,  near  the  Kent  Eoad.  Stow  says  in  IMStliat 
it  was  then  "amongst  the  most  ancient  "  of  the  "fair inns 
for  receipt  of  travellers."  It  received  its  name  from  its 
sign,  which  was  a  tabard,  or  sleeveless  coat.  It  was  ori- 
ginally the  property  of  the  Abbey  of  Hyde.  In  1706  the 
sign  of  the  talbot  (see  the  extract)  was  removed  as  a  .street 
obstruct  ion,  and  in  ISMthe  inn  was  condemned,  and  shortly 
afterward  demolished  and  a  freight  depot  of  the  Midland 
Railway  built  on  the  spot. 

Up  to  a  few  years  before  its  destruction  it  was  marked 
by  an  inscription  (not  ancient]  which  said  "This  is  the 
Inne  where  Sir  Jetfrey  Chaucer  and  twenty  pilgrims  lay  in 
their  journey  to  Canterbury  anno  1383."  .  .  .  The  fiont 
towards  the  street  was  comparatively  modern,  having  per- 
ished  in  the  fire  of  1676,  after  which,  says  Aubrey,  "the  ig- 
norant landlord  or  tenant  instead  of  the  ancient  sign  of 
the  Tabard  put  up  the  Talbot  or  Dog." 

Hare,  Loudon,  I.  462. 

Tabaristan  (tii-ba-ris-tan').  The  mountain- 
ous reji:ion  in  the  southeast  of  the  province  of 
Mazanderan,  Persia. 

Tabaristan,  Sea  of.  A  medieval  name  of  the 
Ca.^piiui  Sea. 

Tabariyeh  Ua-bii-re'ye),  or  Tabariya  (lii-bii- 
re'yil).     The  modeni  name  of  Tiberias. 

Tabasco  (tii-Bas'ko).  A  maritime  state  of  Mex- 
ico. Capital,  San  Juan  Bautista.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mexican  states  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Chiapas  and  Campeche,  and  Guatemala.  The  surface  is 
low  except  in  the  southern  part,  and  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Area,  0,844  square  miles.    Population  UH9.>).  134,794. 

Tabatmga(t!i-bii-teng'ga).  Amilitarypost  and 
town  in  tlie  slate  of  Amazouas.  Brazil,  situated 
on  the  Amazon  close  to  the  Peruvian  frontier. 

Tabernacle.    See  tSalt  Lai.e  city. 

Tabird  (tii-be-ra').  [Origin  of  name  doubtful, 
possibly  Firo.]  The  proper  name  of  the  ruined 
puebloon  the  mesa  of  Jumanos  in  New  Me.\- 
ico,  now  called  "  la  gran  Qiiivira."  Tabinlwasa 
Franciscan  mis.sjon  in  the  17lh  century,  but  was  abandoned 
about  l(;7ri,  on  account  of  the  Apaches,  at  the  same  time 
as  the  village,  the  inhabitaJits  of  which  retreated  to  the 
soudi  and  to  the  Kio  (irande. 

Tabitha  (tab'i-thii).  [LL.  Tuhltha,  Gr.  T«,?;fti; 
an  AriiToaie  nanib  meaning  'a  female  gazel': 
its  (ir.  translation  is  .io/jMf.]  A  Christian  wo- 
man at  Joppa,  mentioned  in  Acts  ijf.  as  making 
garments  for  the  i)Oor:  also  called  Dorcas.  She 
was  miraculously  restored  to  lite  by  the  apostle 
Piter. 

Tablas  (til'bliis).  One  of  thePhilippiiu'  Islands, 
southeast  of  Mind(jro.    Length,  about  30  miles. 

Table  (ta'ld)  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  ocean,  on 
the  soutlnvtsteru  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  South 
Afrii'a.     On  it  is  Ca|ie  Town. 

Table  Diamond,  The  Great.    A  famous  royal 

Indian  di:uii'iiiil,  ranked  by  Tavernicr.  who  saw 
it  in  (iolcnnda  in  lti42,  as  the  tliinl  in  size  and 
quality  seen  by  liiin.  It  weighed  alioiit  242 ,«  carats. 
It  was  t'hen  in  the  haiulsof  a  dealer,  the  king  having  l)een 
ol)liged  to  raise  money  on  It.  It  has  disappeared,  and  it 
has  been  suggested  that  the  Kussian  Table  diamond  may 
be  a  part  of  it.    'I'he  latter  diamotid  weighs  fis  carats. 

Table  Mountain,  or  Tafelberg  (lii'foi-bero). 

A  nininitain  ininiedialcly  south  ipf  Capi'  'I'nwn, 
South  Africa,  rcnnirkuliic  tor  its  flattened  sum- 
mit.    Height,  about  3,500  feet. 


Table  Mountain.  A  mountain  in  Pickens  Coun- 
ty, in  till'  northwestern  part  of  South  Carolina. 
llc-ight.  about  4.000  feet. 

Table  of  Abydos.    See  the  extract. 

To  the  above-named  monuments  must  be  added  the 
Table  of  Abydos.  As  may  be  gathered  from  its  name,  it 
came  from  that  site,  being  brought  away  by  il.  Mimaut, 
Consul-General  of  Franco  ;  it  is  now  in  the  British  Jluse. 
uni.  i>i  all  the  inimmerable  Egyptian  monuments  there 
is  not  one  that  is  so  famous,  nor  that  less  deserves  its 
fame.  This  time  it  is  ICamscs  II.  who  adores  his  ances- 
tors, and  out  of  the  fifty  cartouches  — besides  that  of 
Ramses  repeated  twenty-eight  times  —  there  are  now  but 
thirty  left,  and  these  are  in  a  state  more  or  less  incom- 
plete. Like  the  Hall  «t  Amxstors,  the  Table  of  Abydos 
gives  a  list  resulting  from  the  artisrs  choice,  the  reason 
of  which  is  also  unknown.  Another  fact  that  depreciates 
its  value  is  that  we  do  not  possess  its  commencement. 
After  the  Twelfth  Dynasty,  however,  the  list  passes  at 
once  without  a  break  to  the  Eighteenth. 

Marielte,  Outlines,  p.  104. 

[There  are  two  temples  at  Abydos  dedicated  to  the  local 
divinity:  the  one  Imilt  liy  Seti,  the  other  by  Jt;»mses.  The 
same  series  of  kings,  twice  repeated,  without  any  varia- 
tion, adorns  these  buildings.  One  is  the  Table  described 
above,  the  other  was  discovered  comparatively-  lately. 
Althougli  in  an  adminible  state  of  preservatii)!!,  this  Tab- 
let  adds  but  little  to  our  knowledge.  It  mentions  some 
new  kings,  and  shows  the  correct  sequence  of  others,  but 
is  far  from  giving  us  a  connected  series  of  all  the  kings 
of  Egypt  from  .Menes  to  Seti  I. —  Note,  p.  105.) 

Table  Rock.  A  rocky  mass  formerly  at  Niagara 
Falls,  the  presence  of  which  is  said  to  have  at 
one  time  caused  a  separate  fall.  Until  a  part 
of  it  fell  in  Juno,  18,")0,  it  largely  overhung  tlio 
water.     Some  of  it  still  remains. 

Table  Round.    Seo  Hound  Tabic. 

Tables,  The.  In  Scottish  history,  an  organi- 
zation, consisting  of  members  of  the  privy 
council  and  others,  which  took  the  lead  in  op- 
position to  the  introduction  of  episcopacy  into 
Scotland  about  lt)3.8-39.  They  were  so  called 
from  sitting  separately  or  conjointly  at  the  ta- 
bles in  the  Parliament  House. 

Table-talk.  A  name  given  to  various  collec- 
tions of  essjiys.  The  most  notable  works  so  entitled 
are  tllose  of  I.u'ther,  of  John  Selden  (puliiisheii  in  lt*l). 
after  his  <hatli,  by  his  auuumensis),  of  Hazlitt(ls21-57),  and 
of  Cob  ridge  (pnidished  by  his  son  in  18;i.S,  and  republished 
in  IbSI).  Dyce  published  in  18r)6  "Recollections  of  the 
Table  Talk  of  Samuel  Rogers  ^  ;  and  Cowper  added  a  poet- 
ical dialogue  entitled  ♦Table  Talk"  to  a  volume  of  poems 
publishe<l  in  1782. 

Tablet  of  Sakkarah.     See  the  extract. 

The  most  interesting,  as  also  the  most  perfect,  monu- 
ment of  this  kind  is  the  one  that  was  found  during  the 
French  excavations  at  Sakkarah,  and  which  is  tiow  in  the 
Gizeh  palace.  I'idike  the  others,  it  is  not  of  royal  origin. 
It  was  discovered  in  the  tomb  of  an  Egyptian  priest  named 
Tilnari.  who  lived  in  the  days  of  Itam.ses  II.  According 
to  the  Egyptian  belief,  one  of  thegood  things  reserved  for 
the  dead  who  were  deemed  wortliy  of  etermil  life  was  t*i 
be  admitted  to  the  society  of  their  kings,  and  Tilnarl  is 
represented  as  having  been  received  into  the  august  as- 
sembly of  llfly-eight.  Here  again  ill  the  Tablet  of  Sak- 
karah, as  Itcfore  in  that  of  Abydos,  is  raised  the  same  ques- 
tion  :  Why  these  lifty-eight  kings  more  than  any  othei-sV 
Marklh;  (lullines,  p.  10«. 

Tabnit  (tiib'nit).  King  of  Sidou  (Phenicia)  in 
the  lirst  part  of  tho  4th  century  B.  c,  father  of 
Eshmumizar. 

Tabor  (til'bor).  [See  TahnriUx.']  A  town  in 
Bolieniia,  situated  on  the  Liisclmilz  48  miles 
south  of  Prague,  it  was  founded  as  a  stronghold  by 
the  Hussites  under  Ziska  in  141U.  It  gave  name  to  tho 
Tali.prites.      Population  (181K1),  8,440. 

Tabor  (ta'lior).  Mount.  A  wooded  mountain  in 
Palestine,  (i  miles  east  of  Nazareth,  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  jilain  of  Ksilraelon  :  famous  in  t)ld 
Testament  history.  According  to  a  tradition  it  was 
tho  scene  of  the  Tniiis'llguratlon  ;  and  In  the  inonastic  ages 
it  was  peojded  with  hermits.     Height,  alioiit  l,»Oil  feel. 

Taborites  (tii'lioi-its).  [So  called  from  their 
gnat  foitilied  encampincnt  formed,  in  1419,  on 
a  hill  in  Holiemia  named  by  I  hem  Mount  Ta- 
bor, probably  with  reference  both  to  Jiohemian 
tatior.  cneaiiipinent,  and  to  Mount  Tabor  in 
Palestine.  1     Tlie  members  of  the  more  extreme 

iiartyof  the  Hussites.  They  were  llerce  and  siieecss. 
Ill  warriors  under  their  successive  leaders  /Iska  and  I'ro- 
copiils.  causing  wide-spn-ad  devastation,  till  their  hnal  de- 
feat In  1 134.     See  llwailri. 

Tabriz  (tii-bi-ez'),  or  Tavris  (iii-%Tes'),  or  Te- 

U73 


bris  (te-bres'),  or  Tauris  (ta'ris).  The  ^pi- 
tal  of  tlie  province  of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  situ- 
ated on  a  tributary  of  I^ake  Urumiah,  about 
lat.  38°  4'  N.,  long."46oi8'  E.:  the  second  city 
of  Persia,  and  its  chief  commercial  center,  it 
lies  on  the  main  route  between  Teheran  and  Turkey  and 
Russia.  Among  the  buildings  are  the  eit.adel  and  "  Blue 
Mosiiue."  It  is  noted  for  its  orchards  and  gardens.  It 
has  often  been  devastated  by  sieges  and  earthquakes. 
Population,  180  000. 

Tacanas  (tii-kii'nas).  Indians  of  northern  Bo- 
livia, between  the  rivers  Beni  and  Madre  de 
l>ios.  They  are  divided  into  many  small  tribes,  some  of 
which  have  been  gathered  into  the  Beni  missions.  The 
wild  trilit-s  are,  to  some  extent,  agriculturists,  and  the 
women  weave  cotton  cloths  ;  Imt  they  are  said  to  be  very 
savage,  and  are  accused  of  cannibalism.  Among  the  tribes 
or  villages  are  the  Caviiia.s,  Araunas,  Lecos,  Tacanas  proper, 
Macaraiiis.  and  Marop.as.  Their  language  appears  to  con- 
stitute a  distinct  stock. 

Tacchinardi  (tiik-ke-uar'de),  Niccolo.  Bom  at 
Leghorn,  Sept.,  1770:  died  at  Florence,  March 
14,  18.")9.  A  noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  Ue  ap. 
peared  first  in  opera  in  18ii4,  made  a  brilliant  success  in 
Rome  and  other  cities,  and  visited  Paris  in  l&ll.  In 
1814  he  returned  to  Italy,  and  was  appointed  chief  singer 
to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany.  He  retired  from  the  stage 
in  1S.'J1,  and  became  celebrated  as  a  teacher. 

Tach6  (tii-sha'),  Alexandre  Antonine.    Bom 

at  liiviere-du-Loup,  Canada,  July  23,  1823: 
died  at  Winnipeg.  Manitoba,  June  22,  1894.  A 
Canadian  archbishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  brother  of  E.  P.  Tache  :  distinguished 
for  his  early  missionary  labors  among  the  In- 
dians. He  became  bishop  of  St.  Boniface  in  1^3,  and 
archbishop  in  1871,  when  St.  Boniface  was  made  a  inetro- 
I)olitan  see.  He  mediated  between  the  Canadian  govern, 
inent  and  the  Metis  in  1870.  His  best-known  work  is  "  Es- 
([Uisse  sur  le  nord-ouest  de  TAmtirique"  (1869:  translated 
into  English).^ 

Tach§,  Sir  Etienne  Paschal.   Bom  at  St.  Tlio- 

mas,  Ijower  ('anada,  Sept.  o.  1795:  died  there, 
July  29,  18G.").  A  Canadian  politician.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1841,  and  was  commissioner  of  public  works 
1848-10,  and  speaker  of  the  legislative  council  18.'>6-^7. 

Tacitus  (tas'i-tus).  Cornelius.  Bom  about  55 
A.  I).:  died  probably  after  117.  A  celebrated 
Koman  historian  and  noted  legal  orator.  Hewas 
pretor  in  88  and  consul  in  97.  Ue  was  a  friend  of  the 
younger  Pliny.  His  extant  works  inclutle  "  bialogns  de 
oratoi'ibus,"  an  "attempt  to  demonstrate  and  explain  the 
decay  of  oratory  in  the  imperial  perioil,  in  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  literary  celebrities  of  the  time  of  Yes- 
jiasian  " ;  a  biography  of  bis  father-in-law  Julius  Agricola 
("Devitaet  moriiiiis  Jiilii  .Agricolic")  :  the  "tlemiania," 
a  celebrated  ethnographical  work  on  the  Germans ;  tho 
"Historia;."  a  iiarnitive  of  events  in  tho  reigns  of  (talba, 
Otho,  \'itellius,  Vespasian,  Titus,  and  Domitian,  of  w  liich 
only  the  Ilrst  four  books  and  thetlrst  half  of  the  tiftli  book 
survive;  and  the  "Annales,"  a  history  of  the  Julian  dy- 
nasty from  the  death  of  .Augustus,  of  the  last  work  mdy 
the  tirst  four  books  and  parts  of  the  Ilfth  and  sixth  have 
come  down  to  us, 

Tackers  (tak'irz).  In  English  history,  a  sec- 
tion of  extreme  Tories  Avho  in  1704  attempted 
to  carry  their  jjoint  by  "tacking"  a  "rider"  to 
a  revenue  bill.     They  were  defeated. 

Tackleton  (tak'l-ton'l,  Mr.  A  character  in 
Diekens's  "Cricket  on  the  Hearth."  Helsatoy- 
merchant  who  has  mistaken  his  vocation  hi  life,  and, 
"cramped  and  chatlng  in  the  peaceable  pursuit  of  to}- 
making,"  becomes  at  last  the  implacable  enemy  of  children. 

Tacna  (tiik'nii).  1,  A  province,  proyisioiially 
under  Cliilean  governnieiir,  but  formerly  be- 
longing to  I'eru.  (See  .Iricn.)  It  borders  on 
Pern.  Area,  8,085  siiuure  miles.  Population 
(1895),  24,100.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Tacna,  situated  on  the  river  Tacna  anout  lat. 
18°  S.  It  Is  the  teriiilniis  of  one  of  the  main  routes  to 
llollvliu  A  victory  was  gained  here.  Slay  2tl,  ISSii,  by  the 
Chileans  (14,000  men,  under  General  Itnquoitalio)  over  the 
allied  rcriivians  auil  llolivluns  o','<00,  under  Cauiperu). 
Populalbui  (ISN'O.  11,183. 

Tacoma(la-k6'mii).  AseaportiiiPiercet^ounly, 
Wnsliinglon.  sitiiated  on  I'liget  Sound  about 
28  miles  norllieast  of  Olyinpia:  the  terininiis  of 
till'  Norlhernl'acilielJailroad.  It  has  a  nourishing 
trailo  in  grain  and  lumber,  and  large  smelting. works. 
It  is  also  al  the  bead  of  navigation  on  Puget  Sound  has 
bligi;  facilities  for  the  sllljiment  of  its  manufactures  and 
produeu,  and  is  a  starling  point  of  steainem  for  Alaska. 
It  1»  called  the  "City  of  l>e»llliy.  '  Population  (IlKKli, 
37,714. 

Tacoma,  Mount.    See  liainien 


Taconic  Mountains 

laconic  (ta-kon'ik),  or  Taghkanic,  Moun- 
tains. A  low  rauge  of  mountains  in  eastern 
New  York,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 
and  southwestern  Vermont. 

Tadcaster  (tad'kas-t&r).  A  town  in  the  West 
Kiding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Wharfe  10  miles  southwest  of  Y'ork.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,.')53. 

Tadema,  Alma-.     See  Alma-Tadema. 

Tadmir  (tiid-mer').  In  the  early  period  of  Mo- 
hammedan domination  in  Spain,  a  state  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  peninsula,  dependent 
on  the  ealifate  of  Cordova.  It  comprised  Mur- 
i-ia  with  portions  of  Valencia  and  Grenada. 

Tafcior.     See  Palmyra. 

Tadousac.    See  Montagnais. 

Tadousac  (ta-do-ziik').  [From  the  Indian 
name.]  A  watering-place  in  the  county  of  Sa- 
guouay,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at  tlie  junc- 
tion of  the  Sagueuay  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Taenarum  (ten'a-rum).  [Gr.  Tahapov.']  The 
ancient  name  of  the  promontory  in  Greece  now 
called  Cape  Matapan.  The  name  was  also 
given  to  the  adjoining  peninsula. 

Taensa  (ta-en'sa).  A  tribe  or  confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians,  formei-ly  living  in 
Louisiana,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
near  St.  Joseph.  Dlberville  in  1C99  enumerated 
seven  villages.  Tliey  were  united  until  1706,  but  were 
then  pressed  by  other  tribes  and  in  turn  attacked  others. 
In  1764  they  were  settled  on  the  Chetiraachas  Pork  about 
thirty  leagues  from  New  Orleans,  and  there  were  later 
changes  of  habitat,  until  they  became  extinct  or  absorbed. 
Also  called  Tenisairs,  Teiisau,  Tensaffinit  Tinnsals.  See 
Natchesan, 

Taeping.    See  Tai-ping. 

Tafalla  (ta-fal'ya).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Zidaco  23  miles 
south  of  Pamplona.     Population  (1887),  6,496. 

Tafelberg.     See  TaMe  Mountain. 

Taff  (taf).  A  river  in  South  Wales  which  flows 
into  the  estuary  of  the  Severn  at  Cardiff. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 

Taffy  (taf'i).  [A  corruption  of  David.l  A 
nickname  for  a  Welshman. 

Tafilet  (ta-fe-lef).  A  large  oasis  in  Morocco, 
about  lat.  31°  N.,  long.  4°"W.  Its  chief  place 
is  Abuam.     Population,  about  100,000. 

Tafna  (taf'na).  A  small  river  in  the  province 
of  Oran,  Algeria,  which  flows  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean 58  miles  southwest  of  Oran.  It  was 
the  scene  of  conflicts  between  the  French  and 
Kabyles  Jan.  26-28,  1836. 

Tafna,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  between 
the  French  general  Bugeaud  and  Abd-el-Kader 
May  30,  1837. 

Taft  (taft).  A  town  in  central  Persia,  16.5  miles 
east-southeast  of  Ispahan.  It  has  manufactures 
of  felt  and  carpets.     Population,  about  7,000. 

Taft  (taft),  Alphonso.  Born  atTowDshendjVt., 
Nov.  5,  1810:  died  at  San  Diego,  Cal.,  May  21, 
1891.  An  American  jurist  and  Republican  poli- 
tician. He  was  secretary  of  war  in  1876,  attorney-gen- 
eral 1876-77,  and  United  States  minister  to  Austria  1882- 
1884,  and  to  Russia  1884-85. 

Tagal  (ta-Gal'),  or  Tegal  (te-oal').  1.  A  seaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Java,  about  100  miles 
west  of  Samarang. —  2.  A  residency  of  north- 
ern Java. 

Taganrog  (ta-gan-rog').  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Taganrog,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Don,  about  lat.  47°  15'  N.  Next  to  Odessa  it  is  the 
leading  seaport  in  southern  Russia,  It  was  bombarded 
by  the  Allies  June  3,  1866.     Population  (1888),  48,999. 

Taghanuck  Falls.    See  Tuughamwck  Falh. 

Taghkanic  Mountains.    See  Taconic. 

Taginae  (taj'i-ne).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  near  the  modern  Gualdo  Tadino,  east- 
northeast  of  Perugia,  Italy.  There,  552,  Nar- 
ses  defeated  the  Goths  under  Totila. 

Tagish.  (til'gish).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  lived  about  the  head  waters  of 
Lewis  River,  Alaska,  and  in  British  Columbia. 
See  Ecilii.<:clia>i, 

Tagle  y  Portocarrero  (tag'la  e  p6r-t6-kar-ra'- 
ro),  Jose  Bernardo,  Marquis  of  Torre-Tagle. 
Bom  at  Lima,  March  21,  1779:  died  at  Callao, 
1825.  A  Peruvian  general  and  politician.  He 
represented  Peru  in  the  Spanish  Cortes  1813-14 ;  subse- 
([Uently  was  brigadier-general  and  governor  of  Trujillo  ; 
and  in  1S20  deserted  to  the  patriots.  San  Martin  named 
him  grand  marshal  and  president  of  the  council  of  state, 
and  in  July-Aug.,  18"22,  he  had  charge  of  the  executive.with 
the  title  of  supreme  delegate.  From  July,  1823,  to  Feb., 
1824,  he  was  again  nominally  the  head  of  the  government, 
but  in  reality  acted  for  Sucre  and  Bolivar.  Charged  with 
treason,  he  took  refuge  with  the  loyalists  in  Callao,  where, 
despised  by  both  parties,  he  died  of  hunger  or  disease 
during  the  subsequent  siege. 

Tagliacozzo   (tal-ya-kot's6).      [ML.  Tallaco- 


974: 

rioH.]  A  town  in  the  province  of  Aquila,  cen- 
tral Italy,  44  miles  east-northeast  of  Rome. 
Near  it,  Aug.  2.S,  l"2(i8,  a  victory  was  gained  ijy  Charles  of 
Anjou  over  Conradin  of  Swabia  (also  called  the  battle  of 
Scurcola).     Population  (1881),  commune,  8,327. 

Tagliamento  (tiil-ya-men'to).  A  river  in 
northeastern  Italy  which  rises  in  the  Vene- 
tian Aljis  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice 
40  miles  east-northeast  of  Venice :  the  ancient 
Tiliaventus  (ML.  Tiliamentum).  On  its  banks  a 
victory  was  gained,  Nov.  13,  1S06,  by  the  French  under 
Mass^na  over  the  Austrians  under  the  archduke  Charles. 
Length,  about  100  miles. 

Taglioni  (tal-yo'ne),  Filippo.  Bom  at  Milan, 
1777:  diedneartbe  Lakeof  Como. Feb.  11. 1871. 
An  Italian  ballet-master  and  composer  of  bal- 
lets.    His  best-known  ballet  is  "La  sylphide." 

Taglioni,  Maria.  Born  at  Stockholm,  April  23 
rMarch  18 f),  1804:  died  at  Marseilles.  France, 
April  23, 1884.  A  celebrated  dancer,  .she  was  the 
daughterof  Filippo  Taglioni,  an  Italian  ballet-master.  She 
first  appeared  as  a  premiere  danseuse  at  Vienna  in  1818. 
Her  most  celebrated  parts  were  in  "La  bayadere,"  "La 
sylphide,"  and  "  La  fille  du  Danube.**  Her  style  was  origi- 
nal, and  was  known  as  "the  ideal":  it  was  light  and  airy, 
in  opposition  to  tixe  more  sensuous  style  of  Vestris.  She 
married  Com  te  Gilbert  de  Voisins  in  1847,  and  left  the  stage. 

Taglioni,  Marie.  Born  at  Berlin,  Oct.  27, 1833 : 
died  Aug.  27,  1891.  A  ballet-dancer,  daughter 
of  Paul  Taglioai.  She  married  Prince  Joseph 
Windisehgratz  in  1866. 

Taglioni,  Paul.  Born  at  Vienna,  1808:  died  Jan. 
7,  1884.  A  ballet-dancer,  ballet-master  (at  Ber- 
lin), and  composer  of  ballets,  son  of  Filippo 
Taglioni.  His  most  noted  ballets  are  "  Sar- 
danapal,"  "Undine,"  etc. 

Tagno.     See  Tano. 

Tagulanda  (ta- go -Ian 'da).  A  small  island 
northeast  of  Celebes,  in  lat.  2°  22'  N.,  long. 
125°  24'  E.:  under  Dutch  protection. 

Tagus  (tii'gus),  Sp.  Tajo  (ta'no),  Pg.  Tejo 
(ta'zho).  The  longest  river  in  the  Spanish 
peninsula :  the  Roman  Tagus.  it  rises  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Teruel,  Spain,  in  the  mountain  Muela  de  San  Juan : 
flows  west  through  New  Castile  and  Estremadura ;  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal ;  and 
empties  by  two  arms  into  the  Bay  of  Lisbon.  The  chief 
place  on  its  banks  in  Spain  is  Toledo.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Jararaa,  Alberche,  Tietar,  Alagon,  Zezere,  and  Zatas. 
Length,  about  560  miles :  navigable  from  Abrantes  in 
Portugal,  for  large  vess^s  from  Santarem, 

Tahaa(ta-ha'),  orOtalia(o-ta-ha').  One  of  the 
Society  Islands. 

Tahamis  (ta-a'mes).  An  extinct  Indian  tribe 
of  the  department  of  Antioquia,  Colombia.  At 
the  timeof  the  Spanish  conquest  theywerenumerousand 
powerful,  occupying  a  region  west  of  the  river  Magda- 
lena.  The  Chiljchas  were  their  neiglibors  on  the  southeast, 
and  the  Nutabes  on  the  north.  The  Tahamis  were  hardly 
less  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Chibchas,  but  they 
had  no  hereditary  chiefs  or  "kings,"  and  their  wealth  in 
gold  was  less  apparent,  owing  to  their  custom  of  burying 
it  with  the  dead.  Many  of  their  tombs  {huacas),  opened 
in  modern  times,  have  yielded  large  quantities  of  gold  or- 
naments.   See  Xiitabet. 

Tahano.    See  Tano. 

Tahiti  (ta-he'te),  formerly  Otaheite.  The  prin- 
cipal island  of  the  Society  Arcliipelago  in  the 
South  Pacifi  C .  The  surface  is  mountainous,  the  highest 
point  being  7,.300  feet  above  the  sea.  Annexed  to  France 
1897.  The  chief  town  is  Papeete,  Length,  35  miles. 
Area,  412  square  miles.     Population,  11,200. 

Tahiti  Archipelago.    See  Societi/  Islands. 

Tahlequah  (tii-le-kwa').  The  capital  of  the 
Cherokee  Nation,  Indian  Territory,  near  the 
Illinois  River  45  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Smith, 
Arkansas. 

Tahmurath  (ta-mo-raf).  In  the  Avesta,  as 
Takhmo  urupa,  a  son  of  Vivanghao,  and  elder 
brother  of  Yima.  He  tames  Ahriman  and  rides  upon 
him  30  years  until  Ahriman  devours  him,  when  Vima  over- 
comes Ahriman  by  subterfuge  and  delivers  Taklimo  urupa 
from  the  body  of  "Ahriman.  In  Firdausi  he  becomes  the 
third  Iranian  king,  who  taught  weaving  and  subdued 
animals,  but  was  especially  tlie  vanquisher  of  the  devs  or 
demons,  whO:  freed  by  him,  taught  the  king  writing.  He 
chained  Ahriman  and  rode  him  as  a  courser  round  the  world. 

Tahoe  (tii-ho'),  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains,  situated  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween California  and  Nevada,  and  intersected 
by  lat.  39°  N.  it  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 
Its  outlet  is  the  Truckee  River,  Lengtli,  about  20  miles. 
Elevation,  over  6,225  feet. 

Tai,  or  Thai,  or  T'hai  (tl).  [Siamese,  lit.'  free- 
men.'] The  principal  race  of  people  in  the 
Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  including  the  Siamese, 
the  Shan  tribes,  the  Laos,  etc. 

Tai-chau  (ti'chou').  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Chckiang,  China,  situated  on  the  river  Taichow 
80  miles  south-southwest  of  Ningpo. 

Taillandier  (tii^yon-dya'),  Ren6  Gaspard  Er- 
nest, called  Saint-Ken6.  Bom  at  Paris.  Dec. 
16,  1817:  died  there,  Feb.  24,  1879.  A  French 
scholar  and  litterateur,  noted  especially  for  his 
historical  and  literary  writings  on  Germany  and 
Russia:  professor  in  the  Faculty  desLettres  at 


Tai-ping  Rebellion 

Paris  from  1863.  His  works  include  "  Histoire  de  la 
jeune  Allemagne  "  (1849),  "AUemagne  et  Russie  "  (1866), 
"  Maurice  de  Saxe"  (I860),  etc. 

Taillehourg  (tiiy-bor').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente-Inferieure,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Charente  34  miles  southeast  of 
La  Rochelle.  Here,  in  1242,  Louis  IX.  defeated 
the  English  under  Henry  III. 

Taillefer  (tiiy-far').  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Sen- 
lac,  1066.  A  Nonnan  trouvere  in  the  invading 
army  of  William  of  Normandy. 

Before  the  two  armies  met  hand  to  hand,  a  juggler  or 
minstrel,  known  as  Taillefer,  the  Cleaver  of  Iron,  rode 
forth  from  the  Nonnan  ranks  as  if  to  defy  the  wliole  force 
of  England  in  his  single  person.  He  craved  and  obtained 
the  Duke's  leave  to  strike  the  first  blow  ;  he  rode  forth 
singing  songs  of  Roland  and  of  Charlemagne  — so  soon  had 
the  name  and  exploits  of  the  great  German  become  the 
spoil  of  the  enemy.  He  threw  his  sword  into  the  air  and 
caught  it  again  ;  but  he  presently  showed  that  he  could 
use  warlike  weapons  for  other  purposes  than  for  jugglers* 
tricks  of  this  kind  :  he  pierced  one  Englishman  with  his 
lance,  he  struck  down  another  with  his  sword,  and  then 
himself  fell  beneath  the  blows  of  their  comrades.  A  bra- 
vado of  this  kind  might  serve  as  an  omen,  it  might  stir  up 
the  spirits  of  men  on  either  side  ;  but  it  could  in  no  other 
way  affect  the  fate  of  the  battle. 

Freeman,  Norman  Conquest  of  England,  III,  319. 

Tailors  of  Tooley  Street,  The  Three.  Three 
tailors  of  Tooley  street,  London,  referred  to 
by  Canning,  who  wrote  a  petition  to  Parlia- 
ment, beginning  "  V/e,  the  people  of  England." 

Taimyr  (ti-mer'),  or  Taimur  (ti-mor').  Penin- 
sula. The  northernmost  peninsula  of  Siberia, 
projecting  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Tain  (tan).  A  town  in  Ross-shire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  Dornoch  Firth  24miles  north-north- 
east of  Inverness.     Population  (1891),  2,080, 

Tain  (tan).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Drome, 
France,  situated  on  the  Rhone  11  miles  north 
of  Valence.  Near  it  is  produced  the  Ermitage 
wine.     Population  (1891),  commune,  3,085. 

Taine  (tan),  Hippolyte  Adolphe.  Bom  at 
Vouziers,  Ardennes,  April  21,  1828 :  died  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1893.  A  distinguished  French 
historian,  philosopher,  and  critic.  He  graduated 
with  the  highest  honors  from  the  College  Bourbon  in 
Paris,  and  was  admitted  in  the  first  rank  to  the  Ecole 
Normale  in  1848,  He  maintained  this  high  standing 
throughout  his  course,  and  went  then  as  a  professor  into 
the  provinces.  He  soon  returned  to  Paris.  Anxious  to 
broaden  his  knowledge  of  science,  he  took  a  three  years* 
course  in  medicine.  In  this  time  he  accumulated  an  ex- 
tensive fund  of  information,  and  wrote  a  series  of  articles 
that  brought  him  into  notice.  In  1853  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  before  the  Faculty  of  Letters  in  Paris  :  as  a 
dissertation  he  presented  the  celebrated  "  Essai  siu:  le3 
fables  de  La  Fontaine,"  Other  essays  by  Taine  are  on 
Livy  (1854),  on  Carlyle  (v,  "  L'ld^alisme  anglais,"  1864), 
and  on  Stuart  Mill  (v.  "Le  positivisme  anglais,"  1864). 
He  composed  also  a  volume  of  "  Essais  de  critique  et 
d'histoire  "  (1857).  and  another  entitled  "  Nouveaux  essais 
de  critique  et  d'histoire  "  (1865),  In  1864  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  esthetics  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  His  course 
of  lectures  appeared  as  "Lld^al  dans  I'art"  (1867).  Other 
works  of  the  same  nature  are  "Philosophic  de  Part'* 
(IJ.e.^),  "id,  en  Italic "  (1866),  "id.  dans  les  Pays-Bas" 
(1868).  His  personal  experiences  and  impressions  about 
men  and  things  both  at  home  and  abroad  are  related  in 
his  ""Voyage  aux  Pyrenees"  (1855),  "Voyage  en  Italic" 
(1806),  "Notes  sur  Paris  ou  vie  et  opinions  de  M.  Fr^dfJ- 
ric-Tliomas  Graindorge  "(1867),  and  "Notes  sur  I'Angle- 
terre"  (1872),  Lastly  came  the  series  of  brilliant  works 
that  have  chietly  made  his  reputation.  These  are  "  Les 
philosophes  classiques  du  XIXe  si^cle  en  France  "  (1856), 
"Histoire  de  la  litterature  anglaise"  (1864-65),  "De  I'in- 
telligence  "(1S70),  and  "  Les  origines  de  la  France  contem- 
poraine"(in  three  parts:  "L'Ancien  regime,"  "La  revo- 
lution," "Le  regime  modeme"  (1875-tK})).  The  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford  conferred  upon  Taine  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL,  D.  in  1871,  and  the  French  Academy  elected  him 
to  membership  Nov,  14,  1878, 

Tainos(ti'n6s).  [From  taini,  chiefs  (the  name 
•which  they  gave  to  themselves).]  The  ancient 
Indian  inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Haiti.  Their 
number  is  conjectural,  but  all  accounts  agree  that  the 
island  was  very  populous.  They  are  described  as  a  race 
of  agriculturists,  going  nearly  naked,  and  living  in  small 
villages:  theirchiefshadlittlepower,  except  in  war.  The 
island  was  divided  among  several  tribes  or  subtribes,  in- 
habiting districts  which  the  Spaniards  called  provinces. 
Tlic  tribes  in  the  central  and  eastern  districts  were  more 
warlike  than  the  others,  perhaps  from  admixture  of  Carib 
lilood.  Those  of  the  northern  coast  were  very  friendly  to 
Columbus  in  1492,  and  the  sul:scquent  uprisings  appear 
to  have  been  provoked  entirely  l>y  Spanish  cruelty.  Wars 
with  the  whites  and  the  slavery  to  which  they  were  re- 
duced soon  destroyed  the  tribes,  and  tlieir  blood  is  seen 
only  in  the  mixed  races  of  the  Dominican  Eepul)lic.  The 
few  words  of  their  language  whicll  have  comedown  tons 
show  that  they  belonged  to  the  Arawak  or  Maypure  stock. 

Tai-ping,  or  Taeping  (ti'ping').  Rebellion. 
[Chinese,  from  t'ai,  a  form  of  ta.  great,  and 
p'ing,  peace.]  The  great  rebellion  inaugurated 
in  southern  China  in  1850  by  one  Hung-siu- 
tsuen,  who,  calling  himself  the  "Heavenly 
Prince,"  pretended  that  he  had  a  divine  mis- 
sion to  overturn  the  Manchu  dj-nasty  and  set 
up  a  purely  native  dynasty,  to  be  styled  the 
T'rt(-;)'iH7  ('/'"".  or 'Great-peace  Dynasty.'  As 
the  cue  had  been  imposed  (about  1644)  upon  the  Chinesa 


Tai-ping  Rebellion 

hy  tJi.-  Manchus  as  an  outward  expression  of  loyalty  tothe 
Tatiir  dynasty,  the  Taipings  discarded  the  cue,  and  hence 
were  styled  by  the  Chinese  Ch'ang-inao-tgeh,  or  'lonj;- 
baired  rebels.'  Hnn(,'-8iu-t«uen  also  promulgated  a  kind 
o(  spurious  Christianity,  in  wiiich  God  (Sliaii^ti)  was 
known  as  the  *'  Heavenly  Father,"  and  Jesus  Christ  as  the 
"Heavenly  Elder  Brother."  The  in.surrection  was  sup- 
pressed about  1864,  Larpcly  with  the  aid  of  the  "  Ever-vic- 
torious Army  "  underColonel  Gordon,  who  from  that  time 
became  known  as  "Chinese  Gordon." 

Taironas.     See  Tdijronas. 

Tais(ta'is).  [Ar.  o/-MiA'.  the  goat.]  The  third- 
in;it,'iiituilcstar(lDraeonis.  Another  form  given 
fill  .'ioiiio  maps  is  Jais. 

Tait  (tat),  Archibald  Campbell.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh. Dee.  J-',  ISll :  died  Dec.  3,  1882.  An 
English  prelate.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Ox- 
ford ;  l>ecaniehead  master  of  Rnj;by  in  \^2 :  and  was  made 
dean  of  Carlisle  in  1850,  bishop  of  London  in  1S5C,  and 
archlushop  of  Canterbury  in  1868.  He  wrote  "  Uanpers 
and  Safeguards  of  Modern  Theolopy"(lH<il),  "\Vordof  G<id 
and  the  Ground  of  Faith"  ClS63),and  various  sermons  and 
rharpes. 

Tait,  Peter  Guthrie.  Bom  April  28,  1831 :  died 
July  4,  1901.  A  Scottish  mathematician  and 
physicist,  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in 
Edinburgh  University  1860-1901.  He  wasdiii- 
cnled  at  Eilinliurgh,  and  at  Peterhouse,  Canibrid;:e.  He 
made  important  investigations  in  electricity,  heat,  and 
light,  and  was  an  authority  on  quaternions.  He  wrote, 
with  -Steele,  "Dynamics  of  a  Particle";  with  Thomson 
(uow  Lord  Kelvin),  a  "Treatise on  Natural  Philosophy  "; 
and  « itli  Italfour  Stewart,  "The  I'nseen  Universe."  He 
also  wrote  "Proiierties  of  Matter,"  etc. 

Taittiriyas  (tit-ti-re'yaz).  [In  Skt..  a  patro- 
nymic from  Tittiri :  '  ttie  scholars  of  Tittiri.'] 
The  name  of  a  school  of  the  Ya.inrveda,  ivhence 
Taittiriyasanhita  as  a  name  for  the  Yajurveda 
itself  as  handed  down  in  the  text  of  tliis  school. 
The  Taittiriyas  have  also  a  pratishakhya,  a 
brahmana,  an  aranyaka,  and  an  iipanishad. 

Taiwan  (tl-wan' ).  i .  The  Chinese  name  of  For- 
mosa.—  2.  The  capital  of  Formosa,  and  a  treaty 
port,  situated  on  the  southwest  coast.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  about  70,000. 

Tai-yuan(ti-wiin').  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Shansi,  Chin.i,  about  lat.  37°  54'  N. 

Tajak  (ta-zhiik'),  or  Tajik  (ta-zhek').  A  name 
given  collectively  to  all  persons  of  Iranian  de- 
scent in  central  and  western  Asia. 

Taj-e-mah  (tiizh'e-miih').  The.  ['Crown  or 
crest  of  the  moon.']  An  Indian  diamond  in  the 
Persian  collection  of  cro^\'n  jewels.  It  weighs 
14G  carats. 

Taj  Mehal  (f  iizh  me-hiil')  ['  Gem  of  buildings.'] 
The  famous  mausoleum  erected  at  Agra,  India, 
by  Shah  Jehau  for  his  favorite  wife,  it  stands 
on  a  platform  of  white  marble  18  feet  high  and  313  square, 
with  tapering  cylindrical  minarets  133  feet  high  at  the  an- 
gles. The  niausoleura  itself  is  in  plan  180  feet  square  with 
the  comers  cut  off ;  it  consists  without  of  two  tiers  of  keel- 
shaped  arches,  with  a  great  single-arched  porch  in  the  mid- 
dle of  each  side.  The  structure  is  crowned  by  a  pointed 
and  slightly  bulbous  dome,  58  feet  in  diameter  and  aliout 
210  in  exterior  height,  Ilaniied  by  4  octagonal  kiosks.  The 
interior  is  occupied  by  4  domed  chambers  in  the  comers, 
and  a  large  arcaded  octnu'on  in  the  middle,  all  connected 
by  corridors.  In  the  central  chamber  stand  two  cenotaphs 
inclosed  by  a  remarkable  openwork  rail  in  marble.  -No  light 
is  admitted  to  the  interior  except  through  the  delitately 
pierced  marble  screens  which  till  ail  the  windows.  The 
decoration  is  enriched  by  admirable  mosaic  inlaying  in 
stone  of  flower-motives  and  arabesfines,  much  of  it  in 
agate,  bloodstone,  and  jasper.    Also  Taj  Mahal. 

Tajo.     The  Spanish  name  of  the  Tagus. 

Tajurrah  (ta-j6'rii).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  jVfrica,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Tajur- 
rah. 

Tajurrah,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of 
Aden,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about  lat. 
!1°  40'  N.  A  part  of  its  coast  now  belongs  to 
France. 

Taka  (til'kii).  A  region  near  Kassala,  in  the 
enstirn  Sudan,  Africa. 

Takala  (tii-kil'lii),  or  Tekele  (ta-k^'le).  A  re- 
gion in  eastei-n  Sudan,  south  of  Kordofan  and 
west  of  the  Wiite  Nile. 

Takao  (tii-kii-6').  A  treaty  port  in  Formo.sa, 
situated  on  the  southwestern  coast  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Taiwan. 

Takelma  (tii-kel'mii),  orTakilma  (til-kil'mji). 

[Tlicir  own  name  for  tliemselves.]  A  tribe 
which  constitutes  tlie  Takilman  stock  of  North 
Ainoiican  Indians.  It  formerly  occupied  Bcvonleen 
villages  extending  along  the  south  side  of  upper  Kogne 
River,  Oregon,  from  the  valley  of  Illinois  Creek  on  the 
west  to  Deep  Kock  In  Curry  County.  There  were  27  sur- 
vivors In  1884  on  the  Siletz  reservation  in  western  Oregon. 
Sometimes  calleil  Rftgue  River  Indians  an<l  I'pper  Rogue 
River  Indians  (see  Athapascan).     See  Takilman. 

Takiang(tii-kyiing').  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  river  Sikiang  (or  Sckiaiig),  in  southern 
China. 

Takilma.     See  Talrlma. 

Takilman  (til-kil'mnn).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Tntlians.     Its  former  habitat  waa 


Talismano,  II 

Talcahuano  Bay  8  miles  north-northwest  of 
Concejicion.  Population,  about  0,000. 
Tale  of  a  Tub,  A.  1 .  A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson, 
lieinsed  in  1033.  Fleay  assigns  "the  date  of  iU  flrat 
performance  to  1601,  on  account  of  the  meter.  It  was  al- 
tered just  before  it  was  licensed,  and  was  played  in  this 
shape  in  IKM,  and  printed  in  the  folio  edition  of  1640. 
2.  A  satire  by  Swift,  written  about  1696,  but 
not  printed  till  1704. 

In  the  wonderful  allegory  of  the  "  Taie  of  a  Tub,"  in 
which  the  corruptions  and  failings  of  the  English.  Roman, 
and  Presbyterian  cliunhes  were  ridiculed  in  the  persons 
of  .lack.  Peter,  and  Martin,  Swift  displaved  at  an  early 
age  his  exuberant  wit  and  surp.assing  satirical  power. 

Tucktriimn,  Hist,  of  ITose  Fiction,  p.  172, 

Tale  of  the  Two  Brothers,  The.  See  tA  ex- 
tract. 

In  another  Egyptian  story,  called  "The  Tale  of  the  Two 
Brothers,"  a  lock  of  hair  from  the  head  of  a  beautiful 
damsel  is  carried  to  Egypt  by  the  river,  and  its  perfume  i» 
BO  ravishing  that  the  king  despatches  his  scouts  through- 
out the  lengtli  and  breadth  of  the  land,  that  they  may 
bring  tohlmtlieownerof  this  lock  of  hair.  She  is  found, 
of  course,  and  she  becomes  liis  bride.  In  these  t^es  we 
have  apparently  the  gerai  of  Cinderella. 

Kilwarrl.'.;  J'haraohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  223. 

Tale  of  Two  Cities,  A.  A  novel  by  Charles 
Dickens.  It  first  appeared  serially  in  "All  the 
Yi'ar  Round"  between  April  and  Nov.,  1859. 

Tales  in  Verse.     A  poetical  work  by  Crabbe, 

j)ublislic,l  ill  1S12. 

Tales  of  a  Grandfather.  A  collection  of  his- 
torical stories  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published 
in  four  series  1827-30. 

Tales  of  a  Traveler.  A  work  by  Washington 
Irving.  j>ublishcd  in  1824. 

Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn.  A  series  of  poems 
by  i>()iigtVlli)W,  published  in  1863. 

Tales  of  my  Landlord.  A  collective  name  for 
four  series  of  the  Waverley  novels  by  Scott. 
The  first  series  comprised  "Old" Mortality"  and  "The 
Black  Dwarf";  the  second,  "The  Heart  of  Midlothian": 
the  third,  "The  Bride  of  Ijimmerrooor "  and  "  A  Legend 
of  Montrose";  and  the  fourth,  "Count  Robert  of  Paris" 
and  "Castle  Dangerous." 

Tales  of  the  Crusaders.  A  collective  name 
for  "  The  Talisinaii'"  and  "The  Betrothed"  bv 
Sir  Walter  Sriilt. 

Tales  of  the  Genii.  A  series  of  tales  pub- 
lished liy  .Tamos  Kidley  in  1764,  imderthe  pseu- 
donym of  Sir  Charles  Morell,  as  a  translation 
from  the  Persian  of  "Horam  the  Son  of  As- 
Iiinr."     See  Ahuilah. 

Tales  of  the  Hall.     A  work  in  verse  bv  Crabbe, 

jMililislicd  in  1.S19. 

Tales  of  the  Irish  Peasantry.    A  work  by 

Mrs.  Hall,  published  in  1S40. 

Talfourd  (tal'ft'rd),  sir  Thomas  Noon.  Born 
at  l)o.\ey.  near  Stafford.  England,  Jan.  26,  1795: 
died  at  Stailord,  March  13,  1854.  An  English 
jurist,  dramatic  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
As  member  of  Parliament  headvocatetl  the  International 
Copyright  Bill.  In  1S4'.I  he  became  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  His  liest-known  work  is  the  classical 
tragedy  "  Ion  "  (produced  1836).  His  other  plavs  include 
"Athenian  Captive"  (18;«i).  "  Glcncoe"  (1840),  "The  Cas- 
tilian  "  (18.53).  He  published  also  'Life  and  Letleig  of 
Lamb  ■(18.(7),  "Final  .Memorialsof  Charles  Ijimb  "  (1849- 
1850),  travels,  a  history  of  Greek  literature,  etc. 

Taliesin  (tal'i-sin).  A  Cymric  bard  said  to 
have  lived  in  the  6th  century.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  (he  school-fellow  of  Gildaa  at  Llanveithin  in  Glamor- 
gan, to  have  been  seized  by  Irish  pirates  when  young, 
arul  to  have  escaped  l>y  using  his  wooden  shield  for  a  boat, 
ami  Moating  into  the  llshing-weir  of  the  son  of  frien, 
wlio  nnnle  him  his  foremost  l)ard.  He  followed  his  chief 
to  battle,  and  sang  his  victories.  The  songs  are  his  authen- 
tic poems.  It  is  also  said  that  he  died  in  Cardiganshire, 
and  was  linried  near  Al)erj'stwith.  Many  i>f  tlie  poems 
handed  down  as  his  are  of  later  origin.  The  "  Rtmnince 
or  I'.ook  of  Taliesin. '  included  in  the  "  Mabinogion."  is  not 
older  than  the  13th  eenlury.  Khysconnects  him  with  the 
sun  myth.     Also  TaUeggin. 

In  the  last  section  I  spoke  of  the  Sun-god  in  the  person 
of  u  mythic  judge  :  we  have  now  to  discuss  a  Welsh  story 
which  nnikes  him  a  great  bard  and  poet  bearing  the  well- 
known  name  of  Taliessin.  It  is  conveident  to  fidlow  the 
long-established  custom  of  speakinu  i»f  certain  Welsh 
poems  as  Taliessin's,  and  of  a  nnmnscript  of  the  l.Stli  ccn- 
tur>'  in  which  they'U"e  contained  as  the  Book  of  Taliessin. 
Those  poems  represent  a  school  of  Welsh  bardii-m,  but 
we  know  in  reality  nothing  alxuil  their  aulborship;  and 
the  personality  of  Taliessin  Is  as  mythic  as  that  tkf  (;wy> 
dii>n  and  Merlin,  both  of  whon]  have  also  been  trcate<l  ua 
the  authors  of  Welsh  verse.  Tile  name.  hi)wever.  of  Tal- 
iessin, viewed  In  this  light,  has  an  Interest  far  surpassing 
even  that  of  Merlin.         Hhyf,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  .544. 

Talisman  (tnris-man>.  The.     -^   novel  bv  Sir 

TalcaCtiil'kii).     1.   A  province  in  Chile,  inter-     Waller  Set  I.  published  in  1825.     The  scene  is 

secte.l   by  lat.  35°  30    S.     Area,  3,678  square     hiid  iiL  I'nicstine  during  thereign  of  Kiehard  I. 

of  Kriglntnl. 

Talismano  (til-lez-tnlt'no),  II.    [It.,  'TheTalis- 

niaii.']  An  opera  bv  Balfe  (finished  liy  Macfiir- 
reiO,  iirst  pioduceil  at  Ijoinlou  in  1S74.  Tho 
words  were  Knglish,  foundeil  on  Scott's  "Talis- 
man," and  afterward  translated  into  Italian. 


975 

the  upper  part  of  Rogue  River,  along  the  south  side, 
through  .Jackson,  Josephine,  and  Curry  counties,  Oregon. 
It  consists  of  but  one  tribe,  the  Takelma. 

Takovo  (tii-ko'vo).  A  village  near  Ruduik, 
south  of  Belgi-ad.  Seriia:  the  scene  of  the  up- 
rising of  the  Servians  under  MiloshObrenovitch 
against  Turkish  rule. 

Taku  ftiik'i)).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians living  about  Taku  Lake  and  Inlet,  Alaska 
anil  British  Columbia. 

Taku  Forts.  Fortifications  at  the  mouth  of  the 
liver  Peiho,  China,  which  guard  the  approach 
to  Tientsin  and  Peking.  They  were  taken  by 
the  English  and  French  forces  May  23, 18.58,  and 
Aug.  21,  1860.  and  by  the  allies  Jime  17,  1900. 
Also  I'tilio  Fort.i. 

Takulli  (tii-kul'i),  or  Carrier.  A  confederacy  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  found  along  and 
near  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia.  See  ^  tha- 
pascan. 

Talamanca  ftiil-ii-miln'kii).  A  region  on  the 
eastern  or  Caribbear  side  of  Costa  Rica,  south 
of  Puerto  Limon  and  extending  from  tho  coast 
to  the  central  Cordillera.     See  Taiamnnca.i. 

Talamancas  (tii-lii-miin'kiis).  Indians  of  Costa 
Rica,  in  the  district  called  Talamanca  (which 
see).  The  name  is  looselyused  for  several  tribes  of  dif- 
ferent race  who  have  taken  refuge  in  this  region  and  still 
retain  their  independence.  The  true  'J'alamancaa  appear 
to  be  distantly  allied,  by  their  language,  to  the  ancient 
Chibclnis  of  J^'evv  Granada.  They  are  said  to  be  aun-wor- 
shipers. 

Talanta  (tii-lan'ta),  Channel  of.  The  north- 
western portiim  of  the  sea  passage  which  sepa- 
rates Eubcea  from  the  mainland  of  Greece. 

Talaut  (tii-louf)  Islands,  or  Salibabo  (sii-lc- 
bii'bo)  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islamls 
northeast  of  Celebes  and  south-southeast  of  the 
Philippines,  about  lat.  4°  N.,  long.  127°  E.  It 
is  under  Dutch  control. 

TalaveradelaReina(ta-lii-va'riidalara'e-n!i). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Toledo,  Spain,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagus  44  miles  west  of  Toledo:  the 
ancient  Tala  Briga.  It  manufactures  earthenware. 
Near  it,  July  27-28,  180'.),  the  allied  English  and  Spanish 
army  under  Wellington  and  Cuesta  defeated  the  FYench 
under  King  Joseph.    Population  (18S7),  10,497. 

Talbot  (tal'bot),  Catherine.  Born  in  1720: 
died  1770.  An  English  wi'iter.  She  was  the  lifelong 
friend  of  Dr.  .lohnson,  and  imitated  his  maimer.  She  wrote 
No.  30  of  the  "Rambler,"  and  was  the  correspondent  of 
Elizabeth  Carter :  their  letters  were  published  in  1809. 
She  also  wrt)te  "  Reflections  on  the  Seven  Days  of  the 
Week  "(published  after  her  death,  1770),  "F.ssays  "(1772), 
etc.  A  collective  edition  of  her  works,  published  by  Eliz.a- 
beth  Carter,  has  gone  through  many  editions. 

Talbot,  Charles,  twelfth  Earl  and  first  Duke 
of  Shrewsbury.  Bom  1660:  died  Feb.  1,  1718. 
Au  English  statesman.  Hewasoneof  the  noblemen 
who  invited  the  I'rince  of  Orange  to  England  in  1688;  was 
secretary  of  stjite  lti89-0<>and  16iM  ;  underQueen  Anne  was 
lord  chamberlain  ami  ambassador  to  France ;  waa  made 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1713;  and  as  lord  liigh 
treasurer  in  1714  secured  the  succession  of  tlie  house  of 
Hanover  by  proclaiming  George  I.  He  waa  created  duke 
of  Shrewsbury  in  16!*4,  but  had  no  successor  in  the  duke- 
dom. 

Talbot,  John,  first  Earl  of  Shrewsbury.  Born 
about  1373:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Castillon, 
France,  .Tuly ,  1453.  An  English  general.  lie  w as 
lord  lieutenaiit  of  Ireland  under  Henry  V.;  and  fought 
with  distinction  in  France.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Patay 
by  Joan  of  Arc  in  1429.  lie  was  created  earl  of  Shrews- 
btiry  in  1442,  receiving  in  addition  the  title  of  earl  of  Wex- 
forcl  and  Walirford  In  114(1. 

Talbot,  Lying  Dick.  A  nickname  given  to  Tyr- 

eoiincl. 

Talbot,  Silas.  Born  at  Dighton,  Mass.,  1751: 
died  at  New  York,  June  30, 1813.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  served  on  the  Hudson,  the  Delaware, 
and  near  Newport  in  the  Revolntltnt;  captured  several 
British  prizes ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  New  York 
1793-0.'>;  and  eommaiuled  the  Constitution  lit  the  war  witli 
France. 

Talbot,  William  Henry  Fox.    Bom  Feb.  II, 

ISOI):  diiil  ;i|  l.iiycoek  Abbey,  Wiltshire,  Sejit. 
17,  IH77.  All  English  inventor  and  »nti(|unry, 
best  known  from  hisdiseoveriesin  iihi)tiigrnphy. 
He  graduated  at  Trinity  (*ollege,  Camnrldge,  in  1821. 
About  iNjtO,  contemporaneouslv  with  Dagncrre,  he  dis- 
covered photography.  In  18-11  he  maile  known  the  calo- 
type  pr4»cess  discovered  by  him.  In  1K;18-;19  be  iiublished 
"  Ilermes,  or  Classical  and  Antii|narlan  Resi-arfhes. "  Me 
was  among  the  llrsi  to  decipher  the  cuneiform  Inscriptiinis 
of  Nineveh.     In  IMU  he  published  ''  English  Ktyniologles." 


miles.  Population  (1894),  102,001.— 2. "  The 
capital  of  the  jirovince  of  Talca,  situated  (ui 
the  Claro  135  miles  south-southwest  of  San- 
tiago, ropiilalion  (1885),  23,432. 
Talcahuano  (tiil-kii-wii'no).  A  town  and  an 
important    seaport    of    southern    Chile,     on 


Talita 

Talita  (ta'lf-ta).  [Ar.  aUthalitha,  the  third  verte- 
bra :  the  name  is  supposed  to  refer  to  some  an- 
cient Oriental  constellation.]  The  third-mag- 
nitude double  star  <  Ursce  Majoris,  in  the  Bear's 
right  fore  paw.  The  name  is  often  written  Ta- 
htha. 

Talkative  (td'ka-tiv).  A  character  in  Bun- 
van's  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Talladega  {tal-a-de'ga).  The  capital  of  Talla- 
dega County,  Alabama,  80  miles  north  by  east 
of  Montgomerv.  It  is  the  seat  of  Talladega  Col- 
lege.    Population  (1900),  2,661. 

Tallahassee  (tal-a-has'e).  The  capital  of  Flor- 
ida and  of  Leon  Countv,  situated  about  lat. 
30° •ti'  N.,  long.  84°  18'  W.  Population  (1900\ 
2.981. 

Tallahatchie  (tal-a-hach'i).  A  river  in  north- 
em  Mississippi  which  unites  with  the  Yallo- 
busha  to  form  the  Yazoo.  Length,  over  200 
miles  ;  navigable  about  half  its  length. 

Tallapoosa  (tal-a-p6'sa).  A  river  in  Georgia 
and  Alabama  which  unites  with  the  Coosa  to 
form  the  Alabama  northeast  of  Montgomery. 
Length,  nearly  250  miles ;  navigable  about  40 
miles. 

Tallard  (ta-lar'),  Due  de  (Camille  d'Hostun), 
Bom  16.52:  died  172S.  A  marshal  of  France. 
He  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  .Speyer  in  1703  ;  and  was 
totally  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at  Blenheim  in  1704. 
He  was  minister  of  state  under  Fleui-}'. 

Talleyrand-Perigord  (tal'i-rand :  F.  pron.  tiil- 
a-ron'  pa-ve*-gor'),  Charles  Maurice  de, 
Prince  de  B6n6vent.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1754:  died  at  Paris,  May  17,  1838.  A  famous 
French  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  church ;  became  an  abb^,  and  a  general  ai^ent 
of  the  French  cler^' ;  was  appointed  bishop  of  Autun  in 
17S8 ;  was  chosen  deputy  to  the  States-General  in  1789  ; 
urged  the  clerg>-  to  join  with  the  third  estate ;  became  noted 
as  a  financier  and  leader  in  the  Constituent  Assembly:  pro- 
posed the  confiscation  of  church  property  Oct.  id.  17S9 ; 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  fete  of  the  Champ  de  Mars 
Jtxly  14,  1790  ;  was  excommunicated  by  the  Pope  in  1791 ; 
and  made  a  report  in  favor  of  national  education  in  Sept, 
1791-  He  was  envoy  in  England  in  1792 ;  was  obliged  to 
leave  England  for  the  United  States  in  1794  ;  returned  to 
Paris  in  1796  ;  became  a  member  of  the  Institute  ;  was  ap- 
pointedministerof  foreign  affairs.luly,  1797  (resigned  1799); 
was  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  preparing  the  way  for 
the  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  1799 ;  was  reappointed 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  by  Bonaparte  in  1799 ;  took  a 
leading  part  in  negotiating  the  treatiesofLun^ville,  Amiens, 
Presburg,  and  Tilsit,  togetherwith  the  Concordat,  and  w.as 
one  of  thechief  agents  em  ployed  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine  ;  was  made  Prince  of  B^n^vent 
in  1806 ;  resigned  in  1807  ;  quarreled  with  Napoleon  in  1809  ; 
opposed  Napoleon's  Russian  and  Spanish  policy;  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons ;  became 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1S14  under  Louis  XVIII. :  was 
plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  by  his 
tact  secured  the  territorial  integrity  of  France ;  was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  July-Sept.,  1815 ;  took  part  in 
the  revolution  of  1830  ;  was  ambassador  in  London  1830- 
1834  ;  and  formed  theQuadruple  Alliance  in  1SS4.  His  cor- 
respondence with  Louis  XVIII.  was  edited  by  PuUain  in 
1880.  His  memoirs  (the  publication  of  whichbefore  1890 
was  prohibited  by  will)  appeared  under  the  editorship  of 
the  Due  de  Broglie  in  1891,  and  have  been  translated  into 
English  by  Mrs.  A,  Hall  (1891-92). 

Tallien  (tii-lyan').  Jean  Lambert.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1769 :  died  Nov.  16,  1820.  A  French  revo- 
lutionist. Hewas  connected  with  the  Paris  *'Moniteur"; 
edited  the  "Ami  des  Citoyens"  in  1791 ;  was  secretary  of 
the  Revolutionary  commune  after  Aug.  10, 1792 ;  was  elected 
deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792  ;  was  a  prominent  Jacobin 
and  the  agent  of  the  "Terror  "  in  Bordeaux  ;  took  the  lead 
in  overthrowing  Robespierre  on  the  9th  Thenuidor.  1794  ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  and  a 
leading  thermidorian  1794-95  ;  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred.  He  was  with  Napoleon  in  Egypt, 
and  later  was  consul  in  Alicante. 

Tallien,  Madame  de.   See  Clumati,  Princesse  de. 

Tallis.  or  Tallys,  or  Talys  (tal'is),  Thomas. 
Born  about  1515:  died  Nov.  23,  1585.  An  Eng- 
lish composer,  called  "the  father  of  English 
cathedral  music."  He  was  organist  of  Waltham  Abbey 
andlatergeutleman  of  theChapel  Royal  and  music-printer. 
His  works  include  "Service  in  the*  Dorian  Mode,"  "Lit- 
any," etc. 

Tallmadge  (tal'maj),  Benjamin.  Bom  at 
Brookhaven,  X.  Y.,  Feb.  25, 17.54 :  died  atLitch- 
field.  Conn.,  March  7,  1835.  An  American  Rev- 
olutionary officer  and  politician.  He  captured  a 
band  of  Tories  at  Lloyd's  Neck  (Long  Island),  Sept ,  1779. 
and  captured  Fort  George  (0>-ster  Bay,  Long  Island"),  1780. 
He  had  the  custody  of  Andr^  in  1780. '  From  1801  to  1P17 
he  was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut. 

Tallmadge,  Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  Aug.  29,  1792:  died  there, 
Sept.  17,  1869.  An  American  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, son  of  Benjamin  Tallmadge.  He  was  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1847—49.  As  recorder 
of  New  York  city  he  had  an  important  part  in  suppressing 
the  -\stor  Place  riots  in  1849. 

Tallyho  (tal'i-ho'),  Sir  Toby.  A  roistering 
character  in  Foote's  play  "The  Englishman 
returned  from  Paris." 

Talma  (tal-miV),  Francois  Joseph.    Born  at 


976 

Paris,  Jan.  15,  1763:  died  there,  Oct.  19,  1826. 
A  famous  French  tragic  actor.  He  was  educated 
in  England,  and  made  his  debut  in  the  Th6&tre  Fran9ais  at 
Paris  in  1787.  In  the  small  role  of  Proculus  in  Voltaire's 
•'  Brutus  "  he  first  introduced  on  the  French  stage  the  cus- 
tom of  wearing  the  costume  of  the  period  represented  in 
the  play.  The  reform  was  soon  adopted.  His  first  great 
triumph  was  in  the  part  of  Charles  IX.,  in  Ch^nier's  tra- 
gedy of  that  name,  in  1789,  Among  his  parts  were  Othello 
(Ducis),  Cfear,  Oreste,  -\chille,  N^ron,  Cinna,  etc.  He  wrote 
"Reflexions  stu-  Lekain  et  sur  I'art  theatral "(18-25).  He 
was  a  friend  of  Napoleon  as  general,  consul,  and  emperor. 

Talma,  Madame  (Mademoiselle  "Vanhove). 
Born  at  The  Hague,  1771:  died  in  1860.  A 
French  actress,  i\ife  of  Talma. 

Talmage  (tal'maj),  Thomas  De  Witt.  Bom 
near  Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7.  1832  :  died  at 
Washington.  D.  C,  April  12,  1902.  An  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  Y'ork  and  the  New 
Brunswick  (New  Jersey) Theological  Seminary  ;  was  pastor 
of  Reformed  Dutch  churches  at  Belleville  (New  Jersey\ 
SvTacuse,  and  Philadelphia  ;  and  was  pastor  of  the  Central 
Ptesbyterian  Church  in  Brooklyn  1869-94,  and  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Washington  1895-99.  His  church 
known  as  the  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  was  built  lp70,  burned 
1872.  rebuilt  1873-74,  burned  1889,  again  rebuilt  on  a  new 
site,  and  again  burned  May,  1894.  He  has  edited  the  "  Chris- 
tian at  Work,"  "The  Advance,"  "Frank  Leslie's  Sunday 
Mag;izine,"  etc.  Among  his  works  are  "Crumbs  Swept 
Vp'  (1870),  "  Abominati.ms  of  Modern  Society"  (1872), 
"  Around  the  Tea-Table"  (1874),  "  Mask  Torn  Off"  (1879), 
"The  Brooklvn  Tabernacle  :  a  Collection  of  104  Sermons" 
(1884),  "The  MaiTi.age  Ring"  (1886),  etc. 

Talmud  (fal'mud).  [FromHeb.?<j»ia(f, to  learn 
—  study,  doctrine.]  The  monumental  work 
which  contains  the  Jewish  traditional  or  oral 
laws  and  regulations  of  life  explanatory  of 
the  written  law  of  the  Pentateuch  as  applied 
to  the  various  and  varying  conditions  and 
circumstances  of  life,  and  developed  by  logi- 

.  cal  conclusions,  analogies,  and  combination  of 
passages.  To  a  lesser  degree  the  Talmud  contains  com- 
ments on  the  historical,  poetical,  and  ethical  portions  of 
the  Scriptures,  in  a  homiletical  spirit.  This  latter  part 
is  called  Ha^iada  or  Agada  (from  ilagad,  to  say,  make 
known  —  narrative,  tale),  while  the  former,  or  legislative, 
part,  which  comprises  all  the  rules  of  life,  is  called  Haia- 
cha  (from  halachy  to  go,  walk  —  the  path  or  way  of  life  as 
ruled  and  governed  by  the  law).  The  Talmud  may  be  ex- 
ternally divided  into  the  Mishnah  and  Gemara.  The  re- 
lation of  one  to  the  other  is  that  of  exposition  to  thesis. 
The  ilishnah  gives  a  simple  statement  of  a  law  or  precept ; 
the  Gemara  presents  the  discussion  and  debate  on  it.  The 
authors  of  the  Mishnah  are  called  Tenaim  (doctors); 
they  were  preceded  by  the  Sopherim  (scribes).  The  activ- 
ity of  the  Tenaim  began  in  the  time  of  the  Maccabees,  and 
their  rules  and  decisions,  nearly  4,000  in  number,  were 
codified  and  arranged  according  to  subjects  (see  under 
MMnah)  by  Rabbi  Judah  I.  (patriarch  190-220  A.  D.).  The 
authors  of  the  Gemara  are  called  Amoraim  (from  atnar,  to 
s.ay—  speakers).  The  discussions  of  the  Amoraim  in  the 
schools  of  Palestine<especially  in  Tiberias)  were  codified  in 
the4th  century  .\,  l>.  in  the  Jerusalem  Talmud  ;  the  discus- 
sions of  the  Amoraim  of  the  schools  of  Babylonia  were  codi- 
fied in  the  course  of  the  5th  and  6th  centuries  A.  r».  in  the 
Babylonian  Talmud.  The  chief  redactors  were  Rah  Ashi, 
principal  of  the  school  of  Sora  375-427,  and  Rabbina.  head 
of  the  same  academy  473-499.  The  Mishnah  is  composed 
in  Hebrew  ("post-Biblical,"  or  "  New  Hebrew  ").  the  Ge- 
mara mainly  in  Aramean.  Neither  the  Jerusalem  nor  the 
Babyloni.an  Talmud  contains  the  complete  Gemara  to  the 
entire  Mishnah.  But  the  Babylonian  Talmud  is  about 
four  times  as  voluminous  as  that  of  Jerusalem.  The 
Babylonian  Talmud  obtained  greater  popularity  and  au- 
thority among  the  Jews  than  that  of  Jerusalem,  and  is 
always  meant  when  the  Talmud  is  spoken  of  without  a 
qualification.  Its  63  tracts  are  usually  printed  in  12  folio 
volumes  on  2,947  piiges.  The  Mishnah  is  besides  sepa- 
rately printed  in  6  volumes,  according  to  its  division  into 
6  orders  or  sedarim  ;  and  also  the  portions  of  the  Hagada 
under  the  title  of  Ain  Yakob.  See  Agada,  Amoraim, 
Gemara,  iluhnah. 

Talos  (ta'los).  [Gr.  Ta?^f.]  1.  In  Greek  le- 
gend, an  inventor,  nephew  of  Daedalus  by  whom 
he  was  slain.  See  Diedaliis. — 2.  A  man  of 
brass,  constructed  by  Hephaestus  for  Minos  to 
guard  the  island  of  Crete. 

Talus  (ta'lus).  An  iron  man,  the  attendant 
of  Artegal:  a  character  in  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene."  Compare  Talos.  2. 

Tamanacs  (ta-ma-naks'),  or  Tamanacas  (ta- 
ma-nil'kas).  Indians  of  Venezuela,  south  of 
the  Lower  Orinoco  (state  of  Bolivar).  Formerly 
very  numerous  and  powerful,  they  are  now  reduced  to  a 
few  thousands;  some  of  them  are  partly  civilized,  while 
others,  in  the  interior,  retain  their  independence.  The 
Tamanacs  belong  to  the  Carib  linguistic  stock.  The  Chay- 
mas  of  Barcelona  (state  of  Bermudez)  are  closely  related 
to  them.    Also  written  Tamanacks,  Tamanaques.  etc. 

Tamanieb  (ta-mii-ne-eb').  AvUlage  near  Sua- 
kim,  Sudan.  Near  it,  March  1.9, 1884,  occurred  a  battle 
between  the  British  forces  under  Graham  and  the  Mah- 
dists  under  Osman  Digma. 

Tamaqua  (ta-ma'kwa).  A  borough  in  Schuyl- 
kill County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Lit- 
tli-  SchuyUdll  River  34  miles  north  of  Reading. 
It  is  a  coal-mining  center.     Pop.  (1900),  7,267. 

Tamar  (ta'mar).  1.  A  river  on  the  border 
of  Cornwall  and  Devonshire,  England,  which 
empties  into  Plymouth  Soimd  above  Plymouth. 
Length,  about"  50-60  miles.— 2.    One"  of  the 


Taming  of  the  Shre-w,  The 

principal  rivers  of  Tasmania,  flowing  northward 
into  Bass  Strait. 

Tamaroa.    See  Iitinois. 

Tamatave  (ta-ma-tav').  a  seaport  on  the  east- 
em  coast  of  Madagascar,  in  lat.  18°  10'  S.,  long. 
49°  28'  E.  It  is  the  ciiief  commercial  center  of 
the  island.     Population,  10,000. 

Tainaulipas(ta-mou-le'pas).  A  frontierstate  of 
Mexico,  bordering  on  Texas,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  the  states  of  CoahuUa.  Nuevo  Leon.  San 
Luis  Potosi,  and  Vera  Cruz,  its  surface  is  low  in 
the  east,  and  diversified  in  the  west.  Capital  Ciadad  Victo- 
ria.     Area,  about  31,,500  square  miles.    Population  (189S), 

Tamaya.     See  Santa  Ana. 

Tambelan  (tam-ba-lan')  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  west  of  Borneo  and  east  of  Singa- 
pore, under  Dutch  control. 

Tamberlane.     See  Tamburlnine. 

Tamberlik  ttam-ber-lek'),  Enrico.  Bora  at 
Rome,  March  16, 1820 :  died  at  Paris,  March  15, 
1889.  A  noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  made  his 
first  appearance  at  Naples  in  1841.  and  in  England  in  1850, 
where  he  sang  with  success  for  twenty-four  vears.  In  ls57 
he  sang  in  America.  His  later  years  were  passed  in  Madrid 
as  a  manuf3cttu"er  of  arms. 

Tamboff  (tam-bof).  1.  A  government  of  cen- 
tral Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Vladimir,  Nijni-Novgorod'.  Penza,  Saratoff,  Vo- 
ronezh, Orel,  Tula,  and  Ryazan.  The  surface  is 
undulating  or  leveL  The  chief  e.xport  is  com.  Area,  25,. 
710  square  miles.  Population  (1890X  2,850,800. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  TamboflE, 
situated  on  the  Tsna  about  lat.  52°  45'  N. 
Population  (1890).  40,876. 

Tamburlaine  (or  Tamberlane)  the  Great,  or 
the  Scythian  Shepherd  and  the  Scourge  of 
God.  A  tragedy  in  t  woparts,  tjy  Marlowe,  acted 
in  1587,  and  entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Regis- 
ter" and  printed  in  1590.  it  is  his  earliest  play,  and 
the  first  in  which  blank  verse  was  introduced  on  the  public 
stage.    See  Tamerlane  and  Timur. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Herford  and  Mr.  A.  Wagner  have  investigated 
the  authorities  from  which  Marlowe  drew  his  conception 
of  Tamburlaine's  character  and  history.  They  show,  at 
some  length,  and  at  the  cost  of  considerable  research,  that 
Marlowe  was  indebted  to  the  lives  of  Timur  by  Pedro 
Mexia  the  Spaniard  and  Petrus  Perondlnus.  Mexia  8  "  Silva 
de  varia  lecion,"  published  at  Seville  in  1543,  obtained 
great  popularity,  and  was  translated  into  Italian.  French, 
and  English.  The  English  translation,  known  as  Fortes- 
cue's  "The  Foreste,"  appeared  in  1571 ;  and  there  can  be 
little  doubt  but  that  the  book  was  an  earlv  favourite  of 
Marlowe's.  BuUen,  Introd.  to  Marlowe's  Works,  p.  xxii. 
The  subject  of  "  Tamburlaine,"  ...  if  we  would  ex- 
press it  in  the  simplest  way,  is  a  mere  lust  of  dominion, 
the  passion  of  "  a  mighty  hunter  before  the  Lord  "  for  sov- 
ereign sway,  the  love  of  power  in  its  crudest  shape.  This, 
and  ttxis  alone,  living  and  acting  in  the  person  of  the  Scy- 
thian shepherd,  gives  unity  to  the  multitude  of  scenes 
which  grow  up  before  us  and  fall  away.  .  .  .  There  is  do 
construction  in  "Tamburlaine."  Instead  of  two  plays 
there  might  as  well  have  been  twenty,  if  Marlowe  could 
have  found  it  in  his  heart  to  husband'  his  large  supply  of 
kings,  emperors,  soldans,  pashas,  governors,  and  viceroys 
who  perish  before  the  Scourge  of  God,  or  had  he  been  able 
to  discover  empires,  provinces,  and  principalities  with 
which  to  endow  a  new  race  of  rulers.  The  play  ends  from 
sheer  exhaustion  of  resotlrces. 

Doirden.  Transcripts  and  Studies,  p.  44. 

Tame  (tam).  A  small  river  in  central  England 
which  joins  the  Trent  northeast  of  Lichfield. 

TamegO  (ta-ma'go).  A  river  in  northern  Portu- 
gal and  Spain  which  joins  the  Douro  20  miles 
east  of  Oporto.     Length,  about  90  miles. 

Tamera  (tam'e-ra).  An  ancient  name  of  Lower 
Egypt. 

Tamerlane.    See  Timur. 

Tamerlane  Ctam-er-lan').  A  play  by  Rowe, 
produced  in  1702.  Tamerlane,  though  supposed  to  be 
the  Timur  (Tamburlaine)  of  Marlowe's  play,  is  made  a 
calm  philosophic  prince,  with  poetical  allusion  to  William 
in.,  so  that  it  was  played  for  many  years  on  the  4th  and 
5th  of  Nov. ,  the  anniversaries  of  the  birth  and  of  the  land- 
ing of  William  III,  Handel  composed  the  music  for  a  li- 
bretto by  Piovene,  called  Tamerlano :  it  was  produced  in 
London  'in  1724. 

Tamesis  (tam'e-sis).    The  Latin  name  of  the 

Thames. 

Tamiahua  (ta-me-ii'wai.  Lake  of.    A  lagoon 

on  the  coa.st  of  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz.  Mexico, 
immediately  south  of  Tampico.  Length,  nearly 
100  miles.     Also  written  Tamiagua. 

Tamils (tam'ilz).  [Also  Tamxils .'"a TamU name.] 
A  race  inhabiting  southern  India  and  Ceylon, 
belonging  to  the  Dra vidian  stock.  The  Tamils 
form  the  most  civilized  and  energetic  of  the 
Dra  vidian  peoples. 

Tamina  (ta'me-na).  A  small  streamin  the  can- 
ton of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  which  joins  the 
Rhine  near  Ragatz:  noted  for  its  romantie 
si'enerv. 

Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Shakspere.  produced  in  1603and  printed  in  1623: 
altered  from  "The  Taming  of  a  bhrew"  printed 
in  1594.    The  earlier  play  was  not  by  .Shakspere,  but  by 


Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The 

some  one  else  (Marlowe  anil  Kyd  have  been  sugcested) 
for  Feiulu-oke'a  company  in  15i<8-89.  The  version  altered 
by  Sli:ikspere  was  by  Lodge  (Fleay).  See  Katheriiw  and 
J'ctruchio,  Cobbler  of  Prejttuti,  Jtuie  a  Wi/f  and  Hare  a 
Wife,  and  The  Uoneymoon,  all  of  which  are  more  or  le-ss 
based  on  this  play. 

Tamise  (ta-mez').  A  mauufaeturiiig  towu  iu 
the  [iroWnce  of  East  Flautlers,  Belgium,  situ- 
ateil  on  the  Schelde  20  miles  uoi-th-northwest 
of  Brussels.     Population  (1890),  11,039. 

■Tammany  Hall  (tam'a-ni  hal')-  [From  the 
conventional  s])elling  of  the  name  of  a  saehera 
of  the  Delaware  Inilians  who  soldland  to  William 
Penu.  In  the  aboriginal  tongue  his  name  means 
'  the  Affable,'  anU  trailition  credits  him  with 
being  a  lover  of  peace  ;  further  than  this,  the 
legends  and  adventures  attached  to  his  name 
are  the  invention  of  members  of  different 
American  societies  which  held  May-day  fes- 
tivals iu  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  before 
and  after  the  Ke volution,  and,  adopting  the  sa- 
chem as  their  patron  saint,  commonly  described 
themselves  as  "Sons  of  St.  Tammany."]  A 
New  York  political  organization,  having  its 
headquarters  in  Tammany  Hall,  tlie  property  of 
the  "Tammany  Society  or  Columbian  Order." 
The  latter  was  founded  in  New  York  city  on  May  12,2789, 
with  benevolent  and  fraternal  purposes.  In  general  op- 
position to  the  Federalists  the  Tammany  Society  bccnnic 
identirted  with  the  Keptlblicana  (now  the  I>eniocratic 
part)),  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  campaign  of  180U, 
which  resulted  in  the  choice  of  Thomas  Jetterson  for 
President.  In  IbO.'i  the  society  was  incorporated.  While 
fldheriiiK  to  its  original  character  as  a  secret  social  organi- 
sation, with  a  governing  council  of  sachems  and  a  ritual 
with  aboriginal  Havor,  the  Tammany  Society  grew  in  public 
inlluence,  and  in  ISU  built  the  original  Tammany  Hall 
at  Frankfort  street,  fronting  the  City  Hall  Park.  Since 
then  a  local  political  party,  favored  by  a  majority  of  the 
members  of  the  Tammany  Society,  has  always  had  its 
headiiuarters  in  the  home  of  the  Society,  and  has  been 
popularly  known  as  "Tammany  Hall  " — the  present  hall, 
erected  in  18t>7,  being  on  14th  street,  between  Irving  Place 
and  Third  .-Vvenue.  Although  in  theory  the  Tammany 
Hall  tJeneral  t'onnnittee  has  no  relation  to  the  Tammany 
Society  save  as  teruuit  of  the  latter's  edifice,  in  practice 
they  are  coordinate  branches  of  one  political  sy^t^.nl,  the 
S.iciety  being  in  effect  the  citadel  of  the  controlling  spirits 
of  the  Tammany  Hall  party.  Tammany  Hall  puri>i»rts  to 
be  the  regular  Democratic  organization  of  the  city  and 
county  of  >"ew  Vork,  though  that  claim  has  often  been 
contested.  By  mear'S  of  ?  highly  organized  system  of 
Tamtnany  clubs  and  assembly-district  associations,  it  has 
usually  held  a  paramount  place  in  city  politics.  In  1893, 
Tammany  Hall,  controlled  virtually  by  one  man.  was  in 
possession  of  every  important  office  and  avenue  of  iiiiblic 
tnjijloyniL-nt  pertaining  to  the  niuiiicipal  administratiim. 
It  wa-s  <t\erthrown  IH'M,  regained  power  1897,  and  was 
again  overtlu"own  1901. 

Tammerfors  (tiim'mer-fors).  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  government  of  Tavastehus,  Fin- 
land, 10.)  miles  north-northwest  of  Helsiugfors. 
Population  (1890),  20,489. 

Tammuz  (tam'u/,).  [Heb.]  1.  The  fourth  ec- 
clesiastical and  tenth  civil  month  of  the  Hebrew 
year.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  .June  and  part 
of  Jul.v. —  2.  A  Syrian  deity,  the  same  as  the 
Pheuician  Adon  or  Adonis,  in  whose  honor  a 
feast  was  held  every  year,  beginning  with  the 
new  moon  of  tlie  month  Tammuz.  He  was 
identical  with  the  Assyro  Baijylonian  Du'uzu 
<ir  Dunjuzu.     Also  'I'liami>iii~.     See  Adonis. 

Tarn  o'  Shanter  (tam  6  shau'tfer).  A  famous 
piMiu  by  Robert  Bin-ns. 

Tamoyos  (ta-mo'yos).  [Tupi  tnmui/a,  a  grand- 
fathijr  or  ancestor:  hence  'tue  ancient.']  A 
powerful  tribe  of  Indians  who  ut  the  timeof  the 
conf|iiest  dominated  the  Brazilian  coast  from 
Cape  Frio  to  Ulmtuba  (Rio  de  .Janeiro  and  Sao 
Pailli)).  They  were  a  branch  of  the  great  Tupi  stock. 
Tlley  repeatedly  attacked  the  I'ortugtlese  settlements  nf 
8iio  Vicente  ami  Santos,  and  by  their  alliatice  with  the 
French  colonists  at  Rio  de  .Janeiro  enabled  tlie  latter  to 
maintain  their  position  until  1507.  As  a  tribe  they  have 
long  been  extinct. 

TTampa  (tam'pii).  A  seaport,  capital  of  Hills- 
borough County,  Floritla,  situated  at  the  moufli 
of  Hillsborougli  Kiver  in  Tampa  Bay,  in  lat. 
27°  .'i7'  \.     pDpulation  (1900),  1.1.839.' 

Tampa  Bay.  An  inlet  of  tUe  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
on  the  wistern  co.'ist  of  Kloriila.  Length,  about 
40  miles. 

Tampico  (liim-pe'ko).  A  seaport  in  the  state 
of  Tiiinaulipas.  .Mexii'o.  situated  on  the  Paiiuco. 
in^ir  the  (inir  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  (of  lighthouse) 
22^  Hi'  N.,  long.  97°  49'  W.  It  has  important  com- 
meneuiih  the  Itnlted  States  and  Europe.     Population 

(IS'.Hl.  O.HH.I. 

Tamraparni  ftam-ia-piir'nc).  [Skt.:  tiimrn, 
(Inrk-icil,  copper-cdlored,  and  jiiinin,  leaf- 
having  ilark-j-ed  leaves,  or  ••copper-leaf,  most 
probably  from  the  color  of  the  soil  in  the  isl- 
and" (/■:.  Miillcr,  I'jili  (irummar.  p.  132).]  1. 
The  Siinskrit  name  of  a  town  in  Ceylon,  ami 
then  of  I  he  island:  the  (Jreek  Taprobanu.— 2. 
A  river  in  .southern  India. 


977 

Tamsui  (tam-so'e).  A  seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Formosa.  China.  It  was  bombarded  by  the 
French  Oct.  2-3, 18^  ;  and  near  it  occuiTed  other  combats 
between  the  French  and  Chinese  in  the  same  month. 

Tamuz.     See  Tdiiinut:. 

Tamworth  ttam'werth).  A  town  in  Stafford- 
shire and  Warwickshire.  England,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Tame  and  Anker,  13  miles 
northeast  of  Binnii:gham.  It  has  an  ancient  castle, 
which  was  the  principal  residence  of  the  kings  of  Mercia. 
Formerly  a  parliamentary  borough,  it  was  represented  by 
Sir  Robert  Peel  from  1833  until  his  death.  Populatioii 
(1891),  6.«14. 

Tamyras  (ta-mi'ras),  orDamnras  (da-mfi'ras). 

[Or.  Triuipar,  .in/joioaf.]  Inancient  geograi)hy, 
a  river  of  Phenicia,  between  Sidon  ana  Bery- 
tus:  the  modern  Xahr-ed-Damur. 

Tana-Elv  (tii'nii-elf ).  A  river  in  northern  Nor- 
way, and  on  the  boundary  between  Norway 
ami  Russia,  which  flows  into  the  Tana-Fjord. 
Length,  aljout  180  miles. 

Tana-Fjord.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  on 
the  extreme  northern coastof  Norway.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Tanagra  (tan'a-grii).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  of  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated  near  the  Aso- 
])us  24  miles  north-northwest  of  Athens.  A  vic- 
tory was  gained  here,  in  457  B.  c,  by  the  Spartans  over  the 
Athenians  and  their  allies.  Its  extensive  necropolis  has 
made  this  obscure  town  famous,  for  from  it  came  about 
1871  the  llrst  of  the  terra-cotta  figurines  which  drew  at- 
tention  to  the  interest  and  charm  of  antiquities  of  this 
class.  Such  figurines,  previously  ignored,  have  sine- b._'cn 
eagerly  sought  and  fniiiiil  in  great  quantities,  not  liulv  at 
Tanagra,  but  npcm  a  great  number  of  sites  in  all  i>art's  of 
the  Greek  world.  Those  from  Tanagra,  desjjite  ancient 
animadversions  on  Iteotian  taste,  still  hold  the  palm  f..r 
elegance  and  artistic  <iuality. 

Tanaim  (ta-nii'im),  or  Tanaites.  [From  Ara- 
inean  Iriia,  to  learn  and  to  teach:  'teachers, 
doctors.']  The  name  applied  among  the  Jews 
to  the  rabbis  or  teachers  of  the  law  in  the  Mish- 
nie  period  (10-220  A.D.);  the  authors  of  the 
Mishnah.  as  ojjposed-  to  the  Amoraim.  the 
authors  of  the  Gemara.     See  under  Taliituil. 

Tanais(ta'na-is).  1.  Theancient  name  of  the 
Don,  Russia. — 2.  An  ancient  Greek  colony  near 
the  head  of  I.,ake  Mieotis,  near  the  site  of  the 
modern  Azoff,  Russia. 

Tananarivo  (tii-na-ua-rt?'v6),  or  Antananari- 
vo (iin-tii-na-na-re'vo).  The  capital  of  .Maila- 
gascar.  situatedin  the  interior,  about  lat.  l;)°  S. 
It  contains  the  royal  palaces  and  many  buildings  in  the 
European  style.     Population,  estimated,  about  lOO.lXX). 

Tanaqilil  (tan'a-kwil).  In  Koman  legend,  the 
wife  of  Tiiniuinius  Priscus,  king  of  Rome. 

Tanaquill  (tan'a-kwil).  A  British  princes.s. 
Spenser  uses  the  nariiewith  reference  to  Queen  Elizabeth 
in  the  "Faeiie  Queene." 

Tanaro  (tii-nii'ro).  A  river  in  northwestern 
Italy :  the  ancient  Tamirus.  it  rises  in  the  I.igurian 
Alps,  Hows  past  Asti  and  Alessandri;!,  and  empties  into  the 
J'o  11  miles  northeast  of  Alessandria.  Length,  about  130 
miles. 

Tancred  (taug'kred).  Died  at  Antioch,  H12. 
One  of  the  chief  heroes  of  the  first  Crusade. 
1090-99.  He  was  the  son  of  Otho  the  Good  and  lauma. 
sister  of  Robert  Gui.',eard.  He  Joined  the  crusading  army 
under  his  cousin,  Hohemuntl  of  Tarentuni.  son  of  Robert 
Guiscard.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the  taking  of  .Sice 
ami  Tarsus,  thesiege  of  Antioch,  thecapture  of  Jerusalem, 
and  the  battle  of  Ascalon.  He  became  prince  of  Galilee 
and  later  of  p]dessa.  His  virtues  ami  achievements  are 
celebrated  in  Tasso'a  "Jerusjdem  Delivered." 

Tancred.  Died  1194.  King  of  Sicily,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Kogiu',  duke  of  .\pnlia.  He  was 
crowned  king  1 190,  nnd  conlcnded  forhisthrone 
with  Henry  VI.  of  I  lerninny. 

Tancred  and  Gismunda.    .\  i  ragi.ly  originally 

written  in  rime  by  livi'  giiitlemen,  proliably 
members  of  the  Inner  Temjile.  It  was  acted  there 
in  1508,  and  was  reiHiblished  iu  1572  by  Robert  Wilmot, 
the  author  of  the  last  act.  The  edition  was  put  into  blank 
verse.  It  is  reniarkal)le  as  the  ohiest  English  play  extant 
the  plot  of  u  hich  is  known  to  be  taken  from  an  Italian 
nr)vel. 

Tancrfede  (ton-krad').     A  play  by  Voltaire,  ])ro- 

dll.-ed  in   17liO. 
Tancredi  (tiin-kra'do).      An  opera  by  Rossini, 
lirst  proiluiid  at  Venice  in  1813  and  at  Lon- 
don 111  bSL'O. 

Taney  (tu'nii.  Roger  Brooke.   Bom  in  Calvert 

County,  JId.,  Maii-li  17.  1777:  died  at  Wasli- 
iiiglon.  1).  ('..Oct.  12. 1S()4.  .\n  .\ineriean  .jurist. 
He  be<'amea  leadnig  lawyer  in  Maryland,  and  a  Feileralist 
politician;  was  madeattorm-y-generalof  Marylnntlln  1827; 
was  a  jirominenl  supp'irlet  ot  .-Vndrew  .laekson  ;  wasrnlt- 
ed  States  attnrneygenenil  18:11-33;  became  secretary  of 
the  treasury  In  l.s.'i:(  (Ciuigresa  not  being  in  session),  and 
removefl  thtMlepoHils  front  the  In  it  ed  Stattfs  Hank,  but  wiui 
rejected  try  thi-  Senate  in  1S34  ;  was  nominated  for  associ- 
ate Justice  of  the  Sniireme  Court  iu  18:1.'',  tult  was  rejected 
by  the  Senate;  atul  was  conllnneil  as  chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  In  18S0.  U  is  most  noteil  decision  was  tinit 
in  the  "Ured  Scutt  Case"  (which  mo)  In  1867. 


Tannhanser 

Tanganyika  (tiin-gan-ye'kii).  Lake.  A  lake  in 
eastern  central  Africa,  extending  from  about  lat. 
3°  1.3'  S.  to  8°  4.')'  S. :  the  longest  fresh-water 
lake  in  the  world.  Iu  outlet  is  the  Lukuga.  which  flows 
into  the  Kongo.  It  was  discovered  by  Burtou  and  Si>eke 
In  1^5^,  and  has  be^n  explored  by  Livingstone,  Cametou, 
Staidey.  Thomson,  Wissmanu,  and  others.  Length.  410 
miles.  Area,  estimated,  12,650  square  miles.  Height  above 
sea-level,  2,<fcO  feet. " 

Tanger.     See  Tangier. 

Tangermtinde  (tang'er-milu-de).  Atown  in  the 
province  of  Saximy,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
.lunctiim  of  the  Tanger  with  the  Elbe,  30  miles 
northeast  .of  Magdeburg.     Population  (1890), 

Tangier  (tiin-jer'),  or  Tangiers  (tun-jerz'),  F. 
Tanger  (t  ohzha'),  t;.  Tanger  ( tiin'cer),  native 
Tanja  (tan'jiil.  A  seaport  of  Morocco,  sit- 
uated on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  in  lat.  35° 
47'  N.,  long.  .'5°  49'  W. :  the  Roman  Tingis. 
It  is  the  principal  center  of  commerce  in  Morocco ;  haa 
im|i.iriant  trade  with  Europe:  and  is  the  residence  of 
consuls  and  the  diplomatic  corps  sent  to  Sloroeco.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  Roman  province  of  I'ingitana; 
came  inUi  the  possession  of  the  Portuguese  in  the  Kth 
century  ;  was  ceded  to  England  on  tlie  marriage  of  Catha- 
rine of  llraganza  with  Charles  II.  in  l<iiJ2  ;  and  was  aban- 
doned to  the  .Moors  in  1084.  It  was  bombarded  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1790,  and  by  the  French  in  1844.  Population, 
estimated,  JO.OOO. 

Tangier  (tan-jer')  Island.  An  island  of  Vir- 
ginia, sittiated  in  Chesapeake  Bay  southeast  of 
the  mouth  of  the  I'otomae. 

Tanglewood  Tales,  The.    A  seties  of  tales  by 

N':ilTuiniel  H;iwtl]<u-ne,  jiublished  in  18.53. 
Tanis  (ta'nis).     See  Zoaii. 

Tanit  (ta'nit).  A  Phenician  goddess.  With 
l!a;d,  Uammon,  and  Kshnmn  she  formed  the  supreme 
tiiad.     Her  symb<il  w:i3  the  solar  disk  with  a  cresceuU 

Tanitic  (ta-uit'ik)  Branch.  A  northeastern 
mouth  of  the  Nile,  which  was  silted  up  in  an- 
cient times. 

Tanjore  (tan-jor').  X.  A  Mahratta  state  iu 
southern  India,  founded  in  the  17th  century. 
It  c;ime  under  British  rule  about  ISOO. — 2.  A 
district  in  Madras.  British  In<lia.  intersected  bv 
lat.  U°N.,  long.  79°  E.  Ai-ea.  3,709  squaremiles. 
Population  (1891),  2,228,114.  — 3.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Tanjore.  situated  on  an  arm 
of  the  Kaveri  about  lat.  10°  47'  \..  long.  79°  10' 
L.  It  has  important  manufactures,  and  is  notwl  as  a  lit- 
erary and  religious  center.  It  was  once  a  princely  resi. 
dence.  The  Great  Pagoda  is  a  stalely  Dravidian  temple, 
dating  from  the  I4th  centurj.  The  shrine  measures  82 
feet  square,  and  rises  in  two  vertical  stages  with  windows 
and  engaged  colunms,  upon  which  rests  the  great  Vimana 
pyramiil,  with  13  stages,  and  a  domical  crowning  190  feet 
above  the  ground.  The  whole  is  covered  with  rich  or- 
namentation, in  which  a  fan  shaped  detail  and  llgure- 
sculpture  are  conspicuous.  Before  the  shrine  is  a  siune. 
what  low  closed  porch,  from  which  an  avenue  of  columns 
leads  to  the  Bull  Shrine,  a  low  flat-roofed  colnumetl  pa- 
vilion in  which  is  the  noted  colossal  bull  statue.  The  in- 
closure  which  contains  the  temple  is  2.'iO  by  500  fift :  be- 
sides the  buildings  described,  it  contains  several  other 
imtable  shrines,  and  hiis  a  motmmental  sculptured  gopura 
or  gate.     Population  ll^fll),  54,390. 

Tann  (tiin).  Von  der  (in  full:  Baron  Ludwig 
Samson  von  und  zu  der  Tann-Rathsam- 
hausen).  Born  at  Darmstadt,  June  18,  1815: 
<iied  at  Meran.  April  2(),  1S81.  A  Bavarian  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war  of  1848- 
1850  and  against  l-russia  in  IstHi ;  was  commander  of  the 
Ist  Bavarian  anny  cori)s  In  the  hYanco-Gcrman  war;  ami 
commanded  ititlcpendently  on  the  Loire.  He  was  defeated 
atConlmiers  Nov.  9,  1870. 

Tanna(  tiin 'nil).  An  island  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
I'acitic  ( icean. 

Tannahill  (tan'a-hil).  Robert.  Born  at  Pais- 
ley, Scolliind.  .Tune  3,  1774:  committed  sui- 
cidi>  May  17,  1810.  A  Scottish  poet.  Among 
his  besl-knosvn  1_\tIcs  are  "The  Flowi'r  of  Dun- 
bhme"  :iM<l  '•(iloomy  Winter  's  noo  awa'." 

Tannenber^  (tiiii'nen-bei^ci).  A  village  in  the 
piovincc  ol  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  14  miles 
soutli  id'  Osterode.  Here,  in  1410,  the  Polish  and 
Lithnatdan  army  defeated  and  broke  the  power  of  the 
Tcuti)!iic  ftrder. 

Tannhauser  (tiin'hoi-zer).  [MHO.  /Vr  Tuh- 
liiisir.]  A  Middle  High  German  lyric  poet  of 
the  i:ith  century.  He  bel.uig.d  to  the  Saliburg  family 
of  I'aidiusen.  FnVm  about  1210  to  1270  he  Itil  a  wamler- 
ing  life  in  whicll  he  liveil  at  the  Itjivariau,  Austrian,  and 
other  courts,  ami  visited  the  far  East,  lie  was  a  initnie- 
slnger  and  the  writer,  particularly,  of  ilatu-e-songs.  A 
(lertnan  ballml  of  the  lOth  century  has  pr»'served  the 
memory  of  I  he  historical  Tanidiuuser.  This  first  deserihea 
his  parting  with  l.;oly  \'enus  with  whom  he  has  been  for 
a  year  in  the  \  ennsberg.  He  makes  a  visit  of  penance  (41 
Rome  and  asks  forabsolution,  lint  Pope  Vrban.  who  holds 
a  dry  stalf  In  his  hantl.  ileelares  that  as  little  as  the  stair 
can  grow  green, so  littlecan  hehavcGixI's  meri-y.  In  de- 
spair he  goes  away.  On  the  thinl  tlay  after,  the  stalf, 
however,  l-eglns  t4>  hud,  and  the  l'*>pe  semis  mit  In  search 
of  him;  but  he  has  gone  back  to  Vemis  In  the  miumtnlu- 
Tlie  legeml  of  Tannlniuser  Is  the  subject  of  the  opera  u( 
the  name  name  by  KIchard  Wagner. 


Tannliauser  97S  Tarbat  Ness 

joins  near  long.  «•  35' W.    The  main  head  streams  are  the     district   in  the  Northwest   Provinces    Briti'sh 
Arinos  (which  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Paraguay)  aud     Th.^Jq    t,oo»  tl,£.  T=r;™ni,.,.„  "m-ii^u 

the  Juruena.   Leneth.  with  the  Arinos,  nearly  lllOO  mUes  :  _,^"'^''^-  "ear  the  Himalaya. 

navigable  by  steajuboats  to  Itaituba,  160  miles  ;  above  this   larancon  ( ta-ran-kon  ;.     A  town  in  the  proT- 
there  are  nomerons  rapids,  but  canoes  ascend  nearly  to     ince  of  Cuenea,  Spain,  situateil  near  tlie  Kian 

..     , the  source  of  the  .Arinos.    Also  written  Tapo/oz.  sares  46  miles  southeast  o£  Madrid      Pouula- 

/(»i/). a  Tigrua  word  signifving 'men."  Indians."]  Tapanecs.     i>ee  fepanecs.  tion  (1SS7)  5  066 

A  tribal  division  of  the  tauoan  stock  of  North  Tapes  (ta-pas').     Indians  of  the  Guarany  race  Taranto  (ta-ran'to).     A  seaport  in  the  nrovinee 

of  Leece.  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Taranto, 
and  the  Mare  Piccolo,  in  lat.  40°  25'  N..  long.  17° 
12'  E. :  the  ancient  Tarentum  or  Taras.  it  has 
considerable  commerce  and  fisheries.  The  chief  building 
is  the  castle.    (For  history,  see  Tamitum.)    Population 


Tannhauser  und  der  Sangerkrieg  auf  Wart- 
bnrg.  An  opera  by  Wagner,  foimded  on  the 
legend  of  Tannhauser.  produced  at  Dresden  in 
1S45,  and  in  England  in  1876. 

Tano  (ta'nd),  or  Tahano,  or  Thano.    [From 


American  Indians,  which  formerly  occupied  a 
number  of  pueblos  in  the  vicinity  of  Galisteo, 
20  miles  south  of  Santa  Fe.  New  Mexico,  it  was 
almost  destroyed  as  a  tribe  in  the  Pueblo  revolt  of  16S0L 
The  remnants  are  settled  with  the  Tigrua  and  Tewa. 
See  Tailoan. 

TaSoan  (tan'yo-an).  or  Enaghmagh,  A  linguis- 
tic stock  of  North  Amerieau  Indians,  which 
embraces  the  Tewa,  Tano,  Tigua.  Jemez,  and 


who  formerly  occupied  much  of  the  territory 
between  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay,  ex- 
tending eastward  nearly  to  the  Atlantic!  Like 
the  Guaranys  proper  they  had  hardly  any  tribal  organiza- 
tii  •»,  and  probably  the  name  itself  was  loosely  used.  The 
Jesuits  had  some'  of  their  largest  missions  among  these 


(ISSl),  2;.,24r; ;  commune,  33,1M2. 


Indians.    Descendants  of  the  Tapes  form  a  large  portion  m  7      -ri  vu.uu,^„,  ^«-. 

of  the  country  population  of  Corrientes  and  Misiones,  part    larantO,  UVLKe  01.      aee  Macdoiiald. 

of  EntreEios,  northern  rmgnay,  and  southern  Bio  Grande  Taranto,  Gulf  of.     An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 


do  Sul.     .See  Guarajiys. 


Piro,  divisions  which  speak  more  or  less  closely  TaphiaB(ta'fi-e).    [Gr.  Tg^«jv  t-^coi.]    In  ancient 

allied  dialects  and  inhabit  various  communal  geography,  a  group  of  islands  west  of  Acama- 

pueblos  or  villages  in  the  main  and  tributary  nia,  Greece,  corresponding  to  the  modem  Mega- 

valleysof  the KioGrande.inNewMexico, Texas,  nisi,  Kalamo,  etc. :  earlier  called  Teleboides. 

and  Chihuahua,  as  well  as  one  of  the  Tusayan  Tapia  (ta'pe-a),  Andres  de.     Born  in  Spain 

villages,  Arizona.     Number,  3.300.  about  149o  :  died  in  Mexico  after  1539.    A  Span- 

Tanta,  or  Tantah(tan'ta),     The  capital  of  the  ^^'i^.^''^!^.'''  ,He  was  a  nephew  of  Velasquez,  governor 


province  of  Gharbiyeh,  Egypt,  situated  in  the 
Delta  72  miles  southeast  of  Alexandria.  It  is 
the  seat  of  important  fairs  and  festivals.  Pop- 
ulation (1S97).  57.300. 


of  Cuba;  joined  Cortes  in  1519;  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  conquest  of  Mexico ;  and  subsequently  settles!  at  Mex- 
ico City,  where  he  held  high  civil  offices.  He  wrote  an  in- 
complete but  very  valuable  account  of  the  conquest,  which 
was  published  by  Icazbalceta  in  1S66. 

Tantalam  (tan-ta-lam')  Island.     An  island  in  Tapley(tap'li),Mark.  A characterin Dickens's 

the  Gulf  of  Siam,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the     '"MartinChiizzlewitJ'Martin'sservantandtrav- 

Malay  Peninsula,  intersected  by  lat.  7°  30'  N.     eling  companion,  a  light-hearted,  merry  fellow, 

Length.  40  miles.  who  takes  constant  credit  to  himself  for  being 

Tantallon(tai»-taron) Castle.  AcastleinHad-    jolly  under  the  most  adverse  eiretmastances. 

dipgtonshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North  Tappan  (tap'an),  Arthur,    Bom  at  Northamp- 

Sea  near  North  Berwick:  now  in  ruins.    It  was     ton,  Mass.,  May  22,  1786 :  died  at  New  Haven. 

a  stronghold  of  the  Douglas  familv.  ■  Conn.,  Julv  23,  1865.     An  American  merchant  rp,_„„  -cti,-  ,x.-    ..  ,  i,..,/v\       «   *  i       ^    u 

Tantalus  (tan'ta-lus).  [Gr.  TdiTa/.of.]  In  Greek    and  philanthropist.    Hewas  the  first  president  "V^'f.^!  iiUlDa  (ta-ras    bol  ba).     A  tale  of  the 
-  Q  c/^';,  f>f  7oTi=  oT.rl  Pl.,t^  o,,.!  *„+!,„-     nt  t),o  Amoyioor,   A T,t;_eu,-o,.,- SnnJot,-  v^os^act;?.  oy  uogoi.     It  appeared  in  Its  flrst  fonn  io 


neau.  on  the  southern  coast  of  Italy :  the  an- 
cient Tarentinns  Sinus.  It  separates  "the  so-caUed 
"heel  "of  the  peninsula  from  the  "  toe. "  projecting  into 
the  '"foot "  about  S5  miles. 

Tarapaca  (ta-ra-pa-ka').  1.  A  maritime  prov- 
ince of  Chile,  situated  west  of  Bolivia  and  south 
of  Tacna :  noted  for  its  rich  nitrate  deposits. 
Capital,  Iqtxiquf .  it  was  seized  by  the  Chileans  in  1S79, 
and  was  ceded  by  Peru  to  Chne  in  1883.  Area,  19,300 s<iuare 
miles.  PopuLation  (18W).  4S.6S5. 
2.  A  small  town,  the  former  capital  of  Tara- 
pacfi,  situated  in  lat.  20°  3'  S..  long.  69°  5^'  W. 
On  Nov.  27,  1ST9,  a  Peruvian-Bolivian  force  defeated  the 
Chileans  near  this  place. 

Tarare  (ta-rar').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Turdine  22 
miles  northwest  of  Lyons,  it  is  the  center  of  a  large 
manufacturing  region,  turning  out  silk  plush,  velvet,  em- 
broidery,  dyes,  muslin,  etc ;  and  has  considerable  trade. 
Population  (1S91X  commune,  12,387. 

Taras,     See  Tarentum. 


mythology,  a  son  of  Zeus  and  Pluto,  and  father    of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society, 

of  Pelops  and  Niobe :  king  of  Mount  Sipylns  in  Tappan,  Lewis.    Born  at  Northampton,  Mass., 

Lydia.     For  revealing  the  secrets  of  the  gods  he  was     "  ^         -      -  -  -  -.    „      _ 

condemned  to  stand  in  Tartarus  up  to  his  chin  in  water 

under  a  loaded  fruit-tree,  the  fruit  and  water  retreating 

whenever  he  sought  to  satisfy  his  hunger  or  thirst.    From 

his  name  is  derived  the  word  tant'slize. 


appeared  in  its  flrst  form  in 
the  ■*  Evenings  at  the  Farm,"  but  was  rewritten  and  repub- 
lished. Taras  Bulba  is  a  type  of  one  of  those  fighting 
Cossack  chiefs  who  played  an  important  part. in  the  his- 
tory of  Poland,  and  later  in  the  historj-  of  Bifssia. 

Tarascans.    See  Tarascos. 


Tantra  (tan'tra).     [Skt..  'loom,  thread,  warp.' 


May  23,  17S8 :  died  at  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  June 
21,  1873.  An  American  merchant,  philanthro- 
pist, and  antislaverv  advocate :  brother  of  Ar-  _, 

thur  Tappan.     He  was  a  leading  founder  of  the  Tarascon  (ta-ras-kon  ).     A  town  in  the  depart- 
American  Missionarv  Association.  ™*^°,t  "^  Ariege.  France,  on  the  Anege  5  miles 

south  of  Foix.     It  has  manufactures  of  iron. 


and  then  '  order  of  ri^e^"theorv'  treatise  "l     I^  Tappan,  William  Bingham.  Bom  at  Beveriev.     i°"tn  ot  i  oix      it  has  manulactu 
Sansl^1^i,etft.^;e   Ir^li^'-V  -^^1;.,  Oct.  29.  1794T?Ued  at  West  Needham.  Ij'J'J^^^J'^Sl^^^h'?^"^'-^-^: 


Sanskrit  literature,  a  religiotis  treatise  teach- 
ing magical  formulas  for  the  worship  of  the  gods 
or  the  attainment  of  superhtmian  power.  The 
Tantras  are  the  Bible  of  Shaktism  (see  Shaita-f).  lake  the 
Puranas.  they  are  s.jmetimes  called  a  fifth  Veda. 


Mass..  June  18.  1849.  An  American  poet.  He 
wrote -'Xew  England,  and  other  Poems"  (1819),  '* Poetry 
of  the  Heart"  (1845X  "Sacred  and  MisceUaneons  Poems" 

(IStti).  et( 


are  also  known  as  Agama,  'that  which  has  come  d^^'  Tappan  Bay,  or  Tappan  Sea.  [D.  Tappaan 
(also  appliedto  the  Brahmana  portion  of  the  VedaX  in  dis- 
tinction from  Nigama,  a  general  name  for  the  Tedas, 
Dharmashastras.  Puraiias.  and  other  Smriti  literature. 
Their  authorship  is  sometimes  ascribed  to  Dattatreya,  who 
is  worshiped  as  an  incarnation  of  Brahm.i,  Vishnm  and 


Z(<.]     .^  expansion  of  the  Hudson  Elver,  in 

the  vicinity  of  Taixytown  and  Sing  Sing,  New 

York.    Length,  about  12  miles.   Greatest  width, 
...V...™  ^„  ..»„„.....„„„.,„„„.  „.,„.„.     .„„u    auu     about  4  miles. 

Shiva;  but  they  are  generally  thought  to  have  been  re-  Tappertit  (tap'er-tit),  Sim  or  Slmon,  A  char- 
vealed  by  Shiva  alone.  None' has  as  yet  been  printed  or  acter  in  Dickens's  "Bamabv  Rudge."'  He  is  a 
translated  in  Europe.  They  are  said  to  number  64,  with-  ridiculouslyconceitedandpompous'apprentlce,  veryproud 
out  counting  many  works  of  a  Tantrik  character.  They  of  his  fisure,  and  in  love  with  DoUv  Varden.  He  is  after- 
are  generally  written  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between  ward  concerned  in  the  •'Gordon  riots  " 
Shiva  and  his  wife,  and  every  Tantra  ought  in  theory  to  Taorobane  ( tap'ro-ban),     A  fabtUous  island  in 

treat  of  Ave  subjects :  the  creation,  the  destruction  of  the     ^y-    ,j„„,:„:„„   „«  •t>.„„<.„_    t„i :      „i  •   i, 

worid,  the  worship  of  the  gods,  the  attainment  of  super-  ^^^  donnmon  of  Prester  John,  m  which,  ac- 
humiin  power,  and  the  four  modes  of  union  with  the  .Su-  cording  to  Mandevule,  there  are  huge  pismires, 
preme  Spirit.  Whole  Tantras  treat  only  of  various  mo<les  as  large  as  hounds,  that  guard  hills  of  gold,  and 
of  using  spells  for  acquiriBg  magical  power;  other^simply  .(vork  m  them,  finding  and  storing  the  pure  gold, 
describe  the  most  effectual  modes  of  worshiping   the  ip„„,„v„«„ /»„  «-«i,'        -^     rn     %  3-       oCZ 

Shaktis.  The  oldest  known  Tantra  cannot  antedate  th^  iaprobane  (ta-prob  a-ne).  [Gr.  Ta-po3avri,  Skt. 
6th  or  7th  century  A.  D.  Full  .as  they  are  of  doubtful  sym-  Tamrapanii :  see  Tamraparni.~i  The  ancient 
holism,  and  tending  in  their  teaching  to  licentiousness,      name  of  Cevlon. 

theyarenot  all  necessarily  impure.  Theyseem  connected  To  j,«  Cfon't^x  cnmetimes  Tnn+.ob  (^tiiTi't5\  A 
withadistortetlviewoftheSankhvaphilosophvandwith  -^aP^.^tap  te),  sometimes  rupt^  (tup  te>.  A 
some  corrupt  forms  of  Buddhism.  They  have  greatly  in-  ^^^^  '^  western  central  India  which  flows  into 
fluenced  the  later  Buddhist  literature  of  Sepal.  There  theGulf  of  Cambay  below  Surat.  Length,  about 
are  also  Vaishnava  Tantras,  such  as  the  Gautamiva  and     4.50  mUes. 

the  Sanatkumar.i;  but  even  in  these  Shiva  is  the  speaker  Tannvrn    ct.net  rtH  no'va  stoVS       TTTir,!   inn„in 
and  his  wife  the  listener.    In  them  Eadha.  the  wife  of  ■'•apuya  STOCK  (ta-po  ya  stokj.      Linpi  tapma, 

Krishna,  takes  the  place  of  Dnrga  as  the  chief  object  of  ^  stranger:  tirst  applied  to  these  Indians  as  a 
worship.  term  of  dlsUke  or  reproach.  ]     A  name  given  by 

Taormina  (ta-or-me'na).     A  decaved  town  in    manv  ethnologists  to  the  Crens  (which  see),  m  o  -u   i     /^-     •■     .  i.~i  ,^       .  >_     ,  t 

the  province  of  Messina,  Sicilv,  situated  on  the  On  the  Amazon  the  name  Tapuva  is  now  used  Tarasp-SchUlS  (ta-rasp  shols  ).  A  health-re- 
coast  31  miles  southwest  of  "Messina:  the  an-  for  anv  Indian.  "  sort  and  watering-place  m  the  Lower  Engadine, 
cient  Tauromenium.  It  Tias  a  castle  and  a  cathedral.  Tara(ta'ra).  A  place  in  Countv  Meath,  Ireland,  f^^V"  %i  Grisons.Switzeriand  situated  on 
and  ^  noted  for  «s  antiquities,  especially  for  its  very  fine     21  miles  northwest  of  Dublin,  It  was  famous  in  the     t'le  Inn  db  miles  east  of  Loire.     It  has  mineral 

"' '    '        ■-      ■  early  history  of  Ireland  as  a  royal  residence.    In  1S43  it     springs. 

was  the  scene  of  a  large  mass-meeting  in  favor  of  repeal  Tarasque  (ta-rask  ).  A  legendary  monster  that 
of  the  Union.  ravaged  the  neighborhood  of  Tarascon.  France. 

The  assemblv  of  Tara  was  held  at  the  beginning  of  No-  -^  figure  of  him  is  carried  in  procession  at  a  festival  held 
vember.  every  third  year,  and  .  .  .  was  a  sort  of  parliament  annuaUy  at  Beaucaire  jnd  at  Tarascon  to  celebrate  his  de- 
at  which  all  the  nobles  and  principal  scholars  of  Erinn  met      struction. 

to  institute  new  laws,  or  to  renew  and  ertend  old  ones,  Tarazed  (tar  a-zed).  [Ar.  shdhSn  tdrdzed.  the 
and  to  examine,  to  compare,  and  to  correct  the  national  soaringfalcon"whichisthePersianname  forthe 
annals  and  history  of  the  country.  constellation  Aqmla.]      The  third-magnitude 


Tarascon.  Ato  wn  mthe  department  of  Bonches- 
du-Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone  16 
mUes  north  of  Aries:  the  Roman  Tarasco.  it  is 
connected  by  bridges  with  Beaucaire  opposite.  The  Church 
of  Ste.  Marthe  and  the  castle  are  notable.  It  has  a  festival 
in  honor  of  the  legendary  presei-vation  of  the  town  frc'm  a 
monster  (Tarasque).    Population  (1S91X  commune,  9,263. 

Tarascos  (ta-ras'kos>,  or  Tarascans  i  ta-riis'- 
kanz).  An  Indian  race  of  Mexico,  foi-merly  a 
powerful  nation  which  occupied  the  territory 
now  included  in  the  state  of  Michoaean.  .\ccord. 
ing  to  tradition  they  came  from  the  north  aliout  the  time 
of  the  Aztec  migration,  establishing  their  capital  at  Tzio- 
tzontzan  on  the  Lake  of  Patzcuaro.  Their  language  was 
entirely  distinct  from  the  Nahuatl,  forming  in  itself  a  lin- 
guistic stock.  They  were  quite  as  far  advanced  in  civili- 
zation as  the  Aztecs,  building  temples  and  houses  of  cut 
stone,  weaving  cotton  for  clothing,  and  using  a  very  com- 
plete defensive  armor  in  war ;  their  calendar  was  similai 
to  that  of  the  Mexicans,  and  they  had  a  form  of  picture- 
writing,  no  specimen  of  which  has  been  preserved.  Hu- 
man sacrifices  were  made  to  their  gods  and  at  funerala. 
Their  chief  deity  was  Curicaneri,  5.aid  to  have  symbolized 
the  sun.  Their  chiefs  (called  kings  by  the  Spaniards) 
were  elected  and  had  considerable  power.  The  Tarascos 
were  frequently  at  war  with  the  .Aztecs,  and  were  never 
conquered  by  them.  They  submitted  without  resistance 
to  the  Spaniards ;  but,  notwithstancling  this,  Nuiio  de  Guz- 
man tortured  and  killed  their  last  king.  Tangaxoan.  Un- 
der Hidalgo  they  were  the  first  to  revolt  against  the.^pan- 
lards  in  1810,  thus  opening  the  war  for  independence,  in 
which  they  fought  bravely.  -About  275.1  i>t  Tarascos  SUT^ 
Vive,  principally  in  Michoaean,  with  outlying  villages  in 
Guerrero  and  Jalisco. 


theater,  of  Greek  foundation  but  altered'  by  the  Bomans. 
This  important  ancient  city  was  founded  about  396  B.  c. 
It  was  often  besieged  and  taken.    Population  (1881),  -JjSSS. 

Taos  (ta'os).  The  northernmost  of  the  Pueblo 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  occupying 
a  village  of  the  same  name  50  miles  northward 
from  Santa  Fe,  on  the  Elo  de  Taos,  a  tributary 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  New  Mexico.  Number, 
409,     See  Tioua. 

Tapajos  (ta-pa-zhos' ),  or  Tapajosos  fta-pa-zho 


O'Curry,  Ancient  Irish,  I.  t 


star  y  Aquilse. 


An  ^dlan  triCwhi^eh  Tn  the  rnh  ani  Tarahumax   (ta-ra-ho-mar').     [Adapted   from  Tarazona  (ta-ra-tho'na).  .  A  town  in  the  prov 


zos). 

17th  centuries,  occupied  the  territory  about  the 
mouth  of  the  river  'Tapajfis.  The  sites  of  their  vil. 
lages,  which  were  large  and  close  together,  are  still  marked 
by  great  quantities  of  broken  pottery  strewn  over  the 
ground.  The  Tapajos  were  probably  of  Tupi  race.  Many 
of  them  were  enslaved ;  others  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sions, and  their  descendants  form  part  of  the  peasant  p.3pu- 
latioD  of  the  same  region. 
Tapajos  (ta-pa-zhos'). '  A  river  in  the  states  of 
M.Ttto  Grosso  and  Para.  Brazil,  it  is  one  of  the 
principal  southern  tributaries  of  the  Amazon,  which  it 


words  signifying  '  foot-racers,'  In  allusion  to 
their  custom  of  kicking  a  ball  in  racing.]  A  di- 
vision of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  embracing  {he  Tarahumar,  Varohio, 
Guazapar.  Pachera,  and  Tubar  tribes,  its  habitat 
embraces  the  head  waters  of  the  principal  streams  in  the 
Sierra  Madreof.Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  The  names 
of  nearly  all  their  settlements  terminate  in  the  It>cative 
form  cfiic.  Number,  estimated.  lo.CHXi.  See  Piman. 
Tarai  (ta-ri').  [-Moist  land.']  1.  A  region  in 
India,  at  the  foot  of  the  Himalaya. —  2.  A  small 


Inceof  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  QueUes 
43  miles  northwest  of  Saragossa.  Population 
(1887),  8,5a8. 

Tarbagatai  (tar-ba-ga-n').  A  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Asiatic  Russia  and  on  the  borders  of 
ni  (in  the  Chinese  empire),  about  lat.  47°-48°  N. 
Height,  about  10,000  feet. 

Tarbat  Ness  (tar'bat  nes).  A  cape  on  the  east' 
em  coast  of  Scotland,  between  Moray  Firth  and 
Dornoch  Firth. 


Tarbelli 

Tarbelli  (tar-bel'i).  In  ancient  history,  a  peo- 
ple living  in  the  southwestern  extremity  of 
A(|nitania,  in  Gaul. 

Tarbert  (tiir'bert  ),West  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Ai'gyllshire, 
Sodtland,  north  of  Kintyre.  .  There  arc  also  two 
loclis  (West  Locll  Tarbert  and  East  Loch  Tarbert)  on  the 
west  and  east  coasts  of  Harris,  Hebrides- 

Tarbes  (tiirb).  The  capital  of  the  (Jepartment 
of  Hautes-Pyr6ni'«es.  France,  situated  on  the 
Adoiir  in  lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  E.  it  lias 
manufactures  of  paper,  flax,  woolens,"machiner>'.  etc.  The 
principal  biiildin^^s  are  the  cathedral  and  the  museum. 
Its  Jardin  Massey  is  notaljle.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  old 
county  of  Bigorre  ;  was  in  the  possession  of  the  English 
about  1360-1406;  and  sutfered  severely  in  the  Huguenot 
wars.  Xiar  it  tlie  British  defeated  the  French  in  1814. 
Population  (1891),  25,087. 

Tarbox  (tiir'boks),  Increase  Niles.  Bom  at 
East  Windsor,  Conn.,  Feb.  11,  181.5:  died  at 
Newton,  Mass.,  May  3,  1888.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman,  and  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer:  secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
can College  and  Education  Society.  He  wrote 
" Nineveh "(18M),  "Tyre  and  Alexandria " (1865),  "Life  of 
Israel  Putnam"  (1876),  "Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  his  Col- 
ony in  America"  (1884)  "Songs  and  Hvmns  for  Common 
Life '  (1885),  etc. 

Tarentaise  (tii-ron-taz').  A  district  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie,  France,  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Isere.  It  is  mountainous  and  pictur- 
es(|ue. 

Tarentaise  Alps.  A  part  of  the  Qraian  Alps  in 
Tarentaise,  soutlieastern  France.  The  highest 
point  is  the  (irande-Casse  (12,60.5  feet). 

Tarentinus  Sinus  (tar-en-ti'nus  si'nus).  The 
ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Taranto. 

Tarentum  (ta-ren'tum).  The  ancient  and  me- 
dieval name  of  Taranto  (which  see),  in  south- 
ern Italy.  It  was  colonized  by  Sparta  about  705  B.  C. ;  be- 
cam  e  the  leading  city  of  JIagna  Graecia,  and  noted  for  wealth 
and  luxury  ;  was  at  war  with  the  Lucanians.  etc.,  in  the  4th 
centuj-y,  and  with  Rome  in  281,  aided  by  Pyrrhus;  was  taken 
by  Itonie  in  272  ;  was  taken  by  Hannibal  in  212  (except  the 
citadel);  was  retaken  by  Fabius  in  209;  and  received  a 
Roman  colony  in  12;i.  In  the  middle  ages  it  passed  to  the 
Goths,  Lombards,  Saracens,  and  Byzantine  Greeks,  and  in 
106.i  to  tile  Jsoi-mans  under  Robert  Guiscai'd. 

Targovitz  (tiir'go-vits),  or  Targovitza  (tiir-go- 
vit'sii).  A  small  town  in  the  government  of 
Kiel!,  Kussia,  about  r20  miles  south  of  Kieff. 

Targovitz,  Confederation  of.  A  union  of  cer- 
tain Polish  nobles,  formed  at  Tai-govitz  in  1792, 
in  opposition  to  the  constitution  of  1791. 

Targum  (tiir'gum).  [Aram., 'interpretation.'] 
The  name  applied  to  the  Clialdean  ((.  e.,  Ara- 
niean)  versiousof  the  Old  Testament.  They  devel- 
oped out  of  the  oral  translations  and  paraplirases  of  the 
passages  of  Scripture  read  iii  the  synagogues :  a  custom 
which  prohatdy  began  soon  after  the  return  of  the  Jews 
fi'om  the  captivity.  Tlie  most  popular  Targum  is  that 
which  jiasses  under  the  name  of  Onkelos,  which  originated 
proijably  in  the  yd  century  A.  D.  in  Babylonia :  the  name 
is  sujipescd  to  lie  a  corruption  of  Aquila(Akylos),  the  cele- 
brated iiinvert  and  author  of  a  Greek  version  of  the  Old 
Testament,  t«  wlioni  it  wa-s  ascribed-  It  gives  in  general  a 
faithful  translation  of  the  Hebrew  text.  Another  Tarratn 
is  attributed  to  Jonathan  ben  Uzziel.  a  disciple  of  Hillcl, 
which  is  more  free  in  its  rendering  of  the  original;  while 
the  so-called  Jerusalem  Targum  ("  pseudo-Jonathan  ")  is 
moreof  a  honiilctical  paraphrase  than  a  translation.  Kone 
of  these  Targums  is  in  its  present  shape  a  complete  trans- 
lation of  th**  OUl  Testament. 

Tarifa  (tii-re'fii).  A  seaport  and  fishing  town 
in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  in  lat.  36°  S. :  the  Punic 
Josii  and  Roman  Jtilia  Traducta.  It  occupies  the 
southernmost  point  of  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  Sai-- 
ttcens  nnrler  'i'arik  landed  there  in  711.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Castiliaris  in  the  end  of  the  l:ith  century  and  was  de. 
fcnit  .1  by  the  iiiitish  in  1K12.     i'opulation'(lss7),  13,206. 

Tariff  of  Abominations.  In  United  states  his- 
tory, a  name  given  by  its  opponents  to  the  high 
tariff  act  of  1H2H. 

Tarija  (til-re'llii).  1.  A  department  in  south- 
eastern Bolivia,  bordering  on  the  Argentine  He- 
public,  l^araguay,  and  Brazil.  The  eastern  part 
is  inchided  in  the  Gran  Cliaco  (which  see) ;  the 
western  part  is  mountainous.  Area,  34,.599 
squaremilcs.  Population(1893),89,650.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Tarija,  200  miles 
soulli-southeast  of  Sucre.  Population,  about 
1(1,(100. 

Tarik  (tii'rik).  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the 
81  li  century.  A  Saracen  general.  As  subordinate 
of  .Miisa,  the  governor  of  North  Africa,  he  led  the  fnvasinn 
of  Spain ;  landeil  at  Gibraltar ;  defeated  Roderick  near 
Xerez  de  la  Krontera  in  "H ;  and  eonipiercd  I'ordova.  To- 
ledo, etc.  He  aroused  the  jeiUousy  of  Musa,  and  was  over* 
thrown  liy  him  in  712. 

Tarim  (lil-rom').  A  river  of  Eastern  Turkestan, 
Cliinese  em])ire,  which  flows  ea.sterly  into  Lake 
Lfib  Nor.  It  is  supposed  to  receive  the  Aksu, 
Klioten,   etc.     Length,  estimated,  over  1,000 

niiioa. 


979 

Tarkhanftar-chiin'),  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  the  Crimea,  Russia. 

Tarleton  (tiiri'ton).  Sir  Banastre.    Bom  at 

Liverpool,  Aug. 21,17.54:  died.Jan.  23, 1833.  An 
Knglisli  general,  notorious  in  the  Revolution  for 
his  cruelty  as  a  partizan  commander  in  tlieCaro- 
linas  (1780-81).  Ueorganized  the  "British  Legi.>n"of 
regulars  and  'I'orieS ;  served  at  Camden ;  defeated  Sum- 
ter at  Fishing  Creek  and  was  defeated  by  him  at  Black- 
stock's  Hill  Nov.  20. 1780  .  was  defeated  li'y  .MiMgan  at  the 
Cowpens  in  Jan.,  1781 ;  and  surrendered  with  Coniwallis  at 
Yorktown.  He  was  later  mcmlier  of  parliament  and  lieu- 
tenant-general. He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Campaigns  of 
1780-SI,  etc."  (1787). 

Tarleton  (tiiri'ton),  Bichard.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, li)88.  A  famous  clown  and  comic  actor. 
He  is  .said  to  have  been  brought  to  London  from  Shrop- 
shire, and  to  have  been  a  "prentice  ill  his  youth  "of  the 
city  of  ];,ondon,  later  a  "water-bearer.'*  He  was  enrolled 
afterward  as  one  of  the  twelve  of  the  Queen's  Company,  ami 
bccanie  a  kind  of  court  jester  as  well.  He  was  celebrated 
for  his  extemporaneous  rimes  and  for  Ins  "jigs  "(comic 
songs  with  a  ilancc).  which  he  invented.  His  popularitv 
and  audacity  were  both  unbounded.  He  fell  into  disgrace 
and  was  dismissed  from  court  for  scurrilous  reflections 
upon  Leicester  and  Raleigh.  He  then  kept  a  tavern  in 
Paternoster  Row,  and  later  the  Tal)or  in  Oracechurch 
street.  He  wrote  "The  Seven  Deadly  sins,"  a  plav  which 
appears  to  have  been  the  result  of  his  real  or  iir'etended 
repentance  of  his  irregularities. 

Tarma  (tar'mli).  A  colonial  intendency  of 
Peru,  corresponding,  nearly,  to  the  present  de- 
partment of  .lunin  (which  see). 

Tarn  (tilrn).  A  river  in  southern  Prance  which 
joins  the  Garonne  below  Moissae :  the  Roman 
Tarnis.  A  gorge  or  canon,  31  miles  long,  in  its  upper 
course,  is  remarkable  for  the  height  of  the  rocks.  Among 
its  triliutaries  are  the  Aveyron  and  the  Agout  Length, 
about  '2:^5  miles. 

Tarn.  A  department  of  France,  formed  from 
part  of  the  ancient  Languedoe.  Capital,  Albi. 
It  is  bounded  byTarn-et-Garonne  on  the  northwest,  Avey. 
ron  on  the  north  and  east,  HCraulton  the  southeast,  Amle 
on  the  Siinth,  and  Haute-Garonue  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly  or  mountainous  (containing  part  of 
the  CevciMics).  Area,  2,217  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  34«.7:;9. 

Tarn-et-Garonne  (tiirn'a-gii-ron').  A  depart- 
ment of  France,  formed  from  parts  of  the  an- 
cient Guienne,  Gascony,  and  Languedoe.  (Capi- 
tal, Montaubnn.  It  is  bounded  by  Lot  on  the  north, 
Aveyron  on  the  northeast,  Tarn  on  the  e:ist  and  southeast, 
Hiuile-Garoinic  on  the  south,  and  Gers  and  Lot-et,Garonnc 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mostly  low  plateau.  Areii, 
1,436  siiuare  miles.     Population  (1891),  20li,09li. 

Tarnopol  (tiir'no-pol).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Sereth  73  miles 
east-southeast  of  Lemberg.  Its  trade  is  flour- 
ishing, and  it  has  horse-fairs.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  27.405. 

Tarnow  (tiir'nov).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Bimajec  47  miles  cast 
of  Cracow.   Population  (1891),  commune,  27,.574. 

Tarnowitzer  (tiir'no-vits-er)  Plateau.  A  pla- 
teau in  tliesoutlieasternpar.t  of  Silesia,  Prussia, 
near  Tarnowitz. 

Taro  (tii'ro).  A  small  river  in  the  province  of 
Parma,  Italy,  which  joins  the  Po  14  miles  north- 
nortliwest  of  Parma. 

Tarpeia  (tiir-pe'ya).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
daughter  of  Spurius  Tar])eius.  governor  of  the 
citadel  of  Rome  on  tlie  Capitoliiie  Hill.  Tempted 
byolfers  of  the  golden  bracelets  and  collars  of  the  Salunes, 
she  betrayed  the  fortress  to  tlicni :  but  as  they  entered 
they  cast  their  shields  ui>on  her.  and  she  was  crushed  to 
death.     Frcjrn  her  the  T:u'i)eian  Hbck  was  nanieil. 

Tarpeian  Bock  ( tiir-pe'yan  rok).  [L.  Mons  Tar- 
jiciiis.}  Originally,  the  mime  of  the  eiitii-o  Cajii- 
toline  Hill  in  Rome,  or  at  least  of  the  jjeak 
occupied  by  the  citadel,  in  nuMuory  of  flie 
treason  of  the  maid  Tarpeia  in  connection  with 
the  Sabine  siege;  later,  that  part  (Ifiijics  Tnr- 
pnn)  of  the  cliir  of  the  Ciipitidine  above  the 
Vicus  Jugiii'iiis  and  the  Fiirum  Rmnanum,  over 
whoso  ju'ecipice  condemned  criminals  were 
hurled:  now  uiu'ccognizablo  owing  to  artificial 
and  natural  changes  in  the  rocks.  The  popular 
identification  as  the  Tarjieiail  Rock  of  a  portion  of  the 
Capitoliiie  clilf  which  is  cut  to  a  vertical  snrtaee.  and  with 
a  deep  vertical  channel,  above  the  VIcolo  della  Rujie  Tar- 
peia, is  incorrect. 

Tarquin  (tlir'kwin).     See  Tarquinius. 

Tarquinil  ttiir-kwin'i-i).  In  ancient  geography, 
ji  eily  c.r  i:iriiria,  siluateil  near  the  .Mediterra- 
nean 1111(1  near  the  modern  Corneto,  45  miles 
northwest  of  Rome.  It  was  one  of  the  clilef  cities  of 
the  F.triiscan  League,  the  original  resilience  of  Tai  (piinins 
I'rtscusiii  Kninaii  legend.  It  wim  often  at  war  with  itonie, 
especi:illy  ill  the  1th  century  H.  c. 

Tarquinius  Priscus  (tiir-kwin'i-i^  iiris'kus). 

[L.  jirisrim,  old,  original.]  In  Roman  legendary 
history,  tlie  liflh  king  of  Rome:  the  son  of  ii 
Oi'eek  coliuiist  in  Tiiriiuinii.  He  sellled  In  Rome, 
becanie  giijiidiiin  of  the  Hons  of  Aliens  Marcins.  and  suc- 
ceeded the  latter,  lie  Is  said  to  have  built  the  Cloaca-, 
the  1  ircus  Miixlinlis.  and  the  Capitoliiie  Toinple.  The 
traditional  date  of  his  reign  Is  OlU-578  11.  C. 


Tartini 

Tarquinius  Sextus.  See  Sextus. 

Tarquinius  Superbus  (su-per'bus).  [L.  super- 
bus,  haughty-]  In  Roman  legendary  history, 
the  seventh  and  last  king  of  Rome  :  son  of  Ta'r- 
fpiinius  Priscus,  and  son-in-law  of  Servius  Tul- 
lius  whom  he  put  to  death  and  succeeded.  He 
extended  Roman  influence  abroad,  Imt  is  represented  as  a 
despot  and  tyrant,  and  as  overthrown  through  the  crime 
of  his  son  Sextus.  Unsuccessful  attempts  >vere  made  to  re- 
store him  through  the  Etruscans  and  others.  The  tradi- 
tional date  of  his  reign  is  534-510  B.  c. 

Tarracina  (tar-a-si'nji),  or  Anxur  (anks'ur). 
In  ancient  geography,'  a  city  of  Latium,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  57  miles  south- 
east of  Rome :  the  modern  Terraciua.  A  Vol- 
scian  town,  it  was  later  in  possession  of  Rome. 

Tarraco  (tar'.a-k6).  The  ancient  name  of  Tar- 
ragona. 

Tarraconensis  (tar'a-ko-nen'sis).  lu  ancient 
geograjihy,  a  Roman  province  in  Spain,  called 
at  first  llispania  Citerior.  It  occupied  the  north- 
ern and  eastern  parts  of  the  peninsula. 

Tarragona  (tiir-rii-go'na).  1.  A  province  in 
northeastern  Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Medlltra- 
nean  and  the  provinces  of  Barcelona,  Lerida,  Saragossa, 
Terilel,  and  Castellon.  It  corresponds  t*:i  part  of  the  an- 
cient Catalonia.  The  surface  is  partly  mountainous.  Area, 
2,451  square  miles.   Populatioi»(lbS7),  348,579. 

.  3.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Tarra- 
gona, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Francoli, 
on  the  Mediten-anean,  in  lat.  41°  6'  N.,  long.  1° 
15'  E. :  the  ancient  Tarraco.  it  has  a  growing  com- 
merce, exporting  wine,  oil,  etc.  The  interior  of  the  cathe- 
dral is  of  French  early  Pointed  work  :  the  tine  west  door 
and  rose  and  the  geometrical  tracery  of  the  chapels  lend  a 
later  character  to  the  exterior.  The  old  city  walls  are  of 
high  interest.  Their  base  is  of  rude  cyclopean  work,  pre- 
historic, with  stones  unshaped.  Above  this  is  Roman 
ashler,  with  wide  mai-gin-drafts,  and  still  higher  up  more 
modern  masonry.  There  Is  much  pre-Romaii  masonry,  in 
very  large  blocks,  both  in  the  fortilications  and  within  the 
city.  Thereare  remains  of  a  Roman  aqueduct,  of  11  arches 
in  the  lower  tier  and  25  in  the  upper.  Its  length  is  742 
feet ;  its  height  is  90  feet.  The  margin-drafted  masonry 
is  very  solid  and  imposing.  This  town  wjis  a  Fhcnieian 
settlement ;  was  fortitted  by  the  Seipios ;  became  one  of  the 
leading  cities  of  Spain,  and  the  capital  of  Hispania  Tar- 
raconensis ;  was  sacked  by  the  West  Goths  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  by  the  Saracens  in  the  8th  ;  and  was  relniilt  in 
the  12th  centiuy.  It  was  captured  by  the  British  in  1705, 
and  by  the  French  under  Suchet  in  1811.  Population 
(1887),  27,'2-25. 

Tar  (tiir)  Biver.  A  river  in  North  Carolina 
which  Hows  into  Pamlico  Sound,  it  is  called  in 
its  lower  course  Pamlico  River.    Length,  about  '200  miles. 

Tarrytown  (tar'i-toun).  A  village  in  West- 
chester Comity,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Htzd- 
son  (Tappan  Sea)  24  miles  north  of  New  York 
city.  Itwasthcsceneof  Andre's  capture  in  17.sO,audisthe  . 
burial  place  of  Washington  Irving.  Sunnyside,  the  resi- 
dence of  Irving,  is  in  the  neightxirliood.  Population  (1900), 
4,770. 

Tarshish  (tiir'shish).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  or  region  several  times  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament.  It  is  commonly  identifled  with  a  dis- 
trict in  southern  Spain  near  the  mouth  9f  the  Guadal- 
<iuivir,  and  was  probaldy  the  ancient  Tartessus.  It  was 
noted  for  Its  commerce. 

Tarsus  (liir'sus).  [Gr.  Tn^cuf.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, the  capital  of  Cilieia.  Asia  Minor,  sit- 

*  uated  on  the  Cydnus  in  lat.  36°  56'  N.,  lortg. 
34°58'E. :  the  modern  Tersiis  or  Tarsus,  it  was 
an  important  city  in  the  Pei-sian  perioil  ;  became  partly 
llelleni/ed,  and  the  seat  of  a  school  of  philosophj-;  and 
recelA  ed  important  concessions  from  the  Romans.  It  was 
tlie  birthiilaee  of  the  apostle  Paul.    Population,  IO^ikkiC.'). 

Tartan  (tiir'tan).  [Tiiitniiii  ill  the  cuneiform 
iiiscri])tions.]  The  Assyrian  title  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  ai-my.     2  Ki.  xviii. 

Tartar.     Same  as  Tartarus. 

Tartarin  (tiir-tii-ran').  Agaseonadinghumbng, 
I  he  piiiiei^)al  character  in  Alplioiise  Daudet's 
"Tartarin  de  Tnrascon,"  "Tartarin  sur  les 
Alpes,"  and  "Port  Tarascou":  a  satire  on 
the  typical  character  attributed  to  southern 
Fnmce. 

Tartars.     See  TaUirs. 

Tartarus  (tiir'ta-rus).  [Gr.  Taprnpoc.']  A  deep 
and  sunless  abyss,  according  to  Homer  and  the 
earlier  Greek  mythology  as  far  below  Hades  as 
earth  is  below  heaven.  Itwasdosed  by  adamnutine 
pates,  and  in  it  Zeus  Imprisoned  the  rebel  I'itans,  I.ater 
poets  describe  Tartarus  as  the  place  in  which  the  spirits 
of  the  wicked  receive  their  iliic  iiunlsliinent  ;  and  sonie- 
tlines  the'namc  is  used,  as  synonymous  with  Uadcs,  for  the 
lower  World  in  geneml. 

Tartary.     See  Talan/. 

Tartas  (tiir-lii').  A  town  ill  the  department  of 
l.aiides,  sonlliwestern  Franco,  situated  on  the 
Midouze  16  miles  wesl-soutliwest  of  Mont-de- 
Miirsan.     Population  ( 1891), '2,463. 

Tartessus.     Se(>  Tar.ihixh. 

Tartini  (tiir-tt"'ne).  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Pirano, 
Istiia.  .\lii'il  V2,  1692:  died  n1  Pndun,  Italy,  Feb. 
16,  1770.  An  Italian  violinist,  composer  for 
the  violin,  and  Avriter  on  music.    He  lived  chiefly 


Tartini 

in  Padua,  and  wrote  "Trattato  di  mu8ica"(1754).  "Devil's 
Sonata."  etc.  He  discovered  the  so-called  "third  sound 
of  TartinL" 

Tartufe,  or  Tartuffe  (tar-tiiC).  A  famous 
eomedy,  by  Moliere,  which  was  produced  at  the 
Comedie  Francjaise  in  1667.  Tartule  is  "  an  obscene 
pedant,  a  red-faced,  hypbcritical  wretch,  who,  palming 
himself  off  on  an  honest  and  refined  family,  tries  to  drive 
the  son  away,  marry  the  daughter,  corrupt  the  wife,  ruin 
and  imprison  the  father,  and  almost  succeeds  in  it,  not 
by  clever  plots,  but  by  vulgar  mummery  and  by  the  coarse 
audacity  of  his  caddish  disposition"  (Taiiie,  Eng.  Lit., 
I.  506).  Matthew  Medliourne  translated  and  adapted  it  in 
1670  as  "Tartuffe,  or  the  French  Piu-itain."  (.See  Hypo- 
crite. The.)  "Lady  Tartufe,"  a  play  by  Madame  deGir.ir- 
din.  was  produced  in  lSf)3.  Rachel  was  much  admired  in 
the  title  rOIe. 

Tarudant  (tii-ro-dant').  The  capital  of  Sus, 
Jlovoeco.  situated  near  the  Wadi  Sus,  125  miles 
southwest  of  Moixjcco.  Population,  estimated, 
S..')00.     Also  Terodant,  Tcnidant,  etc. 

Tarumas  (ta-ro-maz').  Indians  inhabiting  the 
highlands  in  the  southern  part  of  British  and 
Dutch  Guiana.  They  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  Jlay- 
pure  stocli,  and  formerly  lived  on  the  Rio  Negro,  where 
th^  are  said  to  have  been  numerous. 

Tanitino  (ta-ro-te'nol.  A  village  in  Russia, 
4.S  miles  south-southwest  of  Moscow.  Here,  Oct. 
18,  1S12,  the  Russians  under  Kutusoft  defeated  the  French 
under  Miirat. 

Taschereau   (tash-ro'),  Elzear  Alexandre. 

Born  at  Sainte  Marie  de  la  Bcauce,  province 
of  yuehee,  Canada,  Feb.  17.  1820  :  died  at  Qtie- 
bec,  April  12, 1898.  A  Canadian  Roman  Catho- 
lic prelate.  He  l)ecarae  rector  of  Laval  University  in 
1860.  archbishop  u£  Queiiec  in  1S71,  and  cardinal  in  1SS6. 

Taschereau,  Jules  Antoine.  Born,  at  Tours, 
France,  1801 :  died  at  Paris,  1874.  A  French 
journalist,  politician,  and  author.  Hewasa  mem- 
ber of  the  legislative  body,  and  had  charge  of  the  imperial 
library.  He  founded  the  "Eevue  retrospective"  (1833), 
wrote  histories  of  the  lives  and  works  of  Sloliere  and 
t'orntiUe.  and  edited  Moliere,  etc. 

Tashkend  (tash-kend').  or  Tashkent  (tash- 
kent').  The  capital  of  the  general  government 
of  Turkestan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  in  the 
valley  of  the  Tchirtchik  about  lat.  41°  20'  N., 
l0!)g.  69°  20'  E.  It  consists  of  the  Asiatic  city  and  a 
European  or  Russian  quarter ;  contains  many  gardens ;  and 
is  the  seat  of  extensive  trade  and  of  silk  manufactiu-es. 
It  has  belonged  to  Russia  since  1868.  Population  (1897), 
166„=i06. 

Tashmet  (tash'met).  [From  iemii,  to  hear  (the 
one  who  hears  prayer).]  In  Assyrian-Baby- 
lonian mytholog)',  a  name  or  epithet  of  the  wife 
of  Nebo  \Nahii).  Her  proper  name  was  Nana. 
Her  principal  seat  of  worship  was  in  Ereeh. 

Task  (task),  The.  A  descriptive  poem,  in  six 
parts,  by  William  Cowper,  published  in  1785. 

Tasman  (tas'man),  Abel  Janszen  (Janszon, 
etc.).  Born  probablv  at  Hoorn,  Netherlands, 
about  1602:  died  at"  Batavia,  Oct.,  1659.  A 
Dutch  navigator.  He  sailed  from  Batavia  in  Aug., 
1642,  in  command  of  an  exploring  expedition  to  Australia, 
despatched  byVanDiemen,  governor-general  of  theDutch 
East  Indies ;  and  discovered  Tasmania  (which  he  named 
Van  Diemen's  Land)  in  Nov.,  1642 ;  New  Zealand  in  Dec, 
1642;  part  of  the  Friendly  Islands  in  1643;  returning  to 
Batjivia  in  June,  1643.  In  a  second  voyage  (1644)  he  dis- 
covered the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Tasman  (taz'man)  Bay.  [Xamed  from  A.  J. 
Tasman.]  An  inlet  of  the  ocean,  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Tasmania  (taz-ma'ni-ii),  formerly  Van  Die- 
men's  Land  (van  de'menz  land).  [Named  from 
its  discoverer.]  An  island  and  British  colony 
in  Australasia,  situated  south  of  Australia 
(separated  by  Bass  Strait).  Capital,  Hobart. 
Its  surface  is  largely  mountainous  or  hilly.  It  has  good 
agricultural  resources,  and  mines  of  gold,  tin,  etc.;  and 
exports  wool.  gold.  tin.  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  states  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Australia,  under  a  governor,  legislative 
authority  being  vested  in  a  council  and  assembly-  (lioth 
elected).  The  aborigines  are  e.xtinct.  It  was  discovered 
by  Tasman  in  1642  ;  was  visited  by  Cook,  Bass,  and  others  ; 
was  settled  in  1803  ;  and  at  first  was  partly  a  penal  colony. 
It  was  a  dependency  of  New  South  Wales  until  1825. 
Area,  26,385  square  n.iles.    Population  (1899),  est.,  177.340. 

Tasman  (taz'man)  Peninsula.  -A  peninsula 
at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Tasmania, 
nearly  cut  off  from  the  mainland. 

Tasman  Sea.  The  name  proposed  by  the  Aus- 
tralian Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  and  adopted  by  the  English  Admiralty, 
for  the  part  of  the  Pacific  inclosed  by  Australia 
and  Tasmania  on  the  one  side,  and  New  Zea- 
land and  smaller  islands  on  the  other. 

Tasso  (tas'6;  It.  pron.  tas'so),  Bernardo. 
Born  at  Venice.  Nov.  11, 1493:  died  at  Ostiglia, 
Sept.  4,  1569.  An  Italian  poet,  father  of  Tor- 
quato  Tasso.  His  chief  work  is  the  romantic 
poem  "L'Amadigi"  ("Amadis,"  1560),  in  oc- 
tave stanzas. 

Tasso,  Torquato.  [F.  Le  Tasse.']  Born  at  Sor- 
rento, Italy,  March  11,  1544:  died  at  Rome, 
April  25,  1595.     A  celebrated  Italian  poet.    He 


980 

was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  schools  at  Naples,  Rome,  and 
Bergamo.  His  father,  Bernardo  Tasso,  was  involved  in  the 
troubles  of  the  Prince  of  Salerno,  his  p.atron,  and  joined 
the  prince  in  Rome  ;  but,  that  city  becoming  unsafe  for 
him,  he  accepted  shelter  at  Pesaro,  the  court  of  the  Duke 
of  Urbino,  where  his  son  Torquato  was  taught  with  the 
son  of  the  duke.  In  1567  Torquato  went  to  study  law  at 
Padua.  He  was  influenced  by  his  father's  writings  and 
not  by  his  advice,  and  in  1562.  while  still  at  Padua,  pub- 
lished  "  Rinaldo."  It  was  successful,  and,  his  father  ceas- 
ing his  opposition  to  a  literary  career,  Tasso  went  to  Bo- 
logna to  study  philosophy  and  literature.  He  returned  to 
Padua  shortly  after,  and  by  1565  was  attached  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  bouse  of  Este.  the  glories  of  which  he  celebrated 
in  "Jerusalem  Delivered":  Rinaldo  was  said  to  be  of 
that  race.  He  was  well  received  at  court,  and  was  en- 
couraged to  finish  the  epic  "  Goffredo  "  Gater  called  "  Ge- 
rus.alemme  Liberata"),  which  he  had  begun  at  Bologna. 
In  1570  Cardinal  Luigi  d'Este.  his  patron,  went  to  Paris, 
talking  Tasso  with  him.  There  be  met  Ronsard  arid  other 
distinguished  men.  He  left  the  cardinal  after  his  return  on 
account  of  a  difference  in  religious  opinion, but  was  received 
by  Duke  Alfonso  of  Ferrara,  who  loaded  him  with  favors. 
He  produced  his  "Aminta"  in  1573,  and  had  written  18 
cantos  of  "  Goffredo  "  in  1574,  when  he  was  seized  with 
fever.  After  this  his  mind  was  not  clear :  he  became 
quarrelsome,  worried  himself  about  the  orthodoxy  of  his 
poem,  and  became  subject  to  delusions,  dreading  accu- 
sations of  heresy  and  assassination  or  poison.  At 
length  he  was  placed  in  a  convent  at  Ferrara  for  medi- 
cal treatment.  He  escaped  and  fled  to  his  sister  in  the 
disguise  of  a  shepherd.  She  cared  for  him,  and  in  1578  the 
duke  received  him  again  ;  but  his  delusions  continued, 
and  he  wandered  from  place  to  place  (to  Mantua,  Turin, 
etc.),  finally  returning  to  Ferrara.  There  he  became  so 
violent  in  accusing  the  duke  of  a  design  to  poison  him 
that  he  was  placed  in  an  insane  asylum.  After  he  had  re- 
mained there  for  seven  years  he  was  released,  on  the  per- 
sonal promise  of  the  Prince  of  Mantua  that  Alfonso 
should  not  again  be  exposed  to  his  insane  attacks.  A 
theory  has  obtained  credit  that  Tasso  was  shut  up  in  an 
a.sylnm  on  account  of  his  aspirations  for  the  hand  of  Leo- 
nora d'Este,  the  duke's  sister,  and  Goethe'splay  was  based 
on  this  supposition.  "Goffredo"  was  published  at  Ven- 
ice during  the  time  of  Tasso's  seclusion,  but  it  was  very 
inaccurately  printed,  and  in  1581  a  revised  edition  was 
printed  at  Parma,  with  its  present  title  "Gerusalemme 
Liberata  "  ("  Jerusalem  Delivered  ").  He  remained  a  year 
at  Mantua,  wrote  "  Torrismondo "  (1586).  and  again  re- 
sumed his  wanderings.  He  had  many  friends  eager  to 
help  him,  but  was  broken  in  health  and  spirits.  His 
"Gerus;Jemme  Conquistiita,"  much  inferior  to  the  "Ge- 
rusalemme Liberata,"  was  published  in  159:i.  Two 
years  later  he  died  at  Rome,  whither  he  had  been  sum- 
moned by  Pope  Clement  XJ1\.  to  be  crowned  poet  laure- 
ate :  the  ceremony  was  never  performed,  owing  to  his  ill- 
ness. The  "  Gerusalemme  Liberata  "has  l)een  translated 
into  many  languages.  The  most  famous  English  transla- 
tion is  that  of  Fairfax  (1600). 
Tasso  (tas'so).  Torquato.  A  tragedy  by  Goethe, 
printed  in  1790. 

Tassoni  (tas-s6'ne).  Alessandro.  Born  at  Mo- 
dena,  Italy,  1565  :  died  there,  1635.  An  Italian 
poet  and  author.  His  best-known  work  is  a  burlesque 
heroic  poem,  "La  secchia  rapita"(''Rape  of  the  Bucket," 
1622).  He  also  wrote  "Considerazioni  sopra  U  Petrarca" 
(1C09),  etc. 

Tatar-Bazardjik  (ta-tar'ba-ziir-jek'),  or  Ba- 
zardjik.  Atown  in  EasternRumelia.Bulgaria, 
situated  on  the  Maritza  25  miles  west  of  Philip- 
popolis.     Population,  est.,  15,659. 

Tatars  (ta'tarz),  or  Tartars  (tar'tarz).  [From 
Pers.  Tatar,  Chinese  Tahtar.  a  Tatar.  Tartar, 
probably  due  to  some  confusion  with  Tartarus, 
was  formerly  the  established  form,  and  is  still 
frequently  used.]  1.  Certain  Tungusic  tribes 
whose  original  home  was  in  the  region  vaguely 
known  as  Chinese  Tatary  (Manchuria  and  Mon- 
golia), and  whoarenowrepresented  by  the  Fish- 
shin  Tatars  in  northern  Manchuria,  and  the 
Solons  andDauriafls  in  northeastern  Mongolia, 
but  more  particularly  by  the  Manehus  (the  pres- 
ent rulers  of  China).  The  chief  among  these  tribes 
were  («)  the  Khitans,  who  in  907  conquered  China  and  set 
up  a  dynasty  there  (called  the  Liao)  which  lasted  until 
1123,  when  they  were  conquered  by  their  rivals ;  (b)  the 
Niuchi,  Juchi,  or  Jurchin  (the  true  Tatars,  and  the  ances- 
tors of  the  modern  Manehus),  who  also  established  a  dy- 
nasty, called  Kin  ('golden  '),  and  are  hence  known  as  the 
Kin  Tatars  ;  (c)  the  Kara-Khitai  (or  black  Tatars),  a 
remnant  of  the  Khitans  who.  when  their  euipire  w.as  over- 
thrown by  the  Juchi,  escaped  westward  and  founded  an 
empire  which  stretched  from  the  Oxus  to  the  desert  of 
Shamo,  and  from  Tibet  to  the  .-iltai ;  (d)  the  Onguts  (or 
white  'Tat.ars). 

2.  In  the  middle  ages,  the  host  of  Mongol,  Tm'k, 
and  Tatar  wan-iors  who  swept  over  Asia  under 
the  leadership  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  and  threatened 
Europe. —  3.  Numerous  tribes  or  peoples  of 
mixed  Turkish,  Mongol,  and  Tatar  origin  (de- 
scendants of  the  remnants  of  these  hosts)  now 
inhabiting  the  steppes  of  central  Asia,  Russia 
in  Europe,  Siberia  (the  latter  with  an  additional 
intertnixture  of  Finnish  and  Samoyedic  blood), 
and  the  Caucasus,  such  as  the  Kazan  Tatars  (the 
remnant  ofifce  Kiptchaks,  or  •'  Golden  Horde  "). 
the  Crim  Tatars  in  the  Crimea,  the  Kalmucks 
or  Eleuths  (who  are  properly  Mongols),  etc. 

Tatary  (ta'ta-ri),  more  frequently  Tartary 
(tar'ta-ri).  A  name  formerly  given  to  central 
Asia,  on  account  of  the  inroads  of  Tatar  hordes 
in  the  middle  ages,    it  was  later  sometimes  divided 


Tata 

in  part  into  Chinese  Tatary  (East  Turkestan)  and  Inde- 
pendent Tatary  (Turkestan).  The  name  has  also  often 
been  extended  to  include  Manchuria,  Mongolia.and  Europe 
westward  to  the  Dnieper  or  Don.  Hence  the  division  into 
European  and  Asiatic  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Chinese.    See  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Grim.     See  Crimea. 

Tatary,  Gulf  or  Sound  of.  -\n  arm  of  the  sea 
which  separates  Saghalin  from  the  mainland  of 
Siberia,  north  of  the  Sea  of  Japan. 

Tatary,  High.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
East  Turkestan. 

Tatary,  Independent.    See  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Little.  A  name  formerly  given  to  the 
regions  in  southern  Russia  occupied  by  Tatars 
(Crimea,  Kiiitchak,  etc.). 

Tate  (tatX  Nahum.  Born  at  Dublin.  1652  :  died 
at  London,  Aug.  12.  1715.  An  English  poet  and 
play-"nTiter,  appointed  poet  laureate  in  1692. 
He'was  associated  with  Brady  in  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  Psalms  (1696),  and  wrote  various 
poems  and  plays. 

Tatian  (ta'shian),  L.  Tatianus  (ta-shi-a'nns). 
Born  in  Assyria  :  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  2d 
century  A.  D.  A  Christian  apologist.  He  was 
educated  as  a  Greek :  went  to  Rome,  and  became  converted 
to  Christianity  ;  and  later  adopted  in  part  Gnostic  views. 
He  wrote  "  <)r"atit>  ad  tiraecos  "  (an  apology  for  Christianity) 
and  "  Diatessaron  "  (a  harmony  of  the  Giospels,  recovered 
by  Zahn  and  edited  by  him  1881). 

Tatihou  (ta-te-o').  A  small  fortified  island  on 
the  coast  of  the  department  of  Manche,  France, 
16  miles  east  of  Cherbourg. 

Tatius,  Achilles.      See  AchiVes  Tatiiis,  and 

Stillill,-<. 

Tatius  (ta'sbi-us),  Titus.  In  Roman  legend,  a 
king  of  the  Sabines  who  attacked  Rome,  and 
ruled  over  it  con.iointly  with  Romulus. 

Tatler  (tat'ler).  The.  A  periodical  founded  by 
Steele  in  1709.  and  discontinued  in  1711.  Ad- 
dison wrote  41  papers:  Addison  and  Steele 
together  34.  Steele  wrote  a  much  larger  num- 
ber alone. 

Tatra  (ta'tro)  Mountains.  The  highest  group 
of  the  Carpathian  system,  situated  in  northern 
Hungarv  and  on  the  Galician  frontier,  about 
lat.  49°"  15'  N.,  long.  19°-20°  E.  Also  called 
the  Central  or  High  Carpathians.  Highest 
point,  the  Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  (8,737  feet). 

Tattam  (tat'am),  Henry.  Born  in  Ireland, 
Dee.  28,  1788':  died  at  Stamford  Rivers,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  8, 1868.  A  British  clerg\-man  noted  as 
an  Orientalist,  and  especially  as  an  authority 
on  Coptic.  He  published  a  Coptic  grammar, 
a  Coptic  dictionary,  various  Coptic  works,  etc. 

Tattersall's  (tat'er-salz).  A  sporting  estab- 
lishment and  auction  mart  for  horses.  inLondon, 
opened  about  1770  by  Richard  Tattersall  (1724- 
1795).  Since  1865  it  has  been  situated  near  Knightsbridge 
Green.  The  "subscription  room  "  was  opened  in  1818. 
The  name  has  been  given  to  similar  establishments  in 
other  cities. 

Tattle  (tat'l).  A  character  in  Congreve's  "Love 
for  Love  "  :  a  vain,  impertinent  beau,  boasting 
of  his  amours,  yet  priding  himself  on  his  secrecy. 

Tattnall  (tat'nal).  Josiah.  Born  near  Savan- 
nah. Ga.,  1762:  died  at  Nassau,  Bahamas,  June 
6,  1803.  An  American  Revolutionary  soldier 
and  politician.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Georgia  1796-99,  and  governor  of  Georgia 
1801-02. 

Tattnall,  Josiah.  Born  near  Savannah,  Ga., 
Nov.  9,  1795 :  died  at  Savannah,  June  14.  1871. 
An  American  naval  ofiBcer,  son  of  J.  Tattnall 
( 1762-1803 ) .  He  served  in  the  War  of  1812  ;  in  the  Al- 
gerine  war :  against  the  pirates  infesting  the  West  Indies; 
and  in  the  Mexican  war.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  flag- 
officer  of  the  Asiatic  station.  While  occupying  this  post 
he  violated  the  law  of  neutrality  by  assisting  the  British 
in  an  attack  on  the  Peiho  forts,  China  ( 'Blood, '  he  said, 
"is  thicker  than  water");  lus  conduct  was  sustained  by 
the  government.  In  1861  he  accepted  a  captaincy  in  the 
Confederate  navy.and  in  1862  succeededFranklinBuchanan 
in  command  of  the  Merrimac.  When,  soon  after,  the  Con- 
federates were  forced  to  abandon  Norfolk,  he  destroyed 
the  Merrimac  off  Craney  Island  (Jlay  11,  1862)  in  order  to 
prevent  her  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals. 

Tattvabodhinisabha  (tut-twa-bo-dhi-ne-su'- 
bha).  ['  Truth-investigating'  or '  Truth-teach- 
ing Societv.']  A  society  foimded  at  Calcutta 
in  1839  hi  Debendranath  Tagore  to  carry  on 
the  labors"  of  Ram  Mohim  Roy  in  restoring  the 
monotheistic  system  believed  by  him  to  be 
taught  in  the  original  Hindu  scriptures.  It 
lasted  20  years,  being  tnerged  in  1859  in  the 
Brahmasamaj  (which  see). 

Tattycoram  (tat-i-ko'ram).  A  character  in 
Dickens's  "  Little  Dorrit."  Her  real  name  is 
Harriet:  Beadle. 

Tatu  (ta'to),  orHuchnom  (hoch'nom).  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  living  in  Upper 
Potter  Valley,  California.     See  rukian. 


Tauber 

Tauber  (tou'ber).  A  river  in  "Wiirtemberg,  Ba- 
varia, and  Baden,  which  joins  the  Main  at  Wert- 
heim,  19  miles  west  of  WiirzbuTfr.  Its  valley 
(the  Taubergrund)  produces  the  Tauber  wines. 
Lenfrth,  74  miles. 

Taubert(tou'bert),  Karl  Gottfried  Wilhelm. 
Born  at  Berlin,  March  23,  1811:  died  there,  Jan. 
7, 1891.  A  German  composer.  He  was  made  music- 
director  of  the  royal  opera  in  1841,  court  kapellmeister  iu 
1845,  and  chief  kapellmeister  in  I8li7.  He  wrote  songs, 
operas  ("Macbeth,"  "Cesario,"  etc.),  sonatas,  music  to 
dramas,  etc. 

Tauchnitz  (touch'nits).  Christian  Bembard 

von.  Born  Aug.  25,  ISIG:  died  Aug.  14.  ls9.').  A 
German  publisher.  uepliewofK.C.T. Tauchnitz. 
He  founded  in  1&37  a  printing  and  publishing  house  at 
Leipsic,  and  in  1841  began  the  publication  of  his  "Col- 
lection of  British  Authors  "  (the  "  Tauchnitz  Edition  "),  to 
which  were  subsequently  added  "Collection  of  German 
Authors  "  (in  English  translations)  and ''  Students'  Tauch- 
nitz Editions." 

Tauchnitz,  Karl  Christoph  Traugott.    Born 

at  tirosspardau,  near  Gremma,  Saxony,  Oct.  29, 
1761 :  died  Jan.  14,  1836.  A  German  publisher 
(in  Leipsic).  He  introduced  stereotyping  into  Germany. 
He  was  especially  noted  for  his  editions  of  the  classics. 

Tauern  (tou'ern),  Hohe.  A  lofty  gi'oup  of  the 
Alps,  in  Tyrol  and  on  the  borders  of  Salzburg 
and  Carinthia.  Highest  point,  the  Grossglock- 
ner.     See  Ghiclnicr. 

Tauern,  Niedere.  A  name  sometfmes  given  to 
a  mountain-range  iu  Salzburg  and  Styria,  east 
of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 

Tauferer  Thai  (tou'fer-er  till).  An  Alpine  val- 
ley iu  central  Tyrol. 

Taugenichts  (tou'ge-nichts),  aus  dem  Leben 
eines.  [G.,  '  From  the  Life  of  a  Good-for- 
Nothing.']  A  romance  by  Eichendorff,  pub- 
lished in  1826. 

Taughannock  (ta-gan'ok),  or  Taghanuck, 
Falls.  A  perpendicular  cascade,  212  feet  in 
height,  near  Cayuga  Lake,  western  New  York. 

Tauler  (tou'ler),  Johann.  Born  at  Strasburg 
about  1300 :  died  there,  June  16,  1361.  A  noted 
German  mystic  and  preacher.  He  entered  the  Do- 
minican  order  about  1318 ;  was  driven  from  Strasburg 
with  other  Dominicans  who  disregarded  the  interdict  of 
John  XXII.  in  1339;  and  established  himself  at  Basel. 
Here  he  became  intimately  associated  with  the  "Friends 
of  God."  In  1352  he  returned  to  Strasburg.  His"Sennons" 
were  published  in  1498.  Otherworks  <"Bonk  of  Spiritual 
Poverty,"  etc.)  also  have  been  ascribed  to  him. 

Taunay  (to-na' ),  Alfredo  d'Escragnolle.  Bom 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Feb.  22,  1843 :  died  there  in 
Feb.,  1899.  A  Brazilian  military  engineer,  au- 
thor, and  politician .  He  served  in  the  Paraguayan  war 
18fi5-70:  subsequently  was  prominent  in  congress  as  an  ad- 
vocate of  means  for  promoting  immigration ;  was  president 
of  SantaCatbarinaandParan:i;  and  in  IsSelbecamesenator. 
Hi8"RetraitedeLaguna  "  (1871:  Portuguese  edition  1872) 
describes  an  episode  of  the  Paraguayan  war,  and  is  widely 
known.  He  is  the  best  of  the  Brazilian  novelists,  and 
published  many  critical  and  political  essays,  poems,  etc. 

Taunton  (t&n'ton).  The  capital  of  Somerset, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tone  38  miles  south- 
Tvest  of  Bristol,  it  has  a  castle  (said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Ine)  and  a  Gothic  church;  was  made  by  Ine, 
the  West-Saxon  king,  a  frontier  fortress  in  the  8tli  century ; 
was  long  held  by  the  bishops  of  Winchester ;  was  seized  by 
Perkin  Warbeek  in  1497 ;  was  taken  by  the  Royalists  in 
lf>43  ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by  tlle  Parliamentarians  un- 
der Blake  in  1644  :  and  was  defcTided  by  Blake  in  1044-45, 
and  relieved  by  Fairfax.  The  Duke  of  Monmouth  was  pro- 
claimed king  here  in  l(i85,  and  the  "  Bloody  Assizes  "were 
held  here  by  Jeffreys  in  the  same  year.  Population  (1891), 
18,026. 

Taunton  (tan'ton).  A  city  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  Taunton  River,  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  32  miles  south  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  maiuifnctures  of  locomotives,  nails,  cotton 
poods,  copper,  8ilver-i)lated  and  britannia  ware.  etc.  It 
was  settled  about  1638,  and  became  a  city  in  1864.  Popu- 
lation (iiimi),  ;ii,o:iii. 

Taunton  River.  A  small  river  in  southeastern 
Sliissnchusetts  which  flows  into  Mount  Hope 
Hay  (Narragansett  Bay)  at  Fall  River. 

Taunus  (tou'nfis).  A  mountainous  and  plateau 
region  ill  Prussia  and  Hesse,  lying  between  the 
Rhine,  the  Lahn,  the  Main,  and  tlu^  Wetter. 
The  name  is  generally  limited  to  the  southern  portion  of 
tllis  region,  called  also  Die  Hohe.  Its  culminating  point 
is  the  Grosser  Fcldberg  (about  2,900  feet).  It  contains 
many  mineral  springs. 

Taupo  (ta'po),  Lake.  A  lake  in  North  Island. 
New  Zealanil.  situated  about  lat.  38°  4.')'  S. 
Length,  24  miles. 

Tauri.(ta'ri).  In  anciontbistory,  a  people  dwell- 
ing iu  the  Crimea. 

Taurian  games  (liVri-nn  gamz).  A  name  un- 
der the  Koiiian  republic  for  the  games  called 
secular  (lu<li  sceculares)  under  the  empire. 
Also  called  Tfirniliiif  finmrs. 

Tauric  fta'rik,  Chersonese,  or  Tauric  Penin- 
sula.    Tlie  Crime;!. 

Taurida  (lou'rG-dii).  [0.  Tauricn.l  A  govern- 
ment of  southern  Russia.    Capital,  Simferopol. 


981 

It  is  bounded  by  the  governments  of  Kherson  and  Yeka- 
terinoslatf,  the  Black  Sea,  and  the  Sea  of  Azolt,  anil  in. 
eludes  the  Crimea.  The  inhabitants  inclntle  Russians, 
Tatars,  Germans  (Mennonites.  etc.),  and  others.  .Area, 
24,539  square  miles.    Population  (ls90),  1,167,600. 

Taurids  (ta'ridz).  A  shower  of  meteors  aj)- 
penriug  Nov.  20,  and  radiating  from  a  ])oint 
north,  preceding  Aldebaran  in  Taui-us.  The  me- 
teors are  slow,  and  fire-balls  occasionally  appear  among 
them. 

Taurini  (ta-ri'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  Ligu- 
riau  tribe  which  dwelt  in  the  valley  of  the 
upper  Po,  near  Turin. 

Tauris.     See  Tabrh. 

Taurisci  (ta-ris'i).  A  Celtic  people  which 
dui-lt  iu  the  ancient  Noricum. 

Tauroggen  (tou'rog-en).  Convention  of.    A 

conventiou  between  the  Prussian  geneial  York 
and  the  Russian  general  Diebitseh,  concluded 
Dec.  30, 1812,  at  Poseherun  (orPoscherau),near 
Tauroggen,  in  the  Russian  government  of  Kov- 
no.  The  Prussian  corps  (auxiliary  to  the  French) 
was  neutralized. 

Tauromenium  (ta-ro-me'ni-um).  The  Roman 
name  of  Taormiua. 

Taurus  (ta'rus).  [Perhaps  from  Aramean  tur, 
mountain.]  A  mountain-range  in  the  southern 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  it  extends  from  the  southwest- 
ern extremity  eastward  to  near  the  northeastern  angle  of 
theMediterranean(orto  the  valley  of  the  Jihun,  separating 
it  from  the  Amanus).  The  Anti-Taurus  is  an  otfshont  to 
the  northeast.  The  chief  pass  is  the  Cilician  Gates.  High- 
est point,  probably  about  11,000  feet. 

Taurus.  [L.,' the  bull.']  An  ancient  constella- 
tion and  sign  of  the  zodiac,  representing  the 
forward  part  of  a  bull.  It  contains  the  star  Alde- 
baran of  the  first  magnitude,  the  star  Xath  of  the  second 
magnitude,  and  the  striking  group  of  the  Pleiads.  Its 
sign  is  -  . 

Taus,  or  Tauss  (tous).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  western  Bohemia,  29  miles  southwest  of  Pil- 
sen.     Population  (1.S91),  commune,  7.703. 

Tautphoeus  (tout 'fe-bs),  Baroness  von  (Je- 
mima Montgomery).  Born  in  Ireland  in  1807: 
died  at  Munich,  Nov.  12,  1893.  An  Irish  nov- 
elist. She  visited  Munich  in  1S.36,  and  married  there 
Baron  von  Tautpha?us.  Shepublished  "Cyrilla," "Quits," 
"At  Odds,"  "The  Initials," etc. 

Tavannes  (tii-viin'),  Gaspard  de  Sauls' de. 

Boriiat Dijon, Mareh,1509:  diedl.5i3.  Aniarshal 
of  France.  He  captured  Metz  in  1552-53  ;  took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Verdun  and  decided  the  victory  of  Kenti 
in  15.''4  ;  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  wars  against  tlie 
Huguenots  (at  the  battles  of  Jarnac  and  Moncontour  in 
1569),  and  in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572. 

Tavastehus  fta-viis'ta-hbs).  1.  A  government 
in  southern  Finland,  Russia.  Area,  8,334  square 
miles.  Population  (1890),  2r)7.8.il.— 2.  The  cap- 
ital of  Tavastehus,  situated  60  miles  north  of 
Helsingfors.     Population  (1890),  4,644. 

Tavda  (tiiv'dU).  A  river  in  western  Siberia 
which  rises  in  the  Urals  and  joins  the  Tobol 
southwest  of  Tobolsk.  Total  length,  about  400 
miles. 

Tavemier  (tii-ver-nya' ).  Jean  Baptiste.  Born 
at  Paris,  160,5:  died  1689.  A  French  traveler. 
As  a  merchant  he  made  various  journeys  to  Tui-key,  Per- 
sia, central  Asia,  and  the  East  Indies.  His  "Voyages" 
was  publisln-d  1676-79. 

Tavetscher  Thai  (tii-veeh'er  tiil).  An  Alpine 
valley  at  tlie  western  extremity  of  the  canton 
of  Orisons,  Switzerland,  at  the  beail  of  the  val- 
ley of  the  Vorderrhein,  west  of  Dissentis. 

Tavira  (tii-ve'rii).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Algarve,  Portugal,  situated  in  lat.  37°  7'  N., 
long.  7°  36'  W.  It  has  a  coasting  trade  and 
fisheries.     Population  (1S90),  11, .'558. 

Tavistock  ( tav'is-tok).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
Kiighinil.  silualecl  oi\  the  Tavy  12  niil(>s  norlh  of 
PlyUKJUtli.  It  has  ruins  of  an  abbey  founded  in  thu  loth 
cciitury,  and  is  the  center  of  a  large  mining  district  (tin, 
copper,  lead,  etc.).     Population  (1891),  6,914. 

Tavoy  (tii-voi').  l.  A  district  in  the  Tenasse- 
rim  division,  Britisli  Burniii,  Iinlia,  intersected 
by  lat.  14°  N.  Area.  7,150  s(iuare  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  94,921.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Tavoy,  situated  on  the  river  Tavoy, 
near  till'  coast,  about  160  miles  west  of  Bangkok. 
Population  (1891),  1.">.0!I9. 

Tavris,  "i-  Tavriz.    See  Tahri:. 

Taw  Itn).  .\  river  in  Devonshire.  England, 
which  unites  with  the  Torridge  and  flows  into 
Barnstaple  Hay.     Length,  about  .'iO  miles. 

Taxila  (tak'si'-lii).  [Gr.  T(i;//n.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  the  I'anjab.  India,  in  the 
vi<'inily  of  (he  modern  Knwal  Piijili. 

Taxiles  (Ink'si-Iez).  ("Gr.  T(i:://;/fl  1.  An  In- 
(li,'in  king  in  llie  Paii.jab  at  (lie  time  of  (he  in- 
vasion of  .Me.xander  the  (irent  (n1iou(  326  n.c). 
—  2.  Aleailiiiggeneralot'Mithridatestlie(Jreu(. 

Tay  (til ).  The  longest  river  in  Scotland.  It  rises 
on  the  borders  nf  Perthshire  and  Argyllshire,  being  cidleil, 
at  Urst  the  Milan  and  then  the  Docilart ;  traverses  Loch 


Taylor,  Isaac 

Tay .  passes  Perth  ;  forms  the  estuary  or  Firth  of  Tay :  and 
empties  into  the  North  Sea  below  Dundee.  The  principal 
tributaries  are  the  Lyon.  Tummel,  Isla,  and  Earn.  It  has 
valiialde  sulmon-tisheries.  Length,  118  miles ;  navigable  to 
rerth. 

Tay,  Firth  of.  The  estuary  of  the  Tay,  Scot- 
land. It  extends  to  about  the  mouth  of  the  Earn,  sepa- 
rating Fife  from  Perthshire  and  Forfarshire.  Greatest 
width,  about  2^  miles. 

Tay,  Loch.  -V  lake  in  Perthshire.  Scotland, 
trav<iseil  by  the  river  Tay.     Length,  144  miles. 

Tayabas  (ti-ii'Biis).  A  town  in  the  southern 
part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  (50  miles 
southeast  of  Manila.    Population  (1887),  16,065. 

Taygeta  (ta-ij'e-tii).  [Gr.  Tavyirij,  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  Plcione.]  The  fifth- 
magnitude  star  19  e  Pleiadum,  situated  at  the 
soutliwest  corner  of  the  group. 

Taygetus  (tii-ij'e-tus).  The  highest  mountain- 
range  in  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece.  It  is  situated 
in  the  western  part  of  Laconia,  on  the  border  between  La- 
conia  and  ^lessenia,  extending  into  Arcadia.  Length,  70 
miles.  Highest  point,  St.  F.lias  (the  ancient  Taletuiu) 
(about  i900  feet). 

Taylor  (ta'lor),  Alfred.  Born  in  Fairfax  County, 
Va.,  May  23.  1810:  died  at  Washington.  IT C., 
April  19,  1891.  An  American  admiral.  He  was 
appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy  in  1825; 
commander  in  1855;  and  rear-admiral  in  1S72.  He  served 
in  the  blockade  of  Vera  Cruz  during  the  ilexiean  war ;  ac* 
companied  Commodore  Perry  on  his  expedition  to  Japan 
1853-54  ;  and  was  attached  to  the  Boston  navy-yiu-d  during 
the  rivil  War.     lie  was  retired  in  1872. 

Taylor,  Bayard.  Bom  at  Kennett  Square, 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  11,  1825:  died  at 
Berlin.  Dec.  19, 1878.  An  American  poet,  trav- 
eler, writer  of  travels,  translator,  and  novel- 
ist. He  was  named  after  James  A.  Bayard,  and  in  early 
life  soinetimes  signed  himself  **J.  Bayard  Taylor. "  He  was 
apprenticed  to  a  printer  in  1842.  He  traveled  on  foot  in 
Great  Britain,  Gennany,  Switzerland,  Italy,  France,  etc., 
1844-16,  writing  letters  to  .American  papers ;  was  connect- 
ed with  the  New  York  "  Tribune,"  and  its  correspondent 
in  California  1849-50 ;  and  traveled  in  Egypt,  Asia  Minor. 
,Syria,  and  Europe  1851-52,  and  in  Spain,  India,  Cliina,  and 
Japan  1852-53,  joining  Perry's  expedition  in  Japan.  On  his 
return,  having  traveled  more  than  fifty  thousand  miles,  he 
began  his  series  of  lectures.  He  ti-aveled  in  Germany, 
Norway,  and  Lapland  in  1855;  traveled  later  in  Greece, 
etc.:  was  secretary  of  legation  and  charge  d'affaires  at  St. 
Petersburg  1862-^;  resided  afterward  on  the  Continent ; 
visited  Egypt  and  Iceland  in  1874;  and  was  appointed  I  "lilt- 
ed States  minister  at  Berlin  1878,  His  principal  works  are 
".\imena,  etc."  (1844:  poems),  "Views  Afo,tt "  (1846), 
"Rhymes  of  Travel  "  (1849),  "  Eldorado,  or  Adventures  in 
the  Path  of  Empire  "  (1850),  "Book  of  Ilomances.  Lyrics, 
and  Songs  "  (1S5J),  "  A  Journey  to  Central  Africa  "  (18.^4), 
"The  Lands  of  the  Saracen"  (1854),  "  Poems  and  Ballads" 
(18.'>4),  "  A  \'isit  to  India, China,  and  Japan  "(18.55),"  Poems 
of  the  Orient"  (186.5),  "  Poems  of  Home  and  Travel  "(18.5.5) 
"  Northern  Travel  "(1857),  "  Travels  in  Greece,  etc.  "(1859), 
"At  Home  and  Abroad  "  (1859-62),  "The  Poet's  Journal  " 
(1862),  "Hannah  Thurston"  (1863:  a  novel),  "John  God- 
frey's Fortunes"  (1864),  "The  Story  of  Kennett  "  (1806), 
"Colorado "(1867),  "Byways  of  Europe "(1869).  "Joseph 
anil  his  Friend  "  (1870),  '  The  Masque  of  the  Gods  "  (187'2), 
"  Beauty  ami  the  Beast"(1872),  "  Lars,  etc."  (187.3),  "  School 
History  of  Germany  to  1871  "  (1874),  "  Egypt  and  Iceland  " 
(1874),  "The  Prophet"  (1874:  a  tragedy  of  Mormonism), 
"  Home  Pastorals  "  (1875),  "The  Echo  Club,  and  other  Lit- 
erary Diversiiuis"  (ls76),  "Boys  of  Other  C*)Untries  " 
(1876),  "The  National  Ode"  (1876),  "Piince  Deucalion" 
(187s),  "Studies  in  German  Literature"  (ls79).  "Critical 
Essays,  etc."  (1880),  and  "Dramatic  Works"  (18S0:  with 
notes  by  SI.  H.  Taylor).  He  edited  Tegner's  "  Frithjofs 
Saga  "  in  1867  (translated  by  Blackley),  and  translated 
Goethe's  "  Faust "  in  tlie  original  meters  (1S70-71). 

Taylor,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  at  Low- 
ville,  X,  Y,.  .luly  19.  isiii;  died  at  Cleveland, 
Olio,  Feb.  24,  1SS7.  An  .American  poet,  mis- 
cellaneous author,  and  war  correspondent.  He 
wrote  "  Pictures  of  Life  in  Camp  and  Field  "  (18711,  "  The 
World  nn  Wheels,  etc. "(1874),  ".Song  of  Yestenlay"  (1877). 
"Belwcin  tlieGates"(1878)."Sunimer  .Savory,  etc." (187!i), 
"  Duli-e  Duinnm  "  (ls84),  "Tlieophilus  Trent"  (a  novel. 
1>^7),  etc.  His  poems  include  "Isle  of  the  Long  Ago," 
■'  Itbyiius  .if  llie  Kiver,"  and  "  The  Old  Village  Choir." 

Taylor,  Brook.  Born  at  Edmonton,  England, 
Aug.  18,  ICiS.'i :  died  at  Somerset  House,  Dec. 
29,1731.  An Encrlish  mathematician.  He  entered 
St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1701.  In  1708  he  solved 
the  problem  of  the  center  of  oscillation  (result.s  pub- 
lished later  in  "  I'hilosophical  Transactions").  His  works 
inclutle  "  Metliodus  incrementoruni  directa  et  inversa" 
(1715),  "New  Principles  of  Linear  Perspective"  (1719)^ 
"Contemiilatio  Pliilosophica  "  (1793).  He  is  best  known 
as  the  discoverer  of  "  Taylor's  theorem." 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry.  Born  near  Durhnni.  Oct. 
18. 1800:  died  at  Houniemoutli,  March  27.  1886. 
A  noted  English  dramatic  poet,  statesman,  and 
critic.  He  went  to  London  in  18'2.3,  and  obtaineil  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  colonial  ollU-e  in  1.^21,  retiring  in  187'2. 
He  Itecaine  editor  of  the  "  Li>ndon  Magazine  "in  1824.  and 
was  made  knight  commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Jliclniel 
ami  St.  George  in  1S69.  His  chief  dramas  are  "Isaac 
Comnenus"  (1827)."  Philip  van  Arleveldo  "  (18:14),"  Edwin 
the  Fair"  (1842\"  The  Vii-giii  Wiilow  "(ISHO),  Among  his 
other  works  are  '*The  Statesman  "  (18,'t6>,  "  Nides  from 
Life"  (lH47),"Tlie  Eve  of  the  Conquest,  and  other  Poems" 
(1817),  "Notes  from  Books  "  (1849).  His  autobiography 
was  imblislied  in  1885  ;  his  letters  were  edited  by  Edward 
Dowdeli  in  188S. 

Taylor,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Lavenham,  Suffolk, 
England.  .Vug.  17,  1787:  died  at  Stanford  Riv- 


982 

clerk,  and  then  a  teaolier  in  private  schools ;  and  spent  tHe 
last  forty  years  of  his  life  in  studious  retirement.  Hemade 
translati'ins  of  Plato,  Aristotle,  Pansanias,  and  various 
Neoplatonists.  He  is  sr.nietimes  called  "the  Platonist." 
Taylor,  Tom.  Boru  at  Sunderland  in  1817: 
died  at  Waudswortb,  Jul}'  12. 1880.  An  English 
dramatist  and  art  critic,  editor  of  "Punch" 
from  1874  to  1880.  He  studied  at  Glasgow  University 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  for  two  years  was 
professor  of  English  at  University  College,  London.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1846,  and  in  1854  was  appointed 


secretary  of  the  board  of  health.     He  wrote  or  adapted  TrhalaVihnp       Spp  V'/in/nj.mU 


Taylor,  Isaac 

ers,  Essex,  England,  June  28, 1865.  An  English 
author.  He  studied  art,  but  ultimately  adopted  litera- 
ture as  a  profession.  Among  his  works  are  "  Natural  His- 
tory of  Enthusiasm"  (1«29),  "Natural  History  of  Fanati- 
cism "as34),  "Saturday  Evening "(1832),  "Spiritual  Des- 
potism  (1835),  "  Physical  Theory  of  Another  Life  "  (lS3ti), 
"Ancient  Christianity"  (1839),  "Restoration  of  Belief  ' 
(1855),  "Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetry"  (1861),  etc. 
Taylor,  Isaac.  Born  at  Stanford  Elvers,  May 
2.  1S2U  :  died  at  Settrington,  Oct.  18, 1901.  .An 
Phiglish  philologist  and  antiquarian,  sou  of  Isaac 
Taylor  (1787-1865).  He  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and,  after  llolding  benefices  at  Bethnal  Green 
and  Twickenham,  was  rector  of  Settrington,  Yorkshire, 
18T6-1901,  and  a  canon  of  York  1885-1901.  .\mong  his  works 
are  "Words  and  Places"  (1864),  "The  Alphabet:  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Origin  and  Development  of  Letters  '  (1883), 
"Etruscan  Researches"  (1874),  "Greeks  and  Goths:  a 
Study  on  the  Runes  "  (1879),  "  The  Origin  of  the  Aryans  " 
(1890),  etc. 

Taylor,  Baron  Isidore  Justin  Severin.    Born 

at  Brussels,  Aug.  15,  1789:  died  at  Pai-is,  Sept 

8,  1879.  AFreueh  artist  and  author.  He^ 

"  Voyages   pittoresques    et  romantiques  de   1 

France  "  (1820-63),  etc. 
Taylor,  Jane.     Born  at  London.  Sept.  23, 1783 : 

died  at  Ongar.  Essex,  April  12, 1824.  An  English 

poet  ana  a  ut  nor.   Conjointly  with  her  sister  Ann  Taylor    Street  Preaching  in  San  lYancisco" 

she  wrote  "Original  Poems  (or  Jnfaut  .Minds,"  " Hymns    Life-  Illustrated  "  (1868),  "  Model  Preacher  "  (18601    "Four 

for  Infant  Minds,  ■  etc.     Among  her  independent  works     Years"  Campaign  in  India  "  (1S75)  etc 

Mluner^^'o'sie^tfc''  "''''"'■' '"  '"'^"'  ""  ''''"''''  """^  Taylor,  WilUam  Mackergc;.   ijo™  atElmar- 
Taylor,  Jeremy.  _  Born  at  Cambridge,  England    poc'k.   Scotland,   Oct.   23,   1829:   died  at  New 


Tearless  Battle 

dians.  Their  habitat  was  formerly  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  Oregon,  below  the  mouth  of  Rogue  River  ;  it  is  now  on 
the  Siletz  resen'ation,  Oregon.    See  Athapascan 

Tchad,  Lake.    See  Chad. 

Tchadyr-Dagh  (cha-der-dag').  [-Tent  moun. 
tain. 'J  A  mountain  in  the  Crimea,  south  by 
east  of  Simferopol :  the  ancient  Trapezus  Mens 
Height,  5, 131  feet.  ^ 

Tchai  (ehij.  The  Tm-kish  word  for 'river':  com- 
mon in  geographical  names. 


over  100  plays,  among  which  are  "  Still  Waters  Run  Deep," 
"  Victims,''  "An  Unequal  Match,"  "The  Overland  Route," 
"The  Contested  Election,"  "Our  American  Cousin,"  "To 
Parents  and  Guardians,"  "The  Ticket-of-Leave  Man," 
"'Twist  Axe  and  Crown,"  "Joan  of  Are,  '"Lady  Clancarty,' 
".\nne  Bolfyn,"  and,  with  Charles  Reade,  "Masks  and 
Faces,"  "Two  Loves  and  a  Life,"  and  "The  King's  Rival." 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Haydon,  edited  the  "Autobiographical 
Recollections  "  of  C.  R.  Leslie,  and  wrote  "Leicester  Square, 
its  Associations  and  its  Worthies  "  (1874),  etc. 


Tchatal-Dagh  (ehii-tal-dag').     A  range  of  the 
Balkans  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated 
near  Sliven. 
Tcheliuskin,  Cape.     See  Serero.  Cape. 
Tc'.ernaya  (char'ni-a).     A  small  river  in  the 
Crimea,  which  iiows  into  the  Black  Sea  near 
Sebastopol.    On  its  banks,  Aug.  16, 1855,  the  al- 
ls Meirt    'P,.,,!^- TtT-jiT -D        •    -d'   11    •,      r,       .        lies  repelled  an  attack  bv  the  Russians. 

published  'vf^  ^-3"  «^-    ?T'^^'^''^^^'^^%^.'"'^}^''  Tchernigoff  (cher-ne-gof').     A  government  of 
fane  e^St   i^^Vcno  ^  T  ^f  ^  =  '^""^  ^^ ^^^^  ^*°V ^f'l r^^^    ^"-'^^"*'' '  *'"-™u"ded  by  the  g 
18,1902.     An  American  missionary  of  the  Meth-       '  " _•.    __  <= 

Odist  Episcopal  Church.  He  founded  independent 
missions  to  India  aiul  South  America,  and  hecame  a  mis- 
sionary bishop  to  Africa  in  1884.     He  wrote  "  Seven  Years' 


(baptized  Aug.  15.  1613) :  died  at  Lisburn,  Ire 
land,  Aug.  13,  1667.  An  English  bishop  and 
celebrated  theological  writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
barber,  and  was  educated  atCaius  College,  Cambridge,  be- 
ing elected  a  fellow  of  his  college  in  16:i3.  He  was  after- 
ward appointed  to  a  fellowship  at  All  Souls,  Oxford,  by  Arch- 
bishop Laud.  He  became  rector  of  Uppingham,  in  Rut- 
landshire, in  1638.  During  the  civil  war  he  .adhered  to  the 
royal  cause,  serving  as  chaplain  to  Charles  I.    He  lost  his 

living  in  1642,  and  supported  himself  by  teaching.    After  Taylor,  William  BogOrs 
the  Restoration  he  was  made  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor     -R    T     X'^r.vr    7    isn  •   MoA  ^ 
er  of  the  Irish  r,riwconn,-n      TTf.:  r.hi..f  wnrt=      n..  1. .  x>  ov  .    ( ,   lOli  .    UieU  S 


governments  of  Mo- 
ghileff.  Smolensk,  Orel,  Kursk,  Poltava,  Kieff, 
and  Minsk,    it  lies  in  the  basin  of  the  Dnieper,  which 
forms  part  of  its  boundary.    Area,  20,233  square  miles. 
„o„a.    ,.r.  ,-^     ■        ropulati.,n,  '2,109,983.     AHo  Che nivjoff. 
iJlr  •■';i86o'f.''.^Fo,',^.  Tchernigoff,     The  capita!  of  the  government  of 
Ichcnugoft,  situated  on  the  Desna  m  lat.  51° 
30'N. :  oneof  theoldestto-svnsinRussia.  Popu- 
lation, 26,815. 
York,  Feb.  8,  1895.    A  Scottish- AmerTcan  Pres'-  Tchernigoff,  Principality  of .   A  medieval  prin- 
byterian  elerg\Tnan  and  author  :   pastor  of  the    eip^ility  in  central  Russia.    It  was  acquired  by 
Biioadway  Tabernacle  (Congregational)  in  New    Lithuania  under  Gedimin  (1315-40). 
York  eity  1872,  pastor  emeritus  1892.    Among  Tchemyshevsky  (cher-ne-shef'ske),  Nikolai.  ' 
""        '  ••" "  -         Born  at  Saratoff,  1828:  died  there,  Oct.  29, 1889, 


and  a  member  of  the  Irish  privy  council.  His  chief  works 
are  "  Libert)-  of  Prophesying"  (1647),  "  Life  of  Clirist,  or 
the  Great  Exemplar  "  (1648),  "  Holy  Living  "  (1650),  "Holy 
Dying'  (1651),  -.'Golden  Grove"  (1666),  "  Ductor  Dubitan- 
tium"  (1660),  and  "Dissuasive  from  Popery "  (1664-67). 
His  collected  works  were  edited  by  Heber  in  1822. 
Taylor,  John.  Born  in  Gloucestershire,  1580 : 
died  at  London,  Dec,  1654.  An  English  poet, 
known  as  "  the  Water  Poet."  By  occupation  he 
was  a  waterman,  and  aftern-ard  collector  of  wine  duties 
for  the  Tower  lieutenant.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  became  a  Royalist,  and  kept  a  tavern  at  Ox- 
ford ;  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  kept  the  Crown  Tavern 
in  Phoenix  Alley,  Longacre,  London.     His  writings  are  v.ll- 


his  works  are  "The  Miracles"  (1865),  "David"  (1876), 
"  Elijah  ■'  (1876),  "  Ministry  of  the  Word  "  (1876),  "  Peter  " 
(1876),  "Daniel  "(187S),  "  Moses"  (1879),  "  Gospel  Miracles  ' 
(1880),  "Paul"  (1882),  "John  Knox"  (1884),  "Joseph" 
(1887),  "Parables  of  our  Saviour"  (1886).  etc. 

Born  at  Newport, 
at  Washington,  D.  C. 


April  14,  1889.     An  American  admiral,  son  of 

W,  V.  Taylor,    He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  n?  v^*^''  «^  ,  ,       , 

in  1828 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war  ;  and  during  the  Civil  ICnesme,  or  Chesme  (ches  me). 
War  acted  as  fleet-captain  under  Dahlgren  in  the  attack 
on  Morris  Island  in  July,  1863.    He  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral  in  1871  and  retired  in  1873. 

lor, William  Vigneron.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.*[.,  1781:  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1858.  An 
American  naval  oificer.   He  entered  the  United  Stat( 


A  Russian  historical  and  political  writer  and 
novelist,  exiled  to  eastern  Siberia  as  a  Nihilist : 
well  known  from  his  "tendency"  novel  "What 
is  to  be  Done?"  (1867). 
Tcheskaya  (ehes'ka-ya).  Gulf  of.  A  gulf  in 
the  north  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Arcii- 
angel. 

A  small  port 
on  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  opposite 
Chios  and  west  of  Smyrna.  Near  it,  July,  1770,  the 
Russian  fleet  under  Orlofl,  aided  by  Rear-Admiral  John 
Elpliinstone  and  Sir  Samuel  (later  Admiral)  Oreig,  nearly 
annihilated  the  Turkish  fleet.  The  Turkish  vessels  were 
burned  by  the  enemy  during  the  night. 


navy  as  a  sailing-master  in  1813  (having  previously  attained  ICniSlll  ( ehe  she ).  1  he  n  arm  Springs  Apaches : 
the  rank  of  captain  in  the  merchant  marine),  and  in  the  so  named  because  thev  formerly  lived  at  Aguas 
!,T_';^1'',!'/?.'3-''  "''"^  distinction  under  Perry  in  the  bat-    Calientes,  or  Hot  Springs,  New  Me.xico.    Their 

chief,  Victoria  or  Cochise,  was  kiUed  in  1881. 


tie  of  Lake  Erie. 


uable  illustrations  of  the  manners  of  his  age.    He  ivrote  Tavlor  ^apTiarv      Born  in  Orano-p  Pomitv  Vn        ehiet,  Vict( 
many  poetical  and  prose  works,  first  collected  in  1630, which     ^^^t  ItTts^  •  ^i^rl  o  t  wT.W^  n   n    '  7  ,' '     See  Apachl 

r,^/?..I-ZPAI!^l^^.HJ--).P>^».-™.k^:.-™P™l'!gabout    ^ept.  .4,  l^^^-^;^;,^^^^  Washmgtoji,  D^C    Jid^^  Tchitafor  Chita  (che'ta).  The  capital  of  Trans- 
He  entered_the  army  ^  first  lieutenant  in  1808;    l^aika.lia.Siberia,^situated  near  the  junction  of 
rank  of  major ; 


9,  1850 

served  in  the  War  of  1812,  attaining  the  r.ank  of  major  ^     *®  Tchlta  and  Ingoda,   410  miles  east  of   IT- 
detended  Fort  Hai-rison  against  the  Indians  in  181-2;  served    kutsK.     It  IS  a  trading  center  for  Eastern  Si- 
in  Bl.ick  H.iwk's  war  in  1832,  with  the  rank  of  colonel  ;de-    beria.      Population,  about  10,000  (?). 
feated  the  Seminole  Indians  at  Okeechobee  in  1837.  and  T/.'hiti-moolia       Qo<»  rh;t!,„^„T,^^ 
was  brevettedbrigadier-general;  and  became  commander-  ^cnitimacna.  JieeUlitimaClian. 
in-chief  in  Florida  in  1S3S.    Later  he  commanded  in  the  ICnOlO'VOne.     See  Cliolovone. 
Southwest.  In  1845  he  took  command  of  the  armv  in  Texas.  Tchu   (cho).     A  river  in  Russian  Central  Asia 
He  commanded  in  northern  Mexico  in  the  Mexican  war ;     -srhich  rises  in  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains  and 
gamed  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  May  8,  1846,  and  th.at  of     ;,],„(.-      ti  i         it  c       "'^  "'<""=  """ 

Eesaca  de  la  Palma  May  9 ;  took  possession  of  Matamoros  ^^  ^'^^^\,  "?  ^^^.  ^'^^^-  I*  '"'^^  formerly  a  tnbu- 
May  18  ;  captured  Monterey  Sept.  24  ;  and  defeated  .^anta  t^ry  of  the  Sir-Daria^.  Length,  about  600  miles. 
Anna  at  Buena  Vista  Feb  22-23, 1847;.  He  w.as  appointed  TchuktchoS  (chok'chez).  A  people  dwelling 
major-general  June  '29,  1846.    In  1848  he  was  elected  as    i«  +i  4.u        *.  *.         •*.    ^  o-i.     .  ^ 

Whig  candidate  to  the  presidency,  and  was  inaugurated  ™  ^^l^  northeastern  e.xtremity  of  Siberia,  near 
March  4, 1849.  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Bering  Sea:  allied  to  the 

Taylor,  Nathaniel  William.  Born  at  NewMil-  Taylor-srille  (ta'lor--vil).     The  capital  of  Chris-    Koryakes. 
ford.  Conn.,  .July  23,  1786:  died  at  New  Haven,    tian  County,  Illinois,   situated  on  the   South  Tchusovaya  (cho-so' va-ya). 


140  separate  titles,  were  edited  by  Hindley  in  187-2. 
Taylor,  John.  Born  in  England,  Nov.  1, 1808: 
died  July  25.  1887.  A  Mormon  missionary  and 
apostle.  He  emigrated  to  Toronto.  Canada,  in  1832 ;  was 
converted  to  the  Mormon  faith  in  1836 ;  became  an  apostle 
in  1838;  was  with  Joseph  Smith  during  the  att.ick  on  Car- 
thage jail  in  1844  ;  succeeded  Young-  as  president  of  the 
Mormon  Church  in  1877 ;  and  in  1880  became  presidentol 
the  faction  which  sanctioned  polygamy. 

Taylor,  Joseph.  An  English  actor  of  the  time 
of  Shakspere.  He  «-as  the  successor  of  Burbage  in 
Hamlet  and  Othello,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  the 
original  lago.  It  is  said  that  Shakspere  personally  in- 
structed him  to  play  Hamlet,  and  the  remembrance  of  this 
performance  enabled  Davenant  to  give  the  traditions  of 
Sliakspere's  directions. 


A  river  in  the 
a.  which 
Length, 


Conn.,  March  10, 18.38.   An  American  Congrega-    Fork  of  the  Sangamon,  26  miles  southeast  of    government   of    Perm,  eastern  Russia,  which 

tional  clerg\-man  and  theologian,  leader  of  the    Springfield.     Population  (1900),  4,248.  joins  the  Kama  northeast  of  Perm 

I' New  Haven  School  of  Theology  "(also  called  Tayronas  (ti-ro'uas).     An  extinct  tribe  of  In-    300-400  miles. 

'  Taylorism").    He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807;  became    dians  who  occupied   the  mountain   region  of  Tchuvashes   (cho-vash'ez) 

,stornfthpFir=tcn„„r„„,>.i„„„ini„„.„i,„.  v„...  r, :_    Santa  Marta,  now  in  northern  Colombia.    They    """  '^— ■•'••'  ''—• -"-^  — 

were  very  brave  and  warlike,  fighting  the  first  Spanish  in- 
vaders with  poisoned  arrow-s.  The  Tayronas  were  per- 
haps of  Chibcha  stock.     Also  written  Taironas. 

\^?iT>^an^^lan''''7''i»^"'dl^'^         ^  v°  t*  tIz  iS'.     An%^Xn  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  Obi 
>ew  Ui  leans,  Jan.  2(,  182b:  died  at  Is ew  York,  Ta^p-mpll  (ta/'wel )   T.it-HotnTi  •Wono-r 
April  12,  1879.    A  Confederate  general,  son  of  "^^^^-^^^^  **''^  wel)^  lilttleton  Waller, 
Zachary  Taylor.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Secession 
Convention  of  Lonisianaj  served  under  Jackson  in  the 


pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  at  Xe»-  Haven  in 
1812  ;  and  was  professor  of  theology  at  Yale  1822-68.  He 
wrote  "  Practical  Sermons  "  (1858),  "Lectures  on  Moral 
Government"  (1859),  "Essays,  Lectures,  etc.,  on  Select 
JTopics  of _ReveaIed_Theology  "  (1869). 


Bom 
at  Williamsburg,  Ya.,  Dec.  17.  1774:  died  at 
Norfolk,  Va.,  March  6, 1860.   An  Americanpoli- 

^'alley  campaign  and  the  Seven  Days'  battles  in  1862  ;  later 

was  commander  in  Louisiana  ;  defeated  Banks  at  Sabine 

CrossRo.ids,  and  was  defeated  by  him  at  Pleasant  Hill  in'  treaty  with  Spain;  United  States  senator  18-24-32;  and 

1804;  commanded  east  of  the  Mississippi  1864-65;  ands'ur-     C^^^™™  "f  Virginia  1834-:?6. 

rendered  to  General  Canby  Jlay  4, 1805.     He  wrote  "De-  Tca'Wi  (cha-we'),  or  Grand  Pa'Wnee  (pii-ne'). 

struction  and  Reconstruction  "(1879).  The  leading  tribe  of  the  Pawnee  Confederacv 

Taylor,  Samuel  Harvey.  Born  at  Derry,N.H.,    of  North  American  Indians.     See  Pniniee.       ' 

,u-i"      A    "'.^  /'^  ''^-  ^"'lo^'"'"'  ^liiss.,  Jan.  29,  Tceme  (cha-ma'),  orTceme  Tunne(cha-ma' tu- 

IMl.    A  noted  American  educator.  Hegraduated    na'),  sometimes  called  Yahshutes,  or  Joshua 

Indians.     1  '^      '        '     "  '      "     ' 

stream.']    ^t 
Athapaseaflbtock  of  North  American  Indians, 

They  fur  m  erl.\liv.-da  It  lie  inouth  of  RogueRiver,  Oregon,  but 
are  nowoo  the  sile(zi.servation, Oregon.    St-eAthapdncaii 


at  Dartmouth  College  in  1832  and  at  Andover  Theological 
Seminai-y  in  1837,  and  was  principal  of  Phillips  Academj-, 
Andover,  Massachusetts,  1837-71.  He  prei«ired  sever.il 
Creek  and  Latin  text-books,  and  wrote  "Method  of  Clas- 
sical study  "(ISCl). 

Taylor,  Thomas.     Born   at  London,  May   15,  ,     ^        -. 

17."is:  died  Nov.  1,  183.5.  An  English  classical  Tcetlestcan  Tunne  (chet-les'ehan  tu-na'),  or 
schoLir  and   miscellaneous  author.    He  studied     Chetlessentun.       ['Peo'ple    among    the    big 

•  three  years  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  afterward  received  rocks.']  A  village  of  the  Pacific  di\'ision  of 
instructiontromprivate  teachers;  was  for  a  tinje  a  bank    the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 


A  people  in  east- 
ern Russiit,  livingmainly  near  the  Volga:  prob- 
ably of  mixed  Finnic  and  Tatar  origin.  Their 
number  is  estimated  at  about  600.000. 
Tci'were  (che'wa-ra).  [An  Oto  term  meaning 
'autochthon.']  A  division  of  the  Siouan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  composed  of  three 
tribes:  the  Iowa,  Oto,  and  Missouri.  Their 
total  number  is  631 .  most  of  them  are  in  Okla- 

tieian.     He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  n?'"^il"-     *^*'f  xv  "'m'     i         »         4.1  .   j-j 

1800-01;  United  States  commissioner  under  the  Florida  Teaching  01  the  I'WelVO  ApOStlOS.  A  didac- 
tic work  for  use  in  the  early  church,  discovered 
by  the  metropolitan  Bryennius  at  Constanti- 
nople, and  published  in  1883:  date  and  author 
unsettled. 
league  (teg).  [So  called  from  the  former  prev- 
alence of  Teague  as  an  Irish  name.]  A  nick- 
.  inline  for  an  Irishman. 

['People     at    the    mouth    of    the  league  (teg).     A  character  in  Howard's  play 
tribe  ot  the  Pacific  division  of  the     --The  Committee  " 


He  is  a  faithful  Irishman,  a  char- 
acter said  by  Dibdin  to  have  been  copied  from  How-ard's 
ow-n  Irish  servant.  "Teague"  became  a  half-contemptu- 
ous name  for  an  Irishman  in  the  17th.centur>-  plays  and 
novels :  it  appears  in  the  famous  ballad  '*  Lillibullero." 

Teapi,  or  Teapy.     See  Easter  Istand. 

Tearless  Battle.  A  battle.  367  b.  c,  between 
the  allied  Arcadians  and  Argives  on  one  side 


Tearless  Battle 

n:iii  the  Spartans  on  the  other:  so  called  from 
the  immunity  from  loss  of  the  Spartans. 

Tearsheet  (tar'shet),  Doll.  A  disreputable 
oliaraeter  in  the  second  part  of  Shakspere's 
•HenrvIV." 

Tears  of  the  Muses.     A  poem  by  Edmund 

Spenser. 

Tea  Water  Spring.  A  famous  spring  in  New 
York,  which  issued  from  the  grouud  in  a  hollow 
near  what  is  now  the  junction  of  Chatham  and 
Roosevelt  streets,  then  out  of  town.  The  water 
was  the  best  on  the  island  of  ilanhathin  almut  tlie  het^in- 
ning  of  tlie  IStll  cerituiy,  and  was  hi'„'lily  jiii/ni  liy  house- 
wives for  niakin;;;  tea.  Before  the  Revolution  the  old 
spiiiiiz  was  a  j>opular  resort.  A  pump  was  ereeted,  orna- 
M  Mital  yrounds  were  laid  out,  and  the  wealth  ami  lashion 
ot  tile  eity  uathereil  there  on  summer  eveiniiffs  to  sip  the 
water,  foi'tirteii  hy  other  beverages. 

Teazle  (te'zl ),  Lady.  A  gay  and  innocent  but 
imprudent  country-bred  girl  in  Sheridan's 
'"School  for  Scantlal."  Married  to  an  old  man,  she 
plunges  into  the  temptations  of  town  life.  Mrs.  Abing- 
ton.  the  ereator  of  the  part,  niaiie  her  an  entirely  affeeted 
tine  lady,  sriving  no  hint  of  her  rustio  origin.  Mrs.  Jordan 
was  the  ttrst  who  allowed  a  trace  of  country  breeding  to 
be  visible  through  the  glitter  of  her  artificial  town  manner. 

When  the  veterans  in  the  art  of  scandal  are  joined  by  a 
brilliant  and  mischievous  recruit  in  tlie  shape  of  Lady 
Teazle,  rushing  in  amongst  them  in  pure  ijait-'  du  cceitr, 
the  energy  of  her  young  otislanght  outdoes  them  all.  The 
talk  has  never  been  so  brilliant,  never  so  pitiless,  as  when 
she  joins  them.  She  adds  the  gift  of  minucry  to  all  their 
malice.  .Vr«.  Oliphaut,  Sheridan. 

Teazle,  Sir  Peter.  The  husband  of  Lady  Teazle 
'  in  Sheridan's '•  School  for  Scandal."  He  is  "some- 
thing of  a  curmudgeon"  in  the  first  act,  but  improves  on 
acquaintance,  and  secures  the  affection  of  his  young  wife 
at  the  crisis  of  the  play. 

Teb,  El.     See  El  Teh. 

Tebessa  (ta-bes'sii).  A  town  in  the  ju'ovince 
of  Coustantine,  AJgeria,  108  miles  southeast  of 
Constantion :  the  ancient  Thereste.  It  has  im- 
portant Roman  antiquities,  including:  (a)  A  Roman  ba- 
silica, in  plan  71  by  ■.il2  ieet,  with  nave  and  two  aisles,  and 
a  semicircular  apse  at  the  further  end.  The  basilica 
is  precedeii  by  an  atrium,  or  open  court,  surrounded  by 
arcades.  The  buihling  stands  in  alarge  w.alled  inelosure 
of  later  date,  strengthened  by  towers.  The  structure  is 
assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  2d  century  A.  Ii. ,  and 
though  it  served  long  as  a  christian  church,  underwent 
but  little  alteration,  (i)  A  temple  of  Jupiter:  a  prostyle, 
tetrastyle,  Corinthian  building,  me.asuring  2(i  by  4;',  feet,  on 
a  basement  12  feet  high,  with  a  tine  (light  of  steps  in  front. 
(c)  A  triumphal  arch  of  Oaracalla:  a  fmn-way  ar<-h  like  that 
of  .lanus  Quadrifrons  at  Rome  and  the  Roman  arch  at 
Tripoli.  It  is  shown  hy  inscriptions  to  have  been  founded 
about  211  A.  I>. 

Tebeth  (te-bef).  [Heb.;  in  Assyrian  tehettt,  in- 
terpreted to  signify  'the  muddy  month.']  The 
tenth  ecclesiastical  and  the  fourth  civil  month 
in  the  Hebrew  year,  corresponding  to  February- 
March  (Esther  ii.  16). 

Tebris,  or  Tebriz.    See  lahri:. 

Teche  (lesh),  Bayou.  A  river  in  southern 
Louisiana  which  flows  into  the  lower  Atcha- 
falaya.  Length,  about  175  miles ;  navigable  to 
St.  Martinsville. 

Teck  (tek).  A  small  medieval  duchy  in  Swabia, 
now  belonging  to  Wiirtemberg. 

Tecpan  (tak-piin').  An  ofd province  of  Mexico, 
established  by  Morelos  in  1811  as  a  revolution- 
ary measure,  but  retained  after  the  indepen- 
dence. It  corresponded,  nearly,  to  the  state 
of  Guerrero,  which  was  formed  from  it  in  1847. 

Tecpanecs.     See  Tepanccs. 

Tecumseh  (te-kum'se).  Born  near  the  site 
of  Springlicld,  Ohio,  about  1768:  killed  in  the 
battle  of  the  Thames,  Canada,  Oct. .'),  1813.  A 
chief  of  the  Shawnee  Indians.  lie  aided  his  bro- 
ther ("  the  Propliet")  in  his  attempt  to  unite  the  western 
Indian"  against  the  whites,  and  was  an  Important  ally  of 
the  British  In  the  War  of  1812.  lie  served  at  the  Raisin 
River  and  at  Magiiaga  ;  eommandeil  an  Indian  contingent 
atthe  siege  of  Fort  Meigs;  and  ccnnmanded  thcrightwing 
at  the  battle  of  the  'I'hames. 

Tecumseh.  A  town  in  Lenawee  County,  Michi- 
gan, situated  on  the  Kaisin  Kiver  41  miles 
west-southwest  of  Detroit.  Population  (1890), 
2,.110. 

Tecumseh.  An  iron-clad  vessel,  a  singlo-tur- 
reted  monitor,  of  the  United  States  navy.  It 
W.1S  one  of  Admiral  Farragut's  lleet  in  the  attack  on  Mo- 
bile, Alabama,  commanded  by  raptain  Craven,  and  was 
Slink  liy  a  torpedo  in  .Mobile  Bay  Aug.  .'>,  Hi04. 

Tecunas.     See  Tik'hhhs  and  .liiiiiiitKis. 

Teddington  (ted'ing-ton).  A  village  in  Middle- 
sex, England,  situated  near  the  Thames  12 
milos  west-southwest  of  London.  Population 
(18!»n,  10,02.'i. 

Te  Deum  (te  de'um).  [So  palled  from  the  first 
words,  "  Tr  Dciim  laudamiis,"  'Thee,  (iod,  we 
praise.']  An  ancient  hymn,  in  the  form  of  a 
psalm,  sung  at  matins  or  morning  prtiyer  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  and  in  tlie  Anglican  churches, 
and  also  separatidy  as  a  service  of  thanksgiving 
on   special   occasious.    The  To  Dcum  Is  llrst  men- 


OSS 

tinned  early  in  the  6th  century.  Its  authorship  is  popu- 
larly attributed  to  St.  Anihrose  and  St,  Augustine,  but  it 
probably  assumed  nearly  its  present  form  in  the  4tll  cen- 
tury, during  the  Arian  and  Macedonian  controversies, 
though  in  substance  it  seeniii  to  be  still  older,  St.  Cyprian 
in  .\,  p.  252  using  words  closely  similar  to  the  seventh, 
eighth,  and  nintli  verses,  and  several  of  the  latter  verses 
(  "Day  by  day,"  etc)  agreeing  with  part  of  an  ancient 
Greek  hymn, 'preserved  in  the  Alexandrine  Codex,  the  be- 
ginning "^>f  which  is  a  form  of  the  Glori'ain  F.\eelsis,  origi- 
nally it  was  modeled  on  the  preface  and  great  iiileicession 
of  a  primitive  liturgy,  probably  African,  of  the  type  of  the 
liturgy  of  St.  James,  Also,  more  fully,  rc/<ei(»i  Z/fii«;niii"«. 

Tees  ltQ7.).  A  river  in  northern  England  which 
forms  the  boundary  between  York  and  Durham. 
It  flows  into  the  North  Sea.  Length,  70  miles ; 
navig.ible  for  small  vessels  to  StoeKton. 

Teewah.    See  Tiiina. 

Teffe  ( tef-fa' ).  A  southern  tributary  of  the  Ama- 
Kon,  which  it  .ioins  about  long.  04^  40'  'W. 

Teffe,  formerly  Ega  (a'gii).  A  town  of  the 
state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  on  a  lake  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Teffe.  It  was  originally  a. Tesuit 
mission,  and  is  now  the  chief  commercial  town  between 
Manaos  and  Tabatinga.     Population,  about  8,000. 

Tegea  (te'je-ii).  [Gr.  Tej™.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Arcadia,  Greece,  in  lat.  37°  28' 
N.,  long,  22°  26'  E.  it  fought  in  the  battle  of  riata?a4T9 
B,  c,  and  hided  witji  Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesianaud  Corin- 
thian wars :  was  later  a  member  of  the  Arcadian  Confeder- 
acy ;  fought  against  Sparta  at  Mantinea  j(i2  B,  c. ;  and  was  a 
meniberof  the  .Wolian  and  Aclnean  lea',:ues.  It  contained 
afamous  temple  of  Athene  Alea,  biiriud  about  394  B.  c,  and 
restored  by  Scopas.  It  was  a  Doric  peri[iteros  of  fi  by  13 
columns,  measuring  72  by  164  feet.  The  columns  within  the 
eella  were  Ionic  and  Corinthian.  The  sculptures  of  the 
eastern  pediment  represented  the  slaying. of  the  Caly- 
donianboar;  those  of  the  western,  thecombat  of  Telephus 
and  .\chilles. 

Tegel  (ta'gel).  A  village  and  popular  resort, 
situated  on  the  Tegeler  See  7  miles  northwest 
of  Berlin. 

Tegernsee  (ta'gern-za).  A  lake  in  Upper  Bava- 
ria, situated  near  the  Alps  29  miles  south  of 
Munich:  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  Mangfall  to  the  Inn.  Length, 
nearly  4  miles.     Elevation  2,400  feet. 

Tegetthoff  (te'get-hof),_Baion  'Wilhelm  von. 

Born  at  JIarburg,  Styria.  Dec.  23,  1K27:  died 
at  Vienna.  April  7.  18tl.  An  Austrian  adimral. 
He  commanded  the  Austrhan  contingent  in  the  allieil#aval 
victory  over  the  Danes  near  Helgoland  Jlay  9,  1SG4  ;  and 
is  especially  noted  for  his  victory  near  Lissa  over  the 
Italian  fleet  under  I'ersano,  July  20,  1866, 

Tegner(ting-niir'),Esaias.  Bom  in  Kyrkerud, 
in  Wermland,  Sweden.  Nov.  13,  1782:  died  at 
Wexio,  Nov.  2,  1846.  A  Swedish  poet.  Ue  was 
the  soil  of  a  clergyman :  both  parents  were  from  the  peas- 
ant class.  He  was  in  his  tenth  year  when  his  father  died 
and  left  the  family  in  extremely  poor  circumstances. 
Friends  enabled  him  to  obtain  his  early  education,  and  in 
•  1799  he  went  as  a  student  to  l.und.  The  following  year, 
from  lack  of  means  to  continue  his  studies,  he  became  a 
tutor  in  .SmSland,  but  subsequently  returned  to  Lund, 
where  he  finally  took  his  examination  in  1S02.  In  1803 
he  was  appointed  docent  in  esthetics;  ten  ycais  later 
lie  was  made  professor  of  Greek  and  prebendary.  In  1824 
he  was  elected  bishop  of  WexiO.  Subsequently  he  was 
afflicted  with  a  hereditary  mental  disease,  and  from  the 
autumn  of  1840  until  the  following  spring  ho  was  in  an 
asylum  in  Schleswig,  He  then  resumed  the  duties  of  his 
office,  but  never  recovered  his  health.  His  literary  career 
began  in  1808  with  the  "Krigssiiiig  for  lU-t  SkAiiska  landt- 
varnet"("  War  .Song  for  the  .Militia  nf  s.aiiia").  In  1811 
he  was  awarded  the  prize  of  the  .\ca<hniy  for  the  long  poem 
•'  Svea  "  (the  poetical  name  of  Sweden),  The  idyl  "  .Natt- 
vardsbarnen  "  ("The  Children  of  the  Lord's  .Supper")  ap- 
peared in  1820  ;  this  was  followed  two  years  later  by  the 
narrative  poem  "Axel."  In  182.'i  aiipearid  in  itsoniplcte 
ft,mi  the  cycle  of  romances,  based  upon  the  old  Norse  saga 
of  the  same  name,the"  Frith  jofs  Saga,"  hisniost  etlebraled 
work  and  one  of  the  most  fanions  in  Sr linavian  liter- 
ature. He  wrote  numerous  .shorter  poems,  among  them 
"KarlXII."("CharlcsXII,")and"Skngtllsolin  ■('■Hymn 
til  the  Sun").  The  longer  jioeniB  "(ierda"  and  "Krow- 
bruden  "  were  left  unfinished.  His  last  ])oeni,  written  a 
short  time  before  his  death,  is  "Afskeil  til  niin  lyra " 
("  Farewrll  to  My  f.yre").  He  was  the  principal  poet  of  the 
so  called  Gotliii  srliool.  His  collected  works  were  piili- 
lishedatstoikliolni,  1876,  ln2vol9.  His  post  humous  works 
appeared  at  Stockholm,  187:1-74.  in  3  vols. 

Tegnum  (teg'num).     See  the  extract. 

His  IGalen'sl  greatest  medical  works  were  the  treatise, 
in  seventeen  books, "on  the  use  of  the  parts  of  the  human 
body";  the  essay  'on  Iho  art  of  medicine,"  which  was  the 
text-book  and  chief  subject  of  exaiuination  for  meilical 
students  in  the  middle  ages,  when  it  was  known  in  barbar- 
ous Latin  as  the  Tffui'in  or  M\crnle<intim  [Mii^nteehmnn) 
of  Galen;  the  fourteen  books  "on  therapeutic  method  ' 
known  in  the  middle  ages  as  his  Me^i<iU:li'(inum.  In  which 
lie  defends  his  own  dogmatic  or  Hippocratiir  system  against 
theKinplrics  and  Metliodics:  the  ten  books  "on  the  com- 
position of  medieinesaeeordliigtolhe  places,"  which  con- 
tained the  pharniacopo'ia  of  Arcliiu'enes,  and  which  is  a 
text-hook  with  the  Arable  physicians  under  the  name  ,»f i- 
ramir.  or  'the  book  of  ten  treatises.' 

A'.  0.  Miiltcr,  lUat  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc^reeee.  III.  274, 

|(/>tfna/djton.) 


Tegua.    See  Teiea. 

Tegucigalpa  (ta-gii-llie-giil'pii).  Tlie  capital 
(siiii'i'  IKHii)  of  Honduras.  Centrnl  America, 
about  lat.  14''  10'  N.  It  contains  a  onthedral 
and  a  university.     Population,  about  l.'),000. 


Telamon 

Tehama  (ta-ha'mii).  A  comparatively  low-lying 
region  on  the  western  coast  of  Arabia. 

Teheran  {teU-e-riiu'),  or  Tehran  (teh-ran'). 
The  capital  of  Persia,  situated  about  lat.  35° 
41'  N.,  long.  51°  25'  E.  It  became  the  royal 
residence  about  the  end  of  the  18th  century. 
Population,  estimated,  210,000. 

Tehri  (teh-re').  A  native  state  in  Bundelkhand, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  N,,  long.  79°  E. 
Area,  about  2,000  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  311.514. 

Tehua.     See  Tcwa. 

Tehuacan  (ta-wii-kan').  A  town  in  the  state 
of  Piicbla,  Mexico,  125  miles  east-southeast  of 
Mexico.     Population  (1894),  6,223. 

Tehuantepec  (ta-wiin-ta-pek').  A  town  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state  of  Oajaca.  Mexico, 
on  the  Tehuantepec  River,  13  miles  from  its 
mouth  in  the  Pacific.  It  was  an  ancient  eity,  and  at 
one  time  the  cajtital  of  the  Zapotec  Indians  ;  but,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  it  existed  before  their  time,  having  been 
settled  by  a  mythical  race,  the  Huabi,  who  are  said  to  have 
come  from  the  south  by  sea.  At  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
conquest  it  belonged  to  a  branch  of  theZapotccs;  its  chief 
or  •'  king,"  Cociyopu,  submitted  to  the  Spaniards  in  1522. 
Population  (1S!)4>,  B,(!r4. 

Tehuantepec,  Gulf  of.  -An  arm  of  the  Paci6o 
Ocean,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Mexico  at  the 
Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec. 

Tehuantepec,  Isthmus  of.     An  isthmus  in 

southeastern  Mexieo.  between  the  Bay  of  Cara- 
peche  on  the  north  and  the  (tuU'  of  Tehuante- 
pec on  the  south.  Width  at  the  narrowest  part, 
about  120  miles.  ■I'lu-  monntain  lands  are  here  some- 
what interrupted,  and  there  are  several  passes  below  900 
feet.  A  railway  crosses  it,  and  a  canal  and  a  shii>-railway 
have  been  projected. 

Tehuelches.    Sec  r/iUif/iiiiUuis. 

Teian  (te'an)  Muse,  The.  A  name  given  to 
-Vnacreon,  from  his  birthplace  in  Teos,  Asia 
ilinor. 

Teifi,  or  Teify,  or  Ti'vy  (ti've).  A  river  in  'Wales 
which  flows  into  I  ardigan  Bay  below  Cardigan. 
Length,  about  00  miles.  • 

Teign,  or  Teigne  (tfm).  A  small  river  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  which  flows  into  the  English 
Channel  at  Teignmouth. 

Teignmouth  (tau'muth).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Teign  into  the  English  Chan- 
nel. 13  miles  south  of  Exeter.  Population  ( 1891 ), 
8,292. 

Teith  (teth).  A  small  river  chiefly  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  which  joins  the  Forth  near 
Stirling. 

Teixeira  (ta-sha'rii),  Pedro.  Born  in  Portugal 
about  1575:  died  at  I'ani.  Brazil.  June  4,  1640. 
A  Portuguese  soldier.  He  served  in  Bnuiil,  taking 
part  in  the  recovery  of  Maranhao  from  the  l-teuih  1614, 
and  the  founding  of  ParA  lOlfi,  In  16'2l>-21  he  was  governor 
of  Pani,  In  1637  he  was  placed  in  conimami  of  a  power- 
ful expedition  which  ascended  the  Amazon  and  Xapo  and 
crossed  the  mountains  to  Quito,  returning  by  the  same 
route  and  arriving  at  Paril  Dec.  12,  1639.  This  was  the 
first  careful  exploration  of  the  Amazon,  and  had  impor- 
tant results;  an  account  of  it  was  publisheil  by  .\eufla. 
(See  that  name.)  Teixeira  was  again  governor  of  ParA 
from  Feb.  '28, 11*40,  until  a  few  days  before  his  death.  Gften 
written  Tcxeiru  or  TtXii/ra. 

Teia  (te'jit),  or  Tejas  (f  e'jas).  Killed  Sejit.,  5.')3. 
The  last  king  of  the  East  Gotlis  in  Italy,  suc- 
cessor to  Totila  July,  .5.53.  He  was  slain  in 
tlie  battle  on  Jlount  Lactarius. 

Tejada,  Lerdo  de.     See  Ur,lo  dr  Trjadn. 

Tejal  (ta-yiil'  or  te'jal).  [Ar.  tiih  inili.']  An 
Arabic  liiinii',  of  uncertain  meaning,  for  the  two 
stars  t]  and  /i  Geminorum.  The  former,  a  double 
variable  star,  usually  of  the  fourth  magnitude,  is  Tejal 
jrri'fr,  and  the  latter,  of  the  third  magnitude,  is  Tejal  }nitl. 
Tile  lirst-named  st-ar  is  also  known  as  J'roptts  (which  see). 

Teiano.     See  Coalinillccini. 

Tejend  tte-jend').  The  name  given  to  the  lower 
e.iiirse  of  the  river  Meri-Kud,  partly  on  the 
boundary  between  Persia  and  Asiatic  Russia. 

Teio.     Tlie  Portuguese  name  of  the  Tagus. 

Tekele.     See  TahnUi. 

Tekes  (tek'es).     \  head  stream  of  the  river  Hi. 

Tekke-Turcomans  '.lek'ke-ter'ko-inanz).  A 
race  of  Tattir  nomads' in  central  A.sin.  on  the 
frontiers  of  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Asiatic 
Uussia.  Their  power  was  broken  by  the  Russians  under 
skobeleir  at  lieok-Tepe  In  ISSI.  Jlerv  was  taken  hy  the 
Russians  in  1881. 

Tekna  ( lik'nii).     A  region  south  of  Morocco. 

Tel-Abib  (tel-ii'beb).  fin  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions '/'</  Jhiihi,  hill  of  the  deluge.]  A  city  on 
the  canal  of  Kebiir.  in  Babylonia,  where  many 
of  the.Tewi.sh  exiles  were  set  tied,  amongst  whom 
was  the  prophet  Ezekiel. 

Telamon  (tel'a-mon).  In  Greek  legend,  .son  of 
iEacMs,  brother  of  Poleus,  and  father  of  Ajax. 


Telamon 

He  took  part  in  the  Calydonian  hunt  and  the  Argonautic 
expedition,  and  accompanied  Hercules  against  Laomedon 
of  Troy. 

Telamon,  In  ancient  geography,  a  place  on  the 
coast  of  Etruria,  Italy,  about  76  miles  north- 
■n-est  of  Kome.  Near  here,  in  225  B.  c,  the 
Romans  nearly  annihilated  an  army  of  Gauls. 

Telde  (tel'tla).  A  town  in  the  island  of  Gran 
Canaria.  Canary  Islands. 

Tel-  (or  Tell-)  Defenneh  (tel-da-fen'ne).  See 
the  extract. 

Tell  Defenneh  is  a  lijrge  raound.  or  group  of  mounds, 
situated  close  to  Lake  Menzaleh,  at  the  extreme  northeast- 
ern comer  of  the  Delta  ;  and  the  name  of  this  group  of 
mounds,  "  Defenneh,"isa  corrupt  Arab  version  of  "Daph- 
nae,"  the  "Daphiife  of  Pelusium"  of  the  Greek  histori- 
ans. The  identity  of  Defenneh  and  Daplina}  has  never 
been  questioned  "by  scholars,  and  the  identity  of  both 
with  the  Biblical  Tahpanhes  has  also  been  ailniitted  by 
the  majority  of  Bible  commentators.  Here  3Ir.  Petrie 
discovered  the  ruins  of  "Pharaoh's  House  at  Tahpanhes." 
Edwards,  Ph-araohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  58. 

Telegonia  (tel-e-go'ni-ii),  orLayof  Telegonus. 

A  cyclic  poem  by  Eugamou  of  Cyrene  (about 
566  B.  C. ).  It  was  a  continuation  of  the  Odyssey,  and 
was  named  from  its  hero  Tele?onus,  son  of  Odysseus 
and  r'irce,  who  slew  his  father.  The  poem  completed  the 
"  Irujan  cycle." 

Telegonus  (te-leg'o-nus).  [Gr.  T^/iyoioc.]  In 
Greek  legend:  (n)  A  son  of  Proteus,  slain  by 
Hercules,  (b)  A  sou  of  Odysseus  and  Circe. 
He  was  sent  by  his  mother  to  Ithaca^  where  he  killed  Odys- 
seus and  whe'nce  he  returned  to  Circe  with  Telemachus 
and  Penelope;  the  latter  he  maiTied.  He  was  said  to  have 
been  the  founder  of  Tusculum  and  Pi-seneste. 

Tel-  (or  Tell-)  el-Amarna  (tel-el-a-mar'na). 
The  ruins  of  a  residence  of  Amenophis  IV.,  in 
central  Egypt.  In  the  winter  of  1S87-88  there  were  dis- 
covered there  about  three  hundred  clay  tablets  covered 
with  cuneiform  inscriptions  which  have  since  been  deci- 
phered :  they  contain  the  diplomatic  correspondence  of 
kings  of  Babylonia,  Assyria,  and  other  countries  of  west- 
ern Asia,  including  Palestine,  with  the  Egyptian  court. 

Tel-(or  Tell-)el-Kebir(tel-el-ke-ber').  AriUage 
in  Lower  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Freshwater 
Canal  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Cairo.  Here, 
Sept  13,  1SS2,  the  British  under  Wolseley  defeated  the 
Eiryptian  insurgents  under  Arabi  Pasha :  loss  of  the  lat- 
ter, about  3,000.    The  surrender  of  Arabi  Pasha  followed. 

Telemachus  (te-lem'a-kus).  [Gr.  T/j'/iitaxoc.'} 
In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Odyssens  and  Pe- 
nelope. He  visited  Pylos  (attended  by  Athene  in  the 
guise  of  Mentor)  and  Sparta,  in  search  of  his  father,  and 
joined  the  latter,  on  his  return  to  Ithaca,  in  slaying  the 
suitors  of  Penelope. 

Telemachus,  An  Asiatic  monk,  famous  for  his 
attempt  in  404  to  stop  the  gladiatorial  shows. 
He  sprang  into  the  arena  and  endeavored  to  separate  the 
gladiators,  but  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  spectators.  He 
was  procl-ainied  a  martyr  by  the  emperor  Honorius ;  and 
his  act  and  death  led  to  the  abolition  of  the  exhibitions. 

Telemaque  (ta-la-mak'),  Aventures  de.  [F., 
'-Idrentures  of  Telemachus.']  A  romance  by 
Fenelon.  published  in  1699.  it  is  founded  on  the 
legendary  history  of  Telemachus,  and  is  one  of  the  classics 
of  French  literature. 

Though  the  beautiful  fiction  of  Telemachus,  which  has 
much  in  common  with,  and  was  doubtless  suggested  to 
Fenelon  by  the  Argenis,  be  rather  an  epic  poem  in  prose 
than  a  romance,  it  seems  to  have  led  the  way  to  several 
political  romances,  or,  at  least,  to  have  nourished  a  taste 
for  this  species  of  composition. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict.,  II.  348. 

Telemarken  (ta-la-mar'ken).  A  mountainous 
and  picttiresque  region  in  the  amt  of  Bratsberg, 
southern  Norway. 

Telephus  (tel'e-fus).  [Gr.  Ti?^<poi.2  In  Greek 
legend,  the  son  of  Hercules  and  Auge :  king  of 
Mysia  at  the  time  of  the  Greek  expedition 
against  Troy. 

Telescope,  The.     See  Telescopiiim. 

Telescope  (tel'e-skop)  Mountains.  A  moun- 
tain group  in  eastern  California,  east  of  Owen's 
Lake  and  west  of  Death  Valley. 

Telescopium(tel-e-sk6'pi.um).  Asoutherneon- 
stellation,  introduced  by  Lacaille  in  1752.  it 
contains  one  star  of  the  fourth  magnitude.  Telescopium 
Hersciielii  is  a  constellation  inserted  by  the  Abb6  Hell  in 
1789  between  Lynx,  Auriga,  and  Gemini.    It  is  obsolete. 

Telford  (tel'ford),  Thomas.  Born  at  Eskdale, 
Dumfriesshire.  Aug.  9.  1757:  died  at  Westmin- 
ster, Sept.  2, 1834.  A  Scottish  civil  engineer.  He 
built  the  bridge  across  the.Severn  at  Slonttord  in  1792 ; 
was  engineer  of  the  Ellesmere  Canal  (1793),  the  Caledonian 
Canal  (1802),  the  Gloucester  and  Berkeley  Canal  (1818),  and 
the  Grand  Trunk  Canal  (1822) ;  and  in  1810  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  Gotha  Canal.  ?>weden.  From  1803 
he  superintended  the  construction  of  nearly  1,000  miles  of 
road  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  con- 
structed lines  of  road  through  North  "Wales,  surmounting 
great  natural  difficulties.  The  most  notable  parts  of  this 
undertaking  were  the  erection  of  the  ilenai  suspension- 
bridge  and  the  Conway  bridge.  He  built  the  road  from 
W.arsaw  to  Brest-Sitov-ski  in  Poland.  He  improved  the 
haibors  of  .Aberdeen  and  Dundee,  and  built  St.  Cath- 
erine's docks  in  London.  In  1828-30  he  drained  nearly 
50,000  acres  of  the  Fen  country.  The  Telford  pavement 
was  his  invention. 

Tell  (tel),  The.    That  part  of  Algeria  which 


9S4 

lies  along  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  and 
comprises  the  cultivated  land.  The  name  is 
extended  to  include  the  similarly  placed  regions 
of  Morocco  and  Tunis. 
Tell  (tel), William.  Oneof  the  legendary  heroes 
of  Switzerland  in  the  struggle  for  independence 
of  the  cantons  Schwj'z,  IJri,  and  Unterwalden 
with  Albreeht  of  Austria  (the  German  emperor 
Albrec  lit  1. 1 .  The  story,  in  its  tamiliar  form,  is  that  Tell, 
who  was  the  head  of  the  independent  confederates,  hav- 
ing refused  to  salute  the  cap  which  Gessler,  the  Austrian 
governor,  had  placed  for  that  purpose  in  the  mai'ket-place 
of  .Altorf,  was  ordered  to  place  an  apple  on  the  head  of  his 
little  sun  and  shoot  it  off.  He  did  so,  and  revealed  another 
arrow  with  which  he  had  intended  to  shoot  Gessler  if  he 
had  killed  his  son.  He  was  taken  across  the  lake  by  Gessler 
to  Kussnacht  Castle  to  be  eaten  alive  by  reptiles ;  but,  a 
storm  coming  up,  he  shot  the  governor,  escaped,  and  after- 
ward liberated  his  countiy.  The  Tell  legend  in  its  Swiss 
form  appears  for  the  first  time  in  a  chronicle,  written  be- 
tween 1467  and  1476,  contained  in  a  manuscript  known  as 
the  "White  Book  of  Sarmen,"  which  places  the  events  after 
the  accession  of  Rudolf  to  the  empire  in  1273.  It  is  also 
found  in  the  "  Chronicle  "of  MelchiorKuss of  Lucerne,  who 
began  to  write  in  1482.  The  principal  source,  however,  of 
the  life  and  deeds  of  Tell  is  the  "Chronicon  Helveticum  " 
("Swiss  Chronicle ")  of  -Egidius  Tschudi  (1505-72),  where 
the  year  1307  is  given  as  the  date  of  the  Tell  incident. 
Based  princip.ally  upon  Tschudi  is  Schiller's  drama  "  Wil- 
helm  Tell "  (1804),  which  closely  follows  the  episode  as  re- 
lated by  the  Swiss  chronicler,  and  even  incorporates  some 
of  the  speeches  word  for  word.  The  legend  of  William 
Tell  is  in  its  ultimate  origin  a  Germanic  myth.  The  earli- 
est extant  version  of  this  story  of  the  apple  is  contained 
in  the  Old  Xorse  Vilkina  .Sag.a,  from  the  13th  centurj-, 
whose  material,  however,  according  to  its  own  account, 
was  derived  from  German  sources.  The  story  of  the  fa- 
mous shot  of  the  archer  Eigil  is  here  related  with  circum- 
stantiality of  detail.  At  the  command  of  King  Nidung 
an  .apple  is  placed  upon  the  head  of  the  three-year-old  son 
of  Eigil,  wlio  is  then  made  to  shoot,  and  strikes  it.  directly 
in  the  middle,  with  his  first  arrow.  When  asked  why  he 
had  t.aken  two  other  arrows  when  only  one  shot  "was 
allowed,  he  replied  boldly,  "In  order  to  shoot  the  king  if 
I  had  injured  the  child."  Another  version  of  the  legend 
is  found  in  Saxo  Grammaticus,  who  wrote  his  '•  Historia 
Danica  "  early  in  the  13th  centur>-.  The  apple-shot  is  also 
told  in  English  territory  of  \\"ill"iam  of  Cloudesley.  The 
Swiss  story  of  William  'Tell  is  simply  a  localization  of  the 
legend,  which  was,  apparently,  once  common  Germanic 
property. 

Tell-el-Amama.     See'  Tel-el-Amanm. 

Tell-el-Kebir.     See  Tel-el-Eebir. 

Telftr  (tel'er),  Henry  Moore.  Bom  at  Granger, 
Alleghany  County,  N.  Y.,  May  23,  1830.  An 
American  lawj-er  and  Republican  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Colorado  1876-82 ;  sec- 
retary of  the  interior  1882-85  ;  and  United  States  senator 
from  Colorado  188^. 

Tellez  (tel'yeth),  Gabriel:  pseudon^-m.Tirso 
de  Molina.  Born  at  Madrid  about  1570 :  died 
in  the  convent  of  Soria.  1648.  A  noted  Span- 
ish dramatist.  He  entered-the  church  before  1613,  and 
became  the  head  of  the  convent  of  Soria.  Five  volumes 
of  his  plays  were  published  under  his  pseudonym  between 
1616  and  1636  :  among  these  the  best-known  out  of  Spain 
is  "El  Birrlador  de  Sevilla"  ("The  Seville  Deceiver'^, 
"  the  earliest  distinct  exhibition  of  that  Don  Juan  who  is 
now  seen  on  every  stage  in  Europe."  In  Spain  "Don  Gil 
de  las  Calzas  Verdes"("Dou  Gil  in  the  Green  Panta- 
loons") is  the  favorite.  Among  his  other  plays  maybe 
mentioned  "  Vergonzoso  en  P-alacio  "  ("  A  Bashful  Man  at 
Court"),"  La Lealtad  contra  la  Envidia,"  "For  el  Sotano  y 
el  Torno,"  and  "Escamiientos  para  Cuerdos."  He  pub- 
lished in  1624  "Cigarrales  de  Toledo,"  an  account  of  en- 
tertainments given  by  a  wedding  party  at  a  cigarral  or 
small  country  house  resorted  to  for  recreation  in  summer. 
These  were  stories  told,  plays  acted,  poetry  recited,  etc., 
a  theatrical  framework  being  used  to  connect  the  sepa- 
rate parts  instead  of  the  narrative  adopted  by  Boccaccio 
in  the  "  Decamerone,"  from  which  the  idea  was  taken. 
This  style  was  soon  imitated  by  other  authors.  Tirso 
published  another  of  a  graver  tone,  "Pleasure  and  Profit," 
in  1635. 

Tellez  y  Giron  (tel-yeth'  e  ne-ron'),  Pedro, 
Duke  of  Ostina  (or  Ossuna).  Born  at  Valla- 
dolid,  Spain,  1579:  died  16"24.  A  Spanish  states- 
man, vicerov  of  Sicily  1611-15,  and  of  Naples 
1616-20. 

Tellicherri,  or  Tellicherry  (tel  -  i  -  cher '  i).  A 
seaport  in  the  Malabar  district,  Madras,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  11° 
45'  N.,  long.  75°  29'  E.  It  has  considerable 
trade.     Population  (1891),  27,196. 

Telle,  or  Tel-loh  (tel-16').  A  site  in  Chaldea 
excavatedbyDe  Sarzec  between  1877  and  1881. 
These  explorations  have  shed  a  new  light  upon  the  de- 
velopment of  Mesopotamian  art  by  supplying  a  series  of 
very  ancient  monuments  of  architecture  and  sculpture 
which  can  be  dated.  The  site  is  oelieved  to  be  the  an- 
cient SirpuUa.  Its  remains  form  a  number  of  the  low 
mounds  produced  by  the  degradation  of  Mesopotamian 
platfonns  and  buildings  in  unburn ed  brick,  spread  over  a 
space  nearly  5  miles  long.  The  sculpture  which  is  more 
direct  in  spirit  and  more  lifelike  than  that  of  the  later 
Babylonian  and  .^ssj'rian  art,  reached  itsl)est  period  about 
2500  B.  c.  bu^iuch  that  is  older  and  more  primitive  has 
been  found.  The  architecture  already  exhitdts  the  later 
types,  though  in  simpler  form.  The  chief  portable  re- 
mains .are  in  the  Louvre. 

Tellsplatte  (telz-pliit'te).  [G.,'Tell'sslab."]  A 
stone  on  the  .Axenberg,  north  of  Fliielen.  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  where 


Tempest,  The 

"U'illiam  Tell,  according  to  the  legend,  sprang 
out  of  Gessler's  boat. 

Tellus  (tel'us).  [L.,  'earth.']  In  Roman  my- 
thology, a  goddess,  the  personification  of  tlie 
earth. 

Telmessus(tel-mes'us).  In  ancient  geogi'aphy, 
a  town  on  the  coast  of  Lyeia,  Asia  Minor,  m 
lat.  36°  36'  N..  long.  29°  10'  E.,  on  the  site  of 
the  modern  village  of  Makri.  Among  the  impor- 
tant  antiquities  on  its  site  is  an  ancient  theater,  well  pre- 
served and  of  good  style.  The  cavea  is  semicircular,  with 
one  precinction :  its  diameter  is  2,t4  feet,  that  of  the  or- 
chestra 92._    The  stage  structure  measures  141  by  40  feet. 

Teman  (te'man).  ['  South,'  properly  'the  coun- 
try to  the  right.']  The  southern  district  and 
people  of  Edom  (Idumea):  from  Teman,  the- 
grandson  of  Esau  (Gen.  xxxvi.  11-15). 

Teme  (tem).  A  river  on  the  boundary  between, 
Wales  and  England,  and  in  western"England, 
which  joins  the  Severn  3  miles  south  of  "Wor- 
cester.    Length,  about  70  mUes. 

Tem6raire(ta-ma-rar').  1.  Aline-of-battleship- 
of  98  guns,  called  "the  Fighting  T^m^raire,"" 
captured  from  the  French  at  the  battle  of  the- 
Nile,  Aug.  1,  1798.  .she  fought  next  to  the  Victory 
in  the  line  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct  21,  1805,  under 
Captain  Harvey.  She  was  broken  up  in  1838.  Turner's 
picture  of  "the  Fighting  Timeraire  "  was  exhibited  at  the- 
Eoyal  .\cademy  in  1839. 

2.  A  British  armored  war-ship,  launched  in  1876. 
Her  dimensions  are :  length,  285  feet ;  breadth,  62  feet ; 
draught,  27  feet ;  displacement,  8.540  tons.  She  has  an  ar- 
mored water-line  belt  11  inches  thick,  and  a  central  single- 
decked  citadel  with  armor  10.8  inches  thick.  She  has 
4  2,5-ton  guns  mounted  en  barbette  fore  and  aft  upon  the 
upper  deck. 

Tomes  (tem'esh).  A  river  in  southern  Hun- 
gary which  .joins  the  Danube  8  miles  east  of 
Belgrad.     Length,  about  250  miles. 

TemeserBanat(tem'esh-erba-nat').  A  former 
administrative  division,  comprising  the  present 
counties  of  Temes,  Krass6,  and  Torontal,  in 
Hungary. 

Temesvar  (tem'esh-var).  A  free  city,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Temes,  Htmgarv,  situated  on 
the  Bega  Canal  in  lat.  4-5°  47' 'N.,  long.  21° 
13  E.  It  consists  of  the  city  proper,  or  fortress,  and  sev- 
eral  suburbs.  It  is  an  administrative  and  militar>'  cen- 
ter. Among  its  buildings  are  a  Roman  Catholic  cathe- 
dral, and  a  castle  built  in  the  middle  of  the  15th  century. 
Temesvar  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1552 ; 
and  was  several  times  fruitlessly  besieged,  but  finally 
taken,  by  Prince  Eugene  in  1716  arid  reunited  to  Hungary. 
It  was  made  a  royal  free  city  in  I'Vsi.  It  was  defended  by  the 
Austrians  against  the  Hungarian  insurgents  in  1849,  who 
were  defeated  by  Haynau  Aug.  9, 1849.  Population  (1890), 
39,850.  , 

Temiscaming  (te-mis'ka-ming).  Lake.    A  lake 

on  the  border  line  between  the  provinces  of 

•  Quebec  and  Ontario,  Canada,  intersected  by 

lat.  47°  30'  N.     Its  outlet  is  the  Ottawa  River. 

Length,  about  26  miles. 

Temiscouata  (tem-is-ko-a'ta).  Lake.  A  lake- 
in  Temiscouata  County,  Quebec,  Canada,  east 
of  Quebec.  Its  outlet  is  the  Madawaska  Riv«r. 
Length,  about  22  miles. 

Tenune  (tem'me),  Jodocus  Donatus  Huber- 
tus.  Born  at  Lette,  Westphalia,  Oct.  22.  1798 : 
died  at  Zurich,  Nov.  14, 1881.  A  German  jurist, 
liberal  politician,  and  novelist :  in  the  judicial 
service  of  Prussia.  He  was  tried  for  high  treason 
in  1849.  and  was  acquitted  but  was  dismissed  from  the  ser- 
vice.   He  wrote  "criminal  novels." 

Temininck(tem'mink).Coenraad  Jacob.  Born 

about  1778  :  died  in  1858.  A  Dutch  natiu-alist, 
noted  as  an  ornithologist. 

Temora  (te-mo'ra).  One  of  the  poems  of  Os- 
sian.  published  in  1763.     See  Ossiax. 

Tempe  (tem'pe),  Vale  of.  [Gr.  Xf//-^,  con- 
tracted from  Tf^-fo.]  A  valley  in  eastern 
Thessaly,  Greece,  deeply  cleft  between  Oh-m- 
pus  on  the  north  and  Ossa  on  the  sotith,  and 
traversed  by  the  Peneius.  It  has  been  celebrated 
from  ancit-nt  times  for  its  beauty;  but  "the  scenery  is- 
distinguished  rather  by  savage  grandeur  than  by  the  sylvan 
beauty  which  -Elian  and  others  attribute  to  it."  Length, 
about  6  miles. 

Tempel  (tem'pel),  Ernst  "WilhelmLeberecht. 

Born  at  Nieder-Kunersdorf.  Lusatia,  Dec.  4, 
1821 :  died  at  Arcetri,  Italy,  March  16,  1S89.  A 
German  astronomer,  director  of  the  obseiwatory 
at  Arcetri,  near  Florence.  He  discovered  Sev- 
eral asteroids,  comets,  etc. 
Tempest  (tem'pest),  The.  A  play  by  Shakspere, 
tirst  performed  at  court  in  1611,  first  printed  ia 
the  folio  of  1623.  The  subject  was  taken  from  a  pam- 
phlet "  A  Discovery  of  thcEenimdas.  otherwise  called  the 
Isle  of  Devils,"  by  "one  Jourdan,  who  probably  returned 
from  Virginia"  (1610).  Fleay  thinks  it  was  probably 
abridged  by  Beaumont  about  1613,  and  the  mask  inserted. 
In  1667  Drj-den  and  Davenant  produced  "The  Tempest,  or 
the  Enchanted  Island "  (printed  in  1670),  a  version  in- 
tended to  improve  Shakspere's  play  :  the  mutilations,  or 
rather  additions,  are  now  said  by  a  German  scholar  to  be 
wholesale  conveyances  from  a  play  of  Calderon.  (FumeM."^ 


Tempest,  The 

In  1673  Shadwell  turned  "The  Tempest"  into  an  opera, 
and  in  1756  Garrick  produced  an  opera  with  the  same  name, 
based  on  Hliakspere  and  Dry  den :  he  repudiated  the  au- 
thorship. Sir  ArtJiur  Sullivan  has  written  "The  Music 
to  Shakwpere's  Tempest,"  in  twelve  numbers:  this  waa 
first  performed  in  18ii'2. 
Templars  (tera'plitrz).  A  military  order,  also 
called  Knights  Templars  or  Kuigbts  of  the 
Temple,  from  the  early  headquarters  of  the 
order  in  the  Crusaders'  palace  at  Jerusalem 
(the  so-called  temple  of  Solomon).  The  order 
was  founded  at  Jerusalem  about  1118,  and  was  conlU-med 
by  the  Pope  in  1128.  Its  special  aim  was  protection  to 
pilgrims  on  the  way  to  the  holy  shrines,  and  the  distin- 
guialiinK  garb  of  the  kniclits  was  a  white  mantle  with  a 
red  cross.  The  order  took  a  leading  part  in  the  conduct 
of  the  Crusades,  and  spread  rapidly,  aciiuirinii  ^;reat  we^tli 
and  influence  in  Spain,  France,  England,  and  other  cowli- 
tries  in  Europe.  Its  chief  seats  in  the  East  were  .Teru- 
salem.  Acre,  and  Cyprus,  and  in  Europe  a  foundation 
called  the  Temple,  then  just  outside  Paris.  The  members 
comprised  knights,  men-at-arms,  and  chaplains  :  they  were 
grouped  in  commanderies,  with  a  preceptor  at  the  head  of 
each  province,  and  a  grand  master  at  the  head  of  the  order. 
The  Templars  were  accused  of  heresy,  inunorality,  and 
other  otf  ensesby  Philip  IV.  of  France  in  1307,  and  the  order 
was  suppressed  by  the  Council  of  Vienne  in  1312. 

Temple  (tem'pl),  The.  The  religious  edifice  of 
the  Jews  in  Jerusalem.  There  were  three  buildings 
successively  erected  in  the  same  spot,  and  entitled,  frt»m 
the  names  of  their  builders,  the  temple  of  Solomon,  tlie 
temple  of  Zerubbabel,  and  the  temple  of  Herod.  Thetlrst 
was  built  by  Solomon,  and  was  destroyed  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar about  58GB.  c.  The  second  was  built  by  the  Jews 
on  their  return  from  the  captivity  (about  537  B.  c),  and 
was  pillaged  or  partly  destroyed  several  times,  especially 
byAntiucliusEpiphanes,  Pompey,  and  Herod.  The  third, 
the  largest  and  most  magnificent  of  the  three,  was  begun 
by  Herod  the  Great,  and  was  completely  destroyed  at  the 
capture  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Romans  (A.  I>.  70).  Various 
attempts  have  been  made  toward  the  restoration  of  the 
first  and  the  third  of  these  temples,  but  scholars  are  not 
agreed  in  respect  to  architectural  details.  The  ornament 
and  design  were  in  any  case  of  severe  and  simple  char- 
acter, though  rich  materials  were  used.  The  successive 
temples  all  consisted  of  a  combination  of  buildings,  com- 
prising courts  separated  from  and  rising  one  above  an- 
other, and  provided  also  with  chambers  for  the  use  of  the 
priests  and  for  educational  purposes.  The  inclosure  of 
Herod's  temple  covered  19  acres.  It  comprised  an  outer 
court  of  the  Gentiles,  a  court  of  the  women,  a  court  of  Is- 
rael, a  court  of  the  priests,  and  the  temple  building  with 
the  holy  place,  and,  within  all  (entered  only  once  a  year» 
and  only  by  the  high  priest),  the  holy  of  holies.  ^Vithia 
the  court  of  the  priests  were  the  great  altar  and  thelaver  ; 
within  the  holy  place,  the  golden  candlestick,  the  altar  of 
incense,  and  the  table  for  the  showbread ;  and  within  the 
holy  of  holies,  the  ark  of  the  covenant  and  the  mercy-seat. 

Temple,  The,  A  lodge  in  London  of  the  reli- 
gious and  military  establishment  of  the  middle 
ages  known  as  the  Knights  Templars.  The  Tem- 
ple Church,  London,  is  the  only  part  of  it  now  existing. 
The  first  settlement  of  the  Knights  Templars  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre  in  London  was  in  Holborn,  where  in  1118  they 
built  a  house  which  must  have  stood  near  the  northeast 
corner  of  Chancery  Lane.  They  removed  to  the  New  Tem- 
ple in  the  Strand  in  1184.  When  the  order  was  suppressed 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  their  house  was  given  by  the 
king  to  the  Earl  of  Pembroke ;  it  went  next  to  the  Earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  at  his  death  reverted  to  the  crown.  In 
1338  it  went  to  the  Knights  Hospitalers  of  St.  John  of  Je- 
rusalem, at  Clerkenwell.  who  leased  part  of  it  in  Kt46  to 
students  of  the  common  law,  and  on  the  site  of  the  London 
Temple  the  two  Inna  of  Court  called  the  Middle  Temple 
and  Inner  Temple  now  stand :  they  have  ever  since  been 
occupied  by  barristers,  and  are  the  joint  property  of  the 
Societies  of  the  Inner  and  of  the  Middle  Temple,  which 
have  the  right  of  calling  candidates  to  the  degree  of  bar- 
rister. The  Inner  Temple  is  so  called  because  it  is  within 
the  precincts  of  the  City,  the  Middle  Temple  liecansc  it 
waa  between  the  Inner  and  Outer  Temple.  The  Onter 
Temple  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  liishop  nf  lOxe- 
ter  when  the  remainder  was  leased,  and  was  afterward 
converted  into  the  Exeter  Buildings. 

Temple,  The  Mormon,  The  chief  religious 
buihling  of  the  Mormons.  See  Salt  Luke 
City. 

Temple  (tonpl),  Le.  A  fortified  h)dge  of  the 
Knights  Toni])lars  established  in  Paris  by  the 
CouiU'il  of  Troyes  in  11128,  standing  where 
the  March6  du  Temple  now  stands.  After  the  abo- 
lition of  the  order  in  13t'^,  the  old  building  was  used  for 
variotis  purposes.  The  chapel  (similar  in  general  plan  to 
that  in  London)  stood  until  1650,  and  the  great  8i|uare 
tower,  made  memorable  by  the  impriaonment  of  Louis 
X\'I.  in  1792-Oa,  was  destroved  in  1810. 

Temple  (tiMu'pi).  Frederick.    Born  Nov.  30, 

ISL'l  :  <litMl  Dee.  23,  UMiL'.  Arelibisliop  of  Can- 
terbury (1890).  He  graduated  at  Rilliid  College, 
1842 ;  was  bead-master  of  Rugby  l8r.H-f.I» :  in  1800  liecame 
prominent  as  the  author  of  the  first  of  the  "  ICssays  and 
Ueviews";  ami  in  lstlft-70  advocated  the  disestablish- 
ment of  the  Irish  Church.  He  w:ik  appointed  hishoji  of 
I'^veter  iHd'.i,  and  bishop  of  Lotnlori  IHh:..  Ue  puidlsh*  .1 
"Snir s  l*ieiicbed  in  Hilgby  Chajjel  "  (IHGl). 

Temple,  Henry  John,  Viscount  Palmorston. 

P.orn  nt  Hrnadlands,  near  Kcimscy,  HainpsJiirc, 
Ocl.  1^0.  1784:  died  at  Brocket  ifnll,  near  Hat- 
fiehl,  Hertfordshire,  Oct.  18,  180r>.  A  Britisli 
statesman .  lie  belonged  to  the  Irish  brnnrh  of  the  Tem- 
ple family.  On  April  17, 1S02,  he  succeeded  to  bis  father's 
title.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow.  He  becunie  member 
of  Parliament  for  Niwtown,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1807,  and  ju- 
nior lord  of  the  admiralty  in  the  Duke  of  I'ortland's  ad- 
ministration in  the  same  year.  From  180!>  to  1828  he  waa 
secretary  of  war.     At  this  time  he  waa  a  Tory,  a  disciple 


985 

of  Pitt,  and  an  advocate  of  Catholic  emancipation.  In 
1830  lie  entered  the  Whig  ministry  of  Lord  Grey  as  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs.  His  activity  in  this  position  was 
very  great.  He  was  interested  in  the  policy  which  estab- 
lished I'rince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  on  the  throne  of 
Belgium,  and  in  the  maintenance  of  the  Ottoman  empire 
as  a  defense  against  Kussia  on  the  Bosporus  and  France 
on  the  ^ile.  At  the  close  of  the  ilelbourne  administra- 
tion in  1841,  Palmerston  went  out  of  otlice  for  5  years.  In 
184S,  in  the  miinstry  of  Lord  John  KusseU,  he  symjiathized 
with  the  revolutionary  party  in  Europe,  ami  ardently  sup- 
ported the  Italian  revolution.  In  1851  he  openly  approved 
the  coup  d"(Jtat  of  Louis  Napoleon,  and  was  dismissed  from 
thr  foreign  olhce.  Ue  became  secretary  of  state  for  the 
liome  ottice  under  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  in  1852.  On  Feb. .% 
18r.5,  he  became  prime  minister,  and  retained  the  office, 
with  the  interval  of  Lord  Derby  s  administration  in  l8o8- 
18.Mt,  until  bis  death. 

Temple,  Knights  of  the.    See  Tnnp^ars. 

Temple,  Sir  William.  Born  at  London,  1628: 
died  at  Moor  Park,  Surrey,  Jan.  27,  1099.  An 
English  diplomatist,  statesman,  and  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Cand)ridge;  entered  Parliament  in 
IGGO;  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Bishop  of  3Iunst^'r  in 
1G05  ;  became  minister  at  Brussels  in  l(>ur> ;  negotiated  the 
treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance  in  lGti8;  was  ambassador  at 
The  if  ague  1G6S-71 ;  negotiated  a  peace  with  the  Nether- 
lands in  1074  ;  was  ambassador  to  the  Congress  of  Nimwe- 
gen  ;  fonned  a  plan  for  a  privy  council  in  1079,  and  became 
one  of  its  chief  members  ;  and  withdrew  from  public  life 
in  1(181.  He  wrote  "An  Essav  on  the  Present  State  and 
Settlement  of  Ireland  "(1008),  "  The  Empire,  etc."  (1671), 
*'  ( jbsei-vations  upon  the  rnit<>d  Provinces  "  (ir.72),  "  Essay 
npon  (Government  "(1072),"Trade  in  Ireland  (107:i),  ".Mis- 
cellanies," including  poems  (1070  and  IG&Ti,  ''Memoirs" 
(lOiU  and  17(iS),  and  "Introduction  to  the  History  of  Eng- 
land "  (lOOr.). 

Temple  Bar.  A  famous  p:ateway  before  the 
Temple  in  London,  -which  formerly  di\nde(^ 
Fl<^ot  stre^'t  from  the  Strand.  According  to  ancient 
custom,  wlien  the  sovereign  visited  the  City,  he  asked  per- 
mission of  the  lord  mayor  to  pass  it.  In  its  last  form  it 
was  a  rather  wgly  archway  l>uilt  by  Wren  in  1670.  It 
spanned  the  street  with  an  elliptical  arch  flanked  by  two 
small  arches  over  the  footways,  and  had  a  second  storj'  in 
which  were  four  niehes  with  statues  of  sovereigns,  and  a 
curved  pediment  above.  It  was  removed  in  1878,  and  re- 
erected  at  Waltham  Cross,  Herts.  It  is  now  represented 
by  a  monument  called  the  Temple  Bar  Memorial,  a  tall 
pedestal  with  statues  of  (Jueen  Victoria  and  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  niches  at  the  sides,  surmounted  by  the  gritfin 
and  anns  of  the  city  of  London. 

Temple  Beau,  The.  A  comedy  by  Henry  Field- 
ing, produced  in  1730. 

Temple  Church.  A  church  within  the  botinds 
of  the  Inner  Temple  in  London,  it  consists  of  the 
Round  Church  and  the  Choir.  The  former  is  inaiieh  Nor- 
man style ;  it  is  68  feet  in  diameter,  and  was  finished  in 
118r>.  The  Choir  is  Early  English.  The  Round  Church 
contains  several  beautiful  altar-tombs  of  Templars. 

Temple  Gardens.  Gardens  belonitring  to  the 
Temple,  London,  separated  from  the  Thames 
by  the  Victoria  Kmbankment.  According  to  Shak- 
spere,  the  red  and  white  roses  which  were  assumed  as 
badges  of  the  bouses  of  Lancaster  and  York  were  plucked 
in  this  g:ir(bn  I'y  l'I;tnt:ii:enet  and  Somerset  at  the  end  of 
the  brawl  wliicJi  lugan  the  civil  war. 

Temple  of  Concord.    See  GirgcuU. 

Temple  of  Fame,  The.  A  poem  by  Alexander 
pope,  published  in  1715.  It  differs  from  Chau- 
cer's ** House  of  Fame,"  though  imitating  it. 

TempleofGlass,The.Apoem  by  Lydgato.  part- 
ly iniitatf'd  from  Chaucer's  '*  House  of  Fanie." 

Temple  of  Heaven  or  of  the  Great  Dragon. 

A  temple  at  Peking,  perhaps  the  most  notable 
of  Chinese  temples.  It  standsin  an  inclosure  of  about 
a  square  mile.  From  the  gate  a  causeway  leads  to  the 
temple,  whicli  is  surrounded  by  subordinate  buildings. 
The  temple  proper  stands  on  a  :i-staged  terrace  ascended 
by  (lights  of  stejis;  it  is  circular,  rising  in  3  r'cessed  stag's 
each  with  a  widely  projecliiiL'  mof,  that  of  tlie  highest 
stage  forming  a  concave  cone  of  lilue  tiles  terniiiiatiiig  in 
a  gildrd  ovoid  llnial.     Thr  <late  assigned  is  1420, 

Temple  of  Mexico.    Soo  7;  or*////. 

Temple  of  the  Cross.  A  ummh^  oommonly  pven 
to  one  of  the  ruined  edifices  at  PahMupie,  Mt^^- 
i(^o.  In  a  small  inner  room  of  this  building  there  is  a 
structure  resembling  an  altar;  and  above  this  altar  for- 
merly (stoi.d  the  rt-niarkable  syndmlic  gmup  fnmi  which 
the  temple  d<  rives  its  name.  This  consisted  of  :t  pculjt- 
ture<l  slabs  ji>ined  together,  showing  a  central  cross-like 
symlio),  with  a  bunnm  IJL'ure  on  eacli  side,  and  numerous 
hieroglyphics.  The  middle  slab,  eoidainitig  the  cross,  is 
now  in  the  museum  at  Mexico;  one  of  the  others  is  at 
Washington,  where  it  Is  known  as  tlie  I'alenc|ue  tablet; 
the  third  is  still  at  Palenque.  llie  meaning  of  the  cross 
baa  been  a  subject  for  much  conjecture  and  dispute:  it 
waa  probably  a  Hynib<»l  of  the  fertilizing  powers  of  nature. 
Another  sculpture  from  the  same  building  is  supposed  to 
represent  the  Maya  raln-g<Kl.  The  t<-mple  itself  Is  a  quad- 
rilateral,  and  rests  ort  a  truncated  pyramid,  ^hq  Palenque 
Tahlrf. 

Temple  of  the  Sun  (:it  Cnzco).    Roe  Curicnncha. 

Temptation  of  St.  Anthony.    1.  A  painting 

l»y  I'icfi'r  Jirm-glicl  llx'  younger  (10(14).  in  the 
museum  nt  Dresden.  The  saint  Is  praying  In  a  cave 
partly  roofed  with  old  ptank^  and  undeiifoes  temptation 
from  a  young  woman  richly  dre»,-ed  and  attended  by  fan- 
tastic demoiiH.  'J'ho  architecture  and  scenery  of  the  buck- 
ground  present  a  free  rendering  of  Tlvoll. 
2.  A  painting  by  Tintoretto,  in  SanTrovuso  at 
Venice.  The  saint  sits  calmly,  with  four  tempters  about 
him,  one  a  demon,  and  two  women,  young  and  beautiful. 
Ten,  Council  of.     In  the  ancient  republic  of 


Teniers,  David 

Venice,  a  secret  tribunal  instituted  in  1310  and 
continued  down  to  the  overthrow  of  the  repub- 
lic in  1797.  It  was  composed  at  first  of  10  and  later  of 
17  niembera,  and  exercised  unlimited  power  in  the  super- 
vision of  internal  and  external  affairs,  often  with  great 
rigor  and  oppressiveness. 
Tenaino  (le-ni'no).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  nearly  related  to  the  Warm  Springs 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  at  CelUo,  Oregon,  on  the 
Columbia  River.  Theirrcmnantsareonthe  Warm  springs 
reservation,  Oregon,  and  number  69.     See  Shahaptian. 

Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall,  The.    A  novel  by 

Anne  Bronte  (Acton  Bell),  published  in  1848. 

Tenasserim  (te-nas'e-rim).  A  river  in  British 
Burma  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  near 
Tenasserim.     Length,  about  2oO  miles. 

Tenasserim.  1.  A  division  of  British  Burma. 
Area,  46.590  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
978,073. —  2.  A  town  in  the  division  of  Tenasse- 
rim, British  Bui-ma.  situated  on  the  river  Tenas- 
serim, near  the  coast,  lat,  12°  6' N.,  long.  99°  3' E. 

Tenayucan.    See  Tezcuco, 

Ten  Brink.    See  Brinlc, 

Tenbuiy  (ten'bu-ri).  A  town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Teme  17  miles 
west-northwest  of  Worcester. 

Tenby  (ten'bi).  A  watering-place  and  seaport 
in  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  situated  on  Carmar- 
then Bar  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  4°  43'  W. 
P.>i.nlation  (1891).  4,542. 

Tenchebrai,  or  Tenchebray.    See  Tinchehray. 
Tencin  (toh-sau'),Claudine  Alexandrine  Gue- 

rin  de.  Born  at  Grenoble,  France  :  died  1749. 
A  French  leader  of  society  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XV. :  mother  of  D'Alembert.  She  wrote  various 
works. 

Tencteri  (tengk'te-ri).  [L.  (Cfesar)  Tetichthcri, 
(Taeitus)  Tencteri,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Ttjrf^jo/.]  A 
German  tribe  lirsj  mentioned  by  Cfesar.  who 
describes  them  as  having  been  driven  by  the 
Suevi  (59  b.  c),  together  with  the  Usipites, 
out  of  their  original  homes.  Tbey  were  crushingly 
defeated  by  Caesar  in  Gallic  territory  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Maas  with  tlie  Rhine.  They  afterward  joined  other 
tribes  in  wars  against  Rome.  They  were  probably  merged 
ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Tenda  (ten'da).  Col  di.  A  pass  in  the  Alps,  IG 
miles  soTith  of  Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy.  According 
to  one  elassiflcation,  it  separates  the  Ijigmian  and  Mari- 
time Alps.    Height,  6,195  feet. 

Tendelti.     Same  as  Fasher, 

Tender  Husband,  The,  or  the  Accomplished 

Fools.  A  comedy  by  Sir  Kichard  ►Steele.  i>ro- 
duced  in  1705. 

Tendra  (ten'drii).  A  narrow  island  in  the  Black 
Sea,  near  the  coast  of  Russia,  about  45  miles 
southwest  of  Kherson.   Length,  about  40  miles. 

Tendra  Bay,  An  inlet  of  the  Black  Sea,.nearly 
inclosed  by  Tendra. 

Tenedos  (ten'e-dos).  [Gr.  Tn'f(^of.]  A  small 
island  in  the  y'Egean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey, 
situated  off  the  Troad.  on  the  northwestern 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  39°  50'  N.,  long.  26'> 
E.:  the  Turkish  Bogdsha-Adassi.  it  was  settled  by 
.-I'^dians:  is  noted  in  the  legends  of  Trojan  times;  waa 
subjugated  by  the  Persians ;  and  was  in  alliance  with 
Athens  in  the  5th  century  B.  c.   length,  about  7  miles. 

Tenerani(ta-na-ra'ne),Pietro.  Born  at  Torano. 
near  Carrara,  Italy,  Nov.  11.  1789:  died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  14, 1809.  An  Italian  sculptor.  Among 
his  works  are  "Psyche  with  Pandora's  Box,"  "Cupid  Ex- 
liaeting  a  Thorn,  "  Psyche  and  Venus/'  "Descent  from 
the  Ci-oss,"  "  Christ  on  the  Cross,"  etc. 

Teneriffe  fton-er-if),  or  Tenerife(ta-na-re'fn), 
orTeneriffa  (ta-na-ref'la).  The  larjjest  of  the 
Canary  Ishmds.  it  is  traversed  by  mountains,  and  con- 
tains the  famous  Peak  of  Tenerilfe.  On  it  is  the  capital  of 
tliogroup,  Santa  Cruz  de  Santiago.  Length.OOnules.  Pop- 
ulation, altont  10<»,<*iK\ 

Teneriffe,  Peak  of.   See  Pico  de  Trydc. 

Teniers  (ten'yerz;  F.  pron.  ta-nyar').  David, 
\\w  elder.  Born  at  Antwerp.  1582:  died  tliere, 
July  -1».  1()4J).  A  Flemish  liistorioal,  genre,  and 
hindseape  painter:  a  pupil  of  Ktibcns.  He  painted 
mostly  peasants  with  landscape.  lUs  "Temptation  of 
S;iint  Anthony"  and  ''Dutch  Kitchen"  arc  at  the  Melro- 
imlitan  Mui^eum.  New  York. 

Teniers,  David,  the  yotinp:er.  Born  at  AntA-erp 
(l>aptized  Dec.  15, 'lOlO):  died  near  Brussels, 
April  125,  ]()90.  A  noted  Flemisli  genre,  land- 
seape,  and  portrait  i>ainter,  influenoed  by  Ku- 
beiis:  son  and  puitil  of  1>.  Teniers  the  ehlor.  Ho 
lived  mostly  at  .\nt  werp and  Pnissels,  and  wns  master tk* the 
Antwerp  gild  in  l(i;i-.i.  and  dean  bl44-ir>.  He  was  well  re- 
eeiveil  at  tlie  court  in  the  Nethcrlandtsand  obt.iined  many 
important  romnd8.*iionB  fi-om  other  courts.  His  8ubjcet8 
are  taken  from  peasant  life  in  Flanders,  frc>ni  sacred  histor)', 
etc.  He  painted  humlreds  of  pictures  among  them  "The 
Temptation  ol  St.  Antlionv,"  "Seven  Works  of  Mercv," 
"The  Ketiialof  St,  lVter,"and  "The  PriMligal  Son  "(all  at 
the  I.nuvre,  wUh  about  .SO  others'),  "Marriage  of  Teniers" 
(Itotlisehibl  collection,  Ltnidon).  "Klrmess**  (ItrusselsX 
••*remptation  of  St.  Anthony  "  (UerlinX  "ArcherB  of  Ant- 
werp '  CJI'-THiltage,  St.  Petersburg),  "Vniagc  Festival" 


»       Teniers,  David 

(Vienna),  "Einaldo  and  Armida  "  (MaJrid),  "Marriage 
Festival  "and  "Judith'"(Metropolitaii  ilu^t.iiiii.  New  York), 
and  "Incantation  Scene,"  "  Parabluof  tliu  Laliorer,"  "Boors 
Feasting,"  ".Village  Fete,"  and  'Cliarles  V.  Leaving  Dort," 
etc.  (all  at  the  rooms  of  the  Historical  Society,  New  York). 

Tenimber.    See  Timorlaut. 

Teniquech.    See  Chemeluievi. 

Tenisaws.    See  Taensa. 

Tenison  (ten'i-son),  Thomas.  Boru  at  Cotten- 
ham,  Cambridgesbire,  Euglaud,  IGoU:  died  1715. 
An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of  Lincoln ; 
V)ecame  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1(>94 ;  and  was  ap- 
pt'iiited  one  of  the  lords  justices  during  the  absence  of 
w  illiam  III.  in  169.'>. 

Tennant  (ten 'ant),  William.  Bom  at  An- 
struther,  Fif eshii-e,  Scotland, Mav  15, 1784 :  died 
near  Dollar.  Scotland,  Feb.  1.5, 1848.  A  Scottish 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  the  mock-heroic  poem 
'■Anster  Fair"  (1812).  He  also  wrote  "  Thane  of 
Fife,"  etc. 

Tennemann  (ten'ne-manl.Wilhelm  Gottlieb. 

Born  at  Brembaeh,  near  Erfurt,  Prussia,  1761: 
died  at  Marburg,  Sept.  30,  1819.  A  German 
philosopher,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Mar- 
burg from  1804.  His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte  der 
PhiIosophie"("HistoryofPhilosophy."1798-1819);  abridged 
in  "Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der  Philosophic"  (1812). 

Tennent(ten'ent),SirJamesEmerson.  Born  at 
Delfast,  Ireland,  April  7, 1804:  died  at  London, 
March  6,  1869.  A  British  traveler,  politician, 
ajid  author.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin ;  traveled  in  Greece,  where  he  met  Lord  BjTon ;  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1831.  He  married 
a  daughter  of  William  Tennent  of  Belfast,  and  adopted  her 
name.  He  was  returned  as  member  of  Parliament  for 
Belfast  in  1832,  and  was  colonial  secretary  at  Ceylon  1845- 
1S50,  and  permanent  secretary  of  the  board  of  trade  1852- 
1S67.  He  published  a  "Picture  of  Greece"  (1826),  "Let- 
tei-s  from  the  ^gean  "  (18-:9),  "  History  of  Modern  Times  " 
(183U),  "  Belgium  "  (1841),  "  Christianity  in  Ceylon  "  (1860), 
"  Cey hm.  Physical,  Historical,  and  Topographical "  (1859), 
"  Natural  History  of  Ceylon  "  (isej). 

Tennessee  (ten-e-se').  The  principal  tributary 
of  the  Ohio  Kiver.  it  is  formed  by  the  union  at  King- 
ston, East  Tennessee,  of  the  Clinch  and  Holston  (which  rise 
in  Virginia),  and  flows  southwest  in  Tennessee  past  Chatta- 
nooga, then  west  through  Alabama,  touching  the  northeast 
corner  of  Mississippi,  and  then  north  through  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  to  join  theOhioatPaducah, Kentucky.  To- 
tal length, including  the  Holston,  1,100 to  1,200 miles;  n.ivi. 
gable  the  greater  part  of  its  course.  The  chief  obstruction 
is  at  the  Muscle  Shoals  in  Alabama. 

Tennessee.  One  of  the  South  Central  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Nash- 
ville ;  chief  cities,  Memphis  and  Chattanooga. 
It  is  bounded  by  Kentucky  and  Virginia  on  the  north ;  North 
Carolina  on  the  southeast:  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Missis- 
sippi on  the  south  ;  and  Ai-kansas  and  Missouri  (separated 
by  tlie  Mississippi  River)  on  the  west.  It  is  mountainous 
in  the  east,  containing  the  .\lleghanies  and  the  Cumber- 
land plateau,  and  is  lower  in  the  center  and  west.  The 
leading  agricultural  productions  are  Indian  corn,  cotton, 
?nd  tobacco.  The  mamifactures  (iron,  cotton,  etc.)  are  in- 
creasing. The  State  has  96  counties,  sends  2  senators  and 
10  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  12  electoral  votes. 
This  region  was  claimed  in  early  times  by  North  Carolina, 
and  by  the  French  and  Spaniards.  The  leading  settlement 
was  made  from  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  in  1769.  The 
temporary  State  of  Fi-anklin  was  formed  in  1784.  North 
Carolina  ceded  its  claims  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
Territory  of  Tennessee  was  fonued  in  1790.  It  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Union  in  1796.  It  seceded  June 8,1861,  and  was 
the  scene  of  many  important  events  in  the  Civil  War,  in- 
cluding the  battles  of  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  Island  No.  10, 
Memphis,  Murfreesboro,  Chiekamauga.therelief  ofChatta- 
nooga  and  Knoxville,  and  the  battlesof  Franklinand  Nash- 
ville. Itwasreadmittedinl866.  Area, 42,050 square  miles. 
Population  (1900).  2,020,616. 

Tennessee,  Army  of  the.    A  Federal  army  in 

tlip  ( 'ivil  \i-AV.  It  was  commanded  after  the  battle  of 
Shiluli  l>y  Tlalleck,  antl  later  by  Grant,  Sherman,  McPher- 
s.in,  lli>\v:iid,  and  Logan. 

Tennessee  Pass.  A  pass  over  the  main  chain 
of  the  Rockv  Mountains  in  central  Colorado. 
Height,  10,400  feet. 

Tenney  (ten'i),  Sanborn.  Born  at  Stoddard, 
N.  11.,  Jan.  13, 1827:  died  at  Buchanan,  Mich., 
July  9, 1877.  An  American  naturalist  and  geol- 
ogist, professor  of  natural  historv  at  Vassar  Col- 
lege 1865-&S,  and  at  Williams  (College  1868-77. 
He  wrote  "Geology  U\v  Teachers,  etc."  (1859),  "A  ^lanual 
of  7;oology"  (18115),  "Elements  of  Zoology"  (187!)),  etc. 

Tenney,  William  Jewett.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  1814:  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Sept.  20, 
1883.  An  American  editor  and  author.  He 
edited  "Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopredia "  (1861-S2),  and 
wrote  a  "Military  and  Naval  History  of  the  Rebellion  in 
tlie  United  States"  {186.5)  and  other  works. 

Tenniel  (ten'i-el).  Sir  John.  Born  at  London, 
1820.  An  English  artist  and  cartoonist.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  staff  of  "  Punch  "  1851-1901.  He 
illustrated  "Alice's  Ad  ventures  in  Wonderland,  "*'Through 
the  Looking  Glass,"  etc.    Knighted  in  1893. 

Tennis  Court.    See  ./<'«  de  Paumc. 

Tennyson  (ten'i-son),  Alfred,  first  Lord  Tenny- 
son. Born  at  Somersby.  Lincolnshire,  Aug.  6, 
1809:  died  at  Aldworth  House,  near  Haslemere, 
Surrey,  Oct.  6, 1892.  A  celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  George  Clayton  Tennyson,  vicar  of  Great 


986 

Grimsby  and  rector  of  Somersby  and  Enderby.  He  pub- 
lished with  his  brother  Charles  a  collection  of  juvenile 
poems  ("  Poems  by  Two  Brothers  ")  in  1827  ;  was  a  student 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  1828-31  (with  Arthur  U.  Hal- 
lam,  Houghton,  Trench,  and  others),  where  he  wrote  the 
prize  poem  "Timbuctoo  "  (1829);  lived  at  various  places 
till  185",  when  he  manied  and  settled  at  Twickenham; 
and  afterward  lived  at  Aldworth  (Sussex),  and  from  li53 
at  Farringford  (Isle  of  M'ight).  He  received  a  state  pen- 
sitin  in  184.%  succeeded  Wordsworth  as  poet  laureate  in 
1850,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Tennyson  of 
Aldworth  in  1884.  He  lived  a  secludeil  life,  and  died  of  old 
age  after  a  short  and  painless  illness.  He  was  buried  in  the 
Poets'  Corner,  near  Cnaucer,  in  Westminster  .\bbey.  He 
wrote "Poems.Chiefly Lyrical "(1830;  including  "Mariana," 
"Ilecollectionsof  the  Arabian  Nights."  "The  Ballad  of  Ori- 
ana,'  etc.). "Poems "(1832: including "TheLady of  Shalott," 
"The  Miller's  Daughter,"  "ffinone,"  "Tlie  Palace  of  Art," 
""The  May  tjueen,"  "The  Lotus  Eaters,"  and  "A  Dream 
of  Fair  Women"),  " Poems "  (1842  ;  including  "Ilysses," 
"Two  Voices,"  "The  Talking  Oak,"  "Morte  d'Arthur," 
"The  Gardener's  Daughter,"  and  "Locksley  Hall"),  "The 
Princess,"  a  medley  (1^47),  "In  Memoriam"(1850),  "Ode 
on  the  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  "  (1852),  "Charge 
of  the  Light  Brigade,"  "  Maud  "  and  other  poems  (18.">.'>), 
"Idylls  of  the  King"  (1859-8.5),  "A  Welcome  to  the  Prin- 
cess Alexandra  "  (1863),  "Enoch  Arden  and  Other  Poems  " 
(1804),  "  The  Golden  Supper  "  (1809),  "The  Window,  or  the 
Songs  of  the  Wrens,"  with  music  by  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan 
(1870),  "  Queen  Mary  "  (a  drama,  1875), "  Harold  "  (a  drama, 
1876),  "The  Falcon"  (a  short  play,  acted  1879,  published 
1884),  "The  Cup"  (a  short  play,  acted  1881,  published 
1884),  "The  Promise  of  May  "(acted  1882,  published  1886), 
"Becki  t"(adrama,  1884),  "The  Lover's  Tale"  (1879;  in- 
cluding as  its  fourth  part  "The  Golden  Supper  "),  "  B;illad3 
and  Other  Poems"  (1880),  " Tiresias  and  Other  Poems" 
(partly  new,  188.=.),  "Locksley  Hall  Sixty  Years  After" 
(1886),  "Demeter  and  Other  Poems  "  (1889),  "The  Death 
of  tEuone,  Akbars  Dream,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1892),  "The 
Foresters,  RiibtuHood,  and  Maid  Marian  "  (a  drama,  1892). 

Tennyson,  Charles.    See  Turner. 

Tennyson,  Frederick.  Born  in  1807 :  died  at 
Kensington,  London,  Feb.  26,  1898.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  in  18'28  took 
the  medal  for  a  Greek  poem.  He  published  a  volume  of 
poems  entitled  "Days  and  H"urs  "(1854),"  Isles  of  Greece  " 
(18:10).  "  Dai.hiie  im.l  Other  Poems"  (1891). 

Tenochtitlan  (ten-oeh-tet-lan').  [Derivation 
doubtful.]  The  chief  city  of  the  Aztecs,  occu- 
pying the  site  of  the  modern  city  of  Mexico. 
It  was  founded  about  1325  on  what  was  then  an  island  in 
Tezcuco  Lake.  Causeways  were  built  to  the  adjacent 
mainland,  and  these  appear  to  have  been  the  only  ap- 
proaches. Many  of  the  streets  were  occupied  by  canals, 
and  the  houses  were  subject  to  frequent  inundations. 
W'ater  was  supplied  from  Chapultepec  by  an  aqueduct. 
The  most  remarkable  building  was  the  teocalli,  or  great 
temple :  most  of  the  other  edifices  were  low,  and  proba- 
bly were  built  of  adobe.  The  Spaniards  under  Cortes 
entered  peaceably,  but  were  subsequently  'driven  out, 
and  only  took  the  place  in  1521,  after  a  terrible  siege,  in 
which  a  great  part  of  the  city  was  destroyed.  (See  Cortt^s.) 
The  new  capital,  which  was  built  on  its  site,  was  com- 
monly and  officially  called  Tenochtitlan  (corrupted  to  Te- 
viixtUan,  Tenustitan,  etc.)  for  many  years  after  the  con- 
quest. Mexico  (Aztec  ilexitl)  was  also  a  name  of  the 
ancient  city,  or  perhaps  of  a  portion  of  it;  probably  from 
one  of  the  appellations  of  the  war-god  Huitzilopochtli. 

Tenos  (te'nos),  or  Tinos  (te'nos),  or  Tino  (te'- 
no).  [Gr.  T?;TOf.]  An  island  of  the  Cyclades, 
belonging  to  Greece,  southeast  of  Andros  and 
northeast  of  Syra:  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
of  theGreekislands.  It  exports  wine  and  marble. 
The  chief  place  is  Tino  (St.  Nicolo).  Length, 
17  miles.     Population,  about  12,000. 

Tensas  (ten'sas).  or  Tensaw  (ten's4).  River. 
An  offtake  or  bayou  of  the  Alabama  River,  in 
A]  abama,  which  flows  jjarallel  with  Mobile  River 
and  empties  into  Mobile  Bay. 

Tensas,  or  Tensa-w,  River.  A  river  in  souths 
eastern  Arkansas  and  northeastern  Louisiana, 
which  joins  the  Washita  about  26  miles  west  by 
north  of  Natchez.  Length,  over  200  miles ; 
navigable  about  two  thirds  of  its  course. 

Tensau.     See  Taensa. 

Tenterden  (ten'ter-den).  A  smalltown  in  Kent, 
England. 

Tenterden,  Baron.    See  Ahhott. 
Tenth  Legion.  Alegion  of  the  Roman  army,  cel- 
ebrated forits  valor,  in  the  time  of  Julius  Coesar. 
Ten  Thousand,  Retreat  of  the.   See  Annhasis. 
Ten  Thousand  a  Year.    A  novel  by  Samuel 

Warren,  published  in  1841. 

Tent  on  'the  Beach,  The.  A  collection  of  poems, 
chiefly  narrative,  by  Whittier,  published  in  1867. 

Tentyra,  or  Tentyris.    See  Denderah. 

Teocalli  (ta-o-kal'ye).  [Nahuatl,  'house  of  the 
god.']  A  genei-al  name  applied  to  any  pyrami- 
dal temple  in  ancient  Mexico ;  in  particular,  the 
great  temple  in  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico  City,  it 
was  completed  about  1486  by  .\huitzotl.  According  to  the 
accounts  which  have  come  down  to  us,  it  was  an  artificial 
truncated  pynomid,  faced  with  stone,  about  375  feet  long 
by  300  feet  broad  at  the  base,  and  325  by  250  feet  at  the  top, 
which  was  86  feet  above  the  ground.  In  ascending  to  the 
summit  it  was  necessary  to  pass  five  times  around  it,  on  a 
series  of  terraces;  this  arrangement  w.as  well  adapted  to 
exhibit  processions  as  well  as  for  defense.  On  the  flat  sur- 
face were  several  small  buildings,  with  the  images  of  Huit- 
zilopochtli and  other  gods  and  the  sacriflcial  stone.  The 
pyramid  was  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall  nearly  5,000  feet 


Teramo 

in  circumference,  and  probably  inclosing  other  but  smalle? 
temples.  Ihe  great  teocalli  was  the  scene  of  several  fierce 
battles  between  Uie  .Spaniards  and  Indians  in  15'20-21.  After 
the  city  was  taken,  the  pyramid  was  torn  down,  and  a  part 
of  its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  cathedral.  Some  of  the 
sculptured  stones  and  idols  which  were  on  or  near  it  are 
now  in  the  Mexican  national  museum.  See  Huitzilopochtli, 
Teoijaomiqui,  and  Sacrificial  Stone. 
Teos  (te'os).  [Gr.  Ttuf.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, an  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situated  on 
t  he  western  coast  25  miles  southwest  of  Smyrna. 
Its  niins  contain  a  noted  temple  of  Bticchus,  a  beautiful 
Ionic  hexastyle  peripteros  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps.  It 
stood  in  a  court  surrounded  by  stoas.  The  fine  sculptured 
frieze  is  in  the  museum  at  Constantinople. 

Teotihuacan,  or  San  Juan  Teotihuacan  (san 
Hifcin  ta-o-te-wii-kiiu').  A  town  of  the  repub- 
lic and  state  of  Mexico,  27  miles  northeast  of 
Mexico  City,  in  the  vicinity  are  many  remarkable 
ruins,  including  two  very  large  and  many  small  pyramids, 
awallediiiclosurecalledthe  "citadel,"  etc.  Traditionas- 
signs  these  remains  to  the  Toltecs  (which  see),  and  they 
are  certainly  older  than  the  Aztec  period.  Population  of 
the  modern  town,  about  5,000. 

Teoyaomiqui (tii-o-you-me'ke).  Thename given 
to  a  stone  idol  which  was  dug  up  near  the  an- 
cient teocalli  at  Mexico,  and  is  now  in  the  Mexi- 
can national  museum.  Leon  y  Gama,  who  first  de- 
scribed it  under  this  name,  states  that  Teoyaomiqni  was 
the  wife  or  female  companion  of  the  war-god  Huitzilo- 
pochtli ;  others  suppose  that  the  statue  is  compound,  rep- 
resenting several  gods.  It  is  doubtful  if  Teoyaomiqni  was 
really  a  personage  in  the  Nahuatl  mythology ;  and  the 
best  modern  investigators  are  inclined  tc  believe  that  this 
hideous  stone  was  the  war-god  himself.  It  is  about  8i 
feet  high  and  5i  feet  wide.     ,See  Huitzilopochtli. 

It  is  covered  with  carvings  almost  to  overloading.  .  .  . 
The  general  effect,  however,  is  appalling,  and  the  stone 
presents  a  most  hideous  agglomeration  of  repulsive  forms. 
...  In  place  of  christening  the  monolith  after  an  iniagi. 
nary  composite  deity  of  whose  existence  the  oldest  authori- 
ties make  no  mention,  it  strikes  me  as  much  more  natur.d 
to  believe  that  it  represents  the  well-known  war-god  of 
the  Mexican  tribe,  Huitzilopochtli ;  and  that  consequently 
it  was  indeed  the  famous  principal  idol  of  aboriginal 
Mexico,  or  Tenochtitlan. 

Bandelier,  Report  of  an  Archreological  Tour  in  Mexico, 

[pp.  59,  67. 

Tepanecs  (ta-pa-naks'),  or  Tecpanecs  (tak-pa- 
naks').  A  Nahuatl  tribe  of  the  Mexican  valley. 
They  were  originally  a  branch  of  the  Tezcucans  who  set- 
tled at  Azcapozalco,  on  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Tezcuco, 
about  1168.  In  the  14th  century  the  Aztecs  of  Tenoch- 
titlan paid  tribute  to  them.  About  1430  the  Aztecs  con- 
quered them,  destroyed  their  capital  at  Azcapozalco,  and 
established  a  slave-market  on  its  site.  The  Tepanecs  were 
allowed  to  form  a  new  capital  a  little  to  the  south  of  the 
old  one.  at  Tlacopan  (now  Tacuba).  They  joined  with 
Tenochtitlan  and  'Tezcuco  in  the  confederacy  foraied  soon 
after,  but  never  rose  to  prominence.  Tlacopan  was  joined 
to  Tenochtitlan  by  a  causeway  over  which  Cortes  retreated 
on  the  Noche  Triste. 

Tepeguana.     See  TepeJiuan, 

Tepehuan  ( t  a-pa-hwiin ' ).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  inhabit  mainly  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  SierraMadre,  from  lat.  25°to  26°  N., 
in  the  state  of  Durango,  Mexico.  Their  domain 
formerly  extended  across  the  borders  into  Chihuahua, 
Sinaloa,  Jalisco,  Zacatecas,  and  Coahuila.  Their  tribal 
name  is  adapted  from  a  term  sigrufying  'conQue,ror. '  Num- 
ber, less  than  1,000.    See  Piman. 

Tepic  (ta-pek').  1.  A  teiTitory  of  Mexico,  on 
the  Pacific  coast  north  of  the  state  of  Jalisco, 
to  which  it  was  formerly  attached.  Area,  11,- 
.i81  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  144,308 
(mostly  semi-civilized  Indians). —  2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  territorv,  18  miles  from  the  Bav  cf 
San  Bias.     Population  (189.T),  16.226. 

Teplitz  (tep'lits),or  Toplitz  (tep'lits).  A  town 
and  watering-place  in  northern  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated in  the  valley  of  the  Biela.  near  the  moun- 
tains, 46  miles  northwest  of  Prague,  it  is  one  of 
the  most  frequented  watering-places  in  Europe  (saline- 
alkaline  springs),  and  has  been  the  scene  of  several  con- 
ferences of  princes.    Population  (1891),  commune,  17,626. 

Teplitz,  Alliance  of.  A  treaty  of  alliance  be- 
tween the  monarchs  of  Russia,  Austria,  and 
Prussia  against  Napoleon,  signed  at  Teplitz 
Sept.  9,  1813. 

Tequendama  (ta-kan-dii'ma).  A  celebrated 
waterfall  of  the  reptiblie  of  Colombia,  on  the 
Funza  or  Bogota  River,  12  miles  southwest  of 
BogotA.  It  is  475  feet  high,  and  perpendicular. 

Ter  (ter).  A  river  in  northeastern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Mediterranean  east  of  Gerona. 
Length,  about  85  miles. 

Terah  (te'ra).  The  father  of  Abraham  (Gen. 
xi.).  The  name  is  etjinologically  connected  by 
some  with  the  Assyrian  tiirahii,  antelope. 

Teramo  (ta'ra-m6l",  formerly  AbruZZO  Ulteri- 
ore  I.  A  province  in  central  Italy,  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  the  Abruzzi  and  Molise.  Area, 
1.067  square  miles.    Population  (1891).  264.088. 

Teramo.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Teramo, 
Italv,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Vezzola 
with  the  Tordino,  in  lat.  42°  40'  N..  long.  13°  45; 
E.:  the  ancient  Interamniiun,  and  the  medieval 
Aprutium  (also  Interampne,  Teranme,  Terame) 


Teramo 

It  has  a  cathedral  aud  Koman  antiquities.  Pop- 
ulation (1892),  21,000. 

Terbtirg  (ter'bOrch)  (originally Ter  Borch), 
Gerard.  Born  at  ZwoUe,  Netherlands,  about 
1608:  died  at  Deveiiter,  Netherlands,  IGHl.  A 
Dutch  genre-  and  portrait-painter,  noted  par- 
ticularly for  his  draperies. 

Terceira  (ter-sa'ra).  One  of  the  principal  isl- 
ands lit  the  Azores,  situated  northwest  of  St. 
Mii'liael,  It  contains  Angm,  the  capital  of  the  group. 
A  ri-j:ciR-y  i[i  l»elialf  of  Queen  Maria  was  establislietl  llei-e 
in  Irtii:*  liy  \"illaflor  with  Falmella  and  Uuerreira.  Length, 
about  2S  miles.     I'opulation,  about  45,000-60,0011. 

In  Dec..  1828,  an  e.xpetlition,  consistingof  652  Portuguese 
ref ui^ees  of  tlic  party  of  tlie  queen,  sailed  from  England  for 
Terceira  in  Unir  vessels,  under  the  command  of  Count  .**!- 
daiilia.  Terceira  held  for  the  queen,  and  arras  and  am- 
niutiitlon  had  previously  been  sent  thera  from  England. 
Tlie  Brilisli  government  ordered  Captain  Walpole.  of  the 
"  Ranger,''  to  stop  this  expedition  off  Terceira.  which  he 
did  by  til  ing  a  gun  into  Saitianha'sship.  Tlie  ground  taken 
l>y  the  I)ukeof  Wellington  in  defence  of  tllismeasuro  was 
his  resolution  to  maintain  the  neutrality  of  England  be- 
tween the  two  parties  then  contending  for  tlie  crown  of 
Portugal ;  Imt  the  proceeding  was  vehemently  attacked  in 
Parliament  and  elsewhere. 

Gn'rilU,  Mem- >irs  (editor's  note),  I.  109. 

Terceira,  Duke  of  (Antonio  Jos6  de  Souza, 

Count  of  Villatlor).  Bom  at  Lisbon,  March  10, 
1792:  died  there.  April  27,  1860.  A  Portuguese 
general  and  politii-ian.  He  went  to  Terceira  in  1828, 
and  took  ^art  in  the  political  events  there  ;  conquered  the 
Azores  in  18;U  in  bL-lialf  of  .Mai  ia  da  Gloria  ;  landed  at  Oporto 
May  26,  1832  ;  and  ilefeated  the  Miguelists  several  times  iu 
ls:i."i  and  1S34.     He  was  minister  of  war  and  premier. 

Terek  (te-rek').  A  river  in  Caucasia,  Russia, 
wliii-li  tlovrs  by  a  broad  delta  into  the  Caspian 
Sea  about  lat."44°  N.    Length,  about  350  miles. 

Terek.  Aprovince  of  Caucasia,  Eussia,  situated 
oil  the  northoru  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  south  of 
Stavropol.  Capital,  Vladikavkas.  Area,  26,822 
sipiaro  miles.  Popidation  (1S91),  798,14.5. 

Terek  Pass.  A  celebrated  and  long  used  pass 
over  the  mountain  baiTier  between  Eastern 
Turkestan  and  Asiatic  Kussia.  It  connects 
Khokand  with  Kashgar. 

Terenas.     See  Guanas. 

Terence  (ter'ens)  (Publius  Terentius  Afer). 
Born  at  Carthage  about  185  B.  c. :  died  about  1.59. 
,V  celebrated  Koman  comic  poet.  He  went  early  to 
IU)ine  as  a  slave,  and  was  soon  lilierated  ;  became  afriend 
<if  the  younger  Scipio  and  of  J.adius  ;  and  xverit  to  Greece 
after  bringing  out  his  plays.  The  material  of  his  works 
was  taken  largely  from  the  Greek  writers  Menander  and 
Aiiollodoriln.  Heleft  six  comedies:  "Andria,"  "Hecyra," 
*' ileauton-timoroumenos,"  "Euuuchus,"  "Ptiormio,"aud 
"Adeliihi." 

Terentia  (te-ren'shi-a).  The  first  wife  of  Cicero, 
I'riiiii  wlioin  she  was  divorced  46  B.  c. 

Teresa,  Saint.     See  Theresa. 

Tereus  (to're-us  or  te'rus).  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king,  son  of  Ares.     See  Philomela. 

Tergeste(tcr-ies'te).  The  ancient  nameofTriest. 

Terglou  (ter'glo),  Shuic  Triglav.  The  high- 
est summit  of  the  Julian  Alps,  situated  on  the 
borders  of  Carniola  and  Gorz,  28  miles  south- 
west of  Klagenfurt.     Height,  9,394  feet. 

Ter  Goes.     See  Goes. 

Terhune  (tfer-hfin'),  Mrs.  (Mary  Virginia 
Hawes):  pseudonym  Marion  Harland.  Boru 
in  Amelia  County,  Va.,  1830.  An  American 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  her 
novels  are  "Alone"  (1854),  "The  Hidden  Path"  (1855), 
"  Siinnybank,"  etc.  Her  works  on  housekeeping  Include 
"Common  Sense  in  the  Household  "  (1871),  "Breakfast, 
Luncheon,  and  Tea'  (ls75),  etc. 

Terlizzi  (ter-let'se).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
B;iri,  Italy,  20  miles  west  of  Bari.  I'opulation 
(l.sKl),  2o',442;  commune,  20,.592. 

Termagaunt  (ter'ma-g.ant).  A  name  given  to  the 
goil  of  the  Saracens  in  the  medieval  romances, 
in  which  he  is  constantly  linked  with  Mahoimd. 
In  "Orlando  Kurioso  "  he  is  cidled  Trevigant.  The  French 
romancers  called  it  Tervagaunte.  'I'he  origin  of  the  term 
Is  unknown.  It  is  possible  that  the  latter  part  of  the  word, 
•  maiiaunt,  may  conceal  the  name  Mahounil,  or  Klahomet ; 
If  80.  It  is  simply  an  invocation  of  the  prophet.  The  word 
m  recent  times  means  only  a  'scolding  woman." 

Terminalia  (ttr-mi-n.-i'li-ii).  In  Roman  anfi- 
i|iiity,  a  festival  celelirated  annually  in  honor 
of  Terminus,  the  god  of  Ijoundaries.  It  was 
held  on  the  ■2:fd  of  Kebruary.  its  es.sential  feature  being 
a  survey  or  perambulation  <)f  boundarii^^. 

Termini  (tiir'niG-ne),  or  Termini  Imerese.    A 

seaport  in   the  province  of  I'aliri Sicily,  21 

miles  east-southeast  of  I'aleriuo :  the  ancient 
Tliermiis  Himerenses.  it  has  warm  springs,  and  con- 
tains many  antiipitties.  It  is  notetl  for  its  macaroni,  and 
for  its  sardine-  and  tunny.tlshories.  Near  it  Is  the  site  of 
the  ancient  lliinera  (which  sec).  Population  (1881),  22,- 
731!  ;  commune,  -.M.MN. 

Terminos  (iar'me-n(5s),  Laguna  de.    A  large 

liigoim  i>n  the  coast  of  tho  slate  uf  Campeche, 
Me.xico,  communicating  willi  the  Buy  of  Cam- 
peche.    It  was  so  called  by  the  pilot  Alamiuos, 


987 

in  1518,  because  he  supposed  it  to  mark  the 
western  limit  of  Yucatan. 

Terminus  (ter'mi-nus).  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  god  of  boundaries.:  the  deity  who  presiiled 
over  boundaries  or  landnnirks.  He  was  represented 
with  a  human  head,  but'Avitbout  feet  or  arms,  to  intimate 
that  he  never  moved  from  whatever  place  he  occupied. 

Termoli  (tar'mo-le).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Campobasso,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic in  lat.  42°  N.     Population  (ISSI),  3,003. 

Ternant  (ter-nou'),  Chevalier  Jean  de.  Died 
1816.  A  French  officer.  Hcserveil  in  the.Vmeri- 
can  Revolution,  and  was  minister  to  the  United 
Stalls  under  Washington. 

Ternate  (ter-nii'te).  1.  A  small  island  in  the 
Moluccas,  west  of  Jilolo,  iu  lat.  0°  47'  N.,  long. 
127°  23'  E.  It  is  under  Dutch  control.— 2.  A 
Dutch  residency,  including  parts  of  Celebes, 
Jilolo,  and  smaller  islands; — 3.  A  seaport  in 
the  island  of  Termite. 

Ternaux-Compans  (ter-no'kou-pon')  (original- 
ly Ternaux ),  Henri.  Born  at  Paris,  1807 :  died 
tiierc,  Dec,  1H(>4.  A  French  bibliogi'apher  and 
historian.  He  held  diplomatic  positions  iu  .Spain.  Porta, 
gal,  and  Brazil,  and  at  one  time  was  a  deputy  in  the  French 
congress,  liis  collection  of  books  and  manuscripts  relat- 
ing to  the  c:nly  history  of  America  was  one  of  the  largest 
ever  brought  together.  His  publications  include  "liih- 
liothe<|Ue  Americaine,"  a  catalogue  of  tiooks  relating  to 
America  put  )li  shed  previous  to  17tXl(1836);  ''Voyages,  re- 
lations ct  intinoirosoriginauxpourservirfirhistoire  de  la 
decouverte  de  I'Amijrique,"  French  translations  of  docu- 
ments from  his  collection,  of  great  value  (2  series,  in  20 
vols.,  1836-40) ;  etc. 

Terni  (ter'ne).  A  town  in  the  pro^^nce  of  Pe- 
rugia, Italy,  situated  between  two  arms  of  the 
Nera,  47  miles  north  by  east  of  Rome  :  tlie  an- 
'cieut  Interamna.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  the  ruins  of 
a  Roman  amphitheater,  and  many  other  antiijuitirs.  Near 
it  are  the  Falls  of  the  Veliono.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
the  emperors  Tacitus  and  Florian,  and  perhaps  of  the 
historian  Tacitus.  Here,  Nov.  27, 17!l8,  the  French  defeated 
the  Neai»olitans.     Population  (1881),  commune,  15,853. 

Terni,  Falls  of.     See  Marmore. 

Terodant.    See  Tarudant. 

Teror  (ta-ror').  A  small  town  in  the  island  of 
I  Iran  Canaria,  Canary  Islands. 

Terpander  (ter-pau'der).  [Gr.  Teimni'dpnc.'] 
Born  at  Antissa,  Lesbos  :  lived  in  the  first  half 
of  the  7th  century  B.  C.  A  famous  Lesbian  mii- 
siciiin  and  lyric  poet,  settled  in  Sparta:  calleil 
"the  father  of  Greek  music,"  perliaps  from  his 
development  of  the  lyre. 

Wo  know  nothing  of  Terpander's  youth,  save  that  he 
was  born  in  Leslios,  the  real  home  of  melic  poetry,  and 
came,  or  was  called,  to  Sparta,  where  he  established  the 
musical  contests  at  the  Karnean  festival  about  670  B.  c. 
(01.  26).  He  was  said  to  have  been  victor  at  the  Pythian 
contests  for  four  consecutive  eight-year  feasts,  which 
brings  down  his  activity  at  least  to  the  year  640  H.  c. 
Thus  we  may  imagine  him  the  older  contemporary  of  Tyr- 
ticus.  Not  twenty  lines  of  his  hymns  remain  —  solemn 
fragments  in  hexameters  or  heavy  spondaic  meters,  which 
show  that  hynins'to  the  god?  {nojnes)  were  his  chief  pro- 
ductions.       Mahajfy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1. 167. 

Terpsichore  (terp-sik'o-re).  [Gr.TcpilnxipV,  <h>- 
lighting  in  the  dance.]  In  classical  inythology, 
oiie  of  the  Muses,  the  especial  companion  of 
Melpomene,  and  the  patroness  of  tlio  choral 
dance  and  of  the  dramatic  chorus  developed 
from  it.  In  the  last  days  of  the  Greek  religion  her  at- 
tributions became  restricted  chielly  to  the  province  of  lyric 
poetry.  In  art  this  Muse  is  lepresented  as  a  graceful 
fignic,  dad  in  flowing  draperies,  often  seated,  and  usually 
bearing  a  lyre.  il(;r  type  is  closely  akin  to  tllat  of  Knito, 
but  the  latter  is  always  shown  standing. 

Terra (ter'iU.  [L., 'earth.']  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, a  godiless,  the  personification  of  ( he  earth. 

Terracina  (ler-rii-cho'nii).  Atown  in  theprov- 
ince  of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  tlio  Mediter- 
ranean .58  miles  southeast  of  Rome :  the  an- 
cient Anxnr  or  Tarracina.  It  has  a  cathedral  and 
the  ruins  of  a  castle  iif  Theodorlc.  (.See  Tarracina.)  Pop- 
ulation (18H1),  commune,  8,.^7-2. 

Terracina,  Gulf  of.  An  ai-m  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, lo'ur  Terracina. 

Terra  del  Fuego.    Hae  Tierra  del  Fuegn. 

Terra  di  Bari.    See  ISari. 

Terra  di  Lavoro.    See  (unerta. 

Terra  di  Otranto.    See  Leccr. 

TerraFirmaOer'iifer'mii).  [L. , 'solid  gronml.'] 
A  name  soniel lines  given  to  («)  the  part  of  tlie 
mainlaiKl  of  Italy  I  hat  was  formerly  subject 
to  Viiiice;  (/))  the  region  known  in  Spanish  as 
Tierra  I'irnie.     Si'c  .^imnish  .)fiiiii. 

Terranova,  ■  >r  Terranova  di  Sicilia  (t  er-rii-ii6'- 

vii  do  se-clie'le-ii),  or  TerranUOVa  (ter-rii-nii- 
6'vii).  [It.,  'new  land.']  .\  seaport  in  the 
province  of  ('altaiiis8ella,Sicily,siliiati'don  the 
southern  coast  .50  miles  west  of  Syracuse,  it 
lias  some  trade.  It  was  founded  by  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.  near  the  ancient  Gelll.  Populallmi  (1881),  16,440;  coin- 
luunc,  17,173. 


Teruel 

Terranova.    A  small  town  on  the  northeastern 

co:ist  of  the  island  of  Sardinia. 
Terrasson  (ter-il-s6n').    A  town  in  the  depart- 

iiiiiit    of   Dordogne,   France,  situated   on.  the 

\'i'zere  30  miles  east  by  south  of  P(5rigueux. 

Papulation  (1891).  comuiune,  3.864. 
Terre  (tar).  La.    [F..  'the  earth.']    A  novel  by 

Zola,  published  in  1887. 

"La  Terre"  was  by  common  consent  his  farthest  excur- 
sion, and  is  perhaps  the  farthest  excursion  possible  on  the 
quest  after  a  r.-in-.seiitation  of  man  and  nature  which  shall 
be  not  disieulistd  but  disidcalised,  which  shall  be  confined 
to  the  merely  ugly,  base,  and  low,  to  the  study  of  degi^da- 
tion  and  def*>rntity,  and  to  the  study  even  of  these  things 
fnun  what  may  be  called  the  purely  poliee-conrt  and  re- 
IKirtir  pnint  of  view.    SainUbury,  French  >'ovelist8,  p.  6. 

Terre  Haute  (ter'e  hot).  [F., 'highland.']  A 
city,  capital  of  Vigo  County,  Indiana,  situated 
on  the  Wabash  72  miles  west-southwest  of  In- 
dianapolis. It  is  an  imiiortant  railroad  and  manufac- 
turing center,  and  contains  the  State  Normal  School.  Rose 
Polytechnic  Institute,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  French  col- 
onists.   I'opulation  (I'JOO),  36,673. 

Terre-Noire  (tar-nwjir').    [F., 'black  country.'] 
An  industrial  commune  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  France,  east  of  St.-£tienne.    Population" 
(1891),  4.944. 

Terror  (ter 'or).  An  arctic  exploring  vessel 
which  sailed  from  England  with  the  Erebus 
under  Sir  John  Franklin  in  1845.  a  document  was 
discovered  on  the  shore  of  King  William's  Land  by  Captain 
MeClintock,  stating  that  hot  h  ships  were  al>andoned  ab.mt 
a  year  after  the  death  of  Sir  .lohn  Franklin  in  1847,  and 
that  the  survivors  had  started  for  the  Great  Fish  River. 
They  all  perished  on  their  journey  southward.  Ko  traces 
of  the  vessels  api)eart<i  have  been  found.  The  Erebus  and 
Terror  had  previously  been  the  vessels  of  the  Antarctic 
expedition  under  command  of  .Sir  James  Clark  Ross. 

Terror,  The.     See  Iliiijn  of  Terror. 

Terror  of  the  World.    Aname  given  to  Attila. 

Terry  (ter'i).  Alfred  Howe.  Bom  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Nov.  10, 1S27:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Dee.  16.  1890.  An  American  general.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Yale  law  school ;  became  a  colonel  of 
militia  iu  18.'>4  ;  served  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  at  the 
capture  of  Port  Royal,  and  at  the  siege  of  F'ort  Pulaski  in 
IStil :  took  part  as  brigadier-general  in  the  operations 
against  Charleston  iu  1862  ;  was  a  division  and  corps  com- 
mander in  Virginia  in  18tI4  ;  served  at  Drury's  Blutl,  Ber- 
muda Hundred,  the  siege  of  Petersburg,  and  elsewhere; 
captured  Fort  Fisher  by  assault  .Ian.  1.^.,  1865  ;  sen'ed  at 
the  captureof  Wilmington,  and  as  corps  commander  under 
Sherman  in  1865  ;  and  later  was  department  (Dakota  and 
the  South)  and  division  commander.  In  1876  he  com- 
manded a  successful  expedition  against  Sitting  Bull.  He 
was  made  majorgeneral  in  the  regular  army  in  1886,  and 
retired  in  1S88. 

Terry,  Ellen.  Born  at  Coventry,  Feb.  27,  1847. 
A  pc)|iular  English  actress.  she  made  her  first 
appearance  on  the  stage  with  Charles  Kean's  company  in 
ls.'.8  in  the  parts  of  Mamillius  in  "  The  Winter's  Tale  "  and 
Prince  Arthur  in  *'  King  John."  She  appeared  iu  London 
in  1863  as  Gertrude  in  "The  Little  Treasure."  In  1864 
she  married  and  left  the  stage,  but  reappeared  In  1867.  In 
1878  she  made  her  flret  appearance  at  the  Lyceum  with 
Heiny  Irving,  and  has  since  been  associated  with  him  in 
all  his  successful  .Shaksperian  productions,  and  as  Camma 
in  Tennyson's  "The  Cup  ".and  Rosamonde  in  his"Bcckel." 
she  has  visited  America  with  Mr.  Irving  on  his  t4iur»  in 
18K6,  IS!)3,  1»S6,  1899,  1901.     She  is  best  in  high  .■oineilv. 

Terry  Alts  (ter'i  alts).  A  bodv  of  rebels  wiio 
apiieared  in  County  Clare,  Ireland,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  19th  century. 

Terschelling  (ter-schel'ling).  An  island  in  the 
North  Sea,  belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated northwest  of  Friesland  and  west  of  Ame- 
laiul.     Length.  15  miles. 

Tersteegen  (ter-sta'oen).  Gerhard.    Bom  at 

Miirs,  Prussia.  Nov.  25,  11)97;  died  at  Miilheim. 

Pru.ssia,  April  3.  17119.   A  German  hymn-writer. 

His  hvmns  were  included  iu  "  Bliunengiirtleiu  '' 

(1729). 
Tersus.     See  Tarsus. 
Tertre,  Jean  Baptiste  du.    See  Vutrrtrr. 
Tertullian  iti  i-tul'y.nii  iQuintus  Septimius 

Florens  Tertullianus).  Born  at  Carthage 
about  1.50  A.  1).:  died  about  'J.'tO.  A  celebrated 
ecclesiastical  writer,  one  of  the  fathers  of  Iho 
Latin  Clhurch.  He  become  converted  to  Christianity 
nlxMlt  192;  lived  iu  Rome  and  Carthage;  and  became  a 
Montanlst  about  '203  His  chief  work  Is  his  "  AiHilogitl- 
cus,"  a  ilefenseof  Christianity  called  f,.rth  by  the  pi  rsecn- 
tions  under .Heptlmius  Scvcius.  Ammig  his  other  works 
are  "Ad  Martvres,"  "lie  haptismo,"  "  lie  Pu-nitentla." 
"Do  .spcctaculls."  "  De  Palientta  '  "lie  Pm'scriplline," 
"Ailversns  Marcltuiem,"  "  lie  Vlrglllfbus  velandls,"  "  Ad- 
versus  I'raxi'aii." 
TertuUianists  (ter-tul'yan-ists).  A  branch  of 
the  .African  Monlaiiisis  of  (he  3d  and  4lh  cen- 
turies, who  hold  the  doctrines  of  Montanisni 
as  modilieil  by  Tertullian.  The  divergence  of  the 
Tertulllanlsts  frimi  orthodoxy  seems  to  have  been  niiich 
less  marked  than  that  of  the  original  Asiatic  Moiitanists. 
They  called  tbcmsidves  "  rneumallcs,"  or  spiritual  men. 
andtlie  CathollcH  "  Psychics,"  natural  or  sensual  men. 

Terudant.    See  TnruiUmt. 
Teruel  (li'i-iio-el').     1.  A   province  in  Aragon. 
Spain.      Itisl>oundcdby!<anigo8saon  tho  north. Titrrn. 


Teruel 

gona  on  the  east.  Castellon  on  the  soatheast,  Valencia  on 
the  south,  and  Cuenca  and  Guadalajara  on  the  west,  and  is 
traversed  by  mountain-chains.  Area,  5,491  square  miles. 
Population  (ISST),  241,865, 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Teruel,  situ- 
ated on  the  Guadalaviar  in  lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long. 
1°  12'  W.  It  has  a  medieval  cathedral.  Popula- 
tion (1S87),  9.423. 

Teschen  (tesh'en),  Slav.  Cieszyn  (tse-esh'in). 
A  manufaetui'iDg  town  in  Austrian  Silesia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Olsa  61  miles  Tvest-southTvest  of 
Cracow.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  duchy  of 
Teschen,  and  has  a  ruined  castle.  A  treaty  concluded  here, 
May  13,  1779,  between  Austria  and  Prussia,  which  termi- 
nated the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession,  is  known  asthe 
peace  of  Teschen.    Population  (1S90),  commune,  15. 220. 

Tesla  (tes'la;,  Nikola.  Born  at  Smiljan,  Lika, 
Austria-Himgary,  in  1S57.  A  noted  physicist 
and  electrician.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1884 
with  a  view  of  developing  motors  based  on  his  discovery 
of  the  rotating  magnetic  field :  this  he  completed  in  1888. 
He  has  invented  a  number  of  methods  and  appliances  in 
the  line  of  electrical  vibrations  aiming  at  the  production 
of  efficient  light  with  lamps  without  filaments,  and  the 
production  and  transmission  of  power  and  intelligence 
without  wires.  On  his  discover>'  of  the  action  of  air  or 
gaseous  matter  when  subjected  to  rapidly  alternating  elec- 

'  trostatic  stresses  is  based  the  modern  art  of  insulating 
currents  of  very  high  tension.  He  has  also  constructed 
steam-engines  and  electrical  generators  (oscillators)  with 
which  otherwise  unattainable  results  are  obtained. 

Tessin.     See  Ticino. 

Testament  (tes'ta-ment).  A  collection  of 
books  containing  the  history  and  doctrines  of 
the  Mosaic  or  old  dispensation  and  of  the  Chris- 
tian or  new,  in  two  divisions,  known  sever- 
ally as  the  Old  Testament  and  the  JS'eir  Testa- 
men  t.  The  word  testament  in  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible  always  represents  the  Greek  word  6ta^<T)  (else- , 
where  rendered  'covenant'),  which  in  early  Christian 
Latin,  and  regularly  in  the  Vulgate,  is  rendered  ■  testa- 
mentum,'  perhaps  from  its  use  in  Heb.  is.  15-20.       • 

Testament  of  Love.  *A  prose  work,  wrongly 
attributed  by  Speght  to  Chaucer,  it  purports  to 
be  written  by  a  prisoner  in  danger  of  being  hanged,  and 
dates  probably  from  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 

Teste-de-Buch  (test-de-bush'),  La.  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
theBasinof  Areachon32mileswest-southwestof 
Bordeaux.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,480. 

Testry,  or  Testri  (tes-tre').  A  small  place  in 
northern  France,  situated  near  the  Somme, 
north  of  Soissons.  Here,  in  687,  Pepin  of  He- 
ristal  overthrew  the  power  of  Xeustria. 

TSte-Noire  (tat-nwar').  [F.,' black  head.']  An 
Alpine  pass  on  tie  frontiers  of  Savoy  and 
Switzerland,  leading  from  Martigny  to  the  val- 
ley of  Chamonix.  It  is  so  called  from  a  mountain  of 
the  same  name  near  the  pass.    Height,  4,997  feet. 

Tetes  Plates.     See  Choctaws. 

Tethys  (te'this).     [Gr.  Trfiic.'i     A  sea-goddess. 

Tethys.  The  third  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  March,  1684. 

Teton  (te-ton'  or  te'ton).  A  river  in  northern 
Montana  which  joins  the  Missouri  northeast  of 
Fort  Benton.     Length,  about  150  miles. 

Tetons.     See  Three  Tetom. 

Teton,  Grand.     See  Hayden,  Mount. 

Teton  Range.  A  mountain-range  in  the  Eocky 
Mountain  system,  near  the  borders  of  Idaho 
and  Wyoming,  north  of  the  Snake  Kiver. 

Tetrapolis  (te-trap'o-lis),  Chaldean.  [Gr.  Xf- 
rpa-o/ic.  a  name  applied  to  several  groups  of 
four  cities.]  The  four  cities  Babylon,  Freeh. 
Akkad,  and  Calneh. 

Tetrapolitan  (tet-ra-pol'i-tan)  Confession. 
A  confession  of  faith  presented  at  the  Diet  of 
Augsburg  in  1530  by  the  representatives  of  the 
four  cities  (whence  the  name)  Constance,  Lin- 
dau,  Memmingen,  and  Strasburg.  It  resembled 
the  Augsburg  Confession,  but  inclined  some- 
what to  ZwingHan  views. 

Tetricus  (tet'ri-kus).  A  pretender  to  the  Ro- 
man Empire  who  usurped  the  throne  in  Gaul 
about  267-270  A.  D. 

Tetschen  (tet'shen).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Elbe  49  miles  north  by  west  of 
Prague.  It  is  a  center  for  the  upper  Elbe  navigation, 
and  a  tourist  center  for  the  Sa-xon-Bohemian  Switzerland. 
Population  (laSO),  commune,  7,299. 

Tetnan  (tet-o-an').  A  town  in  Morocco,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Martil,  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Mediterranean,  25  miles  southeast  of  Tangier. 
It  has  manufactures  of  guns.  Here,  Feb.  4, 1860,  the  Span- 
iards under  O'Donnell  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
troops  of  Morocco.    Population,  estimated,  20,000  to  25.000. 

Tetzel,  or  Tezel  (tet'sel),  Johann  (properly 
Diez,  Diezel,  etc.).  Bom  at  Leipsic  about  14.55 : 
died  1519.  A  German  Dominican  monk  and  in- 
quisitor. The  scandal  of  his  sale  of  indulgences  led  to 
the  publication  of  Luther's  ninety-five  theses  at  Witten- 
berg in  1517,  and  to  the  German  Reformation.    See  Luther. 

Te'ttcer  (tu'ser).  [Gr.  TEidpor.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend: (a)  A  son  of  Seamander,  and  the  first 


9SS 

king  of  Troy.  (6)  A  son  of  Telamon  and  step- 
brother of  AJax:  noted  as  an  archer.  He  was 
said  to  have  founded  Salamis  in  Cj-prus. 

Teufelsbriicke  (toi'felz-briik-e).  German  for 
Devil's  Bridge  (which  see). 

Teufelsdrockh  (toi'felz-drek),  Herr.  A  Ger- 
man philosopher,  the  central  character  in  Car- 
Ivle's  "  Sartor  Eesartus." 

TeufFel  (toif'fel),  Wilhelm  Sigismund.  Bom 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Wiu-temberg,  Sept.  27,  1820 : 
died  at  Tiibingen,  March  8,  1878.  A  German 
philologist, literary  historian,  and  archieologist : 
professor  of  classical  philology  at  Tiibingen 
from  1S49.  His  chief  work  is  ''Geschichte  derromisch- 
en  Litteratur  "("  History  of  Koman  Literature,"  1868-70). 

Teul,  or  Gran  Teul  (gran  ta-ol').  A  small  totvn 
in  the  state  of  Zaeatecas,  Mexico,  17  miles 
south-southwest  of  Tlaltenango.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal and  largest  town  of  the  Nayarits,  and  was  burned  by 
the  Spaniards  about  1530. 

Teulada  (ta-o-la'da).  Cape.  A  cape  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
west  of  Cape  Spartivento. 

Teumman  (ta-om'man).  King  of  Elam.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Urtaki.  In  tbe  battle  of  Ulai  (the 
classical  Eulseus)  he  was  defeated  by  the  Assyrian  king 
Asurb.inipiU (668-626  ac.) :  and  in  the  triumph.al  procession 
of  .\surbanipal,Teumman's  head  was  suspended  by  a  string 
Ground  the  neck  of  one  of  his  chief  allies  and  friends, 

Teutobod  (tii'to-bod).  A  king  of  the  Teutones, 
totally  defeated  by  Marius  at  the  battle  of 
Aquas  Sextise,  102  B.  c. 

Teutoburgerwald  (toi'to-borg-er-valt).  A 
mouutain-range  in  Germany,  extending  from 
the  vicinity  of  Osnabriiek  in  Hannover  south- 
east through  Westphalia  and  Lippe.  It  isknown 
in  different  parts  as  the  Lippischer  Wald,  Osning.  etc. 
The  Egge,  to  the  south,  is  sometimes  included.  A  victorj* 
was  gained  in  this  range  (exact  locality  undetermined)  in 
9  A.  D.  by  the  Germans  under  .Arminius  (Hermann)  over 
the  Romans  under  Varus,  the  Roman  army  being  nearly 
annihilated.    Highest  point,  about  1,500  feet. 

Teutones  (tti'to-nez),  or  Teu'toni  (tii'to-ni).  In 
ancient  history,  a  Germanic  people  who,  with 
the  Cimbri,  defeated  several  IToman  armies  at 
the  end  of  the  2d  century  B.  c,  and  were 
nearly  destroyed  by  Marius  at  Aquae  Sextise, 
102  B.  C.  They  are  mentioned  later  as  dwelling 
near  the  lower  Elbe  and  eastward. 

We  have  a  Teutonic  parallel  of  the  same  etymological 
origin  in  the  Gothic  ''thiudans,"  .  .  .  Norse  "thjodann," 
'  a  king,'and  A.-Saxon  "theoden,"  which  also  meant  a  king 
or  lord  :  both  the  Norse  and  the  A-  -Saxon  words  are  found 
only  in  poetry,  which  is  an  indication  that  they  are  very 
ancient  formations,  going  back  probably  far  behind  the 
time  of  Oiilas,  as  may  be  shown  by  approaching  the  ques- 
tion from  another  direction :  the  word  touta  and  its  con- 
geners entered  into  many  proper  names,  and  when  the 
Romans  had  to  write  these  names  they  represented  the 
Teutonic  dental,  as  they  did  the  Gaulish  one,  as  a  simple 
t ;  witness  Ciesar's  Teutones,  .\mmianus  Marcellinus'  Teu- 
tomeres,Eutropius'Teutobudus,  andFlorus'Teutobochus. 
Now  in  'Teutones  or  Teutoni  we  have  the  plural,  as  given 
by  Roman  authors,  of  the  word  "thiudans,"  *'thjodann," 
and  "  theoden  ";  and  that  a  people  should  have  given  them- 
selves such  a  name  as  Teutones,  meaning  kings,  wUl  sur- 
prise no  one  who  has  noticed  such  Celtic  names  as  that  of 
the  Remi,  which  signified  princes:  those  of  the  Caturiges 
and  Catuvellauni,  meaning  war-kings  or  battle-princes: 
and  that  of  the  Bituriges,  which  actually  meant  "Welt- 
herrscher,  or  lords  of  the  world.  This  explanation  of  the 
origin  of  the  modem  term  Teutonic  is  doubtless  open  to 
the  objection  of  implying  that  a  natural  inclination  to  brag 
was  not  quite  confined  to  the  Celt. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  46. 

Teutonic  Order.    See  Order. 

Tevastehus.     See  Tarastelius, 

Teverone.    See  Anio. 

Teviot  (te'vi-ot).  A  river  in  Roxburghshire 
which  joins  the  Tweed  near  Kelso.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Tevlotdale  (te'^vi-ot-dal).  A  name  often  given 
to  Roxburghshire, 

Te'wa  (ta'wa).  or  Taywah,  or  Tegua,  or  Tehua. 
['  Houses.']  A  division  of  the  Tanoau  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  oecupyiug 
the  pueblos  of  Pojoaque,  Xambe,  Sanlldefonso, 
San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  and  Tesuque,  in  the  Rio 
Grande  valley,  Xew  Mexico,  and  the  pueblo  of 
Hano  which  forms  or  j  of  the  Tusayan  group 
in  northeastern  Arizona.  Number(1893),  1.100. 

Te'wfik  Pasha  (tii'tik  pash'a),  Mobammed. 
Born  Xov.  15,  1852:  died  in  his  palace  near 
Cairo,  Egypt,  Jan.  7,  1892.  Khedive  of  Egypt, 
son  of  Ismail  Pasha  whom  he  succeeded  June 
26,  1879.  Fromhi3accessionuntillSS2Egyptianfinances 
continued  under  Anglo-French  control.  In  that  year  oc- 
curred the  rebellion  of  Arabi  Pasha.  Its  suppression  by 
the  British  marked  the  cessation  of  French  influence,  and 
the  virtual  establishment  of  a  British  protectorate.  The 
revolt  of  the  Mahdists  led,  in  spite  of  British  expeditions, 
to  the  loss  of  the  upper  Nile  and  Sudan  regions  in  1884- 
18S5.    He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son,  .^bbas  Pasha. 

Te'wkesbury  (tiiks'bu-ri).  A  town  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Avon  and  Severn,  10  miles  northeast  of 


Tezcuco 

Gloucester:  the  Roman  Etoeessa.  The  abbey  !J 
church,  chiefly  of  the  12th  centurj-,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  English  Romanesque  structures.  The  exterior 
is  marked  by  its  massive  tower,  its  beautiful  radiating 
choir-chapels  in  the  Decorated  style,  and  the  curious  re- 
cessed porch  and  window  of  the  west  front.  The  interior 
is  highly  effective,  and  possesses  excellent  14th-century 
glass  and  mediev,-U  monuments.  A  victory  was  gained  here 
May  4.  1471.  by  the  Yorkists  under  Edward  IV.  over  the 
Lancastrians  under  Margaret  of  Anjou  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward :  by  it  Edward  was  reestablished  on  the  throne.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  5,269. 

Te'wkesbury  Chronicle.  A  chronicle,  chi^y 
of  English  ecclesiastical  history,  kept  at  the 
Abbey  of  Tewkesbury,  1066-1263. 

Texarkana  fteks-ar-kan'ii).  The  capital  of 
Miller  County,  in  the  southwestern  extremity 
oJ  Arkansas,  situated  partly  in  Texai.  it  is  a 
railroad  center.  Population  (Mioi.  in  ,Arkaiis.as,  4.9U- 
in  Texas.  5  2.56. ' 

Texas  (tek'sas).  One  of  the  South  Central  States 
of  the  L'nited  States  of  America.  Capital,  Aus- 
tin ;  chief  seaport,  (Salveston.  it  is  bounded  by 
Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  on  the  north,  Arkansas  on 
the  northeast  (separated  by  the  Red  River).  Louisiana  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the 
south,  Mexico  (separated  by  the  Rio  Grande)  on  the  south- 
west, and  New  Mexico  on  the  west.  It  is  the  largest  State 
in  the  Union,  comprising  a  low  coast  region,  a  pi-airie 
country,  a  central  hill>  region,  high  plains  to  the  north 
and  west  (including  the  Staked  Plain),  and  a  mountainous 
region  west  of  the  Pecos.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Canadian. 
Red  River.  Sabine,  Trinity,  Brazos,  Colorado,  Nueces,  and 
Rio  Grande.  It  is  an  important  agricultural  State,  the 
leading  products  being  cotton,  Indian  com,  live  stock, 
sugar,  and  rice.  It  has  24:3  counties,  sends  2  senat..i«  and 
16  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  18  electoral  votes. 
An  attempt  at  settlement  was  made  by  La  Salle  about  1685, 
and  various  missions  were  established  by  the  Spaniards  in 
the  18th  century.  The  region  was  invaded  by  various  adven- 
turers early  in  the  19th  ceutun .  It  formed'with  Coahuila  a 
state  of  Mexico,  and  was  settled  rapidly  about  1820-30  by 
American  colonists.  A  rebellion  against  Mexico  broke  out 
in  18.''J5 ;  the  garrisons  at  the  Alamo  and  Goliad  were  mas- 
sacred by  the  Mexicans  in  1836 ;  and  the  Mexicans  were 
finally  defeated  by  Houston  at  San  Jacinto.  April  21, 1836. 
Texas  was  a  republicfrom  1836  to  1845,  when  it  was  annexed 
to  the  United  States.  It  was  the  scene  of  early  events  in  the 
Mexican  war  in  1846 :  seceded  Feb.  1. 1861 ;  'was  the  scene 
of  various  events  in  the  Rebellion,  and  of  the  last  conflicts  ; 
and  was  readmitteri  in  1870.  -Area,  265,780  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  3,048,710. 

Texcocans.     See  Te:cucans. 

Texcoco.     See  Te:cuco. 

Texel  (tek'sel).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  Netheilands.  It  lies  north  of  North. 
Holland'(5eparated  by  the  Marsdiep).  The  surface  is  low. 
Its  neighborhood  has  been  the  scene  of  many  naval  en- 
gagements.   Length,  15  mUes,    Population,  about  6.000. 

Texier  (tes-ya').  Cbarles  Felix  Marie.  Born 
at  Versailles,  France.  -\ug.  29,  1802:  died  at 
Paris,  July  1,  1871.  A  French  archseologist  and 
traveler.  Among  his  works  are  "Description  de  I'Asie 
Mineiu*e  "  (183Vt-48), "  Description  de  I'Armenie,  de  la  Perse, 
de  la  Mesopotamie  "  (Is42-i5),  etc. 

Teyde,  Pico  de.     See  Pico  de  Teyde. 

Tezca'tlipoca  (tath-kat-le-p6'ka).  In  Aztec 
(Mexican)  mj-thology,  one  of  the  supreme  gods, 
the  soul  of  tlie  world  and  its  creator,  supposed 
to  be  endowed  with  perpetual  youth.  On  the 
teocalli  at  Mexico  he  had  a  chapel  near  that  of  Huitzi- 
lopochtlL  Occasional  human  sacrifices  were  made  to  him. 
The  victim  (said  by  some  to  represent  the  god  himself> 
was  selected  a  yeEU-  before,  and  was  a  young  man  of  per- 
fect form.  He  was  kept  under  a  kind  of  tutelage  for  the 
ceremony,  but  was  allowed  every  pleasure;  beautiful  girls 
were  given  him  for  companions :  and  at  feasts  he  waa 
honored  as  a  divinity.  On  the  day  of  the  sacrifice  he  was 
stripped  of  his  gaudy  clothes,  and  while  ascending  to  the 
temple  threw  away  "his  chaplets  of  flowers  and  broke  his 
musical  instruments. 

Tezcotzinco  (tas-kot-sen'ko).  A  hUl  about 
5  miles  east  of  the  town  of  Tezcuco,  Mexico. 
It  was  a  garden  or  park  and  country  residence  of  the  an- 
cient chiefs  of  Tezcuco.  Ixtlilxochiti  describes  it  as  a  place 
of  wonderful  beauty,  adorned  with  fountains,  baths,  and 
palaces  :  but  this  description  is  probably  exaggerated.  It 
is  said  to  have  been  a  favorite  retreat  of  Netzahualcoyotl 
(which  see).  The  place  is  marked  by  a  few  ruins  over- 
grown with  vegetation.  Some  small  artificial  pools  are 
erroneously  called  the  Baths  of  Montezuma. 

Tezcucans  (tas-ks'kans),  or  Texcocans  (tas- 
ko'kans),  or  AcolHiians  (U-kol'o-ans).  Ad 
ancient  Xahuatl  tribe  of  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
Some  traditions  make  them  theoffspringof  the  semi-mythi- 
cal race  called  Chichimecs.  .\bout  1120  they  settled  at 
Tenayucan  or  Tezcuco,  then  on  the  eastern  shoreof  the  laktv 
and  this  soon  became  the  most  powerful  pueblo  of  the  val. 
ley.  Early  in  the  15th  century  they  were,  for  a  time,  con- 
qiiered  bv  the  Tepanecs :  subsetiuently  they  joined  in  a 
league -with  Tenochtitlan  and  Tlacopan,  and  eventually  be- 
came subordinate  in  power  to  the  former  place,  Tlieir  last 
chief  or  "king."  Ixtlilxochiti,  joined  CortSs  in  1620,  and 
assisted  in  the  siege  of  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico.  The  Tei- 
cncan  historians  claim  for  their  nation  a  preeminence  in 
civilization  among  the  Nahuatl  tribes. 

Tezcuco  (tiis-ko'ko),  or  Texcoco  (tas-to'ko).  A 
town  of  the  state  and  republic  of  Mexico,  near 
the  eastern  shore  of  Tezcuco  Lake,  about  16 
miles  from  Mexico  City.  It  was  the  ancieiit 
capital  of  the  Tezcucans  or  Acolhuans,  who  called  it 
Acolhuacan  or  Tenayucan.  (See  Tezcitcans.)  At  this 
place,  in  1521,  Cortes  organized   the  siege  of  Mexico 


Tezcuco 

and  built  the  brigantinea  with  which  he  assaulted  that  city 
from  the  lake.  Population  (18891,  with  the  couiniune, 
16,805. 

Tezcuco,  or  Texcoco,  Lake  of.  The  largest  of 
the  fluster  of  lakes  in  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
At  present  it  is  nearly  oval  in  outline,  about  12  miles  long, 
7  wide,  and  less  than  2  feet  deep.  Mexico  City  is  about  i 
miles  from  the  western  shore,  and  Tezcuco  is  about  the 
same  distance  from  the  eastern  side.  Low  and  more  or 
less  swampy  lands  around  it  mark  its  ancient  limits, 
which  were  at  least  four  times  as  great  as  at  present ;  Mex- 
ico was  then  on  an  island  in  it,  approached  by  causeways, 
and  Tezcuco,  Tlaeopan,  and  other  towns  were  on  its  shore. 
Tlfe  water  was  deep  enough  in  1520  to  float  the  ships  of 
Cortes.  During  tlie  Aztec  and  early  colonial  periods  it 
was  frequently  swelled  by  rains,  causing  disastrous  floods 
in  Mexico ;  one  of  these  floods  lasted  3  years  (1629-32). 
The  shrinkage  is  due  to  filling  in  with  sediment,  drainage, 
and  evaporation.  Until  1803  the  drains  of  Me.vico  opened 
into  tlie  lake,  and  its  polluted  waters,  forced  back  through 
thenj  during  the  rains,  caused  great  mortality  in  the  city. 
This  has  been  remedied  by  extensive  drainage  works,  and 
it  is  now  proposed  to  empty  the  lake  entirely.  Tezcuco  is 
the  lowest  of  the  valley  lakes,  and  its  waters  are  brackish. 
It  lias  no  Hsh,  but  tlie  singular  amphibian  called  the  a.xolotl 
was  formerly  abiindant. 

Tezel.     See  Tetxl. 

Thacher(thaeh'er), George.  Born  at  Yarmouth, 
Maine,  April  12, 1754 :  diedatBiddeford,  Maine, 
April  6.  1824.  An  American  jurist  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  a  delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the 
Continental  Congress ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  the 
Maine  district  of  Massachusetts  17S9-1801 ;  and  was  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  and  of  Maine. 

Thacher ,  Thomas  Anthony.  Born  at  Hart  ford, 

Conn.,  .Jan.  llji'^iri:  died  at  New  Haven, Conn., 
April  7,  1886.  An  American  classical  scholar, 
professor  of  Latin  at  Yale  from  1842.  He  trans- 
lated Madvig's  Latin  grammar,  and  edited  va- 
rious Latin  works. 
Thackeray  (thak'e-ri),  William  Makepeace. 

Born  at  Calcutta,  July  18.  1811:  died  at  Lou- 
don, Dee.  24, 18C.3.  A  celebrated  English  novel- 
ist, satirist,  and  critic.  He  went  to  England  when 
about  5  years  old,  and  was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse 
school  and  at  Trinity  College.  Cambridge,  leaving  in  1830. 
He  traveled  on  the  Continent  (visiting  U'eimar,  etc.)  for 
several  years.  In  1833  he  began  to  devote  himself  se- 
riously to  literature  and  art,  wrote  for  the  "National  .Stan- 
dard "  (of  which  he  was  afterward  both  editor  and  pro- 
prietor), and  later  for  "The  Times,"  for  "Fraser's  Maga- 
zine" (to  which  he  long  contributed  as  Michael  Angelo 
Titmarsb).  for  "Punch,"  etc.  He  had  a  talent  for  draw- 
ing and  caricature,  and  about  1S34  went  to  Paris,  with 
the  idea  of  stiid\ing  painting.  In  this  he  was  unsuccess- 
ful ;  but  lie  illustrated  niaii.vof  hisown  works,  and  aliout 
18:i.'i  made  liis  well-known  application  to  illustrate  "  Pick- 
wick." In  1837.  having  married  Jliss  Isaliella  Shawe.  he 
returned  to  England.  About  1840  his  wife's  mind  became 
affected,  after  the  birth  of  her  third  daughter,  and  she 
never  recovered,  though  she  did  not  die  until  many  years 
after  her  liusbrind's  death.  He  visited  the  East  in  184-t,  lec- 
tured in  the  Inited  states  in  1852-53  and  1854-55,  and  was 
editor  of  the  "Cornhill  Magazine"  18()0-*t2.  Ilis  chief 
novels  are  "Vanity  Fair"  (1846-48:  which  made  his  repu- 
tation), "Pendennis"  (1848-50),  "Henry  Esmond"  (18.52), 
"  The  Newcomes"  (ls.53-5.'>),  and  "The  Virginians"  (1857- 
185!)).  Among  his  other  novels  and  stories  are  "  The  Yellow- 
plush  Papers"  (1837),  "History  of  Mr.  Samuel  Titmarsh 
and  the  Great  Hoggarty  Diamond  "  (1837-38),  "The  Paris 
Sketch  Book"  (1840),  "Jeames's  Diary,"  "Fitz-Boodle'a 
Confessions,"  "Shabby  Genteel  'Story,"  "The  Book  of 
Snobs  "(collected  from  "Punch"  1848),  "The  Irish  Sketch 
Book"  (1843)."  Notes  of  a  Journey  from  Cornhill  to  Grand 
Cairo"  (1846).  "Memoirs  of  Barry  Lyndon"  (1844),  "Mrs 
Perkins  s  Ball"  (1847),  "Punch's  Prize  Novelists,"  "The 
Kicklebui-ys  on  the  Rhine,"  "Rebecca  and  Rowena," 
"Lovel  the  Widower"  (1880-61),  'Adventures  of  Philip" 
(1801-<>2),  " The  Rose  and  the  King."  and  "Denis  Duval" 
(nnlinished).  Many  of  these  appeared  first  in  "Fraser's," 
"i'ornbill,'  and  other  periodicals.  His  other  works  i:i- 
clude  "  English  Humourists  of  the  18th  Century  "  (first  de- 
livered as  lectures  in  1851). "The  Four  Georges"  (lectures 
delivered  in  the  United  .States  1855,  first  printed  in  186'i). 
"The  Roundabout  Papers"  (1802),"  Early  and  Late  Papers  " 
(edited  by  .T.  T.  Fields,  1867),"The  Orphan  of  Pimlico,  etc." 
(edited  1875),  ballads,  etc. 

Thaddseus  (tha-de'us).  [Gr.  enAfcJof.]  One  of 
the  ajiostles,  otherwise  called  Jude  or  Judas 
and  Leliliieus.     See  Jude, 

Thaddeus  of  Warsa'W.  A  novel  by  Jane  Por- 
ter, ipiililishcd  in  18(i:i:  named  from  its  hero. 

Thais  (tha'ls).  [Or.  e«(r.]  Lived  in  the  last 
part  of  tlio  4th  century  B.  c.  A  famous  Atlie- 
iiian  heta>ra,  mistress  of  Alexander  the  (ireat. 
She  is  alleged  (pi-obably  erroneously)  to  have  incited  him 
to  fire  the  Persian  palace  at  Persepolis.  She  was  afterward 
mistress  of  Ptolemy  Lagi. 

Thaisa  (th;l'is-ii).  The  daughter  of  Siinonides 
and  wi  Co  (if  Periidesi?iSliukspere's(f)"Pericles." 

Thalaba  the  Destroyer.    A  <Jescriptive  poem 

liy  Sunt  hey:  so  called  from  the  nameof  theliero. 

Thalberg  (tiil'berG),  Sigismond.    Born  at  (ie- 

neva.,  1.S12:  died  at  Xaples,  1871.  ,\  jiianist 
and  composer  for  the  piano,  illegitimate  son  of 
Prince  von  Dietrichstein.  His  works  include 
various  fantasias,  nocturnes,  etc. 

Thale  (til'lo).  A  watering-plai'c  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  in  theHarz,  on  the 
Bode,  ."i  mih-s  west  of  (Juedlinburg.  Population 
(18!M1),  (),2!»2. 

Thales  (tha'lez).  [Gr.  enX^.]  Born  at  Miletus, 


989 

Asia  Minor,  about  640  B.  c. :  died  about  546.  A 
famous  Greek  philosopher,  astronomer,  and  ge- 
ometer: one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  (ireece, 
and  the  earliest  of  the  Ionian  natural  philoso- 
jihers.  He  regarded  water  as  the  principle  of  all  things. 
He  predicted  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  fur  May  28,  585  if.  c. ; 
ami  to  him  were  attributed  various  discoveries  in  geometry 
and  astronomy. 

Voliiey  considered  the  eclipse  (of  Thales)  to  have  taken 
place  B.  c.  025  ("  Recherches,  etc.,"  vol.  i.  p.  34'2).  Clinton 
jilaees  it  B.  c.  603  (F.  H.  vol.  i.  ji.  419).  Ideler  considers 
that  no  eclipseabout  this  period  fulfils  thenetessary  condi- 
ticuis  except  that  of  B.  c.  610 ("Handbuch  derChronologie," 
vol.  i.  p.  20j>.  ilr.  Hind  and  Professor  Airy  have  rerently 
suceested  the  late  date  of  B.  c.  585  (Bosanquet,  "  Fall  of 
Nineveh,"  p.  14).  Raictinson,  Herod.,  I.  359,  note. 

Thales,  or  Thaletas  (tha-le'tas).  [Gr.  ea/.ijc, 
Oa/irar.l  Born  in  Crete:  lived  about  the  7th  cen- 
tury B.  c.    A  lyric  poet  and  musician  of  Sparta. 

Thalia  (tha-li'il).  [Gr.erj>.«n,Ga/m.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  joyful  Muse,  to  whom  is  due  the 
bloom  of  life.  She  inspired  gaiety:  was  the  patroness 
of  the  banquet  accompanied  by  song  and  music ;  and  also 
favored  rural  pui-suits  and  pleasures.  At  a  late  period  she 
became  the  Jluseof  comedy,  and  to  the  Romans  was  little 
known  in  any  other  character.  In  the  later  art  she  is 
generally  represented  with  a  comic  mask,  a  shepherd's 
crook,  and  a  wreath  of  ivy. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  23)  discovered  at  Loudon 
by  Hind,  Dec.  15,  1852. 

Thallo  (thal'6).  [Gr.  Ga^-ii.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, one  of  the  Hours. 

Thame  (tiim).  A  river  in  Buckinghamshire 
and  Oxfordshire,  England,  which  joins  the 
Thames  (of  which  it  is  a  main  tributary)  at 
Dorchester.     Length,  about  35  miles. 

Thame.  A  town  in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thame  13  miles  east  of  Oxford. 
Population  (1891),  3,335. 

Thames  (temz).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Tlinmijs, 
Tames,  Tenise,  ME.  Temse,  AS.  Tones,  Tcmese, 
Tsemcse,  L.  Tcnnesis  (Caesar),  Tamesa  (Tacitus), 
Gr.  la/jtaa  or  Ta/icaac  (Dion  Cassius),  and  said  to 
beCeltic,meaning'broad water.'  TheF.  Tamisc 
is  from  the  L.,'(>.  Tliemse  from  the  E.]  The 
princijjal  river  in  Great  Britain,  it  rises  near  Ciren- 
cester; flows  on  the  border  between  Gloucester  and  Wilt- 
shire :  separates  Cvford  and  Buckingham  from  Berkshire, 
Middlesex  from  Surre.v,  and  Essex  from  Kent ;  and,  liroad- 
ening  into  an  estuary,  flows  into  the  North  Sea.  Its  course 
is  generally  easterly.  To  its  junction  with  tin-  TlKinie  it  is 
called  also  the  Isis.  The  principal  tributaries  are  the  rhei  - 
well,  Thame,  Colne,  Lea,  andRoding  on  the  noitli,  and  the 
Kelinet.M.de,  and  ^Medwav  on  the  south,    'rlie  chief  jdaccs 

on  itsbahksnnMi\foi(l.  Ciidin- Windsor,  Eton,  Kingst 

Itichiiiond,  I'.rentfoiil,  London,  W'lmlwicli,  i  raveseiid,  and 
Sheerness.  Length  to  Sheerness,  228  miles.  Width  at 
London  Brid;:e,  OOil  feet;  atGravesend,  half  a  mile.  It  is 
tidal  to  Teddington,  and  is  navigable  by  locks  for  barges 
from  Lechlade;  for  large  vessels,  from  the  Pool,  London. 

Thames.  A  river  in  Ontario,  Canada,  which 
flows  into  Lake  St.  Clair  32  miles  east  of  De- 
troit. Near  its  banks,  Oct.  5, 1813,  the  Americans  umler 
HaiTison  (cavalry  under  R.  M.  Johnson)  defeated  the  allied 
British  (under  Proctor)  and  Indians  (under  Tecumseh, 
who  was  killed  in  the  battle).  Length,  about  160  miles ; 
navigable  to  Chatham. 

Thames  (thamz).  A  navigable  river  in  Con- 
necticut, formed  by  the  junction  at  Norwich 
of  the  Quinebaug  and  the  Yantic.  It  einjities 
into  Long  Island  Sound  below  New  London. 
Length,  15  miles. 

Thames  Embankment.    A  wide  macadamized 

carriageway,  witli  foot-]iavements  on  each  siiie, 
cdiistrucled  l.s(i4-70  bylhe  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  in  London  along  the  north  bank  of 
the  Th;inics,  from  lilackfriars  Bridge  to  West- 
minster, strictly  this  is  the  Victoria  Enibanknient, 
while  tlie  Albert  Kniliankment,  finished  186H,  extendsflom 
\Vestniiiister  Bridge  to  Vaiixhall  Bridge  on  the  south 
liiiriU,  :iii<l  the  Cheiaia  KniliiMdiimiit,  finished  187:1.  ex- 
tends froii,  tlie  Chelsea  llosi.ilid  to  tlie  .\lbert  Suspension 
Bridge  on  the  north  bank.  These  enibankinents  have  a 
granite  wall  on  the  river  side;  the  whole  area  was  once 
.■overed  by  the  tiile. 

Thames  Tunnel.  A  tunnel  under  the  Thames 
at  London.  ne;ir  the  Tower,  opened  in  1843. 

Thamien  (Iha'mi-en).  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indiiins  which  formerly  inhabited  tlie 
country  lielween  the.\lm;ideii  mines  and  .Mviso 
Landing,  Santa  Chir;i('ounty,  Ciiliforni;i;  iilso. 
the  native  ntime  of  the  site  of  Santa  Clara  mis- 
sion.    See  i'osttniotni, 

Thammuz.     See  Tammuz. 

Thamyris  (tham'i-ris).  [Gr.  Ori/dipif.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Tliracian  singer.  Ileboastod  thathecoiild 
surpass  the  .Muses,  and  wasdejtrived  by  them  of  his  sight 
anii  i.f  the  power  of  singing. 

ThanatopsiS  (than-a-top'sis).  [Prom  Gr.  Oi'nn- 
Tor  and  !i'l'ir.  vision  :  'avisionof  deiith.']  A  poem 
by  William  Cidleti  ]?ryanl.  ])nlilished  in  181(). 

THanatOSdhan'a-tos)'.  [Gr. /'(/n/7or,  dentil."!  In 
(ifei'K  inylhology,  the  ]iersoni)ieation  of  detilh, 
brother  of  .Sleep.     S(H'  Slevp  aiid  Dtnili. 

Thanet  (than'et).  Isle  of.  An  island  at  the  east- 


Theagenes  and  Chariclea 

ern  extremity  of  Kent,  England,  it  is  formed  by 
a  bifurcation  of  the  Stour,  and  contains  Margate  and  Rams- 
gate  (so  called  from  Ruiiu,  the  older  name  of  the  island). 
Length,  9  miles. 

Thanet,  Octa've.  The  pseudonym  of  Alice 
French. 

Thann  (titn).  A  town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  situated  on  the  Thur  23  miles  south- 
west of  Kolmar.  it  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
silk,  and  wine  is  produced  in  the  vicinity.  Its  church  of 
St.  1  heobald  is  noteworthy.    Population  (1890),  7,426. 

Thano.    See  Tuuo. 

Thapsacus  (thap'sa-kus).  In  ancient  geogra- 
pliy,  a  town  on  tlie  western  bank  of  the  Eu- 
jihrates  :  the  biblical  Tiphsah.  it  was  probably 
situated  near  the  modem  Rakka,  about  lat.  35"  50'  N. 
The  Euphrates  was  crossed  here  in  the  expedition  of  Cy- 
rus the  Younger,  by  Darius,  and  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

ThapsUS  (thap'sus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  ill  northern  Africa,  situated  on  tlie  coast, 
near  the  modem  Cape  Dimas  in  Tunis,  30  miles 
southeast  of  Susa.  Here,  46  b.  r.,  Cresar  totally  de- 
feated  the  Pompeians  under  Cato,  Scipio,  and  Juba,  and 
ended  the  war  in  Africa. 

Tharand  (tii'rant).  A  small  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Wilde  Weis- 
seritz,  9  miles  southwest  of  Dresden.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  noted  academy  of  forestry. 

Thargelia  (thiir-ge'li-U).  [Gr.  Qaf)yi/ha.'\  In 
Greelt  antiquity,  a  festival  celebrated  at  Athens 
on  the  0th  and  7th  of  the  month  Thargelion.  in 
honor  of  the  Delian  Apollo  and  of  Artemis.  On 
the  first  day  of  thefestival (probably  not  every  year)  there 
was  an  expiatory  sacrifice  of  two  persons,  for  the  men  and 
the  women  of  the  state  respectively,  the  victims  being 
condemned  criminals  ;  on  the  second  day  there  were  a 
procession  and  a  contest  for  a  tripod  between  cyclic  cho- 
ruses provided  by  the  choragi. 

Tharrawaddy  fthar-a-wod'i).  A  district  in 
Pegu  di\ision,  British  Burma,  intersected  by 
lat.  18°  X.  Area,  2,014  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1.S91),  347,4.54. 

Thasos  (tha'sos).  [Gr.  GfifTof.]  1.  An  island  in 
the  northern  part  of  the^gean  Sea,  intersected 
by  lat.  40°  40'  N.  It  belongs  to  Turkey,  and  is  about 
4  miles  from  the  mainland.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
It  was  colonized  from  Pares  about  the  end  of  the  8th 
century  B.  c:  was  long  noted  for  its  gold-mines  :  belonged 
to  the  Athenian  confederacy;  revolted  about  465  B.C.,  but 
was  besiegetl  and  subjugated  by  Cimon  :  was  subject  to 
Philip  v.  of  aiaeedon  ;  and  was  a  free  city  under  the  Ro- 
mans. The  inhabitants  (Greeks)  number  about  lu,nOO. 
Len^'th,  15  miles. 

2.  Tlie  ancient  capital  of  Thasos,  situated  on 
the  nortliern  coast. 

Thatcher  (thach'er).  Benjamin  Bussey.  Born 

at  Warren,  Maine,  Oct.  8,  18oy:  died  at  Boston, 
.July  14,  1848.  Ati  American  author.  His  works 
include  "Biography  of  North  American  Indians  "  (1832), 
'■  Tales  of  tin-  .\nieiieaii  Revolution  "  (1840),  etc. 

Thatcher,  Henry  Knox.  Born  at  Thomaston, 
Maine,  May  26,  18011:  died  at  Boston,  April  .5, 
1880.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He  served  in  the 
attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  commanded  the  Western  Gulf 
Squadron  in  the  naval  oiK-rations  against  Mobile  in  1865. 

Thau  (to),  Etang  de.  A  lake  in  the  department 
of  lleraiilt,  southern  France,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  (with  whicli  it  conimunicafes 
by  a  canal)  near  Cette.     Length,  12  miles. 

ThaiunaturgUS  (tha-ma-ter'gus).  [L.,  from  O. 
Iliivn(t7iivfi)iir,  wonder-working.]  A  siinnime 
given  to  Gregory  of  Cappadocia  (3d  century),  a 
reputed  worker  of  miracles. 

Thaumaturgus  of  the  West,  The.    A  name 

given  to  SI.  Hernard. 

Ihaxter  (thaUs'icr),  Mrs.  (Celia  Leighton). 
Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  1835:  died  at  the 
Isles  of  Shoals,  Aug.  26,  ]8!)4.  An  American 
]ioi't.  Slie  wrote  '■Among  the  Isles  of  .Shoals," 
•■  Driflweed,"  '"Poems  for  Cliildren,"  etc. 

Thayer  (thar),  Abbott  Henderson.    Bom  at 

Boston,  .'Vug.  12.  184'.l.  .\n  .\nicrican  aninnil-, 
ligiii-e-,  iind  landscape-painter,  lie  was  a  student 
at  the  Eccde  des  Beaux  Arts  under  Lebnianii  and  GCrrime 
from  1875  to  1870.  Vpon  his  return  to  Ami'rica  he  set- 
tled in  New  York,  and  was  made  president  of  the  Society 
'd  .Vnieriean  -\rtists, 

Thayer,  Joseph  Henry.   Born  at  Boston,  Nov. 

7,  1828  :  died  Nov.  26,  1001.  An  .\merican  bib- 
lical scliotar,  professor  :it  .Vndover  Theologictil 
Seininarv  1S64-82,  and  ;it  the  Divinitv  School, 
llarv;iid',  1SS4-1901. 

The8etetUS(lhe-e-tc'tus).  [Gr.Ofoinyrof.]  Lived 
about  the  einl  of  the  ."ith  century  B.  C.  An 
Atlieiiian,  a  disi'iple  of  Socrates.  He  is  the 
pvinci]iMl  I  liaracter  in  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  I'hilo's  ilialogues. 

Theagenes  (llie-aj'e-nez).  [Gr.  Ofnjft'W.]  A 
tyrant  of  Megiira,  who  ruled  about  the  end  of 
the  7lh  I'entury  B.  c. 

Theagenes  and  Chariclea  (kar-i-kle'il).    An 

.•incieiit  roninniT  by  one  I Irliodortis,  written  in 
I  lie  4tli  centur.S'.  It  recounts  the  loves  and  adventures 
of  Theagenes,  a  Xiiessiilian,  and  Chariclea,  the  daughter  of 


Theagenes  and  Chariclea 

Persina  queen  of  Ethiopia.  It  was  rendered  into  English 
prose  by  Thomas  Und«rdown  (1577),  and  into  I-'rench  by 
Ainyot.  It  "supplied  with  materials  many  of  the  early 
writers  of  romance.  It  was  imitated  in  the  composition  of 
Achilles  Tatius  and  subsequent  Greek  fablers;  and  was 
the  model  of  those  heroic  fictions  which,  through  the 
writings  of  Gomberville  and  Scudery,  became  for  a  con- 
siderable period  so  popular  and  prevalent  in  France" 
(Duitiop).    Also  called  .fltldopica. 

Theatins, or  Theatines  ( the'a-tinz).  [From Tlic- 
nlc,  or  Teate,  Chieti.]  A  monastic  order  of  regu- 
lar clerks,  fotmded  at  Rome  in  1524,  principally 
by  the  Archbishop  of  Chieti,  in  Italy,  with  the 
purpose  of  combating  the  Reformation.  There 
were  also  Theatin  nuns.  The  order  ttpurished  to  some 
extent  in  Spain.  Bavaria,  and  Poland,  but  its  influence  is 
now  confined  chiefly  to  Italy. 

Theatre,  The.  The  first  London  theater,  it  was 
a  wooden  building  erected  by  James  Burbage,  the  father 
of  Richard  Burbaije,  in  157C,  on  the  site  of  the  priory  of 
St.  John  the  Baptist,  Shoreditch,  which  was  destroyed  at 
the  Reformation.  It  was  taken  down  in  1697,  and  the 
Globe,  Bankside,  built  of  the  materials. 

Theatre  de  la  Foire  (ta-atr'  de  lii  fwiir).  [F., 
'theater  of  the  fair.']  A  theater  set  up  by 
provincial  comedians  at  the  fairs  of  St. -Germain 
and  St. -Laurent,  outside  of  Paris,  These  theaters 
had  privileges,  in  the  interests  of  commerce,  which  the 
regular  theaters  had  not.  The  plays  were  originally  ^iven 
by  marionettes,  and  their  pei-formance  can  be  traced  as 
far  back  as  1595.  Le  Sage,  Fuselier,  Dominique,  Dorneval, 
Boiss.v,  Sedaine,  and  others  wrote  for  it,  Le  Sage  alone 
writing  more  than  100  little  pieces,  farces,  etc.,  with  or 
without  songs. 

Theatre  Francjais  (ta-iitr'  fron-sa'),  Le.  The 
most  noted  theater  in  France,  it  is  situated  on 
the  Place  du  Theatre  Frangais,  Rue  St,-Honor6,  near  the 
Palais  Koyal,  in  Paris,  Its  rights  having  been  restricted 
during  the  Revolution,  Napoleon  reinstated  it  in  nearly 
sole  possession  of  tire  right  of  producing  classic  drama. 
Its  present  constitution  was  given  to  it  in  1830,  and  it  is 
now  the  chief  home  of  the  regular  drama,  and  receives  a 
subsidy  from  the  government.  It  has  a  governing  board 
of  six,  who  in  turn  are  supervised  by  government  officials. 
Jt  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  fire,  March  S,  1900. 
Set-  Ccm'Jie  Fraii';ait!i\  Lii. 

Theatre  ItaUen,  or  Les  Italiens  (ta-atr'  e-ta- 
lyaii'  or  laz  e-ta-lyan').  The  name  given  to  the 
ohl  Italian  opera-house  in  the  Rue  Le  Peletier 
in  Paris.  For  many  years  the  lyric  drama  was  given 
here.     In  1S75  the  new  opera-house  was  opened. 

Theatre  Royal.  Same  as  Dritry  Lane  Tlwatre 
(which  see).  It  was  the  first  London  theater 
so  named. 

Thebaid  (the'ba-id),  The.  [L.  Thehais,  Gv. 
9//.fa(f,]  In  ancient  geography,  the  domain  of 
Thebes  in  Egypt,  or  Upper  Egj-pt.  It  included 
the  valley  of  the  Kile  from  about  lat.  27°  45'  N,  southward 
to  Syene  (about  lat,  24"  N,), 

Thebaid,  The.  An  epic  poem  by  statins,  re- 
lating to  the  expedition  of  the  Seven  against 
Thebes. 

This  poem,  which  is  admitted  by  Merivale  to  be  faultless 
in  epic  execution,  and  haslieen  glorified  by  the  admiratitni 
of  Dante,  occupied  the  author  twelve  ye;us  in  the  compos- 
ing, probably  from  8ii  to  92  A,  D, 

Cruttmett,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit,,  p,  427. 

Thebaide  (ta-ba-ed').  La.  A  play  by  Racine, 
produced  June  20,  1664,  by  MoUfere's  company. 

Thebais  (the'ba-is).  A  Greek  epic  poem  of  tlie 
Theban  cycle,  of  unknown  authorship,  relating 
to  a  mythical  war  between  Argos  and  Thebes. 

Theban  (the'ban)  Cycle,  The.  A  group  of  le- 
gends or  poem's  relating  to  the  mythical  war  be- 
tween Avgos  and  Thebes.    See  Ci'/clic  roetf:,  The. 

Theban  Eagle,  or  Theban  Bard.  Pindar. 

Theban  Legion.  lu  Christian  legend,  a  legion 
(from  the  Thebaid  ?)  in  the  army  of  Maximian 
whieh  refused  to  obey  the  emperor's  order  to 
persecute  the  Christians,  and  was  twice  deci- 
mated and  finally  exterminated  for  its  disobedi- 
ence. 

Thebaw  (the'ba).  .The  last  king  of  Burma,  de- 
posed by  the  Britisli  in  1885. 

Thebes  (thebz).  [Gr.  Qijiiat,  L.  Tliehx  or  Tliebe 
(also  DlospoUs  ilngna).  Egyptian  Cast.'\  A 
city  of  ancient  Egypt,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Nile,  in  lat.  2.5°  .38'  N.,  long,  32° 39'  E.  Thebes 
proper  was  on  the  east  bank,  and  the  Libyan  suburb  (Pa- 
thyris,  Memnonia)  on  the  west  bank.  The  village  of  Luxor 
now  stands  on  the  site.  The  remains  of  anti(|uity  here  are 
o(  great  interest.  The  Colossi,  or  statues  of  Memnon  as 
conunonly  called,  are  two  huge  seated  figures,  originally 
monolithic,  of  Amenhotep  III,  (about  1500  b,  c),  stand- 
ing, with  others  now  ruined,  before  the  ruined  temple  of 
that  king.  They  are  about  50  feet  high,  and  are  raised  on 
sandstone  pedestals  measuring  about  10  feet.  They  are 
now  raucU  weather-beaten  and  broken  by  earthquake 
shocks,  but  have  suffered  still  more  from  vandalism.  The 
northernmost  figure  is  thefamed  vocal  statue  of  Memnon, 
which  is  said  to  have  emitted  a  sound  when  t<»uched  by 
the  rays  of  the  rising  sun.  The  temple  of  Rameses  I. 
and  Seti  I,,  or  of  Amen-Ra,  is  entered  hv  a  dromos  of 
sphinxes  between  two  pylons,  the  second  of  which  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  similar  dromos  before  the  fine  prostyle  colon-' 
nade,  whose  columns  are  of  the  early  type  resembling  stalks 
bound  toTCther.  The  portal  opens  on  a  columned  hnll  sur- 
rounded by  chambers,  beyond  which  lies  a  large  hall  with 
four  columns,  preceding  the  now  ruined  sanctuary.  On 


990 

both  sides  of  the  main  temple  there  are  other  halls  and 
rooms :  those  on  the  west  may  have  formed  part  of  the 
royal  palace.  The  sculptures,  which  refer  to  Rixmeses  I,, 
Seti  I,,  and  Rameses  11.,  are  of  high  interest.  The  tomb 
of  Seti  I,  (about  140ii  b.  c).  No.  17  of  the  Tombs  of  the 
Kings  (commonly  called  Belzoni's  tomb,  from  its  discov- 
erer), is,  like  its  fellows,  a  rock-cut  tomb.  At  its  entrance, 
which  is  a  mere  shaft  in  the  face  of  the  clitf,  a  long,  steep 
stair  descends,  followed  by  a  narrow  passage,  another 
stair,  and  another  passage,  at  the  end  of  which  there  was 
a  deep  pit  (now  tilled),  the  continuation  of  the  passage  be- 
yond which  was  walled  up,  stuccoed,  and  painted  over 
with  scenes  continuing  those  on  the  side  w.alls.  Beyond  is 
a  first  hall  with  four  pillars,  elaborately  sculptured  and 
p.ainted ;  then  another  hall,  and  a  series  of  passages  by 
which  is  reached  the  great  hall,  27  feet  square,  with  6  pil- 
lars. A  vaulted  chamber  19  by  30  feet  continues  this  liall, 
and  contained  the  alabaster  sarcophagus  of  the  king.  Other 
columned  chambers  flank  this  one,  and  still  other  passaires 
and  chambers  extend  on  a  lower  level  into  the  mountain, 
the  total  length  open  being  470  feet,  and  the  depth  below 
the  entrance  ISO.  The  continuation  of  the  tomb  is  choked, 
and  its  extent  is  unknown.  The  sculptures,  historical, 
mythological,  and  ceremonial,  with  particular  reference 
to  the  rites  of  royal  burial,  are  exceedingly  remarkable, 
"With  allowance  for  endless  differences  of  detail,  this  may 
be  taken  as  a  type  of  the  Tombs  of  the  Kings.  The  Tombs 
of  the  Queens,  temple  of  Rameses  III,,  Memnonium  (see 
Ramegseum),  temple  of  Luxor,  temple  of  Karnak,  obelisks, 
and  sphinxes  are  also  noteworthy.  Thebes  is  first  men- 
tioned in  the  11th  dynasty.  It  supplanted  Memphis  as  the 
great  Egyptian  center ;  was  ven'  flourishing  in  the  18th, 
19th,  and  20th  dynasties  (Thothiiies  III.,  Amenhotep  III., 
Seti,  R.'xmeses  II.,  Rameses  III.);  was  afterward  supplanted 
by  cities  of  the  Delta  ;  and  declined  under  the  Ptolemies, 
See  Karnak  and  Litxor. 

Thebes.  [Gr.  efj.iai.  L,  Thcha;  or  TAefif .]  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  chief  city  of  Boeotia, 
Greece,  situated  in  lat.  38°  19' N.,  long.  23°  19' 
E.i  the  modern  Thiva.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Cadmus  (hence  Cadmea,  the  citadel) ,  and  is  celebrated 
in  connection  with  Amphion,  Eethus,  Laius  and  CEdipus, 
and  the  expeditions  of  the  Seven  against  Thebes  and  of  the 
Epigoni.  It  was  early  settled  by  the  Boeotians  from  Thes- 
saly  ;  had  aquarrel  with  Athens  at  the  end  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c. ;  was  allied  witJi  the  Persians  in  the  Persian  war ; 
was  defeated  by  Athens  at  CEnophyta  456 ;  and  was  under 
democratic  and  Athenian  influence  until  447  ;  was  the  bit- 
ter enemy  of  Athens  in  the  Peloponnesian  war;  had  a  se- 
vere struggle  with  Sparta  in  the  battle  of  Coronea  in  394; 
had  to  yield  to  Sparta  382-379  ;  defeated  Sparta  at  Leuctra 
in  371,  and  at  Mantinea  in  362,  and  held  the  hegemony  in 
Greece  under  the  leadership  of  Epaminondas;  took  part  in 
the  Sacred  War ;  was  allied  with  Athens  in  the  defeat  at 
Chajronea  in  338,  and  was  severely  treated  by  Philip;  re- 
belled in  335,  but  was  retaken  by  Alexander  and  destroyed  ; 
was  rebuilt  by  Cassander ;  became  insignificant  under  the 
Roman  Empire ;  was  important  in  the  middle  ages  and 
noted  for  its  silk  manufactures  ;  and  was  plundered  by  the 
Normans  of  Sicily  and  others.  It  was  the  reputed  birth- 
place of  Tiresias,  Amphion,  Hercules,  and  Bacchus,  Popu- 
lation of  the  modern  town,  about  4,000, 

Thecla(thek'la),  Saint.  A  saint  of  Iconium, 
Asia  Minor,  said  to  have  been  a  disciple  of  the 
apostle  Paul. 

Theia  (the'ya).     See  Titans. 

Theiher  (ti'iier),  Angustin.  Born  at  Breslau, 
April  11.  1804:  died  Aug.  10,  1874.  A  noted 
German  Roman  Catholic  historian.  He  was  pre- 
fect of  the  Vatican  archives  185,^70,  He  was  suspected 
of  misusing  his  ofiicial  position  for  the  advantage  of  the 
bishops  of  the  opposition  in  the  Vatican  Council",  and  the 
key  of  the  archives  was  taken  away  from  him.  He  pub- 
lished many  ecclesiastical  works  on  the  old  monuments 
of  Poland,  Hungar,v,  Russia,  etc. ;  "  Geschichte  des  Pontifl- 
cats ClemeusXlV,"  (1863);  "Codex  diplomaticus  dominii 
temporalis  Sanetae  Ledis  "  (1862  :  on  the  temporal  power  of 
the  papacy) ;  etc. 

Theiss  (tis),  Hung,  Tisza  (tis'o).  The  largest 
tributary  of  the  Banube :  the  Slavonian  Tisa, 
and  the  ancient  Pathissus,  or  Tissus,  or  Tisia 
(lessprobablyTibiseus).  Itisformedby  theunionof 
the  Black  Theiss  and  White  Theiss  in  the  Carpathians  on 
the  border  of  Galicia ;  flows  west,  southwest,  and  south 
through  Hungary  ;  and  empties  into  the  Danube  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Belgrad,  Its  principal  tributaries  are  the 
Hernad  on  the  right,  and  the  Szamos,  Kbrbs,  Maros,  and 
Bega  on  the  left.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  ai-e  Szigeth, 
Tokay,  Szolnok,  Cs6ngrad,  and  Szegedin,  Length,  esti- 
mated, about  700  miles  ;  navigable  for  steamboats  from 
Tokay. 

Themis  (the'mis).  [L.,  fromGr.  Bf/i/c.]  1.  A 
Greek  goddess.thepersonifioationof  law,  order, 
and  abstract  right, —  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  24) 
discovered  by  De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  April  5, 

lo'lo, 

Themistocles  (the-mis'to-klez).  [Gr.  QeiuaTo- 
^/',//f.]  Born  in  the  latter  part  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c. :  died  about  460  (perhaps  as  late  as 
447).  A  famous  Athenian  statesman  and  com- 
mander. He  became  a  political  leader  in  opposition  to 
Aristides,  who  was  ostracized  in  483  ;  was  instrumental  in 
^increasing  the  naval  resources  of  Athens;  induced  the 
'  Athenians  to  leave  Athens  for  Salarais  and  the  fleet,  and 
brought  about  the  victory  of  Salamis  in  480 ;  urged  on  the 
fortifications  of  Athens  and  of  the  Piraeus,  and  the  devel- 
opment of  the  naval  power  of  Athens ;  and  wjxs  ostracized 
about  470.  He  was  charged  with  complicity  in  the  treason 
of  Pausanias.  He  lived  in  exile  in  Argos,  Corcyra,  Epirus, 
and  elsewhere,  and  went  to  Persia  in  465,  when  he  was  pen- 
sioned by  Artaxeries,  and  established  himself  at  Magnesia, 

Even  after  Leonidas  had  so  gallantly  perished,  Themis- 
tocles had  great  difficulty  in  persuading  them  not  to  take 
flight  in  their  ships  ;  if  once  they  went  to  sea,  he  said,  all 
was  lost.     And  then  his  reply  to  Eurybiades,  which  has 


Theodoric 

been  by  some  censured,  appears  to  me  to  have  been  one  o.* 
the  grandest  ever  made  by  man,  Eurybiades,  in  the  heat 
of  dispute,  shook  his  start"  in  a  menacing  manner  at  him. 
"Strike,  but  hear,"  was  the  only  return  he  made.  To  have 
drawn  forth  the  sword  by  his  side,  and  to  have  smote  him 
dead  for  such  an  insult,  tvould  have  been  no  more  than 
natural ;  but  any  one  could  have  done  that,  A  poor  dray, 
man  in  a  pothouse  might  have  done  it ;  but  to  forbear,  to 
waive  his  own  redress  in  order  to  extinguish  resentments, 
and  keep  the  troops  united  for  his  country's  sake,  this  ap- 
pears to  me  truly  great  I 

Carlyle,  Lects,  on  the  Hist,  of  Lit,,  p.  31. 

Thenard  (ta-uiir'),  Louis  Jacques.  Born  at 
Louptiere,  nearNogent-sur-Seine,  France,  May 
4,  1777 :  died  at  Paris,  June  21, 1857.  A  French 
chemist,  professor  in  the  College  de  France: 
baron  and  peer  of  France,  He  discovered  ThSnard's 
blue,  etc.  He  wrote  "  Traits  elementaire  de  chimie  "  (1813). 
He  worked  in  connection  with  Gay-Lussac, 

Theobald  (the'o-bald).  Died  1161.  An  English 
prelate,  archbishop  of  Canterbm-y  1139-Gl. 

Theobald,  Ls'wis.  Born  at  Sittingbourne,  Kent, 
England :  died  1774.  An  English  playwTight, 
translator,  Shaksperian  commentator,  and  his- 
torical writer.  He  published  "  .Shakspere  Restored," 
.abusing  Pope  (1726),  and  edited  Shakspere  (1733).  He  was 
the  original  hero  of  Pope's  "Dunciad,"as  a  revenge  for 
"Shakspere  Restored." 

Theocritus  (thf-ok'ri-tus).  [Gr.  Seo/cp^roc.]  Born 
at  Syracuse :  lived  in  the  3d  century  B.  c.  A 
famous  Greek  idyllic  poet.  He  lived  "in  Syracuse, 
Cos,  and  Alexandria,  His  idyls  represent  the  life  of  herds- 
men, shepherds,  and  fishermen. 

Theocritus,  a  SjTacusau,  flourished  about  270  B,  c,  un- 
der Ptolemy  II.  (Philadelphus),  and  is  the  Greek  repre- 
sentative of  pastoral  or  bucolic  poetry.  Shepherds  con- 
tending for  a  prize  in  alternate  or  amoebseic  strains  give 
rise  to  this  rustic  poetry,  which  was  distinctively  Dorian 
and  espeei.ally  Sicilian  ;  hence  Milton  calls  his  "Lycidas," 
in  which  one  shepherd  is  supposed  to  be  mourning  for 
another,  a  Doric  lay,  and  invokes  the  Sicilian  muse.  Be- 
sides some  epigi-ams  and  fragments,  we  have  31  short 
poems  under  the  name  of  Theocritus, — though  the  gen- 
uineness of  some  is  doubtful,— mainly  in  the  Doric  dia- 
lect. Scarcely  one  half  of  these  are  properly  pastoral  in 
subject :  but  most  of  them  may  pr<  'perly  be  called  idyls, 
i.  e.  little  pictures  of  life.  Jebb^  Greek  Lit.,  p,  141, 

Theodelinde  (thf-od'e-lind;  G,  pron.  ta-o-de- 
lin'de).  Lived  about  590.  A  Bavarian  prin- 
cess and  Lombard  queen,  daughter  of  Garibald' 
T,,  and  vnif}  of  Authari  and  later  of  Ago. 

Theoderic.     See  Tlieodoric. 

Theodora  (the-o-do'rji).  [Gr.  Qeoiapa,  gift  of 
God.]  Born  at  Constantinople,  in  Cyprus :  died 
547  or  548.  An  actress  and  courtezan  (accord- 
ing to  the  usual  account)  who  married  Justin- 
ian about  523,  and  became  Byzantine  empress  in 
5--7.  She  took  an  important  part  in  the  administration 
of  the  affairs  of  the  empire, 

Theodora. surnamed"TheElder."   Livedabout  • 
the  begiilning  of  the  10th  century.     A  Roman 
woman  influential  in  Italy  and  in  papal  affairs; 
mother  of  Marozia. 

Theodora,  "  The  Younger."  Lived  in  the  lOtb 
century.  Daughter  of  Theodora  the  Elder; 
influential  at  Rome. 

Theodore  (the'o-dor)  I.  [L.  Theodoms,  from 
Gr.  Qiodupoc,  gift  of  God ;  F.  Theodore,  It.  Teo- 
doro,  G.  Tlieodor,  Russ.  Feodor.']  Pope  642-649, 
an  ojiponent  of  the  Monothelites. 

Theodore  11.    Pope  898. 

Theodore  L.  (Lascaris).  Died  1222.  Son-in- 
law  of  Alexius  III,  Angelus,  He  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Nicea  April  13,  1204,  on  the  storming  of  Con- 
stantinople by  the  Venetians  and  Crusaders. 

Theodore  II.  (originally  Kasa  or Kassa).  Bom 
about  1818 :  committed  suicide  at  Magdala, 
April  13,  1868.  King  of  Abyssinia.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  educated  for  a  priest,  but  became  a  partizan 
leader.  Repeated  successes  resulted  in  the  conquest  of 
Tigr6  and  the  proclamation  of  Theodore  as  king  in  1865, 
He  also  conquered  Shoa  and  waged  wai'  with  the  Gallas. 
At  first  a  reformer,  he  became  at  last  a  cruel  despot.  His 
imprisonment  of  the  British  consul  Cameron  and  other 
Europeans  brought  about  the  intervention  of  the  English. 
Abyssinia  was  invaded  by  British  troops  under  Napier  in 
1868,  and  Magdala  was  stormed  April  13,  1868. 

Theodore  I.,  King  of  Corsica.     See  Neuhof. 

Theodore  of  Tarsus.  Died  690.  An  English 
l)relate,  of  Greek  origin :  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury 668-690. 

Theodoret  (the -od' 6 -ret),  L.  Theodoretus 
(the-od-o-re'tus).  Born  at  Antioch  about  390: 
died  about  457.  A  Greek  theologian,  church 
historian,  and  exegete :  a  member  of  the  school 
of  Antioch,  He  became  bishop  of  Cyrus  or  Cyrrhus 
(near  the  Euphrates)  about  423;  was  deposed  about  448; 
and  was  restored  by  the  Council  of  Chalcedon  in  4,S1.  He 
wrote  commentaries,  controversial  works,  a  continuation 
of  the  history  of  Eusebius,  lives  of  ascetics,  letters,  etc, 

Theodoric  (the-od'o-rik),  "The  Great,"  [LL. 
Theodoricus,  llGr.  Qso6upiK6^,  aocom.  form  of  a 
Gothic  name  cognate  with  OHG.  Dentrih,  Dio- 
terih,  MHG,  Dietrich,  G.  Dietrich,  ruler  of  the 
people,]  Born  in  Pannonia  about  454:  died 
Aug.  30.  526.     A  celebrated  king  of  the  East 


Theodoric 

Goths,  son  of  the  Amaliug  prince  Thpndempr. 
He  jjiissed  his  boyhood  as  a  hostage  at  Cunstantinople; 
with  his  father  invaded  Mcesia  in  473 ;  and  succeeded  his 
fatlier  ahuut  474.  He  started  on  the  invasion  of  It;ily  late 
in  4SH  ;  rei)eatedly  defeated  the  Gepidai :  and  defeated 
Odo;icer  at  tile  Isonzo  Au;^.  2S,  4S9,  at  Verona  Sept.  30,  and 
on  tlie  Adda  Aug.  11,  490.  On  Feb.  27,  493,  a  peace  was 
concluded  according  to  which  the  two  kings  were  to  live 
together  in  Italy,  Odoacer  as  the  military  suboi-dinate  of 
Theodoric.  But  in  March  odoacer  was  slain  by  Theodoric 
at  a  banquet,  and  the  latter  became  the  sole  ruler  in  Italy 
and  the  founder  of  the  East-Gothic  power  there,  lie  in- 
troduced many  reforms.  He  put  to  death  Boetliius  and 
Syininachus.  In  medieval  German  romance  he  is  cele- 
brated as  Dietrich  von  Bern.     Also  spelled  Theoderic. 

It  is  no  wonder  that  Thenderic  became  the  subject  of 
many  fabulous  stories,  and  that  tradition  represented  his 
reign  as  having  been  almost  a  kingdom  of  heaven  upon 
earth.  Kven  before  the  sixth  century  closed,  men  tuld 
in  Italy  nearly  tlie  same  story  that  was  told  in  England  re- 
sp'-ctmg  fhedaysof  Alfred  — how  the  great  king  had  made 
rielitenusness  to  prevail  in  his  realm  so  that  gold  pieces 
could  be  left  exposed  on  the  highway  for  a  year  and  a  day 
without  being  stolen.  Many  of  his  sayings  were  quoted 
as  proverbs  in  the  land,  and  anecdotes  were  related  to 
show  how,  like  Solomon  in  the  matter  of  the  two  mothers 
and  their  infants,  Theoderic  had  displayed  in  the  judg- 
ment seat  his  wonderful  insight  into  human  nature.  Hut 
it  was  not  in  Italy  or  amongst  the  Goths  that  his  legen- 
dary fame  reached  its  highest  point.  The  whole  Teutonic 
race  regarded  his  glory  as  their  own,  and  his  imagined 
deeds  were  the  theme  of  popular  songs  in  all  the  German 
lands.  The  story  of  "Dietrich  of  Bern"(the  High  Ger- 
man way  of  pronouncing  "  Theoderic  of  \  erona  ")  is  in- 
deed, as  told  in  the  poems,  very  ditf erent  from  the  history 
of  the  real  Theoderic.  He  is  described  as  the  vassal  of 
Attila  and  the  foe  of  Ermanaric,  who  is  partly  confounded 
with  Odovacar :  and  in  some  of  the  songs  "Dietrich  "is 
even  represented  as  vanquished,  and  as  a  fugitive  or  a 
captive.  But  amid  all  this  strange  distortion  of  the  his- 
toi-y,  the  character  of  the  legendary  Dietrich  is  essen- 
tially that  ol  the  Gothic  king. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  171. 

TheodorUS.     See  Theodore. 

Theodosia  (the-o-dd'shi-a).  [Gr.  QcoSoaia,  gift 
of  God.]     See  Fcodosia. 

Theodosian  Code  (the-o-do'shi-an  kod).  A  eol- 
leetion  of  Koman  laws  from  tbie  time  of  Con- 
stantino to  that  of  Theodosius  II.,  comprised 
in  16  books,  first  published  A.  D.  438. 

Theodosius  (the-o-do'shi-us).  Executed  at 
Cavtliage  376  A.  D.  A  Roman  general,  distin- 
guished for  his  services  in  Bri1;ain,  on  the  Dan- 
ube, and  in  iVfriea. 

Theodosius  I.,  "  The  Great."  Born  at  Cauea.  in 
,  northern  Spain,  about  346:  died  at  Milan,  Jan. 
17, 395.  Roman  emperor,  son  of  Flavius  Theodo- 
sius, a  general  f  chiefly  noted  for  his  campaigns 
in  Britain)  of  Valentinian  I.  He  commanded  in 
Moesia  in  374  ;  was  made  joint  emperor  by  Gratiau  and 
ruler  over  the  East  in  379  ;  defeated  the  Goths  and  other 
invaders ;  and  after  382  enrolled  the  Goths  in  the  empire. 
After  the  death  of  Gratiau  in  383,  he  had  as  colleagues 
Maximus,  Valentinian  XL,  and  Eugenius.  -lie  defeated 
Arbugast  and  Eugenius  at  the  Frigidus  near  Aquileia  in 
391,  and  became  sole  emperor.  In  ecclesiastical  history 
he  is  noted  for  his  submission  to  Ambrose. 

Theodosius  II.  Born401:  died  4.50.  Emperor  of 
the  East,  son  of  Areadius  whom  he  succeeded 
in  408.  He  was  controlled  largely  by  his  sister  Pulchc- 
ria  and  his  wife  Eudocia.  He  carried  on  war  vvitli  Persi:i, 
During  his  reign  the  emiiire  was  invaded  by  the  Huns. 
The  Theodosian  Code  was  formed  by  his  order. 

Theodosius  III.     Byzantine  emperor  716-717. 

Theodosius,  Obelisk  of.    See  Obelisk  of  Thco- 

(tosiifs. 

Theodule  (ta-O-dui')  Pass,  or-Matterjoch 

(miit'ler-yoch).  A  pass  over  the  Alps,  leading 
from  Zermatt  in  Switzerland  to  Val  Touraan- 
che  in  Italy.  Height,  10,900  feet. 
Theognis  ftlie-og'nis).  [Gr.  OfojD/r.]  Born  in 
M(^gara :  lived  in  the  middle  or  last  part  of  the 
6tli  century  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  elegiac 
poet. 

Theognls  (640  B.  C),  a  Dorian  noble  of  Megani,  has  left 
us  about  1,400  elegiac  verses  in  the  Ionic  dialect  -  nuicb 
more  than  we  have  from  any  early  <;reek  eb-gist  — in  whicli 
he  seeks  to  impress  tlie  orthodox  doctrines  of  the  Dorian 
aristocracy  on  a  young  Megarian  noble  named  Cyrnus,  and 

Suts  in  many  (|uaint  bits  of  wttrldly  wisdom  by  the  w;iy. 
[is  tone,  and  the  respectability  of  his  views,  made  him 
a  standanl  author  in  Attic  schools,  and  his  text  has  been 
nmeh  confused  by  additions.  Jehb,  Greek  Lit.,  p»54. 

Theogony  (the-og'o-ni).  The.  [Gr.  emyovla, 
thourigiii  of  the  gods.]  An  ancient  Greek  poem 
of  l,0i;2  lines,  attributed  to  Ilesiod,  treating  of 
the  origin  of  the  order  of  nature  from  chaos  and 
the  origin  of  the  gods.  It  was  a  standard  work 
on  tlieology  among  the  Greeks. 

Theon  (tlie'on).  [Gr.  Otui'.]  Lived  in  the  lat- 
ter half  ot  the  4th  century  A.  D.  An  Alexan- 
drian Tuathematician  and  astronomer,  father  of 
Hypatia.  He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  "  Al- 
niiigcst." 

Theophilus(the-of'i-lu8).  rL.,froraGr.  Ot&liOnc, 
one  who  loves  God;  F.  Tlii'opliile,  It.  Sp.  Tro- 
filo.  Pg.  Theophilo,  6.  Tlirophiliis  {(iotllirh).'] 
In  legend,  the  administrator  of  a  bishopric  in 


991 

Adaua,  Asia  Minor,  said  to  have  made  a  com- 
pact with  the  devil. 
Theophrastus  (the-o-fras'tus).  [L.,from  Gr. 
Oeoopacrrof . ]  Born  at  Eresus,  Lesbos,  about  3712 
B.  c. :  died  288  or  287  B.  c.  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  disciple  of  Aristotle  whom  he  succeeded 
as  head  of  the  Peripatetic  school.  He  wTOte  on 
tlie  "History  of  Plants,"  etc. 

Theophrastus  of  Eresus  in  Lesbos  (374-287  B.  C.)  suc- 
ceeded Aristotle  at  the  head  ot  the  Lyceum,  and  followed 
his  master  in  handling  physical  as  well  as  mond  science. 
\Vc  have  from  him  two  botanical  works. "Kesearches about 
Plants,"  in  nine  books,  and  "  Principles  of  Vegetable  Life, " 
in  six  hooks,  which  shr»w  him  to  have  been  a  tliorough  ami 
'  acuteinquirer  :  also30  short,  livelysketchesof character- 
such  as  "The Flatterer,"  "  The  Grumbler,"  "The  Boastful 
Man,"  "The  Man  of  Petty  Ambition."  These  characters 
were  theoriginal  models  of  those  sketches  which  English 
literature  produced  in  the  17th  century,  such  as  Hall's 
"  Characterismes  of  Vertues  and  Vices,"  Overbury's  "  Ch.ar- 
aeters  or  Witty  Descriptions  of  the  lYoperties  of  Sundry 
Persons,"  and  Earle's  "Microcosniographie." 

JeU),  Greek  Lit.,  p.  135. 

Theophrastus  Such  (the-o-fras'tus  such).  The 
Impressions  of.  A  series  of  essays  by  George 
Eliot,  imblishod  in  1879. 

Theopompus  (the-o-pom'pus).  [Gr.  eedTro/iTroc, 
sent  of  tJod.]  Born  in  Chios  about  378  b.  c.  : 
died  about  the  end  of  the  4th  century  B.  r.  A 
Greek  historian  and  rhetorician,  the  aristocratic 
and  pro-Macedonian  leader  in  Cliios.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Hellenics  "and  "Philippics"  (frag- 
ments edited  b.v  Miiller). 

Theotocos  (the-ot'o-kos).  [From  LGr.  Uto-dan^, 
bearing  God,  inotlier  of  God.]  The  mother  of 
God:  a  title  of  the  Virgin  Mary.    Also  Theot- 

Theramenes  (the-ram'e-nez).  [Gr.  Biipafifvyr.'] 
'  E.xecuted  4(14  B.  c.  An  Athenian  politician  and 
commander.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  oligarchic  rule  of  the  4i»,  which  he  later 
opposed  ;  served  atCyzieus,  Argiuusje,  and  elsewhere;  was 
instrumental  in  procuring  the  condemnation  of  the  Athe- 
nian generals  after  Arginusae  ;  was  one  of  the  negotiators 
for  peace  with  Sparta ;  became  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  ; 
and  was  put  to  death  through  the  influence  of  Critias. 
Theresa,  or  Teresa  (te-re'sii  or  ta-ra'sa).  Saint. 
[It.  Sp.  Teresa,  Pg.  Theresa',  G.  Tlierese,  F.  The- 
/■e.sc]  Born  at  Avila,  Spain,  March  28.  l.'jl.'j: 
died  at  Alba  de  Liste,  Spain,  1582.  A  Spanish 
saint  and  author.  She  entered  the  Carmelite  order  in 
1534  ;  established  a  reformed  order  of  Carmelites  in  1562  ; 
and  became  famous  for  her  mystic  visit-Uis.  Her  works, 
inchnling  "El  caraino  de  la  perfeccion  "  ("Way  of  Per- 
fection ")and  "El  Castillo  interior"  ("Castle  of  the  Soul"), 
were  published  in  1.^387. 

Theresa  Christina  Maria.    Born  at  NaiiUs. 

March  14,  IS22;  died  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  Dec. 
28,  1889.     Empress  of  Brazil.     «ee  J'eflm  II. 

Theresienstadt  (ter-a'ze-cn-stat).  or  Th^resi- 
opel  (ter-a'ze-6-j3el),  or  Maria-Theresiopel 
(inji-re'ii-ter-a'ze-o-pel).  Hung.  Szabadka(so'- 
bod-ko).  A  royal  free  city  in  the  county  (if  Bdes, 
Hungary,  situated  24  miles  west-southwest  of 
Szegcdin.  It  is  an  agricultural  center.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  72.683. 

Theresienstadt,  Slav.  Terezin  (ta-ra-zen').  A 
towti  ill  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Eger,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Elbe,  32  miles  north-northwest 
of  Prague.  It  is  tlie  principal  fortified  place  in 
Bohemia.     Popnhitinn  (1.800),  7.215. 

Thermaic  Gulf  (ther-ma'ik  gulf).  [L.  Tlier- 
iiiiiifus  iSinn-f.]  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf 
of  Hnloniki. 

Thermidor  (ther-mi-d6r';  F.  pron.  ter-me-dflr'). 
[F.,  from  ( ir.  Ilip/n/,  heat,  and(!u/)oi',  a  gift.]  The 
name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  (lonven- 
1  ion  of  the  first  French  republic  for  tlie  eleventh 
month  of  the  year.  Itconsisted  ot  30  days,  begimdng 
in  the  years  1  to  7  with  July  19,  and  in  8  to  13  with.luly20. 

Thermidorians  (ther-mi-do'ri-anz).  The  more 
nuxlerato  ]iarly  in  the  French  lievolution,  who 
took  part  in  or  sympathized  with  the  overthrow 
of  Robespierre  and  his  adherents  on  the  9th 
Therinidiir,  year  2  (.Inly  27,  1794). 

Thermopylae  (fher-mop'i-le).  IGr.  Orp/ioTrl^ai, 
gale  of  the  hoi  s|)rings.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  narrow  pass  from  Thessaly  to  Locris,  between 
Mount  (Ela  and  a  marsh  bordering  the  Maliae 
Gulf.  Tln^  conflgilration  of  tlie  hunl  has  been  somewhat 
changed  in  r<-irent  times.  Through  it  passed  the  only  road 
from  northern  to  southern  Grecctr.  Here,  in  48o  n.  c,  oc- 
curred one  of  the  most  famouseonlltctsof  tile  Persian  wars. 
A  small  army  of  Greeks  under  Leonidas  defended  the  pass 
against  a  vast  army  under  Xerxes.  Their  posititul  was  lie- 
trayed,  and  Leonidas  sent  away  his  troops,  except  300  Spar- 
tans and  700  TbespiaiiB,  who  remainetl  and  wore  slain. 
Here,  too,  in  27!)  or  278  II.  c,  the  allied  Greeks  attempted 
unsuecessfullv  t'»  prevent  the  passage  of  the  Gauls  under 
Ilrennus  ;  anil  here,  in  191 II.  r.,  the  Itomans  underGlabrio 
defeated  Antiochus  the  Great  of  Syria. 

The  springs  at  Therinopyhe  are  hot  (about  100°  Ffthr.'i 
and  salt,  'i'beri'  are  two  (tf  them,  which  seem  anciently 
to  have  been  devoted  respectively  to  male  and  female 


Thespis 

bathers  (Pausan.).  They  are  enclosed  within  receptacles 
of  mils  .nry,  about  two  feet  in  depth,  from  which  in  cool 
weather  a  strong  vapour  rises.  The  name  "  Cauldron  "  ij 
thus  very  expressive.  Itauiiiuiun,  Herod.,  IV.  145. 

Theroigne  de  Mericourt  (ta-rwiiny'  de  ma-re- 
kiir').  Anne  Joseph  Terwagne,  called.    Born 

at  Marcoiirt,  Ln.xembuig.  Aug.  13.  1762:  died  at 
Paris,  June 9, 1817.  .\lK-roiiieof  theFrencliRevo- 
lution.auadherentof  theGirondist  party:  called 
the  "Amazon  of  the  Revolution,"  the  "Belle 
Tii^geoise,"  the  "Fury  of  the  Gironde,"  etc.  .she 
playcil  a  prominent  part  in  the  taking  of  the  Bastille,  the 
expedilicir  of  the  women  to  Versailles  in  Oct.,  l"o9.  the 
events  of  Aug.  10,  1792,  etc.  She  was  insane  in  her  later 
yeai-s. 

Theron  (the'ron).  [Gr.  O^pur.]  Tyrant  of  Agri- 
geiitum  in  Sicily  488-472  B.  C.  He  ruled  also 
over  Himera. 

Thersites(ther-si'tez).  IGr. Bepairr/c.]  InGreek 
legend,  the  most  hateful  and  impudent  of  the 
Greeks  assembled  before  Troy.  Shaksperein- 
trodnces  him  in  "Troilus  and"  Cressida." 

Thervings  (ther'viugz).     bee  the  extract. 

About  the  year  200,  when  they  were  living  on  the  north 
shore  of  the  Black  SeA,  the  Gutans  or  Goths  divided  them- 
selves  into  two  great  branches,  the  Thervings  and  the  Greu- 
tungs.  These  two  peoples  had  also  other  names  which  are 
much  better  known  in  history.  The  Thervings  were  called 
Visigi)ths  (i.  e..  West  Goths),  and  the  Greutuiigs  Ostro- 
goths (East  Goths).  These  latter  names  referred  at  first  to 
the  situation  which  the  two  divisions  then  occupied,  one 
east,  the  other  west  of  the  river  Dniester ;  but  by  a  curious 
coincidence  they  continued  to  be  appropriate  down  to  the 
latest  days  of  Gothic  history,  for  when  the  Goths  con- 
quered the  south  of  Europe,  the  Visigoths  went  westwards 
to  Gaul  and  Spain,  while  the  Ostrogoths  settled  iifltidy. 
Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  pp.  5-7. 

Theseum  (the-se'um).  [Gr.  Qriae'iov.l  A  temple 
at  Athens,  probably  a  temple  of  Hephwstus 
(\  ulcan).  It  is  one  of  the  three  most  perfect  surviving 
<;reek  temples.  It isa  Doric  periptcros  of  I'entelic  marble, 
of  C  by  13  columns,  on  a  stylob.ate  of  3  steps.  meiL-uring  45* 
by  104  feet.  The  columns  are  19  feet  high  and  3  feet3 
jnches  in  base  diameter.  Thecellahas  2  columns  in  antls 
in  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  The  metopes  of  the 
eastern  frieze  and  those  neai-est  on  the  flanks  are  sculptured 
from  the  myths  of  Hercules  and  Theseus  ;  the  pediments 
well'  filled  with  sculptures,  now  lost.  Over  the  ant«  and 
columns  of  both  ends  of  the  cella  there  is  a  sculptured 
frieze:  that  on  the  east  represents  a  combat  between  Athe- 
niiinsandThracians ;  that  on  the  west,  a  flght  with  centau.-s. 

Theseus  (the'siis  or  the'se-us).  [Gr.  Oz/ufir.] 
In  (ireek  legend,  the  chief  hero  of  Attica  :  son 
of  ^geus,  king  of  Athens,  audxEthra,  daughter 
of  Pittheus,  king  of  Troezen.  Ho  was  brought  up 
at'l'riEzen.iind  when  he  reached  maturity  set  out  for  Athens, 
which  he  reached  after  wonderful  adventures,  and  where 
he  was  recognized  and  acknowledgeil  by  .l^Igens.  He  cap- 
tured theManitbonian  bull,  and  when  the  .\theidans  sent 
their  tribute  of  youths  and  maidens  to  ilinos.  he  went 
with  them  and  slew  the  Minotaur  with  the  helji  of  Ariadn^ 
daughter  of  Minos,  who  fell  in  love  with  him.  She  gave 
him  a  sword  and  a  clue  of  thread  by  means  of  which  he 
founil  his  way  through  the  labjTinth.  He  saiUd  away 
with  Ariadne,  but  abandoned  her  on  the  island  of  .Naxos. 
He  also  fought  with  the  Amazons,  who  in  turn  invaded  At- 
tica :  was  one  of  the  Argonauts  ;  took  part  in  the  Calydo. 
nianhnnt;  and  performed  other  marvelous  exploits.  Ho 
was  slain  in  Se>ros  by  Lycomedes. 

Theseus.  The  Duke  of  Athens,  a  character  in 
Shakspere's  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

The  diiys  of  the  Frank  duchy  of  Athens  have  almost 
passed  away  frtmi  memory.  But  from  the  memory  of  Eng- 
lish-speaking men  at  least  they  should  not  pass  away.  It 
was  from  the  French  and  Italian  holders  of  that  duchy 
that  Shakesi>ere  borroweil  that  title  which,  to  purely  clas- 
sical ears,  seems  so  strange,  when  Theseus  himself,  the 
legendary  statesman  who  wrought  the  indon  of  the  At- 
tic towns,  was  brought  on  the  st.age,  like  a  De  la  Kocbe 
or  an  .\cciaiuoli,  as  Theseus,  Duke  of  Athens,  And  doubt- 
less many  readers  of  English  andF'rench  history  have  been 
l)uzzled  when,  in  the  story  of  the  tight  of  Creey,  a  Duke  of 
Athens  appears  as  if  he  were  as  naturally  to  belookeil  for 
at  suih  a  moment  as  the  Count  of  Aleni;on  or  the  Earl  of 
\\  arwick.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  111.  295. 

Thesiger   (thes'i-jd'r),  Frederic  Augustus, 

P.ariin  Chelmsford.  Born  May  31,  182(.  An 
English  general.  He  served  as  aide-de-camp  toMajor- 
Generat  Markhani  in  the  Crimean  campaign,  atid  as  adju. 
t4int-general  in  the  Abyssinian  campaign  of  IsCS  ;  was  ad- 
jutant-general of  the  forces  in  India  18(I!>-74  ;  heeaino 
major-general  in  1877;  and  had  chief  command  of  the  Brit- 
ish troops  in  the  Zulu  war  of  187ti  until  relieved  by  Sir 
ti'arnet  Wolseley.  He  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Zulus  nmlor  Cettlwayo  at  I'lundi  July  4,  1879. 

Thespise  (thes'pi-e).  [Gr.  Oeairal,  Ola-eia,  Ofn- 
fr"i.J  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Bivotia, 
Greece,  8  miles  west  by  south  of  Thebes,  The 
city  is  mentioned  by  Homer  (Catalogue).  With  Platn^a  it 
refused  to  give  earth  and  water  to  the  herahls  of  Xerxes; 
and  it  sent  to  Thermopylae  700  men  who  remained  and 
jierlshed  with  the  Spartans.  The  Thespians  fought  at 
Platiea  in  479,  and  against  Athens  at  Delium  in  424.  The 
walls  of  the  city  were  later  destroyed  by  Thebi's.  Thespin 
was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Ert>s  and  the  Muses.  ' 

Thespian  Maids.     The  Muses.     .See  Thixpi.T. 

Thespis  (tlics'pis).  [Hr.  Oia-i(.'\  Lived  ill  the 
middle  ol'  the  (ith  century  B.  0.  An  .\tlie  [loet, 
the  reputi'd  founder  of  tragedy.  He  is  said  to 
have  intnnliiced  monologues  and  perhaps  dia- 
logues into  the  dithyrambic  choruses. 


Thesprotia 

Thesprotia  (thes-pro'tl-a),  or  Thesprotis 
(thes-pro'tis).  In  ancient  geograjiliy,  a  region 
in  southwestern  Epirus,  lying  near  the  sea. 

Thessalonians  (thes-a-16'ni-anz).  Epistle  to 
the.  The  title  of  two  of  the  Pauline  epistles 
ill  the  Xew  Testament.  The  main  theme  of 
both  epistles  is  the  second  coming  of  Christ. 

Tbessalonica  (thes'a-lo-ni'ka).  [Or.  Geaffo/.o- 
.  \',.j     The  ancient  name  of  Salouiki. 

Thessaly  (thes'a-li).  [L.  Tlwssulia,  from  Gr. 
Otooa/m.]  A  district  which  iu  ancient  times 
formed  the  northeastern  di\-ision  of  Greece. 
It  was  bounded  by  Macedonia  on  the  north  (separated  by 
th^  Caiubunian  Mountains  and  Mount  Olympus),  the 
1  hracian  Sea  and  Magnesia  (or  including  Magnesia)  on 
the  east,  Doris  and  .Etolia  on  the  south,  and  Epirus  on 
the  west  (separated  by  Mount  Pindus).  Thessaly  contains 
the  mountains  Ossa.  Pelion,  and  Othrys,  and  is  traVL-rsed 
by  the  Peneius.  Its  chief  divisions  were  Perrhajbia,  Pe- 
lasgiotis,  Thessaliotis,  Hestiseotis,  Magnesia,  and  Phthio- 
tis.  Many  of  its  cities,  mountains,  and  valleys  were  cele- 
brated in  Greeklegend.  It  was  aristocratic  and  pro-Persian 
in  its  tendencies.  The  greater  part  of  it  was  ceded  by 
Turkey  to  Greece  in  ISSl.  The  present  inhabitants  are 
r.reeks,  with  some  Turks  and  Rumanians. 

Thetford  (thet'ford).  A  town  in  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the  Little  Ouse 
31  miles  northeast  of  Cambridge.  It  was  the 
capital  of  East  Anglia.  Thomas  Paine  was  born 
there.     Poptilation  (1891),  4,247. 

Thetis  (the'tisV  [Gr.  eMf.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  Nereids :  mother  by 
Pelens"  of  Acliilles. —  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  17) 
discovered  by  Luther  at  BUk,  April  17,  1852. 

TheuA:dank(toi'er-diingk).  [G.,'dearthanks.'] 
1 .  A  name  given  to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I. 
—  2.  A  German  poetical  romance,  founded  on 
the  life  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.,  and  in 
pirt  designed  by  him.    It  was  published  in  1517. 

Theuriet  ite-re-a'),  Andre.  Born  at  Marly- 
le-Roi,  Oct.  8,  1833.  A  French  litterateur.  He 
has  published  a  number  of  volumes  of  poems,  but  is  prin- 
cipally noted  for  his  novels  and  tales.  Elected  to  the 
French  Academy  1896. 

Thevenot  (tav-no').  Jean  de.  Born  1633  :  died 
1IJ67.  A  French  traveler,  nephew  of  Melchis^- 
dech  Thevenot.  He  made  journeys  in  the  East  1655- 
1659,  and  traveled  airain  in  the  East,  particularly  in  Per- 
sia and  India,  166i-67.  His  collected  "Voyages"  were  pub- 
lished in  16S9. 

Thevenot,  Melchisedech.  Born  about  1620: 
died  1692.  A  French  scholar.  He  published 
••Relations  de  divers  voyages"  (1663-72),  ete. 

Thiaki  (the-ii'ke).     A  modem  name  of  Ithaca. 

Thibaudeau  (te-bo-do'),  Comte  Antoine 
Claire  de.  Bom  at  Poitiers,  France,  March  23. 
1765 :  died  at  Paris.  March  1.  1854.  A  French 
politician  and  historian.  He  became  deputy  to  the 
Convention  in  1792,  and  a  member  of  the  Mountain  ;  be- 
came president  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  Feb., 
1796  ;  was  ennobled  by  Napoleon  I.:  lived  in  exile  under 
the  Bourbons ;  and  was  made  senator  by  Napoleon  III. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Memoires  sur  la  Convention  et  le 
Directoire  "  (IS'24),  '•  Memoires  sur  le  Consulat  "  (IS26), 
'■  Hiatoiregen6r.Uede  Napoleon  Bonaparte  "(IS27-28),  etc, 

Thibaut  (te-bo')  IV.,  Count  of  Champagne  and 
King  of  NavaiTe.  Born  1201:  died  12.53.  A 
French  ruler,  noted  as  a  poet. 

Thibaut  de  (Thampagne,  King  of  Navarre, ...  is  indeed 
the  most  important  single  figure  of  early  French  IjTical 
poetry.  .  .  .  Thibaut' s  poems  have  been  more  than  once  re- 
printed, the  last  edition  being  that  of  M.  Tarbe  ;  this  con- 
tains eighty-one  pieces,  not  a  few  of  which,  however,  are 
probably  the  work  of  others.  The  majority  of  them  are 
Chansons  d'Amour.  SaijU^bury^  French  Lit.,  p.  68. 

Thibet.     See  Tibet. 

Thierry,  or  Thierri  (ti-er'i;  F.  prou.  tya-re'),  I., 
or  Theodoric  (the-od'o-rik).  Died  534.  King 
of  Austrasia :  son  of  Cloris,  and  one  of  his  suc- 
cessors in  511. 

Tllierry  n.  Died  613.  King  of  Biu'gundy  and 
later  of  Austrasia,  second  sou  of  Childebert  11. 

Thierry  HI.  Died  691  (692  f).  King  of  the 
Franks,  a  younger  son  of  Clovis  II. 

Thierry  IV.  Died  737.  Kingof  the  Franks,  one 
oftlie  •Tois  faineants."  The  government  was 
a. (ministered  by  Charles  Martel.     See  Clinrles. 

Thierry  (tya-re' ).Ain§dee  Simon  Dominique. 

Born  at  Blois.  France,  Aug.  2, 1797 :  died  at  Pa- 
ris. March  26.  1873.  A  French  historian  and 
politician,  brotherof  J.  N.  A.  Thierry.  He  was  for 
a  time  professor  at  Besan^on ;  after  the  revolution  of  ls30 
was  prefect  of  the  upper  Sadne ;  and  later  held  other  politi- 
cal offices.  He  was  made  a  senator  in  1S60.  He  ^vrote 
"Histoire  des  Gauluis  "  (1S2SX  "  Histoire  de  la  Gaule  sous 
I'administration  romaine"  (IS40-17),  "Histoire  d'.\ttila" 
(1S.^*".\  "Tableau  de  I'empire  romain  "  (lst>2),  "Recits  de 
I'liisloire  romaine  "(lS*j<1, 1^*>4),  "Saint-JerM[ne"(lS67),  etc. 

Thierry,  Jactjues  Nicolas  Augustin.  Bom  at 
Blois.  May  10, 1795:  died  at  Paris.  May  22, 1S56. 
An  eminent  French  historian.  He  obtained  a  free 
scholarship  at  the  college  of  his  native  town,  and  graduated 
with  tlie  highest  honors.  Then  he  tookatwoyears'courseof 
study  at  the  Eoole  Nomiale  in  Paris(lSll-l:i).":ind  fitted  him- 
self for  a  teacher.    After  a  brief  stay  in  a  provincial  college, 


992 

he  returned  to  Paris  to  follow  up  literature  as  a  means  of 
livelihood.  For  a  while  he  worked  in  collaboration  with 
the  philosopher  Saint-.Simon,  and  published  with  him  3 
Ijooks  (1S14-17).  Then  he  contributed  several  original 
papers  to  various  periodical  publications.  These  papers 
he  subsequently  fused  together,  and  composed  in  this  way 
his  "Histoire  de  la  conquete  de  r-\nglelerre  par  les  Nor- 
mands"(18'.15)  and  his  "Lettres  sur  Ihistoire  de  France" 
(1827).  In  1S26  he  became  completely  broken  down  in 
health,  and  was  left  blind  and  paralyzed.  The  remainder 
of  his  literary  work  was  done  through  the  medium  of 
secretaries.  \Vith  their  help  he  published  his  "Dix  ans 
d'etudes  historiques "' (1834),  his  "Recits  des  temps  mero- 
vingiens  "(1&40X  and  an"  Essai  surlTiistoire  de  la  foiination 
et  des  progres  du  tiers-etat "  (1853). 

Thierry  and  Theodoret.  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
Massinger,  and  another,  published  in  1621 
(written  a  few  years  earlier). 

Thiers  (tyar).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Puy-de-D6me,  France,  situated  on  the  Durolle 
24  miles  east-northeast  of  Clermont-Ferrand. 
Cutlerv  is  made  here  and  in  the  vieinitv.  Popu- 
lation "(1891),  commune,  16.814. 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe.  Born  at  Marseilles, 
April  15.  1797:  died  at  St.-6ermain-en-Laye, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1877.  A  distinguished  French 
statesman  and  historian.  He  studied  law  at  Aix,and 
in  1S21  went  to  Paris,  where  he  became  a  jounialist.  His 
"Histou'e  de  la  revolution  frangaise"  appeared  1823-27. 
In  1830  he  established  with  Mignet  and  Armand  Carrel 
the  "National,"  which  contributed  greatly  to  the  down- 
fall of  the  Bourbons.  He  wixs  a  prominent  supporter  of 
Louis  Philippe,  and  held  various  cabinet  positions  1832-36 
(premier  Feb. -Aug.,  1836).  In  March,  1840.  he  again  be- 
came premier:  resigned  in  Oct.  His  principal  work,  "His- 
toire du  consulat  et  de  rempire,"  was  published  1845-62. 
He  was  a  conspicuous  member  of  the  Constituent  and 
Legislative  assemblies  1848-51,  and  was  arrested  by  Napo- 
leon III.  at  the  time  of  the  coup  d'etat  in  1851.  In  1863 
he  was  elected  to  the  Corps  Legislatif,  where  he  led  the 
opposition  to  the  imperial  regime.  He  protested  against 
the  declaration  of  war  in  1870,  on  the  ground  that  France 
was  not  ready.  He  conducted  the  negotiations  for  an 
armistice  with  Germany,  was  elected  to  tlie  National  As- 
sembly, and  was  chosen  chief  of  the  executive  power  Feb. 
17,  1871-  He  negotiated  the  peace  with  Germany,  sup- 
pressed the  insurrection  of  the  Commune,  and  by  his  ex- 
traordinary energy  and  admirable  financiering  freed  his 
country  of  foreign  occupation  before  the  stipulated  time, 
tin  .\ug-  31, 18T1~  he  was  declared  by  the  Assembly  presi- 
dent of  the  republic  for  a  term  of  three  years,  and  resigned 
May  24,  1873.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  from 
1S34. 

Thing  (ting).  [Not  from  AS.  thinff.  a  council, 
but  repr.  Icel.  thiiuj,  an  assembly,  conference, 
=  .Sw.  Dan.  tinij.  a  court,  a  place  of  assembly, 
a  legal  trial.]  In  Scandinavian  countries  and 
in  regions  largely  settled  by  Scandinavians  (as 
the  east  and  north  of  England),  an  assembly, 
public  meeting,  parliament,  or  court  of  law. 
Also  Ting. 

Thionville  (tyoit-vel').  The  French  name  of 
Diedenhofen. 

Thira.     See  Santorin. 

Thirlwall  (therl'wal),  Connop.  Bom  at  Step- 
ney. London,  Jan.  11,  1797 :  died  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land. July  27, 1875.  An  English  historian,  critic, 
and  prelate.  Hewasbishopot  St  David's  1840-74.  His 
cliief  work  is  a  "  Historj-  of  Greece  "  (1835-47). 

Thirteen  Communes.    See  Tredici  Comuiti. 

Thirty,  Battle  of  the.  A  fight  between  thirty 
Bretons  and  thirty  Englishmen,  pitted  by  Jean 
de  Beaumanoir  and  Bemborough.  an  English- 
man, against  each  other,  to  decide  a  contest. 
The  fight  is  said  to  have  taken  place  between  the  castles 
of  Josselin  and  Ploermel  iu  France  in  1351.  The  English 
were  beaten. 

Thirty  Tyrants,  The.  1.  An  aristocratic  body 

which  usurjied  the  government  of  Athens  404— 
403  B.  c.  The  most  notable  was  Critias.  They 
were  expelled  by  the  democratic  party  under 
the  lead  of  Thra'sybulus. —  2.  A  popular  name 
given  collectively  to  the  body  of  pretenders 
to  the  Roman  Empire  under  the  reigns  of  Vale- 
rian, Gallienus,  etc.  Among  them  were  Tet- 
ricus  and  Odenathus. 

Thirty  Years'  War,  The.  A  religious  and  po- 
litical war  in  central  Europe  which  involved 
Germany  and  various  countries.  It  was  caused  by 
the  frictio'n  between  the  Protest-ants  and  Catholics  in  the 
Empire ;  and  the  immeiliate  occasion  was  the  infringe- 
ment by  the  court  of  Austria  of  the  rights  of  the  Bohemian 
Protestants,  who  in  May.  1618,  rose  in  revolt  under  the 
lead  of  Count  Thuni.  The  following  were  the  main  events: 
In  1619  the  emperor  Matthias  died,  and  was  succeeiied  in 
the  Hapsburg  dominions  and  as  emperor  by  Ferdinand 
II..  but  Frederick  v.,  elector  of  the  Palatinate,  was  chosen 
as  a  rival  king  by  the  Bohemians ;  in  Nov. .  1020.  the  Cath- 
olic League  defeated  Frederick  at  the  White  Mountain; 
in  1622  Tilly  and  the  Catholic  League  were  victorious  at 
Wimpfen  and  Hochst ;  in  1025  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark 
became  the  leader  of  the  Protestants ;  in  162ii  Tilly  defeated 
christian  IV.  at  Lutter.  and  Wallenstetn,  the  Imperialist 
general,  defeated  Mansfeld  at  Dessau  :  in  1629  the  Edict  of 
Restitution  was  issued  by  Ferdinand  II  (see  Beititution)  ; 
in  1630  W;illenstein  was  dismissed,  while  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  of  Sweden  became  the  Protestant  leader.  The  events 
of  1631  were  the  stomiiTig  of  Magdeburg  by  Tilly  and  the 
victorv- of  Gustavus  at  Breitenfeld;  of  16:J2.  the  successes  of 
Gustarus,  the  reentrj-  of  Wallenstein  to  the  Imperialist  ser- 


Thomas  the  Bhymer 

vice,  and  the  victory  and  death  of  Gnstavus  at  Lutzen  (Nov. 
16) ;  of  16:j4,  the  murder  of  Wallenstein,  and  the  Imperial- 
ist victory  at  Nordlingen;  of  1635.  the  treaty  of  Prague 
between  Saxony  and  Ferdinand  II.,  and  the  interference  of 
France  on  the  Protestant  side  under  the  lead  of  Richelieu  ; 
of  1636,  the  victory  of  the  Swedes  at  Wittstock  ;  of  1637, 
the  accession  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III.;  of  1642,  the 
victor>  of  the  Swedes  at  Breiteufeld  ;  and  of  ItAS.  1(>44,  and 
lt>45,  generally  French  and  Swedish  victories  under  Cond^, 
Turenne.  and  Torstenson.  In  1648  the  war  w-as  terminated 
by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  (which  see).  In  general  the 
I'rotestants  were  strong  in  northern  Germany,  the  Catho- 
lics in  southern  Germany.  Spain  was  the  chief  ally  of  the 
emperor;  France,  Sweden,  and  Denmai'k  were  the  princi- 
pal allies  of  the  Protestants.  The  main  pr')fits  of  the  War 
fell  to  France  and  Sweden.  Germany  suffered  severely  in 
loss  of  life,  property,  and  morale. 

This  (this).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in 
Upper  E^-pt,  near  Abydus  or  perhaps  identi- 
cal with  it. 

Thisbe(thiz'be).  [GT.8ia3r/.'\  In  classical  legend, 
a  maiden  of  Babylon. beloved  by  Pyramus.  Living 
in  adjoining  houses,  they  were  able  to  co'nverse  through  a 
hole  in  the  wall  without  the  knowledge  of  their  parents, 
who  oppi)sed  their  marriage.  A  rendezvous  was  appointed 
at  the  tomb  of  Ninus.  Thisbe.who  appeared  first. was  fright- 
ened by  a  lion,  and,  nmning  away,  dropped  her  tnantle 
which  the  beast  soiled  with  blood.  PjTamus,  seeing  the 
blood,  and  believing  that  Thisbe  had  been  slain,  killed  him- 
self under  a  mulberry-tree,  the  fruit  of  which  was  ever 
after  blood-red.  Shakspere  introduced  the  story  in  the 
farcical  interlude  in  the  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Thistle  (this'l).  A  steel  yacht  (cutter),  designed 
by  txeorge  L.  Watson,  and  launched  at  Glasgow 
April  21,  1887.  Her  princip.il  dimensions  were:  length 
over  all,  IOS.05  feet;  length  at  water-line.  86.46;  beam, 
20.03;  draught,  l.'i.SO;  displacement,  about  138  tons.  She 
was  designed  expressly  to  capture  the  .-Vmerica's  cup,  but 
lost  the  cup  races  to  Volunteer.  She  was  afterward  sold 
to  the  Emperor  of  Germany  and  rechristened  Meteor. 

Thlinkit,  or  Thlinkeet.    See  Kohischan. 

Tholenito'len).  1.  An  island  in  Zealand.  Neth- 
erlands, situated  northeast  of  the  East  Schelde 
and  22  miles  northwest  of  Antwerp.  Length, 
9  miles. — 2.  A  small  tomi  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island  of  ThoUn. 

Tholuck  (to'lok),  Friedrich  August  Gotttreu. 
Born  at  Breslau.  Pmssia,  March  30,  1799:  died 
at  Halle,  Prussia,  June  10,  1877.  A  German 
Protestant  theologian  and  preacher,  professor 
of  theology  at  Halle  from  1826.  He  was  educated 
at  Breslau  and  at  Berlin,  where  he  was  appointed  professor 
(extraordinary)  in  lS2;'i.  His  works  include  "Die  Lehre 
vom  sunder  und  Versohner  "  ("  The  Doctrine  of  the  .Sinner 
and  Redemption"),"Stundender.Vndacht"("Hoursof  De- 
votion, "1840),  commentaries  on  Romans,  John,  the  Sermon 
on  theMount,  Hebrews,  and  Psalms,  an  answertoStrauss's 
"Leben  Jesu"  ("Glaubwiirdigkeit  der  evangelischen  Ge- 
schichte,"1837),  "Vorgeschichte des  Rationalismus  "(1853- 
1862),  "Geschichte  des  Rationalismus  "  (1865),  etc. 

Thomas  (tom'as).  Saint,  or  Didymus.  [Heb., 
'a  twin';  Gr.  (juudf;  L.  Dirji/m iif:.  from  Or.  6  diSv- 
/joc,  a  twin;  It.  Tommosn,  Sp.  Tomas,  Pg.  Tho- 
mas or  27iO(Hn-.]  One  of  the  twelve  apostles: 
according  to  tradition,  an  evangelist  in  Parthia 
and  India,  where  he  suffer&d  martyrdom. 

Thomas  of  Erceldoune.  See  TJiomas  tlieEhymer. 

Thomas  of  London.  Born  at  London.  1118: 
murdereil  in  C'anterbury  cathedral,  Dec.  29, 
1170.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  the  son  of  a  rich  merchant,  and  his 
career  was  advanced  by  Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, in  whose  household  he  was  alwut  1142.  He  became 
archdeacon  of  Canterbur>*  in  11.-.4,  and  chancellor  of  Henry 
II.  in  1155,  an  office  he  filled  with  great  magnificence ;  and. 
though  only  in  deacon's  orders,  was  suddenly  appointed 
archbishop  of  Canterburj'  in  1162.  He  became  a  strong 
advocate  of  the  church's  rights,  defending  her  against  the 
king  whose  partiznn  he  had  previously  been.  He  refused 
to  consent  to  the  constitutions  of  the  Council  of  Clarendon, 
curtailing  clerical  privileges,  but  was  prevailed  upon  to 
do  so  by  the  Pope.  He  was  tried  by  Henry  for  breach  of 
allegiance  in  endeavoring  to  leave  the  country  after  this, 
and  his  property  was  confiscated  and  his  ecclesiastical 
revenue  sequestered.  He  finally  escaped  to  France,  and 
thence  to  Rome,  where  the  Pope  reinstalled  him  in  his 
see.  -After  much  correspondence  and  many  threats  of  ex- 
communication against  the  English  Idshops,  he  was  recon- 
ciled with  Henr>-  in  1170,  and  returned  to  England;  but 
his  temper  was  as  haughty  as  ever,  and  Henry  prayed  "to 
be  rid  of  this  turbulent  priest."  Four  knights,  overhearing 
this  hasty  exclamation,  slew  Becket  before  the  altar  of  .**t. 
Benedict  in  the  north  transept  of  Canterbury  cathedral, 
Dec.  29,  1170.  In  1172  he  was  canonized,  and  in  1220  his 
bones  were  removed  to  Trinity  Chapel,  where  they  were 
for  several  centuries  the  object  of  pilgrimages.  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  T,-Ues"  were  told  on  a  pilgrimage  to  his 
shrine.  Henry  VIII.  destroyed  it,  and  bunied  and  scat- 
tered his  bones.    Also  Thomas  Becket  or  a  Becket. 

Thomas  of  Woodstock,  Duke  of  Gloucester. 
Born  at  Wootlstock.  England.  Jan.  7,  1355 :  mur- 
dered at  Calais.  France,  Sept.  8,  1397.  The 
youngest  son  of  Edward  III.,  a  leading  politi- 
cian in  the  reign  of  Richard  H. 

Thomas  the  Rhymer,  or  Thomas  of  Ercel- 
doune (now  Earlston).  Lived  about  1225-1300. 
A  Scottish  poet,  noted  in  folk-lore  and  Arthu- 
rian legend  as  a  prophet  and  a  guide  to  the 
mvsterious  halls  beneath  the  Eildon  Hills.  Ac- 
cording to  the  popular  ston-,  the  Queen  of  Faery  came  to 
him  as  he  sat  under  the  Eildon  tree,  and  carried  him  to 


Thomas  the  Rhymer 

Fairylan<],  where  they  lived  in  happiness  for  three  years, 
at  the  eiul  of  wliiclt  time  she  brouf^lit  him  baric  to  theKildon 
tree  and  tohl  him  of  many  tiiing.s  tliat  were  to  iiappen  in 
the  wars  between  £nt;land  and  Scotland.  He  was  called 
"True  Thomas"  from  the  truth  of  these  prophecies.  He 
finally  disappeared  in  a  forest,  foDowini;  a  halt  and  hind, 
'andwas^eell  nonnMc  (Couipare  TtinnliinDtcr.)  'I'lieRo- 
mance  and  Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  ErceMoune"has  been 
edited  by  Dr.  iluriay  for  the  Early  l-jiKlish  Te.\t  Society 
<187i)).  .Sir  Walter  Scott  attiibnted  to  hini  the  poem  "  Sir 
Tristreni,"  a  13tli-century  romance,  which  he  edited  from 
the  Auchinleek  MS.  in  l»iM  :  but  it  is  not  now  thought  to 
1)e  liis.  "  Sir  Tristreni "  was  edited  by  McNeill  in  1886 
tor  the  Scottish  Te.\t  Society. 

The  charter  [dated  121>9,  in  which  his  son  describes  him- 
self as  the  lieir  i)f  Thomas  Rymour  de  Erceldon)  quoted 
in  the  "Minstrelsy"  contains  written  evidence  that  the 
epithi-t  f>f  livmonr  was  peculiar  to  our  Thomas,  ami  was 
dropi)eil  by  his  son,  whodesijriiates  himself  .simply  Thomas 
of  Krccldonne,  son  of  'i'homas  the  Hymour-of  Ercehlounc  ; 
which  I  think  isconelusive  ni)on  the  subject.  In  all  this 
discussion,  I  have  scorned  to  avail  myself  of  the  tradition 
of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  suspicious  testimonyof  lloece, 
Dempster,  iVc,  crciuiided  probaldy  upon  that  tradition, 
which  uniformly  attii'ms  the  name  of  Thomas  to  Inivebeeii 
Learmont  or  Lcirmont,  and  that  of  the  Khymer  a  personal 
epithet.  .  .  .  Certain  it  is  that  liis  castle  is  called  Leir. 
inont's  Tower,  and  that  he  is  as  well  known  to  tiie  country 
people  by  that  name  as  by  the  appellation  4>f  tile  Rhymer. 
LM.rJ'rvm  Scott  tu  George  Kltig,  in  Loekhart,  I.  217. 

Thomas,  Annie.    See  Cinliip,  Mrs. 

Thomas  (to-niii'),  Charles  Ambroise.    Born  at 

Mctz,  Aug.  5,1811:  liicd  Fel..  12,  is'jf,.  A  French 
composer,  director  of  the  Cou.sei'vatory  in  Paris. 
Among  his  works  are  the  operas  "Jligiiou" 
maGh  "llaudef  {l.s(W). 

Thomas  (tom'iis),  Edith  Matilda.    Boru  at 

Challinin,  Ohio,  in  1S.">+.  An  American  ])oet. 
AmoMK  her  works  are  '-A  New  Year's  Masque"  (IH*^), 
"The  Round  Year"  (IsSi;),  "Lyrics  and  Sonnets"  (1S3T). 

Thomas  (tom'as),  George  Henry.     Born  in 

Southampton  County,  Va.,  July  31, 181G :  died  at 
San  Francisco,  March  28, 1870.  A  distinguished 
American  general.  Ile  Ki-aduated  at  West  Point  in 
1840:  served  in  the  Seminole  war ;  was  distiniruished  in  tlio 
Mexican  war  at  ilonterey  in  1S41J  and  Buena  Vista  in  1847  ; 
was  instructor  at  West  Point  l)s.')l~54 ;  and  served  in  Texas 
until  the  Civil  War.  Ile  w;is  appointed  colonel  in  May, 
IsOl,  and  served  nniler  I'attersoii :  was  apjiointed  briffa- 
dier-(;eneral  of  vnlnntecrs  and  transferred  to  tlie  fiepart- 
ment  of  tlit-rnmlterlaiid  in  Aug:..  1801 ;  gained  the  victiny 
of  Mill  Spring's  .Fan.  lit,  l,s(;2  ;  was  distinguished  at  Perry- 
ville  Oct.  8,  and  as  conimauder  of  the  center  at  .Murfree's- 
boro :  and  became  famous  for  his  defense  of  the  I'nion 
position  in  the  liatlle  of  Chickamauca  Sept.  19-20,  1SG3 
<lieiice  called  '"the  Kock  of  Chickamauga  ").  On  Oct.  19, 
18ti:t,  lie  was  made  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
bciland,  with  the  rank  of  brigadierseneral ;  and  fouijlit  at 
the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  and  with  Shennan  in  the  in- 
vasioit  of  Georgia  in  18ti4.  He  was  sent  to  Tennessee  to 
repel  Hood's  invasion  in  Sept.,  1864,  and  defeated  Hood  at 
Nashville  Dec.  15-16,  1864.  He  was  promoted  in.a'jor.gen- 
eral  in  the  regular  amiy  and  organized  cavalry  operations 
(capture  of  Davis,  etc.)  in  1865.  He  was  commander  of 
military  divisi<uis  and  departments  in  Tennessee,  etc.,  and 
lastly  of  the  military  ilivision  of  the  Pacillc  1809-70. 

Thomas,  Joseph.  Bom  in  Cayuga County,N.Y., 
Sept.  23.  1811:  died  Dec.  24,  i891.  An  American 
author.  He  was  educated  as  a  physician,  and  was  for  a 
time  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Havei-fonl  College. 
He  was  associated  with  Baldwin  in  compiling  the  'Pro- 
nouncing gazetteer  "  (1845) ;  editeii  the  ijiomajdlical  anil 
geographical  vocabularies  to  Webster's  dictionaries;  col- 
laborated with  Baldwin  in  the  compilation  of  "A  New 
and  Complete  Cazette.r  of  the  liiited  Slates"  and  of 
"bippincotl's  rroMoiiiiciiigCiaztlteerof  the  World  "(1856); 
and  eilited  "  A  Conipj  .hi-nsivi-  Medical  Diclionarv  "(18W  : 
revised  188(1)  and  l,i|ipiiirolts  "  l'r..n.iuncing  Dictionary 
of  Biography  an.l  .Mythology  "  (1870-71).  He  wrote  also 
"Travels  in  F.gjpl  and  Palestine  "  {ls5:i).  etc. 

Thomas,  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Newcastle,  Del., 
Oct.  2(i,  1K04  :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March 
2,187.').  All  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Seiiiiiiole  war  :  was  chief  of  st:iir  to  Butler  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  later  chief  of  staff  toScott ;  was  adjutant-general 
In  the  Civil  War  ;  and  was  appointed  by  .lolinson  secretary 
of  war  "'/  iitii-riin  Iscs  (but  ilid  not  serve). 

Thomas,  Philemon.  Born  in  North  Carolina, 
1764:  died  at  Baton  Kouge,  La.,  1847.  An 
American  oflici'r  and  iiolitician.  He  was  Under  of 
the  West  I-lorida  insnrre<-tion  against  Spain  1810-11,  and 
was  inembrr  of  Congress  from  Louisiana  18:;I-a5. 

Thomas,  Theodore.  Born  at  Esens,  ITannover, 
<  let.  11,  1k3,).  An  Aniericaii  musii-nl  conductor. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  in  public  alioiit  1841  as  a  vio. 
linist.  He  was  brought  to  the  1  nlted  .stales  in  KHt.''>,  and 
was  ftrst  and  solo  violin  in  coneerts  and  opera  till  Ihci. 
From  1855  to  18ti9  he  gave  a  series  of  eoncert«  of  rhanibir- 
miisic ;  and  his  symplKuiy  coneerts  in  New  Yiuk.  begun 
in  ls54,  were  given  every  season (excejit  frmn  18M>  to  Is"") 
until  I878,n  hen  he  became  director  of  the  College  of  .Miisie 
at  (.'inciiiiiati,  Ohio,  lie  returned  to  New  York  in  1881). 
and  made  it  the  headquarters  of  his  orchestra  till  1891, 
when  he  removcfl  to  Chicago.  He  has  been  mainly  Insliu- 
nientnl  in  developing  llio  mnshail  taste  of  the  country  by 
Ills  series  of  orchestral  eomrerts.  as  well  as  by  his  work  as 
conductor  of  the  New  York  and  Brooklyn  I'ldlharmimic 
Societies,  of  the  New  York  chorus  Society,  the  CIneliinatI 
festivals,  eir.  Mew  us  nnule  musical  director  of  the  World's 
f:oIiiiiilii;Hi  r.x]ioHition  at  Chicago,  and  resigneil  in  I89;t. 

Thomas  a  Kempis(lieni'pjM);  properly  Thomas 
HammerkonorHamerken.    Honifti  Kempen, 

K'lienisli  Friissia.  aliout  i:i.S():  died  near  Zwolle, 
Netherlands,  .luly  2!),  1471.     A  German  mystic 

c—  6;i 


993 

and  ascetic  writer,  generally  regarded  as  the 
author  of  'De  imitatioue  Christ!"  ("Imitation 
of  Christ,"  14SG)  (which  see).  He  entered  the 
Augustinian  convent  Agnetenber^,  near  ZwoUe,  in  1407, 
and  became  subprior  in  142:t,  and  again  in  1447. 

Thomas  Aquinas,  or  of  Aquino.    See  Aquinas, 

TIliiMils. 

Thomas  Becket  or  a  Becket.    See  Thomas  of 

f.,>,„l,,n. 

Thomists  (lo'mists).  The  follo\yers  of  Thomas 
Aquiu;is.  He  held  two  sources  of  knowledge  -faithand 
reason  — the  doitrines  of  unconditional  predestination  and 
etticacious  grace,  and  a  ]thysieal  as  well  as  a  moral  efttcaey  ; 
and  denied  the  doctrine  of  the  immaculate  conception. 
His  theology,  embodied  in  his  great  work  "Sumnia  theo- 
logiw."  was  based  on  a  philoso|)liieal  system  nither  tlian 
on  either  the  Bible  or  the  traditional  teaching  of  the 
church.  It  was  an  atlempl  to  leeoiiiile  Aristotelian  phi- 
losophy with  theChiistiaii  faith.  It  is  of  very  high  author- 
ity in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  its  iiillueiicc  is 
great  even  outside  of  that  church. 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  Benjamin,  Count  Kum- 

I'ord.  Born  at  Wobui-ii,  .Mass..  March  20.  17,')3: 
died  at  Auteuil,  near  Paris,  Aug.  21,  1S14.  An 
American  scientist  and  Bayarianadininistratoi-. 
Having  been  refused  a  commission  in  the  Continental 
army,  he  oltereil  his  services  to  the  British,  and  in  1776  was 
sent  to  England  w  itli  despatches  from  General  Willi.am 
Howe.  Here  he  was  given  a  place  in  the  administrative 
service  by  Lord  George  Germaine,  secretjiry  of  state  for 
the  colonies,  and  rose  to  the  jiost  of  undei-secretaiy  of 
state  (1780).  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety ill  1779.  On  the  retirement  of  his  jiatron,  he  returned 
in  1781  to  America,  and  raised  in  New  York  the  "King's 
American  Dragoons,"  of  which  he  was  cominissioned  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. Ul-  returned  l4»  Englaml  before  the  close 
of  the  war,  anil  in  17?4  accepted  a  contldential  appitint- 
nient  with  the  rank  of  aide-de-camp  and  chambeilain  at 
the  court  of  the  Elector  of  Bavaria.  He  reorganized  the 
military  establishment  of  Bavaria,  and  introduced  impor- 
tant economic  and  other  reforms,  with  the  result  tliat  he 
was  rapidly  promoted  to  the  highest  olBccs  in  the  state, 
includiiigthoseof  commander-in-chief  of  the  general  staff, 
minister  of  war,  and  superintendent  of  the  police.  He 
was  created  a  count  in  the  Holy  Rimian  Empire  in  1791. 
tlwing  to  ill  health  he  quitted  Bavaria  about  17:18,  and  was 
for  a  time  a  private  agent  of  B:iv:iria  in  England.  He  re- 
moved to  Paris  in  1802,  and  in  1804  married  as  his  second 
wife  the  widow  of  the  I-'rench  chemist  Lavoisier.  The  rest 
of  hislife  was  spent  at  his  wife's  villa  in  Auteuil.  He  gave 
$5,000  to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and 
a  like  amount  to  the  Koyal  Society  of  London  to  found 
prizes  bearing  bis  name  for  the  most  important  discov. 
cries  in  heat  and  light.  He  left  to  Harvard  the  funds 
with  which  the  Rnniford  professorship  of  the  physical  and 
mathematical  sciences  as  applied  to  the  useful  arts  has 
lieeii  erected. 

Thompson,  Elizabeth.    See  Butler,  Lady. 

Thompson,  Jacob.  Born  in  Caswell  County, 
X.  C.,  May  l:"!,  1810:  died  at  Mempliis,  Tenii,, 
March  24,  I88.-1.  An  American  politician.  He 
w.aa  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi 
18:i9-51  :  secretary  of  the  Interior  lS.^7-61 ;  governor  of 
Mississippi  Is62-<W  ;  and  Confederate  agent  in  Canada. 

Thompson,  Joseph  Parrish.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Aug.  7,lsl9:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  20, 
1879.  An  American  Congi'egational  clergyman, 
theological  writer,  and  Egyptologist,  ile  was 
pastor  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle.  New  Y'ork,  1845-71, 
and  one  of  the  fouiidi-rsof  the  "  New  Englander"  and  of  the 
"Independent."  He  li veil  in  his  later  years  at  Berlin.  His 
works  include  "I^gvpt,  Past  and  Present  "(I85l>), "Theology 
of  Christ"  (1.S70),  "chiircb  and  .State  in  the  United  .states^' 
(1874),  and  "Life  of  Christ  "  (ls7f.). 

Thompson,  Launt.  Born  in  Queen's  County, 
Ireland,  18:i:):  died  al  :\Iiildlelowii,  N.  V.,Scpl. 
21!,  ls;)4.      .\ii  AioiTican  sculptor. 

Thompson,  Richard  Wigginton.  Born  in  Cul- 

peperCounty,  Va...luiie9,  ISO!):  died  at  TeiTe 
Haute,  Ind.,  Feb.  0,  1900.  An  .Vmeriean  politi- 
cian. He  was  a  Whig  niembcr  of  Congress  from  Indiana 
ls4l-4;l  and  1847  19  :  and  secretary  of  the  navy  1877-81. 
Thompson,  Robert  Ellis.  Born  near  Lurgan, 
Ireland,  lh44.  An  American  educator,editor,and 
economist :  an  aiivocate  of  protection.  He  was 
editor  of  the  "  renn  Monthly  "  ami  the  "American,"  and 
was  the  llrst  editor  of  the  "  AmerieanSnpplemeiit "  to  the 
"Eiicyelopa'dia  Britanniea";  wasforinerly  lu-ofessorin  the 
Unlversltvof  Pennsvlvanfa ;  and  in  1804  bectunc prlnctpnl 
of  the  Cinliid  High' School,  I'hiladelidila. 

Thompson,  Smith.  Born  at  Stanford,  N.  Y., 
Jan.,  170S:  died  at  Touglik<'Oi)sie,  N.  Y.,  Dee. 
18.  1843.  An  American  ,jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York 

lsn-ls;  s.cietaiy  of  the  navy  Isls  2:1;  and  associate  jus- 
tieeot  llie  (  iiit.ii  States  Supreme  Court  182:1  4 :(. 

Thompson,  Thomas  Perronet  or  Peronnet. 

Born  at  Hull,  England,  Marcli  M,  17Ki:  died 
Oct.  (),  l.HtiO.  An  English  politician  and  inalhe- 
matician.  He  slndled  at  IJiieen's  College,  Cambridge; 
entered  the  navy  in  18ii:i:  and  In  isno  went  over  lo  the 
army.     In  I808  he  was  made  governor  of  Slerm  Loone 

I  through  the  Inlliience  of  Wilberforee.  In  1SI6  he  went  lo 
the  Persian  Guli  as  Arable  inleipreter  ill  the  Wallhabeo 
exneilltlon,  and  m  ls'20  negolhiled  n  Irealy  with  the  Wah- 
haiiees  whieli  ebaracterl/eil  the  slave-trade  ns  piracy.  In 
18:15  he  was  1  lecled  member  of  I'arllninent  for  Hull.  Hu 
pilbllslied"  A  Catechism  of  the  Corn  Laws  "(1827),  a  telling 
pamphlet.  llla"'l'heory  of  .lust  Intonation  "(18&0)  was  an 
early  c<uilril)lllh>ii  to  (he  principles  of  muslrni  acoustics 
that  have  been  developed  as  llie  tonic  sol. fa  ayslein.  Ho 
was  for  a  tliiio  Joint  ixlltor  of  the  "  NVeitiulnstor  Revlen.  " 


Thoreau 

Thompson.Waddy.  Bom  at  Pickensville,  S.C. 

S.-pt.  s,  1708:  died  at  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  Noy. 
23,1868.  An  American  politician.  He  was  \Yliig 
member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1835-41,  and 
I  nited  States  minister  to  Mexico  1812-44.  He  »  rote  "Rec- 
ollections of  Mexico  "(1840). 

Thomson(tom'son ),  Sir  Charles  Wyville.  Bom 
at  Boiisyde.Linlithgowsliire. March.").  1830:  died 
at  Kdinhurgh,  March  10, 1882.  A  noted  Scottish 
biologist.  He  lectured  on  botany  at  Aberdeen  in  1860- 
1853,  and  Wiis  successively  professor  of  natural  history  at 
Ccuk,  Belfast,  and  Edinburgh.  With  Dr.  "'.  B.  Carpenter, 
he  conducted  the  deep-sea  dredging  expeditions  in  the 
war-ships  Lightning  and  Porcupine  (1868-69).  He  is  best 
known  as  the  director  of  the  scientille  staff  of  the  Im- 
portant Challenger  expedition  for  deep  sea  exploration 
(187-'-76).  In  lt77  he  pnldisbed  "The  Voyage  of  the 
Challenger,"  descriptive  of  its  general  results.  He  was 
knighted  in  1876,  and  is  generally  designated  Sir  Wyville 
l'lii>ms^iii. 

Thomson,  James.  Born  at  Ednam.  Ko.Kbnrgh- 
shire,  Scotland,  Sejit.  11. 1700:  dieil  near  Kich- 
mond,  England,  Aug.  27. 1748.  A  Brilisli  poet. 
Hcwaseducated  at  Edinburgh,  and  stud  led  for  the  church; 
was  private  tutor  for  a  short  time  ;  and  held  several  sine- 
cure offices.  He  wrote  "The  Seasons  "  ("  \A'inter,"  1726  ; 
"Summer,"  1727;  "Spring,"  1728;  "Autumn,"  17:fO),  "The 
Castle  of  Indolence"  (174S),an  "Ode  to  the  Jlemory  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  "  (1727),  '■•  Liberty  "  (1734-:(6).  and  the  plays 
"  Sophonisba  "  (1730 :  containing  the  famous  line  (which 
killed  the  piece)  "O  Sophonisba,  Sophonisba  <),"  parodied 
by  every  one  as  "  O  Jemmy  Thomson.  .lemmy  Thomson  O  ") 
and  "Agamemnon  "(1738  ),tlie  masque"  Alfred, "in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mallet  (1740),  and  "Taiicred  and  Sigismunda" 
(174.5). 

Thomson,  James.  Born  at  Port  Glasgow,  Scot- 
Iniiil.  Nov.  2;>,  1834:  died  at  London,  Jane  3, 
1S.S2.  A  Scottish  poet,  known  as  "the  poet  of 
despair."  He  became  a  lawyer's  clerk  in  1862 :  later 
came  to  America  as  a  mining  agent  ;  was  war  correspon- 
dent in  Spain;  and  during  the  last  years  of  his  life  labored 
as  a  journ.alist.  He  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  "The 
city  of  Dreadful  Night  "  (1880).  He  also  wrote  "  Vane's 
Story,"  "  A  Voice  from  the  Nile"  (1884),  and  ".Shelley,  a 
Poem  "  (18^.5). 

Thomson,  William.  Bom  Feb.  11,  1819:  died 
Dec.  25,  1890.  An  English  prelate  and  author, 
archbishop  of  York  iSG'2.  Ue  wrote  "Outline  of 
the  Necessary  Laws  of  Thought "  (1842),  and  theological 
works.  

Thomson,William,  first  Lord  KeKin.  Bom  at 
Belfast,  Ireland,  Jime,  1824.  A  celebrated  Brit- 
ish mathematician  and  physicist,  professor  of 
natural  philoso]ihy  in  Glasgow  University  184(}- 
]S.)9.  He  has  made  ininortant  investigations  in  the  do- 
mains of  heat,  electricity,  and  magnetism  :  invented  the 
mirror-galvanometer  and  siphon  recorder,  various  forms 
of  apparatus  used  in  navigation  and  ileei>-sea  exploration, 
and  has  otherwise  done  linlcli  for  the  advancement  of  prac- 
tical electricity  ;  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  laying 
of  the  first  submarine  cables  in  the  Atlantic.  He  is  joint 
autlior  with  I'rofessor  V.  G.  Tail  of  "An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy,"  and  has  besides  written 
extensively  on  theoretical  subjeetsconnected  with  geology, 
terrestrial  physics,  tidal  phenomena,  etc.  fie  was  tlie  first 
boldly  to  enunciate  the  doctrine,  now  largely  received  by 
geologists  and  mathematical  physicists,  that  the  earth  has 
the  rigidity  of  steel  or  glass,  and  is  pnictieally  solid  to  the 
center.  He  was  president  of  the  liritish  Association  in 
1871 ;  was  knighted  in  18<i0;  and  was  created  Baron  Kel- 
vin in  ISO'S. 

Thomson,  William  McClure.  Born  ni>ar  Cin- 
cinnati, Dec.  .'il,  IStKi:  died  ,\pril  8,  1894.  An 
American  Presliyterian  missionary  in  Syria  and 
Palestine,  and  biblical  archffiologist.  lie  wrote 
'  ■  I'he  Land  and  the  Book  "  (1869),  "  The  Ijind  of  Promise  " 

(18i;.n),  etc. 

Thopas,  Sir.     See  llime  of  Sir  Tliopas. 

Thor  (tlior  or  tor).  [Icel.  37/<<n'  = -XS.  Thutior, 
thunder.]  The  second  principal  god  of  the  an- 
cient .Scandinavians:  the  god  of  thunder.  He 
was  tile  son  of  Odin,  or  the  supreme  being,  and  .lordli, 
the  earth.  He  v^-as  the  champion  of  the  gods,  and  was 
called  to  their  assislAiice  whenever  they  were  in  straits. 
He  was  also  the  friend  of  mankind,  and  the  slayer  of  tndls 
and  evilsjiirits.  Heal  ways  c:uTied  a  heavy  haniiner(Mioll- 
nir,  'the  crusher'),  uhich,  as  often  as  he  discharged  It, 
ri-turned  to  his  hand  of  itself,  and  be  pos.ses-sed  a  ginlle 
which  had  the  virtue  of  renewing  his  strength.  Thor  is 
rej)ri'sented  as  a  powerful  man,  in  the  jirinie  of  life,  with 
a  long  red  beard. 

Thorah.     See  T<>r,ih. 

Thorbecke  (tor'bek-e'i,  Jan  Rudolph.    Bom 

at  Zwoll(>,  Jan.  15,  179S:  died  at  The  Hague, 
.lime  4,  1872.  A  Diilcli  slntisnian  He  ^va» 
lireniier  1S49-.').'1,  lsi;2-('i(;.  ;iiii|  1871-72. 

Thoreau  (tho'ro),  Henry  David.  Born  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  July  12,  1S17:  died  at  Concord, 
May  fi,  1.s(i2.  -\n  .American  \yriter.  Be  gradu- 
ateil  at  Harvani  in  18:17,  taught  school,  and  afterward  Ite- 
came  a  land-surveyor.  He  lived  alone  on  the  shore  of 
Walden  I'ond,  Concord,  184.'»-I7.  lie  was  a  transeenden- 
talist,  and  a  friend  of  Emersiu),  Aleotl,  etc,  ;  stoi.d  out 
for  the  rights  of  the  Individual  ;  and  was  at  one  time  ini* 
jirlsoned  for  his  refusal  to  pay  taxes.  Among  his  works 
aro   "A    Week   on   the  ConconI  and   Merrlniae  Rivers " 

(IS.I9),  "Wnldeii,  or  Life  in  the  W Ib"(1VW),  "  Kxenr- 

sions  in  I'ield  and  Forest  "  (l.'itW  ;  with  a  memoir  by  Em- 
ersiui),  "  I'he  Maine  W.hhIs"  (I8i1I),  "Cape  Cod '  (IMtf.), 
"Letters  to  Various  I'lTsons"  (18*^. :  with  a  notice  by  Em- 
erson). "A  Yankee  in  Canada,  etc.  "(IHtkl).  He  wrote  for  t ho 
leading  periodicals,  and  was  the  author  ot  saTcral  puema. 


Thorenbiarg 

Thorenburg(t6'ren-bbrG),  orTorda,  oiThorda 

^tOf'iloJ.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Torda- 
Arauyos,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Aranyos 
16  miles  south-southeast  of  Klausenburg.  Pop- 
uhitiou  (1890),  11.079. 

Thorflnn  (thor'fin).  Lived  at  the  beginning  of 
the  11th  century.  A  Scandinavian  navigator, 
said  to  have  explored  the  coast  of  New  England 
about  1107-10,  and  to  have  attempted  a  settle- 
ment in  southeastern  Massachusetts. 

Thorn  (torn),  Pol.  Torun  (to'ron).  A  town 
and  fortress  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia, 
Prussia,  situatedon  the  Vistula  in  lat.  53°  2'  N., 
long.  18°  34'  E.  it  has  consider.ible  tmde,  partly  by 
the  Vistula,  and  contains  several  medieval  churches.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in  1231,  but  the  people 
destroyed  the  castle  of  the  order  and  attached  themselves 
to  Poland  in  1454.  The  first  peace  of  Tliorn  between  Po- 
land and  the  Teutonic  Order  was 'concluded  in  1411 ;  by 
the  second  (1466)  the  order  made  important  cessions  to 
Poland.  Thorn  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic  town.  Several 
Protestants  were  put  to  death  in  1724.  It  passed  to  Prus- 
sia at  the  second  partition  of  Poland  (1793),  to  the  grand 
duchy  of  ^Va^saw  in  1807,  and  to  Prussia  in  1S15.  As  an 
important  border  strategic  point  it  has  been  strongly  for- 
tified since  1878.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Copernicus. 
Population  (ISfiO),  39.549. 

Thorn,  Conference  of.  A  fruitless  congress 
held  at  Thorn  in  1645  between  representatives 
of  the  RoiLan  Catholic,  Lutheran,  and  Ke- 
fonned  ehui'ches  in  Poland. 

Thornbury  (thorn' bu-ri),  George  Walter. 
Born  at  London,  1828:  died  there,  June  11, 
1876.  An  English  miscellaneous  writer,  com- 
monly known  as  Walter  Thornbury.  Amonghis 
works'are  "  Lays  and  Legends  "(IS.'Jl),  "The  Buccaneers, 
or  Monarchs  of  the  Main  "  (1855),  "  Shakspere's  England  " 
(1866),  "Art  and  Nature  at  Home  and  Abroad"  (IS.W), 
'■  Songs  of  the  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads  "  (1857),  "Every 
Man  his  own  Trumpeter  "  (1858),  "  Life  in  Spain  "  (1859), 
"British  Artists  from  Hogarth  to  Turner " (1860),  "Life  of 
Turner  "(ISCl),  etc. 

Thornhill  (thorn'hil).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  situated  near  the  Calder 
10  miles  southwestof  Leeds.  Population  (1891), 
9,606. 

Thornhill,  Sir  James.  Born  at  Melcombe  Re- 
gis, 1676:  died  at  Thornhill,  near  Weymouth, 
May  13, 1734.  An  English  painter.  His  first  teacher 
was  Thomas  Highmore.  He  visited  Holland.  Flanders, 
Germany,  and  France.  When  George  I.  became  king  he 
appointed  Thornhill  court  painter  as  successor  to  High- 
more.  He  executed  the  decorations  of  part  of  the  cupola 
of  St.  Paul's,  the  ceiling  and  walls  of  the  hall  of  Greenwich 
Hospital,  the  great  hall  at  Blenheim,  parts  of  Hampton 
Court,  and  many  chapels  in  Oxford,  etc.  He  was  knighted 
by  George  I.  in  1715.  Hogarth  was  his  most  distinguished 
pupil  and  his  son-in-law. 

Thornhill,  Sir  William.  A  character  in  Gold- 
smitli's  "Vicar  of  Wakefield."  He  assumes  the 
name  of  Mr.  BurcheU,  and  is  the  good  genius  of  the  story. 
His  nephew,  Squire  Thornhill,  is  the  betrayer  of  Olivia 
Primrose. 

Thornton  (thom'ton).  Sir  Edward.  Born  1817. 
An  English  diploiiiatist.  He  was  minister  to  Brazil 
1865-^7,  and  to  the  United  States  1S67-81 ;  member  of  the 
joint  high  commission  1871 ;  and  ambassador  to  Russia 
1881-S4,  and  to  Turkey  1S84-87. 

Thornycroft  (thor'ni-kroft),  Mrs.  (Mary Fran- 
cis). Born  in  England,  1814:  died  Feb.  1, 1895. 
An  English  sculptor. 

Thornycroft,  Walter  Hamo.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1850.  An  English  sculptor,  son 
of  the  sculptor  Mary  Thornycroft.  He  won  the 
gold  medal  of  the  Academy  in  1875,  and  first  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1876.  His  most  important  works 
are  "Artemis"  (ISSi),  at  Eaton  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Westminster;  "Teucer"(18Sl),  in  the  .South  Kensing- 
ton Museum;  "Hypatia"  (1884),  in  the  Grosvenor  Gal- 
lery; a  statue  of  General  Gordon  (1886);  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Edward  I.  (1SS5) ; "  Science  "  (1891).  a  high  relief ; 
and  a  statue  of  John  Bright  (1892),  at  Rochdale. 

Thorough  (thur'6).  The  name  given  by  Strai- 
ford  to  liis  policy.     See  -Straforil. 

Thorough  Doctor,  The.    William  Varro. 

Thorpe  (thorp),  Benjamin.  Born  about  1782: 
died  at  Chiswick,  England,  July  19,  1870.  An 
English  philologist,  noted  as  an  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar.  He  edited  various  .\nglo-.Saxon  works,  includmg 
Cajdnion's'  Paraphrase"(ia32), ".^nalectaAiiglo-Saxonica" 
(18:i4),  "  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of  Englaiul "  (1840), 
gospels,  homilies,  Beowulf  (18.i5).  "Anglo-.'<axon  Chron- 
icle' (1861).  "  Diplomatarium  Anglicum  .Evi  Saxonici" 
(1866);  and  translated  Lappenberg's  history  of  England. 

Thorvald  (tor'vald).  A  Scandinavian  naviga- 
tor, said  to  have  explored  the  coast  of  New 
England  about  1003-04. 

Thorvaldsen  (tor'vald-zen),  often  Thorwald- 
sen  (tor'walu-sen),  Albert Bertel.  Born  at  sea, 
Nov.  19,  1770  (or  at  Copenhagen,  Nov.  15, 1770): 
died  at  Copenhagen,  March  "24,  1844.  A  noted 
Danish  sculptor.  He  gained  the  first  gold  medal  at 
the  Academy  at  Copenhagen  in  1793,  carrying  with  it 
three  years'  residence  abroad.  He  lived  mostly  in  Rome 
from  1797,  except  from  1338  to  1841,  when  he  was  at 
Copenhagen.  He  died  suddenly  on  a  visit  to  his  home. 
Among  his  works  are  the  colossal  lion  at  Lucerne  (de- 
signed by  him.  executed  by  his  pupils) ;  the  bas-reliefs 


994 

"Triumphal  Entry  of  Alexander  into  Babylon  "and  "Night 
and  Morning"  (his  best -known  work);  statues  of  Jason, 
Ganymede,  Venus,  Psyche,  the  Graces,  and  other  classi- 
cal subjects  ;  "  Christ  and  the  Twelve  Apostles  "  (Copenha- 
gen), probably  his  best  work;  and"  Preaching  of  John  the 
Baptist"  ((.'openbagen). 

Thorvaldsen  Museum.  A  museum  at  Copen- 
hagen, at  once  the  mausoleum  of  the  great 
sculptor  and  a  repository  of  his  works.  It  was 
completed  in  1848.  The  building,  inspired  by  Greek 
and  Etruscan  prototypes,  is  solemn  and  impressive.  It  is 
a  long  rectangle,  preceded  by  a  vestibule,  and  inclosing  a 
court  in  the  middle  of  which,  on  an  ivy-covered  mound, 
is  tile  tomb  of  Thorwaldsen.  The  museum  contains,  ar- 
rayed in  a  series  of  rooms.  80  statues  from  the  master's 
hand  or  in  casts,  three  long  friezes,  220  smaller  reliefs, 
and  130  busts. 

Thorwaldsen.     See  Thormldsen. 

Thospitis  (thos-pi'tis).  The  ancient  name  of 
l^ake  Van. 

Thoth  (thoth  or  tot),  Eg.  Tehuti  (te-ho'te).  An 
Egyptian  di^'^nity  whom  the  Greeks  assimilated 
to  their  Hermes  (Mercury).  He  was  the  god  of 
speech  and  hieroglyphics  or  letters,  and  of  the  reckoning 
of  time,  and  the  source  of  wisdom.  The  cynocephalous 
ape  and  the  ibis  were  sacred  to  him.  He  is  represented 
as  a  human  figure,  usually  with  the  head  of  an  ibis,  and 
frequently  with  the  moon-disk  and  crescent.    Also  Tat. 

Thot  (Tehuti)  is  generally  drawn  with  an  ibis  head,  or 
as  a  dog-ape.  We  recognize  in  him  themoon-gnd,  but  he 
generally  appears  as  the  god  of  civilization  (of  intelligence 
and  writing),* or  as  the  god  who  protects  and  revives  dead 
bodies.  He  is  worshipped  more  especially  at  Sesennu 
(Hermopolis)  and  in  the  peninsula  of  Sinai. 

La-  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  410. 

Thothmes  fthoth'mez  or  tot'mes)  I.,  Egypt.  Te- 
huti-mes,  pren.  Aa-kheper-ka-Ra.  [  ■  tehuti's 
child.']  Lived  about  1633  B.  c.  (Brugsch).  An 
Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty.  He  was  a  suc- 
cessful warrior,  and  conducted  a*  campaign  as  far  as  the 
Euphrates.  An  important  record  of  liis  deeds  is  preserved 
in  an  inscription  on  the  rocks  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
third  cat.aract. 

Thothmes  II.,  Eg.  Tehuti-mes,  pren.  Aa-khe- 

per-en-Ra.     Lived  about  1600  B.  c.  (Brugsch). 
An  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty,  son  of 
Thothmes  I.     He  married  his  sister  Hat.shepsu, 
who  olitained  control  of  the  government. 
Thothmes  III.,  Eg.  Tehuti-mes,  pren.  Men- 

Kheper-Ra.  Lived  about  16U0  B.  C.  (Brugsch). 
A  famous  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty.  He 
reigned  for  54  years,  and  under  him  "  Egypt,  to  use  the 
poetic  expression  of  the  time, '  placed  her  frontiers  where 
she  would.'  Her  empire  consisted  of  the  whole  of  -Abys- 
sinia, the  Sildan,  Nubia.  Egypt  proper,  Syri.a,  Mesopota- 
mia, Irak- Arabia,  Kurdistan,  and  Armenia"  {Maricttc). 
He  married  his  sister  Hatshepsu.  widow  of  Thothmes  II. 
The  records  of  his  reign  are  extensive. 

Now,  Thothmes  III.  was  the  .Alexander  of  ancient  Egyp- 
tian history.  He  conquered  the  known  world  of  his  day  ; 
he  carved  the  names  of  six  hundred  and  twenty-eight 
vanquished  nations  and  captured  cities  on  the  walls  of 
Karnak  ;  and  he  set  up  a  tablet  of  Victory  in  the  Great 
Temple.  It  is  in  this  famous  tablet,  engraved  with  the 
oldest  heroic  poem  known  to  science,  that  we  find  the 
Greeks  mentioned  for  the  second  time  in  Egyptian  history. 
Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  160. 

Thou  (to),  Jacques  Auguste  de  (Latinized 
Thuanus).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,1553:  died 
May  7,  1617.  A  French  historian  and  states- 
man. He  was  educated  for  the  church ;  Reld  the  oflices 
of  master  of  requests,  of  president  a  mortier,  etc. ;  and 
was  employed  on  diplomatic  missions.  He  is  celebrated 
for  his  contemporary  history  "  Historite  sui  temporis" 
(in  Latin.  1604-20;  standard  edition,  edited  by  Buckley  and 
Carte,  1733 ;  French  translation  by  Desfontaines  and  others 
1734).    He  also  wrote  Latin  poems. 

Thouars  (to-ar').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Deux-S&vres, France,  situatedon  the  Thoiiet 
40  miles  northwest  of  Poitiers.  The  castle  and 
chapel  are  notable.  It  was  formerly  a  seat  of  viscounts 
who  took  a  prominent  part  in  medieval  wars.  Popula- 
tion (1801),  conuuune,  6,169. 

Thouars.     See  Dupctit-Tliouars. 

Thousand  and  One  Days.  A  series  of  Persian 
tales,  resembling  the  "Thousand  and  One 
Nights."  They  were  translated  into  French  by  Pf5tia  de 
la  Croix  and  Le  Sage,  and  were  published  in  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  Duntop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction, 
II.  510. 

Thousand  and   One   Nights.     See   Arahian 

Xights'  Entcrtitininiiilf:. 

Thousand  Islands,  Lake  of  the.  The  expan- 
sion of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  which  contains 
the  Thousand  Islands  (see  below). 

Thousand  Islands,  The.  A  collection  of  isl- 
ands in  the  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  from 
the  northeastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario  for  about 
40  miles.  They  are  partly  in  New  V'ork  and  partly  in 
Canada.  Their  number  is  estimated  at  from  l,500tol,800. 
They  contain  summer  resorts,  and  are  ,;]oted  for  their 
beauty.      See  Kurile  Island^. 

Thouvenel  (tov-nel' ),  Edouard  Antoine.  Born 
at  Verdun,  France,  Nov.  11,  IslS  :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  19, 1866.  A  French  politician  and  diploma- 
tist. He  had  charge  of  political  matters  in  the  ministry  of 
foreign  affairs  1862-55  ;  became  ambassador  at  Constanti- 
nople in  1S55;  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1860-62. 

Thrace  (thras)      A  region  in  southeastern  Eu- 


Three  Rivers 

rope,  with  varying  boundaries :  the  ancient 
Thracia  ( Gr-Qpam/).  in  early  times  it  was  regarded  as 
the  entire  region  north  of  Greece.  As  a  Roman  province 
it  was  bounded  by  the  Haemus  or  Balkan  (separating  it 
from  Ma?sia)  on  the  north  ;  the  Euxine  and  Bosporus  on  the 
east ;  the  Propontis,  Hellespont,  and  ,Egean  Sea  on  the 
south,  and  the  Nestus  (separating  it  from  .Macedonia)  on 
thewest:corresponding,therefore,toEasternRunieliaand 
part  of  Turkey.  The  princip.al  mountain-range  is  the 
Rhodope  ;  the  principal  river,  the  Hebrus.  Greek  colo- 
nies were  planted  at  Byzantium,  on  the  Thracian  Cherso- 
nesus.andatAbdera,  Perinthus,  etc.  The  climate  was  nota- 
ble for  its  severity,  and  the  inhabitants  for  their  ferocity 
and  barbarity.  The  affinities  of  the  ancient  inhabitants 
are  unknown  :  they  may  have  been  ancestors  of  the  VVal- 
lachs.  In  the  5th  century  B.  c.  Thrace  was  largely  under 
the  rule  of  Teres,  king  of  the  Odr>'S<'c.  It  was  successively 
under  Macedonian,  Roman,  Byzantine,  and  Tiu-kish  rule. 

The  wide  stretch  of  country  between  the  lower  course 
of  the  Danube  and  the  shores  of  the  -Egean  and  the  Pro- 
pontis was  occupied  in  antiquity  by  the  tribe  of  the  Thra- 
cians,  which  Herodotus  (v.  3)  regards  as  the  greatest  of 
all  peoples  next  to  the  Indi.  The  scanty  remains  of  the 
Thracian  language  are  enough  to  establish  traces  of  its 
Indo-Germanic  character,  but  not  enough  to  define  its 
position  in  the  Indo-European  family  more  closely.  Cer- 
tain it  is,  however,  that  from  hence  a  large  part  of  Asia 
Minor  received  its  Indo-Germanic  population.  In  the 
first  place,  it  is  known  that  the  Thracians  themselves 
spread  eastwards  over  the  strait  a  considerable  distance 
tow.ords  Asia.  According  to  the  unanimous  opinion  of 
antiquity,  again,  the  Phrygians  emigrated  from  Europe, 
and  were  originally  connected  with  the  Thracians. 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  430. 

Thrace.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefec- 
ture of  the  East.  It  extended  from  the  .Dgean  and  the 
Propontis  to  the  lower  Danube,  comprising  the  eastern 
parts  of  Bulgaria  and  Rumelia. 

Thracian  Bosporus.    See  Bosporus. 

Thracian  Chersonesus.    See  Cliersonesus. 

Thraetaona  (thra-a-ta-6'na).  [See  Trita,  Fari- 
(iiiii.l  In  the  Avesta,  a  son  of  Athwya  (see 
Trita),  originally  a  deity  like  Indra,  but  later 
a  hero  who  fetters  the  serpent  Dahaka.  He 
divided  his  realm  among  his  three  sons,  giving  Salm  the 
Sairimian.  Tur  the  Turanian,  and  Iraj  the  Iranian  lands. 
Iraj  is  killed  by  his  brothers.  Compare  the  modern  Per- 
sian legends  under  Faridun  and  Salm. 

Thrale,  Mrs.     See  l'io::i.  Mrs. 

Thrasybulus  (thras-i-bii'lus).  [Gr.  Qpaavjiov- 
/oc.]  Killed  about  389  B.  c.  A  celebrated 
Athenian  commander  and  statesman.  He  opposed 
the  oligarchists  at  Samos  in  411  B.  c. ;  was  the  leading 
commander  at  the  battle  of  Cynossema  in  411 ;  was  ban- 
ished by  the  Thirty  'Tyrants  in  404  ;  overthrew  the  thirty 
by  seizing  Phyle  and  Pirteus  and  restored  the  democracy 
in  403;  aided  Thebes  against  Sparta  in  395;  and  com- 
manded in  the  -Egean  Sea  in  3!J0. 

Thrasyllus  (thra-sil'us).  [Gr.  Qpaav)log.']  Put 
to  death  406  B.  c.  An  Athenian  commander  in 
the  Peloponnesian  war.  He  opposed  the  oligarchists 
in  411 ;  was  one  of  the  commanders  at  Cynossema  in  411 ; 
and  was  a  general  at  Arginusje  in  40G,  and  one  of  those 
who  were  executed. 

Thrasymenus  (thras-i-me'nus),  Lacus.  See 
Triiaimcno,  Logo. 

Threadneedle  (thred'ne"dl)  street.  A  prom- 
inent commercial  street,  in  the  city  of  London, 
which  leads  out  from  the  Bank  of  England. 

Three  Bishoprics,  The.  In  French  and  Ger- 
man historj-,  the  three  bishoprics  of  Metz,  Toul, 
and  Verdun.  They  were  taken  by  France  in 
1.552. 

Three  Chapters,  The.  1.  -Aji  edict  issued  by 
Justinian,  about  A.  D.  .545,  condemning  the  writ- 
ings of  Theodore  of  Mopsnestia,  those  of  Theo- 
doret  in  defense  of  Nestorius  and  against  Cy- 
ril, and  the  letter  of  Ibas  to  Maris. — 2.  Tlie 
writings  so  condemned.  The  edict  was  intended  to 
reconcile  the  Monophysites  to  the  church  by  seeming  to 
imply  a  partial  disapproval  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon, 
which  had  admitted  Tiieodoret  and  Ibas,  after  giving  ex- 
planations, to  communion. 

Three  Hours  After  Marriage.  A  play  by  Pope, 
Arbuthnot,  and  Gay,  produced  in  1717.  It  was 
Cibber's  ridicule  of  this* play  in  his  part  of  Bayes  in  "The 
Rehearsal "  which  was  the  occasion  of  the  quarrel  between 
him  and  Pope. 

Three  Kings,  Alliance  of  the.  An  alliance 
between  the  kings  of  Prussia,  Saxony,  and  Han- 
nover, in  1849,  for  the  furtherance  of  law  and 
order  in  Germany. 

Three  Kings  of  Cologne,  The.  The  three  wise 
men  of  the  East,  known  in  legend  as  Kaspar, 
Melidiior.  and  Balthasar.     See  Magi,  2. 

Three  Musketeers,  The.    See  Trois  Mousque- 

tairC'S. 

Three  Points  (thre  points).  Cape.    A  cape  on 

»the  southern  coast  of  Guinea,  Africa,  situated 
in  lat.  4°  45'  N.,  long.  2°  6'  W.  It  marks  the 
western  limit  of  the  Bight  of  Benin. 
Three  Rivers  (thre  riv'erz).  The  capital  of  St. 
Maurice  (.^ounty,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Law- 
rence, 68  miles  southwest  of  (Quebec.  It  h,is 
manufactures,  and  a  large  export  trade  in  lum- 
ber.    Population  (1901),  9,981. 


Three  Sisters,  The 

Three  Sisters,  The.    The  Fates  or  Parcsc. 

Three  Tailors  of  Tooley  Street.  See  Tailors. 

ThreeTetonsiii'-tr.n'(irte'ton/.),The.  Agi-oup 
of  liij,'li  mouutaius  in  the  TctouKauge.  western 
Wyoming,  eulmiuating  in  three  peaks, the  high- 
est of  whieh  is  Mount  Hayilen. 

Three  Wise  Men.    Sic  Tlure  Kinf/s  of  Cologne. 

Thresher  (tlinsh'ri).  Captain.    The  assumed 

name  of  the  leader  of  a  number  of  Irish  law- 
breakers, about  1806. 

Throcmorton  (throk'mor-tou).  or  Throgmor- 

ton  (tlirog'mor-ton),  Sir  Nicholas.  Born  about 
l.'il3  :  liieil  l')"!.  An  English  politician.  He  took 
p.irt  in  Wyatt's  ruhellion  in  1554  ;  w.is  ambassadur  to 
France  uiuler  Ehzuheth  ;  and  intrigued  for  the  marriage 
of  tlie  Duke  of  Norfolk  with  Mary  Queen  of  .Scots. 

Throndhjem.    See  Troniilijrni. 

Throop  (trop),  Enos  Thompson.     Born   at 

Johnstown,  X.  Y.,  Aug.  l!l,  17S4:  flied  near 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1874.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  was  raemberof  Congress  from  New  York 
1815-16;  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  in 
1828 ;  succeeded  Van  Buren  as  governor  ilarch,  1829 ;  was 
reelected  as  governor  in  1830  and  served  until  1833  ;  and 
was  charge  d'affaires  at  Naples  1838-42. 

Thrym  (trim).  [ON.  Tlmjmi:  ]  In  Old  Norse 
mythologj',  the  giant  who  stole  from  Thor  his 
hammer  MjoUnir. 

Thuanus.     See  Thou. 

Thuban  ( tho-biiu').  [Ar.  al-thu'bdn,  the  dragon.] 
Tlie  star  a  Draeonis,  now  of  the  fourth  magni- 
tu<le  only,  though  three  hundred  years  ago  it 
was  estimated  as  of  the  second.  About  B.C.  2750 
it  was  the  P"le-st.ir,  and  at  one  time  was  within  lO"  of  the 
true  pole  itself. 

Thucydides  (thu-sid'i-dez).  [Gr.  6ovKv6lSr/c.'i 
Born  probably  471  B.  c. :  died  probably  about 
401  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  historian.  He  was 
a  native  of  Athens ;  belonged  to  a  f.tniily  which  claimed 
blood-relationship  with  Miltiades  and  Cimon  ;  is  said  to 
have  been  a  pupil  <»f  .\ntiphon  of  Rhamnus  and  of  Anaxag- 
oras  :  and  possessed  an  ample  fortune,  part  of  which  was 
invested  in  gold-mines  in  Thrace,  opposite  Thasos.  In 
424  he  commanded  an  expedition  sent  to  the  assistance  of 
Amphipolis  against  Bntsidas,  but  failed  to  prevent  the 
capture  of  the  city,  and  in  consequence  went  into  exile 
(whether  enforced  or  voluntary  is  unknown),  from  which 
lie  retunied  twenty  years  later,  in  403.  He  was  commonly 
supposed  by  the  ancients  to  have  died  a  violent  death  soon 
after,  probably  at  Athens.  He  began  a  "History  of  the 
Peloponnesian  War,  '  which  he  did  not  live  to  finish,  the 
narrative  ending  in  411,  seven  years  before  the  end  of 
the  war.  The  Greek  text  was  first  printed  by  Aldus  at  Ven- 
ice in  1502. 

Thugut  (to'got),  Baron  Franz  Maria  von. 
Born  at  Linz,  Austria,  March  8,  1739:  died  at 
Vienna,  May  29,  1818.  An  Austrian  diplomatist 
and  politician.  Ue  was  ambassador  at  Constantinople 
1771-76 ;  was  employed  later  in  various  diplomatic  mis. 
Bions  ;  and  was  minister  of  foreign  atfairs  for  nearly  all  of 
the  period  1794-1800.  Among  the  events  of  his  ministry 
were  the  wars  with  l^'ranee,  the  loss  of  Belgium  and  Lom- 
bardy,  and  the  acquisition  of  Western  Galicia  and  Venice. 

Thule  (thu'le).  [Gr.  Oov>^.]  The  name  given 
by  Pytheas  of  Marseilles  to  a  region  or  island 
north  of  Great  Britain,  the  position  of  which 
has  been  for  more  than  two  thousand  years  the 
subject  6f  investigation  and  a  matter  of  con- 
troversy. Of  the  voyage  of  Pytheas,  who  wasi»robably 
nearly  contemporaneous  with  Alexander  the  Great,  no- 
thing Is  known  with  certainty,  since  none  of  his  writings 
has  been  preserved.  It  is,  on  the  whole,  most  probable 
that  he  followed  the  east  cojist  of  Great  Britain  (of  whose 
size  he  got  a  very  much  exaggerated  idea),  and  that  he 
ol)tained  information  in  regard  to  the  groups  of  islands 
lying  still  further  north  — namely,  the  Orkney  and  Shetland* 
Islands  —  which  he  embraced  under  the  general  name  of 
Thule.  From  what  he  is  believed  to  have  said  in  regard 
to  the  length  of  the  day  in  Thule  at  the  summer  solstice, 
it  is  evident  that,  as  he  is  known  to  have  been  a  skilled 
astronomer,  he  thought  that  this  land  was  situated  on  or 
near  the  Arctic  Circle.  The  Romans  fretinently  ailded  to 
Thule  the  designation  of  "  Ultima"  (the  Farthest  Thule), 
and,  from  classic  times  down  to  the  present  day,  Thule, 
besides  remaining  a  subject  for  vuluminons  controversy 
among  geographical  critics,  has  been  in  constant  use  by 
poets  and  others  as  designating  some  unknown,  far-distant, 
northern,  or  puiely  mythical  region,  or  even  some  goal, 
not  necessarily  geographical,  sought  to  be  attained.  This 
use  of  Tliule  and  Ultima  Thule  runs  throvighont  the  litera- 
ture of  all  the  cultivated  languages  of  Europe. 

"  t'ltima  Thule."  the  furthest  of  the  "Britannic  Isles." 
has  been  identitled  with  all  sorts  of  localities  since  the 
time  when  Pytheas  sailed  with  his  Cimbric  guides  to  the 
country  of  the  midnight  sun.  Ttie  contniveray  is  bound- 
less, and  its  details  are  too  tedious  to  lie  examined  at 
length.  But  we  may  select  anttlcicnt  evidence  to  show 
why  the  story  of  the  journey  should  be  believed,  and  to 
justify  the  selection  of  Laplaml  as  the  northern  limit  of 
the  exjiedition.  K'.lon,  Driginsof  Kng.  Hist.,  p.  64. 

Thun  (ton).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  situated  at  tlio  exit  of  the  Aaro 
from  the  Lake  of  Thun,  1(5  miles  .southeast  of 
Bern,  it  is  a  fre(|nentcd  tourist  ceuler,  and  has  consid- 
erable trade.     Population  (l^^S'*),  5,r,05. 

Thun,  Lake  of,  <i.  Thunersee  (tffn'er-za).  A 
lake  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  south- 
east of  Bern  au<l  west  of  the  Lake  of  Brieiiz. 


995 

It  is  traversed  by  the  Aare.  Length,  11  miles. 
Width,  nearly  2  miles. 

Thunberg  (ton'bero),  Karl  Peter.  Born  at 
.liinkiiping,  Sweden,  Nov.  11,  1743:  died  near 
Upsala,  Aug.  8,  1828.  A  Swedish  botanist  and 
traveler,  a  pnpil  of  Linna?us.  He  wrote,  besides 
his  travels  (17S8).  "Flora  Japonica,"  "Flora  Capensis," 
"looriet,  plaiitaruni  Japonicarum,"  etc. 

Thunder  Bay  (thun'der  ba).  A  bay  of  Lake 
Huron,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Michigan,  inter- 
sected l)v  lat.  4.i°  N. 

Thunderbolt  of  Italy,  The.    Gaston  de  Foi.x. 

Thunderer  (thun'dir-in.  The.  A  name  given 
to  tlic  Lou. 1(111  '-Times." 

Thundering  Legion,  The.  In  Christian  tradi- 
tion, a  legion  of  Christians  in  the  army  of 
Marcus  Aurelius,  in  battle  with  the  Quadi, 
whose  prayers  for  rain  were  answered  by  a 
thunder-shower  which  refreshed  the  thirsty  Ro- 
mans while  it  destroyed  numbers  of  the  enemy 
by  lightning. 

Thur  (tiir).  A  river  in  the  cantons  of  St.  Gall, 
Thurgau,  and  Zurich,  Switzerland,  whieh  joins 
the  Kliine  7  miles  south  by  west  of  Schafl'hau- 
sen.     Length,  about  75  miles. 

Thuralpen  (tor'al-pen).  A  group  of  the  Alps 
iu  the  cantons  of  St.  Gall  and  Appenzell,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  the  Lake  of  Wallenstadt  and 
west  of  the  Khine.  They  culminate  in  the 
Sciitis  (whieh  see). 

Thurgau  (tor'gou),  P.  Thurgovle  (tiir-go-ve'). 
A  canton  of  Switzerland,  bouiuleii  by  Schaff- 
hausen,  Baden  (from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Ehine  and  the  Unter  See),  the  Lake  of  Con- 
stance, >St.  Gall,  and  Ztirich.  Capital,  Frauen- 
feld.  It  sends  5  members  to  the  National  Council. 
The  language  is  German,  and  about  two  thirds  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Protestant.  In  the  early  middle  ages  Thur- 
gau included  northeastern  Switzerland.  It  fell  to  the 
Hapsburgs  in  the  13th  century ;  was  comiuered  by  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1460,  and  ruled  by  them  as  a  sut)- 
ject  district  until  1798  ;  and  became  an  indepenilent  can- 
ton in  1803.  The  present  constitution  was  adopte<l  in 
Istjy.     Area,  381  S(iuare  miles.      Population  (I8SS),  104,678. 

Thurii  (thu'ri-i),  or  Thurium  (thu'ri-um).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Magna  Grajcia. 
Italy,  situated  near  the  ancient  Sybaris  and 
near  the  modern  TeiTanova.  It  was  founded  by 
fugitives  from  Sybaris  in  452  B.  c,  who  were  soon  ex- 
pelled by  Croton  ;  and  was  refounded  by  colonists  from 
Athens  and  other  cities  about  443.  It  was  defeated  by  the 
Lucanians  in  390  B.  c  ;  called  Rome  to  its  aid  against  Ta- 
rentum  in  282 ;  and  later  was  subject  to  Home.  It  was 
plundered  by  Hannibal  in  204  u.  c.,  and  had  a  Roman  colony 
planted  in  it  in  194  B.  c. 

Thiiringerwald  (tii'ring-er-valt).  [G.,  'Thu- 
ringian  Forest.']  A  mountain-range  in  central 
Germany,  connected  by  the  Frankenwald  with 
the  Fichtelgebirgo  on  the  southeast,  and  with 
the  Khongebirge  on  the  southwest :  famed  for 
pieturestiue  scenery  and  for  the  legends  con- 
nected with  it.  Length,  9.5  miles.  Highest 
point.  Grosser  Beerberg  (3,226  feet). 

Thuringia  (thu-rin'ji-S).  G.  Thiiringen  (tii'- 

riiig-en).  F.  Thuiinge  (tti-ranzh').  A  region  iu 
central  (jermany,  included  between  the  llarz, 
the  Werra,  the  S.aale,  and  Franeonia.  It  com- 
prises in  large  part  the  hilly  and  mountainous  district  of 
the  Thnriiiu'erwald.  The  'i'huringiaris  were  prolialily  de- 
scendeil  from  the  ancient  Hcrnuinduri,  ^vith  admixture 
of  other  tribes.  They  apjieared  in  historv  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  extended  their  i)ower  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Dan- 
ube ;  but  were  ovei-tlnown  by  the  Anstrasian  Franks  in  the 
first  partof  thefith  century.  Thuringia  soon  became  prac- 
tically independent.  Later  it  wjus  an  important  landgravi- 
ate  :  the  line  of  landgraves  became  extinct  in  1247.  In 
1203  SIcissen  secnre(l  most  of  Ihe  Thuringlan  territory, 
which  eventually  jiasseil  to  the  Saxoti  states.  See  Thu- 
ritt'jutn  i^taVif  and  Ih'HM'  (landgraviute). 

Thuringlan  (t hfi-rin'ji-an)  Gates.  Two lieights 
in  the  liasiii  of  the  Unstrut  in  Thuringia,  situ- 
ated iie:ir  Saclisenburg. 

Thuringian  Saale.    See  Sualc. 

Thuringian  States.  Those  Gorman  states  which 
correspond  nearly  to  ancient  Thuringia.  They 
are  .Saxe-.Mtenburg,  Saxc-Coburg-Gotha.  Saxe.Meiningeii, 
Snxe- Weimar- r-l.senach,.Scl)warzburgKudol8ladl,.Sih»arz- 
burg-Sondershauseii.  Keusa  (elder  lliu'X  Keuss  (younger 
lincX  and  parts  of  IMlssia,  and  a  few  other  exclaves. 

Thurkell  (ther'kel),  or  Thurklll  (ther'kill,  or 
Thurcytel.  Liveil  in  the  lirsl  jiart  of  the  lllh 
century.  A  I>aiiisti  piratical  leader,  allied  with 
Sweyn  and  aftr'rward  with  yFthelred.  He  was 
earl  of  East  .\nglia  under  Canute. 

Thurles(thrrlz).  A  town  ill  (he  county  of  Tip- 
perary,  Inlanil.  situated  on  the  Suir  .'14  miles 
east  of  liinicrick.  it  is  the  seat  of  a  Uonuin  Catholic 
archliinhop.  and  wiw  the  scene  of  a  bat  tie  between  the  ll.'ilu'S 
and  the  Irlsli  In  Ihe  loth  century.     Population  (1891).  4,511. 

Thurloe(llier'lot.  John.  Born  KiUi:  died  I(!(;s. 
All  English  jiolitician,  secretary  of  slate  1(1.53- 
KiCiO.  ilis  "  State  Papers"  were  edited  by  Bireli 
in  1742. 


Tiahuanacu 

Thurlow  (ther'16),  Edward,  Baron  Thurlow. 
Born  at  Bracon-Ash.  Norfolk,  1732 :  died  at 
Brighton,  Sept.  12.  1806.  An  English  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge (Caius 
College) ;  became  king's  eoui.sel  in  1761:  entered  Parlia- 
meat  in  1768  :  was  made  solicitor-general  in  1770  and  at- 
torney general  in  1771  :  and  was  lord  diancellor  177S-S3 
and  1783-!)2.  He  was  a  Tory  leader  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  a  bitter  opponent  of  the  .American  colonists. 

Thurman  (thfrr'mau),  Allen  Granbery.  Bom 

at  Lynchburg.  Va.,  Nov.  13,  1813:  died  Dec.  12, 
1895.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  18.(5  :  was  Democratic  member 
of  Congre-s  fr<jin  Ohio  1845-17  ;  became  judge  of  the  Ohio 
Supreme  Court  in  1851 ;  was  chief  justice  1854-56 ;  was  the 
^unsuccessful)  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Ohio 
in  1867;  and  was  I'nited  stales  senator  1869-81.  He  served 
as  chainnan  of  the  judiciary  committee ;  promoted  the 
passage  of  the  "Thurman  Act,"  compelling  the  Paciflc 
railroads  to  fulHl  their  oldigations  to  the  government ;  was 
t'nited  Stiites  commissioner  at  the  inteniational  monetary 
conference  in  Paris  in  18sl ;  was  a  prominent  candidate  for 
the  Democratic  nomination  for  lYesident  iu  1&76, 188*»,  and 
1884 ;  and  was  the  (unsuccessful)  Democratic  candidate  for 
Vice-President  in  18s8. 
Thurmayr.     See  Aventimts. 

Ihum  (torn),  Count  Helnrich  Matthias  von. 

Borii  15S0:  died  Jan.  28,  1640.  Th.-  leader  of 
the  Bohemian  Protestant  insuiTection  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Thirty  Years"  War  (1618). 
Ue  invaded  Austria  in  1619;  served  in  the  Swedish  army; 
anil  snriendi-red  to  Walleustein  in  1633- 

Thursby  (tliers'bi),  Emma.  Born  at  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,  Nov. 17,1857.  AnAmerieansopranosinger. 

Thursday (therz'da).  [Grig. two  words,  'Thun- 
der's day.'  'Thor's  day,'  translating  L.  Dies 
.lovis.  ]     The  fifth  day  of  the  week. 

Thurso  (ther'so).  A  seaport  in  Caithness,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  Thurso  Bay  in  lat.  58°  36'  N., 
long.  3°  32'  W. :  an  ancient  Northman  strong- 
hold. It  e.xports  flagstones.  Population  (1891), 
3,930. 

Thurstan  (thers'tan).  Died  1140.  An  English 
archbishop  of  York,  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard. 

Thurston  (tbers'ton),  Robert  Henry.    Bom  at 

Providence,  R.  I..  Oct.  '25,  1839.  An  American 
engineer.  He  served  .as  a  naval  engineer  in  the  Civil 
War ;  was  detailed  as  assistant  professor  of  natural  phi- 
losophy at  the  naval  academy  in  1865  :  resigned  from  the 
navy  in  1872  ;  was  professor  of  mechanical  el^ineering  in 
the  Stevens  Institute,  Hoboken.  1871-85:  and  since  1885 
has  been  director  of  Sibley  Cidlege,  Cornell  t'niversily. 
He  was  I'nited  States  commissioner  at  the  Vienna  Expo. 
sition  in  1873;  and  has  been  a  member  of  various  t'nited 
States  seientitic  boards.  Among  his  works  are  "Report 
on  Machinery  and  Manufactures"  (\'ienna  Exposition), 
"  History  of  the  Growth  of  the  .Steam-Engine "  (1878), 
"Materials  of  Engineering"  (1884-86),  "  Materials  of  Con- 
struction '  (1885)1    "A  Manual  of  Steam  Boilers,  etc." 

(1888),  etc. 

Thyatira  (thi-a-ti'ra).  [Gr.  Qfortipo.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  of  Lydia,  on  the  site  of 
the  modern  Akhissar:  also  called,  in  antiquity, 
Pelopeia,  Euhippa,  and  Seiuiramis.  It  was  one 
of  the  seven  cities  of  Asia  Minor  mentioned  in 
the  Book  of  Kevelation. 

Thyestes(thi-es'tez).  [Gr.  Oi'^orw.]  In  Greek 
legenil.  son  of  Pelops,  brother  of  .Mreus,  ami 
father  of  ..l^gistllllS.  Thyestes  seduced  the  wife  of 
Atreufl  and  attempted  his  life  :  in  revenge  Atreus  slew  llie 
sous  of  Thyestes  and  seiTed  them  uptollu-ir  father  to  eat. 

ThjrmbriUS  (thim'bri-us).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  small  river  near  Ilium. 

Thyrsis(ther'sis).  A  herdsman  in  the  "Idylls" 
of  Theocritus;  ashe|iherd  in  the  "Eclogues"  of 
Virgil;  in  later  literal  ure,  a  ru.stic  orshephenl. 

Thyrsus  (thfer'sus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Tiiso. 

Ti  (te).     See  the  extract. 

In  marked  contrast  to  the  plebeian  type  of  Ra-eni-ka  Is 
the  1iinest4)ne  8t4itue  of  one  Ti,  a  courtly  geutleinan  of  the 
Fiftli  Dynasty.  No  less  than  nineteen  statues  of  TI  were 
found  immuretl  In  the  substance  of  the  walls  of  his  tomb, 
which  Is  inie  of  the  most  beautiful  In  Kg>  pt.  The  Mgur« 
stands  about  soven  feet  high,  the  tlesh-tluts  being  of  n 
pale  brick  dust  ctdor,  ami  the  wig  yellow.  The  po«e  of 
the  lieati  is  spirited,  and  the  expres.-.ion  vtf  the  face  is  open 
and  lifelike.  Tl's  shoulders  .'in'  very  stiuare,  his  arms 
long,  his  bmly  slemler:  tlii.i  being  the  characleristic  type 
of  the  well-grown  fellah  of  Ihe  present  day. 

Kdwardti,  i'liariiohs,  Fellatis.  etc.,  p.  140. 

Tiahuanacu  (te-ii-wii-nii'kd).  [So  ciilleiirrom 
a  neighboring  village.]  A  remarkable  group 
of  very  ancient  ruins  in  western  Bolivia.  12 
miles  from  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Tilicaca, 
near  the  Peruvian  frontier,  and  about  12.9tH) 
feet  abovi'  the  sea.  They  include  remains  <»f  several 
very  large  i|uadrllaler<l  buildings,  momdilhie  d.Hlr«ay^ 
broken  slalues,  elc.  'the  nnilerinl  Is  genemlly  hani  sand- 
stone  i»r  tnn-hyte.  often  iu  immense  bhieks,  and  it  must 
have  been  liansportiHl  2.'i  miles  by  water  and  i:.  b)  lanil. 
The  blocks  were  cut  and  titled  l<igethcr  Willi  great  skill, 
the  joiniug  being  by  mortises  ami  b.dtH.  Many  of  them 
are ehiboratclv  seulplured.     'Ihe largest  and  most  remnrk- 

able  of  the  nn lithlc  doorways  Is  13  feet  wide,  over  7 

feet  high  (now  alntve  (he  ground)  and  2;  feet  (hick  ;  above 
the  level  of  the  door  It  Is  covered  » Itli  sculptures  in  low 


Tiahuanacu 

relief,  consisting:  of  a  central  human  figure  and  four  rows 
of  smaller  figures,  some  with  condors'  heads  and  all  with 
crowns  and  stepters.  The  structure  called  the  "fortress  " 
is  an  artitlcial  mound  or  truncated  pyramid,  620  feet  lonK 
by  450  wide  and  50  high,  originally  formed  with  terraces 
which  were  faced  with  blocks  of  cut  stone.  Tlic  style  of 
architecture  and  sculpture  in  the  Tiahuanacu  buildings  is 
absolutely  unique,  and  the  exactness  of  the  squaring  and 
joining  is  unsurpassed  even  by  the  most  noted  ancient 
and  modern  works  of  the  Old  World,  ilany  of  the  walls 
have  been  desti-oyed  by  treasure-hunters,  or  to  obtain  ma- 
terials  for  buildings  in  the  vicinity  and  even  in  La  Paz: 
portions  have  been  blown  up  with  gunpowder.  The  Tia- 
huanacu ruins  had  been  abandoned  long  before  tile  Span- 
ish conquest,  and  the  Indians  Icnew  nothing  of  thcirorigin. 
Tlie  best  authorities  now  connect  ihem  with  the  tradi- 
tional race  called  Firuas  (which  see).  .\s  the  cold  and 
sterile  region  about  LakeTiticaca  is  unfitted  t^>  support  a 
large  population,  it  is  conjectured  that  the  buildings  had 
a  religious  or  ceremonial  object.  Some  traditions  con- 
nect them  with  the  first  Incas.  Also  written  Tiafiuanucu. 
Tiamat  (te-ii'mat).  In  Assyro-Babylonian  co.s- 
mogouy,  the  personification  of  tlie  primeval 
ehaos,  the  heginning  of  all.  It  is  hostile  to  the  gods, 
to  law  and  order,  and  is  depicted  in  tlie  form  of  a  dragon. 
Bel-Merodacli  conquers  the  monster  in  a  struggle,  dri\ing 
a  wind  into  its  opened  jaw  and  splitting  it  in  twain. 

Tian-Shan,  or  Thian-Shan  (te'-an' shau),  or 

Celestial  Mountains.  A  mountain  system  in 
central  Asia,  extending  from  about  long.  75°  to 
9.5°  E.  Between  about  long.  75'  and  80*  E.  it  forms  the 
boundary  between  East  Tui'kestan  and  Russian  Central 
A^^ia,  By  some  geographers  the  I'rans-Alai  and  Hissar 
Mountains,  lying  southwest  of  the  main  chain,  are  con- 
sidered to  be  a  part  of  the  Tian-Shan.  The  Khan  Tengri, 
assumed  to  be  the  culminating  point  of  the  range,  is  said 
to  have  an  elevation  of  24,000  feet. 

Tiber  (ti'ber).  [It.  Tevere,  L.  Tiberis,  Tihris, 
Tijhris,  TiheriiiKS,  Gr.  Ti:3cpic,  Tijiiptoq;  said  to 
have  been  called  earlier  Alha  or  Albas  or  A  Ibiila, 
■white  river.]  The  second  largest  river  in  Italy. 
It  rises  in  the  Apennines  about  20  miles  north-northeast 
of  Arezzo,  flows  generally  south,  and  empties  into  the 
Mediterranean  16  miles  southwest  of  Rome,  which  is  on  its 
banks.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Chiana,  Nera,  and 
Teverone.     Length,  about  250  miles. 

Tiber.  A  colossal  recumbent  statue,  of  the  pe- 
riod of  the  early  Roman  Empire,  in  the  Lou\Te, 
Paris.  Romulus  and  Remus,  with  the  wolf,  are 
at  the  river-god's  side. 

Tiberias  (ti-be'ri-as).  IGr.TiSepidg:  namedhy 
its  founder  from  tte  emperor  Tiberius.]  A  town 
in  Palestine,  situated  on  the  western  shore  of 
the  Sea  of  Galilee,  17  miles  east-northeast  of 
Nazareth :  the  modem  Tabariya.  it  was  founded 
by  Herod  .\ntipas  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  A.  r>. ; 
was  long  a  seat  of  Hebrew  learning ;  was  a  bulwark  of  the 
Crusaders;  and  was  taken  by  .Saladin  in  1187.  Population, 
s.ooa 

Tiberias,  Battle  of.  A  -sictory  of  Saladin  over 
the  Crusaders  under  Guy  of  Lusignan  in  1187. 
It  was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Jerusalem. 

Tiberias,  Lake  or  Sea  of.    See  Galike,  Sia  of. 

Tiberius  (ti-be'ri-us)  (Tiberius  Claudius  Nero 
Caesar).  Born  Nov.  16,  42  b.  c. :  died  March  16. 
37  A.  D.  Roman  emperor,  sou  of  Tiberius' 
Claudius  Nero  and  Livia  Drusilla,  and  stepson 
of  Augustus:  infamous  for  his  vices  and  cru- 
elty. He  was  divorced  by  command  of  Augustus  from 
his  wife  Vipsania  Agrippina  (daughter  of  .^gi-ippa).  and  11 
B.  c.  married  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus  and  widow  of 
Agrippa ;  served  in  Spain,  in  Armenia,  against  the  Rhai- 
tians  and  Vindelicians.  and  on  the  Danube:  became  consul 
in  13  B.  c,  and  tribune  in  6  B.  c;  spent  several  yeai-s  prac- 
tically in  exile  in  Rhodes  :  returned  to  Rome"  in  2  A.  D. ; 
was  adopted  by  Augustus  in  4  A.  D. ;  conducted  several  cam- 
paigns in  Germany.  Pannonia,  and  Dalmatia :  and  suc- 
ceeded .Augustus  as  emperor  in  14  A.  D.  His  administra- 
tion of  the  affairs  of  the  empire  was  generally  successful, 
but  his  private  life,  especially  in  his  later  years  (which  were 
passed  in  large  part  on  the  island  of  Capri),  was  marked  by 
gross  vices  and  cruelty  toward  his  enemies.  His  cliief  min- 
ister was  Sejanus. 

Tiberius.     Byzantine  emperor  578-582. 

Tibesti  (te-bes-te'),  or  Tu  (to).  A  district  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Sahara,  in  the  region  in- 
habited bv  the  Tibbus. 

Tibet,  or  Thibet  (tib'et  or  ti-bet').  A  land  in 
central  Asia:  a  dependency  of  China.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  Kwenlun  Mountains  on  the  north  (sepa- 
rating it  from  Eastern  rnrkestan).  by  China  proper  on  the 
east,  by  the  Himalaya  on  the  south  (separating  it  from 
British  India,  Bhutan,  Nepal,  etc.),  and  by  Kashmir  on  the 
west.  Chief  city,  Lhasa.  The  surface  is  an  elevated  table- 
land: the  interior  is  little  known.  It  contains  tlie  sources 
of  the  Indus,  Brahmaputra,  Yangtse-Kiang,  and  other 
large  rivers.  The  foreign  and  military  affaire  of  Tiliet  are  di- 
rected by  imperial  delegates  ;  the  supreme  civil  authority 
is  vested  in  the  dalai-lama.  The  inhabitants  are  of  Mon- 
goloid race ;  the  religion  Lamaism  and  the  Bon  religion. 
Tibet  became  subject  to  China  in  the  17th  centurj-.  Area, 
aliou t  \b'  1.000  squaie  mUes.    Population, about  1,600,000. 

Tibet,  Little.     See  Saltistan. 

Tibet,  Middle.    See  Zadal: 

Tibullus  (ti-bul'us),  Albius.  Born  about  54 
B.  c:  died  18  b.  c.  A  Roman  elegiac  poet.  He 
was  patronized  by  Messala  whom  he  accompanied  in  a 
campaign  to  Aquitania.  He  wrote  the  first  two  of  the 
books  extant  under  his  name. 

Tiblir  (ti'ber).     The  ancient  name  of  Tivoli. 

Tiburon  (te-Bo-ron').  ['Shark' island.]  An 
island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  about  lat.  29° 


996 

N.,  belonging  to  the  state  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 
Length,  aliout  34  miles.  The  only  inhabitants 
are  a  few  Seri  Indians. 

Tichborne  (tich'born),  Roger  Charles.  Bom 
Jan.  5,  1829:  died  at  sea,  18.>4.  The  presump- 
tive heir  to  the  Tichborne  estates  in  England. 
He  sailed  from  Bio  de  Janeiro  for  New  York,  April  20, 1854, 
on  the  Bella,  which  was  lost.  A  famous  trial  fi.-r  tlie  re- 
cover>-of  the  estates  by  ArtliurOrtpn,  the  TiclilK-ine  claim- 
ant (see  Orton),  was  decided  against  the  claimant  in  1^72. 
Orton  was  tried  for  perjury  1873-74,  and  imprisoned  1874- 
18S4. 

Ticino  (te-ehe'no).  [L  TiciiiHi,  F.  Tesfiii,  G. 
Tcssiii.']  A  river  in  Switzerland  and  Italy, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  two  head  streams 
near  Airolo.  it  traverses  the  Val  Leventina  and  the 
Riviera  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Lago  Maggiore,  and  the 
Lombard  plain,  and  joins  the  Po  near  I'avia.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Brenno  and  Moesa,  Length,  about  150 
miles. 

Ticino.  [F.  Tessin,  G.  Texshi.']  A  canton  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  Valais,  Uri,  Grisons, 
and  Italy.  Capital,  Bellinzona.  it  sends  6  mem- 
bers to  the  National  Council.  The  inhabitants  are  Ital- 
ian in  race  and  language,  and  Roman  Catholic  in  religion. 
It  was  suljjugated  by  Rome  with  the  rest  of  Gallia  cisal- 
pina  ;  and  fell  under  the  power  of  the  Ostrogoths  in  the  5th 
century,  of  the  Longotiards  in  theuth,  and  of  the  Franks 
in  the  8th.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  held  in  large  part 
by  Milan.  The  Val  Leventina  was  conquered  by  Uri  in 
1403,  and  finally  in  1440  ;  and  the  remainder  of  Ticino  was 
taken  by  the  confederates  and  the  Forest  Cantons  about 
1500.  It  was  divided  into  the  cantons  of  Bellinzona  and 
Lugano  in  1V98,  and  these  were  consolidated  in  1803. 
A  constitution  was  adopted  in  1830.  The  canton  has 
been  disturbed  bj'contests  between  the  ntramontanesand 
the  radicals,  and  the  intervention  of  federal  troops  was 
necessary  in  1876  and  1890.  Area,  1,088  square  miles. 
Population  (1888),  126,75L 

Ticinuin(ti-si'num).  The Romannameof  Pavia. 
Ticinus  (ti-si'nus).    The  Roman  name  of  the 

river  Ticino. 

Ticinus,  Battle  of  the.  A  ■victory  gained  near 
the  Ticinus  aad  probably  near  Pavia,  218  b.  c, 
by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans  under  Publius 
Scipio :  chieflv  a  cavalry  engagement. 

Tickell  (tik'ef),  Thomas.  Born  at  Bridekirk, 
Cumberland,  1686 :  died  at  Bath,  April  23, 1740. 
An  English  poet.  In  170Shegraduated  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege. Oxford  He  was  a  friend  of  Addison,  and  through 
him  in  1717  was  appohited  under-secretary  of  state.  His 
poem  on  "The  Prospect  of  Peace"  appeared  in  1713,  and 
a  poem,  "  Kensington  Gai-dens."  in  1722.  He  contributed 
to  the  "  Spectator  '  and  "  Guardian,"  and  wrote  the  elegy 
on  Addison  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Addison's  works  in 
1721 :  his  finest  work.  He  translated  the  first  book  of  the 
"  Iliad,"  which  Pope  suspected  was  done  by  Addison,  and 
wrote  the  popular  ballad  ■*  Colin  and  Lucy.'" 

Ticket-of-Leave  Man,  The.    A  play  by  Tom 

Taylor,  produced  in  1S63.  It  is  from  the  French 
play  "Leonard," by  Edouard  Brisbarre  and  Eu- 
gene Nus. 

Ticknor  (tik'uor),  George.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  1,  1791:  died  there,  Jan.  26,  1871. 
An  American  author.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1807 :  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1&13 ;  resided  at  Got- 
tingen  and  elsewhere  in  Europe  1S15-19 ;  and  was  profes- 
sor of  French,  Spanish,  and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard  1819- 
1835.  He  spent  the  years  1S3.V38  in  Europe.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Boston  public  library.  His  chief  work 
is  a  "History  of  Spanish  Literature " (1S491.  He  also  wrote 
various  essays,  and  a  life  of  Prescott  (1S64).  His  life  and 
letters  were  published  in  1876. 

Ticonderoga  (ti-kon-de-ro'gii).  A  town  in  Essex 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  outlet  from 
Lake  (jeorge  to  Lake  Champlain,  88  inOes  north 
by  east  of  Albany,  it  was  fortified  by  the  French  in 
1755,  and  was  called  at  first  Carillon  :  was  the  rendezvous 
of  Montcalm's  army  in  1757;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  British  under  Abercrombie  July  8,  1758 :  was  in- 
vested and  taken  by  the  British  under  Amherst  in  1759; 
was  surprised  and  captured  by  the  Americans  under  Ethan 
Allen,  3Iaj  10, 1775 ;  was  taken  by  the  British  under  Bur- 
•-'oyne  in  July.  1777  ;  and  was  taken  by  the  British  under 
Haldeman  in  i;80.   Population  (1900),  5,048;  village,  1,911. 

Tide'Water  (tid'wa'''ter).  A  section  of  Virginia 
extending  from  the  sea-coast  westward  as  far 
as  the  rivers  are  affected  by  the  tides. 

Tieck  (tek),  Lud'Wig.  Born  at  Berlin,  Mav  31, 
1773:  died  there,  April  28,  1853.  A  German 
poet  and  critic.  He  studied  at  Halle,  Gottingen,  and 
Erlangen.  Subsequently  he  lived  alternately  in  Berlin, 
Jena,  and  Dresden.  In  1805  he  undertook  a  journey  to 
Italy,  and  in  1817  to  England.  In  1820  he  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  direction  of  the  royal  theater  at  Dresden.  In 
1841  he  was  called  to  Berlin  by  Frederick  William  IV.,  by 
whom  he  was  gi-anted  a  pension.  Among  his  many  works 
in  almost  all  departments  of  literature  are  particiilarly  to 
be  mentioned  two  collections  of  popular  tales,  partly  from 
old  German  sources,  partly  original,  "Volksniarchen " 
("Folk  Tales,"  1797)  and  " Phantasus "  (1812-17).  the  ro- 
mantic novel  "  Franz  Sternbalds  Wanderungen  "  ("Franz 
Sternbald's  Wanderings,"  1798),  the  classical  translation 
of  "Don  Quixote  "  (1799-1801),  a  modern  German  version 
of  Jliddle  High  German  "  Minnelieder  "  ("  Minnesongs," 
1803).  After  1825  he  was  engaged  upon  a  translation  of 
.Shakspere  to  complete  the  work  begun  by  A.  W.  von 
Schlegel.  In  1823  and  1827,  during  his  connection  with 
the  Dresden  theater,  he  published  a  series  of  dramatic 
criticisms  under  the  title  of  "  Dramaturgische  Blatter" 
("Dramaturgic  Leaves").  Other  works  are  the  two  nov- 
els with  which  he  began  his  literary  career,  "Abdallah" 


Tiers  Etat 

and  "William  Lovell";  the  comedies  "  Blaubart"  ("Blue- 
beard "),  'Der  gestiefelte  Kater"  ("Pnss  in  Koots"), 
"Prinz  Zerbino "(' Prince  Zerbino  ");  the  dramas  'Le- 
ben  und  Tod  der  heiligen  Genoveva"  ("The  Life  and 
Death  of  St.  Genoveve"),  "Kaiser  Oktavianus"  ("Em- 
peror OctaTian  "), "  Fortunat "("  Fortunatus  ").  Among  his 
many  shorter  stories,  written  between  1821  and  1840,  are 
especially  to  be  named  "  Das  Dichterleben  "  (■'  The  Poet's 
Life"),  which  describes  the  youth  of  Shakspere,  and 
"Der  Tod  des  Dichters"  ("Ihe  Death  of  the  Poet"), 
whose  motive  is  the  death  of  the  poet  Camoens.  He 
WTote,  besides,  many  lyrics,  the  best  of  which  are  in  his 
Italian  journey  in  1806-06.  He  was  the  most  prolific  of 
the  poets  of  the  Romantic  school  in  Germany.  A  collec- 
tion of  his  wTitings,  made  by  himself,  was  published  in 
Berlin,  1828-46,  in  20  vols.;  his  critical  writings,  in  the 
same  way,  appeared  in  Berlin  1852-54 ;  and  his  short  stories 
("Gesammelte  Novellen")  were  published  in  Berlin, 
1852-53,  in  12  vols.  His  posthumous  works  (''Nachge- 
lassene  Schriften  ")  appeared  at  Leipsic,  1855,  in  2  vols. 

Tiedemann  (te'de-miin).  Dietrich.     Bom  at 

Bremervorde.  near  Bremen,  April  3,  1748 :  died 
at  Marburg.  Sept.  24,  1803.  A  Gertnan  philoso- 
pher, professor  of  philosophy  at  Marburg  from 
1776.  His  chief  work  is  "  Geist  der  spekulativen 
Philosophic"  (1791-96). 

Tiedge  (ted'ge),  Christoph  August.  Bom  at 
Gardelegen.  Prussia,  Dec.  14,  1752 :  died  at 
Dresden,  March  8,  1.S41.  A  German  j>oet.  His 
chief  work  is  the  Ivrico-didactie  poem  '•  Ura- 
nia "(1800). 

Tientsin  (te-en'tsen').  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Cbihli,  China,  situated  on  the  Peiho  in  lat. 
39°  9'  N.,  long.  117°  12'  E.  It  is  an  important  cen- 
ter of  transit  trade,  and  the  terminus  of  the  imperial 
canal  and  of  a  railroad  to  Toiigshan  opened  in  1888.  A 
treaty  was  concluded  here  in  1858  Itetween  China  on  one 
side  and  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  France,  and 
Russia  on  the  other.  Tientsin  was  occupied  by  the  Eng- 
lish and  French  in  1860,  and  was  made  an  open  port.  A 
m;'ssacre  of  Cliristians  occurred  therein  1870.  Captured  by 
tile  allies  July  14,  1900.    Population,  estimated,  950,000. 

Tiepolo  (te-a'p6-lo),  Giovanni  Battista.  Bora 
at  Venice,  March  5,  1693 :  di^  at  Madrid, 
March  25,  1769  (?).  A  Venetian  painter,  a  pu- 
pil of  Gregorio  Lazzarini :  the  last  great  deco- 
rative painter  of  the  Venetian  school.  He  was 
influenced  by  Giovanni  Battista  Piazzetta,  and  still  more 
by  the  works  of  Paolo  Veronese.  After  painting  frescos 
at  Milan  and  other  Italian  cities,  he  decorated  the  episco- 
pal palace  at  Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  in  1750  ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Venice  in  1753  he  was  appointed  first  director  of 
the  Academy  of  Painting.  In  1761  he  was  called  to  Spain 
by  Charles  III.,  and  executed  frescos  in  the  royal  palace, 
with  the  assistance  of  Giovanni  Domenico  Tiepolo,  his 
son  (1726-77).  There  are  many  of  his  easel-pictures  in  the 
galleries  of  Europe. 

Tierney  (ter'ni),  George.  Born  at  Gibraltar, 
ilarcli  20,  1761 :  died  at  London,  Jan,  25,  1830. 
An  English  AVhig  politician.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  liar, 
but  devoted  himself  to  politics.  He  entered  Parliament 
as  member  for  Colchester  in  1788,  and  sat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  for  different  constituencies  from  1796  to  his 
death.  He  was  a  prominent  opponent  of  William  Pitt.  In 
1798  Pitt  accused  him  of  want  of  patriotism,  and  fought  a 
bloodless  duel  with  him  (May  27).  In  1803  he  joined  the 
Addington  ministry  as  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  in  1S06 
the  Gren\ille  ministrj-  as  president  of  the  board  of  con- 
trol. From  1817  he  was  the  leader  of  the  opposition  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  He  was  master  of  the  mint  in 
Canning's  ministry(1827),  and  also,  %vith  a  eeat  in  the  cabi- 
net, in  Goderich's  ministry  (1827-28). 

Tierra  Bomba  (te-er'rii  bom'ba).  A  small  isl- 
and near  the  coast  of  Colombia,  west  of  Car- 
tagena. • 

Tierra  de  Canelo.     See  Cimmmon,  Land  of. 

Tierra  del  Fuego  (te-er'rii  del  fwa'go),  or  Ter- 
ra del  Fuego.  [•  Land  of  Fire.']  1.  An  archi- 
pelago south  of  the  southern  end  of  South  Amer- 
ica, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Magellan.  It  comprises  the  large  island  of  King  Charles 
South  Land  (or  TieiTa  del  Fuego  proper,  or  Fuegia)  and  the 
smaller  Desolation  Island,  Clarence  Island,  Dawson  Island, 
Navarin,  Hoste,  Horn,  Wollaston,  Stewart,  Londonderry, 
etc. :  these  are  separated  from  each  other  by  narrow  ana 
tortuous  channels,  and  the  islands  themselves  are  cut  by 
deep  fiords.  The  central  and  western  p,irts  of  King  Charles 
.South  Land,  and  most  of  the  smaller  islands,  are  moun- 
tainous and  partly  covered  with  forest.  Politically  it  is 
divided  ncmiinally  between  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Chile.  It  was  discovered  by  Magellan  in  1520 ;  and  has 
been  explored  by  Darwin,  King, \\  likes,  Bove,  etc.  Length 
of  group,  about  400  miles.  Area,  over  21,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  about  8,000  (nearly  all  Indians^ 
See  Fueffians, 

2.  A  teiTitory  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  com- 
prising the  Argentine  portion  of  the  archipelago 
(the  eastern  part  of  King  Charles  South  Land 
and  the  Isla  de  los  Estados).  There  are  two  small 
settlements  established  by  Englishmen,  one  as  a  mission 
station.  Gold  is  obtained  in  considerable  quantities.  Area, 
S,217  square  miles.    Population,  about  3,000, 

Tierra  Finne,  or  Costa  Firme.    See  Spanish 

Main. 
Tiers  Etat  (tyar-za-tii').  [F.,  'third  estate.'] 
In  France,  that  portion  of  the  nation  which  be- 
longed neither  to'  the  nobility,  nor  the  clergy 
(the  two  privileged  classes),  nor  the  peasantry. 
It  consisted  chiefly  of  the  burghere  who  sent  representa- 
tives to  the  States-General.  The  name  was  made  famous 
by  the  struggles  of  the  representatives  of  this  order 


Tiers  Etat 

in  the  last  French  States-General  for  power  equal  to  that 
of  both  the  other  orders,  and  their  tin:i!  assumption  of 
supreme  authority,  cunsumniating  the  Revolution. 

Tiet6  (te-a-ta').  A  river  in  the  state  of  Sao 
I'iiiilo,  Brazil,  a  tributary  of  the  Parand. 
licuf^fth,  about  700  miles. 

Tietjens,  or  Titiens  (tet'yens),  Therese  Jo- 
hanna Alexandra.  Born  at  Ilambiirg,  July 
17.  ls:il  :  (li.-il  :ii  Loudou,  Oct.  3,  1S77.  A  so- 
prano singer,  of  Hungarian  descent :  settled  in 
England  from  1858.  She  was  noted  in  opera 
and  oratorio. 

Tifata  tte-fa'tiil.  A  low  mountain-ranpe  near 
Capua,  Italy,  17miles  northeast  of  Naples:  now 
called  Monte  di  Maddaloni.  Near  it.  in  83  B.C., 
Sulla  defeated  the  Marian  general  Xorbanus. 

Tifernum  Tiberinum  (ti-fer'numtib-e-ri'num). 
In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Italy,  on  or  near 
the  site  of  the  modern  Citt^  di  Castello,  about 
20  miles  from  Arezzo. 

Tifernus  (ti-fer'nus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Hi  fern o. 

Tiffin  (tif'in).  A  city  and  capital  of  Seneca 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  Sandusky  River  43 
miles  south-southeast  of  Toledo.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Heidelberg  College.  Population  (1900), 
lo.osy. 

Tiflis  (tif-les').  1.  A  government  in  Transcau- 
casia, Russia,  intersected  bylat.  41°  30' N.,  long. 
45°  E.  ,\rea.  17,300  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  81I0,.H7.').— 2.  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Tiflis,  and  of  the  general  government  of 
Caucasia,  situated  on  the  Kur  in  lat.  41°  42'  N., 
long.  44°  48'  E.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  city  in  Cau- 
casia, and  is  on  the  main  route  between  Russia  and  Persia. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  silks,  leather  goods,  silver- 
ware, swords,  guns,  etc.  Formerly  it  was  the  capital  of 
f«eorgia  It  has  often  been  plundered  (last  by  the  Persians 
in  1795).     Population  (l>91>.  Iu,i,u24. 

Tiger  of  Central  America,  The.    An  epithet  of 

General  Santos  Guariliola. 

Tiger  of  Tacubaya,  The.    An  epithet  applied 

to  the  Mexican  general  Leonardo  Marquez  for 
his  massacre  of  prisoners  at  Tacubaya. 
Tlglath-Pileser  (tig'lath-pi-le'zer).  [Assyr. 
Tukulti-pal-fshara,  my  support  is  the  son  of 
Eshara  (i.  e.  'Adar  the  god  of  war  and  the 
chase').]  The  name  of  three  Ass^Tian  kings. 
(a)  King  1120-1100  R.  r.,  one  of  the  most  warlike  and  en- 
ergetic of  .\s8yrian  rulers.  According  to  inscriptions  on 
prisms  fountl  in  theruins  of  Kileh  Sherghat  (on  the  site  of 
theancientcity  of  Ashur),  lie  undertook  campaignsagainst 
forty-two  countries  and  their  kings,  among  them  the  ilo- 
Bchoi  Kummnch  (l.'omniagene),  Hitlites,  the  "Arameaii 
river-land,"  the  country  of  Nairi.  and  liabyloiiia.  lie  also 
indulged  in  the  adventures  of  the  chase,  and  relates  that 
he  killed  with  his  own  hand  10  elephants  and  0'.!0  lions,  {h) 
King  about  950-930  II.  0.  (c)  King T45-727 B.C.  In  the  Old 
Testament  he  bears  the  name  of  I'hul.  In  7 11  he  conquered, 
after  a  three  years  siege,  the  city  of  .\rpad  (modern  Tel- 
ErfiH,  north  of  Aleppo).  In  738  he  brought  nineteen  dis- 
tricts of  Haniath  uniler  AssjTian  supremacy.  In  the  same 
year  he  received  tribute  from  Kezin  of  Damascus,  ilena- 
hem  of  Samaria  (2  Ki.  xv.  10),  Hiram  of  Tyre,  and  many 
other  kings  of  Syria.  Several  years  later  Rezin  of  Damas- 
cus and  I'ekah  of  Israel  entered  into  a  coalition  against 
Assyria,  and  waged  war  against  Ahaz  of  Judah  because  he 
would  not  join  this  alliance  (Isa.  vii.).  At  the  behest  of 
Ahaz,  Tiglath-Pileser  again  marched  against  the  west  734- 
7S2.  Rezin  was  killed  and  the  kingdom  of  Daniasens  de- 
Btroyed,  and  many  cities  were  taken  from  Israel  (2  Ki. 
XV.  29),  PekalFbeing  left  as  a  vassal  king.  Wliilc  in  Damas- 
cus the  Assyrian  king  received  tribute  from  Ahaz  of  .lu- 
dah,  and  the  kings  of  Moab,  Ascalon,  Rdom,  Gaza,  etc.  For 
a  thini  time  Tiglath-Pileser  took  a  hand  in  the  policy  of 
Israel  when  Pekah  was  assassinated  by  Hosea.  The  As- 
syrian king,  according  to  his  account,  placed  Hosca  on  the 
throne  and  received  10  talents  of  gold  and  1,000  talents 
of  silver  as  tribute.  lie  also  made  several  expeditions  to 
Babylonia,  against  Urartu  (743-73ri)  and  Elam  (744-737). 

Tigranes  (tig-nl'nez)  I.  [Or.  Tiypavr/c.']  Died 
iiller  r>(i  B.C.  King  of  Armenia,  son-in-law  of 
Mithridates  the  Great.  He  conquered  Syrlaandpart 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  founded  Tigranocerta.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Lucuiliis  near  Tigranocerta  (SO  n.  r, ;  surrendered 
at  Artaxata  to  Pompey ;  and  was  deprived  of  his  conquests. 

Tigre  (tu'gra).  ,\  river  in  Ecuador  wjiich  joins 
the  Amazon  about  40  miles  west  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Ucayale.     Length,  .about  400  miles. 

Tigr6  (te-gra').  The  northernmost  division  of 
Aljyssinia.  Chief  city,  Adowa.  It  was  formerly 
an  independent  kingdom. 

Tigris  (ti'gris).  A  river  in  .Vsiatic  Turkey  which 
is  formed  by  hea<l  streams  that  rise  in  the 
mountains  of  Armenia  and  Kurdistan,  and  (lows 
south  and  southeast,  joining  the  Euphrates 
about  40  miles  northwest  of  Basra.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  flreat  Zab.  Little  Z:\h,  and  Dlv.ila;  the 
chief  placttson  its  banks  arv  IHarln-kir.  MohuI,  an<I  Bagdad. 
Length,  about  1,100  miles;  navig;ibie  for  small  ves.'.els  t4i 
Kagilad,  and  for  rafts  to  Diarbeklr.  It  is  the  biblical 
Hiildekel. 

ua.  orTeewah,  orTihua  (te'wa).  fPl.,  also 
iTr/Mrt.f.]  .\  division  of  tin'  Taiioan  lingui.stic 
stock  of  Nortli  American  Indians,  occupying  tlio 
pueblos  of  Senecii  del  Sur  in  Chihuahua,  Isleta 


"^W. 


997 

del  Sur  in  Texas,  and  Isleta,  Picuris,Sandia, 
and  Taos  in  northern  central  New  Mexico.  The 
population  of  the  southern  Tigua  pueblos  is  small,  while 
tluise  in  New  Mexico  have  a  population  of  1,70S.  See 
Tin  watt. 

Tigtirini  (tig-fi-ii'ni).  In  ancient  history,  one 
of  the  branches  of  the  Helvetii,  which  took  an 
act  ive  part  in  the  defeat  of  trfie  Romans  107  li.  c, 
and  were  cut  to  pieces  by  Cresar  58  B.  C. 

Tihua.     See  Tigua. 

Tilburg  (til'borG).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  36  miles  southeast 
of  Rotterdam.  It  has  important  woolen  manu- 
factures.    Population  (1891),  34.955. 

Tilburina  (til-bii-ri'nil).  The  daughter  of  the 
governor  of  Tilbury  Port,  a  character  in  the 
tragedy  rehearsed  in  Sheridan's  "  Cintic  " :  a 
tj'pe  in  which  the  sorrows  of  the  tragedy  hero- 
ine are  bui-lesqued. 

Tilbury  Fort  (til'bu-ri  fort).  A  fortification 
in  Essex,  England,  situated  near  the  Thames 
20  miles  east  of  London. 

Tilden  (til'den),  Samuel  Jones.  Born  at  New 

Lebanon,  N.Y..  Feb.  9.  1.S14:  died  at  Greystone, 
near  Yonkers,  N.  V..  Aug.  4.  1S8G.  A  noted 
American  statesman  and  lawyer.  lie  was  edu- 
cated at  Vale  and  at  the  University  of  New  York  ;  early 
took  an  active  part  in  polities  :  was  admitted  to  the  barin 
If^l ;  waselected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  New  York  Assembly 
in  1845,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion in  1840  ;  became  a  FVee-soller  in  1S18 ;  was  the  unsuc- 
cessful Democratic  candidate  for  attorney-general  in  1855 ; 
and  became  chairman  of  the  Democratic  State  Committee 
in  1 806.  He  was  prominent  in  the  successful  contest  again^^t 
the  "Tweed  Ring  " ;  and  was  elected  Democratic  governor 
of  ,\cw  York  in  1874,  and  served  1S75-V6.  He  pronuited  the 
reform  of  the  management  of  the  canals.  In  1876  he  was 
Demoenitie  candidate  for  lYesident,  and  received  about 
2.'i0,0i)0  more  votes  than  Hayes,  the  Republican  candidate, 
and  184  uncontested  electoral  votes  (see  EUctorat  Cow- 
wimrm).  The  decision  of  the  contest  was  in  favor  of  Hayes. 
Tilden  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomi- 
nation for  President  in  1880  and  1884.  His  works  were 
edited  by  John  Bigelow  (1S8.^). 

Tillemont  (tev-moii').  Sebastien  le  Nain  de. 

Bom  at  Paris, Nov.  30.  1037:  died  .Jan.  10.  lOOS. 
A  distinguished  French  historian.  He  was  edu- 
cated among  the  Jansenists  at  Port-Royal ;  resided  for 
many  years  at  Beauvais,  occupied  w  ith  his  studies ;  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  lf.70;  and  in  1670  retired  to  TilkMnont, 
near  -Montrcuil.  Hewrote  "Mt^moirespour  servir kThis- 
toire  cccK'siastictne  des  six  premiers  sieclcs  "  (1093-1712) 
and  "  Histoire  des  emperenrs  et  des  autres  princes  qui 
ontr^gnt!'  pendant  U-s  six  premiers  sieclcs  deleglise"  (1690- 
17.38),  and  collaborated  in  the  wiitings  of  the  Port-Roy- 
alists. 

For  a  perfect  digest  of  all  the  authorities  bearing  on 
every  fact  in  Roman  imperial  histoi-y  we  naturally  turn 
to  Tillemont,  who  devoted  the  patient  industry  of  a  life 
to  his  two  great  works,  '*M(5moires  Ecclt^siastiques"  and 
"  Histoire  des  Emijcrcurs. " 

UodgHn,  Itjily  and  her  Invaders,  1. 91. 

TillotSOn  (til'ot-soti),  John.  Bom  at  Sowerbv, 
Yorkshire,  Englaiid,  Oct.,  1G30:  died  Nov.  22, 
U194.  An  English  prelate  andtheological  writer. 
He  was  dean  of  Canterburj'  and  of  St  Paul's,  and  became 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1691.  His  collected  works 
were  publislu'd  1707-12. 

Tilly  (til'i ;  F.  pron.  te-ye'),  Count  of  (Johann 

Tserclaes).  Bom  at  the  castle  of  Tilly,  near 
(Tcmbloux,  Belgium,  Feb.,  15.'i9:  dieil  at  Ingol- 
stadt,  Bavaria,  Ai)ril  30.  1632.  A  famous  gen- 
eral in  the  Si)anish,  Bavarian,  and  Imperial  ser- 
■vico.  He  served  under  Farnese  in  the  Netherlands,  and 
as  lieutenant-colonel  under  Duke  Philip  Emanuel  of 
Lorraine  in  Hungao  against  the  Turks  1(K)0-02 ;  became 
lleld-marshal  general  and  eonnnander  of  the  Bavarian 
army  in  1610  ;  was  commander  of  the  Catholic  League  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War ;  gained  the  vic- 
tory of  the  While  Jlountain,  near  Prague,  Nov.  8,  1H2U; 
subdued  Bohemia  In  1621 ;  comiuercd  tho  Palatinate  In 
1622;  defeated  (hristian  of  Brunswick  at  Stadtlohn  Aug. 
6,  1(1'23,  and  Christian  IV,  of  Demnark  at  I, utter  Aug.  27. 
1020;  became  Imperial  generalissimo  In  KBO;  slornied 
Magdchnrg  May  20, 1631;  was  defeated  by  (iuslavus  Ailol- 
plins  a(  Breilenfeld,  near  I.eipsic,  Sept.  17,  1631 ;  and  was 
mottally  won[iile<l  in  a  contest  with  (iustavus  Adolphus 
near  the  Lech,  April  1.1,  10S2.  He  was  victorious  In  36 
batlles. 
Tilsit  (til'sit).  A  town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Memel  61  miles  north- 
east of  Kfinigsberg.  It  has  varied  ninnufaeturos, 
and  traile  In  lumber,  llsh.  grain,  hem|>,  llax,  etc.  It  is  fa- 
mous from  the  peace  between  France  on  one  slile  an<I  Kus- 
Bla  and  i'mssla  on  the  other,  agreed  tipon  there  in  July, 
1807.  The  meellng  between  Napoleon  and  Alexander 
took  place  on  a  raft  in  the  river,  June  25,  I.S07.  The  treaty 
between  Fni?n-e  and  llnshia  was  signed  July  7,  anil  that 
between  France  and  Prussia. Inly  9.  Aceordhig  lothe  terms 
of  the  jieace,  the  granil  duchy  of  Warsaw  was  formed  out 
of  parts  of  I'msslu  ;  part  of  Prussia  was  ce<led  to  Russia, 
and  a  small  ]>ortl(m  to  Saxony  ;  Dantzle  was  nnide  fn-e  ; 
the  region  west  of  the  p.lbe  was  eetled  to  Napoleon;  tho 
Oonfeih'nition  of  the  Rhine  and  Jose]d),  I/)Uls,  and  Ji^rOme 
Bimaparte  were  recognized  ;  Prussian  harbors  were  closed 
to  British  trade  ;  the  Pru-isian  army  was  reduced  to  42,o<h'  ; 
a  secret  conditional  alliance  was  arranged  between  France 
and  Russia;  and  large  Indemnities  were  to  bo  paid  by 
Prussia,  which  was  reiiueed  to  a  Becond-rule  state.  Pop- 
ulation {I81KI),  24,.'.4r.. 
Tilton  (til'ton),  Theodore.    Bom  at  New  York, 


Timotes 

Oct.  2,  1835.  An  .\meriean  editor,  poet,  and 
lecturer.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Independent"  and 
founder  of  the  ''tJolden  .Age."  He  Is  known  chiefly  from 
his  suit  against  Henry  Ward  Beeeher,  begun  in  1874,  which 
resulted  in  the  disagreemeut  ot  the  jurv. 

Timseus  (ti-me'us).  [Gr.  Tifimoc^  Lived  about 
400  B.  c.  A  Greek  Pythagorean  philosopher 
of  Locri  in  Italy:  the  reputed  author  of  a  phil- 
o.sophical  work,  "On  the  Soul  of  the  World," 
probably  of  a  later  period.  He  appears  in 
Plato's  dialogue  named  from  him. 

Timaeus.  Lived  about  352-256  B.  c.  A  Greek 
historian  of  Tauromenium  in  Sicily.  He  lived  in 
exile  in  .-Mhens.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Italy  and  Sicily 
from  the  earliest  times  to  264  B.  r.,  fnui'ments  of  which  have 
been  preserved. 

Timan  (le-miin').  A  plateau  or  group  of  low 
mountains  in  the  governments  of  Vologda  and 
Archangel,  northeastern  Russia. 

TimantheS  (ti-man'thez).  [Gr.  T(//dift/f.]  Bom 
in  tho  island  of  Cythnos  (f ):  lived  about  400  B.  c. 
A  Greek  painter  of  Sicyon.  He  is  known  mainly  as 
the  painter  of  one  of  the  great  pictures  of  antiquity,  the 
"Saerillce  of  Iphigenia,"  in  which  Agamemnon  conceals 
his  uncontrollable  grief  by  covering  his  head  with  his 
mantle.  This  picture  was  a  favorite  of  Cicero.  Pliny's  re- 
mark that  there  is  "always  something  more  implied  than 
expressed  in  his  work"  is  suggestive  of  bold  and  general- 
ized execution. 

Timbuktu,  or  Timbuctoo  (tim-btik'to).  Acity 

of  Africa,  sitinited  near  the  southern  border  of 
the  Sahara  and  about  10  miles  north  of  the  Niger, 
about  lat,  16°  47'  N.  It  has  considerable  trade  in 
gold,  gum,  salt,  ivory,  etc.,  being  a  center  of  viu-ious  cara- 
van routes  from  Morocco,  the  tiuinea  coast,  and  elsewhere. 
It  was  occupied  by  the  Tuaregs  in  the  llfh  century,  and 
later  by  Fellatahs.  Arabs,  and  various  other  peoples.  It 
has  been  visited  by  Laing,  Caillie,  Barth  (1853),  and  Lenz 
(1880).     Population,  estimated,  -20,000. 

Times  (timz).  The  London.    The  leading  Con- 

ser\'ative  Britisli  newspaper,  founded  in  1785 
underthe  title  of  ''The  London  Daily  Universal 
Register."  The  present  name  was  adopted  in 
1788.  The  paper  was  developed  under  John 
Waller  1803-47. 

Tiinocrate(te-m6-krat').  A  tragedy  by  Thomas 
Corneille,  produced  in  1656. 

Timoga.     See  Tiiimqiuniaii. 

Timoleon  (ti-mo'le-on).  [Gr.  Tifio^iui'.']  Bom 
at  Cniinth:  died  337  or  336  B.  C.  A  celebrated 
Greek  general  and  statesman.  He  favoreil  the 
death  of  his  brother  Timophanes  (tjTant  of  Corinth\  and 
withdrew  from  public  life:  was  sent  from  Corinth  to  aid 
Syracuse  against  Dionysius  the  Younger  and  llicetas  in 
344;  delivered  Syracuse  from  Dionysius  the  Younger  in 
343:  reorganized  the  city  and  the  tJreek  power  in  .-^icily  ; 
and  defeated  the  Carthaginians  at  the  Crimisus  in  339  (?). 

Timomachus  (ti-mom'a-kus).  [Gr.  liuofiaxtK.'] 
Liveil  in  the  1st  century  (f)  B.  c.  A  Byzantine 
painter.  ,\ceonling  to  Pliny,  Ctesar  paid  a  large  sum  for 
two  of  his  pictures,  aii  Ajtix  and  a  Medea.  Tlie  Mi-niea  of 
Tinu>machus  wasnot  less  praised  in  song  and  epigram  than 
the  .\phicMlite  of  Apelles.     An  echo  of  the  original  per- 

■  haps  remains  in  some  of  the  Pompeiian  wall-paintings. 
-\n  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  and  a  (lorgon  were  alsi>  celebrated. 
He  seems  to  have  shown  t:ict  in  clumsing  the  right  moment 
just  after  or  just  before  the  catastrophe. 

Timon  (ti'mon).  [Gr.  T//j(ji'.]  Lived  in  the  last 
]iart  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  An  .\thenian 
misanthrope.  He  is  the  subject  of  a  tragedy 
by  Shakspere.     See  Tinmn  of  Atlifiis. 

Timone  (te-mo'ne).  A  comedy  by  Boianio, 
prod\iced  before  1494:  the  first  original  Italian 
comedy. 

Timon  of  Athens.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere, 
which  uni|uesli(iiuibly  contains  much  by  an- 
other  hand.      It    was   produced    1607-08"   and 

juinled  in  1023,  ami  was  adapted  by  Shailwell. 

Timon  of  Phlius  (lli'us).  Lived  about  280  B.  C. 
A  (iiM'ck  skeptical  philosopher  and  nuthiu-.  He 
wrote  satiric  jioenis  called  "  Silnd  "  (hence  he  was  ealksl 
the  ••sillographer"),  in  hexameter  verse,  rldicnling  all  the 
tlognnitic  schools  of  philosophy.  Fnigmonts  of  them  sur- 
vive. 

Timor  (te-mor').  An  island  of  the  Mnlnv  .-Nndii- 
I)elago,lat.K°30'-10°20'S.,  long.  124°-I27°30'  K. 
T)w  surface  iB  mountainous:  t\ie  southwestern  part  Is 
clahneil  by  the  Netherlanils,  the  northeastern  by  Pi>rtugal  : 
the  capita')  <if  the  Dutch  part  is  Kupang  ;  that  of  the  Portu- 
guese, Dell.  Length,  aboni  3«o  miles.  Ari'a,  alH.ut  12.000 
square  miles.  Population  (Paimiui  mixeil  with  ^lalnys, 
etc.),  calimated,  500,000  to  6iXl,lHiil. 

Timorlaut(le-m6r'lou().orTeilimber(to-nim'- 
ber).  A  gr(Uip  of  islands  in  the  Malay  .Andii- 
pelngo,  east  by  north  of  Timor  and  siuithwest 
of  tho  Am  Islands  and  of  New  Guinea  :  claimed 
by  the  Dutch.  It  comprises  three  large  and  several 
small  Islands  (formerly  suppoaetl  to  fonii  B  whole).  The 
formation  Is  generally  that  of  coml  reefs  and  low.  The  In- 
habltJints  are  largely  Papuaa.  Area,  about  2,000  n]uari! 
miles. 

Timotes  (ir'-mo'tiis).  Indians  of  Venezuela,  in 
tile  mountain  region  soiilli  mid  southeast  of 
Liike  Maracaibo,  and  the  inljacent  plains  (state 
of  Los  Amies).  The  early  explorers  described  them 
as  agriculturists,  <llvlded  into  nntny  small  tribes  or  honles 
(TatuycB,  Mucuchlet,  etc.),  and  having  few  arts.   Tliose  In 


Timotes 

the  lowlands  went  naked  and  painted  their  bodies  red : 
the  mountain  tribes  wore  a  cotton  mantle.  They  buried 
their  dead  in  caves  or,  in  some  tribes  (ilocochies,  etc.), 
in  artificial  vaults.  Their  descendants  are  civilized,  and 
occupy  villages  which  take  their  names  from  the  tribes. 
Their  lan<,'uage,  now  nearly  e.vtinct,  is  said  to  have  had  re- 
lations with  the  Chihcha,  but  this  is  doubtful. 
Timotheus(ti-iuo'the-us).  [Gr.  Ti/iodcoc.']  Died 
about  354  B  c.  Au  Athenian  naval  commander, 
son  of  Conoii.  He  conquered  Corcyra  in  375  b.  0.,  and 
secured  the  favor  of  Acarnania,  Cephalonia.  and  Epirus  ; 
took  Samos  from  the  Persians  in  3(>5  ;  and  was  unjustly 
condemned  during  the  Social  War. 

Timotheus.  Born  at  Miletus :  died  about  357 
B.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian  musician  and 
dithyrambic  poet.  He  improved  the  citliara  by 
adding  to  it  a  string  (the  eleventh  ?). 

Timothy  (tim'o-thi),  or  Timotheus.  A  Lyca- 
oiiian  Christian  missionary,  a  disciple  and  eom- 
jiauion  of  the  apostle  Paul. 

Timour.     Same  as  Tim  iir  or  Tamerlane. 

Timrod  (tim'rod).  Henry.  Born  at  Charleston, 
«.  C,  Dec.  .S,  182i):  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
Oct.  6,  1.S67.  An  American  poet,  author  of 
Confederate  war  lyrics.  His  poems,  with  mem- 
oir by  P.  H.  Ha^nie,  were  edited  1873. 

Timsah  (tim'sii),  Lake.  A  small  lake  traversed 
by  the  Suez  Canal,  near  Isinailia. 

Timuquanan  (tim-6-lcwan'an).  ['Ruler' or 
'master,']  A  linguistic  stoeli  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  The  name  was  first  used  for  a  village  or 
tribe  upon  St.  John's  River,  Florida,  but  afterward  to  in- 
clude the  ancient  tribes  (now  extinct)  in  that  peninsula. 
"When  their  towns  were  destroyed  in  1706,  the  fujiitives 
settled  on  the  eastern  coast,  upon  Tomoco  River  and  the 
Mosquito  Lagoon.  There  were  60  tribes  or  villages  .attrib- 
ufed  to  the  stock,  the  names  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished.    Also  Atimuca,  Timoffa. 

Timur,  or  Timour  (te-mcir'),  or  Timur  Bey 
(te-mor'  ba),  also  Timur-Leng  (te-mor'leng) 
('Timur  the  Lame') :  corrupted  to  Tamerlane 
(tam-er-lan').  Bornincentral  Asia,  1333:  died 
1405.  A  Tatar  conqueror,  said  to  have  been 
descended  from  a  follower  of  Jenghiz  Khan. 
He  became  ruler  about  1370  of  a  realm  whose  capital  was 
Samarkand  ;  conquered  Persia,  central  Asia,  and  in  13t*8  a 
great  part  of  India  ;  waged  war  with  the  sultan  Bajazet  I., 
whom  he  defeated  at  Ancyra  in  1402  and  took  prisoner; 
and  died  while  preparing  to  invade  China,  He  is  the 
Tamerlaine  of  the  plays. 

Just  at  the  moment  when  the  Sultan  [Bajazet]  seemed 
to  have  attained  the  pinnacle  of  his  ambition,  when  his 
authority  was  unquestioningly  obeyed  over  the  greater 
part  of  the  Byzantine  Empire  in  Europe  and  Asia,  when 
the  Christian  states  were  regarding  him  with  terror  as  the 
scoui'ge  of  the  world,  another  and  a  greater  scourge  came  to 
quell  him,  and  at  one  stroke  all  the  vast  fabric  of  empire 
which  Bayezidhad  so  triumphantly  erected  was  shattered 
to  the  ground.  This  terrible  conqueror  was  Timur  the 
Tartar,  or  as  we  call  him  "Tamerlane."  Timiir  was  of  Turk- 
ish race,  and  was  born  near  Samarkand  in  1333.  He  was 
consequently  an  old  man  of  nearly  seventy  when  he  came 
to  encounter  Bayezid  in  1402.  It  had  taken  him  many 
yeai-s  to  establish  his  authority  over  a  portion  of  the  numer- 
ous divisions  into  which  the  immense  empire  of  Chingiz 
Khan  had  fallen  after  the  death  of  that  stupendous  con- 
queror. Timiir  was  but  a  petty  chief  among  many  others  : 
but  at  last  he  won  his  way,  and  became  ruler  of  Samar- 
kand and  the  whole  province  of  Transoxiana,  or  'Beyond 
the  River'(Ma-wara-n-nahr),  as  the  Arabs  called  the  coun- 
try north  of  the  Oxus.  Once  fairly  established  in  this 
province,  Timur  began  to  overrun  the  surrounding  lands, 
and  during  thirty  years  his  ruthless  armies  spread  over  the 
provinces  of  Asia,  from  Dehli  to  Damascus,  and  from  the 
Sea  of  Aral  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  The  subdivision  of  the 
Mohammedan  Empire  into  numerous  petty  kingdoms  ren- 
dered it  imwcrless  to  meet  the  overwhelming  hordes  which 
Timiir  lirouu'ht  down  from  Central  Asia.  One  and  all,  the 
kings  and  princes  of  Persia  and  Syria  succumbed,  and  Ti- 
mur carried  his  banners  triumphantly  as  far  as  the  frontier 
of  Egypt,  where  the  brave  Mamliik  Sultans  still  dared  to 
defy  him.  He  had  so  far  left  Bayezid  unmolested  ;  partly 
because  he  was  too  powei-ful  to  be  rashly  provoked,  and 
partly  because  Timur  respected  the  sultan's  valorous  deeds 
against  the  Christians:  for  Timur,  though  a  wholesale 
butcher,  was  vei^'  conscientious  in  matters  of  religion,  and 
held  that  Bayezid's  fighting  for  the  Faith  rightly  covered 
a  multitude  of  sins.  Poole,  Story  of  "rurkey,  p.  63. 

Tinchebray,  or  Tinchebrai  (tansh-bra'),  or 
Tenchebray,  or  Tenchebrai.    A  town  in  the 

department  of  Orne,  Normandy,  44  miles  north- 
west of  Alenc;on,  Here,Sept,28,1106,nenryI. of  Eng- 
land defeated  and  captured  his  brother  Robert,  duke  of 
Normandy,     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,533. 

Tindal  (tin'dal),  Matthew.  Born  at  Beer-Fer- 
rers, Devonshire,  about  1656:  died  at  O.xford, 
Aug.  16.  1733.  An  English  deist.  He  studied  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford.  In  1685  he  joined  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  but  returned  in  1688  to  the  Church  of 
England.  He  published  *"An  Essay  of  Obedience  to  the 
Supreme  Powers  "(1(594),  and  "  The  Rights  of  the  Christian 
Church  asserted  against  the  Romish  and  all  other  priests 
who  claim  an  independent  power  over  it "  (1706-09).  His 
defense  of  the  theory  of  state  control  of  the  church  led 
to  the  proscription  of  the  work,  Dec.  12,  1707.  He  con- 
tinued to  defend  his  deistic  position,  and  in  1730  published 
"  Christianity  as  olti  as  the  Creation,  or  the  Gospel  a  Repub- 
lication of  the  Religion  of  Nature,"  a  work  recognized  as 
the  "  Bible  "  of  deism.  The  work  was  translated  into  Ger- 
man by  J.  Lorenz  Schmidt  in  1741,  and  had  great  influence 
on  German  theology,  Tindal  called  himself  a  "  Christian 
deist." 


998 

Tindale,  'William.    See  Ti/ndale. 

Ting-hai iting-hi';,  or Tinghae  (ting-hi').    The 

i-aiiital  of  the  island  of  Cliusun,  China. 
Tingis.     See  Tangier. 
Tingitana  (tin-ji-ta'nii).     An  ancient  Roman 

lu'ovince,  included  in  the  northern  part  of  the 

modern  Morocco. 

Tinne  (tin'ue),  Alexandrine  or  Alexine.  Born 

at  The  Hague,  Oct.  17,  1S39:  murdered  in  the 
vicinity  of  Murzuk,  Fezzan,  Aug.  11,  1869.  A 
Dutch  traveler,  of  English  descent.  She  traveled 
extensively  in  Europe  and  the  East ;  with  her  mother,  aunt, 
and  others  explored  the  White  Kile  to  Gondokoro,  and 
the  regions  of  the  Sobat  and  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  1862-64  ;  trav- 
eled in  1866  and  following  years  in  southern  Europe  and 
northern  Africa ;  and  started  for  the  interior  of  Africa  in 
1S09,  but  was  murdered  by  her  escort. 

Tinneh.     iiee  Athapascan. 

Tinnevelli  (tin-e-vel'i),  or  Tinavelly  (tin-a- 
vel'i),  1.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  9°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area, 
5,387  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,916,- 
095.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Tinne- 
velli, in  lat.  8°  44'  N.    Population  ( 1891),  24,768. 

Tintagel  (tin-tii'jel),  or  Trevena  (tre-ve'na). 
A  village  in  Cornwall,  near  the  sea,  18  miles 
west  of  Launceston.  Near  it  is  the  ruined  Tintagel 
Castle,  celebrated  in  Arthurian  legend.  It  was  the  re- 
puted birthplace  of  Arthur.  In  the  romance  of  Sir  Tris- 
tram it  is  the  castle  of  King  ilark.  Tintagel  Head  is  a 
high  cliff  on  the  coast. 

Tintern  (tin'tern)  Abbey.  A  ruined  medieval 
abbey  in  Monmouthshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Wye  17  miles  north  by  west  of  Bristol.  The 
ivy-clad  church,  of  the  middle  of  the  13th  century,  is  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  of  English  ruins.  The  vaulting 
is  gone,  but  otherwise  it  is  well  preserved.  It  retains  most 
of  its  window-tracery,  and  has  a  fine  west  portal  of  two 
cusped  arches,  and  a  single  very  large  window,  a  typical 
English  feature,  in  each  of  the  main  and  transept  fagades. 
The  monastic  buildings  survive  in  part. 

Tinto  (tin'to),  Dick.  The  light-hearted  artist 
who  is  supposed  to  relate  Scott's  tale  of  "  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor"  to  Peter  Mattieson,  It 
is  also  the  pseudonym  of  FrankBooth  Goodrich. 

Tinto  Hills  (tin'to" hilz).  A  group  of  hills  in 
Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  southeast  of  Lanark. 
Height,  about  2,800  feet. 

Tintoretto  (ten-t(5-ret't6),  or  Tintoret  (tin'to- 

ret)  (Jacopo  Eobusti:  called  Tintoretto  from 
the  trade  of  his  father,  a  dyer).  Born  at  Venice, 
Sept.  16, 1518 :  died  there," May  31, 1594.  A  cele- 
brated Venetian  painter.  He  entered  the  atelier  of 
Titian,  with  whom  it  does  not  appear  that  he  stayed  very 
long.  From  Titian  he  went  to  Andrea  Schiavone.  In  1546 
be  received  his  first  important  orderfor  the  decoration  of 
the  choir  of  Sta.  Maria  dell'  Orto.  The  compositions  were 
over  50  feet  high.  They  brought  hira  great  reputation  and 
a  commission  to  paint  the  "  Miracle  of  St.  Mark,"  now  in 
the  Accademia  delle  Arti  in  Venice,  his  most  perfect  and 
important  work.  The  "  Last  Supper,"  in  the  Sacristy  of  San 
Giorgio,  is  more  powerful  and  vaster  in  technical  range, 
but  is  less  successful  in  its  attainment  of  the  finer  quali- 
ties of  art.  In  1.560  Tintoretto  began  to  paint  the  Scuola 
di  San  Rocco  and  the  doge's  palace.  The  famous  "Cruci- 
fixion "of  the  Scuola  di  San  Rocco  dates  from  this  time.  In 
1576  he  painted  the  ceiling  of  the  great  hall.  In  1560  he 
seems  to  have  taken  the  place  of  Titian  as  court  painter 
to  the  doges.  The  great  conflagrations  of  1574  and  1577 
threw  much  of  the  work  of  restoration  into  the  hands  of 
Tintoretto.  The  work  accomplished  by  him  on  these  com- 
missions  includes  the  great  "  Paradise  "  (1589-90). 

Tiny  Tim  (ti'ni  tim).  The  little  crippled  son  of 
Bob  Cratehit  in  Dickens's  ''Christmas  Carol." 

Tioga  (ti-o'gii).  A  small  river  in  northern  Penn- 
sylvania and  Steuben  Coimty,  New  York,  which 
unites  near  Corning  with  the  Conhoeton  to  form 
the  Chemung. 

Tionontati  (te^on-on-ta'te).  [Their  own  name, 
meaning  '  there  the  mountain  stands.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  who  formerly 
lived  in  the  mountains  south  of  Nottawasaga 
Bay,  Ontario.  They  were  first  met  in  1616  by  the 
French,  who  called  them  Nation  du  Petun,  or  Tobacco 
Nation,  from  their  large  fields  of  tobacco.  On  the  defeat 
of  the  Hurons  in  1648,  many  of  the  fugitives  took  refuge 
with  the  Tionontati.  and  the  Iroquois  attacked  that  tribe 
and  drove  them  with  the  Hurons  to  the  head  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. In  1670  the  united  remnants  lived  at  Mackinaw 
under  the  name  of  Wyandots.     See  Iroqnoifin. 

Ti^itapa  (te-pe-ta'pii).  A  river  of  Nicaragua, 
joiningLakes  Managua  and  Nicaragua.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Tipkin  (tip'kin).  Biddy.  A  romantic  charac- 
ter in  Steele's  "Tender  Husband."  she  feels  "that 
it  looks  so  ordinary  to  go  out  at  a  door  to  be  married.' 
She  is  the  original  of  Lydia  Languish. 

Tippecanoe  (tip"e-ka-n6').  A  nickname  of  'Wil- 
liam Henry  Harrison,  from  his  victory  near 
the  Tippecanoe  River. 

Tippecanoe,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained 
at  Battle  Ground,  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana, 
near  Tippecanoe  River,  Nov.  7,  1811,  by  the 
Americans  under  General  William  Henry  Har- 
rison over  the  Indians  under  the  "Prophet," 
brother  of  Tecumseh. 


Tirnova 

Tippecanoe  River.  A  river  in  northern  Indi- 
ana whii-h  joins  the  Wabash  10  miles  north- 
east of  Lafayette.     Length,  about  175  miles. 

Tipperah  (tip'e-ra).  A  district  in  the  Chitta- 
gong  division, Bengal,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  23°  45'  N.,  long.  91°  E.  Area,  2,491 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  1,782,935. 

Tipperary  (tip-e-ra'ri).  A  county  in  Munster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Galway,  King's  County, 
Queen's  County,  Kilkenny,"Waterford,  Cork, 
Limerick,  and  Clare.  It  i"s  a  rich  agricultural 
county,  containing  the  "Golden  Vale."  Area, 
1.6.59  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  173,188. 

Tipperary.  A  town  in  the  county  of  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  23  miles  southeast  of  Limerick,  "it 
has  a  trade  in  agricultural  products.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  6,391. 

Tippermuir  (tip'er-miir).  A  place  near  Perth, 
Scotland,  where,  Sept.  1,  1644,  the  Royalists 
under  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  defeated  the 
Covenanters, 

Tippoo  Sahib  (ti-po'  sii'hib),  or  Tipu  Saib  (ti- 
ps' sa'ili).  Born  1749:  killed  at  the  storming 
of  Seringapatam,  May  4,  1799,  Sultan  of  My- 
sore, son  of  Hyder  .Ali,  He  was  distinguished  in  the 
Mahratta  war  177.5-79;  defeated  Braithwaite  on  the  Cole- 
run  in  1782;  succeeded  his  father  in  1782  ;  gained  several 
successes  in  the  war  with  the  British,  and  concluded  peaoo 
in  1784 ;  attacked  Travaucore  1789-90,  and  provoked  the 
second  Mysore  war;  was  defeated  by  Cornwallis  at  Ari 
kera  in  1791 ;  and  concluded  peace  and  ceded  about  half 
of  his  dominions  to  the  British  in  1792.  He  intrigued 
against  the  British  and  renewed  the  war  in  1799. 

Tippoo  Tib  (ti-po'  tib),  or  Tippoo  Tip  (tip),  Ha- 
midi  bin  Muhammad,  nicknamed.  A  trader 
and  slaver  in  e(iuatorial  Africa,  of  Arabian  and 
African  descent,  intluential  in  the  Upper  Kon- 
go region.  He  aided  Cameron  in  1874  and  Stanley  in 
1876,  and  in  the  Emin  relief  expedition  in  1887;  and  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  Stanley  Falls  district  for'the 
Kongo  State. 

Tipton  (tip'ton).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Staffordshire,  England,  8  miles  west-northwest 
of  Birmingham.     Population  (1891),  29,314. 

Tiraboschi  (te-ra-bos'ke).  Girolamo.  Born  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Dec.  2.S,  1731 :  died  near  Mo- 
dena,  Italy,  June  3.  1794.  A  distinguished  Ital- 
ian historian  of  literature:  professor  at  Milan, 
and  later  librarian  to  the  Duke  of  Modena. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Storia  della  letteratura  italiana"  ("His- 
tory of  Italian  Literature,"  1771-S2, 13  vols.).  It  descends 
to  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 

Tirard  (te-rar'),  Pierre  Emmanuel.    Born  at 

Geneva,  Se]>t.  27,  1827:  died  at  P.aris,  Nov.  4, 
1893.  A  French  politician,  a  jeweler  by  trade. 
He  was  minister  of  trade  and  agriculture  1879-82  ;"  minister 
of  finance  1S82-8S ;  premier  Dec,  1887, -March,  18S8.  and 
Feb.,  1889,- March,  1890 ;  and  minister  of  finance  1892-93. 

Tiraspol  (te-riis-poly').  A  fortified  town  in  the 
government  of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  59  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  24,898. 

Tiresias  (ti-re'si-as).  [Gr.  Teipriaia^.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  blind  Theban  seer.  He  was  said 
to  have  been  blinded  by  Athene,  whom  he  saw  bathing. 
The  goddess  relented,  but  was  unable  to  restore  his  sight, 
and  so  gave  him  instead  the  vision  of  the  seer  and  under- 
standing of  the  voices  of  birds  and  beasts  (other  accounts 
are  given  in  the  legends).  At  the  request  of  Circe,  Odys- 
seus descended  into  Hades  to  consult  hirf. 

Tirhakah  (ter'ha-kii).  A  king  of  Egypt  and 
Ethiopia  who  encountered  Sennacherib  while 
he  was  on  his  expedition  against  Judah  (Isa. 
xxxvii.  9;  2  Ki.  xix.  9).  He  was  defeated  by  Sen- 
nacherib in  the  battle  of  Eltekeh  (701  B.  c),  and  by  his 
son  and  successor  Esarhaddon  (680-668  B.  c.) :  the  entire 
country  was  conciuered  by  the  Assyrian  king,  the  names 
of  the  cities  changed,  and  over  the  twenty  principalities 
into  which  the  country  was  divided  were  placed  vassals 
loyal  to  Assyria.  This  took  place  after673  B.C.  But  soon  Tir- 
hakah put  to  flight  the  Assyrian  vassals  and  got  posses- 
sion of  Memphis.  Asurbanipal  (668-626).  in  whose  annals 
he  \s  first  mentioned  by  name  (Tarku),  defeated  hira  in  the 
battle  of  Karbanit  (about  608).  The  twenty  kings  were 
restored,  and  Necho  was  put  at  their  head.  Soon  afterward 
these  twenty  vassals  entered  into  a  plot  with  Tirhakah 
against  Assyria.  But  the  plot  was  discovered  by  the  As- 
syrian giurison  of  Egypt,  and  frustrated.  Tirhakah  fled, 
and  died  in  the  place  of  his  refuge.  According  to  Manetho, 
Tirhakah  (Tarkos.  Tarakos)  was  the  last  of  tlie  Ethiopian 
kings  in  Egypt.  'The  Egyptian  monuments  call  this  third 
and  last  king  of  the  25th  "  Ethiopian  "  dynasty  Tahark  or 
Taharka,  He  enlarged  the  temple  of  Amun  in  Thebes. 

Tirlemont  (ter-le-mon'),  Flem.  Thienen  (te'- 
nen).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant,  Bel- 
gium, situated  on  the  Geete  26  miles  east  of 
Brussels,  it  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in 
1705 ;  and  near  it  the  French  under  Dnniouriez  defeated 
the  Austrians  Jlarch  16, 179S.     Population,  16.157. 

Tirnova  (ter'no-va),  orTarnovo(tar'n6-v6).  A 
city  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Jantra  in  lat. 
43°  6'  N. ,  long.  25°  36'  E.  It  is  an  important  strategic 
point  on  the  route  between  the  Danube  and  the  P.alkans; 
and  was  formerly  the  place  of  coronation  of  the  Bulgarian 
kings.  Alexander  I.  was  chosen  prince  hr're  and  took  the 
oath  to  the  constitution  in  1879.   Population  (1888),  11,314. 


Tiro 

Tiro  (ti'ro),  Marcus  TuUius.  Lived  in  the  1st 
century  B.  c.  A  free'liuaii  and  amanuensis  of 
Cicero,  supposed  to  have  greatly  developed  ste- 
noRr/ipliy.      See  Xotse  Tironianse. 

TirooilliuniCri-ro-siu'i-um).  ApoembyCowper. 

Tirol.     Scc>  Tiirol. 

Tironian  Notes.  See  Notx  Tironianse. 

Tirso  ( ter'so).  The  principal  river  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia:  the  ancient  Thyrsus.  It  flows  into 
till'  Oulf  of  Oristauo  near  Oristano.  Length, 
aliout  SO  liiiles. 

Tirso  de  Molina.   The  pseudonym  of  Tellez. 

Tiruvalluvar  (ti-ro-val-16-var').  [Properly  Ti- 
iii-nilliini-iiiiitiiiiar,  the  sacred  devotee,  priest, 
or  soothsayer  of  the  Pariahs.]  The  name  pveu 
to  the  greatest  of  Tamil  poets,  the  author  of 
the  Kural.  His  date  is  uncertain.  Pope  puts  it  between 
801)  and  1000  A.  I>.  All  that  seems  certain  about  the  details 
of  his  life  is  that  lie  lived  at  S.  Thomti.  orMayilapur,  nt>w 
a  suljurb  of  Madras  ;  was  a  weaver  and  a  I'ariah ;  and  had 
an  intimate  friend,  probably  a  patron,  called  Elelacifikaii, 
'  l.ion  of  the  Surf."  who  was  the  captain  of  a  small  vessel. 
Kural,  the  name  of  his  work,  means  'anything  short,' 
then  the  couplet,  and  thence  this  collection  of  couplets. 
It  is  divided  into  three  books,  treating  of  Virtue,  Wealth, 
arul  I'leasure,  and  consists  of  133  chapters,  each  containing 
10  couplets,  and  so  numbers  2,660 lines.  The  Venpa  meter, 
in  which  it  is  composed,  is  very  curious,  and  in  fact  unique. 
"  A  kurral,"  5.ays  I'ope,  "  is  a  couplet  containing  a  complete 
and  striking  idea  expressed  in  a  refined  and  intricate  meter. 
No  translation  can  convey  an  idea  of  its  charming  effect. 
It  is  truly  'an  apple  of  gold  in  a  network  of  silver.'" 
Every  Hindu  sect  claims  the  poet,  and  interprets  his 
verses  so  as  to  favor  its  own  dogmas,  the  Jains  especially. 
He  was  influenced  by  Shaukara's  reforms,  the  later  devel- 
opments of  .Taiiiism,  and  the  Hha<ravadi.'ita,  hisphilosoiiliy 
scemiuiitobeof  the  eclectic  school  represented  by  the  l;ist. 

TiryHS(ti'rinz).  [Gr.  Tipmr.J  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Argolis,  Greece,  situated  near 
the  coast  southeast  of  Argos  and  3  miles  north 
of  Nauplia.  It  was  built  on  a  rock,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  anticiuities.  including  the  Cyclopean  walls,  gates, 
and  a  palace  (excavated  by  Schliemann  and  Dorpfeld 
1884-86)  of  the  10th  or  11th  century  B.  c.  The  citadel  is 
a  famt>us  memorial  of  the  earliest  known  Greek  civiliza- 
tion. The  massive  walls,  built  of  great  blocks  with  the 
interstices  tilled  with  small  stones,  surround  the  summit 
of  an  oblong  hill.  At  one  end  are  the  well-known  galleiies 
of  arcades  resembling  pointed  arches :  these  were  maga- 
zines for  munitions  and  supplies.  Within  the  walls  there 
is  an  extensive  prehistoric  p.alace,  with  outer  and  inner 
courts,  men's  apartments,  bath-roora,and  secluded  women's 
quartei-s,  the  whole  corresponding  with  the  spirit  of  the 
Homeric  picture.  Wall-paintings  and  other  details  of 
high  interest  were  found  by  Schliemann.  According  tothe 
K-L-'-iid,  Hercules  lived  for  many  years  at  Tiryns.  It  was 
ilistroyed  by  Argos  about  468  B.  c. 

Tischendorf  (tish'cn-dorf),  Lobegott  Fried- 
rich  Konstantin  von.  Born  at  Lcngcnfeld, 
Saxony.  .Jan.  18,  181'):  died  at  Leipsic,  Dec.  7, 
1874.  A  noted  German  Protestant  biblical 
critic,  profes.sor  at  Leipsic  from  184.").  He  was  edu. 
cated  at  Leipsic ;  made  investigations  in  Paris,  Holland. 
Lngland.  Italy.  Egypt,  .Sinai,  Palestine,  and  other  partsof 
the  E.ast ;  and  brought  many  manuscripts  from  the  East, 
includit)g  the  famous  .Sinaitic  Codex  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. He  published  a  critical  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment (1872),  various  codices  of  the  t)ld  Testament  and 
New  Testament,  "  Anecdota  sacra  et  profana,"  "  Wann 
wurden  unsere  Evangelien  verfasst  '1 "  (186:')),  etc. 

Tishri  (tish'ri).  [Assyr.  tfixltritx,  exi)lained  to 
racan'begiuning'fi.e.of  the  second  half-year).] 
The  seventh  month  of  the  Hebrew  year,  coitc- 
sponding  to  September-October.  In  Tishri  fall 
the  holy  days  New  Year's  day,  Atonement  day, 
ami  Tabernacles. 

Tisiphone  iti-sif'o-ne).  [Gr.  T«T(0<iii)?.]  InGreek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Eumenides  (which  see). 

Tissaphernes  (tis-a-frr'nez).  [Gr,  Tiaacupipv^^.'] 
Kxecuted  about  '0)5  n,  c.  A  Persian  satrap. 
He  became  satrap  in  Asia  Minor  414  B.  r.:  carried  on  war 
against  the  Athenians  ;  was  hostile  to  Cyrus  the  Young- 
er, and  discovered  and  disclosed  the  latter's  plans  U)  Ar- 
taxerxesll.:  t<»ok  part  in  the  battle  of  Cunaxa  401  B.  c; 
pursued  the  Ten  Tlinusand  on  pail  of  their  return  jour, 
ney  and  molested  them  ;  was  appointed  chief  ruler  in  west- 
ern Asia  by  Artaxerxes  ;  was  defeated  by  Agesilaus  in  :v.1h ; 
anil  \v:i.s  put  to  death  tliroUKh  the  influence  of  Parysatis. 

Tissot  (te-scV ),  James  Joseph  Jacques.  Born  at 

Naiit.'s,  Oct.  1.').  18.'!6:  .linl  ;it  tijo  Abbey  (d' 
Biiillou.  Uoubs,  France,  Aug.  '.),  UIOi;,  A  nl.ted 
French  gi-nrc-paiuter.  He  at  fli-st  jiainied  after  the 
Dutch  8chi;oI,  but  t>ecame  the  pupil  of  plandiin  and  l.a- 
ni'ithe.  He  painted  (lH!):t-'J6)  aseriesof  water-colors  iilus- 
traling  the  life  of  Christ. 

Tissot  ite-s6').  Simon  (or  Samuel)  Augusta 

Andr6 Da'vid.  Hoi-nat  Grancy.Vaml.SHitzcr- 
iaiiil,  M.n'ili  L'l),  17'2X:  diedat  Lausanne,  Switzrr- 
land,  .luiie  l-'i.  17!)7.  A  physician  of  Lausanne. 
His  best-known  works  arc  •'L'Onaiiisme" 
(17t)0),  "Avis  an  people  sur  la  sante"  ( 1701 ). 

Tisza  (tis'o),  Kilmin.  Bom  at  Geszt,  Hun- 
gary, Dec.  1(1.  [s-M\:  ,li,.(l  at  Budapest,  March  L'.3, 
lltlfj.  A  noted  Hung!iri;in  statesman.  He  en- 
tered tlie  Diet  in  18CI,  and  beiame  leader  of  the  Left  Cen- 
ter. He  wiuH  one  of  the  founders  in  1875  of  the  liberal 
)iarfy,  which  succeeded  the  D(-ak  party,  and  was  premier 
of  Hungary  1876-80. 

Titan  (ti'tan),     [Gr.  Trrai-.]     1.  See  7Vf«n.s-.— 


999 

2.  The  sun  personified,  the  name  Titan  being 
at  times  substituteii  by  the  Latin  jioets  for  He- 
lios as  god  of  the  sun. — 3.  The  sixth  in  order 
of  the  eight  satellites  of  the  planet  Satiuu.  and 
the  largest,  appearing  as  a  star  of  the  ninth 
magnitude:  discovered  by  Huygens  March  25, 
16.55.     See  Saturn. 

Titan.  One  of  the  principal  romances  of  Jean 
Paul  l;i. •liter,  published  in  1803. 

Titania  iti-ta'ni-ii).  A  fairy  queen  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream."  Shak- 
spere  is  saiil  to  be  the  first  to  give  this  name  to 
the  (|ueeii  of  the  fairies. 

Titania.  The  third  satellite  of  Uranus,  discov- 
cn-d  by  Lassell  in  1847. 

Titans  fli'tanz).  [Gr.  Ti-difr,  from  Tiraviiec, 
cliildrcii  of  Titan.]  In  Greek  mjlhology,  a  race 
of  primordial  deities,  children  of  Uranus  and 
(i»'a  (Heaven  and  Earth),  in  the  oldest  accounU 
there  were  six  male  Tit^ins  (Oceanus.  Ceeus,  Crius,  Hype- 
rion, Japetus,  and  Cronus),  and  six  female  (Theia,  Rhea, 
Themis.  Mnemosyne,  Plnebe.  andTethys).  They  were  im- 
prisoned bytheir  father  li-anus  from  th>ir  birthibul,  after 
unmanning  anddethnuiinghini,  were  deli\  ered  by  Cronus. 
Zeus,  son  id  Croinis,  compelleil  him  to  disgor^'e  his  elder 
brothers  and  sisters.whom  he  had  swallow  ed  at  their  birth, 
and  after  a  terribli- war  thrust  the  Titans  (except  ticeanus) 
into  Tartarus,  under  guard  of  the  hunilred-armed  ciant.s. 
In  the  later  legends.  Titan,  the  father  of  the  Titans,  yielded 
the  supreme  power  to  his  younger  brother  Cronus  but 
regained  it,  and  was  finally  overcome  by  tlie  thuudertiolts 
of  Zeus(.Tupiter).  son  of  Cronus  (Saturn),  who  then  became 
the  supreme  irod.  The  Titans  in  their  wars  are  said  to 
have  piled  mountains  upon  mountains  to  scale  heaven. 
and  they  were  taken  as  the  types  of  lawlessness,  gigantic 
size,  and  enormous  strength. 

Titcomb  (tit'kom).  Timothy.  The pseudonj-m 
of  J.  0.  Hollaiid. 

Tithonus  (ti-tho'nus).  lGi:T'eui'6c.'\  InGreek 
mythologj',  a  sou  (or  brother)  of  Laomedon, 
beloved  by  Eos.  He  received  from  the  gods  the  gift 
of  immortality,  l>ut  not  of  eternal  youth,  and  in  his  ex- 
treme old  age  withered  away  and  was  metamorphosed  into 
a  grasshopper. 

Titian(tish'iuii,It.TizianoVecelli(tet-se-ii'n6 

va-chel'le)  orVecellio(  vii-chcrie-o):  snrnamcd 
Da  Cadore,  and  II  Divino  ('The  Divine'). 
Born  at  Pieve  di  Cadore. Friuli,  1477 (?);  died  at 
Venice,  Aug.i;7, 1576.  Afamous  Venetian  paint- 
er, lie  first  studied  painting  at  his  native  place,  and  at  9or 
10  years  of  age  went  to  Venice  and  was  put  to  study  with 
Giovanni  Bellini.  He  does  not  seem  to  have  been  intlu- 
eiiced  by  any  of  the  foreign  schools.  Fi-om  1507-4)8  he 
worked  as  collaborator  with  Giorgione  in  the  decoration 
of  the  exterior  of  the  Fondaco  de'  Tedeselii  at  \'enice : 
these  frescos  are  destroyed.  In  1.511  Titian  was  at  work 
at  the  schoijl  of  Padiia  with  Campagnohi,  who  was  his 
assistant.  lie  returned  to  Venice  in  151'2.  ami  in  I6i;i 
sought  to  obtain  an  orderfor  a  battle-piece  for  tlie  council- 
hall,  and  applied  fur  the  first  vacancy  as  broker  at  the 
Fondaco,  a  privilege  already  accorded  to  Bellini  and  Car- 
paccio.  .\bout  this  time  he  declined  an  invitation  to  work 
at  Rome  for  the  Pope.  On  the  death  of  Bellini  he  became 
his  successor  as  broker  at  the  Fondaco  and  as  portiait- 
painter  to  the  doges.  In  1516  he  went  to  Ferrara  at  the 
invitation  of  .\lplioi) so  d'Este,  and  painted  several  pictures, 
some  of  which  are  now  in  various  public  and  private  eol. 
lections.  From  this  time  he  w,as  occupied  with  c«»iiiinis. 
sions  from  various  royal  and  private  clients  until  l[y2:\, 
when  he  returned  to  Venice  to  paint  the  portrait  of  the 
new  doge.  Andrea  Gritti,  and  the  fresco  over  the  landing 
of  the  doge's  palace,  "St,  Christopher  Can-ying  tlie  Christ 
Child,"  which  still  remains.  About  this  time  he  married, 
and  in  l.'">;i0  was  left  a  widower  with  tliree  children.  In 
1532  Titian  was  called  to  Bologna  by  Charles  V.,  who  had 
come  to  meet  the  Pope.  He  became  painter  to  the  em- 
peror, and  enjoyed  his  friendship.  This  relation  let!  him 
in  1546  to  Rome,  where  he  met  Michelangelo  and  became 
acquainteil  with  the  works  of  Raphael  and  the  Greeks.  He 
was  at  this  time  61)  years  old.  in  1547  he  was  snmnionett 
to  Augsburg  by  the  emperor,  and  there  he  painted  many 
portraits.  His  court  life  was  brilliant  and  profitable.  Ii'i 
1549  he  was  again  at  \'eniire.  and  in  1.5.50  returneil  to  Ailgs. 
burg.  His  life  from  this  time  forward  is  a  succession  of 
honors  and  triumphs.  He  succeedeiltt)  the  favor  of  Philip 
on  the  deatli  of  Charles  V.  He  ilfeiit>f  the  plague.  Among 
his  chief  paintings  are  many  representathms  of  the  Mag. 
dalen,  Venus,  Danae,  the  Madtnina,  the  Holy  Family,  etc; 
"Sacred and  Profane  L<ive"( Koine), "llaeehusand  Ariadne" 
(London).  '  Ecee  Homo"  r^'iennaX  "Entombment  i>f 
Christ  "  (Louvre),  "  Tribute  Money  '  (Dresden);  "  Marlyr- 
iloin  of  .St.  Laurence,"  "St.  I'eter  .Marlyr,"  "  Last  Supper," 
"Christ  (^rowiied  with  Thorns"  (Louvre) ;  "  Bella  dl  Tiz- 
iano"  ("Titian's  Mistress":  Palazzo  I'ittI,  Florence,  and 
another  at  The  Hermitage,  St.  l'eter8l)Urg)."\'enuH  of  the 
Tribune  "(rillzi,  Fhnenee),"  L'Homme all  Cant  "(Louvre), 
"Knight  of  Malta  "(Madrhl),  "Titian  and  his  Mistress  " 
(Louvre),  etc. 

Titicaca  (te-(e-kii'kii).  An  island  in  Lake  Tili- 
caca,  near  tin'  Pininsula  of  (^opaealiana.  It  was 
a  sacreii  place  of  tlie  Ineas,  the  birthplace  of  the  Sun  ae- 
cording  to  one  of  their  legends,  and  by  some  said  lobe  the 
])lnee  whence  Manco  Capac  and  his  wife  issued  to  fiMinil 
the  empire  at  Ciizco.  Itiiinnof  ii  temple  of  the  Sun,  a  pal. 
are,  e.uiveiit,  etc.,  sllll  exist  on  II.  The  lake  Itself  prob- 
ably  took  its  name  from  this  Island. 

Titicaca  (li'-le-kii'kii).  Lake.  The  largest  and 
most  im|iortant  inland  lako  of  Soiitli  .Xnn'rica, 
situated  in  ii  high  basin  between  two  nuigi>s  of 
tli((  Amies,  on  llii'conl'iiiesof  Peru  and  Bolivia, 
rj,l).t.')  feet  above  the  sen.  Ii  U  Irregular  In  form, 
and  alnioHl  cut  in  two  by  the  Peninsula  of  Copacatiana. 
Near  the  easteru  side  It  attains  a  depth  of  over  700  feet. 


Tlacopan 

but  along  the  western  and  st>uthern  sides  there  are  ezteo. 
give  shallows  ami  marshes.  The  outlet  is  the  L'esaguadero, 
at  the  southern  end.  There  are  many  small  islands  :  some 
of  these,  as  well  as  the  Peninsula  of  Copacabana  and  many 
parts  of  the  shore,  have  interesting  ruins  of  the  Incarial 
and  pre-Incarial  periods  ;  the  most  celebrated  of  the  latter 
are  at  Tiahuanaeu  (which  see).  The  hdie  is  connected  with 
many  legends  of  the  Iiicas.  The  Indians  still  navigate  Ti- 
ticaea  on  rafts  made  of  rushes ;  latterly  small  steamers 
have  been  placed  on  it.  Ice  sometimes  forms  along  the 
shore.  Extreme  length,  101  miles.  Average  width,  about  37 
miles.   Area,:!.'2o08quaremiles.  See  Tidcaro  ZJosi'n, below. 

Titicaca  Basin.  An  elevated  inclosed  plateau 
of  the  Andes  of  Bolivia,  extending  into  Peru. 
It  is  about  o^w  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  150  miles 
wide,  ami  averages  13,000  feet  above  the  sea.  Much  of  the 
surface  is  unfit  for  agriculture,  and  the  climate  is  so  cold 
that  corn  will  not  grtiw.  Lake  Titicaca,  near  the  northern 
end,  discharges  through  the  deep  and  rapid  Desaguadero 
River,  100  miles  long,  into  Lake  .\ultagas  or  Poopo.  Beyond 
that  the  water  is  lost  in  sands  and  marshes.  The  northern 
pai-t  of  the  basin,  and  sometimes  the  whole  of  it,  is  called 
the  Collao. 

Titlis  (tet'lis).  A  mountain  on  the  borders  of 
Unterwaldeu,  Bern,  and  Uri,  Switzerland.  20 
miles  south  by  east  of  Lucerne.  Height.  in.G'27 
feet. 

Titmarsh  (tit'marsh),  M.  A.  (or Michael  An- 
gelo).  The  name  under  which  Thackeray  wrote, 
m  "  Fraser's  Magazine,"  his  "  ParisSketch 
Book,"  '' Vellowplush  Memoirs,"  etc. 

Titmouse  (tit 'mous),  Tittlebat  ( til '1-bat).  One 

of  the  iirincipal  characters  in  Warren's  novel 
' '  Ten  Thousand  a  Year  " :  a  ■vulgar  shopman  in 
Oxforil  street,  London. 

Titurel  (tit'u-rel).  A  heroof  the  legend  of  the 
Holy  ( (rail,  the  subject  of  a  series  of  poems  by 
Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (generally  called 
"Titurel  "  because  the  first  begins  with"  Titurel, 
the  grandfather  of  Parzival),  and  of  a  "later 
Titurel"  published  in  1477. 

Titus  (ti'tus).  Aconvert  and  companion  of  the 
apostle  Paul. 

Titus  (Titus  Flavins  Sabinus  Vespasianus). 

Born  40  or  41  .\.  u.  :  dieil  Sept.,  .M.  A  Ivoman 
emperor,  son  of  Vespasian  :  called  "  the  delight 
of  mankind."  He  was  educated  with  Britannlcus; 
served  in  the  army  ;  conducted  the  .Jewish  war  after  the 
departure  of  his  father ;  and  captured  Jerusalem  in  70. 
He  was  assoeiate<l  with  \'espasian  in  the  government,  and 
succeeded  to  the  throne  .June,  79.  He  finished  the  Colos- 
seum, and  built  the  "baths  of  Titus  '  An  eruption  of 
\'esuvius  and  a  fire  at  Rome  occurred  in  his  reign, 
Titus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  i>f  Titus: 
Titus  Andronicus  (ti'tus  an-dron'i-kus  or-ni'- 
kus).  A  trageily.  produced  in  15S14,  variously 
attributed  to  Marlowe.  Kyd,  and  Shak.sjiere.  ft 
is  piiblislied  with  Sliakspere's  plays.  Havens- 
croft  adaiited  it  in  1678. 
Titusville  (ti'tus-vil).  A  city  in  Crawford 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Oil  Creek  81 
miles  north  by  east  of  I^ittsburg:  noted  for  the 
production  and  refining  of  petroleum,  and  the 
manufactuie  of  oil-machinerv.  Petroleum  was 
discovered  there  in  1.8.^)9.     Population  (1900), 

Tityus  (tit'i-us).  [Gr.  TirtiJf.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  sou  of  Zeus  or  of  Gica :  a  giant  of 
Euba>a.  father  of  Europa.  He  assaulted  Artemis  or 
Leto  at  the  iusligation  of  Hera  (.luno).  and  was  killed  by 
her  lUTOws  or  those  of  Apollo,  or  by  the  lightning  of  Zeus. 
In  'I'arlarus  he  was  extended  on  the  ground  (covering  ulno 
aens)  while  vultures  gnawed  his  liver. 

Tiumen.    See  T//««/< «, 

Tiverton  (tiv'er-ton).  A  borough  in  Devon- 
shire, Englaixl,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Lowman  and  Exe,  14  miles  north  of  Exeter. 
It  has  manufactures  of  lace,  and  was  formerly  note<l  for  lt« 
woolen  nianufaetures.  It  was  taken  by  Fairfax  in  1045 
Population  (1891),  W.SOi. 

Tivoli  (le  vo-le).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Home.  Italy,  situated  at  the  falls  of  llie  Teve- 
rone  ((he  ancient  .\nio),  Iri  miles  eusl-northeast 
of  Komi'  :  tin'  aileiellt  Tibur.  The  castle,  erected  by 
Pope  Pius  II.  ill  the  I6lh  century  is  a  highly  picture8<|Ue 
fortress  with  live  great  cyllndriial  tiiittlemeiited  towers  of 
dillerent  heiglit.s,  conneeteil  by  Infty  machieolaled  cur- 
tain.walls.  According  to  tradition,  the  town  was  founded 
by  the  Slculi.  It  was  ctuniuered  by  Koine  about  3a:i  ii.  c, 
and  was  the  favorite  idace  of  residence  of  many  Roinani 
(Ma-eenas,  Augustus.  Hadrian,  etc.).  Among  the  aniiqui* 
ties  on  the  site  are  nadrian's  Villa  (which  see),  and  the 
BO'Called  temple  of  \'e,sta  (perhaiis  the  leinple  of  the 
Tlburtlne  Sibyl).  It  is  circular,  with  n  cella  stirnuiniled 
by  a  iKTistyif  of  slender  gniceful  c«»riiithtaii  columns, 
rising  from  a  simple  basement.  Ten  columns,  with  tlieir 
entablature,  of  the  original  eightiM'ti  are  still  standing. 
Hie  iliaineler  is  ••*  feet,  the  lot.al  height  S4I.  The  date  Is 
anterior  to  Aiigiistiis.     Population  (l-^l),  10,'.a)7. 

Tizona  (Sp.  pron.  te-tho'nii).  The  swonl  of  the 
Cid. 

Tlaasaht  (tlii'as-Ht),  or  Klaizaht  (klii'iz-ftt). 

or  Makah  (mii-kii').  A  tribe  of  North  -Ameri- 
enii  lioliniis.  Their  habitat  was  once  on  Vanccaiver 
Isloel,  bul  they  have  oeonpled  the  region  alHiutt^pe  Flat. 
terv.  Washlnglon,  since  they  have  been  known  to  nistory. 
S  umber  (l^s4),  510,     .Sec  AM. 

Tlacopan.     See  Tepauecx. 


Tlaloc 

Tlaloc  ftla-lok').  In  Aztec  mythology,  the  god 
of  rain.  His  cult  was  said  to  be  older  than  any  other, 
bavii]?  come  down  from  the  Tolt€cs.  According  to  Duran, 
his  st;itue  at  Mexico  "was  of  stone,  formed  in  the  shape 
of  a  terrible  monster  with  an  uglyfacelike  thatof  a  lizard.*' 
In  seasons  of  drought  it  is  said  that  children  were  saeri* 
flcfd  to  Tlaloc.     .\lso  written  Tlaloch, 

Tlamath.     See  KUimalh. 

Tlamatl.  See  Klamath. 
Tlaokwiaht  (tla-o'kwf-at),  or  ClahoQuaht 
(kla'ho-kwiit).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians living  on  Clayoquaht  Sound,  Vancouver 
Island,  British  Columbia.  Number,  30-t.  See 
Aht. 

Tlascala.     See  TIaxcaJa. 

Tlaxcala  (ancient).     See  Tlaxcalans. 

Tlaxcala  (tliis-ka'lii).  l.  A  state  of  Mexico, 
sunouuded  by  the  states  of  Hidalgo,  Puebla, 
and  Mexico.  Area,  1,506  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (18t»5),  166,803.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Tlaxcala,  situated  on  the  Atoyac  64 
miles  east  of  Mexico.    Population  ( ISl)."))-  -.S74. 

Tlaxcalans  (tlas 'kii-lanz),  or  Tlaxcaltecs 
(tlas-kal-teks').  A  tribe  of  Mexican  Indians, 
of  the  Nahuatlecan  stock,  who  occupied  the 
territory  now  included  in  the  state  of  Tlaxcala, 
east  of  "the  valley  of  Mexico.  They  were  less  .id- 
vanced  in  arts  than  "the  Aztecs  :  but  they  were  brave  war- 
riors and  had  repeatedly  defeated  the  Aztec  armies, 
retaining  their  independence.  They  had  elective  chiefs, 
but  the  true  governing:  power  was  the  tribal  council, 
called  a  senate  by  Spanish  historians.  Their  principal 
pueblo  was  on  or  near  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  city 
of  Tlaxcala.  Cortes,  in  his  first  march  to  Mexico,  took 
the  route  through  Tlaxcalan  territory,  and  they  resisted 
him  in  several  fierce  battles  (Sept..  1519).  Having  been 
defeated,  they  made  terms  with  the  Spaniards,  joined 
Cortes  with  a  large  force  of  warriors,  and  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  siege  an<i  capture  of  Mexico.  The  modern  In- 
dian population  of  Tlaxcala  is  mainly  descended  from  this 
tribe.    Also  written  Tlascalans,  Tlaxcaltecos. 

Tlinkit,     See  Eohischan. 

Tmolus  (mo'lus).  [Gr.  T/iu/or.]  A  mountain- 
ranije  in  Asia  Minor,  extending  eastward  from 
near  Smyrna,  south  of  the  Hermus  and  north  of 
the  Cayster. 

Tobacco  Nation.     See  Tionontati. 

Tobago  (to-ba'go),  or  Tabago  (ta-ba'go).  An 
island  of  the  British  West  Indies,  northeast  of 
Trinidad.  Capital.  Scarborough.  Its  northern  point 
is  in  lat.  11"  21'  N.,  long.  (j<>°  31'  W.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. It  was  seen  by  Columbus  in  149S.  and  was  settled 
by  the  Dutch  in  1654,  but  passed  into  the  hands  ofc  the 
French  and  eventually  (1763)  of  the  English.  In  1889  it 
was  annexed  to  the  colony  of  lYinidad.  Length,  26  miles. 
Area,  114  sqiiare  miles.    Population  (1892),  19,694. 

Tobias  (to-bi'as).  [Heb..  'God  is  good.'] 
The  son  of  Tobit,  and  a  character  in  the  Book 
of  Tobit. 

Tobias,  Family  of,  and  the  Angel.  A  fin  e  paint- 
ing by  Rembrandt,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Tobikhar  (to-bik-har').  A  division  of  North 
American  Indians,  comprising  a  number  of 
tribes  which  formerly  lived  about  the  missions 
of  .San  Gabriel,  San  Luis  Rey.  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano.  San  Fernando,  Los  Angeles,  and  San 
Bernardino,  in  southern  California.  The  name, 
signifying 'residents, 8ettlers,'belongsstrictly  to  theformer 
inhabitants  of  San  Gabriel  and  Los  Angeles,  but  is  now 
used  to  desi'..Tiate  also  the  entire  group  of  tribes  which 
form  the  southwestern  or  coast  division  of  the  Shoshonean 
stock.  They  have  been  gradually  dispossessed  of  their 
lands,  and  are  now  mostly  under  the  Mission  agency, 
California,  being  classed,  with  natives  of  other  tribes  of 
totally  distinct  stocks,  as  "  Mission  Indians."  Number, 
about  2. -200.    See  Shmho-iwan. 

Tobit  (to'bit).  Book  of.  A  romance,  one  of  the 
apocryphal  books  of  the  Old  Testament:  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  leading  character. 

Tobitschau  (to'bit-shou).  A  town  in  Mora- 
via, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  March 
12  miles  south  of  Olmiitz.  Here,  July  l.s,  1806,  a 
Prussian  brigade  defeated  an  Austrian  force.  Population 
(!S9«),  commune,  2,632. 

Tobol  (to-bol').  A  river  in  western  Siberia.  It 
rise's  on  the  slopes  of  the  Urals,  and  joins  the  Irtish  near 
Tobolsk.  Length,  about  600  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  a 
large  part  of  its  course. 

Tobolsk  (to-bolsk').  1.  A  government  of  West- 
ern .Siberia.  Capital,  Tobolsk,  it  is  bounded  by  the 
Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  the  governments  of  Yeniseisk 
and  Tomsk  on  the  east.  Semipalatinsk  and  Akmolinsk  on 
the  south,  and  European  Russia  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  generally  level.  It  is  fertile  in  the  Tobol  and  Ishim 
steppes,  'rhe  inhabitants  are  mostly  Russians.  Area. 
639,6.59  square  miles.  Population  (ISH'S),  1,313,400. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Tobolsk, 
situated  on  the  Irtish,  near  its  jimction  with 
the  Tobol,  about  lat.  58°  20'  N.  It  has  considera- 
ble trade,  and,  contains  a  pictmesque  kreml.  Founded 
in  the  last  part  of  the  IGth  century,  it  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  western  Siberia,  and  was  long  an  administrative  cen- 
ter for  exiles.    Population  (1890),  21,336. 

Toboso  (to-bo'so).  A  small  town  60  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Toledo,  Spain.  It  is  notable  as 
the  home  of  Bulcinca  in  "Don  Quixote." 

Toby  (t6'bi),Uncle,  or  Captain  Shandy  (shan'- 


1000 

di).  The  uncle  of  Tristram  Shandy,  in  Sterne's 
novel  of  that  name :  one  of  its  chief  characters. 
See  Le  Fe\  re. 

He  represents,  it  has  been  said,  the  wisdom  of  love,  as  Jlr. 
Shandy  exemplifies  the  love  of  wisdom :  more  precisely,  he 
is  the  incarnation  of  the  sentinientalism  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  III.  35o. 

Tocantins  (to-kai^tenz').  [So  called  from  an 
Indian  tribe.]  An  important  river  of  central  and 
northern  Brazil.  It  rises  in  the  state  of  Goyaz,  flows 
northward,  and  reaches  the  Atlantic  through  the  ParA 
River.  The  latter  may  be  regarded  as  its  estuary,  though 
it  also  receives  a  large  amount  of  water  from  the.Amazon. 
The  most  important  aMuent  of  the  Tocantins  is  the  Ara- 
guay.'L  Xavigation  is  interrupted  by  a  series  of  rapids  bc- 
giniiing  about  'ZiO  miles  above  ParA  :  beyond  these  both  the 
Tocantins  and  the  Araguaya  are  navigable  for  many  hun- 
dred miles.  Length  (from  ParA),  about  1,700  miles ;  with 
the  Araguaya,  nearly  1,900  miles. 

Tocqueville  (tok'vil;  F.pron.tok-vel'),  Alexis 
Charles  Henri  Clerel  de.  Born  at  Paris, 
July  29,  1805 :  died  at  Cannes,  April  16,  1859. 
A  celebrated  French  statesman  and  writer.  His 
studies,  begun  at  Metz,  were  completed  by  a  course  in  law 
at  Paris.  He  took  his  final  degree  in  1826,  and  spent  then 
a  year  or  more  traveling  in  Italy  and  Sicily.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  occupied  a  post  in  the  law-court  of  Ver- 
sailles. But  jurisprudence  was  not  altogether  suited  to  his 
tastes,  and  April  2, 1831,  he  left  France  for  the  I'  nited  States, 
whither  he  was  sent  by  his  government  for  the  purpose 
of  studying  the  penitentiary  system.  He  did  not  limit 
himself,  however,  to  this  special  field,  but  extended  his 
observations  also  to  the  social  and  political  institutions 
and  customs  of  the  new  country.  The  following  year  he 
published  in  France,  together  with  his  friend  and'travel- 
ing  companion,  M.  de  Beaumont,  the  result  of  their  of- 
ficial investigations,  under  the  title  "Du  systeme  peni- 
tentiaire  aux  Etats-l'nis  et  de  son  application  en  France." 
This  important  work  attracted  much  attention,  and  was 
crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  From  the  notes  that 
he  had  taken  in  a  private  capacity  while  on  his  visit  to 
the  United  States,  he  wrote  his  masterpiece,  "D(^mocratie 
en  Amerique"  (1835-40).  Its  success  seem-ed  his  admis 
sion  to  the  French  Academy  (Dec.  23,  1841).  After  several 
years  of  public  life  (1839-51),  he  retired  in  order  to  de- 
vote his  entire  time  to  travel  and  writing.  Besides  the 
works  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  a  number  of  pamphlets 
on  various  subjei^s.  also  an  "Histoire  philosophique  du 
rt'gne  de  Louis  XV.'  (184G),  and  the  first  volume  of  the 
work  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  "  L  Anci^n  regime  et 
la  revolution"  (1856).  A  paper  entitled  "Etat  social  et 
politique  de  la  France  '  was  translated  into  English  by 
John  Stuart  Mill,  and  published  in  the  April  luimber  of 
the  " "SV'estminster  Review,"  1^34.  De  Tocqueville's  com- 
plete works  were  edited  by  his  friend  M.  de  Beaumont 
1S60-65. 

Todd  (tod),  John.  Born  at  Rutland.  Vt.,  Oct.  9, 
1800:  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  24,  1873. 
An  American  Congregational  clerg.yman  and 
author,  long  pastor  in  Pittsfield.  .  Among  his 
works  are  "lectures  to  Children  "  (1834),  "Student's Man- 
ual" (1836),  "Index  Rerum  "  (183,5),  "Truth  Made  Sim- 
ple" (1839).  "The  Young  M.an"(lS43),  "Mount.ain  Gems" 
(1864),  "Sunset  Land"  (1869),  "OlJ-Fashioned  Lives" 
(1S70),  and  other  works. 

Todd's  Tavern  (todz  tav'ern).  A  place  in  Vir- 
ginia, 11  miles  west  by  south  of  Fredericksburg. 
Here,  May  7  and  S,  18t>4,  the  Federal  cavalry  under  Torbert 
and  Gregg  defeated  the  Confederate  cavalry  under  Hamp- 
ton and  Fitzhugh  Lee. 

Todhunter  (tod'him-ter),  Isaac.  Born  at  Rye, 
England.  1820:  died  there,  March  1.  1884.  An 
English  mathematician,  author  of  an  extensive 
series  of  mathematical  text-books.  He  graduated 
as  senior  wrangler  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's  College)  in  1848. 
He  aKo  wrote  ''Historj-  of  the  Progress  of  the  Calculus  of 
Variations  dnrin;^'  the  i9th  Century  "  (1861),  and  "  Histon,- 
of  the  Mathematical  Theories  of  Attraction  and  the  Fig- 
ure of  the  Earth  "  (1873), "  A  History  of  the  Theory  of  Elas- 
ticity and  the  Strength  of  Materials,  etc."  (1886),  etc. 

Todi  (te'de).  The  highest  summit  of  the  Glar- 
ner  Alps,  situated  on  the  borders  of  the  cantons 
of  Glarus,  Grisons,  and  Uri.  31  miles  southeast 
of  Lucerne.     Height,  11,887  feet. 

Todi  (to'de).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Perugia.  Italy,  situated  near  the  Tiber  23  miles 
south  of  Perugia:  the  ancient  Tuder.  it  has  a 
noted  Renaissance  church  (Sta.  31aria  della  Consolazione). 
and  contains  Etruscan  and  Roman  antiquities,  including 
walls,  temple,  theater,  etc. 

Todleben,  or  Totleben  (tot 'la -ben),  Count 
Franz  Eduard.  Born  at  Mitau,  Courland, 
Russia, May  20, 1818:  died  at  Soden, near  Frank- 
fort, July  1,  1884.  A  noted  Russian  military  engi- 
neer and  general.  He  was  educated  in  the  St!  Peters- 
burg school  of  engineers ;  served  as  captain  in  the  Caucasus 
1848-60,  and  at  the  siege  of  Silistria  1854 ;  became  famous  as 
the  chief  engineer  in  the  defense  of  Sebastopol  1854-66 ;  was 
made  major-general  in  1855;  was  wounded  in  June,  1855; 
was  employed  in  fortifying  Nikolaietf  and  Kronstadt ;  be- 
came assistant  to  the  inspector-general  of  engineers,  and 
in  1869  general  of  engineers :  took  charge  of  the  siege  of 
Plevna  in  the  Tin-kish  war  Sept.-Dec,  1877 ;  was  employed 
in  the  reduction  of  the  Bulgarian  fortresses  in  1878;  became 
commander  of  the  Russian  army  in  Turkey  in  1878  :  and 
later  served  as  governor  of  Odessa  and  in  other  stations. 
He  wrote  "  Defense  de  Sevastopol  "  (1864-72),  etc. 

Todmorden  (tod-mor'den).  A  to  wn  in  Yorkshire 
and  Lancashire, England, situated  ontheCalder 
17  miles  north-northeast  of  Manchester.  It  has 
cotton  manufactures.  Population(1891),  24.725. 

Toggenburg  (tog'en-bbro).     A  region  in  the 


Toledo 

canton  of  St.  Gall.  Switzerland,  traversed  by  tho 
Thur.  It  was  a  medieval  countship.  The  most  notabk 
of  the  so-called  Toggenburg  wars  was  that  of  1712,  caused 
by  the  opjiressive  action  of  the  Abbot  of  St.  (iall ;  Bern  and 
Zurich  supported  Toggenburg  successfully  against  the 
Catholic  forces  of  Lucerne,  the  Forest  Cantons,  etc. 

Togoland  (to'go-land).  A  German  protector- 
ate on  the  Slave  Coast  of  western  Africa,  east 
of  the  Gold  Coast,  about  long.  1°  20'  E.  Capi- 
tal, Little  Popo.  The  protectorate  was  pro- 
claimed iu  18,84.  Area,  estimated,  34,000  square 
miles.     Population,  about  2,000,000  (?). 

Togrul  (to'grol),  or  Togril  (to'gi-il),  Beg.  Died 
about  1063.  The  founder  of  the  first  dynasty 
of  the  Seljuk  Turks  (which  see).  He'  made- 
many  conquests  in  Persia. 

Toilers  of  the  Sea,  The.  See  Travailleurs  de  la 
Mei;  Lts. 

Toinette  (twii-nef).  The  capable  but  exasper- 
ating servant  of  Argan  in  Moliere's  "  Le  ma- 
lade  imaginaire." 

Toisond'Or  (twa-son'  dor), La.  [F.,'  The  Fleece 
of  Gold.']  A  play  by  CorneUIe.  "It  includes  a 
great  deal  of  spectacle,  and  is  rather  an  elaborate  masque 
interspersed  with  regular  dramatic  scenes  than  a  tragedy. " 
Saint^bxiri/. 

Toiyabe  Range  (toi-yS'be  ranj).  A  range  of 
mountains  in  the  central  part  of  Nevada,  about 
long.  117°  20'  W. 

Tokaido  (to-ki'do).  [From  to,  eastern,  l-ai,  sea, 
do,  road.]  The  main  road  along  the  eastern 
coast  of  Japan,  extending  from  Tokio  to  Kioto. 

Tokaj.     See  Tokay. 

Tokar  (to-kar').  A  town  in  Nubia,  near  the 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  40  miles  south  of  Suakim. 
The  town  was  surrendered  to  the  Mahdists.  >'ear  it  a 
battle  (called  also  the  battle  of  Trfnkitat)  was  fought  Feb. 
4.  1884,  when  the  Mahdists  under  tisman  Digua  totally 
defeated  the  Egyptian  forces  under  Baker  Pasha. 

Tokat  (to-kaf ).  A  town  iu  the  vilayet  of  Sivas. 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  1" eshil-Irmak 
56  miles  north-northwest  of  Sivas.  it  was  for- 
merly a  seat  of  important  trade  and  manufactures,  and 
still  has  copper  maimfactures.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Tokay,  or  Tokaj  (to-ka';  Hung.  pron.  to'koi). 
A  town  in  the  county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary, 
situated  at  the  .iunction  of  the  Bodrog  with  the 
Theiss,  42  miles  north  by  west  of  Debreczin. 
The  celebrated  Tokay  wines  are  produced  in  its 
■vicinity.     Population,  about  4,500. 

Tokio  "(to'ke-6i,  formerly  Yedo.or  Yeddo 
(yed'6).  The  capital  of  Japan,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Tokio,  on  the  main  island,  in  lat.  35°  41' 
N,,  long.  139°  46'  E.  It  is  situated  on  low  and  flat 
ground,  traversed  by  several  streams.  It  is  the  seat  of  im- 
portant commerce  and  manufactures,  and  a  center  of  cul- 
ture, containing  the  imperial  university.  Y'okohamais  the 
seaport.  The  Shiba  temple  is  remarkable  for  its  succession 
of  inclosin"es,  each  with  an  elaborately  decorated  covered 
gateway.  The  tombs  of  the  shoguns  are  admirable  monu- 
ments of  the  national  style,  chiefly  in  wood,  with  a  succes- 
sion of  inclosures.  gates,  corridors,  and  halls,  ornamented 
with  sculpture  and  color,  and  with  delicate  work  in  metal. 
Y'edo  was  the  seat  of  the  shogunate  until  its  abolition  in 
lSti8,and  succeeded  Kioto  as  the  capital  in  1869,  when  th? 
name  was  changed  to  Tokio  ('Eastern  Capital').  Popula- 
tion (1893),  1.180,569.    Also  Tokyo. 

Tokio,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  ocean,  on  the 
coast  of  Japan,  near  Tokio. 

Toland  (to'land).  John  (baptized  Janus  Ju- 
nius). Bom  near  Londonderrv,  Nov.  30.  1069 
(1670?):  died  at  Putney,  March  11.  1722.  An 
English  deist.  He  was  brought  up  a  Catholic,  but  at 
fifteen  became  a  Protestant,  and  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow and  Edinburgh,  gra'iuatiiig  from  the  latter  university 
in  169it.  He  then  studied  at  Leyden.  and  in  1694  began  to 
reside  at  Oxford.  In  16'.i6  he  published  "Christianity  not 
Mysterious."  The  work  aroused  considerable  controversy, 
which  was  increased  by  its  similarity  to  -'The  Reasonable- 
ness of  Christianity  "  by  John  Locke.  In  1698  he  published 
the  ''Life  of  Milton,"  in  1704  the  "  Letters  to  Serena  "  (the 
Queen  of  Prussia),  followed  in  1705  by  his  "Account  of 
Prussia  and  Hanover. "  In  1710  he  returned  to  England, 
and  published  ">'azarenus"in  1718,  and  "Tetradymus" 
and  ''  Pantheisticon  "  in  1720.  In  his  last  years  his  life 
was  that  of  an  adventiu'er. 

Tolbiacum  (tol-bi'a-kum).  The  ancient  name 
of  Zulpich. 

Toledo  (to-le'do:  Sp.  pron.  to-la'THo).  1.  A 
province  of  New  Castile,  Spain.  It  is  bounded  by 
Avila  and  Madrid  on  the  north,  Cuenca  on  the  east,  Ciu- 
dad  Real  and  Badajoz  on  the  south,  and  Caceres  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous.  Area, 
6,886  square  miles.  Population  (1887),  359.562. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Toledo,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagus  in  lat.  39°  51'  N..  long.  4°  1' 
W. :  the  ancient  Toletum.  It  is  picturesquely  situ- 
ated on  hills;  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  primate  of 
Spain  ;  was  long  noted  for  manufactures,  and  is  still  fa- 
mous for  its  swords ;  and  has  a  trade  in  coal,  iron,  lumber, 
and  grain.  It  formerly  contained  a  university.  The 
cathedral,  the  metropolitan  church  of  Spain,  was  com- 
menced in  1227,  and  is  essentiallv  of  the  13th  centur>', 
though  it  was  not  finished  until  1492.  Like  most  Spanish 
churches,  it  is  not  effective  without.  The  flve-aisled  in- 
terior, though  not  lofty,  is  very  impressive  and  pictur- 
esque :  it  has  much  good  glass,  and  is  a  museum  of  sculp- 
ture and  rich  old  church  furniture.    The  choir-stalls  are 


Toledo 

carved  with  the  long  series  of  victories  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  over  the  Moors.  The  cloisters  arclarct-,  with  ttiie 
simple  tracery  and  vaulting.  The  cily  contains  many  other 
churches  and  relitrious  houses,  and  many  specimens  of 
Sloorish  architecture.  The  .Alcazar  is  a  combined  palace 
and  citadel  rebuilt  and  decorated  by  Ch.arles  V.,  but  greatly 
damaged  by  tire  in  18*6.  The  patio,  or  inner  court,  is  a  tine 
example  of  Renaissance  arcading.  The  bridges  of  .Alcan- 
tara and  .San  ilartin,  over  the  Tagus.  are  both  essentially 
of  the  13th  century,  narrow,  very  lofty,  and  witli  an  enor- 
mouscentral  arch.  Thetlrsthas  only  one  side  arch,  and  a 
battlemented  tower  at  the  inner  end  and  a  simple  gate  at 
the  outer ;  the  second  has  four  side  arches,  and  a  fortitled 
tower  at  each  end.  The  city  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  t'arpetani,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  abuvit 
19:1  B.  c.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  West-Gothic  realm  ; 
has  been  the  seat  of  many  councils ;  was  the  second  city  in 
the  country  under  the  Moorish  rule  ;  wastalvenby  Alfonso 
VI.  of  t'astile  and  Leon  in  10S5  ;  was  defended  against 
Moorish  attacks  in  the  12th  century  ;  and  was  the  capital 
of  Castil.'  until  superseded  by  Madrid  in  the  Itith  century. 
Population  (1887).  20,837. 

Toledo  (to-le'do).  A  city  and  lake  port,  eapitiil 
of  Lucas  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Maumee 
River,  near  Lake  Erie,  about  lat.  41°  38'  N. 
It  is  a  leading  railroad  center  ;  has  important  commerce 
in  grain,  flour,  live  stock,  lumber,  etc.;  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  wood,  iron,  etc.  It  was  formed  by  the  union  of 
two  Tillages  in  1836.  (See  Toledo  TTar.)  Population 
•  I'.IOO),  131.822. 

Toledo  (to-la'do).  The  main  street  of  Naples : 
called  officially  the  Via  di  Roma. 

Toledo  (to-la'THo),  Francisco  de.  Born  about 
1515:  died  at  Seville,  Sept.,  1584.  A  Spanish 
administrator.  He  wasa  younger  son  of  thethird  Count 
of  Oropesa.  From  Nov.  26.  156rt,  to  Sept.  23,  IfiSl,  he  was 
viceroy  of  Peru.  During  this  period  the  young  Inca  Tupac 
Amaru  was  seized  and  executed  ;  the  Inquisition  was  in- 
troduced (1569) :  and  the  code  of  laws  called  Libro  deTa- 
sas  (which  see)was  promulgated.  On  hisreturn  to  Spain, 
Toledo  was  imprisoned  for  m;dversation  of  public  funds, 
and  was  severely  rebuked  by  thekingforhavingcaused  the 
death  of  the  Inca. 

Toledo  Molina  y  Salazar  (to-la'Tnrj  mo-le'na  e 
sa-lil-thar'),  Antonio  Sebastian  de,  JIarquis 
ofMancera.  Boru  about  1G20:  died  after  l(j75. 
A  Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  Mexico  from 
Oct.  15,  1664,  to  Nov.  9.  1673.  He  was  one  of 
the  best  and  ablest  of  the  viceroys. 

Toledo  War.  A  bloodless  dispute  between  Ohio 
and  Michigan,  in  18.35,  relating  to  the  city  of 
Toledo,  which  was  claimed  by  both.  It  termi- 
nated in  favor  of  Ohio. 

Tolentino  (to-len-te'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Maoerata,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Chienti 
30  miles  south-southwest  of  Aneona:  the  an- 
cient Tolentinum.  It  has  several  noted  churches  and 
works  of  art.  A  victory  gained  here  by  the  Austrians  un- 
der Bianchi  over  the  Neapolitans  under  Murat.  ^fay  2  and 
3, 1815,ledtoMuraf3lossof  histhrone.  Population  (1881), 
4,114. 

Tolentino,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Tolentino,  Feb.,  1797,  between"  Pope  Pius  VI. 
and  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  The  Pope  ceded 
Arignon,  the  (Jomtat-Venaissin,  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara,  the  Ronwigiia.  and  Aneona  to  the  French. 

Toleration,  Act  of.  In  English  law,  the  name 
given  to  the  statute  1  Will,  and  Marj^  cap. 
18  (1689).  By  this  the  Protestant  dissenters  from  the 
Church  of  F.ngland,  except  such  as  denied  the  Trinity, 
were  relieved  from  the  restrictions  under  which  they  had 
formerly  lain  with  regard  to  the  exercise  of  religious  wor- 
ship according  to  their  own  forms,  on  condition  of  their 
taking  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and  allegiance,  and  repu- 
diating the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  and,  in  the 
case  of  dissenting  m  i  n  isters,  subscribing  also  to  tlie  Thirty- 
nine  Articles  with  certain  exceptions  relating  to  ceremo- 
nies, ordination,  infant  baptism,  etc. 

Tollma  (to-le'mii).  An  Interior  department  of 
Colombia,  about  the  head  waters  of  the  river 
Magdalena.  Capital,  IbaguC".  Area,  18,434 
Rquaro  miles.     Population,  306,000. 

Tolima.  The  highest  mountain  of  Colombia,  in 
the  Central  Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  near  lat. 
4°  40'  N.,  nortliwest  of  the  town  of  njagu6,  To- 
lima. It  is  a  quiescent  volcano.  Height,18,325 
feet. 

Toll  (tol),  Count  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  April 
19,  1777 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  5,  1842. 
A  Russian  general.  He  was  distinguished  In  Swit- 
zerland and  Italy,  and  In  the  Turkish  and  Napoleonic 
wars ;  was  chief  of  stall  in  the  Turkish  war  in  18211.  and 
In  the  Polish  revolution  in  18.(1 ;  and  succeeded  Diebllseh 
as  connnander  in  Poland  in  18:'i. 

Tollan.     See  Tula  and  Toltccs. 

Tollens  (tol'Iens),  Hendrik.  Bom  at  Rotter- 
dam, Sept.  24,  1780:  died  at  Ryswick,  Oct.  21, 
IS,^.  A  Dutch  ]>oet.  His  falher  was  a  merchant  In 
Rotterdam,  and  his  early  education  was  in  Ihe  direction  of 
the  mercantile  ciireer,i»hich  ho  followed  until  1846,  when 
he  retired  to  private  life.  Ills  earliest  works  were  the 
comedies  "De  Bruiloft"  ("The  Wedding,"  niW)  and 
"Gierlgheld  en  l)aatzucht"("  Avarlceand  Covctousness," 
1801).  From  1801  to  180,')  appeared  the  poems  "Idyllen 
en  Mlnnezangen  "  ("Idyls  and  l.ove  S<mg8  "),  "Uedlch- 
t('n"  f"  Poems,"  1808-15),  "Tafereel  van  de  overwintering 
der  Nederlanders  op  Nova  Zenibla '("A  Picture  of  the 
Wintering  of  the  Netherlanders  on  Nova  Zemhln,  '  181(1), 
^  Romancen,  balladen  eu  legenden  "  ("  Komancos,  Ballads, 


1001 

and  legends,"  1818-19X  "Nieuwe  gedichten"  ("New 
Poems,'  1821, 1929),  and,  flnally.in  1848  aod  1853,  "Laatste 
gedichten  "  ("  Last  Poems  "). 

Tolosa  (to-lo'sS).  The  ancient  name  of  Tou- 
louse. 

Tolosa  (to-ld'sii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Guip\izcoa,  Spain,  at  the  Jimction  of  theArages 
with  the  Oria,  25  miles  nortliwest  of  Pamplona. 
It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  province. 
Population  (1SS"7),  7,223. 

Tolosa.     .\  suburb  of  La  Plata  (which  see). 

Tolosa,  Battle  of.    See  Saras  de  Tolosa. 

Tolowa  (tol'o-wii).  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  di- 
vision of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  living  on  the  northern  coast  of 
California.     See  Alliapascan. 

Tolstoi  (tol'stoi),  Count  Alexei  Eonstantino- 
vich.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg.  Sept.  5,  1S18; 
died  near  Pochep,  Oct.  10,  1875.  A  Russian 
poet.  lie  served  in  the  Crimean  war.  His  chief  works 
are  "Prince  Serebrany  "  (1861:  a  historical  romance)  and 
the  dramatic  trilogy  "Death  of  Ivan  the  Terrible  "(1807), 
"Czar  I'codor  "  (1868),  and  "Czar  Boris "  (1S70).  Ho  was 
remotely  connected  with  Count  Lyelf  Tolstoi. 

Tolstoi,  Count  Dmitri.  Bom  1823 :  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  May  7,  1889.  A  Russian  politician, 
lie  was  minister  of  public  instruction  186(>-80, 
and  miuister  of  the  interior  1883-89. 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyeff  or  Lyoff  (i.  e.  Leo) 
Nikolaievicll.  Born  in  the  government  of 
Tula,  Russia,  Aug.  28,  1828  (O.  S.).  A  Rus- 
sian novelist,  social  reformer,  and  religious 
mystic.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Kazan, 
and  served  in  the  armj^  in  the  Caucasus  and  in  the  Cri- 
mean war,  being  appointed  commander  of  a  battery  in 
185:'i.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  the  Tchernaya,was  in  the 
storming  of  Sebastjpol.  and  after  it  was  sent  as  a  special 
courier  to  St.  Petersburg.  He  retired  at  the  end  of  the 
campaign.  After  the  liberation  of  the  serfs  he  lived  on 
his  estates,  working  with  and  relieving  the  peasants,  ami 
also  devoting  himself  to  study.  The  stories  regarding  his 
life  have  almost  assumed  the  proportions  of  a  myth.  His 
chief  novels  are  "War  and  Peace  "  (1S65-68 ;  a  picture  of 
Russian  society  1805-15)  and  "Anna  Kar6nina"  (1875-78). 
Among  his  otlier  works  are  "  Sevastopol  "  (1853-55), "The 
Cossacks  "  (composed  while  in  the  army),  "  Ivan  Ilyitch  " 
(lS^6),"Two  Pilgrims,"  "Childhood,  Boyhood,  and  Youth," 
"My  Religion  "  (lSS5)."My  Confession,"  "A  Commentary 
on  the  dospel,"  "Life,"  "The  Kreutzer  Sonata"  (1890), 
and  "War "(1892). 

Toltecs  (tol'teks  or  tol-taks').  A  traditional  or 
perhaps  mythical  race  of  Indians,  said  to  have 
occupied  the  Mexican  plateau  during  several 
centuries  previous  to  the  advent  of  the  Aztecs. 
According  to  the  story,  they  came  fi-oiu  Iluehuethipallan, 
somewhere  in  the  north,  and  aftervarious  migrations  and 
temporary  settlements  arrived  at  Tollan  (sujiposed  to  be 
Tula  in  Hidalgo).  Here  they  settled  in  6til  (or  674  ?),  and 
a  list  is  given  of  9  or  11  "kings"  who  ruled  them.  Ttie 
legends  also  connect  them  with  the  ruins  at  Teotihnacan, 
thepyranii<lat  Cholula,  etc. ;  and  the  prophet  orlierot)uet- 
zalcohuatl  is  said  to  have  appeared  in  their  cities,  making 
his  final  departure  from  Tlapallan,  an  unknown  locality, 
but  supposed  to  be  near  the  sea-coast.  About  1013  the 
Toltec  i)Ower  was  overthrown,  and  the  nation  journeyed 
sou  til  ward  .'uid  disafipcared  ;  but  many  have  supposed  that 
the  Maya  I'Mipiic.  «  Inch  c.inu-  iiilo  prominence  about  that 
time,  oiiginaled  with  tlicTO.  'llie  vagueness  and  confusion 
which  characterize  all  acfounts  of  the  Tultecs  have  given 
rise  to  many  and  widely  diverse  theories  about  them. 
Some  ethnologists  —  notably  in-,  iirinlon  —  deny  that  they 
ever  had  any  real  existence  except,  perliaps,  as  an  early 
and  small  gens  of  the  Aztecs;  others  believe  that  they 
formed  a  powerful  kingiloin  which  left  profound  traces 
on  the  later  civilizations. 

All  that  we  can  gather  about  them  with  safety  is  that 
they  were  a  sedentary  Indian  stock  which  at  some  remote 
time  settled  iti  p<irtions(if  central  ilexico,  as  for  instance 
at  Tula,  Tullaidzincti,  Teotihuacan,  and  perhaps  Chtdula, 
Nothing  certain  Is  known  of  their  language,  and  It  nnl.st 
not  be  overlooked  that  the  so-called  'I'oltee  names  men- 
tioned in  the  chronicles  arc  in  the  Nahuatl  idiom. 

IJdmlclirr,  An  Archieological  Tour  in  Mexico,  p.  191. 

Toluca  (to-lii'kii).  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Mexico,  Mexico,  32  miles  west-southwest  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  it  is  one  of  the  places  said  to  have 
been  settled  by  the  Toltecs,  and  was  an  Important  Aztec 
pueblo  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  Population 
(1895),  2.3,648. 

Tom   (torn).     A  river  in  the   govemraent  of 

Tomsk,    Siberia,   which    .ioins    the   Obi   near 

Tomsk.     Length,  about  450  miles. 
Tom,  Mount.  A  mountain  in  Hampshire  County, 

Massachusotts,  on  _tho  Connecticut,  opposite 

Mount  llolyoko,  near  Northampton.    Height, 

1,214  leel. 
Tomales  Bay  (to-mit'les  bii).     An  inlet  of  the 

Pacilic,   cm   tlie  coast   of  California,  35  miles 

norllnvi'sl  of  Sim  Friincisco. 

Tom  and  Jerry,  or  Life  in  London.    A  novel 

by  Picreo  Kfiiii,  |mblisliod  1S21-22,  wliicli  eoii- 
tiiins  the  advciiliireii  of  .Jerry  Hawthorn,  Corin- 
thian Tom,  Hiiil  Bob  Logic.  It  was  illustrated 
by  Criiikslinuk,  iiiid  was  very  i")]iiiliir. 

T<)mbigbee,  or  Tombigby  (tmn  -  big' bi).  A 
river  in  eastern  .Mississippi  and  western  Ala- 
bama, whiuh  unites  with  tuo  Alabama  to  fonu 


Tonale  Pass 

the  Mobile.      Length,   estimated,   about    450 
miles:  navigable  to  .Vberdeen,  Mississippi. 
Tom  Brown  at  Oxford.    A  story  by  Thomas 

Hughes,  published  in  1861:  a  continuation  of 
"Tom  Brown's  School  Days." 

TomBrown's  School  Days.  A  story  by  Thomas 
Hughes,  published  in  1856.  It  describes  life  at 
IMgby  School  under  the  rule  of  Dr.  Arnold. 

Tombs  (tomz).  The.  A  prison  in  New  York 
city,  built  in  1S38  and  partly  rebuilt  1897-. 
It  fronts  Mil  I'entre  street,  on  the"  block  Ijounded  by 
Leonard,  Elin,  and  Franklin  streets.  It  was  In  the  Egyp- 
tian style  of  architecture.  The  new  criminal  law  courts, 
on  the  opposite  siilc  of  Franklin  street,  are  connected 
with  the  Tom\>s  by  a  bridge  from  the  second  story,  known 
as  "the  Bridge  of  sighs  "  (which  see). 

Tombs  of  the  Scipios.   See  Scipios.  Tombs  of  the. 

Tomelloso  (to-mel-y6's6).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain.  It  exports  wine 
and  brandy. 

Tom  Gate.  A  gate  of  Christ  Cliurch  College, 
Oxford,  begun  bv  Wolsey,  and  completed  Dy 
Wren  in  1682. 

Tomi  (to'mi),  or  Tomis  (to'mis).  [Gr.  TtiHif.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea,  near  the  modern  Kustendje, 
Rumania.  It  was  the  place  of  Ovid's  banish- 
ment. 

Tomini  (to-me'ne),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea 
which  separates  the  northern  from  the  eastern 
peninsula  of  Celebes. 

Tom  Jones.  The  title  of  a  novel  by  Fielding, 
pulflishod  in  1749,  and  the  name  of  its  hero. 
He  is  representee!  as  a  foundling  who  is  brought  up  by 
Squire  Allworthy,  and  in  the  end  is  discovered  to  be  the 
squire's  (illegitimate)  nephew,  and  is  made  his  heir. 
Jones  is  a  young  man  of  a  naturally  attractive  and  gener- 
ous character,  but  many  of  his  adventures  are  unsavorj'. 

Toniki[n]s  (tom'kinz  or  -Ids),  John.  A  scholar 
of  Trinity  d'oUege,  Cambridge  (B.  A.  1.598),  au- 
thor of  "Albumazar"and,  according  to  Fumival 
and  Fleay,  of  "Lingua,  or  the  Combat  of  the 
Tongue  and  the  Five  Senses  for  Superiority." 
The  latter  has  also  been  attributed  to  Antony  Brewer. 
[He  is  always  spoken  o(&s  Tomlcis,  though  his  father's  name 
was  liiinkiiis.] 

Tommaseo  (tom-mii-sa'o).  Niccolo.  Born  at 
Sebenico.  Dalmatia,  1802 :  died  at  Florence, 
May  1, 1874.  An  Italian  author.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  revolutionary  government  of  Venice  in  1S48,  and 
was  exiled  from  Venice  in  18-19.  His  works  include  "  lliai- 
onario  del  sinonimi  della  lingua  italiana  "  (lb32),  a  com. 
mentary  on  Dante  (1837),  "Lettere  di  Pasquale  de'  Paoli  " 
(1S46),  "Canti  popolari,"  etc.  He  was  collaborator  with 
llelliui  on  an  lt:dian  dictionary. 

Tommy  Atkins  (tom'i  at'kinz).  A  generic 
name  for  a  private  in  the  British  army ;  also,  the 
rank  and  file  collectively.  The  name  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  usage  of  making  out  blanks  for  military 
accounts,  etc.,  with  the  name  "I,  Tommy  Atkins,"  etc. 

Tom  o'  Bedlam  (torn  6  bed'lam).  An  incura- 
ble lunatic :  so  called  from  Bethlehem  Hospital, 
London.     See  Bedlam. 

Tompkins  (tomp'kinz^  Daniel  D.  Born  at 
(what  is  now)  Scarsdale,  Westchester  County, 
N.Y.,  June  21, 1774:  diedonStaten  Island,  June 
11,18'25.  An  American  statesman.  Hewaseducated 
at  Columbia  College,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1797. 
He  was  associate  justice  of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court 
l»0t-07,  and  governor  of  New  York  1807-17.  In  1812  he  pro- 
rogued  the  legislature  for  10  months  to  prevent  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Bank  of  North  America  in  New  York  city. 
He  was  elected  ^■ice-I*resitient  In  1S16  and  w.as  reelected 
in  1820.  serving  1817-25.  He  recommended,  in  1817,  the 
aboIiti>>M  of  slavery  in  New  York. 

Tom  Quad  (kwod-).  The  great  quadrangle  of 
( 'hrist  Church  College,  Oxford. 

Tom's  (tomz).  A  fatuous  coffee-house,  named 
from  its  proprietor,  Thomas  West,  formerly  sit- 
uated on  Russell  street,  London:  removed  in 
186.5.  In  1764  a  club  of  nearly  700  members  was  formed 
here,  consisting  of  the  most  noted  men  of  the  age,  a;id 
called  Tom's  club. 

Tomsk  (tomsk).  1.  A  goverunieiit  of  Western 
Siberia,  bounded  by  Tobolsk,  Yeniseisk,  the 
Chinese  empire,  and  Semiiialatinsk.  It  u  moun. 
taliunis  (.Vital,  etc.)  In  the  suutlieast.  and  has  great  min- 
eral wealth.  Area,  3.S1, 159  square  miles.  Population(1889X 
1,299,729. 

2.  'I'ho  capital  of  the  governiuent  of  Tomsk, 
Siberia,  situated  on  the  Tom,  near  tlie  Obi, 
about  lat.  56°  40'  N.  It  Is  one  of  the  chief  Siberian 
cities,  anil  Is  situated  on  the  great  Siberian  road  from 
Tyumen  to  Irkutsk.     Population,  41,S54i. 

Tom's  River  (tomz  riv'^r).  The  capital  of 
(h'euii  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Tom's 
Iviver  31  miles  southeast  of  Trenton. 

Tom  Thumb.     See  SIratton.  Charles  ft. 

Tom  Thumb  the  Great.  A  burlesque  by  Field- 
ing, (irodiii'cd  ill  1730.  Carey's  "Chrononhotonlhol- 
ogos"  was  imitatcil  frvun  It  In  part.  O'Hani  turned  it  Into 
an  opera. 

Tonale  Pass  (to-nii'le  pAs).  An  Alpine  pass, 
30  luiles  west-northwest  of  Trent,  which  con- 
nects the  valley  of  the  Nooe  in  Tyrol  with  that^ 


Tonale  Pass 

of  the  Oglio  in  the  province  of  Brescia.  Italy. 
It  was  the  scene  of  various  contests  in  the  Napoleonic  wars 
and  in  the  Austrian  wars  of  1S18  and  18'j6.    Elevation. 

'J.lMfeet. 

Tonantzin.     See  CihuacohiiatL 

Tonatiuh  (to-na-te'o).  pjex..'sun.']  Aname 
given  by  the  Indians  of  Mexico  to  Peiiro  tie  AI- 
varailo,  in  allusion  to  his  ruddy  complexion  and 
blond  hair  and  beard. 

Tonawanda  (ton-a-won'da).  A  town  in  Erie 
County,  \ew  York,  at  the  junction  of  Tona- 
wanda Creek  with  Niagara  River.  Itisanimporiant 
c<.-nter  "f  the  luniher  trade.     Pop.  (lyOO).  village,  7.4">1. 

Tonawanda  Creek.  A  river  in  western  New 
York  which  joins  the  Niagara  10  miles  north  of 
Buffalo.     Length,  about  75  miles. 

Tonbridge.    ^cc  Tuubiidiic. 

Tone  (ton ).  Theobald  Wolfe.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
June  20.  1763:  committed  suicide  in  prison  at 
Dublin,  Nov.  19,  1798.  An  Irish  revolutionist, 
one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  United  Irish- 
men. He  promoted  and  served  in  the  expedition  of  Hoche 
to  Ireland  in  1706 ;  and  was  captured  '-n  a  French  squadron 
on  its  way  to  Ireland  in  1798,  and  sentenced  to  death.  His 
autobiography  was  edited  by  his  son  in  1826. 

Tone-gawa.  The  longest  river  in  Japan,  on  the 
main  island,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  east  of 
Tokio.     Length,  about  170  miles. 

Tonga  Bay  (tong'ga  ba).  An  inlet  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  South  Africa,  near  Cape  Delgado. 

Tonga  Islands,  or  Friendly  Islands.  A  group 

of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  south  of  the  Sa- 
moan  Islands.     They  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

Tongaland  (tong'gii-Iand).  A  native  state,  un- 
der British  rule,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa 
north  of  Zululand.  in  1S97  it  was  incorporated  with 
the  colony  of  Xatal.  .\rea.  about  1,200  square  miles. 
Pupulatinn,  about  100,000.     Also  Amaton^ataiid. 

Tongas  (tong'gaz).  A  tribe  of  Xorth  Ajnerican 
Indians  who  live  on  an  island  at  the  mouth  of 
Portland  Canal,  and  on  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 
Alaska.     Number,  273.     See  Koliixchan. 

Tongatabu,  or  Tongataboo  (tong-ga-ta'bb). 
The  largest  island  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  It 
contains  the  capital  of  the  group.  Length.  21 
miles. 

Tongking  (tong-Mng'),  sometimes  Tungking 
(tong-king').  also  Tonkin  (ton-ken')  and  (F.) 
Tonquin  ( ton-kan').  A  French  colonial  posses- 
sion in  Farther  India. bounded  by  China,  the  Gulf 
of  Tongking,  Annam,and  the  Shan  States.  Capi- 
tal, Hanoi .  The  surface  is  generally  low,  and  is  travelled 
by  the  river  Song-koi.  The  chief  exports  are  rice,  silk,  silk 
goods,  and  tin.  It  was  longa  kingdom,  nominally  ti-ibutai-y 
to  China,  and  latterly  under  Annamese  suzerainty.  In 
1873  an  unsuccessful  French  expedition  under  Gamier 
was  sent  against  Tongking  ;  and  a  treaty  between  France 
and  Annam  was  ratified  in  1874.  The  contest  for  Tongking 
was  renewed  in  1S82,  and  campaigns  were  undertaken  by 
the  French  under  Riviere,  N^grier.  Briere  de  lisle,  and 
others  against  the  Black  Flags  and  the  Chinese  18S3-S.i. 
Tongkiug  was  ceded  to  France  by  treaty  with  China  in 
1885.     Area,  34.740  square  miles.     Population,  9,000,000. 

Tongking,  Gulf  of.     An  arm  of  the  China  Sea, 

'  partly  inclosed  by  China,  Tongking,  and  the 
island  of  Hainan. 

Tongking  River.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Red  River  in  Tongking. 

Tongoland.     See  Tongaland. 

Tongue  itung)  River.  A  river  in  northern 
Wyoming  and  southeastern  Montana  which 
unites  with  the  Yellowstone  near  Miles  City. 
Length;  about  200  miles. 

Tonikan  (ton'e-kan),  or  Otonnica,  or  Tanico. 
[From  a  word  in  their  language  meaning  'man' 
or '  people.']  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  which  lived,  when  first  met  with 
(about  1700),  in  Mississippi  on  the  lower Y'azoo 
River.  They  were  faithful  allies  of  the  French  In  1708 
they  were  driven  from  their  villages  by  the  Chikasa  and 
Alabama ;  afterward  occupied  the  lands  of  the  Huraa :  and 
in  1730  were  driven  thence  down  the  Mississippi  by  the 
Xachi.  In  1817  some  of  them  were  in  Avoyelles  parish, 
Loiiisian.i,  where  a  few  still  live. 

Tonkawan  i  t..ug'ka-wan  ).  A  linguistic  family 
of  North  American  Indians  which,  when  iirst 
known  (about  1719),  lived  in  several  parts  of 
Texas,  and  later  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
that  State.  But  three  tribesareknown—tlieTonkawe, 
Mayes,  and  Yakwal:  the  last  two  are  extinct  or  are  merged 
in  the  tirst  Thirteen  subdivisions  or  bands  are  known 
by  name. 

Tonkaways.    See  Totdaice. 

Tonkawe  (tong'ka-wa),  or  Tancahuas,  or 
Tanks.  [Pi.,  also  Tonkawai/s;  from  a  Caddo 
term  meaning  '  they  all  stay  together.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly roamed  in  the  west  and  south  of  Texas. 
Those  still  liring  together  are  in  the  Indian  Territory. 
See  T'-'tiJcawaii. 

Tonkin.     See  Tongking. 

Tonna  vtou'ij),  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Elizabeth 


1002 

Browne;  Mrs.  Phelan):  pseudonym  Char- 
lotte Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Norwich,  England, 
Oct.  1.  1790:  died  at  Ramsgate,  July  12,  1846. 
An  English  religious  writer.  She  married  Captain 
Phelan,  who  died  in  1S37 ;  and  in  1841  she  married  Mr. 
Tonna.  Amont.' her  works  are  "  Judah's  Lion,"  "The  Siege 
of  Derry,'  "Floral  Biography."  "The  Eockite,"  etc.,  and 
many  religious  tracts.  She  edited  the  "Christian  Lady's 
Magazine  "  1S34— 10. 
Tonnante  (ton-noiif).  The  first  ironclad,  one 
of  five  floating  batteries  built  by  Napoleon  III. 
during  the  Crimean  war.  it  was  launched  at  Brest 
in  Marcll,  1S55.  Its  length  was  172  feet ;  breadth,  44  feet : 
dmu'jbt,  9  feet.  The  armored  casemate  carried  4i-inch 
armor  and  17-inch  wooden  backing,  and  mounted  16'guns, 

Tonnay-Charente  (ton-na'shii-ront').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Charente-Inferieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  Charente  i  miles  east 
of  Roehefort.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,249. 

Tonneins  (ton-nan').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne 20  miles  northwest  of  Agen.  It  was  de- 
stroved  bv  Louis  XEtl.  in  1622.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  7,090. 

Tcnnerre  (ton-nar').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Arman^on 
32  miles  south  by  west  of  Troyes.  It  produces 
wines.     Population  (1891),  commune.  4,734. 

Tonning  (ten'ning).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Eider.  30  miles  west-southwest  of 
Schleswig.  it  has  several  times  been  besieged.  The 
.Swedish  general  Stenbock  surrendered  here  to  the  Rus- 
sians and  Danes  May  16.  1713.     Population  (1890),  3,228. 

Tonquin.     See  Tongking. 

Tonson  (ton'son),  Jacob.  Bom  about  16.56 :  died 
1736.  A  noted  English  bookseller.  He  published 
some  of  Otway's  and  Tate's  plays  before  1670;  was  Dry- 
den's  publisher  in  1681 ;  and  published  Rowe's  Shakspere  in 
1709.     See  Eit-Cat  Club. 

Tonstall,  Cuthbert.    See  TimstaU. 

Tonti  (ton 'te).  Lorenzo.  Lived  about  1650.  An 
Italian  banker,  inventor  of  the  tontine  system 
of  life-insurance. 

Tonto  Apache.     See  Pinnl  Coi/otero. 

Tonty  ton'te  i.  or  Tonti,  Henry  de.  Born  about 
16.7)0 :  died  at  Mobile.  1704.  An  Italian  explorer 
in  the  Mississippi  valley,  son  of  Lorenzo  Tonti : 
a  companion  of  La  Salle. 

Tooke  (tok).  Home:  the  assumed  name  of  John 
Home.  Born  at  Westminster.  England.  June 
25, 1736 :  died  at  Wimbledon,  England,  March 
18, 1812.  An  EngUsh  politician  and  philologist. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge ;  was  vicar  at 
>"ew  Brentford  until  1773  ;  began  his  political  career  about 
1765  as  a  Liberal ;  engaged  in  controversies  with  Wilkes 
and  Junius:  was  the  chief  founder  of  the  "Society  for 
Supporting  the  Bill  of  Rights  "  in  1769 :  opposed  the  Ameri- 
can war ;  and  was  imprisoned  for  libel  1767-6S.  He  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Tooke  in  1782.  In  17W  he  was  tried 
for  high  treason  and  acquitted.  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament 18>l-^2.  but  was  excluded  later,  as  a  clergyman. 
His  chief  work  is  the  philological  treatise  "  Epea  Pte- 
roenta,  or  Diversions  of  Purley  "(1786, 1805).  He  also  wrote 
various  political  pamphlets,  including  ■"Petition  of  an 
Englishman"  (1765),  " Two  Pair  of  Portraits "  (1788),  etc. 

Toombs  I  tomz),  Robert.  Born  in  Wilkes  Coun- 
ty, Ga.,  Jtdy  2,  1810:  died  at  Washington,  Ga., 
Dee.  15, 188a.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia  1845-53 :  United 
States  senator  from  Georgia  1853-61 :  a  leading  disunion- 
ist ;  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress  1861 ;  and  Con- 
federate secretary  of  state  1861.  He  served  as  brigadier- 
general  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  and  at  Antietam 
in  1862  ;  and  commanded  the  Georgia  militia  in  1864.  He 
lived  abroad  1865-^7  when  he  returned,  but  refused  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United  States  government. 

Toorkistan.     See  Turkestan. 

Topeka(to-pe'ka).  The  capital  of  Kansas,  and 
of  Shawnee  Countv.  situated  on  the  Kansas 
River  in  lat.  39='  3'"N.,  long.  95°  40'  W.  It  is 
a  railroad  center:  has  manufactures  of  flour,  machinery, 
etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of  Washburn  College  (Congregational), 
and  of  Bethany  College  for  young  ladies  (Episcopal),  and 
other  educational  institutions.  It  was  settled  in  18.>4, 
and  was  incorporated  in  1857.     Population  (1900),  33,608. 

Topeka  Constitution.  A.  constitution  for  the 
projected  State  of  Kansas,  adopted  in  conven- 
tion at  Topeka  1855.     It  prohibited  slavery. 

Topelius  (to-pa'le-os),  Zachris.  Bom  at  Nv- 
karleby,  Finland,  Jan.  14,  1818 :  died  March  12, 
1898.  A  Swedish  poet  and  novelist.  His  father 
was  a  physician.  After  1833  he  studied  at  Helsingfors. 
Here  he  subsequently  settled,  and  1842-^1  was  editor  of  the 
"  Helsingfors  'Tidningar."  in  whichhis  earliest  poems  and 
stories  originally  appeared.  Afterward  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor extraordinarius  of  the  history  of  Finland  and  the 
North  at  the  University  of  Helsingfors,  and  in  1863  pro- 
fessor ordinarius.  In  1876  he  became  professor  of  univer- 
sal history.  From  1S75  to  1878  he  was  the  rector  of  the 
university.  In  the  latter  yearhe  finally  withdrew  from  his 
academic  labors.  Hisfirst  collection  of  l>Tics  appeared  in 
1845  with  the  title  "Ljungblommor"("  Heath  Blossoms"). 
Three  other  collections  w-ere  published  in  135m,  1854,  and 
186*t  respectively,  and  still  another,  "Nya  blad  "  ("  New 
Leaves  "),  in  1870.    Among  his  dramatic  works  are  partic- 


Tordesilhas,  Convention  of 

ularlv  to  be  mentioned  "  Titiansforsta  karlek"("  Titian's 
First  Ixive"),  "Efter50&r"  ("After  Fifty  Years  ■),  and 
"  Prinsessan  of  Cypem  "("  The  Princess  of  Cyprus":  with 
which  the  Helsingf I. rs  theater  was  opened  in  ls60).  His 
most  celebrated  work  is  the  series  of  novels  in  six  vol- 
umes, depicting  life  in  Sweden  and  Finland  in  the  17th 
and  ISth  centuries,  with  the  title  "Faltskamsberattelser" 
("The  Sm-geon's  Stories,"  1872-74).  His  "Lasning  for 
Barn  "  ("Reading  for  Cllildren  ")  has  been  translated  into 
English  and  German.  He  is  the  author,  besides,  of  several 
historical  and  descriptive  works  on  Finland. 
Tophet  (to'fet).  [From.  Heb.  iopheth,  lit.  'a 
place  to  be  spit  on.']  A  place  situated  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Gehenna  or  the  Val- 
ley of  Hinnom.  to  the  south  of  Jerusalem,  it  waa 
there  that  the  idolatrous  Jews  worshiped  the  fire-gods  and 
sacrificed  their  children.  In  consequence  of  these  alx>mi. 
nations  the  wholevalley  became  the  common  laystall  of  the  i* 
city,  and  symbolical  of  the  place  of  torment  in  a  future 
life. 

Toplady  (top'la-di),  Augustus  Montague. 
Born  at  Farnham,  Suney.  Nov  4. 1740  :  died  at 
London,  Aug.  11, 1778.  An  English  clergyman, 
controversialist,  and  sacred  poet.  He  was  edacated 
at  Westminster  and  at  Trinity  College.  Dublin.  In  1783 
he  was  appointed  vicar  of  Broadh  Hembury,  Devonshire. 
He  w;is  an  earnest  Calvinist.  He  published  "The  Doc- 
trine  of  .Absolute  Predestination  Stated  and  Asserted  " 
(1769),  "Historic  Proof  of  the  Doctrinal  Calvinism  of  the 
Church  of  England  "  (1774),  "  The  Church  of  England  Vin- 
dicated from  the  Charge  of  .\rminianism"(1774),  "  Poems 
on  Sacred  Subjects  "  (1776),  and  "Psalms  and  Hymns" 
(1776>.  He  wrote  several  other  volumes  of  hymns  and 
sacred  poems.  He  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  the 
noble  hymn  "  Rock  of  Ages. " 

Toplitz.     See  Teplit:. 

Topsham(tops'am).  A  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  beginning  of  the  estuary 
of  the  Exe,  4  miles  southeast  of  Exeter.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  about  4,000. 

Topsy  (top'si).  A  negi-0  girl,  an  amusing  char- 
acter in  ■■  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin." 

Toquima  Range  (to-ke'ma  ranj).  A  range  of 
moimtains  in  the  central  part  of  Nevada,  about 
long.  117°  W. 

Torah  (to'ra).  [Heb., 'instruction,'  'teaching.'] 
The  name  given  to  the  first  five  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  or  Pentateuch,  by  the  Jews.  It  is  con- 
sidered by  them  the  most  important  part  of  the  Bible. 
Weekly  lessons  are  read  from  it  in  the  synagogue,  and  only 
manuscript  copies  are  used  for  this  purpose.    See  Pen- 

Tor  Bay  (tor  ba).  A  small  bay  of  the  English 
Channel,  situated  near  Torquay.  William  of 
Orange  landed  there  in  1688.  It  has  important 
fisheries. 

Torbert  (tor'bert),  Alfred  Thomas  Archime- 
des. Born  at  Georgetown.  Del.,  July  1.  1833: 
died  at  sea.  Sept.  30,  1880.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in  the  infantry  in 
the  .-Vrmy  of  the  Potomac :  became  distinguished  in  iS64 
as  a  cavalry  commander  under  Sheridan  ;  and  commanded 
the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1865.  Later  he  w  as  in  the 
diplomatic  and  consular  service.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  in  the  United  States  army.  March  13, 1S6-S  and  re- 
signed in  Oct.,  1866. 

Torcello  (tor-chel'16).  A  small  island  6  miles 
northeast  of  Venice,  of  importance  in  the  10th 
and  11th  centuries.  It  contains  an  ancient  Byzan- 
tine cathedral  of  Santa  M.aria,  and  a  church  of  Santa 
Fosca.  The  former  was  rebuilt  in  the  11th  century,  but 
preserves  the  early  basilican  plan.  The  south  windows  of 
the  ch'  'ir  have  stone  shutters  turning  on  pivots.  The  nave 
and  aisles  end  in  apses  :  that  of  the  nave  has  a  primitive 
presbyterium  of  three  steps  at  the  back,  forming  seats  for 
the  clergy,  with  the  raised  episcopal  throne  inthemiddle. 
The  chief  apse  and  other  portions  of  the  interior  are  cov- 
ered with  curious  and  beautiful  mosaics :  and  the  pavement 
and  many  details  of  furniture  and  decoration  are  of  the 
highest  interest.  Santa  Fosca  is  a  remarkable  church, 
prob.ably  of  the  12th  century,  in  plan  a  Greek  cross  46  by 
62  feet,  originally  the  baptistery  of  the  cathedral.  It  has 
porches  of  stilted  arches  on  three  sides,  three  apses  on  the 
east,  and  was  originally  domed  at  the  crossing.  The  grace- 
ful interior  is  surrounded  by  12  handsome  columns  from 
earlier  churches. 

Torch  Lake  (torch  lak).  A  lake  chiefly  in  An- 
trim County,  Michigan,  about  lat.  45°  N.  It 
communicates  with  Lake  Michigan.  Length, 
about  14  miles, 

Torda.     See  Tliorenburg, 

Tordesilhas  (tor-dasei'yas).  Sp.  Tordesillas 
(tor-da-sel'yas).  Convention  of.  A  treaty  be- 
tween Spain  and  Portugal,  signed  at  Tordesil- 
has June  7, 1494,  regulating  their  rights  of  dis- 
coverv  and  conquest.  The  Pope,  by  his  celebrated 
bullof'M.iy3, 1493,  had  drawn  a  meridian  "100  leagues  west 
of  the  Azores  and  Cape  Verd  Islands,"  giving  to  Spain 
the  right  of  conquest  to  the  west  of  it.  and  to  Portugal  the 
same  right  on  the  east.  The  convention  of  Tordesilhas  re- 
moved this  line  to  a  meridian  370  leagues  west  of  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands.  .\t  that  time  the  continental  character 
of  .\merica  was  unknown,  and  the  powers  supposed  that 
they  were  dividing  "  the  Indies."  or  Asia ;  but  apparently 
it  never  occurred  to  them  that,  in  pushing  their  conquests, 
they  would  eventually  meet  on  the  same  meridian,  but  on 
the'opposite  sideof  the  world.  Unfortunately  themeridian 
was  not  definitely  fixed  — first,  because  it  was  reckoned 
from  an  archipel.ago,  and  not  from  one  island  or  point :  aiid 
second,  because  the  term  "league  "admitted  of  several  dif- 
ferent meanings.    The  Brazilian  coast,  discorered  soon 


Tordesilhas,  Convention  of 

afier,  was  clearly  to  the  east  of  the  Torilt'silhas  line,  and 
it  was  aecordingly  settled  by  the  Portuguese  ;  but  the  line 
passed  near  thr  mouths  of  the  two  great  rivers  Plata  and 
Amazon,  and  in  the  uncertainty  as  to  its  position  disputes 
arose  in  those  regions  which  liave  come  down  to  tlu-  pres- 
ent day.  Eventually,  and  partly  because  of  the  uncertainty, 
the  Portuguese  pushed  their  conquests  far  westward.  In 
the  course  of  time  the  two  powers  met  in  the  East  Indies, 
ami  here  tiie  Held  of  dispute  was  broader,  owing  to  the 
defective  methods  of  determining  longitude  wiiich  were 
then  in  vogue.  The  Philippine  Islands,  discovered  !)y  ila- 
gellan.  Were  claimed  ami  held  by  Spain  as  lying  within  her 
hemisphere;  but  iti  fact  they  were  in  the  hemisphere 
which  had  been  assigned  to  Portug:d. 

Toreno  (to-ra'noi.  Jos6  Maria,  Count  nf  To- 

reuo.  Born  at  Oviedo,  Spain,  178(i:  dieil  at 
Paris,  Sejit.  16,  1S43.  A  Spanish  liistorian  and 
politician,  minister  ia  the  regenry  of  Maria 
Chri-^tiria.  He  wrote  "Historiadellevant;itniento,guerra 
y  revolnciondeEspafia"("Histor}-oftheKi8ing.\Var,  and 
Kevolution  of  .Spain,"  1835-3*),  a  standard  history  of  the 
Peninsular  war. 

Torfaeus  (tor-fe'tis),  or  Torfason  (tor'fii-son  i, 

Thormodr.  Born  in  Icehiml.  1039:  died  1719. 
An  Ic-elandie  antiquary,  iiis  chief  w-ork  is  a  "  His- 
tory of  Xt>rway  *'  (1711).  He  also  wrote  works  on  Green- 
land, V'iidand,  etc.,  and  translated  Icelandic  works  into 
Danish. 
Torgau  (tor'gou).  A  fortified  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Pru.ssia,  situated  on  tlie  Elbe 
31  miles  east-northeast  of  Leipsic.  Its  chief  build- 
ing is  the  castle  Hartenfels.  It  suffered  in  the  Thirty 
Years  A\'ar ;  was  fortilled  by  >'ai>oleon  in  ISIO  ;  was  be- 
sieged by  the  .Allies  in  1S13  ;  and  surrendere<l  Jan.  14, 1814. 
Population  (181)0),  Commune,  10,880. 

Torgau,  Alliance  of.  A  league  formed  at  Tor- 
gau, 1.520,  Ijy  Saxony  and  Hesse  and  other 
Protestant  powers  against  the  Roman  Catholic 
states. 

Torgau,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  at  Siiptitz, 
near  Torgau.  Nov.  3, 1760,  in  which  the  Prussians 
under  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians  under  Daun. 

Torgau  Articles.  A  document,  drawn  up  at 
Torgau  in  l.ViO,  wliieh  formed  the  basis  of  the 
Augsburg  Cnnfession. 

Torgau  Book.  A  document,  drawn  up  at  Torgau 
in  1.576,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  Formula 
of  Concord. 

Toribio,  Saint.     See  ilofirovrjn,  Toribin. 

Toribio  de  Benavente.    See  Mutoiiiiia. 

Tories  (to'riz).  [From  Ir.  toiridhr,  a  piu'suer.  a 
plunderer.]  1.  In  English  history,  one  of  the 
t  wo  great  political  parties  which  arose  at  tlie  end 
of  the  17th  century.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  the  t/avalii.rs.  Court  Party,  and  Abhorrers.  It  fa- 
vored conservative  priTiciples  in  church  and  state.  One 
wing  after  the  revolution  of  1688  became  known  as  Jacn- 
&if^«;it  was  the  peace  party  in  the  reign  of  1^1  een  Anne:  and 
from  the  Hanoverian  succession  (1714)  it  was  in  opposition 
lor  about  half  a  century.  It  took  stronger  ground  than 
the  Whig  party  against  the  American  colcjtiies  and  against 
the  French  ReVi>lution.  Among  its  leaders  were  Pitt, 
Camdng.  and  Wellington.  From  about  the  time  of  the  Re- 
form Bill  (1832),  which  the  Tories  opposed,  the  name  began 
to  be  replaced  by  Coiutervntive.  The  word  I'ory,  however, 
is  still  iti  common  use. 

2.    The  loyalist  or  British  party  during  the 
American  Revolutionary  period. 

Torino.     The  Italian  name  of  Turin. 

Tonnentine  (tor-men'tin),  Cape.  .V  headland 
at  the  eastern  e.xtremity  of  New  Brim.swick, 
projecting  into  Northumberland  Strait. 

T6rmes  (tor'mes).  [L.  Ti-niin,  ML.  Tiirmus.'] 
A  left-hand  tributary  of  the  Duero,  which  it  joins 
46  miles  west-northwest  of  Salamanca,  Spain. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

TomeS.  (tor'ne-a).  A  small  town  in  the  laen  of 
Uleftborg,  Finland,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tomeft  Elf, 
in  lat.  6.5°  48'  N.,  long.  24°  12'  E.  It  is  a  resort 
for  summer  tourists,  who  visit  it  to  see  the  "mid- 
night sun." 

Tome3,,  Lake.  A  lake  in  northern  Sweden,  the 
source  of  tlie  Torneil  Elf.     Length,  about  35 

miles. 

Tornei  Elf.  A  river  in  northern  Sweden,  and 
on  the  boundary  bifwcrn  Sweden  and  Finland, 
which  Hows  inlotlic  head  of  thotJulf  of  Bothnia. 
Length,  about  275  mill's. 

Toro  (to'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Zamo- 
ra,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Duero  3H  miles  nortli 
by  east  of  Salamanca,  it  was  an  Important  mcilieval 
city.  Near  It.  In  Mareli,  147(1,  the  Castllians  defeated  the 
P  irtugnese.     I'opulatlon  (1887),  8,721. 

Toro,  Manuel  Murillo-.    See  MuriUo-Tom. 

Toronaic  Gulf  (lin-o-mi'ik  gulf).  In  ancient 
goograjihy,  an  arm  of  Ihe  vEgeaii  Sea  ))etweeri 
the  peninsulas  of  I'allene  and  Sithonia,  Chalci- 
dice,  JIacedonia:  now  called  HiilfiifCussaudni. 

Toronto  (tO-ron'to).  [From  an  Iniiian  (Huron) 
word,  "place  of  meeting.']  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Lake 
Ontario  in  lat  43°  40'  N..  long.  79°  24'  W.  n 
If  the  second  city  in  population  in  tliu  dominion ;  is  an  iin- 


1003 

port.ant  railway  and  commercial  center ;  hasvarieii  manu- 
factures; and  is  the  seat  i»f  a  university  fburned  in  lbih\) 
with  athliated  colleges,  and  numwrous  other  educational 


Tostig 

York  •'  (1819)," Mora  of  the  .State  of  New  York  "  (1843-44), 
"  Flora  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  Slates  "  (begun  1824), 
and  began  w  ith  Gray  '•  Flora  of  North  ^Unerica  "  (1838-13;. 


institutions.    The  early  name  of  Toronto  was  Vork.     It  Torrey'S  Peak  (tor'iz  pek).     A  mountain  in  the 

was  settled  and  made  the  capital  of  I  pper  Canada  by  Ci'V-  l;,,,.!,-,-  Mnnntniiio    r'^)ni.,.^ln    Aa  ™;i„,  ^„„*  k.. 

ernor  Simcoe  in  1794  ;  was  takenand  burned  by  the  .\meri.  """. ^-^   -Motmtains,  C  olorado,  48  miles  west  by 

cans  in  1813;  and  was  inconKirated  as  a  city  and  had  its  J-oinn  ot  iJenver.     Height.  14,.5.i.i  feet. 


cori>orated  as  a  city 
name  changed  to  Toronto  in  1834.    It  was  at  onetime,  alter 
natejy  with  Quebec,  the  seat  of  govertnuent  of  Canada.    It 
has  been  the  capital  of  Ontario  since  1867.    Population 

(I'.lOl).  208,040. 

Torquato  Tasso, 

in  l7tM1. 
Torquatus.     See  Maiilius. 
Torquay  (tor-ke'),    A  seaport  and  watering 

place  in  Do         "  '       ' " 


A  drama  by  Goethe,  printed 


Torricelli  ( tor-re-ehel'le).  Evangelista.  Born 
at  Piancaldoli,  Italy.  Oct.  15,  IGOS:  died  at 
Florence,  Oct.  25,  1647.  A  celebrated  Italian 
phvsieist  and  matliematieian.      He  was  the  friend 

and  amanuensis  of  (ialileo,  and  his  successor  as  professor 
at  Florence.  He  discovered  the  principle  of  the  barome- 
ter in  1(H3  ;  made  other  matlainatical  and  physical  dis 
coveries;  and  improved  the  microscope.  His  "Opera 
geometrica"  were  published  in  1044. 


.'vanshire,  England,  situated  on  Tor  m";"" V-^'™  ^^cr«  punnsnea  ,n  1044. 

Bay  18  miles  south  of  E.xeter.    It  Isrnnarkablefor  ^°"\f  "i^,  1  "'V."^?"^'  ^°^^  r  ^"  '"','''   "i  *'"^ 
its  mild  climate,  and  is  a  favorite  whiter  hcaltliresort.     "'  '^•\":  on  the  western  coast  of  Ross-shire,  Scot- 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Tor  Abbey  (12th-14lh  century),     land,  m  lat.  57°  35'  N.     Length,  including  up- 
It  has  manufactures  of  teira-cotta  articles.     Population     tier  Loidi  Torridon,  14  miles. 
(1891),  25,.^j4.  Torrington  (tor'ing-ton).     i.  town  in  Devon- 

shire, England,  situated  on  the  Torridge  5 
miles  south-.sontheast  of  Biilefonl.  It  contains 
a  bluecoat  school  and  several  churches.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  3,430. 

Torrington,  First  Viscount  (George  ByngK 

Born  at -Wrotham.  Kent,  England,  1(503:  died 


Torqueinada(t6r-ka-m!i'Tiia).Juande.  Born  at 
Valladolid,  Spain,  almut  1.545:  died  in  Mexico 
after  1617.  A  Spanish  historian.  He  went  to  Mex- 
ico in  his  youth  ;  joined  the  Kraneiscan  order  there;  and 
was  a  professor  in  the  ( 'cdlege  of  Tlatelolco.  and  provincial 
1014-17.  His  principal  work  is  the  "Monarquia  Indiana  " 
(3  vols.,  folio,  1015 ;  2d  ed.  1723).  It  is  the  most  voluminous 
and  one  of  the  best  of  the  eaiiy  histories  of  .Mexico. 

Torquemada  (tor-ka-mii'-fiiii),  Tomasde.  Born 

about  1420 :  died  1498.  A  Dominican  jirior,  made 
by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  first  inquisitor-gen- 
eral for  Castile  in  1483.  He  organized  the  InquisRion 
in  Spain,  and  became  infamous  for  the  barbarous  severity 


Jan.  17,  1733.  An  English  admiral,  father  of 
Admiral  John  B>^lg.  He  was  distinL'uished  In  the 
battle  of  Malaga  1704  ;  defended  the  coa.st  against  the 
Pretender  in  171.5  ;  and  destroyed  the  Spanish  Heet  in  the 
victory  otf  Cape  Passaro  in  1718.  He  became  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty  in  1727. 


.11 '--i^.iiM,  .111,^  i.,7v.iun^- iiiianioiis  lor  iiie  oaroarons  seveniy   m^„„     t>ij  /..tt  i\         t         ..  * 

withwhichhe  administered  his  oilice.    The  number  of  his   lorso  UelveQere  (of  Hercules).     A  celebrated 


victims  who  suffered  death  is  placed  at  nearly  9,000.  He 
favored  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  in  1492. 

Its  earliest  victims  were  Jews.  Six  were  burned  within 
four  days  from  the  time  when  the  tribuniU  first  sat,  and 
Mariana  states  the  whole  number  of  those  who  snifered 
duringthe  eighteen  terrible  years  of  Torquemada's  Inquis- 
itorship  at  two  thousaiHl.  lusides  seventeen  thousand  who 
underwent  some  form  of  ])Unishinent  less  severe  than  that 
of  the  stake.  TMvwr,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  408. 

Torre  del  Greco  (tor're  del  gra'ko).  [It., 'tower 
of  the  Greek.']  A  town  in  the  province  of  Na- 
ples, Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  ot  Naples,  7miles 
southeast  of  Naples,  at  the  base  of  Vesuvius,  It 
has  coral-tlsheries.  It  has  often  been  ravaged  by  erujitions 
and  earthquakes.     Population  (1S81),  21,688. 

Torre  dell'  Annunziata  (tor're  del  liln-non-ze- 

ii'tii).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  12  miles  south- 
east of  Naples,  at  the  base  of  Vesuvius.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  and  manufactures  of  maca- 
roni, etc.     Population  (1881),  20.060. 


ancient  work,  signed  by  tlie  Athenian  ApoUo- 
nius,  in  the  Vatican,  Rome,  it  is  ascribed  to  the 
middle  of  the  1st  century  B.  c,  and  is  remarkable  as  a 
skilful  portrayal  of  muscular  development,  and  for  the 
anatomical  knowledge  show  n  in  the  sitting  position  of  the 
figure. 

Torstenson  (tor'sten-son),  Lennart,  Count  of 
Ortala.  Born  at  Tor'stena,  West  Gothland, 
Sweden,  Aug.  17,  1603:  died  at  Stockholm, 
April  7, 1651.  A  Swedish  general  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War.  He  served  in  liemiany  after  1630  under 
Gustavus  Adoljdius,  and  later  under  lian^r;  became  com- 
mander-in-chief in  1041;  gained  the  victory  of  Schweid- 
nitz  in  1642  ;  overran  .Silesia  ;  gained  the  victory  of  Brei- 
tenfcld  Nov.  '2,  1642  ;  overran  Schleswig,  Holstein.  and 
Jutland  184:5-44;  defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Callus 
at  Jiiterbog  in  1644  •  gained  the  victory  of  Jankau  JIarch 
6,  ltH5  ;  united  with  K,'ikdczy,  conquered  Moravia,  and  in- 
vaded .Austria  in  164,5  ;  and  resigned  his  command  in  1616. 

Tortola  (tdr-to'lU).  1.  The  chief  island  of  the 
Virgin  Islands,  British  West  Indies. — 2.  A 
town  on  the  island  of  Tortola.  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  the  Britisli  Virgin  Islands. 


Torregiano(tor-re-ja'n6).  Born  1472:  died  1.522.  Tortona  (tor-to'na).  '  A  town  in  the  province  of 


A  Florentine  sculptor,  popularly  known  as  the 
sculptor  who  broke  Michelangelo's  nose  in  a 
quaiTel  about  1491 .  For  many  years  he  served  in  the 
papal  army  under  Cesare  Borgia.  About  1503  he  went  to 
England,  where  he  won  great  reputation  and  made  the 
tomb  of  Henry  VII,  in  Westminster  Abbey  which  Lord 
Bacon  called  ■■  one  of  the  stateliest  and  daintiest  monu- 


Alessandria,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Scrivia  12 
miles  east  of  Alessandria :  the  Roman  Dertona. 
It  contains  a  cathednU.  Tortona  was  destroyed  by  Fred- 
erick Barbarossa  in  11.5,5,  and  .again  by  the  (iliibellines  in 
1163  ;  and  was  several  times  captured  in  later  years  (War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  etc.).  Population  (1881),  9,230 ; 
Commune,  14,441. 


nients  in  Europe."    He  afterward  wandered  to  Spain,  and  Tortosa  (tor-to'sa).     A    citv    in    the    province 


is  said  to  have  been  starved  to  death  in  a  prison 
Torrens  (tor'enz).  Lake.     A  salt  lake  in  South 

Australia,  about   lat.   30°-32°   S.     Estimated 

length,  about  125  miles.     It  is  at  times  a  salt 

marsh. 
Torrente  (tor-rSn'ta),  Mariano.    Born  nt  Bar- 

bastro,  iVragon,  1792:  died  in  Cuba  (?)  after  1853 


of  Tarragona.  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ebro  43 
miles  southwest  of  Tarragomi :  the  Roman  Dar- 
toaa.  It  is  a  fortified  town,  anil  has  some  inanufacturesand 
trade.  It  was  an  important  Moitrish  strongtudit;  waa 
taken  by  the  Crusaders,  Pisans,  and  (ienoese  in  1148  ;  and 
was  captured  by  the  French  in  1708.  and  again  under  Su- 
chet  in  IsH.     Population  (1887),  26,192, 


A  Spanish  author.     His  most  important  work  is  "His-  Tortuga  (tor-t(i'gii).     [F.  tirdr  Id  Tortuc.']    An 


toriadelarevolucion  II ispano- Americana  "(3  vols..Mailrid, 
1829).  It  istlie  best  history  of  the  Spanlsh-Aineriean  rev- 
olution from  tlie  Spanish  side,  but  has  been  severely  criti- 
cized by  the  republicans.  After  1832  Torrente  lived  in 
Havana,  where  lie  imblisheil  various  works. 


island  north  of  Haiti,  to  which  it  belongs.  It  wb« 
a  luded  resort  of  the  hueaneers,  whore  most  of  their  ex- 
Iiedititins  were  oi-gaiiizcd,  and  whence  they  pa-ssctl  over  to 
Haiti  under  French  commanders,  Lenglh*  about  20  niilea, 
Tortuga.  A  small  island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
belotiging  to  Venezuela,  125  miles  east-north- 
east of  Caracas. 


Torre  Pellice  (tor're  pel-16'che).    A  small  town 
in  Piedmont,  Italy,  among  the  Alps,  m>ar  the 

French  frontier,  southwest  of  Pi  nerolo.    It  has  Tortugas.     f'ee  Dni  Torliigas. 

been  for  centuries  a  center  of  the  Waldenses.  Tory  Party.     See  Torim. 

Torres  (tor'res)  Strait.     A  sea  jiassage  wliich  TorzbUTg  Pass  (tcrts'bilro  pAs).     A  pass  in  the 

separates  Australia  on  the  south  from  Papua  on  Transylxnriiaii   Alps,   near  Tiirzburg,  between 

the  north,  and  connects  the  Pacilic  with  Ara-  'rr;iiis'vlvania  and  Kumaiiia. 

furaSea.     It  was  discovered  by  Torres  in  KiOli,  Tosa  (to'sii)  Falls.     Tlie  falls  of  the  Tosa  or 

Width,  about  90  miles.     Its  navigation  is  dan-  Toce,  in  the  Alps  of  norllu'ru  Italv,  near  the 

gerous.  source.     Height.  470  fi'ct, 

Torres  Vedras  (tor'res  va'driis).     [Pg., 'old  ToscanelU  (tos-kn-nen,.).  Paolo  del  Pozzo 

towers.']      A   town  in  the  iirovinoe  of  Estre-     B,,rn  al  Florence,  1397:  died  there  Mavl5  14.v' 


He  was  the  author  of  the 
voyage  which  resulted  in 


madura,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Ziziviidra  20     An  Italian  aslronomiT. 
miles  north  by  west  of  Lisbon.      Population     map  used  bv  Columbus  on  tli< 
(1878),  4,926.  the  dlseovery  ot  America. 

Torres  Vedras,  Lines  of.    Lines  of  fortiflea- Tosti  (tos'te>,  Francesco  Paolo.     Born  at 

tions  extending  fioni  near  Torres  Vedras  to  the  Ortona,  Italy,  .\pril  9,  1840.  .\n  llalian  eom- 
TagUS.  They  were  d.fenrled  by  the  Anglo-Portugllese  poser.  In  ls80  he  became  teacherof  singing  to  Ihe  royal 
under  Wellington  agaliiKl  the  French  undi-r  MasscSna  Oct.,  fiimily  of  England.  He  Is  noted  for  Ills  noiigs,  especially 
ISlo.-Maiib.  1811.     l.iMiglh  of  longest  line,  211  miles.  English  ballads. 

Torrey(i'>r'i),  John.  Ifoinal  Ni>wVork,Aug,15,  Tostig  (tos'tig).     Killed  at  the  battle  of  Stara- 
179<i:  died  I  her.-,  March  10,  1873,   An  American     ford  liridge.  Sept,  2.5,  1066.     An  English  earl. 


bol  aiiisi  and  chemist ,   He  «  as  professor  al  Princeton 
and  In  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (New  V 


Tk 


city) :  State  geologist  of  New  Vork  :  rniti'd  States  assayi 
and  botanical  editor  of  the  reports  of  various  exploring 
cxJ>editioi)s.     He  published  "Catalogue  of  I'lantslfrowing 
Spontaneously  within  I'hirty  Miles  uf  the  City  of  New 


son  of  Earl  (iodwine.  He  was  banlBhcd  with  his  fa- 
ther in  10.51;  beeame  earl  of  Northlimbria  In  lli65;  as- 
sisted llarolil  In  the  Welsh  campaign  In  HKW ;  was  de- 
poseil  by  Ihe  NorthumbrlaliH  In  106.5.  and  went  to  Khuiders ; 
ravaged  the  souIhiTn  coast  of  England;  and  Joined  with 
Harold  llardrnda  In  the  Invation  of  England  In  lOOC. 


Totilas 

Totilas  (tot'i-las), or  Totila  (tot.'i-la).  Died  552. 
An  East-Gotlilc  king  in  Italy.  He  overran  the 
peninsula;  opposed Belisarius and Xarses ;  tookEomei>46 
and  540  :  and  was  defeated  and  mortally  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Tasina?  in  July,  552. 

Totleben.     See  Toillebeii. 

Totnes,  orTotness(tot'nes).  A  town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Dart  21  miles 
east  by  north  of  PhTuouth.  It  has  a  ruined 
oastle."    Population  {1891).  -1,016. 

Totnes,  or  Totness,  First  iSarl  of.     See  Carew, 

(iinrijl . 

Totonicapam  (to-to-ne-ka-pam'),  or  Totonica- 
pan  (to-to-ne-ka-pan')-  A  town  of  Guatemala. 
60  miles  west-northwest  of  Guatemala  City,  it 
was  an  ancient  Indian  stronghold  and  villaj?e,  and  is  now 
the  capital!  of  the  smallest  but  most  densely  populated  de- 
partment of  the  repul>lic.  Population,  about  20,000 ;  of  the 
department  (lS9ii),  1(»,!)42. 

Tottel's  Miscellany.  The  first  regular  collec- 
tion of  poetical  niiseellany.  it  was  issued  inissrhy 
Bichard  Tottel,  and  w-as  probably  edited  by  Is'  icholas  Grim- 
aid.  It  contained  the  songs  and  sonnets  of  Sir  Thomas 
■\Vyatt  and  the  Earl  of  Surrey,  Grim.ald,  and  others.  A 
second  edition,  omitting  Grimald,  appeared  in  the  same 
year,  and  eight  editions  had  been  issued  by  1587. 

Totten  vtot'en),  Joseph  Gilbert.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Aug.  23,  1788 :  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  April  22,  1864,  An  American  mili- 
tary engineer,  general,  and  scientist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  ISOo  ;  was  chief  engineer  under  Van 
Rensselaer,  Dearborn,  and  Macomb  in  the  War  of  1S12 ; 
was  engaged  in  developing  the  coast  defenses  of  the  I'nited 
States;  became  chief  engineer  of  the  army  in  1838;  di- 
rected the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1847 ;  and  later  was  in- 
spector at  the  ililitary  Academy.  He  wTote  "Hydraulic 
and  Common  Mortars,"  etc. 

Tottenham  (tot'en-am).  A  suburb  of  London, 
situated  in  Middlesex  6  miles  north  by  east  of 
St,  Paul's,     Population  (1901),  102,519, 

Toucey  (tou'si),  Isaac.  Born  at  Newtown, 
Conn.,  Nov.  5,  1796:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
July  30,  1869.  An  American  Democratic  poli- 
tician. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut 
1835-39;  governor  of  Connecticut  1846-47;  United  .States 
attorney-general  1848-49;  United  States  senator  1852-57 ; 
and  secretary  of  the  navy  1857-61. 

Touchstone (tueh'ston).  1.  An  "allowed  fool" 
in  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like  it."  He  is  wise 
and  facetious,  a  fool  by  profession,  not  an  im- 
couseious  clown. —  2.  A  shrewd  honest  gold- 
smith in  "  Eastward  Ho !  "by  Jonson,  Chapman, 
and  ilarston. 

Touchwood  (tueh'vriid),  Lady.  1,  A  brilliant 
and  shameless  woman  in  Congreve's  "Double 
Dealer,"  in  love  with  her  husband's  nephew 
Mellefont, —  2.  A  simple  countrywoman,  in 
Mrs.  Cowley's  "  Belle's  Stratagem."  whose  hus- 
band tries  to  keep  her  away  from  the  world. 

Toul(tol).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Menrthe- 
et-Moselle,  France,  situated  on  the  Moselle  1-t 
miles  west  of  Nancy,  it  is  an  important  fortress, 
and  one  of  the  chief  strategic  points  on  the  eastern  fron- 
tier. The  Church  of  St.  Etienne,  formerly  a  cathedr.al.  is  a 
lofty  13th-century  building  with  an  elaborate  florid  west 

•front  flanked  by  twin  towers.  It  has  fine  Renaissance 
glass,  and  a  beautiful  cloister,  appropriately  though  so- 
berly ornamented,  and  remaining  quite  perfect.  Toul 
was  long  the  seat  of  a  bishopric;  was  an  imperial  city  in 
the  middle  ages ;  was  taken  by  Henry  II.  of  France  in  1552  ; 
was  formally  aimexed  to  France  in  IWS ;  and  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Germans  and  capitulated  Sept.  23,  1870. 
Population  (1891),  12,138. 

Toulmin,  Camilla.    See  Crosland. 

Toulon  (to-16n').  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  on  the  Mediten'anean  in  lat.  43° 
7'  N.,  long.  5°  56'  E.:  the  Roman  Telo  Martins. 
It  is  the  second  naval  station  in  France,  and  the  chief  sta- 
tion of  the  Medierranean  fleet.  It  has  large  roadsteads,  and 
a  harbor  with  five  basins.  The  naval  arsenal  was  developed 
by  Vauban.  Toulon  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
Phenicians.  It  was  taken  by  Charles  V.  in  1524  and  1536 ; 
resisted  the  Allies  in  1707;  received  the  British  and  Span- 
ish in  1793 ;  and  w.as  taken  by  the  Convention  in  the  same 
year.     Population  (UKll),  lul,lT2, 

Toulon,  Sieges  of.  1.  An  unsuccessful  siege 
by  the  allied  army  and  navy  (Piedmontese, 
British,  Dutch,  etc"),  in  1707,  ilnder  Prince  Eu- 
gene,—  2,  In  1793  Toulon,  which  had  received 
an  Anglo-Spanish  fleet,  was  besieged  by  the 
French  reptiblicans,  and  was  taken  in  Dec, 
largely  through  the  skill  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

Toulouse  (to-loz').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated  on 

_  the  Garonne  in  lat,  43°  35'  N,,  long.  1°  25'  E.,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Canal  du  MitU  and  the  Canal 
Lateral :  the  ancient  Tolosa,  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  ;  contains  a  university,  a  school  of  medicine, 
the  .\cademy  of  the  Floral  Games,  and  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  Inscriptions,  and  Belles-lettres ;  and  has  a  trade 
in  grain,  wine,  manufactured  articles,  etc.  The  cathedral 
is  notable  for  the  great  width  (62  feet)  of  the  13th-century 
nave,  without  aisles.  It  has  a  very  beautiful  rose-window 
in  the  fai^ade.  The  choir  is  later,  in  part  Hamboyant, 
light  and  graceful,  and  with  fine  glass.  Toulouse  was  the 
capital  of  the  Tectosaires :  was  allied  with  the  Cimbri  in  106 
B.  c. ;  was  taken  by  Cajpio,  and  afterward  reduced  by  Ma- 
rias;  was  the  capital  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom  from  419 ; 


1004 

was  taken  by  the  Franks  in  507  (see  Toulouse,  County  of,  be- 
low); was  captured  by  iiontfort  in  the  Albigensian  crusade 
in  1216;  and  later  often  revolted  and  was  besieged.  It  suf- 
fered in  the  Huguenot  wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  mas- 
sacres of  Huguenots  in  1562  and  1572,  and  of  the  torture 
of  Calas  in  1762.  The  last  battle  of  the  Peninsular  war  was 
fought  there,  .April  10, 1814,  in  which  the  Allies  under  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  defeated  the  French  under  Soult. 
Popul.ation  (1901),  147,096. 

Toulouse,  Comte  de  (Louis  Alexandre  de 
Bourbon^.  Born  June  6, 1678:  died  at  Eam- 
bouillet,  Dec  1,  1737,  A  sou  of  Louis  XIV,  and 
Madame  de  Montespan  :  noted  as  a  naval  com- 
mander. He  fought  a  bloodvbnt  indecisive  battle  with 
the  Enslish  under  .Admiral  Eooke,  .Aug,  24,  1704,  near 
Mala-a. 

Toulouse,  County  of.  An  ancient  county  in 
southern  France,  whose  center  was  the  city  of 
Toulotise.  It  was  established  in  778,  and  its  counts  ac- 
quired various  other  possessions.  Its  fiefs — Narbonne, 
Beziers,  etc,  —  were  annexed  to  the  French  crown  about 
1229.  It  was  united  to  France  in  1271,  and  formed  part 
of  Languedoc. 

Toulouse,  Family  of.  A  medieval  family  who 
reigned  as  counts  of  Toulouse  and  its  territory 
from  the  time  of  Raymond  I.  (9th  century)  to 
1271 :  long  the  leading  line  of  rulers  in  southern 
France, 

Toulouse,  War  of.  A  war  in  1159,  caused  by 
the  claim  of  Henry  11.  of  England  to  the  count- 
ship  of  Toulouse.  He  reduced  a  large  part  of 
the  tenitory. 

Tour,  La.     See  Laioiir. 

Touraine  (tij-ran').  An  ancient  government  of 
France.  (Thief  city.  Tours,  It  was  bounded  by  An- 
jou,  Maine,  Orl^anais,  Berry,  and  Poitou,  It  was  called 
"the  garden  of  France  "  on  account  of  its  fertility.  It 
corresponded  nearly  to  the  department  of  Indre-et- Loire. 
Touraine  was  ruled  in  early  times  by  counts;  was  united 
with  Anjou  in  1044,  and  with  it  formed  part  of  the  Plan- 
tagenet  possessions;  was  conquered  by  Philip  -Augustus  of 
France  about  1204 ;  and  was  made  a  duchy  in  1356.  and 
continued  an  appanage  of  the  king's  son  until  its  incor- 
poratii.-n  with  France  in  1.584. 

Tourcoing  (tor-kwan').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  8  miles  northeast  of 
Lille.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
linen,  silk,  carpets,  etc.  It  is  really  a  part  of  Roubaix. 
Population  (1901),  78,468. 

Tourgee  (tor-zha' ) .  Albion  Winegar.    Bom  at 

Williamsfield,  Ohio,  May  2,  1838.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  novelist.  He  served  in  the  Federal 
army  in  the  Civil  War ;  and  settled  later  at  Greensboro, 
North  Carolina,  and  became  judge  of  the  Superior  Court. 
He  has  published  works  relative  to  political  affau-s  in 
the  South,  including  "Figs  and  Thistles"  (1879).  "A 
Fool's  Errand "(1879),  "Bricks without  Straw  (1880),  "Hot 
Ploughshares"  (1S83),  "  An  Appeal  to  Csesar  "  (1884) ;  also 
legal  works. 

Tourguenief,  or  Tourgueneff.    See  TurgeniejT. 

Tournai,  or  Tournay  (tor-na' ),  Flem.  Doornick 
(dor'nik).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut. 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Schelde  34  miles 
south-southwest  of  Ghent :  the  Roman  Torna- 
cum  or  Turris  Nerviorum.  It  has  important  manu- 
factures of  carpets,  stockings,  etc.  Its  cathedr.al  is  one  of 
the  most  notable  of  Flemish  churches,  with  a  picturesque 
group  of  5  towers.  The  nave  Is  Romanesque,  a]id  was  not 
vaulted  until  the  last  century.  The  transept  is  French,  of 
the  13th  century,  and  the  admirable  choir  is  still  later. 
The  Romanesque  facade  has  a  Pointed  porch  with  abundant 
and  excellent  sculptures.  There  are  some  good  pictures, 
and  fine  15th-century  glass  made  in  Haarlem.  The  ornate 
Renaissance  rood-loft  dates  from  156)3.  The  dimensions  are 
408  by  78  feet ;  length  of  transepts.  220 ;  height  of  nave  78, 
of  choir  107  feet.  Tournai  was  a  town  of  the  Xervii.  and 
a  Merovingian  capital  in  the  5th  century.  It  was  defended 
nnsuccessfuUy  by  the  Princessed'Epinoy  against  the  Duke 
of  Parma  in  1581 ;  was  taken  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1667  and 
fortified  by  Vauban;  was  captured  by  the  Allies  in  1709 
and  assigned  to  .Austria  in  1713;  and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1745.  and  restored  in  174S.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Perkin  Warbeck.     Population  (1895),  35,761. 

Tournefort  (torn -for'),  Joseph  Pitton  de. 
Born  at  Aix,  France,  June  5,  16.56 :  died  Nov, 
28,  1708,  A  distinguished  French  botanist,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  botany  at  the  royal  gar- 
den of  plants  at  Paris  in  1683,  He  traveled  ex- 
tensively in  Europe  and  the  East.  His  chief  work  is 
"Institutiones  rei  herbarife"  (17"X)). 

Toumette  (tor-net').  A  mountain  near  the 
Lake  of  Annecy,  in  the  Alps  of  Savoy.  Height, 
7,730  feet. 

Tourneur  (tor-ncr'  or  ter'ner).  Cyril.  Flour- 
ished about  1600-26.  An  English  tragic  poet. 
His  name  was  originally  Turner;  he  adopted  the  spelling 
Tourneur  in  1611.  He  published  in  1600  an  allegorical 
poem,  and  in  1613  an  elegy  on  the  death  of  Prince  Henr}*, 
son  of  James  I.  His  fame  rests  on  two  tragedies,  pub- 
lished 1607-11,  "The  Atheist's  Tragedy"  and  "The  Re- 
venger's Tragedy'':  the  latter  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
laniiuage. 

Tournus  (tor-nils').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  on  the  Saone 
56  miles  north  of  Lyons.  It  is  a  commercial  and  man- 
ufacturing town.  It  contains  a  noted  abbey  church  of 
St.  Philibert.  of  the  11th  centuiy.  The  faijade  is  machic- 
olated  and  loopholed :  it  precedes  a  large  narthex.  The 
nave  has  cylindrical  piers,  and  is  vaulted  at  right  angles 
to  its  axis.  The  choir  is  later,  with  rich  ornament  and 
columns  of  great  elegance.    There  is  a  central  tower  and 


Tower  of  London 

lantern,  and  an  extensive  crypt.  It  is  the  Roman  Tinur- 
tium,  ML.  Trinorcium  or  Tornusium.  Population  (1891) 
commune.  5,028, 

Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax.    See  Comhe,  William. 

Tours  (tor).  [ML,  Turoiics.  in  L,  the  name  of 
the  inhabitants,  the  city  being  Crhs  Tyroniim.'] 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire, 
France,  on  the  Loire,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Cher,  in  lat.  47°  24'  N.,  long.  0°  42'  E. :  the  Ro- 
man Ctesarodunum.  it  has  manufactures  of  silk, 
cloth,  carpets,  etc.  Its  cathedral  is  a  building  of  the  12tli 
to  the  16th  century,  with  rich  florid  facade,  canopied 
portals,  and  two  high  towei-s,  and  lofty  graceful  interior, 
which  retains  much  splendid  early  glass.  In  the  sontli 
transept  is  the  beautiful  monument  of  the  children  of 
Charles  VIII..  whose  eftigies  are  guarded  by  angels. 
Tours  was  anciently  the  capital  of  the  Turones  in  Gallia  11 
Lugdunensis,  and  in  later  times  was  the  capital  of  Tou-  ll 
raine  and  the  residence  of  French  kings.  Several  church  ff 
councils  have  sat  there.  It  was  noted  for  silk  n)anuf.aeture 
until  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Xantes  in  1685.  In  1870 
it  was  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  national  defense. 
Popul.ition  (1901),  64,448. 

Tours,  or  Poitiers,  Battle  of.  One  of  the  "  de- 
cisive battles  of  the  world, "fought  between  Poi- 
tiers and  Tours,  France,  732,  in  which  Charles 
Martel  defeated  the  Saracen  invaders  under 
Abd-er-Rahman.  France  and  northern  Europe 
were  rescued  from  Mohammedan  conquest. 

Totirville  (tor-vel'),  Comte  de  (Anne  Hila- 
rion  de  Cotentin).  Bom  at  Tourville,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov.  24,  1642:  died  May  2S,  1701.  A 
French  admiral.  He  defeated  the  Anglo-Dutch  fleet 
off  Palermo  1677 :  served  in  the  wars  with  the  Barbary  pi- 
rates; defeated  the  -Anglo-Dutch  fleet  near  the  Isle  of 
Wight  July  10, 1690 ;  was  defeated  at  La  Hogue  May  29, 
1692,  by  an  English-Dutch  fleet  under  Russell ;  and  de- 
feated an  -Anglo-Dutch  fleet  off  t^ape  St.  A'incent  May 
26-27,  1693. 

Toussaint,  Anna  Luize  G-eertruide.  See  Bos- 

hooiii. 

Toussaint  Louverture  or  L'Ouverture  (to- 
sah'  Ifi-ver-tiir'),  Dominique  Francois.  Born 
near  Cap  Fran^ais,  Haiti,  1743:  died  at  the 
Castle  of  Joux,  near  Pontarlier,  France,  .\pril 
27,1803,  A  Haitian  revolutionist,  Hewasa  negro 
slave,  but  received  a  rudimentary  education.  In  1791,  after 
protecting  the  flight  of  his  master,  he  joi  ned  Jean  Francois, 
with  whom  he  subsequently  fought  for  the  royalist  faction, 
at  that  time  united  with  the  Spanish  Dominicans.  In  1794, 
with  a  large  force  of  blacks,  he  deserted  to  the  French 
republicans,  thus  turning  the  scale  in  their  favor  and  ac- 
quiring unbounded  influence  for  himseU.  He  was  made 
deputy  governor  and  commander-in-chief  ;  and  eventu- 
ally the  French  commissioners,  who  were  supposed  to  rule 
the  island,  were  left  with  only  nominal  power.  When  the 
British  under  General  Maitland  evacuated  the  island  in 
1798,  they  refused  to  treat  with  Commissioner  H^douville, 
but  surrendered  the  posts  which  they  had  held  to  Tous- 
saint as  the  real  ruler.  Soon  after  an  insurrection,  incited 
by  Toussaint,  drove  H^douville  from  the  island ;  he  del- 
egated his  powers  to  the  mulatto  general  Kigaud,  but 
in  1799  Rigaud  was  defeated  by  Toussaint,  who  thus  be- 
came undisputed  master  of  the  western  part  of  the  island. 
He  issued  a  general  amnesty,  protected  the  whites,  and 
put  the  blacks  at  work  on  their  old  plantations  under  a 
compulsory  system  which,  however,  secured  them  a  part 
of  the  profits.  In  ISOl  he  occupied  the  eastern  part  of 
the  island,  which  had  been  ceded  to  France.  Finally  he 
threw  off  all  semblance  of  subjection  to  France,  prouiul- 
gating  a  constitution  which  made  him  president  for  life, 
with  power  of  nominating  his  successor  (July,  1801X 
Bonaparte  thereupon  sent  General  Leclerc  with  a  formida- 
ble force  to  subdue  the  island  (see  Leclerc).  After  a  series  of 
bloody  conflicts  Toussaint  capitulated,  and  was  pardoned 
(May  1,  1802).  The  next  n)onth  he  was  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  conspiracy  and  sent  to  Fi-ance,  where  he  re- 
mained a  prisoner  until  his  death. 

To'wakarehu  (to-wii-kU'ra-ho).  A  tribe  of  the 
Wichita  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians. This  name  they  give  to  themselves,  translating 
it  *three  canes.'  They  are  also  called  Towaconi,  Tou-oc- 
conVe.  and  Tan-akani.     See  Wichita. 

Towanda  (to-wan'dii).  The  capital  of  Bradford 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 50  miles  west-northwest  of  Scrauton. 
Population  (1900).  4,663. 

Tower  Hamlets.  A  parliamentary  borough  in 
London,  situated  east  of  the  City  and  north  of 
the  Thames,  It  returns  sis  members  to  Parlia- 
ment, 

Tower  Hill.  A  hill  in  London,  near  the  Tower, 
formerly  the  scene  of  execution  of  political  of- 
fenders. 

Tower  of  London.  The  ancient  palace-citadel 
of  London,  it  is  situated  on  the  Thames  at  the  sonth- 
east  angle  of  the  old  walled  city  of  London.  The  Roman 
wall  ran  through  the  site.  It  consists  of  a  large  and  ir- 
regular agglomeration  of  buildings  of  different  periods, 
inclosed  within  battlemented  and  moated  walls.  While 
a  st)-onghold  of  so)ne  ki])d  existed  earlier  on  the  site,  the 
history  of  the  Tower  begins  with  William  the  Conqueror. 
'The  chief  buildings  are  the  work  of  Xoi-man  kings  and 
Henry  III.  No  important  additions  were  made  after  Ed- 
ward I.  When  it  ceased  to  be  a  royal  residence  it  became 
famous  as  a  state  prison,  and  is  now  a  national  arsenaL 
The  royal  mint  was  located  there  in  the  middle  ages.  The 
Tower'hasfourgates  — the  Iron,  Water,  and  Traitors' Gates 
on  the  side  toward  the  Thames,  and  the  Lions'  Gate  at  the 
southwest  angle.  In  the  middle  of  the  inclosure  rises  the 
square  and  lofty  AVhite  Tower,  the  keep  of  the  medieval 
fortress.    It  is  characterized  by  its  four  tall  angle-turrets 


Tower  of  London 

■with  modem  crowning.  In  the  White  Tower  is  the  vener- 
able rhapel  ot  St.  John,  with  heavy  cylindrical  pillars, 
rouuil  arches,  and  rude  capitals  ;  it  is  unsurpassed  as  an 
example  of  the  e;irliest  type  of  Norman  architecture.  In 
tile  lialls  above  is  shown  an  admirable  collection  of 
medi.-val  arms  and  armor.  The  buildings  of  the  inner 
inclosure  include  12  towers,  with  many  of  which  are  as- 
sociated memories  of  historic  captives,  executions,  and 
crimes.  In  tlie  Record  or-Wakefield  Tower  are  kejtt  the 
crown  jewels  of  England.  In  the  chapel  of  .St.  Peter  ad 
Viiicula,  in  the  nortliwest  angle,  and  the  little  cemetery 
adjoinini;.  are  buried  most  of  the  celebrated  persons  who 
siitfered  death  within  the  Tower  precincts  or  on  Tower 
Hill.  The  liuildinss  are  for  the  most  part  severely  plain, 
in  rough  masonry  of  small  stones,  their  great  interest  lying 
almost  wholly  in  their  niardfold  associations. 

Tower  of  the  Winds.  The  hoiologium  or 
water-olock  erected  by  the  Syrian  Andronictis 
Cyrrhostes.  at  Atheus,  in  the  1st  century  B.  c. 
It'  is  octagonal  in  plan.  26  feet  in  diameter,  and  42  high. 
Toward  the  top  of  each  face  is  sculptured  the  figure  of  a 
Wind  with  appropriate  attributes.  The  structure  was 
surmounted  by  a  bronze  Triton  which  ser\'ed  as  a  weather- 
vane. 

Towle   (tol),  George  Makepeace.    Born   at 

Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  27. 1841 :  died  at  Brook- 
line,  Mass.,  Aug.  8, 1893.  An  American  journal- 
ist, politician,  and  historical  writer.  Hegraduateit 
at  Yale  in  1861 ;  studied  law  at  Harvard  ;  was  Tnited  States 
consul  at  Nantes  18i>fi-68  and  at  Bradford,  England,  18i«-7il; 
and  was  managing  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Commercial  Bulle- 
tin "  and  foreign  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Post. "  His  works  in- 
clude **  .\nierican  Society,"  "  The  Eastern  Question," ''  Prin- 
cipalities of  the  Danube,""  Beaconsfield,"  "  Heroes  of  His- 
tory." "Modern  France.''  "Certain  Men  of  Mark,"  '*  Young 
People's  History  of  England,"  "  The  Literature  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language,"  etc. 

Towneley  Mysteries.    See  Wale  field. 

Townley  (toun'li).  Lord.  The  "provoked  hus- 
band "  in  Vanbrugh  and  Gibber's  play  of  that 
name.  Lady  Townley,  a  frivolous  but  not  heartless 
woman,  was  a  favorite  character  with  Peg  Woffington, 
Ellen  Tree,  and  others, 

To'Wnsend  (toun'zend),  George  Alfred :  pseu- 
donym Gath.  Born  at  Georgetown,  Del.,  Jan. 
30.  1841.  An  American  journalist  and  author, 
noted  as  a  war  eoiTespondent  and  lecturer. 

To'Wnsend,  Virginia  Frances.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  1830.  An  American  novelist 
and  biographical  writer.  Among  her  works  are 
"Life  of  Washington"  (1887)  and  "Our  Presi- 
dents" (1888).  Many  of  her  stories  have  been 
collected  in  "  The  Breakwater  Series." 

Townshend  (toun'zend),  Charles,  second  Vis- 
count Townshend.  Born  1674:  died  June  21. 
1738.  An  English  statesman,  originally  a  Tory 
■and  later  a  ^Vhig.  Hewasplenipotentiary  with  Marl- 
borough in  the  negotiations  of  Gertruydenberg  1709 ;  am- 
iM^sador  at  The  Hague  1709-11;  and  secretary  of  state 
1714-16.  He  became  president  of  the  council  in  1720,  and 
si-cietary  of  state  in  1721.  He  quarreled  with  M'alpole  and 
re^igneil  in  173M. 

Townshend,  Charles.  Born  Aug.  29, 1725 :  died 
Sept.  4,  1767.  An  English  politician,  younger 
son  of  tlie  third  Viscount  Townshend.  Heentered 
the  House  of  commons  in  1747  ;  became  noted  as  an  ora- 
tor ;  was  secretary  of  war  1761-62  ;  became  later  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymaster-general ;  and  be- 
came chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1766.  He  championed 
resolutions  for  taxing  various  articles  imported  into  the 
American  colonies  1767.  From  his  political  instability  he 
was  called  "the  Weathercock." 

Townshend,  George,  first  Marquis  Townshend. 
Born  1724:  died  1807.  Eldest  son  of  the  tliird 
Viscount  Townshend  and  brother  of  Charles 
Townshend.  He  succeeded  Wolfe  as  commander  in 
Canaila,  and  received  the  surrender  of  Quebec ;  later  he 
was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

Towton  (tou'ton).  A  village  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 12  miles  east-northeast  of  Leeds.  Here, 
Man  h  2'.»,  1461,  the  Yorkists  under  Edward  IV.  totally  de- 
feated the  Lancastrians  under  Henr>"  VI.  and  Margaret. 
The  Lancastrian  loss  is  stated  at  28,000  killed  (?).  The  vic- 
tory secured  the  throne  to  Edward  IV. 

Toxophilus  (tok-sof'i-ius):  The  Schools  and 
Partitions  of  Shooting.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Tu;'o^', 
bow,  and  (piAav,  love.]  A  treatise  relating  to 
archery,  written  by  Eoger  Ascham  (1.545). 

Toxteth  Park  (toks'teth  i)ark).  A  southeast- 
ern suburb  (if  Liverpool,  England. 

ToyamaBay  (to-yii-mii'  ba).  An  indentationon 
the  western  shore  of  the  main  island  of  Japan, 

Toynbee  Hall  (toin'l)e  hiil).  An  institution 
in  Whitechapel,  London,  founded  in  188.5  as 
the  outcome  of  plans  set  on  foot  by  the  mem- 
bers of  Oxfonl  and  Cambridge  universities  "to 
provide  education  and  the  means  of  recreation 
and  enjoyment  for  the  people  of  the  poor  dis- 
tricts of  London,"  etc.  Some  of  the  members  reside 
at  the  IntU,  which  is  something  between  a  college  and 
a  club.  In  connection  with  it  are  Balliol  House  antl 
Wailham  House.  It  wn.s  organized  and  namcrl  in  memory 
of  Arnold  Toynbee  (I8.V2-S;i),  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  who  de- 
voted himself  to  work  among  the  jioor  in  NVlntechapel  and 
died  of  overstrain,  and  from  whoso  example  sprang  the 
idea  of  such  a  residence  house. 

Trachenberg  (trii'chen-bero).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  sittiated  on  an 


1005 

arm  of  the  Bartsch  26  miles  north  by  west  of 
Breslau.  Here,  July,  1813,  plans  for  the  cam- 
paign were  signed  by  the  czar  Alexander  L  and 
Frederick  Willi,ira  IH. 
Trachinise  (tra-kin'i-e).  [Gr.  Tpaxiviai,  Women 
of  Trachis.]  A  play  by  Sophocles,  founded  on 
the  death  of  Hercules  at  Trachis. 

The  play  called  the  "Tracliiid.e,"  or  "Women  of  Tra- 
chis^" because  these  form  the  chorus,  tells  how  Deianeirn, 
living  at  Trachis  in  Thessaly,  learns  that  Heracles  has 
fallen  in  love  with  lole,  and  sends  him  a  robe  anointed 
with  the  blood  of  the  Centaur  Nessus,  knowing  not  that  it 
is  aught  but  a  harndess  love-charm  ;  and  how  Heracles, 
in  mortal  torment  from  the  p^iison,  bids  his  son  Ilyllus 
take  him  to  the  top  of  Mount  CEta,  and  lay  him  on  a  fu- 
neral pyre;  and  thence,  "wrapped  in  heavcidy  flame,  is 
gathered  to  the  host  of  the  gods.  "  Jelib,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  85. 

Trachis  (tra'kis).  [Gr.  T/)n,v/f-]  In  ancient 
geoi;raphy,  a  city  of  Greece,  situated  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  CEta  near  Thermopyla?.  It  was  an  im- 
portant strategic  point,  and  the  legendary  scene  of  the 
death  of  Hercules.  The  Spartan  colony  of  Heraclea  was 
established  there  in  426  B.  c. 

Trachonitis  (trak-o-ni'tis).  [Gr.  Tpaxuvlnc.'i 
In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in  SjTia,  east 
or  northeast  of  the  Sea  of  GalUee. 

Tractarians.     See  Oxford  .School. 

Tractatus  Theologicb-politicus.  See  Spinoca. 

Tract  No.  90.     See  Tracts  Jhr  the  Timrs. 

Tracts  for  the  Times,  or  Oxford  Tracts.    A 

series  of  90  pamphlets,  published  at  O.xford 
from  1833  to  1841,  the  doctrines  of  which  formed 
the  basis  of  the  Tractaiian  movement.  The  move- 
ment began  as  a  counter-movement  to  the  liberalizing 
tendency  in  ecclesiasticism  and  the  rationalizing  tendency 
in  theology,  and  was  in  its  first  inception  an  endeavor  to 
bring  the  church  back  to  the  principles  of  primitive  and 
patristic  Christianity.  Its  fundamental  principles  were 
that  the  Christian  religion  involves  certain  well-defined 
theological  dogmas,  and  a  visible  church  with  sacraments 
and  rites  and  definitereligionsteachingonthefoundation 
of  dogma,  and  that  this  visible  church  is  based  upon  and 
involves  an  unbroken  line  of  episcopal  succession  from  the 
apostles,  and  includes  the  Anglican  Church.  The  tracts 
consisted  of  extracts  from  the  High-church  divines  of  the 
17th  century  and  the  church  fathers,  with  contributions 
by  Newman,  Fronde,  Pusey,  and  Isaac  Williams.  In  the 
last  of  the  series.  Tract  Xo.  90,  Dr.  (afterward  Cardinal) 
NeivTuan  took  the  ground  that  the  Thirty-nine  Articles 
of  the  Church  of  England  are  in  large  part  susceptible 
of  an  interpretation  not  inconsistent  with  the  doctrines 
of  the  Council  of  Trent.  This  tract  was  condemned  by  a 
number  of  bishops  and  heads  of  colleges,  and  a  part  of  the 
Tract.arians  (among  them  Newman  in  184.5)  entered  the 
Church  of  Rome,  others  remaining  with  Pr.  Pusey  and 
John  Keble  in  the  Church  of  England,  and  maintaining 
the  principles  of  sacramental  efficacy  and  apostolic  au- 
thority within  that  communion.  • 

Tracy.     See  Destutt  de  Traeii. 

Tracy  (tra'si),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  at 
Owego,  N.Y.,  April  20.  1830.  An  American  law- 
yer and  Republican  politician.  He  served  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  Civil  War.  and  wasbrevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral ;  was  United  States  district  attorney  in  New  York 
1866-68  ;  and  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1880-93. 

Tracy,  Joseph.  Born  at  Hartford,  Vt.,  Nov.  3, 
1794:  died  at  Beverley,  Mass.,  March  24,  1874. 
An  American  Congregational  clergjTnan,  New 
England  secretary  of  the  American  Coloniza- 
tion Society.  He  published  "  The  Great  Awak- 
ening" (1842),  "A  Historv  of  the  American 
Board,  etc."  (1842),  etc. 

Traetto  (tra-et'to),  or  Trajetto  (tril-yet'to).  A 
town  in  the  pro\'ince  of  Caserta,  Italy,  39  miles 
northwest  of  Naples.  Nearit  are  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  Minturnffi.  Population  (1881),  4,482; 
commune,  7,98.5. 

Trafalgar  (traf-al-giir'),  Battle  of.  The  great- 
est Britisli  naval  \ictorv  in  the  Napoleonic 
wars,  gained  off  C:i])e  Trafalgar  Get.  21,  1805. 
The  Briti.sh  fleet  nuiiilM-rt'd  27  ships  of  the  line  ami  4  frig- 
ates under  .Nelson  (Collingwood  second  in  co[nmaiul)  ;  the 
French-Sparnsh  Ikct  iiiitnlu-red  ;{.'!  ships  of  the  line  and  5 
frigates  under  \' ill  crieuve  and  the  Span  isluulmiralsdrivina 
and  Alava.  The  Allies  lost  19  ships.  Gravina  was  killed 
and  Villeneuvc  taken  piisonei-;  Nelson  wjis  killed. 

Trafalgar,  Cape.  A  promontory  on  t  he  southern 
coast  of  Spain.  ])rojecting  into  the  Atlantic  be- 
tween Cadiz  and  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  in  lat. 
(of  lighthouse)  30°  11'  N.,  long.  G°  2'  W. 

Trafalgar  Square  (tra-fargiir  skwSr).  One  of 
the  princip.irsiiuares  in  London,  about  H  miles 
west  by  south  of  St.  Paul's.  It  contains  the 
Nelson  monument  and  the  site  of  CharingCross, 
and  the  National  Gallery  faces  on  it. 

Traitors'  Gate  (trii'lorz  gat).  The  Southwark 
end  bf  Loiiilon  Bridge,  where  after  1577  the 
heads  of  jiersons  executed  for  treason  were  ex- 
hibit I'd.     See  Loiiiliiii  liriiliji. 

Trajan  (Ira'jan)  (Marcus  Ulpius  Traianus), 

surmimcd  DaciCUS  and  Partnicus.  Horn  in 
Italica,  Siiaiii.  about  .53  a.i>.:  clied  at  Selinus, 
Cilieia,  Jnly  or  Aug.,  117.  A  famous  Koman 
emperor  98-117.  lie  early  entered  the  army;  served 
as  military  tribune  In  various  jn-itvinees ;  inarclled  from 
.Hpain  to  Germany  about  80  ;  was  made  consul  91,  and  by 
Nerva  consular  legate  in  Germany ;  and  was  adopted  by 


Transleithania 

Nerva,  and  succeeded  him  in  Jan.,  98.  He  developed  the 
defenses  of  the  empire  on  the  northeastern  frontier ;  built 
many  roads,  etc.;  foundeil  the  institution  of  alimenta  (for 
rearing  poor  children  in  Italy);  and  encouraged  various 
refurms.  He  conducted  about  101-106  a  successful  war 
against  the  D.acians  under  Decebalus;  annexed  Dacia  to 
the  empire ;  incoriwr-ated  Dama.scns,  etc. .  and  part  of  Ara- 
bia ;  and  caiTied  on  an  unsuccessful  warwith  the  Parthians 
114-116.  There  were  revolts  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
empire  and  among  the  .lews  in  the  last  part  of  his  reign. 

Trajan,  Arch  of.     See  Arch  of  Trajan. 

Trajan,  Bridge  of.    See  Akdntara  (Spain). 

Trajan,  Forum  of.  A  forum  in  Rome,  con- 
structed under  Trajan,  situated  north  of  the 
Koman  Forum.     See  Forum. 

Trajanopolis  (traj-a-nop'o-lis).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Thrace,  often  identified 
with  ( )rikhova. 

Trajan's  Column.    See  Column  of  Trajan. 

Trajan's  Gate.  1.  A  name  given  to  the  Roth- 
erthurm  Pass. — 2.  A  pass  in  the  Balkans  which 
connects  Adrianople  with  Sofia. 

Trajan's  Wall.  1.  Remnants  of  a  Roman  for- 
tification in  Bessarabia,  Russia,  between  the 
Pruth  and  the  Black  Sea. —  2.  Remnants  of  a 
Roman  fortification  in  the  Dobrudja,  Rumania, 
between  the  Danube  and  the  Black  Sea. 

Trajectum  ad  Rhenum  (tra-jek'tum  ad  re'- 
nuui).     The  Kriman  name  of  Uti'eeht. 

Trajetto.     See  Traetto. 

Tralee  (tia-le').  A  seaport,  chief  town  of  the 
county  of  Kerry,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Lee 
(Leigh),  near  Tralee  Bav,  in  lat.  52°  17'  N., 
long.  9°  43'  W.     Population  (1891),  9,318. 

Tralee  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
western  coast  of  Ireland,  near  Tralee. 

Tralles  (tral'ez).  [Gr.  Tpd/./.tif,  Tpa?./(f.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Caria,  Asia  Minor, 
situated  near  the  Meander  28  miles  east-south- 
east of  Ephesus. 

Trani  (trii'ne).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  27  miles 
northwest  of  Bari.  it  has  considerable  trade  in  fruits, 
wine,  and  grain.  Its  cathedral  is  a  basilica  of  the  12lh 
century,  with  three  apses  and  a  large  crypt.  The  Nonnan 
tower,  of  five  tiers,  is  imposing ;  the  round-arched  re- 
cessed portal  is  delicately  sculptured ;  the  doors  are  of 
bronze,  with  42  relief-panels  ranking  with  the  finest  Ro- 
manesfpie  metal-work  in  southern  It.-dy.  The  crypt  is  re- 
markable fi)r  its  choir  and  its  beautiful  columns.  Trani, 
the  ancient  Turenum,  was  aflourislung  commeicial  city  in 
the  middle  ages  under  the  Normans  and  their  successors. 
Population  (1881),  2.n,173  ;  comipune,  2.''),647. 

Tranio  (tra'ni-6).  The  servant  of  Lucentio, 
a  character  in  Shakspere's  "  Taming  of  the 
Shrew."  He  is  clever  enough  to  change  parts 
with  his  master. 

Trans-Alai  (trans-a'li).  A  mountain-range  in 
Ferghana  (Russian  Turkestan),  south  of  the 
Alai  Mountains. 

Transbaikalia  (trans-bi-ka'li-a).  A  province  of 
eastern  .Siberia,  bounded  by  Irkutsk,  Yakutsk, 
the  Amur  Province.  Manchuria,  Mongolia,  and 
Lake  Baikal.  Capital,  Tchita.  it  is  traversed  by 
the  Y'ablonoi  Mountiiins.  There  are  gold-mines  at  Kara 
ami  elsewhere.  Area,  236,868  square  miles.  Population, 
546,3;«. 

Transcaspian  (trans-kas'pi-an)  Railway.    A 

Russian  strategic  railway, built  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  General  Annenkoff,  and  open- 
ed in  1888,  It  extends  from  Ouzonn  Aiia  on  the  Cas- 
pian (connected  by  steamer  with  Baku  and  the  Kussian 
railroad  system)  to  Sjiniarkand,  laigcly  through  the  desert. 

Transcaspian  Region  or  Pro'vince.  A  terri- 
tory belonging  to  Russia,  under  the  administra- 
tion of  the  government  of  Turkestan,  situated 
east  of  the  Casjiian,  north  of  Persia  and  -Vf- 
ghanistan,  and  west  of  Khiva  and  Bokhara. 
It  is  largely  a  desert,  contiUning  the  oases  of  Atok,  Slerv, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  lU-e  Turkomans.  Geok-Tcpe  was 
Uiken  by  the  Russians  in  ISSl,  Merv  in  1SS4,  and  Pendjiieh 
in  188&.     Area,  214,'237  sijuare  miles.     Poimlation,  301, 170. 

Transcaucasia  (tri'ins-ka-kiVsiji^.  The  south- 
ern division  of  the  general  government  of  the 
Caucasus,  Russia.  It  comprises  the  governments  of 
Tlflis,  Kutals,  Y'elisavetpol,  Baku,  ami  Erlvan,  the  prov- 
inces of  Daghe.^tan  and  kars,  and  the  district  of  the  Black 
Sea. 

Transfiguration,  The.  A  famous  painting  by 
Raphael,  in  the  \'atican,  Rome.  Christ  floats  In 
glory,  att4.'nded  by  Moses  and  Klias,  above  a  group  of  a|w>8- 
tles  ;  below,  people  are  leading  a  boy  possessed  of  an  evil 
spirit  to  the  remaining  apostles  for  relief.  This  picture 
was  just  c(imi>1fted  when  Raphael  died  (1&20). 

Transformation.    See  Marble  Faun,  Tlie. 

Transkei  (trans-ke').  A  territory  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  British  colony  of  the  Cnjie. 
Area,  2,552  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
153,5(i:!. 

Translator  General.  A  title  given  to  Phile- 
mon Holland. 

Transleithania  (trftns-li-til'ni-K),  or  Translei- 
thaJllan(triins-l!-thii'ni-an)  Division.  A  name 
given  to  the  lands  of  Aiistria-lluiigary  which 


Transleithania 

are  under  Hungarian  rule,  comprising  Hun- 
gary with  Transylvania,  Croatia-Slavonia,  and 
Fiume.     See  Leitlia. 

Transpadane  (trans-pa'dan)  Republic.  [From 
L.  tni)ispacla)ii(s,  beyond  the  Po.]  A  re]iublie 
established  by  Bonaparte  in  1796.  corresponding 
generally  to  Lombardy :  united  in  1797  with  the 
Cispadane  Republic  to  form  the  Cisalpine  Re- 
public. 

Trans-Siberian  Railway.     See  Siberian  Bail- 

Ulljl. 

Transvaal.     See  South  African  RepuhHc. 
Transvaal  War.     A  war  between  the  South 

African  Republic  and  Great  Britain  in  1S80-S1. 

The  most  notable  event  was  the  Boer  victory  at  ilajuba 

Hill,  Feb.  27, 1881.  The  battle  was  soon  followed  by  peace. 

See  South  African  liepttblic. 

Transylvania  (tran-sil-va'ni-ii).  G.  Sieben- 
blirgen  ue'l>en-biirg-en),  F.  Transylvanie 
(tron-sel-vii-ne').  A  titular  grand  principality 
of  the  Austrian  empire,  now  incorporated  with 
the  kingdom  of  Hungary,  it  is  hounded  by  Hungary 
proper,  Bukowina,  iloldavia.  and  Wallachia,  and  is  sur- 
rounded and  traversed  by  the  Carpathians.  It  has  15 
counties,  and  amonp  the  cliief  towns  are  Hermanustadt, 
Klausenburg,  and  Kronstadt.  The  chief  races  are  the  Rn- 
nians  or  Wallachs  (over  half),  Hungarians  (including 
Szeklers),  and  Germans  (see  Saj:ouland),  with  Gipsies, 
Jews.  Armenians,  etc.  Transylvania  was  formerly  u  part 
of  Dacia.  It  was  con{inered  by  Stephen  I.  of  Hungary  in 
1004,  and  made  a  proviure  ruled  by  a  voivode;  received 
colonists  from  Lower  Gi-rniany  about  1143  ;  was  recognized 
as  a  sovereign  principality  in  1538  ;  was  aided  by  the  Turks 
against  Austria;  took  a  prominent  part  on  the  side  of  ti.e 
Protestants  in  the  Thirty  Years'  ^yar ;  and  was  tjiken  pos- 
session of  by  Leopold  I.  of  Austria  in  1697.  The  sover- 
eignty of  Austria  was  recognized  by  Turkey  in  1699,  and 
Transylvania  was  incorporated  with  Hung.ai-y  in  1713  and 
was  made  a  grand  principality  in  1765.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  bloody  insurrection  of  the  Kumans  against  the  Hun- 
garians in  184S,  and  of  contests  between  the  Hungarians 
and  the  Itussians  in  1&49;  received  autonomy  and  a  Land- 
tag in  1^6o;  and  was  finally  incorporated  with  Hungary 
in  l?iJS.    -\rea,  21,51-2  square  miles.    Population.  2,247,049. 

Transylvanian  Alps  (,tran-sil-va'nj-an  alps). 
A  range  of  the  Carpathians,  on  the  southern  bor- 
der of  Transylvania,  on  the  Rumanian  frontier. 

Transylvanian   Erzgebirge   (erts'ge-ber-ge). 

[•Transylvanian  ore  mountains.']  A  range  of 
mountains  in  the  Carpathian  sj'stem,  situated 
in  western  Transylvania,  and  Hungary. 
Trapani(trii'pii-ne).  1.  A  province  in -western 
Sicily.  Area,  948  square  miles.  Population 
(1S9-J),  350,726.-2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
pro-vLnce  of  Trapani,  Sicily,  situated  on  the 
western  coast  in  lat.  38°  1'  N„  long,  12°  29'  E. : 
the  ancient  Drepanum,  or  Drepana,  nearEryx. 
It  figures  in  the  .Eneid.  It  was  one  of  the  last  remaining 
strongholds  of  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily,  in  the  first  l*unic 
war,  and  was  fortified  by  Hamilcar  Barca.  The  Cartha- 
ginians won  a  naval  victory  near  it  in  249  B.  c.  Popula- 
tion (1881),  32,020. 

Trapezns  (tra-pe'zus).  The  ancient  name  of 
Trebizoud. 

Trapezus  Mons.     See  Tchadyr-Dagh. 

Trappe,  La.     See  La  Trappe. 

Trappists  (trap'ists).  [From  F.  Trappi.ste:  so 
called  from  the  abbey  of  La  Trappe  in  France.] 
A  monastic  body,  a  branch  of  the  Cistercian  or- 
der. It  is  named  from  the  village  of  Soligny-la-Trappe, 
in  the  department  of  Orne,  France,  where  the  abbey  of  La 
Trappe  was  founded  in  1140  by  Rotrou,  count  of  Perche. 
The  abbey  soon  fell  into  decay,  and  was  governed  for  many 
years  by  titular  or  commendatory  abbots.  De  Ranc6  (1626- 
1700),  who  had  been  commendatory  abbot  of  La  Trappe 
from  his  boyhood,  became  its  actual  abbot  in  1064,  and 
thoroughly  reformed  and  reorganized  the  order.  The  rules 
of  the  order  are  noted  for  their  extreme  austerity,  and  in- 
culcate extended  fasts,  severe  manual  labor,  almost  per- 
petual silence,  abstinence  from  flesh,  flsh,  etc.,  and  rigor- 
ous asceticism  in  general.  The  order  was  repressed  in 
France  during  the  Revolutionary  and  Napoleonic  periods. 
There  are  branch  monasteries  in  France.  Belgium,  Great 
Britain,  Itiily.  etc.,  and  two  in  the  United  .States  — abbeys 
of  Gethsemane  (Keidueky)  and  of  Xew  Melleray  (Iowa). 
There  is  .also  an  establishment  at  Tracadie,  N,  S. 

Trasimene,  Lake,  Battle  of.  See  Trasimcnus. 
Trasimeno  (trii-se-ma'no),  Lago,  or  Lago  di 

Perugia  (la'g6depa-ro'ja)C  Lake  of  Perugia'). 
A  lake  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  10 
miles  west  of  Perugia :  the  ancient  Trasimenus 
(erroneously  Thrasymenus)  Laeus.  Length,  10 
miles  ;  depth,  20  feet.     It  has  no  natural  outlet. 

Trasimenus  (tras-i-me'nus),  Battle  of  Lake. 

A  victory  gained  by  Hannibal  over  the  Hoiuans 
under  the  consul  Flaminius,  ,on  the  northern 
shore  of  Lake  Trasimenus,  in  the  sumraerof  217 
B.  c.  The  Roman  army  was  nearly  annihilated, 
and  the  consul  was  slain. 

Tras-os-Montes  (triis'os-mon'tes),  or  Traz-os- 
Montes  (triiz'os-mon'tes).  The  northeastern 
province  of  Portugal,  bounded  by  Spain,  Beira, 
and  Entre  Minho  e  Douro.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous or  table-land.  It  comprises  the  districts  ViUa  Real 
andBragaufa.  Capital,  Bragan^a.  Area.  2,293  squaremiles. 
Population  (1890),  418,917. 

Trastevere  (ti'as-ta-va'reV     [It.,  'beyond  the 


1006 

Tiber.']  A  working-men's  quarter  of  Rome, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber,  on  the 
Janiculus. 

Trau  (trou).  Atown  In  Dalmatia,  situated  on  an 
island  adjacent  to  the  coast,  10  miles  west  of 
Spalatro.  it  contains  a  noted  cathedral  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury:  a  later  Pointed  campanile  rises  over  the  northwest- 
eruangle.  The  magnificent  recessed  sculptured  portal  is 
Romanesque  ;  the  impressive  interior  has  rouiul  arches  on 
massivesquare  piers,  a  flue  altar,  choir-stalls,  and  a  sculp- 
tured pulpit  supported  on  eight  columns.  Population 
(IS'.io),  commune,  15,809, 

Traun  (troun).  A  river  which  rises  in  St%-Tia, 
traverses  the  Hallstiittersee  and  Traunsee  in 
ITpper  Austria,  and  joins  the  Danube  near  Linz. 
It  fin-ms  a  noted  waterfall  near  the  villau'e  of  Roithara. 
Length,  110  miles. 

Traun  see(troun'7.a),orGmundenersee(gm6u'- 
den-er-za).  A  picturesque  lake  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, in  the  Salzkammergut,  near  Gmimden, 
traversed  by  the  Traun.  Length,  8  miles. 

Trautenau  (trou'te-nou).  Bohem.  Trutnov.  A 
town  in  northeastern  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Aupa  72  miles  east-northeast  of  Prague,  it  is 
the  center  of  linen-weaving  in  the  Riesengebirge  in  Bohe- 
mia. Here,  on  .ttnie  27.  istio,  the  .\nstrians  defeated  the 
Prussians  ;  and  on  tin-  fi  .11,  iwing  day  the  Prussians  defeated 
the  .^nstrians.     Population  (1800),  commune,  13,290. 

Trautmann  (trout'miin),  Franz.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, JIareh  28,  1813:  died  there,  Nov.  2,  1887. 
AtTcrman  novelist,  poet,  dramatist,  and -writer 
on  art.  His  works  include  "Die  Abenteuer  des  Her- 
zogs  Christoph  vou  Bayern  "  (1853),  '- Traum  und  Sage" 
(18ti4),  'Leben,  Abenteuer  und  Tod  des  Dr.  Th.  Thadaus 
boinier  im  Jenseits"  (1864),  etc. ;  the  comedies  "  Schloss 
Latt'ur."  "Blemers  Leiden  "  ;  the  drama  "Cagliostro  " ;  and 
the  tragedy  '' Ju^'Urtba." 

Trauttmansdorff  {trout'mans-dorf).  Count 
Maximilian  von.  Born  1584 :  died  1650.  An 
Austrian  diplomatist  and  politician.  He  negoti- 
ated the  alliance  between  the  emperor  and  the  Elector 
of  Bavaiiain  1619:  informed  the  emperor  of  A>'allenstein's 
designs:  negotiated  the  peace  of  Prague  in  1635  :  and  was 
the  chief  negotiator  of  the  peace  of  Westphidia  in  1648. 

Travailleurs  de  la  Mer  (tra-vi-yer'  de  lii  mar), 
Les.  [F.,'TheToilersoftheSea.']  Anovelby 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1866.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  the  Channel  Islands. 

Travancore  (trav-an-kor').  A  tributary  native 
state  of  India,  under  British  control,  situated 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula, 
along  the  western  coast,  about  lat.  8°-10°  N. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Western  Ghats.  Its  products  are 
cocoanuts,  areca-nuts,  pepper,  coffee,  etc.  (,'apital,  Tri- 
vandrum.  It  is  ruled  by  a  maharaja,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  of  the  vassal  states  in  India,  Ai-ea,  6,730 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  2,667,736. 

Trave  ( tril've).  A  river  in  the  principality  and 
territory  of  Liibeck,  and  in  Holstein.  which  flows 
into  the  Baltic  at  Travemiinde  below  Liibeck. 
Length,  70  miles ;  navigable  for  large  vessels  to 
Liibeck. 

Traveller,  The.  A  poem  by  Oliver  Goldsmith, 
published  in  1765. 

Traveller's  Club.  A  London  club  originated 
shortly  after  the  peace  of  1814  by  the  Marquis 
of  Londonderry  (then  Lord  Castlereagh).  The 
present  house  in  Pall  Mall  was  built  in  1832. 

Travelling  Bachelor,  The.  A  work  by  Cooper, 

pulilished  in  1828. 

Travendal  (trii'ven-diil),  or  Traventhal  (tra'- 
ven-tsll).  A -village  in  Holstein.  on  the  Trave  15 
miles  west  of  Liibeck.  Here,inl700,  CharlesXIl. 
of  Sweden  extorted  a  treaty  from  Denmark. 

Travers  (trii-var'),  Val  de.  A  short  valley  be- 
tween two  ranges  of  the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of 
Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Neueha- 
tel,  renowned  for  its  beauty. 

Traverse  (trav'ers).  Lake.  A  lake  on  the  boun- 
dary between  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  river  Bois  des  Sioux  to  the  Red 
River  of  the  North.     Length,  17  miles. 

Traviata  (trii-ve-ii'tii).  La.  [It.,  'the  wander- 
ing or  lost  one.']  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  pro- 
duced at  Venice  in  1853.  The  words  are  by  Piave. 

Traz-OS-Montes.     See  Tras-os-Mo»tes. 

Treasure  Island.  A  tale  by  R.  L.  Stevenson, 
published  in  1883, 

Treasury  of  Atreus.    See  the  extract. 

The  most  ancient  remains  of  buildings  in  Greece  are  of 
Cyclopean,  or,  as  some  have  it,  of  Pelasgic  origin  ;  and  the 
most  famous  of  these  Cyclopean  works  are  two  subter- 
raneous structm-es  known  as  the  Treasury  of  Atrens  and 
the  Treasury  of  Minyas  — the  former  at  Mycence  in  .-Vr- 
golis,  the  latter  at  Orchomenos  in  Bceotia.  Both  are  built 
after  the  one  plan,  being  huge  dome-shaped  constructions 
formed  of  horizontal  layers  of  dressed  stones,  each  layer 
projecting  over  the  one  ne.xt  below,  till  the  top  was  closed 
by  a  single  block.  The  whole  was  then  covered  in  with 
earth,  and  so  buried. 

Edivards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  167. 

Treaty  Elm,  The.  A  tree,  formerly  standing 
near  Philadelphia,  beneath  which  Penn  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1682. 


Trench 

Treaty  of  Washington.    See  Washmtiton. 

Trebbia  (treb'be-a).  A  river  in  northern  Italy 
wliich  joins  the  Po  near  Piacenza  :  the  ancient 
Trebia.     Length,  about  60  miles. 

Trebbia,  Battle  of  the.  A  \dctory  gained  near 
the  Trebbia.  June  17-19,  1799,  by  the  allied  Rus- 
sian-Austrian army  under  Suvaroff  over  the 
French  under  Macdonald.  Sometimes  eaUed 
the  battle  of  Parma. 

Trebelli  (tra-bel'le),  Madame/Zelia  Gilbert). 
Born  at  Paris,  1838:  died  at  Etretat,  Seiue-In- 
ferieure,  .■\ug.l8, 1892.  A  French  soprano  opera- 
singer.  She  became  Madame  Bettini  in  1863, 
but  soon  separated  from  her  husband.  Trebelli 
was  her  stage-name. 

Trebia  (tre'bi-ii,).     See  Trchbia. 

Trebia,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained  by  Han- 
nibal  over  the  Romans  under  Sempronius,  near 
the  Trebia,  in  Dec,  218  B.  c. 

Trebizond(treb'i-zond).  A  vilayet  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Asia  Minor,  Turkey.  Area,  12,082 
square  miles.     Population.  1.047.700. 

Trebizond,  or  Trapezunt  (trap-e-zonf).  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  vilavet  of  Trebizond,  on 
the  Bhack  Sea  in  lat.  41°  l''N.,  long.  39°  46'  E.: 
the  ancient  Trapezus.  It  is  picturesquely  situated 
on  a  table-land  between  two  deep  ravines,  and  is  defended 
by  a  citadel  and  forts.  Next  to  SinjTua  it  is  the  chief  com- 
mercial city  in  Asia  Minor ;  and  it  is  a  center  of  transit 
trade  between  Europe  and  Armenia,  Persia,  and  central 
Asia.  It  is  the  terminus  of  steamship  lines  (Anstro-Hun- 
garian,  Lloyd's,  ilessageries  Maritimes,  etc.).  It  was  the 
Greek  colony  of  Sinope  ;  was  a  resting-place  in  the  retreat 
of  the  Ten  Thousand*;  was  an  important  city  about  the 
time  of  Hadrian  :  and  bia-;ime  the  center  of  the  empire  of 
Trebizond.  It  was  captni  ed  liy  the  sultan  Jlohammed  II. 
in  1461.    Population,  about  40, duo. 

Trebizond,  Empire  of.  A  Byzantine  realm  on 
the  southern  coast  of  the'Black  Sea.  whose  capi- 
tal was  Trebizond.  it  w.as  founded  by  Alexius  Com- 
nenus  afterthe  establishment  of  the  Latin  Empire  of  Cou- 
stantinople  in  1-204 :  and  maintained  its  independence 
against  the  .Seljuks,  Constantinople.  Xicsea,  etc.,  until  its 
overthrow  by  the  Ottoman  Turks  in  1461. 

Trebur  (tra'bor),  or  Tribur  (tre'bor).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  pro-vince  of  Starkenburg.  Hesse, 
situated  near  the  Rhine  5  miles  southeast  of 
Mainz.  It  contained  a  palace  of  Charles  the 
Great,  and  was  the  seat  of  several  diets  in  the 
middle  ages. 

Tfedegar  (tred'e-gar).  A  town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Sirhowy  6  miles 
east-northeast  of  Merthyr  Tydfil.  It  has  im- 
portant iron-works.     Poptdatiou  (1891),  17,484. 

Tredgold  (tred'gold),  Thomas.  Born  at  Bran- 
don, nearDurham.  England.  Aug.  22. 1788  :  died 
at  London,  Jan.  28. 1829.  An  English  engineer. 
He  wrote''  Elementary  Principles  of  Carpentry  " 
(1820).  "The  Steam  Engine"  (1827).  etc. 

Tredici  Comuni(tra-de'chek6-mo'ne).  ['Thir- 
teen Communes.']  A  locality  in  the  pro\duee 
of  Verona,  Italy,  in  the  vicinity  of  Badia.  It 
has  long  been  noted  for  the  preservation  of 
a  Germanic  dialect  (Cimbro).  now  nearly  sup- 
planted by  Italian.  Its  chief  town  is  Giazza. 
It  formerly  had  extensive  pri^-ileges.  Compare 
Sette  Cdtnuni. 

Tree,  Ellen.     See  Kean,  Mrs. 

Tregelles  1 1  re-gel'es),  Samuel  Prideaux.  Bom 
near  Falmouth,  England.  Jan.  30,  1813:  died 
there,  April  24.  1875^  An  English  New  Testa- 
ment scholar,  noted  for  his  critical  edition  of 
the  New  Testament  (1857-72).  He  translated 
Gesenius's  Hebrew  giammar,and -wrote  various 
critical  -norks. 

Treguier  {tra-gya').  A  to-wn  in  the  department 
of  C6tes-du-Nord,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Guindy  and  Jaudy,  29  miles  north- 
west of  St.-Brieuc.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  was 
the  birthplace  of  Renan.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,763. 

Treitschke   (tritsh '  ke),  Heinrich  Gotthaxd 

von.  Born  at  Dresden,  Sept.  15. 1834:  diedApril 
28.  1896.  A  noted  German  historian  and  pub- 
licist, pi'ofessor  in  Berlin  from  1874.  and  a  Na- 
tional Liberal  member  of  the  Reichstag  1871-84. 
-Among  bis  works  are  "Zehn  Jahre  deutscher  liampfe  "  (2d 
ed.  1879),  "  Histnrische  und  politische  Aufsatze"  (essays 
on  recent  history,  6th  ed.  1886). "  Der  Sozi.alismus  und  seine 
i;onner"(1875),  and  "  Deutsche  Geschichte  im  19.  Jahrhuu- 
dert"  ("German  History  in  tin-  I'Jtli  Century,  '  1879-89). 

Trelawney  (tre-la'ni).  Edward  John.    Born 

1792:  died  Aug.  13,  1881.  An  Eiiglisli  adven- 
turer, a  friend  of  Shelley.  He  accompanied  Byron  to 
Greece,  and  served  in  the  wai^  of  independence.  He  wrote 
"  Recollections  of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and  Byron 
(1858),  rewritten  as  '•  Records  of  Shelley,  Byron,  and  the 
.Author." 
Tremont  (tre-monf).     See  Trimonntoiii. 

Trench  (trench),  Richard  Chenevix.  Born  at 
Dublin,  Sept.  9,  1807:  died  at  London,  March 


Trench 

28,  1886.  A  British  prelate,  philologist,  theo- 
lofrian,  and  poet.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity 
College);  became  dean  of  Westminster  in  18.00;  an<l  was 
archljisliop  of  Dublin  lSGl-84.  Among  his  works  are 
the  "Story  of  Justin  -Martyr"  (183;i),  "Sabbation  "  (18aS), 
"Poems  from  Eastern  Sources  "  (184".i),  "  Study  of  Words  " 
(1651),  •■Eni:liBh  Past  and  Present"  (185.1),  "Select  Gl<is- 
sary  of  English  Words"  (isr»9),  "Notes  on  the  Parables" 
(1841),  "  Notes  on  the  Miracles  "  (1846),  "Lectures  on  Me- 
dieval Church  Uistoi-J- "  (1878). 
Trenchard  (tren'ehard),  Asa.  The  title  role  of 
Tom  Taylor's  "Our  American  Cousin."  Though 
intended  for  the  principal  part,  it  was  soon  overshadowed 
by  that  of  Lord  Dundreary. 

Trenck  (trcniik),  Baron  Franz  von  der.    Bom 

at  Keggio,  Calabria,  Italy,  Jan.  1, 1711 :  died  at 
Briinn,  Moravia,  Oct.  14,  1749.  An  Austrian 
ofhcei  and  adventurer,  later  in  the  Kussian  ser- 
vice He  raised  a  corps  of  pandoors  for  JLiria  Theresa 
in  1740,  and  became  notorious  for  his  cruelty  in  the  war  in 
Bavaria  and  elsewhere.  He  was  tiually  imprisoned  by 
the  Austrian  government.  His  autobiography  ("Merk- 
wurdiges  Leben  and  Thaten  des  Freiherrn  Franz  von  der 
Trenck")  was  published  in  1770. 

Trenck,  Baron  Friedrich  von  der.     Bom  at 

Konigsberg, Prussia,  Feb.  16,  1726:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  July  25, 1794.  A  German  adventurer, 
cousin  of  Franz  von  der  Trenck.  He  entered  the 
Prussian  service  in  1742 ;  was  imprisoned  by  Frederick  the 
Great  at  Glatz  on  account  of  intrigues;  escaped  in  1747, 
and  entered  the  Austrian  service  in  1749;  was  again  im- 
prisoned by  Frederick  the  Great  in  Magdeburg  until  17GS ; 
went  to  Paris  duriiig  the  French  Revolution  ;  and  was  ar- 
rested by  Robespierre  and  put  to  death  as  a  secret  agent 
of  foreign  powers.  He  published  an  autobiography  in 
178t) 

Trendelenburg  (treu'de-len-boro),  Friedrich 

Adolf.  Born  at  Eutin,  Germany,  Nov.  ISO,  1.S02 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  24, 1872.  A  noted  German 
philosopher,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin 
from  181313.  He  was  especially  noted  for  his  researches 
on  Plato  aiu!  Aristotle,  and  as  an  opponent  of  Hegelian- 
ism.  He  wrote  "Eleinenta  logices  Aristotelicie""(1837), 
"Erlauterungen  zu  den  Elementen  der  jVristotelischen 
Logik  "  (1842),  "Logischc  Untersuchungen  "  ("Logical  Re- 
searches," 1840),  "Historische  Beitrage  zur  Philosophic" 
(1846-67),  "Naturrecht"  (18(10),  etc. 

Trent  (trent).  A  river  of  England  which  rises 
in  northern  Staffordshire,  flows  through  Staf- 
ford, Derby,  Nottingham,  and  Lincoln,  and 
unites  with  the  Oiise  to  form  the  Humber. 
Length,  about  170  miles  ;  navigable  for  larger  vessels  to 
Gainsborough,  and  for  barges  to  Burton-on-Trent. 

Trent.  A  river  in  Ontario,  Canada,  which  flows 
into  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  Lake  (;)ntario. 

Trent, It  Trento(tren't6),G.Trient(tre-ent'). 
[L.  Tritlciitiim,  from  the  Tridentini.  an  Alpine 
tribe.l  The  clii.-f  city  of  "  Welsch"  (non-Ger- 
man) Tvrol,  situated  on  the  Ailige  and  on  the 
Brenner  Railway  in  lat.  46°5' N.,Iong  11°  6' E. 
The  catheilral,  founded  1048.  was  rebuilt  in  the  13th  and 
completed  in  the  15th  century.  It  is  in  type  a  Romanesque 
basilica  with  two  domes.  The  west  portal  lias  two  lions. 
The  interior  i)oHse8ses  curious  moiunnents  and  wall-paint- 
lugs,  and  peculiar  flights  ut  steps  in  the  aisles.  Santa  Jla- 
rla  Maggiore  is  the  church  in  which  the  Council  of  Trent 
met  1&45-63  In  the  choir  thei-e  is  a  picture  with  portraits 
of  the  3  patriarchs,  7  cardinals,  :v.i  archbishops,  and  235 
bishops  who  sat  in  the  council.  Trent  was  anciently  the 
capital  of  the  Tridentini,  and  became  successively  a  Ro- 
man. Gothic  Lombard,  and  Frankish  city.  It  passed  un- 
der the  rule  fif  the  bishops  of  Trent  in  1027,  and  became 
coimected  with  Tyrol      Population  (1890),  2^,486. 

Trent,  Council  of.  A  famous  council  (usually 
reckoned  as  the  IStli^eeumeuieal)  held  (with  sev-- 
eral  proi'ogations  and  suspensions)  at  Trent,  in 
Tyrol,  Dee.  13,  154.5,-Dee.  4.  1063.  it  condemned 
the  leading  doctrines  of  the  Reformation  concerinuK  the 
Bilile,  original  Bin,  and  justification.  Its  decrees  were  con- 
flrme<Iby  I'iusIV.,  Jan.26, 1564.  He  also  published  in  that 
yeal  the  Triilentine  Profession  of  Faith. 

Trent,  The.  a  British  steamer  on  wliicli  were 
seized,  in  the  Bahama  Channel,  Nov.  8, 1K61.  the 
Confederate  commissioners  to  Europe,  Mason 
and  Slidell,  bv  the  American  cajitain  Wilkes. 
The  disavowal  of  Wilkes's  act  by  tlie  Tniled  States  gov. 
ernment  prevented  serifMis  comiilicntions  from  arising 
between  the  Unlteri  states  and  (iieat  iJritain. 

Trent  Affair,  The.    Sc<-  Tn„i,  The. 

Trentine  Alps  (trcn'tin  al[is).  A  group  of  the 
Alps  near  Trent,  Tyrol,  south  of  the  Ortler 
p^oup. 

TrentO.     The  Italian  name  of  Trent. 

Trenton  (tren'ton).  The  capital  of  New  Jer- 
sev  and  of  Mercer  Count  v,  sitiinti^l  on  tl)e  Dela- 
ware Kiverin  lat.  40°  13'"N.,  long.  74°  40'  W.  it 
has  ntanufacttiresof  p<)ttery,  iron,  tofds,  rubber  gooils,  etc. 
It  was  settled  In  1680,and  was  nanieil  Trenton  in  1720;  be- 
came the  capital  in  1790;  niul  was  nnide  a  city  in  1792.  I'op- 
ulation  ^VMH^^.  7.'1,307. 

Trenton,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  by  the 
Americaiis  under  Washington  over  the  British, 
Deo.  26,  1770.  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware  with 
2,400  men  on  the  night  of  Dec.  2.'..  and  atucked  the  Hes- 
sian mercenaries  (about  l,5iK))  under  Rahl.  The  Hessians 
were  defeated,  and  about  1,000  were  captured. 

Trenton  Falls.  .Vseriesofpicturesijue  cascades 


1007 

in  West  Canada  Creek,  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Utica.  Total 
descent,  312  feet. 

Treport  (tni-por'),  Le.  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inf(^rieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Brcsle,  10  miles  east-northeast  of 
Dieppe.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,569. 

Trescot  (tres'kot),  William  Henry.    Born  at 

Charleston,  S.C. ,1822:  died  at  Peuilleton.  S.C., 
May  4, 1898.  Ai\  American  diplomatist,  sent  as 
special envoyto  Chile.  Peru, and  Bolivia  in  1881. 
He  wrote  "Diplomatic  History  of  the  Adininislrations  of 
W  ashington  and  Adams  "  (1857),  and  other  works  on  diplo- 
macy, 

Tressel  (tres'el).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"  Kicliard  in." 

Treubund(troi'l)iind).  1.  A  reactionary  politi- 
cal union  in  Prussia.  1848-49. —  2.  Areaction- 
ary  political  union  in  Electoral  Hesse,  1850-53. 

Trevelyan  (tic-vel'yau).  Sir  Charles  Edward. 

Horn  .April  2, 1807:  died  June  lil,  IssC).  .\n  Eng- 
lish official  in  India,  and  pu)>licist,  brotlicr-in- 
law  of  Lord  Macanlay.  He  was  governor  of  iladras 
1859-00,  and  Indian  financial  minister  1802-68.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1874. 

Trevelyan,  Sir  George  Otto.  Bom  at  Rothley 

Tcniple,  Leicestershire,  July  20, 1838.  An  Eng- 
lish baronet  and  Liberal  politician,  son  of  Sir 
Charles  E.  Trevelyan.  He  entered  Parliament  as 
member  for  Tynemouth  in  1865.  He  succeeded  l-ord  Fred- 
erick Cavendish  as  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  18S2-S4  ;  was 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1881-85 ;  and  was  sec- 
retary of  state  for  Srulland  in  1S80,  and  again  1892-1895. 
He  joined  the  Liberal-rnionist  paily  on  its  formation, but 
returned  to  the  Ohul.-^tonian  ranks  in  1887.  He  has  pul)- 
lished  "Letters  of  a  Competition  Wallah  "(18r»4)."  Life  and 
Letters  of  Lord  Macanlay"  (1S76),  "The  Early  History  of 
ClLorles  James  Fox  "  (1880),  etc. 
Treveri  (trcv'e-ri),  orTreviri.  In  ancient  his- 
tory, a  Celtic  (or  Germanic  .')  people  in  eastem 
Gaul,  who  dwelt  near  the  Moselle.  Their  chief 
townwasTreves(which  was  named  from  them). 
But,  if  we  admit  the  witness  of  .Terorae  as  to  the  Celtic 
speech  of  the  Treveri,  it  follows  that  we  must  admit  their 
Celtic  descent.  During  the  times  between  Cie8:ir's  day 
and  .Terome's,  the  Treveri  might  have  exchanged  either 
German  or  Gaulish  for  Latin  ;  they  were  not  at  all  likely  to 
exchange  German  for  Gaulish.  In  the  face  of  such  wit- 
ness as  this,  it  is  hardly  safe  for  German  writers  tt>  as- 
sume, as  they  sometimes  do,  without  doubt  or  tpialitlca- 
tion,  that  the  Treveri  were  a  German  people. 

Frei'Uiaa,  liist.  Essays,  III.  74. 

Treves  (trevz),F.  Treves  (trav),  G.Trier  (trer). 

[L.  Aiii/K.fta  Trcrirorum,  imperial  city  of  the 
Treviri ;  ML.  Treviris.']  A  city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Moselle  in 
lat.  49°  45'  N.,  long.  6°  38'  E.  It  contains  more  Ro- 
man antiquities  than  any  other  city  in  northern  F.urope 
(see  below).  Its  cathedral  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  German 
churches,  occupying  the  site  of  alth-ceritury  basilica  built 
by  Valentinian  I.,  some  portions  of  which  are  incoTjioiitted 
in  the  e.\isting  structure.  In  the  lltheentuiyan  adilition 
was  made  at  the  west  end  with  an  apse,  and  the  eastern 
apse  was  built  a  century  later.  The  vaulting  is  of  the  1,3th 
century.  The  different  styles  of  niasom-y  and  ornament 
are  plairdy  distinguishable  on  the  extci-ior.  The  interim* 
possesses  a  fine  Renaissance  pulpit,  choir-screen,  and  high 
altar,  and  beautiful  monuments.  It  contains  the  famous 
seamless  or  "Holy  Coat"  said  to  have  been  worn  by  Jesus 
Christ.  According  to  the  legend,  the  empress  Helena 
brought  it  to  Treves  in  111)6.  About  1512  it  became  a 
fruitful  source  of  revenue.  Its  last  exhibitions  were  in 
1814  and  1891.  It  attracted  over  a  million  ami  a  half  i)il- 
grims.  Treves  contains  a  Roman  basilica,  assigned  to  the 
reign  of  Constantine:  one  of  the  special  class  of  Koinan 
monuments  intended  for  the  atlmiinstration  ttf  justice  and 
the  convenience  of  trade.  The  monument  has  been  put 
to  various  uses  since  the  Konian  day.  and  is  now  a  Prot- 
estjint  Church.  It  is  built  entirely  of  brick,  Iij  the  form 
of  a  rectangular  hall  with  n  large  semicircular  apse  at  the 
north  end.  The  Porta  Nigra  is  another  memoi  ial  of  the 
old  Roman  city,  consisting  of  a  fttrtilled  gate  flanked  by 
two  towers.  Itis  assigned  to  the  4th  century,  and  has  its 
name  frcun  the  black  hue  actinired  by  its  nnisonry  flxan 
age.  It  has  two  gateways,  2:1  feet  high,  anil  consists  of 
three  stories.  It  measures  115  by  29  feet,  and  the  titwcrs 
are  !»3  feet  high.  Tliere  is  a  Roman  amphitheater,  assigned 
to  the  time  of  Trajan  or  Hatlrian,  and  in  excellent  preser- 
vation. On  one  side  the  strtu'ture  is  sui>|K>rt«>d  against  a 
side  hill  ;  on  the  other  it  is  built  up  anhitecturally.  At 
tile  north  and  south  enils  th»M-e  are  triple  gateways,  the 
central  passage  leading  to  the  areiui,  and  those  at  the  sides 
giving  access  to  the  auilitorlum.  There  are  two  other  en- 
trances for  spectators  on  the  west  side.  The  axes  of  the 
elliptical  plan  are  2-8  and  159  feet,  and  the  auditorium 
could  receive  about  ;jo,OiiO  iieojde.  There  are  alsti  Roman 
baths,  after  those  of  Badenweller  the  best-preserved  struc- 
ture of  this  class  north  of  Italv,  dating  from  the  4th  con- 
tury  A.  !►.,  and  lately  exeavateil.  The  length  of  the  chief 
fafade  is  (.00  feet ;  the  disposition  of  the  cold  Imth  (frigl- 
daiium),  warm  bath  (tepidarium),  hot-air  bath  (ealtla- 
rimn),  heating  devices  (hypocanstumX  etc..  is  still  clear. 
Tl-eves,  founded  perhaps  by  the  empenir  Claudius,  was 
one  of  the  most  important  provim-ial  cities  utnler  the  Ro- 
man Enildre.  of  which  it  was  the  western  capital.  It  was 
tnken  l>v  the  Franks  abiait  4(tl  ;  lunl  great  importance  in 
tile  middle  ages  as  the  capital  of  llie  archbishopric  of 
Treves  ;  passed  to  France  in  1794,  and  became  the  eajiital 
of  tliedepartment  of  Sarre  ;  and  passeil  Ui  Prussia  in  isll». 

Pr.puhlti.iTi  (l-!"0,  3i;,llll',. 

Treves,  l'.  Treves, ( i.  Trier,  Electorate  of.  :Vn 


Triboci 

electorate  and  archbislioprie  of  the  old  German 
Empire,  it  lay  chiefly  west  of  the  P.hine,  but  a  part  lay 
east,  opposite  Coblenz.  The  bishopric  of  Ireves,  the  old- 
est  in  Germany,  was  erected  into  an  archbishopric  in  the 
9th  century.  The  archbishop  wasrecognizedasoneof  the 
seven  electors  in  135C,  The  part  on  the  left  of  the  Rhine 
was  annexe<l  by  France  in  1797.  Treves  was  secularized 
inl801,an<l  the  part  east  of  the  Rhine  was  given  to  Xassau. 
.Nearly  all  of  the  electorate  wiis  assigned  to  Prussia  1815. 

Trevi  (tra  ve).  Fountain  of.  A  celebrated  foun- 
tain at  Borne,  situated  east  of  and  near  the 
Corso. 

Treviglio  (tra-vel'yo).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Ifci-gamo.  Italv,  20  miles  east  bv  north  olF 
Milan.     Population  (1881).  14.083. 

Treviranus  (trii-ve-rii'nos),  Gottfried  Rein- 
hold.  Born  at  Bremen,  Feb.  4. 1770:  diedthere, 
Feb.  16.  1H37.  A  German  naturalist.  His  chief 
work  is  "Bicdogie,  Oder  Philo8<iphie  der  lebenden  Natur" 

(1802-22). 

Treviranus,  Ludolf  Christian.  Bom  at  Bre- 
men, Sept.  10,  1779:  died  at  Bonn,  May  6.  1864. 
A  German  botanist,  brother  of  G.  R.Trevira- 
nus:  professor  at  Bonn. 

Treviri.    See  Tm-cri. 

Trevisa  (tre-ve'sji).  John,  "r  John  of.  Died 
about  1412.  An  English  translator.  He  com- 
pleted in  l:iS7  the  translation  of  Higden's  "  Polychronl- 
con  "  into  F.nglish. 

Tr6vise  (tni-ves')  (Treviso*.  Due  de.  A  title  of 

the  French  general  M<irtier. 

Treviso  (tra-ve's6).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Venetia.  Italv.  ,-\rea,  960  square 
miles.  Population(1892),4()3,519.— 2.  Thecapi- 
tal  of  the  jirovince  of  Treviso.  situated  on  the 
Sile  18  miles  north  by  west  of  Venice:  the  an- 
cient Tarvisium.  It  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  the 
14th  centnrj- ;  was  taken  by  the  French  under  ilortier  in 
1797 ;  was  the  scene  of  a  revolutionary  outbreak  in  March, 
1848;  and  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  Austriaus  in 
June,  1848.    Population  (18S1),  31,249. 

Trevor  (tre'vor).  Sir  John.  Bom  1635:  died 
May  20,  1717.  An  English  politician,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  which  met  May  19, 
1685  (rctdecfed  in  1690).  in  1695  he  was  accused  of 
receiving  .£1.000  for  advancing  a  local  London  bill.  On 
the  motion  that  he  was  guilty  of  a  high  crime  and  mis«le- 
meanor.  he  had,  as  speaker,  to  put  the  tjuestion.  ami  to 
declare  it  carried.  He  was  deprived  of  the  speakership, 
Imt  remained  master  of  the  rolls. 

Trevoux  (tra-vo').  .\  town  in  the  department 
of  Ain.  France,  situated  on  the  Sa6ne  13  miles 
north  of  Lvons.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2.()S7. 

Triangle,  the  Lesser.     See  Triangulum  Minus. 

Triangle,  the  Northern.  See  Triangulum  Bo- 
na Ir. 

Triangle,  the  Southern.   See  Triangulum  Aug- 

tralt. 

Triangulum  (tri-ang'gi"i-lum).  [L.,  'a  tri- 
angle.'] An  ancient  northern  constellation,  in 
the  form  of  the  letter  delta  (Ji).  It  has  one 
star  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Triangulum  Australe  (lis-trii'le).    [L..  'the 

Southern    Triangle.']     A    southern    constella- 
tion, a<ldeil  by   Pctrus   Tlieodori    in    the   l.^th 
century,  south  of  .-Vra.     It  contains  one  star  of 
the  secoinl  niid  two  of  the  third  magnitude. 
Triangulum  Boreale.     Same  as  Triangulum. 

Triangulum  Minus  (mi'nus).  [L.,  'the  Les- 
ser Triangle.']  .\  constellation  introduceil  by 
Hevelius  iu  1090.  immediately  south  of  Trian- 
gulum.    It  is  no  longer  in  use. 

Trianon  (t ryii-noii' ), Decree  of  the.    An  edict 

issueil  by  .\a]"ileon  i.  at  the  tirand  Trianon, 
1810,  placiTii;  an  import  duty  of  .'lO  per  cent,  on 
enloninl  jtroduets. 
Trianon, Grand.  fF.,' Large  Trianon.']  .\  small 
|ialace  at  N'ersailles.  of  only  one  story  but  con- 
siderable letigtl],  built  by  Louis  XIV.  forMme. 
de  ^laintenon,  and  since  used  by  successive 
French  sovereigns  as  a  private  residence.  Many 
of  the  apartments  are  tnteresling  as  retaining  the  furnf* 
tun'  of  their  fi»nneri>ccupants,  ami  there  are  a  immber  of 
g<MHl  modern  works  <if  art. 

Trianon,  Petit.  fF..'  LittleTrianon.']^  A  grace- 
ful neo-classical  villa  in  tlie  jinrk  at  '\Vrsnille8, 
built  by  Louis  XV..  and  closely  associated  with 
the  inemorv  of  Marie  .Antoinette,  wliose  favo- 
rite abode  it  wasi  Ilhaslnostorlesoverabasennnt, 
and  tetrastyle  Corinlbian  porticos.  Its  furniture  and  III. 
tings  are  In  large  iiart  menntrlaU  of  the  (lueen.  Her 
Swiss  village  and  ilalry  and  "tem]de  of  Love'  still  stand. 

Triballi  (tri-bal'i).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Thiacian  people  who  dwelt  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Dnnnbe. 

Triboci  (trib'o-si).  JL.  (Cirsar)  Trihori,  Gr. 
(Stinbo)  T/ii,ioKV"'-  The  mime  is  of  Gallic  ori- 
gin.] .VtJi'rnuin  tribe,  lirst  mentioned  by  Civ- 
sar  as  in  the  annv  of  .Vriovistns.  They  were  situ- 
ated on  the  middle  Uiiliie,  eojit  of  the  Vusgea,  in  the  region 


Triboci 

to  the  southwest  of  Strasburg,  where  they  still  remained 
after  the  defeat  of  Aiiovistus  (B,  c.  ss).  They  were  prob- 
ably merged  ultimately  ill  the  Alamanni. 

Tribonian  (tri-bo'ni-an),  L.  Tribonianus  (tri- 
Ijo-ni-a'nus).  Born  in  Pamphylia  about  the  end 
of  the  5th  century :  died  545.  A  Byzantine 
jurist  and  official,  head  of  the  commission  for 
the  codification  of  the  laws  under  the  direction 
of  Justinian. 

Tribuna  (tre-bo'nil),  La.  [It.,  'the  tribune.'] 
A  celebrated  room  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery,  Flor- 
ence', containing  many  noted  paintings  and 
statues,  among  them  the  Medicean  Venus. 

Tribunal,  Revolutionary.    See  Eerohdionary 

Trihiiiinl. 

Tribur.     See  Trelmr. 

Tribute-Money,  The.  1.  A  noted  fresco  by 
Masaccio,  in  the  Braiieaeei  Chapel  of  the  Car- 
mine, Florence.  The  picture  consists  of  three  scenes, 
in  the  chief  of  which  Cllrist,  surrounded  by  the  Apostles, 
points  to  St.  Peter,  who  draws  a  fish  from  the  stream. 
2.  A  painting  by  Titian  (about  1514),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  There  are  only  two  figiu'es.  seen 
at  half  lenath  — Christ  in  full  face,  and  the  Pharisee,  hold- 
ing the  coin,  in  profile.  Also  called  Crista  della  Moneta 
(Christ  of  the  coin). 

Trichinopoli  (trieh-in-op'o-li).  The  capital  of 
tlie  district  of  Trichinopoli,  situated  on  the 
Kaveri  in  lat.  10°  48'  N.  Population  (1891), 
90,000. 

Trichinopoli.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  11°  N.,  long.  79°  E. 
Area.  3.631  square"  mUes.  Population  (1891), 
1,372,717. 

Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One,  A.    A  comedy 

by  Jliddleton,  printed  in  1608. 
Tr'icoteuses  (tre-ko-tez'),  Les.  [F.,'the  knit- 
ters.'] A  class  of  women  who  frequented  the 
tribimals  and  places  of  execution  during  the 
French  Revolution,  and  sat  knitting  while  they 
expressed  their  approval  or  disapproval  of  the 
turn  of  events.  From  their  violence  they  have  received 
the  name  of  "  Furies  of  the  Guillotine."  They  were  not 
seen  after  1794. 

Tricoupis.    See  Trikoupls. 

Tridentine  Council.    See  Trent,  Council  of. 

Tridentum  (tri-den'tum).  The  Koman  name  of 
Trent. 

Triennial  Act  (trl-en'i-al  akt).  In  English  his- 
tory, an  act  of  Parliament,  passed  in  1694, 
which  limited  the  duration  of  Parliaments  to 
three  years,  and  forbade  a  period  of  three 
years  to  pass  without  the  summoning  of  a  Par- 
liament. It  was  superseded  by  the  Septennial 
Act  of  1716. 

Trient  (tre-enf).  The  German  name  of  Trent. 

Trient,  Col  de.  A  pass  over  the  Alps,  between 
JIartigny  and  Chamonix. 

Trient,  Gorges  du.  A  deep  gorge  in  Valais, 
Switzerland,  formed  by  the  stream  Trient, 
wliich  unites  with  the  Rhone  north-northwest 
of  Martigny.     Length.  7+  miles. 

Trier  (trer).     The  German  name  of  Treves. 

Triest  (tre-esf), or  Trieste  (It.pron.  tre-es'te). 
A  crownland  belonging  to  the  Cisleithan  di- 
vision of  Austria-Hungary,  comprising  the  city 
of  Triest  and  adjoining  teiTitory.  Area,  36 
sqtiare  miles.     Population  (1890),  157,466. 

Triest,  or  Trieste.  [l^-Tergeste.']  The  principal 
seaport  of  Austria-Hungary,  pictm-esquelv  sit- 
uated on  the  Gulf  of  Tries't  in  lat.  45°  39"'  N., 
long.  13°  46'  E.  it  comprises  an  Altstadt,  \eustadt, 
and  suburbs.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Austrian  Lloyd's  Com- 
pany ;  has  extensive  commerce  with  Italy,  Russia,  Greece, 
Egypt,  Turkey,  the  Daimbe  lands,  the  East,  England, 
America,  etc.  ;  and  has  varied  manufactures.  It  contains 
a  castle,  a  cathedra!,  an  exchange,  and  Koman  anti- 
quities. Triest  was  a  Koman  cobtny  established  under 
Vespasian ;  was  under  A'enetian  supremacy  in  tiie  13th 
and  nth  centuries;  submitted  to  Austrian  suzerainty  in 
laS'2;  was  made  a  free  port  in  1719;  was  held  by  the 
French  1797-1805 :  was  a  part  of  the  Illyrian  Provinces 
1809-13:  was  blockaded  by  the  Italians  in  1848;  and 
was  made  an  imperial  city  in  1849.  Population  (1900), 
l;i4.14:i. 

Triest,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
ne;(r  'Iriest,  north  of  Istria. 

Trifanum  (tri-fii'num).  Battle  of.  A  decisive 
victory  in  the  Great  Latin  War,  gained  by  the 
Romans  at  Trifanum  (between  Slinturnfe  and 
Suessa,  Italv),  over  the  Latins  and  Campanians, 
about  338  b".  C. 

Trifels  (tre'fels).  A  ruined  imperial  fortress 
near  Annweiler,  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate.  It  was 
a  resort  of  the  medieval  emperors.  Richard  the  Lion- 
Hcarted  was  imprisoned  there  in  1193. 

Trigla'W  (tre'gliiv).  A  Slavic  deity,  chief  divin- 
ity of  the  Pomeranian  Slavs. 

Trikala  (tre'ka-iii),  or  Trikkala.  1.  Anom- 
archy  of  northern  Greece,  on  the  Turkish  border. 
Area.  I.ISI  square  miles.  Po])ulation  (1896), 
96,007. — 2.    The  capital  of  the   nomarchy  of 


1008 

Trikala,  33  miles  west  of  Larissa.    Population 

(1889).  14,8'20. 

Trikoupis,  or  Tricoupis  (tre-ko'pis),  Chari- 
laos.  Born  1832:  died  at  Cannes,  April  11, 1896. 
A  Greek  statesman,  son  of  Spji'idon  Trikoupis. 
ne  became  mini^^ter  of  foreign  affairs  in  18G6,  and  was 
premier  187S-79,  iaS-'-K.S.  lsS6-9n^  1892-9,S,  and  1893-95. 

Trikoupis,  or  Tricoupis  (tre-ko'pis),  Spyridon. 
Born  April  20.  1788 :  died  1873.  A  Greek  politi- 
cian, diplomatist,  histoi'iau,  and  poet.  Hewrote 
a  liistory  of  the  Greek  Revolution  (1853-57). 

Trilby  (tril'bi).  A  novel  by  George  Du  Mau- 
ricr,  published  in  1894.  it  deals  with  artist  life  in 
the  Quartier  Latin  in  Paris.  It  has  been  dramatized. 
Trilby  O'Ferrall,  the  heroine,  is  by  occupation  a  laundress 
ami  also  a  model  "for  the  altogether  "  in  the  artists'  quar- 
ter. She  isgay,generous,  andfriendly,  — has,  in  short,  all 
the  virtues  save  one.—  and  is  famous  for  the  possession  of 
the  most  beautiful  foot  in  Paris.  Her  comradeship  with 
the  three  artists, —  Taffy,  the  Laird  (a  Scotchman),  and  Lit- 
tle Billee. — who  all  love  her  more  or  less,  forms  the  theme 
of  the  story.  Svenguli,  a  Polish  Jew  and  a  musical  genius, 
gains  control  of  her  hypnotically,  and  by  means  of  this 
power  develops  her  voice,  and  transforms  her  into  a  cele- 
brated prima  donna. 

Trim  (trim),  Corporal.  The  military  servant 
of  Uncle  Toby  in  Sterne's  "Tristram  Shandy." 

Trimalchio(tri-mal'ki-6).  In  the  satirical  novel 
of  Petronius  Arbiter,  a  rich  and  ignorant  par- 
venu who  gives  a  feast,  an  account  of  which 
forms  one  of  the  largest  of  the  fragments  of 
which  the  work  now  consists. 

Trimble  (trim'bl),  Robert.  Born  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va. ,  1777:  died  Aug.  25, 1828.  An  Ameri- 
can politician,  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1826-28. 

Trimmers  (trim'erz).  In  English  politics,  a 
party  which  followed  the  Marquis  of  Halifax 
about  1680-90  in  trimming  between  the  Whigs 
and  the  Tories. 

Trimountain  (tii'moun"tan),  or  Tremont  (tre- 
mont').    An  early  name  of  Boston.    See  Boston. 

Trimurti  (tri-mor'ti).  [In  Skt.,' having  three 
forms,'  and  then  at  the  beginning  of  a  compoimd 
a  collectix^e  designation  of  Brahma, Vishnu,  and 
Shiva.]  The  Hindu  triad,  consisting  of  these 
gods,  associated  in  a  threefold  impersonation 
of  the  Supreme  Spirit.  Brahma  is  the  creator,  Vishnu 
the  preserver,  and  Shiva  the  destroyer.  Brahma  should 
strictly  be  the  first  of  three  equal  persons,  but  ordinarily 
either  Shiva  orVishnu  is  identified  with  theSnpreme  Being, 
and  the  other  two,  especially  Brahma,  are  reduced  to  a  sub- 
ordinate part.  Although  there  are  tracesof  at  riadic  princi- 
ple in  the  earlier  literature,  as  in  the  triad  of  Agni,  Vayu  or 
Indra.  and  Surya,  the  doctrine  of  the  Trimurti  is  a  develop- 
ment of  the  later  Puranic  theology,  and  rather  a  philosophi- 
cal conception  than  an  important  article  of  popular  belief. 
Its  significance  has  been  much  exaggerated.  These  gods 
are  creations  of  the  Supreme  Spirit,  rather  than  the  Su- 
preme Spirit  himself.  They  are  composed  of  material 
particles,  and  are  subject  to  destruction  and  reabsorption. 
The  points  of  difference  from  are  quite  as  noticeable  as 
the  points  of  resemblance  to  the  Christian  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity. 

Trinacria  (tri-na'kri-ii).  [Gr.  TpivaKpia.']  An 
old  name  of  Sicily,  from  the  three  promontories 
Paehynum,  Pelorum,  and  Lilybseum. 

Trincalo  (trin'ka-16),  or  Trinculo  (trin'kfi-lo). 
The  xirincipal  character  in  Tomkis's  '•  Albuma- 
zar":  a  farmer. 

Trincomali  (triug  ko-ma-le').  A  seaport  in 
Ceylon,  situated  on  the  northeastern  coast  in 
lat.  8°  33'  N.,  long.  81°  14'  E.  it  has  a  fine  harbor, 
and  is  one  of  the  chief  British  naval  stations  in  Asia.  It 
was  finally  taken  Ijv  the  British  from  the  Dutch  in  1795. 
Population  (1891).  11,411. 

Trinculo  (triu'kii-lo).  A  jester,  a  character  in 
the  "Tempest"  by  Shakspere. 

Trinidad  (trin-i-dad';  Sp.pron.  tre-ne-THaTH'). 
[Sp.,  '  Trinity.'  Columbus  is  said  to  have 
given  the  name  to  the  island  on  account  of  three 
prominent  peaks  near  the  shore  where  he  first 
saw  it.]  An  island  of  the  British  West  Indies, 
forming  with  Tobago  a  crown  colony,  situated 
northeast  of  Venezuela,  near  the  coast,  and 
opposite  the  northern  mouths  of  the  Orinoco. 
Capital,  Port  of  Spain.  The  surface  is  varied,  portions 
being  mountainous.  The  chief  exports  .ire  sugar,  cocoa, 
molasses,  coffee,  and  asphalt  (from  the  celebrated  pitch 
lake  of  La  Brea).  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498 ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  British  from  the  Spanish  in  1797. 
Length,  about  80  miles.  Area,  1,754  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1892),  210,54L 

Trinidad.     A  small  island  belonging  to  Brazil, 

situated  in  the  South  Atlantic  in  lat.  20°  32' 

S.,  long.  29°  20'  W. 
Trinidad.    The  capital  of  Las  Animas  Coimty, 

Colorado,  situated  on  Las  Animas  River,  in  lat. 

37°  10'  N.     Pojuilation  (1900).  5,345. 
Trinidad.     A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast  of 

Cuba,  about  long.  80°  W.     Popidation  (1899), 

11.120. 
Trinidad.     A  town  of  Boli\'ia,  capital  of  the 

dc|iai'iiiient  of  Beni,  near  the  river  Mamor^. 

It  «  as  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Jesuit  mission  towns  of 


Tripitaka 

the  ifadeira  valley,  but  is  now  a  mere  village.  Popula- 
tion, about  2,000. 

Trinity  (trin'i-ti).  A  small  seaport  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Newfoundland,  57  miles  north- 
northwest  of  St.  John's. 

Trinity  Bay.  A  large  bay  on  the  eastern  side 
of  Newfoundland,  deeply  indenting  the  coast, 
and  nearly  cutting  off  the  peninsula  of  Avalou. 

Trinity  Church.  1.  A  notable  church  (Episco- 
palian) at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  designed  by 
H.  H.  Richardson,  founded  in  1873,  and  conse- 
crated in  1877.  The  building  is  cruciform,  160  by  120 
feet,  in  the  Romanesque  style  of  Auvergne,  the  masonry 
exhibitnig  inlaid  patterns  in  stone  of  dilferent  colors 
The  transeptshave  triple  windows,  and  the  front,  with  its 
graceful  arcaded  loggia,  is  flanked  by  towers.  The  chief 
feature  of  the  church  is  the  imposing  central  tower,  which 
h.as  square  openings  below  and  aicades  above,  with  cylin- 
drical turrets  at  the  angles,  and  a  pyramidal  tiled  roof  211 
feet  high,  broken  by  picturesque  dormers.  The  interior 
is  ornamented  with  mural  paintings  by  John  La  Farge 
and  other  artists. 

2.  One  of  the  oldest  religious  foundations 
(Episcopalian)  in  New  York  city,  though  the 
present  building  dates  only  from"  1846.  it  is  an 
example  in  brown  stone  of  the"  English  Perpendicular 
style,  with  square  chevet,  without  transepts,  and  with  an 
effective  tower  and  spire,  284  feet  high,  at  the  east  end, 
which  is  the  front.  The  richly  sculptured  reredos  and  the 
bronze  doors  are  artistically  notable. 

Trinity  College.  The  largest  college  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  England,  founded  by  Henry 
VIII.  in  1546  by  the  union  of  several  older  fouii- 
dations.  The  beautiful  gateway  on  the  street  is  mainly 
of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  The  great  court,  340  by  '.'80 
feet,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  chapel  and  on  the 
west  by  the  hall.  The  chapel  is  of  the  Tudor  period,  with 
fine  wood-carving  and  portrait-sculptures.  The  cloisler 
court  is  arcaded  on  three  sides,  and  on  the  fourth  is 
bounded  by  the  handsome  classical  library  built  by  Wren. 
There  are  several  other  comparatively  modern  courts. 

Trinity  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Pope  in  1554  upon 
the  site  of  an  old  college  of  the  priors  of  Dur- 
ham which  had  been  founded  in  1286.  The  Renais- 
sance chapel,  built  in  1U94,  has  a  plain  exterior  with  large 
round-arched  windows,  and  possesses  a  fine  altarpiece  and 
a  beautiful  carved  screen. 

Trinity  College,  or  The  University  of  Dub- 
lin. The  leading  educational  institution  in 
Ireland,  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1591. 
The  chief  front,  toward  College  Green,  is  ornamented  with 
Corinthian  columns  and  pilasters  and  a  pediment.  The 
extensive  buildings  inclose  several  quadrangles  or 
"squares."  The  chapel  has  a  Corinthian  portico;  the 
decorations  of  the  fine  library  are  also  Corinthian,  The 
campanile,  which  stands  alone,  is  a  circular  domed  Corin- 
thian belvedere,  surmounted  by  a  lantern,  and  resting  on 
a  rusticated  basement  pierced  by  arches. 

Trinity  College.  An  institution  of  learning  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  it  was  opened  in  1824,  and 
was  known  as  Washington  College  until  1846.  It  is  under 
EpiscL'pal  control.  It  has  about  160  students  and  a  li- 
brary of  40.000  volumes. 

Trinity  Hall.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity, England,  founded  in  1350,  and  occupied 
chietl.y  by  students  of  law. 

Trinity  House,  Corporation  of.  An  English 
corporation,  first  chartered  in  1514,  charged 
with  various  naval  matters,  especially  with 
erecting  lighthouses,  etc. 

Trinity  River.  1.  A  tributary  of  the  Klamath 
River  in  northwestern  California.  Length,  over 
100  miles. —  2.  A  river  in  Texas,  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  West  Fork  and  Elm  Fork,"  and 

-  flowing  into  Galveston  Bay.  Length,  over  500 
miles ;  navigable  about  half  its  length. 

Trin^tat  (tring-ki-tiif).  A  port  on  the  Red 
Sea,  about  38  miles  southeast  of  Tokar :  an  im- 
portant strategic  point  in  the  Sudanese  cam- 
paign of  1884. 

Trinkitat,  Battle  of.  See  Tol-ar. 

Trinobantes  (trin-(Vban'tez).    See  the  extract. 

The  Trinobantes,  another  Belgian  tribe,  had  settled  in 
such  parts  of  the  modern  Middlesex  and  Essex  as  were  not 
covered  by  the  oak  forests  or  overflowed  by  the  sea.  Their 
western  boundary'  may  be  fixed  in  the  Valley  of  the  Lea 
and  along  the  edge  of  the  *'  Forest  of  Miildlesex,"  which 
once  spread  northwards  from  the  swamp  at  Finsburyand 
covered  the  Weald  of  Essex,  Their  northern  limit  was 
fixed  at  the  Valley  of  the  Stour,  a  flat  and  marshy  tract 
which  is  thought  to  have  been  covered  at  that  time  by  the 
sea  for  a  distance  of  many  miles  above  the  termination  of 
the  modern  estuary.     Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  105. 

Trinummus  (tri  -  num  '  us).  A  comedv  by 
Plautus. 

Triomphe,  Arc  de.    See  Arc  de  Triomphe. 

Tripartite  Chronicle.  A  Latin  historical  poem 
by  (Jower. 

Tripitaka  (tri-pi'ta-ka).  [In  Pali  Tipitaka,  the 
Three  Baskets.]  A  collective  name  for  the 
three  classes  into  which  the  sacred  'sviitings  of 
the  Southern  Buddhists  are  divided.  \iz.  the 
Sutrapitaka  (Pali  Suttapifnka),  'Aphorisms,' 
'Discourses  for  the  Laity';  Vinayapitaka,  'Dis- 
cipline for  the  Order';  and  Abludharmapitaka 


Tripitaka 

(TaVi  AbhiMiimiiiupitaka),  'Metaphysics.'  The 
temi  "basket"  was  applied  to  these  divisions  because  the 
palm-leaves  on  uhich  they  were  written  wore  kept  in 
baskets.  A  list  in  detail  of  the  several  treatises  included 
in  each  of  these  divisions  may  be  found  in  Khys  Davids's 
"  Buddhism  "(Lundon.issi;),  pp.  18-21.  Discussinatheques- 
tion  of  their  tMunn..ns  nia.«s,  Davids  tilids  that,  ctclu- 
sive  of  the  very  frciuetit  rt-petitions,  they  contain  rather 
less  than  twice  as  many  words  as  the  Bible,  and  that  a 
translation  of  them  into  English  would  be  about  four 
times  as  long. 

Triple  Alliance.  1.  A  league  between  Eng- 
land, Swi'dcu,  anil  the  Netherlands',  formed  in 
16G8,  and  designed  to  check  the  French  aggres- 
sions.—  2.  A  league  between  France,  (Jreat 
Britain,  and  the  Netherlands,  formed  in  1717, 
and  directed  chiefly  against  Spain.  After  the 
accession  to  it  of  Austria  in  1718,  it  was  known 
as  the  Quadruple  AUiaiicr. —  3.  An  alliance  be- 
tween Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Italy, 
formed  in  18SL',  and  designed  to  check  Rus- 
sia and  also  France,  it  is  chiefly  the  creation  of 
Prince  Bismarck.  By  its  provisions  the  thi-ee  powei-s  are 
bound  to  support  one  another  in  certain  contingencies. 
Its  influence  has  succeeded  to  that  of  the  League  of  the 
Three  Emperors  (the  German,  Austrian,  and  Russian), 
which  was  also  largely  the  creation  of  Bismarck.  It  was 
renewed  in  .lime,  I1H12. 

Triple  Alliance,  War  of  the,  or  Paraguayan 

War.  The  war  waged,  lS(i.j-70,  between  Pa- 
raguay on  one  side  and  Brazil,  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and  Uruguay  on  the  other,    in  1864-C5 


1009 

of  the  Tripolitan  corsairs.  In  anticipation  of  this  event, 
however,  the  Iriiled  .States  had  already  sent  a  squadron 
to  the  Mediterranean.  In  Oct.,  lso:i,  the  frigate  Phila- 
delphia, faplain  Baiidiridge,  wliile  chasing  a  corsair  into 
the  harbor  of  TriiMili,  stiuck  a  sunken  n)ck  and  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Tripolitans :  she  wa.<i  burned  by  Decatur  Feb. 

16,  XStn.     In  July,  IWM,  Con >dore  Edw.ird  l-reble  began 

a  series  of  mdy  partially  successful  attLcks  on  the  harbor 
fortiflcatioiis.  the  llfth  and  last  of  which  Wiis  made  in  the 
foll-iwiiig  Si-jiteiiitier.  In  the  meantime  a  land  expedition 
under  William  liaton  iniluceil  Tripoli  to  conclude  peace 
.lune  4,  ISOi  (see  Eatnn,  HiUiaiii). 

Tripolitza  (tre-po-Iit'sa).   or  Tripolis.      The 

capital  of  the  nomarchy  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  in 
lat.  37° 30'  N.,  near  the  ancient  Mantinea  and 
?''??*•  ^'  became  the  capital  of  the  pashalic  of  Morea 
m  1718;  was  stormed  by  the  Greeks  Oct  17, 1821 ;  and  was 
retaken  by  Ibrahim  I'asha  June  22, 1825,  and  ruined.  Pop- 
Illation  (1880),  10,0,^7. 

Trip  to  Calais,  A.  A  play  by  Foote,  in  wliich, 
tmder  the  name  of  Lady  Kitty  Crocodile,  he  un- 
dertook to  ridicule  the  notorious  Duchess  of 

Kingston „....>„.„,. 

'~  ""'  t  his 


not  long  aft 
Triptolemus  (trip - tol' e- mus) .     [Gr.  Tp/nrfc- 
M''C-]     In  Greek  mythology,  a  favorite  of  De- 
meter:  the  inventor  of  the  plow  and  patron 
of  agriculture.     lie  was  honored  in  the  Eleu- 
sinian  mysteries. 
Brazil  had  a  short  war  with  Uruguay  which  ended  in  the  Trip   to   Scarborough,   A.      An   alteration  bv 
downfall  of  the  goytrnment  of  the  latter  country,  Flores     Sheridan  of  Vanl)rugh's  "Relapse,"  produced 
assuming  the  presidency.    Lopez,  president  of  I'iiraguay,      :,,  1 ''  ^^^ia^io^,     j/i^uuv-cu 

Trismegistus.     See  Hermes. 

Trissino  (tres-sG'nt)),  Giovanni  Giorgio.    Born 

at  Vicenza,  Italy,  July  s,  1478:  died  in  Dec, 


Troad,  The 

3.  An  opera,  both  words  and  music  by  Wag- 
ner, first  produced  at  Munich  in  1865. 

Tristram,  or  Tristrem.    See  Tristan. 

Tristram  (trls'tiam),  Sir,  of  Lyonesse.  [From 
L.  tri.tli.f,  soiTowtul.]  One  ot  the  most  cele- 
lirated  knights  of  the  Round  Table.  His  love 
lor  Isolde,  or  Iseult,  the  « ife  of  K  ing  Mark,  fonns  the  sub- 
ject of  many  romances.  He  was  lR»rn  in  the  open  country, 
where  his  mother,  whodied  shortly  after,  wiis  in  great  sor- 
row :  hence  she  gave  him  this  name.    See  Truftatu 

Tristram  Shandy  (tris'tram  shan'di).     A  fa- 
mous  novel  by   Sterne   (i)  vols.  1760-67):  so 
called  from  its  nominal  hero.    The  first  volume  in- 
troduces Walter  Shandy  and  his  brother  the  Captain 
(I'licle  Toby),  Slop,  and  Vorick.    Corixjnd  Trim  is  pnimi- 
nent  in  the  second  volume  :  the  third  and  fourth  contain  a 
good  deal  on  the  subject  of  noses  and  Slawkenliergiiis; 
the  sixth  contains  the  episode  of  Le  Keixe  ;  and  the  Widow 
Warlman  is  introduced  in  the  eighth.     The  chonicterof 
WallerShandy,  Tristram'.s  father,  an  opinionated,  captious 
old  gentleman,  is  taken  from  that  ot  Arbutlinot's  Martin 
l\incratr.T>      cju  j ..  .  ..  ...      -,   .  .scriblerus  the  elder. 

tungsten.    ShesecuredtheprohibitionSf  the  plav,  and  »!.>.„,,■  ,..,,        .  -i-    r  ,  ■        . 

healtered  itandproduced  itas'TheCapuchin':  Imthis  -l-rlta  (tn-ta  ).  A  \  edlO  god  appearing  in  con- 
health  broke  down  under  an  indictment  for  criminal  as-  uection  with  the  Maruts,  Vata  or  Vayu,  and 
sault,  procured  by  a  creature  of  the  duchess,  and  ho  died     ludra,  and  to  whom,  as  to  them,  combats  with 


protested  against  the  interference  of  Brazil  in  the  affairs 
of  Uruguay,  and  commenced  the  war  by  seizing  a  Brazil- 
ian passenger  steamer  at  Asuncion  (Nov.,  18C1)  and  in- 
Tading  Matto  Giosso (Ucc.-Jan.,  186t-65).  Early  in  18C5 he 
sent  a  force  across  Argentine  teiTitory  against  the  Bra- 
zilian province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Siil;  subsequently  he 
seized  Argentine  merchantmen,  and  on  April  14, 186.'),  oc- 
cupied Corrientes.  taking  two  Argentine  war  vessels.  On 
June  11  the  Paraguayan  flotilla  was  nearly  annihilated  in 
a  combat  with  the  Brazilian  squadron  at  Riacliuelo,  below 
Corrientes.  The  Argentine  Kepublic  declared  war  on 
Paraguay  April  6 ;  and  on  May  1  the  triple  otfensive  and 
defensive  alliance  between  Brazil,  the  Argentine,  and 
Truguay  wjis  signed  at  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Emperor  of 
Brazil  and  Presidents  Mitre  and  Flores  took  personal  part 
in  the  campaign  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  the  Paraguayans 
who  had  invaded  that  province  were  besieged  in  Cruguay- 
ana,  and  surrendered  (i;,(XIO  men)  Sept.  18, 1SU5.  On  Oct.  25 
Corrientes  was  occupied  by  the  allies,  who,  after  some 
fighting,  crossed  the  Paran:'i  into  Paraguny,  April,  18tj6. 
The  most  important  of  the  subsequent  opcratitjiis  were 
near  the  river  Paraguay,  and  especially  at  Uiimait.'i  and 
Curupaity,  where  Uipez  had  strong  fnitific:itions.  The 
principal  events  were :  Paraguayans  dt.  feated  at  Estero 
Bellaco  (.May  2,  18116)  and  tliyuty  (May  24)  :  lloqueron 
taken,  July  16 :  allies  repulsed  at  Sauce,  July  18 ;  ( ■iiriizu 
bombarded  Sept.  1,  taken  by  assault  Sept.  o"  (the  lliazil- 
ian  ironclad  Rio  de  Janeiro  was  sunk  by  a  torpidn  .s^qii. 
2);  allies  repulsed  at  Curupaity,  Sejit.  22;  second  liattle 
of  Tuyuty,  Nov.  3,  1867  ;  passage  of  iliimait:i  bv  tlieallied 
fleet  Feb.  IS),  1868;  BrazUians  repulsed  at  llnniaita,  July 
16;  Paraguayans  abandoned  Uumaitii,  July  2ri ;  repulsed 
at  Pikisiry,  Sept.  2.'i ;  battles  near  Villeta,  Dec.  6  and  11; 


1550.   An  Italian  lyric,  epic,  and  dramatic  poet 
and  scholar.    See  the  extract. 

Gian-Gioigio  Trissino  had,  in  fact,  sufficient  merit  tojus- 
tify  that  celebrity  which,  during  a  whole  century, placed  his 
name  in  the  Hist  rank  in  Italy.  Born  at  Vicenza  in  U7,s 
of  an  illustrious  family,  he  was  equally  qualified  by  his 
education  for  letters  and  for  public  business.  He  came  to 
Rome  when  he  was  twenty-four  years  of  age,  and  had  re- 
sided there  a  considerable  time  when  Pope  Leo  X.,  struck 


demons,  such  as  Tvashtra,  Vritra,  and  the  dra- 
gon, are  ascrilied.  He  is  calleil  Aptya,  a  woril  perhaps 
related  to  ap,  ■water,'  and  thought  of  as  living  concealed 
and  very  far  away  when  ills  are  « ished  to  Trita.  Related 
to  Trita  is  Traitana,  the  name  of  a  superhuman  being  or 
designation  of  a  god.  With  Aptya  is  compared  the  Aves- 
tan  Alhirya,  inhabitant  of  the  waters,  the  name  of  a  fam- 
ily whence  descended  Yima  and  in  modern  Persian  At- 
bin  or  Abtin,  the  name  of  the  father  of  F'aridun  ;  with 
Traifana,  Avestan  7'Ara*'/aon<i(which  see),  modern  Persian 
Fartdxin  (which  see). 

Triton  (tii' ton).  [Gr.  Tpiruv.]  In  Greek  and 
Latin  mythology,  a  sou  of  Poseidon  and  Amphi- 
trite  (or  Celivno),  who  dwelt  with  his  father 
and  mother  in  a  golden  palace  at  the  bottom  of 
the  sea,  and  was  a  gigantic  and  redoubtable 
divinity.  In  the  later  mythology  Tritons  appear  as  a 
race  of  subordinate  sea-deities,  fond  of  pleasure  and  flg- 
uring  with  the  Nereids  in  the  train  of  the  greater  sea- 
gods  :  they  were  conceived  as  combining  the  human  figure 
with  that  of  lower  animals  or  monsters. 


--  A  cinnmon  at- 
tribute of  Tritons  is  a  shell-trumpet  which  they  blow  to 

-    . , (juiet  the  restless  waves. 

byhis  talents,  sent  him  as  his  ambassador  to  the  Emperor  Trifnnc       '■Joo  7v;/o» 
Miutimilian.    Under  the  pontificate  of  Clement  VIL  he  itjp,°?\    ^^V  nn,  .  •  ,      • 

was  also  charged  with  embassies  to  diaries  V.  and  to  the    iriumpn   01    KjXS&T,    Ine.      A   series   of   mne 

paintings  in  tempera  on  linen,  each  nine  feet 
sciuare,  by  Mantegna,  in  Ilampton  Court  Pal- 
ace, Kngland.  Ca'sar  advances  in  a  chariot, 
attended  by  a  train  of  soldiers,  captives,  and 
tropliies. 


Kepublic  of  Venice,  and  was  decorated  by  thefomierwith 
the  order  of  the  Gcjhlen  Fleece.  In  the  midst  ot  public 
attaiis  he  cultivated,  with  ardor,  poetry  and  the  languages. 
He  was  rich ;  and,  possessing  aline  taste  in aichitecture,  he 
employed  P.alladio  to  erect  a  country  house,  in  the  best 
style,  at  Criccoli.  Domestic  vexations,  and  more  particu- 
larly a  lawsuit  with  his  own  son,  e 

days.     He  died  in  l'>.^0,  aged  seventy- 
title  to  fame  possessed  by  Trissino  is 
fonisba,"  which  may  lie  considered  as  the  first  regular  tra- 
gedy since  the  revival  of  letters. 

Simnondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  -108. 

Trissotin  (tre-so-taii').  A  "p6dant"  in  Mo- 
liere's  "Les  ferames  savantes,"  intended  to 
ridicule  the  Abb6  Cotin. 

A  prose  Breton  or  Cornish 
romance.  The  first  partwaswrittenortranslated  about 
1170  by  a  Norman  knight,  l.uces  de  Oast,  who  liveil  near 
.Salisbury  in  the  time  <if  lleiii^  II.  The  second  part  was 
written  by  Heliede  liornin,  who  connected  Tristan  ("Tris- 
tram "  in  the  Olil  Fngli.sh  form)with  the  Round  Table  ro- 
mances. The  nanur  appears  in  many  forms,  as  Triftnii, 
Tri^nns,  Tristanz,  Trislmit,  TrMran,  Trinlranz,  Trintrunl, 
Tri/Ktren,  Trigtrum,  Tristmn,  TryMrnn.  TniMram.  Triton. 
Tritans,  Tritam,  and  was  associated  with  the  Latin  (n'rfin, 
sorrowful. 


Villeta  occupied  by  the  allies,  Dec.  11 ;  battles  on  Dec.  21, 

22.  and  27,  ending  in  the  surrender  of  Angostura  Dec.  30 ;  Tristan  (tris'taii). 
allies  entered  Asuncicjn,  Jan.  1,  1869.  Subsequently  there 
wore  numerous  combats,  generally  adverse  to  the  Para- 
guayans. Lopez  was  forced  into  the  northern  part  of  Para- 
guay, and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  the  Aiiiiidaban.  A 
small  Brazilian  army  had  operated  in  llatto  Orosso,  but 
its  movements,  from  a  military  point  of  view,  were  unim- 
portant. The  allies  were  commanded  successively  by 
Mitre,  Lima  e  Silva,  and  the  Count  d  Eu 
Tripoli  (trip'o-li).  A  vilayet  of  the  Turkish 
empire,  situated  along  the  coast  of  northern 
Africa,  about  long.  y°-25°  E.,  bounded  by 
Tunis  on  the  northwest  and  by  the  desert  on  the 
west  and  south,  it  contains  the  oasis  of  FczAi  and 
other  oases,  and  has  a  narrow  fertile  belt  near  thiMioast 
Thecapital  is  Tripoli.  The  inhabitants  are  Moors,  Kabyles, 
Arabs,  Turks,  etc.  It  was  anciently  a  possession  of  Car- 
thage, and  later  of  Rome ;  was  conc|uered  by  the  Arabs  in 
the 7th  century,  and  by  theTurkain  theniiddleof  the  16th 
centunr;  becameaseat  of  Barbary  pirates;  secured  its  in- 
dependence in  1714 ;  and  was  reconciuered  by  Turkey  in 
1835.     Population,  800,000. 

Tripoli.     [Gr.  Tpi-ij/ir,  name  of  several  places 
regariled  as  including  'three  cities.']     A  sea-  Tristan  da  Cunha   (tris-tiin'  dii  kiin'yii) 


The  story  of  Tristan  seems  to  have  been  current  from  the 
earliest  times.  It  was  the  subject  of  a  number  of  metrical 
tales  in  the  Romance  language,  which  were  versified  by  the 
French  minstrels  from  ancient  British  autborilies.  From 
these  original  documents,  or  from  the  Frencll  metrical 
tales,  was  compiled  the  Sir  Tristrem  attributed  to  Thomas 
of  Erceldoune,  and  which  has  been  edited  by  -Mr.  |Sir  Wal- 
ter] Scott.  There  are  also  extant  two  fragments  of  metri- 
cal versions,  which  arc  supposed  to  be  parts  of  one  whole 
work,  written  by  Raoul  ile  Beauvais,  who  lived  in  tlie  mid- 
dle of  the  thirteenth  century. 

IhiiUnp,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  193. 


port,  tlie  capital  of  Tripoli,  in  lat.  32°  .54'  N., 
long.  13°  1 1'  E.  It  has  some  foreign  traile,  and  is  the 
starting-pointof  caravans  tor  the  interior.  It  was  formerly 
a  piratical  slrongholil,  and  several  times  has  been  bom- 
barded.    Population  (estimated),  2o,ih»i-:'.o.ikio. 

Tripoli,  or  Tripolis  (trip'o-lis),  or  Tarabulus 

(tii-rii'bo-lii.s).  A  town  in  Syria,  .Asiatic  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  river  Abu-,\li  (Kiidisha), 
near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  .34°  'J7'  N..  long.  35° 40'  E. 
It  has  considerable  trade,  fisheries,  and  mannfactures  of 
silk:   its  neighboring  seaport  is  AIMIna.    Tripoli  was  Tristah  lind  IsoldO  (tris'tiin  Out  o-zol'do) 

an  ancient  Phenlclau  city;  was  taken  by  the  .Saracens  

about  «:il);  was  besieged  by  the  Crusailers  In  llo4.  and 
taken  in  1109;  and  was  destroyed  in  12hii,  but  rebuilt.  It« 
castle  Is  a  large  structure  with  crenellated  walls  ami  ma 
chicolated  towers.  Its  halls,  courts,  anadi-»,  and  lockcnt 
passages  and  casemates  are  of  great  inl<  rest.  Pop..  17. con. 
Tripolitan  War.  A  war  between  the  United 
Slalos  and  Tiiijoli,  1801-05.  War  was  declared  by 
Tripoli  June  10,  1801,  because  the  United  Stales  refused  to 
Increase  lis  payment  for  immunity  from  the  dcpreilatlons 
c  — (H  , 


grciui)  ot  three  isltinds  and  two  islets  in  tlio 
South  Atlantic,  in  lat.  37°  3'  S.,  long.  12°  18' 
>*  .  They  are  of  vidcanic  formallim.  The  group  includca 
Tristan,  Inaccessible,  and  Nightingale.  They  were  dis- 
covered by  the  I'ortuguese  In  IMHI,  and  were  taken  pos- 
sessicm  of  by  Great  Britain  In  IMld.  Highest  peak,  about 
s,r)(X)  feet      Piqiulatlon  (18»3),  bl. 

Tristan  I'Ermite  (t  res-ton'  ler-met').  The  pro- 
vost of  l.uiiis  NI.  of  France,  infamous  for  his 

cniellv. 

1. 

An  epic  ])(iem  by  Filhiird  von  Oberge,  written 
in  th<'  last  half  of  (lie  12lh  century.  IIo  intro- 
duced (liis  riiiiiaiice  to  (iennan  lilerulure. —  2. 
A  famous  epic  |ioeni  liy  Gottfried  voii  Slrass- 
burg,  writlin  in  the  12th  century,  but  lalerthnn 
Eilhard's  pnem.  This  is  the  clssslciil  fonn  of  the  story. 
It  was  left  untlnislh-d,  and  se<|iielB  were  written  bv  two 
later  poets,  the  last  In  13(NI.  It  was cloRely  connected  with 
the  English  "  .Sir  Tristrem  "and  with  n  Northern  saga. 


embittered  his  latter  Triumph  of  Death,  The.  A  fresco  in  the  Campo 

i^foTuded  o„"iiif  •^sfi     «''»t°-  ^^^  fornierly  ascribed  to  Orcagna,  bk 

now  to  the  Lorenzetti  (l.ioO).    ItUanallegorjcon- 

trasting  worldly  pomp  and  delight  with  their  annihilation 

in  death  and  with  the  outcome  in  a  future  existence. 

Triumph  of  Galatea.     See  Galatea. 

Triumph  of  Silenus.  A  painting  bv  Kubens,  in 
the  Old  MiiseutM  at  Herlin  (until  1885  at  Blen- 
heim Palace).  SiKims  totters  forward,  supported  by  a 
negro  and  a  satyr  and  preceded  by  a  faun  with  a  flute. 
In  front  are  boys  and  a  tiger,  and  behind  nymphs  and 
satyrs  w  itii  a  landscape  liaekground.  Vandyke  is  said  to 
have  collaborated  in  this  painting. 

Triumvirate  (tri-um'vi-rat).  First.  In  Ro- 
man history,  an  agreement  or  alliance  formed 
in  B.  c.  60  between  Ciesar,  Pomjiey,  and  Cras- 
sus,  for  the  purjiose  of  dividing"  the  power 
among  them.  Ca'sar  oljtaiued  the  consulship  for  the 
next  year  (69)  and  a  command  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  (extended 
to  Transalpine  Gaul)  ami  lllyricum  for  6  years  (extended 
for  5  years  more).  Ponipey  received  for  his  veterans  as- 
signments of  lands,  and  lor  himself  later  the  commlsslon- 
ei-shipof  corn  supplies.  By  a  renewal  of  the  league  at 
Lucca  in  55,  Piunpey  received  the  consulship  and  com- 
mand in  Spain,  and  Crassus  the  consulship  and  ci>minand 
in  the  East  (win re  he  was  killed  in  .'i3).  1  he  unlini  be- 
tiveen  Casaraml  Ponipey  was  formally  brviken  by  tlie  civil 
war  in  4!». 

Triumvirate,  Second.  An  alliance  formed  in 
43  li.  c.  Iietweeii  ibdavian  (.Vugiislus),  Mark 
Antony,  and  Lepidus,  on  iin  island  in  the  river 
Reno,  near  Hologna.  Thetriuinvlrsweretohnvecon- 
BUlar  powers  for  3  years:  they  appointed  nni(.'lstmtei 
and  their  decrees  were  valid  as  laws  oclavlaii  reeeivetl 
Africa  and  the  Islands:  Antony,  Gaul :  Lepidus,  Spain  and 
Naibonensis.     The  alliance  was  followed  by  a  whidesale 

imiscripthm,  and  by  the  overthrow  of  the  republicans  un- 
let Brutus  and  Cassius  in  42.  Lepidus  was  S4H>n  reduceil 
to  a  niinor  position,  and  eventually  banlsheil.  By  a  treaty 
at  BruiKlisium  Octavian  rec«-ived  the  U  est  and  Alitony  the 
East.  The  union  was  broken  in  31.  and  \ntoriy  wiui  over- 
tlirown  in  the  battle  of  Acllum. 

Trivia  (triv'i-io,  or  the  Art  of  Walking  the 

Streets  of  London.  .\  lMnles(|Ue|io,iii  hyOny, 
pubiislied  ill  ITlii.  ll  is  a  tiiiio'  ot  inroniiation 
onoiildiinr  life  in  llie  reign  of  CJin-en  .-Viitie. 
Troad  (li-o'ad).  The.  The  region  lit  the  iiorth- 
weslirii  exii'eiiiily  of  Asia  Minor,  included  be- 
Iwi'en  the  .Egean,  the  Hellespont,  the  ,Si>a  of 
Marmora,  Mount  Ida. and  (lieGulf  of  Ailramvt- 
limn:  the  aiicii'iit  Troas,  It  contained  the  llo- 
niiric  Troy  (which  see) 


Trobriand 


1010 


Trobriand  ftro-bryon').  Philippe  Begis  de. 

Born  at  Tours,  France.  June  4.  1816:  died  at 
Bayport.  L.  I.,  X.  Y..  July  15.  1897.    A  French 


andre  Dumas  jiere.  published  in  1844.    The  scene 
is  laiil  in  the  tiiue  of  Richelieu.  The  three  musketeers  are 
.\thus.  Portbos,  and  Aramis.  but  D'Artaguan  is  the  princi- 
.    -  -  .  «.  .  -,.   ,  J         ,,  1).-U  character.    See  these  names. 

American    officer,  journalist,   and   author.    He  TrmVon       See  Trrr-en 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  IStl ;  was  editor  and  ii    •       A   -/•      tn      i      nru        i  »i  j 

proprietor  of  the  "Revue  de.Nouveau  Monde,- New  York,  TrOjan(tro  jan)  Cycle,  The.  A  group  of  legends 
18i»-.t0 ;  and  Mas  joint  editor  of  the  "Courrier  des  Etats-  or  poems  relating  t  o  the  Trojan  war.  See  Cyclic 
Unis "  1854-61.     He  joined  the  United  States  vohmteer     Pott-'- 

service  as  colonel  in  1S61,  and  became  brigadier-general  TV.;,Ji  ■nTar  Tn  fJrppV  IpjrpTifl  a  war  wnirpd  for 
of  volunteers  in  1S61.     He  commanded  a  brigadeof  the  2d  "Ojan  War.  in  Irreek  legena.  a  war  wage  a  tor 

..  ^   .  frcTi  i-<io,"i  1-11- rhp  i^f,Titp/^lpTiirpii  f-ri>ppL-G  uTirlpv  Thp 


army  corps  in  the  engagements  at  Deep  Bottom,  Peters- 
burg, Hatcher's  Run,  and  Five  Korks,  and  was  at  the  head 
of  a  division  in  the  final  operations  against  Richmond. 
He  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers  in  1S65 ;  en- 
tered the  regular  army  as  colonel  of  the  31st  inlantrj-  in 
1866 ;  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1S79.  Author  of 
"Quatre  ans  de  campagnes  i»  I'arm^e  du  Potomac"  (1867). 

Trobriand  (tro-bre-and')  Islands.  Agroup  of 
small  islands,  east  of  New  Guinea  and  south 
of  New  Britain. 

Trocadero  (tro-ka-da'ro).  A  fort  near  Cadiz, 
Sjiain.  taken  by  the  French  Aug.  31,  1823. 

Trocadero.  A  square  in  Paris,  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Seine,  opposite  the  Champ-de- 
Mars.  It  contained  the  Exposition  building  in 
1878. 

Trocadero,  Palais  du.  See  Palais  du  Trocadero. 

Trochu(tr6-shii'  I,  Louis  Jules.  BomatPalais, 
MorbLhau,  France,  Jlay  12, 1815:  died  at  Tours, 
France,  Oct.  7,  1896.     A  French  general.    H 


ten  yeai-s  by  the  confederated  Greeks  under  the 
lead  of  Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycense  and  Ar- 
golis,  against  the  Trojans  and  their  allies,  for 
tlie  recovery  of  Helen,  wife  of  Menelaus,  king 
of  Sparta  or  Lacediemon,  who  had  been  carried 
off  bv  Paris,  son  of  the  Trojan  king  Priam.  See 
Iliad. 

The  dates  for  the  Trojan  war  vary  almost  two  cen- 
turies. Duris  placed  it  as  early  as  B.  c.  1335  (Clem.  Alex. 
Stromat.  i.  p.  337,  A.).  Clemens  in  B.  c.  1149.  Isocrates. 
Ephorus,  Democritus,  and  Pbanias  seemed  to  have  in- 
clined to  thejater,  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  the  author  of 
the  Life  of  Homer,  and  the  compiler  of  the  Parian  Marble, 
to  the  earlier  period.  The  date  now  usually  received,  B.  c. 
1183.  is  that  of  Eratosthenes,  whose  chronologj-  was  purely 
artificial  and  rested  on  no  solid  basis.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  principal  views  on  this  subject :  Duris  placed 
the  fall  of  Troy  in  1335  B.  C. ;  author  of  the  Life  of  Homer, 
1-270  :  Herodotus,  1-260  ;  Thucydides,  1260 ;  Parian  Marble, 
1209;  Eratosthenes,  11S3  :  Sosibius.  1171 :  Ephorus,  1169  ; 
Clemens,  1149.  Haidiiuon,  Herod.,  H.  223,  note. 


served  in  Algeria,  in  the  Crimean  w.ar,  and  in  the  Italian  Trollope  (trol'up),  Anthony.  Bom  at  London, 


war  of  1S59 ;  wa.s  appointed  governor  of  Paris  in  Aug. ,  1S70 
became  member  ol  the  government  of  national  defense 
and  was  charged  with  the  defense  of  Paris  in  Sept. ;  re- 
signed in  Jan.,  1871 ;  was  a  deputy  1871-72 ;  and  resigned 
from  the  army  in  1873.  He  \vrote  '"L'Arm^e  frani^aise  en 
1867,"'  and  several  works  in  his  own  defense. 

Troezen  (tre'zen).  [Gr,  Tpo(C^i'.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  sit- 
uated near  the  coast  39  miles  southwest  of 
Athens.  It  was  originally  an  Ionian  settlement,  but 
later  became  Doric.  It  took  an  active  part  in  the  Persian 
wars,  and  sided  later  with  Sparta- 

Trcezen,  anciently  Posidonia  (Strab.  viii.  p.  542 ;  Steph. 
Byz.  ad  voc),  was  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Pe- 
loponnese.  not  quite  two  mUes  (15  stades)  from  theshore, 
between  the  peninsula  of  Methana  and  Hermione.  The 
remains  of  the  ancient  city  may  be  traced  near  the  mod- 
em village  of  Dhiniala.     Rairlinson^  Herod.,  IV.  84,  note. 

Troglodytae  (trog-lo-di'te).  [L,,  from  Gr.  rfw- 
■j'/.oiiTiic,  one  who  creeps  into  holes.]  Cave- 
dwellers:  troglodytes:  a  name  given  in  an- 
tiquity to  various  races  of  men,  especially  to  cer- 
tain inhabitants  of  the  shores  of  the  Red  Sea. 

TrogHS  Pompeius  (tro'guspom-pe'yus).  Lived 
about  10  A.  D.  A  Roman  historian,  author  of 
a  general  history,  partly  preserved  in  an  epit- 
ome bv  Justin.     See  the  extract. 


About  the  same  time  as  Livy.  and  as  it  were  to  supple- 
ment his  historj-.  Pompeius  Trogus  wrote  his  Universal 
History,  Historije  Philippicfe,  in  44  liooks.  beginning  with 
Ninus  and  extending  to  the  writer's  own  time,  from  a 
Greek  source  (probably  Timagenes);  it  was  composed  in 
a  lively  style  and  classical  diction,  and  was  also  more  rich 
in  material  and  less  rhetorical  than  Livy.  We  know  the 
work  chiefly  through  the  abridgment  of  Justinus.  Be- 
sides his  historical  work,  Trogus  WTOte  also  on  zoology 
and  botany,  after  the  best  authorities,  Aristotle  and'Theo- 
phrastos. 
Teufel  and  Schicabf,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  'Warr),  I.  531. 

Troil  (troil),  Magnus,     The  udaler  or  magnate 
of  Zetland  in  Scott's  novel  "The  Pirate 
daughters  ilinna  and  Brenda  are  the  principal 
female  characters. 

Troilus  (tro'i-lus).  In  Greek  legend,  according 
to  a  common  account,  a  son  of  Priam.  See 
Troilus  mill  Cressida. 

Troilus  and  Cressida  (tro'i-lus  and  kres'i-da) 
1.  A  poem  by  Chaucer,  written  about  1369. 


It 
is  a  version  of  Boccaccio's  "Filostrato."    There  are  addi-  m-  n  im_  *  j    i    -i. 

tions,  however,  which  show  his  reading  of  the  "Gestede    -l-XP-yoP^"  .■'■^°5?'.S  AaolphtlS, 


April  24,  1815 :  died  Dec,  6,  1SS2.  An  English 
novelist,  son  of  Frances  Trollope.  He  studied  at 
Harrow  and  "Winchester,  and  spent  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  in  the  postal  service,  as  inspector  in  Ireland.  England, 
and  abroad.  He  assisted  in  establishing  the  "Fortnightly 
Review  "  in  1S65.  In  1867  he  retired  from  the  post-office 
and  undertook  the  management  of  "St,  Paul's,"  a  maga- 
zine which  existed  only  for  about  3^  years.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1S68  on  post-offi'ce  affairs  and  with  a 
view  to  establishing  an  international  copyright,  .\mong 
his  novels,  in  many  of  which  the  same  -characters 
(notably  Mrs.  Proudie  and  Lady  Glencora)  and  the  same 
localities  reappear,  retaining  their  identity,  are  "  The 
Macdermots  of  Ballycloran  '  (1847),  "  The"  Kellvs  and 
the  O'Kellys"  (1S48X  "La  Vendee"  (18.50),  "The  War- 
den" (1855).  "Barchester  Towers"  (1S.)7),  "The  Three 
Clerks  '  (1857),  "Doctor  Thome"  (1858),  " The  Bertrams " 
(1859),  "CastleRichmond"(lS60),"Orley  Farm  "(1861-62), 
"Framley  Parsonage"  (1861),  "Tales  of  All  Countries" 
(1861-63),  "The  Struggles  of  Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson  " 
(1862),  "Rachel  Ray"  (1863),  "The  Small  House  at  Ailing- 
ton"  (1864).  "Can  Tou  Forgive  Her?"  (1S<>J).  "Miss  Mac- 
kenzie" (ise5\  "The  Claverings "  (1867),  "Nina  Balalka" 
(1867),  "The  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset  "  (1867),  "Linda  Tres- 
sel  "  (1868).  "He  Knew  He  was  Right  "  (l!,69),  "  Phineas 
Finn  (1869),  "The  Vicar  of  BuUhampton  "  (1870),  "Sir 
Harry  Hotspur  of  Humblethwaite "  (1870),  "  Phineas 
Redux"  (1873X  "  Ijidy  Anna "(1874),  "Harry  Heathcote, 
etc. "(1874),  "The  Way  we  Live  Now"  (1875),  "The  Prime 
Minister " (1875),  "The  American  Senator"  (1877),  "Is He 
Popenjov?  (1878),  "John  Caldlgate"  (18r9X  "  An  Eye  for 
an  Eye"  (1879),  "Cousin  Henrv"  (1S79X  "The  Duke's 
Children"  (1880),  "Avala's  Angel"  (18S1),  "Dr.  Wortle's 
School "  (1881),  "The  Fixed  Period "  (1SS2),  "Kept  in  the 
Dark"  (1882),  "Marion  Fay  "  (1SS2).  "Mr.  Scarborough's 
Family  "  (18S2X  "The  Land  LeagTlers  "  (unfinished.  1S82), 
".An  <>ld  Man's  Love"  (1SS4).  His  "Autobiography"  was 
published  in  1SS3 :  it  was  written  in  1875-76,  with  additions 
in  1S79.  .Among  his  books  of  travel  are  "  The  West  Indies 
and  the  Spanish  Main"  (1S59).  "North  America"  (1S62X 
and  travels  in  South  Africa,  -Australia,  etc.  He  also  wrote 
lives  of  Cicero  (1880),  and  of  Thackeray  (in  "English  Men 
of  Letters,"  1879),  etc. 

"5f  "nis  TroUope,  Mrs.  (Frances  Milton).  Bom  at  Sta- 
HTini^oi  plpton,  near  Bristol, 1780:  died  at  Florence,  Oct. 
"^  6,1863.  An  English  novelist  and  writer  of  trav- 
els, the  mother  of  Anthony  and  T.  Adolphus 
TroUope.  she  lived  in  the  United  States  1S29-32.  She 
wrote  "Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans  "(1S32 ;  which 
created  much  comment)  and  various  travels  on  the  Conti- 
nent. Among  her  numerous  novels  are  "The  Vicar  of 
Wreihill,"  "The  Widow  Barnaby,"  and  "Petticoat  Gov- 
emment 

Born  April  29 


Troie  "  of  Benoit  de  Sainte-Maure  (in  which  the  story  first 
appeared  as  an  addition  of  Sainte-Maure's  to  the  legen- 
dary historj-  of  Troy  ascribed  to  Dares  Phrj-gius  and  Dictys 
Cretensis),  or  of  the  Latin  version  of  Sainte-Maure  byGuido 
Colonna.  The  L^dlius  to  whom  Chaucer  attributes  the 
story  is  now  thoui-'ht  to  be  m>-thical. 
2.  A  play  by  Dekker  and  Chettle,  acted  in 
1599. —  3.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  thought  to 
be  altered  from  an  older  one.  it  was  played  .at  the 
Globe  about  1600,  licensed  to  be  printed  in  1603* and  1609, 
and  printed  in  the  folio  edition  of  16-23. 

Troilus  and  Cressida,  or  Truth  Found  too 

Late,  -A.  play  by  Dryden,  printed  in  1678,  in 
which  be  undertook  to  "  correct ''  what  he 
"opined  was  in  all  probability"  one  of  "Shak- 
spere's  first  Endeavours  on  the  Stage," 
Trois  Couleurs  (trwa  ko-ler'),  Les.  [F.,'The 
Tricolor.']  A  popular  French  political  song, 
written  after  1830  by  Adolphe  Vogel,  celebrat- 
ing the  fall  of  the  white  flag  and  the  return  of 
the  tricolor. 

Trois  Echelles  (trwii  za-shel').  [F..  'three  lad-  Tromp  (tromp).  Comelis  or  Cornelius. 

ders.n    The  executioner  of  Louis  XI.  of  Prance.     ^''P,':,'.-J.^_=.^'?"^'  ^'L^'?^,^'^''^^'^  ^^^^'  -^' 

Scott  introduces  him  in  "Quentin  Durward." 
Trois  Mousquetaires  (trwa  mos-ke-tar').  Les. 

[F., '  The  Three  Musketeers.']  A  novel  by  Alex- 


1810:  died  at  Clifton,  Nov.  11,  1892.  Ai  Eng- 
lish -svriter.  brother  of  Anthony  Trollope.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford."  He  went  to  Italy  in 
1841,  and  resided  in  Florence  till  1S73.  when  he  went  to 
Rome.  In  1888  he  returned  to  England.  He  wrote  "  A 
Summer  in  Brittany"  (1S40X  "A  Summer  in  Western 
France  "  (1841),  "  Impressions  of  a  Wanderer,  etc."  (1850X 
"The  Girlhood  of  Catherine  de'  Medici  "  (1856),  "  A  Decade 
of  Italian  Women  "  (1859  :  Vittoria  Colonna  was  included 
in  this).  "Tuscany  in  1849  and  in  1S59"  (1859),  "Filippo 
Strozzi"  (1860).  "Paul  V.  the  Pope  and  Paul  the  Friar" 
(1S60X  ".-V  Lenten  Journey  in  Umbria,  etc.  "(186-2),  "A  His- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth  of  Florence"  (1865X  "The  Pa- 
pal Conclaves  as  they  Were  and  as  they  Are  "  (1876),  "  Life 
of  Pope  Pius  the  Ninth  "(1877),  "A  Peep  Behind  the  Scenes 
at  Rome  "  (1877),  "  Sketches  from  French  History  "  (1878), 
"  What  I  Remember  "  (18S'7),  etc.  He  wrote  also  a  num- 
ber of  novels,  among  them  "La  Beata,"  "  Lindisfam  Chase." 
"Diamond  Cut  Diamond,  "and  "TheOarstangsof  Garstang 
Grange."  His  second  wife,  Frances  Eleanor  Ternan,  has 
written  a  number  of  novels,  among  them  "  .Aunt  Margaret's 
Trouble,"  "The  Sacristan's  Household," and  "That  Unfor- 
tunate Marriage."  With  her  husband  she  wrote  "Homes 
and  Haunts  of  the  Italiim  Poets  "  (1^1), 

Bom 
1691. 
A  Dutch  admiral,  son  of  if.  H.  Tromp.  He  ob- 
tained a  command  against  the  Algerine  pirates  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  and  was  promoted  rear-admiral  alwnt  1653. 
He  was  def  eat«d  by  the  English  at  Solebay  in  1665 ;  served 


Trowbridge,  John 

under  De  Ruyter  in  1666  ;  and  gained  several  victories  over 
the  .Allies  in  1673.  He  afterward  assisted  the  Danes  against 
the  Swedes,  and  became  Iieutenant-a<lmiral-general  of  the 
I  nited  Provinces  on  the  death  of  De  Ruyter  in  1676. 

Tromp,  Martin  Harpertzoon.    Born  at  Briel, 

Netherlands,1597:  killedJuly  31.16.53.  ADutch 
admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  in  16-24 :  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-admiral in  1637  :  gained  two  decisive  victories  over 
the  Spaniards  in  1039  ;  was  worsted  by  Blake  in  the  Downs 
May  19.  Ii;i52 :  defeated  Wake  otf  Dungeness  Nov.  29, 1K2 ; 
fought  a  drawn  battle  with  Blake.  Monk,  and  Deane  in  the 
Channel  Feb.  18-20,  1653;  fought  an  indecisive  engage- 
ment with  Deane  and  Monk  in  the  Channel  in  June;  and 
was  defeated  by  Monk  off  the  Teiel,  and  killed,  July  31,1663. 

Trompeter  von  Sackingen,  Der.  [G.,  'The 
Trumpeterof  Sackingen.']  Apopnlarepiepoem 
by  Joseph  Victor  von  Scheffel  (published  in 
1853),  which  has  reached  its  200th  edition  in  Ger- 
many. It  has  been  translated  into  English  under  the  title 
of  "The  Trumpeter;  a  Romance  of  the  Khine,"and  is  the 
subject  of  several  operas :  one  bv  Victor  Nessler  was  pro- 
duced in  1884. 

Tromso  'trom'se).  The  capital  of  the  sttft  and 
amt  of  Tromso,  Norway,  situated  on  the  small 
island  Tromso,  in  Tromso  Sotmd,  in  lat,  69°  39' 
N.,  long.  18'  57'  E.  It  has  seal-  and  walrus-fish- 
eries, and  a  trade  in  furs  and  fish.  Population, 
6,079. 

Trondhjem  ftrond'yem).  A  stift  in  central  Nor- 
way. 

Trohdhjem,  or  Throndhjem  (trond'yem),  or 
Drontheim  (dront'him).  A  seaport  and  the 
third  city  in  Norway,  capital  of  Trondhjem 
stift.  situated  on  the  Trondhjem  Fjord  in  lat. 
63°  27'  N..  long.  10°  23'  E.  it  has  important  foreign 
and  domestic  commerce ;  exports  fish,  lumber,  copper,  etc. ; 
and  has  ship-building  and  manufactures.  Its  cathedral,  the 
most  notable  church  in  Scandinavia,  was  founded  in  the 
11th  century,  but  rebuilt  in  the  12th  and  13th.  The  Roman- 
esque transept,  with  its  tower,  and  the  beautiful  chapter- 
hotise  are  of  the  12th  century ;  and  the  choir,  with  its 
chapels  and  the  octangular  chevet,  and  the  impressive 
nave  are  of  the  13th.  The  eastem  end  of  the  church  is 
architecttirally  distinct  from  the  remainder  of  the  build- 
ing, and  forms  a  feature  of  the  nature  of  Becket's  Crown 
at  CanterbUT}-.  The  western  facade  exhibits  a  rose-window 
and  a  profusion  of  sculpture.  The  cathedral  was  an  early 
burial-place  for  the  kings  of  Nonvay,  and  is  now  the  place 
of  their  coronation.  It  has  for  many  years  been  under- 
going a  careful  restoration.  Population  (1891),  with  sub- 
urbs, 29,162. 

Trondhjem  Fjord.  A  fiord  on  the  western  coast 
of  Norway,  extending  inland  about  70  miles. 

Trophoni'iis  (tro-fo'ni-us),  [Gr.  Tpooui'/or.]  A 
Greek  architect,  reputed  to  have  been  the  son 
of  Erginus,  king  of  Orchomenus,  or  of  ApoUo. 
He  is  said  to  have  buUt.  with  his  brother  Agamedes,  the 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  He  was  celebrated  as  a  hero 
after  his  death,  and  had  an  oracle  in  a  cave  near  Lebadeia 
in  Bceotia. 

Troppau  (trop'pou).  A  former  principality, 
now  in  large  part  belonging  to  Riissia. 

Troppau,  Slav.  Opava.  The  capital  of  Austrian 
Silesia,  situated  on  the  Oppa,  on  the  Prussian 
frontier,  in  lat.  49°  56'  N.,  long.  17°  54' E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890).  22.867. 

Troppau,  Congress  of.  A  congress  of  the  mon- 
arehs  of  Russia.  Austria,  and  Prussia,  held  at 
Troppau  Oct,-Dec.,  1820,  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
liberating on  the  Neapolitan  revolution  and 
other  popular  movements,  and  preserving  the 
Holy  Alliance. 

Trossachs,  or  Trosachs  (tros'aks).  A  romantic 
valley  in  the  Highlands  of  westei-n  Perthshire, 
between  Lochs  Katrine  and  Achray :  made  cel- 
ebrated by  Scott  in  the  "Lady  of  the  Lake." 

Trojpood  (trot'wTid),  Betsey.  The  eceentri(5 
burkind-hearted  gi-eataunt  of  Darid  Copper^ 
field,  in  Dickens's  novel  "Da-vid  Copperfield." 

Troup  (trop),  George  Mcintosh.  Born  at  Mc- 
intosh Bluff,  Ga.,  Sept.  8, 1780 :  died  in  Laurens 
County,  Ga.,  May  3,  1856,  .\n  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Geor^a  1807- 
1815 ;  United  States  senator  1816-18 ;  governor  of  Georgia 
1823-27;  and  United  States  senator  1829-33.  He  was  a 
prominent  advocate  of  State  rights. 

Trousseau  (tro-so'),  Armand.  Bom  at  Tours, 
France.  1801 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  22.  1866.  A 
noted  French  physician,  professor  in  the  medi- 
cal faculty  and  physician  at  the  Hotel  Dieu  at 
Paris.  He  wrote  "  Traits  de  therapeutique  et 
de  mati&re  mddicale  "  (1836-39).  etc. 

TroU'Ville  (tro-vel').  A  seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  France,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Touques  in  the  Bay  of  the  Seine, 
9  miles  soutli  of  Le  Havre,  It  is  a  frequented  sea- 
side resort.  Population  (1891),  commune.  6.'243.  On  the 
other  side  of  the  Touques  is  the  town  Deauville. 

Trovatore  (tro-vii-to're),  H.  [It.,  •  The  Trou- 
badour.'] An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at 
Rome  in  18.53.  An  English  version.  "  The  Gip- 
sy's Vengeance,"  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
in  18.56. 

Tro'wbridge  (tro'brij),  John.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug,  5,  1843.     An  American  physicist. 


Trowbridge,  John 

Rumf ortl  prof essor  of  the  application  of  science 
to  the  useful  arts  at  Harvard  (since  1888).  He 
is  Ihe  author  of  "The  New  Physics  :  a  Manual  of  Experi- 
mental Study"  (18&4). 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend.  Bom  at  Ogden, 
-N.  v.,  Si'jit.  IS,  ISL'7.  An  American  novelist, 
]H)(*t.  nii'l  editor.  Among  his  works  are  the  novels 
"Xi.-iirlibor  .lackwood"    (18')7),   "Cndjo's    Cave"  (18ta), 

"I  ■mi HoimIs,  etc."  (1871);  hooks  for  the  yonng,  "His 

(iwii  Miister "(1877),  "The  Tinkhani  Brothers' Tide-Mill " 
(I.S'>4),  the  ''Jack  liazard  "  stories,  etc.  ;  and  several  vols. 
of  jioLMiis,  notably  "The  Vai.'al)onds,  and  Other  Poems" 
afi-'.i),  "The  B.".kc.f  (iold"  (ISTT),  "The  Lost  Earr'(lS88). 

Trowbridge,  William  Petit.  Bora  in  Oakland 
County,  Mich.,  May  L'5,  ISiS;  died  at  New  Haven, 
t'onn.,  Aug.  12,  1S92.  An  American  engineer. 
He  (graduated  at  West  Point  in  184S  ;  was  for  many  years 
connected  with  the  United  States  Coast  Survey;  and  be- 
came professor  of  engineering  in  the  School  of  Mines  at 
Columbia  Collepe  in  1S76.  He  published  "Heat  as  a 
Source  of  Power  "  (1874),  etc. 

Troy  (troi).  [L.  Troja,  6r.  Tpom,  Ipoi!/,  Tpula, 
Tp(j;>/.]  Au  ancient  city  of  the  Troad,  famous 
in  Greek  legend  as  the  capital  of  Priam  and  the 
object  of  the  siege  hy  the  allied  Greeks  under 
Agamemnon.  See  Iliad  and  Tnijini  lV<ii\  The 
site  of  this  Homeric  city  was  generally  luUeved  in  an- 
tiquity to  be  identical  with  that  of  the  Creek  llitnn(which 
see),  the  modern  Hiss:irlik;  and  tins  view  has  been  sup- 
ported in  recent  times  most  notably  l)y  Sehlieniann,  whose 
explorations  at  Uissitrlik  laid  bare  remains  of  a  series  (G 
or  7)  of  ancient  towns,  one  above  tfie  other,  at  least  one  of 
which  is  universally  admitted  to  be  preliistoric.  The  tliird 
and  later  the  second  from  the  hottoTii  he  identified  with 
the  Homeric  town.  On  the  other  hand,  some  scholars  re- 
gard the  situation  of  Ilium  as  irreconcilable  with  Homer's 
description  of  Troy,  and  prefer  a  site  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  modern  Buni^rbaslii,  holding  Schliemann's  results  to 
be  inconclusive. 

Troy  (troi).  The  capital  of  Rensselaer  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  G  miles  north  of  Albany,  at  the  head  of 
steam  naWgation  of  the  Hudson,  it  is  practically 
the  terminus  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  and  has 
extensive  manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  stoves,  shirts,  col- 
lars, etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute. Troy  v.-as  settled  by  the  Duteh  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  18th  century,  and  was  incorporated  in  1816.  The 
name  Troy  was  adopted  in  1789.     Pop.  (I'.iOO),  60,651. 

Troy,  West.     See  West  Troy. 

Troya  (tro'vil).  Carlo.  Born  at  Naples,  June 
7,  1784:  died  there,  July  27,  1858.  An  Italian 
historian,  a  writer  on  Dante  and  on  early  Ital- 
ian history.  His  chief  work  is  ''  Storia  d'ltalia 
del  medio  evo"  (1839-51). 

Troyes  (trwU).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  several  arms  of 
the  Seine  in  hit.  48^  18'  N.,  long.  4°  4'  E. :  the 
Roman  Augustobona  and  the  ML.  TrecsB  and 
Trecas.  it  has  large  manufactures  of  stockings,  etc., 
and  flourishing  trade.  Its  cathedral  is  in  great  part  of  tiie 
13th  century,  with  a  flue  Flamboyant  west  front.  It  has 
double  aisles  and  numercms  eliapels ,  the  nave  is  unusu- 
ally wide,  and  tlie  effect  is  of  notable  lightness  and  space. 
There  is  much  old  glass,  splendid  in  color.  The  length  is 
874  feet,  the  height  96.  Troyes  was  the  capital  of  the  Tri- 
easse8(or  Tricassi) ;  was  sucked  by  the  Normans  ;  and  be- 
came the  capital  of  Chatapagne  and  a  great  commercial 
center.  It  is  said  to  hiive  given  name  to  troy  weight.  It 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  Hundred  Years' War  ;  sided  with 
the  Burgundians  ;  and  was  taken  from  the  English  by  .loan 
of  Arc  in  1429.  It  atrcepted  the  Reformation,  and  was  in- 
jured bv  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantep  in  1685. 
Population  (I'Joi),  r>:i,ir>'j. 

Troyes,  Chrestien  de.    See  Chrcstien  dc  Troi/c.i. 

Troyes,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  Henry  V. 
of  England  and  France,  1420,  by  which  Henry 
V.  was  to  marry  Catharine,  daughter  of  Charles 
VI.,  to  become  regent  of  France,  and  to^cceed 
to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Charles. 

Troynovant.  The  name  given  to  Eoiidon  in  the 
early  chronicles,  as  the  city  of  the  Trinobantes. 
In  Layamon's  "Brut "it  is  given  as  Ti'inovant. 

Troyon  (trwii- von').  Constant.  Born  at  Sftvres, 
France,  Aug."25.  1810:  died  at  Paris,  Fcl).  21, 
1865.  A  noted  French  landscai>e-  and  aninuil- 
painter.  Among  his  numerous  works  are"Viil- 
feyof  IJaTolK|ue,""().\en(;oingto^Vork,""R<•- 
turn  to  the  Farm,"  etc. 

Triibner  (triil>'ner),  Nikolaus.  Bom  at  Heidel- 
berg, Jtine  12,  1S17:  died  at  London,  March  .30, 
1884.  A  (icrinan-English  publisher  and  book- 
seller in  Ijondon.  He  made  specialties  of 
American  :ind  Oriental  sub,jccts. 

Truce  of  God.  A  suspension  of  private  feuds 
which  was  observed,  chiefly  in  the  11th  and  12th 
centuries,  in  Friincc,  Italy,  England,  iind  else- 
where. Tlle  I.  rrii  Ml  ihli  a  truce  usually  provbled  that 
such  fends  sliouM  i  .  i  .  ..n  :ill  tlie  more  important  rlnireli 
festivuls  and  f:i  (  ,  "i  tM>tii  'I'lmrsday  evening  to  .Monday 
morning,  or  during  tlie  period  of  Lent,  or  tlie  like.  'I'his 
practice,  introduced  l)y  the  churcli  during  the  middle  ages 
to  mitigate  the  evils  of  private  war,  fell  gradually  Into 
disuse  as  the  rulers  of  the  various  countiies  became  more 
powerful. 

Truckee  (truk-e').  A  town  in  Nevada  County, 
California,  situated  on  Truckco  River  and  on 


1011 

the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  91  miles  northeast 
of  Sacramento.     Population  (1890),  1,3.50. 

Truckee  £i'7er.  A  river  in  eastern  California 
and  western  Nevada  which  flows  from  Lake 
Tahoe  into  Pyramid  Lake.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

TruculentUS  (trnk-u-len'tus).  [L., 'fierce,' 
'stern.']     A  comedy  by  Plautus. 

Truewit  (tro'wit).  A  scholar  and  gentleman, 
the  exposit  or  of  the  other  characters  in  Jonson's 
''  Epicocnc."  Drjden  says  in  the  preface  to  his  "  Even- 
ing's L^ive  "  that  he  is  the  best  character  of  a  gentleman 
that  lien  Jonson  ever  nnide. 

Trujillo,  or  Truxillo  (tro-hel'yo).  A  seaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Honduras,  near  long. 
85°  5S'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1525.  Popula- 
tion, about  .1,(100. 

Trujillo,  or  Tmxillo.  A  town  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Libert  ad,  Peru,  about  3  miles  from  the 
coast,  in  lat.  8°  8'  S.  It  was  founded  by  Francisco 
Pizarro,  in  1535,  near  an  Indian  town  of  the  Chimus  (see 
Chimii).     I',i]iulati..n  (ISSII),  about  11,000. 

Trujillo,  Intendency  of.    See  Lihcrtad. 
Truli  (trO'li).    [MGr.  Tpoi/.o;.]   See  the  extract. 

Some  Gothic  soldiers  bought  frimi  some  V'nndalsa  trnla 
of  wheat  for  an  aureus.  As  the  trula  was  ordy  the  tlnrd 
part  of  a  pint,  and  tlie  aureus  was  worth  about  twelve 
shillings,  the  bargain  did  not  redound  greatly  to  the  profit 
of  the  Visigoths,  who  received  from  the  other  nation  the 
contemptuous  nickname  of  Truli.  Many  a  time,  as  we 
can  well  imagine,  were  the  streets  of  Spatiish  t<,wns  made 
red  with  Teuton  blood,  and  the  yellow  locks  of  slain  bar- 
barians lay  thick  across  the  pathway,  after  the  taunting 
shout  "Truli,  Truli  "and  some  unknown  word  of  answering 
dellance  had  greeted  the  ears  of  the  trembling  provincials. 
Uod'jkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  416. 

Tnillan  (trul'an)  Council.  1.  The  sixth  ecu- 
menical council,  held  in  the  imperial  palace  in 
Constantinople,  Nov.  7,  680,-Sept.  IG,  681 :  so 
named  from  the  domed  hall  (trullus)  in  which 
it  was  held,  it  deposed  Slacarius,  patriarch  of  Alexan- 
dria, as  a  ilonothelite,  and  condemned  Pope  Honorius  I. 
for  holding  similar  views. 

2.  The  name  of  the  Quinisext  Council,  held  at 
Constantinople  in  692,  considered  as  ecumeni- 
cal in  till"  Kastern  Church,  but  not  so  acknow- 
ledged in  the  Western:  called  the  second  Trul- 
lan  Council  or  Synod.  It  allowed  the  continuance  in 
marriage  of  the  priests,  and  passed  a  number  of  canons  in- 
consistent with  Roman  authority  and  Western  legislation 
and  usages. 

TruUiber  (trul'i-ber).  Parson.  In  Fielding's 
novel  "Joseph  Andrews,"  a  coarse  and  brutal 
curate  represented  as  lacking  all  the  virtues 
which  Parson  Adams  (see  Adams)  ]iossessed. 
He  is  exhibited  in  an  interview  with  Adams  in  which  the 
latter's  request  for  a  small  sum  of  money  brings  out  all  tlie 
uncharitableness  and  brntiility  of  Trulliber's  nature. 

Trumbull  (tniin'biil),  Benjamin.  Born  at  He- 
bron, Conn.,  Dec.  19. 1735:  died  at  North  Haven, 
Conn.,  Feb.  2,  1820.  An  American  clergyman 
and  historian.  His  chief  works  are  a  "  Complete  His- 
tory of  Connecticut  from  IC^fO  till  1713  "(1797)  and  a  "Gen- 
eral History  of  the  United  States  of  America"  (1765,  1810). 

Trumbull,  James  Hammond.    Born  at  Ston- 

ington.  Conn.,  iJec.  20,  1S21 :  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Aug.  5,  1H97.  An  American  philolo- 
gist and  historical  writer:  an  authority  on  the 
languages  of  the  North  American  Indians,  His 
works  include  "Composition  of  Indian  (Jeogi-aphieal 
Names"  (1870),  "Best  .Method  of  Studying  the  Indian 
Languages  "  (1871X  several  works  on  Algoiikiii,  "Defense 
of  Stonington  "  (1864),  "The  True  Blue  Laws  of  Connec- 
ticut an<l  New  Haven,  etc  "(1877),  "Indian  Names  of  Places 
in  .  .  .  Connecticut  "(1881),  etc. 

Trumbull,  John.  Bom  at  Westburv  (the  jires- 
ent  Watertown).  Conn.,  April  24,  \irtO:  died  at 
Detroit,  Mich.,. May  10, 1831.  Au  American  law- 
yer and  poet.  He  wrote  the  burlesque  epic  "  McKin- 
gal "  (177.'')  in  imitation  of  "  Iludibras,"  "Klegy  on  the 
Times"  (1774),  etc.,  and  collaborated  with  Barlow  and 
others  on  till-  "Anarchiad." 

Trumbull,  John.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  June 
6,  175G:  (lied  nt  New  York  citv,  Nov.  10,  T843. 
An  Anicricnu  painter,  son  of  <Ionatlian  Trum- 
bull. He  sen'ed  ill  the  Revolutionary  War,  attaining  the 
rank  of  colonel  and  dejinty  adjntanl -general ;  studied  In 
London  under  West,  ami  on  the  Continent ;  and  settled  as 
a  portrait-painter  in  New  York  in  1804.  He  gave  a  large 
collection  of  his  palntinga  to  Vale  College.  Among  his 
works  are  portraits  of  Washington,  Adams,  .letferson,  and 
others,  "Battle  ft  Bunker  Hill,"  "  Death  of  Montgimier)-," 
four  pictures  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capitol  at  WiiBhlngton 
("The  Declaration  of  Indepentlence,"  "The  Surrender  of 

Burgoyne, the  Surrender  of  Cornwallls,"  "The  Hesig- 

natlon  of  Waahlngton  "),  etc. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
Oct.  12,  17111:  diril  thci'c.  Aug.  17,  1785.  An 
Anicriciin  ningistrntc  and  patriot.  HewaaaWhig 
leader  ill  New  Kngland  during  the  Kevolutlomiry  period, 
and  WHS  governor  of  ('(Uinecticnt  KtMl-**:!.  He  was  a  friend 
and  advif^er  of  Washington,  and  Is  saiti  to  have  been  the 
original  "  Itnither  .lonatlnin,"  that  hulng  Waahhigton's 
fainlliiir  name  for  him. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  Bom  at  lA-bannn,  Conn., 
March  2(i,  1740:  died  there,  Aug.  7,  1809.     An 


Tschudi,  .£gidius 

Americanstatesman.son  of  Jonathan  Trumbull. 
He  served  on  Washington's  stiilf  in  the  Revolutionary  War; 
was  federalist  meniber  of  Congress  fromConnectiiut  1789- 
1795;  was  speakerof  the  House  1791-93  ;  was  I' iiited  States 
8enatorl7i'.5-U«i;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  179»- 

1809. 

Trummelbach  (triim'mel-bach)  Fall.  A  noted 
casca<le  in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland, 
near  Lauterbrunnen. 

Trumpeter  of  Sackingen.    See  Tmmpfter. 

Trunnion   (trun'yon).  Commodore  Hawser. 

The  kind-hearted  uncle  of  Peregi-inc  Pickle,  in 
Smollett's  novel  of  that  name.  He  gives  every- 
thing a  nautical  turn,  and  utters  volleys  of 
oaths. 

Truro  (trii'rO).  A  seaport  and  the  chief  town 
of  Cornwall.  England,  situated  near  Truro 
Creek  8  miles  north  of  Falmouth.  There  are 
tin-mvncs  in  its  neighborhood.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  bishopric.     Population  (1891),  11,131. 

Truro.  The  chief  town  of  Colchester  County. 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  at  the  head  of  Cobequid 
Bay,  54  miles  north-northeast  of  Halifax.  Pop- 
ulation (1901),  5,993. 

Truth.  A  poem  by  Chaucer,  usually  known 
as  "Flee  from  the  Press"  ("Fie  fro  the 
Pres"). 

Truth  (troth),  Sojourner.  Bom  in  Ulster 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th 
ceuttnfy:  died  at  Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  Nov.  26, 
1883.  A  negro  lecturer  and  reformer,  origi- 
nally a  slave,  she  obtained  her  freedom  probably  in 
1S17,  at  which  time  New  York  liberated  all  her  slaves  who 
were  over  40  years  of  age. 

Truxillo.     Sec  Trujillo. 

Truxtun  (truks'tun).  or  Truxton  (truks'ton), 
Thomas.  Bom  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  Feb., 
1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  5.  1822.  An 
American  naval  officer,  distinguished  as  a  com- 
mander of  privateers  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
In  the  French  war  he  defeated  the  frigate  L'Ins'urgente 
Feb.  9, 179!),  and  La  Vengeance  in  Jan..  1800,  but  the  latter 
escaped  owing  to  a  storm. 

Tryon  (tri'on),  Dwight  William.    Bom  at 

Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1849.  An  American  land- 
scape-painter. 

Tryon  (tri'on),  William.  Born  in  Ireland  about 
1725:  died'at  London,  Feb.  27, 1788.  ABritish 
colonial  governor  in  America.  He  wa.s  governor  of 
North  Carolina  1765-71 ;  suppressed  the  "Regulators' "  re- 
volt ;  was  governor  of  New  Y'ork  1771-78 ;  and  conducted 
various  expediticuis  against  Connecticut  in  the  Revolution. 
ary  War. 

Tsaribrod,  or  Zaribrod  (tsUr'i-brod).  A  jilace 
in  Bulgaria,  34  miles  north-northwest  of  Sofia. 
There,  Nov.  23,  1SS5,  the  Bulgarians  defeated 
the  Servians. 

Tsaritzin  (tsiir-it'zin).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga 
230  miles  northwest  of  Astraklian.  It  has  im- 
portant transit  trade  bv  railway  and  river.  Pop- 
ulation (IW'l).  40.130. 

Tsarskoi  Selo  (tsiir-sko'i  sa'lo).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  about 
15  miles  south  of  St.  Petersburg,  it  contains  a 
famous  imperial  palace,  a  favorite  summer  residence  of 
the  court.  The  old  Palace,  begun  in  1744,  Is  780  feet  long. 
The  interior  is  richly  decorated :  the  walls  of  one  r<Kim 
are  incrusted  with  amber,  those  of  another  with  lapis  la. 
zuli.  The  magnillccnt  marble  galler),  '270  feet  long,  con- 
nects the  palace  with  a  ilelaehed  buihliiig.  The  park  Is 
full  of  caprices,  such  as  a  Chinese  tower  and  village,  an 
Egyptian  pjTamid,  a  Turkish  kiosk,  and  the  socalled  doll- 
housi'S  of  the  princesses. 

Tschaikovsky  (chi-kof 'skii.  Peter  Hitch. 

Bom  at  Votkinsk,  province  of  Vvatka,  April 
25,  1840:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  5;ov.  7.  I>93. 
A  noted  Russian  composer.  In  iso-i  when  the  Con. 
servatory  of  Music  was  founded  at  St.  Petersliurg.  lie  gave 
up  an  otUeial  ptisition  to  devote  himself  to  niilsic.  Ho 
studied  composition  with  Anton  Uubinsteln.  and  harmony 
and  counterpoint  with  /.areniba ;  and  fn>m  1866  to  1878 
was  professor  of  harniony,  eoniiKisition.  and  the  history 
of  music  ill  the  conservat^iry.  From  1S78  he  gave  himself 
entirely  tti  ctnnposilion.  He  visited  England  in  IS'^l  anil 
1889.  In  1891  he  came  to  New  York  at  the  invitatlini  of 
the  New  Y'ork  Symphony  .*v>eiety,  and  eiuiducted  a  num- 
ber of  his  own  ciunposKioiis.  lie  wrote  several  operas  and 
other  music,  hut  is  beat  known  fmm  his  "  Fifth  Symphony 
in  F.  minor,"  "  Fourth  Syiuplioiiy  in  F  minor,"  "Third 
Suite,"  "Fi-ancesca  da  Kiiiiiiii"(a  sviiipluuite  iH>eiiiX  and 
his  two  overtures  to  "  Hamlet  "  and  "  R^iUKHi  and  .Iiillet  " 
respectively.  His  "Sixth  Symphony  "waa  not  perfonned 
till  after  his  death. 

Tschermak  (chcr'niiik),  Gustav.  Born  at  I.it- 
tau,  Moravia,  .Aiiril  lil,  18,'i(i.  .\  noted  Austrian 
niincriilogist,  professoral  Vienna  from  1.8(18,  He 
is  a  specialist  in  petrogniphy,  ervstallography,  anil  the 
study  of  meteorites,  and  has  published  "  l.ehrbueh  der 
Mineralogie  "  ('Jd  eil.  1885),  etc.,  and  numerous  scientiflc 

jelTH'rs. 

Tschesme.     See  Tchr.tmt. 

Tschudi  ichii'ile).  JEgldlus  or  Gilg.  Bom  at 
(;l;iriis.  Switzerland,  1.505:  died  I'lli.  28.  1572. 
A  Swiss  historian  and  Uoiiiaii  Catliolie  theolo. 
gian,  called  "the  fallierof  Swiss  history."    ui> 


Tschudi,  ^gidius 

most  noted  work  Is  his  "Chronicon  helveticum,"  a  Swiss 
history  of  the  period  1000-1470,  published  after  his  death 
'(17M-36'. 

Tschudi,  Johann  Jakob  von.  Born  at  Glarus, 
Switzorland,  July  2o,  1818:  died  it)  Jakobs- 
thal,  Oct.  8,  1889."  A  Swiss  naturalist,  philol- 
oiiist,  traveler,  and  diplomatist.  lie  traveled  in 
Peru  1S3S-43,  and  later  again  in  South  America  ;  and  was 
to  Brazil  ISOO,  and  to  Austria  18i!6-83.    He 


1012 

early  church  than  as  authoritative  revelations  or  even  as 
authentic  records.  The  name  is  also  sometimes,  though 
more  rarely,  given  to  an  earlier  school  in  the  same  univer- 
sity wliicli  "taught  almost  exactly  the  reverse  —  namely,  the 
credibility,  integrity,  and  authority  of  the  Sew  Testament. 

Tubnai  (to-bo-i'j  Islands.  A  group  of  islands 
inPolynesia.  south  of  the  Soeietylslands. belong- 
ing to  France  sinee  1881.  Also  called  ^u«tra//s(a«d«. 

Population  (IsSs),  1,SS1. 


Tula 

1495.    Son  of  Owen  Tudor  and  Catharine  of 

France,  and  uncle  of  Henry  VII.:  a  Laucastriaii 

partizan. 
Tudor,  Owen.  Executed  1461.  A  Welsh  knight 

who  married  Catharine,  widow  of  Henry  V.. 

and  was  grandfather  of  Henry  VII.     He  joined 

the  Lancastrians. 
Tuesday  itiiz'dai.     The  third  day  of  the  week. 


w?ot^°'' Fauna  Per1iana^"(iiMT-^7X  "prruanirc^                 Tubular   Bridge,    Britannia.     See   Britannia  Tufts  (t'ufts)  College.     An  institution  of  learn- 
skizzen  "('Peruvian  Travels,'  l846),"DieKechua-Sprache"     Tiibtilor  Bridqe.  ing  founded  by  Charles  Tufts,  situated  at  Med- 

(1S53),  "Reisen  durch  Sudaraerika  ;( "Travels  through   —  -      "• ~   .  .      ,     ,, 


,      ,- „„„  «o^    ,.,>       ■  .      IT    1  -„    Tubus  (tii-boz').     A  tribe  of  the  Sahara.  ford,  Massachusetts:   opened  in    1855,      It  is 

South   America,"  1866-.S),   "Organ.smus   ^F.^ec'^l;  Ticca(t"^'a),  Captain.     A  bragging  bullv  in     non-sectarian,  and  has  about  800  students. 

Jonson's  "f'oetaster."    Dekker  introduces  him  in  his  Tugendbund   fto'gent-bont).     A  German  asso- 


Sprache"  (l.'^84),  etc.,  and  was  part  author  of 
dades  Peruanas"  (1S51). 

Tseng  (tseng).  Marquis.  Born  1839 :  died  April 
12,  1890.  A  Chinese  diplomatist,  ambassador 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Paris,  and  London. 

Tsimshian  (tsim-she-an').  The  principal  divi- 
sion of  the  Chimmesyan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  liring  mainly  on  Skeena  Eivei-, 
western  British  Columbia.  It  embraces  the  Ts'em- 
sian,  Gyits'umralon,  Gyits'alaser,  Gyitqatla,  Gyitgaata.  and 
Gyidesdzo  tribes,  most  of  which  comprise  numerous  sub- 
tribes,  each  inhabiting  a  single  village.  Also  Chemsian, 
Chimsian,  Simpsian,  Tshinurian,  Tsimsiait.  See  Chimme- 
?lia  «. 

Tsimsian.     See  Tmnmliian. 

Tsi-nan(tse-nan').  Tlie  capital  of  the  province 
of  Shan-tung,  situated  about  lat.  36°  40'  N., 
near  the  Hwang-ho.  Population,  estimated, 
:;.)ii,0OO. 

Tsing  (tseng).  The  name  of  the  present  Man- 
ehu  dynasty  of  China. 

Tsugai-U  Strait.     See  Sanpar  .strait. 

Tsushima  (tsii-she'ma)  Islands.  Two  islands 
belonging  to  Japan,  situated  in  the  Channel  of 
Corea  south  of  Corea  and  northwest  of  Kiusiu. 

Tu.     See  Tibesti. 

Tualatim.    See  Atfalati. 

Tuam  (tii'am).  Atowninthe  county  of  Galway, 
Ireland,  19  miles  northeast  of  Galway :  the  seat 
of  an  Anglican  bishopric  and  a  Roman  Catholic 
archbishopric.     Pojmlation  (1891),  3,012. 

TuamotU  Islands.     See  Loiv  Archipdago 

Tubal  (tu'bal).  One  of  the  sons  of  Japheth,  ac 
cording  to  the  account  in  Genesis. 


ciation  formed  at  Konigsberg,  1808,  with  the 
acknowledged  purpose  of  cultivating  patriot- 
ism, reorganizing  the  army,  and  encouraging 
education,  and  with  the  secret  aim  of  aiding  in 
throwing  off  the  French  yoke.  Frederick  William 
III.  was  forced  to  dissolve  it  in  1SU9;  but  it  continued  in 
secret  for  several  years,  and  exerted  a  very  considerable 
influence,  especially  in  1812,  It  was  vehemently  attacked 
in  Islti  bv  reactiouarj'  politicians, 
duces  him  in  '-Ivanhoe"  as  the  "holy  clerk  of  Tuggurt  (tog-gorf).  A  town  in  an  oasis  in  the 
Copmauhurst."  province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  about  lat.  33° 

Tucker  (tuk'er),  Abraham.    Born  at  London,     u'  x.     Population,  about  5.000. 
Sept.  2,  1705:  died  Nov.  20.  1774.     An  English  Tugh  (togh).     See  the  extract. 


'Satiromastix,"  but  without  the  success  which  attended 
Jonson's  character. 

Tuoca  Is  the  creation  of  Jonson.  He  is  described  as  a 
general  railer,  a  man  whose  whole  conversation  is  made 
up  of  scurrilous  exaggerations  and  impossible  falsehoods. 
Giford,  Memoirsof  Ben  Jonson,  p.  xii.,  note. 
Tuck  (tuk).  Friar.  A  vagabond  monk,  a  charac- 
ter in  the  Robin  Hood  ballads  and  legends  and 
in  the  morris-dance.     Sir  Walter  Scott  intro- 


Tubal  and  Meshech,  whose  names  follow  that  of  Javan, 
are  almost  always  coupled  together  in  the  Old  Testament, 
and  were  famous  for  their  skill  in  archery.  In  the  .\ssjTian 
inscriptions  the  names  appear  as  Tubla  and  Muskc-i,  and 
they  were  known  to  the  classical  geographers  as  Tibareni 
and  Moskhi.  In  classical  days,  however,  their  seats  were 
further  to  the  north  than  they  had  been  in  the  age  of  the 
Assyrian  moimments.  In  the  time  of  Sargon  and  Sen- 
nacherib their  territories  still  extended  as  far  south  as  Ci- 
liciaand  the  northern  half  of  Komagene.  Laterthey  were 
forced  to  retreat  northward  towards  the  Black  Sea,  and  it 
was  in  this  region  of  -Asia  Minor  that  Xenophon  and  his 
Greek  troops  found  their  scanty  remains. 

Sayce,  Kaces  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  4a 

Tubal.  A  .Tew.  the  friend  of  Shylock,  in  Shak- 
spert"s  "Merchant  of  Veuice." 

Tubal-Cain  (ti\'bal-kan  or  -ka'in).  Son  of  La- 
mech  the  Cainite  and  Zillah :  the  pioneer  of 
workers  in  brass  and  iron,  according  to  the  ac- 
count in  Genesis. 


metaphysician  and  moralist.  He  wrote  'The 
Light  of  Nature  Pursued"  imder  the  pseudonjTn  "Ed- 
ward Search  "  (4  vols.  1768  :  3  vols,  edited  after  his  death ; 
edited  again  by  iiildmay  ISOo). 

Tucker,  Charlotte  Maria.  Bom  in  England 
in  1S21  :  died  in  India,  Dec.  2,  1893.  An  Eng- 
lish writer,  mostly  of  juvenile  or  religious  works 
under  the  signature  "  A.  L.  O.  E."'  (A  Lady  of 
England).  When  she  was  flfty-four  years  old  she  went 
as  a  missionary  to  India,  and  worked  there  for  eighteen 
years.  She  wrote  more  than  fifty  volumes,  the  proceeds 
of  which  were  used  for  the  benelit  of  the  missions. 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley.  Born  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  Sept.  6,  1784 :  died  at  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  Aug.  26,  1851.  An  American  jurist, 
novelist,  and  political  writer.  His  best-known 
work  is  the  novel  "  The  Partisan  Leader:  a 
Tale  of  the  Future"  (1836). 

Tuckerman  (tuk'er-man),  Edward.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Mass..  Dec,  1817:  died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  March  15,  1886.  An  American  botanist, 
noted  as  a  lichenologist :  professor  at  Amherst 
College  from  1858. 

Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton. Mass.,  April  20,  1813:  died  at  New  York, 
Dee.  17,  1871.  An  American  critic,  essayist, 
and  poet.  His  works  include  "Italian  Sketch-Eook" 
(1835),  "Isabel,  or  Sicily"  (1839),  "Rambles  and  Keve. 
ries"  (1841),  "Thoughts  on  the  Poets"  (1846), 
Life"  (1S47),  "Characteristics  of  literature"  (1849-51), 
"Essays"  (1857),  and  "Book  of  the  .Artists"  (18b7). 

Tuckerman's  Kavine.  [Named  from  Prof.  Ed- 
ward Tuckerman.]  A  deep  ravine  on  the  side 
of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire. 

Tucson  (tu-son'  or  tuk'son).  The  capital  of 
Pima  County,  Arizona,  situated  on  the  Santa 
Cruz  Eiver  in  lat.  32°  14'  N.  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
towns  of  the  Ten-itory,  and  was  formerly  its  capital.  It 
was  founded  by  Spanish  Jesuits  in  the  middle  of  the  16th 
7,531. 


m  \         Z^   '/'.^■,         /.-    N      rx     ,m      ...      \   rT\.  1.       j  ccutury.     Population  {190tl),  i 

Tnbantes  (tu-ban  tez).   [L.  (Tacitus)  Tabantes,  Xucuman  vto-kb-mau').     A  colonial  division 

Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Ho,3arro,.}     A  German  tribe  lo-  i^goha-nucion)  of  Spanish  South  America.  Itcor- 

cate.t  by  Tacitus  on  the  right  bank  ot  the  Khme,  responded  nearly  to  the  modern  provinces  of  C6rdoba, 


north  of  the  Lippe,  in  territory  aftenvard  occu- 
pied by  the  tJsipites.  Ptolemy  subsequently  places 
them  further  to  the  south,  hack  from  the  Rhine,  ne:ir  the 
Cn.itti.  They  were  probably  merged  ultimately  in  the 
Al  iinanni. 

Tubar  (to-bar').     See  Tarahumar. 

Tiibingen  (tU'bing-en).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  Circle.  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Xeckar.  at  the  junction  of  the  Ammer  and  Stein- 
lach,  18  miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart. 
The  castle  Hohentubingen,  built  in  the  first  half  tif  the 
16th  century,  occupies  a  commanding  position  :  it  now 
contains  the  university  library.  The  university,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  in  Germany,  was  founded  by  Count  Eber- 
hard-im-Bart  in  1477.  It  adhered  to  the  Reformation,  and 
his  lonir  been  noted  for  its  theological  teaching,  which, 
especially  under  F.  C.  Baur.  fouiiderof  the  so-called  "Tii- 
bingen School  "  (which  see),  has  latterly  been  distinctively 
of  a  liberal  and  advanced  type.  The  university  has  about 
1^-0  Jn^truitor-s  and  about  1,40.'  stu-leuts.  TiiVnngen  fell 
to  Wiirtemberg  in  1342.  It  was  taken  by  the  Swabian 
League  in  1519.  and  by  the  French  in  1647  and  lOSS.  Popu- 
lation (1590),  \%-lT6. 


Rioja,  Catamarca,  Santiago  del  Estero,  Tucuman,  Salta 
and  Jujuy,  now  in  the  Argentine  Republic.  The  capital 
was  Tucuman.  It  was  a  part  of  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru, 
subordinate  to  Charc:is,  until  1776,  when  it  was  attached 
to  the  viceroyaJty  of  La  Platx 
Tucuman.  An  interior  province  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  surrounded  by  Salta,  Santiago 
del  Estero,  and  Catamarca.  The  surface  is  hilly. 
Principal  products,  sugar,  rum,  and  wht-at.  Area,  atout 
9,400  square  miles.     Population  (1895).  215,693. 

Tucuman,  or  San  Miguel  de  Tucuman.    The 

capital  of  the  province  of  Tucuman,  situated 
on  the  Tala  about  lat.  20°  50'  S.  Independence 
was  proclaimed  here  Julv  9, 1816.  Population 
(1895).  34,297. 

Tucunas  (to-ko'nas),  or  Ticunas  (te-ko'nas). 
Indians  of  the  upper  Amazon  and  its  branches 
in  northeastern  Peru  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Brazil.  They  are  divided  into  many  small  hordes,  and 
are  savages  of  a  rather  low  grade,  thoucrh  harmless  and 
friendly  to  the  whites.  The  Jesuits  labored  anion 
from  ltiS3  to  1 


Tiibingen,  Treaty  of.     A  treaty,  concluded  on  Tudela  (to-THa'la).     A  town  in  the  province  of 

July  10.  lol4.  by  which  Duke  Ulnch's  subjects  Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ebro  47  mUes 

secured  certain  privileges  from  him  in  return  northwest  of  Saragossa.     A  victory  was  gained  near 

for  their  payment  of  his  debts.  Tudela.  Kov.,  1808,~by  the  French  under  Lannes  over  the 

Tiibingen  School.     A  name  ^ven  to  a  certain  Spanish.    Population  (1887),  9,213. 

phase  of  mo.lernrationalistie"'philosophv  which  Tudor  (tu'dor).     [W.  Teicdyr,  L.  Theodorus,  Gr. 

took  its  rise  (1825-60)  at  the  University  of  Tii-  Qeot^upoc:  see  Tlieodorus.}    An  English  d\iiasty. 

bingen,  in  Gei^manv,  under  Ferdinand  Christian  descended  on  the  male  side  from  Owen  Tudoi\ 

Baur.     The  fundamental  principle  of  this  school  is  that  on  the  female  side  from  John  of  Gaunt  through 

thebooksof  the  Xew  Testament  were  written  for  the  pur-  the   Beauforts.      It   comprised  the    sovereigns 

pose  of  establishing  certain  opinions  and  parties  in  the  Henrv  VII.,   Henry  VHI.     Edward  VI.,  Marv, 

early  church ;  that  many  of  them  were  written  at  a  later  i   -h-i-    f.\l\i-h         ■'             **                                         * 

date  than  the  one  usnaUy  assigned  tothem;  and  that  they  J^"''   ^''l/'^'^^'^^*         ,      ^ -r^       ,       ,          t^.    i    ^       ^ 

are  rather  vahiabL^  as   indications  of  the  spirit  of  the  TudOT,  Jasper.  Earl  of  Pembroke.    Died  about 


The  Tugh,  or  ensign  of  the  Turkish  tribes,  was  origi- 
nally the  tail  of  a  yak  ;  but  when  the  Ottomans  left  Central 
Asia,  that  of  a  horse  was  substituted.  Governors  of  prov- 
inces received  one,  two,  or  three  tughs,  according  to  theii 
rank ;  the  Sultan  alone  displayed  seven. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  278,  note. 

Tughxa  (togh'ra).     See  the  extract. 

Among  the  functionaries  who  formed  the  first  depart- 
ment were  the  Defterdiir,  or  Minister  of  Finance,  and  the 
Nishanji  Bashi,  whose  duty  was  to  trace  the  Tughra  or 
cypher  of  the  Sultan  at  the  head  of  all  the  documents  pre- 
sented to  him  for  that  purpose.  This  Tughra,  with  the 
appearance  of  which  most  of  us  are  familiar  from  seeing 
it  on  Tui'kish  coins  and  postage-stamps  or  on  pieces  of  em- 
broidery or  inlaid  mother-of-pearl  work,  contains,  orna- 
mentally written  as  a  sort  of  monogram,  the  names  of  the 
reigning  Sultan  and  his  father,  together  with  the  title 
Khan  and  the  epithet  el-muzaffar-dairaa,  or  '  victor  ever.' 
The  Tughra  is  said  to  have  originated  in  this  way  :  Sultan 
Murad  I.  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  Ragusaas,  but 
when  the  document  was  brought  for  his  signature,  he,  be- 
ing unable  to  write,  wetted  his  open  hand  with  ink  and 
pressed  it  on  the  paper.  The  first,  second,  and  third  fin- 
gers were  together,  but  the  thumb  and  fourth  finger  were 
apart.  Within  the  mark  thus  formed  the  scribes  wrote 
the  names  of  Murad  and  his  father,  the  title  Khan,  and  the 
"victor  ever."  The  Tughra,  as  we  now  have  it,  is  the 
result  of  this :  the  three  long  upright  lines  represent  Mu- 
rad's  three  middle  fingers,  the  rounded  lines  at  the  left  side 
are  his  bent  thumb,  and  the  straight  ones  at  the  right  his 
little  finger.  Pode,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  328. 

Tuhwalati.  See  Atfalati. 
^^^^^  Tuileries  (t^e'le-riz;  F.  pron.  twel-re').  Pal- 
ace of  the.  [F.  tuileries,  tile-kilns.]  A  royal 
residence  formerly  existing  in  Paris,  connect- 
ed with  the  Louvre  by  wings,  in  1518  Francis  I. 
bought  a  house  here  for*  the  Duchesse  d'Angouleme, 
It  was  demolished  in  1564  by  Catharine  de'  Medici, 
who  began  the  erection  of  the  Tuileries,  which  was 
enlarged  by  Henry  IV.  and  Louis  XIV.  The  palace,  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  most  memorable  disasters  attending 
the  subversion  of  the  ancient  French  monarchy,  was  in- 
vaded by  the  mob  June  20,  and  stormed  by  the  mob  Aug. 
10,  1792,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Convention.  It  was 
taken  by  the  people  July  29,  1830,  and  Feb.  24,  lt48. 
and  was  burned  by  the  Commune  in  1871,  the  ruins  not 
being  removed  till  1883.  Nothing  remains  except  the 
pavilions  at  the  two  extremities,  which  have  been  restored 
and  now  form  a  rich  architectural  termination  to  the  two 
extended  arms  of  the  Lou\Te.  Its  histoiy  as  a  royal  resi- 
dence came  to  an  end  with  the  battle  of  Sedan  and  the 
departure  of  the  empress  Eugenie.  The  Jardin  des  Tuile- 
ries, a  popular  promenade,  was  enlarged  in  18i)9,  and  now 
covers  the  site  of  the  palace.  The  Quai  des  Tuileries  e.x- 
isted  dma  very  early  period  as  the  road  to  St. -Cloud.  The, 
wall  of  Charles  V.  terminated  at  the  Tour  du  Bois,  between 
the  Louvre  and  the  Tuileries.  Outside  of  this  wall  were 
the  tile-yards  or  tuileries.  mentioned  as  early  as  1274.  In 
1SG5  excavations  disclosed  the  furnaces  of  Palissj'  here. 
Tuke  i tuk),  William.  Born  at  York.  1732:  died 
1822.  An  English  philanthropist.  He  was  especially 
devoted  to  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  insane. 
In  1792heprojectedthe"Retreat  "at  York  under  the  man- 
agement of  the  Society  of  Friends,  in  which  it  was  at- 
tempted t«  manage  the  insane  without  the  excessive  i-e- 
straint  then  common.  His  improvements  led  to  important 
legislation  on  the  treatment  of  the  insane  after  his  death. 
His  grandson,  Samuel  Tuke  (1784-1857)  wrote  an  accotmt 
of  the  Retreat  (1813),  and  published  works  on  the  construc- 
tion of  hospitals  for  the  insane. 

them  Tukuarika  (to  kwii-re'ka),  or  Tucarica,  or 
Sbeep-eaters,  ['Sheep-eaters.']  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  in  Yellow- 
stone Park,  subsequently  on  Lemhi  and  Malad 
rivers  in  western  central  Idaho,  and  now  on 
Lemhi  reservation.  Number  (1893),  108.  See 
S1iosho)ii. 
Tula  (to'la).  1.  A  government  of  Russia, 
l>ounded  by  Moscow,  Ryazan,  Tamboff,  Orel, 
ami  Kalu£^a.  Area,  11.9o4  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1^15.881.-2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tula,  situated  on  the  Upa  in  lat. 
54°  12'  X.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centers 
of  Russia  :  especially  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  small 
arms,   population,  {1897).  lilO-tS. 


rome  ruins  near  u  inaicaic  commUMiu   ptruc-   T.,„:^ /,,-,'^ia\  T^i  oi..—;-;- /*••      -     -'\     «  t-'  i     _ „    ' — .-..b  ••■• 

ar  to  those  of  Arizona.                                      lunisdu  ms).  J- .  TuniSlC  (tu-ne-ze  ).  Al-rench  Tupac  Yupanqui  (to'piik  yo-paii'ke 

o-lar';  or,  as  Sp„  to-la'ra)  Lake.      A     l'''.'tP'^t'>rateiuiimllYTii Africa.  Capital, Tunis.  Inca  Yupanqui.-    Died  at  Cuzoo  i 

lalifornia.  ehieflv  iu  Tulare  Couuty.  in-     Li!lSl  tt'ilu.h';::!;  ",?,'I)rs"e'rt"o"„'the Zlh.  Z^  '^"l.'<-'  t<-'"'>^  '"^'^  ^?^^'<^}f^  "f  P^i-u,  an 


Tula 

Tula  (to'la).  A  small  town  in  the  state  of  Hi- 
dalgo, Mexico,  50  miles  (by  raili'oad)  north  of 
Mexico  City,  it  is  a  very  ancient  place,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  same  as  Tollan,  the  Toltec  capital  (see 
Tultecf).  Some  ruins  near  it  indicate  communal  struc 
tares  similar 

Tulare  (t 

lake  in  Cal 

tersected  by  lat.  36°  N.  It  receives  Kern  River 
and  other  tributaries,  but  has  no  outlet.  Length, 
32  milHS. 

Tuldja.    See  Tiiltch'i. 

Tulkinghorn  (turkinK-horn).  Mr.  An  attor- 
ney, a  fliaracter  in  Dickens's  "Bleak  House." 

Tuilamorg  (tul-la-mor').  The  chief  town  of 
Kiiig'sCountv,  Ireland,  51  miles  west  of  Dulilin. 
Population  (1891),  4,522. 

Tulle  (till).  [L.  Tiitcid  Lemarieum,  ward  of 
the  Lemovices  (Limoges).]  The  capital  of  the 
di'partment  of  Corrfeze,  France,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Solane  with  the  Correze,  in  lat. 
45°  16'  N.,  long.  1°45'  E.  it  has  varied  manufactures, 
and  contains  a  national  fnctor>'  of  flrearms.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Ensliah  in  V.'AG  and  in  ixil'.i,  and  by  the  Huguenots 
in  liibS.     population  (1891),  comnuiiie,  l.s.SK.U. 

TuUia  (tul'i-ii).  [L.,fem.of  Tm?/;".?.]  In  Roman 
legend,  a  daughter  of  SerWus  Tullius.    she  wa« 


1013 

chiefly  nomads,  dwelling  in  eastern  and  central 
Siberia,  east  of  the  Yenisei,  and  in  the  basin 
of  the  Amur.  Their  numbers  are  estimated  at 
70,000-80,000. 


Tripoli  on  the  southeast,  the  <lesert  on  the  soutli,  and 
Algeria  on  the  west.  The  north,  east,  and  center  are  oc- 
cupied by  comparatively  low  niountains,  and  there  are 
considerable  lakes  ("shotts")  in  the  south.  I'he  principal 
river  is  the  Medjerda.  The  island  of  .lerba  and  the  Ker. 
kenna  tnoup  belong  to  Tunis.  1 1  pmdnces  t-rain  and  fruits 
(particuhu-ly  dates,  olives,  etc.),  and  ha.<  impi>rtant  fisher- 
ies. Government  is  administered  nomlnidly  by  a  native 
bey,  actually  by  JVance  through  a  minister  resident,  suji- 
piirt.rl  by  a  corps  of  occupation.  The  inhabitants  are 
liei  1  '     '  '  '  ...  -    - 


Turanian 

most  formidable  in  the  colonial  histor}-of  South  America. 
The  cruelties  with  which  it  was  suppressed,  by  exciting 
hatred  of  the  Spaniards,  had  a  strong  intluencc  on  the  war 
for  independence.  The  reforms  which  Tupac  .\maru  de- 
mandeil  were  instituted  iu  part  not  long  after  his  death. 

ke),  or  Tupac 
about  1478. 
d  the  great- 
est conqueror  of  the  line.  Ue  succeeded  his  father, 
I'achacntec  Yupanqui,  about  1«0:  eoncpiered  the  coast 
region  from  Aneon  to  theGulf  of  Ouayai|UiI  (see  C/imiu); 
aimexed  nortliern  Chile  to  the  river  .Maule.  Tucuman,  and 
large  districts  in  the  Amazon  valley  :  and  even,  it  is  said. 
sent  an  exploring  expedition  of  rafts  which  discovered 
the  fhincha  Islands.  Many  remains  of  fortresses,  towns, 
temples,  etc.,  are  ascribed  to  his  time.  Also  Tvpa  Inca 
Yupantnti. 


.             -        i.ioiiaiiis   lue  __      '.    — i 

Arabs,  and  .lews,  and  in  less  numbers  Italians,  Tupi-Guarany  StOCE.      Same  as  Tlip'l  stock. 

lurks,  Maltese,  and  French.  The  prevaili.ig  religion  isthe  Tupis  (to-pez').     A  general  name  for  Brazilian 

^t:'z:!:L  ^^^;^  a;,;y';;riiU;;::';;^ir';:!>H  ^"-«='"f  ^'  *'-  j-i-  f -^  *"  vzii,  especially 

KoMian  Africa  it  tloiu-iibed  greatly  under  the  empire,  and  ""ar   tUP    Coast    ana    on    the   lower   Amazon. 

was  the  leading  seat  of  Latin  Christianity.    It  was'coii-  Their  language  in  those  regions  was  essentiallv  the  same, 

iiuered  by  the  Vandals  in  the  6th  centiirj-,  by  the  Greeks  though  the  Iiulians  were  divided  into  many  triiies  :  it  was 

in  the  Cth,  and  by  the  Aralis  in  the  7th  ;  was  invaded  by  closely  allied  to  the  Guarany  of  Taraguay,  and  is  the  basis 

St.  Ixiuis  in  1270,  and  by  the  emperor  Charles  V,  io  1535  •  "f  "'<=  niodem  Lingoa  Geral.   See  Tupi  slock.   Also  written 

was  reduced  to  a  Turkish  province  about  1575  ;  was  ruled  T'il'!i«,  Tupies. 


bydeys  and  beys,  and  was  long  noted  as  a  piratical  state  ;  Tupi  StOCk  (ti)-J>e'  stok).     One  of  the  most  im 

made  ^*Kn?,?.l''^  *'!'  '',^*"''="<^''  »™'>'  i"  1881,  and  (.May  i->)    pcrtant  of  f  lie  South  American  Indian  Unguis 
made  a  !•  rench  protectorate.     Area,  about  61,OOU  square      !•        .      .  ...  .  f^,    = 

Jiiiles.     Population,  estimated,  l..'.00.00(). 


tic  stocks,  extending  over  a  great  part  of  Bra- 


which  she  passed  thereafter  liore  the  name  Vicus  Scelera^ 
tusC  Aljominable  Street'). 

Tullia.     Born  about  79  B.  c:  died  45  B.  c.     The 

daughter  of  Cicero  and  Terentia,  and  wife  of 

CiUpurnius  Piso  and  later  of  Dolabella. 
Tullius,  Servius.     See  .SVrr/H.s  TiiIUks. 
TuUiver   (tul'i-ver),   Maggie.     The  principal 

cliiiracter  in  George  Eliot's  "Mill  on  the  Floss." 
Tulln,  or  Tuln  (ttiln).     A  town  in  Lower  Aus-  Tunis,  Gulf  of.    An  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean, 

tria,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube     northeast  of  Tunis, 


necled  by  steamer  lines  with  France  and  Italy,  and  by  a 
railroad  with  Constantinc,  (Iran,  and  Algiers ;  and  lias  tex- 
tile and  other  manufactures.  The  seat  of  government  is 
at  the  neighboring  castle  of  Bardo.  The  chief  olijects  of 
interest  are  the  baziiars,  the  mosqueof  the  i  ilive  Tree,  the 
town  palace  of  the  bej-,  and  the  .Moslem  college  and  other 
institutions.  The  ruins  of  Carthage  arc  situated  to  the 
northeast.  The  city  was  founded  in  Carthnginian  times. 
It  wu.s  c.iniiuered  by  f)ii'  emperor  Charles  V.  in  l.WS.  Popu- 
bitii.ii,  rsiiiiiiiled.  K!.S(Hin. 


pt  a  few  trities  of  the  interior, 
spoke  dialects  so  closely  allied  that  they  could  readily  un- 
derstand each  otlier.  Their  physical  cliaracterlstics  and 
customs  were  much  the  same  ;  but  they  had  no  national 
organization  :  neighboring  towns  were  often  i;t  war  with 
each  other,  and  distant  ones  had  no  knowledge  of  each 
other.  The  power  of  their  chiefs  was  ver>-  limited,  and 
was  generally  confined  to  a  single  rillage.  The  Tupis 
were  agriculturists,  and  lived  in  fixed  villages  of  consid- 
erable size,  the  houses  framed  with  poles  and  thatched 
with  palm-Icaves  or  grass.  They  made  large  and  service- 
able wooden  canoes,  showed  some  taste  in  ornamenting 
potter)*,  making  feather-work,  etc.,  and  were  natumlly  in- 


13,  1886.  A  Scottish  Presbyterian  theologian, 
educator,  and  author.  He  became  principal  of  St. 
Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  in  18ri4.  His  works  include 
"Theism  "  (1S55),  "  Leaders  of  the  Refoniiation  "  (IR.'O), 
"English  Protestants  and  their  Leaders"  (1861\  "Begin- 
ning Life  "(1862),  "The  Christ  of  the  (!..«pils  and  I  lie  cliri,«f 
of  Moilern  Criticism  "(18lW),"P,ali.  iiijilThci.lugv  and  rliii.^. 
tian  Philosophy  "(1872),  "The  Clirisli:ni  Hoctrineut  Sin" 
(1877),  "Modern  Theories  in  Philosophy  and  Religion" 
(1884),  "Movements  of  Religious  Thought  In  the  19tli 
Century  "  (1886),  etc. 

Tullus  Hostilius  (tul'us  hos-til'i-us).   Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  the  third  king  of  Kome.  He  was 


Tunstall  (tun'stal).  A  town  in  StaiTordshire, 
England,  29  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  has 
manufactures  of  pottery,  iron-ware,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  1,5,730. 

Tunstall  (tun'stal),  or  Tonstall  (ton'stal). 
Cuthbert.  Born  at  Hatchfonl,  Yorkshire, 
Enghind,  about  1475:  died  at  Lambeth  Palace, 
1559.  An  English  prelate.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
London  in  1522,  was  sent  to  the  Tower  in  1551,  .'ind  de- 
prived of  his  see  iu  1552;  was  restored  bv  Mary:  and  was 
again  deprived  by  Elizabeth  in  l,'.5!l.  Ho  was  lord  privy 
seal  luider  Henry  \'III, 


said  to  have  reigned  672-640  B.  c,  and  to  have  Tuolumne  (twol'um-ne)  River.   A  river  inCali- 


carried  on  many  wars,  especially  with  Allia 
Tully  (tul'i).     .See  Cicero. 
Tuliy-'Veolan   (tul'i-v6-6'lan).     The  house  of 

Baron  Bradvvanline  in  Scott's  "  Waverley." 

Tulomo  (to'lo-mo),  or  Tulumono,  or  Tuolomo. 

A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
San  Francisco  Bay,  Calil'iiniiii.   See  Ciistdn'odn. 

Tultcha(toI'cIiii),.'u-Tuldja(tcil'jii).  A  town  in 
the  Dobrud.ja,  Kiiinaiiia.  situated  on  an  arm  of 
the  Danube  45  miles  east -southeast  of  (jalatz. 
Population,  estimated,  18,000. 

Tummel  (tum'el).  A  river  and  loch  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  tributary  to  the  Tay. 

Tunbridge,  or  Tonbridge  (lun'brij).    A  town 

in  Kent,  England,  situatc'd  on  the  Jfedwav  27 
miles  southeast  of  London.  Population  (1891), 
10,123. 
Tunbridge'Wells  f  tun'bri.i  welz).  A  town  and 
watering-place  in  Kent  and  Sussex,  England,  31 
miles  southeast  of  London  :  long  celebrated  as 
a  fashionable  resort,      it  has  a  chalybeate  spring 

idlscoTored  about  lf,0(i) and  a  trade  in  " Tiinhiidge  Ware " 
woodenware).  It  was  very  fasbicuinble  in  the  istli  cen- 
ury.    The  favorite  promenade  is  the  Parade  or  Pantiles  (so 

nannd  from  its  first  pavement)     l'o|>ulalion  (18!ll),  27,8<>5. 
Tundja  (tcin'.iii).     A  river  in  I'lastern  Rumelia 

and  Turkey  which  joins  the  Maril/.n  near  Adri- 

anople :  tlie ancient  Tonzus or Tonsus.    Lengt h, 

over  150  miles, 
Tung-chau  (tijng'ehon').  A  city  in  theprovinop 

of  Chi-li,  China,  situated  on  the  Pei-ho,  at  the 

head  of  navigation,   12  uiiles  east  of  Peking. 

Popuhiliiin,  esliiiiated,  50.0110. 
Tlinguragua  (Uin-go-rii'gwii),   ,\  name  formerly 

given  to  the  Maianon  or  Amazon  in  its  upper 

course. 
Tunguragua.     A  province   in   the  interior  of 

Ecuiulor.     I'oiiulation,  103,033. 
Tunguragua,  .\  vi.lcn  no  in  EcMiador,  south  of  Co- 

(n|.MAi.    Height,  16,690  feet  (Reiss  and  St iiliel). 
Tungusea  (ton-gd'sez).    A  Mongolian  people, 


to  strangers,  but  when  provoked  were  tierce  warriors.  Some 
of  the  tribes  killed  and  ate  their  prisoners  of  war.  The  first 
European  colonists  found  these  Inilians  the  dominant  race 
all  along  the  Bnizilian  coast,  on  the  lower  Anuizon,  I'ru- 
guay,  ParanA,aiid  Paraguay;  those  about  the  Platine  river- 
system  were  called  collectivelv  Guaranys,  as  lhi>se  on  the 
Brazilian  coast  were  called  Tiipis ;  but  neither  of  these 
liaines  was  properly  a  tribal  appellation.  Most  of  these 
Indians  subniilted  readily  to  nii.»sionary  inlliience,  and 
theirdescendaiits,  Mii.\ed«ithF,nropeanand  African  bhx>d, 
fonn  a  large  pa:  t  of  the  countiy  p.)iMilation  of  Brazil,  north- 
cm  TIruguay,  northeastern  Argentina,  and  Paraguay,  A 
few,  in  the  interior,  retain  a  semi-iiulependence.  Among 
the  extinct  or  existing  tribes  and  groups  of  this  sttick 
are  the  Tupinainbas.  Tupini(|uins,  Potignaras,  Papanazes, 
Cnites,  Tupinaes,  and  Tamoyos  of  the  Brazilian  coast ;  the 
Tupinainbas, (Imaguas.Munilurucns.MaueK,  Apiaeas. etc., 
in  the  Aniaz/m  valley;  the  Guarayos  and  Chiriguanos  in 
Bolivia,  Tapes  in  the  Argentine,  Guaninys,  etc. 

the 
at     '""'"w -»■  jwnicn.  \_iiiu,  lu  i.»icKuiis  s  " Pickwick 
A  younger  brother  of  the  J^'"P'^>"S-  ,^      ,,   ^     „.      .„,       ,  ^ 

Tupper  (tup'6r).  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Am- 
herst, Nova  Scotia,  .Inly  2.  l.vJl.  A  Canadian 
Conservative  statesman,  lie  studied  medicine  In 
Edinburgh  Iniversity;  settled  as  a  physician  In  his  na- 
tive town  of  Amherst,  Nova  .Scotia;  and  was  president 
of  the  Canadian  iMedical  Associaticui  1857-70.  He  eiiteriit 
the  provincial  legislature  in  18.'.,5,  and  was  prime  minister 
of  Nova  Scotia  18<W-<i7,  He  advocated  the  formaliiui  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  which  took  (ilaeeln  lstl7;  luid  in 
1870 entered  Maedonald's cabinet, going  out  of  olllce  with 
his  chief  In  187,S.  He  took  office  as  minister  of  public 
works  on  Maedomdd's  return  to  power  in  187.s;  and  from 
1870  to  18*4  was  minister  i>f  railways  anil  canals,  in  «  bleb 
capacity  he  promoted  the  ciuistnietlon  of  the  Canadian 
Pacille  Railway,  In  Ivil  he  was  ap|>olnted  high  eommis- 
.^lculer  f.ir  Canada  at  I..>n.lon,  and  was  prime  ininl.>ler  of 
Canada  In  IHlKl.  lie  was  one  of  the  neg.itiat.ns  if  the 
tisliiriis  liiat>  with  the  Inltid  Slate.«  18J<7  KS.  and  was 
ereatr.l  a  bar,. ml  in  the  latter  \ear. 


fornia  which  joins  the  San  Joaquin  Kiver  25 

miles   south    of    Stockton.     Length,    150-175 

miles. 
Tupac  (to'pak),  called  Toparca  (to-piir'ka)  bv  Tupman  (tup'man),  Tracy.     A  member  of 

Spanish  historians.     Born  atnuit  1.514:  died  at     famous  Piekwnck  Club,  mDickens's  "Pickw 

.TauJ.a,  Oct.,  1533, 

Inca  Atahualpa  of    Peru.    After  the  execution  of 

Atahualjia  (Aug.,  15;i3),  he  was  made  noinirial  ruler  of 

Peru  by  I'izarro,  and  forced  to  swear  allegiance  to  the 

Spanish  nmnarchs.     He  died  during  the  march  to  Cuzco. 
Tupac  Amaru  (to'piik  ii'mii-ni).     Bom  about 

1.544:  died  at  Cuzco,  Dec.  (i),  1571.     Youngest 

son  of  Maiico  Inca:  a  legiiimato  sovereign  of 

Peru  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brothers.  He  as- 
sumed the  Incarial  insignia  in  the  mountains  of  Vilca- 

bamba,  but  made  no  attempt  to  ojiiiose  the  Spaniards. 

By  order  of  the  viceroy  Toledo  he  was  seized  in  Get.,  1571, 

taken  to  Cuzco,  and  beheaded.    With  him  the  male  line  of 

the  Iiicas  liecamc  extinct. 

Tupac  Amaru  (Josd  Gabriel  Condorcanquil. 

Horn  at  'I'inta,  south  of  Cuzcii,  1712:  ilied  at 
Cuzco,  May  18,  1781.  A  I'eruvian  revolution- 
ist,  called  "the  Last  of  the  Iiieas."    He  was  a 

direct  descendant  of  the  eariy  Incas,  and,  under  Spanish  Tiinnpr  Martin  Parnii>iar  Itnr.i  nt  T  ntwlnn 
rule,  was  chief  of  several  villages.  In  1771  he  assumed  ^,,SP  i^  Ti,„  "}•  f'l^'^'^oo-  ,  j,jn  .  ','""'',?"■' 
the  name  Tupac  Amaru.  After  vain  ettorts  to  ainelioiale  •""^  '■'•  ''"'•  died  iNov.  29.  1889.  All  English 
the  condition  of  thelmiians,  he headedarebelllon  in  Nov.,  poet.  He  graduated  at  t^hrist  Chundi,  Gxfonl,  in  1.S.HI, 
17811,  Overdil.mw  Indians  jollied  hinl,  and  he  was  univer-  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  In  ls:i.',,  but  soon 
sally  regarded  by  them  as  the  Inca,  though  he  did  not  as-  abandoned  law  in  ordei  to  dexnte  himself  to  tileraliire. 
sumc  that  title  nor  promisr  anything  more  than  a  redress  His  chief  work  is  "  Proverbial  Philosophy  "(three  scries 
of  wrongs,     l-'or  a  lime   be  held  all  the  region  lietween      lH:i8-«7). 

Cuzco  and  Lake  Titieaca,  but  was  defeated  and  raptured  Tur  (tiir).     In  the  Shahiinmah,  tlie  second  of  the 
In  March,  1781  :  in  pursuance  of  a  sentence  by  the  Span-     il, ,,,„.„,,„„       y,.!,,,    T.,,.    „.„II....l       ,.<•  I.'.,-:  1.... 
ish  Judge  Areche,  he  and  most   ,.f  his  famllv  were  oxe-      „  "  '    .*;'""""„''",•    '  '"-,   "",'!  "VT     ,  '  ,'"^  '"I''- 
•  ■■  ■  -  His  mother  was  Sbalirlnnr.,  daughter  of  Jnmsliid.    In  the 

division  liy  Farldiin  of  his  realms  Tur  oblalned  Turnn. 
Koused  to  Jealousy  of  IraJ  by  Salm,  he  Joins  .Salni  agninst 
him,  and  murdei-s  IraJ  when  (he  bitter  eomes  with  over- 
tures of  peace,  IraJ  Is  nvenged  by  Minuchllir,  who  slays 
■i'ur  in  biittle,  .Sir  .<,i/in. 
Tura  ( lii'riil.  A  river  in  eastern  Russia  and 
ueslerii  Siberia  wliich  joins  the  Tobol  below 
Tyumen,  Loiiglh.  abont  .500  miles. 
Turanian  (tii-ril'ni-an).  fl'ers.  Tioiin,  from  TVir, 
a  legendary  niu'esfor  of  the  Turks,  eto.l  A 
word  loosely  and  indefinitely  used  to  designate 


clited  In  a  horrible  manner.  In  the  war  of  extenninatlon 
which  followed  It  Is  said  that  sil.ilisi  Indians  were  killed. 
His  cousin.  Pieg",  lifter  holding  out  for  some  time,  was 
pardoned;  liut  subsequently  was  arrested  on  a  frivolous 
charge  and,  with  others  of  the  family,  was  tortured  and 
killed.  Woinen  and  ebildren  were  in'cliided  in  these  exe. 
eulions,  the  evident  object  being  (o  extlrpale  (he  Inca 
race.  'I'ltpac  Anmru'sson  Ferimnilo.  n  child  of  In  years, 
was  eondenined  to  peniil  servitude  for  life.  He  was  sent' 
tfi  Spain,  and  his  ultimate  fate  Is  unknown  ;  but  In  Ls-js  a 
pcrsiin  calling  liimscK  Fernando  Tupac  Amaru  was  given 
a  pension  at  Kiienos  Ayres :  he  became  a  monk  in  Lima, 
where  ho  died.    The  robclllon  of  Tupac  Amaru  was  the 


Turanian 
a  family  of  languages  ami  also  an  ethnological 
group.    It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  Asiatic  languages 
ta  general  outside  of  tlie  Indo-European  and  Semitic  fam. 


St„eU..al.A,taicorScy.liianfami,,.  ir;xLnd;^4Sr    Hetr, 

et  les  Russes  "  (1847),  etc. 
Turgot  (tiir-go')>  Anne  Robert  Jacques,  Baron 
de  L'Aulne.     Born  at  Paris,  May  10, 1727 :  died 


Tnrbervile,  or  Turbervilte  (ter'ber-vil), 
George.  Bom  about  1530 :  died  about  1595.  An 
English  poet,  translator,  and  writer  on  hunting. 
[George]  Turben-ille,  of  whom  not  much  is  linown,  was  a 
Dorsetshire  man  of  good  family,  and  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  Oxford.  He  was  probably  bom  before  1530, 
and  died  after  1694.  Besides  a  booli  on  Falconry  and  nu- 
merous translations  (to  which,  like  all  the  men  of  his 
school  and  day,  he  was  much  addicted),  he  wrote  a  good 
many  occasional  poems,  though  none  of  great  length. 

Saintsbw-y,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  18. 

Turbia  (tor'be-a).  [F.  Turbie.l  A  small  place 
near  Monaco.  "It  contains  a  Roman  tower  of 
the  time  of  Augustus. 

Turcaret  (tiir-kii-ra').  A  comedy  by  Le  Sage, 
produced  in  1709  :  so  called  from  its  chief  char- 
acter. 

Despite  his  theatrical  successes  he  [Le  Sage]  was  never 
on  very  good  terms  with  the  players  of  the  regular  theatre, 
and  a  small  piece-  "  Les  Etrennes  "—was  refused  by  them 
at  the  beuinning  of  1708.  The  author  took  it  back,  set  to 
work  on  it,  and  refashioned  it  into  "Turcaret,  the  best 
French  comedy,  beyond  all  doubt,  of  the  18th  century, 
and  probably  the  best  of  its  kind  to  be  found  outside  the 
covers  of  Molicre's  works. 

Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  71. 

Turcomans.     See  Turkomans. 

TurdusSolitarius(ter'dussol-i-ta  n-us).  [NI.., 
'  Solitary  Thrush.']  A  constellation  introduced 
by  Le  Monnier  in  1776,  on  the  tail  of  Hydra,  and 
encroaching  on  the  southern  scale  of  Libra.  It 
is  no  longer  recognized. 

Turenne  (tU-ren').  A  place  in  the  department 
of  Correze,  France,  IS  miles  southwest  of  Tulle. 
It  has  a  ruined  chateau. 

Turenne,  Vicomte  de  (Henri  de  La  Tour 
d'Auvergne).  Born  at  Sedan,  France,  Sept. 
11,  IGll:  killed  at  Sasbach,  near  Offenburg. 
Baden,  July  27, 1675.  A  celebrated  French  mar- 
shal, "-randson  of  William  the  Silent.  He  was 
brouglit  up  in  the  Eeformed  Church ;  learned  the  art  of  war 
under  his  uncle  Maurice  of  Nassau  ;  and  was  given  a  regi- 
ment in  the  French  army  by  Richelieu  in  1030.  He  served 
with  di>tinction  under  De  la  Force.  Cardinal  La  N  alette, 
Bernhard  of  .Sa-ve-Weimar.  and  D'Harcourt,  and  in  1639  was 
appointed  to  a  command  in  Italy.  He  was  in  1043  trans- 
feiTcd  to  Germany  by  Mazarin,  by  whom  he  was  created  a 


•1014 

troduced  and  defined),  "  Smoke  "  (1867),  "  Virgin  Soil  •• 
(187i;)  "Punin  and  Baburiii,""A  Lear  of  the  Steppe.  ' 
■•  Clara  Militch."  He  also  wrote  "  Seuilia  "(1883  :  a  poem), 
etc.  The  name  is  also  written  Tunjcneff,  Touryueiiief,  etc. 
"90 :  died  at  Paris, 
ian,  brother  of 
Alexander  Tm-genieff.  He  wrote  "  La  Russie 
et  les  Russes  "  (1847),  etc. 


there,  ilarch  20,  1781.  A  noted  Freueh  states- 
man, political  economist,  and  financier.  He  at 
first  studied  theology  and  then  law,  and  became  an  advo- 
cate in  1752,  and  master  of  "  requetes  "  in  1753.  He  was 
intendant  of  Limoges  1761-74  ;  and  was  appointed  minister 
of  marine  in  1774,  and  immediately  afterward  controller- 
general  of  finance.  In  this  office  he  planned  many  reforms, 
including  the  abolition  of  corv^es  and  of  various  feud.al 
privileges,  the  securing  of  liberty  of  trade,  the  establish- 
ment of  a  comprehensive  system  of  public  instruction,etc., 
which  outlived  manv  of  the  results  afterward  attained  by 
the  Revolution.  Hewas  bitterly  opposed  by  various  classes, 
and  was  dismissed' by  the  king  inJIay,  1776.  His  complete 
works  were  edited  by  Dupont  de  Nemours  1808-11. 

Turia  (tii'ri-a).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gua- 
dalaviar. 

Turin  (tii'rin).  A  province  in  the  eomparti- 
mento  of  Piedmont,  Italy.  Area,  3,955  square 
miles.     Population  (1892),  1,097.479. 

Turin,  It.  Torino  (to-re'no).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Po,  near  its  junction  with  tlie  Dora  Riparia,  in 
lat.  45°  4' N.,  long.  7°  42'  E.:  the  ancient  Tau- 
rasia,  Roman  Augusta  Taurinorum  (whence  the 
modern  name).  It  is  regularly  built,  with  many 
squares  and  broad  streets ;  is  the  seat  of  important  trade 
for  northern  Italy ;  has  varied  manufactures  ;  and  is  rap- 
idly growing.  It  contains  a  university,  cathedral,  cas- 
tle (Palazzo  lladama),  royal  palace  (with  the  royal  armory 
and  library),  Palazzo  Carignano(forraer  seat  of  Parliament, 
now  containing  collections  in  natural  history),  palace  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  (with  a  museum  of  antiquities 
and  picture-gallery),  monument  of  Cavour,  etc.  Victor 
Emmanuel  and  Cavour  were  born  there.  Turin  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  Taurini  (whence  the  name) ;  was  cap- 
tured by  Hannibal  in  218  B.  c. ;  became  the  chief  town  of 
Piedmont,  and  was  acquired  by  the  dukes  of  Savoy  in  1032 ; 
was  occupied  by  the  French  in  the  first  part  of  the  16th 
century,  but  was  recovered  by  Savoy  in  1562 ;  was  again 
taken  by  the  French  in  1640  ;  was  taken  by  the  Imperialists 
under  Prince  Eugene  in  1706 ;  was  captured  by  the  French 
in  179S,  and  by  Suvarotf  in  1799 ;  and  was  retaken  by  the 
French  in  IStio,  and  restored  to  Sardinia  in  1814.  Turin 
played  an  important  part  in  the  national  movements  of 
the  19th  century,  and  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy  1801-65.     Population  (lUOl ) ,  commune,  335,656. 


marshal  of  France  in  1644.     His  four  brilliant  campaigns  Tuxin,  Treaties  Of.    1 

in  Germany  (1644-47)  prepared  the  way  materially  for  the     ^^^  Savov  in  1G96.— 2.   An  armistice  negoti 
peace  of  Westphalia  in  1048.  Duringthedisturljancesof  the  "      Bonanartp  with  Sardinia  in  1796. 

Fronde  (1648-53) he  at  first  supported  the  parliament, but     atea  DJ  iSOnaparre  wuu  f^diuimd  m  ii^u. 
afterward  sided  with  the  court, and  in  1652  defeated  Cond6  Turkestan  (tor-kes-tan  ),   or  Turkistan  (tor- 
atGien  and  at  the  Faubourg  Saint-Antoine.    Alter  the  re-    liis-fan').      ['Land   of  the  Turks.']     A  region 


turn  of  peace  at  home,  he  took  command  against  the  Span 
iards  under  Conde  (who  had  in  the  meantime  fled  from 
France  and  accepted  the  post  of  general-in-chief  of  the 
Spanish  armies).  His  victory  of  the  Dunes  in  1658  decided 
the  w-ar,  and  was  followed  by  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees  in 
1659.  He  was  created  marshal-general  of  the  armies  of 
France  in  1660  ;  conquered  French  Flanders  in  1667  ;  ab- 
jured Protestantism  and  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
in  1068  •  commanded  in  the  Netherlands  in  1672 ;  and  devas- 


with  indefinite  limits  in  Asia,  east  of  the  Cas- 
pian, south  of  Siberia,  and  north  of  Persia, 
Afghanistan,  and  Tibet.  The  name  is  sometimes 
used  as  synonymous  with  central  Asia,  but  is  generally 
limited  to  the  western  portion  of  this  region,  included 
chiefly  in  Russia  and  its  dependencies,  or  to  the  highlands 
and  plains  east  of  the  Transcaspian  lowlands  and  west  of 
Eastern  Turkestan 


tatedthePalatinateinl074.  He  was  opposed  during  the  next  TurkCStan,  or  TurkistaU.  A  general  govem- 
eampaign  by  the  Imperial  general  ilontecuculi,  and  was  „„jj^.  ^f  Russian  Central  Asia,  comprising  the 
killed  by  a  cannon-l>all  while  reconnoitenng  at  .sasbach^     provinces  Samarkand,  Sir-Daria.  and  Fergha- 

Area,  about  258,000  square  miles.     Popu- 


Turf  an  (tor-fan' ).  An  occasional  name  of  a  part 


of  Eastern  Turkestan. 


na. 


A    lation  (1885),  2,458,509. 


Turgai  (tor-gi'),  or  Turgansk  (tor-gansk  ). 

"  3  Kirghiz  Steppe,  Russian  Ceu-  -"*"—: — ■  vr:°T — ^6^, 
■    '--- -'■'^-'-■'i  and  north  of  Turkestan,  East.     Sei  ^    ,     . 

Area,  176,219  Turkestan,  Russian.    See  Turkestan, 


province  m  ll^  Kii^^^f^jJ:  ^S^%^  Turkes^-.  ^an^   See  4^«.^;;...an. 
tral  Asia,  situated  east  of  Uralsk  and  north  of  Turkestan,  gast.^See  £a.5^2^<rte.te». 


the  Sea  of  Aral  and  Sir-Daria. 
square  miles.     Population  (1889),  364.660, 
Turgenieff  (tor-gan'vef),  Alexander 

Tsssurs»i«;rtoi..  B,,„ « o,.i.  T„t .,;.. ..  .h.  ,„pi,.  <.-™«  ™...« .■  NL. 


Turkestani  West.     That  part  of  central  Asia 

Bom    wliich  is  west  of  Eastern  Turkestan.     See  Tur- 

A  Rus- J-f*''"'-  .     „.,  „ ._        rw 


Russia,  Nov.  9,  1818:  died  at  Bougival,  near 
Paris,  Sept.  3,  1883.  A  celebrated  Russian 
novelist.  He  was  educated  at  Moscow  and  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  in  1838  went  to  Berlin  to  study  philosophy  and 
the  classics.  About  1840  he  received  an  appointment  in 
the  ministry  of  the  interior.  He  began  to  publish  poems 
in  1841 ;  and  his  first  novel,  "  Andrei  KolossoR,"  appeared 
In  1844.  He  contributed  to  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs 
through  his  "Annals  of  a  Sportsman,"  sometimes  translat- 
ed as  '■  Sketches  from  the  Diary  of  a  Sportsman  "  (1846-57) : 
the  first  of  these  appeared  in  English  in  the  "Contempo- 
rary Review  "  in  1847 ;  they  were  also  published  in  French 
and  German,  and  raised  him  to  a  high  rank  as  an  author. 
In  1852  some  remarks  on  Russian  officialism,  made  in  an 
obituary  letter  on  Gogol,  led  to  his  being  deprived  of 
his  position,  imprisoned,  and  afterward  banished  several 
years  in  Orel,  in  the  interior  of  Russia.  In  1854  he  was 
allowed  to  return,  and  in  later  life  lived  in  Baden-Ba- 
den and  Paris,  with  short  visits  to  Russia  and  elsewhere. 
He  created  much  personal  antagonism  by  his  analysis  of 
political  parties,  and  was  misunderstood  by  those  with 
whom  he  was  most  in  sympathy.  The  epithet  "  Nihilist, 
which  he  applied  to  revolutionary,  was  applied  by  the 
govenmient  to  all  socialistic  and  democratic,  tendencies. 
Later,  however,  popular  opinion  was  in  his  favor.  Among 
hischief  novels  are  "  Rudin  "(1855),  "A  Nest  of  Nobles" 
(1868),  "Helene" (translated  as  "On  the  Eve,"  1860), '  Fa- 
tliers  and  Sons  "  (1862  :  in  this  the  epithet  Nihilist  is  in- 


Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  William 

formed  in  Asia  Minor  in  the  13th  century  under  Er-Togh. 
rul.  Under  his  son  Osman  or  Otliman  (12;I^1326),  who  is 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  empire,  and  Osman  s  son 
Orklian  (1326-59),  a  powei-ful  realm  was  reared  on  the 
ruins  of  the  Seljukian  and  Byzantine  power  in  Asia  Minor. 
Amurath  I.  took  -\drianople  (l.'iOl),  which  he  made  the 
capital,  and  broke  the  power  of  .Servia  in  1389.  The  Turk- 
ish power  was  extended  under  Bajjizet  I.,  who  subjugated 
Bulgaria  and  made  Wallachia  tributarj-,  and  under  Amu- 
rath II.  ilohammed  II.  took  Constantinople  and  over- 
threw the  Byzantine  empire  in  1453,  and  conquered  Trebi- 
zond,  etc.  The  empire  reached  its  height  in  the  16th 
century,  through  the  conquest  of  Syria,  Egypt,  Rhodes,  a 
great  part  of  Hungary,  and  the  extension  of  suzerainty  over 
Algeria,  etc.  The  Turks  were  repulsed  liefore  Vienna  in 
1683;  suffered  great  losses  at  the  hands  of  Austria  in  the 
end  of  the  17th  century  and  the  beginning  of  the  18th,  and 
at  the  hands  of  Russia  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  :  lost  Greece  i821-29  ;  had 
an  unsuccessful  war  with  Russia  1828-29 ;  and  took  part 
in  the  Crimean  war  1853-68.  Egypt  meanwhile  had  be- 
come practically  independent.  Insurrections  in  Crete. 
Bosnia,  and  Herzegovina,  and  wars  with  Servia  and  Mon- 
tenegro, were  followed  by  the  unsuccessful  war  with  Rus- 
sia 1877-78;  the  independence  of  Rumania,  Servia,  and 
Montenegro  was  recognized  in  1878 ;  and  Bulgaria,  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Cyprus  were  practically  lost.  Turkey 
was  compelled  to  make  a  large  cession  to  Greece  in  1881, 
but  was  victorious  in  a  conflict  with  that  country  in  1897. 
Eastern  Rumelia  was  united  with  Bulgaria  in  18S5.  The 
area  of  Turkey's  immediate  possessions  is  estimated  at 
over  l,000,OtX)  square  miles  ;  the  population  at  27,694,600. 

Turkey  River.  A  river  in  northeastern  Iowa 
which  joins  the  Mississippi  25  miles  northwest 
of  Dubuque.     Length,  over  100  miles. 

Tiirkheim  (tilrk'him).  A  town  in  Upper  Alsace, 
Alsace-LoiTaine,  40  miles  southwest  of  Stras- 
burg.  There,  Jan.  5,  1675,  the  French  under 
Turenne  defeated  the  Imperialists. 

Turkistan.     See  Turkestan. 

Turkmantchai.  A  place  in  Persia,  70  miles 
southeast  of  Tabriz.  Here,  in  1828,  peace  was  con- 
cluded between  Russia  and  Persia.  Russia  acquired  Per- 
sian Armenia,  and  great  influence  over  Persia. 

Turkomania  (ter-ko-ma'ni-a).  The  country 
of  the  Turkomans,  in  central  Asia,  north  of  Per- 
sia and  Afghanistan:  annexed  by  Russia. 

Turkomans  (ter'ko-manz).  A  branch  of  the 
Turkish  race,  found  chiefiy  in  central  Asia  (in 
Russian  territory),  Persia,  and  Afghanistan. 
Nearly  all  are  nomads.  Among  the  tribes  are  the  Tekkes 
of  Merv  and  Akhal,  the  Sariks,  etc.  Also  Tnrcama}ts  or 
Tur/cmanj>.  ^^ 

Turko-Russian  Wars.    See  Bussian  Wars  icith 

Turkey. 

1.  The  race  now  dominant  in 
See  Ottamaus. — 2.  In 
an  e.xtended  sense,  the  members  of  a  race  re- 
garded as  related  to  the  Mongols :  a  branch  of 
the  Ural-Altaic  family.  In  this  sense  the  Turkish 
race  includes  the  Petchenegs,  I'zbegs,  Turkomans,  Otto- 
man Turks,  etc. 

A  revolt  took  place  against  the  Jouan-Jouan  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  sixth  centurj-,  when  the  Turks  eo  nomine 
are  for  the  first  time  heard  of  in  history.  They  founded 
an  empire  which  stretched  from  the  borders  of  Manchuria 
to  the  Carpathians,  and  commanded  also  Transoxiana  and 
the  country  as  far  as  the  Indus.  Their  power  south  of  the 
Sihun  or  Jax.artes  was  sapped  and  eventually  destroyed  by 
the  Arabs,  who  founded  the  Saniani  dj-nasty ;  but  the  Turks 
remained  masters  of  the  steppes,  and  supplied  the  Sama- 
nis.  and  even  the  Khalifs,  with  mercenary  troops  whose 
leaders  presently  supplanted  their  masters  and  founded  a 
famous  Turkish  dynasty  at  Ghazni,  while  somewhat  later 
fresh  hordes  under  their  own  leaders  planted  themselves 
in  Khorasan  and  created  the  splendid  empire  of  the  Sel- 
juks,  who  from  the  eleventh  to  the  tliirteenth  century  gov- 
erned the  greater  part  of  the  Khalifs'  dominions  in  Asia, 
and  advanced  the  Mohammedan  rule  into  the  mountain 
ranges  of  Anatolia,  and  thus  prepared  the  way  for  the  Otto- 
mans, their  successora.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  4. 

Tumacum.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
northern  Gaul,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Tour- 
nai.     See  Tournatf. 

Turner  (ter'ner),  Charles  Tennyson.  Bom  at 
Sowerbv,  Julv  4.  1808 :  died  April  25,  1879.    An 


mune,  .sjd.odo.  TiirWu  fterks) 

A  peace  betweenFrance  Y^.^'^^^XI  Ottomans. 


isia,  and  northem  Africa.  Capital,  Constanti-  Turner.Charles  Y.  ^^^^.fJf^Z^.U^t 
'rop?L.i'ay?rofd^WsiriniltSS°e"Adr'Sa^:5:  He^udied  at  N^w  York,  and  with  Laurens.  Munkacsy. 
pie,  Saloniki,  Monastir,  Servia,  Skutari,  .lanina,  Kosovo,      and  Bonnat  at  i^af'^-  Ttrjni,™         -Rr,^  at 

and  Crete  ;  in  Africa,  the  vilayets  of  Tripoli  and  Ben-  TUTUer,  JoSSph  Mallord  William.  Boin  at 
gazi ;  and  in  Asia,  Asia  Minor  (12  vilayets),  Armenia  and     London,  April  23, 17(5:  died  there,  Dec.  19, 1801. 


Kurdistan  (5),  .Mesopotamia  (3),  and  Syria  and  Arabia  (S). 
It  has  also  the  following  nominal  possessions:  the  tribu- 
tary principality  of  Samos  ;  Cyprus  (administered  by  Great 
Britain);  Bosnia,  Herzegovina,  and  Novibazar  (adminis- 
tered by  Austria-Hungary);  Bulgaria  with  Eastern  Rume- 
lia (practically  independent);  and  Eg5'pt(which  pays  trib- 
ute). The  surface  is  largely  mountainous  in  European 
Turkey,  in  Asia  Minor.  Turkish  Armenia,  and  Kurdistan, 
and  in  western  Syria.  The  principal  occupations  are  agri- 
culture and  pastoral  pursuits.  The  leading  exports  are 
raisins,  silk,  mohair,  opium,  wheat,  cotton,  wool,  coffee, 
fruits,  skins,  oil,  and  valonia.  The  government  is  an  ab- 
solute monarchy  under  the  sultan  as  sovereign.  Govern- 
ment  is  administered  by  the  grand  vizir.the  Sheik-ul-Islam, 
and  the  cabinet.  The  leading  religion  is  Mohammedanism ; 
but  the  Greek,  Roman  Catholic.  Armenian,  .Syrian,  Jew- 
ish, Protest.ant.  and  Maronite  creeds  are  also  recognized 
by  the  government.  The  inhabitants  comprise  Turks, 
Greeks,  Armenians.  Bulgarians,  Albanians,  ,Tews,  SjTi- 
ans,  Arabs,  etc.    The  nucleus  of  the  Ottoman  empire  was 


A  famous  English  landscape-painter,  the  son  of 
a  barber  in  London.  His  education  was  meager,  but 
he  devoted  himself  to  drawing  at  a  very  eaily  age.  In 
1789  he  entered  the  school  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  for 
a  short  time  worked  with  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  In  1790 
he  exhibited  a  "View  of  the  Archbishop's  Prdace,  Lam- 
beth "  at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  was  made  associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1799,  and  royal  academician  in 
1802.  Before  the  latter  date  he  was  more  noted  for  his 
water-color  painting,  the  advance  in  which  is  largely 
due  to  him.  Between  1795  and  1799  he  sent  thirty-nine 
works  to  the  academy  exhibitions.  In  180S  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  perspective  at  the  academy.  He  visited  Scot- 
land in  18«,  and  the  Continent  about  1802  and  in  1804.  In 
1803  he  exhibited  six  foreign  subjects,  among  them  the 
famous  "Calais  Pier."  From  1S06  to  1816  he  produced 
his  -'Liber  Studiorum  "  (which  see),  a  rival  of  the  "Liber 
Veritatis"  of  Claude.  After  1797  his  work  becomes  more 
and  mure  imaginative.      In  1813  he  commenced  the  Ulus- 


Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  William 

trationsfor  Cooke's  "Southern  Coast."  In  1818 he  wentto 
Scotland  to  imike  the  illustrations  for  Scott's  "  Provincial 
Antiquities."  In  181'J  he  visited  Italy  for  the  first  time. 
The  visit  was  followed  by  increased  brilliancy  of  color,  as 
in  "The  Golden  Bouuh"  and  "The  Fighlini;  Tennjraire." 
In  1819-21  he  illustrated  Whitaker's"li  istoi-y  of  Kichmond- 
shire,"  in  1824  "The  Rivers  of  England,"  in  1830  Roners'a 
"Italy,"  and  in  18:ja-35  "The  Rivera  of  France."  He  de- 
veloped a  new  school  of  engravers.  In  1828  he  attain 
visited  Italy.  His  first  Venetian  picture  appeared  at  the 
academy  in  1833.  In  1839  he  exhibited  "The  Fighting 
TiJm^raire.  '  in  1810  "The  Slave  Ship,"  and  in  IS42  'The 
Burial  of  Wilkie  at  Sea."  He  continued  to  e.\hibit  till 
1850.  His  popular  fame  is  due  largely  to  the  enthusiastic 
praise  of  hini  in  the  writings  of  Ruskin. 

Turner,  Sharon.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  24, 
1768:  died  there,  Feb.  13,  1847.  An  English 
historian.  His  chief  works  are  a  "History  of 
the  Anglo-Saxons"  (4  vols.  1799-1805),  and  a 
"History  of  England"  (1814-29). 

Turner's  Falls  (ter'nerz  falz).  A  manufac- 
turing village  in  Franklin  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Connecticut  35  miles 
north  of  Siiriugheld.    Population  (1895),  4,202. 

Turner's  Gap  (ter'nerz  gap).  A  pass  in  the 
South  Mountain.  Marvland  :  the  scene  of  part 
of  the  battle  of  South'Mountain,  Sept.  14, 1862. 

Turnhout  (toru'hout).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  25  miles  east  by  north  of 
Antwerp.  Here,  .Tan.  22,  mn,  the  Dutch  under  Mau- 
rice of  Nassau  defeated  the  Spaniards  ;  and  here,  t)ct.  27j 
178t),  the  Belgians  defeated  the  Austriaus.  Population, 
18,747. 

Turnus  (ter'nus).  In  Roman  legend,  the  king 
of  the  Rutulians.  in  Italy,  at  the  period  of  the 
an-ival  of  the  Trojans  under  iEneas. 

Turpin  (ter'pin  :  F.  pron.tiir-pan').  Died  about 
794.  Aji  archbishop  of  Rheims,  famous  as  the 
erroneously  reputed  author  of  a  historj'  of 
Charlemagne  which  was  really  composed  in  the 
11th  or  12th  century. 

The  chronicle  of  the  pseudo-Turpin  is  of  little  real  im- 
portance in  the  histoiy  of  French  literature,  because  it  is 
admitted  to  have  been  written  in  Latin.  The  busy  idle- 
ness of  critics  has,  however,  prompted  them  to  discuss  at 
great  length  the  (juestion  whether  the  "Chanson  de  Roland  " 
may  not  possibly  have  been  composed  from  this  chronicle. 
The  facts  are  these.  Tilpin  or  Turpin  was  actually  arch- 
bishop of  Rheims  from  753-794,  but  nobody  pretends  that 
the  chronicle  going  under  his  name  is  authentic.  .\ll  that 
is  certain  is  that  it  is  not  later  than  116iJ,  and  that  it  is 
probably  not  earlier  than  the  middle,  or  at  most  the  be- 
ginning, of  the  eleventh  century,  while  the  part  of  it  which 
is  more  particularly  in  question  is  of  the  end  of  that  cen- 
tury. "  Roland  "  is  almost  certainly  of  the  middle  at  latest. 
Saintsburi/,  French  Lit,,  p.  127,  note. 

Turpin  (ter'pin),  Dick.  A  notorious  English 
highwayman  who  was  executed  in  1739.  The 
popular  account  of  his  famous  ride  to  York  on  his  mare 
"JBlaek  Bess"  is  not  mentioned  in  the  "Newgate  Calen- 
dar," and  in  its  original  form  is  said  to  have  been  written 
by  llaginn. 

Turretin  (F.  pron.  tiir-tan'),  or  Turretini  (tor- 
ra-te'ne),B6n6dict.  Born  1588 :  died  1631.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 

Turveydrop  (tC-r'vi-drop),  Mr.  A  fatuous  char- 
acter, a  "model  of  deportment,"  in  Dickens's 
"Ble.ak  House." 

Tus.     See  r»-. 

Tusayan,  or  Tu9ayan  (tii-sii-yan'),  or  Tuzan, 
A  confederacy  ot  North  American  Indian  tribes 
inhabiting  the  pueblos  of  Mashonguavi,  Oraibi, 
Shumepovi,  Shupaulovi,  Sichumovi,  Walpi,  and 
Hano,  on  the  summits  of  four  mesas  about  .50 
miles  east  of  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  northeast- 
ern Arizona.  All  the  pueblos  except  llano  are  inhab- 
ited by  a  kindred  people.  This  distinct  village  was  built 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century  by  f  ugitiveTcwa  Indi- 
ans (which  see)  from  the  Rio  Grande  valley,  New  Mexico. 
The  name  is  derived  from  ITmiia,  the  ZuAi  name  of  tho 
two  principal  pueMos  cirn-e  inhai»ited  by  the  'J'usayari  Con- 
federacy, llofii  or  Ih'/'ifuh  is  th>.-  Tianie  by  which  the  tribe 
calls  itself.  Also  eaUi-d  CZ/iJ/"""'/',  Uapilu,  Iliipff,  Mafftii, 
Maqui,  M'<hoci\  Mttlii>lz''f  M'iki,  Miiukei/  JiuliaiiHf  Ojiii,  She- 
noma, Shi nutiio,ii}id  Totmiteac.  {iieoShfjHhoiwaa.)  Number 
(1893),  about  2.IHK). 

Tuscaloosa  (tus-ka-l<i'sii).  The  capital  of  Tus- 
caloosa County,  Alal)ama,  situated  on  tho  Black 
Warrior  River  89  miles  northwest  of  Montgom- 
ery. It  is  tlio  seat  of  Alabama  University,  and 
was  formerlv  tlie  capital  of  Alabama.  Popula- 
tion (liMMl),  '5,094. 

Tuscan  (tus'kan)  Archipelago.  A  group  of 
islands  west  of  Tuscany,  including  Elba  and 
some  smaller  islands. 

Tuscan  Sea.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
part  of  the  .Mediterranean  west  of  "Tuscany. 

Tuscany  (tus'ka-ni).  [(i.  TdHcano,  F.  Toscaiw, 
from  It.  7Vw(V/Hri.tlieTusi^anHt!ite,friiniTj.  Etnin- 
Ciw, Etruscan.]  Acoin))art iiiiento of  tlm  kingdom 
of  Italy,  and  former  grand  dueliy,  bounded  by 
Liguria,  Emilia,  tho  Marches,  Umbria,  liafiiim, 
and  the  Mediterranean.  IteomprlseslheprovinceHof 
Florence,  I.ucca.  Masfm  o  Carrara,  Pisa,  l,egliorri,On)»seto, 
Arezzo,  and  Siena.  It  correaiionils  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Etrurla(Bee  Blruria).  It  was  ruled  by  tho  Konnina,  Goths, 
Byzantine  Greeks.  Lombards,  and  {•'ranks,  and  after  the 


1015 

Frankish  conquest  constituted  a  margravate.  The  cele- 
brated countess  Matilda,  who  reigned  from  1076  to  1115, 
bequeathed  her  dominions  to  the  popes.  Their  possession, 
however,  was  contested  l)y  the  emperoreof  Germany,  and 
in  the  meanwhile  Tuscany  became  completely  disinte- 
grated, various  independent  repuldics  in  aildition  to  Pisa 
(Florence,  Lucca.  .Siena,  etc.)  rising  to  pi-umiiience.  Flor- 
ence ultimately  absorbed  the  other  republics,  and  in  15<!9 
her  dominions  were  erected  into  the  grand  duchy  of 
Tuscany,  under  the  house  of  Medici.  Tuscany  passed 
from  the  house  of  Medici  to  that  of  Lorraine  in  1737,  and 
became  an  Austrian  "secundogeniture"  ;  was  occupietl 
by  the  French  in  1791* ;  was  given  as  the  kingdom  of 
Etruria  to  the  house  of  Parma  in  1801;  was  taken  again 
by  the  French  in  18"7,  an<l  incorporated  with  France  in 
1SII8;  and  was  restored  to  the  Hapsburp-Lorraine  line  in 
1814.  There  were  revolutionary  troubles  in  1848-19.  The 
gRiud  duke  Leopold  II.  was  obliged  to  quit  the  country 
in  1859,  and  in  18(>0  Tuscany  was  antiexed  by  \'ictor 
Emmanuel.  Area  of  conipartiniento,  9.3(M  square  miles. 
Population  (1892),  2,288,747. 

Tuscarawas  (tus-ka-ra'was)  Ri'ver.  A  river  in 

northeastern  Ohio  which  unites  with  the  Mohi- 
can River  at  Coshocton  to  form  the  Muskingum. 
Length,  about  125  miles. 
Tuscarora(tus-ka-r6'ra).  [PI.,  also  Tiiscdrnras.'] 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  who  lived, 
when  first  known,  upon  the  Neuse  River  in  North 
Carolina,  in  1711  they  rose  against  the  colonists,  and 
after  several  years  of  warf:u"e  were  nearly  destroyed  ;  the 
remainder  subsequently  joined  the  Iroquois,  fonning  the 
si.xth  tribe  of  that  confederacy,  and  settling  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  Gneidas  in  New  York.  Their  name  means 
'  unwilling  to  be  with  others,'  probably  referring  to  their 
early  separation  from  the  other  Iroquois.  They  number 
now  about  700,  about  equally  divided  between  New  York 
and  Ontario.      See  Iniiptovi, 

Tusculan  Disputations.  A  work  in  five  books 
by  Cicero,  dedicated  to  M.  Brutus,  consisting 
of  conversations  represented  as  taking  place  at 
Cicero's  estate  at  Tusculum. 

Tusculum  (tus'kii-lum).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  in  the  All>an 
Mountains,  13  miles  southeast  of  Rome,  near 
the  modem  Frascati.  Accordingtotradition  its  chief, 
Mamilius,  joined  Tarfju  ill  iusSuperbus  against  the  Romans. 
Later  it  was  allied  with  Konie.  Under  the  republic  and 
empire  it  contained  villas  of  many  Romans  (LncuUus,  Pom- 
pey.  Brutus,  and  Cicero).  It  was  destroyed  near  the  end  of 
the  12th  centui-y.  Its  ruins  contain  a  Roman  amphitheater 
and  a  theater.  The  interior  of  the  former  is  reticulated 
masonry ;  the  seats  are  supported  on  vaulting  of  brickwork. 
The  axes  of  the  outer  ellipse  are  230  and  171  feet;  of  the 
arena,  157  and  95  feet.  The  latter  is  in  excellent  preserva- 
tion. There  are  15  tiers  of  seats,  divided  by  radial  stair- 
ways into  4  cunei ;  there  are  three  main  entrances.  The 
orchestra  remains  perfect,  and  there  is  much  of  the  stage 
structure. 

Tuscmnbia  (tus-kum'bi-a).  The  capital  of  Col- 
bert County,  Alabama,  situated  near  the  Ten- 
nessee 5  miles  south  of  Florence.  Population 
(1900),  2,34.8. 

Tussaud's  (tii-s6z' ),  Madame,  Waxworks.   A 

collection  of  waxworks  representing  notable 
persons,  and  various  curiosities,  on  the  Maryle- 
bone  Road,  London,  near  Baker  street  station. 
It  was  established  by  Madame  Marie  Grosholtz  Tussaud,  a 
Swiss,  in  1802  :  she  died  in  18.">0.  She  learned  to  model  in 
Paris,  and  after  an  iinprisoiunent  during  the  Kevolutittn 
brought  her  collect  ion  toLondi'n.  Manyof  the  figures  now 
on  exhibition  were  modeled  by  her.  There  is  also  a  "Cham- 
ber of  HoiTors,"  with  casts,  relics,  etc.,  of  executed  crimi- 
nals. 

Tusser  (tus'er),  Thomas.  Bora  at  Rivenhall, 
Essex,  about  1527 :  died  at  London  about  April. 
1580.  An  English  poet.  Ho  was  a  chorister  of  St. 
Paul's;  stiulied  at  F.ton  and  at  King's  (^i  ill  ege,  Cambridge; 
spent  ten  years  at  court;  and  then  setfle»l  on  a  farm  in 
Suffolk.  He  wrote  ".\  Hundred  Good  Points  of  Gooil  Hus- 
bandry "(1557),  "Fivelluridred  Points  of  Good  Husbandry 
United  to  as  Many  of  Good  Wiferic"  (1573),  etc. 

Tuti'Tillus  (tu-ti-vil'us).  A  demon  who  was 
said  to  collect  all  the  fragments  of  words  wliich 
the  priests  Iia<l  skipp<'d  over  or  miitilatiMl  in  the 
performance  of  the  serricc,  and  to  carry  them 
to  hell.    IIiiJUiciU. 

Tuttlingen  (tut'ling-en).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situatedon  the  Dan- 
ube 29  miles  northwest  of  C(mstancc.  It  has 
manufactures  of  shoes,  knives,  surgical  Instruments,  etc. 
Here,  ltM3,  the  Imperialists  and  Itavarians  <lefeated  tho 
French.     Population  (1890),  »,78ii. 

Tutuila,  The  third  in  importance  of  tho  Sa- 
nioan  Islands.  It  contains  tho  harbor  of  Pango- 
Pango.  It  belongs  to  the  Unileil  .Stales. 
Length,  17  miles.     Area,  5.5  square  miles. 

Tuxedo  (tnk-se'do)  Club.  A  fashionable  club, 
having  its  house  at  Tuxedo  Park,  New  York, 
and  a  meiiitiershi])  of  4(10  non-residents. 

Tuxedo  Park  (tuk-se'do  juirk).  A  fasliionable 
sottlrTiieiil  ill  ( )range  County,  New  York,  35 
miles  norlh-iiortbwesi  of  New  York  city. 

Tuz,  or  Tus,  or  ToOS  (tdz).  The  medieval  ca|)i- 
tal  of  Khorasan,  Persia.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  l'''inlnusi. 

Trashtri  (twash'tri).  rSkt.,  'the  Shaper,'  from 
yf  ti(iksh,v!ork,  hew,  fashion.]  lu  the  later  Hindu 


Twiggs 

mythology,  one  of  the  Adityas,  but  in  the  Bigf 
veda  the  Hephaestus  or  Vulcan  of  the  Indian 
pantheon,  the  ideal  artist,  the  divine  artisan. 
He  sharpens  the  iron  ax  of  Brahmanaspati  and  forges  the 
thundernolts  of  Indra,  which  are  golden,  or  of  iron  with 
a  thousand  points  and  a  hundred  edges.  He  bestows  off- 
spring and  forms  husband  and  wife  for  each  other,  even 
from  the  womb.  All  worlds  or  beings  are  his.  He  is  in 
several  passages  connected  w  ith  the  Ribhus,  who.  like  him, 
are  skilful  workmen.  His  daughter  is  Saranyu,  whom  h6 
gives  in  marriage  to  Vivasvant,  and  to  w  horn  she  bears  the 
.Ashvins,  and  Yama  and  Vami,  the  primeval  pair. 

Tver  (tvar).  1.  A  government  of  Russia,  sur- 
rounded by  tho  governments  of  Novgorod, 
Yaroslav,  Vladimir,  Moscow,  Smolensk,  and 
PskofP.  Area,  2.5,225  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 1,791,000.-2.  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
meut  of  Tver,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the 
Volga,  at  its  junction  with  the  Tvertsa,  about 
lat.  56°  50'  N.,  long.  36°  E.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  goods,  etc..  and  considerable  trade.  Formerly 
it  was  the  capital  of  an  independent  principaUty.  Popu- 
lation (ls91),  40,962. 

Tver,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  principal- 
ity in  northern  central  Russia  in  the  13th-15th 
centuries.  It  was  annexed  by  Ivan  IH.  of  Mos- 
cow in  1482. 

Twain,  Mark.    See  Clemens. 

Tweed  (twed).  A  river  in  Scotland  and  on  the 
bimndary  between  Scotland  and  England,  it 
rises  in  Peeblesshire ;  traverses  Peebles,  Selkirk,  and 
Roxburgh  ;  forms  the  boundary  between  Berwick  and 
Northumberland  ;  and  enters  the  North  Sea  at  Berwick. 
Among  its  tributaries  are  the  Ettrick,  Teviot,  Till,  Gala, 
Lea<ler.  Eden,  Leet,  and  Whiteadder.  On  it  are  Peebles, 
Abbotsford,  Melrose,  Oryburgh  Abbey,  Kelso,  Norbam 
Castle,  etc.     Lengtli,  97  inile.s. 

Tweed,  William  Marcy.  Bom  at  New  York, 
April  3,  1823:  died  there,  Api-il  12,  1878.  A 
Democratic  politician  and  notorious  criminal. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  chair-maker,  and  learned  his  father's 
trade.  In  1852  he  became  an  alderman ;  served  in  Con- 
gress 1853-55  ;  was  chairman  of  the  board  of  supervisors 
of  New  York  city  18.'>rt,  and  school  commissioner  1850-57; 
was  State  senatorl867-71  (reelected  in  the  latter  year); 
and  was  apjjointed  commissioner  of  public  works  for  the 
city  in  1870.  He  became  chairman  of  the  general  com- 
mittee of  Tammany  Hall  and  grand  sachem  in  18«3.  A» 
the  head  of  a  group  of  intluential  politicians  (Connolly, 
Sweeny,  Hall,  and  others),  known  as  the  "Tweed  Ring," 
he  succeeded  in  getting  control  of  the  financial  affairs  of 
the  city,  and  in  robbing  it  of  many  millions  of  dollars.  He 
was  arrested  in  a  civil  suit  Oct.  28,  IbTl,  and  in  a  erintinal 
action  in  December;  was  tried  in  Jan.,  1873,  ami,  the 
jury  disagreeing,  was  again  tried  in  November  ami  sen. 
tenced  to  12  years'  imprisonnient ;  was  released  on  legal 
technicalities  in  1875,  but  was  committed  to  Ludlow  street 
jail  in  default  of  bail  in  civil  suits;  escaped  and  fle4l  to 
Spain  ;  was  arrested  by  the  Spanish  authorities  and  re- 
turned to  the  United  States;  and  was  recommitted  to 
Ludlow  street  jail,  where  he  died. 

Tweed  Ring.     See  Tirrcd.  WiUiam  Marri/. 
Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee.    A  phrase  in  a 

satirical  squib  by  BjTom  (1092-17(53)  alluding 
to  the  differences   between  the  adherents  of 
Handel  and  of  Buononcini.     See  Handel. 
Twelfth  Night,  or  What  You  Will.    A  com- 

edvbv  Shakspere,  first  acted  in  1002  aud  printed 
in  1023. 

The  critics  all  agree  that  some  outlines  of  the  serloua 
portion  of  "  Twelfth  Night  "  were  drawn,  directly  or  In- 
directly, from  theltalian  of  Bandello.  Several  Intermedi. 
ate  soiu*ce8  have  been  pointe-d  out.  to  which  the  poet  niav 
liave  gone  ;  and  among  them  the  English  of  Barnabe  Klen 
and  tlie  French  of  Belleforest,  either  ttf  u  hich  might  well 
enough  have  been  the  true  one.  Besides  these,  two  Ita|. 
ian  plays  have  lately  been  discovered,  sevenilly  entitled 
"Gl  Inganni"  and  "GF  Ingannati."  Itoth  also  founded 
upon  Uandello,  though  ilillering  considerably  from  each 
other.  Uudion,  Int.  U>  Twelfth  NighU 

Twelve  Tables.  The  tables  on  which  were  en- 
graved and  promulgated  in  Rome  (4.51  and  450 
B.  C.)  short  statenuMits  of  those  rules  of  Roman 
law  which  were  most  important  in  the  affairs  of 
daily  life.  They  were  tlrawn  up,  in  large  part.  It  Bcems, 
froin'the  existing  law,  and  in  part  as  new  legislation,  by 
the  decemvirs,  and  hence  were  at  first  called  "the  laws 
of  tho  decemvirs.  "  Ten  were  first  promulgated,  and  two 
were  soon  added.  They  formed  thereafter  tlie  princl|)al 
basis  or  8t)uree  of  the  Ronuui  jurisprudence. 

Twenty-four  Parganas  (luir-gii'niiz).  A  dis- 
lri<'t  in  Bengal,  Biilish  India,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Calcutta.  Area,  2,124  sciuaro  miles. 
Poimhitiou  (ISSl),  1,809,8,59,  excluding  Cal- 
cutta. 

Twenty  Years  After.    Si'o  ringt  Atm  Ai>rdg. 

Twice-Told  Tales.  -V  eolle<>tion  of  stones  by 
HnwUiniii,..  pllllli^lled  in  18:!7.  A  second  series 
uiidii-  the  snnie  title  was  |iiiblislied  in  1842. 

T'Wickenham  (twik'n-am).  A  town  in  Middle- 
sex. Kiiglaiid,  situated  on  the  Thames  II  miles 
west-southwest  of  London.  Its  manor  belongs  to 
the  crown.  It  contains  mnnv  villas,  ami  was  once  the  real- 
dene-  of  .VIeiander  Pope.      P.ilnilatioii  (ISftlX  lfl,02«. 

Twigest  twig/.).  David  Emanuel.  l*<irn  in  Rich- 
mond County,  tia.,  17911:  died  at  Augusta,  Ga., 
Sept.  15, 1802.   An  American  general.   Hcsenrcd 


Twiggs 

In  the  War  of  1812  and  in  the  Mexican  war,  becoming 
brigade  and  division  cuminaiuler  under  Scott  in  1847.  As 
commander  of  the  department  of  Texas,  he  surrendered 
his  army,  stores,  etc.,  to  the  Confederate  gencnil  McCul- 
loch,  Feb.,  IStil.  He  was  thtreupon  dismissed  from  the 
United  States  service,  and  was  appointed  a  Confederate 
m;tJor  t-'eneral.     He  commanded  for  a  time  in  Louisiana. 

Twightwees.     See  Miami, 

Twin  Rivals,  The.  A  play  by  Farquhar,  pro- 
diieod  iu  1701.*. 

Twist,  Oliver.    See  Oliver  Ticist 

Twitcher  (tTvioh'er),  Jemmy.  A  treacherous 
hiirliwayman  in  Gay's  ^'Beg^car's  Opera."  The 
nickname  was  given  to  Lord  Sandwich  by  the  newspapers 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century  on  a'ccount  of  certain 
irregularities  of  conduct. 

Two  Admirals,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lisheil  in  ISiH. 

Two  Drovers,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Seott, 
one  of  the  • '  Chronicles  of  the  Canongate,"  pub- 
lished in  1827. 

Two  Foscari  (fos'ka-re),  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Lord  Byron. 

Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  The.    A  comedy 

by  Shaksjjere  (the  date  of  prodiietiou  is  uueer- 
taln:  vai-iously  stated  to  be  1591  and  1595), 
printed  in  1623.  Fleay  thinks  the  play  was  produced  in 
1591  with  work  by  a  different  hand  in  it,  which  was  cut 
out  and  replaced  by  Shakspere's  own  in  150.5.  Parts  of 
the  story  are  identic:^]  with  that  of  the  shepherdess  Filis- 
mena  in  Montemayor's  "Diana,"  translated  in  manuscript 
by  Young  about  15S3,  and  with  BandeUo'3  'ApoUonius 
and  Sylla." 

Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  The.  A  play  produced 
in  1625  and  published  iu  1634-  as  by  Fletcher  and 
Shakspere.  It  is  not  now  supposed  that  Shakspere 
had  any  hand  in  it,  but  Massinger  and  Rowley  ai-e  thought 
to  have  worked  with  Fletcher.  Fleay  suggests  Beaumont 
with  Fletcher.     The  story  is  that  of  Palanion  and  Arcite. 

Two  Sicilies  (sis'i-liz),  Kingdom  of  the.    The 

unitedkingdomof  Sicily  and  southern  Italy.  The 
latter,  when  separate,  is  called  Sicily  on  this  side  the 
Faro  (or  Capo  ^el  Faro,  the  northeastern  proniontorj-  of 
Sicily),  or  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The  kingdom  com- 
prised (besides  the  island  of  Sicily),  Abruzzi  and  Molise, 
Apulia,  Campania.  Basilicata,  and  Calabria.  The  princi- 
pal periods  of  union  have  been  the  12th  and  I3th  centuries 
(under  the  Normans,  Hohenstaufens,  and  Charles  of  An- 
jou),  150S-1713, 1713-1806,  and  1815-60.  Naples  was  under 
Joseph  Bonaparte  1806-08,  and  under  Murat  1808-15.  See 
further  under  Siciltj. 
Two  Years  Ago.  A  novel  by  Kingsley,  pub- 
lished in  1857. 

Two  Years  Before  the  Mast.  A  narrative  of 
sea  adventure,  hy  Richard  Henry  Dana,  Jr., 
published  in  1840. 

Tyana  (ti'a-na).  [Gr.  Tiava.l  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Cappadocia,  Asia  Miuor.  its 
ruins  are  near  the  modem  Kilissa-Hissar,  75  miles  northwest 
of  Adana.   It  was  the  birthplace  of  ApoUonius  (of  Tyana). 

Tybalt  (tib'alt).  The  nephew  of  Lady  Capulet 
in  ishakspere's  "Romeo  and  Juliet." 

Tybee  (ti-be').  An  island  at  the  entrance  to 
the  Savannah  River,  Georgia.  On  it  were  placed 
Gilmore's  batteries  which  reduced  the  Confederate  fort 
Pulaski,  April,  1862.    Length,  6  miles. 

Tybee  Koads.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  near 
Savannah. 

Tyburn  (ti'bem).  In  old  London,  a  tributary 
of  the  Thames  -which  rose  in  the  claj'-beds  at  the 
foot  of  the  Hampstead  Hills,  it  went  through 
Regent's  Park,  crossing  Oxford  street  at  Sussex  Court, 
then  to  Green  Park,  through  Buckingham  Palace  gardens, 
and  through  St.  James's  Park,  to  Thomey,  Westminster. 
The  manor  at  Tybourne,  wliich  took  its  name  from  this, 
adjoined  tliat  of  ilarylebone.  Therewasaplaceof  execu- 
tion on  the  Tyburn  near  what  is  now  the  Marble  Arch. 
Hyde  Park.  '*  Tyburn  Tree  "  was  the  public  gallows  till 
the  executions  were  transferred  to  Newgate  in  17S3. 

Tyburnia  (ti-ber'ni-a).  A  fashionable  quarter 
of  London,  north  of  Hyde  Park:  named  from 
the  former  Tybum. 

Tyche  (tl'ke).  [Gr.  Tt^t;?,  a  personification  of 
good  fortune.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  fortune,  a  divinity  whose  protection  was 
believed  to  assure  prosperity,  wealth,  and  good 
luck:  often  in  the  form  Agathe  Tyche  (Good 
Fortune). 

Tycho  Brahe.    See  Brahe. 

Tydides  ( t  i-di' dez) .  A  patronymic  of  Diomedes, 
the  son  of  Tydeus. 

Tj'ldesley  (tildz'li)  (with  Shakerley).  A  town  in 
ij;uK*ashire,  England,  10  miles  west-northwest 
of  Manchester.   Population  (1891),  12,891. 

Tyler  (tl'ler).  The  capital  of  Smith  County, 
Texas,  115  miles  east  bv  south  of  Fort  Worth. 
Population  (1900),  8,069. 

Tyler,  John.  Born  at  Greenway,  Charles  City 
Coimtv,  Va.,  March  29, 1790 :  died  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  Jan.  18,  1862.  The  tenth  President  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  educated  at  William  and  Marj- 
Collie ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  ISCtO  ;  was  niemlter  of 
the  Virginia  legislature  1811-16 ;  volunteered  for  the  de- 
fense of  Richmond  in  1S13;  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Vii^inia  1816-21 ;  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  1823-25 ; 
was  governor  of  Virginia  1825-27:  and  was  United  States 
eenator  from  Virginia  1827-36.    He  opposed  the  tariff,  the 


1016 

bank,  and  the  Force  Bill:  and  resigned  in  Feb..  1836,  from 
unwillingness  to  obey  instructions  of  the  Virginia  legisla- 
ture to  vote  for  the  "expunging  resolution  "(which  see). 
He  received  47  electoral  votes  in  183G  as  candidate  of  the 
"State-rights  Whigs  "for  Vice- President;  was  reelected  to 
the  Virginia  legislature  in  1S3S;  and  was  nominated  by 
the  Whigs  as  candidate  for  Vice-President  in  Dec,  1S39, 
and  elected  in  1S40.  By  the  death  of  President  Harrison, 
he  became  President  April  4.  1841.  Among  the  leading 
events  of  his  administration  were  the  quarrel  with  the 
Whig  leaders;  the  veto  of  the  fiscal  bank  bills  in  1841, 
notwithstanding  the  resignation  of  nearly  all  the  cabinet 
in  Sept.,  1S41 ;  veto  of  the  protective  bill  in  1842;  the 
Ashburton  treaty;  and  the  annexation  of  Texas.  He  was 
nominated  for  President  by  a  Democratic  convention  in 
1844,  but  soon  withdrew.  He  was  made  peace  commis- 
sioner by  President  Buchanan  in  1S61 ;  was  president  of  the 
peace  convention  in  Feb.,  1861 ;  favored  secession  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  andbecameamemberoftheConfederate provisional 
congress. 

Tyler,  Moses  Coit.  Born  Auic-  '-*,  1835:  died 
Dec.  28,  1900.  An  American  scholar,  professor 
of  English  at  the  University  of  Michigan  1867- 
1881,  and  of  American  history  at  Cornell  from 
1881.  Among  his  works  are  "Histf)r>'  of  American  Lit- 
erature "(1878),  "A Manual  of  English  Literature"  (1879), 
"  Life  of  Patrick  Henr>'  "(1S87). 

Tyler,  Wat  (Walter  the  Tyler).  Killedat  Smith- 
fiekl,  June  15,  1381.  The  leader  of  a  revolt  of 
peasants  of  England  in  1381.  He  is  said  to  have 
killed  a  tax-gatherer  who  insulted  his  daughter,  and  with 
Jack  Straw  to  have  led  the  men  of  Kent  and  Essex  to  Lon- 
don. While  treating  with  Richard  LI.  at  Smitlifield,  he 
was  killed  by  Lord  Mayor  Wahvurth, 

Tylor  (ti'lor),  Edward  Burnett.  Born  at  Cam- 
berwell.  Oct.  2,  is3i!.  A  noted  English  anthro- 
pologist. He  was  educated  at  the  Friends'  School, 
Grove  House,  Tottenham  ;  undertook  vrith  Henry  Christy 
a  scientific  journey  through  Mexico  in  1856 ;  was  appointed 
KfeperoUheOxfordUniversityMuseuminl883,andreader 
(1883) and  professor  (1896)in  anthropology';  was  nominated 
Ciitford  lecturer  at  Aberdeen  in  1888;  and  was  president  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute  1S91-92.  His  works  include 
"Anahuac,  or  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans"  (1861),  "Re- 
searches into  the  History  of  Mankind  "  (1865),  "  Primitive 
Culture"  (1871),  and  "Anthropology"  (18811. 

Tyndale,  or  Tindale  (tin'dal),  William.  Born 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  about  1484:  exe- 
cutedat  Vilvorde, near  Brussels, Oct.6.1536.  An 
English  reformer,  and  translator  of  the  Bible. 
He  studied  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  was  ordained  priest 
about  1521;  and  was  for  a  time  chaplain  and  domestic  tutor 
in  thefamily  of  SirJohn  Walsh,  Little  Sodbur>'.  Gloucester- 
shire. Having  exposed  himself  to  persecution  on  account 
of  his  professions  of  sympathy  with  the  new  learning,  he 
left  England  for  the  Continent  in  1524,  and  altera  visit  to 
Luther  at  Wittenberg  settled  at  Cologne,  whence,  however, 
he  was  presently  expelled.  He  took  refuge  in  Worms, 
where  he  published  his  octavo  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  1526.  His  translation  of  the  Pentateuch  appeared 
at  Marburg  in  1530.  His  movements  between  1526  and  1530 
are  uncertain ;  after  1530  he  lived  chiefly  at  Antwerp.  He 
was  arrested  at  the  instance  of  Henry  VIII.,  May  24,  1535 ; 
was  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Vilvorde,  near  Brussels; 
and  after  a  protracted  trial  for  heresy  was  strangled,  Oct. 
6,  1536.  his  body  being  burned  at  the  stake.  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Parable  of  the  Wicked  Mammon  "(1527), 
"Obedience  of  a  Christian  Man"  (1528),  and  "Practice  of 
Prelates  "(1530). 

Tyndall  (tin'dal),  John.  Bom  at  Leighlin 
Bridge,  Ireland.'  Aug.  21,  1820:  died  at  Hasle- 
mere,  Surrey,  England,  Dec.  4,  1893.  A  distin- 
guished British  physicist.  Having  been  educated 
partly  at  bome,  partly  at  a  school  near  his  native  town  of 
Leighlin  Bridge,  he  entered  the  employment  of  a  firm 
of  engineers  in  1844.  He  was  teacher  at  Queenwood  Col- 
lege, Hants,  1847-18  ;  studied  at  the  University  r.f  Marburg 
1848-51 ;  was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1852 ; 
became  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution of  London  in  1853 ;  explored  with  Huxley  the 
glaciers  of  Switzerland  in  185C,  thus  beginning  a  study  to 
which  he  afterward  devoted  much  attention  ;  climbed  the 
Weisshorn  in  18t)l ;  scak-d  the  Matterhorn  in  l>>t>8  ;  visited 
Algeria  in  1870 ;  and  lectured  in  the  United  Statt-s  in  1872. 
He  was  especially  noted  for  his  investigations  in  electricity 
and  magnetism,  radiant  heat,  light,  acoustics,  and  glaciers. 
He  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  the  doctrine  of  materialism, 
which  he  upheld  in  an  address  delivered  while  presiding 
over  a  meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Belfast  in 
1874.  His  works  are  "Faraday  as  a  Discoverer"  (1S68). 
"Researches  on  Diamagnetism  and  Magne-Crj-stallic  Ac- 
tion "  (1870),  "  Xotes  of  a  Course  of  Nine  Lectures  on  Light 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution,  1S69"(1870\  "  Notes  of 
a  Course  of  Seven  Lectures  on  Electrical  Phenomena  de- 
livered at  the  Royal  Institution,  1870 "(1870),  "Essays  on 
the  Imagination  in  Science  "  (1870),  "  Hours  of  Exercise  in 
the  Alps '' (1871).  "Fragments  of  Science  for  ir^nscientific 
People "(1871),  "Contributions  to  Molecular  Physics  in  the 
Domain  of  Radiant  Heat:  a  Series  of  Memoirs"  (1S72), 
"The  Forms  of  Water  in  Clouds  and  Rivers,  Ice  and  Gla- 
ciei-s"(1872).  "Six  Lectures  on  Light,  delivered  in  America, 
1872-73"  (1873),  "Address  delivered  before  the  British  As- 
sociation assembled  at  Belfast:  with  Additions "(1874), 
"On  the  Transmission  of  Sound  by  the  Atmosphere  "(1874), 
"Lessons  in  Electricity  at  the  Royal  Institution.  1875-76" 
(187«),  "Fermentation"  (1877),  "Essays  on  the  Floating 
Matter  of  the  Air  in  Relation  to  Putrefaction  and  Infec- 
tion "  (1881), "  Free  Molecules  and  Radiant  Heat  "  ("Philo- 
sophical Transactions  ":  1882), "  Fragments  of  Science  "  and 
"New  Fragments "(1892),  etc. 

Tyndall,  Mount.  A  mountain  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada. California, aboutlat.  36°39'N.  Height, 

about  14.3>i6  feet. 
Tyndarides  (tin-dar'i-dez).      Patronymic  of 
Castor,  Polydeuces,  and  Helena,  children  of 
Tyndareus . 


Tyrol 

Tyne  (tin).  A  river  in  northern  England,  it 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  Tyne  and  South 
Tyne,  which  unite  near  Hexham  after  traversing  North- 
umberland ;  flows  eastward  past  Newcastle  ;  fonns  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Northumberland  and  Durham  ;  and 
empties  into  the  North  Sea  at  I>'nemouth.  Length,  about 
80  miles ;  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Newcastle^  and  for 
small  vessels  to  Blaydou. 

Tynemouth (tin'muth ortin'muth).  Aborough 
in  Ni)rthumberland,  England,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tyne  in  lat.  55°  1'  X.,  long.  1°  25' 
W.  It  comprises  the  wards  of  Tynemouth,  North  Shields, 
and  Percy.  It  is  a  watering-place  and  seaport,  and  has 
ship-building,  fisheries,  manufactures  of  ropes  and  sails, 
etc.  Its  priory  was  founde<l  in  the  7th  centurj-,  and  has 
several  times  been  rebuilt.     Population  tl!:'(H),  51,514. 

Tyner  (ti'ner),  James  Noble.    Born  at  Brook- 

ville,  Ind.,  Jan.  17.  l.Si!6.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Republican  United  States  senator  from 
Indiana  1869-75;  postmaster-general  1876-77;  first  assist- 
ant postmaster-general  1877-81;  and  assistant  attorney- 
general  1889-93,  1891-. 

Tynewald,  or  Tinewald  (tin'wold).  The  par- 
liament or  legialature  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  consists 
ingofthe  governor  and  council,  constituting  the 
upper  house,  and  the  House  of  Keys,  or  lower 
house.  It  is  indeiKiuient  of  the  British  Parliament,  its 
acts  requiring  i'nl\  thf  ;iss>'iit  of  the  sovereign  iu  counciL 

Tyng  (ting),  Stephen  Higginson.  Bom  at  New- 
bury port,  Mass.,  March  1,  ISOO:  died  at  Ir\ing- 
ton,  N.Y.,  Sept.  4, 1885.  AFrotestanl  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  author:  rector  of  St.  George's 
Chiu-eh,  New  York  city,  1844-78,  when  he  re- 
tired as  pastor  emeritus.  He  published  several  vol- 
umes of  sermons,  "Recollections  of  England"  (1847), 
"Forty  Years' Experience  in  Sunday-Schools "(lS6ft),  "The 
Prayer- Book  Illustrated  by  Scripture  "  (1863-67),  etc. 

Typhon  (ti'fon).  [Gr.  Ti'^awr.J  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  son  of  Typhoeus,  and  the  father  of 
the  winds:  later  confused  with  Typhos  or  Ty- 
phoeus.—  2.  In  Egyptian  mythology:  see -Sef. 

TSX  (tir).  [ON.  Tijr.']  In  Northern  mythology, 
the  god  of  war  and  victory,  son  of  Odin.  He  is 
the  same  as  the  Anglo-Saxon  Tiw.  He  is  represented  with 
one  hand,  the  other  having  been  bitten  off  by  the  wolf 
Fenris,  in  whose  mouth  he  had  placed  it  as  a  pledge. 

Tyrannic  Love,  or  the  Royal  Martyr.     A 

tragedy  by  Dryden.  produced  in  1668  or  1669, 
printed  in  1670. 

Tyras  (ti'ras).  The  ancient  name  of  the  river 
Dniester. 

l^e(tir).  [L.T^r»5,Gr.T(yjor,fromPhen.(Heb.) 
Tsor  (gor,  modern  ^ur),  rock.]  Next  to  Sidon, 
the  oldest  and  most  important  city  of  Phenicia. 
It  consisted  of  a  town  on  the  mainland,  which  was  the 
oldest  part  (Paltetyrus),  and  two  rocky  islands  directly  op- 
posite Palsetyrus.  These  islands  originally  contained  only 
the  temple  of  Melkarth  and  warehouses.  In  the  13th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  they  were  more  settled,  and  they  were  united 
by  Hiram,  the  contemporarj-  of  Solomon,  by  an  embank- 
ment. In  the  11th  century  B.  c.  Tyre  began. under  its  first 
king,  Abibaal.  father  of  Hiram,  to  rival  its  mother  city  Sidon, 
and  soon  supplanted  it  as  queen  of  tbe  Phenician  cities. 
Of  its  niagniticence  and  luxury  the  prophet  Ezekiel  gives 
a  detailed  and  graphic  description.  It  established  colo- 
nies in  Sicily,  Sardinia,  Spain,  Africa  (Carthage),  and  sent 
out  mercantile  fleets  to  India  and  Brittany.  Inder  Hiram 
Tyre  reached  the  height  of  its  prosperity  and  splendor.  It 
then  came  into  close  friendly  relations  with  Israel.  Later, 
Ahab,  king  of  Israel,  married  Jezebel,  daughter  of  Eth- 
baal,  whose  great-granddaughter  Elissa  (Dido)  is  said  to 
have  founded  Carthage.  Tyre  was  often  the  aim  of  at- 
tacks by  Eastern  rulers.  It  liecame  tributarv  to  Assyria 
under  Tiglath-Pileser  in.  (745-727  B.  C).  Shalmaneser 
IV.  (727-722)  besieged  it  for  five  years,  apparently  without 
success.  I'nder  >"ebuchadnezzar  it  stc>od  a  siege  of  13 
years  (5S5-572).  Later  it  came  under  Persian  supremacy. 
Alexauiler  the  Great  reduced  the  city  after  a  siege  of  nine 
months,  though  he  did  not  completely  destroy  it.  From 
this  blow  Tyre  never  fully  recovered,  but  continued  to 
flourish  in  a  quiet  manner  tlirough  its  manufactures  of 
metal-work,  fine  textiles,  and  purple  dye.  In  the  Roman 
period  TjTe  was  still  a  prosperous  city,  and  it  retained 
some  importance  down  to  the  middle  ages.  During  the 
Crusades  it  often  changed  hands  between  the  Cliristians 
and  the  Mohammedans,  and  was  repeatedly  destroyed. 
The  modern  Cur  is  an  unimportant  town  under  the  gov- 
enmient  of  Beirut,  with  about  5,iiOO  inhabitants. 

Tyrian  Cynosure.  The  constellation  Ursa 
Minor,  anciently  called  the  Cynosure,  which 
served  as  a  guide  to  the  Tyrians  in  their  long 
voyages. 

Tyrol  (tir'ol;  G.  pron.  te-rol'),  or  Tirol,  some- 
times the  Tyrol,  It.  Tirolo  (te-ro'lo).    A 

county  in  Austria-Hungary  which  forms  with 
Vorarlberg  a  crownland  in  the  Cisleithan  di- 
\nsion  of  the  Austrian  empire.  Capital,  Inns- 
bruck. Tyrol  itself  is  bounded  by  Vorarlberg,  Bavaria, 
Salzburg,  C;irinthia,  Italy,  and  Switzerland.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Alps,  and  contains  the  upper  valleys  of  the  Lech, 
Adige,  and  Drave,  and  the  middle  valleyof  thelnn.  Among 
its  chief  products  are  dairy  products,  fruits,  and  wine  (in 
South  Tyrol).  It  has  mines  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  cop- 
per, etc.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic  ;  most 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  but  there  are  also  about 
15,fHX)  Ladins,  and  in  South  Tyrol  over  one  third  of  the 
population  is  Italian.  It  has  '^l  representatives  in  the 
Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  68  members  in  its  Landtag.  Tyrol 
was  part  of  the  ancient  Rhjetia  and  Noricum  under  the 
Roman  Empire,  and  later  in  great  part  a  portion  of  B^ 
varia.  It  belonged  to  the  empii-e  of  Charles  the  Great,  and 


Tyrol 

later  to  the  duchy  of  Bavaria.  The  counts  of  Tyrol  ex- 
tended their  power  from  the  neighborhood  of  Mcran  in 
the  middle  ages,  and  became  paramount  in  the  eountr>'. 
Tyrol  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in  130;i,  and  was 
granted  by  Napoleon  to  Bavaria  in  ISil.'i.  In  lsov>occurred 
an  insurrection  against  the  French  and  Bavarian  rule. 
Parts  of  Tyi-ol  were  ceded  to  France  in  ISOD-IO.  It  was 
recovered  by  Austria  in  1H14.  Area,  with  Vorarlberg, 
11,32<  si|uare  miles.     Population  (IHDO),  i)2«,769. 

Tyrol,  Welsch.  That  purt  of  Tyrol  not  iiiliab- 
iteil  prinoipally  by  Oei-iiiaii-spcakiug  people ; 
specifically,  South  Tyrol,  inhabited  principally 
by  Italians. 

Tyrone  (ti-run').  A  county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
liiiiiiuled  by  Donegal,  Londonderry,  Lough 
Xeaiih,  Armagh,  Moiiaghan,  and  Fermanagh. 
Capital,  Omagh.  The  siii-faco  is  generally 
liiliv.  Area,  I,'JGO  square  miles.  Population 
(isi'll),  171,278. 

Tyrone,  Earl  of.    See  O'Keil,  Hugh. 

Tyropoeon  (tir-o-pe'on).  [Gr.  tuv  tvpottoiwv,  of 
the  cheese-makers.]  A  valley  at  Jerusalem. 
See  the  extract. 

The  Pool  of  Siloamlies  on  the  opposite  side  of  this  ridge, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  valley  called  that  of  the  Cheesemak- 
ers  Ciyropoeon)  in  the  time  of  Josephus,  but  which  is  now 
filled  up  with  rutibish,  and  in  large  part  built  over. 

Sai/ce,  Ane.  Monuments,  p.  It8. 

Tyrrhenians  (ti-ro'ni-anz).     A  name  given  by 

the  Greeks  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Etruria. 

Tjrrrhenian  Sea,  or  Inferum  Mare  (in'fe-rum 

mii're).     In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  which  lies  west  of  Italy. 
Tyrtseus  (ter-te'us).    [Gr.  Tip-n/of.]    Lived  in 


1017 

the  middle  of  the  7th  centuir  B.  c.  A  famous 
elegiac  poet  of  Sparta,  said  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Attica.  According  to  a  (doubtless  un- 
founded) tradition,  the  Spartans  who  were  at  war  with 
the  Messenians  were  commanded  by  the  oracle  to  take  a 
leader  from  among  the  Athenians.  The  latter,  not  wish- 
ing to  aid  the  Spartans,  sent  Tyrtajus,  a  lame  schoolmaster 
of  no  reputation  ;  but  by  his  songs  he  so  inspired  his  fol- 
l()wers  that  they  obUiined  the  victory.  Fragments  of  his 
poems  are  extant. 

TyniS  (ti'rus).     The  Latin  name  of  Tvre. 

Tyrwhitt  (ter'itt.  Thomas,  Bom  at"Loiidon, 
March  L>0.  17:J0:  ilied  at  London.  Aug.  1'),  1786, 
An  English  critic.  He  studieil  at  Oxford,  and  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  Merton  in  17.*>5.  but  in  17tJ2  abandoned 
his  academic  career  in  order  to  become  clerk  of  tlie  House 
of  Commons.  He  resigned  his  clerkship  in  17t!8.  and  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  "Observations  on 
Some  Passages  of  Shakespeare"  (17till),  and  prepared  ex- 
cellent editions  of  Chaucer  s  'Canterbury  Tales  "(1776-7S) 
and  Aristotle's  "  Poetics  "  (1704).  He  is  ehielly  known  as 
the  original  editor  of  "  RowU-y'.sPuems,"  which  he  denion- 
stratiil  were  written  bv  i'luitti-rt.>n. 

Tytler  (tit'ler),  Alexander  Fraser,  Lord 
Woodhouselee.  Born  at  EtUnburgh,  Oct.  1,5, 
1747:  died  there,  .Tan,  5,  1813.  A  Scottish  his 
torical  and  general  writer,  son  of  \Villiain  Tytler 
(.juilge-advoc.i  to  of  Scotland).  Among  bis  works  are 
"Elements  of  l General  History"  (1801:  first  jmblished  as 
"Outlines"17?>L!),livesof  Lord  Kiimes(lh07)aiHl  of  Petrarch 
(1810),  "  I'.ssay  on  the  Principles  of  Translation  "  (17'.il). 

Tytler,  C.  C,  Fraser,  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
(_'hrisliiia  t'alhcrine  Fraser  Tvtlcr  IJiddell. 

Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser.    B'irn  at  Edinburgh, 

Aug.  30, 17!»1  :  died  at  Great  Malvern,  England, 
Dec.  L'4,  1849.     A  Scottish  historian,  -son  of  A. 


Tzum^ 

F.  Tytler.  His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of  Scotland " 
(9  vols.  1828-43).  Among  his  other  works  are  lives  of 
Admirable  Crichton,  Wyclif,  RiUeigh.  and  Henry  VIII.. 
"Lives  of  Scottish  Worthies"  11831-33),  and  '  Progress  of 
Discovery  on  the  Northern  Coasts  of  America  "  (1832). 

Tytler,  Sarah,    The  pseudonym  of  Henrietta 

Keddie. 
Tsrtler,  William.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Oct,  12, 
1711:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  12,  1792.  A 
Seottisli  historical  and  anti(|uarian  writer.  His 
chief  work  is  "An  Ini|Uir),  Historical  and  Critical,  into 
the  Evidence  against  Mary  Ijneen  of  .Sc.its  "  (171.01. 

Tyumen,  or  Tinmen  (tyo-meny').  A  town  Di 
the  government  of  Tobolsk,  West  Siberia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tura  about  140  miles  southwest 
of  Tobolsk.  It  has  important  commerce  through  the 
Obi  river-system;  is  the  terminus  of  a  railway  from 
Yekaterinburg  ;  and  is  on  the  great  Siberian  highway.  It 
is  the  chief  manufaetin-ing  renter  in  Siberia:  among  its 
manufactures  are  leather  aiul  carpets. 

Tz.     For  Russian  words  in  T-,  see  Tn. 

Tzana,  or  Tsana  (tsii'nii),  or  Dembea  (dem'ba- 
ii).  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  interior  of  Abyssinia, 
intersected  by  lat.  12"=  X.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Blue  Nile.  Elevation  above  sea-level,  about 
:"),700  feet.     Length,  5.5  miles. 

Tzigane  (tse-gan').  La.  An  opera  by  Strauss, 
procluci'd  at  Paris  in  1877. 

Tzum6  (t/.o-ma'),  or  TsomS  (tz6-ma').  A  tra- 
ditional or  perhaps  mythical  hero  of  the  Tupi 
Indians  of  Brazil.  Some  of  the  missionary  au- 
thors of  the  17th  century  identified  him  with  St. 
Thomas. 


I^?^^S:^^^!I^ 


l^iiis^MW^'y^ 


For  an  explanation  of  Afri- 
can names  of  countries  and 
languages  beginning  with 
C,  see  African  names,  un- 
der Africa. 

Ualan.    See  strong  Island. 
Uarda  (o-ar'dii).    A  novel 
by  Ebers,  published  in  1877. 
The  scene  is  laid  chietlj'  in 
Egj-pt  at  the  time  of  the  reign  of  Rameses  II. 
Uaup6s(wa-o-pas').   A  river  of  southern  Colom- 
bia and  Brazil,  the  largest  affluent  of  the  Eio 
Negro.     Length  unknown  (probably  over  700 
miles).     Also  written  Vanpe:. 
Ubangi  (o-bang'ge),  or,  better,  Mobangi  (mo- 
bang'ge),  in  its  upper  course  Makua  (mii-ko'- 
a)  and  Welle  (wel'e).     The  chief  right-hand 
tributary  of  the  Kongo,  in  the  Kongo  Free  State. 
It  joins  the  Kongo  a  little  south  of  the  equator.  Its  length 
is  probably  about  1,500  mites. 
TJbara-tutu.     See  Otiartes. 

tJberweg  (ti'ber-veo),  orUeberweg,  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Leiehliugen,  Prussia,  Jan.  22, 1S26:  died 
at  Konigsberg,  June  9, 1871.  A  German  philos- 
opher, professor  at  Konigsberg  from  1867.  His 
chief  works  are  '"Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der  Philoso- 
phie"(  "Outline  of  the  Ilistory  of  Philosophy":  in  many 
editions,  the  first  1863-66),  and  "System  der  Logik  und 
Geschichte  der  logischen  Lehren"  (1857). 

Ubicini  (ii-be-se-ne'),  Jean  Henri  Abdolo- 
njrme.  Born  at  Issoudun,  France,  Oct.  20, 
1818:  died  at  Roehe-Corbon,  Oct.  8,  1884.  A 
French  publicist.  He  traveled  in  Italy,  Greece,  and 
the  Orient,  and  took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  Bukharest 
in  1848.  He  wrote  various  works  on  southeastern  Europe, 
including  "Lettres  sur  la  Turquie  "  (1847-51), "  La  question 
d'clricnt"(1854),  etc, 

TJbii  (ii'bi-i).  [L.  (Cresar)  Uhii,  Gr.  (Strabo) 
Oi'liim.']  A  German  people  first  mentioned  by 
CiEsar,  in  whose  time  they  were  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  north  of  the  Taunus 
region  to  the  Sieg.  Made  tributary  to  the  Suevi,  they 
sought  Roman  protection,  under  Augustus,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  somewhat  further  to  the  north.  Their  prin- 
cipal place,  named  Colonia  Agrippinensis  (modern  Cologne) 
from  Agiippiua,  daughter  of  Germanicus  and  wife  of  Clau- 
dius, became  the  chief  seat  of  Roman  power  on  the  lower 
Rhine.  The  Ubii  themselves  are  also  frequently  called 
Agrippiiutises.  They  were  merged  ultimately  in  the  Franks. 

XJcayale  (o-ki-a'la),  or  XJcayali  (6-ki-ii'le). 
One  of  the  pi'incipal  head  streams  of  the  Ama- 
zon, in  Peru.  It  rises  near  lat.  14°  30'  S.,  receives  the 
Apurimac,  and  joins  the  Marai^on  at  Nauta.  Length,  over 
l,40<)mile3;  navigablefor  l.OOOmiles.  Called  in  its  upper 
course  Vilcamayu  and  Urubamba. 

Uchard  (ii-shar'),  Mario.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
28, 1824 :  died  there,  Aug.  1,  1893.  A  French 
dramatist,  husband  of  the  actress  Madeleine 
Brohan.  He  wrote  the  dramas  "Lariammina"(1857)and 
"La  Charmeuse  "  (18C.4);  the  comedies  "La  seconde  jeu- 
nesse  '*  (18.^r)),  ' '  La  pust^rit^  d'un  bourgmestre  "  (1864) ;  the 
romance  "  Raymond  "  (1861) ;   etc. 

TJchatius  (6-cha'ti-os),  Baron  Franz  von.  Born 
at  Theresienfeld,  in  Lower  Austria,  Oct.  20, 
1811:  committed  suicide  atVienna,  June  4, 1881. 
An  Austrian  artillery  general  (lieutenant  field- 
marshal)  and  authority  on  artillery  tactics.  He 
invented  a  steel  bronze  for  cannon  (named  from  him 
Uchatilts  steel),  ballistic  apparatus,  etc. 

XJchean  (ti'cbe-an),  or  YucM,  or  Euchees.    A 

linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  of 
which  but  one  tribe,  the  Yuchi,  is  definitely 
known.  Its  earliest  known  habitat  was  the  coast  tract 
of  South  Carolina  southwest  of  Charleston,  and  in  the  early 
part  of  the  18th  century  they  lived  also  upon  the  lower 
Savannah  River.  They  became  allies  of  the  Creek  Confed- 
eracy without  joining  it,  and  were  removed  at  the  same 
time  with  the  Creeks  (1836-40)  to  the  Indian  Territory, 
where  a  few  now  live,  upon  the  .\rkansas  lliver. 

'O'clitritz  (iich'trits),  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 
Giirlitz,  Prussia,  Sept.  12,  1800:  died  there, 
Feb.  15,  1875.  A  German  dramatist  and  nov- 
elist. His  best-known  drama  is  "Alexander 
und  Darius"  (1827). 

Uckermark.    See  I1-crmark. 

Uckermiinde  (6k-er-miln'de),  or  TJkermiinde 
(ok-er-miin'de).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Uoker, 


near  the  Lesser  Haff,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Stettin.  Population  (1890),  6,112. 
Ucles  (ii-klas').  A  small  town  in  the  j^rovince 
of  Cuenca,  Spain,  56  miles  southeast  of  Madrid. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Moors  and  Cas- 
tilians  in  1108  ;  and  here,  Jan,  13, 1809,  the  French  under 
Victor  defeated  the  Spaniards. 

Udaipur  (o-di-por'),  or  Oodeypore  (6-di-p6r'). 

1 .  A  tributary  native  state  in  Kajputana,  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  74°  E. :  the 
ancient  Meywar.  It  is  under  British  protec- 
tion. Area,  12,861  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,844,360.-2.  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  Udaipur,  about  lat.  24°  35'  N.  Population 
(1891),  46,693. 

Udall  (u'dal),  John.  Died  in  the  Marshalsea 
Prison,  1592.  An  English  nonconformist,  one 
of  the  writers  for  the  Marprelate  press.  He  pub- 
lished "  Diotrephes  "  in  1588,  the  first  answer  to  Bridges's 
"Defense  of  the  Government  Established  in  the  Church 
of  England  for  Ecclesiastical  Matters,"  and  was  sum- 
moned before  the  Court  of  High  Commission  and  finally 
deprived  of  his  living  and  imprisoned  at  Southwark.  He 
then  printed  a  work  called  "A  Demonstration  of  the 
Truth  of  that  Discipline  which  Christ  hath  Prescribed, 
etc."  This  book  was  declared  seditious,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  death  in  Feb..  1591.  Efforts  were  made  by  Sir 
Wiilter  R<aleigh  for  his  release,  and,  though  they  were  not 
successful,  he  was  left  in  prison,  where  he  died.  He  also 
wrote  "The  Key  to  the  Holy  Tongue,"  the  first  Hebrew 
grammar  in  English,  printed  at  Leyden  in  1593. 

Udall,  Nicholas.  Born  in  Hampshire  about 
1505 :  died  1556.  An  English  dramatist  and 
Latin  scholar.  He  was  head-master  at  Eton  in  1534, 
and  of  Westminster  School  1555-56.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  first  English  comedy,  "Ralph  Roister  Doister" 
(which  see).  In  1542  he  published  his  translation  of  the 
"Apothegms"  of  Erasmus;  he  also  (1542-4.'')  translated 
Erasmus's  paraphrase  on  Luke. 

XJdine  (6'de-ne).  1.  A  province  in  Venetia, 
Italy.  Area,  2,541  square  miles.  Population 
(1892),  525,802.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Udine,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Roja  in  lat. 
46°  4'  N.,  long.  13°  14'  E. :  the  ancient  Vedi- 
num  or  Utinum.  it  has  flourishing  silk  manufactures. 
It  became  the  capital  of  Friuli  in  1238;  and  passed  to  Ven- 
ice in  1420.    PopulatiMii  (1^1)2),  36,000. 

Udolpho,  The  Mysteries  of.  See  Mysteries  of 
Uilolphn,  Tlie. 

TJeber'weg.    See  tJberweg. 

TJechtland  (iieht'lant),  or  Helvetian  (hel-ve'- 
sh.iu)  Desert.  A  medieval  name  for  a  region 
in  the  modem  cantons  of  Fribourg  and  Bern, 
Switzerland,  between  the  Aar  and  the  Saane : 
so  called  because  often  devastated  by  war  in 
the  early  middle  ages. 

XJfa(o'fa).  1.  A  government  of  eastern  Russia, 
siuTounded  by  the  governments  of  Perm,  Oren- 
burg, Samara,  Kazan,  andVyatka.  It  is  traversed 
by  ranges  of  the  Vr-als.  The  chief  river  is  the  Byelaya,  Ufa 
has  iron-  and  copper-mines.  Area,  47,112  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated  for  1891,  2,087,807. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ufa,  situ- 
ated at  the  jimction  of  the  Ufa  with  the  Byelaya, 
about  lat.  54°  45'  N.     Population,  31,628. 

Uffizi  (6f-fet'se).  One  of  the  chief  art  galleries 
in  the  world,  situated  in  Florence  near  the 
Arno,  and  connected  with  the  galleries  in  the 
Palazzo  Pitti  by  a  covered  gallery  over  the 
Ponte  Veechio:  founded  in  the  15th  century. 

Uganda  (6-gan'da).  A  protectorate  in  Brit- 
ish East  Africa,  at  the  northwest  end  of  Lake 
Victoria,  bordering  on  German  East  Africa  on 
the  south  and  the  Kongo  State  on  the  west. 
It  was  definitely  placed  in  the  BritisTi  sphere  of  influence 
in  1890.  In  March,  1893,  the  British  East  Africa  Company 
retired  from  Uganda,  Area,  about  45,0(X)  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  2,000,0l]0-3,000,000.  Altitude  of 
plateau,  about  4,000  feet.     See  Qanda. 

Uggione.     See  Oggione. 

UgOgO  (6-g6'g6).     See  Gogo. 

Ugolino.     See  Gherardesca. 

Uhehe  (o-ha'he).     See  Helie. 

Uhland  (6'lant),  Lud'Wig.  Born  at  Tiibingen, 
April  26, 1787:  died  there,  Nov.  13, 1862.  A  Ger- 
man lyric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Tiibing- 
en, and  afterward  became  an  advocate  at  Stuttgart.  He 
subseciuently  devoted  himself  to  linguistic  studies.  In 
1810  he  was  in  Paris  engaged  in  study,  particularly  of  man- 
uscripts of  the  middle  ages.  In  1829  he  was  made  pro- 
lOlS 


fessor  of  the  German  language  and  literature  at  Tiibingen, 
a  post  which  he  resigned  in  18:13  on  the  refusal  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  grant  him  a  leave  of  absence  to  attend  the  Diet 
of  Wurtemberg  as  delegate.  In  1848  and  1849  he  was  a 
member  of  the  German  National  Assembly,  His  first  po- 
ems ("  Gedichte  ")  appeared  in  1806 :  a  complete  collection 
was  published  in  1815.  "Vaterlandische  Gedichte  "("  Fa- 
therland Poems  "),  a  volume  of  patriotic  lyrics  evoked  by 
the  Wurtemberg  constitutional  troubles  of  1815,  was  pub- 
lished in  1816,  and  in  an  augmented  edition  in  1817.  In  1818 
appeared  the  first  of  his  two  dramas,  the  tragedy  "Ernst 
Herzog  von  Schwaben "("Ernst,  Dukeof  Swabia "). which 
was  followed  in  1819  by  "Ludwig  der  Baier"  ("Louis  the 
Bavarian  "),  His  fame  as  a  poet  is  based  chiefly  upon  his 
songs  and  ballads,  some  of  which  are  among  the  most 
famous  in  German  literature.  Several  of  his  lyrics,  like 
"Ich  hatt'  einen  Kameraden,"  "Droben  stehet  die  Ka- 
pelle,"  and  " Es  zogen  drei  Burschen  wohl  iiber  den  Rhein." 
and  the  religious  poem  "Das  ist  der  Tag  des  Hen-n,"  have 
become  genuine  folk-songs.  As  a  poet  he  belonged  to  the 
so-called  .Swabian  School.  His  poems  and  dramas  ("Ge- 
dichte und  Dramen  ")  were  published  at  Stuttgart  in  1876, 
in  3  vols.  His  "Schriften  zur  Geschichte  der  Dichtung 
und  Sage"  ("Writings  on  the  History  of  Poetr)'  and  Le- 
gend ")  appeared  at  Stuttgart,  1865-73,  in  8  vols. 

Uhrich  (o'ri(ih  orii-rek'),  Jean  Jacques  Alexis. 

Born  at  Pfalzburg,  Alsace,  Feb.  15,  1802 :  (lied 
at  Passy,  Oct.  9,  1886.  A  French  general.  He 
served  in  Spain,  Algeria,  the  Crimea,  and  Italy;  and  was 
commandant  of  Strasburg  at  the  time  of  its  siege  and  ca- 
pitulation in  1870. 

Uigurs  (we'gorz).  A  Turkish  people  dwelling 
in  central  Asia,  especially  in  the  Tian-Shan 
region.     Also  Viyhurs. 

The  Uighurs  eventually,  .  .  ,  under  the  names  of  Yueh- 
chi  and  White  Huns,  broke  in  pieces  the  Greek  kingdom 
of  Bactria,  and  founded  a  famous  empire,  with  its  capital 
at  Balkh,  which  became  the  scourge  of  the  Sassanians  on 
the  one  hand,  and  filled  a  more  remarkable  place  in  Indian 
history  than  is  generally  suspected  on  the  other. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p,  3, 

Uintah,  or  Uinta  (u-in'ta),  Mountains.    A 

range  of  mountains  chiefly  in  northern  Utah, 
on  the  borders  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  It 
extends  nearly  east  and  west. 

Uiracocha  (we-ra-k6'chii).  [Quichua:  perhaps 
from  Uayra,  air,  spirit,  and  ccoclta,  sea.  space.] 
The  Supreme  Deity  of  the  ancient  Peruvians. 
He  was  described  as  the  creator  of  all  living  things.  His 
worship  had  come  down  irom  very  ancient  times,  and  was 
attributed  to  the  people  who  had  ruled  about  Lake  Titi- 
caca  (see  Piruas).  He  was  adored,  at  least  by  the  amau- 
tas,  or  wise  men,  and  temples  were  dedicated  to  him  (see 
Curicaricha),  The  festival  of  Ccapac  Raymi,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  year,  was  held  in  his  honor.  The  early  Spanish 
writers  corrupted  the  name  to  Viracocha  and  mistrans- 
lated it  'foam  of  the  sea,'  Uiracocha  was  sometimes  rep- 
resented as  white  and  bearded,  whence  the  Indians  are 
said  to  have  applied  the  name  to  the  Spaniards,  For  the 
same  reason  the  missionaries  supposed  him  to  be  identical 
with  the  Mexican  Quetzalcohuatl  (which  see),  and  ima- 
gined that  the  traditions  of  him  referred  to  St,  Thomas, 
Also  called  IHa-ticn  ('eternal  light'),  Pachayachachie 
('  teacher'),  and  Pachacamac  ('ruler  of  the  world '). 

Uist,  North.     See  North  Uist. 

Uist,  South.     See  South  fist. 

Ujfal'vy,  Charles  Eugene.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
May  16,  1842.  A  philologist,  ethnologist,  and 
traveler,  of  Hungarian  descent.  He  became  pro- 
fessor at  the  Oriental  .\caderay  at  Paris  in  1873,  and  made 
journeys  to  Asia  (1876-82)  under  French  auspices.  He  has 
written  various  works  on  Magyar,  the  Finnic  and  other 
Ural-Altaic  languages,  "Mission  scientiflque  fraii^aise  en 
Russie"  (1878-82),  etc. 

Ujiji  (o-je'je).  1.  The  country  of  the  Jiji  tribe 
(Wa,iiji),  of  Bantu  stock,  in  central  Africa.  The 
natives  are  well  built  and  strong,  able  fishermen  and  boat- 
men, agriculturists,  iron-workers,  and  tradei"s  in  ivory, 
palm-oil,  and  cattle.  They  are  settled  on  the  northeastern 
shore  of  Lake  Tanganyika  in  German  East  Africa. 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  Wajiji,  situated  in 
lat.  5°  S.,  long.  30°  E.,  with  about  8,000  popula- 
tion and  a  strong  settlement  of  Arabs.  It  was 
here  that  Burton  discovered  the  lake,  and  here 
Stanley  found  Livingstone  on  Nov.  10,  1871. 

UkaQpa.    See  Kxcapa. 

Ukere'we  (o-ke-re'we).  Ai\  island  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Ukermark,  or  Uckermark  (o'ker-mark).  The 
northernmost  division  of  the  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia,  suiTounded  by  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  Pomerania,  the  Neumark,  and  the  Mit- 
telmark.  It  is  divided  now  into  the  circles  Prenzlau, 
Templin,  and  Angemitinde,  The  early  inhabitants  were 
Polabian  Slavs.  It  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  chiefly  in 
the  reign  of  Frederick  L  (U15-40). 


TTkermunde 

trkermiinde.    See  VflTrwiiiide. 

Ukert  iii'kert),  Friedrich  August.  Bom  at 
Eutin,  Germany,  Oct.  28,  1(80:  died  at  (iotha, 
May  IS,  1S51.  A  German  historian  and  geog- 
rapher, i-liief  librarian  of  the  dncal  library  at 
Gotlia  from  1808.  He  published  "GeotTaphie  .ler 
Griccheii  uiul  Rymer  "  (lS16-4(>),  etc.,  and  was  a  collalMj- 
ratfir  of  Jleeren. 

TJkko.    five  Jiimala. 

Ukraine  (u'krSnoro-kran').  [Russ.  rkrriina, 
border  land.]  A  region  in  Russia,  of  vague 
boundaries,  lying  ehiefly  in  the  valley  of  the 
middle  Dnieper:  nearly  the  same  as  Little  Rus- 
sia, and  corresponding  nearly  to  the  govern- 
ments Kieff,  Tchernigoff,  Pultowa,  and  Khar- 
koff.  It  was  long  an  ohject  of  contention  between  Po- 
land and  Russia.  The  part  east  of  the  Dnieper  was  ceded 
to  Ku8.sia  by  Poland  in  1667  and  16S6 ;  the  part  west  of  the 
Dnieper  fell  to  Russia  in  1793. 

TJle^borg  (o'le-a-borg).  1.  A  laeu  of  Finland, 
occupying  the  northera  part  of  that  country. 
Area,  03,'J71  square  miles.  Population,  246.!)y3. 
—  2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  laen  of  Uleii- 
borg,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ule&-E]f  in 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  in  lat.  65°  N.,  long.  25° 
30'  E.  It  has  considerable  foreign  commerce. 
Population,  10,589. 

TJle^  Lake  (ii'le-a  lak).  A  lake  in  Finland, 
southeast  of  Ule&borg.    Length,  about  40  miles. 

Ulfilas(ul'fi-las),Goth.Wulfila  ('little  wolf'). 
Born  311:  died  at  Constantiiioi)le  in  381.  A 
Gothic  bishop  and  translator  of  the  Bible.  His 
parents  were  christians  of  Oappadocian  origin.  At  the 
Synod  of  .\ntioch,  '.HI.  he  was  consecrated  bisliop  of  the 
Arian  Visigoths,  who  lived  to  the  north  of  the  lower  Dan- 
ube. In  348,  persecuted  and  driven  out  of  this  region  by 
Athanarich,  I'lfllas  and  his  people,  with  the  permission  of 
the  enipen  ir  r'onstantius.  emigrated  to  MtEsia.  i!i  the  neigh- 
horhood  of  Nicopolis.  From  their  new  home  they  are  con- 
sequently  fretiuently  called  Mccsogoths  and  their  language 
Mcesogothic.  t'l&las  died  at  Constantinople,  where  lie  bad 
gone  to  defend  the  doctrines  of  Arianism.  He  preached 
in  Greek,  Liitin,  and  Gothic.  He  translated  the  Bible  into 
Gothic  from  a  Greeli  original,  but  is  said  to  have  omitted 
the  Books  cjf  Kings.  For  his  translation  he  invented  a 
written  alphabet  by  supplementing  the  Greek  alphabet  in 
necessar}'  instances  from  the  Gothic  runes.  His  transla- 
tion,  which  from  internal  evidence  shows  the  work  of 
several  hands,  and  was,  doubtless,  in  part  done  by  others 
under  his  supervision,  has  been  preserved  only  in  a  frag- 
mentary form  :  in  all  there  are  the  greater  part  of  the  Gos- 
pels, a  large  portion  of  the  Epistles,  and  scraps  of  the  (.)ld 
Testament,  The  principal  manuscript  is  the  so-called 
Codex  Argenteus  of  the  University  Library  at  I'psala, 
Sweden,  which  is  written  in  silver  characters  on  a  purple 
ground.  Fragments  of  other  manuscripts  are  preserved 
at  Wolfenbuttel,  Germany,  and  at  ililan  and  Turin.  The 
Gothic  translation  of  the  Bible  is  the  oldest  extant  literary 
monument  in  the  Germanic  languages.  It  has  been  many 
times  published.  A  recent  edition  is  by  E.  Bernhardt 
("  VulHla  Oder  die  Gotische  Bibel,"  Halle,  1875). 

The  grammar  of  the  Gothic  tongue,  as  exhibited  in  the 
translation  of  I'lflhia,  is.  it  need  hardly  be  said,  of  priceless 
value  i[i  the  histoiy  of  human  speech.  We  here  see,  not 
indeed  the  original  of  all  the  Teutonic  languages,  but  a 
specimen  of  one  of  tliem  three  centuries  earlier  than  any 
other  that  h:is  been  preserved,  with  many  inflections  which 
have  since  been  lost,  with  words  which  give  us  the  clue 
U)  relationships  otherwise  untraceable,  with  phrases  which 
cast  a  strong  light  on  the  fresh  and  joyous  youth  of  the 
Teutordc  peoples.  In  short,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  same  place  which  the  study  of  Sanscrit  hrjlds  in 
the  hisloiy  of  the  development  of  the  great  Indo-European 
family  of  nations  is  occupied  by  the  Gothic  of  Ulfllas 
(Moeso-Gothic,  as  it  is  sometimes  not  very  happily  named) 
in  reference  to  the  unwritten  hist<iry  of  the  Germanic  races, 
Uodifhiii,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  69. 

Ulleswater.     See  L'll.iirattr. 

Ullmann  (ol'miiu).  Karl.  Bom  at  Epfen- 
liai'h,  near  Heidelberg.  Marcli  15,  179fi:  died 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden.  Jau.  12,  1865.  A  German 
Protestant  evangelical  theologian.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Reformatoren  vor  der  Keformation  "  ("  llcfoiiners 
before  the  Reformation,"  1841),  "iHjer  die  Sundlosigkeit 
Chrlsti  "("On  the  Sinlcssness  of  Christ,"  1841),"  Das  Wesen 
de8Chrl8terittnn8"(1^4:'»\  and  a  reply  to  strauss's  "Life  of 
Jesus,"  entitled  "Hintorisch  oder  inythiscli?" 

Ulloa  {(il-yo'ii),  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Seville, 
Jan.  12, 1716  :  died  near  Cadiz,  July  3,  1795.  A 
Spanish  naval  officer,  in  1735  he  was  chosen,  with 
.Torge  ,7uan,  another  young  naval  otllcer,  to  accomi»any  to 
Peru  the.French  commission  Utr  the  measnrenn'ut  of  an 
arc  of  the  meridian.  (See  Condmuiiw.)  While  there  they 
studied  the  natural  features  and  noliticial  condition  of  the 
colony,  and  were  also  employed  in  defending  it  against 
Lord  Anson.  During  his  return  voyage  in  1744-4.'i.  I'lloa 
was  captureil  by  the  English,  hut  soon  released.  Charles 
III.  gave  him  high  naval  and  civil  offlccs.  including  the 
governorsld|i  of  Lbuisiana  (17<i(!-(i8),  but  he  showed  little 
aptitude  for  command,  ami  after  1780  was  not  In  active 
service.  He  founded  the  ohservatiiry  at  Cadi/  and  the 
first  Spanish  metallurgical  laborat(»ry,  and  was  proniinent 
in  other  scicntitlc  enterjirises.  He  nublished  "  Uehicion 
hlst^^rica  del  vlage  a  la  .Vmtjrica  meridional  "(with  .Tmin  : 'J 
vols.,  1748,  tmiislated  into  various  languages).  "Notieias 
Amcrlcanas  "  (1772).  etc.  The  secret  report  of  .hian  ami 
nioa  on  the  American  cohtides  was  publiKheil  in  Kngtish 
In  1826 :  it  is  important  as  showing  the  causes  which  led 
to  the  war  for  Independence. 

Qlloa,  Francisco  de.  Died  in  1540  (?).  A  Spanish 
cantain.  He  was  with  Cortes  In  theconciuestof  Mexico, 
and  in  July,  loS9,  was  sent  by  him  to  explore  the  Oulf  of 


1019 

California.  He  left  Acapuico  with  three  vessels,  one  ol 
which  was  lost  in  a  storm  :  with  the  others  he  ascended 
to  the  head  of  the  gulf,  subsequently  exploring  the  west- 
ern coast  of  the  peninsula,  and  attaining  about  lat.  28',  or, 
as  some  assert,  lat.  30'  30'  N.  One  account  says  that  he 
was  lost  at  sea  ;  another  that  he  was  assassinated  shortly 
after  his  return  to  Acapuico.  llloa  was  the  first  to  prove 
that  Lower  Califonua  was  a  peninsula. 

Ullswater,  or  Ulleswater  (ulz'wa'tiT).  A  lake 

on  the  bcirdi'r  betweiii  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, Euglanil.  20  miles  south  of  Carlisle: 
the  second  in  size  of  the  Engli.sh  lakes.  It  s  outlet 
is  the  Eamont  into  the  Eden.  Length,  9  miles. 

Ulm  (61m),  The  chief  town  of  the  Danube  cir- 
cle of  WUrtemberg,  and  an  imperial  fortress, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  lUer  and  Blau 
with  the  Danube,  in  lat.  48°  24'  N.,  long.  9°  .59' 
E.  It  is  an  important  strategic  and  railway  center ;  has 
active  trade  in  leather,  wood,  cloth,  etc. ;  has  manufac- 
tures of  beer,  pipe-bowls,  metal-work,  hats,  etc.;  and  is 
noted  for  its  vegetables.  Its  cathedral,  the  largest  church 
in  Germany  except  (he  cathedral  of  Cologne,  was  begun 
in  1377,  and  Ihiished  early  in  the  16th  centur>'.  The  west 
front  has  a  splendid  triple  portal  surmourited  by  a  rich 
tower  terminating  in  an  octagon  and  a  spire  529  feet  high, 
completed  in  IS'to,  and  forming  the  loftiest  structure  of 
its  kind.  The  interior  has  double  aisles,  antl  much  line 
church  furniture.  The  15th  century  choir-stalls  of  oak 
are  covered  with  remarkable  flgure-sculpture,  illustrating 
paganism,  Judaism,  and  Christianity.  There  is  sonu- 
beautiful  glass.  The  cathedral  measures  42u  by  165  feel  ; 
height  of  nave  vault,  141.  Vim  was  a  free  imperial  city  ; 
was  one  of  the  chief  places  in  .Swabia,  and  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  Swabian  leagues;  joined  the  Reformation  in 
1530;  and  passed  to  Bavaria  in  180;i,  and  to  Wurtemberg 
in  1810      ropnlalic.il  (ls;i()),  3<i,l!il 

Ulm,  Capitulation  of.  The  surrender  of  an 
Austrian  arniv  (about  2,5,000-30,000)  under 
Mack  to  Xnpofeon,  Oct.  17,  1805. 

Ulm,  Truce  of.  A  truce  concluded  in  1647  be- 
tween the  Franco-Swedish  forces  and  the  Ba- 
varians. 

Ulmecs.     See  Olmecs. 

UlpMlas.     See  rifiUi.<<. 

Ulpian  (ul'pi-an),  L.  Ulpianus  (ul-pi-a'nus), 
Domitius.  Jhirdered  about  228  a.  d.  A  cele- 
brated Roman  jurist,  of  Phenician  descent.  He 
held  ortice  from  the  time  of  Septimius  Severus  :  was  ban- 
ished  by  Elagabalus ;  and  was  pretorian  prefect  under  Alex- 
ander Severus.  He  wrote  many  commentaries  and  other 
legal  works  ("  Ad  Edictum,"  "  Ad.Sabinum,"  etc.).  largely 
used  in  the  "Digest."  Fragments  of  his  "Institutiones" 
were  published  by  Endlicher  in  1S35. 

Although  ripian's  chief  merit  lies  rather  in  the  colla- 
tion  of  very  volumincuis  materials  than  in  the  well-bal- 
anced arrangement  of  the  same,  his  works  enjoyed  for  a 
long  time  high  authority  on  account  of  their  ricli  con- 
tents, and  likewise  in  virtue  of  their  pertinent  criticism 
and  clear  style.  In  Justinian's  Digest  the  extracts  from 
his  works  foi-m  a  fall  third  of  the  whole  work. 
Teuffel  luul  .^chwal:e.  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  liy  Warr),  II.  267. 

Ulrich  (ol'rich).  Born  1487 :  died  1550.  Duke 
of  Wiirtemberg,  son  of  Heinricli  IV.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  duchy  in  1498  ;  was  expelled  by  the  Swabian 
League  in  1519;  was  restored  with  the  aid  of  Philip  of  Hesse 
in  1534  ,  and  joined  the  Snialkaldic  League. 

Ulrich  von  Hutten.    See  Huttin. 

Ulrich  von  Lichtenstein  (ol'rich  fou  lic-h'ten- 

stin).  Born  ab..nl  J'200:  died  1276.  A  Middle 
Higli  German  lyric  poet.  He  was  descended  from 
a  noble  family  in  Styria.  His  principal  poem  is  his  auto- 
biography called  "  Krauendienst  "  ("Service  of  Ijidies  "), 
containing  Ins  loves  and  adventures  from  1222  to  1255,  in 
which  year  it  was  written.  His  other  work,  "Frauen- 
buch"  C'Hook  of  Ladies"),  from  1257,  is  descriptive  of  the 
morals  of  his  time.  Mis  works  were  published  by  Karl 
Lachriianii  (Berlin    ls41)- 

Ulrici  (cil-rCt'se).  Hermann.    Born  at  Pfiirton, 

Prussia,  March  '23,  1806:  died  at  Halle,  Prus- 
sia, .Jan.  11,  1884.  A  (iernian  theistic  philoso- 
pher and  critic,  professor  at  Halle.  His  works 
niclude  "I'bcr  Slnlkspore'sdramatischeKunst"("OnShak• 
spere's  Dramatic  Art,"  18;in),  "  (Jeschiehte  der  hellen- 
ischen  Dichtkunut  "(18.3.'0,"  ttberPrinzipund  Methodeder 
Hegelscbeii  I'bilosophie  "  (1841),  "  Grundprinzip  der  Phi. 
lo.S(ij)liic"  (l>^l.>),  "System  der  I/»gik  "  (18521,  "Glauben 
uiid  Wlsscii  "(18.58).  "Gott  und  die  Natur"  (186'2),  "Gott 
und  der  Mensch    (1866),  etc. 

Ulrike  Eleonore  (61-ie'ke  el-e-6-no'ro).  Born 
at  Stockholm,  Jan.  23, 1688:  died  Nov.  '24. 1741. 
Queen  of  Sweden,  younger  sister  of  Charles 
All.  she  married  the  hereditary  prince  Fre<lerlck  of 
Hesso-Cassel,  and  was  proclaimed  queen  in  1718.  Her  lins. 
band  was  cn»wned  as  reigidng  king  in  1720. 

Ulster  (ul'sler).  [ilK.  nii.slir.l'ici.'itirj'l.ii.itir. 
Ir.  ridilli,  with  termination  as  in  /.< I'n.sfcr,  Miin- 
olrr.'i  The  nnrlheriimost  of  the  four  great 
divisions  of  Irelaiiil,  houndoil  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  North  Channel,  Irish  Sea,  LeinstiT,  and 
Connaught .  It  contains  the  counties  Donegal,  Iximlon- 
derry.  Tyrone.  Antrim,  Down.  Arnutgh,  Kfoiuighan,  Cavan. 
and  Kernninagh.  It  was  early  coloidze*!  by  Scots  ;  washing 
ruled  by  kings  ;  and  in  rei'ent  times  has  been  a  Pi-otestaid 
and  loyalist  slronghcdd.     Population  (I.S91),  1,619,814. 

Ulster,  Settlement  or  Plantation  of.     Tlie 

coloi»i-/,nliiin    id'   n    liirgii   purl    of   I'lsler   with 

English    mill    Scottish    seiners,  nlioul    l(i09-11. 

Ulster  Rebellion.      .\n   out  break  <>f  the  Irish 

in  risti  r  .■igiiinst  the  English  colonists  in  l('>41. 

Ultramontane (ul-trii-mon'tiiu)  Party.  [From 


Unaka  Moimtains 

L.  ultra,  beyond,  and  montaiiu.^,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  mountain.]  In  German  politics,  the 
Center  party,  which  opposes  legislation  sup- 
posed to  be  inimical  to  the  Church  of  Rome. 

Ulugh  Beg  (ii'ldgh  beg)  or  Beigh.  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  A  prince  of  Samar- 
kand, gi-andson  of  Timur :  noted  as  an  astrono- 
mer. His  tables, which  wercpublished  by  Hyde  in  1605,  are 
referred  to  as  important  authority  by  modem  astrouoiuera. 

Ulundi  (6-lou'de).  A  place  in  Zululand,  South 
^Vf  rica,  about  lat.  28°  10'  S.,  where,  in  1879,  the 
British  under  Lord  Chelmsford  defeated  the 
Zulus  under  Cettiwayo. 

Ulva  (ul'vii).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Scotland. west  of  Mull.    Length,  about  5  miles. 

Ulverston  (ul'vtr-ston).  A  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, Englanil.  situated  near  Morecambe  Bay 
16  miles  northwest  of  Lancaster:  once  the  chief 
town  in  Fumess.  It  has  various  manufactures 
and  mines  of  hematite.  Population  (1891),  9,948. 

Ulwar.     See  Alicar. 

Ulysses  (ii-lis'ez),  or  Ullxes  (u-lik'sez).    See 

Ollif.'<.<{citS. 

Ulysses.    A  poem  by  Tennyson. 

Uma  (ii'mii).    A  name  of  the  goddess  Devi. 

Umah.     See  Cucliait. 

Umatilla  (u-ma-til'a).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  originallj'  dwelling  on  Umatilla 
River,  Oregon.  Tliere  are  now  179  of  them  on  the 
Umatilla  reser^-atiou,  near  their  former  habitat  See  ShO' 
bnptian. 

Umatilla  River.  [From  the  Indian  tribal 
name]  A  river  in  northern  Oregon  which 
joins  tlic  Columbia  about  long.  119°  18'  W. 

Umbagog  Lake  (um-ba'gog  lak).  A  lake  on 
the  houndaiy  between  Maine  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, intersected  by  lat.  44°  45'  N.  Its  out- 
let is  by  the  Androscoggin.     Length,  9  miles. 

Umballa.     See  Amhala. 

Umbertide.    See  Fratta. 

Umberto.     See  Humbert. 

Umbria  (um'bri-ii).  [L.  Umbria,  Gr.  i}  }7  or 
\ij/j//  'Ufj;ipiKuv  or  'Ou^pudj,  from  Vnihri,  Gr. 
"0/i;ipoi,  Oi\u3poi,  or  '0/j3piKoi,  the  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Italy,  situ- 
ated east  of  Etruria  and  west  of  Picenum.  The 
t'mbrians  took  part  in  the  second  Samnite  war,  but  were 
defeated  by  Rome  in  303  B.  c.  After  the  third  .Sanniite  war 
they  were  gradually  Romanized.  Modem  fmbria  is  a  coni- 
partimento  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  It  contains  the  prov- 
ince Perugia. 

The  Cmbria  of  Herodotus,  as  Niebuhr  observes  (Hist, 
of  Rome,  vol.  i.,  p.  142  E.  T.),  "  is  of  large  and  indefinite  ex- 
tent," It  appears  to  include  almost  the  whide  of  Northern 
Italy.  It  is  from  the  region  above  the  I'mbrians  that  the 
Alpis  and  the  Carpis  flow  into  the  Danube  (iv.  49).  This 
would  seem  to  assign  to  them  the  modern  Lombimlo-Ve- 
netian  kingdom,  and  to  place  them  on  the.\driatic.  The 
arrival  of  the  Tyrrhenians  on  their  shores  extends  them  to 
the  ojiposite  coast,  and  makes  Tuscany  idsoa  part  of  tlieir 
country,  llertnlotusknow-s  of  no  Italian  nations  except  the 
Tyrrhenians,  the  rmbrians.  the  Venetians  (Veneti),  the 
(Knotrians,  and  the  Messapians. 

hawiiiignn,  Herod.,  I.  223,  not«. 

Umbriel  (um'bri-ell.  [Formeil  from  L.  umbra, 
shade,  and  -itl  as  in  rri>/,  Gahriel.l  A.  dusky 
sprite  in  Pope's  "  Rape  of  the  Lock." 

Umbriel.  The  second  satellite  of  Uranus,  dis- 
coverid  by  Hersehel  in  1787. 

Umbundu"  (fim-hon'do).  The  language  of  the 
( Ivinilmnilu  (sing.t  )chiinbnndu),who  are  .settled 
between  Beiigueila  (Baugela),West  Africa,  and 
the  Kuaiigu  River,  due  east.  The  two  principal 
tribes  arc  those  of  Bailundo(Gmbalundu)  and  Bihe(Oviye). 
As  these  people  are  tniveling  traders  who  have  openinl 
the  i^unbesi  valley,  Katanga,  t'rua,  and  Lubuku  to  the 
eomntereo  of  Benguella,  the  language  Is  understoiHl  far 
beyond  its  tribal  territory.  In  stmcture  it  belongs  to  the 
same  cluster  as  Ndonga  and  Herent.  It  should  not  be  con- 
foinided  with  Kiinbundu  (which  see).  American  mission- 
aries are  ilc\i  loping  a  native  Christian  literature. 

Ume4-Elf  (ii'iiie-a  elf).  A  river  in  Sweden 
which  Hows  into  the  Gidf  of  Bothnia  near 
Umeii :  thi>  outlet  of  various  lakes,  including 
Stor  rman.    Length,  261  mile.s. 

UmmerapOOra.     See  .[mnrapura. 

Umon  (ii-nion').  An  African  town,  built  on  an 
island  in  the  Oyono  or  Old  Kalabar  River,  West 
Africa,  about  70  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  an 
important  maiket  where  thelribeiof  the  upner  river  come 
to  barter  their  produce  for  Enroi>eaii  goods  tiroiight  uji  I(y 
the  Etlk  traders  of  the  coast.     Population,  alhiut  S,ood. 

UmpQUa  (ump'kwa).  A  river  in  Oregon  which 
flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  about  lat.  43°  40'  N. 
Length,  about  180  miles. 

Umritsir.     See  .tmntniir. 

Unadi'iiii).  [L.,  fern,  of  HHiw, one.]  "Alovelv 
lailii',"  the  personilication  of  truth,  in  Spenser's 
"  Faerie  (.Jueene."  She  is  ultimately  united  to  St. 
George,  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  who  has  slain  the  dragon 
in  her  behalf.  In  her  wanderings  she  is  follow-ed  tty  a  lion 
who  lia.s  beentanu'd  bv  her  gentleness  and  imrity. 

Unaka  (u'nn-kij)  Mountains.  .\  range  of  moun- 
taius  ou  the  border  between  North  Carolina  and 


Unaka  Mountains 


1020 


Tennessee  :  a  continuation  of  the  Great  Smoky  1,  1707.— 3.  A  statute  of  1800,  which  united  the 
Mountains,  or  identical  with  them.  kingdoms  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  on  and 

Unakhotana  (lui'ii-cho-tii'na),  or  Yukoniklio-    after  Jan.  1,  1801. 

tana  (yo-kon^f-cho-ta'na).  [The  tirst  name  Unionists  (u'nvon-ists).  In  British  politics, 
means  distant  people ' ;  the  second,  'people  of  those  who  are  "opposed  to  the  dissolution  or 
the  \ukon.  j     A  tnbe  of  the  northern  group    rupture  of  the  legislative  union  existing  be- 


of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, living  in  several  villages  along  the  Yu- 
kon Kiver,  between  the  Sunkakat  River  and  the 
Tananah  River,  Alaska.     See  Athapascnit. 

Unao  (6'na-6).  A  district  in  Oudh,  British 
India,  situated  east  of  Cawnpore.  Area,  1,778 
s.iuuie  miles.     Population  (1891),  953,636. 

Unas.     See  Mastahat-el-Farauu. 

Uncas  (ang'kas).  Died  about  1682.  An  Indian 
chief,  a  Pequot  by  birth.  He  revolted  from  the 
Pequots  and  became  chief  of  the  Mohegans  ;  joined  the 
English  in  the  Pequot  war  ;  and  defeated  the  Xarragan- 
sets  under  Miantonomoh  in  lt>43.  Cooper  introduces  a 
ch.iracter  Uncas  in  his  "  Last  of  the  Mohicans. " 


tween  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  especiaUy 
to  the  separatist  principles  and  tendencies  of 
those  who  desire  to  establish  home  rule  in  Ire- 
land :  a  name  applied  to  the  Conservatives  and 
Liberal-Unionists. 
Union  Jack.  The  national  ensign  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  used  in 
a  small  form  as  a  jack — that  is,  displayed  at  the 
end  of  the  bowsprit.  The  name  "union  jack  "hascome 
wrongly  to  be  applied  to  the  larger  union  (lag  itself.  It  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  cross  of  St.  Ge..rge  (red  on  a 
white  field),  the  diagonal  cross  or  saltier  of  .^t.  Andrew 
(white  on  a  blue  field),  and  the  diagonal  cross  or  saltier  of 
St  Patrick  (red  on  a  white  field).       -      -     -    - 


The  jack  is  not  flown 
^Henn^W^4Tl''^  ''''''^-  ""^^  "^^'^^^^^  °'  Union  League  Club.  A  social  andpolitical  (Ee- 
5ncleRemus.    See  i..„„.,  r«o...  ^s^.^d^toVoStS  ll^.f " '"^'^  "'-^  ^ 


Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  published  in  book  form  in  1852. 
It  was  directed  against  negro  slavery  in  the  Southern 
States.  The  scene  is  laid  chiefly  in  Kentucky  and  Loui- 
siana. It  has  appeared  in  numeroos  editions  and  trans- 
lations. 


It  came  out  as  a  sort  of  feuilleton  in  the  ' 


ernment  of  the  United  States  ;  to  discountenance  and  re- 
buke, by  moral  and  social  influences,  all  disloyalty  to  said 
government,  and  every  attempt  against  the  integrity  of 
the  Nation  "  ;  and  also  to  establish  a  librar>'  and  art  gallery 
for  the  collection  of  literature,  works  of  art,  and  military 
trophies  relating  to  the  war.     House,  Fifth  Avenue  and 
3'Jth  street.     Similar  clubs  were  formed  in  other  cities. 
National  Ullion  Square.     A  public  park  in  New  York 
Era,"  a  Washington  paper     The  death  of  Uncle  Tom  was    city,  between  Broadway,  Fourth  Avenue,  14th 
the  first  portion  published,  mdeed  the  first  that  was  writ-    ot,.„ot   qti^I  17ft,  =t,.oot  "c,  j.^iu 

ten.    It  appeared  in  the  summer  of  1851,  and  excited  so  „    •      1  /-  /  ^''^'^'^'-  ^        „, 

much  attention  that  Mrs.  Stowe  added  a  beginning  and  'JlUOntOWn  (u  nyon-toun).  The  capital  of 
middle  to  her  end,  by  composing  and  printing  from  week  Favette  (_'ountv,  Pennsvlvania,  42  miles  south 
to  week  the  storj-as  we  now  have  it,  until  it  was  concluded     Ijv'east  of  Pittsburg.     Population  (1900),  7,344 

m  March,  lSo2.   Before  the  end  of  1S52  it  had  been  trans- TT-^ii+oJ   A  *■-,-»«,-  n.? »  -o  -L  i,    ^■■i-'^"- 

lated  into  ItaUan,  .Spanish.  Danish,  Swedish,  Dutch  Flem-  ^  ^Utea  AIHCan  LOmpany.  A  British  mercan- 
ish,  German,  Polish,  and  Magyar.  There  are  two  Dntch  tile  company  formed  in  recent  years  for  the 
translations  and  twelve  German  ones;  and  the  Italian  purpose  of  operating  on  the  Niger.  It  became  the 
translation  enjoys  the  honour  of  the  pope's  prohibition.  National  African  Companv  in  1882,  and  the  Eoyal  Niger 
It  hasbeendramatised  intwentyforms,  andacted  inevery  Company  in  1S86. 
capital  in  Europe,  and  in  the  free  States  of  America.  United  Brethren.     See  Moravians. 

Semor,  Essays  on  Fiction,  p.  397.  United  Irishmen.     An  Irish  society  formed  in 
Uncommercial  Traveller,  The.     A  volume  of    1791  by  Wolfe  Tone,  for  the  purpose  of  procur- 
sketches  by  Dickens,  iirst  published  serially  in    ing  parliamentary  reform  and  the  repeal  of  the 
' '  All  the  Year  Round  "  in  1860.  penal  laws.     It  afterward  became  a  secret  society  with 

UnCOmpahgre  (un-kom-pa'gre)  River.  A  trib-    Jrr«h'!ebenSn''orn9S°''  '^'^  »nfl°<=ntial  in  causing  the 
utarv  of  the  Gunnison  River,  in  Colorado.  TT"-i 'j  tt-'""  j    '     tm.        c.      ^       ..  t>  ■,.   • 

rr^Ai\,^/,^AR  '  'A-      n  •■    J-,     X   United  Kingdom,  The.    See  &reat  Britain. 

At^hi^;f     Tr         .?'i^'V?T-°"ff?*'^.^  United  Netherlands,  The.  See  Xetherlands. 
tr^J^I-  V^i\   Tl      ^     ''"''■  P"^^'^^'^'^  United  Provinces,  The.    The  seven  provinces 
end?l™^Vasiul'lyhYrl^^ii:;ifhT^irrt'a;:^  £l     th^    Low    Coinitries-Holland,    Zealand, 

Unfortunate  Peace,  The.   A  name  sometimes 

given  to  the  treaty  of  Cateau-Cambr^sis  (which 

see). 
Ungama  Bay.    See  Formosa  Bay. 


of 

Utrecht,  Friesland,  Gelderland,Groningen,  and 
Overyssel — which  in  1579  formed  the  Union  of 
L'treeht  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  republic 
of  the  Netherlands. 
United  Provinces  of  La  Plata.    See  La  Plata. 


TT^So^o/.'h  ttr^r^A      A  t„,™  ;„  tCtI  \.i     k     ^^      ^ uireQ  rrovuices  or  Jja  i-iaxa.    see  i^a  riata. 
^^^^^'ll^-3^3.Ai°Tii't^:^^^^  states  (u-ni' ted   stats),    or  United 


Hungary,  situated  near  the  Olsawa  45  miles 
south-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  4,036. 

Ungarn.     The  German  name  of  Hungary. 

Ungava  Bay  (ung-ga'va  ba).  An  arm  of  Hud- 
son Strait,  projecting  into  Labrador. 

Unger  (ong'er),  Franz.  Bom  in  Stvria,  1800: 
died  at  Gratz,  Feb.  13,  1870.  A  distinguished 
Austrian  botanist  and  paleontologist,  professor 
of  botany  at  Vienna  from  1850.  He  was  particu- 
larly noted  for  his  researches  in  the  anatomy  and  physiol- 
ogy of  plants  and  in  fossil  botany. 

Ungern-Sternberg  ( ong'em-stern'bero).  Baron 
Alexander  von.  Born  near  Reval,  Esthonia, 
1806 :  died  at  Dannenwalde,  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz,  Aug.  24,  1868.  A  German  novelist.  Among 
his  best-known  novels  are  *'Der  Missionar,"  '*  Diane,"  and 
*'  Die  Royalisten." 

Unicorn,  The.     See  Monoceros. 

Unieh  (ii'ni-e  or  ii-ne'e).  A  small  seaport  on 
the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  Asiatic  Turkey,  120 
miles  west  of  Trebizond. 

Uniformity  Act.  In  English  history:  (a)  An 
act  of  Parliament,  passed  in  1549,  which  pro- 
vided for  uniformity  of  religious  sei-vice.  (6) 
An  act  of  Parliament  passed  May  19.  1662.  it 
obliged  holdersof  church  livings  to  be  ordained  byabish- 
op ;  to  assent  to  the  Prayer-book  ;  to  renounce  the  Cove- 
nant ;  to  declare  the  unlawfulness  of  bearing  arms  against 
the  sovereign  ;  and  to  make  oath  of  canonical  obedience. 
Many  clergymen  resigned  their  benefices. 

Unigenitus  DeiFilius  (il-ni-jen'i-tus  de'i  fil'i- 
us).  [L.,' Only-begotten  Son  of  God.']  A  buU 
promulgated  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  in  1713,  in 
which  the  Jansenists  were  condemned. 

Union  (u'nyon).  The.  1.  The  United  States  of 
America. —  2.  Same  as  Union,  Act  of,  3. 

Union,  Act  of.  1.  A  statute  of  153o-36,  which 
enacted  the  political  union  of  Wales  to  England. 
—  2.  A  statute  of  1706,  which  united  the  king- 
doms of  England  and  Scotland  on  and  after  May 


States  of  America.  [F.  jEtats-rnis,  G.  Verein- 
igte  Staaten,  It.  Stati  Uniti,  Sp.  Estados  Cnidos, 
D.  Vereenigde  Staten.']  A  federal  republic  which 
occupies  the  central  part  of  North  America. 
Capital,  Washington.  Excluding  the  detached  dis- 
trict of  .\laska,  it  is  bounded  by  British  America  on  the 
north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east.  Florida  Strait,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the 
west.  The  great  physiographical  divisions  are  the  At- 
lantic slope,  Appalachian  system,  Gulf  coastal  plain,  cen- 
tral plain  (including  the  Mississippi  valley  and  the  Great 
Lakes  liasin),  Rocky  Mountain  system.  Columbian  plateau, 
great  interior  basin,  Sieri-a  Nevada  and  Cascade  systems, 
and  Faciflcslope.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Mississippi 
(with  the  Missouri,  Ohio,  etc.),  St.  Lawrence  (forming  a 
part  of  the  boundary  with  Canada),  Yukon,  Kio  Grande, 
Colorado,  and  Columbia ;  the  principal  lakes,  the  group 
known  as  "the  Great  Lakes  "  (partly  in  Canada),  Great  Salt 
Lake,  and  Lake  Champlain.  The  most  elevated  point  of 
land  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  Mount  Mitchell  (Black 
Dome)  in  North  Carolina;  west  of  the  Mississippi,  appar- 
ently Mount  Whitney,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California. 
There  are  seemingly  no  fully  active  volcanoes  within  the 
United  States  at  the  present  day,  but  vulcanic  outbursts 
have  been  reported  w  ithiii  a  comparatively  recent  period, 
and  many  of  the  western  peaks  (Shasta,  Tacoma,  etc.)  are 
volcanic  in  origin.  The  leading  agricultural  products  ai  e 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  rj'e,  rice,  dnin 
products,  live  stock,  hay,  and  potatoes.  The  metallic  pro- 
ducts are  iron,  silver,  gold,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  quicksilver, 
nickel,  aluminium,  antimony,  plati.iuni  ;  other  pro^ucta 
are  coal,  petroleum,  natural  gas,  mineral  waters,  etc. 
The  principal  exports  are  breadstuffs,  cotton,  provisions, 
petroleum,  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  sugar,  lumber,  oil-cake, 
leather,  machinery,  cattle,  furs.  The  countrj"  is  the  first 
in  the  world  in  the  production  of  steel,  pig-iron,  cotton, 
wheat,  and  Indian  com,  and  ranks  among  the  first  in  to- 
bacco and  sugar.  There  is  no  universally  recognized  sys- 
tem of  grouping  the  States  of  the  Union  :  they  are  often 
classified  as  New  England  States.  Middle  States,  Southern 
States  (including  the  subdivision  Guli  states).  Western 
States  (including  Lake  States  and  "  the  Northwest "),  and 
Pacific  States.  The  following  is  an  accepted  ai^ange- 
ment  — North  Atlantic  division:  Maine.  New  Hampshire, 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania.  South  Atiantij:  divunon : 
Delaware.  Marjiand.  Virginia,  West  Virginia.  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida  (and  the  District  of 


University  College 

Columbia).  A-OT-«  Central  dii-Mm :  Ohio.  Indiana,  Illinola, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin.  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri  North 
Dakota,  South  Dakota.  Nebraska,  Kansas.  South  Central 
divunon:  Kentucky.  Tennessee,  Alabama.  Mississippi 
Louisiana,  Texas,  Arkansas  (with  the  Territory  of  Okla^ 
homa  and  Indian  Territory).  Western  division  ':  Jlontana. 
«  .voniing.  Colorado,  W:ishington,  Oregon,  California  Ne- 
vada,  Idaho,  and  Utah  (with  the  Territories  of  Arizona 
and  New  MexicoX— In  all  ib  States  ami  j  Territories 
besides  the  District  of  Columbia  (which  contains  Washl 
mgton.  the  capital,  and  is  administered  by  the  Federal 
government),  the  unorganized  Indian  Territory,  the  civil 
and  judicial  district  of  Alaska,  and  Hawaii.  The  largest 
cities  are  New  York,  Chicago,  Philadelphia,  and  St. 
Louis.  The  Federal  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  Presi- 
dent, elected  for  4  years  by  an  electoral  college  elected 
by  the  votes  of  the  people  of  the  different  States.  He 
is  assisted  by  a  cabinet  of  8  members  of  his  own  appoints 
ment.  The  legislative  authority  is  vested  in  Congress, 
which  consists  of  a  Senate,  2  members  of  which  are  re- 
turned by  each  State,  and  a  House  of  Representatives,  at 
present  (1901)  of  357  members,  returned  bv  the  States  in 
the  proportion  of  one  for  about  ever}- 174,000  inhabitants. 
The  separate  States  have  extensive  independent  powers 
reserved  to  them  under  the  Constitution  of  the  republic. 
The  State  governments  are  administered  each  by  a  gover- 
nor and  a  legislature  of  two  houses.  There  are  distinct 
Federal  and  State  judicial  systems,  the  highest  court  in 
the  land  being  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  The 
inhibitants  are  mainly  of  British  descent  ;  about  8,C00.- 
OOli  are  colored.  There  are  many  immigrants  and  de- 
scendants of  recent  immigrants  from  Germany,  Nor- 
way, Sweden,  Italy,  Bohemi.i,  Russia  proper,  Poland, 
Hungary,  etc.;  also  Indians  and  Chinese.  All  reli- 
gions are  tolerated,  and  in  a  population  of  such  diversi- 
fied origin  all  may  be  s.aid  to  have  adherents.  The 
largest  of  the  Protestant  denominations  are  the  Method- 
ists and  Baptists.  The  region  is  said  to  have  been  visited 
and  temporarily  colonized  by  Northmen  about  1000.  It  was 
seen  by  the  Cabots  in  1497-;i8',and  explored  bv  Ponce  de  Leon 
in  1,=j13-14,  Verrazano  in  1524,  De  Soto  in  1539^2, and  others. 
The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at  St.  -lugustine 
in  1565.  Thirteen  colonies  were  planted,  which  by  their 
union  in  177ti  formed  the  thirteen  original  States :  Virginia 
(1607),  .^lassachusetts  (1620\  New  Hampshire  (1623),  Mary- 
land (1634),  Connecticut  (1635),  Rhode  Island  (1636),  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Pennsylvania(16S2),  and  Georgia 
(1733),  .all  by  the  English  ;  New  York  and  New  Jersey  by  the 
Dutch ;  and  Delaware  (1638)  by  Swedes.  .Among  the  wars 
carried  on  with  the  Indians  were  the  Pequot  war  and 
King  Philip's  war  ;  with  the  French  and  Indians.  King 
William's  war.  Queen  Anne's  war.  King  George's  war, 
and  the  French  and  Inilian  war.  The  following  areamong 
the  leading  events  of  United  States  histon' :  Revolution 
hastened  by  the  Stamp  Act  of  1765,  taxes  in  1767,  and  the 
Boston  Port  Bill  of  1774  ;  commencement  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, 1775  (see  Remlutionary  War):  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, 1776 ;  Articles  of  Confederation  adopted,  1777- 
1781 ;  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Y'orktown,  1781 ;  recog- 
nition of  independence,  1783  ;  Ordinance  of  1787  relating 
to  the  Northwest  Territorj';  Constitution  framed,  1787; 


transferred  to  Washington,  1800  ;  Tripolitan  war,  1801-05  ; 
Louisiana  Purchase,  1803  ;  embargo,  1807 ;  war  with  Great 
Britain,  1S12-1.S ;  cession  of  Florida  by  Spain,  aS19  ;  Mis- 
souri  Compromise,  lb20;  N  unification  movement,  1S32-33; 
financial  crisis,  1837 ;  annexation  of  Tesa.s,  1S4:. ;  Mexican 
war,  1846-48 ;  acquisition  of  territory  from  Mexico,  1848, 
and  by  the  Gadsden  Purchase,  1853;  Omnibus  Bill,  1850; 
Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  1S54  ;  financial  crisis,  1867  :  seces- 
sion of  eleven  States,  1860-61 ;  Civil  War,  1861-65  (see  Civil 
War) ;  Lincoln's  emancipation  proclamations,  1862  and 
1863  ;  constitutional  prohibition  of  slaverv,  1866  ;  recon- 
struction in  the  South,  1865-70 ;  purchase  "of  Alaska  from 
Knssia,  1867  ;  financial  crisis,  1873 ;  disputed  presiden- 
tial election,  1876-77 :  resumption  of  specie  pavments, 
1879:  Spanish-American  war,  1898.  resulting  "in  the 
acciuisition  of  Porto  Rico.  Guahan,  and  the  Philippines. 
Area,  3,026,640  square  miles;  including  Alaska  and 
Hawaii,  3,622,933  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
including  Alaska,  Indian  Territory,  and  Hawaii,  76.- 
299,766. 

United  States.  An  American  frigate,  built  at 
Philadelphia  in  1797.  which,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Decatur,  captured  the  British  frigate 
Macedonian,  Oct.  25,  1812. 

United  States  Military  Academy.    See  West 

Point  AliUtarii  Academtj. 

United  States  Naval  Academy.     See  Naval 

Acrid' mil.  Vnitcd  States. 

United  States  of  Brazil.    See  Brazil. 

United  States  of  Colombia.  [Sp.  Estados  Vni- 
(?0j  de  Colombia.']  The  official  name  of  Colom- 
bia from  1.S61  to  18S6,  when  a  federal  constitu- 
tion was  in  force. 

United  States  of  Mexico.    See  Mexico. 

United  States  of  "Venezuela.    See  reneznela. 

Universal  Doctor.The,  L.  Doctor  Universalis 
(dok'tor  ii  ni-ver-sa'lis).  A  name  given  to 
Thomas  Aquinas,  and  also  to  Alain  de  Lille. 

Universite  Nationale  de  France.  An  insti- 
tution which  virtually  includes  the  entire  eda- 
cational  system  of  France.  The  organization  of  the 
old  University  of  Paris  having  been  destroyed  by  the  Rev- 
olution, certain  "ecoles  centrales"  appeared  at  various 
points  in  the  countn,-.  These  were  abolished  by  .Napoleon, 
and  the  whole  system  was  reconstructed. 

University  College.  A  non-sectarian  London 
college,  founded  in  1828.  it  is  situated  on  Gower 
street.  Opposite  is  the  University  College  Hospital,  the 
patients  of  which  are  treated  by  the  professors  of  medi- 
cine of  the  college.  In  1881  additions  were  made  to  the 
main  building.  It  is  now  incorporated  in  the  University 
of  Ltindon. 


University  College 
University  College.    The  oldest  college  of  ()x- 

t'oril  University.  According  to  an  apparently  baseless 
tradition,  it  was  founded  by  Kins  Alfred  in  872.  It  doubt- 
less originated  in  a  fund  liic|ucatlieil  by  William,  arch- 
iieacoii  Iff  Durliani,  in  1240  ;  andtbe  college  wa.s  practically 
establislitd  in  1280.  The  foundation  consists  (according  to 
the  new  statutes  made  in  1881)  of  a  master,  13  fellows, 
l»i  3<!iol:ir>,  and  (ultimately)  17  exhibitors. 

Unkiar-Skelessi  (on'ke-Ur-ska-les'se),  orHun- 
kiar-Skelessi.  A  small  place  in  Asia  Minor, 
near  Coustautiuople,  where,  in  1833,  Russia  and 
Turkey  concluded  a  treaty  favorable  to  the 
former. 

Unlearned  Parliament,  The.    See  Parliament 

(if  Dtiiicifi. 

Unnatural  Combat,  The.    A  play  by  Philip 

MassiiiRcr,  acted  about  1019,  printed  in  1039. 
Unready,  The.     An  epithet  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 

king  .lithelred.     See  ^theJred. 
Unst  funst).     The  northernmost  of  the  Shetland 

Islands,  Scotland.     Length,  12  miles. 
Unstrut(on'strot).    Ariverin  central  Germany 

which  joinstheSaale  near Naumburg.   Length, 

108  miles. 
Unter  den  Linden  (on'ter  den  liu'den).    [G., 

'under  the  lindens.']  A  famous  street  in  Ber- 
lin which  extends  fi-omthe  BrandenburgerThor 
eastward  about  three  iif  ths  of  a  mile.  On  it  are  the 
imperial  and  princely  palaces,  the  university,  the  academy, 
tlie  statue  i.f  Frederick  the  tireat,  etc.     Width,  160  feet. 

Unterpfalz.     See  Pahitinate. 

Untersberg  (on'ters-bero).  A  mountain  in  the 
Salzburger  Alps,  situated  near  the  border  be- 
tween Salzburg  and  Bavaria,  Smiles  southwest 
of  Salzburg:  celebrated  in  folk-lore  (legends  of 
Charles  the  Great).     Height,  6,480  feet, 

Untersee  (on'ter-za).  [G.,' lower  lake.']  The 
name  jiven  to  the  western  arm  of  the  Lake  of 
Consttmce.     Length,  about  13  miles. 

Unterseen  (on'terza-en).  A  ^^llage  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  between  the 
Lakes  of  Thun  and  Brienz,  near  Interlaken. 

Unterwalden  (i'm'ter-viil-den).  [G.,' lower  for- 
est.'] One  of  the  Forest  Cantons  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  by  Lucerne,  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  Uri, 
and  Bern.  It  comprises  the  two  half-cantons  Nidwald 
and  Obwald.  TJie  surface  is  mountainous;  highest  point, 
the  Titlis.  The  chief  towns  are  Stanz  and  Sarnen  ;  the  Ian- 
gnage  is  German :  the  religion  Roman  Catholic.  It  has 
two  representatives  in  the  National  Council.  Unterwalden 
united  with  the  other  Forest  Cantons  in  the  leagues  of  the 
r^th -11th  centuries.  It  was  assigned  to  the  canton  of  Wald- 
=t:itt.-n  in  1798;  the  resistance  of  Nidwald  was  suppressed 
by  tile  French.  It  became  again  a  canton  in  1803,  a  i)o. 
Bition  secured  in  1815  (resistance  of  Xidwald  suppressed 
hy  Coiifeilerate  troops  in  IH15),  and  joined  the  Sonderbund. 
Ana,  il'.tr.  square  miles      Population  (1SS8),  27,.'i85. 

Untrussing  of  the  Humorous  Poet,  The.    See 

Sf/lirfni/fl-^ti.r. 

Unukalhai(t'i  nuk-al-ha'i).  [Ar.'Kiiurj-al-haiya, 
the  neck  of  the  serpent.]  The  third-magnitude 
stiir  a  Serpentis. 

Unungun  (ii-nung'un).  or  Aleut.  ['People.'] 
A  division  of  the  Eskimauan  stock  of  North 
Airierieau  Imlians,  inhabiting  the  Aleutian  \t- 
.■hi]M.higo.     Number  (1894),  about  2,200.     See 

/■,'x/,(»»(Hfl«. 

Unyamwezi  (o-nya-mwa'zi).     See  Kijamwezi 

and  Miranilir). 

Unyanyembe  (o-nya-nyera'be).   See  Kiiamirczi. 

Unyoro  (ii-nyo'ro).  A  kingdom  of  British  East 
Allien,  just  north  of  the  equator,  between 
TLMiiila  and  Lake  Albert,  it  is  still  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  European  control.  The  ruling  native  tribe,  the 
Watiyoro,  are  kinsmen  of  the  Qanda  tribe,  but  less  power- 
ful and  less  progressive.     See  Nyoro. 

Upanishaas  (ii-pa-ni-shadz').  [Skt.,  from  upa, 
unto,  tii,  down,  an<l  -v/.vorf,  to  sit;  and  so,  liter- 
ally, 'a  sitting  down  by,'  'setting  oneself  at 
the  feet  of  another,'  'confidential  communica- 
tion,' '  esoteric  doctrine.']  with  the  Aranyakas, 
the  oldest  speculative  treatises  of  the  Hindus:  they 
lie  at  the  root  of  the  philosophical  side  of  Hinduism. 
Not  only  are  they  viewed  as  shruti,  or  revelation, 
eipially  with  the  Mantras  and  Hrahmanas,  but  they  are 
pr;icllcally  the  only  Veda  of  all  educated  Hindus  at  the 
present  day.  I'roperly  -ach  Hrahmana  had  its  Ar.-inyakiu*, 
or  'forest  treatises,'  intemled  for  the  Vanaprasthas,  or 
'dwellers  in  the  forest '  (that  is,  Brahmans  who,  having 
passeii  the  two  earlier  stages  of  the  brahmiudiarin,  or  stu- 
dent, and  the  gritlastha.  or  householder,  retire  into  the 
fnre'tt  to  devote  themselves  to  self-niortillcation  r.nd  reli- 
gious meditation)',  but  the  mystical  doctrine- lift  he  latter 
weresontingled  with  extraneous  matter  that  the  chapters 
calleii  Upauishads  appear  to  have  been  added  to  investi- 
gate more  exclusively  and  dellnitely  such  problems  as  the 
origin  of  the  iniiverse,  the  nature  of  deity,  the  ruitnre  of 
tlie  soul,  and  the  connection  of  spirit  and  matter.  Some 
of  the  most  important  are  the  Aitareya  Tpimishad  and 
the  Kanshitakiluahmana  Upardshad  of  the  Kigveda;  the 
'r:iitliiiya  hrlotiging  to  the  Taittiriyasaidlila  of  Hie  Vajur- 
vrda  ;  the  ilrihadaranyaka  attached  to  the  shatapalhabrah- 


mana  of  the  \'ajasaneyiBanhtta  of  that  Veda,  ami  the  Isim 
or  Ishavasya,  forming  the  40th  chapter  of  the  latti-r  San- 
hlta:  the  Chhandogya  and  Kena  belonging  to  the  Sjiina- 
Teda;  and  the  I'rastina,  Miindaka,  MandilUya,  and  Katha 
belonging  to  the  .Xthurvaveda.    Following  the  atratitlca. 


1021 

tory  principle,  in  general  the  only  guide  in  determining 
the  age  of  Sanskrit  works,  the  ancient  Tpanishads  —  that 
is,  those  which  occupy  a  place  in  the  Sanliitas.  BrahinaiiiLs, 
and  .\ranyakas  —  are  believed  to  be  older  than  000  n.  <\ .  or 
anterior  to  Huddhism,  though  the  germs  of  the  doctrines 
contained  in  them  are  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  latest 
hymns.  The  others  range  through  a  long  period,  and  are 
very  numerous.  The  uncieut  Vedic  literature  Ilrst  became 
known  outside  of  India  through  these  I'panishads.  They 
were  trail  si  a  tell  from  Sanskrit  into  Persian  by  or  for  Dara 
Bhnkoh,  the  eldest  son  iif  the  ilogul  emperor  Shah  Jehan, 
who  held  the  liberal  religious  views  of  Akliar.  He  had 
heard  of  tlier[)aiii.shadsin  Kasliinir  in  1040,  invited  several 
pandits  to  liellii  to  assist  in  their  translation,  and  finished 
the  work  iu  1057.  Translated  into  Persian,  then  the  most 
widely  read  language  of  the  East,  they  became  genenilly 
accessible.  In  1775  a  manuscript  of  this  Pel'Sian  transla- 
tion was  sent  by  the  French  resident  at  the  court  of  Shuja 
ud  Daula  to  .-\nquetil  Dnperron,  the  discoverer  of  the 
Avesta ;  and  later  another  manuscript.  Anquetil  Duperron 
collated  the  two,  and  translated  the  work  into  I'rencli 
and  into  Latin,  publishing  the  latter  version  in  1801  and 
1802  under  the  title  of  Oupnekhat,  a  corruption  of  rpani- 
shad.  This  Latin  translation  was  studied  by  Sehopen- 
hauer.  Twelve  of  them  are  translated  by  Max  ^liiller,  with 
introductions  and  notes,  in  the  "Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
I.  and  XV. 

Upernivik  (ii-per'ni-vik).  The  northernmost 
Danish  district  in  Greenland,  situated  on  the 
western  coast.  Position  of  the  chief  settlement, 
lat.  72''  48'  N.,  Ions.  .').5°  54'  W. 

Upham  (up'am),  Charles  Wentworth,  Born 
at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  May  4,  1802:  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  June  14,  1875.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergyman,  author,  and  politician.  He  was  a 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1853-5rt. 

Upham,  Thomas  Cogswell.  Bom  at  Deer- 
field,  N.  H.,  Jan.  30,  1799:  died  at  New  York, 
April  2,  1872.  An  American  philosophical  and 
religious  writer  and  poet. 

Upolu  (o-p6-lo').  The  second  in  size  of  the 
Samoan  Islands,  southeast  of  Savaii.  It  is  moun- 
tainous and  fertile,  and  contains  Apia,  the  chief  t.wn  of  the 
group.    Area,  360  square  miles.    Population,  about  10, OOii. 

Upper  Austria,     ^ne  Austria. 

Upper  Avon.     See  Avon. 

Upper  Bavaria,  G.  Oberbayern.  A  govern- 
ment district  in  the  southeast  of  Bavaria,  ex- 
tendingfrom  the  .\lps  to  the  Danube.  Area,  Ifl,- 
725  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  1,103,100. 

Upper  Briiles.    See  sitcanxu. 

Upper  Canada.     See  Ontario. 

Upper  Chinook  (up'er  ehi-nuk').  One  of  the 
two  divisions  of  the  Chinookan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  The  principal  tribes  are 
Cathlamet,  Clackama,  Eeheloot,  Multnoma, 
Wasco,  and  WatUila.     See  Chinool-an. 

Upper  Germany  (jer'ma-ni),G.  Oberdeutsch- 

land  (6'ber-doich'liiut).  1.  A  geograiihical 
term  nearly  coextensive  with  South  Germany, 
or  Germany  south  of  the  Main. —  2.  A  geo- 
graphical term  for  the  German-speaking  lands 
of  the  German  Empire  and  Austria-Hungary 
which  are  situated  in  the  Alps  or  about  their 
northern  slopes,  it  comprises  Baden,  nohenzollern, 
Wiirtemberg,  southern  Bavaria,  Upper  and  Lower  Austria, 
■Salzburi:, Tyrol,  and  parlsof  ,Styria,Carinthia,  andCarniola. 

Upper  Hesse,  G.  Oberhessen.    A  in-ovince  in 

the  grand  duehv  of  Hesse.     ^Vrea,  3,287  square 

miles.     Population  (1890),  265,912. 
Upper  Peru.     See  Vharcas  and  Bolivia. 
Upper  Rhine  (tin)  Circle,  G.  Oberrheinkreis 

(6'l)i'r-riii  kins).  One  of  the  ten  circles  of  the 
ancient  German  Empire,  comprising  an  aggre- 
gation of  ecclesiastical  and  temporal  lordships, 
mainly  west  of  tJie  Khine. 

Upper  Saxon   Circle,  G.  Obersachsischer- 

kreis  (6'lier-zek  sish-er-kris).  One  of  the 
ten  circles  of  Hie  ancient  (ierman  Empire,  com- 
prising olcetoral  Saxonv,  Brandenlmrg,  the 
Sa.xon  ducliies,  Anhalt,  tomorania,  Schwarz- 
burg,  Keiiss,  i'tc. 

Uppingham  (up'ing-am).  A  town  in  Rutland- 
shire. England,  situated  17  miles  east  by  south 
of  Leicester. 

Upsala  (op-sii'Iii).  1.  A  laen  in  eastern  Swe- 
den. Area,  2,053  s(|uare  miles.  Population 
(18931,  122,008.-2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of 
i'psala,  situated  on  theriver  Fyria  in  lat,.59°5r 
N.,long.  17°38'E.  it  Is  the  seat  of  a  noted  university 
and  of  an  archbishopric.  The  university  was  founded  bv 
.stenBtnreIn  1477.  It  has  a  llhniry  of  i.'iO.oOd  volumes,  eof. 
lectionsof  coins  and  minerals,  botanic  garden  and  museum, 
observatory,  etc.  I'he  cathedral  was  founded  iu  1200,  but 
has  since  been  altereil.  Among  the  radlattngchotr.elmpels 
is  that  of  (lustavus  Viuia.  iidorued  with  historical  frescos, 
and  containing  the  king's  tomb  with  sculptured  llgiircs 
of  himself  anil  his  first  two  wives.  Thediniensions  are.1.V,) 
by  103  feet ;  length  of  tmnsepts,  l:(0  ;  height  of  vaulting, 
OO.  The  two  west  towers  have  reached  only  about  half  of 
their  projected  height  of  .'tss  feel.  The  shic  portals  anil 
the  exterior  of  the  choir  are  exceedingly  flue.  Near  Cpsala 
was  the  niedlevnl  cltytild  I'psala,  one  of  the  oldeat  in  the 
country.     Population  (1811.').  21,100. 

Upshur  flip 'slier),  Abel  Parker.     Born   in 

Niirthampton  County,  Va.,. I  line  17,  1790:  killeil 


Urban  VII. 

on  the  Potomac,  Feb.  28,  1844.  An  American 
politician,  secretarv  of  the  navy  1841-43,  and 
secretary  of  state  1843-44. 

Upton  (up'ton),  Emory.  Bom  at  Batavia. 
Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1839:  died 
at  San  Francisco,  March  14,  1881.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1S61 : 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  in  Georgia  and 
Alabama  during  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general in  18G4 ;  and  was  commandant  of  cadets  at 
West  Point  1870-75.  He  wrote  "New  System  of  Infantry 
Tactics"  (1807),  "Armies  of  .Asia  and  Europe"  (1878),  etc. 

Ur  (er).  The  place  (in  Gen.  f  >  Ka.sfUm,  Vr  of  the 
Chaldeans)  from  which  Abraham  set  out  on  bis 
.iourney  to  Canaan,  it  has  been  identified  with  tni 
which  flgnres  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  as  the  oldest 
capital  of  Babylonia  and  at  the  same  time  as  an  important 
maritime  and  commercial  city.  It  is  now  represented  by 
the  ruins  of  Mngheir  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Euphrates'. 
It  was  the  principal  scat  of  worship  of  the  moon-god  sin, 
and  is  therefore  sometimes  qualifled  in  the  inscriptions  a3 
the  "  moon  city." 

Uraba  (o-ra-bii').  Gulf  of.  An  old  name  for  the 
Gulf  of  Darien;  generally  restricted  to  the 
southern  arm  which  receives  the  river  Atrato. 

Ural  (ii'ral  or  u'ral).  A  river  which  rises  in  the 
Ural  Mountains,  flows  southwest  and  south,  and 
empties  by  a  delta  into  the  northern  end  of  the 
Caspian  Sea.  it  forms  for  a  large  part  of  its  course 
part  of  the  conventional  boundary  between  F-urope  and 
Asia.  Length,  about  1,000  miles  ;  navigable  for  large  ves- 
sels from  (irenlnirg. 

Ural  Mountains.  A  collection  of  mountain- 
ranges  situated  mainly  on  the  border  between 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  Russian  teiritory. 
They  extend  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  southward  to  near  lat. 
51^  X.  The  chief  divisions  are  ihe  Arctic  I'rals  (in  Nova 
Zerabla).  Northern  I'rals  (with  the  Pai-hoi,  Vogul,  and 
Obdorsk  Mountains),  Middle  Iral-s,  and  Southern  I'rals. 
They  are  famous  for  their  mineral  wealth  (gold,  iron, 
copper,  platinum,  and  precious  stones).  Highest  peak 
(Tel-i>0S).  5,540  feet. 

Uralsk  (d-riilsk').  1.  A  province  of  Russia,  in 
Central  Asia,  lying  between  Astrakhan  and 
Turgai.  Area,  139,168  square  miles.  Population 
(1889),  559,552.-2.  The  capital  of  Uralsk,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Tchagan  with  the 
Ural,  about  lat.  51°  10'  N.    Population,  26,054. 

Urania  (ft-ra'ni-a).  [NL.,from  L.  I'raiiia,  from 
Gr.  Oi'pai'ia,  one  of  the  Muses,  lit. '  the  Heavenly 
One.']  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of 
astronomy  and  celestial  forces,  and  the  arbi- 
tress  of  fate,  second  only  to  Calliope  in  the 
company  of  the  Muses.  Her  usual  attributes  are  a 
glolio,  which  she  often  holds  in  her  hand,  and  a  little  start 
or  compass  for  indicating  the  course  of  the  stars. 
2.  An  asteroid  (No.  30)  discovered  bv  Hind  at 
London.  July  22.  18.54. 

Uranienborg  (o-rii'ne-en-borg).  A  castle  on  the 
island  of  liven.  Sweden,  the  seat  of  the  obser- 
vatory of  Tycho  Brahe. 

Uranus  (u'ra-nus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Oi'partir,  a 
personification  of  heaven,  eipiivalent  to  Skt. 
VariiiHi,  a  deity  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  Veda, 
later  a  god  of  the  waters.]  1.  In  classical  my- 
thology, the  son  of  Ga^a  or  (te  (the  Earth),  and 
by  her  the  father  of  the  Titans,  Cyclopes,  etc. 
He  hated  his  children,  and  confined  them  iii  Tartarus:  but, 
on  the  instigation  of  <bea,  Cronus,  the  youngest  of  the 
TitJins,  overthrew  and  dethi-oned  him. 
2.  In  astronomy,  the  outermost  but  one  of  the 
jilanets,  appearing  to  the  naked  eye  as  a  faint 
star.  It  was  discovered  as  a  moving  body  with  a  disk, 
^farch  13,  17S1.  by  Sir  W.  Hei-schel :  but  had  previously 
been  observed  twenty  times  as  a  star  by  ditferent  obser- 
vers. These  are  called  the  ancient  observations  of  Cranes. 
The  planet,  seen  with  a  telescope  ^>f  the  fii-st  class,  appears 
as  a  small  bluish  disk  with  two  bands.  It  is  a  little  smaller 
than  Neptune,  its  diameter  being  yi,OIKl  miles  ;  its  ina.<is  is 
.,^,\,,nof  that  of  the  sun,  or  14.7  times  that  of  the  earth  :  its 
density  therefore  Is  about  1.4.  being  a  little  more  than  that 
of  .Jupiter.  It  is  aboiiMO.'J  timesas  far  from  tht>  sun  asthe 
earth  is;  and  its  jieriod  of  revolution  isabout  84  vears  and 
a  week.  It  has  four  satellites  —  ArieL  Umbrlel.  Titoiila, 
and  oberon  -  of  which  the  first  two  are  extremely  diffi. 
cult  telescopic  objects.  They  revolve  in  one  plane,  nearly 
perpendicular  U\  that  of  the  planet. 

Urartu,     See  .intrat. 

Urban  (I'r'baiO  I.  [L.  rrhnnu.i,  of  the  eitv;  It. 
IrhaiHi.  V.I  rliiiin.]    Bishop  of  Rome  'J2'2-230. 

Urban  II.  (Udo  or  Eudes'.  l^orn  at  Chatillon- 
siir-Miinie.  Fi'.iiice:  died  1099.  Pojie  lOSS-99. 
lie  continued  the  ptdicy  of  Cregory  Vll.  against  lay  in- 
vestiture and  inopposilion  to  llenryiv.:  exeoniinilnicatA-d 
I'hilip  I.  of  France  ;  and  fnrtliere<l  the  first  Crusade 

Urban  III.  lUberto  Crivelli).    Pope  lis,-)-*-. 

lie  n|ipiiseil  tlie  eiiqu-rcir  Frederick  1. 

Urban  IV.  (Jacques  Pantal6on^.    Pope  1261- 

I'JCel.       rie  i.|i|.oseil   Mlllll'reii  of  Sicilv. 

Urban  V.  i  Guillaume  de  Grimoard^.  Bom  in 

soiillieni  i-'niiii-e:  dii-.j  i:;7ii.      ro|M.  i:it'i2-70. 

Urban  VI.  (Bartolommeo  Prignani).    I'opo 

1378-89.  Tlie]uii)at  seliisin  liegnii  in  his  reign: 
the  cardinals  elected  Clement  VII.  niitipo|)e. 

Urban  VII,  (Giovanni  Battista  Castagria), 

I'lipe  in  I.V.IO,  for  13  days. 


Urban  VIII. 

tJrban  VIII.  (Maffeo  Barberini).    Born  at 

Florence,  1568:  died  1644  Pope  1623-44.  He 
annexed  the  duehy  of  Urbino,  and  supported  the 
policy  of  France  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Urban,  Sylvanus.  The  pseudonym  of  the  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine." 

Urbino  (or-be'no).  [L.  L'rvhium  Metaurense, 
ML  Urhinum.']  A  city  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
saro  6  Urbino,  Italy,  situated  on  a  hill  in  lat. 
43°  44'  N.,  long.  12°  38'  E. :  the  capital  of  the 
formerduehy  of  Urbino,  and  a  celebrated  center 
of  art  and  literature  in  the  15th  and  16th  cen- 
turies. It  wasthebirtliplaceofRaphael.  It  contains  a  ca- 
thedral and  a  ducal  palace,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop, 
an<i  formerly  of  a  university.  The  ducal  palace  is  one  of 
the  finest  examples  of  the  cinque-cento  or  early  Renais- 
sance style,  light  in  proportions  and  richly  ornamented. 
The  south  front  has  three  superimposed  loggie,  and  two 
machicolated  cylindrical  flanking  towers.  The  coiu-t, 
with  two  stories  and  an  attic,  the  lower  story  arcaded,  is 
celebrated.  The  saloons  are  well  proportioned,  and  dec- 
orated with  sculptured  arabesques,  foliage,  etc.  Popula- 
tion (1S81),  5,087;  commune,  16,812. 

Urbino,  Duchy  of.  A  former  duchy  compris- 
ing Urbino,  Pesaro,  and  other  places  in  their 
vicinity.  it  was  ruled  by  princes  of  the  Montefeltro 
family,  ana  later  was  under  the  house  of  Delia  Rovere. 
It  was  annexed  by  the  Papal  States  in  1631,  and  by  Victor 
Emmanuel  in  1860. 

Ure  {vly),  Andrew,  Bom  at  Glasgow,  1778: 
died  at  London,  June  2,  1857.  A  Scottish  chem- 
ist, professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  history 
at  the  Andersonian  institution  in  Glasgow.  He 
published  a  •*  Dictionary  of  Chemistry  "(1821),  "  A  New  Sys- 
tem of  Geology"  (1829),  "Philosophy  of  Manufactures'" 
(18,35),  "Dictionary  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Mines" 
(1837-39:  revised  by  Hunt),  etc, 

Ures  (6'res),  A  former  capital  of  the  state  of  So- 
nera, Mexico,  situated  on  the  Rio  Sonora  about 
lat   29°  20'  N.     Population,  about  9,000. 

Urfe  (iir-fa'),  Honor6  D".  Born  at  Marseilles, 
l.i67 :  died  in  1625,  A  French  wi-iter.  He  was 
of  a  noble  family,  and  seems  to  have  been  intended  for 
the  church.  A  marriage  unfortunate  in  all  its  circum- 
stances drove  him  into  retirement,  where  he  composed  his 
"Astr6e"  (which  see),  as  the  author  of  which  he  is  usually 
known.   He  was  a  voluminous  pastoral  and  amatory  writer, 

Urganda  (or-gan'dii).  A  fairy  and  enchantress 
in  the  legend  of  Amadis  de  Gaul. 

Urgel  (6r-Hel').  A  town  in  the  pro\ince  of 
Lerida,  Spain,  on  the  Segre  74  miles  north  -north- 
west of  Barcelona.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop  who,  con- 
jointly with  I'rance,  supervises  the  republic  of  Andorra. 

IJri  (6'ri),  One  of  the  Forest  Cantons  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
Schwyz,  Glarus,  Grisons,  Tieino,  Valais,  Bern, 
andUnterwalden.  Capital.  Altorf.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Reuss  and  by  the  St.  Gotthard  Railway.  The  lan- 
guage is  chiefly  German  (but  Italian  also  is  spoken);  reli- 
gion, Roman  Catholic.  Uri  sends  one  representative  to  the 
National  Council.  It  united  in  leagues  with  other  Forest 
Cantons  in  the  12th  and  14th  centuries  .  conquered  the  Val 
Leventina  in  the  l.lth  century ;  was  assigned  to  the  canton 
Waldstatten  in  1798 :  was  the  scene  of  conflicts  between 
the  French  and  the  Russians  and  Austrians  in  1799 ;  be- 
came a  canton  in  1803,  without  the  Val  Leventina;  and 
joined  the  Sonderbund,  Area,  416  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  17,249. 

Uri.BayoforLakeof,orUrnerSee(or'nerza). 

The  southeastern  arm  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
Switzerland.  Length,  7  miles.  It  is  bordered 
by  high  mountains. 

Uriah  (u-ri'a).  [Heb.,'Yahvehismylight.']  A 
Hittite  officer  in  the  army  of  David,"husband  of 
Bathsheba:  killed  by  order  of  David. 

Urian  (ii'ri-an ;  6.  pron.  6're-an),  Sir.  A  name 
formerly  used  to  designate  an  unknown  person, 
or  one  whose  name,  even  if  known,  it  was  not 
thought  proper  to  mention,  in  this  sense  it  was 
sometimes  applied  to  the  devil.  In  the  '•  Parzival  "of  Wolf, 
ram  von  Eschenbach,  the  unprincipled  Prince  of  Puntur- 
tois  is  called  Urian.    Baijard  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust,  sc.  xxi. 

Uriconium(u-ri-k6'iii-um),  orViroconium  (vir- 

o-ko'ni-um).  An  ancient  town  in  Britain,  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  Wroxeter,  near  Shrewsbury. 
Uriel  (u'ri-el).  LHeb.,'light  of  God.']  One  of 
the  seven  archangels.  He  is  spoken  of  in  2  Esdras  as 
the  good  angel  He  has  been  conceived  to  be  an  angel  of 
light,  and  his  station  to  be  in  the  sun.    He  is  introduced  by 

Milton  in  "Paradise  Los  t,"and  by  Longfellow  in  the  "Golden 
Legend." 

Uri-Rothstock  (o'ri-rot'stok).  A  summit  of 
the  Umer  Alps,  in  the  canton  of  Uri.  Switzer- 
land, west  of  Altorf.     Height,  9,620  feet. 

Urmia.     See  Urumiah. 

Urn-burial.     See  niidriotaplun. 

Urner  (or'ner)  Alps.  A  group  of  the  Alps  in 
Switzerland,  comprised  between  the  Lake  of 
Lucerne,  the  Eeuss,  the  Purea  Pass,  Aare,  and 
the  Sarner  Aa.  . 

Urner  Loch.  A  timnel  in  the  St.  Gotthard  Pass, 
Switzerland,  between  the  Devil's  Bridge  and 
Andermat^. 

Urner  See  (or'ner  za").     Same  as  Fn,  Bay  of. 

Ur(iuhart  (erch'art ) ,  David.  Bom  in  the  county 


1022 


Usedom 


of  Cromarty,  Scotland,  1805 :  died  1877.  A  Brit- 
ish publicist  and  politician.  He  was  a  Conservative 
member  of  Parliament,  He  published  "Observations  on 
European  Turkey  "  (1831),  "  Turkey  and  its  Resources  " 
(1833),  "Spirit  of  the  East"  (1838).  "  Pillars  of  Hercules" 
(1848),  "The  Lebanon  "  (18(>u).  and  various  works  against 
Russia,  the  United  states,  on  French  atlaiis,  etc. 

Urquhart,  or  Urchard  (erch'ard),  Sir  Thomas. 
Born  about  1605:  died  1660.     A  Scottish  Roy- 
alist and  author, 
was  educated  at  King 
having  a  good  knowledge  oi  lureiyii  Luiigues.     ne  was  ue-    tt«,,««i/ i/\"'rr'i*T»    i      i        •         Vt  "  ^"         n.. 

clared  a  rebel  by  Parliament;  took  arms  on  the  king's  side;  Urugal  (0-ro-gal  ).  1  he  Babylonian  Hades.  The 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Worcester;  and,  though  sent  a  pris-  word  is  of  Sumerian  origin,  and  means  *  the 
oner  to  London,  had  some  liberty.    He  escaped,  and  died     great  city.' 

abroad.  He  published  several  works,  but  is  best  known  TTrueiiav  (ii-ro-e-wi' •  or  as  Ftid'  fl'vM  trw51  i 
from  his  translation  of  Rabel.ais  (1653).  Uruguay  (o  ro-gwi   ,  01,  as  Jl.ng,,  u  lo-gwa).   A 

Urquiza  (6r-ke '  thii),  Justo  Jose.     Born  near    i^,"?,'"  'V"^!i  ^''^^s  in  southeastern  Brazil  (Santa 


however,  were  found  among  them,  and  this  was  variously 
explained  by  inspired  persons.  The  Church  of  St.  Ursula 
of  Cologne  is  still  visited  by  thousands  of  credulous  be- 
lievers in  the  miraculous  properties  of  the  bones  of  Roman 
colonists.  One  matter-of-fact  explanation  of  the  11.000  re- 
duces them  to  one  in  the  person  of  a  .St.  "  Undecemilla  " 
St.  Ursula  has  been  identified  by  Dr,  Oscar  Scbade  with 
the  Swabian  goddess  HOrsel,  or  Ursel,  who  is  the  Holda 
(or  Venus)  of  Teutonic  mythology  turned  into  a  saint  of 
the  Christian  calendar. 

He  possessed  estates  in  Cromarty ;  Urubamba  (o-ro-bam'ba).  A  name  given  to  the 
gs  College,  Aberdeen;  and  traveled,      Ucavale  in  the  nimer  mrt  nf  its  <.r„iv=o 
edge  of  foreign  tongues.     He  was  de-  ^T^2^^rlJl^^^w^y^^\       '^^  '''""'"'■ 


Catharina),  near  the  coast,  flows  west,  south- 
west, and  south,  forms  the  boundary  between 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul  in  Brazil  and  Uruguay  on 
the  east,  and  the  Argentine  Republic  on  the 
west,  and  empties  into  the  estuary  of  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata  in  lat.  34°  S.  its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Ibicuy  and  Negro.  Length,  about  1,000  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  .Salto  (about  200  miles),  and  above  that,  for  small 
vessels,  300  miles  farther. 

Uruguay,  orRepiiblica  Oriental  del  Uruguay 

(ra-pii'ble-ka  o-re-en-tiir  del  o-ro-gwl'),  often 
Banda  Oriental  (ban'dii  6-re-en-tal').  A  re- 
public in  South  America,  bounded  bv  Brazil, 
the  Atlantic,  the  estuai'y  of  the  Rio  de'la  Plata, 
and  the  river  Uruguay  (which  separates  it  from 
the  Argentine  Republic).  Capital,  Montevideo. 
The  surface  consists  generally  of  grassy  lands  traversed 
by  low  ridges  ;  the  chief  occupation  is  the  rearing  of  cattle 
and  sheep  ;  the  leading  exports,  live  stock,  wool,  beef, 
hides,  tallow,  etc.  It  has  19  departments.  The  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a  president  and  a  parliament  consisting 
of  a  senate  and  a  chamber  of  representatives.  'The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Of  the  inhabitants 
the  majority  .are  native  Uruguayans,  many  of  the  country 
people  being  of  the  mixed  race  called  Gauchos  (which 
see);  but  there  are  also  many  Italians.  Spaniards,  French, 
Brazilians,  etc.  The  prevailing  language  is  Spanish.  Uru- 
guay was  settled  by  Spanish  Jesuits  in  the  17th  century, 
and  by  Portuguese  and  Spanish  colonists  later ;  became  a 
Spanish  province,  annexed  to  the  viceroyaUy  of  La  Plata, 
in  1776;  was  joined  to  Brazil  in  1821;  revolted  against 
Brazil  in  1825;  and  was  recognized  as  an  independent  state 
in  1828.  Montevideo  was  besieged  by  the  combined  forces 
of  Oribe  and  Rosas  1842-51.  Area,  72-172  square  miles. 
Population  (1893),  748, 130. 

A  town  of  the 
tat^  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  on  the  river 
Uruguay  near  lat.  29°  35'  S.  It  is  the  principal 
Brazilian  port  on  the  Uruguay,  and  has  an  important  trade 
in  cattle,  TheParaguayanarmy  which  invaded  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  in  1865  was  besieged  in  this  place  by  the  combined 
forces  of  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argentine  Republic, 
and  surrendered  (nearly  6,000  men)  Sept.  18.  The  Emperor 
of  Brazil  and  Presidents  Mitre  and  Flores  took  piirt  in  the 
siege.     Population,  about  6,000. 


Coneepcion  del  Uruguay,  Eutre  Rios,  March  19, 
1800 :  assassinated  on  his  estate  of  San  Jos^, 
near  the  same  place,  April  11,  1871,  An  Ar- 
gentine general  and  politician.  As  a  country 
shopkeeper  he  acquired  great  influence  over  the  Gau- 
chos, and  in  1844^5,  with  an  army  of  4,000  of  them,  as- 
sisted Oril)e  against  the  government  of  Montevideo,  de- 
feating Rivera  at  India  Muerta,  March  28,  1845.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  governor  of  Entre  Rios.  The  loose  feder- 
ative system  then  in  vogue  in  the  Argentine  gave  prac- 
tically unlimited  powers  to  the  governors  or  dictatoi's. 
Urqniza  ruled  Entre  Rios  as  an  independent  state  and  for 
his  own  advantage,  acquiring  a  very  large  fortune.  As  a 
leader  of  the  federalist  party  he  made  war  on  the  unita- 
rians of  Corrientes.  In  1851  he  joined  forces  with  Brazil 
and  Montevideo ;  compelled  Oribe  to  capitulate  Oct,  8, 
ending  the  "nine  years'  siege"  of  Montevideo;  and  on 
Feb.  3,  1852,  defeated  and  overthrew  Rosas  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Monte-Caseros,  He  was  at  once  proclaimed  provi- 
sional dictator  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  and  in 
May,  1853,  was  elected  president  for  6  years.  Buenos 
Ayres  refused  to  join  the  confederation  until  forced  to  do 
so  by  Urquiza's  victory  at  Cepeda,  Oct,  23,  1859.  Urquiza 
retained  the  presidency  until  May,  1860,  when  he  took 
command  of  the  army.  Buenos  Ayres  revolted  soon  after, 
and  the  federalist  army  of  X^rquiza  was  defeated  by  Mitre 
at  Pavon,  Sept.  17,  1861.  With  this  battle  the  feder.alist 
system  came  to  an  end,  Urquiza  retired  to  Entre  Rios, 
where  he  continued  to  rule  in  a  kind  of  feudal  state,  though 
with  somewhat  diminished  power,  until  his  death.  He 
evaded  taking  an  active  part  in  the  P.iraguayan  w.ar, 

Urraca(or-ra'ka).  Died  1126.  Queen  of  Castile, 
daughter  of  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile.  She  married 
Alfonso  of  Aragon  ;  was  divorced  from  him  in  1111 ;  and 
carried  on  civil  war  in  Spain  against  her  husband  and  son. 

Ursa  Major  (er'sil  ma'jor).     [L.,  'the  Greater 

Bear.']     The  most  prominent  constellation  of  Uru^Iyana '(8-r6-gwi-a'na) 
the  northern  heavens,  representing  a  bear  wnth  - -■     ~        -     -     ~  -  -i 

an  enormous  tail.  There  is  a  rival  figure  for  the  same 
constellation— a  wagon.  (See  Wain.)  Both  figures  are 
mentioned  by  Homer.  The  name  of  the  bear  is  translated 
from  some  original  Aryan  Language,  since  the  constella- 
tion in  Sanskrit  is  called  riksha  —  a  word  which  means  in 
different  genders  a  'bear'  and  a  'star.'  As  the  seven 
stars  of  the  Great  Bear  are  in  many  languages  called  the 
Septentrions,  it  is  probable  the  figure  of  the  bear,  which 
by  its  tail  would  seem  to  have  originated  among  some  peo-  tt""""  • '-ii^       "A""'  ."  "4"T.".    ..      .....         « 

■  the  result  of  Urumiah,  or  Oroomiah  (o-ro-me  a),  or  Urmia 


pie  not  familiar  with  bears,  may  have  been 

a  confusion  of  sound.   Draco  appears  to  have  had  formerly 

a  longer  tail,  twisting  down  in  front  of  Ursa  Major.     The 

principal  stars  of  the  Great  Bear  compose  the  figure  of 

Charles's  Wain,  or  the  Dipper. 
Ursa  Minor  (er'sil  mi'nor).     [L.,'the  Smaller 

Bear.']     A  constellation  near  the  north  pole, 

the  figure  of  which  imitates  that  of  Ursa  Ma- 

,ior,  wliich  its  configuration  resembles.     It  also 

has  a  rival  flgure  of  a  wagon,  and  is  sometimes  called  the 

Cynosure,  which  seems  to  mean  '  dog's  tail.'    At  the  time 

of  the  formation  of  these  constellations  the  pole  must  have 

been  near  a  Draconis  ;  and  during  the  greater  part  of  his-  UrUUdi  (o-ron'de  ). 

tory  sailors  have  steered  by  Ursa  Minor  as  a  whole.     In      Lake  Tanganyika, 

the  tail  of  the  Little  Bear  is  the  pole-stai",  —  &      •      . 

Ursern  (or'zern),  or  Urseren  (6r'zer-en).     The 

same  as  Andermatl. 
UrsinUS  (er-si'nus),  or  Urcicinus  (er-si-si'nus). 

Antipope  366-384. 
Ursua  (or-so'ii),  Pedro  de.     Bora  at  Ursua, 

near  Pamplona,  Navarre,  about  1510:  died  at 

Machiparo,  on  the  Upper  Amazon,  Jan.  1, 1561. 

A  Spanish  soldier.     He  was  governor  of  New  Gra- 
nada 1545-46;  led  expeditions  from  Bogotc*l  in  search  of  El 

Dorado  1547  and  1549-52,  founding  Pamplona  and  other 

places ;  and  subdued  the  rebellious  Cimarrones  of  Paua. 

ma  1555-57,     In  1559  the  Marquis  of  Cafiete,  viceroy  of 

Peru,  conmiissioned  him  to  lead  an  expedition  to  the 

region  of  the  upper  Amazon  in  search  of  El  Dorado  and 


(or-me'ii).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Azerbai.ian, 
IPersia,  70  miles  west-southwest  of  Tabriz  :' the 
traditional  birthplace  of  Zoroaster.  It  is  the 
seat  of  an  American  mission.  Population,  es- 
timated, 25,000. 
Urumiah,  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  Persia,  west 
of  Tabriz,  intersected  by  lat,  38°  N,  it  contains 
many  small  islands.  The  water  is  intensely  salt  and  is 
shallow.  It  has  no  outlet.  Elevation  above  sea-level,  over 
4,000  feet.    Length,  about  85  miles, 

A  land  in  Africa,  north  of 

UrungU  (o-rong'gii),  or  UlungU  (6-16ng'g6). 
A  district  in  central  Africa,  south  and  southeast 
of  Lake  Tanganyika. 

Urus,  or  Uros.     See  Piiquinas. 

Urvashi  (or'va-she ;  Vedic  or-va'she).  [Ac- 
cording to  Bohtlingk  and  Roth,  from  nru.  wide, 
and  then  great,  and  v<it;)  =  ra(;a,  desire.]  In  the 
Rigveda,  '  longing,'  'desii-e,'  and  in  X.  95  per- 
sonified as  a  woman  beloved  by  Pururavas, 
The  obscure  hymn  consists  of  a  dialogue  ijetween  Purura- 
vas and  Urvashi.  They  are  interpreted  by  Max  MUUer 
("Oxford  Essays"  (1856)  and  "Chips  from  a  German  Work- 
shop ")  as  the  Sun  and  the  Dawn.  Urvashi  is  especially 
important  as  the  heroine  of  Kalid.isa's  "  Vikramorvashi." 


the  "kingdom"  of  the Omaguas  (which  see).    Theulterior  UsbegS  (us  '  begz),  or  UzbegS  (uz  '  begz).       A 


object  of  the  viceroy  was  to  get  rid  of  the  wild  adven 
turers  who  had  been  attracted  to  Peru  by  the  civil  wars. 
Some  hundreds  of  these  joined  Ursua,  who  took  tlie  title 
of  "Governor  of  Omaguaand  El  Dorado," and  embarked  in 
boats  at  Lamas  on  the  Moyobamba  in  Sept.,  1560.  He  de- 
scended the  Moyobamba  and  Huallaga  to  the  Amazon, 
where  he  was  killed  by  Lope  de  Aguirre  and  other  con- 
spirators. (See  .4,(/Mirre.)  Also  written  Or«wa, 
Ursula  (er'su-la).  Saint.  [ML., 'a she-bear';  It. 
Orsola,  Sp.  Ursola,  F.  Vrsule.']  In  Christian  le- 
gend, a  British  saint  and  martyi'  who,  with 
11,000  margins,  was  said  to  have  been  put  to 
death  by  an  army  of  Huns  near  Cologne,  in  the 
first  part  of  the  12tii  century,  in  digging  foundations  for 
new  walls,  the  citizens  of  Cologne  found  a  large  number 
of  bones  in  the  cemetery  of  the  mM  IJunian  town  Colonia 


Turkish  people,  sociall.v  and  politically  rather 
than  ethnicall.y  distinct,  dwelling  in  various 
parts  of  central  Asia,  chiefly  in  the  cities.  They 
form  the  influential  class.  Number,  estimated,  2,000,iX)0. 
They  rose  to  power  in  the  13th  century, 

Usboi  (6s-boi').  A  depression  in  central  Asia, 
east  of  the  Caspian  Sea  and  west  of  the  Amu- 
Daria:  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  ancient 
course  of  the  latter. 

Usedom  (o'ze-dom).  An  island,  belonging  to 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  which,  with  the  island  of 
Wollin,  separates  the  Pomeranian  Haft' from  the 
Baltic,  (jhief  town,  Swinemiiude.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 


Agrippiiia,  These  wereannounceii  bvr.lizabeth"f  Shonau.   tt      j  .-.         i.   -rr      i    rt t..j*,-:»   n-.-,iA^ 

a  visionary  nun,  as  the  relics  of  the  11,000  virgins,  and  for  UsedOin,    Count  K.arl   (rCOrg  iiUttWlg  UUlttO 
many  years  were  so  venerated.  Bones  of  men  aud  children,     '70n.     Born    on    the    island    of    Kiigen,    July 


XTsedom 

17,  1805:  died  at  San  Remo,  Jan.  22,  1884.  A 
Pi'ussian  diplomatist,  distinguished  as  ambas- 
sador to  Italy  1863-69. 

Ushak  (o-shak').  A  town  in  the  western  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  about  120  miles  east  of  Smyrna. 
Population,  15,000. 

Ushant  (ush'ant),  F.  Ouessant  (wes-son').  An 
island  off  the  coast  of  France,  belonging  to  the 
department  of  Finistfere,  in  lat.  48°  28'  N.,  long. 
5°  3'  W.  It  contains  the  village  St. -Michel. 
Length,  4*  miles.     Population  (1891),  2,490. 

Ushant,  Battle  of.  A  naval  battle  fought  near 
Ushant,  in  1778,  between  the  French  under  d'Or- 
villiers  and  the  British  under  Keppel.  The  ad- 
vantage was  with  the  former. 

IJshas  (o'shas;  Vedie  6-shas').  [From -4/ *'"*. 
light  up, dawn;  cognate  withGr.'Iluf,L--J"''"'v( 
for  Ausosa,  and  E.  ens-t.  With  the  kintbed 
Skt.  usrd',  dawn,  is  also  to  be  compared  the  Old 
Germanic  Aus-t-ro,  a  goddess  of  the  year-dawn 
or  spring-light,  and  AS.  Eos-t-ra,  the  name  of 
whose  festival,  Easter,  occurring  in  April,  was 
transferred  to  the  Christian  festival  which  re- 
placed it.]  The  Vedic  Dawn,  a  favorite  object 
of  celebration  with  the  poets  of  the  Rigveda. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  the  Sky  (Dyaus),  sister  of  Bhaga, 
and  kinswoman  of  Varuna,  and  also  sister  of  Night,  and  in 
one  passage  the  elder  sister.  Tlie  Sun  is  her  lover,  and 
follows  her  track.  .She  brings  the  eye  of  the  gods.  Agni 
is  also  her  lover.  Are  being  kindled  "for  sacrifice  at  dawn. 
She  is  the  friend  of  the  Ashvins,  whom  she  awakens  with 
her  song.  She  is  borne  onward  in  a  shining  chariot  from 
the  distant  east,  and  in  one  passage  arrives  in  a  hundred 
chariots.  She  is  drawn  by  ruddy  horses,  or  by  cows  or 
bulls  of  the  same  hue.  She  is  compared  to  a  beautiful 
maiden  dressed  by  her  mother,  to  a  richly  decked  dancing- 
girl,  a  gaily  attired  wife  appearing  before  her  husband,  or 
a  female  rising  resplendent  from  her  bath.  She  is  the  life 
and  breath  of  all  things,  causing  the  birds  to  fly  from  their 
nests,  and,  like  an  active  wife  arousing  her  household, 
awakening  the  five  races  of  men.  She  is  young,  being  born 
anew  every  day,  and  yet  old  —  nay,  immortal.  See  Muir's 
"Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  V.  lsl-198,  for  translations  of 
Ushas  hymns  and  details. 

Usher,  or  Ussher  (ush'er),  James,  Latinized 
Usserius  (us-se'ri-us).  Born  at  Dulilin,  Jan.  4, 
1580 :  died  at  Reigate,  Surrey,  England,  March 
20,  16.56.  A  British  prelate,  theologian,  and 
scholar.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  1600 ;  was  regius  professor  of  divinity  there  1607- 
1620;  and  chancellor  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  in 
1603  :  was  appointed  bishop  of  Meath  in  1020;  and  became 
archbishop  of  .Armagh  and  primate  of  Ireland  in  1624  or 
1625.  He  was  on  a  visit  to  England  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war,  and  took  sides  witii  Charles  I.,  with  the  result 
that  he  lost  nearly  all  his  property  in  Ireland,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  his  library.  He  was  preacher  to  the  Society  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  London,  from  1647  until  shortly  before" his 
death.  His  most  notable  work  is  "Annales  Veteris  et 
Novi  Testamenti "  (1650-54),  in  which  he  proposed  a  scheme 
of  biblical  chronology  that  was  universidly  accepted  until 
disproved  by  recent  investigations. 

ITsipites  (ii-sip'i-tez),  or  Usipii  (u-sip'i-i),  or 
TTsipes  (ii-si'pez).  [L.  (CiPsar)  I'sipitrs,  (Taci- 
tus) Usipii,  Or.  (Strabo)  Ovamoi.'i  A  German 
tribe  first  mentioned  by  Csesar,  who  describes 
them  as  having  been  driven  by  the  Suevi  (.59 
B  c),  together  with  the  Teneteri,  from  their 
original  homes.  With  the  Teneteri  they  were  defeated 
by  Caesar  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Maas,  whence  they  withdrew  to  the  opposite 
Bide,  to  the  north  of  the  Sugambri,  Ptolemy,  who  names 
them  for  the  last  time,  places  them  furtIuT"to  the  soutli, 
in  the  Main  region.  'They  were  probably  merged  ulti- 
mately in  the  Alamanni. 

TJsk  (usk).  [Celtic,  '  water.']  A  river  in  South 
"Wales  and  Monmouthshire,  England,  which 
joins  the  estuary  of  the  Severn  18  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Bristol.     Length,  about  60  miles. 

Uskoken  (6s'k6-ken).  [Serb,  'fugitives.'] 
Fugitives  from  Servia  and  Bosnia  who  went 
to  "Venetian  and  Hungarian  lands  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  16th  century  to  escape  Turkish 
tyranny. 

XJ8kup(es'kup),  orlJskub  (os'kub),  or  "Qskiub 
(os'ke-ub),  or  Skoplie.  The  capital  of  tlic 
vilayet  of  Kosovo,  t,uroi)eaii  Turkey,  situated 
ou  the  Vardar  in  lat.  42°  1'  N.,  l()Ug."21°  32'  E. : 
the  ancient  Scupi  or  Scopi.  it  la  a  strategic  point. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  Population,  about 
28,000. 

Uspallata  (os-piil-yii'ta)  Pass.  [Sp,  ihiquete  or 

Portilto  de  U.spalliit/i.']  A  jiass  (jvcr  the  Andes, 
between  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Cliile, 
near  lat.  32°  49'  S.  The  highest  point  Is  about  l-.'.sno 
feet  above  the  sea.  During  the  colonial  jicrioil  this  pass 
was  the  principal  means  of  communication  lietween  San- 
tiago and  the  Chilean  cities  east  of  the  Andes,  It  was 
the  route  taken  by  San  Martin  in  his  famous  Invasion  (^f 
Chile,  .Ian.,  1S17.  The  Transandinc.  Kallroad  passes 
through  It.    Also  Cinnlm-  (Cniiilm)  Pugg. 

Ussher,  James.    See  Vshcr. 
TJstica  (os'te-kii).   A  mountainous  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  belonging  to   Italy,  43  miles 


1023 

north  by  west  of  Palermo.  It  contains  a  penal 
establishment.  Length,  4  miles.  Population 
(1881),  1,793. 

Ust-Kamenogorsk  (6st'ka-men-6-gorsk').  A 
town  in  the  pro^'inee  of  Semipalatinsk,  Russian 
Asia,  situated  on  the  Irtish  150  miles  southeast 
of  Semipalatinsk.     Population  (1888),  6,819. 

Ust-Urt  (ost'orf).  A  plateau  in  central  Asia, 
between  the  Sea  of  Aral  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
It  is  mainly  a  desert. 

Usuramo  (6-so-rii'm6).  A  region  in  East  Africa, 
situated  southwest  of  Zanzibar,  near  the  coast. 
Since  1885  it  has  been  a  possession  of  the  Ger- 
man East  Africa  Company.     Also  l':arnnio. 

Uta  (ii'ta),  or  Utah,  or  Ute  (ii'te),  or  Youta. 
[PI.,  also  rtas  or  VUihs.']  A  division  of  tho  Sho- 
shonean  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  em- 
bracing 15  tribes,  which  formerly  occupied  the 
entire  central  and  western  portions  of  Colorado 
and  the  northeastern  portion  of  L^tah,  including 
the  eastern  part  of  Salt  Lake  valley  and  Utah 
valley.  On  the  south  they  extended  into  New  Mexico, 
occupying  much  of  the  country  drained  by  the  Kio  San 
Juan.  In  the  northeastern  part  of  their  range  they  inter- 
married extensively  with  other  Shoshonean  branches,  as  the 
Shoshoni,  Bannock,  Paiute,  and  with  the  Jicarilla  Apache. 
The  Uta  are  now  confined  to  reservations,  and  they  num- 
ber in  Southern  lite  agency,  Colorado,  985 ;  in  Ouray  re- 
serve, Utah,  1,021 ;  and  in  Uintah  reserve,  Utali,  833.  Total, 
2,839.     See  Shoshonean, 

Utah  (ii'ta  or  u'ta).  [From  the  Indian  tribal 
name.]  Oneof  theUnitedStates(the45th).  Cap- 
ital, Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  bounded  by  Idaho  and  Wyo- 
mini;  on  the  north,  Wyoming  and  Colorado  on  the  east,  Ari- 
zona on  the  south,  and  Nevada  on  the  west.  The  surface 
i.s  mountainous  and  plateau,  including  the  Wahsatch  and 
Uintah  Mountains  and  part  of  the  Great  Basin.  The 
Great  Salt  Lake  is  in  the  north.  The  silver- and  lead-mines 
are  important.  Utah  contains  27  counties,  and  sends  2  sen- 
ators and  1  representative  U\  Congress.  The  inhabitants 
are  largely  Mormons.  This  region  formed  part  of  the  lands 
ceded  by  ilexico  in  1848.  The  Mormons  settled  here  in 
1847-48,  Utah  was  organized  as  a  Territory  in  1850.  I'he 
Mountain  Meadow  massacre  of  Gentile  settlers  by  Indians 
and  Mormons  occurred  in  1857.  Disturbances  in  1856  led 
to  the  sending  of  an  expedition  of  United  States  troops  to 
Utah  in  1867;  the  Mormons  submitteil  in  1,S68.  The  Ed- 
munds Act  of  1882,  followed  by  supplementary  legislation, 
punished  and  discouraged  polygamy  in  the  3Iormon 
Church.  A  large  Gentile  immigration  has  taken  place  in 
recent  years.  On  July  17,  1894,  the  President  signed  a  bill 
for  the  admission  of  Utah  to  the  Union  as  a  State  ("en- 
abling act"),  and  it  was  ailmitted  in  1896.  Area,  84.970 
S(|uare  miles.    Population  (190(1),  276,749. 

Utah  Lake.  A  fresh-water  lake  in  Utah,  28 
miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Jordan  into  Great  Salt  Lake.  Height  above 
sea-level,  about  4,400  feet.     Length,  23  miles. 

Utatlan  (o-tat-lan'),  or  Gumarcaah  (go-miir- 
kii-ii').  The  ancient  ca]>ital  of  the  (Juich^  In- 
dians of  Guatemala,  near  the  site  of  the  modern 
city  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche.  It  is  said  to  have 
vied  with  Mexico  in  splendor,  and  was  fortified  with  great 
skill.  Twenty  generations  of  chiefs  or  "kings"  reigned  in 
it,    (See  QwicA<?s.)    It  was  destroyed  by  Alvai"ado  in  1624, 

Ute.     See  Uta. 

TJte  (iit)  Peak.  A  peak  in  "Williams  Range, 
Colorado,  west  of  Central  City. 

Utgard  (iit'gard).  In  Norse  mythology,  the 
dwelling-place  of  the  giant  Utgard-Loki. 

Utgard-iiOki  (ut'giird-16'ke).  In  Norse  my- 
tliology,  the  chief  of  the  giants. 

Uther  (ii'thtr).  In  the  Arthurian  cycle  of 
romance,  a  king  of  Britain  and  father  of  Ar- 
thur, known  from  his  rank  as  Uther  IVndragon. 

Utica  (ii'ti-k|i).  [L.  I'tica,  Gr.  Ovtiki/,  OiTiiai, 
'Iriar/.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Africa, 
situated  near  the  Bagradas  25  miles  north- 
northwest  of  (^'arthage.  It  was  fonniled  by  the  Phe- 
nicians  ;  sided  in  the  third  Punic  war  with  Rome;  and  suc- 
ceeded Carthage  as  the  leading  city  of  Africa.  It  waa  held 
bv  Cato  for  the  Pompcians  In  46  u,  c, 

Utica.  The  capital  of  Oneida  County.  New 
Vork,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  River  83  miles 
wist-northwest  of  Alliany.  It  Is  a  railroad  center, 
and  is  on  the  Erie  Carnil.  It  is' the  leading  market  in  the 
United  StJltes  for  cheese,  and  has  manufai'tures  of  cloth- 
ing, boots  and  shoes,  etc.  Kort  Schuyler  was  built  In  1768, 
and  the  town  was  settled  aft<*r  the  Revolution.  It  was  iii- 
corporatc.l  as  a  city  in  18:12.     Population  (1900),  S6,:i83. 

Utlcensis  (fi-ti-sen'sis).  [L.,' of  utica.']  A  sur- 
name of  ("ato  the  Younger. 

Utila  (ii-tc'lii).  One  of  tho  Bay  Islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Honduras. 

tlrtliberg  (iit  'le-berG).  A  peak  of  Mount  Albis, 
Switzerland,  4  miles  west  of  Zurich:  noted  for 
its  view.     Height.  2,864  feet. 

Utopia  (u-to'pi-ii).  [NL„  'no  where.'  from  Gr. 
or,  no,  not,  ninl  r/iTor,  ]ilnc(',  sjiot,]  A  iiolitical 
romance  by  Sir Tliomns  More, published  in  ],ntin 
in  1516:  so  called  from  an  imaginary  island,  the 
seat  of  an  ideal  coiumonwealtli.    The  original  title 


Uzziah 

was  "De  Optimo  Reipublicie  Statu,  deque  Nova  Insula 
Utopia."  It  was  translated  in  1661  by  Ralph  Robinson, 
and  by  Bishop  Burnet  in  1683,  The  name  ■'  Utopia  *'  has 
given  rise  to  the  adjective  tttftpian  with  the  meaning  of 
'impracticable 'or  'ideal,'  especially  as  applied  to  schemes 
for  the  advancement  of  social  conditions. 
Utrecht  (u'trekt ;  D,  pron.  ii'trecht).  1.  A 
jirovince  of  the  Netherlands,  bounded  by  North 
Holland,  Zuyder  Zee.  Gelderland.  and  South 
Holland.  Area,  534  square  miles.  Population 
(1892),  229,054.-2.  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Utrecht,  situated  on  the  Kromme  Rijn, 
at  its  division  into  the  Vecht  and  the  Oude 
Rijn,  in  lat.  52°  5'  N.,  long.  5°  7'  E.:  the  Ro- 
man Trajectus  (ferry),  it  U  a  railway  center,  and 
has  manufactures  of  cigars,  chemicals,  etc,  Tlie  noted 
Cathedral  of  St.  Martin  consists  of  a  spacious  choir  and 
transepts  of  the  13th  century.  The  nave  fell  In  1674,  and 
was  not  rebuilt :  thus  the  flue  west  tower,  338  feet  high, 
stands  ata  distance  from  llic  existing  church.  The  vault- 
ing is  115  feet  high,  and  tlie  proportions  and  details  are  ex- 
cellent, Utrechtisals'ithcseatof  a  university,  Itsmedi- 
evat  bishops  possessed  great  power.  It  was  "often  a  resi- 
dence of  the  German  emperors,  and  was  an  eiu-ly  seat  of 
the  States-General.    Population  (I'.KKt),  im,194. 

Utrecht,  Peace  of.  The  peace  concluded  in 
1713,throughseveral  separate  treaties,  between 
France  on  one  side  and  Great  Britain,  Holland, 
Prussia,  Savoy,  and  Portugal  on  the  other,  and 
acceded  to  by  Spain,  with  the  subsequent  treaties 
of  Rastatt  and  Baden,  it  put  an  end  to  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession.  Philip  V,  (of  Bourbon)  was  conflrmed 
as  king  of  Spain,  the  crowns  of  France  and  Spain  never  to 
be  united  ;  and  France  recognized  the  Protestant  succes- 
sion in  England.  Prussia  was  recognized  as  a  kingdom. 
Great  Britain  received  Newfoundland,  Nova  Scotia,  etc., 
in  North  ,\merlca,  and  Gibraltar  and  Minorca,  with  the 
right  to  send  African  slaves  to  America.  Holland  was  se- 
cured by  the  Barrier  Treaty.  The  Spanish  Netherlands, 
Sardinia,  the  Milanese,  and  Naples  were  ceded  to  Austria. 
Savoy  received  Sicily  from  Spain,  lYussia  received  Nea- 
chfttel  and  part  of  Gelderland,  and  renounced  its  claims 
to  ( (range.     Portugal  received  additions  in  South  America. 

Utrecht,  Union  of.  The  union,  concluded  in 
1579,  of  the  seven  united  provinces,  Holland, 
Zealand,  Utrecht,  Gelderland,  Overyssel,  Gron- 
ingen.  and  Friesland,  which  became  the  Dutch 
republic. 

Uttoxeter  (uks'e-ter  or  u-tok'se-t6r).  A  town 
in  Staffordshire.  England,  situated  near  the 
Dove  28  miles  north  of  Birmingham.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,981. 

U'^'aroff  (6-vii'rof),  Count  Sergei.  Bom  at 
Moscow,  Aug.  25,  1785:  died  thei»,  Sept.  16, 
I85J).  A  Russian  statesman  and  scliolar,  Hewas 
president  of  the  St,  Petersburg  Academy  of  Sciences  from 
1818,  and  minister  of  public  instruction  18;vj-IS.  He  did 
much  fn]ir<>mMte  higher  instructitin in  Russia.  Hewrote 
"  Etudes  de  pbilolugie  et  de  critique  "  (1843),  "  Esquisses 
politiqnes  et  littf^raires"  (1S48),  etc. 

U'Tira  (o-ve'rii).     See  Vira. 

"Uxbridge  (uks'brij).  A  town  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Colne  18  miles  west 
by  north  of  London,  it  was  the  scene  of  unsuccess- 
ful negotiations  between  Piuliamentury  and  Royalist  com- 
missioners at  the  beginning  of  1&16.  Population  (1891), 
8,206. 

Uxmal  (iiz-miil').  A  ruiued  city  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  about  70  miles  south  of  Merida.  The 
remains  are  scattered  over  several  square  miles,  but  only 
a  few  of  the  buildings  have  the  walls  still  standing.  These 
are  generally  ralsetl  on  terraced  foundations  (truncated 
pjTamids),  and  are  of  Cyclopean  masonry  faced  witli  dressed 
stone,  in  numy  cases  elaborately  sculptured.  .Some  of 
them  are  very  large.  The  one  called  "Casa  del  Goherna- 
dor  "  is  320  feet  long,  but  narrow.  The  so-called  *'  Casa  de 
liis  MotiJ:is"  is  built  around  a  courtyard  which  measures 
258  by  214  feet.  There  are  no  idols  as  at  Copan,  and  no- 
thing resemlding  the  stucco-work  of  Palenque.  Oneof  the 
nu)st  curious  features  is  the  great  number  of  protuberant 
ornaments  called  "elephants'  trunks"  by  ^Val^leck,  The 
origin  of  Uxmal  is  unknown,  but  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  was  built  by  a  .Maya  people.  Stephens  believetl 
that  some  of  the  temples  were  used  by  the  lutliaus  as  late 
as  1673. 

Uz  (uz).  In  biblical  geography,  a  land  east  of 
Palestine:  the  home  of  Job.  It  is  sometimes 
placed  in  Ilaurau. 

Uzbegs.     See  Ushefis. 

Uz6s  (ii-zas').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
(!ard.  France,  sitiuited  on  the  Auzon  12  miles 
north  l)v  eiist  of  Nimes.  It  contains  a  castlo 
and  the  caniiianilc  of  the  ancient  cathedral. 
Poiiulation  (1891).  commune.  4,9s9, 

Uzziah  (u-zi'ii).  A  uami-  of  Azariah.  king  of 
Judah.  souof  Anuiziah.  He  reigned  792-740  B.C. 
(Duiuker.) 

Antaziab  was  succec<lcd  by  Vuiah,  whose  long  and  pros- 
perous reign  appears  lo  have  corresiKuuled  pretty  exactly 
with  that  of  Jertitniam  II.  Tliecurrcnl  chionology,  which 
obscures  this  correspondence.  Is  certainly  corrupt :  and  wc 
shall  not  be  far  wrt>ng  if  we  view  Uzziah  anil  Jothain  as 
tile  contcTuporarles  of  .lerolioaui  II,  and  Menahem,  while 
Aliaz  of  ,lnaah  came  to  the  thrtute  soon  after  .Mcnahem's 
death,  and  saw  the  greater  iiart  of  the  wars  which  began 
with  the  Invasion  of  Tigtatn-rilcscr  and  closed  with  the 
(nil  of  Sauiaria.       H'.  II.  thnilh.  Prophets  of  Israel,  p  IU4. 


aal  (vill).  The  chief  head 
stream  and  tributary  of  the 
Orange  River,  South  Afri- 
ca. It  forms  the  chief  part  of 
the  boundary  between  the  Trans- 
v;ml  Colony  and  the  Orange  River 
Colony,  and  joins  the  Orange  River 
about  lat.  29°  10'  S.,  long.  24°  15'  E. 
Lcngtli,  SiKVCiOO  miles. 

Vaca,  Cabeza  de.  See  Ca- 

ht-u  de  Vaca. 

Vaca  de  Castro  (va'ka  da  kas'tro),  Oristoval. 
Born  iu  1491! :  died  in  1562.  A  Spanish  lawyer 
and  administrator.  He  was  a  member  of  the  audi- 
ence of  Valladolid,  and  in  1640  was  sent  to  Peru  to  in- 
quire into  certain  alleged  abuses,  with  orders  to  act  as 
governor  in  case  of  Pizarro's  death.  He  landed  on  the 
coast  of  New  Granada  (spring  of  1541),  and  crossed  to 
Popayan,  where  he  heard  of  the  assassination  of  Pizarro 
and  the  rebellion  of  the  younger  Almagro.  Aided  by 
luyal  Spaniards,  he  advanced  into  Peru.  Almagro  was  de- 
feated at  Chupas  (.Sept.  16,  l.i4'2),  and  executed,  and  Cas- 
tro held  the  government  until  the  arrival  of  Viceroy  Vela, 
May  15,  1544.  The  latter  imprisoned  him  on  suspicion  of 
conspiring  with  the  rebels  against  the  new  laws,  but  he 
esciiped  and  reached  Spain  in  1545.  There  he  was  arrested 
on  charges  of  peculation,  etc.,  but  was  exonerated  in  1556, 
after  11  years'  imprisonment. 

Vach  (vach).  [Skt.,  cognate  -with  Latin  vox  = 
voc-s,  and  with  Greek  oi/'  for  uip,  originally  Fij--c, 
voice.]  In  the  Rigveda,  a  feminine  personifi- 
cation of  speech;  the  Word;  Logos.  In  the 
later  literature  she  is  identified  with  Sarasvati. 

Vacherot  (vash-ro'),  Etienne.  Bom  at  Lan- 
gres,  France.  July  29, 1809  :  died  at  Paris,  July 
30,  1897.  A  French  philosophical  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne  1839-52. 
He  was  attacked  by  the'  clerical  party  on  account  of  his 
philosophical  doctrines  ;  was  deprived  of  his  office  iij  1S52 
for  political  reasons  ;  and  in  1S.S9  was  condemned  to  three 
months'  iraprisoimient  for  his  book  "  La  d(5mocratie."  In 
1871  he  was  elected  to  the  National  Assembly  from  the 
department  of  Seine.  His  other  works  include  "His- 
tnire  critique  de  I'^cole  d'Alexandrie  "  (1840),  "  La  ro^ta- 
physique  et  la  science"  (1858),  "La  religion  "  (1868),  "  La 
science  et  la  conscience  "  (1870),  etc. 

Vacquerie  (viik-re').  Auguste.  Born  Nov.  19, 
1819  :  died  Feb.  19,  1895.  A  French  .journal- 
ist and  dramatist,  founder  in  1869,  "with  Paul 
Meuriee  and  others,  of  the  radical  "Le  Rap- 
pel."  His  dramatic  works  include  •'  Tragaldabas,"  a 
melodrama  (1848),  ".lean  Baudry,"  a  comedy  (1863), 
"Jalousie."  a  comedy  (1888),  etc.  He  also  published 
poems,  etc. 

Vacuna  (va-ku'na).  A  Sabine  goddess  of  agri- 
culture. 

Vacz.     See  Waitzen. 

Vadimonian  Lake  (vad-i-mo'ni-an  liik).  [L. 
Vadimonis  i«CH.s.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  lake  in  Italy,  near  the  Tiber  and  near  the 
modern  Orte :  the  modern  Laghetto  di  Bassano. 
Here,  in  310  or  309  B.  c,  the  Romans  under  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus  defeated  the  Etruscans;  and  in  283  B.  c.  the  Romans 
defeated  the  combined  northern  Italians  and  Gauls. 

Vadred  (vil'dret),  or  Vadret,  Piz.  A  peak  of 
the  Rhietian  Alps,  canton  of  Orisons,  Switzer- 
land, 24  miles  east-southeast  of  Coire.  Height, 
10,009  feet. 

Vaga  (vii'gii).  Perino  del:  properly  Piero,  or 
Pierino,  or  Perino  Buonaccorsi  (bii-o-uiik- 
kor'se).  Bornat Florence,  1500 or  1501:  diedat 
Rome,  1547.  An  Italian  painter,  a  pupil  and 
assistant  of  Raphael.  He  worked  in  Rome  and 
Genoa,  and  painted  chielly  historical  and  mythological 
subjects. 

Vagienni  (vaj-i-en'i).  In  ancient  history,  a 
Ligiirian  tribe  which  dwelt  in  northwestern 
Italy,  near  the  Maritime  Alps. 

Vahlen  (va'len),  Johann.  Born  at  Bonn, 
Prussia.  Sept.  27,  1830.  A  German  classical 
philologist,  professor  at  Berlin  from  1874. 

Vaigatcll  (^■i-gach').  An  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  southeast  of  Nova  Zembla,  iuter.sected 
by  lat.  70°  N. .  long.  60^  E.  It  belongs  to  the  govern- 
m'ent  of  Archangel,  Russia.  It  is  visited  in  the  summer  by 
hunters.  Length, 70 miles.  Also  Vaigats, Vaitjatz, Waigatch. 

Vaikuntha  (vi-kcin'tha).  In  later  Hindu  my- 
thology, Vishnu's  heaven,  described  as  situated 
in  the  northern  ocean,  or  on  the  eastern  peak 
of  the  mythical  Mount  Meru.    Each  of  the  modern 


systems  has  its  own  heaven,  that  of  Shiva  being  Eailasa, 
and  that  of  Krishna  Goloka. 

Vaillant,  Frangois  Le.    See  LevaiUant. 

Vaillant  (vii-yoh'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste  Phi- 
libert.  Born  at  Dijon,  France,  Dec.  6,  1790 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  4,  1872.  A  marshal  of 
France.  He  served  as  lieutenant  and  adjutant  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  as  chief  of  battalion  in  Algeria,  and  as 
lieutenant-colonel  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp (1832) ;  directed, 
as  engineer,  the  siege  and  capture  of  Rome  in  1849,  and 
was  made  a  marshal ;  was  minister  of  war  1854-59 ;  fought 
at  the  battle  of  8olferino  in  1859;  commanded  the  army 
of  occupation  in  Italy  1859-60 ;  and  was  minister  of  the 
emperor's  household  1860-70,  and  for  part  of  the  time 
minister  also  of  the  fine  arts.  He  was  banished  in  1870, 
but  returned  to  Paris  in  1871. 

Vainlcve  (van'luv).  A  character  in  Congreve's 
comedy  "The  Old  Bachelor."  He  is  capricious  in  his 
love,  and  cares  for  nothing  that  he  finds  difficulty  in  pro- 
curing. 

Vaishya  (■vish'ya).  ['Belonging  to  the  vi9,  or 
■'  folk."']  In  the  Sanskrit  designation  of  castes, 
a  member  of  the  third  caste,  the  folk,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Brahmans,  or  priests,  and 
the  Kshatriyas,  or  waiTiors. 

Vaisseau  Fantome  (va-s6'  fon-tom'),  Le.  [F., 
'The  Phantom  Ship.']  An  opera  by  Dietseh,  the 
words  translated  from  Wagner's  "DerFliegende 
Hollander."    It  was  produced  in  Paris  iu  1842. 

Vakh  (viik).  A  river  in  western  Siberia  which 
joins  the  Obi  about  lat.  60°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  300  miles. 

Valais  (va-lii'),  G.  Wallis  (val'lis).  [From 
L.  ralles,  a  valley.]  A  canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Sion.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
Vaud,  and  Bern  on  the  nortlM separated  from  F.ern  by  the 
Bernese  Alps),  Vri,  Ticino,  and  Italy  on  1 1  le  ea^t ,  1 1  aly  on  the 
south  (separated  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Alji-s).  mid  France 
on  the  west.  It  comprises  the  upper  valley  nf  thi-  Rhone 
and  the  surrounding  mountains.  It  has  5  representatives 
in  the  National  Council.  The  inhabitants  arc  aliont  two 
thirds  French  and  about  one  third  German,  The  prevail- 
ing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Valais  was  incorporated 
intheRonianEmpirein  the  time  of  Augustus.  Inthemid- 
dle  ages  it  was  a  part  of  Burgundy,  and  later  was  divided 
among  various  rulers  (Savoy,  bishop  of  Sion,  etc.).  I'pper 
"Valais  formed  a  league  with  the  Swiss  cantons  in  1416, 
and  about  1475  reduced  most  of  Lower  Valais,  Valais  was 
made  a  canton  of  the  Helvetic  Republic  in  1798;  became 
a  separate  republic  in  1802  ;  was  incorporated  with  France 
in  1810 ;  and  was  made  a  canton  in  1815.  It  was  disturbed 
by  civil  dissensions,  and  joined  the  Sonderbund  in  1845. 
Area,  2,027  square  miles.    Population  (1888),  101,985. 

Valais,  Alps  of.     The  Pennine  Alps. 

Valbert  (viil-bar'),  G,  A  pseudonj-m  of  Victor 
Cherbuliez. 

Valbonne  (val-bon').  A  district  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  department  of  Ain,  France, 
east  of  Lyons  :  the  seat  of  a  French  military 
encampment. 

Valcoiir  (val-kor')  Island.  A  small  island  in 
Lake  Champlain,  4  miles  south-southeast  of 
Plattsl-iurg,  in  New  York. 

Valdai  Hills  (val'di  hilz).  A  group  of  hills  and 
plateaus,  chiefl}'  in  the  governments  of  Novgo- 
rod and  Pskoff,  Russia:  the  most  elevated  region 
in  the  interior  of  Russia.  They  form  in  general  the 
watershed  between  the  rivers  which  flow  into  the  Baltic  and 
the  head  waters  of  the  Volga.    Height,  about  1,100  feet. 

Val  d'Annmers  (viil  dil-ne-vya'),  G.  Einfisch- 

thal  (in'fish-tal)  or  Eifischthal  (i'tish-tal). 
An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, south  of  Sierre. 

Val  d'Anzasca  (viil  dan-zas'ka).  An  Alpine 
valley  in  northern  Italy,  east  of  the  Monte  Rosa 
group. 

Val  d'Arno.     See  Amn,  Val  d'. 

Valdepenas  (viil-da-pan'yas).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  30  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Ciudad  Real:  noted  for  its  mines. 
Population  (1887),  15,404. 

Valdes  (vill-das' ),  Juan.  Born  at  Cuenca,  Spain, 
about  1500 :  died  about  1541.  A  Spanish  theo- 
logian. He  held  many  views  which  were  at  va- 
riance "srith  Roman  Catholic  doctrines. 

.Tuan  Valdes  .  .  .  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  one  of 
the  first  Spaniards  that  embraceti  the  opinions  of  the  Ref- 
ormation, and  the  very  first  who  made  an  effort  to  spread 
them.  Ticknor,  Span,  Lit,,  II.  19. 

1024 


Val  de  Tra'vers.    See  Trovers. 

Valdez,  Melendez.     See  Melendez  Valdes. 

Valdez  (Sp.  pron.  val-deth' )  Island.  An  island 
belonging  to  British  Columbia,  situated  in  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia  about  lat.  50°-50°  20'  N.  Length, 
24  miles. 

Val  d'Herens  (val  da-ron').  An  Alpine  valley 
in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  south  of 
Sion. 

Val  di  Demone  (val  de  da-mo'ne).  The  ancient 
nortlieastern  division  of  Sicily. 

Valdieri  (val-de-a're),F.Vaudier  (vo-dya').  A 
t0"wn  and  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Cu- 
neo,  Italy,  12  miles  southwest  of  Cuneo:  noted 
for  its  sidphur-springs.  Population  (1881),  com- 
mune, 3,120. 

Val  di  Geno'va  (viil  de  jen'6-va).  A  valley  in 
southern  Tyrol,  in  the  Adamello  Alps. 

Val  d'llliez.  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  west  of  St. -Maurice. 
Length,  about  15  miles. 

Val  di  Mazzara  (viil  de  mat-sa'ra).  The  an- 
cient western  division  of  Sicily. 

Val  di  Non  (viil  de  non).  The  lower  part  of  the 
vallev  of  the  Noce,  in  southern  Tyrol,  north  of 
Trent. 

Val  di  Noto  (viil  de  no'to).  The  ancient  south- 
eastern division  of  Sicily. 

Val  di  Sole  (val  de  so'le).  The  upper  part  of 
the  valley  of  the  Noce,  iu  southwestern  Tyrol, 
southeast  of  the  Ortler. 

Valdi'Via(viil-de've-a).  1.  A  province  in  Chile, 
intersected  bv  lat.  40°  S.  Area,  8,315  square 
miles.  Population  (1892),  62,020.-2.  A  town, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Valdivia,  Chile,  on 
the  Calle-calle  River  near  the  sea:  its  port, 
called  the  Corral,  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
It  was  founded  as  a  fort  by  Pedro  de  Valdivia  in  Feb.,  1552 ; 
was  a  point  of  great  importance  during  the  wars  with  the 
Araucanians  ;  and  was  destzoyed  by  them  in  the  great  up- 
rising of  1599.  Rebuilt  in  1644,  it  was  strongly  fortified  ; 
pronounced  for  independence  in  1810,  but  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Spaniards  ;  and  was  finally  taken  by  the  pa- 
triots under  Cochrane,  after  a  three  days'  fight  from  fort 
to  foit,  Feb.  2-4, 1820.    Population  (18S5),  5,6so. 

Valdivia,  Luis  de.  Born  in  Granada,  1561:  died 
at  Valladolid,  Nov.  5,  1642.  A  Spanish  Jesuit, 
missionary  in  Chile  from  about  1590  to  1621. 
He  published  several  works  on  the  Araucanian  and  other 
Indian  languages,  and  histories  of  the  Indian  wars. 

Valdi'Tia,  Pedro  de.  Born  near  La  Serena, 
Estremadura,  1498  or  1500 :  <lied  near  the  fort  of 
Tucapel,  southern  Chile,  Jan.  1  (?),  1554.  A 
Spanish  soldier,  con(|ueror  of  Chile.  He  served  in 
the  Italian  wars ;  went  to  Venezuela  aboutl534;  and  in  1535 
passed  to  Peru,  where  he  served  with  Pizarro's  forces  at 
the  battle  of  Las  Salinas,  April  26,  1538.  After  Almagro's 
death,  Pedro  Sanchez  de  Hoz,  an  incompetent  man,  waa 
sent  from  Spain  to  complete  the  conquest  of  Chile ;  Pizarro 
associated  \'aldivia  with  him,  and  Hoz  soon  became  a  ci- 
pher in  the  expedition.  Leaving  Cuzco  in  March,  1540^ 
with  150  Spanish  soldiers  and  a  large  body  of  Indians,  Val- 
divia miu-ched  by  the  coast  deserts,  defeated  a  large  body 
of  natives  in  the  valley  of  Chile,  and  on  Feb.  12,  1541, 
founded  Santiago.  The  Indians  soon  rose  against  him,  and 
he  was  closely  besieged  until  the  arrival  of  reinforcements 
from  Peru  in  Dec,  1543.  "Valparaiso  was  founded  in  Sept., 
1544,  and  in  1546  "Valdivia  pushed  into  the  Araucanian 
country  to  the  river  Biobio.  In  l.'i47^9  he  was  in  Peru, 
serving  with  tJasca  to  suppress  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo 
Pizarro :  during  his  absence  the  country  was  ruled  by  Vil- 
lagra.  In  1550-51  the  Spaniards  continued  their  conquest 
of  the  Araucanian  country,  passing  the  Biobio  and  found- 
ing Concepcion,  Imperial,  Valdivia,  etc.  Late  in  16.'i3  there 
was  a  great  uprising  of  tjie  Indians.  Valdivia,  with  fifty 
horsemen,  started  from  Concepcion  to  relieve  Tucapel, 
which  was  closely  besieged  :  was  attacked  and  defeated  by 
the  Indians ;  and  was  captured  and  put  to  death  shortly 
after.  Authorities  do  not  agree  as  to  the  precise  date  of 
the  battle  and  of  Valdivia's  death. 

Valdo.     See  IVfildo. 

Valee  (vii-ia').  Comte  Sylvain  Charles.  Bom 
at  BrieMne-le-(_'h;iteau.  Aube,  France,  Dee.  17. 
1773:  died  at  Paris,  Aug,  16,  1846.  A  marshal 
of  France.  He  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  especially 
in  the  Peninsula,  commanding  the  artillery  of  the  3d  army 
corps  in  Spai?i  in  1809,  and  attaining  the  rank  of  general 
of  divisinnin  1811;  wasinspectorgeneral  of  artilleiyunder 
the  tli>t  iTstoration  (1814);  supported  Napoleon  during 
the  Hundred  bays :  ratained  his  position  under  the  second 
restoration  ;  was  created  a  peer  of  France  in  1835  ;  went  to 


Val^e 

Algeria  in  1&37  in  command  of  the  artillery;  captured 
Constuntiiie  Oct.  13,  and  was  made  a  marshal  ;  and  was 
Kovernur  pencral  of  Algeria  1S37-10. 
Valeggio  (vii-led'jo).    A  town  in  theproriuce  of 

»  Verona,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mineio  14  miles 
west-snnthwest  of  Verona.  It  has  a  notable  forti- 
fled  bridKe,  crossing  the  Mineio  to  Borghetto,  built  in  13!i3 
ou  Roman  fonnfiations  by  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti  with 
much  arcliitcctnral  lavishness.  There  is  a  battlemented 
causeway  about  1,8IH)  feet  long,  with  a  hiali  gate-tower  at 
each  end,  and  a  bridge,  now  broken,  in  tiie  middle.  Here, 
May  30, 179<;,  the  i'rench  under  Kilmainc  defeated  the  Aus- 
tria'ns  under Bcanlicu.  I'opulation  <18S1),  commune,  5,437. 
Valengay  (vii-l4)n-sa'}.  A  town  in  the  depart- 
nic'iit  of  Indre,  France,  sitnated  on  the  Nahon 
46  miles  east-.southeast  of  Tours.  In  its  eastle 
Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain  was  confined  1808-14. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,621. 
Valence  (v;i-lons').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone 
in  lat.  44°  .%'  N.,  lontr.  4°  .lit'  E.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant traile  and  manufactures  (silks,  metal-work,  etc.); 
and  is  the  seat  of  a  sutfragan  bishop  of  the  archbishopric 
of  Avignon.  The  Itouianesque  cathedral  was  consecrated 
in  10%.  Valence  originated  in  the  Itoman  colony  of  Va- 
.^«  lentia  (whence  the  name)  of  the  Segalauni  in  Gallia  Nar- 
bonensis.  Population  (1891).  19,970;  commune,  2.''i,283. 
Valencia  (va-len'shiS  ;  Sp.  pron.vii-len'the-a). 

1.  A  Moorish  kingdom  in  Spain.  It  was  conquered 
Ijy  Aragon  1233-53,  and  was  permanently  united  with 
Aragon  in  1319.  It  comprised  tlie  provinces  of  t'astellon, 
Valencia,  and  .^lieantC- 

2.  A  province  of  Spain,  bounded  by  Teruel  and 
Castellon  on  tlie  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Alicante  on  the  south,  and  Albaoete 
and  Cuenea  on  the  west.  It  is  well  cultivated 
and  fertile.  Area.  4,352  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  733,978.— 3.  The  chief  town  of  the 
province  of  Valencia,  situated  on  the  river  Gua- 
dalaviar,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  39°  27'  N.,  long. 
0°  19'  W.  (of  port) :  the  Roman  Valentia  Edi- 
tanorura.  It  is  the  third  city  in  Spain  ;  has  mnnufao- 
tures  of  silks,  tiles,  cigars,  paper,  etc. ;  and  exports  wine, 
fruits,  coi'n,  rice,  etc.  It  lias  a  university,  an  academy,  a 
museum,  a  botanic  garden,  and  has  been  the  seat  of  an 
archbisliopric  since  149:i.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1262, 
originally  a  Pointed  building,  has  been  much  modernized. 
The  original  lantern  remains,  also  the  north  transept, 
with  a  flue  rose  and  recessed  door.  The  interior  has  good 
light-effects,  beautiful  jaspers  and  marides,  and  some  ex- 
cellent Florentine  jtainting.  Valencia  was  founded  as  a 
Ronum  colony  by  I).  Brutus  about  138  B.  C;  was  taken 
by  the  Moors  from  the  Goths  about  711 :  was  conquered 
by  the  <  "id  about  1005,  but  soon  lost ;  was  reconquered  by 
Jaynie  I.  of  Aragon  in  12.38  ;  was  unsuccessfully  atUicked 
by  the  French  in  1808 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French  under 
Suchet  Jan.  9, 1812.  Its  school  of  painting  in  the  lOth  and 
17th  centuries  is  noted.    Population  flftOTl,  204.7r>s. 

Valencia  (vii-lan'the-ii).  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Carabobo,  Venezuela,  situated  near 
the  Lake  of  Vnleneia,  86  miles  west  by  south 
of  Caracas.     Toi.ulation  (1888),  38,6;')4. 

Valencia,  Duke  of.  A  title  of  the  Spanish  poli- 
tician Narvaiz. 

Valencia,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  northern  Vene- 
zuela, west  of  Caracas,  near  the  Caribbean  Sea. 
Length,  30  miles. 

Valenciana  (vii-lan-the-a'nii).  Acelebrated sil- 
ver-mine near  Guanajuato,  Me-xico.  It  yielded 
$14,000,000,  in  less  than  five  years,  toward  the 
end  of  the  IHth  century. 

Valenciennes(v!i-lon-syen').  [L.  Vdlowiaiise  or 
VulrntiiiiKi.']  A  fortified  city  in  the  department 
■  of  Noril,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rhondelle  with  the  Scheldo,  in  lat.  00°  22'  N., 
long.  3°  31'  E.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  coal-mining 
and  agricultural  region ;  has  foundries,  forges,  and  man- 
uiactures  of  iron-ware,  sugar,  woolens,  cotton  goods, 
linens,  etc. ;  and  has  long  been  famous  for  its  lace.  In  the 
middle  ages  Valenciennes  formed  i)art  of  the  county  of 
Uainaut;  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1.^07;  was  defended 
by  Cond^  against  the  French  under  Turenne  In  l(I5tt ;  was 
taken  by  Louis  .\IV.  ami  annexed  to  France  jn  1677;  was 
captured  by  the  Allies  (Anstrians  and  I'^nglish  under  Fer- 
raris and  tlie  Duke  of  Vork)  in  .Inly,  1793;  was  recovered  liy 
the  Freiich  under  Scln'-rer  Aug.  27.  1794  ;  ami  surrendered 
to  the  Prussians  Aug.  18,  1815.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Froifsart,  Watteau,  and  I'ujol.     I'opulation  (ISitl),  2«,7mt. 

Valens  (va'lenz).  One  of  tlie  princiiial  gener- 
als of  Vitellius,  69  A.  D,  He  defeated  Otho  at 
Bedriacum. 

Valens.  Bol-n  at  Cibalaj,  in  Pantionia,  about 
328:  killed  in  the  battle  of  Adri!tnoph>.  Aug. 
9,  378.  Roman  emperor,  younger  brother  of 
Valentinian  I.  by  whom  lie  was  made  empimr 

of  the  East  in  3()4.  Iledefeated  and  put  to  death  his 
rival  Procoplnsiri3<i(J;  tcmiiiiiitrd  (he  tir,nl>leswllli  i'ei-sia 
bya  truce  In  :t77 ;  and  p.  iiriiltid  llicCollis  lo  settle  smith 
of  the  Danube  In  37ii.  ihcGolhs  revolteil  under  Fritlil- 
gern  in  377  ;  overcame  the  generals  of  the  emperor,  who 
was  then  in  Syria ;  and  totally  defeated  and  slew  Valens 
himself  at  Adrianoplu  Aug.  9,  378 

Valens.     .\  lisi'udunym  of  Richard  Burke. 

Valens,  Aqueduct  of.   See  ./</»(  i/»(7  of  Vulens. 

Valentia  (vii-len'slilii).    A  jirovince  in  Britain, 
in  the  latter  parr  of  thi'  Roman  ju'rlod,  gener- 
ally thought  to  have  beou  between  the  walls  of 
Antonino  and  Soverus. 
c— 06 


1025 

Valentia.  An  island  off  the  southwest  coast  of 
Ireland,  belonging  to  County  Kerry,  in  lat.  51° 
50'  N.,  long.  10°  19'  W.  Valentin  harbor,  on  the  east 
coast,  was  the  terminus  of  the  earliest  submarine  cables  to 

Newfoundland.    Length,  (H  miles. 

Valentin  (vii'len-ten),' Gabriel  Gustav.  Born 
at  Breslau,  Prussia,  July  8,  1810:  died  at  Bern, 
May  24.  1883.  A  German  physiologist,  profes- 
sor at  Bern  from  1836.  Among  his  works  are  "Lehr- 
butli  ,lcr  I'hvsiologie  dcs  Menschen"  (181.5),  "Grundriss 
dcr  ^lly^i..|..^■iu  des.Men«chen"(l846),  etc. 

Valentine  ivaren-lin),  .Saint.  AChristiaumar- 
tjT  of  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Claudius  (about 
270).  His  festival  was  observed  on  the  14th  of  Feb.  before 
the  time  of  Gregory  the  Great.  The  custom  of  sending 
valentines  had  its  origin  in  a  heathen  practice  connected 
with  the  worship  of  .luno  on  or  about  this  day :  ita  asso- 
ciation with  the  saint  is  wholly  accidental. 

Valentine.  1.  One  of  the  "two  gentlemen  of 
Verona"  in  Shakspere's  play  of  that  name. —  2. 
A  gentleman  attending  on  the  duke  in  Shak- 
spere's "Twelfth  Night."  —  3.  The  principal 
character  in  Congreve's  "  Love  for  Love."  Bet- 
ter! on  was  famotis  in  this  part,  with  Mrs.  Brace- 
girdle  as  Angelica. —  4.  A  light-hearted  spend- 
thrift in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Wit  with- 
out Money." — 5.  The  brother  of  Gretchen  in 
Goethe's  "Faust."  He  is  killed  by  Faust  in 
a  street  affray. 

Valentine.  A  novel  by  George  Sand,  published 
in  1832 :  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  heroine. 
The  scene  is  Ijiid  iu  Beny. 

Valentine  and  Orson  (or'son).  A  romance  of 
the  Charlemagne  cycle,  which  was  written  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Charles  VUI.,  and  first  piinted 
in  1495  at  Lyons.  .Several  plays,  et<'.,  have  been 
founded  on  it.  Ilathaway  and  Munday  produced  one  iu 
1598.  An  interlude  of  the  same  name  was  produced  in  1.595. 
Valentine  and  Orson  were  twins,  born  in  a  forest  Orson 
was  caiTied  off  by  a  bear,  and  became  rough  and  uncouth, 
Valentine  was  carried  off  by  his  uncle.  King  Pepin,  and 
grew  up  a  courtier.     Hence  the  allusions  in  literature. 

Valentinian  I.  (val-en-tin'i-an),  L.  Flavius 
Valentinianus  (val-en-tin-i-a'iius).  Born  at 
Cibake,  Pannonia.  about  321 :  died  at  Bregetio 
(nearKomorn),  Nov.  17,  375.  A  Roman  officer, 
proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  in  364.  He  as- 
sociated with  himself  his  younger  brother  Valens  as  em- 
perorof  the  East,  and  retained  the  West.  He  was  actively 
engaged  in  strengthening  the  northei-n  frontiers  against 
the  barbarians. 

Valentinian  II.  Bom  about  371 :  murdered  in 
392.  Son  of  Valentinian  I.,  made  associate 
emperor  of  the  West  with  his  half-brother  Gra- 
tian  in  375.  He  was  delivered  from  the  rivalry  of  the 
usurper  Maximus  by  Theodosius  387-388,  and  was  assa-s- 
sinated  by  liis  general  Arbogast. 

Valentinian  III.,  L.  Flavius  Placidus  Val- 
entinianus. Born  419:  assassinated  4.").").  Son 
of  Constnntius  and  Placidia,  made  emperor  of 
the  West  in  42.5.  UisfamousgeneralAetiusgainedthe 
victory  of  Chalons-snr-.Marne  over  Attila  in  451,  but  was 
murderedljy  Valentinian,  from  jealousy,  in  4.^'4.  Among 
the  losses  of  his  reign  were  Africa  (to  the  Vandal8),Britain, 
and  large  parts  of  Gaul  and  Sjiain. 

Valentinian.  A  tragedy  by  Fletcher,  pro- 
duced liefore  1018,  iiriiited  in  1G47.  It  con- 
tains some  beautiful  songs. 

Valentinois  (vil-loii-te-nwii').  A  former  small 
county  of  Franco,  in  l)aui)hini5,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Valence. 

Valentinois,  Duchess  of.  A  title  of  Diana  of 
Poitiers. 

ValentinUS  (val-en-ti'nus).  Born  probably  in 
Egypt :  died  about  100  A.  D.  One  of  the  chief 
Gnostic  teacliers.  lie  was  educated  probably  in  Alex- 
andria; went  to  Home  about  l:i8  ;  ainl  was  an  instructor 
of  Origen  and  tlemeut.  Fragments  of  liis  works  have  sur- 
vived. 

Valcutinus  appears  to  have  been  coiiBldercd  the  most 
fonnidable  and  dangerous  of  this  school  of  (Inostics.  He 
was  twice  excoTninnnieated.  and  twice  received  again"  into 
the  bosom  of  tin- I'liurcll.  He  did  nutcoullne  his  danger- 
ous opinions  to  the  sclloid  of  Alexandria  ;  ho  Introduced 
the  wild  Oriental  speculations  Into  the  more  peaceful 
West ;  taught  at  Home  ;  and,  a  third  time  being  expelled 
from  the  Christian  society,  retired  to  Cyprus  — an  Island 
where  the  .lews  were  formerly  numerous  till  the  fatal 
insurrection  in  the  time  of  Hadrian,  anil  where  pnibably 
the  Oriental  philosophy  might  not  find  an  nnw-eleomo 
reception,  on  the  bonier,  as  it  were,  of  Kurope  and  Asia. 
Milnian,  Illst.  of  Christianity,  II.  72. 

ValentinUS.    Pojie  in  827. 

Val6re(vii-liir').  1.  A  character  in  a  number 
of  Moli^n^'s  plays,  usually  a  lover:  found  iu 
"L'Avaro,"  "Lo  d(:pit  amoureux,"  "  L'Kcole 
des  maris,"  "Lem^deciii  vidant,"ete. —  2.  The 
principal  character  in  Mrs.  Contlivre's  play 
"The  Gamester." 

Valeria  (va-le'ri-il).  1.  A  character  in  Sliak- 
Bpere's  "Coriolaniis." — 2.  A  girl  with  a  lunniit 
for  biological  research  in  Mrs.  Centlivro's  "  Bas- 
set-Table." 

Valeria.  wlii>  Is  an  F.R..*^.  In  petticoats,  but  has  feelings  to 
spare  for  a  lover  as  well  as  for  a  Lumbrictu  ttrtui.    Ward. 


Valladolid 
Valerian  fva-le'ri-au),  L.  Publius  Aurelius 

Licinius  Valerianiis  (va-le-ri-ii'uus).  Roman 
emperor  254-260.  He  became  princeps  senatus  in  2:8, 
and  was  censor  in  251.  He  appointe<l  his  son  Gallienus  as 
his  colleague  in  251.  The  empire  was  in  great  disorder 
during  his  reign,  and  was  attacked  by  the  Goth.s,  Alamanni, 
Persians,  and  others.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Per- 
sians in  200,  and  was  put  to  death  alx>ut  2tiy. 

Val6rien,  Mont.     See  Mmit  Valtricn. 

Valerius  (va-le'ri-us),  Marcus,  surnamed 
Corvus_(k6r'^^ls).  Born  about  371  B.  c. :  died 
about  270  B.  0.  A  Roman  general,  distinguished 
iu  the  (irst  Snmnite  war  343  B.  c. 

Valerius,  Publius,  sumamed  Publicola  (pub- 
lik'o-lii).  According  to  tradition,  tlie  c(dlcague 
of  IJrutns  in  the  first  year  of  the  Roman  rejiub- 
lie.  He  introduced  various  liberal  measures, 
and  was  three  times  elected  consul. 

Valerius  Antias  (an'ti-as).  Lived  in  the  first 
part  of  I  he  1st  centuiy  B.  C.    A  Roman  annalist. 

Valerius  Flaccus.    See  Flaccus. 

Valerius  Maximus  (mak'si-mus).  Lived  in  the 
first  part  of  the  1st  century  A.  D.  A  Roman 
rhetorician  and  historian.  Uf  his  life  nothing 
is  known  except  that  he  accompanied  Sextiis 
Pompeius  to  Asia  iu  27  A.  D.  He  dedicated  to  Ti. 
berius  a  collection  of  anecdotes  f<tr  rhetorical  purix'se-s, 

Val-ps-Dunes  (viil-ii-diin').  A  plain  nearCaen, 
Js'ormandy,  where,  in  1047,  William,  duke  of 
Normandy  (William  the  Conqueror),  defeated 
the  Norman  rebels. 

Valespir  (va-les-per').  A  small  ancient  district 
iu  France,  now  included  in  the  department  of 
Pyrenecs-Orien  tales. 

Valetta,  or  Valletta  ( val-let'ta).  [Named  from 
.1.  P.  de  la  Valette.]  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
Maltese  group,  founded  in  15()6.  it  is  strongly  forti- 
fied, and  contains  many  relics  of  the  occupation  of  the 
Knights  of  M.alta.    I'opulati.ui  (1891),  with  suburbs,  37,350. 

Valette  (vii-ief),  Jean  Parisot  de  la.     Born 

1494:  died  1568.  Grand  Master  of  the  Knights 
of  JIalta  1557-68,  famous  from  his  conduct  of 
the  successful  defense  of  Malta  against  the 
Turks  in  156.5.  He  built  Valetta. 
Valhalla  (val-hal'ii).  [XL.,  rejir.  leel.  ralhSll 
(gen.  ViiUidUnr),  hall  of  the  slain.]  In  Old 
Norse  mythology,  the  abode  of  Odin  in  Asgard. 
Originally  the  realm  of  the  dead,  it  became  in  the  viking 
age  a  warriors"  paradise  to  which  only  those  go  who  are 
slain  iu  battle.  It  was  situated  in  Gladsheiiu  (•  >ld  Norse 
Gladhsbeimr),  the  region  of  joy.  Its  roof  was  of  gold.  On 
it  lived  the  goat  Heidrun  (Old  Xorsir  Iteitlhrtni),  fnun 
whose  udders  dowed  mead ;  the  tree  I-aerad  (tild  Norso 
Lnrrndhr)  rose  above  the  ball  and  furnished  her  with  f«K>d. 
Wilhin.  it  contained  many  halls  whose  walls  were  hung 
with  spears  and  shields.  Troops  ut  hemes  issued  daily  fnun 
the  many  hundred  doors  to  delight  themselves  in  battle, 
and  returned  to  drink  and  feast  at  evening,  when  Odin  waa 
the  host  and  the  ValkjTs  bore  about  the  mead-horns.  Also 

H(iHifi/;ii. 

Valiant  (val'yant),  The.  A  surname  of  Al- 
fonso \'r.  of  Spain. 

Valiant-for-Truth.  A  character  in  the  second 
l):irl  of  Biiiiynii's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Valjean  ( viii-zhori'),  Jean.  The  principal  char- 
u'ler  in  Victor  Hugo's  "  Les  mis<5rables." 

Valkyrie.    See  IVnUiiir. 

Valksrrie  ( val-ki're)  II.  A  keel  cutter  built  at 
Glasgow  in  1893  for  Lord  Diinraven.  Shewent  to 
America  in  i  ictober,  1893,  to  nice  for  the  America's  cnji,  and 
was  defeated  in  three  races  by  the  Vigilant.  She  was  sunk 
by  collision  with  the  Satanita.  .luly  5,  1894,  at  the  .Mini 
Hook  Regatta  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde.  I.engthover  all,  12« 
feet;  draught,  lO.U;  beam,  20.00;  load  water  line,  85..'^l. 

Valkjnrie  III.  -V  cutter  built  in  1895  for  Lord 
Diinrnven  to  couipeli'  for  the  America's  cup. 
The  cup  w  as  defended  liy  the  Defender.  In  the  tlrst  nu-o, 
Sept.  7,  the  Defender  won;  In  the  second.  Sept.  10,  the 
yachts  fouled  ami  the  race  wils  awarded  to  the  Ik'fender, 
which  was  injured,  though  the  N'alkyrie's  time  was  47 
seconds  less  ;  in  the  tlilni  race  the  \'aliiyiie  withdrew  im- 
mediately after  crossing  the  line,  while  the  Defender  sailed 
over  the  eoni-se.    The  cup  was  awarded  to  the  latter. 

Valkyrs(varkirz).  [ON.  I  <ill.!iiy<i..\S.  Wtrh-iirie, 
(i.  ll'dHiin;  lit.  'chooser  of  the  slain.']  In  Norse 
mvthology,  the  company  of  handmaidens  of 
OAin,  usually  said  to  number  nine,  though  the 
number  varies.  They  servi'  at  Ihe  hanqiieta  at  Val- 
halla, but  are  best  kniiwn  as  "the  ebiHisers  of  the  slain,  " 
being  sent  forth  by  Odin  to  every  battle.  They  ride  through 
the  air,  and  wllli  their  speani  designate  Ihe  heixies  who 
shall  fall,  whom  Ihev  afleiwanl  ccuiduct  lo  Valhalln.  In 
the  Nome  versions  of  the  "  Mbelungenlled."Hninblld,  Ihe 
danghterof  Odin,  appears  as  a  Valkjr,  as  also  In  Wagmr'a 
music-drama  "  Die  \Valknre." 

Valla  ( viil ' In ).  Lorenzo  or  Laurentius.   Boin 

about  1407;  died  Aug.  1,  14.57.  An  Ilnllan  hu- 
manist and  critic,  lie  lived  at  Milan  and  Naples, 
and  wa.t  papal  secretary  and  canon  of  the  Church  of  St, 
.lidm  baleran  at  Home.  He  wrote  on  the  "  Klegiinces  of 
tbebatjii  Lmgnage"  (1471 :  "  KlegantUo  Latin!  sermonlB"X 
"  ■>(>  Voluptate,''  against  the  forgeif  "  IXuiatlon  of  Con- 
slant  Ine,"  etc. 

Valladolid  (viil-yii-Tiio-loTii').  A  province  of 
Old  Castile,  Spain,  bouudod  by  Loou  on  the 


Valladolid 

northwest,  Paleneia  on  the  north,  Burgos  on 
the  east,  Segovia  on  the  southeast,  Avila  and 
Salamanca  on  the  south,  and  Zamora  on  the 
■west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Duero.  It  is  a  leading  agri- 
cultural province.  Area,  3,013  square  miles.  Population 
(1SS7),  267,148. 

Valladolid.  [ML.  ValUsoletum.']  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  VaUadoUd,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Esgueva  with  the  Pisuerga,  in 
lat.  41°  3S'  N.,  long.  4°  46'  W.  it  has  a  noted 
university  (founded  in  1346X  a  royal  palace,  and  an  un- 
finished cathedrai  Before  the  16th  century  it  w.is  often 
a  royid  residence.  In  it  occurred  the  marriage  of  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  the  death  of  Columbus,  and  the  birth 
of  Philip  II.,  and  it  was  the  residence  of  Cervantes. 
Population  (1887),  62,018. 

Valladolid.     See  ilorelia. 

Vallandigham  (va-lan'di-gam),  Clement 
Laird.  Bom  at  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  July  29, 
1820:  died  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  June  17,  1871. 
An  American  Democratic  politician.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1858-^,  and  a  leader  of 
the  Copperheads  during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  arrested 
by  United  States  troops  in  May,  1863 :  was  court-mar- 
tialed ;  and  was  banished  to  the  Confederate  lines :  not 
being  well  received  there,  he  went  to  Canada.  He  was  the 
unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Ohio 
in  1S63,  and  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Democratic 
National  Convention  in  1864  at  which  JlcClellan  was 
nominated. 

Valle  (val'ley  Pietro  della.  Bom  at  Rome, 
April  2,  1586 :  died  there,  April  20,  1652.  An 
Italian  traveler.  He  made  a  journey  1614-26,  to  Tur- 
key, Ei-ypt,  Palestine,  Persia,  and  India.  His  account  of 
his  travels  was  published  in  1650-63  (Eng.  trans.  1665). 

Vallejo  (val-ya'no).  A  city  and  seaport  in 
Solano  County,  California,  situated  on  San 
Pablo  Bav  28  miles  northeast  of  San  Francisco. 
Population  (1900),  7.965. 

Valle  y  Caviedes  (val'va  e  ka-ve-a'THas),  Juan 
del.  Bom  at  Lima,  1652:  died  there,  1692.  A 
Peruvian  satirical  poet,  author  of  the  "  Diente 
de  Pamaso,"  one  of  the  best  productions  of  its 
kind.  It  was  first  publishedin  1874.  Caviedes 
led  a  very  dissipated  life. 

Valley  Forge  (val'i  forj').  A  village  in  Ches- 
ter County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  20  miles  west-northwest  of  Phila- 
delphia :  famous  as  the  place  near  which  Wash- 
ington and  the  American  army  passed  the  win- 
ter of  1777-78  amid^reat  privations. 

Valley  of  Humiliation.  The  scene  of  the  con- 
test between  Christian  and  Apollyon,  in  Ban- 
yan's "  Pilgrim's  Progress." 

V'alley  of  the  Shadow  of  Death.  A  valley 
traversed  by  Christian  in  Bimyan's  "Pilgrim's 
Progi'ess." 

ValliSre,  La.    See  La  VaUwre. 

'Vallombrosa  (val-lom-bro'sa).  [It.,  from  L. 
raltes  umhrosa,  shady  valley.]  A  famous  abbey 
in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  east  of  Florence. 
It  was  founded  about  103S  by  Gualbert,  and  the  present 
buildings  were  erected  in  1637. 

Vails  (valys).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Tarragona,  Catalonia,  Spain,  situ- 
ated on  the  Francoli  10  miles  north  of  Tarra- 
gona. Here,  Feb.  25, 1809.  the  French  under  St.  Cjt  de- 
feated the  Spaniards  under  Reding  (who  was  mortally 
wounded)  in  a  bloody  conflict.     Population  (1887),  13,274. 

Valmiki  (val-me'ki).  The  name  of  the  reputed 
author  of  the  Ramayana.  He  is  represented  as  taking 
part  in  some  of  the  scenes,  as,  for  example,  receiving  fhe 
banished  Sita  in  his  hermitage  at  Chitrakuta,  and  rearing 
her  twin  sons  Kusha  and  Lava. 

Valmore,  Madame.    See  Desbordes-Valmore. 

Valmy  (val-me').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  36  miles  east  by  south  of 
Rheims.  Here  an  important  battle  was  fought  Sept.  20, 
1792,  in  which  the  French  under  Kellermann  repulsed  the 
Prussians  underthe  Duke  of  Brunswick:  sometimes  classed 
among  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

Valmy,  Due  de.  A  title  conferred  on  P.  C. 
Kellermann  (see  above). 

Valognes  (va-ldny').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  11  miles  southeast  of 
Cherbourg.  Population  (1891),  commune,  5,791. 

Valois  (val-wa' ) .  An  ancient  territory  of  France 
which  formed  part  of  the  government  of  lie- 
de-France.  It  lay  northeast  of  Paris,  and  is  comprised  in 
the  departments  of  Oise  and  Aisne.  The  chief  town  was 
Crespy.  It  was  a  countship  in  the  middle  ages ;  was  united 
to  the  crown  by  Philip  II.  in  1215 ;  was  given  by  Philip 
ni.  to  his  younger  son  Charles  (ancestor  of  the  Valois 
house  of  French  kings)  in  1285  ;  and  was  reunited  to  the 
crown  in  1.^15. 

Valois,  Charles  de.    See  AngouUme,  Due  d'. 
Valois  House  of.    A  French  dynasty,  a  branch 

of  the  Capetian  family :    reigned   1328-1589. 

See  Valois. 

Valona.    See  Avlona. 
Valparaiso  (vm-pa-ri's6;  Sp.  pron.  val-pa-ra- 

e'so).     [Sp., 'Vale  of  Paradjse.']     1.  A  prov- 
•   ince  in  Chile.     Area.  1,637  square  miles.     Pop- 

■nlation  (1892),  224,866.-2.  A  seaport,  capital 


1026 

of  the  province  of  Valparaiso,  situated  on  a  bay 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  in  lat.  33°  1'  S.,  long.  71° 
38'  W.  It  is  the  principal  commercial  and  manufactur- 
ing center  of  Chile,  and  the  most  important  seaport  on  the 
Pacific  coastof  South  America.  It  consists  of  the  old  toivn, 
Puerto,  and  the  new  town.  AlmendraL  It  was  founded 
in  Sept.,  1544;  was  taken  by  Drake  1578,  by  Sir  Kichard 
Hawkins  1594,  and  by  Dutch  pirates  1600;  has  several 
times  been  devastated  by  earthquakes  and  fires  ;  and  was 
bombarded  by  a  Spanish  fleet  under  Nuiie/  March  31, 
ISiS.     Population  (1SS5),  104,952. 

Valparaiso,  Battle  of.  The  decisive  battle  of 
the  Chilean  civil  war  of  1891,  fought  on  Aug.  28. 
The  congressional  army  (about  12,000)  attacked  Valpa- 
raiso, which  was  defended  by  about  9,000  Balraacedists 
under  Generals  Barbosa  and  Alzerreca,  taking  the  city  after 
a  bloody  engagement  of  tln-ee  hours.  The  congressional- 
ists  met  with  no  further  opposition.  Also  called  the  bat- 
tle of  Placillas,  from  the  place  where  the  heaviest  fighting 
began. 

Valreas  ( val-ra-a' ).  A  town  in  the  departmen  t 
of  Vaucluse,  France.  32  miles  north  by  east  of 
Avignon.     Population  (1801),  commune,  5.032. 

Vals  (val),  sometimes  'Vals-les-Bains  (val'la- 
ban').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Ardeehe, 
France,  situated  on  the  Volane  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Privas:  noted  for  its  alkaline 
springs.  Population  (1891),  2,050;  commune, 
3,684. 

Valsalva  (val-sal'va),  Antonio  Maria.  Born 
at  LTuola.  Italy.  Feb.  15,  1666:  died  at  Bologna. 
Feb.  2,  1723.  An  Italian  anatomist,  professor 
at  Bologna  :  noted  for  researches  on  the  ear. 

Valtellina  (val-tel-le'na),  or  Valtelline  (val- 
tel-len'),  or  Val  Tellina  (val  tel-le'na).  [G. 
Veltlin.'i  A  region  in  the  province  of  Sondrio, 
Italy.  It  comprises,  in  a  narrow  sense,  the  valley  of  the 
upper  Adda,  from  the  Lake  of  Como  to  the  Serra  di  Mori- 
gnone  (separating  it  from  the  district  of  Bormio) ;  in  an  ex- 
tended sense,  also  the  district  of  Bormio  (sometimes  also 
Poschiavo).  It  belonged  in  the  middle  ages  to  Lombardy 
and  to  Milan,  and  came  in  1512  under  the  rule  of  Grisons. 
There  were  many  struggles  for  its  possession  at  the  epoch 
of  the  Thirty  Tears'  War.  It  passed  to  the  Cisalpine  Re- 
public in  1797,  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1805,  to  Austria 
1814-15,  and  to  the  kingdom  of*  Sardinia  in  1859. 

Val  Tournanche,  or  Valtournanche  (val-tor- 
nonsh').  An  Alpine  valley  in  northern  Italy, 
southwest  of  the  Monte  Rosa  group. 

Vamamargis  (va-ma-mar-gez'%  [Skt.  rdma- 
»iar(ii»,  nom.  vamamarfli.  he  who  holds  the 
left-hand  (rdma)  path  (marga).^  In  Hinduism, 
those  who  worship  exclusively  the  left  or  female 
side  of  the  dual  nature  of  Shiva  or  Vishnu. 
See  Slial-tas  and  Shakti. 

Vamana  (va'ma-na).  ['  The  Dwarf."]  The  fifth 
of  the  incarnations  of  Vishnu.  In  the  second  age  of 
the  world  Vishnu  infused  a  part  of  his  essence  into  the 
body  of  a  dwarf  in  order  to  wrest  from  the  tyrant-demon 
Bali  the  dominion  of  the  three  worlds.  The  dwarf  pre- 
sented himself  before  the  demon  and  asked  as  much  l.md 
as  he  could  step  over  in  three  paces.  His  form  expanding, 
he  strode  in  two  steps  over  heaven  and  earth,  but  in  com- 
passion left  the  lower  world  to  Bali. 

'Vamanapurana  (vil-ma-na-po-ra'na).  ['The 
Dwarf Purana.']  APurana(seeP«)'a«rt) extend- 
ing to  about  7.000  stanzas,  and  containing, 
among  other  things,  an  accoimt  of  the  dwarf  in- 
carnation of  Vishnu.  It  is  of  very  recent  origin, 
having  been  compiled,  apparently,  only  three  or  four  cen- 
turies ago. 

V4mb6ry  (vam'ba-re),  Arminius,  or  Armin, 
or  Hermann.  Born  at  Szerdahely,  Hungary, 
March  19,  1832.  A  noted  Hungarian  traveler, 
Orientalist,  and  historian  :  professor  at  Buda- 
pest. He  lived  many  years  in  Constantinople,  and  1863- 
1864  visited  Persia,  Khiva,  Bokhara, Samarkand.Herat,  and 
other  parts  of  central  .\sia.  Among  his  works  are  "  Trav- 
els in  Central  .Asia  "  (1865),  "Wanderings  and  Adventures 
in  Persia"  (1867),  "Sketches  of  Central  Asia"  (IStiS), 
"History  of  Bokhara  "(1873),  "  Central  Asia  and  the  ,4nglo- 
Rnssian  Boundary  Question,"  "  Islam  in  the  19th  Century  " 
(1875),  "Manners  in  Oriental  Countries"  (1876),  "  Primi- 
tive'Civilization  of  the  Turko- Tatar  People  "  (1879),  *•  Origin 
of  the  Magyars"  (1882X  "The  Turkish  People"  (1S85), 
"The  Future  Contest  for  India"  (1SS6),  and  various  lin- 
guistic works,  including  a  "German-Turkish  Diction.ary," 
an  "Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Turko- Tatar  Lan- 
guages "  (1878),  etc. 

■Van.     See  Armenia. 

Van  (van).  1.  A  vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  border  of  Persia,  south  of  Erze- 
rum.  Area,  15,440  square  miles.  Population, 
376,297.-2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Van, 
situated  near  Lake  Van,  about  lat.  38°  30'  N., 
long.  43°  10'  E.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  fertile  plain  ; 
has  some  manufactures  and  trade ;  and  is  an  important 
strategic  point.  It  is  especially  noted  for  ancient  cunei- 
form inscriptions  in  its  neighborhood.  Population,  about 
1^000.     See  Biainia. 

Van,  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  eastern  Turkey, 
Length,  about  75  miles.  It  has  no  outlet. 
Height  above  sea-level,  5,400  feet. 

Vana  (va'na).  pl.Vanas  (va'nas).  [ON.  Vanr, 
pi.  Vanir.']  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a  race 
of  gods  originally  at  war  with  the  Asas,  but 
later  received  by  them  into  Asgard.    Heimdall, 


Vancouver  Island 

If  jord,  Frey,  and  Freyja  were  Vanas.  They  are  all  gods  of 
light.  The  myth  of  a  war  between  the  two  races  of  gods 
most  probably  had  its  origin  in  the  subordination  of  an 
older  local  cult  of  the  light-gods  to  the  newer  cult  of  Odin. 

Vanaprastha  (va-na-pras'tha).  See  Upani- 
shads. 

Van  Artevelde.    See  ArUrelde. 

■Vanbrugh  (van-bro'),  Sir  John.  Bom  about 
1666:  died  at  Loudon,  March  26,  1726.  An 
EngUsh  dramatist  and  architect.  He  was  educated 
in  IVance,  and  in  1695  was  a  ctjmmissioner  for  finishing 
Greenwich  Hospital.  About  16117  he  joined  Congreve  in 
the  management  of  a  theater  which  was  not  successful. 
In  1714  he  was  made  comptroller  of  the  royal  works,  and 
was  knighted  in  the  same  ye,ar.  He  was  Clarencieux  king 
at  arms  for  about  twenty  years  before  his  death.  He  built 
Castle  Howard  in  Yorkshire,  Blenheim  House,  and  othet 
country  houses.  Collier's  allegation  that  all  his  heroes 
were  professed  libertines  gave  rise  to  a  controversy  in 
which  Vanbrugh  did  not  hold  his  own.  Among  his  plavs 
are  "  The  Relapse  "  (1697),  "  .Esop  "  (1697), ' '  The  Provoked 
Wife-' (1697),  "The False  Friend  '  (1702X  " The  Conteder- 
acy"(1705),  and  "A  Journey  to  London,"  which  he  left 
unfinished  (* 'ibber  finished  it,  and  produced  it  in  1728  as 
"The  Provoked  Husband  "). 

Van  Buren  ( van  bii'ren).  John.  Born  at  Hud- 
son. X.  Y.,  Feb.  18.  1810 :  died  at  sea,  Oct.  13, 
1866.  An  American  lawyer,  son  of  Martin  Van 
Buren  :  known  as  "Prince  John," from  his  fig- 
ure and  manners.  He  was  attorney-general  of 
New  York  1845-46. 

Van  Buren,  Martin.  Bom  at  Kinderhook, 
N.Y..Dec.5,1782:  died  there.  Julv  24.1862.  The 
eighth  President  of  the  United  States  (1837-41). 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1803  :  became  surrogate  of 
Columbia  County  in  ISOS ;  entered  the  New  York  State 
Senate  in  1812,  and  was  reelected  in  1816  ;  was  attorney- 
general  of  New  Y'ork  State  1815-19 ;  was  United  States 
senator  from  New  Y'ork  1821-28;  was  a  member  of  the 
New  York  State  constitutional  convention  in  1821«;  was 
governor  of  New  Y'ork  1828-29 ;  was  secretary  of  state  un- 
der President  .Tackson  1829-31 ;  was  sent  as  United  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  in  1S31,  but  presently  returned, 
his  nomination  having  been  rejected  by  the  Senate  ;  was 
elected  as  Democratic  candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1832, 
aud  served  1833-37;  was  elected  as  Democratic  candidate 
for  President  in  1836,  and  served  1837—41;  procured  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  independent  treasury  system  in  1840 ; 
was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate  for  President  in 
1840  ;  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Democratic 
nomination  for  President  in  1844 ;  was  unsuccessful  Free- 
soil  candidate  for  President  in  1848 ;  and  traveled  in  Eu- 
rope 18,=i3-55.  He  wrote  '■  Inquin,-  into  the  t>rigin  and 
Course  of  Political  Parties  in  the  United  States"  (1867). 

Vance  (vans),  Zebulon  Baird.  Born  in  Bun- 
combe County,  N.  C,  May  13,  1830:  died  AprU 
14, 1894.  An  American  politician.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  North  Carolina  1858-61 ;  was  a  Con- 
federate colonel  in  the  Civil  War ;  was  governor  of  North 
Carolina  1862-65;  was  elected  United  states  senator  in 
1370,  but  was  not  seated  ;  and  was  United  States  senator 
from  North  Carolina  1879-94. 

Van  Cortlandt  (van  kort'lant),  Oloff  (Oliver) 
Stevense.  Bom  near  Utrecht,  1600 :  died  at 
New  York,  April  4, 1684.  A  Dutch  colonist  and 
magistrate  in  New  York. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Pierre.  Bom  at  Cortlandt 
Manor,  Jan,  10,  1721:  died  at  New  York,  May 
1,  1814.  An  American  magistrate,  first  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  New  York :  great-grandson 
of  Olofif  Van  Cortlandt. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Stephanus.  Bom  at  New  Am- 
sterdam (afterward  New  Y'ork),  May  4.  1643: 
died  at  New  York,  Nov.  25,  1700.  A  colonial 
magistrate  in  New  York,  son  of  Oloff  Van  Cort- 
landt, He  is  said  to  have  filled  at  one  time  or  another 
every  otfice  of  prominence  in  the  province  of  New  Y'ork, 
except  the  governorship ;  and  in  1697  his  estate  was  erected 
into  the  lordship  and  manor  of  Cortlandt  by  patent  of 
William  III,  Apptetotis"  Cydopsedia  oj  American  Bioffra- 
phy- 

Vancouver  (^van-ko'ver).  A  seaport  in  British 
Columbia,  situated  on  Burrard  Inlet  about  lat. 
49°  20'  N.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railwav  and  of  several  lines  of  steamers,  Populatioa 
(1901), '26,133, 

Vancouver,  George.  Bom  about  1758:  died 
near  London,  May  10,1798,  A  British  navigator. 
He  served  under  Cook  in  his  second  and  third  voyageS ;  and 
commanded  an  expedition  to  the  Pacific  1791-95,  on  which 
he  explored  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  the  Gulf  of  Geor- 
gia, and  the  shores  of  Vancouver  Island.-  He  left  a  narra- 
tive of  his  voyage  which  was  published  by  his  brother 
under  the  title  "Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean  and  Round  the  World  ■  (1798). 

Vancouver  Island,  or  Vancouver's  \van-ko'- 
verz)  Island.  -An  island  belonging  to  British 
Columbia,  situated  west  of  the  mainland  of  that 
province  and  northwest  of  the  State  ofWash- 
ington,  and  separated  from  them  by  Queen 
Charlotte  Sound,  Johnstone  Strait,  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  Capital, 
Victoria.  It  was  discovered  in  1774  by  the  Spaniards 
Juan  Perez  and  Martinez,  and  explored  by  Juan  Francisco 
de  la  Bodega  y  Cuadra  in  1775  and  1779,  by  Cook  in  1778,  and 
by  Vancouver  in  1792.  It  was  settled  by  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  in  1S43,  and  was  united  with  British  Columbia 
in  1866.  "Length,  about  290  mUes.  Area,  15,927  square  milet 
Population  (1891),  36,767. 


1027 


Varallo 


Vane  (van).  Sir  Henry:  eommonly  calleil  Sir  Van Rensseiaer(vanren'9e.liT),Killian.  Born 

Harry  Vane.    I'-'mallladlow.Kent,  Euglaml,       .   •  ■         " 

WV2:  beheaileil  at  London,  June  14, 1G6J.  An 
English  Puritan  statesman  and  patriot,  son  of 
'"'■■■  Henry  Vane,  coniptrolkT  of  the  household 


Si 

of  Charles  I.  Uc  was  educated  at  Westminster  and  Ox- 
ford  :  visitcil  Vienna  witti  tlie  CnRlish  ainliaitsiulur  in  I(;:u  ; 
emijriatedtoMassaclmsettsin  It'^ib;  wasgt»vernurof  Massa- 
cllusetis  iiay  Oniony  liuni  lltiO  to  1(137,  wlicn  lie  failed  of 
reelection  on  account  of  sidinR  with  Anne  Hutchinson 


at  Amsterdam,  Holland,  l')9o:  died  there,  1(>44. 
A  Dutch  merchant,  the  first  patroon  of  Rensse- 
laerswiek.  He  was  a  wealthy  dealer  in  pearls  and  dia- 
monds at  Amsterdam,  and  was  one  of  tlie  founders  of  the 
West  India  Company.  ThroUjill  an  accnl  he  purchased  of 
tlie  Indians  the  territory  comprised  in  the  present  coun- 
ties of  Albany,  Columbia,  ami  Kensselaer,  New  York, 
which  received  the  name  of  Itensselaerswick,  and  which 
he  colonized. 


retunjed  to  Enuland  in  Aug.,  10:i7;  entered  I'arliament   Van  RenSSelaer,  Solomon.  Horn  in  Rensselaer 

" "    -■-—  County.  X.  v.,  Aug.  ti.  1774:  liied  at  Albany, 

N.  Y.,  April  i;3,  ISSli.  An  American  officer  aiid 
politician,  cousin  of  Steplien  Van  Rensselaer, 
lie  served  with  distinction  under  Oeneral  Anthony  Wayne 
at  the  battle  of  .M:inmee  liapids,  Aug.  17(M ;  commanded 
the  a/isault  at  the  battle  of  Queenston  Heights,  Oct.,  1812  . 
and  was  a  memlier  of  Congress  from  New  York  1819-22 


in  1<;40,  and  in  the  same  year  was  knighted  and  made  joint 
treasm-er  of  the  navy  ;  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
negotiated  the  SohiTin  League  and  Covenant  with  Scotland 
in  1643;  furthered  tlie  .Sulf-Denying  Ordinance  and  the 
New  Model:  comlemncd  Pride's  I'urge;  becunie  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state  in  1(>49 ;  was  imprisoned  for 
four  months  in  1666  for  his  attack  on  the  protectorate  of 
Cromwell  in  a  publication  of  that  year ;  was  arrested  at  the 


Rcstoration(16«);aud,  excepted  from  the  Act  of  Pardon  Van  RenSSelaet,    Stephen    called    ''The  Pa- 


trooii. 


Vandalia 

Vandalia  (van-da'li-a).    The  capital  of  Fayette 

County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Kaskaskia  65 

miles  southeast  of  Springfield :  formerly  the 

State  capital.     Population  (liWO),  .l,tjtia. 
Vandals  (van'dalz).    A  Geriuauic  race  which 

first  appeared  in  middle  and  southern  Germauy, 

aud  in  the  first  half  of  the  oth  century  ravaged 

Gaul,  Spain,  northern  Africa,  etc.,  and  in  4.")5 

Rome  itself,  with  gieat  damage  to  the  accumu- 
lated treasures  of  art  and  literature  ( whence  the 

term  rdiidali.wi).  They  founded  a  kingdom  in  Africa, 

with  Carthage  aa  its  capital,  wliich  took  in  also  the  great 

islands  of  the  western  ilediterranean,  including  Sicily. 

Tile  R'iraans  often  confounded  the  two  peoples  [Goths 
and  Vandals]  togetlier.  and  not  unfrequently  they  applied 
the  name  of  (ioths  in  a  loose  sense  to  all  those  Teutonic 
nations  who  invaded  the  southern  lands. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  8. 

Vandalusia.    See  AndnbiMa. 

Vandamme  (von-diim'),  Dominique  Josephe. 

Born  at  Cassel,  Nord,  France,  Nov.  5,  1770 : 
died  there,  July  15,  1830.  A  French  general. 
He  served  in  the  Anny  of  the  North  in  17i»3,  gaining  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general ;  fought  in  the  campaigns  in 
Germany  1795-97  and  1799-1801  as  general  of  division  ;  ob- 
tained command  of  the  16th  military  division  in  1803 ; 
fought  at  Aiisterlitz  in  1805  ;  was  defeated  and  tjiken  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Kulni  Aug.  30,  1813  ;  was  made  a  peer 
during  the  Hundred  Days  and  placed  in  command  of  the 
3d  army  corps  ;  and  was  distinguished  at  Wavre  June  18, 

ISI.T 

Van  den  Eeckhout.    See  Eechhout. 

Van  der  Aa.    See  Aa.  Van  Eyck.    See  Eijcl;. 

Vanderbilt  (van'der-bilt),  Cornelius :   called  Vangiones   (van-.ji'o-nez).     [L.  (Ca?sar)   Van 
"Commodore."    Born  near  Stapleton,.Staten    f/ioiiin.  Or,  (Ptolemy)  Ovay)i6voi.] 
Island,  N.  Y  ,  May  27, 179-t:  died  at  New  York,     tribe  first  mentioned  by  Ca>sar  as  in  the  army 
.Tan.  4,  1877.     An  American  financier.  He  began     of  Ariovistus.     They  were  situated  on  the  left  side  of 
life  as  a  boatman,  conveying  piissengers  and  goods  between     *^^  middle  Rhine,  in  the  region  about  Worms.    They 
Staten  Island  and  New  York;  became  a  steamboat  captain,     were  probably  merged  ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 
manager    and  owner ;  established  Bteam-liiies  between  Vanguard  (van'giird).      1.   A    British    line-of- 

New  York  a^id  New  England  ports  Hudson  River  ports,     battle  ship  of  74  guns  and  l,(i03  tons.    She  served  vV^L^^T  :"' '.    ^      A  /.••.,    i     i        a       v 

in  the  Chamiel  s,|Uadron  of  Lord  Howe  in  179.),  and  was  VanseU  (van  zen).    A  dissipated  clerk  and  pub 
flag-ship  of  Vioe-Adiuiial  Sir  Horatio  Nelson  in  the  battle  _L"'  agitatonin  Goethe's  '•  Kgmont." 
of  the  Nile,  Aug.  1-2,  1798. 

2.  An  armored  battle-ship  of  the  Iron  Duke 
class.    She  came  in  collision  with  the  Iron  Duke  off  the 
coast  of  Ireland  in  1875,  and  was  sunk. 
Born  at  New  Van  Helmont.     See  Hclmoiit. 


and  Oblivion,  was  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Van  Erpe.     See  Erpenius. 

Vanessa  ( va-nes'a).  Swift's  poetical  name  for 
liis  friend  Esther  Vanhomrigh :  composed  of 
r<ni-  anil  R'.sii  for  Ksthcr.     See  r<inh(imriiih. 

Vane-Tempest-Stewart,   Charles  Stewart, 

si.xth  Jlarcjuis  of  Londonderry.  Born  1852.  A 
Britisli  politician.  As  Viscount  CavtUreagh  he  en- 
tered Parliamenta.s  nienilK-r  l..r  South  Kensington  In  1874, 
and  suhse(|uently  sat  lor  .\!..iilL'..Tii,rv  lii.<liii-t  and  County 
Down  until  his  acci-ssion  lo  tin- pi.-rat-e  on  thedeathof  his 
father  111  1SS4.  He  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  from 
18MI1  tn  1S8!I,  and  iiostmasti-r-geniral  1900-02. 


Born  at  New  York,  Nov.  1,  17G5:  died 
at  iUbany,  Jan.  20, 1S39.  An  American  general. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Killian  Van  Rensselaer,  and  was  the 
eiglilh  patroon  of  Rensselaerswick  (see  A'lVfia/i  Kan/fcnw- 
(ner),althoughhis  manorial  rightsw  ere  materiallycurtailed 
on  the  dissolution  of  the  colonial  government.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1782,  became  a  major  of  militia  in  1786 
and  a  major-general  in  IsOl,  and  was  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  York  1705-1801.  He  was  made  commander  of  the 
United  States  forces  on  the  northwestern  frontier  in  1812, 
and  lost  the  battle  of  Qneenston  Heights  Oct.  13  of  that 
year.  He  cooperated  with  1)>-  Witt  Clinton  in  ni-omoting 
the  Erie  Canal  (completed  in  182.'.),  being  president  of  the 
board  of  commissioners  for  fourteen  years.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  .New  York  1-23-29.  and  founded 
the  Kensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  atlYoy,  N.  Y'.,  which 
was  begun  in  1S24  and  incorporated  in  1826. 
A  German  Van  Schaick  (vanskoik'),  Gozen.  Bom  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  1737 :  died  there,  July  4,  1787. 
An  American  general.  He  sened  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war;  in  the  Cherry  Valley  against  the  Indian 
Joseph  Brant;  and  at  l^lonmouth,  where  he  acted  as 
brigadier-general.  He  destroyed  the  Onondaga  settle- 
ments In  1779. 

Hansen  ( van' 

lie  agitatoniu  vocmco  j.(;iin,uu. 
Vansittart  (van-sit'ijrt),  Nicholas,  Baron  Bex- 
ley.  Born  1706:  died  1S.')1.  .\n  l^nglish  poli- 
tician. He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in 
the  Liverpool  ministry,  and  later  chancellor  of 

„  ■   1     -KT         T  -^r  -   n    ,n-.,      ,-    ,         ,  ^.j.  ^^^^^^^^j.     .v.  „ v . ... , tlic  ducfav  of  Lsncastcr. 

Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  May  8,  1821:  died  at  Vanhomrigh  (vau-um'ri),  or  Vanhomerigh  Vansittart  Island.  [Named  from  Nicholas 
New  York  Dee.  8  1885.  An  American  fiuan-  (vau-um'er-i),  Esther.  Born  Feb.  14,  10S)2:  Vansittart,  Baron  Be.xley.]  An  island  in  the 
cier,  son  of  Corneliiis  \  am  erbi  t.  He  extended  died  1723.  The  Vanessa  of  Swift's  "Cadenus  arctic  regions  of  North  America,  south  of  Mel- 
Sth'^^2o{i?gfof.t™ieiL,Tan"isliaieons"(N^^^^  and  Vanessa.''  He  made  her  acouaintance  in  1708.   She     ville  Peninstda.  / 

Metropolitan  Mu-euni.  etc.  He  was  reputed  to  be  the  "-"came  his  pllpil,  fell  in  love  with  him,  and  followed  lum  Van  TaSSOl  (van  tas'el),  Catonna.  A  \-illage 
richest  man  in  the  world.  "^  to  Ireland  ,11  1714.    See  Sm^rt.  beauty  in  Irving's '•  Lege"*' of  Sleepy  Hollo«V' 

Vanderbilt  University.      An    institution    of  Vanikoro  (va-ne-ko  ro).     One  of  the  largest  of  Van  Tromp      See  7V»w;). 

'"    ■     lie,  Tennes.see.    It    t'^eSa,utaCriizIslamIs,m  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Van  Twlller  (van  twil'i^),  Wouter  (Walter) 

Vanini  (va-ne'ue),  LucillO,  self-styled  Julius     Born  at  Nieukirk,  Holland,  about  1.-.80:  .lied  at 
Caesar,    Born  at  laurisauo,  kingdom  ot  Naples, 
about  1585:  burned  at  the  stake  at  Toulouse, 
France,  Feb.  19,  lOlU.     An  Italian  free-thinker, 
condemned  to  death  as  an  atheist  and  magician. 


Nicaragua,  Havre,  and  other  places  ;  became  chief  owner 
of  the  Harlem  Railroad  in  1803  ;  became  soon  the  principal 
owner  of  the  Hudson  River  Rail  road  and  New  Y'ojk  Central 
Railroad,  which  he  consolidated;  and  extended  his  control 
totheLake.shore,  Canada  Southern,  and  Alichigan  Central 
railroads  He  gave  .si,i»k),ooii  to  Vanderbilt  t"niversity. 
His  fortune  was  estimated  at  about  $100,000,000. 

Vanderbilt,  William  Henry. 


learning  situated  at  Nash^i 
was  founded  in  1872  as  the  Central  University  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  (South) ;  but  received  its  present 
name  in  1873  in  recognition  of  a  gift  ot  $1,000,000  l)y  Cor- 
nelius Vanderliilt.  It  is  under  Methodist  control.  It  ha.-, 
about  90  inHtrnetols  and  »(Ml  students. 
Vanderdecken  (van'der-dek"on).  The  captain 
of  the  Flying  Dutchman  in  the  English  form  of 
the  legend.  lle  was  condemned,  as  a  penalty  for  his 
sins,  to  sail  around  the  Cape  of  (iood  Hope  forever.  His 
ship  has  nr>thing  unreal  in  her  appearance. 

Van  der  Goes.    See  Goes. 

Van  der  Heist.    See  Hdst. 

Van  der  Heyden.    See  Heyden. 

Van  der  Hoeven.    See  Hoeven. 

Van  der  Meer.    See  Meer. 

Van  der  Meulen.    See  Heulen. 

Van  der  Poorten-Schwarz  ;(van  der  por'ten 

shviirts'),  J.  M.  H.  Burn  1H57.  A  contem- 
poraryDiitc-li  novelist  His  works  are  published  under 
the  pseudonym  of  Maarten  Maartens.  Tliey  include  "Joost 
Avelingh"  (189(1).  'A  (Juestion  of  Taste"  (1891),  "God's 
Fool  ••  {IWiu  and  "  The  Greater  (ilory  "  (1894). 

Van  Diemen's  (van  de'menz)  Gulf.  An  inlet 
on  the  ncirlhern  coast  of  Australia,  west  of  the 
Gulf  of  Carpenturia. 

Van  Diemen's  Land.  A  former  name  of  Tas- 
mania. 

Van  Dom  (van  d6ni),  Earl.  Born  near  Port 
Gibson,  Miss.,  Sept.  17,  1820:  assassinated  in 
Tennessee,  May  8,  1803.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  (fraduated  at  West  Point  In  1842;  sencd  in 
the  Mexican  war  and  In  the  Indian  wars ;  entered  the 
Confederate  service  in  1861 ;  was  commander  (as  major- 
general)  of  the  TranB-MlssiaslppI  district  in  1802  :  was  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  March  7-8,  1862-  and 
was  defeated  wltli  Price  at  Corinlli  Oct.  ;)-l,  1862. 

Vandyke  (van-dik'),  or  Van  Dyck,  Sir  An 


Amsterdam  after  1(>40.  A  Dutch  governor  of 
New  Netherlands  1033-37.  He  liad  disputes 
with  the  Massachusetts  colony  relating  to  Con- 

HestudiedatRomeandPadua;  became  a  priest;  traveled  tt_„„_  t -—..  /,.-;  „••'■:  i-/„"\       r\  t  ii      » 

'  and  the  Netherlands;  and  bian  teaching  at    Manila  LeVU  (v«-Ilo  «  >  Vo).      One  of  the  two 


Here  he  waa  arrested  for  VapereaU  (viip-ro'),  1 
I  the  same  day  executed.  /  ),.|.-.,>>,  •  \\,..ll.l  iwli 
itrum  iBlernie  I'roviden-     plleau^,  AprU  4,  IM! 


chief  islands  of  the  Fiji  group.    Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Louis  Gustave.    Bom  at 


in  Germany  aim  the  Netneriaiids;  and  began  teaching 
Lyons,  but  was  obliged  to  tlee  to  Englanil,  where  he  was 
arrested.     After  his  release  he  returned  to  Lyons,  and 
about  1017  settled  at  Toulouse.     Here  h 
his  opinions,  eoinlemned.  and  on 
His  chief  works  are  "Aniphitheatr 
tire  '(161.1),  '■  I>|  _  . 

talium  arcanis"(ioiii).  "  sel  des  contemporains"  (1858  and  successive 

Vanity  Fair.     A  fair  described  in  Bunyan's     editions). 
"Pilgrim's  Progress."    it  was  held  in  the  town  of  Var  (viir).      [L.  VariiK.  It.  fViro.]      A   river  in 
Vanity,  and  the  phra-sois  often  used  as  a  synonym  for  the     southeastern  France,  ehiellv  in  the  department 


I.      .\  I'liiicli  author,  best 
idniirandis  naturn:  regiiiu;  deietiue  inor-     known  as  editor  of  Ihe  "  ]>ictionnaire  univer- 


thony.    Born  at  Antwerp,  March  22, 151I9:  died  Vannucchl 

at  Loudon.   Dee.  9,   1041,     A  famous  Flemish 

painter,  best   known   as   a  portraif-painter:  a 

pupil  .if  Rubens  whom  he  assisted  in  some  of 

his  gi-eat  compositions.     He  was  In  England  1620-21  • 

In  Italy  about  1623-27;  later  in  Antwerp;  and  after  10.3- 

chlelly  in  Knglnnd.     In  1632  he  was  knighted  ami  made 

court  painter  t^i  Charles  T, 


present  world  and  its  worldliness. 
Vanity  Fair.     [From  tlie  jireceding.]     Anovel 
liy  Thackeray,  the  publication  of  which  was  be- 
gun in  1847  iu  monthly  parts. 

Van  Lennep.    See  Lomrp. 

Vanloo  (von-lo'),  Charles  Andr^.    Bom  at 

Nice,   1705:    died    at    Paris,   17()5.      A   French 
painter,  brother  of  .1.  li.  Vmilon. 

Vanloo,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Ai.x,  France, 
1084:  di(>d  at  .\ix,  174.').  A  French  painter  of 
portraits  ami  religions  snb,jeels. 

Vannes  (viin),  Breton  Gwened.  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Mcirliiliaii,  France,  situated 

near  the  Gulf  of  .Murbilian  in  lat.  47°  3!)'  N.,  Varaha  (va-rii'ha). 
long.  2°  40'  W.  It  contains  a  museum  of  Celtic  and  incarnation  of  Visl 
(iallO'Roman  antii|Uities  and  a  calherlral.  It  was  the  an- 
cient Iiarloriguni  or  tMvilas  Venetorum  (whence  the  mod- 
ern name),  cajutal  of  the  Venetl ;  and  was  a  favorite  resi- 
dence of  tbe  dukes  of  Itrittauy,  and  the  seat  of  a  parlemout. 
l'opulatlnn(18:il),  21, WH, 

See  Siirttt,  Aiitin'n  tji'l. 


Vannucci,  Pietro.    See  I'miiiinn. 

Vanoise  (vii-nwilz').  A  range  in  thoTarontaiso 

Alps,   siiiilheasteni    France.    Highest   point, 

12,1.S0  feet. 

Van  Oost.     See  Oo,if. 
Vanora.     Same  as  (luhwverc. 
Among  his  best-known  w.irks  Van  OstadO.     See  (Isltidr. 

an.-     eiueiiixioiiH    lesiieciailvone  lit  Mechlill^  "Elevation    TT -•       -1/    ■.  \      ¥» mi  •    t  « 

of  the  Cross  •XCourLi),est.\uK,i,llne  In  Ecstasy  •■(Ant  VaUOZZa  (va-not's.l),   Rosa.      The  mistroSS  of 

wcrp),  and  portraits  of  Charles  I.  and  mcmhers  of  his  I'ope  Alexander  VI..  and  the  mother  of  Cesnre 

family,  and  of  prominent  men  of  the  time.  and  Lucrezia  Borgia. 


of  Alpes-Maritimes,  which  flows  into  the  Medi- 
terranean 4  miles  wesl-soiithwest  of  Nice.  It 
was  long  the  bcuiudiur  Iniwecn  France  and  Italy,  and 
in  ancient  times  lietween  Cisalpine  and  Transalpine  Uaul. 
Length,  aliout  80  miles. 
Var.  A  department  of  France,  bonndeil  by 
Basses-Alpes  on  the  north,  -Mpi's-Maritinies  oil 
the  northeast,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south- 
east and  soutli,  ami  Bouclu'S-du-Rhoiie  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Draguiguan  :  chief  idace.  Tou- 
lim.  The  surface  Is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Var  was 
formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  fntvence.  A  part  of  it 
was  given  to  the  deparlment  of  Alpes-Marlllmes  in  ISIW. 
Area,  2,349  8.iuare  miles.     Population  (1891),  288,330. 

['The  Boar.']  The  thir.1 
mil,  wild  infused  a  ]>arl  of 
his  essence  into  a  boar  to  deliver  the  world 
from  the  demon  Hiriinyakslia  who  had  seized 
the  earth  and  carried  it  down  into  the  ocean. 
After  a  thousand  years  the  divine  iHiar  slew  the  monster 
and  brought  back  the  earth.  .According  to  the  A'anapar- 
vaii('forest-seclioirof  the.MaliabliarataVtIieearth,  pressed 
down  Ity  su]>enibundant  jMtpubitlon,  wiut  submerged  by  a 
deluge,  when  the  boar  deHceiuled  and  ujiheavcd  It  on  one 
of  his  luhks. 

Varallo  (vii-riil'lo).  A  (own  in  (he  province 
of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  32  miles 
nortli-norlhwest  of  Novara.  Nearlt  IsSncro  Monic, 
B  place  of  pilgrimage  folintled  In  14Wt.  where  46  chapels 
are  i-anged  along  a  winding  path  on  Ihe  bealillful  atM-cnt, 
each  one  containing  a  group  of  colored  and  clothed  life 
sixeil  terra  eolta  llgtires representing  inordera  scenefroni 
the  story  of  Christ.    The  series  Is  extremely  curious,  and 


Varallo 

some  of  the  figures  are  highly  artistic.  The  architecture 
of  the  L'hapels  is  ornate,  and  their  walls  are  covered  with 
frescos,  some  of  them  admirable.    Population  (1S61),  2,299. 

Varanger  Fjord,  or  Waranger  Fjord  (va- 
rang'ger  frord).  An  arm  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Norway  and 
the  northwestern  extremity  of  Russia.  Length, 
about  60-70  miles. 

Varangian  Guard  (ra-ran'ji-an  gard).  A  body- 
guard of  the  Byzantine  emperors  about  the 
llth  eenttu-y,  formed  around  a  nucleus  of  Va- 
rangians. 

Varangians  (va-ran'ji-anz).  [ML.  "Varangi, 
MGr.  Bapa;;o(,  Icel.  Tceringjar.  confederates.] 
Xorse  warriors  who  ravaged  the  coast  of  the 
Baltic  about  the  9th  century,  and  who  (accord- 
ing to  common  account)  founded  the  Russian 
monarchy  in  862.  and  formed  an  important  ele- 
ment in  the  early  Russian  people. 

Varas  (va'ras),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Cauquenes, 
1S17:  died  at  Santiago,  iaS6.  A  Chilean  jurist 
and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  justice  under 
Bulnes  1S45-50,  and  the  principal  minister  of  President 
Moutt  1851-56,  and  for  a  short  time  in  1S61.  Varas  is  re- 
garded as  the  greatest  of  the  conser\'ative  politicians. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  partj'  called  Montt-Varistas. 

Varaville  (va-ra-rel').  A  place  near  Falaise, 
Normandy,  where,  in  lOaS.'R'illiam  of  Nonnandy 
defeated  the  forces  of  France  and  Anjou. 

Varazze  (va-rSt'se).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Genoa.  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa 
IS  miles  west  liy  south  of  Genoa. 

Vardar  (var-dar').  A  river  in  European  Tur- 
key which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki  15 
miies  southwest  of  Saloniki :  the  ancient  Axius. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Varden  (var' den),  Dolly.  A  notable  charac- 
ter in  Dickens's  '"Bamaby  Rudge,"  daughter 
of  Gabriel  Varden,  a  prosperous  locksmith. 

The  good-hearted  plump  little  Dolly,  coquettish  minx 
of  a  daughter,  with  all  she  suffers  and  inflicts  by  her  fickle 
winning  ways  and  her  small,  self-admiring  vanities. 

Forster^  Life  of  Dickens,  ix. 

Vardo,  orWardo  (var'de).  An  island  and  town 
in  Finmark.  Norway.  Near  it  is  the  northern- 
most fortress  of  Europe,  Vardohuus,  in  lat.  70° 
22'  N.,  long.  31°  7'  E. 

Varela(va-ra'la),  Cape.  Aheadlandon  the  east- 
em  coast  of  Annam,  projecting  into  the  China 
Sea. 

Varela  (va-ra'la),  Hector  Florencio.  Bom 
1833  :  died  1891.  An  Argentine  journalist  and 
author.  He  founded  and  edited  th^  "  Tribuna  "  at  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  and  "  El  Americano,"  a  literary  journal  pub- 
lished at  Paris.  He  was  a  noted  orator,  and  held  important 
diplomatic  positions.  His  works  include  several  novels, 
historical  and  critical  studies,  etc. 

Varela  y  Morales  (e  mo-ra'las),  Felix.  Bom 
at  Havana,  Nov.  20.  1788:  died  at  St.  Augus- 
tine. Florida,  Feb.  18, 1853.  A  Spanish-Ameri- 
can author.  He  took  orders  in  the  Eoman  Catholic 
Church  :  was  deputy  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  1S22-23 ;  and 
was  one  of  the  i56  deputies  condemned  to  death  in  1823. 
He  escaped,  and  passed  most  of  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  New  York,  where  he  was  vicar-general  from  1845.  His 
writings,  mainly  on  philosophical  subjects,  have  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  Spain  and  Spanish  America. 

Varennes  (va-ren'),  Flight  to.  An  attempt  of 
Louis  X^^.  and  the  royal  family  to  escape  from 
France  in  1791.  They  left  Paris  June  -20-21.  and  were 
arrested  at  Varennes-en-Argonne  June  22  and  taken  back 
to  Paris  by  order  of  the  ;National  Assembly. 

Varennes-en-Argonne  (va-ren'on-ar-gon').  A 
small  to^Ti  in  the  department  of  Meuse,  France, 
situated  on  the  Aire  18  miles  west  of  Verdun. 
See  above. 

Varese  (va-ra'se),  Lago  di.  A  lake  in  northern 
Italy,  east  of  Lago  Maggiore.  Length,  6  miles. 

Vargas  (var'gas),  Jos6  Maria.  Bom  at  La 
Guaira.  March  2. 1786 :  died  at  New  York.  July 
13,  1854.  A  Venezuelan  politician.  He  was  an 
eminent  physician ;  was  several  times  deputy  to  Congress ; 
and  was  elected  president  of  Venezuela  in  Feb.,  1835.  Re- 
volts broke  out,  and  he  resigned  in  April,  issb.  .Subse- 
quently he  held  various  public  oflices.  He  was  greatly  re- 
q)ected. 

Vargas,  Lllls  de.    Bom  at  Seville,  1502:  died 

there, about  1568.  ASpanishpainterofreligious 

subjects.     Many  of  his  works  are  at  Seville. 
Varicourt  (va-re-kor'),  Eeine  Philiberte  de. 

A  poor  btit  noble  young  girl  adopted  in  17/6  by 

Voltaire.     She  married  the  Marquis  de  ViUette.    Vol. 

taire  called  her  "Belle  et  Bonne,"  and  to  her  was  due 

much  of  the  happiness  of  his  last  years. 
Varina  (va-ri'na).     The  name  given  by  Swift 

to  Miss  Waring,  the  sister  of  an  old  college 

friend.     See  Swift. 
Varini  ( va-ri'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  Germanic 

people  who  dwelt  near  the  Baltic"  Sea. 
Varius  Rufus  (va'ri-us  ro'fus).  Lucius.  Lived 

in  the  last  part  of  the  1st  century  B.  c.     A  Ro- 


1028 

man  epic  and  tragic  poet,  author  of  a  tragic 
poem  •'  Thyestes.''  Only  short  fragments  of  his 
works  are  extant. 

Varley  (var'li),  Cornelius.  Bom  1781:  died 
1873.  An  English  painter  in  water-colors,  bro- 
ther of  John  Varley. 

Varley,  John.  Bom  about  1778 :  died  1842.  An 
English  water-color  painter,  noted  for  his  land- 
scapes. 

Varna,  or  Wama  (var'na).  A  fortified  sea- 
port in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Bav  of  Varna 
in  lat.  43°  12'  N.,  long.  27°  57'  E. :  "one  of  the 
posts  of  the  Bulgarian  Quadrilateral.  It  is  the 
chief  seaport  of  Bulgaria,  and  has  an  important  export 
trade  in  grain.  A  battle  was  fought  near  Varna.  >'ov. 
10,  1444,  in  which  the  Turks  under  Amui-ath  II.  defeated 
the  Hungarians  and  allies  under  Ladislaus  (who  was 
killed)  and  Hunyady.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in 
1S28 ;  was  occupie<l  by  the  Allies  in  1854  ;  and  was  the 
starting-point  of  the  expedition  to  the  Crimea.  Popula- 
tion (IsSS),  25,256. 

Vamey  (var'ni),  Richard.  Master  of  the 
horse  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  •'Kenilworth."'  for  his  own  advancement  he 
persuades  his  patron  to  disown  his  wife  Amy  Robsart, 
and  to  consent  to  her  murder,  which  Varney  contrives  at 
Cumnor  Place. 

Varnhagen  (vam-a'gen),  Francisco  Adolpho 
de,  Viscount  of  Porto  Seguro  (from  1874).  Born 
at  Sao  Joaoi  de  Ypanema,  Sao  Paulo,  Feb.  17. 
1816 :  died  at  Vienna,  -\ustria,  June  29,  1878. 
An  eminent  Brazilian  historian.  His  youth  was 
passed  in  Portugal,  where  he  fought  against  Dom  iliguel 
in  1833-34.  In  1841  he  became  a  subject  of  Brazil,  his  na- 
tive country  ;  and  thereafter  he  held  diplomatic  positions 
under  the  empire  in  Europe  and  .America.  Of  his  numer- 
ous and  important  historical  works  (nearly  all  relating  to 
Brazil),  the  best-known  are  "  Historia  geral  do  Brazil  "  (2 
vols.  lSo4-57 :  revised  edition  1875),  "  Historia  das  lutas 
com  OS  Hollandezes  no  Brazil  "  (2d  ed.  1874),  and  several 
monographs  on  .\merigo  ^'espucci. 

Varnhagen  von  Ense  (vam'ha-gen  fon  en'se), 
Karl  August.  Born  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia, 
Feb.  21.  1785:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct,  10,  18.58. 
A  noted  German  prose-writer.  He  served  in 
the  Austrian  and  later  in  the  Russian  army,  and  after 
the  "War  of  Liberation  was  in  the  Prussian  diplomatic 
and  political  service.  Among  his  works  are  "  Deutsche 
Erzahlimgen "  (1815),  poems  (1816),  '■  Goethe  in  den 
Zeugnissen  der  Mitlcbenden "  ('•  Goethe  in  the  Testi- 
monies of  Contemporaries,"  1824),  "  Biographische  Denk- 
male"  ("Biographical  Monuments,"  1824-30),  lives  of 
Seydlitz.  Queen  Sophia  Charlotte  of  Prussia,  the  Count 
of  Schwerin,  Marshal  Keith,  Bulow,  etc.,  **  Denkwiirdig- 
keiten  "  (1837— 16X  "T.igebucher,"  correspondence  with 
his  wife  Rahel,  "Blatter  aus  der  preussischen  Ge- 
schichte,"  etc. 

Varnhagen  von  Ense,  Madame  (Rahel  An- 
tonie  Friederike  Levin).  Bom  at  Berlin, 
May  19.  1771 :  died  there,  March  7,  1833.  A 
German  writer,  wife  of  Karl  August  Varnhagen 
von  Ense. 

Varoli  (va-ro'le),  Costanzo.  Bom  about  1543 : 
died  1575.     An  Italian  anatomist. 

Varro  (var'6),  Caius  Terentius.  Died  after 
200  B.  c.  A  Roman  politician.  He  was  consul 
with  Paulus  216  B.  c,  and  was  defeated  with  bim  at  the 
battle  of  Cannse. 

Varro,  Marcus  Terentius.  Bom  at  Reate, 
Italy,  116  B.  c:  died  about  27  b.  c.  A  famous 
Roman  scholar  and  author :  the  most  learned 
of  the  Romans.  He  held  various  offices,  and  rose  to 
the  pretorship :  joined  the  party  of  Pompey  ;  was  made 
by  Cjesar  director  of  the  public  library;  and  was  proscribed 
by  the  second  Triumvirate,  but  was  saved  by  his  friends. 
The  total  number  of  his  works  is  about  74,  comprising  620 
books.  Of  these  only  two,  "De  lingua  latina  "  and  "  De 
re  rustica,"  survive  (the  former  only  in  part). 

Varro's  prose  writings  embraced  almost  all  branches  of 
knowledge  and  literature,  oratory,  history  both  general 
and  literary,  jurisprudence,  grammar,  philosophy,  geog- 
raphy, husbandry,  etc.  But  in  all  this  universal  study, 
Varro  always  kept  his  own  country  and  its  past  steadily 
in  view,  and  through  that  portion  of  his  writings  exer- 
cised an  immense  influence,  both  directly  and  indirectly. 
The  Christian  Fathers  especially,  and  among  them  pre- 
eminently S.  Augustine,  studied  and  used  him  diligently. 
Tlie  most  important  prose  works  of  Varro  were  his  "  An- 
tiquitates  rerum  humanarum  et  divinarum,"  which  long 
survived  in  literature,  the  books  "  De  lingua  latina,"  "  Re- 
rum  rusticarum,"  the  Encyclopsedia  of  the  artes  liberates 
("  Disciplinanmi  Ubri ").  and  his  "Imagines." 

Teiiffeland  Schicabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  I.  256. 

Varro,  Publius  Terentius,  suraamed  Ata- 
cinus.  Born  at  Atax,  Narbonensis,  82  B.  C: 
died  about  37  B.  c.  A  Roman  poet,  author  of 
the  epic  "'  Argonautiea."  Only  fragments  of 
his  works  survive. 

Varuna  (va'ro-na).  [From  ■\/vr  or  var,  cover, 
encompass ;  cognate  with  Greek  oipaio^,  E. 
Heaven  and  heaven.]  '  The  Encompasser'  of 
the  universe :  in  the  Rigveda,  the  name  of  an 
Aditya.  the  supreme  god  among  those  of  the 
Veda,  and  therefore  called  king.  To  him  belong 
especially  the  waters,  the  night,  and  the  West  He  is  the 
judge  who  punishes  sin  and  who  is  appealed  to  for  for- 
giveness. From  him  come  avenging  diseases,  especially 
dropsy.  He  is  often  associated  with  Mitra,  he  being  the 
ruler  of  the  night,  as  Mitra  of  the  day.    He  is  the  noblest 


Vatican  Council 

character  of  the  Vedic  pantheon,  the  few  Varuna  hymns 
having  a  loftier  ethical  character  than  is  found  in  any 
others.  Roth  identifies  the  -Adityas  with  the  Amshaspands 
of  the  Avesta,  and  Varuna  with  Ahiu^  Mazda  or  Oimazd, 
regarding  \'aTUna  as  belonging  to  an  older  dynasty  of  gods 
common  to  the  Indo-Aryans,  of  whom  he  believes *the  Rig- 
veda to  show  the  supersession  of  \'aruna  by  Indra.  (On 
this  question,  see  Muir's  "  Original  Sanskrit  Texts,''  V, 
116-125.)  In  the  later  literature  Varuna  becomes  a  mere 
god  of  the  waters. 

Varus  (va'rus).    The  ancient  name  of  the  Var. 

Varus,  Publius  Quintilius.  Died  9  a.  d.  A 
Roman  general.  He  was  consul  13  b.  c;  governor  in 
Syria  6-4  B.  c. :  and  commander  in  Germany  6-9  A.  D.  Hia 
rigorous  measures  led  to  a  German  alliance  against  him, 
and  he  was  totally  defeated  by  Arminius  in  the  famous 
battle  in  the  Teutoburgerwald  9  A.  D.  ^^  hen  he  saw  that 
the  battle  was  lost,  he  fell  upon  his  sword.  This  defeat 
profoundly  affected  the  Romans,  and  the  loss  of  his  legions 
was  bitterly  lamented  by  Augustus. 

Varzin  (var'tsin).  A  vUlage  in  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  southeast  of  Koslin.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  Bismarck. 

Vasa(va'sa).  A  laen  of  Finland.  Area,  16,084 
square  miles.     Population  (1890),  417,192. 

Vasa,  Gustavus.    See  Gu.stavusl. 

Vasarhely.  See  Hod-Mezd-Vdsdrhely  and 
Ma  roi-  Vdsdrhehi. 

Vasari  (va-sa're),  Giorgio.  Bom  at  Arezzo, 
Italy,  July  30. 1511 :  died  at  Florence,  June  27, 
1574.  An  Italian  architect,  painter,  and  writer 
on  art.  He  painted  many  pictures  in  Florence, .Rome, 
and  elsewhere,  and  constructed  part  of  the  t'ffizi  Palace. 
He  is  best  known  from  his  biographies  of  artists  (•'  Vite 
de'  piii  eccelenti architetti,  pittori,  e  scultori  italiani,"  1550 ; 
enlarged  156S). 

Vasco  da  Gama.    See  Gama. 

Vascones  (vas'ko-nez).  A  people  which  dwelt 
in  the  northern  part  of  ancient  Spain  :  the  pre- 
decessors of  the  present  Basques.  See  Basques. 

Vascongadas(vas-k6n-ga'THas).  The  Spanish 
name  of  the  Basque  Provinces. 

Vasconia  (vas-ko'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of 
Gascony. 

Vashka  (vash'ka).  A  river  in  northern  Rus- 
sia, a  tributarv  of  the  Mezen.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Vashti  (vash'ti).  The  queen  of  Ahasuerus, 
mentioned  in  the  Book  of  Esther. 

Vasili  (va'se-le)  I.  (II.).  Grand  prince  of  Mos- 
cow 1389-1425. 

Vasili n.  (HI.), surnamed  "The Blind."  Grand 
prince  of  Moscow  1425-62.  son  of  Vasili  I..(II.). 

V  asili  m.  (IV. ).  Grand  Prince  of  Moscow  1505- 
1533,  son  of  Ivan  III. 

Vasili  IV.  (V.)  (Shuiski).  Czar  of  Russia 
1006-10. 

Vasili  ( va-se-le ' ),  Comte  Paul.  The  pseudonym 
of  Madame  Edmond  Adam  in  "  La  Soci^t^de 
Londres''  (1885),  etc. 

Vasquez  de  Coronado,  Francisco.    See  Coro- 

luido. 

Vassar  (vas'iir).  Matthe'W.  Bom  in  Norfolk, 
England,  April  29, 1792:  died  at  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  June  23,  1868.  An  American  philan- 
thropist, founder  of  Vassar  College. 

Vassar  College.  An  institution  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  at  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York.  It  was  foimded  by  Matthew  Vassar  in 
1861.  and  opened  in  1865.     It  is  non-sectarian. 

Vassy  (va-se').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the  Blaise  20 
miles  south-southwest  of  Bar-le-Duc.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  massacre  of  Protestants  bv  the 
Due  de  Gtiise,  March  1, 1562.  Population,  3,341. 

Vasto  (vas'to).     A  town  in   the   pro^vince  of 
Chieti,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in  lat 
42°  7'  N. :  the  ancient  Histonium.   Population, 
9.761. 

Vate  (vii'ta),  or  Vatl  (va'te),  or  Sand'wich 
(sand'wich)  Island.  One  of  the  southern 
islands  of  the  New  Hebrides,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Length.  30  miles. 

Vathek  (vath'ek).  An  Eastern  romance  by 
Beckford,  published  in  1787:  so  called  from 
the  name  of  the  hero,  it  was  written  in  French : 
and  the  English  translation  was  not  by  the  author,  but  by 
a  person  (thought  to  have  been  the  Rev.  S.  Henley)  whom 
he  declared  to  be  a  stranger.  This  translation  was  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1784,  and  has  superseded  the  ori- 
ginal. 

Vatican  (vat'i-kail).  [L.  Mons  Vaticanus.']  A 
hill  of  Rome,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber, 
opposite  the  Pincian.  On  it  stand  St.  Peter's 
and  the  Vatican  Palace. 

Vatican  Council.  The  twentieth  ecumenical 
council,  according  to  the  reckoning  of  the 
Church  of  Rome,  which  met  in  the  Vatican 
Dec.  8,  1869.  and  declared  belief  in  the  infalli 
bUity  of  the  Pope,  when  speaking  ex  cathedra, 
to  be  a  dogma  of  the  church.  It  was  closed  Oct 
20,  1870,  owmg  to  the  occupation  of  Rome  by  Victor 
Emmanuel 


Vatican  Fragments  1029 

Vatican  Fragments.     Parts  of  a  summary  of     Tlelvetic  Republic.    On  the  restoration  of  the  confedera- 
rules  of  law  as  extracted  from  the  writings  of     ''°" '?  ^!*^  "  '•"■"™6  «  canton.    Area,  l,244  square  miles. 

li  1  i?  1  ■  •   1  .-       ropnlaiioii  dSSS),  247.655, 

jurisconsults  and  from  several  imperial  eonsf-  Vaudois  des  Alpes.     Same  as  fralde„scs. 
tutions  from  A.  D.  103  to  A.  D.  3(2,  discovered  Tr,,,j„r,„r„li.   ,,..^   i-^   i,-.'\    n..iii...»„   j„ 

K..  fi,,.  ii>>™^a„  «f  ti,o  V.H-.0.,  o^,i  fi.=f  ,.„i._  Vaudoncourt  (vo-don-kor  ),  Gmllaume  de. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  24,  17)2:  died  at  I'assy 


by  the  librarian  of  tlie  Vatican,  and  first  pub- 
lished at  Rome  in  1823. 
Vatican  Palace.     A  palace  at  Rome,  probably 

attached  to  the  Basilica  of  St.  Peter  under 
Constantine,  i-emudeleil  and  enlarged  at  inter- 
vals, and  the  chief  residence  of  the  Pope  since 
the  return  from  Avignon  in  1377.  it  is  a  vast  con 
geries  of  constructions,  chietly  later  than  15U0,  and  inclu<l 
ing  besides  the 
offices,  the  famous 

brary,  and  archives.  The  space  occupied  is  1,151  b.v  70' 
feet ;  there  are  over  200  staircases,  20  courts,  and  ll,iHii)(') 
rooms,  halls,  chapels,  etc.  It  contains  the  celebmted  sis- 
tine  Chapel,  the  stanze,  or  chambers,  painted  by  Raphael, 
and  the  famous  loRi^ie,  or  galleries,  with  Raphael's  grace- 
ful arabesques  and  paintings  by  him  and  other  artists. 
The  palace  gardens  are  extensive,  varied,  arul  beautiful. 

Vaticano  (vii-te-ka'n6),  Cape.  A  headland  on 
the  western  coast  of  Calabria,  Italv,  in  lat.  3K° 
38'  N. 

Vatke  (vat'ke),  JohannKarlWilhelm.  Born 
at  Behndorf,  near  JIagdebm-g,  March  14, 1806: 
died  at  Berlin,  April  19,  1882,  A  Germau  Prot- 
estant theologian  and  philosopher,  professor 
of  theology  at  Berlin  from  1837.  He  wrote  "Die 
Religion  des  Alten  Testaments"  (1835),  etc. 

Vattel  (viit-tel'  or  vat'tel),  Emerich  de.  Born 
at  Couvet,  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  Aug.  25, 
1714:  died  there,  Dec.  20, 17G7.  A  distinguished 
Swiss  publicist,  in  the  diplomatic  and  political 
service  of  Saxony.  He  was  Saxon  ambassador  at  Bern. 
His  "Law  of  Nations"  (translated  by  Chitty)  is  famous 
(in  full,  "Droit  des  gens,  ou  principes  de  laloi  naturelle 


near  Paris,  May  2, 1845.  A  French  general  and 
military  writer.  He  served  through  the  revolutionary 
and  Napoleonic  wars,  and  commanded  the  .Sardinian 
revolutionists  in  1^21.  He  wrote  "  Bistoire  des  cam- 
pagnes  d'Annibal  en  Italic "  (1S12),  and  histories  of  the 
Russian  campaign  of  1812,  tho  Cerraan  campaign  of  1813, 
the  Italian  campaigns  of  181S-14,  the  French  campaigns  of 

ing    besides    the    papal   apiirtments   aqd    ecclesiastical   Von^lr'aiiii  /',-;;  A-^^xtr'  ^,.  ».«  .1«.M..'  .  -uTh.^^;..  a^ 
niuseunVs  (founded  by  Julius  II.),  li-   Y?''loreuil(%o-dr<.y    or  vo-drely   i, MarqUlS  de 

■     ■  ■    —    (Louis  Philippe  de  Rigaud).  Born  at  Koclii- 

I'ort,  Oct.  2S.  1724:  died  at  I'aris,  Dec.  14.  1802. 
A  French  naval  cominandir,  grandson  of  Phi- 
lippe de  Higaud.  He  sencd  in  various  actions  in 
tlie  war  with  Great  Britain  1778-83,  commanding  a  di- 
vision of  OiMilede  Orasse's  licet  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  He 
protected  the  royal  family  against  tlie  mob  at  Versailles 
during  the  night  of  Oct.  6-<!,  1789.  He  emigrated  to  Eng- 
land in  1791,  but  r.tunu-.l  to  Puns  in  Impo,  and  was  granted 
a  [pension  on  tlic  n-tiird  li-l  hy  r.,>ti:ipiirle. 

Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de  (Philippe  de  Rigaud). 
Born  near  Castelnaudaiy,  France,  1G40:  died 
at  Quebec,  Oct.  11,  1725.  "A  French  commander 
and  official  in  Canada,  iie  was  for  manyyearscom- 
mander  of  tlie  French  forces  in  Canada,  and  in  1703  be- 
came governor  of  that  province. 

Vaudreuil-Cavagnal  (-ka-van-yiir).  Marquis 
de  (Pierre  Frangois  de  Rigaud).    Bi.ru  at 

Quebec,  101»S:  died  at  Paris,  Uct.  20.  1705.  A 
French  colonial  governor,  son  of  Philippe  de 
Rigaud.  Be  became  governor  of  Canada  in  1766,  and 
capitulated  to  the  English  in  1760,  after  tlie  defeat  of 
Montcalm,  commander  of  the  French  troops  in  Canada,  by 
Wolfe  in  the  preceding  year, 
appUqu6s  Ji  la  conduite  et  aux  affaires  dea  nations  «t  des  Vaugnan  (vun  or  va  au),  Henry,  surnamed 
8ouvernins,"  1768).  " ""'         ""      "  "       '"" 

Vauban  (vo-bon')»  S^bastien  Le  Prestre  de. 

Bom  near-  Saulieu,  Burgundy,  May  15,  1633: 
died  at  Paris,  March  30,  1707.  A  celebrated 
French  military  engineer  and  marshal.  He  served 
a  short  time  with  the  Spaniards  under  Cond<^  in  the 
Fronde,  and  afterward  entered  the  French  service.  He 
distingiii-shed  hiiiiBelf  as  an 
Sainte-Menehould  in  1653;  and 

engineer  in  1655,  hetween  whicU  Hate  and  the  peace 
the  Pyrenees  in  165i>  he  comlucted  the  sieges  of  Gravelines, 
Ypres,  and  Oudenarde.  He  besieged  Lille,  Maestricht. 
Valenciennes,  Canihrai.  Luxemburg,  Mons,  and  Namiir  in 
succeeding  wars;  and  was  made  cntmnissary-general  of 
fortifications  in  1677,  and  marshal  of  France  in  1703.  He 
constructed  and  improved  many  fortresses  on  the  frontiers 
and  elsewhere  in  France,  and  wrote  on  political  economy 
and  on  engineering- 

Vaucelles  (vo-sel')-  A  hamlet  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  near  Cambrai.  a  truce 
between  Henry  II.  of  France  and  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
was  signed  here  in  1556. 

Vauchamps  (v6-shon').  Avillaj^e  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mame,  France,  32  miles  southwest 

of  Rheims.  It  was  thesceneofsuccessesof  the  French  v«""^"7vHk^^  nalvprt  Born  at  r.ondnn  Dpc 
under  Marmont  against  the  Prussians  under  Bliicher,  Feb,  "^^^  V**!*^^^-'  ^aiverii.  uoin  ac  i^onaon,  uec. 
14,  1S14. 


The  Silurist"  (from  the  Silures,  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  South  Wales).  Born  at  Skethi- 
og-on-Usk,  Brecknockshire,  Wales,  1021 :  died 
there,  April  23,  1693.  A  Welsh  poet  and  mys- 
tic. He  studied  at  Oxford,  became  a  physician,  and  ulti- 
mately settled  at  Skethiog.  He  wrote  "Poems"  tHU6), 
"  Ulor  IsL-anus  '*  (16;'a),  "  Silex  Scintillans^"  (1650-55X  et<;. 
n  engineer  at  the  capture  of  VaUghaB,  Robert.  Bom  1795:  died  at  Tor- 
iina  was  commissioned  a  roval  t  i-    ^oro        \      -c^tutj  i      a 

which  date  and  the  peace  of  'I'l^.v,  June  lo  1808.  An  English  Independent 
clergyman  and  liistonan.  He  waa  president  of  the 
Lancashire  Independent  College,  M.anchestcr,  1S4S-57, 
and  in  l.s4r>  founded  the  "British  Quarterly  Review,"  of 
which  he  nrn:iined  editor  for  twenty  years.  He  wrote 
a  "Lifeof  Wyclilfc  "(18,53),  "Protectorate  of  Oliver  f'roni- 
weU"  (1836),  ''History  of  England  under  the  House  of 
Stuart"  (1S40),  "Revolutions  in  England "(1869-(i;f),  etc, 

Vaulion,  Dent  de.    See  Dent  dc  VauUon. 
Vauvenargues  (v6v-nartc'),  Marciuis  de  (Luc 

de  Clapier).  Born  at  Aix,  France,  Aug.  8,  ITl.i: 
died  March  t),  1747.  A  French  moralist.  He  is 
best  known  from  his  "Introduction  i\  la  connaissance  de 
I'esprit  huniain"  ("Introduction  to  the  Knowleilu'e  of 
the  Human  Mind,"  174i;),  followed  by  "it^Hexiona  et 
ilaximes." 


Vaucluse  (vo-kltlz').  [Named  from  the  vil- 
lage of  Vaucliise.]  A  department  of  France, 
bounded  by  Drome  on  the  north,  Basses-Alpes 
on  the  east,  Bouehes-dn-Rhone  (separated  by 


0,l.s:24:  died  at  Bensonhurst,N.Y.,  Nov. 19,189.5. 
An  Anglo-American  landscape  architect.  In 
connection  with  Frederick  L.  Olmsted  he  designed  the 
plans  of  Central  Park,  New  York  city  ;  tho  State  reserva- 
tion at  Niagara  Falls  ;  and  mmierous  other  parks.  His  de- 
sign for  Prospect  Park,  Brooklyn,  was  accepted  in  1800. 


the  Durance)  on  the  south,  and  Gard  (separatei  Vauxhall  (va,ks-har).     A  quarterof  London,  in 
by  the  Rhone)  on  the  west.     Capital.  Avignon.     Lambeth. 


The  plains  of  the  Rhone  arc  in  the  west,  and  the  nunin- 
tain-chains  of  Ventoux,  I.ubtSron,  etc.,  in  tlie  east.  Vau- 
cluse was  formed  from  Orange,  Venaissin.  and  parts  of 
Provence,  Area,  1,370  square  miles.  Population  (18S)1), 
235,411. 

Vaucluse.  [From  L.  vallen  rhiuxa,  closed  val- 
ley.] A  village  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse, 
about  18  miles  east  of  Avignon  :  celebrated  for 
the  fountain  of  Vaucluse  (the  source  of  the 
stream  Sorgue)  and  as  the  dwelling-place  of 
Petrarch. 

Vaucouleurs  (v6-k8-16r').  A  town  in  the  do- 
partment  of  Meiise,  France,  situated  on  tho 


Vauxhall  Gardens.  A  popular  and  fashion- 
able Jjondon  resort,  formerly  situated  on  the 
Tlianies  above  Lamlieth. 

The  name  dates  from  the  marriage  of  Isabella  de  Forti. 
bus.  Countess  of  Albemarle,  sister  of  Archbishop  Baldwin, 
with  Fonkes  de  Brent,  after  which  the  place  was  calleti 
F'oukes-liall.  .  .  .  Vauxliall  Gardens  were  hud  out  in  IfKJl, 
and  were  at  first  known  as  the  New  .Spring  (Jardens  at  Fox 
Hall  to  distinguisli  them  from  the  old  Spring  Carilens  at 
Whitehall.  They  were  finally  closed  in  IS-MI,  ami  tlie  site 
is  now  built  over;  inil  they  will  always  lie  remembered 
from  Sir  Roger  de  Covcrlcy's  visit  to  liiein  in  tho  "Spec- 
tator"  [andttie  descriptions  in  "llilniphrey  (^linker"  and 
"Vanity  Fair"].  U'tn;  London,  II.  422. 


Meuso  26  miles  west  by  south  of  Nancy,  it  was  Vavau  (vii-vou').  One  of  tho  iiriucipal  islands 
the  starting-point  of  .loan  of  Arc  on  her  military  career,  of  tlie  Friendly  group.  Pacific  Ocean :  42  miU'S 
Population  (ISOl),  commune,  2,813.  j„  (.ircuniference. 

Vaud  (v6),  r;.  Waadt  (viit).     A  canton  of  Vavitau.    Soe  ririinn. 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  France  on  the  west  Vecelli   or  Vecellio.     See  Titian. 
and  northwest,  Neuchatel,  tho  Lake  of  Neu-  Vecht  (vetlil).     An' arm  of  the  Rhine  which 
chatel,  and  Fribourg  on  the  nortli,  Fribourg     leaves  it  at  Utredit  and  llows  into  the  Ziivder 
and  Bern  on  tho  east,  Valais,  tho  Lake  of  He-     Xee  east  of  Amsterdam, 

nova^ and  Geneva  on  tlie  south.     Capital,  Lau-  Vectis  (vck'tis).  or  Vecta  (vok'fjl).     The  Ro- 
"  '  man  name  of  llie  Isle  of  Wight. 


sanne  It  Is  traversed  by  the  Jura  and  by  the  Alps  li 
the  southeast.  It  has  12  members  in  the  National  Coun- 
cil, The  prevailing  language  is  French,  and  the  prevail- 
ing  religion  Protestant,  Vaud  came  under  Roman  rule  in 
68  B,  0.  through  the  victory  of  Ciosar  at  liihrncte  (clilcf 
Roman  place,  Aventieum):  anil  passed  to  the  liurgundljins 
In  the  5th  century,  and  to  the  Franks,  with  the  kingdom 
if  niirgundy,  in  584,  The  larger  part  ot  It  waa  acqulreil 
Dy  Savoy  in  1205,  and  was  contiuered  by  Bern  1476-70, 
1536,  and  1555,  and  ruled  as  a  subject  land.  An  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  revolt  wa.s  made  in  172.1.  By  French 
Intervention  ft  was  constituted  the  Lcmanic  Hcpnblic  In 
1708,  and  in  tho  same  year  made  tiie  canton  Lenian  of  the 


Veda  (va'dii ).  [.Skt .,  from  y/  rid,  know.]  '  Know- 
lodge,'  'scit^nco.'and  then  (ho  whole  Hindu  sa- 
cred literature  as  (//<•  science.  This  Includes  tho 
.Sanllitas,  'ctdlcetions*  of  mantrnH,  'hymns':  tile  Hrahnia- 
nns,  camniizcd  'prloslly  dicta,'  with  their  ilevetopiuentB, 
theAranyakasand  the  UpanishndK;  and  IheSiitras,  'rules,* 
brief  nil  inorial  lines  to  aid  the  teacher  in  the  oral  tradi- 
tion of  the  sacred  literature  —  tlieSaiihitnsaud  llrahmanas 
together  forming  Slirut I,  '  hearing, "rovehil Ion.'  wlillethe 
Sutras  conslllule  Snirill.'memory.'  'tradition.'  There  are 
four  Hanhitas,  the  Vedas,  iu  distinction  from  the  Veda  lui 


Vega  Carpio 

including  the  whole  body  of  sacretl  literature,  or  as  applied 
to  the  K  igveda  par  excellence  —  viz, , the  Rigveda,  the  Sama 
veda,  the  Yajurveda,  and  llie  Atliarvaveda.  Of  these  the 
Rigveda  and  the  .\tharvaveda  are  historical  collections  — 
that  is,  collections  formed  with  a  view  to  the  perpetuation 
of  the  contents  as  literature;  while  the  .Samaveila  and  the 
Yajurveda  are  liturgical-  niaterial'already  existing  in  the 
Rigveda  and  elsewhere  being  in  them  put  to  special 
liturgical  uses.  The  first  in  antiiiuity,  extent,  and  impor- 
tance is  the  Rigveda,  containing  l,nI7  siiktas.  'hymns,'  iu 
10,580  rcas,'  verses.'  (Thest<'ni  re,  in  whicli  c  is  pronounced 
as  ell  in  church,  when  it  stands  alone  becomes  rk,  but 
when  it  comes  liefore  a  sonant  letter,  rg:  so  itfteda^ 
usually  printed  Ai<;tH"(/a,  meiuis  ' the  Veda  of  rcas  (pro- 
nounced rclnis),  '  verses,'  '  songs.')  The  hymns,  in  a  very 
simple  metrical  form,  and  a  language  varying  considera- 
bly from  the  later  classical  Sanskrit,  are  almost  all  reli- 
gious, and  glorifications  of  the  divinity  addri'ssed.  The 
Atharvaveda  (which  see)  is  the  latest  of  the  tour  collec- 
tions. The  Saniaveda  is  the  Veda  of  sanians.  'chants.' 
Material  almost  all  of  which  is  found  in  tlie  Rigveila  here 
appears  in  the  form  of  chants  to  be  sung  in  tlie  Soma  rit- 
ual. Certain  words  to  be  uttered  at  a  special  stage  of  a 
sacrifice  were  known  technically  as  a  yajus,  'sacrificial 
formula.'  Tlie  Vajur\  eda  ( with  thejtof  yajus  changed  into 
rowing  to  the  elfect  of  the  fcdlowing  letter)  is  the  i'ajus- 
veda,  or  'Veda  of  sacrificial  formulas.'  The  question  of 
the  date  of  the  Rigveda.  as  the  oldest  of  the  collections  of 
hymns,  has  been  much  discussed,  but  without  definite  re- 
sults. The  majority  of  Vedic  scholars  place  the  Vedlc 
period  proiier  between  2000  and  1600  B.  c. 
Vedanta  (vii-diin'ta).  [Teda  and  onta,  end.] 
The  must  common  designation  of  tlie  t'ttara- 
mimaiisa  school  of  Hindu  philosophy,  given  to 
it  either  as  teaching  tlie  ultimate  aim  of  the 
Veda,  or  as  founded  on  tlie  Upanishads,  which 
come  at  the  end  of  the  Veda  as  the  last  stage 
in  its  historic  evolution,  it  is  ascribed  to  a  Vyasa 
or  Badarayana.  The  first  of  tiiese  names  ('  arranger  ')  is 
given  also  to  the  legendary  person  who  is  supposed  to  have 
arranged  the  Vedas  and  written  the  Mahabharata,  Pura- 
lias,  anil  a  Diiarmashastra,  and  was  doubtless  ajiplied  to 
various  great  writers  or  coinjdlers  as  a  kind  of  title.  In 
tliis  sense  it  seems  to  have  been  given  to  the  founder  of 
the  Vedanta.  Its  principles  are  propounded  in  Sutras, 
but  Badarayana's  sutras  are  generally  called  Bruhmasntra, 
or  sometimes  Sharirakasutra.  The  text  and  that  of  the 
celebrated  commentary  of  Shankaracarya  Iiave  been  ed- 
ited in  the  "Bildiotheca  Indiea,"  and  a  portion  trans- 
lated by  Banerjea.  Ballantyne  also  edited  and  translated 
a  portion,  as  ^o  the  commentary  known  as  the  Vedan- 
tasara.  The  most  authoritative  recent  works  on  the  Ve- 
danta are.  however,  Paul  Deussen's  "  Die  Sutra  des  Vedanta 
iibersetzt  alls  dem  Sanskrit"  and  his  "Das  System  det 
Vedanta'  (Leipsic.  1883), 

Vedantasara  (va-dan-ta-sii'ra).  [Skt., 'es- 
sence of  the  Vedanta.']  "A  treatise  on  the  Ve- 
danta i)hiloso])liy  by  Sadananda.  The  text  is  printed 
in  Bohtlingk's  "Sanskrit  Chrestoniathie, "  It  has  been 
translated  with  full  notes  iu  Trubner's  "Oriental  Series" 
ity  Jacob.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  commentary  by 
Ranianuja  on  the  V'edantasutras,  which  is  also  called*  Ve- 
ilantapradipa,  "The  Light  or  Lamp  of  the  Vedanta,' 

Vedas.     See  I'eda. 

Veddahs  (ved'iiz).  or  Weddahs.  An  ancient 
and  [irobably  aborifrinal  jieople  of  Ceylon,  in 
a  very  low  state  of  civilizalion. 

Vedder  (ved'cr),  Elihu.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Feb.  'Jii,  1.83t).  An  American  genre-  and  figuro- 
painter.  He  studied  in  Paris  and  Italy,  where  he  has 
lived  for  a  number  of  years.  He  illustrated  a  translation 
of  the  "  Rubaiyat,"  by  Omar  Khayyam.  1883-84.  Among 
his  other  works  are  "The  Lair  of  the  Sea-Serpent,"  "The 
Roc's  Egg,  "  "The  Lost  .Mind,  "  "The  Crucifixion,"  "The 
I'unia'an  Sibyl."  "Young  Marsyas,"  "The  Monk  upon  the 
Oloomy  Path, "  "The  Questioner  of  the  Sphinx,"  etc 

Vega  (ve'gii),  [From  ,\r,  «'(/(/("',  falling,  i,  e.  'the 
falling  bird,'  with  reference  to  AUair.  tlie  '  Hy- 
ing eagle.'  situated  not  far  from  Vega.]  A  star 
of  tlie  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Lyra ; 
n  Lyra'. 

Vega.  The  vessel  in  which  NordenskjUld  made 
his  expedition  of  187s-7;i. 

Vega  (va'gii ),  Garcilasso  de  la.  Bom  at  Cnzco, 

Peru.  April  IL'.  VtW:  died  at  Cordova.  SSjiaiu, 
ItiK).  A  Peruvian  historian.  His  father  was  a 
distinguished  Spanish  olficer  of  the  same  name,  and  his 
mother  was  a  niece  of  llic  Inca  llnaina  fapiie  (whence 
he  called  biniseM  liarcilasso  Inca  de  la  Vega),  lie  went 
to  Spain  in  1,S('mi;  served  for  many  years  as  a  captain  In 
the  Spanish  army:  and  finally  setlfed  in  Cordova  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  litenirv  pursnils.  He  publlsluil 
"  El  Florida  del  Inca,"  a  description  of  He  .Solo's  expclltlon 
to  Florida  (1005),  "I'onienlarios  realesile  has  Incju*  (Khv-;, 
and  "  Ilistoria  general  del  Pern"  (Kilti),  Thei-e  aK'  many 
biti'i  cititloiis  and  tninslations, 

Vega  Carpio  (va'gii  kiir'pe-6),  Lope  Felix  de. 

Horn  al  ,\fadi'id,  Nov.  '.'.'i,  l.'ifi'J:  died  llieie,  Aug. 
27,  163").  A  celebrated  Simnish  dramatist  and 
poet.  Ho  WM  eililcnted  at  the  Jesuit  college  of  Mailrid 
and  at  the  I'niverslty  of  Alcahl ;  was  in  Ihe  service  of  the 
Bishop  of  Avila.  and  secretarj-  to  the  liiike  of  Alva  :  and 
was  twice  married.  He  was' iddlged  to  li\e  i  way  from 
Madrid  for  several  years  on  aceonni  of  a  duel,  lle'joineil 
the  Spanlsli  Armada  In  l.'«s,  and  relurneil  to  Madrid  In 
151K),  and  was  siHin  known  iu«  a  dramatic  writer  :  he  had 
previously,  during  bis  exile,  written  for  Ihe  theater  in  Va. 
lencia.  lie  was  the  iiiA-enlor  of  a  wltly  cliaracler  known 
as  the  "gracloKo,"  a  parody  of  the  heroic  cliamelerof  tho 
play,  which  nassed  first  lo  thu  ^"^^'neh  and  from  that  to 
all  iillier  miMlein  theaters.  Me  enleriil  tlie  church  nitout 
lt'>12,  after  the  ileath  of  his  second  wife,  and  aboni  Ittlt 
took  priest's  onlirs.  Ills  plays  fall  Into  three  classes  . 
the  first, called  "  Cumediasde  Cajia  y  Kspada  **  (dramas  with 


Vega  Carpio 

cloak  and  sword),  "  took  their  name  from  the  circum 


1030 


Vendee,  La,  War  of 


See 


,,     called  from  the  chief  character,  Mokanna 

stance  that  their  principal  personages  belong  to  the  gen-  ^JoklDiiia. 

teel  portion  of  society,  accustomed,  in  Lope's  time,  to  the  tt„ji.  -pin-j  f^Ho  fvnvrl  1      An  arm  of  thp  (rrpflf 

Dictiu-esnue  natioualdress  of  cloaks  and  swords  -  exclud-  VCUe  ±JOrd  (VI  le  lyorO).    AH  arm  Ol  tne  (jreat 

iiisr.  on  the  one  hand,  those  "dramas  in  which  royal  per-  Belt  which  penetrates  the  eastern  coast  ot  Jut- 

sonages  appear,  and,  on  the  other,  those  .vhichare  devoted  land,  Denmark. 

to  common  life  and  the  humbler  classes.     Theirmainand  VeintemiUa  (va-en-ta-mel'va),  lenacio.   Bora 

moving  principle  is  gallanti-y— such  galUintry  as  existed  m  :,.^,,Z,,,,.„       ----_•-'-     ° 

the  time  of  their  author.     The  story  is  almost  always  in-  '"  V  "t^jK-d. 

volved  and  intriguing,  and  almost  ahvays  accompanied  politieiail 

with  an  underplot  and  parody  on  the  characters  and  ad-  " "     '  " 
ventures  of  the  principal  parties,  foi-med  out  of  those  of 
the  servants  and  other  inferior  personages "  {Tlcknor). 
The  second  class  consisted  of  "Comedias  Heroicas"or 
'  Historiales."  and  the  third  of  dramas  founded  on  domes- 


ticlife.  HealsowroteepicsC'LaJerusalemconquistada"),  Yejt  (fit),  Philipp.     Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  13, 

j^_ijg_  ^j^^^^  jj^.^^^P^^^  .^g  jg_^^  A  noted  Ger- 
man painter,  a  grandson  of  Moses  Mendelssohn. 
He  was  associated  with  Cornelius,  Overbeck,  and  Schadow. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Seven  Years  of  Plenty  "  (Rome), 
*•  Christianity  bringing  Civilization  to  Germany  "  (Frank- 
fort), *■  Assumption  of  llary "  (Frankfort  cathedral), 
Egyptian  Darkness,"  etc. 


tional  Gallery,  London) ;  Ohvares,  Prince  Baltasar  Carlos, 
a  series  of  portraits  of  jesters  and  dwarfs  ;  etc.  His  genius 
was  not  fully  known  till  about  the  beginning  of  the  19th 
century,  when  the  royal  pictures  were  collected  in  the 
M  useo  del  Prado.  About  275  pictures  are  attributed  to 
him,  of  which  121  are  in  Great  Britain,  7  in  the  United 
.states,  and  others  in  different  European  galleries. 

1830.     An  Ecuadorian' gener'afand  Velazquez.     Seerelasque:. 

He  led  the  liberal  revolt  which  overthrew  VelajT  (ve-la  )  An  ancient  territory  and  connty 
PresidentBorreroinDec.,lS76;  was  proclaimed  president  ot  1- rance,  which  torraed  part  of  Liangnedoc. 
with  extraordinary  powers;  and  iulSSJ  became  practically  Capital.  Le  Puy.  It  is  comprised  in  the  depart- 
dictator  with  the  title  of  supreme  chief.    He  was  deposed     nieui  of  Haute-Loire 

war  ^r/^T  ''^  ™'"'"''  '^'"'  '"^''''' '°°°"'' "' "'"  Veldeke  ( vel'de-ke).  Heinrich  von.    Born  in 

theneigliborhoodofMaestrieht,  Holland:  flour- 


war,  July,  1883. 


romances,  lyrics,  pastorals,  prose  novels,  etc 

Their  [Lope's  plays']  very  number,  however,  may  have 
been  one  otJstacle  to*  their  publication  ;  for  the  most  mod- 
erate and  certain  accounts  on  this  point  have  almost  a  fab- 
ulous air  about  them,  so  e.\travagant  do  they  seem.  In 
l(i03,  he  gives  us  the  titles  of  two  hundred  and  nineteen 
pieces  that  he  had  already  ivritten ;  in  1609,  he  says  their 


number  had  risen  to  four  hundred  and  eigh ty- three ;  in  „  ,      •Rlaapn  TJiifip?      Spfi  \iine^  Vein 
1618  he  says  it  was  eight  hundred  ;  in  1619,  again,  in  round  X^  J^-j  iSlaSCO  JNUIieZ.      oee  ^"V  i/Hf-    (  eia. 


numbers,  he  states  it  at  nine  hundred ;  and  in  1624.  at  one 
thousand  and  seventy.  After  his  death,  in  1635,  Perez  de 
Jlontalvau,  his  intimate  friend  and  eulogist,  who  three 
years  before  had  declared  the  number  to  be  fifteen  hundred, 
without  reckoning  the  shorter  pieces,  puts  it  at  eighteen 
hundred  plays  and  four  hundred  alitor:  numbers  which 
are  confidently  repeated  by  Antonio  in  his  notice  of  Lope, 
and  by  Franchi,  an  Italian,' who  had  been  nmchwithLope 

at  Madrid,  and  who  wrote  one  of  the  multitudinous  eulo-  -r      '    a     j.       •     n/r  j 

gies  on  him  after  his  death.     The  prodigious  facility  im-  VelaSCO,  JOSe  AntoniO  ManSO  de 
plied  by  this  is  further  confirmed  by  the  fact,  stated  by     fjf  Yclasco. 

himself  in  one  of  his  plays,  that  it  was  written  and  acted  TTolaopn  rva-las'ko'l   .Tnsp  IVTieilpl  dp      Bom  at 
in  five  days,  and  bv  the  anecdotes  of  Montalvan  that  he    VeiaSCO  (va-ias  KO),  Jose  Jjrilgliei  Qe.    x>orn  ai 
wTote  five  full-length  dramas  at  Toledo  in  fifteen  days,      Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  about  l/9o:  died  there, 
and  one  act  of  another  in  a  few  hours  of  the  early  morn- 
ing, without  seeming  to  make  anv  effort  in  either  case. 

Tkl-nor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  203. 


ished  at  the  end  of  the  12th  century.  A  Middle 
High  German  poet,  the  founder  of  the  German 
court  epic  poetry.  He  was  of  noble  family  and  in  the 
service  of  the  Counts  of  Looz  and  Rineck,  burgraves  of 
Mayence.  At  the  court  of  Cleves  he  began  to  write,  be- 
tween 1175  and  11S4,  his  poem  "  Eneit "  ("-Eneid  ")  after 
a  French  original.  The  manuscript  was  stolen  from  a 
Countess  of  Cleves.  to  whom  it  had  been  loaned,  by  a 
Count  of  Schwarzburg.  who  took  it  to  Thuringia.  In 
list,  in  Thuringia,  Veldeke  finally  got  back  his  work, 
and  completed  it  at  the  court  of  the  Count  Palatine  of 
.Saxony,  afterward  the  landgrave  Hermann  of  Thuringia. 
An  earlier  work,  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  written 
by  another  poet  of  the  same  name,  is  the  "Legende 
van  S.  Servaes."  He  was,  besides,  the  author  of  a  num* 
ber  of  lyrics.  The  "^neid"  was  published  by  Behagel 
in  1882. 

Velez-Rlibio  (va'leth-ro'be-6).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Almeria,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Velez  54  miles  west-southwest  of  Murcia. 
Population  (1887),  10,437. 

1859.  A  BoUvian  general  and  politician.  Asvice'-  Yfli^..^/^;"-?^];     '^..^°"'^l*^v,™^°''!,^''i^Tif' 
president  he  was  twfce  acting  president  during  the  dis-     nientlfied  as  thejidge  which  extends  from  the 


Velat3rmn  (ve-la'bmm).  An  area  in  ancient 
Rome,  between  the  Capitoline,  the  Palatine, 
and  the  Tiber,  extending  northeastward  to  the 
Forum  Romanum.  It  was  a  marsh  before  the  con- 
struction of  the  Cloaca  Maxima.  The  marble  arch  built 
in  honor  of  Severus  by  the  merchants  of  the  Velabrum 
formed  a  portal  between  it  and  the  Forum  Boarium  on  the 
south. 

See  JUanso 


Vega  Real  (ra-ai').  Battle  of  the.  A  battle 
fought  on  the  Vega  Real  (a  plain  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Haiti),  April  25,  1495,  between  a 


orders  of  1828-29 :  led  a  revolt  in  the  South  in  1838 ;  was 
elected  president  alter  the  f.all  of  Santa  Cruz  in  18:i9,  but 
was  deposed  in  1841 ;  and  was  again  president  1847-48 
during,  a  period  of  great  disorder  which  culminated  in 
his  deposition. 


Palatine  to  the  Esquiline,  and  on  which  stand 
the  temple  of  Venus  and  Roma  and  the  Arch 
of  Titus.  As  it  now  exists,  it  has  been  much 
cut  down  from  its  original  height. 


small  force  of  Spaniards  under  Christopher  and  Velasca,  Juan  de.    Bom  at  Riobamba  (now  in  Vellno  (va-le'no).      A  river  in  central  Italy 


Bartholomew  (Columbus  and  the  Indians  of 
Caonabo  and  Qther  chiefs.  Las  Casas  says  that  the 
latter  numbered  100,000  —  an  evident  exaggeration.  The 
Indians  were  completely  defeated. 

Veglia  (val'ya),  Slav.  Kerk.  1.  j^  island  be- 
longing to  Istria,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  in 
the  Gulf  of  Quarnero  in  lat.  45°  N.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  mainland  by  the  channel  of  Mor- 
lacca.  Length,  24  miles.  Population,  19,871. 
— 2.  A  small  seaport  on  the  island  of  Veglia. 
It  has  a  cathedral. 

Vehmgerichte  (fam'ge-rich"te).  [G.,  from 
J'chm,  a  criminal  tribunal  so  named,  a,nd  {/ericht. 


Ecuador)  about  1727:  died  at  Verona,  Italy,  1819.     which  joins  the  Nera  above  Temi.    Length, 
A  Jesuit  historian.    He  was  for  many  years  a  profes-     about  45  miles. 

sor  in  the  University  of  San  Marcos  at  Lima.     After  the  VcllnO,  Moute.      See  Mottle  Veli}lO, 
expulsion  of  his  order  in  1767,  he  lived  atFaenza  and  Ve-  Velitrje  (ve-li'tre).     The  ancient  name  of  Yel- 
rona.  His  principal  work  is  "  Historia  del  reino  de  Quito  '      i    ^  .: 

(first  published  in  French  1840:  Spanish  edition,  Quito,     '''v.        -r  /    -/i-         i         ,        ^        »    t    ^j 

1841-44).     It  includes  an  account  of  the  ScjTi  kingdom  ot  VellUS  LODgUS    (ve  li-us  long  gus).     A  Latin 
Quito.  gi'ammarian  of  unknown  date.    He  is  the  author 

VelasCO,  Luis  de,  Count  of  Santiago.  Bom  at  of  a  work  entitled  "De  orthographia,"  which  was  pub- 
Toledo  about  1500:  died  at  Mexico  Citv,  Julv  lished  by  Fulvius  Ursinus  in  his  "Sotie  ad  M.  Varronem 
31, 15&4.  A  Spanish  administrator,  second \ice"-  J'=,','=™^"£?"ps'^-  on. 

roy  of  Mexico  from  Dec.  1550,  until  his  death.  VelleiUS  Paterculus.     See  Patercuhis. 
He  enforced  the  "New  Laws,"  emancipating,  it  is  said,  Velletn  (vel-la  tre).     A  town  in  the  province 
150,000  Indians ;  put  down  revolts  of  the  Chichimecs ;  and     of  Rome,  Italv,  situated  on  a  spur  of  the  Alban 
fitted  out  Legazpe's  expedition  to  the  Philippine  Islands.     -  -  .--•..  .  — 


judgment.]  Medieval  tribunals  which  flourished  Velasco,  Luis  de,  Count  of  Santiago  and  Mar- 
in Germany,  chiefly  in  Westphalia,  in  the  14th         ■       -    •  -•         —         "  .,,,-, 

and  15th  centuries.    They  were  apparently  descended 
from  the  cantonal  courts,  and  at  first  afforded  some  pro- 


of Mexico  Jan.  25,  1590,-yov.,  1595  ;  viceroy  of  Peru  July 
24,  1596,-Xov.  28,  1604 ;  and  again  viceroy  of  Mexico  July 
2,  1607,-June  12,  1611.  Subsequently  he  was  president  of 
the  Council  of  the  Indies.  He  was  one  of  the  best  of  the 
Spanish  colonial  rulers. 
Velasquez  (va-las'keth),  Diego.  Born  at  Cuel- 
lar,  Segovia,  1465  (or  1458?) :  died  at  Havana, 
Cuba,  1523  or  1524.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  ad- 
ministrator. He  went  to  Espafiola  with  Columbus  in  1493, 
and  was  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  that  island  until  1511 


tection,  as  the  regular  machinery  of  justice  had  become  de- 
moralized. Later  they  misused  their  power,  and  practically 
disappeared  with  the  increasing  strength  of  the  regular 
governments.  The  president  of  the  court  was  called /rei- 
ffraf,  the  justices  freisehofetl,  and  the  place  of  meeting 
freisUihl.  The  sessions  were  open  for  the  adjudication  of 
civil  matters,  but  secret  when  persons  accused  of  murder, 
robbery,  heresy,  witchcraft,  etc.,  were  summoned.  Those 
convicted  of  serious  crimes,  or  those  who  refused  to  ap- 
pear before  the  tribunal,  were  put  to  death.  Maofreige- 
richte,  We^phatutn  rferichte,  etc. 
Vehse  (va'ze),  Karl  Eduard.  Born  at  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  Dee.  18,  1802:  died  at  Striesen,  near 
Dresden,  Jime  18,  1870.  A  German  historian. 
He  came  to  .\merica  with  the  separatist  Stephan  in  1838, 
but  returned  in  1839;  went  to  Berlin  in  1853,  bnt  was  ar- 
rested for  political  reasons,  imprisoned  for  six  months, 
and  banished  from  Prussia ;  and  lived  thereafter  near 
Basel  and  in  Italy  and  at  Freiberg.  His  chief  work  is 
"Geschichte  der  deutschen  Hbfe  seit  der  Reformation" 
("  History  of  the  German  Courts  since  the  Reformation," 
1851-58). 

Vei,  or  Vai  (vi).  A  negro  tribe  of  Liberia, West 
Africa,  north  of  Monrovia.  It  belongs  to  the  Mande 
cluster,  and  has  made  its  way  from  the  elevated  interior 

to  the  coast.    About  1834  a  Vei-man,  Doalu  Bukere,  who  YglaSQUeZ    (va-liis'keth),    or    VelazqueZ    (va- 
had  learned  the  Roman  character,  invented  and  Intro-     i:;h,m^h,>    'Hioir/. 'Rn<li-i<riio';  iIp  RiWa       Rorr 


quis  of  Salinas  (from  1595).     Born  at  Madrid, 

1.3.39 :  died  at  Seville,  1617  (?).     A  Spanish  ad- „„ .      ,  ^    ,„.       ,  x       ,      ■„ 

ministrator,  son  of  the  preceding.  Hewasviceroy  Yellinghausen  (vel  hng-hoii-z^^       A  village 


Mountains  21  miles  southeast  of  Rome.  It  was 
the  ancient  Velitrse,  an  important  Latin  town.  Near  it. 
May  19,  1849,  Garibaldi  defeated  the  Neapolitans.  Popu- 
lation, 13,,532. 


m  tlie  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  near 
the  Lippe  and  near  Soest.  Here,  July  15-16, 1761, 
Duke  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under 
Broglie  and  Soubise. 
Vellore  (vel-lor').  A  town  in  North  Arcot 
district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Palar  75  miles  west  by  south  of  Madras.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  Sepoy  mutiny  in  1806.  Popula- 
tion, with  cantonment  (1891),  44,925. 


when  he  was  sent  by  Diego  Columbus  to  conquer  Cuba.    He  VeUaiSSin  (ve-na-san').  Comtat,  or  Oounty  Of . 


had  many  conflicts  with  the  Indians,  whose  principal  chief 
Hatuey,  was  captured  and  burned  in  Feb.,  1512;  founded 
Santiago,  Havana,  and  other  towns;  and  continued  to 
rule  the  island,  which  was  only  nominally  subject  to  the 
audience  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  furnished  a  vessel  for  the 
expedition  of  Cordova,  which  discovered  Yucatan  in  1517 : 
fitted  out  Grijalva's  expedition  in  1518 (see  Grijalva):  and 


duced  a  new  graphic  system,  of  the  syllabic  type,  \vith 
upward  of  two  hundred  signs,  which  has  been  used  by  the 
Mohammedans  for  their  manuscript  books. 

Veii  (ve'yi).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
Italy,  the  most  important  of  the  Etruscan 
League :  identified  with  Isola  Farnese,  11  miles 
north  b}'  west  of  Rome.  It  was  frequently  at  war 
with  Rome,  especially  in  behalf  of  the  restoration  of  Tar- 
quinius  Superbus,  at  the  time  of  the  massacre  of  the  Fahii 
(about  476  B.  c),  about  438-434,  and  about  426.  It  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Romans  and  taken  under  the  leadership  of 
(aniillus  in  396  B.  c. 

Veile  (vi'le).  1.  An  amt  in  Jutland,  Denmark. 
Population,  111.904. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  amt 
of  Veile,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Veile  Fjord 
in  lat.  55°  44'  N.  it  was  taken  by  the  Schleswig. 
Holsteiners  May  5, 1848.  Near  it,  at  Gudso,  May  7, 1849,  the 
Prussians  defeated  the  Danes.  Veile  was  stormed  by  the 
Austrians  March  8,  1864.     Population.  9.015. 

Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan,  The.  The  first 
part  of  the  poem  "Lalla  Rookh,"  by  Moore:  so 


An  ancient  county  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
France,  now  included  in  the  department  of  Vau- 
cluse.  Capital,  Carpentras.  By  Philip  HI.  it 
was  ceded  to  the  popes  in  1273 ;  it  ■was  annexed 
to  France  in  1791. 

[tea  out  Ijrijaivas  e.\peuiLloii  Hi  iJiO(,»cc  VT-zyuKM.,,  aim    T7^^„_4.;__-  o^^    F/^vf,,,,^^,,!, 

„l  1619  sent  Corti5s  to  conquer  Mexico.  The  latter,  as  soon  VcnantlUS.      iiee  torUtttaUlS.         _  .    ,    ,  . 

as  he  had  left  the  island,  refused  obedience  to  Velasquez,  VeudeaUS  (ven-de  anz).  The  natives  or  inham- 
who,  in  March,  1520,  sent  Panfllo  de  Narvaez  ttj  arrest  him.  tants  of  Vendee  :  specifically,  the  partizans  of 
Naryaez  was  defeated  by  Cort<?s  and  all  subsequent  efforts    ^j^   royalist  insurrection  against  the  Revolution 

of  Velasquez  to  secure  the  rich  conquests  of  Mexico  for  j  "/  ,  ,-         ,  ■   , ?      !.,,„■„  „„„*„■„ 

hiraseU  ended  in  failure.   His  death,  it  is  said,  was  caused     and  the  repubhc  which  was  begun  in  western 

by  vexation  at  his  loss.  France  in  1793,  and  the  chief  seat  of  which  was 

._. ^ ,  '      .  '   "      in  Vendue. 

mth'keth),  Diego  Rodriguez  de  Silya.    Born  ygndie  (von-da')-    A  department  of  France, 

1       n -11-       /I J.' .-1       T .-,      fi        1  t^fl^^    ..rli^/^n-flVfr.  -,  -lit  T"  —         -..  ___-. 


at  Se\-ille  (baptized  June  6,  1.599):  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Aug.  7, 1660.  A  celebrated  Spanish  paint- 
er. He  was  the  son  of  Juan  Rodriguez  de  Silva,  but 
took  his  mother's  name  Velasquez.    He  was  a  pupil  of 

Herrera  el  Viejo  and  of  Pacheco  whose  daughter  he  mar-  p  • .  •,  -r  ■□.„>,„  o,,r'YoTi 
ried.  He  was  patronized  by  Philip  IV.;  became  court  Capital,  La  Kocne-sur- ion 
painter  about  1623;  visited  Italy  1629-31;  and  for  eigh- 
teen years  painted  portraits,  landscapes,  and  historical 
and  genre  subjects  in  Madrid.  From  1652  to  1660  he  was 
quartermaster-general  of  the  king's  household,  and  died 
from  over-fatigue  in  the  preparations  for  the  marriage  of 
Louis  XrV.  and  the  infanta  Maria  Theresa.     Among  his 


bounded  by  LoLre-Inf^rieure  and  Maine-et- 
Loire  on  the  north,  Deux-Sfevres  on  the  east, 
Charente-Inf^rieure  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on 
the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west. 
It  is  divided  into  the 
marsh  "in  the  west,  the  "woodland  "  ("bocage")  in  the 
north,  and  the  "plain  "  in  the  south.  Vendee  corresponds 
nearly  to  the  former  Bas-Poitou.  It  was  the  center  of  the 
royalist  outbreak  in  the  Revolution,  and  the  scene  of  Bour- 
bon disturbances  in  1S15  and  1832.  Area, 2,588  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  442,355. 


principal  works  in  his  earlier  manner  are  "The  Water-  Vendue,  La,  WaT  Of.  The  royalist  war  against 
Carrier  of  Seville "(Apsley  House) and  "The  Adoration  of  .,  French  retmblic  which  was  carried  on 
the  Shepherds  "(National  Gallery,  London).     Among  bis      ""^    -^'"^    __       .»  .._..,  _   .     . 

other  works  are  -'Los  Borrachos."  "Las  Meninas,"  "  Las 
Ililanderas,"  "  The  Expulsion  of  the  Moriscos,"  "  Forge  of 


Vulcan  "  (Madrid  Museum)  ;  "  Joseph's  Coat "  (Escorial) ; 
"St.  John  the  Evangelist"(London) ;  "Boar  Hunt,"  "Lot 
and  his  Daughters."  "The  Surrender  of  Breda,"  and  a  Cruci- 
fixion (in  the  Prado);  etc.  His  famous  portraits  .are  those 
of  Philip  IV.,  of  which  he  painted  about  forty  ;  Innocent 
X.,  Quevedo  (Apsley  House)  ;  Admiral  Pulido  Pareja  (Na- 


chiefly  in  Vendue  and  in  Brittany.  It  broke  out 
in  Vendue  in  March,  1793,  and  reached  its  height  m  the 
Vendean  victory  at  Saumur  in  June,  1793.  'The  Vende- 
ans  under  La  Rochejpcquelein  suffered  a  decisive  defeat 
by  the  republicans  under  VCestermann  and  Marceau  at 
Le  Mans,  Dec.  12, 1793.  The  war  w.as  continaed  in  Brittany 
(war  of  the  Chouans),  and  was  suppressed  in  Vendee  by 
Hoche  in  1796.    The  chief  Vendean  leaders  were  Catheli- 


Vendue,  La,  War  of 

iiuau,  LaRochejacquelein,  StofUet.and  Charette.  The  com- 
I>lete  subuiissiun  of  the  Chouans  was  etfected  by  Bona- 
parte ill  18<«i. 

Vend^miaire  (von-da-myar').  [F.,  from  L. 
vindcmia,  grape-gathering.]  The  name  adopted 
in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of  the  first 
French  republic  for  the  first  month  of  the  year. 
It  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  5, 6, 
7  with  Sept.  22  ;  in  4,  8,  9,  10,  11,  13,  14  with  Sept.  2;i ;  and 
in  12  with  Sept.  24.  The  republican  calendar  came  into 
use  on  14th  Vend6miaire,  year  2  (Oct.  5, 179:i). 

Vendidad  (ven-de-diid').     See  Avcsta. 

Vendome  (von-dom').  A  former  countship  of 
France,  made  by  Francis  I.  a  duchy.  It  after- 
ward gave  name  to  a  Bourbon  line. 

VendSme.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Loir- 
et-Cher,  France,  on  the  Loir  19  mites  north- 
west of  Blois  :  the  Roman  Vindocinium.  It  con- 
tains the  abbey  church  of  the  Trinity,  the  Lycee  (former- 
ly a  college),  a  ruined  castle,  and  a  hotel  de  vilJe.  Itwas 
formerly  the  capital  of  a  barony,  later  a  duchy.  Several 
contests  between  the  French  and  Germans  occurred  in  its 
vicinity  in  Dec,  1S70.    Population  (1891),  commune,  9,53S. 

Vendome,  C6sar,  Due  de.  Born  1594 :  died  1G6.5. 
An  illegitimate  son  of  Henry  TV.  of  Franco 
and  Gabrielle  d'Estr^es.  He  took  part  in  the 
intrigues  against  Lotiis  XHI.  and  Mazarin. 

Vendome,  Column.  A  column  in  the  Place 
Vendome,  Paris,  erected  by  Napoleon  in  honor 
of  the  Grand  Army  in  1806-10.  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Commune  in  1871,  and  was  replaced  in 
187.5. 

Venddme,  Francois  de.  Duo  de  Beaufort.  Bom 
at  Paris.  1C16 :  killed  at  Candia,  June  2.5,  1669. 
A  French  politician  and  admiral,  grandson  of 
Henry  IV.:  surnamed  "roi  des  halles"  ('king 
of  the  markets')  on  account  of  his  audacity 
and  the  grossne-ss  of  his  language.  He  was  a 
leader  of  the  Fronde  1048^9. 

Venddme,  Louis  Joseph,  Due  de:  also  called, 
until  the  death  of  his  father.  Due  de  Pen- 
tlii^vre.  Born  at  Paris,  July  1,  1654 :  died  at 
Vifiaroz,  in  Catalonia,  June  1.5, 1712.  A  famous 
French  general,  son  of  Louis,  due  de  Ven- 
dome (1612-69).  He  served  in  the  campaigns  in  the 
Low  Countries,  and  at  the  victory  of  Marsaglia  in  1G93: 
commanded  in  Catalonia,  and  took  Barcelona  Aug.  10, 
1697;  commanded  against  Prince  Eugene  at  Luzzara,  Aug. 
15,  17(72 ;  commanded  in  Tyrol,  Piedmont,  and  Lombardy  ; 
was  defeated  at  (Judenarde  .July  11,  170« ;  and  d<;feated 
the  Austrians  in  Spain  at  Villaviciosa.  Dec.  lu,  1710. 

Vendome,  Philippe  de.  Bom  1655 :  died  1727. 
A  French  general,  brother  of  Louis  Joseph  de 
Vendome.  He  was  grand  prior  of  the  Maltese  Order, 
and  fought  against  the  Dutch,  Imperialists,  etc. 

Venddme,  Place.  One  of  the  principal  squares 
of  Paris,  situated  north  of  the  Seine,  and  con- 
nected with  the  Place  de  I'Op^ra  by  the  Rue  de 
la  Paix,  and  with  the  Rue  de  Rivoll  by  the  Rue 
Castiglione. 

Venedey  (ve'ne-di),  Jakob.  Born  at  Cologne, 
May  24, 1805 :  died  near  Baden  weiler,Feb.  8, 1871 . 
A  German  publicist  and  historian.  He  lived  long 
In  exile  in  France  after  his  participation  in  the  celebi-atiou 
at  Ilambach  in  18:i'2,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Frankfort 
Parliament  of  1&48.  His  works  include  '*  Rbmertum,  Chris- 
tentum,  Germanentum"  (1840),  "Irland "  (1844),  "Eng- 
lanil"(1845),  "lieschiihte  des  dcutschen  Volks"  (1854-62), 
and  biographies  of  Washington,  Franklin,  and  others. 

Venedig  (ve-na'dio).  The  German  name  of 
Venice. 

Venediger  ( ve-na'dig-er).  Gross-.  A  peak  of  the 
Hohe  'rauorn,  on  the  frontier  of  Tyrol  and  Salz- 
burg, west  of  the  Grossglockner:  one  of  the 
highest  summits  of  the  Eastern  Alps,  famous 
for  its  view.     Height,  12,005  feet. 

Venerable  Doctor,   L.  Doctor  Venerabilis 

(dok'tor  ven-e-rab'i-lis).     Champeaus. 

Venerri,  Lake.    See  Wcncm. 

Veneti(v('n'e-ti).  1.  In  ancient  history,  a  peo- 
ple dwelling  near  the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  be- 
yond the  Po  and  Adige. —  2.  An  ancient  Celtic 
people  dwelling  in  Brittiiny  near  the  coast  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscay.  They  were  subdued  by 
Crnsar,  after  a  severe  maritime  war,  in  .56  B.  c. 

Venetia  (vo-ne'shiii).  An  ancient  province  of 
Italy,  included,  in  general, by  the  Po,  the  Alps, 
anil  the  Adriatic,      it  was  afterward  ruled  by  Venice ; 

fassod  in  Austria  In  1707 ;  and  became  finally  united  to 
laly  in  18*Ui.  As  a  modern  rompartiniento  It  comprises 
the  prnvincea  of  Venice,  P.adua,  Rovigo,  Verona,  Vieenza, 
Trcviso,  Helluno,  lUllne.  Population  (1892),  3,022,884. 
Venetia.  The  T^atin  name  of  Venico. 
Venetian  (ve-ne'shan)  Alps.  A  group  of  the 
Aljis  in  northeastern  Italy,  south  of  the  Camic 
Alps,  and  between  the  valleys  of  the  Taglia- 
niento  and  Piavo. 

Venezuela (vcn-f-zwe'lji):  Rp.,  in  full.Estados 
Unidos  de  Venezuela  (es-tii'dr)8  ii-nr-Mos  ila 

Vii-iiHlli-wiriii).  f  For  origin  of  name, see  Oiio/r.'.'.l 
A  federal  rcpuhlic  in  the  northern  part  of  South 
America,  bounded  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  British 
Guiana,  Brazil,  and  Colombia.  Capital,(Jaracas. 


1031 

Branches  of  the  Colombian  Andes  traverse  the  northwest- 
ern portion,  and  arc  continuous  with  a  range  ali>ng  the 
norlliem  coast  called  the  Maritime  Andes  or  Venezuelan 
Coast  Itange  :  south  of  these  are  the  plains  borderintr  the 
Orinoco  and  its  tributaries,  and  includi  tig  the  vast  stretches 
of  grass-land  called  the  llanos  (which  see);  southeast  of 
the  Orinoco  (Venezuelan  Guiana)  there  are  broken  or 
mountainonslands.  The  southern  and  eastern  boundaries 
are  unsettled.  The  chief  industries  are  agriculture  (cotlee, 
caca(>,  tobacco,  etc.)  in  the  mount:iin  regions,  and  grazing 
on  the  llanos;  gold,  copper,  etc.,  are  mined  inconsiderable 
quantities.  The  limits  and  names  of  the  suites  and  terri- 
tories have  been  frecinently  changed.  In  1899  the  division 
int«  20  states,  which  e.\isted  in  lHt!4,  was  reestablished. 
The  executive  is  vested  in  aiiresidenl  chosen  for  twoyear.-*. 
and  7  responsil>le  ministers.  Congress  consists  of  a  senate 
anil  chamber  of  deputies.  The  prevailing  language  is  Si»an- 
ish.  and  the  prevailing  religion  Koinan  Catholic  :  religions 
liberty  is  guaranteed  by  the  constitulinii.  Venezuela  was 
discovered  ijyColumliUS in  140H,and ua8e<»nquered andset- 
tled  principally  by  agents  of  the  connaercial  house  of  the 
Welscrs,  who  held  a  grant  of  the  countr}'from  Charles  V. 
during  part  of  the  16th  century,  later  the  greater  part 
of  It  was  included  in  the  Spanish  captain-generalcy  of 
Caracas.  Insurrections  broke  out  in  1810;  were  partially 
suppressed  1812-13  and  1815-10  ;  and  were  Anally  success- 
ful in  1821.  Until  1829  the  country  was  included  in  the 
(original)  republic  of  Colombia.  The  conflict  ing  principles 
of  the  federalist  and  centralist  parties  have  led  to  many 
civil  wars  and  several  changes  of  the  constitution.  Area 
(claimed),  597,960  square  miles ;  actmdly  held,  probably 
less  than  400,000  square  miles,  i'upulatioji  (census  of  1891X 
2..'i23,.'>27.     See  Sciiomljitrgk  Lille, 

Venezuela,  Gulf  of.    See  Maracaibo,  Gulf  of. 

Venf.     See  lienl. 

Venice  (ven'is).  A  province  of  tlio  kingdom  of 
Italy.  Area,  820  square  miles.  Population  (1892), 
379,254. 

Venice  (ven'is).  [F.  Vcnise,  It.  Tenezia,  (J.  Ve- 
nc(liii,lj.  rcHcdVi  (from  the  Veneti).]  A  seaport, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy,  situ- 
ated in  the  Lagune  (lagoons)  in  a  bay  of  the 
Adriatic,  on  117  small  islands,  in  lat.  45°  26' 
N.,  long  12°  20'  E.  The  islands  are  separated  by  160 
canals  and  connected  by  378  bridges.  The  city  is  cele- 
brated for  its  situation,  its  palaces,  and  its  works  of  art. 
Its  trade  is  important,  and  it  h;is  manufactures  of  glass, 
gold-  and  silver-work,  mosaic,  silk,  velvet,  cotton,  etc. 
The  communication  is  mostly  by  water,  the  Grand  Canal 
(which  see)  being  the  principal  thoroughfare.  Tlie  most 
famous  church  (see  3/flrA-.  .St., /Ja.s/ZM:ao/)stands  on  the  Piaz- 
za of  St.  Mark,  where  also  are  the  I'rocuratie  (or  procu- 
rators' palaces),  campanile  (until  its  collapse  in  1902), 
and  clock-tower;  while  the  adjoining  Pi.'izzetta  is  bor- 
dered by  the  palace  of  the  doges  (sec  Dotfc'A  Palncf)  and 
the  former  librai-y  (now  the  great  hall  of  the  Palazzo 
Reale  or  Procuratie  Nuove).  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  or 
San  Zanipolo,  is  a  fine  large  Pointed  churtdi  with  a  li_^'ht 
and  lofty  interior  and  a  dome  at  the  crossing.  It  was  the 
usual  burial-place  of  the  doges.  Among  the  finest  tnmb^ 
are  those  of  Pietro  Mocenigo,  Michele  ilorosini,  and 
Andrea  Vendramin  —  the  last  a  masterpiece  of  the  early 
Renaissance.  Santa  Matia  dei  Frari,  designed  by  Niccolo 
Pisano,  ami  begun  in  1250,  is  a  large  cimrch  of  brick 
with  a  fine  arcaded  apse  and  a  good  campanile.  The  sjia- 
cious  and  well-pr<iportioned  interior  contains  good  jmird- 
ings  and  interesting  tombs.  The  Church  of  San  tiioigio 
degli  Schiavf)ni,  built  in  1551  for  the  lay  brotherhood  of 
the  Dalmatians,  is  famous  for  the  seriesof  highly  realistic 
paintings  by  Carpaccio  which  adorns  its  interior.  The 
Church  of  San  Salvatore,  outside  a  grotesrpie  Renaissance 
production,  but  well  proportioned  and  classical  in  the  in- 
terior, contains  some  of  the  finest  Renaissance  tombs  in 
Venice.  There  are  many  other  notable  churches.  The 
Palazzo  Contarini  Fasan,  on  tlie  Grand  Canal,  a  small 
house,  defaced  though  it  is  by  restoration,  presents  the 
richest  example  of  Venetian  ISth-centui-y  Pointed  W()rk. 
The  Palazzo  Foscari  is  the  finest  example  of  Venetian 
Pointed  architecture  of  the  15th  century.  The  Palazzo  \en- 
dramin-Calergi,  built  in  1481,  is  the  finest  example  of  a 
private  building  of  the  early  Renaisssince  in  Venice. 
Among  otluT  cibjects  of  interest  are  the  Britlge  of  Sighs 
(which  see),  the  t^uay  Riva  degli  Schiavoni,  the  Rialto 
(which  see),  ami  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  The  \ene- 
tian  islands  are  said  to  have  become  refuges  from  the 
Teutonic  con(iuer<»r8  as  early  as  the  5th  and  Oth  centuries. 
The  dogate  was  instituted  in  or  about  697.  The  first 
permanent  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  Venice 
in  the  9th  century.  Itoccupied  an  inti-rinediate  position 
between  the  Byzantine  empire  and  tliati>f  the  West.  The 
title  of  Duke  of  Ualmatia  was  assumed  liy  the  doge  about 
997.  The  republic  of  Venice  became  one  of  the  grejifest 
commercial  powers  of  the  world,  especially  after  the  par- 
tition of  the  Byzantine  empire  in  r2lM.  In  which  It  plii>eil 
a  leading  part,  sharing  the  Biuiils.  It  hail  a  long  and 
bitter  rivalry  with  lienoa.  It  was  governed  by  a  doge, 
great  council,  senate,  and  after  i:ilO  by  the  Council  of 
Ten.     In  the  Mth  and  Ifilh  centuries  it  acquired  Trevi-o, 

Vicenza,  Padua,  \'cr i,   I'dlne.   Brescia,  Bergamo,  and 

other  places  in  northeastern  Italy.  It  was  at  its  height 
inthel.'th  century,  and  held  various  possessions  In  I>ahna- 
tia,  Greece,  and  the  Levant ;  became  celelirated  in  art,  es- 
pecially in  till'  liltli  century  (Titian.  Tintoretto,  I'a.ilo  Ve)-- 
onese,  Giorgione,  llclliTd,  Sans<)vino,  I'alladio.  l>aPt>ule); 
and  lost  to  tile  Turks  In  the  l.MIl  and  Itltli  centuries  its 
possessions  in  the  Morea,  with  Eulia'a,  Cyprus,  Corfu,  etc. 
The  League  of  Cambray  was  formed  iigainst  Venice  in 
1508.  Venice  took  a  leaillng  part  In  the  vletiiry  of  Lo- 
•panto  in  1571;  lost  Crete  to  the  Turks  in  1669;  and  con- 
(luered  the  .Morea  under  Moroslnl  IfthT,  87.  Napoleon  put 
an  end  to  the  republic  in  1797.  Its  territories  were  ceded 
to  Austria  by  the  treaty  of  Canipo  I'ormlo  In  1797;  were 
ceded  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  In  l^O.''.,  mid  ceiied  back  to 
Austria  In  1814  ;  anil  Venetia  became  part  of  the  Loiii- 
bardo-Venellan  kingdom  In  1S15.  The  rcluiMIc  of  Venice, 
under  the  leadership  of  .Manin,  was  proclaimed  In  I84H. 
The  city  was  besieged  and  Ijiken  liy  Austria  1H4H  49. 
Venetia  (with  ^■enlce)  was  reded  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy 
In  18U6.     Population  (1901),  coinmnne,  151.hiii, 


Venus 

Venice,  Gulf  of.     The  northwestern  arm  of  the 

Adriatic  Sea. 

Venice  as  Queen  of  the  Sea.    An  effective 

ami  skilfully  jminted  allegorical  pictiire  by 
Tintoretto,  on  the  ceiling  of  the  Sala  del  Col- 
li'gio  in  the  ducal  palace  at  Venice. 

Venice  of  the  East.  A  name  occasionally 
given  to  Bangkok. 

Venice  of  the  North.  A  name  sometimes 
givi'ii  to  Stockholm  and  to  Amsterdam. 

Venice  of  the  West.  An  occasional  name  of 
(flasgow. 

Venice  Preserved,  or  a  Plot  Discovered.   A 

tragedy  by  Utway.  printed  in  1082.  The  plot  is 
from  St.  Real's  ''Historiede  la  Conjuration  du 
Marquis  de  Bedamar." 

Venlo,  or  Venloo  (ven-io').  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  iieuse  in  lat.  51°  23'  N.,  long.  6°  9'  E.  It 
has  varied  manufactures  and  an  extensive  trade  in  swine. 
It  was  formerly  strongly  fortified.  In  1473  it  was  taken 
by  Charles  the  Bold,  and  in  1481  by  Maximilian  I  It 
was  besieged  by  Charles  V.  in  1643.  and  capitulated 
under  favorable  conditions  (the  "Accord  of  Venloo'^; 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1568,  by  the  Duke  of  Parma  in 
l.'i86,  and  by  Prince  Henrj'  of  Orange  in  1632 ;  was  taken 
from  the  French  by  the  Allies  under  Marlborough  in 
1702  ;  fell  to  Austria"  by  the  peace  of  Baden  in  1714 ;  was 
restored  to  the  Netherlands  in  1715;  was  taken  by  the 
French  Oct,  26,  1794,  and  incorporated  in  France  in  1801 ; 
was  restored  to  the  Netherlands  by  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1814;  was  taken  by  the  Belgians  Nov.,  1830  :  and  was  again 
restored  in  1839.     Population  (1894),  est.,  13,021. 

Venn  (von),  or  the  High  Venn.  A  desolate  pla- 
teau chiefly  in  the  Rhine  Prm-ince,  Prussia,  on 
the  frontier  of  Belgium,  near  the  towns  Mont- 
joie  and  Malmedy,  Elevation,  about  2,000  feet. 

Venn,  John.  Born  1834:  died  1883.  .tVn  English 
writer  and  lecturer  on  moral  science.  He  grad- 
uated at  Gains  College,  Cambridge,  in  18.57,  and  was  nr- 
daiued  in  IH.'iS.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Logic  of 
Chance,  etc."  (18«;i,  "On  .Some  of  the  CharaeteristicB  of 
Belief,  Scientific  and  Religious  ' (18701.  "Symbolic  Logic  " 
(1881),  "Principles  of  Empirical  or  Inductive  Logic  "(1889). 

Vennachar  (ven'a-chiir).  Loch.  Ac  expansion 
of  the  river  Teith  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  east 
of  Loch  Katrine.     Length,  3i  miles. 

Venosa  (va-n6'sii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Potcnza.  Italy,  23  miles  north  of  Potenza:  the 
Roman  Venusia.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Hor- 
ace.    Population,  about  8.000. 

Venta,  or  Venta  Belgarum  (veu'ta  bel-ga'- 
ruiu).     The  Roman  name  of  Winchester. 

Ventimiglia  (veu-te-mel'va).  A  seaport  in 
the  pioviiice  of  Porto-JIaurizio,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  close  to  the  French  fron- 
tier, 17  miles  east-northeast  of  Nice.  Popti- 
l.ation  (1881),  4.195. 

Ventnor  (vent'nor).  A  watering-place  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  situated  on  the  south- 
ern coast  9  miles  south-southeast  of  Newport : 
noted  for  its  mild  climate.  Population  (1891), 
.5.817. 

Ventose(von-t6z').  [F., 'the  windy.']  The  name 
adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of 
the  first  French  republic  for  the  si.xth  month 
of  the  year.  It  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  In  the 
years  1,  2,  3,  .5,  6.  7  with  Feb.  19;  in  4,  8,  9,  10,  11,  13  with 
Feb.  20;  and  in  12  with  Feb.  21. 

VentOUX  (voii-tii'),  Mont.  An  outlying  sum- 
mit of  the  Alps,  in  southeastern  France,  north- 
east of  A^^gnon.     Height,  6,270  feet. 

Venus  (ve'nus).  1.  In  Roman  mythology,  tho 
goddess  of  beauty  and  love,  more  especially 
sensual  love.  Venus  was  of  little  Importance  as  a 
Roman  goddess  until,  at  a  comparatively  late  period,  she 
was  identified  with  the  Greek  .Aphrodite.  She  Is  repre- 
sented as  the  highest  ideal  of  female  beauty,  and  was 
naturally  a  favorite  subject  with  iweta  and  artists,  some 
of  her  statues  (sec  below)  being  among  the  noblest  remalnl 
of  classical  sculpture. 

2.  The  most  brilliant  of  the  planets,  beinjj  fre- 
quently visible  to  the  naked  eye  by  daylight. 
It  is  the*  second  fi-oni  the  sun  and  next  within  the  earth's 
orbit,  iierforming  its  sidereid  revolution  In  224.70txs  ilaya; 
lis  distance  from  the  sun  is  0. 723:132  that  of  the  earth. 
The  synodical  revolution  is  made  in  ft84  days.  Its  orbit 
Is  the  most  nearly  circular  of  tlmse  nf  the  nnjnr  planets, 
the  greatest  equation  of  thee  Tho 

inclination  of  the  orbit  to  i  nil 

the  earth  passes  through  tin-  .  7: 

The  mass  of  Venus(wbicli  is  n-'t  vi  ;  ■  itatned) 

Is  about  nr.Srn  tliiil  nf  llie  sun,  or  'ii<-  enrtll. 

Its  diameter  is  a  little  smidler  tlec  i   planet, 

which  flubtenils  an  angleof  2x8'.-  i^  center, 

wiiile  Venus  at  the  same  distance  )  uneter  of 

8". tVS  by  the  mean  of  the  best  night  i  rS''.40«c- 

cordlng  to  the  observations  at  Its  tr  ui-if  over  tho  sun. 
Taking  the  mean  of  these  (which  are  aifoi'ted  In  opposllo 
ways  by  Irradlalfon),  or  8  .54,  we  find  the  diuucler  of 
Venus  alHiiit  ^V  that  of  the  earth.  Its  volume  [a  aluuit  .'J,, 
Its  density  about  t,  and  gravity  at  its  surface  about  ^^  tno 
sami>  qilKnIitloR  for  the  earth.  It  receives  1.0  as  much 
iigiit  and  heat  from  tho  sun  as  we,  and  tho  tidal  action  of 
the  latter  Is  about  5,8  times  as  great  as  upon  tlie  earth. 
Tiie  period  of  rotation  of  Venus  Is  set  down  In  many  book* 
as  23  hours  and  &0  minutes ;  but  recent  obsenratloiis  huvu 


Venus 


1032 


led  some  astronomers  to  the  confident  conclusion  that  the  VenUS    of  the   Shell.     A    painting  by    Titian 


true  period  tails  short  but  a  little  of  225  days,  so  that  day 
and  night  last  for  many  years.  No  satellite  of  Venus  has 
ever  been  seen.  Numerous  observations  of  one  were  re- 
ported in  the  ISth  century ;  but;Ul  these  have  been  fairly 
shown  to  be  fixed  stars,  except  one,  which  was  probably 
an  asteroid.  The  sj-nibol  for  Venus  is  9  ,  supposed  to 
represent  the  goddess's  mirror. 

Venus,  Mountain  of,  or  Venusberg.  The 
Hoi'selberg,  between  Eisenach  and  Gotua, with- 
in whose  caverns  (the  Horselloeh ),  according  to 
medieval  legend,  Venus  held  her  court  with 
heathen  splendor  and  revelry.  Of  those  who, 
charmed  by  music  and  sensuous  allurements,  entered  her 
abode,  none  ever  returned  except  Tannhiiuser.  See  TaJin- 
hutiser. 

Venus  and  Adonis.    A  poem  by  Shakspere, 

]>ulilished  in  1.593. 
Venus  and  Adonis.     1.  A  painting  by  Guer- 
cino  (1647).  in  the  Museum  at  Dresden.     Venus  Vera  (va'ra),  AugUStO 
comes  suddenly  on  the  body  of  Adonis,  who  lies  with  torn     \)r\a.  Italv,  Maj'  4,  1813 
flank,  and  makes  lively  manifestation  of  grief.    Cupid  '        -'- 

drags  up  the  boar  from  one  side,  by  the  ear. 

2.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  In  the  center  of  a  glade, 
Adonis,  bearing  his  huntuig-spear,  struggles  w  ith  \'enus 

and  Cupid,  who  strive  to  hold  him  back.     In  the  back-     i.  n_._  /    .,/■■;  l-..;;, .  c    ..^..^^  ■^a'l.n  l-,.MtV,> 

ground  ai-4  seen  Venus's  chariot  drawn  by  swans,  and  Vera  CrUZ  (ve  ra  kroz :  Sp.  pron.  va  ra  kroth). 
several  hunting-dogs.  ['True  cross.  J     A  maritime  state  ot  Mexico, 

3.  A  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the  Eoyal    bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  states 


(1.520),  in  Bridgewater  House.  London.  The  god- 
dess wrings  her  hair  as  she  rises  from  the  sea,  in  which  she 
is  still  immersed  to  her  thighs.  The  modeling  is  remark- 
able, despite  the  strong  light  on  all  sides,  and  the  color  is 
admirable.  The  pictui-e  has  its  name  from  the  small  shell 
floating  beside  the  figure. 
Venus  of  Urbino.  A  masterpiece  by  Titian,  in 
theTribunaoftheUffizi,  Florence:  a  very  grace- 
ful iigure  reclining  on  a  white-draped  couch 


land  as  "I  Vespri  Siciliaui"  in  1859. —  2.  Aplay 
by  Casimir  Delavigne. 

Born  at  Amelia,  Um- 
:  died  at  Naples,  July 
13,  1SS5.  "An  Italian  Hegelian  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor at  Naples.  He  translated  vai-ious  works  of  Hegel 
into  French,  and  wrote  "Problemede  la  certitude  "(1845), 
"  .An  Inquiry  into  Speculative  and  Experimental  Science" 
(1856),  "  Essais  de  philosophie  hig^lienne"  (1864),  etc. 


Musei'im  at  Madrid.     Venus  reclines,  holding 
in  her  lap  the  head  of  the  sleeping  Adonis. 
Venusberg  (va'nos-bero).    See  Venus,  Moun- 

taii}  of. 

Venus  Callipyge  (ka-lip'i-je).  [Gr.  aani-ir;.-^, 
with  beautiful  buttocks.]  A  late  Greek  statue, 
in  the  MuseoNazionale,  Naples.  The  title  is  a  mis- 
nomer, as  there  is  nothing  of  Venusabout  the  figure,  which 
stands  with  the  weight  on  the  left  leg,  and  with  the  uplifted 
left  hand  raises  the  drapery  from  behind,  at  the  same  time 
looking  over  her  right  shoulder. 

Venus  Genetrix  (jen'e-triks).    [L.,  'she  who 

has  borne  or  produced.']    1.  AEomancopyof  a 

Greek  original  held  to  represent  a  celebrated 

type  by  Alcamenes,  in  the  Louvre. 

goddess  *is  clad  in  a  very  light  Ionian  tunic,  and  with  the 

raised  right  arm  lifts  her  himation  from  behind  toward  her 

head,  forming  the  Greek  gesture  symbolic  of  marriage. 

The  left  hand  extends  the  apple. 

2.  An  antique  marble  statue,  in  the  Vatican 

Museum,  held  to  be  an  excellent  copy  of  the 

bronze  cult-statue  by  Arcesilaus  which  stood 

in  the  temple  of  Venus  on  the  Foruui  Julium. 

The  figure  is  fully  draped  in  very  thin,  clinging  diapery: 

she  extends  an  apple  with  her  left  hand,  and  with  the 

right  raises  her  mantle  over  the  shoulder  toward  the  head 

—  the  symbolical  marriage-gesture. 
Venusia  (ve-nii'si-a).     The  ancient  name  of 

Venosa.  Vpratma   Dnkptsof 

Venus  of  Aries.    A  Greek  statue  found  at  Aries    ^rs  oft  Ui'ristfpher  ( 

in  16.51.  now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.     The  goddess 

is  represented  standing,  undraped  to  the  hips,  with  the 

head  slightly  inclined  toward  the  left. 
Venus  of  Capua.     A  beautiful  antique  statue, 

of  the  tyjje  of  the  famous  Venus  of  Melos,  in 

the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.    The  goddess  wears 

a  stephane,  and  is  undraped  to  her  hips.    It  is  a  Roman 

copy  of  a  Greek  original. 
Venus  of  Cnidus.     The  best  antique  reproduc- 
tion of  the  type  of  the  famous  statue  by  Praxit- 
eles, in   the  Vatican,  Rome.     The  figure  is  nude ; 

the  drapery  is  held  in  the  left  hand,  and  falls  over  a  beau- 
tiful vase.    The  existing  drapery  about  the  legs  is  of  tin 

painted  white.     The  arms  are  restored. 
Venus  of  Medici.     An  antique  Greek  original 

statue  of  marble,  probably  of  the  time  of  Augus-  ^^'^^^^nvS 

tus,  in  the  Tribuna  of  the  Uffizi,  Florence.    It  is      "'   """  ' 

a  very  graceful,  highly  finished  figure  of  the  goddess,  un- 
draped, as  Anadyomene,  with  her  arms  held  before  her 

body,  and  a  dolphin  to  her  left.    While  without  the  dig- 
nity of  earlier  Greek  work,  it  has  long  ranked  as  a  canon 

of  female  beauty. 

Venus  of  Melos.  A  famous  Greek  statue  in  the 
Louvre.  Paris,  perhaps  the  most  admired  single 


the  island  of  Slelos,  and  in  date  appears  to  f.all  between 
the  time  of  Phidias  and  that  of  Praxiteles,  or  about  400  E.  c. 
The  statue  represents  a  majestic  woman,  undraped  to  the 
hips,  standing  with  the  weight  on  the  right  foot  and  with 
the  head  turned  slightly  toward  the  left.  The  arms  are 
broken  off,  and  there  is  a  dispute  as  to  their  original 
position.    Also  called  the  Venus  of  Milo. 

Venus  of  Syracuse,  A  Greek  statue  of  Venus 
Anadyomene,  of  the  3d  eenttiry  B.  C,  in  the  Mu- 
seo Nazionale  at  Syracuse,  Sicily.  The  statue  is 
headless ;  the  only  drapery  is  a  piece  of  light  tissue  blown 
back  by  the  wind  and  retained  by  the  right  hand. 

Venus  of  the  Capitol.  A  notable  Greek  origi- 
nal statue,  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  Rome. 
The  goddess  is  undraped,  with  her  arras  in  the  position  of 
those  of  the  Venus  of  Sledici,  and  her  drapei-y  thrown 
over  a  vase  beside  her.  The  motive  is  a  variation  of  the 
type  of  the  Venus  of  Cnidus. 

Venus  of  the  Hermitage.    A  noted  antique 

statue  of  Parian  marble,  found  in  Rome  in  1859, 
and  now  in  the  Hermitage,  .St.  Petersburg 


Vergennes 

homilies.    It  containsCynewulf's  "Elene."    Itwasdis- 
covered  by  Dr.  lYiedrich  Blume  at  Vercelli,  Italy,  in  1822. 
Vercingetorix (ver-sin-jet'o-riks).  Puttodeath 
about  45  B.  c.      A  heroic  eliief  of  the  Arverni  in 
Gaul,  the  leader  of  the  great  rebellion  against 
the  Romans  in  52  B.  c.   He  gained  various  successes 
against  Cffisar,  but  was  besieged  by  him  in  Alesia  and  sur- 
rendered in  52.     He  was  exhibited  in  Ciesar's  triumph  in 
Rome  in  40,  and  then  by  Ciesar's  order  beheaded. 
Verd,  Cape.     See  Ccq)c  Verd. 
with  beautifully  warm  and  transparent  flesh-  Verdant  Green  (ver'dant  gren).  Mr.,  Adven- 
tints.     It  is  the  portrait  of  Eleonora  Gonzaga,     tures  of.     A  novel  by  "Edward  Bradley  (under 
duchess  of  Urbino.  the  pseudonym  of  Cuthbert  Bede),  published 

VepresSiciliennes(vaprse-se-lyen'),Les.  [F.,     in  18.53. 
'Sicilian  Vespers'  (which  see).]    1.  An  opera  Verden  (ver'den).     A  town  in  the  province  of 
by  Verdi.produced  at  Paris  in  1855,  and  in  Eng-    Hannover.  Prussia,  situated  onthe  Aller  'JlmUes 
'  " ~     "     '  southeast  of  Bremen.  Ithasacathedral,  and  was  for- 

merly the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  It  became  a  Swedish  duchy 
in  1648,  and  passed  to  Hannover  in  1719.  Population  (1890), 
S,T19. 

Verdi  (ver'de),  Giuseppe.     Born  at  Roncole, 

'duchy  of  Parma,  Italy,  Oct.  10,  1813:  died  at 
Milan,  Jan.  27, 1901.  A  celebrated  Italian  oper- 
atic composer.  He  received  his  nmsical  education  at 
Busaetv>  and  Milan  ;  was  appointed  organist  at  Roncole 
when  only  10  years  old:  settled  in  Milan  in  1838;  and  lived 
in  later  life  in  Genoa  and  at  his  villa  Sta.  Agata(near  Busse- 
to).  He  was  a  member  of  the  Italian  Parliament  for  a  short 
time  in  1860,  and  was  chosen  senator  in  1875,  but  never 
attended  a  sitting.  His  chief  operas  are  "Nabucodonosor" 
(1842),  "I  Lombard!  "(1843),  "Ernani  ■'(1844),  "IduuFos- 
cari  ■' (1844),  "Attila"  (1846),  "Macbeth"  (1847:  revised 
1865),  "LuisaMiller"(1849),  ■'Rigoletto"(lS51),  "IlTrova- 
tore"(1853),  "LaTraviata"(l,'>53),  "LesVepres.Siciliennes" 
(185.5),  "Simon  Boccanegra"  (1857:  revisedl8Sl),  "rnh.allo 
in  maschera"  (1859),  "Ia  forza  del  destino"  (1862),  "Don 
Carlos"  (1867),  "  Aida"  (1871),  "Otello  ■' (1887\  "Falstatt" 
(1893).  His  other  works  inclu.le  "Requiem  Mass  "(1874) 
and  other  sacred  compositions,  etc. 

Verdigris  (vfer'di-gres)  River.  A  river  in  Kan- 
sas and  the  Indian  Ten'itory  which  joins  the 
Arkansas  25  miles  west  of  Tahlequah.  Length, 
over  250  miles. 

Verdon  (ver-don').  A  river  in  southeastern 
France  which  forms  in  large  part  the  boundary 
between  Basses- Alpes  and  Var.  It  joins  the  Du- 
rance 21  miles  northeast  of  Aix.  Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Verdun  (ver-dun').  A  fortified  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse.  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  in  lat.  49°  9'  N.:  the  ancient  Verodu- 
num'  in  Gaul.  It  manufactures  confectionery,  liquors, 
etc. :  has  a  cathedral  of  the  12th  century ;  and  is  strongly 
fortified.  In  the  10th  century  it  passed  to  the  German 
Empire  ;  was  made  a  free  imperial  city ;  was  occupied  by 
Henry  II.  of  France  in  1552,  and  with  its  territory  was  for- 
mally annexed  to  France  in  1G48  ;  was  held  a  short  timeby 
the  Prussians  in  1792:  and  capitulated  to  the  lYussians  in 
Nbv.,  1S70.     Population  (1891),  commune.  18.862, 

Verdun,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  made  at  Verdun  in 
843  by  the  sons  of  Louis  leDebonnaire.  Lothaire 
was  confirmed  as  emperor,  and  received  Italyand  the  region 
lying  in  general  west  of  the  Rhine  and  AJps  and  east  of 
the  Rhone,  Saone,  Meuse,  and  Schelde.  Ludwig  the  Ger- 
man received  the  region  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe 
(the  nucleus  of  Germany)  :  and  Charles  the  Bald  obtained 
the  region  west  of  Lothaire's  dominions  (the  nucleus  of 
France). 

On  his  [Louis  the  Pious's]  death  the  sons  flew  to  arms, 
and  the  first  of  the  dynastic  quarrels  of  modern  Europe 
was  fought  out  on  the  field  of  Fontenay.  In  the  partition 
treaty  of  Verdun  which  followed,  the  Teutonic  principle 
of  equal  division  among  heirs  triumphed  over  the  Roman 
one  of  the  transmission  of  an  indivisible  empire. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  77. 

Verdunois  (ver-dii-nwa').  An  ancient  terri- 
tory of  eastern  France,  whose  capital  was  Ver- 
dun. With  the  Pays  Messin  it  forme4  one  of  the  small 
governments  of  France  prior  to  1790.  The  name  Verdu- 
nois was  also  given  to  a  small  district  in  Gascony,  south- 
ern France,  near  Verdun-sur-Garonne. 

Verdy  du  Vernois  ( ver-de'  dii  ver-nwa' ).  Julius 
von.  Born  at  Freistadt,  in  Silesia.  July  19, 
1832.  A  Prussian  general,  military  writer,  and 
politician.  He  became  lieutenant-general  in  1881,  and 
commander  of  the  first  division  (at  Konigsberg)  in  1883, 
and  was  minister  of  w.or  1^89-90,  He  is  especially  noted 
for  his  works  on  military  affairs. 


of  Tamaullpas,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Hidalgo.  Pue- 
bla,  Oajaea,  Chiapas,  and  Tabasco.  Capital, 
Jalapa.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  except  the  coast- 
belt.  Area,  27,454  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  855,975. 
Vera  Cruz.  A  seaport  in  the  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
in  lat.  19°  12'  N.,  long.96°9'W. :  defended  by 
the  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulua.  It  is  the  principal 
seaport  of  Mexico,  and  the  port  of  export  for  over  half  of  all 
Mexican  products.  It  was  founded  by  Cortes  near  the 
present  site  (see  Villa  Rica)  ;  was  made  a  city  in  1615 ;  was 
bombarded  and  taken  by  the  French  in  1838.  and  by  the 
Americans  under  Scott  in  1847;  and  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1861,  Population  (1894),  19,165. 
Paris  The  Veragua  (va-ra'gwii),  or  Veraguas  fva-ra'- 
gwas).  [From  the  name  of  a  river,  or  perhaps  of 
an  Indian  town.]  A  region  in  the  western  part 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  near  the  Gulf  of  Chi- 
riqui.  It  was  named  by  Columbus,  who  discovered  it  in 
l.*)02  and  attempted  to  found  a  settlement  there,  but  was 
driven  off  by  the  Indians.  It  was  included  in  C.astilla  del 
Oro,  granted  to  Diego  de  Nicuesa  in  1509,  and  he  endured 
great  sufferings  while  attempting  to  colonize  it.  Maria  de 
Toledo,  acting  for  her  son,  Luis  Columbus,  sent  an  expe- 
dition to  conquer  Veragua  in  1535,  but  the  country  was 
abandoned  after  nearly  all  the  colonists  had  died.  It  was 
partly  settled  during  the  colonial  period,  and  for  a  time 
formed  a  province  of  New  Granada.  It  is  now  included  in 
the  department  of  Panama. 

The  successors  to  the  hon- 
ors ot  t  linstopher  Columbus.  In  1536  Luis  Colum- 
bus abandoned  his  claims  to  the  viceroyalty  of  the  Indies, 
receiving  in  return  the  title  of  duke  of  Veragua.  with  a 
grant  of  twenty-five  leagues  square  in  Vei-agua,  and  the 
island  of  .Tamaica, in  fief.  Inl,'i.'i6hewasdeprivedofthefiefs. 
hut  retained  the  title,  with  the  honorary  title  of  admiral 
of  the  Indies,  and  a  pension.  Diego  Columbus,  the  great- 
gr.andsan  of  the  discoverer,  died  childless  in  1578,  and  with 
him  the  male  line  of  Columbus  came  to  an  end.  A  lawsuit 
for  the  succession  to  the  titles  followed  :  it  lasted  thirty 
ye.ars,  and  was  settled  in  favor  of  the  descendants  of  Isabel, 
sister  of  Luis  Columbus,  This  line  ceased  in  1733.  and  the 
title,  after  new  litigations,  was  settled  on  the  descendants  of 
Francesca,  sister  of  the  Diego  Columbus  who  had  died  in 
1578.  The  present  Duke  of  Veragua  (horn  1837)  visiteii  the 
United  States  in  1892,  and  was  received  with  high  honors 
as  the  representative  of  the  family. 
See  T'erra:ano. 
Verboeckhoven  (ver-bok'ho-ven),   Eugfene 

Joseph.  Born  at  TVanieton,  Belgium,  Julv  8. 
1798 :  died  at  Brussels.  Jan.  20.  1881.  A  Bel- 
gian painter  of  animals. 
Verbruggen  (ver-brug'en),  John.  Died  1708. 
An  English  actor.  He  w.os  the  original  Oronooko.  and 
so  famous  as  Alexander  that  he  was  sometimes  called  by 
that  name. 


existing  work  of  antiquity.   It  was  found  in  isio  in  Verbruegen,Mrs.  (SusannaPercevalMount- 

tho  Jclnnd  nf  ^^pI^l«    and  in  d.ate  aooearfi  to  fall  between       o      i,     ¥?    ..     .V/?r,.   j;-i,-.,i       ,  ..  T? i:,l.„,... ^... 


fort).  Born  1669:  died  1701.  An  English  actress. 
She  married  William  Mountfoit,  an  actor,  about  lf;.S6,  and 
after  his  death  married  Verbruggen.    She  was  a  brilliant 
actress  of  light  comedy. 
"-Apology," 

Vercellse  (ver-sel'e).  The  ancient  name  of  Ver- 
celli. 

Vercelli  (ver-cbel'le).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  38  miles 
west  by  south  of  Milan :  the  ancient  Vereella?. 
capital  of  the  Libici.  Near  it  are  the  Randian  Fields, 
It  had  a  university  in  the  middle  ages.  The  Church  of 
Sant'  Andrea,  of  the  e-arly  13th  centurj-,  is  a  notable  build- 
ing combining  Romanesque  and  Pointed  arches.  The 
walls  are  of  brick  ;  the  pillars,  angle-quoins,  and  other 
important  details,  and  the  entire  facade,  of  stone.  The 
fa<-ade  has  three  sculptured  doorways  and  two  galleries 
of  columns,  with  slender  rectaugulartowers.  At  the  cross- 
ing there  is  an  octagonal  lantern  surrounded  by  six  turrets. 


Population   (1»S1),  20,165, 

.      .    , .,,   ,.    I*  Vercelli,  Battle  of.    See  Baudinn  Fields. 

is  a  very  close  replica,  but  si. ghtly  restored,  of  the  \  enus  ygjgelli  Book.  A  manuscript  collection  of  earlv 

of  Medici,  but  IS  somewhat  less  affected  m  pose,  though  »^iv-^'" -""""■•           ,    ■        ,    "c!              i            i           i 

harder  in  type.                                              i-      .         »  English   poetry  and  Anglo-Saxon  legends- and 


^_  .  Vere,  Sir  Aubrey  de.    See  De  Tere. 

Cibber'iias  celebrated  her  in  his  VerC,  Aubrey  ThomaS  de.     See  De  Vere. 

Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie  de.    See  De  Vere. 

Vereshchagin  (ve-r('sh-cha'gin),Vasili.  Boi-n 
in  the  province  of  Novgorod,  Russia,  Oct.,  1842. 
A  Russian  genre- and  battle-painter.  He  studied 
at  the  St.  Petersburg  Academy,  at  the  Ecule  des  Beaux 
Arts  in  Paris,  and  with  Gerome.  He  traveled  through 
Turkestan,  China,  and  India :  served  in  the  Caucasus  and 
in  the  Russo-Turkish  war;  was  present  at  the  stoi-ming  of 
Plevna;  acted  as  secretary-  in  the  negotiati.ms  for  peace; 
and  went  to  India  again  in  1S82  and  1S84.  Many  of  his 
paintings  are  at  Moscow  in  the  Tretjakoff  collection. 
Among  his  other  pictures  is  a  cycle  of  20  from  the  his- 
tory of  India,  a  cvcle  of  20  from  the  campaign  in  Turkey 
tan.  20  from  the  Russo-Turkish  war,  a  number  of  sacred 
subjects,  etc. 

Vergara.    See  Berqara. 

Vergennes  (v^r-jenz').  A  city  in  Addison 
Countv,  Vermont,  35  miles  west  by  south  of 
Moutpelier.     Population  (1900),  1,753. 


Vergennes 

Vergennes  fver-zheu').  Comte  de  (Charles 
Gravier).  Born  at  Dijon,  Kraiicc,  lioi-.  Js, 
1717;  ilied  Feb.  13,  17K7.  A  Freucli  pulitieian 
nntl  ilipiomatist.  •  Hewusappointeclniiiii»terto  Treves 
ill  17r,o ;  was  ambassador  to  Turkey  1756-tw  ;  was  made 
ambassador  to  Sweden  in  1771 ;  and  became  minister  of 
foreifrn  affairs  in  1774.  He  promoted  tlie  alliance  \vi til  tlie 
United  .States,  and  negotiated  tlie  treaty  of  Palis  ill  1783. 

Verges  (vd-r'gez).  In  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing,"  a  "  headborougU,"  assistant 
to  Dogberry. 

Vergier  de  Hauranne.    See  Dtirergier de  Hau- 

raiinr. 

Vergil,  or  Virgil  (vtr'jil)  (L.  Publius  Vergi- 

liusMaro),  Born  in  Andes,  near  Mantua.  C'isal- 
pine  Gaul,  Oct.  1.'),  70  u.  c. :  died  at  Brunilisium, 
Italy,  Sept.  21,19ii.  c.  A  faraousKoman  epic, di- 
dactic, and  idyllic  poet.  He  studied  at  Cremona,  Mc- 
diolanum,  Neapolis,  and  Rome,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  rhetoric,  philosophy,  and  poetry.  In  41  his  paternal 
estate  near  .Mantua  was  conflscated  for  the  benefit  of  the 
soldiery  which  had  assisted  Octjivian  in  the  civil  war 
af;ainst  Brntus  and  Cassius :  but  he  was  later  imlemnitied 
through  the  intercession  of  Maeienas.  He  enjoyed  the 
friendship  and  patronage  of  Asinius  Pollio.  Maecenas  (to 
whom  he  was  introduced  abcjut  4ii),  and  tlctavian  (.\ugu8- 
tus).  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Horace,  whom  he  in- 
troduced to  iliecenas.  About  37  he  settled  at  Rome:  his 
later  years  were  s}tcnt  chiefly  in  Campania.  His  works  in- 
clude "Eclogues"  or  "Bucolics"  (wi-itten  42-37),  "Geor- 
gics"  (written  about  37-30),  and  the  ".-Eneid."  The  first 
printed  edition  of  Vergil  appeared  at  Rome  about  1409. 

Vergil,  or  Virgil  (ver'jil),  Polydore.  Bom  at 
Urbino,  Italy,  about  1470:  died  there.  1.5.55.  An 
Italian-English  ecclesiastic  and  historian.  He 
was  sent  to  England  as  deputy  collector  of  Peter's  pence 
by  the  Pope  in  1501 ;  was  presented  to  an  English  living  in 
1503  :  and  in  l.*i04  was  appointed  the  Bishoji  uf  Hereford's 
proxy  on  his  translation  to  the  see  of  Hath  and  Wells.  He 
was  collated  to  the  prebend  of  Scamblesby  in  Lincoln  in 
1507 ;  was  naturalized  in  1510 ;  and  was  collated  to  the 
prebend  of  Oxgate  in  St.  Paul's  in  1513.  He  was  impris- 
oned for  a  short  time  about  1515  on  the  charge  of  slander- 
ing Wolsey.  He  returned  to  Italy  about  1550.  His  chief 
work  is  "  llistijriaj  Anglicse  lihri  xxvi"(1534):  a  twenty- 
seventh  book  was  added  in  the  third  edition,  1555. 

Vergil  the  Magician.  The  legendary  form 
which  the  historical  Vergil  assumed  in  the  mid- 
dle ages. 

Vergilius  (vir-jiri-us).     See  Vergil. 

Vergniaud  (vern-yo'),  Pierre  Victumien. 
Born  at  Limoges,  France,  May  31,  \'^>'i:  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1793.  A  French  orator 
and  Revolutionary  statesman.  He  practised  law 
at  Bordeaux  :  became.'on  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution, 
a  member  of  the  government  of  the  department  of  Ci- 
roiidc  ;  was  elected  deputy  to  the  Legislative  .Assembly  in 
1791,  and  became  its  president ;  and  was  one  of  the  chief 
Revolutionary  orators,  and  the  leader  of  the  Girondists. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Con'vention ;  was  opposed  by  Robes- 
pierre ;  and  was  proscribed  in  .June.  179'3,  imprisoned  in 
July,  and  condemned  to  death  in  October. 

Veria,  or  Verxia  (ve-re'a).  A  town  in  Turkey, 
44  miles  west  by  south  of  .Saloniki :  the  ancient 
Berea.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Verlaine  ( ver-liln' ), Paul.  Born  March  30, 1 844 : 
died  Jan.  8,  1896.  A  French  poet.  He  at  first  be- 
longed to  the  "Parnassians,"  but  afterward  became  one  of 
the  most  noted  of  (he  "Symbolists"  and  the  "Decadents." 
Following  the  i-\:iMiiile  of  \'i]Ion,  he  used  his  niisfortnncs 
in  hospital  and  prison  as  a  theme  lor  his  poems  and  i)rose 
works.  He  lectured  on  poetry  in  England  in  ISO.'!.  Among 
his  works  are  "Poi'lnes  sat  uiniens"(18(irj),"Sagesse"n  881), 
"Jadiaet  nagui-re"(1885f,"  Romances  sans  paroles"  (1887), 
"Bonhenr'  (1801),  ".Mes  hnjijtaux  "  (LsSl). 

Verlorene  Handschrift  (I'er-lo'ren-o  hiind'- 
shrift).  Die.  [G.,' The  Lost  Manuscript.']  One 
of  the  chief  novels  of  Gustav  Freytag,  pub- 
lished in  WU. 

Verlorenes  Loch  (fer-16'ren-cs  loch).  A  deep 
and  narrow  gorge  of  the  Hinter  Kliein,  in  the 
canton  of  (irisons,  Switzerland,  through  which 
the  Via  Mala  passes. 

Vermandois  (ver-mon-dwa').  An  ancient 
territory  of  France,  in  Picardy.  Cupilal,  St.- 
Uuentin.  It  lay  northeast  of  Paris,  and  is  comprised  in 
tlie  departmcntsof  Aisneand  Somme.  In  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a  countship ;  was  united  to  (■'rani-e  by  Philip  II.  in 
1183 ;  wfia  ceded  to  Burgundy  by  the  treaty  of  Arras  in 
1  i:i5 ;  and  on  the  <leath  of  Charles  the  Bold  (1477)  was  taken 
by  Louis  .\I.  of  France. 

Vermejo  (ver-mfi'llo),  Rio.  [Sp.,  'red  river.'] 
A  western  liranch  of  the  Paraguay,  rising  in 
Bolivia,  flowing  southeast  through  the  Gran 
Chaco  plains  (Argent  ine  Kepublic),  and  joining 
the  Paraguay  shortly  above  the  junction  of  the 
latter  with  the  Parana.  The  middle  and  lower  por- 
tions spread  out  In  swamps  in  whicli  the  channel  is  nearly 
lost.     Length,  over  SOil  miles. 

Vermilion  (ver-mil'von).  A  city  inf'lav  County, 
South  Dakrtta,  on  \\ii'  Missouri  near  Yankton. 

Vermilion  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  Mi'X- 
ico.on  ttie  southern  coast  of  Louisiana.  Length, 
about  20  niiles. 

Vermont(ver-niont').  ['Greenmonntain.'l  One 
of  the  New  England  States  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  extending  from  lat.  42°44'to45°l' 


1033 

N.,  and  from  long.  71°  38'  to  73°  25'W.  Capital, 
Montpelier.  ItlsboundedbyQuebeeon  the  north.  New 
Hampshire  (separated  by  the  Connecticut)  on  the  east, 
Massaehu.<elts  on  the  south,  anil  New  York  (largely  sejia- 
rated  lij-  Lake  Champlain)on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  from 
north  to  south  b^  the  i^reeii  Mountains.  It  is  an  agricul- 
tural State,  and  is  also  noted  for  its  tpiarries  of  granite  and 
marble.  It  has  14  counties,  sends  'I  senators  and  •!  repre- 
sentatives to  Congress,  and  has  4  electoral  votes.  The  Hrst 
to  explore  it  wasChamplain(ltioil);  thetlrst  settlement  was 
made  at  Brattleboro  in  1724.  It  wils  claimed  by  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  called  at  first  the  "  New  llampshireGrants,"  and 
was  afterward  claimed  by  New  York.  Its  "'(Jreeii  Mountain 
Boys,"  under  the  lead  of  Ethan  Allen,  took  an  active 
part  in  the  Revolutionary  \Var;  and  it  was  the  scene  of 
the  battle  of  Bennington.  It  formed  a  coiistitutitin  and 
proclaimed  its  independence  in  1777,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Cnion  in  1791.  It  was  the  starting-point  of  Canadian 
raids  in  1837,  and  later  of  Fenian  raids.  Length.  ir>8niile8. 
Area,  9,565  sjpiare  miles.    Population  <19ixj),  343,041. 

Verne  (vern),  Jules.  Bom  at  Nantes,  France, 
Feb.  8,  1S28.  A  French  novelist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Nantes,  and  afterward  .studied  law  at  Paris,  but 

■  ultimately  devoted  himself  to  literature.  After  turning 
out  a  number  of  nir,derately  successful  plays,  he  struck 
a  new  vein  in  his  scientific  romances,  which  have  gained 
a  world-wide  popularity.  They  include  "  Cimj  semaines 
en  ballon  "  ("Five  Wee'ks  in  a  Balloon."  1803).  "Voyage 
au  centre  de  la  terre  "  ("Journey  to  tlie  Center  of  tlie 
Earth,"  1864),  "  De  la  terre  ii  la  lune"("A  Trip  to  the 
Moon,"  1865),  "Vingtmillelieues sous lesnier8"(" Twenty 
Thousand  Leagues  under  the  Sea,"  1870),  "  L'llc  inyste- 
rieuse"("The  Mysterious  Island,"  1870),  "Voyage  aiitour 
du  monde  en  quatre-vingts  jours  "("  Honiirl  the  World 
in  Eighty  Days,"  1872),"  Michel  Strogoll  "^l,^7t;),  '  Lc  nivon 
vert  ■  (1882),  etc. 

Vernet  (ver-na'),  Antoine  Charles  Horace, 
called  Carle.  Born  at  Bordeau.x,  Aug.  14,  1758 : 
died  at  'Paris,  Nov.  17,  1835.  A  French  histori- 
cal and  animal  painter,  son  and  pupil  of  C.  J. 
Vernet.  He  took  a  first  prize  in  178'2,  studied  in  Italy 
till  1789,  and  went  with   .Napoleon  to  Italy. 

Vernet,  Claude  Joseph,  called  Joseph.    Bom 

at  Avignon.  France.  Aug.  14, 1712:  clied  at  Pa- 
ris, Dec.  23,  1789.  A  Fren<-h  marine-  and  land- 
scape-painter, son  and  pupil  of  Antoine  Vernet 
(1689-17.53).  He  studied  at  Romein  1732,  and  settled  in 
Paris  in  17.53,  after  painting  at  many  European  courts.  He 
painted  by  royal  order  a  series  of  French  seaports. 

Vernet,  limile  Jean  Horace,  called  Horace. 

Born  at  Paris,  .June  30,  1789:  died  there,  Jan. 
17.  1863.  A  distinguished  French  genre-  and 
battle-painter,  son  and  pupil  of  A.  C.  H.  Vernet, 
and  pupil  of  Moreau  and  Vincent.  He  was  deco- 
rated for  bravery  at  the  defense  of  the  Barrierede  clichy  in 
1820 ;  was  director  of  the  French  school  at  Rome  1S27-39 ; 
and  was  employed  ls:i6-42  in  painting  for  the  gallerj*  of 
Versailles.  Most  of  his  pictures  after  18'i(>  were  of  Arab 
life.  They  include  "Dog  of  the  Regiment,"-  "  Horee  with 
the  Trumpet, "  "Grenadier  of  Waterloo,"  battles  of  Je- 
mappes,Valmy,  Hanan,  Bouvines,  Montmirail,  Jena,  Fried- 
land,  Wagram,  Isly."  Campaign  of  Constantine,"  "Capture 
of  the  Smala  of  Alid-el-Kader,"  "Barrier  of  Clichy," 
"  Bridge  of  Areola,"  "Smala,"  "  Siege  of  Antwerp,"  various 
Moorish  scenes,  "Judith,"  "Rachel,"  scenes  from  Mo- 
lifere's  plays,  etc. 
Verneuil  (ver-nty').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the  Avre  49  miles 
south  by  west  of  Rouen.  Here,  Aug.  17, 1424,  the 
English  under  the  Duke  of  Bedford  defeated  tlie  F'rench. 
Population  (1-^91),  coninmiie,  4,270. 

Verneuil,  Catherine   Henriette  de  Balzac 

d'Entragues,  Ma,ri|uisi-  de.  Burn  at  Orleans 
in  1579:  died  at  Paris  in  1633.  A  mistress 
of  Henry  IV.  she  was  false  to  him,  but  ho  was  infat- 
uated with  her,  though  he  finally  broke  with  her.  Later 
she  was  accused  of  having  been  a  moral  accomplice  in  hia 
assassination,  but  nothing  was  proved  against  her. 

Vern6ville  (ver-na-vel').  A  village  west-north- 
west of  Metz.  The  heights  east  of  the  village  were  the 
scene  r,f  hanl  fighting  in  the  battle  of  Oravelotle.  Aug.  18, 
1870.  The  FYencli  center  was  here  att^icked  by  the  Oemian 
9th  army  corps. 

Vernier  (ver-nva'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Omans, 
France,alK>ut  li580:  diedthere,  .Sept.l4, 1637.  A 
French  mathematician,  noted  as  the  inventor 
of  the  vernier  (named  for  him).  He  wrote  "Con- 
struction, usage,  et  propri(^'t<58  du  quadrant  nouveau  de 
matlK'-matiqucs"  (1631),  etc. 

Vernon  (ver-m^ii').  [ML.  fVnio.]  A  town  in 
the  de]iartinent  of  Eure.  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  30  miles  southeast  of  Rouen.  Population 
(1891),  commune.  8,288. 

Vernon (ver' noil). Diana  or Di.  A  high-spirited 
girl  with  a  love  for  iiiaiilv  sjiorts,  the  heroine 
of  Scott's  "Rob  Rnv." 

Vernon  (v6r'non),Bdward.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, Nov.  12,"16'<4:  died  at  Nacton,  SnfTolk, 
England.  Oct.  29  or  30,  1757.  An  English  ad- 
miral. Ue  entered  the  navy  in  1701 ;  served  In  Hie  War  of 
the  Spanish  Snccesfllon  1701-13  ;  and  entered  Parliament  In 
172'2.  He  lioriiliarded  and  took  PorloBcllo  in  1739;  was  re- 
lulscil  before  Cartagena  in  1741 :  and  was  strtn-k  fi-om  the 
1st  of  adtiiii  ids  in  I7ir.for  iiubllHhing  a  couple  of  painjihlets 
agahlKt  (lie  ailiiilriilty. 

Vernon,  Jane  Marchant  Fisher.  Born  in  Eng- 
land nimut  17!I6:  iHcmI  at  New  York,  .Tune  4, 1.8()9. 
An  English  .\mericaii  actress,  .she  came  l<i  Amer- 
ica in  1827.  and  shortly  after  niarrieil  George  X'ernon.  an 
actor,  who  died  in  about  three  yniirs.  llor  best  parts  In  her 


r;,' 


Veronese 

later  years  were  Mrs,  Uanlcastle,  Sirs.  Malaprop,  Tabitha 
Stork,  and  siiiiilur  ctuiractcr& 

Verocchio'TVerrocchiofva-rok'ke-o),  Andrea 
(Andrea  Cioni  di  Michelej.  Born  at  Floreiui-. 

mi.'i:  ilit-iJat  W'iii<f.  14>'*.  An  Italian  sculptor, 
the  most  noted  pupil  of  Donatello.  He  waa  early 
apprenticed  to  Oiuliaiio  \'eroccliio,  a  goldsmith,  from 
whom  he  took  hi9naine(rfrocc/ii>^,  the  true  eye).  Ue  was  a 
painter  as  well  as  a  sculptor,  but  only  one  picture  remains, 
the  "Baptism  of  our  lAtni,"  in  the  Accadtmiii  In  Florence. 
In  1467  he  did  compartments  uf  the  do<»rof  the  sacristy  of 
tlie  Duonio  in  Florence  for  Luea  della  Robliia.  From  1473 
to  1476  (pontificate  of  Sixtus  IV.)  he  was  iiiKonie.  Imme- 
dialely  after  his  return  to  Florence  in  1476,  Veroechio 
modeled  and  cast  his  famous  little  statue  of  David.  From 
1471  to  1472  he  worked  upon  the  mausoleum  of  (JiovaiHji  and 
Piero  de  Medici  for  the  sacristy  of  San  Lorenzo.  The  last 
work  upon  which  he  was  employed  was  the  etguestrian 
statue  of  Bartulomme<)('one<)ni  (or  Coleone),  captain-lfeu- 
eral  of  the  Venetian  forces,  who  died  at  Berfcamo,  leaving 
his  silver,  furniture,  arms,  horses,  and  the  sum  of  216,0(i0 
florins  to  the  republic  of  Venice,  on  condition  that  his 
statue  should  be  set  up  in  the  Piazza  di  San  Marco  (it 
was  really  placed  in  the  Piazza  of  the  Scuoladi  San  Marco). 
Veroechio  had  nearly  finished  the  horse  when  he  died. 
Tlie  CoUeoni  waa  later  tlnished  by  Leopardi.  Lorenzo  dl 
Credl,  Perujriito,  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci  w  ere  his  pupils. 
Veroli  (vu'ro-lo).  [I..  Vfruhr.^  A  lown  in  the 
province  of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  49  miles 
east-southeast  of   Home.     Population    (1881), 

3.s3r>. 

Veromandui  (ver-o-man'du-i).  An  ancient 
!•(*(. pie  of  Belgic  Gaul,  wlio  lived  in  the  vicinity 
of  St.-Quentin. 

Verona  (va-ro'na).  A  province  in  t^e  comparti- 
mento  of  Venetia,  Italv.  Area,  1,188  square 
miles.     Population  (1892),  425,697. 

Verona,  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Vero- 
na, Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige  in  lat.  4;")°  2G' 
N.,  long.  11°  E.  It  is  strongly  fortified.  It  contains 
a  Roman  amphitheater,  deprived  almost  com])leteIy  of  its 
ornamental  exterior  facing,  but  reniaining  practically  per- 
fect in  its  vaults  and  cavea,  and  still  In  current  use.  It 
is  3  stories  (118  feet)  high,  built  of  white  and  red  marble 
with  brick  substructions,  has  45  tiers  of  seats,  and  can  seat 
2:i,000  people.  The  greater  axis  is  606  feet,  the  less  40.S  : 
the  arena  is  248  by  145  feet.  The  arena  could  be  lltMjded 
forthcnaumachy.  It  was  built  about  290  a.  i».  TheChurch 
of  Sant'.Anastasia  is  one  of  the  fint-st  ItiUian  brick  churches 
of  the  i:ith  century,  xvith  a  beautiful  recessed  dout>le- 
arched  sculptured  portal.     The  characteristically  Italian 

■  interior  has  very  high  wide  nave-arches;  the  triforium  fa 
represented  merely  by  an  open  circle  in  ever>'  bay.  and  the 
clearstory  by  an  ornamented  sexfoil.  Thet'astel  Vecchio  is 
a  hu^e  battlemented  citadel  built  by  Can  (imnde  II.  della 
Scala  in  1355,  now  u.^cd  as  a  barracks.  It  is  connected 
with  the  arsenal  by  a  pictures^iue  contemporaneous  bat- 
tlemented and  turreted  bridge  of  brick,  with  uiie(|ual 
arches,  the  largest  with  a  span  of  over  160  feet.  The  cathe- 
dral is,  as  it  now  stjinds,  of  the  12th  centurj'.  The  chief 
entrance-porch  has  four  columns,  two  of  them  resting  nn 
grilfins.  and  superposed  arches ;  the  portal  Is  guarded  by 
the  Paladins  of  Charlemagne.  The  interior  has  clustered 
columns  and  pointed  archc*,  with  some  excellent  frescos  ; 
the  Chapel  of  8ant'  Agata  contains  a  beautiful  medieval 
sculptured  shrine  :  the  line  Renaissance  choir,  with  curved 
colonnade,  is  i>y  Sammichele.  The  Lombard  bajitlsterj' 
has  a  great  octagonal  marble  font,  curiously  sculptured 
with  rclieis  and  arcades.  The  cloister,  witli  coupled  cul- 
umns.  retains  a  fine  Roman  mosaic  and  a  column  of  the 
temple  of  Minerva.  The  piUace  of  the  Scaligers  is  now 
used  for  the  law-courts  and  jail.  It  has  a  pictures<|ue 
court  and  staircase,  and  a  fine  brick  campanile  of  the  l.Slh 
century  (1^72  feet  high).  Below,  It  is  plain  and  square; 
aliove,  it  has  in  each  face  a  fine  triple  arch  beneath  aNdd 
Cfirbeled  cornice.  The  crown  is  a  recessed  octagonal  ar- 
caded  laittern  of  two  stories.  The  tondis  of  the  ."^caHgirs 
form  a  uni(|ue  assemblage  of  family  tombs  of  the  l^lth  and 
14th  centuries.  The  two  chief  of  thcKe  niotmmerits  are 
those  of  Mastino  II.  and  of  Can  Slgnorio  della  Scala.  Ve- 
rona  was  a  Roman  colony  and  in)i>ortant  city,  and  was  the 
residence  of  Theodorlc  (Dietrich  of  Bern,  i',  c  Ver«um).  at 
times  the  residence  of  I^unbard  kiitgs.  It  was  ruled  by 
the  Scala  family  in  the  i:uh  and  Uth  centuries :  w;u4  con- 
quered by  Vl-uIcc  in  I4U.'i;  and  playe<l  an  important 
iiart  in  the  history  of  art  in  the  l&tli  and  UUh  centuries. 
The  city  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796;  wiu*  ceiled  to 
Austria  In  1797:  and  waa  ceded  to  Italy  In  ISfW.  It  was 
one  of  the  four  famous  fortresses  of  the  (Quadrilateral.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Catullus,  Cornelius  Nepiis,  N'itruvlus. 
and  the  elder  Pliny.     Popnlatlmi  (ISirJX  <n».f't>". 

Verona,  Congress  of.  A  eongrrss  of  repre- 
sent at  ivcs  from  thi']triiu'ipal  Kuropean  poveni- 
ments,  held  at  Veronft  Oct. -Dec.,  1S22:  oooh- 
sioned  bv  the  disturhances  in  Spain  and  south- 
eastern fcurope.  It  was  attended  by  the  nionarchd  of 
Prussia.  Austria,  Russia,  and  the  Two  Sicilies  and  Sardinia, 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  (he  Duke  of  Montmorency,  him) 
itlhers.  Metternich  presided.  The  chief  renult  wan  (he 
anned  Intervention  of  Frtnce  in  Siiain  in  1H23. 

Veronese  (va-ro-na  '/.e).Panl  (PaoloCagliarl). 

Horn  at  Verona,  irt28:  died  at  Veni<'e,  .April  19, 
I'lSH.  A  eelei)rated  Italian  jminterof  tlie  Vene- 
tian selioo!.  lliK  first  considemble  commissions  were 
executed  at  Mantua.  In  1556  he  went  lo  Venice,  wheie 
he  remained.  Ills  )lr«l  connnlHsion  here  was  the  "Corona- 
tion ttf  the  Virgin,"  and  four  other  suhjeets.  for  the  Con- 
vent of  St.  Sebastian.  In  IMW  Titian  suiiported  his  claims 
to  the  awnrtl  of  the  decoration  of  the  Llnmry  of  St.  Mark 
In  166r>  Veronese  went  to  Rome.  In  ]fi7:i  lie  was  called 
before  the  Ini)Ulsitiiin  to  answer  n  charge  of  blasphemy  for 
IntriKluelng  In  a  *'Iji:it  Supper,"  painted  for  the  frlam  of 
St.  John  and  St.  Paul,  Irrelevant  an<l  decorative  figures. 
He  was  obliged  t<)  paint  out  his  dwarfs.  (lerman  soldiers, 
etc.,  und  to  paint  tlie  iilcturc  as  It  hangs  In  the  Academy. 
After  the  flre  of  1577  lie  waa  c«>mnilwloncd  to  paint  the 


Veronese 

ceOing  of  the  conncUchamber  in  the  doge's  palace.  Hia 
works  include  ■'Marriage  at  Cana"  (Louvre),  "Feast  in 
the  Uouse  of  Simon"  (Louvre),  "Europa  and  the  Bull" 
(London),  "Leda  and  the  Svran"  (LondonX  "Death  of 
Adonis"  (LondonX  "Supper  at  Emmaus,"  "Venice  En- 
throned," "Calling  of  St.  Andrenr,"  "Presentation  of  the 
Faniil.v  of  Darius  to  Alexander,"  "St.  Helena's  Vision" 
(Iwtli  "the  last  named  In  the  National  Gallery,  LoudonX 
and  many  others. 
Veronica  (ve-ron'i-ka),  Saint.  [A  corrupted 
form  of  Berenice,  Gr.  BcpeviK!/,  a  woman's  name. 
The  name  suggested  the  ■words  terum  icon,  'true 
picture,'  and  gave  rise  to  the  fable.]  In  Christian 
legend,  a  ■woman  of  Jerusalem,  said  to  have  died 
at  Home,  who  gave  to  Jesus  on  his  way  to  Cal 


1034 

1677-1701,  and  hccame  secretary  of  the  Dnchess  of  Orleans 
in  1703,  and  historiographer  of  the  Order  of  Malta  in  1715. 
He  wrote  "  Histoire  des  revolutions  de  Portugal "  (1689X 
•Histoire  des  revolutions  de  Su{:de"(ie96),  "Histoire  des 
revolutions  de  la  republique  romaine"  (1719),  "Histoire 
des  chevaliers  de  Malte  "  (1726). 
Vertumnus  (ver-tum'nus).  [L.,' the  god  of  the 
changing  vear,'  'he  who  turns  or  changes  him- 
self.'] An  ancient  Eoman  deity  who  presided 
over  gardens  and  orchards,  and  was  worshiped 
as  the  god  of  spring  or  of  the  seasons  in  general. 
Vertus  (ver-tii')-  [ML.  nr^ws.]  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Mame.  France,  18  mUes  west- 
southwest  of  Chalons-sur-Mame :  noted  for  its 
1  J,  "  f  i,  i  ■  u-  v  -  „  .  ,  wines.  Population  (1891),  2,781. 
varv  a  handkerchief  to  wipe  his  brow.  He  took  .p.  ,  /vpr'fl  lei  An  ancient  town  of  the 
it,  abd  upon  it  was  miraculously  left  .an  impression  of  his  VerUlSB  (ver  u-le).  An  ancient  town  OI  ine 
face  (the  so-called  reronicon).  The  legend  probably  arose  Hernici :  the  modem  V  eroll. 
in  the  13th  centurj.    She  is  commemorated  on  Feb.  4.        Verulam,  Baron.     See  Bacon,  Frauds, 

Verplanck  (ver-plangk').  Gulian  Crommelin.  Verulamium  (ver-o-la'mi-nm).    An  ancient 

Born  at  Xew  York,  Aug.  6.  1786  :  died  there,  British  and  Roman  town,  situated  near  the  site 

JIaroh  18,  1870.     An  American  author,  poll-  of  the  present  St.  Albans.  England. 

tician,  and  lawyer.      He  graduated  at  Columbia  in  VerUS  (ve'rus).  Lucius.     Died  169  A.  D.     The 

1801;  was  admitted  to  the  bar:  and  settled  .IS  a  lawyer  at  gijopt^^  gon  of  the  emperor  Antoninus  Pius; 

New  York.  He  was  in  1821  appointed  proiessor  of  the  evi-  „„,,5^„,^„  -f  tv,p  pmnprnr  Mnrciis  Aurelius  161- 

dences  of  revealed  religion  and  moral  science  in  the  Prot-  colleague  Ot  tne  emperor  Aiarcus  .tiureiius  j.di 

estant  Episcopal  General  Theological  Seminary  at  New  169. 

York,  a  position  which  he  occupied  four  years.    He  was  'VeiTlS,  Matcns  AnnlllS.     The  original  name 

a  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1825-  j-  ^j^     emperor  Marcu?  Aurelius. 

1S33.  He  published,  with  W  illiam  C.  Brjant  and  Robert  C.  _         „„^^. .,..»,  ,..5„'i       i      a  hni-lpsniie  nnem  hv 

Sands,  anannualentitledthe  "Talisman "(18-27-29).  Among  Vert-Vert  (var-%  ar  }^._  }ij^  y'^]^*^^^^ J?°^^^°y^ 

his  works  are  "Bucktail  Bards  "(ISIO),  "Evidences  of  Ee-  '                   ^"" 
vealedReligion"(lS24)-'DoitrineofContracts"(lS-25),"Dis- 
courses  and  Addresses  '  (1833X  and  "Shakespeare's  Plays, 
with  his  Life,  with  Critical  Introduction  and  Notes  "(1847X 

Verrazano  (ver-vst-sa'no),  or  Verrazani  (ver- 
rat-sa'nei.  or  Verazzano  (va-rat-sa'no),  or 
Verrazzano  (ver-rat-sa'no),  Gicvanni  da  (or 
de).     Born  in  Italy  about  1480 :  died  probably 

in  1527.    An  Italian  navigator.  He  was  a  corsair  in  _,  .-      ,  .,.      r-\rr    jr.,..  •„,.„  n     a  ♦n—^ 

the  French  service  ;  left  Franfe  in  command  of  a  French  VemnS  (ver-van  )-     [ML.  TernMim.]     A  town 
exploring  expedition  in  1523;  and  explored  the  coast  of     in  the  department  of  Aisne,  lYance,  situated 


Gresset,  giving  the  history  of  a  parrot,  the  pet  of 
a  convent. — 2.  An  opera  by  Offenbach,  wordsby 
Meilhac  and  Nuitter,  produced  at  Paris  in  1869. 
Verviers  (ver-vya').  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Liege,  Belgitim.  situated  on  the  Vesdre  13 
miles  east  by  "south  of  Liege.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  etc.  Population  (1893),  com- 
mune, 50.423. 


North  .\merica  from  North  Carolina  to  Newfoundland  in 
1524,  discovering  New  York  and  Narragansett  bays. 
Verres  (ver'ez),  Cains.    Put  to  death  by  An- 
tony 43  B.  c.     A  Roman  official,  pretor  in  73, 


on  the  Vilpion  24  miles  northeast  of  Laon.  A 
treaty  between  France  and  Spain  was  concluded  here 
May  2, 1598 :  conquests  were  mutually  restored.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  3,233. 


who,  as  governor  of  Sicily  73-71,  plundered  the  Very  (ver'i),  Jones.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
island  of  property,  art  treasures,  etc.  He  was  Aug.  28,  1813:  died  there.  May  8.  1880.  An 
brought  to  trial  in  70  B.  c.  and  was  defended  byHortensius  American  poet  and  essayist,  a  graduate  of  Har- 
and  prosecuted  by  Cicero      Thecal  resulted  in  his  TO^^^  ^  j      ^ggg       g    y,^^^  ^  Tnitarian  minister,  but 

:^;sVb^''cre'ri"'o^iy''^,:e''fl5?:^?s'rt'u^rd:uvir^  fTX^^f^^nr'"''''-  ^""^'^  "'"  '''*''  "' 

Verna.     See  Frn^.  y        2  ^  C^gj^      ^  n^^el  ^v  Charles  Reade, 

VemU  (ver'il),  Addison  Emory.  Bom  at  published  seriallr  in  1863  as -Hard  Cash." 
Greenwood  Maine,  Feb  9  lbo9.  An  Amen-  ^  Woman.  A,  or  the  Prince  of  Tarent. 
can  zoolo^st  professor  at  Yale  since  18&4  He  ^  /omedv  printed  in  1655  as  the  work  of  Mas- 
has  published  many  scientific  papers  chiefly  m  ^^  ^  J^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^,^^^d 
the  ■•American  Journal  ot  bcience.  ^y  Massinger.  It  is  to  be  identified  with  a  comedy  called 
Versailles  (ver-salz':  F.  pron.  ver-say').  The  "The  AVoman's  Plot,"  which  was  acted  at  court  in  1621. 
capital   of   the   department   of  Sein*e-et-Oise,  Yesalius(ve-sa'li-us).  Andreas.    BornatBrus 


France,  situated  11  miles  west-southwest  of 
Paris.  It  contains  a  famous  royal  palace,  consisting  of 
a  comparatively  inconsiderable  central  portion  built  by 
Louis  XIII.,  and  of  wide-reaching  wings  and  connected 
structures,  added  chiefly  by  Louis  XIV.  The  garden  front 
is  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long,  with  only  two  stories  and  an 
attic ;  so  that,  although  broken  by  a  large  projection  in 
the  middle,  the  general  effect  is  monotonous.  The  court 
front  is  more  diversified,  though  injured  by  the  insertion 
of  two  neo-classical  pavilions  by  Louis  Philippe.     A  great 


sels,  Dec  31.  1514:  died  in  a  shipwreck  on  the 
island  of  Zante,  Oct.  15,  1564.  A  noted  Belgian 
anatomist,  physician  to  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
and,  after  his  abdication,  to  Philip  II.  He  lived 
chiefly  at  Madrid,  and  was  condemned  to  death  by  the  In- 
quisition. His  sentence  was  commuted  by  the  king  to  a 
pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Stpulcher.  On  his  return  he  was 
shipwrecked.  His  chief  and  epoch-mating  work  is  "De 
corporis  humani  fabrica  libri  septem.' 

The  Roman  name  of 


part  of  the  palace  is  now  occupied  by  the  Museum  of  VeSOntiO  (ve-SOn'shi-o) 

French  History,  consisting  chiefly  of  paintings ;  but  some     Be'^ancon 

of  the  apartments  are  still  preserved  with  the  fittings  of  tt._,..„i*  /    *    „;^i/\        rp>,p  poTiital   of  the  denart- 

a  rmal  residence.    The  chapel  is  well  proportioned  and  VeSOUl  (Y^-zoi  ).     ^  ine  capuai  01  Tne  aepart- 

sumptuous.    The  great  gallery,  caUed  the  Galerie  des    ment  of  Haute-Saone,  France,  situated  on  the 

Glaces,  is  one  of  the  finest  rooms  existing  :  it  is  240  by  35     Durgeon  in  lat.  47°  37'  X.,  long.  6°  8'  E.      Popu- 

feet.  and  42  high,  adorned  with  mirrors  and  gilding,  and     lati^n  (1891)    commune    9  770 

with  ceiling-paintings  by  Lebnin  representing  the  tri-  •rr^„--J^r,-n   /vp«  na'yhia^^  *^Titn<:  "Pla-unn*!  Sa- 

urophs  of  Louis  XIV.     Here  Kine  William  of  Prussia  was  Vespasian  (ves-pa  znian)  ( IIXUS  .TiaVlUS  Oa- 


miiphs  of  Louis  XIV.     Here  Kine^ 

proclaimed  German  emperor  in  1871.  The  council-cham- 
ber, the  bedroom  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  antechamber  of  the 
(Eil  de  Boeuf,  the  Petits  Appartements  of  the  queen,  and 
the  theater  are  all  historic  and  highly  interesting.  The 
gardens  are  the  finest  of  their  formal  kind  :  they  abound 
with  monumental  fountains  profusely  adorned  with  groups 
of  sculpture,  and  supplied  the  model  for  those  of  half  the 
palaces  of  Europe.  (See  Trianon,)  Versailles  was  the 
meeting-place  of  the  States- General  in  1789.  A  popular 
tumi^t,  Oct.  5-6, 17S9,  resulted  in  the  removal  of  the  royal 
family  to  Paris.  Versailles  was  the  seat  of  the  French 
government  1871-79.  It  is  the  place  of  election  of  French 
presidents.     Population   (1901).  54,081. 

Versailles  (ver-salz').    The  capital  of  "Wood- 


bin'us  Vespasianus\  Bom  near  Reate,  Italy. 
Nov.  17,  9  A.  D. :  died  June  24.  79  A.  D.  Roman 
emperor  70-79.  He  was  of  humble  origin,  but  rose  to 
distinction  in  the  army,  and  became  consul  in  51.  He  was 
afterward  governor  of  Africa ;  and  in  67  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  against  the  insui^ent  Jews.  He  was 
proclaimed  emperor  in  69.  His  general  Antonius  Primus 
overthrew  Vitellius  in  the  same  year,  and  Vespasian  arrived 
at  Rome  in  70,  leaving  his  son  Titus  to  continue  the  Jewish 
war.  The  chief  events  of  his  reign  were  the  destruction 
of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  (70).  the  victories  of  Agricola  in 
Britain,  and  the  suppressi.^n  of  the  revolted  Batavians 
under  Civilis  V  Petilius  Cerealis  (70).  He  restored  disci- 
pline in  the  army  and  order  in  the  finances,  and  expended 
ford  County,  KentHetky,  12  miles  southeast  of  lanre  sums  on  public  works,  including  the  Colosseum, 
Frankfort.     Population  flQOO),  2.337.  ^h'c^.  however,  he  did  not  live  to  finish 

Versailles,  Preliminaries  of.  .The  prelimina-  Vespers,,  Sicilian.    See  S^aban  re,?2)ers. 
ries  of  peace  between  France  and  Germanv  Vespucci  .vej-po   che),  AjnengO,   Latmized 
signed  at  Versailles  Feb.  26,  1871,  and  ratified    Amencus    Vespucms.      Born    at    Florence, 


by  the  treaty  of  Frankfort.     See  Frankfort. 

Versailles, T?reaty of.  ^ee PariSjTreatiesof (h). 

Vertentes  (var-tan'tas),  Serra  dos.  A  low 
mountain-chain  in  Minas  Geraes.  Brazil,  con- 
necting the  Goyaz  Mountains  with  the  coast 
system,  and  separating  the  head  streams  of  thd 
Parang  from  those  of  the  Sao  Francisco  and 
Tocantins. 

Vertot  d*Auboenf  (ver-to'do-bef),  Abb^Een^ 
Aubert  de.  Born  at  Chateau  Benetot.  Nor- 
mandy, Xov.  25,  1655:  died  at  Paris.  June  15. 
1735.     A  French  historian.     He  was  in  a  cloister 


March  18,  1452:  died  at  Se^-Ule,  Feb.  22.  1512. 
An  Italian  navigator.  He  was  the  son  of  Nastugio 
Vespucci,  a  notary  of  Florence ;  received  his  education 
from  his  uncle,  a  Dominican  friar;  and  became  a  clerk  in 
the  commerciid  house  of  the  Medici.  He  was  sent  to  Spain 
by  his  employers  about  1490 ;  and  some  years  after  appears 
to  have  entered  the  service  of  the  commercial  house  of 
Juonato  Berardi  at  Se\-ille,  of  which  he  became  a  member 
in  1495.  This  house  fitted  out  Columbus's  second  expedi- 
tion (1493),  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  Vespucci  may 
have  accompanied  Columbus's  first  or  second  expedition, 
Although  the  supposition  is  unsupported  by  any  proof. 
XTespucci  himself  claims  to  have  accompanied  four  expedi- 
til^ns  to  the  New  World,  of  each  of  which  he  wrote  a  nar- 
rative.    Two  of  these  sajled  from  Spain  by  order  of  Fer- 


Vesuvius,  Battle  of 

dinand  in  May,  1497.  and  May,  1499.  respectively ;  the  other 
two  were  despatched  from  Portugal  by  Emanuel  in  May, 
1501,  and  June,  1503.  The  first  expedition,  in  which  he' 
would  appear  to  have  held  the  post  of  astronomer,  left 
Cadiz  May  lU  or  20,  1497.  and  after  touching  at  the  Cana- 
ries came  "  at  the  end  of  twenty-seven  days  upon  a  coast 
which  we  thought  to  be  that  of  a  continent,"  If  this  ex- 
pedition is  authentic,  Vespucci  reached  the  continent  of 
America  a  week  or  two  earlier  than  the  Calx)ts  and  about 
fourteen  months  earlier  than  Columbus.  His  account  of 
these  expeditions  was  contained  in  a  diary  said  to  have  been 
written  after  his  fourth  voyage,  and  entitled  "Le  Quattre 
Giomiile,"  no  portion  of  which  is  extant.  He  also  wrote 
several  letters  to  his  former  schoolfellow  Soderiiii,  gonfa- 
lonier of  Florence,  one  of  which  remains  in  a  Latin  trans- 
lation printed  at  St.  Die  in  1507.  WaldseemiUler  (Hyla- 
comylusX  who  made  use  of  this  letter  in  his  "  Cosmographise 
Introductio,"  published  at  St.  Die  in  the  same  year,  was  the 
first  to  suggest  the  name  America  for  the  new  continent, 
in  honor  of  its  supposed  discoverer,  Amerigo  VespuccL 

It  should  first  of  all  be  noted  that  the  sole  authority  for  a 
voyage  made  by  Vespucci  in  1497  is  Vespucci  himself.  All 
contemporary  historj-,  other  than  his  own  letters,  is  abso* 
lutely  sUent  in  regard  to  such  a  voyage,  whether  it  be  history 
in  printed  books,  or  in  the  archives  of  those  kingdoms  of 
Europe  where  the  precious  documents  touching  the  earlier 
expeditionstotheXewWorldweredeposited.  .  ,  .  Thefact 
is  unquestioned  that  Vespucci,  who  had  been  a  resident  of 
Spain  for  some  time,  became  in  1495  a  member  of  the  com- 
mercial house  of  Juonato  Berardi  at  Seville,  and  that  in 
January  of  the  nest  year,  as  the  public  accounts  show,  he 
was  paid  a  sum  of  money  relative  to  a  contract  with  Gov- 
ernment which  Berardi  did  not  live  to  complete.  The  pre- 
sumption is  that  he  would  not  soon  absent  himself  from 
his  post  of  duty,  where  new  and  onerous  responsibilities 
had  been  imposed  upon  him  by  the  recent  death  of  the 
senior  partner  of  the  House  with  which  hewasconnected. 
But  at  any  rate  he  is  found  there  in  the  spring  of  1497, 
Mufioz  having  ascertained  that  fact  from  the  official  records 
of  expenses  incurred  in  fitting  out  the  ships  for  western 
expeditions,  still  preserved  at  Seville.  Those  records  show 
that  from  the  middle  of  April,  1497,  to  the  end  of  May, 
1498,  Vespucci  was  busily  engaged  at  Seville  and  San  Lucar 
in  the  equipment  of  the  fleet  with  which  Columbas  sailed 
on  his  third  voyage.  The  alibi,  therefore,  is  complete. 
Vespucci  could  not  have  been  absent  from  Spain  from 
May,  1497,  to  Oct.,  1498,  the  period  of  his  alleged  voyage. 
S.  H.  Gay,  in  Winsor's  Xarrative  and  Critical  History 
[of  America,  II.  137,  142. 

Vesta  (ves'ta).  [L.,  =  Gr.  'Ecrrm.  the  goddess  of 
the  hearth.]  One  of  the  chief  divinities  of  the 
ancient  Romans,  equivalent  tothe  Greek  Hestia. 
She  was  one  of  the  12  great  Olympians,  the  virgin  goddess 
of  the  hearth,  presiding  over  both  the  private  family  altar 
and  the  central  altar  of  the  city,  the  tribe,  or  the  race. 
She  was  worshiped  along  with  the  Penates  at  everj'  meal, 
when  the  family  assembled  round  the  altar  or  hearth,  which 
was  in  the  center  of  the  house,  .£neas  was  said  to  have 
carried  the  sacred  fire  (which  was  her  symbol)  from  Troy, 
and  to  have  brought  it  to  Italy,  and  it  was  preserved  at 
Rome  by  the  state  in  the  sanctuary  of  the  gwjdess  which 
stood  in  the  Forum.  The  fire  was  watched  by  six  stainless 
virgins,  called  vestals,  who  prevented  it  from  becoming  ex- 
tinguished. The  Roman  temples  of  Vesta  were  circular, 
preserving  the  form  of  the  primitive  huts  of  the  Latin  race, 
because  it  was  in  such  a  hut  that  the  sacred  fire  was  first 
tended  by  the  young  girls  while  their  parents  and  brothers 
were  absent  in  the  chase  or  pasture- ground. 

The  very  fact  that  the  Vesta  worship  is  the  most  inda- 
bitable  of  the  correspondences  between  the  Greek  and 
Roman  mythologies  is  itself  a  proof  of  the  rudimentary 
nature  of  their  common  civilisation.  Only  among  the 
rudest  of  existing  savage  tribes,  such  as  the  Australians, 
is  it  held  a  duty  to  keep  alight  the  fire  of  the  tribe,  which 
if  extinguished  has  to  be  obtained  from  some  neighbour- 
ing tribe,  as  they  are  ignorant  of  the  means  of  rekindling 
it,  "The  Chippeways  and  Xatchez  Indians  had  an  institu- 
tion for  keeping  alight  the  tribal  fire,  certain  persons  be- 
ing set  aside  and  devoted  to  this  occupation  ;  and  the  in- 
corporation and  endowment  of  the  Vestal  Virgins  at  Rome 
seems  to  be  a  survival  of  a  similar  practice,  the  social 
duty,  originally  devolving  on  the  daughters  of  the  house, 
obtaining  a  religious  sanction  as  the  service  of  the  per- 
petual flame.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  313. 

Vesta.  An  asteroid  (No.  4)  discovered  by  Gi- 
bers at  Bremen.  March  29. 1807. 

Vesta,  Temple  of.    See  TiroU. 

Vestini  (ves-ti'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  peo- 
ple of  central  Italy,  living  east  of  the  Sabines: 
probably  of  Sabine  affinities.  They  became  allied 
with  the  ilomans  about  300  b.  c,  and  joined  the  Marsi  in 
the  Social  War. 

Vestris,  Madame.  See  Mathews,  Zucia  Elizabeth. 

Vesulus  (ves'u-lus).  The  ancient  name  of- 
Monte  Viso. 

Vesunna  (ve-sun'a).  The  ancient  name  of  P6- 
ri^ieus. 

Vesuvius  (ve-su'vi-us).  Mount.  [L.  Vesuviusj 
It.  resuvioj  F.  Vesuve,  G.  Vestiv.^  The  only  ac- 
tive volcano  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  the 
m  ost  noted  one  in  the  world,  situated  on  the  Bay 
of  Naples,  Italy,  9  miles  east-southeast  of  Na- 
ples. It  has  two  summits  —  the  volcano  proper  (about 
4,200  feet  high),  and  Monte  Somroa  to  the  north (3, 730  feet). 
It  is  now  reached  by  a  wire-rope  railway.  It  was  regarded 
in  ancient  times  as  extinct.  Severe  earthquake  shocks  oc* 
curred  in  63  a.  I>.,  and  the  first  recorded  eruption  in  79^ 
destroying  Pompeii,  Hercnlanenm,  andStabi».  The  most 
destructive  eruption  since  that  time  happened  Dec  1^ 
.1631.  others,  more  or  less  notablev  took  place  in  203, 472, 
512,  685,  1139,  16;il,  1707,  1779,  1794,  1822,  185.%  and  1872. 

Vesuvius,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  near 
Mount  Vesuvius,  about  340  b.  c  by  the  Romans 
under  Manlius  Torquatus  and  Decius  Mus  over 
the  Latin  League. 


Veszpr^m 

VeszpremCvcs'prfimi,  orVeszprim  (ves'prim), 

G.  Weissbrunn  ( vis'bron).  The  capital  of  the 
eouuty  of  Veszprem,  Hungary,  63  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Budapest:  the  seat  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  bishojji'ic.  it  has  a  trade  in  wine  and  Krain. 
It  was  captured  by  Maximilian  in  1490;  liy  the  Hu[iff;iri:ms 
in  14^11 ;  by  tlie  Ciermans  in  1627;  by  tlie  'I'uiks  in  l:>:a  ; 
by  ttie  Cerniaiis  in  1566  ;  by  the  grand  vizir  Sinan  in  l.->94  ; 
by  the  Imperialists  in  1598;  and  by  the  Turlis  again  in 
1005,  wlio  llnally  lost  it  in  1083.    Population  (1S90),  12,665. 

Veta  Madre  (va'ta  mii'dra).  [Sp.,  'mother 
locie,'  (.  e.  ohief  lode.]  A  celebrated  silver  lode, 
or  system  of  lodes,  near  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 
It  is  aliont  8  miles  loritf.  It  was  discovered  in  1558,  and 
numbuMt  calculated  that,  up  to  1800,  it  had  yielded  one 
tlfth  of  the  silver  then  current  in  the  world.  It  has  been 
worked  to  a  great  depth,  and  most  of  tlie  shafts  are  now 
abandoned  owing  to  the  lack  of  drainage-machinery  of 
sutheient  power. 

Vetancurt(va-tan-k6rt'J,  Agustin  de.  Born 
at  Mexico  City,  1620 :  died  there.  1700.  A  Mexi- 
can Franciscan  author.  His  most  important  work 
Is  "Teatro  Mcxicano'  (4  parts  in  2  vols.,  1697-98),  an  eth- 
nographical and  historical  account  of  New  Spain.  lie 
published  many  other  books,  including  biographies,  theo- 
logical treatises,  and  a  grammar  of  the  Nahuatl  language. 
Also  written  Vetancur,  Vetancour,  etc. 

Veterani  Cave  (ve-te-rii'ne  kav).  A  large  cav- 
ern on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  in  southern 
Hungary,  about  12  miles  from  Old  Orsov.n,.  it 
was  defended  for  45  days  against  an  overwhelming  Turk- 
ish force  in  1691  by  Baron  von  Arnau,  at  the  command  of 
Count  Veterani  (whence  its  name). 

Veto  (ve'to),  Madame.  A  sobriquet  given  to 
Marie  Antoinette  during  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. She  is  mentioned  by  this  name  in  "La 
Carmagnole." 

Vetterli  (vet'ter-le),  Friedrich.  Bom  in  the 
canton  of  Thurgau,  Aug.  1.5,  1822:  died  May 
21,  1882.  A  Swiss  inventor,  director  of  the 
manufacture  of  firearms  in  Neuehatel.  His 
magazine-gun  was  adopted  by  Switzerland  in 
1.S68,  and  by  Italy  in  1870. 

Vettern,  Lake.    See  iVcttcm. 

Veuillot  (ve-yo'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Boynes, 
Ijoirct,  France,  Oct.  11,  1813:  died  at  Paris, 
April  7,  1883.  A  French  journalist,  publicist, 
and  author:  leader  of  the  French  Ultramon- 
tanos.  He  was  editor  of  the  Paris  "Univers," 
and  wrote  various  polemical  and  other  works. 

Veules  (vel).  A  watering-place  in  the  depart- 
iiifiit  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  15  miles  west  of  Dieppe. 

Veulettes  (v6-let').  A  watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inf^rieure,  Prance,  on  the 
English  Channel  24  miles  west  of  Dieppe. 

Vevey,  orVevay  (ve-va').  [Q.nris,  h.Fihis- 
(■»(».]  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzer- 
land situated  on  Lake  Geneva,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Veveyse,  12  miles  east-southeast  of  Lau- 
sanne. It  is  a  favorite  resort  of  tourists,  and  is 
noted  for  its  festival  of  vine-dressers.  Popul.a- 
tion  f  1888),  9,571. 

Vexin  (ve-san').  An  ancient  teiTitory  in  nortli- 
em  France,  northwest  of  Paris,  it  was  included 
partly  In  ^o^raandy  (the  Norman  Vexin)  and  partly  in  ile- 
de-France  (the  French  Vexin).  Norman  Vexin  now  forms 
part  of  the  departments  of  Eure  and  .Seine-Inft^rieure :  its 
capital  was  Giaors.  French  Vexin  forms  part  of  the  de- 
partments ol  Oise  and  Seine-et-Oise :  its  capital  was  Pon- 
tolse.  Vexin  was  a  county  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Part 
of  it  was  granted  to  the  Normans  in  912,  and  part  was  at- 
tached tc  the  crown  The  latter  was  definitely  acquired  in 
the  reign  of  Philip  I. 

V6zelay  (vaz-la').  [ML.  Vizcliacus,  Vc:cliacus.'] 
A  small  town  in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
France,  2.5-  miles  south-southeast  of  Auxerro  : 
noted  for  its  abbey,  founded  in  the  9th  century. 
St  Bernard  preached  the  second  Crusade  here  in  1146.  and 
It  was  the  rendezvous  of  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted  ami 
Philip  Augustus  before  starting  for  the  third  Crusade. 

V6z6re  (vil-ziir').  A  riverin  Franco  which  joins 
tl>e  Dordogne  23  miles  south-southeast  of  P6- 
rigueux.    Length,  about  120  miles. 

Via.ffiniilia(v5'iie-iniri-|l).  [L.,'iEmilian'Way.' 
See  the  d(>f.]  An  important  ancient  Roman 
highway,  the  earliest  in  northern  Italy,  con- 
necting Placentia  (Piaeenza)  and  Ariminuin 
(Rimini),  where  it  met  the  Plaminian  Way. 
I.atcr  branches  extended  from  Rimini  to  Bologna,  anil 
thence  to  A(iuileia,  anil  from  Piacenza  to  Pavia,  and  the 
main  road  was  extended  from  Piacenza  to  Milan  and  Aosta. 
The  original  highway  was  built  by  M.  ..Silmilius  Lepidusin 
187  R.  C,  and  is  still  in  use. 

Via  Appia.     See  Appiau  Way. 

Via  Aurelia  (il-re'Ii-il).  [L.,'Aurelian  Way  '] 
One  of  tlio  chief  ancient  Roman  highways,  it 
was  built  toward  the  close  of  the  republic,  exactly  when  Is 
tin  known,  and  extended  from  Rome,  for  the  most  part  along 
the  coast,  to  I'isa,  whence  It  was  continued  along  tlie  Lign- 
riati  shore  to  the  Maritime  Alps,  ami  by  Augustus  was 
caiTled  into  tJanl.  There  are  considerable  renniins  of  the 
road,  notably  along  the  Italian  and  French  Kiviera. 

Via  Cassia (kash'i-ji).  [L.,'Cas8ianWay.']   An 


1035 

ancient  Roman  highway  which  extended  from 
Rome  through  Etruria  to  Ai-retium  (Arcz/.o), 
and  thence  to  Florence  and  Lucca.  It  was  in  ex- 
istence before  the  end  of  the  republic,  but  the  time  of  its 
eonstriiction  is  unktiown. 

ViaClodia(klO'di-ii).  [L.,'ClodianWay.']  An 
aneiciit  Koinan  highway  of  the  time  of  the  re- 
public, extending  though   Etruria   on   a   line 

,  about  jiarallel  with  the  Via  Cassia.  It  was  a 
branch  of  the  Via  Cassiit,  which  it  left  about  10  miles  from 
Rome,  \vhere  its  pavement  still  exists,  and  appears  to  have 
ended  at  .Saturnia,  passing  through  Bracciano  and  Bieda. , 

ViaDolorosa(vi'a  dol-o-ro'sii).  [L.,' Dolorous 
Way.']  A  uiiiiie  given  by  Christians  to  the  road 
fioui  the  Mount  of  Olives  to  Golgotha. 

Via  Egnatia  (cg-na'shi-ii).  An  important  an- 
cient Koinau  military  road,  running  from  the 
coast  of  the  Adriatic  at  D_\Trachiiim  (Durazzo) 
through  IlljT-ia  and  Macedonia  toThessalonica, 
and  thence  by  Philippi  through  Thrace  to  Cyp- 
sela  (modern  Ipsala).  Thcdatcot  itsconstrnction  is 
unknown.  Its  length  was  594  Roman  miles.  There  are 
abundant  remains  of  the  road,  especi;Uly  near  Salonica. 

Via  Flaminia.     fiee  Flaminian  JVay. 

ViaLatina  (la-ti'nii).  [L.,' Latin  Way.']  One 
of  the  great  highways  leaving  ancient  Rome. 
It  ran  to  Casiliniun  (near  Capua),  where  it  united  with  the 
Appian  Way.  A  branch  was  later  carried  from  Teanum 
to  Betuiventnm.  Both  the  Via  Latina  and  the  .\ppian 
Way  left  Rome  by  the  Porta  Capena.  The  Via  Latina  un- 
doubtedly existed  as  a  road  for  a  long  period  before  it  was 
regularly  constructed  and  paved.  The  invading  forces  of 
both  Pyrrhus  and  Hannibal  followed  its  course.  There 
are  extensive  remains,  not  only  of  the  paved  way,  but  of 
the  bordering  tombs  and  monuments. 

Via  Mala  (ve'ji  ma'lii).  A  picturesque  portion 
of  the  road  leading  up  the  valley  of  the  Hinter 
Rhein,  immediately  south  of  Tusi,  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland.  It  traverses  a  deep  and 
narrow  chasm. 

Viana  (ve-a'na).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Navarre,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro  op- 
posite Logrouo.  Near  here  Cesare  Borgia  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  1507. 

Via  Ostiensis  (vi'ii  os-ti-en'sis).  [L..'Ostian 
Way.']  The  ancient  highway  from  Rome  to 
Ostia.  It  followed  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber, 
cutting  across  the  larger  bends  of  the  river. 

Via  Portuensis  (p6r-tu-en'sis).  The  ancient 
highway  from  Rome  to  the  new  imperial  seaport 
PortusTrajani.  Its  course,  which  can  still  be  followed, 
is  .'diuig  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber. 

ViaPraenestina  (pren-es-ti'na).  [L.,'  Prn>nes- 
tiuo  Way.']  A  very  ancient  highway  from  Rome 
through  Gabii  to  Prajneste  (Palestrina), whence 
it  was  continued  to  join  the  Via  Latina  at 
Anagnia.     There  are  interesting  remains. 

Viardot  (vyar-do'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Dijon,  July 
31,  1800:  liied  at  Paris,  May  .5,  1883.  A  French 
author.  He  studied  law  at  Paris,  became  a  journalist, 
and  was  manager  of  the  Th&itre  Italien  1838-41.  With 
George  Sand  and  Pierre  Leroux  he  founded  in  1841  the 
"Revue  Ind^pendante."  He  wrote  ''  Histoire  des  Arabes 
et  des  Maures  d'Esp.agne"  (1861),  etc. 

Viardot-Garcia  (vyiir-do'^giir-the'ii),  Michele 
Ferdinande  Pauline.  Born  at  Paris,  July  18, 
1821 .  A  not  cd  French  opera-singer  and  actress, 
daughter  of  Manuel  Garcia,  sister  of  Malibran, 
and  wife  of  L.  Viardot.  Her  voice  is  a  mezzo-soprano. 
She  was  a  pupil  of  her  mother  and  of  Liszt  (for  the  piano), 
and  made  hur  first  iippearanee  as  a  singer  at  Brussels  in 
ISOT.  In  1.H49  she  created  theiiartof  Kidi'S  in  Meyerbeer's 
"  Prophete,"  which  she  sang  more  than  two  hundred  times 
in  all  the  great  cities  of  KiiTojie.  Among  her  other  rrtles 
are  Rahel  ("  T.a  .luive  *').  orphee  In  Cluck's  opera  of  that 
mime  (the  part  was  lesforeii  to  the  contralto  register,  for 
which  it  was  written,  by  lierlioz),  Alceste,  Itesdcmona, 
Norma,  f'enerenfola.  Itniiieo,  Lucia,  Azncena,  Zerllna,  and 
many  others.  .Slie  retired  from  the  operatic  stage  in  lHfl;t, 
and  has  sirn-e  sung  oidy  in  concerts.  Since  1871  she  has 
lived  in  Paris,  and  haajliven  her  time  to  teaching.  She 
has  published  snngs,  etc.  Her  three  daughters  and  a  siui 
are  all  mnsieians, 

Viareggio  ( ve-ii-rcd'jo).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lucca,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean 14  miles  north-northwest  of  Visa.  It  is  a 
frei|uented  W!itering-pla«e.  Population  (1881), 
10,190;  commune,  12,73.5. 

Via  Salaria  (vi'll  sa-hi'ri-ji).  One  of  the  most 
celelirntid  of  ancient  Roman  highwavs.  It  ran 
from  Rome  nji  the  Tiber  valley  to  Heat  e(Riell),t)ien  crossed 
the  Apennines  and  deseelideil  the  valley  of  the  Tnuito,  |)a»t 
Ascoli,  to  Castrum  Truentlnuni  on  the  Adriatic.  Here  It 
branched,  one  road  rinuilng  north  to  Aneona  and  the  other 
south  to  Adria.  The  dat.>  of  this  highway  Is  unknown  :  it 
Is  undoubtedly  very  old.  ami  existed  iwn  route  long  before 
it  was  bnllt  as  a  jinblie  work. 

Viatka.    See  I'l/dii.n. 

Viau  (vyo),  Th6ophile  de.  Bom  near  Agon, 
France,  b'lOO:  died  at  I'liris.  1620.  A  French 
poet,  lie  wrote  the  tragedy  "  I'yrame  et  Tlilsbi>  "  0617), 
and  for  his  part  In  the  authoi-shlp  of  "  rannisse  .Hatirhine  " 
(162'.?)  was  condennied  to  death  His  sentence  was  com- 
muted to  ImnlshmenL  Ills  complete  works  wore  published 
In  1856. 

Viaud  (vyo),  Louis  Marie  Julien:  pseudonym 


Vichy 

Pierre  Loti.  Born  at  Rochefort,  Charento- 
IiilVriiiirc.  .Tan.  14,  1850.  A  French  novelist 
He  was  admitted  to  the  French  training-ship  Borda  in 
1.S67,  traveled  extensively,  and  took  i)art  in  several  cam- 
paigns. His  comrades  nicknamed  him  Li;>ti  after  an  Indian 
tlower.  His  novels  are  largely  exotic  in  their  subject-mat- 
ter, and  reveal  forcibly  the  author's  keen  poetic  instinct 
and  ideality.  Loti's  works  include  "Aziyade"  (1879), 
"  Karahu  :  idylle  polynesienne,"  the  reprint  of  which  waa 
entitled  "Le  niariage  de  Loti"  (1880),  "  Le  roman  d'un 
Sjiahi  "  (ISsl),  "  neurs  d'ennui,"  '  Pasquala  Ivnovitch," 
".suleiina"  (1882),  ".Mon  frere  Yves  '  (1>S3),  "l.cs  trois 
dames  de  la  Kasbah  "(18S4),  "Pecheur  d'Islande  "  (1886), 
'•Madame  Chrysantheme,"  **  Propos  d'exil  "  (1887),  *'.ra- 
poneries  d'autonuie"  (1889).  Of  late  years  he  has  also 
written  "An  Maroe.""I.e  roman  dun  enfant,"  and  "  Le 
livre  de  la  pitie  et  de  la  mort";  and  his  most  recent  pub- 
lications are  "Fantome  d'Orient"  (18i»2)  and  "Matelot" 
(1893).  In  1891  he  was  elected  by  the  French  Acade:uy 
to  fill  the  seat  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Octave  Feuillet 

Via  Valeria  (\i'a  va-le'ri-ii).  [L.,' Valerian 
Way.']  Oneof  the  principal  liighways of  ancient 
Rome.  It  continued  the  Via  Tiburtina,  which  led  from 
Rome  to  Tibur  (Tivoli),  to  Lake  Fucinns  and  the  Marsic 
teiTitory,  ami  was  afterward  extended  to  the  Adriatic  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Aternus.  The  time  of  its  construction 
as  far  as  Cerfeiuna,  near  modern  Coll'  Amieno.  on  Lake 
Fucinns,  is  unknown  ;  its  continuation  through  the  Apen- 
idnes  at  Mons  Imeus,  and  in  the  Aternus  valley,  was  built 
by  Claudius.  .Many  portions  of  the  roadway  survive,  with 
the  ancient  mile-stones  and  other  remains. 

Vibert  (ve-bar').  Jehan  Georges.    Bom  at 

Paris,Sept.  30, 1840:  diedtUcic,  July  27, 1902,  A 
French  genre-painter  and  writer,  a  pupil  ofBar- 
rias  and  Picot.  Among  his  works  are  "  Entry  of  Bnll- 
Fighters"  (with  Zainacois,  1867),  "  Cotiuelin  as  Masca- 
rille"  (1874),  "Grasshopper  and  Ant"  (1875),  "Monsei- 
gneiir'sAnteehanilier"(1876),  "The  Despair  of  Polichinelle" 
(1H92),  "The  Arrival"  (1886),  "The  Apotheosis  of  M. 
Tillers" (1878),  "Committee  on  Moral  Books  "  (New  York), 
"  I'heologieal  Discussion"  (New  York):  many  others  ate 
in  the  United  .States.  In  1879-80  he  exhibited  only  in  the 
exhibitions  of  the  French  Water-color  Society,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  founders.  He  wrote  a  number  of  short 
plays,  monologues,  etc.,  and  also  published  "  La  science 
de  lapeinture"  (1891). 

Viborg,  or  Wiborg  (ve'borg).  A  laen  in  south- 
eastern Finland.  Area.  1(3,627  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  351.600. 

Viborg,  or  Wiborg  (ve'borg).  A  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  the  laen  of  Viborg,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Viborg  85  miles  northwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 
It  exports  timber.  The  town  was  taken  by  the  Russiaiis 
in  1709.  It  contains  a  castle  built  in  1293.  Population 
(18i»0),  20,:i48. 

Viborg  (ve'boro).  An  amt  in  the  central  part 
of  Jutland,  Denmark.     Population,  100,783. 

Viborg  (ve'borG ).  A  town  in  Jutland.  Denmark, 
in  lat  56°  27'  N. :  probably  the  oldest  town  in 
Jutland.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  spacious  Romanesque 
basilica  of  the  12th  century,  thoroughly  restored  since 
186;J.  It  is  btiilt  entirely  of  granite,  with  good  architec. 
tural  details,  notably  a  beautiful  chevet.  The  very  Inter- 
esting crypt  is  entirely  of  the  original  constnictlon.  Popu- 
lation, 8,:»2. 

Vicar  of  Bray,  The.  A  well-known  song  writ- 
ten by  an  oflicir  in  the  British  army  in  the  reign 
of  (Jeorge  I.      Sec  Jlrtij/. 

Vicar  of  Wakefield,  The.  A  novel  by  Gold- 
smith, published  in  17(56:  so  called  from  its 
chief  character,  Dr.  Primrose.  In  1886  ninety-sir 
editions  had  been  published.  It  has  been  several  times 
dnnnatlzed  (by  W.  U.  Wills  (1878)  as  "Ollria"). 

Vicente  (ve-sen'tii),  Gil.  Bom  about  1470:  died 
ir)37(?).    A  Portuguese  author.   He  wrote  pastorals 
and  jilays  for  the  Portuguese  court  after  1.50*2.     His  works 
In  Portuguese  and  Spanish  include  comedies,  farces,  autos, 
and  tragicomedies. 
Vicenza  (ve-chent'zii).     [L.  Vicctia,  ML.  Vicrn- 
ti(i.'\     The  capital  of  the  province  of  Vicenza, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Bacchiglione,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Retrone,  in  lat.  45°  33'  N.,  long. 
11°  32'  E.    It  has  consldenible  trade,  and  important  silk 
ntannfactures  ;  and  is  noted  for  Its  bullditigs  by  Palladlu 
ami  others.     The  cathedral  is  a  stiucture  of  the  l:ub  cen- 
tury, with  later  altenttlons.     The  nave  Is  of  t'<0  feet  span, 
ami  there  are  no  aisles;  the  raised  choir  is  approached  by 
a  tine  flight  of  steps.    The  Renaissance  door  on  the  nortn 
side  Is  by  Palladio,  the  lofty  dome  by  OInllo  Romano,  The 
campaidle  Is  of  the  l:tth  century,  on  a  Ronuin  fouiulatliui. 
VIcenzu  was  ndeil  by  the  l>ella  Scala  fiunily  ami  others 
from  the  time  of  the  emperor  Henry  VIl.;  passed  to  \'en- 
ice  about  1404;  revolted  against  Austria  in  1848;  and  ea- 
pilnlat.-d  to  Radetzky  .lune  11,  1H4N.     Pop.  (18112),  4(l,IHK) 
Vicenza.     A  province  in  the  conipartiinento  of 
N'lriid  in,  Italy.  Area.  1,052  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulalioii  (1S!)2).  4:!6,n-W- 
Vicenza,  Duke  of.     S(>e  Caulainmurt. 
Vich,  or  Vique  (vek).     A  town  in  the  province 
of  Barcelona,  Spain,  38  miles  north  of  Barce- 
lona: the  aneieiit  Ansa,  later  Ausona.    It  has  a 
cathedral   and  tlMiirishliig  manufactures      In  7l:<  II  «a» 
destroyeil  by  the  Arabs,  and  was  rebuilt  by  the  Franks  of 
the  .Spanish  JIareh  In  798.     On  Feb.  19, 1810,  It  was  unsuc- 
cessfully assaidted   by  the  Spaniards  under  O'Donnell. 
Population  (1887),  11,640. 
Vichy  (vc-sho').    \)i.Vicus  Calidun;  i\\»o  Aquie 
Cdliiln:  hot   sjirings.]     A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  depart ment  of  Allior,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Allier  32  miles  south  by  east  of 


Vichy 


1036 


Moulins.    It  has  been  celebrated  since  Roman  times    cended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
for  its  mineral  springs  (Grande  Grille,  Piiits-i'arr^.  L'H6-     Humbert.  July  29    1900 

pital,  etc.).  and  is  the  most  frequented  natering-place  in  TT;_i__i„    ,',^1,  J  a',.;  a  \       i,,  -p„„„„   , ,n.„i    

France.     Population  (1S.91),  commone,  10.870.  Victoria  ^vik-ton-a).     Ill  Roman  mythology, 

—  ■■  -        —     __  (Ijg  personmeation  of  victory. 

Victoria:  full  name  Alexandrina  Victoria 
(al-eg-zan-dri'na  vik-to'ri-a).  Born  at  London, 
May  24,  1819:  died  at  Osborne  House,  Isle  of 
Wight,  Jan.  22,  1901.  Queen  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  Empress  of  India.  She  was  the 
only  child  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  fourth  son  of  George  III., 
and  was  educated  under  the  direction  of  her  mother  and 
of  the  Duchess  of  Northumberland.  On  the  death  of 
William  IV.,  the  third  son  of  George  III.,  she  succeeded 
to  the  throne,  June  20,  1837;  was  crowned  June  28,  1838; 
and  married  Albert,  prince  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  (who 
died  Dec.  14,  1861),  Feb.  10, 1840.  Her  favorite  residences 
were  Balmoral  Castle  (in  the  Highlands  of  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland),  Osborne  (Isle  of  'Wight),  and  Windsor.  She 
assumed  the  title  of  Empress  of  India  in  1877.  ITie  jubi- 
lee of  her  reign  was  celebrated  in  1887,  and  her  diamond 
jubilee  (60  years)  in  1,S97.  (For  the  leading  events  in  her 
reign,  see  England.)  She  was  author  in  part  of  "  Leaves 
from  the  Journal  of  Our  Life  in  the  Highlands "  (1868), 
-■^  "More  Leaves  from  tlie  Journal  of  a  Life  in  the 


Vicinal  Way  O'is'i-nal  wa).  [L.  Via  Viciiialis, 
a  field  road  used  in  common.]  An  old  Roman 
road  by  which  produce  was  brought  fi'om  the 
farms  of  Essex  to  London.  At  first  it  left  the  city 
with  Ermyn  Street  at  Bishopsgate,  later  at  Aldgate  when 
Bow  Bridge  was  built.  From  Bishopsgate  it  ran  eastward 
to  Durolitum  (now  Romford)  in  Esse.x ;  nest  to  Ciesaro- 
m-igus (now Chelmsford);  thence  to Canonium  (now  Kelve- 
don)  on  the  river  Paut ;  and  thence  to  Camulodunum,  the 
tirst  Roman  colonia  (now  Colchester).  The  road  crossed 
IJie  Stour  at  Ad  Ansem  (now  Stratford),  and  thence  ran 
through  Combretonium,  near  Woodbridge,  to  Sitomagus 
(now  Dunwich)  on  the  coast,  and  terminated  at  Venta  of 
the  Iceni  (now  CaistorX  near  Norwich.  From  JS'orwich  a 
direct  road  ran  to  Cambridge. 

Vicksburg  (viks'berg).  The  capital  of  Warren 
County,  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  32°  23'  N.  it  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
State,  and  is  the  chief  place  on  the  river  between  Mem- 
phis and  New  Orleans.  It  has  import.int  manufactures 
and  a  large  export  of  cotton.  It  was  of  great  strategic 
importance  in  the  first  part  of  the  Civil  War.  and  an  on: 
successful  att-empt  to  capture  it  was  made  by  Sherman  at 
the  close  of  1862.    tyrant's  advance  on  Vicksburg  from  the  Victoria. 


south  and  east  began  in  AprU,  1863.  Federal  victories 
were  gained  at  Port  Gibson  .May  1.  Raymond  May  12, 
Jackson  May  14,  Champion's  Hill  May  16,  and  Big  Black 
May  17,  over  the  Confederates  under  Johnston  and  Pern- 
berton.  Vicksburg  was  invested  May  18 ;  unsuccessful 
assaults  were  made  May  19  and  22 ;  and  the  Confederates 
(30.(XH3,  under  Pemberton)  surrendered  July  4, 1863.  Pop- 
ulation (1900).  14.,a34. 

Vico  (ve'ko),  Francesco  de.  Bom  at  Mace- 
rata,  Italy,  1805:  died  18-18.  An  Italian  astron- 
omer. He  made  observations  of  Venus  and  of 
Saturn's  rings,  and  discovered  several  comets. 


and 

Highlands"  (1884).     She  supervised  the  preparation  of 

lives  of  the  Prince  Consort    by  0.  Grey  and  Theodore 

Martin. 

A  state  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia.  Capital,  Melbourne.  It  is  bounded  by 
New  South  Wales  (largely  separated  by  Murray  River)  on 
the  north,  the  ocean  on  the  south,  and  South  Anstnilia  on 
the  west.  It  is  very  rich  in  gold,  and  has  many  sheep; 
the  chief  exports  are  wool,  gold,  live  stock,  wheat,  and  flour. 
Victoriahas37  counties.  Its  governor  is  appointed  bythe 
crown,  and  is  aided  by  a  cabinet.  There  is  a  parliament 
of  two  chambers — the  Legislative  Council  and  Legislative 
Assembly  (both  elected)'.  It  was  first  settled  in  1835; 
formed  at  first  a  part  of  New  South  Wales  (and  was  called 
the  Port  Phillip  District) ;  and  was  made  a  separate  colony 
in  1851.  Gold  was  discovered  in  1851.  .\rea,  87,884  square 
njjles.     Population  (1894),  estimated,  1.172,144. 


Vico,  Giovanni  Battista.    Bom  at  Naples,  V  rtori^    The  cap  alof  B^^^^^  .it 

1668:  died_  Jan   21,  1744.     .4b  Italian  philoso-  Vl^om.  ,  T^^^^X^^l^f^"*^^!' Col^^^^^^^ 


pher  and  jurist,  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Na- 
ples and  historiographer  royal.  His  chief  works 
are  "  Principii  d' una  scienza  nuova,  etc"  (172.5).  "Dean- 
tiquissima  Italorum  sapientia  "  (1710),  "De  universi  juris 
uno  principio  et  fine  uno  "  (1720). 
ViC(l  d'Azyr  (vek'da-zer'),  Felix.    Bom  1748:  Victoria  (ve- to 're -a).    A  seaport,  capital  of 


part 
Island,  on  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  in  lat. 
48°  2.5'  X. ,  long.  123°  23'  W.  It  was  formerly  a 
post  of  the  Hudson  Bav  Companv.     Population 

(1901),  20.816. 


died  1794.     A  French  comparative  anatomist 
and  physiologist. 
Victor  (vik'tor)^!.   [L., 'conqueror.']  Bishop  of 


the  state  of  Espirito  Santo,  Brazil,  situated  on 
the  Bav  of  Espirito  Santo  in  lat.  20°  19'  S. 
long.  40°  20'  W.     Population,  about  6.000. 


Rome  about  187-200  A.  D.  He  excommunicated  Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a).  The  capital  of  Hong- 
the  Monarchian  Theodotus.  kong,  situated  on  the  northwestern  coast. 

Victor  II.  (Grebhard).  Pope  1057-59.  He  en-  Victoria  (vek-t6're-a).  The  capital  of  the  state 
deavored  to  suppress  simony  and  the  marriage  of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  about  lat.  23°  45'  X. 
of  priests.  Population  (1889),  about  8.000. 

Victor  III.  (Desiderius).  Pope  1086-87.  He  Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a).  A  British  armored  battle- 
was  earlier  abbot  of  Monte  Cassino.  ship  (tonnage,  10,400;  indicated  horse-power, 

Victor     IV.     (Gregorio     Conti).      .Antipope,    12,000)sunkbycollisionoflETripoli,  Svria,  June 


chosen  in  1138  in  opposition  to  Innocent  II. 
Victor  IV.  (Octa^vianus  or  Octa'Tius).    Anti- 
pope,  chosen  in  1159  in  opposition  to  Alexan- 
der HI. 


22, 1893.  Itwastheflag-shipof  Vice--AdmiralSirGeorge 
Tryon,  and  was  lost  in  manceuvering  through  orders  issued 
by  him  which  led  to  its  being  rammed  by  a  companion 
vessel,  the  Camperdown.  The  admirfd  and  338  officers 
and  men  were  drowned. 


Victor  Amadeus  (vik'tor  am-a-de'us  )  I.  Duke  Victoria.    An  asteroid  (No.  12)  discovered  by 

of  Savoy  1630-37.  Hind  at  London,  Sept.  13,  1850. 

Victor  Amadeus  n.  (as  King  of  Sardinia.  Vic-  Victoria  (vek-to're-a),  Guadalupe  (Juan  Felix 


tor  Amadeus  I.).  Born  1666:  died  17.32.  Duke 
of  Savoy  and  King  of  Sardinia.  He  succeeded  to 
the  duchy  in  1675 ;  sided  with  the  Allies  in  the  wars 
against  France ;  received  Sicily  in  1713 ;  ceded  Sicily  to 
Austria  in  1720,  and  received  Sardinia  in  exchange;  as- 
sumed the  title  of  king  of  Sardinia ;  and  abdicated  in  1730, 

Victor  Amadeus  HI.  (as  King  of  Sardinia. 
Victor  Amadeus  II.).  Bom  1726:  died  1796. 
Duke  of  Savoy  and  King  of  Sardinia,  son  of 
Charles  Emmanuel  HI.  He  reigned  1773-96, 
and  lost  Nice,  Savoy,  and  places  in  Piedmont 
to  France. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel )  (e-man'ii-el) 
I.  Born  17.39:  died  1824.  King  of  Sardinia 
1802-21,  son  of  Victor  Amadeus  III.  He  mledat 
first  in  Sardinia,  but  received  Nice,  Savoy,  Piedmont,  and 
Genoa  1814-15.     He  abdicated  in  1S21. 

Victor  Emmanuel  ("r  Emanuel)  11.,  King  of 
Sardinia  (as  King  of  Italy.  Victor  Emmanuel  I.). 
[It.  nttorio  Emanudc.']  Bom  at  Turin,  March 
14,  1820:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  9,  1878.     He  was 


Fernandez).  Born  in  Durango,  1789:  died  at 
Perote,  March  21,  1843.  A  Mexican  general 
and  politician.  Be  was  prominent  on  the  patriot  side 
during  the  war  for  independence,  and  adopted  the  name 
Guadalupe  Victoria  to  commemorate  a  victory  over  the 
Spaniards.  After  assisting  in  the  overthrow  of  Iturbide, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  provisional  government,  March, 
1823, -Oct.,  1824;  was  the  candidate  of  the  federalists  in 
the  ensuing  election  ;  and  was  first  president  of  Mexico, 
Oct  10, 1824,  to  April  1, 1829.  There  were  revolts  in  1828- 
1829. 

Victoria,  La.  One  of  the  vessels  composing 
the  squadron  of  Magalhaes,  1519-21.  she  w.as  the 
only  one  to  return  to  Europe  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
and  was  thus  the  first  vessel  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 
(See  Cano,  Sebastian  del.)  Subsequently  she  was  used  in 
two  voyages  to  the  West  Indies,  and  was  lost  while  return- 
ing from  the  second  one.  The  Victoria  was  of  about  90 
tons  burden,  and  carried  45  men. 
Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a),  or  Alexandrina  (al-eg- 
zan-dri'na).  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  Mur- 
ray River,  Australia,  at  its  mouth, 
the  son  of  Charles  Albert,  king  of  Sardinia ;  Victoria  Bridge.  A  tubular  iron  bridge  built 
served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Goito  across  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Montreal  by 
in  1848,  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1848-49  ;  and  Robert  Stephenson  in  1854-59.  In  1898  it  was 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Novara  March  23,  replaced  bv  the  Victoria  Jubilee  Bridge. 
1849,  on  the  evening  of  which  day  he  succeeded  Victoria  Cave.  A  cave  near  Settle,  in  York- 
to  the  throne  of  Sardinia  by  the  abdication  of    shire,  England. 

his  father.     In  1852  he  made  Cavour  his  chief  political  Victoria  Embankment.     See  names Embanl-- 

adviser,  m  accordance  with  whose  policy  he  supported  '^"Y'^*"'  j^^^uu,iij^^^^^%i, 

France  and  Great  Britain  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  idlied  ~^'!      .      ■,   n          .                                »       rr 

himself  with  France  against  Austria  in  1;59  (see  Italian  Victoria   Falls.     A  cataract   of  the    Zambesi 

irnro/lSS9).    He  received  Lombardy  from  Austria  in  1859,  River,  about  lat.  17°  55'  S..  long.  26°  32'  E.     It 

and  ill  1860  annexed  Tuscany,  Parma.  -Modena,  theEoma-  js  one  of  the  grandest  waterfalls  in  the  worid.    Height, 

gna.the'Tn-oSicilies,  the  Marches,  and  Umbria.   He  ceded  aboutsoofeet.  Width,  about  1,000  yards.   It  was  first  seen 

^avoy  and  Nice  to  France  m  1860 ;  assumed  the  title  "'king  by  Livingstone  in  1855 

of  Italy  "in  1861:  and  .allied  himself  with  Prussia  against  Virtnria    T.ato       A   Inrce  InVe  in   the    Pamir 

Austria  in  1866.  as  a  result  of  wfiich  he  received  the  cession  *  ICloria,   ijaKC.     A  large  laise  in  t  De    ±-amir. 

of  Venetia  from  the  latter  country.     The  complete  union  central  Asia,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Amu- 

of  Italy  was  eflected  by  the  occupation  of  Rome  in  1870.  Daria.     Elevation,  about  14.000  feet. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel)  III.  Born  at  Victoria  Land.  1.  Aland  in  the  arctic  regions, 
Naples,  Nov.  11,  1869.     King  of  Italv.     He  as-     about  lat.  70°  N.,  southeast  of  Prince  Albert 


Vidal 

Land  and  east  of  WoUaston  Land.— 2.  A  land 
in  the  antarctic  regions,  about  lat.  71°-79°  S. : 
discovered  by  Ross  in  1841. 

Victoria  Nyanza  (ui-an'za).  A  great  lake  of 
equatorial  Africa,  the  source  of  the  Nile,  which, 
between  Victoria  Nyanza  and  Albert  Nvanza,' 
has  been  named  the  Somerset  Nile,  it  is" crossed 
in  its  northern  part  by  the  equator.  The  Nile  stream 
•  issues  about  centrally  £roni  the  north.  Area,  about  30,000 
square  miles.  Elevation,  3,880  feet.  It  was  discovered 
by  Speke  in  1858,  and  was  visited  bv  Grant,  Stanley  and 
others. 

Victoria  Strait.  A  sea  passage  in  the  arctic 
regions,  between  King  'William  Island  on  the 
east  and  Victoria  Land  on  the  west. 

Victoria  To'wer.  The  tall  tower  on  the  Houses  of 
Parliament,  London.  See  Parliament,  Housesof. 

Victor-Perrin  (vek-tor'pe-raii').  Claude,  Duke 
of  Belluno.  Born  atLamarche,  Vosges,  France, 
Dec.  7,  1764:  died  at  Paris,  March  1,  1841.  A 
French  marshal.  He  served  as  chief  of  battalion  at 
Toulon  in  1793 ;  became  brigadier-general  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  army  of  the  East  PyTcnees  near  the  end  of  the 
year;  took  part  intheearlyltalian  campaigns,  becoming  a 
general  of  division  in  1797  ;  commanded  in  Vendee  ;  fought 
at  Marengo  in  1800  ;  was  ambassador  to  Denmark  in  1805; 
became  a  marshal  for  his  part  in  the  victory  of  Friedland 
in  1807 ;  was  made  duke  of  Belluno  after  the  peace  of  Tilsit, 
and  was  for  a  time  governor  of  Berlin  ;  received  command 
of  the  1st  army  corps  in  .^pnin  in  1808 :  gained  various  suc- 
cesses, but  was  defeated  by  Wellington  atTalavera ;  guard- 
ed the  French  retreat  at  the  Beresina  in  1812 ;  served  in 
the  campaigns  of  1813-14  ;  and  was  minister  of  war  1821-2a 

Victory  (vik'to-ri).  A  British  line-of-battle 
ship  of  100  guns'.  She  was  the  flag-ship  of  Vice- Admiral 
Lord  Howe  before  Toulon  and  Corsica  1793-94 :  the  flag- 
ship of  Sir  John  Jervis  in  action  with  the  Spanish  fleet  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  Feb.  14,  1797 ;  and  the  flag-ship  of  Vice- 
Admiral  Lord  Nelson  at  IVafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1805. 

Victory.  A  fine  Greco-Roman  statue  in  bronze, 
larger  than  life,  in  the  Museo  Antieo  at  Brescia. 
The  figure  is  winged,  clad  in  light  and  rich  drapery,  and 
is  in  the  act  of  writing  on  a  shield  held  in  the  left  hand 
and  supported  on  the  l^ised  left  knee.  It  is  assigned  to 
the  1st  century  A.  I>. 

Victory,  Wingless,  Temple  of.    See  J\'ii-e  Ap- 

terns. 
Victory  Loosing  her  Sandal.  A  famous  relief 
from  the  balustrade  of  the  Temple  of  Wing- 
less Victory,  now  in  the  Acropolis  Museum. 
Athens,  it  dates  from  the  early  part  of  the  fourth 
century  B.  c. 

Victory  of  LepantO,  The.  A  memorial  picture 
byPa(5oVeronese,intheSaladelCollegioofthe 
ducal  palace  at  Venice.  The  future  doge,  Sebastian 
Venier,  kneels  before  the  descending  Saviour,  to  whom  he 
is  recommended  by  St.  Miu-k  and  St.  Justina.  To  the  left 
is  a  figure  of  Faith,  and  behind  is  Barbarigo  with  the  vic- 
torious banners. 

Victory  of  Samothrace.  One  of  the  greatest 
art  monuments  of  antiquity,  found  in  Samo- 
thrace inl863,andnowin  the  Louvre.  Paris.  The 
colossal  winged  figure  (of  which  the  head  has  been  lost) 
stands,  with  full  drapery  blown  by  the  wind,  on  the  prow 
of  a  trireme.  The  work  is  of  Hellenistic  date. 

Vicvma  Mackenna  (ve-kou'ya  mak-ka'na), 
Benjamin.  Bom  at  Santiago.  Aug.  25,  1831: 
died  on  his  estate  of  Santa  Rosa  de  (?olmo.  Jan. 
25,  1886.  A  Chilean  historian.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  revolts  of  1851,  and  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country, 
traveling  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  until  185ti.  when 
he  was  allowed  to  return.  He  engaged  in  journalism,  but 
was  again  banished  1858-63 ;  was  elected  to  Congress 
1S(>4;  and  was  special  envoy  to  Peru  and  the  United  States 
1865-67.  In  1875  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  liberal  party 
for  the  presidency.  His  works,  which  are  numerous,  relate 
mainly  to  the  history  of  Chile :  they  are  written  in  pop- 
ular style,  but  are  generally  very  accurate.  Among  the 
best-known  are  "El  Ostracismo  de  los  Carreras"  (1857)^ 
'*  Historia  de  la  revolucion  del  Peru  "  (1860), "  El  tlstracismo 
del  general  O'Higgins  "  (1860),  *'  Historia  de  la  administra. 
cion  Montt "  (1862),  "  Historia  de  Chile  "  (1868),  and  " Cam- 
panas  de  Arica  y  Tacna  "  (1880). 

Vida  (ve'da),  Marco  Girolamo.  Bom  at  Cre- 
mona, Italy,  about  1480:  died  Sept.  27.  1566. 
An  Italian  Latin  poet.  He  was  made  by  Leo  X 
prior  in  Frascati.  and  by  Clement  VIL  in  1532  bishop  of 
Alba.  His  Latin  poems  include  the  religious  epic  ''Chris- 
tias"  (in  6  books,  1535),  "De  arte  poetica  "  (1537),  "De 
bombyce  "  (1527 :  on  silk-culture),  "i)e  lado  scacchorum" 
(1527 ;  on  chess),  etc. 

Vidal  (ve-dal'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Toulouse: 
flourished  about  1175-1215.  A  Provencal  trou- 
badour. He  uecompanied  Richard  the  Lion- 
Hearted  to  Cyprus  in  1190. 

Pierre  Vidal  of  Toulouse,  a  troubadour  who  followed 
King  Richard  to  the  third  Crusade,  was  no  less  celebrated 
for  his  extravagant  actions  than  for  his  poetical  talents. 
Love  and  vanity,  amongst  the  poets,  seem  by  turns  to  as- 
sume such  an  empire  over  the  feelings  as  almost  to  shake 
the  reason.  None,  however,  have  been  known  to  display 
more  perfect  madness  than  Pierre  Vidal.  Persuaded 
that  he  was  beloved  by  every  lady.and  that  he  was  the 
bravest  of  all  knights,  he  was  the  Quixote  of  poetry.  His 
ridiculous  amoars,  and  his  extravagant  rhodomontades, 
heightened  by  the*  treacherous  pleas-antries  of  pre- 
tended friends,  led  him  into  the  strangest  errors.  During 
the  Crusade  he  was  pei-suaded  at  Cyprus  to  many  a 
Greek  lady  who  asserted  that  she  was  allied  to  one  of  the 
families  which  had  filled  the  throne  of  Constantinople; 


Vidal 


1037 


Vilaine 


and  this  circumstance  furnished  him  with  sufficient 
grounds  for  believing  that  he  was  himself  entitled  to  the 
purple.  Sisinondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  1.  136. 

Vidar  Cve'dar).  In  Norse  mythology,  a  power- 
ful god,  son  of  Odin  and  the  giantess  Grid. 

Vidaurri  (ve-THonr're),  Santiago.  Bom  in 
Jlexico  about  1803:   execnted  in  the  eitv  of 


Ionian  Islands  .  _ 

former  dj-nasties  in  fipain,  Naples,  Tuscany,  and  Modena. 

Vienna,  Sieges  of.  1.  An  unsucoessful  siege  bv 

tlie  Tiu-ks  under  Sultan  Solyman  in  1529 :  the 

„ „     citydefendedby  Von  Salm.— 2.  A  siege  by  the 

Mexico,  July  8,  1867.     A  Mexican  generai"and     Turks  unrler  Kara  Mtistaiihn  in  1G8.3.    Vienna  was 
politician.     He  was  a  member  of  the  govern-     :''^^f«'?.<'<^'l  ''.v  .R'|'.''.<-'e''  """  st-"hemlitr>.'.    It  wag  relieved 
ment  of  Maximilian,  and  was  condemned  as  a 
traitor. 

Vidocq  (ve-dok'),  Francois  Eugfene.    Born  at  Vienna,  Treaties  of.   1.  A  treaty  signed  Nov. 

Arras,   France,  July  'Si,  1775:  died  at  Paris,  18,  1738,  ratif\-ing  the  preliminaries  signed  Oct. 

May,   1857.     A  French  detective   and  adven-  3,173.5.     It  ended  the  War  of  the  Polish  Succession, 

turer.      in  early  life  he  was  a  soldier  and  thief;  wassev-  Austria  ceded  the  kingdom  of  the  Two , Sicilies  aa  a  secun- 

eral  times  imprisoned  ;  became  connected  with  the  Pju-is  dogeniture  to  Don  Carlos  of  Spain,  and  received  the  duchies 

police  as  a  detective  in  18ui) ;  and  resigned  as  chief  of  the  of  Parma  and  Piacenza;  .Stanislaus  renounced  Poland  and 

detective  force  in  1825.     In  1832  he  started  a  private  de-  received  I/in-a:' 


of  Dutch  Ouiana,  Mauritius.  Tobago,  Malta,  Helgoland.     Iceland,  March  13,  1827 :  died  at  Oxford,  Jan.  31. 
etc.;  the  establishment  of  a  Bplish  protectorate  over  the      icuo       a  T,'.^^of^  r>o,iii.l.  ,,l>il«l^^->    «  i,t..,l„«*  „t 
the  restoration  o(  the  Bourbons  and  other     Ir  \     .  ""'ed  Danish  philologist,  a  student  of 

the  Icelandic  language  and  literature:  lector 
in  Icelandic  at  Oxford  from  1884.    He  com- 
pleted Cleasby's  "  Icelandic-English  Diction- 
ary" (1869-74). 
Vigil,  Francisco  de  Paula  Gonzalez.    See 

(i<iii:(ili:  I'li/il. 

l>yaGerman-I'„lisiiarmyunderS()i)ieak"iandCharles,dukc  Vigilant  (vi'j'i-lant).    A  center-board  sloop  se- 
of  Lorrame,  who  defeated  the  Turks  liefbre  the  city  Sept.      '      •     ■■      ■    ■•       ■■■•       ■  •      •  .       r  . 

12,  itisa. 


lected  to  defend  the  America's  cup  against  the 
Valkyrie.  She  won  three  races,  Oct  5, 9,  and  IS,  1893.  In 
July,  1894,  she  went  to  (ireat  Itritain  for  the  racing  season, 
in  which  she  was  unsuccessful.  Her  racing  length  for  the 
America's  cup  was  93.31  feet;  height  of  topmast,  56.bS; 
load  water-line.  8i;,:i4  ;  boom,  74Af>.  .She  was  designed  by 
tile  llerresholfs,  and  w:ls  owned  by  a  syndicate  of  twelve, 
('.  O.  Iselin  being  the  printipal.  .She  has  been  somewhat 
altered,  and  is  owned  by  George  J.  Gould. 


-v..^v...„  .„.^ ^^ In  1832  he  started  a  private  de-  received  I/in-aine  (to  devolve  after  his  death  on  France)  ,  __.    .,    ■         ..,.,-         -   ■'--■ 

tectiveestablishment,  soon  closed  by  the  government.   He  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  (Francis  Stephen)  received  Tuscany.   VlgllCS  (v^j  1-lez).     A  corps  of  police  and  fire 

was  the  reputed  author  of  "Mi5moires"  and  other  works.  2.    See    Sclioiibniiiii,  Treat;/  of. — 3.    A  treaty     men,  organized  under  military  discipline,  in  an- 

Viehoflf  (ve'hof),  Heinrich.     Born  at  BUttgen,  signed  Oct.   30   (preliminaries  Aug.    1),   1864,     cient Rome.  Under Augustusthey numbered -,ooo;  were 

near  Neuss,^  April  28,   1804:    died  at  Ti-eves,  which  ended  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war.     The     "ndcr  the  command  of  a  prefect;  and  were  divided  into? 


Vieira 

recogni: ^  .^-  .  

1697      '  A-  celeVirntRd    PnrtniTiiPsp    niissinnirt/     lietia  to  Italy.  and  are  remarkable  for  the  magiiiflcence  of  their  decora- 

1(J9^      A   ceieorateu    J-oitugiiese^  missionary,     "eud,Loiiaiy.  ti..n  with  marble  incrustation  and  columns,  mosaic  pave- 

pulpitorator,  author,  and  publicist.    He  was  taken  Vienna,  University  of.     A  university  founded  m.nis,  statues,  and  mural  paintings. 

toBahia  when  a  child;  entered  the  Jesuit  order  there  in     at  Vienna  m    1365.    It  is  especially  famous  for  its  VigiliuS  (vi-jil'i-ns).    Died  :555     Pope •  ordained 

The  teachers  number  about  350,  and  the  by   order  of  Belisarius  537."   His  pontificate 


1625;  became  celebrated  as  a  pulpit  orator,  and  in  1641 
returned  to  Portugal  with  the  ex-governor  of  Brazil,  M 


medical  faculty, 
students  about  7,000. 


carenhas.    There  he  attracted  crowds  to  his  sermons;  was  Vienna  (vycn)      [ML    Viiiifeiiua    Vcncenna    Vi      '"'as  largely  occupied  with  intrigues  relating  to 
nominated  io.yal  preacher  in  1644;  was  an  influential  coun.     „„,„,„  T      \    rivpr    ;„ '-KTActorr,    U,.„„,.     ^-Vj^i^  J.!"" 'li'''i«j' 


sious  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon. 


sanintluentialcoun.  nf,,,,,/,  1      A    river    in    western    Prnnoo     -nri,i„i,      i''^' "I'lsious  oi  ine  v^ouneil  01  Ijnaiceuon. 

cilor  of  the  king ;  and  was  scut  on  important  diplomatic  yr'"":-i     f-  "^^r   in   western    t' ranee,    whch  yj^gj^j     ,,gjjj,j      One  of  the  hichest 

missions  to  Paris,  The  Hague,  and  Ronle.    In  1652  he  was  "ses  m  the  department  of  Corrfeze  and  joins   "'SVcmdicv   oii  yi  mai  ;.     kjui  oi  uit  nignesi 

ordered  to  the  missions  of  Maranh.io;  returned  to  Lis-  the  Loire  8  miles  above  Saumur,     ^  ' 

bnn  for  a  short  time  to  secure  protection  for  the  Indians 


mUes ;  navigable  to  Chatellerault. 


Length,  231 


1654;  was  again  in  Maranhao  1655  to  1661,  when  there  was  ViPTlTIP  rRoman  Vicinn  Allnhrnnum  C'^f  tba 
an  uprising  against  the  missi.maries;  and  was  sent  a  pris-  *,,,  ,°*  >- ,,  n  ''^  Henna  AUOOrixjum  (  ot  the 
oner  to  Portugal.   There  his  eloquence  prevaded  with  the     Allobroges  }.J      A  C 


eloquence  prev, 
court,  and  a  new  governor  was  sent  to  Maranhao  with 
orders  to  protect  the  Jesuits.  Vieira  remained  in  Portu- 
gal, but  fell  into  ill  favor  with  the  court ;  and  for  a  botjk 
which  he  published,  *'Esperancas  de  Portugal,"  was  tried 
before  the  Inquisition,  imprisoned  16lv5-67,  and  forbidden 
to  preach,  hut  was  soon  reinstated.  In  1670-75  he  was 
in  Rome,  where  his  brilliant  oratory  brought  him  renewed 
fame.  He  returned  to  Brazil  in  ItJSl,  and  was  provincLal 
of  his  order  there  from  1688.  Vieira's  published  works 
consist  mainly  of  sermons  and  letters,  the  latter  often  of 
much  historical  v.alue.  He  is  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the 
greatest,  of  the  Portuguese  prose  authors. 

Vieira,  Joao  Fernandas.  See  Femandes  Vieira. 
Vienna  (vi-en'ii).      The  Roman  name  of  the 

city  of  Vienue  in  France. 
Vienna.     [G.  Wien,  F.  Vienne,  L.  Vindobona.'] 

The  capitalof  theAustro-Hungarian  monarchy. 


<^ity  in  the  department  of 
Isfere,  France,  at  the  .junction  of  the  Gfere  with 
the  Rhone,  16  miles  south  of  Lyons,  it  has  im- 
portant and  varied  manufactures,  and  trade  in  wine  and 
grain.  It  contains  a  Gothic  cathedral  and  the  Roman 
temple  of  Augustus  and  Livia  (which  see).  The  cathedral 
is  a  flue  building  exhibiting  all  styles,  from  the  iUmian- 
esque  to  the  florid  Pointed.  The  west  front  is  Flamboy- 
ant, with  3  doorways,  a  large  window,  and  2  towers.  The 
interior  exhibits  admirable  details  in  the  sculpture  ot 


priiks  of  the  Pyrenees,  situated  southwest  of 
Luz.  Height,  10.820  feet. 
Vignola  (ve-nyo'lii),  Giacomo  Barocchio  or 
Barozzi, called.  Born  at  Vignola  (Modena)  in 
1.507:  died  at  Rome  in  1573.  A  noted  Italian 
architect.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  five  orders  of 
architectura,  and  one  on  perspective,  which  are  well 
known.  After  the  death  of  Michelangelo  he  succeeded 
him  as  the  architect  of  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  and  also  de- 
signed the  Escorial  in  Spain.  He  lived  for  several  years 
in  France,  where  he  executed  a  number  of  bronzes. 

Vigny(vea-ye' ),  Alfred  Victor,  Comtede.  Bom 
it  Loehes,  Touraine,  Maroli  27,  1799:  died  at 


its  capitals,  and  in  decorations  imitated  from  the  local    Paris,  Sept.  17,  1863.    A  French  poet  and  novel- 


Roman  remains.  Vienne  was  a  city  of  the  Allobroges,  and 
later  a  Roman  colony  and  the  capital  of  a  province  (Pro- 
vincia  Viennensis).  It  was  the  earliest  center  of  Chris- 
tianity in  Gaul.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Burgundy  413-534  and  879-93.!.  It  was  governed  later 
by  counts  and  archbishops.  The  Archbishop  of  Vienne 
was  the  Primate  of  Gaul  until  the  French  Revolution. 
Several  ecclesiastical  councils  have  been  held  there,  of 


of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  the  empire,  and  of    which  the  most  important  is  that  of  1311-12,  in  which 

Lower  Austria,  and  the  residence  of  the  em-  x.'!!?,?^^yi,™T'\'!fl•"'^1"™\"^^?,'o^'' ''"''"P'*™^""  ^^ 
Y^„nm>      ^i  .      .,     i   a       .L    n       .     1-,       .  ,       .,  3iay  -,  lolzl.     xopuiation  (loyl),  24,81f. 

peror.    It  is  situated  on  the  Danube  Canal  (southern  arm  tt;„„„_       k  a  *_      <-     i  n  i  i    i  i_ 

of  the  Danube)  and  the  Wien,  in  lat.  48°  l.r  N.,  long.  16'  Vienne.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
23  E.,  and  comprises  the  Inner  t'ity  (surrounded  by  the  Maine-et-Loire,  Indre-et-Loire,  Indre,  Haute- 
niagiiitlcent  Ri.igstrasse)  an(l^  the  mumcipa^l  district^  Leo-     Vienne,  Charente,  and  Deux-S6vres.     Capital, 

Poitiers.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  Vienne  was 
formed  chiefly  from  Poitou,  and  also  from  parts  of  Tou- 
raine  and  Berry.  Area,  2,130  square  miles.  Population 
(l.sai),  344,355. 

Vienne.     The  French  name  of  Vienna. 

Vienne,  Haute-.     8ee  Baute-Vienne.     . 

Viennois  (vyen-nwa').  An  ancient  district  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  city  of  Vienne,  France : 
now  in  the  departments  of  Isire  and  Drome. 


poldstatlt,  Landstrasse,  Wieden,  ilargarethen,  Mariahilf^ 
.Neiibau,  Josefstadt,  Alsergrund,  Favoiiten,  Simmering, 
Meidling,  Hietzing,  Rudolfsheini,  Fuiifhaus,  Ottakring, 
Hernals.  Wahriiig,  and  Dobling.  St.  Stephan's  cathedral 
(12th-15th  century)  is  one  of  the  llnest  specimens  of  Gothic 
architecture  in  Europe.  Among  other  churches  the  Kai  Is- 
kirche  and  the  modern  Votivkirche  arc  the  most  remark- 
able. Other  imposing  edifices  are  the  new  Rathaus,  the 
Parliament  and  University  buildings,  and  the  imperial  mu- 
seums. The  principal  pleasure  resort  is  tlie  Prater  (which 
see).    Vienna  is  the  chief  commercial  and  indiistri.al  center 


1st.  At  the  age  of  16  he  entered  the  amiy,  and  was  pro- 
moted captain  in  1823.  During  the  inonients  of  enforced 
inactivity  in  his  military  career  he  pursued  his  studies: 
as  early  as  1815  he  composed  a  couple  of  ess-ays,  "La 
Di-yade"  and  ".Syni^ta."  His  first  collection  of  poems 
appeared  in  1822  as  "Poemesantiques  et  modenies."  That 
same  year  he  published  **Le  Trappiste,"  and  "Eloa,  ou  la 
soMir  des  aiiges"  in  1824.  Then  came  his  last  work  of  a 
biblical  character,  "Le  Deluge,"  and  his  tlrst  work  in  the 
new  romantic  ordering,  "D<jlorida."  He  published  bis 
great  historical  novel  "Cinq-Miu^"  in  1826,  and  resigned 
from  the  army  in  1828  by  reason  of  ill  health.  As  a  drama- 
tist he  translated  Shakspere's  "OUiello"  and  *'  .Merchant 
of  Venice"  into  FYench  verse,  wrote  an  original  liistorical 
drama,  "La  marerhale  d'Ancrc,"  and  finally  produced  hid 
best  iiiece  of  work  in  this  line,  '•  Chattertoii "  (183.'').  Tliii 
drama  is  related  in  its  subject  to  ".Stello,  ou  les  diables 
bleus"  (1832),  in  which  De  Vigny  defined  the  position  of 
a  |)oet  in  modern  society.  Another  work,  in  which  a  war- 
rior s  p<»sition  is  similarly  iletlned,  appeared  as  "Serri- 
tude  et  grandeur  militaire.'*  "  (1,S3.'»).  Among  the  last  publi- 
cations «ln  ring  the  author's  lifetime  was  a  series  of  "Poemes 
phiIosoj>hique8"  (184:!).  He  silent  the  last  twenty  ye:irs  ttf 
his  life  in  retirement, and  left  several  posthumous  works. 
He  was  admitted  to.thc  FYench  Academy  May  8.  1845. 


ofthecountry;  haseitensivecommercebyrailwayandthe  Viersen  (fer'sen).     A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- VigO  (ve'go).       A  seaport  ill  the  province    of 


wh"''"  '"/i™?.'  ™'"'.'?''"='"':<^''  8Vod9.et<:-;  andhasmanu-    i„ee.  Prussia,  34  miles  northwest  of  Cologne  : 
factures  of  leather,  sdk,  cotton,  iron  and  wooden  wares,     ,  „i„,i  e  c     i  «       i      i      i      i       -n 

beer,  fancy  goods,  et«.    It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  settle-     ""^^d  for  manufactures  ot  velvet,  plush,  silk, 
ment;  was  fortified  by  the  Romans;  was  probably  the    ''•c.      Population  (1890),  22,198. 
place  ot  the  death  of  Marcus  Aurelins ;  was  taken  by  the  VierwaldstatterseC  (fer-valt'stet-ter-za).   [G., 
Huns,  and  later  by  the  Avars;   and  was  conquered  liy     i  I.j.ke  of  the  Four  Forest  Cfintnns  '1      See  F  i, 
Charles  the  Great.     The  Babenbergers  were  establi.shed        '""^''  /"^/'"V  "*"  *  Orest  UantonS.  J      bee  Lll- 
there  from  the  10th  century.    Vienna  has  been  the  capi-     '' ' '""'  ^'"^  "/■ 

tal  of  the  Hapsburg  dominions  from  1282;  was  occupied  VierZChnheiligen  (fer- tsan -hi  '  lig-en).      [G., 
by  the  French  in  18116  and  in  1809;  and  was  a  scene  of  revo-     'fourteen  saints.']      1.    A  place  of  pilgrimage 
A  world's  exposition  was    j.j  Upper  Franconia,  Bav.-iria,  19  miles  north- 
northeast    of    Bamberg. —  2.  A   village    near 
al  point  in  the  battle 


liitlonary  outbreaks  in  1848. 

held  there  in  1873.     Population  (I'.iiio),  1,662,209. 

Vienna,  Congress  of.    A  congress  of  tlie  prin 

cipal  European  powers  for  settling  the  affairs 

of  Europe,  held  at  Vienna  Sept.,  1814, -June,    ''.'  ''"^^  "'i'?'"*-      ,^.  ,  ,       .  „     .„ 

1815.    Among  thepersoiis  present  were  the  monarchsof  Viesch    or  Fiesch  (fesh).     A  small  village  and 

Russia,  Prussia,  Austria,  Denmark,  Havana,  and  various     tourist   center  in   the  canton  Of   Valais,  bwit- 

smaller  German  states,  Wellington,  Caatlercagh.  I'alley-     zerland,   situated   in   (he   upper  Rhone  valley 

rand,    Nasselrode,   llardenberg,   Melteriiich,   and  Stein.     9  miles  northeast  of  Brie" 

Tlie  chief  stipulations  were:  the  retention  by  France  of  Trj„„_i.'_,_„   /,,"\f„j,/\    a„„^i       n«™,  „♦  •5r„_ 

the  limits  existing  at  the  outbreak  of  tho  Revolution;  VieVlXtempS  (vyMon  ),  Henri.      Bom  at  Ver- 

the  restoration  of  tho  Austrian  monarchy  without  Bel-     vicrs,  Belgium,  !•  eb.,  ISIIO:  died  in  Algeria,  June 

Kjiim,  Breisgaii,  and  West  Oalicia,  but  with  the  addition     (i,  ]8,S1.  A  I'eli-bra  ted  Belgian  violinist  and  coin- 


of  Venctia,  Dalmatia,  etc.;  the  reatoralion  ot  the  Prussian 
monarchy  without  most  of  the  territory  taken  in  18IJ7  to 
lorm  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  minus  Ansbach  and  Bay- 
rcuth  (ceded  to  Itavarla),  etc.,  but  with  the  addition  of 
half  of  .Saxony,  extensive  territories  in  the  region  of  the 
Rhine,  and  Swedish  Pomorania  ;  the  lormatlon  of  the  Ger- 
man Confederation  under  the  hegennjiiy  of  Austria;  the 
creation  of  a  new  kingdom  of  Poland  under  the  Russian 
dynasty;  theestablishmenlof  the  kingdom  of  the  Nelber- 
lands,  including  Holland  and  llelgiiim  ;  the  retention  of 
Norway  by  Sweden;  the  retention  o(  Finland  by  liussia  ; 
the  restoration  of  the, S.ardlniaii  monarchy  with  the  aniicxa- 
lion  of  Genoa  ;  the  restoration  of  the  States  of  the  Church, 
Avignon  and  Venais...in  being  left  to  France;  tho  reconJ 
stitution  of  the  Swiss  Confederacy  with  enlarged  limit 


poser  for  till'  violin,  lie  was  a  impil  of  De  Hih-iot.  and 
Ills  style  was  distinctively  F'rench.  He  iiiadi!  many  long 
and  successful  tours  'through  Europe  ami  America ;  and 
was  teacher  of  the  violin  1871-73  at  tlie  Brussels  Conserva- 
tory, an(l  director  of  popular  concerts  there.  After  187:1, 
when  he  was  di.sabled  by  a  shock  of  paralysis,  lie  still  gave 
lessons,  but  was  unable  to  play.  Among  his  compositions 
are  six  grand  concert4is  and  many  fantasias,  etc. 
Vige'vano  ( ve-ja-vil'no).  A  town  in  tho  province 


Pontevedra,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Hiade  Vigo 
in  lat.  4'2°  12' N.,  long.  8°  43'  W.  u  has  sardine 
and  other  fisheries,  and  important  commerce ;  and  is  a 
port  of  call  of  several  steamship  lines.  It  was  attacked 
l>y  Prake  toward  the  end  of  the  16th  century.  The  allied 
Anglo-Dutch  fleet  destroyed  the  Spanish  plate  fleet  In 
Vlg4i  Bay  Oct.  23,  1702.  The  town  was  captured  by  the 
British  in  1719.     Population  (18S7),  15,014. 

Vihiers  (ve-yii').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
nuiit  ot  Maino-et-Loire,  France,  114  miles  south 
of  .Angers.  Here,  July  18,  1793,  the  Veudeans 
dclinted  the  ri>ivublicans. 

Vikings  (vi'kingz).  [ON.  vihiniir,  n  pirate,  n 
freeliooter.]  The  Viands  of  Northmen  who,  as 
pirates,  infested  the  British  Isles  and  the  north 
coast  of  France  in  the  8th,  9th,  and  10th  cen- 
turies. 

Vikramorvashl  (\'i-kra-mor'va-shc).  [Skt., 
■Irvaslii  won  by  valor  (vikraina).']  A  cele- 
brated ilrama  by  Knlidasa,  after  the  Shnkun- 
tala  the  most  renuirkable  of  Sanskrit  dramas. 
It  is  In  live  acts,  and  belongs  to  the  trotakn  cliuis.  In  which 
the  events  take  place  stunc  on  earth  ami  some  in  heaven, 

Vil&gOS  (vil'ii-gosh).  A  small  town  in  the 
county  of  Arad,  Hmigary,  Hi  miles  east-north- 
east of  Annl.  Here  the  Hungarian  army  under  Gorgcj 
(about  25,000)  surrendered  to  the  Kilssians  uniler  Rudlgcr 
Aug.  13,  1841).  This  practically  ended  tho  Hungarian  in- 
surrection. 


of  Pavia,  II aly,  situated  ou  tho  Ticiuo  19  miles  Vilaine  (v6-lftn').  [MIj.  niiriMoHin  or  Vice- 
southwest  of  Milan.  It  has  iniiiortant  silk  minia.]  A  river  in  France,  jiriiH'lpallv  in  Brit- 
manufactiiies,  and  contains  a  cathedral.  Popu-  tany,  which  flows  intot  lie  A  thinticli  miles  south- 
lation,  13,(iS4.  east  otVannes:  the Roiiiaullerius.  Length, 140 


therelentioiibyOreatBritainofCapeColony,  Ceylon, part  VigfuSSOn(vig'f08-8Ou),  OudbrandUT.  Born  in     miles;  navigable  88  miles. 


Italian  historian.  He  traveled  in  Italy,  France,  and 
Flanders,  and  held  public  ofBces  in  Florence.  He  wrote 
'Chronicle  of  Florence,"  etc. 


'  Chron- 


Vilas  1038 

Vilas  ( vi'las) ,  William  Freeman.  Bom  at  Chel- 
sea, Vt.,  Jiily  9, 1840.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  served  in  the  Civil  War;  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  Democratic  National  Convention  in  lS-<i  ;  post^ 
ni;istergeneral  ISSa-SS  ;  and  secrttary  ot  the  interior  l&y&- 
1889.     He  was  senator  from  Wisconsin  1891-97. 

Vilcabamba  (v61-ka-bam'ba).    Amountainous     __ 

region  of  Peru,  north  of  Cuzco,  between  the  Villanova  de  Portimao  (vel-la-no'vii  de  por- 
rivers  Apnrimae  and  Vilcamayu.  Here  the  Inca  te-moun')' ^seaportintheprovinee  of  Algarve, 
Manco  and  his  sons  kept  up  the  remnant  ot  an  independent  Portugal  situated  on  the  southern  coast  112 
covernment  15S7-71.  miles  °south-southeast  of  Lisbon. 

Vile  (vela).     In  Norse  mythology,  the  brother    ^c-ai   r  oaR 
of  Odin  i-l^'^Jf  o,zoD. 

Vili(ve'le),orBavili(ba-ve'le).  ABantutribe  Villanovanus,  Arnaldus.   See  Arnold  of  VilU 
of  the  French  Kongo,  on  the  coast  between  Ma 


Villeneuve 

ence:   died   there   of   the   plague,   1348.     An  Villefranclie  de  Lauragais  (vel-fronsb' de  15- 

ra-ga').     A  town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Garonne,  France,  20  miles  southeast  of  Tou- 
,i-., ,-—-.,-,   ii         T^--    1     -u     iiocD      A     Tt  1-  louse.    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,556. 

icle"he  continued. 


yumba  and  Nkobi. 

Vilkomir  (vil-ko-mer'),  or  Wilkomierz  (vil- 
kom'e-arzh).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Ko\Tio,  western  Russia,  situated  on  the  Srenta 
43  miles  northeast  of  Kovno.  Population, 16,370. 

Villa  Adriana.     See  Hadrian's  Villa. 

Villa  Albani  ( vel'la  al-ba'ne).  A  Boman  villa 
on  the  Via  Salaria,  foimded  in  17G0  by  Cardinal 
Alessandro  Albani.  It  was  filled  with  works  of  art. 
Napoleon  sent  nearly  300  of  the  statues  to  P,aris.  They 
were  restored  to  Cardinal  Giuseppe  Albani  in  1815 :  he  .sold 
them,  and  many  of  them  are  now  in  the  Glyptothek  at 
Munich.  Prince  Torloniahouglit  the  villa  in  1866.  It  still 
contains  many  works  of  art. 


nova. 

Villanueva(vel-ya-nwa'va),Joa(minLorenzo'. 
Born  at  Jativa,  Spain,  Aug.  10, 1757:  diedat  Dub- 
lin, March  26,  1837.  A  noted  Spanish  patriot, 
scholar,  and  poet.  On  the  restoration  of  1823, 
he  fled  to  Great  Britain. 

Villa  Pallavicini  (vel'la  piil-la-ve-ehe'ne). 
The  residence  of  the  Marehese  Durazzo,  at 
Pegli,  Italy.  It  is  famous  for  its  elaborate  decoration 
and  its  extensive  gardens,  which,  with  the  luxuriance  and 
variety  of  their  subtropical  vegetation,  and  their  charm- 
ing views  over  the  Mediterranean,  combine  numerous 
statues,  fountains,  bridges,  grottoes,  a  Pointed  chapel,  a 
triumphal  arch  with  sculptures,  a  mosque,  an  obelisk, 
a  Roman  temple,  and  many  other  attractions.  In  its  ani- 
flcial  type  of  beauty,  the  Villa  Pallavicini  is  unsurpassed. 


Villa  Aldobrandini(iiI-d6-bran-de'ne).  AviUa  Villa  Real  (vel'lii  ra-al').  [Pg.,  'royal  villa.'] 
at  Fraseati,  near  Rome.  It  was  built  for  Cardinal  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Algarve,  south- 
Aldobrandini  near  the  close  of  the  16th  century,  and  now  ..        „-^.         .  ,,.>. 

belongs  to  the  Borghese  family.  The  grounds  are  finely 
laid  out,  and  are  famous  for  their  waterworks  and  extensive 
views. 

Villa  Borghese  (bor-ga'se).  A  villa  just  out- 
side the  Porta  del  Popolo,  Rome.  It -was  founded 
by  Cardinal  Scipio  Borghese,  the  nephew  of  Pius  V.  Its 
grounds  are  very  extensive,  having  been  enlarged  by  the 
addition  of  the  Giustiniani  Gardens.  The  villa  contains 
many  fine  sculptures,  Prince  Borghese  having  founded  a 


in  the  department  of  Aveyron,  France,  situated 
on  the  Aveyron  27  miles  west  of  Rodez.  it  was 
a  flourishing  medieval  town,  and  later  a  Huguenot  center. 
It  has  a  church  of  Notre  Dame  and  a  Carthusian  convent. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  9.734. 

Population  Villefranche-sur-Saone  (-sfir-son').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Rhone,  France,  situated  near 
the  Saone  17  miles  north  by  west  of  Lyons. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Beaujolais.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  12,928. 
Villegaignon  (vel-gii-nyon'),  Chevalier  de 
(Nicolas  Durand).  Bom  in  1510:  died  near 
Nemours,  Jan.  9,  1571.  A  French  soldier.  He 
served  against  the  Turks  and  Algerians;  was  vice-admiral 
of  Brittany;  and  in  1555  was  given  command  of  the  expe- 
dition sent  by  Coligny  to  found  a  colony  in  Brazil.  He 
sailed  from  Ha\Te,  July  12,  with  two  ships,  and  in  Nov. 
entered  the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  occupied  the  island 
which  is  still  known  by  his  name,  establishing  friendly  re- 
lations with  the  Indians.  Coligny  had  intended  the  colony 
as  a  refuge  for  Protestants,  but  it  was  made  up  of  differ- 
ent sects,  including  Catholics:  quarrels  arose,  and  Ville- 
gaignon. whose  afiiiiations  were  doul)tf  ul,  expelled  the  Cal- 
vin ists.  In  1559  he  went  to  France,  ostensibly  for  reinforce- 
ments, but  never  returned,  and  the  colony  was  destroyed 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1567  (see  Sd,  Mem  de).  Villegaignon 
published  (in  Latin)  works  on  the  wars  in  which  he  had 
been  engaged,  etc.    Also  written  Villegagnon. 


eastern  extremity  of  Portugal,  on  the  Spanish  Villegaignon   (ve-le-gan-yon'),   Ilha  de.      A 

frontier,  at  the  niouth  of  the  Guadiana.    Popu-     "  .^^i--j  =_  ^t.-  i— -v:_  ..c  o:-  j_  t„ — :_. 

lation  (1878),  4,188. 
Villa  Real.    A  town  in  the  province  of  Traz- 
os-Montes,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Corgo  50 
miles  east-northeast  of  Oporto,   it  was  the  scene 


small  island  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
fronting  the  city.  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  who 
formed  the  first  settlement  on  the  bay.  (See  Chevalier  de 
Villegaignon,  above.)  During  the  empire  it  was  fortified, 
and  it  was  a  strongly  contested  point  during  the  naval 
rebellion  of  1893-94. 


„  6  956. 

lT^^^^^iZ^^X^n.lZn^r  '''™  "■'"'"'"'  ViUareal  (vel-ya-ra-al').     A  town  in  the  prov- 
Villa  do  Conde  (vel'la  do  kon'da).     A  seaport    'p°^:Xtiof(!8S°)'  ^750 
in  the  province  of  Entre  Douro_e  Jlinho,  Portu-  ^^IttZ  Joy^usl  (tt: 

called    Villaret-Joyeuse,    Louis    Thomas, 


gal,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  18  miles  north  of  ^niaret^e  Joyeusejvel-m-r|'_^|le_zhw^^^^^ 

( (porto.     Population  (1878),  4,664. 
Villaflor.     See  Terceira,  Duke  of. 
Villafranca  (vel-la-frang'ka).     A  town  in  the 

province  of  Verona,  Italy,  11  miles  southwest  of 

Verona.    A  treaty  was  signed  here,  July  11, 18^9,  between 

the  emperors  Francis  .Toseph  of  Austria  and  Napoleon  III., 

ending  the  war  of  1859.     It  was  preliminary  to  the  treaty 

of  Zurich  (which  see).  Nov.,  1859.   Population  (1881),  8,729. 
Villa  Franca  (vel'la  frang'ka).    A  town  on  the 

southern  coast  of  the  island  of  St.  Michael, 

Azores.     Population,  about  8,135. 
Village  Cociuette,  The.    A  short  comedy,  with 

sont^s,  by  Charles  Dickens,  published  in  1836. 
Villagra  (vel-ya-grii'),  or  Villagran  (vel-ya- 


giiiu'),  Francisco  de.    Born  at  Astorga,  Leon,  VillaRica(vel'yare'ka).    The  first  town  foimd- 


1507 :  died  at  Concepeion,  Chile,  July  15,  1563. 
A  Spanish  soldier.  He  was  prominent  in  the  conquest 
of  Chile  1540-46 ;  was  acting  governor  (1547^9)  during  Val- 
divia's  absence ;  and.  after  the  latter  was  killed  by  the 
Araucaniana  (Jan.,  1554),  succeeded  him  as  governor  ad 
interim.  He  immediately  marched  against  the  Indians, 
but  was  disastrously  defeated  at  Slariguenu  (Feb.,  1554), 
and  forced  to  abandon  Concepeion,  which  was  burned 


of  an  outbreak  of  the  lliguelists  in  1823;  and  of  the  victory  Villphardouin  (vel-ar-do -an'),  Greoffroi  ds 
ofCazal  over  the  insurgents  in  1846.    Population  (1878),    ^^^^^f  P.^bHu  his  ancestral^taternear 

Troyes,  Champague,  between  1150  and  1165: 
died  probably  in  1212.  A  French  ohronieler. 
The  only  thing  known  concerning  him  before  the  time  of 
the  fourth  Crusade  (1202)  is  that  he  bore  the  title  of  mar- 
shal of  Champagne  in  1191.  "When  his  liege  lord  Thibaut 
Ill.joined  theCrusade  preached  in  119!>,yillehardouin took 
service  under  him,  and  gained  special  reputation  in  nego- 
tiating with  the  Venetians  for  the  transfer  of  the  Crusa- 
ders by  sea  to  the  Holy  Land.  He  followed  the  Crusade 
through  all  its  disasters,  and  chronicled  all  the  events  of 
importance  that  extended  over  a  period  of  10  years  (119&- 
1207).  His^Chronique"  is  considered  trustworthy  from 
a  historical  point  of  view,  but  is  more  deserving  still  for 
itsliterary  excellence,  while  being  one  of  the  oldest  monu- 
ments in  original  Frencli  prose.  The  best  edition  of  this 
"Chronique"was  made  by  M.Natalis  deWailly  under  the 
title  "La  conqu^te  de  Constantinople,  par  Geolfroi  de 
Villehardouin,  teste  original  accompagne  d'une  traduc- 
tion "  (Paris,  1S72). 

Villela  Barboza  (ve-la'la  bar-bo'za),  Francis- 
co, Marquis  of  Paranagud  from  1825.      Bom 
at  Kio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  20,  1769:  died  there, 
Sept.  11,  1846.     A  Brazilian  politician  of  the 
conservative  party.   He  was  deputy  to  the  Portuguese  | 
Cortes  1821-22,  and  during  the  reign  of  Pedro  I.  was  re-  j 
peatedly  a  member  of  the  cabinet.     The  unpopular  act*  ^ 
of  the  emperor,  which  led  to  his  enforced  abdication  in  * 
1831,  were  due  to  Barboza's  advice.    He  was  a  poet  of  some  ' 
repute. 


Count.  Born  in  1750:  died  at  Venice,  July  24, 
1812.  A  French  naval  officer.  He  commanded  a 
fleet  which,  while  convoying  grain-ships,  engaged  the  Eng- 
lish under  Lord  Howe,  near  Brest,  May  28-June  1,  1794. 
In  lSOl-02  he  commanded  the  naval  forces  in  the  Santo 
Domingo  expedition  (see  Leclerc).  From  1802  to  1S09  he 
was  governor  of  the  islands  of  Martinique  and  St.  Lucia, 
finally  capitulating  to  the  English.  From  1811  he  was 
governor  of  Venice. 

Villari  ( vel'la-re),  Pasquale.  Born  at  Naples, 
1827.  An  Italian  author,  professor  at  Florence 
from  1866.  He  has  written  a  history  of  Savonarola  and 
his  times  ("  Storiadi  Savonarola  edesuoi  tempi,"  185D-61), 
one  of  Machiavelli  and  hia  times  (1877-82),  essays^  and 
works  on  education,  art,  philosophy,  Italian  literature,  etc. 


ed  in  Mexico  by  Cortes,  May,  1519.  it  was  nomi- 
nally founded  on  the  present  site  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  was  then 
known  as  Villa  Rica  de  la  Vera  Cruz.  A  short  time  after 
the  actual  settlement  was  commenced  farther  north,  on 
the  harbor  of  Bernal.  In  1525  the  site  was  changed  to  a 
place  on  the  Kio  de  la  Antigua,  and  thenceforth  the  town 


was  generally  known  as  Vera  Cruz.    The  final  removal  to  Villelc  (ve-lal'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste  Seia- 


the  present  site  took  place  in  1599. 


bythe  Indians.    In  1555  he  was  more  successful,  relieving  Villa  Rica  (vel'yare'ka).  A  town  in  Paraguay. 


Imperial  and  Valdivia,  which  had  been  closely  besieged, 
and  carrj'ing  on  a  war  of  extermination  in  the  south.  In 
1.S57  he  surprised,  defeated,  and  killed  the  celebrated  chief 
Lautaro  at  Mataquito.  His  right  to  rule  was  contested, 
and  on  the  arrival  of  the  new  governor,  Hurtado  de  Men- 
doza.  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  Peru:  but  was  quickly 
released,  went  to  Spain,  and  in  15€1  returned  to  Chile  as 
governor,  ruling  until  his  death.  In  1562-63  he  had  to  deal 
with  a  fresli  uprising  of  the  Araucanians,  in  which  hia  son 
was  kiUed. 

Villalobos,  Rui  Lopez  de.    See  Lopez  de  Villa- 

Villa  Lndovisi  (vel'la  lo-do-ve'se).  Avilla  on 
the  Via  di  S.  Basilio,  within  the  walls  of  Rome, 
erected  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century  by 


95  miles  {by  railroad)  east -southeast  of  Asun- 
cion.    Population,  about  12,000. 
Villars  (ve-iar')  Due  de  (Claude  Louis  Hec- 
tor).    Bom  at  Moulius,  France,  May  8,  1653: 


phin  Joseph  de.  Born  at  Toulouse,  France, 
Aug.  14,  1773:  died  there,  March  13.  1854.  A  j 
French  statesman  and  financier.  He  served  in 
early  life  in  the  navy ;  after  the  restoration  was  a  leader 
of  the  ulti-a-royalists;  entered  the  cabinet  in  1820;  be- 
came minister  of  finance  in  1S21 ;  and  was  premier  1822-28. 


died"  at  Turin,  June  17,  1734.    A  French  mar-  Villemain  (vel-man'),  Abel  Francois,  ^^rii  at 


shal.  He  served  under  Turenne,  Cond^,  and  Luxembourg ; 
filled  various  diplomatic  missions ;  commanded  in  Ger- 
many in  1702 ;  defeated  Louis  of  Baden  at  Friedlingen  Oct. 
14,  1702  ;  gained  the  victory  of  Hbchstadt  Sept.  20,  1703 ; 
subdued  the  Camisards  in  1704  ;  commanded  in  Germany 
and  Italy  170S-OS;  was  defeated  at  Malplaquet  Sept.  11, 
1709;  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Denain  July  24,  1712; 
and  gained  various  successes  in  1713.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  council  of  regency  under  Louis  XV.,  and  commanded 
successfully  in  Lombardy  in  1733-34. 


^:^SS^-i^'i:^^^^^ZI&r^Z  '^m2^^dd<>^(rf^ff^^'B^.  A  village  in 
be  transferred  to  a  new  building  erected  near  by.  Its  tne  provrnce  of  truadalajara,  Spam,  25  miles 
(jrounds.  formerly  extensive,  have  been  partly  built  over,     east-northeast  of  Guadalajara.  Here,  Dec.  10. 1710, 

Villamanrique,  Marquis  of, Viceroy  of  Mexico,  the  French  under  Vend6me  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
See  Z)inir/a,  Alonso  Manrique  (le.  Starhemberg.  --,..,       .  ^  .     ^, 

Villa  Medici  (ma'de-che).  A  Roman  viUa  built  Villa- Vigosa  (vel  la-ve-sosa).  A  town  m  the 
iu  1.540,  south  of  the  Pineio,  for  Cardinal  Eicei  pro^^nee  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  24  miles  west.- 
da  Montepulciano  About  1600  it  came  into  the  pos-  J?"tllT<^s*  ?^  Badajoz  Populatioii  (18  r  8),  3, 538. 
session  of  the  Medici  family,  and  afterward  into  that  of  VllleOieu  ( vel-dye  \  Maaame  de :  the  pseu- 
the  Krand  dukes  of  Tuscany.    Galileo  was  confined  there     donvm  of  Marie    Catherine  Hortense  DeS- 


16."0-33.  The  French  Academy  of  Art.  founded  by  Louis 
XIV.,  was  trans  erred  to  it  in  1801,  and  It  has  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  casts. 
Villa Nazionale  (nat-ze-6-na'le).  The  principal 
public  park  and  promenade  in  Naples,  formerly 
the  Villa  Reale  (roval  villa") 


jardins.  Born  near  Fougeres  in  1631:  died 
there,  Nov.,  1683.  A  French  vrriter.  she  had  an 
adventurous  lite,  and  was  the  author  of  numerous  works, 
among  which  are  "Les  d^sordres  de  I'amour,"  "  Amours  des 
grands  hommes,"  "M^moires  du  serail,"  "Le  rtJcit  en 
prose  et  en  vers- des  pr6cieuses,"  etc. 

■" (vel-fronsh'),  It.  Villafranca 


Paris,  June  11, 1790 :  died  there.  May  8, 1870.  A 
French  writer.  On  graduating  from  the  Lyc^e  Louis* 
le-Grand,  he  studied  law.  In  ISIO  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  rhetoric  at  the  Lyc^e  Ch.arlemagne,  and  from  1816 
to  1826  filled  the  chair  in  French  eloquence  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  His  success  as  a  teacher  was  such  that  his  name 
was  associated  with  those  of  Cousin  and  Guizot,  thus  form* 
ing  the  famous  trio  known  as  "les  trois  professeurs."  He 
won  his  first  laurels  as  a  writer  in  successful  competition 
before  the  French  Academy  for  the  prize  offered  for  the 
best  essay  entitled  "filoge  de  llontaigne  "  (1812).  He  again 
took  the  prize  in  1814  with  his  "  Avantages  et  inconvi^nienU 
de  la  critique,"  and  in  1816  with  his  "  Eloge  de  Montes- 
quieu." The  French  Academy  elected  liim  a  mem-  ' 
ber  in  1821.  The  success  of  his  «  Histoire  de  Cromwell' 
(1819)  led  him  gradually  into  a  political  life,  so  that  after 
1836  he  gave  up  teaching  altogether.  From  1839  to  1844 
he  was  almost  continuously  minister  of  public  instruction. 
Besides  a  couple  of  essays  on  Grecian  themes,  entitled 
"  Lascaris,  ou  les  Grecs  du  X  Vf  si^cle  "  and  "  Essai  sur  I'^tat 
des  Grecs  depuis  la  conquete  musulmane  "  (182,S),  Ville- 
main  wrote  several  shorter  papers  and  articles  that  were 
ultimately  published  in  book  form:  prominent  among 
these  ^vritings  stand  his  "Souvenirs  contemporains  dTii*. 
toire  et  de  litt<5rature  "  (18S6).  His  reputation,  however, 
rests  more  particularly  on  the  following  three  great  works: 
"  Cours  de  littirature  francaise,  tableau  du  X'llII'  siicle, 
"  Tableau  del'floquence  chri?tienne  au  IV>'  siecle,"and.in 
a  somewhat  lesser  degree,  "  Histoire  de  Gr^goire  VII.  — 
this  last-named  being  a  posthumous  publication  (1873). 


It  is  an  extension  of 

the  Chiaja  from  the  Largo  dellaVittoria  to  the  Piazza  Um-  Villefranclie     v'^ .-.v.^....  ^,    .......»....»..»»      ............. e  -  *- r- 

berto,  about  200  feet  wide  and  a  mile  long,  laid  out  in  1780  (vel-la-frang'ka).    A  seaport  in  the  department  ViUeneuve  (vel-nev').      [F., 'new  town.]     A 

'^Z'^SS^^^l'^S'::^roX:t!^l^J^lC^^^'^l  of  Alpes-MarHimes,  France,  situated  on  the  tri'"fI'"b'="^'TT'''7r''v!r^lrr;;ile"s''^ouS: 

middle  of  the  grounds,  and  was  opened  in  1874.  Gulf  of  Nice  3  miles  northeast  of  Nice.    Popu-  ated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Geneva,  17  miles  soutn- 

Villani  (vel-la'ne),  Giovanni.     Bom  at  Flor-  lation  (1891),  commune,  4,407.  east  of  Lausanne.     Population  (1888),  1,149. 


Villeneuve 
Villeneuve,  Pierre  Charles  Jean  Baptiste 

Silvestre  de.  Boni  lT(i3:  eommittcd  siiiL-idc 
1806.  A  French  admiral.  He  was  made  coraninnder 
of  tlie  fleet  destined  to  invade  England  in  1805,  and  was 
defeated  by  Nelson  at  Tiafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1803. 

Villeneuve-lez-Avignon  ( vel  -  ne  v'  la  -  za  -  ven- 
yoii').  A  tou-u  in  the  department  of  Gard, 
France,  situated  ou  the  Rhone  opposite  ANi- 
fcnon.     Population  (1891),  commune,  2,622. 

Villeneuve-SUr-Lot  (-siir-lo').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Lot-et-Garoune,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Lot  16  miles  north  by  east  of  Agen. 
It  has  remains  of  medieval  ramparts,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation 0891),  eommime,  13,798. 

Villeneuve-sur-Yonne  (-siir-yon'),  formerly 
Villeneuve-le-Roi.  A  town,  in" the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  situated  ou  the  Yonne  67 
miles  southea.st  of  Paris.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  5,117. 

VilleroKvcl-rwa'),  Ducde(Fran(;oisdeNeuf- 
ville).  Born  April  7,  1644 :  died  July  IS,  1730. 
A  French  marshal,  favorite  of  Louis  XIV.  with 
whom  he  was  educated.  He  was  commanderin- 
chief  in  the  Low  Countries  in  Hi95  ;  was  defeated  by  Prince 
Eugene  at  Clliari  Sept.  1,  1701 ;  was  surprised  and  talcen 
prisoner  by  Eugene  at  Cremona  Feb.  1,  1702  ;  and  was  de- 
feated at  Kamillies  May  2:!,  1706.  He  was  a  member  ol 
the  council  of  regency  under  Louis  XV. 

Villeroi,  Seigneur  de  (Nicolas  de  Neufville). 
Born  1.542 :  died  1617.  A  French  minister  of 
state,  author  of  "Memoires  dYtat"  (1622). 

Villers-Cotterets  (ve-lar'  kot-ra').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  14  miles 
southwest  of  Soissons.  it  was  the  scene  of  a  con- 
test between  the  Allies  and  the  French,  .Tune  28,  181,=i,  in 
which  the  French  were  defeated.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Dumas  ^c  re.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,682. 

Villersexel.     A  small  town  in  the  department 


1039 


Vinet 


offense  he  was  condemned  to  death:  he  owed  his  life,  it  is     Vincennes.'l     A  Bleasure  nark  Tinar  Pftriss    A{ 
said,  to  one  of  the  princesses  of  the  royal  household,  to     recti v^nVl,nfVi,,r,.,,^lt  ^  ' 

whom  he  had  inscribed  a  poem,  "Le  dit  de  la  nuissance  .jeetly  south  of  Vincenues. 
Marie."    She  was  presumably  the  daughter  of  the  duke    Vmcent  (vin  sent),   or  VincentiuS   (vin-seil' 


orporated  a  liirge  ..„.,.-  -            -    - 

berof  his  older  ballads.  Besidesthe  works  already  named,  '.vr,  deacon  ot  Saragossa. 

^Ki"^."™!"'?"'"."'.^'^"'"''''''"™'*""''*^'^"*^"'"''*'^  Vincent  de  Paul  (van-son'  dfe  pol'  or  vin'sent 

" de  pal')  or  de  Paulo,  Saint.     Born  at  Poily, 


slang  rimes,  'Le  jargon." 


Franijois  Villou,  or  Corbueil,  or  Corbicr.  or  de  Slontcor- 
bier,  or  des  Loges,  was  certainly  bom  at  Paris  in  the  year 
1431.  Of  the  date  of  his  death  nothing  certain  is  known, 
some  authorities  extending  his  life  towards  the  close  of  the 
centuiy  in  order  to  adjust  Kabelais'  anecdotes  of  him, 

.others  supposing  him  to  have  died  before  the  publication      ^^.^^^^^^^  ,.,  ^ 

of  the  flrst  edition  ot  his  works  in  1489.  That  Villon  was  VinrpTitin  rvin  sen  '  «lli^-.^ 
not  his  patronymic,  whichsoever  of  his  numerous  aliases  ^"ICenUO  ("'J-st;'!  ^fliio). 
may  really  deserv 


tliut  distinction,  is  certjiin.  He  was  u 
citizen  of  Paris  and  a  member  of  the  university,  having 
the  status  of  clerc.  But  his  youth  was  occupied  in  other 
matters  than  study.  In  1455  he  killed,  apparently  in  self- 
defence,  a  priest  named  Philip  Scrmaise,  fled  from  Paris, 
was  condemned  to  banishment  in  default  of  appearance, 
and  six  months  afterwards  received  lettersuf  pardtui.  In 
1450  a  faithless  mistress.  Catherine  de  Vaiisselles,  drew 
him  into  a  second  alfray,  in  which  he  had  the  worst,  and 
again  he  fled  from  Pai-is.  During  his  absence  a  burglary 
committed  in  the  capital  put  the  police  on  the  track  of  a 
gang  of  young  good-toi-nothings  among  whom  \'illon's 
name  figured,  and  he  was  airested,  tried,  tortured,  and 
condemned  to  death.  On  appeal,  however,  the  sentence 
was  commuted  to  banishment.  Four  yeai-s  after  he  was  in 
prison  at  lleung,  consigned  thither  bv  the  liishop  of  Or- 
l(?ans;  but  the  king,  Louis  the  Eleventh,  set  him  free. 
Thenceforward  nothing  certain  is  known  ot  him. 

SaiHtsfmn/,  French  Lit.,  p.  156. 

Vilna,  or  Wilna  (vil'na).  A  government  of 
West  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments 
of  Kovno,  Vitebsk,  Minsk,  Grodno,  and  Su- 
walki.  It  exports  timber,  flax,  etc.  Area,  IG,- 
421  square  miles.     Population,  1,367,100, 


of  Haute-Saone,  France,  situated  on  the  Ognon  Vilna,  or  Wilna,  or  Wilno  (vil'no).  The  capi 
14  miles  east-southeast  of  Vesoul.  Itwasthescene 
of  a  battle  (claimed  as  a  French  victory)  between  the 
French  under  Bourbaki  and  the  Germans  under  Von 
Werder,  Jan.  9,  1871. 

Villers-SUr-Mer  (ve-lar'siir-mar').  A  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  France, 


tal  of  the  government  of  Vilna,  situated  in  the 
Vilia  about  lat.  54°  40'  N. :  the  ancient  capital 
ot  Lithuania.  It  has  a  trade  in  timber  and  grain,  and 
contains  a  Greek  and  a  Roman  CathoUc  cathedral  and  a 
ruined  castle  of  the  Jagellons.  Formerlyit  had  a  univer- 
sity.   Population  (1897),  1.59,568. 


dome,  April  7, 1750  :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Leip- 

c.:,!     i«    Cn..-.^,.-.    r\^.^     lo     1Q10  \     t:i I.      ^ 


eral,  son  of  the  Comte  de  Rochambeau.  He  served 
with  his  father  in  North  America,  and  in  1792  wa.s  made 
lieutenant-general  and  governor  of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
where  he  capitulated  to  the  English  .March  22.  1794.  In 
1802  he  was  second  in  command  in  the  Frein-h  expedition 
against  Santo  Domingo,  and  after  Leclerc's  death  (Dec.  2. 
1802)  succeeded  him  in  the  leadership.  Closely  besieged  in 
Cape  Frantois,  he  abandoned  it  .Nov.  30,  180,'i.  and  sur- 
rendered to  the  IJritish  admiral  whose  fleet  was  blockad- 
ing the  bay.  He  remained  in  captivity  until  1811,  andsub- 
sequently  served  under  Napoleon. 

Vimeure,  Jean  Baptiste  Donatien  de,  Comte 

deRochamlieaii,  Born  1725:  died  1807.  AFrench 
inarshal.  Hescrve<l  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succes- 
sion and  the  Seven  Yeai's'  War ;  became  com 


on  the  English  Channel  12  miles  southwest  of  Vilyui.  ArangeofmountainsinSiberia, between 

Le  Havre.  the  Lena  and  the  Vilyui. 

Villette  (vi-lef).  A  novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte,  Vimeiro    (ve-mii'ro).      A  place  in  the  province 

published  in  1853.     In  this  she  made  use  of  an  "f  Estremadura,  Portugal,  33  miles  north  by 

older  story,  "  The  Professor."  west  of  Lisbon.  Here,  Aug.  21, 1808,  the  British 

Villette  (vel-lef).  La.     A  northeastern  suburb  "uder  Wellington  defeated  the  French  under 

of  Paris.  Junot. 

VilUers  (vil'yerz),  Barbara,  Lady  Castlemaine  Vimeure  (ve-mer'),  Donatien  Marie  Joseph 

and  Duchess  of  Cleveland.  Born  1(>40:  died  de,  Vieomte^e  Rochambeau.  Born  near  Ven 
1709.  A  mistress  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  the  dukes  of 
Cleveland,  Grafton,  and  Northumberland. 
Villiers,  George,  first  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
Born  at  Brookesby,  Leicestershire,  England, 
Aug.  20,  1592:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Aug.  23, 
1628.  An  English  courtier  and  politician  un- 
der James  I.  and  Charles  I.:  created  succes- 
sively Viscount  Villiers  (1616),  and  earl  (1617), 
marquis  (1618),  and  duke  of  Buckingham  (1623). 
He  became  privy  councilor  in  1617;  accompanied  Charles 
to  Spain  in  Ui2:i;  was  chief  minister  at  court  1024-28; 
and  was  defeated  by  the  French  at  the  Isle  of  Ilh^  in  1627. 
He  was  assassinated  by  John  Felton. 

Villiers,  George,  second  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
Born  at  London,  Jan.  30,  1627:  died  at  Kirkby 
Moorside,  Yorkshire,  April  17,  1688.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  courtier,  and  WTiter :  son  of  the 
first  Duke  of  Buckingham.  He  became  a  privy 
councilor  in  1660  :  and  organized  the  "  Calial  "  In  1070 
(sec  Cabal).      His  collected  works  were  published  in  1704. 

Villiers,  George  William  Frederick,  fourth 
Earl  of  Clarendon.  Born  at  Lomlon,  Jan.  12, 
1800:  died  at  London,  June  27,  1870.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was  minister 
to  Spain  18:«-39 ;  lord  privy  seal  in  1810 ;  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster  IMiMl;  lord  lieutenant  of  Irelaiul 
1847-62:  foreign  secretary  IS.O.V.-.S ;  plenipotentiary  at 
Paris  In  lf<5« ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1804- 
1805 ;  and  foreign  secretary  186.1-60  ami  1868-70. 

Villiers  de  L'Isle-Adam  (v6-ya'  de  lel-ii-doii'), 

Philippe  de.  Born  at  Beauvais,  France,  in 
1464:  died  in  Malta  in  1534.  Grand  master  of 
the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  Ue  was 
elected  grand  master  in  1.121.  In  1622,  after  a  six  months' 
siege,  he  was  compelled  to  surrender  the  Island  of  lihodes, 
the  scat  of  the  order,  to  Sidyman.  In  15:10  he  secured  from 
Charles  V.  the  cession  of  the  islands  of  Malta  and  Oozo, 
which  became  the  new  si-at  of  the  order. 
Villon  (vel-loii'),  Francois.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1431:  died  about  1484.  One  ot  the  earliest 
French  poets.  Little  Is  known  of  his  life  except  what 
may  be  gathered  from  his  own  wrlllngs.  Although  of 
very  humble  extraclion,  he  found  means  to  acquire  a  good 
education,  Begiiiinng  with  his  student  days,  he  led 
throughout  his  whole  life  a  wihl  Bohemian  existence. 
Three  times  he  appeared  before  the  courts  toanswcr  seri- 
ous charges  (see  the  extract).  The  flrst  time  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  be  flogged,  lietween  his  flrst  and  second  ar- 
rests he  wrote  "Le  petit  testament  "(NSC).  Forhlsaecoiid 


Gascony,  France,  April  24,  1576:  died  at  S't! 
Lazare,  Paris,  Sept.  27,  1660.  The  founder  of 
the  Lazarists,  of  the  order  of  "Filles  de  la 
Charity,"  and  of  the  Foundling  Hospital,  Paris. 
Ho  was  canonized  in  1737. 

1.  The  reigning 
duke,  a  character  in  Shakspere's  "Measure  for 
Measure." — 2.  Anoldgentlemanof  Pisa,  achar- 
acter  in  Shakspere's  '•  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 
Vinci  (vin'che),  Leonardo  (or  Lionardo)  da. 
Born  at  Vinci,  near  Empoli,  Italy,  1452:  died 
at  Cloux,  near  Amboise,  France,"May  2,  1519. 
A  famous  Italian  jiainter,  architect,  "sculptor, 
scientist,  engineer,  mechanician,  and  musician. 
He  was  t.iken  by  his  father  to  Verocchio  about  1470,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  he  was  past  twenty,  drawing, 
modeling,  designing  for  architecture,  and  planning  en- 
gineering schemes.  His  studio  companions  were  Ixirenzo 
di  Credi  and  Perugino.  He  was  in  the  Company  of  I'aint- 
ers  in  1472,  and  received  his  first  recorded  commission 
in  1478.  He  seems  to  have  gone  to  Milan  about  14S7,  hav- 
ing prospered  littleatllorence.  Ue  returned  to  Florence  in 
1503 ;  went  to  Milan  again  in  1500  ;  and  lived  in  Rome  1514- 
1515.  He  painted  his  famous  Cenacolo,  or  Last  Supper,  on 
the  wall  of  the  refectory  in  the  Convent  of  .Santa  JIaria  ilelle 
Grazic:  it  was  finished  in  1498.  Owing  to  the  dampness  of 
the  wall,  it  has  been  frequently  repainted :  the  original 
sketches, however,  still  exist,  and  from  a  copy  of  it  by  Marco 
d'Oggione  Raphael  Morghen  pixiduced  his  celebrated  en. 
graving  published  in  18iK).  While  living  in  Jlilan  under 
the  protection  of  Ludovico  il  Sloro,  he  occupieil  himself 
with  the  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Duke  Francesco  I., 
the  model  df  which  was  exhibited  in  1493  and  demolished 
by  the  French  in  1499.  On  his  return  to  Florence  he  drew 
the  cartoon  from  which  Kilippino  painted  the  altarpieee 
of  the  monks  of  Scrvi.  His  principal  work  subsequently 
seems  to  have  been  in  portraiture,  and  he  did  many  por- 
traits of  women :  the  best-known  is  the  "Mona  Lisa  "  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris,  completed  about  1604.  He  was  also 
commissioned  to  paint  a  wall  of  the  council-hall  at  Flor- 
ence, for  which  he  maile  a  cartoon  corresponding  to  the 
great  cartoon  of  Michelangelo.  Both  are  now  lost  He 
went  to  FYance  in  1516,  at  the  invitation  of  i'rancis  I„  and 
died  there  at  the  Chiiteau  de  Clour.  Among  his  works 
are  "La  belle  Ferronniere,"  "The  Virgin  of  the  Rocks  "( Na- 
tional Cillery,  London,  and  another  version  at  the  Louvre), 
"St,  John  the  Bapti8t"(Ix>uvre),"St  Anne"(L<mvre),  ami 
a  cartoon  of  St.  Anne  in  the  Royal  Academy,  London.  He 
wrote  a  celebrated  treatise  on  painting,"Trattiira  della 
pittura,"publislie<l  in  ic..''.l.  A  portrait  of  him,  by  himself, 
|s  in  the  Royal  Librarv,  Turin. 


sic,  in  Saxony,  Oct.  18,  1813.     A  French  gen-  Vincy  (viii'si),  Rosamond.    One  of  the  princi- 


pal  female  characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel 
' '  Middlcmarch ."  she  marries  Lydgate,  a  physician,  and 
checkmates  his  endeavors  after  a  higher  career  by  her  stub- 
born and  selfish  nature  and  narrow  intellect  Her  brother 
Frederick  has  been  spoil eil  by  the  expectation  of  a  fortune. 
Vindelicia  (vin-de-lish'i-ij).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  Roman  province:  iilso  called  liluetia  Se- 
cunda,  and  sometimes  united  with  Rhietia.  It 
was  bounded  by  the  Danube,  the  Inn  (sepimiting  il  from 
Noricum),  and  Rluetiiu  Its  chief  town  was  Augusta  Viii- 
dclicoruiu.  Tlie  early  inhabitants  were  probably  of  Cel- 
tic  origin.  Vindelicia  occupied  in  general  the  southern 
part  of  Baden,  Wurtemberg.  and  Bavaria,  and  the  north- 
ern part  of  Tyrol. 


the  French  forces  in  America  in  17», :  eoope;aicd'wit''h  Vludhya  (vilul'vii)  Mountains.  A  group  of 
Washington  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Yorktown  in  1781;  ranges  Ot  mountains  and  lulls  in  central  India, 
became  a  marshal  in  1791 ;  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  connecting  at  the  e.xtreniities  with  the  Eastern 
Reign  of  Terror  ..^    „  -,   „         and  Western  Ghats,  and  forming  the  northern 

Viminal  (\nm  i-nal).   Ih.  Moiis  T  imiiinli.i.J    The     boundary  of  the  Deccan. 

northeasternmost  of  the  group  of  (ho  seven  Vineam  Domini  <viii'e-a'm  dom'i-ni).  rL.,'tlie 
hills  of  ancieiit  Rome,  east  of  the  l^nrmal  and    vineyard  of  the  Lord'':  words  occurring  in  the 

issued   by  Pope  Clement   XI. 


north  of  the  Esquiline.   The  baths  of  Diocletian 
lie  below  it  to  the  north. 

Vinaroz  (ve-nii-roth').  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Castellon,  Simiii,  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean 45  miles  northeast  of  Castellon  do  la 
Plana.  Here,  Nov.,  1811),  the  French  under 
Musniers  defeated  the  Spaniards 
(1887),  9,S5l, 

Vincennes  (vin-senz' ;  F,  pron.  vaA-sen').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  about 
two  miles  east  of  the  fortilieations  of  Paris: 
noted  for  its  castle.  The  castle  Is  of  medlevid  foun- 
dation,  and  wasat  oneca  royal  rcsldenceaud  a  fortress  until 
the  reign  of  L^mis  XV.  It  is  now  an  armory  and  artillery 
station.  The  dtmjon  is  an  Imposing  squar*-  tower,  1 70  feet 
higli,  with  turri'ts  at  the  angles.  The  beautiful  chitpel, 
begun  in  1379,  was  flnished  by  Henrv  II. :  it  possesses  a 
picturesque  fa(;!ade,  lofty  vaulting,  and  beautiful  glass.  In 
the  dungeons  of  thecastlo  were  confined  .Mirabcau  and  the 
Due  d'Enghien.     Population  (18tH),  coinmllm*.  24,62<t, 

Vincennes  (vin-senz').  The  capit.'il  of  Knox 
County,  liidiuiia,  situated  on  the  Wabash  103 
miles  southwest  of  Indiana]iolis:  an  important 
railroa<l  center.  Itwasscttled  bythe  French  in  1702, 
ant)  was  the  capital  of  Indiana  Territory.  Population 
119001,  lo,211l. 

Vincennes  (van-sen' ).  Bois  de.    [  F., '  wood  of 


bull.]     A  bull 

against  the  Janseiiists  in'l705 

Vinegar  Bible,  The.  An  edition  printed  at  the 
Clarendon  I'less,  ( >xl'ord,  in  1717,  with  the  head- 
ing to  Luke  XX.  as  the  "Parable  of  the  1'inr- 
iliir"  instead  of  the  "Parable  of  the  I'im  i/nnl." 
Population  Vinegar  Hill.  A  place  ill  Ireland,  14 'miles 
north  of  Wexford:  a  stronghold  ot  the  Irish  in- 
surgents in  1798.  They  w<-re  attacked  by  Brit- 
ish troops  and  dispersed  in  .Tune. 

Vineland  (vin'land).  A  borough  in  Cumber- 
land County,  New  Jersey,  3.3  miles  south  by  oast 
of  Philadolpliia,  Fruit-raising  is  its  principal 
industry,     I'opulation  ( 1,9001,  4, .371). 

Vinet  (v6-iia'),  Alexandre  Rodolphe.  Bom 
near  Lausanne,  Swit/erland,  .lune  17,  1797: 
died  at  Clarens,  Swil/.erlund,  May  4,  1847.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian  and  literary  critic, 
nrofessor  in  Basel  (1819),  an.l  later  (1837)  in 
Lausanne.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Frecchurch 
mitvemcnt  In  ^*»ud.  His  works  Ineluilc  "Chtc^t.  innlliie 
fnmvalse  "(1S29\  "  lllHcourHsiiri|uelqi,ie8  sujt  i 
(1S;I1).  "  Ktiides  BUr  Pascal  "  (lS4(j),  '  Ktuilei. 
tlire  franvaisi' aux  XI.\''»leclo"(lS49-51X"'l  h  r     - 

toride"  (IHTHl).  *' Ilisttdre  <lo  la  lltli^rature  fraiivai.sc  au 
XVIII"  slMq"(185U"Homik'tlquu"(l»&S),"HUtolredo  la 


Vinet 

prtdicatlon  parmi  les  ESform^s  de  France  au  XATIe  siecle  " 
(1S60),  "Moralistes  des  XVIe  et  XVII«  si^cles"  (1859), 
"  Pottes  du  sitcle  Louis  XIV.,"  etc. 

Vineta  (vi-ne'ta).  A  medieral  city  on  the  site 
of  the  present  WoUin,  island  of  WoUin,  Ger- 
many: an  important  Wendish  commercial  cen- 
ter about  the  10th  and  11th  centuries. 

Vineyard  Sound  (vin'ySrd  sound).  A  sea  pas- 
s;i2;e,  southeast  of  Massachusetts,  which  sepa- 
rates Jlartha's  Yinevard  from  the  Elizabeth 
I-^lands.     Width.  4-7  miles. 

Vingt  Ans  Apr^S  (van  ton  zii-pra').  [F., 
'  Twenty  Years  After.']  AnovelbyDumas^ere, 
published  in  184.5 :  a  sequel  to  "  Les  trois  mous- 
quetaires."  It  was  followed  by  "  Dix  ans  plus 
tard,  ou  le  vicomte  de  Bragelonne''  (1848-50). 

Vinlandi  vin'land).  [Icel.  Ff'wi'OHf?,  wine-land, 
from  the  grapes  found  by  the  discoverers.]  The 
region  in  which  a  Norse  settlement  was  prob- 
ablvmade  in  North  America  about  1006.  It  has 
been  identified  with  various  regions  on  the  coast  from 
Labrador  to  New  .Jersey. 

Vintschgau  (vintsh'gou).     See  Adige. 

Viola  (vi'o-la).  [L., 'a  violet.']  1.  The  princi- 
pal female  character  in  Shakspere's  "Twelfth 
Night."  She  is  the  sister  of  Sebastian,  is  shipwrecked 
on  the  coast  of  risTia,  and,  disguised  as  Cesario,  wins  the 
heart  of  the  duke.  ,    ,,n, 

2.  The  principal  character  in  Fletcher  s  Cox- 
comb." 

Violet,  Corporal  or  Papa.  See  Corpora}  Violet. 

Violet-Crowned  City.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Athens. 

Viollet-le-Duc  (wo-la'le-diik'),  Eugene  Em- 
manuel. Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  27,  1814:  died  at 
Lausanne.  Sept.  17,  1879.  A  French  architect, 
archseologist,  and  writer  on  art.  He  was  employed 
in  the  restoration  of  many  medieval  buildings  in  France, 
including  Xotre  Dame  in  Paris  and  the  cathedrals  of 
Amiens  and  Laon.  His  works  include  "Dictionnaire  de 
Tarchitecture  fran^aise  du  XI*  au  X\l»  siecle  "  (10  vols. 
1854-69),  "Essai  sur  I'architecture  milit-iire  au  moyen 
4ge"  (18M),  "Dictionnaire  du  mobilier  fran9ais"  (1S55), 
'■  Description  de  Kotre  Damede  Paris"  (lSr.6).  "Entretiens 
sur  I'architecture"  (1858),  '■  Histoiae  d'une  maison,""His- 
toire  d'une  forteresse,"  "Histoire  de  I'habitation  hu- 
maine,"  "Histoire  dliotel  de  ville  et  d'une  cath^drale" 
(all  18;:!-75). 

Vion'ville(w6n-vel').  or  Mars-la-Tour  (mars- 
la-ttir'). Battle  of.  Abattle  betweenthe  French 
and  (Germans,  fought  near  the  villages  of  Yion- 
ville  and  Mars-la-Tour,  about  12  miles  west  of 
Metz,  Aug.  16,  1870.  The  Germans  (about  67,000)  were 
commanded  by  Prince  Frederick  Charles ;  the  French  (120,- 
00;i-1:j8,000)  by  Marshal  Bazaine.  The  result  of  the  battle, 
which  was  one  of  the  most  fiercely  contested  and  bloodiest 
of  the  century,  w.as  the  preventing  of  the  retreat  of  the 
French  from  Metz  to  Verdun.  (SeeJ/fte.)  The  German  loss 
in  killed  and  wounded  was  about  16.000 ;  the  French  loss 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners  was  about  17.000.  The 
third  Westphalian  infantry  regiment  lost  49  otBcers  and 
1,736  men  —  the  heaviest  regimental  loss  of  the  war. 

Viper  (vi'per).  Doctor.  A  character  in  Foote"s 
play  "The  (Dapuchin":  under  this  name  he 
severely  lashed  an  Ii-ish  clergyman  named  Jack- 
son, in  the  pay  of  the  Duchess  of  Kingston,  as  a 
revenge  for  the  suppression  of  his  play  "  The 
Trip  to  Calais"  (which  see). 

Vique.     See  Vich. 

Vira  (ve'ra),  or  Wa'Vira  (wa-ve'ra).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Kongo  St  ate.  at  the  north  end  of  Lake 
Tanganyika,  They  produce  iron,  wooden  articles,  and 
baskets,  which  are  sold  to  the  people  on  the  shore  of  the 
lake.    The  land  is  called  tjvira. 

Viracocha.     See  Viracocha. 

Viracocha,  Temple  of.  A  name  often  given  to 
the  temple  of  (^'acha  (which  see% 

Vircho'W  (ver'cho),  Rudolf.  Bom  at  Schivel- 
bein,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  Oct.  13, 1821:  died  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  5,  1902.  A  celebrated  German 
anatomist,  physiologist,  andanthropologist,the 
founder  of  cellular  pathology:  professor  at 
Wiirzburg  1849-56,  and  at  Berlin  1856-1902.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Prussian  Landtag  1862-1902,  and  of 
the  German  Reichstag  18S0-93.  and  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Progressist  and  later  of  the  German  Liberal  party.  He 
published  nnmerous  technical  works.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  '  Archiv  fiir  pathologische  Anatomie  und 
Physiologie. ' 

Vire  (ver).  [ML.  Vira.'i  A  river  in  Normandy, 
France,  which  flows  into  the  English  C!hannel 
30  miles  southeast  of  Cherbourg.  Length,  80 
miles. 

Vire.  A  town  in  thfe  department  of  Calvados, 
France,  situated  on  the  Vire  35  miles  southwest 
of  Caen.  It  has  manufactures  of  woolen  goods. 
Po]iulation  (1891),  commune,  6,635. 

Virgil.     See  Vergil. 

Virgil,  Polydore.    See  Vergil. 

Virgilia  (ver-jil'i-a).  The  wife  of  Coriolanns, 
in  Shakspere's  play  " Coriolanus." 

Virgin.     See  Virgo. 

Virgin,  The.    See  Madonna. 

Virginia  (ver-jiri'i-ii).     [L.,  fern,  of  Virginius.'] 


1040 

In  Roman  legend,  the  daughter  of  Virginius,  a 
plebeian,  who  was  slain  by  her- father  to  keep 
her  from  the  power  of  the  decemvir  Appius 
Claudius  (449  B.  c).  This  act  led  to  the  over- 
throw of  the  decem-\-irate. 

Virginia.  A  ti-agedy  by  Alfieri,  printed  in  1783. 
See  Appius  and  Virginia. 

Virginia.  An  asteroid  (No.  50)  discovered  by 
Ferguson  at  Washington,  Oct.  4,  1857. 

Virginia.  [Named  from  Queen  Elizabeth,  the 
"^^rgin  Queen."]  One  of  the  South  Atlantic 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  ex- 
tending from  lat.  36°  31'  to  39°  27'  N..  and 
from  long.  75°  13'  to  83°  37'  W.  Capital,  Rich; 
mond.  It  is  bounded  by  West  Virginia  on  the  north 
and  northwest,  Maryland  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
(separated  by  the  Potomac)  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Xorth 
Carolina  and  Tennessee  on  the  south,  and  Kentucky  ou 
the  west,  and  contains  a  small  detached  portion  east  of 
Chesape.-ike  Bay.  It  is  called  the  "Old  Dominion  "  and  the 
"Mother  of  Presidents."  It  is  level  in  the  southeast  and 
mountainous  in  the  northwest  and  west,  and  is  traversed 
from  northeast  to  southwest  by  the  Blue  Ridge  and  other 
ranges  of  the  Appalachians  (highest  point,  about  5,700 
feet).  It  is  sometimes  dirided  into  the  physical  regions 
Tidewater,  Midland,  Piedmont,  Blue  Ridge  valley,  and 
Appalachia.  The  principal  river-systems  are  those  of  the 
Potomac  (with  the  Shenandoah),  Rappahannock,  York, 
James.  Roanoke,  and  Tennessee.  Virginia  is  rich  in 
agricultural  and  mineral  resources ;  is  the  second  State 
in  the  Union  in  the  production  of  tobacco,  and  has  also  a 
large  production  of  wheat,  com,  vegetables,  fruit,  timber, 
coal,  iron,  salt,  and  building-stone ;  has  iron,  coke,  to- 
bacco, leather,  and  other  manufactures ;  and  has  various 
mineral  springs  and  natural  curiosities  (as  the  Natural 
Bridge,  Luray  Caverns,  etc.).  It  has  lOO  counties,  sends 
2  senators  and  10  represent.atives  to  Congress,  and  has  12 
electoral  votes.  It  was  the  first  of  the  original  colonies, 
and  one  of  the  13  original  States,  and  was  settled  by  the 
English  at  Jamestown  in  1607.  Among  the  early  leaders 
were  John  Smith,  Newport,  Somers,  Gat«s,  and  Delawarr. 
It  was  governed  at  first  by  the  London  Company.  Ne- 
gro slavery  was  introduced  in  1619.  It  became  a  royal 
colony  in  1624  ;  was  the  scene  of  Bacon's  rebellion  in  1676 : 
took  part  in  the  French  and  Indian  war;  took  a  pronw- 
nent  part  in  the  events  leading  to  the  Revolution  ;  ceded 
its  teiTitory  beyond  the  Ohio  in  1784 ;  ratified  the  Consti- 
tution in  1788:  was  the  leading  State  in  influence  in  the 
early  history  of  the  country,  furnishing  four  of  the  first 
five  Presidents ;  seceded  from  the  Union  April  17, 1861 ;  be- 
came the  center  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  contained 
their  capital :  and  was  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  war. 
Among  the  events  of  which  it  was  the  scene  were  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  Peninsular  and  Valley  campaigns, 
second  Bull  Run  campaign,  Fredericksburg  and  Chancel- 
lorsville  campaigns,  Wilderness  campaign,  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  Richmond,  and  surrender  of  Lee's  army.  The 
State  was  readmitted  to  the  Union  in  1870.  Area,  42,450 
square  miles.    Population  (1900),  1,854,184. 

Virginia,  Army  of.  A  Federal  army  in  the 
Civil  War,  formed  in  Aug.,  1862,  out  of  the 
commands  of  Fremont,  Banks,  and  McDowell. 
It  was  commanded  by  General  Pope,  and  took  part  in  the 
second  Bull  Run  campaign,  after  which  it  was  discon- 
tinued. 

Virginia,  Uni'versity  of.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  near  Charlottesville,  Virginia : 
chartered  1819.  Its  chief  founder  was  Thomas 
.Jefferson. 

Virginia  City  (ver-jin'i-a  sit'i).  The  capital 
of  Madison  County.  Montana,  situated  on  Alder 
Creek  60  miles  southeast  of  Butte.  It  is  a  gold- 
mining  center.     Population  (1900).  2.695. 

Virginia  City,  or  Virginia.  The  capital  of 
Storey  County,  Nevada,  situated  on  the  slope 
of  Mount  Davidson,  about  6,200  feet  above  sea- 
level,  in  lat.  39°  17'  N.  It  is  the  second  largest  in- 
corporated place  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  richest  min- 
ing centers  in  the  world.  It  was  built  in  1859  over  the 
Comstock  Lode.     Population  (1900),  2,695. 

Virginians  (ver-jin'i-anz),  The.  -A.  novel  by 
Thackeray,  published  in  1857-59.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Virginia  in  the  18th  century.  It  is 
a  sequel  to  "Henry  Esmond." 

Virginia  Plan,  The.  An  outUne  plan  of  a  con- 
stitution for  the  L'nited  States,  presented  to  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1787  by  Edmund 
Randolph  of  Virginia.  It  projected  a  national 
union  differing  radically  from  the  old  confed- 
eracy. 

Virginia  Resolutions,  The.  Resolutions  pre- 
pared by  James  Madison,  and  passed  by  the 
Virginia  legislature  Dec,  1798,  which  declared 
the  Alien  and  Sedition  acts  "palpable  and 
alarming  infractions  of  the  Constitution." 

Virgin  (ver'jin)  Islands.  A  group  of  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  east  of  Porto  Rico.  It  com- 
prises the  British  islands  Tortola,  Anegada,  Virgin  Gorda. 
etc.  (forming  part  of  the  Leeward  Islands  Colony);  the 
isl.inds  Culebra,  Vieques,  .etc.  (dependencies  of  Porto 
Rico) ;  and  the  islands  St.  Ci-ois,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John. 
They  were  discovered  l)y  Coiiunbns  in  Nov.,  1493.  Total 
area,  about  275  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  about 
.=■5,000. 

Virginius  (ver-jin'i-us).  In  Roman  legendary 
liistoi-y,  the  father  of  Virginia.     See  Virginia. 

Virginius.  Ji.  tragedy  by  J.  Sheridan  Kndwles, 
produced  in  1820. 


Vishnu 

Virginius.  An  American  vessel  captured  by 
the  Sjianiards  in  1873  while  engaged  in  filibus- 
tering. The  captain  and  others  were  executed  at  San- 
tiago de  Cuba.  The  aflair  caused  extreme  tension  between 
the  American  and  Spanish  governments.  It  ended  in  the 
payment  of  an  indemnity  by  Spain. 

Virgin  Martyr,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Massinger 
and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1620.  printed  in  1622. 
It  was  revised  in  1668  and  1715. 

Virgin  of  the  Rosary,  The.  A  painting  by 
Murillo,  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Madrid,  it  i» 
one  of  the  best  of  Murillo's  pictures.  The  heads  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child  show  typical  Andalusian  faces. 

Virgin  Queen.  A  name  given  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth of  England. 

Virgo  (ver'go).  [L.,  'the  virgin.']  An  ancient 
constellation  and  sign  of  the  zodiac.  The  figure 
represents  a  winged  woman  in  a  robe  holding  a  spike  of 
grain  in  her  left  hand.  One  of  the  stars  was  called  Vin- 
demiatrix,  or  by  the  Greeks  Protrygeter  —  that  is.  precursor 
of  the  vintage.  At  the  time  when  the  zodiac  seems  to 
have  been  formed  (2100  B.  c.)  this  star  would  first  be  seen 
at  Babylon  before  sunrise  about  Aug.  20,  or,  since  there 
is  some  evidence  that  it  was  then  brighter  than  it  is  now, 
perhaps  a  week  earlier.  This  would  seem  too  late  for  the 
vintage,  so  that  perhaps  this  tradition  is  older  than  the 
zodiac.  Virgo  appears  in  the  Egyptian  zodiacs  without 
wings,  yet  there  seems  no  room  to  doubt  that  the  figure 
was  first  meant  for  the  winged  Assyrian  Astarte.  especially 
as  the  sixth  month  in  Akkadian  is  called  the  "Errand  of 
Ishtar."  The  symbol  of  the  zodiacal  sign  is  trp,  where  a 
resemblance  to  a  wing  may  be  seen.  The  constellation 
contains  the  white  first-magnitude  star  Spica. 

Viriathus  (vi-ri'a-thus),  or  Viriatus  (vi-ri'a- 
tus).  Assassinated  about  139  B.  c.  A  Lusita- 
nian  shepherd  who  conducted  a  long  and  gener- 
ally successful  war  against  the  Romans  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Spanish  peninsula  149-139. 

Viroconium.     See  Uriconium. 

Virues  (ve-ro-es'),  Cristoval  de.  Bom  at 
Valencia.  Spain,  about  1550:  died  about  1610. 
A  Spanish  epic  and  dramatic  poet,  a  friend  of 
Lope  de  Vega.     Five  of  his  plays  are  extant. 

He  claims  to  have  first  divided  Spanish  dramas  into 
three  joriiadas  or  acts,  and  Lope  de  Vega  assents  to  the 
claim  :  but  they  were  both  mistaken,  for  we  now  know 
that  such  a  division  was  made  by  Francisco  de  AveudaSo 
not  later  than  1553,  when  Virues  was  but  three  years 
old.  Tidnwr,  Span.  Lit,  IL  64. 

Viscaino,  Sebastian.    See  Vizcaino. 

Vischer  (fish'er),  Friedrich  Theodor.  Bom 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Wiii'temberg,  June  30,  1807: 
died  at  Gmunden,  Sept.  14,  1887.  A  German 
critic,  professor  at  Tiiliingen.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  of  1848.  His  chief  work  is 
"Astlietik"  (1847-58).  His  other  works  include  "Uber 
das  Erhabene  und  Komische  "  (1S37),  "  Kritische  G^ge  " 
(1844),  etc. 

Visconti  (vis-kon'te),  Ennio  Quirino.  [From 
L.  r»cfcow(7es,  viscount.]  Born  at  Rome,  Nov. 
1, 1751 :  died  Feb.  7, 1818.  A  celebrated  Italian 
archieologist .  He  was  conservator  of  the  Capitoline  Mu- 
seum at  Rome,  and  member  of  the  provisional  government 
at  Rome.  In  1799  he  went  to  Paris,  where  in  1799  he  wai 
made  custodian  of  the  collections  in  the  Lou\Te  and  pro- 
fessor of  archaeology.  His  chief  work  is  "  Iconographie 
grecque  "  (1808).  His  other  works  include  the  first  volume 
of  the  "Iconographie  romaine  "  (1817:  completed  by  Men- 
gez),  "Museo  Pio-Clementino"  (1782-^7),  "Description  des 
antiques  du  musee  royal,"  etc. 

Visconti,  Filippo  Maria.  Died  1447.  The  last 
Duke  of  Milan  of  the  Visconti  house,  son  of- 
G.  G.  Visconti. 

Visconti,  Gian  Galeazzo.  Died  1402.  Grand- 
nephew  of  Giovanni  Visconti,  and  son  of  Gale- 
azzo Visconti.  He  became  duke  of  Milan  in  1395 ; 
subdued  a  large  part  of  northern  and  central  Italy ;  and 
was  a  patron  of  literature  and  art. 

Visconti,  GiO'Vanni.  Died  1354.  Lord  of  Milan. 
He  annexed  Genoa.  His  dominions  were  di- 
vided among  his  three  nephews. 

Visconti- Venosta  (■vis-kon'te-va-nos'ta),  Mar- 
quis Emilio.  Bom  at  Milan,  Jan.  22,1829.  An 
Italian  diplomatist  and  polirieian,  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1863-64,  1866-67.  and  1869-76. 

Vishnu  (vish'no).  [Skt., 'The  Worker';  from 
V  lish,  work,  be  active,  accomplish.]  In  later 
Hindu  mythology,  the  second  member  of  the 
trimurti  or  triad  (Brahma, Vishnu,  and  Shiva): 
regarded  as  the  preserver,  while  Brahma  and 
Shiva  are  respectively  the  creator  and  the  de- 
Strover.  Vishnu  appears  alreadyin  the  Rigveda  as  a  solar 
divinity.  There  his  chief  achievement  is  striding  over 
the  heavens  in  three  steps,  explained  as  designating  the 
three  daily  stations  of  the  sun  in  his  rising,  culmination, 
and  setting,  the  conception  out  of  which  grew  the  legend 
of  the  Vamana,  or  dwarf  incarnation  of  Vishnu.  (See  To- 
mana.)  He  is  the  companion  of  Indra  in  drinking  the 
soma  and  in  battling  with  Vritra.  At  times  he  appears 
as  sent  by  Indra,  and  strengthened  by  him,  while  at  others 
he  gives  Indra  strength,  especially  byprep.aring  the  soma 
for  him.  Not  at  first  included  among  the  Adityas,  or  sons 
of  Aditi  (whose  number  in  the  ^■edic  period  varies  f»om 
six  ib  eight),  when  their  number  is  raised  to  twelve,  rep- 
resenting the  sun  in  the  twelve  months  of  the  year,  Vish- 
nu receives  the  first  place  among  them.  It  is  in  the  Ma- 
habbarata  and  the  Ramayana  that  he  appears  without  this 


Vishnu 

solar  character,  and  as  gradually  rising  to  his  present  su- 
premacy as  the  most  popular  god  of  modern  Hindu  wor- 
ship, while  the  Pui-anas  represent  the  fully  developed 
rivalry  between  Shiva  and  V'ishnu  and  their  worshipers, 
called  respectively  Shaivas  and  N'alshnavas.  The  most 
marked  feature  of  the  modern  Vishnu  is  his  incarnation 
in  a  portion  of  his  essence  on  ten  different  occasions  to 
deliver  manliind  from  special  dangers.  These  ten  princi- 
pal avatars  ('  descents,'  'incarnations')  are  (1)  the  Matsya, 
or  *  fish ' ;  (-i)  the  Kurma, '  tortoise ' ;  (;i)  the  Varaha,  *  boar ' ; 
(4)  the  Narasinha,  'man-lion';  (.S)  the  Vamana,  'dwarf; 
(6)  Parashurama,  or '  Rama  with  the  ax' ;  (7)  Raniachandra ; 
(8)  Krishna  ;  (9)  Buddlia.  by  adopting  whom  the  Brahmans 
apparently  wished  to  eifect  a  compromise  betwet-n  tlieir 
own  creed  and  Buddhism  ;  and  (lO)Kalki,  an  incl^^latio^, 
yet  to  come,  in  which  Vishnu  at  the  end  of  the  four  yugas 
or  ages  will  destroy  the  wicked,  and  free  the  world  from 
its  enemies.  (.See  the  names.)  These  avatars  some  of  the 
Puranas  increase  to  22  or  2-4.  As  in  their  treatment  of  the 
triad  the  modern  Hindus  elevate  either  Shiva  or  Vishim 
to  the  supreme  place,  subordinating  the  other  two,  Vish- 
nu is  often  identified  with  Narayana,  the  personified  Pu- 
rusha,  or  primeval  living  spirit,  and  is  described  as  mov- 
ing on  the  waters,  and  resting  on  shesha,  the  serpent  of 
Infinity,  while  Brahma  emerges  from  a  lotus  growing  from 
his  navel.  His  wife  is  Lakshmi  or  Sliri,  and  his  paradise 
Vaikuntha.  He  has  a  peculiar  mark  on  his  breast  called 
Shrivatsa,  and  has  a  conch-shell,  a  discus,  a  club,  a  lotus,  a 
bow,  and  a  sword.  Upon  his  wi-ist  is  the  jewel  Syaman- 
taka,  and  on  his  breast  the  jewel  Kaustubha.  His  vehicle 
is  Garuda,  who  is  half  man,  half  bird  (with  the  head, wings, 
talons,  and  beak  of  an  eagle,  and  the  bod.v  and  limbs 
of  a  man),  and  whose  face  is  white,  wings  red,  and  body 
golden.  'The  Ganges  issues  from  Vishnu's  foot.  He  has 
slain  countless  demons,  a  number  of  whom  are  specified 
in  various  legends.  He  has  a  thousand  names,  all  given 
In  the  Anushasana-parvan  ('instruction-section')  of  the 
Mahabharata,  with  those  of  Shiva,  which  number  1.008. 
On  Vishim,  see  Muir's  "  Original  Sanskrit  Texts."  IV.  63- 
298,  and  Mi  inier- Williams's  "  Brahmanism  and  Hinduism," 
ill.,  v.,  and  vi. 

Vishnupurana  (vish-no-po-rii'iia).  InSanski-it 
literatiu'c-,  an  important  and  tyjiical  I'urana  (see 
that  wortl).  It  has  been  translated,  with  preface  and 
many  notes,  by  Wilson.  A  second  edition  of  this  transla- 
tion has  been  greatly  enriched  by  the  further  notes  of 
Fitzedward  Hall.  It  appears  in  Wilson's  works.  Vol.  VI 
(London,  18f4).  Wilson's  analysis  of  the  Puranas  in  Vol. 
Ill,  and  his  preface  to  the  Vishnupurana,  are  the  chief 
sources  of  information  on  the  Purainis. 

Visigoths  (viz'i-goths).  [From  LL.  'Visii/otki, 
Visegothse,West  Goths.]  The  individuals  of  the 
more  westerly  of  the  tvfo  great  historical  di- 
visions of  the  Goths.  See  Goths.  The  Visigoths 
founded  a  monarchy  which  continued  in  southern  France 
until  .W7,  and  in  Spain  until  711.     Also  called  WestGothg. 

Vision  of  Don  Roderick.    A  narrative  poem 

liy  Sir  AValtcr  Scott,  published  in  1811. 

Vision  of  Judgment.  1 .  A  poem  by  Southey, 
published  in  1821. — 2.  Aburlesque  of  this  poem 
by  Lord  B-\Ton. 

Vision  of  Ezekiel  (e-ze'ki-el),  The.  God  the 
Father,  mth  the  symbols  of  the  four  Evange- 
lists :  a  small  but  impressive  painting  by  Ra- 
phael, in  the  Galleria  Pitti,  Florence.  The  God- 
head is  treated  perhaps  too  much  like  a  Jupiter, 
but  the  grouping  is  admirable. 

Vision  of  Mirza  (mer'za),  The.  An  allegory  by 
Addison,  published  in  the  "  Spectator,"  No.  159. 
It  is  a  vision  of  human  life. 

Vision  of  Piers  Plo'wman  (pers  plou'man).  An 

allegorical  and  satirical  poem  by  William  Lang- 
land,  begun  about  1302,  revised  in  1377,  and  re- 
vised and  enlarged  until  about  1393.  it  was  very 
popular,  as  attested  by  its  numerous  MSS.,  and  was  printed 
in  1550, 1553,  and  1501,  in  several  editions.  There  have  been 
several  modern  reprints,  the  most  recent  of  which  is  that 
edited  by  Professor  W.  W.  Skeat  in  1887.  This  incorporates 
the  collations  of  three  MS.  versions,  of  different  date8,with 
notes.  The  book  is  really  the  "  Vision  of  William  concern- 
ing Piers  Plowman. "  wiio  is  the  subject,  not  the  author. 
There  are  other  visions  incorporated,  but  this  was  the  fa- 
vorite character  of  Langland. 

In  the  earlier  part  of  the  poem  he  is  a  blameless  plough- 
man and  a  guide  to  men  who  are  seeking  the  shrine  of 
Truth,  whilst  in  the  latter  jiart  of  it  he  is  the  blameless 
carpenter's  son  who  alone  can  show  us  the  Father.  The 
ambiguity  is  surely  not  very  great,  and  the  reader  who 
once  apprehends  this  explanation  will  easily  remember 
that  the  true  Piers  Plowman  was  certainly  not  a  Middle- 
English  author. 

Sheaf.  Preface  to  Piers  the  Plowman,  p.  .xxvll. 

Vision  of  Sir  Launfal  (liin'fal).  A  poem  by 
.Inmis  liussuU  Lowell,  published  in  1!M5. 

Viso,  Monte.     See  Moulc  Viso. 

Vistula  (vi.s'tu-lji).  [F.  Vistule,  L.  Vistula,  G. 
H'virhsil,  Pol.  Wislti.']  A  largo  river  of  nortli- 
ern  Europe,  it  rises  in  Austrian  .Silesia  in  the  Jablunka 
Mountains,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Austriat) 
Silesia  and  Galicla  on  the  one  side  and  I'russian  Silesia 
on  the  f>ther  ;  passes  through  Galicia.  anti  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  (talieia  anci  Poland  ;  traverses  Coland  ; 
enters  Prussia  ;  separates  near  its  nnnith  into  the  Vis- 
tula  ami  Nogat ;  anri  then  divides  into  the  Danziger 
Vistula  aTiil  the  Eltiinger  Vistula,  of  which  the  former 
Hows  directly  into  the  (iulf  of  liantzic  anrI  the  latter  into 
the  Frisehes  llatf.  Itschief  tributaries  are  the  .San,  I'llica, 
Bug,  and  Brahe  ;  the  chief  towns  on  its  hanks,  Cracow, 
Warsaw,  Plock,  Thorn,  atid  Dantzic.  Length,  al>out  CfiO 
miles  ;  navigable  for  small  vessels  from  t'racow,  for  large 
vessels  from  the  mouth  of  tlie  Han. 

The  origin  of  the  name  of  this  river  (Vlstulal  (derm. 
Welchsel,  Vlxel,  Slav.  Visia,  Lat.  Vistula)  unfortunately 

0.— CO 


ItUl 

can  hardly  be  ascertained  with  certainty.  -It  is  sometimes 
regarded  as  originally  and  thoroughly  Teutonic,  sometimes 
as  Slavonic,  sometimes  also  as  Slavo-Teutonic  (Mullen- 
hoff.  ii.  207 ;  J.  V.  Fi.rlinger,  K.  Z.,  xxiii.  479).  The  last 
seems  to  be  the  most  probable. 

Schroder,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  429. 

Vistula  Governments.    The  official  name  of 

Kussian  Poland. 

Visurgis  (vi-scr'jis).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
H'cstr. 

Vitalians  (vi-ta'li-anz).  A  band  of  pirates  who 
infested  the  Baltic  and  North  soas  at  the  end 
of  the  14th  and  the  beginning  of  the  l.'ith  cen- 
tury. 

Vitalis  (ve-tii'les).  Pseudonym  of  the  Swedish 
poet  Sjoberg. 

Vitalis  (\i-ta'lis).     See  Ordericus. 

Vita  Nuova  (ve'tii  no-o'va).  [It.,  'The  New 
Life.']  A  work  by  Dante,  probably  finished  in 
1307. 

Dante  wrote  in  his  early  manhood  the  "  Vita  Xuova  "— 
the  New  or  the  Early  Life —  connecting,  with  a  narrative 
of  aspiration  towards  Beatrice  as  the  occasion  of  them, 
sonnets  and  canzoni,  representing  artillcially,  according 
to  the  manner  of  that  time,  various  moods  of  love. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  402. 

Vitebsk  (ve-tebsk').  1.  A  government  of  west- 
ern Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Livonia,  Pskoff,  Smolensk,  Moghilcff,  Minsk, 
Vilna,  and  Courland.  Area,  17,440  square  miles. 
Population,  1,341,100.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Vitebsk,  situated  on  the  Diina 
in  lat.  55°  15'  N.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
Population  (1888),  58,495. 

Vitellius  (vi-tel'i-us),  Aulus.  Born  15  A.  D.: 
killed  at  Rome,  Dec,  09  a.  d.  Roman  emperor, 
a  favorite  of  Tiberius,  Caligula,  Claudius,  and 
Nero.  He  was  appointed  governor  in  LowerGermany  by 
Galba  in  08,  and  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  at 

•  the  l)eginning  of  09.  His  generals  Cajcina  and  Valens  de- 
feated Otho  ;  and  he  entered  Rome  in  the  middle  of  69. 
His  forces  were  defeated  by  those  of  Vespasian  under 
Antonius  Primus. 

Viterbo  (ve-ter'bo).  [ML.  Viterbium,  Biter- 
vum.']  A  city  of  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy, 
41  miles  north-northwest  of  Rome.  Ithasa  noted 
cathedral,  and  was  formerly  a  papal  residence.  In  the 
neighborhood  are  mineral  springs  and  Etruscan  antiqui- 
ties.    Population  (ISSl),  19,054. 

Viti  (ve'te),  or  Mavlti  (mii-ve'te),  also  called 
Mazitu  (mii-ze'to).     A  tribe  of  marauders  in 

East  Africa,  originally  Zulus  from  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Sofala  and  Inhambane,  who,  about 
1850,  crossed  the  Zambesi  and  ravaged  the 
region  between  the  Rovuma  and  Rufiji  rivers. 
Many  settled  finally  southwest  of  Lake  Xyassa,  where  they 
are  called  Mangoni  (Livingstone,  1863).  Others  mixed 
with  different  tribes,  especially  with  the  Mahcnge.  Taking 
advantage  of  the  fear  inspired  by  the  Mavlti,  other  ma- 
rauders, as  the  Waninde  and  the  Wangindo,  took  their 
name,  costume,  and  manners  in  order  to  facilitate  their 
depredations. 

Viti  Archipelago.    See  Fiji  Islands. 

Vitiges  (vit'i-,iez).  An  East-Gothic  king  who 
reigned  from  530  to  about  540.  He  was  taken 
captive  to  Constantinople  by  Belisarius. 

Viti  Levu  (ve'te  lev'o).  The  largest  island 
of  the  Fiji  group,  and  the  most  imjjortant  in 
respect  to  population  and  fertilitv.  Area, 
about  4,000  square  miles.     Pop.  (1890),  .50,000. 

Vitim  (ve-tem').  A  river  in  Siberia  which  rises 
in  Transbaikalia  and  joins  the  Lena  about  lat. 
.59°  50'  N.     Lengtli,  about  1.400  miles. 

Vitorla,  or  Vittoria  (ve-to'^re-ii).  [ML.  Vic- 
loriuciim,  Victoria.']  The  cai)ital  of  the  Basque 
province  of  Alava,  Sjiaiii,  situated  on  the  Za- 
dorra  in  lat.  42°  50'  N.,  long.  2°  43'  W.  it  Is  an 
important  commercial  and  inanufactuilng  town.  A  vic- 
tory was  gained  there  by  the  Alliesundcr  Wellington  over 
the  French  under  .Tt»Mej>ii  Bi)nai>artc  and  Jourdan,  Jutie21, 
1813.     Population  (1S87),  27,6(K). 

Vitoria,  Duke  of.    A  title  of  Espartero. 

Vitr6  (v6-tra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
nie-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on  tlie  Vilaine 
24  miles  cast  of  Rennos.  It  contains  a  castle,  and  a 
church  of  Notre  Dame,  and  is  noted  for  Its  old  Breton  as- 
pect.    Populati.in  (1891),  10.iX)7. 

Vitru'7iusPollio(vi-tro'vi-uspori-d), Marcus: 

called  Vitruvius.  Born  at  Verona.  A  famous 
Roman  iirclii(e<'t  and  engineer,  military  engi- 
neer under  t'li'sar  and  Augustus.  His  treatise  on 
architecture,  in  ten  booksC'De  aichitci-lura"),  dedicat^'d 
to  Augustus,  is  the  only  surviving  Honiuit  treatise  on  the 
subject.  Ho  seems  t4i  havy  been  an  unsuccessful  archi- 
tect :  his  book,  however,  was  well  known  to  I'llny,  and  »m 
it  was  based  almo!<  all  the  earlier  theory  ami  practice  of 
RenaiHsancf  atid  'pscuilf)-classlcal  Hrchitecluro. 

Vitry-le-Fran?0i8  (ve-tro'le-fron-swil').  [See 
del'.]  ,\  town  in  the  <lcpartment  of  Mame, 
France,  situated  on  the  Mariie  'JO  miles  south- 
east of  1 'lilllims-sur-Maruc.  It  was  founded  by 
Frnncis  1.     I'opubitioii  (1891),  commune,  8,022. 

Vittoria  (Spain).    Hoe  Vitoria. 


Vizcaino 

Vittoria  Colonna.  See  Colonua. 

Vittoria  Corombona.    See  White  Devil. 

Vittorio  (vit-to're-6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Treviso,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Meschio  38 
miles  north  of  Venice,  it  Is  composed  of  the  two 
former  towns  Ceneda  and  Serravalle.  Ceneda  was  an  im- 
I»ortant  place  In  the  middle  ages.  It  has  various  works  of 
art.    Population  of  Vittorio  (18B1),  16,681. 

Vitus  (vi'tus),  Saint.  A  saint  of  the  Roman 
church,  a  martyr  under  Diocletian.  His  festival 
is  celebrated  June  15.  At  rim  and  Ravenshurg  and 
other  places  in  Germany  it  was  I)elieved  it)  the  17th  cen- 
tury that  g.)od  health  could  be  secured  for  a  year  by  dan- 
cing before  his  image  at  lus  festival,  and  bringing  gilts: 
hence  it  is  said  that  .St  V  Itus's  dance  came  to  be  con- 
founded with  chorea,  a  nervous  disorder,  and  he  was  In- 
voked against  it 

Vitznau  (vits'nou).  A  small  village  in  the  can- 
ton of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne  9  miles  east-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne.   It  is  a  tourist  center. 

Vivarais  (ve-vii-ra').  [h.  pagm  Vivariensis.'] 
An  ancient  district  in  Languedoc,  France,  cor- 
responding nearlj-  to  the  modem  department 
ofArdfeche.    Capital,  Viviers. 

Vivian  (viv'i-an),  or  Vi'inane,  or  Vi'vien.    In 

the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance,  an  enchantress, 
the  mistress  of  Merlin,  she  brought  up  Lancelot  in 
her  palace,  which  was  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  magical 
lake  :  hem:e  her  name  "the  Lady  of  the  Lake."  Tennyson 
has  used  the  subject  of  her  subjugation  of  Merlin  in  his 
"Merlin  and  Vivien  "  in  the  "Idylls  of  the  King." 

At  length  this  renowned  magician  fMerlin]  disappeared 
entirely  fnmi  England.  His  voice  alone  was  beard  In  a 
forest,  where  he  was  enclosed  in  a  bush  of  hawthorn  :  he 
had  been  entrapped  in  this  awkward  residence  by  means 
of  a  charm  he  had  communicated  to  his  mistress  Vivian 
or  Viviane,  who,  not  believing  in  the  spell,  had  tried  it  on 
her  lover.  The  lady  was  .sorry  for  the  accident  but  there 
was  no  extracting  her  admirer  from  his  thorny  coverture. 
DunUtp.  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  154. 

It  .  .  .  seems  evident  that  it  is  to  the  Hwimleian,  or 
Chwifleian  of  .Merlinus  Silvestris  {the  historical  Merlin  of 
Scotland),  that  we  are  Ui  attribute  the  origin  of  Viviane  of 
the  romances  of  Chivalry,  and  who  acts  so  conspicuous 
a  part  in  those  compositions,  although  it  is  true  that  there 
is  not  much  resemblance  betwixt  the  two  names.  But  if  we 
look  into  the  poems  of  Merlin  Sylvestris.  we  shall  find  that 
the  female  personage  of  this  name,  which  by  the  French 
romances  might  easily  be  modified  into  Viviane,  is  repeat- 
edly referred  to  by  the  bard  in  his  vaticinations.  It  also 
seems  i)robable,  as  Chwitleian  signifies  a  female  who  ap- 
pears and  disappears,  and  also  as  the  word  bears  some  re- 
semblance in  sound  to  Sibylla,  that  the  bard,  by  a  confusion 
of  terms  aiul  ideas  not  uncommon  in  early  writers,  coined 
this  name  as  an  appellation  for  some  imaginary  character, 
and  thus  furnished  the  original  of  Viviane. 

T.  Price.  Literary  Remains,  I.  144. 

Vi'vian  Grey.  A  novel  bv  Disraeli,  published 
in  1S20-27. 

Vi'Vriani  (vg-v»»-ii'ne).Vuicenzo.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, April  5,  1022 :  di.-.l  Sept.  22,  1703.  An 
Italian  mathematician,  a  pupil  of  Galileo,  and 
his  companion  during  the  last  years  of  the 
great  astronomer's  life.  His  theoretical  restoration 
of  the  lost  books  of  Aristanis  and  of  Apollonius  of  Perga 
on  conic  sections  was  verified  by  the  discovery  of  the  text. 

Vi'Tlen  de  Saint-Martin  (v6-vyan'  Ai  san-mar- 
tan').  Louis.  Burn  at  Saint  Slartin-de-Foute- 
nay,  Jlay  17,  isoi;:  died  Jan.  3,  1,897.  A  noted 
Freucli  geographer,  one  of  the  foimders  of  the 
Geographical  Society  of  Paris.  He  founded  in  18S2 
the  "Athenft'um  franfais,"  ami  etilteil  "L'Annee  ge->gra- 
phique"  1863-76.  He  also  wrote  "  Etude  stir  la  gt>ogranhle 
grecnue  et  latino  de  I'lnde"  (1858-tiO).  "Leniirdd'Afrlque 
dans  Vantlqulte'grecque  et  romaine"(  1883), etc.,  and  edited 
(1877-90)  "  Nouveau  dtctionnairu  de  giHigraphie  univer- 
selle.  " 

Viviers  (ve-vya').  [ML.  Virarin.1.  Virariiim.]  A 
siuiill  town  in  thedepart men t  of  Ard^cbe, France, 
situated  on  the  Rhone  southeast  of  Privas. 

Vivitao  (ve-ve-tii'6),  or  Vavltau.  One  of  the 
]>riiK'i]ial  islands  of  the  Austral  group,  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Vivonne  (ve-von').  Catherine  dei^Marquise  de 

Kaml)ouillel.  Born  at  Home,  l.).8S;  died  at 
Paris,  1005.  A  Frencli  social  leader,  celebrated 
for  her  intluence  on  French  literature  and  so- 
ciety through  the  reunions  in  lier  salon.  Sea 
Hotel  lie  Itumbiiitillct  and  Arthriiicc. 

Vizagapatam  (ve-zii 'ga-iHi-tiim').  1.  Adis- 
trkl  ill  Madras.  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  18°  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area.  4,019  square 
miles.  P.ii.ulalion(1891),1.943,2ll.— 2.  A  sea- 
port, capital  of  the  district  of  Vizagapatam,  sit- 
uated on  the  Bay  of  B<'ngal  in  lat.  17°  42'  N., 
long.  83°  IS'  K.     Population  (1891),  34,4.87. 

Vizcaino  (veth-kii-i-'^no),  Sebastian.    Bom  at 

Iluelva.  Spain:  diedat  Acapulco.  Mexico,  about 
1015.  A  Spanish  navigator.  He  commanded  ex- 
ploring expeditions  from  Acapulco  to  I/iwor  rallforniii 
(l.Mm-97),  the  t'alifornian  coimt  to  lat  4.H'  (160'.M>.'I).  and 
.Manila  and  .lapan  (16II-H).  In  the  last  ho  carried  Fran- 
ciscan missionaries  to  .lapan.  and  matie  the  first  attempt 
to  establish  coinmereial  relations  between  that  countrv 
and  Spain.  111a  ri'tiorts  have  been  repeatedly  publisheu. 
Also  written  Vitcaino. 


Vizcaya 

Vizcaya  (veth-ka'yS).  A  Spanish  armored 
cruiser  of  7,000  tons  and  a  nominal  speed  of 
20  knots.  She  uas  a  sister  ship  of  the  Alniirante 
Oquendo  and  the  Inlanta  Maria  Teresa.  Under  Captain 
Eulate  she  surrendered  to  the  Iowa  off  Aserraderos,  San- 
tiago de  Cuba,  .luly  3,  1898. 

Vizcaya.    See  Biscay. 

Vlachs  (vlaks).     Same  as  TTnllacJiians. 

Vladikavkaz  (vlii-de-kav-kaz').  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Terek.  Caucasia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Terek,  at  the  base  of  the  Cau- 
casus Mountains,  about  lat.  43°  N.  it  is  the  ter- 
minus of  the  railway,  a  fortress,  and  an  important  center 
of  transit  trade.     Population,  44,207. 

Vladimir  (vla'di-mir  or  '  vla-de'mir).  1.  A 
government  of  Russia,  siuTounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Tver,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nijni- 
Novgorod,  Tamboff,  Ryazan,  and  Moseovr.  it 
comprises  the  greater  pai-t  of  the  ancient  principality  of 
Vladimir.  Area,  18,Sf4  square  miles.  Population,  1,466,600. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Vladimir, 
situated  on  the  Klyasma  110  miles  east  by 
north  of  Moscow,  it  contains  two  ancient  cathedrals. 
That  of  the  Assumption  was  rebuilt  in  the  13th  centuiy 
after  destruction  by  the  Tatars,  and,  though  twice  since 
restored,  retains  much  of  its  old  character  and  interest. 
It  Wfis  until  the  middle  of  the  15th  century  the  metropol- 
itan church  of  Russia.  It  possesses  rich  silver  sluines, 
tombs  of  princes  and  metropolitans,  and  many  other  his- 
torical relics.  That  of  Dimitri  of  Solun  is  remarkable  for 
the  abundant  sculpture,  representing  animals,  birds,  foli- 
age, and  the  like,  which  adorns  its  walls  of  white  sand- 
stone. Tlie  sreat  portal  is  one  of  the  finest  of  its  type. 
Population  (18S5-S9),  20,709. 

Vladimir,  Saint,  "The  Great."  Died  1015. 
Grand  Prince  of  Russia  980-1015.  He  extended 
the  Russian  dominions  and  promoted  Chris- 
tianity. 

Vladimir,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  prin- 
cipality, and  at  times  a  grand  principality,  in 
Russia.     See  Su::dal. 

Vladimir  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Japan,  on 
tlie  coast  of  the  Maritime  Province  in  Siberia. 

Vladivostok  (vla-de-vos-tok').  A  seaport  in 
the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Golden  Horn  of  the  Gulf  of  Peter  the  Great 
(Sea  of  Japan),  in  lat.  43°  7'  N.,  long.  131°  53'  E. 
It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the  chief  Russian  naval  station 
on  the  Pacific.  It  was  founded  in  1861.  Population,  13,050. 

Vlaenderen,  or  Vlaanderen.  The  Flemish 
name  of  Flanders. 

Vlie  (vie).  A  sea  passage  or  current  between 
the  North  Sea  and  the  Zuyder  Zee,  northeast 
of  Vlieland  and  southwest  of  Terschelling. 

Vlieland(vle'lant).  One  of  the  Friesian  Islands, 
belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  situated  in  the 
North  Sea  northeast  of  Texel.  Length,  12 
miles. 

Vlissingen  (vlis'sing-en),  or  Vliessingen 
(vles'sing-en).     The  Dutch  name  of  Flushing. 

Vogel  (fo'gel),  Eduard.  Born  at  Krefeld,  Ger- 
many, March  7,  1829 :  killed  in  Wadai,  1856. 
An  African  explorer.  WliUe  in  London  as  astrono- 
mer he  was  commissioned  by  the  British  government  to 
supplement  the  explorations  of  Richardson  and  Earth  in 
the  Sudan  (185:^).  After  three  years  of  successful  explora- 
tion in  the  Sudan  states  around  Lake  Chad,  where  he 
met  Earth,  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  fanaticism  of  the  Wadai 
people  as  he  was  attempting  to  reach  the  Nile  basin. 
Only  in  1873  was  his  fate  ascertained  by  Nachtigal. 

Vogelweide.     See  Walther  von  der  Vogelwekle. 

Vogler  (to'gier),  Georg  Joseph,  called  Abb6. 
Born  at  Wiirzburg,  Germany,  June  15,  1749: 
died  at  Darmstadt,  May  6,  1814.  A  German 
organist,  composer,  and  writer  on  music :  ka- 
pellmeister successively  in  Mannheim,  Stock- 
holm, and  Darmstadt,  and  conductor  of  schools 
of  music  in  those  cities. 

Vogt  (fokt),  Karl.  Born  at  Giessen,  Germany, 
July  5, 1817 :  died  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  May 
5.  1895.  A  distinguished  Gei-man  naturalist. 
He  studied  at  Giessen  (under  Liebig)  and  Bern,  and  later 
associated  himself  .vitb  Agassiz,  taking  an  important  part 
in  the  elaboration  of  the  latter's  great  work  on  flshes. 
Hewasappointedprotessorof  zoology  at  Giessen  in  1847, 
but  soon  lost  his  chair  for  political  reasons.  In  1852  he 
became  professor  ot  geology  at  Geneva,  and  subsequently 
obtained  the  additional  chair  of  zoology  at  the  same  in- 
stitute. He  conducted  an  expedition  to  the  North  Cape 
in  1861,  aud  in  1878  entered  the  Swiss  National  Assembly. 
He  was  an  extreme  Darwinist  and  a  zealous  advocate  of 
the  doctrine  of  materialism.  Among  his  works  ai-e  "Im 
Gebirg  und  auf  den  Gletschern"  (1843),  "Lehrbuth  der 
Geo'.ogie  und  Petrefaktenkunde  "  (1846).  "  Physiologische 
Briefe  "  (1845-46),  "Ocean  und  Jlittelmeer"  (1848),  "Tier- 
Btaaten  "  (1851),  "  Kohlerglauhe  und  Wissenschaft "  (1858- 
1855),  "Saugetiere  in  Wort  und  Bild"  (1883),  "  Praktische 
vergleichende  Anatomic"  with  Emile  Yung  (1885-).  His 
later  works  have  been  prijicipally  zoological. 

Vogtland  (fokt'lilnt),  or  Voigtland  (foikf- 
liint).  A  region  in  Germany,  immediately  sub- 
ject in  the  middle  ages  to  the  empire,  and  ad- 
ministered by  officials  called  votjU,  or  bailiffs. 
It  comprised  parts  of  western  Saxony,  Reuss,  Saxe-Alten- 
burg,  .Saxe- Weimar,  LTpper  Franconia,  Eohemia,  etc.— in 
general,  the  lands  near  the  upper  Elster  and  Saale. 


1042 

Vogtland  Switzerland.   A  picturesque  region 

in  the  Vogtland,  extending  along  the  White 
Elster  from  Plauen  northward  to  Greiz  (or  to 
Berga). 

Vogiie  ( v6-gu-a '),  Char  les  Jean  Melchior ,  Mar- 
quis de.  Bom  at  Paris,  1829.  AFreneh  archaeol- 
ogist and  diplomatist,  ambassador  at  Constan- 
tinople and  later  at  Vienna.  He  has  published 
"Les  ^glises  de  la  Terre  .Sainte  "  (1860),  "Inscriptions 
h^^braiqnes  de  Jerusalem '*  (1S64),  '*Le  temple  de  Jerusa- 
lem, "  "  Essai  sur  la  topographic  de  la  Ville  .Sainte  "  (1865). 
"  L' Architecture  dans  la  Syrie  centrale  "  (1865),  "ilt^langes 
d'archeologie orientale " (1869),  "Inscriptionssemitiques " 
(lSGi>-77),  and  edited  "  M^moires  du  Marechal  de  Villars" 
(1884)  and  "  Villars  d'apres  sa  correspondance  et  ses  docu- 
ments "  (1888). 

Vogiie,  Eugene  Marie  Melchior,  Vicomte  de. 
Born  at  Nice,  Feb.  25,  1848.  A  French  wi'iter 
and  diplomatist.  He  served  during  the  Franco-Prus- 
sian war,  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1871,  and  was 
successively  attached  to  the  embassies  and  missions  at 
Constantinople,  in  Egypt,  and  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  has 
written  a  number  of  works  of  travel,  etc.,  and  "  Le  roman 
Russe"  (1886),  "Le  nianteau  de  Joseph  Ol^nine"  (1890), 
"Heuresd'histoire"  (1893),  etc. 

Voigtland.    See  Voijiland. 

Voirons  (vwa-r6n'),  Les.  A  mountain-range  in 
the  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  10 
miles  east  of  Geneva.  Highest  point,  4,875 feet. 

Voiture  ( vwa-tiir'),  Vincent.  Born  at  Amiens, 
France,  1598:  died  May  26.  1648.  A  French 
poet  and  man  of  letters,  patronized  at  court. 
He  is  noted  for  his  letters  and  for  his  short  poems  (son- 
nets, chansons,  etc.). 

There  was.  in  the  first  place,  the  school  of  the  cOterie 
poets,  who  devoted  themselves  to  producing  vers  de  so- 
ciety, either  for  the  ladies  or  for  the  great  men  of  the 
period.  The  chief  of  this  school  was  beyond  all  question 
Voiture.  This  admirable  writer  of  prose  and  verse  pub- 
lished absolutely  nothing  during  his  lifetime,  though  his 
work  was  in  private  the  delight  of  the  salons. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  275. 

Vokes  (voks),  Rosina.  Born  at  London,  1858: 
diedatBabbaeombe,nearTorquay,Jan.29,1894. 
An  English  actress.  She  first  appeared  in  the  English 
provinces  in  pantomime  with  her  brother  Fred  and  her 
sisters  Victoria  and  Jessie.  In  1870,  with  Fawdon  Vokes, 
who  assumed  the  name,  they  made  a  success  in  London 
as  "the  Vokes  family."  They  were  also  very  successful  in 
America,  where  they  appeared  annually  for  many  years. 
Rosina  married  Cecil  Clay  in  1877.  She  was  remarkable 
for  her  fun,  originality,  and  graceful  dancing. 

Volano  (v6-la'n6).  A  village  in  Tyrol,  situated 
on  the  Adige  near  Roveredo.  Here,  April  24, 1809, 
the  Austrians  under  Chasteler  defeated  the  French  un- 
der Baraguay  d'Hilliers,  The  French  were  driven  out  of 
southern  TjTol. 

Volcae  (vol'se).  In  ancient  history,  a  people  of 
Gaul,  dwelling  in  Languedoe. 

Volcan  de  Agua.    See  Agim. 

Volcan  de  FuegO  (vol-kiin'  da  fo-a'go).  [Sp., 
'fire  volcano.']  An  active  volcano  of  Guate- 
mala, 10  miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Guate- 
mala la  Antigua.     Height,  about  12,500  feet. 

Volcano  (vol-kii'no)  Islands.  A  group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Pacific,  about  lat.  25°  N.,  long. 
141°  20'  E. 

Volga  (vol'ga).  [G.  TJo/f/r;.]  The  chief  river  of 
Russia,  and  the  longest  river  of  Europe:  the  an- 
cient Rha  or  Rhos,  Hunnish  Var.  It  rises  in  marshes 
of  the  Valdai  plateau,  government  of  Tver ;  traverses  the 
governments  of  Tver.  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nijni- Novgorod, 
and  Kazan ;  separates  Simbirsk  and  Saratotf  from  Samara ; 
and  traverses  Astrakhan.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Mologa,  Unsha,  Vetluga,  Kama,  and  Samara  on  the  left, 
and  the  Oka  and  Sura  on  the  right.  The  chief  places  on  its 
banks  are  Tver,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Ka- 
zan, Simbirsk,  Samara,  Saratotf,  and  Astrakhan.  It  divides 
into  various  branches,  and  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  by  a 
delta.  It  is  of  great  importance  as  a  medium  of  commerce. 
It  Is  connected  by  a  system  of  canals  with  the  Baltic. 
Length,  about  2,400  miles ;  navigable  for  the  greater  part 
of  the  distance. 

Volhynia  (vol-hin'i-a).  A  government  of  Russia, 
bordering  on  Galicia  (in  Austria-Hungary)  and 
on  the  governments  of  Lublin,  Siedlce,  Grodno, 
Minsk,  Kieflf,  and  Podolia.  Capital,  Zhitomir. 
The  siu"face  is  hilly  in  the  south,  elsewhere  flat.  Area, 
27,743  square  miles.     Population,  2,407,800. 

Volhynia,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  prin- 
cipality of  western  Russia,  acquired  by  Lithua- 
nia under  Gedimin  (1315-40). 

Volkmann  (folk'miln),  Alfred  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  July  1, 1801 :  died  at  Halle,  April  21, 
1877.  A  German  physiologist,  professor  at  Halle. 
His  works  include  "Anatomiaanimalium  "  (18:11-33),  "Die 
Lehre  vomleiblichen  Leben  "(1S:17),"  Physiologische  Unter- 
suchungen  im  Gebiete  der  Optik"  (1863-64). 

Volkmann,  Friedrich  Robert.  Bom  at  Lom- 
matzsch.  Saxony,  April  6,  1815:  died  at  Pest, 
Oct.  30,  1883.  A  German-Hungarian  composer. 
He  went  to  Leipsic  to  study  in  1836,  and  to  Prague  as 
teacher  and  composer  in  1839 ;  lived  in  Vienna  1854-58 ;  and 
removed  to  Pest  in  1858.  Among  his  compositions  are  two 
symphonies  in  D  minor  and  B  flat,  serenades  for  string 
orchestra,  concertos  for  violoncello,  a  "Schluramerlied," 
etc.,  and  much  vocal  and  pianoforte  music. 

Vollon  (vo-16n'),  Antoine.      Bom  at  Lyons, 


Voltaire 

France.  April  20,  1833 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  27, 
1900.  AdistinguishedFrenchlandscape-,genve-, 
and  flower-painter :  a  pupil  of  Ribot.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Art  and  Gluttony  "  (1864),  "  Kitchen  Interior  " 
(1864,  and  another  in  1865),  "  Curiosities, "  "  Sea  Fish,"  and 
"Old  Fishtniuui"  (Luxembourg),  "The  Kettle"  (Lyons 
Museum),  "  Woman  of  Pollet  at  Dieppe  "  (1876). 

Volney  (vol'ni ;  F.  pron.  v61-na'),  Comte  Con- 
stantin  Frangois  de  Chassebceuf  de.  Bom 
at  Ci-aon,  France.  Feb.  3,  1757:  died  at  Paris, 
April  25,  1820.  A  French  scholar  and  author. 
He  traveled  in  SjTia  and  Egypt  1783-87,  and  in  the  United 
States ;  was  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  ;  and 
was  made  a  count  by  Napoleon  and  a  peer  by  Louis  XVi II. 
His  works  include  "Voyage  en  ]5gypte  et  en  8yrie"(1787), 
"  Considerations  sur  la  guerre  des  Turcs  avec  les  Russes  " 
(178S),  "Ruines,  on  meditations  siu-  les  r6volution.s  des 
empires"  (1791),  "  Tableau  du  climat  et  du  sol  des  Etats- 
Unis"  (1803),  "Recherches  nouvelles  sur  I'histoire  an- 
cienne,"  etc. 

Vologda(v6-log-da').  1.  A  government  of  Rus- 
sia, bordering  on  Siberia  on  the  east,  and  sur- 
rounded on  other  sides  by  the  governments 
of  Perm,  Vyatka,  Kostroma,  Yaroslav,  Nov- 
gorod, Olonetz,  and  Archangel.  Area,  155.498 
square  miles.  Population,  1,272,100. —  2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Vologda,  situated 
on  the  river  Vologda  about  lat.  59°  20'  N., 
long.  40°  E.  It  early  became  an  important  center  of 
commerce :  this  it  was  especially  from  the  founding  of 
Archangel  to  the  foundmg  of  St.  Petersburg.  Population 
(1885-89),  17,795. 

Volpone  (vol-p6'ne),  or  the  Fox.  A  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  played  in  1605,  printed  in  1607. 

The  central  character  [Volpone]  long  continued  to  ex- 
press to  the  popular  mind  the  incarnation  of  the  most 
loathsome  kind  of  hypocrite.  In  Queen  Anne's  reign  Dr. 
Sacheverell  could  in  his  notorious  sermon  point  an  attack 
upon  the  principles  of  the  Revolution  by  alluding  to  the 
Lord  Treasurer  Godolphin  under  his  nickname  of  the  Old 
Fox  or  Volpone.  Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit 

Volscian  (vol'sian)  Mountains.  A  group  of 
mountains  in  Italy,  southeast  of  Rome.  They  are 
west  of  the  main  chain  of  the  Apennines,  and  south  of  the 
Alban  -Mountains.    Height,  about  5,000  feet. 

Volscians  (vol'.sianz).  An  ancient  Italian  peo- 
ple who  dwelt  in  the  southern  part  of  Latium: 
noted  for  their  long  wars  against  Rome.  They 
were  subdued  by  Rome  in  the  last  part  of  the 
4th  century  B.  c. 

Volsk  (volsk).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga  65  miles 
northeast  of  Saratoff.  Population,  37,832. 

VolSVingaSaga(vol's6ng-ga  sa'ga).  [ON.  rril- 
sioiiiasafid.']  In  (Did  Norse  literature,  the  mythi- 
cal history  of  the  Volsungs  and  the  Nibelungs. 
Its  centriU  hero  is  Sigurd  the  Volsung,  the  Siegfried  of  the 
"Nibelungenlied."  t'nlike  the  German  version,  the  story 
has  throughout  a  heathen  character,  and  the  gods  in  person 
enter  into  its  action.  It  was  probably  written  in  Norway 
not  long  after  the  middle  of  the  13th  century.  Its  mate- 
rial was  taken  in  p-art  from  ancient  popular  legends,  partly 
from  old  heroic  poems,  some  of  which  are  preserved  in  the 
Elder  Edda,  It,  and  not  the  "Nibelungenlied,  "is  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  Wagner's  "  Ring  of  the  Nibelungs." 

Volta  (vol'ta).  A  small  town  in  Italy,  13  miles 
north-northwest  of  Mantua.  Here,  July  26-27, 
1848,  the  Austrians  di'ove  back  the  Sardinians. 

Volta,  Count  Alessandro.  Born  at  Como, Italy, 
Feb.  18, 1745 :  died  there,  March  5, 1827.  A  cele- 
brated Italian  physicist,  famous  for  his  re- 
searches and  inventions  in  electricity:  profes- 
sor in  Como  and  Pavia.  He  w.as  made  by  Napoleon 
senator  of  Lombardy.  He  Invented  the  electrophore,  elec- 
troscope, condenser,  and  the  voltaic  pile  (described  1800, 
and  named  from  him). 

Voltaire  (vol-tiir'):  the  assumed  name  of  Fran- 
QOiS  Marie  Arouet  (a-ro-a').  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  21,  1694:  died  at  Paris,  May  30,  1778. 
A  famous  French  writer.  He  took  the  name 
of  Voltaire,  the  origin  of  which  is  still  in  dispute,  in  1718,  a 
short  time  after  the  performance  of  histiagedy  "(Edipe." 
His  father,  a  notary  connected  with  the  tribunal  of  the  Cha- 
telet,  was  a  man  of  some  wealth.  Young  Arouet  was  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  pupils  of  the  College  Louis-le-Grand 
(then  in  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits).  Before  he  was  out  pf 
college  he  began  writing  poetry.  His  wit,  as  well  as  the 
influence  of  his  godfather,  the  Abbt^  de  Chateauneuf,  se- 
cured for  him  an  introduction  into  the  most  aristocratic 
circles  of  Parisian  society.  Eut  the  freedom  of  his  utter- 
ances soon  brought  him  into  trouble.  Between  1716  and 
1726  he  was  twice  exiled  from  Paris,  and  twice  thrown  a 
prisoner  into  the  Bastille,  both  for  things  that  had  been 
^vrittenbyhim  and  on  mere  suspicion,  and  always  without 
a  trial.  His  last  imprisonment  was  due  to  his  resenting  an 
insult  offered  him  by  a  dissolute  younn  nobleman,  the  Che- 
valier de  Rohan.  He  was  soon  liberated,  however,  aud  at 
once  went  to  England,  where  he  remained  over  two  years 
(1726-29).  Alreadv  a  celebrated  dramatic  writer,  owing  to 
the  success  of  "  ffidipe,"  he  increased  his  fame  by  the  pub- 
lication of  his  epic  poem  on  Henry  the  Fourth,  "  I-a  Henri- 
ade,"  the  first  complete  edition  of  which  was  dedicated  to 
the  Queen  of  England.  He  returned  to  France  in  1729.  and 
won  repeated  successes  botli  as  a  poet  and  a  historian. 
In  1734  he  took  Up  his  residence  with  the  Marquise  du 
Chatelet  in  the  Chateau  of  Cirey  in  Lorraine,  where  he 
resided  most  of  the  time  until  that  lady's  death  in  1749. 
It  was  during  this  period  of  his  life  that  he  became  his- 
toriographer of  France  and  "a  gentleman  of  the  king's 
bedchamber."     He  also  had  some  intercourse  with  Pope 


Voltaire 

Benedict  XIV.,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  tragedy  "Ma- 
homet." After  Madame  dii  Chatelet's  death  he  returned 
to  Paris,  but  soon  left  t'rani-e  for  Prussia,  where  Fredericlj 
the  Great,  who  had  always  admired  him,  had  often  re- 
quested him  to  talie  up  his  residence.  There  he  remained 
from  .fuly,  1750,  to  .March,  1763.  Voltane  and  Frederick, 
who  had  met  almost  as  lovers,  parted  bitter  enemies,  and 
the  great  writer  was  arrested  on  his  way  tlirough  Fnmit- 
fort,  at  the  request  of  tlie  Iving's  representative,  althougli 
not  guilty,  nor  even  accused,  of  oHense,  and  was  treated 
with  harshness.  During  his  stay  in  Berlin  and  Potsdam  he 
had  completed  an^  puidished  one  of  hi^  most  important 
worits,  "  Le  siecle  de  Jxiuis  SI  V."  His  return  to  France 
was  followed  by  a  period  of  wandering  caused  by  the  refusal 
of  the  arbitrary  government  of  Louis  XV.  to  allow  him  to 
come  to  Paris.  He  finally  settled  in  Geneva  (1760),  whence 
two  years  later  he  moved  to  Femey,  a  large  estate  only 
a  few  miles  distant,  which  he  purchased,  and  where  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  (175S-7S).  Much  of  liis  time 
was  given  to  the  defense  and  protection  of  the  victims  of 
religious  intolerance  and  f.inaticism.  He  thus  spent  about 
two  years  getting  justice  done  to  the  family  and  memory  of 
a  Protestant.  Jean  Calas,  who  had  been  put  to  death  upon  a 
fal  se  accusation  of  killingone  of  his  sons  to  prevent  his  turn- 
ing Catholic.  He  was  constantly  at  work,  also,  revising  liis 
formerly  published  writings,  issuing  numerous  pamphlets, 
both  in  prose  and  verse,  in  favor  of  freedom  of  thought,  and 
carrying  on  an  extensive  correspondence.  Early  in  1778, 
during  the  reign  of  LiiUis  XVI.,  at  the  request  of  hisfriends 
he  determined  to  visit  Paris,  where  he  was  received  with 
great  enthusiasm.  The  fatigue  of  the  journey  and  the  ex- 
citement of  his  reception  proved  too  much  for  his  weak- 
ened frame,  and  he  died  at  Paris,  May  30,  1778.  His  most 
important  works  are:  tragedies,  "QMipe,"  "Brutus," 
"Zaire"  (considered  the  best),  "M(5rope,"  "Mahomet," 
"Alzire,"  "Tancrfede";  poems,  "La  Henriade."  "Epltre 
h  Uranie,"  "  La  mort  d'.Adrienne  Lecouvreur. "  "Discours 
8ur  Iliomme,"  "La  loi  naturelle,"  "Le  desastre  de  Lis- 
bonne,"  "Lemondain,"  and  the  one  which  Ids  admirers 
would  prefer  he  had  never  written,  "La  Pucelle";  his- 
tory, "Histoire  de  Charles  XTT.,""Es3.ai  surUs  moeurset 
I'esprit  des nations,"  "Le  siMe  deLouis  XIV.,"  "Histoire 
de  Rnssie  sous  Pierre  le  Grand";  philosophy,  "Diction- 
naire  philosophique  " ;  literary  criticism,  "Comraentaire 
ear  Corneille";  fiction,  "Candide,"  "La  princesse  de 
Babylone,"  "L'Ingiinu,"  "L'Homme  aux  qu.arante  ^cus," 
"  Zadig  "  ;  miscellanies  (  which  fill  a  very  large  number  of 
volumes),  "Lettres  philosophiques."  "TraitiS  de  la  tole- 
rance." His  correspondence  is  considered  as  fine  as  that 
of  Madame  de  S^vigniS.  The  best  editions  of  Iiis  works 
are  the  Edition  de  Kehl  (Kehl,  1784  et  seq.,  72  vols.X 
Beuchot's  edition  (Paris,  1829  et  seq.,  72  vols.),  and  Mo- 
land's  edition  (Paris,  Gamier,  1875  et  seq.,  52  vols.).  A  se- 
lectiiin  of  his  works  (8  volumes)  was  edited  by  Georges 
Bongesco,  who  is  also  the  author  of  a  bibliography  of  Vol- 
taire's works,  in  4  volumes. 
Volterra  (vol-ter'ra).  A  town  in  tbo  province 
of  Pisa,  Italy,  35  miles  south-west  of  Florence : 
the  ancient  Volaterra?.  it  contains  a  cathedral,  a 
stately  Romanesque  structure,  in  the  Pisan  arcaded  style, 
consecrated  in  1120,  and  enlarged  about  a  century  later. 
The  marble  pulpit  bears  12th-centur>'  scriptural  reliefs, 
and  rests  on  four  granite  columns,t\vo"of  them  with  lions. 
There  are  some  fine  tombs,  and  paintings  by  several  of  the 

great  masters,  particularly  a  snperl>  "  '  

Signorelli.     The  Porta  all'  Arco  is  one 

of  the  old  Etruscan  city.    It  is  round-arched,  20  feetTiigh 

and  12  wide,  the  outer  arch  formed  of  19  enormous  iilocks 

of  travertine  assembled  without  cement,  and  bearing  three 

curious  heads  in  relief  on  tlie  keystone  and  imposts.    The 

gate-pa»sage,  30  feet  long,  with"groovc3  for  portcullis,  is 

Roman. 

Volterra,  Daniele  da  (Daniele  Ricciarelli), 

Bom  at  Volterra,  Italy,  1309:  died  at  Rome, 
April  4,  1566.  An  Italian  painter  and  sculptor. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "Descent  from  the  Cross" 
(Rome). 

Voltri  (vol'tre).  [Tj.  Vetiirium.  ML.  VtiUurum, 
Vulturi.']  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Genoa, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  9  miles 
west  of  Genoa.  Hero,  in  1800,  the  Austrians 
defeated  the  French  uuder  Mass6na.  Popula- 
tion (1881),  13,749. 

Volturno  (vol-tiir'no).  [L.  n(??M/-nii«.]  A  river 
in  Italy  which  traverses  Campania  and  flows 
into  the  Mediterranean  21  miles  northwest  of 
Naples.  Length,  about  95  miles.  Near  it  Gari- 
baldi defeated  the  Neapolitan  troops  Sept.  19 
and  21,  and  Oct.  1,  1800. 

Volumnia  (vo-lum'ni-ii).  The  mother  of  Corio- 
lamis.  a  cl^aracter  in  Shakspere's  play  "Corio- 
laiius." 

Volunteer  (vol-un-ter').  A  steel  center-board 
sloop,  built  to  defend  the  America's  cup,  chal- 
lenged by  the  Thistle  (Scotch  cutter).  Shewon 
the  tri.al  race  with  the  MayMow.r  (Sept.  17, 1887),  and  both 
the  cup  races  against  the  Thislle  (Sept.  27  and  30).  .She 
was  afterward  rcniodelcil  into  a  schooner  and  called  the 
Phoenix.  She  was  originally  designed  by  Edward  Burgess 
for  General  J.  C.  Paine  of  Boston,  and  launched  June  30, 
1887.  Her  principal  dimensions  were :  length  over  all, 
106.23  feel ;  length,  load  water-line,  85.88  feet ;  beam,  23.2 
feet;  draught.  10  feet ;  displacement,  130  tons. 

Voluspel.  The  principal  poem  of  the  Elder 
Kdda.     See  Edda. 

Von  Arnim.    See  Amim. 

Vondel  (von'del),  Joost  van  den.  Born  at 
Colopue,  Nov.  17,  15S7:  <lied  at  .Airistcrdam  in 

1679.     A  Dutch  dramatist  and  1 t;  tlicKront- 

est  name  in  Dutch  literature.  His  iiarents.  whoh:ul 
fled  to  Cologne  from  Antwerp,  removed  to  Amsterdam 
'■    15(17.     After  his  father's  death   in    ICflS  he  inarricil, 


1043 

after  he  had  acquired  a  literary  reputation,  but  in  1657 
the  mismanagement  of  it  by  his  eldest  son  led  to  bank- 
ruptcy. His  own  small  fortune  was  sacrificed,  and  he 
was  forced  to  accept  a  clerkship  where  from  his  seven- 
tieth to  his  eightieth  year  he  lalwred  for  a  pittance.  In 
llJCs,  after  he  had  been  obliged  to  resign  his  position 
on  account  of  the  weakness  of  old  age,  he  finally  received 
a  small  state  pension.    His  literary  ciu-eer  was  begun 


Vulcan 

middle  of  the  5th  ceiitur\-,  who  is  said  to  have 
invited  the  Jutes  to  Britain  to  aid  the  Britons 
af,'ainst  tlie  Plots. 

Vortigern  and  Rowena.  A  play  written  in 
1 1 96  l)y  William  Henry  Ireland,  and  assigned  by 
him,  with  bis  other  forgeries,  to  Shakspere. 


in  1012  before  the  "  Hhctorical  Chamber."  of  which  he  wa. 
a  member  (the  so-called  Flemish  Chamber  of  the  Laven- 
der Flower)  I  n  1610.  after  the  performance  of  the  fli-st  of 
his  biblical  dramas,  the  tragedy  "Uierusalem  verwoest" 
("Jerusalem  Destroyed  "),  he  went  over  to  the  Chamber 
of  the  Eglantine.  His  subse([uent  works  are  the  tragedy 
"Palamedes,"  and  "Anistcidaemsclie  Hecuba"  ("The 
Amsterdam  Hecuba  " :  a  free  version  of  Seneca),  both  1625 ; 
the  tragedy  (the  greatest  of  his  dramas)  "Gysbrecht  van 
Acnistel,"  1637 ;  "Maeghdcn"  ("SU  Ursula')  and  "Ge- 
broedcrs"  ("Brothers,"  i.  e.,  the  sons  of  Saul),  both  163a; 
"  Joseph  in  Dothan  "  and  "  Joseph  in  EgjTjten,"  both  1640 ; 
"Peter  en  P.auwels"(" Peter  and  Paul"),  1641;  "Maria 
Stuart,"  1046:  "Do  Leeuwendalers "  (a  pastoral  play  in 
celebration  of  the  peace  of  Westphalia)  and  "Salomon  " 
(".Solomon"),  both  1648;  the  choral  drama  "Lucifer." 
16,')4;   "Salmoncns,"  1«.-|7:   "JepUlha,"  lO.'^.a ;    "Koning 


wiih  the  drama  "HetPascha"("  The  Pascha'),  produced    VOS  (vos),  Martin  de.     Bom  at  Antwerp:  died 
i.,  „■.,.,  ..„,„..,  „.,.  .< ,.,,...  ...:....,  ,■>..-., _. ........  .   _. .      ,,,jg^j  jgQ^_     ^  Kleni-sh  painter. 

Vosges  (vozh),  G.  Vogesen  (vo-ga'zen),  [L. 
roscgiis  or  Vogesus.'i  A  range  of  mountains 
in  eastern  France  and  western  (iermany.  wliich 
forms  in  part  the  boundary  Ixtween  them.  It 
extends  fiom  Belfort  northward",  parallel  with  the  Rhine, 
and,  including  its  continuation  the  Hardt,  through  Rhe- 
nish Bavaria,  and  is  connected  westw.ard  by  the  Monts 
Faucillea  with  the  plateau  of  Langres.  Highest  point,  the 
Ballon  de  Guebwiller  (about  4,680  feet). 

Vosges.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Meuse,  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  Alsace-Lorraine, 
Uaute-Saune,  and  Haute-Marne.  Capital.  Spi- 
nal. It  is  traversed  by  the  Vosges  Mountains  in  the 
east  and  by  the  Slonts  Faucilles  in  the  south.  It  has  im- 
portant forests,  and  manufactures  of  iron,  cotton,  etc.  It 
was  formed  chiefly  from  part  of  Fx)iTaiue.  Area,  ^266 
square  miles.    Population  (18UI),  410,106. 

Voss  (fos),  Johann  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Som- 
mersdorf,  Mecklenburg.  Feb.  20,  1751 :  died  at 
Heidelberg,  March  29.  1826,  A  German  poet. 
He  studied  first  theology  and  then  philology  at  Oottingen, 
where  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  poetic  brother- 
hood, the  so-called  "Gottingen  Hainbund."  In  1778  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  the  school  at  Otterndorf,  which  pt)si- 
tion  hecxchaiiged  in  1782  for  one  at  Eutin.  On  account 
of  ill  health  he  afterward  gave  this  up,  and  in  1802  went 
to  Jena,  and  in  1805  to  Heidelberg,  where  he  lived  until 
hisdeath.  Hisprincip.iloriginal  work  is  the  idyl  "Luise." 
published  first  in  17S4  (in  its  complete  form  in  1795).  His 
fame  is  based  principally  upon  his  translations  of  tlie 
classical  writers,  particularly  of  Homer :  the  Odyssey 
appeared  in  17S1 ;  the  Iliad,  together  with  a  revised  ver- 
sion of  the  Odyssey,  in  1793.  He  also  translated  Vergil 
in  1709,  Horace  and  Hesiod  in  1806,  Theocritus  and  Biun 
and  Moscbus  in  18u8.  Tibullus  in  1810,  and  Aristophanes 
in  1821.  He  also  translated,  together  with  his  sons  Hein- 
rich and  Abraham,  Shaksi.ei  I '*  jj1h\s  (ISIO-JO),  His  c^mi. 
plete  poetical  works  wen' 


in  ballingschap"  ("Adam  in  Exile' ),.1604  ;  "Zungchin, 
1606 ;  and  "Xoah,"  16C7.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
translations  from  the  chusics  (among  them  Vergil's 
".Eneid,"  1600,  and  Ovid's  "Metamorphoses,"  1661),  and  of 
versionsof  classical  originals  (from  Seneca,  "Hippolytus," 
162S  ;  from  Sophocles,  the  "  Electra,"  1638,  "Koning  (Edi- 
pus"("a5dipusTyrannus"),  1660,  and  "Hercules,"  1663  ; 
from  Euripides,  "Iflgenie  in  Taurien"  ("Iphigenia  in 
Tauris"X  1066,  and  "Feniciaensche  Iflgenie"  ("  The  Phe- 
nician  Iphigenia"),  Hi6bX  His  Uterary  works  reflect 
clearly  his  own  political  and  religious  views.  Ho  was  at 
the  outset  a  supporterof  the  house  of  Orange,  as  is  plain- 
ly  visible  in  the  "  Pascha,"  from  1612.  The  action  of  the 
Synod  of  Dort,  and  the  progress  of  Calvinism,  brought 
about  a  revulsion,  ami  tlie  "  Palamedes,"  with  the  subtitle 
of  "  JIurdered  Innocence,"  from  1625,  represents  under  a 
thin  disguise  the  trial  of  Olden-Bamevcldt,  and  cost  the 
poet  a  summons  before  the  court  at  Amsterdam,  and  a 
flue  of  300  gulden.  In  1626  he  wrote  in  popular  verse 
against  the  Calvinistic  zealots.  In  1041  he  joined  the 
Konian  Catholic  Church,  and  subsequently  wrote  in  praise 
of  it.     In  this  category  of  writings  belong,  among  others. 


„  ,.,        .  .  ^wrm^si;;ion^,aA;;;ng;^i;;;:^.r^i,p;«"^:^ri^''^7v"^ 

the  didactic  poems  "Alt.aergeheimenissen  "("Mysteries   VO.SSIUS  (vosh  1-us),  Gerardus  Johannes,  Lat- 


inized from  Vos  (vos),  or  Voss  (vos).  Born 
near  Heidelberg,  1577  :  died  at  Amsterdam, 
March  17,  1649.  A  Dutch  classical  scholar, 
grammarian,  and  Protestant  theologian:  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Dort,  Leyden.  and  Am- 
sterdam. His  works  include  "  Grammatica  Latina" 
(1607),  "Etymologicum  lingun;  Ijitinas "  (1662).  "Commen- 
tariorum  rhetoricorum  libri  vi."  (1606),  "  De  hist<iricis 
Gra;cis  "  (1624),  "  De  hisloricis  Latinis"  (1627).  "  De  theo- 
,.„„  ..J  „..„.„,„.  ,...,  logiagentUi"(1642),  "HistoriiB  Pel,igian8e"(101»). 

"Annunciation"  by  V()0rliees  (vor'ez),Daniel  Wolsey.  Born  Sept.  Votan  (v6-tan').     A  hero-god  of  Indians  of  the 
oftheoriginalgates     2b,   182i  :  died  April   10,   1S97.     An  American     Mavastockin  -         --^■ 


of  the  Altar"),  1645;  "Johannes  de  boetgezant"  ("  .John 
the  Evangelist "),  1662  ;  "  De  heeriijkheid  der  kerke  " 
("Tlie  Glory  of  the  Church"),  1663;  and  the  tragedy  of 
"  Maria  Stuart,"  already  mentioned.  The  dramatic  poem 
"Lucifer,"  the  greatest  of  his  works,  is  considered  by 
many  Dutch  critics  to  be  an  allegorical  account  of  the 
rise  of  the  Netherlands  against  Philip  of  Sp:iin.  He  has 
been  called  "the  Dutch  Sh.akspere."  His  collected  works, 
together  with  a  life  of  the  poet,  were  published  at  Am- 
sterdani,  1850-60,  in  12  vols. 

Von  Martius.    See  Martius. 


1  southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 
He  is  descrilied  in  the  "Book  of  Votan,"  an  ancient  work 
in  the  Tzendal  language  of  Chiapas ;  this  has  come  down 
to  us  in  a  transcript  in  Roman  text.    Votan  was  descended 
from  Chan,-tho  serpent.     He  came  from  over  the  sea,  in- 
troduced civilization  into  southern  Mexico,  and  founded 
the  "empire  "of  Xibalba,  supposed  by  some  to  be  Palen- 
qne.     Then  he  disappeared,  and  was  worshiped  as  a  god. 
Votan  was  perhaps  a  generic  name  for  several  chiefs. 
Some  authors  suppose  that  the  original  Votan  came  from 
Cnlia  about  000('0  or  955  (?)  ll.  c. 
Vopiscus  (vo-pis'kus),  Fla'Vius.     Lived  about  Voulon(v.'i-l<">n').     A  village  in  the  department 
the  beginning  of  the  4th  century  A.  D.    A  Ro-     of  Vienne,   France,  south  of  Poitiers.      Here 
man  historian,  one  of  the  -writers  of  the  "  Au-     (not  at  Vouilli?),  in  507,  the  Franks  under  Clo- 
gustan  History."  \-is  defeated  the  West  Golhs  under  Alaric  II. 

Vorarlberg  (for'iirl-bero).  A  land  belonging  to  Vox  Clamantis  (voks  kla-inan'tis).  [L.,  'the 
Austria-Hungary,  and  forming  with  Tyrol  the  voice  of  inic  crying.']  An  allegorical  poem  ia 
administrative  division  of  T.vrol  andVorarl-     Latin,  by  (iower. 

berg.  Capit.al,  Bregenz.    It  is  bounded  by  Uke  Con-  Voyage   autour    de    ma   Chambre.     ['.Tour- 
stance,  Bavaria,  Tyrol,  Switzerland,  and   Liechtenstein,     nev  around  inv  Room.']     -V  novel  by  Xavier  de 


Democratic  politician.  Heconimeneed  the  practice 
of  law  at  Covington,  Fountain  County,  Indiana,  in  1K51; 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1861-C6  and  1809- 
1873;  and  was  a  United  States  senator  from  Indiana  1877- 
IS'.IT. 

Voorne  (vor'ne).  An  island  belonging  to  the 
province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated between  the  mouth  of  the  Meuse  and  the 
Haring  Vliet. 


and  kept  the  stocking-shop  in  which  he  had  succeeded  his 


Bavaria,  Tyrol,  Switzerland,  and 
Tile  surface  is  mountainous.  It  sends  4  mi-mliers  to  tlie 
Reiehsrat.  The  iiihaliitants  are  (ierman:  the  ju-evailing 
reliL'ion,  Roman  Catholic.  Vorarll)erg  was  transferred 
from  Hither  Austria  to  Tyrol  in  1782.  Area,  1,004  square 
miles.     I'ontllation  (1891),  116,073. 

Vorderrhein(f6r'der-rin).  [G.,  'Hither  Rhine.'] 
The  northernmost  of  the  two  head  streams  of 
the  Rhine,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. 

Voringsfos  or  -foss  (v6' rings -fos).  A  cele- 
brated waterfall  in  Norway,  formed  by  the 
Bjoreia  64  miles  east  of  Bergen.  Height,  475 
foet. 

Voronezh  (v6-r6'nezh),  somctinics  Voronetz 

(vo-ro'nets).  1.  A  government  of  Kussia,  sur- 
rounded )iy  the  governments  of  Orel,  TambofT, 
and  SaratolT,  the  Province  of  the  Dmi  Cos.sucks, 
and  Kharkoff  and  Kursk,  .\rcii,  25,443  square 
miles.  Population,  2. 7.'i5.400. — 2.  'I'lu'  capital 
of  the  governnicnt  t>{  Vonmezh,  situated  on 
the  river  Voronezh  about  lat.  51°  40'  N.  It  is 
an  important  commercial  center.  Population, 
.v.,  770. 
Vorparlament(for'piir-Iil-ment').Aprovi8ional 
tissenibly  which  met  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
March  31-April  3,  1848,  to  jirepare  the  way  for 
a  (ierman  parliament. 


father.    This  basincsa  was  Buccessfully  continued  long  Vortigom  (vdr'ti-gfem).     A  British  king,  of  the 


Maistre,  published  in  1794. 

The  "  Voyage  autour  de  ma  Oliambrc  "  (of  De  Itlaislrel 
(readers  may  be  Informed  or  reminded)  is  a  whimsical  ile- 
scription  of  the  author's  meditalionsand  experiences  when 
confined  to  hiii-racks  for  some  military  peccadillo.  After 
a  fashion,  which  has  found  endless  imitators  since,  the 
prisoner  contemidatcs  the  various  objects  in  his  mom, 
spins  little  romances  to  himself  about  them  and  about  hia 
beloved  Madame  de  Hautcastcl,  nioralisc.s  on  the  faithful- 
ness of  his  servant  .roniinettl.  anil  s<i  forlli.  The  "  Eipcdl- 
tion  Nocturne,"  a  less  popular  setpiel,  is  not  very  dtfler- 
eilt  in  plan,  Saiiilfliiini,  French  .Novelists,  p.  144. 

Voyages  de  Cyrus,  Les.  A  work  by  the  Cheva- 
lier Kanisay,  the  friend  of  Feneloii  and  tutor 
to  the  sons  of  the  Pretender,  lirst  imblished 
in  1727.  It  was  translated  into  English  in 
17.10. 

Voyer  d'Argenson.    See  Jrtjcnson. 

Vryburg  (vri'b.ig).  Tlie  capital  of  British 
Hecliiiaiialand,  South  Africa. 

Vulcan  (viirkan).  1.  In  Roman  mythology, 
(he  god  <if  tire  and  (he  working  of  metals,  aild 
the  ]ia(r(iii  of  all  handicriiflsmen.  Originally  an 
iiidepelid(>iit  deity,  he  Itecumc.  with  the  advance  of  time, 
completely  Identified  with  the  Greek  llephastus.  He  was 
the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  or  of  Juno  alone,  and  wa« 
born  with  deformed  feet,  llioiigli  ncconling  to  late  inyth> 
his  hinieness  came  (n'ln  his  having  been  hurled  down 
fnun  hcnviin  by  Jupiter  in  a  fit  of  anger.  He  wa«  the  di- 
vine artist,  the  creator  of  all  that  was  beautiful  aawcll  as 


Vulcan 

of  all  that  was  mechanically  wonderful  in  the  abodes  of 
the  gods.  On  earth  various  volcanoes,  as  Lemnos  and 
Etna,  were  held  to  be  his  worljshops,  and  the  Cyclopes 
were  his  journeymen.  He  had  the  power  of  conferring 
life  upon  his  creations,  and  was  tlius  the  author  of  Pan- 
dora, and  of  the  golden  dogs  of  Alcinous.  In  art  he  was 
represented  as  a  bearded  man,  usually  with  the  short 
sleeveless  or  one-sleeved  tunic  of  the  workman,  with  a 
conical  cap,  holding  hammer  and  tongs  or  other  attributes 
of  the  smith,  and  sometimes  with  indication  of  his  lame- 
ness. When  Jupiter  conceived  Minerva  in  his  head,  the 
goddess  was  delivered  full-armed  upon  the  stroke  of  an 
ax  in  the  hands  of  Vulcan. 

2.  A  hj-pothetical  planet  between  the  sun  and 
the  planet  Mercury.  An  object  supposed  to  be  a 
planet  was  seen  crossing  the  sun's  disk  on  March  26, 
1S59.  The  period  of  revolution  assigned  to  it  was  some- 
thing over  19  days,  and  its  distance  from  tlie  sun  was 
estimated  at  about  13,000,000  miles.  The  existence  of  Vul- 
can, however,  has  not  been  confirmed  (may.  indeed,  tie 
said  to  have  been  practically  disproved)  by  subsequent 
careful  observations. 
Vulcanalia  (vul-ka-na'li-a).  An  ancient  Ro- 
man festival  in  honor  of  Vulcan,  celebrated  on 
Aug.  23  with  games  in  the  Flaminian  circus, 
near  the  temple  of  the  god,  and  with  saeriflees 
of  fishes.  As  part  of  the  observance  on  this  day, 


1044 

work  was  begun  by  lamp-light  in  honor  of  the 

fire-god. 

Vulcan  Pass.  A  pass  in  the  Carpathians,  be- 
tween Transylvania  and  Rumania,  about  lat. 
i5°  25'  N.,  long.  23°  17'  E. 

Vulgar  Errors.     See  Pseudodoxia  Epidemlca. 

Vulgate(vurgat).  [ML.  rulgata,sc.editioorv€r- 
sio, '  the  published  '(i.e.  'commonly  circulated ') 
'  edition'  or '  version.']  The  Latin  version  of  the 
Scriptures  accepted  as  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Chureh.  it  was  prepared  by 
Jerome  about  the  close  of  the  4th  century,  partly  by  trans- 
lation from  the  original,  partly  by  revision  of  prior  Latin 
versions.  It  gradually  came  into  general  use  between  the 
ethandthe9th  ceutuiy.  The  Anglo-Saxon  translations  were 
made  from  it,  and  also  Wyclif 's  English  version,  while  other 
English  versions  from  Tyndale's  onward  have  been  much 
influenced  by  it.  The  Vulgate  was  the  first  book  printed 
(about  145ri).  The  Council  of  Trent  ordered  that  the  "  old 
and  vulgate  edition,"  approved  by  the  "  usage  of  so  many 
ages,"  should  be  the  only  Latin  version  used  in  "public 
lectures,  disputations,  sermons,  and  expositions."  Au- 
thorized editions  were  afterward  published  under  Sixtus 
v.  in  1590  and  Clement  Till,  in  1592-93.  The  latter,  or 
Clementine  edition,  is  at  present  the  accepted  standard 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  is  the  basis  of  the 


Vyatka,  Principality  of 

Douay  Bible.  The  religious  terminology  of  the  languages 
of  western  Europe  has  been  in  great  part  derived  from  or 
influenced  by  the  Vulgate. 

This  Vulgate  or  received  version  (the  wurd  vulgate  means 
'currently  received  '),  as  it  actually  existed  in  tlie  Middle 
Ages  and  at  the  time  of  the  Reformation,  was  not  the  pure 
text  of  Jerome,  but  was  Jerome's  version  considerably 
modified  by  things  which  had  been  carried  over  from  the 
older  Latin  translations  taken  from  the  Greek. 

W.  R.  Smith,  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish  Oh.,  p.  38 

Vulture,  Monte.   See.¥o«?f  Vulture. 

Vulturnus  (\'ul-ter'nus).  The  floman  name  of 
the  Volturno. 

Vyatka,  orViatka  (ve-at'ka).  1.  A  govern- 
ment of  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  govei-nments 
of  Vologda,  Perm,  Ufa,  Kazan,  Nijni-Novgorod, 
and  Kostroma.  Area,  59,117  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,020,700.-2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Vj'atka,  situated  on  the  river  Vy- 
atka near  long.  50°  E.  Population  (1885-89), 
25,795. 

Vyatka,  Principality  of.  A  republican  prin- 
cipality in  northern  Russia,  colonized  from 
Novgorod  at  the  end  of  the  12th  eentun'.  It 
existed  till  1489. 


aadt.    The  German  name  of 

Vaud. 

WaaKwal).  The  soutliorn 
arm  of  the  Ehiiie,  in  (iel- 
derlandand  SouthHollaiid, 
Netherlands.  Itseparatesfroin 
the  other  branch  about  10  miles 
southeast  of  Arnheim,  taking 
about  two  thirds  of  the  entire 
stream ;  and  .unites  with  tlie 
Meuse  and  rtows  on  as  the  Mervede  and  Old  lleuse. 
Wabash  (wa'bash).  The  capital  of  Wabash 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Wa'bash  75 
miles  "north-northeast  of  Indianapolis.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  8,618. 

Wabash.  A  river  ■which  rises  in  Mercer  Countj', 
Ohio,  flows  west  and  southwest  through  Indiana, 
foiTus  part  of  theboundarybetween  Indiana  and 
Illinois,  and  joins  the  Ohio  at  the  union  of  In- 
diana, Illinois,  and  Kentucky,  its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  White  River.  On  its  banks  are  Logansport, 
Lafayette,  Terre  Haute,  and  Vincennes.  Length,  aliout 
fiSO  miles. 
Wace  (was),  or  Eustace,  erroneously  called 
Robert.  Bom  in  the  island  of  Jersey  about 
II:!-! :  died  abotit  1174.  An  Anglo-Norman  poet. 
He  received  a  prebend  at  Bayeux  under  Henry  II.,  and 
was  attached  to  the  Anglo-Norman  court.  He  WTOte  two 
poetical  romances;  "Roman  de  Brut,"  and  "Roman  de 
Rou,"  or  "  Romance  of  RoUo,"  which  was  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  story  of  the  isomian  conquest  by  William  of 
Poitiers,  chaplain  to  William  the  Conqueror.  Wace  made 
some  additions,  including  a  third  part.  See  Brut  and  Ro- 
Ttuin  de  Brut. 

Wacht  am  Rhein  (vacht  am  rin), Die.  ['The 
Watch  on  tlio  Rhine.']  A  German  popular 
song,  words  by  Schneckenburger  (1840),  music 
by  Karl  Wilhelm  (18.54).  it  enjoyed  great  vogue  in 
the  war  of  1870-71,  becoming  a  national  song.  Other  com- 
liosers  also  wrote  music  for  it. 

Wachtel(V!ich'tel),Theodor.  BornatHamburg, 
March  10,  1823:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14,  1893. 
A  German  tenor  singer.  He  was  a  groom  and  driver 
for  his  father,  who  kept  a  livery-stable.  He  first  sang  in 
England  in  18<;2,  came  to  the  United  States  in  1871  and 
1875.  He  was  noted  for  his  high  C,  which  he  sang  as  a 
chest  note,  and  not  in  falsetto. 

Wachter  (vach'ter),  Georg  Philip  Ludwig 
Leonhardt.  Bom  at  tlzen,  Nov.  25,  1702: 
died  Feb.  11,  1837.  A  German  writer.  His 
pseudonym  was  Veit  Weber.  He  published  ".Sagen 
derVorzeit" (1787-99),  'HiBtorien"(179-!),"  Wilhelm  Tell," 
a  tragedy,  etc. 

Wachusett  (wa-ehu'set),  Moimt.  An  isolated 
mountain  in  Princeton,  Massachusetts,  1(5  miles 
nol-tb  by  west  of  Worcester.  Height,  2,108  feet. 

Wackles  (wak'lz),  Mrs.  and  the  Misses.  Char- 
acters in  Dickens's  novel  "The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop." 

Waco(wa'k6).  The  capital  of  McLennan  County, 
Te-xas,  situated  on  the  Brazos  93  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Austin.  It  has  varied  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1900),  20,fi,S(). 

Wadai  (wii-di').  A  Mohammedan  kingdom  of 
the  eastern  Sudan,  Africa,  between  iat.  8°  20' 
and  18°  20'  N.,  bordering  on  Kanem  and  Ba- 
ghirmi  in  the  west,  on  Tibbuland  in  the  north, 
on  Darfur  in  the  east,  and  on  Dar  Kunga  (its 
tributary)iu  the  south.  It  is  within  the  French  sphere 
of  influence.  The  country  is  generally  an  arid  sandy  plain, 
wliere  the  camel  and  the  ostrich  thrive  :  mily  in  thesouth- 
ern  and  eastern  parts  can  it  In- cmUi-.I  tohrahlyfertile.  The 
population,  nnmlierln;;  '.i.iKMi.oim  i.chhi.moO.  is  mi.\ed.  The 
Arabs  and  Fulahs,  though  numei-i»us.  are  not  rlondnant. 
The  kingdom  helonga  to  the  negro  tribe  ot  Maba,  which, 
under  Abil-el-Kerini,  introduced  Islam  aljoni  IBDS.  Lite 
and  iiniperly  were  unsafe  until  Sultan  Ali  e«talili»heil 
soniecu-iler(.tincelH.'i!)|.  Tlie  chief  exports  arc  ixiry,  feath- 
ers, and  slaves  which  go  to  Bengazi  or  Egypt.     See  Malm. 

Wadan  (wii-diin').  The  chief  town  of  Adrar,  in 
the  western  part  of  the  Sahara. 

Waddineton  (wod'ing-tou;  P.  pron.  vii-dnn- 
toii'),  William  Henry."  Born  at  St.-Keini. 
Eure-et-Loirc,  France.  Dec.  11, 1820:  died  .Inn. 
13, 1894.  A  Frencli  statesman  and  arclueologist . 
He  entered  the  National  Assembly  in  1871.  and  the  Senate 
In  1876;  was  minister  of  public  instruction  in  187:1  ami 
187tS-77;  was  minister  ottureign  alfalrs  1877-70;  and  was 
P'rench  plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Herlin  1h78, 
premier  Feb. -Dec,  1870,  and  ambassador  to  flrcat  Britain 
l£83-93.    He  wrote  memoirs  of  au  archicological  Journey 


to  Asia  Minor,  "Melanges  de  numisroatique  et  de  phllo- 
logie  "  (1-SOl),  "Voyage  ai-ch^ologique  en  tjrece  et  en  Asie 
Mineure  "  (lSGS-77). 

Wade  (wad).  Benjamin  Franklin.   Bom  near 

Springfield.  Mass.,  Oct.  27,  I.SIO:  died  at  Jeffer- 
son, Ohio,  March  2.  I87S.  An  American  lawyer 
and  statesman.  He  was  Whig  and  later  Republican 
Tnited  States  senator  from  Ohio  1851-69;  was  an  anti- 
slaverj-  leader;  opposed  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  etc.; 
and  favored  the  Homestead  Bill,  eonflsiation  in  the 
war,  aiid  emancipation.  He  was  acting  Vice-l'residejit 
under  .lohnson,  and  commissioner  to  Santo  Domingo  in 
1871. 

Wadelai   (wa-de-li').     A  town  in  equatorial 

Africa,  on  the  Nile  north  of  Albert  Nyanza. 
It  was  a  mair)  station  of  Emin  Pasha. 
Wadham  (wod'jim)  College.  A  college  of  Ox- 
ford University,  founded  in  1612  by  Nicholas 
Wadham.  The  chapel,  despite  its  date,  is  built  in  the 
Perpendicular  style  :  it  possesses  good  glass.  The  gate- 
tower  and  the  framed  wooden  ceiling  of  tlie  liall  are  also 
noteworthy. 

Wadidikimo  (wa-de-de-ke'mo).    See  Ft/gmies. 

Wadman  (wod'man).  Widow.  A  character  in 
Sterne's  "  Tristram  Shandy."  she  has  a  tender  feel- 
ing for  Uncle  Toby,  and  the  scene  where  among  other  en- 
couragements she  approaches  her  face  nearer  and  nearer 
to  his,  that  he  may  extract  a  supposititious  something 
from  her  eye,  is  often  referred  to. 

Wadsworth   (wodz'w^rth),   James  Samuel. 

Born  at  Geneseo.  N.Y.,Oct.  30, 1807:  died  near 
Chancellorsville.  Va.,  May  8, 1864.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  was  a  member  of  the  peace  confer- 
ence in  1861 :  served  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  in  isni ; 
was  made  brigadier-general  in  1861;  became  military 
governor  of  Washington  in  1862;  was  distinguished  as  a 
division  commander  at  Fredericksbiu-g  and  Gettysburg; 
was  sent  on  a  tour  of  special  service  in  the  tktnth  and 
West  in  1864 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
the  Wilderness,  llay  6,  1864. 
Wadsworth,  Peleg.  Bom  at  Duxburv,  Mass., 
1748 :  died  at  Hiram,  Maine.  Nov.  18, 1829.  An 
American  general  in[the  Revolutionary  War.  He 
served  in  the  Penobscot  expedition  i.i  1779,  and  was  mem- 
her  of  Congress  from  the  Maine  district  of  Massachusetts 
179:!-1807. 

Wady-Halfa  (wa'de-hal'fii).  A  locality  at  the 
second  cataract  of  the  Nile,  often  regarded  as 
the  southern  limit  of  Egypt.  It  contains  im- 
portant inscriptions.  , 

Waesland  (wiis'liint).  A  well-cultivated  dis- 
trict in  tlie  ijrovince  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium, 
lying  north  and  west  of  the  Schelde  and  north- 
east of  Ghent. 

Wafer  (wa'fer),  Lionel.  Bom  in  Wales  (?) 
about  1640:  died  at  London  after  L700.  A  Brit- 
ish surgeon  and  traveler.  After  making  several  voy- 
ages to  the  East  Indies,  he  settled  in  Jamaica,  and  in  167li 
joined  the  biu-aiuers.  He  was  with  Dampier  on  the  Isth- 
inua  of  Panama  in  1680,  and  on  account  of  a  qnan'el  was 
left  among  the  Indians,  living  with  them  until  UiS4.  In 
168S-1X)  he  was  in  North  America.  He  published  *' A  'New 
Voyage  and  Description  of  the  Isthnnisof  America  "(Ki'.Ht: 
French,  Gennan.  and  Swedish  translations).  It  is  the  first 
good  F.nglihh  desci-lptionof  the  Isthmus,  and  isimportiint 
in  connccIicM  with  the  history  of  the  Itucanceis. 

Waghausel  ( viig'hoi-zcl  l.  A  village  in  Baden, 
in  the  iieigliboi'liood  of  Karlsruhe.  Here,  June 
21,  1S49,  the  Prussians  defea^d  the  Baden  in- 
surgents. 

Wagner.  Faust's  famulus,  apedant,  in  Goethe's 
"l<aust,"  He  is  also  introduced  in  JIarlowo's  "Dr. 
Faustus,"  with  some  of  the  same  characteristics. 

According  to  Ilinrichs,  Faust  represents  Philosophy, 
and  Wagner  Kinpirieism.  Diintzer  calls  the  latter  "  tlie 
representative  of  dead  pedantr>-,  of  knowledge  niechnnl- 
cally  ae(|uind  ";  while  other  critics  consider  that  he  sym- 
holi7.cs  the  Phillstineelenient  In  tJernnui  life,— the  hiipi-- 
lessly  material,  prosaic,  and  commonplace. 

TiiiiliT,  Notes  to  Faust. 

Wagner  (yiig'ner),  Adolf  Heinrich  Ootthilf. 

Born  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  March  2.'i,  ls3."i.  A 
Gerniaii  ])cililical  economist, son  of  liiiddlf  Wag- 
ner: prol'essor;it  Berlin  from  1870.  He  is  noted 
for  his  works  on  liiianco,  and  as  an  advocate  ot 
the  "socinlisiii  nf  the  chair.'' 
Wagner,  MoritZ.  H'lrn  at  liavreuth,  Bavaria, 
Oct.  .3,  1S13:  die<l  at  MiiMich,  18,87.  A  Gennan 
travelor,  naturalist,  and  geographer:  brother  of 
Hlldolf  Wagner.  He  traveled  In  Algeria  18.S0-3S ;  in  the 
Black  Sea  regions,  the  Caucasus,  Kurdistan,  Annenia,  ami 
Peniiu  1842-46;  in  North  America  180'i-55;  and  in  Panama 
1040 


and  Ecuador  1857-59.  His  works  inclade  "Rcisen  in  Al- 
gier"  (1841),  "  Der  Kaukasus"  (1847),  "Reise  nach  Kol- 
chis"(l&'.o),  "Reise  nach  dera  Ararat,  etc."  (WW),  'Reise 
naehPersien.etc  '(IS.'.2),  "NaturwissenschaftiicheReisen 
imtropischen  Amerika  '(lS70),and"Die  darwinischeTheo- 
rie"  (1S<',8)  and  other  works  on  evolution.  He  wrote,  with 
Scherzcr,"  Reisen  in  Xordamei-ika"(1854)and  "DieRepub- 
lik  Costa-Rica  "  (1856), 

Wagner,  Richard.     See  Wagner,  Wilhelm  Kich- 

(ird. 

Wagner,  Rudolf.  Bom  at  Bayrenth,  Bavaria, 
June  30,  1805:  died  at  Gottingen,  May  13, 18G4. 
A  noted  German  physiologist,  comparative 
anatomist,  and  anthropologist:  professor  at  Er- 
langen 1832-40,  and  at  Gottingen  from  1840. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Lehrbuch  der  vergleichenden  Ana- 
tomic" (1834-35),  "Icones  physiologicic" (1839-40),  "Lehr- 
buch dor  Physiologie"  (1839),  "  Handatlas  der  vergleichen- 
den Anatomic  " (1841),  " Handworterbuch  der  Physiologie " 
(1842-53),  "  Neurologische  fntensuchungen  "  (1854),  "Der 
Kampf  um  die  Seele  "  (1857),  "Vorstudien"  on  the  brain 
(1860^2). 

Wagner,  Rudolf  Johannes  von.  Bora  at  Leip- 

sic,  Feb.  13.  1822:  died  at  Wiirzburg,  Oct.  4, 
1880.  A  German  chemist  and  technologist.  He 
wrote '  'Lehrbuch  der  Chemie," ' '  Handbuch  derchemiscben 
Technologic,  '  'Theorie  und  Pr:ixis  der  Gewerhe,"  "Die 
ehemische  Fabrikindustrie,"  etc. 

Wagner,  Wilhelm  Richard.  Born  at  Leipsic, 
May  22,  1813:  died  at  Venice,  Feb.  13,  1883. 
A  celebrated  German  operatic  composer  and 
poet.  His  father,  who  was  a  clerk  to  the  police-courts 
of  Leipsic.  died  a  few  months  after  his  birth,  and  his 
mother  married  Ludwig  Geyer  and  removed  to  Dresden. 
He  was  educated  at  Dresden  and  Leipsic  ;  matriculate^  at 
the  I  iiiversity  of  Leipsic  in  18;tO ;  and  studied  music  at 
Leipsic.  At  this  time  he  had  a  great  entlmsiasm  for  Beet- 
hoven. He  was  chorus-master  at  M'urzburg  in  1833,  in  the 
theater  w-hcre  his  elder  brother  Albert  w  as  actor  and  stage 
manager;  music diteetorat Magdeburg  18:i4-36 ; conductor 
at  Konigsberg  in  1836,  when  he  married  FYaulein  Planer; 
nmsic  director  at  Riga  lS37-.'i9  ;  and  lived  in  Paris  1839-42, 
where  he  struggled  in  vain  to  obtain  a  footing  in  soyie 
theater,  and  even  offered  himself  .as  chorus-singer  ("  cho- 
riste  ").  He,  however,  studied  and  wrote  constantly,  and 
finished  his  "  F'aust "  overture  in  1840,  though  it  was  not 
published  till  IsTiS :  this  Is  his  first  markedly  origit]:d  per- 
formance. In  1841  he  composed  his  "  Fliegende  Hollan- 
der," and  endeavored  unsuccessfully  to  get  his  "Rienzi  " 
proiluced  at  Paris.  About  this  lime  the"  Volksbuch  "  of 
the  Tan  nhauser  legend  came  into  his  iwsj-ession,  and  he  was 
struck  with  its  possibilities.  From  this  he  was  led  to  study 
the  poem H  of  Wolfram  von  Esehenbacli  and  the  "Loheran- 
grin."  He  wrote  the  first  sketches  for  his  "Tannhauser" 
in  1842.  "Rienzi"  was  produced  at  Dre.silen  in  1842,  and 
was  a  success.  The  next  year  "  Der  Fliegemle  Hollander  " 
was  pi-oduced  there,  with  Madame  Schroder-Devrient  as 
Senta.  He  was  appointed  court  kapeUmeister  at  Dres- 
den in  1843,  where  he  remained  for  seven  years.  "Tann- 
hiiuser  "  was  produced  there  in  1845.  and  was  a  compara. 
live  failijre.  He  got  into  pecuniary  difflculties,  and  his 
arrest  was  ordered  for  alleged  participation  in  the  revo- 
lutionary movements  of  1849  ;  but,  with  the  assistance  of 
Liszt,  he  escaped  to  Paris.  He  lived  chiefly  at  Zurich  until 
18.'.9  ;  imd  was  in  London  in  IS-'^r.  and  in  Piuis  1851M'il.  Lud- 
w-ig  II.,  king  of  Bavaria,  sent  for  him  to  return  to  tiernniny 
in  1861,  and  from  this  time  his  life  was  comparativelv  tree 
from  struggle.  He  settled  at  Munich  in  1864,  and  lived 
near  Lucern.-  from  I8l»>  till  l,s72.  In  I8ti9  he  miu-ried 
Cosima.  the  daughter  of  Liszt ;  and  settled  at  Ilayreuth  In 
1872.     His  theater  was  founded  there  In  187-J,  and  cnm- 

rileted  in  1876.  The  first  performance  in  it  was  the  "  N  ibe* 
ungcn  "  tetralogy,  and  in  1S82  "Parsifal  "  was  produced 
there.  He  went  tuLiuidon  in  1877,  hut.  his  health  begin- 
ning  to  give  way,  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  died.  He 
washurieil  in  the  gnninds  of  "  Wahnfricd,"hisown  bouse 
at  Ilayreuth.  Among  the  many  characteristics  of  his  art 
theory  are  these  :  the  elioice  of  a  general  subject  in  which 
the  mythical  anil  heroic  elements  are  prominent ;  the 
amalgamation  (»f  poetry,  music,  action,  and  scenic  elfeet 
into  the  most  intimate  union  as  ettualty  important  eo(>p. 
crating  elements  ;  the  desertion  of  the  conventionalities 
of  the  connnon  Italian  openi,  especially  of  Its  sharply  d,-- 
fined  and  contrasted  movi-ments  and  Its  lenderu-y  to  dis. 
play  of  mere  virluosily  ;  the  abundiuit  use  ot  leading  m.>- 
tivcs  as  a  means  to  ctmtiinious  and  reiterateil  emotional 
elTect  ;  the  elahonition  of  the  orchestral  parts,  so  that  in 
them  Is  furni^h'-d  an  unbroken  iirescutation  o(  or  com- 
mentary on  the  entire  plot  ;  and  the  free  use  of  new  and 
rennirkablc  means  of  etieel,  both  scenic  and  instrnmenlal. 
The  Wagnerian  ideal  Is  often  called  (sometimes  ilerisively) 
"  the  nnisle  of  the  future,"  triun  the  title  of  one  of  Wag 
ner'H  essays.  While  Wagnetism  Is  best  exemplified  In  the 
greatdnunas  of  Wagtu-r  himself.  Its  «(ualities  may  be  seen 
more  or  less  in  almost  all  the  ,lraunttic  nmsic  of  the  last 
half  of  this  century.  His  works  Ineltnle  the  operas 
"  lilenzl  "(IS42),  "  Der  Fliegende  H..llander"('  The  Flying 
Dutchman, "IK4;<),  "Tanuhauser  "(first  performed  in  184:,), 
"  Lohengrin  "  (1».'.0),  '  Der  lling  iles  .NibelunKen"(lncluil. 
log  '■  linslthcingold,""  Die  Walkure."  "Sicgrrled,"  "(lot- 
(erdammerung " :    first   performed  as  a  whole   in  the 


Wagner,  Wilhelm  Richard 

antnmn  of  1»'6),  "  Tristan  and  Isolde  ■  (1865X  "  Die  Meis- 
tersinger  von  Xiirnberg"  (1868),  'Parsifal  "  (18S2)  :  over- 
tures, sonatas,  son^  orchestral  and  choral  works,  piano- 
forte pieces,  etc.  His  literary  works  are  contained  in  ten 
volumes  (1871-85),  including  the  poems  for  his  operas, 
much  critical  work,  '  Das  Konstwerk  der  Zukunft "  ('The 
.\rt-\Vorfc  of  the  Future,"  18.50).  'Oper  uud  Drama," 
'•Beethoven,"  "Religion  and  Kunst,"  "Bayreuther  Blat- 
ter," etc. 

Wagram  (va'gram),  or  Deutsch-Wagram 
(doieh'va'gram).  A  village  y  miles  northeast 
of  Vienna.  Here,  July  5-6, 1809,  the  French  under  Xa. 
poleon  (about  150,000)  defeated  the  Aastrians  (about  1'20,- 
00<?)  under  Archduke  Charles.  Loss  oa  each  side,  about 
2.5,000. 

Wagram,  Prince  of.    A  title  of  the  French 

ereneral  Berthier. 
Wagstaff  (wag'staf),  Simon.     The  pseudonym 

of  Swift  in  •'Polite  (Conversation." 

Wahhabees,  or  Wahabis  (wa-hii'bez).  The 
followers  of  Abil-el-Wahhab  (1691-17S7>,  a  Mo- 
hammedan reformer,  who  opposed  all  prac- 
tices not  sanctioned  by  the  Koran.  His  succe5.sors 
fonned  a  powerfuldominion  whose  chief  seat  was  in  Nejd 
in  centra]  Arabia.  They  were  overthro\vn  by  Ibrahim 
Pasha  in  IBIS,  but  aftei-ward  regained  much  of  theirformer 
power  in  central  Arabia.     Also  Wahhabites. 

Wahlstatt  (val'stat),  Battle  of,  or  Battle  of 
Liegnitz.  A  battle  between  the  Mongols  and 
the  Germans  under  Duke  Henrv  IT.  of  Silesia, 
fought  April  9.  1241,  at  Wahlstatt,  a  village  6 
miles  southeast  of  Liegnitz,  in  Silesia.  The 
Mongols  were  victorious,  but  retired  from  Ger- 
many. 

Wahlstatt,  Prince  of.  A  title  of  Bliicher,  who 
defeated  the  French  at  the  battle  of  the  Katz- 
bach,  near  Wahlstatt,  Aug.  '26,  1813. 

Wahlverwandscliaften  ( val '  f er  -  vant  -  shaf  '- 
ten),  Die.  [G.,  'Elective  Affinities.']  A  ro- 
mance by  Goethe,  published  in  1809. 

Wahnfried  (van'fret).  [G.,  literally  'peace  to 
illusion.']  The  villa  where  Wagner  lived  during 
the  hiter  years  of  his  life  at  Bayreuth.  He  was 
buried  in  the  grounds.  An  inscription  on  the  house  means 
in  English  'Here,  wherelfound  thefuliilment  of  my  Ideal 
— Wahnfried  —  So  sliall  this  house  be  n.imed. ' 

Wahrheit  und  Dichtong  (var'hit  ont  dich'- 
tong).  [G., 'Truth  and  Poetry.']  An  autobio- 
graphical work  by  Goethe.  Three  volumes  were 
published  in  1811, 1812"  1814,  and  the  fourth  was  published 
after  his  death,  from  disconnected  materials. 

Wahsatch  (wa-saeh')  Mountains.  A  range  of 
mountains  which  extends  from  north  to  south 
through  Utah,  and  forms  the  eastern  wall  of 
the  Cireat  Basin.  Highest  point,  Mount  Xebo 
(11,680  feet). 

Waiblingen  (vi'bling-en ).  A  town  in  the  Xeckar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Rems  7 
miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart.  (Compare  Wai- 
hlinger.)    Population  (1890),  4,786.  ■ 

Waiblinger  (vi'bling-er).  A  surname  of  the 
Hohenstaufen,  who  held  Waiblingen  in  the 
12th  centurv.  From  it  came  by  corruption 
the  Italian '"'GhibeUine." 

Waillatpuan  (wi^e-lafpo-an).  [From  irayi- 
letini.  the  plural  of  urailet,  a  Cayuse  man.]  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
formerly  living  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 
The  Cavuse  and  Molale  are  the  two  tribes  of 
this  stock.     Number  (1893),  about  446. 

Wain  ( wan) ,  Charles's.  In  astronomy,  the  seven 
brightest  stars  in  the  constellation  Ursa  Major, 
or  the  Great  Bear,  which  has  been  called  a 
wagon  since  the  time  of  Homer.  Two  of  the  stars 
are  known  as  "the  pointers,"  because,  being  nearly  in  a 
straight  line  with  the  i>ole-star.  they  direct  an  observer  to 
it.  Also  called  the  Ploic,  the  Great  Dipper,  the  Sortherr 
Car,  and  sometimes  the  Butcher's  Cleaver.  [The  name 
Charles'i  Wain,  or  Charles'  Wain,  is  a  modem_alteration of 
the  earlier  carl's  wain,  from  late  AS.  carles  wxn,  the  carl's 
or  churl's  wain,  or  farmer's  wagon.  The  word  train  came 
to  be  associated  with  the  name  Charles  with  reference  to 
Charlemagne,  the  group  being  also  called  in  ME.  Charle- 
matfnes  icayne.  In  the  17th  century  it  was  associated  with 
the  names  of  Charles  I.  and  Charles  n.l 

Wain,  The  Lesser.    Ursa  Minor. 
Wainamoinen.    See  the  extract. 

The  Kalevalabegins  with  a  cosmogony,  which  certainly 
offers  interesting  features  for  comparison,  but  in  which 
there  is  much  that  may  be  foreign  t.  >  the  original  heathen 
conceptions.  Then  the  epic  deals  with  the  adventures  of 
the  three  heroes  Wainamoinen,  Ilmarinen,  and  Lemmin- 
kainen.  These  heroes  of  Kaleva  go  into  the  hostile  north- 
country  of  Pohjola  as  suitors,  to  fetch  a  bride,  who  is 
Anally  won  by  Hiaarinen  :  they  return  later  to  rob  the. Sam- 
po  treasure.  Amongst  the  labours  which  Louhi,  the  host- 
ess of  Pohjola,  lays  upon  them  is  a  jottmey  to  Tuonela. 
with  which  a  description  of  the  lower  regions  is  connected. 
La  Saus^a</e,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  304. 

Waite  ('"■at),  Morrison  Bemick.  Born  at  Lvme, 
Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1816:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
March  23, 18S8.  An  American  jurist.  He  gradu- 
atedatTalein  1837;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839:  became 
a  leader  of  the  bar  In  Ohio;  was  Counsel  for  the  United 


1046 

states  before  the  Geneva  tribunal  of  arbitration  1871-72; 
and  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  United  .'States  Su- 
preme Court  in  1874. 
Waitz  (vits),  Greorg.  Bom  at  Flensburg,  Sehles- 
wig,  Oct.  9,  1813 :  died  at  Berlin,  May  24, 1886.  A 
German  historian.  He  aided  Pertz  in  editing  the 
"Montimenta  Germanise  historica';  became  professor  at 
Kiel  in  1S42;  was  agent  of  the  provisional  government 
of  Schleswig  and  Holstein  in  1S4S ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  in  1848 ;  became  professorat  Gotting- 
en  in  1849 :  and  removed  to  BerUn  as  editor  of  the  "  Monu- 
menta  Germanise  "  in  1 S75.  Among  his  works  are  "  Deutsche 
Verfassungsgeschichte  "  ("German  Constitutional  His- 
tory-," 1643- re),  ''Schleswig-Holsteins  Geschichte  "  (JSol- 
1854),  "Liibeck  unter  Jiirgen  WuUenweber  und  die  euro- 
paische  Politik"  (lS5o-56),  "Grundzuge  der  PoUtik" 
(■'Principles  of  Politics,"  1862),  life  of  Vlflla,  "Deutsche 
Kaiser." 

Waitz,  Theodor.  Bom  at  Gotha,  Germany, 
March  17, 1821:  died  at  Marburg.  May  21, 1864. 
A  German  philosopher  and  anthropologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Marburg.  He  wrote  "Grundlegung  der 
Psychologie,"  "Lehrbuch  der  Psychologie."  "'AUgemeine 
Padagogik,"  "Anthropologic  der  Naturvolker"  (1859-71), 
"  Die  Indianer  Nordamerikas,"  and  edited  Aristotle's  "Or- 
ganon." 

Waitzen  (vit'sen).  Hung.VaCZ  (vats).  Atown 
in  the  county  of  Pest-Pilis-Solt,  Hungary,  situ- 
ated oa  the  Danube  20  miles  north  of  Budapest. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Koman  Catholic 
bishopric.  The  Turks  were  defeated  here  in  1597,  and 
again  in  16&4,  when  the  city  was  captured  by  Duke  Charles 
of  Lorraine.  Here,  April  10, 1849,  the  Hungarian  instirgents 
defeated  the  Austrians ;  and  here,  July  15-17. 1S49.  there 
was  fighting  between  the  Russians  and  the  Hungarian  in- 
surgents uiider  Gorgey.    Population  (1890),  14,450. 

Wakashan  (wa'kash-an).  [From  icakash,  a 
Nootka,  word  meaning  'good.']  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians.  This  stock  is  in 
two  divisions  — the. Vhtand the Haeltzuk(l).  Habitat,Van- 
couver  Island,  the  opposite  mainland  of  British  Columbia, 
and  the  region  of  Cape  Flattery.  Clallam  County,  \yasliing- 
ton.    >"uinber  (1894),  over  5,500. 

Wakefield  (wak'feld).  A  city  and  parliamen- 
tary b'jrough  in  the  West  Eiding  of  Yorkshire. 
England,  situated  on  the  Calder  8  miles  south  by 
east  of  Leeds,  it  is  a  manufacturing  town,  formerly 
noted  for  its  production  bf  cloth  and  yam,  and  has  an  im- 
portant trade  in  grain  and  wooL  Tlie  new  bishopric  of 
Wakefield  was  sanctioned  in  1878.  Here,  Dec.  31, 1460,  the 
Lancastrians  under  Queen  Margaret  defeated  the  York- 
ists under  Eichard,  duke  of  York,  who  was  killed  in  the 
battle.    Population  (1891),  33,146. 

Wakefield.  A  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 10  miles  north  of  Boston.  Popula- 
tion (liiiiii).  9.290. 

Wakefield,  The  Vicar  of.    See  Vicar. 

Wakefield  Mystery  Plays.  A  cycle  of  thirty- 
two  plays,  of  uncertain  date,  perhaps  earlier 
than  the  14th  century.  Twenty-four  of  the  plays 
are  from  the  Xew  Testament  and  eiglit  are  from  the  Old. 
They  were  played  at  the  fairs  of  Woodkirk  ( Widkirk),  near 
Wakefield,  and  are  called  by  all  these  names.  They  were 
first  printed  by  the  Surtees  Society,  in  1836,  as  "'The 
'rowneleyMysteries,"from  the  fact  that  the  MS.  (loth  cen- 
tury iii_whtch  they  are  preserved  belonged  to  the  library 
of  me  ~         ....     -         -      _  ..   - 

land. 


he  Towneley  family,  Towneley  Hall,  Lancashire,  Eng- 


Wakem  (wa'kem),  Philip.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel  ''The 
Mill  on  the  Floss,"  a  deformed  youth  in  love 
with  Maggie  TviUiver. 

Walachia.     See  Wallachia. 

Walapai  (wiil'a-pi),  or  Hualapai.  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  living  in  Arizona 
from  the  great  bend  of  the  Colorado  River  east- 
ward and  southward  to  the  Cerbat  and  -\quarius 
Mountains.  The  name  means  *  Pinery  people,' refer- 
ring to  the  pine  forests.    Xumber  (1900),  635.   SeeI'ii"mM. 

Walch  (viilch),  Christian  Wilhelm  Franz. 
Born  at  Jena,  Germany,  1726:  died  at  Gijt- 
tingen.  1784.  .\  German  Protestant  church  his- 
torian, professor  at  Gottingen.  His  chief  work 
is  "Entwurf  einer  vollstandigen  Historie  der 
Ketzereien"  (1762-85). 

Walcheren  (val'eher-en).  The  westernmost 
island  of  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands. 
It  is  situated  between  the  North  Sea,  the  West  Schelde. 
and  Xorth  and  South  Beveland.  The  surface  is  low.  The 
chief  places  are  Middelbtirg  and  Flushing.  Length,  12 
miles. 

Walcheren  Expedition.  An  unsuccessful  Brit- 
ish expedition  against  the  French.  The  troops 
landed  on  Walcheren  in  the  end  of  July,  1809  —  the  land 
force  (40,000)  under  Lord  Chatham,  and  the  naval  force 
under  Strachan.  They  bombarded  and  took  Flushing  in 
Aug. ;  failed  to  take  Antwerp ;  and  retired  from  Walcheren, 
after  sustaining  great  losses,  in  Dec. 

Walckenaer(val-ke-niir'\  Baron  Charles  Ath- 
anase.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  2.1,  1771:  died  at 
Paris,  April  27,  1852.  -\  French  entomologist, 
geographer,  and  biographer.  He  held  various  posi- 
tions in  the  administrative  service,  .\mong  his  works  are 
"Faune  parisienne  "  (1802).  "Histoire  naturelle  des  ara- 
neides"  (1>05-08),  "Histoire  de  La  Fontaine"  (1820). 
"Geogiaphie  ancienne  des  Gaules"  (1839),  ''Histoire 
dHorace  '  (1840),"  Memoires  sur  Mme.  de  Sivign^  "  (1844- 
1852),  "  Histoire  generale  des  voyages  "(1826-31). 


Waldseemiiller 

Walcot  (wol'kot).  Charles  Melton.  Bora  at 
London.  1816:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  13, 
1868.  Xn  English  actor.  He  came  to  America  in 
1843,  and  in  1852  joined  the  company  of  Wallack's  The- 
ater, where  he  made  a  great  success  as  Touchstone,  and 
also  in  Planche's  "  Lavater. "  He  was  the  origiQai  Major  de 
Boots  in  America. 

Waldeck  (wol'dek ;  G.  prou.  val'dek).  A  prin- 
cipality, one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Em- 
pire. Capital,  Arolsen.  It  comprises  the  county  of 
Waldeck,  surrounded  by  the  Prussian  provinces  of  West- 
phalia and  Hesse-Nassau,  and  the  principality  or"  Pyrmont, 
surrounded  by  Lippe,  Hannover,  and  Brunswjck.  Itssar- 
face  is  hilly  and  mountainous.  It  has  one  member  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  one  deputy  in  the  Reichstag.  The  gov- 
emment  is  administered  by  Prussia.  The  inhabitants  are 
Protestant.  Waldeck  was  raised  from  a  countship  to 
a  principality  in  the  last  part  of  the  17th  century  :  was  a 
member  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  of  t^ie  Ger- 
manic (Confederation;  and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866. 
Area,  433  square  miles.     Population  (1900).  57.918. 

Waldeck,  Count  and  later  Prince  of  (Georg 
Friedrich).  Bom  1620 :  died  1692.  A Gei-man 
field-marshal.  He  was  a  general  in  the  service  of 
Brandenbtirg  and  Sweiien  :  imperial  field-marshal  at  St, 
Gotthard  in  16<>4 ;  served  at  the  relief  of  Vienna  in  lf33 ;  and 
was  defeated  as  captain-general  of  the  Dutch  at  FteuruB 
in  1690. 

Waldemar  (wol '  de  -miir  or  val '  de  -mar)  I., 
"The  Great."    King  of  Denmark  1157-82. 

Waldemar  H.,"  The  Victorious."  King  of  Den- 
mark 1202-41,  son  of  Waldemar  I.  He  conquered 
Fsthonia  and  many  of  the  lands  near  the  Baltic,  but  sutn 
sequently  lost  the  greater  part  of  them. 

Waldemar  IV.     King  of  Denmark  1340-75. 

Waldemar,  "The  Great."  Margrave  of  Bran- 
denburg 1308-19.  He  waged  war  successfully 
against  a  league  of  German  princes,  Denmark, 
etc. 

Walden  (wal'den),  or  Life  in  the  Woods.    A 

work  by  Thoreau,  published  in  1S54. 

Waldenburg  (val'den-boro).  A  town  In  the 
province  of  SUesia,  Pitissia,  situated  on  the 
Polsnitz  41  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is 
the  center  of  a  large  coal-mining  region,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  porcelain,  stoneware,  fire-clay,  etc.  Popula- 
tion (1890).  with  Ober- Waldenburg.  17,540. 

Walden  Pond  (wal'den  pond).  A  small  lake 
in  Concord,  Massachusetts.  On  its  shores  Tho- 
reau lived  for  years. 

Waldenses  (wol-den'sez).     The  Waldensians. 

Waldensians  (wol-den 'sianz).  [From  the 
founder,  Waldo  or  Valdo.]  The  members  of  a 
reformingbody  of  Christians,  followers  of  Peter 
Waldo  (Valdo)  of  Lyons,  formed  about  1170. 
Their  chief  seats  were  in  the  Alpine  valleys  of  Piedmont, 
Dauphine,  and  Provence :  hence  the  French  name  Vaudait 
des  Alpes,  or  Vaudois.  The  Waldenses  joined  the  Refor- 
mation moveme-it,  and  were  'jiten  severely  persecuted. 

Waldersee  (val'der-za).  Count  Alfred  von. 
Born  at  Potsdam,  -\pril  8,  1832.  A  German  gen- 
eral. He  was  chief  of  the  general  staff  of  the  10th  army 
corps  in  the  Franco-German  war ;  became  quarterniaster- 
genenil  and  deputy  of  the  chief  of  staff  in  1881 ;  succeeded 
Von  Moltke  as  cliief  of  siatf  in  1888;  became  commander 
of  the  9th  army  corps  in  1891,  inspector-general  of  the 
3d  army  corps  in  1898,  field-marshal  in  1899,  and  com- 
mander in-chief  of  the  European  forces  in  China  in  1900. 

Waldis  (yal'dis).  Burkard.  Bom  at  Allendorf 
on  the  Werra  about  1495 :  died  at  Abterode 
probably  in  1-557.  A  German  poet.  The  greater 
part  of  hi's  early  life  was  spent  in  Livonia.  In  15'23  he  was 
sent  by  Archbishop  J:\sper  van  Linden  to  the  Pope  to  so- 
licit aid  against  the  inroads  of  Protestantism.  On  his  re- 
turn from  Rome  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Protestants 
at  Riga,  where  he  himself  went  over  to  Protestantism  and 
lived  for  a  time  as  a  pewterer.  Subsequently  he  was  a 
clergyman  at  Abterode.  in  Hesse,  where  he  died.  He  wrote 
fables  in  verse.  His  "  Verlorener  Sohn  "  ("  Prodigal  Son  ") 
is  from  1527;  "Esop" (".isop"),  1548.  The  former  was 
published  at  Halle  in  1881 ;  the  hitter  at  Leipsic  in  1SS2. 

Waldo,  or  Valdo  (F.  pron.  viil-do').  or  Valdez, 
Peter.  Lived  in  the  last  part  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. A  merchant  of  Lyons  who  about  1170  be- 
came a  preacher  and  leader  of  the  Waldenses, 
who  were  named  from  him. 

Waldseemiiller,  or  Waltzeemiiller  (valt'za- 
miil-ler),  Martin  (called by  himseU'Hylacomy- 
lus,  a  Greek  form  of  the  n  ame ) .  Born  at  Freiburg 
about  1470:  died  after  1513.  A  German  geogra- 
pher. In  1504  he  became  professor  of  geography  in  the  col- 
lege founded  by  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  at  St.  Di6.  In  1507  he 
published  a  little  treatise  in  Latin,  the  "  Cosmographiae  in- 
troductio,"  printed  on  the  college  press  in  several  editions, 
all  of  which  are  now  very  rare.  Latin  translations  of  the  let- 
ters of  Vespucci(see  that  name)aregivenasanappendii.  In 
this  book  he  says :  'And  the  fourth  part  of  the  world  hav- 
ing been  discovered  by  .\mericus,  it  may  be  called  Ameri- 
ge ;  that  is,  the  land  of  Americus  or  America."  This  sug- 
gestion, in  an  obscure  book,  was  eventu.ally  adopted,  and 
America  thus  became  the  name  of  the  New  World.  It 
should  be  noted  that  Waldseemiiller  proposed  the  name 
only  for  the  region  now  known  as  South  .-kmerica,  to  which 
it  was  restricted  for  some  time.  Waldseemiiller.  with  Ring- 
mann  ("  Philesius  "),  Walter  Lud  (■■  Ludovicus ' ),  and  other 
young  students  at  St.  Die.  prepared  an  edition  of  Ptolemy 
which  was  eventually  published  by  WaldseeniuUer  at 
Strasburg  (1513).  It  contains  curious  maps  of  the  N'ev 
World,  but  the  name  America  does  not  appear  in  it. 


Waldshut 

Waldshut  Cvalts'hot).  A  small  town  in  Baden, 
situatfd  on  the  Ebine  30  miles  southeast  of 
Freiburg. 

Waldstatte  (valt'stet-te).  The  Forest  Cantons 
of  Switzerland:  Uri,  Untenvalden,  Sehwyz, and 
Lucerne. 

Waldstein  (wald'stin),  Charles.  Born  at  New 
York,  1856.  An  American  archiEologist.  He 
was  educated  at  Columbia  College,  Xew  Vork,  and  at  the 
t'tiiversity  of  Heidelberg;  was  made  director  of  the  Fitz- 
william  Aluscum  in  Cambridge,  Enirlantl,  in  188a  ;  and  in 
1S^S  he  was  appointed  director  of  tlu-  Si-huul  of  Areh.ToIoKy 
at  Athens,  and  in  181*5  professor  at  (■aint)ri(lge.  lie  hjis 
written  "  The  Halance  of  the  Emotion  and  the  Intellect" 
(1878)  ••  Essays  on  the  .\rt  of  Pheidias  "  (1885^,  etc 

Waldus.     See  Wahlo. 

Walensee.     See  Wtillenstadt,  Lale  of. 

Wales  (walz;.  [>rE.  iraks,  AS.  Il'dlas,  TTealas, 
foreipniers,  i.  e.  Britons  or  Celts;  hence  the 
a(t,jective  JTc/s/;.]  A  titular  principality  of  Great 
Britain,  now  an  integral  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  It  is  bouinled  b.v  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  north  ; 
the  Enjrlish  counties  of  Cheshire.  Shropshire,  Hereford, 
and  Monmonth  on  the  east;  the  Bristol  Channel  on  the 
south ;  and  .St.  George's  Channel  on  the  west.  Its  sur- 
face  is  mountainous.  It  is  noted  for  mineral  wealth,  pro- 
ducing iron,  coal,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  slate,  limestone, 
etc.  It  is  divided  into  North  W:des.  containing  the  conn- 
ties  Anglesea.  Carnarvon,  Denliigh,  Flint,  IMerioneth, 
and  Montgomery :  and  South  Wales,  containing  the 
counties  Brecknock,  Cardigan,  Cannarthen,  Glamorgan. 
Pembroke,  and  Radnor.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  of 
Welsh  stock,  and  the  language  is  largely  Welsh.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Celtic  trilies  Ordovices,  De- 
meta>,  and  Siliu-es.  Wales  was  not  subdued  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  maintained  prolonged  struggles  with  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  ;  was  made  tributary  by  Athelstan.  Harold  II.,  and 
William  the  Contiiteror:  and  after  repeated  elforts  was  sub- 
dued by  Edward  I..  1276-84,  and  united  to  England.  An 
unsuccessful  rcliellion.  under  Owen  tilendower,  broke  out 
in  1400.  Theprincij>ality  was incorponited  with  England  in 
15:J(i   Area,  7,442  siiuare  miles.  Population(1891),  1,519,035. 

Wales.  Prince  of.  The  title  usually  conferred 
on  the  heir  apparent  to  the  throne  of  England. 
The  kings  who  have  iielil  it  at  the  time  of  their  acces- 
sion are  Eilward  II.  (the  first  holder  of  it),  Henry  V.,  Ed- 
ward v..  Ilemy  VIII.,  Charles  I.,  Charles  II.,  George  II., 
George  IV,,  and  Edward  VII,,  sons  of  the  sovereigns 
preceding  them,  and  Richard  II.  and  George  III.,  grand- 
sons of  their  predecessors.  Edward  III.,  Henry  VI., 
and  Edward  VI.,  though  heirs  apparent,  did  not  hold 
the  title. 

Walewski  (vii-lev'ske),  Comte  (Alexandre 
Florian  Joseph  Colonna).  Borii  ;(t  Wale- 
wiee,  Poland,  May  4,  1810:  died  at  Strasburg, 
Sept.  27,  1868.  A  French  politician,  diploma- 
tist, and  author:  reputed  illegitimate  son  of 
Napoleon  I.  He  served  in  the  Polish  revolutionary 
army  and  in  the  French  army,  and  filled  various  foreign 
missions.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  allairs  and  later 
president  of  the  Corps  L^gislatit  under  N'apoleim  III.  He 
signed  the  treaty  of  Paris,  and  was  president  of  the  Con- 
gress nl  Paris  in  ls,jC. 

Walfish,  or  Walfisch,  Bay  (wol'fish  ba).  An 
inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  situated  about  lat. 
22=  Tti'  S.,  long.  14°  27'  E.  it  has  a  good  harbor. 
It  was  claimed  by  Great  Britain  in  1878,  and,  with  some 
adjoining  territory,  was  made  a  British  possession  in  1884. 

Walhalla.     See  raUinlla. 

Walhalla  (viil-hiil'lii),  or  Temple  of  Fame.  A 
building  founded  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  by  Lud- 
Wlgl.,  in  1830.  The  exterior  reproduces  a  Greek  Doric 
temple,  115  by  246  feet  in  plan, built  of  giay  marble.  The 
pediments  contain  sculptured  reliefs  of  "Gernnmia  Set 
Free  by  the  Battle  of  Leipsic  "  and  of  thellermannschlaehL 
The  interior  is  Ionic,  and  forms  a  hall  60  by  18ii  feet,  and 
56  high  :  it  is  surrounded  by  a  frieze  representing  the  early 
history  of  the  Teutonic  race.  The  hall  contains  101  busts 
of  celebrated  (Jermans,  and  six  Victories  by  Kauch. 

Walke  (wiik),  Henry.  Born  Dec.  24, 1808:  died 
MarehS,  18U6.  An  American  admiral.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Civil  War  rendered  im- 
portant services  on  the  Mississippi  River.  He  was  pro. 
nioted  captaiti  in  1862,  commodi»re  in  ls«tJ,  and  rear-ad- 
miral In  1870,  goingim  the  retired  list  in  1871.  Hepublislied 
•'  Naval  Scenes  in  the  Civil  War  "  (1877). 

Walker  (wa'ktr),  Amasa.  Born  at  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  May  4, 1799:  died  at  Brookdeld, 
Mass.,  Oct  29,  187.").  An  American  political 
eeonomi.st.  He  lectured  on  political  economy  at  Oberlin 
and  at  Amherst:  held  various  political  olIice.<  in  the  .State 
of  Massachusetts;  and  was  Republican  mentber  of  Con- 
gress from  Massachusetts  18fi'.'-»i3.  He  wrote  "Nature 
and  Cacs  of  Money  and  Mixed  Currency"  (18,^7).  ami 
"Science  of  Wealth  "  (IsiKl). 

Walker,  Francis  Amasa.  Born  at  Bost  on ,  July 

•_',  1S40:  died  there,  j!in..5,  1897.  An  American 
statistician  and  political  economist,  son  of 
Amasa  Walker.  He  gradmtted  at  Amherst  in  18«i),  and 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  being  brcvetted  Ijrigadiergeneral 
of  volunteers  in  1865.  He  wascommiasl.>neror  Indian  alfaira 
1871-72,  anil  professor  of  political  oiononiy  and  hiMtory  In 
the  .Shefflehl  Sclentlllc  School  at  Vale  187:i-Sl.  He  was  snb- 
secpiently  president  of  thcMas.sachnsetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology. He  was  superintendent  of  the  ninth  and  leijlli 
United  .states ccn8u»e.s(1870aml  I.s8o),andwa.sUnil'd  States 
comnilssioner  to  the  International  Mornlarv  Conference 
at  Paris  in  1878.  Amongbis  work.<  are  a  "St:iti..ti,al  Atlas 
of  the  United  States  "(1874),  "'i'he  Wag.s  l)uesll..n"(lH7i!), 
"Money,  Trade,  ami  Indu»try"'(IK7li!,  "I.arol  and  its  Reid  " 
(1883).  "Politlial  Eeononiv  •  (18b3),  and  '•History  of  the 
Second  j\rmy  Corps  "  (1836). 


1047 

Walker,  Hookey.  A  slang  name  used  as  an 
e.\|iiessiou  of  incredidity,  as  if  one  said  "Tell 
that  to  the  marines."  Various  explanations  of 
it  are  given. 

Walker,  John.  Born  at  Colney  Hatch,  Middle- 
sex, March  18,  1732 :  died  at  Loudon,  Aug.  1, 
1807.  An  English  lexicographer.  His  best-known 
work  is  a  "Critieal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  anil  Exposi- 
tor of  the  EnLdish  Language  "  (1791 :  this  was  the  first  dii-- 
tionary  after  Sheridan's  (17^0)  in  which  proininciation  w;ia 
systematically  recorded).  He  also  published  a  "  Rhyming 
l>ieti..nary  "  (177.'). 

Walker,  Robert  James.  Bom  at  Nortlium- 
berland,  Pa.,  July  23,  1801:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  p.,  Nov.  11,  1869.  iVn  American  statesman 
and  financier.  He  was  an  opponent  of  nullification ; 
was  United  States  senator  from  Mississippi  18:tO-i:) ;  sup- 
ported the  Homestead  Bill,  and  the  indepemlence  and  la- 
ter  the  annexation  of  Texas  ;  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1845-19 ;  carried  through  the  "  \\  alker  Taiill  "  of  1840  ; 
and  promoted  the  warehouse  system  and  the  department 
of  the  interior.  He  w  as  governor  of  Kansas  1857-58,  and 
a  financial  agent  of  the  United  States  in  Europe  1863-61. 
He  furthered  the  Alaska  treaty. 

Walker,  William.  Born  at  Nashville,  Tcnu., 
May  8,  1824:  died  at  Trujillo,  Honduras,  Sept. 
12,1860.  An  American  filibuster.  He  was  a  jour. 
nalist  and  lawyer  in  California.  In  185.i,  with  170  follow- 
ers, he  invaded  Lower  California  and  Sonora.  Driven  over 
the  border  by  Jlexican  troops,  he  was  tried  at  .San  Francisco 
(May,  1854)  for  violation  of  the  neutrality  laws,  but  was 
acquitted.  Taking  advantage  of  the  disturbed  slate  of 
Nicaragua,  he  entered  that  country  with  5s  men  (June, 
1855)  and  joined  the  democratic  faction.  At  first  unsuc. 
cessful,  he  finally  defeated  Guardiola  (Sept.  3)  and  took  the 
capital,  Granadx  Corral  submitted  to  him.  Walker  ac- 
knowledged Riva«  as  president  and  Corral  as  minister 
of  war,  reserving  for  himself  the  title  of  commander-in- 
chief  ((Jet.).  A  few  days  after  he  brought  clnu-ges  against 
Corral,  who  was  tried  and  shot.  In  .liily,  1S5U,  he  was 
elected  president  by  the  votes  of  departmerjts  which 
were  controlled  by  his  army.  Among  his  many  arbitrary 
acts  was  a  decree  restoring  slavery.  Costa  Rica,  and 
eventually  all  the  Central  American  states,  joined  with  the 
Nicaragua!!  Icgitin!ist3  agaii!st  bill!,  .\fter  ,TuIy,  l.sSli,  he 
was  repeatedly  dijfeatcd  by  the  allies  ;  was  forced  to  abai!- 
donGranad.a,  which  he  l)uined(l)ec.);  and  on  May  1,1857, 
he  took  ref!!ge  on  a  I'  !iited  States  vessel,  which  canied  him 
to  Panama.  Ue  n!ade  two  attemptstorecoverthecountry, 
but  was  foiled  by  the  int<'rvention  of  the  United  States.  In 
Aug.,  18ti0,  he  invaded  Honduras ;  but  was  captured  in 
September  by  a  British  vessel,  delivered  to  the  Honduras 
authorities,  and  by  then!  tried  and  shot.  He  published 
"The  War  in  Nicarag!ia  "  (1860). 

Walker  River.  A  river  which  rises  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  eastern  Califor- 
nia, and  iiows  into  Walker  Lake  in  Nevada. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Walkers.     See  ,slioshoko. 

Walkiire  (viil'kii-re),  Die.  [G., '  The  Valkyrs.'] 
The  second  part  of  Wagner's  tetralogy  "Der 
Ring  des  Nibelungen."  It  was  completed  in 
1856,  and  first  performed  at  Munich  in  1870. 

Wall  (will).  A  character  in  the  iuterltide  of 
Shakspere's  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Wallabout  Bay  (wol'a-bout  ba).  An  inlet  of 
the  East  Kiver  in  Broofilyn,  New  York.  Itsshores 
are  occupied  by  a  United  Stjites  navy-yard.  It  wasthef  oor. 
ing-place  of  British  prison-ships  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Wallace  (wol'ils).  Ahistorieo-legenilarypoem 
on  Sir  William  Wallace,  written  by  Blind  Harry. 

Wallace  (wol'as),  Alfred  Russel.  Born  at 
Usk,  Monmouthshire,  England,  Jan.  8,  1822.  A 
noted  English  naturalist  and  traveler.  He  was 
ediicated  as  a  land-surveyor  a!id  architect,  but  after  1S45 
gave,  his  attcntiot!  eiitiiely  to  natuntl  history.  Me  ex- 
plored the  valleys  of  the  ,-\ina/oi!  a!!d  Rio  Negio  1S18~52, 
and  traveled  in  the  Malay  Archipelago  and  Papua  is54-*)2, 
making  richcolIeftio!!8-  Simultai!eously  with  Darwin  he 
ai!!!ounced  the  tlu-tiry  of  i!atural  selectioi!(liis  patier  "On 
the  Tendency  of  Naricties  to  Depart  Indetli!itely  from  the 
Original  Type  "  was  read  July  1,  1858,  the  same  day  as 
Darwi!!'3  jiaper).  His  works  include  "Travels  on  the 
Amazon  ai!d  Rio  Neg!*o  "  (1853),  "Palm  Trees  of  the  At!!- 
azon,"  "The  Malay  Archipelago  "(186it),  "Co!itributi«»i!sto 
the  Theory  of  Natural  Selection"  (1870),  "Miracles  and 
Modem  Spiritualism  "  (1875).  "Geogi-aphieal  Distribution 
of  Animals"  (IS7«),  "Tropical  N«ture"  (1878),  "Island 
Life"  (1880),  "Land  Nationalization  "  (1882),  etc. 

Wallace.  Sir  Donald  Mackenzie.  Horn  1841. 
A  British  writer  iiinl  li:iveler  in  Hussia.  Ho 
wrote  "Kussia"  (1877),  etc. 

Wallace,  Lewis.  Bom  at  Brookville,  Indiana, 
April  10,  ls27.  An  American  general,  diplo- 
raati.st,  lawyer,  and  author.  He  served  us  first 
lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war ;  was  ei!gaReil  In  (he  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Indiana  from  1818  ;  became  )t  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  Sept.,  18!^1 ;  coii!inantled  a  ilivision  at  the  battle  of 
Fort  Donelson  In  1802;  bircaniemajor.gcm-ralof  volunteeis 
hi  March,  1802  ;  served  on  the  secoiid  day  of  the  battle  of 
Shiloli  In  1H02;  saved  Cincinnati  froii!  capture  by  Kirby 
Sniitli  In  1803:  was  appolnte<l  comnianderof  the'&lbldle 
Depaitment  and  the8tharn!y  corps;  and  was  dcfeate'l  by 
Early  at  the  >fonocacy  ,lulyO,  18U4.  From  18S1  to  1SS5  he 
was  United  Slates  minister  l<i  Turkev.  Me  has  written 
"  Hen  Ilur  :  a  Tale  of  IheChrlst  "  (IKSli).  "  The  Fair  God  " 
(IS78),  "The  Boyhood  of  Chilsl"  (I8s8),  life  of  Benjamin 
Harrison  (lf88X  "The  Prince  of  India"  (189.1). 

Wallace,  Sir  William.  Bom  about  1274:  ex- 
ecuted at  Loudciti,  .Aug.  23,  130.').  A  Scottish 
patriot  and  national  hero.       lie  was  outlawed  In 


Wallenstein 

early  life:  beCame  a  leader  of  a  party  of  insurgents  in 
12y7;  protested  against  the  treaty  of  Irvine;  total]>  de- 
feated the  English  at  the  battle  of  Stirling  Bridge  .Sept 
11,  12*j7  ;  dev.astated  norlheni  England ;  was  made  guar- 
dia!i  of  Scotland ;  and  was  defeated  by  Edward  I.  at  Fal- 
kirk July  22,  1298.  He  carried  on  a  guerrilla  warfare  for 
several  years;  was  betrayed  to  the  English  near  Glasgow 
Aug.  3, 1305 ;  was  taken  to  London ;  and  was  tried  and  con- 
demned for  treason. 

Wallace,  William  Harvey  Lamb.     Bom  at 

Urbaua,  Ohio,  July  8,  1821 :  died  at  Savannah, 
Tenn..  April  10,  1862.  An  American  gi>neral. 
He  seired  In  the  Mexican  war  ;  commanded  a  Fedend  bri- 
gade at  Fort  Doiielson  i!!  1862  ;  was  made  brigadier-general 
in  Mareli,  isiij ;  ai!d  served  as  divisior!  commander  at  Sliiloh 
(April  0).  u'lieie  he  was  ii!urtally  wounded. 

Wallachia,  or  Walachia  (wo-la'ki-ii).  [F. 
raUicliifjG.  iyal<nhei.}  Adivisionof  Rumania  : 
part  of  the  ancient  Dacia.  It  is  bounded  by  Hun- 
gary and  Transylvania  on  the  northwest  and  north  ;  by 
Moldavia  on  the  itorth  ;  and  by  the  Danube  on  the  east, 
south,  and  southwest  and  west,  separating  it  frou!  the 
Dobrudja.  Bulgaria,  and  Ser^■ia.  The  principalitv  of 
Wallachia  arose  in  the  13th  century.  From  about  the  close 
of  the  14th  century  it  iviis  tributary  to  Turkey  under  its 
national  prii!ces,  ai!d  from  1710  to  1821  under  the  Fauariot 
hospodai-8  appointed  by  the  sidtan.  An  era  of  greater 
autonomy  began  in  ls2!l.  inai!gurated  by  the  interveiilioii 
of  Russia.  Wallachia  was  u!iited  under  the  same  prince 
with  Moldavia  in  18.')!l,  aitd  in  Isoi  the  two  pri!icipalities 
were  united  into  the  principality  of  Rumania.  Sec 
Jiumania. 

Wallack  (wol'ak),  James  William.  Born  at 
London,  Aug.  24, 1795:  died  at  New  York  city, 
Dec.  2.5,  18()4.  An  Anglo-American  actor  and 
dramatic  manager.  He  played  in  Great  Britain  and 
the  Uiiited  States  in  romantic  drama,  refined  comedy,  etc. 
His  range  of  parts  was  wiile.  He  came  to  AnieriVa  in 
1818,  and  played  here  and  in  England  alternately  until  ls.',l, 
when  he  settled  in  New  York.  Ii!  1837  he  ma!>aged  the 
New  York  National  Theater,  and  conducted  Wallaek's 
Theat  er  on  the  cornerof  Broadway  and  Broome  street,  .New 
Y'ork,  1S.',2-01,  ai!d  after  that  on 'the  cornerof  Broadway 
and  U'Jth  street,  New  Vork. 

Wallack,  James  William.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  24,  1818:  died  in  America,  May  24,  1873. 
An  Anglo-American  actor,  the  son  of  Henry 
John  Wallack  (an  actor,  died  1870).  He  played 
with  varyirtg  success  on  both  sides  of  tbe.Vtlantie,  and  in 
ISUl  be*;an  to  appear  as  a  star  in  America  in  what  was 
known  as  the  Wallack-Davenport  Combination.  He  made 
a  great  hit  as  Fagin,  as  Leon  de  Bourbon  in  "The  ilan 
with  the  Iron  Mask,"  and  as  Henry  Dunbar.  His  raiige 
was  large,  but  he  was  most  successful  i!i  tragedy  or  ro- 
niai!tie  and  somber  drama. 

Wallack,  Lester  (real  name  John  Johnstone 
Wallack).  Born  at  New  York  city,  Jan.  1 ,  1820: 
died  at  Stamford,  Conn..  Sept. '6,  18^8.  An 
American  actor,  son  of  J.  W.  Wallack  the 
elder.  His  middle  name  was  that  of  his  mother's  fam- 
ily.  He  seived  two  years  as  lieutenant  in  the  English 
army,  and  first  acted  with  his  father  in  the  Knglish  prcv- 
inces  under  the  name  of  Alla!i  Field  about  1840.  He  plavcd 
in  America  in  1847  as  John  W.  Lester,  afterward  as  John 
Lester  Wallack.  In  1852  he  joined  his  father's  company 
at  Wallaek's  Theater,  and  mai!aged  it,  after  the  latter's 
death,  until  1887.  In  1882  a  new  Wallaek's  Theater  was 
opened  oi!  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  ;loth  street,  for 
some  years  known  as  Palmer's  Theater.  llewjuHa  brilliant 
con!edian,  a!!d  was  noted  as  Doi!  Felix  ("The  Wonder"), 
Charles  Surfiice,  Young  Marlowe,  Alfred  Evelyn 
(".Money  "),  St.  Pierre  ('"rhe  Wife  ),  Uarrv  Dornton 
{"The  Road  to  Ruin'),  Claude  Melmdte,  Dtu!  Citsar  de 
Ba7.an,  Sir  Charles  Coldstream,  etc.  He  wi-ote  "The  Vete- 
rai!  "anil"  Rosedale,' In  wliieh  he  played  the  principal  parts, 
an.!  bis  "--\i!tobi..graphy."  which  w-'a^i  publishetl  in  1889. 

Wallasey  (wol'a-si).  A  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng- 
land, 4  miles  west  of  Liverpool.  Population 
(19111 1,  .-i:i,:580. 

Walla  Walla  ( wS'lil  wS'lB).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  wliich  occupied  both  sides  of 
the  (jolumbia  Hiver  from  the  mouth  of  Lewis 
(or  Snake)  Kiver  to  the  Musdeshell  Rapiil, 
wintering  on  the  Taplecl  (or  Yakima)  Kiver, 
Washington.  Umler  this  general  itaine  n!ay  have  been 
included  one  or  more  other  dlvlsi(U!s,  e.  ff.  the  Cniatilla. 
Later  on  the  Walla  Walla  were  ctuifined  n!Oro  closely  to 
the  region  of  the  Walla  'tValla  River,  Oregon.  They  now 
nutnber  405,  on  the  Umatilla  reservation,  Oregon.  See 
Sftijfiijpttiin. 

Walla  Walla  (wol'ji  wol'ii).  The  capital  of 
Walla  Walhi  Countv.  Slate  of  Washington,  sit- 
uated on  Mill  Creek  in  lat.  46°  3'  N.  It  is  the 
ceirter  of  a  wheat  region.  Popidation  (I'.HH)), 
10.049. 

Wallenstadt  ivarien-siiiil.  Lake  of^r  Wa- 
lensee, "r  Wallensee  (viiriin-zai.orWallen- 

Stadter  See  (viil'len-slet-er  zii).  A  lake  .'-ilii- 
ated  between  the  cantons  of  St.  (iall  ami  lilu- 
rus,  Switzcrlatul.  it  receives  the  Seciand  the  LInth, 
and  its  outlet  Is  by  the  I.iiilh  Canal  tothe  Lake  of  /.urich. 
Leiiglb,  '.>)  miles      Width,  li  inlleB. 

Wallenstein  (viil'len-stiu).  A  trilogy  by  Schil- 
ler, comjirising  '■  Wallenstoins  Lager'' (acted 
at  Weimjtr,  1798).  "Die  I'iccolomini "  (1799), 
and  ••  Walli'tisteins  Toil"  (17991.  Schiller  enn- 
celves  his  hero  In  thi'setlnitmtsas  the  type  of  the  practical 
realist,  serious,  solitary.  iu)d  reserved. 

Wallenstein    (wol    i;ii-slin;    (l.   pron.  viil'li'ii- 

siiii),  or  Waldstein  (viilt'siin).  or  Walden- 
stein  (viil'deu-stiu),  Albrecht  Eusebius  von, 


Wallenstein 

Duke  of  FriecUand,  Jleckleubiirg,  and  Sagan. 
Bom  at  Hermanic,  near  Nachod,  Bohemia, 
Sept.  24,  1583:  assassinated  at  Eger,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  25,  1634.  A  celebrated  Austrian  general. 
He  was  educated  at  first  as  a  Protestaot,  but  later  as  a 
Roman  Catholic  ;  and  studied  in  the  Jesuit  College  atOl- 
miitz,  and  at  the  universitiesofAltdorf,Bologna,and  Padua. 
He  served  in  Hungary  under  the  emperor  Kiidolf  II.;  be- 
came quartermaster-general  of  the  League  in  1620;  was 
made  Juke  of  Friedland  in  1623 ;  raised  an  army  for  the 
Imperialist  service  in  1626;  defeated  Mansfeld  at  the 
bridge  of  Dessau,  April  2S,  1620 ;  invaded  Hungaiy  and 
won  Silesia  for  the  imperialists  in  1627 ;  besieged  Stral- 
sund  unsuccessfully  in  1628 ;  was  removed  from  his  com- 
mand in  1630,  and  retired  to  Gitschin ;  resumed  command 
by  invitation  of  the  emperor  in  the  spring  of  1632  ;  recov- 
ered Bohemia  from  the  Saxons  and  repulsed  Gustavus 
Adolphus  before  Nuremberg,  but  was  defeated  by  him  at 
Liitzcn,  Nov.  16,  1632.  The  emperor,  Ferdinand  II..  con- 
vinced that  he  was  meditating  treachery,  removed  him 
from  bis  command  Jan.,  1634.  and  outlawed  him.  Wallen- 
stein was  in  the  act  of  going  over  to  the  Swedes  (who 
were  on  the  borders  of  P.oheniia)  when  he  was  murdered 
by  some  of  his  otBcers  (Butler,  Gordon,  and  others). 

Waller  (wol'er),  Edmund.  Born  at  Coleshill, 
Hertfordshire,  England,  March  3, 1605:  died  at 
Beaconsfield,  England,  Oct.  21, 16S7.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  studied  at  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
entered  Parliament  in  1623  CO  ■  was  a  leader  in  the  Long 
Parliament ;  took  part  in  Pioyalist  plots,  and  was  arrested 
in  1643  and  exiled  ;  returjied  to  England  under  Cromwell ; 
and  was  a  favorite  at  court  after  the  Restoration.  Among 
his  poems  are  a  panegjTic  on  Cromwell,  lament  for  Crom- 
well's death,  congi-atulation  on  Charles  II. 's  return,  etc. 
His  poems  were  published  164."i,  1664,  etc. 

Waller,  Sir  William.  Born  1597:  died  1668. 
An  English  general.  He  served  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War ;  was  second  in  command  of  the  Parliamentary  forces 
under  Essex  in  1642 ;  reduced  Portsmouth  in  1642 ;  was 
defeated  near  Bath  and  near  Devizes  in  1643  ;  gained  a 
victory  at  Cherrytown  in  1644 ;  was  defeated  at  Cropredy 
Bridge  in  1644 ;  served  at  Newbury ;  and  was  deprived  of 
his  command  in  1645.  He  was  a  Presbyterian  leader  in 
Parliament ;  was  expelled  fur  treason  in  1647;  and  returned 
and  was  expelled  in  Pride's  Purge  in  1648.  He  w<as  a 
member  of  the  council  of  state  and  of  the  convention  par- 
liament in  1600. 

Wall-Face  (wal'fas)  Mountain.  A  peak  of  the 
Adirondack  Mountains.  New  York,  separated 
from  Jloiint  Mclntyre  b.y  the  Adirondack  Pass. 

Wallin  (viil-len'),  "Johan  Olof.  Born  in  Da- 
larna,  Sweden,  Oct.  l'\  1779:  died  at  Upsala, 
June  30, 1839.  A  Swedish  poet  and  divine.  His 
parents  were  in  extremely  poor  circumstances,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  support  himself  even  while  obtaining  his  ele- 
mentary education  at  the  gymnasium  at  Vesterfts.  Subse- 
quently he  studied  at  Upsala.  In  1806  hebegan  his  clerical 
career  as  pastor  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy.  After- 
ward he  was  clergjman  at  Solna,  Vlriksdal,  and  VesterSs, 
and  was  ultimately  made  archbishop  of  Sweden.  His 
poems  are  chiefly  religious  in  character.  As  a  member 
of  the  commission  for  the  revision  of  the  Swedish  hymn- 
book,  he  contributed  over  a  hundred  original  hymns,  and 
translated  and  adapted  many  more.  One  of  the  best- 
known  of  his  poems  is  the  hymn  "  Dodens  engel  "  ("The 
Angel  of  Death").    Among  his  longer  secular  poems  is  par- 

■  ticularly  to  be  mentioned  the  didactic  poem  in  Alexan- 
drines, "Uppfostraren"  ("The  Educator"),  which  won  a 
prize  at  the  Swedish  Academy.  Among  his  shorter  poems 
is  an  impassioned  song  on  George  Washington.  His  col- 
lected literary  works  ("Samlade  vitterhetsarbeten")  were 
published  at  Stockholm  in  1878,  in  2  vols. 

Wallingford  (wol'ing-ford).  A  town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  13  miles 
south-southeast  of  Oxford.  It  has  a  ruined  castle. 
A  treaty  was  concluded  here  in  1153  between  Stephen  and 
Prince  Henry  Uater  Henry  II.).     Population  (1891),  2,989. 

Wallingford.  A  town  in  New  Haven  County, 
Connecticut,  11  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
Haven,  it  is  the  seat  of  the  Wallingford  Community, 
a  hranrh  of  the  Oneida  Community.  Population  (1900), 
9,0(11. 

Wallis  (val'lis).     The  German  name  of  Valais. 

Wallis  ( wol'is),  Jolin.  Born  at  Ashford.  Kent, 
Nov.  23, 1616:  died  at  O.xford,  Oct.  28, 1703.  An 
English  mathematician,  grammarian,  logician, 
and  theologioal  writer.  His  works  include  "  Arith- 
metica  Infinitorum,"  "Graramatica  Linguae  Anglicaiiae," 
'Instttutio  Logicte."  etc. 

Wall  of  Antoninus.  A  rampart  erected  in  the 
first  part  of  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  to  cheek 
the  northern  barbarians  of  Britain.  It  extended 
from  the  Firth  of  Forth  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde, 

Wall  of  Aurelian.  A  fortified  inclosure  of  an- 
cient Rome,  of  in'egidar  outline,  extending  be- 
yond the  Servian  wall,  particularly  on  the  north 
(where  it  includes  the  Pincian  Hill)  and  on  the 
east  and  south  (where  it  takes  in  the  Monte 
Testaecio).  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber 
inclosing  the  Vatican  and  Janiculum  Hills. 
The  wall  was  begun  by  Aurelian  in  271  A.  P.,  and  was  re- 
paired by  Honorius,  Theodoric,  Belisarius,  and  later  rulers  : 
its  circuit  remains  almost  unaltered,  and  measures  about 
13  miles.  Many  stretches  of  the  wall  and  several  of  the 
gates,  particularly  the  Porta  Pinciana,  the  Chiusa,  Mag- 
giore,  Latina,  San  Sebastiano,  and  San  Paolo,  are  highly 
picturesque.  The  masonry  of  the  wall  is  for  the  most  part 
of  brick,  interrupted  occasionally  by  stonework.  Some  older 
pieces  in  optts  reticulaHnn  are  incorporated.  The  exterior 
height  is  about  55  feet,  and  there  are  nearly  300  towers. 

Wall  of  China,  Great.  A  wall  begun  by  the 
emperor  Tsin  Chi-hwangti  214  B.  c.  (finished 


1045 

204  B.  c.)  as  a  defense  against  northern  tribes. 
It  extends  from  Shanhai-kwan,  lat.  40°  N.,  long.  119°  50'  E., 
along  the  northern  frontiers  of  Chihli,  Shansi,  Shensi,  and 
•  Kansu,  to  about  lat.  39"  60'  N.,  long.  99°  E.  Length,  about 
1,500  miles. 

Wall  of  Hadrian.    See  ffadrian's  Wall. 
Wallon  (vii-lon'),  Henri  Alexandre.    Bom  at 

Valenciennes,  Dee.  23,  1812.  A  French  histo- 
rian and  politician.  He  was  elected  to  the  Legisla- 
tive Assemblyin  1849,  and  to  the  National  Assemblyin  1871, 
and  was  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  constitution  of 
1875.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction  187.^-76. 
Among  his  works  are  "Histoire  de  I'esclavage  dans  I'an- 
tiquite  "  (1848),  "Jeanne  Darc"(1860),  "La  vie  de  J^sus" 
(1864),  "La  Terreur"  (1873),  "Histoi'-e  du  tribunal  rSvo- 
lutionii.iire  de  Paris,  etc."  (1880-82),  etc. 

Walloon  Guard,  The.  A  Spanish  body-guard 
of  Walloon  troops,  formed  in  1703  and  dis- 
banded in  1822. 

Walloons  (wo-lonz').  [From  ML.  Wallus,  L. 
GaUus,  a  GaiU  or  Celt.]  1.  A  people  foimd 
chiefly  in  southern  and  southeastern  Belgium, 
also  in  the  neighboring  parts  of  France,  and  in 
a  few  places  in  Hhenish  Prussia  near  Malmedy. 
They  are  descended  from  the  ancient  Belgre, 
mixed  with  Germanic  and  Roman  elements. — 
2.  In  America,  especially  colonial  New  York, 
the  Huguenot  settlers  from  Artois  in  northern 
France. 

Wallsend  (walz-end').  A  town  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  4  miles 
east-nortbeast  of  Newcastle.  It  has  important  coal- 
mines. It  derives  its  name  from  its  situation  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  Hadrian's  Wall.     Population  (1891),  11.620. 

Wall  street.  A  street  in  the  lower  part  of  New 
York  city,  which  extends  from  Broadway,  oppo- 
site Trinity  Church,  to  the  East  River :  famous 
as  a  financial  and  speculative  center. 

Walpole  (wol'pol),  Horace,  fourth  Earl  of  Or- 
ford.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  5, 1717 :  died  there, 
March  2, 1797.  An  English  author,  third  son  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole.  He  w.as  educated  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge,  and  traveled  with  Gray  in  France  and  Italy 
1739-11,  spending  a  year  at  Florence  with  Horace  JIanu, 
then  British  envo,v.  He  entered  Parliament,  as  a  Liberal, 
in  1741.  In  1747" he  purchased  the  estate  of  Strawberry 
Hill  (on  the  Thames,  near  Twickenham).  He  held,  through 
the  influence  of  his  father,  three  siuecirres,  with  the  emol- 
uments of  which  he  enlarged  the  cottage  at  StrawbeiTy  Hill 
to  a  Gothic  villa  which  he  tilled  with  a  valuable  collection 
of  works  of  art.-  He  became  fourth  earl  of  Orford  in  1791. 
Among  his  works  are  "Catalogue  of  Royal  and  Noble 
Authors  of  England"  (175S),  "Anecdotes  of  Painting  in 
England  "  (1762-71),  the  romance  "  The  Castle  of  Otranto  " 
(1766),  "Historic Doubts  on  the  Life  and  Keign  of  Richard 
III."  (1768),  "Memoirs  of  the  Last  Ten  Years  of  the  Reign 
of  George  II."  (1822  ;  edited  by  Lord  Holland),  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Keign  of  George  III."  (1846  :  edited  by  Sir  Denis  Le 
Marchant;  with  supplement  in  1859,  edited  by  Doran), 
and  other  memoirs,  and  "Letters  "  (edited  by  Cunningham 
1867-59). 

Walpole,  Sir  Robert,  Earl  of  Orford.  Born  at 
Houghton,  Norfolk,  England,  Aug.  26, 1676 :  died 
there,  March  18,  1745.  A  noted  English  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge  ;  entered 
Parliament  in  1701 ;  became  a  member  of  the  council  to 
Prinife  George  in  1705,  and  secretary  at  war  in  1708 ;  and  be- 
came one  of  tl>e  Whig  leaders.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  navy 
and  manager  of  the  Sacheverell  impeachment  in  1710 ;  was 
accused  of  corruption,  expelled  from  Parliament,  and  sent 
to  the  Tower  in  1712  ;  was  retiu'ned  to  Parliament  in  1713 ; 
became  paymaster-general  in  1714 ;  was  prime  minister 
(first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer) 
1715-17 ;  became  paymaster-general  in  1720 ;  and  was  again 
prime  minister  (first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancaJlor 
of  the  exchequer)  1721-12.  He  was  created  earl  of  Orford 
in  1742. 

Walpurgis  Night (viil-por'gis  nit).  [6.  Walimr- 
gisXddit:  so  called  with  reference  to  the  day  of 
St.  Waljiurgis,  Walburgis,  or  JValpurga,  the  name 
of  an  abbess  who  emigrated  from  England  to 
Germany  in  the  8th  century.]  The  night  before 
the  first  of  May.  According  to  German  popnl.ar  super- 
stition, on  this  night  witches  are  said  to  ride  on  broom- 
sticks, he-goats,  etc.,  to  some  appointed  rendezvous,  e.spe- 
cially  the  Brocken  in  the  Harz  Mountains,  where  they  hold 
high  festival  with  their  master  the  devil. 

Walpurgis  Night.  A  choral  symphony  by  Men- 
delssohn, words  by  Goethe  :  produced  in  1833, 
and  in  revised  form  in  1844. 

Walsall  (wal'sal).  A  parliamentary  borough 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  8  miles  north-north- 
west of  Birmingham.  There  are  coal  and  lime  works 
in  the  neighborhood,  and  iron,  brass,  etc.,  manufactures 
in  the  town.     Population  (1901).  86.430. 

Walsh  (wolsh),  William.  Born  1663:  died  1709. 
An  English  poet,  a  fi-icnd  of  Dryden  and  Pope. 

Walsingham  (wol'siug-am),  Cape.  Aheadland 
projecting  into  Davis  Strait,  Cumberland,  Brit- 
ish America,  in  lat.  66°  N. 

Walsingham,  Sir  Francis.  Bom  atChiselhurst, 
Kent,  Enaland,  about  1536:  died  at  London, 
April  6.  1590.  A  noted  English  statesman.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1569:  was  ambassador  to  France 
1570-73;  was  made  secretary  of  state  in  1573;  and  was 
sent  on  an  embassy  to  the  Netherlands  in  1678,  to  France 
in  1681,  and  to  Scotland  in  1583.  He  was  a  firm  opponent 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
on  her  trial.    He  was  a  patron  of  learning. 


Wamba 

Walsingham,  Thomas.  Lived  about  1440.  An 
English  historian  and  monk,  author  of  a  history 
of  England  ("Brevis  Historia")  from  Edward 
I.  to  Henry  V.,  and  a  history  of  Normandy. 

Walter  (wal'ter),  John.  Bom  1739:  died  at 
Teddington,  Middlesex,  Nov.  16,  1812.  The 
first  proprietor  of  the  London  "  Times."  in  i78o 
he  bought  Henry  Johnson's  two  patents  for  "logography," 
the  art  of  using  entire  words  in  printing.  To  introduce 
the  invention  he  established  "The  London  Daily  Uni- 
versal Register,"  Jan.,  1785.  The  invention  failed,  but  the 
paper  became  the  London  "Times,"  Jan.  1, 1788.  His  son 
Jolm  (1 78 4-1S47)  succeeded  him,  and  was  in  turn  succeeded 
by  Ills  son  Jolm  (1818-94). 

Walter,  Master.  The  Hunchback  in  Sheridan 
Knowles's  play  of  that  name.  He  is  the  guar- 
dian of  Julia,  and  is  discovered  to  be  her  father. 

Walter  of  Co'ventry.  One  of  the  most  re- 
nowned builders  of  the  middle  ages  in  Eng- 
land. In  1187be  probably  had  the  entire  direction  of  the 
construction  of  Chichester  cathedral  (consecrated  1199). 
The  palace  and  cloisters  are  attributed  to  him.  He  is 
highly  praised  by  ilatthew  Paris.  He  built  many  edifices 
in  the  reigns  of  Henry  II.,  Richard  I.,  and  John. 

Walter  the  Penniless.  A  French  knight, 
leader  of  a  band  through  Europe  in  1096,  fore- 
runners of  the  early  Crusaders.  He  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Nicsea,  1097. 

Walters  (wal'terz),  Lucy.  Died  1683.  Amis- 
tress  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  and  mother  by 
him  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth. 

Waltham  (wol'tham).  A  city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  9  miles  west  by  north 
of  Boston.  TheAmerican  Watch  Company  here  was  the 
first  to  manufacture  watches  by  machinery.  Population 
(1900),  23,481. 

Waltham  Abbey,  or  Waltham  Holy  Cross. 

A  town  in  Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  Lea 
12  miles  north  of  London.  The  abbey  was  founded 
by  King  Harold,  who  was  buried  in  the  church.  The 
venerable  nave,  which  has  been  restored  and  now  serves 
as  a  parish  church,  is  interesting  as  an  example  of  the 
early  Norman  style  prior  to  the  Conquest.  There  are 
gunpowder-mills  in  the  neighborhood.  Population  (1891), 
6,066. 

Walthamstow  (wol'tham-sto).  Ato'wn  in  Es- 
sex, England,  5  miles  north  of  London.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  95.125. 

Waltharius.  A  Latin  poem  by  the  monk  Eeke- 
hard  of  St.  Gall  flOth  century).  It  belongs  to 
the  German  heroic  cycle  of  poetry. 

Walther  von  der  Vogelweide  (val'ter  fon  der 
fo'gel-vi-de).  Born  probably  in  Austria  (date 
unknown) :  died  at  Wilrzbm'g  after  1227.  A 
Middle  High  German  lyi'ic  poet.  He  was  of  noble 
family,  as  his  title  "  Herr  "  indicates,  but  poor.  His  youth 
was  spent  in  Vienna,  at  the  court  of  Duke  Frederick  the 
Catholic.  After  the  death  of  his  patron  in  1198,  he  lived 
the  life  of  a  wandering  singer,  and  traveled  through  a  great 
part  of  Germany  and  the  countries  adjoining.  He  was  not 
only  with  the  Babenberg  princes  in  Austria,  .whither  he 
subsequently  returned,  but  also  at  the  courts  of  Thuringia, 
Meissen,  Bavaria,  and  Carinthia ;  and  in  turn  was  with  the 
emperors  Philip  of  Swabia,  titto  IV.,  and  Frederick  II. 
By  the  last-named  he  was  given  a  fief,  it  is  supposed  in 
Wlirzburg.  His  career  as  a  poet  began  about  1187 ;  the 
last  poem  which  can  be  dated  is  a  song  in  encouragement 
of  the  Crusade  of  Frederick  II.  in  1227.  His  poems  are 
love-songs,  political  songs  or  "Sprliche,"  and  religious 
songs,  the  last  written  in  his  later  years.  He  is  the  prin- 
cipal minnesinger  and  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of  medieval 
Germany.  His  poems  have  been  often  published  :  a  late 
edition  is  that  of  Hermann  Paul  (Halle,  1882). 

Walton  (w&l'ton),  Izaak.  Born  at  Stafford, 
England,  Aug.  9,  1593:  died  at  Winchester, 
England,  Dec.  15,  1683.  A  noted  English  au- 
thor, known  as  "  the  Father  of  Angling."  He 
was  a  shopkeeper  in  London  until  the  civil  war,  and  is 
famous  from  his  work  "The  Complete  Angler  "  (1653;  5th 
ed.,  1676,  with  continuation  on  fly-fishing  by  Cotton)  (a 
bibliographiciU  record  of  its  ntmierous  editions,  phases, 
etc.,  was  published  by  Westwood  in  1864).  He  also  wrote 
lives  of  Donne.  W^otton  (with  '*  Reliquife  Wottonianffi "), 
Hooker,  Herbert,  and  Sanderson.  . 

Walton-on-Thames  (wal'ton-on-temz').  A 
small  town  in  SuiTcy,  England,  situated  on  the 
Thames  17  miles  southwest  of  London. 

Walton-on-the-Hill  (-hil').  A  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  3  miles  north  of  Liverpool. 
Population. (1891),  40,304. 

Waltzeemiiller.    See  Waldseemiiner. 

Wal'Visch  Bay.     See  Walfmh  Bay. 

Wamba  (wom'bii  or  wiim'bii).  A  king  of  the 
Visigoths  in  Spain.  He  was  present  at  the  death-bed 
of  the  reigning  king;  was  chosen  his  successor  unani- 
mously :  decliiied  on  the  plea  of  his  advanced  age ;  and 
was  told  by  one  of  the  officers  of  the  household  that  he 
should  never  leave  the  room  "save  as  a  dead  man  or  as  a 
king."  He  consented,  and  was  crowned  at  Toledo  on  the 
nineteenth  day  after.  Having  been  clothed  in  a  monastic 
dress  during  a  dangerous  illness,  according  to  a  connnon 
superstition,  he  was  afterward  considered  by  a  council  in- 
competent to  resume  the  crown,  a  judgment  to  which  he 
submitted.     Lived  in  tlie  7th  century. 

Wamba.  In  Scott's  novel  "  Ivanhoe,"  Cedrie's 
thrall  and  jester.  He  risks  his  own  life  to  save 
that  of  his  master  at  the  siege  of  Front  de  Boeuf 's 
castle. 


a  Fleming  (?)  bv  hirtl  . 
of  York,  son  of  Ejward  I\', 


Wampanoag 

Wampanoag  (wam-pa-no'ag).  [PI.,  also  JTam- 
paniHKjs.  The  name  means 'eastern  land.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  once 
occupied  the  eastern  shore  of  Narragausett  Bay, 
Rhode  Island,  but  also  ruled  the  country  east 
from  that  bay  to  the  Atlantic,  inehuling  the  isl- 
and of  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  to  the  lands  of  the 
Massachusetts  on  the  north.  Thev  were  sometimes 
styled  Pokanoltets,  from  their  main  villiige.  Their  chief 
Massasoit  anil  hia  son  "  King  Philip  "  are  historic  cliar- 
acters ;  and  the  war  with  the  latter,  beginning  in  1675, 
was  defitnictive  to  the  colonists,  but  fatal  to  the  tribes 
engaged.     See  Ahjonquian. 

Wanamaker  (won'a-ma-ker),  John.    Born  at  Warburg  (viir'bo'ra) 

Philadelphia,  July  li,  1837.    An  American  nier-     of  Westphal'     ~ 

chant,  in  Philadelphia,  postmaster-general  of    "" 

the  United  States  1889-93. 
Wan-chow-fu  (wiin-chou'fo'),  or  Wen-chau. 

A  treaty  port  in  the  province  of  Chi-kianj;, 

China,  situated  on  the  Gow,  near  the  sea,  in  hit. 

2S°  1'  N.    Population  (1896),  estimated,  80,000. 
Wanda  (won'da).     A  legendary  queen  of  Po- 

hind,  said  to  haive  reigned  about  700  a.  d. 
Wandering  Jew.    A  legendary  character  who, 


1049 


Wargla 


He  claimed  to  be  the  Dnke     canons  Tictories;  and  was  made  a  high-grade  mandarin  and 

.     In  1492  he  landed  at  Cirk,      admiral-general,    lie  was  succeeded  by  "Chinese  "Gordon 

and  soon  went  to  IVance,  where  he  was  recognized  v  Ward    fipTiPiriAwo'    tlm  ctorr/a  t^o.„o  „f  t  .,    •  ' 
Duke  of  York  by  the  court  :n,ade  an  unsuccessful  lan,li,?i     n^Jr^Jf^t^^^Z^:   4ii--fi^5?_  °^.™^  °l  Im.C1& 


Grenoveva  Teresa  Ward,  Countess  Gnerbel. 
Born  at  New  York,  March  27, 1833.  An  Ameri- 
can singer  and  actress.  .She  was  educated  in  Frsnce 
and  Italy,  her  musical  education  being  superiised  by  Ros- 
sini. .She  first  appeared  in  opera  at  Jlilan,  and  Rang  with 
success  in  Italy  and  Paris.  She  had  married  a  Russian. 
Lount  Guerbel,  before  appearing  on  the  stage,  and  sang 
under  the  name  of  Guerrabella.  Slie  came  to  America  in 
1862,  but  after  a  short  time  lost  her  voice  and  went 
upon  the  dramatic  st.ige.  She  apiieared  in  1873  in  .New 
\  ork,  and  in  the  same  year  at  llancliester,  England.  «  here 
A  town  in  the  pro\-illce      ?""=  '"^  successful  as  Lady  Macbeth,  Constance,  etc.     .She 


inKentiul495;  was  acknowledged  by  JamesIV,  of  Sctlund 
in  H9(i ;  unsuccessfully  invaded  England  with  the  .Scotch 
in  1496  ;  went  to  Ireland  and  made  adescent  upon  Cornwall 
in  1497,  but  was  captured  ;  escaped  from  the  Tower  in  1498, 
but  was  retaken ;  and  was  condemned  and  e.vecuted  in 
1499.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a  tragedy  bv  Ford, 
called  "  The  thionicle  History  of  Perkin  Warbcck ''  (16i(4), 
and  also  of  a  play  by  Charles  Macklin,  the  actor,  colled 
"King  Henry  VII.,  or  the  Popish  Impostor "  (1716),  An- 
other, called  "The  I'retemler,"  was  written  by  Joseph 
Elcleiton,  an  attorney,  but  never  acted. 


ia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Dicmel     Amer,v?i?  ''.^'iv  '"  f''^!"  *'v  ^'"l^''."-'',')'  "'"'"■  England  and 
ii  i.     *? /■!  1  America  in      roruet  Jie  >«ot.     'Jane  Shore     «•»*■     SIia 

'""S^i'  '^.^,*r?f'^.k  .".^«"  »»  «""™'      leased  the  Lyc.nn,  in  Londo,',  in  iZ,  aSS  ^'lade  k  toi? 


21  miles  nor 

Hanseatic  town.    Here,  July  31, 1760,  Ferdinand  of  liruns^ 

wick  rlefeated  the  French.    Population  (ISSW),  r.,(l43. 

Warburton  (war'bir-ton),  Eliot  Bartholo- 
mew George.  Bom  near  TiiUamoie,  Irelaml, 
1810:  died  at  sea,  Jan.  4,  1852.  An  Irish  trav- 
eler and  novelist.  He  traveled  in  the  East,  and  per 
ished  in  (he  burning  of  the  Amazon  on  the  way  to  Darien, 
He  published  "TheCrescent  and  the  Cross  "(1S44),  "Mem 


around  the  world  1882-8.';.     She  afterward  acted  with  Sir 
Henry  Irvinj,'  in  "  IJeckct,"  elc 


Ward,  -Mrs.  Humphry  (Mary  Augusta  Ar- 
nold). Born  at  Hohart  Town,  Tasmania,  IS,")1. 
An  English  novelist,  she  is  the  granddaud.ter  o! 
Ihonias  Arnold  (of  Rugli.v),  and  nnirrifd  Thomas  Humphry 
\J  ard  in_1872.     Her  works  include  the  novels  "  Miss  Bre- 

F.  uuui^xxufs  u^Yv.     .nis-Ktuum ,  vi.,ii«inrr  >iiiu.        ■      .  i,  ■        i>         ...  ' therton    (18»4), "  Robert  Elsmere  "(1S881,   '  David  Grieve" 

accordingfooneversion'^(thatofMatthew Pa-is      arvef/'-LlriL^r' a      'lUvd?"'^'' "''"*"  (.1892)  "Marcella" (1894)  ■vstoryofWsitcos'lrJira^^^^ 

datin?  ivom  the  ISth  centiirv)  wns  n  servint  nf  .J."'"";'''  /"""-''  ^("^-1  •  "  n"'^')-  *";  '"■"rg'-  1  ressa.ly     (ISW) ;  biographical  and  critical 

aating  iiom  tne  idtu  eentui-j  ),  was  a  ser\  aiit  ot  Warburton,  John.   Born  Feb.,  1682 :  died  1759.     '^"'^'^  ■  »'"'  »  translation  of  "  Amlers  Joumal  •  (1885). 
Pilate,  by  name  Cartaphilus(afterwa.rd  baptized     An  English  antiquarinn.    He  ;as  made  .Somerset  Ward,  John  Quincy  Adams.     BomatUrbana, 

herald  in  1720.    Uepublishedaniiinberof  maps,  and  "Val-     Ohio,  June  29,  1830.     An  American   sculptor 

lum  Romanum,  or  (he  History  and  Anticiuities  of  the  Ko-      ""  -...j:-.)  ...;..-  t. ,-  „  .'     ,  • 

man  Wall "  (17;.3),  etc.  He  made  a  large  collection  of  MSS., 
engravings,  books,  etc.,  but  is  principally  known  to  pos- 
terity as  the  master  of  a  careless  cook  who  burned  a  large 
number  of  valuable  plays  for  waste  paper:  hence  the  en- 
tries in  dramatic  catiUogues,  "Burned  by  Mr.  VVarburton's 
servant." 


Joseph),  and  gave  Christ  a  blow  when  he  was 
led  out  of  the  palace  to  execution.  According  to 
a  later  version  he  was  a  cobbler,  named  Ahasuenis,  who 
refused  Christ  permission  to  sit  down  and  rest  when  he 
passed  his  house  on  the  way  to  Golgotha.  Both  legends 
agree  in  the  sentence  pronounced  by  Christ  on  the  of- 
fender, "Thou  Shalt  wander  on  the  earth  till  I  return." 
A  prey  to  remorse,  he  has  since  wandered  from  land  to  land 


without  being  able  to  find  a  grave.   There  are  many  later  WarburtOn,  William.     Born  at  Newark,  Eng- 
versions,  and  the  story  has  been  turned  to  account  by  nu-     land,  Dec.  24,  169S  :  died  at  Gloucester,  June  " 

merous  painters  and  novelists.     He  is  introduced  in  Ed-      —  =       ,  x 

gar  Quinefs  "  Ahasuerus, "  and  by  Chamisso,  A.  W.  Schlegel, 
Lenau.  H.  C.  Andersen,  George  Croly  (in  his  novel  "Sala- 
thiel").  Engine  Sue  (in  his  novel  "I,e  Juif  Errant"),  and 
others.  He  is  reported  to  haveappeared  in  different  cities 
and  countries  at  intervals  :  the  last  noted  was  in  England 
in  1830.  Gustave  Dor6  illustrated  the  story  in  a  series 
of  woodcuts  of  great  originality.  There  is  also  an  older 
Italian  story  of  a  Jew,  named  Malchus,  who  struck  Christ 
with  an  iron  glove,  and  was  condemned  to  whirl  cease- 
lessly round  an  underground  pillar  until  the  last  day 


He  studied  with  Henry  K.  Browne,  working  with  him  for 
six  years;  in  IStil  opened  a  studio  in  New  York:  and  was 
vice-president  of  the  Xational  Academy  of  Design  1870-71, 
and  president  in  1872.  .\mong  his  statues  are  ■  The  In- 
dian Hunter,"  "  The  Pilgrim,"  "Shakspere, "  and  "Seventh 
Regiment  Soldier  "(all  in  Central  Park,  >ew  York);  "The 
Freedman,"  "The  Good  Samaritan,"  etc. ;  statues  of  Com- 
modore Perry,  General  Israel  Pulnain,  General  Thomas 
George  Washington  (Wall  street),  Henry  Ward  Beecher  (in 
1779.     An  English  prelate,  theological  control     %Z\ "'  ""^  "'^        '  "''''"'">")  •  ■""*  ■■"■nerous  portrait- 

versialist,andcritic.  HewasmadebishopofGlouces-  Wnril  T  ootor  TranV     Ti,.,.„  o*  T^n„t  ni    ica, 
ter  in  1769.     His  works  include  "The  Alliance  between    ♦»  arO,  Ijester  ±  rank.    Born  at  Johet,  Ul.,  1841. 

Church  and  .State "(1736).  "The  Divine  Legation  of  .Moses     An  Ameni-an  iiotaiiist  and  geologist.     Heserved 
Demonstrated,  etc."  (1738-11:  last  part  posthumous,  17S.S),      in  the  Civil  W  '         '  •    ■       - 


"Julian"  (concerning  his  attempt  to  rebuild  the  temple 
at  Jerusalem,  17:'iO),  "Principles  of  Natural  and  Revealed 
Religion"  (17S3),  "View  of  Bolingbrnke's  Poslhuniona 
Writings"  (1764),  "Doctrine  of  Grace"  (1762).  He  edited 
Shakspere's  plays  (1747), 

Wandering  Jew,  The.   [F.LeJiufKrrant'.'i  A  Ward  (ward),  Adolphus  William.    Bom  at 

novel  by  Eugene  ,Sue,  published  in  1844-4.5.  Hampste.ad,  Dec.  2,  1.S37.    An  English  writer. 

Ttfd^Mf^^f  .^?T'f' lic^isedt^le-^s'^-'  ^''"'''''     ^^!:^^\^'r^^J^^^'^^r>^^^'%:^  ^.^'^'.f^'H^.'^'  vT  1.*  ^f"".^"^'!'  ("'  ?.".? 

■ro-o„;5it^l     w- n-'       ,1, -11^,1,           u               ,      chosenprofessorofhistoryandEnglishliteratureatOwens  'f"^'; '^H°",'  ^'" '^  ■  ''""'^  '"  England  about  1653 

Wanaering  Willie,  a  blmd  hddler,  whose  real     College,  Manchester,  in  I8ii6,  and  was  principal  1888-97.  An  English  preacher  and  author.    He  emigrated 

In  1900  he  liecaine  master  of  Peterliouse.Canibriilge,    He      *"  ** ~~^ — **'  '     — '        -  - 


r,  and  gr:i,inated  at  Columbian  fniversity 
(1869);  was  assistant  geoL.gi.st  ot  the  Cniled  .States  Geo- 
logical Survey  ISsl-Ss,  and  has  liiiii  ge.dogist  since  1888. 
Among  his  works  are  "  ll:i.-,  kclV  ilcn.  sis  of  Man  "(1879), 
"The  ilora  of  Washington,  etc.'  (l.^^l),  "Dynamic  So- 
ciology"  (1883),  "Sketch  of  Paleo-Botany " (18*5),  "Flora 
of  the  Laramie  Group  '  (1886),  "Tvpes  of  the  Laramie 
Flora  ■  (1887),  "Geographic  Distribution  of  Fossil  Plants  " 
(IS8S),  etc. 


name  is  Willie  Steenson,  in  Scott's  '•  Redgaunt- 
let."  He  is  devoted  to  the  Redgauntlet  family. 

Wandewash  (wSn-de-wash').  A  town  in  south- 
ern India,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Arcot.  Near 
here,  Jan.,  1760,  the  British  under  Coote  de- 
feated the  French  under  Lally. 

Wandot.     See  Wyandot. 

Wandsbeker  Bote.    See  Claudius.  Matthias. 

Wandsbek  (viinds'bek).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Sehleswig-Holstein.  Prussia,  3  miles 
northeast  of  Hamburg.  It  was  the  residence 
of  Claudius,  the  ''Wandsbeker  Bote."  Popu- 
lation (1890),  20,.571.  ,.._.„.„  _,.      ,,  „„.-,,„,„.,.,,   ^,„..,v 

Wandsworthtwandz'werth).   Amiinicipaland  Ward,  Artemus:  the  iiseudonym  of  Charles     liiistling  old  gentleman,  the  owner  of  Manor 


has  translatedCurtius's"Htst^iry  of  Greece"  (1868-69),  has 
written  "  The  House  of  Austria  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  " 
(1869),  "A  Histoiyof  English  Dramatic  Literature"  (187.1), 
and  has  contriliuted  the  lives  of  Chaucer  and  Dickens  to 
the  "  En',disli  Men  of  Letters"  series. 
Ward,  Artemas.  Born  at  Shrewsbury,  Mass., 
1727:  died  there,  Oct.  28.  1800.  An  American 
generaland politician.  newasanofflcerinthel''rench 
and  Indian  war;  became  commander  of  the  Ma.-*saclnisetts 
troops  in  177.t:  wa.s  niade  inajor-geiieral  in  June.  177"); 
commanded  the  army  before  Boston  in  1776  until  Wash- 
ington's arrival,  and  later  was  second  in  coinninnd  ;  ^d  re- 
signed in  1776.    He  held  various  local  offices,  and  was  Fed- 


to  Massachusetts  in  1634;  lived  in  Ipswich  (.Agawam); 
and  returned  to  England  in  1W7.  He  was  the  author  !■( 
thesatirical  work  "The  sinii>le('obIer  of  Agawam  "(1647). 

Ward,  William  Hayes.  Bom  at  Abingtim, 
Mass.,  June  25, 1835.  An  American  Orientalist, 
archaeologist,  and  journalist.  Hegraduated  at  Am- 
herst  ill  IS.W,  and  at  Andovcr  Iheologjcil  Seminary  in 
18.'i9 ;  and  has  been  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Independent  " 
since  1870.  He  was  director  of  the  Wolfe  archicologigil  ' 
expedition  to  Babylonia  1s,m-,s5. 

Warden  (war'den),  Florence.  Thepseudonvm 
of  Jlrs.  Florence  Alice  Price  James,  anEngfish 

novelist. 


eralist  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1791-95.    Wardle   (war'dl),   Mr.      A   hospitable    kindlv 


Farrar  Browne.    P-oi'ii  at  Waterford,  Mamo, 

about  1834:  died  at  Smithampton.  Euglaiiil, 
Miirch  6,  1867.  An  American  htiniiirist.  He  ac- 
quired reputation  in  England  and  Amclica  both  aslectnrer 
and  writer.  He  contributed  to  "  l*unch  "  (1866-67).  His 
works  include  ".Artemus  \\  ard  :  His  Book    (1862),  ' 


mus  Ward:  His  I'nivels  among  the  Mormons  "and  "On  the  "WarAii      ^i.p  I'/iiv//; 
Rampage"(186r.),  "Artemus  Ward:  His  Book  of  Goaks"  -rD-^i^v  tm„1j        V      • 


|>:irli;imeijfary  borough  of  London,  situated  on 
tho  Thames,  5|  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul's. 
Popuhition  of  Board  of  Works  district  (1891), 
15U,:(31. 
Wantage  (won'tiij).  A  town  in  Berkshire, 
England.  13  miles'southwest  of  O.\ford.  It  was 
the  liirthplace  of  Alfred  the  Great  and  of 
Bishop  Butler.     Population  (1891),  3,669. 

Wantley,  Dragon  of.    See  Drar/on. 

Wanyassa.    See  Xiiamja. 

Wapping   (wop'ing).     A  quarter  of  London,  _,      ,    _ , 
situated  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames,  Ward,  Edward  Matthew.     Born  at  London 
below  the  Tower.  io,n.    i:    i    .  i.-:.  >     ,     i        ,-  ,.,-,, 

Wappinger  (wop'in-i^r).     A  tribe,  sometimes 

rcgtu'ded  as  a  confederacy,  of  North  American 
Indians  which  occupied  the  east  bank  of  the 
Hudson  River  from  near  Poiiglikeepsie  to  Man- 


Farm,  Dingley  Dell,  and  the  host  and  friend  of 
the  Piek-ivick  Club:  a characterin Charles  Dick- 
ens's "Pickwick  Papers."  Miss  Rachel  Wardle, 
his  old  but  girlish  sister,  who  elopes  with  Alfred  Jingle- 
his  very  deaf  old  mother;  and  his  daughters  Isabella  and 
Eniilv,  form  the  Wardle  family. 


Ward's  Island.  .•\n  island  in  the  East  River, 
.\i\v  York,  the  seat  of  several  municipal  insti- 
tutions of  New  York  city. 


1869. 


(1H66),  "Artemus  Ward  among  the  F\'iitans"  (1865),  "Ar- 
temus Ward  in  Ixmdon,  etc."  (1867).  His  lecture  at  the 
Egyptian  Hall,  London,  with  pictures  from  his  panorann^ 

etc^,  was  edited  by  T  W.  Kobertson  and  J.  c.  Hotter,  in  Ware   (war).     A  to«ii  in   Hertfordshire,  Eng- 

land,  situated  on   the  Lea  21  miles  north   of 
London.     Population  (I.s!ll),  5,121. 
Ware.     A  town  in  Hamp.shire  Couiitv.  Massn- 
clnisefts,  situalicl  on  Ware  h'iver21  niilcs  east- 
northiN^st  of  S|iriiii,'liilil.      Pop.  (1900),  8,263. 


haftan  Island,  and  extended  to  or'bcyond  the 
Connecticut  River.  They  were  divided  into  nine  vil- 
lages or  chieftaincies.  The  western  bands  were  much  re- 
duced by  the  Hatch  in  llun,  and  the  remnants  afterwanl 
became  merged  In  the  llelawares.  Ilcrivatlonsof  IIh;  name 
are  from  words  meaning  severally  'east' and  'oi)o8sum.' 
See  Al'inntiiiiaii. 

Wappinger's  Falls  (wop'in-.i<Tz  faiz).  A  vil- 
lage in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Wappinger's  Creek, "near  the  Hudson,  59 
miles  north  of  New  York.  Population  (1900), 
3,'i(M, 

War  and  Peace.  A  historical  novel  bv  Tol- 
stoi, plihlished  1865-68.    The  scene  Is  laid  in  I'hetlnie 


1816:  died  at  Win.lsor,  Jan.  1.").  1879.  An  Eng 
lish  historical  jiainler,  a  pujiil  of  the  Royal 
Academy.     He  studied  for  about  three  years  In  Rome, 

and  was  elected  royal  acildemlcian  in  1800.      Ho  executed    •„•.  itt-ii-       '      ,,  tt        '      '  '     '" 

eight  historical  works  for  the  corridor  of  the  House  of  Ware,  William.  Horn  at  Hingham.  Mass.,  Aug. 
Coinnions.  Among  his  works  are  "  Dr.  Johnson  in  Lord  3,  1 7!i7 :  died  at  ( 'anibridge.  Mass  Feb  19  ]><V' 
Chesteilleld's  Anteroom."  "South  .Sea  Bubble,  ""Disgrace     An  American  novelist  and  miscellaiiei  "" 


of  Lord  Clarendon."  "James  11.  receiving  the  News  of  tl 
Landing  of  the   Prince  of  Orange,"  "/^harlolte  Ciu'day 
"Last  Sleep  of  .Argvll, "  "  Roval  Family  of  France  in  the 
Temple," 

Ward,  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  (Mrs.  Herbert 

IX  Wai'dJ.     Born  at  Andover,  .Mass.,  Aug.  13. 
1844.     An  American   writer,   the  daughter  of 


oils  wri- 
ter, and  l"nil,irian  idi'rgyinan.  He  wrote  (he  nov.N 
" Letters frtun  l'alniyni'(lN'i7:  afterward  published  n.« "Ze- 
nobla  "X"  Probii8"(l)<;;s:  aft.rwani  published  ns"Auie. 
lian  "),  and  "Julian  "  (1841) ;  "sketches  ..f  European  Can|. 
tiUs  '(is:.!).  "Works  and  (Jenliis  of  Washlnglon  Allslon' 
(ls.'i2),  and  life  of  Nathaniel  Haeon  (in  Sparks's  "Amerlenn 
Biography"),   lie  edited  "American  I'nilarian  Biography.  " 


Austin  Phelps.     Her  works  imludo  "The  liates  Ajar"  Wareham  fwar'am).     .\  town  in  Jlorsel    Kng 

US,*'' 'Jo'™.' ^y'".'""'.;""";'"'.':'.'' "!,""'">'  ""''''>"■''  '»"  hmd.  situated  between  the  Frome  and  Trent 

"The  Silent    I'ariner,"  and   '"he  Trottv  Hook  "  (ls7o),  ,,-,,.,;.         „  ,,   ,fi,   ..  ,       .  i,  .'  ,.',,,' 

"Trotty's  Wed.ilng  'rour"  and  "  What  to  Wear"  (isM)  V  ""''''-  «''*''  of  Dorchester.  Population  (1S91 ), 

"The  story  of  Avis"  (l.'<77),  "An  old  JIald's  Paradise '''  2.141. 

(1879), "Biirgiaisi,,  Paradise  ""Ueyond tile (!aU's"(i88.s),  Warfleld  (wilr'fdld),  Mrs.  (Catharine  Ann 

"  Dr.  Zay    (1H.4),  "The  Gates  Between  "  (is87).  etc.  Ware\     Born  at  Natchez.  Miss.,  June  (i,  1H6 


Warham 

Warham  (war'am),  William.  Bom  in  Hamp- 
shire about  1450;  died  Aug.  22,  1532.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate.  He  became  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  1504,  and  was  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
150i>-15. 

Waridah  (war'i-dii).  [Ar.  al-icdridali,  the  re- 
turning (camels),  in  antitliesis  to  (il-midirah  : 
see  Siulirn.']  The  thii-d-magnitude  star  y  Sa- 
gittarii. 

Warminster  (wSr'min  ster).  A  town  in  Wilt- 
shire, England,  15  miles  southeast  of  Bath,  on 
the  Wily.     Population  (1891),  5,562. 

Warner,  Anna  Bartlett.    See  iVaruFr,  Susan. 

Warner  (war'ner).  Charles  Dudley.  Born  at 
Plaiutield.  Mass..  Seut.  12,  l.s2i) :  died  at  Hart- 
ford. Conn..  Oct.  20.  1900.  An  American 
author.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in  l<ol ; 
practised  law  in  Chicago  1*66-60  :  and  became  managing 
editor  of  the  Hartford  •  Tress  "  in  1861.  and  on  its  consoli- 
dation with  the  Hartford  "  Courant,"  in  1807,  co-fditor.  He 
became  associate  editor  of  "  Harper's  Magazine  "  in  1S84. 
His  works  include  '  My  Summer  in  a  GarJiii "  (1870), 
"Saunterings"  (187-2),  "Back-Log  Studies  "  (1872),  "Bad- 
deck  and  That  Sort  of  Thing  "  (1S74).  "My  Winter  on  the 
Kile,  etc. "  (1876 :  first  issued  .as  "  JIunimies  and  Moslems  "), 
" Being  a  Boy  "  (1877),  "  In  the  Levant  ■' ( 1877).  ' '  In  the  Wil- 
derness  "  (1S7S),  "  Captain  John  Smith  "  (ISSO).  "  Washing- 
ton Irving"  (1881),  "A  Roundabout  Journey"  (1883), 
"Their  Pilgrimage " (1886),  "On  Horseback,  etc." (a  book 
of  travels,  1888),  "The  Golden  House"  (1894),  etc.  He 
also  wrnte  pai>ers,  includinL'  "Studies  in  the  South  "  and 
"Studies  in  the  Great  West  '  (in  "Harpers  Magazine"). 
He  wrote,  with  Mark  Twain,  "  The  Gilded  Age  "  (1S73). 

Warner,  Olin  Levi.  Born  at  Suffield,  Conn., 
April  9,  1844:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  14,  1896, 
An  American  sculptor.  He  was  in  turn  an  artisan, 
a  telegraph  operator,  and  a  designer  of  silverwork,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-five  went  to  Paris,  wh,ere  he  studied 
sculpture  for  three  years  and  a  half  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux 
Arts  witli  Joutfroy.  He  then  returned  to  Kew  York. 
Among  his  works  are  a  bust  of  Daniel  Cottier  (in  the  Met- 
ropolitan Museum);  statuettes  of  "'Twilight  "and  "Slay"; 
statues  of  a  "  Dancing  Nymph  "  and  "  Diana  "  ;  a  fountain 
f<»r  Portland,  Oregon  ;  statues  of  Governor  Buckingham, 
WiUiam  Ucyd  Gai'rison,  and  several  portrait-busts. 

Warner,  Seth.  Born  at  Roxburv,  Conn.,  1743  : 
died  1784.  .A.n  American  Revolutionary  officer, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  "Green  Mountain 
Boys,"  outlawed  by  New  York  authorities. 
He  was  second  in  command  under  .\llen  at  the  taking 
of  Ticonderoga  in  1775 ;  captiued  Crown  Point  in  1775 ; 
was  made  colonel ;  and  served  in  the  expedition  to  Canada, 
anti  in  the  siege  of  St.  John's.  He  commanded  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Hnbbardton  in  1777,  and  was  ilistiiiL'ui-^hed  at  the 
liattle  of  Bennington  and  in  the  .SaiKriiLM  rinip  li^ii. 

Warner,  Susan:  pseudonym  Elizabeth  Weth- 
erell.  Born  at  New  York,  July  11, 1819:  died 
at  Highland  Falls,  N.  Y.,  March  17,  1885.  An 
American  novelist  and  religious  writer.  Among 
her  novels  are  'The  Wide,  Wide  World"  (1S50:  next  to 
"Vncle  Tom's  Cabin"  the  most  popular  American  novel), 
"Queechv"  (1852),  "The  Hills  of  the  Shatemuc  "  (1866), 

*  "The  Old  Helmet  ■  (1S63X  "Melbourne  House"  (1864), 
"  Daisy  "  (18(18),  '■  What  She  Could  "  (1870),  "The  House  in 
Town  "  (1871),  "The  Little  Camp  "  (1S73),  "  Willow  Brook  " 
(1874),  "  Wych  Hazel"  (1876),  "My  Desire"  (1879).  "Xo- 
body  "  (18S3),  ■'  Daisy  Plains  "  (188.6),  etd.  With  her  sister, 
Anna  Bartlett  Warner  (bom  at  New  York,  1S20),  she  wrote 
"Say  and  Seal  "(1S60),  ''  Ellen  Montgomery's  Book-shelf  " 
(1863-69),  "Sybil  and  Chryssa,  etc." (1869),  etc.  Anna  B. 
Warner,  who  wrote  under  the  pseudonym  of  Amy  Lothrop, 
is  the  author  of  '-Dollars  and  Cents  "(1852),  "My  Brother's 
Keeper  "  (185dX  and  other  stories.  Among  Susan  Warner's 
other  works  are  "The  Law  and  the  Testimony  "  (1853), 
"The  Golden  Ladder"  (1862),  '-  Lessons  on  Standard-Bear- 
ers  of  the  Old  Testament "  (1872). 

Warner,  William.  Born  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng- 
land, about  1-558:  died  March,  1609.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  wTote  a  rimed  history  of  England,  ".\1- 
bion's  England  "  (1586),  and  '■  Metrsechmi"  (a  comedy  from 
Plautus.  1595);  Shakspere's  "Comedy  of  Errors  "was  de- 
rived from  this. 

Warnsdorf  (vams'dorf).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  northern  Bohemia,  59  miles  north  of 
Prague.     Population  (1890),  commune,  18,268. 

War  of  1812.  The  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  1812-15.  -War  vraa  declared 
by  the  United  States,  June  18.  Chief  events  — 1812  ;  em- 
bargo for  90  days  declared  (.\pril  4) :  unsuccessful  invasion 
of  Canada  and  aurrendei- of  Detroit  (Aug.  16);  British  ship 
Alert  captured  by  the  Essex  (Aug.  13);  the  Guerriere 
(British)  by  the  Constitution  (Aug.  19);  the  Frolic  (British) 
by  the  Wasp  (Oct.  18) ;  and  the  Macedonian  (British)  by 
the  United  States  (Oct.  25).  1813:  American  defeat  at 
Erenchtown  (Jan.  22),  and  victories  of  Perry  on  Lake  Erie 
(Sept.  10),  and  of  Harrison  at  the  Thames  (Oct.  6) ;  the 
Chesapeake  (.\merican)  captured  by  the  Shannnn  (June  1) ; 
the  Hornet  (American)  captured  the  Resolution  (Feb.  14) 
and  Peacock  (Feb.  24) ;  and  the  Enterprise  (.\merican)  cap- 
tured the  Boxer  (Sept.  5).  1814;  the  Americans  won  the 
battles  of  Chippewa  (July  5),  Lundy's  lane  (July  2,5),  and 
Lake  Champlain  (Sept.  11);  the  British  defeated  the  Amer- 
icans at  Bladeiisburg  (Aug.  24),  entered  Washington  and 
burned  the  public  liuildiirgs,  aird  were  defeated  at  Balti- 
more (Sept.  12-13)  ;  the  Essex  (American)  was  captltred  l-y 
the  Cherub  and  the  Phcebe  (March  28);  and  the  Wasp 
(American)  took  the  Reindeer  (June  28)  and  sank  the  Avon 
(Sept.  1) ;  the  Hartford  Convention  assembled  Dec.  15, 
and  adjourned  in  about  three  weeks  without  result. 
Peace  was  signed  at  Ghent  Dec.  24.  1814,  and  ratified  at 
"Washington  Feb.  18, 1816,  but  the  news  did  not  reach  the 
ocean  cruisers  till  later.  1815  :  the  British  w-ere  defeated  by 
Jackson  at  New  Orleans  (Jan.  8);  the  President  (American) 


1050 

surrendered  to  a  British  squadron  (Jan.  1,6) ;  the  Constitu- 
tion (.American)  captiu-ed  the  Levant  and  the  Cyane  (Feb. 
SO);  and  the  Hornet  (American)  captured  the  Penguin 
(March  -23). 

War  of  Liberation.  The  war  undertaken  by 
Germany  in  1813,  -vrith.  the  aid  of  Russia,  Great 
Britain,  and  other  allies,  to  free  Germany  and 
other  parts  of  Europe  from  the  rule  or  influence 
of  Napoleon  and  the  French. 

War  of  Secession.     See  Ciril  War. 

War  of  the  American  Revolution.    See  Hev- 

obitiiiihrr>i  }Viir. 

War  of  tie  Rebellion.    See  Civil  War. 
War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  etc.     See 

Spanish  Succession,   War  i\f  tin .  etc. 

Warren,  Gouverneur  Kemble.    Born  at  Cold 

Spring,  N.  Y.,  .Jan.  8,  1830:  died  at  Newport, 
K.  1.,  --Vug.  8,  1682.  A  noted  -American  gen- 
eral and  military  engineer.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1850 ;  served  in  surveys  in  the  West ;  and  was  as- 
sistant pt-ofcssor  of  mathematics  at  W'est  Point  18o9-€l, 
In  Sept.,  1861,  he  became  captain  of  engineers,  and  served 
at  Big  Bethel,  throuyh  the  Peninsular  and  Manassas  cam- 
paigns, and  at  Antietam,  Fredericksbui-g,  and  Chancel- 
lorsville.  He  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volim- 
teers  in  Sept.,  1862.  and  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
May,  18t)3.  In  June  of  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  held 
Little  Kouird  Top  at  the  battle  of  Gettyslnu-g  :  as  com- 
mander of  the  2d  army  corps  defended  Bristow  Station  Oct., 
1863  ;  and  as  commander  of  the  5th  coi-ps  served  through 
the  llichmond  campaign  of  1S64-65.  He  was  removed 
from  his  command  by  General  Sheridan  after  the  battle 
of  Five  Forks,  April  1, 1865.  Later  he  commanded  the  De- 
partment of  the  Mississippi.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  in  the  regular  army  in  lS(i5. 

Warren,  Joseph.  Born  at  Roxburv,  Mass., 
June  11,  1741:  killed  at  the  battle  o"f  Bunker 
Hill,  June  17,  1775.  An  American,  physician 
and  soldier.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759 ;  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Boston  ;  became  one  of  thepatriotlead- 
ers  in  Massiichusetts  previous  to  the  Revolution  ;  deliv- 
ei-ed  orations  on  the  anniversary  of  the  Boston  massacre 
in  1772  and  1775  ;  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of  pub- 
lic safety  in  1774,  and  president  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress of  Slassachusetts  ;  served  at  the  battle  of  Lexington ; 
was  made  major-general  of  the  Massachusetts  forces  in 
Jurie.  1775;  and  served  asa  volunteer  aide  atBunker  Hill. 

Warren,  Samuel.  Born  in  Denbighshire,  Wales, 
May  23,  1807:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1877.  A 
British  novelist  and  legal  and  general  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  the  novel  "Ten  Thousand  a  Year"(pub- 
lished  in  "  Blackwood's  Magazine  "  1S.'?9^1).  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Passages  from  the  Diarj'  of  a  Late  Phy- 
sician "  ("  Blackwood's  Magazine,"  1830-31),  "  Popular  and 
Practical  Introduction  to  Law  Studies"  (1S36),  "Extracts 
from  Blackstone's  Cottrmentaries  "  (1837),  etc. 

Warren,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
17,  1812:  died  at  Boston,  Sept.  21,  1888.  A 
popular  American  comedian,  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam Warren,  an  actor  (1767-1832).  He  made  his 
first  appearance  in  1832  at  Philadelphia.  In  1845  he  played 
in  Lotulon,  and  1846-;32  was  connected  with  the  Howard 
Athemeuru  and  Boston  Museum  in  Boston.  He  was  suc- 
cessful as  .-Sir  Peter  Teazle,  Dr.  Pangloss,  Touchstone,  etc. 

Warrensburg  (wor'enz-berg).  The  capital  of 
Johffson  County,  Missouri,  52  miles  east-south- 
east of  KansasCity.     Pop.  (1900).  4,724. 

Warrington  (wor'ing-ton).  A  town  in  Lan- 
cashire and  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Mersey  16  miles  east  of  Liverpool,  it  has  exten- 
sive trade,  and  manufactures  of  cotton,  iron,  etc.  It  was, 
perhaps,  an  ancient  Roman  station.  Several  contests  oc- 
curred near  it  in  the  period  of  the  civil  war.  Popula- 
tion (1301).  64,241. 

Warrington,  Greorge.  The  friend  of  Penden- 
nis  in  Thackeray's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is  a 
rough. melancholy  man  with  a  gentle  heart.  His  family 
appears  in  "  The  Virginians." 

Warrior  (wor'i-or).  The  first  English  iron-clad 
ship  constructed  entirely  of  iron,  launched  in 
1860.  The  dimensions  are:  length,  3S0  feet;  breadth, 
68.4  ;  draught,26.9;  displacement.  9,210 tons.  The  central 
part  was  protected  for  218  feet  by  4^-inch  armor  on  18-inch 
wooden  backing.  Her  sides  could  not  be  penetrated  by 
any  guns  therr  afioat. 

Warsa'W  (war'sa).  [Pol.  Warszawa,  G.  War- 
schaii,  F.  Varsorie.]  The  capital  of  Russian 
Poland  and  of  the  government  of  Warsaw,  situ- 
ated on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  in  lat.  52° 
14'  N. ,  long.  21°  4'  E.  it  is  connected  by  two  bridges 
over  the  Vistula  with  its  suburb  Praga,  It  is  the  third 
city  of  the  Russian  empire ;  has  a  very  extensive  commerce 
through  its  situation  on  the  Vistula  and  as  a  railway  cen- 
ter :  and  has  varied  and  important  manufactures.  Warsaw 
is  first  mentioned  in  12*24  ;  was  the  residence  of  the 
dukes  of  Mazovia  until  1526  ;  was  made  a  royal  residence 
about  1550 ;  and  became  formally  the  capital  of  Poland  in 
160.).  It  was  captured  by  the  Swedes  in  1655  and  1656; 
w.as  t.aken  and  retaken  in  the  Northern  War ;  w  as  occupied 
by  the  Russians  in  17t>4  and  1793  ;  resisted  a  Prussian  siege 
in  1794,  but  surrendered  to  Suvaroff  ;  was  ceded  to  Prus- 
sia in  1796  ;  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1806  ;  and  was 
made  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1807. 
It  was  finally  occupied  by  the  Russians  in  IslS.  An  insiu*- 
rection  was  commenced  there  Nov.  29. 1830, and  the  town 
capitulated  to  Paskevitch,  Sept.  8.  1831.  It  was  the  cen- 
ter of  the  insuirection  of  1863.    Population (1897 1 ,  614,752. 

Warsaw.  A  government  of  Russian  Poland, 
sui-rouuded  by  Plock,  Lomza,  Siedlce,  Radom, 


Warwick 

Piotrkow,  Kalisz,  and  Prussia.  Area,  5.623 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  1,405,131. 
Warsaw.  A  duchy  created  by  Napoleon  at  the 
treaty  of  Tilsit  in  1807,  and  given  to  the  king 
of  Sa.xony .  it  was  formed  from  the  Polish  possessions 
acquired  by  Prussia  in  1793  and  1795,  and  was  dissolved 
in  1813. 

Warsaw,  Battle  of.  --^  victory  gained  by  the 
Swedes  and  the  Great  Elector  of  Brandenburg 
over  the  Poles,  July  28-30,  1656. 

Warschau  (var'shou).      The  German  name  of 

Warsaw. 

Wars  of  the  Roses.  In  English  history,  the 
prolonged  armed  struggle  between  the"  rival 
houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  (see  York,  House 
of)  :  so  called  from  the  red  rose  and  white  rose, 
badges  respectively  of  the  adherentsof  thetwo 
families.  The  wars  "began  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
(third  of  the  Lancaster  line).  The  following  are  the  lead- 
ing events  and  incidents :  Yorkist  victor}-  at  St.  Albans 
under  Richard,  duke  of  Yoi-k,  May  22, 1465  ;  renewal  of  the 
war  in  1469,  and  Y^orkist  victoiy  at  Blore  Heath,  Sept.  -23 ; 
Yorkist  victory  at  Northampton,  July  10. 1460  ;  Lancastrian 
victoi-y  at  Wakefield,  and  death  of  the  Duke  of  York.  Dec. 
31, 1460 ;  Yorkist  victor)-  at  Mortimer  s  Cross,  Feb.  2, 1461 ; 
Lancastrian  victory-  at  St.  Albans,  Feb.  17, 1461 ;  accession 
of  the  Earl  of  March  (son  of  the  Duke  of  York)  as  Edward 
IV.,  March.  1461  ;  Yorkist  victory-  at  Tow-ton,  March  29, 
1461 ;  Yorkist  victories  at  Hedgeley  Moor,  April  2.5,  and 
Hexham,  May  8,  1464  ;  revolt  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick  (the 
"King-Maker"),  1469;  restoration  of  Henry  VI.,  14  70;  land- 
ing of  Edward  IV.,  Miuch  14,  1471,  and  his  victorj-  over 
Warwick  at  Barnet,  April  14,  1471,  and  over  Jlargaret  of 
Anjou  at  Tewkesbury,  May  4,  1471 ;  accession  of  Edward 
v.,  1483  :  accession  of  Richard  III.,  14)^3.  The  contest  was 
ended  with  the  defeat  and  death  of  Richard  III.  at  Bos- 
worth,  Aug.  2-2, 1485,  and  the  succession  of  Henry  VII.,  rep. 
resentative  of  a  Lancastrian  offshoot,  who,  by  his  ni.-irriage 
with  a  Yorkist  princess,  united  the  conflicting  interests. 

Warta  (viir'ta).  The  Polish  name  of  the 
Warthe. 

Wartburg  (vart'borG).  An  ancient  princely 
residence  at  Eisenach,  Germany,  still  occasion- 
ally occupied  by  the  Grand  Duke  of  Weimar. 
It  is  one  of  the  finest  existing  Romanesque  secular  monu- 
ments, and  has  been  well  restored  and  adorned  with  his. 
toric-d  frescos.  It  includes  the  Vorburg,  or  outer  ward, 
and  the  Hofburg,  in  which  are  the  finest  buildings,  Espe- 
cially  interesting  are  the  Manstrels'  Hall  in  the  Landgraf. 
enliaus,  the  chapel,  and  the  armory.  In  the  Ritterhausof 
the  Vorburg  Luther  had  asylum  given  him  by  the  elector 
Frederick  the  Wise  in  1521-22 :  his  room  and  its  furniture 
are  preserved. 

Wartburg,  Contest  of.  A  historico-legendary 
contest  of  minnesingers  at  the  Wartburg,  about 
1206.  It  gave  rise  to  an  epic  poem  composed 
about  1300  ("Krieg  von  Wartburg"). 

Wartburg,  Festival  of.  A  commemoration  fes- 
tival, under  the  auspices  of  the  German  stu- 
dents, held  at  the  Wartburg,  Oct.  18,  1817,  the 
fourth  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  to 
celebrate  the  tercentenary  of  the  Reformation. 
Its  main  practical  object  was  the  foundation  of  the  union 
of  German  students  in  the  interest  of  political  liberty  and 
iration:il  unity.  The  event  caused  reaction!\r>-  measitres 
to  be  taken  in  Germany. 

Warthe,  or  Warte  (viir'te),  Pol.  Warta  (viir'- 
tii).  The  largest  tributary  of  the  Oder,  itrises 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Russian  Poland,  traverses  Po- 
land and  the  province  of  Posen  in  Prussia,  and  joins  the 
Oder  at  Kustrin  in  Erarrdenburg.  Length,  over  400  miles  ; 
navigable  from  Konin  in  Poland. 

Warton  (war'ton),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Basing- 
stoke, England,  1728:  died  May  21,  1790.  An 
English  critic  andpoet,professor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford. He  became  poet  laureate  in  1785.  His  chief  works 
are  a  "History  of  English  Poetry  '  (3  vols.  1774-81X  "Plea- 
sures of  Melancholy  "  (1747),  "  Observations  on  the  Poetry 
of  Spenser"  (17.54),  and  editions  of  Theocritus,  the  Greek 
Anthology,  and  the  minor  poems  of  Milton. 

Warville,  de.     See  Brissoi,  Jean  Pierre. 

War'wick  (wor'ik).  or  WarwicksMre  (wor'ik- 
shir).  A  county  of  England,  bounded  by  Staf- 
ford, Leicester.  Northampton,  Oxford,  Glouces- 
ter, and  Worcester.  It  contains  the  forest  of  Arden 
and  the  towns  of  Birmingham,  Stratford-on-Avori,  and  Cov- 
entry. It  formed  a  part  of  the  ancient  Mercia. "  Area,  875 
square  miles.    Population  (1891X  805,072. 

Warwick.  The  capital  of  Warwickshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Avon  in  lat.  52°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  35' 
W.  It  contains  a  famous  castle,  with  machicolated  towers 
and  battlemented  walls,  the  effect  of  w-hich  is  much  en- 
hanced by  their  framing  of  splendid  trees.  The  great 
Ca;sar's  Tower  dates  back  almost  to  the  Conquest.  The 
spacious  residential  buildings  are  of  the  15th  centurj-  and 
later,  extensively  restored  ;  they  contain  many  historical 
relics,  paintings,  and  other  works  of  art,  among  them  the 
large  sculptured  Warw-ick  vase,  found  in  Hadrian's  villa 
at  Tivoli.  St.  Mar-y's  is  a  large  Perpendicular  church,  in 
great  part  rebrtilt  in  1694.  The  interior  is  impressive,  and 
contains  interesting  brasses  and  other  medieval  monu- 
ments. The  church  is  chiefly  notable  lor  the  superb  Beiiu- 
champ  Chapel,  dating  from  14&t.  The  architecture  of  the 
chapel  is  florid  Perpendicular,  and  it  contains  the  beauti- 
fully sculptured  tombs  of  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  of 
Robert  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester.  Warwick  was  a  British 
settlement,  and  became  a  Roman  fortress  about  50  A.  D.  It 
was  rebuilt  by  Ethelfleda  about  915.  Population  (1S91), 
11,906. 


Warwick,  Earl  of 

Warwick,  Earl  of  (Richard  Nevil  or  Nev- 
ille). Born  about  14:JS:  kille.l  iit  tlie  battle  of 
Barnet,  Ajiril  14,  1471.  An  EiikUsIi  politician 
and  commancler :  called  "the  Kiufj-Maker." 
He  was  related  to  both  tlie  Vorkist  ami  the  Laiicas- 
triaD  faiuilifS.  He  inherited  ttie  title  of  earl  of  Salis- 
bury^ and  iieeanie  earl  of  Wai'wick  throUf;h  his  marriuKe 
witli*  the  daufihter  of  Richard  Beauuhanip  (earl  of  \A'ar- 
wickX  At  ttrst  he  sided  with  the  Yorkists,  and  served  at 
the  first  battle  of  St.  Albans  in  l-t5.'> ;  was  made  governor 
of  Calais;  again  joined  the  Yorkists  in  1469 ;  defeated 
the  Lancastrians  at  Northampton  in  July,  14(J0,  and  took 
Henry  VI,  prisoner:  was  defeated  at  .St.  Albans  in  1401  by 
Margaret;  joined  with  EdwardlV.  and  reentered  London 
in  1401 ;  won  with  Edward  the  victory  of  Towton  in 
1401 ;  was  made  warden  of  the  Scottish  marches,  consta- 
ble of  Dover,  lord  high  chamiierlain.  etc. ;  and  repressed 
the  Lancastrian  rising  in  140;i-04.  lie  npposecl  the  mar- 
riage of  Edward  IV.  with  Elizal>eth  \\  oodvillc,  and  the  al- 
liance with  Kiirgundy  :  and  was  di-iven  into  revolt  by  the 
king,  whom  he  took  prisoner  in  1409,  i»nt  soon  released. 
He  conspired  with  his  son-in-law  Clarence  against  Eiiward 
IV.  in  1470;  tied  tc  France:  adopted  the  cause  of  the 
Lancastrians;  landed  in  England,  drove  Edward  IV".  to 
Flanders,  and  restored  Henry  VI.  in  1470;  but  was  over- 
thrown liy  Edward  IV.  at  Barnet  in  1471. 

Warwick,  Earls  of.    See  Beamltamp,  Sicliard, 

;inil  IiikIIi  II,  John. 

Warwick,  Guy  of.    See  Guy  of  Wartmck. 

Wasa.    See  J  (isd. 

Wasania  (wii-sU'nyii).     See  Pi/f/mics. 

Wasat  (wii'sat).  [Ar.  al-iramil,  the  middle: 
though  the  appropriateness  of  tlie  name  is  not 
clear.]  The  third-magnitude  ilouble  star  6 
(leminoniin. 

Wasatch  Mountains.    See  Wahxau-h. 

Wasco  (was'ko).  |.Pl.,also  Tr((6ro,s-,  Tr«itfOPS.]  A 
collective  name  for  the  tribes  of  the  Upper 
Chinook  division  of  North  American  Indians 
nearest  the  D:illes.  it  may  have  been  eiiuivalent  to, 
or  inclusive  of,  the  Watlala.  There  are  288  on  the  Warm 
Springs  reservation,  Oregon,  and  1.=.0  on  the  Yaliima  res- 
ervation, Washington.     See  ChumoTian. 

Wash  (wosh).  The.  An  arm  of  the  North  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  England  between  Norfolk  and 
Lincolnshire.  Length,  22  miles.  Width,  about 
15  miles.  It  receives  the  Witham,  Welland, 
Neil,  and  Ou.se. 

Washa  (wosh'ii).  Lake.  A  lake  in  Louisiana, 
southwest  of  ffew  Orleans.  Length,  about  J4 
miles. 

Washaki  (wash'a-ke).  [From  the  name  of  a 
former  chief.]  The  easternmost  of  the  Sho- 
shotii  tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly in  the  Wind  River  country,  western 
Wyoming,  and  in  eastern  Idaho :  now  on  the 
Shoshoni  reservation  in  western  Wyoming. 
They  numbered  870  in  1885.  Also  IVashano, 
Wfishtlerk,  Pohah,  Pokali.     See  Shonhnni. 

Washburn  (wosh'bfrn).Cadwallader  Golden. 

Born  at  Livermoro,  Maine,  A)iril  22,  1H18:  died 
at  Eureka  Springs,  Ark.,  May  14,  1882.  An 
American  politician  and  general,  brother  of  E. 
B.  Washbiiriie.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1842  ; 
was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Wisconsin  1855- 
1861 ;  was  delegate  to  the  peace  convention  in  1801 ;  en- 
tered the  Union  army  as  colonel  in  1801  ;  became  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  1802 :  took  part  in  tlie  siege  of 
Vicksburg  In  1863  ;  captured  Fort  Esperanza  in  Texas  in 
1863;  commanded  the  district  of  West  Teimessee  1804-65; 
was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Wisconsin  1807- 
ISTl ;  and  was  governor  of  Wisconsin  1872-74.  He  after- 
ward engage<l  in  the  Hour  business  at  Minneapolis,  and 
founded  the  Washburn  observatory  In  connection  with 
the  Wisconsin  State  Uidversity 

Washbume  (wosh'bern),  Elihu  Benjamin. 

Born  at  Livermore,  Maine,  Sept.  2:i,  ISKj;  died 
at  Chicago.  Oct.  22,  1887.  An  American  states- 
man and  diplomatist.  He  studied  law  at  Harvard  ; 
was  admitted  to  tlie  bar  in  1840 ;  was  a  Whig  and  later 
a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1S63-69; 
and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  commerce.  He 
was  secretary  of  state  March  6-17, 1809,  and  United  States 
minister  to  Franco  1869-77.  Ho  was  the  only  foreign 
representative  who  remained  in  Paris  through  both  the 
siege  and  the  Commune  period.  He  wrote  "  Recollections 
of  a  Minister  to  France    (1887). 

Washbume  Mountains.  A  group  of  moun- 
tains in  the  Yellowstone  National  P.ark.  High- 
est point,  10,345  feet. 

Washington  (wosh'ing-ton).  One  of  the  Pa- 
cilic  States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  from  lat.  4.5°  40'  to  49°  N.,  and  from 
Iong.ll7otol24°44' W.  Capital.Olympia;  chief 
cities,  Scatde  and  Tacoma.  It  Is  bounded  by  the 
strait  of  .luau  do  Fuca  anil  liritlsh  Colnniblaon  the  north, 
Idaho  on  the  east,  Oregon  (partly  separat  id  hv  tlie  Colum- 
bia Hiver)  on  the  south,  and  the  I'acillc  on  the  west.  The 
Cascade  Mountains  traverse  the  Slate  from  south  to  north. 
II  lias  rich  fore«t.-<,  particularly  in  the  west,  and  extensive 
deposits  of  coal  and  Iron  ;  and  golil  and  silver  are  found. 
Tliere  Is  an  extensive  wheat  region  In  the  east.  The  sal- 
nion-tlshcrles  are  Important,  and  shipbuilding  is  a  llonr- 
Isliing  industry.  Washington  has  ao  comities,  sends  2 
senators  and  ■'(  representatives  to  Congrenn,  and  haB5eIec- 
toral  votes.  The  SIraltof  .Juan  de  Fina  wasdlscovered  in 
1592,  and  explored  In  1789;  thi'  niniilh  of  the  Columbia 
was  exploreil  by  the  American  captain  liray  In  17B2 ;  and 
further  explorations  were  conducted  by  Lewis  and  Clark 


1051 

in  ISO.'i,  A  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  wu 
founded  by  John  Jacob  Astor  in  1811.  The  boundary  was 
settled  with  Creat  Britain  in  1»40.  Washington  formed 
part  of  the  Territory  of  Oregon  ;  was  organized  as  a  Terri- 
tor.\  in  1853;  and  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  IbSy. 
Area,  OOjltu  square  miles.  Population  (ll'ODI.  .')ls,lu3. 
Washington.  The  capil:il  of  the  United  States, 
forming  part  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Potomac,  at  the  head  of  navigation, 
in  lat.  38°  ;53'  N.,  long.  77°  1'  W.  it  has  become  a 
favorite  city  of  residence  in  late  years,  and  is  noted  for  its 
public  buildings,  the  most  important  being  the  Capitol 
(which  see).  The  White  House,  the  olllcial  residence  of 
the  I'resiilent,  is  a  handsome  mansion  iu  the  English  Re- 
naissance style,  with  a  projecting  columned  and  pcdiment- 
ed  porch  on  the  entrance  front,  and  a  large  semicircular 
projecting  bay  on  the  garden  front,  opposite.  Its  classical 
details  are  sober  and  well  designed,  both  outside  and  in- 
side, but  it  has  become  too  small  lor  the  olllcial  and  social 
needs  of  the  chief  of  the  government.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  White  House  was  laid  by  General  Washington,  and 
it  was  llrst  occupied  iu  1800  by  John  Adams.  Besides  the 
buildings  for  the  various  government  departments,  tlie 
National  Museum,  Smithsonian  Institution,  etc.,  are  nota- 
ble. The  Washington  monument  is  an  obelisk-shaped 
tower  of  white  marble,  erected  iu  honor  of  Ceorge  Wash- 
ington. It  is  5,i5  feet  high  to  its  acutely  pointed  apex, 
and  55  feet  s<iuare  at  the  base.  Thecomer-stone  was  laid 
on  July  4,  1848,  but  after  a  short  time  the  work  languisi 


p leil 

and  then  stopped  entirely,  until  in  1876  Congress  voted  TIT v    _i  iiir      1.1. 

the  completion  of  the  monument,  which  was  accomplished    WasningtOn,    Martha, 


Wasp 

was  the  most  InTariably  judicious,  and  there  Is  scarcely  a 
rash  word  or  action  or  judgment  recorded  of  him.  Those 
who  knew  him  well,  noticed  that  he  had  keen  sensibilities 
and  strong  passions  ;  but  his  power  of  self-command  never 
failed  him,  and  no  act  of  his  public  life  can  be  traced  to 
persfuial  caprice,  ambition,  or  resentment.  In  the  dc- 
siKUideneyof  long-continued  failure,  iu  the  elation  ol  sud- 
den success,  at  times  when  his  soldiers  were  deserting 
by  hnndieds.  and  when  malignant  plots  were  formed 
against  his  reputation,  amid  the  constant  (jnarrels,  rival- 
ries, and  jealousies  of  his  subtirdiiiates,  in  the  dark  hour 
of  national  ingratitude,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  most  uni- 
versal  and  intoxicating  flattery,  he  was  always  the  same 
calm,  Mlsi",  just,  and  single-minded  man,  pursuing  the 
course  which  he  believed  to  be  right,  without  fear  or 
favour  or  fanaliei.Mn.  equally  free  from  the  passions  that 
spring  from  interest,  and  from  the  passions  that  spring 
from  imagination,  lie  never  acted  on  the  impulse  of  an 
absorbing  or  uncaleulating  enthusiasm,  and  he  valued  very 
highly  fortune,  position,  and  reputation  ;  but  at  the  com- 
mand of  duty  he  w.as  ready  torisk  and  sacrifice  them  aU.  He 
was  iu  the  highest  sense  of  the  words  a  gentleman  and  a 
man  of  honour,  and  he  carried  into  public  life  the  severest 
standard  of  private  morals.  It  was  at  llrst  tin-  constant 
dread  of  large  sections  of  the  American  people  that  if  the 
old  Government  were  overthrown,  they  would  fall  into 
the  hands  of  military  adventurers,  and  "undergo  the  yoke 
of  military  des]>otism.  It  was  mainly  the  transparent  in- 
tegrity r.f  the  character  of  Wa,vhington  that  dispelled  the 
fear.   Ijrclcn,  England  in  the  .K  Vlllth  Centurv,  III.470-47L 


in  1884.  The  site  for  the  iaiiit;il  was  chosen  in  170O,  and 
the  government  removed  from  rliiladelphia  iu  1800.  The 
public  buildings  were  burned  by  tlie  lirilish  in  1814.  The 
city  was  the  Federal  military  lleaili|Uarters  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  was  threatened  by  the  t'onfederates  under  Early 
in  1804.  Its  municipal  government  was  abolished  In  1871, 
and  a  territorial  government  established  in  that  year.  This 
was  abolished  in  1874,  and  the  present  form  instituted(see 
rtixircct  I'J  Culuml:la).     Population  (I'.IOO),  278,718. 

Washington.     The  <'iipital  of  Daviess  County, 


Born   in   New   Kent 


County,  \'a..  May,  1732:  died  at  Mount  Vernon, 
Va.,  May  22,1802.  The  wife  of  George  Washing- 
ton. She  was  the  daughter  of  Cidonel  .John  Danlridge,  a 
planter,  and  in  June,  1749.  married  Daniel  I'arke  Cuslis, 
a  planter,  who  died  in  1757.  leaving  his  widow  one  of  the 
wealthiest  women  in  Virginia.  She  married  Washington 
in  Jan..  17.'>9.  She  had  by  her  first  husband  four  children, 
two  of  whom  died  in  infancy  ;  the  third,  Martha  I'arke  Cus- 
t is, ilied  at  tlieage of  sixteen  ;  the  tonrlh.  Jolm  Parkec  iistis, 
diid  in  17S1,  leaving  four  children,  the  two  voungerof  whom. 


nclKuni,  'J-.  miles  southwest  of   Indianapolis.      Eleanorl-arkecnsiisandOeorgeUashimitonParkeCust,, 
Population  (1900),  8.:551.  were  adopted  by  \Va;.hinglon.    She  had  no  children  by 

Washington.     A  seaport,  capital  of  Beaufort  •r^'"  f.'"-'^        ,,        4.      m     ,  -  ,      .  -.    ^ 

County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  Pamlico  *I\^^^J?.e*<J?' ■''*°^*-„^''*VT'"^''<'f.  *"™™'*,°^ 
■        -  -  the  u  hite  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  the 

highest  niftuntain  in  New  England,  situated  in 
lat.  44°  10'  N.  It  is  ascended  by  railroad  and  by  a  car- 
riage-road from  the  Glen  House.  On  the  summit  Is  a 
United  States  signal-station.     Height.  6,290  feet. 

Washington,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between 
(ireat  Hiilainand  the  United  States,  signed  May 
8, 1871,  which  provided  forthe  settlement  of  the 
Alabama  claims  by  the  Geneva  tribunal,  and 
for  the  settlement  of  the  San  Juan  boundary 
and  iisheries  disputes. 

"   ~  ~  ~  ""        .    An  in- 

Pennsvl- 


Kiver  100  miles  east  by  .south  of  Raleigh.   Pop 

Illation  (lOOO),  4,842.  " 
Washington.     The  capital  of  Fayette  County, 

Ohio,  .'i.""!  miles  southwest  of  Columbus.     Popii- 

hitioii  (lOilO),  5,751. 
Washington.  The  capital  of  Washington  Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Chartiers  Creek 

24  miles  soutliwest  of  Pittsburg.     Population 

(1900),  7,G70. 

Washington,  Bushrod.     Born  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Va.,  17G2:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Washington  anii  Jefferson  College, 
1829.     An  American  jurist,  nephew  of  George    stitiition  of  learning  at  Washington, 


Washington.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  House  vania.    It  was  formed  in  1865  through  the  consolidation 

of  Delegates,  and  of  the  Virginia  ratifying  convention  of  of  Washington  College  at  Washington,  Pennsylvania,  and 

I188 ;  and  was  associate  justice  of  the  Uuited  States  .Su-  Jefferson  College  at  Canonsbnrg,  Pennsylvania.    It  Is  noii- 
preme  Court  1798-1829. 


■ge  at  Canonsbnrg.  Pennsylv 
sectarian,  and  is  attendetl  by  abtuit  ;t^iO  students. 


Washington,  George.   Born  in  Westmoreland  Washington  and  Lee  University.    An  insti 

County,  Va.,  Feb.  22  (<).  S.  Feb.  11),  1732:  died    ttition  of  learning  at  Lexington.  Virginia.    Its 


atMountVornoij, Deo. 14,17^9.  AfaniousAraeii-    foiimlution  was  a  school  iien 

can  soldier  aud  statesman,  the  fii'st  President  of    called  the  Aii^rusta  Academv 

the  United  States.  Hewasthesonof  Augustine  Wash-      "  -      - 

inptou,  a  Virginia  planter.    He  was  at  school  iintil  he  was 

about  16  years  of  ape  ;  was  enKa^LMl  in  surveyiiifr  1748-f.l ; 

was  appointed  ad]  utantof  Virginia  troops  in  1751;  inlierited 

Mount  Vernon  on  the  death  uf  his  brotlier  in  1752  ;  was 

made  by  Dinwiddle  commatider  of  a  niiUtury  district  of 

Virginia  iu  17i^3;  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  French 

authorities  beyond  the  Alk'trheny  River  1753-64  ;  was  ap-  ttt„„i,;„,^^„  n««4.«««;«l  A.^t,      \„n»^Kf«.  „j 

pointed    lieutenant-colonel    in   1754;    had   a   successful  Washington  Centennial  ATCII.   Anarohfound- 

skirmish  with  the  French,  and  defended  Fort  Kecesslty.     edm  ISitOattlu'  r  ifth  Avenur  entrance  of  \\  ash- 


3 
(ireenville,  Va., 
In  1776  Ita  name  v-as 
changed  to  Liberty  Hall ;  in  1782  It  was  chartered  ;  in  17)^ 
it  was  moved  to  tfte  neighborhtHxl  of  I.«xingt4>n;  and  in 
1706  it  received  a  gift  from  Ceorg*-  Wiishington  and  its 
name  waa  changed  to  Washington  t'ollege.  In  1803  it  waa 
placed  on  its  jiresent  site.  It  rereived  its  present  name 
in  1870.  Robert  E.  Lee  was  lis  preuldent  I8*i5-7i».  It  is 
non-sectarian,  and  iias  about  250  students. 


but  was  obliged  to  surrender  on  July  3  ;  was  a  volunteer 
aide-de-camp  Ui  Bratldock  in  the  battle  of  tlie  Mononga- 
hela  in  1755,  and  brought  oil'  the  Virginians;  eonunanded 
on  the  frontier  1755-57;  and  led  tlie  advance-guard  in 
Forbes's  expedition  forthe  reduction  of  Fort  l>ii.[Ue8ne  in 
1758.  On  .lan.0, 1750.  he  married  Mai'tha  I'uslis  (widow  of 
Daniel  Park   ■■     '■  -        .....  .      . 

lion, 


ini^ton  Square,  New  York.  It  has  a  sluKle  archway 
with  coffered  vault,  30  feet  in  span  and  47  lUgh.  sur- 
mounted by  ati  eiitahhiture  witli  a  ridi  friere  carvevi  with 
foliage.  Above  tlie  somewhat  lu'tivy  cornice  is  u  low 
attic,  which  bears  tlie  Inscription  tif  detlieation.  Iho 
Ijers  and  8|>Hndrel8  are  to  be  adorned  with  sculpture. 

p.Mas- 
ook  com- 

app'  ; 

June  16, 177."i;  nriivuil  at  Cuniliiiclge  July.',  anil  took  com-  Washington  GrOUp.     A  eluster  of  islands  in 
ninml;  aiiilcompflledthecvacimtionofliustonon Marilil",      thi'  .Mnrouesus  "roiii)   Paeifie  Oeeail 

1770.    nis  army  was  defcalul  at  the  batllo  of  \x>ng  laland  TTT^^Vi- Ji.««  T  ^^^.J      \  ,.„„;«.. ;..  .1. ,  .'.„.*i _.» 

Aug.27,1770,ai.dat White Plain8()ct,2»,177«;  heretreal.d  Washington  Land.    A  region  in  tlie  northwest- 
throiiRh  New  Jersey;  sunirised  the  Hesslttiis  at  Trenton     ''''ii  I'art  of  ( ■reeiilaiul,  nlioiit  lat.  hO°  .N. 
Dec.  2« ;  won  the  victory  ut  rriiiceton  Jan^,  1777:  was  de    Washington Monument.  See  (^(l^7llM(;^lH(eity). 

ship  of  war,' l.S 

1^00.    Oct  1.1.  IS14. 

Coniwallls  at  Yoiktown  in  1781 ;  r'cBiKiudhiB  coniiiilssion     »''"  »""'■''  '■■'""  ""'  l^^''""^'"'.  ""•'''"■  con.niaiul  of  Onjitalii 


lanle  Parkei  ii9ti8),aiid8ettled.iaaplanterat  Mount  ^  ei-  Washington  Elm.    An  elm  111  Cainbritle. 

on.  Ilewa8adelei.'atetotlio\ir;,'iniaIlou»eof  Kuruesses,  „.,,.i,,,.„.7i..    ,,,,,l„r  wl.i,.h  WnaliiiKrtr...  t,-.?, 

n.l  to  the  foiitineiital  ConRresscs  of  1774  and  177&-,  wa.s  >""  "'^'•"'--  ""'•'r  n  hi<  li  «  a.shinptoii  too 

ppointed  coniniander.in.cliief  of  the  Continental  forces  inii'iil  ol  the  .Anieriean  army  in  lii.t. 


uKc.zo;  won  me  viciory  oi  rriiiceton  .Pan.,  1777:  was  He  waSningCOnjTlOnUIuent.  :^ee  n  (if 
fentedatHiandywineandiieniiaiitownlii  1777  ;  wasat  Val-  Wa<in(wosiil  1  An  \inerionn  f 
ley  Force  durliiK  the  winter  of  1777-78  ;  lonxht  tliedrawn  *^  1     -i,' ,';  w,'  ,i,;.,,',,.,„  :,,  ico 

battle  of  Monmouth  In  1778;  compelled  (he  Mlrrender  of     l-'nns,  lillllt  at  W   slllIlKtoll  in  IMl 


ipe 

.  rcBinii'        _    _ 

asconimaridcr  ill-chief  at  Annapolis  ill  17S3  ;  aiidretlrol  to 
Mount  Vernon.  In  1787  he  was  president  of  the  I'oiistitii. 
tlonal  Convention;  was  llnaniinonHly  clccUd  I'residentof 
the  Cnitcd  states  in  Feh.,  1789,  and  iiiaUKlirated  at  New 
York  April  SO,  n.^O;  and  was  unnniniously  reelected  ill  ITIVl, 
serviiiK  until  17117.  AmoiiK  the  cliief  evciitsin  hlsadnilnls- 
trations  were  the  csUililishment  of  Ilie  machinery  of  gov- 
omment, the  erystalli7.a(ioiiof  parties,  the  i-eKUlat  ion  of  com- 
merce and  llnance.  the  admission  of  Vermont,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee,  tlie  Indian  wars,  the  "whisky  insurrection." 
and  tile  Jay  treaty.  He  issueil  his  farewell  adilress  to  the 
jioople  ill  Sept.,  171MJ.  He  was  appointi'd  lieutenant-general 
and  eonimander.in-ehicf  of  the  army  in  antletjiatioti  of  a 
war  with  France  in  17118. 

In  civil  as  in  military  life,  he  [WnBhlnifton]  was  pre- 
eminent amoiur  his  contemporaries  for  tlic  clearness  and 
soundness  of  his  Judgment,  for  his  fierfect  inoileratinn  and 
self-ctintrol,  for  the  <(uiet  illunity  ami  the  IndoniitaMe 
llrmneHS  witli  wlilch  he  nursuetl  ever)-  path  whii-li  he  had 
deliberutely  chosen.    Of  all  the  (^reat  men  in  history  hv 


Jacob  Jones,  with  l.'!7  men.  On  Oct  18,  In  hit  37"  N.,  Iouk. 
(1,^°  \V.,  she  fell  in  with  (1  merchantmen  under  convoy  of 
the  liritlsh  liriR  Frolic,  18  Runs  and  Un  men.  The  action 
bettan  at  11:;IJ  A.  >!..  and  the  Frolic  struck  at  12:  if.  I'.  M. 
It  was  foUKht  in  a  very  heavy  sea.  lloth  ships  were  cap- 
lured  the  same  ilay  by  the  Poictirrs  (liritlsh,  7tV 
2.  All  .Viiierienn  shiii-riKceil  sloop  of  war,  22 
gnus  anil  ITiH  men.  built  at  Xewbiirx-port  in  ix\i. 
She  left  rort.«inoiitli.  May  1,  18I-I,  under  Captain  Johnston 
niakelev.  and  nm  liitollieKnillish  Channel.  On  June  I'S  she 
fell  in  with  the  liritlsh  slocip  Helndecr.  l^  iimis  and  ll.-*  men. 
The  hallle  lietjau  at  :l:  17  1".  M  .  and  the  Ueindeer  struck  at 
S:4J.  'in  Sept.  1,  hi  lal.  •I7':tii  N..  she  met  the  liritlsh  brig 
Avon,  IS  Runs.  The  battle  lieuan  at  8:38  P.  M.,  and  tho 
Avon  struck  at  10:1V!.  On  Oct.  1>,  in  lat  18"  .S.V  N.,  long, 
an"  10  W'.,  she  siicikc  and  hoarded  the  Swedish  hrlir  Adorns, 
and  to<ik  out  of  hi'r  l.icutenant  McKnluht  and  a  master's 
mate,  late  of  the  Iiiited  States  ship  l^ssex,  on  their  way 
lioin  llruzll  to  England.  The  Wasp  was  never  heard  from 
again. 


F-' 


Wasps,  The 

Wasps  (wosps),  The.  A  comedy  by  Aristopha- 
nes, exhibited  in  i'22  B.  c. 

Wast  Water  (wast  wa'ter).  A  lake  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  13  miles  ■west  of  Ambleside. 
Length,  3  miles. 

Wasulu  (wa-so'16).  An  African  kingdom  in 
the  upper  Xiger  basin,  since  1887  under  French 
protection,  it  is  sep.arat«d  from  French  Senegal  by  the 
Tankis80  and  DjTiliba-Niger  rivers  as  far  as  Segu ;  the  east- 
ern boundary  is  ill  defined.  The  population  (about  1,500,- 
000)  is  composed  of  Mandingos,  with  a  sprinkling  of  mixed 
Fulahs  and  Soninkes.  Bissandugu,  the  capital,  has  about 
3,000  population.  Wasulu  was  only  a  federation  of  petty 
tribes  until  1840,  when  Mahmadu  founded  the  kingdom. 
This  was  greatly  enlarged  by  Samory.  who,  though  of  hum- 
ble origin,  succeeded  in  dispossessing  Mahmadu's  son  and 
conquering  bis  neighbors,  until  a  conflict  with  the  French 
compelled  him  to  accept  their  protection. 

Watch  Hill  Point  (woch  hil  point).  A  head- 
land near  the  southwestern  extremity  of  Rhode 
Island. 

Wateh  (wa'te).  An  Arab  chieftain  whose  ter- 
ritory bordered  on  Edom,  iloab,  and  Ammon. 
He  took  part  in  a  rebellion  against  Asurbanipal,  king  of 
Ass>Tia  (66S-626  B.  c. ),  and  was  capttired  by  him  and  yoked 
to  his  triumphal  chariot. 

Water-bearer.    See  Aquarius. 

Waterbury (wa'ter-ber-i).  AcityinJTew Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Naugatuek 
River  19  rhiles  north-northwest  of  New  Haven. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  brass,  and  produces 
watches,  pins,  lamps,  wire,  clocks,  etc.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1853.    Population  (IWKi),  45,s."i9. 

Wateree  (wa-te-re').  A  river  in  South  Caro- 
lina which  unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form 
the  Santee:  called  Catawba  in  its  upper  course. 
See  Cataicba. 

Waterford(wa'ter-fqrd).  1.  A  maritime  county 
'of  Munster,  Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Tipperary 
and  Kilkenny  on  the  north,  Waterford  Harbor  (separat- 
ing it  from  Wexford)  on  the  east,  St.  George's  Channel  on 
the  south,  and  Cork  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  largely 
mountainous.  The  county  contains  many  antiquities. 
Area,  721  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  93,251. 
2.  A  county  of  a  city,  capital  of  Waterford, 
situated  on  the  Suir,  at  the  head  of  Waterford 
Harbor,  in  lat.  52°  16'  N,,  long.  7°  6'  W.  it  has 
a  considerable  export  trade ;  was  an  ancient  Danish  strong- 
hold ;  was  taken  by  .Strongbow  in  1171 :  received  a  charter 
from  King  John ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Crom- 
well in  1&49 ;  and  was  taken  by  Ireton  in  1650.  Population 
(1891),  20,852. 

Waterloo  (wi-ter-lo';  D.  pron,'va-ter-16'). 
A  village  in  the  province  of  Br.ibant,  Belgium, 
9^  miles  south  of  Brussels:  the  headquarters 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  the  battle  of 
Waterloo. 

Waterloo,  Battle  of.  A  decisive  victory  gained 
near  Waterloo  (a  \'illage  south  of  Brussels), 
June  18.  181.5,  by  the  Allies  over  Napoleon. 
The  Prussians  often  call  the  battle  Belle  Alliance,  and 
the  French  Mont  St. -Jean,  after  localities  near  Water- 
loo. The  French  numbered  about  72  0<O ;  the  allied 
British.  Dutch,  and  Germans,  under  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton, numbered  about  67,000:  the  Prussians  (about  50,0iK3 

^  additional),  under  Bllicher,  marched  to  the  battle-field 

*  and  took  part  in  the  close  and  in  the  pursuit.  The  battle 
commencedaboutll:30.\.  M.  The  features  were  the  un- 
availing charges  of  the  French  and  the  stubborn  resistance 
of  the  British  contingent,  and  the  last  charge  of  the  French 
Old  Guard  in  the  evening,  which  failed  and  was  followed 
by  an  advance  of  the  combined  armies.  The  Allies  lost 
about  22,000 ;  the  French  about  35.000,  besides  many  pris- 
oners, (.See  Grouchy.)  The  rout  was  so  complete  and  the 
disaster  to  Napoleon  so  decisive  that  "  Waterloo  "  is  pro- 
verbial for  a  final  and  deciding  blow.  The  preliminary 
battles  were  at  l.igny  and  Quatre-Bras  (which  see). 

Waterloo  Bridge.  A  bridge  over  the  Thames 
at  London,  called  by  Canova  the  finest  bridge 
in  Europe  :  designed  and  built  by  John  Rennie. 
The  first  stone  was  laid  Oct.  11.  Isll.  and  the  bridge  was 
opened  June  IS.  1S17.  the  second  anniversary  of  the  battle 
of  Waterloo,  It  is  1,326  feet  long,  42  feet  wide,  35  feet 
high,  and  the  central  span  is  120  feet  wide. 

Waterloo  Place,  .in  open  square  in  London, 
between  Carlton  House  Terrace  and  Regent 
street.  Pali  Mall  crosses  it,  and  in  its  center  is  the 
Crimean  monument.  It  also  contains  statues  of  Lord 
Kapier,  Colin  Campbell  (Lord  Clyde),  Lord  Lawrence,  and 
others. 

Waterloo-With-Seaforth  (-se'forth).  A  water- 
ing-place in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mersev,  o  miles  north-north- 
west of  Liverpool.     Population  (1891).  17.328. 

Water  Music,  The.  A  series  of  21  movements 
bj'  Handel,  which  he  had  played  by  an  orches- 
tra on  a  boat  in  which  he  followed  the  barge 
of  the  king  (George  I.)  as  he  proceeded  to 
Whitehall  in  1715.  They  have  been  arranged 
for  the  piano. 

Water-Poet,  The.  A  name  given  to  the  poet 
John  Taylor  (1580-1654). 

Watertown  (wa'ter-toun).  A  town  in  Middle- 
sex County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Charles  River  7  miles  nort;h  of  Boston.  It  con- 
tains a  United  States  arsenal.  Population 
(1900),  9,706. 


1052 

Watdrtown.  Acitv.capitalof  Jefferson  County, 
New  York.     Population  (1900).  21,696. 

Watertown.  A  city  in  Jefferson  and  Dodge 
counties,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Rock  River 
44  miles  west  by  north  of  Milwaukee,  it  is  arail- 
road  and  manufacturing  center,  and  the  seat  of  North- 
western University  (Lutheran).   Population  (1900).  8,437. 

WS'terville  (wa'ter-vil).  A  city  in  Kennebec 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Kennebec 
River  18  miles  north-northeast  of  Augusta : 
the  seat  of  Colby  University.  Population 
(1900),  9,477. 

Watervliet  (%va'ter-vlet).  A  city  in  Albany 
Countv,  New  York.    It  is  situated  on  the  Hud- 

.  son  north  of  Albany.     Pop.  (1900),  14,321. 

Watkins  Glen  (wot'kinz  glen).  A  deep  ravine 
near  Watkins,  Schuyler  County,  New  York, 
celebrated  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

Watling's  (wot'lingz)  Island.  --V  small  island 
of  the  Bahamq  group.  West  Indies,  in  lat.  24° 
N. :  generally  supposed  to  be  the  San  Salvador 
of  Columbus.     See  Guaiiahani. 

Watling (wot'ling)  street.  [ME.  WatUng strefe. 
AS.  Wietlinga  slnet.']  One  of  the  pi-incipal 
Roman  roads  in  Britain,  it  commenced  at  Dover, 
passed  through  Canterbury  to  London,  and  thence  went 
by  St.  Albans,  Dunstable,  Stony  Stratford,  etc.,  passing 
along  the  boundary  line  of  the  present  counties  of  Lei- 
cester and  Warwick  to  Wroxeter  on  the  Severn,  and  then 
north  to  Chester.  It  had  a  number  of  branch  roads  di- 
verging from  it. 

Watson  (wot'son),  James  Craig.  Born  in  On- 
tario, Canada,  Jan.  28,  1838:  died  at  Madison. 
Wis.,  Nov.  23, 1880.  An  American  astronomer, 
professor  of  astronomy  and  director  of  the  ob- 
servatory at  the  University  of  Michigan,  and 
after  1879  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  He 
discovered  23  asteroids  and  several  comets ;  conducted 
several  United  St.ates  astronomical  expeditions,  including 
that  to  China  in  1874  for  the  transit  of  Venus;  and  wrote 
"Popul.ir  Treatise  on  Comets"  (1860),  "Theoretical  As- 
tronomy "  (18G9), "  Tables  for  the  Calculation  of  Simple  and 
Compound  Interest,"  etc. 

Watson,  John:   pseudonym  Ian  Maclaren. 

Born  at  Manningtree,  Essex,  Nov.  3,  1S50,  A 
Scottish  clergyman  and  author.  He  has  been  as- 
sistant at  churches  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasuow ;  pastor  of 
the  Free  (Church,  Logiealmond,  Perthshire ;  and  since 
ISSO  pastor  of  the  English  Presbyterian  Church,  Sefton 
Park,  Liverpool,  He  h.as  written  "  Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier 
Bush"  (1894),  "The  Davs  of  Auld  Lang  Syne"  (1895),  "Tlie 
Upper  Room"  (189«),  "The  Mind  of  the  Master "  (1896), 
"Kate  Carnegie"  (1896),  etc.  The  University  of  St.  An- 
drews conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity 
in  April,  1896. 

Watson,  Richard.  Bom  at  Heversham.  West- 
moreland, 1737:  died  1816.  An  English  prel- 
ate, theological  writer,  and  chemist :  bishop  of 
Llandaff  (1782).  He  wrote  an  "Apology  for  Chris- 
tianity" (1776:  in  answer  to  Gfbbon),  "Apology  for  the 
Bible"  (1796:  in  answer  to  Paine),  tracts,  an  autobiog- 
raphy, etc, 

Watson,  William.  Born  at  Wharfedale,  Y'ork- 
shire.  A  contemporary  English  poet.  His  poem 
"  Wordsworth's  Grave  "  drew  attention  to  him  in  1892,  and 
in  that  year  he  received  a  civil  pension  of  £200  rendered 
vacant  l>y  the  death  of  Tennyson.  His  "  Lachryma?  Musa- 
rum  "  was  the  finest  ode  written  on  the  death  of  the  latter. 
He  had  previously  published  "Love  Lyrics,"  "The  Prince's 
(Juest,"  "Epigrams of  Art,  Life,  and  Nature";  and  in  1893 
he  published  "The  Eloping  Angels  "and  a  volumeof  essays, 
"Excursions  in  Criticism,"  "Odes  and  Other  Poems  "(1894). 

Watt  (wot),  James.  Born  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
land, Jan.  19,  1736:  died  at  Heathfield,  near 
Birmingham,  Aug.  19,  1819.  A  famous  British 
mechanician,  inventor,  and  ci's-il  engineer.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  an  instrument-maker  in  London  in 
1755 :  became  mathematical-instrument  maker  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  in  1757 ;  began  experiments  in  improving 
the  steam-engine  about  1760  ;  and  invented  the  condensing 
steam-engine  in  1765  and  obtained  a  patent  in  1769.  Many 
other  improvements  were  devised  later  and  patented.  He 
formed  a  partnership  with  Boulton  in  Birmingham  and 
began  the  manufacture  of  steam-engines  in  1775. 

Watt,  Robert.  Born  at  Stewarton,  Avrshire, 
May.  1774:  died  March  12,  1819.  A  Scottish 
physician  and  bibliographer.  His  "Bibliotheca 
Britannica  "  (4  volumes,  published  posthumously  in  1824) 
is  acompilation  showinggreat  industry  and  wideresearch, 
and  is  of  great  value  as  an  index  to  literature, 

Watteau(va-t6'),  Jean  Antoine.  Bom  at  Va- 
lenciennes, France,  Oct.  10,  1684:  died  at  No- 
gent-sur-Marne, France, July  18  1721.  AFreneh 
genre-painter.  He  studied  with  Gillot  in  Paris  in  1702, 
and  later  with  Audran.  He  was  unusually  successful  with 
subjects  representing  conventional  sheph.*rds  anil  shep- 
herdesses, fetes  champetres,  rustic  dances,  etc.  The  style 
of  female  dress  represented  in  many  of  them,  consisting  of 
what  was  known  as  a  "sacque"with  loose  plaits  hang- 
ing from  the  shoulders,  is  still  known  as  the  Watteau, 
Ten  of  his  pictures  are  in  the  Louvre,  and  specimens  are 
in  all  the  principal  galleries  of  Europe. 

Watterson  (wot'er-son),  Henry.  Born  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  1840.  An  American  journalist. 
Democratic  politician,  and  orator.  He  served  on 
the  Confederate  side  in  the  Civil  War.  and  became  noted 
as  the  editor  of  the  Louisville  "  Courier-Journal,"  and  as 
a  promijient  advocate  of  free  trade.  He  was  member  of 
Congress  from  Kentucky  1876-77. 


Wa'wre 

Wattignies  (va-ten-ye')-  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  j'rance,  near  Lille.  Here, 
Oct.  1,5-16,  1793,  the  French  under  Joirrdan  de- 
feated the  Austrians  under  Clairfayt, 

Wattrelos  (vatr-16').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France.  9  miles  northeast  of 
Lille.     Population  (1891),  commune,  19,770. 

Watts  (wots).  Alaric  Alexander.  Bo™  at 
London,  March  10,  1799:  died  there,  April  5, 
18(34.  An  English  poet  and  ,ioumalist.  He  was 
editor  of  the  Leeds  "Intelligencer"  1822-24,  and  of  the 
Manchester  "Courier"  1824-25;  and  was  an  assistant 
on  the  London  "Standard"  in  1827  and  1841-47,  He 
founded  the  "  United  Service  Gazette  "  in  1833,  and  edited 
it  until  1.S43.  He  established  more  than  twenty  journals  be- 
tween 1842  and  1847,  w-hen  he  severed  his  coimection  with 
the  press.  His  works  include  "  Poetical  Sketches  "  (1823), 
"Lyrics  of  the  Heart"  (1850),  etc.  He  edited  "The  Liter- 
ary Souvenu- "  (1824-37), "  Poetical  Album  " (1828-29),  "Cab- 
inet of  Modern  Art,  etc."  (18.'J5-37),  and  other  similar 
works.  These  were  illustrated  by  line-engravings  after 
Etty,  Stothard,Westall,  and  others,  and  were  very  popular. 

Watts,  George  Frederick.  Bom  at  London, 
Feb.  23,  1817,  An  English  historical,  subject, 
and  portrait  painter,  and  sculptor.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  was  elected  royal  academician 
in  1868,  His  works  include:  cartoon,  "Caractacus  '(IS43): 
colossal  oil  paintings,  "Echo"  and  "Alfred  the  Great" 
(1847) :  fresc'ts,  "  St.  George  and  the  Dragon  "  (Parliament 
House),  "  The  School  of  Legislation  "  (dining-hall  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn),  Besides  his  portraits  of  Tennyson,  Browning, 
William  Morris,  Stuart  Mill.  Dean  Stanle.v,  Swinburne, 
Matthew  Arnold,  Holman  Hunt,  Lord  Lytton,  Gladstone, 
and  others,  he  has  painted  "  Paolo  and  Francesca  "  (1S4S), 
"  Fata  Morgana  "  (1848),  "  Life's  Illusions  "  (1849),  "  Su- 
Galahad"  (1862),  "Love  and  Death  "  (1877),  "Orpheus  and 
Eurydice  "  (187!>),  "Love  and  Life  "  (1884),  "  Hope  "  (1886), 
"She  Shall  be  Called  Woman  "  (1892),  "Sic  Transit"  (1898), 
etc. 

Watts,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Southampton.  Julv  17, 
1674:  died  at  Theobalds,  Herts,  Nov.  25,  i748. 
An  English  nonconformist  theologian,  hj-rau- 
writer,  and  author :  pastor  of  an  Independent 
church  in  London.  He  is  best  known  from  his  sacred 
poems,  "Horse  LyriCiB  "(1706).  "Hymns"  (1707).  "Psalms 
of  David  "  (1719),  "Psalms.  Hymns,  and  Spiritual  Songs" 
(in  many  editions),  and  "  Divine  and  Moral  Songs  for  Chil- 
dren "(1720).  He  also  wrote  "  Logic  "  (1725),  "  Im'prove- 
ment  of  the  Mind  "  (1741),  catechisms,  and  philosophical 
and  theological  works. 

Watts,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  1811 :  died 
there.  Sept.  9.  1869.  An  Enghsh  author,  as- 
sistant librarian  of  the  British  Museum  from 
1837.  He  published  a  "Sketch  of  the  His-- 
torv  of  the  Welsh  Language  and  Literature" 

fi.son. 

Watt's  Dyke.     See  Ofa's  Dyke. 

Wat  Tyler's  ( wot  ti'lerz )  Rehellion.  See  Ti/ler, 
11(1 1. 

Waukegan  (wa-ke'gan).  The  capital  of  Lake 
County.  Illinois,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan 
35  miles  north  bv  west  of  Chicago.  Population 
(1900>.  9,426.       ■ 

Waukesha  i  wa'ke-sha).  The  capital  of  Wau- 
kesha County.  Wisconsin,  18  miles  west  of 
Milwaukee.  It  is  a  watering-place.  Popula- 
tion (1900).  7.419. 

Wausau  (wa'sa).  The  capital  of  Marathon 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Wisconsin 
River  1 30  miles  north  of  Madison.  Population 
(1900),  12,354. 

Wa'veney  (wa've-ni).  A  river  on  the  boundary 
between  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  England,  which 
joins  the  Yare  near  Y'armouth. 

Waverley  (wa'ver-li),  or  "Tis^  Sixty  Years 
Since.  -^  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  the  first 
of  the  "Waverley  Novels,"  published  in  1814. 
The  scene  is  laid  prineipall.v  in  Scotland  during 
the  Jacobite  rebellion  of  1745. 

Wa'verley  Dramas.  A  series  of  eight  dramas 
founded  on  the  "Waverley  Novels."  They  were 
produced  at  Edinburgh  1818-24 :"  seven  of  them  were  pub- 
lished there  in  1«23, 

Wa'verley  No'vels.  The  novels  wi-itten  by  Sir 
'V\'alter  Scott :  so  named  from  "  Waverley,"  the 
first  of  the  series.  They  were  published  anonymous- 
ly "by  the  author  of  Waverley  "  tilll.S27,  when  the  author 
disclosed  the  identity  of  the  "Great  Unknown  "  at  a  din- 
ner for  the  l>enefit  of  the  Edinburgh  theatrical  fund.  See 
Scott. 

Wavertree  (wa'ver-tre).  A  township  in  Lan- 
cashire, Eneland,  3  miles  east  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  13,764. 

Wayre  fva\T).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bra- 
bant, Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dyle  15  miles 
southeast  of  Brussels.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle, 
June  18,  1815,  between  the  French  under  Grouchy  and 
the  Prussians  under  Thielmann.  Grouchy  was  checked 
and  prevented  from  hindering  BlUcher's  march  to  WaWr- 
loo.  and  from  reaching  the  battle-field  in  time  with  his 
own  force, 

Wa'wre  (vil'vre).  A  village  north  of  Warsaw, 
situated  on  the  Vistula :  the  scene  of  PoUsh 
successes  over  the  Russians  Feb.  19  and  March 
31.  1831. 


Wayland,  Francis 

Wayland  (wa'Iand),  Francis.    Born  at  New 

York  city,  Marcli  11,  17915:  difd  at  Provideuce, 
K,  I.,  Sept.  30,  1SG5.  An  American  Baptist 
clergyman,  educator,  and  author.  He  graduated 
at  Union  College  in  1S13,  and  was  president  of  Brown 
University  1827-55.  His  woiks  include  "Elenjents  of 
Moral  Science  "  (1835X  "Elements  of  Political  Economy" 
(1837),  "Limitations  of  Human  Responsibility "  (1838), 
"  Tlionghts  on  the  Present  Collegiiite  System  in  the 
United  .States"  (1S42).  "Domestic  Slavery  (-'onsidered  as  a 
Scriptural  Institution  "(1S45),  "  Memoir  of  Adonirain  Jud- 
son  " (1853),  "Elements  of  Intellectual  I'hilosuphy  "  (1854), 
'  Notes  on  the  Principles  and  Practices  of  Baptist 
Churches  "  (18.^7),  etc. 

Wayland  Smith.  [AS.  WeUiml  ON.  rolimih; 
tr.  Wicland.']  In  English  folk-lore,  an  invisible 
smith  who  onco  dwelt  at  an  old  stone  raonii- 
ment  near  Ashdown  in  Berkshire,  if  a  horse  had 
cast  a  shoe,  it  was  only  necessary  to  lead  him  thither, 
place  a  piece  of  money  on  the  stone,  and  i-etire  fora  while. 
Upon  returning,  the  money  was  gone  and  the  horse  shod. 
The  legend  of  Wayland,  the  most  skilful  of  smiths,  is 
common  Germanic  property.  In  the  Anglo-Saxon  poem 
"Beowulf."  a  precious  piece  of  armor  is  called  '■  \Velandes 
geweorc"('  \V eland's  work').  His  deeds  are  the  subject 
of  the  "VolundarKvidha"('LayolV'olnnd')  in  the  Elder 
Edda.  According  to  the  Old  Norse  ""Vilkina  Saga,"  he 
was  taught  first  by  the  smith  Mime,  and  then  by  two 
dwarfs.  Swedish  legend  locates  his  grave  near  Siseback 
in  Scania.  Scott  introduces  him  as  a  character  in  "Kenil- 
worth."  Iti  recent  German  literature  he  is  the  subject 
of  the  poem  "  Wieland  der  Schmied,"  by  Karl  Simrock. 

Wayland  Wood.  A  wood  near  Watton,  Eng- 
land, the  legendary  scene  of  the  murder  of  the 
"Children  in  the  Wood." 

Wayne  (wan),  Anthony.  Born  in  (tester 
County,  Pa.,  Jan.  1,  174.5:  died  at  Presque  Isle 
(Erie),  Pa.,  Dee.  1.5,  1796.  An  American  gen- 
eral :  called  "  Mad  Anthony  Wayne."  In  early 
life  he  was  a  surveyor  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia legislature  in  1774,  and  of  the  committee  of  safety  in 
1775  ;  was  colonel  of  Pennsylvania  troops  in  Canada,  and 
served  atThree  Rivers  In  1776  ;  commanded  at  Ticonderoga 
in  1776  ;  becamebrigadier-general  in  Feb.,  1777,  and  joined 
Washington's  army;  served  at  Brandy  wine,  where  he 
commanded  a  division  ;  was  surprised  by  the  British  at 
Paoli  Se[it.  20,  1777 ;  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Ger- 
niantown  in  Oct.,  1777 ;  conducted  a  successful  raid  within 
the  British  lines  in  1778 :  served  at  Monmouth  in  1778 ; 
stormed  Stony  Point  July  15,  1779 ;  supjiressed  a  mutiny 
in  Jan.,  1781  ;  commanded  at  Green  spring  in  1781  ;  and 
served  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  He  defeated  the  British 
and  Indians  in  the  south  in  1782.  In  1783  he  was  bre- 
vetted  major-general ;  became  a  member  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia ratifying  convention ;  and  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Georgia  1791-92.  In  1792  he  was  appointed  major- 
general  and  conmiander.in-chief  of  the  army.  He  took 
command  of  the  army  in  the  West ;  defeated  the  Indians 
at  Fiillen  Timbers,  Maumee  Eapids,  in  1794  ;  built  Fort 
Wayne ;  and  negotiated  a  peace  with  the  Indians  in  1795. 

Waynesboro  (wanz'bu-ro).  A  small  place  in 
the  Shenandoah  valley,  in  Augusta  County,  Vir- 
ginia. There,  March  2,  1865,  the  Federals  un- 
der Sheridan  defeated  the  Confederates  under 
Earlv. 

Wasrnflete  (wan 'flet),  William.  Died  I486. 
An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester : 
founder  of  Magdalen  College,  O.xford.  He  was 
lord  high  cliaucellor  under  Henry  VI. 

Way  of  the  World,  The.  A  comedy  by  Cou- 
greve,  produced  in  1700. 

Ways  of  the  Hour,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper, 
published  in  1850. 

Wazan  (wa-zan').  A  sacred  city  of  Morocco, 
southeast  of  Tangiers. 

Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  The.  A  play  at- 
tributed to  Webster  and  Dekker  (1600).  It  was 
probably  by  Munday. 

Weald  (wehl).  The  name  given  in  England  to  an 
oval-shaped  area,  bounded  by  a  line  topograph- 
ically well  marked  by  an  escari)ment  of  the 
Chalk,  wliich  begins  at  Folkestone  Hill,  near 
the  Strait  of  Dover,  and  passes  through  the 
counties  of  Kent,  Sun-ey,  Hants,  and  Sussex, 
meeting  the  sea  again  at  Beachy  Head,  item- 
braces  the  southwestern  part  of  Kent,  the  sonthern  part 
of  Surrey,  the  north  atui  noi-theastern  half  of  Sussex,  and 
a  small  part  of  the  i-astern  side  of  IlampHliire. 

Wealth  of  Nations,  The.    The  chief  work  of 

Adam  Smith,  published  in  1776:  tlie  founda- 
tion of  the  science  of  political  economy. 

Wear  (wer).  A  river  in  Durham,  I'ingland, 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  at  Sunderland. 
Length,  about  CO  miles. 

Weathercock  (wcTii'er-kok),  The.  A  name 
given  to  Charles  Townsliend.  on  necountof  the 
instability  of  his  political  opinions. 

Wea'Ver  (we'v«''r).  A  spuill  river  in  Cheshire, 
Engliiiid,  which  joins  (be  estuary  of  the  Mer- 
soy  VI  miles'  scinlhcastof  Liverpool. 

Weaver,  James  B.  Bom  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  .Tune 
12,  is;i;i.  An  American  politician.  Ho  served  In 
the  Tnlon  anny  In  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of 
brigadier-Ki'iicral  ■  was  member  of  CongrcRs  tvnm  Iowa 
1879-81  :  w.is  the  candidate  of  the  Greenback-Ijlbor  party 
for  President  in  1880,  ami  of  the  Peripli •'»  parly  In  1892  ;  and 
was  Greenback-Labor  and  Domocrallc  member  of  Congress 
trom  Iowa  188i>-89. 


1053 
Webb  (web),  Alexander  Ste'wart.  'Bom  at 

New  York  city,  Feb.  15,  lSo5.  An  American 
general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1855;  served 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ;  was  distinguished  atGettys- 
burg,  Bristow  Station,  Spottsylvaiiia,  and  elsewhere  ;  was 
professor  at  West  Point  1866-<iS  ;  and  has  been  president 
of  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1869.  He 
has  written  "The  Peninsula:  Mcclellan's  Campaign  of 
l.*02  "  (1S82),  etc. 

Weber  (va'ber),  Albrecht  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Breslau,  Prussia.  Feb.  17,  1.S25 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  30,  1901.  A  noted  German  Orientalist, 
professorat  Berlin  18.56-1901.  His  chief  works  are 
"  Indische  Studien  "  (17  vols.  1849-85),  and  an  edition  of 
the  "Wliite  Yajurveda  "  (1849-59). 

Weber,  Ernst  Heinrich.  Born  at  Wittenberg, 
Prussia,  June  24,  1795 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan. 
26,  1878.  A  noted  German  physiologist  and 
anatomist,  professor  at  Leipsic  from  1S18.  His 
works  include  "Anatomia  comparata  nervi  symirathici" 
(1S17),  "De  aure  et  anditu  honiinis  et  animalium  '  (1820), 
"  .\nnotationes  auatomicro  et  pbysiolopiea;  "  (1&.''1),  etc. 

Weber,  Georg.  Born  Feb.  10, 1808:  died  Aug. 
10,  1888.  A  German  historian.  Hia  chief  work 
is  "  Allgenieine  Weltgeschichte  "  ("  I'nivei-sal  Historj',"  15 
vols.  1S67-SO).  He  also  wrote  "  Geschlchte  iler  deutschen 
Littcratur"  (many  editions),  etc. 

Weber,  Baron  Karl  Maria  Friedrich  Ernst 
von.  Born  at  Eutin,  Germany,  Dec.  18,  1786: 
died  at  London,  June  5,  1826.  A  celebrated 
German  composer:  famous  as  the  creator  of 
romantic  opera.  He  received  his  musical  education 
from  Heuschkel,  Michael  Haydn,  Kalcher,  and  Vogler; 
was  appointed  kapellmeister  at  Breslau  1804-00;  was 
private  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Wurtemberg  at  Stutt- 
gart 1807-10 ;  lived  In  Mannheim,  Darmstadt,  and  else- 
where; was  appointed  kapellmeister  in  Pr.igue  In  181;!, 
and  in  Dresden  in  l.siil ;  and  visited  London  in  182(;,  where 
he  died.  He  had  a  lively  Inttrest  In  mechanical  processes, 
especially  w..od-engr,aving  and  lithography.  His  works 
include  the  ojieras"  Der  Freischutz"  (1821),  "Euryantho" 
(18'23),"Oberon"(1826),  "  Sllvana  "  (1810),  "Abu  Hassan" 
(1811),  fragments  of  "Das  Waldmadchen"  (1800),  "Rube- 
zahl,"  etc.;  music  to  "  Preclosa,"  etc. 

Weber,  Wilhelm  Eduard.  Born  at  Witten- 
berg, Prussia,  Oct.  24,  1804:  died  atOottingen, 
June  23,  1891.  A  distinguished  German  physi- 
cist.brother  of  Ernst  Heinrich  Weber:  professor 
at  Gottingen  from  1831  (with  the  exception  of 
the  years  1837-49):  especially  noted  for  his  re- 
searches in  magnetism  and  electiieity.  He  was 
one  of  the  seven  liberal  professors  excluded  from  Got- 
tingen in  1837.  He  was  associated  with  his  brother  in  his 
work  on  wave-theory,  "  Wellenlehre  "  (182.'p).  with  Gauss 
in  "Resultate  ans  den  Beobachtungen  des  magnetischen 
Vereins  183(3-11 "  and  "  Atlas  des  Erdmagnetlsnms  "  (1840). 

Weber  (we'ber)  Canon.  A  deep  canon  of  the 
Weber  Kiver,  noted  for  its  scenery.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

Weber  Ri'VOr.  A  small  river  in  northern  Utah, 
a  tributary  to  Great  S;dt  Lake. 

Webster  (web'sttH-),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Salis- 
bury (Franklin),  N.  H.,  Jan.  18,  1782:  died 
at  Marshfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  24,  1852.  A  famous 
American  statesm;in,  orator,  and  lawyer.  He 
studied  at  Exeter  Academy  and  Boscawen,  NewHainpshIre; 
graduated  at  Dart  mouth  College  in  1801;  was  admitted  tothe 
bar  at  Boston  in  1805  ;  practised  law  at  Boscawen  and  Ports, 
mouth;  was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  New 
Hampshire  181;t-17;  and  remtived  to  Boston  in  ISIG.  He 
acquired  a  ruitional  rejiutatlon  as  a  lawyer  in  the  Part- 
mouth  College  case  In  1818  ;  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  182;j-27;  was  Whig  lulled  States  senator 
from  Massachusetts  18'i7-ll ;  became  famous  for  Ills  con- 
stitutional speeches  in  reply  to  Hayne  in  18:J(»,  and  In  op. 
position  to  Calhoun  in  1833:  opposed  Jacksiui  on  the 
I'nited  States  Bank  question;  received  sevcnd  electoral 
votes  for  President  in  1830;  ami  was  an  unsuccessful  can. 
didate  for  the  Whig  nomination  In  later  years.  In  18.39 
he  visited  Europe.  He  was  secretary  of  state  1841-43 ;  ne- 
gotiated tlie  Ashburton  treaty  with  Great  Britain  1842; 
was  Ignited  States  senator  fn)m  Massachusetts  1845-50; 
opposed  the  Mexican  war  and  the  annexation  of  Tex:i8; 
supported  Clay's  cfunpromlso  measures  in  his  "7th  of 
March  speech  "in  lS.''tO;  was  secrcUiry  of  stat«  1850-52  ;and 
was  again  candidate  for  the  Whig  nondnatlon  for  Preshlent 
in  1852.  His  chief  public  speeches  (aside  from  those  nnule 
in  Congress  and  at  the  bar)  arc  addresses  delivered  on  the 
anniversary  at  Plymouth  In  ls2o,  on  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  Bunker  Hill  momuncnt  In  1H25.  <m  the  deutlis  of 
Jelferson  and  Adams  in  1820,  <ui  the  dedication  of  Bunker 
Hill  monument  In  1S43,  and  on  the  laying  of  Uto  corner. 
stone  of  the  addldon  to  the  Capitcd  In  ISiil. 

Webster,  Fletcher.    Bom  I813:  killed  at  the 

second  l.alllc  ol'  I'.idl  Ivun.  Aug.  .10,  18()2.  The 
son  of  Diinicl  Webster.  Ho  was  a  colonel  in 
the  Civil  Wai'. 
Webster,  John.  Flourished  in  the  first  part  of 
thel7(h  ccniury  (l(i(l2-24).  An  English  dram- 
atist, nolc<l  for  his  tragedies.  Little  Is  known  of 
bis  biography.  He  assisted  Dekker,  Drayton.  .MIddleton, 
anil  others  In  " Ladv  Jane  " (1«H)2)  ami  "The  Two  Hariiles" 
(1802).  He  publlslied,  with  Dekker.  "  Northward  Ilo!" 
(11107),  "  Weslwaril  ll<i  I"  (UWl7),  and  "  The  Hlstor)-  of  .Sir 
Thomas  Wyatt "  (plaved  In  1007).  "  I'he  Weakest  Goeth  to 
the  Wall  "  (UUMI)  is  attrlliuted,  without  nuth<irlly.  to  him. 
His  finest  idavs  are  "The  White  Devil  "  (printed  1012)  and 
"The  DuchesH  of  Main"  (printed  l(ij;t).     He  also  wroti 


'Hie  Devils  Law  Case' (l«2:t),  "ACIty  i'ageaut  "(1024).  and 
"  Applus  and  Virginia  "  (not  printed  till  MVA).  Twootlier 
plays  are  attributed  to  Webster  and  Kowloy :  "A  Cure 


Weigl 

for  a  Cuckold"and  "AThraciau  Wonder"  (both  printed 
in  1681). 

Webster,  Noah.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct. 
10.  17.58:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn,,  May  28, 
1.843.  An  American  lexicographer  and  author. 
He  entered  Yale  in  1774  ;  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War 
in  1777 ;  graduated  at  Vale  in  1778 ;  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1781.  He  taught  in  various  places,  and  in  1788 
settled  iu  New  York  as  a  Journalist.  In  1798  he  removed 
to  New  Haven,  and  in  1812  to  .\mherst,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  t«)k  part  In  the  fouiuling  of  the  college  and  was 
the  first  president  of  its  board  of  trustees.  He  returned  to 
New  Haven  in  1822.  He  published  "  A  Grammatical  In- 
stitute of  the  English  Language"  (1783-85 :  comprising 
spelling  book,  grannnar.  and  reader), "  Dissertations  on  the 
English  Language  "(1789),"  A  Compendious  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language"  (1S(K5),  and  "A  Grammar  of  the 
English  Language  "(1807).  He  is  best  known  from  his  large 
"  American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  "(1828  :  2d 
ed.  1841).  Among  his  other  works  are  "  Rights  of  Neutrals  " 
(1802),  "Collection  of  Papers  on  I'olitical,  Literary,  and 
Moral  Subjects  '  (1843),  and  a  brief  history  of  the  United 
states  (1.S23). 

Weckherlin(vek'er-lC'n),  Georg  Rudolf.  Born 
at  Stuttgart,  1584:  died  about  1653.  A  German 
poet.  He  introduced  the  ode,  sonnet,  and  other 
forms  of  verse  into  German  literature. 

Weddahs.     See  Vahhihs. 

Wedderburn  (wed'er-bern),  Alexander,  first 

Earl  of  Kosslyu.  Born  in  East  Lothian.  Feb.  13, 
1733:  died  near  Windsor,  England.  Jan.  2,  1805. 
A  British  politician  and  jurist.  He  fiecame  solici- 
tor-general in  1771,  and  attorney -general  in  177S  ;  and  was 
chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  1780-93.  and 
lord  chancellor  179S-1S01.  He  was  created  Baron  Lough- 
borough in  1780,  and  earl  of  Rosslyn  in  1801. 

Wedgwood  (wej'wud).  Josiah.  Born  at  Burs- 
lem,  England,  July  12,  i730:  diedat  Etruria,  near 
Newcastle-uuder-LjTue,  Jan.  3.  1795.  A  cele- 
brated English  potter,  noted  especially  for  his 
copies  of  classical  vases  and  other  antiquities. 

Wedmore  (wed'mor).  A  place  in  Somerset, 
England,  8  miles  west  of  Wells.  Here,  In  878,  a 
peace  was  concluded  between  Guthrum,  king  of  the  Danes, 
and  Alfred  the  Great.  The  latter  secured  Wessex  ami  the 
southern  part  of  Mercia  ;  the  region  lying  in  general  north 
of  Walling  Street  and  the  Thames  valley  fell  to  the  Danes. 

Wednesbury  (wenz'lm-ri).  A  town  in  StafTord- 
.shire,  England,  7  miles  northwest  of  Birming- 
ham. It  is  an  iron-  and  coal-minlug  center,  and  baa 
manufactures  of  iron  ami  steel.     Population  (1891)^  25,342. 

Wednesday  (wenz'da).  [Lit.  'Woden's  day.'] 
The  fourth  dav  of  the  week. 

Weed  (wed),  llhurlow.  Bom  at  Cairo,  Greene 
County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  15.  1797:  died  at  New  York 
city,  Nov.  22.  1882.  A  noted  American  jour- 
nalist and  politician.  Hewaseducated  asa  printer; 
served  in  the  War  of  1812  ;  was  editor  of  various  papera  In 
New  York,  including  the  "Agriculturist  "(Norwich.  N.  V.). 
"  Onondaga  County  Republican.  "  "Rochester  Telegrapli," 
and  "  Anti-Mastm  Enquirer"  ;  became  famous  as  editor  of 
the  Albany  "  Evening  Journal  "  1830-62.  and  as  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Whig  and  Republican  parties  ;  and  was  very 
Influential  in  State  and  national  politics  1824-78.  He  was 
instrumental  In  nominating  Harrison  in  18.38  and  18)0, 
Clay  in  1844,  Taylor  In  184S,  and  Scott  in  1S.52  ;  fornled  with 
Seward  and  Greele?'  a  trlumvlr.ite  in  New  Vork ;  supixuted 
Lincoln  and  the  war  ;  and  wiis  sent  by  Lincoln  on  a  mission 
to  Europe  1801-02.  After  the  war  he  was  for  a  short  time 
editor  of  the  New  York  "Commercial  Ailvertiaer."  He 
Iiublished  "Letters  fnmi  Europe  and  the  West  Indies" 
(!80n),  "Remlidscenees"  ("Atlantic  Monthly."  lS7o),  and 
'an  ".\utoblography."  completed  by  T.  W.  Ilarnus  (lf84). 

Weeha'Wken  (we-ha'ken).  A  village  in  Hud- 
son County,  New  Jersey,  nortli  of  Holioken. 
opposite  New  York  city.  It  was  the  scene  of 
(ho  duel  between  Burr  and  Hamilton  iu  1804. 
I'opidatiou  (Uiooi,  lowiishiii.  5,325. 

Weeping  Philosopher,  The.    A  name  given 

to  llcraclitus. 

Wega.    See  y<'j<'- 

Wegg  (weg).  Silas.  .V  wooden-legged  seller 
of  fruit  and]irintcd  ballads  in  Dickens's  "Our 
Mutual  Fiiend,"  employed  by  Mr.  Bofliii,  whose 
education  had  been  neglected,  to  read  to  him 
out  of  "old  familiar  Decline-and-Fall-olT-the- 
b'luishaii-Empirc."  with  an  occasional  drop  into 
poclrv.     Wetrg  turns  out  to  be  n  rascal. 

Weggis,  or  Waggis  (veg'gis).  A  vilhige  in  the 
canton  of  Lm'erne,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne  7  miles  east  by  south  of 
Lucerne:  a  health  and  tourist  resort. 

Wehlau  (va'lou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
East  i'nissia,  I^russia,  silnalednt  the  juiidionof 
tlie  Alle  wit  lit  lie  Pregel,  "29  miles  east  of  Kiinigs- 
berg.  Here  a  peace  was  concluded  lietweon  Poland  and 
Brandenburg  Sept.  19.  10f«7,  by  which  Poland  renounced 
her  snzendiity  o\er  the  duchy  of  I'rnKsia,  anil  Bi:(iiden- 
burg  restorcil  Its  recent  couqueilt«lo.Pulaud.  i'opuluttou 
(189;.),  :.,2'.i9. 

Wehrathal  (va'rii-tai).  One  of  the  most  pio- 
tures(|ue  valleys  in  the  smitliern  part  of  the 
HlacU  Forest. (iermunv,  near  till'  Swiss  frontier. 

Weichsel  (.Wk'scD.  'I'ho  German  name  of  the 
Vistula. 

Weigl  (vigl).  Joseph.  Bom  at  Eisenstadt, 
March  28,  1700 .  died  nt  Vienna.  Feb.  3.  1846. 


Weigl 

An  Austrian  eomposer  of  opera.  He  was  made 
second  court  kapellmeister  in  1827.  He  composed  about 
SO  operi\s,  both  Geiniari  and  Italian.  Among  them  are  the 
"Sehweizer  Familie  "(IS'in),  *'  Das  Waisenhaus."  "L'Uni- 
forme,"  "Cleopatra"  (1807),  "II  rivale  di  se  stesso"  (1807), 
"L'iDiboscata"  (1815),  etc.  He  also  composed  a  number 
of  cantatas,  two  oratorios,  etc 

Wei-hai-wei  (wa'i-hi-wii'i).     A  seaport  on  the 

north  shore  of  the  Shan-tnDgpeninsula,  China, 
loased  to  Great  Britain  in  1898. 

"Wei-ho  (wii'e-ho).  A  river  in  northwestern 
China  which  joins  the  Yellow  River  at  tlie  in- 
tersection of  the  provinces  of  Sheusi,  Shansi, 
anil  Honan.     Length,  about  500  miles. 

Weil  (vil),  Gustav.  Born  April  24,  1808  :  died 
Aug.  30,  1889.  A  German  historian  and  Orien- 
talist, professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  wrote  "  .Mo- 
hammed" (1S43),  "Geschichte  der  Kaliten  "  ("History 
of  the  Califs,"  1846-62),  a  translation  of  the  '•  Arabian 
Nijjhts,"  works  on  the  Koran  and  Arabian  literature,  "Ge. 
schichte  der  islaaiitischen  Vdlker  '  (1860'),  etc. 

Weilburg  (vil'boro).  A  town  in  the  pro\-ince 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Pnissia,  situated  on  the  Lahn 
33  miles  northwest  of  Frankfort,  it  h.aa  a  castle, 
the  ancient  residence  of  the  dukes  of  Nassau-Wellburg. 
Popuhalion  (1890),  3,671. 

Weilen(vi'len),orWeil(\-il).  Joseph  von.  Born 
at  Tetin,  Bohemia,  Dee.  18,  1830.  An  Austritin 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  wrote  the  poems  "Phanta- . 
siL-n  uml  Llt-der  "  (I8.^i3),  "Manner  voni  Schwerte,"  etc.  ; 
the  dramas  "  Tristan  "  (IS(lo),  "  Edda  '  (lSti5),  etc. 

Weimar  (vi'mar).  The  capital  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenaeh,  Gcnnany,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ilm  in  lat.  50°  58'  N.,  long.  11° 
19  E.  It  became  famous  as  the  "  German  Athens,"  the 
centerof  German  literature,  in  the  last  quarterof  the  ISth 
and  the  first  quarter  of  the  IStth  century,  from  the  resi- 
dence there  of  Goethe,  Schiller,  Herder,  and  Wieland  un- 
der the  patronage  of  the  grand  duke  Charles  Augustus. 
It  was  also  the  place  of  residence  of  Cranach,  Liszt,  etc. 
Goethe's  house,  given  to  the  poet  by  the  graiul  duke,  and 
occupied  by  him  for  40  years,  is  now  arranged  as  a  Goethe 
Museum,  and  restored  to  its  condition  at  the  time  of 
Goethe's  occupancy.  It  contains  gifts  and  other  personal 
souvenirs  of  the  poet,  portraits  in  painting  and  sculpture, 
and  much  else  of  artistic  and  historical  interest.  Other 
objects  of  interest  are  the  palace  (built  under  Goethe's  su- 
perintendence), museum,  library,  theater,  Schiller'shouse, 
group  of  statuary  (Schiller  and  Goethe),  statuesof  Wieland, 
Herder,  and  Ch;u-les  Augustus,  tombs,  etc.,  and  the  neigh- 
boring chateaus  of  Belvedere,  Tiefurt,  and  Ettersburg. 
Weimar  became  the  capital  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury.    Population  (1S90),  24.646. 

Weimar,  Duke  of  (Bernhard).     See  BernharcJ. 

Weinsberg  (vins'bero).  A  town  in  the  Neckar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  27  miles  nortli  by  east  of 
Stuttgart :  formerly  a  free  imperial  city.  A  vic- 
tory was  gained  there  by  the  emperor  Conrad  over  Count 
Welf  in  1140.  In  this  battle,  according  to  tradition,  were 
for  the  first  time  used  the  war-cries  "Hie  Waiblingen  !" 
"HieWelf !"  SeeGuel/saadGhibdliiies.  Population, 2,313. 

Weir  (wer).  Harrison  William.  Born  at  Lewes, 
England,  May  5,  1S24.  An  English  engraver, 
illustrator,  and  sketcher  of  animals. 

Weir,  John  Ferguson.  Born  at  West  Point, 
N.  Y..  Aug.  28, 1841.  An  American  subject-  and 
portrait-painter,  son  and  pupil  of  R.  W.  Weir. 
He  was  made  a  national  academician  in  1806,  and  became 
director  of  the  Yale  School  of  Fine  Arts  in  1860.  Among  his 
works  are  "Christmas  Bells,"  "Gun  Foundry"  (1867), 
"  Forging  the  Shaft "  (1888). 

Weir,  Julian  Alden.  Born  at  West  Point.  Aug. 
30,  1S52.  An  American  genre-  and  portrait- 
painter,  son  and  pupil  of  R.  W.Weir.  He  studied 
with  G(-r6me  in  Paris  1872-76,  and  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1886.  He  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the  So- 
ciety of  American  Artists.  Amonghisworksare  "The  Muse 
of  Music"  (Metropolitan  Museum),  "Breton  Interior," 
"The  Mother,"  a  number  of  flower-pieces,  and  water-color 
paintings. 

Weir,  Robert  Walter.  Born  at  \ew  Rochelle, 
N.  Y.,  June  18.  isu:i :  died  at  New  York,  May 
1,  1889.  An  American  historical  and  landscape 
painter.  He  studied  at  Florence  and  Rome  ;  was  elected 
national  academician  in  1829  ;  and  was  professor  of  draw- 
ing at  West  Point  lS:i7-79.  Among  his  paintings  are  "Em- 
liiirkation  of  the  rilgrims" (Capitol,  Washington),  "Land- 
ing of  Hendrik  IIuds.)ii,' "Columbus  before  the  Council 
of  Salamanca." 

Weird  Sisters,  The.    The  three  witches  in 

Shakspere's  "MacV^eth." 
Weishaupt  (vis'houpt  i.  Adam.  Born  at  Ingol- 
stadt,  Bavaria,  Feb.  6,  1748 :  died  at  Gotha, 
Nov.  18,  1830.  A  Gennan  author,  founder  of 
the  Illuminati.  He  wrote  "Apologie  der  Illuminaten" 
(1786),  "Das  verbesserte  System  der  Illuminaten "(1787) 
"Pythagoras "(17911),  etc. 

Weismann  (vis'miiu ),  August.  Bom  at  Frank- 

fort-on-the-Main,. Jan.  17.1834.  A  noted  German 
zoologist.  He  studied  mcdivine  at  Gottingen,  Vienna, 
and  Paris,  and  also  paid  special  attention  to  the  natural 
sciences.  He  began  to  devote  himself  to  zoology  with 
Leuckart  at  Giesscn  in  18B3.  He  has  been  specially  inter, 
ested  in  biology.  In  187.'i  he  became  professor  at  JYeiburg 
.Among  his  principal  works  are  "Die  Entwickelung  der 
Dipteren  '(1864),  "studien  zur  DescendenzTheorie"  (1876- 
18;ii),  "  Xaturgeschichte  der  Daphniden  "  (1876-79).  "Die 
Entstehung  der  Sexualzellen  bei  den  Hvdromedusen  " 
(1883).  and  a  number  of  philosophical  treatises. 


1054 

Weisse"  (vis'se),  Christian  Hermann.  Bom 

at  Leipsic,  Aug.  10,  1801 :  died  at  Leipsie,  Sepi. 
19,  1860.  A  Gcrnuin  philosopher,  professor  at 
Leipsic.  He  wrote  "System  der  Asthetik" 
(1830),  and  many  other  philosophical  works. 

Weissenburg  (vis'sen-boro),  or  Kronweis- 
senburg  (kron-vis'sen-boro).  [F.  IVissi m- 
boiiiy.]  A  town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raiiuN  situated  on  the  Lauter,  near  the  fron- 
tier of  the  Palatinate,  32  miles  north  by  east 
of  Strasburg.  It  was  a  free  imperial  city,  and  was  for- 
merly fortified.  It  p<assed  to  France  in  1697,  and  to  Ger- 
many in  1871.  X  victory  was  gained  there,  Aug.  4, 1870.  by 
the  Germans  under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  over  the 
French  under  Douay  (who  fell  in  the  battle).  This  was  the 
first  important  engagement  in  the  Franco-German  war. 
Population  (1890),  6,376. 

Weissenburg,  or  Lauterburg  (lou'ter-boro), 
Lines.  Foi-tilieations  formerly  extending  from 
Weissenburg  in  Alsace  to  Lauterburg.  They  were 
taken  b.v  the  Austrians  under  Wurraser  in  1793;  were  re- 
taken by  the  French  under  Pichegru  in  1793 ;  and  were  de- 
stroyed in  1873. 

Weissenfels  (vis'sen-fels).  Atowuinthe  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  20 
miles  southwest  of  Leipsic.  It  has  flourishing  man- 
ufactures and  trade.  From  1657  to  1746  it  was  a  residence 
of  thedukesof  Saxe-Weissenfels.  Population  (1890),  23,770. 

■Weissenstein  (\is'sen-stin).  A  mountain  of 
the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of  Solothurn,  Switzer- 
land, near  Solothurn :  noted  for  its  prospect. 
Height,  4,220  feet. 

Weisshom  (vis'horn).  [G., '  white  to'wn.']  1. 
A  mountain  in  the  Bernese  Alps,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  Sierrc.  Height,  9,882  feet.— 
2.  A  peak  of  the  Pennine  Alps,  in  the  canton 
of  Valais,  Switzerland,  north  of  the  Matter- 
horn.     Height,  14,803  feet. 

WeissnichtWO  (vis'nicht-v6).  [G.,  '(I)  know 
not  where.']  An  imaginary  city  in  Carlyle's 
'•  Sartor  Resartus." 

Weitspekan  (wlt'spek-an).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians:  also  often  called 
Yiiral;,  from  its  leading  division.  Its  territory  was 
chiefly  within  the  limits  of  Humboldt  County,  California; 
and  it  was  in  two  divisions  — the  Yurok,  inhabiting  the 
Klamath  Kiver  and  the  co.ast  from  near  its  mouth  south- 
ward to  (^.old  Bhitf  ;  and  the  Chilula,  extending  from  the 
latter  point  southward.  The  principal  tribes  or  villages 
are  Mita,  Pekwan,  Rikwa,  Sugon,  .and  Weitspek. 

Weitzel  (vit'sel),  Godfrey.  Born  at  Cincin- 
nati, Nov.  1, 1.835  :  died  at  Philadelphia,  March 
19, 1884.  An  American  general  and  military  en- 
gineer. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1856  ;  was  chief 
engineer  in  Butler's  expedition  to  New  Orleans  in  1862, 
and  assistant  military  commander  and  acting  mayor  there  ; 
gained  the  victory  of  Labadieville.  Louisiana, Oct.  27, 1862  ; 
served  before  Port  Hudson  and  in  the  Sabine  Pass  expe- 
dition; was  chief  engineer  of  the  Array  of  the  James  in 
1864,  and  corps  commander  ;  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Fort  Harrison  and  in  the  first  expedition  against  Fort 
Fisher  ;  and  was  in  command  of  the  troops  which  occu- 
pied Richmond  April  3,  1866.  He  became  major-general 
of  volunteers  in  Nov.,  1864,  and  brevet  major-general  in 
the  regular  army  in  March,  1805. 

Welcker  (vel'ker),  Friedrich  Gottlieb.  Born 
at  Griinberg,  Hesse,  Nov.  4,  1784 :  died  at  Bonn, 
Dee.  17,  1868.  A  Gennan  classical  arehseologist 
and  philologist,  professor  at  Bonn  from  1819. 
Among  his  works  are  "Die  aschylische  Trilogie"  (1824), 
"Die  griechischen  Tragbdien  mit  Riicksicht  auf  den  ep- 
ischen  Cyclus  geordnet"  (1839^1),  "Per  epische  Cyclus  " 
(1835-49),  "Alte  Denkmaler  "  (1849-64). 

Welde  (weld),  Thomas.  Born  in  England  about 
1.590:  died  1662.  An  English  clergyman.  He  emi- 
grated to  New  England  and  became  minister  in  Roxbury. 
He  wrote  against  the  Antinomians,  Familists,  etc.,  and 
was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  "Bay  Psalm-Book  "  (16401. 
He  returned  to  England. 

Welf(velf).     SeeGiielfi. 

Welfesholze  (vel'fes-holt-se).  A  place  near 
Eisleben,  Germany,  where  in  1115  a  battle  oc- 
c  urred  between  the  Saxons  and  the  Imperialists. 

Welfs.  A  famous  German  princely  house. 
From  it  are  descended  the  Brunswick  and  Ha- 
nover lines.     See  Guelfs. 

Welhaven    (vel'hii-ven).   Johan    Sebastian 

Cammermeyer.  Born  at  Bergen,  Dec.  20, 1807 : 
died  at  Christiania,  Oct.  21,  1873.  A  Norwegian 
lyrie  Jlioet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman.  In  1825 
he  went  to  Christiania  to  study  theology  at  the  university ; 
but  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1828,  he  gave  this  up  for 
a  Hteniry  career.  His  first  important  work  was  a  long 
polemical  poem,  really  a  series  of  sonnets,  entitled  "  Norges 
Domrtng  "  ("Norway's  Twilight'T  published  in  1834.  In 
1840  he  was  made  professor  of  pnilosophy  at  the  ^"hristi- 
ania  t'niversity,  a  jHisition  which  he  held  until  1867.  when 
he  was  compelled  tu  relinqnisli  it  on  account  of  ill  health. 
Between  1839  and  l^r.O  appeared  numerous  lyrical  poems. 
His  pamphlet  "Ilm  Henrik  W'ergelands  Digtekunst  ogPoe- 
sie"("On  Henrik  Wergeland's  Poetic  Art  and  Poetry"), 
published  in  1S32.  was  a  merciless  attack  upon  the  poet 
Wcrgeland.  His  collected  writings  were  published  at 
Copenhagen  1867-68. 

Welland  (wel'and).  1.  A  river  in  England 
which  separates  in  part  Northampton  from  Lei- 


Wellesley,  Marquis  of 

oester,  Rutland,  and  Lincoln,  and  Hows  into  the 
Wash.  Length,  about  70  miles. —  2.  A  small 
river  in  Ontario  which  joins  the  Niagara  above 
the  falls. 

Welland  Canal.  A  ship-canal  in  Ontario,  ex- 
tending from  Port  Colborne  on  Lake  Erie  to 
Port  Dalhousie  on  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  27 
niilcs.     It  was  opened  in  1833. 

Well-Beloved,  The.  {F.  Bini-Jime.]  A  name 
given  to  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  also  to 
Louis  XV. 

Welle  (wel'le),  or  Welle-Makua  (-mii-tto'a).  ' 

A  large  rivei-  in  equatorial  Africa  which  flows 
westward  from  the  vicinilv  of  Wadelai.  it  is  the 
upper  course  of  the  .Mobangi  or"  Ubangi,  and  was  discov- 
ered by  Schweinfurth  in  1870.  Its  connection  with  the 
Ubangi  was  shown  by  Van  Gele. 

Weller  (wel'er),  Sam.  The  servant  of  Mr. 
Pickwick  in  Dickens's  "  Pickwick  Papers,"  an 
impudent  witt.v  fellow  with  an  immense  fund 
of  humor,  a  merry  heart,  and  an  inexhaustible 
devotion  to  his  master.  His  father,  Tony  Weller,  is 
an  apoplectic  pimple-nosed  coachman,  full  of  good  nature 
and  kindliness,  with  a  dread  of  ''  widders "  and  a  great 
admiration  for  Iiis  son  Sam  and  Mr.  Pickwick.  His  "sec- 
ond wentur' "  is  a  scolding  slovenly  woman,  devoted  to 
religious  matters. 

Sara  Weller,  one  of  those  people  that  take  their  place 
among  the  supreme  successes  of  fiction,  as  one  that  no- 
body ever  saw  but  everybody  recognizes,  at  once  perfectly 
natural  and  intensely  original.  .  .  .  Who  is  so  amazed  by 
his  inexhaustible  resources,  or  so  amused  by  his  inextin- 
guishable laughter,  as  to  doubt  of  his  bein'g  as  ordinary 
and  perfect  a  reality,  nevertheless,  as  anything  in  the  Lon- 
don streets?  Forster,  Lite  of  Dickens,  ii.  1. 

Welles  (welz),  Gideon.  Bom  at  Glastonbury, 
Conn.,  July  1,  1802:  died  at  Hai-tford,  Conu., 
Feb.  11,  1878.  An  American  politician.  Hewas 
editor  of  the  "  Hartford  Times  "  1826-36.  and  a  Democratic 
leader.  From  1846  to  1849  he  was  chief  of  the  bureau  of  pro- 
visions and  clothing  in  the  navy  department.  He  joined 
the  Republican  party  in  185.5,  and  became  one  of  its  lead- 
ers.    From  1861  to  1869  he  was  secretary  of  the  navy. 

Wellesley  (welz'li),  or  Wesley  (wez'li),  Ar- 
thur, Viscount  Wellington,  Earl  and  later  Mar- 
quis and  Duke  of  Wellington.  Born  at  Dublin 
(orinMeath?),  Ireland.  April  30  (May  1?),  1769: 
died  at  Walmer  Castle,  England.  Sept.  14,  1852. 
A  famous  British  general  and  statesman,  son 
of  the  first  Earl  of  Mornington,  and  younger 
brother  of  the  Marquis  of  Wellesley.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  the  military  college  of  Angers; 
entered  the  army  as  ensign  in  1787;  was  elected  to 
the  Irish  Parliament  in  1790 ;  served  in  the  Netherlands 
1794-96 ;  was  made  a  colonel  in  1796  and  sent  to  India  ; 
took  part  in  the  victory  of  Malaveli  and  the  attack  on 
Seringapatam  in  1799;  was  appointed  governor  of  Mysore; 
defeated  the  chieftain  Doondiah  in  1800 ;  became  major- 
general  in  1802  ;  was  commander  of  the  expedition  to 
restore  the  Peshwa  in  1803 ;  defeated  the  Malrrattas  at 
Assaye  (Sept. -23)  and  Argaum  (Nov.)  in  1803;  negotiated 
peace  in  1803 ;  and  was  knighted,  and  returned  from 
India  in  1805.  He  took  part  in  the  expedition  to  Han- 
nover in  1806  ;  entered  the  British  House  of  Commons  in 
1806;  was  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1807;  served  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Copenhagen  in  1807  ;  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-general and  commander  of  the  forces  in  the  Penin- 
sula in  1808  ;  gained  the  victory  of  Vimiero  Aug.  21, 1808  ; 
returned  to  England  after  the  Convention  of  Cintra  ;  and 
was  again  Irish  secretary  in  1809,  and  .again  commander- 
in-chief  in  the  Peninsula  April,  1809.  He  gained  the  vic- 
tory of  Talavera  in  1809,  and  was  made  Viscount  Welling- 
ton in  the  same  year  :  fortified  tlie  lines  of  Torres  Vedras  ; 
repulsed  the  French  at  Busacoin  1810;  gained  the  victory 
of  Fuentes  d'Onoro  in  1811 ;  stormed  Ciudad  Rodrigo  and 
Badajoz  in  1812  ;  gained  the  victory  of  Salamanca  in  181'2, 
and  was  made  earl  and  marquis  of  Wellington  in  that  year; 
occupied  Madrid  ;  besieged  Burgos  unsuccessfully  in  1812 ; 
gained  the  victory  of  Vitoria  in  1813 ;  won  various  bat- 
tles in  the  Pyrenees;  captured  San  Sebastian  and  Pam- 
plona in  1813 ;  and  invaded  France  and  won  the  victories  of 
brthez  and  Toulouse  in  1814.  In  1814  he  was  made  duke 
of  Wellington.  He  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1814-15,  and 
plenipt'tentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna  1815  ;  gained  the 
victory  of  Quatre-Bras  June  16,  1815 ;  commanded  with 
Blucher  at  Waterloo  June  18,  1815  ;  negotiated  in  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  ami  in  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1815 ;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion in  France  1815-18;  attended  the  congresses  of  .Aix- 
la-Chapelle  in  1818  and  Verona  in  1822  ;  became  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance  in  1819,  and  member  of  the 
cabinet;  was  made  ambassador  to  Russia  in  18'26  ;  became 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  1827;  and  was  prime 
minister  lS'28-30.  Catholic  emancipation  was  carried  in 
ills  administration,  but  he  opposed  parliamentary  reform. 
He  was  foreign  secretary  1834-35,  and  a  member  of  the 
cabinet  1841^6. 

Wellesley,  Marquis  of  (Richard  Cowley  or 

Wesley  or  Wellesley,  second  Earl  of  Morn- 
ington). Born  at  Dulilin,  June  20,  1760:  died 
at  London,  Sept.  26, 1842.  A  British  statesman, 
elder  brother  of  the*Duke  of  Wellington.  He 
succeeded  to  the  earldom  in  1781,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Irish  House  of  Peers ;  entered  the  English  House 
of  Commons  in  1784  ;  became  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  mem- 
ber of  the  privy  council,  and  member  of  the  board  of  control 
on  Indian  aifairs  ;  and  was  appointed  governor-general  of 
India  in  1797.  He  arrived  in  India  in  1798 ;  overthrew 
the  power  of  Mysore  in  1799  ;  defeated  the  Slahratta  con- 
federacy 1803-05  ;  extinguished  French  influence  in  the 
Deccan  ;  greatly  developed  British  power  in  India;  and 
returned  in  1805.    lu  1797  he  was  made  Baron  Welleslej", 


Wellesley,  Marquis  of 

and  in  17D9  marquis.  He  was  amhassailor  to  Spain  1S08- 
1809 ;  tmei(,'ii  secntary  1SCI9-12  ;  lord  lieiit.nant  ut  Ireland 
1821-23  anil  183;i-34  ;  and  lord  chamberlain  in  183.-i. 

Wellesley  College.  An  institulion  for  the 
Higher  education  of  woineii,  situated  at  WoUes- 
h-y,  Massachusetts,  1')  miles  west  by  south  of 
Boston.  It  was  fonmled  by  H.  F.  Duralit,  and  oiRlicd 
in  1875;  is  non-sectarian ;  has  a  library  of  about  .Mi.oiiii  vul- 
nnies ;  and  has  about  so  instructors  and  700  stmlciits. 

Wellesley  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
Gulf   of  Cariieiitaria,  Australia,  bcloiigiug  to 


1055 

killed.  The  charter  was  revoked  in  1546,  alter  the  Wei- 
scrs  had  lost,  it  is  said,  s,OtMi,iJiio  florius. 

Welsh  (welsb).  The  people  of  Wales,  or  the 
uniiibevs  of  the  Cymric  race  indigenous  to 
Wales.  They  were  "ruled  by  petty  princes  and 
nuiintained  their  independence  of  the  English 
till  ii;si;-83. 

Welshpool  (welsh'pol).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Montt;oiuery,  Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn 
17  miles  west  of  Shrewsbury.  Near  it  is  Powj's 
Castle.     Population  (1891);  0,306 


/->  1       1      'I'l     1  ,,.,„. tfi„  M.^,.i.;r>rrf,^.rror.i,iri      'asiie.     I'opuiauon  ( inui  ,  u,ouu. 

Que,.nslau,h     1 1  e  largest  is  Mot.ungtou  Isl.  nd.  Shakspere.The.    S..e  inWa,,,,.  Ethcard. 

Wellesley  Province.    A"  adnumstrativo  diy,- .^gj^-^^^j^  (vTel-wich),  Friedrich.    Born  at 


sion  of  the  British  colony  of  Straits  Settlement 
situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, about  !at.  '>°  L'O'  N. 


-Mariasaal,  x^ustria,  1S07  :  died  at  London,  Oct. 
20,  1872.  An  African  botanist  and  explorer. 
He  spent  seven  years  in  Anpola,  West  Africa  (1853-61) 


[L.  Doctor  Fuu~    collected  above  -lo.noo  botanic  specimens :  and  discovered, 
name   £riven   to  .^"idius  Ro-     in  180:1,  near  ilossamedes,  the  singular  plant  named,  after 
®  ^  him,  WelwiUchm  viirabUis. 


Wemmick  (wem'ik),  John. 

but   apjiarently  tlinty  little  ( 


A  kind-hearted 
lerk  in  Dickens's 


Werner,  Franz  von 

He  was  accused  on  twenty-efght  connts  which  con- 
cerned his  conduct  towards  Kngland,  Ireland,  and  Sc<)t- 
land.  The  chief  was  that  he  had  incensed  his  majesty 
against  the  members  of  (be  late  Parliament  telling  him 
"they  had  denied  to  supply  him,  and  th:it  liis  majesty 
having  tried  the  affections  of  bis  people,  and  been  refused, 
lie  was  absolved  fit>ni  all  rules  of  government,  and  that 
lie  had  an  army  in  Irelanti  which  he  might  employ  to  re- 
duce this  kingdom  "(Slate  Trials).  Tlie  Lords  refused  to 
admit  as  evidence  a  paper  found  by  .Sir  ffarry  Vane  which 
supported  his  father's  evidence  on  this  charge.  For  which 
cause  the  Commous  brought  in  a  bill  of  attainder. 

Acland  and  Jtansome. 

Wenzel.     See  Woiceslaux. 

Wept  of  Wish-ton-wish,  The.    A  novel  by 

Cooiirr.  published  in  IM'H. 

Werbach  (ver'biich).  A  village  in  Baden,  near 
the  Tauber  16  miles  southwest  of  Wiirzburg. 
It  wa.s  the  sceneof  a  contest  between  the  troops  of  Baden 
and  those  of  Xortll  Germany,  July  24,  18IKJ. 

Werden  (ver'dcn).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ruhr  30  miles 
north  of  Cologne.  Ii  contains  an  ancient  church  of  a 
Henedictine  abbey  (founded  TMt).    rojiulation  (189c1),  8,838. 


A  Prussian  general.  He  entired  the  army  in  1825; 
served  with  tlie  Unssians  in  t<ie  Caucasus  ;  distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  of  IQt'Ai  at  (iitschin  antl  Konig'zratz; 
connnanded  an  army  corps  at  the  battle  of  Worth  in  1870 ; 
was  eoinniamler  of  the  army  whicll  i)esiepe<l  and  took 
Strasburg  in  1870,  and  waa  made  general  of  infantrj-;  com- 
manded in  the  autumn  of  1870  in  the  Vosges,  at  tiignon, 
Dijon,  etc.,  and  at  Villersexel  Jan.  9,  1871;  and  gained 
the  victorv  of  HCricourt  over  Bourbaki  Jan.  15-17,  1871. 


Well-Founded  Doctor,  The. 

(hiti.iximiif:.^      A 
inanus  of  Colonna. 
Wellhausen  (vel'hou-zen),  Julius.      Born  at 

^te^J^-^i^t^tot^Z     "0.-at:Expeetations.'^nehasa,ittlchomeatWa, 

successivelv  at  (_ireifs%vald  (1872),  Halle 

Marburg  (ISS.i),  and  ( ifittingen  (1892).  B 

include  "Text  der  Buehcr  S.imuelis"  (1.S71),  "Di 

8aerundSailducaer"(ls7-l),"  Prolegomena  zurGeschicht 

Israels  ■■(1S78-SC)  etc.  n,     i         -d  *    of  Bohemia  about  928-930,  a  patron  saint  of 

Welling  (wel'mg),  James  Clarke.     Bom  at    Bohemia. 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  July  14, 1825  :  ,lied  Sept.  5, 1894.  Wenceslaus  I.     King  of  Bohemia  1230-53,  son 

An  American  editor  and  educator.    He  was  editor    of  Ottokar  I.     He  was  a  patron  of  the  poetic 

of  the  Washmgton  "National  Intelligencer"  in  the  Civil         .  ,  liiniself  t  minnesiiip-er 

War  period,  and  president  of  St.  John's  College,  Annapo-     "L"-  <""'  lniuseit  a  mmuesmgi  1. 

lis,  1867-70.     Krom  1871  he  was  president  of  Columbian  WenceslauS  II.     King  of  Bohemia  12(8-130.7, 

University,  Washington.  sou  of  Ottokar  II.     He  e.xtended  the  Bohemian 

Wellingborough  (wel'iug-bur-o).     A  town  in    power,  and  was  crowned  king  of  Poland  in  Werela,  Peace  of.    A  treaty  concluded  in  1790, 

the  county  of  Northampton,  England,  situated    130O.  between  Sweden  and  Russia,  at  Werela,  a  vil- 

near  the  unioii  of  the  Ise  and  Neil.  10  miles  east- ■\^enceslaus.    Born  1.361:  died  Aug.  16,1419.     Inge  in  the  government  of  Nyland.  Finland. 

Arnold 

June  17, 

^,^  „^  „^,^,^.,. ,  . ..     --      ,  ,1845.    ANor- 

westeru  coast  of  Patagonia,  about  lat.  48°-50°    mian  nobles  1393-94  ;  was  deposed  from  the  German  throne     wegiau  poet.     His  father  was  a  clergyman,  and  one  of 

S.,  belonging  to  Chile.  Length,  about  100  miles,     in  1400 ;  and  renounced  his  right  to  that  crown  in  1410, 

Wellington.     The  capital  of  New  Zealand  and  JL"' '^»"""''!">  *«  "'R"''" '''"K"'/''''™^      , 
of  Hutt  County  in  the  North  Island,  situated  Wendland  (vent'lant).     Thenortheastem  part 
on  Port  Nicholson  in  lat.  41°  17'  S.,  long.  174°    of  the  former  principality  of  Luneburgiu  Prus- 

47'  E.     It  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  colonv,  J^*^*   _  ,  ^        *  .  •  , 

and  important  trade.     Population  (1891),  with  suburbs,  Wends   (wendz).     1.    A  name  given  m   early 
32,:;-24.  times  by  the  Germans  to  their  Slavic  neighbors. 

Wellington.     A  town  in  the  county  of  Som-    — 2.  The  members  of  a  liriinch  of  the  Slavic 
erset,  England,  23  miles  northeast  of  Exeter,    race  living  in  Lusatia.     Also  called  Sorhs. 
From  it  the  Duke  of  Wellington  took  his  title.  Wenern(va'nern),orVenem  (va'nern),Lake. 
Population  (1891),  6,808.  The  largest  lake  of  Sweden,  and  after  Lakes 

Wellington,  Duke  of.     See  TTenesley,  Arthur.      Ladoga  and  Onega  the  largest  lake  in  Europe, 

situated  in  the  southern  part  of  Sweden,  west^ 

northwest  of  Lake  Weftern,  with  which  it  is 

connected  by  a  canal  (and  thence  with  the 

Baltic).     It  receives  the  Klar  Elf,  and  its  outlet  is  by 

the  Oota  Elf  into  the  Cattcgat.    Length,  100 miles.    Width, 

f>0  miles      Height  above  sea-level,  140  feet.     Area,  about 

2.290  square  miles. 


neartheunion  ot  the  Iseand  INeii.  liimileseast- Wenceslaus.    Born  1.361:  died  Aug.  16,1419.     Inge  in  the  government  of  Nyland.  Fiii 

northeast  of  Northampton.     Population  (1891),    (iermaii  king,  son  of  the  emjieror  Charles  IV.  "Wergeland    (ver'ge-liind),    Henrik 

15.068.  He  was  elected  king  of  the  Romans  in  l;i76,  and  succeeded      T>,a,,l„~,       Ttnrn    nt    ( 'livistinnsnml      , 

^ar^^■^i■^rr^r,■^  l^a^'\^„i^^\       An  Jdon/I  r.00,.  tlio     to  the  German  and  Bohemian  thrones  in  1378.     He  put  to      t3^     ?    ,'    .'vli    ■  J^      •       t    ,     ,0   10!- 

Wellington  (wel  ing-ton).    An  island  near  the    ^^^j^  j^,,„  „,  xeponmk.    He  was  imprisoned  by  Bohe-     180S:  tlied  at  Christiania,  July  12,  184o. 


Wellington,  Mount.  A  mountain  in  TasmUnia, 
near  Ilobart  Town.     Height,  4,170  feet. 

Wells  (welz).  A  tow^l  in  the  county  of  Somer- 
set, England,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Meiidip 
Hills.  17  miles  southwest  of  Batli.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  bishopric,  now  conjoined  with  that  of  Bath.  The  cathe 
dral  is  in  the  main  of  the  first  half  of  the  13th  century, 


urai  rs  in  iiie  iiiain  oi  liic  niHt.  iiuii  ui  lotr  loiii  ceniiiiy,    ___  <  .,       ,  i  ..i     \  a    i      ■    t  ..  -—  j.i 

withsqiiarecentraltoweramlLadychapeloftheHth.  The  WeUgem  Alp  (ven'gern  alp).     A  height  in  the 


pass  of  tlie  Little  Sclieidoek.  Bonipso  Oborland, 
Switxerland  :  famous  for  its  nia«^nifuH'!it  view. 

Wenlock  (wcn'loio.or  MuchWenlock  (nnidi 

wen'lok).     A  town  in  iSliro])sliire,  Eiif^'lainl.  30 
miles  west-iK^rllnvest  of  Birmingham.     Popu- 


plitn  shows  S(|uare  chevetaiul  single  tiansepts.    The  wide 
west  front,  flanked  by  two  towers,  is  somewhat  of  the  char- 
acter of  that  of  Salisbury  in  its  sujierposcd  and  monotonous 
tiers  of  arcading :  it  is  more  like  cabinet-work  than  archi- 
tecture, but  the  details  are  beautiful.    The  interior  is  im- 
{jressive  in  Reneral  etfect,  but  is  architecturally  inorganic, 
laving  no vaultiiiK-sliafts  in  the  nave.    The  western  tran-     Infinn  MSOl  ^     I'l  7(1*^ 
sept-piers,  showiuK  weaknci^s,  were  buttressed  in  1338  by     *^^^""  \^"^^}y  i-Ojtvo.  _^ 
the  insertion  between  them  of  a  pair  of  massive  arches,  Wentorono  (wpn-ro-ro  no) 
appx  to  apex— a  curious  device.     The  beautiful  choir  is 
separated  from  the  nave  by  a  Perpctiiliciihir  scieen,  and 
its  w.ill-Bpaces  are  arcaded.     The  I.;nly  ilinpcl  is  famous 
for  liKhtnessand  beauty.  Thediuitii.si.>!iHfil  llie  cathedral 
arc383liy82feet:  the  height  of  the  vaultiri).',  from  <J7  to  73. 
There  is  a  lieautiful  octagonal  chapter-lmuse  with  central 


pillar,  Perpendicular  cloisters,  and  a  pictures.|ue  13th-  WentWOrth  (went'wertli),  Benning.     Born  at 


century  bislmjiV,  palace.  Population  (IttUl),  4,8'J; 
Wells, David  Ames.  Born  at  Si)rin^field,Mas8.. 
June  17,  1828:  died  at  Norwit-li,  Conn.,  Nov. 
5,  1898.  A  noted  American  eeonomiNl.  He 
graduated  at  Wniiams  College  in  1847, 
rence  ■ 
was 
other 
in  financial  and  economic  dlscui^sioiis.     He  was  an  able 


advocate  «>f   freedom  of  trade.      Hu  wrote  "HcidKc  nf  -—.       ,  .,      .,.      t«v«       T)««n  «*■  'P^ffavn^Mitli 

Common  Things'-  (ia^«),  text-books  on  natural  philos-  WentWOrth,  ^U'  JoUn.      l^om  at  J'ortsmOllth 

ophv,  geology,  and  chemistry,  government  reports,  "Our     '^^     '*        * 

Mercbant^larine '■  (1882),  "rrimer  of  Tariff  Refonn"n88-»), 

'Prai-tiral  Koonomlcs"  (188:.),  "Study  of  Mexico"  (18«(l), 

"  Relation  nf  the  Tai  lif  to  Wages  "  (1H88),  and  various  other 

economic  works. 

Wels  (vels).  A  iown  in  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated on  tlie  Traun  15  miles  southwest  of  Linz. 
Population  (1890).  10,118. 

Welscli  Tyrol.    Sr..  'n/mf,  u'rhrh. 
Welser{vel'ser).Bartliolomeus,  DiedatAuijs- 

bnrp,  infiO.  A  (i<rinan  Imnker.  lie  was  the  liead 
of  one  of  the  richest  banking  and  commercial  Ilrms  of  his 
time  ;  lent  large  sums  to  Charles  V. ;  was  created  a  prince 
of  the  Empire  ;  and  In  1527  was  gnnited  the  right  to  con- 
quer and  colordze  Venezuela.  Daltlnger,  iSpeler.  and  others 
were  engageil  by  the  Welsers  in  this  enterprise,  which 
waa  carried  on  simply  as  a  commercial  venture.  Great 
nmnbera  of  the  Indians  were  enslaved,  and  far  more  were 


the  members  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  at  Eidsvold, 
and  pastor  there  after  1817.  lie  studied  at  the  Christiania 
University  after  182.'^,  and  began  to  write  in  1827.  His  flret 
productions  were  a  series  of  satirical  farces  (among  them 
"Ah!;  Om  Smag  og  Behag  kan  man  ikke  disputere" 
(''There  is  no  disfiuting  about  taste")  and  "Papegojen" 
("The  Parrot")),  all  pul^lisbed  under  the  pseudonym  .Siful 
Sifadda.  In  182S  apiitand  the  tragedy  "Sinclairs  Dod  " 
('•  .Sinclair's  I>eath  ).  In  IS-D  was  publishe<l  a  volume  of 
lyrics,  many  of  them  enthusiastically  patriotic  in  char- 
acter, which  were  taken  up  as  songs  by  tlie  people :  and  at 
this  time  his  fame  as  a  jntet  really  begins.  In  1830  ap- 
peared the  long  dramatic  poem  "Skabelsen.  Mennesket 
og  Messias ""  ("  The  Creation,  ilan  and  Messiah  ").  Suhce- 
quent  works  were  the  drama  "Opium  "(18;il)and  the  poem 
*■  Spaniolen  "  (lt.33).  In  the  meantime  the  jwet  \\  clhaven 
had  made  in  a  pamphlet,  in  1832,  a  personal  attack  upon 
him  for  his  pins  of  poetical  commission  ;  and  in  1SS4,  in  the 
poem  "  Norway's  Tw ilight."  had  ci-nsureil  the  misplaced 
zeal  of  the  ultra-national  faction  which  Wergeland  repre- 
sented. At  the  production  of  his  dnuna  *'Campbellerne" 
("The  Campbells")  theftud  came  to  an  open  outbreak  in 
the  theater.  Subsetiucntly  his  ftirlunes  steadily  decUned. 
!!e  was  deprived  by  the  king  of  an  ofHcial  position,  and 
then  became  involved  in  a  lawsuit  which  took  the  greater 
part  of  his  property.  Some  of  his  best  work,  however,  waa 
done  after  this  time.  Particularly  to  be  mentioned  are 
"Jan  van  Huysums  lilomslei-stykke'^"  J:in  van  Huysum's 
Flower-pie<  e"l,  a  seriep  of  lyrics;  the  jtoem  "  Svalrn  " 
("The  Swallow  ');  the  idyls  "Joden*  ("The  Jew")  and 
".lodinden"  ("The  Jewess  ");  and,  t\mUly,  his  last  and 
greatest  poem,"  I>enengelske  IxkIs^'  ("The  English  Pilot  "). 
His  collected  works  were  published  at  »  hristiania,  18^2- 
IS.Mt.  in  0  vols. 
Werner  (ver'nor).  A  trapf*dy  V>y  Lord  Byron: 
so  called  from  the  name  of  its  liero.  a  mysteri- 
ous and  morbid  ebaraeter.  Macready  produced  thla 
play  in  1830,  and  Werner  waa  considered  one  of  hie  most 
powerful  parta. 

Of  the  "Oerman's  Tale  "(by  Harriet  Lee)  he  jByron) 
confessed  :  "It  made  a  deep  impression  on  mc.  and  may 
be  said  to  contain  the  genu  of  much  that  1  havo  sinco 
written."  It  not  oidy  contained  the  germ  of  "Werner," 
but  supplied  the  whole  material  for  that  tnigedy.  All 
the  characters  t.f  the  ni>vel  are  reproduce*!  by  Byn>n  ex- 
cept  "  Ida."  whom  he  added.  The  plan  oi  Miss  I^e's  work 
is  exactly  followed,  as  the  poet  admitted,  and  even  the 
language  is  frequenllv  adopted  without  ew*ciilinl  change. 
Tuckeiinan.  Hist,  ui  Knglisb  Prose  Fiction,  p.  2MJ. 

Werner  (vor'ner).  Abraham  Gottlob.    Born 

at  Welirau,  rpper  Lusatia,  Sept.  'J'*.  iT.'tO:  died 
at  Dresden.  .June  MK  1817.  A  <'olel>rnted  tier- 
man  mineralo^jist  and  jreolo^ist.  tlie  founder  of 
soieiitilie  peolojry :  instnu-tor  in  the  Mining 
Aeademvin  Kreiber;,' fi<»m  177r>.  lie  wan  the  pro. 
IKiunderof  the  "  Neptunian  thiHir>'."  which  regarded  hu  of 
aqueous  origin  various  formations  nl^»  considered  to  be 
volcanic,  and  which  aroused  [uueli  discuHslon.  His  works 
Include  "  t*ber  die  auKsern  Kennreicheu  der  Fofi«tUen  " 
(1774),  "Kur/e  Klasj^ltlkatlon  und  Hescbrelbnng  dertJe- 
hlrgsarten  "  (1787),  "  None  Theorie  uber  die  Entstehung 

of  the  Council  of  the  North  In  li;2S;  was  made  a  privv   -LI      '  -n   '      '  i  ■»«■ j  xir 

e'mncilorln  I0»1>:  was  appointed  loni  deputy  of  Ireland  Wemcr.  FranZ  VOn:  pseudonym  Murad  Ef- 
1032,  and  arrived  there  ltW3  ;  and  became  the  chief  atlvlfter  fendi.  Born  at  \  ii-ntio.  May  .tO,  I'^.it):  died  at 
of  ibailes  I.  In  KHO  he  waa  made  earl  of  Stralftud  and  'y]^^,  Ha^ie.  Sept.  V2.  18S1.  Atbrmnn  poet.  He 
l5;e'sS'h;'o!aV',i^:r -"^-.rpr i;!:;!'  iyX' li.:Slr  ^\--  »>  ^^^  Turkish  miUtary  and  .liploniatie  ser- 
liamcnt ;  ami  won  coniicmneU  by  u  bUl  of  utUiliidcr.  Vice. 


A  tribe  of  North 
Aiiicrii-iin  Iii<lians  which,  wlien  lirst  iviiowii. 
lived  iu  association  witli  the  Neuters,  and.  upon 
the  attacks  of  tlio  Iroquois  in  1G38,  fh'd  to  the 
lluroiis  with  whom  they  liccanio  ini.xed.  See 
Iroqnninn. 


Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1G9G :  aied_  1770.  A  royal 
governor  of  New  llaiii]isliire  1741-07.  He  mmle 
^-rants  of  hind  (llu'  New  Il:iinii.sliire  gmnts)  in  southern 
Ni'iinimt. 


Juated  nt  Willliinis  CoUtKi-  i"  1847,  imd  at  the  Law-  •nr»n*-arnrl->i     f!hjirlp<s  Wataon     second    Mar- 
:e  Scientifl,:  Sehool.  ilaivard,  in  1.-61.     In  1S0.'.-(1C  lie  WentWOrtn,   OnaneS    waison.    .tin  I    1  la 

ITnitc.l  .stau»  coninilBnioniT  of  revenue  ;  seive.i  ..n     V"^  <>'  KoeUuiKliaill.     Born  li.iO  .  died  Jul>   1, 
er  important  coniniiMions;   and  toolt  a  leadinK  jiart     17KL'.      ,\n  Eii^'lish  statesman,  jirimo  minister 


17i;ri-(l(i  and  .\l!U-ch-.Tiilv,  17Si;. 


N.  II.,  .\nK.  !l,  17:i7:  died  at  Halifax,  N.  S., 
April  H,  1820.  Koyal  fjovernor  of  New  llaini>- 
Rliiro  17()7-7.'J.  lie  was  u  loyalist  in  the  Hevo- 
lution,  and  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova 

Scotia  17<.)2-l«n8. 

WentWOrth,  Thomas,  Karl  of  StrnfTord.    Rom 

at  Ijiiniliin,  .\|iril  V.S,  l.'iii:!:  executed  a(  London, 
May  1-.  Ili41.  A  famous  KMjjlish  Rlatesmaii.  Ho 
entered  I'urlliinunt  in  KlU ;  and  wan  iin  opponent  of  tlio 
indiey  of  .Inmen  I.,  and  until  1I1J8-211  of  tlint  of  CIllilleB  I. 
In  10"8  lie  wan  ralBed  to  tlic  peerage  ;  lieeanic  prenideiit 
Niirth  In  115-H ;  wan  mad 


Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zachariaa 

Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias.  Born 
at  Kouigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  IS,  1768 :  died  at 
Vienna,  Jan,  17,  1823.  A  German  dramatist 
and  poet,  founder  of  the  "  fate-tragedies."  He 
was  a  Roman  Catholic  preacher  in  later  life.  Among 
his  dramas  are  "  Die  Sohne  des  Thais  "  ("  The  Sons  of  the 
Valley,"  1803X  *'Der  Vierundzwanzigste  Februar"  (1815; 
"The  24th  of  February"),  "Das  Kreuz  an  der  Ostsee" 
("The  Cross  on  the  Baltic."  1806),  "Martin  Luther,"  or 
"Die  Weihe  der  Kraft "  (1807),  etc. 

Wernigerode  (ver'ne-ge-ro-de).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Harz,  on  the  Holzemme,  40  miles 
southwest  of  Magdeburg.  It  is  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Stolberg- Wernigerode  (formerly  an  imperial 
fleO.  It  contains  a  noted  Rathans  and  castle  with  a  large 
library.    Population  (1890),  9,96«. 

Werra  (ver'rii).  One  of  the  two  head  streams  of 
the  Weser.  It  rises  in  Saxe-lleiningen.  flows  through 
Thuringia,  separating  the  Thiiringerwald  from  the  Ehon- 
gebirge,  and  unites  with  the  Fulda  at  Miinden  to  form 
the  Weser.     length,  about  170  miles. 

Werth,  or  Werdt  (vart),  Johann  von  (Jean  de 
Weert).  Bom  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century: 
died  1652.  A  general  in  the  Imperialist  and 
Bavarian  service  in  the  Thirty  Tear,s'  War.  He 
was  distinguished  at  Nonllingen  in  1634 ;  captured Ehren- 
"breitstein  in  1637 ;  was  ilefeated  and  taken  prisoner  at 
Rheinfelden  March  8,  1638;  commanded  at  Tuttlingen 
Nov.  24,  1043;  and  was  distinguished  at  Mergentheim  and 
Allersheim  in  1645, 

Werther  (var'ter).  An  opera  by  Massenet, 
words  by  E.  Blau,  Paul  Milliet,  and  Georges 
Hartmann,  from  Goethe's  novel:  produced  at 
London  June,  1894.     See  Sorroics  of  Werther. 

Wertingen  (ver'ting-en).  A  small  town  in 
Swabia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Zusam  16  miles 
northwest  of  Augsburg.  Here,  Oct.  8,  1805,  the 
Prench  under  Lannes  and  Murat  defeated  the 
Austrians. 

Wesel  (va'zel).  A  city  in  the  Rhine  Pro^-ince, 
Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Lippe 
and  Rhine,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  6°  37'  E.  It 
is  strongly  fortified.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  Hanse- 
atic  town  and  a  free  imperial  city.  Population  (1S90), 
20, 724. 

Weser  (va'zer).  [L.  Visurgis,  OG.  Visuracka.'] 
One  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Germany,  it  is 
formed,  at  MUnden.  by  the  union  of  the  rivers  Werra  and 
Fulda ;  flows  jjenerally  north  and  north-northwest,  and 
principally  through  Prussia  ;  and  empties  into  the  North 
Sea  near  Bremerhaven.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
AUer,  Wiimme,  and  Geeste  (on  the  right),  Diemel,  Werre, 
Aue,  and  Hunte.  On  it  are  situated  Bremen  and  Minden. 
Length,  about  270  miles,  or.  including  the  head  stream 
Werra,  about  435  miles  ;  navigable  for  sea  vessels  to  Els- 
fleth,  and  for  large  boats  to  MUnden. 

Weser  Mountains,  or  Weser   Terrace.     A 

mountainous  and  plateau  region,  extending  on 
both  sides  of  the  Weser  from  Miinden  to  Hin- 
den.  Among  the  groups  of  mountains  or  hills  are  the 
Brarowald,  Soiling,  Usterwald,  Siintel,  Deister,  Biickeberg, 
the  Weser  proper,  and  the  Teutoburgerwald.  Highest 
point,  about  1,650  feet. 

Wesley  (wes'li  or  wez'li),  Charles.  Born  at 
Epworth,  Lincolnshire,  England,  Dec.  28, 1708 : 
died  at  London,  March  29,  1788.  An  English 
Methodist  clergyman  and  hjTnn-writer,  brother 
of  John  Wesley  :  famous  as  a  hymn-writer.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School  an^  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  He  accompanied  his  brother  John  to  Georgia 
1735-36. 

Wesley,  John.  Bom  at  Epworth.  England,  June 
2«  (X.  S. ),  17U3 :  died  at  London,  March  2, 1791. 
An  English  clergyman,  son  of  Samuel  Wesley : 
famous  as  the  founder  of  Methodism.  He  w.as 
edncated  at  Charterhouse  School  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  became  a  fellow  of  Lincoln  College  in  1726  :  and 
was  curate  to  his  father  1727-29.  In  the  latter  year  he  set- 
tled at  Oxford,  where  he  became  the  leader  of  a  band  of 
young  men  conspicuous  for  their  religious  earnestness: 
they  were  somewhat  derisively  called  "methodists  "  fiom 
the  regularity  and  strict  metliod  of  their  lives  and  studies. 
He  went  to  Georgia  as  a  mis8iunar>'  in  1735,  returning  to 
England  in  1738.  At  first  he  was  allied  with  the  Moravi- 
ans, but  soon  abandoned  all  ecclesiastical  traditions  and 
established  the  Methodist  Church.  In  1739  he  began 
open-air  preaching.  The  first  Methodist  conference  was 
held  in  1744.     His  literary  work,  also,  was  extensive. 

Wesleyan  (wes'li-an  or  wez'li-an)  University. 
An  institution  of  learning  at  Middletown.  Con- 
necticut, chartered  in  1831.  It  is  under  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  control.  It  has  about  35  in- 
structors and  350  students. 

Wessel  ( ves'sel),  Jofian  Herman.  Bom  in  the 
parish  of  Vestby,  Norway,  1742 :  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, 1785.  'A  Danish  dramatist  and  poet. 
His  father  was  a  clergyman.  After  elementary  instruc- 
tion in  Christiania,  he  went  in  1761  to  the  Copenhagen 
University,  where  he  studied  the  succeeding  year.  Sub- 
sequently he  supported  himself  by  teaching  modem  lan- 
guages. In  1778  he  was  made  translator  to  the  Royal  The- 
ater. His  one  important  literary  work,  written  when  he 
was  30  years  old,  is  the  tragedy  "  Kjielighed  uden  Strom- 
per"  ("  Love  without  .Stockings  "),  a  parody  on  the  French 
tragedies  then  in  vogue  on  the  Danish  stage,  from  which 
it  effectually  banished  them.  Two  other  dramas  are  of 
T)ut  little  value.    He  wrote,  besides,  a  few  lyrics  and  hu* 


1056 

morons  narrstives  in  verse.    His  poems  were  published 

in  a  second  edition  at  Copenhagen  in  1878. 
Wessex  (wes'eks).  [ME.  Wessex,  TTessexe,  AS. 
yfestseaxe,W  est  Savons.  Ct.  Essex,  Sussex.']  One 
of  the  Saxon  kingdoms  in  England,  which  be- 
came the  nucleus  of  the  kingdom  of  England. 
The  settlement  of  the  West  Saxons  under  Cerdic  and  Cyn- 
ric  on  the  coast  of  Hampshire  took  place  in  495.  and  the 
kingdom  spread  north  and  west  to  Berkshire,  Wiltshire, 
Dorset,  etc.  Wessex  obtained  the  overlordship  in  Britain 
under  Egbert  in  the  first  part  of  the  9th  century ;  was  re- 
duced in  power  by  the  Danes  ;  and  under  Alfred's  succes- 
sors developed  into  the  kingdom  of  England.  It  was  an 
earldom  in  the  10th  and  11th  centuries,  comprising  the 
territor)'  south  of  the  Thames. 

Wessobmnner  Gebet.  [ '  Wessobrunn  Prayer.'] 
An  important  relic  of  Old  High  German  litera- 
ture, dating  from  the  end  of  the  8th  century. 
It  was  preserved  in  the  Benedictine  monastery 
of  Wessobrunn,  in  Bavaria  near  the  Lech. 

West  (west),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Springfield. 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  Oct.  10,  1738:  died  at 
London,  March  11, 1820.  An  American-English 
historical  and  portrait  painter.  He  worked  as  a  por- 
trait-painter in  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  and  studied 
in  Italy  176'.-)-63.  He  settled  in  London  in  1763;  became 
court  historical  painter  in  1772;  was  one  of  the  early  mem- 
bersof  the  Royal  Academy ;  and  was  the  successor  of  Rey- 
nolds as  president  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Among  his 
noted  paintings  are  "  The  Death  of  Wolfe  "  (at  Grosvenor 
House),  '*  Battle  of  La  Hogue,"  "Christ  Healing  the  Sick" 
(National  Gallerj',  London),  "  Death  on  the  Pale  Horse  " 
(Pennsylvania  Academy),  "  Alexander  the  Great  and  his 
Physicians,"  and  "Penn'sTreaty  with  thelndians."  Many 
of  his  pictures  are  at  Hampton  Court. 

West,  Empire  of  the.     See  TTestern  Empire. 

West,  Lionel  Sackville.    See  SaclTiUc-West. 

West,  Bebecca.  An  adventuress,  in  Ibsen's 
play  "  Rosmersholm,"  who  induces  the  wife  of 
Rosmer  to  commit  suicide,  leaving  him  with 
the  conviction  that  she  (the  wife)  was  insane. 

West,  The.  1.  The  western  part  of  the  world, 
or  Occident.  Tliis,  as  distinguished  from  the  East,  or 
Orient,  is  sometimes  restricted  to  the  greater  part  of  Eu- 
rope, and  sometimes  indicates,  or  at  least  includes,  the 
western  hemisphere. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  the  western  part  of  that 
country.  Formerly  this  was  the  region  lying  west  of  the 
thirteen  original  States  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and 
particularly  the  northern  part  of  that  region ;  now  it  is, 
indefinitely,  the  region  beyond  the  older  seaboard  and  cen- 
tral States,  or  more  specifically  that  included  mainly  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
especially  the  northern  part  of  that  region- 

West,  Thomas,  Baron  Delawarr  or  Delaware. 
Died  1618.  Governor  and  captain-general  of 
Virginia.  He  was  appointed  in  1609,  arrived 
at  Jamestown  in  1610,  and  returned  in  1611. 

West  African  Colonies.  A  collective  name  for 
the  British  colonies  in  western  Africa.  They 
comprise  Sierra  Leone,  Lagos,  the  Gold  Coast, 
and  Gambia. 

West  Australia.     See  Western  Australia. 

West  Bay  City.  A  city  in  Bay  County,  Michi- 
gan, situated  near  the  mouth  of  Saginaw  River, 
opposite  Bay  Citv.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in 
lumber.     Population  (1900),  13,119. 

West  Bromwich  (brum'ich).  .A  town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  situated  near  the  Tame  6 
miles  northwest  of  Birmingham-.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  hardware,  etc.  Population  (1901), 
65,175. 

Westbury,  Baron.    See  BetheU,  Bichard. 

West  Chester  (ches'ter).  Aborough,  capital  of 
Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  25  miles  west 
of  Philadelphia.     Population  (1900),  9,524. 

Westcott  (west'kot),  Brooke  Foss.  Bom  near 
Birmingham,  Jan.,  1825:  died  .Tuly  27,  1901. 
An  English  prelate  and  biblical  scholar.  He 
was  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge  1870-90; 
became  canon  of  Westminster  in  1883;  and  was  bishop  of 
Durham  1890-1901.  He  was  one  of  the  New  Testament 
revisers.  His  works  include  a  "  History  of  the  Canon  of 
the  New  Testament"  (1855).  "Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  the  Gospels  "  (1860),  "  The  Bible  in  the  Church  "  (1864), 
"The  Gcispel  of  the  Resurrection"  (1866),  "History  of 
the  English  Bible"  (1868),  etc. 

West  Cowes  (kouz).  A  town  on  the  northern 
shore  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Hampshire,  England, 
on  the  Medina  11  miles  south-southeast  of 
Southampton,  it  is  a  summer  resort  and  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron.  Population  (1891),  7,768. 

West  Derby  (der'bi  or  dar'bi).  AtowninLan- 
cashire.  England,  4miles  northeast  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  38,291. 

West  End.  The  aristocratic  western  part  of 
Jjondou. 

Westeraalen  (ves'ter-a-len)  Islands.  A  group 
of  islands  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Norway, 
east  and  north  of  the  Lofoten  Islands,  from 
which  they  are  separated  by  the  Raftsund. 

Westerns  (ves'ter-as).  The  capital  of  the  laen 
of  Westmanland,  Sweden,  situated  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  SvartS,  into  Lake  Malar,  57  miles 
west-northwest  of  Stockholm.  There,  April  29, 1521, 


West  Indian,  The 

Gastavna  Vasa  defeated  the  Danes  ;  and  at  the  Diet  held 
there  in  1527  he  secured  the  success  of  the  Reformation. 
Population,  8,122. 

Westergotland  (ves'ter-yet-land).  A  former 
province  of  Sweden,  now  divided  into  the  laens 
of  Goteborg,  Elfsborg,  and  Skaraborg. 

Westerly  (wes'ter-li).  A  town  in  Washington 
County.  Rhode  Island,  37  miles  southwest  of 
Providence.     Population  U900),  7,5-11. 

Westermann(ves-ter-man').FranQois  Joseph. 
Guillotined  1794.  A  French  Revolutionist  and 
general,  distinguished  in  the  Vendean  war. 

Western  (wes'tern),  Sophia.  The  heroine  of 
Fielding's  novel  "Tom  Jones,"  a  very  bright 
and  attractive  character.  .After  various  adven- 
tures caused  by  her  father's  brutal  temper,  she 
is  reconciled  to  him  and  marries  Jones. 

Western,  Squire.  In  Fielding's  novel  "Tom 
Jones,"  a  hunting  squire  of  gross  speech  and 
ungoverned  and  brutal  temper,  the  father  of  the 
fair  Sophia.  His  redeeming  trait  is  his  affection  for 
his  daughter,  whom,  however,  he  treats  in  a  most  tyran- 
nical fashion. 

But,  above  all,  what  sh.all  we  say  of  Squire  Western, 
next  to  Falstaff  the  most  universally  popular  of  comic  cre- 
ations? .  .  .  His  slu-ewdness,  his  avarice,  his  coarse  kind- 
ness, his  sense-defymg  Jacobitism,  his  irresistible  un- 
reasonableness ;  his  brutal  anger,  making  the  page  which 
chronicles  it  shake  with  oaths,  interjections,  and  scream- 
ing interrogations; — loving  his  daughter  as  he  loves  his 
dogs  and  horses,  and  willing  to  use  the  whip  and  the  spur 
the  moment  she  does  not  obey  him  with  due  alacrity,  as 
in  the  case  of  his  other  brutes;  and  loving  himself  with  a 
depth  of  affection,  with  a  disregard  of  everything  else  on 
and  over  the  earth,  which  touches  the  pathetic  in  selfish- 
ness. Whipple,  Essays  and  Reviews- 

Westem  Australia  (wes'tem  as-tra'lia).  A 
state  of  Australia,  bounded  by  the  ocean  on 
the  north,  west,  and  south,  and  by  South  Aus- 
tralia (with  the  Northern  Territory  an<l  Alex- 
ander Land)  on  the  east.  Capital.  Perth.  The 
interior  is  largely  a  desert,  and  is  to  a  great  extent  unex- 
plored. The  largest  export  is  wool.  The  government  is 
vested  ia  a  governor,  legislative  council  (elected  since 
1893),  and  legislative  assembly.  The  coasts  were  visited 
in  the  16th  century ;  a  convict  settlement  was  established 
at  King  George's  Sound  in  1825 :  and  free  settlements  were 
founded  on  Swan  River  about  1829.  Area,  975,920  square 
miles.     Po|>ulation  (1899),  estimated,  168,480. 

Western  Empire,  The.  The  distinctive  desig- 
nation of  the  western  portion  of  the  Roman 
world  after  its  dirision  into  two  independent 
empires  in  A.  D.  395.  See  Eastern  Empire,  its 
power  very  rapidly  declined  under  the  inroads  of  barba- 
rians and  other  adverse  influences,  and  it  was  finally  ex- 
tinguished in  476.    See  Holy  Romaii  Empire. 

Western  Ghats.    See  Gliats. 

Western  Islands.     See  A-ores,  Hebrides. 

Westernorrland  (ves'ter-nor-land),  or  Herno- 
sand  (her'ne-sand).  A  laen  in  northern  Swe- 
den. Area.  9,530  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  212,028. 

Western  Reserve.  The  popular  name  for  that 
part  of  Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie,  reserved  by  Con- 
necticut.    (.See  Ohio.)    It  contains  Cleveland. 

Western  States.  Formerly,  the  states  of  the 
American  Union  lying  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 
As  the  country  developed,  the  phrase  came  to  include 
all  the  States  westward  to  the  Pacific  and  north  of  the 
slave  States,  although  certain  States  have  been  classed 
both  as  Southern  and  as  Western  States.  The  name  is  very 
indefinite;  sometimes  it  is  restricted  to  the  States  west 
of  the  Mississippi  (excluding  the  so-called  Southwest) ; 
sometimes  it  includes  the  northern  part  of  the  entire 
region  from  Ohio  to  CaUforni.1. 

Westerwald  (ves'ter-valt).  A  region  of  pla- 
teaus and  low  mountains  in  Prussia,  between 
the  Rhine,  the  Sieg,  and  the  Lahn.  At  the 
northwest  end  is  the  Siebengebirge.  Highest 
point,  about  2, 200  feet. 

Westfield  (west'feld).  A  town  in  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  west  of  Spring- 
field. It  has  manuf  aetures  of  whips,  cigars,  etc. 
Population  (1900),  12.310. 

West  Flanders.    See  Flanders,  West. 

"West  Francia.     See  Francia. 

West  Friesland(frez'land).  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  province  of  Friesland,  Netherlands. 

'West  Gothland.     See  Westergotland. 

"West  Goths.    See  Visigoths. 

'West  Ham  (ham).  A  suburb  of  London,  in  Es- 
sex, 5  miles  east-northeast  of  St.  Paul's.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  267,308.  It  returns  2  members  to 
Parliament. 

West  Hartlepool  (hiir'tl-pol).  A  seaport  in 
Durham,  England,  opposite  East  Hartlepool. 
Population  (1901)   62,627. 

West  Houghton  (no'ton).  A  township  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  14  miles  west-northwest  of 
Manchester.     Population  (1891),  11.077. 

"West  India  Company,  Dutch.  See  Dutch  West 

India  Company. 
West  Indian,  The.  A  comedy  by  Richard  Cum- 
berland (1770).     It  is  considered  his  best  play. 
Garrick  brought  it  out  in  1771. 


West  Indies 

West  Indies  (iu'Jiz).  [Formerly  Jl'est  Indias ; 
G.  Tc.y^  Iiidieii,  F.  Aiitilks,  Sp.  Jiitillns  or  Inilias 
Occidiiitaks.'j  An  archipelago  between  North 
a.\id  South  America,  extending  in  a  curve  from 
Florida  tothe  peninsula  of  Paria,  andseparatiug 
the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  principal  groups  distinguished 
are  the  Greater  Antilles  (Cuba.  Haiti,  Porto  Hico,  and  Ja- 
maica) ;  the  Bahamas,  north  of  Cuba ;  and  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, or  t'aribbee  Islands,  foriuing  a  line  at  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  the  group.  3Iost  of  the  Bahamas  are  low, 
is'eariy  jdl  the  other  islands  are  mountainous,  and  in  the 
Lesser  Antilles  there  :u-e  many  active  and  e.vtinct  volca- 
noes. ^^■ith  the  exception  of  some  of  the  Bahamas,  the 
entire  group  lies  within  the  tropics,  and  the  climate  and 
productions  of  all  are  essentially  tropicaL  The  principal 
products  are  sugar,  tobacco,  and  cotfee.  Nearly  alh  the 
islands  are  occasionally  visited  by  hurricanes,  which  are 
sometimes  very  destructive :  the  huiTicane  months  are 
from  June  to  October  inclusive.  Columbus  discovered  the 
Bahamas,  Cuba,  and  Haiti  in  1492,  and  nearly  all  the  islands 
were  known  before  the  continent  of  America  was  discov- 
ered. They  were  supposed  to  be  outlyin-j  islands  of  India 
or  .-Vsia.  and,  as  they  had  been  found  by  sailing  westward, 
they  were  called  tile  West  Indies.  Later  the  name  inclutleci 
for  a  time  the  known  portiijns  of  the  continent.  The 
Oreater  Antilles  were  colonized  by  the  Spanish,  who  claimed 
the  whole  group  ;  but  later  many  of  the  smaller  islands 
were  seized  by  French,  English,  and  liuteh  ailvt-iiturers, 
and  theii"  wars  with  one  anotlier  and  with  the  .Spaniards 
were  continued  intermittently  until  181j,  the  smaller 
colonies  fretiuently  changing  masters.  Many  African 
slaves  were  lu'ought  in,  and  their  descrndants  form  a  large 
prrtportion  "f  the  p"pidation.  In  ISHSCiiba  was  freed  from 
the doMliliati I  >ln)f. Spain, anil  Porto Riiopassed  to  the  I'idted 
States  ;  Haiti  is  -lividtd  between  two  independent  states  ; 
Jamaica,  the  Bahamas,  and  some  of  the  Lesser  Antilles 
belong  to  England;  and  the  rest  are  divided  between 
Ft-ance,  Denmark,  and  the  Netherlands. 

Westmacott("'est'ma-kot),  SirRichard.  Born 
at  LoTidoii,  1775:  died'  Sei)t.l,  ls."ili.  An  Eiiglisli 
sculptor.  In  179;Uu' wasapupil  of  Canova  at  Home.  In 
lH27he  succeeded  FIa.\man  as  proI'es>or  of  senl])ture  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  llee.xecuted  monuments  in  -St.  Paul'sand 
Westminster  Abbey.  His  statues  include  those  of  Fox,  the 
duke^  of  Vork  and  Bedford,  George  III.,  Achilles,  etc. 

Westmacott,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  1799: 
died  Api-il  19,  1872.  An  English  sculptor,  son 
of  Sir  Kichard  Westmacott. 

Westmeath  (west'melH).  A  county  in  Leln- 
ster.  Ireland,  bounded  by  Cavau,  Meath,  King's 
County,  Roscommon,  and  Longford.  Area,  70S 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  Oa,109. 

Westminster  (west'min-ster).  A  former  city, 
now  a  borough  (municipal)  of  London.  It  is 
bounded  by  >Iai-yKbf>ne  <in  the  nortli.  Temple  Bar  on  the 
east,  the  Tlianiefl  on  the  east  and  .south,  and  Kensington 
anil  Chelsea  on  the  west.  It  is  noted  for  the  abbey,  around 
which  it  grew  up.  and  for  the  houses  of  Parliament  and 
goveriuuent  Imildings. 

Westminster,  Provisions  of.  Ordinances 
passed  through  the  iutiuence  of  tVe  barons  in 
Parliament  at  Westminster,  1'!.59.  "They  em- 
bodied the  grievances  of  the  barons  stated  at  Oxford,  and 
mainly  concerned  the  administration  of  justice  and  local 
government  by  the  shciiJls." 

Westminster  Abbey.  A  famous  church  in 
Westminster,  London,  founded  on  the  site  of 
an  earlier  church  by  Edward  the  Confessor, 
and  rebuilt  in  the  13th  century  by  Henry  III. 
and  Edw:ird  I.  The  highly  ornate  chapel  of  Henry 
VII.,  at  the  east  end.  was  added  by  that  king  in  the  early 
16th  century.  The  dimensions,  including  the  chapel,  are 
513  by  7.'i  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  200 ;  height  of  vaulting, 
102.  The  incongruous  square  west  towers  were  designed 
by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  The  north  transe|it  facade  is 
very  fine :  it  has  3  handsome  portals,  a  graceful  arcade, 
and  a  large  wheel.  The  interior*  is  extremely  impressive, 
the  proportions  and  the  details  being  grxul :  the  triforium 
is  of  especial  beauty.  The  handsome  reredos,  of  re<l  and 
■white  alabaster,  is  modern,  as  are  the  choir-stalls.  Henry 
VII. *8  chapel  has  nave  aiul  aisles,  and  Ct  radiating  chapels 
in  the  chevet ;  it  is  a  notable  exauiple  of  llorid  Perpen- 
dicular, especially  remarkable  for  the  fan-tracery  and 
pendants  of  its  ceiling.  Its  rich  stalls  are  appropriated 
to  the  knights  and  sijuires  of  the  Bath :  over  each  are 
unspended  a  sword  and  a  baiuier.  The  abbey  is  world- 
famous  as  the  chief  burial-place  of  Great  Britain's  dis- 
tinguished men  :  comparatively  few  of  the  monuments 
are  artistically  interesting.  The  south  transept  consti- 
tutes the  famrfus  Poets' Corner  :  it  contninB  memorials  to 
a  large  number  of  tlie  names  honorcil  in  Kngljsh  litera- 
ture. The  eholr-chapels  contain  metlieval  and  Renais- 
sance monuments  of  higher  intrinsic  intt.'rest^  especially 
Henry  \'II.  s  chajiel :  the  superb  luonumentof  that  king, 
in  metal,  by  Torregiano,  is  inclosed  in  a  rich  Perpen- 
dicular chantry  of  i)ra.sH.  Several  other  kingsand  princes 
are  buried  in  this  chapel,  and  iik  that  nf  P.dward  the  Con- 
fcss.>r,  which  occupies  the  extremity  of  the  choir.  The 
Early  Knglish  chapter-house  is  octagonal,  with  central 
colunm.     The  fine  cloisters  also  contain  tombs. 

Westminster  Assembly,  or  Assembly  of  Di- 
vines at  Westminster.    A  convocat sum- 

monod  by  the  Long  I'arliitmeiit  to  advise  ''for 
the  settling  of  the  liturgy  and  the  government 
of  tho  Cliurell  of  England."  Most  of  Its  members 
were  Presbyterians,  and  nearly  all  were  Calvitdsts.  It 
met  July  1,  U'A'i,  and  continucff  its  sessions  until  Feb.  22, 
1(!49.  The  chief  fruits  of  its  laliors  were  the  Directory  of 
Public  Worship,  the  Confession  of  Faith,  and  the  Larger 
atid  Shorter  ratechisnis,  which  were  rejected  In  England 
.  but  estalilishcd  in  Scotbnnl. 

Westminster  Bridge.    The  oldest  bridge  but 


1057 

one  over  the  Tliames  at  London.  The  first  bridge 
was  designed  by  Labelye,  a  Swiss  architect.  The  original 
plan  contemplated  a  wooden  structure,  but  it  was  changed 
to  stone  after  the  "great  frost"  of  1739.  The  piers  were 
built  of  solid  blocks  of  Portland  stone,  on  caissons  which 
were  the  largest  that  had  been  constructed  up  to  that 
time.  It  was  begun  in  1739  and  completed  in  1750.  It 
was  1,220  feet  long,  40  feet  wide,  58  feet  high,  and  the  cen- 
tral span  was  70  feet  wide :  there  were  l.Tai-ches.  In  18',0- 
1862  it  was  replaced  by  the  present  stone  and  iron  struc- 
ture, consisting  of  7  iron  arches  on  gianite  piers,  built  by 
I'age  •  it  is  1,100  feet  long  and  85  feet  wide. 

Westminster  Hall.  A  structure  adjoining  the 
houses  of  Parliament  on  the  west,  forming 
part  of  the  ancient  palace  of  Westminster.  It 
was  begun  by  William  Rufus,  bunied  at  the  end  of  the 
13th  century,  and  restored  by  Edward  II.  and  Richard 
II.  It  has  a  niagnitleent  framed  hauinier-beam  roof,  in 
a  single  span  oy  feet  wide ;  the  length  is  2'.io  and  the 
height  92.  Here  sat  some  of  the  first  English  Parlia- 
ments :  here,  until  George  I\'.,  the  coronation  festivities 
were  held  ;  and  here  Charles  I-  was  condemned,  and 
Cromwell  saluted  as  Lord  Protector.  The  hall  now  serves 
as  a  vestibule  to  the  hovises  of  Parliament.  Below  it  on 
the  east  is  the  cryj)!  of  St.  Stephen,  or  Church  of  St.  Mary 
I'ndercroft,  a  vaulted  Pointed  chapel,  in  architecture  arul 
decoration  somewhat  resemiiliiig  tile  lower  chapel  of  saintc 
Chapelle,  Paris :  tlie  rich  cloisters  were  built  l)y  Henry 
VIII. 

Westminster  Palace.  1.  The  houses  of  Par- 
liament.—  2.  A  former  royal  residence  in  West- 
minster, A  palace  is  supposed  to  have  existed  at  West- 
minster in  the  reign  of  Canute  (1017-35).  Its  importance, 
however,  begins  with  Edward  the  Confessor  (1042-(>ti). 
Various  additions  were  made  by  his  successors  until 
Henry  III.  (1216-72),  in  whose  reign  work  was  constantly 
in  progress.  His  palace  was  richly  decorated  with  pic- 
tures in  oil-color — according  to  Horace  Walpole  the  first 
recorded  use  of  that  medium.  It  was  repeatedly  visited 
by  fire,  and  m  1512  (reign  of  Henry  VIII.)  all  the  living- 
apartments  were  destroyed.  It  was  then  abandoned  by 
royalty,  and  not  used  again  until  July  IS,  1S21,  when 
George  IV.  spent  the  night  before  bis  coronation  there. 
The  entire  palace,  except  Westminster  Hall,  was  burned 
in  1834. 

Westminster  School.  A  noted  preparatory 
school  at  Westminster.  It  was  established  in  the 
abl)ey  by  Heiu'y  VIIl.,  and  was  reestablished  by  Elizabeth. 

Westmoreland  (west'mor-land;,  or  Westmor- 
land (west 'mor-land).  [ME.  Wcstmonloiid, 
AS.  Westmoritiga  land,  land  of  the  men  of  the 
western  moors.]  A  county  of  northwestern 
England.  It  is  bounded  by  Cumberland  on  the  west  and 
north,  Dui'hamon  the  northeast.  Yorkshire  on  the  east  and 
south,  and  Lancashire  on  the  south  and  west,  and  touches 
Morecambe  Bay  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  largely 
mountainous  in  the  northwest  and  northeast.  The  county 
includes  part  of  the  Lake  District,  with  Windermere,  Clls- 
water,  Grasmere,  and  Hawes  Water  in  it  or  on  its  borders. 
Tlie  principal  town  is  Kendal.  Area,  783  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  66,098. 

Weston  (wes'ton),  Thomas.  Born  about  1.575: 
died  after  1G24.  An  English  adventurer,  one  of 
the  merchants  who  supported  the  colonists  at 
Plymouth.  He  also  sent  an  unsuccessful  colony 
to  Wessagussett  (Weymouth,  Massachusetts). 

Weston-super-Mare  ( wes'ton -sii'per-ma're). 
A  watering-place  in  Somerset,  England,  situated 
on  Bristol  Channel  18  miles  southwest  of  Bris- 
tol.    Popuiation  (1891),  15,873. 

West-ostlicher  Divan.  A  collection  of  poems 
nil  (Jriental  subjects,  by  Goethe. 

Westphalia  (west-fa'lii"i),  Duchyof.  [F.  Wist- 

pJialie,  ML.  Wrutpliiilia.  G.  U'tstfnlcii,  prop.  dat. 
pi.  of  Westfah;  MHG.  West t die',  OllLi.  Ifestfalo, 
an  inhabitant  of  this  region.]  A  duchy  which 
had  its  origin  in  the  western  part  of  the  great 
duchy  of  Saxony  in  the  Carolingiantimes.  On  the 
deposition  of  Henn-  the  Lion  in  1180  and  the  breaking  up  of 
the  Saxon  duchy,  the  Elector  of  Cologne  assumed  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Engern  and  Westi)halia.  Tlie  caiiital  of  the 
duchy  of  Westphalia  was  Arnsberg.  In  1803  it  was  ceded 
to  Uesse-Dai"mstadt.     It  was  granted  in  1815  to  Prussia. 

Westphalia,  Kingdom  of.  A  kingdom  formed 
by  Najiulcon  in  1S(I7,  and  given  to  Jerome  Bona- 
parte, under  French  su]u'rvision.  It  comprised 
nearly  all  Ilesse-Cassel.  all  Brunswick,  large  parts  of  Prus- 
sia and  Hannover,  jiarts  of  Saxoii\^  etc.  The  capit.al  was 
Cassel.  It  was  overthrown  in  l.slli.  after  the  batlle-of  Leip- 
sic,  and  the  old  governnientH  were  rc.slorcd. 

Westphalia,  Peace  of.  The  treaties  signed  at 
Miiustcr  and  Osnabriick  in  1()48  (general  peace 
signed  at  Jliinster,  Oct.  24,  IG48),  which  ended 
the  Thirty  Years'  War.  chief  provisions:  Swltier- 
laud  and  Holland  were  declared  independent  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  ;  Sweden  received  Hither  I'mneranla.  «  Isnnir, 
tlie  bishoprics  of  Bremen,  Verden,  etc.,  with  three  votes 
in  the  Diet,  and  an  indennilllcatlun  In  money  ;  France  re- 
ceived most  of  Alsace,  and  was  conllrmed  In  the  |R>»«es- 
Blon  of  Metz,  Toill,  and  Verdun  :  Brandenburg  received 
Further  Pomerania,  the  bishopries  of  Ilalbersladt  ami 
Jliiiden,  and  prospectively  that  of  .Magdeburg;  l.nsalla 
was  connrnieil  lo  Savony,  and  the  I  pper  Palntlnale  to 
Bavaria;  the  electoral  house  of  the  I'alallnate  recovered 
the  Rhine  Palatinate,  and  a  new  electorate  niis  created 
for  it;  the  peace  of  Augsburg  was  conllrmed.  and  its  pro- 
visions extendeti  toCalvlnlsts  ;  poBsesslon  of  eccleslaMtical 
property  was  to  revert  Ut  the  condition  of  Hlfnlrs  in  1624  ; 
and  autonomy  was  secured  to  the  states  of  tliu  Qcrman 
Empire. 

Westphalia,  Province  of.  A  province  of  Prtis- 
sia,  surrounded  liy  the  I'mssiau  provinces  of 


Wette,  De 

Hannover,  Hesse-Xassau,  and  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, and  by  Briuiswick,  Schaumburg-Lippe, 
Lippe,  Waldeck,  and  the  Netherlands.  Capital, 
Miinster.  it  is  level  hi  the  northwest,  elsewhere  hiUy 
or  mountainous  (Weser  ^lountains,  Sauerland,  Haar- 
Strang,  Roth-Haar  Mountains,  Westenvald),  and  is  one  of 
the  chief  mining  and  manufacturing  provinces  of  Prussia. 
It  has  three  governmental  districts  —  Munster,  Arnsberg, 
and  Mindeii.  Its  present  form  wasciven  to  it  in  1815.  .\rea, 
7,798  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  2,428,66L 

Westphalian  (west-fa'iian)  Circle.    [G.  West- 

JVilischi  r  Kicis.']  One  of  the  I'oniier  ten  circles 
of  the  German  Empire.  It  comprised  thebishoprica 
Miinster,  Paderborn.  ami  Osnabruck:  tlie<hichies  of  Cleves, 
Gelderland,  Jiilich,  Berg,  and  Oldenburg;  the  free  cities 
Ctihtgne,  Ai\-la-Cha]ielIe,  and  Dortmund  ;  and  many  princi- 
palities,  coniit.sliips.  etc. 

Westphalian  Gate.  [L.  Porta  Westjihalica.'] 
The  gap,  near  Minden  in  Westphalia,  by  which 
the  Weser  breaks  through  the  Weser  Moun- 
tains to  the  lowlands. 

West  Point  (west  point).  The  capital  of  Clay 
County,  Mississippi.     Population  (1900),  3.193. 

West  Point.  A  village  in  Orange  County,  New 
York,  situated  in  the  Highlands,  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  4.'5  miles  north  of  New 
York:  the  seat  of  the  United  States  Military 
Academy. 

West  Point.  A  town  in  Ki'ng  William  County, 
Virginia,  situated  on  York  Kiver  35  miles  east 
of  Richmond.     Population  (19ii0),  1,307. 

West  Point  Military  Academy.  A  national 
institution,  situated  at  West  Point.  New  Y'ork, 
for  the  training  of  young  men  for  commissions 
in  the  United  States  army,  it  was  opened  originally 
under  an  act  of  Congress  in  1794,  which  organized  four  bat- 
talions of  artilleiy  and  engineers,  to  each  of  which  four 
cadets  were  attached.  'I'he  numberof  cadets  was  increased 
in  1798,  1802,  and  1900.  In  1802  the  academy  was  located 
at  West  Point.  In  1812  an  act  was  passeil  putting  the 
institution  nearly  on  its  present  footing.  The  ground 
is  owned  by  the  t'nited  States,  and  consists  of  alKiut  '2,'200 
acres.  The  corps  of  cadets  consists  of  one  fnuii  each 
congressional  district  and  territory,  one  from  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  two  from  each.  State,  and  thirty  from 
the  Cnited  States  at  large.  The  instructors  are  otflcera 
of  the  army. 

West  Prussia.    See  Prussia. 

West  Riding.     See  Yorlvhire. 

West  Russia  (rush'ji).  A  collective  name  for 
several  governments  in  Russia,  comprising  Kov- 
no, Minsk.Vitebsk, MoliikfT.Vilna. and  Grodno. 
The  name  sometimes  also  includes  Kieff  and 
Smolensk,  or  Volhyiiia  and  Podolia. 

West  Sea.  A  name  given  bv  the  Danes  to  the 
North  Sea. 

West  Superior  (su-pe'ri-or).  A  former  town  in 
Wisconsin,  on  Lake  Superior  near  Duluth,  now 
a  part  of  tlie  city  of  Stiiierior. 

West  Troy  (troi).  A  former  village  in  Albany 
t^>unty.  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  op- 
posite Troy  :  now  Watervlict  cily.  It  is  the  ter- 
minus of  the  Erie  and  Chainplain  canals,  and  the  seat  of 
the  Watervliet  United  States  arsenal.    See  Watervlict. 

West  Turkestan.    See  Ttirkcstan. 

West  Virginia  (vtr-jin'i-ii).  One  of  the  South 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  lat.  37°  I'J'  to  40°  38'  N., 
and  from  long.  77°  40'  to  82°  35'  W.  Capital. 
Charleston.  It  is  bounded  by  Ohio  (separated  by  the 
Ohio  River)  on  the  northwest,  Pennsylvania  and  Mary- 
land (separated  from  Mar>-land  In  great  part  by  the  Poto- 
mac) on  the  north,  Virginia  on  the  east  and  south,  and 
Kentucky  (separated  by  the  Big  Sandy  Rlver)ori  the  west. 
It  has  an  irregular  outline:  the  "  Panhandle"  stretches 
along  tlie  Ohio  between  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  in  the 
north.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  or  hilly.  II  has  great 
abundance  of  timber  and  very  imiiortanl  deposits  of  eiml, 
lieing  one  of  the  chief  coal-piMducing  States  in  the  country, 
ami  has  iron,  salt. audminer.d  springs.  It  has  f-'-coilnties, 
sends  2  senators  and  5  re'presentatives  to  t^ongrcas,  and  has 
r  electoral  votes.  It  was  formerly  a  part  of  Virginia. 
A  eonveution  adopted  an  ordinance  pnividlng  for  a  new 
State  of  "  Kanawha 'in  1801.  The  constiliitionwasadoiited 
in  1862,  and  the  State  was  admittiHl  to  the  I'nion  as  "est 
\  iivlnla  in  1803.     Area,  24,780  B<|UiU'e  miles.    Population 

(I'.WHh,  9.'iM,K00. 

West'ward  for  Smelts.  A  collection  of  stories 
on  tho  plan  of  IJoccaccio's  "  necamerono,"  ex- 
ce]it  that  the  story-tellers  are  lisli  wivesgoingup 
the  Tliames  in  a  b<iiit.  Itwaswrlttenby"KlndeKltof 
Kingstone  "  about  16o;t,  and  reprinted  by  the  Pcivy  Six'lety. 

Westward  Ho!  A  comiMly  by  WiOisler  and 
Ih-kkrr  conjointly,  prinled  in  l(i07. 

Westward  Ho  I  or  the  Voyages  and  Adven- 
tures of  Sir  Amyas  Leigh.  A  novel  by  Charles 

Kingsley,  imiili.shcd  in  I.-^.^i. 

Westwood  (west 'wild),  John  Obadiah.    Born 

at  Shrllield,  Kiiglaiid,  1805:die.lat  ( Ixford,  .Ian. 
2,  l.'^9:t.  An  Kngli.sh  entoiiiologisi,  professor  of 
zoiilogv  ,'it  ( Ixford.  He  published  "An  Introduction 
to  the  Modern  Classlllcation  of  Insects  "  (2  vols.  ISS'X  nu- 

nierous  entcilnological  papers,  etc. 

Wetherell (wcTii'er-in. Elizabeth.  The pscu- 
doiivm  of  Susan  Warner. 
Wette,  De.    See  Do  tt'clte. 


Wetterau 

Wetterau  (vet'ter-ou).  A  fertile  district  in  Tp-  major-generals, 

per  Hesse  and  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau  in  toration. 

E-.  .  _        _l- e il.  „ I^UI 1 5     ^f  11/  k  n  n  rr\\ 


105S 
He  fled  to  America  at  the  Ees- 

The  Chinese  name  of 


Prussia,  extending  from  the  neighborhood  of  Whanghai  (hwang-hi  ) 

Hauau  northward  to  near  Giessen.  the  Yellow  Sea.  .,.,,.       „ 

Wetterhorn  (vet'ter-hom).   A  mountain  of  the  Wharfe  ^hwarf).     A  river  m  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
Bernese  Alps,  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situ-    land,  which  joins  the  Ouse  8  miles  south  of 
ated  near  Grindelwald  14  miles  east-southeast    York.     Length,  about  6o  miles. 
of  Interlaken.     Highest  point,  ll2,l.')0  feet.  Wharton  (hwar'ton),  Francis.    Bom  at  Phila- 

Wettern   (vet'tern),  or  Vettern    (vet 'tern),     delphia.  18l>0:  died  1889.    An  American  lawyer 


Lake.  Next  to  Lake  Wenevn  the  largest  lake 
in  Sweden,  situated  east-southeast  of  Lake  We- 
nern.  its  outlet  is  by  the  llot.ila  Elf  to  the  B.iltic.  It 
communicates  with  Lake  Wenern  by  the  t!ota  Canal.  Ele- 
vation above  sealevel,  290  feet.  Length,  80  miles.  Area, 
ToS  square  miles. 

Wetter steingebirge  (vet 'ter-stin-ge-ber'ge).  A 
group  of  the  Bavarian  Alps,  situated  on  the 
border  of  Bavaria  and  Tyrol,  about  .")5  miles 
southwest  of  Munich.  It  contains  the  Zugspitze, 
the  highest  mountain  in  the  German  Empire. 

Wettin  (vet-ten').     A  town  in  the  province  of 


and  legal  writer.  He  practised  law;  became  pro- 
fessor in  Kenyon  College;  was  ordained  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  ;  became  professor  in  Cambridge  Divin- 
ity School ;  and  was  solicitor  for  the  state  department, 
Washington,  1SS5-89.  He  wrote  "  Treatise  on  the  Criminal 
Law  of  the  United  States"(1846),  "State  Trialsi.f  the  United 
states  durins  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and 
Adams"  (1S49),  "Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Homicide  in  the 
United  States "  (1S55).  'Treatise  on  Theism  and  Mod- 
ern Skeptical  Theories  "  (1859).  "The  Silence  of  Scripture  " 
(1867X  "Treatise  on  the  Conflict  of  Laws  "  (1872),  "  Law  of 
Agency  and  Agents"  (1876),  and  "Digest  of  Internationsil 
Law."  He  was  joint  author  with  Stills  of  a  "■^---^= 
Medical  Jurisprudence. 


Whistler 

County,  West  Virginia,  situated  in  the  "Pan- 
handle," on  the  Ohio  River,  in  hit.  40°  6'  N.  It  is 
called  "  the  Nail  City,"  from  its  nail-factories :  it  has  also 
other  manufactures,  and  an  important  trade  by  railroad 
and  by  the  Ohio.  It  was  tlie  capital  '>f  tlie  State  18C3-70 
and  187&-86.     Population  (1900),  38,SV8. 

Wheelock  (hwe'lok),  Eleazar.  Born  at  Wind- 
ham, Conn.,  1711 :  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  I'l'J. 
An  American  clergyman  and  educator,  first 
president  of  Dartmouth  College  (177(I-7H). 

Wheelock,  John.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
17,j4:  died  at  Hanover.  X.  H.,  1817.  An  Amer- 
ican educator,  son  of  Eleazar  Wheelock.  He 
ser^'ed  in  the  Revolutionao'  War.  and  succeeded  his  father 
as  president  of  Dartmouth  College  in  1779.  He  was  re- 
mofted  by  the  trustees  in  1S15.  and  restored  in  1817, 


'  Treatise  on 


Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  32  miles  Wharton,   Thomas.    Bom  about  1610 :    died 

northwest  of  Leipsic.    it  contains  the  ancestral  castle  1673.      An    English    physician,    discoverer  of 

of  the  Saxon  house  of  Wettin.    P.ipulation,  «,012.  '•  ^Tiarton's  duct." 

Wetzlar  (vets'ltlr).    A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov-  ^^^arton,Thomas,  Marquis  of  Wharton.    Born 

iuce,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn  33  miles  about  1640:  died  1715.    An  English  A^Tiig  poli- 

north-northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.     It  tieian.    He  was  a  prominent  member  of  Parliament  and 

was  a  free  imperial  city,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Imperial  member  of  the  Junto  ;  comptroller  of  the  household;  lord 

Chamber  in  the  later  history  of  the  Empire.   Thearchdulie  ijeuten.int  of  Ireland  1708-10  ;  and  lord  privy  seal  17U. 

Charles  here  defeated  the  tYench  under  Jourdan  June  l.i,  n^  „.j,s  ,i,g  reputed  author  of  '■  Lillibullero." 

he  cathedral  is  a  lofty  and  very  picturesque  struc-  »im,„  j.„i„ /,,,^-i/,,- ,   •p,-„'U„_j       Rr„.r,  nt- T  nr,/!,^,, 

nded  in  the  nth  century,  and  variously  modified  Whatcly  (hwat  li  ,  Richard.     Born  at  London, 

-    ■     --■      -•        •              ■           '  Feb.  1,  1787:  died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  8. 1863.     An 


1796.    The 
ture  foun 

from  then  until  the  leth.  There  is  a  massive  western 
tower  in  which  opens  a  fine  sculptured  doorway,  and  sev- 
eral other  portals  exhibit  excellent  details.  There  is  no 
clearston,-,  and  the  lofty  traceried  windows  of  the  aisles 
are  covered  each  with  a  separate  gable.    Population,  8,U4. 

WeveUnghofen  (va've-ling-ho-fen).  A  manu- 
facturing to^vn  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Erft  18  miles  northwest  of  Co- 
logne. Near  it.  June  14,  1648,  the  Imperialists  under 
Lamboy  were  defeated  by  the  troops  of  Hesse  and  Weimar 
under  Geisa. 

Wexford  (weks'ford).  1.  Acounty  inLeinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Wicklow,  St.  George's 
Channel,  Waterford,  Kilkenny,  and  Carlow. 
Area,  901  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
111,778. — 2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  County  Wex- 
ford, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Slaney,  in  lat. 
52°  20'  N.,  long.  6°  28'  W.  it  was  the  landing-place 
of  the  English  invaders  in  1169 ;  was  taken  by  the  rebels  in 


Whewell  (hii'el),  William.  Bom  at  Lancas- 
ter, England,  May  24, 1794 :  died  at  Cambridge, 
England.  March  6. 1866.  A  celebrated  English 
scientist  and  philosopher.  He  entered  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College)  in  1812.  In  1817  he  was  elected  fellow, 
and  in  1818  mathematical  lecturer.  From  182S-32  he  was 
professor  of  mineralogy,  and  from  1838-55  of  moral  t-heol- 
ogy  and  casuistical  divinity.  .In  1841  he  became  master 
of  Trinity  College.  His  works  include  "Astronomy  and 
General  Physics  Considered  with  Reference  to  Natural 
Theology"  (1S33),  "History  of  the  Inductive  Sciences" 
(1837),  "Philosophy  of  the  Inductive  Sciences"  (1840), 
"Elements  of  Morality"  (1845),  "On  the  History  of  iloral 
Philosophy  in  England"  (1852),  "Plurality  of  Worlds," 
"  Platonic  Dialogues  for  English  Readers  "  (1859-61),  "  Lec- 
tures on  Political  Economy"  (1861). 

Whidby  (hwid'bi).     A  large  island  in  Puget 

Sound,  belonging  to  the  State  of  Washington. 
English  prelate  and  theologian.   In  1S05  he  entered  Whigs  (hwigz).  The.     [Originally  a  contemptu- 
ous epithet  in  Scotland,  the  primary  application 


Oxford  (Oriel  College),  graduating  in  1808.  In  1814  he 
wrote  the  famous  "Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon 
Bonaparte."  He  became  Bampton  lecturer  in  1822  ;  prin- 
cip.alof  St.  Albans  Hall  in  1825  ;  professor  of  political  econ- 
omy at  0-xford  in  1829 ;  and  archbishop  of  Dublin  in  1831. 
About  1815  his  treatise  on  "Logic"  and  that  on  "Rhet- 
oric" were  contributed  to  the  "Encyclopeedia  Metropoli- 
tana."  In  1837  he  wrote  "Christian  Evidences,"  and  edited 
Bacon's  "Essays"  in  1S.'>6  and  Paleyinl859.  He  advocated 
Catholic  emancipation  and  unsectarian  education,  and 
helped  to  relieve  the  Irisll  famine.  Among  his  tunnerous 
other  w-orks  are  "The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Party  Feeling  in 
Matters  of  Religion  "  (1822),  "Essays  on  Some  of  the  Pecu- 
liarities of  the  Christian  Religion  '  (1825),  "Elements  of 
Logic  "  (1826),  "  Elements  of  Rhetoric  "  (1828),  "  Essays  on 
Some  of  the  Difficulties  in  the  Writings  of  the  Apostle 
Paul,  etc."  (1828),  etc. 

What  Will  He  Do  With  It?   AnovelbyBul- 


wer  Lrtton,  published  in  18.58. 
1641 ;  was  stormed  by  CromweU  in  1649  ;  and  w.as  the  liead-  -^^^t  'YoU  Will.   A  comedvbv  Marston.written 
(piarters  of  the  rebels  in  1,98. ,  Population  (1891),  11,541       *» "'^'i  » ""  "X^Lh^r^  i„  1  firi7    «„„i..„„„.=  ■■  T„„lfth 


Wexford  Haven 

Channel,  situated 
Ireland. 
Wexio  (vek'she-e). 
as  Kronoherg.—2. 


An  inlet   of   St.   George's 
on  the  coast  of  Wexford, 


1,  A  laen  in  Sweden :  same 
The  capital  of  the  laen  of 
Kronoberg,  Sweden,  58  miles  west  of  Kalmar. 
It  has  a  cathedral.     Population,  6,606. 
Weyer's  Cave  (wi'erz  kav).    A  large  stalactite 
cave  in  Augusta  County,  Virginia,  northeast  of 
Staunton,  in  a  spur  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
Weyland  Smith.     See  Wayland. 
Weyler  (wi'ler),  Valeriano.  Bom  about  1836. 

A  Spanish  general.  He  served  in  the  Carlist  war 
and  the  war  against  the  Moors,  and  for  two  years  fought 
for  Spain  in  the  Cuban  insurrection  of  1868-78.  He  was 
recalled  from  Cuba  on  account  of  the  charges  of  extreme 
cruelty  made  against  him,  but  was  sent  there  again  to 
succeed  Campos  as  captain-general  of  the  Spanish  forces 
in  Jan.,  1896.  lie  was  succeeded  l»y  Blanco  in  Ot-t.,  1897. 
Weyman  (wi'man).  Stanley  J.  Bom  at  Lud- 
low, Salop,  1855.  An  English  novelist.  He  was 
educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  at  Christ  Church.  Oxford. 
He  was  classical  instruct,.)r  in  the  King's  School.  Chester, 
1878;  read  for  the  bar,  and  was  called  in  1881;  and  practised 
until  1890.  He  first  began  to  write  for  "The  Cornhill  "  in 
1883.  Among  his  novels  are  "  The  House  of  the  Wolf  "(pub- 
lished serially  in  1887,  and  in  book  form  in  1890),"  Francis 
Cludde"  (1891),  "The  New  Rector  "  (1891),  "A  Gentleman 
of  France  "(1893),  "Under  the  Red  Robe  "  (1894),  and  "My 
Lady  Rotha"(1894). 


;Scc 

of  which  is  not  now  known,]  1.  In  English 
history,  one  of  the  two  great  political  parties 
which  arose  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century.  It 
may  be  regarded  as  succeeding  the  Roundheads,  Country 
party,  and  Exclusionists  (Petitioners).  It  professed  more 
liberal  principles  than  the  Tory  party,  and  favored  and  de- 
fended the  revolution  of  1(J&8,  Parliamentary  control,  and 
ihe  Hanoverian  succession.  The  great  Whv^  families  con- 
trolled the  government  for  many  years  from  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  George  I.  .\mong  the  later  leaders  were 
Fox  and  Burke.  About  the  time  of  the  Refonu  Bill  of  1832 
(which  the  Whigs  favored)  the  name  began  to  be  replaced 
by  Liberal.  (See  Liberal.)  Sometimes  the  more  conser- 
v.ativemembers  of  the  Liberal  party  are  still  called  Whigs. 
2.  The  ijatriotic  or  American  party  during  the 
Revolutionary  period. — 3.  An  American  po- 
litical party  formed  under  the  leadership  of 
Henry  Clay,  and  known  until  about  1834  as  the 
National  Republican.  Itfavored  a  loose  construction 
of  the  Constitution,  and  supported  a  high  protective  tariff 
and  internal  improvements.  Its  presidents  were  Harri- 
son and  Tyler  (1841-15)  and  Taylor  and  Filhnore  (1849-53). 
It  became  divided  on  the  slavery  question,  lost  the  elec- 
tion of  1852,  and  soon  after  disappeared. 

Whipple  (hwip'l),  Edwin  Percy.     Born  at 

Gloucester,  Mass.,  March  8.  1819:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, June  16.  1886.  An  American  critic  and  es- 
sayist. He  was  employed  in  a  bank  and  in  a  broker's  office 
at  Boston:  and  1837-60  was  superintendent  of  the  read- 
ing-room of  the  Merchants'  Exchange.  He  became  noted 
as  a  lecturer.  His  works  include  "  Essays  and  Reviews  " 
(2  vols.  1848-49),  "  Literature  and  Life  "  (1849X  "Character 
■  and  characteristic  Men  " (1866),  "Literature  of  the  .-Vge 

__^ ^ of  Elizabeth "  (1869),  etc. 

reports^an'd  digests  of  Vnited  States  Supreme  Court  de-  WTliskeiandoS  (hwis-ker-an'd6z),DonFerolO. 
cisions,  "Life  of  William  Pinckney"  (1826),  "History  of  A  character  in  the  tragedv  rehearsed  in  Sheri- 
the  Northmen "(1831),  ;'Histoire  <lu  prop^s  du  d^^  ^      ,    ,,(^5^;    „         burlesque  tragedv  type, 

gens  en  Europe    ("Historyof  the  Law  of -Nations,    1841),  -_.,  .   ,       ._.  .  V»    i.    ^7•     •     •' i  . 

"Validity  of  the  British  Claim  to  a  Right  of  Visitation  WhlSky  InSUITeCtlOn  Or  KeDelllOn,  An  out- 
and  Search  of  American  Vessels  Suspected  to  be  Engaged    break  in  the  four  western  counties  of  Pennsvl- 


about  1601,  published  in  1607.  Shakspere's  "  Twelfth 
Night,  or  What  You  Will  "  is  tliought  to  be  a  rejoinder 
to  this  play  and  "The  Malcontent." 

Wheaton  (hwe'ton),  Henry.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Nov.  27,  1785:  died  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  March  11.  1848.  A  noted  American  di- 
plomatist, law^'er.  and  publicist.  He  graduated 
at  Brown  University  in  ia>2  :  practised  law  at  Providence, 
and  later  (1812)  at  New  York  ;  and  edited  the  "  Nation.al 
Advocate  "  1812-15.  He  was  justice  of  the  Marine  Court, 
New  York  city,  1815-19;  reporter  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  1816-27;  charge  d'affaires  to  Denmark  1827- 
1835  ;  and  minister  to  Prussia  IS  ■.5-46.  He  negotiated  a 
treaty  (not  ratified)  with  Prussia  in  1844.  His  chief  work 
is  "Elements  of  International  L,aw  "  (1836:  later  edited 
by  W.  B.  Lawrence  and  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.).    He  also  wrote 


in  the  .Slave-Trade"  (1842). 

Wheatstone(hwet'stoii),  Sir  Charles.  Bornat 

Gloucester,  England, "Feb.,  1S02:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  19, 1875.  An  English  physicist  and  inven- 
tor, one  of  the  inventors  of  "the  electric  tele- 
graph: professor  in  King's  College, London.    He 


vania,  in  1794,  against  the  enforcement  of  an  act 
of  Congress  of  1791  imposing  an  excise  duty  on 
allspiritsdistilled  within  the  United  States,  and 
on  stills.  A  large  body  of  militia,  under  Governor  Lee 
of  Virginia,  was  sent  by  Washington  to  the  disturbed  dis- 
trict, but  the  insurrection  was  suppressed  without  blood- 
slied. 


patented,  with  Cooke,  his  telegraph  in  1S.!7 ;  made  many     sl^d.  -■,-,.•,,  , 

researches  in  electricity,  sound,  and  light ;  and  invented  WhlSKy  King,     A  conspiracy  Of  distillers  and 
the  stereoscope,  concertina,  etc.  United  States  government  officials,  formed  to 


Weymouth   (wi'muth),     A  town   in  Norfolk  Wheeler  (hwe'ler),  Joseph,    Bom  at  Augusta,    defraud  the  government  of  the  excise  taxes. 


County,  Massachusetts,  12  miles  south-south 
east  of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots 
and  shoes,  etc.     Population  (1900..  11.324, 

Weymouth  and  Melcomhe  Regis  (wa'muth 

and  mel'kum  re'jis).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Dorset,  England,  situated  on  the  Eng- 
lish (Channel,  Tmiles  south  of  Dorchester,  at  the 

mouth  of  the  Wey.  It  was  the  scene  of  several 

engagements   in   the  civil  war.     Population 
_Q891),  13,769, 
Weyprecht    (\-i'preeht),    Karl.      Bom    near 

Michelstadt  (Hesse),  Sept,  8,  1838:  died  there, 

March  29.  1881.     A  Gemian  Arctic  explorer. 

In  1871  he  went  with  Payer  to  Spitzbergen  and  Nova  Zem- 

bla.  and  also  1872-74  with  the  expedition  which  discovered 

Franz  Josef  Land.     He  was  the  originator  of  the  system 

of  international  polar  stations. 
Whale,  The.  See  Cetus. 
Whalley  (hwol'i),  Ed-ward.     Died  at  Hadley, 

Mass.,  about  1678.     An  English  commander  in 

the  civil  war,  and  regicide  :  one  of  Cromwell's  Wheeling  (hwe'Ung) 


It 
Ga.,  Sept.  10,  1836.     An'American  soldier  and    existed  about  1872-75 
politician.     He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Whistlecraft(hwis'l-kratt).William  and Rob- 

'    •"'"  --  '  — •-— '  "•»  f"..'-.'i-'-.»-    gj..(;_     ^  pseudonym  of  John  Hookham  Frere. 

He  wrote  a  "  Prospectus  and  Specimen  of  an  intended  Na- 
tional Work,  by  William  and  Robert  Whistlecraft,  of  Slow- 
market,  in  Suffolk,  Harness  and  Collai-  Makers,  intended 
to  comprise  the  most  interesting  Particulars  relating  to 
King  Arthur  and  his  Round  Table."  In  tills  work  he  in- 
troduced the  bernesque  style  into  the  English  language. 
BjTon,  when  sending  "Beppo"  to  his  publisher,  writes  ;  "I 
have  written  a  poem  humorous,  in  or  after  the  excellent 
manner  of  Mr.  Whistlecraft,  and  founded  on  a  Venetian- 
anecdote  which  amused  me.  .  .  .  Whistlecraft  is  my  im- 
mediate model,  but  Berni  is  the  father  of  that  kind  of 
writing ;  which,  I  think,  suits  our  language,  too.  very 
well." 

Whistler  (hwis'ler),  James  Abbott  McNeill. 

Born  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  1834  :  died  at  London, 
July  17,  1903.  A  distinguished  American 
painter  and  etcher.  He  attended  the  West  Point 
Academy  1851-54.  and  later  studied  art  in  Paris  under 
Gleyre.  He  removed  to  London  in  1803,  and  in  18»6  was. 
elected  president  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists.     He 


Military  Academv  in  1859,  and  entered  the  Confederate 
army  in  1801,  rising  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  ia 
Feb.,  1865.  From  1881  to  1900  he  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Alab,ania.  He  was  appointed  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  Jlay,  1898,  and  commanded  the  dismonnteil 
cavalry  in  tlie  SantiaL-o  campaign.  Appointed  brigadier- 
general  U.  S.  A.  in  1900.     Retired  in  I'lOO. 

Wheeler,  William  Almon.  Born  at  Malone, 
Franklin  County,  N,  Y.,  June  30,  1819:  died 
there,  June  4,  1887.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  but 
did  not  graduate;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845 ;  was 
Unital  States  district  attorney  of  Franklin  County,  New- 
York.  1846^9;  was  a  Whig  member  of  the  New  York  As- 
sembly 1849-^8,  and  State  senator  Is.'.S-og ;  and  was  Repub- 
lican  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1861-63  and 
1869-77.  He  adjusted  Louisiana  difficulties  by  the  "Wheeler 
Compromise  "  in  1874.  He  was  nominated  as  Republican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  in  1876; 
vva<  declared  elected  in  1877;  and  served  1877-81. 

A  city,  capital  of  Ohio 


Whistler 

is  especially  noted  for  liis  etchings.  His  paintitiiTS  iii- 
clmle  various  portraits,  and  "Tlie  \Viiite  tiirl"  (1862). 
"  Portrait  of  my  Slother"  (1K72),  ■'  N'octiirnf  in  Blue  ami 
Gold  ■■  and  "  Nocturne  in  Blue  and  Green  "  (1878).  "  Har- 
mony in  Gray  and  iJreen"  (lASl),  etc.  He  wrote  "The 
Gentle  .\rt  of  Making  Enemies"  (1890),  etc. 
Whiston  (hwis'tou),  William.  Bom  at  Noitou, 
Leicestershire,  I'^iiglaiKl,  Dec.  9.  1G67:  died  at 
Loudon,  Aug.  22,  1752.  Aii  Englisli  theologian 
and  mathematician,  successorof  Newton  as  pro- 
fe.ssor  of  matlieraatics  at  Cambridge,  but  ex- 
pelled for  Arianism.  He  wrote  "  Xcw  Tlieory  of  the 
Earth"  (l«;9t;),  "Primitive  Christianity  Kevived '  (1711), 
".St,  t'lenicnt's  and  St.  Irenreus's  \'indication  of  the  Apos- 
tolical (.'onstitutiuns  "  (171(3),  "'.sir  Isaac  Newton's  ilathe- 
niatical  Philosophy  Deninn.strated "  (171(J),  works  on 
niatlie[natic3,  Ariaiiisu),  prophecy,  the  .Scriptures,  a  life  of 
.Samuel  Clarke,  autoldography  (174i)-DO),  and  a  translation 
of  .(osephus  (1737). 

Whitby  (hwit'bi).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  York.sliire,  England,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Esk  in  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  'A° 
29'  X.,  long.  0°  37'  W. :  the  Saxon  Streonshalh. 
It  has  manufactures  of  jet  ornaments  and  important  fish- 
eries and  trade  ;  and  was  formerly  noted  for  ship-building;. 
It  is  a  fashionable  seaside  resort.  The  famous  abbey  was 
fo;iiided  in  the  7th  century,  though  the  existing  remains 
date  from  between  the  12th  and  the  Uth.  The  ruins  of  the 
church  are  picturesque  and  architecturally  interesting. 
The  clearstory  windows  are  small,  but  the  other  openings 
are  of  good  size.  The  town  grew  up  around  the  monas- 
teiy.     Population  (ISi)l),  13,274. 

Whitby.  The  capital  of  Ontario  County,  Ontario, 
Canaila,  .situated  on  Lake  Ontario  30 miles  east- 
uorflieast  of  Toronto.    Populali(m(190I).  2.11(1. 

Whitby,  Daniel,  Bom  at  Rushden,  Northamp- 
tonshire, lG:i,S:  died  at  Salisbury,  JIarch  24, 
172(3.  An  English  theologian.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  (_)xford.  in  1(J.''7.  In  1(572  he  was  rector 
at  St.  Edmunds.  Salisljurj'.  His  attempt  to  reconcile  the 
Anglican  church  and  the  I>isscuters  excited  the  wrath 
of  the  clergy;  his  book  "The  Protestant  Hecouciler" (1683) 
w.as  burned  at  dxford.  and  he  was  forced  to  recant.  He 
wrote  controversial  works  against  Roman  Catholicism,  and 
others  relating  to  Arianism,  Arminianism,  etc. 

Whitby,  Synod  or  Council  of.  An  ecclesias- 
tical council  held  at  "\Vliitl)y  in  604,  under  the 
leadership  of  (Jswy,  king  of  Northiimbria,  to 
decide  the  Easter  and  tonsure  tpiestions.  It 
resulted  iu  the  triumph  of  the  Roman  party  as 
against  the  Celtic. 

White  (hwit),  Andrew  Dickson.  Born  at  Ho- 
mer, N.  Y.,  Nov.  7,  1832.  xVn  American  edu- 
cator, historian,  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  18.'»3  ;  studied  in  Europe,  and  was  attach^  of  lega- 
tion in  Russia  ;  was  professor  of  history  an<l  English  liter- 
ature in  the  University  of  Michigan  lS."i7-C>2  ;  was  State 
senator  in  New  York  186:1-66 :  and  was  one  r)f  the  organ- 
izers of  Cornell  Tniversity  and  its  first  president  (1867-8.''). 
From  1S7H  to  1881  he  was  United  States  minister,  and  181(7- 
1902  ainlia>sado(.  to  Germany.  In  1H71  he  was  coniniis- 
sioner  to  Santo  iiomingo.  and  minister  to  Russia  1S92-'J4. 
.-\(nong  his  works  arc  "Lectures  on  Medieval  and  Modern 
History  "  (isni).  "  Warfare  of  Science"  (1876),  "The  New 
tiennany  "  (l''S2(,  "Stuilies  in  General  History"  (188.5). 

White,  Babington.  A  pseudonjnn"  of  Miss 
li);id(io((  (Mrs.  .Maxwell). 

White,  Gilbert.  Born  at  Selborne,  Hampshire, 
England.. July  IS.  1720:  died  there,  June  20. 1793. 
An  English  naturalist.  He  was  educated  at  Oriel  Col- 
lege,  Oxford,  and  becan[e  a  fellow  there ;  and  was  curate 
at  Selborne  and  elsewhere.  He  is  famous  for  his  "  Natural 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Selborne"  (1780).  His  "Natu- 
ralists' Calendar"  wasediteti  l)y  Aikin  in  1706. 

White,  Henry  Kirke.  Born  at  Nottingham, 
Edghuid,  Mai'ch  21.  178."):  died  at  Cambridge, 
Euglidid,  Oct.  19.  1K0().  An  English  poet.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  butcher,  aiul  was  apprenticed  to  an  att<tr- 
ney  at  the  age  of  !.'».  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  in 
18'i3,  and  in  lso4  sectiri-d  a  si/aiship  at  St.  John's  College. 
Cainl>rldge,  where  he  iii>d  from  ov.  rstudy.  His  "Remains" 
and  biogr:o)hy  were  pnl'lishcii  by  Si.nthey  in  1807. 

White,  Hugh  La-wson.  Bom  in  Iredell  County, 
N.  ('.,  1773:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April  10, 
ld40.  .\n  American  statesman.  He  was  state 
senator  in  Tennessee :  Judge  of  the  Tennessee  Supreme 
Court ;  anri  United  States  8e([at^>r  from  Tennessee  l&S.'i-iO. 
He  received  26  electoral  vote*  as  Whig  ca((didato  for  Presi- 
dent u.  WM. 

White,  John.  Born  l.WO:  died  164.').  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  doctor  of  medicine:  called 
''Century  \\liite"  from  his  "First  Century  of 
Sen odalous, Malignant I'ricsls"(l(!43).  Ilcd'rew 
upthc  lii'st  clno'tcr  ot'the  Massachusidts colony. 

White,  Joseph  Blanco.  Born  at  Seville,  July 
11,  177.'>:  died  at  Liverpool,  May  '20,  1S41.  Ail 
English  author  and  clergyman.  In  i7oii  he  waaor- 
dalnetl  a  Ro(uan  Catholic  priest.  In  Islo  he  went  to  Eng- 
land and  took  orders  In  (he  P^ngllsh  Church,  out  afterward 
tieearne  a  Urdtarian.  He  edl(ed"KI  F.spat'iol  "  in  liOiHlon 
(1810-14).  and  wndo  "Letters  from  Spain"  (182'.'),  "Evl- 
deiuy;  against  Catholicism  "  (lH2fi),  "  Poor  Man's  l*rescrva- 
tlve  against  Popery  "  (18'2.'>),  "Second  Travels  of  an  Irisli 
Ceiidrinan  in  Search  of  a  Religion  "(183,1),  and  thcfnnious 
soTine)  "  Night."  His  autobii>tfraphy  was  edited  hy  J.  U. 
IboMi  (181.'.). 

White,  Peregrine.  Born  on  the  MnvHower,  in 
Ca)ic  Cod  ifiirbor.  >Inss.,  Nov.  20,  ■l(i'2n:  died 
17(14.  Thcfirst  \vl)iti'chil<l  born  in  New  England. 

White.  Richard  Grant.  Born  at  Now  York,  May 


1059 

22, 1822:  died  there,  April  8,  1885.  An  Ameri- 
can essayist,  critic,  and  Shaksperiau  scholar. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  ; 
studied  law  ;  became  noted  as  a  niusicid  and  art  critic  ; 
was  editor  of  the  New  York  "Courier  and  Enquirer" ;  and 
later  was  connected  with  the  I'luted  states  revenue  bu- 
reau in  New  York,  He  wmie  ".Ai»i>eid  from  the  Sentence 
of  the  Bishop  {onderdonkl  of  New  York " (1846),  "Hand- 
book of  Christian  Art"(lS,W).  "Shakspero's  Scholar  '(1864), 
"Authorship  of  the  3  Parts  of  He(ny  VI."  (1S59),  "Na 
tional  Hymns  "(18t;i),  a  satire  "The  New  Gospel  of  Peace  " 
(1863),  "Menioirs  of  the  Life  of  William  Shakspere"(lb«.i). 
''Poetry  of  the  Civil  War  "(ls*i6),  •'  Words  and  Their  I'ses  ' 
(1S70X  "  Everj-day  English  " (ls8u),  "Englaml  Without  and 
Within  '■  (1881),  a  novel  "  The  Kate  of  Mansfield  Hum- 
phreys "(1SS4).  "Studies  in  Shakspere"  (1885).  He  edited 
Shakspere's  plays  lS57-<;5,  and  in  1883. 
White,  Stanford.  Born  at  New  York,  Nov.  9, 
1853.  An  American  architect  and  decorator, 
son  of  K.  G.  White.  He  has  designed  the  Washington 
Arch  (New  Y'ork  cityX  the  ^ladison  Square  Garden,  tlie 
base  of  St.  Gaudens's  statue  of  Farragut  in  Madison  Square, 
and  manv  buildings. 

White,  William.  Bom  at  Philadelphia.  April 
4.  1748:  died  there,  July  17,  1836.  A  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  the  Unitetl 
States,  and  was  elected  first  bishop  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1786,  and  consecrated  in  London  in  1787.  He  wrote  "The 
Case  of  the  Episc()pal  Churches  Considered  "  (17s2X  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Catechism  "(isi:t),  "Comparative  View  of  the 
Controversy  between  the  Calvinists  and  the  Arminians" 
(1817).  '*Me([(oirs  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  iu 
the  tadted  states "(1820),  etc. 

Whiteboys  (hwit'boiz).  The  members  of  an 
illegal  agrarian  association,  formed  in  Ireland 
about  the  year  1761,  whose  object  was  "to  do 
.iustice  to  the  poor  by  rest  oringtheaneientcom- 
mons  and  redressing  other  grievances  "  ( Leckij). 
The  members  of  the  association  assembled  at  inght  w'itli 
white  frocks  over  their  other  clothes  (whence  the  name), 
threw  down  fences  and  leveled  inelt>s((res  (being  hence 
also  called  Levelers),  and  destroyed  the  jiroperty  of  harsh 
landlords  or  their  agents,  the  Protestant  clergy,  the  tithe- 
collectors,  and  any  others  who  had  made  themselves  ob- 
noxious to  the  association. 

Whitecaps  (hwit'kaps).  In  the  United  States, 
a  Self-constituted  body  or  committee  of  per- 
sons who,  in  Indiana  and  other  States,  generally 
under  the  guise  of  rendering  service  or  protec- 
tion to  the  community  in  which  they  dwell, 
commit  various  outrages  .and  lawless  acts. 

Whitechapel  (hwit'chap'el).  A  quarter  in  tlie 
eastern  part  of  London,  iidialdted  by  the  poorer 
classes  and  by  crimitials :  so  called  from  \Vhite- 
(■hai"d  Road. 

Whitechapel  Murders.  A  series  of  extraor- 
dinary anil  atrocious  murders,  committed  in 
London,  especially  in  Whitechapel,  by  an  un- 
known ])erson,  popularly  called  "  Jack  the  Rip- 
per," about  1889.  The  victims  were  in  all  cases 
fallen  women. 

White  Company,  The.  [F.  La  Compa/juie 
Ji!<!iirlir.'j  A  li:(([d  of  assassins  organize(I  in 
Toulouse  in  the  13th  century  by  "the  ferocious 
FoUpiet,"  bishop  of  Toulouse.  He  marched  at  their 
head,  massacring  all  who  were  suspected  of  favoring  hcret- 
iCiU  opinions.  'This  co[npany  joined  the  lU-niy  of  Simon 
de  Montfort  when  he  besieged  Touhuise.  '1  ho  name  was 
also  assumed  by  a  band  of  freebooters  (the  "  Grand  Ciun- 
panies")led  i>y  Bertrand  dn  Ciueselin  iu  136(1,  from  the 
white  cross  winch  each  wore  on  his  shoulder.  He  w;»s 
ransomeii  from  English  captivity  tor  the  purpose  of  ritl- 
ding  France  of  these  adventurers.  He  placed  himself  at 
their  head  and  led  them  out  of  the  country  into  Sjialn. 
The  name  was  also  given,  probably  on  acciKuit  of  (heir 
equipment,  to  another  ba(»i  of  adventurers  led  by  Sir 
John  HawkwtM^d,  who  ravaged  the  northern  part  of  Italy 
with  them  in  the  lith  century. 

White  Czar,  or  White  King,  The.  An  epithet 

of  tho  ( 'z;ir  of  Kussia. 

White  Devil,  The,  or  Vittoria  Corombona. 

A  tragedy  by  Webster,  (irsl  acted  in  l(i()7  or 
160S.  It  was  lirinted  in  1612.  See  f 'oTOw/ioHd. 
But  when  these  criticisms  antl  others  nro  made,  "The 
White  Devil*  rem(dn8  one  of  the  most  glorious  works  of 
the  pci'loil.     Vittoria  is  perfect  thnxighout;  a{Hl  iu  tho 

iustly  1au<led  trial  scene  she  has  no  8((perior  on  anv  stage, 
Iracchlano  Is  a  thoroughly  lifelike  portrait  of  the  man 
who  Is  completely  besotted  with  an  evil  wonnin.  Flamlneo 
I  have  spoken  of,  and  not  favourably  :  yet  in  literature,  if 
not  In  life,  ho  is  a  triumph  ;  and.  above  alt,  the  absorbing 
tragic  Interest  of  the  nlay,  which  It  Is  hnposslblu  to  take 
ll\}  tvithont  fitdshlng,  has  to  )»e  counted  in.  But  the  real 
charm  of  "The  White  Iicvll "  is  the  wholly  miracnlous 
]M»etrv  111  plirascs  luiil  short  jmssages  which  it  contains. 
Sainltlnini,  Hist,  of  Ellzabelhau  1.11.,  p.  '276. 

White  Devil  of  Wallachia,  The.    A  Turkish 

nickdiinio  of  .ScandiTlieg. 

White  Elephant,  Land  of  the.    Siam. 
Whiteface  (hwit'i'As)  Mountain.     A  ]ieak  of 

the  .\iliiondiicl<s,  in  Kssiv  CoiidIv.  N»w  York, 
near  L.Mko  Placid.      Ilciglit.  iiboui  4,870  feet. 

Whitefield(hwit'i("ldi.  George.    Horn  at  Cloti- 

eestor,  Kngland,  I)i'c,  27,  1714:  died  at  Nrw- 
bnryport,  Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1770.  .\n  English 
clergjTnan,  one  of  the  fonnilers  of  Methodism: 
celebruted  as  a  puljiit  orator.  He  was  educated 
at  Gloucester  and  Oxford;  became  ass^iclated  at  Oxford 


White  League,  The 

with  the  Methodists  ;  was  ordained  deacon  in  1736 ;  visited 
Georgia  in  1738,  returning  to  England  in  the  same  year  to 
be  ordained  a  priest ;  began  open-air  preaching  at  Bitstol 
with  great  eltect ;  again  visited  America  17o9-ll,  preach- 
ing in  New  England,  New  York,  Georgia,  and  elsewhere; 
separated  from  Wesley  on  doctrinal  points  in  1741  (White- 
field  retaining  his  rigid  Calvinism  and  Wesley  leaning 
toward  Arminianism);  preached  throughout  Great  Brit- 
ain ;  was  in  America  for  the  tldi<l  time  1744-48  (and  sev- 
eral times  later)  ;  and  becmuc  chaplain  to  the  Countess  of 
Huntingdon,  lie  returned  to  America  for  the  last  time 
in  1700,  and  ilied  there. 

Whitefriars  (hwU'fri'iirz).  A  district  in  Lon- 
don, named  from  an  order  of  Carmelites  estab- 
lished there  in  1241.  The  first  monaster}- of  tbeorder 
in  England  was  foumled  by  Ralph  I-Yeshburne  near  Ater- 
wich,  Northumberland,  in  1224.  (See^fsada.)  In  1680 the 
Whitefriiu-s'  Monastery  was  given  up  to  a  company  of 
players,  and  known  as  \\  Uitefrlars'  Theatre.  It  was  not 
used  after  KilO. 

Whitehall  (hwit'hiil).  In  modem  London,  tho 
main  thoroughfare  between  Trafalgar  Sipiare 
and  the  hou.ses  of  Parliament,  it  is  160  feet  wide, 
and  passes  through  the  great  courtyard  of  the  old  White- 
hall Palace.  It  contains  on  either  side  the  adminifitrative 
offices  of  tlie  imperial  government. 

Whitehall  (hwit'halV  A  village  in  Washing- 
ton County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  southern 
end  of  Lake  Champlain,  6.5  miles  north  by  east 
of  --Albany,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Champlain 
Canal.  It  has  an  important  trade  in  lumber. 
Population    flilOO),  4.377. 

Whitehall  Palace.  A  palace  in  London,  Eng- 
land, originally  built  by  Hubert  de  Burgh  in 
tho  reign  of  Henry  III.  It  became  the  residence  of 
the  archbishops  of  York  in  1248,  and  was  called  Vork  Place 
for  three  centuries.  It  should  not  be  confounded  with  York 
House.  It  escheated  to  the  crown  under  Henrj- VIII.  In 
1615  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire-,  and  James  I.  undertiMjk 
to  rebuild  the  palace,  but  oidy  the  existing  banquet  ing-hall, 
designed  by  Inigo  Jones,  was  tinished  at  the  opening  of  the 
civil  war.  The  remainder  of  the  old  palace  has  since  disap- 
peared. The  banqneting-hall  is  one  of  the  best  examples  of 
the  Palladian  style.  111  by  66A  fee:,  and  65j  high.  The  ceil- 
lug  is  covered  with  paintings  by  Rubens  representing  the 
Apothei>sis  of  James  I.,  incidents  in  the  life  of  Charles 
I.,  and  allegories  of  Peace,  Plenty,  and  similar  subjects. 
Through  an  opening  broken  in  the  wall  between  the  upper 
and  the  lower  centrid  windows  Charles  1.  walked  to  the 
scalTold,  The  banqneting-hall  was  turned  into  a  chapel  by 
(Jeorge  1..  but  has  never  been  consecrated.  It  is  called  "the 
t^iapel  Rojal  of  Whitehall,"  and  was  dismantled  in  1890. 

White  Hart,  The,  A  noted  tavern  in  South- 
wnrk,  London. 

Whitehaven  (hwit'ba'vn).  A  seaport  in  Cura- 
beil.ind,  Kngland.  situated  near  the  entrance  to 
Sohvay  Firth,  in  lat.  rA°  33'  N.,  long.  3°  35'  W, 
It  has  coal-mines  and  varied  manufactures,  and 
exportscoal. iron, etc.  Population (1891), 18.044. 

Whitehead  (hwit'hed ).  Charles.   Born  at  Lon- 

don,  1804:  died  at  Melbourne,  18G2.  An  Eng- 
lish poet  and  writer.  He  pnbli8he<i  "The  Solitary' 
(I8;il),  and  "Autobiography  of  Jack  Ketch"(lS»4).  The 
"  I'ickwick  Papers  "  were  wi'itten  by  Dickens  at  his  sug- 
gt'stion.  In  ls.')7  he  went  to  31elbonrne. 
Whitehead,  William.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
1715:  died  April  14,  17,S5.  An  English  poet,  the 
successorof  CoUeyCibber as  poet  laureate.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Cambridge  (Clare  HallX 
In  1742  he  beciunea  fellow  of  Clare,  ami  in  1761  poet  lau- 
reate. He  wmte  the  tragedies  "A  lUnnan  Father"  and 
"Creusa, "anil  the  comeily  "  .A  School  for  Lovers,"  etc. 

White  Horse,  Vale  of  the.    -V  valley  in  Berk- 

slnre.  Kiiglnnd.  west  of  Abingdon.  See  White 
ll"rsr  ol'  li,  li.shin  . 

White  Sorse  of  Berkshire,  The.  .\  rude  fig- 
ure of  a,  horse  made  by  cutting  away  the  tnrf 
on  an  escarpment  of  the  Clialk  Downs  near 
Wantage,  Berkshire,  England:  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Alfred  the  tireat.  There  are  others. 
Tho  White  Horse  of  Uifinglon,  In  ncrkshlre,  occupies 
about  an  acru  of  ground,  and  may  be  seen  frvini  some 
points  of  view  at  a  distance  of  twelve  miles. 
tVintdirant,  (leology  of  England  and  Wales,  2d  ed.,  p.  42L 

White  House  (hwithons).  A  locality  on  the 
Pamuiikey  liiver.  Virginia,  east  of  liiehniond: 
a  prominent  point  in  the  movements  against 
Kichtiioud  in  the  Civil  War. 

White  House,  The.     See  Hanhhititou  (city). 

White  Huns ( hun/).  An  ancient  people. prob- 
ably of  the  Ttu'kish  race,  who  lived  in  central 
Asia.  They  were  probably  ancestors  of  the 
Turkomans. 

White  Lady.  1.  In  <1erinan  folk-lore,  the  ancient 
Teutonic-  goddess  Holda  or  Beivhta,  who  was 
the  receiver  of  the  soids  of  maidens  and  chil- 
dren, and  who  slill  exists  as  the  White  Lady, 
not  unfre(|)ii'ntly,  in  (lernntn  legends,  trans- 
forming herself,  or  those  whom  she  liecovs  into 
her  |]on)e.  into  a  white  mouse.  JUirhi<i-<l<iul(i, 
Curious  .Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,  p.  4C3.— 2. 
See  .!;/(«, s-  (if  Mrrtin. 

White  League,  The.  1.  A  military  organiza- 
lioti  in  LotDsiana.  in  the  period  siu'cecilingthe 
Civil  War.  fnrn)e<l  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
white  supremucy. — 2.  The  Ku-Klux  Klau. 


Whitelocke 
Whitelocke  (hwit'lok).  Bulstrode.    Born  at 

London,  Aug.  2,  1605:  died  at  Clifton.  Wilt- 
shiie,  1676.  An  English  statesman,  son  of  Sir 
JamesWhitelocke(justieeof  theKing'sBeneh). 
In  1620  he  entered  St  John's  College,  Oxford ;  in  1626  was 
member  of  Parliament  for  Stalford  ;  and  sat  in  the  Long 
Parliiuuent  for  Great  Marlon*.  He  succeeded  in  maintain* 
ing  a  moderate  or  neutral  position  through  the  civil  war, 
Commonwealth,  and  Restoration.  In  1615  he  was  appointed 
a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  king  at  Uxbridge.  He 
committed  himself  neither  to  the  Independents  nor  to  the 
Presbyteri.ins,  and  had  nothing  to  do  Avith  the  king's  trial 
and  execution.  In  1653  he  was  ambassador  to  Sweden, 
and  in  1659  was  commissioner  of  the  great  seal.  He  was 
pardoned  at  the  Restoration.  He  wrote  "  Memorials  of 
English  Affairs"  (16S2). 

WMte  Mountain.  [G.  Tfeisser  Serff."]  A  hOl 
near  Prague,  about  1,200  feet  in  height.  Here, 
Nov.  S,  1620,  the  Iraperialist-s  under  Tilly  and  Maximilian 
of  Bavaria  defeated  the  elector  Frederick  V,  of  the  Palati- 
nate. 

White  Mountain  Apache.    See  Coyotero. 

White  Mountains.  A  group  of  mountains  in 
New  Hampsliive,  belonging  to  the  Appalachian 
system,  it  comprises  the  Presidential  range,  or  White 
Mountains  proper  (Mounts  Washington,  Adams,  Jeffer- 
son, Madison,  ilonroe.  Clay,  and  others),  the  Franconia 
range  (Mount  Lafayette  and  others),  and  other  lesser 
heights.  Highest  point.  Mount  Washington  (6,290  feet). 
They  are  a  popular  summer  resort. 

White  Mountains.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  Little  Carpathians  between  Moravia  and 
Hungary. 

White  Oak  Swamp.  A  locality  east  of  Rieh- 
moud,  the  scene  of  part  of  the  battle  of  June 
30, 1862,  and  of  the  Seven  Days'  Battles. 

White  Plains.  A  village  in  Westchester  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  22  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
"V  ork.  A  victory  was  gained  there  by  the  British  under 
Howe  over  the  Americans  under  Washington,  Oct  28, 1776. 
Population  (1900),  7,899. 

White  River.  1.  A  river  in  Arkansas  and  the 
southern  part  of  Missouri,  which  joins  the  Ai'- 
kansas  and  Mississippi  near  the  junction  of 
those  rivers.  Length,  about  800  miles ;  navi- 
gable to  Batesville  or  Jacksonport. —  2.  A  river 
in  Indiana,  formed  by  the  East  and  West  Forks. 
It  joins  the  Wabash  25 "miles  southwest  of  Tincennes. 
Indianapolis  is  on  the  West  Fork.  Length,  about  350 
miles,  including  the  West  Fork. 

White  River  Junction.  A  railroad  junction 
in  Vermont,  at  the  entrance  of  the  White 
River  into  the  Connecticut,  32  miles  east  of 
Rutland. 

White  Rose  of  Raby.  An  epithet  of  the  mother 
of  Edward  IV.  of  Eugland.  In  17W  a  novel  with 
this  title  was  published. 

White  Russia  (rush'a).  A  popular  but  not 
official  name  for  a  part  of  western  Russia 
largely  inhabited  by  White  Russians,  itincludes, 
in  whole  or  in  great  part,  the  governments  of  Vilna,  Grod- 
no, Mohileff,  Minsk,  Smolensk,  and  Vitebsk.  Formerly  it 
belonged  to  Poland. 

White's  (hwits).  A  noted  club  in  St.  James's 
street,  London,  established  in  1698  as  a  choco- 
late-house, and  called  after  the  name  of  its 
keeper.  It  was  from  the  beginning  principally 
a^gambling  club. 

Whites,  The.    See  Bianclii. 

White  Sea.  An  arm  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  which 
penetrates  about  400  miles  into  northern  Rus- 
sia. Its  chief  branches  are  the  Gulfs  of  Mezen,  Archangel 
(or  Dwina),  Onega,  and  Kandalak,  and  it  receives  the  ile- 
zen,  Diviua,  Onega,  and  Wyg.  It  is  frozen  more  than  half 
the  year. 

White  Sheep,  The.  The  Turkoman  conquerors 
of  Persia  about  1-16S. 

White  Sulphur  Springs.  A  %illage  and  wa- 
tering-place in  (xreenbrier  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia, 60  miles  northwest  of  Lynchburg :  one  of 
the  most  noted  summer  resorts  in  the  South. 

White  Surrey.  The  favorite  horse  of  Rich- 
ard in. 

White  Tower.  The  oldest  portion  of  the  Tower 
of  London  (which  see). 

Whitfield,  George.    See  TTlutefieUr. 

Whitfield  (hwit'feld),  or  Whitefield,  John 
Clarke.  Born  at  Gloucester,  Dec.  13,  1770 : 
died  at  Hereford,  Feb.  22,  1836.  An  English 
musician.  In  1793  he  received  the  degree  of  Mus.  B. 
at  Cambridge.  In  1795  he  became  organist  of  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  in  Dublin ;  in  1793  organist  of  Trinity  .ind  .St. 
John's  colleges,  Cambridge ;  and  in  1820  organist  of  Here- 
ford cathedral.  Later  he  was  professor  of  music  in  Cam- 
bridge.    He  edited  Handel's  oratorios. 

Whitgift  (hwit'gift),  John.  Bom  at  Great 
Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  England,  1530  (1533?): 
died  at  London,  Feb.  29,  1604.  An  English 
prelate,  in  1563  he  became  Lady  Margaret  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge ;  in  1567  regius  professor  and 
master  of  Trinity;  and  in  l.'.VO  vice-chancellor  of  the  unj. 
versitj.  He  was  appointt-d  bishf-p  of  Worcester  in  1577, 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1583.  He  was  a  jiersecu- 
tor  of  the  Puritans ;  was  one  of  tlie  authors  of  the  "Lam- 
oeth  Articles  ";  and  took  part  in  the  Hampton  Court  Con. 


1060 

ference  in  1604.    His  works  were  edited  for  the  Parker 

Societv  1851-53. 

Whitiock  (hwit'lok),  Mrs.  (Eliza  Kemble). 
Born  1761:  died  1836.  An  English  actress, 
sister  of  Mrs.  Siddons. 

Whitman  (hwit'man).  Marcus.  Born  at  Rush- 
ville,  N.  y.,  Sept.  4','l802 :  died  near  Walla  Walla, 
Oregon,  Nov.  29,  1847.  An  American  pioneer. 
In  1836  he  went  to  Oregon  for  the  American  Board  as  mis- 
sionary physician.  Convinced  of  the  value  of  the  country, 
he  returned  (1842-43)  to  Washington,  and  by  his  represen 
tatious  practically  succeeded  in  securing  Oregon 
United  States.  To  prove  its  accessibility  to  settltrs,  he  led 
back  in  the  same  year  a  large  train  of  wagons  to  the  valley 
oi  the  Columbia.     He  was  nnirdered  by  Indians. 

Whitman  (hwit'man),  Mrs.  (Sarah  Helen 
Power).  Born  at  ftovidence,  R.  I.,  1803:  died 
there,  June  27,  1878.  An  American  poet  and 
critic.  About  184S  she  became  engaged  to  Edgar  Allan 
Poe,  and,  though  the  engagement  was  broken  off.  defended 
him  in  her  "  Edgar  A.  Poe  and  his  Critics  "  (lS6ti).  She 
also  wrote  "Houj-s  of  Life,  and  other  Poems"  (1853),  and 
various  poems  with  her  sister  Anna  M.  Power. 

Whitman,  Walt  or  Walter.  Born  at  West 
Hills,  Long  Island,  N.  Y..  May  31,  1819:  died  at 
Camden,  N.  J.,  March  26, 1S92.  An  American 
poet.  In  early  life  he  was  engaged  as  a  printer,  carpen- 
ter, and  journalist.  During  the  Civil  War  he  volunteered 
as  army  nurse,  and  in  18t>4  was  seized  with  hospital  mala- 
ria, from  which  he  never  fully  recovered.  After  the  war  he 
was  a  government  clerk  in  Washington  ;  and  was  dis- 
missed in  1S65,  on  account  of  the  character  of  his  volume 
of  poems  "Leaves  of  Grass,"  which  had  been  published  in 
1855.  The  volume  has  many  times  been  revised,  a  final 
edition  appearing  in  1S92.  Shortly  after  his  dismissal  he 
received  another  appointment  which  he  held  until  disabled 
by  paralysis  in  1673,  when  he  removed  to  Camden.  William 
Douglas  O'Connor  published  a  pamphlet  in  his  defense  in 
1866,  entitled  '*  The  Good  Gray  Poet :  A  Vindication,"  and 
W.  M.  Kossetti  published  an  edition  of  his  poems  in  Eng- 
land in  1S68.  His  other  works  include  "  Drum-Taps  "  (1S65), 
"Memoranda  During  the  War"  (1875),  "Democratic  Vis- 
tas "  (1871),  "  Two  Rivulets  "  (1876),  "  Specimen  Days  and 
Collect  "(1^3),  "  November  Boughs  "  (188S),"  Goodbye,  my 
Fancy" (ISyl),  and  "Selected Poems."  A  complete  collec- 
tion of  his  prose  works  and  "Autobiographia"  was  pub- 
lished in  1892. 


Wichert 

Carlyle.  His  works  include  numerous  contributions  to  the 
"Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Societv  "  and  other  pa- 
pers, a  translation  of  the  " Silna  Siddhanta"  (I860),  an 
edition  of  the  "  Pratifakhya  "  of  the  "Atharva  Veda"(1862)t 
"Language  and  the  Study  of  Language"  (1867),  "German 
Grammar  "  (1869),  "German  Reader,"  an  edition  of  the 
"Taittiriya  Pl-itii;akhya  "  (1871),  "Oriental  and  Linguistic 
Studies  '  (1872-74), "  Life  and  Growth  of  Language  "  (1875)^ 
"Essentials  of  English  Grammar "(1S77)," Sanskrit  Gram- 
mar  "  (1S79),  "  French  Gnunmar  "  (1886),  etc.  He  also  was 
editor-in-chief  of  "The  Centurj-  Dictionary"  (1W9-91),  and 
„,.„.  „      aided  in  the  revision  of  Webster's  Dictionary  (1S64). 

gJr  the  Whittier  (hwit'i-er),  John  Greenleaf.  Bom 
at  Haverhill, Mass., Dec.  17,lS0i :  diedatHamp- 
ton  Falls,  N.  H.,  Sept.  7, 1892.  A  distinguished 
American  poet,  reformer,  and  author :  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  attended  the 
Haverhill  Academy;  worked  on  a  farm;  taught  school 
in  order  to  afford  further  education  •  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty-two  edited  the  ".American  Manufacturer"  at  Bos- 
ton. In  1830  he  edited  the  "Haverhill  Gazette,"  and  a 
few  months  later  the  "New  England  Weekly  Review" 
(Hartford).  He  was  a  leading  (.ipponent  of  slavery ;  be- 
came secretary  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society  in 
1836 ;  and  went  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  edited  the  ■'  Penn- 
sylvania Freeman."  He  w.as  several  times  attacked  by  mobs 
on  account  of  his  opinions.  He  was  sent  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature  in  1835-36,  and  settled  at  Amesbury, 
Massachusetts,  in  1840.  He  was  leading  writer  for  the 
Washington  "National  Era"  1847-59.  Among  his  works 
are '■  Legends  of  New  England  "  (1831),  "Moll  Pitcher" 
(1832),  "Mogg  Megoue"  (1836),  "Ballads"  (l>v«),  "Lays 
of  ily  Home,  and  other  Poems"  (1843),  "The  Stranger  in 
Lowell  "(1845),"  Supernaturalism  in  New  England  "(184 "X 
"Leaves  from  Margaret  Smith's  Journal"  (1849),  "Tlie 
Voices  of  Freedom  "  (1849),  "Old  Portraits  and  Modem 
Sketches "(1850),  "Songs  of  Labor "(1850),  "TheChapelof 
the  Hermits "  (1853),  "Literary  Recreations  and  Miscella- 
nies "  (1854),  "  The  Panorama  "  (1856).  "Home  Ballads  and 
Poems  "(1860),  "In  War  Time "  (1868).  "National  Lmcs  " 
(1865),"  Snow-Bound  "  (18(j6X"  Maud  Muller  "  (1866)."  The 
Teuton  the  Beach  "(1867),  "Among  the  Hills  "(186S),"Bal- 
ladsot  New  England^' (1869)."  Miriam"  (lS71),"The  Penn- 
sylvania Pilgrim  "  (1872),  "Hazel  Blossoms"  (1874),  "  Ma- 
bel Martin  "  (1875),  "The  Vision  of  Echard"  (1878X  "The 
King's  Missive  "  (1881),  "The  Bay  of  the  Seven  Islands  " 
(1883),  "  Poems  of  Natiu-e  "  (1886),  "  St  Gregory's  Guest " 
(1886).  Complete  works,  prose  and  verse,  in  7  vols.  (1888- 
1889),  revised  by  the  author. 


Whitney  (hwit'ni),  Mrs.  (Adeline  Button  ^^i**iiiSto°C'i'"t '""§-* ?")•  A  town  in  Derby- 
Train).    Bom  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  15, 1824.    ^l^'re,  England,  9  miles  south  by  east  of  Shef- 
An  American  novelist,  poet,  and  writer  of  ju-   ^'^^'^-    Population  (1891),  8,798. 
veniles.  Hernovelsinclude"BoysatChequasset"(1862),  Whittington,  Sir  Richard.     Bom  about  1358 


Faith  Gartney's  Girlhood"  (1863),  "The  Gayworthys" 
(1865),  "A  Summer  in  Leslie  Goldthwaite's  Life"(lS66), 
"Patience  !3trong's  Outmgs"  (1868),  "Hitherto"  (1869), 
"Real  Folks "(1871),  "Sights  and  Insights "(1876),  "Odd  or 
Even"(1880),  "Bom)yborough"(lSS5),  ".Ascutney Street " 
(1S91X  "  A  Golden  Gossip  "  (1892).  She  has  published  also 
several  volumes  of  poems. 
Whitney  (hwit'ni),  Eli.  Bom  at  Westborough, 
Mass.,  Dec.  8, 1765:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Jan.  8,  1825.  An  American  inventor  and  man- 
ufacturer. He  graduated  at  Y.ile  in  1792,  and  in  the 
same  year  went  to  Georgia  as  a  teacher,  and  there  invented 
the  cotton-gin.  His  workshop  was  broken  into  and  his 
machine  stolen  and  others  made  before  he  could  secure  a 
patent  He  subsequently  made  a  fortune_  in  the  manu- 
facture of  firearms  at  Whitneyville,  near  New  Haven. 

Whitney,  Josiah  D'Wight.  Bom  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass..  Nov.  23, 1819 :  died  Aug.  19, 1896.  A 
distingruished  American  geologist.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1839 ;  was  connected  as  geologist  with  the  New 
Hampshire  siu-vey  1840-42 ;  studied  and  traveled  in  Europe 
1842-47  ;  was  assistant  geologist  of  the  United  States  sur- 


died  March,  1423.  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  He 
was  a  son  of  Sir  Richard  Whittington  of  Pauntley,  Glou- 
cestershire, who  died  an  outlaw  in  1360.  In  1392  he  was 
an  alderman  and  sheriff  of  London,  and  was  chosen  mayor 
in  l.;97. 1406,  and  1419.  In  1416  he  was  elected  member  of 
Parliament  for  London.  The  old  legend  which  depicts 
him  as  going  np  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune,  which  he 
finally  achieves  by  means  of  his  cat  has  no  foundation  in 
fact;  but  the  phrase  "Whittington  and  his  cat"  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  conuption  of  the  word  acat  or  achat,  useil 
in  the  14th  century,  meaning  'Irading'or  'barter,'  round 
which  the  nursery  tale  grew.  There  is  an  Eastern  legend 
of  the  same  nattire,  which  probably  affected  the  form  of 
the  story. 

Whittredge  (hwit'rej),  Worthington.  Bom  at 
Springfield,  Ohio,  May  22.  1820.  An  American 
landscape-painter,  a  pupil  of  Andi'eas  Achen- 
bach  in  Diisseldorf.  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1861,  and  president  in  1874. 

Whitworth  (hwit'werth).  A  ■village  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  situated  on  the  Spoddcn  12 
miles  north  of  Manchester.    Pop.  (1891).  9,766. 


vey  of  the  L.ake  Superior  region  1847-19;  became  State  Tm.;*™ ~_ii,    o-"    t  -u       d  *   o»     i   "     .. 

cliemist  of  Iowa  and  professor  in  Iowa  State  University  in  WhltWOrth,  bir  Joseph.     Bom   at   btockport 
18D5;wasconnectedwiththeStatesurveysof  Wisconsinand    England,  1803:  died  1887.  An  English  inventor 
Illinois  1858-60 ;  was  State  geologist  of  California  1860-74 ;    and    manufacturer,    noted    especially  for   his 

T°w''''F';Sp.T.'^;'nw''iT^''*''',*°'''T?:''''r°?**J'  '^■"'    breech-loading  cannon  and  rifles. 

J.  »>.  poster  he  published  reports  on  the  Lake  Superior  TTT-L     j    -l    /u     .^/.-x  itt*j    -l  /     -a/..,       rrti 

survey  aS49  and  1850-51);  with  .lames  Hall  reports  on  the  Whydah  (hwid    a),  or  Wldah  (wid    a).     The 

Geological  Survey  of  Iowa  (1868-59)  and  on  that  of  Wis-    chief  seaport  of  Dahomev,  Afi'ica,  situated  on 
cousin  (1862).    He  also  nTote  "The  Metallic  Wealth  of    a  lagoon  near  the  coast!  about  long.  2°  5'  E. 
the    United  States,  etc."  (18.i4),  "Geological  Survey  of     Pf,n?ilntinTi    estimated    V  OOO-'^t  000 
California"  (1864-70),  "TheVosemite  Guide-Book " (1869),  ,^P«lation,  estiinatea,  X.,UUU-_.3,WU. 
"Barometric  Hypsometry  "(1874),  a  volume  on  the  botany  Whymper  (hwim  per),  tdward.    Born  at  Lon- 


of  California  (1S77),  "  Names  and  Places  "  (1888),  etc 
Whitney,  Mount.  [Named  from  Prof.  J.  D. 
Whitney.]  A  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains, on  the  border  of  Inyo  and  Tulare  coun- 
ties, California,  about  lat.  36°  35'  N. :  thought 
to  be  the  highest  mountain  in  the  United  States. 
Height,  14. .897  feet. 
Whitney,  William  Collins.  Born  at  Conway. 
Mass.,  Jtily  15, 1841.     An  American  lawyer  and 


don,  April  27, 1840.  An  English  wood-engraver, 
traveler,  and  author:  noted  as  a  mountain- 
eliiuber.  He  ascended  Mont  Pelvou.t  in  1861,  and  Pointe 
des  Ecrins  in  1S64  ;  made  the  first  ascent  of  the  Matterhorn 
in  1805  (see  J/rtrterAom);  traveled  extensively  in  Greenland 
in  1867  and  1872;  and  ascended  Chimborazo,  Cotopaxi,  An- 
tisana.  Pichincha,  and  other  mountains  in  the  Ecuadorian 
Andes  in  1880.  He  has  written  "Scrambles  among  the 
.Alps"(lS71),  "Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
Equator  "  (1892). 


politician.-   He  graduated  at  Tale  in  1863,  and  at  the  Whyte-MelviUe  (hwlt'mel'vil),  George  Joha 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1865,  and  has  several  times  been    5°'''^  °*^-^''  *^-  ^^^^''^^S,   Scotland,  1821 :  died 


corporation  counsel  of  New  York  city.    He  was  secretary 
of  the  navy  1S8.V89. 

Whitney,  William  Dwight.  Bom  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  Feb.  9,1827:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  June  7, 1894.  A  distinguished  American 
philologist,  brother  of  J.  D.'WTiitney.  He  gradu- 
ated  at  Williams  College  in  1845 ;  was  employed  in  a  bank 
at  Northampton  forseveral  years ;  studied  Sanskrit  at  New 
Haven  1849-50,  and  at  Berlin  1850-53:  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  Sanskrit  at  Yale  in  1853,  and  also  of  compar.itive 


Dec,  1878.  An  English  soldier  and  novelist.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  T  entered  the  army  in  1839 ;  retired 
from  the  army  with  the  rank  of  capt.ain  in  1849;  and 
sei-ved  in  the  Turkish  cavalry  in  the  (Yimean  war.  Among 
his  novels  are  "Digby  Grand "  (1853).  "Kate  Coventry' 
(1856),  "The  Interpreter" (1858),  "HolmbyHouse"(1860), 
"Good  for  Nothing"  (1861),  "The  Queen's  Marvs"(18e2X 
"  The  Gladiators  "(1863X  "  I'he  White  Rose  "  (1868).  "  S.ar- 
chedon  "  (1S71X  " Satanella "  (1S73),  "Uncle  John  "(1S74), 
"Katerfelto"  (1875),  "Roy's  Wife"  (1878),  "Black  but 
Comely  "  (1879). 


and  was  a  foreign  knight  of  the  Prussian  order  Pour  le 
M^rite,  filling  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Thomas 


A  Uermaii  dramatist  and  novelist.    His  work-s  in- 
clude the  novels  "  Das  griine  Thor,"  "  Ein  starkes  Herz," 


poem  "Der  iieiie  Aniailis"  ("The  New  Amadis,"  1771).     tfiwu. 

with  his  estahlishtncnt  at  Erfurt  heKinsathird  and  more  WilberfOfCe     (wil  'b^r-fors). 


Wichert  1061 

"Heinrieh  von  Plaucn,'  'Der  ctossc  KiirfiirsI  in  Preiis. 
sen,  "and  thcclmrnas  '■  Der  Narr  desUlueks.  "EinSehritt 
voin  WeL'e,"  "IJi.'  K.-alisten,"  etc. 

Wichita  (we'ehe-ta).  A  confederacy  of  theCad- 
doan  family  of  North  American  Inili'ans.  They  for. 
nierly  lived  on  and  near  the  Wasliita  Kiver,  Arkansas,  and 
the\Vashita(False\V.-ishita)ltiver.oklahoma;  their  present 
habitat  is  on  tlie  Wichita  reservation,  Oklahoma.  Tile  con- 
federacy consists  of  seven  tribes,  of  which  tile  princip:U 
are  tlie  Wichita,  Towakarehu,  and  Weeko.    .Sec  Caddoan. 

Wichita  (vvich'i-tU).  [From  tlie  Indian  name.] 
The  capital  of  Sed(;jwick  County,  Kansas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Arkansas  River  130  miles  southwest 
of  Topeka.  It  is  an  important  railway  center. 
Population  (1900),  24.671. 

Wick  (w'ik).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Caithness,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North 
Sea  in  lat.  58°  27'  N.  It  is  an  important  fish- 
ing port  (especially  for  herrings).  Population 
(1891),  8,512. 

■Wickfield  (wik'feld),  Agnes.   The  datighter of  Wiener-Neustadt  "(v§''n"er-uorstat).' " 

Jlr.  Wickheld  the  solicitor,  and  second  wite  of  i„  Lower  Aiistria,  situated  On  the  Fi 

Da«d  Coi>perneld,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  that         '  ■   ■  

name. 

Wickliffe,  John.    See  Wydif. 

Wickliiiites.    See  Wi/difites. 

Wicklow  (wik'16).  1.  A  county  in  Leinste'r, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Dulilin,  St.  (George's  Chan- 
nel, Wexford,  Carlow,  and  Kildaro.  It  is  trav-  Wieniawski  (ve-iie-of'ske),  Henri.  Bora  at 
ersed  by  a  range  of  hills.  ^\rea,781  square  miles.  Luljlin,  Julv  10.  183.">:  died  at  Moscow,  April 
Population  (1891),  62.136.— 2.  The  capital  of  2  (March  31),  1880.  A  Polish  composer  and 
County  Wicklow,  situated  on  St.  George's  Chan-  noted  violinist. 

nel  28  miles  south-southeast  of  Dublin.  Popu-  WiertZ  (verts),  Antoine  Joseph.    Bom  at  Di- 
lation (1891),  3,273.  naiit,  Belgium,  Fel).  22,  1S06:  died  at  Brussels, 

Wiclif.     See  Wi/dlf.  June  18,  18&").     A  Belgian  historical  painter. 

Widdin,  or  Widin  (vid'in).  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  He  studied  at  Antwei-p,  Paris,  and  Rome,  and  in  1818  set- 


Wildermuth 


bis  removal  to  Erfurt  had  appeared,  further  in  the  same  Wigtown  Bay.     An  arm  of  the  Irish  Sea,  be. 
Tein  as  the  works  immediately  precedmc,  "Die  Grazien        ,,,.7    „,i,.    ,  .^,f„t;„o  «f  I.-i..l,.,...li  ..:    u.  „„  1  nr- 
("The  Graces  ■).  prose  and  verse  (1770),  and  llie  narrative     ,'"  '.'"  ' '''    <^^'>l"itie8  of  Kirkcudbright  and  W  ig- 


serious  period  in  his  literary  work.  The  first  production 
in  the  new  direction  was  the  prose  romance  "  Der  tjoldene 
.Spiegel"  ("The  Golden  Mirror,"  1772).  Tile  following 
year,  in  Weimar,  lie  started  a  quarterly  literary  niairazine, 
"  Dcrtcuiselie  Merciir  'C'TlKMiernian  Merciii")  '),  which 
was  successfully  coirlinued  until  IslO.  In  it  appeared  the 
satirical  romance  "Die  Ahderiten"  ("The  Abderites," 
1774).  and  the  best-kno%vn  of  his  poems,  the  epic  "Obe- 
rr»n, "  which  was  published  in  17H0.  Amoiif;  his  other  works 
may  particularly  be  mentioned  the  iwems  "Gaudalin" 
(1776X  "(ieronder  Adeliche"("Geron  the  Noble."  1777), 
and  "Clelia  und  Sinihald";  the  opeias  "Alceste"  and 
"Hercules"  ;  and  the  sequel  to  'The  Golden  Mirror,  'the 
novel  "BerDanisihmend, "published in  1775.  Iliscollected 
works  were  publisheii  under  his  own  supervision,  1794- 
1802,  in  39  vol.';.  wit h  0  supplements.  Subsequently  his  com- 
plete woikswere  published  at  Leipsic,  1818-28,  iu  53  vols. 
Wien  (veil).     The  German  name  of  Vienna. 

A  town 
Rcha  27 

miles  south  by  west  of  Vienna.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  locomotives,  etc.  Formerly  It  was  a  favorite 
Austrian  princely  residence.  It  was  conquered  by  ilat- 
tliias  Corviiiiis  in  14se,  aixl  was  unsuccessfullv  besieKed 
by  the  Turks  in  l.liO  and  1083.  It  was  the  Ijir'thplacc  of 
Maximilian  I.,  and  contains  the  ducal  castle  of  tlleBabcn- 
btiKs.     I'opulation  (1890),  26,010. 


situated  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  43°  59'  N.,long! 
22°  52'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  Homan  Bononia. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress,  and  has  a  nourish- 
ing river  trade.  The  Turks  were  defeated  tliere  liy  the 
Imperialists  in  1689.  It  was  a  strategic  point  in  the  fri- 
an  war,  the  .Servian  rebellion  (1876),  and  the  Husso- 


tled  at  Brussels,  where  the  government  built  for  him  a ' 
large  studio,  now  the  Mus^e  Wiertz,  containing  his  paint- 
ings which  he  would  not  sell.  -  Among  his  works  are 
"Contest  for  the  Body  of  Patroclus,"  "Revolt  of  the 
Angels,"  "  The  Orphans,"  "Carnival  at  Konie,"  "Triumph 
of  Christ,"  and"  NapoK-on  in  Hell."  He  wrote  a  "Eulogy  on 
Rubens  "  (1810),  and  a  "  llenioir  on  Flemish  Painting." 


.    Robert  Isaac. 

Born  1802 :  died  1857.  An  English  clergyman 
and  author,  son  of  William  Wilberforce.  He 
wrote  "The  Five  Empires "  (1840),  "History  of  Eraatiiin- 
ism"  (1861),  and  works  on  the  iucamation,  baptism,  the 
eucharist,  etc. 
Wilberforce,  Samuel.  Born  at  Clapham,  near 
London.  Se])t.  7,  Iso5:  killed  by  a  fall  from  his 
horse  near  Dorking,  England',  July  19,  1873. 
An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester:  third 
son  of  William  Wilberforce.  in  1826  he  graduated 
at  Oxford  (Oriel  College)  ;  in  1830  became  rector  of  Bright- 
stone,  Isle  of  Wight ;  in  1811  was  appointed  chaplain  to 
the  Prince  Consort ;  anil  in  1814  became  liishop  of  Oiford. 
In  I81SS  ho  was  appoint,  d  bishopof  Winchester.  Though 
a  lligh-chilrcliman,  he  di<l  not  join  thcU.vford  movement  : 
but  several  members  of  his  family  went  over  to  the  Church 
of  R^mie.  His  cleverness  and  persuasiveness  of  speech 
and  manner  gained  him  the  nickname  of  'Soapy  Sam, ' 
which  he  explained  as  due  to  the  fact  that  he  was  "often 
in  hot  water,  and  always  came  out  wilh  clean  hands."  He 
published,  with  his  luother,  a  life  of  his  father  (1838),  and 
bis  coiTcspondenee  (1810).  He  wrote  "Note-Book  of  a 
Counin,'!  l,ig)Miaii"(l,s;;2),  "Agathos"  (1839),  "History  of 
the-  I'roi. slant  Ivpisfopal  (burch  of  America"  (1844),  etc 
Wilberforce, William.  Born  at  Hull,  England, 
Aug.  24.  1759:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1833. 
An  English  philanthropist,  statesman,  and  ora- 
tor: famous  as  an  opponent  of  the  slave-trade. 
His  family  held  the  inancjr  of  Wilberfoss  in  the  East  Rid- 
ing, Yorkshire.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (SI.  John's 
College^  and  in  17stl  tiecame  member  of  Farliament  for 
Hull.  He  was  intimately  associated  with  \\'illiam  Pitt. 
About  1787  he  met  Thomas  Clarkson,  and  began  to  agitate 
the  slavery  quest  ion  with  the  supjiort  of  Pitt.  who.  in  1788, 
in  the  absence  of  Wilberforce,  intrcwluced  the  question  in 
Parliament  In  1792  Wilberforce  carried  in  the  House 
of  Commons  a  measure  for  gradual  abolition,  which  was 
thiown  out  by  the  Ixirds.  Immediate  abolition  was  se- 
cured in  1807.  The  Emancipation  bill  was  passed  in  183;), 
a  month  after  the  death  of  Wilt)erforce.  He  wrote  "A 
Pnictical  View  of  the  l-revailing  Religious  System  of  Pro- 
' I  Chri8tians"_(I7!i7)._etc.  _ 

musical 


Widnes  (wid'nes).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Mersey 
11  miles  east-southeast  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  30,on. 

Widow,  The.  A  comedy  by  Middleton,  com- 
posed about  1616,  printed  in  1652,  and  attrib- 
uted to  Jonson,  Fletcher,  and  Middleton. 

Widow    Barnaby   (biir'na-bi).      A  novel  by    prologue  and  epilogue. 
Mrs.  Trollope,  published  iii  1839.    The  Widow  Wife  for  a  Month,  A. 
Barnaby  is  a  vulgar,  unjirincipled  woman,  fre- 
qnently  quoted. 

Widow  Bedott  (be-dof)  Papers.    A  series  of 

humorous  papers,  published  by  Mrs.  Frances 

M.  Whitcher  (under  the  name  of  Widow  Bedott 

or  Priscilla  P.  Bedott)  about  1.847. 
Widow's  Tears,  The.  A  comedy  by  Chapman, 

published  iu  1612.     It  is  \igorous  but  broad. 
Widukind.     See  Jl'ittek-hid. 
Wied  (ved).     A  small  river  in  Germany  which 

.loins  the  Khino  at  Neuwied. 


on  the  slope  of  the  Taunus  Wald,  3  miles  from    a  second  book  of  the  same. 

the  Rhino  and  6  miles  north  by  west  of  Mainz.  WilcOX  (wil'koks),  Cadmus  Marcellus. 


Born 


It  is  famous  for  its  hot  springs,  and  is  frequented  annu- 
ally by  about  90.000  visitors.  It  was  known  in  Roman 
limes,  and  was  the  capital  of  Nassau.  It  has  been  noto- 
rious as  a  gambling  resort.     Population  (1890),  61,670. 

Wife,  The.    Aplay  by  James  Sheridan  Knowlos, 
brought  out  in  l,'i33.     Charles  Lamb  wrote  the 
le. 

A  play  by  Fletcher, 
acted  some  time  In-firro  1624,  iirinfed  in  1647. 

Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  The.    One  of  Chaucers 

"  Canterbury  Talcs.''  it  istbal  <if  a  bag  who  returns 
to  her  original  form  of  a  lovely  lady  when  a  knight  is 

found  courageous  enough  to  marry  her.  'Ihe  prologue 'W'ildair  (wild'ar).  Sir  HarTV.  —  ,-„.,  „,...- 
owes  numerous  passages  to  .Teiome's  treatise  against  ;*,^,,i  ,,,„,,  ..c  f.,.,1.;,.,,  ;„  v...  ,,i..  «»„  tTnl.  „*  t. 
Jovinian  who  argued  against  celibacy,  and  was  modern.  '^''  "'  ,"  ^'\  /"^  """  >"  '  Vfli^'j?'^  ^  £<?,°,»''"" 
Ized  by  Pope.  Dryden  modernized  the  tale  and  changed  Couple  and  in  its  se(|iiel  .Sir  Harry  \\  ildair." 
it  unwarrantably.  Variants  and  analogues  of  this  tale  are  The  jjart  was  created  by  NVilks  and  afterward  played  by 
known  in  Sanskrit,  Turkish,  KalHr,  Gaelic,  and  Icelandic,  Garruk,  but  Peg  Wollington  played  it  so  hrillianlly  that 
in  the  Gawaine  divisir)n  of  the  Arthurian  cycle,  and  in     the  latter  resigned  it  to  her. 

Oower's  "l''lorentius"t"  Confessio  Anianti8,'i.),  which  is  Wildbad  (vil( 'liiid).  A  email  town  and  water- 
no  doubt  from  a  French  original.  ins;-place  in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtem 


iu  North  Carolina,  May  29, 1S26:  died  at  Washing- 
ton. D.  C,  Dec.  2, 1.S90.  A  Confederate  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  i'oint  in  184t>;  served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war;  and  entered  the  Confe4lerate  service  and  served 
in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  thrm.ghout  the  Civil 
War.  He  wrote  "  Rilles  and  Kille-l'ractice  "  (18.VJ). 
Wild  (wild),  Jonathan.  Bom  about  1682: 
hanged  at  Tyburn,  May  24,  1725.  An  English 
robber,  and  receiver  of  stolen  goods:  the  subject 
of  Fielding's  "  History  of  the  Life  of  the  Late 
Mr.  Jonathan  Wild  the  Great"  (1743)  and  of  a 
novel  by  Defoe. 

A  gay,  spir- 


Wied.   A  former  countship  of  the  German  Em-  Wigan  (wig'an).     A  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng-    berg,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  EnV.  29  miles 
^;..,.  :„  i.1  :„..*  i.r.  _.^u_i:__   .:_.,„   ,...__    j.^j^^,^  situated  on  the  Douglas  18  miles  iicirlh-    west  of  Stuttgart:  noted"for  its  warm  alkali 

cast  of  Livei-])ool.    it  has  coal  mines,  cotton  niann-    siirincs. 
ir^^^i'i'".'"'""'^/'.'.''"!'"'^  manufaciures  of  nails  etc  -^^^  goar  of  Ardcnnes.     See  Jrdeiltten,  Wild 

It  wjis  the  scene  of  Parliamentary  victories  in  1(>43  and     /•       .     ,■  »,  " 

lur.l.     Population  (1901),  60,770.  Trr'ij   ''     -im   t  t«i    •   j.    -j  r,  t> 


pire,  in  the  ancient  Westphalian  circle,  lying 

along  the  I^ahn  and  in   the  neighborhood  of 

Ncinvied.    It  gave  name  to  a  German  dvniasfy. 

Wied,  or  Neuwied,  Maximilian  Alexander 

Philipp,  Prince  of.     Sec  Xriiiricd. 
Wieland.     See  lldi/hnul  fimilli. 

Wieland  (ve'lant),  Christopher  Martin.  Born 
at  Oberholzheim,  near  Bibcrach,  Sept.  5,  1733  : 
died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  20,  1813.  A  Gennan  poet 
and  author.  His  father  was  a  clergyman  in  the  Swa- 
bian  village  where  the  poet  was  born.  In  1750  he  went  to 
Tnl)ingen  to  study  iurisprudence  at  the  liniversily.  'ihe 
following  year  (1751)  appeared  his  llrst  work,  tlie  philo. 
sophical. didactic  jioem  "  I-)ie  Nalnr  der  Dinge"  ("  The 
Nature  of  Things").  This  was  followed  by  other  moral 
writings,  among  them  an  "Anti-Ovld."  In  Vti'i,  at  the 
invitation  of  the  poet  and  hist^irian  Bodmer,  he  went  to 
Zurich,  where  the  next  year  he  puhlislie<l  Ihe  poem  "  Der 
gupnifte  Abrallam"  ("The  Trial  of  Abraham").  Other 
poems  of  tills  period  are  "Sympathien"  ("Sympathies"), 
and  the  "  Emptlndungen  des  l.'liristen  "  ("The  Keclingflof 
the  Christian,"  17.1.'i),  diricted  against  the  Anacreimtio 
poets.  In  1759  ho  left  Zurich  to  take  the  iiositlon  of 
tutor  at  Bern.  The  succeeding  year,  however,  ho  re- 
turned to  Bibcrach,  where  he  was  given  a  minor  legal  po- 
sillon.  His  writings  sulisequently  exhibit  an  entirely 
dillerent  tendency  from  the  religious  ones  of  the  Zurich 
JK  rio  1.  They  are  the  prose  romance  "  Araspes  und  I'an- 
tlna'(l"61);  a  translation  in  whole  or  In  part  of  twenty, 
two  of  the  playsof  Shakspere,  belw.  en  1702  anil  17011;  the 
romance(intheinannerof  "Ikuitjulxole")"  DonSvlviovon 
Rosalva  "  (1761)  ;  '  Koniisehe  Er7,ihlnng.  n  "  ("  liumoroiis 
Tales,"  17™);  the  most  celebrated  of  his  novels,  "  Agii- 

•  1 "  (17IMMI7);  the  narratives  in  verse   '  Musarion  "and 

"Idris"  (both  17IW).  In  1769  ho  was  niaile  profcs8<^r  of 
philosophy  and  literature  al  the  Inlversity  of  Erfurt, 
where  hu  remained  until  177'2,  when  he  went  to  Weimar 
na  tutor  to  the  young  prince  Charles  Augustus.  He  sub. 
sequontl)'  lived  in  or  near  Weimar  until  his  death.   Alter 


Wigglesworth  (wig'lz-wi'rth).  Michael.  1 

in  England,  1631:  <liod  at  Malih  ii,  Mass.,  June 
10,  1705.  An  Aniirican  clirgyman  and  poet, 
pastor  at  JIaldeu  from  1656:  best  known  for 
his  poem  "The  Day  of  Doom"  (1662).  He 
wrote  also  "God's  Controversy  with  New  Eiig- 


bind"  (f),  "Meat  out  of  the  Eater," 

[L.  I'ectis,']    An  island  in 
belonging  to  Haiiii>shiri', 


Wight  (wio,  Isle  of. 

tlic  Ent;lisli  Clniiini'i 


Wildeiwil.D.JamesPlaisted, Baron  Penzance. 
Born  at  London,  July  12,  1816;  ilied  at  Godal- 
ming,  Dec.9,  1899.  An  English  lawver.  He  wm 
edncaled  at  Winchei.t»'ranil  al  TrlnityColUge,Can|bridge; 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  18.19  ;  and  w.is  made  a  baron  of  Ihe 
exchequer  in  IMIO.  and  knigliled.  Fr..ni  18(13  to  1872  he  was 
judge  of  the  Cunt  of  Probate  and  Judge  ordinary  of  tho 
Divorce  Court.  In  ls*'>4  be  «as  made  lirlvv  councilor,  and 
ill.l8i;9  created  a  pi  er  of  Ihe  I'lliU-d  Kingdom.  He  later 
hold  many  public  otll.es. 

Wilde,  Oscar   Fingall    OFlahertie  Wills. 

i;oni  al  Hiibliii.  In-lniHl.  l-<.">i;:  die. I  at  Paris, 
.Nov.  30.  ISIOO.  .\  Hiiiisli  writer,  a  lender  in  Ihe 
"esthetic  "  moveinenl.  lie  was  n  son  of  Sir  William 
Wilde  the  oculist,  and  was  ■  dncaled  at  Ovfonl,  where  he 
won  Ihe  Newdigale  prize  in  1878  wilh  a  ink-ui  entlllcti 
"Itavenmi,"  Ue  ha.s  been  satirized  in  "  i'iin<  h  "  anil  in 
( I  iDiert  and  Sullivan's  opera"  Patience."  His  |MM>ms  wore 
published  in  ISM.  and  "The  llappv  Prince,  and  other 
Tales"  in  IK'*.'!.  11, ■  betureil  In  the  Inil.',!  Slat.s  in  1S83. 
He  also  wrote  "  The  Picture  of  llorian  (^ray  '  llK'.Nli,  and 
a  number  of  plays,  among  which  are  "  Ver.i"  (1SS2I,  "The 
Dnclii'ss  of  I'adua  '  (1K91),  "  Ijiily  Wiiiilerneie's  Kan  ' 
(IW.'l.  "Salome'  llwu:  in  French,  written  for  .Sarah 
Hernliatdll.  and  "  A  W ill  of  N..  lm|H>rlauce  "  (1S93). 

Wildenbmch    (\nl'den-brOeh),    Ernst    von. 

Born  lit  Hi'irut,  Syria,  Fi'b.  3,  184.'i.  A  Ger- 
niuii  poi-t  iind  dr.'iinatist  of  i|ii>  school  of  Ibsen. 
Among  his  plays  are  "Christopher  .Miirlow  "  il8s4).  "  Dit 
M.MMouil  "  (is-sil),  "(ipfer  ilm  npler"  (US'*;!!,  "Hie  llau- 
bcnlercbe"  (I.'<1K)),  and  "Has  heilige  Laclwii  "  (lv,i2)_ 


England,  si'iiaroled  ffoiii  the  mainlaiid  liy  the 
channels  of  .Solent  and  Spilhead.  It  Is  traversed 
by  a  range  of  chalk  downs,  and  is  noted  for  picturesque 
scenery.  Tho  capital  is  Newport.  Tlie  island  contains 
Oowes,  Ryde,  Vcntnor,  Shanklin,  and  other  watering- 
places.  Carisbrooke  Castle  (jdace  of  contliiement  of  I  haries 
I.),  Osbonie  (villa  of  IJuceli  Victoria),  and  FaiTingford 
(residence  of  Tennyson).  licngth,  i:<  miles.  Area,  146 
square  miles.     Piqmlation  (18;>1),  7.s,718. 

Wigton  (wig'ton).  A  town  in  Cumberland, 
Eiiglaiiil,  11  miles  west-southwest  of  Carlisle. 
Population  (1891),  3,K36. 

Wigto'wn(wig'l(iii), or  Wigton,  1.  -Vinarilime 
couMly  in  Scoliaiid,  in  iTie  southwi'slcrn  ex- 
tremity, bounded  by  .Ayr,  Kirkcudbright,  Wig- 
town Bay,  the  Irish  Sea.  and  Ihe  Norlli  Chan- 
nel. 1 1  Is  an  important  dairy  county,  part  of  I  he  ancient  (lal- 
loway.  Area.  4.'<l'i  square  iiiites.  Populatioii(l!i91),  :lo,iKt'2. 
2.   A  royal  biirgli,  I'lipilnl  of  llii' eiiuntv  of  VVig- 

town.situateiloii  Wigtown  Bay  iu  lat.  54°  52' N.  Wildermuth(virder-in«n,  Mine.  (Ottilia  Ron- 
Population  (1891),  1,509.  schiltz).    Bom  at  Rottonburg,  Wtirtemberg, 


Wildermuth 

Feb.  22,  1817 :  died  at  Tiibingen,  July  12, 1877. 
A  German  novelist.  Among  her  i\-orks  are 
"Bilder  und  Gesehichten  aus  dem  schwa- 
bisclien  Leben"  (1852),  "  Auguste  "  (1865),  etc. 

Wilderness  (wil'der-nes\  Battle  of  the.  A 
battle  between  the  Federals  and  Confederates, 
May  5-6, 1864,  in  the  Wilderness  region  in  Vir- 
ginia, south  of  the  Eapidan.  The  Federals  (over 
100  000)  were  commanded  by  Grant  (immediately  by 
Meade),  and  the  Confederates  (64,CKi0-(i8,00li)  by  Lee.  The 
Confederate  position  was  paitly  intrenched.  The  Fed- 
eral loss  was  about  18,000  ;  the  Confederate,  .about  11,000. 
The  battle  w.as  followed  by  that  of  Spottsylvania. 

"Wildfire  (wild'fir),  Madge.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  "  The  Heart  of  Midlothian,"  a 
gipsy's  daughter  -who  becomes  insane  after 
having  been  seduced  and  deserted  by  George 
Robertson. 

WildgOOSe  Chase,  The.  A  comedy  by  Fletcher, 
produced  first  at  court  in  1621,  printed  in  1652. 
The  play  was  very  popular:  part  of  Farquhar's 
"Inconstant  "  is  taken  from  it. 

Wildhorn  (vilt'horn).      A  peak  of  the   Ber 


1062 

cinto  intercepted  the  British  steamer  Trent,  Nov.  8, 
1S61,  and  took  prisoner  the  Confederate  commissioners 
Mason  and  Slidell  (an  act  disavowed  later  by  the  I  nited 
States  government :  see  Trent  Affair)  ;  and  became  com- 
modore in  1862,  and  admir:d  in  1866.  He  wrote  a  "  >ar- 
rative"ot  his  expedition  (6  vols.  1845),  volumeson  the  me- 
teorology and  hvdrcgraphy  of  the  expedition,  "Western 
America,  etc."  (iS49),  "Iheory  of  the  Winds "  (1856). 
Wilkes,  John.  Born  at  London.  Oct.  17, 1727: 
died  tl;ere,  Dec,  1797.  An  English  politician, 
publicist,  and  political  agitator.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Leyden ;  entered  Parliament  in  1767 ; 
and  established  the  "  North  Briton  "  in  1762,  in  which  he 


William  I. 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardner.  Bom  at  Bar- 
deudale,  Westmoreland.  Oct.  5,  1797:  died  Oct. 
29, 1875.  An  English  Egyjjtologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  (Eseter  College'),  and  from  1821  spent  many 
years  in  Egj'pt  in  archpeological  explorations.  His  works  in- 
clude "  M.anners  and  Customs  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians '' 
(1837-11),  "  JIateria  Hieroglyphica  "  (1628),  "Topography 
of  Thebes  and  General  View  of  Egypt"  (1S35X  "Modern 
Egypt  and  Thebes  "  (1843  :  later  reissued  as  "  Hand-Book 
for  'I'rayellers  in  Modern  Egj"pt"),  "Dalmatia  and  Mon- 
tenegro ■'  (1S4S),  "Architecture  of  .-Vncient  Egypt  "  (1850), 
"Popular  Account  of  the  .\ncient  Egj-ptians"  (1853),  "The 
Egyptians  in  the  Time  of  the  Pb.araohs"  (1857),  etc. 


attacked  the  Bute  ministiy.     For  his  So.  45,  criticizing  Wilkinson  (wil'kin-son),  Tate.     Born  in  1739: 


George  III.  (1763),  he  was  imprisoned,  but  was  soon  re- 
leased, and  became  a  popular  hero.  A  scandalous  "  Es- 
say on  Woman, "  printed  tor  private  circulat  ion,  was  seized , 
and  Wilkes  was  expelled  from  Parliament  (17(>4).  He  went 
to  lYance ;  was  tried  in  his  absence  ;  and  was  outlawed  for 
non-appearance.  In  1768  he  returned,  and  was  elected 
fur  Middlesex;  was  imprisoned ;  and  was  expelled  from 
Parliament  (1769).  He  was  several  times  reelected.  Init 
each  time  declared  ineligible.  In  1770  he  was  released 
and  elected  alderman  of  London,  in  1771  he  became 
sherilf,  and  in  1774  lord  mayor.  In  the  same  year  he  w  as 
again  elected  to  Parliament  and  allo*ved  to  take  his  seat, 
remaining  a  member  until  1790.  The  resolutions  invali- 
latinu'  his  former  elections  were  expunged  in  1782, 


vallevofWvoming.  on  the  North  Branch  of  the    Eugene  City^  ,  „     „        •    w  i       ioko      . 

Susquehanna,  97  miles  north-northwest  of  Phil-  WlUard,  Edward  S.    Bom  m  Wales  1850.    J 
.  i„iLi,:„      ,^  '  ,...         ..    .. : f  „;„..=  „f  o„      English  actor.     He  came  to  the  I  nitcd  States  m  18 


nese  Alps,  on  the  border  between  the  cantons  .^'jjj^'^^g^         (wilks'bar-e)."    The   capital  of 
of  Bern  and  Va  ais  Switzerland,  10  nulesnorth       »  ^^^^^^  Pennsvlvania,  situated  in  the 

of  Sion.     Height,  10. 1 06  feet.  •  ■  -         -      -   - 

Wild  Huntsman,  The.  [G.  Der  wilde  Jciger.'] 
A  spectral  hunter  in  folk-lore,  especially  in 
German  folk-lore :  the  subject  of  a  ballad  by 
Biirger. 

Wilding  (wil'ding).  1.  The  principal  charac- 
ter in  Shirlev's  "Gamester,"  played  by  Gar- 
rick  in hisx-ersion  "The  Gamesters."— 2.  " The 
Uar"  in  Foote's  play  of  that  name. 

Wild  Oats.  A  comedy  or  farce  by  O'Keefe, 
brought  out  in  1791. 

A  summit  of  the 


ailelphia.  It  is  the  center  of  a  region  of  mines  of  an 
thracite  coal,  and  has  manufactures  of  machinery,  etc.  It 
was  settled  about  1770.  Population  (13001,  .^1,721. 
Wilkie  (wil'ki),  Sir  David.  Born  at  Cults, 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  IS,  1785:  died  at  sea 
off  Gibraltar,  June  1,  1841.  A  noted  Scottish 
genre-painter.  He  studied  painting  at  Edinburgh;  set- 
tled in  London  in  1805 ;  became  a  royal  academician  in 
1811;  traveled  on  the  Continent,  especially  1825-28 ;  became 
royal  painter  in  ordinary  in  1830 ;  was  knighted  in  \b36. 

^__  A  collection  of  medieval  Nor- 
wegian legends  relating  to  Dietrich  of  Bern  and 
others. 


died  in  1808.  An  English  actor.  He  was  a  pupil 
and  associate  of  Foote,  and  a  noted  mimic  He  played 
with  success  in  London  and  Dublin,  but  prefen-ed  the 
provinces.  After  a  time  he  grew  weaj-y  of  his  wandering 
life,  and  bought  the  lesseeship  of  the  York  circuit,  which 
he  conducted  for  more  than  thirty  years.  Many  actors 
and  ai.tresses  who  were  afterward  successful  on  the  Lon- 
don stage  owed  their  first  encouragement  to  him  :  among 
oThers  Kemble.  Fawcett,  the  elder  Mathews,  ilrs.  Jor- 
dan, and  ilrs.  Siddons. 
Willamette  ( wil-ii'met)  River.  A riverin west- 
ern Oregon,  foi-med  by  the  Middle  Fork  and  Mc- 
Kenzie  Fork.  It  joins  the  Columbia  north  of  Portland. 
On  it  are  Salem  and  Portland.  Length,  about  250  miles  ; 
navigable  to  the  falls  at  Oregon  City,  and  above  them  to 


An 

1890. 
"The  Middleman," 


Wildgtrubel  (rilt'stro-bel).  ..  ^^^..  „.  ....  Wilkinaqaea 
Bernese  Alps,  in  Switzerland,  north  of  bieiTe  •i1-':5!:t;  i!-?.,: 
and  west  of  the  Gemmi  Pass.     Height,  10,679 

Wilfrid   (wil'frid),    Saint.      Bom  about   634:  Wilkins  (^ril'Mnz).^ John.     Born  in  Norjthamp- 


and  has  been  successful  in  "Judah,' 
"The  Professor's  Love-Story,"  etc. 

Willard,  Frances  Elizabeth.  Bom  near  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1839:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  18.  1898.  An  American  temperance  re- 
former, editor,  and  author.  She  was  secretary  in  1874 
and  president  in  1879  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union,  and  editor  in  1879  of  the  Chicago  "  Evening 
Post."  In  1883  she  made  a  journey  through  the  Southern 
States,  founding  branches  of  the  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union.  In  1884  she  was  one  of  the  organiz- 
ers of  the  Prohibition  Partj-.  In  1887  she  was  president  of 
the  Women's  Council  of  the  United  States.  She  wrote 
"  Women  and  Temperance  "  (ISsS),  "  Uow  to  Win  "  (1886), 
""  Glimpses  of  Fifty  Years  "  (1889),  etc 


died  709.  An  English  prelate.  He  took  a  leading 
part  on  the  Roman  side  at  the  Synod  of  Whitby  in  664, 
and  was  made  archbishop  of  York  in  666.  He  was  several 
times  driven  from  his  see  and  restored,  and  finally  retained 
Ripun  and  Hexham. 

Wilhelm  (vil'helm).     See  JTWiam. 

Wilhelmina  i  vil-hel-me'na)  I.  (Wilhelmina 
Helena  Paulina  Maria).   Bom  Aug.  31 ,  1880. 

Qui'pu  of  the  Netherlands.  She  is  the  daughter  of 
WillLam  IIL  and  liis  second  wife,  Emma,  daughter  of 
Prince  George  Victor  of  Waldeck  and  Pyrmont,  Slie 
succeeded  to  the  throne  upon  the  death  of  her  father, 
Nov.  23, 1890,  but  her  mother  acted  as  queen  regent  until 
slie  liecame  of  age,  Aug.  31,  1898.  On  Feb,  7,  1901,  she 
married  Duke  Henry  of  Mecklenlmrg-Schwerin, 

Wilhelmine  (vil-hel-me'ne),  Friederike  So- 
phie, Princess,  Margi-axHneof  Bayreuth,  Born 
1709  :  died  1758.  The  favorite  sister  of  Freder- 
ick the  Great.  She  married  the  Margrave  of  Bayreuth  in 
1731,  and  wrote  "  DenkwUrdigkeiten  "  (published  iu  1810). 

Wilhelmj  (vil-hermi),  August.  Bom  at  Usin- 
gen,  Nassau,  Sept.  21.  1845.  A  German  com- 
poser and  noted  violinist 


tonshire,1614:  died  Nov.  19, 1672.    An  English  Willcox   .wil'koks),  Orlando  Bolivar.     Born 


divine  and  scientist,  bishop  of  Chester.  He  grad- 
uated at  O.xford  (Magdalen  Hall)  in  1631,  and  in  1659  be- 
came master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  assisted 
in  founding  the  Koyal  Society.  He  published  "  Discovery 
of  a  New  World  "  (1638),  "  Discourse  Concerning  a  New 
Planet  "(1640),  "Merciu-y,  or  the  Secret  Messenger  "(1641), 
"Mathematical  Magic"  (1648),  "Essay  toward  a  Eeal 
Character  and  a  Philosophical  Language "(1668),  "Princi- 
ples and  Duties  of  Natural  Religion"  (1676) 

Perhaps  the  works  of  the  celebrated  Bishop  Wilkins 
tended  more  thiin  any  others  to  the  diffusion  of  the  Coper- 
even  their  extravagaU' 


:it  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  16,  1823.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  «est  Point  in  1847; 
became  colonel  in  May,  1861 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at 
Bull  Run.  and  was  wounded  and  captured ;  was  a  division 
commander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  (9th  corps) ;  and 
received  the  surrender  of  Petersburg  in  1865-  In  18(>4 
he  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  in  1866 
was  mustered  out  and  was  reconmiissioned  in  the  same 
ye.ar  in  the  regular  army  ;  was  brevetted  brigadier-general 
and  major-general  in  1867 ;  was  commander  of  various 
posts  and  departments ;  and  became  brigadier-general  in 
1S86.     He  retired  in  1887, 


nican  system  in  England,  since  even  their  extravagan-  -1^?":    "■"  7  -,7,        7   t>i «_„->-      ■D.,..„  „f  T  ,-?.„„ 
cies  drew  a  stronger  attention  to  them.    In  1038,  whenhe  WlUemS  (^^l  lemz),  Florent.     Born  at  Liege, 


was  only  twenty-four  years  old,  he  published  a  book  en- 
titled "The  Discovery  of  a  New  World;  or,  a  Discourse 
tending  to  prove  that  it  is  probable  there  may  be  another 
habitable  World  in  the  Moon  ;  with  a  Discourse  concern- 
ing the  possibiUtij  of  a  passage  thither."  The  latter  part  of 
his  subject  was,  of  coiu^e,  an  obvious  mark  for  the  sneers 
and  witticisms  of  critics.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1640, 
appeared  his  "  Discourse  concerning  a  new  Planet ;  tend- 
ing to  prove  it  is  probable  our  Earth  is  one  of  the  Planets  " : 
in  which  he  urged  the  reasons  in  favour  of  the  heliocen- 
tric system,  and  explained  awav  the  opposite  ai-guments. 
Wke'ur/l.  Ii.il.  Sciences,  I.  390, 


Jan.  8,  1823.  A  Belgian  genre-painter.  He 
studied  at  the  Mechlin  Academy, "and  settled  in  Paris  In 
1844.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Visit  to  a  Young  Mother  " 
(1844),  "  Woman  and  Spinning-Wheel "  (Kunsthalle,  Ham- 
burg), "Adorning  the  Bride"  (Brussels  Museum),  ".Silk- 
mercer's  Shop,"  "Sealing  the  Love  letter,"  "Departing 
for  the  Promenade,"  "  The  Music-lesson."  The  last  three 
and  a  number  of  others  are  owned  in  the  United  States. 
Willenhall  (wil'en-hal).  A  town  in  Stafford- 
shire, England,  12  miles  northwest  of  Birming- 
ham.    Population  (1891),  16,852. 

'      '  of  London, 
orthwest  of  St. 


Wilhelmshaven,    or  Wilhelmshafen    (vil'-    novel  (i894),  etc 

helms-ha-fen).     A  seaport  in  the  province  of  'WilkinS,  William.     Bora  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Dec. 

Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ja(le  Bay  of    20, 1779:  died  at  Homewood,  Allegheny  Coimty,  Willey  (wil'i).  Mount.     A 

Pa.,  June  23,  1865.  An  American'polifician.  He  side  of  the  Crawford  Notch 
was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania     ■>■'—""" ' »  nai  r     4- 


the  North  Sea,  and  surrounded  on  other  sides 
by  Oldenburg,    it  is  the  chief  German  naval  station  on 
the  North  Sea.    It  has  a  large  dockyard,  a  harbor  built 
1856-69.  and  a  new  harbor  for  ships'in  commission.    Pop- 
ulation (1S90X  commune,  15,471. 
Wilhelmshohe  (vil 'helms -he -e).      [G.,'Wil- 
lia-iu's  height.']  A  place  three  miles  from  (tassel, 
Germany.     Its  castle,  the  former  residence  of  the  land, 
graves,  was  the  place  of  imprisonment  of  Napoleon  III. 
after  Sedan. 
Wilhelm   Tell   (vil'helm  tel).      A   drama  by 
Schiller,  first  acted  at  Weimar  in  1804.     See 
Trll,  William. 
Wilibald,  Alexis.    A  pseudonym  of  Wilhelm 

Hiiring. 
Wilken  (vil'ken),  Friedrich.     Bom  1777:  died 
1840.     A  Gei-man  historian.     His  chief  work  is 
"  Geschiehte  der  Kreuzzuge"("  History  of  the 
Crusades,"  1807-32). 

Wilkes  (wilks),  Charles.  Bom  in  New  York 
city,  1801:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  8, 
1877.  An  American  admiral,  explorer,  and 
scientist.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1818 ;  became  lieuten- 
ant in- 1826  ;  commanded  an  exploring  expedition.  1838-42, 
which  visited  South  America,  the  Samoan,  Fiji,  Hawaiian, 
and  other  islands  in  the  Pacific,  the  antarctic  regions,  the 
western  coast  of  North  America,  etc. ;  became  commander 
fii  1843,  and  captain  in  1856 ;  in  command  of  the  San  Ja- 


1831-34  ;  received  the  electoral  votes  of  Pennsylvania  for 
Vice-President  in  1832  ;  was  United  Statesminister  to  Rus- 
sia 1831-35 ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania 
1843—14  ;  and  was  secretary  of  war  1844—15. 

Wilkinson  (wil'kin-son),  James.  BornatBene- 
dict.  Maryland.  1757^  died  near  the  city  of  Mexi- 
co, Dec.  28, 1825.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War  in  Canada 
and  at  Saratoga,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  brigadier- 
genei-al ;  became  secretary  of  the  bo.ard  of  war ;  was  in  the 
Conway  Cabal ;  engaged  in  trade  in  the  ilississippi  valley ; 
attempted  treasonably  to  detach  Kentucky  from  the  Union 
and  ally  it  with  Spain;  served  in  the  Indian  wars,  and 
commanded  the  right  wing  in  Wayne's  victory  of  ilau- 
mee  in  1794 ;  became  a  brigadier-general  in  1792  ;  suc- 
ceeded Wayne  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army ;  was 
appointed  commissioner  to  receive  Louisiana  from  the 
French  ;  and  was  governor  of  Louisiana  lSO.o-06.  He  was 
implicated  in  Burr's  conspiracy,  and  was  court-martialed 
in  1811,  but  acquitted.  In  1813  he  became  major-gen- 
eral. He  failed  as  commander  in  the  operations  against 
Canada;  was  acquitted  by  a  court  of  inquiry  in  1815  ;  but 
was  discharged  from  the  service.  He  wrote  "Memoirs" 
(1816). 

Wilkinson,  Jemima.  Bom  in  Rhode  Island 
about  1753:  died  1819.  An  American  religious 
impostor.  She  asserted  that  she  had  been  raised 
from  the  dead,  and  founded  a  short-lived  sect. 


at  Jamaica, 

ork,  Aug. 

ionary  officer. 

He  served  in  Canada  at  Fort  Stanwix,  against  the  Indians, 

etc.;  and  later  was  mayor  of  New  Y'ork.    His  "Narrative" 

was  published  in  1831. 

A  mountain  on  one 
White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  4,261  feet  high.     A  landslide 
in  1826  ox-erwhelmed  the  inhabitants   of  the 
Willey  Hou.se  at  its  foot. 

William  (wil'yam).  A  country  fellow  in  love 
with  Audrey:" a  character  in  Shakspere's  "As 
vou  Like  it." 

William  (wil'vam)  I.,  sumamed  "The  Con- 
queror." "The"  Norman,"  and  "The  Bastard." 
[ME.  JVilliam,  OF.  WiUalme,  TiUalme,  GuiUaume, 
F.  Guilkiitme.  Sp.  Giiilkrmo,  Pg.  Guilherme.  It. 
GiigUehiio,'^lL.  Gitiliclmus,  Giiillelmiis.  GiiiUer- 
mus,  Gi(1ieliiiiis,  D.  JVillem.  from  OHG.  WiUa- 
helm,  TTiUihelm.MHG.  WiUchelm,  Wilhelm,  G.  WH- 
7ie/)H,helmof  resolution, an  epithet  of  a  wai-rior.] 
Bom  at  Falaise,  Normandy,  in  1027  or  1028: 
died  at  St.-Gervais.  near  Rouen,  Sept.  9,  1087. 
King  of  England  1066-87.  He  was  the  natural  son 
of  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  and  Herleva,  daughter  of 
Fulbert,  a  tanner  of  Falaise.  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy 
on  the  death  of  his  father  without  legitimate  issue  in  1035. 
With  the  assistance  of  his  suzerain,  Henry,  king  of  France, 
he  put  down  a  formidable  rising  of  his  vassals  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Val-es-Dunes,  near  Caen,  in  1047.  In  a  war  which 
broke  out  between  Henry  and  Geoffrey,  count  of  Anjon. 
the  next  year,  he  sided  with  the  former,  and  took  possession 
of  the  important  border  fortresses  of  Alen?on  and  Dom- 
front.    He  visited,  in  1051,  his  childless  kinsman  Edward 


William  1. 

the  Confessor,  from  whom  he  afterward  claimed  to  have 
received  a  promise  of  the  succession  to  the  Ent,'lish  tin-one. 
In  1052  he  maiTied  Matilda  of  I'landers,  a  descendant  of 
Alfred.  He  repelled  an  invasion  by  the  allied  armies  of 
Henry,  GeoHrey  of  Anjou,  and  Theobald  of  Blois  at  Jlorte- 
mtr  in  10.')4.  Soon  after  he  exacted  the  homage  of  Geof- 
frey of  Anjou,  and  in  10,i8,  by  the  victory  of  Varaville, 
rt'pelled  a  second  invasion  lieaded  by  the  French  king. 
In  10IJ3  he  aciiuired  Maine,  which  extended  his  southern 
frontier  almost  to  tlie  Loire.  Probably  in  10f;4,  Harold, 
earl  of  Wessex,  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Normandy 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  William,  who  compelled  him  to 
take  an  oath  whereby  he  bound  himself  to  assist  the  duke 
in  obtaining  the  succession  in  England  (see  Harold  II., 
king  of  the  English).  Edward  died  Jan.  6,  106«,  and  Har- 
old, in  defiance  of  the  oath,  procured  his  own  election  by 
the  witan.  William,  on  the  other  hand,  obtained  a  bull 
fr.iiii  Pope  Alexander  II.,  which  declared  him  to  be  the 
ri-'litfid  heir  to  the  throne  ;  landed  at  Pevensey  Sept.  28  ; 
oil  I  threw  Harold  (who  fell  in  the  battle)  at  .Senlac  or 
Hastings,  Oct.  14  ;  and  was  crowned  at  Westminster  Dec. 
25,  1000.  But  the  conquest  of  England  was  only  partial :  it 
was  completed  four  years  later  (in  lOTu)  by  the  suppression 
of  tlie  last  of  a  succession  of  English  risings  in  the  north 
and  southwest.  William  exacted  the  homage  of  Malcolm 
of  Scotland  in  1072.  In  1U75-76  he  put  down  a  rebellion 
of  the  Norman  barons  in  England,  which  tlienceforth  re- 
mained quiet.  The  rest  of  his  reign  was  occupied  with 
almost  continuous  wars  on  the  Continent  against  the  King 
of  France  and  rebellious  vassals,  and  with  quarrels  with 
members  of  his  own  family,  especially  with  his  son  Robert, 
who  headed  a  revolt  in  Normandy  1077-80,  and  with  his 
half-brother  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux,  who  was  impris- 
oned on  account  of  his  intrigues.  William  died  of  internal 
injuries  received  from  the  plunging  of  his  horse  in  the 
burning  cinders  in  the  town  of  Mantes,  which  he  had  cap- 
tured while  engaged  with  Philip  of  France  in  a  war  con- 
cerning Vexin.  William  made  few  changes  in  the  English 
law  :  indeed,  he  renewed,  with  some  additions,  the  "law  of 
Edward  the  Confessor. "  However,  his  introduction  of  con- 
tinental feudalism  was  destined  to  exercise  an  enduring 
social  and  political  influence.  He  took  care  to  prevent 
tlie  Norman  barons  w-hom  he  planted  on  English  soil  from 
becoming  formidable  rivals  of  the  crown,  by  scattering 
their  estates,  by  maintaining  popular  courts  by  the  side  of 
the  manorial  courts,  and  by  requiring  an  oath  of  fealty 
fi-om  all  landowners,  thereby  eliminating  an  essential  and 
dangerous  feature  of  continental  feudalism,  the  exclusive 
dependence  of  a  vassal  on  his  lord  {Gemot  of  Salisburti, 
1086).  He  abolished  the  four  great  earldoms,  which  had 
threatened  the  integrity  of  the  kingdom  in  preceding 
reigns,  and  restricted  the  jurisdiction  of  the  earl  to  a  sin- 
gle shire,  which  became  the  largest  political  division,  and 
the  government  of  whicli  was  jiractically  exercised  by  the 
slicriif.  who  was  appointed  by  the  king.  In  lusti  he  com- 
pleted the  "Doomsday  Book"  (which  see).  He  also  reor- 
ganized the  English  Church  with  the  assistance  of  Lanfranc 
wliom  lie  appointed  .archljishop  of  Canterbury.     He  sepa. 


1063  William  I. 

he^t!^nm'^h!.M;i'i^  As'he  head  of  the  house  of  orange  William,  King  of  Germany.     See    WiUiam  of 
he  became  the  leader  of  the  democratic  monarchical  party      H  11      rl 

in  opposition  to  the  aristocratic  republican  party  headed  —,,."""•_     _  ^  „,,      „  .  ,.    ...„„ 

by  ,Ian  de  Witt.  The  invasion  of  Holland  by  the  armies  of    William  I.    Born  at  The  Hague,  Aug.  24,  17/2: 

LouisXIV.  in  1672  caused  the  overthrow  of  the  aristocratic       "     '  -■  -,   --    _  

republican  party,  and  in  tlie  same  year  the  office  of  stad- 
holder.  which  had  been  abolished  on  the  death  of  his  fa- 


ther, was  restored  in  his  favor.  He  saved  Amsterdam  by 
opening  the  ilikes,  and  succeeded  in  forming  a  coalition 
against  LouisXIV,  which  compelled  that  monarch  to  con- 
clude the  peace  of  Nimu-egen  (1078).  He  married  in  1077 
JIary,  elder  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  York  who  ascended 
the  English  throne  as  James  II.  in  1085.  About  10*6  he 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  constitutional  opposition 
in  England  against  the  absolute  and  Romanizing  policy  of 
James;  and,  in  answer  toan  invitation  signed  by  the  "seven 
patriots  "(the  Earl  of  Devonshire,  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
the  Earl  of  Danby,  the  Bishop  of  London,  Henry  Sidney, 
Lord  Lumley,  and  Admii-al  Russell),  landed  at  Torbay, 
Nov.  8, 1688.  James  tied  to  France  Dec.  2-2,  and  William 
summoned  a  convention  which  met  Jan.  22, 1089,  and  set- 
tled the  crown  on  W'illiani  and  Mary,  who  accepted  the 
Declaration  of  Right,  and  were  proclaimed  Feb.  13. 1089. 
The  revolution  was  etfected  in  England  withoutserious  op- 
position, but  James  had  many  adherents  in  Scotland  and 
Ireland.  With  the  assistance  of  Ixjuis  XIV.  he  landed  at 
Kinsale,  Ireland,  March  14, 1089.  War  was  declared  against 
France  May  7, 1089 ;  the  Jacobite  rising  in  Scotland  ended 
with  the  battle  of  Killiecrankie  July  27  (N.  S.),  1689 ;  and 
James  was  defeated  in  person  by  William  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne  in  Ireland,  July  1,  1690,  In  1092  occurred  the 
massacre  of  Glencoe  (which  see).  On  his  accession  to  the 
English  throne,  William  began  the  organization  of  the 
Grand  Alliance  of  the  United  Netherlands,  the  emperor, 
England,  Spain,  Brandenburg,  and  S.ivoy,  against  France, 
which  was  completed  in  1690.  A  victoiy  of  the  allied  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  fleets  over  the  French  at  La  Hogue  May  19, 
1692,  frustrated  a  projected  invasion  of  England.  Williami 
who  commanded  the  Allies  in  Flanders,  was  defeated  by 
Marshal  Luxembourg  at  steenkerke  July  24  (N.  S.  Aug  3) 
1692.  Queen  Mary  died  Dec.  28,  1094  :"  thenceforth  Wil' 
liam  reigned  alone.  The  peace  of  Kyswick  put  an  end  t.i  tlie 
war  with  France  in  1697.  During  the  rest  of  his  i  eign  his 
foreign  policy  was  chiefly  directed  to  preserving  the  bal- 
ance of  power  in  Europe  by  preventing  the  Spanish  mon- 
archy from  being  united  either  to  France  or  to  Austria. 
With  this  end  in  view,  he  negotiated  the  Partit 


died  at  Berlin,  Dee.  12,  1843.  King  of  the  Neth- 
erlands 1815-40,  son  of  William  V.  the  last 
stadholder.  He  commanded  the  Dutch  troops  against 
the  French  from  1793  to  1795,  when  the  Netherlands  were 
conquered  by  the  latter  and  the  house  of  Orange  expelled. 
In  1800  he  served  as  a  general  in  the  Prussian  army,  and 
was  captured  by  the  French  at  the  battle  of  Jena.  His 
hereditary  territories  in  Germany  (the  Nassau  lands)  were 
in  the  same  yeai-  conflscated  by  Napoleon.  He  served  in 
the  Austrian  army  at  Wagram  in  1809,  and  afterward  lived 
in  retirement  at  Berlin.  He  recovered  his  German  terri- 
tories in  1.S13.  On  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon,  the  Nether- 
lands and  Belgium  were  erected  into  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna;  and,  in  accordance 
with  its  decision.  William  was  proclaimed  the  first  king 
of  the  new  monarchy,  March  10,  1815.  At  the  same  time 
he  exchanged  his  German  possessions  for  the  grand  duchy 
of  Luxemburg.  He  was  unable  to  prevent  the  secession 
of  Belgium  in  1830-32.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son 
William  II.  Oct.  7,  1840. 
William  11.  Bom  Dec.  6,  1792:  died  March 
17.  1849.  King  of  the  Netherlands  1840^9.  son 
of  William  I.  He  served  with  distinction  under  Wel- 
lington in  Spain,  and  commanded  the  Dutch  contingent 
in  the  campaign  of  1815  against  Napoleon.  He  married  the 
Russian  grand  duchess  Anne,  sister  of  Alexander  I.,  in  1816. 
Ho  was  sent  to  Belgium  to  effect  a  peaceful  settlement  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  in  that  counti-y  in  1830 :  and 
on  Oct.  16  recognized  the  independence  of  the  Belgians, 
an  act  which  was  repudiated  hy  his  father.  He  subse- 
quently commanded  the  Dutch  army  against  the  Belgians, 
but  was  forced  to  give  way  before  the  French  in  Aug., 
1832.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  abdication  of  his 
father  Oct.  7, 1840.  He  granted  extensive  reforms  during 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848. 

William  III.  Born  Feb.  19,  1817:  died  Nov. 
2:i,  1890.  King  of  the  Netherlands  1849-90,  son 
of  William  II.  He  carried  out  the  reforms  begun  by 
his  father  in  1848.  and  decreed  the  abolition  of  slavery  in 
tlie  West  Indies  in  1862.    In  1866  the  Dutch  province  of 


(which  see).     When  LouisXIV.,  in  violation  of  tilatfob!  .I:""''"'-?.  """ch  since  1815  had  constituted  part  of  the 

ligations,  recognized  the  bequest  of  Charies  II  to  Pliilin  *'«™™ic  Confederation,  was  incorporated  with  the  Neth- 

of  Anjou.  William  formed  the  Grand  Alliance  of  1701  and  «'^''"!°^>  and  in  the  following  year  Luxemburg  was  recog- 

took  the  initiative  in  the  events  leading  to  the  War  of  the  !""      '^  neutral  territory  under  the  sole  sovereignty  of  his 
Spanish Succe5sion(seethistitle).  H    "     " 


house. 


of  a  fall 


isucce5sion(seethistitle).  Hedied,incousequence  TiViiv'  „  T  j    i^m,      -r-       „     -r..    -, 

from  his  horse,  before  the  commencement  of  hostil-    William  I.,   surnamed    "The  Lion."     Died 


ities,  leaving  no  heirs.  His  reign,  although  disturbed  by 
Jacobite  intrigues  and  the  treachery  of  oflicials  high  in 
station  (such  as  Marlborough),  witnessed  the  rise  of  Eng- 
land to  a  position  of  prominence  in  European  politics,  and 
marks  the  beginning  of  government  by  party. 


rated  the  spiritual  from  the  temporal  courts,  and  secured  TVillinTn  TV      Rnr„  ot  WJ^^o^^    a,        oi    ^-t•r 
the  authority  of  the  crown  .against  papal  encroachments,    ^.l^iam  IV.     Born  at  Windsor,  Aug.  21,  1/6.5 


Norman  writers,  Norman  records,  the  general  con- 
sent of  the  age,  conttrmed  rather  than  confuted  by  the 
significant  silence  of  the  English  writers,  all  lead  us  to 
believe  that,  at  some  time  or  other,  some  kind  of  promise 
of  the  succession  was  made  by  Eadward  to  William.  The 
case  of  Eadward's  promise  is  like  the  case  of  Harold's  oath. 
No  English  writer  mentions  either;  but  the  silence  of  the 
English  writers  confirms  rather  than  disproves  the  fact  of 
both.  .  .  .  The  law  of  England  gave  the  king  no  power  to 
dispose  of  a  crown  which  he  hehlsolely  by  the  free  choice 
of  the  Witan  of  the  land.  All  that  Eadward  could  consti- 
tutionally do  was  to  pledge  himself  to  make  in  William's 
favour  that  recommendation  to  the  Witan  which  the  Witan 
were  bound  to  consider,  though  not  necessarily  to  consent 
to.  That,  when  the  time  came,  Eadward  did  make  such  a 
recommendation,  and  did  not  make  it  in  favour  of  William 
we  know  for  certain.  The  last  will  of  Eadward,  so  far  as 
such  an  expression  can  be  allowed,  w-as  undoubtedly  in 
favour  of  Harold. 
Freenian,  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  in  England, 

[pp.  299-301. 

William  II.,  sumamed  Rufus  ('the  Ked').  Born 
lO.JO:  died  Aug.  2,  1100.  King  of  England  1087- 
1100,  third  (second  surviving)  sou  of  William  I. 
and  Matilda  of  Flanders.  He  was  the  favorite  son 
of  liis  father,  to  whom  he  remained  loyal  when  his  elder 
brother  Robert  raised  the  standard  of  rebellion  In  Nor- 
mandy. In  accordance  with  the  dying  rec|uest  of  his 
father,  he  was  elected  to  the  English  throne  by  the  witan, 
through  the  influence  of  Lanfranc,  Sept.  20,  1087,  w-hile 
Robert  succeeded  in  Normandy.  A  revolt  of  the  Norman 
barons  in  England  broke  out  in  favor  of  Robert  in  1088. 
William  gained  the  support  of  the  fyrd,  or  national  militia, 
hy  promising  the  repeal  of  the  forest  laws,  the  reduction 
of  taxes,  and  good  government  generally  to  his  English 
subjects,  and  the  rebellion  was  snpjiressed  in  1090.  He 
carried  on  a  war  in  Normandy  1090-91  against  hisbrother 
Robert,  who  was  conipelled  tr)  accept  a  disadvantageous 
peace.  He  invaded  Scotland  in  1091,  when  he  exacted  the 
h.Mnage  of  Mah-ohii  III.  In  1093  he  appointed  Anselin, 
abliot  of  I'.ec,  archbishop  of  ('aritert)ury ;  but  presently 
became  Involved  in  a  dispute  concerning  investitures 
with  the  new  primate,  who  abandoned  the  kingdom  in 
1097.  In  1094,  during  a  second  iiivasiou  of  Normandy,  he 
found  his  brother  supporteil  by  Philip  of  France,  anil  se- 
cured the  safe  retreat  of  his  army  only  by  a  bribe  t4i  the 
latter.  In  1090  he  took  possession  of  Normanily  as  a  pledge 
for  funds  advanc-ed  to  Robert,  who  in  that  year  Joineil  in 
the  Crusade.  The  dnchy  remained  in  Wi'llhim's  hands 
until  his  dentil.  He  comiuored  Maine  109S  99.  lie  was 
kilh-d,  possibly  ac(-iilentally,  by  an  arrow  shot  by  Walter 
Tyrrcl.  while  hunting  in  the  New  Forest. 

William  III.  lioriiHtThoITagnc.Nov.  14,lfi.')0: 
died  at  Konsiugton,  March  8, 1702.  Kiiigof  Kiig- 
land  1689-1702,  and  stadholder  of  (he  United 
Netherlands.  He  was  the  son  of  William  II.,  stad. 
holder  of  the  United  Netherbiiids,  ami  Mary,  ilaughtcr  of 
Charles  I.  of  England,  and  was  styled  Prince  of  Orjinge 
before  his  accession  to  the  English  throne.    His  father 


at 
Stirling,  1214.  King  of  Scotland  1165-1214.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Malcolm  W.  In  1174  he  invaded 
England,  with  the  result  that  he  was  taken  prisoner  and 
compelled  to  do  homage  to  Henry-  II. 

William  I.,   surnamed  "The  Bad." 
Sicily  11.54-66. 

William  II.,  surnamed  "  The  Good." 
Sicilv  ll(!G-89. 

1789;  married  AdehaideofSaxe-MeiningeniiriSllTcmii::  ^78^^"!^  ^I    T^°™4*  ^^P.^^'^n.^Silesia,  S_ept.  27, 

heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  the  Duke     ^'°'--  ^'i^"  •>  nne  _0, 

of  York  in  1827 ;  s    "  '      ' 

high  admiral,  an  ( 

resign  on  account  of  his  ariiitrary  conduct"     He'acceded 

to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  George  IV.,  June 

26,  is:m.    '"••-  •'•■  •  '-  —  •  ■       • 


died  June  20,  1837.     King  of  England  1830-3' 
third  son  of  George  III.     He  entered  the  navy  as  a 
midshipman  about  1779  ;  was  created  duke  of  (" 


King  of 
King  of 


>,  u^„...  u.  v..t  t.unD  1864.     King  of  Wiirtem- 

;  and  in  the  same  yeai-  was  appointed  lord     berg  1816-C)4,  son  of  Frederick  I.  (the  first  king 

l!,??™,]l'l'l\i.'.!5.^1^''°!'l*''^?,"P"="'='i*^     of  Wiirtembcrg).     He  commanded  the  Wiirtemberg 

contingent  in  Napoleon's  Russian   campaign,  and  com- 


manded a  corps  of  the  Allies  1813-15. 


peror  (1871-88)  and  king  of  Prussia  (1861-88), 
second  son  of  Frederick  William  III.  of  Prussia 
and  Louisa,  daughter  of  Duke  Charles  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Strelitz.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
campaigns  of  1814  and  1815  against  Napoleon;  marrieil 
Augusta  of  Saxe-Weimar  in  1829 ;  became  heir  presumptive 
and  received  the  title  of  Prince  of  Prussia  on  the  death  of 
his  father  and  the  accession  of  his  brother  Frederick  Wil- 
liam IV.  in  1.S40;  made  himself  extremely  unpopular  on 
account  of  his  conservative  attitude  during  the  revolu- 
tionary movement  of  184^:  to.)k  his  scat  in  the  Prussian 
National  Assembly  in  thesame  year  ;c(immandcd  the  I-rns- 
sian  army  vvhiih  .<ii|,i,res8ed  the  insurre.-ti.ins  in  Baden 
and  the  Palatinate  in  1849;  was  appointed  niilit.iry  gov- 
ernor of  the  Rhineland  and  Westidialia  in  the  same  yeiu-; 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  nehi-niarshal  and  made  gov- 
ernor of  the  federal  fortress  of  Mainz  in  1854;  assumed 
the  regency  for  his  brother  Frederick  William  in  1858- 
ascended  the  throne  of  Pi-ussia  on  the  death  of  the  lat 
ter,  Jan,    '  .-.--. 


n.  2,  1861;  appointed  Bismarck  minister  of  foreign  ■twnUom  1 
in  1862;  united  with  Austria  in  a  war  against  Den-    V/,"'''fr  \\  , 
n  1801  (8ee.S'i-A/mH.;;/-//i.(>fei'ij  Wan,  2);  commanded      ■•"''''■    -'•    '^- 


artair-s 

mark  in  1801  (see  .Vi-/i/m «■/;/- //..(.fei'ij  Wan,  2);  commanded 
in  person  at  Koniggnitz  In  the  Austro-Piussian  war  (.see 
Sei'en  Weeks'  War)  in  1806;  and  became  president  of  the 
North  German  Coiifedcration  on  the  adopticui  of  its  con- 
stitution in  1807.  He  ciunmanded  the  German  armies  in  the 
Franco-German  war  1870-71,  being  present  at  Gravclotte 
and  .Sedan,  and  maintaining  his  headquarteis  at  Versailles 
Oct.,  1870,  March.  187 1,  iluring  and  after  the  siege  of  I'aris. 
lie  was  i)ro(-laimed  German  emperor  at  Versailles  Jan.  18, 
1S7I,  and  returned  to  Berlin  March  17, 1871.  He  displayed 
great  sagacity  in  selecting  his  ministers  and  generals,  as 
well  as  llrmness  in  supporting  tllein  against  oppoBltu>n  ; 
and  shares  with  Bismarck,  Von  Rimn,  and  Von  Moltke  the 
honor  of  acccimplishing  the  unilb-alliui  of  (ii-nnany,  un- 
der the  h<-L'enionv  of  Pro'^sia. 


manded  the  Baden  contingent  in  Napoleon's  Russian  cam- 
paign, and  fought  w  itli  the  Allies  1814-15.  Herepresented 
the  house  of  Baden  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  was 
commander  of  the  Baden  troops  182.5-48. 

William.  Born  April  25,  1.806;  died  Oct.  18, 
1884.  Duke  of  Brunswick  18,30-84.  second  son 
of  Duke  Frederick  William.  He  succeeded  Ifis 
brother  Charles,  and  was  tlie  last  of  the 
Brunswick-Wolfeubiittol  line. 

William,  Prince,  of  England.  Only  son  of 
Henry  I.  of  England,  drowned  in  the  White 
Shij)  in  the  English  Channel  in  1120. 

WilliamlV.  Born  1.532- died  Aug.  2;'i,  1.592.  Land- 
grave of  Hesse-Cassel  1.5G7-92,  son  of  Philip  the 
Magnanimous.  He  administered  the  government  dur- 
ing  the  imprisiuinient  of  his  father  by  Charles  V.  1647-52. 
He  dist  ingtiished  himself  as  an  astronomer  and  as  a  patron 
of  astronoiny-. 

Born  at  Cassel,  June  3,  1743 :  died 
1.  Elector  of  llcsse  (Landgrave 
Williuni  IX.  ornesse-Cas.sel),sonof  LaiulKravo 
Fi-edcrick  II.  Ho  furnished  Hessian  ti-oops  to  Great 
Britain  in  the  American  Revolulion;  succeeded  as  land- 
grave in  1785;  joined  the  coalition  against  France  In  1702  ; 
was  made  elector  in  1803  ;  ami  was  expelleil  by  the  tVeneh 
in  180(1,  his  lands  becoming  jiarl  of  the  kingdom  of  West- 
phali-i  in  1MI7.  lie  reenten-il  Cassel  in  !S13,  and  was  re- 
st-Tid  bj  Ih,*  lonu'rcHs  iif  \'icnna  1814-15 

William  II.  Bom  .inly  28,  1777 :  died  Nov.  20, 
1847.  Kleclorof  Hesse  1821-17,  son  of  the  elec- 
tor William  I.  He  serv.-d  ill  the  Prussian  army  against 
Napoleon.  Ho  wiu>  foiced  to  grant  a  new  constitution  In 
ih;ii. 


William  II.  (Friedrich  Wilhelm  Victor  Al-  William  I.,  surnamed  "The  Silent."    Born  at 


bert).  I'.oriiiit  lierliii,.Inn.27,  1S;59.  lOniperorof 
(iernuiiiy  .Hid  king  of  Priissin,  son  of  l-'rederick 
III.andl'riiieessVicliiriaoflMigJa  lid.  and  grand- 
son of  William  I.  llewaseducatedatthegvuinaBiumof 
Cassul  and  the  University  of  Bonn  ;  married  Augusta  Vic- 
toria of  Schleswig.llolstein  in  1881;  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  king  and  emperor  June  15.  1888.  lie  imniedi. 
ately  displ.-iycd  his  Intention  to  exi-rclse  personal  contnd 
of  the  government,  and  In  March.  1890,  diiimissed  Bis- 
marck who  disapproved  of  his  policy. 


tlio  castle  of  Dillenbtii'g,  in  Nassau,  April  Ki, 
1533:  died  at  Dclfl,  Netlieriands.  .Inly  10,  1.584. 
Prince  of  Orange  and  (^ount  of  Nassau:  the 
founderof  theHepulilicof  thelTnited  Pro\'incPs. 
He  was  the  8(ui  of  William,  count  of  Nassau,  and  Juliana 
of  Stolberg  ;  was  educated  In  the  Roman  Cnlhcdii-  faith  ns 
a  page  at  the  court  t>f  Charles  V.  ;  and  inherited  the  prin- 
cipality of  Orange,  along  w-lth  large  estates  In  the  Nether- 
lands, from  his  cousin  UeneWir  Renalusln  1544.  He  w-as  ap- 
pointed commander  of  tlio  anny  in  the  Netherlands  aud 


William  I. 

governor  of  Holland.  Zealand,  and  Utrecht  by  Charles  V.  in 
1555.  He  served  in  the  war  of  Philip  II.  against  Henrj- 11, 
of  France,  and  negotiated  the  preliminaries  oi  the  peace 
of  Cateau-Carabresis  (1559).  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
count  of  Nassau  in  1559.  Together  with  the  counts  of  Eg- 
mont  and  of  Hoom,  he  adtlressed  a  petition  in  1563  to 
Philip  II.  for  the  recall  of  Granvella.  the  adviser  of  the 
regent  Margaret  of  Parma,  who  was  canning  on  a  blood.v 
persecution  of  the  Protestants.  Granvella  was  recalled 
in  15t>4.  but  Philip  II. 's  determination  to  suppress  Protes- 
tantism and  destroy  the  political  liberties  of  the  Dutch  re- 
mained unaltered,  and  provoked  the  organization  of  the 
League  of  tlie  t^ueux  in  1500.  In  1567  Margaret  of  Parma 
was  succeeded, by  the  Duke  of  Alva,  who  came  with  an 
army  of  20,000  .Spaniai-ds  and  instituted  a  reign  of  terror 
(see  CoiotcU  of  Blood,  The).  William,  who  had  in  the 
meantime  resigned  his  offices  and  retired  to  Dillenburg, 
declined  to  appear  before  the  Council  of  Blood  and  pro- 
claimed his  adhesion  to  the  Protestant  faith.  In  1.'>0S  he 
collected  two  armies,  one  of  which  was  destroyed  by  Alva 
in  East  Friesland :  the  other  disbanded  for  want  of  funds. 
He  began  in  1570  to  issue  letters  of  marque  to  seamen  who, 
under  the  nickname  of  "Sea  Gueux,"  played  a  conspicuous 
part  in  tile  war  for  independence.  He  himself  continued 
the  war  on  land,  and  in  1576  l>rought  about  tiie  pacification 
of  Ghent,  whereby  Holland,  Zealand,  and  the  southern 
provinces  of  the  Lowlands  united  for  the  purpose  of  expel- 
ling the  Spanish  soldiery.  This  was  followed  in  1579  by  the 
Tnion  of  I'trecht  between  the  seven  northern  provinces 
(Holland,  Zealand,  rtrecht,  Gelderland.  Groningen,  Fries- 
land,  and  O^eryssel),  which  formally  declared  their  inde- 
pendence of  the  King  of  Spain  in  1581,  and  settled  the 
hereditiiry  st.adholdership  on  William.  He  was  assassi- 
nated at  Delft  by  Balthazar  Gerard. 

William,  Prince  of  Prussia.  Bom  1783:  died 
18.51.  Third  son  of  Fredericli  William  II.,  and 
brother  of  Frederick  William  III.:  a  commander 
ill  the  wars  asrainst  Napoleon. 

William  of  Champeaux.  Bom  about  1070 :  died 
lliil.  A  French  scliolastie  philosopher  and  ad- 
vocate of  realism, 

William  of  Cloudesley  or  Cloudeslie.  An 
archer,  the  siibiect  of  an  old  English  ballad. 

William  of  Holland.  Bora  about  1227:  killed 
in  battle,  12-56,  Titular  King  of  Germany.  He 
succeeded  as  count  of  Holland  about  1234;  was 'chosen 
king  of  Germany  in  opposition  to  Frederick  11.  1247  ;  was 
crowned  1248;  and  was  acknowledged  generally  in  Ger- 
many 12.^4-56. 

William  of  Jtimieges.    Lived  about  the  close 

of  tlie  11th  century.     A  Norman  chronicler. 

William  of  Lorris.     See  Lorris,  Guillaume  de. 

William  of  Malmesbury.  Born  about  1095: 
died  at  ilalmesbury  about  1142.  An  English 
historian  and  monk,  librarian  of  the  monastery 
at  Malmesbury.  of  which  he  refused  to  become 
abbot.  His  chief  works  are  •*  De  Gestis  regum  Anglorum" 
(■'History  of  the  English  Kings") and  "Historia  novella" 
("Modern  History"),  a  continuation  of  "De  Gestis."  bring- 
ing the  history  down  to  1142  (these  books  have  been  the 
foundation  of  all  the  more  recent  histories  of  England); 
" De  Gestis  pontificum  Anglorum  "  (" History  of  the  Prel- 
ates of  England");  "De  -\ntiquitate  Glastoniensis  Ecde- 
Biae  "  ("  History  of  the  Church  at  Glastonbury  ") ;  lives  of  St. 
Patrick.  St.  Dunstan,  St.  Wulfstan  (from  the  Anglo-Saxon); 
several  books  of  miracles;  and  the  "Itinerary  of  John  Ab- 
bot of  Malmesbury  to  Rome"  (Leland  mentions  this  work, 
but  It  is  lost). 

William  of  Nassau.  Same  as  William  the  Silent. 

William  of  Occam.    See  Occam. 

William  of  Orange.  See  William  I..  Prince  of 
Orange,  and  William  III,  (of  England). 

William  of  Poitiers.  Lived  in  the  2d  half  of  the 
11th  century.  Chaplain  and  chronicler  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror.authorof  "GestaWillelmi." 

William  of  Shoreham.  Born  at  Shoreham, 
Kent,  in  the  last  part  of  the  13th  century.  An 
English  monk  of  Leeds  priory,  vicar  of  Charl- 
Sutton  in  1320.  He  translated  the  Psalms  of  David  into 
English  prose  about  1327,  and  wrote  a  number  of  poems. 

William  of  Wykeham.  Bom  at  Wykeham  in 
Hampshire,  1324:  died  1404.  An  English  states- 
man and  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester  from 
1367.  He  was  chancellor  of  England  1367-71  and  1389- 
1391 ;  and  founded  Winchester  School  and  New  College  in 
Oxford.  In  1404  he  finished  rebuilding  the  nave  of  Win- 
chester cathedral,  died,  and  was  buried  in  the  chantry. 

William  and  Mary,  War  of.  In  American  his- 
tory, that  part  of  the  war  between  England 
and  France  (1689-97)  which  took  place  in  Amer- 
ica, chiefly  in  the  north.  Among  its  events  were 
the  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Canada  in  1690,  and 
the  burning  of  Schenectady  by  the  French  and  Indians  in 
the  same  year.      Also  Kiiot  William's  War. 

William  and  Mary  College.  The  second  old- 
est college  in  the  United  States,  situated  at 
Williamsburg,  Virginia :  chartered  in  1693.  it 
sulfered  in  the  Revolutionary  and  Civil  wars.  Among 
its  graduates  were  Peyton  Randolph,  Edmund  Randolph, 
,lohn  ilarshall,  Thomas  .Telferson,  James  Monroe,  John 
Randolph,  John  Tyler,  and  Winfield  Scott.  It  has  11  in- 
structi>r3  and  about  175  students. 

William  Longsword  (long'sord).  Duke  of 
Normandv,  son  and  successor  of  Bolf.  He 
ruled  about  927-943. 

Williams  (wil'yamz),Alplieus  Starkey.  Bom 
at  Savbrook,  Cibnn.,  Sept.  10,  1810:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Dee,  21,  1878.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  politician.    He  served  in  the  Mei- 


1064 

ican  war  ;  was  a  division  commander  in  the  Shenandoah 
campaign  in  1862;  and  commanded  a  corps  at  South  Moun- 
tain, Antietam.  txettysburg,  and  Lookout  Mountain,  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  and  in  the  march  to  the  sea.  In  1S65 
he  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was 
United  States  minister  to  Salvador  1866-69.  and  Demo- 
cnitic  member  of  Congress  from  Michigan  1875-78. 

Williams,  Edward.  Bom  at  Llanearvan,  Gla- 
morganshire, 1745:  died  at  Flemingstone,  Dec. 
17. 1826.  A  Welsh  poet,  known  as  "  the  Welsh 
Shakspere." 

Williams,  Eleazar.  Born  at  Caughnawaga, 
N.  v..  about  1787:  died  at  Hoganstown,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  28,  1S58.  An  American  missionary  among 
the  Indians.  He  was  the  reputed  son  of  Thomas  Wil- 
liams, a  half-breed  Indian.  He  believed  himself,  after  an 
alleged  interview  in  1841  with  the  Prince  de  Joinville  (who 
denied  iti,  to  be  the  dauphin  (Louis  XVIL\  son  of  Louis 
XVI.,  but  took  no  pains  to  make  his  claims  known.  He 
and  his  friends  asserted  that  he  had  been  secretly  taken 
from  prison  and  brought  to  this  country  when  very  young. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  Indian  subjects. 

Williams,  Elisha.  Born  1694 :  tlied  1755.  An 
American  clergvman,  president  of  Yale  Col- 
lege 1726-39. 

Williams,  Ephraim.  Bom  at  Newton,  Jlass., 
Feb.  24,  1715:  killed  in  battle  near  Lake 
George,  Sept.  8,  1755.  An  American  officer. 
He  served  in  King  George's  war ;  built  Fort  Massachusetts 
(near  Williamstown,  Jlassachusetts) ;  commanded  a  regi- 
ment of  Massachusetts  troops  in  the  French  and  Indian 
war ;  and  fell  in  an  ambuscade.  He  founded  a  free  school 
at  Williamstown  which  afterward  became  Williams  Col- 
lege. 

Williams,  George  Henry.  Bom  in  Columbia 
County,  N.  Y.,  March  23,  1823.  An  American 
jurist  and  politician.  He  was  chief  justice  of  Oregon 
Territory  185-3-57  ;  Republican  L'nited  States  senator  from 
Oregon  1805-71 ;  a  member  of  the  joint  high  commis- 
sion which  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Washington  in  1871; 
attorney-general  1872-75;  and  was  nominated  by  Grant 
chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 'in  Dec, 
1873,  but  w.Ts  not  confirmed. 

Williams,"  Jolm.  Born  at  Abereonway,  1582: 
died  March  25,  1650.  An  English  prelate  and 
politician.  He  was  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal  1621,  and 
l)ishop  of  Lincoln  (deprived  of  the f onner  in  1620) ;  was  im- 
prisoned for  sevei^  years  in  the  Tower  at  the  instigation 
of  Laud ;  and  was  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1641. 
He  supported  Charles  I.  in  the  civil  war. 

Williams,  John,  Born  near  London,  June  29, 
1796:  killed  in  the  New  Hebrides,  Nov.  20, 
1839.  An  English  missionary  in  the  Pacific 
islands.  He  worked  in  the  Society  Islands,  Hervey  Isl- 
ands, and  Raratonga.  He-wrote  "A  Narrative  of  Mission- 
ary Enterprises  "  (1837). 

Williams,  John.  BomatDeerfield,  Mass.,  Aug. 
30,  1817 :  died  at  Middleto-wn,  Conn.,  Feb.  7, 
1899.  An  American  Protestant  Episcopal  bish- 
op and  theologian.  He  was  president  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege  1848-53 ;  assistant  bishop  of  Connecticut  in  1851 ; 
and  bishop  in  1865.  In  1854  he  became  dean  and  instructor 
of  doctrinal  theology  and  other  studies  at  the  Berkeley 
Divinity  School,  Middletown,  Connecticut,  He  wrote 
"Ancient  Hymns"  (18451,  "Thoughtson  the  Gospel  Mira- 
cles" (1848).""PaddockLectuieson  the  English  Reforma- 
tion "  (1S81),  etc. 

Williams,  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Boston,  1750: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  1815.  An  American  mili- 
tary engineer,  secretary  to  Franklin  in  Europe, 
and  United  States  agent  in  Europe  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary period.  He  became  major  in  the  artillery 
service  in  1801,  and  commander  of  West  Point  in  the  same 
year ;  was  superintendent  of  West  Point  1S02-(.I3 ;  and  was 
chief  engineer  of  the  army  1805-12.  He  built  fortifica- 
tions around  New  York,  including  Castle  Willi.am  (Gov- 
ernor's Island),  Fort  Clinton  (Castle  Garden),  etc. 

Williams,  Sir  Monier  Monler-.  Bom  at  Bom- 
bay, India,  Nov.  12,  1819:  died  -\pril  II.  1899. 
A  noted  British  C>rientalist,  professor  of  San- 
skrit in  Oxford.  His  works  include  a  Sanskrit  gram- 
mar (1846),  an  English-Sanskrit  dictionary  (1S51),  a  San- 
skrit-English dictiunarj'  (1872),  grammars  oi  Hindustani, 
translations  of  the  "S.ikuntala  "  and  other  Sanskrit  works, 
"Indian  Epic  Poetry"  (1863),  "Indian  Wisdom"  (1875), 
"Hinduism"  (1>77),  "  ilodern  India  and  the  Indians" 
(18781.  "Buddhism,  etc'  (1889),  etc. 

Williams,  Roger.  Born  in  Wales  about  1600  ; 
died  in  Ehode  Island,  probably,  in  March  or 
April,  1684.  An  English  colonist  in  New  Eng- 
land: the  totmdcr  of  Rhode  Island.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Charterhouse  School  and  at  Cambridge ;  took  or- 
ders in  the  Church  of  England,  but  became  a  Puritan ;  ar- 
rived in  Massachusetts  in  1631 ;  became  pastor  in  Salem 
in  the  same  year,  but  was  driven  away  for  denying  the 
right  of  the  magistrates  to  punish  Sabbath-breaking  and 
for  supposed  heretical  opinions;  was  assistant  pastor  at 
Plymouth  16;!l-33 ;  and  returned  to  Salem  in  163",  and  be- 
came pastor  there  in  1634.  He  again  became  objectionable 
to  the  authorities  on  account  of  his  political  and  religious 
opinions;  and  was  summoned  before  the  General  Court  in 
Iti'JS,  and  ordered  to  leave  the  colony.  In  Jan.,  1636.  he 
left  Salem  and  went  first  to  Seckonk,  and  about  June.  16.'!6, 
founded  Providence.  He  had  great  influence  with  the 
Namuranset  Indians,  and  used  it  to  the  advantage  of  the 
colonists  in  the  Pequot  war.  In  1639  he  founded  the  first 
Baj.tist  church  in  America,  but  soon  withdrew  from  all 
church  coimections.  He  went  to  England  in  1643;  ob- 
tained a  charter  for  Rhode  Island  colony  in  1644 ;  was 
again  in  England  1651-54  ;  and  was  afterward  president  of 
the  colony.  He  was  an  apostle  of  religious  toleration.  His 
works  include  "  Key  into  the  Language  of  America  "  (1643), 


Wills,  William  Gorman 

"Mr.  Cotton's  Letter  Examined"  (1644).  "The  Bloody 
Tenent  of  Persecution  "  (1644X  "  Bloody  Teiient  Made  yet 
more  Bloody"  (16.52).  "The  Hireling  Ministry  none  of 
Chiist's  "(1652).  "Experimentsof  Spiritual  Life.andHealth" 
(1652).  '■  Gei'ig.-  lox  lugged  out  of  his  Bnrrowes"  (1072). 

Williams,  Samuel  Wells.  Born  at  Utiea.  X.Y., 
Sept.  22,  1812:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  F?b. 
17.  1884.  A  noted  American  Sinologist.  He 
went  to  China  in  1833  as  a  printer  in  the  senice  of  the 
-American  Board ;  was  in  the  United  States  1^44-18  and 
1860-61 ;  was  Japanese  interpreter  to  the  United  States 
expedition  to  Japan  1853-54  ;  became  secretarv  and  inter- 
preter to  the  United  States  legation  in  China  in  1855  :  and 
was  employed  in  other  diplomatic  services.  He  resigned 
his  commission  and  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1676, 
and  was  later  professor  of  Chinese  at  Yale.  He  wrote 
"Easy  Lessons  in  Chinese  "  (1842),  "English  and  Chinese 
Vocabulary"  (1&44).  "Chinese  Commercial  Guide"  (1^44), 
"The  Middle  Kingdom  "  (2  vols.  184S :  revised  ed.  1883X 
"Syllabic  Dictionary  of  the  Chinese  Language"  (1S74). 

Williamsburg,  or  Williamsburgh  ( wir  yamz- 

berg).  -\  former  tomi  on  Long  Island,  now 
foTOiing  a  part  of  the  city  of  Brooklvn. 

WilUamsburg.  The  capital  of  James  City 
County,  Virginia,  situated  between  James  and 
York  rivers,  46  miles  east-southeast  of  Rich- 
mond. It  is  the  seat  of  William  and  Mary  College ;  and 
succeeded  Jamestown  as  the  capital  of  Virginia,  remaining 
such  down  to  Revolutionary  times.  A  battle  was  fought 
there,  Maj  .5,  ist;2,  between  a  part  of  McCmian's  aiiny 
(Hooker.  Kearny.  Smith)  and  the  Conleder.ates  under 
Johnston.     ropulatiMi,  (iwio),  2,044. 

Williams  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Williamstown,  Massachusetts : 
founded  by  Colonel  Ephraim  Williams,  and 
chartered  in  1793.  It  is  non-sectarian.  It  has 
30  instructors  and  about  400  students. 

Williamsport  (wil'yamz-port).  The  capital  of 
Lycoming  Count.v,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  68  miles 
north  l\v  west  of  Harrisburg.  its  most  important 
industry  is  the  manufacture  of  luruber.  The  SnS(|Ue]iauna 
boom  is  located  there.     Population  (1900),  28.757. 

WilliamstO'wn  (wil'yamz-toun).  A  town  in 
Berkshire  County,  at  tlie  northwestern  extrem- 
ity of  Massachusetts,  55  mUes  northwest  of 
Springfield.  It  is  a  stunmer  resort,  and  the 
seat  of  Williams  College.  Population  (1900), 
.5.013. 

William's  War,  King.     See  King  William's 

War. 

William  Tell.  Adramaby  J.  Sheridan  Knowles. 
Macready  produced  it  in  1825.  Rossini  composed  an 
opera  on  the  subject,  produced  as  "GuLUaume  Tell,'  in 
1829.    Several  other  composers  have  used  the  same  legend. 

Willibald  (-wifi-bald).  Bom  in  England  about 
700  :  died  probably  about  786.  A  missionary 
in  Germanv.  associate  of  Boniface  :  bishop  of 
Eichstadt." 

WilUbrord,  orWilibrord  (-wil'i-brord),  or  Wil- 
brord  (wU'brord),  or  Wilbrod  (wil'brod), 
Saint.  Bom  in  Northumbria  about  657:  died 
about  73S,  -An  English  missionary,  called  "the 
Apostle  of  the  Friesiaus,"  He  settled  among  the 
Friesians  about  690.  and  was  consecrated  bishop  about  696. 
He  also  visited  Denmark, 

Willimantic  (-wil-i-man'tik).  A  city  in  Wind- 
ham County.  Connecticut,  situated  on  Willi- 
mantic River  25  miles  east  of  Hartford,  it  is 
a  railroad  center,  and  has  important  manufactures  of 
thread,  cotton,  silk.  etc.     Population  iiyt-HK,  S,1M7. 

Willis  (wil'is),  Nathaniel  Parker.  Born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  Jan.  20.  1806:  died  at  Idle- 
wild,  near  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1867.  An 
American  poet  ancT  author.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1827 ;  conducted  the  "American  Monthly  Magazine  " 
1829-31 ;  went  to  Europe  as  correspondent  for  the  "  New 
York  Mirror"  1831 ;  was  associate  editor,  with  Morris,  of 
the  "Mirror'* and  "Home  Journal";  traveled  in  Europe 
and  Asia  Minor;  returned  1S37 ;  settled  at  Glenmary,  near 
the  Susquehanna ;  was  in  Europe  1S44— 16  ;  and  settled 
at  his  country-seat,  Idlewild  on  the  Hudson.  He  wrote 
"  Poetical  Scripture  Sketches"  (1827),  "Fugitive  Poetry" 
(1829),  "PenciUings  by  the  Way"  (1835),  "Inklings  of 
Adventure"  (1836),  "Loiterings  of  Travel"  and  "Letters 
from  Under  a  Bridge"  (1S40),  "Dashes  at  Life  with  a 
Free  Pencil"  (1S45X  "Rural  Letters"  (1849X  "Life  Here 
and  There"  and  "People  I  Have  Met"  11850),  "Huiry- 
Graphs'  (1851).  "\  Summer  Cruise  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean "tind".\  Health  Trip  to  the  Tropics  "  (1853),  "Out- 
doors  at  Idlewild,"  "  Famous  Persons  and  Places  "  (1854), 
"  Paul  F.ane"  (1856),  "The  Convalescent "  (1859),  etc, 

Willis's  (wil'is-ez)  Rooms.  A  later  name  of 
Almack's  assembly-rooms  in  London. 

Willoughby  (wH'o-bi),  Sir  Hugh.  Boi-n  prob- 
ably at  Risley.  Derbyshire  r  died  in  1554.  An 
English  navigator.  He  commanded  an  exjiedition  to 
the  arctic  regions  1553-54  (in  the  ships  Bona  E^pcranza, 
Edward  Bonaventnre,  and  BonaConfldentia).  Will-jughby 
and  sLvtv-two  companions  perished  on  the  coast  of  Lap- 
land, in"  winter  quarters,  probably  of  scurvy.  Richard 
Chancellor,  in  the  Bonaventiu-e,  had  parted  company  with 
the  others  in  a  storm,  and  so  escaped. 

Wills  (wilz*,  William  Grorman.  Bora  in  Kil- 
kenny, Ireland.  lS3o:  died  at  London,  Dec.  l4, 
1891,  A  British  dramatist.  His  works  include  "The 
Man  o'  Airlie  "  (1S66).  "Hinko "  (1871),  "  Charles  L  "  t  It-S), 
"Eugene  Aram"  (187;i),  "Man-  Queen  of  Scots"  (1874X 
"  Buckingham  " (1875), "  Jane  Shore  "  (1876), "  Xinon "(1877), 


Wills,  William  Gorman 

"  Vanilerdecken"  (1878),  'Olivia,"  "  Jfell  Gwynn,'  "Wn. 
liam  .ind  Susan"  (18S0),  "Melchior,"  "Sedgemoor," 
"Kaiisf'(lS86),"CIaiidi:in"(1886),"A  Royal  Divorce."  He 
also  wrote  sfveral  novels,  among  them  "  Notice  to  Quit" 
and  "The  Wife's  Evidence," 

Wills,  William  John.  Born  at  Totnes,  Dev- 
oiisliire,  Jant  .5,  1S34 :  dieil  of  starvation  near 
Cooper's  Creek,  Australia,  abont  July,  1861. 
An  Australian  explorer.  He  went  to  Australia  in 
1852,  and  in  18.^8  was  made  assistant  in  the  magnetic  ob- 
servatory at  Melbourne.  On  .^ug.  20,  ISOO,  he  set  out  on 
the  expedition  led  by  R.  O'Hara  Burke  to  explore  the  in- 
terior. I'hey  crossed  the  continent,  but  on  their  retui-n 
bfith  Burke  and  Wills  peri.'^hed. 

Will's  (wilz)  Coffee-House.  A  famous  coffee- 
house in  Russell  street,  London,  named  from 
its  proprietor,  whose  first  name  was  William. 
It  was  the  resort  of  ptmiblers,  and  of  poets  and  wits,  in 
the  titne  of  Dryden,  when  it  was  also  known  as  "The  Wits' 
cniie.'.HMUse."    It  was  on  the  corner  of  Bow  street. 

Willughby  (wil'o-bi),  Francis.  Born  in  1635: 
died  July  3,  1671!.  An  Kiiglish  naturalist,  pupil 
and  eo-worker  of  .John  h'ay.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  His  "Ornithologia'  (1676-78)  was  edited  and 
translated  by  Ray,  who  also  published  his  "Historia 
I'iseium." 

Wilmington  (wil'miug-ton).  The  capital  of 
New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  situated  at  the 
jiinetifci  of  Brandywine  and  Christiana  creeks 
with  the  Delaware"  River,  in  lat.  39°  44'  N.,  long. 
75°  3.3'  W.  It  is  a  railroad  and  manufacturing  center 
(car-wheels,  cars,  iron  ships,  gunpowder,  paper,  leather 
and  cotton  goods.  iron.wagDiis,  machinery,  etc.).  It  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  .State  :  incoi-porated  183'2.  Population 
(I'.HMh,  7fi.r"ns. 

Wilmington.  A  seaport,  capital  of  New  Han- 
over County,  North  (Carolina,  situated  on  Cape 
Fear  Kiver"  in  lat.  34°  15'  N. :  the  chief  seaport 
and  largest  place  in  the  State.  It  exports  naval 
stores,  lumber,  and  cotton.  During  the  Civil  War  it  was  the 
chief  port  for  blockade-runners.  It  was  defended  by  Fort 
Fisher,  which  was  captured  in  Jan.,  18fi5.  Wilmington  was 
taken  by  the  Federals  in  Feb.     Population  (luuu),  20,97i). 

Wilmot  (wil'raot),  David.     Born  at  Bethanv, 

.  Pa.,  Jan.  20.1814:  died  at  Towanda.Pa., March 
16,  1868.  An  American  .I'urist  and  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsyl- 
vania 1845-51 ;  introduced  the  "  Wilmot  Proviso  "  (which 
see)  in  1846 ;  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate 
for  governor  of  Pennsylvania  in  1857 ;  was  Republican 
Vnited  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania  1861-63;  and 
was  judge  of  the  United  States  Court  of  Claims. 

Wilmot,  John,  Earl  of  Rochester.  Bom  at 
Ditchley, Oxfordshire, April  10.1647:  died  July 
26,  1680.  An  English  poet  and  courtier  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  11. 

Wilmot  Proviso.  A  pro-viso  attached  in  1846 
to  an  appropriation  bill  in  the  United  States 
Congress,  and  named  from  its  promoter,  David 
Wilmot,  representative  from  Pennsylvania. 
The  bill  was  for  the  purchase  of  Mexican  territorj'.and  the 
proviso  was  for  the  prohibition  of  slavery  in  this  territory. 
The  bill  with  the  proviso  passed  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, but  failed  to  reach  a  vote  in  the  Senate. 

Wilna.     i^ce  nina. 

Wilson  (wil'son),  Alexander.  Born  at  Paisley, 
Scotland.  July  fi,  1766:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  23,1813.  A  Scotch-American  ornitliologisf. 
In  early  life  he  was  a  weaver ;  was  prosecuted  and  im- 
prisoned for  writing  lampoons  (ili  a  dispute  between  the 
weavers  and  manufactuters  at  Paisley);  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  in  17»4  ;  labored  as  a  ]ieddlcr,  schoolmaster, 
ami  editor  of  aneditiftn  of  "  Rees's  Cyclopicdia  ":  and  made 
many  pedestrian  and  other  expedifimiM  tbroMgh  the  coun- 
try. Hepublisbed  "AMieTiriui  ilniitliolok'J  "  (7  vols.  1808- 
181.'!;  vols.  8  and  :i  edit  111  after  his  diulli ;  siijiiileriient  by  c. 
I,.  Bonaparte,  lS2r,),  i.nenis  (17!ll).  "  The  Foresters  "  (180,'.), 
etc.     His  cfillcctetl  works  were  edited  by  <:rosart  (1876). 

Wilson,  Mrs.  (Augusta  J.  Evans).  Born  at 
f'olurabus,  Ga.,  1838.  An  American  novelist. 
She  has  written  "Beulah"  (1859),  "  Macaria"  (1863),  "St. 
F.lnio"(ls66),  "  Vashti  "  (1867),  "  Infelice  "  (1876),  "Atthe 
Mercy  of  Tiberius"  (1887). 

Wilson,  Sir  Daniel.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  1816: 
died  at  Toronto,  Aug.  7, 1892.  A  Scottish-Cana- 
dian educator  and  archasologist,  president  of 
Toronto  University  from  18S1.  Among  his  works 
arc  "Memorials  of  Kdinburgh  in  the  Olden  Time"  (1816- 
1818),  "Oliver  Cromwell  an.l  the  Protectorate"  (1S4>-). 
"  Archroology  and  I'ridiistoric  Aroials  of  Scotland  "  (Is51 ; 
revised  186;i),  "I'n-hisloric  Man"  (Is62),  "Chatlerton" 
(181111).  "Caliban,  the  Missing  Link"  (1873),  "Reminls- 
eences  of  Old  Kdinlinrgh  "  (1S7S),  " The  Lost  Atlantis" 
n^icj),  an<lT)oemrt.    He  was  knighted  In  ls?i8. 

Wilson,  Erasmus.  Seo  II  'ilsnti.  Sir  Jamrx  EriiK- 
m  us. 

Wilson,  Henry  foriginal  name  Jeremiah  Jones 
Colbaith).  I'orn  at  Farmington,  N.  H.,  Feb. 
bi.  1S1J:  die<l  at  Washington,  I).  C,  Nov.  22, 
Is7ri.  An  American  statesman,  ncwaathesnn 
of  a  farm  lalwrer ;  was  apprenticed  to  a  farmer  anil  later 
worketl  aa  shoermiker  in  Natick,  Massachusetts  ;  became 
a  promiiiept  antislavery  advocate  ;  was  several  times  rep. 
resctilative  and  State  senator;  willnirew  from  the  Wlilg 
National  Convention  of  1.H48.  and  became  a  leailer  of  the 
Kree-soil  parly  .  was  an  unsuccessful  Free-soil  carulldato 
for  Congress  in  lHrt2  .  was  ilefeated  as  Krec-S()ll  candidate 
for  governor  of  Massaelms<!tts  In  1853;  became  (initcd 
States  senator  fri>ni  Mussaehusetta  In  1855,  and  was  three 
times  reelected,  serving  1855-73;  and  was  one  of  the  or- 


1065 

ganizers  of  the  Republican  party.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  military  affairs  in  the  Civil  War ;  and 
was  elected  as  KepuJtlican  candidate  to  the  vice-presi- 
dency of  the  United  States  in  1872,  serving  187.'V-7.i.  His 
chief  work  is  a  •■History  of  the  Rise  and  Kali  of  the  Slave 
Powerin  Aiuerlca"(3  vols.  l»7'2-75).  He  also  wrote  a  "His- 
tor>'  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Sleasures  of  the  37th  and  ;i.sth 
Congresses  "  (1804),  a  "  History  of  the  Reconstruction  ilea- 
snns  of  the  ;!9th  and  40th  Congresses"  (1868),  etc. 

Wilson,  Horace  Hayman,    Born  at  London, 


Winchester 

died  Oct.  17.  1900.  An  American  statesman. 
He  was  educated  at  Columbian  College,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  atthe  I'niversity  of  Virginia;  served  in  the  Con- 
federate army  in  the  c  ivjl  War;  tauglit  for  a  time  in 
Columbian  College. and  then  practised  law  inCharlestowu, 
West  Virginia:  was  president  of  M'est  Viigiiua  University 
1882-83 ;  and  was  Di-mocratic  member  of  Congress  from 
West  Virglida  IKHB-lt.',.  .Vs  cbainnan  of  the  Committee  on 
Ways  and  Means  he  intr'.dueed  in  18'J3  the  tariff  bill 
which  l>ears  bis  name.     Postmaster-general  1895-97. 


.Sept.   211,  17S6:  died   there,  May  8,1860.     An  Wilson,  Woodrow.      Born   at   Staunton,  V»., 

Dec.  28, 1856.  An  American  historian.  He  grad- 
uated at  Princeton  in  1879 ;  studied  law  and  practised  at 
Atlanta,  Georgia,  for  a  year  or  two;  studied  history  and 
politics  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  1883-85;  taught  his- 
loryal  Bryn  .MawrCollege,  Pennsylvania,188i-8«,aud  was 
associate  profess^jr  of  historj'  and  i>olitical  science  there 
18,s^;-s8;  was  electcl  professor 'if  history  and  [lolitieal  econ- 
omy at  Wesleyan  I'niversity  inl8«8:  was  professor  of  finance 
ami  political  economy  at  Priuceton  Universilj  18'.H>-1902, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected  its  president.  Hehas  pub- 
lished "Congressional  Government:  a  Stmly  in  Ameriean 
l'olitic8"(l»8'>),' The  State '■(188;)),'Divisionand  Eeuniim, 
1829-89 '(one  of  the  "F.pochs  of  American  Histiir>"  series, 
Political  Essays' (189S),etc. 


English  Orientalist.  He  went  to  India  in  IsOS  a-  .as- 
sistant surgeon  to  the  East  India  Company  ill  Bengal; 
later  held  an  offlce  in  the  mint  at  Calcutta  ;  was  secretary 
to  the  .Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal ;  became  professor  of  San- 
skrit at  Oxford  in  1832 ;  and  was  librarian  to  the  East  India 
House,  arul  director  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  .Society.  His 
works  include  a  "Sanskrit-English  Dictionary"  (1819), 
"Select  Specimens  of  the  'llieatre  of  the  llin<ius"  (1827), 
"  Religious  Sects  of  the  Hindus  "  (18'28-;!2).  descriptive 
catalogue  of  the  "  Mackenzie  Collection  "  (182s),  "Historj' 
of  British  India  "  (1844-48),  a  Sanskrit  grammar  (1841),  and 
esaavs  on  .Sanskrit  literature,  the  religion  of  the  Hindus, 
etc. '  He  translated  the  "  .Meghadnta  "  (1813),  the  '  Vishnu 
Pnrana"  (184o),  a  part  of  the  "Rig- Veda  "  (18S0),  etc. 


.       .                           ^                       .  1893),"An01dMaster,andothe 
Wilson,  James.    Born  near  St.  Andrews,  Scot-  -^jison  Promontory.  The  southernmost  head- 
land,  S.'jit.   14,   li42:  (hod  at  K.lenton,  N.  (  .,  i,,„,i  |,f  Australia,  in  Victoria,  projecting  into 
Aug.  2.8,  1798.     An  American  jiatriot  and  jurist.  R.jg^  Strait 

He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  a  •m'ilonTi'a  f<T<»olr  (wil'snny  kreV^     A  small  river 

signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776;  a  mem-  WIISOU  S  OrCeK  (ViU  sonz  KreK).   A  small  T\\eT 

ber  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787:  and  an  ass.,-  near  Spriiigheld,  .Missouri.    Here,  Aug.  10. 1861,  the 

ciate  justice  of  the  I  nited  States  Suprejne  Court  17S9-'.'S.  Confederates  under  McCulloch  and  Price  defeated  the  Fed- 

Wilson,  Sir  James  Erasmus.    Born  at  Aber-  _1I?J»  ''"<>"  !■>?'>  "t°  '"^  ^"^"■^ '".  "'^:'."'';  . 

deeii     ■ " 

gate- 


Egyplia 

works  include  "  Diseases  of  the  Skin,"  etc. 
Wilson,  James  Grant.  Born  at  Edinburgh. 
1832.  An  American  historical  writer,  son  of 
William  Wilson  (1801-00).  lie  was  major,  colonel, 
and  general  in  the  Civil  War ;  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
"Appletons'  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biography";  and 
since  1885  has  been  president  of  the  New  York  (Jenea- 
logical  and  P.iosxr:iphical  Society.  His  works  include  a  life 
ofXieneralc rant  ( I '(>s-S5),"Life  and  Letters ttf  Fitz-Grceiie 
Halleck"  (isi.li).  'Sketches  of  Illu.strious  Soldiers  "  (18" 


Berkshire.  Hampshire.  Dorset,  and  Somerset. 
It  is  an  agricultural  county,  an'l  also  has  important 
manufactures.  It  is  very  rich  in  archa-ological  material. 
The  chief  place  is  Salisbury.  Wiltshire  was  part  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Wessex.  Area,  1.375  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  204,907. 
Wimble  (wim'bl).Will.  One  of  the  characters 
drawn  by  Addison  in  the  "Spectator":  a  coun- 
try gentleman  ''extremely  well  versed  in  all 
the  little  handicrafts  of  an  idle  man.' 


and  1874)  "I'oets  and  Poetry  of  Scotland  "(1876)  "B^^^^^^     WimbledOH  (wim'bl-don).     A  town  in  Surrcv, 
.and  his  Iricnds^    (18s6),  etc.     He  has  edited  "Memonal    'V'","^r.r  ,5* J^-.    „  „„„,v-    „  .  „,  t  .„„  j„„     ,...•' 


History  of  the  City  of  Sew  Vork"  (189-2). 

Wilson,  John :  pseudonj-m  Christopher  North. 

Born  at  P;iislev,  Scotland,  Jlav  18,  17s."):  died  at 
Edinburgh,  April  3,  18,54,  A  Scottish  ess:iyisl . 
poet,  and  novelist :  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy in  the  University  gf  Edinburgh  from  1820. 
He  was  e<lucatcd  at  Glasgow  and  at  Oxford  (Magd.alen 
C(dlege)  where  he  graduated  in  1807.  He  settled  at  El- 
leray,  on  Lake  Windermere,  but  removed  to  Edinburgh  in 
1815,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar.  From  1817  he  was 
one  of  the  principal  coiitritjutors  to  "  Blackwood's  Maga- 


England.  8  miles  southwest  of  London.  Itscnm- 
mon  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  British  Rifle  Associa- 
tion (which  now  meets  in  Bisley  Common).  Wimbledon 
was  probablv  the  scene  of  a  victorj-  of  Ccawlin  of  Wessex 
over  F.theltiert  of  Kent  in  508.    Population  (1891X  '25,758. 

Wimborne  Minster  (\vim'bi''m  min'ster).  A 
town  in  Dorset.  England,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Allen  ;ind  Stoiir.  28  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Southampton  :  noted  for  its  min- 
ster. It  was  probably  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  Danes 
in  8.'.1.    Population  (1801),  3,690. 


zine."newrotetbepoems"Isleof  Palms'  (lsl2)and "City  Wimpfen  (Hmp'fen).     A  town  situated  on  the 

°l 'J""  r.'T'V-7^?V,'K?;'1.'r ''■'>''''■%'' ^i'-''''^"';''r*^''",'''™"     NecUar.  25  miles  southeast  of  Heidelberg,  in 
of  Scottish  Life    (1822),  "Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay  ,  ,     ,         •        .     tt  t     .  t»     i 

(182.U  and  "The  Foresters  "  (18'24).  Ihe  "  Noctes  Am-  an  exclave  bclonpng  to  Hesse.  bet  ween  Baden 
brosiana)  "(whichsee)appeaiedoriginallyin"Blaekwood,"  and  Wiirtemberg.  Here.  May  6, 1622,  Tilly  de- 
and  the  "Recreations  of  Christopher  North  "were  reprints  feated  the  Mar^n-ave  of  Baden. 
of  magazine  articles.  ''^ 

Wilson,  Richard.  Bom  at  Penegoes,  Mo 
gomeryshiro,  Aug.  1,  1714:  died  at  Llanfc 
Denbighshire,  May,  1782.  A  noted  English 
landscape-painter,  a  pupil  of  Thomas  Wright 
in  London  1729-3.').  In  1749  he  visited  Italy  and  de- 
voted himself  to  landscapc-painting.  He  studied  bolh 
Claude  and  Poussin.  In  1755  he  returned  to  England,  and 
in  1768  was  an  original  member  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
He  became  its  librarian  in  1776. 

Wilson,  Robert.  J>ied  in  1600.  An  English 
iictor  of  Sliakspere's  time.  He  was  one  of  the  Earl 
of  Leiei-ster's  players  In  1674,  and  belonged  to  the  IJuecn's 
Company  in  1.'83.    Ho  wrote  a  play, "The  Cobbler's  Pro- 

pllecy"(l-''!>4) 

Wilson,  Robert.  Born  in  1570:  died  in  1610. 
An  English  di;imalic  writer.  He  is  frequently 
confounded  with  the  actor. 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert  Thomas.   Bom  at  London, 

1777:  (lied  thciv,  Mny  9,  1849.  An  English 
general  and  author.  He  commanded  the  Lnsltanlim 
Legion  and  a  Spanish  brigade  in  the  Peninsular  war  ;  was 
British  military  c<mimlB8ioner  at  the  Knssian  and  allied 
headquarters  181*2- 14;  and  waslater  member  ttf  Parliament 
and  governor  of  Gibraltar  (1842-49).  lie  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  BrlllsU  Expedition  to  Egypt "  (IS02),  an  "Inquiry 
into  the  Present  State  of  the  Military  Force  of  Ihe  British 
Empire"  (18IM),  a  "Sketch  of  the  Campaigns  In  Poland" 
(1810),  "Mllll.ary  and  Political  Power  of  Russia  "  (Isl7), 
"Narrative  of  Events  during  the  Invasion  of  Russia, 
1812 "(isoo),  "Diary  "(1801),  etc, 
Wilson,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  l.'iSl.  An  English 
statesman  and  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Etonnnd 
at  King's  Colb-gc,  Cambildgc;  was  tutor  to  the  sons  of  Ihc 
Duke  of  Sulbdk  ;  live<l  on  Ihe  Continent  during  (he  reign 
of  Mary;  and  was  lmprls4»ned  and  tortured  at  Rome  lui 
account  of  alleged  heresy  In  his  works  on  "I.oglc"  and 
"Rhetoric,"  but  escapetl.  He  was  In  favor  during  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  held  various  olllces ;  was  envoy  to 
the  I.OW  Ctnintrles  In  1570  .  ami  became  secretary  of  state 
In  1577,  and  ilcan  of  Diiriiam  In  15711.  Among  his  works 
are  "'riic  Rule  of  Reason,  containing  the  Art  of  Ixiglc" 


(1551),  "The  Art  of  Rhetoric"  (156,1),  "A  Discourse  upon 

Wilson,  Wi'liiam  Lyne,     Hoin  May  3,  184:1: 


iroT,t  WimpflFen  (vmip-fon';  a.  pron.  \nnip'fen),  Em- 
;„",  manuel  F61ix  de.  Born  at  Laon,  Sept.  13, 
;";..:  1811:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  26,  1884.  A  French 
general.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Crimean  and 
Italian  wars  and  in  Algeria;  suppresseil  an  insurrection  on 
the  bonier  of  Morocco  in  1870;  was  con»s  commander  in 
tlie  Franco-German  war  ;  succeeded  MacMahon  as  com- 
mander at  Sedan  Sept.  1.  1870;  and  signed  the  capitula- 
tion ol  .Sedan  Sept.  2,  187". 

Winchell  (\i-in'chcn,  Alexander.  Bom  at 
North  Ea.st,  Dutchess  Countv,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31, 
1,824  :  died  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  Feb.  19, 1891. 
An  American  geologist.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Wes- 
leyan  Univorsitvin  1817;  taught  in  various  institiilions  till 
1854,  when  ho  iteeame  ]irofes84tr  of  ph>sic8  and  civil  en- 
gineering at  the  University  of  Michigan  ;  and  was  profes- 
sor there  of  geology,  z*tOlogy,  and  iMitany  18.V.-73.  He 
held  the  same  posit  nni  in  the  University  of  Kentucky  and 
Svracnsc  University  1S73-78,  and  a  lectureship  at  Vander- 
bilt  University  187.'.-78.  In  18T9  he  was  made  professor  of 
geology  ami  paleontology  at  the  Univci-slty  of  Michlgnn. 
He  was  director  of  the  geological  surveys  of  Michigan  and 
.\l  Innesota  In  18.59.  He  wroti*  reports  of  geological  «llrTl•y^ 
"Sketches  of  Creathm'  (1S70).  "Iioctrlne  of  Evolution" 
(1874),  "Ihe  Geology  of  the  stars"  (1870,  "  Ueconcillailon 
of  Science  ami  Religion  "(18771.  "  Preailamltes  ctc."(lv>o\ 
"Sparks  from  aOiNdogist  s  Hammer"  (Issi),  •■  World  Life: 
a  Comparative  C.e<dogv"(ls83).  "Geological  Excursions" 
(laso.  "Geological  studies "(issax  etc 

Winchelsea  (win'chcl-se).  One  of  the  Cinque 
Ports  of  Kngland,  situated  in  Sussex,  on  the 
English  Clianiiel.  7  miles  e'list-iiorlhenst  of 
Hastings.  I'ormcrly  it  wasan  important  wnllcd 
town. 

Winchelsea,  Countess  of.   Sec  Finrh.  .Jn«c. 

Winchester  (wm'clies-ter).  fWdsh  (VicrfJirmf, 
while  easllc;  ML.  I'tiil'i  Jliliianiiii,  AS.  U'lnlr- 
rnixtrr.]  A  city  in  TIamiisliiro,  England,  on 
the  Itchen  11  iiiiles  north-nortlieast  of  South- 
ampton. It«  cathednd  Is  a  large  church  exemplifying 
nineh  of  the  ilovelopnient  of  English  archlt<ctun\  The 
choir,  with  B(|uare  chevet  and  projecting  Lady  chiipel, 
shows  some  excellent  Utlhceutury  arcadlng  and  good  Per- 
pendicular work  In  the  cleantor;  and  chapel ;  but  most  of 


Winchester 

the  exterior  is  uninteresting  The  round-arched  tower  at 
the  crossing  is  low  and  heavj-.  The  Perpendicular  west 
front,  with  tlirce  portals  and  a  great  window,  resembles  a 
niechanicul  copy  in  stone  of  a  framing  of  upright  beams. 
The  interior  presents  much  that  is  of  interest.  The  long 
nave  is  light  and  well  proportioned,  with  elaborate  English 
groining.  The  aisled  transepts  are  of  the  most  impressive 
early-Xorman  work.  The  line  called  stalls  .ire  of  the  13th 
centurj-.  .-imong  the  many  interesting  tombs  is  that  of 
Izaak  Walton  (1683).  Winchester  wjis  successively  a  Brit- 
ish, a  Roman,  and  a  Saxon  town.  It  was  the  capiU'd  of 
Wessex,  and  the  place  of  residence  and  coronat  ion  of  early 
English  kings,  and  the  seat  of  early  English  parliaments. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  was  noted  for  its  commerce,  and  was 
especially  famous  for  woolen  manufactures.  Population 
(1S91),  19,073. 
Winchester.  The  capital  of  Frederiek  Cnimtr. 
Vir;£rinia.  situated  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  06 
miles  west-uorthwcst  of  Washington.  Winchester 
and  its  neighborhood  was  the  scene  of  inany  events  in  the 
OiVilWar.     Population  119001,  ,M6I. 

Winchester,  Battle  of.  1.  A  victorv  gained 
by  the  Federals  under  Shields  over  the  Confed- 
erates under  Jackson  at  Kemstown,  ncarWin- 
cliester.  Virginia,  March  23.  1862.  Also  called 
battle  of  Kemstown. — 2.  A  victorv  gained  by 
the  Confederates  under  Early  over  t'lie  Federals 
under  Crook,  July  2-t,  1864.— 3.  A  victory  gained 
by  the  Federals  under  Sheridan  over  the  Con- 
f  derates  under  Early.  Sept.  19, 1864.  The  Federal 
loss  was  4.99<i ;  the  Confederate  loss,  6,500.  Also  called 
battle  of  Opi.|iiaii. 

Winchester  School,  or  St.  Mary's  College.  A 

boys' school,  founded  in  Winchester  bv  William 
of  Wykeham  in  1393.  It  is  one  of  the"  most  im- 
portant public  schools  in  England. 

Winckelmann  (vink'el-man),  Johann  Joa- 
chim. Born  at  Stendal,  Dec.  9,  1717:  died  -^i"!'"^ 
at  Triest,  June  8,  1768.  A  German  critic  and  Windsor. 
author,  the  founder  of  scientific  archaeology 
and  of  the  history  of  classic  art.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  poor  shoemaker.  With  the  assistance  of  the  rector  of  his 
school  he  was  enabled  to  go  to  the  gjmnasium  at  Berlin  • 
and  subsequently  (1738)  studied  theology  at  Halle,  where 
he  supported  himself  by  giving  private"  instruction.     In 

1743  he  received  a  position  in  the  school  at  Seehausen  :  in  titj^j™.  -d  i-  ' 
1748  be  was  made  librarian  to  the  Count  von  BUiiau  in  ".inasor  iJeautieS 
Dresden,  where  he  had  an  opportunity  to  continue  the 
study  of  ai't  and  archseologj-,  begun  at  the  University  of 
Halle.  In  1764  he  became  a  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  in  175.i  was  sent  by  the  papal  nuncio  to 
Italy.  Hedevoted  himself  thenceforth  entirely  to  the  study 
of  art.  In  1764  appeared  his  principal  work,  "Geschichte 
der  Kunst  des  .Altertums"  ("History  of  the  Art  of  Anti- 
quity •■).  A  previous  work  was  "Gedanken  iiber  die 
>iichahmung  der  griechischen  Werke  in  der  Malerei  und 


1066  Winslow,  Josiah 

Hall,  200  by  34  feet,  is  adorned  with  portraits  of  British  WiTiVplriodi-CT-Tilr'ol  vo.n    A»«„ij a  o    ■ 

sovereigns  by  the  best  coiitemporan- masters.   The  Water-    WllLKeinea(vinli  el-ied).  Arnold  VOn.  ASwisS 
■        "      •  .  ..  .     i-       '  patn.ittrombtansiuLnterwaldeu.saidtohave 

decided  the  Swiss  A-ietorv  at  Sempach  in  1386 
by  CTasping  all  the  Austrian  pikes  he  could 
reach  and  burying  them  in  his  own  breast,  thus 
making  an  opening  in  the  ranks  into  which  the 
Smss  rushed  over  his  dead  body.     The  truth 

„.,  ,  ,  . of  the  tradition  is  disputed  in  modem  Hm*a« 

The  gardens  and  teiTaces  are  very  beautiful,  and  -WiTilrit,  Aa  -m^r-A^      ^      V      ,  °"*'™  nmes. 
s  of  the  exterior  of  the  castle,  emb..dving  long  m?°rP  .     ■      ?,'^,*^®-„  ^'^'^  TTorde. 
!  of  battlemented  walls  broken  by  numerous  tow-    WlILKle   ("mg  kl).  Nathaniel.     A  member  of 
' '"""■■'  '■•■  "■ '     ■  tlie  famous  Pickwick  Club,  afterward  married 

finished  by  Henri-  VIII.,  is  in  a-rich  Pemendicufa;-  SMe.      Bi e k en^t™' Pi!!?  ^Y^    ^  *'^""<^t^'-  ^  Charles 

with  double  transepts.     The  interior  is  very  wide  and  has  J,'."  ^^^"^  5, .  Pi<'kwiel 

elaborate  fan-vaulting.     The  choir  is  bordered  by  the  or-  Winkle,  Kip  Van. 

nate  carved  stalls  of  the  Knights  of  the  Garter,  adorned  Winlock  (win'lok), 

with  their  arms.     Over  even"  st.all  hangs  the  banner  of  its      "  " 


loo  chamber  or  grand  dining-room,  the  council-chamber, 
and  the  st^ite  drawing-room  contain  paintings  of  equal 
interest.  All  the  paintings  in  the  old  ball-room  are  por- 
traits by  Vandyke,  among  them  Charles  I.  and  his  family 
and  four  portraits  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  The  pri- 
vate apartments  are  of  high  interest,  and  contain  one  of 
the  most  splendid  collections  of  porcelain  existing,  espe- 
cially rich  ill  old  Sevres  secured  during  the  French  Eevo 
lution.    ""  ' 

the  view 

stretches 

ers  and  dominated  by  the  enormous  donjon,  are  unique. 
St.  George's  Chapel.  foun<led  by  Edward  IV.  in  1474  and 


fkens's  -'Pickwick  Papers." 


..  Joseph.  Bom  in  Shelby 
County.  Ky..  Feb.  6,  1826:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  11, 1S75.  An  American  astronomer. 
He  was  superintendent  of  the  "  Nautical  Almanac,"  and 
was  professor  of  astronomy  at  Harvard  and  director  of  the 
observr.tor>-  there  from  1866.  He  conducted  a  govern- 
ment  expedition  to  Kentucky  in  Aug.,  18ti9,  to  observe  the 

...  „ „„  ..     soLar  eclipse,  and  one  to  Spain  in  Dec,  1S70,  for  the  same 

manner  that  it  forms  one  of  the  most  remarkable  existin--     I"!'T"se. 

examples  of  such  work :  it  is  incrnsted  with  colored  mar^  Winmore.     See  TVinwaecl. 

„!mJ  ""^  ^.o^^red  throughout  with  sculpture,  mosaics,  Winnsbago  (win-e-ba'go).     [PI.,  also  TTiniieba- 

glldlng,  and  precious  stones.    The  windows  are  flllpd  with      «.-. ,    tt*-        j,  tw-        i       l-\  ^•' '*^='"  " '«"ew« 

ilass  pointed  with  scriptural  scene^^d  subjects  f^m     Tf  ;_T"''i'*.''i"'//:_._'^'/',".<"*''-'"'  ^'  ""  oorru^tion  of 


holder.  At  the  east  end,  over  the  fine  reredos,  is  a  great 
Perpendicular  window  filled  with  painted  glass  in  mem- 
ory of  Prince  Albert.  The  Albert  Chapel,  immediately  to 
the  east  of  St.  George's  Chapel,  was  built  by  Henry  VII 
and  George  ni.  formed  the  royal  tomb-house  under 
it  It  was  restored  by  yiieeii  Victoria  as  a  memorial  oi 
her  husband,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  in  so  lavish  a 


the  family  historj-  of  the  Prince  Consort,  and  the  fan- 
vaulting  of  the  ceiling  is  covered  with  Venetian  mosaics 
Toward  the  east  end  is  a  cenotaph  of  the  prince  in  the 
form  of  an  altar-tomb.  The  sculptured  and  inlaid  reredos 
is  by  Sir  G.  G.  Scott,  The  royal  mausoleum  at  Frogmore, 
near  the  castle,  built  by  Queen  Victoria  to  receive  the 
body  of  her  husband,  is  in  a  modified  Byzantine  style  of 
architecture,  octagonal  in  plan,  surmounted  bv  a  lantern 
aud  ornamented  with  series  of  arcades.  Windsor  Forest 
is  near  the  town.     Population  (19tilj,  12.153. 

A  seaport,  capital  of  Hants  County, 
^ova  Scotia,  situated  on  an  arm  of  Minas 
Basin,  35  miles  northwest  of  Halifax,  Popu- 
lation (1901),  3.398. 
Windsor.  A  town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecti- 
cut, situated  on  the  Connecticut  6  iniles  north 
of  Hartford.     Population  (190ii).  3,li]4. 

aties.     A  series  of  11  portraits  of  _, 

the  most  noted  beauties  of  the  court  of  Charles  Winnipeg.  The  capital  of  Manitoba,  Canada, 
II.,  by  Sir  Peter  Lely.  Ten  of  these  paintings  are  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Assiniboine  and 
now  in  Hampton  Court  Pal.ace,  Enghind :  the  eleventh,  the  the  Eed  River  of  the  North,  in  lat  49°  56'  X 
portrait  of  Madame  d'Orl(?ans,  is  lost.  .Ul  are  painted  in  long.  97°  7'  W. :  the  principal  city  of  the  Cina' 
thesamesbie,  in  three-quarter  length  with  li-'htlvdmned  j-  -vt  ii.  •  •  ^"^  l""'^'lJ'>"-'^>  oi  me  i.ana- 
busts,  h,are-headed  with  hair  in  rhiglets.  and  with  land      ^}^:^.]^°I^^T^^h^  J'^^f'^l  <^?]l<^il  ?ort  Garry. 


a_nickname  meaning  '  dirty  water.']  A'H-ibe  of 
North  American  Indians,  closely  related  in  lan- 
guage to  the  Tciwere  tribes  on  the  one  hand 
and  to  the  Mandan  on  the  other.  They  stre  the 
Puans  of  the  Jesuit  "Relation  "  of  1636.  Their  name  for 
themselves  is  Botcanqara,  meaning  'first'  or  'parent 
speech.  They  reside  in  Nebraska  and  Wisconsin  ami 
number  over  2.000.     See  Siouan. 

Winnebago  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in  Wiscon- 
sin, situated  60  miles  north-northwest  of  Mil- 
waukee. Its  outlet  is  by  Fox  Eiver  into  Green 
Bay.     Length,  27  miles. 

Winnepesaukee,  Lake.    See  TTinnipiseoffee. 

Winnipeg  (win'i-peg).  A  river  in  Manitoba 
which  is  the  outlet  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
and  empties  into  Lake  Winnipeg.  Leneth 
about  200  miles. 


scape  backgrounds. 

Windsor  Forest. 


Bildhauerkuiist"  ("Thoughts  on  the  Imitation  of  Greek  WindsOT    Knights 


A  poem  by  Alexander  Pope. 


„.    ,    -„...■     y:  -; v..  «.^=tt o A , body  of  military  pen- 

H  orks  in  Painting  and  Sculpture,"  1755).    For  a  number     sioners  haring  their  residence  within  the  pre- 
Rome.     Inl76Sheset     oiTict*  ofWinrlcr,!- Poctln      Tl,„x-„,„ — „  „„ii_,: 


of  years  he  was  papal  antiquary  in 

out  on  a  journey  to  Germany,  but  in  Vienna  again  turne'd 

b;ick  for  Ital.v.    In  Triest  he  was  murdered  bv  an  Italian. 

Windermere  iwin'der-mer),  or  Winander- 
mere,  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in  England, 
partly  in  Lancashire  and  partly  on  the  boundary 
between  Lancashire  and  Westmoreland:  re"- 
nowned  for  its  beauty.  Its  outlet  is  into  More- 
cambeBay.  Length,  lOi  miles.  Greatest  width, 
1  mile. 

Windisch  (vinMish).  [L.  rin(1f»iissa.2  A  vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  Aargau.  Switzerland,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Reuss  and  Aare.  17  miles 
northwest  of  Zurich:  an  ancient  Helvetic- 
Roman  city, 

Windischgratz  i  \-in'dish-gratsi. Prince  zu  (Al- 
fred Candidus  Ferdinand).  Born  at  Brussels, 
May  11,  1 1 87 :  died  at  Vienna,  March  21,  18G2. 
An  Austrian  field-marshal.    He  was  distinguished 


cincts  of  Windsor  Castle.  They  are  now  called 
theMilitary  Knights  of  Windsor,  andsometimes 
the  Poor  Kuights  of  Windsor. 
Windthorst  (vint'horst),  Ludwig.  Bom  at 
Kaldenhof,  Prussia,  Jan.  17,  1812 :  died  at 
Berlin,  March  14.  1891.  A  German  states- 
man and  lawyer.  He  was  president  of  the  Hanoverian 
Second  Chamber  in  1851  ;  member  of  the  Hanoverian 
ministry  1651-.=.3  and  1^62-66 

of  the  Reichstag  and  the  Plus  ^ 

was  the  head  of  the  Catholic  Center  party  and  a  leading 
opponent  of  Bismarck. 

Windward  (wind'ward)  Islands.  1.  The  chain 
of  West  India  islands  which  extends  from  Porto 
Rico  to  Trinidad.  Also  called  the  Cnribbee  Isl- 
ands or  Lesser  Antilles.— 2.  A  colony  of  Great 
Britain,  in  the  West  Indies,  including  the  isl- 
ands of  Grenada.  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent,  and 
the  Grenadines. 


It  is  situated  on  the  CanadianPaciflc  Railway.  In  1873 
it  was  made  a  city.  Population  (19011,  42,340 
Winnipeg,  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  about  lat.  51°-54°  N.  it  receives  the  .Sas- 
katchewan, Red  River  of  the  Xorth,  and  Winnipeg,  audits 
outlet  to  Hudson  Bay  is  the  Nelson  River.  Length,  about 
250  miles. 


mthe  campaigns  of  1813-14;  quelled  the  insarrection  in  Windward  Passage.  -'^  channel  between  Cuba 

^::i^u;:-^^-^in^^^!t:\z vs^-k  ?" ^'••; ^^-^^ ^°^ ""'''' °" '"^^ -^*-  ^i^itMbon? 


%  lenna  Oct.  31  ;  occupied  Presburg  and  Raab  in    Dec.     -_.       , 

and  Budapest  in  Jan.,  1849;  defeated  the  Hungarians  at  WmeDrenner  (win 'bren-er),  John 

Kapolna  Feb.  27 ;  and  was  defeated  at  Godollo  April  6,     "      '     '   '     "  " " 

and  removed  from  his  command. 
Windom  i  win'dom  i,  William.  Bomin Belmont 
County,  Ohio,  May  10,  1S27:  died  at  New  York 
city.  Jan.  29, 1891.   An  American  politician  and 
financier.   He  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from 

?J',T»f°*^^f^*'  F"^'*''**""^-'^'"""'"' from  Minnesota  Winfrid    or  Winfrith       See  nniiifnre 
1*70-81 ;  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  18S1 ;  United  States  wtr,  n-  A^U  -nr;!, T^   \  ' 

l8Sl-*3;andagainsecretaryoftbetreasurvl49-91    Wmg  and  Wing.    -1  no 


Winnipegoos(win'i-pe-gos\orWinnipegoosis 
(win  i-pe-ETo'sis),  or  Winnepegoose  ( win'e-pe- 
gos).  or  Winnipigoos  (win'i-pi-gijs).  Lake,  or 
Little  Winnipeg  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  bo- 
minion  of  Canada,  west  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  into 
-.      ,-.,..,      ,  which  it  empties.     Length.  130-150  miles, 

mimstg-  .l»ol-.-,3  and  ls62-66  ;  and  a  prominent  member  Winniniseoeee  or WinilPI)P<ultibpp  I'wiTi'A  r.» 
of  the  Reichstag  and  the  Piussian  Landtag  from  1867.  He  "Ani\■tt^?'  »  i  i  "l?=P.?saTlKee  ( win  e-pe- 
— .  ,u,  !,,_) -^ ...    .,_.,^  ,  .  »      .      .     .         sa  ke).  Lake.    A  lake  m  New  Hampshire,  25 

miles  north-northeast  of  Concord:  noted  for 
its  beautiful  scenery.  Its  outlet  is  the  Winni- 
piseogee  River,  which  empties  into  the  Merri- 
moc.  Length,  24  miles. 
Winona  (vri-no'na).  The  capital  of  Winona 
County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
97  miles  southeast  of  St.  PatJ.  Population 
(1900),  19,714. 

Winooski  (wi-nos'ki"),  or  Onion  (un'yon).  Riv- 
er. -\  river  in  Vermont  which  joins  take  Cham- 
plain  5  miles  northwest  of  Burlington.  Mont- 
pelier  is  situated  on  it.  Length,  about  90  miles. 


60  miles. 


Bora  in 


Frederick  County,  Md..  March,  1797:  died  at  Winslow  (winz'16),  Edward.     Born  at  Droit- 


Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  12,  1860.  An  American 
clergyman,  pastor  of  a  German  Reformed  church 
in  Harrisburg.  He  separated  from  that  church  and 
organized,  in  ls30.  the  new  denomination  of  the  Church  of 
God,  or  \\  inebrennerians. 


Wind  River  Mountains, 

Mountains  in  western  Wyoming, 
Fremont's  Peak,  13,790  feet. 

Winds,  Tower  of  the.     See  Totrer  of  the  Winds. 

Windsor  (win'aor).  A  town  in'  Berkshire. 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  23  miles  west 
of  London,  it  contains  a  famous  roval  residence 
"indsor  Castle,  founded  bv  William  the  Conqueror  ex- 
tended by  his  successors,  especiallv  by  Edward  III  ,'and 
recently  restored  by  Queen  Victoria.  The  castle  con- 
sists of  two  inclosed  courts  separated  bv  the  huge  round 
tower  or  keep.  On  the  lower  court  or  ward  face  the 
famous  Chapel  of  St.  George  and  the  Albert  Chapel  (see 
below).  The  upper  ward  is  entered  bv  the  so-called 
>orman  gateway,  which  is  a  pointed  arch  flanked  by 
cylindrical  towers.  The  east  side  of  the  quadrangle  is 
occupied    by    the    kings    private    apartments,  and  the  tit-       -i  -r,. 

nnrili  side  by  me  state  apartments.     The  latter  contain   WingleSS  VlCtorV, 
many  flne  works  ofr.art  and  historic  relics.    St,  Georges     of,  and  Victory 


u  novel  by  Cooper,  published 


ns.   A  range  of  the  Rocky     "I  ^^*--  ^  .  .,  .  ,  „     , 

Wyoming.  Highest  point.  Winged  Lion,  or  Lion  of  St.  Mark.  A  sym- 
bolical lion,  represented  as  winged  and  hold- 
ing an  open  book  on  which  is  written  Pax  tibi, 
Marce,  Evangelista  mens,  or  a  part  of  this.  It 
is  the  characteristic  device  of  Venice.  The  full  heraldic 
description  requires  a  sword,  with  the  point  uppermost, 
above  the  book  on  the  dexter  side,  and  a  glory  surrounding 
the  whole.  The  lion  also  is  sejant ;  but  in  artistic  repre- 
sentations this  is  continually  departed  from, 

Wingfield  (wing'feld),  Edwin  Maria.  Bom  in 
England  about  1570  :  died  after  1608.  An  Eng- 
lish merchant :  one  of  the  first  colonists  in  Vir- 
ginia (1607),  and  first  president  of  the  colony. 
He  quaiTeled  with  his  associates ;  was  deposed  : 
and  returiieil  to  England. 

See  Nike  Apteros,  Temple 


wich,  Worcestershire,  England,  Oct.  19,  1595 : 
died  at  sea.  May  8, 1655.  A  colonial  governor, 
one  of  the  founders  of  Plymouth  Colony  in  1620. 
He  negotiated  a  treaty  with  Massasoit  in  V&l ;  "was  gover- 
nor of  Plymouth  Colony  in  1633, 1636.  and  1644  :  was  a  com- 
mercial agent  of  the  colony,  and  went  several  times  to 
England  in  its  behalf ;  and  was  appointed  by  Cromwell 
commissioner  on  an  expedition  against  the  Spanish  West 
Indies  in  1655.  Hewrote"  WinslowsRel.ation  "or  "Good 
News  from  Sew  England  "  (1624),  "  Hypocrisy  Unmasked  •■ 
(1646),  "New  England's  Salamander"  (1647).  "Glorious 
Progress  of  the  Gospel  amongst  the  Indians  in  New  Eng- 
land •  (1649X  "  Platform  of  Church  Discipline  "  (16.53),  etc. 

Winslow,  James.  Born  at  Albany.  N.  Y.,  1814 : 
died  at  New  York,  July  18, 1874.  An  American 
banker. 

Winslow,  John  Ancrum.  Bora  at  Wilming- 
ton, N.  C.  Nov.  19.  1811:  died  at  Boston.  Mass., 
Sept.  29.  1873.  An  American  admiral.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1827,  and  served  in  the  Sle.xican  war. 
As  commander  of  the  Kearsarge.  he  defeated  and  sank 
the  Confederate  cruiser  Alabama,  under  Semmes,  off 
Cherhourg  harbor,  June  19,  isr4.  He  was  made  com- 
modore in  1864,  and  later  rear-admiral. 

Winslow  (winz'16).  Josiah.  Bora  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  1629:  died  at  Marshfield,  Mass.,  1680. 
An  American  colonial  governor,  son  of  Edward 


Winslow.  Josiah 

Winslow.  He  was  for  many  years  assistant  trovemor  of 
Plymouth  ("oloiiy,  ami  a  commissioner  of  the  united  col- 
onies ;  was  g"Vernoruf  Plyni'nith  Colony  1673-80;  and  was 
ceneral-in-rliiel  oithfiini'teii  colonies  in  King  Philip's  war. 

Winslow,  William  Copley.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Jan.  13,  1840.  An  American  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  archceolopist,  vice-president 
am!  treasurer  of  the  Kfrypt  Exploration  Fund. 

Winsor  (win'zor),  Justin.  Bom  at  Boston, 
.Jnii.  L',  1831:  dieil  at  Cambridge,  JIass.,  Oct.  22, 
1897.  A  distinguished  American  historian  and 
librarian.  He  w-.ia  superintendent  of  the  Boston  Puhlic 
Library  1808-77,  and  subsequently  lihrarian  of  Ilarvar'i. 
His  worl<8  include  "Bii'Iii);,'i:tiiliy"of  Ori^'inal  t/niirlos  and 
Folios,  of  Shaksyere  "  (IS?.*!),  "  Keaikr's  HandBook  of  the 
American  Kevolution"  tlsSO),  "  Was  shakspi  re  .Sha|p- 
Ii-i"li?"'  (IHKT).  v:ii-iou.H  paiMpliicts  on  American  history, 
bibliographies.  "ChristnpherCoIumbus,etc."(lR91X  "Car- 
tier  toFrontenac"  (18!M).  etc.  He  edited  the  "M.-nirprial 
History  of  Boston  "  (185^0-82),  "  Hnivani  I'niversity  Hulle- 
tin,"  and  a  "  Xarrativc  and  Critical  History  of  Anieriea" 
(s  vols.  1884-89). 

Winter  (wiu'ter),  John  Strange.  The  pseu- 
doujnu  of  Mrs.  H.  E.  V.  Stanuard. 

Winter  ("iu'tcr),  William.  Born  at  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  July  15,  1830.  An  American  journalist 
atid  poet.  He  was  agraduate  of  the  Harvard  law  school. 
and  became  dramatic  critic  of  the  New  York  "Trihune  '■ 
In  1865.  j^fnong his  works.are poems,  includint?  "TheCon- 
vent  '■  (1854),  "The  Queen's  Domain  "  (185S),  "  -My  Witness  " 
(1871),  "Thistledown"  (1S78),  "The  Wanderers"  (ISjS), 
"Poems "(complete,  188i));  prose,  "EdwinBootli  inTwelve 
Characters  "  (1871),  "The  Trip  to  England,  with  illustra- 
tions bv  Joseph  Jefferson  (187S)),  "The  Jetfersons"  (18S1), 
"  English  Rambles  "(1S.S3),"  Henry  Irving  "(ISSfi),  "Shake- 
speare's England  "  (18S8),"The  Press  and  the  Stage  "(18^9), 
"  Gray  Days  and  Gold  "(lSlll),'-()ld  Shrines  and  Ivy  "  (1S02), 
"Shadows  of  the  Stage  "  (in  three  series,  1892,  1893,  I8Lt5), 
"The  Life  and  Art  of  Edwin  Booth  "  (1894).  He  h:uj  edited 
"  Life,  .Stories,  and  Poems  of  John  Brougham'  (1881). 

Winter,  De.    J^ce  Vc  Winter. 

Winter  King,  The.  A  name  given  to  Freder- 
ii'k  v.,  elector  of  the  Palatinate,  and  king  of 
Bohemia  through  the  winter  of  1G19-20. 

Winter  Palace.  An  imperial  palace  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, Kussia.  The  exterior,  in  Renaissance  style, 
has  3  stories  and  an  attic  above  the  basement,  and  mea- 
sures 455  by  350  feet.  The  interior  is  remarkable  for  its 
aeries  of  Russian  historical  paintings  and  portraits,  and 
for  the  splendid  state  apartments.  The  crown  jewels  are 
kept  in  this  palace. 

Winter  Queen,  The,  A  name  given  to  Eliza- 
beth, wife  of  the  elector  Frederick  V.  ("the 
Winter  King"). 

Winter's  Tale,  The.    A  play  by  Shakspere, 

probaljly  produced  in  1611.  it  was  founded  on 
Greene's  '"Pandosto."  This  and  "The  Tempest"  were 
[)n)l)ably  his  last  flinshcd  plays. 
Winterthur  (vin'ter-tor).  A  town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Zurich:  one  of  the  chief  commercial  and 
manufacturing  towns  in  Switzerland.  Burkhardt, 
duke  of  Swahia,  defeated  Rudolf  II.  of  High  Burgundy 
there  in  919.  Winterthur  passed  t^>Hapstnirg  in  1261 ;  was 
a  free  imperial  city  for  a  shoit  time  in  tlie  15th  century  ; 
and  was  acquired  by  Zurich  in  14*17.  Population  (l^ys), 
15,9.'*. 

Winther  (Vin'ter),  Rasmus  Willads  Chris- 
tian Ferainand.  Born  at  Feusmark,  Dun- 
mark,  July  2!),  17% :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  30, 1876. 
A  Danish  Ivric  poet.  His  father  was  a  clergyman. 
He  studied  theology  at  the  Copenhagen  I'niversity  after 
1815.  In  18:)0-;il  he  tr.aveled  inltaly.  After  1S41  he  lived 
in  Neustrelitz.  and  subscipiently  in  Copenhagen.  The  last 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  In  Paris.  His  first  collection 
of  poems  was  puldished  in  1828.  It  contains,  among 
others,  a  number  of  poems  descriptive  of  popular  life  in 
Denmark,  afterward  published  apart  in  several  editions 
as  "Trftsnitte  "("  Woodcuts").  "  Nogle  Digte  "  ("  .Some 
Poems  ")  followed  in  183.');  ".Sang  og  .sagn  "  (".Song  and 
Story ") in  1840 ;  "  iJigtninger"  ("  Poems,"  1843);  "I.yriske 
Digte"  ("Lyric  Poems,"  1849);  "Nye  DIgte"  ("New 
Poems,"  1851);  "  Nye  Digtninger  "  ("New  Poems,"  1853). 
His  greatest  work  is  the  epic  cyclecalled  "  Hjortens  Flugt  " 
("The  Flight  of  the  Stag"),  which  appeared  In  IB.IS.  In 
prose  he  wrote  "Haandtegnlnger"  ("Sketches  "),  "Fir 
Novellew"  ("Four  Stories"),  and  "Tre  Fortjillingcr" 
("Three  Tales").  His  collected  poetical  writings  ("  Sara- 
lede  Digtninger  ")  were  published  at  Copenhagen,  1860- 
1S72.  in  11  vols. 

Winthrop  l  win'throp),  Dolly.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal female  characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel 
"Silas  M;irncr,  the  Weaver  of  Kaveloe." 

Winthrop,  FitZ-John.  Bom  at  Ipswich,  JIass.,' 
M;u'cli  l!l,  WM):  dir<l  at  Boston,  Nov.  27,  1707. 
An  American  coloni.nl  governor  and  oflicor,  son 
of  .Tohn  Winthrop  (l(i()(>-70).  He  served  In  King 
Philip's  war;  was  major-general  In  the  expedition  to  Can- 
ada 111  liinn;  anil  was  governor  of  I'onnectlcut  1698-1707. 

Winthrop,  John.  Born  at  Groton,  England, 
Jan.  12,  1.-187:  died  at  Boston,  March  26,  IG4!t. 
A  colonial  governor.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College.  Cambridge,  and  was  admitted  totlie  Innei  Temple 
In  1628.  In  1629  lie  was  chosen  liy  the  company  in  l>in- 
don  governor  <if  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony;  arrived 
In  Salem  June  12,  16,30  ;  and  soon  afti-r  settled  in  Boston. 
He  was  governor  until  16;i4,  and  again  llV)7-4»,  1(H2-4I, 
aii'l  1646-49.  and  was  several  times  deputy  governor.  Ho 
opiiosed  Vane,  Anne  llutehinson,  and  the  Antlnomtans^ 
His  journal  was  published  by  James  .Savage  as  "History 
of  New  England  ]e.<<0-ie49  "  (2  vols.  1826-26).    He  wroU 


1067 

also  "Model  of  Christian  Charity  "and  "  Arbitrary  Gov- 
ernment Described."  His  *'  Life  and  Letters"  were  puli- 
lished  by  R.  c.  Winthrop  (2  vols.  1864-<;7). 
Winthrop,  John.  Born  at  Groton,  England, 
Feb.  12,  KiOfl:  died  at  Boston,  Mass..  April  5, 
1(>76.  .\n  American  colonial  governor,  son  of 
John  Winthrop.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin  ;  sen-ed 
against  France  ;  traveled  on  the  Continent ;  emigrated  to 
Massachusetts  in  Itai  and  became  governor's  assistant ; 
was  a  leading  settler  of  Ipswich,  .Masjiaehusetts;  founded 
.Saybrook,  Connecticut,  In  1635,  and  was  its  first  governor ; 
founded  New  Ixmdon,  (.'onnecticut ;  and  was  governor  of 
Connecticut  during  nearly  the  whole  period  lt;57-76.  He 
obtained  a  charter  uniting  the  colonics  of  Connecticut  and 
New  llavL-ii.     He  was  a  fell-'W  of  the  Koyal  .Society. 

Winthrop,  Robert  Charles.  Bom  at  Boston, 
May  12,  1809:  died  there,  Nov.  Ifi.  1894.  Au 
American  statesman  and  orator.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1828  ;  studied  law  with  Daniel  W  elister  :  was  a 
member  of  the  ^lassachusetts  House  of  Representatives, 
and  its  speaker  1838— ai ;  was  Whig  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1841-12  and  1813-.'*) ;  was  speaker  of 
the  House  1847-49 ;  and  was  Tiiited  States  senator  (ap- 
pointed by  the  governt-r  as  successor  to  Webster)  1860-51. 
In  the  latter  year  he  was  a  candidate  for  senator,  but  was 
defeated,  ami  was  also  unsuccessful  as  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor of  Ma^^sachusetts.  He  was  especially  noted  as  an 
orator.  He  delivered  addresses  at  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  the  \\  ashiiigtoii  monument  in  1848,  and  at  the 
dedication  of  the  monument  in  1885. 

Winthrop,  Theodore.     Born  at  New  Haven. 

Conu.,  Sept.  22,  Isi'S:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Big 
Bethel,  June  10.  ISOl.  An  American  author,  and 
officer(of  New  York  volunteers)in  the  Civil  War. 
He  was  military  secretjiry  to  General  Butler,  with  the 
rank  of  major.  He  wrote  "Cecil  Dreeme  "  (1861),  "John 
Itivnt  "  (lsii-2),  "Edwin  Brothertoft  "  (ls62).  "The  Canoe 
and  the  Saddle  "  (I8«2),  "  Life  in  the  Open  Air  "  (1863). 

Winton,  Andre'w  of.    See  irijntoun. 
Wintoon.    s.e  ii'm/ii. 

WintU  (win-tii' ),  or  Wintoon,  or  Wintun  (win- 
ton').  ['Man.']  The  northern  di-idsion  of  the 
Copehan  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  em- 
bracing a  number  of  small  tribes  inhabiting 
mainly  the  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  its 
eastern  tributaries  in  northern  California,  from 
Mount  Shasta  to  .Stony  Creek.  Their  number 
is  small.     See  Copehan. 

Wintun.     See  U'intii. 

Winwaed,  A  river  near  Leeds,  England:  now 
Winmore.  Here,  in  6.-).5,  Penda,  king  of  Mcrcia, 
was  defeated  by  Oswy  of  Northiimbria,and  slain. 

Winya'W  Bay  (wiu'yA  ba).  An  arm  of  the  At- 
lantic, on  the  coast  of  .South  Carolina,  on  which 
Georgetown  is  situated.  It  receives  the  Great 
Pedee  and  Black  rivers.  Length,  about  17 
miles. 

Wipbach  (vip'biich).  The  modem  name  of  the 
Frigidus  (which  see). 

This  river,  the  Wipbach  of  our  own  day,  the  Krigldus 
Fluvius  of  tlie  age  of  Tlicodosiiis,  luui  not  only  historic 
fame,  but  is  a  phenonienon  full  of  interest  to  the  physical 
geographer.  Close  to  the  little  town  of  Wipbach  it  bursts 
forth  from  the  foot  of  the  clills  of  the  Birnbaunier  WaM  : 
no  little  rivulet  such  as  one  spring  might  nourish,  but  "a 
full -fed  river,  "as  deep  and  strong  as  the  AaratTliun  or  the 
Reiiss  at  Lucerne,  like  also  to  both  those  streams  in  the 
colour  of  Its  pale-blue  waters,  and,  oven  in  the  hottest  days 
of  summer,  unconquerably  cool. 

Bvdgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1. 160. 

Wipper  (vip'per).  1.  A  river  in  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  which  flows  into  the  Baltic  18  miles 
northeast  of  Kilslin.  Length,  about  90  miles. 
—  2.  A  small  river  in  Thuriiigia,  a  tributary 
of  the  Unslrut. —  3.  A  small  river  in  northern 
Germany  which  comes  from  the  Harz  and  joins 
the  Saale  near  Bernburg. 

Wirral  (wZ-r'al).  A  district  in  the  western  part 
of  Cheshire,  England,  between  the  estuaries  of 
the  Mersey  and  Dee. 

Wirt  (wcrt ).  William.  Born  at  Bladensburg, 
.Md.,  Nov.  8.  1772:  ilieil  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
Feb.  18, 1834.  An  American  lawyer,  orator,  and 
author.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1792  ;  became  a 
prominent  lawyer  in  Virginia,  clerk  of  the  House  of  Dele- 
gates, cliunccllor  to  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Dell-gates;  assisted  in  the  prosecution 
of  Aaron  Burr  In  lSo7 ;"  was  apjiointed  I'nited  Stales  dis- 
trict attorney  In  1.SI6;  and  was  l'nll4'd  States  attorney- 
general  1817-29.  In  1H32  he  was  Antimasiinic  candidate 
for  IVesident,  and  received  the  electoral  vote  of  A'erniont. 
lie  wrote  "Letters  of  the  British  Spy''(l8o3),  "The  Rain- 
bow "  and  other  essays,  "Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Chiy- 
acter  of  Patrick  Henry"  (1817),  and  various  adilresses. 

Wirtemberg.  An  unusual  spelling  of  Wiirlem- 
lirnj. 

Wisbeach,  or  Wisbech  (wiz'lieidi).    A  town  in 

Caiiibiidgesliiie,  Kugland,  situated  in  (ho  Isle 
of  Ely,  on  tlio  Nen  and  tlie  Wisbech  Canal,  19 
miles  north  of  Elv.  It  has  trade  by  the  river 
Neil.  I'ojiuliitioi!  (1891),  9,39-1. 
Wisby,  or  Vi.sby  ivis'bii).  A  town  on  the  west 
ciiast  of  llio  island  of  linllniid,  .Sweden.  It  con- 
tains a  cathcilral  and  ruined  churches,  b.wers,  and  walls. 
It  was  an  aneteiit  Ilanseatic  port,  and  ilnliortnnt  commer- 
cially until  Its  sack  by  Waltlemar  IV.  of  Denmark  In  1301. 
Population,  7,102. 


Wishoskan 

Wisby,  Laws  of.  A  code  or  compilation  of 
maritimecustoms  and  adjudications  adopted  by 
the  town  of  Wisby,  in  the  island  of  Gotland,  in 
the  Baltic  Sea.  By  the  law-wTlters  of  the  northern 
European  nations  it  has  been  elaiined  that  these  laws 
are  older  than  the  Laws  of  i.ileron  ;  but  the  lielter  opinion 
seems  t..  be  that  they  are  later,  and  in  some  respects  an 
improvement  upon  them.  The  code  was  not  established 
by  legislative  authority,  but  its  provisions  have  obtained 
the  sanction  of  general  use  and  obsen'ance  froni  their  in- 
trinsic ciiuity  and  convenience.  .Sometimes  called  the  Gut- 
land  .s'crt  Lairg. 

Wisconsin  (wis-kon'sin).  .\  Northwestern  State 
of  the  United  States,  it  is  twunded  by  Lake  Supe- 
rior,  Michigan  (partly  separated  by  the  Menominee  River), 
Lake  Michigan,  Illinois,  low-a  (separated  by  the  Missis- 
sippi), and  M innesota  (nearly  sepai-ated  by  the  Mississippi 
and  St.  Croix  rivers).  Capital,  .Madison;  chief  city,  Mil- 
waukee. It  Is  hilly  ill  the  nortit  and  southwest,  and  else- 
where generally  level.  It  is  an  important  agricultural, 
lumbering,  and  mining  State  ;  produces  w-heat.  com,  oats, 
rye,  barley,  timber,  etc. ;  manufactures  lunitier,  flour,  beer, 
etc. ;  and  has  important  iron-mines  in  the  north.  Wis- 
consin has  70  counties,  11  representatives  in  Congress,  2 
senators,  and  13  electoral  votes.  It  was  early  explored 
by  French  fur-traders  and  missionaries  (Nlcolet  in  16;i4 ; 
Radisson,  Allouez).  In  1787  it  w-as  included  in  the  North- 
west Territorj-,  and  afterward  in  Indiana  Territory;  in 
1S09  in  Illinois  Territory;  and  in  181S  in  Michigan  Ter- 
ritory-. Wisconsin  Territory  was  organized  in  I8;its  and  was 
admitt4-d  to  the  Union  in  1848.  Ai-ea.  56,o40  s«|uare  miles. 
Population  (190(1),  2,069,042  (in  large  part  of  German,  Scan- 
.liiiavian,  and  other  foreign  parentageX 

Wisconsin,  University  of.  -An  institution  of 
loiirniiur  ;it  Madison,  Wisconsin,  it  was  incorjio- 
rated  in  lr;lS  and  opi  ned  in  1850,  and  comprises  colleges  of 
letters  and  arts,  a  law  school,  and  a  postgraduate  course. 
It  is  coeducational. 

Wisconsin  River.  A  river  in  Wisconsin.  It 
rises  in  Lake  Vieux  Desert  on  the  border  of  Wisconsin 
and  Michigan,  flows  south  and  west,  and  joins  the  Mis- 
sissippi near  l*rairle  du  Chien.  In  its  course  are  sevei-al 
cataracts,  including  the  Dalles  of  the  Wisconsin  (which 
see).  Length,  about  600  miles ;  navigable  from  Portage 
City. 

Wisdom  of  Solomon,  Book  of  the.   One  of  the 

ilouterocaunnic-nl  biMiks  of  the  (Jld  Testament. 
Tradition  ascribes  its  authorship  to  Solomon  ;  but  by  moat 
modern  lYotestant  theologians  it  Is  attributed  loan  Alex- 
andrian .lew  of  the  1st  or  2d  centur>-  B.  c.  The  shorter  title 
"Wisdom,"  or  "  Book  of  Wisdom."  is  commonly  applied  to 
this  book,  but  not  Ui  Lcc-le.siasticus.     See  Apocrypha. 

Wise  (wiz),  Henry  Alexander.  Born  at  Drum- 

mondtown,  Va..  Dec.H,  isot!:  died  at  Hichniond, 
Sept.  12, 187(i.  Au  American  statesman  and  ora- 
tor. He  graduated  at  Washington  College.  Pennsylvania ; 
practised  law  ;  w-as  DeniocratU-  niember  of  Congress  from 
Virginia  183;i-44  :  «iis  I'nited  States  minister  to  Brazil 
1844-17 ;  and  w-as  elected  on  the  Anti-Know-Nothing  plat- 
form as  governor  of  Virginia,  and  served  ls,S6-60.  He  op- 
posed secession,  but  followed  his  State  and  became  a 
Confederate  brigadier-general.  lie  w-as  defeated  in  the 
Kanawha  valley  in  18i'd.  and  at  Koanoke  Island  in  1862. 

Wise,  Henry  Augustus.  Born  1819:  died  1869. 
.\ii  Amerii:in  naval  officer  and  author,  cousin 
of  H.  .\.  Wise.  He  wrote  the  books  of  travels  "  Un 
Oririgos"(I849),  "Scarnpavias"(lS57),  "Tales  for  the  Ma- 
rines "  (1855),  etc. 

Wiseman  (wiz'man).  Nicholas  Patrick  Ste- 
phen. Born  at  Seville,  Spain,  .\ug.  2,  1>(12 : 
died  at  London,  Feb.  15. 18(i,'i.  An  Enirlish  car- 
dinal and  theologian.  He  was  professor  at  Rome; 
was  made  bishop  I'ji  ptirtihtu  in  1840.  and  vicar  apostolic 
in  1846;  and  became  archbishop  of  Westminster  and  car- 
dinal in  1850.  Among  his  w-orks  are  "Hone  Syriacrc" 
(1828).  "The  Connection  between  .Science  and  Revealed 
R.-ligion"  (1836),  "Lectures  on  the  Catholic  chnrcb" 
(ls:ill).  "The  Heal  Pri-sence  "  (ls.'t6).  etc. 

Wise  Men  of  Gotham,  The  Merry  Tales  of 

the.     A  book  of  jests,  etc.,  said  to  have  been 
collected  by  Anilrew  Borde   in  the   reign   of 
Henry  VIII. 
Wise  Men  of  the  East.    See  Tliree  Kings  of 

Wishart  (wish'iirt),  (Jeorge.  Born  early  in  the 
llith  century:  bnrucil  at  the  stake  at  St.  An- 
drews, March  12,  l;">4(i.  A  Scottish  Heformer 
and  luartvr.  He  was  schoolmaster  at  Montnwe.  and 
w-as  charged  with  heresy  there  alMiut  1538  for  teaching 
the  New-  'restament  in  Creek.  In  l.'>t3  he  was  a  tutor  at 
Camlirblge.  In  1.'.44  he  wt-nt  to  Scottand  with  the  cm- 
mission  si-nt  by  Henry  VIII.  to  arrange  a  treaty  f.tr  the  ^ 
marriage  of  his  son  I-'.dward  (aged  7)  and  the  Infant  iiiieen 
Mary.  He  began  and  ilillgt-iitly  continued  to  preacli  the 
doctrines  of  the  Ri-fonnatlon.  and  at  the  Instigati.in  of 
Cardinal  Beat.ui  was  liiinii.l  at  St.  Alnlrt-wa. 

Wishart,  <ir  Wiseheart  (wiz'hiim,  Oeorge. 

Born  l(ill9:  ilieil  l(i7l.  .-\  Scottish  bishop,  lie 
was  deprived  of  his  living  ftir  refusal  tosiibs.-ribe  I  he  Cove 
nant ;  was  chaplain  to  tlie  Manpllsof  .Montrose;  and  waa 
made  bishoii  of  F..liiiburgh  In  16(i2.  lie  wnite.  In  Ijitln,  a 
liistory  of  the  wars  of  Montrose. 

Wishaw  (wish'i'i).  A  bnrgli  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  13  miles  enst-soiitheast  of /ilasgow. 
It  has  iiii]iortnnt  coal-mines  and  iron-works. 
Poimlalion  (IS91),  town,  l,j,2,'i2. 

Wishfort  (wish'tf^rl).  Lady.  A  diaracter  in 
Coiignve's  "Till'  Way  of  the  World":  "a  mix- 
ture of  wit  anil  ridiculous  vanity"  [lliilliim). 

Wishoskan  iwesh'os-kan).  A  linguist  ie  stock  of 
North  Aiuoricau  Indiana  which  formerly  oocu- 


Wishoskan 

pied  the  shores  of  Humboldt  Bay  (where  some 
still  remain)  and  the  lower  Mad,  Eel,  and  Elk 
rivers,  California.  They  are  one  of  the  peoples  called 
Diggers  (so  named  from  living  largely  upon  roots  and 
from  their  indolence).  Their  principal  tribes  are  the  Pata- 
wat,  Wishosk,  and  Wiyot. 

WisingSO  (ve'sing-se).  A  small  island  in  the 
southern  part  of  Lake  Wettern,  Sweden:  a  me- 
dieval royal  residence. 

Wismar  (vis'mar).  A  seaport  of  Mecklenhurg- 
Schwerin,  Gerraanv,  situated  on  the  Bav  of  Wis- 
mar in  lat.  .53°  54'N..  long.  11°  28'  E.  'it  has  one 
of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Baltic  ;  contains  several  Gothic 
(Tluirches  and  the  Renaissance  Fiirstenhof ;  exports  prain, 
butter,  cattle,  and  oil-seeds;  and  has  varied  manufactures. 
Formerly  it  was  an  important  Hanseatic  city ;  passed  with 
its  territory  to  Sweden  iu  I&IS  ;  and  was  pledged  by  Sweden 
to  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  in  180:J.  with  possible  reversion 
to  -Sweden  in  1903.     Population  (1890),  16,787. 

Wismar,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic,  on  the 
coast  of  Mfcklenburtr-Schwerin. 

Wissman  (vis'man),  Herrmann  von.  Bora  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  18.53.  Au  African  ex- 
plorer and  commander.  In  ISSO,  as  lieutenant,  he 
accompanied  Dr.  Pogge  to  Angola,  to  Lubuku  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Kassai  and  Luliia  rivers,  and  to  Nyang- 
we,  whence  he  completed  alone  the  crossing  of  the  con- 
tinent to  Zanzibar  (Xov.  15, 1882).  In  1884,  as  chief  of  a 
large  expedition  sent  out  hy  Leopold  II.,  he  revisited  Lu- 
buku, established  the  stations  Luluaburg  and  Luebo,  and 
descended  the  Kassai  P.iver  by  boat,  thus  establishing  its 
navigability  (1SS5).  Starting  again  from  Lubuku  (1SS6), 
he  failed  in  an  attempt  to  discover  the  sources  of  the 
Tshuap.%  Lulongo,  and  Lomami,  but  reached  Nyangwe, 
followed  the  Lualaba  up  to  the  Lukuga,  and  made  for  the 
east  coast  by  way  of  Tanganyika  and  Nyassa  (1S87).  As 
imperial  German  commissioner  he  suppressed  the  Arab 
uprising  under  Bushiri.  In  1892  he  failed  to  carry  out  his 
plan  of  taking  two  steamers  to  Lake  Victoria  via  Nyassa 
and  Tanganyika.  He  is  the  author  of  "Im  Innem  Afrik.as '' 
P8SS),  "  I'n tcr  deutscher  Flagge  quer  durch  Af rika  "  (1889). 

Wit  at  Several  Weapons.  A  comedy  produced 
about  1614,  and  published  as  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  in  1647.  It  shows  traces  of  Middleton 
and  Rowley. 

Witch,  The,  A  play  by  Middleton,  produced 
probably  about  1621.  It  was  printed  in  177S  from 
a  MS.  Shakspere's  "ilacbeth  "  was  altered  by  Middleton 
not  long  after  ''  The  Witch  "  was  acted.  A  fierce  literary 
war  has  raged  as  to  the  question  whether  the  machinery 
of  the  witches  was  borrowed  by  Middleton  from  Shak- 
spere.  or  vice  versa.     A.  W.  Ward. 

Witches'  Sabbath.  A  midnight  meeting  sup- 
posed in  the  middle  ages  to  be  held  annually  by 
demons,  sorcerers,  and  witches,  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Satan,  for  the  purpose  of  celebrating 
their  orgies. 

Witchflnder  (wich'fin'der).  The.  A  name 
given  to  the  Englishman  Matthew  Hopkins,  a 
pretended  discoverer  of  witches  about  1645. 

Witch  of  Atlas,  The.     A  poem  by  Shelley. 

Witch  of  Edmonton.  The.  A  tragicomedy  by 
Kowley,  Dekker,  and  Ford,  it  was  probably  writ- 
ten about  1621,  produced  in  1623,  and  was  printed  in  1658. 
It  was  founded  on  a  true  story,  the  execution  of  the  re- 
puted witch  Mother  Sawyer.  *'  The  Merry  Devil  of  Ed- 
monton," ^vritten  about  twenty  yeai'S  before  and  alluded 
to  in  the  prologue,  has  no  reference  to  this  play. 

Witenagemot  (wit'e-na-ge-mot').  [AS.  tcitena 
gemot,  counselors'  moot.]  In  Anglo-Saxon  his- 
tory, the  great  Saxon  council  or  parliament, 
consisting  of  the  king  with  his  dependents  and 
friends  and  sometimes  the  members  of  his  fam- 
ily, the  ealdormen,  and  the  bishops  and  other 
ecclesiastics.  This  council,  which  met  frequently,  con- 
stituted the  highest  court  of  judicature  in  the  kingdom. 
It  was  summoned  by  the  king  in  any  political  emergency, 
and  its  concurrence  was  necessarj'  in  many  important  mea- 
sures, such  as  the  deciding  of  war,  the  levying  of  extraor- 
dinary taxes,  grants  of  land  in  certain  cases,  and  the  elec- 
tion (and  in  many  instances  the  deposition)  of  kings. 

Witham  (with'am).  A  river  in  England,  chiefly 
in  Lincoln,  which  flows  into  the  Wash  5  miles 
southeast  of  Boston.  Length,  about  80  miles; 
navigable  to  Lincoln. 

Witham.  A  town  in  Essex,  England,  35  miles 
northeast  of  London.  Population  (1891),  3.444. 

Wither,  or  Wyther  (wiTH'er),  or  Withers 
(wiTH'erz),  George.  Bom  at  Brentworth, 
Hampshire,  June  11,  1588 :  died  at  London, 
May  2, 1667.  A  noted  English  poet.  He  was  edu- 
cate'd  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  In  1039  he  was  a  Roy- 
alist captain  of  horse  in  an  expedition  against  the  Scotch 
Covenanters  ;  in  lGt2  he  had  become  a  Puritan  and  a  ma- 
jor in  the  Parliamentary  army  ;  and  was  afterward  made 
by  Cromwell  master  of  the  statute-office  and  "  major-gen- 
era] of  the  horse  and  foot  of  the  County  of  Surrey-"  After 
the  Rt^storation  he  was  obliged  to  give  up  the  fortune  ac- 
cumulated in  these  offices,  and  was  imprisoned  by  Parlia- 
ment, but  released  in  1663.  Among  his  poems  are  "  The 
Shepherd's  Hunting  "(1614),"  Fidelia  "(1615), "The  Motto" 
(1618),  "  Fair  Virt)ie,  or  the  Mistress  of  Philarete  "  (1622), 
*'Hvmns  and  Songs  of  the  Church  "  (1623),  "Emblems" 
(1634),  "Hallelujaii  ■  (1641),  a  satire  "Abuses  Stript  and 
Whipt "  (1613 :  for  which  he  was  imprisoned),  and  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Psalms  of  David. 

Witherspoon  (wiSE'er-spon),  John.  Born  in 
Haddingtonshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  5,  1722:  died 
near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15, 1794.   A  Scotch- 


1068 

American  clergyman  and  educator.  He  graduated 
at  the  Fniversity  of  Edinburgh  :  was  pastor  at  Beith  and 
Paisley:  became  president  of  Princeton  College  in  1768: 
and  gave  instruction  in  divinity,  philosophy,  Hebrew,  and 
rhetoric,  etc. :  was  a  member  of  the  Xew  Jersey  constitu- 
tional convention  and  provincial  congress  in  1776  ;  and 
was  a  delegate  from  New  Jersey  to  the  ContinenUU  Con- 
gress, and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Among  his  works  are  "Ecclesiastical  characteristics" 
(1753),  '■  Ess.ay  on  Justification  "  (1756).  "Serious  Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Effects  of  the  Stage  "  (1757),  "Essays 
on  Important  Subjects"  (1764),  "Considerations  on  the 
Nature  and  Extent  of  the  Legislative  Authority  of  the 
British  Parliament "  (1774).  etc. 

Wits,  The.  A  comedy  by  Sir  William  Dave- 
nant,  produced  in  1633,  printed  in  1636.  It  was 
revived  after  the  Restoration,  and  is  frequently 
mentioned  by  Pepys. 

Witt,  De,     See  Dc'  Witt. 

Wittekind  (wit'e-kind),  or  Widukind  (wid'- 
0-kind).  The  leader  of  the  Saxons  against 
Charles  the  Great.  He  made  a  raid  into  the  Rhine- 
land  in  778 :  gained  successes  in  782  :  and  conducted  the 
war  until  78.=>,  when  he  submitted  and  was  baptized-  He 
is  said  to  have  been  appointed  duke  of  the  Saxons,  and  to 
have  died  in  battle  in  807. 

Wittelsbach  (vit'tels-bach)-  The  family  name 
of  the  former  electors  of  the  Palatinate  and 
Bavaria,  and  of  the  present  royal  house  of  Ba- 
varia. 

Witten  (vit'ten),  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ruhr  37 
miles  north-northeast  of  Cologne.  It  has  im- 
portant manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  machin- 
ery, glass,  etc.     Population  (1890),  26.310. 

Wittenberg  (wit'en-berg;  G.  pron.  vit'ten- 
bero).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Elbe  55  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin :  famous  for  its  connection  with  Luther 
and  the  early  Reformation.  See  Luther.  Among 
its  noted  objects  are  the  Schlosskirche(with  the  graves  of 
Luther,  Melanchthon,  Frederick  the  Wise,  and  John  the 
Constant), the  Stadtkirche (with Cranach's  "Last  Supper"), 
the  Augustinian  monastery,  Luther's  house,  Melanch- 
thon's  house,  statues  of  Lntlierand  Melanchthon,  and  the 
r.athaus.  It  was  the  capital  of  Saxe-Wittenberg,  and  was 
long  the  chief  town  of  Saxony.  Its  university  was  founded 
in  1502,  and  wa.s  united  with  that  of  Halle  in  1815.  Luther 
nailed  his  95  theses  to  the  door  of  the  Schlosskirche  in 
1517,  and  burned  the  Pope's  bull  in  1520.  The  town  was 
bombarded  by  the  Imperialists  in  176<^ ;  was  fortified  by 
Napoleon  in  1813 :  and  was  besieged  by  the  Prussians  and 
stormed  Jan.  12-13,  1814.     Population  (1890),  14,458. 

Wittenberg,  Concord  of,  .An  agreement  be- 
tween Saxon  and  Swiss  Reformers  in  1536. 

Wittenberge  (vit'ten-ber-ge).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Elbe  75  miles  west-northwest  of  Berlin.  The 
Elbe  is  crossed  here  by  a  bridge.  Population 
(1890),  12,587. 

Witten'weier  (vit'ten-vi-er).  AviUage  in  Baden, 
sittiated  on  the  Rhine  near  .Strasburg.  it  was 
the  scene  of  several  contests  between  Bernhard  of  Saxe- 
Weimarand  the  Imperialists  in  1637,  and  of  a  victory  of  the 
former  over  the  latter  Aug.  9,  1638. 

Wittgenstein  (vit'gen-stin),  Lud'wig  Adolf 
Peter,  Prince  of  Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludivigs- 
burg.  Borninthe  Russian  government  of  Perm, 
Jan.  6, 1709:  died  at  Lemberg,  June  11, 1843,  A 
Russian  field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  campaign 
of  1807 :  commanded  against  Oudinot,  St.  Cyr,  and  Victor  in 
1812;  was  an  unsuccessfulcommander  of  the  Allies  in  1813, 
and  was  removed  after  the  defeat  of  Bautzen  ;  com- 
manded a  Russian  contingent  of  the  Allies  1813-14  :  com- 
manded the  army  on  the  Pruth  in  1828,  and  occupied  the 
Danubian  Principalities  and  Yarna ;  and  besieged  Shumla 
unsuccessfully  in  the  same  year. 

Wittstock  (vit'stok).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Dosse 
60  miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  A  victory  was  gained 
there  (Sept.  24.  1636)  by  the  Swedes  under  Baner  over  the 
Austrians  under  Hatzfeld  and  the  Saxons  under  Elector 
Johann  Georg  I.    Population  (1890),  6,895. 

Witu  ( ve'to),  or Wituland  (ve'to-liint).  A  for- 
nierGerraan  protectorate  (English  since  1890)  on 
the  coast  of  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  3°  S.,  near 
themouthof  the  Tana.  It  was  established  in  1885, 

Witwatersrand  (vit-va'ters-rand),  A  hilly  re- 
gion of  the  Transvaal,  west  of  Johannesburg, 
containing  extensive  gold-fields. 

Wit  Without  Money,  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
played  not  earlier  than  1614  and  printed  in  1639, 

Witwou'd  (wit'wud).  A  character  in  Con- 
o'reve's  "The  Way  of  the  World."  "Witwou'd  is 
as  diverting  as  he  is  original  —  a  man  afflicted  by  a  perfect 
cacoethes  of  feeble  repartee."    irarif. 

Wixom'^wik'som).  Emma:  stage  name  Emma 
Nevada,  Born  at  Austen,  Nevada,  1862.  An 
American  operatic  singer.  Her  voice  is  a  soprano. 
She  took  her  stage  name,  Emma  Nevada,  from  her  birth- 
place. She  made  her  first  appearance  at  I.ondon  in  1880, 
and  has  sung  in  Italy.  Paris,  and  in  the  I'nited  .states 
(1884).     In  1885  she  married  Dr.  Kaj-mond  Palmer. 

Wizard  of  the  North,    A  name  given  to  Sir 

Walter  Scott. 
Wladimir.    See  Vladimir. 


Wolcott,  Oliver 

Wladislaw  (vla'dis-lav)  I.,  or  Ladislaus,  Lok- 
jetek.  Bora  1260:  died  at  Cracow,  March  2, 
1333.     King  of  Poland  1319-33. 

Wladisla-w  II,  Jagello,  King  of  Poland,  See 
Jtitfello. 

Wladislaw  III,  Born  1424 :  killed  in  the  bat- 
tlf  of  Varua,  Nov.  10,  1444.  King  of  Poland 
1434-44,  son  of  Wladislaw  H.  He  became  king 
of  Himgarv  in  1440. 

Wladislaw  IV,  Born  1595 :  died  May  20, 1648, 
King  of  Poland  1632-48,  son  of  Sigismund  IU. 

Woburn  (wo'bem').  A  village  in  Bedfordshire, 
England,  42  miles  northwest  of  London.  Near  it 
is  Woburn  Abbey,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

Woburn,  A  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 10  miles  north-northwest  of  Boston, 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather  and  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Population  (1900),  14,254. 

Woccon  (wok'on)..  [PI.,  also  JToccons.']  The 
chief  of  the  North  Carolina  tribes  of  the  Kataba 
division  of  North  American  Indians  :  now  ex- 
tinct.    See  Eatiiha. 

Wodan.  The  Old  High  German  form  of  the 
iiaiae  of  the  deity  called  by  the  Norse  Odin. 

Wodehouse  (wod'hous),  John,  first  Earl  of 
Kimberley.  Bora  at  London,  Jan.  7, 1826:  died 
there,  April  8.  1902.  Au  English  Liberal  states- 
man. He  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1864-66  :  lord 
privy  seal  1868-70 ;  colonial  secretary  1870-74  and  1880-82, 
and  secretary  for  India  1882-85  and  1886 ;  lord  president 
of  the  council  and  secretarj'  of  state  for  India  1892-94 ; 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs  under  Rosebei-y  1894- 
1895 ;  and  leaderof  the  Liberal  party  in  the  House  of  Lords 
1897-1902.     He  was  created  e:u-l  of  Kimberley  in  1866. 

Woden  (wo'den).  [Lit.  the 'furious,' the 'mighty 

warrior.']  The  Anglo-Saxon  name  of  the  deity 
called  by  the  Norse  Odin. 

Woerden  (wor'den).  A  town  in  the  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Old  Rhine  20  miles  south  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  was  formerly  a  fortress,  and  was 
sacked  by  the  French  in  1672  and  1813. 

Woffington  (wof 'ing-ton).  Margaret  or  Peg. 
Born  at  Dublin.  Oct.  18,' 1720  :  died  at  Tedding- 
ton,  March  28,  1760.  A  celebrated  Irish  actress, 
the  daughter  of  a  bricklayer.  She  appeared  as 
Polly  Peacham,  with  a  company  of  children,  iu  "The  Beg- 
gar's Opera  "  when  only  twelve  years  old,  and  made  her 
first  appearance  as  a  mature  actress  at  Dublin  in  1737  as 
Ophelia.  Until  1740  she  played  a  wide  range  of  parts 
there.  In  that  year  she  made  her  first  appearance  at  Cov- 
ent  Garden  as'Sylvia  in  "The  Recruiting  Officer."  Her 
success  was  great,  and  her  singing  and  the  "finish  "  of  the 
male  characters  she  assumed  made  the  fortunes  of  the 
theaters  where  she  played.  She  lived  for  some  time  with 
Garrick  and  Macklin  at  No.  6  Bow  street,  London,  and 
Garrick  was  reported  to  have  married  her,  but  without 
foundation.  She  attempted  to  atone  for  her  lack  of  moral 
character  by  her  charities,  though  the  almshouses  at  Ted- 
dington  said  to  have  been  founded  by  her  are  of  much 
earlier  date.  She  was  seized  with  paralysis  while  playing 
Rosalind,  ilay  3,  1757,  and  never  appe'ared  again.  See 
Masks  and  Faces. 

Mrs.  Woffington  was  the  only  player  who  acted  Sir 
Harry  Wildair  with  the  spirit  and  elegance  of  the  original  — 
Wilks  —  to  whom  Garrick  and  Woodward  were,  in  this  part, 
inferior.  She  was  excellent  in  Lady  Plyant,  and  admirable 
in  the  representation  of  females  in  high  rank  and  of  dig- 
nified elegance.  Millamant,  Lady  Townley,  Lady  Betty 
Modish,  and  Maria  in  the  ''  Nonjuror,"  were  exhibited 
by  her  with  that  happy  ease  and  gaiety,  and  with  such 
powerful  attraction,  that  the  excesses  of  these  characters 
appeared  not  only  pardonable,  but  agreeable. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  9. 

Wohler  (ve'ler),  Friedrich,  Born  at  Esehers- 
heim,  near  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Julv  31, 
1800  :  died  at  Gottingen,  Sept.  23,  1882.  A  cel- 
ebrated German  chemist.  He  was  educated  at  Mar- 
burg, Heidelberg,  and  under  Berzelius  at  Stockholm  ;  be- 
came professor  at  Gottingen  in  1836,  and  pharmaceutical 
inspector ;  and  was  associated  with  Liebig  in  many  re- 
searches. He  discovered  .aluminium,  beryllium,  and  yttri- 
um, and  made  many  other  brilliant  discoveries  and  inves- 
tigations. Besides  numerous  special  papers  he  wrote 
"Grundriss  der  Chemie"  ("Outlines  of  Chemistrj',"  1831\ 
etc.:  adapted  Berzelius's  "Lehrbuch  der  Chemie";  and 
edited  the  "Annalen." 

Wolcott,  or  Wolcot  (wul'kot),  John:  pseu- 
donym Peter  Pindar.  Bom  near  Kingsbridge, 
Devonshire,  England,  May,  1738:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  14,1819.  An  English  satiiist.  In  early 
life  he  was  a  physician,  and  was  made  physician-general 
of  the  island  of  Jamaica.  He  returned  to  England  and 
was  ordained  in  1769,  but  resumed  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  a  few  years  at  'J"ruro  and  other  places.  He  re- 
moved to  London  with  John  Opie  about  1780,  and  became 
noted  for  his  coarse  but  witty  satires  on  George  III., 
Boswell,  the  Royal  Academy,  etc.  He  was  blind  for  some 
years  before  his  death.  Among  his  works  are  "  Lyrical 
Odes  to  theRoy.alAc.ademicians"(publishecl  first  inl782 and 
afterward  every  year  till  about  1814).  "  Buzzy  ami  Piozzi  " 
(1786),  "  The  Lousiad  "  (1785),  "  The  Apple  Dumplings  and 
a  Iving,"  etc.  He  painted  landscapes  also,  and  a  series  of 
his  pictures  was  engraved  by  Aiken  in  1797- 

Wolcott,  Oliver.  Bom  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Not. 
26, 1720:  died  at  Litchfield,  Conn..  Dee.  1, 1797. 
An  American  politician  and  general,  son  of 
Roger  Wolcott.     He  held  various  judicial  offices  in 


Wolcott,  Oliver 

Connecticut;  waa  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress 
from  Connecticut,  and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence; served  on  iniportaiit  commissions;  com- 
manded the  Connecticut  trtKii)s  in  177(i;  served  against 
Burgoyne  in  1777  ;  was  lieutunaiit-jrovernor  of  Connecti- 
cut 17St^-9(i :  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1796-97- 
Wolcott,  Oliver.  Bom  at  Litchfield,  Coun., 
Jan.  11,  ITGO:  dieil  at  New  York,  Juno  1,  1833. 
All  Araprieau  politician  and  tiniintier,  sou  of 
Oliver  Woleott  (172G-97).  lie  served  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War ;  was  auditor  of  the  treasui-j- 1789-91 ;  was 
comptroller  of  the  treasury  1791-!6;  was  secretary  of  the 
tri;isui7  1795-1800 ;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1817- 

Wolcott,  Roger.  Born  at  "Windsor,  Conn.,  Jan. 
4,  U)79:  died  at  East  Windsor,  May  17,  1767. 
An  American  colonial  uiapstratc.  He  commanded 
the  Connecticut  contingent  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg  in 
17t5 ;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1751-54.  He  wTOte 
"  Poetical  Meditations  "  (1725),  etc. 

Wolf,  or  Wolff  (volt).  Christian  von.    Born 

at  Brcslan.  Jan.  1'4,  Kii'J:  died  April  9,  17.54. 
A  celebrated  Geruiau  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician. He  was  educated  at  Jena;  lectured  at  Leip- 
sic  ;  became  professor  at  Halle  in  1707  ;  was  deposed  from 
his  office  anil  e.\iled  from  Prussia  in  1723  on  the  ch.arge 
of  heresy ;  was  afterward  at  Marliurg  ;  was  reinstated 
at  Halle  by  Frederick  the  Great  in  1740;  and  became 
vice-chancellor  of  the  univei"sity.  He  developed  the  phi- 
losophy of  Leibnitz,  and  excited  cnTisiiU-iablc  influence 
up">n  subsequent  metapbysicid  speculaliun  in  Germany. 
His  numerous  works,  in  Geinian  and  Latin,  include  "Phi- 
losophia  rationalis."  "' I'sychologia  empirica,"  "Psycholo- 
gia  ratioiialis,"  "Cosmologia,"  *' Jus  natunc,"  etc. 

Wolf (volf).  Friedrich August.  BomatHayn- 
rode,uearNordliausen,  Germany,  Feb.  15, 1759: 
died  at  Marseilles,  Aug.  8, 1824,  A  German  clas- 
sical scholar,  regarded  as  the  founder  of  scien- 
tific classical  philology.  He  studied  at  Giittingen  ; 
was  professor  at  Halle  17sa-]S07  ;  and  later  was  in  the  gov- 
ernment service  in  Berlin.  His  chief  work  is  the  "  Prolego- 
mena in  Homerum  "  (1795),  in  which  he  propounded  the 
famous  theory  that  the  Hiad  and  Odyssey  are  not  the  work 
of  one  author  (Homer),  but  of  various  rhapsodists.  See 
Emner. 

Wolf  (wtdf),  Henry.  Born  at  Eckwersheim. 
Alsace,  Aug.  3,  1852.  An  American  wood- 
engraver.  He  came  to  New  York  in  lb71,  and  at  first 
made  a  specialty  of  drawings  on  the  block  for  other  en- 
gravers and  artists.  He  has  engraved  numerous  pictures 
for  the  American  Artists  .Serit-s  in  "  The  Century  Maga- 
zine," ami  also  after  foreign  painters. 
Wolfe  (wiilf).  Charles.  Born  at  Bublin,  Dec, 
14, 1791 :  died  at  Cork,  Feb.  21,  1823.  A  British 
clergyman  and  poet.  He  wrote  the  "Burial  of  Sir 
John  Moore.*  His  "Poetical  Remains,"  with  a  memoir 
by  Itnssell.  were  published  in  1825, 

Wolfe,  General,  Death  of.   See  Death  of  Gen- 

rnii  ;r..//r. 

Wolfe,  James.  Born  at  Westerham,  Kent,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  2,  1727 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  (Que- 
bec, Sept.  13,  17.59.  An  English  general.  He 
served  at  Dettingen  in  1 743.  against  the  Scottish  insurgents 
1745-16.  and  at  Lawfeld  in  1747 ;  was  made  brigadier- 
general  in  1758  ;  commanded  a  division  under  -Amherst  at 
the  siege  and  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1758;  and  was  made 
major-general  and  commander  of  the  expedition  against 
Quebec.  After  making  unsuccessful  attempts  on  Slont- 
calni's  works,  he  led  his  force  up  the  Heights  of  Abraham 
on  the  night  of  Sept,  12,  and  died  in  the  hour  of  victory 
there,  Sept   1,3,  1759. 

Wolfenbuttel  (volf'en-biit-tel).  A  town  in  the 
ducliy  of  Hninswifk,  situated  on  the  Oker  seven 
miles  south  of  Brunswick.  It  has  a  noted  library  of 
800,000  volumes  and  8,000  IISS.  and  incunabula,  and  a 
ducal  castle  Until  1751  it  was  the  ducal  residence.  Xear 
here  inl(i41,  the  .Swedes  defeated  the  Imperialists,  Les- 
8in«  wnK  librarian  at  W'olfeidjuttel,     Population,  14,484. 

Wolfenbuttel  Fragments.     1.  Portions  of  a 

New  Testament  codex,  supposed  to  ]>{•  of  the 
5th  or  6th  century,  recovered  aliout  1750  at 
Wolfeiibiittel  in  Germany  from  a  palimpsest 
of  Isidore  of  Seville, —  2.  A  rationalistic  work 
on  the  Bible,  by  Keimarus,  a  German  critic  of 
the  18th  ci'Utury.     See  lli iinnriis. 

Wolfert's  Roost,  Chronicles  of.    A  series  of 

sketches  by  Washington  Irving,  published  ori- 
ginally in  the  "Knickerbocker  Magazine." 
Wolff  (voif),  Albert.  Born  at  Neustrelitz,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  14,  1S14:  died  at  Berlin,  June  20. 
1892.  A  famous  German  sculptor,  an  associate 
of  Hauch  :  ])rofessor  at  the  Ai'udemy  of  Arts  in 
Berlin  ffom  18.58.  He  deslgmd  slalues  of  the  Great 
Elector,  Frederick  the  Great,  William  I.,  and  olhera,  and 
colossal  stAtues  of  Krnst  August  (Hannover).  Frederick 
William  II 1.  (Ilerlln),  Galileo  (Pest),  and  Froleriek  \Mllium 
1\'.  (Konignlierg), 

Wolff,  Emil.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March  2,  1802 : 
died  at  Rome,  Sept.  29,  1879.  A  German  sculp- 
tor, a  pupil  of  Schadow.  Among  his  statues 
are  tho  "  Fisher,""  Thetis," an  .\!im/.oii  group, 
".Ti'iihlhah  and  his  Daughter,"  <li-. 

Wolff  (wi'iif ;  G.  prou.v<5lf),  Sir  Henry  Dnun- 

mond.  Born  18.30.  An  English  diplomnti.st 
and  politician.  Ho  was  secretary  for  the  Ionian  Isl- 
ands ;  commiBsloner  for  settling  the  alFairs  of  kastern 
ilumelia;  member  of  Parliament,  anti  a  member  of  Lord 


1069 

Randolph  CTiurchiU's  "  Fourth  Party  "  ;  special  envoy  and 
connnissioner  t<i  Turkey  and  Kgypt  for  arranging  the  af- 
fairs of  Egypt  1SS5-S7 ;  arid  andjassador  to  Persia  1*88. 

Wolff  ( volf ).  Kaspar  Friedrich.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, 1733:  died  at  St.  Betersbiug,  1794.  A  Ger- 
man anatomist  and  physiologist,  founder  of  the 
science  of  embryology.     He  was  professor  at 

St,  l-'ct<'rsburg  from  17()(), 

Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (volf'rilm  fon  esh'- 

en-biich).  Plaie  and  date  of  Ijirth  unknown: 
he  died  about  1220  (place  unknown).  A  Middle 
High  German  poet  of  the  latter  part  of  the  12th 
and  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century:  the 
gi'eatest  epic  poet  of  medieval  Germany.  He 
was  of  noble  origin,  and  received  his  name  from  tlJe  little 
town  <.»f  Eschenbach.  near  An-sbach,  Bavaria,  which  was 
the  anrestral  scat  of  his  fanuly.  His  own  home  was  at 
Wildetdierg,  near  An^bacli,  where  he  live.l  with  his  wife 
and  child  ;  but  he  was  frei|uently  at  the  court  of  that  pa- 
tron of  poets,  the  landgiave  Hermann  of  Tlmringia,  at 
Eisenach.  He  could  not  read  or  write,  but  knew  Frencli. 
He  made  frciiuetit  references  to  his  poverty.  He  was 
bni-ied  in  the  1  runenkirche  at  F.schenljaeb,  lie  composed 
lyrics,  among  them  four  " 'I'agelieiler  "  ("Day  Songs"); 
but  his  principal  works  are  the  three  epic  poems  "  Parzi- 
val,"  "Titurel'  (left  uncompleted),  and  "  Willehalm  "  (also 
incomplete).  "  Parzival,"  the  greatest  court  epic  of  Ger- 
many, was  written  between  1205  and  1215  :  it  is  based 
upon  French  sources  of  ultimate  Celtic  origin,  particu- 
larly upon  a  i)oein  by  rhresticn  tie  Tnjyes."  "Titurel," 
written  possibly  about  1210,  goes  liack  to'sindlar  sources. 
The  subject-matter  of  both  poems  is  the  legend  of  the 
Holy  Grail ;  the  former  is  named  from  its  hero  Parziv.al, 
the  latter  from  Titurel,  the  first  Knight  of  the  Grail. 
"  Willehalm  "  (Count  William  of  Aquitaine).  begun  before 
1216,  is  from  French  national  p«»etry,  "Titurel  "  was 
subse(|uently  rewritten  and  completed  by  a  certain  Al- 
breclit  between  1200  and  1270,  "Willehalm  "  was  later 
on  continued  by  I'lrich  von  'I'iirkheim  and  I'lrich  von  deni 
Turlin.  Wolfram's  works  were  published  by  Karl  Lacli- 
maiui  in  183;i  (5th  ed.  in  1880). 

Wolgast  (vol'giist).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  I'omerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Peene, 
near  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic,  53  miles  north- 
west of  Stettin.  Gust.avus  Adolphus  landed  near 
there  in  16.30.  The  town  was  several  times  taken  in  the 
17th  and  ISth  centuries.     Pojiulation  ;1890),  7,S;0, 

WoUaston  ( wul'as-toii),  William  Hyde.  Bom 
at  East  Dereliam,  Norfolk,  Aug.  6,  17(j6:  died 
at  London,  Dec.  22,  1828.  A  noted  English 
chemist  and  physicist.  He  discovered  palladium  and 
rhodium;  made  important  investigations  in  optics  and 
electricity  :  discovered  the  dark  lines  in  the  solar  spec- 
trum and  the  ultra-violet  rays ;  and  invented  the  camera 
lucida  and  gnjiinnieter. 

WoUaston  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  Northwest 
Territory,  British  America,  about  lat.  58°  N., 
long,  104°  W,  Its  outlet  is  to  the  Mackenzie 
Kiver,     Length,  about  50  miles. 

WoUaston  Land.  A  region  in  the  arctic  lands 
of  North  America,  about  lat.  69°-70°  N.,  long. 

no°-ii.5°  W. 

Wollin(vol-len').  1.  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Pomerania.  Prussia, 
30  miles  north  of  Stettin.  With  Usedom  it  separates 
the  Stettiner  Half  from  the  Baltic.  It  is  sejiarated  from 
X'sedom  by  the  Swine,  and  from  the  maiidand  on  the  east 
by  the  Divenow.  Length,  22  ndlos, 
2.  The  chief  place  in  the  island  of  Wollin, 
situated  on  the  Divenow  near  the  site  of  the 
Wondish  Vineta  or  Wolin.  Population  (1890), 
4, 9(15. 

Wollstonecraft.     See  Godwin. 

Wolof  (wo-lof).  An  important  Nigiitie  nation 
of  the  French  Senegal,  West  Africa,  between 
the  Senegal.  Fulenie,  and  Gambia  rivers.  It  is  e«- 
peLl:dly  strong  tin  the  coast  (St,  Louis  and  Dakar),  in  Walo, 
Cayor,  Baol,  arnl  .lolof.  The  men  are  tall,  with  tine  busts, 
almost  (irthognatbic  heads,  anil  jet-black  skin.  They  wear 
wide  trousers  and  long  shirts,  .Nlust  of  them  profess  Islam- 
ism  ;  a  portion  in  the  coast  towns  jirofesa  Catholicism  ;  but 
heathen  liraetlees  Jirevail  everywhere.  They  have  three 
hereditary  castes:  the  nobility,  the  tradesmen  and  mu- 
sicians (who  are  desnlsed),  and  the  slaves.  Domestic  slaves 
are  well  treated  aim  cannot  be  sold.  The  Wolof  language 
is  regular  and  rich  in  granmiatical  forms,  but  occupies  a 
rather  Isolated  position, 

Wolowski(v6-lov'ske),LouisFran(;oisMichel 

Raymond.  Born  in  Warsaw.  .\ug.;il.  I.sl0:ilii.d 
at  Gisors,  Aug.  15,  18;(i.  A  French  jiolitical 
economist,  financier,  ami  politician.  He  fled  to 
France  after  the  repression  of  tho  Polisli  uprising  in  ISU  ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Const  It  uent  .Assembly  in  1848,  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  In  1819 :  and  in  the  third  republic 
was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  and  Benat<ir,  lie 
wrote  "  La  (|Ue8tlon  des  baiiques  "(1?4M), "  L'Or  et  I'argent " 
(1872),  etc. 

Wolselev  (wul/.'li),  Oarnet  Joseph,  first  Vis- 
count Wolseley.  Hurii  at  G'llileii  Bridge 
House,  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  June  4,  1.833. 
A  distinguished  British  general,  lie  enteR'd  the 
army  as  ensign  in  18r.2  ;  served  In  the  second  Hurmese  war 
In  18.^3  (when  he  wiw  wounded),  and  In  the  Crimean  war 
(wlu-n  he  was  again  woiindi'd);  became  caiitaln  in  1855; 
served  In  India  during  the  Indian  mutiny  (at  the  relief  of 
Luckniiw  In  1^57,  and  elsewhere):  and  fought  in  the  war 
with  Cliinn  In  18(10.  In  1862  be  visited  the  Confederate 
army  In  \  irginia.  In  1865  he  was  tirnmoted  I'olonel.  He 
rommandrd  the  Ked  lllver  exiiedltl'ui  which  suppressed 
Rlel's  insurrection  In  1870,  nnu  was  knighted;  and  com- 


Wood,  Mrs.  Henry 

manded  in  the  Ashanti  war  187S-74,  and  was  made  major- 
general  in  1875.  He  was  administrattir  of  Natal  in  1875 ;  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  1870 ;  commissioner  and 
ctinimander  in  Cyprus  in  1S7>:  and  governur  of  Natal  and 
the  'I'ransvjud  1879-80.  In  188<)  he  was  made  iiuartermaster- 
general,  and  adjutant-geiural  in  1882.  He  defeated  the 
Egyptian  insurgents  under  Arabi  and  gained  the  victory  of 
Tel-el  Kebirinl8>2;  was  raised  to  the  ]ieirage  and  madegen- 
er.din  1882  ;  and  was  cotninan<)er-in-chiel  nf  the  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  for  the  relief  of  Gordtui  1884-85.  He  was  made 
viscount  iiil88.'i,Ciimmander-in-chiefof  the  forces  in  Ireland 
in  1890,  and  was  commander-iiei-hief  of  the  British  army 
1895-1900.  Hehas written  "  Narralive  ol  the  WarwitbChiiia 
inlSlW  (1S«0|,  "Soldiers  PockitHiKik  "  (IKIVO).  "System 
of  h'i.lil  Slalrauvres     I1S72I,  "  .Marley  Castle  '  (1877).  etc. 

Wolsey  (wul'zi),  Thomas.  Bom  at  IpsT^-ieh, 
England,  probably  in  1471:  died  at  Leicester, 
Nov.  29,  1530.  A  celebrated  English  statesman 
and  cardinal.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford  ;  studied  divinity  ;  became  rector  of  l.ymington  in 
15o0;  was  successii  ely  chaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, to  Sir  P.ichard  Nanfan,  and  to  Henry  \'II. ;  was 
sent  by  Henry  VII.  onadiplnmatic  mission  to  the  emperor 
Miixhnilian;  was  made  dcui  of  Lincoln  in  lfi09;  became  al- 
moner  in  1509.  and  pi-ivy  councilor  in  1511 ;  served  against 
France  in  1513  :  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1514.  and 
archbishop  of  York  in  1514 ;  and  became  lord  chancellor 
and  cardinal  in  1515,  and  prime  minister  of  Henry  VIII. 
He  was  made  legate  in  1519.  He  gained  the  ill  will  of 
Henry  \III.  by  his  conduct  in  the  matter  of  the  king's 
divorce:  was  deprived  of  his  offices  in  1.529;  was  restored 
to  the  archbishopric  of  York  in  l,5;iO ;  and  was  arrested  for 
high  treason  in  Nov,,  1530.  He  founded  Christ  CTmrch 
College,  Oxford. 

Wolverhampton  (wiil-ver-hamp'ton).  A  bor- 
ough in  StalTordsliire.  England,  13  miles  north- 
west of  Birmingham.  It  is  situated  near  a  large  coal, 
and  iron-mining  district,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  cen- 
ters  for  the  manufacture  of  hardware  in  Great  Britain. 
l'"|.nlation  (1901),  94,187, 

Wolzogen  (v6lt-s6'gen),  Mme.  von  (Earoline 
VOnLengefeld).  Bornat  Kndolstadt, Germany, 
17113:  died  at  Jena,  1847.  A  German  author, 
sister-in-law  of  Schiller,  she  wrote  " Schillers  Le- 
ben  "  ("Life  of  Schiller,"  1830),  the  novels  *'  Agnes  von 
Lilicn"  (1798)  and  "Cordelia"  (1840).  etc 

Woman  Hater,  The.  1.  A  play  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  published  anon^-nionsly  in  1607. — 
2.  A  novel  by  Charles  Keade,  published  in  1877. 

Woman  in  White,  The.    A  novel  bv  Wilkie 

Collins,  published  in  IStiO, 

Woman  Killed  with  Kindness,  A.    A  play  by 

Thomas  Hey  wood,  acted  in  March.  1603.  printed 
in  1007.  It  is  considered  Heywood's  best  play. 
Wombwell  (wiim'wel).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England.  10  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Sheffield.  Population  (1891),  10.- 
942. 

Wonder,  The:  A  Woman  Keeps  a  Secret. 

A    comedy  by  JIrs,   Centlivre,   produced   and 
jirinted  in  1714,     It  still  keeps  the  stage. 
Wonder-Book,  The.    A  collection  of  stories 
for  boys  and  girls,  from  classical  mythological 
sources,  by  Hawthorne,  published  in  1851. 

Wonderful  Parliament,  or  Wonder-making 

Parliament.     S;iine  :is  MirriUxa  rnrlimiiinl. 

Wonder  of  the  World.  A  name  given  to  the 
emperors  Otto  UI.  and  Frederick  n.  of  Ger- 
many. 

Wonders  beyond  Thule.    See  Dhiias  and  Der- 

Wondrous  Tale  of  Alroy,  The.    A  novel  by 

Disnii'li,  publislieil  in  1S33. 

Wood   (wild),  Anthony,  called  Anthony  k 

Wood.  Born  at  Oxford.  England.  Dec.  17. 1632: 
died  there.  Nov.  28. 1695.  An  English  antiquary. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxfonl  He  wrote  "Hlslorla  et  Aiiti- 
quitates  riitM'rsitalisOxoidensls''(wTltten  in  Kngllsh  and 
translateil  Into  Ijdin  for  the  Vnlversity  Press  In  1074X  tl« 
was  ilissatlsfied  with  the  tninslatlon,  and  afterwanl  re- 
wrote his  English  MS.,  and  it  was  publislK\l  after  his  death 
In  two  volumes —  the  first  as  "  The  History  and  Antlouitlefl 
of  the  t^ollegesand  Ilallsof  the  I'nlversity  of  Oxfonl,  with 
a  Continuation  to  the  Present  Time  by  John  Guteh,"  with 
"  Fust  I  (Annals)  Oxoniensis  "  (1 78<i  l«l> ;  the  seci  md  as  "The 
Illst.iryand  Antiquities  of  the  I'nlversity  of  Oxford  "(KW- 
1790).  IIealsowrote"Alheim'Oxiiiilensls:«n  Exact  Histnry 
of  all  the  Writers  and  Ilishops  wli-i  have  bad  their  Etlii 
cation  in  the  I  niversity  of  Oxfonl  from  Ifnio  to  KllHi,"  with 
"  Fasti."  Two  volumes  of  Ibis  »  ere  iirlnted  (1001-921  be- 
fore his  death  ;  the  third  he  prepared,  and  It  appeared 
In  the  second  edition  1721:  third  enlarged  edition  by  Blisa 
1813-20,  He  also  wnite  "  Modus  .Sidliim  :  a  Collection  of 
Pieces  of  numoiir"  (1751),  and  "  The  Ancient  and  Present 
stale  of  till-  City  of  Oxford  "  (1773). 

Wood,  Fernando.  Bom  at  Pliiladelphia.  June 
14.  isrj  :  ditil  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  14. 
1881.  An  .\meiicaii  politician,  lie  waa  IKmo. 
cratie  member  of  C<ingresafnim  New  York  1841-43:  major 
of  New  York  citv  l.s'it-ill :  and  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  I.siVmV.  and  1S07-81. 

Wood,  Mi-8.  Henry  (Ellen  Price).    Born  at 

Worcester.  Jan,  17,  1814:  di.'d  Feb,  10.  1887. 
An  English  novelist.  Among  her  novels  are  "East 
Lv line  "(18411:  several  tlmesdramallred),"TheCbaiinlngs" 
(i8i.2).  "Mrs  HnlllburtonsTninbles  "(1862),  "The  Shadow 
of  Aslilydyat  "(Isiwl),  etc.  She  also  publlslitMl  anonymously 
V  The  Johnnv  Ludlow  Tales  '(1874-80),  In  18117  she  became 
editor  of  "Tlie  Argosy." 


Wood,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn 

Wood,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn.  Boru  iu  Essex,  Feb.  n. 
1838.  A  British  general.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  war, 
Indian  mutinv,  Ashanti  war,  and  Zulu  war ;  commanded 
against  the  Boers  in  1»*1 :  ser>'ed  acainst  the  Egj-ptian  reb- 
els in  15S2,  and  in  the  Sudan  ;  and  commanded  the  Egyptian 
arnjylS8L'-Sr^.  iie  wusiiiiarterniaster-general  1893-97,  and 
adjiitant-geueral  lS97-19.il. 

Wood,  Thomas  Waterman.  Born  at  Mont- 
pelier,  Vt..  Xov.  12,  18J3:  died  at  New  York, 
April  14,  1903.  Au  American  portrait-  and 
genre-painter.  He  settled  in  New  York  iu  1867.  He 
was  elected  national  academician  in  1871,  and  became 
vice-president  of  the  National  Academy  in  1879,  and  presi- 
dent in  1891.  He  was  also  for  nine  or  ten  years  president 
of  the  American  Water-Color  .Society. 

Woodbury  (wM'bu-ri).  Levi.  Bom  at  Frances- 
town,  N.  H.,  Dec.  22, 1789 :  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Sept..  18.51.  An  American  jurist  and 
statesman.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1S09.  He 
was  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1823-24 ;  Democratic 
United  States  seuator  from  New  Hampshire  1S25-31 ;  sec- 
retary of  the  navy  1831-34 ;  secretary  of  the  treastuy  1834- 
1&41 ;  United  States  senator  1841  -45  :  and  associate  jostice 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  lS4.>-ol. 

Woodcourt  ( wud'kort ),  Allan.  The  lover  of  Es- 
ther Summerson  in  Dickens's  "Bleak  Hotise." 

Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree.   A  lyric  poem  by 

tieorge  P.  Morris. 

Woods  (wiidz).  Leonard.  Bom  at  Princeton, 
Mass.,  June  19,  1774:  died  at  Andover,  Mass., 
Aug.  24,  1854.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman  and  theologian,  professor  of  theology 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Letters  to  Uuit.irians  "(1820),  ''Lectures  on  the 
Inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  "(1829).  "Memoirs  of  Ameri- 
can Missionaries  ''  (1833),  "  Examination  of  the  Doctrine  of 
Perfection"  (1841).  'Lectures  on  Church  Government" 
(1843).  "Lectures  on  Swedenborgianism "  (1846),  etc. 

Woods,  Leonard.  Bom  at  Xewburv,  Mass., 
Nov.  24,  1807:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  "24,  1878. 
An  American  educator,  son  of  Leonard  Woods 
(1774-1854).  He  was  professor  in  Bangor  Theological 
Seminary,  and  was  president  of  Bowdoin  College  1839-66. 

Woods,  William  Bumham.  Bom  at  Newark, 
Ohio,  1824:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  1887. 
An  American  .iurist  and  general.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ohio  legislature ;  served  in  the  West  in  the 
Civil  War,  at  ShUoh.  Arkansas  Post,  and  Vicksburg,  and  in 
Georgia  ;  and  commanded  a  division  in  Sherman's  march 
to  the  sea.  He  was  appointed  United  States  circuit  judge 
in  1869 ;  and  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  18SO-87. 

Woods'tock(wud'stok).  A  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Gl.vme  8  miles  north- 
west of  Oxford.  It  was  formerly  a  royal  residence, 
and  is  particularly  associated  with  the  history  of  Henrj'  II. 
and  "Fair  Rosamond."  Elizabeth  was  imprisoned  here 
by  Mary.  Woodstock  was  besieged  and  taken  in  1646. 
Near  it  "is  Blenheim  Park.    Population  (1891),  1,628. 

Woodstock.  The  capital  of  Oxford  County, 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames  SO 
miles  west-southwest  of  Toronto.  Population 
ilOOl).  8.8.33. 

Woodstock.  The  capital  of  Windsor  County, 
Vermont,  situated  on  the  Ottaaueeehee  23  miles 
east  of  Rutland.     Pop.  (1900),  town,  2,557. 

Woodstock.  A  novel  by  Sir  "Walter  Scott,  pub- 
lished in  1826.  The  scene  is  laid  at  Woodstock, 
England,  and  the  \-icinity,  about  1651. 

Woodstock,  Assize  of.  A  code  for  the  regulation 
of  the  forests,  proclaimed  by  Henry  II.  in  1184. 

Woodville  (wiid'vil).  Anthony,  second  Earl 
Rivers.  Beheaded  at  Pontefraet,  England,  1483. 
An  English  politician,  influential  in  the  reign 
of  his  brother-in-law  Edward  IV.  He  was  put 
to  death  bv  Richard  III. 

Woodville",  Elizabeth.  See  Elizabeth  Woodi-ille. 

Wood'ward  (wiid'ward).  Henry.  Born  1717: 
died  1777.  A  noted  English  comedian.  Hemade 
his  first  appearance  at  Covent  Garden  in  1736,  and  his  last 
in  1777.  He  was  excellent  as  Petruchio,  Mercutio,  Bobadil, 
Touchstone,  Captain  Absolute,  etc.,  and  was  noted  for  his 
power  of  mimiciy. 

Wood'Worth  (wud'werth),  Samuel.  Bom  at 
Scituate,  Mass..  Jan.  13, 1785 :  died  at  New  York 
city,  Dec.  9,  1842.  An  American  poet.  He  is 
be^  known  from  his  lyric  "The  Old  Oaken  Bucket."  His 
poems  were  published  in  1861. 

Wool  (wtU).  John  Ellis.  Bom  at  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  20. 17S4 :  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  10, 
1869.  An  American  general.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1812;  served  at  Queenston  Heights  in  1812,  and  at 
Plattsburg  in  1814  ;  was  appointed  inspector-general  of  the 
army  and  colonel  in  1816 ;  became  brigadier-geneFal  in 
1841;  organized  volunteers  for  the  Mexican  war ;  wa^  second 
in  command  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista;  and  was  after- 
ward division  and  department  commander.  He  saved 
Fortress  Monroe  in  1861.  In  1862  he  was  made  major- 
general,  and  retired  in  1863. 

Woolman  (wul'man).  John.  Bom  at  North- 
ampton, N.  J.,  1720:  died  at  York,  England, 
Oct.  5,  1772.  An  American  preacher  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  Among  his  works  are  "Some 
Considerations  on  the  Keeping  of  Negroes  "  (1754),  "  Con- 
siderationson  Pure  Wisdom  and  Human  Policy. "etc.(1768), 
"Considerations  on  the  True  Harmony  of  Mankind  "  (IT^O). 
He  is,  however,  best  known  by  his  '■  Journal,"  first  pub- 


1070 

lished  in  1774,  after  his  death.  It  has  been  many  times 
reprinted,  and  was  edited  in  1871  by  Whittier. 
Woolner(wul'ner). Thomas.  Bom.at  Hadleigh, 
Suffolk.  Dec.  17,  1825:  died  at  London,  Oct.  7, 
1892.  An  English  sculptor  and  poet.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood,  and  many  of 
his  poems  first  appeared  in  "TheGerm."  He  was  professor 
of  sculpture  at  the  Royal  Academy  1877-79.  Among  his 
statues  are  "  Puck."  "Titania,"  and  "Eros"  (184S).  "Con- 
stance and  Arthur,"  "Elaine,"  "Ophelia,"  "Achilles  and 
Pallas  " ;  statues  of  Macaulay,  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish, 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  others ;  and  basts  of  Tennyson,  Car- 
lyle.  Darwin,  Gladstone,  and  others.  His  poems  include 
"  Mv  Beautiful  Lady  "  (1S63), "  Pygmalion  "(1881),  "Silenus  " 
(1854),  "  Tiresias  "  (18S6),  etc. 

"Woolsey  (wid'si),  Sarah  Chauncey:  pseudo- 
nym Susan  Coolidge.  Bom  at  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
about  184.1.  An  American  writer  of  juveniles, 
niece  of  T.D.  Woolsey.  Among herworksforyoung 
people  are  "What  Katydid."  "What  Katydid  at  School." 
"What  Katy  did  Next."  "CYoss  Patch,  etc.,  from  Mother 
Goose,"  "AKoUnd  Dozen,"  ".\  Little  Countrj'  Girl,"  etc. 
She  has  also  written  "A  Short  History  of  the  City  of  Phila- 
delphia" (1887),  "Ballads  of  Romance  and  History."  with 
others  (1887);  edited  and  abridged  "The  Autobiography 
and  Correspondence  of  Mrs.  Delany"  (1879)  and  "The 
Diary  and  Letters  of  Frances  Bumey"  (1880);  and  trans- 
lated Gautier's  "Mv  Household  of  Pets"  (1882)  and  Ar- 
naud's  "One  Day  in" a  Baby's  Life  "  (1886). 

Woolsey,  Theodore  D'wight.  Bom  at  New 
York  city,  Oct.  31,  1801 :  died  at  Nevr  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jiily  1,  1889.  An  American  educator 
and  eminent  political  and  legal  writer.  He  grad- 
uated at  Yale  in  1S20 ;  studied  law  and,  later,  theology ; 
was  tutor  in  Tale  1823-25 ;  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1825 ; 
studied  in  Europe  1827-30 ;  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Yale 
1831^6 ;  and  was  president  of  Y'ale  1846-71.  He  edited 
the  "  New  Englander  "  for  a  few  years  after  1843  :  and  was 
chairman  of  the  American  company  of  New  Testament 
revisers  1871-81.  His  works  include  editions  of  the  "  Al- 
cestis"  (1834),  "Antigone "(1835).  "Electra"(1837),  "Pro- 
metheus" (1837),  and  "  Gorgias  "  (1843) ;  an  "Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Intemation.'d  Law  "  (1860 ;  5th  ed.  1879); 
'Divorce  and  Divorce  Legislation  "  (1869);  "Religion  of 
the  Past  and  of  the  Future  '  (1S71);  "Political  Science, 
etc. "(2  vols,  1871);  "Communism  and  Socialism  "  (1880). 
He  also  edited  Lieber's  "Civil  Liberty  and  Self-Govem- 
ment  "(1871),  and  a  "  Manual  of  Political  Ethics"  (1871X 

Woolson(wiil'son),  Mrs.  (Abba  LouisaGoold). 

Bom  at  Windham.  Maine,  1838.  An  American 
essayist.  She  has  lectured  on  literary  subjects ;  haspub- 
lished  "Woman  in  American  Society"  (1873),  '"Browsing 
among  Books,  and  other  Essays  '(1881).  "George  Eliot  and 
her  Heroines"  (18S6):  and  has  edited  "Dress  Reform:  a 
Series  of  Lectures  "  (1874) 

Woolson,  Constance  Fenimore.  Born  at  Clare- 
moiit,  N.  H,,  1848:  died  at  Venice,  Italy,  Jan. 
23,  1894.  An  American  novelist,  a  gi-andnieee 
of  James  Fenimore  Cooper.  Among  her  works  are 
"  The  Old  Stone  House  "  (1873),  "  Castle  Nowhere  "  (1875X 
"Two  Women"  (1877),  "Rodman  the  Keeper"  (1880), 
"Anne"  (1882),  "For  the  Major'  (18S3X  "East  Angels" 
(1886X  "Jupiter  Lights"  (1889).  etc. 

Woolston  (wid'ston).  Thomas.  Bom  at  North- 
ampton, England,  1669:  died  Jan.  27, 1733.  An 
English  deist.  He  was  a  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College. 
Cambridge ;  was  deprived  of  his  fellowship  in  1721,  and 
fined  and  imprisoned  in  172'J' ;  and  died  within  the  rules  of 
the  Kings  Bench  prison.  He  wrote  "The  tdd  Apology  for 
the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion  .  .  .  Revived"  (1705), 
"The  Moderator  between  an  Infidel  and  an  Apostate" 
(1725),  '■  Discourses  "  (1727-29). 

Wool'Wich  (wul'ich).  A  borough  (municipal), 
of  London,  situated  south  of  the  Thames : 
noted  for  its  arsenal.  It  contains  Lactones  of  guns, 
gun-carriages,  and  ammunition,  barracks,  and  a  royal 
military  academy  for  engineering  and  artillery.  Wool- 
wich became  an  important  naval  station  and  dockyard  in 
the  lath  century  :  the  dockyard  was  closed  in  1869.  Pop- 
ulation (1801).  40,848. 

Woonsocket  (won-sok'et).  A  city  in  Provi- 
dence County,  Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Black- 
stone  River  l3  miles  north-northwest  of  Provi- 
dence. It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  woolen  goods.     Population  (1900),  28.204. 

Wooster  (wus'ter).  Da'Vid.  Born  at  Stratford, 
Conn.,  March  2,  1710:  died  at  Danbtiry,  Conn., 
May  2,  1777.  An  American  Revolutionary  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Louisburg  expedition  in  1745,  and 
in  the  French  and  Indian  war ;  was  one  of  the  planners 
of  the  Ticonderoga  expedition  of  1775 ;  became  brigadier- 
general  in  1775 ;  succeeded  Montgomery  as  commander  in 
Canada ;  and  became  major-general  of  Connecticutmilitia. 
He  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  defense  of  Danbury 
against  Tryon.  

Worcester  (wus'ter). or  Worcestershire  (wus'- 
ter-shir).  [AS.  jyifieraceastcrscir.']  A  midland 
county  of  England,  bounded  by  Shropshire,  Staf- 
ford. Warwick,  Gloucester,  and  Hereford.  It 
contaiDS  several  exclaves.  The  surface  is  hilly  (the  Mal- 
vern and  the  Bredon  hills  are  on  the  borders),  and  it  is 
traversed  by  the  Severn.  Worcester  is  an  agricultural 
county,  and  is  noted  for  its  vegetables,  fruit,  and  hops.  It 
was  a  part  of  the  ancient  Mercia.  Area,  751  square  miles. 
Population  (1S91X  413,760. 

Worcester.  [ME.  Worcester,  TVorceter.  Wirceter, 
JVi/cttir.  etc..  AS.  Wigorcenster,  Wigeraceaster, 
Wigrdceaster,  Wihraceaster.']  The  capital  of 
Worcestershire,  England,  situated  on  the  Sev- 
ern in  lat.  52°  12'  N..  long.  2°  14'  W.  it  has  man- 
ofacttires  of  gloves,  porcelain,  Worcestershire  sauce,  vine- 


Words-worth,  William 

gar,  etc.,  and  a  Large  trade  in  hops.  The  cathedral  is  in  its 
present  form  chiefly  of  the  13th  century.  The  west  front 
has  alarge  andhandsomeDecorated  window,  and  the  square 
central  tower  is  etf  ective.  The  exterior  is  in  general  plain. 
with  rather  small  windows,  many  of  which  are  grouped  in 
threes.  The  interior,  with  its  long  ranges  of  pointed  ar- 
cades, is  simple  and  majestic.  The  rich  sculptured  pul- 
pit and  the  decorations  of  the  choir  are  modem,  but  the  fine 
carved  stalls  are  old.  It  has  a  beautiful  ci->-pt.  handsitme 
Perpendicular  cloisters,  and  a  decagonal  "chapter-house 
with  central  column.  The  cathedral  measures  450  by  78 
feet ;  length  of  west  transepts,  78  each  ;  height  of  vaulting, 
67.  Worcester  was  an  ancient  British  settlement  and  a 
Roman  military  station.  It  suffered  from  Welsh  invasions, 
and  has  often  been  besieged.  The  final  victor)-  of  the 
civil  war  was  gained  here  by  Cromwell  over  the  Scotch 
Royalists  under  Charles  II.,  .Sept.  3,  1651.  The  Royalist 
army  dispersed.     Population  (1891),  42,905. 

Worcester.  The  capital  of  Worcester  County 
ilassachusetts.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  iron 
and  steel, machinery,  cars,  hoots  and  shoes,  woolen  goods, 
etc.  ;  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Koman  Catholic  College  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  of  the  State  normal  school,  of  Clark  University, 
and  of  other  institutions.  It  was  permanently  settled  iB 
1713,  and  became  a  cit>-  in  184S,  t'op.  (1900),  118.421. 

Worcester,  Florence  of.    See  Florence  of  iror- 

cester. 

"Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson.  Born  at  Bed- 
ford, N.  H.,  .A,ug.  24,  1784;  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Oct.  27,  1865.  An  American  lexicogra- 
pher. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1811.  and  settled  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1819.  He  published  a  "Geographical  Diction- 
ary, or  Universal  Gazetteer,  Ancient  and  Modem  "  (1817 : 
rerised  edition  1823),  a  "Gazetteer  of  the  United  States" 
(18181,  "Elements  of  Geography"  (1819X  ".Sketches  of  the 
Earth  '(18a3),"Element50f  History,  etc."(1826X  an  abridg- 
ment of  Webster's  dictionary  (1829),  "A  Comprehensive 
Pronouncing  and  Explanatorj-  Dictionarj-  "  (1830),  and  "A 
UniversalandCritical  Dictionary  "(1846).  The  last,  passing 
through  several  editions  with  little  alteration. was  at  length 
revised  and  enlarged,  and  was  published  in  quarto  form  as 
"  A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  "  (1st  ed,  1860). 

Worces'ter  Beacon.  The  highest  point  of  the 
Malvern  HiUs,  England,  southwest  of  Worces- 
ter.    Height,  1,444  feet. 

Worcester  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, incorporated  (1714)  on  the  foundation 
of  the'Benedietine  Gloucester  Hall  (1283). 

Worde  (word),  Winkin  or  Wynkin  de.  Bom 
probably  in  Lorraine:  died  about  1.535.  Au 
English  printer.  He  went  to  England  as  an  assistant 
of  Caxton,  and  about  1491  became  his  successor.  He  lived 
in  Fleet  street,  London,  frr.m  about  1502. 

Worden  (wordn),  John  Lorimer.    Bom  at 

Mount  Pleasant,  Westchester  Coimty,  N.  Y., 
March  12, 1818 :  died  at  Washington,  D.C.,  Oct. 
18,  1897.  An  American  admiral.  He  entered  the 
na\-y  in  1335 ;  was  appointed  commander  in  1862  ;  and  be- 
came famous  as  commander  of  the  Monitor  in  her  battle 
with  the  Merrimac  in  that  year.  In  1863  he  became  cap- 
tain, and  commanded  the  M<'ntauk  in  the  blockading 
squadron;  was  promoted  commodore  iu  186s,  and  rear-ad- 
miral in  1872;  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Naval  Acad- 
emy at  Aimapolis  1870-74.     He  retired  in  1886. 

'Words'worth  Cwerdz'-werth),  Charles.  Bom 
at  London.  Aug.  22, 1806:  died  at  St.  Andrews, 
Scotland,  Dec,  5,  1892.  A  British  prelate,  theo- 
logian, and  scholar,  son  of  Christopher  Words- 
worth (1774-1846):  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  Dun- 
keld,  and  Dumblane.  He  was  one  of  the  New 
Testament  revisers. 

Wordsworth,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Cocker- 
mouth,  England,  June  9,  1774  :  died  at  Buxted. 
England,  Feb.  2.  1846.  An  English  clergyman, 
brother  of  William  Wordsworth :  master  of 
Trinitv  College,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  "Ecclesi- 
astical "Biography"  (ISIO),  etc.,  and  advocated  the  cLiim 
of  Charles  I.  to  the  authorship  of  "Eikon  Basilike." 

Words-worth,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Bocking, 
Oet.30,1807;  died  at  Lincoln,  March  20, 1885.  An 
English  prelate  and  author,  son  of  Christopher 
Wordsworth  (1774-1846).  He  was  head-master  of 
Harrow  and  canon  of  Westminster,  and  became  bishop  of 
Lincoln  in  1868.  He  wrote  "Athens  and  -\ttica  "  (1836>, 
"  Ancient  Writings  Copied  from  the  Walls  of  Pompeii  " 
(1837),  "Greece,  Pictorial,  Descriptive,  and  Historical" 
(1839),"  Theophilus  Anglicanus  "  (184:i),"On  the  Canon  of 
the  Scriptures  "(1848),"  Memoirs  of  William  Wordsworth" 
(1S51\  notes  on  the  New  Testament  and  the  Bible,  con- 
troversial works,  and  various  theological  and  other  works. 

WordS'WOrth.'W'illiam.  Born  at  Cockermouth, 
Cumberland,  England,  April  7,  1770:  died  at 
Rydal  Mount,  April  23,  1850.  A  celebrated 
English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Hawkshead  and  at 
St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  1791 ; 
traveled  on  the  Continent  in  1790  ;  and  traveled  and  lived 
in  France  1791-92,  where  he  sympathized  at  first  with  the 
French  republicans.  He  received  a  legacy  in  1795,  and 
settled  with  his  sister  Dorothy  at  Racedown,  Dorset.  A 
visit  from  Coleridge  in  1797  deteraiined  his  career,  and  in 
the  next  yesir  he  removed  to  Alfoxden  in  Somerset  to  benesr 
him.  He  went  to  the  Continent  in  1798,  and  lived  at  Goslar  . 
and  returned  to  England  in  1799,  and  settled  at  Grasniere, 
in  the  Lake  District.  In  1802  he  married  JIary  Hutchinson  ; 
settled  at  -Ulan  Bank  in  ISfS ;  and  removed  to  Grasmere 
in  1811.  He  was  appointed  distributer  of  stamps  in  1813, 
and  settled  at  Kvd.-d  Mount ;  and  traveled  in  Scotland  in 
1814  and  1832.  and  on  the  Continent  in  1820  and  1837.  He 
became  poet  laureate  in  1843.  His  works  include  "An 
Evening  Walk  "(1793).  "Descriptive  .Sketches '■a793),"LjT- 
ical  Ballads  "(this  contains  Coleridge's  "Anc-ent  Mariner"; 
(1798X  two  volumes  of  poems  (1807),"An  Essay  on  the  P.6 


Wordsworth,  William 

lations  of  Great  Britain,  Spain,  and  Portugal  to  each  other  " 
(ISO'.i)."  The  Excursion  "  (1814),  new  edition  of  poems  (ISI.'O, 
"  Tlie  White  Doe  of  Kjlstone  '  (1815). "Thanksgivini;  ode  " 
(181U),  "Peter  Bell"  and  "The  Waggoner"  (1819).  "The 
River  Duddon  :  a  Series  of  Sonnets,  etc."(182oX  "Memo- 
rials  of  a  Tour  on  the  Continent  "  (1822),  "Ecclesiastical 
Sketches"  (1822),  "Yarrow  Revisited,  and  other  Poems" 
(183n),  "Sonnets,"  collected  (ls;i8),  "  Tile  Borderers  :  aTia- 
gedy"  (1842:  written  about  1T9«),  "The  Prelude"  (ISoO  ; 
jinished  18ori),  etc. 

Work  (wCrk),  Henry  Clay.  Bom  at  MicUlle- 
town,  Conn.,  Oct.  1.  1S,32:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  June  8, 1884.  An  American  song-writer. 
His  songs  include  "Marching  Through  Georgia,"  "Xico- 
denins  the  Slave,"  "My  Grandfather's  Clock,"  "Lily 
Dale,"  etc. 

Workington  (wer'king-ton).  A  seaport  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
file  Derwent  into  Solivay  Firth,  8  miles  north  of 
Wliitehaven.  It  has  iron  and  steel  manufactures  and 
considerable  trade.    Population  (1>91),  23,522. 

Works  and  Days.  [Gr.  "Epya  Kai  'U/iepai.'i  The 
ehief  poem  of  Hesiod:  so  named  because  it 
treats  of  the  labors  of  the  farmer,  and  the 
lucky  and  unlucky  days  for  doing  them. 

In  the  "Works  ami  Days  '  there  are  really  three  parts, 
which  may  once  have  been  distinct :  an  introductxjry  poem 
addressed  to  his  brother  Perses  —  then  the  "Works" 
proper  —  and  then  the  "  Days."  or  Calendar.  Hesiod  and 
his  younKei-  brother  Perses  had  divided  the  property  left 
by  their  fatht-r.  but  Perses  had  got  the  larger  share,  Hesiod 
says  by  bribing  certain  judges.  Perses  now  lived  in  lu.\- 
urious  idleness,  and  presently  threatened  Hesio<i  with  an- 
otlier  lawsuit.  Hesiod  reminds  Perst-s  and  the  corrupt 
judges  that  .lustice.  when  wronged  on  earth,  takes  refuge 
with  her  father  Zeus.  Here  we  meet  with  the  earliest  fable 
in  Greek  literature,  the  "  Hawk  and  the  Niglltingale.''  The 
liawk  has  the  nightingale  in  his  clutches,  and  in  answer  to 
tlie  captive's  complaint  reminds  her  that  "  might  is  right." 
Here,  too,  the  poet  describes  the  "Five  Ages  "of  the  world 
—  the  age  of  gold,  of  silver,  of  bronze,  of  heroes  or  demigods 
(put  in,  apparently,  to  make  a  place  for  the  Homeric  heroes), 
and  of  iron,  in  which  the  poet  liimself  has  the  misfor- 
tune to  live.  From  justice  the  theme  changes  to  work. 
"  Work,  foolish  Perses ;  work  the  work  that  the  gods  have 
set  for  men."  A  man  who  means  to  work  should  provide 
himself  with  a  house,  an  ox,  and  household  stuff,  and  that 
speedily,  for  delay  fills  no  granaries.  The  cry  of  the  crane 
is  the  signal  for  ploughing  :  the  master  must  guide  tlie 
plough,  with  many  a  prayer  to  Zeus  and  Demeter,  while 
a  slave  follows  and  covers  up  the  seed,  "  to  give  trouble  to 
the  hirds."  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  42. 

Worksop  fw^rk'sop).  A  town  in  Nottingham, 
England,  16  miles  east  by  south  of  Sheffield. 
Population  (ISOl),  12,7.34. 

Worldly  Wiseman  ( wirld'li  wiz'man),  Mr.  A 
character  in  Banyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

World's  Fairs.  A  .series  of  international  ex- 
positions, the  most  important  of  which  were 
those  held  in  London  (1851  and  1862).  Paris 
(18.5.5, 1867,  1878,  1889,  and  1900),  Vienna  (1873), 
I'hiladelphia  (1876),  and  Chicago  (189.S).  The 
tirst  universal  exiiibition  was  lield  in  the  Crystal  I'aiacc, 
llvde  Park,  London,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Prince  Con 
sort  I.May  1  to  Oct.  11.  1«61).  The  total  number  of  visi- 
tors to  it  was  C,cl.i!>,lD.'..  The  total  atteiiilance  at  the  World's 
Culunibian  Exposition  at  Chicago  iMayl  to  Oct.  311,  1893) 
was '27,529,41)1) ;  at  the  Paris  Exposition  (April  15  to  Nov.  12, 
I'.WKl)  it  was  about  .50,000,000. 

WorlitZ  (ver'lits).  A  small  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  37  miles  southeast  of  Magdeburg: 
famous  for  its  ducal  gardens  and  p.irk,  palace, 
Gothic  house  (with  works  of  art),  etc. 

Worms  (vorms).  [G.  Worms,  MH(3.  Worm::, 
W(>rme:e,  IViirniise,  etc.,  OHG.  Wormaszd,  Wm- 
nii:a,  from  L.  Borbetmtiagiix,  liorhitiniKujuK,  Gr. 
Biip/i^rd/iayn^,  of  Celtic  origin.]  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Rhine-Hesse,  grand  duchy  of  Hesse, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  in  hit. 
49°  38'  N.,  long.  8°  22'  E.  it  is  the  center  of  a  rich 
wine-producing  region.  Its  ciithedral  was  tu-gun  in  the 
11th  and  flnished  in  the  12th  ceiitui-y.  It  is  u  fine  exfimple 
of  Rhenish  Kdniftncsiiuc.  The  dinienslons  nre  ■I2:i  \>y  .s7 
feet;  length  uf  transepts,  120;  hciglit  of  nave,  10&.  Th*- 
ImptJstery,  on  the  south  side  of  the  cathedral,  is  uf  the 
nth  ct-ntury.  Worms  \va.s  nrlginally  tlie  Celtic  town  Bor- 
hetomagits;  wns  a  Roman  town  until  the  fith  century; 
heeamc  the  capital  of  the  Bnrgiindinii  kiiindnni,  and  in- 
nioua  from  Its  connection  with  the  (lerninn  heroic  cycle 
(Siegfried.  Krii-mhiUl.  Rrunhild.  the  Nitielnngs)  ;  was  one 
of  the  chief  German  cities  in  tin;  middle  aj;es ;  and  tv>in 
the  time  of  Cliarles  the  Great  was  a  fn-quent  royal  reKl- 
denco  ami  the  Beat  of  dhts.  It  was  one  of  the  chief  places 
in  the  Icagne  of  Rhenish  cities;  sulfercd  severely  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War;  was  liurned  hy  the  French  in  ]*i8»; 
remained  n  free  imperial  city  until  it  was  annexed  hy 
France  in  IHdl  through  the  peace  of  Lnn(5ville;  and  was 
cefled  to  Hesse-Darmstadt  in  1815.  (See  Concordat  of 
Worms.)     Population  (1S9<»).  2;'),474. 

Worms.       The    Germun     name     of    Bormio, 

li.-ily. 
WormsJ vorms).  Oustave.  Bom  at  Paris,  March 
lil,  lH;i7.  A  iKitoil  l*'n-iich  actor.  His  first,  success 
w:i^  in  Russiia,  where  he  played  for  ten  years.  He  returned 
to  Piirisin  1876,  and  in  l.s7 7  appeared  at  the  <*om(^M||u  Kran- 
^aise,  and  hits  Hinec  remained  one  of  the  chief  exponents 
of  the  modern  drama. 

Worms,  Diet  of.  A  diet,  famous  in  the  history 
of  thi'  Krfoniuition,  ojieiied  by  tlie  emperor 
Charles  V.  at  Worms,  Jan.  28,  1521.    on  March  6 


1071 

Luther  was  cited  to  appear  before  the  diet,  and  he  arrived 
in  Worms  on  April  Iti.  On  April  17  and  18  he  appeared 
before  the  diet,  and  ou  the  latter  day  refused  to  recant  and 
defended  his  position.  His  determination  was  expressed 
in  the  famous  words:  "Here  I  stand.  I  cannot  do  uther- 
wjse.i  (iod  help  me.  Amen." 
Worringen  (vor'ring-en).  Atown  in  the  Rhine 
Province.  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jihine  nine 
miles  north-nortliwest  of  Cologne.  A  victory  wa.s 
gained  here.  June  12,  12&j,  hy  the  Duke  of  Brabant  and 
allies  over  the  fount  of  Gelderland. 

Worsaae  (vor'sa-o),  Jens  Jacob  Asmussen. 

Born  at  Veih',  Jutland.  March  U.  Is21 :  dit-d 
near  HolbUk,  Auj^.  15,  IStjo.  A  Danish  histo- 
rian and  auti(Hiary.  He  was  director  of  the  Museum 
of  Northern  Antiquities,  etc.,  at  Copenhagen,  from  I860, 
and  minister  of  public  worship  1874-75.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Denmarks  Oldtid  "  (1843 :  trans,  in  English  as 
"Primeval  Anticiuitios  of  Denmark"),  "Minder  om  de 
Danske  og  Norrlnuiiulene  i  England,  Skotland,  og  Irland  ' 
("Account  of  the  Dunes  in  England,  .Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land," 1851),  "l»e  Dansltes  Erobering  af  England  og  Nor* 
mandiet"  ('■  The  Danish  Conquest  of  £ngland  and  Nor- 
mandy," 18(13),  etc. 
Worth  (vtrt).  A  small  town  in  Lower  Alsace, 
situated  on  the  Sauer  25  miles  north  of  Stras- 
burff. 

Worth,  Battle  of,  or  Battle  of  Froschweiler 

or  Reichshofen.  A  vi.-tory  ^aiii«Mlm-ar  Worlii. 
Alsace,  An*;.  (J,  1870.  by  the  Germans  under 
the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  over  the  French 
under  MacMahon.  The  German  loss  was  about 
10,000;  the  French  loss,  about  8,000,  and  9,000 
prisoners. 

Worth  (werth),  William  Jenkins.  Born  at 
Hudson,  N.  Y.,  March  1.  1794:  .lit-d  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  May  17,  1849.  An  American 
general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1813  ;  fcuight  at  the 
battle  of  Niagara  in  lbl4,  and  was  promoted  major;  was 
superintendent  at  West  Point  after  the  war;  became 
commander  in  the  Seminole  war  in  1341,  which  he  ended ; 
and  was  second  in  command  under  Taylor  at  the  opening 
of  the  Mexican  war.  He  gained  distinction  hy  his  storming 
of  the  bishop's  palace  at  the  battle  of  Monterey  in  184fl ; 
was  sent  to  join  General  Scott's  army;  was  brevetted 
major-general ;  fouglit  in  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo, 
Perote,  San  Antonio,  Churubusco,  Molino  del  Rey,  an<l 
Chapultepec,  and  tf)ok  part  in  the  occupation  of  the  city 
of  Mexico.    Later  lie  commanded  in  Texas. 

Worthies  of  England,  History  of  the.    A 

biographical  work  by  Thomas  Fuller,  published 
after  his  death,  in  1662.    It  is  his  masterpiece. 

Worthing  (wer'THintr).  A  seaside  resort  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 11  miles  west  of  Brighton.  Population 
(1891),  16,606. 

Wotton  (wot'pn),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at  Boeton 
(Boughton)  Malherbe,  Kent,  England,  156S: 
diedatEton,  Dec,  1639.  AnEnglisluliplomatist 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Ox- 
ford ;  and  went  on  the  Continent  in  1590,  where  he  remained 
for  nearly  nine  years.  In  1.W8  he  became  secretary  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex;  and  was  special  envoy  from  Tuscany  to  James 
VI.  of  Scotland;  English  ambassador  to  Venice,  Germany, 
etc.  ;  and  in  1024  provost  of  Etot)  College.  Hewrotepoems, 
various  Latin  fifmiythlets,  "TheElementsof  Architecture." 
and  *St;ttc-if  Onisi.iidom."  The"Ueliquiie  Wottoniamc," 
pnlilished  in  Ki.M.outains  most  of  his  works. 

Wotton, William.  Born  at  Wrentham,  Suffolk, 
Knj,dand,  Ani^.  KI.  1666:  died  at  Buxtcd,  Essex, 
Fel).  KJ,  17126.  An  English  clergyman  and 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
admitted  in  his  t<'nth  year.  He  was  a  remarkable  instance 
of  precocity.  Winn  ctnly  twelve  years  old  he  was  noted 
for  his  skill  in  Ilrim  u,  tirt-ck.  Latin,  three  or  four  of  the 
Eastern  tongm  s,  jihilnsoiihy,  mathematics,  etc.;  took  his 
degree  of  B.  A.  in  Jan.,  1'179,  then  knuwing  12  l.iiiiruaces  ; 
and  became  a  fellow  of  St.  John's  Colb-gc,  (';nnl)ridt'e,  in 
168r),  He  became  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Nottinu'ham  and 
rector  of  Middleton  Keynes,  liuckinghamshire,  in  1093, 
and  prebendary  ()f  Salisbiir>'  in  1705.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  "Reflections  upon  Ancient  and  Modern  Learn- 
ing" (Hl'.U) 

Would-be  (wiid'be).  Sir  Politick  and  Lady. 

An  ainusingly  important  iiolitiriau  and  liis 
])cdaTitic  wife,  in  Jonson's  *' Vclponc  " 

Wouverman  (wou'ver-man),  or  Wouvermans 

(-miin/.). Philip.  Bornat  Haarlem, Nethcrlantts 
(bapti/.cil May LM, 1619):  died tliere,M-xy  19.1668. 
A  Diilcii  painter,  famous  for  his  battle-pieces, 
huntint^-seenes.  cavalry  skirmishes,  liorses,  etc. 
His  works  are  in  Iiresden*  rarls.  The  Hague,  Munich. 
Vienna,  etc.  Among  them  are  the  "Coup  de  I'lstolet " 
(Huekingham  I'alace)  ami  "The  WatcrlTig-PInce"  (Old 
iMnakotliek,  Munich).  Some  of  his  works  have  been  con- 
foundeil  with  Uiose  of  his  brothers  Pleter  (1(J23-S2?)  and 
Jan  (1C.2()  f.(i). 

Wrangel,  or  Wrangell  (vriing'(d\  Baron  Fer- 
dinand von.  Itoni  ;it  P'jkolT.  K'ussia,  I  >ec. 'J9. 
17;ni:  died  at  Ih.rpat.  .lune  6.  1S70.  A  Ixussian 
vice-Mfimiral  and  exploror.  Ho  accompanied  an  ex- 
pedition round  the  world  1817-10;  conducted  an  exploring 
expi-ditioii  in  the  arctic  regions  1.K20-24  ;  and  was  chief  of 
an  expoUtlon  round  the  world  lS2ri-27.  Later  he  was  gov- 
ernor of  Russian  America,  and  director  of  the  RussTan- 
Americnn  Tnidini: Company.  He  wmte  an  account  of  his 
expedition  In  Russian  (18ri).  Extracts  from  his  Journal 
were  published  In  German  In  1830. 

>  Tlila  nmtt-Mrc  la.  [M'rliit)>ft,  nut  authentic 


Wright,  Carroll  Davidson 
Wrangel,  Count  Friedrich  Heinrich  Ernst. 

Born  at  Stettin.  April  KJ.  1784:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Nov.  1.  1877.  A  Prussian  field-marshal.  He 
served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars;  commanded  in  Schleswig- 
Hulstein  and  in  Ilerlin  iu  1S48;  and  eoniuianded  the  army 
against  Denmark  in  lt^<>4, 

Wrangel,  Count  Karl  Gustav.    Bom  Dec.  13, 

1618:  died  in  Kiigeu,  June  124, 1676.  A  Swedish 
field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  army  and  navy  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War ;  succeeded  Torsteiison  as  comman<ier- 
in-chief  ;  with  Turenne  defeated  the  Imperialists  and  Ba- 
varians at  ZusmarshiiUsen  ilay  17,  104& ;  commanded  in 
the  wars  against  Toland  and  Denmark;  commanded  against 
Brandenburg  in  1C74 ;  and  was  defeated  at  Fehrbellm  in 
lC7o. 

Wrangell  (rang'gel).  Mount.  A  mountain  in 
Alaska,  northwest  of  Mount  St.  Elias.  Height, 
not  more  than  17,500  feet  (greater  heights  have 
been  given). 

Wrangel  Land,  or  Wrangell  Land,  or  New 

Columbia  (kO-lum'bi-il).  [Named  for  F.  vt^n 
Wrangel.]  An  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
north  of  Siberia,  about  lat.  71°-72°  N.,  long. 
179^-180°  W. :  discovered  by  Kellet  in  1849. 
Wrath  (riith).  Cape,  The  northwestern  head- 
hind  of  Scotland,  in  lat.  58°  :W  N.,  long.  5^  W. 

Wraxall  (rak'sal),  Sir  Nathaniel  William, 

Born  at  Bristol,  April  8,  1751:  died  at  Dover, 
Nov.  7,  1831.  An  English  historical  writer.  He 
went  to  IJombay,  in  the  sen'ice  of  the  East  India  Company, 
in  1760;  remained  in  India  till  1772  ;  spent  a  number  of 
years  hi  travel;  and  entered  Parliament  in  1780.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Menioii-s  of  the  Kings  of  France  of  the 
House  of  Valois,  etc."  (1777),  "History  of  France'  (179f>). 
and  several  volumes  of  contemporar}'  memoirs  (among 
them  "Historical  Memoirs  of  My  Own  Time,  1772-178*, 
published  in  1815).  UIb  own  "  Memoirs "  were  published 
in  1S:{(.;. 

Wray,  John.    See  Raif. 

Wrayburn  ( ra '  bern ) .  Eugene.  A  light-hearted, 
sarcastic,  flippant,  clever  yotmg  attorney,  the 
rival  of  Bradley  Headstone,  and  nearly  mur- 
dered by  him :  a  character  in  Charles  Dickens's 
"Our  Mutual  Friend."  He  is  afterward  mar- 
ried to  Lizzie  Hexam. 

Wrede  (vraMe).  Prince  Karl  Philipp.  Bom 
at  Heidelberg,  April  29,  1767:  died  at  Ellingen, 
Dec.  12,  1838.  A  Bavarian  field-mar*;hal.  He 
sen'ed  as  major-general  with  the  .\ustrian>  at  Hohenlinden 
iu  1800;  commanded  the  Bavarian  forces  in  alliance  with 
the  French  in  the  campaigns  of  lsor>,  lSii7,  and  ISO;' :  Umk 
part  in  the  comtuest  of  Tyrol  in  180l» ;  served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Wagram  in  1S09;  commanded  the  Bavarian  con- 
tingent in  the  inv.asion  of  Russia  in  1812  ;  went  over  to  the 
Allies  in  1813;  was  defeated  by  the  French  at  Hanau  in 
1813 :  took  part  in  the  battle  of  La  Kothii-re  in  1814 ;  was 
distinpuished  at  Kosny,  Har-sur-Aube,  and  Arcis-sur-Aube 
in  1814  ;  took  part  in  the  Conj;re.ss  of  Vienna  1814-15 ;  and 
was  gcnenilissimo  of  the  Bavarian  army  in  1822. 

Wren  (ren).  Sir  Christopher.  Born  at  East 
Knoyle,  Wiltshire.  England,  Oct.  20,  1632:  died 
at  Hampton  Court.  Feb.  2.'),  1723,  A  celebrated 
English  architect.  Ue  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School  and  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Gresham  College  in  U>67  ;  Savilian 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford  in  It-CO;  and  deputy  sur- 
veyor-general of  public  works  in  ItkSI.  He  designed  the 
fortiflcations  of  Tangier  in  Kna  :  was  created  president  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  UlSi);  and  designed  St.  I':iul'sCathe<lnU 
(which  see).  Among  hi^i  other  designs  were  the  cloister  and 
chapel  of  Bi-asenose  College.  Oxford  (l(i;V>),  and  the  central 
spire  of  Eiehfleld  Cathedral  (1602-091.  He  was  appointed 
on  a  committee  for  the  survey  of  Old  St.  I*aur8(ltl0:j) ;  and 
designed  Pembroke  College  Chapel.  Cambritiire  (l«tt;^-lv^V 
He  was  surveyor  at  Greenwich  (H><kt-<i7),  and  tiesignetl  the 
Sheldonian  Theatre,  Oxford  (HkH-tt'tX  »hi  Oct.  4,  HJOi,  he 
was  appointed  on  a  committee  with  May.  Pratt,  and  others, 
to  survey  the  ruins  of  London  after  the  Are,  and  to  make 
plans  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  burned  district ;  was 
appointed  surveyor-general  of  all  the  n>yal  works  in  KVfl; 
and  built  Mar>-le-How.  Cheapslde  (1(107-71).  Temple  Bar, 
Fleet  street  (which  sect,  the  "Monument,"  202  feet  hi»:h 
(1071  81).  St.  Bride,  Fleet  street  (1071-80),  St-  Stephen's. 
\\albrook  (Ui77-7i»),  T>rury  Lane  Theatre  (which  see),  Roj  al 
obscrvatorv.  (;reenwich(IOTf>).  and  Hampton  Court  I'lUnoe 
for  King  William  III.  (UVitO).  He  built  the  Roy.il  Naval 
Hos|)ital  (1002-1710),  giving  his  services  without  compen* 
sation.  In  1700  he  remodeIe<l  St.  Stephen'sChapel  for  the 
enhu'^ed  membership  (Scottish)  of  I'arliament  (see  HVjrf- 
jninxtrr  I'aiuo',  St,  Stevhen'tt  Cfittjxl):  in  17tM>-I0  Marlbor- 
ough House,  PiUl  Mall;  and  In  1713  designed  the  timers 
of  Westminster  Abbey  -  largely,  however,  built  under  the 
supervision  of  his  assistant. 

Wren,  Jenny.     See  Churcry  Fanuij. 

Wrestlers  (rcs'b'-r/,).  The.  A  Greek  oritrinal 
group,  of  marble,  in  the  Tribuna  of  the  VlVi/.i, 
Florence.  It  represents  two  youths  strn^tiling  t*)  the 
utnH>st  stretch  of  every  muscle.  thotiKb  one  is  nireaily  van- 
(|ulshe<l.  The  comiHtsition  Is  skilful,  and  the  technical 
kiiowled^'e  and  executiim  are  remarkabU-. 

Wrexham  (reks'aiu).  A  town  iu  Denbighshire, 
Wales.  25  miles  south  of  Liverpool.  It  has  a 
noted  chureli.      Pepidnti.ni  ( IS'tl ),  12..'i.VJ. 

Wright  (rit ).  Carroll  Davidson.  Born  at  Dun- 

bartoti,N.  n...hdy  2"t.  IS40.  An  Atnerican  stat- 
ist ieian.  Hesirvi-d  in  the  Inlon  armv  Intheilvil  War, 
attalidng  the  rank  of  colonel :  was  admittetl  to  the  bar  in 
18<V> ;  was  chief  of  the  Mashjichusetts  bunau  of  lalKir  sta- 
tistics 187.1-88:  and  was  a|t|H)in(e<l  Ilrst  connniKsloner  of 
labor  in  the  InteHorUepartment.WashlngUm,  in  1881.  He 
has  published  vai'ious  reports  of  Massachusetts  censuses 


Wright,  Carroll  Davidson 

statistics  of  labor,  "The  Factory  System  of  the  UnitM 
States •■a!'S2)-  "Convict  Labor"(18S6X  "Strikes  and  Lock- 
oats  "  (1SS7),  etc. 

Wright,  George  Frederick. 

K   Y    Jan  "2,  I'^S'^.     Au  American  Coiisrega 


Bom  at  Whitehall, 


Wulfila.     See  aMi^_  ^     J,   -n     1       V 

i,.  ..,-... , ,  ^,„-      Wiilker  (riilk'er).  Richard  Papl.     Born  at 

tionalclei-gvmanandgeologist.professorotxNew  pjaniii-ort-on-the-Mam.  July  29.  lb4o.  A  trer- 
Testament  'language  and  literature  at  Oberbn  ^,^^  ^student  of  Old  English  philology,  profes- 
Theological  Seminary  1881-92.  professor  of  the  ^^j.  ^^  Leipsic  from  1875.  Since  1876  he  has 
Harmonv  of  Science  and  Revelation  1892,  and  ^^^^  ^Y^e  editor  of  "AngUa." 
connected  with  the  U.  S.  Survey  1884-92.  Hehas  to-qt,  fwiin).  A  district  in  Berar^  Brirish  India, 
written"L..£ncofChristianEiidenceji;(lSSo)  "Studies in     j^^  ^sected  bv  lat.  20°  X.,  long.  78°  30' E.   Area. 

t;:i^^^S^:^^:^^^:ti:'^S^^.  ^lu!<mre  miles.  Pop'ulaUon  (1891),  471  613. 
JikTl8^,"MrandthJ^acial  Period  ■•(1S92). etc.  '  Wuilderlich(von'der-lich),Karl  AugUSt.  Born 
Wright,HoratioGovenieiir.  Born  at  Clinton,     at  Sulz  on  the  Xeckar,  Aug.  4.  1815:  died  at 


1072 

England,  situated  on  the  Severn  5  miles  south-  Wiirzburg."   The  ,^.00  .7- 

east  of  Shrewsbury.    It  is  on  the  site  of  the     Bavana.  situated  on  the  Main  m  lat.  49°  47 
Koman  eitv  of  Uriconium. 


"Wycherley 

The  capital  of  Lower  Franoonia, 


Conn.,  March  6. 1820:  died  at  Washington, D.C 
Julv2.1899.  AnAmerican  general  and  engineer. 
He  "'radnated  at  West  Point  in  18il ;  served  as  engineer 
at  Bull  Run  and  in  the  Port  Eoyal  expedition  m  1861; 
served  in  Florida  in  1862  as  tirii.':idier-ge«eral  of  v^ltin- 
teers;  became  major-<reiieral  of  volunteers  in  July.  l>6i.: 
commanded  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  l«a-«3 ;  was  di- 
vision commander  in  the  army  of  the  Potoma.;  Is-bi-M . 
and  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  6th  corps  m  Jlay,  lb64. 
He  took  p;>rt  in  the  defence  of  Washington  in  IS^./'Od  in 
the  Shenandoah  campaian  (e-peci-allyat  Cedar  Creek),  and 
pierced  the  lines  at  Petersburg  April  2,  ISiii.  ae  was 
brevetted  major-general  in  the  United  states  army  m  l»6o, 
and  later  was  chief  ot  engineers.  He  retu-ed  m  1884. 
Wright,  -Joseph.  Bom  at  Derby.  England,  Sept. 
3,  1734:  died  there,  Aug.  29, 1797.    An  English 


Leipsic,  Sept.  25.  1877.  A  German  physician 
and  meilical  writer,  professor  at  Leipsic  from 
1850.  His  chief  work  is  "Handbueh  der  Pa- 
thologie  und  Therapie"  (1846-54). 
Wundt  (vont),  Wllhelm  Max.  Bom  at  Keck- 
arau,  Baden,  Aug.  16,  1832.  A  distinguished 
German  physiologist  and  psyehologi_s_t,  profes- 
sor of  philosophv  at  Leipsic  from  1875.  Among 
his  works  .are  "  Die  Lehre  von  der  Mnskelbewegnng"(lSoS^ 
"  Vorlesnngen  iiber  die  Menschen-  und  Tierseele  "  C18<i3}i 


N..  long,  9°  54'  E.  It  is  a  commercial  center,  and  haj 
manufactures  of  tobacco,  beer,  railway-carriages,  etc  It 
contains  the  former  episcopal  (now  royal)  pala-.e.  begun 
in  1720  in  the  rococo  style,  and  one  of  the  most  effective 
examples  of  its  type.  It  measures  550  by  ■i.'O  feet.  The 
grand  staircase  is  unusually  fine,  and  like  the  chapel  is 
frescoed  by  Tiepolo.  The  University  of  Wiiraburg  was 
founded  in  1403,  but  was  soon  discontinued,  and  was  re- 
founded  in  15S2.  It  became  noted  especially  f .  .r  its  m<rdical 
department,  Wiirzburg  was  the  capital  of  the  old  princi- 
palitv  of  Wiirzburg,  and  the  capital  of  a  grand  duchy  in 
Xapoleonic  times.  Its  citadel  was  bombarded  by  the  Prus- 
sians July  27,  1S66,  and  the  town  was  entered  by  the 
Prussians' Aug,  2.     Population  (1890),  61,039. 

Wuthering  Heights  (wuTH'er-ing  Mtz).  A 
novel  bvEmilvBronte.  publishedunderthe  nom 
de  plume  of  Ellis  Bell  in  1846. 

Wu  Ting  Fang  (w6  ting  fang).  Bom  in  the 
province  of  Kwangtung,  China.  A  contempo- 
rary Chinese  scholar  and  diplomat.  He  was  eiiu- 
cate'd  at  Cantiin,  Hong-Kong,  and  Lincoln's  Inn.  London, 
and  W.1S  called  to  the  English  bar.  He  was  appointed 
viceroy  of  Chi-li  in  1882,  and  was  minister  ot  China  to  the 
United  States,  Spain,  and  Peru.  1897-1902. 


portrait-,  landscape-,  and, 

as  •'  Wri"-ht  of  Derbv."  He  was  a  pnpil  of  Hudson, 
sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  master,  and  originally  paintea  por- 
tniits  oiilv,  in  which  he  was  a  rival  of  Gainsborough. 

Wright,  Joseph.  Born  at  Bordentown,  X.  J, 
July  16,  1756:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
American  portrait-painter.  He  studied 
and  Paris;  settled  in  New  York  in  1787  ;remov 
delnhiain  1790:  and  became  die-sinker  to  the  mint  m  liK, 
He  painted  General  and  ilrs.  Washington,  Madison,  John 
Jay,  and  other  distinguished  persons. 

Wright  Silas.  Bom  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  May 
24.  179o :  died  at  Canton,  N,  T.,  Aug.  27,  1847. 
An  American  statesman.  He  graduated  at  IDddle- 
bnry  College  in  1S15 ;  studied  law ;  settled  at  Canton  St 
Lawrence  County,  XewTork,  and  became  surrogate  of  it. 
L-awrence  County  and  later  State  senator;  w.as  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1827-29 ;  was  comi^ 
troUer  of  the  State  of  New  York  1829-33;  was  United 
States  senator  1833^4 ;  and  was  governor  ot  New  York 
1845-17.  He  opposed  the  anti-rent  rioters,  and  declined 
several  cabinet  offices  and  foreign  missions. 


29,l,y..    An±.ngiisn  -^  (vop'per).   or  Wipper  (vip'per).     A 

genre-pamter:  known  w.^PP^r  \y^/-Xr,.^.  Province,  Prussia,  which 


,    which  Wuttke,  Karl  Friedrich  Adolf. 

.     ^^  ,    '•   "'"<^1      Ti^^clo,.    Vr.-r  IS    1819!  , lied  at  Hal 

joins  the  Ehine  7  miles  north  of  Cologne.  Its 
valley  contains  the  manufacturing  towns  Elberfeld,  Bar- 
men,'Solingen,  etc    Length,  65  miles._ 


Wrieht  Thomas.   Born  near  Ludlow.  England,  Wlirschen(vorsh  en). 
April  2iriS10:  died  at  London.  Dee.  23, 1877.  An     Saxony :  theheadquarters  of  the  soverjeigns  of 
English  antiquary  and  historian.  He  was  one  of  the 


founders  of  the'PerJv,  Camden,  and  Shakspere  societies,     in  Mav.  1813,  whence  the  battle  IS  sometimes 

and  the  British  Archajolo-ical  Association.    He  directed     paUed'tlie  battle  of  Wurschen. 

the  excavation  of  Uriconium.    His  numerons  works  in-  ■ro'ii-ptembere     G.    Wiirttemherg    (viirt '  tem- 

Michel  1838),  "Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  Times, " a  series     southern  Germany,  and  a  state  Ot  tne  Lxerman 


Lehrbuch  der  Physiologic  desMenschen"(1865),"Gnind-  Wuttke  (vot'ke\  Helnrich.  Bom  at  Bneg. 
ziige  der  phvsiologischen  Psychologic "(1874: 2d  ed.  1880).  Silesia.  Feb.  12. 1818:  died  at  Leipsic.  June  14, 
"Logik-"asso-S3X  ••Ethik"(lSS6),  etc.  Hehas^itedthe  ^^-^  ^  German  historian  and  polirieian  :  one 
series  of  -  Phllosophische  Studien    beginnmg  with  1883.      ^^  ^^^  founders  of  the  "  Great  German  "' party. 

__   _  Bom  at 

Breslau.  Xov^  18.  1819 :  died  at  Halle,  April  12. 
1870.  A  German  Protestant  theologian  and  his- 
torian, professor  at  Halle  from  1861. 

Wan- 

the 

meat.  The  French  name  was  Huron,  from  the 
French  hure.  the  arrangement  of  the  hair  by 
the  tribe  suggesting  the  bristles  of  a  wild 
boar.]  A  trfbe  of  Xorth  American  Indians. 
When  first  known  (about  1615)  they  occupied  a  narrow 
territory  between  Georgian  Bay  and  Lake  Simcoe  in  On- 
tario. Thev  were  then  at  war  with  the  Iroquois,  and  the 
contest  was  continued  until  their  defeat  by  the  latter 
in  16*8-49,  when  many  fled  to  the  Tionontati.  and  with 
them  were  driven  from  place  to  place.  The  present  name 
came  into  use  after  the  remov.-a  of  part  of  the  tribe  to- 
gether with  the  Tionontati.  then  incorporated  in  it,  from 
Detroit  to  Sandusky  in  1751.  Subsequently  they  spread 
along  the  whole  south  and  west  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and 
acquired  a  permanent  influence  among  the  tribes  of  the 
region.  Thev  sided  with  the  French  until  the  close  of  Pon- 
tiac's  war,  aiid  afterward  supported  the  British  in  the  ^  ar 
of  1812.  They  now  number  about  7fiO,  chiefly  at  Quapaw 
agency  (Indian  Territory)  and  in  Canada.  See  Iroquoian. 
Wyandotte  (wi'an-dot).  A  city  in  Wayne 
Countv,  Michigan.'  situated  on  the  Deti-oit  River 
10  nules  south-southwest  of  Detroit.  Popula- 
tion (19(10 1.  5.183. 


shal.  He  entered  the  French  army  in  1741 ;  served  in  the 
Seven  Y'ears'  War;  entered  the  Austrian  service  as  colonel 
in  1762 ;  became  a  lieutenant  fleldmarshal ;  and  served 
in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession  (capturing  Habel- 
schwerdt  Jan.  18,  1779).  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
France  in  1793  he  cr.>ssed  the  Rhine  at  the  head  of  an 
army  corps ;  conquered  at  Rohrbach  June  29,  at  Germers- 
beim  July  5,  and  at  Esslingen  July  27,  and  aided  in  the 
capture  of  the  Weissenburg  lines ;  but  was  obliged  to 
recross  the  Rhine  in  December.  He  defeated  the  French 
near  Mannheim  Oct.  23  and  29,  1795,  and  captured  Mann- 
heim. In  1796  he  was  appointed  commander  in  Italy 
against  Napoleon,  but  was  defeated  by  him  at  Castiglione, 
Roveredo,  and  Bassano,  and  was  besieged  in  Mantua  and 
forced  to  surrender  Feb.  2, 1797. 

A  village  near  Bautzen. 


Eussia  and  Prussia  at  the  battle  of  Bautzen 


of  original  letters  (1S38).    He  edited  "  Political  ^ongs  of    Empjip    the  third  in  area  and  the  fourth  in  -^yandotte.    A  novel  by  Cooper,  pubbshed  m 

England"  (1339),  "Reliq'uia;  Antiquse"  (with  HaUiweU,  f.      .  „      ..    ,    ^,  ^.    ..^      -.  .   ,         ,    ,  .^        ,-•'.., 

1839), "Political BaUads" (1841), Maps  Latin  poems (1811), 
"The  Vision  and  Creed  of  Piers  Plowman"  (1842).  'Bio- 


population.    Capital.  Stuttgart.    It  is  hound&l  by  1 843 , 

Bavaria  on  t]  .       .         .        ,         ^,       * 

Constance  on 

west,  and  northwest 

and  has  exclaves  in  HohenzoUem  and  Baden.    

inersiitions.  anu  msiur*  oi  ioib-     Forest  is  in  the  southwest,  and  the  Swabian  Jura  traverses  lactites  and  stalagmites.     LengtH 

nl^l    edited  "•The  cSiterta^     the  conn tiy  from  southwest  to  northeast  The  chief  nvers  ^yyandotte  Constitution, 

2.^t±  f„  P.?«H„p"  /^Ir^     are  the  Neckar  and  Danube.   It  is  an  agricultural  country,  VL  ""  iTinh  Kansns  w.^s  ad 

nroducing  wheat,  oats,  hemp,  barley,  potatoes,  hops,  wine. 


graphia  Literaria"  (1S42),  -'The  Chester  Plays    (lS43-47),_ 
" Anecdota Literaria " (1844),  "The  Archsological  Album 
(1815)    He  also  wrote  "Essavs  on  Subjects  Connected  with 


22  miles. 


the  Literature,  PopinarSupWiH™^^^^^^  the  count^from'southwel^t  to  northeast  The  chief  rivers  -yp-yandotte  Constitution.       The  constitution 

land  in  the  Middle  Ages   (IMO) ,  edited    1  he  canteroury     _,^„^-„,t,,„„,i  Tjannbe.   It  is  an  agncnltural  country,    '^Igr^tiehKansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 


Tales"  (1847-51),  "Earlv  Travels  in  Palestine " (1S4S),  and 
various  editions  of  Early  English  works;  wrote  "England 
under  the  House  of  Hanover,  illustrated  from  the  Cari- 
catures and  Satires  of  the  Dav '  (184S :  a  new  edition  in  1868, 
entitled  "Caricature  Hi5tor>-  of  the  (gorges,  etc."),  "Hi^ 
tory  of  Ireland"  (184S-52X  "Narratives  of  Sorcery  and 
Magic"(lS51),"  The  Celt,theEoman,  and  the  Saxon  "  (1852), 
'■Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and  Expositor  of  the 
English  Language  "  (1852-56X  '■  History  of  Scotland  "  (1S52- 
1857),  "Wanderings  of  an  Antiquar>-"(1854),  "Dictionary 
of  Obsolete  and  Provincial  English "  (1857).  "A  %  olume 
of  Vocabularies  "  C1S57X  "  History  of  King  Arthur  and  the 
Knights  of  the  Round  Table."  compUed  from  Malory(185=), 
"History  of  France"  (1858-62).  -'Les  cent  nonvelks  nou- 
velles  ■  (medieval  tales,  1?58X  descriptions  of  I  riconium, 
"Political  Poems  and  Songs  relating  to  English  History  ' 
(1859-61),  "Essavs  on  ArcUaological  Subjects"  (1S61\ 
"Domestic  Manners  and  sentiments  in  England  during 
the  Middle  Ages'  (ImH):  edited  Giraldus  Cambrensis 
C18t'3);  »Tote  a  "History  of  I'aricature  and  Grotesque" 
(1865):  translated,  at  the  author's  request.  Napoleon's 
"Tie  de  Jules  Cesar  "  (1865-66) :  and  wrote  "  Womankind  in 
Western  Europe  '  (1869).  "  Uriconium  "{ 18721,  and  '■  Anglo- 
Latin  Satirical  Poets  of  the  Twelfth  Centur>"  (ISii). 

Wright,  William  Aldis.  Bom  about  1836. 
An  Enslish  vn-iter  and  editor.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Trinitv  College.  Cambridge:  and  became  its  librarian, 
and  inl'^S  itsvice-master.  He  edited  "Bacons  Essays,  etc" 
(ISC')  "The  Cambridge  Shakspere  "  (with  William  George 
Clark.  1S63-66).  the  "Glebe  Edition"  of  Shakspere  (lOth 
W.  G.  Clark.  1864).  "The  Bible  Word-book  "  (with  J.  East- 
»  ood,  1866),  Bacon's  "  .advancement  of  Learning  "  (1869), 
and  a  number  of  Early  English  texts. 

Wriothesley  (rots'li  or  rot'es-li),  Henry,  third 
Earl  of  Southampton.  Bom  Oct.  6.  1573:  died 
in  the  Netherlands.  Nov.  10.  1624.  -in  English 
politician  and  soldier:  a  friend  of  Shakspere 
who  dedicated  to  him  "  Venus  and'Adonis"  and 
'•TheBapeof  Lucrece."  He  was  accused  of  taking 
p.art  in  the  treason  of  Esseii.  He  was  a  leading  colonizer 
of  North  America,  and  governor  of  the  Tii-ginia  Company. 

Wroxeter  (rok'se-ter).  .A  village  in  Shropshire, 


-timber  etcrSaJlim^'ufSlsKSo^naSrwreli  adopted  at  Wyandotte  (now  a  part  of  Kansas 

goods, 'paper,  machinery,   musical   instruments,   Unen,  Citv.  Kan.)  in  1859.                     „      .„              x^  ^ 

clocks,  beer,  arms,  powder,  etc.    Wiirtembei^  is  dmded  -m-yant  (wi'antl.  Alexander  H.     Bom  at  Port 

into  Jour  .Circles  O^eise):  Neckar  Jag^K^^^  Washington.  Ohio.  Jan.  11.  1836:  died  at  New 


and  Danube.  The  government  is  a  hereditary  constitu- 
tional mon.archy.  The  estates  of  the  realm  consist  of  an 
upper  chamber  and  a  second  chamber.  It  sends  4  repre- 
sentatives to  the  Bnndesrat  and  17  to  the  Reichstag. 
Over  two  thirds  of  the  population  are  Protestant,  and  less 

than  one  third  Roman  Catholic    The  early  inhabitants  of  ™.    „^    Sir  ThomaS      See  Wuatt- 
this  region  were  the  Snevi.    It  was  partly  under  Roman    Wyat^  Sir  inonia^_  J  Tliomas 

rule  frSm  the  1st  to  the  3d  century;  was  overrun  by  the  Wyatt  (wi  at).  01  Wyat  ^wi  at),  cir  xnouuts. 
Alamanni  who  were  conquered  bv  Clovis;  and  formed  Bom  in  Kent,  l•^03:  died  at  Sherborne.  Dorset- 
part  of  the  duchy  of  Swabia.  The  real  history  of  Wur- 
temberj-  begins  in  the  13th  century  with  its  counts.  Count 
Eberhai-d  im  Bsirt  was  raised  to  the  raidi  of  duke  in  149d. 
WUrtemberg  suffered  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War:  ceded 
Montbeliard  to  France  (which  had  seized  it  in  1,93)  in 
1796 ;  received  considerable  territory  in  1803,  and  the 
electorate;  became  a  kingdom  in  1&H5,  and  joined  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine ;  sided  with  the  Allies  in 
1813-  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation:  received  a 
constitution  in  1819:  was  the  scene  of  Uberal  movements 
in  l*4S-50  •  and  sided  with  Austria  in  1866.  and  was  forced 
to  pay  an  indeinnitv.  It  entere.'.  the  German  Empire  in 
ISTX  Area,  7, 528  square  miles.  Pop idatiom  1900 1,  2,169,4!:0. 

Wurtz  (viirts),  Charles  Adolphe.     Bom  at 

Strasburg,  Nov.  26,  1817:  died  at  Pans,  May 

12,  1884.     A  noted  French  chemist,  successor 

of  Dumas  (18.53)  as  professor  of  organic  chem- 

istrv  at  the  Sorbonne.  and  of  Orfila  as  professor 

of  toxicology  at  the  Ecole  de  Medecine,  and 

dean  of  the  inedieal  faculty  1866-76. 
Wiirzburg  (vHrts'borG).   .\n  ancient  bishopric 

andprineipality  of  the  GermanEmpire,  founded 

in  741  ( ?).  The  greater  part  of  it  was  granted  to  Bavaria 
in  IS03 :  it  was  given  to  the  former  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany 
in  I80D  an.',  made  an  electorate  :  entered  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine  in  1806.  and  became  a  grand  duchy ;  and  was 
ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1815. 


York,  Nov.  29, 1892,  An  American  landscape- 
painter.  He  studied  in  Germany,  and  settled  in  New 
York  in  1864.  He  suffered  a  stroke  of  paralysis  about 
1877,  and  afterward  painted  with  his  left  hand. 


shii-e,  Oct.  10, 1542.  An  English  diplomatist  and 
poet,  sent  by  Henry  ^TH.  on  various  diplomatic 
missions.  He  wrote  the  first  EngUsh  sonnets,  and  his 
poems  were  printed  with  Surreys  in  1557. 
I  ISI  Wyatt,SirThomaS,"The Younger."  Bomabout 
1.320:  executed  at  London,  April  11,  1od4.  Son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Wvatt.  He  commanded  at  Boulogne : 
joined  with  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  in  favor  of  Lady  Jane 
Grev  and  against  Queen  Mar>-  l»S-54 ;  and  led  the  men 
of  Kent  against  London  in  Feb.,  1554,  but  was  captured 
Webster  and  Dekker  wTOte  a  play  on  t^e  subject,  called 
"■The  Famous  History  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.  It  was 
printed  in  1607. 
Wyatfs  BebelUon.  The  unsuccessftil  insur- 
rection against  Queen  Mary  and  in  favor  of 
Ladv  Jane  Grey,  led  by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  and 
Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  1553-54. 
Wyborg.     See  Yiborg, 

Wycherley  (wich'er-H),  William.  Born  at 
Cl've,  near  Shrewsbury.  England,  aboiit  IWO: 
died  at  London  (?),  Dec,  1715.  An  Engbsh 
dl-amatist.  He  went  to  France  when  quite  young,  and 
mingled  in  the  s.«iet5-  of  the  Precieuses  at  the  H.,tel  de 
RnnihouiUet  On  returning  he  went  to  Oxford,  ■■"'•"^terto 
the  Middle  Temple  and  studied  law .  became  a  couruer  at 


Wycherley 

tlie  court  ot  Charles  II.;  and  was  imprisoned  several  years 
foi  detit  after  the  death  of  his  first  wife,  the  Countess  of 
Drogheda,wllose  fortune  involved  him  in  litigation.  James 
II  set  hiin  free,  gave  him  a  pension,  and  paid  his  dehts 
out  of  admiration  for  his  play  "The  Plain  Dealer."  In 
1715  he  married  again,  but  died  shoi-tly  after.  He  wrote 
the  plays  "Love  in  a  Wood"  (1872),  "The  Gentleman  Dan- 
cing Master"  (1672,,  "The Country  Wife"  (lG73),and  "The 
Plain  Dealer-  (1077). 

Wych  (wic'h)  street.  A  Loudon  street  which 
opens  behiiiii  Jtulywell  street,  close  to  the  en- 
trance of  Clement's  Inn.  It  contains  some  curious 
old  houses,  and  is  very  narrow.  This  street  is  famous 
in  the  annals  of  London  thieving  for  the  exploits  of  .lack 
sheppard,  wlio  gave  rendezvous  to  his  booii  companions 
at  llie  Willie  Lion  (now  pulled  down)  in  White  Lion  Pas- 
sage. It  was  from  the  Angel  Inn  in  Wych  street  tliat 
Bishop  Hooper,  in  loiA,  was  taken  to  die  for  his  faith  at 
Oloucester.     Hare,  liondon,  I.  45. 

Wyclif,  or  Wycliffe,  or  Wiclif,  or  Wickliffe 

(wik'lif),  John.  Born  at  Spresvrel  (thouf;ht 
to  be  either  Uips\yell  or  Barfonl),  near  Kich- 
mond,  Yorkshire,  about  1334:  died  at  Lutter- 
worth, Leicestershire,  Dee.  31,  13S4.  A  cele- 
brated Enf^lish  religions  lefornier,  called  "the 
Morning  Star  of  the  Reformation."  He  was  a 
fellow,  and  later  (V.HXI)  master,  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
and  became  rector  of  Killiiigham,  Lincolnshire,  in  the  same 
year,  and  in  1363  of  Ludgersliall,  Buckinghamshire,  and 
in  1374  of  Lutterworth.  (The  warden  of  Canterbury  Hall 
1:16.5-67  was  probably  another  John  Wyclif,  of  Merton, 
Oxfoid,  vicar  of  Maylleld :  there  is  much  confusion  be- 
tween the  early  life  of  these  two.)  He  went  with  John  of 
Qaunt  as  royal  ambassador  to  confer  with  papal  nuncios  at 
Bruges  in  1374  ;  was  a  popular  preacher  in  London ;  and  was 
summoned  before  Convocation  in  1377  as  an  enemy  to  Home 
on  accountof  his  attacks  on  tlie  inordinate  arrogance  and 
wealth  and  power  of  the  higher  clei-gy  (this  blow  was 
really  aimed  at  John  of  Gaunt).  The  Pope  signed  five 
bulls  against  him,  authorizing  his  imprisonment.  The 
schism  in  the  papacy,  due  to  the  election  of  Clement  VII. 
in  place  of  Urban  VI.,  induced  him  to  throw  off  his  alle- 
giance to  the  papacy.  He  opposed  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiatlon  at  O-iford  in  1380;  was  condemned  by  the  uiii 
versity ;  and  his  party  was  opposed  and  pei-sccutcd  by 
Courtenay  (archbishop  of  Canterbiuy)  and  others  in  13S,'. 
He  went  back  to  Lutterworth,  where  he  wrote  ceaselessly 
and  fearlessly  against  papal  claims,  and  in  opposition  to 
mere  formalism.  On  Dec.  28,  1384,  he  was  seized  with 
Daralysis  while  hearing  mass,  antl  died  in  a  few  days.  In 
i4?.8  his  bones  were  exhumed,  burned,  and  their  ashes 
cast  into  the  Swift,  by  order  of  the  Synod  of  Constance. 
He  mude  the  first  complete  translation  of  the  Bible  into 
KngUBh  (about  1382) from  the  Vulgate,  assisted  by  I^icholas 


1073 

of  Hereford.  The  latter  translated  the  Old  Testament 
and  the  apocryphal  books  to  about  the  thiril  chapter  of 
the  Book  of  Baruch.  Wyclif  certainly  translated  the  Gos- 
pels (probably  about  1360),  and  presumably  all  the  rest. 
He  WTotc  many  tracts  and  sermons  :  "De  Juramento  Ar. 
naldi,"  "Trialogus, '  "  De  ollicio  pastorali,"  "  l)e  ecclesia," 
■'  Dc  bcnedicta  incarnatione,"  "  De  Diuiiinio  diviiiii,"  etc. 
His  works  were  edited  by  the  Wyclif  .s.iiiety  1^-2-92. 
Wyclifites,  or  Wycliffites  (wik'lif-its).  The 
followei-sot  Wyclif :  commonly  called  Lollards. 
Wyclif's  doctrines,  propagated  in  his  lifetime,  and  later 
by  diieli-air  preachers  called  "  poor  priests,"  largely  coin- 
ciiied  with  the  later  teachings  of  Luther. 

Wycombe  (wi'kom),  or  High  Wycombe,  "r 
Chipping  Wycombe(chip'ingwi'kom).  A  town 
in  Huckiiit;liamsliiro,  En-jland.  31  miles  west- 
northwest  of  London.  It  has  manufactures  of 
cliairs  and  lace.     Population  (1891),  13,435. 

Wye  (wi).  A  river  in  Wales  and  England.  It 
forms  in  its  lower  course  the  boundary  between  Mon- 
mouthshire and  flloucestcrshire,  and  joins  the  estuary  of 
the  Severn  near  Chepstow,  11  miles  north  by  west  of  Bristol. 
It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Length,  about 
130  miles;  navigable  fc»r  barges  to  Hereford. 

WygO,  or  Vigo  (vo'ko),  Lake.  A  lake  in  the 
government  of  Olonotz,  Russia,  30  miles  north 
of  Lake  Onega.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Wyg  to  the 
Bay  of  Onega.     Lengtli,  4.')  miles. 

Wykeham,  William  of.  See  liiiuam  of  WyVe- 

Wyman  vwi'man),  Jeffries.  Bom  at  Chelms- 
ford, Mass.,  Aiig.  11,  1814:  died  at  Bethlehem, 
N.  H.,  Sept.  4,  1874.  An  American  compara- 
tive anatomist.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  iu  lS3;i; 
was  professor  at  Hampden-Sidriey  College,  Virginia,  1*43- 
1847 ;  and  became  professor  of  anatoinv  at*  Harvard  iu 
1847.  He  founded  the  JIuseum  of  Comparative  Anato- 
my ;  was  cunit«jr  of  the  Peabody  Museum ;  and  was  presi- 
lient  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.  He  lec- 
tured on  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology  before  the 
Lowell  Institute  in  1849.  He  published  various  technical 
works. 

Wyndham  (win'dam),  sir  Charles.    Born  in 

1S41.     \\\  iMiglish  actor.    He  studied dicine,  but 

preferred  the  st.age.  He  went  to  the  I  niled  States  in  1862. 
and  made  his  first  appearance  at  Washington.  IU-  tlien 
served  for  some  tinu?  as  surgeon  in  the  19th  army  corps, 
lie  made  his  first  appearance  in  London  in  IK6S,  returned 
to  America  the  next  year,  and  has  since  been  snccissful 
on  both  siiles  of  the  .\tlantic.  Since  1876  he  has  managed 
the  Criterion,  London.     He  was  knighted  in  1902. 


Wythe 

Wynkin  de  Worde.    See  Worde. 
Wyntoun,  "r  Winton  (win'ton),  Andrew  of. 

Lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  A 
Scottish  chronicler,  canon  of  St.  Andrews.  He 
wrote  a  chronicle  of  Scotland  (ed.  by  D.  Laing 
1S7J-79). 

Wyoming  (wi-o'ming).  A  State  of  the  United 
States,  bounded  by  Montana.  South  Dakota, 
Nebraska,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Idaho.  Capital, 
Cheyenne.  The  surface  is  mountainous  (the  Rocky 
Mountains),  the  chief  ranges  being  the  Medicine  Bow, 
Laramie,  .Sweet  Water,  Big  Horn,  Wind  River,  Absaroka, 
f  eton,  and  ShoBllonc.  The  leading  industry  is  stock  rais- 
ing. Tliere  ai-e  also  valuable  coal-mines  and  silver-mines- 
It  contains  13  counties,  has  2  senators,  and  sends  1  repre- 
sentative to  Congress.  Wyoming  was  included  in  large 
part  in  the  Louisiana  purchase;  belonged  formerly  to  Da- 
kota Territory ;  w  as  organized  as  a  Territory  in  1808 ;  and 
was  admitte.l  to  the  Union  in  1890.  Area,  97,890  squan 
miles.     Population  (lOiW),  92..W1. 

Wyoming  Valley.  A  valley  in  Luzeme  County, 
Pennsylvania,  traversed  by  the  North  Branch 
of  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  very  fertile,  and  contains 
beds  of  anthracite  coal.  It  was  settled  in  1762  and  later 
yeai-8  by  colonists  from  Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania; 
and  was  invaded  by  Tories  and  Indians  under  Butler.  The 
defeat  of  the  Americans,  July  3. 1778,  and  the  subsequent 
surrender  of  the  fort,  were  attended  by  massacres  <in  the 
part  of  the  Indians  (much  exaggerated  in  Campbell's  de- 
scription in  his  "Gertrude  ot  Wyoming").  The  settlers 
were  finally  confirmed  in  the  possession  of  the  valley 
about  17s7. 

Wyre  (wir)  Forest.  A  forest  in  Worcestershire, 
England. 

Wyss  (vis),  Johann  Eudolf.  Bom  at  Bern, 
JUirch  13,  17S1:  died  there,  March  31  1830.  A 
Swiss  author,  professor  of  philosophj'  and  chief 
librarian  at  Bern.  His  best-known  work  is 
"Der  schweizerische  Robinson"  ("The  Swiss 
Family  Robinson,"  1813). 

Wythe  ( wiTil),  Oeorge.  Born  in  Virginia,  1726 : 
died  at  Richmond.  Juno  8, 1806.  An  American 
statesman  and  jurist.  As  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
House  of  Burgesses  he  drew  up  a  remonstrance  to  the 
House  of  Commons  against  the  Stamp  Act ;  was  delegate 
to  the  Ccmtiiiental  I'ongrcss  and  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence;  was  speaker  of  the  Virginia  House 
of  Delegates  ;  was  chancellor  of  the  Virginia  court ;  and 
was  prtifessor  of  law  at  William  and  iliiry  College.  He 
was  poisoned  in  his  eighty-llrst  year. 


C— 88 


^*?*^ 


X.     Pseudonym  of  Eustace 
Bu.l<:rell  in  the  '* Spectator." 
Xalapa.     See  Jaiapa. 
Xalisco.     See  Jalisco. 
Xanthippe     (zau  -  thip '  e). 

[Gr,  Zin-6iT:7nj.']  The  "wife 
of  the  Greek  philosopher 
Socrates,  proverbial  for  her 
bad  temper. 

XantMppUS  (zan-thip'us).  [Gr.  Hai^(7r:roc.] 
The  father  of  Pericles.  He  commanded  the 
Athenian  fleet  at  the  \ietory  of  Myeale  479  b.  c. 

XanthipptlS.  A  Spartan  commander.  He  orgao- 
ized  the  Carthaginian  array  in  the  first  Punic  war,  and 
wou  a  victor}-  over  Regulus  in  255  B.  a 

Xanthus  (zan'thus).  [Gr.  Hdi^of.]  In  ancient 
geotrraphy,  a  city  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  situated 
on  the  river  Xanthus  near  its  mouth,  it  was  be- 
sieged and  destroyedby  the  PersiangeneralHarpagrus  about 
545  B.  C,  and  apain  by  the  Romans  under  Brutus  43  or  42 
B.  C.  Important  antiquities  were  discovered  there  by  Fal- 
lows about  1838.  Among  them  is  the  Xereid  monument, 
80  called,  a  cella  with  a  beautiful  Ionic  peristyle,  dating 
from  the  middle  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  The  chief  frieze, 
dn  the  basement,  represents  a  battle  of  cavalry  and  foot- 
soldiers;  the  second  frieze  illustrates  a  siece;  the  third 
frieze,  on  the  cella.  is  sculptiu-ed  with  sacrificial  and  feast- 
ing scenes:  the  fourth  frieze,  on  the  entablature,  shows 
bunting  episodes  and  homage  to  an  official  personage. 
The  principal  parts  of  the  monument  have 'been  trans- 
ported to  the  British  Museum. 

Xanthus.     See  Scatnander. 

Xaraes,  or  Xarayes.    See  Charaes, 

Xaragua  (na-rag'wai.  Aregion  or  ''province" 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  island  of  Haiti 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  its  principal  chief 
was  Behechio,  whose  sister,  AnacAona,  is  celebrated  in  the 
early  history  of  the  island.     See  these  names. 

Xauxa.     See  Jatija. 

Xaver  (ksa'ver),  Prince  (Franz  August  Xa- 
ver).  Bom  Aug.  25,  1730:  died  at  Dresden. 
June  20, 1806.  Younger  son  of  Augustus  III.  of 
Saxony  and  Poland.  He  served  on  the  French  side 
in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was  administrator  of  Saxony 
1763-68. 

Xavier  (zav'i-er;  Sp.  pron.  Ha-ve-ar').  Fra,n- 
cisco  (Francis),  Saint.  Bom  at  the  castle  of 
Xa^iero,  Xavarre,  April  7.  1506 :  died  on  the 
island  ol  Sancian,  Dec.  2,  1552.  A  famous 
Spanish  Jesuit  missionary,  called  '*the  Apostle 
of  the  Indies."  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Paris,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 
He  went  to  Italy  in  1536,  and  labored  there  for  several 
years ;  went  to  L^bon  in  1540,  and  sailed  from  there  in  1541 
on  a  Portuguese  mission  to  the  East  Indies ;  arrived  in  Goa 
in  1542 ;  labored  in  western  and  southern  India,  Malacca, 
tiie  Moluccas,  and  Japan  ;  and  died  on  his  way  to  under- 
take a  mission  to  China.  His  letters  were  edited  in  1795. 
He  was  canonized  in  1622, 

Xenia  (ze'ni-a).  The  capital  of  Greene  County, 
Ohio,  53  miles  northeast  of  Cincinnati :  the  seat 
of  several  educational  institutions.  Population 
(1900),  8,696. 

Xenlen  (ksa'ni-en).  A  series  of  epigrams  by 
Goethe  and  Schiller.  Most  of  them  were  di- 
rected against  writers  of  the  time. 

Xenocrates  (ze-nok'ra-t«z).  [Gr.  Ecvo«parj?f.] 
A  Platonic  philosopher  (396-314),  the  successor 
of  Speusippus  as  head  of  the  Academy,  over 
which  he  presided  for  25  years. 

Xenophanes  (ze-nof 'a-nez).  [Gr.  HeT"o^v;?f.] 
Born  at  Colophon,  Asia  Minor,  about  570  B.  c. : 
died  about  480  B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  the 
founder  of  the  Eleatic  school.  He  settled  at  Elea 
in  Italy  about  536  B.  C.  Fragments  of  his  elt^es  and  hia 
didactic  poem  '"  On  Nature"  have  been  preserved. 

Xenophon  (zen'o-fon).  [Gr.  Hevoowi.]  Bom  at 
Athens  about  430"b.  c.  :  died  after  357  b.  c. 
A  celebrated  Greek  historian  and  essayist,  a 


disciple  of  Socrates.  He  joined  the  expedition  of 
t^Tus  the  Younger  in  401,  and  after  the  battle  of  Cunaxa 
and  the  murder  of  the  Greek  generals  be^^arae  the  chief 
leader  of  the  10,000  Greeks  in  their  march  to  the  Black 
Sea.  (See  Anabasis.)  He  later  entered  the  Lacedaemo- 
nian service ;  fought  on  the  spartan  side  at  the  battle  of 
Coronea  in  394  ;  was  banished  from  Athens  ;  settled  at 
Scillus  in  Eleia  ;  and  s^ent  hislast  years  in  Corinth  (/).  He 
wrote  the  "Anabasis,'  "'Hellenica"  (in  7  books),  the  ro- 
mance " Cyropjedia, "  "Memorabilia  of  Socrates"  (a  de- 
fense of  his  master's  meraorj'X  "CEconomics,"  essays  on 
hunting  and  horsemanship.  "Symposium,"  "Revenues  of 
Athens,"  "Hiero,"  "  Agesilaus."  etc. 

Xeres.     See  Jere^  de  la  Frontera. 

Xeres,  or  Jeres  (na'ras),  Francisco  de.  Bom 
about  1504:  died  after  1547.  A  Spanish  historian. 
From  1530  to  1534  he  was  secretary  of  Francisco  Pizarro, 
taking  part  in  the  conquest  of  Peru  and  retiUTiing  to  Spain 
with  the  first  instalment  of  gold  obtained  from  Atahualpa. 
By  order  of  Pizarro  he  wrote  a  hisiorj-  of  the  conquest 
down  to  Atahualpas  death :  this  was  published  at  Seville 
1534  and  1547.  There  are  several  translations  and  modem 
editions. 

Xerxes  (zerk'sez)  I.  [Gr.  Zep^m^  OPers.  Khsa- 
yarshd.']  Bom  about  519  b.  c.  :  assassinated  465 
or  4&4  b.  c.  King  of  Persia,  son  of  Darius  Hys- 
taspes:  identical  "nith  the  biblical  Ahasuerus. 
He  succeededtothe  throne  in  4S6  or  4S5,  assembled  a  large 
army  for  the  conquest  of  Greece;  bridged  the  Helles- 
pont ;  traversed  Thrace,  Macedonia,  and  Thessaly ;  was  re- 
sisted at  Thermopylae  (which  see)  in  4S0 :  burned  Athens ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Salamis  (which  see)  in  4S0,  and  re- 
turned to  Asia  Minor.  His  generals  were  defeated  at 
Plataa  and  Myeale  in  479,  but  continued  the  war  with 
Greece. 

The  site  of  this  [Xerxes's]  bridge  is  supposed  to  have  been 
from  NagAra  Point  to  the  low  spot  eastward  of  Sestos, 
where  the  level  shore  on  either  side  is  convenient  for  the 
march  of  troops.  The  channel  is  more  than  7  stadia 
broad,  being  about  IJ  miles  English. 

Raidinsoii.  Herod.,  IV.  33,  note. 

Xerxes  II.  King  of  Persia,  son  of  Artaxerxes  1. 
He  reigned  for  a  few  weeks  in  425  or  424  b.  c. 

Xerxes.  A  tragedy  by  Gibber,  produced  in  1699. 

Xibalba.    See  Votan. 

XibitOS.     See  Hihitos. 

Ximanas.    See  Jumanas. 

Ximena  (ne-ma'na).  In  Spanish  history,  the 
T\-ife  of  the  Cid. 

Ximena,  or  the  Heroic  Daughter.  An  adap- 
tation of  ComeiUe's  "Cid"  by  Colley  Gibber, 
produced  in  1712,  piinted  in  171S. 

Ximenes  (zi-me'nez;  Sp.  pron.  He-ma'nas),  or 
Jimenes  (He-ma'nas).  Francisco.  Born  at  Tor- 
re laguna,  Spain.  1436:  died  Nov.  8.  1517.  A 
Spanish  cardinal  and  statesman.  He  studied  at  Al- 
tala  de  Henares  and  Salamanca;  went  to  Rome;  took  pos- 
session of  a  benefice  in  Spain  by  virtue  of  a  papal  letter ; 
but  was  dispossessed  by  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo  and  im- 
prisoned. He  was  afterward  restored  and  made  vicar-gen- 
eral ;  became  a  Franciscan  monk  and  confessor  to  Queen 
Isabella  (149-2X  aud  later  a  Franciscan  provincial ;  and  was 
made  archbishop  of  Toledo  and  primate  of  Spain  in  1495. 
In  150&-07  he  was  provisional  regent  of  Castile  ;  became  a 
cardinal  in  1507,  and  inquisitor-general ;  led  an  expedition 
against  Gran  in  15tt» :  and  was  regent  of  Spain  1516-17. 
He  printed  the  Complutensian  polyglot  Bible  and  fouuded 
the  I'niversitj-  of  Alcalii  de  Henares. 

Ximenes  de  Quesada  (ne-ma'nas  da  ka-sa'- 
THJi).  Gonsalo.  Born  in  Granada,  Spain,  about 
1498  :  died  after  1576.  Conqueror  of  New  Gra- 
nada. He  was  a  lawyer ;  was  lieutenant  of  Lugo  at  Santa 
Marta:  left  that  place  to  explore  the  interior,with800men, 
April  5, 15.">6 ;  and,  after  enduring  great  hardships,  reached 
and  conquered  the  rich  plateau  of  Cuudiuamarca,  and 
founded  BogotA,  Aug.  6, 1»3S.  Charles  V.  refused  to  make 
him  governor  of  the  countrj',  and  he  was  persecuted  and 
imprisoned.  Later  he  was  given  militarj'  commands,  and 
in  1569  led  an  expedition  into  the  Orinoco  valley  in  search 
of  El  Dorado.  Some  accounts  say  that  he  died  a  cente- 
narian in  1697. 

Xincas  (nen'kas).  An  extinct  tribe  of  Indians 
of  southern  Guatemala,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  close  to  the  borders  of  Salvador,  when  found 


by  Alvarado  in  1554  they  were  savages  of  a  low  grade,  liv- 
ing in  villages  built  of  wood  and  thatch.  A  small  vocab- 
ulary of  their  language  which  has  been  preserved  appears 
to  indicate  a  distinct  stock.  It  has  been  supposed  that 
the  Xincas  occupied  the  highlands  of  Guatemala  previous 
to  the  ad%-ent  of  the  Quiches  and  Cakchiquels 
Xingia  (shen-go').  A  southern  tributary  of  the 
Amazon  in  the  states  of  Matto  Grosso  and 
Para,  Brazil,  it  was  explored  by  Von  .den  Steinen  in 
1SS5.  Length,  about  l,100mib*«:navigablefor  steamers  110 
miles.    Sometimes  written  Chingu. 

Xiphias  (zifi-as).  [L.,  'the  Sword-fish.']  1. 
A  constellation  made  by  Petrus  Theodori  in 
the  loth  century,  in  the  south  pole  of  the  eclip- 
tic, and  now  named  Dorado. —  2.  In  older  au- 
thors, a  sword-shaped  comet. 

Xiquitos.     Same  as  Chiquitos. 

Xisuthrus  (zi-s6'thrus).  According  to  Bero- 
sus  the  historiographer  of  Chaldea.  the  name 
of  the  last  of  the  first  decad  of  mythical  kings 
of  Babylonia,  "who  was  advised  by  the  gods  to 
save  himself  and  his  family  from  the  deluge  by 
building  a  ship.  He  corresponds  to  the  Noah 
of  Genesis  and  the  Hasisatra  of  the  cuneiform 
account  of  the  deluge. 

With  the  Deluge  the  mythical  histor}  of  Babylonia  takes 
a  new  departure.  From  this  event  to  the  Persian  ton- 
quest  was  a  period  of  36,000  years,  or  an  astronomical  cy- 
cle called  saros.  Xisulhros.  with  his  family  and  friends, 
alone  sui-vived  the  waters  which  drowned  the  rest  of  man- 
kind on  account  of  their  sins.  He  had  been  ordered  by 
the  gods  to  build  a  ship,  to  pitch  it  within  and  without, 
and  to  stock  it  with  animals  of  every  species.  Xisathros 
sent  out  first  a  dove,  then  a  swallow,  and  lastly  a  raven,  to 
discover  whether  the  earth  was  dry.  The  dove  and  the 
swallow  returned  to  the  ship,  and  it  was  only  when  the 
raven  flew  away  that  the  rescued  hero  ventured  to  leave 
his  ark.  He  found  that  he  had  been  stranded  on  the  peak 
of  the  mountain  of  Nizir.  '"  the  mountain  of  the  world,  " 
whereon  the  Accadians  believed  the  heaven  to  rest, — 
where,  too,  they  placed  the  habitation  of  their  gods  and 
the  cradle  of  their  own  race.  Since  Xizir  lay  among  the 
mountains  of  Pir  Mam,  a  little  south  of  Rowandiz,  its 
mountain  must  be  identified  with  Rowandiz  itself.  On 
its  peak  Xisuthros  offered  sacrifices,  piling  up  cups  of 
wine  by  sevens  ;  and  the  rainbow,  *'the  glory  of  Anu,' 
appeared  in  heaven,  in  covenant  tliat  the  world  shonlU 
never  again  be  destroyed  by  a  flood. 

Sayce,  Anc  Empires,  p.  106. 

Xivaros,     See  Jharos. 

Xochicalco  (no-che-kal'ko).  A  locality  in 
Mexico.  75  miles  southwest  of  Mexico  City, 
noted  for  its  ruins.  The  principal  structure  is  a  trun- 
cated pyramid  or  mound  with  5  terraces  supported  by 
mason-work,  and  a  walled  area  on  the  summit.  Originally 
there  was  a  smaller  stone  pyramid  on  top,  but  most  of 
this  has  been  carried  away  for  building-material. 

Xochimilco  (Ho-che-mel'ko),  [Xahuatl,  'field 
of  tiowers.']  One  of  the  lakes  of  the  Mexican 
valley,  about  7  miles  south-southeast  of  Mex- 
ico City.  It  is  separated  from  Lake  Chalco  by  only  a  nar- 
row causeway.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  was  nearly 
or  quite  confluent  with  I^e  Tezcuco,  which  surrounded 
Mexico. 

Xosa  (kso'sa),  or  Amazosa  (a-ma-kso'sa).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  South  Africa.  Their  land 
borders  in  the  north  on  the  Kei  River,  in  the  southeast  on 
the  ocean,  and  in  the  south  on  Cape  Colony.  They  are 
closely  related  to  the  Zulus.  Their  language  is  one  of  the 
oldest  forms  of  £antu  speech.  Owing  to  the  custom  of 
"uku-hlonipa,"  which  forbids  a  female  to  pronounce  the 
name  of  any  male  relative,  or  even  its  emphatic  syllable, 
the  women  nse  a  different  vocabulary  from  that  of  the 
men.  The  letter  X  in  their  name  is  the  lateral  click,  simi- 
lar to  that  used  for  urging  forward  a  horse. 

Xury  (zu'ri).  A  servant  of  Kobinson  Crusoe: 
a  character  in  Defoe's  romance  of  that  name. 

X.  Y,  Z,  Mission.  An  American  embassy  to 
France  in  1797,  consisting  of  C.  C.  Pinckney, 
Marshall,  and  Gerry.  An  attempt  wasmade  by  three 
French  agents  (disguised  as  X.,  Y..  and  Z.)  to  bribe  them. 
The  correspondence  was  disclosed  in  1798, 


orlj(i).  An  arm  of  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee,  near  Amsterdam, 
connected  with  the  North 
S(!i  by  the  Xorth  Sea  Canal. 

Yablbnoi  ( yii  -  bl6  -  noi ' ) 
Mountains.  Tlie  name  of 
the  Staiiovoi  mountain  sys- 
tem in  its  southwestern  part. 
Yacundas.      See  Jacundas. 

Yadkin  (yad'kin).  The  name  of  the  Great  Pe- 
dee  in  North  Carolina. 

Yaglias  (yii-gwas'),  or  Yahuas  (yii-was')-  In- 
dians of  northern  Peru,  on  the  upper  Amazon 
between  Nauta  and  Pebas.  They  were  gathered 
into  mission  villages  16S3-1727,  but  now  live  nearly  in  a 
wild  state.  They  go  naked,  or  wear  only  a  strip  of  bark 
cloth  about  the  loins,  with  feather  ornaments  on  the 
head  and  wrists.  Their  arms  are  lances,  bows  and  arrows, 
and  hlow-gnns.  Physically  they  are  described  as  a  hand- 
some  race,  and  rather  light-colored;  they  are  docile  and 
friendly  to  the  whites.  Two  or  three  thousand  remain. 
The  Yagua  language  appears  to  be  of  mixed  origin :  it  is 
related  to  that  of  the  Peb:is. 

Yabgans.     See  Fucyians. 

Yahoos  (ya-hoz').  [A  made  name,  probably 
meant  to  suggest  disgust ;  cf.  nnh,  an  interjec- 
tion of  disgust.]  A  name  given  by  Swift,  in 
"  Gulliver's  Travels,"  toafeignedrace  of  brutes 
having  the  form  of  man  and  all  his  degrading 
passions.  They  are  placed  in  contrast  with  the  Hou- 
yhnhnms,  or  horses  endowed  with  reason,  the  whole  be- 
ing designed  as  a  satire  on  the  human  race. 

Yahuas.    See  Yiujuds. 

Yahveh  (ya-va').  [Heb.  Taliveh  or  Tahicch.'i 
The  Hebrew  name  of  God.     See  the  extract. 

There  are  two  opinions  as  to  what  was  the  actual  pro- 
nunciation of  the  sacred  name  while  Hebrew  was  still  a 
spoken  language.  On  the  one  hand,  we  may  gather  fiom 
the  contemporary  Assyrian  monuments  that  it  was  pro- 
nounced Yahu.  Wherever  an  Israelitish  name  is  met 
with  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  which,  like  Jehu  or 
Hezckiah  is  compounded  with  the  divine  title,  the  latter 
appears  as  Yahu,  Jehu  being  Vahua,  and  Ilezekiah  Kha- 
zaki-yahu.  Even  according  to  the  Masoretes  it  must  be 
read  Yeho  (that  Is,  Y&hu)  when  it  forms  part  of  a  proper 
name.  The  early  Gnostics,  moreover,  when  they  trau- 
Bcribed  it  in  Oreck  characters,  wrote  Ia6  (that  is,  Yahij). 
On  the  other  hand,  the  four  consonants,  Y  H  V  If,  can 
hardly  have  been  pronounced  otherwise  than  as  Yuhveh, 
and  this  pronunciation  is  supported  by  the  two  Greek 
writers  Theodoret  and  Epiphanios,  who  say  that  the  word 
was  sounded  Yav^.  The  form  Y'nhveh,  however,  is  inconi- 
patil)le  with  the  form  Yahu  (Yeho),  which  appears  in 
proper  names  ;  ami  it  has  been  maintained  that  it  is  due 
to  one  of  those  jjlays  on  words  of  which  there  are  so  many 
examples  in  the  (tld  Testament.  The  spelling  with  a  linal 
k  was  ailopted,  it  has  been  supposed,  in  order  to  remind 
the  reader  of  the  licbrew  verb  whicli  signifies  '*  to  be," 
and  to  whicli  there  seems  to  he  a  distinct  allusion  in 
Exod.  iii.  14.  Sai/ce,  Anc.  Mrtnuments,  p.  75. 

Yajurveda  (ya-jor-va'da).     See  Vnla. 

Yaka  (yii'kil),  or  Bayaka  (bii-yii'kii).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  French  Kongo,  back  of  the  coast- 
Btation  Mayumba.  They  are  also  called  Ban- 
inka. 

Takala  (yii-kii'iii),  or  Mayakala  (ma-yii-ka'- 

la,),  also  calleil  Mayaka.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
lower  Kuangu  ((Quango)  valley,  mostly  in  the 
Kongo  State  (lat.  (;°-7°  S.),  but  partly  in  An- 

?ola.  Their  king  is  called  .MuenePutuKassongo,orMuata 
amvo  Kassongo,  and  was  nominally  a  vassal  of  the  ^luata 
Yamvo  of  Lunda.  The  tribe  forms,  ethnicidly  and  lin- 
guistically, the  Bout  hern  wing  of  the  great  Tcke  nation. 
The  Portugtieso  call  them  Malaccas,  and  in  history  they 
apnear  as  Jagas. 

Yakima  (yak'i-mii),  or  Yakama  (yak'ii-mii). 
A  trilx^  of  North  American  Indians  found  in 
180.')  on  tlic  liea<l  waters  of  Cataract  (or  Kliki- 
tat)  and  Tapteal  (or  Yakima)  rivers,  Washing- 
ton. Of  late  the  name  Yakivnalncludcsa  considerable  pro- 
portion of  the  tribes  speaking  the  .shahaptian  language 
and  probably  originally  having  Utile  connection  with  tlio 
Yakiiua  proper.  There  are  now  IMS  Yakima  on  the  reser- 
vation bearing  their  name  In  tlie  .State  of  Washington. 
See  S/iniinptifin. 

Yakima  Pass.  A  pass  over  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains in  I  he  State  of  Washington,  ubout  lat. 
47°  20'  N.  Height,  about  :t,()00  feet.  It  is 
crossed  bv  the  Northern  Pacific  Kailrond. 

Yakima  River.  A  river  in  the  Sluln  of  Wash- 
ingloM  wliich  .joins  tho  Columbia  above  the 
mouth  of  tho  Snake.     Length,  over  200  miles. 


Yakonan  (yaTto-nan).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians:  named  from  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  name  of  the  principal  tribe,  the 
Yaqiiina  or  Yakwina.  It  is  composed  of  four  tribes, 
the  Yacjuina,  Alsea,  Siuslaw,  and  Kuiticor  l.ower  I'mpqua, 
They  formerly  lived  on  the  Yatiuina,  .\lsea.  Siuslaw,  and 
t'mpqna  rivers,  in  western  Oregon :  the  survivors  are  now 
on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Tillamook  County,  Oregon. 

Yakone.     See  Ydquina. 

Yakub  Khan  (ya-kiib'  khan).  Born  1849.  Son 
of  Shere  Ali,  and  his  successor  as  ameer  of 
Afghanistan  iu  1879.  ILe  signed  a  treaty  with  the 
British  in  IbTO.  He  was  suspected  of  com^plicity  in  the 
murder  of  the  British  envoy  and  others  at  Kabul  on  Sept. 
3  in  that  year ;  was  scut  as  prisoner  to  India ;  and  was  de- 
posed in  18S0. 

Yakuts  (ya-kiits').  Apeople  of  Turkish  or  mixed 
Turkish  origin,  dwelling  in  Siberia  in  tho  neigh- 
borhocxl  of  tho  Lena. 

Yakutsk  (yii-kotsk').  1.  A  province  of  Siberia, 
bounded  by  tho  Arctic  Ocean,  the  Maritime 
Province,  Amur,  Transbaikalia,  Irkutsk,  and 
Y^eniseisk.  The  surface  id  largely  table-land,  crossed 
by  many  mountain-ranges,  and  with  tundras  in  the  north. 
It  has  important  gold-nrines.  The  inhabitants  arc  princi- 
pally Yakuts.  Area,  1,533, 3'.)7  square  miles.  Population 
(1892),  2SO,20O. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Yakutsk,  sit- 
uated near  the  Lena  about  lat.  62°  N.,  long. 
i:!0°  E.     Population  (1892),  5,300. 

Yale  ( val),  Elihu.  Born  at  or  near  Boat on,Ma8S., 
April".'),  164S  (1(V19?):  died  in  England,  July  8, 
1721  (buried  at  Wrc^cham,  Wales).  An  Eng- 
lish colonial  oflicial  in  India,  governor  of  Fort 
St.  George,  Madras.  He  gave  a  donation  of  books 
and  money  (to  tho  value  of  about  £8(>0)  ti  the  collegiate 
school  in  >'ew  Haven,  which  was  named  for  him  Y'ale 
College. 

Yale  University.  A  famous  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  New  Haven,  Connecticut.  It  was  chartered 
in  1701  as  a  collegiate  school,  and  opened  at  Saybrook, 
Connecticut  (though  the  classes  were  first  held  at  Killing- 
worth  and  Milford).  A  new  building  was  erected  at  New 
Haven,  and  in  1718  the  college  was  transferred  there  and 
called  Yale  College  on  account  of  gilts  received  from  Elihu 
Y'ale.  It  received  a  new  charter  in  174:'*,  and  in  1Sn7  took 
the  name  Yale  I'niversity.  Besides  the  academical  ile- 
partnibnt  it  includes  schools  of  philosophy;  of  medicine, 
founded  in  1812;  of  theology  (Congregational),  founded  iu 
1822 ;  of  law,  founded  in  1824 ;  tiie  Peabody  Museum  of 
Natural  History  ;  the  Sheflield  .Scientirtc  School,  begun  In 
1847  ;  and  the  School  of  Fine  Arts,  founded  In  1861.  The 
library  contains  over  2.'>o.oo<)  volumes.  It  has  over  250 
instrnctors  :ind  2,. -no  students, 

Yalu,  Battle  of  the.  A  naval  engagement 
between  tliu  .Japanese  under  V'ice-Admii'al  Ito 
and  the  Chinese  under  Admiral  Ting  Ju  Chang, 
off  the  Yalu  Kiver,  Korea.  Se])!.  17,  1.S94,  in 
whi<'h  the  Japanese  were  vii'torious. 

Yama(va-ma').  [Skt., 'the  Twin.']  In  the  Rig- 
veda,  tiif^  name  of  the  god  who  rules  in  heaven 
over  Hie  blessed  —  the  Jlanos,  Fathers,  (U'  Pitris 
—  an<l  is  thorelore  called  king.  Ileisasonof  Yivas- 
vant,  the  goil  of  the  dawning  daylight  or  morning  sun,  who 
is.also  the  father  of  the  Ashvins,  Posl-Vedle  times  see  In 
him  tho  ruler  of  the  liead  In  the  underworld,  and  under- 
stand the  name  as  nieaidng  ■  Kestralner';  the  real  mean- 
ing is  'Twin.'  Yama  and  his  sister  Yand  are  the  first 
lininan  pair,  who  have  preceded  all  to  the  realm  beytuid. 

Yamacraw  (yii'mji-kra).  A  tribe  of  North 
Atucrii'au  Indians  who  lived  on  tlie  lower  Savan- 
nah Kiver,  (.ieorgia.  They  are  best  known  through 
their  chief  Tomochlchi,  who  was  so  friendly  to  the  Eng- 
lish colony  at  .Savatmah  that  he  was  called  their  protector, 
and  was  presented  at  tho  British  court  In  173;|  by  Ogle- 
thori>e.     See  MunUifytctnu 

Yamasi  (yiim'ii-se),  or  Jamasee,  or  Eamuses. 

A  tribe  iifNorib  American  Indians  who  liveil.  at 
the  bcginningof  the  18tli  cc>nturv,  on  the  north 
side  of  tho  lower  Savannah  Kiver  in  South 
Carolina.  1'he  name  Is  frt>in  the  Oeek  language,  and 
means  'gentle'  or  'peaceable.*  In  17l.'t  they  entered 
Into  a  conspiracy  against  the  English  colonists  whieli  in- 
eluded  all  the  coast  tribes  as  far  north  as  Cape  Fear  ;  the 
outbreak  Itegan  with  a  massacre.  After  di'feat  theylleil  to. 
the  Spaidsh  territory  of  Florida,  where  they  were  nitacked 
by  the  Creeks  about  17;l3  ami  destroyed  u»  a  tribe,  many 
being  absorbed.     .See  Crrrk  and  Muxkhinjntn, 

Yampah  (yam'pii)  River,  or  Bear  (biir)  Eiver, 

A  river  in  niirthwestern  Colnrado  which  joins 
Green  Kiver  near  l\w  Utah  frontier. 
Yana.    A  river  iu  Siberia  which  llows  into  tho 
1076 


Arctic  Ocean  east  of  the  Lena.    Length,  about 

1,000  miles. 
Yanan  (yii'nan),  or  Noje  (no'zha),  or  Nozi 
(no'zc).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  -American 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  from  Round  Jlountain 
near  Pit  River,  .Shasta  County,  to  Deer  Creek.  Tehama 
County.  California;  and  are  now  in  two  groups,  one  at 
Redding,  the  other  at  Round  Mountain,  Calitornix  They 
numbeied  .SG  in  1884.  The  stitck  consists  of  a  single 
tribe,  the  Yana. 

Yancey  (yan'si),  William  Lowndes.  Bom  at 
Ogeechee  Shoals,  Ga.,  Aug.  10,  1814:  died  near 
Montgomery,  Ala..  July  28,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  lawyer.  He  was  Democratic  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Alabama  1844-4*>;  became  a  leader 
of  the  Southern  advocates  of  secession  ;  was  presidential 
elector  in  1850;  withdrew  from  the  Democr.ttic  ^'ational 
Convention  at  Charleston  in  1800  ;  and  reported  the  ordi- 
nance of  secession  in  the  Alabama  convention  in  1-^01.  He 
was  a  Confederate  agent  in  Europe  and  Confederate  sen- 
at..r, 

Yang-cbau  (yiing'chou').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiang-su,  China,  situated  on  the  Grand 
Canal  3!)  miles  northeast  of  Nanking.  Popu- 
lation, estimateil,  about  3()0,000. 

Yang-tse-Kiang  (yiing'tse-ke-iing'),  or  Yang- 
tse,  or  Yang-tze  (yang'tso.  [Chin.,  'son  of 
the  sea.']  The  largest  river  of  the  Chinese 
em])ire,  called  in  its  upper  course  the  Ein-sba- 
Kiang,  and  lower  down  the  Ta-Kiang  ('great 
river  ).  It  rises  in  the  mountains,  northeni  Tibet,  about 
lat.  SC  N.,  long.  91'  E.;  flows  through  Tiliet,  Koko-Sor, 
and  China  ;  and  empties  into  the  Yellow  Sea  about  lat  31' 
30'  N.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Ya-lnng,  Min,  Kia- 
ling,  lian,  \Vu,  and  Lake  Toongting,  It  is  ei>nnected  by 
the  Grand  Canal  with  the  Y'ellow  River.  On  It  are  Siuehn, 
Kweirh()w,  lehani-',  Hanko\i,  Kiu-kiang,  banking,  and 
Nnnkinir.    Len'.;th,  about  3, '-'OO  miles  ;  navigable  to  Ichang. 

Yanina.     See  .Janina. 

Yankee  Doodle  (yang'ke  do'dl).  An  Ameri- 
can national  air.  probably  of  English  origin  in 
the  middle  of  the  I8th  century.  Its  traditional 
author  is  Dr.  Scbuekburgh.  a  surgeim  in  the  French  and 
Indian  war,  aliout  17-''5.  .The  original  name  of  the  song, 
not  the  air,  was  "The  Yankee's  Keturn  from  Camp." 

Yankees  (yang'kez).  [Origin  uncertain.  Ac- 
cording to  a  common  statement,  Yiinkees  is  a 
viir.  of  Yciikccs  or  Ycnficcs  or  Yauiiijlne.i,  a  name 
said  to  have  been  given  by  the  Massachuset 
Indians  to  the  English  colonists,  being,  it  is 
sup]iosed,  an  Indian  corruption  of  the  E.  word 
JCiiiilisli,  or,  as  some  think,  of  tho  F.  Jnglais.'\ 
1.  Citizens  of  New  Enghmd. —  2.  By  exten- 
sion, natives  of  the  United  Stales:  chiefly  a 
European  use. —  3.  Soldiers  of  the  Federal  ar- 
mies :  so  called  bv  the  Confederates  during  the 
Civil  War. 

Yankton  (yangk'ton).  A  city  in  Yankton 
County.  South  Dakota,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Dakota  and  Missouri  rivers,  in  lat.  42° 
!)l'  N.:  formerlv  a  capital  of  tlie  Territory  of 
Dakota.   Peimla'tion  f  191)111,  4. P.M. 

Yankton  Indians.    A  tribe  of  the  Sioux. 

Yao  (you),  or  Wayao  (wii-you').  A  numerous 
Bantu  tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  be- 
tween the  upper  Ro\'uma  Kiver,  the  Lujende, 
and  a  mountain-range 'east  of  Lake  Nvassa. 
They  are  well  built  and  strong,  and  have  roniMl  faces, 
only  slightly  ]>nignathic,  but  with  a  Hal  nose.  The  wonien 
wear  a  small  pelele  In  the  pierced  lip.  Cir\-umelsion  is 
practised  at  the  age  of  puberty,  when  the  Itoys  take  a 
new  name.  Four  dialects  of  (be  langu:ige.  ealli-d  Klynu, 
are  distinguished,  luitl  a  Christian  literature  is  cumluff 
Into  existence. 

Yap  (yiip).  or  Ouap  (gwiip).  An  island  in  tho 
Caroline  group,  North  Piicillc  Ocean.  Length, 
aboiil  10  miles.  Ihe  liemninllagwas  niised  over  Yap 
In  ISSf) ;  and  the  resulting  tllspnh'  betweeti  (•rruuiny  and 
.Spain  was  settled  by  Pope  U'O  XIII.  In  188.'>  by  the  award 
of  the  Carollnt'H  to  Spain.  In  l.'^Hl)  the  group  was  pur- 
■■has.d  by  iiermany. 

YapoOS.     See  J'liniiniis. 

YapurA.     See  Japurii. 

Yaqui  (yii'ke).     See  Cahitn. 

Yaqui  (viiTto).  A  river  in  northwestern  Mex- 
ico which  llows  into  the  Gulf  nf  California 
about  lat.  '27°  30'  N.     Length.  2iin-.'!(i0  miles. 

YaQulna  (yji-kwin'ii),  or  Southern  Killamuk. 

The    leudiiig    tribe    of  the    Vakonun   slock    of 
North  American  Indians.     The  name  means  'tor- 


Yaqnina 

tnous'  or  '  winding,'  which  is  the  characteristic  of  the 
stream  bearing  this  name.  They  formerly  lived  in  5ti  vil- 
lages on  both  sides  of  Yaqnina  River,  Oregon,  and  are 
now  on  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  They  are  so  mixed 
with  other  tribes  that  their  number  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. Also  I'ulttcina,  Youickotif,  Youkoiie,  lakon,  i'n- 
Iwne.  .See  i'akonan. 
Yare  (yar).  A  river  in  Norfolk,  England,  which 
unites  with  the  Waveney  to  form  the  Breydon 
near  Yarmouth. 

Yariba.    See  Toruba. 

Yarkand  (yar-kand').  The  name  given  in  part 

of  its  course  to  the  Tarin. 
Yarkand,  or  Yarkend  (yiir-kend')-  A  city  in 
Eastern  Tiu'kestan,  Chinese  empire,  situated  on 
the  river  Yarkand,  about  lat.  38°  25'  X.,  in  the 
center  of  a  rich  oasis.  It  has  important  trade  and 
manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  It  has  been  visited  in  re- 
cent tintes  by  Shaw,  Forsyth,  and  Carey.  Popnlatiun.  esti- 
mated, 1111,000. 

Yarmouth  (yar'muth),  or  Great  Yarmouth. 
[ '  Mouth  of  the  Y'^ar  or  Yare.']  A  seaport  in  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  North  Sea,  at  the  mouths 
of  the  Bute  and  Breydon,  in  lat.  52°  36'  N.,  long. 
1°  43'  E.  It  has  important  herring,  mackerel,  cod.  and 
other  fisheries,  and  active  trade,  and  is  noted  for  its  cured 
flsh  ("  Yarmouth  bloaters  ")•  The  Church  of  St.  >'icho- 
las  is  the  largest  parish  church  in  England,  measuring  230 
by  U"2  feet.  The  oldest  part  of  the  e.visting  building  is  the 
n.ave  (dating  from  1100),  in  a  style  intermediate  between 
the  Norman  and  the  Early  English.  There  is  a  lofty  tower. 
It  is  a  frequented  watering-place.  Population  (lltOl).  51, '250. 

Yarmouth.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Yarmouth 
County,  at  the  western  extremity  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia.   Population  (1901),  6,430. 

Yaroslaff  (yii-ro-slav').  Died  in  1054.  Grand 
prince  of  Kieff,  son  of  Vladimir.  He  inherited 
Novgorod  in  1015;  soon  after  made  himself  master  of  Kielf ; 
and  later  became  ruler  of  the  greater  part  of  Russia. 

Yaroslaff  (ya-ro-sliiv'),  or  Yaroslavl  (yii-ro- 
sliivl' ).  1.  A  government  of  European  Russia, 
sm-roundcd  by  the  governments  of  Vologda, 
Kostroma,  "\ladimir,  Tver,  and  Novgorod,  and 
traversed  by  the  Volga.  It  has  important  man- 
ufactures. Area,  13,751  square  miles.  Popu- 
latioH  (1891),  1,126,891.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Y'aroslav,  situated  on  the  Volga, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Kotorost,  165  mOes 
northeast  of  Moscow,  it  has  considerable  trade,  and 
important  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  etc.  Population, 
81.504. 

Yarra-Yarra  (ya'ra-ya'ra),  or  Yarra.  A  river 
in  Victoria,  Australia,  which  flows  into  Port 
Pliillip  Bay.    On  it  Melbourne  is  situated. 

Yarrell  (yar'el),  William.  Born  at  London, 
June,  1784  :  died  Sept.  G,  1856.  An  English 
naturalist  and  sportsman,  author  of  a  ''Historv 
of  British  Fishes"  (1835-36)  and  a  "History  of 
British  Birds"  (1839-43). 

Yarriba.    See  Yoriihn. 

Yarrow  (yar'6).  A  river  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, which  traverses  the  Loch  of  the  Lowes 
and  St.  Mary's  Loch,  and  joins  the  Ettrick near 
Selkirk.  Length,  about  25  miles.  Wordsworth 
has  written  three  poems  on  the  subject. 

Yasna  (yas'na).     See  Avesta. 

Yassy.     See  Jassij. 

Yates  (vats),  Edmund  Hodgson.  Bom  Julv, 
1831 :  died  May  20,  1894.  An  Englisli  journal- 
ist and  novelist.  He  retired  from  a  position  in  the 
London  general  post-offlce  in  1872 ;  lectured  in  the  United 
States  1S72-73  ;  and  went  as  special  correspondent  of  the 
"  New  York  Herald  "  to  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  etc. ,  1873- 
1875.  He  w.as  connected  with  various  periodicals  ("Our 
Miscellany,"  London  '-Daily  News," etc.);  was  editor  of 
"Temple  Bar"  till  18fi7,  when  he  became  editor  of  'Tins- 
leys  Magazine  "  ;  founded  and  edited  the  London  "  World  " 
with  GrenviUe  Murray  in  1874  ;  and  was  London  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  "Tribune"  for  a  number  of 
years  before  hfs  death.  Among  his  novels  are  "For  Bet- 
ter, for  Worse  "  (1863),  "Broken  to  H.arness  "(1864),  "Run- 
ning the  Gauntlet"  (18rw),  "kissing  the  Rod  "(1860),  "The 
Black  Sheep"  (1867),  "Wrecked  in  Port"  (1869),  "Casta- 
way "  (1872),  "A  Waiting  Race  "  (1S72),  "The  Yellow  Flag  " 
(1872),  etc.  In  1885  he  published  "Edmund  Yates:  his 
Recollections  and  his  Experiences." 

Yates  (yats).  Richard.  Bom  at  Warsaw,  Ky., 
Jan.  18,  1818:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Nov.  27,  1873. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  Whig  member  of 
Congress  from  Illinois  1851-55;  Republican  governor  of 
Illinois  1861-65  (one  of  the  "  war  governors");  and  United 
States  senator  from  Dlinois  1865-71. 

Yavary.     See  .Invar;/. 

Yazd  (yjizd).  or  Yezd  (yezd).  A  city  in  central 
Persia,  capital  of  the  district  of  Yazd,  situated 
about  lat.  32°  N.,  at  the  intersection  of  several 
important  routes,  it  is  the  center  of  the  Persian 
trade  with  India,  and  has  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton, 
confectionery,  etc.     Population,  estimated,  40,000-50,000. 

Yazoo  (ya'zo).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians who  once  lived  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name  in  Mississippi.  D'Iberville  met  them  in  1699. 
In  1730  they  rose  against  the  French,  and  were  driven  away, 
losing  their  tribal  identity.     See  31  uxkhotjean. 

Yazoo  River.  A  river  in  Mississippi  which  is 
formed  by  the  Tallahatchie  and  Yalabusha  riv- 


1076  Yggdrasil 

ers,  and  joins  the  Mississippi  above  Vicksburg.  Yellowstone  Lake  (yel'o-ston  lak).    A  lake  ii, 

Length,  about  280  miles.  the  southern  half  of  the  Y'ellowstoue  National 

Ybbs.     See  Ips.  Park,    traversed   bv   the   Yellowstone    River. 

Yberville.     See  Iberville.  Elevation  above  sea-level,  7,740  feet.    Length,  20  miles. 

Yeadon  (ye'don).     A  manufacturing  town  in     Greatest  width,  is  miles. 

the  West  Riding  of  Y'orkshire,  England,  8  miles  Yellowstone  National  Park.  A  region  set 
northwest  of  Leeds.  Population  _( 1891),  7,396.  apart  as  a  public  pleasure-ground  by  act  of  Con- 
gress in  1872:  famous  for  its  scenerv!  Itliesmainly 
in  Wyoming  and  partly  in  Montana  and"ldaho,  and  con- 
tains now  about  3,500  square  miles.  It  is  a  plateau  and 
mountain  region,  7.0011-11,000  feet  above  sea-level,  and  is 
notedforitsexfraordinarygeysers,  canons,  boiling  springs, 
etc.  It  is  also  a  game-preserve.  It  was  explored  by  an  ex- 
pedition under  Washburne  in  1870,  and  more  fully  by  one 
under  Hayden  in  1871. 


Yeamans  (ye'manz).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  about  1605:  died  in  Barbados, 
W.  I.,  about  1676.  An  English  colonial  governor. 
He  settled  in  Carolina  in  166.%  and  attempted  to  found  a 
colony  from  Barbados,  but  was  removed  from  the  office 
of  governor  in  1G74. 

Yeardley  (yerd'li).  Sir  George.  Born  in  Eng- 
land about  1580 :  died  there,  1627.    An  English  Yellowstone  River.    A  river  which  rises  in  the 


colonial  governor,  governor  of  Virginia  1616, 
1619-21,  and  1626-27.  He  introduced  repre- 
sentative government. 

Yeast:  a  Problem.  A  novel  by  Charles  Kings- 
ley,  published  in  1851:  originally  a  serial  in 
"Eraser's  Magazine"  in  1848. 

Yed,  or  Jed  (yed).  [Ar.  i/ed,  the  hand.]  The 
two  stars  6  and  e  in  the  right  hand  of  Ophiuehus: 
S  is  Yed  prior,  and  f  Yed  posterior. 

Yedo,  or  Yeddo.    See  Tokio. 

Yeisk,  or  Jeisk  (ya'isk),  or  Eisk  (a'isk).  A 
town  in  the  jirovince  of  Kuban,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  an  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azoff,  78  miles 
west-southwest  of  Rostoff.  It  exports  grain, 
flax,  and  wool.     Population  (1889),  29,714. 

Yekaterinburg  (ye-ka-te-reu-borg'),  or  Ekate- 
rinburg (e-ka-te-ren-borg'),  or  Katharinen- 


northwestern  part  of  Wyoming,  traverses  Yel- 
lowstone Lake  and  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  flows  through  Montana,  %nd  joins  the 
Missouri  in  North  Dakota  near  the  frontier  of 
Jlontana.  Below  Yellowstone  Lake  are  the  T'pper  Fall 
(112  feet)  and  Lower  Fall  (310  feet).  Below  the  falls  is  the 
famous  Grand  Cafion  of  the  Yellowstone,  about  24-30  miles 
long  and  600-1,200  feet  deep.  Its  triliutaries  Tower  Creek 
and  G:u-diner  River  also  have  noted  falls.  Length.  1,100 
(1,300  ■/)  miles ;  navigable  to  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Horn. 

Yemassee  ( yem-a-se').  The.   A  novel  by  W.  G. 

Simms.  i>ublished  in  1835. 
Yemen  (yem'eu).  A  region  in  southwestern 
Arabia,  between  Hedjaz,  Hadramaut,  and  the 
Red  Sea.  In  its  most  extended  sense  the  name  included 
nearly  all  of  Arabia  (all  south  of  Syria).  It  was  anciently 
the  seat  of  the  Sahsans  and  Himyaritee.  It  is  now  a  vila- 
yet of  Asiatic  Turkey. 


burg  (ka-tii-ren-en-borg').     ["Catharine's  bor-  Yendys.    The  pseudonym  of  Sydney  Dobell :  an 

ough.'i     A  town  in  the  government  of  Perm,     anagram  of  Sydney. 

Russia,  situated  on  the  Isset,  at  the  eastern  base  Yenikale  (yen-e-ka'la),  Strait  of.     A  strait 

of  the  Urals,  180  miles  east-southeast  of  Perm.     '^"":'"  separates  the  Crimea  from  Circassia,  and 

It  is  on  the  Great  Siberian  road  ;  is  the  headquarters  of  a     connects  the  Sea  of  Azoff  with  the  Black  Sea: 

large  mining  region  :  has  extensive  trade  and  large  nianu-     the  ancient  Bosporus  Cimmerius. 

factures  of  metals,  etc.;  and  contains  a  government  factory  Yenisei  (ven-e-sa'e)      A  river  which  rises  in  tha 

for  polishing  ornamental  stones.    It  was  founded  by  Peter     ,f„Ti  wi/ttvn   ,!t.f 

the  Great  in  1723.    Population  (1887),  37,309.  north  westprn   nnvf 


Yekaterinodar  (ye-ka-te-re-no-dar'),  or  Eka- 
terinodar  (e-ka-te-re-no-dar').  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kuban,  Caucasia,  Russia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kuban,  near  the  junction  of  the 
Karasuk,  about  lat.  45°  N.  It  is  the  residence 
of  the  hetman  of  the  Kuban  Cossacks.  Popu- 
lation, 66,308 


northwestern  part  of  Mongolia,  traverses  Si- 
beria from  south  to  north,  and  flows  by  the  Gulf 
of  Y''enisei  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  east  of  the 
Gulf  of  Obi.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Kan,  Angara 
(from  Lake  Baikal),  Podkamennaya  Tunguska,  and  Lower 
Tungnska.  Length,  over  3,000  miles ;  navigable  in  its  mid- 
dle and  lower  course. 

Yenisei,  Bay  or  Gulf  of.    The  estuary  formed 

by  the  mouth  of  the  Y'enisei. 


__      ...  J/l  I",-      111'  ,1-11  II     V/i     LIU        J.  I-IIiaiTi. 

Yekatermograd  (ye-ka-te-re-no-grad').    A  Yeniseisk  (vcn-e-sa'isk).     1.  A  government  of 


town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Terek,  20  miles  west  of  Mosdok. 
Yekaterinoslaff  (ye-ka-tc-re-no-slav'),  or  Eka- 
terinoslaff  (e-kii-te-re-no-slav').  1.  A  govern- 
ment of  southern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the 
governments  of  Taurida,  Kherson,  Pultowa, 
Kharkoff,  the  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
and  the  Sea  of  Azofif.  Area,  24,500  square  miles. 


Siberia,  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  Yakutsk, 
Irkutsk,  the  Chinese  empire,  Tomsk,  and  To- 
bolsk. The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  south  and  level 
in  the  north.  It  is  rich  in  mineral  wealth.  Capital.  Kras- 
noyarsk. Area,  987,186  square  miles.  Population,  458,572. 
2.  A  town  in  the  government  of  Y'eniseisk, 
situated  on  the  Yenisei  about  lat.  58°  N.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,382. 


Population,  1,653,549. — 2.   The  capital  of  the  Yeo  (yo),  or  Ivel  (i'vel).  A  small  river  in  Som- 

government  of  Yekaterinoslaff,  situated  on  the  ersetshire,  England:  a  tributary  of  the  Parret. 

Dnieper,  about  lat.  48°  25'  N.,  above  the  rapids.  Yeoman's  Tale.     See  Canon's  Yeoman's  TaU. 
It  was  founded  by  Potemkin  in  1786.    Popula-  Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  The,  or  the  Merr3nnan 

tion,  (1897),  121,216.  and  his  Maid.     An  opera  by  Sir  Arthur  Sulli- 

Yelets,  orYeletZ,  or  Jeletz  (ye-lets').    Atown  van,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert. "produced  in  1888. 

in  the  government  of  Orel.  Russia,  situated  on  Yeovil  (yo'vil).  A  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng- 

the  Sosna  108  miles  east  of  Orel,     It  has  a  large  land,  situated  on  the  Y'eo  33  miles  southwest  of 

trade  in  grain,  flour,  and  cattle.     Population  Bath.   It  has  manufactures  of  gloves.   Popula- 

(1893),  35,870.  tion  (1891),  9,648. 

Yelisavetgrad,  or  Yelizavetgrad    (ye-le-za-  Yesso.    See  Tezo. 
vet-griid'),  or  Elizabethgrad   (e-le-za-bet- Yeye  (yii'ye),  or  Bayeye  (ba-ya'ye).    A  Bantu 

grail').     A  city  in  tlie  government  of  Kherson,  tribe  of  British  Soutli  Africa,  dwelling  north  of 

Russia,  situated  on  the  Ingul  120  miles  north  Lake  Ngami,  and  still  untouched  by  civilizing 

of  Klierson.    It  has  important  markets.    Popu-  influences.     Their  language,  related  to  Herero,  baa 

latiou    (1897)    61  S41  adopted  three  clicks  from  the  Khoikhoin.    Tbey  are  also 

Yelisavetpol,  or  Yelizavetpol  (ve-le-za-vet- .r^^^'' ^"ij''f t-^^''^"'' °«8hbors. 

poly'),orElizabethpol(e-le-za-be't-poly').    1    -K-^  j:       j        -^r      ■>■        ■,  ,       ,,..'.    .,        tt 
1.   J  ^,     ijii^a.uci,in,ui  V        .    _    vy  1  h   -^^  Yezdigerd,  or  Yesdigerd(yez'di-jerd),  orYaz- 

digerd  (yaz'di-jerd),  or  Isdigerd  (iz'di-jcrd). 
The  name  of  several  kings  of  Persia.   The  first 


A  government  in  Transcaucasia,  Russia.  Area, 
16,721  square  miles.  Population  (1891).  850,623. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Y''elisa- 
vetpol,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the  Kur,  and 
on  the  railway,  110  miles  southeast  of  Tiflis. 
It  was  formerly  named  Ganja,  and  was  an  important 


reigned  about  399-420;  the  second  about  4:i8-l57  ;  and  the 
third,  about  632-6r.l;  his  armies  were  defeated  at  Kadisiya 
(about  6;i6)  and  Nehavend  (about  641)  by  the  Saracens,  and 
lie  was  mtu-dered  about  651. 


town.    It  was  stormed  by  the  Russians  in  1804 ;  and  was  Yezidis,  or  Yozidees  (yez'i-dez).     [From  Tezicf. 


the  scene  of  a  victory  by  Paskevitch  over  the  Persians  in 
1826.     Population,  20,284. 

Yell  (yel).  The  second  largest  island  of  the 
Shetland  group,  Scotland,  situated  north  of 
Mainland.     Length,  17  miles. 

Yellala  Falls  (yel-la'ia  falz).  A  series  of  cas- 
cades in  the  lower  Kongo. 

Yellowplush  Papers.  A  collection  of  sketches 
by  Thackeray,  publi.shed  in  1841.     They  origi- 

.  nally  appeared  in  "  Eraser's  Magazine  "  as  "  The 
Y'ellowplush  Memoirs  "  in  1837. 

Yellow  River.  1.  An  epithet  of  the  Tiber.— 2. 
The  Hwangho  or  Hoangho. 


their  reputed  founder.]  A  sect  or  people  dwell- 
ing in  Mesopotamia,  in  Asiatic  Turkey:  allied 
to  the  Kurds.  They  hold  beliefs  derived  from  Moham- 
medan and  various  other  sources,  and  are  commonly  called 
"devil-worshipers." 

Yezo  (yez'6),  or  Yesso  (yes'so),  officially  Hok- 
kaido. The  northernmost  of  the  four  principal 
islands  of  Japan,  separated  from  the  main  island 
by  the  Strait  of  Tsugaru.  It  contains  many  nioim- 
ta'ins  and  volcanoes.  Length,  about  330  miles.  Area, 
36,299  square  miles.     Population  (1894),  est.,  423,228. 

Ygerne.  In  Ai-thm-ian  romance,  the  mother  of 
Arthur. 


Yellow  Sea,  or  Hwang-hai  (hwang-hi').  An  Yggdrasil  dg  d^a-sil)  [A^so  yo^raf  Ig- 
arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Mng  between  China  ^-''"''  lOH'-flrasin;  Iceh  Tggdra  S!ill;<^f.  Iggr, 
and  Corea.  its  chief  branch.^  arl  Corea  Bay  and  the  ^?-<7'-,  a  name  of  Odin ;  ^y«,  sill.]  In  Scandma- 
Gulfs  of  Pcchili  and  Liautung.  Extreme  width;  over  40O  "an  mythology,  the  ash-tree  which  binds  to- 
miles.  getherheaven,  earth,  and  hell,  its  branchei"  spread 


Yggdrasil 

over  the  whole  eartli  ami  rL-ach  above  the  heavens.  Its 
roots  run  in  three  dii-ections  ;  one  to  the  Asa  gods  in  heaven, 
one  to  the  Frost-giants,  and  tile  third  to  the  under-world. 
Under  caeh  root  is  a  (onntnin  of  wonderful  virtues.  In 
the  tree,  whitli  drops  honey,  sit  an  eagle,  a  squirrel,  and 
four  stags.  .\t  the  root  lies  the  serpent  Nithhojigr  gnaw- 
ing it,  while  the  squirrel  Katatfjskr  runs  up  and  down  to 
sow  strife  between  tlie  eagle  at  the  top  and  the  serpent  at 
the  root.     Also  called  Tree  of  the  (fniuerse. 

Ymir  (e'mir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythologj-, 
a  mighty  sea-giant,  the  fir.-it  ereatf  il  l>eing,  who 
arose  through  the  intenvorking  of  heat  and  cold 
in  (iinnnngagap,  the  iirimeval  abyss.  He  was 
slam  by  odin  and  his  brotners  Vili  and'Ve,  and  hurled 
Into  the  midst  of  Giimurigagap,  llis  flesh  became  the 
land,  his  bones  the  mountains,  his  blood  lakes  and  streams, 
his  hair  the  forests,  his  skull  the  heavens,  and  his  brains 
the  clouds.  Slidgard  was  formed  from  his  eyebrows.  He 
was  also  called  Aur<jttmif. 

Yncas.     See  Iiiriifi. 

Yoga(y6'ga").  [Skt.;iK5f/rt,fromi/.V",/..ioin.]  The 
fourth  of  tlie  si.\  sj-steras  of  Hindu  i>lnio,s(iph_y,or 
the  second  of  the  two  divisions  of  the  Saukhyii 
system.  Its  alleged  author  is  P.itanjali,  of  whom  nothing 
is  known.  It  Is  set  forth  In  the  Vogasuti'a,  a  little  work  in 
four  chapters,  translated  in  part  liy  Uallaiityne  ami  entire 
by  Rajemlra  Lala  Mitra.  The  Yoga  is  commonly  regarded 
as  atheistic  development  of  the  Sankhya,  directly  acknow- 
ledging Ishvara.  or  a  supreme  lieing.  The  aim  of  it  is  to 
teach  the  means  Ijy  wbiLb  the  human  soul  may  attain  com- 
plete union  with  the  Supreme  .Sr.ul.  This  fusion  may  be 
ellectedeven  in  the  tioiiy.  .Vrcording  to  I'atanjali  the  very 
word  Yoga  means  '  llxiiig  or  concentrating  the  ^lind  in 
abstract  meditation."  This  is  secured  liy  preventing  the 
moditlcations  of  chitta,  or  the  thinking  principle,  which 
arise  through  the  three  pramanas,  perception,  inference, 
and  verbal  testimony,  as  well  as  incon-ect  ascertainment. 
fancy,  sleep,  and  recollection.  These  moditlcations  of 
chitta  are  prevented  i»y  the  constant  habit  of  keeping'  the 
mind  in  an  unmodilled  state,  and  by  complete  suppression 
of  the  passitms.  This  la.st,  vaiiagya,  is  obtained  by  con- 
templation of  the.^^npreine  lu-ing.wboisaspiritunatfected 
by  works  and  affections,  ;ind  is  calleil  Om,  the  repetition 
of  which  monosyllatde  has  astoni.shing  results,  and  the 
muttering  of  which,  with  reflection  on  its  meaning,  con- 
duces  to  !i  knowledgeof  the  .Supreme,  and  tends  t«.i  prevent 
all  tiieobslaelt  sto  Yoga.  Tlieincansof  mental  concentra- 
tion arc  eight ;  (1)  Forbearance  or  restraint ;  (2)  religious 
ob.scrvances ;  (;{)  postures ;  (4)  suppression  of  the  breath,  (jr 
breathing  in  a  peculiar  w,ay:  (.'»)  restraint  of  the  senses; 
(G)  steadying  ol  the  mind;  (7)  contemplation  ;' (8)  profound 
meditation  orreligious  trance,  this  last  being  best  attained, 
according  to  the  Bhagavadgita  (VI.  la).  byflxing  the  eyes 
on  the  tip  ot  the  misc.  ami  similar  devices.  The  system, 
a  contrivance  for  getting  rid  of  all  thought,  fs  a  compound 
ol  ascetic  bodily  and  mental  exercises. 

Yogin  (yo-giu'  or  yo'gin),  or  Yog^  f.vo-ge'  or 
yo'ge).  [Skt.,  from  i/of/n  (which  see),  yogiji 
being  the  stem  of  the  substantively  used  pos- 
sessive adjective,  and  i/di/i  its  nominative  sin- 
gular masculine.]  A  followerof  the  Yoga  sys- 
tem: a  Hindu  devotee  or  ascetic. 

Yokohama  (yo-ko-ha'mii).  A  seaport  on  the 
main  island  of  Japan,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Yodo,  16  miles  southwest  of  Tokio,  in  lat.  3.')° 
26'  N.,  Ion;;.  ir!!)°36'  K.  it  is  the  most  important  of 
the  .lapanesc  treaty  jiorts,  and  has  a  large  foreign  trade. 
It  is  coimecterl  by  rail  with  Tokio.  a.id  is  a  i)ort  of  call  or 
terminus  of  the  Facilic  ilail,  Canadian  Pacific,  and  other 
lines  of  steamers.  At  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  neigh- 
boring Kanagawa  as  a  treaty  port  (al)out  185!*)  it  was  a 
fishing  village  :  the  settlement  was  so(m  transferred  from 
Kanagawa  to  It.     Population  (1892),  I42,9l!.'i. 

Yokut,  or  Yocut  (yo'kut).  [PI.,  also  Yokn's.'] 
The  sontheru  division  of  the  Mariposan  stock 
of  North  Ameiican  Indiiins,  formerly  embracing 
a  number  ot  trilies  whose  remnants  are  now 
under  the  Mission  agency,  California.  See 
Maripofiiiii. 

Yonge  v'yunK),  Charles  Duke.  Born  1812:  died 

Dec.  1,  181)1.  All  Kii;;li.sli  historical  writer  and 
classical  scholar,  lie  published  an  "  English-Greek 
Lexicon'    (l&t!«),  'J-  new  Latin  "liradus  ad  Pumassuni ' 

ilS.Ml),  with  an  ajipemlix  of  Latin  epilhet.s(18.'>6),  "A  New 
'lirasuological  Knglish  Latin  and  Latin-Knghsli  lliition- 
ary  '  (isa/i),  histories  of  Knghind  (isvi).  the  liritisli  navy 
(180;t),  France  under  the  ISourbons  (lMiO-n7>,  and  the  Kng- 
lish Itevolution  (ISW).  and  lives  of  Liverpool  (1811-X 
Marie  Antoinette  (l.s"l  )  "Lite  of  .sir  Walter  Scott  "(18SS), 
etc 

Yonge,  Charlotte  Mary.  Bom  atOttcrbourne. 
F.iittland,  lHi;:i:  died  Hicn',  Mniidi  i;4,  l!)il1.  An 
English  novelist  anil  Instorical  and  iniscellane- 
'  oils  writer.  Ikr  works  include  "Heir  of  Redelylfe" 
(Ins;)!,  "  Daisy  Chain"  (IK,'.!!),  -Kings  of  Kngland  "  (I(M8;, 
'  Landinarksof  History'  ll«.'i2-,'>7),  '  llistcuy  of  Christian 
.Names"  i  18l>:j),  a  numlierof  volnineii  of  stories  from  tile  his- 
tories of  ilUferoutcountrie.s  and  iiiinierous  novels,  etc. 

Yonkers  (yonsjk'erz  or  yiiiif,'k'erz).  A  city  in 
WistchesierCouiily,  .\ew  Vork.  situated  on  the 
Hudson  about  15  miles  by  rail  north  of  New 
Vork  city.  It  has  varied  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulnlion  (19(10),  ■t7,!)31. 

Yonne  (yon).  A  river  in  France  which  rises 
n(!ar  the  eastern  border  of  Nievre,  flows  north- 
west, and  joins  the  Seine  at  Montereau:  the 
ancient  Icauna.  It  is  connected  by  canals  with 
the  SaAiio  and  Loire.  Length,  171  idiles;  navi- 
trable  to  Aii.xcrre. 

Yonne.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Seiue-et-Mariie,  Aube,  C6te-d'Or,  Ni^vro,  and 


1077 

Loiret.  Capitfcl,  AuxeiTe.  It  has  a^cnltural  re- 
sources and  mineral  wealth,  and  produces  Iturgmidy 
wines.  It  was  formed  fn>ni  parts  of  the  ancient  cham- 
pagne. Burgundy,  and  Catinais.  Area.  2,S(i8  square  miles. 
I'opulation  (iwil),  .344,(fe8. 

Yorick  (yor'iki.  1.  The  king's  jester  whose 
skull  is  apostrophized  by  Hamlet  in  Shakspere's 
"Hamlet."  V.  1, —  2.  The  pseudonym  of  Lau- 
rence Sterne  in  "A  Sentimental  journey." — 
3.  A  humorous  parson,  in  Sterne's  "Tristram 
Shandy,"  who  claims  descent  from  Shakspere's 
Yoi'ick. 

Yorick's  Love.  A  tragedy  by  W.  D.  Howells, 
on  the  basis  of  a  Spanish  original,  produced 
by  Lawrence  Barrett  in  1S85. 

York(york).   [L.  A'6o(vic«;«.]  A  city  and  county, 

•  capital  of  Yorkshire,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Foss  with  the  Ouse,  in  lat.  '>'i°  57'  N.,  long. 
1°  5'  W. :  the  seat  of  an  arclibisho]iric.  The 
cathedral  (York  Minster)  is  one  of  the  chief  English  ca- 
thedrals, of  Norman  foundation,  but  entirely  rebuilt  in 
subsequent  medieval  jieriods.  The  transepts  are  fine, 
parlieul.irly  the  south  tninsept,  built  in  the  llrst  half  of 
the  l;Jth  century:  it  displays  three  tiei-s  of  arcades,  in- 
ci easing  in  size  upward,  and  the  rich  gable  is  almost  en- 
tirely occupied  by  a  beautiful  rose.  'I'lle  siiuarc  towers  of 
the  inuch-paiieled  west  front  are  of  the  l.'ttli  century,  as  is 
the  massive  central  tower:  the  Perpendicular  choir  and 
Lady  chapel  arc  of  the  lltli.  The  interior  is  highly  im- 
pressive from  its  size  and  height.  The  elaborate  vaulting 
is  of  wood.  \  m.assive  sculptured  rood-screen  sep-irates 
the  nave  from  the  choir-  The  Pcmeiidiciilar  window 
which  tills  almost  the  whole  east  end  measures  78  by  3.3 
feet,  being  siirpasseil  only  by  that  at  tiloucester.  Tlie 
north  transept  possesses  the  celebrated  group  of  lancets 
known  as  the  Five  Sisters.  The  cathedr.il  possesses  more 
old  glass  (t4th  and  l.'dh  centuries)  than  any  other  in  Eng- 
land. Among  its  tombs  that  of  Archbishop  Grey  (1255)  is 
the  most  remarkable.  The  dimensions  are  .VJ.'i  by  luifeet; 
length  of  transepts,  222;  heightof  vaulting.  li"i:  ofwcstern 
towers,  201  feet.  The  octagonal  Iiei-iiraicd  cIi;ipter-liouse, 
without  central  pillar,  is  of  exceptional  lieauly.  Mickle- 
gate  Bar  isoiieof  the  six  medieval  citygates.  It  is  a  high 
square  battleniented  tower,  with  bartizans  on  the  angles, 
whose  arch  spans  the  roadway.  Besides  the  cathednil 
there  are  sevei-al  interesting  churches.  St.  Mary's  Abbey, 
and  a  castle.  York  was  the  capital  of  Britain  during  tlie 
Roman  occupation  ;  was  visited  by  Hadrian  ;  and  was  tlie 
place  of  death  of  Severns  and  Constantiiis  Chlorus.  In 
York  Constantine  was  pi-oclaimeil  emperor.  Ijiler  it  was 
the  capital  of  Northumliria  and  Deira,  and  an  important 
Danishcity.  It  was  an  early  seat  of  learning.  Itwast.aken 
by  William  the  Conc|Ueror  in  IOCS ;  revolted  and  was  re- 
taken by  him  in  loOD ;  wastlie  meeting-pl.ace  of  several  par- 
liaments ;  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliamen- 
tarians in  1644.     Population  (1901),  77,793. 

York  (t'ounty).     See  I'orhxiiire. 

York.     The  former  name  of  Toronto. 

York.  The  eajiital  of  York  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, sit  tutted  on  Codonis  Creek  22  miles 
southeast  of  HaiTisburg.  It  has  mannfaetures  of 
cars,  ngricultnnd  liiiplemenfs,  etc.  In  1777-78  it  waa  tlie 
seat  of  the  Continental  Congress.  Pop.  il900),  33,70a 

York,  Cape.  The  northern  point  of  York  Pe- 
ninsula, Australia,  in  lat.  10°  41'  S.,  long.  142° 
.13'  K. 

York,  Cape.  A  cape  in  Hayes  Peninsula,  Green- 
land, near  the  norllieni  part  of  Baffin  Bav. 

York,  Duke  of.  The  t  itle  borne  by  Henry ^■IH. 
and  Charles  I.  previous  to  the  death  of  their 
elder  brothers,  and  by  James  H.  before  his  ac- 
cession to  the  tlirone.  it  is  at  present  Iwrnc  by  the 
second  son  .,f  Edward  \1I.,  by  the  death  ot  his  elder 
brother  heir  to  the  .  r,.wM  of  F.ntrland. 

York,  Duke  of.     See  /.innilii/,  Fdmini/I  de. 

York,  Duke  of  (Frederick  Augustus).    Born 

Aug.  1(>.  17G3:  died  .Ian.  "i.  ISJ7.  Second  son 
of  tieofKe  HI.  Ue  coininanded  the  unsuccessful  Brit- 
ish expedition  to  the  Netlierl.ands  179;i-»4  ;  was  made  llebl- 
marshal  aiiileoniin:oiib-r  of  the  forces  in  179f)  ;  eominanded 
the  unsueeessfnl  evpeilition  to  the  Netherlands  in  17»l>; 
eapitiibited  at  Alkniaar  (let.  18,  1799;  and  was  obliged  on 
account  of  scandal  to  resign  In  1809,  but  wag  reinstated  in 
Isll.  He  opposed  Catliolie  emancipation.  F'roni  17o;t  to 
ISO-  he  was  prinee-Iiishi'p  of  iisiiabrnck. 

York,  Duke  of  (Richard).  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  WiiUcli.ld,  Mi'iii.  .\ii  Knglish  statesman,  son 
of  Kichaid  (carl  of  Ciiiiibridlre)  and  Anne  Mor- 
timer. He  w.is  eonstalde  of  England  and  regent  of 
France  under  Henry  \1.;  later  was  lieutenant  of  Ireland; 
was  protector  ilurlng  the  inibeeility  of  lleiirv  VI.;  ami 
was  dismissed  from  otflce  in  14r>.'>.  lie  laid  claim  to  the 
heirship  to  the  throne,  and  nreeipltaled  the  Wara  of  the 
Roses  in  that  yi'ar.  In  14(10  lie  was  again  for  a  short  tiiiic 
protector,  and  by  a  conipromiHe  was  recognised  as  heir  to 
the  throne  ;  but  iliis  eompromise  was  rejected  by  Queen 
Margaret,  and  ^  ork  w  is  difealed  and  slain  at  Wakellelil. 

York,  Duke  of  (Richard*.    Bom  about  1174: 

niiiidifod  in  the  Tower,  14H3.  Second  son  of 
K.hvnrd  IV. 
York,  House  of.  A  branch  of  the  English  royal 
dynasty  of  I'laiitagenet,  descended  from  Lionel, 
duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  of  Kdward  HI., 
and  Eilmtind,  dnko  of  Vork,  liflh  son  of  Kdward 

HI.  Ihe  heail  of  the  bouse  was  Itiihiinl,  duke  ot  V..lk 
(killed  Miui).  Ills  s(Mis  Edward  IV.  and  Itlehar.l  III.,  and 
gnindson  Edwaril  V.,  wereklngsof  F.nglainl  14(11-,'*;,.  The 
deseendailtH  of  Edwaril  IV. 's  brother  (Duke  of  Clarence) 
and  sister  (Ellzabelh)  hecaino  clalinantji  after  148,'>.  I'he 
Inst  serious  claliimnt  was  Kichard  do  la  Pule  (died  Ib'ib). 
See  Wan  n/  Ihe  Itote: 


Yosemite  Falls 

York, Vale  of.   Thecentralvalleyof  Yorkshire, 

Kiighiud,  noted  for  its  fertility. 
York  and  Lancaster,  Wars  of.    See  Wars  of 

tin    Hn.sc.^. 

Yorke  (york),  Oliver.  The  pseudon\Tn  (origi- 
nally that  of  Mahoiiy)  under  which  "Fraser's 
Ma^jazine"  is  edited. 

York  House.  --V  former  palace  in  London,  situ- 
ated on  the  Strand  west  of  Salisburj- House  and 
the  Savoy:  a  town  residence  of  the  archbishops 
of  York  after  \Volsey.  It  should  not  be  confounded 
with  York  Place.  The  only  archbishop  who  actually  re- 
sided here  was  Heath,  Queen  Mary's  chancellor.  It  be- 
came the  official  residence  of  chancellors  and  keepers  of 
the  great  seal;  hence  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  went  to  reside 
there  and  Francis  Bacon  was  born  there.  The  tlrst  Duke 
of  Buckingham  obtained  the  property  from  James  I.,  and 
proposed  to  build  a  palace  from  the  designs  of  Inigo  Jones : 
only  the  water-gate  w'as  built.     See  Whitehall  Palace. 

York  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  South  Aus- 
tralia, between  Spencer  Gulf  and  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Vincent.     Length,  about  120  miles. 

York  Place.  A  name  formerly  given  to  White- 
hall Palace,  London. 

York  Plays  or  Mysteries.    A  cycle  of  48  plays 

pcrfonmd  by  the  ('rafts  or  Mysteries  of  York 
on  Corpus  Christi  Day,  in  the  14th,  l.'ith.  and 
16th  centuries.  The  earliest  mention  of  them  is  in  1S76, 
when  they  had  already  been  established  some  years.  They 
were  printed  in  lbS5  by  Lucy  Toiilinin  .smith  from  the 
unique  MSS.  iu  the  library  of  Lord  Aslilmrnhain. 

York  Ri'ver.  A  river  or  estuary  in  Virginia, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Mattapony  and  Pa- 
miinkey  rivers  at  West  Point.  Length,  35—40 
miles. 

Yorkshire  (ydrk'shir).  The  largest  cotinty  in 
En^'lancl.  It  is  bounded  by  Durham  (frvnn  which  it  Is 
separated  by  the  TeesX  the  .North  Sea,  Lincolnshire  (sepa- 
rated by  tlieUnmber).  Nottingham,  llertiy,  Cheshire,  Lan- 
cashire, and  Westmoreland ;  and  coimirises  the  admin- 
istrative divisions  of  North  Riding,  East  Riding,  West 
Riding,  and  the  City  of  York.  It  is  tniverseil  in  the  west 
by  the  Pennine  chain,  and  its  surface  is  givatly  diversified. 
It  has  iniiKirtant  mines  of  coal,  iron,  and  other  iiiineraLs  , 
llonrishing  agriculture,  esjiecially  in  the  \'ide  of  Vork, 
Cleveland,  andHolderness  ;  and  manufactures  of  woolens, 
worsted,  iron,  steel,  etc.  It  contains  the  larjfe  towns 
Leeds.  shetHeld,  Hull,  Bradford,  York,  Huddersfleld,  and 
Halifax.  It  belonged  to  the  Brigaiites  ;  after  the  Roinai? 
occupation  formed  the  kingdom  of  Deira  and  part  of 
Nortiiumbria;  and  was  the  scene  of  numerous  Scottish 
raids,  of  battles  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  of  the  "  Pilgrim- 
age of  Grace  "  in  l»:ii;,  of  an  insurrection  in  15011,  ami  of  the 
battle  of  .Marston  iloor  in  1044.  Area,  tJ,0t>7  square  miles. 
Popnlali.ni  (WU).  3._'0f,.sl3. 

Yorkshire  Tragedy,  A.  A  play  produced  and 
printed  in  KJil.S,  founded  on  an  event  which  oc- 
curred inl("i04.  It  has  been  attributed  to  Shakspcre,  as 
his  name  appeared  in  lull  on  the  title-page  in  the  10118 
edition ;  but  it  is  thought  to  have  been  added  for  the  beiie- 
tlt  of  the  l.o,,kseller. 

YorktO'Wn  (york'toun).  The  cajiital  of  York 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  \ork  River  51 
miles  east-southeast  of  Richmond.  Here,  In  1781, 
the  British  under  Oornwallis  were  besieged  by  the  allied 
Americans  and  Freni'h  under  Wa-liingtonandRochamlieau, 
allied  liy  the  French  tieel  under  De  Cnisse.  Vorktown 
was  investe<l  by  the  end  of  Sept.  ;  the  first  parallel  was 
established  Oct.  9;  an  unsueeessfnl  sortie  was  made  t*ct. 
Ill;  and  the  British (alx)iith.o(io)siirrendereil( let.  19.  This 
event  virtually  closed  the  Revolutionary  War.  Ileri'.also 
occurred,  during  the  Civil  War,  the  sii-ge  of  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Magruder,  and  later  under  Johnston,  by  the 
F'cdei-als  under  -McClellan.  It  was  begun  April  6,  Ifcti'2, 
and  Vorktown  was  evacuated  by  the  Cunfedemtes  on 
-May  4.    Population  (imioi,  town,  15L 

Yorkvon"Wartenburg(yriik  fun  viir'ten-biirG), 
•  'ount  Hans  David  Liidwig.    Born  at  Pots- 

i.lam,  Prussia,  .Sept.  •.;ii,  17.V,l:  died  at  Kleiii- 
Ols,  Silesia,  C»ct.  4,  1S30.  A  I'russian  field-mar- 
shal. He  served  In  the  Polish  campaign  of  1794  :  com- 
manded the  rear-guard  after  Jena  in  IVHl ;  m  as  imprlMtiied 
at  Liilieek;  eominanded  the  Priissian  eontiiigent  in  the 
e\]ieditiou  to  Russia  in  lsi2:  eonelinled  the  eoiiveiition 
ol  ranroggen  wllh  the  Russians.  Dec.  SO,  1S12  ;  was  dis- 
tlngnislied  as  a  corps  <-oiiimaiider  lM:t-14;  served  at 
Bant/en,  and  contrilnited  to  the  victory  of  Katzbach  ; 
crossed  the  F.llie  at  Waitenbiirg.  Oct.  :t,  1H1.3  ;  was  dls- 
llngiilshed  at  Mockern  in  I8t:l,  and  at  MoiilniiralL  Ijioii, 
and  Paris  in  lsl4  ;  nod  beea a  llel.l.marslial  In  1821. 

Yoruba  (yo'rii-bii).  or  Yariba  (yii're-bil).    A 

onie  powerful  iic^ro  kiiii;doiii,  now  much  re- 
duced and  inelnili-d  in  the  Brilisli  sphere  of  in. 
fluelice.  It  ,ie.u|iii»  Ihe  eastern  half  of  th,.  slave  Co.i»t. 
Iietwci'ii  llalunney  anil  Benin,  and  exleiuU  nortlieastwani 
as  fur  as  the  Niger.  In  the  beginning  of  the  19th  ceti* 
tiiry  the  northerii  isirtion  was  annexed  by  the  conquer. 
Ing  Fnl.alis  of  Caiido :  several  defections  linve  followeil. 
The  Voriiba  people  call  IheniHelves  Ey^i ;  in  Sierra  L«uie 
they  go  bv  the  name  of  Akil.  They  are  an  intelllueni  and 
eiitei]irisliig  tribe,  living  in  large  and  seiiiLctvillKi-tl  com. 
miinities.  The  ancient  capital,  (lyo.  is  Haiti  to  Ilave7o.(loo 
and  lliadnn  M.iHliI  inliabllalils.  There  is  a  colony  of  Vo. 
ruba-inen  at  Kaiio  in  llansalantl.  A  mnjorlty  of  the  Sierra 
l/-oiilans  are  of  Voriiba  descent,  and  a  large  prtiiRirtlon  of 
till-  North  American  negroes  an'  of  Yoruba  extraction,  or 
at  least  come  from  the  Slave  Coast. 

Yosemite  (yii-sem'i-te)  Falls.     The  three  falls 

of  Vos ile  Creek.   The  tirst  is  1,.500  feet  high  ; 

the  second,  rrj6,  in  a  scries  of  cascades ;  and  the 
third^  4(W  feet. 


Yosemite  Valley 

Yosemite  Valley.  [ Amer.  Ind. , '  valley  of  the 
grizzly  hrar.']  A  valley  in  the  west  slope  of 
the  SieiTa  Nevada  Mountains,  about  150  miles 
east  of  San  Francisco,  in  Mariposa  County.Cali- 
fornia:  famous  for  its  sublime  scenery.  itslenRth 
is  about  7  railes;  width,  i  mile-2  miles.  It  is  nearly  inclosed 
liy  waUs  of  rock  3,000  to  .'•,uOi»  feet  high,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Merced  River.  The  chief  heights  are  El  Capitan, 
C'utlieilral  Rock,  the  Spires,  the  Three  Brothers,  Sentinel 
Koi.-k.  the  North  Dome,  the  Half  l>onie.  and  the  Cap  of  Lib- 
erty; the  noted  falls  are  Yosemite  Falls,  the  Bridal  Veil 
Fall,  Vernal  P'all,  and  Nevada  Fall.  The  valley  was  dis- 
covered in  1851.  In  1864  Congress  granted  it,  with  adja- 
cent territory  fur  two  miles  about  it,  t«  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia, on  condition  that  it  should  be  held  as  a  State  park 
for  "public  use.  resort,  and  recreation"  for  all  time.  (See 
Maripi'Sa.)  Yosemite  National  Park  includes  the  water- 
sheds and  basins  of  the  rivers  of  the  Yosemite  Valley  and 
the  State  park. 

Youghal  (ya'hal  or  yal).  A  seaport  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  Ii'eland,  situated  on  the  Black- 
water  22  miles  east  of  Cork.  Population 
(1891).  4,317. 

Youmans  (yo'manz),  Edward  Livingstone. 
Born  at  Coeymans,  N.  Y.,  June  3,  1S21:  died 
at  NewYorkcity,  Jan.  18.  1887.  An  American 
scientist.  He  founded  the  "Popular  Science  Monthly" 
in  1872;  planned  the  "International  Scientific  .Series"; 
and  published  a  "Chemical  Chart  "(H.'il),  "Class-book  of 
Chemistry  " (18'.2), " .\tla6of  Chemistry  "(1804),  and  " Hand- 
book of  Household  Science  "  (1857).  In  1804  he  published 
"The  Correlation  and  Conservation  of  Forces,"  a  series  of 
articles  by  prominent  scientists  on  the  new  theory  offerees, 
with  an  introduction.  He  also  edited  "The  Culture  De- 
manded by  Modern  Life  "  in  1867,  and  was  instrumental 
in  the  publication  of  Herbert  Spencer's  works  in  America, 
especially  in  popularizing  his  theory  of  evolution.  His 
sister  acted  as  his  amanuensis  from  1845  on  account  of 
the  failure  of  his  eyesight. 

Youmans,  Eliza  A.  Born  at  Saratoga,  1826. 
An  American  botanist,  sister  of  E.  L.  Y^oumans. 

Young  (vung).  Arthur.  Born  in  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  11.  1741:  died  at  London,  April  20, 
1820.  An  English  traveler  and  noted  agricul- 
tural and  economic  Wl'iter.  He  was  enga.'ed  (un- 
successfully)   in  farming,  and  was  appointed   secretary 

•of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  in  1793.  He  is  best  known 
from  l^s  accounts  of  travels  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ire- 
land, and  especially  in  France  (1787-90).  during  which  he 
observed  closely  and  scientifically  the  condition  of  agri- 
culture. His  works  include  '"  A  Six  Weeks'  Tour  through 
the  Southern  Counties  of  England  and  \Vales  "  (170S).  "  .^ 
Six  Months'  Tour  through  the  North  of  England  "  (1771), 
"  A  Farmer's  Tour  through  the  East  of  England  "  (177'->-71), 
"A  Course  of  Experiment.al  Agriculture"  (177o),  "The 
Farmer's  Calendar"  (1771),  "Political  Arithmetic  '  (1774), 
"A  Tour  in  Ireland  "  (17H0),  "Travels  in  France,"  his  chief 
work  (1792-94).     He  edited  "Annals  of  Agriculture." 

Young,  Brigham.  Born  at  Whitingham,  Y't., 
June  1.  IWOI :  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Aug.  29, 
1877.  A  Mormon  leader,  president  of  the  Mor- 
mon Church.  In  early  life  he  was  by  trade  a  carpenter, 
painter,  and  glazier  in  ilendon,  New  Y'ork.  He  was  con- 
verted to  Mormonisni  in  1831 ;  began  to pie.ach  in  1832, and 
in  that  year  joined  the  Mormons  at  Kirtland.  Ohio  ;  was 
made  an  elder  in  1832.  and  an  apostle  in  183.5 ;  and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  church  as  successor  to  Smith  in 
1844.  He  conducted  the  emigration  fi'om  Nauvoo  to  Utah 
1S46-48  ;  was  elected  governor  of  "Deseret"  in  1849  ;  and 
was  appointed  governor  of  trtah  Territory  hy  President 
Fillmore.  In  1852  he  proclaimed  the  doctrine  of  polyg- 
amy. He  defied  the  United  .States  government,  and  was 
removed  from  the  governorship  by  President  Buch.anan. 
In  1871  he  was  indicted  for  polygamy,  but  was  not  con- 
victed. At  his  death  he  had  17  wives.  He  was  head  of 
the  secret  order  of  Danites  (which  see). 

Young,  Charles  Augustus.    Born  at  Hanover, 

N.  11.,  Dec.  l."),  1S34.  A  noted  American  as- 
tronomer. He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1853 ;  and  be- 
came professor  at  Western  Reserve  College  in  1856,  at 
Dartmouth  in  186.'>.  and  (of  astronomy)  at  Princeton  in 
1877-  He  is  especially  noted  for  his  researches  on  the  sun. 
He  has  written  "The  Sun  "  (1882),  "  A  Text-book  of  Gen- 
eral  Astronomy  "  (1888). 

Young,  Charles  Majme.  Born  at  London.  Jan. 
10,  1777:  died  near  Brighton,  June  28.  1856. 
An  English  actor.  He  made  his  regular  d^but  at 
Liverpool  in  179^,  as  Young  Norv.al,  with  great  success. 
A  year  later  he  was  leailing  man  at  Manchester,  and  be- 
came afterward  an  intimate  friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  His 
repertoire  was  large,  including  Don  Felix  in  "The  Won- 
der," Rtilla  in  "Pizarrn."  Penruddock  in  "The  W^heel  of 
Fortune,"  Petruchio,  Sir  Edward  Mortimer  in  "The  Iron 
Chest."  etc.  His' greatest  success  was  in  Kemble's  cele- 
brated revival  of  "Julius  Caesar  "in  1812.  His  farewell 
benefit  occurred  at  Covent  Garden,  May  31. 1832.  when  he 
appeared  as  Hamlet,  and,  in  his  honor,  Mathews  appeared 
as  Polonius  and  Macready  as  the  Ghost. 

Young,  Edward.  Born  at  Upham.  near  Win- 
chester. England.  June,  1681:  died  April  12. 
1765.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1730  became  rector  of  Welwyn  in  Hei-tfuvd- 
shire.  His  chief  poetical  work  is  '*  Night  Thoughts  " 
(1742-46).  He  also  wrote  satires  under  the  title  "  Love  of 
Fame,  the  Universal  Passion  "  (176.'>-C>8),  the  dramas  "Bu- 
siris"  (17191  and  "The  Revenge  "  (1721),  etc. 

Young,  Edward  Daniel.  Born  1831.  An  Eng- 
lish tr:iveler  in  Africa.  He  explored  the  Lake 
Nvassa  region  in  1875,  and  wrote  "Nyassa" 
(1877). 

Young,  John,  Baron  Lisgar.  Born  in  Bombay, 
Aug.  31,  1807  :  died  in  Ireland,  Oct.  6,  1876.    A 


1078 

British  politician.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1844-46;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  18.=i2-55;  later  lord  high 
commissioner  of  the  Ionian  Islands  and  governor  of  New 
Si>uth  Wales  ;  and  governor-general  of  Canada  1868-72. 
Young,  John  Russell.  Bom  at  Downingtown, 
Pa.,  Nov.  20,  1841:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Jan.  17,  1899.  An  American  .iournalist.  He  was 
connected  successively  with  the  Philadelphia  "  Press," 
New  York  *'  Tribune,"  and  "  New  York  Herald  "  ;  accom- 
panied Grant  in  bis  tour  around  the  world ;  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1882-85  ;  and  librarian  of  Con- 
gress 1897-99.  He  published  "Around  the  World  with 
Ocner.al  Grant "  (1879). 

Young,  Robert.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  10, 
1.822 :  died  there.  Oct.  14,  1889.  A  Scottish  bib- 
lical scholar,  best  known  from  his  "Analytical 
('oncordauce  to  the  Bible." 

Young,  Thomas.  Born  at  Milverton,  Somerset, 
England,  June  13,1773:  died  at  London,  May  10. 
1829.  A  eelebratpd  English  physicist,  mathema- 
tician, and  general  scholar.  He  studied  medicine  at 
London.  Edinburgh, Gdttingen,  and  Cambridge,  but  did  not 
practise  his  profession.  He  became  professor  at  the  Royal 
Institution  in  1802 ;  was  foreign  secretary  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety for  many  years  ;  and  was  secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Longitude  (which  conducted  the  "Nautical  Almanac"). 
He  discovered  the  law  of  the  interference  of  light,  which 
contributed  largely  to  the  establishment  of  the  undula- 
tory  theory  of  light;  suggested  the  theory  of  color- sensa- 
tion afterward  developed  by  Helmholtz  ;  and  made  some 
progress  in  the  deciphering  of  the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics. 
Among  his  works  are  "Syllabus  of  a  Course  of  Lectures" 
(1802),'U'ourse  of  Lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy  and  the 
Mechanical  Arts"  (1807),  articles  on  Egyptology,  etc. 

Young  Adventurer,  The.  A  title  given  to 
Prince  Charles  Edward  Stuart  on  account  of 
liis  leading  the  desperate  insurrection  of  1745. 

Young  Chevalier,  The.  Charles  Edward  Stu- 
art, son  of  the  Pretender. 

Young  England.  A  group  of  Tory  politicians, 
chiefly  recruited  from  the  younger  members  of 
the  aristocracy,  who,  about  1844,  opposed  free 
trade  and  radicalism,  and  advocated  the  resto- 
ration of  the  former  order  of  things.  Among 
their  leaders  were  Disraeli  and  Lord  John 
Manners. 

Young  Germany.  A  literary  and  political  school 
in  (iermany,  of  innovating  tendencies.  Its  chief 
representative  was  Heine. 

Young  Ireland.  A  group  of  Irish  politicians 
and  agitators,  active  about  1840-50,  who  were 
at  first  adherents  of  O'Connell,  but  were  sepa- 
rated from  him  by  their  advocacy  of  physical 
force,  and  took  part  in  the  rising  of  1848. 

Young  Italy.  An  association  of  Italian  repub- 
lican agitators,  active  about  1834  under  the  lead 
of  Mazzini.  Analogous  republican  groups  in  other 
countries  were  called  Youny  Germany,  Ymmtj  Poland. 
Yoiuvj France,  etc.,  and  these  republican  associations  col- 
lectively were  known  as  Yvunij  Europe. 

Young  Pretender,  The.  Charles  Edward  Stu- 
art, son  of  the  Pretender  (or  Old  Pretender). 

Youngstown  (yungz'toun).  A  city  in  Maho- 
ning County,  (Dhio.  situated  on  Mahoning  River 
62  miles  east-southeast  of  Cleveland.  It  has 
flourishing  iron  manufactures,  and  is  the  center  of  a  coal, 
mining  region.     Population  (1900),  44,8^3. 

Ypres  (e'pr).  [Flem.  Tperen  or  leperen,  G. 
Tpern.']  A  town  in  the  province  of  West  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  on  the  Yperl^a  29  miles  south- 
west of  Bruges.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  laces, 
etc.  The  cathedral  of  Ypres  is  of  the  first  half  of  the  13th 
century.  The  south  transept  has  a  fine  rose-window  and 
a  richly  decorated  gable ;  its  doors  are  good  examples  of 
late  medieval  carving.  The  Cloth  Hall,  the  chief  edifice 
of  its  class  in  Belgium,  was  built  in  the  course  of  the  13th 
century.  The  facade  is  460  feet  long,  and  has  two  ranges 
of  pointed  windows.  At  each  end  rises  a  turret,  and  in  the 
middle  stands  the  massive  S(iuare  turreted  belfry.  The 
fagade  is  adorned  with  statues  of  the  counts  of  Flanders 
and  their  wives.  Ypres  was  once  the  capital  of  West 
Flanders.  It  w.a8  famous,  especially  about  the  14th  cen- 
tury, for  its  linens  and  woolens,  and  was  one  of  the  largest 
towns  in  the  Low  Countries.     Population  (lS9o),  lti,."'05. 

Ypsilanti  (ip-si-lan'ti).  A  city  in  Washtenaw 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Huron  River  29 
miles  west  by  south  of  Detroit.  It  is  the  seat 
of  the  Slate  normal  school.  Population  (1900), 
7,378. 

Yriarte.     See  Iriarte. 

Yrun.     See  Inoi. 

Ysaye  (e-si'ye),  Eugene.  Bom  at  LiSge,  1858. 
A  Belgian  composer  and  noted  violinist.  He 
came  to  America  in  isy4. 

Ysengrimus.     See  Eninanl  the  Fox. 

Ysoltle,  Ysonde.    See  L-:cult. 

Ysopet.     See  the  extract. 

...  The  Y'^sopet  of  Marie  de  France  .  .  .  may  be  said  to 
be  a  link  of  juncture  between  the  Fabliau  and  the  Roman 
du  Renart.  l'i.ope(  (diminutive  of  .Esop)  became  a  common 
term  in  the  middle  ages  for  a  collection  of  fables.  That 
of  Marie  is  by  far  the  most  important.  It  consist*  of  103 
pieces,  written  in  octosyllabic  couplets,  with  moralities, 
and  a  conclusion  which  "informs  us  that  the  author  wrote 
it  "for  the  love  of  Count  William  "  (supposed  to  be  Long- 
Sword),  translating  it  from  an  English  version  of  a  Latin 


Yunnan 

translation  of  the  Greek.  Marie  s  graceful  style  and  her 
ea.sy  versification  are  very  noticeable  here,  while  her  mor- 
als are  often  well  deduced  and  sharply  put. 

Saintsbunj,  French  Lit,  p.  60. 

Yssel  (i'sel).  The  name  of  several  streams  in 
the  Netherlands.  Among  them  are :  (a)  The  Nieuwe 
Yssel,  an  arm  of  the  Rhine,  from  which  it  separates  east 
of  Arnheni.  It  joins  the  Oude  Y'ssel  at  Doesburg,  and 
flows  as  the  Yssel  into  the  Zuyder  Zee  43  miles  east  by 
north  of  Amsterdam.  It  receives  the  Berkel  and  Schip- 
Beck.  Length,  about  70  miles  ;  navigable.  (6)  The  Neder 
Yssel  (Little  or  Dutch  Yssel),  an  arm  of  the  Leek,  from 
which  it  separates  at  Vianen.  It  flows  into  the  Meuse 
above  Rotterdam. 

Ystad  (is'tad  or  tis'tad).  A  seaport  in  the  laen 
of  Malmohus,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Baltic 
49  miles  east-southeast  of  Copenhagen.  Popu- 
lation, 8,235. 

Yuba  (yo'ba)  River.  A  small  river  in  Califor- 
nia, trilnitary  of  Feather  River  and  subtribu- 
tary  of  Sacramento  River. 

Yucatan  (yo-ka-tiiu' ).  A  peninsula  of  Mexico, 
ciimprising  the  states  of  Y'ucatan  and  Cam- 
peche.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Chan- 
nel of  Y'ucatan,  the  Caribbean  Sea,  British  Honduras, 
Guatemala,  and  Tabasco.  The  surface  is  low.  A  large  pro- 
portion of  the  inhabitants  are  Mayas,  and  the  region  is  fa- 
mous for  its  ruins,  including  Uxinal,  Kabah,  Chichen-ltza, 
and  Ak6  (see  these  names  and  Matias).  The  coast  of  Y'u- 
catan was  discovered  by  Francisco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba, 
May  4, 1517,  in  the  course  of  a  voyage  of  adventure  from 
Cuba  ;  it  was  conquered  by  Spaniards  1527-47 ;  became 
independent  in  1821;  was  annexed  to  Mexico  in  18'22  ;  and 
was  independent  li^0--13.  In  1847-53  there  was  a  formi- 
dable Indian  revolt. 

Yucatan,  A  state  in  Mexico,  forming  the  east- 
ern and  northern  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Yu- 
catan. Capital,  Merida.  Area,  33,108  square 
miles.     Population  (1895;,  297,507. 

Yucatan,  Channel  of.  A  channel  between 
Y'ucatan  and  Cuba,  which  connects  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  with  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Width,  125 
miles. 

Yucatecs  (yo-ka-taks'),  or  Yuca'tecos  (-ta'kos). 
Natives  of  Y'ucatan  :  a  name  often  given  to  the 
Mayas. 

Yucay  (yo-ki').  A  fertile  valley  about  20miles 
north  of  Cuzco.  Peru.  It  was  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Incas,  and  was  highly  cultivated,  the  hillsides  being  util- 
ized by  artificial  terraces  (.undenes),  supported  by  mason- 
work  and  irrigated  by  an  elaborate  system  of  waterworks. 
These  terraces  still  remain :  they  extend  up  the  moun- 
tains to  a  height  of  1,500  feet,  and  are  the  most  striking 
example  of  the  Inca  system  of  agricultural  improvement 
The  summer  palace  of  the  Incas  is  now  indicated  only  by 
a  few  fragments,  Ollantay-tambo  (which  see)  is  in  this 
valley,  and  there  are  numerous  other  interesting  antiqui- 
ties. 

Yuen  (yii-en').  A  river  in  China :  outlet  by  Lake 
Tung-Ting  into  the  Yangtse. 

Yuki  (u'ki).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians whicli  dwelt  in  Round  Valley,  Mendocino 
County,  California.  The  name  means  '  stran- 
ger' or  'enemy,'  secondarily  'bad'  or  'thiev- 
ing.'    See  Tukian. 

Yuiian(ii'ki-an).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  who  formerly  lived  in  and 
near  Round  Valley,  Mendocino  County.  Cali- 
fornia. Its  principal  tribes,  remnants  of  which  are 
mingled  with  others  on  the  Round  Valley  reservation.  ar« 
the  "Yuki,  Chmnaia,  Tatu  or  Huchnom,  Ashochimi  or 
Wappo,  and  Napa. 
Yukon.  A  territory  of  British  North  America, 
situated  in  the  extreme  northwest.  It  was  or- 
ganized in  1898.     Population  (1901),  27,219. 

Yukon  (yo'kon),  in  its  lower  course  K'wichpak 
(kwik-p"ak').  A  river  which  rises  in  British 
America,  flows  northwest,  west,  and  southwest, 
and  empties  into  Bering  Sea  about  lat.  62°  30'  N. 
Length,about2,000miles;narigable  about  1,200 

miles. 
Yule  (yol).  Sir  Henry.  Born  near  Edinburgh, 
May,  1820:  died  at  London,  Dec.  30,  1889.  A 
British  mUitary  engineer  in  India,  and  Orien- 
talist. He  retired  in  1882  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 
Among  his  works  are  '  A  Narrative  of  the  Mission  sent 
to  the  Court  of  Ava  "  (I8.i8  :  "he  w;iS  secretary  of  this  mis- 
sion), "Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither "  (1866),  a  translation  • 
of  Marco  Polo  (2  vols.  1871;  revised  ed.  1875),  articles  on 
Central  Asia  and  the  Chinese  empire,  with  Burnell  "  Hob- 
son-.Tobson :  being  a  Glossary  of  Anglo-Indian  Collo- 
quial Words  and  Phrases,  etc."  (1886),  and  notes  to  the 
Hakluyt  Society's  reprint  of  the  diarj  of  William  Hedges 
(188S-S9). 

Yuma.     See  Cuchan. 

Yuman  (yo'man).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indiaii.s.  It  formerly  occupied  the  extreme 
southwest  part  of  the  United  States,  including  much  of 
the  v:illi\  s  of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers,  the  whole  of 
Lower  Califiirnia,  and  a  small  area  in  Mexico  on  the  Gulf 
of  California  aliout  the  27th  degree  of  north  latitude.  Its 
name  is  from  a  Cuchan  word  meaning  'sons  of  the  river.' 
Its  number  in  the  United  States  in  specified  localities  is 
nearly  5.000^  that  in  Mexico  is  not  known. 

Yuncas.     See  Chimu.  .        .    .,,  ., 

Yunnan  (\-un-niin').  A  province  in  the  south- 
western extremity  of  China,  bounded  by  China 


Yunnan 

proper,  Tibet,  Burma,  and  Tongking.  Area, 
about  150,000  square  miles.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 12,000,000. 

Tunnan-fu  (yuu-niin'fo').  The  capital  of  the 
jirovinee  ofYuiiuan,  China,  atiout  hit.  2.")°6'N., 
on  Lake  Tit-u-hai :  noted  for  its  manufactures. 
Population  (IK'JG),  estimated,  50,000. 

yupanqui  Pachacuti  (yo-pan'ke  pa-eliii-k6'te), 
or  Pacnacutec  Yupanqui  (ija-chii-ko'tak  yo- 
piin'ke).  Died  about  1440.  Tlie  ninth  so%'cr- 
eign  and  one  of  tlie  moBt  renowned  conquerors 
of  the  Inca  line  of  Peru.  About  1400  he  deposed  or 
Buperseded  liis  imbecile  brotlier  Vrco,  and  soon  after  de- 
feated the  Chanca  invaders  in  a  preat  liattle.  itcginnint; 
with  this  victt)ry,  he  spread  Ills  conquests  over  most  of  the 
territory  occupied  by  modern  Peru.  With  him  bepan  tlie 
real  grandeur  of  the  Inca  empire.  The  system  of  milimaet 
or  colonies  to  relieve  crowded  lands  was  first  developed 
during  his  reign. 

Yurac-huasi.    See  Paytiti. 

Yurok  (yii'rok).  A  (li%-ision  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  in  California.  The  name  is  from  a 
Karok  word  meaning  'down'  or  'below.*  In  1870  their 
number  was  2,700,  which  has  since  greatly  decreased.  See 
Weibrpekan. 

Yurucares  (yo-ro-ka-ras').  [Probably  corrupted 
from  the  Quichua  ijur(il\  white,  and  kiiri,  men.] 
Indians  of  Bolivia,  northeast  of  La  Paz,  at  the 


1079 

foot  of  the  mountains  and  in  the  forest-covered 
plains  between  the  rivers  Mamore  and  Beni. 
The.\are  tall  and  well  formed,  and  nearly  as  white  as  Ku- 
ropeans  (perhaps  from  tlie  elfectsof  a  skin-disease).  Their 
dres.8  is  a  robe  of  bark  eloth  stamped  with  figures  from  en- 
gnived  blocks.  'l"lley  are  excessively  vain,  ami  are  given 
to  prolonged  drinking-lioiits  (of  cliicha,  prepared  from 
niai/.e).  On  his  marriage,  each  man  prepares  a  house  and 
plantation  widely  separated  from  all  others.  They  plant 
maize  and  manioc,  but  subsist  largely  by  hunting.  I'hildren 
are  often  killed  t^  get  rid  of  them  :  but,  by  a  Etrange  eus- 
torn,  they  are  never  punished,  and  are  allowed  complete 
liberty.  The  men  often  engage  in  duels  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows. They  have  a  very  complicated  inyth'dogy.  Several 
hordes  are  distinguished  by  ditfercnt  names,  but  all  to- 
gether do  not  now  number  more  than  2,ouu. 

Yurunas.     See  Junmns. 

Yuste  (ytis'ta).     A  convent  in  Spain,  east  of 

Plasencia.     It  is  noted  as  the  place  of  retirement  of 

the  emperor  Charles  V.  after  his  abdication. 
Yusuf,  orYussuf  (yos'iif).  ^lledT.'iP.  The  last 

emir  of  Spain  lor  the  Otumiad  calits. 
Yusuf,  or  Yussuf.     Died  HOC.    An  Almoravide 

prince.    He  founded  Morocco,  and  made  many 

conquests  iu  S|>ain. 
Yuthia.     See  Ji/iithia. 
Yverdon  (e-ver-d6u'),  G.  Iferten  (e'fer-ten). 

A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland, 

situated  at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the 


Tvon 

Lake  of  Neuch&t«l,  at  the  outlet  of  the  Orbe,  17 
miles  north  of  Lausanne :  the  Roman  Eburodu- 
num.  It  has  a  castle.  The  town  was  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  Bernese  magistrates,  and  from  1805  to  lS2o  the 
seat  of  Pestalozzi's  educational  institute.  Near  it  is  the 
watering-njace  Vverdon.    Population  (IhSS),  &,83S 

Yves  d'EvreuXtev  dav-re').  Born  at  fivreux, 
Normandy,  about  1577:  died  after  lU'JO.  A. 
French  Capuchin  missionary  at  MaranhSo, 
Brazil  (1612-14).  He  published'  ".Suite  de  I'histoire 
des  choses  plus  memorables  advenues  en  Maragnan  e«  an- 
nies  ICi;)  et  1«14 "(Paris,  1615;  ad ed.  1864).  II  is  acontin. 
nation  of  the  history  of  Claude  d'Abbeville,  and  is  of  great 
historical  value- 

Yvetot  (ev-to').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-Inf^rieure,  France,  21  miles  northwest  of 
Rouen,  with  its  territory,  it  became  in  the  later  middle 
ages  a  principality  or  kingdom,  dependent  directly  on  the 
Wench  crown.  Its  privileges  were  only  nominal  by  the 
close  of  the  17th  century.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
7,017. 

Yvetot,  Le  Roi  d'.     See  Sot  d'Tvetot,  Le. 

Yvon  (e-voh'i,  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Eschwiller, 
Moselle,  1817:  died  at  Passy,  Sept.,  1893.  A 
French  historical  painter,  professor  of  draw- 
ing at  the  ficole  Polytechnique  18H1-87.  Among 
his  works  are  ''The  First  Consul  Descending  Mount  .St. 
Bernard,"  "The  Taking  of  the  Malakoff,"  'The  Battle  of 
Solferlno,"  etc. 


aandani(zan-dam').  Atown 
iu  thcprovinee  of  North  Hol- 
land, Netherlands,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Zaan  and  Y. 
3  miles  northwest  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  is  noted  for  the 
'^.JK^SSifi^  number  of  windmills  in  its  neigh- 
S?SJ y~JSSi'-J--'J^  I     borhood  (400).     Peter  the  Great 

'     worked"  here  as  a  ship's  carpenter 

in  1697.  Pop.  (lSMXest.,17,0lK.  \1s>jSaarJam,Zaardam. 
Zab  (zab),  or  Greater  Zab.  -■V  river  in  Asiatic 
Tm-key  which  joins  the  Tigi-is  2-5  miles  south  of 
Mosul.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  two  rivers  of  this 
name  are  mentioned  :  the  upper  Zab  (Zabuelu),  whichfalls 
into  the  Tigris  near  Ximrud  (the  ancient  Calah)  ;  and  the 
lower  Zab  (Zahu.iapliiX  which  joins  the  Tifrris  south  of 
Kileh  Sherghat  (the  ancient  city  of  Ashur).  In  the  classi- 
cal writers  the  river  is  mentioned  under  the  names  Za- 
batus.  Zabas,  Zerbis,  or  Lycos  (wolf).  Its  modern  name  is 
Zarb.     Length,  about  '250  miles. 

Zab,  Lesser,  or  Zab  Asfal  (zab  as-fal').  A 
small  eastern  trihutary  of  the  Tigris,  south  of 
the  Greater  Zab.     See  Zah,  above. 

Zabrze  (tsSbr'tse).  A  coal-mining  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  47  miles  southeast 
of  Oppeln.     Population  (1890;,  10,616. 

Zabulon(zab'ii-lon).  The Greekform otZehulon. 

Zacapa  (tha-ka'pii),  or  Sacapa  (sa-ka'pa).  A 
small  town  in  Guatemala,  sit  uated  on  the  Grande 
70  miles  northeast  of  Guatemala. 

Zacatecas  (tza-kii-ta'kas  or  sii-ka-ta'kas).  1.  A 
state  in  Mexico,  surroiuided  by  the  states  of 
Coahuila,  San  Luis  Potosl,  Jalisco,  Aguas  Cali- 
entes,  and  Diu'ango.  The  surface  is  elevated.  It  is 
rich  in  mines,  especially  of  silver.  Area,  25,229  square 
miles.  Population  (1S95),  452,720. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Zacatecas. 
about  lat.  22^  40'  N.  In  its  neighborhood  are 
verv  rich  sOver-mines.  Population  (1895ii, 
40.026. 

Zaccheus,  or  Zacchaeus  (za-ke'us).  [Gr.  ZaK- 
X<i'0(.]  A  tax-eoUeetor  near  Jericho,  who,  being 
a  short  man,  climbed  into  a  sycamore-tree  in 
order  to  see  Jesus  who  was  passing  by.  Luke 
xix.  1-10. 

Zachariah  (zak-a-ri'a).  [Heb,,  'remembered 
by  Jehovah';  Gr.  Za,i;ap/af.]  King  of  Israel, 
son  of  Jeroboam  II.  See  the  extract  and  Jero- 
hoam.     See  Zechariah. 

According  to  the  chronology  which  has  passed  into  gen- 
eral currency  from  the  "Annals  "  of  Archbishop  Ussher,  and 
is  represented  on  the  margius  of  most  English  Bibles,  the 
deatli  of  Jeroboam  was  followed  by  an  interregnum  of 
eleven  years,  after  which  his  son  Zachariah  reignert  for  sis 
months,  when  he  was  slain  by  Shallum.  The  Bible  knows 
nothing  of  this  interregnum,  but  on  the  contrary-  informs 
us  in  the  usual  way  that  Zachai-iah  reigned  in  his  father's 
stead  (2  Kings  xiv.  29).  The  coronation  of  Zachariah  must 
in  fact  have  followed  as  a  matter  of  course,  siuce  his  father 
died  in  peaceable  possession  of  the  throne. 

W.  R.  Smith.  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  145. 

Zacharias  (zak-a-ri'as).  The  Greek  form  of 
Zachuriali,  mentioned  as  the  name  of  several 
different  persons  in  the  Bible. 

Zacharias.  Pope  741-752.  He  had  great  influence 
abroad,  and  aided  in  the  setting  aside  of  the  Merovingian 
ChiJderic  III.  and  the  elevation  of  Pepin  the  Short  to  the 
throne.  He  was  canonized,  and  is  commemorated  on 
March  lj>. 

Zacharia  von  Lingenthal  (tsii-eha-re'a  fon 
ling'en-tal),  Karl  Salomo.  Born  at  Meissen, 
Saxony.  Sept.  14, 176y :  died  March  27, 1S43.  A 
Gercnan  jurist,  professor  at  Wittenberg  1797- 
1807,  and  at  Heidelberg  1807-43.  His  works  in- 
clude "Die  Einheit  des  Staates  und  der  Kirche,"  "Hand- 
bnch  des  franzosischen  Civilrechts," "'  Vierzig  Biicher  vom 
Staate  "  (  '  Forty  Books  on  the  State  "). 

Zacynthus.     See  Zante. 

Zadkiel  (zad'ki-el).  1.  In  Jewish  rabbinical 
lore,  the  angel  of  the  planet  Jupiter, —  2.  The 
pseudonym  of  William  Lilly :  also  assimied  by 
Lieutenant  Richard  James  Morrison  (1794?- 
1874\  in  his  astrological  almanac  begun  in  1830. 

Zadok  (za'dok).  1.  A  chief  priest  of  Israel,  a 
contemporary  of  David. —  2.  A  character  in 
Dryden's  "Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  repre- 
senting Saneroft, 

Zafarana  (dza-fa-ra'na).  Cape.  -^  headland  on 
the  northern  coast  of  Sicily,  east  of  Palermo. 


Zafra  (tha'fra).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Badajoz,  Spain,  40  miles  southeast  of  Badajoz: 
the  Roman  Julia  Restituta.  Population  (1887), 
6.120. 

Zagazig  (za-ga-z§|;'),  or  Zakazik  (za-kii-zek'), 
A  town  in  the  Delta,  Egypt,  situated  on  the 
Tanitic  arm  of  the  Nile,  39  miles  north  by 
east  of  Cairo :  nearly  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Bubastus.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the 
cotton  and  grain  trade.  Population  (1882), 
19,815. 

Zagora  (za-go'ra).  The  modern  name  of  Mount 
Helicon,  Greece. 

Za^oskin  (za-gos'kin),  or  Sagoskin  (za-gos'- 
liin).  Mikhail.  Bom  in  the  government  of 
Penza,  Russia,  1789:  died  at  Moscow,  July  5, 
1852,  A  Russian  novelist  and  dramatist.  His 
chief  work  is  "Yuri  Jliloslavski,  or  the  Russians  in  1S12" 
(lS2Et).  From  his  historical  novels  he  has  been  called  "the 
Russian  Walter  Scott." 

Zagreb  (za-greb').  The  Oroatian  name  of 
Agram. 

Zagros  (za'gros).  [Gr.  Zd)pof.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  range  of  mountains  lying  between 
Media  and  Assyria.     Also  Zognts. 

Zahleh  (za'le).  A  Maronite  town  in  Syria,  sit- 
uated on  the  slope  of  Mount  Lebanon  23  miles 
east  of  Beirut.     Population.  15.000  (?). 

Zahn  (tsiin),  Johann  Karl  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Rodenberg,  Schamnbm-g,  --Vug.  21, 1800:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  22, 1871.  A  German  painter,  archi- 
tect, and  writer  on  art.  His  works  include  "Die 
schonsten  Omamente  und  merkwurdigstrn  Gemalde  aus 
Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  und  Stabia"  (1S2S-30),  "Oma- 
mente alter  klassischen  Kunstepochen  "  (1S32-39),  etc. 

Zahna  (tsii'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  48  miles  southwest  of  Berlin. 
It  was  the  scene  of  an  eng^ement  between  the  French 
and  the  Allies,  Sept  5, 1813.     Population  (lt90),  2,515. 

Zahringen  (tsa'ring-en).  A  village  in  Baden, 
near  Freiburg:  the  ancient  seat  of  the  dukes 
of  Zahringen.  ancestors  of  the  house  of  Baden. 

Zaide  (za-e'de).  An  opera  bv  Mozart,  written 
in  1/79  or  17S0,  published  in  1838. 

Zaire  (zii-e'ra).     The  Kongo. 

Zaire  (za-er').  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire,  produced 
in  1733,  It  is  borrowed  to  some  extent  from 
"Othello," 

Zaire.    An  opera  by  Bellini,  produced  in  1829. 

Zaisan  (zi-zan'),  or  Nor  (nor)  Zaisan,  Lake. 
A  lake  in  Russian  Central  Asia,  near  the  Chi- 
nese frontier,  between  the  Altai  and  TarV)a- 
gatai  mountains,  about  lat.  48°  20'  N.  It  re- 
ceives the  Black  Irtish,  and  is  the  source  of 
the  White  Irtish.    Length,  70  miles. 

Zakazik.     See  Zagazig. 

Zakynthos,    See  Zante. 

ZaleUCUS  (za-lii'kus).  The  traditional  lawgiver 
of  the  Epizephyrian  Locrians  in  Italy,  about 
the  7th  century  B.  c. 

Zalinski  (za-Uu'ski),  Edmund  Louis  Gray. 
Bom  at  Kurniek,  Prussian  Poland,  Dec.  13, 
1849.  An  Amei-ican  military  officer,  noted  for 
various  inventions,  especially  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  dynamite-gun.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1S53 ;  served  in  the  volunteer  service  during  a 
p.art  of  the  Civil  "War ;  received  a  commission  in  the  reg- 
ular army  in  1866 ;  and  was  made  fii-st  lieutenant  in  1867, 
and  captain  in  1SS7- 

Zama  (za'ma).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  northern  Africa,  about  85  miles  southwest  of 
Carthage.  A  decisive  victoiy  was  gained  near  it  in  202 
B.  c.  by  the  Romans  under  ,'^ci4)io  .-Vfricanus  over  Hanni- 
bal   It  ended  the  second  Punic  war. 

Zamacois  (tha-mii-ko'is).  Eduardo.  Born  at 
Bilbao,  1842 :  died  at  Madi'id,  Jan.  14, 1S71,  A 
Spanish  figure-painter.  He  was  a  pupU  of  Federieo  de 
Madrazo  and,  at  P;u-is,  of  Meissonier.  Among  his  works 
are  "  The  Rival  Confessors  "  (1S6S),  and  "The  Return  to  the 
Convent "  (1869).    He  painted  many  17th.century  subjects. 

Zambesi  (zam-be'ze).  The  principal  river  of 
Africa  which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean.  It 
flows  generally  southeast  and  east,  and  empties  by  several 
mouths  into  Mozambique  Channel  about  lat.  18°  S.  (For 
the  great  falls  of  the  Zambesi,  see  VMuria  FalUs.)  The  Zam- 
besi receives  the  waters  of  Lake  Nyassa  through  the  Shire 
on  the  north.  Its  upper  course  was  first  explored  by  Liv- 
ingstone. Length,  atxjut  1,500  miles. 
1080 


Zambezia  (zam-be'zhiii),  British.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Under  the  unofficial  title  of  British  Zambezia  is  often 
included  the  whole  of  the  region  lying  between  the  north 
and  west  of  the  South  African  Republic  and  the  22nd  de- 
gree  of  south  latitude  and  the  southern  boundaries  of  the 
Congo  Free  State,  and  having  as  its  eastern  and  western 
boundaries  the  Portuguese  and  German  spheres.  The 
River  Zambezi  divides  it  into  two  portions,  wliich  may  be 
describe(l  as  Southern  Zambezia  and  Northern  Zambezia 
respectively.  State^laiis  Year-Book,  1894,  p.  193, 

Zamora  (tha-mo'ra).  1.  A  province  of.  Spain, 
bounded  by  Leon,  Yalladolid,  Salamanca.  Por- 
tugal, and  Qrense.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  Area,  4.135  square  miles.  Population 
(1887).  270,072.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Zamora,  situated  on  the  Dotiro  in  lat,  41°  30' 
N,,  long,  5°  -16'  W.  It  was  formerly  a  frequent  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Leon  and  Castile.  Population  (18S7), 
15,292. 

Zamora.  An  interior  state  of  Venezuela,  west 
of  Miranda.  Area.  25,212  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  246,676. 

Zamora  (tha-mo'ra),  Antonio  de.  Boi'n  at  Bo- 
gota, 1660:  died  there,  after  1701.  A 'New 
Granadan  historian,  of  the  Dominican  order. 
His  principal  work  is  "  Historia  de  la  proviucia  de  San 
Antonio  del  Xuevo  Keyno  de  Granada  "  (Barcelona,  1701). 

Zamora,  An'tonio  de.  Born  at  Madrid  about 
1660:  died  probably  in  1722.  A  Spanish  dram- 
atist. His  best  works  are  "  Mazariegos  y  Mon- 
salves"  and  "■  El  hechizado  por  Fuerza." 

Zamora  y  Coronado  (tha-mo'ra  e  ko-ro-na'- 
THO),  Jose  Maria.  Born  at  Cartago,  Costa 
Rica,  1785:  died  in  Cuba  after  1846.  A  Span- 
ish-American jurist  and  author.  He  studied  in 
Spain,  and  subsequently  held  civU  and  judicial  ottices  in 
Porto  Rico  and  Cuba.  His  principal  work  is  "Registro 
de  la  legislacion  ultramai-ina  "  (6  vols.  1844— WT'),  a  collec- 
tion of  the  laws  and  regulations  bearing  on  the  Spanish 
colonies,  of  great  historical  value, 

Zamore  (za-mor').  One  of  the  principal  char- 
acters in  Voltaire's  tragedy  "Alzire":  a  noble 
and  impetuous  Peruvian. 

Zampa,  ou  La  Fiancee  de  Marbre.  An  op^ra 
comique  by  Herold,  first  produced  in  1831. 

Zampieri.     See  Domenk-liino. 

Zancara  (than-ka'ra).  Ariver  in  central  Spain, 
regarded  as  the  principal  head  stream  of  the 
Guadiana,  which  it  joins  northeast  of  Ciudad 
Real.    Length,  over  125  miles. 

Zancle  (zan'kle).  The  original  name  of  Mes- 
sana  (Messina). 

Zandeh  (ziin'da).     See  yi/am-Xi/am. 

Zandt  (zant),  Marie  Van.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Oct.  8, 1861.  An  American  opera-singer.  She 
made  her  first  appearance  at  Turin  in  1876  as 
Zevlina.     Her  voice  is  a  sopi'ano. 

ZaneS'Tille  (zanz'vil).  The  capital  of  Muskin- 
gum County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Licking  and  Muskingum  rivers,  55  miles 
east  of  Columbus.  It  has  varied  manufactures. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  State  1810-12.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  23,.538.     ' 

Zanga  (zang'ga).  The  principal  character  in 
Yotmg"s  "Revenge."  It  was  acted  by  Macready 
during  his  first  season,  and  was  a  favorite  with 
John  Kemble. 

Zankoff  (zan'kof),  Dragan.  Bom  at  Sistova, 
1S27,  A  Bulgrarian  politician.  He  was  premier  in 
1S60,  and  minister  of  foreign  affaii-s  ;  was  imprisoned  in 
1S82  ;  and  was  again  premier  l&si-S4.  He  became  leader 
of  the  Russian  party,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  con- 
spiracy against  Prince  Alexander  in  1SS6. 

Zanoni  (za-no'ni).  A  romance  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 
tou,  published  in  1842. 

Zante  (ziln'te).  1.  An  island  of  the  Ionian 
group,  Greece,  south  of  Cephalonia,  intersecteil 
by  lat,  37°  45'  N„  long,  20=  45'  E. :  the  ancient 
Zacynthus.  The  surface  is  a  plain,  Iwrdered  by  hills  i:, 
the  west.  The  island  has  often  been  visited  by  ea^thquakc^. 
It  produces  large  quantities  of  currants,  and  alsooliws, 
oranges,  etc.  Zante  was  colonized  by  Achieans :  belout'i  d 
to  the  Athenian  confederacy ;  was  long  held  by  ^  ■ 
ice:  and  formed  part  of  the  Ionian  Republic.  LeuL 
24  miles.  Area,  16S  square  miles.  Population  (1>- 
14,000. 


.2S 


Zante 

2.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Zante,  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast,  on  the  site  of  tlie  ancient 
city  Zaeynthus.     Population  (1891),  17,000. 

Zanzalians  (zan-za'li-anz).  The  Jacobites  of 
the  East :  so  called  occasionally  from  Zanza- 
his,  a  surname  of  Jacobus  Baradasus.  See  Jaco- 
hiU-s,  2. 

Zanzibar  (ziin-zi-bar').  1.  An  island  off  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about  lat.  5°  40'-6°  30' 
S.:  the  most  important  part  of  the  sultanate  of 
Zanzibar.  The  soil  is  fertile  and  highly  cultivated. 
The  island  is  especially  noted  for  its  cloves.  Ai-ea,  625 
square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  150,000  (largely  ne- 
groes). The  Araljs  are  the  dominant  race.  There  are  sev- 
eral thousand  Uindus. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  sultanate  of  Zanzibar, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  of  the  island  of 
Zanzibar,  in  lat.  6°  10'  S.:  the  largest  city  on 
the  eastern  seaboard  of  Africa.  It  is  a  port  of  call 
of  several  steamship  lines,  and  exports  ivoiy,  caoutchouc, 
hides,  copal,  sesame  seeds,  etc.  Population,  estimated, 
30,000. 

Zanzibar,  A  sultanate  in  eastern  Africa,  com- 
prising the  islands  of  Zanzibiirand  Pemba,and, 
until  1890,  the  neighboring  coast-lands  on  the 
continent.  It  was  placed  under  the  jirotection 
of  Great  Britain  in  1890.  It  is  the  remuant  of 
a  once  strong  Mohammedan  power. 

ZcLpolya  (za'pol-yo).  A  powerful  Hungarian 
family.  John  Z^polya  was  kins  of  Hungary  1526-10; 
his  doniiuion  wjis  restricted  to  Transylvania  and  parts  of 
Hungary.  His  son  .John  Sigismund  Zapolya  (styled  king 
of  Hungary)  ruled  Transylvania  1540-71. 

Zapotec-Mixtec  stock  (tza-p6-tek'mes-tek' 
stok).  A  linguistic  stock  of  Mexican  Indians, 
principally  in  Oajaca,  extending  into  Guerrero 
and  Puebla.  It  includes  the  Zapotecs,  Mixtecs,  and 
several  smaller  branches  (Chatinos,  JIaz.atecos,  .Soltecos, 
etc.).  All  are  ('atholics  an<l  submissive  to  Mexican  rule. 
Estimated  jmmber.  neai-Iy  700,000. 

Zapotecs  (tzii-p6-ieks').  Indians  of  southern 
Mexico,  oceupj'ing  the  greater  part  of  the  state 
of  Oajaca,  and  extending  into  Guerrero  Be- 
fore the  Spanish  conquest  they  formed  a  powerful  na- 
tion, and  in  culture  and  warlike  prowess  were  not  inferior 
to  the  Aztecs,  whom  they  successfully  resisted"  in  several 
invasions.  Their  political  system  seems  to  have  been  a 
tribal  federation.  They  constructed  buildings  of  stone 
anil  mortar ;  subsisted  mainly  by  agriculture  ;  had  a  com- 
plicated mythology  ;  and  offered  human  sacrifices  to  their 
idols.  Their  system  uf  numeration,  calendar,  and  many 
of  theii'  rites  and  customs  resembled  those  of  the  Nalmat'l 
tribes;  but  their  language  was  entirely  distinct.  In  war 
they  used  cotton  armor.  Mitla  and  other  similar  ruins 
in  their  territory  were  regarded  by  them  as  the  tombs  of 
their  ancestors.  The  Zapotecs  were  conquered  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1522-'26.  After  transient  revolts  in  15;U  and 
1550,  they  submitte<l  to  missionary  influence  ami  they  are 
now  a  peaceful  aiuf  laborious  part  of  the  Mexican  popu- 
lation. They  ai'e  intelligent,  and  frequently  attain  po- 
sitions of  trust:  the  celebrated  president  Juarez  was  a 
pure-blooded  Zapotec.  Estimated  number,  2(io,0OO.  of 
whom  about  50,000  speak  oidy  their  own  language.  Also 
written  Tzapotccs  or  Tzapotecos. 

Zaques.     See  Zipas. 

Zara  (za'rii;  It.  pron.  dzii'ra)-  [Slav.  Ziular, 
L.  Jadera.']  A  .seaport,  capital  of  Dalmatia, 
situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat.  44°  T  N.,  long. 
\f*°  14'  E.  It  has  considerable  coasting  trade  ;  and  is 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  maraschino.  Its  cathedral 
is  an  interesting  13lh-centui-y  structure.  The  Porta  Ma- 
rina or  di  .San  Chrysogono  is  a  Rtiman  triumphal  arch  of 
one  graceful  opening,  flanked  byf'orinlhian  pilasters  sup- 
porting an  entablature  with  inscription  .Statues,  now- 
gone,  formerly sto<id  on  thetop.  Zara wasaRon.an  town  ; 
was  held  in  turn  liy  Hungary  and  Venice;  was  taken  by 
tile  Venetians  aided  by  French  f'rusaders  in  1202  ;  was 
acquired  l)y  Venice  in  1409;  passed  to  Austria  in  1797; 
and  was  held  by  France  1W)5-13.     Population  (1890),  11,496. 

Zara  (zii'vii).  A  cliaracter  in  Congreve's  play 
"The  Mourning  Bride."     It  is  she  who  says: " 

Heaven  has  no  rage  like  love  to  hatred  turned, 
Nor  hell  a  fury  like  a  woman  scorned. 

Conijrem,  Mourning  Bride  (ed   1710),  iii.  8. 

Zarafshan  (zar-iif-shiin'),  or  Zerafshan.  The 
Yarkand,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  theTarim, 
in  Eastern  Turkestan. 

ZaragOZa.     See  Saraf/nxsn. 

Zaramo  (zil-rii'mo),  or  Wazaramo  (wii-zil-rii'- 
niii).  .-V  Bantu  tribe  of  tioriiian  East  iUrica, 
between  the  Kingani  and  Riifi,ii  rivers  Oat. 
6°  20  -8°  5'  S.).  Tliey  are  tall  and  vigorous.  Their 
color  is  varied,  owing  to  the  great  admixture  of  slaves 
from  other  distiicts:  but  tlie  black  complexion  is  pre- 
ferred. They  wear  European  cloth,  dyed  in  native  fashion, 
and  a  peculiar  necklace  of  boadwork.  In  every  village 
there  are  a  few  large  houses,  consisting  of  a  stout  fiarae- 
work,  thatch  roof,  and  walls  made  of  large  plates  of  bark. 
Formerly  troublesome,  they  have  become  peaceful.  The 
country  is  called  Uzaramo,  the  language  Kizaramo.  Most 
of  the  people  speak  also  Swahili. 

Z&rate  (thiir'ii-ta).  AgUStin  de.  Bom  about 
1492:  died  at  JIadrid  (f)  about  IfiOO.  A  Span- 
isli  historian.  He  wa.s  comptroller  of  Castile,  and  in 
1543  went  to  Peru  with  the  viceroy  \unez  Vela  to  examine 
into  the  financial  afiairs  of  the  country.  After  his  return 
he  was  treasurer  of  thg  Spanish  Netherlands.  He  wrote 
"Historia  del  desciilirimiento  y  confpiista  de  la  provincia 
del  Peri^ "  (1655 :  later  editions  and  translations). 


1081 

Zarathushtra  Cza-ra-thcish'tra).  [In  mod.  Pers. 
/Airdiislil.  (jr.  7,upimari»if,  \j.  Zoroaster.']  The 
founder  of  the  Perso-Irauian  national  religion, 
which  prevailed  from  the  time  of  the  .\cha'min- 
ida;  (.559-330  B.  c.)  to  the  close  of  the  Sassnnian 
draasty  (226-G41  a.  D. ).  it  is  to-day  represented  in 
Persia  and  Russian  Tran-scaucasia  by  apopulalion  of  alirmt 
8,000  in  Yazd  anil  nei;;hborinx  villages,  'leheran,  l-|ialiaii. 
Shiraz,  and  Baku,  and  by  more  than  .5il.ijoil  in  lloinliay  and 
the  vicinity  (the  Parsis).  The  many  attempts  to  etymolo- 
gize the  name  cannot  be  considered  as  more  than  guesses. 
The  extensive  literature  regarding  Zarathushtra  consists 
on  the  one  hand  of  notices  in  Greek  and  Latin  writers,  on 
the  other  of  what  can  begot  from  the  Avcsta  and  from  the 
later  Persian  and  Parsi  literature.  Ihe  one  iiifeience  of 
value  from  the  former  source  is  that  Z.irathu»litra  was  a 
historical  person.  The  first  inference  from  the  Gathas  of 
the  .4 vesta  (see  these  names)  is  that  thev  relate  to  a  time 
and  place  of  transition  from  a  nomadic  to  an  agricultural 
life.  This  place  must  liave  been  in  or  near  the  region 
from  which  tlie  Vedie  Hindus  went  southward  into  the 
valley  of  the  Indus,  and  the  Iranian's  westward :  for  the 
language  of  the  Oatlias,  and  even  the  primitive  types 
of  meler  employed  in  the  .4ve8ta,  stand  very  near  to 
the  \  edic,  and  in  the  absence  of  special  proof  to  the 
contrary  closely  resembling  di.alects  prove  a  close  geo. 
graphical  vicinity.  Such  proof  is  not  found  in  the  le- 
gends that  place  the  birth  of  Zarathushtra  in  Rh;iga!  or 
.Shiz.  bothin  Media.  Mazday.-i.snianisni,  reaching  its  com- 
plete development  in  West  Iran,  could  not  in  the  view  of 
its  West  Iranian  supporters  have  originated  except  there 
in  the  chief  seat  of  its  culture.  Supposingthe  religion  to 
ha\e  originated  in  Bactriaand  reached  its  culmination  in 
Media  the  distance  and  the  development  of  doctrine  and 
practice  m  the  Avesta,  regarded  as  a  whole,  would  imply 
a  considerable  age  for  tlie  first  beginnings.  Roth  puts 
them  at  about  lODO  R.  c.  Primitive  Zaralhiishtrianism  had 
a  brief  creed,  very  different  from  the  complicated  prescrip- 
tions of  the  Vendidad  and  the  extravagances  of  the 
Yasht.5.  Variina  the  hishes'.ot  the  Adityas,  the  sons  of 
Aditi  the  infinite,  as  the  ehiel  god  of  light,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  illuminated  night  heaven,  was  common  to 
both  liranchesof  the  Arjan  race  before  its  separation  into 
Indian  and  Ir.anian.  Willi  Varuna  were  associated  the 
highest  spiritual  eonceplicns  Tliese  the  Hindus  soon 
lost  in  an  ever-increasing  tendency  to  personify  and  wor- 
ship the  various  powers  of  nature,  while  the  Iranians  had 
a  longei  and  firmer  grasp  of  theiu  'the  development  of 
the  spiritual  side  of  \ ".ai  una  into  the  conception  of  Ahura- 
mazdj,  the  Spiritual  Wise  One,  or  the  Wise  spirit,  or  at 
least  the  clear  expression  of  this  view,  was  the  essential 
fact  in  the  «ork  of  Zarathushtra.  As  Varuna  becomes 
Ahuramaida.  theother  Adityas  become  the  Amesha  .Spen- 
t.as  or  Amshaspaiids,  the  Immortal  Holy  Ones,  the  expres- 
sion of  his  qualities  and  his  ministering  spirits.  From 
the  dominance  of  the  supreme  god  of  light  grew  a  recog- 
nition of  an  opposing  principle  of  darkness  ;  and  as  light 
symbolizes  truth,  this  pi  inciple  found  a  natural  designa- 
tion in  Driij  or  deceit,  the  same  as  Angro  JIainyush  or 
Ahnman.  The  dethroned  devas  (gods)  of  the  iwiuilar 
religion,  who  were  no  longer  lobe  worshiped  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  supreme  .-Vhuramazila.  weieiegaided  as  the 
servants  of  Druj,  and  were  degraded  to  the  rank  of  de- 
mons or  devs.  Good  thoughts  good  words,  and  good  ac- 
tions are  the  object  ot  moral  slrtviiig  Holiness  isreward- 
eu  by  immortality  and  liea\en.  'the  tillage  of  the  soil  is 
the  best  of  actions.  The  elements— earth,  air,  file  and 
water,  but  especially  fire  -  receive  homage  as  creations  ot 
Ahuramazda.  Zaiatlmshtra  lived  under  a  king,  Vislita.-pa. 
who  in  the  epic  i.-  kiii^  of  Bactria  There  is  abs..hiiLiv 
no  reason  for  ideiililjing  him  with  H.V8t;ispes,  father  of 
Darius  Z.aratlmslitia  had  several  sons  and  daughters 
According  to  the  .shahnamah,  he  was  murdered  at  thealtar 
by  Turanians  who  stormed  Balkh.  All  attempts  to  con- 
nect him  with  Hebrew  inltuences  are  groundless. 

Zarephath,  See  fiurtiitd 
Zaribrod.  See  Tmnbmd. 
Zarlino  (dziir-le'uo),  Giuseppe  or  Gioseffe. 

Born  at  Chioggia,  near  Venice.  I;ii9:  didl  at 
Venice,  Feb.  14,  1590.  An  Italian  iiiu.sicinn, 
choir-master  at  Venice.  Uo  is  best  known  from  his 
theoretical  works  on  music:  "Istituzioni  armoniehe" 
(155y),  *  Dimostrazieni  armoniehe"  (1671),  and  ''Mipiili- 
mmti  musicali"  (1588). 

Zarncke(tsiirn'ke),Friedrich.BornatZahreMs 
torf,  Mecklenbiii^-Si'liwi-riu,  .Inly  7,  182.">:  died 
atLeipsic,  Oct.  1,5,  1891.  A  tierman  critic  and 
author,  professor  at  Leipsie.  He  founded  the  ■•  Lit- 
terarisches  f'entralblatt  fur  Deutschland"  (18.  0);  edited 
the  '•Narreiiseliilf,"  '•  Nibelungenlied,"  etc.;  and  wrote 
on  the  "  Nibclnngcnlied,"  on  tile  history  of  the  legends 
of  the  grail,  on  the  l.'niversity  of  Lcipsic,  etc. 

Zarpanit  (ziir'pa-nit).  fBabylimian  Zcr-hiiiiit, 
she  who  creates  posterity.]  In  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  mythology,  the  wife  of  Merodaeh  (Mar- 
duk),  thq  tutelar  god  of  (lie  city  of  Babylon. 

Zauberflote  (tsou'bor-fie'te).  Die.    [G.,  'Tlie 

Miigie  l''liite.']  An  opera  by  Mozart,  produced 
at  Vienna  in  1791.  It  has  been  played  in  French 
as  "Les  Mystfei-es  d'Isis." 

Zaurak  (za'rak).  [Ar.  neyiiir-al-:avrak,  the 
bright  star  of  the  boat.]  The  third-magnitiule 
star  )'  Eridaiii. 

Zavijava  (zav-i-,iii'vii).  [Ar.,  eomipted  from 
:dwiiiii(-al-'uincii,  the  retreat  or  kennel  of  the 
barking  dog,  alluding  to  some  old  Oriental  con- 
stelliition.]  The  fourth-magnitude  star/3  Vir- 
giiiis. 

Zaylah.    See  ZcUn. 

ZbarasZ  ( zl  lii '  riish ) .  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  11  miles  northeast  of  Tamopol.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  8,785. 


Zeila 

Zea.     See  CcoK. 

Zea  (tha'U),  Francisco  Antonio.   Born  at  Me- 

diUin,  Oct.  21,  1770:  dud  at  Bath.  England, 
Nov.  28,  1822.  A  Xcw  Graiiadati  statesman. 
He  wiis  associated  with  .\Intis  in  scientific  explorations, 
and  succeeded  him  as  chief  of  the  .academy  known  as  the 
"  l.xiKtIicion  botaniea  "in  1789;  was  imprisoned  1795-97 
in  till- charge  of  circulating  seditious  pamphlets  ;  resided 
in  i:iii(.|ie  after  his  releaseunlil  1815,  when  he  joined  BoH. 
vai  at  Jamaica ;  wasjiresident  of  lhe<::ongressof  Angostura 
in  1819 ;  and  the  same  year  was  elected  vice-president  of 
Colombia.  In  1820  he  went  to  Europe  as  envoy  to  France 
and  England.  He  published  a  'Historia  de  Colombia  ' 
(lS21)aiid  many  scientific  papers.  Zea  has  been  called  "tlie 
Franklin  of  Colombia." 

Zeal  (zeli,  Arabella  and  Dorcas,  characters 
in  ("liiirles  ShadweU's  play  "The  Fair  CJuaker 
of  Deal."  ■  ^ 

Zealand  (ze'lnnd).  [Dan.  Sjdlland,  G.  fycelaiid.'] 
The  largest  island  of  Denmark.  It  lies  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic,  and  is  separated  by  the  Sound 
from  Sweden,  and  liy  the  Great  Belt  from  Funen.  The  sur- 
face is  level  or  undulating.  Zealand  contains  the  capital, 
Copenhagen.    Length.  So  miles. 

Zealand.  A  stift  or  bishopric  of  Denmark,  in- 
cluding the  islands  of  Zealand,  Moen,  Samso, 
and  Boruholm. 

Zealand  (ze'land).  [D.  ZcclfDid.  G.  Zeeland, 
F.  Zcliindi  .'l  A  pro\-iiice  of  the  Netherlands, 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea,  South  Holland,  North 
Brabant,  and  Belgium.  Capital,  MiddeUmrg.  It 
comprises  the  islands  Walcheren,  North  and  South  Beve. 
land,  Tholeii,  Duiveland,  Schouwen.  and  olllers.  and  pai-fs 
of  tlie  mainland.  Ihe  surface  is  low  (in  large  part  below 
sea-level)  and  the  soil  fertile.  Zealand  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  war  of  independence.  Area,  690  square  miles 
I'oiiulation  USW),  202,709. 

Zealand,  Bernese.  A  name  given  to  a  district 
in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated 
between  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  and  the  cantou 
of  Solothurn. 

Zealots  (zel'ots).  A  religio-political  party  in 
JucliNi.  They  assumed  this  name  from  their  zeal  for  the 
law  of  God,  denying  any  other  authority.  They  de- 
manded that  the  Judean  state  should  be  a  republic,  and 
especially  hated  Koine  and  the  Roman  8uprem;icy  over 
Judea.  Duiing  the  struggle  of  Judea  with  Rome,  the 
Zealots  were  the  promoters  and  supporters  of  the  revolu- 
tion ;  but  they  often  sullied  their  lofty  precepts  with  f:inati- 
cal  deeds  of  violence  and  crime.  A  portion  of  them  who  es- 
caped the  sword  of  the  Romans  established  a  eonminnity 
in  North  Arabia,  in  the  vicinity  of  Medina,  which  lasted 
UNtll  the  7th  century. 

Zeballos.     See  Ceballos. 

Zebedee  (zeb'e-de).  The  father  of  the  apostles 
.l;iini's  and  John. 

Zebehr  Pasha  (zo-bar'  pash'fi).  An  Egyptian 
governor  in  Sudan,  imprisoned  by  the  British 
about  1885-87. 

Zeboim  (ze-bo'im  or  ze'bo-im).  In  scriptural 
oeograiiliy,  one  of  the  cities  of  the  plain. 

Zebli.     See  Vtbii. 

Zebulon  (zeb'u-lon),  or  Zebulun  (-lun).  1. 
One  of  the  patriiiichs,  the  tenth  son  of  Jacob. 
—  2.  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  It 
occupied  the  later  lialilee. 

Zechariah  {zek-a-ri'ii).  [Same  as  Zachariah.'\ 
Tlie  liili-  of  one  of  the  pro|>hetic  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  siippi^scd 
author,  who  prophesied  aliout  520  n.  o.,  and  relates  to  Iho 
judgments  of  God  on  the  ojipressors  of  Israel,  and  Israel's 
ri'ilt'inption  and  final  restoration. 

Zedekiah  (zed-e-ki'a).  The  last  king  of  Judah 
and  .!(  rusalem,  597  (598  f  )-58C  (587ry.  He  was 
cnnieil  captive  to  Baliylon. 

Zedlitz  (tscd'iits).  Baron  Joseph  Christian 

von.  I'miiii  ;it  .luhaiiiiis'iierg.  in  .\u>lrinii  Sile- 
sia. l''el..  2.-^.  1790:  died  al  Vieiinti,  March  16. 
I>>li2.  .\m  .\iistriaii  poet  and  draniatie  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  "I'odtenkranie,  "  "  Waldfraulein," 
thedramas"Stern  von  Sovilla"aud  "Kerkeruiid  Krone," 
etc 

Zeehan  (ze'han).  A  silver-  and  lead-mining 
town  in  western  Tasmania,  of  recent  develop- 
ment. 

Zeeland  (za'liint).     See  Zriilaiid. 

Zeguha(ze-go'hii).i'rWazeguha(wa-ze-ge'hii), 
G.Wasegua.  A  Hanlii  tribe  of  German  East 
Africa,  belween  rzarumo  and  the  I'angani 
Kiver.  Vzegiilm  is  the  inline  of  the  country  and  Klzc- 
gnha  that  of  the  laiiginige,  which  is  akin  to  the  Kinguru, 
spoken  by  the  Wangurii,  their  vvesteni  neighbors. 

Zehngerichtenbund  ( t  sun  -  ge  -  rich  'ten-  biini ). 

A  leagiu'  ill  lite  iioitheni  Jnirt  of  the  eiiiiton  of 
Grisoiis,  Swllzirlniid,  which  formed  one  of  the 
origiiiiil  purls  of  that  cantou:  fomuled  in  143(i. 
Zeid  (ziiiD.  The  secretary  of  Moliamnied,  tlie 
founder  of  Ishiiii.  .\ft,r  Mohanimed's  denlli  he  col- 
lected the  scattered  revebilions  and  sermons  of  the  pro. 
]dli-t,  and  iiniled  them  into  the  KiU'an. 

Zeila,  <U'  Zaylah  (za'lii).  A  town  in  eastern 
Afrii'a,  situaleil  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden  in  lat.  11" 
22'  N.  It  was  occn|iied  by  the  Biitish  in  1884. 
Population,  estiuuited,  G.OOIV 


Zeitz 

Zeitz  Ctsits).-  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  White  Elster  23  miles 
Bouth-southwest  of  Leipsic .  It  has  various  man- 
ufactures.    Population  (1890),  21,680. 

Zela  (ze'la).     In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 

■  Pontus,  Asia  Minor,  about  lat.  40°  11'  X.,  long. 
36^  E.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  Mithridates  over 
the  Romans  about  67  B.  c,  and  was  famous  for  the  victory 
by  I  :esar  over  Pharnaces  in  47  B.  c.  It  was  with  reference 
to  this  battle  that  Caesar  uttered  the  famous  "  Veni,  vidi, 
vici  "  ('  I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered "). 

Zelle.     See  Celle. 

Zeller  (tsel'ler).  Eduard.  Bom  at  Kleinbott- 
war,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  22.  1814.  A  noted  Ger- 
man historian  of  philosophy  and  Protestant  the,- 
ologian :  professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin  from 
1872.  He  has  published  ■  Platonische  Studien  "  (1839); 
"Die  Philosophic  der  Griechen  "  (1814-52  and  later  edi- 
tions), his  greatest  work;  '•Geschichte  der  christlichen 
Kirche"  (1847);  "Die  Apostelgeschichte"  ("Acts  of  the 
Apostles,"  1S54);  "Geschichte  der  deutschen  Fhilosophie 
seit  Leibniz  "  (1873) ;  "  Grnndriss  der  Geschichte  der  griech- 
ischen  Philosophic  "  (1SS3). 

Zeller  (zel-lSr'),  Jules  Sylvain.  Bom  at  Paris, 

April  23.  1.S20:  die.i  there,  July  2.').  1900.  A 
French  historian,  author  of  histories  of  Italy. 
Germany,  the  Roman  emperors,  Ulrich  von 
Hutten,  etc. 

Zelmira  (zel-mer'a).  An  opera  by  Rossini,  pro- 
duced at  Naples  in  1822. 

Zelter  (tsel'ter).  Karl  Friedricll.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, Dec.  11. 17-vS:  died  May  1-5. 1832.  AGerman 
composer,  director  at  the  Berlin  Singakademie 
from  1800.  He  was  best  known  through  his 
corrpspondeme  with  Goethe. 

Zemireet  Azor  (za-mer' a  a-zor').  An  opera  by 
Gretry,  words  by  Marmontel,  from  the  story  of 
"  Beauty  and  the  Beast ."  It  was  first  produced 
at  Fontainebleau  in  1771. 

Zempelburg  (tsem'pel-borG).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  78  miles 
southwest  of  Dantzic. 

Zenaga  (ze-na'ga).  Adialeet  of  Berber,  spoken 
in  southern  Morocco  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
Senegal  River,  largely  by  the  negro  population. 
See  Berbers. 

Zend  (zend).  The  name  commonly  given  to  the 
language  of  the  Avesta:  an  ancient  form  of 
Iranian  or  Persian.  It  was  .leiiphered  in  the  I9th 
centuiy.  largely  by  means  of  its  resemblance  to  Sanskrit. 
See  J  rf^ta. 

Zend-Avesta  (zen-da-ves'ta).     See  Avesta. 

Zeno  (ze'uo).  IGt.Zt/vuv.I  Lived  in  the  oth  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher  of  the  Eleatic 
school,  the  favorite  pupU  of  Parmenides.  He 
went  to  Athens  in  his  fortieth  year,  during  the  early  youth 
of  Socrates,  and  resided  there  many  years.  He  is  espe- 
cially celebrated  for  his  arguments  designed  to  prove  the 
inconceivability  of  motion.  His  doctrines  are  referrea  to 
in  the  "  Parmenides  "of  Plato. 

Zeno.  Bom  at  Citium,  Cyprus :  died  about  2(34 
B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
Stoic  school.  (See  ■Stoics.)  He  studied  philoso- 
phy at  Athens,  and  founded  his  school  there. 

Zieno.  Byzantine  emperor  474—491.  He  was  an 
Isaurian  by  birth,  and  was  son-in-law  of  the  emperor  Leo 
I.  He  suppressed  various  revolts ;  instigated  Theodoric 
to  attempt  the  conquest  of  Italy ;  and  promulgated  the 
"Henoticon." 

Zeno  of  Sidon.  Lived  about  150-80  B.  c.  An 
Epicurean  philosopher,  instructor  of  Cicero. 

Zeno,  Antonio.  Lived  about  the  end  of  the 
14th  eenttiry.  A  Venetian  navigator,  brother 
of  Nicolo  Zeno. 

Zeno,  Nicolo.  Bom  about  1340:  died  about 
1395.  A  Venetian  explorer.  He  is  said  to  have  vis- 
ited Greenland,  Newfoundland,  and  the  coast  of  North 
America.  A  narrative  of  his  discoveries,  with  map,  was 
published  by  Carlo  Zeno  in  1358  (edited  by  the  Hakluyt 
Society  in  1873). 

Zenobia  (ze-no'bi-ii).  Died  after  274.  Queen 
of  Palmyra,  wife  of  Odenathus,  ruler  of  Pal- 
myra. .She  was  joint  ruler  in  her  husband's  lifetime, 
and  succeeded  him  in  271  as  regent  for  her  son  and  as 
queen.  Her  armies  were  defeated  by  Aurelian  in  '271 ;  Pal- 
myra was  besieged  and  taken  in  -272 ;  and  she  was  capttired 
and  brought  to  Rome. 

Zenobia.  In  Hawthorne's  "  Blithedale  Ro- 
mance," an  impulsive,  passionate  woman  who 
drowns  herself. 

At  length  the  body  is  found,  and  poor  Zenobia  is  brought 
to  the  shore  with  her  knees  still  bent  in  the  attitude  of 
prayer,  and  her  hands  clenched  in  immitigable  defiance. 
Foster  tries  in  vain  to  straighten  the  dead  limbs.  As  the 
teller  of  the  story  gazes  at  her,  the  grimly  ludicrous  re- 
hection  occurs  to  him  that  if  Zenobia  had  foreseen  all 
"the  ugly  circumstances  of  death — how  ill  it  would  become 
her,  the  altogether  unseemly  aspect  which  she  must  put 
on.  and  especially  old  Silas  Foster's  efforts  to  improve  the 
matter — she  would  no  more  have  committed  the  dreadful 
act  than  have  exhibited  herself  to  a  public  assembly  in  a 
badly  fitting  gai-ment." 

Lesiif  Stfphcn.  Hours  in  a  Library,  p.  236. 

Zenobia,  or  the  Fall  of  Palmyra.  A  historical 
novel  by  William  Ware,  founded  on  the  life  of 


1082 

Queen  Zenobia.  published  in  1837  as  "  Letters 
from  Palmj-ra"  and  shortly  after  under  its 
present  title. 

Zenodotus  (ze-nod'o-tns).  [Gr.  Zi^icidorof.] 
Born  at  Ephesus :  lived  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
An  Alexandrian  Homeric  scholar,  the  first  su- 
perintendent of  the  library  at  Alexandria. 

Zenta  (zen'to).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Baes, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Theiss  24  mUes  south 
of  .Szegedin.  A  victory  was  gained  there  by  the  Im- 
perialists under  Prince  Eugene  over  the  Turks,  Sept  11, 
1697.     Population  (16801,  25,791. 

Zepbaniah  (zef-a-ni'a).  [Etym.  unknown.] 
The  title  of  one  of  the  prophetic  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  It  derives  its  name  from  that  of  its 
supposed  author,  who  prophesied  about  t>J2-611  B.  c.  The 
predictions  contained  in  the  book  are  chiefly  of  judgments 
against  the  Jews  on  account  of  national  sins ;  but  toward 
the  close  their  restoration  and  future  prosperity  are  indi- 
cated. 

Zepbon  (ze'fon).  A  cherub  in  Milton's  ''Para- 
dise Lost."  He  is  made  the  "guardian  angel 
of  Paradise." 

Zephyr  (zef'er).     See  Zephyrus. 

Zephyrinns  (zef-i-ri'nus).  Bishop  of  Rome  from 
alinut  200  to  217. 

Zephyrus  (zef'i-ms).  [L..  from  Gr.  ZiiivpoQ, 
a  personification  of  the  west  wind.]  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a  personification  of  the  west 
vrind.  poetically  regarded  as  the  mildest  and 
gentlest  of  all  the  sylvan  deities.    See  Faronius. 

Zerafshan  (zer-af-shan').  A  river  in  central 
Asia  which  flows  westward  past  Samarkand, 
and  becomes  lost  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Amu-Daria,  west  of  Bokhara.  Length,  40()-500 
miles. 

Zeram.     See  Ceram. 

Zerbinette  (zer-be-nef).  In  Moliere's  "Les 
Fourberies  deScapin,"  the  daughter  of  Argante, 
stolen  by  gipsies.  Scapin  intrigues  for  the 
money  to  ransom  her. 

Zerbino  (dzer-be'no).  The  Prince  of  Scotland 
in  the  "Orlando  Furioso"  of  Ariosto. 

Zerbst  (tserpst).  A  town  in  Anhalt,  Germany, 
situated  on  the  Xuthe  22  miles  southeast  of 
Magdeburg.  It  has  varied  manufactures,  a  noted  cas- 
tle, a  Rathaus,  and  a  church  of  St.  Nicholas.  It  was  for- 
merlv  the  residence  of  the  princes  of  Anhalt-Zerbst  Pop. 
ulation  (1890),  16,151. 

Zerlina  (dzer-lf'na).  1.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Mozart's  opera  "  Don  Giovanni," 
affianced  to  Masetto. — 2.  A  character  in  Au- 
ber's  "Fra  Diavolo." 

Zermatt  (tser-maf  or  zer-mat').  A  village  in 
the  canton  of  Valais.  Switzerland,  situated  in 
the  Matter  Thai  in  lat.  46°  1'  N.,  long.  7^  44' 
E. :  a  famous  tourist  center,  it  u  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Matterhom,  Monte  Rosa,  Gomer  Grat,  Ritfel- 
berg,  and  Theodule  Pass.    Elevation,  5,315  feet. 

Zembbabel  (ze-rub'a-bel),  [Heb.,  "begotten 
in  Babylon.']  Son  of  Shealtiel,  and  grandson 
of  King  Jehoiaehin.  His  Babylonian  name  was  Shesh- 
bazzar.  He  and  Joshua,  grandson  of  the  high  priest  Seraiah, 
led  the  first  colony  of  exiles  (about  42,000)  who  returned 
from  the  captivity  to  Judea.  He  was  invested  by  Cyrus 
with  the  office  of  governor  (pechah)  of  the  province  which 
the  exiles  were  to  occupy.  He  began  and  promoted  the 
rebuilding  of  the  temple.  Later  he  resigned  the  leader- 
ship, and  probably  returned  to  Babylon. 

Zetes  (ze'tez).  [Gr.  Zyr^f.]  In  classical  my- 
thology, a  son  of  Boreas. 

Zethos  (ze'thos).  [Gr.  Z^of.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  brother  of  Amphion. 

Zetland  Islands.     See  Shetland  Islands. 

Zettinje,  cr  Zetinje.    See  Ceitinje. 

Zeugitana  vzu-ji-ta'na).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  northern  part  of  the  Roman  province  of 
Africa:  equivalent  to  northern  Tunis. 

Zeugma  (ziig'ma).  [Gr.  2ft;./ia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Euphrates,  opposite  the  modem  Biredjik,  about 
lat.  37°  N. :  noted  as  a  place  of  passage  across 
the  Euphrates. 

Zeus  (ziis).  [Gr.  Zei  f,  L.  Javis  (gen.),  Jit-piter.l 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  chief  and  master  of 
the  gods,  the  supreme  deity,  omnipresent  and 
all-powerful,  generally  looked  upon  as  the  son 
of  Cronus  and  Rhea,  and  held  to  have  de- 
throned and  succeeded  his  father.  In  a  narrower 
sense,  he  was  the  god  of  the  heavens,  and  controlled  all 
celestial  phenomena,  as  rtiins.  snows,  and  tempests,  heat 
and  cold,  and  the  lightning.  Hiscoitsort  was  Hera..  Zeus 
was  worshiped  univei-sally;  but  the  most  renowned  of 
his  sanctuai-ies  were  those  of  Olympia  in  Elis  and  Dodona 
in  Epirus.  In  art  Zeus  was  represented  as  a  majestic  and 
powerful  figure,  with  full  beard  and  flowing  hair,  in  early 
works  sometimes  fully  draped,  but  in  later  art,  in  general, 
only  lightly  draped  in  the  himation.  The  t>-pe  fixed  by 
Phidi.-is  in  the  seeond  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  in  his 
great  chryselephantine  statue  for  the  temple  at  Olympia, 
influenced  all  artists  who  came  after  him.  The  usual  at- 
tributes of  the  god  are  a  long  staff  or  scepter,  the  thunder- 
bolt, the  eagle,  and  sometimes  a  figure  of  Victory  borne 
on  one  hand.    The  bead  is  generally  encircled  by  a  fillet 


Zinunermann 

or  a  wreath ;  in  later  sculptures  the  hair  rises  from  the 
brow  in  luxuriant  locks  like  a  crown,  and  falls  in  masses 
on  either  side  of  the  face.  Compare  Jupiter. 
Zeus,  Olympian,  --i.  colossal  chryselephantine 
statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias,  placed  in  the  temple 
at  Olympia,  Greece.  (See  Olympia  and  Olym- 
pieiim.)  It  was  removed  to  Constantinople  in 
the  5th  century  A.  D..  and  burned  in  476. 

Zeus,  Olympian,  Temple  of.    See  Olympieum. 

Zeus  Nicepnorus  (zus  ni-set'o-rus).  ['Bearer 
of  Victory.']  An  antique  statue  found  at  the 
Villa  Barberini,  and  now  in  the  Hermitage  Mu- 
seum, St.  Petersburg.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
colossal  size,  but  has  been  much  restored. 

Zeuss  (tsois).  Johann  Kaspar.  Bom  at  Vog- 
tendort',  Upper  Frauconia.  July  22,  1806:  died 
at  Vorstendorf ,  Upper  Frauconia,  Nov.  10. 1856. 
A  German  historian  and  philologist,  noted  for 
his  researches  in  German  history  and  Celtic 
philology.  He  became  professor  of  history  at  the  ly- 
ceum  in  Speyer  in  1839,  and  at  the  lyceiuu  in  Bamberg  in 
1*47. 

Zeuxis  (zuk'sis).  [Gr.  Zfff(f.1  Bom  at  Hera- 
clea  (in  Lueania  (f)  or  in  Macedonia  (?)): 
flourished  at  the  close  of  the  5th  centurj-  B.  c-. 
A  famous  Greek  painter.  He  formed  his  style 
in  Athens  under  the  influence  of  ApoUodorus;  worked 
in  various  other  cities ;  and  finally  settled  in  Ephesus. 
Among  his  principal  works  were  "Zeus  on  his  Throne 
Surrounded  by  Gods."  •■  Eros  Crowned  with  Roses"  (in  the 
temple  of  Aphrodite  at  Athens),  the  "  Marsyas  "  (in  the  tem- 
ple of  Concord  at  RomeX  the  "  Centaur  Family  "  (described 
by  Lucian),  the  "  Alcmene  of  the  Argentines,"  "Hercules 
as  a  Child. "  the  "  Helena  "  (in  the  temple  of  Lucanian  fleraX 
and  the  "Boy  with  Grapes." 

Zhitomir,  or  Jitomir  (zhit-om  er).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  government  of  Volhynia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Teterefif  in  lat.  50°  15'  X.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  and  a  large  Hebrew  popula- 
tion. It  is  an  ancient  Lithuanian  city.  Popu- 
lation  (1897).  65,452. 

Zhob  (zhob)  Valley.  A  large  valley  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Afghanistan.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  British  expedition  in  1884. 

Zia  (ze'a).     A  modem  Greek  name  of  Ceos. 

Zidon.     See  Sidon. 

Ziem  (zem),  Felix.  Born  at  Beaune,  Cote-d'Or, 
Feb.  25,  1821.  A  French  painter  of  landscapes, 
marines,  and  architecture.  He  resides  in  Paris. 
Many  of  his  subjects  are  taken  from  Venice  and  the  Bos- 
porus. 

Zieten  ase'ten),  Cotint  Hans  Ernst  Karl  von. 
Born  March  5,  1770:  died  at  Warmbrunn,  May 
3.  1848.  A  Prussian  general,  corps  commander 
at  Ligny  and  Waterloo. 

Zieten,  "or  Ziethen  (tse'ten),  Hans  Joachim 
von.  Bom  at  Wustrau,  near  Ruppin,  Prussia, 
May  14,  1699 :  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  26,  1786.  A 
Prussian  general.  He  became  a  cavalry  commander; 
served  in  the  first  and  second  Silesian  wars ;  gained  dis- 
tinction from  a  march  witK  his  hussar  regiment  in  1745, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Hohenfriedberg  June  4,  1745  ,  served 
at  the  battles  of  Prague  and  Kolin  in  1757;  and  decided 
the  victories  of  Leuthen  and  Torgau. 

Ziklag  ( zik'lag).  In  scriptural  geography,  a  town 
in  southern  Palestine :  site  undetermined,  prob- 
ably near  the  border  of  Philistia  and  Judah. 

Zillerthal  (tsil'ler-tal).  An  Alpine  vaUey  in  Ty- 
rol, about  25  miles  east  of  Innsbruck,  traversed 
by  the  Zillerbach.  a  tributary  of  the  Inn :  noted 
for  its  beauty.  In  1837  about  400  of  its  inhabitants 
(Protestants)  einigrated  to  Silesia  in  Prussia  on  account 
of  religious  persecution. 

Zillerthaler  Alps.  A  group  of  Alps  in  Tyrol, 
extending  from  the  Brenner  eastward  to  the 
Hohe  Tauern. 

Zimbabwe  (zem-bab'wa).  A  ruined  city  in  Ma- 
shonaland,  southeastern  Africa,  discovered  by 
Mauch  in  1871.     See  the  extract. 

The  mips  of  the  Great  Zimbabwe  are  in  south  latitude 
20°  16'  30'  and  east  longitude  31°  10  10',  at  an  elevation  of 
3,300  feet  above  the  sea-level.  They  form  the  principal  of 
along  series  of  such  ruins  stretching  up  the  whole  length 
of  the  west  side  of  the  Sabi  river,  the  southernmost,  which 
we  visited,  being  that  on  the  Lundi.  and  the  northermuost 
in  the  Mazoe  valley.  There  are  also  many  other  ruins  on 
the  Limpopo,  in  the  Transvaal,  in  Matabeleland,  at  Tati, 
the  Impakwe,  and  elsewhere,  all  of  the  same  type  and 
construction ;  but  time  would  not  permit  our  visiting 
them.  Some  are  equal  to  the  ruins  of  the  Great  Zimbabwe 
in  workmanship,  others  again  are  verj-  inferior,  and  point 
to  the  occupation  of  this  country  having  continued  over  a 
long  period,  probably  centuries.  Tliese  all  would  seem  to 
have  been  abandoned  at  one  time  in  the  face  of  some 
overwhelming  calamit)',  for  all  the  gateways  at  the  Great 
Zimbabwe  and  at  JIatindela,  the  second  ruin  in  impor- 
tance. SO  miles  northeast  of  it  as  the  crow  flies,  have  been 
caref  idlv  w.alled  up  as  for  a  siege. 

Theodore  Bent,  quoted  in  Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopaedia, 

[li92,  p.  302. 

Zimmermann  (tsim'mer-man),  Johann  Georg, 
Ritter  von.  Bom  at  Brugg,  Aargati.  Switzer- 
land, Dec.  8.  1728 :  died  at  Hannover,  C)ct.  7, 
1795.  A  Swiss  physician'  and  philosophical 
writer,  court  physician  at  Hannover.    Bis  chief 


Zinunermann 

works  are  "  Uber  die  Eitisanikeit  '  ('■  (Jn  Solitude,"  1755  : 
revised  1784-85),  "  Vom  Nationalstolz'  ("National  Pride,' 
176s),  "Vuii  der  ErfalirutiK  in  der  Arziieiuiaaenschaft  " 
("  Experience  iu  Mcdicul  SL-ience,"  17(H),  etc. 

Zimmermann,  Reinhard  Sebastian.   Born  at 

Hagiuui,  Switzerland,  .Jau.  9,  IHlf);  died  Xov. 
IG,  1893.  A  Swiss  Kf  nre-painter.  He  studied  at 
llnnicli,  and  later  at  Paris.  In  18511  he  exliiliited  at  Mu- 
nich "Tlie  Three  Magi.  "  A  number  ot  his  pictures  are  in 
tlie  United  .states.  His  sou  Ernst  (lii)rn  at  Munich.  April 
:i4,  1852).  a  historical  anil  Kelire  painter,  lias  reputation  as 
a  colori.st.  His  most  noted  picture,  "Christ  Auons;  the 
Doctors, "  wa.s  exhibite.l  in  1879. 

Zimmerthal  (tsim'mer-tiil).  The  lowest  part  of 
tlie  valley  of  the  Avi.siOj  iu  TvtoI,  near  Trent. 

Zimri  (zim'ri).  1.  A  king  of  Isiael,  overthrown 
by  Oiuri.— 2.  A  eharaeter  in  Drydeii's  '■  Absa- 
lom and  Ac'hitophel"who  represents  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham. 

Zin  (zin),  Desert  of.  In  scriptural  geography, 
a  wilderness  regiim  south  of  the  Dead  Sea. 

Zingara  (dzen-ga'rii).  La.  The  Italian  version 
of  Balfe's  "Bohemian  Girl,"  produced  at  Lon- 
don in  18.^)8. 

Zingarella  (dzen-ga-rel'la).  [It.,  'The  Gipsy.'] 
A  noted  painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples.  It  represents  tlie  JIadonna  with 
her  hair  concealed  by  a  "liite  turban  in  Ripsy  fashion, 
and  with  a  white  robe  and  blue  upper  garment.  It  is 
a  calm,  idyllic  conception,  destitute  of  any  superhuman 
element. 

Zingarelli  (dzen-gii-rel'le),  Niccoli  Antonio. 

Burn  at  Naples,  April  4.  1752:  liied  at  Torre 
del  Greco,  May  5,  1837.  An  Italian  composer, 
choir-master  at  Milan,  Loreto,  Rom(?.  and  Na- 
ples. He  wrote  many  serious  and  comic  operas,  oratorios, 
cantatas,  and  masses.  His  best  work  is  tlie  opera  "  Romeo 
e  Oiulietta  "  (170(5). 
Zingis  Khan.     Same  as  Jcnrilih  Khan. 

Zinzendorf  vmd  Pottendorf '  t sin ' tsen-dorf  (in t 
pot'ten-dorf ).  Nikolaus  Ludwig,  Count  von. 

Bom  at  Dresden,  May  26,  170U:  died  at  Herrn- 
hut,  Saxony,  May  9,  1760.  A  German  religious 
ref<irmiT.  famous  as  tlie  reviver  and  organizer 
of  the  Moravian  Church.  He  was  educated  at  Halle 
and  Witteiibei-g:  was  in  the  Saxon  civil  service  17iil--.i7. 
settled  on  his  estate  at  Bertlielsdorf  :  established  a  colony 
of  the  Moravian  Brethren  at  ilermhut,  and  orgauizcil  the 
church ;  was  expelled  from  .Saxony  in  173«,  hut  w:i5  al- 
lowed to  return  in  1748:  was  made  a  bishop  of  tlic  Mora- 
vian Church;  and  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and 
North  America.    He  wrote  sermons,  hynms,  polemics,  etc. 

Zion  (zi'on),  or  Sion  (si'oni,  Mount.  A  liill 
on  which  was  situated  the  old  city  of  Jerusalem : 
the  "city  of  David."  Tlic  name  »as  proliably  given 
originally  to  the  Lower  City  or  Aira,  and  then  transferred 
to  Mount  Moriab,  the  Temple  Hill.  It  has  also  been  ap- 
plied to  the  Upper  City,  and  to  Jerusalem  as  a  whole,  and 
symbolically  to  the  Christian  church  and  heaven. 

Zipango,  or  Zipangu.    See  ripanr/i). 

Zipas  (tze'piis).  [.^yjo,  powerful  chief,]  The 
chiefs  or  kings  of  tlie  ancient  Chibcha  Indians 
of  Colombia.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  ruled 
the  plateau  of  Bogota  and  all  the  territory  conesponding 
to  the  western  part  of  the  m<^dern  department  of  Cundiua- 
marca;  this  is  often  called  the  kingdom  of  the  Zipas. 
Auiither  branch  of  the  Chibchas.  about  TunJarlJoyaci).  was 
ruled  by  chiefs  called  Zaqucs.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest 
the  Zaques  were  at  war  with  the  Zipas,  who,  however, 
were  much  more  powerful  TheZipas  were  absolute  mon- 
aretis,  and  were  treateil  with  great  ceremony.  Each  Zipa 
was  the  son  of  the  sister  of  his  predecessor,  and  was  kept 
under  special  KUardianship  from  his  childhood,  subject  to 
singular  rules:  for  example,  he  was  not  permitted  to  see 
the  sun,  and  he  could  not  eat  salt.  Subsequently  he  took 
the  dignity  of  chief  vassal  until  he  attained  the  throne. 
He  was  allowed  but  one  wife,  but  had  hundreds  of  concu- 
bines. He  left  his  house  only  in  solemn  proi'ession,  and 
his  subjects  were  forbidden  to  look  at  him.  At  his  .leath 
the  whole  kingdom  went  into  mourning.  Also  written 
Ciptiti. 

Zipporah  (zip'o-ra).  [Heb.,' little  bird.']  Wife 
of  Moses:  daugliter  of  the  Midiauite  priest 
Jethro. 

Zirknitzer  See,  or  Czirknltzer  See  ftsirk'nif  s- 

er  za).  A  lake  in  ('ariiii)hi,  .Austria-Hungary, 
south  (if  Laibacli:  the  ;uu;ient  Lacus  Lugeus. 
It  Is  noted  for  ita  extraordinary  variations  In  depth. 
Li'Mgth,  ((  inileH.  V 

Zi8ka(zis'kii),orZizka(zhizh'k!i),Jolm.  Bom 
at  Troznow,  near  Budwcis,  Boiii'iiiia,  about 
13()0:  died  at  the  siege  of  I'rzibislaw,  Oct.  11, 
1424.  A  noted  Hussite  leader.  He  was  a  page  at 
the  court  of  King  Wenzcl :  volunteered  iu  the  Ber^dce  of 
the  Teutonic  Knights,  Hungarians,  and  Kngllsh  ;  and  be- 
came the  chief  leaderof  thellUH-sites.  He  built  the  strong- 
hold of  Tabor;  repelled  tht-  Imperialists  from  Wltkow 
(Zlskalicrg)  in  14J0 ;  gained  many  vicl<u'ics  over  the  Im- 
perialists, especially  at  Deutsi  bbrod,  Jan.  8,  1422  ;  and  In- 
vaded Moravia  and  Austria.  He  is  the  subject  of  an  epic 
by  A.  Meissner. 

Ziska,  John,  Oath  of.      Sie  Onlh  nf./nlm  Zi.ik-a. 

Zittau  (tsit'tou).  Aiily  ill  llie  districl  of  Baut- 
zen, Saxony,  situated  on  the  Mandau,  near  the 
Bohemian  frontier,  4!)  miles  oast  by  south  of 
Dresden,  it  has  important  manufactures  of  linen  and 
damask,  and  Is  the  center  of  an  extensive  manulacturing 
region.    There  are  large  coal-mines  in  the  vicinity.     The 


1083 


chief  buildings  are  the  Rathaus  and  the  churches  of  St 
John  and  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  It  was  l)oml>arded 
and  nearly  deslniyed  by  the  Austi  ians  in  1767.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Marschuer.     Population  (18iWX  25,3^4. 

Zitu  (ze'to);  or  Mazitu  (ma-zo'to).     See  Fili. 

Zizka.     See  ZisLa. 

Zloczow  (zlo'ehov) 


Zosimus 


A  town  in  Galicia,  Aus-    fine. 


nal  (1888).  «oIa  Is  the  leader  of  the  school  of  natural- 
ism in  France.  (In  Feb.  23.  1>»S,  he  was  sentenced  to  a 
year.<  imprisonmeut  and  the  pavmeut  ..f  a  flne  of  S,(X)0 
franes  for  libelini:  the  .  ourt  martial  which  tried  and  ac- 
quitted Major  E«terha?y.  The  sentence  wm  aimulled  by 
the  toitrt  of  Cassation.  He  was  again  tried  and  sentenced 
to  twelve  months'  Imprisonment  and  the  payment  of  a 

,,.;.,  11 ,..,.    /n     •■!  .     «i        1 K~  .     .H'' l"^'' •''■"""';«  "efore  notifleation  of  Judgment  in 

tua-lliingary,  ■*0  miles  east  of  Lcmberg.    Pop-    order  to  secure  a  retrial  later,  but  soon  retunu-.l 
Illation  (1S9()),  commune,  10,113.  Zoller  (tsel'ler),  Hugo.     Bora  at  Oberhausen, 

Z.  Marcas  (niar-ka').    A  novel  by  Balzac,  writ-    Prussia,  Jan.  12,  18^.    A  German  traveler  and 

-yj.'i'illl  l^"'      1     .7               ,.     -     ^   r,   .           .»       ■  J'V-"'."?''.**-      ""  »■■"  traveling  correspondent  of  the 

iOnaim,  lormorly  Znaym  (tsmm),  Boliem.  ZnOJ-  Kolnische  Zeitung,"  and  explored  and  anneicd  for  Oer- 

mo.    .V  town  in  Moravia,  situated  on  theThaja  niany  various  regions  in  West  Africa  in  1*84-8.'..    Uewrotc 

48  miles  uorth-uortlnvest  of  Vienna:  fonnerly  ^^^'t'il'^L*''' L™'"'''""'^."'^""';''* .!"''''"  ^^ 

one  of  the  principal  cities  of  Moravia,  '"         "— '■  " 

founded  on  its  present  si 
the  ruins  of  a  castle.    Po; 


Zollern.     Same  as //o/i<;ico//<7«. 
"ite 'in'im'it'hMTiutha".  S  "Zollicoffer  (zori-kof-<T),  Felix  Kirk.    Bom  in 

•opulation  (1890),  14,.51().  Tennessee,  May  19,  1S12:  killed  at  the  battle  of 

Znaim,  Armistice  of. 


A  tnice  between    the 
French  and  -Viistrians,  Julv  12,  1809,  following 
the  battle  of  Wagram,  auJ  preparatory  to  the 
peace  of  Vienna. 
Zoan  (zo'an).   .See  the  extract 


Mill  Springs,  Ky.,  Jan.  19,  im-2.  An  American 
journalist,  politician,  and  soldier.  He  wag  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  Tenm-ssec  1853-5'.i ;  a  delegate 
to  the  peace  convention  in  1861 ;  and  a  Confederate  briga- 
ilier-general.  He  was  one  of  the  Confederate  command, 
ers  at  Mill  Spring. 


n,  or  Tanis,  the  Tan,  or  Zoan  of  the  Bible,  is  situated  ZoUnor  (ts^l'ner),  Johann  Karl  Friedrlch. 

It  twenty  miles  north  of  Tcllel-Kebir.    It  is  of  ex-     ™',''"  ''^^  oerlin,   Nov.   S,    l,s,j4:  d,,.,]   April    2.5, 
lely  ancient  date,  the  cartouche  of  Pepi  I.  a  king  of     18S2.      A  German    phvsicist   and    astronomer. 


troversies  on  this  and  olhor  matters.  His  chief  works  are 
■' Photometric  des  Hinimels"  (I861I,  '  I'hotometrische 
\  ntersuchungen"(l««5),  "fberdie  Natur  der  Kometen" 


■en-     (1872):  the  last  contains  much  philosophical  speculation 
ij|.;{  Zollverein (ts<51'fer-iii  ).   [(}..  from  :<,U,  custoin, 


wild  birds  and  lish.  "  He  rejoices  who  has  settled  there." 
Later  on  the  priests  of  Zoan-Tanis  sided  with  Hir  Hor,  the 
priestly  usurper  of  the  throne  of  Ramses.  I'nder  the  Twen- 
ty-third Dyn:isty  it  was  again  the  seat  of  government. 

the  stela  <if  Piankhi  on  Ochcl  Barkal  wc  Hmi  an  unnameo  ,  .        -,       ,        -.  .   ^  ■ -' 

satrap  ruling  in  Tanis.   Finally  Assurbanipal  subdued  the  '""^  ''"'''"',  union.]     A  union  of  German  states 

city  and  took  the  governor  prisoner.  for  the  maintenance  of  a  common  tariff  or  uni- 

„         ,.,..,      T           .  ^orwto.  Outlines  p.  26,  note,  form  rates  of  duty  on  imports  from  other  cotm- 

ZoarCzo  ar).     Ill  scriptural  geography,  a  city  tries,  and  of  free  trade  among  themselves     It 

near  tlie  Dead  Sea  :  exact  site  unknown.  began  with  an  agreement  In  isi-s  between  Prussia  and  the 

Zoar.     A  village  in  Tuscarawas  Couiitv,  Oliio,  grand  duchy  of  Hesse:  received  a  great  development  in 

situated  on  Tuscarawas  River  62  mile's  south  3,^^  "'"'  succeeding  years  ultimately  including  all  the 

bv  east  of  Cleveland  •  the  sent  nf  n  >>nm>ni,,,ict;«  pe™""  powers  except  Austria  and  a  few  small  states ;  and 

oj  east  oi  i^ieveiana .  tne  seat  ot  a  communistic  is  now  coextensive  with  the  (iennan  Empire 

German  settlement.  Zombor  (zom'bor).  or  Sombor  (som'bor).     A 

ZOba,  or  Zobah  (zo  bji).    In  scriptural  geogra-  royal  free  city,  capital  of  tlie  county  of  B&cs, 

jiliy.  a  small  independent  kingtlom  in  Syi'ia,  Hiingarv,  64  miles  southwest  of  .Szege'din     Pop- 

Jirobably  near  Damascus.  ulalion  "( 1S90),  26,.S89, 

Zobeide  (z(j-bi'de).     a  character  in  the  "Ara-  Zona  Libre  (tho'na  le'bra).    ['Free  zone.']    A 

bian  Nights'  Entertai^^ments,"  wife  of  the  calif  narrow  strip  of  territorv  along  the  northern 


Ilarun-al-Rashid 

Zoe(z6'e).      [Gr.  Zij;/.]    Died  10:)0.     Byzantine 

empress,  wife  of  liomanus  III.  ArgjTus  (1028- 

1034),  wliom  she  put  to  death.   She  raised  to  the 


border  of  Mexico,  adjoining  the  United  States: 
by  law  it  exteinls  to  a  distance  of  20 kilometers 
inland,  l)nt  in  actual  usage  this  varies.  The 
lone   was  first  establisbed   in   Taniaulipas  alone  (1868X 


throne  Michael  the  Paphlagonian,  whom  she  »'"'""■»«'"' c""«l  because  certain  articles  imported  for 

maiTied  in  1034.  consumption  in  this  territory  were  exempted  from  cu»- 

i7-^fl„„.^„  ,,    -ef  '  \      *  i  .       ,  toms  duties.     At  present  imports  to  the  zone  oav  10  ner 

Zofingen  ( tscjf  mg-en).    A  town  in  the  canton  of  cent,  of  the  ordinni-y  duties,  tlie  only  excepli^ons  iTeii.g  «t- 

Aargau,  .Switzerland,  situated  on    the  Wigger  tie,  which  pay  the  full  duty.     It  has  been  urgeil  that  the 

2.")  miles  southeast  of  Basel.     Near  it  are  an-  ^-""i  l-l'Te  is  much  used  tor  smuggling ;  but  the  Mexican 

^V'"'''"-'!,!"^'^.,'*;"?"'"  town  Tobinium.     Pop-  ^'ilrf^^iil^Ira^oi:  Iti:^^"-''^  necessity  owing 

ulatioi,  (i88h)  3,4(.o.  Zone,  Free.    See  ;?,»,« /.,v,n. 

h?l'7obar ''''r■.VwI?^*5  ^f°  i'"""'-  '"■r^®-P?«T;  ZoHgora (zong-go'rii),  or Wazongora(wa-zong-. 

haz-Zohar.     [Book  of  Splendor  or  of  Light.']     go'ra).     The  principal  tribe  of  tlie  kingdom  of 
;  work,  in  the  form  of  a  commen-     Karagwe,  in  German  East  Africa, on  the  south- 


A  cabalistic 

tarv  on  the  Pentateuch,    it  is  ascribed  traditi..iially 

to  the  2d  century  A.  D.,  but  by  many  is  thought  to  have 

been  written  much  later  (13tll  century,  by  .Moses  de  Leon). 

Zoilus   (zo'i-lus).     [Gr.   Zui/uof.]     Lived  in  the 

1g    ■   ■ 


4th  century  B.  c. 


jireek  rhetorician :  called 


west   shore  of  Lake  V  ictoria.     The  language  is 
called  Kizongora,  and  Kinyambo  is  said  to  be  but  a  ilia- 

led  ot  it. 

Zophiel   (z6'fi-el).      1.   A   cherub  in   Milton's 
'I'arailiseLost."— 2.  A  poem  by  Maria  Brooks. 


"  Homeromastix"  ("Scourge  of  Homer  ")  from  Zorah  >z6'rii).    In  scriptiral  ^^hv^a  town 


his  severe  criticisms  of  Homer 

Zola(z6'l!i;F. ])roii.z6-lii'),Eniile.  Bornat Paris, 
April  2, 1840:  died  there, Sept. 29, 1902.  A  noted 
Fri'lich  novelist .  Ills  father  Wiis  Italian  and  his  m..tlier 
French.  H<<  stu.lied  a(  (lieLyeee  Saijil-Uiuis,  but  diil  not 
take  a  degive.    From  Iwlii  to  1SI,2  be  liv.-d  in  great  povertj  , 

and  tinaliyentered  Haeln-tte  si k.storeaiia  packing  clerk. 

He  stu.lied  the  iletail..  ol  pnblisiling  until  tlie  close  of  the 
year  18iif>,  but  devoted  to  writing  all  the  time  that  was 
his  own.  In  18(H  he  published  Ills  first  work,  "(pontes 
k  Ninon,"  followed  iu  1874  by  the  •'  N'ouveaux  contes  ii 
Ninon."  In  186.'.  appeared  "La  confession  de  Claude," 
ami  then  other  separate  novels  as  "  Le  vo'U  d'une  inortc  " 
(IStHi),  "Lea  mystires  do  .Marseille"  (1H«7).  "Tlienae 
Raqilln"  (18(17),  and  "Madeleine  FiJral  "  (1868) ;  also  a 
number  of  short  storh-s  (lSs2-W).  From  1871  to  lhl>;l 
Zola  publiHlie.l,  uniler  the  collective  title  "Les  Koiigon- 
Macquart,"  twenty  novels;  "La  fortune  des  Rougons  " 
(1871),  "U  curiSe"  (1872),  "I.e  ventre  do  Paris"  (IS7;t), 
"Iji  coiii|U(>lo  de  riassans"  (18741,  "La  faute  ile  I'aM 


n  Palestine,  14  miles  west  of  Jerusalem:  the 
modern  Surah. 
Z6rblg  (tsfr'bio).    A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  .Saxony,  Prussia.  24  miles  north-northwest  of 

I.i'i|isic. 

Zorilla,   .t   Zorrilla   (ihor-roryii),   Manuel 

Ruiz.  Born  ls:i4 :  died  June  13,  189.').  A 
Spanish  politician.  He  was  a  l>rogrcs»i!i  member  of 
the  Cortes  in  the  reign  of  Isabella  ;  minister  under  the  re- 
public ;  minister  and  prcinli-r  in  the  reign  of  Amadeus, 
anil  biter  an  exile  and  rejHlblicaii  ptopagandist, 

Zorndorf  (tsorii'dorf).  A  village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  .■|3  miles  east  by 
north  of  Berlin.  liere  a  vlctori-  was  gnlnwl,  Aug  26. 
I7.'.8,  t>y  the  Prussians  uinler  Krcderiek  the  Crcat  over 
the  Russians  under  Fermor.  L^.ss  of  the  Kussians.  almut 
2U,iKI0  ;  of  the  Prussians,  about  111, mill. 

Zoroaster  (zo-nias  ler).     .See  /urntliiishtra. 


Moiiiet"  il876),"Son  excellence  Eugene  liougon  "(lt!7i.),  ZoroastrianS  ( z6-ri>-as'tri-aiiz).     The  follower 


m. 


"L'AssommoIr"  (1877),  "  I'ue  page  il'ainour"  (is; 
"Nana"  (18S()),  "Pot-Itolilllo'  (18X2),  "Au  bonheur  des 
dames  "  (18s;)),  "  La  jole dc  vivro  '(1SH4).  "(ierminnl  "(l,vi.-.t, 
"Lli;uvre"(188U),  "La  terle  "  (1S87),  "  U'  rCve  "  (1SS-), 
'•  La  bete  hilnniino,"  (181I0X  "  L'Al-gent  "  (18111).  "  La  d.  ba- 


f  ZoroMstir.  now  represented  by  the  Oiiebers 
and  I'arsis  of  I'ersia  and  India.     SeoZarathiish- 
Ini. 
Zorrilla.     See  Zorilla. 


cle"(l»iP2).and"Lcdoct.ur  Paa.ar(lMi;)).    Hls"TrlloKy  7.nrrilla  v  Mnral  (tlior-rel'vii  e  mo-riil')    Tao/S 
i.(  ib«  Three  Cities"  Includes  ■Lourili»"(i8»i),  "Rome''  '•orT"!*  y  Morai  M  iior  n  I  \ii  0  nio-rni  1,  jose, 


(I8!l«l,and"Paris "(isnsi.  His  writingslniTlllefsmhirlude 
'■Mes  lialneh"  (ISIKll,  '  M..II  salon  •  (I...U(i),  "Eilouard  .Ma 
not  "(18117).  "  La  Ilipuliliiiue  Franjalse  et  la  lltleniture" 
(18711',  "I.e  romau  oipi'riinontal"(I88ii),  "I«  nntumllsinc 
au  theatre"  (1n«1),  ".Nob  atlteurs  di-amallqiles"  (1881). 
"  Lcs  lomaucirrs  natilralistes"  (ISHl),  "  Une  campagne" 
(1881).  and  "Documents  lltt<imlros,  (Eludes  et  portraits" 
(1881).  .Some  of  Ills  novels  have  been  dramatized,  as 
'■  LAssoiumoir"  (18711),  "  Le  ventre  de  Paris'  (1887), 
"  KeniSc "  (1887  :  adapted  from  "La  curt>c"),  and  "ilermi- 


Born  ill  Valladolid,  Spain.  Veb.  21,  1M8:  dud 
there,  Jan.  23,  1893.  .\  noted  Spanish  poet. 
.Xinoiig  his  works  arc  "Caiil.>s  del  Irovador,"  "  Floras  per 
did.'is.  '  "Oranada,"  and  the  comedy  "  Kl  zapatoro  y  el  rcy  " 
("  the  Shoemaker  and  the  King  ' ). 
ZosimUB  iziis '  i-iiius).  [Gr.  '/.iMti/ioc.]  Lived 
lirobably  in  the  lirst  half  of  the  ."it h  cenliirj'  A.  D. 
.\  (irei'k  lii<toriaii,  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Kouuin  Linpire  from  Augustus  to  410. 


Zosimus 


1084 


Zosimus.    Bishop  of  Rome  417-418.  Its  outlet  is  the  Lorze  into  the  Beoss.    Length, 

Zosma    /.OS  'ma).     [Gr.  i,uajia,  a  girdle :  but  the     8}  miles.     Width,  ii  miles. 

appropriateness  of  the  name-is  not  obvious.]  Zuider  Zee.     See  Zuyder  Zee. 

The  third-magnitude  star  6  Leonis,  at  the  root  Zuinglius.     See  Zwiiigli. 

of  the  animal's  tail.     The  star  is  also  called  Zukertort  (tso'ker-tort),  Johannes  Hermann. 

Duhr,  and  sometimes  Ziibra.  Born  at  Lublin,  Russian  Poland,  1S42:  died  at 

Zouave  (zo-av').     See  Kaiail,  Berbers.  London.  Juue  20.  1888.     A  noted  chess-player, 

Zouaves  (zij-avz').      [F.,  ft-om  the  name  of  a    editor  of  the  "  Chess  Monthly."     ne  won"  the 


tribe  inhabiting  Afi-ica.]  l.The  soldiers  belong- 
ing to  a  coi-ps  of  Ught  infanti-y  in  the  French 
army,  distinguished  for  their  dash,  intrepidity. 
and  hardihood,  and  for  their  peculiar  drill  and  Zuleika  (zu-le'ka).    A  favorite  name  in  Persian 


first  prize  at  the  internatioDal  tournament  at  Paris  in 
1S78 :  and  at  the  congress  of  1883  gained  the  first 
place,  Steinitz  being  second.  He  was  noted  as  a  blind- 
fold player. 


showy  Oriental  uniform.  The  Zouaves  were  organ 
ized  in  Algeria  in  1831,  and  consisted  at  th-st  of  two  bat- 
talions chieily  of  Kahyles  and  other  natives,  but  ulti- 
mately became  almost  entirely  French,  with  increased 
numbers.  They  served  exclusively  in  Algeria  till  18*4, 
and  afterward  fought  in  European  wars. 
2.  The  members  of  those  volunteer  regiments 


poetry. 

Zulla  (ziil'la).  or  Znla  (zo'la),  or  Sula  (so'la), 
or  Dola  (do'la).  A  %'illage.on  Annesley  Bay, 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  lat.  15°  1.5'  N.  Nearit 
are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  .Wulis.  The  district  is  under 
an  Italian  protectorate. 


French  soldiers  organized  at  Rome,  in  1860,  for     ".'"~'Tr  •, -   •  T.     T'^ 

the  defense  of  the  temporal  sovereignty  of  the  Zulpich  (tsul  P'ch).    A  small  t- 

Pope,  under  General  Lamorieiere.  one  of  the     Province.  Pi-ussia,  22  miles  s 


of   the   Union    army  in    the   American    Cinl  Zulla  Bay.     Same  as  Annesley  Bay. 
War  (1861-65)  which  adopted  the  name  and  to  Ziillichau  (tsiil'le-ehou).     A  town  in  the  prov- 
some  extent  imitated  the  di-ess  of  the  French     inee  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  51  miles  east- 
Zouaves  southeast   of   Frankfort-on-the-Oder.     Xear  it, 

Zouaves,   Papal   or    Pontifical.       A  corps  of     July  2-%  1"69,  the  Russians  under  Soltikoa  defeated  the 
'v:"""^'''   ^.^f"*   "      j.Mu.y^^'^x.  r    _         Prussians  under  Wedel.    Population  (1S90),  7,ruo. 

I  town  "in  the  Rhine 
Pope,  under  General  Lamorieiere.  one  of  the  f -ovmce.  n-ussia,  .iz  miles  southwest  of  Co- 
first  commanders  of  the  Algerian  Zouaves,  wgne :  the  ancient  Roman  city  Tolbiaeum.  it 
After  unsuccessfullv  resisting  the  entrance  of  the  Italian     'Vrw!I""L?Kf  k^  ^^■^\}^''  'Sf"^  °^  ^^'^  "<''°"'5' 

government  into  Kome  in  1870,  they  served   in  France     o«  Clovis  over  the  Alamanni  m  4%  A.  D. 
against  the  Germans  and  the  Commune,  and  in  1871  were  ZulU  (zi)    lo),  or  Amazulu  (a-ma-zo  '  lo).     A 
disbanded.  .  Bantu  nation  of  British  South  Africa.    They  oc- 

Zrinyi  (zren've),  or  Zrini,  or  Zriny  fzre'ne).     cupy  the  region  between  X.ital  (from  which  it  is  separated 
Count  Niklas.    Killed  at  the  siege  of  Sziget,     ^^  ">«  ^ugela  and  Vmzinyati  rivers)  and  Lourenvo  ilar- 
-     —  ■  ^  ,      e.   '      ques.    The  Amazulu  proper  border  on  >atal,  the  .\mahute 

and  Amaswazi  (or  Amazwazi)  on  Lourengo  Marques.  The 
Zulus  are  tine  specimens  of  physical  manhood.  They  go 
almost  naked,  and  are  great  orators  aud  warriors,  using'  the 
lance  and  the  shield.  Their  huts  are  of  the  beehive  pat- 
tern, but  large.  Their  language  and  folk-lore  have  been 
inore  fully  illustrated  than  those  of  most  other  Bantu  na- 
tions. Their  military  superiority  over  neighboring  tribes 
is  due  to  the  strict  military  system  introduced  by  Ohak.a. 
who,  it  is  said,  got  his  ide:is  from  the  European  troops  in 
Cape  Colony;  and  the  phenomen.al  success  and  enlarge- 
ment of  Zulu  conquest  may  be  attributed  to  the  custom  of 
incorporating  the  conquered  into  their  own  army.  Tlie 
kingdom  of  Lobengula  (JIatabeleland)  and  that  of  Umzila 
(Gazaland)  are  of  Zulu  origin  ;  and  so  are  the  Landins  of 
the  Zambesi.     See  Cettiwayo,  Kaffir,  Lobenffula. 

A  British  protectorate 


Sept.  7,  1566.  A  Hungarian  commander,  fa- 
mous for  his  defense  of  Sziget,  with  a  garrison 
of  3.000,  against  Sultan  Solyman's  army,  Aug.- 
Sept.,  1566. 

The  Turks  were  pressing  forward  along  a  narrow  bridge 
'  which  led  to  the  castle,  when  the  gates  were  iiung  open, 
a  mortar  filled  with  broken  iron  was  tired  into  their 
midst,  and  through  the  smoke  and  carnage  Zrinyi  led  his 
men  to  their  death.  Like  the  famous  Light  Brigade,  the 
number  of  these  devoted  horsemen  was  six  hundred;  their 
leader  tied  the  keys  of  the  castle  to  his  belt,  and  the  b.an- 
ner  of  the  Empire  was  borne  above  his  head.  Zrinyi  fell 
pierced  by  two  musket-shots  and  an  arrow,  and  the  Turks 
entered  the  castle  of  Szigetvir,  only  to  find  that  a  slow 

match  had  been  applied  to  a  mine  containing  3.000  pounds  Zululand  (zo'lo-land) 
of  gunpowder,  which  speedily  sent  as  many  Turks  to  para-     in  soiithpm  Africa    nnr 
diae.    The  castle  stUl  remains  a  ruin :  a  monument  of  the     1?  souTnem  ^imca,  nor 


death  of  a  Leonidas  and  an  Alexander. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  192. 


the  farmer  Zulu  Reserve,  etc.,  and  was  made  a  British  pos- 
session in  1887.  In  Dec,  1J97,  it  was  incorporated  with  Xa- 
tal.    Area,  about  12,500  square  miles.    Pop.  (1S93),  164,300. 

Zschokke  (tshok'ke).  Johann  Heinrich  Dan-  Zulu  Reserve.    Southern  Zululand. 
iel.     Bom  at  Magdeburg.  March  22, 1.  il:  died  Zulu  'War.     See  Cettiwayo. 
near  Aarau,  June  27,  1848.     A  German-Swiss  Zumdrraga   (tho-miir'rii-gii),  Juan   de.     Born 
historian,  novelist,  andreligious writer.   Heheld     near  Durango,  Biscay,  1486:  died  at  Mexico 


various  administrative  positions  in  Switzerland.  Among 
his  historical  works  are  "  Geschichte  des  Freistaats  der 
drei  Bunde  in  Rhatien"  (179S),  "Geschichte  vom  Kampfe 
imd  Untergange  der  schweizerischen  Eenr-  und  Waldkan- 
tone"(lS01),  "BayrischeGeschichten"(lSi3).  "Des.Schwei- 
zerlandes  Geschichten  "  (1822).  He  also  WTote  tales  and 
sketches,  "Der  Fliichtling  im  Jura,"  "Der  Freihof  von 
Aarau. ' ' "  Der  Creole,"  "  Alamontade,"  etc. ;  and  a  religious 
work,  "Stunden  der  Andacht"  ("Hours  of  Meditation," 
1817). 

Zschopau  (tsho'pou).  A  river  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony  which  joins  the  Freiberger  Mulde 
near  Leisnig.     Length,  68  miles. 


City,  June  3, 15-18.  First  bishop  of  Mexico.  He 
.  was  a  Franciscan,  guardian  of  the  convent  of  Abrojo,  and 
was  appointed  bishop  Dec.  12, 1527,  receiving  at  the  same 
time  the  title  and  office  of  Protector  of  the  Indians.  Soon 
after  his  arrival  in  Mexico  he  caused  careful  search  to  be 
made  for  Aztec  manuscripts,  and  had  them  burned  in  a 
great  pile  as  heretical  books  :  by  his  orders  similar  autos 
de  fe  took  place  in  many  other  cities.  Aside  from  this  act 
he  is  greatly  praised  for  his  zeal  and  his  championship  of 
the  rights  of  the  Indians :  under  him  the  mission  w*ork 
was  cvtended  to  aU  parts  of  the  Spanish  coniiuests  in 
Mexico  and  Central  America.  He  died  eight  days  after 
receiving  the  bull  which  raised  his  see  to  an  archbishopric. 


Zschopau.     A  townln  the  kingdom  of  Saxonv,  Zumpt  (tsompt),  August  "Wilhelm.     Born  at 
situated  on  the  Zschopau  36  miles  southwest    3^''"'p?'^''^.'  J?^*^'  ■*•  ^^}'^-  ^^'^^  at  Berlin,  April 


of  Drfs.len.     Poptilation  (1S90),  7,869. 

Zubenakravi,  or  Zubenhakrabi  (z6-ben-ak'- 
ra-vi  or  -bi).  [Ar.  :uhdn-at-akrab.  the  claw  of 
the  Scorpion.]  The  third-magnitude  star  20 
Libi-iP.  lettered  by  Bayer  as  >  Scorpii. 

Zubenalgenubi  (zo-ben-al-jen-ii'bi).  [Ar.  r«- 
ben-al-jeiuibi,  the  southern  claw  (of  Scorpio).] 
The  third-magnitude  star  a  Librae,  which  con- 
stellation was  formerly  reckoned  as  part  of 
Scorpio.  The  star  is  also  known  as  EifaAus- 
tritJix. 

Zubenalshemali  (zo-ben-al-shf-mii'li).  [Ar. 
^kIii  ii-(il-slieiiiii!i.  the  northern  claw.]  The 
third-magnitude  starJLibrse,  or  Kiffa  BoreaUs. 

Zubra  (zo'bra).  [Ar.  al-zubra,  the  mane  or 
ridge  of  hair  (on  a  lion's  back).]  A  rarely  used 
name  for  d  Leonis.     See  Duhr  and  Zo.wia. 

Zug  (zog  or  tsog).  1.  Atantonof  Sn-itzerland, 
bounded  by  Zurich,  Srbwyz.  Lucerne,  and 
Aargau.  Capital.  Zug.  it  Imsi  representative  in  the 
NationiU  CounciL  The  prevailing  lanauage  is  German,  and 
the  religion  Roman  Catholic.  Zug  jmined  the  confedera- 
tion in  1352,  and  sided  with  the  Sonderbund.  Area,  92 
square  miles.  Population  (1888),  23,029. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Zug.  situated 
on  the  Lake  of  Zug  13  miles  northeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. Notable  landslips  into  thelake  occurrcil  herein 
1435  and  1887,  and  the  town  was  partly  undermined  by 
the  lake  in  1S87.     Population  (1SS8).  2,739. 

Zug,  Lake  of.    A  lake  in  Switzerland,  inclosed 


1877.  A  German  classical  scholar,  nephew 
of  K.  G.  Zumpt:  professor  at  the  Frederick 
William  gymnasium  at  Berlin.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Commentationes  epigraphicfe  "  (1S50-M),  "  Studia 
Romana"  (1859).  "Das  Kriminalrecht  der  romischen  Re- 
publik  "  (lStj5-09),  etc. 

Zumpt,  Karl  Gottlob.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
20,  1792 :  died  at  Karisbad,  June  25,  1849.  A 
German  classical  philologist,  professor  of  Ro- 
man literature  at  Beriin  from  1827.  He  pub- 
lished a  Latin  grammar  (lil8) ;  edited  Quintilian.  Curtius, 
and  several  orations  of  Cicero  ;  and  wrote  "  Annales  vete- 
rum  regnorum  et  populorum  "  (1S19),  "  Uber  den  Stand 
derBevolkerungund  die  Volksverraehrung  iraAlterttim" 
(1841),  and  various  works  on  Roman  antiquities. 

Zungarla.     Same  as  Sungaria. 

Zuni  (zu'nye).  [From  a  Cochiti  word  meaning 
'  the  people  of  the  long  finger-nails,'  in  allusion 
to  the  native  surgeons.  Cibola,  though  strictly 
the  Mexican  name  for  "buffalo,"  as  applied  to 
the  seven  ancient  Citieshad  its  origin  in  Shitrina, 
the  native  name  of  the  tribe.]  Atribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  inhabits  the  largest  of 
all  the  Indian  pueblos,  as  well  as  three  small 
summer  villages,  in  the  main  and  tributary  val- 
leys of  the  Rio  Zuiii,  an  affluent  of  the  Colorado 
C^iquito,  in  western  New  Mexico,  it  formerly 
comprised  seven  viUages,  known  to  the  early  Spanish  ex- 
plorers as  the  Seven  Cities  ft  Cibola,  on  the  site  of  one  of 
which  stands  the  present  communal  pueblo  of  ZuiU.  Num- 
ber (1890),  1,613.  Also  gum,  Soone.  Sum,  Cebola.  Cibola, 
Sibola,  Zibola. 


by  the  cantons  of  Zug,  Schwyz,  and  Lucerne,  Zunian(z6'nyi-an).   A  linguistic  stock  of  North 


Zusmarshausen 

American  Indians,  comprising  only  the  Zuni 
tribe  (which  see). 

Zliniga.     See  EreiTla  y  Ziiniria. 

Ziiniga  (thon'ye-gii),  Alonzo  Manritiue  de, 
Marquis  of  Villamanrique.  Born  at  Seville 
about  1535:  died  about  1600.  A  Spanish  ad- 
ministrator, viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  18.  1585,  to 
Jan..  1590.  He  was  deposed  on  account  of  a  quarrel 
with  the  audience  of  Guadalajara.  His  estate  was  conflg. 
cated,  but  was  subsequently  restored  to  his  family. 

Zliniga,  Baltazar  de.  Marquis  of  Valero  and 
Ihike  of  Ai-ion.  Born  about  1670 :  died  after 
1729.  A  Spanish  administrator,  %iceroy  of 
Mexico  Aug.  16,  1716,  to  Oct.  15,  1722. 

Zliniga,  Diego  Lopez  de.  See  Lope:  de  Ziiniija. 

Zliniga  y  Azevedo  (e  ii-tha-va'THo).  Gaspar 
de.  Count  of  Monterev.  Bom  about  1540 :  died 
at  Lima,  Peru,  Feb.  10,  1606.  A  Spanish  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  5,  1595,- 
1603.  During  this  period  he  organized  many  e.vpeditions 
for  coloni^tion  and  exploration  in  New  iUxico,  Califor- 
nia, etc.:  the  city  of  Monterey,  founded  in  1596,  and  the 
Bay  of  Monterey,  in  California,  were  named  in  his  honor. 
He  was  a  zealous  protector  of  the  Indians.  Transferred  to 
Peru,  he  was  viceroy  of  that  country  from  Nov.  28  16(«, 
until  his  death. 

Zuni  (zo'nye)  Mountains.     A  range  of  motrn- 

tains  in  the  western  part  of  New  Mexico,  about 

lat._35°  N. 
Zupitza  (tso'pit-sa),  Julius.      Bom  Jan.  4, 

1844  :  tiled  July  5,  1895.    A  German  philologist. 

professor  at  Berlin.     He  edited  Beowulf.  Cynewulfs 

"Elene, '  Guy  of  Warwick,  etc. 

Zurbaran  (thor-ba-ran').  Francisco.  Bom  at 
Fueute  de  Cantos,  Estremadura,  Spain,  1598: 
died  1662.  A  Spanish  painter.  His  chief  work 
is  "Apotheosis  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas." 

Zuri  (dzo're).  A  small  island  in  the  Adriatic, 
belonging  to  Dalmatia.  38  miles  south-south- 
east of  Zara. 

Zurich  (zo'rLk),  G.  Zurich  (tsU'rich).  l.  A 
canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  bv  Baden, 
Schaffhausen,  Thurgau.  St.  GaU.  Schwvz,  Zug, 
and  Aargiiu.  Capital,  Zurich,  it  contains  a  large 
part  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich  and  several  other  lakes.  The 
Rhine  is  on  or  near  its  northern  border.  It  is  traversed 
by  hills  and  low  mountains.  It  has  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton, silk,  machuaery.  etc.,  and  a  large  trade.  Zurich  has  17 
representatives  in  the  National  Council.  The  prevailing 
language  is  German,  and  the  religion  Protestant,  Zurich 
was  early  occupied  by  the  .41amanni ;  was  under  the  rule 
of  the  Carolingians  ;  was  subject  to  the  counts  of  Lenzburg 
and  dukes  of  Zahringen;  became  a  free  imperial  city  in 
121S ;  was  ;>llied  with  Uri  and  Sch\vyz  in  1292 ;  entered  the 
confederation  in  1351 ;  expanded  its  territory,  especially  in 
the  15th  century;  was  at  variance  with  the  confederation 
1436-50;  and  was  the  center  of  the  Swiss  ReformatioiL 
-Area,  665  square  miles.  Population  (18S«),  337,183. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Zurich,  situated 
at  the  outflow  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich  into  the 
Limmat,  in  lat.  47°  22'  N.,  long.  8°  33'  E.:  the 
Roman  Turieum  (whence  the  modern  name). 
It  consists  of  the  city  proper  and  9  suburbs.  It  is  the  most 
flourishing  city  in  Switzerland,  the  manufacturijig  center 
of  the  country,  and  a  famous  ecclesiastical  and^hterary 
center.  The  cathedral  w.as  founded  in  the  11th  century, 
and  built  for  the  most  part  in  a  pKain  but  excellent  Roman- 
esque style.  The  upper  portion  of  the  west  towers  is  of 
the  I3th  century,  but  their  helmet-shaped  roofs  date  from 
1799.  The  fine  cloister  Is  in  the  early-Pointed  style.  Zurich 
is  the  seat  of  a  universitv  founded  in  1832.  I'opulation 
(I'.iOOl,  l.W.isS. 

Zurich,  Battles  of.  Near  Zurich.  June.  1799,  the 
Austrians  under  Archduke  Charles  defeated  the 
French  under  Massena:  and  Sept.  2.5-26,  1799. 
the  FrenchunderMassenadefeated  the  Russians 
under  Korsakoff,  Suvaroff  arriving  too  late. 

Zurich,  Lake  of,  G.  Ziirichsee  (tsii'rich-za)  or 
Ziirchersee  (tsilr'cher-za).  A  lake  in  Switzer- 
land, nearly  inclosed  by  the  canton  of  Zurich, 
and  bordering  also  on  St.  Gall  and  Schwyz. 
It  is  separated  by  a  promontorj'  and  dam  into  the  I'ake 
proper  and  the  upper  lake.  It  is  surrounded  by  hills  and 
(in  the  upper  part)  by  mountains.  Length,  25  miles.  Ex- 
treme width,  2i  miles.  Depth,  470  feet.  Elevation  above 
sea-level,  1.342  feet 

Zurich,  Peace  of.  The  treaty  which  terminated 
hostilities  between  France  and  Sardinia  on  one 
side  and  Austria  on  the  other.  Nov.  10,  1859. 
It  was  based  on  the  preliminaries  of  Villafranca,  Atistria 
ceded  Lombardy  (except  Mantua  and  Peschiera)  to  France, 
which  ceded  them  to  Sardinia.  Sardinia  assumed  three 
fifths  of  the  debt. 

Zurita  (tho-re'ta),  Alonso.  Bom  about  1500: 
died  after  15(54.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and  author. 
From  1544  to  about  1560  he  was  successively  a  member  of 
the  audiences  of  Santo  Domingo,  Los  Contines.  and  Mex- 
ico, traveling  besides  in  New  Granada  (Santa  Marta)  to 
organize  courts  of  justice.  He  wTote  a  treatise  on  the  In- 
dians of  New  Spain,  which  has  been  published  in  modern 
times.  It  relates  principally  to  theircustoms  and  laws,  and 
is  a  standard  authority. 

Zusmarshausen  (ts6s'mars-hou-zen).  A  village 
in  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Zusam  15  miles 
west  of  Augsburg.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the 
Swedes  aud  lYench  over  the  Imperialists  May  17, 1648. 


Ziitphen 

Ziitphen  (ziit'fen).  A  towu  in  the  province  of 
GeKieiland.  Xetlierlands,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Berkcl  with  the  Yssel,  57  miles  east 
by  south  of  Amstirdam.  It  was  a  Hanseatic  town. 
It  has  several  titiiL-s  bt-tii  liesieged  ami  taken  (sacked  liy 
Alva  in  1572).  .Sir  Philip  .Sidney  was  mortally  wounded 
before  it  in  15S6.    I'optihition  U"^),  commune,  17,044. 

Zuyder  Zee,  or  Zuider  Zee  (zi'der  ze ;  D.  pron. 
zoi'der  za).  \n  arm  of  the  North  Sea  which 
penetrates  lU-epIy  into  the  Netherlands,  and 
is  partly  separated  from  the  North  Sea  by 
the  islands  Texel,  Vlieland.  Terschelling.  and 
Ameland.  It  was  formerly  a  lake  (Roman  FlevuX  and 
acquired  its  present  size  throu;;h  inundations  in  the  tatli 
centurj'.  The  draining  of  tlie  southi-ru  portion  has  tteen 
projected.  Length,  about  So  miles.  t;reaiest  width,  about 
40  ruiles.    It  is  generally  sliallow. 

Zwarte  (zwUr'te)  Water.  A  stream  in  the 
Netherlands  on  which  Zwollo  is  situated.  It 
ri'ci'ives  the  Veclit,  and  as  the  Zwollsche  Diep 
flows  into  the  Zuyder  Zee. 

Zweibriicken  (tsvi'briik-on).  A  former  sov- 
ereif;n  countsliip  in  Germany,  later  a  duchy. 
It  belonged  to  Sweden  1664-1718,  aTid  to  l''rance  1796- 
1814 :  and  passed  in  great  part  to  Bavaria. 

Zweibriicken,  F.  Deux-Ponts  (dfe-pGn').  A 
town  iu  tlie  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situ- 
ated oi.  the  Erbaeh  48  miles  west  of  Speyer.  it 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  countsliip  i>f  Zweibriicken. 
The  Bipontiue  editions  of  classics  were  published  here  at 


the  end  of  the  18th  century.    Population  (1890),  commaoe, 

11, -204. 

Zweisimmen  (ts\i'zim-raen).  The  chief  place 
in  the  Siniineiithal,  Switzerland. 

Zwickau  (tsvik'ou).  1.  A  district  of  the  king- 
dom of  Sa.xouy. — 2.  A  city  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zwickauer  Mulde  in 
lat.  .">0°  44'  N.,  long.  12°  2!i'  E.  it  has  the  largest 
railway-station  in  Germany ;  has  imiwrtant  commerce  ; 
and  is  the  center  of  a  large  coal-held.  It  lnanuractu^^8 
cllemicals,  machinery.  in»rcelaiu,  glass,  paper,  gloves, 
stockings,  etc.  Zwickau  was  a  free  city  1200-1348,  ami 
passed  in  1348  under  the  rule  of  .Meissen.  It  was  tlie  birth, 
place  of  .Schumann.     Population  (IS'.W),  44,19S. 

Zwickauer  Mulde.    See  iluUlc. 

Zwieselalpitsve'zel-iilp).  Apassandnotedpoint 
of  vii'W  ill  the  Austrian  Alps  of  the  SalzKam- 
mergut,  13  miles  southwest  of  Ischl.  Height, 
5,19*  feet. 

Zwillingsbriider  itsvil'ingz-brii-der).  Die.  [<^.. 

'  The  Twin  Hidthers.'j  A  musical  farce,  words 
bv  Hofmanu,  music  bv  Schubert,  produced  iu 
1820. 

Zwinger  (tsving'er).  [fi.,  'prison,'  'fort.']  A 
famous  museum  in  Dresden.  Its  picture-gallery 
contains  aljout  2,500  paintings,  including  Raphael's  sistine 
^ladonua  and  works  by  I'orreggio,  Titian,  Paul  Veronese, 
Rembrandt,  Rubens,  Ilolttein,  and  others.  There  are  also 
C">llectioris  of  drawings,  ciists,  et^:. 

Zwingli    (zwin^'le;    G.  pion.  tsving'le),    \,. 

ZuingUus  (zwing'gU-us),  Huldreichor  Ul- 


Zwolle 

rich.  Bom  at  \Vildhau.s,  St.  Gall,  Switzerland, 
Jan.  1, 14«4 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Kaiipel.  Oct. 
11,  li531.  A  famous  Swiss  Reformer,  with  Cai- 
\in  the  founder  of  the  Reformed  Chunb.  He 
was  educated  at  Bern,  Vienna,  and  Basel ;  became  pastor 
in  Glarus  in  1500  :  accompanied  the  Glartis  contingent  in 
campaigns  as  chaplain  :  became  preacher  at  Einsiedeln  iji 
1510,  and  at  Zurich  in  li'l.>  ;  inaugurated,  by  his  preaching, 
the  Reformation  at  Zurich  in  l.M'.i  (the  Keforniatiiui  was  lo. 
galized  by  the  CouiiciKif  Zurich  in  152a);  lield  disputations 
al  Zurich  in  1,V23 ;  was  a  leader  in  the  political  and  reli- 
gious disputes  in  Switzerland  ;  met  the  Saxiui  Reformers  in 
conference  in  l.V2l>;  and  accompanied  the  Zurichers  against 
the  forces  of  the  Forest  Cantons  in  153L  Among  his  works 
are  "  De  vera  et  falsa  religioiie  "  ("  (if  True  and  F:Use  Re- 
ligion "),  "  Fidei  ratio,"  "  t'hristiana;  tldei  brevis  et  eliira 
eipositio.' 

Zwimer  (tsvir'ner),  Emst  Friedrich.     Bom 

at  .Taknbswalde,  Silesia.  Feb.  28.  1802:  died 
Sept.  22,  ISfil.  A  German  architect.  He  became 
nrcllilect  of  the  restoration  of  the  Cologne  cathedral  in 
1833;  and  also  built  the  Apollinaris  church  at  Remageii, etc. 

Zwittau  (tsvit'tou).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary,  situated  near  the  Bohemian  fron- 
tier 39  miles  north  of  Briinn.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  7,787. 

ZwoUe  (zwol'le).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  (Jveryssel,  Netherlands,  ^tuated  on  the 
Zwarte  Water,  near  the  Yssel,  in  lat.  52=>  31'  N., 
long.  G°  C  E.  It  was  a  Hanseatic  city,  and  joined  the 
I'nited  Provinces  in  1580.  Near  it  isthe  Agnetenlierg,  long 
the  home  of  Thomas  a Kempis.    Population  (1&93),  26,31a 


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